International Tables of Data

International Critical Tables of Numerical Data, Physics, Chemistry and Technology Prepared under the Auspices of the International Research Council and the National Academy of Sciences By the NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL of the UNITED STATES OF AMERICA First Electonic Edition

EDITOR-IN-CHIEF Edward W. Washburn, PH.D.

Norwich, New York 2003

List of Editors Volume 1 – Associate Editors

Volume 1 – Assistant Editors

Clarence J. West, PH.D. Director, Research Information Service National Research Council

F. R. Bichowsky, PH.D. Associate in Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University

N. Ernest Dorsey, PH.D. Formerly Physicist, National Bureau of Standards

Alfons Klemenc, PH. Professor of Chemistry University of Vienna

Volume 2 – Associate Editors





Alfons Klemenc, PH.D. Professor of Chemistry, University of Vienna










F. R. Bichowsky, PH.D. Naval Research Laboratory Washington, D. C.






F. R. Bichowsky, PH.D. Naval Research Laboratory Washington, D. C.

N. Ernest Dorsey, PH.D. Physicist, National Bureau of Standards

Martha D. Ring, B.S. Washington, D. C.




Alfons Klemenc, PH.D. Professor of Chemistry University of Vienna








Introduction International Critical Tables is the result of the cooperative labors of a large number of specialists, each of whom has been charged with the responsibility for the critical compilation of the quantitative information available on his topic. The word "critical" in this connection means that the Cooperating Expert was requested to give in each instance the "best" value which he could derive from all the information available, together, where possible, with an indication of its probable reliability. Through a cooperative arrangement with International Annual Tables, the Board of Editors has been able to place in the hands of each Cooperating Expert the literature references belonging to his topic for the years 1910-1923 inclusive, as compiled by the staff of International Annual Tables. For the period preceding 1910, each Cooperating Expert was directed to collect the necessary literature references from the various published handbooks, special treatises, works of reference, and other sources known to him as a specialist in the field. No attempt has been made to systematically cover the literature since 1923, although a certain amount of information published since then has been utilized. In preparing the various sections, the Cooperating Experts were instructed,— 1. To include in the bibliography only (a) the sources of the data upon which their reported values actually rest, and (6) the sources of available data of the same kind pertaining to those systems for which no numerical value is given. It is not intended to be a complete bibliography of the field. 2. To omit from the tables of numerical data all those systems for which the available data (a) were of slight scientific or practical interest, or (o) were so discordant as to be of little, if any, value. 3. To set forth the results of their work in the form of text, equations, tables, graphs, or charts, as seemed most appropriate under the circumstances, having regard to the necessity of space economy. 4. To give only selected samples illustrating types in the case of very large and heterogeneous fields, such as colloids, chemical kinetics, and certain classes of industrial materials. 5. To restrict the accompanying explanatory text to the amount necessary for the intelligent use of the data. (Under this restriction, the Expert is given no opportunity to present a general discussion of his subject or of the methods by which he obtained the values given.) In preparing the textual material for publication the Editors have been compelled, in the interest of economy of space, to enforce the restrictions imposed by sections 3 and 5 of the preceding paragraph and have freely rearranged and rewritten the text, whenever it was evident that a compression or an improvement in logical order could be so secured. With few exceptions, which are duly noted, the final form of the rewritten text was submitted to the Expert and was accepted by him. In preparing the numerical data for publication the Editors have made no change except in their arrangement and in their mode of presentation. In making such changes the Editors have been guided by the necessity of saving space. The numerical data are in all cases those submitted by the Expert, excepting that (a) a few additional values, all duly indicated, have been inserted, and (b) when an Expert has submitted a number of values for the same nominal quantity, these have been grouped so as to make a single entry with an indication of the range covered by the values submitted, whenever such grouping seemed justifiable. In these cases, the final manner of grouping was in every case where possible submitted to and accepted by the Expert. The exceptional cases are noted as they occur. Owing to the method of publication, i.e., one volume at a time, a strictly logical arrangement of subject matter is not always followed. Among such a large number of Cooperating Experts a few instances of greatly delayed reports, arising from illness, accident, or other unforeseen causes, are to be expected; and certain sections or parts of sections, therefore, may not appear in their logical places but will be found in a later volume. The whole set of volumes is very completely indexed, however, and the user who consults the index should have no difficulty in locating any information given. Chemical compounds are arranged in the tables by formula according to a definite system, called the " Standard Arrangement." This system is based upon a set of key numbers for the chemical elements and is fully explained in Volume One. In order to find a given substance in the longer tables it is therefore necessary to know its chemical formula, at least approximately. If only the name is known, the formula, for most organic compounds or minerals, may be found with the aid of the name indices in Volume One, p. 174 and 280.

Table of Contents Front Matter List of Editors Introduction Volume I Volume II Volume III Volume IV Volume V Volume VI Volume VII Index

Table of Contents Volume I Front Matter List of Editors Introduction National and Local Systems of Weights and Measures (a) International Metric System (b) Modern Systems (c) Systems of Antiquity Symbols, Basic Constants, Conversion Data, Dimensions, Definitions Symbols and Abbreviations Fundamental Constants Conversion Factors and Dimensional Formulae Hydrometer Scales Technical Efflux Viscometers Selected Scientific and Technical Terms: Definitions, Dimensional Formulae, etc Chemical Elements and Atoms Atomic Weights Table of Isotopes The Periodic System Structure of the Isolated Atom Laboratory Technique Thermometry 1. Thermometric Scales 2. The Standard Thermodynamic Scale 3. Fixed Points 4. Resistance Thermometers 5. Liquid-in-Glass Thermometers 6. Thermocouples Optical Pyrometry Laboratory Methods for Producing and Maintaining Constant Temperatures 1. Temperatures Below 0°C Laboratory Methods for Production of Cold 2. Temperatures Above 0°C Maximum Temperatures That can be Reached and Maintained by Various Means Laboratory Methods for Maintaining Constant Humidity Barometry and Manometry Psychrometry, Density of Moist Air, Change in Barometric Pressure with Altitude Volume of Liquid Menisci Weights and Weighing

i ii iv 1 1 2 14 16 16 17 18 31 32 34 43 43 45 46 47 52 52 52 52 53 54 54 57 59 61 61 62 66 67 67 68 71 72 73

Volume of a Mass of Liquid of Known Weight in Air Standard Buffer Solutions and Acid-base Indicators High Vacuum Technique Psychological Data Pertaining to Errors of Observation Arrangement of Chemical Substances and Systems in I. C. T. Physical Properties of Chemical Substances Introduction Elementary Substances and Atmospheric Air; A-Table The Gaseous State The Liquid State The Crystalline State Chemical Compounds; B-Table

80 81 91 92 96 96 98 102 102 102 103 106

H2O … [(C2H5)3SCl]2PtCl4

106

[C2H5NH2]2H2PtCl6 … Be3N2

126

Be(NO3)2·3H2O … CsLiCl2 Boiling Points Refractive Indices Index of Mineral Names Chemical Compounds; C-Table

141 162 165 174 176

CBi2O5 … C6H10O5

176

C6H10O5 … C9H10O4

202

C9H10O4 … C13H24O4

228

C13H24O4 … C72H88N6O20 Refractive Index Index: Abietic acid, 5477 ... Diisoamyl Ketone, 4171 Index: Diisoamyl Oxalate, 4391 ... p-Nitrobenzaldehyde, 1895 Index: p-Nitrobenzamide, 1981 ... Zygadenine, 6120 Property-Substance Tables Liquid Crystals Crystallography of Compounds of Carbon B-Table C-Table X-Ray Diffraction Data for Crystals and Liquids Some Numerical Data Pertaining to Dispersoidology Sweetening Agents Odoriferous Materials Radioactivity International Table of the Radioactive Elements and Their Constants Physical Properties of Radioactive Elements Artificial Disintegration of the Elements

251 276 280 289 299 306 314 320 320 324 338 354 357 358 361 362 364 365

Electron Emission Produced by Radiations from Radioactive Substances Energy of Radioactive Processes Chemical Effects of α-Particles Saturation Current: Absorption in Liquids and Solids Radioactive Radiations in Gases Beta-Rays: Absorption and Diffusion in Liquids and Solids Wave Lengths of Gamma-Rays Ionizing Radiations from Ordinary Substances Distribution of Radioactive Materials in the Atmosphere, the Hydrosphere and the Lithosphere Ages of Minerals and Rocks Based on Radioactive Changes Astronomical and Geodetic Data Selected Physical Properties of Stars and Nebulae (a) Spectral Classes, Masses, Densities, Temperatures, Diameters (b) Distribution (c) Motions Distribution of Stars Distribution of Nebulae Motions of the Stars and Nebulae Time: Units, Correlation of Chronological Eras, Equation of Time The Solar System: Orbital Data, Selected Characteristics of the Members Composition of the Atmosphere Miscellaneous Geodetic Data

365 366 366 367 369 370 371 372 372 381 384 384 384 388 389 385 388 389 391 392 393 393

Gravity Data: At Over 400 Selected Stations, Correction for Depth and Height, The Gravitation Constant Aerodynamics Literature References

395 402 412

Table of Contents Volume II Strength and Related Properties of Woods North American Woods Woods of the Philippine Islands Canadian Woods Woods Native to the British Empire Danish Woods Woods of the Dutch East-Indian Archipelago Woods of Japan and Eastern Asia The Woods of Mexico, Central and South America and the West Indies Index of Common Names Density Arrangement Artificial Lumbers Building Stones Conversion Factors Compressive Strength Shearing Strength Transverse Strength Tensile Strength Resistance to Abrasion Impact Hardness Elasticity Bulk Density Porosity Compressibility Thermal Expansion Specific Heat Thermal Conductivity Thermal Diffusivity Clays List of Clays and their Index Numbers Effect of Firing on Transverse Strength of Clay Linear Fire Shrinkage and Porosites of Diaspore and Gibbsite Clays Water Ratios to Clay Volume and Weight Fusion Points in Cones Thermal Reactions in Clay with Temperatures at Which Reactions have been Noted Heat Absorbed and Evolved by Clay During Firing and Cooling Bentonite Coagulating Effects of Reagents upon Bentonite

1 2 4 4 16 34 35 36 39 42 46 46 47 47 47 48 49 49 49 50 51 52 53 54 54 55 55 55 56 57 57 61 61 61 61 63 63 63

Effect of Dilution, Coagulation and Precipitation Properties of Some Clay-Like Minerals of the Bentonite Type Heavy Clay Products and Sand-Lime Brick 1. Clay Brick: Specifications and Properties 2. Sand-Lime Brick 3. Hollow Building Tile 4. Stoneware 5. Sanitary Bodies 6. Floor and Wall Tile 7. Drain Tile 8. Sewer Pipe 9. Terra Cotta Bodies 10. Crushing Strength of Masonry with Different Mortars Porcelain and Whiteware I. Electrical Porcelain II. Laboratory Porcelains and Whitewares Refractory Materials Abrasive Materials Properties of Glass Table 1. Glass Compositions Mechanical Properties of Glass Thermal Properties of Glass Electrical Properties Optical Properties Chemical Durability of Glasses Effect of Composition Multi-Oxide Glasses. Apparatus Glass Optical Glasses Vitreous Enamels for Metals Compositions Specific Gravity Strength Hardness Thermal Expansion of Vitreous Enamels Heat Transfer by Enameled Metals Thermal Emissivity of White Vitreous Enameled Surfaces Reflectivity of Sheet Steel Enamels Acid Resistance of Vitreous Enamels Structural Cements, Limes and Plasters Hydraulic Cements Portland Cement

63 64 64 64 64 65 65 65 65 65 65 66 66 66 67 73 82 86 87 88 92 97 101 101 107 107 109 113 114 114 115 115 115 115 115 116 116 117 117 117 117

Gypsum Lime Mortar and Masonry Magnesia Cements and Concretes Bulk Density

122 123 124 124

Ultimate Tensile Strength and Modulus of Rupture of Cements Made with Specially Calcined Dolomites Elastic Properties Wearing Resistance Coefficient of Linear Thermal Expansion Specific Heat and Thermal Conductivity of Cement Mortars Heat Evolved During Mixing and Setting of Magnesium Oxychloride Cements Electrical Resistance of Cement Mortars Setting Time of Commercial Magnesites in Various Mixes Dental Cements 1. Typical Chemical Compositions. Weight % 2. Crushing Strength 3. Setting Time Solid Fuels Classification Percentage Composition of U.S. Coals Calorific Value Sulfur Content Ash Fusibility Density Porosity Specific Heat Spontaneous Combustion, Weathering and Deterioration Coking Behavior Ignition Temperatures Combustibility of Coke Petroleums, Petroleum Products and Commercial Oils of Mineral Origin Composition and Density of Crude Petroleums Proximate Composition Specific Gravity and Thermal Expansion Compressibility Viscosity Surface Tension Interfacial Tensions Penetrativity Melting Points Solubility of Paraffin

124 124 128 128 128 128 128 128 129 129 129 129 130 130 132 135 135 135 135 135 135 135 135 135 136 136 137 139 144 146 146 146 146 146 148 149

Vapor Pressure and Boiling Point Dew Point Flash Point Thermal Conductivity and Diffusivity Specific Heat Calorific Values Refractive Index Optical Activity Coefficient of Light Absorption Iodine and Bromine Numbers Sulfuric Acid Absorption for Gasolene Gum Test Composition and Property Tables Terminology and Specifications of Petroleum Products of Commerce Flash Points of Saturated Vapors of Combustible Liquids Quantitative Effects of Some Compounds upon Detonation in Internal Combustion Engines Lubricants and Lubrication Journal Bearing Friction Lubricating Value of Oils under Conditions of Heavy Loads and Temperatures up to 100° Typical Analyses and Properties of Gaseous Fuels Asphalts and Mineral Waxes Nomenclature Characteristics Thermal Properties Bituminous Materials Explosions and Gaseous Explosives Ignition Temperature Electrical Ignition Limits of Inflammability Propagation of Flame Detonation Explosions in Closed Vessels Animal and Vegetable Oils, Fats and Waxes Introduction 1. Index of Common Names 2. Scientific Names and Common Properties 3. Composition Table 4. Polenske Values 5. Compressibility 6. Viscosity 7. Viscosity under Pressure

149 149 150 151 151 152 152 153 153 154 154 154 154 160 161 162 164 164 165 166 168 168 168 168 170 172 172 175 176 182 184 187 196 196 198 201 206 208 208 209 209

8. Melting Points 9. Boiling Point of Oils 10. Thermal Expansion 11. Specific Heat 12. Heat of Combustion 13. Flash Points of Oils and Fats 14. Electrical Conductivity 15. Dielectric Constant 16. Refractive Index and Butyrorefractometer Reading 17. Optical Rotation of Oils Property-Substance Tables 18. Density 19. Melting Point 20. Congelation Temperature 21. Acetyl Value 22. Iodine Value 23. Saponification Value 24. Hehner Value 25. Reichert-Meissl Value 26. Unsaponifiable Matter 27. Melting and Solidification Points of Fatty Acids Hydrogenated Oils Adhesives and Gelatins Introduction 1. Adhesives 2. Gelatins Textile Fibers Botanical Classification of Important Vegetable Fibers Microscopical Characteristics of Important Vegetable Fibers Cotton Silk Rayons of Artificial Silks Wool Cordage Fibers Minor Hair Fibers Fur Fibers Comparative Breaking Strengths Specific Gravity Specific Heat Hygroscopic Moisture Effect of Humidity

210 210 210 210 210 211 211 211 212 214 214 214 214 214 214 214 214 215 215 215 215 216 217 217 218 221 231 231 232 233 234 234 235 235 235 236 236 237 237 237 237

Regain Heat Conductivity Fireproofing Tannins and Vegetable Tanning Materials Classification Source and Tannin Content of Vegetable Tanning Materials Leather Type Composition, % at 50% Relative Humidity Tensile Strength, Stretch and Stitch Tear Area Change with Relative Humidity Water Content at Different Relative Humidities Ventilating Properties Resilience Rubber, Gutta Percha and Balata Abbreviations Latex Chemical Composition of Raw Rubber Physical Properties of Raw Rubber Various Types of Hevea Factors in the Preparation of Hevea Rubber Non-Hevea Rubber Vulcanized Rubber Physical Properties Milling Softeners Accelerators of Vulcanization Compounding Ingredients Aging Hard Rubber Gutta-Percha and Balata Factitious Plastics A. Nitrocellulose (“Pyroxylim”) Plastics B. Phenol Resins and Their Products

238 238 239 239 239 243 250 250 251 251 252 252 253 254 254 254 255 258 259 262 263 264 264 266 276 277 278 286 290 292 294 296 296 298

C. Comparison of Properties of Hard Rubber, Vulcanized Fiber, Laminated and Molded Phenolic Insulating Materials Commercial Carbons for Electrical Uses Industrial Electrical Insulators Insulating Oils Insulating Solids Table 1. Index and Description of Materials

299 303 304 305 307 308

Table 2. Electrical Properties Thermal Insulating Materials for Moderate and Low Temperatures Thermal Insulating Materials for High Temperature Raw Materials of the Paint and Varnish Industry

310 312 316 317

Average Bulking Values and Specific Gravities of the More Common Dry Pigments Used in the Paint Industry Average Constants of Oils Used in Paint and Varnish Industry Toxicology of Gases and Vapors Effective Concentrations and Properties Prevention and Emergency Treatment of Gas Poisoning Air Conditioning A. Hygroscopic Properties of Industrial Materials B. Spaces Occupied by Human Beings Refrigerating Brines Density and Specific Gravity Heat Capacity (Specific Heat) Viscosity Sieves and Screens Introduction Table 1. Series of Woven Sieves Table 2. Tolerances for U.S. Standard Sieves Table 3. Pharmaceutical Sieves Table 4. Bolting Cloth Table 5. Woven Sieves for Special Purposes (Metric Designation) Table 6. Woven Wire Sieves for Special Purposes (Inch Designation) Table 7. Gages for Broken Stone, Slag, Etc. Saccharimetry, the Properties of Commercial Sugars and Their Solutions Introduction

317 317 318 318 321 321 321 325 327 327 328 328 329 329 330 331 331 332 332 333 333 334 334

C12H22O11 Sucrose

336

C12H22O11 Lactose

345

C12H22O11 Maltose

346

C6H12O6 Dextrose

347

C6H12O6 Levulose Invert Sugar

349 350

C6H12O6 Mannose

350

C6H12O6 Galactose

351

C5H10O5 Arabinose

351

C5H10O5 Xylose

352

C18H32O16 + 5H2O, Raffinose (Melitriose, Gossypose) Systems Containing More Than One Sugar

352 352

Rotations and Melting Points of Pure Sugars and Sugar Derivatives X-Ray Diffraction Data—Miscellaneous Natural and Industrial Materials Properties of Metals and Alloys Introduction Finding Index of Alloys Tables of Alloy Classes Meanings of Symbols Denoting Treatments Abbreviations and Symbols Denoting Variables Defining a System and Their Units Meanings of Symbols Denoting Properties Equilibrium Diagrams Introduction Aluminium Alloys Lead Alloys and Tin Alloys Other Non-Ferrous Alloys (Including Cu-Fe) Ferrous Alloys Density of the Metallic Elements Hg, Density of Liquid Mercury Latent Heat and Phase Changes of Pure Metals and Alloys Thermal Expansion Including Volume Change on Fusion, Solidification and Tempering Coefficients of Expansion of Pure Metals Coefficients of Expansion of Solid Alloys Coefficients of Expansion of Liquid Alloys and Amalgams Volume Change on Fusion and Solidification, “Mold Shrinkage” Changes in Volume Due toTempering Mechanical Properties of Iron, Fe-Co, Fe-Ti, and Titanium and Uranium Steels Ni and Its Alloys with C, Cr, Cu, Fe, and Mn Mechanical and Elastic Properties Thermal Properties

353 356 358 358 370 388 392 396 396 400 400 400 413 419 449 456 457 458 459 459 463 474 474 477 478 479 480 482

Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Cast Iron and of Steels Containing C, Cr, Cr-V, Cu, NiCr, Ni-Cu, Ni-V, and V Introduction Table 1. Chemical Analyses Table 2. Carbon Steels Table 3. Mechanical Properties of Cast Iron Table 4. Cr Steels Table 5. Cr-V Steels Table 6. Cu Steels Table 7. Nickel Chromium Steels Table 8. Ni-Cu Steels Table 9. Nickel Vanadium Steels Table 10. Vanadium Steels

483 483 484 487 497 506 509 509 510 513 513 514

Table 11. Elastic Properties Table 12. Specific Gravity Table 13. Thermal Properties Mn-, Si-, and Mn-Si-Steels; Fe-Si-Alloys; and Effect of Mn and Si on Cast Iron Table 1. Tensile, Hardness, and Impact Tests on Rolled or Forged Mn-Steels Table 2. Effect of Cooling Medium on Properties of Forged Mn-Steel Table 3. Effect of Liquid Air Temperature on Forged Mn-Steel Table 4. Compression Tests on Forged Mn-Steels Table 5. Tensile Properties and Hardness of Cast Mn-Steel Table 6. Transverse Tests on Cast Mn-Steel Table 7. Tensile Properties of Fe-Si-Alloys Table 8. Specific Gravity of Fe-Si-Alloys Table 9. Tensile Properties and Hardness of Rolled and Forged Si-Steels Table 10. Effect of Liquid Air Temperature on Forged Si-Steel Table 11. Compression Tests on Forged Si-Steel Table 12. Properties of Cast Si-Steel Table 13. Properties of Forged Si-Mn-Steel Table 14. Effect of Mn Content on Tensile Strength and Elongation of Malleable Cast Iron Table 15. Effect of Si Content on General Mechanical Properties of Malleable Cast Iron Table 16. Effect of Mn on Properties of Cast Iron Table 17. Effect of Mn Content on Hardness of Cast Iron Table 18. Effect of Si Content on Properties of Cast Iron Table 19. Effect of Casting Temperature and Annealing on Cast Irons of Different Si Content Steels Containing Al, As, B, Ce, Sb, Ta, or Zr Table 1. Tensile Properties and Hardness of Al-Steels Table 2. Compression Tests on Al-Steels Table 3. Specific Gravity of Al-Steels Table 4. Mechanical Properties of As-Steels Table 5. Mechanical Properties of B- and Ni-B-Steels Table 6. Hardness of B-Steels Table 7. Mechanical Properties of Ce- and Ni-Ce-Steels Table 8. Properties of Sb-Steels Table 9. Specific Gravity of Fe-Sb-Alloys Table 10. Mechanical Properties of Ta-Steels Table 11. Properties of Zr- and Ni-Zr-Steels Properties of Aluminum and Its Alloys with Cu, Mg, Mn, Ni, Si, Sn, and Zn Containing More Than 50% Al Table 1. Tensile Properties Table 2. Compression Tests Table 3. Shear and Torsion Tests Table 4. Hardness

515 516 518 519 520 522 522 522 522 522 523 523 523 524 524 524 525 525 525 526 527 527 528 528 529 529 529 529 530 531 531 531 531 531 532 532 533 538 538 539

Table 5. Impact Hardness Table 6. Impact Strength Table 7. Elastic Properties Table 8. Specific Gravity Table 9. Mold Shrinkage Properties of Alloys of Aluminium with Fe, Mg, Mn, Ni, Ni-Cu, Si, and Si-Cu Mechanical Properties Thermal Properties Properties of Magnesium and of Its Alloys with More Than 50% Magnesium Zinc and Its Alloys Containing More Than 50% Zn Table 1. Mechanical Properties Table 2. Elastic Properties of Zn Table 3. Compressibility of Zn Alloys Table 4. Specific Gravity of Zn Alloys Cadmium and Its Alloys with Ag, As, Au, Bi, Cu, Hg, Mg, Pb, Sn, Tl, and Zn Mechanical Properties of Copper and Its Alloys with Ag, As, Bi, Cd, Fe, Mn, O, P, Sb, and Si Tensile (Compressive) and Elastic Properties Hardness of Cu and Its Alloys with Ag, Cd, Fe, Mn, O, P and Si Specific Gravity of Copper and Its Alloys with Fe, Mn, P and O Properties of Brasses and of Pb, Sb, Sn and Their Alloys Properties of Commercial Copper, Ordinary, Phosphor, and Zinc Bronzes and Copper-Base Bearing Alloys Cu, Commercial Copper Cu-Sn, Bronze Cu-Sn-P, Phosphor Bronze Mechanical Properties of Copper-Base Bearing Alloys as Cast (Car Journal Bearings) Cu-Pb-Sn, Mechanical Properties of Bearing Bronzes Wear and Frictional Properties of Copper-Base Bearing Alloys Laboratory Tests on the Carpenter Machine Cu-Sn-Zn, Zinc Bronze Effect of Casting Temperature and Heat Treatment of Cu, 88; Sn, 10; Zn 2 Cu-Sn-Zn-As, Effect of Adding As to Admiralty Gun Metal Cu-Sn-Zn-Pb-As, Effect of Adding Pb to Arsenical Admiralty Gun Metal Cu-Sn-Zn-Pb, Effect of Adding Lead to Zinc Bronzes Cu-Sn-Zn-Sb, of Adding Sb to Admiralty Gun Metal Cu-Sn-Zn-Sb, Effect of Adding Sb to 86:9:5 Red Bronze Cu-Sn-Zn-Sb, Effect of Adding Pb to 86:9:5 Red Bronze Cu-Sn-Zn-Pb-Sb, Effect of Adding Sb to Leaded 86:9:5 Red Bronze Impact Strength Specific Gravity Elastic Properties

539 540 540 541 542 542 542 543 544 545 545 546 548 548 548 552 552 554 554 555 558 558 559 560 561 562 562 562 563 565 566 566 566 568 568 569 569 570 570 571

Mold Shrinkage Thermal Conductivity Properties of Aluminum Bronzes Cu-Al Cu-Al-Fe Cu-Al-Mn Cu-Al-Ni Cu-Al-P Cu-Al-Si Ag, Au, Hg, Ir, Os, Pd, Pt, Rh, Ru, and Their Alloys Table 1. Mechanical Properties Table 2. Elastic Properties Table 3. Effect of Temperature on Elastic Properties Table 4. Compressibility of Ag-Au Table 5. Specific Volume of Alloys Table 6. Specific Gravities of Alloys Table 7. Surface Tension of Amalgams in Saturated Water Vapor at ca. 18°C Table 8. Annealing and Quenching Temperatures Graphite

572 572 572 573 578 579 581 583 583 584 584 588 588 589 589 589 591 591 592

Mechanical Properties of As, B, Ca, Ce, Co, Cr, Ge, In, K, La, Mo, Na, Pr, Ta, Th, and W and Their Alloys, and of Alloys Containing Ba, Ga, Li, Mn, Rb, Si, Sr, Ti, and V Table 1. Tensile Properties of Ca, Co, Mo, Ta, Th and W Table 2. Hardness of As, B, Ca, Ce, Co, Cr, Ge, In, K, La, Mo, Na, and Pr Table 3. Properties of Co-Cr and Stellite Table 4. Hardness of Alloys Table 5. Extrusion Pressure of In-Pb and K-Rb Table 6. Elastic Properties of Ta and W Table 7. Specific Gravities of Alloys Fatigue of Metals and Alloys Table 1. Composition of Alloy Table 2. Endurance Limits under Reversed Direct Stresses Table 3. Endurance Limits under Reversed Bending Stresses (Rotating Beam Machines) Table 4. Endurance Limits under Reversed Plane Bending Stresses (Upton-Lewis Machine) Table 5. Endurance Limits under Reversed Torsional Stresses Table 6. Endurance Limits under Cycles of Direct Stress with Various Mean Stresses Table 7. Endurance Limits under Cycles of Torsional Stresses with Various Mean Stresses Table 8. Endurance Limits at Various Temperatures, Reversed Direct Stresses

592 592 592 593 593 593 594 594 595 595 599 601 605 606 607 607 608

Table 9. Endurance Limits at Various Temperatures, Reversed Bending Stresses (Rotating Beam Machines) Special Property-Table Literature References

608 610 611

Table of Contents Volume III P-V-T Relations for One-Phase Systems (Density, Specific Gravity, Thermal Expansion and Compressibility). P-V-T Relations in the Gaseous State for Substances Which Are Gases at 0° and 1 Atmosphere Part I. Standard Density A-Table: Elements and Atmospheric Air B-Table: Chemical Compounds Part II. Thermal Expansion and Compressibility A-Table: Elementary Substances and Atmospheric Air B-Table: Chemical Compounds P-V-T Relations for Gas Mixtures N2, Nitrogen Compressibility Low Pressures High Pressures Empirical Formulae Virial Coefficients Thermal Expansion

1 3 3 3 3 3 3 11 17 17 17 17 17 18 19 19

Density and Thermal Expansion of Non-metallic Elementary Substances under Atmospheric Pressure I. The Liquid State II. The Crystalline State

20 20 21

Density and Thermal Expansion of Inorganic Compounds in the Liquid (Including Vitreous) State under One Atmosphere B-Table Density and Specific Volume of Water Table 1. Density of Water in g per ml between 0°C and 40°C Table 2. Volume, in ml, of 1 g of Water between 0°C and 40°C Table 3. Density of Water in g per ml between 40°C and 100°C Table 4. Volume, in ml, of 1 g of Water between 40°C and 100°C Density and Thermal Expansion of Liquid Organic Compounds under Atmospheric Pressure Units Methyl Alcohol Ethyl Alcohol Density-Temperature Equations Table 1. Density-Temperature Equations Based on Reliable Data Table 2. Density-Temperature Equations of Unknown Reliability Density-Temperature Data for Various Complex Compounds

22 22 24 24 25 26 26 27 27 27 27 27 28 30 33

Table 3. Accurate Values for Densities of Liquid Organic Compounds at Particular Temperatures

33

The Liquid (Including Vitreous) State under Pressures Higher than Atmospheric. (Density, Thermal Expansion and Compressibility) A-Table: Non-Metallic Elements B-Table: Inorganic Compounds C-Table: Carbon Compounds The Compressibilities of Certain Liquids

35 35 35 35 40

Density and Thermal Expansion of Chemical Compounds in the Crystalline State, under Atmospheric Pressure I. Oxides II. Halogen Compounds III. Sulfides IV. Sulfates V. Nitrates VI. Carbonates VII. Metallo-Organic Compounds VIII. Various Silicates IX. Other Compounds Density and Thermal Expansion of Organic Compounds in the Crystalline State C-Table Compressibility of Crystals 1. Non-Metallic Elementary Substances Compressibility of Pure Metals Cubic Compressibility of Pure Metals Hg, Mercury Linear Compressibility of Pure Metals (Ed.) Compressibility of Crystalline Compounds, Minerals and Rocks B-Table: Standard Arrangement Crystalline Materials (More Than One Component) Rocks

43 43 43 44 44 44 44 44 44 45 45 45 46 46 46 46 47 47 49 50 50 51

Density (Specific Gravity) and Thermal Expansion (under Atmospheric Pressure) of Aqueous Solutions of Inorganic Substances and of Strong Electrolytes Introduction Systems Containing One Solute

51 52 54

H2O2 [JAB] … CdBr2 [GS]

54

CdBr2 … NaI [JAB]

66

NaBrO3 [JAB] … CsNO3 [JAB] Systems Containing More Than One Solute Density of Saturated Solutions Temperature of Maximum Density

81 95 104 107

Densities (Specific Gravities) and Thermal Expansion of Aqueous Solutions of Organic Compounds Density of Certain Aqueous Organic Solutions

111 115

A. Solutions Containing One Solute Only. Aqueous Solutions of Methyl, Ethyl, and Propyl Alcohols, Glycerol and Formic and Acetic Acids B. Solutions Containing More Than One Solute. Both Solutes Are C-Compounds

115 125

Density and Thermal Expansion of Homogeneous Non-Aqueous Mixtures in the Liquid or Crystalline State (Non-Aqueous Liquid or Solid Solutions) Introduction Sec. I. At Least One Component Is an Elementary Substance 1. Two-Component Systems 2. Systems of More Than Two Components

130 130 131 131 132

Sec. II. All Components Are Chemical Compounds None of Whose Key-Formulae Begins with 16. Standard Arrangement 1. Two-Component Systems 2. Three-Component Systems Sec. III. All Components Chemical Compounds 1. Two-Component Systems 2. Three-Component Systems Sec. IV. All Components Are Chemical Compounds Having Key Formulae Beginning with 16

133 133 135 135 135 142 143

1. Two-Component Systems; CCl4 … C2H6O2

143

1. Two-Component Systems; C2H7N … C6H5NO3

162 179

1. Two-Component Systems; C6H5NO3 … C6H6O 2. Three-Component Systems Phase Equilibrium Data Vapor Pressures of P, S, Se, Te and the Halogens The Crystalline State The Liquid State up to One Atmosphere Vapor Pressures and Orthobaric Densities above One Atmosphere Vapor Pressures of the Atmospheric Gases I. Vapor Pressures up to Two Atmospheres 1. Two-Phase, Crystal—Vapor, Sublimation Pressures 2. Two-Phase, Liquid—Vapor II. Vapor Pressures and Orthobaric Densities above One Atmosphere Vapor Pressures of the Metals Vapor Pressure of Chemical Compounds in the Crystalline State B-Table: Standard Arrangement C-Table The Vapor Pressures of Ice and Water up to 100°C

196 199 201 201 201 202 202 202 203 203 203 204 207 207 208 210

Vapor Pressures of Chemical Compounds in the Liquid State for Pressures up to Two Atmospheres

213

B-Table: Standard Arrangement Vapor Pressures of Organic Liquids C-Table Vapor Pressures and Orthobaric Densities Above One Atmosphere B-Table: Standard Arrangement Vapor Pressures and Orthobaric Volumes for H2O, NH3, CO2 and SO2 above One Atmosphere

213 215 215 228 228 233

Vapor Pressures and Orthobaric Densities above One Atmosphere, Two-Phase, Liquid—Vapor, Organic Compounds C-Table: The C-Arrangement Vapor Pressures and Orthobaric Densities of Hydrocarbons and Their Halogen Derivatives Hydrocarbons Halogen Derivatives Correction of Boiling Points to Normal Atmospheric Pressure Critical-Point Data Adsorption at Solid Surfaces and Solubility of Gases in Metals of the Platinum Group Introduction Gases on Charcoal Gases on Glass and Silicates Gases on Silica Gel Adsorption of Liquids Adsorption on Charcoal from Solutions Adsorption on Crystalline Substances Adsorption on Glass Adsorption on Gels from Solution Adsorption on Fibers Adsorption on Miscellaneous Materials Adsorption and Solubility of Gases in Metals of the Platinum Series Solubilities of Gases in Liquids Mathematical Relations and Conventions Solubilities of Gases in Water A-Table: Elementary Gases and Atmospheric Air B-Table: Chemical Compounds Solubilities of Gases in Non-Aqueous Pure Liquids A-Table: Elementary Substances and Atmospheric Air B-Table: Chemical Compounds C-Table: Solubilities of Organic Compounds The Solubility of Gases in Molten Metals and Alloys The Solubility of Gases in Solutions Table Solubility of Gases in Colloidal Solutions in Water Partial Vapor Pressures from Alloys, Amalgams and Solutions of Metals in Liquid Ammonia

237 237 244 244 245 246 248 249 250 250 251 251 251 251 252 252 252 252 253 253 254 255 255 255 258 261 261 264 265 270 271 271 281 284

Two-Phase Liquid-Vapor Systems at Constant Temperature, Two Components Volatile, Partial and Total Vapor Pressures I. Two-Component Systems II. Three-Component Systems Two-Phase Liquid-Vapor Isothermal Systems, Vapor-Pressure Lowering Aqueous Solutions Two-Component Systems Three-Component Systems Non-Aqueous Solutions The Vapor Pressures of Aqueous Solutions of Commercial Acids Partial Vapor Pressures of Aqueous Solutions of HCl Partial Vapor Pressures of Aqueous Solutions of Sulfur Dioxide

284 284 291 292 292 293 299 300 301 301 302

Vapor Pressures, Normal Boiling Points, and Latent Heats of Vaporization for Aqueous Solutions of H2SO4

302

Partial Vapor Pressures of Aqueous Solutions of HNO3, mm Hg The Vapor Pressures of Aqueous Solutions of CH3COOH, HBr and HI Vapor Pressures, Boiling Points and Vapor Compositions for the System H2O—H2SO4—HNO3 Variation of Boiling Point with Composition, for Liquid Mixtures of Volatile Constituents Two-Component Systems A-B-Table: Standard Arrangement Non-Aqueous Mixtures C-Table: C-Compounds Three-Component Systems Constant-Boiling (Azeotropic) Mixtures Two-Component Mixtures with Minimum Boiling Point Effect of Pressure upon Azeotropic Mixtures Two-Component Mixtures with Maximum Boiling Point Three-Component Mixtures Boiling-Point Elevations, Non-Volatile Solutes Introduction Two-Component Systems The Solvent Is an Elementary Substance The Solvent Is a Chemical Compound Non-Aqueous Solutions The Solvent Is an Inorganic Compound The Solvent Is an Organic Compound Three-Component Systems Four- and Five-Component Systems

304 306 306 308 309 309 311 312 314 318 318 322 323 323 324 324 324 324 325 328 328 330 347 349

P-T-X Relations for Systems of Two or More Components and Containing Two or More Phases (L-V, LI-LII-V and S-L-V Systems) Two-Component Systems—Non-Aqueous Standard Arrangement C-Table: The C-Arrangement Two-Component Systems—Aqueous Non-Aqueous Systems Containing Three or More Components Systems Containing Three or More Components—Aqueous Relative Efficiencies of Drying Agents Phase-Equilibrium Data Solubility of Liquids in Liquids. Two Component Systems Sec. 1. The A-Component is H2O Sec. 2. The Key-Formula of Neither Component Begins with 16. Standard Arrangement

351 351 351 358 361 374 376 385 386 386 387 393

Sec. 3. The A-Component Key-Formula Does Not Begin with 16; the B-Component KeyFormula Begins with 16 Sec. 4. Both A- and B-Component Key-Formulae Begin with 16

394 394

Phase Equilibria for Three-Component Systems Containing Two Liquid Phases, the Complete Composition of at Least One of which Is Known Explanation of Diagrams and Tables Metallic Systems Aqueous Systems Non-Aqueous Systems Special Tables

398 398 400 400 403 403

Phase-Equilibrium Data for Condensed Systems Containing Two Liquid Phases with a Third Component in Distribution Equilibrium Between Them, the Two Liquid Phases Being Practically Non-Miscible; Distribution Coefficients Symbols, Units and Conventions A-B-Table: Aqueous Systems C-Table: Aqueous Systems Miscellaneous Table

418 418 419 422 433

P-V-T Relations in the Gaseous State for Substances which Are Liquid or Solid at 0° and 1 Atmosphere A-Tables: Elementary Substances B-Tables: Chemical Compounds Compressibility of Solutions Aqueous Solutions Non-Aqueous Solutions Literature References

435 435 436 439 439 440 441

Table of Contents Volume IV Phase-Equillibrium Data—Systems Without the Vapor Phase Abbreviations, Symbols, and Conventions Triple Points, Transition Points and Melting Points at Ordinary and Low Pressures Introduction One-Component Systems Melting Points Known with a Probable Accuracy of ±0.05° Transition Temperatures

1 4 6 6 6 6 6

Effect of Pressure upon Melting and Transition Points; Volume Change on Melting and Transition; Directly Measured Compressibility- and Thermal Expansion-Differences Introduction Chemical Compounds, Part I Non-Metallic Elementary Substances Chemical Compounds, Part II C-Table: The C-Arrangement Diagrams Internal Pressure Mechanical and Thermal Properties of the Various Forms of Silica Crystallographic Symmetry Inversion Points Density Thermal Expansion Volume Change on Inversion Thermal Conductivity Elastic Properties Strength

9 9 10 11 11 13 16 19 19 20 20 20 21 21 21 21 21

Freezing-Point—Solubility Data: Systems Containing a Non-Metallic Element as One Component Two-Component Systems 1. Both A- and B-Components Are Elementary Substances.

22 23 23

2. The A-Components Are Elementary Substances; the B-Components Are Compounds Whose Key-Formulae Do Not Begin with 16

30

3. The A-Components Are Elementary Substances; the B-Components Are Compounds Whose Key-Formulae Begin with 16 4. Cryoscopic Data. Freezing-Point Lowering Three-Component Systems. Freezing-Point—Solubility Data for Systems Composed of a Metal and an Inorganic Compound

31 36 38 40

Freezing-Point—Solubility Data for Two- and Three-Component Non-Aqueous Systems Composed of Inorganic Compounds Only and Including All Systems Composed of Fused Salts

41

Abbreviations and Symbols Two-Component Systems Three-Component Systems Systems Containing Refractory Substances One-Component Systems Two-Component Systems Three-Component Systems Freezing-Point—Solubility Data for Systems Containing Organic Compounds Only Abbreviations and Symbols Arrangement Two-Component Systems CCl4 … C2H3ClO2

41 42 72 83 84 85 92 97 97 98 98 98

C2H3Cl3O2 … C6H3Br2NO2

107

C6H3Br3O … C6H6O2

118

C6H6O2 … C8H10

139

C8H10N2 … C57H110O6 Three-Component Systems Equations C-Table: Cryoscopic Data, Organic Solvents Freezing-Point—Solubility Data for Non-Aqueous Systems, Containing Both Organic and Inorganic Compounds Scope Arrangement Two-Component Systems: Inorganic + Organic Two-Component Systems: Fragmentary Data Three-Component Systems Cryoscopic Data Inorganic Solvents Organic Solvents Solutions with Two or More Solutes Solubility of Salts and of Strong Acids and Bases in Water Abbreviations and Symbols B-Table: Standard Arrangement Literature Solubility of Organic Substances and of Weak Electrolytes in Water Freezing-Point Lowering of Aqueous Solutions Symbols Inorganic Strong Electrolytes and All Salts A-B-Table: Solutions of One Solute

154 167 172 183 185 185 185 186 205 211 214 214 215 215 216 216 216 244 250 254 254 254 254

B-Table: Solutions of More Than One Solute Where at Least One of the Solutes is a Strong Electrolyte Non-Electrolytes, Weak Electrolytes and All Organic Compounds Solutions Containing One Solute Solutions of More Than One Solute

260 261 261 263

Effect of Pressure upon Transition Temperatures of Crystalline Hydrates, upon Freezing Points, and upon Solubilities Effect of Pressure upon the Transition Temperatures of Crystalline Hydrates Effect of Pressure upon Freezing Points of Solutions Effect of Pressure upon Solubility Literature References to Data on Other Salts

264 264 264 265 265

Freezing-Point—Solubility Data. Three-Component Systems Containing a Non-Metallic Elementary Substance Abbreviations A-B Table: Aqueous Systems Non-Aqueous Systems

266 266 266 268

Freezing-Point—Solubility Data for Three- (or More) Component Aqueous Solutions of Salts and Inorganic Compounds Scope of the Section Strong Electrolytes in Water: Data

270 270 273

H2O2SO4--K+ … Cl-NH4+K+

273

Cl-HPO4--Na+ … S--SO4--Na+

298

SO3--SO4--Na+ … SO4--B4O7--Na+

322

SO4-Al+++K+ … PO4 ---K+

348

PO4---Ca++ … AlO2-Na+ Strong Electrolytes in Water: Diagrams

370 382

Freezing-Point—Solubility Data for Three-Component Aqueous Systems in Which at Least One of the Two Non-Aqueous Components is Either a Weak Electrolyte or an Organic Acid, Base, or Non-Electrolyte 395 Freezing-Point—Solubility Data for Non-Metallic Systems Containing More Than Three Components Aqueous Systems Non-Aqueous Systems Osmotic Pressure Solutions in Water Mainly with Copper Ferrocyanide Membranes Osmotic Pressure of Colloids Osmotic Pressure of Electrolytes with Copper Ferrocyanide Membrane Molecular Weights Calculated from Osmotic Pressures at Various Dilutions The Properties of Surfaces: Surface Tension, Surface Energy and Related Properties Surface Tension and Capillarity: Symbols and Abbreviations Experimental Methods

424 424 428 429 429 430 431 431 432 433 433

Equations Tensile Strength and Angle of Contact Tensile Strength and Tensile Energy Angle of Contact Methods of Measuring Surface Tension Interfacial Tension for Solid-Liquid and Liquid-Liquid Interfaces Interface, Solid–Liquid Interface, Liquid–Liquid Abbreviations Interface, Water–Organic Liquid Interface, Aqueous Solution–Organic Liquid

434 434 434 434 435 436 436 436 436 436 437

Effect of Hydrogen Ion Concentration on Tension at the Interface Aqueous Phase–Organic Phase Interfacial Tension of Liquid Metals against Non-metallic Liquid Phases Interface, Organic Liquid–Organic Liquid Effect of Pressure on Interfacial Tension at 25° Surface Tension of Metals Surface Tension and Related Properties for Temperatures below 0°C Surface Tensions of Fused Salts above 200°C and Liquids above 360°C

438 438 439 439 439 441 442

Surface-Tension Data for Certain Pure Liquids between 0 and 360°C and for All Types of Solutions at All Temperatures Liquid-Gas Interface A-B Table C-Table: The C-Arrangement Surface Tension of Solutions Aqueous Solutions, One Solute Aqueous Solutions, Two or More Solutes Non-Aqueous Solutions, One Solute Non-Aqueous Solutions, Two or More Solutes Variations of Surface Tension with Age of Surface Effect of Nature of Gas at the Interface Properties of Thin Films and Surface Layers Films of Metals on Glass Surface Layers on Mercury Films of Insoluble Fatty Substances on Aqueous Solutions Transition Temperatures between Two Forms of Condensed Film Expanded Films Evaporation in Two Dimensions, “Gaseous” Films Films Absorbed at the Surface of Aqueous Solutions Soap Films Miscellaneous Literature References

446 446 447 448 463 463 470 470 474 474 474 475 475 476 476 476 476 476 476 477 477 478

Table of Contents Volume V Viscosity and Fluidity Viscosity of Gases Definitions and Formulae Flow of Gas through a Capillary Tube Flow of Gases through Tubes Gas Mixtures Viscosity of Metals and Alloys Definitions and Meanings of Symbols Viscosity of Solid Metals and Alloys Viscosity of Liquid Metals and Alloys Viscosity of Water, Sulfuric Acid, Liquid Carbon Dioxide and Certain Organic Liquids Formulae and Units Water between 0 and 100°. I.C.T. Values H2O below 0°C H2O: Variation with Pressure Sulfuric Acid Liquid Carbon Dioxide Organic Liquids Viscosity of Aqueous Solutions of Strong Electrolytes Aqueous Solutions Containing a Single Strong Electrolyte Aqueous Solutions Containing Two Strong Electrolytes Aqueous Solutions Containing Three or More Strong Electrolytes Viscosity of Aqueous Solutions of Weak Electrolytes and of All Organic Acids and Bases Weak Bases Amino Acids Monocarboxylic Acids Dicarboxylic Acids SulfonicAcids and Phenol System with Two Solutes Viscosity of Aqueous Solutions of Non-Electrolytes Abbreviations Introduction Systems Containing but One Solute Systems Containing Two Solutes Systems Containing Two Solutes, One an Electrolyte and the Other a Non-Electrolyte Cellulose in Cuprammonium Solutions Fluidity of Non-Aqueous Solutions

1 1 1 1 2 4 6 6 6 7 10 10 10 10 10 11 11 11 12 12 18 19 20 20 20 20 21 21 21 21 21 21 22 24 24 24 25

The A-Component Key-Formula Does Not Begin with 16 Two-Component Systems Three-Component Systems The A-Component Has Key-Formula Beginning with 16 Two-Component Systems Three-Component Systems Kinetics of Physical Processes Velocity of Vaporization (and Gas Evolution) and of Condensation (and Gas Absorption) Evaporation in Vacuo Condensation in Vacuo Evaporation in Still Air and Other Gases Evaporation in a Current of Gas The Velocity of Dissolving of Crystals in Liquids Velocity Constants Temperature Coefficients Relative Velocities for Different Crystal Faces Velocity of Crystallization Formation of Crystal Nuclei Crystal Growth Interdiffusion of Gases and Vapors A-B-Table C-Table Coefficient of Diffusion in Liquids Abbreviation and Conventions Units Accuracy Diffusion in Water (or in a given Aqueous Solutions) A-Table: Elementary Substances B-Table: Chemical Compounds C-Table Non-Aqueous Solutions Diffusion in Methyl Alcohol A-B-Table C-Table: Values of 105∆ Diffusion in Ethyl Alcohol A-B-Table C-Table Diffusion in Benzene A-B-Table C-Table Diffusion in Metals

26 26 30 31 31 51 52 53 53 53 54 54 55 56 58 59 60 60 61 62 62 62 63 63 63 63 63 63 64 69 72 72 72 73 73 73 74 74 74 75

Diffusion in Various Liquids Permeability of Solids to Gases Metals Vulcanized Rubber Pure Para Rubber Diffusion in Solids Diffusion of Ions in Crystalline Solids Diffusion of Oxygen into Silver at 400-630° Diffusion of Zinc in Brass Discussion Heat Capacity Mechanical Equivalent of Heat The Heat Capacity of Gases and Vapors Conversion Factors Abbreviations, Symbols and Units Introduction The Common Gases at 15°C The Common Gases at Low Temperatures

75 76 76 76 77 77 77 77 77 77 78 78 79 79 79 79 80 80

Values of γ = Cp/Cv

80

Values of Cp at t and of Cp, Mean, Between t1 and t2 Special Tables Saturated Vapors

81 81 83

Thermodynamic Quantities: Values of the Heat Capacity, Entropy, Heat Content and “Thermodynamic Potential” for Pure Substances between 0 and 298°K Introduction Heat Capacity of Elementary Substances between 0 and 300°K Entropy, Heat Content and “Thermodynamic Potential” Heat Capacity of Solid and Liquid Elementary Substances above 0°C Solids Liquids The Heat Capacity of Chemical Compounds in the Crystalline State B-Table: Standard Arrangement C-Table: C-Arrangement Thermal Properties of Silica Heat Capacity Latent Heats of Transformation Thermal Conductivity The Heat Capacity of Chemical Compounds in the Liquid State B-Table C-Table: C-Arrangement The Heat Capacity of Certain Pure Liquids

84 84 85 87 92 92 94 95 95 101 105 105 106 106 106 106 107 113

Variation of Specific Heat with Pressure The Heat Capacity of Certain Solutions Aqueous Solutions Non-Aqueous Solutions The Heat Capacity of Alloys, Amalgams and Intermetallic Compounds Symbols Arrangement Ferrous Alloys Amalgams Non-Ferrous Alloys Three- and Four-Component Alloys Heat Capacity of Solutions Two-Component Systems Aqueous Solutions Non-Aqueous Solutions Three-Component Systems Thermal Effects Accompanying Physical and Chemical Processes Latent Heats of Fusion Scope of the Tables Calorimetric Methods Non-Metallic Elementary Substances B-Table: Chemical Compounds C-Table Latent Heat of Vaporization Conversion Factors Elementary Substances and Atmospheric Air Chemical Compounds Special Tables H2O, NH3 and CO2 up to the Critical Point Heats of Adsorption and of Wetting Heat of Adsorption Heat of Wetting Thermal Effects Accompanying Pressure Changes in Homogeneous Systems (Joule-Thomson and Related Effects) Joule-Thomson Effect Change in Temperature on Adiabatic Expansion Heat of Isothermal Compression Heat of Elastic Extension of Metals Heats of Solution of Organic Substances Heat of Dilution Heats of Combustion of Organic Compounds

114 115 115 116 118 118 118 118 119 119 121 122 122 122 125 129 130 130 130 130 131 131 132 135 135 135 135 138 138 139 139 142 144 144 146 147 147 148 160 162

Thermochemistry: Heats of Formation under Constant Pressure (Heats of Solution: Heats of Transition) Explanation Abbreviations, Signs and Forms Conversion Factors A-B Table Oxygen Hydrogen Fluorine Chlorine Bromine Iodine Sulfur Selenium Tellurium Nitrogen Phosphorus Arsenic Antimony Bismuth Carbon Silicon Titanium Zirconium Tin Lead Thorium Indium Thallium Zinc Cadmium Mercury Copper Silver Gold Osmium Iridium Platinum Ruthenium Palladium Manganese

169 169 170 176 176 176 176 176 176 177 177 177 178 178 178 180 180 180 181 181 182 182 183 183 183 184 184 184 184 185 186 187 188 189 189 189 189 190 190 190

Iron Cobalt Nickel Tungsten Uranium Vanadium Tantalum Chromium Molybdenum Boron Aluminum Yttrium Lanthanum Praseodymium Samarium Neodymium Erbium Cerium Beryllium Magnesium Calcium Strontium Barium Lithium Sodium Potassium Rubidium Cesium Partial and Total Heats of Formation of Aqueous Solutions Abbreviations and Symbols HCl H2SO4 NH3 Thermal Conductivity Thermal Conductivity: Gases and Vapors Temperature Variation of Thermal Conductivity of Gases Variation of Conductivity with Pressure Molecular Conductivity of Gases Thermal Conductivity of Non-Metallic Solids Thermal Conductivity of Non-Metallic Solids

190 191 192 192 192 193 193 193 193 193 194 194 194 194 194 194 195 195 195 195 196 197 198 199 200 203 207 207 212 212 212 212 213 213 213 214 215 215 216 216

Pure Inorganic and Miscellaneous Solids Thermal Conductivity of Liquids and Solids Standard Materials Metals and Alloys Non-Metallic Liquids Glasses Crystals Free and Forced Convection of Heat from Bodies of Simple Shape in Gases and Liquids Symbols Units General Relations Table 1. Free Convection Table 2. Forced Convection Radiometry (Heat and Light) Radiation Constants Radiation from a Perfect (Black-Body) Radiator Thermal Radiation from Materials and Selected Sources of Radiation Temperature, Brightness and Efficiency of Selected Sources of Light Optical Constants of Substances which Exhibit Metallic Reflection Introduction Symbols and Numerical Relations

216 218 218 218 226 229 230 234 234 234 234 235 235 237 237 238 242 245 248 248 248

Table 1. Refractions and Absorption of Pure Massive Metals, I, Mn, MoS2 and Steel Table 2. Refraction and Absorption of Alloys Table 3. Refraction and Absorption by Opaque Films of Pure Metals Table 4. Refraction and Absorption of Transparent Films of Pure Metals Table 5. Reflectivity of Pure Metals and Steel: Normal Incidence on Massive Metal Table 6. Reflectivity of Alloys Table 7. Reflectivity of Sulfides which Show Metallic Reflection Table 8. Reflectivity of Opaque Films of Pure Metals Table 9. Transmission, Reflection, and Absorption of Thin Films of Pure Metals Reflectivity: Non-Metals Table 1. Specular Reflectivity

249 250 251 252 253 254 254 255 255 256 256

Table 2. Wave-Length (λm) of Maxima of Specular Reflectivity Table 3. Wave-Lengths of Residual Rays Table 4. Polarisation of Light by Reflection from Liquids Table 5. Albedo: White Light Table 6. Monochromatic Albedo Total (Non-Spectral) Transmission of Radiation Symbols

260 261 261 262 262 264 264

Table 1. Transmission Factor for Radiation (τ) and Light (τl) from a Black-Body

264

Color Filters for Photometry of Black-Body Sources Diffusing Materials Table 2. Absolute Intensity of Light Scattered Laterally by Dust-Free Gases and Liquids Table 3. Intensity Relative to Air, of Light Scattered Laterally by Dust-Free Gases Table 4. Polarization of Light Scattered Laterally by Dust-Free Gases and Vapors Table 5. Relative Intensity and Polarization of Light Scattered Laterally by Dust-Free Liquids

264 264 265 265 265 266

Table 6. Intensity and Polarization of Light Scattered by Dust-Free Liquids and Vapors: Variation with Temperature and Pressure

267

Spectral Absorption of Light and Heat by Pure Inorganic Substances and Miscellaneous Materials (Nonmetals) Absorption of Atmospheric Air Absorption of Pure Non-Metallic Inorganic Substances and Minerals Spectral Filters Filters Special Filters Spectroscopy Spectroscopic Standards of Wave-Length Primary Standard Table 1. Secondary Standards Table 2. Tertiary Standards Emission Spectra of Elementary Substances Wave-Lengths (λ) of Selected Lines in Emission Spectra of Air and of Elementary Substances Air … Cr Cr … Nd Nd … Zr Persistent Lines and Raies Ultimes of the Chemical Elements Bibliography of Absorption Spectra of Solutions Abbreviations, Signs, Symbols and Forms

268 268 269 271 271 272 274 274 274 275 275 276 277 277 290 306 322 326 326

Absorption Spectra of Solutions of Inorganic Compounds Except the Salt-Derivatives of Organic Compounds Organic Compounds and Their Inorganic Salt-Derivatives

327 331

CCl2O … C6H8O2

331

C6H8O2 … C15H10O

340

C15H11NO3 … C54H92N2O18

351

Organic Substances of Mixed or Unknown Composition: Name, Solvent and Literature Reference

356

Quantitative Determination of Ultra-Violet Absorption Spectra in Solutions of Organic Substances Nomenclature Description of Figures Solar Spectrum

359 359 359 380

Table 1. Solar Spectrum: Typical Lines Table 2. Correction for Rowland’s Values of λ Table 3. Correction for 1928 International Standards Unidentified Lines and Bands in Celestial Spectra Table 1. Celestial Sources of Unidentified Lines Table 2. Unidentified Lines in Celestial Spectra Table 3. Heads of Unidentified Bands Table 4. Conversion to Rowland’s Scale Low-Temperature Luminescence Table 1. Intensity of Luminescence Table 2. Wave-Lengths (λ) of Crests of Bands: Photoluminescence Table 3. Wave-Lengths (λ) of Lines and of Crests of Bands: Cathodoluminescence Table 4. Wave-Lengths (λ) of Crests of Bands: Chemiluminescence Table 5. Wave-Lengths (λ) of Crests of Bands: Luminescence Excited by Flames, X-Rays, and Radiations from Radioactive Substances Table 6. Flame Excitation: Temperature Limits Table 7. Frequency Intervals between Bands Table 8. Variation of Luminescence with Concentration Table 9. Miscellaneous Data Fluorescence of Gases Spectral Series of the Elements Introduction Table 1. Term Differences Corresponding to Permissible Lines Table 2. Term Values for Spectral Series Structures of the Optical Spectra of Atoms Molecular Constants Derived from Band Spectra of Diatomic Molecules Introduction Symbols and Constants Table 1. Constants of Diatomic Molecules Table 2. Electronic Energy Levels of Multiple Level Molecules Table 3. Heats of Dissociation Magnetic Resolution of Spectral Lines Introduction Table 1. Values of Landé’s Splitting Factor g Table 2. Bibliographic Index of Elements for which the Zeeman Effect Has Been Investigated Table 3. Zeeman Effect for Cu, Mn, Mo, Ne, Pb, Rh, Sc, Sn, V, and W Pole Effect Emission of Light by Spark Discharges in Liquids Electrically Exploded Wires Photometric Standards Photometric Filters

380 383 383 383 383 384 385 385 386 386 386 387 389 389 389 389 390 390 391 392 392 392 393 408 409 409 410 411 417 418 418 418 420 420 420 432 433 434 434 435

Mechanical Equivalent of Light Definitions and Symbols Table 1. Relative Visibility Factor of Monochromatic Radiation Table 2. Least Mechanical Equivalent of Light Table 3. Luminous Characteristics of a Black-Body Table 4. Luminous Efficiency of Radiation from Electrically Excited Gases and Vapors Table 5. Relative Luminous Efficiency of Radiation from Commercial Illuminations Table 6. Efficiencies of Commercial Illuminants The Properties of Photographic Materials Part I The Photochemical Equivalent of the Silver Halides The Silver Reduction Equivalent of Photographic Developers Photographic Development Velocity Functions and Constants The Temperature Coefficient of Development Suggested Watkins’ Factors Reduction Potentials of Developers The Photometric Constant of the Developed Silver Image Part II Sensitometric Constants of Type Plates and Films Spectral Sensitivity of Photographic Materials Resolving Power, Sharpness, and Astro Gamma Relative Photographic Efficiency of Illuminants Gloss of Photographic Papers Properties of Soaps and Their Aqueous Solutions Symbols and Molecular Weights Conversion Formulae Equilibria within Soap Solutions Viscosity Density (Specific Gravity) Surface Tension Melting Points of the Pure Soaps Phase Equilibria Solubility Freezing-Point Lowering Boiling-Point Elevation Refractive Index Electrical Conductivity of Aqueous Solutions Gold Numbers and Detergent Action Hydration Hydrolysis Literature References

436 436 436 436 437 437 437 437 438 439 439 439 439 440 440 441 441 441 441 442 442 445 445 446 446 447 447 447 447 449 449 451 454 456 456 456 458 458 458 459 461

Table of Contents Volume VI X-Ray Data J-Phenomenon in X-Rays Polarization of X-Rays Electronic Radiation Excited by X-Rays Velocity of Emitted Electrons Number of Electrons Emitted Direction of Emission Conductivity of Solids and Liquids Exposed to X-Rays Crystal Gratings for X-Ray Spectroscopy Grating Constant Refraction Absorption and Scattering of X-Rays Introduction Absorption Scattering Relations Between Absorption, Scattering and Electron Emission Apparent Coefficients of Absorption Emission of X-Rays, Wavelengths and Data on Absorption Limits Units and Constants Notation Table 1. Notation for Normal Energy-Levels, Series, and Subseries Quantum Notation Table 2. Notation, Relative Apparent Intensities and Width: Normal Lines Table 3. Notations: Non-Diagram Lines Origin of X-Rays Planck's Constant Line Spectra Table 4. Variation of Frequency with Atomic Number Regular Doublets Table 5. Regular Doublet Separation: Effect of Chemical Combination Irregular Doublets Selection Principles Intensities of Lines Table 6. Relative Apparent Intensities of Normal Lines of K-Series; Variation with Z Table 7. Formulae for Variation of Line Intensity with Tube Voltage Table 8. Ratio of Line Intensity to Intensity of Continuous Spectrum Table 9. Primary Standards of Wave-Length Table 10. Limiting Frequencies of X-Ray Series

1 1 2 2 3 5 5 6 7 7 7 8 8 12 16 20 20 23 23 24 25 25 25 26 27 27 27 27 28 29 29 31 31 32 32 33 33 35

Table 11. Characteristic X-Ray Emission Spectra and Absorption Limits: Elementary Substances Absorption Limits Table 12. Absorption Limits: Fine Structure and Effect of Chemical Combination Continuous Spectra Reflection and Refraction of X-Rays Symbols Refraction Reflection Electronics and Gas Conduction Electric Arcs Symbols Electrical Data Mechanical Data Temperature of the Arc Photometric Data for Arcs Thermal Emission of Electrons

36 44 44 45 49 49 50 50 51 51 51 51 52 52 52 53

Table 1. Electron Emission and Thermionic Work-Function: Elementary Substances and Oxides Table 2. Electron Emission from Mo, Ta, Th on W, and W: Variation with Temperature Table 3. Electron Emission by W: Effect of Gases Table 4. Emission of Electrons by Thoriated W Table 5. Diffusion and Evaporation of Elements Contained in W as Oxides Table 6. Thermionic Work Function: Calorimetric Determination Contact Potentials

53 55 55 55 55 56 56

Table 1. Values of the Work Function as Derived from the Wave-Length Limit of the Photoelectric Effect: Illustrative Data Table 2. Contact Potential Deduced from Thermal Emission of Electrons (Illustrative) Table 3. Contact Potentials of Metals with Brass: Condenser Method; Room Temperature Table 4. Contact Potentials of Metals with Platinum

57 57 57 57

Table 5. Contact Potentials of Miscellaneous Pairs of Conductors: Condenser Method; Room Temperature Table 6. Signs of Charges Acquired by Dielectrics in Contact with Hg and with Amalgams Current Flow in Vacuum Tubes with Hot Cathodes Symbols Table 1. Ideal Diodes Table 2. Characteristics of Typical Commercial Diodes Table 3. Characteristics of Typical Commercial Triodes Table 4. Characteristics of Typical Commercial Triodes Emission of Secondary Electrons Symbols

57 57 58 58 58 59 59 59 60 60

Table 1. Retarding Potential Difference Required to Bring an Electron to Rest: Einstein’s Relation Transmission and Absorption of Primary Electrons Table 2. Mass Absorption Coefficient and Its Variation with Velocity of Primary Electrons Table 3. Mass Absorption Coefficients Relative to Air Table 4. Most Probable Velocity of Transmitted Electrons

61 61 61 61 61

Table 5. Decrease in Number and in Most Probable Velocity of Electrons during Transmission through Al Table 6. Variation of Transmission with Primary Velocity Table 7. Distribution of Velocities among Electrons Transmitted by Al: Normal Incidence Reflection of Electrons: Angular Distribution, etc Table 8. Secondary Emission of Electrons from Gases Emission of Secondary Electrons from Solids and Liquids Velocities of Secondary Electrons Table 9. Electron Emission Excited by Impact of Slowly Moving Positive Ions Photoconductivity and Photo-Electromotive Force Photoconductivity Photo-EMF Table 1. Minerals Exhibiting Photoconductivity Table 2. Solutions Exhibiting Photoconductivity Table 3. Wave-Length for Maximum Photoconductivity Photoemission of Electrons Table 1. Photoelectric Thresholds Table 2. Wave Length for Maximum Photoelectric Sensitivity Table 3. Illustrating Variation of Photoelectric Sensitivity with Wave-Length of Incident Light Table 4. Relative Values of Photoelectric Current for Heterochromatic Illumination

62 62 62 62 63 63 64 64 66 66 66 66 66 66 67 67 68 68 68

Table 5. Relative Photoelectric Sensitivity of Aqueous Solutions and Alloys: Variation with Concentration Critical Potentials of Atoms and Molecules Symbols Useful Relations Table 1. Critical Potentials of Atoms Table 2. Critical Potentials of Molecules

69 69 69 70 70 72

Table 3. Critical Potentials of H2, N2, O2, NO and CO Dielectric Constant and Dielectric Strength Introduction

72 73 73

Dielectric Constant and Dielectric Strength of Elementary Substances, Pure Inorganic Compounds, and Air Symbols Table 1. Dielectric Constant of Pure Inorganic Gases

74 74 74

vii

Table 2. Dielectric Constant of Pure Inorganic Solids and Liquids and Its Variation with Temperature, Pressure, and Frequency Table 3. Dielectric Constant of Air

75 77

Table 4. Dielectric Constant of H2O; Steam, Water, and Ice Table 5. Effect of Illumination upon Dielectric Constant Table 6. Relative Dielectric Strength of Pure Inorganic Gases at 25°C and 1 Atmosphere Table 7. Dielectric Strength of Air: Spherical Electrodes, 25°C and 1 Atmosphere Table 8. Dielectric Strength of Air: Needle Electrodes, 25°C and 1 Atmosphere

78 79 79 79 80

Dielectric Constant and Dielectric Strength of Single Crystals, Mixtures and Solutions, Pure Organic Compounds, and Miscellaneous Materials Symbols Table 1. Standard Liquids Table 2. Dielectric Constant of Pure Organic Gases and Vapors Table 3. Dielectric Constant of Mixtures of Hydrogen and Nitrogen

81 82 82 82 83

Table 4. Dielectric Constant of Pure Organic Compounds, and Its Variation with Temperature and Frequency

83

Table 5. Dielectric Constant of Glycerol (C3H8O3) Table 6. Dispersion and Absorption Data: Organic Compounds and Solutions Table 7. Dielectric Constant of Crystals Table 8. Dielectric Constant of Binary Mixtures and Solutions Table 9. Dielectric Constant of Solutions of Oleates of the Heavy Metals Table 10. Dielectric Constant of Solutions at Temperatures below -100°C Table 11. Dielectric Constant of Colloidal Suspensions in Water Table 12. Dielectric Constant of Miscellaneous Materials

97 97 98 100 104 104 105 105

Table 13. Variation of Dielectric Constant with Pressure: Pure Organic Liquids and Solid C6H6 Table 14. Effect of Magnetic Field upon the Dielectric Constant Table 15. Effect of Electric Field upon the Dielectric Constant Table 16. Dielectric Strength of Pure Organic Substances High Voltage Corona Introduction Symbols General Relations

105 105 106 106 107 107 107 107

Table 1. Corona on Clean, Round Wires in Air, 25°C and 1 Normal Atmosphere—Variation with Radius 107 Table 2. Corona Round Wires in Air: Variation with Density 108 Table 3. Effective Corona Voltage for Three-Phase Transmission Lines in Triangular Arrangement: 25°C, 1 Normal Atmosphere Table 4. Corona in Oil Electrical Conductivity and Resistivity Properties of Carriers of Free Electricity in Gases

108 108 109 110

Introduction Table 1. Mobility Constant of Normal Ions in Gases Table 2. Mobility of Normal Ions in Mixed Gases Table 3. Mobility of Normal Ions: Variation with Pressure Table 4. Mobility of Normal Ions in Dry Air: Variation with Temperature Table 5. Mobility of Newly Formed Ions Table 6. Diffusivity of Normal Ions Table 7. Coefficient of Recombination of Normal Ions: One Pressure and Room Temperature Table 8. Coefficient of Recombination of Normal Ions: Variation with Pressure Table 9. Coefficient of Recombination of Normal Ions: Variation with Temperature Table 10. Mobility of Slow Ions Table 11. Migrational and Thermal Velocities of Electrons in gases at 15°C

110 111 112 114 114 114 115 115 115 115 115 116

Table 12. Number of Molecular Impacts of an Electron before Its Attachment to Form a Normal Negative Ion Table 13. Condensation of Vapors on Ions and Nuclei Effective Sectional Area of Molecules Ionization of Gases Table 1. Ionization of Air by Electrons: Variation with Velocity Table 2. Ionization of Gases by Electrons: Variation with Velocity Table 3. Relative Molecular Ionization of Gases by β-Rays from Various Substances Table 4. Total Number of Pairs of Ions Produced by an Electron in Field of Zero Intensity Table 5. Ionization of Gases by Accelerated Electrons: Variation with Intensity of Field Table 6. Ionization of He by Accelerated Electrons: Variation with Pressure, Field Constant Table 7. Energy Expended by Electrons in Ionizing a Molecule: Various Gases Table 8. Ionization of Air by α-Particles: Variation with Velocity

116 117 117 119 120 120 121 121 121 121 121 122

Table 9. Relative Molecular and Total Ionization of Gases by α-Particles from Radium and Polonium

122

Table 10. Ionization of Gases by Accelerated Positive Residues: Variation with Intensity of Field Table 11. Atomic Ionization Relative to Air Table 12. Relative Molecular Ionization of Gases by γ-Rays and X-Rays Table 13. Relative Molecular and Total Ionization of Gases by Secondary X-Rays Table 14. Energy Expended in Ionizing Gases Table 15. Ionization of Gases Mixed with Vapor of P Electrical Resistance of Elementary Substances at Temperatures below -80°C Table 1. Electrical Resistance of Elementary Substances at Temperatures below -80°C Table 2. Resistance of Platinum below -80°C

122 122 123 123 123 124 124 125 130

Table 3. Effect of Impurities, Stress, Heat Treatment, Etc., upon Resistance of Elementary Substances at Low Temperatures Electrical Resistivity of Pure Metals at Temperatures Above -80°C

131 135

Table 1. Electrical Resistivity of Single Crystals of Metals between 0 and 100°C and the Effect of Pressure 135 Table 2. Electrical Resistance of Pure Metals at Temperatures above –80°C: Polycrystalline Metals Table 3. Effect of Hydrostatic Pressure upon Electrical Resistance of Metals between 0 and 100°C Table 4. Effect of Tension upon Electrical Resistance of Pure Metals Effect of Impurities upon Electrical Resistance of Metals Electrical Resistivity of S, Se, and Te Symbols Resistivity in the Dark Effect of Light The Electrical Conductivity of Pure Non-Metallic Liquids

136

Abbreviations A-Table: Elementary Substances and Atmospheric Air B-Table: Chemical Compounds C-Table: Carbon Compounds Electrical Conductivity of Electrolytic Conductors at High Temperatures I. Pure Substances A-B Table: Standard Arrangement II. Binary Mixtures A-B Table: Standard Arrangement

136 137 138 141 141 141 141 142 142 142 142 143 147 147 147 150 150

The Electrical Conductivity and the Ionization-Product of H2O Electrical Conductivity Ionization Product

152 152 152

Electrical Resistivity of (1) Single Crystals, (2) Solid Poor Conductors (Except Salts), (3) Mixtures of Rare Earth Oxides and (4) Liquid Mixtures Suitable for High Resistances Table 1. Electrical Resistivity of Poor Conductors: Pure Substances Table 2. Electrical Resistivity of Minerals and Other Single Non-Metallic Crystals Table 3. Electrical Resistivity of Nernst and Auer Mixtures Containing Rare Earths

153 153 154 155

Table 4. Resistivity of Mixed Liquids Suitable for Making High Resistances: Mixtures of Xylene and Ethyl Alcohol Table 5. Effect of Pressure upon Resistivity of Poor Conductors Table 6. Surface Resistivity: Effect of Humidity of Air Electrical Conductivity of Flames Table 1. Electrical Properties of Bunsen Flame Table 2. Electrical Properties of Metallic Vapors in Bunsen Flame Electrical Resistivity of Alloys, Amalgams, and Commercial Metals Symbols Table 1. Named Alloys Table 2. Resistivity of Alloys, Amalgams, and Commercial Metals

155 155 155 156 156 156 156 157 159 159

Ag-Al … Cu-Ni-Fe-Mn Cu-Ni-Fe-Mn … Fe-Ni-C Fe-Ni-C … Tl-Sn

160 169 184

Table 3. Resistivity of Non-Mercuric Alloys at Temperatures Near and Above Their Normal Melting Point Table 4. Effect of Heat Treatment upon Resistivity of Steels Table 5. Additional References Electroelastic and Pyroelectric Phenomena Electrostriction Table 1. Electrostriction Piezoelectricity

196 200 201 207 207 207 208

Table 2. The Piezoelectric Constants Present for each Class of Crystals Possessing the Piezoelectric Property Pyroelectricity

208 209

Table 3. A list of Substances for Which Either Piezo- or Pyroelectric Effects Have Been Observed; Together with Their Constants at Room Temperature Table 4. Tourmaline: Pyro- and Piezoelectric Constants Table 5. Quartz: Pyro- and Piezoelectric Constants

209 210 211

Table 6. Rochelle Salt (KNaC4H4O6·4H2O): Pyro- and Piezoelectric Constants

211

Table 7. Piezoelectric Constants of Tartaric Acid (C4H6O6) and Cane Sugar (C12H22O11) Table 8. Pyroelectric Effect: Variation with Temperature Thermoelectricity Table 1. Thermo EMF and Thermoelectric Power of Elementary Substances Table 2. Thermoelectric Power of Couples of Pure Iron and Platinum Table 3. Thermoelectric Power and Thermo EMF of Alloys (Mainly Binary Alloys) Table 4. Mean Thermoelectric Power between 0 and t°: Steels Table 5. Thermo EMF of Carbon Steels: Effect of Heat Treatment Table 6. Thermoelectric Power of Oxides and Sulfides Table 7. Effect of Stress upon Thermoelectric Properties of Metals Table 8. Effect of Stress upon Thermoelectric Properties of Al, Fe, and Sn

212 212 213 214 215 215 222 224 224 225 226

Table 9. Effect of Longitudinal Magnetic Field and of Tension upon Thermoelectric Properties of Metals Table 10. Effect of Magnetic Field and of Tension upon Thermo EMF of Bimetallic Circuits Table 11. Peltier Coefficient: Directly Observed Table 12. Peltier Coefficient: Directly Observed Variation with Temperature Table 13. Peltier Coefficient of Bismuth: Directly Observed Effect of a Magnetic Field Table 14. Thomson Coefficient: Directly Observed Electrical Conductivity of Aqueous Solutions Introduction Solutions for Determining Cell Constants Table 1. Kohlrausch Solutions

226 226 227 228 228 228 229 229 230 230

Table 2. Parker Solutions Ionic Conductivity Table 3. Ion Conductances at 18°C Solutions of Salts and of All Inorganic Strong Electrolytes Part I. Conductivity of Neutral Halides, Nitrates and Sulfates Table 1. Values of C up to 0.5 Table 3. Values of C above 1000 Table 2. Values of C from 0.5 to 1000 Part II. Conductivity of Strong Electrolytes Table 1. Values of C up to 0.5 Table 3. Values of C above 1000 Table 2. Values of C from 0.5 to 1000 Electrical Conductivity of Saturated Solutions of Slightly Soluble Strong Electrolytes Table 1. Electrolytes for Which Both Conductance and Solubility Are Given Table 2. Electrolytes for Which the Conductance Only Is Given Electrical Conductivity and Ionization Constants of Weak Electrolytes in Aqueous Solutions Abbreviations and Symbols Inorganic Compounds Organic Compounds. C-Table

230 230 230 230 230 231 231 232 241 241 241 242 256 256 257 259 259 260 261

CHBrN2O4 … C6H10O4

261

C6H10O4 … C9H9NO3

276

C9H9NO3 … C37H31N3O10S3 Electrolytic Conductivity of Aqueous Solutions Containing Two or More Solutes Transference Numbers of Electrolytes in Aqueous Solution Table 1. Gravimetric Method Table 2. Gravimetric Method, Best Values Table 3. Moving Boundary Method Table 4. Electromotive Force Method Table 5. True Transference Numbers and Relative Hydration Values Table 6. Mixtures of Electrolytes Electrolytic EMF The Characteristics of Standard Cells and of Primary Cells The Weston Normal and the Weston Unsaturated Cadmium Cells Cadmium Cells with Halide Electrolytes The Clark Cell The Helmholtz Cell The Mercury Oxide Cell The Lead Chloride Cell The Cu-Hg Cell The Pb-Hg Cell

291 305 309 309 310 310 311 311 311 312 312 312 314 314 315 315 315 315 315

Low-Voltage Normal Cells The LeClanché Dry Cell The Féry Zinc-Carbon Cell Caustic Soda Cells The Daniell Cell The Grove and Bunsen Cells The Poggendorff Cell The Potentials of Electrode Cells Abbreviations Aqueous Solutions Non-Aqueous Liquids The EMF of Concentration Cells Abbreviations, Signs and Symbols I. True Concentration Cells Aqueous Solutions Non-Aqueous Solutions II. Cells with Salt Bridges Aqueous Solutions Non-Aqueous Solutions Potentials of Electrochemical Reactions Potentials of Electrochemical Reactions at 25°C Electromotive Force of Cells Involving the Oxidation and Reduction of Organic Compounds Liquid Junction Potentials Overvoltage Effect of Current Density on Overvoltage Hydrogen Overvoltages at 25°C Chlorine Overvoltages at 25°C Bromine Overvoltages at 25°C Iodine Overvoltages at 25°C Oxygen Overvoltages at 25°C Effect of Temperature on Overvoltage Effect of Pressure on Overvoltage Electrical and Optical Properties of Silica Dielectric Constant Electrical Resistivity Piezoelectric Constants of Quartz Magnetic Susceptibility Optical Constants Refractive Index Dispersion Optical Rotation

315 315 317 317 318 318 318 319 319 319 320 321 322 322 322 329 330 330 331 332 332 333 338 339 339 339 339 340 340 340 340 340 341 341 341 341 341 341 341 342 342

Reflectivity Verdet Constant Magnetism Atomic and Molecular Data in Relation to Theories of Magnetism Symbols and Units Magnetons or Magnetic Elements Molecular Gyromagnetic Effects Magnetism and Structure Additivity Relations Theories of Diamagnetism Atomic Radii Theories of Paramagnetism Paramagnetic and Diamagnetic Data Table 1. Volume Susceptibility of Gases Table 2. Specific Susceptibility: Elementary Substances Table 3. Specific Susceptibility: Pure Inorganic Compounds Table 4. Specific Susceptibility: Pure Organic Compounds Table 5. Specific Susceptibility: Crystals Table 6. Specific Susceptibility: Miscellaneous Substances Table 7. Specific Susceptibility of Solutions: References Table 8. Specific Susceptibility: Alloys and Amalgams Table 9. Atomic and Atomic Group Susceptibilities Ferromagnetism Symbols Units and Conversion Factors Numerical Relations Definitions

343 343 345 345 346 346 347 347 349 349 350 350 354 354 354 356 361 364 364 364 365 365 366 367 369 369 369

Table 1. Key Number and Composition of Each of Various Specimens of Iron, Cobalt, Nickel, Their Alloys, and Alloys Containing Manganese and Copper Illustrative Data Table 2. Illustrative of Normal, Anhysteretic, and Differential Magnetization Effect of Time Table 3. Magnetization in Very Weak Fields Table 4. Magnetization in Intense Fields Table 5. Effect of Temperature: Swedish Iron and Mild Steel Electrolytic Iron Table 6. Magnetic Properties Carbon Irons and Steels Table 7. Effect of C upon Hysteretic Loss Table 8. Coercive Force: Effect of C and Quenching Temperature Cementite, Pearlite, Martensite

370 374 374 374 374 376 376 378 378 379 379 379 380

Table 9. Annealed Carbon Irons: Principal Magnetic Constants Table 10. Quenched and Drawn Carbon Irons: Principal Magnetic Constants Table 11. Normal and Cyclic Magnetization of Carbon Irons: Various Heat Treatments Magnet Steels Table 12. Cyclic Magnetization Table 13. Coercive Force and Residual Magnetization and Their Variation with Heat Treatment Table 14. Effect of Mechanical Shock Table 15. Effect of External Magnetic Field Table 16. Temperature Coefficient Alloys of Iron Table 17. Magnetic Properties Cobalt Table 18. Magnetic Properties Nickel Table 19. Magnetic Properties Alloys of Nickel Table 20. Nickel Alloys Manganese Alloys and Compounds Table 21 Ferromagnetic Manganese Alloys and Compounds Transformation Temperatures Table 22. Transformation Points Magnetization of Ferromagnetic Crystals Table 23. Magnetization of Artifical Magnetite Galvanomagnetic and Thermomagnetic Effects Table 1. Hall Effect: Elementary Substances Table 2. Hall Effect: Miscellaneous Materials Table 3. Hall Effect: Alloys Table 4. Variation of Hall Effect with Temperature: Elementary Substances Table 5. Variation of Hall Effect with Temperature: Bi, C, Co, Fe, Ni, Sb, and Te Table 6. Variation of Hall Effect with Magnetic Field Table 7. Corbino Effect Table 8. Relation Between Hall and Corbino Effects, and Free Times of Electrons Table 9. Ettingshausen Effect Table 10. Nernst Effect: Elementary Substances Table 11. Nernst Effect: Alloys Table 12. Nernst Effect: Variation with Temperature Table 13. Righi-Leduc Effect: Elementary Substances Table 14. Righi-Leduc Effect: Alloys Table 15. Increase Produced in Electric Resistance by Magnetic Field: Non-Magnetic Materials

380 380 381 385 386 387 388 388 388 390 390 402 402 403 403 406 406 407 407 408 408 410 413 414 416 416 417 417 417 418 419 419 419 420 420 421 421 421 421

Table 16. Increase Produced in Electrical Resistance of Bismuth by Transverse Magnetic Field Table 17. Electrical Resistance of Antimony and of Bismuth in Transverse Magnetic Field Table 18. Electrical Resistance of Graphite in Transverse Magnetic Field

422 423 423

Table 19. Increase Produced in Electrical Resistance by Transverse Magnetic Field: Magnetic Materials

423

Table 20. Increase Produced in Electrical Resistance by a Longitudinal Magnetic Field: Magnetic Materials Table 21. Increase Produced in Thermal Conductivity by Magnetic Field Magneto-Optics Rotation During Transmission—Faraday Effect Table 1. Verdet Constant for Water Table 2. Verdet Constant for Gases and Vapors

424 424 425 425 425 425

Table 3. Verdet Constant for Pure Inorganic Liquids and Solids and for Miscellaneous Materials

426

Table 4. Verdet Constant for TiCl4 Table 5. Verdet Constant for Pure Organic Liquids Table 6. Verdet Constant for Solutions of Inorganic Substances Table 7. Verdet Constant for Solutions of Organic Substances Table 8. Verdet Constant in Infra-Red Table 9. Molecular Magnetic Rotatory Power Relative to Water.—Pure Substances Table 10. Specific Magnetic Rotatory Power of Solutions Table 11. Dispersion of Verdet Constant: Formulae Table 12. Dispersion of Verdet Constant for Pure Gases Table 13. Dispersion of Verdet Constant: Pure Substances Table 14. Dispersion of Verdet Constant: Pure Organic Substances Table 15. Differential Lag in Appearance of Faraday Effect Rotation at Reflection—Kerr Effect

426 426 426 427 427 428 431 432 432 432 434 434 435

Table 1. Kerr Constant and Rotation at Saturation: Polar Reflection, Normal Incidence, One Wave-Length Table 2. Dispersion of Rotation at Saturation: Polar Reflection, Normal Incidence

435 436

Table 3. Ellipticity Produced by Magnetization: Polar Reflection, Plane Polarized Light Incident Normally, Magnetic Saturation Table 4. Polar Reflection, Plane Polarized Light, Oblique Incidence, Fe Table 5. Longitudinal Reflection, Plane Polarized Light, Oblique Incidence Table 6. Transverse Reflection, Plane Polarized Light, Oblique Incidence Magnetostriction and Allied Effects Table 1. Longitudinal Joule Effect Table 2. Joule Effect: Magnetite Crystal Table 3. Change in Young’s Modulus with Magnetic Field Table 4. Wiedemann Effect

437 438 438 438 439 440 440 440 441

Table 5. Nagaoka-Honda Effect Table 6. Demagnetization of Rods by Impact and by Torsion Atmospheric Electricity Potential Gradient Table 1. Potential Gradient: Land Values

441 441 442 442 442

Table 2. Potential Gradient, Ionic Content and Conductivity of the Atmosphere, and AirEarth Current Density: Ocean Values Ionic Content Table 3. Ionic Content of Atmosphere: Land Values Conductivity of Atmosphere Table 4. Conductivity of Atmosphere, and Air-Earth Current Density: Land Values Table 5. Conductivity of Atmosphere at High Altitudes Miscellaneous Data Terrestrial Magnetism General Conclusions Table 1. Vertical Current Densities as Computed from Magnetic Data Table 2. Magnetic Elements at Various Observatories: Recent Data Table 3. Magnetic Elements for Each 10° of Latitude and Longitude Table 4. Secular Changes in Declination at Various Places and over Long Periods Table 5. Secular Changes in Magnetic Elements at Various Observatories: 1905 to 1925 Earth Currents Aurora Acoustics Physical Aspects of Audition Symbols and Definitions Table 1. Sensitivity of the Ear Table 2. Relative Frequency of Occurrence of Sound Elements of English Speech Sound-Generators Definitions and Symbols Sound-Generators Devices for Stabilizing the Frequency of Oscillation of Circuits Containing Electron Tubes Detection and Measurement of Sound Transmission, Reflection, Reverberation and Absorption of Sound Symbols and Definitions Table 1. Transmission of Sound Through Tubes, Horns and Wave-Filters Table 2. Acoustic Resistivity and Transmission of Plane Waves from Medium to Medium Table 3. Transmission Through Septa Bounded by Air Table 4. Coefficient of Acoustic Absorption by Boundaries Table 5. Absorbing Power of Objects Table 6. Reverberation in Rooms Velocity of Sound

442 442 444 444 444 444 444 445 445 446 446 446 449 449 449 449 450 450 450 450 453 453 453 454 456 457 458 458 458 459 459 459 460 460 461

Symbols Relation of Velocity to Various Factors Table 1. Velocity of Sound in Free Air Table 2. Velocity of Sound in Gases and Vapors: One Temperature Table 3. Velocity of Sound in Gases and Vapors: Variation with Temperature Table 4. Velocity of Sound in Liquids Table 5. Velocity of Sound in Natural Waters Table 6. Velocity of Sound in Solids Table 7. Velocity of Sound in Gases Confined in Tubes Literature References

461 461 461 462 463 464 464 465 466 468

Table of Contents Volume VII Refractivity Refractivity of All Gases and Vapors and of Elementary Substances in the Isotropic Solid and Liquid States Symbols Table 1. Refractivity of Dry Air Variation of Reractivity of Air with Temperature, Pressure and Humidity Table 2. Dispersion Formulae for Dry Air Table 3. Corrections for Converting Wave-Lengths and Their Reciprocals in Air at 15°C and 760 mm of Hg to Their Values in a Vacuum Table 4. Refractivity of Gases and Vapors Table 5. Dispersion Formulae for Gases and Vapors

1 1 2 2 4 5 5 6 11

Table 6. Index of Refraction of Isotropic, Non-Metallic Solid and Liquid Elementary Substances Refractivity of Selected Solids and Liquids Table 1. Refractivity of Pure Solids and Liquids: Selected Substances

11 12 12

Table 2. Refractivity of Water (H2O) Table 3. Refractivity of Some Remarkable Cubic Crystals Table 4. Refractivity of Some Remarkable Organic Liquids Table 5. Refractivity of Dyes Refractivity of Birefringent Crystals List of Birefracting Minerals in Table 1 Accurate Dispersions Table 1. Refraction of Birefringent Crystals A-B-Table: Inorganic Substances C-Table: Organic Compounds Table 3. Wave-Lengths Corresponding to Various Symbols Table 2. Refraction of Pure Sulfates, Selenates, and Chromates of the Type R″R2(SO4)2·6H2O Table 4. Conversion of Temperature Coefficients of Refraction from Vacuum to Air Refractivity of Pure Organic Liquids

13 13 14 15 16 16 17 17 17 29 30 31 32 34

CCl3NO2 … C8H8Cl2O

34

C8H8Cl2O … C11H12O

43

C11H12O … C20H44Pb Refractivity of Mixtures Symbols Arithmetical Relations Wave-Length of Spectral Lines Used in This Section Table 1. Refractivity at One Wave-Length: Binary Mixtures

54 63 64 65 65 65

Aqueous Two-Component Systems Non-Aqueous Two-Component Systems—Inorganic Non-Aqueous Two-Component Systems Table 2. Refractivity at One Wave-Length: Ternary Mixtures I. Aqueous Mixtures, Standard Arrangement II. C-Table: Non-Aqueous Mixtures Table 3. Refractivity at One Wave-Length(D): Quaternary Aqueous Solutions Table 4. Refractivity of Solutions of Proteins: Various Solvents Table 5. Spectral Dispersion of Mixtures I. Two-Component Aqueous Mixtures; Standard Arrangement IIa. Non-Aqueous Binary Mixtures: Inorganic IIb. C-Table: Non-Aqueous Binary Mixtures III. Ternary Aqueous Mixtures Electric and Magnetic Birefringence Introduction General Relations Variation with λ Variation with t Time Effects Ratio of Changes in Index Relation between Electric and Magnetic Birefringence Table 1. Electric Birefringence of CS2 Table 2. Magnetic Birefringence of Nitrobenzene (C6H5NO2) Table 3. Electric and Magnetic Birefringence of Pure Substances: Relative Values Table 4. Electric and Magnetic Birefringence of Solutions and Mixtures Table 5. Magnetic Birefringence: Variation with Temperature and Wave-Length Kinetics of Chemical Processes Chemical Kinetics Formal Treatment Theories of Reaction Rate General Introduction Experimental Data First-Order Gas Reactions Higher-Order Gas Reactions Racemization Transformation of Geometric Isomers Intramolecular Transformation Tautomerism Decomposition Reactions CO2-Dissociation of Carboxylic Acids

65 77 77 91 91 96 98 98 99 99 102 102 108 109 109 109 109 109 109 109 110 110 110 110 112 113 113 113 114 115 115 116 116 117 118 118 118 119 120 122

Dissociation of Carboxylic Acids with the Production of CO or HCO2H Addition Reactions Coordination Reactions Rearrangement of Dyestuffs and Indicators Reactions of Sugars Hydrolysis or Saponification of Esters, Ethers and Acid Anhydrides Saponification of Esters of Inorganic Acids, Including Carbonic and Sulfonic Acids Esterification Dynamics of Esterification- and Acetalization-Equilibrium Hydrolysis of Nitriles, Acid Amides and the Inverse Reactions Hydrolysis of Diazo Compounds Kinetics of Diazotization and Coupling Processes Indirect Ether and Ester Formation Reactivity of the Halogens in Organic Compounds The Action of Halogens on Organic Substances Containing Oxygen Miscellaneous Organic Reactions Inorganic Oxidation-Reduction Reactions The Kinetics of Biochemical Reactions Introduction Hydrolysis of Fats Hydrolysis of Carbohydrates Starch-Splitting Enzymes Hydrolysis of Raffinose Hydrolysis of Sucrose Hydrolysis of Maltose Hydrolysis of Lactose Hydrolysis of α-Glucosides Hydrolysis of β-Glucosides Hydrolysis of Proteins Pepsinases Tryptases Peptases Milk Coagulation by Rennet Hydrolysis of Urea Decomposition of Peroxides Alcoholic Fermentation Photochemical Kinetics Abbreviations and Conventions Light Filters for the Mercury Vapor Lamp Velocity of Reaction Temperature Coefficients

123 123 126 127 127 128 137 137 139 140 141 142 143 143 146 146 147 153 153 153 154 154 154 154 155 155 155 155 156 156 156 156 156 157 157 158 159 159 160 161 164

Displacement of Equilibrium Phototropy Quantum Sensitivity General Bibliography Absorption Spectra of Dyes Arrangement, Symbols, Units and Conventions Abbreviations Table 1. Monoazo Dyes Table 2. Polyazo Dyes Table 3. Triphenylmethane Derivatives Table 4. Phthaleins and Sulfonphthaleins Table 5. Xanthene Dyes Table 6. Quinoline Dyes Table 7. Azine Derivatives Table 8. Oxazine Derivatives Table 9. Thiazine Derivatives Table 10. Anthraquinone Derivatives Table 11. Indigo Derivatives and Related Coloring Matters Table 12. Miscellaneous Dyes Table 13. Natural Coloring Matters Viscosity of Pure Liquids A-Table: Elementary Substances B-Table: Inorganic Compounds C-Table: Organic Compounds Influence of Pressure on Viscosity

166 166 167 170 173 173 174 175 181 184 188 190 193 195 197 198 199 202 204 206 211 212 212 212 222

Free Energy of Chemical Substances, Activity Coefficients, Partial Molal Quantities, and Related Constants Scope of the Section Arrangement Symbols and Abbreviations Units and Values of Constants Used Free Energy Data Activity Coefficients Table, Standard Arrangement A, Argon Kr, Krypton O, Oxygen H, Hydrogen F, Fluorine Cl, Chlorine Br, Bromine

224 224 225 225 226 226 227 231 231 231 231 231 232 232 234

I, Iodine S, Sulfur Se, Selenium Te, Tellurium N, Nitrogen P, Phosphorus As, Arsenic Sb, Antimony Bi, Bismuth C, Carbon Po, Polonium Si, Silicon Ti, Titanium Ge, Germanium Zr, Zirconium Sn, Tin Pb, Lead Th, Thorium Tl, Thallium Zn, Zinc Cd, Cadmium Hg, Mercury Cu, Copper Ag, Silver Au, Gold Ir, Iridium Pt, Platinum Ru, Ruthenium Pd, Palladium Mn, Manganese Fe, Iron Co, Cobalt Ni, Nickel Cr, Chromium Mo, Molybdenum W, Tungsten U, Uranium V, Vanadium Ta, Tantalum B, Boron Al, Aluminium

235 236 238 238 238 241 242 242 242 243 246 246 247 247 247 247 248 250 251 252 256 258 260 265 273 274 274 274 274 274 276 279 282 286 287 288 288 288 288 288 288

ix

Sc, Scandium Y, Yttrium La, Lanthanum Ce, Cerium Pr, Praseodymium Nd, Neodymium Sa, Samarium Gd, Gadolinium Er, Erbium Yb, Ytterbium Lu, Lutecium Be, Beryllium Mg, Magnesium Ca, Calcium Sr, Strontium Ba, Barium Li, Lithium Na, Sodium K, Potassium Rb, Rubidium Cs, Cesium Dehydration Behavior of Minerals (E) Solubility of Slightly Soluble Salts in Aqueous Solutions of Electrolytes

289 289 289 290 290 290 290 290 290 291 291 291 291 293 297 299 301 303 306 309 310 312 313

(CH3)4NI(s) … MnC2O4·2H2O(s)

314

MnC2O4·2H2O(s) … CaSO4·2H2O(s)

327

CaSO4·2H2O(s) … Cs[Cr(CNS)4(NH3)2](s) Optical Rotatory Power of Solid Crystals B-Table: Standard Arrangement C-Table: Standard Arrangement Optical Rotatory Power of Liquids and Solutions Arrangement Symbols and Abbreviations Class I. Organic Substances, the Asymmetric Carbon Atoms of Which Do Not Form Part of a Ring IB1: The Molecule Contains One Asymmetric Atom Attached to Two Other Carbon Atoms Simple Halides Alcohols: Monohydroxy Alcohols, Thiols and Their Esters Alcohols: Keto Alcohols Alcohols: Polyhydroxy Alcohols and Derivatives Amines: Monoamines

341 353 353 354 355 355 355 360 360 360 360 362 362 363

Amines: Diamines Amines: Hydroxyamines Carboxylic Acids: Monohalogenomonocarboxylic Acids Carboxylic Acids: Dihalogenomonocarboxylic Acids Carboxylic Acids: Monohydroxymonocarboxylic Acids Carboxylic Acids: Dihydroxymonocarboxylic Acids Carboxylic Acids: Simple Dicarboxylic Acids Carboxylic Acids: Monohalogenodicarboxylic Acids Carboxylic Acids: Monohydroxydicarboxylic Acids Carboxylic Acids: Monoaminomonocarboxylic Acids Carboxylic Acids: Diaminomonocarboxylic Acids Carboxylic Acids: Monoaminodicarboxylic Acids Polypeptides

365 365 365 366 366 368 368 369 369 374 377 377 377

IB2: The Molecule Contains Two Asymmetric Carbon Atoms Which Are Attached Each to Two Other Carbon s Atom Alcohols and Amines: Polyhydric Alcohols Alcohols and Amines: Hydroxyamines Alcohols and Amines: Diamines Carboxylic Acids: Dihalogeno Mono- and Dicarboxylic Acids Dihydroxydicarboxylic Acids

380 380 380 380 380 381

Carbohydrates and Related Compounds: Sugars Containing 5 Carbon Atoms and Related Compounds

386

Carbohydrates and Related Compounds: Pentahydric and Hexahydric Alcohols Containing 6 Carbon Atoms Carbohydrates and Related Compounds: Sugars Containing 6 Carbon Atoms Carbohydrates and Related Compounds: Sugar Acids Containing 6 Carbon Atoms Carbohydrates and Related Compounds: Sugars, Etc., Containing 7 Carbon Atoms Carbohydrates and Related Compounds: Sugars, Etc., Containing 8 Carbon Atoms Carbohydrates and Related Compounds: Sugars, Etc., Containing 9 Carbon Atoms Carbohydrates and Related Compounds: Sugars, Etc., Containing 10 Carbon Atoms Carbohydrates and Related Compounds: Sugars, Etc., Containing 12 Carbon Atoms Carbohydrates and Related Compounds: Other Disaccharides and Polysaccharides IC1: The Molecule Contains One Asymmetric Atom Attached to Three Other Carbon Atoms Hydrocarbons and Their Halogen Derivatives Alcohols and Their Derivatives Amines and Hydrazines Ketones and Aldehydes and Their Condensation Products Acids and Derivatives ID: The Molecule Contains One Asymmetric Atom Attached to Four Other Carbon Atoms Acids and Derivatives

388 388 396 398 399 399 399 399 400 401 401 402 402 402 403 405 405

Class II. Organic Substances, at Least One Asymmetric Carbon Atom of Which Forms Part of a Ring

405

IIB1 to Bn: The Molecule Contains Asymmetric Atoms Which Are Attached to Two Other Carbon Atoms

405 Oxygen Compounds: Monohydric Alcohols 405 Oxygen Compounds: Polyhydric Alcohols 405 Oxygen Compounds: Derivatives of Furane 406 Oxygen Compounds: Carboxylic Acids 406 Amines:Monobasic Amines: Nitrogen in Side Chain 406 Amines:Monobasic Amines: Nitrogen in Ring 406 Amines: Polybasic Amines 408 Amines: Amino Acids 408 IIC: The Molecule Contains Asymmetric Atoms Attached Each to Three Other Carbon Atoms 409 Hydrocarbons: Monocyclic Hydrocarbons 409 Hydrocarbons: Dicyclic Hydrocarbons 411 Hydrocarbons: Sesquiterpenes 411 Alcohols: Monohydric Alcohols 411 Alcohols: Dihydric Alcohols 412 Alcohols: Polyhydric Alcohols 412 Ketones: Ketones Not Derived Directly from Terpenes 412 Ketones: Ketones Derived from Terpenes 413 Carboxylic Acids: Monocarboxylic Acids 415 Carboxylic Acids: Oxy and Hydroxy Acids 417 Carboxylic Acids: Ketonic Acids 417 Carboxylic Acids: Dicarboxylic Acids 418 Carboxylic Acids: Tricarboxylic Acids 418 Amines: Monoamines 418 Amines: Diamines 419 Amines: Amino Acids 419

IICB: The Molecule Contains Two or More Asymmetric Atoms Attached Respectively to Two and Three Other Carbon Atoms Hydrocarbons and Halides Alcohols: Monohydric Alcohols Alcohols: Polyhydric Alcohols Ketones Carboxylic Acids: Hydroxy Acids (Including Those Derived From Menthol and Their Esters) Amines: Monoamines Amines: Diamines Amines: Amino Acids

420 420 420 428 428 428 428 431 431

IID: The Molecule Contains An Asymmetric Atom Forming Part of a Ring and Attached to Four Other Carbon Atoms: Acids

432

IIDB: The Molecule Contains Two or More Asymmetric Atoms Attached Respectively to Two and Four Other Carbon Atoms 433 Acids 433 Amino Acids 433 IIDC: The Molecule Contains Two or More Asymmetric Atoms Attached Respectively to Three and Four Other Carbon Atoms Hydrocarbons and Their Halogen and Nitrogen Derivatives Alcohols: Monohydric Alcohols Other Than Borneol Alcohols: Dihydric Alcohols and Other Dihydroxy Compounds Aldehydes and Ketones: Aldehydes and Ketones Not Related Directly to Terpenes Aldehydes and Ketones: Fenchone and Derivatives Aldehydes and Ketones: Thujone and Derivatives Aldehydes and Ketones: Epicamphor and Derivatives Aldehydes and Ketones: Camphor and Derivatives Aldehydes and Ketones: α-Diketones and Derivatives Aldehydes and Ketones: β-Diketones and Enolic Isomerides Carboxylic Acids: Monocarboxylic Acids Carboxylic Acids: Ketonic Acids Carboxylic Acids: Dicarboxylic Acids Amines and Imines: Monoamines and Hydroxyamines Amines and Imines: Ketoamines and Imines Amines and Imines:Amino Acids Compounds of Phosphorus, Arsenic and Antimony IIDCB: The Molecule Contains Three or More Asymmetric Atoms Attached Respectively to Two, Three and Four Other Carbon Atoms Hydrocarbons and Halogen Derivatives Alcohols: Monohydric Alcohols Glycols Carboxylic Acids Amines: Monoamines Class III. Compounds Containing No Asymmetric Carbon Atom or Containing An Asymmetric or Dissymmetric Atom of Some Other Element Centro-Asymmetric Carbon Compounds Optically Active Quinquevalent Nitrogen Compounds Substances Probably, or Certainly, Containing Optically Active Phosphorus Atoms Compounds Containing Optically Active Sulfur or Selenuim Compounds Containing Optically Active Silicon Class IV. Substances of Unknown, Doubtful or Complex Structure Hydrocarbons and Their Simple Derivatives Alcohols, Esters and Ethers Aldehydes and Ketones

433 433 434 434 434 435 435 435 435 441 442 443 444 446 449 449 453 453 453 453 453 456 456 456 458 458 459 461 461 461 461 461 462 465

Carboxylic Acids Other Carboxy Compounds Nitrogen Compounds, Mainly Alkaloids Literature Index to Names Commercial Explosives Introduction Types of Tests Simple Explosives (Pure Substances) Heat of Explosion Trauzl Lead-Block Test Lead-Block Test (Initiating Explosives) Fall-Hammer Test Limiting Charges Necessary for Various Initiating Explosives Detonation Velocity Notes Compounded Explosives Blasting Explosives Explosives for Use in Fiery Coal Mines Propulsive Explosives Properties of Some Sporting Powders Standard Ballistics for Shotgun Powders Typical American Standard Proof Typical British Standard Proof Rifle Powders Ordnance Powder Literature References Index

465 466 467 478 487 489 489 489 490 490 490 491 491 492 492 493 493 493 494 495 496 496 496 497 497 497 498 1

INTEENATIONAL CRITICAL TABLES NATIONAL AND LOCAL SYSTEMS OF WEIGHTS AND MEASURES CHARLES-EDOUARD GUILLAUME AND CHARLES VOLET Plan.—Section A: International Metric System; list of countries in which its use was compulsory on January 1, 1925; list of those in which its use was either legally optional or partially compulsory on same date. Section B: Other modern systems; the more important units at present in use or in use before adoption of metric system. Section C: Weights and measures of antiquity. Style and Abbreviations.—Only the singular number of the names of the units are used; ten meters will appear as 10 meter. Units of area and of volume will be written in the form centimeter2 (=cm 2 ) and centimeter8 (=cm 3 ), respectively. ca. ch. cm2

Value given is only approximate. Units have changed from time to time. Square centimeter = centimètre carré = Quadratzentimeter = centimetro quadrato. current Units, other than metric, which are now in use; some of the units included in this class are practically obsolete. (See Local.) local Units of local or native origin or derivation which are in use, but which are embraced neither by the metric system nor by that of the central government. Applies mainly to colonial possessions. (See Current.) m3 Cubic meter = mètre cube = Kubikmeter = metro cubico. m.c. International metric system compulsory since . . . m.o. International metric system legally optional since . . older Units used before adoption of international metric system. older = The older units were those of ... provincial Units vary from one province or city to another. since . . . = . . . Since . . . the units have been the same a s those o f ... v. Vide — see. var. Units are variable, not rigidly denned. A. INTERNATIONAL METRIC SYSTEM

The decimal metric system, established in France by the Loi du 7 Avril, 1795, and represented by standards deposited in the Archives de France, became international on May 20, 1875, by the action of the Convention Internationale du Mètre. The new standards, of platinum-iridium, constructed at that time and serving as the basis of the international system, were copied from those of the Archives.

On January 1, 1925, the metric system was compulsory in: Algeria Allemagne Argentina Austria Autriche Belgium Bolivia Brazil Bulgaria Chile Colombia Congo, Belgian Costa Rica Cuba Czechoslovakia Denmark Deutschland Ecuador Equateur Espagne Filippine Finland France Germany Gioppóne

Greece Guam Guatemala Haiti Holland Honduras Hungary Iceland Italy & colonies Japan Kolumbien Kongo, Belgisch Kuba Luxemburg Malta Mauritius Mexico Netherlands & colonies Nicaragua Norway Olanda Österreich Panama Pay-Bas & colonies Philippine Islands

Peru Poland Porto Rico Portugal and colonies Rumania Russia Salvador Schweden Schweiz Serbie-Croatie-Slovénie Seychelles Islands Siam Spain Suède Suisse Svèzia Svizzera Sweden Switzerland Tchécoslovaquie UngarQ

Ungheria Uruguay Venezuela Yugoslavia

On the same date, it was legally optional or partially compulsory

in: Canada China T^, , Egypt Ethiopia

Great Britian .. ,, India,nBritish

T

Ireland, Northern

Irish Free State ParaguayJ _ , Turkey United States of America

The fundamental units are: METER (m), which is the distance at O0C between the axes of two lines ruled on the prototype deposited at the Bureau international des Poids et Mesures, Sèvres, France; KILOGRAM (kg), which is the mass of the prototype deposited at the same Bureau; and LITER (1), which is the volume of one kilogram of pure water at the temperature of its maximum density, under the pressure of one normal atmosphere.1 The primary units of the system are the meter (m), micron (fj,) — 10~6 meter, gram (g) = 10~3 kilogram, liter (1), are (a) = area of a square with a side 10 meter long, and stere (s) = volume of a cube with an edge one meter long. The units of area [of volume], characterized by the adjective square [cubic], are not derived from a primary unit, but are each defined as the area [volume] of a square [cube] with side [edge] equal to the stated unit of length. The names of other secondary units are formed by attaching to the name of a primary unit certain prefixes of unvarying significance, i Normal atmosphere, v, p. 18.

Secondary units. LENGTH AI mm cm dm dkm hm km Mm

m = meter micron* millimeter centimeter decimeter dekameter hectometer kilometer myriameter megameter

* m/t millimicron = IO"9 m

= = = = = = = = =

6

10~ m 10~3 m 10~2 m IO"1 m 10 m IO2 m IO3 m IO4 m IO6 m

A*M micromicron = IO"12 m

MASS g = gram microgram = 10~6 g milligram = 10~3 g centigram = 10~2 g decigram = IO"1 g dekagram = 10 g hectogram = IO2 g kilogram = IO3 g metric quintal = IO2 kg = IO5 g metric ton = IO3 kg = IO6 g metric carat = 200 mg

Aig* mg eg dg dkg hg kg q t e * Symbol 7 also used.

/J * ml cl dl dkl hi

CAPACITY 1 = liter = 1.000 027 dm3 microliter = 10~~6 1 milliliter = 10~31 centiliter = 10~21 deciliter = IO"11 dekaliter = 10 1 hectoliter = IQ 2 1

* Symbol X also used.

mm cm2 dm2 a ha km 2

m 2 = square meter square millimeter = square centimeter == square decimeter = are = hectare = square kilometer =

IO"6 m 2 10~4 m2 10~2 m 2 IO2 m 2 IO 2 a IO6 m 2

mm a cm3 dm3 km 3 ds s dks

VOLUME m 3 = cubic meter cubic millimeter — cubic centimeter = cubic decimeter = cubic kilometer == decistere = 0.1 s = stère = dekastere = 10 s =

10~9 m 3 10~6 m3 10~3 m3 109 m3 IO"1 m3 1 m3 10 m 3

AREA 2

B. MODERN SYSTEMS Abyssinia.—var. : current, ca. : Length 1 pic = 0.686 m 1 farsang = 5.07 km 1 berri = f farsang Mass I rottolo = 311 g Unit Rottolo 1 drachm = i _ JL 1 derime = J 1 "**

l wakea = yV l mocha = ^V Capacity, dry l madega = 0.44 l l ardeb = 10 or 24 madega Capacity, liquid l kuba = 1.016 l Ägypten v. Egypt. Äthiopien v. Ethiopia. Algeria.—Since 1843 = France. Older:

Length l pic (dzera àtorky) 1 pic (dzera à rabry) Unit 1 terrain 1 rebia 1 nus

= 0.640m = 0.480 m Pic = J = f = J

Mass lukkia = 34.13g l metical = ca. 4.7 g Unit Ukkia l rottolo à thary =16 l rottolo à khadhary = 18 l rottolo à kebyr = 24 l cantar = 100 rottolo Capacity, dry 1 caffiso « 317.47 1 1 saah = 58 1 1 tarri = y1^ caffiso Capacity, liquid 1 khoull = 16f 1 or 16 1 Allemagne v. Germany. Anam.—var.: eh., current:* Length 1 thuoc moc = 0.425 m 1 thuoc de ruong = 0.470 m l thuoc vai = 0.644 m Unit Thuoc 1 Iy = 0.001 l phan = 0.01 l tat = 0.1 l tarn ) _ . l ngu / -ö l truong = 10 l sao = 15 l chai vai \ l that / - 3° l mao = 150 l gon = 300 Mass l dong = 3.775 g l picul = 60 kg Unit Dong l hao = 0.001 l Ii = 0.01 l fan = 0.1 l luong = 10 l neu = 100 l can = 160 l yen = 1600 l binh = 8000 l ta = 16 000 l quan = 18 000 Area l ngu2 = 4.5156 m 2 Unit Ngu2 l thuoc = 6 l sao = 90 * By an ordinance of 1872, units were defined in terms of metric.

Unit Ngu2 1 mau = 900 !quo =1800 Capacity 1 hao or shita = 28.26 1 1 tao = 2 hao Angola.—m.c. 1910. Arabia.—Provincial, current : Length 1 covid = 0.482 m 1 guz = 0.635 m 1 cassaba = 3.84 m l farsakh = 4.83 km Unit Farsakh 1 baryd == 4 1 marhala = 8 Mass 1 maund = 1350 g 1 rati = ca. 460 g Unit Maund l coffilas = T^7 1 vakias __ 1 1 tukeas "^ 1 farzil _ _ 1 farecella ~~ 1 bahar _ 1 bokard " 10U Capacity, dry 1 téman = 85 1 Unit Téman 1 mecmeda Ì __ l 1 kella J ~~ ^ 1 mec dénia = -g^ Capacity, liquid 1 nusfiah = 0.79 1 or = 0.95 1 Unit Nusfiah 1 vakia = yV 1 cuddy == 4 1zudda = 8 Argentine Republic.—m.c. 1887; m.o. 1863. Older,* provincial : Length 1 vara = 0.8666 m Unit Vara 1 linea = ^-3l pulgada = ^V 1 pie = i 1 braza =2 1 cuadra =150 1 légua = 6000 Mass l libraf = 459.4 g Unit Libra 1 grano = -gTlTir 1 adarme = -5^ 1 onza = Y1^ * National system derived from old Spanish. Units given are those of province of Buenos Aires. t 1 libra de farmacia = i libra = 344.5 g.

Capacity, dry

Unit Libra 1 arroba = 25 1 quintal =100 1 tonelada = 2000

l Metze Unit l Probmetze l Becher l Futtermassel l Muthmassel l Achtel l Viertel l Muth

Area 2

1 vara = 0.75 m 2 Capaciti/, dry l fanega Unit l cuartilla l tonelada l lastre

= 137.1977 l Fanega = î = 7.5 =15

Capacity, liquid l Mass Unit l Pfiff l Seidel l Halbe l Viertel l Eimer l Fass l Dreiling l Fuder

Capacity, liquid l frasco Unit l octava l cuarta l baril l cuarter l pipa

= 2.375 l Frasco = yV =î = 32 = 48 = 192

Austria.—m.e. 1873. Older:

1876;

m.o.

Length 1 Fuss* 1 Ell Unit l Punkt l Linie l Zoll l Klafter l Meile

=0.316 08 m = 0.7792 m Fuss = TT3T = -J-J-J= TV =6 = 24 000

Mass, (T) ordinary l Pfund = 560.01 g Unit Pfund l Pfennig! _ a l Denat J " ^T^ l Quentchen = y^g" l Loth = -gÇ l Unze = tV l Vierding = i l Mark =i l Stein = 20 l Zentner = 100 l Saum = 275 l Karch = 400 Mass, (2) for drugs l Pfund apoth. = f Pfund = 420.01 g Unit Pfund apoth. l Gran = ^ 7^-31 Scrupel = -%%-$ l Drachme = ^C l Unze = y1-^

A rea = 1600 Klafter2 = 57.557 a l Metze = | Joch l Joch

* Vienna.

= 61.489 l Metze = T^J =T^ = -£-% = -fe = i =J = 30

= 1.41511 Mass = i =i = \ = 10 = 40 = 400 = 1200 = 1280

Balearic Islands.—v. Spain. Local : Length l canna = 1.564 m l palmos = I canna Mass 1 rottolo Unit 1 libra major 1 corta 1 quartano 1 arroba 1 misura 1 cantaro barbaresco 1 cantaro 1 cargo

= 408 g Rottolo =3 =9 =9 = 26 = 36 = 100 =104 = 312

Capacity, dry 1 quartera = 71.97 1 Unit Quartera 1 barcella = £ 1 almude = ^ Capacity, liquid l quartin = 27.14 l Unit Quartin l quarte = -f$ l quarta = -^V Bavaria v. Germany. Belgian Congo.—m.c. 1911. Belgium.—m.c. 1820; at first with the names: aune = m, litron = 1, livre = kg, once = hg, lood = dg, wigtje = g, Older: Length 1 perche = 6.497 m 1 pied = fa perche

1 livre Unit 1 loth 1 once 1 marc l stein 1 quintal 1 chariot 1 balle 1 schiffpfund 1 charge

Mass = 489.5 g Livre = -fa = TV = \ =8 = 100 =165 = 200 = 300 = 400

Area 1 arpent = 400 perche2 = 130.6 a Birmanie v. British India, Rangoon. Bolivia.—m.c. 1893; m.o. 1871. Older = Spain. Brazil.—m.c. 1862. Older:* Length 1 pé ' ' = 0.33 m Unit Pe 1 palmo =f 1 vara = 3^ 1 passo geometrico = 5 1 braca = 6f 1 legoa = 20 000 Mass 1 libra = 459.05 g Unit Libra 1 onza = Yg1 marco = ^ 1 arroba t = 32 1 quintal = 128 1 tonelada = 1728 Area 1 tarefa = 30 to 40 a 1 alqueire = 242 or 484 a Capacity 1 almude = 31.944 1 1 alqueire = 40 to 320 1 Unit Almude 1 canada = y1^ 1 pipa = 15 1 tonel = 30 feritain, British v. Great Britain. British India.—m.o. 1920. Current: British and local. Local, J provincial : BOMBAY. Length 1 &uz = 0.6858 m Unit Guz 1 tassoos = -^f * Those of Portugal, with notable loöal differences. t 1 arroba metrica = 15 kg. t| Local or national measures are notv denned by their equivalents in British units.

Unit Guz 1 hath ^ 1 covid f- = f 1 cubit J Mass 1 seer = 317.5147 g Unit Seer 1 tank = -^21 pice \ -, ,

lparah j 1 maund 1 candy

= & °r W = 40 = 800

Area Are = 2.03 = 24.68 = 30.75 = 54 = 2962 Capacity 1 parah = 110.1 1 Unit Parah 1 tipree = ^ 1 seer = -fa 1 adoulie = ^ 1 candy = 8 1 garce = 80 CALCUTTA. Length 1 guz* = 0.9144 m Unit Guz 1 jaob 1 i Unit 1 ground 1 biggah 1 kani 1 cawnie 1 chahar

IjOW

J ~" T

1 unglee 1 moot 1 span 1 covid \ 1 haut J 1 danda 1 niranga 1 coss

= ^5= ^V = I _ i ~ 2 =2 = 10 = 2000 Mass

1 seer = 933.04 g Unit Seer 1 ruttee = y^nfir 1 masha = -C^-Q ltolahl ! 1 sicca J ^ I chittack = T^ 1 pouah =J 1 raik =f 1 pally i 5 1 dhurra J 1 maund (bazar) = 40 Area 1 guz2 = 0.836126 m2 Unit Guz2 l chattack = 5 1 cottah = 80 1 biggah = 1600 1 tenab = 2500 * Old guz = 0.915 m.

British India.—Cont'd. Capacity 1 pally = 5.0 to 5.51 Unit Pally l chattack = -%-$ 1 khoonke = ^ 1 kunk = i^ 1 raik =} 1 soally = 20 1 khahoon = 320 CEYLON. Length 1 covid = 0.464 m Mass 1 candy 1 = ^ g 1 bahar J ° Capacity 1 ammonam = 203.4 1 Unit Ammonam 1 parrah = -§1 seer = -^-¥ MADRAS. Length 1 covid = 0.472 m Mass 1 seer = 283.495 g 1 cafh = 1.230 447 mg Unit Cafh 1 fanam = 80 1 pagoda = 2880 Unit Seer 1 pagoda = -fa 1 pollam Ì _ J^ 8 1 varahan J 1 powe =^ 1 vis =5 1 maund = 40 1 candy = 800 Area 1 cawnie = 53.41 a 1 maoney = -^j- cawnie Capacity 1 puddy = 1.533 1 Unit Puddy 1 olluck = ^ 1 measure = 1 1 marcai = 8 1 parah = 40 1 garce = 3200 RANGOON. Length 1 sandong = 0.5588 m Unit Sandong 1 palgat = -^ 1 taim 1 _ 9 1 cubit J ~TT 1 Ian =4 1 bamboo 1 _ 7 1 dha / ~7 1 oke thapal = 140 1 dain = 7000

Mass = 16.32 g Tical = -fa = TV = -g= ic = 33^ = 100 = 15 000 Capacity 1 byee = 0.505 1 Unit Byee 1 lamany = -J1 zalay = -|1 zayoot = 2 l seit =4 1 kwai =8 STRAITS SETTLEMENTS.

1 tical Unit 1 ruay 1 pai 1 moo 1 mat 1 cattie 1 viss 1 candy

Mass = 604.79 g Kati = TV = 100 = 300 = 4000 Capacity 1 gantang* = 4.545 96 1 Unit Gantang 1 para = 10 1 koyan = 800 Bulgaria.—m.c. 1892. Burma v. British India. Cambodia v. Indo-China. Canada.—m.o. 1871. Current = British,! French names are: Length 1 pouce = 1 inch 1 chaînon = 1 link 1 pied = 1 foot 1 verge = 1 yard 1 perche = 1 rod, pole 1 chaine = 1 chain t Mass 1 livre = 1 pound av. 1 cent 1 .,, , , . ,, !quintal/ = 1 hundred welght 1 tonneau = 1 short ton Area 1 arpent = 34.196 a

1 kati Unit 1 tahil 1 pikul 1 bhara 1 koyan

Capacity 1 pinte = 1 quart 1 chopine = 1 pint 1 boisseau = 8 gallons 1 minot = 39.025 1 * Gantang = British gallon. f Old French measures have been used, but only minot and arpent are now in use. Î Gunther's.

Ceylon v. British India. Chile.—m.c. 1848. Older were from Spanish ; legal values : Length = 0.836 m Bara == TÌr2" = -gV =£ =150 = 5400 Mass 1 libra = 460.093 g Unit Libra 1 granos = ^y^r 1 adarme = -g^ 1 castellano = y-J-^1 onza = ^V 1 arroba = 25 1 quintale = 100 A rea 1 bara2 = 0.698 896 m 2 Capacity, dry 1 almude = 8.083 1 1 f anega = 12 almude Capacity, liquid 1 cuartillo = 1.111 1 1 arroba = 32 cuartillo China.—m.o. 1903 with the following names : Length kilometer = sin Ii hectometer = sin yin dekameter = sin tchang meter = sin tchi decimeter = sin tshwen centimeter = sin fen millimeter = sin Ii Area hectare = sin khing are = sin meou centare = sin Ii Capacity kiloliter = sin ping hectoliter = sin chi dekaliter = sin teou liter = sin cheng deciliter = sin ho centiliter = sin cho milliliter = sin tshwo Great diversity in national system; since 1908, defined by metric equivalents. (The orthography here employed is arbitrary; there is diversity in provincial pronunciation.) Length 1 tchi = 0.32 m Unit Tchi 1 hoe = 10~6 1 su = KT5 1 bara Unit 1 linea 1 pulgada 1 pie 1 cuadra 1 légua

Unit 1 hao 1 1Î 1 fen 1 tsouen 1 pou 1 tchang lyin } yan J 1 fen kyo Ii pou 1 thsan 1 tou 1 Hang Unit 1 hao 1 Hi 1 fen 1 tsien 1 kin \ 1 , , . > 1 tchm J 1 kwan 1 tan 1 shih

Tchi = W~* = 10~3 = IO-2 = IO"1 =5 = 10

=100 = 120 = 300 = 1800 = 18 000 = 144 000 = 450 000 Mass = 37.301 g Liang = 0.0001 = 0.001 = 0.01 =0.1 1A =16

= 480 = 1600 = 1920 Area 1 meou = 6000 tchi2 = 614.4 m 2 Unit Meou 1 hao = T^VTT 1 pou2 \ _ _i l k u n g / ~ 24nr 1 lyi = Y^0T 1 fen = TV 1 kish =i 1 king = 10 1 ching = 100 Volume 1 tchi3 = 32.768 dm 3 J ma 1 = 100 tchi 3 1 fang J Capacity 1 cheng = 1.035 44 1 Unit Cheng 1 quei = 0.0001 1 ço = 0.001 1 chao = 0.01 1 yo =0.5 lkho =0.1 1 to 1 hou chei

=10 = 50

Jl sei Jl =100

1 ping

= 500 Capacity, liquid Liquids are measured by weight. Chypre, Cipro v. Cyprus. Cochin-China v. Indo-China. Columbia.—m.c. 1854, but following, derived from metric system, are current:

Length = 0.8 m Vara = -fa = -J =100 = 6250 Mass 1 libra = 500 g Unit Libra 1 onza = yV 1 arroba = 25 1 quintal = 100 1 saco = 125 1 carga = 250 1 tonelada = 2000 Area I vara2 = 0.64 m 2 l fanegada = 10 000 vara2 Cirénaïque v. Tripoli. Congo, Belgian.—m.c. 1911. Costa Rica, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Salvador.—m.c. 1912 by a joint convention; in partial use at earlier dates. Older (modified Spanish, English, and local): Length 1 vara = 0.8393 m (Costa Rica) = 0.8359 m (Guatemala) = 0.8128 m (Honduras) Unit Vara 1 cuarta = -Jl tercia = ^1 mecate = 24 Mass l caja = 16 kg l fanega = 92 kg l carga = 161 kg Area l manzana = 10 000 vara2 = 6960.5 m 2 (Costa Rica) = 6987.4 m 2 (Guatemala) = 6987.4 m 2 (Nicaragua) l caballeria = 64 manzana Capacity l botella = 0.63 to 0.67 l l cajuela = 16.6 l Cuartillo is very variable. Cuba.—m.c. 1858, but others (old Spanish, American, and local) are current: Mass 1 tonelada = 1015.65 kg 1 tercio = 72.22kg Area 1 caballeria Cubana = 1342.02 a 1 cordele = -g^ caballeria

1 vara Unit 1 pulgada 1 cuarta 1 cuadra 1 légua

Unit Pott l viertel =8 l fod3 = 32 l korec 1 =93.5921 l anker* = 40 1 strych J l ohm* = 160 Denmark.—m.c. 1912; m.o. l oxhoft* = 240 1910. Older: Length l pipe* = 480 Length 1 pic = 2 foot l fuder* = 960 = 0.6096 m 1 fod = 0.313 857 m Deutschland v. Germany. Dutch East Indies.—Same as Unit Fod Mass Netherlands. Old Dutch and 1 linie = y-J-j^ 1 / = 2 . 8 pound a v local measures are also used. loke 1 tomme = -fa \ = 1270.06 g Latter very variable; recently 1 afti =2 1 moosa* = 50700 g they have been legally defined 1 faon, favn = 6 Unit Oke by their metric equivalents. 1 ruthe = 10 1 drachme = -%^-$ Current : 1 miil = 24 000 1 rottolo =0.44 Length 1 stone =5 Mass 1 depa = 1.70 m l kantar = 44 1 pund = 500 g Unit Depa l kantar (Aleppo) =180 Unit Pund 1 hasta = J l ton = 800 1 kilan = i l es "vAr* A rea 1 ort = -sfa Mass. (1) Ordinary = , , / = 1600 yard2 1 quintin ITS" pikol ldonum j = 13378a } .l =61.761 3025 kg 1 loth = -fa 1 pecul J l scala = l donum 1 unze = -j^ Unit Pikol 1 mark = J Capacity 1 thail = y^Vff i 1 bismerpund = 12 l oke = 1.278 55 l 1 catti \ __ i 1 lispund =16 1 kabi J - TTTU- . l cass = 4.73 l l kilef =36.3681 1 kulack = 0.0725 ÎWOg =36 1 waag l medimno = 75.05 l 1 amat =2 1 quintal =m l kartos = 4 oke 1 small bahar = 3 1 centner l kouza = 8 oke 1 large bahar =4.5 1 skippund = 320 l gomari =128 oke 1 timbang == 5 1 skyplast = 5200 1 ko jang Cyrenaïca v. Tripoli. 1 quint =0.1 (Batavia) = 1667.555 kg Czechoslovakia.—m.c. 1876. J 1 ort = 0.01 1 ko jang Local: i kvint = 0.001 (Semarang) = 1729.316 kg Length Area 1 kojang l latro = 1.917 m (Soerabaya) = 1852.839 kg 1 tondelande = 55.162 a BOHEMIA. 1 tonde = 283.69 a Mass. (2) For precious metals l stopa§ = 0.296 m 1 thail = 54.090 g l sah = 1.778 m Unit Tonde 1 penge = -gfa l mile = 7.003 km Unit Thail 1 album = -g^ PRAGUE. 1 wàng = TV 1 fjerdingar = -fa l loket = 0.593 m 1 tatti = TV 1 skiepper = J 1 sojekoe = J MORAVIA. 1 pflug = 32 1 reaal = ^ l stopa§ = 0.284 m l loket = 0.594 m Mass. (3) For opium Capacity, dry SILESIA. 1 thail = 38.601 g I korntonde = 139.12 1 l loket =0.579 m Unit Thail Unit Korntonde l mile = 6.483 km l tji = 0.1 1 pott = T^11 tjembang Mata 1 _ Area l achtel = -J--Ç 1 hoen / " a°01 BOHEMIA. l viertel = -fa l merice = 19.99 a Area 1 skieppe l _ i l korec lbahoei = 7 0 9 6 5 a 1 ottingkar J ~~ 8 l strych = 28.78 a 1 bouw J l fjerdingkar = J l mira l Heue21 = 55.0632 km l last = 22 Unit Korec Volume Capacity, liquid l jitro =2 1 kojang = 1.976 362 m 3 l pott = 0.9661 l l lan = 60 1 toembak = 6.684 m 3 Unit Pott * Moosa = hundredweight. Capacity, dry I paegel = J f Kile = bushel. 1 kojang = 2011.26791 j Old Vienna (v. Austria) and some l kande =2 1 pikol = -fa kojang local measures were still in use when l stubchen = 4 the state was established.

Capacity 1 bocoy = 136.27 1 1 barrile = ^ bocoy C y p r u s.—British system. Accepted equivalents:

§ Stopa = strevic.

Capacity 1 merice* = 70.6 1

* Moravian.

* Variable, t Geographic.

Dutch East Indies.—Cont'd. Capacity y liquid (Legal equivalents) Unit Liter 1 takar* = 25.770 1 kit* = 15.159 1 koelak* = 3.709 1 kanf = 1.5751 1 mutsjef = 0.1516 1 pintje* = 0.0758 Ecuador.—m.c. 1865, but the British and, more generally the old Spanish, measures are currently used. Egypt.—m.o. 1873; m.c. in government use, 1891. Current: J Length 1 diraa baladi = 0.58 m 1 kassabah = 3.55 m Unit Diraa 1 kirat = -21^ 1 abdat =^ 1 kadam = \ 1 pic =1 1 gasab =4 1 mil hachmi = 1000 1 farsakh = 3000 Mass 1 oke = 1248 g Unit Oke 1 kirat = virVfr 1 dirhem = ¥^7 1 miskal = -^f -$ 1 okieh = 0.03 1 rotoli = 0.36 1 kantar = 36 1 helm = 200 Area 1 feddan = 42.008 a Unit Feddan 1 sahme = -5^ 1 kirat kamel = -fa 1 feddan masri = 1 Capacity I keddah « 2.0625 1 Unit Keddah 1, kirat =^ 1 khanoubah = yV 1 toumnah = | 1 robhah =J 1 nisf keddah = J 1 malouah =2 lrob I 4 1 roubouh J 1 keila =8 1 ardeb = 96 1 daribah = 768 * For oil. t For various products. J In national system, units and their interrelations were very variable, but since 1891, have been defined by their metric equivalents.

England v. Great Britain. Equateur v. Ecuador. Eritrea.—m. o. Local, provincial : Length 1 cubi = 0.32 m 1 emmet i fi il derah j i. Jr — °-46 m Mass l rotolo = 448 g l okia = yV rotolo l gisla = 163 kg Capacity l messe = 1.50 l Unit Messe l cabaho = 4 l tanica =12 l ghebeta = 16 l entelam = 128 Espagne v. Spain. Esthonia.—Russian and local. Current : Length l archine (Russian) = 0.7112m 1 elle (Livonian) = 0.6096 m Unit Archine 1 elle (Kuunar) = 0.75 l faden =3 Mass l pfund = 430 g Unit Pfund l quent = -j-J-gl loth = ^2 l liespfund = 20 l centner = 120 l tonne = 240 l schiffspfund = 400 Area Reval l lofstelle = 18.55 a l tonnland = 54.627 a Livonian l lofstelle = 37.1 a l tonnland = 51.94 a Capacity l hulmit = 11.48 l Unit Hulmit l lof (Reval) =3 l lof (Livonian) =6 l tonne (Livonian) =12 Etablissements des Détroits v. British India. Etats-Unis v. United States. Ethiopia.—var. Current : Length (Approximate only) Unit cm 1 tat = 2.5 1 gat = 8 1 sinzer = 16 1 kend = 49

Mass 1 kasm = 3.90 g l neter = 336 g l farasula* = 13.478 kg Ifarasulaf = 16.85kg l farasulaî = 17.972 kg Unit Kasm l mutagalla = 2 l alada =4 l wogiet =8 Capacity l menelik = = 1 1 (approximate) Filippine v. Philippine. Finland.—m.c. 1892; m.o. 1887. Older (Russian and local) : A rea 1 tunnland = 46.54 a Capacity 1 tunna = 163.49 1 1 kannor = -fa tunna 1 ottingar = 15.71 1 1 sextingkar = \ ottingar France.—m.c. 1794. Other legal units : Length 1 mille marin = 1852 m Volume 1 tonneau de jauge = 2.83 m 3 1 tonneau de mer = 1.44 m 3 Old measures derived from the system of Charlemagne are : Length 1 toise§ = 1.949 0365 m II 1 toise§ = 1.949 09OmIf Unit Toise 1 ligne = gl¥ 1 pouce = -fa 1 pied =£ 1 aune = 0.6064 1 lieue = 2280.3 1 mille marin = 950.13 1 lieue marine = 2850.4 Mass 1 livre** = 489.505 85 g Unit Livre 1 grain = Q^

1 scruple = ¥|-T 1 gros I _ JL 1 drachme J - T a * 1 once = i^g1 marc ft =\ * For ivory, t For coffee. Î For rubber. § Toise de Pérou at 16.250C. Il Equivalent made legal in 1799. 1f By measurement, in 1887, by J. R. Benoit. ** One livre de Charlemagne = 367.128 g. ttl Marc de la Rochelle = 244.75 g 1 Marc de Limoges = 240.93 g 1 Marc de Tours = 237.87 g 1 Marc de Troyes et Paris = 260.05 g

Unit 1 quintal 1 millier Unit 1 sol 1 denier 1 obole 1 grain

Livre = 100 = 1000 Livre (Ch) = -fa = -g-J--^ = -^-o = -^Vo Area lpied 2 =0.10552 m 2 Unit Pied2 1 toise2 = 36 1 perche de Paris = 324 1 perche des Eaux et Forêts = 484 1 arpent de Paris = 32 400 1 arpent des Eaux et Forêts = 48 400 Capacity, dry 1 boisseau = 1.862 78 1* Unit Boisseau 1 litron = py 1 quart = \ 1 minot =3 1 mine =6 1 setier = 12 1 muid = 144 Capacity, liquid 1 muid =274.239 11 l muid = 268.241 1{ l pinte = 0.931 389 1§ Unit Pinte l roquille = 3*31 posson = •£ l demi-setier = -J1 chopine = \ l pot =2 l velte =8 l quarteau = 72 l feuillette = 144 l muid = 288 Frància, Isola di v. Mauritius. Frankreich v. France. Germany.—m.c. 1872. Since the beginning of the nineteenth century, the other units and their interrelations have been fairly definite, but before that there was great diversity. Length: fundamental unit was Fuss (foot), its value, depending upon the state, varied from 0.280 to 0.320 m. The one most extensively used was the Rheinlandischer Fuss (Rhenish foot) = 0.313 857 m. Mass: fundamental unit was Pfund * From 1 muid = 268.241 1 by relation 144 boisseau = 1 muid (see Capacity, Liquid). t Legal value. Î Derived from concrete standards. § From 1 muid « 268.241 1 by relation 288 pinte » 1 muid.

(pound), its value generally varied little from 467 g; during transition period preceding 1872 the accepted equivalents were Pfund = 30 Loth = 300 Zeut = 3000 Korn; Centner = 100 Pfund. Older: BAVARIA. Length 1 Fuss = 0.291 86 m 1 Elle = 0.833 Ol m Unit Fuss l Linie = T|¥ l Zoll = ^5l Ruthe = 10 l Chauseemeile = 25 406 Mass l Pfund = 560 g Unit Pfund l Gran = 7^gtf l Pfennig = ^ l Quint = T|-gl Loth =^ l Unze = -fa l Zentner = 100 A rea l Morgen } l Tagwerk \ = 34.072 a l Juchert I = 400 Ruthe2 Capacity, dry l Metzen = 37.0596 l Unit Metzen l Dreissiger = -fa l Massel = -J1 Scheffel =6 Capacity, liquid l Masskanne = 1.069 03 l Unit Masskanne l ZoIP -& l Eimer = 60 or 64 l Fass = 1600 PRUSSIA. Length l Fuss = 0.313 857 m Unit Fuss l Linie = -j-J-c l Zoll = ^ l Ruthe = 12 l Meile = 24 000 l Elle = 25.5 Zoll Mass l Pfund = 467.711 g Unit Pfund l Quentchen = -fa l Loth = ^V l Stein = 22 l Centner =110 l Schiffspfund = 330 A rea l Morgen = 25.532 24 a l Morgen = 180 Ruthe2

Capacity, dry l Metze = 3.435 89 l Unit Metze l Quart = ^ l Zoll«= Tta l Scheffel = 16 Capacity, liquid l Quart = 64 Zoll3 l Quart = 1.145031 Unit Quart l Anker = 30 l Eimer = 60 l Ohm = 120 l Oxhoft = 180 l Fuder = 720 WÜRTTEMBERG. Length l FUSS = 0.286 49 m Unit Fuss l Linie = 0.01 l Zoll = 0.1 l Elle = 2.144 l Ruthe = 10 l Meile = 26 000 Mass l Pfund =467.728 g l Apotheker-Pfund = 357.647g Unit Pfund l Quentlein = -gV l Loth = 3*2 l Mark =| l Zentner = 104 Area l Ruthe2 = 8.207 66 m 2 l Morgen = 384 Ruthe2 l., Juchart 7A T?„+u ö2 ,,, , \> = 57o Kutne^ l Tagwerk J Capacity, dry l Simri = 942.125 Zoll3 = 22.1533 l Unit Simri l Viertelein = y-^-g1 Erklein = -fa l Vierling = -Jl Scheffel = 8 Capacity, liquid l Maass = 78.125 Zoll3 = 1.837 05 l Unit Maass l Schoppe = -Jl Imi = 10 l Eimer = 160 l Fuder = 960 Gioppóne v. Japan. Great Britain, Irish Free State, and Northern Ireland.— m.o. 1864. Since 1898, the national measures are convertible to metric by the legally sanctioned factors given below. National fundamental units defined thus: Length: The yard is distance at 620F between axes of two lines traced on gold plugs

set in a bronze bar preserved at the Standards Department of the Board of Trade. Mass: The pound avoirdupois is the mass of a certain platinum standard, similarly preserved. Capacity: The gallon is the volume of 10 pounds avoirdupois of pure water, as weighed in air against brass weights, the water and air being at the temperature of 620F and the barometer at 30 inches. In official comparisons, the density of brass is taken as 8.143 g/cm3. Some of the units in the following tables are not in current use. Length 1 yard* (yd.) = 0.914 3992 m !foot (ft.) = | y d . = 30.479 97 cm 1 inch (in.) = -fa yd. = 2.539 998 cm Unit Inch 1 mil = 0.001 1 point = -y-g 1 line = y1^ 1 barleycorn = \ 1 nail = 2.25 1 palm =3 1 hand =4 1 span 1 =g 1 quarter J 1 foot = 12 1 cubit = 18 1 pace = 30 1 yard = 36 lell =45 Unit Foot 1 fathom =6 1 pole } 1 rod (rd.) I= 16.5 1 perch j 1 rope = 20 1 chain t = 66 1 skein = 360 1 furlong = 660 1 cable length = 720 1 mile (statute) = 5280 1 mile (nautical) \ i1 iknot. Jf = OUoO 1 league = 15 840 Mass 1 pound avoirdupois (Ib. av.) = 453.592 45 g = 7 000 grain 1 grain (gr.) = 64.798 182 mg (Three systems: avoirdupois, troy, apothecary.) * This is the present legal equivalent of the imperial yard; recent comparisons by the National Physical Laboratory show that the yard as defined by the Weights and Measures Act of 1878 =0.914 3987m. t Gunther's chain, divided into 100 link.

Avoirdupois (av.) (General use) Unit 1 dram (dm.) 1 ounce (oz.) 1 clove or customary stone 1 stone (legal) 1 quarter 1 cental 1 hundred-weight (cwt.) 1^l 1 load/ 1 ton

Pound = -5-^ = -fa =8 = 14 = 28 = 100 - 112 =252* = 2240

Troy (t.) (For precious metals) Unit Grain 1 pennyweight (dwt.) = 24 1 ounce (oz.) = 480 1 pound (Ib.) = 5760 Apothecary (ap.) (For dispensing drugs) Unit Grain 1 scruple (s.) = 2 0 1 drachm (dr.) = 60 1 ounce (oz.) = 480 1 pound (Ib.) = 5760 Area 1 inch2 (sq. in.) = 6.451 5898 cm2 2 1 foot (sq. ft.) = 929.0289 cm2 1 yard2 (sq. yd.) = 0.836 1259 m2 1 acre (A.) = 4046.849 m 2 Unit Foot2 2 1 inch = T^T 1 yard2 = | Unit Yard2 1 pole2 (sq. po.) 1 1 rod2 [ = 30.25 1 perch2 J 1 chain21 (eh.) = 484 1 rood = 1210 1 acre (A.) = 4840 Unit = Acre 1 mile2 (sq. mi.) = 640 Volume 1 yard3 (cu. yd.) = 0.764 552 85 m 3 3 1 foot (cu. ft.) = 28 316.77 cm3 3 1 inch (cu. in.) = 16.3870253cm3 Unit Foot3 3 1 inch = TTV^ 1 yard3 = 27 * Variable, t Gunther's chain.

Great Britain.—Cont'd. Unit Foot3 1 register ton = 100 1 rod = 1000 Capacity, dry I gallon (gal.) = 4.545 9631 1 1 bushel (bu.) = 8 gallon = 35.367 7048 1 Unit Gallon 1 quartern =\ 1 peck =2 1 bucket =4 1 bushel =8 1 firkin =9 1 kilderkin = 18 1 barrel = 36 1 hogshead = 63 1 puncheon = 84 1 butt = 126 Unit Bushel 1 strike =2 1 sack \ _Q 1 bag J -ò 1 coomb =4 1 quarter =8 1 seam =8 1 chaldron =32* 1 wey Ì _ 1 load J ~ 1 last = 80* Capacity, Liquid 1 gallon (gal.) = 4.545 9631 1 Unit Gallon 1 gill i 1 quartern ?• = -fa 1 noggin J 1 pint =I 1 quart =i 1 pottle =i Greece.—m.c. 1922; m.o. 1836. Older: Length 1 piki varies 0.640 to 0.670 m 1 pic = 1 piki 1 small piki of Constantinople = 0.648 m 1 large piki of Constantinople = 0.669 m 1 piki (masonry) = 0.750 m Mass 1 dramme = 3.2 g 1 livre (Venetian) = 450 g l mna = 1.5 kg 1 mine (royal) = 1.5 kg lokat =1.280 kg 1 oka = 1.250 to 1.333 kg 1 stater = 56.32 kg 1 talanton = 150 kg A rea 1 stemma = 10 a * Variable. t 0.85331 royal mine.

Capacity 1 oka = 1.333 to 1.340 l l baril = 74.236 l Grossbritannien v. Great Britain. Guam.—Metric is compulsory. Guatemala v. Costa Rica. Guinea,—m.c. 1910. Older = Portugal, England, and local: Length 1 pik = 0.578 m 1 jacktan = 3.658 m Mass 1 benda = 64.2 g l kantar = 977 kg l gammell = J kantar Unit Benda l akey = -fa l mediatabla = -fa l aguirage = TV l quinto =^ l piso l = i 8 l uzan J l seron = yV l benda (offa) = \ Haiti.—m.c. 1921. Older = British, old French, and Spanish; legal equivalents during transition period: Length 1 toise = 1.9488 m 1 aune = 1.188 m

A rea 1 carreau = 1292.3 m Volume 1 baril = 0.1 m 3 1 corde = 3.84 m 3 1 toise = 8 m 3 Holland v. Netherlands. Honduras v. Costa Rica. Hungary.—m.c. 1876. Older = old Vienna: l mertföld ., 1 mene imarok 1 faust

Length o o CQA .km i™ = o.oooo = 0.105 36 m

A rea 1 hold = 43.16 a 1 joch =43.16 a 1 meile2 = 6978 ha

Volume 1 eimer = 54.30 1 l halbe 1 , . litcze I =Aeimer Imetzenì 1 ako J

Iceland.—m.c. 1907. Older (analogous to Danish) were defined by their metric equivalents. Length 1 fet = 0.313 85 m 1 sj ornila = 1855 m Unit Fet 1 lina = T^T 1 fmmlungur = -fa 1 alin =2 l faÖmur =6 1 mila a !andi = 24 000 Mass 1 pund = 0.5 kg Unit Pund 1 mark =2 l fisk =8 l fierding = 40 l liespund = 64 l tunna smjörs = 224 Iskippundì 1 batt J A rea l ferfaömur = 3.546 m 2 !fermila = 56.7383 km 2 Unit Ferfaämur l ferpumlungur = -g-y^g-f l ferfet = -^ 1 feralin =^ l tundagslatta = 900 l engjateigur = 1600

Capacity = -fa fet 3 = 0.9661 l Unit Pottar l kornskeppa =18 l anker = 39 l almenn turma = 120 l öltunna = 136 l korntunna = 144 India v. British India; v. IndoChina. Indies, East v. British India; v. Dutch East Indies. Indo-China, British v. British India. Indo-China, French : COCHIN CHINA.—m.c. 1911, with the names : l pottar

Length 1 mot thuoc = l m Mass 1 mot can tây = 1 kg 1 mot dông can tây = l g l picul = 60 kg Capacity 1 vuông mot bat tây = 11 1 vuông mot già = 40 1 CAMBODIA.—m.c. 1914, with the names:

Length 1 muoi mètre = l m Mass 1 pram roi = 1 kg 1 muoi gramme = 1 g 1 hocsep = 60 kg Capacity 1 muoi litre = 1 1 1 sêsep litre = 40 1 Irish Free State v. Great Britain. Islande v. Iceland. Italian colonies.—Metric compulsory. Italy.—m.c. 1861; adopted in Milan as early as 1803, with the following names : metro palmo dito atomo

= = = =

Length m dm cm mm

libbra nuova oncia grosso denar grano

Mass = kg = hg = dkg =g = dg

Capacity soma = hl mina = dkl pinta = 1 coppo = dl Older, provincial: Length 1 piede liprando = 0.513 77 m Unit Piede lip. 1 punto = -J-J-^ 1 oncia = fa 1 canna =4 1 trabucco =6 1 miglio = 4333J Mass = 307 to 398 g Libbra = ^1JT = -g^-g = -g1^= -fa = 25 = 150 Area 1 quadraoì ., {• = oo a 1 giornata J 1 tavola = T^ giornata Capacity, dry 1 mine = varies 12 to 120 l Capacity, liquid 1 barile da vino = 45.6 l 1 barile da olio = 33.4 l 1 libbra Unit 1 grano 1 denaro 1 ottavo 1 oncia 1 rubbo 1 cantaro

Japan.—m.o. 1893. Before 1891, great diversity; since 1891, fundamental units defined by metric equivalents. Length 1shaku* = f|m = 0.303 0303 m Unit Shaku 1 shi = IO-5 1 mò = IO-4 1 rin = IO'3 1 bu = IO'2 1 sun = IO"1 1 yabiki = 2.5 1 biro =5 1 ken =6 1 jô =10 1 chô = 360 l rif = 12 960 Mass l kwan

= V" kg = 3.75 kg Unit Kwan l shi = IO'7 l mo = 10~6 l rin = 10~5 l fun = 10~4 l candareen = l O"4 l mommé = IO"3 l niyo = 0.004 l hyaku-me = 0.10 l kin - 0.16 l ninsoku-ichi-nin = 7 l kiyak-kin =16 l karus hiri-ichi-da = 18 l komma-ichi-da = 40 A rea (Land Measure) 100

2

=3№m = 3.305 785 12 m 2 Unit Bu

lbu

l go

l tsubo l sé l tan l chô l ri2

i shô l l l l

= 0.1

=l =30 = 300 = 3000 = 46 656 Capacity

= |IM i

= 1.80390681 = 64827 bu3 Unit ShO shaku = IO-2 go = IO-1 to = 10 koku = 100 Kanada v. Canada. Kolumbien v. Columbia. Kongo v. Congo.

* The old shaku (kujirajaku) = 1.25 shaku is legal for fabrics. t Oneri marin (kai-ri) = nautical ri.

Kuba v. Cuba. Latvia.—m. o. Russian and local measures since 1845. Old measures were those of Holland. Length 1 elle = 0.537 m l quartier = J elle l m eile = 7 verste (Russian) = 7.468 km Mass 1 pfund = 419 g For secondary units, see Esthonia. Area l kapp = 1.4864 a Unit Kapp 1 pourvetel _ 1 loofstelle J ~ 5 l tonnstelle =35 Volume 1 faden = 4.077 s Capacity 1 stoof = 1.2752 1 Unit Stoof 1 kanne = 2 1 kulmet = 9 1 anker = 30 lpourei _ Hoof / ~ 0 4 1 tonne = 108 Lettonie v. Latvia. Luxemburg.—m.c. 1820. Previously used a local unit: 1 malter = 191 1. Malacca.— Length 1 asta = 0.457 m l depa = 4 asta 1 jumba = 8 asta Mass 1 catty = 0.61 kg Unit Catty 1 miam = iHhjr 1 buncal = -£$ 1 tampang = 1 1 bedur =2 1 kip = 15 1 pecul = 100 1 bahar = 300 Area 1 jumba 2 =.13.38 m 2 \ = 400 jumba 2 lorlongj = 5 3 5 2 a Capacity 1 chupa = ca. l l 1 gantang = 4 chupa Malaysia v. British India; v. Dutch East Indies. Malta.—m.c. 1914. Older, British and local (old Sicilian) :

Length 1 foot = 0.2836 m 1 canna = 2.088 m 1 palmo = I canna Mass 1 rottolo = 1.75 Ib. av. = 0.793 79 kg Unit Rottolo 1 parto = -ç^-ç 1 ounce = ^j1 cantaro = 100 Capacity l caffiso = 20.457 l l baril =43.1621 l salma = 290.944 l Marokko v. Morocco. Mauritius and Seychelles Islands.—m.c. Older = old French, British, and the following: Capacity 1 cash = 227.11 1 1 velt — If1IjJ- cash Mexico.—m.c. 1896; m.o. 1857. Older (from Spanish, Castillian), legally defined, during transition period, in terms of metric equivalents: Length 1 vara = 0.838 m Unit Vara 1 linea = -ç^-% l pulgada = 3\f l pie =i l légua = 5000 Mass l libra = 460.246 34 g Unit Libra l tomin = yj-g1 adarme = -j-J-j1 ochava = i^s" 1 onza = TV 1 arroba = 25 1 quintal = 100 1 tercio = 160 Area 1 fanega = 356.628 a Unit Fanega 1 caballeria = 12 1 labor = 18 1 sitio = 492.28 Capacity, dry 1 cuartillo = 1.8918 1 Unit Cuartillo 1 almud = 4 1 fanega = 48 1 carga = 96 Capacity, liquid 1 cuartillo = 0.456 264 1 1 cuartillo for oil = 0.506 162 1 1 jarra =18 cuartillos

Morocco.—m.o.; local, var.: Length 1 cubit \ .. i — U.ooo m 1 canna; 1 pic = 0.61 m 1 tonni = ^ pic Moss 1 rotali __,_ _ -,1 artal ± i Jf = 507.5 &g l gerbe = 3 kg l kula = 22 rotai 1 kantar = 100 rotai Capacity hh

}f =561 1 fanega I mudd .. , I I , = 141 1 almude Mozambique v. Portuguese East Africa. Netherlands.—m.c. 1820, with the names :

streep duim palm elle roede mijle

Length = mm = cm = dm =m = dkm = km

Mass = dg =g = dkg = hg = kg Capacity, dry maatje = dl kop =1 schepel = dkl mudde = hl zak = hl last = 30 hl Capacity, liquid vingerhoed = cl maatje = dl kan =1 dekaliter = dkl vat = hi Old national system is more or less current in some of the old colonies: Length (Amsterdam) 1 roeden = 3.679 77 m 1 elle = 0.687 813 m l voeten = 0.283 0594 m l duime = 25.733 mm l lyne = 2.144 mm Mass l pond = 492.16772 g l pond* = 494.090 32 g korrel wigtje lood once pond

* Amsterdam.

Netherlands.—CWd 1 pond (Apothecary) = f pond = 369.126 g Unit Pond 1 mark = \ 1 unze = 1*51 drachme = y^ 1 engel = -fa 1 vierling = y-îr 1 grein = y^ Area l morgen = 81.244 346 a Capacity, dry 1 schepel = 27.26 1 Unit Schepel 1 kop = -fa 1 vierd = -J 1 zak =3 1 mud = 4 1 last = 108 Capacity, liquid 1 mingelen = 1.200 to 1.237 1 Unit Mingelen Ivat =768 1 oxhooft = 192 1 aam = 128 1 anker = 32 1 steekan =16 1 stoop =2 1 pint =% 1 mutsje = \ Nicaragua v. Costa Rica. Niederlande v. Netherlands. Northern Ireland v. Great Britain. Norway.—m. c. 1882; m.o. 1879. Older differed very little from Danish; legal equivalents: Length 1 fod = 0.3137 m Mass I skaalpund = 0.4981 kg Area l mal = 10 a Capacity', dry 1 korntonde = 138.97 1 Capacity, liquid 1 pot = 0.9651 1 Oceania.—British measures. Olanda v. Netherlands. Österreich v. Austria. Paesi Bassi v. Netherlands. Panama.—Metric compulsory. Paraguay.—Metric almost exclusively used. m.o. 1899. Older = Spain; legal equivalents:

I vara (old) lcuerdai 1 cordel J 1 vara Unit 1 piede 1 pouce 1 ligne l cuadra 1 lieue

Length = 0.838 56 m ara=

m

= 0.866 m Vara =^ = ^V =^ = 100 = 5000

Mass 1 libra (old) = 460.08 g 1 libra = 459 g Unit Libra 1 once = TV 1 arrobe =25 1 quintal = 100 1 tonne = 2000 Area 1 lino (old) = 48.832 a 1 lino = 100 vara2 1 lino = 75 m 2 Capacity, dry 1 fanega = 288 1 1 almude = -^ fanega Capacity, liquid I frasco = 3.029 1 Unit Frasco 1 cuarta = -J 1 baril = 32 1 pipe ==192 Pays-Bas v. Netherlands. Persia.—Metric is in process of adoption. By 1924 the following assimilation had occurred : 1 zar = 1 m, 1 dram = l g, l ralte = 11. National measures, provincial, var.; even today, in retail commerce, cereal grains are used as weights : Length 1 guerze (common) = 0.63 to 0.97m = 1 monkelzer 1 zar = 1.04 m Unit Zar 1 gireh = TV l ouroub =J l charac = j l gez | _1 l guerze j lfarsakh J = ^ l parasang J Mass l miskal = 4.60 g Unit Miskal l una = 3^¥ l gandumi _ j l grain / ~™ l abbas = -^-

l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l

Unit nakhodl carat J düng dartung dirhem sir pinar danar abbassi rottel tcheirek saddirham batman (Tauris) batman (Shirez) batman

l karvar

Miskal _ 1 ~~ ~^* =i = 0.22 =2 = 16 = 20 = 40 = 80 = 100 =160 = 320 = 640 = 1280 = 600 to 1000 = 100 batman

A rea l jerib = 1082 m 2 to 1153 m 2 = 1000 to 1066 zar2 Capacity l chenica = 1.32 l Unit Chenica l sextario =0.25 l capichas = 2 l sabbitha =5.5 l colluthun = 6.25 l legana = 30 l artaba = 50 Peru.—m.c. 1869. Older (from Spanish, Castillian): Length l vara = 0.83598m Mass l libra = 460.09 g Unit Libra l arroba = 25 1 quintal = 100 l fanega = 140 A rea l topo = 27.06 a l fanegada = 64.596 a Philippine Islands.—m.c. 1860. Older = Spain. Local: Mass 1 catty = about 600 g Unit Catty 1 punto =^ 1 chinanta = 10 1 lachsa = 48 1 caban = 97 l pecul = 100 Area 1 balita = 27.95 a Unit Balita 1 loan = 0.1 1 quignon = 10 Capacity 1 kaban = 99.90 1 1 chupa = 3.75 cm3 1 ganta = -£% kaban 1 apatan = J chupa

Poland.—Metric in process of adoption; in some provinces it has been in use since 1872. Russian system legalized in 1849, without displacing national measurements. Since 1819 these have been defined by their metric equivalents. National : Length 1 stopa = 0.288 m Unit Stopa 1 linja = Ti¥ 1 cal = ^ 1 lokiec = 2 1 sazen = 6 1 prêt = 15 Old measures 1 pied (Warsaw) = 0.2978 m 1 pied (Cracow) = 0.3564 m 1 aune = 0.620 m Mass l funt = 405.504 g Unit Funt 1 gran = ^û 1 skrupul = -g^ 1 drachma = -^-gllut = ^V 1 uncja = TV 1 kamian = 25 1 centnar = 100 Old measures l funt = 404 g l centner =16 funt l stein = 3.2 funt Area l prêt2 = 18.6624 m 2 l morga = 300 prêt2 l wloka = 9000 prêt2 Capacity i kwarta =11 Unit Kwarta l kwarterka = ^l garniec =4 l cwierc = 32 l korzec = 128 Porto Rico.—m.c. 1860. Older = Spain: Area l cuerdo = 2250 vara2 = 15.72 a Portugal.—m.c. 1872; m.o. 1852. Older:* Length l pe = 0.3285 m l estadio = 258 m l milha = 8 estadio l legoa = 24 estadio * In some of the older colonies the old Portuguese system, more or less modified, is still in use.

Capacity Pe l = T^J1 dimerla = 24.6 l l =^ Unit Dimerla l =f l oke = TV l =2 . l mirze = 8 l = *£l kilo = 16 Mass Capacity, liquid l libra* = 459 g l viacka = 14.15 l Unit Libra l oke =0.1 viâcka 1 grao = TnfruRussia.—m.o. 1900. Defini1 escrupulo = -$^ tions of fundamental national 1 outava = T-|-gunits: Length: Archine is dis1 onca = yV tance at 170C between the axes 1 marco i _ i T of two lines drawn on the 1 meio J "" platinum-iridium prototype 1 arratel =1 marked "H 1894." Mass: 1 arroba = 32 Fount is mass of the platinum1 quintal = 128 iridium prototype marked "H Area 1894." Capacity, liquid: Vedrò 1 vara2 = 1.2 m 2 is volume of 30 founts of pure Unit Vara2 water at 16%°C. Capacity, l ferrado = 605 dry: Garnet z is ^f 5 vedrò. l geira = 4840 Length Capacity, dry 1 archine =0.711 200 m l fanga = 54 l l totchka = 0.254 0000 mm Unit Fanga Unit Totchka l outava = -J51J1 ligne = 10 l quarto = yV l paletz = 50 l meio =£ l sotka = 84 l alqueira = \ 1 duïme = 100 l moio = 15 l verchoc = 175 Capacity, liquid l foute = 1200 l almude = 16.5 l l archine = 2800 Unit Almude Unit Archine l quartillo = -3*5l sagène = 3 l meio = -^r l verste = 1500 l canada = ^V Mass (1) Ordinary l alqueira = ^ 1 fount = 409.51241 g l bota i =26 1 doli = 44.434 9403 mg l pipa J l tonelada = 52 Unit Doli 1 sol 1 = 96 Portuguese Colonies.—Metl zolotnik/ ric compulsory. = 288 Portuguese East Africa (Mo- l lote = 576 zambique).—-rn.c. 1910. Older, l once = 768 mainly of Portugal; one bahar l lana = 9216 is considered equivalent to l fount Unit Fount 109 kg. l poud = 40 Prussia v. Germany. - 400 Rumania.—m.c. 1884; m.o. l berkovets 1866. In old Bessarabia, Rus- l tonne marine = 2400 sian measures replaced by metAfass (2) For drugs ric in 1922. Older: Unit Doli Length 1 grain =1.4 1 halibiu = 0.701 m 1 scrupule = 28 1 endere = 0.662 m 1 drachme = 84 1 stringene = 1.96 m 1 once = 672 Mass 1 livre = 8064 1 cantar = ca. 56 kg Area l oke = -fa cantar 1 archine2 = 0.505 8054 m 2 * For drugs 1 libra = J libra = 1 ligne2 = 6.451 600 mm2 344.25 g. Unit linha pollegada palmo covada vara

Ligne2 = 100 = 306.25 = 14 400 = 78 400 Archine2 =9 = 2 1 600 = 2 250 000 Volume !archine3 = 0.3597288m3 l ligne3 = 16.387 06 mm 3 Unit Ligne3 3 1 duïme = 1000 l verchoc3 = 5359.375 l foute3 = l 728 000 !archine3 =21952000 Unit Archine3 3 l sagène = 27 l tonne marine = 7.87172 l last marin = 15.743 44 Capacity, dry l garnetz = 3.279 842 l l tchast = 0.109328071 Unit Tchast l polougarnetz = 15 l garnetz = 30 l lof = 592 Unit Garnetz l tchetverik =8 l polouosmina =16 l osmina = 32 l tchetvert = 64 Capacity, liquid l vedrò = 12.299 41 l l tcharka = 0.122 99411 Unit Tcharka l chkalik = 0.5 l bottle (vodka) = 5 l bottle (wine) = 6.25 l krouchka = 10 l shtoff = 12.5 l vedrò = 100 Unit Vedrò l stekar =1.5 l anker =3 l pipe = 36 lfass I Ibotchka/ ~4U Salvador v. Costa Rica. Schottland v. Great Britain. Schweden v. Sweden. Schweiz v. Switzerland. Scotland, Scozia v. Great Britain. Serbie-Croatie-Slovénie v. Yugoslavia. Seychelles Islands v. Mauritius. Siam.—m.c. 1923; m.o. 1889. Older now defined by metric equivalents; those of transition period : Unit 1 duïme2 l verchoc2 l foute2 l archine2 Unit l sagène2 l déciatine l verste2

I wah Unit 1 anukabiet 1 kabiet 1 niou 1 keup 1 sawk 1 1 sock J 1 ken 1 sen 1 roeneng 1 yote

1 tchang* Unit 1 klom 1 klam 1 Pai 1 sompayì 1 grani / 1 fuang 1 salung 1 baht 1 tamlung 1 doon 1 hap 1 bara

Length = 2m Wah = ^-ç = ^-c = ^V =I __ i. ~~ é =J = 20 = 2000 = 8000 Mass = 1200 g Tchang = TlFTTTF = -rfaf = WfrTF =T

l

^^ = ^%-c = Î1J= -fa =^ = 20 = 50 = 400

Area 1 wah2 = 4 m 2 1 ngan = 100 wah2 1 rai = 400 wah2 Capacity 1 tananf = 1 1 Unit Tanan 1 niou =T^ 1 chai meu =^ l kam meu = f 1 laang 1=* 1 chang awn J ^ 1 kanahn =1 1 sat = 20 1 tang = 40 1 tamlaum = 400 1 seste = 800 1 ban = 1600 Ikwienì = 1 koyan J 1 cohi = 32 000 Siria v. Syria. Somaliland.—m.o.; local, vary with material and province : Length 1 top = 3.92 m 1 cubito = -f top Mass 1 rottolo = 448 g * Previously, 1 tchang = 600 to 1300 g. t Previously, 1 tanan = 0.9 to 1.2 liter.

Somaliland.—Cont'd. Unit Rottolo 1 okia = jV l frasla = 36 l gisla = 360 Area l darat = 80 a Capacity, dry l chela = 1.359 l Unit Chela l tabla = 15 l gisla = 120 Capacity, liquid l caba = 0.453 l Soudan v. Sudan. South Africa v. Union of South Africa Spain.—m.c. 1860. Older,* var., provincial; Castillian: Length l vara = 0.835 905 m (Other vara comprised between 0.768 m and 0.912 m) Unit Vara 1 punto = ^ 91I-J 1 linea = -5^ 1 diedo = -^81 pulgada = -£$ 1 sesma = f 1 palma = J 1 pie =£ 1 codos = J 1 passo = if 1 estado = 2 1 estadal = 4 1 mula t = 1666f 1 légua = 5000 or 8000 Mass 1 libra = 460.093 g (Other libra comprised between 350 g and 575 g) Unit Libra 1 grano = 9^ 1 arienzo = ^^^ l tomin = y|-g1 dinero =^ 1 adarme 1 _ _i 1 dracma J "" "*** 1 ochava \ __ _^ 1 caracter / ~~ 1 2 ^ 1 escrupulo = -fc 1 onza = y1^ 1 marco =J 1 arroba = 25 1 barrii = 50 1 quintal = 100 1 quintalmacho = 150 1 tonelada = 2000 * Old national system, more or less modified, is still in use in the old Spanish colonies. t Milla = 5000 pie.

Area 1 vara2 = 0.698 7372 m 2 Unit Vara2 1 cuartilla = 25 l calemin = 768 l aranzada = 6400 lfcmega \ Q2W l fanegada J l yugada = 460 800 Capacity, dry l fanega = 55.501 l Unit Fanega l ochavillo = Tjr-g-gl racion = -j-J-gl cuartillo = -fa 1 medio = fa l calemin = y1^l almude = -^ l cuartilla = J l cahiz = 12 Capacity, liquid (Arroba was plefined as volume of 34 libra of river water. The arroba for oil was volume of 25 libra of oil) 1 arroba (wine) = 16.133 1 1 arroba (oil) = 12.563 1 Unit Arroba 1 COpaS

= yi^g-

1 quarterone 1 _ _ j 1 panilla* J "1^ 1 libra 1 = ! l cuartillo J *"* 1 azumbre =f 1 cuartilla* = \ 1 cantara =1 1 moio = 16 1 pipa = 27 1 bota = 30 Stati Uniti v. United States. Straits Settlements v. British India. Sud-Africaine, Union v. Union of South Africa. Sudan.—Egyptian in use. Suède v. Sweden. Suisse v. Switzerland. Svèzia v. Sweden. Svizzera v. Switzerland. Sweden.—m.e. 1889; m.o. 1879. Older: Length 1 fot = 0.296 90 m Unit Fot t 1 unie = y-J-ç l turn = y1-^ 1 aim = 2 l famm = 6 l stang =16 l ref = 100 or 160 l mil = 18 000 * Oils. t The fot is also divided into decimals.

Mass = 425.076 g Skälpund = YsVg= y^ = ¥V = y1^ = 20 = 32 = 100 or 120 =165 = 400 = 12 000 Area l fot 2 = 0.088 149 61 m 2 ' , , / = 1.542 618 17 a Ikapplandj = ^ ^2

l skälpund Unit 1 as l quintin 1 lod l untz l lispund l sten l centner l waag l skeppund l nyläst

l ref 2 ( Itunlandj

= 8.814 961 a = 49.363 781 6 a = 56 000 fot2

Capacity, dry l kanna = 2.617 l Unit Kanna l ort = ^V l junkfra =^ l quarter =^ l stop =^ l kappar =J 1 fjerdingar = 7 l spanna = 28 ltunna = 56 l koltunna = 63 l kolläst = 756 Capacity, liquid l kanna =0.1 fot 3 = 2.617 162 l Unit Kanna ljungfruri = j ljungfer J "^ l quarter = -gl stop = \ l ankar = 15 l eimer = 30 =6

T J} ° lÎ ohm l oxhufud Ì _ Qn l oxhoft J ~ l pipe = 180 l fuder = 360 Switzerland.—m.c. 1877; m.o. 1868. Older, var.; during transition were fixed as follows : Length 1 pied Ì on - t >• ~ 30 cm 1 fuss J Unit Pied 1 ligne ! T¥¥ 1 unie 1 pouce __ j Izoll ~T^ 1 aune __ ^ 1 elle ~~ 1 toise _ fi 1 ruthe ~~

Unit 1 perche 1 lieue

Pied =16 = 16 000

Mass (1) Ordinary 1 livre = 500 g Unit Livre 1 loth = ^2 1 once = TV Mass (2) For medicine 1 livre = 375 g Unit Livre 1 grain = -ç-fa-ç 1 scruple = -2-^-g1 drachme = -gV 1 once = y1^Syria.—m.o.; current: Length l pic = 0.582 m -Mass 1 rottolo = 1785 g Unit Rottolo 1 drachme \ -, l pesi / = T™ l metecali = y^j1 mitcal = ^J-Cl once = -^ 1 zurbo = 27.5 l cola = 35 l cantar = 100 Capacity l roti = 3.2 l Unit Roti l makuk = 250 l garava = 450 Tchéco-Slovaquie v. Czechoslovakia. Tonkin.—Same as Anam (ff.».) Tripoli and Cyrenaïca.—m.o., current defined by metric equivalents : Length 1 pik = 0.68 m = 1 handaze 1 palmo = \ pik 1 draa = 0.46 m Mass 1 rottolo = 512.8 g , , / = 2.5 rottolo loka I =1282 g l metical = 4.76 g Unit Rottolo l kharouba = ^VlT 1 dram = T^ 1 termino = y^-gl uckin = ^V 1 mattaro = 42 1 cantar = 100 Area 1 pik2 = 0.4624 m 2

Unit Pik2 l deimm = 1600 l jabia = 1800 Capacity, dry l orba = 7.6 l Unit Orba l nufsorbah = \ l temen =4 l ueba = 16 (Measured by weight) l oka = 1282 g 1 marta = 11 to 14 oka l kele = 2 marta Capacity, liquid 1 barile = 64.8 l 1 bozze = -fa barile (Measured by weight) 1 oka = 1282 g Unit Oka 1 gorraf =9.75 1 giarra =58.5 Tschechoslovak v. Czechoslovakia. Tunis.—m.c. 1895. Current: Length 1 pic arabe =48.8 cm 1 pic turc == 63.7 cm 1 pic endazé =67.3 cm The pic used depends upon the object measured. Mass 1 uckir = 31.495 g Unit Uckir 1 rottolo attari =16 1 rottolo sucki =18 1 rottolo khaddari = 20 1 cantaro = 100 Capacity 1 cafisso = 496 1 1 millerole (Marseilles) = ca. 64 l Unit Cafisso 1 saah = T-£Ï l whiba = -fa Turkestan.

Length 1 archine = 64 to 76 cm 1 archine (for architecture) = 75.77 cm 1 nul = 1 km Unit Archine 1 nocktat = irAnr 1 hatt = 2Tg1 parmack = -fa 1 ouromb =^ 1 pic =1 Mass 1 oka = 1283 g Unit Oka 1 karat = ^TVfr l denke = T^¥ 1 dirhem 1 _ i 1 drachme J ~ TW 1 miskal = -g-f 751 cequi I =1 4 1 yusdrum J 1 rottel = 0.44 1 batman =6 1 kantar = 44 1 tcheki = 176 to 195 Area , J = 1600 archine2 1 ldeunum | = ^3 m2 1 djeril

= 100 a

Capacity 1 kile = 32 to 43 1 1 zira3 = 0.435 m3 Unit Kile 1 chinik = i 1 fortin = 4 Ungarn, Ungheria v. Hungary. Union of South Africa.—Metric, British, and old Dutch: Length 1 elle = 0.685 m Mass 1 bundle = 3175 g Area l morgen = 85.5 a Capacity 1 gantang = 9.2 1 Length 1 balli = 5 gantang l hasch = 0.7112 m 1 muid = 109.1 1 1 legger = 516 1 Unit Hasch 1 archine* 1 _ Unit Legger l altschin / 1 kanne = -gfa l ahm =i Mass United States of America.— l batman = 125 kg to 128 kg m.o. 1866; m.c. for certain Unit Batman governmental purposes. Fun1 sir =| damental units of national 1 tscharik = ^ system are defined in terms of 1 mimtscha = Tj-Jr metric units. For less common Turkey.—m.o.; current, var.: and obsolescent units, see Great * Russian. Britain.

Length 1 yard (yd.) = «M ™ = 0.914 401 83 m 1 foot (ft.) = ^ yd. = 30.480 061 cm 1 inch (in.) = -fa yd. = 2.540 005 08 cm Unit Inch 1 mil = 0.001 1 hand =4 1 span =9 1 foot = 12 1 yard = 36 Unit Foot 1 fathom =6 lrod 1 pole [ = 16.5 1 perch 1 chain* (Gunther's) = 66 1 chain* (.engineer's) = 100 1 bolt = 120 1 furlong = 660 1 cable length = 720 1 mile (statute) = 5280 1 mile (nautical) t = 6080.20 1 league (statute) = 3 st. mile 1 league (nautical) = 3 n. mile Mass 1 pound avoirdupois (Ib. av.) = 453.592 4277 g = 7000 grain (gr.) 1 grain = 64.798 918 24 mg (Three systems: avoirdupois, troy, apothecary.) Avoirdupois (av.) (General use) Unit Pound 1 dram (dr.) = T^ 1 ounce (oz.) = -fa 1 hundred-weight (cwt.) (long) =112 1 ton (short) (sh. tn.) = 2000 1 ton (long) (1. tn.) == 2240 Troy (t.) (For precious metals) Unit Grain 1 pennyweight (dwt.) = 24 1 ounce (oz.) =480 1 pound (Ib.) = 5760 Apothecary (ap.) (For dispensing drugs) Unit Grain 1 scruple (s. or 3) = 20 1 dram (dr. or 5) = 6 0 1 ounce (oz. or g) = 480 1 pound (Ib.) = 5760 * 1 link = 0.01 chain. t 1 nautical mile = 1853.249 m

Area I inch2 (sq. in.) = 6.451 6258 cm2 2 1 foot (sq. ft.) = 929.0341 cm2 2 1 yard (sq. yd.) = 0.83613071m2 1 acre (A.) = 4046.873 m 2 Unit Foot2 2 1 inch = T^T 1 yard2 =9 Unit Yard2 2 1 rod (sq. rd.) \ 1 . 11 perch J( ~ OU.ZO 2 1 chain * = 484 1 rood = 1210 1 acre (A.) = 4840 Unit Acre 1 mile2 (sq. mi.) = 640 1 township t = 23040 Volume 1 yard3 (cu. yd.) = 0.764 559 45 m3 1 foot 3 (cu. ft.) = 28 317.0cm3 1 inch3 (cu. in.) = 16.387 162 cm3 Unit Foot3 1 inch3 = l'i^-g-g1 board foot (bd. ft.) = -fa 1 yard3 = 27 1 shipping ton = 40 1 register ton = 100 1 cord (cd.) = 128 Capacityj dry 1 bushel (bu.) = 2150.42 inch3 = 35.238 329 1 Unit Bushel 1 pint (pt.) = fa 1 quart (qt.) = -fa 1 peck (pk.) = I 1 barrelt (bbl.) = 3.281 1 chaldron§ = 36 1 firkin = 9 gallon Capacity, liquid , .. / = 231 inch3 1 gallon (gal.) j ^ 3-7863321 1 minim (min. or TTl) = 1T1T¥¥ gal.

= 0.061 6102 ml Unit Minim 1 fluid dram (fl. dr.) = 60 1 fluid ounce (fl. oz.) = 480 1 gill (gi.) = 1920 * Gunther's chain. t 36 mile*. J For dry commodities, except cranberries, barrel = 7056 inch3; cranberry barrel =» 5826 inch8; lime barrel contains 180 Ib. av. or 280 Ib. av.; by custom, flour barrel = 196 Ib. av. § Variable.

united States.—Cont1 d. Unit Gallon 1 gill (gi.) =^ 1 pint (pt.) = I 1 quart (qt.) = i l barrel* = 31.5 l hogshead = 63 Uruguay.—m.c. 1894; m.o. 1866. Older = Spain (Castillian), more or less modified. Venezuela.—m.c. 1914; m.o. 1857. Older = Spain (Castillian), more or less modified, and the following of Granada : Length 1 vara = 0.8 m l meile = 6280 vara Mass I libra == l kg l bag = 62.5 kg Vereinigte Staaten v. United States. Württemberg v. Germany Yugoslavia.—m.c. 1883. Older:

l l l l l

linija palaz archine khvat stopa

l oka Unit l dramm l satlijk l litra l akov l tovar

= = = = =

Length 21.95 mm 36.34 mm 660 mm to 712 mm 1.896 m J kvat

Mass = 1280 g Oka = -%^-c =i = \ = 40 = 100

(Measured by weight)

Area l stopa2 = 998.56 cm2 Unit m2 l dunum = 700 l motyka = 800 l raliza = 2500 l dan oranja = 3597 J = 5760 llanaz j ssimkhv^ Capacity (Liquids are measured by weight.)

* Wine barrel, t Hachemic.

Mass

1 roti Unit 1 dirhem l nevat l nasch l oukia l man Ì l mine J l ocque l qanthar l kikkar l feddan

system Prophet)

of

= 340 g = = = =

1 cafiz = 32.64 kg Unit Cafiz 1 mudd = ^g1 kiladja ] 1 caphite [ == -^r 1 kist J 1 sâa = y1-^ 1 makuk = J 1 ferk = i 1 woëbe \ __ i 1 khoull J ~ 2 1 modius = lj 1 artabe __ _ 1 amphora 1 gariba l den -8 Assyro- Chaldean -Persian System.

Our knowledge of the measures of antiquity is derived from the texts and monuments which have persisted to modern times, and some actual standards which have come down to us. The latter enable us to establish quite exact equivalence between the measures which they represent and ours. But most frequently such equivalence is only very roughly known, or is actually unknown. In this section are given only the more important or the best studied of these systems. The values given must not be taken too literally. Indeed, especially in antiquity, systems do not succeed one another; they evolve. Several rnay coexist among a single people; it is generally impossible to fix the dates at which these systems were used. The ancients had no capacity measures, such as ours; they weighed liquids and grains in terms of standards forming a second system of weights.

(So-called

Feddan _ x " TTnr = -gV = -^V = ^0= -^ = ^ = J Capacity

C. SYSTEMS OF ANTIQUITY

Arabian System. Length 1 foot = 0.320 m Unit Foot 1 assbaa (finger) = -^81 cabda (palm) = J 1 cubit (new) = I^ 1 cubit t =2 1 orgye (pace) =6 1 qasab = 12 1 seir = 600 1 ghalva = 720 1 mille = 6000 1 parasang = 18 000 lbarid 1 =72000 1 veredusj 1 marhala = 144 000

Unit 1 achir \ Iqasaba/ 1 qamha 1 habbah 1 cafiz 1 qirat 1 daneq 1 djarib

Roti y-J-g^jJ ^

the

Length 1 foot Unit 1 finger 1 palm 1 zereth 1 cubit 1 pace 1 qasab 1 i cane 1 Ji 1 chebel l Stadion l 1 ghalva J 1 mille 1 parasang 1 schoëme lstathmosi 1 mansion J

= 0.320 m Foot = -^ =J =1 =2 =6 _ 10 — -"-^ - 80 ^720 = 5400 = 20 000 = 21 600 ^80000

Mass 1 talent = 32.6 kg (Talent divided into 50, 60 or 100 mina) 1 drachma =0.01 mina

=2

=4 =100 = 125 Area = 14 400 cubit 2 t = 59 a

Area ( = 14.7 m2 1 gar \ = 144 foot2 Unit Gar 1 dizaine = 10 1 gan = 100 1 gur = 1000

Capacity (Measured by weight) 1 amphora Unit 1 cados 1 makuk 1 woëbe 1 1 modius J 1 small artaba 1 large artaba 1 large amphora 1 gariba

= 32.6 kg Amphora = jfa =f _ i 2

= I^ =2 =3 =8

Egypt: System of the Pharaohs. Length 1 pied = 0.349 m Unit Pied 1 doigt, finger! _ j lir 1 theb J 1 palme Ì _ ^ 4 1 choryos/ 1 dichas = \ 1 spithame =f 1 pied royal 1 _ 1 zereth / ~~ 1 pigon = \\ 1 coudée royale i _ ^ 2 l derah J l coudée longue = 2 l pas = 2\ l xilon = 4| l orgye =6 l canne = l if l senus = 150 l stade = 500 or 600 l mille *= 5000 l a tour vulgaire =15 000 l schoëme = 18 000 l parasange = 20 000 l atour royal = 30 000 Mass l mine = 850 g Unit Mine 1 gerah = T^Vrr 1 side = ^V 1 kikkar 1 _ 1 talent J ~ U Area I pekeis Unit

= 27.405 m 2 Pekeis

1 coudée2

= iirr

1 su 1 dizaine 1 rema 1 aurure i 1 aro ure J 1 setta

= 6.25 =10 = 50 =

= 1000

Capacity (Measured by weight) 1 khar = 34 kg Unit Khar 1 outen = Tihr 1 man i _ i !mine/ ~~ Tir 1 hecte = TIT 1 apt = i 1 keramion =1 1 metretes d'Héron = 1J l artabe des septante = I^ l artabe \ _ , 7_ l letech / ~ %2 Greek System. Length l pous* = 0.308 56 m Unit Pous l daktylos (finger) = TV 1 condylos =i l palestra (palm) = J l dichas = \ l spithame (span) = f l cubitf = l| l Grecian cubit =2 l berna (pace) = 2^ l orgyia =6 l amma (corde) = 60 l plethron = 100 l Stadion = 600 l mille = 4500 L kiloorgyia = 6000 Mass l mina Unit l chalque l oboi l dioboi l drachma l tetradrachma l talent

= 425 g Mina = ^sW = if^-ö = -sfa =0.01 =0.04 = 60

Area l pous2 = 0.095 209 m 2 Unit Pous2 2 l dekapode = 100 l plethron2 = 10 000 Capacity (Measured by weight) l chenica = 816 g Unit Chenica l cyanthos = -^ 1 oxybaphon = -^V 1 cotyle =i l sexte =J * The Olympic foot of Egyptian origin. t Lapidary.

Unit Chenica 1 maris ~2 1 chous =3 1 hemiektos = 4 1 hektos Ì _g 1 modius J 1 metretes = 36 1 medimnos = 48 Hebrew System. Length 1 sacred cubit = 0.640 m 1 cubit* = 0.555 m Unit Cubit* 1 finger = -^ 1 palm = Tf 1 zereth =^ Mass (Sacred system) 1 mina = 850 g Unit Mina 1 oboi \ __ ! Igerah/ "T~^ 1 rabah = -j-'iir 1 bekah = iiu 1 shekel = -^0 1 talent t = 50 Mass (Talmudist or Rabbinical system) 1 mina = 354.2 g Unit Mina l pondiuscule = y-^Vö l mehah ] l gerah j= 6 -fa l oboi J l zuzah Ì _ i !drachma/ ~ roir l shekel l _ j 2 l tetradrachma / ^ l talent = 60 Capacity, dry (Measured by weight) - , , / (old) = 29.376kg 1 ephah< ; \ 01 . _ _ .6 { (new) = 21.420 kg Unit Ephah 1 log = TV 1 cab = -fg 1 gomor =0.1

sat

} !5- }

1 modius J 1 cor

=°-

3

= 10

Capacity, liquid (Measured by weight) 1 bath (old) = 29.376 kg 1 bath (new) = 21.420 kg Unit Bath 1 log = TV lhin = I 1 cor = 10 * Talmudist, t Of Moses.

Hindu System. Length 1 hasta = 0.457 m Unit Hasta 1 angula (finger) = -£% 1 vitasti (span) = f 1 cubit =1 1 dhanush Ì _ 1 orgyia J ~~ 1 erosa = 8000 1 gavyuti = 16 000 1 yodjana = 32 000 Mass 1

} ^ 1 =0.147 g 1 ratica J 1 pala = 47 g Unit Retti l yava =0.1 l masha = 2, 5, 6, or 8 1 tank-sala = 24 l kona = 48 1 tola = 80 l karsha = 96 32 1Ji (silver) 1 1 dharana = /j ^

(goM)

1 pala Unit 1 tuba l hara 1 bara l achita

= 320 Pala = 100 = 200 = 2000 = 20 000 Capacity

(Measured by weight) 1 drona = 13.2 kg Unit Drona 1 pala Ì _ _j^ 1 musti J ~ 2^ 1cudava = -^ 1 prastha =^ 1 adhaka =J 1 cumbha (small) = 2 1 shari = 16 1 cumbha = 20 1 baha = 200 Persian System v. AssyrioChaldean-Persian. Roman System. Length 1 pes (common or Drusian) (foot) = 0.3196 m 1 legal pes (1st) = 0.2962 m 1 legal pes (2nd) = 0.2967 m Unit Pes 1 digitus (finger) = -^ 1 uncia (inch) =^ 1 cubitus (cubit) = Ij 1 passus (pace) =5

1 decempeda (perch) = 10 1 actus (chain) = 120 1 millarium (mile) = 5000 Mass 1 podium = 326 g Unit Podium 1 scrupulus = -2^31 denier* = -^V 1 denier t = -gV 1 denarius =^ 1 solidus 1 _ _i_ 72 1 sextula j 1 miliaresium = jfa 1 sicilium = -/g^ 1 duella = -gV 1 semuncia = -^ 1 ounce = -j\ 1 mina = if 1 centumpodium = 100 Area 1 common pes2 = 0.102 14 m2 1 legal pes2 (1st) = 0.087 73 m2 1 legal pes2 (2nd) = 0.088 03 m 2 Unit Pes2 1 decempeda2 = 100 1 actus (small) = 400 1 clima = 3600 1 versum = 10 000 1 actus = 14 400 1 jugerum = 28 800 1 heredium = 57 600 1 centuria = 5 760 000 1 saltus = 23 040 000 Capacity, 1 sextarius Unit 1 modius 1 quadrantal 1 pes31 (of water)

dry = 544 g Sextarius =16 = 48 = 48

Capacity, liquid (Measured by weight) 1 sextarius I] = 544 KA/I g; 1 sextus j Unit Sextarius 1 cyathus = y1^1 acetabulum = f 1 quartus =J 1 hemina = \ 1 congius =6 1 urna = 24 1 amphora = 48 lculeus I =96() 1 dolmm j * Silver, •j- Neronian. Î Legal pes (2).

SYMBOLS, BASIC CONSTANTS, CONVERSION DATA, DIMENSIONS, DEFINITIONS Symbols and Abbreviations . Fundamental Constants Conversion Factors and Dimensional Formulae, N. ERNEST DORSEY Technical Efflux Viscometers: Interpretation and Interconversion of Readings, W. H. HERSCHEL Selected Technical Terms, N. ERNEST DORSEY

16 17

C CTU C

18

Ci, C2

32 34

Cj Cp, Co

BASES OF DATA CONTAINED IN I. C. T. When many experts are cooperating in the assembling of data, it is essential that the same values for the fundamental constants and for the necessary conversion factors shall be employed by all. Consequently, at the very beginning of the work, the Editors compiled a set of accepted, or I. C. T., values for such constants and factors; and the Experts were instructed to base all their data upon these values. In the few cases in which it was not feasible to follow these instructions, the data were to be accompanied by a statement of the actual basis upon which they rest. In compiling this list, and in choosing the accepted values of such of the quantities as were independently chosen, the Editors secured and utilized the advice of the United States Bureau of Standards, the National Physical Laboratory of Great Britain, and the Société Française de Physique. Acknowledgments are also due to Dr. F. E. Fowie, of the Smithsonian Institution, for his valued assistance in preparing the initial table of fundamental constants, and to Professors T. W, Richards and G. P. Baxter for their recommendations concerning the table of atomic weights. The list so prepared comprised (1) a table of atomic weights (p. 43), (2) a set of nine basic constants (p. 17) (the estimated uncertainties were added at a later date), (3) twenty-one derived constants (computed directly from the nine basic constants), five conventional constants, and two experimental constants (p. 18) and (4) certain conversion factors selected from Tables 1 to 79 (p. 20-32). Although the accepted values were close approximations to the best values at that time available, it was not claimed that they were such best values. SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS Except as the contrary is definitely stated, the following symbols and abbreviations will always be used in the sense here indicated. Other symbols will be defined in the sections in which they are used. For those quantities which are included in the list of symbols approved by the International Association of Chemical Societies (4, 119: 502; 21), the symbols so approved have, in general, been used; in some cases, this has necessitated the use of the same symbol to represent two distinct quantities; the context will serve to indicate which interpretation is correct. For explanations of the several technical terms, consult Selected Technical Terms, p. 34. A A. An A46 A a (a)

abs.

Angstrom unit Acre Normal atmosphere Atmosphere, 45° latitude Atomic weight. Maximum work of a thermodynamic system Are Based on Int. ohm and Int. ampere as defined by silver voltameter. (See Int. elee, units, p. 27) Absolute

ap. Av. av. a

BTU bbl. bd. bu. o

Apothecaries Average Avoirdupois Van der Waal's pressure constant. Capillary constant. British Thermal Unit Barrel Board Bushel Van der Waal's volume constant

c c ca ca. cal cd. cf. cgs cgse cgsm ch. cm cm2 cm3 c.p. cu. cu. ft. cwt. c CP, cv

Centigrade Centigrade thermal unit Concentration. Molecular heat Radiation constants of black body. (See definition of black body.) Intensity coefficient. (See definition of black body.) Molecular heat at constant pressure, at constant volume Velocity of light in vacuo Carat. CentiCandle circa = about, approximately Calorie (gram) Cord Confer = compare C e n t i meter-gram-second system of units Cgs electrostatic system Cgs electromagnetic system Chain Centimeter Square centimeter Cubic centimeter Candle power Cubic Cubic foot Hundredweight Specific heat = heat capacity of the substance Specific heat at constant pressure, at constant volume

fir. fl. fps fpse fpsm ft. ft. 2 ft.» fur.

Firkin Fluid Foot-pound-second system of units Fps electrostatic system Fps electromagnetic system Foot Square foot Cubic foot Furlong

G g gal. gi. gr. g O»

Gravitation constant Gram Gallon Gill Grain Acceleration due to gravity Standard gravity

№ H h h ha hhd. h.p. hr h

Horse-power Atomic weight of hydrogen Planck's constant of action HectoHectare Hogshead Horse-power Hour Height

Int. I. C. T.

International International Critical Tables Electric current Ibidem, = in the same place Id est = that is Inch Cubic inch

/ ibid. i.e. in. in.8

Radiance Intensity of monochromatic radiance of wave-length X Value of /x for x = XOT

Density Derivative. DeciDay Thermometric degree, absolute C unless contrary is indicated DekaCubic decimeter Dram Pennyweight Density. Diameter Critical density Specific gravity at temperrature 112, with reference to water at temperature ta

J J^

L 1 1. lat. Ib. Ii. liq. long. I

Latent heat per mole Liter Long Latitude Pound Link Liquid Longitude Length. Latent heat per gram

M M [a] M [co]

CQ

Electromotive force Mean translational energy of molecule of ideal gas at O0C Electronic charge Base of natural system of logarithms = 2.71828 + Exempli gratia = for example Cgsm unit of quantity of electricity Electromotive force Electrochemical equivalent Cgse unit of quantity of electricity Et cetera = and so forth Et sequentes = and the following Ratio of EQ to T0

F F fath.

Faraday Fahrenheit Fathom

Molecular weight Molecular rotatory power Molecular magnetic rotatory power Mass of electron at low velocity Meter. MilliSquare meter Maximum Milligram Mile Minute

D d da deg

dk dm3 dr. dwt. d dc d* tl

E EQ

e e e.g. em emf equiv es etc. et seq. 1

Jn R K k kg km km2 k fco

mo m m2 max. mg mi. min

Karat. Kelvin, or absolute C, scale of temperature Constant of chemical equilibrium KiIoKilogram Kilometer Square kilometer Velocity coefficient of chemical reaction Boltzmann's gas constant

min. ml mmf m/u m mff

Minim, Minimum Milliliter Magnetomotive force Millimicron. MillimirroMass Mass of a hydrogen atom

N N0 N Q0

no

Numeric Avogadro's number Rydberg's universal series constant * Refractive index Transport number for anion, kation Loschmidt's number

O oz.

Atomic weight of oxygen Ounce

P pk. pt. p Pet Pr

Pressure Peck Pint Pressure Critical pressure, reduced pressure

n na, nk

Q q qt. q.v. R R

rd. r TQ

TL T1 S.E. S 8 8. sec eh. sq. sq. ft.

Quantity Quintal Quart Quod vide = which see

TO T TC t t. tn. t tc

Siemens unit Entropy Stere Scruple Second (mean solar unless contrary is stated) Short Square Square foot

K

Susceptibility (magnetic). Electrical (volume) conductivity Equivalent conductivity (electrical) Wave-length. X 5890 = spectral line jof wavelength = 5890Â Wave-length of maximum monochromatic radiance of black-body at stated temperature Permeability (magnetic). Micron, Micro-, Molecular conductivity (electrical) Micromicron. MicromicroFrequency Rydberg's fundamental frequency

A X

Xm

U U. S.

United States of America

V VO

Volume Volume per gram-mole of ideal gas at O0C and A n Vide = see Based on Int. ohm and Int. volt as defined by standard cell. (See Int. elee, units, p. 27.) Volume Critical volume, reduced volume

T. (v)

v ve, vr W wt. w

Reaumur Gas constant per mole of ideal gas. Electrical resistance. Rod Radius Specific refractivity (Gladstone and Dale) Specific refraction (Lorentz and Lorenz) Radius of first Bohr ring, hydrogen

Ice point, absolute C Temperature on absolute C scale Critical temperature, absolute C Metric ton Troy Ton Time. Tempe r a t u r e C (above ice point) Critical temperature C (above ice point)

Electrical resistance Weight Wien's displacement constant

yd. yr

Yard Year

Z a

Atomic number Degree of dissociation. Angle of optical rotation Specific rotatory power Specific heat constant Surface tension. Ratio of Cp/Cy. Gamma (magnetic unit) Diffusion coefficient Dielectric constant. Electrode potential Electrode potential above that of normal hydrogen, of normal calomel, electrode Viscosity Angle (plane). Temperature C above ice point

[a] ß •y A e e ,e

77 6

1 In every computation it is tacitly assumed that the values employed are exact. If but three digits are employed, it is assumed that all others are zero ; if a computing machine is used, the assumption is carried out to the extreme limit of the machine; if logarithms are used, it is carried to the limit within which the logarithms are interpolated. To adopt an accepted or a conventional

û v vœ TT

Ratio of circumference of a circle to its diameter Stefan's constant (radiation) Fluidity. Angle Luminous flux Ohm Relative molecular magnetic rotatory power with reference to water Solid angle Specific magnetic rotatory power

o

Tï\ 5 3 9 0

' " % %* []

<

< <,

ï£ = ~ c»

Minim Apothecaries' ounce Apothecaries' dram Apothecaries' scruple Degree (arc or temperature) Minute of arc (sexagesimal) Second of arc (sexagesimal) Percent = per hundred Per thousand = 0.1 % Dimensional expressions are inclosed in [ ]. In text, [ ] is used to inclose a second reading. (E.g., Length [diameter] of the bar is 10 cm [1 cm] = length of bar is 10 cm, diameter of bar is 1 cm) A < B [A > B] denotes that A is less than [greater than] B Negative of < ; A < B denotes that A is not less than B Combination of < and = ; A < B denotes that A is equal to or less than, B Is not equal to Identically equal to; used in defining symbols, etc. Approximately (or essentially) equal to Infinity

FUNDAMENTAL CONSTANTS By an accepted, conventional, or defined value, is meant one which is to be regarded as exactly correct for purposes of computation.1 Thus, errors from computational approximations are avoided and do not enter into consideration in any future revision of the computed result for a discovered difference between the true and the accepted value. When the computation involves several accepted values, it is especially important that each shall be regarded as exactly correct, for only then can the result be independently revised (without complete recalculation) for changes in the values of each. For this reason the logarithms of the several accepted values are given to the full precision of Vega's seven-place table. The degree of uncertainty in the value accepted is indicated by the number of significant figures retained in the value itself, not by the logarithm. value, and to give as its logarithm an abbreviated value, is to introduce an ambiguity of a magnitude determined by the degree of abbreviation of the logarithm. But the sole object in adopting accepted or conventional values is to avoid ambiguity.

ACCEPTED BASIC CONSTANTS Units: cgs, 0C, liter, An, absolute electric Quantity c G e e e/mo e/mo F F V0 h T0 O

Velocity of light Gravitation constant Electronic charge Electronic charge Electronic ratio Electronic ratio Faraday Faraday Volume 1 mole at O0C, An Planck's constant Ice point, absolute Atomic weight of oxygen

Value 2.9986 X IO10 cm sec'1 6.66 X 10~8 cm3 g-1 sec"2 4.774 X 10~10 es *1.592 X 10~20 em 5.305 XlO17CSg-1 M.769 X IO7 emg"1 9.6500 X IO4 coulombs *2.893 65X IO14 es f22.4115 XlO 3 Cm 3 HIoIe- 1 6.554 X 10~27 erg sec 273.1 deg C 16.000 (by definition)

|

Uncertainty

Logio (value)

0.0003 0.01 0.005

10.476 9185 _8.823 4742 TO.678 8824 20.201 9639 17.7246854 7.247 7669 4.984 5273 14.461 4458 4.3504709 27.816 5064 2.436 3217 1.204 1200

0.010 0.0010 0.002 0.001 +0.15 to -0.05 (definition)

* This value is derived from the preceding one, which is the value actually accepted.

t Derived from volume at O0C, A46 = 22.412 liters/g-mole on assumption Iogio (An/A46) = 0.000 0214, liter = 1000.027 cm3.

ACCEPTED CONSTANTS .-—CONVENTIONAL AND NON-BASIC Units: cgs, 0C, liter, An absolute electric, international angstrom Quantity R R R AT0 H0 k0 EQ e0 mH m0 ri h/e h/e hc/e hc/e ß oCi Cz w C1vœ N00

Gas constant Gas constant Gas constant Avogadro's number Loschmidt's number Molecular gas constant Translational energy of molecules, O0C Ratio of E0 to T 0 Mass of hydrogen atom Electronic mass Radius 1st Bohr ring of hydrogen Photo-electric constant Photo-electric constant Photo-electric constant Photo-electric constant Specific heat constant Stefan's constant Radiation constant, first Radiation constant, second Wien's displacement constant Intensity coefficient Rydberg frequency Rydberg wave number

An A 46 A gs

Normal atmosphere Atmosphere, latitude 45° Wave-length of red Cd line is Standard gravity Aberration constant

Value A. Derived Constants 8.315 X IO7 erg deg"1 mole-1 0.082 06 liter atm deg"1 mole-1 1.9869 cal» deg-1 mole"1 6.061 X IO23 mole'1 2.705 X IO19 cm~3 (at O0C, An) 1.372 X 10~16 erg deg"1 5.620 X 10~14 erg 2.058 X 10~16 erg deg"1 1.663 X 10~24 g " 8.999 X HT28 g 0.5305 X 10~8 cm 1.373 X 10~17 erg sec es"1 *4.117 X 10~15 volt sec 4.117 X 10~7 erg cm es"1 1.2344 X IO4 volt A 4.778 X IO"11 sec deg 5.709 X 10~5 erg cm~2 sec'1 deg-4 3.703 X IQ-5 erg cm2 sec-1 1.433 cm deg 0.2885 cm deg 1.301 X IQ-4 erg cm~3 sec-1 deg~5 3.2775 X IO15 sec"1 1.0930 X IQ5 cm"1 B. Conventional Constants 1.0132 50 X IO6 dyne cm~2 1.0132 OO X IO6 dyne cm~2 6438.4696 A 980.665 cm sec"2 20.47" C. Experimental Constants

Grating space in calcite H Atomic weight of hydrogen ÌLiter {Gram calorie (2O0C) JGram calorie (150C) jGram calorie (mean) ^British Thermal Unit (390F) {British Thermal Unit (mean) ^British Thermal Unit (6O0F) J International ohm {International ampere (v) § {International ampere (a)§

3.028 A 1.0077 1000.027 cm3 4.181 joule 4.185 joule 4.186 joule 1060.4 joule 1054.8 joule 1054.6 joule 1.000 52 ohm 0.999 90 ampere 0.99993 ampere

| Logio (value)

'

7.919 8658 2.914 1375 0.298 1703 23.782 5634 19.432 0925 16.137 3024 14.749 7154 Î6.313 3937 24.220 7679 28.954 1970 _j>- 724 6912 Î7.137 6240 15.614 5425 7.614 5425 4.091 4610 TT.679 2040 5.756 5416 5.568 5233 0.156 1225 Ï.460 1933 4.114 2762 15.515 5372 5.038 6187 6.005 6.005 4.808 2.991 1.311

7166 6952 7827 5207 1178

0.481 0.003 3.000 0.621 0.621 0.621 3.025 3.023 3.023 0.000 0.999 0.999

1559 3313 0117 2802 6955 7992 4697 1701 .0878 2259 9566 9696

* This value is derived from the preceding one, which is the value actually accepted. Î In the original list, this quantity was included solely in the list of conversion factors; its value, however, is an independently selected, accepted constant, and, consequently, is treated as exact in all computations. § (v) = Based on Int. ohm and Weston normal cell = 1.018300 Int. volts at 2O0C; (a) = based on deposit of 1.11800 mg of silver per Int. ampere second.

CONVERSION FACTORS AND DIMENSIONAL FORMULAE N. ERNEST DORSET In the following tables are given the factors by which values expressed in other units must be multiplied in order to obtain their equivalents in units of the centimeter-gram-second (cgs) system. To convert in the reverse direction, divide by the factor given. The dimensional formula in the cgs, or any similarly constructed, system is given in the title of each table. Conversion Factors.—With few exceptions,1 the values given are based exclusively upon legal definitions, conventional con1 The exceptions are (1) astronomical unit of distance, (2) parsec, (3) sidereal second, (4) certain units of luminous intensity, (5) international electrical units prior to 1911, and (6) the data for hydrometers.

stants, and the I. C. T. accepted values (p. 16). Consequently, they are computable to as extreme a precision as may be desired. They have been computed by means of Vega's seven-place logarithms, and it is hoped that their logarithms as given are correct to a unit in the last digit. Obviously, those factors which involve the accepted value of an experimentally determined constant will be in error by an amount determined by the error in the accepted value; but quantities converted by means of the logarithms given will retain their same relative precision, however great this may be, within the limit set by the seven-place table, and may at any time be as exactly corrected for a revision of the accepted value. This would not be true if an abbreviated logarithm were used, unless the exact value of the abbreviated logarithm itself were given. The latter would be equivalent merely to the adoption of another accepted value for the experimental constant involved;

and the new value so fixed would, in general, be expressible only by an indefinite number of digits. The former procedure is to be preferred. Frequently, the same factor applies to more than one type of physical quantity; if the units of the several types have distinctive names, separate tables are given, otherwise, not. In general, the tables are arranged in the order of increasing complexity of the dimensional formulae. Some quantities for which conversion factors are seldom required, and a few dimensionless quantities have been grouped together in Table 78. The dimensional formulae of the more important electric and magnetic units, and the numerical relations connecting these units in the three systems most frequently used, are assembled in Table 77. To find the conversion factor for a given quantity, consult the index below. Dimensions.—Two types of dimensional equations need to be considered, viz.: (1) Those in which the dimensions are expressed in terms of the quantities directly involved in the phenomenon under consideration, and (2) those in which the dimensions are expressed in terms of certain fundamental units. As an illustration of the first we may consider the force of repulsion between two point charges (e, e') of electricity situated at a distance, r, apart in a medium of dielectric constant e. If this force is denoted by/, then/ = ee'/er2, and we may write [e2] = [fel2], [e] = [e2f~ll~2], etc., where [ ] denotes that we are concerned with dimensions only; [I] denotes the dimension of length, [/] that of force, etc. These dimensional equations are true whatever be the system of units employed. As they involve quantities, such as force, which can be expressed in terms of other units that are usually considered more fundamental, such dimensional equations will be referred to as "unreduced," in order to distinguish them from those of the second class in which the dimensions are expressed solely in terms of a small number of fundamental units. It is evident that the dimensions of a quantity in terms of fundamental units can be assigned only in relation to a specific system of units and to a specific method of derivation. For example, (1) if the unit of volume is defined as the volume occupied by a unit mass of water when at its greatest density under a pressure of one atmosphere, then the volume so defined will be independent of the units of length and time, and will vary directly as the unit of mass: we will have [v] = [ra]. (2) If the unit of

volume is defined as the volume occupied by a mass of water (when at its greatest density, etc.) which is equal to the mass of a specified block of platinum, then the volume so defined will not change as we change our units of length, of mass, and of time: that is [v] = [v]. In this case [v] is an independent unit and must be so regarded in all dimensional equations. (3) If the unit of volume is defined as the volume of a cube of which the edge is equal to the unit of length then [v] — [Z3]. A unit may be defined in any desired unambiguous manner and, in general, the dimensions of the unit will vary from definition to definition. Dimensional equations of the second type stand in marked contrast to those of the former, in being far less general and in implying the acceptance of a very exactly defined system of units. This, however, is the type of equation which is commonly in mind when dimensional equations are mentioned, and is probably the one which is the more generally useful ; the unreduced dimensional expressions (the first type), however, are often simpler, convey more detailed information, and in many cases are to be preferred. For these reasons, unreduced dimensional expressions are to be found in explanations of technical terms (p. 34); they are followed by others, the final one in each case being the fully reduced dimensions on the centimeter, gram, second, degree centigrade absolute, electrostatic system. Wherever necessary, this system of units will be denoted by the symbol eg se in order to distinguish it from the corresponding electromagnetic system, which will be denoted by cgsm. In the conversion tables, dimensional formulae only of the cgse and of the cgsm systems are given. In the cgse system, the fundamental units and their symbols are those of length [I] the centimeter, of mass [ra] the gram, of time [t] the mean solar second, of temperature [T] the absolute centigrade degree, and of dielectric constant [e], that of a vacuum. The fundamental units in the cgsm system differ from those in the cgse system only by the replacement of dielectric constant by magnetic permeability [M], the unit being the permeability of a vacuum. It should be realized that dimensional expressions give no positive information regarding the ultimate nature of the quantity to which they refer; e.g., energy and torque have the same dimensions, but differ vastly in their nature. Symbols.—(U. S.) before a logarithm denotes that it is based upon the U. S. yard; for explanation of other symbols, see Symbols and Abbreviations, p. 16.

INDEX TO TABLES OF CONVERSION FACTORS Absorption (Radiation), Coefficient of, 2 Absorption (Radiation), Index of, 78 Absorptivity (Radiation), 2 Acceleration, Angular, 26 Acceleration, Linear, 24 Action, 37 Angle, Plane, 7, 8 Angle, Solid, 9, 10 Annealed Copper, Electrical Constants, 61 Area, 16, 17 Area-1 Time-1, 22 Brightness, Surface, 48 Bulk Modulus, 33 Capacity, Electrical, 56, 77 Capacity, Heat, 78 Capacity, Polarization, 77, 78 Capacity (Volume), 18, 19 Capillary Constant, 43 Charge, Electric, 49, 50, 77 Compressibility, 34 Compression, Modulus of, 33, 34 Concentration (Mass), 29 Concentration (Volume), 28 Conductivity, Electrical (Mass), 60, 77 Conductivity, Electrical (Surface), 77 Conductivity, Electrical (Volume), 58, 77

Conductivity, Thermal, 44 Copper, Electrical Constants of Annealed, 61 Curie's Constant (Magnetic), 12 Current, Electric, 51, 77 Degree (Thermometric), 11, 12 Degree-1 Length (Thermometric), 20 Degree*1 Mass-1 (Thermometric), 21 Density, 28 Density, Surface (Electnc), 78 Density, Volume (Electric), 78 Dielectric Constant, 14,77 Dielectric Strength, 52, 53 Diffusivity, 41 Diffusion, Coefficient of, 41 Displacement, Electric (Local), 77 Displacement, Electric (Integral), 49, 50, 77 Elastic Moduli, 33 Electric Units, Fundamental, 77 Electromotive Force, 52, 77 Energy, 35 Ettinghausen Effect, Coefficient of, 74 Expansivity, 12 Field Intensity, Electric, 53, 77 Field Intensity, Magnetic, 67, 68, 77 Fluidity, 38 Flux, Electric Induction, 49, 50 Flux, Luminous, 13

Flux, Magnetic Induction, 71, 77 Flux, Magnetic, 71, 77 Force, 30, 31 Force, Electromotive, 52, 77 Force, Magnetizing, 67, 77 Force, Magnetomotive, 69, 77 Frequency, 6 Hall Effect, Coefficient of, 73 Heat, 35 Heat Capacity, 78 Heat Conductivity, 44 Heat, Latent, 78 Heat, Reaction, 78 Heat, Superficial Latent, 78 Heat, Transformation, 78 Hydrometers, 79 Illumination, 47 Inductance (Electrical), 55, 77 Induction, Flux of Electric, 49, 50, 77 Induction, Flux of Magnetic, 71, 77 Induction, Magnetic, 70, 77 Inductivity, Electrical, 14,77 Intensity, Luminous, 46 Intensity of Magnetization, 70,77 Intensity of Radiation, 45, 78 Kerr's Constant, 78 Kinematic Viscosity, 40, 78 Leduc Effect, Coefficient of, 68 Length, 1,2

Length Degree"1, 20 Luminous Flux, 13 Magnetic Flux, 71, 77 Magnetic Induction, 70, 77 Magnetic Induction, Flux of, 71, 77 Magnetic Units, Fundamental, 77 Magnetism, Quantity of, 71, 77 Magnetization, Intensity of, 70, 77 Magnetizing Force, 67, 68, 77 Magnetomotive Force, 69,77 Mass, 3, 4 Mass-1 Degree-1, 21 Mobility, Ionic, 62, 77 Moduli, Elastic, 33 Moment of Force or Couple, 32 Nernst Effect, Coefficient of, 75 Peltier Coefficient, 64 Permeability, Magnetic, 15, 77, Piezoelectric Constant, 66 Polarization Capacity, 77, 78 Pole Strength (Magnetic), 71, 77 Potential (Electric), 52,77 Potential (Magnetic), 69, 77 Potential Gradient (Electric), 53 Potential Gradient (Magnetic), 67, 68 Power, 36 Power, Thermoelectric, 63, 78 Pressure, 33, 34 Pyroelectric Constant, 78

INDEX TO TABLES OF CONVERSION FACTORS.—Continued Quantity of Electricity, 49,50,77 Quantity of Magnetism, 71,77 Reflectivity, 78 Refraction, Index of, 78 Reluctance (Magnetic), 72, 77 Resistance, Electrical, 54,77 Resistivity, Electrical (Mass), 59, 77 Resistivity, Electrical (Surface), 54, 77 Resistivity, Electrical (Volume), 57, 77 Rigidity, Modulus of, 33 Rotatory Power, 27

Skin Friction, Coefficient of, 33 Solubility (Gases), 78 Solubility (Non-gases), 28 Specific Heat, 78 Specific Heat of Electricity (Thornson), 65, 77 Specific Inductive Capacity, 14, 77, 78 Stress, 33, 34 Surface Tension, 42 Susceptibility (Magnetic), 15, 77 Temperature, 11, 12

Tension, 33, 34 Tension, Surface, 42 Thermal (See Heat) Thermoelectric Power, 63, 78 Thomson's Coefficient (Thermoelectrie), 65 Time, 5, 6 Time-1 Area-i, 22 Torque, 32 Transmission, Coefficient of (Radiation), 2

Twist, 27 Velocity, Angular, 25 Velocity, Linear, 23 Velocity of a Process, 6 Verdet's Constant, 76 Viscosity, 39 Viscosity, Kinematic, 40, 78 Volume, 18, 19 Weight, 3, 4, 30, 31 Work. 35 Young's Modulus, 33, 34

CONVERSION FACTORS 1. Length [I] (see also p. 1) Unit l angström unit !micron lmil !inch !foot !yard (U. S.) 1 yard (British) 1 mile, statute 1 light year 1 astronomical unit 1 parsec 1

!"angstrom!micron-1 lmil- 1 !inch"1 1 foot'1 1 mile"1

I = = = = = = = = = = =

1

.

0

0

Value 0 0 Xl(T8Cm 1.0000 X 10~4 cm 2.5400 X l O ~ 3 c m 2.5400 cm 30.480 cm 91.44018 cm 91.43992 cm 1.6093 km 9.4627 X IO12 km 1.495 X l O 8 km 3.084 X IO13 km

|

2. Length"1; Absorptivity; Coefficient of Absorption* [Z"1] = 1 . 0 0 0 0 X IO8 cm-1 = 1.0000 X l O 4 cm"1 = 393.70 cm-1 = 0.39370 cm'1 = 3.2808 X IO-2 cm-1 = 0.62137 km"1

Logio (value) 8.000 0000 4.0000000 3.4048346 (U.S.) 0.4048346 (U.S.) 1.4840158 1.9611371 1.9611350 (U. S.) 0.206 6497 12.976 0131 8.1746712 13.489 09 8.000 0000 4.0000000 2.5951654 (U. S.) Ï.595 1654 (U. S.) 2.515 9842 1.793 3503

* Coefficient of transmission (T ) is so defined that — loge r = coefficient of absorption.

1 grain 1 carat (metric) 1 ounce (avoirdupois) 1 ounce (apothecary) or (troy) 1 pound (avoirdupois) 1 pound (apothecary) or (troy) 1 ton, short (2000 pounds) 1 ton, long (2240 pounds) lslug(0 s ) 1 gram mole 1 molecule/M. W. t 1 assay ton

= = = = = = = = = = = =

6

t M. W. denotes the molecular weight of the substance.

1 grain"1 ' 1 ounce-1 (avoirdupois) !ounce-1 (troy) 1 pound"1 (avoirdupois) 1 ton"1 (2000 pounds) 1 ton-1 (2240 pounds) 1 (gram mole)-1

= = = = = = =

3. Mass [m] ; Weight (see also p. 1) 4 . 7 9 9 m^ 200.000 mg 28.350 g 31.103 g 453.59243 g 373.2417 g 907.185 kg 1016.047 kg 14.594 kg M. W.f g 1.6498 X 10~24 g 29.1667 g 4. Mass"1 [m-1] 1.5432 X 10~2 mg-1 3.5274XlO^g- 1 3.2151 X 10~2 g-1 2.2046 X 10~3 g"1 11.0231 X 10~4 kg-1 9.8421XlO-^g- 1 f(M. W.)"1 g"1

1.811 5677 2.3010300 1.4525458 1.492 8090 2.6566658 2.571 9902 2.9576958 3.006 9138 1.1641707 24.2174366 1.464 8868

f!l88 4323 2.5474542 2.507 1910 3.343 3342 3.0423042 4.9930862

t M. W. denotes the molecular weight of the substance.

1 second, mean solar 1 second, sidereal 1 hour (tropical, mean solar) 1 day (tropical, mean solar) 1 day (sidereal) 1 year (tropical, mean solar) 1 year (tropical, mean solar)

= = = = = =

5. Time [t] 1.00273791 sidereal sec 0.997270 sec (mean solar) 3.6000 X 10s sec (mean solar) 8.6400 X IO4 sec (mean solar) 8.6164 X IO4 sec (mean solar) 31.5569 X IO6 sec (mean solar) 365.2422 day (mean solar)

0.001 Ï.998 3.556 4.936 4.935 7.499 2.562

1874 8126 3025 5137 3263 0946 5809

^ "

CONVERSION FACTORS.—Continued 6. Time"1 ; Frequency ; "Velocity" of a Process [r1] 1 second-1 (sidereal) = 1 . 0 0 2 7 3 8 sec'1 (mean solar) 1 2 1 minute- (mean solar) = 1.66667 X IO" sec"1 (mean solar) 1 1 hour' (mean solar) = 2.77778 X 10~4 sec"1 (mean solar) 1 day-1 (mean solar) = 1.15741 X 10~6 sec"1 (mean solar) 1 1 year" (mean solar) = 3.16888 X IO"8 sec"1 (mean solar) 1 year"1 (mean solar) = 2.73791 X 10"MaV-1 (mean solar) 1 electron-volt, quantum"1 = 2.4292 X IO14 sec"1 (mean solar) 1 joule per mole, AT0"1 quantum"1 = 2.5173 X IO9 sec-1 (mean solar) 1 velocity of light, (angström unit)-1 = 2.9986 X IO18 sec"1 (mean solar) 1 velocity of light, millimicron-1 = 2.9986 X IO17 sec'1 (mean solar) 1 velocity of light, micron-1 = 2.9986 X IO14 sec'1 (mean solar) 1 velocity of light, millimeter-1 = 2.9986 X IO11 sec-1 (mean solar) 1 velocity of light, meter"1 = 2.9986 X IQ8 sec"1 (mean solar) !radian !circumference !quadrant !degree 1 minute 1 second Ï circumference!degree"1 1 minute-1 1 second"1

1

Entire space !hemisphere 1 square degree 1

Entire space1 hemisphere-1 1 square degree"1

0.001 ?-221 4.443 5.063 8.500 3.437 14.385 9.400 18.476 17.476 14.476 11.476 8.476

1874 8487

6975 4863 9054 4191 4575 9301 9185 9185 9185 9185 9185

= = = = = =

7. Angle [e] 57.29578 degree 6.28319 radian 1.57080 radian 1.74533 X IO"2 radian 2.90888 X 10~4 radian 4.84814 X 10~6 radian

1.7581226 0.7981799 0.1961199 2.2418774 4.463 7261 6.685 5749

= = = =

8. Angle"1 [0-1] 0.159155 radian'1 57.29578 radian'1 3.43775 X IO3 radian^1 2.06265 X IQ5 radian"1

Ï.201 8201 1.7581226 3.536 2739 5.314 4251

= = ==

9. Solid Angle M 12.5664 steradian 6.2832 steradian 3.0462 X 10~4 steradian

1.0992099 0.7981799 4.483 7548

= = =

10. Solid Angle"1 [o?"1] 7.9577 X 10~2 steradian-1 1.5916 X IO"1 steradian-1 3.2828 X IQ3 steradian"1

2.9007901 1.201 8201 3.516 2452

11. Temperature [T] (See also Thermometry, p. 52) Fahrenheit x° F = (f)(z - 32)0C Reaumur x° R = (f )x°C Absolute (Centigrade)...., x° K = (x - T 0 ) 0 C Absolute (Fahrenheit) x° Rankine = (%)(x - 491.58)0C 1 per degree F 1 per degree R 1 per degree K

12. Degree"1 (Thermometric) ; Expansivity ; Curie's Constant (magnetic) [T~ 1 } = 1.8000 per degree C = 0.8000 per degree C =_ j 1.OOP per degree C

0.255 2725 Ï. 903 0900 0.000 0000

13. Luminous Flux [\£] By definition, the total luminous flux emitted by a point source of one spherical candle power is 4n- lumen. 14. Dielectric Constant; Electrical Inductivity [e]; [/i"1^2] Specific inductive capacity is of zero dimensions. It is numerically equal to the dielectric constant expressed in cgse or in fpse units.

8

.

9

9

1 6 X IO20 cgse unit 1.0000 cgse unit 1.0764 X IO"3 cgsm unit 9.6784 X IQ17 cgse unit

1 cgsm unit 1 fpse unit 1 fpsm unit 1 fpsm unit

= = = ==

1 cgse unit 1 fpsm unit 1 fpse unit 1 fpse unit

15. Magnetic Permeability ; Susceptibility [e"^"2*2]; [M] = 8.9916 X IO20 cgsm unit = 1.0000 cgsm unit = 1.0764 X IO"3 cgse unit = 9.6784 X IQ17 cgsm unit

20.953 8370 0.0000000 3.031 9684 17.985 8054 20.953 8370 0.0000000 3.0319684 17.985 8054

1 circular millimeter 1 circular mil 1 square inch 1 square foot 1 square yard 1 square mile 1 are !hectare 1 acre 1 (circular millimeter)1 millimeter-2 !meter- 2 1 (circular mil)-1 !inch-2 1 foot-2 1 yard"2 1 mile"2

CONVERSION FACTORS.—Continued 16. Area [I2] 7.8540 X ICT3 cm2 5.0671 X 10~6 cm2 6.4516 cm2 2 9.2903 X IO cm2 8.3613 X IO3 cm2 2.5900 km 2 1.0000 X IO2 m 2 1.0000 X l O 4 m 2 4.0469 X IQ3 m 2

= = = = = = = = = 1

17. Area-1 [r2] 127.324 cm~ 2 100.0000 cm~2 0.0001 cm~2 1.9735 X l O 5 cm~2 0.15500 cm'2 1.0764 XlO~ 3 cm- 2 1.19599 X 10~4 cm'2 0.38610 km~ 2

= = = = = = = =

3.895 0899 (U. S.) 6.704 7591 (U. S.) 0.809 6692 (U. S.) 2.968 0316 (U. S.) 3.922 2742 (U. S.) 0.413 2995 2.000 0000 4.0000000 3.607 1196 . 2.1049101 2.000 0000 4.0000000 (U. S.) 5.295 2409 (U. S.) Ï. 190 3308 (U. S.) 3.031 9684 (U. S.) 4.077 7258 (U. S.) 1.586 7005

18. Volume [Is] or [v] 1 liter 1 cubic inch 1 cubic foot 1 cubic yard 1 gallon (U. S.) 1 gallon (British) 1 bushel (U. S.) 1 bushel (British) 1 quart, dry (U. S.) 1 quart, liquid (U. S.) 1 quart (British) 1 fluid ounce (U. S ) 1 fluid ounce (British) 1 liter-1 1 inch-3 1 foot"3 1 yard"3 1 gallon-1 (U. S.) 1 gallon-1 (British) 1 quart'1, dry (U. S.) 1 quart'1, liquid (U. S.) 1 quart'1 (British) 1 (fluid ounce)-1 (U. S.) 1 (fluid ounce)"1 (British) 1 inch per 0F 1 foot per 0F 1 meter per 0C 0

1 p e r gram F 1 per pound 0F 1 per pound 0C 2

= = = = = = = = = = = =

= = = = = = = = = = =

=

20. Length Degree"1 [ZT7"1] 4.5720 cm per 0C 54.864 cm per 0C 100.00 cm per 0C

=

1 foot" second1 foot-2 second-1 1 mile-2 second"1 1 meter"2 second"1

X X X X X X

cm3 cm3 IO 4 cm3 IO5 cm3 IO3 cm3 IO3 cm3 IO 4 cm3 IO 4 cm3 cm 3 cm3 cm3 cm 3 cm3

19. Volume-1 [Z~3] or [ir1] 9.9997 X 10~4 c m " 6.1023 X 10~2 cm~3 3.5314 X 10~5 cm"3 1.3079 m~3 4 2.6417 X 10~ cm~3 2.1997 X 10~4 cm~3 9.0808 X 10~4 cmr3 1.0567 X 10~3 cm"3 8,7988 X 10~4 cm"3 3.3814 X 10~2 cm-3 3.5195 X IQ- 2 Cm- 3

=

1

1000.027 16.387 2.8317 7.6456 3.7854 4.5461 3.5239 3.6369 1101.23 946.358 1136.521 29.5737 28.4130

= = = =

"

'

21. Mass"1 Degree-1 [m-1?7"1] 1.8000 p e r gram 0C 3.9683 X 10~3 per gram 0C 2.2046 X IQ'3 per gram 0C 22. Area-1 Time-1 [1'H'1] 3.8750 cm~2 hr'1 1.0764 X 10~3 cm~ 2 sec'1 1.2184 X 10~3 cm"2 yr"1 3.600 X IQ"1 cm~2 hr"1

3.000 0117 (U. S.) 1.214 5038 (U. S.) 4.452 0474 (U. S.) 5.883 4112 3.578 1157 3.657 6376 4.547 0271 4.560 7276 3.0418771 2.9760557 3.0555776 1.470 9057 1.453 5176 3

I

4.999 (U. S.) 2.785 (U. S.) 5.547 (U. S.) 0.116 4.421 4.342 4.958 3.023 4.944 2.529 2.546

9883 4962 9526 5888 8843 3624 1229 9443 4224 0943 4824

0.660 1071 1.739 2883 2.000 QOOO :

0.255 2725 3.598 6067 3.343 3342

(U. S.) 0.588 (U. S.) 3.031 (U. S.) 3.085 1.556

2709 9684 7951 3025

CONVERSION FACTORS.—Continued 23. Velocity [Zr1] 1 foot per second 1 foot per minute 1 mile per hour 1 mile per minute 1 meter per minute 1 kilometer per hour Velocity of light

30.4801 cm sec"1 0.5080 cm sec"1 44.7041 cm sec"1 2.6822 X IO3 cm sec"1 1.6667 cm sec"1 27.7778 cm sec"1 2.9986 X IQ10 cm sec"1

= = = = = = =

(U. S.) 1.484 0158 (U. S.) Ï.705 8645 (U. S.) 1.650 3472 (U. S.) 3.428 4984 0.2218487 1.4436975 10.476 9185

24. Acceleration [lt~2] 2

1 foot per second 1 mile per hour second 1 mile per hour minute 1 meter per second2 1 kilometer per hour second Gravity, standard Gravity, standard

30.480 cm sec~2 44.704 cm sec"2 0.74507 cm sec~2 100.000 cm sec~2 27.778 cm sec"2 980.665 cm sec~2 32.174 ft. sec ~2

= = = = = = =

1 revolution per day 1 revolution per minute 1 revolution per second 1 degree per second 2

1 revolution per second 1 revolution per minute2 1 revolution per minute second 1 degree per inch 1 degree per foot 1 degree per centimeter 1 minute per centimeter

(U. S.) 1.484 0158 (U. S.) 1.650 3472 (U. S.) Ï.872 1959 2.0000000 1.443 6975 2.9915207 (U. S.) 1.507 5049

= = = =

25. Angular Velocity [or1] 7.2722 X 10~5 radian sec"1 1.0472 X IO"1 radian sec"1 6.2832 radian sec"1 2 1.7453 X 10~ radian sec"1

5.861 6662 Ï.020 0286 0.7981799 2.241 8774

= = =

26. Angular Acceleration [or2] 6.2832 radian sec~2 3 1.7453 X 10~ radian sec~2 0.10420 radian sec"2

0.798 1799 3.241 8773 Ï.020 0286

= = = =

6

.

8

27. Twist ; Rotatory Power [Bl~l] 7 1 4 X 10~3 radian cm-1 5.7261 X 10~4 radian cm"1 1.7453 X 10~2 radian cm-1 2.9089 X 10~4 radian cm"1

28. Density; Volume Concentration; Solubility 1 gram p e r milliliter* = 0 . 9 9 9 1 pound per inch3 = 1 pound per foot3 = 1 pound per gallon (U. S.) = 1 pound per gallon (British) = 1 slug per foot3 (gs) = Mercury t at O0C = * Numerically equal to specific gravity t°/4°.

(U. S.) 3.837 0428 (U. S.) 4.757 8616 ?.241 8774 4.463 7261

(Non-gases) [ml~3] or [mv~1} (See also Hydrometer Tables, p. 31) 9 7 3 g cm~3 Ï.999 9883 27.680 g cm~3 (U. S.) 1.442 1621 0.016018 g cm~3 (U. S.) 2.204 6183 0.119826 g em"3 Ï.078 5502 0.099776 g cm~3 2.999 0282 0.5154 gem'-« (U. S.) T. 712 1233 15.5951 g cm~3 1.192 9882

t Internationally accepted conventional value to be used in expressing pressures in terms of columns of mercury.

29. Mass Concentration [WiW2"1] (This quantity involves two distinct units of mass; when the two units are the same, the concentration is called the "titer,".or is denoted as a per cent.) 1 gram per ton (2000 pound) 1 gram per ton (2240 pound) 1 milligram per assay ton 1 ounce (av.) per ton (2000 Ib.) 1 ounce (av.) per ton (2240 Ib.) 1 pound (av.) per ton (2000 Ib.) 1 pound (av.) per ton (2240 Ib.) 1 gram per ton (metric) 1 karat t

= = = = = = = = _=

* Equals one troy ounce per 2000 Ib. av.

1 gram weight ( g g 1 poundal 1 pound weight (g.) 1 ton weight (2000 Ib.) (g.) 1 ton weight (2240 Ib.) (g.)

)

= = = =

1.1023 mg per kilogram 0.9842 mg per kilogram *34.286 mg per kilogram 31.2500 mg per kilogram 27.9018 mg per kilogram 500.000 mg per kilogram 446.429 mg per kilogram 1.0000 mg per kilogram 41.667 mg per gram

0.042 Ï.993 1.535 1.494 1.445 2.698 2.649 0.000 1.619

3042 0862 1132 8500 6320 9700 7520 0000 7888

2.991 (U. S.) 4.140 5.648 8.949 8.998

5207 6816 1864 2164 4344

f 1 of gold to 24 of mixture.

30. Force [mir2] 980.665 dyne 1.3825 X IO4 dyne 4.4482 X IO5 dyne 8.8964 X IO8 dyne 9.9640 X IQ8 dyne

1 (gram weight)"1 (g.) lpoundal"1 1 (pound weight)"1 1 pound-foot (QS) 1 pound-inch 1 kilogram-meter 1 poundal-foot

fa)

fa) fa)

CONVERSION FACTORS.—Continued 81. Force-1 [m"1/-1/2] = 1.0917 X 10~3 dyne"1 = 7.2330 X 10~5 dyne"1 ==_ 2.2481 X 10~6 dyne"1

3.008 4793 5.8593184 6.351 8136

32. Torque ; Moment of a Force [ml2t~2] = 1 . 3 5 5 8 X 107 dyne cm = 1.1298 X IO6 dyne cm = 9.8066 X IO7 dyne cm = 4.2140 X IQ5 dyne cm

(U. S.) 7.132 (U. S.) 6.053 7.991 (U. S.) 5.624

2022 0210 5207 6974

33. Stress; Pressure; Tension; Young's Modulus; Modulus of Rigidity; Modulus of Compression; Bulk Modulus; Coefficient of Skin Friction [ml~lr2] 1 barye = 1.0000 dyne cm~ 2 0.000 0000 6 lbar = *1.0000 X IO dyne cm"2 6.0000000 1 gram weight per cm2 (OTS) = 980.665 dyne cm"2 2.9915207 2 1 kilogram weight per m fa) = 98.0665 dyne cm"2 1.991 5207 1 kilogram weight per mm 2 (gs) = 9.8066 X IO7 dyne cm"2 7.991 5207 1 pound weight per in.2 (gs) = 6.8947 X IO4 dyne cm"2 (U. S.) 4.838 5173 1 pound weight per ft. 2 fa) = 4.7880 X IO2 dyne cm"2 (U. S. )2.680 1548 1 ton (2000 Ib.) weight per in.2 (gs) = 1.3789 X IO8 dyne cm"2 (U. S.) 8.139 5473 1 ton (2240 Ib.) weight per in.2 (g.) = 1.5444 X IO8 dyne cm"2 (U. S.) 8.188 7653 1 ton (2000 Ib.) weight per ft. 2 fa) = 9.5760 X 105 dyne cm-2 (U, S.) 5.981 1848 1 ton (2240 Ib.) weight per ft. 2 (g,) = 10.7251 X IO5 dyne cm"2 (U. S.) 6.030 4028 0 2 2 1 centimeter of water at 4 C (g.) = 9.80638 X IO dyne cm2.991 5090 1 inch of water at 40C fa) = 2.49082 X IO3 dyne cm"2 (U. S.) 3.396 3436 1 centimeter of mercury at O0C fa) = 1.33322 X 10* dyne cm'-2 4.124 9031 0 1 inch of mercury at O C fa) = 3.38639 X IO4 dyne cm"2 (U. S.) 4.529 7377 1 normal atmosphere fa) = 1.01325 X IQ6 dyne cm"2 6.005 7166 * This value accords with the only internationally accepted use of this term; but "bar" has also been used to denote a pressure of one dyne per cm2. 2

1 centimeter per gram weight fa) centimeter2 per kilogram weight fa) millimeter2 per kilogram weight fa) inch2 per pound weight fa) inch2 per ton weight (2000 Ib.) fa) inch2 per ton weight (2240 Ib.) fa) foot2 per pound weight fa) (centimeter of water at 40C)-1 fa) (inch of water at 40C)-1 fa) (centimeter of mercury at O0C)'1 fa) (inch of mercury at O0C)-1 fa) (normal atmosphere)"1 fa)

34. Stress"1 ; Compressibility [m'W] = 1.0197 X 10~3 cm2 dyne" = 1.0197 X 10~6 cm2 dyne" = 1.0197 X 10~8 cm2 dyne" = 1.4504 X 10~5 cm2 dyne" = 7.2519 X 10~9 cm2 dyne" = 6.4749 X 10~9 cm2 dyne" = 2.0886 X 10~3 cm2 dyne" = 1.0197 X 10~3 cm2 dyne=* 4.0147 X 10~4 cm2 dyne" = 7.5006 X 10~5 cm2 dyne" = 2.9530 X 10~5 cm2 dyne" = 9.8692 X 10~7 cm2 dyne"

3.008 4793 6.008 4793 8.008 4793 . (U. S.) 5.161 4827 (U. S.) 9.860 4527 (U. S.) 9.811 2347 (U. S.) 3.319 8452 3.008 4910 (U. S.) 4.603 &564 5.875 0969 (U. S.) 5.470 2623 7.994 2834

35. Work ; Energy ; Heat M2r2] 1.0000 erg 1.0000 X l O 7 erg 1.00032 joule 9.80665 joule 1.35582 joule 101.328 joule *101.323 joule 0.101325 joule 2.6845 X l O 6 joule 2.6856 X l O 6 joule 2.6478 X l O 6 joule 3.6000 X l O 6 joule 9.6541 X l O 4 joule 1.5927 X 10~19 joule 4.181 joule 4.185 joule 4.186 joule 1060.4 joule 1054.8 joule 1054.6 joule 1.8983 X IQ3 joule

0.0000000 7.0000000 0.0001390 0.9915207 (U.S.) 0.1322022 2.005 7283 2.0057067 Ï.005 7166 (U.S.) 6.4288674 6.4290413 6.4228845 6.5563025 4.9847097 Î9.202 1463 0.6212802 0.6216955 0.6217992 3.025 4697 3.023 1701 3.023 0878 3.278 3613

1 centimeter-dyne = 1 joule (absolute) = 1 joule (International) (v) = 1 meter-kilogram fa) = 1 foot-pound fa) = 1 liter-atmosphere (normal) fa) = 1 liter-atmosphere (45° lat.) = 1 cubic centimeter-atmosphere (normal) fa) = 1 horse-power hour (FP hr.) fa) = 1 horse-power hour (electrical, U. S., British) = 1 cheval-vapeur heure fa) = 1 kilowatt-hour (abs.) = 1 International volt (v) faraday = 1 International volt (v) electronic charge = 1 gram calorie (2O0C) = 1 gram calorie (150C) = 1 gram calorie (mean) = 1 British Thermal Unit (390F) = 1 British Thermal Unit (mean) = 1 British Thermal Unit (6O0F) = 1 Centigrade Thermal Unit (150C) = * £745 = 980.616 cm sec"2.

(abs.) (abs.) (abs.) (abs.) (abs.) (abs.) (abs.) (abs.) (abs.) (abs.) (abs.) (abs.) (abs.) (abs.) (abs.) (abs.) (abs.) (abs.) (abs.)

CONVERSION FACTORS.—Continued 36. Power M2r3J 1 watt (absolute) = 1.0000 X IO7 erg sec"1 1 watt (International) (v) = 1.00032 watt (abs.) 1 meter-kilogram per second (gs) = 9.80665 watt (abs.) 1 foot-pound per second (ga) = 1.35582 watt (abs.) 1 horsepower, electrical (U. S., British) = *746.00 watt (abs.) 1 horsepower, electrical (Continental Europe) = *736.00 watt (abs.) 1 horsepower (H3) (0.) = f745.70 watt (abs.) 1 cheval-vapeur (gs) = 735.499 watt (abs.) * Defined in terms of the watt, commonly used in rating electrical machinery,

7.0000000 0.000 1390 0.9915207 (U. S.) 0.132 2022 2.8727388 2.866 0778 2.872 5649 2.866 5820

t Defined as 550 ft. Ib. per sec.

37. Action [ml2rl] = 6 . 5 5 4 X IO"27 e r g s e = 2.4292 X IO14 quanta = 1.4724 X IO38 quanta = 1.5258 X IO33 quanta = 6.3854 X IO33 quanta = 2.5173 X IO9 quanta = 1.0535 X IQ10 quanta

1 Planck's quantum 1 volt electronic-charge second 1 volt faraday second 1 joule second 1 calorie (150C) second 1 joule second/'NQ* 1 calorie (150C) second/ATp*

c

2

7

.

8

1 6 5064 14.3854575 38.1680209 33.183 4936 33.805 1891 9.400 9302 10.022 6257

* No denotes Avogadro's number, the number of molecules per gram mole.

38. Fluidity [m~llt] (See also 39) =| 1.0000 poise"1

1 rhe

I

0.0000000

1

39. Viscosity [w^r ] 1 poise 1 gram weight sec cm-2 (gs) 1 pound weight sec inch"2 (gs) 1 pound weight sec foot"2 (g.)

= = = =

1.000 gram cm'1 sec"1 980.665 poise 6.895 X IO4 poise 4.788 X IQ2 poise

0.0000000 2.9915207 (U. S.) 4.838 5173 (U. S.) 2.680 1548

40. Kinematic Viscosity [Z2*"1] 1 poise centimeter3 gram"1 1 poise inch « gram'1 1 inch2 second-1 1 poise foot3 pound"1

= = = =

1.00OCm 2 SeC- 1 16.387 cm2 sec"1 6.451 cm2 sec'1 62.43 Cm2SeC"1

0.0000000 1.214 5038 (U. S.) 0.809 6692 (U. S.) 1.795 3817

41. Diffusivity ; Diffusion, Coefficient of [IH~1} All quantities of the thing diffusing are to be expressed in terms of the same units. Heat diffusivity is numerically equal to heat conductivity divided by the product of the density times the heat capacity (per unit of mass); all must be expressed in the same system of units.

1 liter centimeter"1 day"1 1 centimeter2 day"1 1 inch2 sec"1

= = =

1.1574 X IO"2 cm2 sec"1 1.1574 X IO"5 cm2 sec"1 6.4516 cm2 sec"1

2.063 4980 5.063 4863 (U. S.) 0.809 6692

42. Surface Tension [mt~2] (See also Capillary Constant, Table 43) 1 milligram weight per mm (gs) 1 milligram weight per inch (gs) 1 erg per centimeter2 1 erg per millimeter2

= = = =

9.80665 dyne cm"1 0.38609 dyne cm"1 1.00000 dyne cm"1 100.00000 dyne cm"1

0.991 5207 (U. S.) T.586 6861 0.000 0000 2.000 0000

43. (Capillary Constant)2 [Z2] The term "Capillary Constant" is used in two different senses; viz., either to denote a\ = \/y/pg, or to denote a^ = \^2y/pg. English authors generally follow the former practice, and German authors the latter; neither use the subscript, y denotes the surface tension, g the acceleration of gravity, and p the positive difference in the densities of the adjacent fluids.

1 inch2 1 millimeter2 (fli 2 ) (gs) 1 millimeter2 (
= = = =

6.451 cm2 *9.807 dyne cm"1 per *4.903 dyne cm"1 per *6.327 X IO3 dyne cm"1 per *3.163 X IQ3 dyne cm"1 per

(g cm"3) (g cm"3) (g cm"3) (g cm"3)

0.809 6692 0.991 5207 0.690 4907 (U. S.) 3.801 1899 (U. S.) 3.500 1599

* To convert a2, when referred to gs, to surface tension in dynes per cm, multiply a2 by the factor given in this table and by the difference in the densities (gram per cm3) of the adjacent fluids; if a2 is referred to g, multiply the resulting product by g/g,.

44. Thermal Conductivity [T-lndrz]

The dimensions practically employed in expressing this property are (Heat Area"1 Time"1 per Degree Length"1). Other conversion factors may be obtained by combining those of Tables 35 (Heat), 22 (Area'1 Time'1) and 20 (Length Degree"1).

1 calorie (.15°) cm"2 sec"1 (0C, cm-1)-1 1 calorie (20°) cm"2 sec"1 (0C, cm"1)"1

= 4.185 joules (abs.) cm~2 sec'1 (0C, cm-1)"1 = 4.181 joules (abs.) cm"2 sec"1 (0C, cm-1)"1

0.621 6955 0.621 2802

CONVERSION FACTORS.—Continued 3 44. Thermal Conductivity [T^mlr ].-— Continued 0

2

1

0

1

1

2

1

0

1

1

1 British Thermal Unit (39 F) ft." see" ( F, in.- )- = 5.218 joules (abs.) cm- see" ( C, cm- )2 1 0 1 1 2 1 0 1 1 1 British Thermal Unit (mean) ft." sec" ( F, in." )- = 5.191 joules (abs.) cm" sec' ( C, cm- )" 0 2 1 0 1 1 2 1 0 1 1 1 British Thermal Unit (6Q F) ft." sec" ( F, in." )" = 5.190 joules (abs.) cm" sec" ( C, cm" )-

0.717 5452 0.715 2456 0.715 1633

3

45. Intensity of Radiation [rar ] or [ml-H-*\ 1

1

The dimensions depend upon the point of view; when the receptor is considered, they are [Energy, Area" , Time" ]; when the radiation itself is considered 1 they are [Energy, Volume" ]. Conversion from one to the other involves the velocity of propagation; if this is the velocity of light in vacuo, the factors are as 1 10 given below; if the velocity is v cm sec" , the factors given must be multiplied by v/(2.9986 X IO ). For other units, combine these factors with those of Tables 1 1 1 19 (Volume" ), 22 (Area" Time" ), and 35 (Energy). 3

1 erg cm3 1 foofc-pound ft." (g9)

= =

2

.

9

9

10

2

1

8 6 X IO erg cm" sec' 13 2 1 1.4357 X IQ erg cm~ sec"

10.476 9185 (U. S.) 13.157 0733 1

46. Luminous Intensity of a Source in a Given Direction [^w" ] By definition of the lumen, a source of one spherical candle power emits 4ir(= 12.566) lumens. (See also Photometric Standards, in another section (consult index).)

1 candle, International 1 pentane candle 1 Hefner unit 1 Carcel unit 1 bougie decimale 1 English sperm candle

= = = = = =

1.0000 Int. 1.0 Int. 0. 9o Int. 9.6 Int. 1.0 Int. 1.0 Int.

lumen per steradian candle 1 candle candle Approximate candle candle

0.000 0000

47. Illumination of a Surface W~2] 1 lux 1 meter-candle 1 phot 1 foot-candle 1 lumen foot"2

= = = = =

1.000 lumen meter"2 1.000 lumen meter"2 1.000 X IO4 lumen meter"2 10.764 lumen meter"2 10.764 lumen meter"2

0.000 0.000 4.000 (U. S.) 1.031 (U. S.) 1.031

0000 0000 0000 9684 9684

48. Surface Brightness [^"2W"1] 2

1

1 lumen centimeter" steradian" 1 lumen foot"2 steradian-1 1 candle centimeter-2 1 candle inch"2

= = = ==

1.0000 lambert 1.0764 millilambert 3.1416 X IO3 millilambert 4.8695 X IQ2 millilambert

0.000 0000 (U. S.) 0.031 9684 3.4971499 (U. S.) 2.687 4807

49. Electrical Quantity; Charge; Total Electric Displacement; Flux of Induction [e*m*№t~1]; 1 absolute coulomb 1 absolute coulomb 1 International coulomb (v) 1 International coulomb (a) lcgsmunit lcgsmunit lcgseunit lfpsmunit lfpseunit lfpseunit 1 ampere-hour (abs.) 1 electronic charge 1 electronic charge !faraday !faraday !faraday 1 faraday

= = = = = = = = = = = = = = = =

1.00010 Int. coulomb (v) 1.00007 Int. coulomb (a) 0.99990 abs. coulomb 0.99993 abs. coulomb 10.0000 abs. coulomb *2.9986 XlO 1 0 cgse unit 3.3349 X 10~10 abs. coulomb 1.1758 X l O 2 cgsm unit 3.5839 X l O 3 cgse unit • 1.1952 X IO"6 abs. coulomb 3.6000 X l O 3 abs. coulomb 1.5921 X 10~19 abs. coulomb 4.774 X 1O-10 cgse unit 9.6500 X l O 4 abs. coulomb 9.6510 X l O 4 Int. coulomb (v) 9.6507 X l O 4 Int. coulomb (a) 2.89365 X IO14 cgse unit

[fT^m^ft] 0.000 0434 0.0000304 Ï.999 9566 Ï.999 9696 1.0000000 10.4769185 10.523 0815 2.0703408 3.5543566 6.0774381 3.5563025 Î9.201 9639 ÎÔ.678 8824 4.9845273 4.9845707 4.9845577 14.461 4458

* Value of c; experimental value = 2.9979 X IO10 (Rosa and Dorsey, Bull. U. S. Bur. Standards, 3: 433; 07).

50. Electrical Quantity-1; Charge"1; Total Electric Displacement-1; Flux of Induction"1 [e~*w-*rt]; [/i*7nr*H] 1 absolute coulomb"1 = 0 . 9 9 9 9 0 Int. coulomb"1 (v) Ï.999 9566 1 absolute coulomb-1 = 0.99993 Int. coulomb"1 (a) Ï.999 9696 lcgsmunit- 1 = 0.1000 abs. coulomb-1 Ï.000 0000 1 9 lcgseunit= 2.9986 X l O abs. coulomb-1 9.4769185 1 ampere-hour-1 = 2.7778 X 10~4 abs. coulomb-1 4.4436975 !faraday-1 = 1.0363 X 10~5 abs. coulomb"1 5.0154727 1 electronic charge"1 = 6.281 X IQ18 abs. coulomb"1 18.798 0361

~

CONVERSION FACTORS.—Continued 61. Electrical Current [e*m*Z*r8]; IfTJmWr1] 1 absolute ampere = 1.00010 Int. ampere (v) 1 absolute ampere = 1.00007 Int. ampere (a) 1 International ampere (v) = 0.99990 abs. ampere 1 International ampere (a) = 0.99993 abs. ampere lcgsmunit = 10.0000 abs. ampere lcgseunit = 3.3349 X 1O-10 abs. ampere 1 1 faraday second" = 9.6500 X l O 4 abs. ampere 1 International ampere (U. S. before 1911) = 0.99916 Int. ampere (v) l International ampere (England before 1906) = 0.99870 Int. ampere (v) 1 International ampere (England 1906-8) = 0.99894 Int. ampere (v) 1 International ampere (England 1909-10) = 0.99990 Int. ampere (v) 1 International ampere (France before 1911) = 0.9998 Int. ampere (v) 1 International ampere (Germany before 1911) = 0.99968 Int. ampere (v) 52. Electrical Potential [e^mffir1]; [ji*m*gr2] 1 absolute volt = 0.99958 Int. volt 1 absolute volt = 0.99955 Int. volt 1 International volt (v) = 1.00042 abs. volt 1 International volt (a) = 1.00045 abs. volt lcgsmunit = 1.0000 X 10~8 abs. volt lcgseunit = 299.86 abs. volt 1 International volt (U. S. before 1911) = 0.99916 Int. volt 1 International volt (England before 1906) = 0.99870 Int. volt 1 International volt (England 1906-8) = 0.99894 Int. volt 1 International volt (England 1909-10) = 0.99990 Int. volt 1 International volt (Germany and France, before 1911) = 0.99968 Int. volt

0.0000434 0.0000304 Ï.999 9566 Ï.999 9696 J..000 0000 10.5230815 4.9845273 Ï.999 6353 Ï.999 4358 l .999 5399 1^.999 9566 l .999 9131 1.999 8610 (v) (a)

(v) (v) (v) (v) (v)

Ï.999 8176 Ï.999 8046 0.0001824 0.0001954 8.0000000 2.4769185 l .999 6353 l .999 4358 1.999 5399 Ï.999 9566 1.999 8610

53. Electrical Field Strength ; Potential Gradient; Dielectric Strength [c'Mr^r1]; [^mW t^] 1 cgsm centimeter" = 1.0000 X 10~* abs. volt cm-1 8.000 1 cgsm inch-1 = 3.9370 X 10~9 abs. volt cm"1 (U. S.) 9.595 1 cgse centimeter"1 = 2.9986 X IO2 abs. volt cm"1 2.476 1 cgse inch-1 = 1.1805 X IO2 abs. volt cm"1 (U. S.) 2.072 1 volt inch-1 = 3.9370 X IQ"1 volt cm"1 (U. S.) 1.595 1

54. Electrical Resistance; Surface Resistivity [6"1Z"1*]; [pit'1} I absolute ohm = 0 . 9 9 9 4 8 Int. ohm 1 International ohm = 1.00052 abs. ohm 1 cgsm unit = 1.0000 X 10~9 abs. ohm 1 cgse unit = 8.9916 X IO11 abs. ohm 1 International ohm (France before 1911) = 0.9999 Int. ohm 1 Board of Trade unit (England 1903) = 0.99984 Int. ohm 1 B. A. unit = 0.98660 Int. ohm 1 "Legal ohm" of 1884 (England) = 0.99718 Int. ohm 1 Siemens unit = 0.94073 Int. ohm 55. Electrical Inductance [6"1Z"1*2]; [/ml] = 0 . 9 9 9 4 8 = 1.00052 = 1.0000 X 10~9 = 8.9916 X IQ11

1 absolute henry 1 International henry 1 cgsm unit* 1 cgse unit * Occasionally called a centimeter.

1 absolute farad 1 International farad lcgsmunit 1 cgse unit* lcgsmunit 1 absolute farad * Frequently called a centimeter.

1 absolute ohm-centimeter 1 International ohm-centimeter 1 cgsm unit lcgseunit

^

Int. abs. abs. abs.

0000 1654 9185 0839 1654

Ï.999 7741 0.0002259 9.000 0000 11.953 8370 1.9999566 Ï.999 9306 Ï.994 1420 1. .998 7727 1.973 4667

henry henry henry henry

Ï.999 7741 0.0002259 9.000 0000 11.953 8370

56. Electrical Capacity [el]; [^1I-1J2] = 1.00052 Int. farad = 0.99948 abs. farad = 1.0000 X l O 9 abs. farad = 1.1121 X 10~12 abs. farad = 8.9916 X l O 2 0 cgse unit =_ 8.9916 X IQ11 cgse unit

0.0002259 Ï.999 7741 _9.000 0000 12.046 1630 20.9538370 11.953 8370

57. Electrical Volume Resistivity [e'lti; IyI2J-1] = 0.99948 Int. ohm-cm = 1.00052 abs. ohm-cm = 9.9948 X IQ-10 Int. ohm-cm = 8.9869 XlO 1 1 Int. ohm-cm

Ï. 999 7741 _0.000 2259 ÎU.999 7741 11.9536111

CONVERSION FACTORS.—Continued 67. Electrical Volume Resistivity [rt]; [^r1].—Continued 1 microhm-centimeter = 1.0000 X 10~6 ohm-cm 1 microhm-inch = 2.5400 microhm-cm 1 ohm-inch = 2.5400 X l O 6 microhm-cm 1 ohm (meter, millimeter2) = 100.0000 microhm-cm 1 ohm (meter, millimeter) = 78.540 microhm-cm 1 ohm (mil, foot) = 1.6624 X HT1 microhm-cm International Annealed Copper Standard (2O0C) = 1.7241 microhm-cm

6.000 0000 (U.S.) 0.4048346 (U.S.) 6.4048346 2.0000000 1.895 0899 (U.S.) Ï. 220 7433 0.236 5720

68. Volume Conductivity fcr1]; [AT1Z"2*] 1 absolute *ohm~!-centimeter= 1.00052 Int.* ohm'1 cm"1 1 1 International ohm^-centimeter= 0.99948 abs. ohm"1 cm"1 9 1 cgsm unit = 1.00052 X IO Int. ohm'1 cm"1 1 cgse unit = 1.11273 X 10~12 Int. ohm"1 cm"1 1 microhms-centimeter-1 = 1.0000 X l O 6 ohm"1 cnT1 1 microhm-Mnch-1 = 3.9370 X IO"1 microhm-1 cm"1 1 ohm-Mnch-i = 3.9370 X 10~7 microhm"1 cm'1 1 ohm"1 (meter, millimeter2)-1 = 1.000 X 10~2 microhm"1 cm"1 1 1 1 ohm- (meter, millimeter)= 1.2732 X 10~2 microhm'1 cm"1 1 ohm'1 (mil, foot)-1 = 6.0153 microhm-1 cm"1 0 International Annealed Copper Standard (2O C) = 0.5800 microhm"1 cm"1 100% conductivity (2O0C) = 0.5800 microhm"1 cm"1

0.000 2259 T.999 7741 _9.000 2259 Ï2.046 3889 6.0000000 (U.S.) Ï.595 1654 (U.S.) 7.5951654 2.0000000 2.1049101 (U.S.) 0.7792567 1.763 4280 T.763 4280

1

* "Mho" is occasionally used instead of ohm"1.

59. Electrical Mass Resistivity [e~lml-H]} [pml^r1] 1 absolute ohm (meter, gram) = 0.99948. Int. ohm (meter, gram) 1 International ohm (meter, gram) = 1.00052 abs. ohm (meter, gram) 1 cgsm unit = 9.9948 X 10~6 Int. ohm (meter, gram) 1 cgse unit = 8.9869 X IO15 Int. ohm (meter, gram) 1 ohm (milet pound) = 1.7513 X 10~4 ohm (meter, gram) 1 ohm (centimeter, gram) = 1.0000 X IO4 ohm (meter, gram) 1 ohm (centimeter, gram) = D* ohm-cm !International Annealed Copper Standard at 2O0C = 0.15328 ohm (meter, gram) * D represents the density in grams per centimeter3. 1

1 absolute ohm" (meter, gram) 1 International ohm"1 (meter, gram) 1 cgsm unit"1 1 cgse unit"1 1 ohm"1 (mile, pound) 1 ohm"1 (centimeter, gram) 1 ohm"1 (centimeter, gram)

Ï. 999 7741 0.000 2259 6.999 7741 15.953 6111 (U. S.) 4.243 3663 4.000 0000 T. 185 4738

t Density = 8.89 grams per centimeter8. See Table 61.

60. Electrical Mass Conductivity [cm"1/3/"1]; [tr^mrllt] = 1.00052 Int. ohm"1 (meter, gram) = 0.99948 abs. ohm"1 (meter, gram) = 1.00052 X IO5 Int. ohm"1 (meter, gram) = 1.1127 X 10~16Int. ohm'1 (meter, gram) = 5.7100 X 10~3 ohm"1 (meter, gram) = 1.0000 X 10~4 ohm"1 (meter, gram) = *D~l (ohm-centimeter)"1

0.000 Ï.999 _5.000 16.046 3.756 4.000

2259 7741 2259 3889 6337 0000

* D-1 = reciprocal of the density in grams per centimeter3.

61. Constants of Annealed Copper as Accepted at Various Times Data taken from U. S. Bur. Standards Circular No. 31

Temperature 0C

Germany Germany Lindeck, A. I. E. E. England (Old "Nor- (Old " Nor- Matthiessen, before 1907 (Eng. Stds. mal Kupfer" mal Kupfer" assuming (MatthiesCom. 1904) assuming density = density sen value) density 8.89) 8.89 8.91)

O 15 15.6 20 25

0.141362 0.150437 0.1608 0.153463 0.15648s

O 15 20 25

0.00428 0.004022 0.003943 0.003866

8.89 15.6°

0.139590 0.148502

Bureau Standards and A. I. E. E. 1911

Inter. Annealed Copper Standard 1913

0.14172s 0.15065s

0.14106s 0.150034

0.141332 0.150290

0.151130 0.15285l 0.153634 0.153022 0.156610 0.15409s 0.15576s 0.155938 coefficient of resistance (mass constant) 0.004255 D- = w (1-3.8701J X IO'3 0.0042 J-Ct tô 0.004 0.00395l + 9.009*2 X 10~6) 0.003922 0.00387s 0.003846 0.00380l Density (8.89) (8.89) 8.89 8.89

0.153022 0.156010

0.15328 0.156262

0.004277 0.004019 0.00394 0.003864

0.004265 0.004009 0.00393 0.003854

8.89 20°

8.89 20°

Resistivity in ohms (meter, grams) 0.13927? 0.14157l 0.141729 0.148164 0.15014l 0.149974

0.151470 0.154440 Temperature 0.00425s 0.004 0.003922 0.003846

8.91

A. I. E. E. 1907 to 1910

CONVERSION FACTORS.—Continued 62. Ionic Mobility [e*w"¥]; \ir*rtrWt] 1 centimeter2 second"1 per cgse unit of potential = 1 inch2 second"1 per cgse unit of potential = 1 inch2 second"1 volt"1 (absolute) =

3.3349 X IO"3 cm2 sec"1 volt'1 (abs.) 2.1515 X IO"2 cm2 sec"1 volt'1 (abs.) 6.4516 cm2 sec"1 volt"1 (abs.)

3.523 0815 (U. S.) 2.332 7507 (U. S.) 0.809 6692

63. Thermoelectric Power [e^m^r1?7"1]; LuW^r2T"1] 1 cgsm unit of potential per 0C 1 cgsm unit of potential per 0F 1 cgse unit of potential per 0C 1 cgse unit of potential per 0F 1 microvolt per 0F

= = = = =

1.0000 X IO"2 microvolt per 0C 1.8000 X 10~2 microvolt per 0C 2.9986 X IO8 microvolt per 0C 5.3975X10* microvolt per 0C 1.8000 microvolt per 0C

(abs.) (abs.) (abs.) (abs.)

2.000 0000 2.255 2725 8.476 9185 8.7321910 0.255 2725

64. Peltier Coefficient [e^m^r1]; [/***»*&-«] 1 joule per ampere-hour (absolute) 1 joule per ampere-hour (absolute) 1 joule per coulomb 1 joule per faraday 1 joule per electron 1 calorie (150C) per ampere-hour 1 calorie (150C) per coulomb 1 millivolt

= = = = = == = =

2.7778 X IO"3 joule em"1 9.2636 X 10~14 joule es"1 10.000 joule em-1 1.0363XlO- 4 JOuIeCm- 1 6.2811 X IO19 joule em"1 1.1625 X IO"2 joule em"1 41.850 joule em"1 1.0000 X IQ"2 joule em"1

_3.443 6975 Î4.966 7790 !..000 0000 4.0154727 19.798 0361 2.065 3930 !1.621 6955 2.000 0000

65. Thomson Effect, Coefficient of; Specific Heat of Electricity [e~^Tn^r1T'1]; [^m^r^T"1] 1 joule coulomb"1 per 0F 1 joule es"1 per 0F 1 joule em'1 per 0F IJOuIeCS- 1 PCr 0 C 1 joule faraday-1 per 0C 1 joule electron"1 per 0C 1 volt per 0C

= = = = =

1.8000 5.3975 0.1800 2.9986 1.0363 6.2811 1.0000

joule coulomb"1 per 0C X IO9 joule coulomb-1 per 0C joule coulomb"1 per 0C X IO9 joule coulomb-1 per 0C X IO"5 joule coulomb-1 per 0C X IO18 joule coulomb-1 per 0C joule coulomb"1 per 0C

0.255 2725 9.732 1910 Ï. 255 2725 9.4769185 5.015 4727 18.798 0361 0.000 0000

66. Piezoelectric Constant [e*m-*l*t]; \ß-*nr*l-*t*i 1 em per kilogram weight (gs) 1 em per pound weight (gs) l es per kilogram weight (gs) l es per pound weight fes) 1 coulomb per kilogram weight (ga) 1 faraday per kilogram weight (gs) 1 electron per kilogram weight (gs)

= = = = = = =

3.0577 X 6.7411 X 1.0197 X 2.2481 X 3.0577 X 2.9507 X 4.868 X

IO4 es per dyne IO4 es per dyne IO"6 es per dyne 10~6 es per dyne IO3 es per dyne IO8 es per dyne 10~16 es per dyne

-

4.485 4.828 6.008 6.351 3.485 _8.469 Î6.687

3978 7321 4793 8136 3978 9251 3617

67. Magnetic Field Intensity; Magnetic Potential Gradient; Magnetizing Force [e*m*Z*r*]; LirWHr1] Fgauss, absolute 1 gauss, absolute 1 International gauss (v) 1 International gauss (a) 1 cgsm unit 1 cgse unit 1 gilbert per centimeter 1 ampere-turn per centimeter 1 ampere-turn per inch 1 gamma, y

= 1 . 0 0 0 1 0 Int. gauss (v) = 1.00007 Int. gauss (a) = 0.99990 abs. gauss = 0.99993 abs. gauss = 1.0000 abs. gauss = 3.3349 X IO"11 abs. gauss = 1.0000 gauss = 1.2566 gauss = 0.49474 gauss = 1.0000 X IQ"5 gauss

I

0.000 0434 0.0000304 Ï.999 9566 Ï. 999 9696 0.0000000 ÎÎ.523 0815 0.000 0000 0.099 2099 (U. S.) Ï.694 3753 5.000 0000

68. (Magnetic Field Intensity)-1; Coefficient of Leduc Effect [e"*w-^"¥]; [^m~^t] 1 gauss"1 (absolute) 1 International gauss"1 (v) 1 cgsm unit-1 1 cgse unit"1 1 centimeter per gilbert 1 centimeter per ampere-turn 1 inch per ampere-turn

= 0 . 9 9 9 9 0 Int. gauss-1 (v) = 1.00010 gauss" (abs.) = 1.0000 gauss" (abs.) = 2.9986 X IO10 gauss" (abs.) = 1.0000 gauss" = 7.9577 X IO"1 gauss" = 2.0213 gauss"

Ï.999 9566 0.0000434 0.0000000 10.4769185 0.000 0000 Ï.900 7901 0.305 6246

CONVERSION FACTORS.—Continued 69. Magnetomotive Force; Magnetic Potential [elm^~2]; [^m^r1] 1 gilbert, absolute = 1 . 0 0 0 1 0 Int. gilbert (v) 1 gilbert, absolute = 1.00007 Int. gilbert (a) 1 International gilbert (v) « 0.99990 abs. gilbert 1 International gilbert (a) = 0.99993 abs. gilbert lcgsmunit = 1.00000 abs. gilbert 1 cgse unit = 3.3349 X 10~u abs. gilbert 1 ampere-turn = 1.2566 gilbert

0.000 0434 0.000 0304 1.9999566 1.9999696 J). 000 0000 11.523 0815 0.099 2099

70. Magnetic Induction; Intensity of Magnetization [e~*w*H]; [^m*l~'t~l] Units of Magnetization are not named

1 maxwell per centimeter2, absolute 1 maxwell per centimeter2, absolute 1 International maxwell per centimeter2 (v) 1 International maxwell per centimeter2 (a) 1 maxwell per inch2 1 cgsm unit 1 cgse unit 1 line per centimeter2 1 line per inch2

0.99958 Int. maxwell per cm2 (v) 0.99955 Int. maxwell per cm2 (a) 1.00042 abs. maxwell per cm2 1.00045 abs. maxwell per cm2 0.15500 maxwell per cm2 1.00000 abs. maxwell per cm2 2.9986 X IO10 abs. maxwell per cm2 1.00000 maxwell per cm2 0.15500 maxwell per cm2

= = = — = = = = =

Ï.999 8176 Ï.999 8046 0.000 1824 0.000 1954 (U. S.) Ï. 190 3308 0.000 0000 10.476 9185 0.000 0000 (U. S.) 1.190 3308

71. Flux of Magnetic Induction; Magnetic Flux; Pole Strength; Quantity of Magnetism [e~*m*Z*]; [^m*l*rl] Units of Pole Strength and Quantity of Magnetism are not named

1 maxwell, absolute 1 maxwell, absolute 1 International maxwell (v) 1 International maxwell (a) 1 cgsm unit 1 cgse unit 1 line 1 volt-second

= = = = = = = ==

0.99958 Int. maxwell (v) 0.99955 Int. maxwell (a) 1.00042 abs. maxwell 1.00045 abs. maxwell 1.0000 abs. maxwell 2.9986 X IO10 abs. maxwell 1.0000 abs. maxwell 1.0000 X IQ8 maxwell

1 oersted, absolute 1 International oersted 1 cgsm unit 1 cgse unit

72. Magnetic Reluctance [eZr2]; [AT1Z"1] = 1.00052 Int. oersted = 0.99948 abs. oersted = 1.0000 abs. oersted =_ 1.1122 X 10~21 abs. oersted

73. Hall Effect, Coefficient of [€-*m-*l-*t*]; [f**m-*P] 1 volt centimeter per ampere gauss (absolute) = 1.0000 X IO9 cgsm unit 1 volt inch per ampere gauss (absolute) = 2.5400 X IO9 cgsm unit 1 cgse unit = 2.6962 X IQ31 cgsm unit

Ï.999 8176 Ï.999 8046 0.0001824 0.0001954 0.000 0000 10.4769185 0.0000000 8.000 0000 0.000 2259 Ï.999 7741 0.000 0000 21.046 1630 9.000 0000 (U. S.) 9.404 8346 31.430 7555

74. Ettinghausen Effect, Coefficient of [e^m-^-W]; [»m-WT] 0 I0C centimeter per ampere gauss (absolute) = 10.000 C cm per cgsm unit 0 0 I F inch per ampere gauss (absolute) = 45.720 C cm per cgsm unit I0C centimeter per cgse unit . = 8.9916 X IQ20 0C cm per cgsm unit 0

1 volt per gauss C (absolute) 1 volt per gauss 0F (absolute) 1 cgse unit per 0C 1 minute per gilbert 1 minute per ampere-turn 1 radian per gilbert

Name of quantity Electric : Capacity Charge, quantity

75. Nernst Effect, Coefficient of [^HT'1]] = 1.0000 X 10s = 1.8000 X IO8 = 8.9916 X IQ20

1.000 0000 1.660 1071 20.953 8370

[^l2rlT~l] cgsm unit per 0C cgsm unit per 0C cgsm unit per 0C

8.000 0000 8.255 2725 20.953 8370

76. Verdet's Constant [e^m^lê]; [^m'^te] = 1.0000 minute per cgsm unit = 1.2566 minute per cgsm unit = 3.4377 X 10s minute per cgsm unit

0.000 0000 0,099 2099 3.536 2739

77. Fundamental Electric and Magnetic Units 1 *Cgsm unit equals j Dimensions Cgse T> .•.i •* / u \ n ± ± JPractical ., Practical units (abs.) Cgse system ^ Cgsm system c2 C

109 farad 10 coulomb

el e*m*ßt~l

ji"1*"1«2 \ p^m^fi

IE~H It

CONVERSION FACTORS.—Continued 77. Fundamental Electric and Magnetic Units.—(Continued) e * I O 9 ohm-1 (cm, g ) 6 W e2 IO9 ohm-1 2 e IO9 ohm"1 cm"1 c 10 ampere c2 flO 9 ohm"1 per (cm sec'1) c 10 coulomb per cm2 c 10 coulomb c~l 10~8 volt c'1 10~8 volt cm-1 c"2 10~9 henry c2 f IO9 ohm"1 per (cm sec"1) c IO8 cm sec"1 per (volt cm"1) c2 IO9 farad cm"2 C-1 10~8 volt c~2 10~9 ohm c"2 10~~9 ohm (cm, g) c~2 10~9 ohm c~2 IO"9 ohm-cm c"1 10~8 volt deg"1 1 1

Conductivity (mass) Conductivity (surface) Conductivity (volume) Current Dielectric constant Displacement (local) Displacement (integral) Electromotive force Field strength Inductance Inductivity Ionic mobility Polarization capacity Potential.. Resistance Resistivity (mass) Resistivity (surface) Resistivity (volume) Specific heat of electricity (Thomson) Specific inductive capacity Magnetic : Field intensity Flux of induction (integral) Induction (local) Intensity of magnetization (volume) Magnetic flux (integral) Magnetizing force Magnetomotive force Permeability Pole strength Potential Quantity Reluctance Susceptibility

c C-1 c"1 c"1 c"1 c c C-2 c"1 c c'1 c2 c~2

1 gauss 1 maxwell 1 maxwell cm"2 1 1 maxwell 1 gauss 1 gilbert 1 maxwell cm~2 per gauss 1 1 gilbert 1 1 oersted Y^ maxwell cm~2 per gauss

1

^ r 1 elt~l er1 JmÎh-* e e^w^Z"^"1 e?m%l*t~l e^mWr1 e^m'Hr1 e~ll~ltz c e*ra"M d~l €-*w*Z*r1 C-1Z"1* €~lml~H 6"1J-1J e~lt C-ImWr1T-1 zero

^mT1U ^1I-H ^1'H p-*m*l*t~l ^1I-H2 /t~*m*Z~^ n~%m?l* ^m^ftr2 ^m^t~2 ^l ß~ll~2tz /x~*w*|*£ iJ.~ll~H2 ^m^fit'2 M/r1 v,ml~lt~l plr1 plH~l ^m^lh^T'1 zero

R-1W-1I2 R-1 R-1I*1 I ]IE~H-lt Il~H It E El~l Rt ÎE~ll~lt #~ 1Z2J-1 IE~ll~2t E R Rml~2 R Rl ET~l zero

e?m?l*r2 €~*m*l? e~*m*l~~% c-*ra*H* e-^mW €*w%"2 €^m^lh~2 e-1^""2^2 e-%m*fi €*m*Z^~2 6-*m*Z* 2 € Zr C-1Z-2J2

/x-*w*J-*f~l ^m^ßr1 ^m^l~h~l ^m^l~^t~l fJmfyfy-1 /*"*m*Z~*i"1 n~^m^lh~l p ^mWr1 ^mWf1 n*m*l*t-1 At-1Z-1 At

II'1 Et El~H El~H Et /E"1 I I~lEl~H Et I Et IE~lt~l 1'1El-1I

* For the purposes of International Critical Tables, c has been taken as 2.9986 X IO10 cm per sec, logio c = 10.476 9185, logio c"1 = 11.523 0815. This is the accepted value for the velocity of light in vacuo. The best directly determined value of the ratio of the two electrical units of quantity gives c = 2.9979 X IO10 cm per sec. (Rosa and Dorsey, Bull. U. S. Bur. Standards, 3: 433; 07.) t In practice this unit is not used; the quantity given in essentially every instance is the dimensionless "specific inductive capacity," which is numerically equal to the dielectric constant expressed in cgse units. J In this column are given the dimensions in terms of the practical electrical units, as these generally enter into the actual determinations of the several quantities. As three basic electrical units are employed, alternative expressions are possible. T — thermometric degree, E = potential, / = current, R = resistance.

78, Indicated Conversion Factors a = area, C = electrical capacity, T = thermometric degree, d = density, E = electrical potential, e = electric charge, F — electrical field intensity, h = heat, m — mass, Q => quantity of magnetism, R = electrical resistance, t = time, v =* volume, € = dielectric constant, rj = viscosity, 0 == plane angle. ^r /. , •, Name of quantityJ ^ Electricity Electric displacement Polarization capacity Pyroelectric constant Specific inductive capacity Surface density of charge Thermoelectric power Volume density of charge Heat, capacity Latent Reaction Superficial latent Transformation

Dimen. sions

„, , , Tables

eF Ca-1 ea^T'1 zero ear1 ET~l ev"1 hm^T'1 hm'1 km"1 Aa"1 hm~l

14, 53 56, 17 49, 17, 12 49, 17 52, 12 49, 19 35, 21 35, 4 35, 4 35, 17 35, 4

Name of quantity Radiation, index of absorption Intensity of Kerr's constant (magneto-optic) Reflectivity Refraction, index of Solubility, gases in liquids Viscosity, kinematic

. sions zero ha^r1 BQ~la zero zero zero r?d-1

Tables

35, 22 7, 71, 16

39, 28

79. Hydrometer Scales Unless the hydrometer is used in the liquid and at the temperature for which it is graduated, corrections must be applied for the changed capillary depression and for the expansion (or contraction) of the instrument. (The following table does not include all scales which have been used.) T = temperature at which the instrument is to be used; r = reading of instrument; the specific gravity is with reference to water at temperature T unless another temperature is indicated in the last column.

79. Hydrometer Scales.—Continued Hydrometer A. P. I. = American Petroleum Institute.

™* Bates Baume

T 0

6O F = 15.560C

c — 6O F 0

= 15.560C

Specific gravity Dense | Light 141 K f^rn— 131 5 - +r

sl*7

1000 + 2.78r 145.88 145.88 - r

145.88 135.88 + r

™

Hi^-, 146.78 146.78 - r

^r 146.78 136.78 + r

17 5 C

Baume

150C

144^ -

Baumé

150^;

144.3 144.3 - r n^-,

"•—

"°C

aJgb 145

Baume

RO 0 F

°— Fischer

J3^7 "Hationar-

fi^ °

Î8Ô+7

— 12.50R = 15.6250C

17^7 40 °_ 400 - r

^Tr 400 400 + r

'«--e

_ 1^* - 15.WÒ O

400 - r 1000 + 1Or 1000 10Q

Gerlach, or "new"

17.5 C

Holland, or "old".

12.50C

—-—~—

12.50R = 15.6250C _ aOJ^

American

^ ^ 400 400

100 - r I4EiZ? 146.78 - r

0

"Ä-4-C)

14

T45~^7

Gay-Lussac

TwaddeU

" Rational " (water at 40C)

= 15.560C

Fleischer

Stoppani

"Rational"

r

>-°C

"* Brix

Petroleum

wSb

Baumé

"-»-'-

Rema rkB

1000

1O0R = 12.50C

-°

TABLE !.—COORDINATES OF POINTS OF INTERSECTION OF LOGARITHMIC GRAPHS(5)

40CT+^

__100_ 100 4- r

—

166

- r J«%±»

^t at ^Q)

TECHNICAL EFFLUX VISCOMETERS: INTERPRETATION AND INTERCONVERSION OF READINGS WINSLOW H. HEBSCHEL Since changes are made from time to time in the standardization or method of operation of these instruments, and many old instruments are still in use, it is believed that in general the determination of kinematic viscosity from the readings of the instruments, and direct interconversions between instruments, when used at the same temperature, may be made by the use of Fig. 1, with as great precision (about 5%) as the data will warrant. It is assumed that the instruments are used in the normal manner. For the Saybolt instruments, a higher precision is occasionally justified, and may be obtained by the use of Table 2. If the instruments are used at different temperatures, appropriate temperature corrections must be applied. For lubricating oils, the viscosity at one temperature may be estimated from that at another by the approximate empirical rule, applicable between 100° and 2120F (37.8° and 10O0C), that the logarithmic viscosity-temperature graphs are straight and meet at a point, temperatures being expressed in degrees Fahrenheit. (For other temperatures see ( 1 » 7 » 8 )). The location of the point of intersection for .several classes of oils is given in Table 1.

VJQ = viscosity in poises; ^0 = temperature in 0F Class of oils I logio »7o I ??o I logio t0 I Paraffin base 3.58 0.0038 2.77 Naphthene base 3.88 .0076 2.57 Mixed base 3.43 .0027 2.78 Fatty oils 3.75 .0056 2.82

to 589 371 605 661

In estimating the viscometer reading at a given temperature for a certain type of instrument, from an observed reading at another temperature with another type of instrument, the following steps may be taken. 1. Determine the kinematic viscosity corresponding to the observed reading by means of Fig. 1. 2. Multiply by the density (g/cm3) so as to obtain the absolute viscosity (17) in poises; find the logarithm of the absolute viscosity and the logarithm of the temperature (t) of test (0F). 3. Plot the observed 77, t and the rj0,10 of the point of intersection, as given in Table 1, on logarithmic paper. Or plot the corresponding logarithms on equispaced coordinate paper. In either case, these two points locate a straight graph upon which the viscosity at the desired temperature will be found. 4. Divide the absolute viscosity at the desired temperature by the density at that temperature to get the kinematic viscosity. From this, determine, by means of Fig. 1, the corresponding time of flow on the desired viscometer. It will be noted that the density under (2) and (4) must be the density at the temperature under consideration, and not the density at 6O0F (15.60C), which is generally the standard for such density determinations. If an instrument is used in an irregular manner, appropriate corrections must be applied ( 2 » 3» 6 » 9). TABLE 2.—SAYBOLT UNIVERSAL AND SAYBOLT FUROL VISCOMETERS Units: Time (/), sec; kinematic viscosity = (7?AO, poise/(g per cm3). Saybolt Universal t I rj/d 32 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 275 300

| *

0.0115 25 0.0417 26 0.0740 27 0.103 28 0.130 29 0.156 30 0.181 35 0.206 40 0.266 45 0.324 50 0.381 60 0.437 70 0.492 80 0.548 90 0.603 100 0.658

Saybolt Furol I n/d 0.486 0.512 0.537 0.562 0.586 0.610 0.730 0.846 0.960 1.072 1.292 1.507 1.724 1.939 2.155

For higher viscosities the kinematic viscosity is equal to 0.00220J for the Saybolt Universal, or to 0.0216* for the Saybolt Furol. LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) C 1 ) Fortseh and Wilson, 45, 16: 789; 24. ( 2 ) Ganz, 252, 6: 218; 99. ( 3 ) Herschel, 32, No. 100; 17. ( 4 ) Herschel, 244, 10: 31; 22. ( 5 ) Herschel, 46, 14: 715; 22. ( 6 ) Holde, Examination of hydrocarbon oils, 1917. (7) Lane and Dean, 45, 16: 905; 24. ( 8 ) MacCoull, 253, 7: No. 6; 21. (».) Ubbelohde, Tabellen zum Englerso-hen Viskosimeter, 1907.

Fio. 1.—Conversion diagram for viscosimeters at a common temperature (*).

SELECTED TECHNICAL TERMS N. ERNEST DORSET In this section are given the definitions of numerous units, and very brief explanations of such technical terms as occur in many sections of the I. C. T. or are for other reasons more suitably considered here than elsewhere. Other terms will be explained where they occur in the body of the work. Symbolical explanations will be given wherever they appear to be satisfactory. In many cases, dimensional formulae (see p. 18) are given; these are enclosed in [ ]. Symbols are enclosed in ( ). The sequence will be: Name, symbol or symbols, dimensional formula, definition or explanation; but the symbol or formula, or both may be omitted. For the explanation of the symbols employed in the formulae and explanations, see p. 16. Aberration, Constant of.—[0]. tan (V-v)/c. V}v= maximum and minimum velocity of earth in its orbit, c = velocity of light in vacuo. Absolute.— (abs.). 1. An adjective, descriptive of a system of units which is based upon the smallest possible number of independent units. In this connection, every specification of a definite substance or of a vacuum is to be regarded as the introduction of an independent unit. 2. Absolute zero. The temperature at which the pressure of a fixed mass of an ideal gas, maintained at a constant volume, becomes zero. 3. Absolute temperature. The temperature reckoned from the absolute zero. Absorption.—When the absorption of radiation by a substance is such that J = J0e~klj J, J0 = intensity, I = length of path, k is the coefficient of absorption, k/d = coefficient of mass absorption. Writing k = (47rÄ/n)/X, n — index of refraction, X = wave length in vacuo, kf = index of absorption. (Some call k'n the index.) Absorptivity.—Ratio of radiant energy absorbed to that absorbed, under same conditions, by a black body. Action, Planck's constant of.—See Planck. Ampere.—Unit of electric current. Abs. ampere =0.1 cgs unit. Int. ampere is that unvarying electric current which, when passed through a solution of silver nitrate in water, in accordance with certain specifications, deposits silver at the rate of 0.00111800 gram per second. Ampere-turn.—Unit of mmf. Difference in magnetic potential between the facesoof a coil of one turn carrying one ampere. Angstrom unit.—(A). [I]. 10~10 meters. International Angstrom defined as such a length that wave-length of red cadmium line in air at 150C, An, is exactly 6438.4696 Int. A; it = 10~10 m within experimental error. Anomalistic.—Anom. year [month] = time between successive passages of earth [moon] through perihelion [perigee]. Aphelion.—Point of planet's orbit farthest from sun. Apogee.—Point of moon's orbit farthest from earth. Aries, First point of.—-Designation of position of vernal equinox (see Celestial sphere); not at present in constellation Aries. Assay ton.—[m]. 29% grams; as many mg as there are troy ounces in short ton. Astronomical unit of length.—Mean distance (q.v.) earth to sun; 149.50 X IO6 km. Astronomical unit of mass.—Mass of sun. Astronomical unit of time.—Mean solar day. Atmosphere.—[force area"1], [m/lt2]. 1. Normal atmosphere (An) defined as pressure exerted by vertical column of liquid 76 cm long, density 13.5951 grams per cm3, acceleration of gravity being 980.665 cm sec"2. 2. Atmosphere at 45° (A45) differs from An only in use of acceleration of gravity at sea level

and lat. 45° instead of 980.655 cm see"2. 3. British atmosphere is based on 30 inches instead of 76 cm. Avogadro's number.—(JV0). [m"1]. Number of molecules in a mole. Bar.—[force/area], [m/lt2]. Internationally accepted unit of pressure; = IO6 dyne/cm2. Has also been used to denote one dyne/cm2 (cf. Barye). Barye.—[force/area], [m/lt2]. The cgs unit of pressure, one dyne/ cm2. (In accordance with recommendation of special committee of International Congress of Physicists, Paris, 1900, and with the usage of the International Bureau of Weights and Measures.) (cf. Bar). B. A. unit.—A unit of electrical resistance based on certain coils prepared in 1863-1864 by British Association for Advancement of Science. Black Body.—One which absorbs all radiant energy incident upon it. Its radiance of wave-length X is J\ dX; the intensity, J\ = d\-5[eC2/xT - I]'1, T = absolute temperature, Ci, C2 are radiation constants. Total radiance (J) is J*J\ dX taken over all wave-lengths. / = ]. Luminous intensity per unit of apparent area of the luminous surface; if emission follows Lambert's law, brightness is independent of direction of line of sight, otherwise it is not; in latter case, line of sight is assumed to be normal to the surface unless the contrary is stated. British Thermal Unit.—(BTU). [energy], [ml2/t2]. Heat per pound, per 0F of rise, required to produce small rise in temperature of water under pressure An; varies with temperature, which must be stated. "Mean" BTU = Kso of heat required to 0 0 raise one Ib. of water from 32 F to 212 F, pressure An. (To be distinguished from Board of Trade unit (B.T.u.).) Bulk modulus.—[stress], [m/lt2]. Hydrostatic pressure divided by resulting decrease in volume per unit volume. Also called volume elasticity, cubical elasticity, resistance to compression, modulus of compression (cf. compressibility). Calorie.—[Heat], [ml2/t2]. 1. Heat per unit of mass, per 0C of rise, required to produce small rise in temperature of water under pressure An; varies with temperature, which must be stated. If unit of mass is gram, it is called small calorie, gram calorie, or calorie; symbol is cal. If unit of mass is kilogram, it is called large calorie, kilogram calorie, or Calorie; symbol, CaI. (2) Mean calorie = Koo of heat required to raise unit mass of water from O0C to 10O0C, pressure An. Candle.—(ca). [^w"1]. Basic photometric unit of luminousintensity. A value determined by international agreement, and maintained at certain national laboratories by means of incandescent electric lamps is known as the "International candle." Candle per square centimeter.—[^/Z2co]. Brightness of surface which, in direction considered, has a luminous intensity of one

candle per cm 2 of apparent area; TT lamberts. Similarly: Candle per sq. in., etc. Candlepower.—(c.p.). Luminous intensity in terms of candles. Capacity, heat.—1. Of a substance, is heat per unit of mass, per degree of rise, required to produce a very small rise in temperature, also called specific heat, and thermal capacity. 2. Of a body, is heat, per degree of rise, required to heat the body. Capacity, electrical.—Of body A with reference to body B is Q/(VA — Vß\ all other bodies in the field being insulated and uncharged; Q = charge on A; VA-, VB — potential of A1 B. Capacity, polarization.—Of one electrode with reference to another is its electrical capacity per unit of area. Capillary constant.—(a). [I]. 1. British usage : a^ = y/(di — d2)g; y = surface tension, g = acceleration of gravity, (d\ — d2) = positive difference in the densities of the fluids separated by the surface. 2. German usage: a22 = 2y/(di — dz)g. (The subscripts to the a are usually omitted.) Carat fine.—See Karat. Càrcel unit.—A superseded unit of luminous intensity; approximately = 9.6 Int. candles. Celestial sphere.—Sphere, concentric with earth, serving to locate angular positions of celestial bodies; its intersection with plane of earth's orbit [equator] is called ecliptic [celestial equator] ; intersections of ecliptic and equator are called equinoxes ; motion of equinoxes with reference to stars is called precession of equinoxes, it is resultant of an oscillatory and a nearly uniform motion, a fictitious equinox possessing only the latter motion is called mean equinox. The mean equinox through which sun passes in spring of northern terrestrial hemisphere is called mean vernal equinox, and is point from which celestial longitude (along the ecliptic) and mean right ascension (R. A.) (along the equator) are measured—positive to the east. Intersections of the sphere and the axis of rotation of earth are called celestial poles ; that of the sphere and its diameter perpendicular to plane of ecliptic called poles of the ecliptic. Declinations are measured from equator along great circles passing through the poles—positive towards north; celestial latitudes, from ecliptic along great circles passing through poles of ecliptic— positive towards north. The pole of the sphere has a motion compounded of a nearly uniform progressive motion and a rotation about a point having the former motion; that point is called mean pole, its motion is the precession of the pole, the rotation of the true pole about the mean pole is called the nutation of the pole; mean (angular) distance between mean pole and true pole is called constant of nutation. Centi-,—Prefix denoting MooCentigrade.—(C). Thermometric system in which freezing point of water is called 0° and its boiling point is called 100°; pressure = An. Centigrade thermal unit.—(CTU). [energy], M2/*2]. Differs from British Thermal Unit only in the substitution of Centigrade for Fahrenheit scale. Centimeter.—(cm). 1. The cgs unit of length, 0.01 meter. 2. Often used to denote cgse unit of electrical capacity. 3. Occasionally used to denote cgsm unit of electrical inductance. Centimeter-dyne.—[work], [mlz/i2]. One erg. Centimeter of water [of mercury, etc.] at t°.—[force/area], [m/lt2]. Denotes pressure exerted by a vertical column of water [of mercury, etc.] one cm long, temperature t°, at a place where acceleration of gravity is gs ( = 980.665 cm/sec2). Cheval-vapeur.—[work/time], [ml2/Is]. 1. Primary definition, 75 meter-kilograms per second. Also called force de cheval, continental horsepower, Pferdekraft. 2. For electrical purposes, generally regarded as exactly 736 watts; may be called continental electrical horsepower.

Circular inch.—(cir. in.). [Z2]. Area of a circle one inch in diameter. Similarly for circular mil (cir. mil), circular millimeter (cir. mm), etc. Compressibility.—[It 2 /m]. Reciprocal of bulk modulus. Compression, modulus of.—[m/lt 2 ]. See Bulk modulus. Concentration.—1. The amount per unit of volume; may be called volume concentration. If amount is measured by mass, the symbol is C. 2. The mass of the material per unit of mass of the mixture containing it; may be called mass concentration. If both masses are expressed in terms of the same unit, this concentration is generally called the titer of the mixture. Conductance.—Reciprocal of resistance. Conductance, Specific.—See Conductivity, electrical. Conductivity, Electrical.—Reciprocal of electrical resistivity (q.v.). 1. (K) Volume conductivity = reciprocal of volume resistivity; specific conductance. 2. Mass conductivity = K/d; d = density. 3. Equivalent conductivity (A) is K/C; c = equivalents of solute per unit volume of solution. 4. Molecular conductivity (ju) is K/m] m = moles of solute per unit volume of solution. Conductivity, Thermal.—[(heat /area-time) /(TJl)]; [ml/Tt*].

r\ff

dQ/dt = — kdxdy-jT-; Jc = thermal conductivity, dQ = amount of heat through dxdy, in direction dz, in time d£, do = increase in temperature in distance dz. Coulomb.—The quantity of electricity transferred in one second by a current of one ampere, Critical.—1. Any point, line, or region serving to locate a well marked transition may be described as critical. 2. As regards condensation of vapors, the temperature corresponding to the isotherm above which liquefaction is impossible is called the critical temperature; the vapor pressure at which the two phases are in equilibrium at the critical temperature is the critical pressure; volume of unit mass at the critical pressure and temperature is the critical volume. These three values are called the critical constants. Cubic.—(cu.), (3). Used in conjunction with name of unit of length to form name of a related unit of volume; e.g., cubic meter (cu. m) (m3) is name of a unit of volume equivalent to volume of a cube with edges one meter long. Cubic centimeter atmosphere.—See Liter-atmosphere. Curie.—Internationally defined as amount of radon (radium emanation) which can exist in equilibrium with one gram of radium. Current.—(/). The current of x through a surface S is / = dx/dt, where dx is the amount of x which passes through S in time dt. The density of the current through S at a given point is crs = dl/dJSj where d/ is the current at that point through an element of S of area dS. The value of
ponent of earth 's magnetic field from northerly measured geographic meridian; easterly deviations, positive. Degree.—1. (°), (deg). Unit of difference in temperature; size depends upon thermometric scale employed. 2. (°). Unit of angle, %$Q of complete circumference. 3. (°). Hydrometer degree is an arbitrary unit of difference in specific gravity; its value depends upon type of hydrometer (see p. 31). Deka-.—Prefix denoting 10. Demal.—A concentration of one g-equivalent per dm3. Density.—1. Volume density = dQ/dv, dQ = amount of the physical quantity considered which is contained in the element of volume dv. 2. Density of a substance, (d), (D), is dm/dv, m = mass. When, on a particular scale of operation, the density varies from point to point, it may be that on a larger scale it will not; then the density on the larger scale may properly be called the apparent density (sometimes called bulk density) when operations on the smaller scale are being considered. 3. Surface density = dQ/ds, ds = element of area of surface over which do is distributed. Dielectric constant.—(€). [t2/^2], M. The force (/) of repulsion between two point charges (e, e') of electricity at a distance (r) apart in a uniform medium of great extent is / = ee'/er2; e depends upon the nature of the medium, and is called its dielectric constant. Diffusion, Coefficient of.—See Diffusivity. TN-A • •* i (A). / A N F —quantity ^/j. Diffusivity.—1. p—^ / /vol. ,. concen.1 . • h [l2/t]. jdQ/dt J ^ ' L area time/ distance J = —A(dc/dx)dydz. dQ = amount of Q passing through area dydz in direction of x in time dt, dc/dx = rate of increase, in direction of X1 of volume concentration of Q. Also called heat .——— area /\ mm e specific heat X density X temp."! I" heat conductivity 1 "*" distance J L density X specific heat J [l*/t]. dQ/dt = -Atcd(dT/dx)dydz, At = heat diffusivity, c = specific heat, d — density, T = temperature. Atcd = thermal conductivity. At also called temperature conductivity. Displacement constant, Wien's.—See Black body. Displacement, Electric.—See Induction, electrostatic. Draconic month.—See Nodical month. Dyne.—[ml/t 2 ]. The cgs unit of force. The force which, when acting continuously upon a mass of one gram and not opposed by another, will impart to the mass a uniform acceleration of one cm per sec.2 Dyne-centimeter.—[force • length], [ml2/t2]. The torque of one dyne acting on a lever-arm of one cm. Ecliptic.—See Celestial sphere. Elastic modulus.—Ratio of stress to resulting elastic strain. There are as many types of moduli as there are types of strain. 2. Occasionally used to denote Young* s modulus. Elasticity.—1. Cubical; see Bulk modulus. 2. Longitudinal; see Young's modulus. 3. Shear; see Rigidity. 4. Torsional; see Rigidity. 5. Modulus of; see Elastic modulus. Electric displacement, field strength, etc.—See corresponding nouns. Electromagnetic unit of quantity of electricity.—See Quantity of electricity. Electromotive force.—(E) 1 (emf). See Potential. Electron.—Negative electrons are very small negatively charged particles observed under many, very diverse conditions. All appear to be alike in every way, including amount of charge carried. They appear to be one of the basic elements of which atoms are made. Electronic charge.—(e). A quantity of electricity, of either sign, which is numerically equal to the electric charge carried by an electron.

[

Electronic mass.—(m0). The mass of a negative electron when moving with a velocity much less than that of light. \ Electronic ratio.—(e/m0). Ratio of electronic charge to electronic mass. Electrostatic unit of quantity of electricity.—See Quantity of electricity. Elongation.—Distance of an oscillating, or of a revolving, body from a point of reference; e.g., the distance of an electron from the nucleus about which it revolves. Emissivity.—Ratio of radiance of the body to that of a black body at same temperature. If radiation of only one wave-length is considered, it is monochromatic emissivity ; if all wave-lengths, it is total emissivity. The ratio of the radiances (or of the emissivities) of two non-black bodies is called relative emissivity of first with respect to second. English sperm candle.—See Sperm candle. Equation of tune.—See Time. Equator.—1. The intersection of surface of the earth, or other rotating spheroid, with the plane through its center perpendicular to its axis of rotation. 2. The intersection of the surface of a spheroid with a plane through its center and perpendicular to any diameter chosen as axis. 3. Celestial equator. See Celestial sphere. Equinox.—See Celestial sphere. Equivalent.—(equiv). Electrochemical equivalent (briefly equivalent) of an ion—actual or potential—is its formula weight divided by its valence. Erg.—[force • distance], [ml2/t2]. Work done by a force of one dyne while acting through a distance of one centimeter in its own direction. Erg-second.—[work • time], [ml2/t]. The action produced by one dyne acting through one cm in one sec. Expansion, coefficient of.—See Expansivity. Expansivity.—[T'1]. 1. Volume expansivity = dv/(vdT). 2. Linear expansivity = dl/(ldT). V1I1 T ~ volume, length, temperature; dv[dl] is change in v[l] produced by change dT in temperature. Fahrenheit.—(F). A thermometric system in which 32° denotes the freezing, and 212°, the boiling point of water under pressure of An. Farad.—Capacity of electrical condenser which is charged to a potential difference of one volt by one coulomb. Faraday.—(F). A subsidiary unit, the electrical charge carried in electrolysis by one gram-equivalent. Field.—The field of a physical quantity is the region of space within which phenomena characteristic of the quantity exist. The strength, or intensity, of the field at any point is measured by the magnitude at that point of some chosen, characteristic phenomenon, and the complete designation of the field includes an indication of this phenomenon; e.g., electrical field of force. As force is the phenomenon most frequently chosen, an$ in other cases the context indicates what is intended, the explicit designation of the chosen phenomenon is quite frequently oniitted. Field intensity.—The strength, or intensity, of a field of force at any point is d//dw, where d/ is the mechanical force experienced by dm, a vanishingly small amount of m placed at that point. For an electrical field, m is positive electricity; for a magnetic field it is a north magnetic pole; for a gravitational field it is mass. Magnetic field strength is frequently called magnetizing force. Fluidity.—(
Vn = component of V normal to dS, integral is to be taken over S. 2. Flux of a quantity Q through surface is ^ *= dQ/dt,

dQ — amount of Q which passes through S in time dt. 3. From point source. If V = I/r2, where r = distance from source and 7 is a constant independent of direction, 7 is called intensity of the source, and ^ = 7o>; o> = solid angle subtended, at the source, by S (cf. Intensity, luminous). Flux, Luminous.—(4/). Flux of radiant energy expressed in terms of its power to produce luminous sensation in the human eye. Flux, Magnetic.—Flux of magnetic induction. Foot-candle.—[^/I 2 ]. Unit of illumination, one lumen per square foot. Foot-lambert.—MV/VI- Unit of brightness; see Lambert. Foot-pound.—[ml 2 /t 2 ]. Work required to raise one pound a vertical distance of one foot, where g = 980.665 cm/sec2 (cf. meter-kilogram). Foot-poundal.—[ml 2 /t 2 ]. Work done by force of one poundal (q.v.) acting through a distance of one foot. Force.—[ml/t 2 ]. That which imparts acceleration to material bodies. Force, Electromotive.—See Potential. Force, Magnetizing.—See Field intensity. Force, Magnetomotive.—See Potential. Force de cheval.—See Cheval-vapeur. Frequency.—(v). [N/t]. Number per unit of time. In case of vibrations, waves, etc., the frequency is the number of complete vibrations, of complete waves, etc., per unit of time. Gamma.—(7). [\/m/plt2], [\/mle/t4]. A unit of magnetic field intensity; 0.000 Ol gauss. Gas constant.—1. (R). [work/mass-degree], [I*/PT]. The coefficient R in the ideal gas equation pv = RTm; p = pressure, v — volume of the mass m at absolute temperature T. 2. (R). [work/mole-degree]. Gas constant per mole obtained by expressing m in moles. 3. (k). [work/molecule-degree], [ml2/t2T]. Boltzmann's molecular gas constant: obtained by expressing m in terms of number of molecules. Gas, Ideal.—One which strictly satisfies the equation (pv — RTm) and other relations deduced from the classical kinetic theory of gases on the assumption that the molecules are infinitely small and devoid of mutual attraction. Gauss.—[VW/*ft2L l^/mlc/t4]. The cgsm unit of magnetic field intensity. Gaussian gravitation constant.—The square root of the intensity of the gravitational field of force of the sun at a point whose distance from the sun is the astronomical unit of length (cf. Gravitation constant). Geepound.—See Slug. Gilbert.—[\/ml/[j,t 2 ], [\/eml3/t*]. Electromagnetic unit of magnetic potential, of magnetomotive force. Unless contrary is indicated, it is the cgsm unit. In precise work, the International gilbert, based upon the Int. elee, units, should be distinguished from the absolute, or cgsm, gilbert. Grade.—[O]. Unit of plane angle, Moo of complete circumference. Gram atom.—See Mole. Gram calorie.—See Calorie. Gram equivalent.—See Mole. Gram formula weight.—See Mole. Gram weight.—See Weight. Gravitation constant.—(G). [l3/mt2]. The coefficient G occurring in the equation / = G (mm')/r2', f = force of gravitational attraction between two point masses (m, m') in vacuo, r = distance between m and mf (cf. Gaussian gravitation constant). Gravity, Acceleration of.—(g), (gs). [l/t2]. Unless the contrary is indicated, this expression refers specifically to the earth, and denotes the resultant acceleration downward experienced by a freely falling body placed at the point considered. It includes centrifugal effects arising from the rotation of the

earth, as well as the effects of gravitational attraction (cf. Gravity, standard). Gravity, Specific.—See Specific gravity. Gravity, Standard.—(gs). [l/t2]. Standard gravity is the value adopted by the International Committee on Weights and Measures as the "accepted" value of the acceleration of gravity to which all measurements involving this quantity are to be referred. Thus a pressure of x cm of mercury at t°C is to be understood as denoting the pressure exerted by x cm of mercury at t°C at a place where the acceleration of gravity is gs. The accepted value is gs = 980.665 cm/sec2 (= 32.174 ft./sec2). Heat.—1. By the heat of a process is meant the amount of heat evolved, per unit quantity of material involved, during the isothermal process, the process proceeding in the direction indicated. The quantity of material may be expressed in terms of mass, of moles, of equivalents, etc., as may seem desirable. 2. By the latent heat of a transformation is meant the amount of heat absorbed per unit quantity of material transformed, the transformation proceeding in the direction indicated. Latent heat of transformation of A to B = — (heat of transformation of A to B) = heat of transformation of B to A. Heat diffusivity.—See Diffusivity. Heat, Specific.—See Capacity, and Specific heat. Hecto-.—Prefix denoting 100. Hefner unit.—A superseded unit of luminous intensity; approximately = 0.9 Int. candles. Henry.—W,[t*/d]. Unit of electromagnetic inductance. Defined as that inductance for which an induced electromotive force of one volt is produced when the inducing current is changed at the uniform rate of one ampere per second. Horsepower.—(h.p.). [work/time], [ml2/t3]. 1. (KP) Primary definition of the term is work done at the rate of 550 foot-pounds per second. 2. For electrical purposes it is regarded as exactly = 746 watts, which is frequently called the electrical horsepower. 3. Continental horsepower. See Cheval-vapeur. Humidity.—1. Absolute humidity of a gas is the actual amount of water vapor per unit volume of the gas. Usually expressed in terms of the actual pressure of the water vapor present. 2. Relative humidity of a gas = ratio of the pressure of water vapor present to the pressure of water vapor which is in equilibrium with water at the same temperature. 3. Dew-point of a gas is the temperature at which the pressure of water vapor in equilibrium with water is equal to the actual pressure of the water vapor contained in the gas. If the temperature of the gas be varied while its absolute humidity remains unchanged, then the dew-point is that temperature at which the relative humidity is 100%. 4. If the bulb of a thermometer be encased in a fabric which is kept wet with water (wet-bulb), the thermometer will record a lower temperature than if the bulb were dry (drybulb). If the circulation over the wet bulb is sufficiently rapid, the difference in the temperatures depends solely upon the total pressure of the gas, its absolute humidity, and its temperature. Hence the humidity of the atmosphere, or of any other very large volume of gas, can be readily determined by the use of wet- and dry-bulb thermometers. Hydrometer.—An instrument which, by the extent of its submergence, indicates the specific gravity of the liquid in which it floats. Frequently, its readings are expressed in degrees (°). Various systems of graduations are in use, see p. 31. Hygrométrie.—Pertaining to humidity of atmosphere. Hypsometry.—The art of measuring the elevation above sea-level. More specifically, the use of the boiling-point of water for such measurements. Ice point.—(T0). Temperature at which water freezes when under the pressure of one normal atmosphere. Ideal gas.—See Gas, ideal.

Illumination.—[t/l 2 ]. The illumination at a point of a surface is the surface density of the luminous flux incident at that point. Inch of water [of mercury, etc.] at t°.—Analogous to cm of water

(«.»o Index of absorption.—See Absorption. Index of refraction.—See Réfraction. Inductance.—The electrical inductance of circuit A with reference to circuit B is Ì/M//B; Â = flux of magnetic induction through A as a result of the current IB in B. A and B may be the same circuit. Induction.—1. That modification which is acquired by a medium when it becomes the seat of a field of force, and which is evidenced by the fact that its boundaries with other media exhibit distinctive properties which they do not possess in the absence of the field. 2. The distinctive properties mentioned in (1); as in magnetization by induction, induced electric charges, etc. 3. Electrostatic induction. [\/m/pl~3], l\/em/Uz]. eF, e = dielectric constant, F = intensity of electrostatic field of force. Electric displacement = cF/4ir. 4. Magnetic induction (B). [\/fj,m/lt2], [-v/w/eZ3]. B = pH, M = magnetic permeability, H = intensity of magnetic field of force. 5. Electromagnetic induction is the phenomenon which is characterized by the appearance, in every circuit, of a cyclical emf which is proportional to the rate of change of the flux of magnetic induction through that circuit. Intensity coefficient.—See Black body. Intensity, Field.—See Field intensity. Intensity, luminous.—1. Of a point source in a given direction = amount of luminous flux, per unit of solid angle, which the source emits in the direction considered. 2. Of a point of an extended source = brightness of that point of the source; also called intrinsic brightness. 3. Of an extended source, in a given direction, is its intensity at a point so distant in the stated direction that the source may be regarded as a point. For nearer points the apparent intensity will depend upon the distance, and is defined as the intensity of that point source which at the same distance will produce the same illumination (cf. flux). Intensity of magnetization.—See Magnetization. Intensity of radiation.—1. The intensity of the radiation emitted in a specified direction by a body is the amount of radiant energy emitted in that direction, per unit of time, per unit of area, and per unit of solid angle of emission. For spectral, or monochromatic, intensity, See Radiance. 2. Of received radiation, See Irradiation. 3. Of radiation in transit. The amount of radiant power per unit area which passes through an element of area which is normal to the direction of propagation; this equals the volume density of radiant energy at the point considered. International electrical units.—A system of electrical and magnetic units based upon the ohm, the ampere, and secondarily upon the volt, all as realized by certain concrete standards which have been internationally agreed upon, and upon the cgs units for such other quantities as may be involved. The concrete standards have been so chosen as to make the international system nearly identical with the practical system; as now defined, the outstanding discrepancy in no case exceeds 52 parts in 100 000. In distinguishing between the two systems, the units of the practical system are described as absolute, those of the other, as international. The introduction of the volt as a secondary unit defined by a concrete standard (Weston normal cell = 1.018300 Int. volts at 2O0C) introduces confusion when measurements of high precision are to be recorded. In these Tables, values based upon the Int. ohm and the Int. ampere (as defined by the silver voltameter) are

denoted by (a). Those based on the Int. ohm and the Int. volt (as defined by the standard cell) are denoted by (v). Irradiation.—The radiant power, per unit of area, incident upon a surface. Joule.—[mZ2/<2]. 1- Absolute joule = IO7 ergs. 2. International joule = work expended per second by an Int. ampere in an Int. ohm. Karat.—(K). Denotes the "fineness of gold" in terms of parts (by weight) of gold per 24 parts of the alloy. Twenty-four g of an n karat alloy contains n g of gold, the alloy is "w carats fine." Kelvin.—(K). Name applied to the absolute centigrade scale of temperature. Kilo-.—Prefix denoting 1000. Kilogram calorie.—See Calorie. Kilogram-meter.—A torque equivalent to that of one kilogram weight acting on a lever-arm one meter long. Kilowatt-hour.—Work expended by one kilowatt in one hour. In Great Britain it is quite generally called Board of Trade unit (B.T.u.). Kinematic viscosity.—[l2/t]. Ratio of viscosity to density. Lambert.—[^/J2«]. The brightness of a surface which, radiating in accordance with Lambert's law, emits a total luminous flux of one lumen per cm2. For such a surface, brightness is independent of direction of the line of sight and equals I/T lumen, per steradian, per cm2 = I/TT candles per cm2. If the total emission is one lumen per sq. ft., the brightness is called one foot-lambert. Lambert's law.— / = 70cos0; I0[I] = intensity of radiation emitted in direction normal [at angle O with normal] to the surface. In many cases this law does not express the facts. Latent heat.—(J, L). See Heat. Latitude.—(lat.). 1. The angular distance of a point from the equator of a spheroid, measured along a great circle passing through the poles. 2. Celestial latitude. See Celestial sphere. Legal ohm.—A unit of resistance; so designated by the International Conference of 1884, and defined as the resistance of a column of mercury 1 mm 2 in cross-section and 106 cm in length at the temperature of melting ice. It was never legalized. Light-year.—Distance traveled by light in free space in one year. Line.—Unit of flux of magnetic induction = one maxwell. Liter-atmosphere.—The amount of external work done when a volume is increased by one liter against an external pressure of one atmosphere. Longitude.—(long.). 1. The longitude of a point is the angle which its axial plane makes with a fiducial one. For the earth, angles measured from the fiducial plane towards the west are usually considered positive. 2. Celestial or astronomical longitude. See Celestial sphere. Loschmidt's number,—(n 0 ). [l~3]. Number of molecules per unit volume of an ideal gas at O0C and pressure An. Lumen.—[^]. Fundamental unit of luminous flux. A uniform point source of one candle emits 4?r lumens. Luminous flux.—See Flux, luminous. Luminous intensity.—See Intensity, luminous. Lunar month.—The time which elapses between successive new moons. Also called synodical month. Lux.—A unit of illumination, one lumen per square meter. Magnetic flux.—See Flux, magnetic. Magnetic induction.—See Induction. Magnetic moment.—See Moment. Magnetization, Intensity of.—Magnetic moment per unit of volume (cf. moment). Magnetomotive force.—(mmf ). See Potential.

Magnitude.—The magnitude, or apparent magnitude, (m) of a star is primarily an indication of the amount of light the earth receives from it. The value to be assigned to the latter depends upon the characteristics of the perceptive apparatus: visual, photovisual, photographic, and radiometrie magnitudes are to be distinguished. Certain stars near the north pole have been chosen as standards; the numerical magnitudes assigned to them are such as represent satisfactorily the range covered by early naked-eye estimates, and satisfy the equation m = 2.5 (logio/o — logio/), / = intensity of light from a star of magnitude m, and I0 = that from one of magnitude zero. For Vega, m = 0.2; a star of m = 6 is near the limit of naked-eye visibility. The absolute magnitude M is internationally defined as the apparent magnitude the star would have if its distance were 0.1 parsec; M = m + 5 -f- 5 logio71", TT = parallax expressed in ". Mass, Engineers' unit of.—See Slug. Maxwell.—The cgsm unit of flux of magnetic induction. Mean distance.—In astronomical parlance, the mean distance of a planet from the sun denotes the mean of the greatest and the least distance from the sun to the path of the planet. Similarly in other cases. Mean spherical candlepower.—Average candlepower of a source, in all directions. Mega-.—Prefix = 1 000 000. Megmho.—Conductance of one reciprocal microhm. Meter-candle.—The illumination of an element of surface one meter distant from a uniform source of one candle situated upon the normal to the center of the element. One lux. Meter-kilogram.—[ml2/t2]. Work required to raise one kilogram a vertical distance of one meter at a place where the acceleration of gravity is 980.665 cm/sec.2 Mho.—An electrical conductance of one reciprocal ohm. Micro-.—Prefix denoting 1/106. Microhm.—10~6 ohm. Micromicro-.—Prefix denoting 1/1012. Micron.—(M). Unit of length = 1/106 m = 0.001 mm. Mil.—0.001 in. (cf. Circular inch). Muli-.—Prefix = 0.001. Millimicro-.—Prefix = 0.000 000 001. Minute.—1. (min). Time, M440 of a day. 2. ('). Unit of angle, Ho degree. 3. ( N ). Centesimal minute = unit of angle =0.01 grade. Modulus.—1. See Elastic modulus. 2. For the several elastic moduli—bulk, compression, elasticity, rigidity, torsion, Young's— see distinguishing name. Mohs.—An arbitrary scale of hardness based upon a selected list of 10 native minerals. Mole.—A variable, derived unit of mass; its mass is numerically equal to the molecular weight of the substance measured. The expressions gram-mole, kilogram-mole, etc. are used to designate the basic unit of mass employed. Similarly derived units based upon the atomic weight, the formula weight, or the equivalent are called the gram-atom, gram-formula weight or gram-equivalent when the gram is the basic unit, and correspondingly in other cases. Molecular.—For molecular properties, see appropriate properties. Molecular volume.—Volume occupied by one mole. Molecular weight divided by density. Molecular weight.—(M). The sum of the atomic weights of all the atoms contained in a molecule. Moment.—1. Of force (F) about a point = Fl, I = perpendicular distance from the point to the line of F. 2. Of a couple = product of either force times perpendicular distance between them. 3. Of a magnet = moment of couple acting upon it when it is at right angles to a magnetic field of unit intensity. 4. Of inertia about an axis = sum of the products

of each element of mass times the square of its distance from the axis. Month.—1. Period of time determined by motion of moon. See lunar, synodical, tropical, sidereal, anomalistic, nodical, draconic. 2. Solar month = Ji 2 °f tropical year. 3. Calendar month = conventional subdivision of year. Myria-.—Prefix = 10 000. Node.—1. A point of a standing wave where the displacement is independent of the time. 2. In astronomy, the points where an orbital, or other, plane cuts the ecliptic; the rising node is the one at which the passage across the plane of the ecliptic is from south to north. Nodical month.—Time required by the moon to pass from one rising node to the next. Also called draconic month. Noon.—See Time. Normal.—1. The normal to a surface is a line drawn perpendicular to the surface at the point considered. 2. Any line perpendicular to another may be said to be normal to it. 3. A concentration of one gram-equivalent per liter. Normal atmosphere.—(An). See Atmosphere. Numeric.—(N). A pure number. A dimensionless quantity. Nutation.—See Celestial sphere. Oersted,—The cgsm unit of magnetic reluctance. Ohm.—(O). A unit of electrical resistance. 1. Absolute ohm = IO9 cgsm units. 2. International ohm is the resistance, at the temperature of melting ice, offered to an unvarying electric current by a column of mercury, of constant sectional area, having a mass of 14.4521 grams and a length, at the temperature mentioned, of 106.300 cm. Ohm-centimeter.—Unit of electrical volume resistivity. The resistivity of a material of which a uniform bar one cm2 in sectional area has a longitudinal resistance of one ohm per cm of length. Frequently called one ohm per centimeter cube. Ohm (cm, gram).—Unit of electrical mass resistivity. The resistivity of a material of which a bar, having such a uniform section that its mass per linear cm is one gram, has a longitudinal resistance of one ohm per cm of length. Ohm (meter, mm).—Unit of electrical volume resistivity. The resistivity of a material of which a circular cylinder one mm in diameter has a longitudinal resistance of one ohm per meter. Ohm (meter, mm2).—Unit of electrical volume resistivity. The resistivity of a material of which a circular cylinder one square mm in sectional area has a longitudinal resistance of one ohm per meter. Ohm (mil, ft.).—Analogous to ohm (meter, mm). Cylinder one mil in diameter, resistance of one ohm per foot. Ohm (mile, pound).—Analogous to ohm (cm, gram). Ohm-inch.—Analogous to ohm-centimeter. Parallax.—!.. The annual parallax of a star is defined as the maximum angle subtended by one astronomical unit of length at the distance of the star from the sun. 2. The equatorial horizontal parallax of a member of the solar system is the maximum angle subtended by the equatorial radius of the earth at the distance of the earth from the member considered. Parsec.—The distance of a star for which the annual parallax is one second of arc. Pentane candle.—A superseded unit of luminous intensity = one Int. candle. Percent.—(%). The number of units of the constituent in 100 units of the mixture containing it. If units of volume are used, the ratio is called volume percent; if units of mass, it is called mass percent, weight percent, or simply percent. (% must be distinguished from % 0 which is frequently used to denote per thousand.) Perigee.—That point of the moon's orbit which is nearest to the earth, (c/. apogee).

Perihelion.—That point of a planet's, or comet's, orbit which is nearest to the sun (cf aphelion). Permeability.—GU.) The force (/) of repulsion between two rigidly magnetized poles (ra, m') at a distance r apart is / = (mmf)/(iJLr2); M depends upon the material in which the poles are immersed, and is called its permeability. Pferdekraft.—See Cheval-vapeur. Phot.—An illumination of one lumen per cm2. Photoelectric constant.—1. h/e. It is l/v of the rise in potential required to impart to a negative electron the energy it has when emitted under the action of radiation of frequency v. 2. hc/e. This is X times the rise in potential mentioned in (1). X = wave-length in vacuo. Planck's constant of action.—(h). [ml2/t]. A universal constant which fixes the amount of energy contained in the individual bundles, or quanta, of radiation emitted by a radiating body. Each such bundle contains an amount of energy = h?, v = vibration frequency of the radiation, h is also called Planck's quantum. Poise.—[m/lt]. The cgs unit of viscosity. If the tangential force, per unit area, which one layer of a fluid exerts upon an adjacent one is one dyne when the space rate of variation of the tangential velocity from layer to layer is unity, «the viscosity of the fluid is one poise. Poisson's ratio.—If a bar of uniform section be subjected to a pure tensile stress, the ratio of its transverse contraction per unit of transverse thickness to its elongation per unit of length is called the Poisson's ratio of the material. Pole strength.—See Quantity of magnetism. Poncelet.—Unit of power = 100 meter-kilograms per second. Potential.—The excess of the potential at the point A over that at Bj with reference to any quantity m, is the mechanical work per unit of m which must be done in carrying a very small positive amount of m from B to A. The difference in electrical potential is called electromotive force, emf, potential difference; in magnetic potential, is called magnetomotive force, mmf. Potential gradient.—The space rate of increase in the potential. If the direction in which the rate to be measured is not stated, that corresponding to the maximum gradient is to be understood. Pound weight.—See Weight. Poundal.—The unit of force in the fps system. It is the force which, if acting continuously upon a mass of one pound, will impart to it a uniform acceleration of one foot per second2 (cf. Dyne). Power.—1. The time rate of doing work. 2. If when the two junctions of a bimetallic circuit differ in temperature by a small amount (d£), there is an open circuit emf (dE) around the circuit, then (dE)/(dt) is called the thermoelectric power of the circuit, corresponding to the average temperature of the two junctions. 3. The ability to do some specific thing; as in rotatory power. Practical electric units.—A system of electrical units based upon IO9 cm, 10~~n gram, sec, and the permeability of a vacuum, as fundamental units. The units of most interest are the ohm ( = 109 cgsm), ampere ( = 0.1 cgsm), and volt ( = 108 cgsm). Frequently described as absolute (cf. Int. elee, units). Precession of the equinoxes.—See Celestial sphere. Pressure.—(p), (P). [m/lt2]. Normal force per unit of area. A hydrostatic pressure is a pressure which is the same in all directions. For critical pressures, see Critical. Quadrant.—1. Unit of angle = 90°. 2. Formerly used occasionally to denote the henry. Quantity of electricity.—1. (es). The electrostatic unit is that quantity which when concentrated to a point and placed at unit distance from an equal point charge will exert upon it a

unit force, the surrounding medium being a vacuum. 2. (em). The electromagnetic unit is that quantity which is transferred per unit of time across any section of an infinitely long, straight, linear conductor when the current is such that the intensity of the resulting magnetic field at unit distance from the conductor is unity. 3. For other units—coulomb, electronic charge, faraday—see corresponding names. Quantity of magnetism.—Also called pole strength. 1. The electromagnetic unit is that quantity which when concentrated to a point pole and placed at a unit distance from an equal point pole will exert upon it a unit force, the surrounding medium being a vacuum. 2. The electrostatic unit is that quantity which when concentrated to a point pole and placed at a unit distance from an infinitely long, straight, linear conductor would experience a unit force as a result of a current in the conductor such that one electrostatic unit of electricity per second is transferred across each section of the conductor. 3. The Int. electric unit is not named, it is the same as the cgsm unit. Quantum.—1. Certain processes are essentially discrete, and consequently parcel out into bundles the several quantities involved. If for a certain quantity and a particular process these bundles are all alike, it is now customary to call them quanta, without implying that the quantity so bundled has in itself any atomistic properties. 2. Planck's quantum. See Planck. Radian.—An angle which encloses, of the circumference of a concentric circle, an arc = radius. Radiance.—The radiance of a body, within the spectral range Xi to X2, is defined as the intensity of the radiant energy, having wave-lengths lying between X1 and X2, which the body emits in a direction perpendicular to its radiating surface. If the spectral range is not mentioned, all wave-lengths are to be included; this is frequently called the total radiance. The spectral, or monochromatic, intensity of the radiance of wavelength X is defined as the ratio of the radiance within the range (X — %d\) to (X + J^dX) to dX, when the latter is indefinitely small (cf. Emissivity). Radiation constants.—See Black body. Rankine.—A name sometimes applied to the absolute Fahrenheit scale of temperature. Reaumur.—(R). A thermometric system in which the freezing point of water is called 0°, and the boiling point, 80°. Reflectivity.—The ratio of the intensity of the light specularly reflected from a surface to the intensity of the light incident upon it. It is a pure numeric. Refraction.—1. The index of refraction, refractive index, or refractive exponent is n = sin i /sin r; i = angle of incidence from a vacuum upon the substance, and r = angle of refraction, each measured from the normal to the surface. 2. Refractivity is (n — 1). 3. Specific refractivity (TG) is (n — l)/d. Specific refraction (rL) is (n2 — l)/d(n2 H- 2). d = mass per unit of volume. 4. Molecular refractivity = Mr0. Molecular refraction = Mr^ M = molecular weight. By replacing M by the atomic weight, the corresponding atomic values are obtained. 5. Refractive constant of a solute is its specific refractivity computed on the assumption that the refractivity of the solution is equal to the sum of the refractivities of its pure constituents each multiplied by the ratio of its mass per unit volume of the solution to its own density when pure. Reluctance.—The magnetic reluctance of a body between two specified equipotential surfaces is the ratio of the difference in the two potentials divided by the flux of magnetic induction from [to] either surface to [from] the body. It has no significance unless these two fluxes are the same. Resistance.—1. The electrical resistance of a body between two specified equipotential surfaces is E/Ij where E is the unchanging difference in the potentials of the surfaces and / is the result-

ing current across any transverse section between them. 2. Specific resistance. See Resistivity. Resistivity.—1. [resistance X length]. Resistivity, or volume resistivity, of a substance is the longitudinal resistance per unit of length of a uniform bar of the substance of unit sectional area. 2. [resistance X mass/(length)2]. Mass resistivity of a substance is the longitudinal resistance per unit of length of a uniform bar of the substance of such a sectional area that it contains one unit of mass per unit of length. 3. [resistance]. Surface resistivity is the resistance per unit of length of a strip of the surface of unit width. It has reference solely to the current which is restricted to the surface. Rhe.—Name proposed for cgs unit of fluidity; = one reciprocal poise. Right ascension.—See Celestial sphere. Rigidity.—If to the four faces of a cube which are parallel to a given edge there be applied tangential stresses which are equal in absolute value, perpendicular to the given edge, and so directed as to produce a pure distortion, the other two faces will be deformed into diamond shaped figures if the material is isotropie. The modulus of rigidity is defined as the quotient of the stress on any one of the faces divided by the resulting change in any one of the angles of a distorted face. Also called modulus of shear, Coulomb*s modulus, modulus of torsion (the last is undesirable). Rotation.—See Rotatory power. Rotatory power, Optical.—1. The natural rotatory power is e/I1 where 6 is the rotation of the plane of polarization which occurs in a path of length L The specific rotatory power ([a]) is B/dl, d = density. The molecular [or atomic] rotatory power is M0/dl [or A0/dl\] M = molecular, A = atomic weight. 2. The magnetic rotatory power is 0/(IH cos a), where H = intensity of the magnetic field and a == angle between H and the path of the light. It is commonly called Verdet's constant. From the magnetic rotatory power, the specific ([«]), molecular, and atomic magnetic rotatory powers are derived exactly as in the case of natural rotation. The ratio of any one of these quantities to the corresponding one for a chosen reference substance is called the relative power. Water is the reference substance commonly chosen, and [O] is used to denote the molecular magnetic rotatory power relative to water, Rydberg's fundamental frequency, and series constant.—See Series, spectral. Secohm.—A superseded name for the henry. Second.—1. (sec). Time, K64o o day. Mean solar day, unless contrary is indicated. 2. ("). Unit of angle, MGOO degree. 3. D. Centesimal second = 0.0001 grade. Seger cone.—One of a graded series of cones of refractory material which, by their softening and the resultant deformation, indicate the heat treatment to which they have been subjected. Series, Spectral.—Spectral lines, or groups of lines, which occur in orderly sequence. Most of these sequences can be represented by an equation of the form £ = ^ - (m + *+Jfa*pi x = wave-length in vacuo; m is an integer varying from one line (or group) to another; for any one series, A, B1 N1 a. and ß are constants; B is an integer; N is known as Ry db erg1 s constant, its value is determined by the constitution of the radiating atom. On Bohr's theory, TV = N0, irp— , where M = mass M. -f- nio of the atom, m 0 = electronic mass, and N0* = 27r2m0e4/h3ce02; Nco is known as Rydberg's universal series constant; e = electronic charge; h = Planck's constant; e0 = dielectric constant of vacuum; c = velocity of light in vacuo. On this theory, B denotes the number of electrons displaced from their normal positions, m is the principal quantum number, a depends

upon the subordinate, or azimuthal, quantum number, and ß =3 O. For atoms of the type of hydrogen, a = O, / 3 = 0 ; for others (m + « + ß/mz) is frequently called the effective quantum number, generally it is not an integer. Rydberg's fundamental frequency is vm — cN». Sidereal month.—The time required for the moon to complete one apparent circuit among the stars. Siemens unit.—(S.E.). A superseded unit of electrical resistance proposed in 1860 by Werner von Siemens; defined as the resistance at O0C of a column of mercury one meter long and of a uniform cross section = one mm2. Slug.—A unit of mass. 1. The mass which will acquire an acceleration of one foot per sec2 when continuously acted upon by a force of one pound weight. Also called geepound, and engineer's unit of mass. 2. The metric slug is the mass which will acquire an acceleration of one meter per sec2 when continuously acted upon by a force of one kilogram weight. Solar month.—K2 tropical year. Solubility.—1. By solubility of the non-gas a in & is meant the mass of a per unit mass of b which is contained in the mixture which is in equilibrium, with an excess of a. In this mixture b is said to be saturated with a. Data are frequently restricted to mass of a per unit mass of mixture, mass of a per unit volume of mixture, or moles of a per mole of mixture. 2. Solubility of a gas is Cs/Cgi C8 = concentration of gas in the solution, Cg = concentration of gas in overlying gas phase. 3. Solubility product of an ionized substance (AnBn) in a stated solvent = [A]n - [B]mj where [A] and [B] denote the concentrations of the two ions when the solution is saturated with the substance. Specific gravity.—(^2). The ratio of the mass of a certain volume of the substance at the temperature t2 to that of the same volume of a reference substance (usually water) at temperature Z1. Frequently, but incorrectly, called density. Specific heat.—1. Heat capacity. See Capacity. 2. Specific heat of electricity.—See Thomson effect. 3. Einstein's specific heat constant (ß) = ratio of Planck's constant (h) to Boltzmann's molecular gas constant (k0). 4. Ratio of specific heats = j = Cp/cv; cPi cv = specific heat at constant pressure and at constant volume, respectively. Specific inductive capacity.—The ratio of the dielectric constant of the substance to that of a vacuum. Specific refractive power.—Used indifferently to denote several of the refractive constants (cf. Refraction). Sperm candle, English.—A superseded unit of luminous intensity = one Int. candle. Spheradian.—See Steradian. Spherical candlepower, Mean.—See Mean spherical candlepower. Square.—(sq.), (2). Used in conjunction with the name of a unit of length to form the name of a related unit of area; e.g., square foot (sq. ft.), (ft.2) is the name of a unit of area equivalent to the area of a square with edges one foot long. Square degree.—The solid angle enclosed by a cone of vanishingly small vertex angle 20 is fcn-02. If 6 is expressed in radians and the unit of solid angle is so chosen that k = 1, that unit is called a steradian. If B is expressed in degrees, and A = I, the corresponding unit of solid angle is called a square degree. One square degree = (TT/18O)2 steradians. This procedure defines a definite unit of solid angle although the solid angles enclosed in cones of finite vertex angles are not proportional to the squares of those angles. Stefan's constant.—See Black body. Steradian.—The solid angle which encloses on the surface of a concentric sphere an area = (radius)2. Stoichiometric.—Pertaining to the ratio of the masses of the several elements contained in a pure chemical compound.

Strain.—1. For pure distortion the strain is measured by the The most common systems are the centimeter-gram-secondchange in a significant angle. 2. The ratio of change in size to degree Centigrade (cgs), and the foot-pound-second-degree original size. Fahrenheit (fps) systems. See also International electric Stress.—The force per unit of area over which it acts. units, practical electric units, and absolute. 2 Surface tension.—(7). [m/t ]. Owing to molecular attraction, Van der Waals.—See Waals. two fluids in contact adjust themselves so that the area of their Violle unit.—A superseded unit of luminous intensity based upon interface is a minimum, consistent with other requirements. the brightness of fused platinum at the temperature of solidiThis adjustment may be pictured as arising from a tension fication. residing in the surface itself; to this is given the name surface Viscosity.—If a fluid is flowing in the plane yz with velocity v it exerts upon an adjacent plane a tangential drag = -n(dv)/(dx), tension. Its value is defined as the normal, tensile force, per unit of length, across any line traced on the surface. per unit of area. 77 is called the viscosity, coefficient of visSusceptibility.—(K). In the electromagnetic systems of units, cosity, or coefficient of internal friction. Unit : poise. 4-n-K is the excess of the magnetic permeability of the substance Viscosity, Kinematic.—Viscosity divided by density. over that of a vacuum. Volt.—The electrical potential difference which, when steadily Synodical.—In astronomy, the synodical period of a body is the applied to a conductor having a resistance of one ohm, will prointerval between its successive returns to the same position with duce in it a current of one ampere (cf. absolute and international reference to the plane which is perpendicular to the plane of units). The Int. Committee authorized by the London Conthe ecliptic and which continuously passes through the centers ference, 1908, agreed to regard the emf of the Weston normal of the earth and the sun. cell at 2O0C as exactly 1.0183 Int. volts. This furnishes a subSynonical month.—See Lunar month. sidiary definition which is slightly discordant with the primary Temperature conductivity.—See Diffusivity. one. These tables distinguish between the two, and between Tension, Surface.—See Surface tension. units derived from them, by using (a) to denote those based on Tenth-meter.—10~10 meter; one Angstrom unit. ampere and ohm, and (v) to denote those based on volt as Thermal.—See Heat. defined by the Weston cell. Thermoelectric power.—See Power. Volt-electronic charge.—Analogous to volt-faraday. Thomson effect.—In a region in which the temperature of a Volt-faraday.—The work which must be done in order to transfer homogeneous metallic conductor varies from section to section, one faraday of positive electricity from any point to another there exists a potential gradient which is proportional to the having a potential one volt higher than the former. product of the temperature and its gradient. This is the Volt-second.—Unit of flux of magnetic induction. The amount Thomson (or Kelvin) thermoelectric effect. The constant of defined by the change per second, of the magnetic induction proportionality is called the coefficient of the effect. If the through an area, required to induce around the area an emf coefficient is positive, a positive electric current flowing from of one volt. hot section to cooler section tends to make the temperature more Volume, Specific.—Reciprocal of the density. uniform; it is as if the current carried heat from hot portion to Waals, Van der.—In the equation (p -j- a/V^)(V — b) = 1 + at, cooler portion, as if the electricity had a certain specific heat. a and b are known as Van der Waals' constants; a[b] = presThis is what Thomson called the specific heat of electricity. It sure [volume] constant. may be either positive or negative, depending upon the metal. Watt.—Unit of power; work done at rate of one joule per second. Time.—True noon, or local true noon, is the instant at which the Watt-hour.—Work expended by one watt in one hour (cf. kilosun is bisected by the meridional plane of the observer. Mean watt-hour). noon, or local mean noon, is the instant at which a fictitious Wave-length.—(X). Distance between consecutive corresponding mean sun is bisected by the meridional plane. This mean sun points in a monofrequent wave train. Occasionally applied to is one endowed with such a uniform, apparent angular velocity complex waves. in the equatorial plane that in one tropical year it will make Wave number.—Reciprocal of wave-length. exactly the same number of apparent revolutions around the Weight.—The force with which a body, left to itself, is urged earth as are made by the true sun. Time measured from the towards the earth. In the absolute systems of units it is true noon is called true, or apparent, solar time; that from mean numerically equal to the mass of the body multiplied by the noon is called mean time. The excess of mean time over true acceleration of gravity (g) at the position considered; hence time is called equation of time. The earth has been divided varies with position. Such expressions as gram weight [pound into a series of time zones, each 15° of longitude in width, so that weight] are to be interpreted as meaning the weight of a gram intercourse may be facilitated by all places in each zone using [a pound] at a place where g has the standard value, 980.665 the mean time corresponding to the center of the zone; this is cm/sec.2 known as standard time. The first zone is centered on Green- Wien's displacement constant.—(w). See Black body. wich, England. Year.—(yr). Time required for earth to make one complete Titer.—See Concentration. circuit of its orbit, as defined by its return to the same posiTorque.—The moment of a force. tion as determined by the sun and some celestial point of Tropical month.—The yearly average of the time required for the reference. For the tropical, equinoctial, or ordinary year the moon to traverse 360° of astronomical longitude. reference point is the mean vernal equinox; for the sidereal, or Twist.—If a uniform bar of free length I be clamped rigidly at one true, year, it is a fixed star; for anomalistic year, it is perihelion end and the other end be twisted, about the axis of the bar, of earth's orbit; for eclipse year, it is ascending node of moon's through an angle 0, the twist of the bar is defined as 0/L Simiorbit. larly for other cases. Young's modulus.—If a bar of uniform section be subjected to a Units, Systems of.—The fundamental units in most absolute syslongitudinal tension, the ratio of this stress to the resulting tems are those of mass, length, time, thermometric degree, and elongation per unit of length is called its Young's modulus. the dielectric constant (or the magnetic permeability) of a Also called modulus of elasticity, elastic modulus, longitudinal vacuum. Other units are defined in terms of these by the use elasticity, coefficient of resistance to extension, modulus of of established relations, arbitrary factors being made unity. traction.

ELEMENTS AND ATOMS PAGE Atomic Numbers. Atomic Weights for Each Year Since 1882 43 Isotopes. F. W. ASTON 45 Periodic Table 46 Radioactive Elements. FREDERICK SODDY 46 Structure of the Isolated Atom. H. A. KRAMERS 47 ATOMIC WEIGHTS The values given in column four were compiled for International Critical Tables (I. C. T.) by Prof. G. P. Baxter in 1923 and are those upon which all the data given in International Critical Tables are based. Following these are shown the accepted atomic weights back to 1882. For the period since 1903 these are taken from the reports of the International Committee on Atomic Weights; for the period 1894 to 1903, from the reports of the American Chemical Society's Committee on Atomic Weights; for the year 1882, from F. W. Clarke's "A Recalculation of the Atomic Weights," reproduced in the first (1883) edition of "Landolt-Bornstein." These 1882 values (to two decimals) are given in parentheses. A date in parentheses indicates the first appearance of the element in the atomic weight table. All the values given are based upon O = 16.000. ——-

^T*

rû I

'Q£ | |

m

< fl

^

Name

A

18 Argon

Ac Ag

89 Actinium 47 Silver

Al

13 Aluminium

As

33 Arsenic

Au

79 Gold

B

5 Boron

Ba

56 Barium

Be

4 Beryllium

Bi

83 Bismuth

Br

35 Bromine

C

6 Carbon

—————

I. C. T. at. wt.

Atomic weights (1925-1882)

39.91 '25, 39,91; '24-'19, 39.9; '18-'1I, 39.88; '10-'03, 39.9; '02, 39.96 (1902) ? 107.880 '25, 107.880; '24-'09, 107.88; >08-'03, 107.93; '02-'94, 107.92 (107.92) 26.96 '25, 26.97; '24-'22, 27.0; '21-'0O, 27.1; '99-'96, 27.11;'95-'94,27(27.OS) 74.96 '25-'1O, 74.96; '09-'0O, 75.0; '99-'97, 75.01; '96, 75.09; '95-'94, 75.0 (75.09) 197.2 '25-'0O, 197.2; '99-'97, 197.23; '96, 197.24; '95-'94, 197.3 (196.61) 10.82 '25, 10.82; '24-'19, 10.9; '18-'0O, 11.0; '99-'96, 10.95;'95-'94, 11 (10.97) 137.37 '25-'09, 137.37; '08-'0O, 137.40; '99-'94, 137.43 (137.01) 9.02 '25, 9.02; '24-'0O, 9.1; '99-'96, 9.08; '95-'94, 9 (9.11) 209.00 '25-'22, 209.0; '21-'07, 208.0; '06-'03, 208.5; '02-'0O, 208.1; '99-'96, 208.11; '95, 208; '94, 208.9 (208.00) 79.916 '25,79.916; '24-'09,79.92; '08-'03, 79.96; '02-'94, 79.95 (79.95) 12.000 '25, 12.000; '24-'16, 12.005; '15-'98, 12.00; '97-'96, 12.01; '95-'94, 12 (12.00)

IS o^l Name S J* âme m
Cb

41 Columbium

Cd

48 Cadmium

Ce

58 Cerium

Cl

17 Chlorine

Co

27 Cobalt

Cp Cr

71 Cassiopeium 24 Chromium

Cs

55 Cesium

Ct Cu

72 Celtium 29 Copper ì

?M D j ^ Em Er

66 Dysprosium 86 Ra-emanation 68 Erbium

Eu F

63 Europium 9 Fluorine

Fe

26 Iron

Ga

31 Gallium

Gd

64 Gadolinium

L C> T ^ wt*

40.07

At mÌC wei

°(1925-1882) ëhts

'25~'12, 40.07; 'll-'09y 40.09; '08-'0O, 40.1; '99-'97, 40.07; '96, 40.08; '95-'94, 40 (40.08) 93.1 '25~'17, 93.1; '16-'09, 93.5;'08-'03,94;'02-'00, 93.7; '99-'97, 93.73; '96-'94, 94.0 (94.03) 112.41 '25, 112.41; '24-'09, 112.40; '08-'0O, 112.4; '99, 112.38; '98-'97, 111.95; '96, 111.93; '95-'94, 112 (112.09) 140.25 '2&-'04, 140.25; '03, 140; '02-'0O, 139; '99-'98, 139.35; '97-'94, 140.25 (140.75) 35.458 '25,35.457; '24-'09,35.46; '08-'94, 35.45 (35.45) 58.97 '25, 58.94; '24-'09, 58.97; '08-'0O, 59.0; '9&-'98, 58.99; '97, 58.93; '96, 58.95; '95, 59.5; '94, 59 (59.02) 175.0 See Lu 52.01 '25, 52.01; '24-'1O, 52.0; '09-'0O, 52.1; '99-'96, 52.14; '95-'94, 52.1 (52.13) 132.81 '25-'09, 132.81; '08-'04, 132.9;'03, 133.0;'02-'00, 132.9; '00-'96, 132.89; '95-'94, 132.9 (132.92) Same as Hf 63.57 '25-'09, 63.57; '08-'94, 63.6 (63.32) 162.52 '25, 162.52;'24-'08, 162.5 (1908) 222. See Rn 167.7 '25~'12, 167.7; '11-'09, 167.4; '08-'0O, 166.0; '99-'97, 166.32; '96-'94, 166.3 (166.27) 152.0 '25-'07, 152.0 (1907) 19.00 '25-'03, 19.0; '02-'0O, 19.05; '99-'97, 19.06; '96, 19.03; '95-'94, 19 (19.03) 55.84 '25-'12, 55.84; 'll-'09r 55.85; '08-'0I, 55.9; '0O, 56.0; '99-'96, 56.02; '95-'94, 56 (56.04) 69.72 '25, 69.72; '24-'19, 70.1; '18-'09, 69.9; '08-'0O, 70.0; '99-'97, 69.91; '96-'94, 69.0 (68.96) 157.26 '25, 157.26;'24-'09, 157.3; '08-'03, 156; '02, 156.4; '01-'0O, 157.0; '99-'97, 156.76; '96-'94, 156.1

"o ô S CQ Ge

.S o> 'QPU M o S âme ^ a 32 Germanium

Gl H

4 Glucinium 1 Hydrogen

He

2 Helium

Hf Hg

72 Hafnium 80 Mercury

Ho

67 Holmium

I (J)

In

'25, 72.60; '24-'0O, 72.5; '99-'97, 72.48; '96-'94, 72.3 9.02 See Be 1.0077 '25, 1.0077; '24-'94, 1.008 (1.00) 4.00 '25-'16, 4.00; '15-'1I, 3.99; '10-'03, 4.0; '02, 3.96 (1902) 178.6 200.61 '25, 200.61; '23-'12, 200.6; '!!-'94, 200.0 (200.17) 163.4 '25, 163.4; '23-'13, 163.5 (1913) 126.932 '25, 126.932; '24-'09, 126.92; '08-'05, 126.97; '04-'94, 126.85 (126.85) 114.8 '25-'09, 114.8; '08-'05, 115; '04-'0O, 114; '99-'97, 113.85; '96-'94, 113.7 (113.66) 193.1 '25-'09, 193.1; '08-'03, 193.0; '02-'0O, 193.1; '99-'96, 193.12; '95-'94, 193.1 (193.09) 39.095 '25, 39.096; '24-'09, 39.10; '08-'03, 39.15; '02-'94, 39.11 (39.11) 82.9 '25, 82.9; '24-'1I, 82.92; '1O, 83.0; '09-'03, 81.8; '02, 81.76 (1902) 138.91 '25, 138.90;'24-'09, 139.0; '08-'03, 138.9; '02-'0O, 138.6; '99-'97, 138.64; '96, 138.6; '95-'94, 138.2 (138.84) 6.939 '25, 6.940; '24-'1I, 6.94; '10-'09, 7.00; '08-'96, 7.03; '95-'94, 7.02 (7.02) 175.0 '25-'16, 175.0; '15-'09, 174.0 (1909)

49 Indium

77 Iridium

K

19 Potassium

Kr

36 Krypton

La

57 Lanthanum

Li

3 Lithium

Lu

71 Lutecium

Ma Mg

43 Masurium 12 Magnesium

Mn

25 Manganese

Mo

42 Molybdenum

7 Nitrogen

Na

11 Sodium

Nb

41 Niobium


72.38

53 Iodine

Ir

N

L C . T. ^^

Ne

10 Neon

Ni

28 Nickel

Nt O Os

86 Niton 8 Oxygen 76 Osmium

P

15 Phosphorus

Pa Pb

91 Protoactinium 82 Lead

Pd

46 Palladium

Po Pr

84 Polonium 59 Praseodymium

Pt

78 Platinum

Ra

88 Radium

Rb

37 Rubidium

Re Rh

75 Rhenium 45 Rhodium

Rn

86 Radon

Ru

44 Ruthenium

24.32

"

'25-'09, 24.32; '08-'03, 24.36; '02-'0O, 24.3; '99-'97, 24.28; '96, 24.29; '95-'94, 24.3 (24.01) 54.93 '25-'09, 54.93; '08-'0O, 55.0; '99-'96, 54.99; J 95-'94, 55 (54.03) 96.0 '25-'0O, 96.0; '99-'97, 95.99; '96, 95.98; '95-'94, 96 (95.75) 14.008 '25-'19, 14.008; '18-'07, 14.01; '06-'96, 14.04; '95, 14.05; '94, 14.03 (14.03) 22.997 y25, 22.997; '24-'09, 23.00; '08-'94, 23.05 (23.05) 93.1 See Cb

^ 'SrO Name l l| QQ ^ a Nd 60 Neodymium

S

16 Sulfur

Sa

62 Samarium

I. C. T. at. wt.


144.27

'25, 144.27; '24-'09, 144.3; '08-'99, 143.6; '98-'97, 140.80; '96-'94, 140.5 20.2 '25-'09, 20.2; '10-'04, 20.0 (1904) 58.69 '25, 58.69; '24-'09, 58.68; '08-'0O, 58.7; '99-'96, 58.69; '95-'94, 58.7 (58.06) 222. See Rn 16.000 '25-'94,16.000(16.0O) 190.8 '25, 190.8;'23-'09, 190.9; '08-'0O, 191.0; '99-'96, 190.99; '95-'94, 190.8 (198.95?) 31.024 '25, 31.027; '24-'1I, 31.04; '10-'0O, 31.0; '99-'94, 31.02; '95-'94, 31 (31.03) ? 207.20 '25-'16, 207.20; '15-'09, 207.10; '08-'03, 206.9; '02-'96, 206.92; '95-'94, 206.95 (206.95) 106.7 '25-'09, 106.7; '08-'03, 106.5; '02-'0O, 107.0; '99-'96, 106.36; '95, 106.5; '94, 106.6 (105.98) (210) 140.92 '25, 140.92; '24-'16, 140.9; '15-'09, 140.6; '08-'0O, 140.5; '99-'97, 143.60; '96-'94, 143.5 195.23 '25, 195.23; '24-'1I, 195.2; '10-'09, 195.0; '08-'03, 194.8; '02-'0O, 194.9; '99-'96, 194.89; '95-'94, 195 (194.87) 225.95 '25, 225.95; '24-'16, 226; '15-'09, 226.4; '08-'03, 225 (1903) 85.44 . '25, 85.44; '24-'09, 85.45; '08-'05, 85.5; '04-'0O, 85.4; '99-'96, 85.43; '95-'94, 85.5 (85.53) 102.91

'25, 102.91; '24-'09, 102.9; '08-'0O, 103.0; '99-'96, 103.01; '95-'94, 103 (104.29) 222. '25, 222; '24-'12, 222.4 (1912) 101.7 '25-'0O, 101.7; '99-'96, 101.68; '95-'94, 101.6 (104.46?) 32.065 '25, 32.065;'24-'16, 32.06; '15-'09, 32.07; '08-'03, 32.06; '02-'96, 32.07; '95-'94, 32.06 (32.06) 15Q.43 '25, 150.43; '24-'09, 150.4; '08-'05, 150.3;

:

.n S

'S ^ fi

AT

ame

*

I. C. T. at. wt.

Atomic weights (1925-1882) '04-'03, 150; '02-7OO, 150.3; '99-'97, 150.26; '96-'94, 150.0 '25, 121.77; '24-'03, 120.2; '02-'0O, 120.4; '99-'96, 120.43; '95-'94, 120 (120.23) '25-'2I, 45.10; '20-'0O, 44.1; '99-'97, 44.12; '96-'94, 44.0 (44.08) '25-'0O, 79.2; '99, 79.17; '98-'97, 79.02; '96-'94, 79.0 (78.98) '25, 28.06; '24-'22, 28.1; '21-709, 28.3; '08-'94, 28.4 (28.26) See Sa '25-'16, 118.70; '15-7OO, 119.0; '99-'96, 119.05; '95-'94, 119 (117.97) '25-'1I, 87.63; '10-'09, 87.62; '08-'0O, 87.6; '99-'96, 87.61; '95, 87.66; '94, 87.6 (87.58) '25-'1O, 181.5; '11-'07, 181.0; '06-03, 183; '02-'0O, 182.8; '99-'97, 182.84; '9&-'94, 182.6 (182.56) '25-'07, 159.2; '06-'94, 160 '25-'09, 127.5; '08-'03, 127.6; '02,127.7; '01-'0O, 127.5; '99-'97, 127.49; '96, 127; '95-'94, 125 (128.252) '25-'19, 232.15; '18-'1I1 232.4; '10-'09, 232.42; '08-'03, 232.5; '02-'0O, 232.6; '99-'96, 232.63; '95-'94, 232.6 (233.95) '25-'03, 48.1; '02-'96, 48.15; '95-'94, 48 (49.96?) '25, 204.39; '24-'09, 204.0; '08-'03, 204.1; '02-'96, 204.15; '95-'94, 204.18 (204.18) '25, 169.4; '24-'22, 169.9; '21-'09, 168.5; '08-'03, 171; '02-'94, 170.7 '25, 238.17; '24-'16, 238.2; '15-'03, 238.5; '02-'0O, 239.6; '99-'96, 239.59; '95-'94, 239.6 (239.03) Isotope of Pa '25, 50.96; '24-'12, 51.0; '11, 51.06; '10-'03, 51.2; '02-'0O, 51.4; '99-'96, 51.38; '95-'94, 51.4 (51.37)

CQ

< fl

Sa

62

Samarium

150.43

Sb

51 Antimony

121.77

Sc

21 Scandium

45.10

Se

34 Selenium

79.2

Si

14 Silicon

28.06

Sm Sn

62 Samarium 50 Tin

150.43 118.70

Sr

38 Strontium

87.62

Ta

73 Tantalum

181.5

Tb

65 Terbium

159.2

Te

52 Tellurium

127.5

Th

90 Thorium

232.15

Ti

22 Titanium

47.9

Tl

,Ìm U

81 Thallium

204.4

69 Thulium

169.4

92 Uranium

238.17

ì J

UX2 91 Uranium-Xa V 23 Vanadium

(234) 50.96

13 rD g mW

^ eu "3 ^Q XT | | Name *< ti 74 Tungsten

Xe

I. C. T. ^ ^ 184.0

54 Xénon

130.2

y \ 39 Yttrium

89.0

J

Yb

70 Ytterbium

173.6

Zn

30 Zinc

65.38

Zr

40 Zirconium

91.

Atomic weights (1925-1882) '25-'0O, 184.0; '99-'97, 184.83; '96, 184.84; '95, 184.9; '94, 184 (184.03) '25-'1I, 130.2; '1O, 130.7; '09-'02, 128 (1902) '25, 88.9; '24-'19, 89.33; '18-'16, 88.7; '15-'0O, 89.0; '99-'97, 89.02; '96, 88.95; '95-'94, 89.1 (90.02?) '25, 173.6; '24-'16, 173.5; '15-'09, 172.0; '08-'03, 173; '02-'0O, 173.2; '99-'97, 173.19; '96-'94, 173.0 (173.16) '25, 65.38; '24-'1O, 65.37; '09, 65.7; '08-'0O, 65.4; '99-'96, 65.41; '95-'94, 65.3 (65.05) '25, 91; '24-'09, 90.6; '01-'97, 90.4; '96-'94, 90.6 (89.57)

TABLE OF ISOTOPES F. W. ASTON "g § JE

0 g I. C. T. 3 2 g Mass numbers in order *§•§ atomic .är-g §» of the intensities of the -3 3 weight a § "o mass-spectrum lines

P3

•< g

A Ag Al As B Ba Be Bi Br C Ca Cd

18 47 13 33 5 56 4 83 35 6 20 48

39.91 107.880 26.96 74.96 10.82 137.37 9.02 209.00 79.916 12.000 40.07 112.41

Ce Cl Co Cr Cs Cu F Fe Ga Ge G] H He Hg I In K Kr La

58 17 27 24 55 29 9 26 31 32 4 1 2 80 53 49 19 36 57

140.25 35.458 58.97 52.01 132.81 63.57 19.00 55.84 69.72 72.38 9.02 1.0077 4.00 200.61 126.932 114.8 39.095 82.9 138.91

Lit.

S g.2 2 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 2 6

40,36 107,109 27 75 11, 10 138, 136 9 209 79,81 12 40, 44 110,111,112,113,114, 116 2 140, 142 2 35,37 1 59 1 52 1 133 2 63,65 1 19 2 56,54 2 69,71 3 74,72,70 1 9 1 1 1 4 2,6 197-200,202,204 1 127 1 115 2 39,41 6 84, 86, 82, 83, 80, 78 1 139 Continued on p. 47.

,, (3,5,21) (is, 26) ( 10 ) ( 4 » 22) (4,22) (17. 18) (33) (") (4,22) (2,21) (31, 32) O9) («) (2,21,23) (is, 26) (is, 26) ( 6 » 24) (14,26) (4,22) (». ") (is, 26) (13.26) (33) (3,21) (3,21) (2, 3,21) (5,23) (16) (6,24) (3.> 21) (17)

PERIODIC CHART OF THE ELEMENTS WITH ATOMIC NUMBERS AND ATOMIC WEIGHTS I

III

II

VI

V

IV

Vili or O

VII 2

He 4.00

Li 12

Al 26.96

22.997 19

Si 28.06

21

20

39.095 Cu

63.57

Zn 65.38

Ga 69.72

38

39

37

Rb

85.44 47

32

31

30

29

16

50.96 33

48

50

91

18

A 39.91

24

25

26

35

159.2

152.0 67

Ho

163.4 71

70

69

167.7

C 3 II

Dy 162 . 52

Tb

Er

140.92 Eu

G5 GG

Tu Yb 169.4 173.6 27

Lu

175.0

28

Co

Fe

Ni

58.97

55.84

58.69

36

Kr 82.9

Br Se 79.2 79.916

41

Sa 150.43

144.27

68

C 35.458

34

Nd

Ne Gd 20.2 157.26

I

Pr

62

64

Mn Cr 52.01 54.93

As 74.96

40

Zr

17

23

V

F

19.00

Ce 140.25

Gl

10

g

P 31.024 32.065

Ge 72.38

Yt Sr 87.62 89.0 49

N O 14.008 16.000

22

Ti Sc Ca 47.9 40.07 45.10

K

9

8

15

13 14

Mg 24.32

Na

C 12.00

B 10.82

Be 9.02

6.939 ii

7

6

4

La 138.91

60

H 1.0077

59

57 58

*

42

43

Cb 93.1

Mo 96.0

Ma

51

52

53

45

44

46

Rh

Ru

102.91

101.7

106.7

PeÎ

54

Sn Sb Te Xe In Cd I Ag 126 . 932 130.2 118.70 121.77 127.5 107.880 112.41 114.8 55

56

Ba 137.37

Cs

132.81 Au

197.2

72

57

2

W 184.0

88

89

Ac Ra 225.95

Pa

77

76

78

Os

190.8

Ir

195.23

Rn

* Indicates rare earths. See above

222

92 [J

232.15

238.17 THE BADIOACTIVE ELEMENTS

a - ray -^

Pt

193.1

6

5

Po (210)

91

90 Ih

75

Re

4

3

Tl Bi Pb Hg 207.20 209.00 200.61 204 .4

87

Group Principal element Atomic number

74

73

Hf Ta La 138.91 (178.6) 181.5 81

80

79

*

^- ß— ray (orrayless)

FREDERICK SODDY III

IV

V

VI

Tl

Pb

Bi

Po

81

82

83

84

VII —

85

VIII or O

I

II

III

IV

V

VI

Bn

—

Ba

Ac

Th

Pa

U

87

88

89

90

91

92

86

TABLE OF ISOTOPES.—Continued •g § .3

o £ § 'g ^g

Li

3

I. C. T. 3 ^ co Mass numbers in order atomic . S rg §< of the intensities of the Lit. weight a I "o mass-spectrum lines 6.939

2

~ 7 ^ 6 •

(24,27,29,

30) Mg Mn N Na Nd Ne Ni O P Pr Rb S Sb Sc Se Si Sn

12 25 7 11 60 10 28 8 15 59 37 16 51 21 34 14 50

24.32 54.93 14.008 22.997 144.27 20.2 58.69 16.000 31.024 140.92 85.44 32.065 121.77 45.10 79.2 28.06 118.70

3 1 1 1 3 2 2 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 6 3 7,8

Sr Te Ti V Xe

38 87.62 52 127.5 22 47.9 23 50.96 54 130.2

2 3 1 1 7,9

Yt Zn Zr

39 30 40

89.0 65.38 91

1 4 3

24,25,26 55 14 23 142,144,146,145 20,22 58,60 16 31 141 85,87 32 121, 123 45 80, 78, 76, 82, 77, 74 28, 29, 30 120,118,116,124,119, 117, 122, 121 88,86 128, 130, 126 48 51 129, 132, 131, 134, 136, 128,

130, 126, 124

89 64,66,68,70 90, 94, 92

(28,30) (15,26) (3,21) (6,24) (17, 18) (i, 20, 21) (7) (2,21) (4,22) (17) (6» 24) (4,22) (il, 25) (15,26) (io) ( 4 > 18» 22) (8) (15,17,26) (i») (is, 26) (is, 26) (3, 5,10,21,

10, 11, 18).

Of special interest are the recent attempts ( 21 ) to develop a rational "quantum mechanics" of the atom. This work clearly demonstrates the limited applicability of a picture of atomic structure, in which the behavior of the electrons inside the atom is visualized by orbits possessing definite kinematical properties. Atoms Containing One Electron.—Only for atoms containing a single electron, can a fairly complete description of the electronic motion in the stationary state, and of the significance of the quantum numbers be given. The motion of the electron obeys quite approximately the laws of electrodynamics, and can be described as a Keplerian elliptic motion, with the centre of gravity of the nucleus and the electron in one focus. On this motion, a slow uniform precession in the plane of motion is superposed (effect of variability of mass or "relativity-effect"). Two quantum numbers (n, k) define the stationary states (n, k — 1, 2, 3 . . . ; k ^ n), k/n being the ratio of the minor to the major axis of the ellipse. The states are denoted by the symbol Uk* In the normal state, \i(n — k = 1), the orbit is circular; and, omitting the correction due to the relativity effect, its constants are given by equations (2) l h2 n 0.53 xx ,„ 8 " ' - r C V t a c ^ Z - - * - * 1 0 " 8cm

23) W l = _ ^ x ^ o ^ _ 2 ^ 1= h I+^ l+5f

(is, 26) (31) (i*)

_^_ x I+=?

loli§ejrl

(2)

TF 1 . _11-X ^--^ -^ X 10-e*.

'+S

LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) 1

C ) Aston, 58, 104: 334; 19. (2) Ibid., 104: 393; 19. ( 3 ) Ibid., 105: 8; 20. ( 4 ) Ibid., 105: 547; 20. ( 5 ) Ibid., 106: 468; 20. ( 6 ) Ibid., 107: 72; 21. ( 7 ) Ibid., 107: 520; 21. ( 8 ) Ibid., 109: 813; 22. (») Ibid., 110: 312; 22. (1°) Aston, 08, 110: 664;22. ( 11 J Ibid., 110: 732; 22. ( 12 ) Ibid., Ill: 739; 23. (13) Ibid., Ill: 771; 23. (U) Ibid., 112: 162; 23. O 5 ) Ibid., 112: 449; 23. ( 16 ) Ibid., 113: 192; 24. ( 17 ) Ibid., 113: 856; 24. ( 18 ) Ibid., 114: 273; 24. ( 19 ) Ibid., 114: 717; 24. (20) Aston, 5, 39: 449; 20. ( 2 I) Ibid., 39: 611; 20. ( 2 2 ) Ibid., 40: 628; 20. (23) Ibid., 42: 140; 21. ( 24 ) Ibid., 42: 436; 21. ( 2S ) Ibid., 4,5: 924; 23. (26) Ibid., 47: 385; 24. ( 2 7 ) Aston and Thomson, 68, 106: 827; 21. ( 2 8 ) Dempster, 166, 52: 559; 20. ( 2 9 ) Dempster, 166, 53: 363; 21. ( 3 0 ) Dempster, 2, 18: 415; 21. (31) Ibid., 19: 431; 22. (32) ibid., 20: 631; 22. (33) Thomson, 3, 42: 837; 21.

"

1

^ '+S

In higher quantum states, the orbital constants are, with the same approximation, given by (3, 4) : n2 On = nzdi = -^- T1 _ WI _

2Z2vm

""=ir'~Kî)

w ^Wi =

z

^h

"-"K 1 + S) 7 r nkri k2ri 9 bn,k = nkai = -^r-; pk = 7№0,1 = -^-

... (4)

The number of revolutions corresponding to one rotation of the major axis, is, to a first approximation, given by (5) :

THE STRUCTURE OF THE ISOLATED ATOM

%-¥>*i-£x*>™

(Symbols, p. 50) H. A. KRAMERS According to the fundamental postulates of Bohr's atomic theory, a series of discrete "stationary states" has to be correlated with each atom. A definite " energy-content " can be assigned to every state, and an atom in a given state can change its energy only by performing a process of "transition" to another state. The emission of a spectral line of frequency v is correlated with a spontaneous transition from a stationary state of energy content Ei to another of energy content E^ by equation (1)

v = î CE1 - #2)

The stationary state with the smallest energy is termed the "normal state" of the atom. The properties of the stationary states can, to a considerable extent, be accounted for by assuming that the electrons surrounding the nucleus have definite motions, characterized by integral values of certain quantities. These integers are called the "quantum numbers" of the stationary state in question; by their values the energy of the state is completely fixed. For general treatment of the subject, see (l> 3» 4»

(1)

(a. = ^-2 = 7.30 X IO-3 £ ~; a2 = 5.31 X 10~*\ \ ne lo/ / The exact energy formula, neglecting terms containing m 0 /Af, is given by (6) :

+

'-—•[{' c-^T^sor-]« -5x*S=!{. + - < £ - £ ) + . . . j

(For general formula for W, including terms in m 0 /Af, see (9).) Figure 1 illustrates the stationary states in the hydrogen atom for which n = 1, 2, 3, 4. The arrows indicate the transitions giving

rise to the fine-structure components of the spectral lines, Ha and Hß. The numerical constants for these states are given in Table 1. TABLE 1.—HYDROGEN ORBITS; TI = 5.286 X 10~9 cm (U) nk

a/ri

b/ri

p/ri

co X 10~14

Ii 21

1 4

1 2

1 1

65.78 8.222

22 31 32 3s 41 42 4,3 44

4 9 9 9 16 16 16 16

4 3 6 9 4 8 12 16

4 1 4 9 1 4 9 16

a X 10~8

«/*•

1746 218.3

37 700 37 700

8.222 2.436 2.436 * 2.436 1.029 1.029 1.029 1.029

54.57 64.68 16.17 7.187 27.29 6.822 3.032 1.705

electronic orbits for which the principal quantum number is smaller than n but equal to or greater than k (conception of "penetrating orbits"). The maximum number of electrons which an n-quantum group can contain is equal to 2n2. If it contains this number, it contains sub-groups corresponding to all possible values for k (k — 1, 2 . . . n), and it is said to be a "finally completed" group. If a group, due to the dynamical properties of the atom under consideration, contains only sub-groups corresponding to k = 1,

150 700 37 700 150 700 339 300 37 700 150 800 339 300 603 200 FIG. 2.—Central orbit.

2 . . .ko (k0 < n) it will be in a state which is termed "provisionally completed," if it contains 2k02 electrons. For example, the 4-quantum group has reached the state of a 2-group (k0 = 1) in Ca (20), the state of an 8-group or 8-shell (kQ = 2) in Kr (36), the state of an 18-group or 18-shell (kQ = 3) in Ag (47), and its final state of a completed 32-group or 32-shell (k0 = 4) in Lu (71). With the exception of the 2-groups it seems impossible to assign definite values to the number of electrons in the several sub-groups of a provisionally, or finally, completed group; in fact, the actual properties of the electronic groups seem to show that the simple conception of central orbits characterized by the symbol Uk is essentially insufficient for their description. (OrigFIG. 1.—Orbits in hydrogen to n = 4. (Reproduced by permission inally Bohr assumed that a group of 2&02 electrons contained 2&0 from The Journal of the Franklin Institute.) electrons in each sub-group.) Closely connected herewith is Atoms Containing More than One Electron.—A complete theory the impossibility of assigning definite spatial arrangements to the of stationary states is lacking. Many properties of these states orbits belonging to one and the same group. In Table 2 the can be accounted for, however, on the basis of the principles number of electrons in each group is given as far as the theory applied to atoms containing one electron. As a first approxi- allows of a definite statement; those in parentheses are uncertain. From calculations based on Sommerfeld's quantum condimation, each electron may be considered as moving in a central tions and certain simplifying assumptions, a rough estimate of field of force due to the nucleus and the other electrons, its motion being characterized by a "principal quantum number" n and a the dimensions of the different types of orbits may be made. "subordinate quantum number" k. The electronic orbit can be Such estimates for neutral atoms and for positive ions containing described as a plane periodic orbit on which a uniform precession only finally, or provisionally, completed groups are schematically represented in Fig. 3. The small vertical lines are so drawn in the plane is superposed ("central orbit" c/. Fig. 2). If the position of the electron in the orbital plane is defined by that their distances from the dot at the left are proportional to polar coordinate (r, 2irP , 1 /dr\ , ,_ 7N * = —ir-3?-Tr (»-*)- s y»rf( s ;* (7) of principal quantum number ny and of subordinate quantum numbers from 1 to k0. where the factor ß becomes equal to 1 if the relativity effect is For the calculation of the dimensions of the outermost groups neglected. P is equal to the angular momentum of the electron it has been necessary to consider also experimental data relative with respect to the nucleus; the integral has to be taken over a to the effective gas-kinetic radii of the atoms of the inert gases, complete period of the radial motion, from A to B (Fig. 2). the effective radii of ions in crystals, ionic refraction, etc. As a In the normal state the electrons are distributed in groups, each rule the effective radii are 1.5 to 2.5 times larger than the orbital of which is characterized by its quantum numbers (n, k). On dimensions. As regards the inner groups, the estimate is rather passing from the nucleus to the surface of the atom, the successive accurate; for the outer groups, errors of the order of 10 % might groups correspond to successive integral values of the main be expected Special mention must be made of the uncertainty quantum number n ("n-quantum group"), the innermost group in the radius of the 5-quantum group for elements heavier than being characterized by n = 1; each group is divided into sub- barium ; the radii of this group as given in Fig. 3 for the elements groups corresponding to the different values which k may take. (72), 79, 80, 81, 82 are perhaps some 10% too high, as compared The possibility of reconciling such a picture with the dynamical with radii of the homologous elements 47, 48, 49, 50. properties of quantized central orbits is closely connected with For atoms containing only one electron in the outermost group, the fact that in an orbit for which k < n the electron will, in each the dimensions of the orbit of this electron, and its frequency of revolution, dive into and leave again all regions occupied by revolution can with considerable accuracy be derived from the

TABLE 2 li 2i 22 3i 82 3s 4i 42 4s 4-i 5i 52 5s 54 5s 6l 62 6s 64 6s 6e 7i 72 IH 2He

1 2

3Li 4Be 5B 6C

2 2 2 2

1 2 2 1 2^2)

10Ne

2

8

UNa 12Mg 13Al 14Si

2 2 2 2

8 8 8 8

1 2 21 2(2)

18 A

2

8

8

19 K 20Ca 21Sc 22Ti

2 2 2 2

8 8 8 8

8 8 8 1 8 2

29Cu 30Zn 31Ga

2 2 2

8 8 8

18 18 18

1 2 2 1

36Kr

2

8

18

8

37Rb 38 Sr 39 Y 40Zr

2 2 2 2

8 8 8 8

18 18 18 18

8 8 8 1 8 2

47Ag 48Cd 49In

2 2 2

8 8 8

18 18 18

18 18 18

1 2 21

54 X

8

8

18

18

8

55Cs 56Ba 57La 58Ce 59Pr

2 2 2 2 2

8 8 8 8 8

18 18 18 18 18

18 18 18 18 1 18 2

8 8 8 8 8

1 1 1

1 2 (2) (2) (2)

71Lu 72Hf

2 2

8 8

18 18

32 32

8 8

1 2

(2) (2)

79Au 80Hg 81Tl

2 2 2

8 8 8

18 18 18

32 32 32

18 18 18

1 2 21

86Rn

2

8

18

32

18

8

87— 88Ra 89Ac 90Th

2 2 2 2

8 8 8 8

18 18 18 18

32 32 32 32

18 18 18 18

8 8 8 1 8 2

1 2 (2) (2)

1 2 (2) (2)

frequency of the lowest frequency term in the corresponding spectral series, provided we may adhere to the simple central orbit model. Figure 4 contains a schematic picture of the orbits of the outer electron in the normal state of neutral atoms of the alkali metals, and of Cu, Ag, Au. They are all penetrating orbits, since they correspond to k = 1. The regions inside which the. electrons of the completed groups are moving are designated by circles. The atoms of the inert gases are added for the sake of comparison. The numbers at the left of the nucleus indicate the number of electrons contained in each group; the symbols ni,2 . . . at the right indicate the quantum numbers of the orbits contained in each group. [For detailed calculations of electronic orbits, based on simplifying assumptions, see ( 12 » 13 > 20 ) (Cs and U); the work is semi-empirical. For detailed calculations on purely theoretical basis, see (15) (Ne, Na, Mg+, Al++, Si+++, P++++) and (16) (alkali metals); in Lindsay's work, the radii of outer groups in K+, Rb+, and Cs+ seem too large, probably on account of inadequacy of assumptions regarding numbers of electrons in sub-groups, as well as of the simplifying assumptions made. For critical review of work on effective atomic radii, see (I 4 ) and for recent work (8). There is no simple direct connection between effective atomic radii and the magnitude of the space occupied by electronic orbits.] In experiments on optical and X-ray spectra, we meet neutral atoms or atomic ions in higher quantum states. Several features of these states can be described on the simple central orbit model. In the case of "single excitation" all electronic orbits except one remain normal, and the other electron describes an orbit with quantum numbers which differ from those of the normal state. "Double excitation" corresponds to two electrons describing orbits different from those in the normal state, etc. We will here consider only singly-excited states. In the stationary states (energy levels) involved in the emission of the ordinary X-ray spectra, one electron in the inner groups of the atom is lacking. In the states involved in the emission of the ordinary series-spectra, one electron belonging to the outermost group of the atom, the "series electron," moves in a central Uk orbit the dimensions of which are large as compared with those of the rest of the atom. It may move either quite outside the atomic residue or it may penetrate into it in each revolution. As a first approximation, a non-penetrating orbit may be described as a Keplerian elliptical orbit performing a uniform precession in its plane, the shape of the ellipse being very nearly that of an n^-orbit in an atom containing only one electron and having a nuclear charge Z* e equal to the net-charge of the atomic residue. If the electron orbit is of the penetrating type, it may, as a first approximation, be described as a set of congruent outer Keplerian elliptical loops, connected by congruent inner loops, the angular distance between successive loops being the same. The semi-major axis, the semi-parameter p, and the semi-minor axis b of the outer loop can be found from the value of the corresponding spectral term (T) by means of the formulae .-^TJ

p=£n

b=V~

(g)

wnere N ( = -*~-X I_L m I'M ) 1^ tne Rydberg constant for

[118—

2

8

1

«

32

32

18

1 2 (2) (2)

8]

the element in question, and Z*e is the net-charge of the atomic residue. If we introduce the effective quantum number n* (n*2 = Z**N/T), these formulae may be written: n* 2 № , n*k a == P = b ~Z*ri Z* Tl = ~z*ri (9) The greater the ratio n*/k (or a/6) the closer the approximation to which this description of the outer loops may be considered to hold. The maximum distance of the electron from the nucleus is equal to a + Vo^^S2, or very nearly equal to 2a — y%p.

FIG. 3.—Maximum elongations of electrons of several groups. The values to be assigned to the precessional frequency characterizing the penetrating central orbits are very uncertain. For the alkali elements, the ratio w/o- for the n\ orbits probably lies between 0.3 and 0.5, for the nz orbits (except lithium) between 0.5 and 1.0. Based on the above formulae, an illustration of the shapes of the orbits of the serie's electron corresponding to the stationary states of the 7£-atom, is given in Fig. 5. [For connection between spectra and the group structure of atoms, see (6, 5). f or spectra and central field of force, see ( 12 » 13); for series spectra and electronic orbits, see ( 2 » 7 ); for recent development of formal theory of electronic groups, see ( l 7 » 19)]. SYMBOLS The symbols c, e, h, m 0 , X have their usual significance (see p. 16); others which occur more than once are: an Semi-major axis of electronic orbit, state n. bn,k Semi-minor axis of electronic orbit, state n, k. k Subordinate, or azimuthal, quantum number defining a stationary state. M Nuclear mass. n Principal quantum number defining a stationary state.

FIG. 5. —Orbits of the series electron of potassium. (Reproduced by permission from The Journal of the Frankkn Institute.)

FIG. 4.—Normal orbit of outer electron.

n* Hk

Effective quantum number = Z*N/T. Designation of the state characterized by the numbers

N00 p TI T v PFn

Rydberg constant. Semi-parameter of the electronic orbit (semi-latus rectum). Radius of first Bohr ring for hydrogen. Spectral term. = a wave number (1/X) of a spectral series. Speed of electron in its orbit. Energy expenditure required to remove the electron to infinity. Atomic number: Ze = nuclear charge. Charge of atomic residue. 2ire2/hc. (I - v*/c2)-^ Frequency of emitted radiation. Rydberg fundamental frequency. Frequency of precession of electronic orbit.

n, k.

Z Z*e a ß v v» ffn,k

con

Frequency of revolution of electron; for penetrating orbits, the radial frequency, one revolution being from A to B, Fig. 2. LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals, see end of volume)

C 1 ) Andrade, The Structure of the Atom, 1923. ( 2 ) Birge and Blackettr 48, 8: 213; 24. ( 3 ) Bohr, The Theory of Spectra and Atomic Constitution,. 2nd ed., 1924. ( 4 ) Bohr, 08, 112: 29; 23. 218, 11: 606; 23. ( 5 ) Bohr, 8, 71: 228; 23. ( 6 ) Bohr and Coster, 96, 12: 342; 23. ( 6a ) Born, Vorlesungen über Atommechanik. ( 7 ) Born and Heisenberg, 96, 23: 388; 24. (8) Davey, 2, 22: 211; 23. (») Darwin, 3, 39: 537; 23. (i°) Foote and Mohler, Origin of Spectra, 1923. ( 1 M Foote, 143, 198: 344, 517; 24. (12) Fuess, 96, 11: 364; 22. 12: 1; 22. 21: 265; 24. 8, 76: 299; 25. (13) Hartree, 201, 21: 630; 23. 22: 409, 464; 24. 6, 106: 552; 24. (i*) Herzfeld, 200, 19: 259; 23. ( 1S ) Kramers and Urey, O. ( 16 > Lindsay, 2, 23: 552; 24. 885, 3: 191; 24. 2, 25: 239; 25. (17) Pa11H, Jr., 96, 31:' 765; 25. ( 18 ) Sommerfeld, Atombau und Spektrallinien, 4th ed.„ 1925. (i 9 ) Stoner, 3, 48: 719; 24. (20) Urey, O. ( 21 ) Heisenberg, 96, 33: 879; 25.

THERMOMETRY E. F. MUELLER, L. H. ADAMS, F. O. FAIRCHILD AND H. T. WENSEL PAGE

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Thermometric Scales The Standard Thermodynamic Scale Fixed Points Resistance Thermometers Liquid-in-glass Thermometers Thermo-couples. L. H. ADAMS ~ A . , T» ± J C. O. FAIRCHILD Optical Pyrometryj H ^ WENsEL

52 52 E. F. MUELLER 53 54 54 57 K 59Q

1. THERMOMETRIC SCALES E. F. MUELLER Centigrade or Celsius scale, 0C Fahrenheit scale, 0F Réamur scale, 0R Centigrade absolute or Kelvin scale, 0K Fahrenheit absolute or Rankine scale, 0R' By definition or as basic values adopted for I. C. T., the ice and steam points under a pressure of IAn have the following values : Ice point: O0C = 320F = O0R = 273.10K = 491.580R'. Steam point: 10O0C = 2120F = 8O0R = 373.10K = 703.580R'. 0 C = % (0F - 32) = %°R = 0K - 273.1. 0 F = %°C + 32 = 0R' - 459.58.

2. THE STANDARD THERMODYNAMIC SCALE E. F. MUELLER

The experimental difficulties in the use of gas thermometers and the .relatively low precision attainable in a single measurement have led to the introduction of a standard practical or working scale. This working scale is defined by certain base pointsy the temperatures of which have been determined by gas thermometer measurements, and by the indications of suitable instruments used for interpolation between the base points or for extrapolation to higher temperatures. It is possible in this way, without actually using a gas thermometer, to establish a working scale which does not differ to a demonstrable extent from the standard scale at any temperature within the range of the working scale. The practice of the various national standardizing laboratories in defining the working scale is substantially uniform at present, and it requires only minor adjustments and formal agreement to give the working scales of these laboratories the status of an international temperature scale. Such a scale would bear essentially the same relation to the standard scale, as do the international electric units to the absolute units. The standard working scale may be defined by assigning numerical values to the temperatures defined by the boiling point of oxygen, the melting point of ice, the boiling point of water, the boiling point of sulfur, and the freezing points of antimony, silver and gold. The platinum resistance thermometer is the standard for interpolation in the range —195° to O0C and from 0° to 65O0C; the platinum-platinum rhodium thermocouple for the range from 650° to 1063°; and the luminous filament pyrometer above 10630C. Wien's law is accepted as expressing the brightness-temperature relation for a black body. For the purpose of defining the temperature scale above 10630C the present practice of the national laboratories tends to favor the use of the value 1.430 cm degrees for the constant C2 in this equation but the value 1.433 cm degrees has been adopted for I. C. T.

The thermodynamic scale, which is based solely on the laws of thermodynamics and is independent of the properties of any material substance, is accepted as the standard scale of temperature. Temperatures on the thermodynamic scale are proLITERATURE portional to the pressures (or to the volumes) of an ideal gas in a (For a key to the periodicals, see end of volume) perfect constant volume (or constant pressure) gas thermometer. (!) Reichsanstalt, 8, 48: 1034; 15. ( 2 ) Griffiths and Schofield, 83, 13: 222; 18. The standard scale is realized in practice by use of gas thermom( 3 ) Waidner, Mueller and Foote, Pyrometry, p. 46 (pub. by Am. Soc. Min. eters, the indications of which can be reduced to the standard and Met. Engrs., 1920). ( 4 ) Day and Sosman, Dictionary of Applied scale, or for higher temperatures, by use of the relations between Physics, 1: 836; 22. ( 5 ) Henning, 843, 44: 349; 24. ( 6 ) Riechsanstalt, 248, 44: 517; 24. the intensity of radiation from a black body and its temperature.

n* Hk

Effective quantum number = Z*N/T. Designation of the state characterized by the numbers

N00 p TI T v PFn

Rydberg constant. Semi-parameter of the electronic orbit (semi-latus rectum). Radius of first Bohr ring for hydrogen. Spectral term. = a wave number (1/X) of a spectral series. Speed of electron in its orbit. Energy expenditure required to remove the electron to infinity. Atomic number: Ze = nuclear charge. Charge of atomic residue.

n, k.

Z Z*e a

27re2/hc.

ß v v»
(I - v*/c2)-^ Frequency of emitted radiation. Rydberg fundamental frequency. Frequency of precession of electronic orbit.

con

Frequency of revolution of electron; for penetrating orbits, the radial frequency, one revolution being from A to B, Fig. 2. LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals, see end of volume)

(M Andrade, The Structure of the Atom, 1923. ( 2 ) Birge and Blackettr 48, 8: 213; 24. ( 3 ) Bohr, The Theory of Spectra and Atomic Constitution,. 2nd ed., 1924. (*) Bohr, 68, 112: 29; 23. 218, 11: 606; 23. ( 5 ) Bohr, 8, 71: 228; 23. (6) Bohr and Coster, 96, 12: 342; 23. ( 6a ) Born, Vorlesungen über Atommechanik. ( 7 ) Born and Heisenberg, 96, 23: 388; 24. (8) Davey, 2, 22: 211; 23. (*) Darwin, 8, 39: 537; 23. (io) Foote and Mohler, Origin of Spectra, 1923. ( 1 M Foote, 143, 198: 344, 517; 24. C 12 ) Fuess, 96, 11: 364; 22. 12: 1; 22. 21: 265; 24. 8, 76: 299; 25. (13) Hartree, 201, 21: 630; 23. 22: 409, 464; 24. 6, 106: 552; 24. ( 14 ) Herzfeld, 200, 19: 259; 23. ( 1S ) Kramers and Urey, O. ( 16 > Lindsay, 2, 23: 552; 24. 886, 3: 191; 24. 2, 25: 239; 25. (*7) pauli, Jr., 96, 31:' 765; 25. ( 18 ) Sommerfeld, Atombau und Spektrallinien, 4th ed.„ 1925. (* 9 ) Stoner, 3, 48: 719; 24. ( 2 0 ) Urey, O. ( 2 I) Heisenberg, 96, 33: 879; 25.

THERMOMETRY

E. F. MUELLER, L. H. ADAMS, F. O. FAIRCHILD AND H. T. WENSEL PAGE

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. „ 7.

Thermometric Scales The Standard Thermodynamic Scale.... Fixed Points Resistance Thermometers Liquid-in-glass Thermometers Thermo-couples. L. H. ADAMS ~ j.- -, T* ± J C. O. FAIRCHILD Optical Pyrometry j H T WENSEL

52 52 E. F. MUELLER 53 54 54 57 KQ 59

1. THERMOMETRIC SCALES E. F. MUELLER Centigrade or Celsius scale, 0C Fahrenheit scale, 0F Réamur scale, 0R Centigrade absolute or Kelvin scale, 0K Fahrenheit absolute or Rankine scale, 0R' By definition or as basic values adopted for I. C. T., the ice and steam points under a pressure of IAn have the following values : Ice point: O0C = 320F = O0R = 273.10K = 491.580R'. Steam point: 10O0C = 2120F = 8O0R = 373.10K = 703.580R'. 0 C = % (0F - 32) = %°R - 0 K - 273.1. 0 F - %°C + 32 = 0R' - 459.58.

2. THE STANDARD THERMODYNAMIC SCALE E. F. MUELLER The thermodynamic scale, which is based solely on the laws of thermodynamics and is independent of the properties of any material substance, is accepted as the standard scale of temperature. Temperatures on the thermodynamic scale are proportional to the pressures (or to the volumes) of an ideal gas in a perfect constant volume (or constant pressure) gas thermometer. The standard scale is realized in practice by use of gas thermometers, the indications of which can be reduced to the standard scale, or for higher temperatures, by use of the relations between the intensity of radiation from a black body and its temperature.

The experimental difficulties in the use of gas thermometers and the .relatively low precision attainable in a single measurement have led to the introduction of a standard practical or working scale. This working scale is defined by certain base pointsy the temperatures of which have been determined by gas thermometer measurements, and by the indications of suitable instruments used for interpolation between the base points or for extrapolation to higher temperatures. It is possible in this way, without actually using a gas thermometer, to establish a working scale which does not differ to a demonstrable extent from the standard scale at any temperature within the range of the working scale. The practice of the various national standardizing laboratories in defining the working scale is substantially uniform at present, and it requires only minor adjustments and formal agreement to give the working scales of these laboratories the status of an international temperature scale. Such a scale would bear essentially the same relation to the standard scale, as do the international electric units to the absolute units. The standard working scale may be defined by assigning numerical values to the temperatures defined by the boiling point of oxygen, the melting point of ice, the boiling point of water, the boiling point of sulfur, and the freezing points of antimony, silver and gold. The platinum resistance thermometer is the standard for interpolation in the range —195° to O0C and from 0° to 65O0C; the platinum-platinum rhodium thermocouple for the range from 650° to 1063°; and the luminous filament pyrometer above 10630C. Wien's law is accepted as expressing the brightness-temperature relation for a black body. For the purpose of defining the temperature scale above 10630C the present practice of the national laboratories tends to favor the use of the value 1.430 cm degrees for the constant C2 in this equation but the value 1.433 cm degrees has been adopted for I. C. T.

LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals, see end of volume) C 1 ) Reichsanstalt, 8, 48: 1034; 15. ( 2 ) Griffiths and Schofield, 83, 13: 222; 18. ( 3 ) Waidner, Mueller and Foote, Pyrometry, p. 46 (pub. by Am. Soc. Min. and Met. Engrs., 1920). ( 4 ) Day and Sosman, Dictionary of Applied Physics, 1: 836; 22. ( 5 ) Henning, 243, 44: 349; 24. ( 6 ) Riechsanstalt, 248, 44: 517; 24.

3. FIXED POINTS E. F. MUELLER

Reduction of Gas Thermometer Indications to the Thermodynamic Scale The temperature tg on the scale of a constant volume or constant pressure gas thermometer filled with any real gas, is proportional to the pressure the gas would exert or the volume it would occupy, respectively, if all of the gas were at the uniform temperature to be measured, and if the volume or the pressure, respectively, were the same at all temperatures. At 0° and 10O0C, the temperature tg is by definition identical with the thermodynamic temperature t, while at other temperatures ta departs from t by amounts which are proportional to the pressure at 0°, called the initial pressure. The tabular values are accordingly given only for an initial pressure equivalent to l m of mercury. The values of t — I0 obtained by various methods cover a wide range, so that only the order of magnitude of the values can be considered as known with any certainty. The tendency in modern work in gas thermometry has been to employ hydrogen or helium as the thermometric gas, and for these gases the magnitude of t — tg is comparable with the experimental error of the gas thermometer itself, so that the importance of an exact knowledge of the departure of the scales of these gas thermometers from the thermodynamic scale is correspondingly reduced.

., T. LiqUld

REDUCTION OF GAS THERMOMETER INDICATIONS, tg, TO THE THERMODYNAMIC CENTIGRADE SCALE, t

t = Temperature on standard scale. p = Pressure in millimeters of Hg (1 mm Hg = J^6 o An) where p is between 680 and 780 mm. BASE POINTS USED IN DEFINING THE STANDARD WORKING SCALE (I. C. T. temperature scale) Substance

~ °'

a i-j CO /~.^ **.. Solid 2

Temperature, 0C

Phenomenon

,, . Vaporpressure t -

TT Vaporpressure t=

Mercury* Ice

Freezing Melting

OA Steam

„ , . Condensing

« ,, Sulfur

-, -, . Condensmg

-183.00+0.245« + 273.1) logio p/760 or _ l g 3 OQ + Q om (p _ 76()) [ -0.0000065 (p - 760)2 f - 78.51 + 0.1443 (t + logio p/760 or _273.1) 7g ^ + Q ^ (p _ 7ß())

-0.000011 (p - 76O)2 t = -38.87° t = 0.000° F 100.000 + 0.1727 (t + , 273.1) logio p/760 or t = W()QQQ + Q Q367 (p _ 760) -0.000023 (p - 760)2 "444.60 + 0.2215 (t + 273.1) logio p/760 or t - ^ QQ + Q J/g (p _ 7QQ} I -0.000048 (p - 76O) 2 To be determined with resistance thermometer, t = approx. 630.5° t = 960.5° (reducing atmosphere). t = 1063°

Values of t — tg for an initial pressure of 1 meter of mercury Antimony . Freezing Helium I Hydrogen | Nitrogen Silver Freezing Gold Freezing o/-. Const. Const. Const. Const. Const. Const, vol. press. vol. press. vol. press. * Not needed according to one suggested definition of the scale. - 250 +0.04 +0.12 - 200 + .02 +0.04 + .06 +0.3 +0.5 - 150 + .01 + .02 + .03 + .1 + .2 +1.3 SECONDARY FIXED POINTS USEFUL IN CALIBRATING TEMPERATURE - 100 + .005 + .005 + .015 + .04 + .06 + .4 MEASURING INSTRUMENTS - 50 + .002 + .002 + .005 + .02 + .03 + .12 (I. C. T. temperature scale) O .000 .000 .000 .000 .00 .00 + 25 - .001 - .001 - .001 - .003 - .008 - .02 Substance Phenomenon Temperature 0C 50 - .001 .000 - .002 - .004 - .010 - .03 Boiling t = -252.7s + 0.0044 (p- 760) 75 - .001 .000 - .001 - .003 - .005 - .02 Hydrogen Nitrogen Vapor pressure t = — 195.80 + 0.0109 (p — 760) 100 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .00 « = 217.96 + 0.207s (t + 273.1) Naphthalene Condensing 150 + .002 + .001 + .01 + .01 + .01 + .05 logio (p/760) Freezing « = 231.85 200 + .006 + .001 + .02 + .02 + .02 + .12 Tin Benzophenone Condensing t = 305.9 + 0.194 (t + 273.1) logio 250 + .01 + .002 + .03 + ,04 + .2 (P/760) 300 + .02 + .003 + .04 + .07 + .3 t = 320.9 Cadmium Freezing 350 + .03 + .005 + .10 + .4 Lead Freezing t = 327.4 Zinc Freezing t = 419.4s 400 + .04 + .006 + .14 + .5 Aluminum (99.85 %) Freezing t = 658.9 450 + .05 + .008 + .17 + .6 Copper Freezing t — 1083 (reducing atmosphere) 500 + .2 + .7 Palladium Freezing t = 1555 ± 2 600 + .3 + .9 Platinum Melting t = 1755 ± 6 Tungsten Melting t = 337o ± 30 800 + .5 +1.3 1000 + .7 +1.8 The above values are in accord with the temperature scale used throughout 1200 +1.0 + 2 . 3 I. C. T. For the last three points the following slightly different values have LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) (i)Rose-Innes, 3, 2: 131; 01. 15: 301; 08. (Z)Callendar, 3, 5: 48; 03. ( 3 ) Berthelot, 2S8, ISB: 113p.; 07. ( 4 )Buckingham, 31A9 3: 237; 07. (s)Cath and Onnes,Jtf£, No. 156a; 22. 18, 6: 1; 22. (6)Holborn and Otto, 96, 23: 77; 24. 30: 320; 24. (7)Keesom and Onnes, B60: 15; 24.

been suggested for future adoption as secondary points on an international practical scale. T» 11 jT, f l 5 5 5 f o C 2 = 1.430" Palladmm Freezing t = [ 1554 fo ^ _ ^^ Platinum

Melting

t - f 1765 fo Ca " 1^430 L 1763 fo C2 = 1.433

Tungsten

Melting

t = f 3400 fo C* = 1 ^ 430 ' [3386 fo C2 = 1.433_

ADDITIONAL USEFUL SECONDARY POINTS « i Substance

-n t Formula

Isopentaiie Methylcyclohexane Ether

CsHiz CeHuCHs (C2HsHO

Ether

(C?H6)2O

Carbon disulfide Toluene Ethyl acetate Chloroform Chlorobenzene Carbon tetrachloride Sodium sulfate Potassium dichromate 30.5 NaCl + 69.5 Na2SO4 Potassium chloride Sodium chloride Sodium sulfate Potassium sulfate Potassium sulfate Nickel Cobalt Lithium metasilicate Diopside Anorthite

CS2 CvH8 CH3CO2C2H5 CHCIs CeHsCl CCU Na 2 S(VlOH 2 O K2Cr2O? KCl NaCl Na2SO4 K2SO4 K2SO4 Ni Co Li2SiOs CaMgSi2Oe CaAl2SJsO8

T«. Phenomenon

Temper, ^ ature, 0C Freezing — 159.6 Freezing - 126.3 Slow freezing (un- - 123.3 stable) Rapid freezing or - 116.3 slow melting Freezing - 111.6 Freezing - 95.1 Freezing - 83.6 Freezing - 63.5 Freezing - 45.2 Freezing - 22.9 Transition 32.384 Melting 397.5 Melting 637.0 Melting 770.3 Melting 800.4 Melting 884.7 Inversion 583.0 Melting 1069.1 Melting or freezing 1452 Melting or freezing 1490 Melting 1202 Melting 1395 Melting 1555

LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) (i)Holborn and Day, 8, 2: 505; 00. 12,10: 171; OO (Sb, Ag, Au, Cu). (2)Buckingham, 31 A, 3: 281 ; 07 (Review of values for S boiling point). ( 3 ) Waidner and Burgess, SlA, 7: 1; 11 (Naphthalene, benzophenone, Sn, Cd, Zn). (4)Holborn and Henning, 8, 35: 761; 11 (Naphthalene, benzophenone, S, Sn, Cd, Zn). ( 5 )Day and Sosman, 152, No. 157; 11 (Zn, Sb, Ag, Au, Cu, Pd, Pt). ( 6 )Day and Sosman, 12, 33: 517; 12. 8, 38: 849; 12 (Benzophenone, Zn, Sb, S). (7)Henning, 8, 43: 282; 14 (O, CO2, Hg). (S)Eumorfopoulous, 5, 9OA: 189; 14 (S). ( 9 ) Wilhelm, SIA, 13: 655; 16. (Hg). (lO)Chappuis, 288, 16: 17 (S). OMBureau of Standards, Cir. No. 66; 17 (Sn, Zn, Al, Cu). (i 2 ) Cath, 168, No. 152d; 18. 6J1P1 21: 656; 19 (Ot N). (i3)Martinez and Onnes, 168, No. 156b; 22. 18, 6: 31; 22 (H). (i«)Worthing, 96, 22: 9; 24 (W). (iS)Henning and Heuse, 8, 23: 104; 24 (O, N, H). ( 16 )Finck and Wilhelm, Î, 47: 25 (Naphthalene, benzophenone). See also References under Standard Scale of Temperature. Additional Fixed Points: Timmermans, Van der Horst and Onnes, 168, No. 157; 22 (Organic liquids below 0°). Dickinson and Mueller, 81 A, 3: 641; 07 (Na2SO4 transition). Roberts, 2, 23: 386; 24 (Salts). Day and Sosman, Dictionary of Applied Physics, 1: 836; 22 (Metals and silicates). Richards, et al, l, 36: 485; 14 (Na2CO, hydrates transitions). 40: 89; 18 (SrCh and SrBr2 transitions). 41: 2019; 19 (C6H8).

THE LEIDEN TEMPERATURE SCALE In certain sections of International Critical Tables (where so indicated) the Leiden temperature scale will be employed. (Onnes and Hoist, 168, No. 141a. 64V, 23: 175; 14. Cath and Onnes, 168, No. 152a. 64V9 26: 437, 490; 17. Cath, 168, No. 152d. 64V, 27: 553; 18.) The relation between the Leiden and the I. C. T. scales is shown by the following table: Point H 2 (B. P.) O2 (B. P.) ca. -40°

I. C. T.

Leiden

-252.8° -183.0°

-252.74° -182.95°

^fV i. o. i. +0.06° +0.05° +0.04

4. RESISTANCE THERMOMETERS E. F. MUELLER Standard methods of calibration have been developed only for platinum resistance thermometers. Data on the resistancetemperature relation for particular thermometers of other metals, such as gold and lead, are available, and formulae to represent the relation have been published, but standardized methods for the calibration of such thermometers have not been developed.

The standard working scale, in the interval 0° to 65O0C, is defined by means of a resistance thermometer of pure platinum, for which the relation between resistance R and temperature t is given by the equation: R = A 0 (I -f at + bt*). (1) This may be transformed into the Callendar equations:

100 s 2 <*> (/fe^s-o) '' w = [(m Oiöö} < > The three constants in these equations, namely R , a, and b or 0

Ao, AIOO and ô respectively, are determined by calibration at the ice point, the steam point, and the sulfur boiling point. The purity of the platinum must be such that ÄIOO/ÄO > 1.390 and Ä444.6/Äo>2.645, the latter requirement being equivalent to S<1.50. The Callendar equations were devised to facilitate computations by the method of successive approximations. The platinum temperature, symbol (pt), is proportional to the resistance above A 0 and the amount by which it differs from the true temperature is given by the correction term, ô

(îôô " 1 JiOC)'

Consequently, a value of t sufficiently exact for use in computing the value of the correction term is readily obtained, if not by the first, then certainly by a second or third approximation. In the interval —195° to O0C the standard reference scale is defined by means of the platinum resistance thermometer, using the equation

t - (Pt) = «[(4 - l)4] + ß[(4 - l)^} (3) The constants A0, AIOO and d are determined just as for the range above 0° and the additional constant ß is determined by a calibration at the boiling point of oxygen. A criterion for the purity of the platinum is that R-iss/Ro < 0.250. Thermometers which are not to be heated above ordinary temperatures may be calibrated at the freezing point of mercury, the CO2 point and the oxygen point, using the interpolation formula: R = R0(I + at + b*2 + c*4). (4) The constant c in the equation is approximately equal to 5 X 10~12 and when this value is assumed, calibration at the CO2 point may be omitted. Equations (3) and (4) will yield substantially equivalent results, but they are not algebraically interconvertible. Equation (1) or equation (2) may be used for temperatures up to 1000° or even UOO0C and the temperatures so determined will not depart appreciably from the standard scale. LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) C 1 ) Callendar, 62, 178: 160; 87. ( 2 ) Waidner and Burgess, SlA, 6: 149; 09. ( 3 ) Holborn and Henning, 5, 35: 761; 11. ( 4 ) Henning, 8, 40: 635; 13 (Pt and Pb at low temperatures). ( 5 ) Henning, 8, 43: 282; 14. ( 6 ) Cath, Onnes and Burgers, 168, No. 152c; 17. 64P, 20, 1163; 18 (Pt and Au at low temperatures). ( 7 ) Henning and Heuse, 96, 23: 95; 24. ( 8 ) Van Dusen, 1, 47: 326; 25.

5. TEMPERATURE SCALES DEFINED BY LIQUID-INGLASS THERMOMETERS E. F. MUELLER The readings of any particular thermometer, taken when all of the liquid in the thermometer is at a uniform temperature, may be reduced to those which would have been obtained if the thermometer had been perfect and used under ideal conditions, by applying corrections for non-uniformity of the capillary bore, corrections for the change of reading due to departure of the external and internal pressures from arbitrary constant values, a correction for the departure of the ice-point reading, taken immediately after the temperature measurement, from the 0° mark, and

a correction to allow for the value of the mean scale degree, in case the difference between the readings of the thermometer taken first at 10O0C and then at O0C, does not correspond to 100 scale degrees. The reading of a thermometer, when so corrected, may be defined as the temperature on the liquid-in-glass scale for the particular liquid and the particular kind of glass of which the thermometer is made. The temperature scales of mercury thermometers made of French hard glass (verre dur), Jena 16m, Jena 59m, Jena 1565111 and Jena combustion tubing are defined as above. For Kew glass, the temperature scale is denned in a somewhat different way, in that the point of reference is the (single) ice point reading taken after the thermometer has been held for a sufficiently long period at ordinary temperature (about 1O0C) instead of the (variable) ice point reading taken immediately after each temperature measurement. It is apparent that temperatures on the mercury-in-glass scale are not proportional to the relative increase of volume of mercury-in-glass. Constants characteristic of the several glasses are the ice-point depression, the softening point, and the average coefficient of expansion of mercury-in-glass, between 0° and 10O0C. The ice point depression is the difference between the ice point reading of the thermometer taken after it has been kept a sufficiently long time (a few days or weeks) at 0° and the ice point reading taken immediately after the thermometer has been kept a sufficiently long time (a few minutes or hours) at 10O0C. Good thermometric glasses are characterized by small ice point depression (less than 0.10C) and rapid recovery. Some glasses have an ice point depression of nearly I0C. The softening point determines the upper limit of temperature at which thermometers made of the glass can be used. The expansion coefficient is useful in calculating corrections for emergent stem. Values of these characteristic constants are : . , T Ice point , . depression Op _ Verre dur 0.07-0.11 "Kew" glass 0.20 0.04-0.08 Jena 16m Jena59m 0.03-0.04 O. Ol Jena 1565111 Jena combustion.... 0.03 ^1 Glass

Coefficient of ,• i * cubical exp. of • i mercury-in-glass 0° to IQO0C 0.000158

o *. . Softening . , ~ point 0 C 500 505 510 660 560

0.000158 0.000164 0.000172 |

Thermometers containing alcohol, toluene or pentane are not adapted for observation at 10O0C, and for such thermometers the mean scale degree is conveniently referred to the interval 0° to —78.5°, the sublimation temperature of carbon dioxide serving to fix the latter temperature. The tabular values are the result of comparisons of mercuryin-glass thermometers with gas thermometers or platinum resistance thermometers which served to establish the standard scale of temperature. The data for Jena 16ni glass and Jena 59m glass may be used for Corning normal and Corning borosilicate thermometer glasses respectively. Data of this kind were of great importance during the latter part of the 19th and even during the early part of this century, when calibrated mercury-in-glass thermometers were used to distribute the standard scale of temperature. At present the data are useful principally for minor purposes, such as calculation of factors for determining emergent stem correction, calculation of setting factors for metastatic thermometers, such as the Beckmann thermometer, graduation of thermometers by mercury thread calibration in the absence of standards and thermally controlled baths, etc.

In the tables, t represents the temperature on the standard working scale (platinum resistance thermometer) except for verre dur, where t represents temperatures on the former International hydrogen scale, which in practice is not distinguishable from the standard reference scale, while tgi represents corresponding temperatures on the several liquid-in-glass scales. VALUES OF t — tgi FOR MEBCUBY-IN-GLASS THEBMOMETERS t = temperature on standard scale, tgi — temperature on mercury-in-glass scale. op ° -

39 30 20 10 O + 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 300 320 340 360 380 400 420 440 460 480 500 550 600 650

y French hard Kew Jena Jena Jena (verre &glass 16m 59m 1565111 ,C°™~ \ x bustion dur) +0.420 + .290 +0.28 + 0.13 + .172 + .16 + .07 + .073 + .07 + .03 .000 0.00 .00 .00 0.00 0.00 - .052 .00 - .06 - .02 - .03 - .085 .00 - .09 - .04 - .05 - .102+ .005- .11 .04- .06 - .107+ .01 - .12 - .03- .06 - .103+ .01 - .12 - .03- .05 - .090+ .01 - .10 - .02- .04 - .072 + .015 - .08 - .01 - .03 - .050+ .02 - .06 .00- .02 - .026+ .025- .03 + .02- .01 .000 .00 .00 .00 .00 0.00 + .06 + .03 .05 + .06 + .07 + .02 .16 + .03 + .03 - .02 - .31 - .13 - .04 - .12 - .52 - .38 - .12 - .29 - .84- .90- 1.13 - .5 - 1.3 - 1.3 - 1.6 - .9 - 1.9 - 1.8 - 2.2 -1.4 - 2.6 - 2.4 - 3.0 -2.0 - 3.4 - 3.1 - 4.0 -2.7 - 4.4 - 3.9 - 5.1 - 5.8 - 4.8 - 6.4 - 7.2 - 5.9 - 7.8 - 8.8 - 7.3 - 9.5 -10.6 - 8.9 -11.4 -12.6 -10.5 -13.5 -14.9 -12.4 -15.9 -17.4 -14.7 -18.6 -20.2 -17.2 -21.5 -23.3 -20.0 -24.8 -26.9 -23.1 -28.4 -32. -39. -44. -58.

VALUES OF t — tg FOR LIQUID-IN-GLASS THERMOMETERS

__ -180 -170 -160 -150 -140 -130 -120 -110

Pentane in 16nl glass _23.4 -21.0 -18.6 -16.2 -13.9 -11.6 - 9.4 - 7.3 - 5.3

Toluene in verre dur

Alcohol in verre dur

VALUES OF t— ti FORLIQUID-IN-GLASS THERMOMETERS.—Continued

-100 -90 - 80 - 78,5 - 70 - 60 - 50 - 40 - 30 - 20 - 10 O + 10 20 30 100

Peritane in 16111 glass - 3.4 - 1.7 - 0.2 0.0 + 1.0 + 2.0 + 2.6 + 3.0 + 2.9 + 2.4 + 1.5 0.0 - 2.0 - 4.4 - 7.6

Toluene in verre dur

Alcohol in verre dur

0.0 0.0 + .4 + .8 + 1.1 + 1.2 + 1.2 +1.0 + 0.6 0.0

0.0 +0.3 + .6 + .7 + .9 + .9 + .8 + .5 .0

-

-3.6 -24.4

LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) Guillaume, Traite pratique de la thermometerie. Gauthier-Villars, Paris, 1889 (General). Chappuis, 288, 6: 1; 88 (Verre dur -25° to 100°). Harker, ô, 78A: 225; 06 (Kew glass). Scheel, Deut. Median. Ztg., 1916: 170 and Holborn, Scheel and Henning, B63 (Jena glasses and organic liquids in glass).

Emergent Stem Correction for Liquid-in-glass Thermometers If a liquid-in-glass thermometer standardized for total immersion is used with a portion of the liquid column at a temperature below that of the bulb, the reading will be too low for this reason, and an emergent stem correction should be applied to the observed reading. The emergent stem correction is calculated by the formula, Correction = Kn (t — ts) in which K = coefficient of cubical expansion of mereury-in-glass, per 0 C, t = temperature of bulb, 0C, ts = average temperature 0C of the mercury column n°C degrees in length. The value of t is to be determined by means of an auxiliary thermometer or thermometers, preferably with a capillary thermometer. The sign as well as the magnitude of the correction is given by the formula. For many purposes, in using mercury-in-glass thermometers K may be treated as a constant of the glass, using the values given above for the apparent coefficient of expansion of mercury-inglass. The value of K does, however, change with temperature. For purposes of computing the emergent stem correction, it may be considered as depending on the average of t and ts, that is —^-Zi and is here so tabulated. If the coefficients of expansion of mercury and of glass were both constant, K would also be constant. Most of the change in K is the result of the varying coefficient of the mercury, so that the change in K with temperature for one glass may with some certainty be inferred from the change for some other glass. The use of the formula requires that t7 the temperature of the bulb, be known. In case t is not known, but is to be determined from the indication of the thermometer, the reading of the thermometer may be substituted in the formula in place of 2, as a first approximation and the true magnitude of the correction then calculated by means of a second, or if necessary, a third approximation.

In many cases, in calculating the emergent stem correction for thermometers containing organic liquids, it is sufficient to use the approximate value, K = 0.001. The tables show to what extent this is justified for pentane, toluene, and alcohol. In such thermometers, K is practically independent of the kind of glass used. With the abandonment of the mercury-in-glass thermometer as an instrument of high precision there has been an increasing tendency to use partial immersion thermometers, graduated and standardized for a particular depth of immersion, thus avoiding the necessity of determining and applying the correction for emergent stem. TABLE OF EMERGENT STEM CORBECTION FACTORS Mercury-in-glass Thermometers t H- ts _r I Jena —ä— Verre Jena Jena Jena , „p ^ 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500

dur

16'«

59™

1565«'

O.000158 O.000158 O.000164 0.000172 158 158 164 172 158 158 165 173 159 159 167 175 161 170 177 164 174 180 177 184 182 188 187 194 195 200

°°mbuStion 0.000164 164 165 167 171 174 178 182 188 195

Liquid-in-glass Thermometers j _l_ k —~— z _____

-160 -140 -120 -100 - 80 - 60 - 40 - 20 O -f • 20

i

Pentane 0.0009 09 09 10 10 10 11 12 13 14 15

Toluene

Alcohol

0.0009 09 10 10 10 11

0.0010 10 10 10 10 IQ

LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) Buckingham, SIa, 8: 239; 12.

Example: A thermometer of Jena 59m (or Corning borosilicate glass) indicated a temperature, £, of 470° after application of corrections peculiar to the instrument. The thermometer was immersed to the 150° mark, and the average temperature t* of the 320° (n°) of exposed mercury column was found to be 190°. The average of t and ts is 330° and the value of the factor K for this temperature is 0.000176. Accordingly Correction = 0.000176(320) (470 - 190) = 15.8° The corrected temperature is therefore 470° + 15.8° = 485.8°. Since the bulb temperature was considerably higher than 470° a second approximation may be tried: Correction = 0.000176(320) (486 - 190) = 16.7° The second approximation yields a corrected temperature of 470° + 16.7° = 486.7° which in view of the rather large emergent stem correction, may properly be reported as 487°. Possible short cuts in making the second approximation will be readily apparent. The example given is purposely somewhat exaggerated by assuming an unusually high temperature (190°) for the emergent

stem, in order to show that the factor K may differ appreciably from the conventional value of 0.00016. For computations in Fahrenheit temperatures, the proper value of K is % of the tabulated value. 6. THERMOCOUPLES L. H. ADAMS "Standard" Calibration Tables (for Use with Deviation Curve) Standard tables such as these do not necessarily have any absolute significance; primarily, they are arbitrary reference curves which, although representing fairly well the temperatureemf functions for certain thermocouples, are intended for use with an appropriate deviation-curve. This correction-curve is determined for each couple by calibration at several—preferably

three or more—fixed points within the " applicability range of the couple." This curve is constructed by plotting AE as ordinate (AE = Eois. — Estand) against Estand, as abscissa. In order to obtain the temperature corresponding to the emf indicated by the couple, the appropriate value of AE (as obtained from its deviation curve) is subtracted algebraically from the observed value of E before the latter is converted into degrees by means of the table. Example: At a certain temperature a copper-constantan couple gave an emf of 8720 microvolts. From the previously determined deviation curve of the particular couple the value of AE at 8720 microvolts is found to be 12 microvolts. The "standard" emf is therefore 8720 — 12 or 8708 microvolts and from the copperconstantan table this may be seen to correspond to 189.08°, which is the required temperature. The fixed (i.e., cold) junction is supposed to be maintained at O0C.

TEMPERATURES AND TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCES FOR EVERY 100 MICROVOLTS Platinum: Platinrhodium (90-10). Standard range, 630°-1083°C. Applicability range, 0-17540C £

O

MV

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

8000

9000

£

/*V

I O

O

147.1

17.8 100

17.8

159.7

16.7 200 300 400

500 600 700 800 900

1000

£

276.6

12.4

265.4

1037.3

1122.2

1045.9

1062.9

778.8

950.4

9.0

O

8.8

870.1

9.2

959.2

9.0

100

8.8

1079.9

1247.6 1255.9 1264.3 1272.6 8.4

1197.6

1205.9

1438.4

1364.1

1520.9

1446.6

1529.2 8.2

1454.8

1537.5

700

1687.6

1612.5

800 8.4

1696.0 8.4

1620.9

600 ....

8.3

8.3

8.3

500

1679.3

1604.2

400

8.3

1754.3 8.4

8.4

8.3

1746.0

1670.9

1595.8

.. 8.3

8.3

8.3

8.3

8.2

8.3

1372.4

1512.6

1737.7

1662.6

1587.5

300 8.4

8.3

8.4

8.3

8.2

8.3

8.3

1289.3

1430.2

1355.8

1281.0

1504.3

1729.3

1654.3

1579.1 8.3

8.2

8.3

8.4

8.3

1422.0

1347.5 8.3

1496.0

200 8.3

8.4

8.3

100

1721.0

1645.9

1570.8

O

8.4

8.3

8.4

1000

£

1712.6

1637.6

1562.4

1037.3

8.3

8.4

8.3

8.3

8.2

8.3

1554.1

900 8.6

1704.3

1629.2 8.3

1028.7

18,000

8.3

800 8.6

8.8

950.4

1620.9

8.3 1545.8

1487.7

1413.8

1339.2

1537.5

1020.1

941.6

17,000

700 8.6

8.8

9.1

861.1

16,000

8.3

8.2

8.3

8.4

8.3

1189.2

1113.8

1330.9

769.5

1479.4

1405.6

852.0

600

1011.5

932.8

400

8.7

8.9

9.1

9.3

8.2

8.3

8.3

8.3

8.4

1180.9

1105.4

1322.6

760.2

1471.2

1397.3 8.3

8.3

8.3

1172.5

1096.9

1122.2

1239.3 8.4

1164.2

1088.4

1314.3 8.4

842.9

300

500

1002.8

923.9

200

8.7

8.9

9.1

9.3

9.6

915.0

833.8

750.9

994.1 8.9

9.1

9.4

8.2

8.3

824.7

741.5

9.6

906.1 9.1

9.4

9.6

1463.0

1389.0 8.3

732.1

8.2

8.3

815.6 9.4

9.7

1454.8

1380.7

1306.0

722.7

15,000

8.3

8.3

8.3

1230.9

1155.8

1372.4

1297.7

1222.6

8.4

8.4

1000

861.1

9.3

9.5

9.7

675.3

14,000

8.4

8.4

8.4

1147.4

1071.4

1289.3

1214.2

1139.0

578.3

13,000

8.3

8.4

8.4

900

1205.9

1130.6

1054.4

478.1

12,000

8.4

8.5

800

374.3

11,000

8.5

700

684.8

9.8

147.1

8.5

600

588.1

10.1

320.6 426.7 528.6 627.1 11.6 10.9 10.4 10.0 219.7 331.5 437.1 538.6 636.8 11.5 10.8 10.3 10.0 231.2 342.3 447.4 548.6 646.5 11-5 10.7 10.3 9.9 242.7 353.0 457.7 558.5 656.1 11.4 10.7 10.2 9.9 254.1 363.7 467.9 568.4 665.7 11.3 10.6 10.2 9.9

8.5

500

488:3

10.5

769.5

9.5

208.1

8.5

400

384.9

11-1

675.3

9.8

14.1 94.1 13.7 107.8 13.4 121.2 13.1 134.3 12.8

8.5

800

578.3

10.2

80.0

8.5

200

478.1

10.6

172.1 287.7 395.4 498.4 597.9 694.3 788.0 879.1 968.0 12.3 11.0 10.6 10.1 9.8 9.5 9.2 9.0 8.7 184.3 298,7 405.9 508.5 607.7 703.8 797.2 888.1 976.7 12.0 11.0 10.4 10.1 9.7 9.5 9.2 9.0 8.7 196.3 309.7 416.3 518.6 617.4 713.3 806.4 985.4 t 897.1 11.8 10.9 10.4 10.0 9.7 9.4 9.2' 9.0 8.7

8.6 100

374.3

11.2

34.5 15.8 50.3 15.1 65.4 14.6

10,000

O

265.4

12.6

......

900

8.3

1704.3

1000

TEMPERATURES AND TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCES FOR EVERY 100 MICROVOLTS Copper : Constantan £

-5000

J*V

O

-169.14

-4000

-124.46

5.20

100

-174.34

200

-128.47

-179.74

4. 09

-132.56

-185.38

400

-191.27

-136.74

5. 89

4.28

-141.02 6.17

600

4. 89

-145.41

-197.44

4.50

6.61

600

-203.95

-149.91

6.97

700

-210.92

800

-218.47

7.66

1000

£ A»v

-169.14

7000

O

155.95

175.50

194.62

163.82

1.96

900

1OCO

165.78

10,000

49.20 2.33 51.53 2.32 53.85

72.08 2.23 74.31 2.23 76.54 2.22 78.76 2.2* 80.97 2.20

2.41

34.98 2.40

2.31

56.16 2.30 58.46 2.30

2.75

2.48

22.80 2.^7

2.35 46.86 2.34

-55.81

-26.82

25.27

49.20

72.08

11,000

-18.57

17.83

£.73 -21.30

20.32

12,000

222.59

240.82

258.74

1.57 207.78 1.86 209.64 1.50 211.50 1.86

1.54 224.43 1.53 226.26 1.53 228.09 1.S3 229.92 1.52

1.51 242.63 1.50 244.43 1.80 246.23 1.50 248.03 1.79

213.36

231.74

249.82

1.52

235.38

260.52 1.77

262.29 1 .77

264.06 1.77

265.83 1.77 267 . 60

2 36

44.51

13,000

1.76

269.36 1.76 271 . 12

1.76

272.88 1.76

274.64 1.76

276.40 1.75

37.38 2.39 39.77 2.35 42.15

2.49

267.60

249.82 1.82

1.54 220.75 1.54

205.91

25.27 2.^5 27.72 " 2.43 30.15 2.42 32.57

-24.05 2.77

2.51

1.52 237.20 1.51 239.01 1.51

1.57

3000

2.99

1.55 1.55

2000

-52.79 3.02

-46.84 2.00 -49.80

233.56

218.91

2.56

7.72 2.55 10.27 2.53

2.71

-15.86

1.79 251.61 1.79 253.40 1.75 255.18 1.75 256.96 1.75

217.06

5.16

12.80 2.52 15.32

2.93

1.55

215.21

2.57

1000

60.76 2.25 63.04 2.27 65.31 2.27 67.58 2.25 69.83 2.25

231.74

213.36

2.59

2. 69

-13.17

-43.91 3.29

2.67

2.90

3.26

-87.86

204.04

400

1.97

-41.01

2.65

-10.50

2. 89

3.22

-124.46

185.11 1.91 187.02 1.91 188.93 1.90 190.83 1.90 192.73 1.59

161.86

2.86

-71.39

-120.53 3. 93

9000

- 7.85

-38.12

-81.16 3.33 -84.49 3.37

1.95 167.73 1.95 169.68 1.94 171.62 1.94 173.56 1.94

300

1.97

3.16

2.59

2.63

2.84

-68.20 3. 19

3.30 3. 86

- 2.60 2.02 - 5.22

-35.26

-77.87

1.96

159.89

-65.05

-74.61

-116.67

2.81

-32.42 3.11

3.74

-112.87

2.60

-29.61

-61.94

O

O

2.79

3.05

3. 68

1.59 196.51 1.59 198.40 1.55 200.28 1.55 202.16 1.55

200

800

-105.45

194.62

157.92

700

3. 63

1.93 177.43 1.93 179.36 1.92 181.28 1.92 183.20 1.91

100

600

- 98.25 3.57 -101.82

175.50 1.97

500

8000

-58.86

S. 51

4.73

6. 02

3.05

O

-O

-1000

-26.82

-55.81

3.46

-109.13

-159.25 4.87 -164.12

900

- 91.28

4.61

-154.52

-2000

3.42

- 94.74

4.18

5.64

300

- 87.86

4.01

5.40

-3000

1.75 278.15 1.75 279.90 1.75 281 . 65 1.74 283.39 1.74

285.13

14,000

15,000

285.13 1.74 286.87 1.74 288.61 1.74 290.35 1.73 292.08 1.73

302.42

293.81

310.98

302.42

127.75

1.07

349.75 351.42

336.36

1.05

366.32 1.07

1.68 1.68

1.65

364.67 1.07

1.68

1.05

367.97 1.00

353 . 08

1.04 1.04 1.04 374.53 1.04 376.17 1.03

377.80 1.05

363.02

348.08

334.68

1.05

361.37

1.68

1.70

1.00

1.07

346.41

333 . OO

1.00

359.72

344.74

19,000

372.89

358.06 1.67

1.69

1.99

153.97 1.95

1.00

1.07

1.69

1.99

151.99

371.25

356.40

343.07

146.00 2.00 148.00 2.00 150.00

369.61

1.05

1.69

135.91 2.03 137.94 2.02 139.96 2.02 141.98 2.01 143.99 2.01

1.00

354.74

341.40

331.32

18,000

1.05

1.69

6000

155.95

353.08

339.72

1.70

319.49

2. 06

1.05

1.69

329.64

1.70

17,000

338.04

1.70

1.72

2.12 106.91

336.36

327.95

317.79

125.69

104.79

1.70

1.71

1.72

300.70

16,000

1.71

316.09

2. 06

135.91

326.26

1.72

298.98

2.13

115.31

1.71

314.39

2.14 102.66

94.07

2.18

324 . 57

1.72

297.26

2.14

100.52

89.74 2.17 91.91 2. 16

1.71

312.69

117.40 2.05 119.48 2.05 121.56 2.07 123.63

2.05

322.88

309.27

96.23 2.15 98.38

129.80 2.04 131.84 2.04 133.88 2.03

1.71

307.56

2.09

109.02 2.10 111.12 2.10 113.22 2.09

87.56

321.19

305.85

2.16

2.11

319.49

304.14

5000

115.31

94.07

2.19

1.72

1.73

295.54

83.17 2.20 85.37

4000

1.64

369.61

1.03 379.43 1.03 381.06 1.03 382.69 1.03 384.32 • 1.03

385.95

TEMPERATURES AND TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCES FOR EVERY 0.5 MILLIVOLT

COMPARISON OP THE MORE COMMON THERMOCOUPLES

3.0 3.6 4.0 4,6 6.0 6.6' 6.0 6.6 7.0 7.6 8.a 8.6 9.0 9.6 10.0

Fixed-junction Corrections If the fixed or "cold" junction be not maintained at O0C, a correction must be applied. This may be done by any one of several methods, of which the following are suggested: A. Let the temperature of the fixed junction be tc and that of the variable or "hot" junction be t. Then to the emf as read Et-tc, add the emf corresponding to tc. This gives Et which may at once be converted into *egrees by means of the proper table. B. Multiply the fixed-junction temperature by the factor, f = (dE/dt)o/(dE/dt), which is the ratio of the mean emf-temperature gradient between 0° and tc to the gradient at t, and add the product to t', the uncorrected temperature. That is, t = t' + ite. These emf-temperature gradients may be obtained by taking the reciprocals of the numbers appearing in the difference column^ of the calibration tables.

O 95 186 277 367 457 546 632 713 792 871 950

O 105 195 277 353 425 495

O 121 244 365 483 600 719 843 970 1104

O 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

1044 1136

O 147 265 374 478 578 675 769 861 950

O 146 260 364 461 553 641 725 806 884 959

1037 1122 1206 1289 1372 1455 1537 1620 1704

1032 1103 1173 1242 1311 1379 1447 1515

Copper: constantan

O 131 237 335 429 513 607 694 779 866 954

Platinum: Platinrhodium (Johnston-Matthey)

2.6

O 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60

E mv

Platinum: platinrhodium (Heraeus)

2.0

13.1 996.5 13.2 1009.7 13.3 1023.0 13.3 1036.3 13.4 1049.7 13.5 1063.2 13.6 1076.8 13.7 1090.5 13.7 1104.2 13.8 1118.0 13.8 1131.8 13.9 1145.7 13.9 1159.6 14^ (1174.) 14. (1188.) 14(1202.)

Temperature,0C

Platinrhodium : * gold-palladium

1.6

12.1 12.2 11.7 12.3 24.4 268.9 506.2 743.7 12.0 12.1 11.7 12.3 36.4 281.0 517.9 756.0 12.0 12.1 11.7 12.3 48.4 293.1 529.6 768.3 12.0 12.0 , 11.7 12.4 60.4 305.1 541.3 780.7 12.0 12.0 11.7 12.4 72.4 317.1 553.0 793.1 12.0 12.0 11.7 12.5 84.4 329.1 564.7 805.6 12.0 11.9 11.7 12.5 96.4 341.0 576.4 818.1 12.1 11.9 11.8 12.5 108.5 352.a 588.2 830.6 12.1 11.9 11.8 12.6 120.6 364.9 600.0 843.2 12.2 11.9 11.8 12.6 132.8 376.8 611.8 855.8 12.4 11.9 11.8 12.6 145.2 388.6 623.6 868.4 12.5 11.8 11.8 12.6 157.7 400.4 635.4 881.0 12.6 11.8 11.8 12.7 170.2 412.2 647.2 893.7 12.5 11.8 11.9 12.7 182.7 424.0 659.1 906.4 12.5 11.8 11.9 12.7 195.2 435.8 671.0 919.1 12.4 11-8 12.0 12.8 207.7 447.6 683.0 931.9 12.3 11.8 12.0 12.8 220.0 459:4 695.0 944.7 12.3 11.7 12.1 12.8 232.3 471.1 707.1 957.5 12.2 11.7 12.1 12.9 244.5 482.8 719.2 970.4

Chromel (X): copel

1.0

E mv

Iron: constantan

E O 10 20 30 40 mv OÖ7Ö244.5482.8719.2970.4 12.3 12.2 11.7 12.2 13.0 0.6 12.3 256.7 494.5 731.4 983.4

Chromel (P) : alumel

Temperature,0C

Chromel-alumel

O 25 49 72 94 115 136 156 176 195 213 232 250 268 285 302 320 336 353

* 10 % Rh; 40 % Pd.

LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) C 1 ) Adams, 128, 3: 4$0; 13. Î, 36: 65; 14. 25O1 1919: 2111. (2) Adams, O. ( 3 ) Adams and Johnston, 12, 32: 534; 12. ( 4 ) Foote, Fairchild and Harrison, S2, No. 170; 21. (5) Hoskins Mfg. Co., Catalog D; 24. («) Roberts, O. ( 7 ) Sosman, 12, 30: 7; 10.

OPTICAL PYROMETRY C. O. FAIRCHILD AND H. T. WENSEL The temperature scale above the melting point of gold is based z^î \T upon Wien's Law, J\ = CiX~5 e , in which the constant C2 (1.433 cm deg) and the value 13360K for the melting point of gold determine the scale. In optical pyrometry temperatures are usually measured by comparing the brightness of a glowing object with that of the filament of a lamp mounted in the image plane of a simple telescope. For highest accuracy the current through the lamp is kept at or near the value corresponding to 13360K and higher temperatures are measured by reducing the brightness of the image of ^the object to match that of the filament by means of a suitable screen such as a rotating sector or an absorption glass of; known transmission. The temperature is then found from the following formula derived from Wien 's Law:

in which R is the transmission of the absorption device and X6 is the "mean effective wave-length" of a color filter in the pyrometer for the temperature interval 1336° to T. Values of X6 can be obtained in some cases by the use of Table 2. For practical purposes the pyrometer is ordinarily calibrated in the range 700° to 140O0C (occasionally to 155O0C) in terms of filament current. A satisfactory empirical relation between the current I through the lamp filament and temperature Z0C is:

/ = a + bZ + cZ2 + di3. For tungsten lamps with short 3 mil filaments dl/dt varies from about 0.00015 ampere per degree at 70O0C (7 = 0.3) to 0.0003 ampere per degree at 1400° (7 = 0.5). For measurements above 1400° an absorption glass of such type is employed that A(= X6 logio ß/6223) is a constant or varies slightly with temperature. If the spectral transmission, Tr, of the K absorption device is of the form Trx = e , A will be a constant and equal to K/C2.

For sector discs A = constant • Xe. TABLE I

Temperatures extrapolated from 13360K, using Wien's Law, compared with those obtained using Planck's Law. The values in this table were computed from the relation :

T

r

°2

-î

Angular apertures required in the telescope of the disappearing filament type of optical pyrometer for a balance between reflection and diffraction at the filament. Under such conditions disappearance of the filament is obtained without resorting to low magnification or very low resolving power. TABLE 3.—TUNGSTEN FILAMENT OF CIRCULAR CROSS-SECTION Entrance aperture, radians —— —— — — Filament diameter Filament diameter 0.04 to 0.06 mm 0.1 mm very low resolving power 0.04 and larger 0.04 and larger .06 to .16 .055 to .07 .08to .13 non-disappearance

Exit aperture _,. ^ 0.005 .01 .02 .04 .06

Alogll+e x H

TABLE 2 Effective wave-length and mean effective wave-length of optical pyrometer red glass filters. The effective wave-length \T is found from the formula JL _ a _ k \T ~ T Equation*

Corning H. T. red glasses ~A | B , c , D

a 1.5509 I 1.5415 1.5369 | 1.5319 _.. ., ._ Visibility b 29.6 I 28.2 | 28.0 | 26.8 Wave-length ™ . . Transmission microns 0.6150.0000.0000.0000.0000.442 .625 .085 .007 .000 .000 .323 .635 .520 .270 .141 .080 .220 .645 .730 .533 .389 .350 .141 .655 .798 .637 .508 .520 .084 .665 .815 .664 .541 .580 .046 .675 .823 .677 .557 .605 .024 .685 .828 .686 .567 .605 .0126 .695 .830 .689 .572 .603 .0061 .705 .830 .689 .572 .598 .0031 .715 .826 .682 .564 .590 .00158 .725 .824 .679 .559 .580 .00078 .822 .676 .555 .572 .00038 .735 .745 .820 .672 .551 .567 .00018 .818 .669 .547 .550 .00009 .755 .815 .664 .541 .535 .00003 .765 .775 .813 .661 .537 .510 .00000 * The constants a and b are given for four typical red glasses of the transmissions indicated. The change in effective wave-length with temperature of glass filter itself is closely 0.00009^ per deg C at ordinary room temperatures.

TABLE 4.—BRIGHTNESS TEMPERATURE VERSUS TRUE TEMPERATURE FOR RED LiGHT(y= 0.65/0

700 800 900 950 975 1000 1025 1050 1100 1150 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1750

745 857 972

700 801 902

1090

701 802 904

1004

1007

1210

1183

1106

1110

1332 1455

1296 1410 1525 1641 1758 1877 1936

1210

1215 1320

1083 1181 1156 1193 1231

903 958

Nichrome or chromel(6)

Copper oxide ( 5 )

Observed brightness temperature

Copper ( 5 )

True temperature Nickel oxide ( 4 )

Tp I Tw - Tp II !T1, I Tp \ T w - TP 1336.000 4500 4493 7 1999.997 0.003 5000 4986 14 2499.958 .042 6000 5959 41 2999.74 .26 8000 7825 175 3499.0 1.0 10000 9550 450 3997 3 31 800

Iron oxide (3)

I

Iron(2)

Tw 1336 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000

Platinum C 1 )

taking X = 0.65/i.

702 804 906

1020

1010

1087 1159 1233

1116 1224

LITERATURE (For a key to periodical see end of volume) (*) Waidner and Burgess, SIa1 3: 163; 07. ( 2 ) Computed for an emissivity of 0.4; cf. Burgess, 32, No. 91: 17. ( 3 ) Burgess and Foote, SIa, 12: 83; 15. ( 4 ) Burgess and Foote, Sìa, 11: 41; 15. (*) Burgess, SIa, 6: 111; 09. ( 6 ) Foote, Bureau of Standards, O. For data on C, Ta, W and other substances see sections on emissivity, color temperature, etc.

GENERAL REFERENCES Burgess and Le Chatelier, Measurement of High Temperature, 1912. Pyrometry: Symposium of American Institute of Mining and Metallurgical Engineers, 1919. Foote, Fairchild and Harrison, 32, No. 170: 21. Foote, Mohler and Fairchild, 128, 7: 18; 17. Foote, 83, 13: 3; 18. Forsythe, 83, 15: 3; 20. Fairchild and Hoover, 48, 7:7; 23.

LABORATORY METHODS FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING CONSTANT TEMPERATURE C. W. KANOLT, OLAF A. HOUGEN, ROLAND A. RAGATZ AND W. E. FORSYTHE PAGE

Temperatures below O0C. C. W. KANOLT 61 Laboratory Methods for the Production of Cold. C. W. KANOLT 62 Temperatures above O0C. O. A. HOUGEN AND R. A. RAGATZ. . 66 Production and Maintenance of High Temperatures. W. E. FORSYTHE 67 The successful application of the methods described in this ,section involves careful attention to the details of construction and operation of the auxiliary apparatus. For these details the reader is referred to the original literature. 1. TEMPERATURES BELOW O0C C. W. KANOLT (a) Bath Liquids Boiling at Constant Pressure.—The temperaturepressure data for à number of suitable liquids are displayed graphically in Fig. 1. For further data concerning these liquids consult the index of I. C. T. Solid CÜ2 mixed with a suitable low-freezing liquid may also be used. Cf. Sec. (6) infra, also ( 42 ).

Bath liquids for the maintenance of constant temperatures by boiling at a constant pressure. (6) Bath Liquids with Thermostatic Control.—In some cases the liquid-solid mixture with proper thermal insulation may be conveniently used to automatically maintain the temperature of the invariant point (M.P. or eutectic). For general discussion of low temperature baths v. (16). The systems given below are arranged approximately in ascending order of their minimum working temperatures. Abbreviations and Signs.—B. = "boils;" Cor. = "corrosiveness " or "corrosive;" E. = "eutectic composition;'7 Fl. = "flammable," hazardous, especially if cooled by means of liquid air. S. = "solidifies" or "solidification;" SS. = "suggested for use at its solidifying temperature;" 77 = "viscosity;" + = "high," — = "moderate or low," thus, 77 — = "moderate or low viscosity."

Below -150°.—1. Petroleum distillate, dl\ 0.647: S.<-190° (3). Ibid., dl7 = 0.651: S.<-190°. B. 33°. 77 + at -190° (22). 2. Amylene, techn.: S. < —188°. Fl. 77 > petrol ether, q.v. (18,22). 3. Propane: S. at -187.8°. B. at -37°. Fl. 4. Propylene: S. at -185.2°. B. at -47°. Fl. May be used -190° to -160°. Moisture causes turbidity (25). 5. Butane, techn.:r)— at —180°. Fl. Gas at ordinary temp. (24). 6. Methyl chloride 25% +methyl ether 75%, E.: S. at -154°. B. <-20°. Fl(4). 7. Isopentane: S. at -159.6°. B. at 28.0°. Fl. SS. (37).

From -150° to -125°.—8. Pentane, techn.: S. <-190° for some samples. B. ca. 25°. Fl. (16). 77 varies with diff. samples. Cf. (5. 7, I 6 » 17, 22, 24, 31). 9. Petroleum ether: one sample S. at -160° (7). Other samples used down to -130° ( 16 ); -135° (5); -150° (is, 30); -160° (25). Fl. 9a. Chloroform 18% + trans-dichloroethylene 13 % + trichloroethylene 20 % + ethyl bromide 41 % + ethyl chloride 8 % : S < -150°. Non-Fl. 77.140 0.71 poises, ?7_i5o 6.3 poises (21). 10, Chloroform 15% + méthylène chloride 25% H- trans-dichloroethylene 11% + trichloroethylene 16% H- ethyl bromide 33 %: S. ca. —150°. Non-Fl. 77.14o = 0.85 poises, 17-100 = 15 poises (21). 11. Ethyl chloride: S. at -138.7°. B. 12.2°. Fl. 77- at -138.7° (21). Cor. - (20, 19). Non-Fl. by adding methyl bromide (13). 12. Chloroform 20% + trans-dichloroethylene 14% + trichloroethylene 21 % + ethyl bromide 45%. E.: S. at -139°. Non-Fl. 77-130 = 0.29 poises; 77.140 = 0.81 poises (21). 13. Methyl ether: S. at -138.5°. B. at -23.7°. Fl. 14. n-Pentane: S. at -130.8°. Fl. Very volatile. 15. Ethyl ether 75 vol. % + toluene 25 vol. %: S. ca. -130° (7). 16. Methylcyclohexane: 5. at -126.3.° Fl. SS. (37). 17. Petroleum distillate, d™ 0.713: pasty ca. -125°. S. ca. -147° («). From -125° to -100°.—18. Chloroform 23% + ether 77%, E.: S. at -121.7° (35). 19. Ethyl bromide: S. at -119°. Non-Fl. Becomes Cor. under action of light (10). 77-119 = 0.053 poises (21). 20. Ethyl ether: S. at -116.3° and (metastable) at -123.3°. Fl. SS. (37). 21. Carbon disulfide: S. at -111.6°. Fl. toxic. SS. (37). 22. Chloroform 27% + méthylène chloride 60% + carbon tetrachloride 13%. E.: S. at -111°. Non-Fl. 77- at - 111° (21). From -100° to -90°»—23. Chloroform 31% + trichloroethylene 69%. E.: S. at -100°. Non-Fl. 77- at -100° (21). 24. Chloroform 71 % + ether 29%. E.: S. at -97.4° (35). 25. Méthylène chloride: S. at —97°. Volatile but non-Fl. 77— at — 97° (21). Addition of alcohol recommended to avoid formation of HCl in light (28). 26. Chloroform 79% + ether 21%. E.: S. at -95° (35). 27. Toluene: S. at -95.1°. Fl. 77+ at -80° (24). SS. (37). 28. Acetone: S. at -94.6°. Fl. 77-89.7 = 0.0205 poise (1). 29. Methyl chloride: S. at -91.5°. B. at 24.1°. FL-, and non-Fl. by adding methyl bromide (14). Cor.-. From -90° to -80°.—30. Ethyl alcohol: S. at -114.1°. Fl. 77+ near —114° (18, 39). ^ increased by presence of U2O (24). Used down to -80° (15, 16) and to -90° (24). 31. Trichloroethylene: -S. at -86.4°. Non-Fl. 77- at -86°. Cor.-, when pure but -f when ox. by air. 32. Ethyl acetate: S. at -83.6°. Fl. SS. (37). 33. Carbon tetrachloride 49 % + chloroform 51%. E.: S. at -81°. Non-Fl. 77- at -81° (21). 34. trans-Dichloroethylene: S. at —80.5°. Fl. (9), but less so than vol. hydrocarbons (21). Cor-.

From -80° to -50°.—35. Ethyl ether 80% + ethyl alcohol 20%: Fl. Used down to —78°. 77 < alcohol. Less turbid from moisture than is ether (25). 36. H2SO*, 88% in H2O1 E.: S. at -75°. yj+ at low temps. Cor. (23). 37. Chloroform: S. at -63.5°. Non-Fl. T;-at-63° (21). Cor-. SS. (37). A small quantity of alcohol prevents decomposition. 38. CaCl2 29.8% in H2O. R: S. at -55°. 77+ at -55° (38). Cor.+ (32, 41). Cor. diminished by addition of K2CrO4 ( 27 ). From —50° to —25°.—39. Gasolene + CCl*: Depending upon the density of the gasolene the following %'s of CCl4 should be used to reduce Fl. 0.765, 30%; 0.725, 45%; 0.700, 60%; 0.680, 70% (2, 28). / The 65% CCl4 may be used at -50°. Flash pt. ca. 50°. Cor- (8). 40. Chlorobenzene: S. at -45.2°. Fl. SS. (37). 41. NaCNS 500 g per 1 H2O, E.: S. at ca. -33°. Cor. < NaCl or CaCl2 (36). 42. Ethyl alcohol 25% + glycerine 25% + water 50%: Used to -30° (40). From -25° to 0°.—43. Carbon tetrachloride: S. at -22.9°. Non-Fl. 77- at -23° (21). Cor-. SS. (37). 44. NaCl 22.4% in water, E.: S. at -21.2°. T 7 -. Cor. DISTILLATES PROM GALICIAN PETROLEUM(U) Fractionation temp. d\* S. at Fractionation temp. 5

dj S. at

24°-40°

I 40°-60° I

60°-80°

80°-100°

100°-120°

0.6324 -203°

0.6593 -198°

0.7005 -185°

0.7351 -170°

0.7495 -151°

120o_140o

0 140<>_160

0.7625 I -139°

0.7738 -127°

160°-180° 180°-200° 200°-220° 0.7872 -112°

0.7962 -104°

0.8072 -93°

LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) C1) Archibald and Ure, 4, 125: 726; 24. ( 2 ) Associated Factory Mutual Fire Insurance Cos., Quart. Nat. Fire Protect. Assoc. 11: 173; 17. ( 3 ) Baudin, 34,133:1207; 01. («) Baume, 42,12: 216; 14. ( 5 ) Beckmannand Waentig, 93, 67: 17; 10. ( 6 ) Cabot, 54, 26: 813; 07. ( 7 ) Cardosi, 42, 13: 312; 16. ( 8 ) Cragoe, McKelvy and O'Connor, SlA, 18: 707; 23. ( 9 ) Fabre, 42, 21: 268; 20. ( 10 ) Fischer, Die neueren Arzneimittel, 6th ed., p. 74. (^1) Formanek, Knop and Korber, 186, 41: 731; 17. («) Hammerl, 75, 78: 59; 78. (i 3 ) Hennig, U. S. Pat. 1,393,124; Brit. Pat. 158,494; 20. ( 14 ) Henning, U. S. Pat. 1,386,497; Canadian Pat. 213,825. (1s) Henning, 243, 33: 33; 13. (l«) Henning, B62, p. 261. ( 17 ) Hoffmann and Rothe, 243, 27: 265; 07. ( l a ) Holborn and Wien, 8, 59: 213; 96. ( 19 ) Jenkin, 83, 18: 197; 22. (20) Jenkin and Shorthose, Ilo, 116: 761; 23. 246, 66: 347; 24. (21) Kanolt, Bur. Stands., O. ( 22 ) Kohlrausch, 8, 60: 463; 97. ( 23 ) Pickering, 4, 57: 331; 90. ( 2 4 ) Loomis and Walters, Bur. Mines, O. ( 2S ) Maass and Wright, 1, 43: 1098; 21. ( 26 ) Meyerhoffer and Saunders, 7, 31: 381; 99. (27) Pedersen, U. S. Pat. 1,405,320. ( 2 8 ) Remington and Wood, U. S. Dispensatory, 20th ed.; 18. ( 29 ) Roozeboom, 7, 4: 42; 99. (»0) Rothe, 243, 22: 14, 33; 02. ( 3 I) Rothe, 243, 22: 192;02. ( 32 ) Rudnick, 45, 11: 668; 19. ( 33 ) Ruff and Fischer, »5, 36: 421; 03. (34) Saposhinikov, 245, 6: 384. ( 35 ) Smits and Berckmans, 64P, 21: 401; 19. ( 3 «) Sperr, U. S. Pat. 1,473,327. ( 3 ?) Timmermans, Van der Horst and Onnes, 34, 174: 365; 22. Timmermans, 28, 32: 95; 23. (38) Tucker, 67, 25: 111; 13. ( 3 ^) Wahl, 5, 87: 371; 12. (*°) Walton and Judd, 50, 18: 717; 14. (<*) Zimmerman, 244, 9: 307; 21. (* 2 ) Thiele and Schulte, 7, 96: 312; 20.

LABORATORY METHODS FOR THE PRODUCTION OP COLD C. W. KANOLT (a) Liquids for Cooling by Vaporization into the Atmosphere The liquid may be sprayed onto the object to be cooled (2» 3, 4). it may be vaporized by a current of air passed through it, forming a bath in which the object to be cooled is immersed ( 5 ); it may be vaporized from a porous vessel (*); or in other ways. The temperatures obtainable from the liquids are approximately in the order of their boiling points given below, but are much lower. Gases with critical temperatures above 20° are not included. The data given below are, in the order given; boiling point, name of liquid, remarks, and literature. Remarks: 1. Harmless. 2. Harmful. 3. F l a m m a b l e . 4. Non-flammable. 5. Anaesthetic. 100°, Water (1, 4). 61.2°, Chloroform (4, 5). 46.2°, Carbon disulphide (2, 3). 40°, Méthylène chloride (4, 5). 38.4°, Ethyl bromide (4, 5). 35°-39°, Amylene, techn. (3, 5). 34.6°, Ethyl ether (3, 5) produces -15° to -20° (2, 5). 13.1°, Ethyl chloride (3,5) produces -35°(2). 0°—70°, Volatile petroleum distillates (1,3). -10.0°, Sulfur dioxide (2,4). -24.1°, Methyl chloride (3, 5) produces -55° to -60° (L 2). -33.4°, Ammonia (2, 3). Carbon dioxide (1, 4). (The liquid can not exist at atmospheric pressure. Solid can be obtained by the release of liquid from pressure. Sublimation temperature —78.5°. Used mixed with a liquid (6), produces -112° to -115° (l). -89.8°, Nitrous oxide (4, 5). LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) O) d'Arsonval, 34, 133: 980; 01. ( 2 ) Braun, Die Lokalanästhesie, Chapt. 4. ( 3 ) Kanolt, 48, 9: 416; 24. ( 4 ) Krause, B61, 6: 635; 19. ( 5 ) Lawrence, 247, No. 18: 10; 16. ( 6 ) Thiele and Schulte, 7, 96: 312; 20.

(b) Freezing Mixtures To absorb the largest amount of heat, an aqueous freezing mixture should be made with ice, rather than with water, and the other substance used should be cooled to 0°, or as low as possible, before mixing with the ice. To absorb at a given temperature the maximum amount of heat per unit mass of mixture, the proportions of ice and the other cooling agent should be those of a solution, the freezing point of which is the required temperature (8). The eutectic (cryohydric) temperature is the lowest attainable, if the ingredients are precooled sufficiently. Most, if not all, salts when mixed at room temperature with ice, produce sufficient cooling to reach this temperature. For more extensive information than given here relative to the freezing points of solutions, together with the literature references, see the separate tables of freezing points. The following mixtures are among the most useful: (a) Sodium chloride with ice for temperatures down to —21.2°. (o) Hydrated calcium chloride, CaCl2.6H2O, with ice, for temperatures down to —55°. Aqueous solutions of sulfuric acid or hydrochloric acid with ice have an advantage over salts with ice in avoiding the delay incident to the solution of the salt.

Composition of mixture ( % anhydrous salt, unless other- Freezing point of solution wise stated). E eutectic composition

Substances

22.4 (E for NaC1.2H20) 23.1 (E for NaCl)

NaCl- HjO (4, 12)

Na2CO8-IOH2O-H2O («)

33.3 37.E 42.9 5.93E 16.7 3.8E

Na2SO4-IOH2O-H2O Na2S2O3-SH2O-H2O ( 13 ) 13

NaOOCCH3-H2O-HjO ( ) KCl-H2O (12) KNO3-H2O (12) K2SO4-K2O (12) KSCN-H2O (is.) NH4Cl-H2O (12)

30.OE

22 4°

80.1*

- 3.0°

- 8.0°

water and salt 10.7°

- 4.7°

salt -1° ice 0°

-10.9°

salt and ice at — 1°

- 2.85°

salt and ice at — 1°

- 1.9°


-23.7°

salt and ice at — 1° water and salt 0° ice and salt 0° ice and salt at — 1° water and salt 0° ice and salt 0° water and salt 13.6°

-15.4° -14.0°

80.7*

- 1.55°

9.1

60.0 -15.8°

75.0*

20.0 - 6°

31.2

-12°

37.5 41.2

-17.4°

43. 3E

-17.5°

46.8

-12°

8

•£»

CQ

0°

5°

- 4.0°

-16.75° -26.0°

12.2

2.6

78.8

73.6

19.7 74.6

65.6

6.8

-13.6° 68.4*

QO

57.1 % of hydrated salt 16.9


71.2*

I

Ca2Cl2OHO- H2O (6)

- 2.0°

77.2*

"3

NH4SCN-H2O (13)

salt and ice at - 1°

-11°

11. 2E 11.5 6.54E

57.1

- 5.3°

- 1.2°

19.3 23.1.

54.1

water and salt 13.2° - 2M°

- 9.0°

50.3

-21.3° -21° -17.75° 57.5*

31.0

NH4NO3-H2O (12, is, 15)

salt and ice at — 1° with ice salt and ice at — 1° -18.5°

45.9

16.6

Heat absorbed at temperature of mixing, cal. per g of mixture

56.4*

52.4

18. 7E

Lowest attained temperature recorded

-21.2°

24.8

NaNOr-H2O (12, 13 )

Initial condition of freezing mixture

Heat absorbed (at freezing or saturation point of solution) from objects to be cooled, cal. per g of mixture. The * values are heats of fusion of the eutectic, v. ( 5 )

J

water and salt 0° ice and salt 0° water and salt 0° water and salt 20° ice and salt 0° water and salt 0° water and salt 20° ice and salt 0° water and salt 0° water and salt 20° ice and salt 0° water and salt 0° water and salt 20° water and salt at 13.2° ice and salt 0°

57.1

-30.4°

24.3 69.5 25.5

-39.3°

68.1 26.5

59.8 19.0 62.1

- 42 . 2°

66.2 27.6

-44.7°

64.4 28.4

-33.9°

8.2

13.6 3.1

8.9

24.3 14.5 64.4 28.4 18.8

-18.0°

69.9

66.2

Composition of mixture ( % anhydrous salt, unless other- Freezing point of solution wise stated). E = eutectic composition

Substances


- 8.1°

ice and saltO 0

63.8

34.6

-12.4°

ice and saltO 0

59.3

45.7

-22.7°

ice and saltO 0

53.0

38.4

.54.9

-39.9°

ice and saltO 0

48.0

26.0

58.8E

-54.9°

ice and salt 0°

45.8

17.7

ice and saltO 0

43.7

27.9

63.7

-33.3°

67.1

-19.7°

69.0

-14.1°

74.1

0°

water and salt 0°

14.4

ice and saltO 0

41.9

% a.nhyd. salt

7.6° _

J

15.4

6.7

ice and salt 0°

41.0

35.0 10.1

water and salt 0°

16.0

«

water and salt 20°

none

1.5

£

ice and salt 0°

38.7

38.7

water and salt 0°

17.7

water and salt 20°

none

10.2

19.0

21.6 — 14.7

;

water arid salt 20°

58-2

CuSO 4 -SH 2 O-H 2 OC 15 )

11-9

- 1.6°

69.0

ZnS0 4 .7H 2 0—H 2 O(S)

27.2

- 6.55°

50.9

FeS04.7H2O—H2O(S)

13.0

- 1.8°

67.2

___

66.19% H2SO4-H2O

(U)

HCl—H2O

-2.1°t

68.6

-20°

- 3.1°f

62.0

ice and acid at 0°

-24°

- 5.5°t

ice and acid at 0°

-28°

-9.5°f

33.6

ice and acid at 0°

-32°

-16.5°t

44.2

ice and acid at 0°

-36°

-30.2°f

47.7

ice and acid at 0°

-37°

-37°t

30.33 36.59 37.69 42.37

62.96

21.6°

63.88

0°

13.15 -12.2° /21.2 at 0° 1 12.0 at -15° -15.3° 28.89

1*0

/30.6atO° 119.1 at -15°

0° 21.5° 0°

CA AQ 86 -63

i *o 15

86,72

11.15

15

78.90

88.53

7.5 O

- 8.1°

0°

i*° 15

74.68

24.5

9.17

0° 21.2°

«9 «7 62 67 -

75.30

43.0

6.09

0°

0°

21.6°

7 A KA -

02.9 ~

-86°

50.22

74 64

t Temperature when all ice is melted.

-16°

__

24.8E

Na2SO4.1OH2O-36.69% HCl (U)

ice and acid at 0° ice and acid at 0°

^

% of Na 2 SO 4 -IOH 2 O 21.05

17.7

none

3 Q0

% of 66.19% H2SO4 7.1

none 33.2

water and salt 0°

water and salt 0°

77.5

57.3 50.2

§

I a

~~

MgS04.12H20—H2O(S)


26.8

1

CaChOHjO-H2O ( 6 ).— Continued



30.85 -14.8° 27.43 / 24.5 at 0° \ 1 3 . 4 a t -15°

0° 20.1°

19.44 -15.6°

Composition of mixture (% anhydrous salt, unless otherwise stated). E = eutectic composition


Freezing point of solution

% of Na2SO4-10H2O 46.04 __

IQ 7°

63.46 Na2SO4-IOH2O-30.13% HCl (")

__

_ 11 s° -° _H.8°

19.7°

-14.4°

iy>/

65 23

2Q 4

' 75.43

- ° 20.0°

82.54

19.9°

-17.2°

20.0°

-12.6°

89.88

20.4°

ca. 0°

3

8

.

6 2 Q3~86

(14)

1

.

6

1

9

.

2

2

0

_____

C2H6OH-H2O (i«)

NH4Cl NaCl KCl NH 4 NO 3 NaNO3 KNO 3 NH4SO4 Na2SO4-IOH2O K2SO4 NH4Cl-KNO3 NH4Cl-NaNO3 NH4Cl-NH4NO3 NH4Cl-Na2SO4.10H2O NH4Cl-K2SO4 NaCl-KNO3 NaC1.2H2O—KNO3 KCl-NaNO3 KCl-NH4NO3 NH4NO3-KNO3 NH4NO3-Na2SO4.1OH2O Na2NO3-NaSO4-IOH2O

_

_

_

_

9

°

- 8.2°

19.8°

-10.0°

° 20.5°

-12.0°

~~

26.84

0° ^00

27.18 ZHZZZHZZ __H.8°

25.72

'

20.21

^0

%ÖUale.

_37o

ale. at 2° ice at o° ale at 1 5° ice at ' -1°

-29.4°

51.3

__38°

ale. at 4° ice at 0°

ca. -30°

-24.2°

A

Lit.

-18.2° -31.5°

(9) (9)

-17.6° -18.0°

(9) (9)

-24.9°

(9)

-19.5°

(9)

Salts

Lit.

Reduction of temperature produced by water with an equal weight of a salt or of a mixture! of salts in equal parts ( 7 )

temperature of —43.5° in a volume of 20 cc was maintained by mixing 100 cc of carbon disulfide and 70 cc of acetone per hour, using a heat interchanger ( 3 ). Reduction of temperature produced by water with an equal weight of a salt or of a mixture of salts in equal parts ( 7 )

Salts

"

Temperature produced by mixing salts with water

n /^TT r>r\ ^S2—(CHa)2CO

J2-67

0°

71.46 _____

_

.

Q0

50.42


-15.6° -14.8°

86.31

% of Na2SO4-IOH2O 35.54

Na2SO4-IOH2O-24.47% HCl


Temperature produced by mixing salts with water

Substances


14° 4° 12° 25° 9.5° 10° 8° 7.5° 4.5° 20° 17° 22° 19°

NaNO3-KCNS KNO3-NH4CNS NH4Cl-NH4NO3-KNO3 NH4Cl-NH4NO3-NaNO3 NH4Cl-Na2SO4-IOH2O-KNO3 NH4Cl-(NH4)2SO4—K2SO4 NH4Cl-(NH4)2SO4—Na2SO4.1OH2O . . . . NaC1.2H2O—NaNO3-KNO3 KCl-KNO3-K2SO4 NH4NO3-KNO3-NaNO3 NH4NOs-KNO3-Na2SO4-IOH20 NH4NQ3-(NH4)2S04— Na2SO4.IQH2O...

10°

(For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) O) Brendel, Diss., Charlottenburg; 92. ( 2 ) Bruni, 36, 27, I: 537; 97. ( 3 ) Duclaux, 34, 151: 715; 10. ( 4 ) Gortner, 166, 39: 584; 14. ( 5 ) Gröber, Diss., Techn. Hochschule, München; 08. ( 6 ) Hammerl, 75, 78: 59; 78. ( 7 ) Hanamann, 112, 173: 314; 64. ( 8 ) Kanolt, 48, 9: 416; 24. ( 9 ) Mazzotto, 7S1 23: 545, 633; 90. ( 10 ) Moritz, 186, 6: 1374; 82. (") Pfaundler, 75, 71: 509; 75. ( 12 ) Rudorff, 8, 122: 337; 64. ( 13 ) Rudorff, 8, 136: 276; 69. 25, 2: 68; 69. 0«) Szydlowski, 75, 116: 855; 07. ( 1S ) Tollinger, 70, 72: 535; 75.

11° 20° 22° 26° 10°

-37.4° -28.2° -22.6° -30.1°

(i) (i) (9) (9)

-15.2° -19.9° -24.6° -11.55°

(9) (9) (9) (2)

17°-23°

16°-27° 17°-26° -19.5°

(9)

LITERATURE

2. TEMPERATURES ABOVE O0C

Fused salts | Melting point | Lit. NaNO3 (45%), KNO3 (55%).... 218° (8, 14, 21, 32~

OLAF A. HOUGEN AND ROLAND A. RAGATZ (a) Bath Liquids or Vapor Baths with Boiling under Constant External Pressure.—For heterogeneous systems and solutions v. (13). For fire hazards on certain of these liquids v. p. 61. For a more extensive series of liquids arranged in order of boiling points v. p. 310. Boiling Substance

point

At 760 mm

Lit

AtI^ ^^ mm -31.3° -12.1° -4.8°

'

13° to -30° ( 23 ) (2, 11, 13) 46° to -26° (3, n, is, 26, 27,

Ethyl chloride Ethyl ether Carbon disulfide

12.2° 34.5° 46.3°

Acetone Chloroform Methyl alcohol

56.1° 61.2° 64.5°

7.5° 9.7° 20.62°

65° to 49°

(is, 21) (U, 21) (2,10,11,13,21,

78.5°

34.4°

78° to 40°

(2,10,11,13,21,

31, 41)

...

Ethyl alcohol

30)

44)

NaNO3 (55 %), NaNO2 (45 %) .. KNO3 : NaCl (28 %), CaCl2 (72 %) NaCl (50 %), K2CO3 (50 %) Na2CO3 (50 %), KCl (50 %) CaCl2 (50 %), BaCl2 (50 %) NaCl (35 %), Na2CO3 (65 % ) . . . . NaCl (22 %), BaCl2 (78 %) NaCl (44 %), KCl (56 %)

221° 337° 500° 560° 560° 600° 620° 654° 663°

(44) (i) (44) (44) (44) (44) (44) (44) (44)

Molten metals Lead Lead (30 %), Tin (70 %) Lead (50%), Tin (50%)

| Useful range | Lit. 327° to 700° (4, 5, 6, 29) Above 183° (U) (f)

Other liquids Naphthalene Benzophenone Sulfur

| Useful range I Lit. 80° to 217° (20,21,25) 49° to 305° (20, 21, 25) 113° to 444° (20, 25)

31)

Benzene Water

79.8° 100°

25.8° 81° to 40° 51.7° 145° to 25°

(io, 11, is, 39) (2,3,9,11,13, 16,

18,

26,

27,

29, 30, 32, 43)

Toluene..

110.5°

51.8° 130° to 70°

(1O, ^3, 21, 29,

Chlorobenzene w-Xylene

132.1° 139.0°

70.3° 77.8°

(31,39) ( 1 0 > 21, 28, 32,

Isoamyl acetate Bromobenzene.. Aniline

142.5° 156.2° 184.4°

Ethyl benzoate Naphthalene Methyl salicylate Quinoline Isoamyl benzoate tt-Bromonaphthalene Diphenylamine Benzophenone Mercury

213.2° 217.9° 223.3° 237.7° 262° 281.1° 302.0° 305.4° 356.9°

198.8° 221° 224° 261.5°

Sulfur

444.6°

330.7°

32, 39, 4S)

132° to 70° 140° to 70°

39,45)

90.7° 119.4°

141° to 119° (30, 45) 160° to 120° (28,31) 184° to 150° ( 2 ^, 31, 32, 39, 42, 45)

142° 144.3° 151° 166.7°

Phosphorus pentasulfide. . 52° Zinc 907°

758°

(21,27,45) (28, 39) 225° to 175° (31) 238° to 170° (15,21,39,45) (21, 28, 45) 281° to 215° (28, si) (5,15,28,39,45) 306° to 257° ( 2 S, 39) Various (2,5,31,39) ranges Various (2,5,8,39) ranges (5) (fj

(d) Metal Blocks.—Aluminum and copper blocks have been used up to 600°, with a uniformity of temperature of 1° (39). (e) Gas Baths and Furnaces.—For temperatures above 900°, an electrically heated gas bath is usually employed, although for the higher temperatures a bath material is not essential since heat transfer takes place primarily by radiation. For lower temperatures, heat transfer and temperature uniformity are promoted by packing with a granular non-oxidizing metal. The following references (compiled by the Geophysical Laboratory) deal with the construction and temperature regulation of high temperature furnaces: KoIovrat, 51, 8:495; 09. Haughton and Hanson, 47, 14: 145; 15. 18: 173; 17. White and Adams, 2, 14: 44; 19. Haagn, 101, 40: 670; 19. Roberts, 128, 11: 409; 21. 48, 6: 965; 22. Bunting, 88, 6: 1209; 23. Adams, 48, 9: 599; 24. Roberts, 48, 10: 723; 25.

(6) Solid-liquid Non-variant Points.—1. Ice-water, v. (H» 24, 29, 46) f 2. Transformation temperatures of crystalline hydrates. Salt Sodium chromate Sodium sulfate Sodium carbonate Sodium thiosulfate Sodium bromide Manganese chloride Trisodium phosphate Barium hydroxide

Hydration temperature 0 C 19.71 32.383 35.3 48.0 50.8 57.8 73.4 78.0

LITERATURE Lit. (12,33) (". ™, 32, 33, 34, 35) (12, 33) (i2, 33) (12' 33) (i 2, 33) (i 2, 33) ( 1 2 > 33) ^

(c) Bath Liquids with Thermostatic Control. Liquid Water. Mineral oils Paraffin 10 parts cottonseed oil, 1 part beeswax Hydrogenated sesame oil Hydrogenated cottonseed oil

I Useful range 0° to 90° To 20° below the flash point M.P. to 300°

|

Lit. (17, is, 21, 40) (*' 19, 22, 37, 38, 40) (5, 27, 29, 40)

M.P. to 300° (7) 60° to 300° (36) 60° to 285° (36)

(For key to the periodicals see end of volume) '*) Aten, 7, 78: 13; 12. ( 2 ) Barus and Hallock, 106, No. 54; 89. (3) Brown, 3, 7: 411; 79. (*) Bodenstein, 7, 29: 665; 99. ( 5 ) Bodenstein, 7, SO: 113; 99. ( 6 ) Bodenstein, 7, 30: 125; 99. (7) Bosart, 1, 31: 724; 09. («) Day and Sosman, 8, 38: 849, 853; 12. ( 9 ) Dupre, 173, 38: 308; 13. ( i o) Forster, 135,106:80 ; 12. ( J l ) Freas, Thesis, Chicago ; 11. ( * 2) Qeer, 60, 6:85;02. ( 13 ) Golodetz, 136, 38: 1253; 14. ( 1 ^) Goodwin and Mailey, 2, 25:469; 07. ( 15 ) Gordon, 7, 28: 305; 99. ( 16 ) Grutzmacher, Deutsch. Mech.-Ztg. 1902: 193. ( 17 ) Grutzmacher, Deutsch. Mech.-Ztg. 1902: 184. ( 1 8 ) Grutzmacher, 89, 3: 248, 260; 00. ( 19 ) Holborn and Henning, 8, 23: 810; 07. (20) Hoìborn and Henning, 8, 26: 860; 08. ( 21 ) Holborn, Scheel and Henning, B63. (22) Holborn and Schultze, 8, 47: 1101; 15. (23) Jenkin, 83, 18: 197; 22. (24) Marshall, 83, 7: 249: 11. (25) Meisner, 8t 39: 1230; 12. (26) Meyer, 13, 165: 303; 73. (27) Moser, 92, 34: 625; 21. (2») Noyes, 152, No. 63: 12, 73, 194, 240; 07. (2») Ostwald-Luther, B64, p. 100. (30) Pomplun, 243,11: 1; 91. ( 31 ) Ramsay and Young, 4, 47: 640; 85. (32) Richards, 45, 4: 910; 12. ( 33 ) Richards and Churchill, 7, 28: 313; 99. (34) Richards and Mark, 65, 38: 417; 02. (35) Richards and Wells, 65, 38: 431; 02. ( 3 «) Robertson, 45, 15:701; 23. ( 3 7) Rothe,243,19: 144;99. (38) Shaw, 69, 11, III: 129; 17. (39) Stähler, B65, 1: 501. (40) Stähler, B65, 1: 498. (4l) Stock, Henning and Kuss, 25, 54: 1119; 21. (42) Sudborough, 64, 18: 16; 99. (43) Thiesen, Scheel and Sell, 89, 2: 140; 95. (44) Tour, 212, 6: 171; 24, (45) Wiebe and Böttcher, 243, 10: 16; 90. (46) Washburn and Williams. 1% 35: 741; 13.

MAXIMUM TEMPERATURES THAT CAN BE REACHED AND MAINTAINED FOR OBSERVATIONAL PURPOSES BY VARIOUS MEANS W. E. FORSYTHE Maximum temperature, 0 G Electric furnaces operating in open air Iron tube or iron wire wound furnace Nicrome wound refractory tube Platinum wound refractory tube—double winding (2) Iridium tube Carbon resistor furnace Carbon arc furnace Electric furnaces operating in vacuo or inert gas Tungsten wound refractory tube limited by refractory tube Carbon tube furnace Tungsten tube furnace (in vacuo) Tungsten tube furnace (in inert gas) Gas-fired furnaces Special makes of furnaces(5) with flames entering the furnace in tangential direction so as to give a good distribution of the heat, if gas and air are well mixed, can be raised up to about

5oo 800

1530 19oo 22oo 32oo 20oo 27oo 22oo 28oo

Maximum temperature 0 C The regenerative furnaces, such as are used in open hearth steel furnaces, can be heated up to about the same temperature of Special furnaces and methods High-frequency induction furnace. Limited only by melting point of refractory or metal used Filament in vacuum or inert gas limited only by rate of vaporization or melting .point of filament used Arc under pressure Carbon ( 4 ) Tungsten (3) Exploding fine wires by discharging a condenser charged to high voltage through them gives a temperature up to about (* )

17oo

5790 47ss 197oo

LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) 1

17oo

C ) Anderson, 21, 51: 37; 20. ( 2 ) Hyde and Forsythe, 21, 51: 247; 20. ( 3 ) Luckey, 2, 9: 134; 17. ( 4 ) Lummer, 254, 21: 8; 17. ( 5 ) McCauley, Corning Glass Works, Corning, N. Y., O. Spencer, National Lamp Works, NeIa Park, Cleveland, Ohio, O.

LABORATORY METHODS FOR MAINTAINING CONSTANT HUMIDITY HUGH M. SPENCER A saturated aqueous solution in contact with an excess of a definite solid phase at a given temperature will maintain a constant humidity within any enclosed space around it. By properly selecting the salt to be used almost any desired degree of humidity can be secured and controlled in this way. A number of salts suitable for this purpose are displayed in the accompanying chart and tables, together with the % humidity prevailing above their saturated solutions at different temperatures. To convert " % humidity" into "aqueous tension" multiply it by the vapor pressure of pure water at the same temperature. SOLID PHASE 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

CaCl2.2H2O (19). CoCl2.6H20 (8). CoSO4.6H2O (7). CuCl2.2H20 (8, 13, 22). CuSO4.5H2O (u» i 6 ). K2C4H4O6-^H2O (4). KCl (4. 5, 9, is, 21). KClO3 (5, n, 16). KNO3 (4, 5, 9, 16).

10. K2SO4 (4» 5, 15, 20).

Solid phases BaCl2.2H20 CaCl2.6H20

Ca(N03)2.4H20

11. MgCl2-GH2O («. «). 12. MgS04.6H20 (7). 13. MnSO4-H2O (7). 14. NH4NO3 ( 9 > 18). 15. NaCl (4, 5, is, 21). 16. Na2CO3-H2O (io, 22). 17. Na2C4H4O6.2H2O (U). 18. NaKC4H4O6.4H2O (14). 19. NaNO3 (4, 5, 9, 18, 21). 20. Na2SO4 (4, 16, 24, 26).

| t, 0C | % humidity 24~5 88 5 39.8 10 38 18.5 35 20.0 32.3 24.5 31 18.5 56 24.5 51

Lit. ( 1S ) (2°) O9) (i 5 ) ( 19 ) (i 5 ) O5) O5)

Solid phases CaSO4.5H20 CrO3 H2C204.2H20 H3P04.iH20 KC2H3O2 KBr

| t, 0C | % humidity] 20 98 20 35 20 76 24.5 9 20 20 168 13 20 84 100 69.2

Lit. (15) (is) («) (15) (15) (U) (is) (5)

t, 0C | % humidity I 18.5 4 4 ( 24.5 43 20 47 20 88 100.0 22.9 20 92 20 86 100.0 56.2 20 45 20 15 20 65 18.5 56 24.5 52 20.0 79.2 25.0 79.3 30.0 79.5 20.0 72.6 25.0 71.2 3.0.0 68.6 20.0 93.1 25.0 93.0 30.0 92.9 20.0 81.0 25.0 81.1 30.0 81.1 108.2 75 100.0 22.9 20 58 20 92 16.39 36.58 16.39 32.57 16.39 30.49 20 76 18.5 92 24.5 87 20 75 100.0 54

Solid phases K2CO3.2H2O KCNS K2CrO4 KF K2HPO4 KHSO4 KI KNO 2 LiCLH20 Mg(C2H3O2) 2.4H20 Mg(NO 3 ) 2 .6H 2 0 NH4Cl

NH4Cl and KNO 3 NH4H2PO4 (NH4)2S04

NaBr NaBr.2H20 NaBrO3 NaCl and KClO3 NaCl and KNO 3 NaCl, KNO 3 and NaNO 3 NaC2H3O2.3H20 Na2CO3JOH20 NaClO3

Lit. « ) ( 15 ) ( 15 ) (15) (5) (is) ( 15 ) (5) (15) (15) (15) (15) (15) (») (9) (9) (9) (9) (9) (9) (9) (9) (9) (9) (9) (U) (5) (15) (15) (6) (6) (6) (15) (15) (15) (15) (5)

[ t, 0C | % humidity 20 52 100.0 96.6 20 95 20 52 100.0 50.4 20 66 20 95 20 78 20 93 20 98 103.5 88.4 100.097 99.7 100.317 98.7 104.7 84.8 20 10 20 42 5 94.7 20 90

Solid phases Na2Cr2O7.2H20 NaF Na2HPO4.12H20 NaHSO4-H20 NaI NaNO2 Na2SO3.7H20 Na2S2O3.5H20 Na2SO4.10H20 Pb(NO 3 ) 2 TlCl TlNO3 Tl2SO4 ZnCl 2 -IiH 2 O* Zn(NO 3 ) 2 .6H 2 O ZnSO4.7H20

| Lit. (is) (5) (15) (is) (5) (i g ) («) (**) («) (15) (U) (4) (4) (4) (15) (15) (20) (15)

* Unstable at this temperature.

LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) C 1 ) Badger and Baker, S3, 23: 569; 20. ( 2 ) Baker4 and Waite, 33, 25: 1137; 21. ( 3 ) Baker and Waite, 33, 25: 1174; 21. ( ) Berkeley and Appleby, J, 85A: 489; 11. ( 5 ) Brönsted, 7, 82: 633; 03.8 ( 6 ) Brönsted, 137, 1:5; 7 18. ( ) Carpenter and Jette, 1, 45: 578; 23. ( ) Derby and Ingve, 1, 38: 1439; 16. ( 9 ) Edgar and Swan, 1, 44: 570; 22. 10 ( ) Gerasimov, 63, 45: 1666; 13. O 1 ) Gerlach, 91, 26: 413;1487. ( 12 ) Les13 ,couer, 34, 103: 1260; 86. ( ) Lescouer, 6, 2: 78; 94. ( ) Lowry and Morgan, 1, 46: 2192; 24. 1O 5 ) Obermiller, 7, 109: 145; 24. ( 16 ) Pawlowitsch, 7, 84: 169;1913. ( ^) Prideaux, 64, 39: 182; 20. ( 18 ) Rodebush, 1, 40: 1204; 18. ( ) Roozeboom, 7, 4: 31; 89. ( 2 0 ) 22 Sidgwick andEwbank, 4, 125: 2268; 24. (21) Speranski, 7, 70: 519; 10. ( ) Speranski, 7, 78: 86; 12. ( 23 ) Speranski, 7, 84: 166; 213. (24) Tammann, 8, 24: 530; 85. (25) Van't Hoff, 7, 45: 288; 03. ( 6 ) Wuite, 7, 86: 369; 14.

BAROMETRY AND MANOMETRY H. H. KIMBALL 1. Gravity Correction.—The equivalent barometric, or other manometric, height (B8) corresponding to standard gravity (gs = 980.665 cm sec"2) is related to the height (Bi) corresponding to local gravity (gì) as shown by equation (1):

Bs - Bp = Bl + Ca; C0 = Bp-S* 03 9»

(D

When gì and gs are expressed in cm sec"2, r Lg

to

)(LQ197)

- pr "^ 1 - *l\_ 1000 J Any desired unit may be used for Br1 C0 and B8 are in the same unit as BI. [For most barometric purposes, a sufficiently accurate correction (within ±0.01% of Bi) is obtained by the use of the approximate correction C91 — Bn

-, in which Bn is the usual l/S

barometric pressure at the station.] Example: Bi = 29.851, QI = 978.053 cm sec"2. Then (gì — gs) = -2.612 cm sec~2; 0.0197(0* - Q9) = -0.051s cm sec"2; 1000 C0 = -2.QQSB1 = -79.49. .'.B8 = 29.851 - 0.079 =29.772.

2. Temperature Correction.—The equation by which the equivalent barometric, or other manometric, height (B) at the standard temperature (In) can be computed from the nominal height (Bf) at the temperature t, is generally written in the form Tt r>/ +C i f i ,. B=B t

m im r> —B n№ ~ k) ~ _tt "" ^ C1 = tm) r +m(t

(
where tm = standard temperature of the manometric liquid, t, = temperature at which the scale, after correction for errors of graduation, reads correctly, m = coefficient of cubical expansion of the manometric liquid, l = coefficient of linear expansion of the material on which the scale is engraved. The value of m which is generally used for mercury, and which has been adopted by the International Meteorological Tables, is m = 181.8 X IO"6 per 0C. For temperatures between O0C and 3O0C this value appears ( 5 » 6» 8» 15» 17) to be correct within ±0.1 X 10~6 per 0C. The value of I1 for brass, which has been adopted by the International Meteorological Tables, is I = 18.4 X 10~6 per 0C. The best determinations ( 1 J 2 » ll) of this coefficient for temperatures between 0° and 30° yield values varying from

B't X 10~6 will cause an error in Ct of ±—~—£—-—

17.5 X 10~6 per 0C to 19.3 X 10~6 per 0C, or by ± 5%. For glass scales the approximate value / = 8.5 X 10~6per 0C is usually satisfactory. (For silicate flint glasses (13) I varies from 7.88 X 10~6 per 0C to 9.35 X 10~6 per 0C; for crown glasses (13) it varies from 6.75 X 19~6 to 9.54 X 10~6 per 0C. For barometers with metric scales, the combined effect of an error of ±0.1 X 10~6 per 0C in m and of ±0.9 X 10~6 per 0C in I

For t = 3O0C and B' =

760 mm, the error would be ±0.023 mm; while for t = 1O0C, B' .= 100 mm, it would be only ±0.001 mm. At ordinary room temperatures, the error so produced in Ct will be less for barometers graduated in inches than for one graduated in millimeters. (For barometers graduated in inches ts = 620F, tm = 320F),

TABLE 1.—TEMPERATURE CORRECTION (Ct) FOR MERCURIAL MANOMETERS AND BAROMETERS B=B'+ Ct] (B' = nominal height at t°; B = equivalent height for mercury at O0C; B1 B', and Ct are all in the same unit, which may be anything desired) A. Brass scale correct at 620F, inches, 0F; tm = 320F, /. = 620F, m = 181.8 X 10~6 per 0C, I = ISA X 10~6 per 0C (Applies directly to commercial barometers graduated in inches) f(OF^\^

+ 12 22 32 42 52 62 72 82 92 B. Brass

10

20

+0.015 +0.006 -0.003 -0.012 -0.021 -0.030 -0.039 -0.048 -0.057 scale correct

^fC)^^^ ^ T O + 0 - 5 O + 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 C. Glass ^7^-?l H ^) ""---^, Û) - 5 O + 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 Ô

30

40

50

60

70

+0.030 +0.045 +0.061 +0.076 +0.091 +0.106 +0.012 +0.018 +0.024 +0.030 +0.036 +0.042 -0.006 -0.009 -0.012 -0.015 -0.018 -0.021 -0.024 -0.036 -0.049 -0.061 -0.073 -0.085 -0.042 -0.064 -0.085 -0.106 -0.127 -0.148 -0.060 -0.091 -0.121 -0.151 -0.181 -0.211 -0.078 -0.118 -0.157 -0.196 -0.235 -0.275 -0.096 -0.145 -0.193 -0.241 -0.289 -0.338 -0.114 -0.172 -0.229 -0.286 -0.343 -0.400 at O0C, millimeters, 0C; tm = ts = O0C, m = 181.8 X 10~6 per 0C, I = 18.4 X

100

200

300

400

500

600

80

90

+0.121 +0.048 -0.024 -0.097 -0.169 -0.242 -0.314 -0.386 -0.458 10~6 per 0C

+0.136 +0.054 -0.028 -0.109 -0.191 -0.272 -0.353 -0.434 -0.515

800

900

+1.31 +0.65

+1.47 +0.74

700

. 1 6 +0.33 +0.49 +0.65 +0.82 +0.98 +1.15 +0.08 +0.16 +0.25 +0.33 +0.41 +0.49 +0.57 0.00 -0.08 -0.16 -0.24 -0.33 -0.41 -0.49 -0.57 -0.16 -0.33 -0.49 -0.65 -0.82 -0.98 -1.14 -0.24 -0.49 -0.73 -0.98 -1.22 -1.47 -1.71 -0.33 -0.65 -0.98 -1.30 -1.63 -1.95 -2.28 -0.41 -0.81 -1.22 -1.63 -2.03 -2.44 -2.85 -0.49 -0.98 -1.46 -1.95 -2.44 -2.93 -3.41 -0.57 -1.14 -1.70 -2.27 -2.84 -3.41 -3.98 -0.65 -1.30 -1.95 -2.60 -3.24 -3.89 -4.54 scale correct at O0C, tm= ts = O0C, m = 181.8 X 10~6 per 0C, Z = 8.5 X 10~6 per 10

° +0.17 +0.09 0.00 -0.09 -0.17 -0.26 -0.34 -0.43 -0.52 -0.60 -0.69

20G

30

° +0.69 +0.35

° +0.87 +0.43

60

° +1.04 +0.52

70

+0.35 +0.17

° +0.52 +0.26

-0.17 -0.35 -0.52 -0.69 -0.86 -1.03 -1.21 -1.38

-0.26 -0.52 -0.78 -1.04 -1.29 -1.55 -1.81 -2.06

-0.35 -0.69 -1.04 -1.38 -1.73 -2.07 -2.41 -2 75

-0.43 -0.86 -1.30 -1.73 -2.16 -2.59 -3.01 -3.44

-0.52 -1.04 -1.56 -2.07 -2.59 -3.10 -3.62 -4.13

-0.61 -1.21 -1.81 -2.42 -3.02 -3.62 -4.22 -4.82

Example: Barometer graduated in inches, brass scale correct at 620F; B' = 29.564 in., t = 76.80F. From section A it is found that at 72°, Ct for B' = 29.564 is -0.1155, at 82° it is -0.1421; hence at 76.8°, Ct = -0.1155 + ~*(-0.0266) = -0.1155 0.0128 = -0.128. Hence B = 29.564 - 0.128 = 29.436 in. 3. Capillary Corrections.—The curvature of the surfaces of the manometric liquid introduces pressures directed towards the centers of curvature of the surfaces. For each surface, this pressure is

40

50

-Y(~ + ^r ) dynes cm~2

=

]r\

° +1.22 +0.61

-0.65 -1.30 -1.96 -2.60 -3.25 -3.90 -4.55 -5.19 0 C

80

° +1.39 +0.69

-0.69 -1.38 -2.07 -2.76 -3.45 -4.14 -4.82 -5.51

-0.73 -1.47 -2.20 -2.93 -3.66 -4.39 -5.11 -5.84

90

° +1.56 +0.78 -0.78 -1.56 -2.33 -3.11 -3.88 -4.65 -5.42 -6.19

~1—Jem of the manometric liquid.

[7 = surface tension (in dynes cm""1), d — density of the liquid (in g cm~3), g is the acceleration of gravity (in cm sec"2), and TI and r2 are the principal radii of curvature (in cm) of the surface at the point considered.] At the vertex of the meniscus in a tube of circular section, r\ = r2 = r, and if the angle of contact of the liquid with the tube is either 0° or 180°, and if the tube is not too large, r is practically equal to the internal radius of the tube. If

the liquid surface is in an annular space between coaxial, circular cylinders (as in the reservoir of a Fortin barometer), if the angle of contact is 0°, and if neither TI nor (r3 — r2) is very great as compared with the capillary constant, (18), then In! — -,—__

^1

approximately; h' and h are the respective capillary pressures (in terms of unit column of the liquid) at the vertices of the surfaces in the annular space of width (r3 — r 2 ), and in a tube of radius n; and d is the depth of the annular meniscus. Laplace ( 12 ) has shown that, except for sign, the equations for a convex meniscus are the same as those for a concave one. Hence, this expression can probably be accepted as a first approximation to the value for h' for any liquid, provided that the angle of contact of the liquid with the solid is the same at all three surfaces, and that TI and (r3 — r 2 ) are not too great. In the case of the ordinary mercurial cistern barometers, (r3 — TZ) is quite large as compared with the capillary constant of mercury, and the angles of contact may not be the same at all three surfaces; for these reasons, no great confidence can be placed in the actual value of h', as so computed, for such barometers, but its order of magnitude will probably be correct. TABLE 2.—CAPILLARY DEPRESSION OF THE APEX OF A MERCURIAL COLUMN IN A GLASS TUBE OF CIRCULAR SECTION* Depression in millimeters Radius of the tube, Height of the meniscus, mm mm 0.2 I 0.4 I 0.6 I 0.8 I 1.0 I 1.2 I 1.4 I 1.6 I 1.8 1.0 2.464.40 1.4 1.262.363.22 1.8 0.751.442.022.48 2.2 0.490.951.361.701.98 2.6 0.340.660.961.221.441.61 3.0 0.240.480.700.901.071.21 1.32 3.5 0.170.340.490.640.760.870.961.04 4.0 0.120.240.350.460.560.640.710.770.82 4.5 0.090.180.260.340.410.470.530.580.62 5.0 0.070.130.190.250.300.350.400.440.47 5.5 0.050.100.140.190.230.270.300.330.36 6.0 0.040.070.110.140.180.200.230.250.27 6.5 0.030.060.090.110.140.160.180.200.21 T1O 0.020.040.060.080.100.120.140.150.16 * From the Schleiermacher-Delcros ( 4 > 9» 10) table, as revised by Suring ( 14 ). The values are about 5 % larger than those obtained from Bravais's ( 3 ) table, in which the arguments are the diameter of the tube, and the angle of incidence of the meniscus of the mercurial column with the walls of the tube.

Example: In a barometer cistern for which rz = 6 mm, r3 = 16 mm, d was found to be 0.5 mm.; the radius of the barometer tube was TI — 5 mm, and the height of the meniscus in it was 1.0 mm. From Table 2 it is found that the depression h, due to the meniscus in the 5 mm tube, is 0.30 mm; hence h' = 0.015 mm. That is, the pressure due to the annular surface is of the order of 0.02 mm; and the total depression of the column is H = 0.30 — 0.02 = 0.28 mm, subject to the uncertainty regarding the actual value of h'. 4. Possible Residual-gas Error in Good Barometers.—Under ordinary laboratory conditions, errors amounting to as much as 4.1 mm (0.163 in.) have been observed, and errors of 1.1 mm (0.043 in.) are not uncommon; but in most barometers, this error

does not exceed 0.25 mm (0.010 in.) when the instrument is shipped by the manufacturer. Air may be introduced during shipment and by handling. The smaller the tube of the barometer, the more likely is the error to be large. The magnitude of the error varies with the temperature and with the volume of the space above the mercury column, as indicated by equation (3) : x = X0 y [1 + 0.00367(Z - I0)]

(3)

where XQ and x are, respectively, the errors corresponding to the volume F0 temperature to, and to the volume V temperature t\ temperatures being expressed in 0C. 5. Conversion of Water Column at t°C to the Equivalent Water Column at 40C.—If ht and A4 are the equivalent true heights (corrected for scale errors of graduation and expansion, and for capillary pressures), and if dt and ^4 are the respective densities (7, 16) then, if O = (a* - dt)/d4, h, = A«(l - «). TABLE 3.—VALUES OF 1005 , for}

t(

UnÌtS

I

}

tens 0 1 2 3

O

0.013 0.027 0.177 0.435

I

2

0.003 0.048 0.221 0.497

I

°f <

4

I

0.000 0.073 0.268 0.563

6

I

0.003 0.103 0.320 0.633

8

0.012 0.138 0.375 0.706

Example.—h^ = 67.53 cm. At 25°, 1005 = 0.294. .'.Oh25 = 0.199, A4 = /I25(I ~ 5) = 67.53 - 0.20 = 67.33 cm. 6. Conversion of Water Column at 40C to Equivalent Mercury Column at Standard Density (13.5951 g cm"3); and the Reverse.— If hw and hm are the equivalent true heights (corrected for the scale errors of graduation and expansion, and for all capillary effects) of the water and the mercury, respectively, hm = 0.073554A^. TABLE 4.—EQUIVALENT COLUMNS OF WATER (hw) AND OF MERCURY (hm) (Density of water = 0.999973 g cm"3; of mercury = 13.5951 g cm"3) hw 100 200 300 400 500

I

hm [I 7.3554 14.7108 22.0662 29.4216 36.7770||

hw I hm Il 600 44.132 700 51.488 800 58.843 900 66.199 1000 73.554|

hm 1 2 3 4 5

I hw H hm 13.5955 6 27.1909 7 40.7864 8 54.3818 9 67.9773| 10

I

hw 81.573 95.168 108.764 122.359 135.955

LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) C 1 ) Bein, 88, 14: 1113; 12. ( 2 ) Benoit, 288, 6: 190; 88. ( 3 ) Bravais, 6, 5: 492; 42. ( 4 ) Bravais and Martins, 239, 14: 47; 41. ( 5 ) Broch, 238, 2: 21; 83. ( 6 ) Chappuis, 238, 13: 28; 07. (7) Chappuis, 238, 13D: 39; 07. ( 8 ) Chappuis, 238, 16: 31; 17. ( 9 ) Delcros, Annaire Météorologique de la France, 169-170; 49. C1 °) Delcros, 240, 8: 3; 18. C1 *) Dittenberger, 98, 46: 1535; 02. C 12 ) Laplace, Mécanique Céleste (Bowditch translation) 4: 737. (13) Pulfrich, 8, 45: 661; 92. (i*) Suring, Ber. u. d. Tätigk. d. KgI. Pruss. Meteor. Inst., 24-42; 16. ( 1S ) Thiessen, 89, 4: 4; 04. (»«) Thiessen, Scheel and Dusselhorst, 89, 3: 68; 00. ( 1 7 ) Thiessen, Scheel and Sell, 89, 2: 180; 95. (l») Verschaffet, 168, No. 32. 64V, 24: 175; 86.

PSYCHROMETRY; DENSITY OF MOIST AIR; CHANGE IN BAROMETRIC PRESSURE WITH ALTITUDE F. W. J. WHIPPLE B; Bh C d; dh', d0 e; e'

Barometric pressure, in general; at h Instrumental constant Density of air, in general; at A; at T0 and An Pressure of water vapor, present; when in equilibrium with water (or ice) at temperature t' g; ga Acceleration of gravity, actual; standard value h; H Altitude above sea level, cm; meters t; t' Readings of dry bulb ; of wet bulb T; T0; T' Absolute temperatures in 0C, general; of ice point; " virtual" x Ratio (mass of vapor)/(mass of dry air)

Pressure unit

|

d

Any unit

MmHg

Kilodynes per cm2 1. Psychrometry.—The pressure of the water vapor contained in the air is commonly deduced from the simultaneous readings of wet bulb and of dry bulb thermometers. The difference in these two readings depends upon the heat received by radiation as well as upon that furnished directly by the air. When the air flow is slow, the radiation is an important factor. In the Assmann psychrometer the bulb is surrounded by a double metal sheath; this largely eliminates radiation effects. It is important to secure adequate ventilation by the use of a thermometer with a bulb much smaller than the sheath. The standard bulb is 12 mm long and 4 mm in diameter. Alternatively, the thermometers may be "slung," i.e., whirled on a suitable holder. In this case, direct radiation from sun or sky should be avoided as it affects the drybulb readings and therefore the psychometric difference. The general formula for the computation of vapor pressure is e' -e = CB(t - t') X IO"4

Bj e, and ef are expressed in the same units, which may be anything desired. Within the order of accuracy of psychrometer observations, C is constant for a given velocity of the air-flow past the wet bulb. The relation of C to the air velocity has not been determined very precisely. The variation of C with temperature is negligible. If temperatures are expressed in 0C, the value of C for thermometers with adequate ventilation (a relative velocity of 3 m per second or more) is 6.6 when the cover of the wetbulb is saturated with water. On theoretical grounds, a lower factor, 5.8, is appropriate for an ice-covered bulb, but in the tables in general use 6.6 is adopted in this case as well. (Aspirations Psychrometer Tafeln, Braunschweig. 1908. Ferrei, Report of Chief Signal Officer, p. 248. Washington, 1886.) For the reduction of the readings of thermometers exposed in a Stevenson screen, Regnault's values of C, 8 for water and 7 for ice, are generally recommended (Etudes sur l'Hygrométrie, p. 102. Paris, 1845.) As, however, the ventilation is indeterminate, the accuracy obtainable is of a lower order. Relative Humidity is computed by expressing e, determined by the psychrometric formula, as a percentage of the pressure of vapor in equilibrium with water (not ice) at the temperature of the dry bulb. 2. Density of Moist Ak* T, T0 = absolute temperature in 0C * If dw,da = density of vapor and of dry air at same pressure and temperature, dw/da - 0.6217 and (da - dw}/da = 0.3783.

X

__ mass of vapor _ 0.6217 e ~~ mass of dry air ~ B — e

Tables in Dictionary of Applied Physics 3: 76, and in paper by Shaw and Fahmy in Quart. J. Roy. Meteorological Soc., 1925, 210.

_. ._ , ... mass of vapor 0.6217 e Specific humidity = total mass = B _ 0-3783 e 3. Relations Connecting Pressure and Altitude.—V. Bjerknes defines "virtual" temperature (T') as T' = TBf(B — 0.3783e). dß

H A f\ D\ = -^dÄ=~0.03416-. Qd AI nnoxiißfi' &Tr ^ ÙH (i) /i\ -g=d(logeß) = -—j^--.—

«^»"^•l?--**;"

»

If suffix i refers to the lower station and 2 to the upper, then (3)

approx. (4) , approximately. (5) For (TuT2 — HI) not exceeding 1000 m, equations (4) and (5) are equivalent to the logarithmic formula. The factor g/gs = (1 — 0.002640 cos 2<#>)(1 - 3.14F X 10~7) may generally be taken as unity. The distinction between virtual and actual temperature may be ignored except when high temperatures are involved. In the determination of heights in an extended barometric survey of a country, allowance must be made for the horizontal pressure gradient. When daily weather maps are available, BI may be taken from them as the pressure at sea-level in the neighborhood. If TI is not known, the conventional value (adopted by Intern. Meterological Conference, Innsbruck, 1905) TI = T2 -f 0.005 (H2 — H1) may be used, but in hot weather T1 = T2 -f 0.01 (Hz — HI) is a better approximation. Value of T2 observed at a mountain station may differ considerably from the temperature of free atmosphere at same level; this is especially true in calm weather, at night, and in the early morning, (cf. Hesselberg, Int. Meterol. Conference, Utrecht, 1923, App. L.) Tables of

virtual temperatures: V. Bjerknes, Dynamic Meteorology, etc., Washington, 1911. Values of 0.01484/77: Computer's Handbook of Meteorological Office, London, 2: 45. Graduation of Aneroids.—The height scales on aneroids designed for the use of travellers, are graduated on the assumption that the temperature of the atmosphere is constant and independent of the altitude. Various standard temperatures, such as 5O0F and O0C have been used. For such scales, especially when applied to aircraft use, the difference between the indicated and the true height may be excessive. The International Commission for Aerial Navigation adopted in 1925 a scale based on the following conventions (cf. Diet. Applied Physics 3: 182): (a) Pressure at sea-level is An = 1.0132 X IO6 dynes/cm2; (b) temperature at sea-level is 150C; (c) temperature decreases by 6.50C per km, up to 11 km; and above 11 km is constant at -56.50C; (d) humidity may be ignored; (e) value of g is same at all heights and = #45 (essentially gs). Whence, denoting the pressure and density at sea-level by BI, and ^1; those at 11 000 m by Bn 00 o and dn ooo:

I ~B! Bi di Bn ooo Bu ooo dn ooo

Unit mm kilodyne/cm2 g/m3 mm kilodyne/cm2 g/m3

I

Value 760 1013.2 1226 169.6 226.1 364

|

Log IQ 2.88081 3.00570 3.08849 2.22943 2.35432 2.56104

As the regulations drawn up by the I. C. A. N. are ambiguous, attention must be drawn to the fact that whilst the altimeter reading, H, gives the pressure uniquely, it cannot give the temperature and density of the air. Hence the formulae for d are on quite a different footing from those for B. (Cf. Section on Aerodynamics, Ed.)

VOLUMES OF LIQUID MENISCI F. A. GOULD As used in this section, the volume (V m) of the liquid meniscus in a vertical, circular cylinder = volume of the liquid which lies below the capillary surface and between two horizontal planes, one tangent to the meniscus, and the other passing through the line in which the meniscus meets the wall of the tube. The value of Vm depends upon the surface tension (7), the acceleration of gravity (g), the difference (p) in the densities of the fluids separated by the surface, the radius (r) of the cylinder, and the angle (6) at which the capillary surface meets the wall of the cylinder. If B is variable and not too small, it is more convenient to use the height (hm) of the meniscus (= distance between the planes mentioned), than 0, as one of the variables. This has been done in Tables 1 and 2, which give the volume of the mercury meniscus for 7 = 400 mg wt./cm (=392.27 dynes/cm, g = 980.665), P =

13.55g/cm3. This value of 7 is close to the mean of the values corresponding to the experimental determinations of Vm by Scheel and Heuse (8, 33: 295; 10) (425 mg/cm), and by Palacios (139, 17: 295; 19. 63, 24: 152; 23) (406 to 326 mg/cm); an idea of the error which is associated with a departure of the actual value of 7 from that assumed may be obtained by comparing their values with those here given. (See also Schalkwijk, 168, No. 67, and 64 V1 8: 462; 00. 9: 512; 01.) If 0 = O, it is convenient to tabulate the dimensionless quantities Vm/r3 and hc/r = FTO/Vr3 as functions of <7pr2/7, as is done in Table 3. [gpr2/y = r2/«!2- where a\ is capillary constant (British usage), see section Technical Terms (p. 34); hc — length of circular cylinder of radius r and volume F7n].

TABLE 1.—VOLUME (Vm) OF MERCURY MENISCUS hm = height of meniscus, d = internal diameter of tube. Accuracy for the larger menisci = 0.3 %, for the smaller = 1 %. Unit of Vn = 0.001 cm3; of hm and d = 1 mm. Assumes 7 = 400 mg wt./cm /C^^l

1 I 2 I 3 I 4

Ô7Ï 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5

0.0400.1590.360 0.0830.3210.723 0.1340.4901.09 0.1950.6691.47 0.8611.87

0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0

1.07 1.31 1.56 1.85

1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5

2.29 2.72 3.17 3.67 4.19 4.76 5.39 6.07

0.646 1.30 1.95 2.63 3.31

I 5 I 6 I 7 I 8 | 9 | 10 1 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 I 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 I 23 1.02 2.05 3.09 4.14 5.21

1.50 2.08 2.75 3.55 4.46 5.49 6.67 7.97 9.4211.112.814.816.919.221.624.227.030.033.1 3.00 4.16 5.53 7.12 8.9511.0 13.4 16.0 18.9 22.225.729.633.938.543.448.654.160.066.3 4.52 6.26 8.3210.7 13.5 16.6 20.2 24.1 28.5 33.438.744.651.057.865.273.081.390.299.6 6.04 8.3711.1 14.3 18.0 22.3 27.0 32.3 38.1 44.751.859.668.177.387.197.5 109 120 133 7.5910.5 14.0 18.0 22.7 28.0 33.9 40.6 47.9 56.165.074.785.496.9 109 122 136 151 167

4.01 6.30 9.1612.7 4.74 7.4310.8 14.9 5.50 8.5812.4 17.1 6.29 9.7714.1 19.4 7.12 11.0 15.8 21.7 17.6 19.5 21.4 23.4 25.4

24.1 26.6 29.1 31.7 34.5

16.8 19.7 22.6 25.6 28.6

21.7 25.4 29..2 33.0 36.9

27.3 32.0 36.8 41.6 46.5

33.7 39.5 45.4 51.4 57.3

40.9 47.9 55.1 62.3 69.6

63.5 69.7 76.0 82.4 89.0

77.0 92.1 84.5 101 92.1 110 99.9 119 108 129

7.99 8.90 9.88 10.9 12.1

12.3 13.6 15.0 16.4 18.0

31.8 35.0 38.2 41.7 45.2

40.9 44.9 49.1 53.3 57.8

51.4 56.5 61.7 66.9 72.3

13.3

19.6 27.6 37.3 48.8 21.4 29.8 40.2 52.6 23.2 32.2 43.3 56.4 34.8 46.5 60.4 37.4 49.8 64.6

62.3 67.0 71.7 76.7 81.9

77.8 95.7 83.6 103 89.5 110 95.5 117 102 124

53.4 69.1 87.3 73.7 93.0 98.9

108 115 122 130

132 140 149 158 167

48.9 57.4 65.9 74.5 83.2

57.8 67.678.390.0 103 117 131 147 67.8 79.291.7 105 120 136 154 172 77.8 91.0 105 121 138 156 176 197 88.0 103 119 137 160 177 199 222 98.3 115 133 153 174 197 222 248

o.l 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5

164 191 219 248 276

181 212 243 274 306

200 234 268 303 337

0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0

109 119 130 141 152

127 139 152 164 177

147 161 176 190 205

169 185 201 218 235

192 211 229 248 268

218 238 260 281 303

245 268 292 316 340

274 300 326 353 380

305 334 363 392 422

338 369 402 434 468

372 407 443 478 515

1.1 1.2 1.3 .4 .5

116 124 133 141 150

138 148 158 168 179

163 175 186 199 211

190 204 218 232 246

220 236 251 268 284

253 270 288 306 325

287 307 328 349 370

325 347 r370 393 417

365 390 415 441 468

407 436 464 493 522

453 484 515 547 580

501 535 570 605 641

552 589 628 666 706

.6 .7 .8 1.9 2.0

159 169 179 189 200

190 201 213 225 237

224 237 250 264 279

261 276 291 307 324

301 318 336 354 373

344 364 384 405 427

391 413 436 459 484

441 466 492 518 546

495 523 552 581 612

552 583 615 648 681

614 648 683 719 755

678 716 754 794 833

746 787 829 872 915

2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5

TABLE 2.—HEIGHT (hc) OF CYLINDER EQUIVALENT TO VOLUME (Vm) OF MERCURY MENISCUS hc = Fm/xr2 = length of tube of radius r and volume Vm; hm = height of meniscus; d — 2r = diameter of tube. Accuracy and basis are same as for Table 1 Unit of hci hm, and d = 1 mm. Assumes y = 400 mg wt./cm AUT"^ 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0

22 23 24 d^hm 20 I 21 13 I 14 I 15 18 19 16 17 11 I 12 7 3 4 i 5 I 6 8 I 9 I 10 1 i 2 0.0510.0510.0510.051 0.052Ì0.053 0.054|0.055|0.056 0.057 0.058 0.059 0.060 0.061 0.063 0.064|0.065J0.0660.068 0.069|0.070 0.071 0.072 0.073 0.1 ;0.106ÌO. 1020. 102|0. 103 0.104 0.106 0.1080.110)0.112 0.114 0.116 0.118 0.121 0.123 0.126 0.1280.131J0.133 0.136 0.1380.140 0.142 0.144 0.147 0.2 j0.1710.156;0.155 0.155 0.157 0.160 0.163 0.165 0.168 0.172 0.175 0.178 0.182 0.185 0.189 0.192 0.1960.200 0.204 0.208 0.211 0.214J0.217 0.220 0.3 JO. 248 0. 213 0. 209 0.209 0.211 0.214 0.218 0.221 0.225 0.230 0.234 0.239 0.243 0.248 0.253 0.257 0.2630.268 0.273 0.277 0.281 0.2860.290 0.294 0.4 \ p. 2740. 265 0.263 0.265 0.268 0.273 0.278 0.283 0.288 0.294 0.300 0.306 0.311 0.318 0.323 0.329 0.336 0.342 0.348 0.353 0.3580.363 0.368 0.5

i

i

1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.9 1.9 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3

2.4 2.5

ÌO. 3410. 323 0.319 0.321 0.324 0.329 0.335 0.341 0.348 0.355 0.362 0.368 0.375 0.383 0.389 0.397 0.404 0.411 0.418 0.424 0.4300.437 0.443 0.4160.385|0.377 0.378 0.381 0.386 0.392 0.400 0.408 0.416 0.424 0.432 0.440 0.448 0.456 0.465 0.473 0.481 0.489 0.496 0.5040.511 0.518 0 . 4970 . 449|0 . 4380.437 0.440 0.444 0.450 0.459 0.468 0.478 0.487 0.496 0.506 0.515 0.524 0.533 0.542 0.551 0.561 0.569 0.577 0.585 0.593 ,0.588 0.5190.501 0.497 0.499 0.503 0.510 0.519 0.530 0.540 0.551 0.561 0.572 0.582 0.592 0.602 0.613 0.623 0.633 0.642 0.651 0.660 0.669 0.593'o.567 0.559 0.560 0.563 0.570 0.580 0.592 0.604 0.615 0.627 0.638 0.650 0.661 0.6730.684 0.695 0.706 0.716 0.726 0.736 0.746 I I 0.674j0.636 0.624 0.623 0.626 0.632 0.643 0.655 0.668 0.681 0.694 0.706 0.719 0.731 0.7430.756 0.767 0.779 0.790 0.802 0.812 0.823 ! 0.762Ì0.708 0.6920.689 0.691 0.696 0.707 0.720 0.733 0.747 0.761 0.775 0.788 0.802 0.8150.828 0.841 0.854 0.866 0.878 0.889 0.900 i i 0.8590.786Ì0.763I0.756 0.757 0.761 0.772 0.785 0.799 0.815 0.829 0.844 0.859 0.873 O . 8870 . 9020.915 0.929 0.942 0.955 0.967 0.979 0.896 0.837 0.826 0.825 0.829 0.839 0.852 0.867 0.883 0.899 0.915 0.930 0.946 0.9610.976 0.991 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.05 .06 0.961 0.915 0.899 0.896 0.900 0.908 0.921 0 . 9360.953 0.969 0.986 1.00 1.02 1.04 1.05 1.07 1.08 1.10 1.11 1.13 .14 !

, i !

! i i !

::

i !

1.06 1.00 0.976 0.969 0.972 0.980 0.991 1.01 1.09 1.06 1.04 1.05 1.05 1.06 1.08 1.18 1.14 1.12 1.12 1.13 1.14 1.15 1.23 1.21 1.20 1.21 1.22 1.23 1.32 1.30 1.29 1.29 1.30 1.31 1.39 1.37 1.37 1.38 1.47 1.46 1.47 1.55 1.56 1.65

1.39 1.48 1.57 1.66 1.76

1.04 1.12 1.19 1.27 1.35

1.06 1.13 1.21 1.29 1.37

1.08 1.15 1.23 1.31 1.39

1.10 1.17 1.25 1.33 1.41

1.11 1.19 1.27 1.35 1.43

1.13 1.21 1.29 1.37 1.45

1.15 1.22 1.31 1.39 1.47

1.16 1.24 1.32 1.40 1.49

1.18 1.26 1.34 1.42 1.51

1.19 1.27 1.36 1.44 1.53

1.21 1.29 1.37 1.46 1.54

.22 .30 .39 .47 .56

1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2.0

1.41 1.50 1.58 1.68 1.77

1.43 1.52 1.60 1.69 1.79

1.45 1.54 1.63 1.72 1.81

1.47 1.56 1.65 1.74 1.83

1.50 1.58 1.67 1.76 1.86

.52 .60 .69 .78 .88

1.54 1.62 1.71 1.80 1.90

1.56 1.64 1.73 1.83 1.92

1.58 1.66 1.76 1.85 1.95

1.59 1.68 1.78 1.87 1.97

1.61 1.70 1.80 1.89 1.99

1.63 .65 1.72 .74 1.82 .83 1.91 .93 2.01 2.02

2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5

As quantities tabulated are dimensionless, any consistent system of units may be used, g = acceleration of gravity, r = radius of tube, hc = length of tube of radius r and volume Vm. (Computed from tables of Bashforth and Adams as given in their "Capillary Action.") I VmIr* I he/r \\ gpr*/y 1.048 0.333 4.0 1.029 0.327 4.5 1.010 0.321 5.0 0.978 0.311 5.5 0.947 0.301 6.0 0.919 0.292 6.5 0.894 0.284 7.0 0.837 0.266 7.5 0.789 0.251 8.0 0.747 0.238 8.5 0.711 0.226 9.0 0.678 0.216 9.5 10.0

1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5

1.02 1.10 1.17 1.25 1.33

TABLE 3.—VOLUME (Vm) OF LIQUID MENISCUS, 0 = 0 (Meniscus concave upwards)

gpr'/T O 0.1 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5

0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0

\ Vm/r* \ hc/r 0.649 0.206 0.623 0.198 0.599 0.190 0.578 0.184 0.557 0.177 0.537 0.171 0.518 0.165 0.501 0.159 0.484 0.1540 0.470 0.1493 0.456 0.1449 0.442 0.1406 0.429 0.1365

Example 1: A gas is collected in a eudiometer over mercury. The volume to the plane through the line of contact of the mercury with the wall of the tube = V0. If this portion of the eudiometer is a vertical, circular cylinder of diameter d = 10 mm, and if height of meniscus is hm = 1.5 mm, then Vm = 0.0723 cm3 (Table 1), and the actual volume of the gas is V = V0 — 0.072 cm3. If volumes are expressed in terms of a linear scale engraved upon the cylindrical portion of the eudiometer, and if the scale reading at the line of contact is h0, and if d = 10 mm, hm = 1.5 mm, then hc = 0.921 mm (Table 2), and the actual volume of the gas corresponds to h0 — he = h0 — 0.921 mm. Example 2: A gas is collected in a eudiometer over water. The volume to the plane tangent to the bottom of the meniscus = V0. If this portion of the eudiometer is a vertical, circular cylinder of radius r = 0.5 cm, if y = 73 dynes/cm, g = 980.7 cm/sec2, p — 1.000, and 0 = 0 (the tube is perfectly wetted by the water), then gp/y = 13.43 cm~2, gpr*/y = 3.36. Hence F m /r 3 = 0.689 (Table 3), and Vm = 0.086 cm3. Hence the actual volume of the gas is V0 - Vm = V0 - 0.086 cm3. If volumes are expressed in terms of a linear scale engraved upon the cylindrical portion of the eudiometer, and if the scale reading corresponding to the bottom of the meniscus is Ji0, then for gpr2/y = 3.36, hc/r = 0.219 (Table 3), and if r = 5 mm, hc = 1.10 mm, and the actual volume of the gas corresponds to Ji0 — hc = h0 — 1.10mm.

WEIGHTS AND WEIGHING A. T. PIENKOWSKY In this section are considered:—(A) Weights—the basis upon which they are adjusted or tested, and their constancy; (B) the correcting of weighings for the buoyant effect of the air, including the weighing of substances in containers; and (C) the correcting of density determinations for the buoyant effect of the air.

WEIGHTS Basis of Adjustment.—Most weights are adjusted by the maker according to their apparent weight in air against brass standards. This is equivalent to adjusting brass weights according to their real mass (or "weight in vacuo"), but the true mass values of other

weights (e.g., those of platinum, aluminum, or quartz) may be much different from their nominal values. When a set of weights is calibrated, however, the values found may be either true mass or apparent values, depending on the standard used and the method of conducting the test. Certificates from different standardizing laboratories may give values on either basis, or on both. "Weight in Air against Brass."—Commercial weighing is all based on apparent weight in air against brass standards, this basis being more or less accurately defined in some countries. Precise scientific weighing is based on true mass values (i.e., on "weight in vacuo"), but weights below one gram may be tested and used as if they were of brass, even for work of rather high precision. In so testing these weights, their apparent "values" are computed on the assumption that their density is A& = density of brass (generally A& is taken as 8.4 g per cm3); and in using them the apparent values so found are used as though they were the true masses of the weights, A& being at the same time used just as though it were the true density of the weights. In such cases the error (m/ — m) so introduced, arises solely from the fact that the density (
-j Oi - a)

(1)

Example: If the value of a platinum 500 mg weight (A = 21.5 g/cm3) is determined according to "weight in air against brass" (Ab = 8.4 g/cm3) at sea level (
For reference standards, one-piece weights are very much more reliable than the common screw-knob type. The following changes in a high grade, gold plated, bronze set of this type are typical for weights used little and with great care. Positive changes are gains, negative changes losses; Denomination g 50 20 20 10 5 2 2 1 Changes in 15 yr.. mg -0.12 0.00 0.02 -O. Ol|-0.006 0.001 0.008 -0.007

Solid platinum or platinum-iridium weights of moderate size may be expected to remain constant within about 0.01 mg if handled with sufficient care and protected from dust and other deposits. The sheet metal weights below one g are not much more constant than this; very good weights kept with extreme care as reference standards may stay within 0.001 mg for some years, but this cannot safely be assumed. If these small weights are much used, even with good care, losses of 0.01 mg may soon be expected in the larger ones. CORRECTING OF WEIGHINGS FOR BUOYANT EFFECT OF THE AIR ("Reduction of Weighings to Vacuo") In addition to a sufficiently sensitive balance, accurate weighing requires (1) that the balance itself maintain a sufficiently constant zero point and ratio of arms of the beam; (2) that the effect of inequality of the arms of the beam be eliminated by the method of weighing, since it cannot as a rule be corrected for with sufficient accuracy; (3) that the object and the weights have definite constant values, free from such effects as variable surface films, evaporation, magnetic attractions, etc.; (4) that surrounding conditions be maintained free from sources of disturbance and error, such as electrostatic attractions, convection currents, variable or unsymmetrical heat radiations, etc.; and (5) that proper correction be made for the buoyant effect of the air. The first four types of requirements are matters of technique, and no general methods of correction can be used for errors arising from them. They are therefore outside the scope of these tables. The fifth requirement demands definite formulae and facts, some of the most fundamental or general of which are given below. The phrase "apparent weight" is commonly used for the result of a weighing in which no correction has been made for the buoyant effect of the air. The phrase is ambiguous1 and often leads to a confusion of ideas. Therefore this term is not used in the equations of this section, but reference is made directly to the weights that would be used on an equal-arm balance to make t he weighings. The phrase "weights needed" must be understood to include the proper fraction of the rider or other small weights needed to make up the total amount; and it refers to actual values of the weights, which may or may not equal the nominal values marked on them. Symbols.— a mass of the contents of the "empty " portions of the container. (In weighing gases a is zero. In weighing solids or liquids it may be the mass of air or of vapor of the solid or liquid. In weighing a pyknometer with the liquid which fills it at a temperature different from that at which it is weighed, the volume occupied by a results from the unequal expansion of pyknometer and liquid) b (ve — VC) /ve. Relative size of the container and its counterpoise c mass of counterpoise k buoyancy reduction factor I mass of liquid that fills the pyknometer at the established filling temperature m mass of object; in general or where its volume is not fixed by the volume of a pyknometer p mass of pyknometer or other container r error resulting from use of approximate buoyancy formula Compare equations (8) and (9); in each case s" — sf would be called the apparent weight, but its value in (9) is vm
s

mass of weights needed on an equal arm balance, whether with or without special counterpoise, to balance the objects being weighed. (Regarding use of other than true mass values, see p. 73) se s — Vscr = s (1 — 0"/A). This is not " weight in vacuo " as that phrase is often used t temperature. If accented it is the temperature at the time of the indicated weighing; if unaccented, it is the temperature at which the pyknometer is filled. In so far as their temperatures have any effect upon the operation considered, all objects (e.g., the balance, its loads, and the surrounding air) are assumed to be at the same temperature v volume or capacity; when without subscript it is capacity of the container at time of weighing; with one of the subscripts a, C1 I, m, PJ s, or w, it is volume of the object whose mass is indicated by the subscript (e.g., vm = volume of the object whose mass is m) Vt capacity of the pyknometer at the temperature of filling Vp volume of the pyknometer itself, excluding the space that would be filled by liquid at the temperature of filling. (Ordinarily vp = volume of the material of which the pyknometer is constructed) Ve "exterior volume" of the pyknometer or other container. With pyknometers, at temperature of filling, ve = vp + vt', at another temperature, t", ve"-vp" + v" = vp" + vw" -\-va" w mass of the calibrating liquid (e.g., water) which is used to determine a volume or to serve as a standard of density ß cubical coefficient of thermal expansion A density of the weights at the time of weighing a density of the air at the time of weighing p density of object being studied or of calibrating liquid. If accented it is density at time of weighing; if unaccented it is density at temperature (t) at which the pyknometer was filled Density is true mass per unit-of volume. Accents denote the weighing to which the quantity applies. In general ' denotes the weighing of the object alone or of the container; " denotes the weighing of the combined container and object studied, or of the container filled with the calibrating liquid or of the object suspended in the calibrating liquid; '" denotes the weighing of the pyknometer "filled" with liquid to be studied, or "filled" with object studied plus calibrating liquid. Subscripts.—/ denotes false or erroneous values. For e see above (se and V0). Other subscripts indicate the object to which the quantity applies; e.g., pa = density of material whose mass is a. Fundamental Exact Equation.—The use of the direct, fundamental, exact equation (2) avoids many complications and approximations introduced by most formulae based on densities. m = S + (Vm - V8)(T

(2)

The equation using densities, in one of the exact forms (3) given below, is useful chiefly for computing exact tables, or the effect of errors, approximations, etc. As a rule, either the densities are not known well enough to warrant its use, or the volumes involved will have been measured, thus going back to equation (2).

(3) In the last form of (3), the second term is the exact " buoyancy correction term," and in this correction term the factor (fraction) by which s is multiplied is the exact "buoyancy reduction factor" (A;). See Tables 2 and 3.

Common Equation Using Densities.—Some form of equation (4) is commonly used for reducing weighings. This equation is not exact. It is entirely inapplicable to weighing gases, but is amply accurate for much work with solids and liquids.

(4) The factor
— J is the "buoyancy reduction factor" com-

monly given. When the densities lie between 0.5 and 21.5 g per cm3, and are known with sufficient accuracy, the error (r) introduced by the use of this formula does not exceed one part in 100 000 of the mass of the object weighed. Its value, and that of the proportional error (r' = r/s) may be calculated by formula (5); their orders of magnitude may readily be determined from Table 1, which is based on a = 0.0012 g/cm3. (5)

TABLE 1 Unit of Density is g/cm3 Pm

1.00 0.5 0.05 0.005

A = 21.5 0.0001 0.0006 0.06 8.

I

100 rf A = 8.4 0.0001 0.0005 0.06 8.

I

A = 2.65 0.0001 0.0005 0.06 7.

Density of the Air.—Variations in the density of the air under standard conditions,1 as well as the uncertainties of its experimental determination, limit the precision with which very large or extremely precise buoyancy corrections can be calculated from tables of air density. The former seems at present to be the larger, and therefore sets a fixed limit which can be exceeded only by eliminating or reducing the size of the correction, or by making an experimental determination of the density of the air at the time of the weighing. These limiting uncertainties are of the order of 5 in IO4 and affect the total buoyancy correction in the same ratio. Since they affect only the fourth significant figure in the buoyancy reduction factor they are negligible in the use of Tables 2 and 3. In weighing gases, the density of the air must be found from precise tables (consult index). When the volume of the gas is not compensated by a counterpoise of the same size, the density of the air must be known with approximately the same precision as is desired for that of the gas; when it is so compensated, the buoyancy correction is generally the total buoyancy on the weights, and therefore is still relatively large. For most work with solids and liquids an approximate value of the density of the air is sufficient. The precision to which it must be known can be found from an examination of Table 2. It should be noted that a precision of 1 in 10n in the mass to be determined requires a precision of 1 in the n'th decimal place of the buoyancy reduction factor (i.e., in the actual factor k, not in the printed value of 1000&). In getting the buoyancy reduction factor from Table 2, and in similar work, to a precision not greater than one in about IO5, the density of the air may be found from the "Air Density Chart," Fig. 1. The precision to which temperature, pressure, and humidity must be known in order to find the density of the air to the necessary precision, may be inferred from Fig. 1, except in the case of very large corrections, or of corrections to be determined with extreme precision. In the latter cases this information must be sought in other places. Density of the Weights.—If the density of the air in which the weights are used is the same as that in which their values were determined, errors in the density assumed for the weights will have i Treuthart, 84, 172: 1598; 21. Moles, 34, 172: 1600; 21.

no effect on the accuracy with which the mass of the object may be determined, provided the same density that was assumed for them in determining their values is assumed for them when they are used. It is not necessary, therefore, to know the density of the weights as accurately as that of the object weighed. If weights are used in air whose density differs by not more than 20 % from that of the air in which their values were determined, the amount by which the density of ordinary weights is likely to differ from the values used in Tables 2 and 3 will not cause errors greater than one part in about 100,000 in the determination of the mass of the object weighed; provided that the density used in determining the value of the weight is the same as that used in the computation of the mass. For a precision above one part in a million, it is frequently necessary to measure the volume or density of each weight.

FIG. 1.—Air density chart.

(For use with Tables 2 and 3.)

Ordinary two-piece weights are not used for such work because they cannot safely be put into liquids for hydrostatic weighing. Aluminum is not used for weights above 0.02 g in high quality weights, nor above 0.5 g in second quality sets. When the values of such weights have been determined on the assumption of a density of 2.7 g per cm3 at O0C, the use of the buoyancy reduction factors given for quartz in Table 2 introduces an error in the mass of the object weighed, of less than 0.0002 mg for amounts up to 0.02 g, and of less than 0.005 mg for amounts up to 0.5 g. The densities of most gold alloys used for weights lie between 16 and 18 g per cm3. For gold within this range, the use of the factors given in Tables 2 and 3 will not introduce errors greater than one part in 200,000, or not over 0.005 mg in weighing amounts under one g. In Tables 2 and 3, the densities used for weights of platinum or platinum-iridium, for those of brass or bronze, and for those of aluminum, are those which were adopted many years ago for certifying weights at the National Bureau of Standards of the United States of America, and were assumed as the densities at O0C. The following coefficients of cubical expansion are assumed in reducing the volumes of such weights to the volumes at 2O0C. Platinum and Platinum-iridium Brass or bronze Aluminum

0.000 026 per deg. C 0.000 054 per deg. C 0.000 069 per deg. C

The densities of gold and of crystal quartz are assumed as the densities at 2O0C. All buoyancy reduction factors are based on differences in volume at 2O0C. Density of Object Weighed.—A change of one in 10n of the mass of the object corresponds to a change of one in the n'th decimal place of the buoyancy reduction factor. Therefore, to the precision obtainable by the use of Table 2, the precision required in the density of the object may be found by noting in that table what change in density (at approximately the density under consideration) corresponds to the allowable variation in the buoyancy reduction factor. The use of "standard" or "adopted" densities for the object weighed may give an accuracy which is entirely fictitious. There is no compensation as in the case of weights, and the actual error or uncertainty in the density of the particular object weighed has its full effect in the error or uncertainty of the calculated mass A fictitious "apparent" density derived from weighings uncorrected for buoyancy of the air must be corrected to true density before being inserted in the formulae given in this section unless only an approximate value of density is needed (see p. 78). Temperature of Objects and Weights.—In weighing gases, and to secure the highest precision in many other cases, it is necessary to compute all volumes or densities at the actual temperature of the observations, unless the coefficient of expansion of the object happens to be nearly the same as that of the weights. If the temperature is entirely neglected, and weighings are made at room temperatures, the extreme error likely to be introduced in the mass calculated for solids and liquids is less than three in IO4. (This would be the error for material having a density of 0.2 g per cm3 at O0C, and a coefficient of cubical expansion of 1.6 X IO3, when compared with weights whose actual volumes or densities are those used in the calculation.) Example 1: The actual mass of the weights used was s = 10.0105 g; the corrected barometric height was 758 mm; air temperature, 19.60C; relative humidity 25%; density of object 3.5 g/cm3; weights were of brass. Referring to Fig. 1, the air density corresponding to these conditions is seen to be close to 0.0012 g/cm3. Entering Table 2 with pm = 3.5 and the column for brass weights, under lOOOo- = 1.2, it is found that 1000 k is 0.20; hence the mass of the object is m = s + ks = 10.0105 + 0.000 20 X 10.0105 = 10.0105 + 0.0020 = 10.0125 g. Example 2: The factor for Pm = 3.0 differs by 6 in the fifth decimal place from that for pm = 3.5. The error in mass produced by using 3.0 in place of 3.5 as the density of the object is therefore 6 parts in IO5. For the object in Example 1 this would be an error of 0.000 6 g. Similarly the use of 7.0 instead of 7.5 for pm would produce an error of about one part in IO4 in the mass of the object. Example 3: In Fig. 1 the point corresponding to barometric height 720 mm, air temperature 210C, and relative humidity 50 %, lies to the right of the line for 0.0011 g/cm3, 50%, by 1 ^ 2 of the distance between the 0.0011 and the 0.0012 lines. Hence,
TABLE 2.—BUOYANCY REDUCTION FACTOR (k) m — s + ks, where k = —, A(pm

^

—
3

(Cf. equation (3). Symbols, p. 74.) Unit of density is g/cm or, to precision of this table, g/ml) '

1

0

0 A = 17 Gold 100Oa= I 1.1 I 5.47 3.62

O 20".3

* = 21 - 5 Pt or Pt-Ir lOOOcr= 1.0 I 1.1 I 4.98 5.48 3.30 3.63

1.2 5.98 3.96

O 4 O'o 06 0'.7

2.46 .96 -62 .38

2.71 2.15 1.79 1.52

2.95 2.35 1.95 1.66

2.45 1.95 1.61 1.37

2.69 2.14 1.77 1.51

0.75

.29

1.42

1.55

1.28

O 80 0'82 0'84 0'S6 OÌ88

-20 -17 -15 -12 -09

1.33 1.29 1.26 1.23 1.20

1.45 1.41 1.37 1.34 1.31

.19 .16 .13 .11 .08

O 90 0*91 0'92 0 - 93 OÌ94

-07 .05 -04 .03 .02

1.17 1.16 1.15 1.13 1.12

1.28 1.26 1.25 1.24 1.22

0 95 0'96 0*97 0'98 0.'99

.01 -OO 0.99 0.97 0.96

1.11 1.10 1.08 1.07 1.06

1 OO 1 Ol 1*02 1 03 1.'04

0.95 0.94 0.93 0.93 0.92

1 05 1.06 1 07 1 08 1Ì09

Density of object weighed P«

0k A = 8.4 Brass or bronze 1000
1.2 5.89 3.87

2.94 2.34 '1.93 1.65

2.39 1.88 1.55 1.31

2.63 2.07 1.71 1.44

2.87 2.26 1.86 1.57

2.13 1.63 1.29 1.05

1.40

1.53

1.22

1.34

1.46

0.96

1.05

1.15

1.31 1.28 1.25 1.22 1.19

1.43 1.39 1.36 1.33 1.29

1.13 1.10 1.07 1.04 1.02

1.25 1.21 1.18 1.15 1.12

1.36 1.32 1.29 1.25 1.22

0.87 0.84 0.81 0.79 0.76

0.96 0.93 0.90 0.86 0.83

1.05 1.01 0.98 0.94 0.91

.05 .04 .03 .02 .01

1.16 1.15 1.13 1.12 1.11

1.26 1.25 1.24 1.22 1.21

0.99 0.98 0.97 0.96 0.95

1.09 1.08 1.06 1.05 1.04

1.19 1.18 1.16 1.15 1.13

0.73 0.72 0.71 0.70 0.69

0.81 0.79 0.78 0.77 0.76

0.88 0.87 0.85 0.84 0.82

1.21 1.20 1.18 1.17 1.16

0.99 0.98 0.97 0.96 0.95

1.09 1.08 1.07 1.06 1.06

1.19 1.18 1.17 1.16 1.14

0.93 0.92 0.91 0.90 0.89

1.03 1.02 1.00 0.99 0.98

1.12 1.11 1.09 .08 .07

0.68 0.67 0.65 0.64 0.63

0.74 0.73 0.72 0.71 0.70

0.81 0.80 0.79 0.77 0.76

1.05 1.04 1.03 1.02 1.01

1.15 1.13 1.12 1.11 1.10

0.94 0.93 0.92 0.91 0.90

1.04 1.03 1.01 1.00 0.99

0.88 0.87 0.86 0.85 0.84

0.97 0.96 0.95 0.94 0.93

.06 .05 .03 .02 .01

0.62 0.61 0.60 0.59 0.58

0.69 0.67 0.66 0.65 0.64

0.75 0.74 0.72 0.71 0.70

0.91 0.90 0.89 0.88 0.87

1.00 0.99 0.98 0.97 0.96

1.09 1.08 1.07 1.06 1.05

0.89 0.89 0.88 0.87 0.86

0.98 0.97 0.96 0.95 0.94

1.07 1.06 1.05 1.04 1.03

0.83 0.82 0.82 0.81 0.80

0.92 0.91 0.90 0.89 0.88

1.00 0.99 0.98 0.97 0.96

0.58 0.57 0.56 0.55 0.54

0.63 0.62 0.61 0.60 0.59

0.69 0.68 0.67 0.66 0.65

1.10 1 12 l'l4 1 16 1Ì18

0.86 0.85 0.83 0.82 0.80

0.95 0.93 0.91 0.90 0.88

I k 04 1.02 1.00 0.98 0.96

0.85 0.83 0.82 0.80 0.79

0.94 0.92 0.90 0.88 0.87

1.02 1.00 0.98 0.96 0.95

0.79 0.77 0.76 0.74 0.73

0.87 0.85 0.83 0.82 0.80

0.95 0.93 0.91 0.89 0.87

0.53 0.52 0.50 0.49 0.47

0.59 0.57 0.55 0.53 0.52-

0.64 0.62 0.60 0.58 0.56

20 .25 30 .35

0.79 0.75 0.72 0.69

0.87 0.83 0.80 0.76

0.95 0.91 0.87 0.83

0.78 0.74 0.71 0.68

0.85 0.82 0.78 0.75

0.93 0.89 0.85 0.82

0.71 0.68 0.65 0.62

0.79 0.75 0.72 0.68

0.86 0.82 0.78 0.75

0.46 0.42 0.39 0.36

0.50 0.47 0.43 0.40

0.55 0.51 0.47 0.44

.40 50 .6 .7 1.8 1.9

0.67 0.62 0.58 0.54 0.51 0.48

0.74 0.68 0.64 0.60 0.56 0.53

0.80 0.74 0.69 0.65 0.61 0.58

0.66 0.61 0.57 0.53 0.50 0.47

0.72 0.67 0.62 0.58 0.55 0.51

0.79 0.73 0.68 0.64 0.60 0.56

0.60 0.55 0.51 0.47 0.44 0.41

0.66 0.60 0.56 0.52 0.48 0.45

0.71 0.66 0.61 0.56 0.52 0.49

0.34 0.29 0.25 0.21 0.18 0.15

0.37 0.32 0.27 0.23 0.20 0.16

0.40 0.35 0.30 0.25 0.21 0.18

2.0 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8

0.45 0.41 0.37 0.34 0.31

0.50 0.45 0.41 0.37 0.34

0.54 0.49 0.44 0.41 0.37

0.44 0.40 0.36 0.33 0.30

0.49 0.44 0.39 0.36 0.33

0.53 0.48 0.43 0.39 0.36

0.38 0.34 0.30 0.27 0.24

0.42 0.37 0.33 0.29 0.26

0.46 0.40 0.36 0.32 0.29

0.12 0.08 0.04 0.01 —0.02

0.14 0.08 0.04 0.01 -0.02

0.15 0.09 0.05 0.01 —0.02

3.0 3.5

0.29 0.24

0.32 0.26

0.34 0.29

0.27 0.23

0.30 0.25

0.33 0.27

0.21 0.17

0.24 0.18

0.26 0.20

-0.04 -0.09

-0.05 -0.10

—0.05 -0.11

4 5 6 7 8 9

0.20 0.15 0.12 0.10 0.08 0.06

0.22 0.17 0.13 0.11 0.09 0.07

0.24 0.18 0.14 0.12 0.09 0.08

0.19 0.14 0.11 0.08 0.07 0.05

0.21 0.16 0.12 0.09 0.07 0.06

0.23 0.17 0.13 0.10 0.08 0.06

0.06 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.00 0.00

0.06 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.00 0.00

0.04 0.02 0.01 0.00 0.00 —0.01 -0.01

0.05 0.03 0.01 0.00 0.00 -0.01 -0.01

0.05 0.03 0.02 0.00 0.00 -0.01 -0.02

10 0.05 12 0.04 14 0.02 16 0.02 18 0.01 20 0.00 22 0.00 * See Density of Weights, p. 75.

Ii \\ H H

1.0 4.97 3.29

1.2 5.97 3.95

Il y Il H

.13 .12 .11 .10 .08

|

Il A = 2.65 || Crystal quartz or aluminum* I 1000
2.34 1.79 1.42 1.16

2.55 1.95 1.55 1.26

0.13 0.08 0.05 0.02 0.01 -0.01

0.14' 0.09 0.05 0.03 0.01 -0.01

0.16 0.10 0.06 0.03 0.01 -0.01

-0.13 -0.18 —0.21 -0.23 -0.25 -0.27

-0.14 -0.20 -0.23 -0.26 -0.28 -0.29

-0.15 -0.21 —0.25 -0.28 -0.30 -0.32

-0.02 —0.04 -0.05 -0.06 -0.06 —0.07 -0.07

-0.02 —0.04 -0.05 -0.06 -0.07 -0.08 -0.08

-0.02 —0.04 -0.06 -0.07 -0.08 —0.08 -0.09

-0.28 -0.29 -0.31 -0.31 -0.32 -0.33 -0.33

-0.31 —0.32 -0.34 -0.35 -0.35 -0.36 -0.37

-0.33 —0.35 -0.37 -0.38 -0.39 -0.39 -0.40

container. The exact equations connecting the masses and corresponding t o equation ( 2 ) a r e : ( 6 (pr + a') = (s' + c') + [ve' - (vsf + Vc')Y , , , ., . , ., . , . ,., T A j If also vej Vc, A and a- are the same for both weighings, which (p" _j_ m + a»\ — (s" _}_ c") -f u " _ (Vs" _|_ VC")]
)

TABLE 3.—BUOYANCY REDUCTION FACTOR (k) FOR USE IN INTERCOMPARISON OF WEIGHTS (For other factors and for symbols, see Table 2 and p. 74) Unity of density = g/cm3 m = s + Jcs IQOOfc Density o f Af = 1 7 A * = 8.4 A* = 2.7 Af = 2.65 A * = 21.5 weight pj. or p^.jj. Gold Brass or bronze Aluminum Crystal quartz teSted lOOOo- = 1000(7 = 1000(T = 1000
having its peculiar advantages, and each leading to a different equation. (3) If the number of experimental requirements is made very small, the resulting equation for true density is very complex. Simplification of the final solution can be accomplished only by increasing the experimental requirements or by introducing approximations into the solution. No method can be selected as "best."1 Hence, the material given here is limited to the general fundamental equations, and V / \\ i -Pm/ -7 to the exact solutions for certain cases that are of wide applicability In equations (8) and (8 ') the effect of the container has been in work of moderate precision. From these it is possible to arrange eliminated; the equation is of the form of equation (2), and the procedures suited to many different conditions, and to determine the accuracy of the corresponding solutions, and the effects of buoyancy reduction factor from Table 2 may be used. 1 If the container is exhausted when weighed alone; and if, different errors under various circumstances. In every case, pm is obtained in the same units as those in which when the object is being weighed there is in the container only 1 P is expressed. For the purposes of the following equations, W material whose mass should be part of m, then a — a" = O and or may, in general, be expressed either as g/cm3 or as g/ml. instead of equations (8) and (8') we have Density of Gases.—The general equations for weighing gases m - (s" - «') - v.,.-., o- = (a" - s')(l - l) (9) are the same as those for pyknometer determinations of liquids, particularly those for cases in which the pyknometer is exhausted In this case the buoyant effect of the air on the object weighed when weighed alone, as in equation (17). has been eliminated, and the ordinary buoyancy reduction factors Experimental Requirements.—All the following equations or equations do not apply (cf. (2) and (3)); Table 2 can not be used. involve two general requirements: (1) That in any one weighing or other operation all objects involved are at the same temperature CORRECTING DENSITY DETERMINATIONS FOR THE (in weighing, the temperature of the atmosphere is involved); and (2) that changes in pressure produce no change in any of the volBUOYANT EFFECT OF THE AIR umes; e.g., the volume of the pyknometer or other container must Correcting "Apparent" Values.—Radical differences in the not change when it is exhausted. In addition, each equation constancy of temperatures or air densities, or such differences involves one or more of the following special requirements: A. Mass of pyknometer and its counterpoise remains constant: as that between equations (8) and (9) above, make it impossible r to develop any single correction formula for correcting what are p' = p" = p'" and c' = c" = c" . B. Coefficient of expansion of counterpoise is the same as that often called "apparent" values of specific gravity, or of density— values which have been determined without proper correction for of the pyknometer: ßp = ßc. This makes 6 the same for all the buoyant effect of the air. Such values can, however, be weighings. C. Temperature at which pyknometer is filled is the same for the corrected in so far as the method and conditions of their material being studied as for the calibrating liquid. Therefore determination are known. 1 U)" = PwVt and V" — pivt. Limitations.—In general: (1) It is impossible to correct each D. Temperature for all three weighings is the same as that at weighing on which the determination depends, because some which the pyknometer is filled. This results in all volumes being unknown mass, volume, or density will generally be needed in r order to find the volume of the air displaced. In some cases, constant, in vw" = VI" - v" = v" , in a" = a'" = O, and in the however, approximate values may be known with sufficient density of each material being constant. E. Density of the atmosphere the same for all three weighings: accuracy for this purpose. - s'}(l - ~] + vm
m

i As vt is assumed to remain constant, pressure effects must be suitably eliminated.

such as the size and mass of the counterpoise used, or the temperature control, do not depend on the form of solution of the equations so much as on the effect of variations and errors that are not shown in the fundamental equations.

G. Density of air or other material in the " empty " portion of the pyknometer equal to that of the surrounding atmosphere : Pa' = *', Pa" = *", Pa"' = a'".

H. Pyknometer evacuated when weighed empty. /. Volume of counterpoise equal to ''exterior" volume of pyknometer. vc = ve. J. Volume of counterpoise equals that of the pyknometer itself, excluding the space that would be filled by liquid at the temperature of filling: VC = Vp. Pyknometer Determinations.—(1) Liquids*—Three weighings are required, from which, under experimental requirement A, w" and V" are obtained directly by equation (6). Under requireV" ment C,PI = -^nP"Therefore under requirements A and C: Is"' -sf) - (a"'-a')+[ve"f - W" + VC"W - [v.f - (v.'+Ve'№ f 1 Pw (s" -s ) - (a" -a') +[?," - (0."+OK' - [ve' - W+Vc')]* (10) and (s" -sp - (a"-a')+[ve" - (V8" +Vc'W - b/ - W+Vc')]*' n 1n1 Vt-

"

~~~

Pw

Under requirement B1 b may be introduced for —

"

v /

'I-ST^L*+"^"^"-' -'")]—^r

+ -(Ve'"
(«."-«.') - («" -a') +Kv.'V' -t>.V)

(13)

PW

Under the conditions noted, these equations are perfectly general. They do not involve any mathematical approximations in their derivation and therefore show the proper effect of each quantity. However, in using them, approximate data must, in general, be used, because vc which is needed in computing vt cannot be accurately known until after vt has been computed. If a first approximation is not sufficiently accurate the accuracy may be increased by successive approximations. {The values of Ve1 ve" and ve'" may be computed from the relation ve — Vp + Vt =

f)

1

Pp

IV

Pw

> and

if the capacity depends solely on

temperature (and not on pressure or other factors), Ve'

= Ve[I

+ ßp(t'

-

t ) ] ' , Ve" = V9[I

+ ßp(t"

Ve'"

~ t)];

= Ve[I

+ ßp(tf"

-

t)]

(14)

The values of a', a", and a'" may be computed from known values of pa and the equations Va' = V' = V t [ I

+ ßp(t'

-

t)]

}

Va"

= „" - Vw» = Vt(ßp - ßw)(t" - t) \ (15) t,G'" = „'" - V1"' = Vt(ßp - ßi) (ï" -t) J Under requirements D1 E, F, and G1 in addition to A, B1 and C1 (12) becomes P1 = C~> (P. - « O + »

(16)

And under requirement H in addition to A, B1 C1 D1 E1 F1 and G

P, = V=T'' '-

W" - «.') - (a'" - a') "' = (se" - s,') - (a" - a') p»

(17)

As shown in equations (16) and (17), experimental requirements A to G inclusive render the results independent of the size or nature of the counterpoise and of the value of the density of the weights used, though these quantities must be the same for all observations. Including requirement H renders the results independent of the

nm (18)

and its equivalent (12), and (13) become

- «•' T o- a" ~a'~\ a"' - a' '« - *•'" IT^T I/. + —— \ —

n
„ - (-"-.Q-(O"-*')

(20)

and

< >

Pw

Under requirement J1 with A1 B1 and C1 (10) becomes f f f f = (B'" - s') - (a'" - a ) + [v " - vs'"]
-

S e" -

Se' T p

Se'

a

" _|_. —

\_

a>

-

.

Vt

1

((va n ,f

, /N 1 ~ Va)

«'" ~ «'

J

]

Vt

, r-

Vt

- O/'V" - v'a') (22) Vt

and

-• If also

Ve

a part of the buoyancy correction for each weighing is made by calculating s/, se", and se'"j then the remaining buoyancy reduction terms can be combined and simplified. Then under requirements A, B, and C the equations may be put in the form 8e'"-8e'[ , a"-a' b ,„ .-] a'"-a'

and

actual value of the density of the air also, but still requires that this value shall be the same for all three weighings. Under requirement I1 with A1 B1 and C1 (10) becomes

Vt =

fa" - «/) - (a" - a') + p'V" - »V • Pw

. . (23;

Pyknometer Determinations.—(2) Solids.—The following equations are based on two pyknometer weighings and a separate determination of the mass of the object. If the pyknometer is used as a container for weighing the object this requires two weighings. (See p. 76 to 78.) The symbol " refers to the weighing with the calibrating liquid alone; '"to the weighing with both this liquid and the object being studied. Under requirements A and C only, Pmn =

mp /' . m — (s'" — s") + (a"' — a") — [ve"r — v»'" — vc"'\
(24) Under requirement B1 in addition to A and C1 equation (24) may be put into the form (25) by combining the terms in s with those in vsa. „_ mpj' Pm ~ m - (Se"' - S6") + (a'" - a") - b(ve'"a'" - ve"a") (25) Under requirements D and E1 in addition to A1 B1 and C1

(26>

*• = « - (?"--57?

This equation is independent of the magnitudes of a, C1 and vci merely requiring their constancy. Hydrostatic Weighings for Density of Solids.—These equations are based on two weighings; one with the object in air and one with it suspended in a liquid (e.g., water) of known density. The equilibrium equations for these weighings are m' - Vm'a' = s' - VS'*' and m" - Vm"PW" = s" - v."*" the notation being similar to that used for pyknometer weighings. If the mass of the object remains constant (i.e., m' = m"), (27) is an exact solution of these equations. Pr*' = , , * ' ' , „ WIl + ßm(t" oe ~~ *>e

t')]

-

a') + a'

(27)

If also all temperatures, the air density, and the density of the weights are the same in the two weighings, s/ Pm = -7 O

T77 (P* -*) +*

— o

(28)

Correction Formula.—When the result of a density determination is calculated without any correction for the buoyant effect

of the air, a false value (p/) is obtained except for pyknometer determinations in which the conditions of the work are those specified for equation (17). If for pyknometer determinations, these false values were comgfff g/ puted by means of the equation p/ = ,, —-, PW and for hydrostatic

S

«'

weighings of solids by means of the equation p/ = ———^ P^ then s —s to the precision attainable by assuming that the conditions were those specified for equations (16) or (28) the values may be corrected by the equation

5

P = P / ( l --}+*

\

(29)

Pw/

VOLUME OF A MASS OF LIQUID OF KNOWN WEIGHT IN AIR (See also p. 73) VERNEY STOTT AND PHILIP H. BIGG -, _ <* densities are in g/ml and W in g, V is in ml; if densities are in ^; t = temperature of the liquid when its lb '/f L > and WÌRÌb., V is in gal.; etc. P —
VALUES OF F FOB WATER AND MEBCURY (Liquids are air-free)

i-? V = FW 1-^

Po

/l-*\ In many cases the factor J

If I0 = 2O0C, the greatest value of this factor for the

J does not differ significantly from unity.

V ~pJ

temperature range covered by the following table differs from unity by only 7.3 X 10~6 for water and by 0.48 X 10~6 for mercury. If t0 = t, V = FW. For water, F = 1 + 0.001 K^0; for mercury, F = 0.07 + 0.001 #Hg Unit of F = milliliter per g of TF; of t = 0C. Assumes* a- = 0.0012 g/ml; A = 8.3 g/ml. t

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

I ^H2O

[

1.189 1.130 1.089 1.06s 1.057 1.065 1.089 1.12? 1.18l 1.24s

^Hg

3.550 3.563 3.576 3.590 3.603 3.616 3.630 3.643 3.65e 3.670

||

t

I

10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19

^H2O

I

1.330 1.42s 1.533 1.654 1.78s 1.933 2.09o 2.259 2.43s' 2.63o

^Hg

|[ t

3.683 3.69? 3.71o 3.72s 3.73? 3.75o 3.76s 3.777 3.79o 3.803

I

20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29

^H2O

2.832 3.044 3.26? 3.5Oi 3.744 3.99s 4.26i 4.534 4.817 5.109

I

^Hg

[[ t

3.81? 3.83o 3.844 3.85? 3.87o 3.884 3.89? 3.91o 3.924 3.937

[

30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39

^H2Q

|

^Hg

5.41o 5.72o 6.03s 6.36e 6.702 7.04e 7.399 7.76o 8.129 8.50s

3.95i 3.964 3.97? 3.99i 4.004 4.01s 4.03i 4.044 4.05s 4.07i

||

t

40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50

|

^H2O

^Hg

8.89o

4.08s 4.09s 4.11i 4.12s 4.13s 4.152 4.16s 4.17s 4.192 4.20s 4.219

* The increase (dK) produced in K by changing A to A(I + o) ander to
-H2O

=

°-145<7-3s + 0.9975 + S.SsS)^-—^

dA:Hg = 0.00078(-5.3s + 13.60 + S.Sso)—^ units being those of this table. For uncertainties in
rig

Example—(I) If o- = 0.00132 and A = 8.383, s = 0.1, O = 0.01

xizU

o

= 0.145(0.73 + 0.01 + 0.0OS)1^ = 0.144(0.75) =

0.108. HeLe1 if t = 19-C, ^H o = 2.63 + 0.10s = 2.74. 2

Jig

1 ~t~ O

(2) If
and dKH

1 -f- o

W' (3 13)

f-ißPi

ä=

~ ÌT' 0 0253

' = " ^ 3.859.

-

and dK

Ks

HenC6

=

0-00078(-0.53 - 9.26 - 0.565)

' « ' = 25°°' ^H8 = 3-884 - 0.025 =

STANDARD BUFFER SOLUTIONS AND ACID-BASE INDICATORS MANSFIELD CLARK In the following tables pH represents (formalistically) logio +

7jj+7 where [H ] is the symbol for grams of hydrogen ions per liter. Since there is a disagreement concerning the precise interpretation of experimental values, the experimental meaning of pH is defined by the set of conditions described below ( 8 » 57 ). The normal hydrogen-electrode is regarded as a properly coated, noble metal, under one atmosphere partial-pressure of hydrogen, immersed in a solution normal with respect to hydrogen ions. The difference of potential between electrode and solution is regarded as zero at all temperatures. The following values are regarded as standard differences of potential (Ec) (liquid-junction potential-difference being eliminated) between the tenth-normal KCl—Hg2Cl2—Hg half-cell and the hypothetical, normal hydrogen-electrode. T° 18 20 25 30 37.5 40 50 60 E0 0.3380 0.3379 0.3376 0.3372 0.3364 0.3360 0.3341 0.3317

For present purposes it is assumed that the liquid-junction potential-difference between an Hg2Cl2 half-cell solution and the solution the pH of which is under measurement has been eliminated when there has been interposed a saturated solution of KCl, or when there has been employed the Bjerrum extrapolation ( 4 ) from measurements made with 3.5N KCl and 1.75N KCl as interposed solutions. When the electromotive force, e.m.f., of the "chain": H2Pt

[H+]

KCl saturated

KCl O. IN

Hg2Cl2Hg

is measured under the above conditions, and the Hg is positive to the Pt, pH is calculated from the equation E.M.F. - Ec = 0.000 198 37(273.09 -M) P ' (See ( 8 » 37 » 4S » 64 ) and references therein on potentiometric measurement of pH.) The chief modes of employing indicators for the determination of pH may be illustrated by the following examples. I. A solution having been found to induce a blue color with brom thymol blue (see No. 139, Table 3A), a yellow color with thymol blue (No. 129), and a color intermediate between yellow and red with phenol red (No. 142) is judged to have a pH value between 7.0 and 7.8. Then to 10 ± 0.05 cc of solution are added 5 drops 0.04% phenol red solution (made by dissolving 0.1 g phenol red in 28.5 cc 0.0IN NaOH solution and diluting to 250 cc ). The resulting mixture is then compared with standards made by adding 5 drops of the same phenol red solution to each of 10 ± 0.05 cc portions of buffers having pH values of 7.0, 7.2, 7.4, 7.6, etc. (See Table IA.) The comparison is made in containers of identical dimensions and under uniform illumination. It is found that the tested solution has a color intermediate and half-way between those of buffers 7.4 and 7.6, and since the total salt contents of the tested solution and of the buffers are of the same order of magnitude, and since the solution contains no protein or substance known to affect the indicator, 7.5 is judged to be the true pH value of the tested solution ( 8 » 11» 31» 37 » 45, 53, 54, 56). II. A solution is found to induce a partial color transformation of phenol red. Using uniform containers (e.g., test tubes) there are prepared : (1) A mixture of 10 ± 0.05 cc solution under test and 10 drops standard phenol red solution (see I).

(2) A mixture of x drops of indicator and sufficient buffer solution of the value shown in column B of Table 3A to equal the total volume of solution 1. (3) A mixture of 10 — x drops of indicator and sufficient buffer of the value shown in column C of Table 3A to equal the total volume of solution 1. X is varied and there is found at x = 4 a match in color between solution 1 and superposed solutions 2 and 3. From the relation: pH = pK + log 77:

JLU — X , and the value 7.8 for pK given in Table

3A it is calculated that the value of the tested solution is 7.6 (see in addition to the general references under I (2» 19» 20, 22, 34, 63), III. A solution is found to induce a partial color-transformation in m-nitrophenol (No. 15, Table 3C). It is found that 10 cc of the tested solution plus 1 cc of 0.3 % w-nitrophenol matches in color 11 cc of an alkalinized solution containing 0.2 cc of 0.3 % ra-nitrophenol. It is thus shown that the tested solution has induced a 20 % transformation. If a is the percentage transformation of the indicator, pH is calculated from PH=PK+IOg1W^ In the case at hand a = 20, the temperature of the measurement was 25° and the total salt content of the solution was of the order of magnitude of Q.15M. Hence from Table 3C, pK is taken as 8.16. By the above equation pH = 7.56. The equation pH = pK -f- log 77^7:

IUU — ö cannot be used with

picric acid, phenolphthalein or Alizarine yellow GG listed in Table 3C, since these indicators do not behave as monoacidic within the range of pH specified. Empirical data (38) for phenolphthalein and Alizarine yellow GG are shown in Table 4. It is best to vary the amounts of indicator used till the most favorable color-differences are found. (In addition to the material found in the general references under I see ( 30 » 31 » 38» 39) for method III.) pK in the tables represents the pH at which there is an apparent half-transformation of the indicator. For indicators behaving as monoacidic or monobasic, within the zone of pH designated, pK is log 1/Ka when Ka is the "apparent dissociation constant" ( 43 ). When an indicator, such as phenolphthalein, is known not to behave as monoacidic within the range of pH designated, pK is bracketed. pK values listed in Tables 3A and 3C are uniform with respect to the bases of reference. Those of the indicators in the general list (Table 2) are referred to such a variety of bases that tabulation is impracticable. The reader is therefore referred to original articles (8, 31, 37, 43, 45, 51, 58, 59, 60, 61, 67).)

The values assigned to useful pH ranges are somewhat arbitrary, depending upon concentration of indicator, the spectral distribution of illumination, and psychological preferences. Indicator solutions are affected to various degrees by a. Total salt content. 6. Specific ions: e.g., alizarine red S is affected by borates differently than by phosphates ( 67 ). c. Colloidal suspensions, protein solutions, etc.: e.g., congo red in a gelatine solution of pH 3.6 behaved as if the p H were 5.6 (53). Neutral red in soap solutions forms a fatty acid complex ( 27 ). d. Presence of immiscible solvents: e.g., chloroform used for disinfection removes benzene-azo-benzyl-aniline from the aqueous phase ( 53 ).

e. Mixed solvents and change of solvent (3» 31» 32 » 40 » 62 ). /. Temperature. See Table 3A, 3C. g. Time: e.g., water blue changes color slowly and propyl red precipitates. h. Destructive agents: e.g., methyl red is irreversibly reduced in some bacterial cultures. Since it is impracticable to tabulate all available data, only representative "salt" and temperature effects are given in Tables 3A, 3B and 4. The indicators of Table 3 include the better of those which may be used in acidimétrie and alkalimetric titration. (For principles see ( 5 » 31» 43 » 45 ).)

Citrate (cc) HCl (cc) pH

5.0 5.5 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 9.5 10.0 5.0 4.5 4.0 3.0 2.0 1.0 0.5 0.0 3.693.954.164.454.654.834.89 4.96

D. S0RENSEN's PHOSPHATE MIXTURES ( 55 » 56) 9.078 g KH2PO4, 11.876 g Na2HPO4^H2O each per 1. Values hold between 10°-70° (66). Na 2 HPO 4 (Cc) 0.25 0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 KH 2 PO 4 (Cc) 9.75 9.5 9.0 8.0 7.0 6.0 pH 5.29 5.59 I 5.91 6.24 6.47 6.64 Na2HPO4 (cc) KH 2 PO 4 (Cc) pH

TABLE 1.—STANDARD BUFFER SOLUTIONS

5.0 (TO TO sTo «TO 9.5 5.0 4.0 3.0 2.0 1.0 0.5 6.81 6.98 7.17 7.38 7.73

8.0

The following tables give the compositions of solutions which furnish, at the temperatures indicated, values of pH which conform in essential respects to the specifications listed in the general notes above. Recalculation to make the conformity rigid would involve changes in the original data which would be less than the uncertainties of the working standards used in the experiments. The solutions listed may serve as standards for the colorimetrie measurements of pH. The solutions suffer relatively slight displacement of pH with addition or subtraction of small proportions of acid or alkali. This property is referred to as that of a buffer (puffery tampon). (For buffer solutions see ( 8 » 37 » 45 » 64).)

E. S0RENSEN's CITRATE-NAOH MIXTURES ( 56 ); WALBUM's VALUES (66) Citrate solution; 21.008 g crystn. citric acid + 200 cc N NaOH per 1; NaOH: O.IN Volume parts Temperature Citrate | NaOH 10° | 20° I 30° | 40° | 50° | 60° I 70°" 10.0 0.0 4.934.965.005.045.075.105.14 9.5 0.5 4.995.025.065.105.135.165.20 9.0 1.0 5.085.115.155.195.225.255.29 8.0 2.0 5.275.315.355.395.425.455.49 A. STANDARD BUFFER SOLUTIONS OF CLARK AND LUBS (10) AT 20° 7.0 3.0 5.535.575.605.645.675.715.75 50 cc A + x cc B diluted to 200 cc 6.0 4.0 5.945.986.016.046.086.126.15 5.5 4.5 6.306.346.376.416.446.476.51 A = 0 . 2 M A = 0 . 2 M ^ A = 0.2Af 5.25 4.75 6 65|6.69 6.72 6.76 6.79 6.83 6.86 A = 0.23/ KCl* KH °-fthal- KH °-fthalKH2PO4 + *f_?•* K = n 9M-TTf-I B 0.2M HCl

pH 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2

I

cc B I 64.5 41.5 26.3 16.6 10.6 6.7

ate

B

_

0 2M

ate

B = 0 2M

f t 9MBR--0.2M

+0-2^KCl

ß = Q 2M

F. SjZfRENSEN's BORATE-HCL MIXTURES ( 5 6 ); WALBUM's

aU±± HCl NaOH NaOH pH I cc B I pH I cc B { pH j cc B I pH } cc B 2.2 46.70 4.0 0.40 5.8 3.72 7.8 2.61 2.4 39.60 4.2 3.70 6.0 5.70 8.0 3.97 2.6 32.95 4.4 7.50 6.2 8.60 8.2 5.90 2.8 26.42 4.6 12.15 6.4 12.60 8.4 8.50 3.0 20.32 4.8 17.70 6.6 17.80 8.6 12.00 3.2 14.70 5.0 23.85 6.8 23.65 8.8 16.30 3.4 9.90 5.2 29.95 7.0 29.63 9.0 21.30 3.6 5.97 5.4 35.45 7.2 35.00 9.2 26.70 3.8 2.63 5.6 39.85 7.4 39.50 9.4 32.00 5.8 43.00 7.6 42.80 9.6 36.85 6.0 45.45 7.8 45.20 9.8 40.80 6.2 47.00 8.0 46.80 10.0 43.90

B. S0RENSEN's GLYCOCOLL-NACL-HCL MixTUREs(56) Glycocoll solution: O.IM Glycocoll + O.lM NaCl per 1; HCl: O.IN. Values hold between 10°-70° ( 66 ) Glycocoll (cc) HCl (cc) pH Glycocoll (cc) HCl (cc) pH

0.0 TO 2703~Ö 4~Ö~ 5.0 10.0 9.0 8.0 7.0 6.0 5.0 1.04 1.15 1.25 1.42 1.65 1.93

VALUES (66) Borate: 12.404 g H3BO3 + 100 cc N NaOH per 1; HCl: 0.1N Volume parts Temperature Borate | HCl 10° | 20° | 30° I 40° | 50° | 60° I 70° 10.0 0.0 9.309.239.159.089.008.938.86 9.5 0.5 9.2.29.15 9.08 9.Ol 8.94 8.87 8.80 9.0 1.0 9.149.079.018.948.878.808.74 8.5 1.5 9.068.998.928.868.808.738.67 8.0 2.0 8.968.898.838.778.718.658.59 7.5 2.5 8.848.798.728.678.618.558.50 7.0 3.0 8.728.678.618.568.508.458.40 6.5 3.5 8.548.498.448.408.358.308.26 6.0 4.0 8.328.278.238.198.158.118.08 5.75 4.25 8.178.138.098.068.027.987.95 5.5 4.5 7.967.937.897.867.827.797.76 5.25 4.75 7.647.617.587.557.527.497.47

H.

S0RENSENJs BORATE-NAOH MIXTURES ( 56 ); WALBUM'S

6.0 7~Q JTO
Volume parts Borate) NaOJf Citrate solution: 21.008 g crystn. citric acid + 200 cc N NaOH per 10 0.0 1; HCl: O. IN. Values hold between 10°-70° (66) 9 1 8 2 Citrate (cc) 0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 3.334.0 4.5 4.75 7 3 HCl (cc) 10.0 9.0 8.0 7.0 6.676.0 5.5 5.25 6 4 pH 1.041.171.421.932.272.973.363.53 5 5 * The pH values of these mixtures are given by Clark and Lubs as preliminary 4 6 C. S^RENSEN7S ClTRATE-HCL MIXTURES ( 5 6 )

measurements. t The old atomic weight (11.0) of boron is used throughout these tables.

Temperature 10° | 14° | 18° 22° | 26° | 30° | 34° | 37° 9.30 9.27 9.24 9.21 9.18 9.15 9.13 9.11 9.42 9.39 9.36 9.33 9.29 9.26 9.23 9.20 9.57 9.54 9.50 9.46 9.43 9.39 9.35 9.32 9.76 9.72 9.68 9.63 9.59 9.55 9.50 9.47 10.0610.02 9.97 9.91 9.86 9.80 9.75 9.71 11.2411.1611.0810.9910.9110.8210.7410.68 12.64|12.51 12.38 12.25 12.13 12.00|ll.87 11.77 Continued on p. 84.

G. S0RENSEN;s GLYCOCOLL-NACL-NAOH MIXTURES (56); WALBUM'S VALUES ( 66 ) Glycocoll: 7.505 g glycocoll + 5.85 g NaCl per 1; NaOH: O.IJV Volume parts Température Glycocoll | NaOH~ 10° | 12° | 14° | 16° | 18° | 20° | 22° | 24° | 26° [ 28° | 30° | 32° | 9.5 0.5 8.75 8.70 8.66 8.62 8.58 8.53 8.49 8.45 8.40 8.37 8.32 8.28 9.0 1.0 9.10 9.06 9.02 8.97 8.93 8.88 8.84 8.79 8.75 8.71 8.67 8.62 8.0 2.0 9.54 9.50 9.45 9.40 9.36 9.31 9.26 9.22 9.17 9.13 9.08 9.04 7.0 3.0 9.90 9.85 9.80 9.75 9.71 9.66 9.61 9.56 9.51 9.46 9.42 9.37 6.0 4.0 10.34 10.29 10.24 10.18 10.14 10.09 10.03 9.98 9.93 9.88 9.83 9.78 5.5 4.5 10.68 10.63 10.58 10.53 10.48 10.42 10.37 10.32 10.27 10.22 10.17 10.12 5.1 4.9 11.29 11.24 11.18 11.12 11.07 11.01 10.96 10.90 10.85 10.79 10.74 10.68 5.0 5.0 11.53 11.48 11.42 11.36 11.31 11.25 11.20 11.14 11.09 11.03 10.97 10.92 4.9 5.1 11.80 11.74 11.68 11.62 11.57 11.51 11.45 11.39 11.33 11.27 11.22 11.16 4.5 5.5 12.34 12.28 12.22 12.16 12.10 12.04 11.98 11.92 11.86 11.80 11.74 11.68 4.0 6.0 12.65 12.59 12.52 12.46 12.40 12.33 12.27 12.21 12.15 12.09 12.03 11.96 3.0 7.0 12.92 12.86 12.80 12.73 12.67 12.60 12.54 12.48 12.42 12.35 12.29 12.23 2.0 8.0 13.12 13.06 12.99 12.92 12.86 12.79 12.73 12.66 12.60 12.53 12.47 12.41 1.0 9.0 13.23 13.16 13.09 13.03 12.97 12.90 12.83 12.77 12.70 12.64 12.57 12.51 Volume parts Glycocoll | NaOH~ 9.5 0.5 9.0 1.0 8.0 2.0 7.0 3.0 6.0 4.0 5.5 4.5 5.1 4.9 5.0 5.0 4.9 5.1 4.5 5.5 4.0 6.0 3.0 7.0 2.0 8.0 1.0 9.0

42° 8.07 8.41 8.81 9.13 9.53 9.86 10.40 10.64 10.87 11.38 11.65 11.91 12.08 12.19

| 44° | 46° [ 8.03 7.99 7.95 8.37 8.32 8.28 8.76 8.72 8.67 9.08 9.03 8.99 9.48 9.43 9.38 9.81 9.76 9.71 10.35 10.29 10.24 10.59 10.54 10.48 10.81 10.75 10.69 11.32 11.26 11.20 11.59 11.53 11.47 11.85 11.79 11.73 12.02 11.96 11.89 12.13 12.06 12.00

48° 7.91 8.24 8.63 8.94 9.33 9.66 10.18 10.43 10.64 11.14 11.41 11.66 11.83 11.94

| 50° 7.86 8.19 8.58 8.89 9.28 9.61 10.13 10.37 10.58 11.08 11.34 11.60 11.77 11.87

Température | 52° | 54° | 56° | 7.82 7.78 7.74 7.69 8.14 8.10 8.06 8.02 8.53 8.49 8.44 8.40 8.84 8.79 8.74 8.70 9.23 9.18 9.13 9.08 9.56 9.51 9.46 9.41 10.07 10.02 9.96 9.90 10.32 10.26 10.20 10.14 10.52 10.46 10.40 10.35 11.02 10.96 10.90 10.84 11.28 11.22 11.16 11.10 11.54 11.47 11.41 11.35 11.70 11.64 11.57 11.51 11.80 11.74 11.67 11.61

58° 7.65 7.97 8.35 8.65 9.03 9.35 9.85 10.09 10.29 10.78 11.03 11.28 11.44 11.54

34° | 8.24 8.58 9.00 9.32 9.73 10.07 10.62 10.86 11.10 11.62 11.90 12.17 12.34 12.45

37° | 40° 8.18 8.12 8.52 8.45 8.92 8.85 9.25 9.18 9.66 9.58 9.99 9.91 10.54 10.46 10.78 10.70 11.02 10.93 11.53 11.44 11.81 11.72 12.07 11.98 12.25 12.15 12.35 12.25

| 60° | 62° | 7.61 7.56 7.52 7.93 7.88 7.84 8.30 8.26 8.21 8.60 8.55 8.50 8.98 8.93 8.88 9.30 9.25 9.20 9.79 9.74 9.68 10.04 9.98 9.93 10.23 10.17 10.11 10.72 10.66 10.60 10.97 10.91 10.84 11.22 11.16 11.09 11.38 11.31 11.25 11.48 11.41 11.35

64° | 66° | 7.48 7.79 8.16 8.45 8.82 9.15 9.62 9.87 10.05 10.54 10.78 11.03 11.18 11.28

J. pH VALUES OF BORAX-BORATE MIXTURES AT 180C AND "SALT-EFFECTS" FOR PHENOLPHTHALEIN AND «-NAPHTHOLPHTHALEIN PALITZSCH ( 44 ) Borax solution: 19.108 g Na2B4O7-IOH2O in 11. Boric acid solution: 12.404 g H3BO3 + 2.925 g NaCl in 1 1

°rax cc

6.0 5.5 5.0 4.5 4.0 3.5 4.5 4.0 3.5 3.0 2.5 2.3 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.6 0.3

Boric acid cc

pH

4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 7.7 8.0 8.5 9.0 9.4 9.7

8.69 8.60 8.51 8.41 8.31 8.20 8.41 8.31 8.20 8.08 7.94 7.88 7.78 7.60 7.36 7.09 6.77

S = 36 S = 30 S = 26 S= 22 S = 18 S = 14 S = 10 S = 6

8.48 8.39 8.30 8.20 8.10 7.99 8.19 8.09 7.98 7.86 7.72 7.66 7.56 7.38 7.14 6.87 6.55

8.49 8.40 8.31 8.21 8.11 8.00 8.20 8.10 7.99 7.87 7.73 7.67 7.57 7.39 7.15 6.88 6.56

8.50 8.41 8.32 8.22 8.12 8.01 8.21 8.11 8.00 7.88 7.74 7.68 7.58 7.40 7.16 6.89 6.57

8.52 8.43 8.34 8.24 8.14 8.03 8.23 8.13 8.02 7.90 7.76 7.70 7.60 7.42 7.18 6.91 6.59

8.54 8.45 8.36 8.26 8.16 8.05 8.25 8.15 8.04 7.92 7.78 7.72 7.62 7.44 7.20 6.93 6.61

8.57 8.48 8.39 8.29 8.19 8.08 8.28 8.18 8.07 7.95 7.81 7.75 7.65 7.47 7.23 6.96 6.64

8.59 8.50 8.41 8.31 8.21 8.10 8.32 8.22 8.11 7.99 7.85 7.79 7.69 7.51 7.27 7.00 6.68

8.63 8.54 8.45 8.35 8.25 8.14 8.37 8.27 8.16 8.04 7.90 7.84 7.74 7.56 7.32 7.05 6.73

S=4

S=2

S= I

8.66 8.57 8.48 8.38 8.28 8.17 8.40 8.30 8.19 8.07 7.93 7.87 7.77 7.59 7.35 7.08 6.76

8.69 8.60 8.51 8.41 8.31 8.20 8.45 8.35 8.24 8.12 7.98 7.92 7.82 7.64 7.40 7.13 6.81

8.72 8.63 8.54 8.44 8.34 8.23 8.48 8.38 8.27 8.15 8.01 7.95 7.85 7.67 7.43 7.16 6.84

Phenolphthalein

_

True pH values of sea water containing S parts per 1000 salinity at color-match with standard

a-Naphtholphthalein

Standard solutions

TABLE 2.—GENERAL LIST OF INDICATORS

H. S,ORENSEN'S BORATE-NAOH MIXTURES.—(Continued) Volume parts Temperature Borate) NaQH 40° | 44° | 48° | 52° | 56° I 60° | 64° [ 70° 10 0.0 9.08 9.05 9.02 9.00 8.97 8.93 8.90 8.86 9 l 9.18 9.15 9.11 9.08 9.05 9.01 8.98 8.94 8 2 9.30 9.26 9.22 9.18 9.15 9.11 9.08 9.02 7 3 9.44 9.40 9.35 9.31 9.27 9.22 9.18 9.12 6 4 9.67 9.62 9.56 9.51 9.46 9.40 9.35 9.28 5 5 10.6110.5310.4410.3610.2710.1910.10 9.98 4 6 11.6811.5511.4211.2911.1711.0410.9110.72 I. ACETIC ACID-ACETATE MIXTURES; WALPOLE'S VALUES (RECALCULATED) (68) CH3CO2H M CH3CO2Na M pH

0.185 0.176 0.1640.147 0.126 0.102 0.015 0.0240.0360.053 0.0740.098 3.6 3.8 4.0 4.2 4.4 4.6

CH 3 CO 2 HM CH 3 CO 2 NaM pH

0.0800.0590.0420.0290.019 0.1200.1410.1580.1710.181 4.8 5.0 5.2 5.4 5.6

The following list of indicators includes all those for which data on the pH-ranges have been found. Many of the data of this table are to be regarded with caution, because in some cases the names proposed are inadequate for complete identification, and in others names have been given to materials of uncertain composition (8. 11, 31, 37, 45, 53, 54, 56, 64). The Schultz (S ) and Rowe (R ) numbers are taken from the 1923 ( 52 ) and 1924 (*8) editions, respectively, of these works. Delicate shades of meaning in the color nomenclature have been avoided, as data regarding the purity of the compounds have often been lacking. The abbreviations used are as follows: b, blue; br, brown; c, colorless; f, fades; fl, fluorescent; g, green; o, orange; p, pink; pu, purple; r, red; v, violet; y, yellow. pK is the pH at which there is an apparent half-transformation of the indicator. * indicates that the indicator has been studied in sufficient detail to be used in supplementing the lists of Table 3.

NITRO COMPOUNDS ^P No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

Indicator

I Color and useful ~ range p H c 0.0- 1.3 y (31, 39) e 2.0- 4.0 y (3l, 38, 39) y 2.0- 4.0 y (9) c 2.6- 4.4 y (3l, 38, 39) 3-10 (23, 46) 3-11 (46) c 3.9- 5.9 y (3l, 38, 39) c 4.0- 5.8 y (3l, 38, 39) P 4.1- 5.6 y (67) c 4.3- 6.3 y (38, 39) y 4.5- 8 . O r (35) c 5.6- 7.6 y (3l, 38,39,56) c 5.0- 7.0 y (46) c 6.0-8.Oy (6) c 6.8- 8.6 y (3l, 38, 39) c 10.8-13.0 br (3l, 33) c 12.0-14.0 o; f (50) P 11.5-14.0 o (»)

2, 4, 6-Trinitrophenol; Picric acid [S. 5; R. 7] 2, 6-Dinitrophenol [Michaelis7 ß] 2, 4-Dinitro-a-naphthol; Manchester yellow [S. 6; R. 9] 2, 4-Dinitrophenol [Michaelis' a] Dinitrohydroquinol Nitrohydroquinol 2, 3-Dinitrophenol [Michaelis' e] 2, 5-Dinitrophenol [Michaelis' T] 2, 6-Dinitro-4-aminophenol; Isopicramie acid 3, 4-Dinitrophenol [Michaelis' ô] 4-Nitro-6-aminoguaiacol p-Nitrophenol o-Nitrophenol. * Dinitrobenzoylene urea ra-Nitrophenol. 2, 4, 6-Trinitrophenyl-methyl-nitroamine; Nitramine sï/ra.-Trinitrobenzene 2, 4, 6-Trinitrotohiene MONO-AZO COMPOUNDS

19 p-Toluene-azo-phenyl-aniline 20 p-Carboxybenzene-azo-dimethylaniline; Para methyl red 21 p-Toluene-azo-phenyl-a-naphthylamine 22 Benzene-azo-diphenylamine 23 ra-Benzenesulfonic acid-azo-dipheny lamine; Metanil yellow [S. 134; R. 138] 24 Benzene-azo-phenyl-or-naphthylamine 25 p-Benzenesulfonic acid-azo-dipheny lamine; Tropaeolin OO [S. 139; R. 143] 26 o-Toluene-azo-o-toluidine; Spirit yellow R [S. 68; R. 17] 27 p-Toluene-azo-benzyl-a-naphthylamine 28 p-Toluene-azo-benzyl-aniline 29 Benzene-azo-benzyl-a-naphthylamine 30 Benzene-azo-aniline; Amirio-azo-benzene [S. 31; R. 15] 31 p-Benzenesulfonic acid-azo-aniline 32 p-Benzenesulfonic acid-azo-benzylaniline 33 ra-Carboxybenzene-azo-dimethylaniline 34 Benzene-azo-benzylaniline 35 p-Benzenesulfonic acid-azo-w-chlorodiethylaniline 36 ra-Nitrobenzene-azo-ß-naphthol-3, 6-disulfonic aeid; Orange III [S. 47; R. 39] 37 Benzene-azo-dimethylaniline; Töpfer's indicator [S. 32; R. 19] 38 o-Carboxybenzene-azo-a-naphthylamine 39 p-Benzenesulfonic acid-azo-o-toluidine

.

1.0-2.0 r l .0- 3.0 y 1.1- 1.9 p 1.2- 2 . 1 y r 1.2-2.3y v 1.4- 2 . 6 0 r 1.4-2.6y 1.4-2.9 1.6-2.6 1.6-2.8 1.9- 2.9 y l .9- 3.3 y r l .9- 3.3 y r l .9- 3.3 y r 2.0-4.Oy p 2.3-3.3y r 2.6-4.Oy r 2.6- 4.6 y r 2.9- 4.0 y r 2.9- 5.8 y mid-point 2.9

(53,54,56) ( 9 » 60) (53, 54, 56) (56) ( 56 ) (53, 54, 56) (56, 60) (53, 54, 56) (53, 54, 56) (53, 54, 56) (53, 54, 56) (53, 54, 56, 60) (52, 53, 54, 60) (56, 60) (11 ) (56) (56, 60) (9) 56 ( » 60) (6l) (60)

Index XT No. 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69

MONO-AZO COMPOUNDS.—(Continued) TJ-J. Indicator p-Benzenesulfonic acid-azo-w-xylidine o-Carboxybenzene-azo-diphenylamine p-Benzenesulfonic acid-azo-methylaniline. p-Benzenesulfonic acid-azo-ethyl aniline p-Benzenesulfonic acid-azo-dimethy!aniline; Methyl orange [S. 138; R. 142] p-Benzenesulfonic acid-azo-diethy !aniline; Ethyl orange o-Benzenesulfonic acid-azo-dimethylaniline p-Benzenesulfonic acid-azo-m-toluidine p-Benzenesulfonic acid-azo-p-xylidine ^Sulfo-o-methoxybenzene-azo-dimethyl-a-naphthylamine p-Benzenesulfonie acid-azo-a-naphthylamine p-Benzenesulfonic acid-azo-phenyl-a-naphthylamine o-Carboxybenzene-azo-phenyl-a-naphthylamine Benzene-azo-a-naphthylamine p-Toluene-azo-a-naphthylamine o-Carboxybenzene-azo-methylaniline Benzene-azo-m-phenylenediamine; Chrysoidine [S. 33; R. 20] o-Carboxybenzene-azo-ethylaniline o-Carboxybenzene-azo-rc-propylaniline 0-Carboxybenzene-azo-dimethylaniline; Methyl red [R. 211]. 0-Carboxybenzene-azo-diethylaniline; Ethyl red *o-Carboxybenzene-azo-di-7i-propylaniline; Propyl red o-Carboxybenzene-azo-ra-phenylenediamine Benzene-azo-dimethyl-a-naphthylamine p-Benzenesulfonic acid-azo-dimethyl-a-naphthylamine o-Carboxybenzene-azo-a-naphthylamine o-Carboxybenzene-azo-(di or mono?)-amyl aniline 0-Carboxybenzene-azo-dimethyl-a-naphthylamine 4-Sulfo-a-naphthalene-azo-a-naphthol; Naphthylamine brown [S. 160; R. 175] Tropaeolin?

70

6-Sulfo-a-naphthol-l-azo-m-hydroxybenzoic acid

71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83

Curcumine? p-Benzenesulfonicacid-azo-or-naphthol; Tropaeolin OOO No. 1 [S. 144; R. 150] p-Benzenesulfonicacid-azo-/3-naphthol; Tropaeolin OOO No. 2 [S. 145; R. 151] m-Nitrobenzene-azo-salicylic acid; Alizarine yellow GG [S. 48; R. 36] p-Nitrobenzene-azo-salicylic acid; Alizarine yellow R [S. 58; R. 40] a-Naphthylaminosulfonic acid-azo-/3-naphthol; Red I [S. 161; R. 176] a-Naphthalene-azo-/3-naphthol-3, 6-disulfonic acid; Bordeaux B [S. 112; R. 88] p-Benzenesulfonic acid-azo-resorcinol; Tropaeolin O [S. 143; R. 148] Benzene-azo-/3-naphthol-6, 8-disulfonic acid; Orange GG [S. 38; R. 27] Crocein? Helianthin (Grübler)? Helianthin I? Helianthin II?

" c—in?

•

Color and useful range pTT H mid-point 2.9 p 3.0- 4.6 y r 3.1- 4.2 y r 3.1- 4.4 y r 3.1-4.4y r 3.5-4.5y mid-point 3.5 mid-point 3.5 mid-point 3.6 b 3.5-4.9o r 3.5-5.7y v 3.5- 6.5 o v 3.5- 6.5 o r 3.7- 5.Oy 3.7- 5.0 r 4.0- 6.0 y o 4.0- 7.0 y r 4.2- 6.2 y r 4.2- 6.2 y r 4.2- 6.3 y r 4.4- 6.2 y r 4.6- 6.6 y o 4.6- 7.6 y 4.8- 5.5 r 5.0-5.7o p 5.6-7.Oy o 5.6-7.6y r 5.6- 7.60 o 6.0-8.4p y 7.0- 9.0 r \° ' ' l v iz —io r y 7.4- 8 . 6 b y 7.6-8.9p 7.6- 8.9(?) c(?)10.0-12.0 y y 10.0-12.1 y 10.5-12.1 p 10.5-12.5 o yll-1-12.7 o y 11.5-14.0 p p 12.0-14.0 v o 11.0-12.0 r o 11.0-13.0 r y 13.0-14.0 v

T .,

Lit.

(60) (ll ) 53 54 56 60 ( » » » ) (53» 54 » 56» 60) ( 56 » 60) ( 53 » 54, 56, 60) (60) ( 60 ) ( 60 ) ( 42 ) 56 61 ( » ) ( 61 ) (61) ( 56 » 61) (53,54, 56) (ll) (9) (U) (ll) (U, 14, 56, 60) C 11 » 60) (11) (9) ( 53 » 54 » 56) (53» 54 » 56 » 61) (ll) C 11 ) (ii,6i) (9) («o) { ^

( 67 )

(31) ( 56 ) (*«) ( 38 » 39) ( 56 ) («3. 54, 56) (9) ( 56 ) (9) (SO) (9) (50) (50)

•••• ÜZtull { <••)

DIS-AZO COMPOUNDS '

85

Ditolyl-disazo-bis-)3-naphthylamine-6-sulfonic acid; Benzopurpurin B [S. 365; R. 450]

86 87 88 89

Ditolyl-disazo-bis-a-naphthylamine-4-sulfonic acid; Benzopurpurin 4B [S. 363; R. 448] Diphenyl-disazo-bis-a-naphthylamine-4-sulfonic acid; Congo red [S. 307; R. 370] Ditolyl-disazo-bis-a-naphthol-4-sulfonic acid; Azo blue [S. 377; R. 463] Curcumin W [Probably Rowe, 364 (2l)]

b 0.3- 1 . O v f v 1.0-5.Oy l y 12.0-14.0 r [ v 1.3-4.Or b 3,0-5.Or v 10.5-11.5 p jmid-point 7.3 | mid-point 7.6

(50) (31) (50) (9) (49)18 ( )

TKIPHENYLMETHANE DERIVATIVES Index T ,. ,T Indicator No. . 90 Methylated pararosaniline; Crystal violet [S. 516; R. 681] 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126

Pl

Color and useful range p TT H g 0.0- 2 . O b

p'-Tetramethyldiamino-triphenylcarbinol; Malachite green [S. 495; R. 657]

T .,

Lit. (9I

Iu i?'^"i?'n f

I

^ D I i . O—14 . U I

Hofmann's violet; Methylated rosanilines and pararosanilines [S. 514; R. 679] Tetraethyl-diamino-triphenyl-carbinol; Brilliant green [S. 499; R. 662] Heptamethylrosaniline; Iodine green [R. 686] Hexaethylpararosaniline; Ethyl violet [S. 518; R. 682] Ethyl-hexamethyl-pararosaniline; Ethyl green [R. 685] .. Methyl violet 6B; Benzylated tetra- and pentamethyl-pararosaniline [S. 517; R. 683] Gentian violet; mixture Aniline red; Rosaniline and pararosaniline [S. 512; R. 677] .. Red violet 5RS; Di- and tri-sulfonate of ethylrosaniline [S. 525; R. 693] Resazurin [R. 727 note] China blue [S. 539; R. 707]; Mixture Rosolie acid [S. 555; R. 724]; Mixture Alkali blue 4B [S. 536; R. 704]; Mixture XL Soluble blue [S. 538; R. 706]; Mixture Poirrier's blue Acid fuchsin; Di- and tri-sulfonic acids of rosaniline and pararosaniline [S. 524; R. 692]. . . . PHTHALEINS AND RELATED COMPOUNDS Diethyl-ra-amino-phenolphthalein; Rhodamine B [S. 573; R. 749] Pyrogallol-phthalein; Gallem [S. 599; R. 781] Tetrabromofluorescein; Eosine Y S [S. 587; R. 768] Erythrosin (iodeosin); Di- or tetra iodated fluorescein [S. 591, 592?; R. 772, 773?] Phloxin red B.H. (Grübler)? Dihydroxyfluoran; Uranin (fluorescein) [S. 585; R. 766] Dichlorofluorescein o-a-Naphthol phthalein p-<*-Naphthol phthalein Tetrabromophenol phthalein o-Cresoltetrachlorophthalein 0-Cresolphthalein Phenolphthalein [R. 764] *1, 2, 3-Xylenolphthalein Thymolphthalein Dibromo-dinitrofluorescein; Eosin BN [S. 590; R. 771]. R = SCH3 R = SC4H9 R = SC6H5

I

( 50 ) (9) (9) (9) (9) (31 ) (56) (53, 54, 56) (9) (9) (31) (9) (56) (9) (9) (*) (50)

g 0.0- 2.0 b y 0.0- 2.6 g y 0.0- 2.6 b y 0.0- 3.6 b y 0.3-2.Ob yO.15-3.2v 0.4- 2.7 pu 1.2-3.Of p 3.6- 6.0 c o 3.8- 6.5 v b 4.7- 7.0 c br 6.9- 8.0 r v 9.4-14.0 p b 10.0-13.0 p b 11.0-13.0 r r 12.0-14.0 f o 0.1- 1.2 p variable 0-14 y O - 3.0 o 0.0- 3.6 p 1.4- 3.6 r y 3.6- 5.6 y 4.0- 6.6 y 8.9- 9.5g(f) y 7.0- 9 . O b c 8.0- 9.0 v c 8.5- 9.0 pu c 8.2- 9.8 r c 8.3-10.0 r c 8.9-10.2 b c 9.3-10.5b(f) p 10.5-14.0 y c 8.4-10.0 v c 8.6- 9.8 v e 9.0-10.0 v

(9) (50) fl (9) fi (9) (9) fl (9) fl (9) (17) (*«) (45) (i) (U» 14) (38, 39, 56) (17) (56) (9) (25) (25) (25)

SULFONPHTHALEINS p

127

Catecholsulfonphthalein

128

m-Cresolsulfonpht.halein; Metacresol purple

j

129

Thymolsulfonphthalein; Thymol blue

jr

130 Tetranitrophenolsulfonphthalein 131 Tetrabromophenolsulfonphthalein; Bromphenol blue 132 *Tetrachlorophenolsulfonphthalein 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141

*Dichloro-dibromo-phenol-sulfonphthalein; Brom-chlorphenol blue Tetrabromo-m-cresolsulfonphthalein; Bromcresol green Dichlorophenolsulfonphthalein; Chlorphenol red Dibromo-o-cresolsulfonphthalein; Bromcresol purple Dibromophenolsulfonphthalein; Bromphenol red *Diiodophenolsulfonphthalein Dibromothymolsulfonphthalein; Bromthymol blue *Brom Xylenol Blue, dibrominated No. 145 Phenol-nitrosulfonphthalein,,

•

0 2_ 0 g Q

7

y 4.0- 7.0 g v 8.5-10.2 b

\ (

76-92

i

*'?~ ^J Iy o. u y. o D 2.8- 3.8? y 3.0-4.6b y 3.0- 4.6 b y y y y y y y y y

3.2- 4.8 b 3.8- 5.4 b 5.0- 6.6 r 5.2- 6.8 pu 5.4- 7.0 r 5.7- 7.3 pu 6.0-7.6b 6.0- 7.6 b 6.6- 8.4 pu

(4l) (llf

14

)

! (". 14)

i

(U) (n'14) (U) (14) (H» 14) (U» 14) (U» l4) (il, 14) (9) 11 14 ( » ) (U. 14) (U)

Index XT No. 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149

SULFONPHTHALEINS .—( Continued) T J - X Indicator

_____ Color a n d useful T ., Lit. TT range pH y 6.8- 8.4 r (". H) y 7.2- 8.8 r (1L 1 ^) y 7.2- 9.2 p (») y 8.0- 9.6 b (12) y 7.5- 9 . O b (U) y 7.8- 9.6 b («) y 8.6-10.0 fl (") v 9.2-11.5 y (11J

Phenolsulfonphthalein; Phenol red o-Cresolsulfonphthalein; Cresol red Salicylsulfonphthalein *1.4-Dimethyl-5-hydroxybenzenesulfonphthalein; Xylenol blue a-Naphtholsulfonphthalein Carvacrolsulfonphthalein Orcinsulfonphthalein Nitro-thymolsulfonphthalein QUINOLINE COMPOUNDS

150 151

a-(p-Dimethylaminophenylethylene)-quinoline ethiodide; Quinaldine red. Eastman Kodak Co. No. 1361 Quinoline blue (cyanin); 1, I 7 Disoamyl-4, 4'-quinocyanme iodide [8. 611; R. 806]

1.0-2.0 e 7.0- 8.0 v

(36) (52* 54, 56)

Index No. 152 INDOPHENOLS ( ls ) Color changes: from brownish or clear red in acid to deep blue in alkali. All indophenols are somewhat unstable

Indophenol Substituents 2, 6, 3' Tribromo2, 6-Dibromo-3'-chloro2, 6-Dibromo-3'-methyl2, 6-Dichloro-3'-chloro2, 6-Dichloro-3'-methyl2j 6-Dibromo-3'-methoxy2, 6-Dichloro2, 6-Dibromo2, 6-Dibromo-2'-methyl2, 6-Dibromo-2'-bromo2-Chloro2-Bromo3-BromoIndophenol 2-Methyl3-Methyl2-Methoxy-. 2-Isopropyl-5-methyl2-Methyl-5-isopropyl

Orthoindophenol | pK Substituents 5.1 3' Bromo-. 5.4 Orthoindophenol 5.4 2'-MeUIyI5.8 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.7 5.9 6.3 7.0 7.1 7.8 8.1 8.4 8.6 8.7 8.8 8.9

Indonaphthol-2'-sulfonic acid | pK Substituents 7.1 2, 6 Dichloro8.4 Indonaphthol-2'-sulfonic acid 8.8 2-Methyl-

| pK 6.1 8.7 9.0

'

AZINES Index Color and useful T i. , XT Indicator TT No. range pH 153 Safranine (Which?) b-0.3- 1.0 r 154 Amino-dimethylamino-phenyl-diphenazonium chloride; Méthylène violet B.N. [S. 680; R. 842] pu 0.0- 1.2 v 155 Amino-phenylamino-p-tolyl-ditolazonium sulphate; Mauve [S. 688; R. 846] 0.1-2.9 156 Magdala red; Mixture amino- and diamino-naphthyl-dinaphthazonium chlorides [S. 694; R. 857] p 3.0- 4 . 0 f l 157 Induline, spirit soluble [S. 697; R. 86O]; Mixture b 5.6- 7.0 v 158 Amino-dimethylamino-toluphenazonium chloride; Neutral red [S. 670; R. 825] r 6.8-8.Oy 159 Dimethylamino-phenyl-naphtho-phenazonium chloride; Neutral blue [S. 676; R. 832] 9.3-10.2

T.

Lit. (SO)

(9) (56)

(50) (») (56) (52, 54, 56)

OXAZINE COMPOUNDS 1 V ^2 O^14 O b

160

Dihydroxy-dinaphthazoxonium sulfonate; Alizarin green B [S. 657; R. 918]

161 162

Diethylamino-benzylamino-naphtho-phenazoxonium chloride; Nile blue 2B [S. 654; R. 914] b 7.2- 8.6 p Diethylamino-aminonaphtho-phenazoxonium sulfate; Nile blue A [S. 653; R. 913] b 10.2-13.0 p

!

^ (9) (»)

ANTHRAQUINONE COMPOUNDS T j • * Indicator

Index XT No.

Color and useful TT range pH ?

T .,

Lit.

163

1, 2-Dihydroxy-anthraquinone-0-quinoline; Alizarin blue ABI [S. 803; R. 1066]

jf

6 O- 7 6 "^

^

^

164

1, 2, 4-Trihydroxy-anthraquinone; Purpurin [S. 783; R. 1037]

I o 4 O^ 8 O °

I

(9)

165

Alizarin sulfonic acid; Alizarin red S [S. 780; R. 1034]

y 3.7- 4.2 p

166

1, 2-Dihydroxy-anthraquinone; Alizarin [S. 778; R. 1027]

167

Alizarin blue S

(67)

J ^ JQ'^2'i *u ^

( 5 3 54 56)

'

'

various 6-14

(45)

[ b 11.6-14.0 y |

(9)

y O - 1.Or various 0-14 r 2.4- 4.5 g c 2.7- 3.7 pu . o 2.8- 3.9 y i y 3.0— 6.0 r C {rio.0-13.Oc j

(so) (45) ( 65 ) ( 67 ) (67) ,. - v (45)

INDIGOS 168 I Indigo disulfonate; Indigo carmine [S. 877; R. 1180] MISCELLANEOUS AND NATURAL INDICATORS 169 Echtrot? 170 Logwood [S. 938; R. 1246] 171 *Red cabbage extract 172 1-Oxynaphtho-quinomethane; Nierenstein's indicator 173 Tröger and Hille's Indicator, Ci4Hi5N4SO3H * »? * -m .LT 174 Phenacetolm 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185

Lacmosol Lacmoid [R. 908 note] Azolitmin (litmus) [R. 1242] Cochineal [S. 932; R. 1239] Archil (orchil) [S. 934; R. 1242] Brazilein [S. 935; R. 1243] Di-o-hydroxy-styryl ketone; Lygosine Mimosa flower extract Turmeric (curcuma) [S. 927; R. 1238] Alkannin [R. 1240, note] cf. alizarin q-Naphtholbenzein

COMMON SYNONYMS OF INDICATORS Among synonyms given in this table are several which apply to dyes which are not listed in preceding table or which have been applied to two or more of the indicators listed. Such cases are indicated by*. Acid bordeaux, 77 Acid brown R,* 68 Acid fuchsin,* 107 Acid magenta II, 107 Acid roseine, 107 Alizarin, 166 Alizarin blue ABI, 163 Alizarin blue S, 167 Alizarin blue X, 163 Alizarin carmine, 165 Alizarin green B, 160 Alizarin red S, 165 Alizarin sulfonate or S, 165 Alizarin yellow GG, 74 Alizarin yellow R, 75 Alkali blue 4B, 104 Alkanet, 184 Alkanin, Alkannin, 184 Alphanaphtholbenzein, 185 Alphanaphtholphthalein,* 116 Amido-azo-benzol, 30 Amido-azo-toluol, 26 Amino-azo-benzene, 30 Amino-azo-toluene, 26 Amyl red, 66 Anchusin, 184 Aniline orange,* 31 Aniline red, 99 Aniline yellow,* 3, 25, 30 Archil, 179 Aurin, 103 Azo blue, 88

Azolitmin, 177 Azoresorcin, 101 Benzopurpurin B, 85 Benzopurpurin 4B, 86 Benzyl violet, 97 Beta naphthol orange, 73 Bitter almond oil green, 91 Blauholz, 170 Boettger's indicator, 184 Bordeaux B, 77 Brasilein, brasilin, brazilin, 180 Brazil wood, 180 Brilliant green, 93 Brilliant yellow,* 89 Brom-chlor-phenol blue, 133 Brom creso! green, 134 Brom cresol purple, 136 Brom phenol blue, 131 Brom phenol red, 137 Brom thymol blue, 139 Brom xylenol blue, 140 Butter yellow,* 26, 37 Cabbage red, 171 Campeachy wood, 170 Carmine, 178 Carminio acid, 178 Catechol sulphonphthalein, 127 China blue, 102 Chlor phenol red, 135 Chrome printing orange R, 75 Chrome printing yellow G, 74 Chrysoidine,* 56

r r r y p c y

4.4- 5.5 b 4.4- 6.2 b 4.5- 8.3 b 4.8- 6.2 v 5.6- 7.6 v 6.0- 8 . 0 p 7.3- 8 . 7 g 7.7-9.6 y 7.8- 9.2 br 8.3-10.0 y 8.5- 9.8 g

Chrysoine, 78 Coccus, 178 Cochenille, cochineal, 178 Congo, 87 Congo red, 87 Corallin, 103 Cresol red, 143 Cresolphthalein,* 119 Cresolsulphonphthalein,* 143 Crismer's indicator, 101 Crocein,* 80 Crystal violet, 90 Curcuma, 183 Curcumein,* 84 Curcumin,* 183 Curcumin W, 89 Curcummin,* 183 Cyanin, 151 Dechan's indicator, 109 Degener's indicator, 174 Dianil red,* 87 Dichlorofluorescein, 114 Diethylaniline orange, 45 Dihydroxyanthraquinone, 166 Dimethylaniline orange, 44 Dimethyl orange, 44 Dimethyl yellow, 37 Dinitroaminophenol, 9 Dinitrohydroquinone, 5 Echtrot,* 169 Echtrot A, 76 Echtrot B, 77 Eosine, 110 Eosine BN, 123

(26) (53, 54, 56) (53, 54, 56) (53, 54, 56) (9) (9) ( 67 ) ( 67 ) (31) (53, 54, 56) (53, 54, 56)

Eosine TS, 110 Erythrosine,* 111 Ethyl green,* 96 Ethyl orange, 45 Ethyl red,* 60 Ethyl violet, 95 Fast red A, 76 Fast red B,* 77 Fluorescein, 113 Formanek's indicator, 160 Fuchsia, 154 Fuchsin,* 99 Fuchsin S, 107 Galeine, 109 Gallein, 109 Gentian violet, 98 Golden orange, 44 Haematein,* i 170 Haematoxylin,* x haematoxylon,* 170 Hélianthine,* 44, 81, 82, 83 Hematein,* i hematine,* 1 170 Hematoxylin, * i 170 Henderson & Forbes' indicator, 5 Herzberg's indicator, 87 Hofmann's violet, 92 Holt & Reid's indicators, 124-126 Indigo carmine, 168 Indigo disulphonate, 168 Indophenols, 152 Induline spirit-soluble, 157 Iodeosine,* 111 Isopicramic acid, 9 Iodine green, 94 Kosmos red, 87

1 Haematoxylin is the leuco-compound of Haematein or Hematine as obtained from logwood although the name is sometimes given to the oxidized form. Haematein or Hematine should not be confused with Hematin of the blood pigment.

Kroupa's indicator, 99 Kruger's indicator, 113 Lackmoid, lacmoid, 176 Lacmosol, 175 Lacmus, 177 Litmus, 177 Logwood, 170 Luck's indicator, 120 Lunge's indicator, 44 Lygosine, 181 McClendon's indicator, 11 Magdala red, 156 Magenta,* 99 Malachite green, 91 Manchester yellow, 3 Martius yellow, 3 Mauve, mauveine, 155 -Mellet's indicator, 70 Meta cresol purple, 128 Meta methyl red, 33 Metanil yellow, 23 Metanitrophenol, 15 Methyl blue,* 105 Méthylène violet BN, 154 Methyl green,* 96 Methyl orange, 44 Methyl red, 59 Methyl violet 5B or 6B, 97 Methyl yellow, 37 Michaelis' nitro indicators, 1, 2, 4, 7, 8, 10, 12, 15 Mimosa flower extract, 182 Moir's "Improved methyl orange," 49 Moir's polychromatic indicator, 127 Monobenzyl orange, 32 Monoethyl orange, 43 Monoethyl red, 57 Monomethyl orange, 42 Monomethyl red, 55 Monopropyl red, 58 Naphthol benzein, 185 Naphthol orange, 72 Naphtholphthalein,* 115, 116 Naphthylamine brown, 68 Neutral blue, 159 Neutral red, 158 Nierenstein's indicator, 172 Nile blue A, 162 Nile blue B, 161 Nitramine, 16 Nitroaminoguaiacol, 11 Nitrobenzene (tri), 17 Nitrobenzoylene urea, 14 Nitronaphthol, 3 Nitrotoluene, 18 Oil yellow,* 37 Oil yellow B, 30 Orange G,* 79 Orange GG, 79 Orange I, 72 Orange II, 73 Orange III,* 36, 44 Orange IV, 25 Orchil, 179 Orseille, 179 Parahelianthine, 44 Para methyl red, 20 Paranitrophenol, 12 Paraphthalein, 120 Fernambuco, 180 Phenacetolin, 174

Phenol red, 142 Phenolphthalein, 120 Phenolsulphonphthalein, 142 Phloxin red BH, 112 Phosphine substitute, 78 Picric acid, 1 Poirrier's blue C4B, 106 Poirrier's orange III, 44 Propyl red, 61 Purpurin, 164 Pyrogallol phthalein, 109 Quinaldine red, 150 Quinoline blue, 151 Red I, 76 Red cabbage extract, 171 Red violet 5R,* 92 Red violet 5RS, 100 Red wood, 180 Resazurin, 101 Resorcin blue,* 176 Resorcin phthalein, 113 Resorcin yellow, 78 Rhodamine B, 108 Riegel's indicator, 87 Rosaniline, 99 Roseine, 99 Rose magdala, 156 Rosolane, 155 Rosolie acid, 103 Rotholz, 180 Rubine S, 107 Safranine,* 153 Salicyl yellow,* 74 Schaal's indicator, 166 Soluble blue 3M, 2R, 102 Soluble red woods, 180 Spirit yellow, 30 Spirit yellow G, 30 Spirit yellow R, 26 Tetra brom fluorescein, 110 T. N. T., 18 Thymol blue, 129 Thymolphthalein, 122 Toluidine orange* (ortho), 39 Toluidine orange* (meta), 47 Toluylene red,* 158 Töpfer's reagent, 37 Tournesol, 177 Tröger and Hille's indicator, 173 Tropaeolin*, ? 69 Tropaeolin D, 44 Tropaeolin G,* 23, 72 Tropaeolin O, 78 Tropaeolin OO, 25 Tropaeolin OOO No. 1, 72 Tropaeolin OOO No. 2, 73 Tropaeolin R, 78 Turmeric, 183 Turnsole, 177 Uranin, 113 von Müller's indicator?, 25 Weselsky's indicator, 101 Water blue, 102 XL Soluble blue, 105 Xylenol blue, 145 Xylenol phthalein,* 121 Xylidine orange* (meta), 40 Xylidine orange* (para), 48 Yellow B, 37 Yellow T, 78 Zellner's indicator, 113

TABLE 3 A. CLARK AND LUBS' SELECTION OF INDICATORS SUPPLEMENTED BY COHEN ( 1 V**) A = Cubic centimeters of Q.01N NaOH required per 0.1 g acid indicator to form sodium salt. Dilute to 250 cc for 0.04 % reagent. Use alcoholic solutions of methyl red (59) and cresolphthalein (119). B = Approximate p H value of solution required for full "acid color" appertaining to range indicated. C = Approximate pH value of solution required for full "alkaline color" appertaining to range indicated. XT T i Index N o . 129 131 134 59 135 136 139 142 143 128 129 119

* A

-r» B

see below cone. HCl 15.0 O 14.5 1 ? 23.5 3 18.5 3 16.0 4 28.5 5 26.3 5 26.5 5 21.5 6 I 6

/-t C

rangepH

Useful

T ^, pKf

6 7 8 9 10 10 10 11 11 11 12 12

1.2-2.8 3.0-4.6 4.0-5.6 4.4-6.0 5.0-6.6 5.2-6.8 6.0-7.6 6.8-8.4 7.2-8.8 7.6-9.2 8.0-9.6 8.2-9.8

1.5 4.0 4.7* [5.0] 6.2* 6.3 7.1 7.8 8.2 8.4* 8.9 [9.41

* No salt and protein errors determined. t pK values are weighted means of values found in (2, 7, 11,14, 19, 20, 24, 34)

Representative Corrections of Colorimetrie Readings with Indicators of Table 3A to Bring Readings to Electrometric pH Peptone- 10% beef gelatine infusion sol. 131 Brom phenol blue 0.05 59 Methyl red -0.10 136 Brom cresol purple.... 0.01 0.04 139 Brom thymol blue 0.10 0.04 142 Phenol red 0.04 0.20 143 Cresol red 0.03 0.20 129 Thymol blue 0.04 0.20 119 Cresolphthalein - 0.03 0.20

2% eggwhite 0.24

Urine

0.05 O. Ol 0.02 0.00

Corrections at different salt content [after Kolthoff ( 29 )] Thymol blue (acid range) O. IN KCl -0.06 1.OAT KCl +0.05 Brom phenol blue O . I N KCl. -0.05 1.OAT KCl -0.35 Methyl red 0.5N NaCl 4-0.10 Brom cresol purple 0.5NNaCl —0.25 Phenol red 0.5N NaCl -0.15 Thymol blue 0.5N NaCl -0.17 With color match between a solution at 70° and a standard buffer at 20° the solution at 70° will have the p H of the standard corrected by the following values according to Kolthoff (28). Thymol blue (acid range) 0.0 Brom phenol blue 0.0 Methyl red -0.2 Brom cresol purple O. O to -f-0.2 Phenol red -0.3 Thymol blue (alk.). -0.4 Corrections in sea water of salinity S [parts per 1000] after Ramage and Miller 1925 (unpublished). S Cresol red.

5 IO Ï5 20 25 30 35 - . 11 - . 17 - .21 - .24 - .25 - .26 -.27

0.01 %-0.05 % aqueous

0.1-3.2

high

0.1-2.9

high

1.2-2.1 1.4-2.6 1.2-2.3

low low low

not not not

fair fair fair

not good good

moderate good good

2.3-3.3 1.9-3.3 2.6-4.0

low low low

not not not

good fair fair

not good good

moderate good good

2.9-4.0 3.1-4.4*

low low

not not

good fair

not good

moderate good

50 59 12 158 103 72 116 120

0.01 %-0.05 % aqueous 0.01 g in 1 cc N HCl + 50 cc alcohol + 49 cc water 0.01 % aqueous 0.01 % aqueous 0.02 g in 1 cc N /W HCl + 50 cc alcohol + 49 cc water 0.01 % aqueous 0.01% aqueous 0.01 g 0.1 cc AT/10 HCl + 80 cc alcohol + 20 cc water 0.01 % aqueous 0.01 g in 0.4 cc N /W HCl -f 30 cc alcohol + 70 cc water 0.01 g in 60 cc alcohol + 40 cc water 0.02 g in 60 cc alcohol + 40 cc water 0.04 g in 6 cc alcohol + 94 cc water 0.01 g in 50 cc alcohol + 50 cc water. 0.04 g in 40 cc alcohol + 60 cc water. 0.01 % aqueous 0.1 g in 150 cc alcohol + 100 cc water 0.05 g in 50 cc alcohol + 50 cc water.

Usefulness in presence of High cone, Stability on True of products Chloroform and standing of protoluene proteins teolysis fair good solutions with chloroform acid not, with tolu- fade ene useful fair as above good as above

3.7-5.0 3.5-5.7 4.2-6.3* 5.0-7.0* 6.8-8.0* 6.9-8.0 7.6-8.9 7.3-8.7 8.3-10.0*

low not low not S.C. low moderate good Sr^ .O. low low fair low good moderate S.C. moderate S.C.

good good good good good good good good good

not good good good S.C. fair good good good

122

0.04 g in 50 cc alcohol + 50 cc water .

9.3-10.5

moderate

S.C.

good

good

moderate good moderate good good good good fair good—fades in strong alkali fades in moderate alkali good good

Index No. 97 155 22

25 23 34 32 35 37 44 53

75 78

Composition of test solution

0.01 % aqueous 0.01 % aqueous

Sensitivity Useful range to neutral pH salts

10.1-12.1 11.1-12.7

good fair

S.C. =- useful in special cases. * Apparent pK values referred to standard buffers: Methyl orange (44) 3.7 ( 34 cf. see Table 3C. Neutral red (158) 6.85 ( 34 ). Phenolphthalein see Table 3C.

Representative average corrections of colorimetrie readings with indicators of Table 3B to bring readings to electrometric pH (see also Table 2). Corrections (after Sfoensen (53)) Index No. In 2 % In 2 % Corrections in solutions conof indicator peptone egg-white taining salts 0.01-0.3N 0.07-0.3JV salt salt 97 -0.02 -0.19 155 -0.04 -0.19 22 -0.06 >-0.90 25 -0.27 >-1.40 23 -0.30 >-1.40 34 +0.01 >—0.80 32 -0.22 >-0.80 35 —0 41 37 -0.08 -0.53 44 -0.18 O.I^ KCl, -0.08; 1.(W KCl, +0.23 Kolthoff 53 -0.02 50 -0.03 +0.15 0.5N NaCl, +0.10 S0rensen 12 -0.06 -0.04 0.5N NaCl, - 0.15 S0rensen (-0.05 Kolthoff) 158 +0.13 +0.68 0.5N NaCl7 + 0.09 S0rensen

60

).

Methyl red (59) see Table 3A ( 59 » 60).

Corrections (after S0rensen (53)) Index No. In 2 % In 2 % of indicator peptone egg-white 0.01-0.3AT 0.07-0.3N salt salt ^ +0.08 +0.44 72 -0.12 +0.10 120 -0.01 +0.18 122 75 78

+0.01

+0.40 +0.29 -0.30

Paranitrophenol (12)

Corrections in solutions containing salts 0.5N NaCl, - 0.06 S0rensen 0.5N NaCl, - 0.12 S0rensen 0.5N NaCl, - 0.12 S0rensert (-0.17Kolthoff)

O.INKCl, + 0.38; l.ONKCl, + 0.62 Kolthoff Q MICHAELIS' SELECTION OF ONE-COLOR INDICATORS ; ; : P^" (Michaelis and coworkers pK (KoIthoff Cone. ( 38> 39)) , 31 Index Useful % ( ) at In Jn No. range pH in In low salt ,. ,. 15° and TT r\ x x \J . LvIVt U . diri n r\rnr H2O content 0.05Af salt) l 0.03-1.3 [0.26] 2 2.0-4.0 sat. 3.71 +0.006 (15 — *°) 3.59 3.41 3.58

C. MICHAELIS' SELECTION OF ONE-COLOE INDICATORS.—(Continued) I Alizarine yellow GG.. 20° a 56 66 75 83 88 pH 11.2 11.4 11.6 11.8 12.0 pK (Michaelis and coworkers pK (KoIConc. ( 38 > 39)) thoff Index Useful % (Si) at LITERATURE No. range pH in In low salt A rt,, A *far 15° and (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) w n 4. * 0.15M H2O content ., 0.51z ,, nnKTi/f 0.05M 1 salt salt galt) C ) Arnold, 1, 46: 489; 24. ( 2 ) Barnett and Barnett, 227, 18: 127; 21. (•*) Bishop, Kittredge and Hildebrand, 1, 44: 135; 22. ( 4 ) Bjerrum, 9, 17: 58, 389; 11. ( 5 ) Bjerrum, 196, 21: 1; 14. ( 6 ) Bogert and Scatchard, Î, 38: 1606; 16. (?) Brode, 1, 46: 581; 24. ( 8 ) Clark, The Determination of 3.98 3.88 3.95 Hydrogen Ions, 2nd. ed., 1922. ( 9 ) Clark, Cohen and Elvove, O; cf. ( 8 ). 4.76 4.71 ( 10 ) Clark and Lubs, 141, 25: 479; 16. (**) Clark and Lubs, 229, 2: 1, 109, 191; 17. (» 2 ) Cohen, A., 230, 16: 31; 22. (13) Cohen, A., 230, 17: 535; 5.08 5.01 5.15 23. ( 14 ) Cohen, B., 831, 38: 199; 23. ( 1S ) Cohen, B., Gibbs and Clark, 231, 39: 381, 804; 24. (» 6 ) Cohn, Indicators and Test Papers, 1914. ( 1 7 ) 5.30 5.25 Csanyi, 9, 27: 64; 21. (*8) Fels, 9, 10: 208; 04. (i») Gillespie, 232, 9: 115; 20. 7.22 7.17 7.03 ( 2 0 ) Gillespie, 1, 42: 742; 20. ( 2 1 ) Glaser, Indikatoren der Acidimétrie und Alkalimetrie, 1901. ( 2 2 ) Hatfield, 1, 45: 940; 23. ( 23 ) Henderson and Forbes, 1,32:687; 10. ( 2 4 ) Holmes and Snyder, 1, 47: 221, 226; 25. ( 2 5 ) 8.24 8.19 8.30 Holt and Reid, 1, 46: 2333; 24. ( 26 ) Hottinger, 20ô, 65: 177; 14. ( 2 7 ) Jarisch, 205, 134: 177; 22. ( 2 «) Kolthoff, 70, 40: 775; 21. (2*) Kolthoff, 9.6 9.5 70, 41: 54; 22. ( 30 ) Kolthoff, 233, 59: 104; 22. 60: 949; 23. (3i) Kolthoff, Der Gebrauch von Farbenindicatoren, 1923. ( 32 ) Kolthoff, 70, 42: 251; 23. ( 33 ) Kolthoff, 70, 42: 964; 23. ( 34 ) Kolthoff, 70, 43: 144; 24. ( 3 S) McClendon, £87, 21: 348; 24. (36) McClendon, 14i, 59: 437; 24. ( 37 ) Michaelis, Die TABLE 4 Wasserstoffionenkonzentration, 1914. ( 38 ) Michaelis and Gyemant, 205, RELATION BETWEEN PERCENTAGE, A, OF AVAILABLE COLOR AND 109: 165; 20. ( 39 ) Michaelis and Krüger, 205, 119: 307; 21. ( 4 0 ) Michaelis and Mizutani, 206, 147: 7; 24. ( 41 ) Moir, 234, 3: no. 2; 20. pH (AFTER MICHAELIS AND GYEMANT ( 38 )) O*2) Moir, 234, 6: no. 2; 23. ( 43 ) Noyés, l, 32: 815; 10. ( 4 4 ) Palitzsch, Phenolphthalein 18° a 1.0 1.4 3.0 4.7 6.9 9.0 Bull. Inst. Océanographie, No. 409: 22. ( 4 S ) Prideaux, The Theory and pH 8.45 8.5 8.6 8.7 8.8 8.9 Use of Indicators, 1917. ( 4 6 ) Prideaux and Nunn, 4, 125: 2110; 24. ( 4 7 ) Ramage and Miller, O. ( 4 8 ) Rowe, Color Index, 1924. ( 49 ) Salessky, 9, 10: 204; 04. Phenolphthalein 18° a 12.0 16.0 21.0 27.0 34.0 40.0 50 51 Conductivity and lonizapH 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 ( ) Salm, 7, 57: 471; 06. ( ) Scudder, Electrical tion Constants of Organic Compounds, 1914. ( 52 ) Schultz, Farbstofftabellen, 53 54 1923. ( ) S0rensen, 236, 8: 1; 09. ( ) S0rensen, 205, 21: 131, 201; 09. Phenolphthalein 18° a 45.0 50.0 55.0 60.0 65.0 C 55 ) S0rensen, 205, 22: 352; 09. ( 5 «) S^rensen, 236, 12: 393; 12. ( 5 7 > pH 9.6 9.7 9.8 9.9 10.0 S0rensen and Linderstr0m-Lang, 235, 15: no. 6; 24. ( 58 ) Thiel, 196, 16: 307; 11. (59) Thiel and Dassler, 25, 56: 1667; 23. ( 60 ) Thiel, Dassler and Wülfken, 237, 18: 1; 24. ( 6 l ) Thiel and Wülfken Phenolphthalein 18° a 70.0 75.0 80.0 84.5 87.3 2 and Dassler, 93, 136: 406; 24. ( 63 ) pH 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 93, 136: 393; 24. (« ) Thiel, Wülfken Van Alstine, 232, 10: 467; 20. ( 64 ) Vincent, La concentration en ions hydrogene et sa measure par la méthode électrométrique, 1924. ( 6S ) Walbum, 205, Alizarine yellow GG.. 20° a 13 16 22 29 36 46 48: 291; 13. ( 66 ) Walbum, 205, 107: 209; 20. («*) Walpole, 230, 8: pH 10.0 10.2 10.4 10.6 10.8 11.0 628; 14. ( 68 ) Walpole, 4, 105: 2501, 2521; 14.

4

2.6-4.4 0.05

4.08 +0.006 (15 - O 7 4.87 8 4.0-5.8 0.025 5.16 +0.005 (15 -O 10 5.35 12 5.6-7.6 0.10 7.22 +0.011 (15 - O 15 6.8-8.6 0.30 8.35 +0.008 (15-O 120 8.0-10.00.04 [9.761+0.011 (18 -^) 74 10.0-12.0 [11.2] +0.013

(20 - n

HIGH VACUUM TECHNIQUE SAUL DUSHMAN SELECTED FORMULAE 1. Amount of Gas Striking 1 (7m2 per Sec— 10 HUT ™=~^ = ^^RT1 where p = density and O = average velocity = 43.74 X IO"6 X pVW/T g cm~2 sec'1 (p in baryes) = 58.32 X 1(T3 X pVW/T g cm~2 sec'1 (p in mm of Hg) n = number of molecules m P = 6.062 X IO 23 y. = 2.653 X IO19 /-^cm-2 sec"1 (pin baryes) = 3.535 X IO22 p/ VMT cm"2 sec"1 (p in mm of Hg) 2. Laws of Molecular Flow (Flow of Gases at Very Low Pressures).—Q = amount of gas flowing through any tube or opening in cm3 per sec ^ P2 - Pi, TFV^1 where p2 — P1 = difference of pressure p = density at 1 barye pressure

W = "resistance" of tube or opening For a circular opening (diam., d cm) in a thin plate «•-№* For a tube of diameter d and length I _ 2.394Z , 3.184 w W ~~d^~ +~dT 3. Speed of Exhaust (S) of Given Volume (v).—

"i-g 3

For ^2/P1 = 10, t in sec and v in cm

„ 2.303z> ,3 S = —7— Cm SCc"1 t

For pump exhausting through resistance

1=1+1 Sp F

S0

where S0 = observed speed of exhaust, Sp = speed of pump through negligible resistance, and F ~ rate of flow through resistance (cm3/sec)

TABLE OF MOLECULAR DATA

I

H2 19.2 1.74

He I N 2 I Q2 I A I Hg CO | CO2 | H2O Mean Free path (cm) at 250C and 1 barye 29.6 10.0 10.7 10.6 [3.24]* 9.92 6.68 [6.03]* (1/d2) X 10~15 (Number of molecules per cm2) 2.74 1.01 1.11 1.19 1.11 0.98 0.92 1.19 Micrograms (IO"6 g) of gas striking 1 cm2 per sec at 250C and 1 barye 3.597 5.062 13.42 14.33 16.01 35.89 13.42 16.81 10.76 Number of molecules striking 1 cm2 per sec at 250C and 1 barye. Unit « IQ15 1082 769.3 283.7 271.7 | 243.3 10.85 [ 283.7 | 231.7 |362.0 * Values in square brackets refer to O0C. Note: 1 barye = 0.75 X 10~3 mm mercury. Values of mean free path calculated from viscosity coefficients-

KATE OF FLOW OF AIR AND HYDROGEN AT Low PRESSURES AND 2O0C I 1cm 10 1 10

\

d 1 cm 1 0.1 OJ.

\

W \ F (air) I JP(H 2 ) 5.58 5 204 197 10 27,12 I 070 40 53 2 712.4 10.70 40.53 24 258 1.196 3.60

(Note.—These relations are valid only for pressures so low that the mean free path is equal to or greater than d.)

DATA ON VARIOUS TYPES OF PUMPS ~

Fore pump pressure 100 (max.) ca. l cm 1 400 0.01 mm 80 0.01 mm p

cm 3 sec

Gaede rotary mercury. . . . Gaede molecular Gaede diffusion Langmuir condensation (metal) 4 000 Gaede two stage metal. . . 60 OOP

Min. pressure ,, . - I 1 attainable 10~4 mm <10~6 mm <10~6 mm 6

O. Ol mm < 10~ mm 20 mm <10~6 mm

Evolution of Gas from Glass.—For rate at which gas is evolved at different temperatures, v. R. G. Sherwood (I9 40:1645; 18) and J. E. Shrader (2, 13:434; 19). Chemical Clean-up Reagents for Producing Low Pressures.— 1. Charcoal in liquid air. 2. Ca or Mg volatilized in sealed-off device, cleans up all gases except those of group O. 3. PzQs, efficient for water vapor. 4. Palladium black at low temperatures, very good for hydrogen. SOME VAPOR PRESSURES AT Low TEMPERATURES Substance | Hg H2O CO2 CO2 CO CH4 C2H4 C2H6 Vaseline (Stopcock grease)

t°C - 78 -Ill -182 -193 -190 -185.8 -188 -180

|

p, mm | p, baryes 3 X IO"9 4 X 10-« 0.75 XlO- 6 I X l O - 3 0.75 X 10~5 1X10-2 0.75X10-6 I X l O - 3 863 79.8 0.076 0.076

-190 (fresh liquid air)

<10~6

PSYCHOLOGICAL DATA PERTAINING TO ERRORS OF OBSERVATION R. S. WOODWORTH (Additional data pertaining to sight and hearing are given in other sections of International Critical Tables treating of the mechanical equivalent of light, colorimetry, and the physical aspects of audition. Consult index. Editor.) SIGHT Much of the available data pertaining to the sensitivity of the eye have been obtained under such conditions that the exact value of the stimulus cannot satisfactorily be determined. Some are expressed in terms of the illumination, others in terms of the brightness, of a screen; the latter procedure is to be preferred. If the illuminated screen were a perfect diffuser of the light, and also a perfect reflector, if illuminated from the front, or a perfect transmitter, if illuminated from the rear, then its brightness (B) expressed in millilamberts would be numerically equal to 0.1 of its illumination (7) expressed in meter-candles. In the following data, this relation has been used to reduce to the basis of B, data which have been given in terms of 7. Although in many cases the screens surely did not possess the properties thus assumed, it seems probable that the error so introduced is of less importance than those arising from other sources. Data for reaction times will be found near the end of this report. Spectral range (41) for daylight vision is X = 397niju to 760 m/*; for twilight vision (illumination too low for color perception), X = 440 HIM to 670 m/i. Threshold value = minimum stimulus which can be visually perceived as light; the perception of form is not involved. For

white light and a thoroughly light-adapted eye, luminous area subtending an angle of 10°, it is that corresponding to a brightness of 0.1 millilambert ( 37 ). For white light and a dark-adapted eye, it varies with the area of the luminous area and with the duration of stimulus as shown in Table 1. TABLE 1.—THRESHOLD OF VISION FOR DARK-ADAPTED EYE ( 4S ) D = distance; 8 = visual angle subtended by shortest dimension of area; B = brightness required for perception; P — power entering eye; t = duration of exposure. Diameter of pupil == 8.3 mm. Unit of: Area = l c m 2 ; D = l e m ; # = l microlambert; P = 1 milliwatt = 10~10 erg sec"1; t = 1 sec. Form I Area | D \ e \ B \ P \\ t \ Bj Star*... 0.00785300 1.2' 7.20 17.10.0020.362 Star*... 0.00785150 2.302.60 24.80.0060.098 Star*... 0.00785 35 9.8 0.24 42.10.011 0.0446 Square.. 0.04 35 19.6 0.0283 25.30.020 0.0239 Square.. 0.25 35 50 0.00662 37 0.034 0.0123 Square.. 1.00 35 1° 30'0.002 41 54 0.160 0.0071 Square.. 4.00 35 3 160.00102 91 0.250 0.0051 Square.. 9.00 35 4 540.00045 91 0.500 0.00354 Square.. 36.0 35 9 440.000258208 1.000 0.00262 Square.. 144.0 35|18 56 0.000 175564 2.00OtO-OOO 77 * Circle, Diameter = 1 mm. t If t = co, B = 0.000 45; t = 4, B = 0.000 63. Î For square, area = 9 cm2, D — 35 cm, 0 = 4.9°.

TABLE 2.—CHANGE IN THRESHOLD DURING ADAPTATION Threshold = brightness (B) of a surface which can just be seen. Sensitivity (S) — l/B. In light adaptation, J = illumination to which dark adapted eye was subjected for the time /; S was measured 10 sec after 1this exposure. Unit of: t = 1 min; B = I microlambert; S = 0.1 millilambert- ; I = meter-candle. *Dark adaptation ( 38 ) [ tLight adaptation (34, 39) ; 5 2 5 1 6 0 I Day? BI I sO h\/

*

I

I r^ —s

\ s

\ s

\ s~~

O 100. 1 i 23 000 9950 5800 435 0.5 5.0 20 § 17 500 7440 3700 230 4 1.33 75 1 10 400 5200 3250 200 9 0.054 1850 2 8130 3360 2600 115 14 0.0096 10 400 3 5200 2740 2038 87 19 0.0038 26 000 6 3470 2040 1600 48 23 0.001 43 69 500 10 3000 1450 1130 40 26 0.001 56 94 700 15 1000 312 31 0.000 57 174 000 60 95 36 39 0.000 51 195 000 80 54 28 51 0.00048208000 110 54 24 61 0.000 46215 000| * Following nearly complete light adaptation. Luminous surface was 10 cm in diameter and 57 cm from eye (Q — 10°). t Following nearly complete dark adaptation. Luminous surface was l m square and l m from1 eye (O =» 45°); initial S, just before exposure to J, was 10 000 millilambert- . Î Moderate diffused day-light.

conditions the color of the light has no effect upon the discrimination. At lower brightnesses, the sensitiveness to change in brightness depends upon both the color and the brightness (Fig. 4). Resolving power of the eye is the smallest angular separation at which two points, under the best illumination, can be seen as distinct. For different observers, it varies from 50" to 93" ( 20 ); the generally accepted normal value is 1'. It varies with the color of the light. In day-light and on a bright background, a dark line a few minutes long can be seen if it is 1.2" wide; but, on a dark background, a bright line is not visible unless it is at least 3.5" wide ( 48 ). Aligning power, the ability to detect a lack of alignment of two similar, adjacent lines of the same width, as in setting a vernier, exceeds the resolving power. The average error ( 48 ) of skilled observers under best conditions corresponds to a visual error of not over 3"; in coincidence range-finders, the images can be aligned with an error not greater than 12" and sometimes as small as 2".

The rates of adaptation to darkness and to light are indicated in Table 2 in which are given the threshold values at various intervals (1) after removal from daylight, and (2) immediately (10 seconds) after removal from a specified exposure, the eye before exposure having been kept in darkness for 45 min. The visibility of monochromatic light varies with the wave-length, and the relative visibility of lights of different wave-lengths depends upon their intensities. (Figs. 1, 2.) For a large surface with a brightness of

FIG. 3.—Discrimination of Hue ( 49 ). AX = Change in wave-length (X) corresponding to the least noticeable difference in color.

FIQ. 1.—Relative visibility (V) (28.40). B — brightness, unit = 1 millilambert; abscissae = wavelengths.

FIQ. 2.—Position (Xm0*.) of maximum visibility (28, 40). Unit of ,brightness = 1 millilambert.

5 to 80 millilamberts, the maximum visibility for the average observer, is near ( 9 ) X = 557.6 mpi, but even normal subjects exhibit individual differences; out of 125 subjects, the percentage finding the maximum at each of the several wave-lengths was as follows ( 9 ):

x 549 550 551 552

I % Il x I % I x l % [I x I % Il x I % [I x 2 2 5 3

553 554 555 556

4 7 9 8

557 558 559 560

12 13 12 7

561 562 563 564

2 3 2 1

565 2 566 2 567 O 568 2

%

569 O 570 2

All of the preceding refer to direct vision. The sensitivity of other portions of the retina is greater. Complementary colors are those pairs of colors which, when superposed upon the retina in suitable proportions, produce the sensation of white. Grunberg states that if their wave-lengths are Am/*, X'mju, then (X - 559) (498 - X') =* 424, X > 559, X'<498 ( 47 ); there are no complementaries to the colors in the range 498m/z to 559m/u. Stable, or invariable, colors are those which do not change in hue, except to become gray, as they are moved from the fovea to the periphery of the retina. They are: yellow of X = 570m/z; bluish green of X = 490m/x; blue of X = 46Om/*; and a non-spectral bluish red (21). Discrimination of Brightnesses.—For large adjacent fields, differences of 1 % or even of 0.8 % in the brightness can be detected (31 ) if the brightness is of the order of 100 millilamberts. Under such

FIG. 4.—Discrimination of brightnesses (29,40). Al? = least noticeable increase in the brightness (B). Unit of B is 1 millilambert; of wave-length (A) is Im^t. Acuity, or discrimination of form, is closely related to the resolving power, but differs from that in dealing, in general, with extended, interpenetrating, bright and dark areas, and frequently with low brightnesses. The absolute acuity (A) is the reciprocal of the smallest visual angle for which neighboring contrasted portions of the field can be seen as separated. Its variation with the brightness (B) of the brighter portions of the field is given by the equation (25) A = c + /c log B; the values of the constants c and k are determined by the units, the character of the field, and the eye; some values are given in Table 3, The unit commonly employed for A is 1 reciprocal minute. TABLE 3.—ABSOLUTE ACUITY (A) AND BRIGHTNESS (B) A = c + k logio B (cf. Fig. 5) Unit of : A — 1 minute"1; B=I millilambert Limits of B I c I k \ Field | Lit. O.Ol to 43.5 1.05 0.415 Snellen and similar charts (27) 40 to 1000 1.69 0.000 Snellen and similar charts (27) 0.1 to 18 1.44 0.573 Snellen and similar charts (12) 0.02 to 21 1.23 0.282 Crossed gratings («) 0.06 to 26 1.33 0.262 Crossed gratings (7)

When the test field is a Snellen test chart, the acuity is commonly expressed as the ratio of the maximum distance (dm), at which the characters can be distinguished, to the standard distance (ds). This ratio (dm/da) may be called the Snellen acuity; it is numerically equal to the reciprocal of the visual angle (in minutes) subtended by the sides of the elementary squares of the chart. As expressed in these units, the acuity of the average good eye exceeds 1.00; for the E-books, the mean of 100 subjects was 1.74, ranging from 1.00 to 2.45 ( 54 ).

to 12. At the upper limit, individuals varied from 15 000 to 22 000 d.v. per sec. As the age increases, the upper limit becomes lower (Fig. 7).

FIG. 7.—Dependence of highest audible tone upon age of subject (4). * It is probable that these frequencies should be divided by two.

FIG. 5.—Acuity in white and in chromatic illumination (*6). Unit of acuity = 1 Snellen unit ; of illumination = 1 meter-candle.

FIG. 6.—Relative acuity in indirect vision ( 30 ). Abscissa indicates angular position of image upon the retina.

The effect of dark adaptation upon acuity may be obtained by determining, at various intervals (t) after the light adapted eye had been placed in darkness, the minimum illumination (7) in which it can distinguish Snellen test characters placed at a known distance. For a distance corresponding to a Snellen acuity of %o ( = 0.2), the median1 values of / for 6 observers having in daylight a Snellen acuity of % ( = 1.5) were found to be as follows (13): F I ( T l 5 I 10 I 15 I 25 I 35 I 45 minutes / 1.09 0.79 0.56 0.40 I 0.34 0.42 0.42 meter-candles The acuity depends also upon the color of the light, and upon the position of the image upon the retina. See Figs. 5, 6. Detection of Differences in Length.—About 1 % of the length is the least noticeable difference for simultaneously presented parallel lines which are relatively displaced (result of several old investigations). More recent work shows that a variable line, 1 to 5 cm long, can, by eye, be set to equality with a standard line with a probable error, for a single setting, of only 0.4%; for shorter lines the error is greater, attaining 0.5% for lines 1 mm long ( 36 ). When the time allowed for observation and judgment is short, the differences which can be detected with certainty are considerably greater. If the sign of the difference is to be judged correctly in 75 % of the trials, then, for a 10 cm line, the difference must be 3.5 mm if the time is 4 seconds, and over 5 mm if the time is only 0.5 second (18). Decimal Subdivision of a Small Distance.—When a fine line is set on a millimeter scale to successive positions in random order, and the subject is required to estimate its position to the nearest 0.1 mm, the average actual setting, for each tenth as estimated by 10 subjects (total of 6000 readings), for horizontal and for vertical scales was as follows ( 3 > 52 ): Estimate Horizontal Vertical

FIG. 8.—Aural sensitivity. J ess minimum audible power, unit = 1 erg cm-2 sec— i. Data in terms of effective, or r.m.s., pressure (P) in dynes cm-2 have been reduced to erg cm-2 Sec-i (E) by means of the relation P = \/dvE = Q.5\Ê; d = density of air, v = velocity of sound in air, both in cgs units.

REACTION TIMES The simple reaction time, or, briefly, the reaction time, is the interval which elapses between the application of a definite,

FIG. 10.—Discrimination of differences in pressure ( 50 ). P = initial pressure applied to ball of the little finger by means of a force F exerted on a circular disk 4 mm in diameter. AP = smallest noticeable change in P.

0.1 (K2 OU ( T I 0 ~ 5 OTe 0~7 cTs (K9 1.0 0.1260.2340.3360.4230.5090.591 0.6760.7730.886 1.001 0.106 0.202 0.308 0.395 0.4860.5760.6520.757 0.8750.992

The lines of the scale were presumably of the same width as the "fine line" of variable position. Settings were distributed over a length of 30 mm, the illumination was good, and the distance was that for best reading. SENSES OTHER THAN SIGHT Range of audible tones is from 18 to 18 600 double vibrations per second ( 44 » 53); at high intensities the lower limit may be reduced i For each value of t, the 6 observed values of I are arranged in order of magnitude; the mean of the third and the fourth of the values is by definition the median of the set.

FIG. 9.—Discrimination of pitch. N = number of double vibrations per sec; A.V = smallest noticeable change in N. 0= Knudsen ( 2 6 ), x = Stücker ( 51 ), A = Vance & Schaefer (")•

expected stimulus and the performance of a prescribed movement (usually a finger movement) indicating that it has been perceived.

Light.—For foveal stimulation of medium intensity, reaction time is 0.190 (±0.008) sec; individuals range from 0.150 to 0.225 sec. It is the same for withdrawal as for initiation of stimulus (22). For faint stimulation, near threshold, interval is increased by 0.04 to 0.05 sec (* 6 ); reaction to withdrawal is 0.005 to 0.025 sec quicker than to initiation of stimulus ( 22 ). For photo-

FIQ. 11.—Discrimination of differences in lifted weights. AW = smallest noticeable change in the weight W, * Weights had horizontal handles, were lifted successively with same hand. ** Cylindrical boxes lifted successively with same hand; ATF is change for which 50 % of the estimates were of proper sign. § Cylindrical boxes lifted successively with same hand; ATF is change for which 75 % of the estimates were of proper sign. t Weights lifted by downward pressure of fìnger on a lever; several series of observations; curves represent the extremes.

FIG. 12.—Discrimination of differences in temperature O). Both hands were adapted by immersion in water of temperature T0; they were then separately placed simultaneously in water at temperatures T and Ti; AT = least value of (5Ti - T) which could be detected.

metrically equal stimuli of different colors, reaction time is independent of the color ( 22 ). Reaction time for eye to turn towards a stimulus in indirect vision is 0.151 sec (or 1.181 sec) if stimulus lies 1° (or 5°) from fixation point (10). For medium intensity, reaction time to monocular stimulation is about 0.015 sec greater than for binocular ( 43 ). TABLE 4.—DISCRIMINATION REACTION TIME Unit of: T = 0.001 sec; Li, L2 = 1 cm; X = lm/t = 10Â Position of squares* or circles! Il Lengths^ ( 21 ) Contrast ( 2 1 ) I T \\ Contrast ( 2 1 ) | T \\ Li I Lz \ T I X I Il I X I |1 l l Black and Red (640) and White 205 Orange red 627 270 1 1.3 312 Red 640222 Orange 614257 1 1.25 313 Orange 614218 Yellow 585237 1 1.2 318 Yellow S 585 211 Green 521 222 1 1.15 326 Green 521 218 Blue 452 231 1 1 . 1 335 Blue 453 226 Yellow and Green 521 232 1 1.05 351 t Circles ( 2 4 ) 296 Blue 452222 * Two colored squares each 3 by 3 cm, placed side by side; observer was to react with corresponding hand to indicate on which side the previously specified square was placed. This type of discrimination reaction is the quickest. The same procedure was used in the discrimination of lengths. t On a background of approximately 2.6 millilamberts and at a visual angle of 45' to each side of fixation point was a circle of angular diameter = 24 X , brightness = 3.5% greater than that of background. Either circle could be made to disappear, and the subject, by a reaction with the corresponding hand, indicated which disappeared.

Sound.—For finger reaction to sound of medium intensity, reaction time = 0.136 (±0.002) sec; individuals range from 0.082 to 0.195 sec. For very faint sound, the interval is increased by 0.06 to 0.07sec (i«).

Touch.—For finger reaction to tactile stimulus of medium intensity, reaction time is 0.148 sec ( 23 ). The discrimination reaction time is the interval which elapses between the application of one of two possible, definite, expected stimuli and the performance of the prescribed movement indicating which of the two stimuli has been applied. For printed letters, 10-point type, average for the alphabet, the reaction time for Roman capitals is 0.327 sec, Roman lower case 0.325, for short words 0.353, for long words 0.355, for small (1 cm square) pictures of familiar objects 0.336 sec ( 6 ). For other data, see Table 4. Number Limitation and Span of Apprehension.—For college students, the greatest number of digits which an individual can repeat correctly immediately after a single auditory presentation averages 7.6 ( 5 » 19), individuals range from 5 to 11 ( 5 ); for visual presentation the average is 8.0 (l 9 ).

FIQ. 13.—Reaction time for nonfoveal stimulation (*3). AT 7 = excess of reaction time over that required for foveal excitation. Abscissa indicates angular position of image upon the retina. Finger reaction.

Fio. 14.—Span41of apprehension ( ). N = number of dots exposed; ordinales = % of judgments which were correct,

When a number of black dots irregularly arranged upon a well illuminated white background were exposed to view for a very short interval (0.038 sec) and the subject was required to deter« mine the number of dots presented, the average number of correct judgments made after considerable, but not extreme, practice was as shown in Fig. 14. The visual angle subtended by the dots was well above the threshold value. LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) (M Abbot, 380, No. 68; 14. (2) Baird, Color Sensitivity of the Peripheral Retina, Washington, 1905. ( 3 ) Bauch, Fortschritte d. Psychol., 1: 169; 13. ( 4 ) Bruner, 881, 11: 46; 08. ( 5 ) Carothers, 331, 46: 29, 36; 21. («) Cattell, 882, 3: 463; 86. (?) Cobb, SSS, 21: 23; 14. («) Cobb and Geissler, SSS, 20: 425; 13. ( 9 ) Coblentz and Emerson, 81 A, 14: 167; 18. ( 10 ) Dodge, Psych. Rev., Monograph Suppl, 35: 19; 07. C 1 1 ) Fechner, Psychophysik, 1: 193; 89. ( ì 2 ) Ferree and Rand, Trans. Ilium. Eng. Soc., 15: 769; 20. (13) Ferree, Rand and Buckley, 334, 3: 352; 20. O 4 ) Fernberger, 333, 21: 346; 14. 335, 27: 269; 16. 334, l : 515; 16; 3: 141 ; 20. 4 : 71; 21. ( 15 ) Fletcher and Wegel, 2, 19: 533; 22. t 1 «) Froeberg, SSl, 8: 00; 07. ( 17 ) Fullerton and Cattell, On the Perception of Small Differences, 1892. ( 18 ) Garrett, 831, 56: 56; 22. (i») Gates, U. of Cai. Pubi, in Psych., 1: 327; 16. (2°) Helmholtz, B69, 2: 36; 24. ( 21 ) Henmon, Time of Perception, etc., New York, 1906. ( 2 2 ) Holmes, Diss., Columbia Univ., 1923. ( 2 3 ) Jastrow, Time Relations of Mental Phenomena, 1890. ( 24 ) Johnson, 334, 7* 34; 24. ( 2 S ) Johnson, 334, 7: 5; 24. ( 26 ) Knudsen, 2, 21: 84; 23. (") König, 76, 1897: 559. ( 28 ) König, in Helmholtz Festgruss, 1891. ( 2 ^) König and Brodhun, 76, 1888: 000. (30) Koester, Centralbl. f. PhysioL, 10: 433; 96. (31) Kraepelin, 382, 2: 306; 85. ( 3 2) Kranz, 2, 22: 66; 23. ( 33 ) Lane, 2, 19: 492; 22. ( 3 4 ) Lohmann, Z. Sinnesphysiologie, 41: 307; 06. (35) Merkel, 332, 5: 253; 89. (3«) Merkel, 332, 9: 409; 94. (37) Nagel, B69, 2: 318; 24. (3«) Nagel, B69, 2: 320; 24. (3») Nagel, B69, 2: 325; 24. 40 ( ) Nutting, SIA, 5: 261; 08-09. ( 4 M Oberly, 335, 35: 336-338; 24. ( 4 2 ) Parsons, B70, 28, 54, 59; 15. (43) Poffenberger, 33*, 23: 48; 12. ( 4 4 ) Pratt, 335, Sl: 404; 20. ( 4S ) Reeves, 21, 47; 143, 145; 18. ( 4 «) Rice, 33/, 20: 30; 12. ( 4 7 ) Southall, B69, 2: 128 (footnote); 24. ( 48 ) Southall, B69, 2: 33 (footnote); 24. ( 49 ) Steindler, 75, 115: 115; 06. ( 50 ) Stratton, 382, 12: 538; 96. ( 51 ) Stücker, 75, 96: 367; 07. ( 5 2 ) Urban, Arch. ges. PsychoL, Sl: 1; 14. ( 53 ) Vance and Schaefer, 330, 69: lH] 115; 14. ( 5 4 ) Woodworth and Bruner, O.

ARRANGEMENT OF CHEMICAL SUBARRANGEMENT DES SUBSTANCES CHIMIQUES

ARRANGEMENT OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCEO Throughout I. C. T., except when otherwise indicated, the tabular arrangement of all chemical substances and of all systems capable of representation by formula is in accordance with a system called the "Standard Arrangement," which will now be explained and which should be learned by every user of I. C. T.

L'arrangement tabulaire de toutes les substances chimiques et de tous les systèmes susceptibles d'une représentation par formule est, dans les T. C. L, excepté lorsqu'il y a une autre indication, en accord avec un système appelé "arrangement type," (standard arrangement) expliqué ci-dessous, qui devra être appris par chaque personne qui veut utiliser les T. C. I.

Elementary Substances

Substances Élémentaires

All tables containing only elementary substances (2V-Tables) are arranged in alphabetical order of the symbols of the elements. In tables containing both elements and compounds (2VA-Tables) the elements follow the "standard arrangement," v. infra.

Toutes les tables ne contenant que les substances élémentaires (Tables 2V) sont arrangées dans l'ordre alphabétique des symboles des éléments. Dans les tables contenant les éléments et les corps composés (Tables 2V£) les éléments se trouvent suivant F "arrangement type" voir infra.

Chemical Compounds and Other Systems Represented by Formula

Composés Chimiques et Autres Systèmes Représentés Par Formule

The arrangement is based upon the following table of " Keynumbers" of the elements:

L'arrangement est basé sur la table suivante des "nombres clés" des éléments:

KEY-NUMBERS OF THE ELEMENTS

-6-5-4-3-2-1 (He Ne A Kr Xe Rn)

1 O

2 H

3 F

NOMBRES CLES DES ELEMENTS

4 5 Cl Br

46 47 48 49 50 Cr' Mo W U V Ac 74

Ag Al As Au 32 55 13 33

B Ba Be Bi Br 54 79 75 15 5 Os P Pa Pb Pd 35 12 53 23 41

6 I

7 8 (85) S

9 10 Se Te

11 12 13 14 15 N P As Sb Bi

16 17 18 19 20 C Po Si Ti Ge

55 Al

56 57 58 59 60 Sc Y La Ce Pr

61 62 63 64 65 Nd (61) Sa Eu Gd

C Ca Cb Cd Ce 16 77 51 29 59

Cl Co Cr Cs Cu 4 44 46 85 31

Dy Er Eu 67 69 64

51 52 53 54 Cb(Nb) Ta Pa B

Po Pr 17 60

To locate a given compound, first write its "key-formula," neglecting water of crystallization, thus:

Pt Ra Rb 37 80 84

Re Rh Ru 34 40 39

S 8

Sa 63

F Fe 3 43

Sb Sc Se Si Sn 14 56 9 18 22

Afin de situer un composé donné, il faut d'abord écrire sa "formule-clé," en négligeant l'eau de cristallisation, ainsi:

Compound

Composé

Na2SO4 HC1O4.3H2O Hg(Ci8H33O2)2 2Fe2O3.P2O5.12H2O Ni3Pr2(NO3)i2.24H2O I3C6H3SO3H (NH4)2CO,

Key formula

Formuleclé

82_8_1

^2-1

30-16-2-1

In writing a key-formula the key-numbers must be written in descending order. All chemical compounds (Ä-Tables) are arranged in the inverse numerical order of their key-formulae. Example: to find the compound Hg(Ci8H33O2)2 = 3 0 - 1 6 - 2 - 1 ; First, turn to section 30 of the table. Then follow down the column of chemical formulae until element 16 (C) is first encountered. From this point continue until element 2 (H) is found, and then on until element 1 (O) is reached. At this point will be found all the compounds composed of the four elements Hg, C, H, and O and these compounds are arranged in an obvious manner according to the subscripts in the chemical formula. To facilitate the use of the tables, key-numbers are inserted at frequent intervals either along the top of the page or down the left hand column or both. In looking for a chemical compound always consult the ^b-T able, the scope of which provides for all chemical compounds except those of the radioactive elements, of which only compounds of U, Th and Ra are given in the Ä-Table. For the others see p. 364. In certain of the A-Tables, at the point where key-formulae beginning with 16 occur, there will be found frequently only a few of the simpler compounds, and the reader will be referred to a

43-12-1

60-45-11-1

16-8-6-2-1

16-11-2-1 __^

Lorsqu' on écrit une formule-clé, les nombres clés doivent être écrits dans l'ordre des valeurs décroissantes. Tous les composés chimiques dans toutes les tables (Tables A.) sont arrangés d'après l'ordre numérique inverse de leurs formulesclés. Exemple: pour trouver le composé Hg (Ci8H3SO2) 2 = 30-16-2-1; il s'agit premièrement de chercher la section 30 de la table; ensuite de suivre en descendant la colonne des formules chimiques jusqu'à ce qu'on trouve l'élément 16 (C). De ce point, on continue jusqu'à ce qu'on rencontre l'élément 2 (H), et ensuite jusqu'à ce que l'élément 1 (O) soit atteint. On trouvera alors à ce point tous les composés renfermant les quatre éléments Hg, C, H et O et ces composés sont arrangés d'une manière apparante en relation avec les indices de leurs formules chimiques. Afin de faciliter l'usage des tables, les nombres-clés sont inscrits, à de fréquents intervalles, ou au haut de la page ou le long de la colonne gauche, ou aux deux places. Pour la recherche d'un composé chimique, il s'agit de consulter toujours la Table A dont le but est de renseigner sur tous les composés chimiques, à l'exception des éléments radio-actifs, dont seuls ceux de U, Th et Ra sont donnés dans la Table A. Pour les autres, voir p. 364. Dans Certaines des Tables A, au point où les

STANCES AND SYSTEMS IN I. C. T. DIE ANORDNUNG DER CHEMISCHEN VERBINDUNGEN Durch die ganzen I. C. 7\, ausgenommen es ist etwas anderes angegeben, ist die tabellarische Anordnung aller chemischen Verbindungen und aller durch chemische Zeichen oder Formeln darstellbarer Systeme, nach der "Normal-Anordnung" (standard arrangement), durchgeführt. Sie ist im folgenden dargelegt und soll von jedem Leser der I. C. T. erlernt werden.

ORDINE DI ELENCAZIONE DELLE SOSTANZE In tutti i volumi delle T. C. I. l'ordine in cui le sostanze ed i sistemi rappresentabili con formule sono disposti nelle tabelle è (tranne che non sia diversamente indicato) quello "standard" illustrato più avanti. Chiunque voglia servirsi delle T. C. I. deve anzitutto apprendere in che consiste questo sistema " standard."

Elementare Stoffe Alle Tafeln, welche nur elementare Stoffe (2V-Tabellen) enthalten, sind in alphabetischer Reihenfolge nach den Symbolen der Elemente angeordnet. In den Tafeln, welche beides, Elemente und Verbindungen (2VÄ-Tabellen), enthalten, folgen die Elemente der " Normal-Anordnung." Siehe weiter unten. Die chemischen Verbindungen und andere durch Formeln darstellbare Systeme Die Anordnung ist auf der folgenden Tafel begründet, welche die "Schlüsselnummern7' der Elemente enthält:

Sostanze Elementari Tutte le Tabelle contenenti soltanto sostanze elementari (tabelle A) sono disposte secondo l'ordine alfabetico dei simboli degli elementi. Nelle tabelle che comprendono elementi e composti (tabelle 2V-Ä) gli elementi sono ordinati secondo la disposizione "Standard." v. infra. Composti Chimici ed Altri Sistemi Rappresentati da Formule La disposizione è basata sul quadro seguente di "numeri chiave" degli elementi.

SCHLÜSSELNUMMERN DER ELEMENTE

21 Zr

22 23 24 25 Sn Pb Th Ga

66 67 Tb Dy

68 69 70 Ho Er Tm

Ga 25

Gd Ge Gl 65 20 75

Sr 78

Ta Tb 52 66

H 2

Te Th 10 24

26 In

NUMERI CHIAVE DEGLI ELEMENTI

27 28 29 30 Tl Zn Cd Hg

31 32 33 34 35 Cu Ag Au Re Os

36 37 38 39 40 Ir Pt Ma Ru Rh

71 72 73 74 75 Yb Lu Hf Ac Be(Gl)

76 77 78 79 80 Mg Ca Sr Ba Ra

81 82 83 84 85 86 Li Na K Rb Cs (87)

Hf Hg Ho 73 30 68

I 6

In 26

Ir 36

K La Li Lu 83 58 81 72

Ma Mg Mn Mo N 38 76 42 47 11

Ti Tl Tm 19 27 70

U 49

V 50

W 48

Y Yb Zn Zr 57 71 28 21

(61) (75) (85) (87) 62 34 7 86

Um eine gegebene Verbindung aufzufinden, hat man zuerst seine Schlüsselformel aufzuschreiben, wobei man das Kristallwasser auslässt. z.B.: Verbmdüngen

Composto

Schlüsselformel

Formula chiave

41 42 43 44 45 Pd Mn Fe Co Ni

Na Nb Nd Ni O 82 51 61 45 1

Per trovare il posto di un dato composto bisogna prima scrivere la formula chiave trascurando l'acqua di cristallizzazione, p. es.:

Na2SO4 HC1O4.3H2O Hg(C18H33Oa)2 2Fe2O3-P2O5.12H2O Ni 3 Pr 2 (NO 3 )i 2 .24H 2 O I2C6H3SO3H (NH4)2CO3 82_g_1

^^

30-i6-2-l

In die Schlüssselformel müssen die Schlüsselnummern in absteigender Reihenfolge geschrieben werden. Alle chemischen Verbindungen (Sa-Tabellen) sind in der umgekehrten Reihenfolge der Schlüsselformeln angeordnet. Z. B.: Um die Verbindung Hg(Ci8H33O2)2 = 30-16-2-1 zu finden, hat man zuerst den Abschnitt 30 aufzusuchen. Dann hat man den Kolonnen der chemischen Verbindungen abwärts zu folgen, bis man zuerst das Element 16 (C) antrifft, von da an setzt man weiter fort, bis das Element 2 (H) gefunden ist und dann weiter, bis das Element l (O) erreicht ist. Bei dieser Stelle werden alle Verbindungen gefunden werden, welche sich aus den 4 Elementen Hg, C, H, und O zusammensetzen. Diese Verbindungen sind in deutlicher Art, entsprechend der Bezeichnungsweise chemischer Formeln, angeordnet. Um den Gebrauch der Tafeln möglichst zu erleichtern, sind die Schlüsselnummern häufig an verschiedenen Stellen eingefügt. Sie befinden sich entweder am Kopf der Seiten, oder auf der linken Seite unten, oder an beiden Stellen. Um eine chemische Verbindung zu suchen, benütze man immer die ^-Tabellen: die alle chemischen Verbindungen enthalten, ausgenommen jene der radioaktiven Elemente. Von diesen sind

43-12-1

60-45-11-1

16-8-6-2-1

16-11-2-1 '

Nella formula chiave, i numeri chiave devono essere scritti in ordine decrescente. Tutti i composti in tutte le tabelle (Tabelle A) sono disposti nell'ordine numerico inverso delle loro formule chiavi. Supponiamo ad es. di voler trovare il composto Hg (Ci8H32O2)2 = 30-16-2-1. Prima si cerca la sezione 30 della Tabella, poi si scorre la colonna delle formule fino ad incontrare l'elments 16 (C). Da questo punto si continua finché si trova l'elemento 2 (H), e quindi fino a raggiungere l'elemento 1 (O). Qui si trovano tutti i composti risultanti dai quattro elementi Hg, C, H e O ordinati secondo gli indici delle formule. Per facilitare l'uso delle tabelle i numeri chiave sono inseriti ad intervalli frequenti nella testata o lungo il margine sinistro della pagina, o nell'una e nell'altro. Per cercare un composto bisogna sempre consultare la tabella A che contiene tutti i composti tranne quelli degli elementi radioattivi; di questi sono riportati nella tabella A soltanto i composti di U, Th, Ra. Per gli altri vedi p. 364. In alcune tabelle A, laddove si trovano formule chiave che cominciano con 16, si troveranno spesso soltanto pochi composti fra i più semplici e il lettore

C-Table where the remainder of such compounds will be found listed under a different arrangement known as The (T-Arrangement In this arrangement the compounds are arranged according to their empirical formulae (including water of crystallization), in the order C, H, with the remaining symbols alphabetical, e.g,, C6H4I2O3S. The (T-Tables, however, will not contain any carbon compound whose key-formula contains a number greater than 16. SYSTEMS OF MORE THAN ONE COMPONENT The components of each system are first arranged according to the standard arrangement, giving the order A, B, C, etc. The systems are then arranged, according to the standard arrangement, in the order of their A-components. All systems having the same A-component will be found (under that component) in the order of their B-components, etc. In certain tables, the above plan will be based upon the (T-arrangement instead of the standard arrangement. Such cases will always be so indicated.

formules-clés commençant par 16 se présentent, on ne trouvera fréquemment qu'un petit nombre de composés plus simples, et le lecteur sera alors renvoyé à une Table (L1 où le reste de ces composés se trouvera disposé d'une façon différente nommé L'Arrangement (L Dans cet arrangement, les composés sont disposés en relation avec leurs formules empiriques (l'eau de cristallisation inclusivement) dans l'ordre C, H, les symboles restants venant ensuite dans l'ordre alphabétique; par ex: CeH4I2OsS. Cependant les Tables (L ne contiendront aucun composé dont la formule-clé renferme un nombre supérieur à 16. SYSTÈMES DE PLUS D'UN COMPOSANT Les composants de chaque système sont premièrement disposés d'après l'arrangement type suivant l'ordre A, B, C, etc. Les systèmes sont alors arrangés, en accord avec l'arrangement type, dans l'ordre de leurs composants A. Tous les systèmes ayant le même composant A seront trouvés sous ce composant dans l'ordre de leurs composants B, etc. Dans certaines tables, le plan sera basé sur l'arrangement (L au lieu de l'arrangement type. De tels cas seront toujours mentionnés.

Noms Indices (Anglais) Les formules chimiques de presque tous les composés organiques Name Indices et les minéraux dont les propriétés sont données dans les T. C. I. The chemical formulae of nearly all of the organic compounds peuvent être trouvées au moyen des indices extensifs des noms and minerals whose properties are given in I. C. T. can be found donnés aux p. 174 et 280. Si l'on ne trouve pas le nom à cette place, il faudra consulter with the aid of the extensive indices of names given on p. 174 and 280. If the name is not found there, other works of reference d'autres ouvrages de références pour la formule. Il faut noter, must be consulted for the formula. It should be noted, however, cependant, que la formule exacte n'est pas nécessaire. Le comthat the exact formula is not required. The compound can be posé peut être immédiatement situé si l'on ne connaît que les readily located if only the elements composing it are known (in the éléments qui le composent (dans le cas des composés inorganiques), case of inorganic compounds) or if only the number of carbon atoms ou que les nombres des atomes de C (dans le cas des composés are known (in the case of organic compounds) provided only that organiques) ; à la seule condition que le lecteur puisse reconnaître the user can recognize either name or formula when he sees it. ou le nom ou la formule lorsqu'il la voit.

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES

PROPRIÉTÉS PHYSIQUES DES SUBSTANCES CHIMIQUES

INTRODUCTION

INTRODUCTION

The following tables (p. 96 to 314) are intended to serve as a source of ready reference for the approximate values of certain properties of chemical substances, displayed in such a manner as to be of the greatest utility. The values given may be uncertain by one or more units in the last significant figure. Non-significant figures are given in small type. Thus, 23oo indicates that the correct value lies between 1800 and 2800, with 2300 as most probable value. More accurate values for these properties, if known, will be found in subsequent sections of I. C. T., together with their literature references.

Les tables suivantes (p. 96 à 314) ont été établies dans le but de servir de source de référence rapide pour les valeurs approximatives de certaines propriétés des substances chimiques, et sont disposées de manière à être de la plus grande utilité possible. Les valeurs données puivent être incertaines par une ou plusieurs unités de leur dernier chiffre significatif. Les chiffres non signicatifs sont donnés en petits caractères. Ainsi, 23o o indique que la valeur correcte se trouve entre 1800 et 2800, avec 2300 comme valeur la plus probable. Si l'on connaît des valeurs plus précises pour ces propriétés, on les trouvera dans les sections suivantes des T. C. L, accompagnées de leurs références bibliographiques.

~A. ELEMENTARY SUBSTANCES AND ATMOSPHERIC AIR

'A. SUBSTANCES ÉLÉMENTAIRES ET AIR ATMOSPHÉRIQUE

2V-Tables, p. 102. Values in parentheses are estimated, usually with the aid of the Periodic Law. ». CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS. STANDARD ARRANGEMENT (v. p. 96) »-Tables, p. 106 1. Formula or formula and name. 2. Gram-formula-weight. (I. C. T. atomic weights, v. p. 43.) 3. Crystal system. »-Table. Special tables.

Tables 2V, p. 102. Les valeurs entre parenthèses sont estimées ordinairement à l'aide de la Loi périodique. ». COMPOSES CHIMIQUES. ARRANGEMENT TYPE (v. p. 96) Tables », (p. 106) 1. Formule ou formule et nom. 2. Poids moléculaire en grammes (Poids atomiques des T. C. L, v. p. 43.)

in den !fc-Tabellen nur die Verbindungen des U, Th und Ra enthalten. Für die anderen siehe Seite 364. In einigen ^-Tabellen, dort wo die Schlüsselnummern mit 16 beginnen, findet man häufig nur einige wenige einfache Verbindungen. Der Leser wird dann auf die (T-Tabellen verwiesen, wo die restlichen derartigen Verbindungen gefunden werden können. Diese Tabellen sind nach anderen Gesichtspunkten zusammengestellt. Es ist das die C-Anordnung (C-Arrangement) Bei dieser Anordnung sind die Verbindungen nach ihrer empirischen Formel gegeben (einschliesslich Kristallwasser) und zwar in der Ordnung C, H, die restlichen Zeichen dann in alphabetischer Ordnung, z.B. C6H4I2O3S. Die (T-Tabellen enthalten jedoch keine Kohlenstoffverbindung, in deren Schlüsselformel eine Zahl grosser als 16 vorkommt. SYSTEME MIT MEHR ALS EINER KOMPONENTE Die Komponenten jedes einzeln Systèmes sind zuerst in der Reihenfolge A, B, C, u. s. w., entsprechend des " StandardArrangement" anzuordnen. Die Systeme sind dann, entsprechend des "Standard-Arrangement/' in der Reihenfolge ihrer A-Komponenten angegeben. Alle Systeme, welche dieselbe AKomponente haben, werden unter dieser Komponente in der Reihenfolge ihrer B-Komponenten gefunden. In gewissen Tabellen wird dieser Plan entsprechend der (LAnordnung, an Stelle des " Standard Arrangement/' gewählt. Solche Fälle werden immer entsprechend bemerkt. Namenverzeichnis (Englisch) Die chemischen Formeln von so ziemlich allen organischen Verbindungen und Mineralien, deren Eigenschaften in den I. C. T. enthalten sind, können mit Hilfe des ausgedehnten Namenverzeichnisses auf Seite 174 und 280 gefunden werden. Ist der Name hier nicht auffindbar, so müssten andere Quellen für die Formel nachgesehen werden. Es soll aber bemerkt werden, dass eine genaue Formel nicht nötig ist. Die Verbindung kann bei anorganischen Verbindungen leicht aufgefunden werden, wenn nur die Elemente, die sie zusammensetzen, bekannt sind, bei organischen Verbindungen, wenn nur die Zahl der Kohlenstoffatome bekannt ist. Nötig ist es, dass'der Leser entweder den Namen oder die Formel beim Ansehen erkennt.

DIE PHYSIKALISCHEN EIGENSCHAFTEN CHEMISCHER STOFFE EINFÜHRUNG Die folgenden Tafeln (s. 96 bis 314) sollen zur raschen Orientierung über angenäherte Werte gewisser Eigenschaften chemischer Verbindungen dienen. Sie sind in einer solchen Art angeordnet, um vom grösstmöglichem Nutzen zu sein. Die angegebenen Werte können auf einer und mehreren Stellen der letzten grossgeschriebenen Ziffer unsicher sein. Z.B. sagt die Zahl 23o o aus, dass der zwischen 1800 und 2800 liegende Wert am wahrscheinlichsten 2300 sein wird. Genauere Werte für diese Eigenschaften können, wenn sie bekannt sind, in den weiter unten vorhandenen Abschnitten der I. C. T. zusammen mit der Literatur gefunden werden. 2\. ELEMENTARE STOFFE UND DIE ATMOSPHÄRISCHE LUFT ^-Tabellen, Seite 102. Werte, die in den Klammern sich befinden, sind geschätzt gewöhnlich nach dem periodischem System der Elemente. ». CHEMISCHE VERBINDUNGEN. NORMALANORDNUNG [STANDARD-ARRANGEMENT] (siehe S. 97) »-Tabellen, Seite 106 1. Formel oder Formel und Name. 2. Gramm-Formel-Gewicht (Atomgewichte der I. C. T. siehe S. 43.)

sarà rimandato a una tabella <£ dove si troveranno gli altri disposti con criterio differente che viene chiamato La Disposizione (L Secondo questa i composti sono disposti in base alle formule empiriche (compresa l'acqua di cristallizzazione) nell'ordine C, H e con i rimanenti simboli ordinati alfabeticamente P. es. C6H4ÔsS. Le tabelle (L non comprendono però composti del carbonio che hanno un numero chiave più grande di 16, SISTEMI DI PIÙ' D'UN COMPONENTE I componenti di ciascun sistema sono dapprima disposti secondo la disposizione tipo, nell'ordine A, B, C, etc. I sistemi sono quindi disposti, secondo la disposizione tipo, nell'ordine dei loro componenti A. Tutti i sistemi aventi lo stesso componente A verranno trovati, sotto questo componente, nell'ordine dei loro componenti B, etc. In alcune tavole il piano sarà' basato sulla disposizione (L in luogo della disposizione tipo. Di ciò' verrà' sempre fatta menzione. Indici Per Nome (Inglese) Le formule chimiche di quasi tutti i composti organici e minerali di cui sono riportate le proprietà nelle T. C. I. si possono trovare con l'aiuto di estesi indici di nomi dati a p. 174, e 280. Se negli indici non si trova il nome bisogna consultare altre opere per trovare la formula. Deve tuttavia notarsi che non è necessaria la formula esatta. Il composto può essere facilmente ritrovato se si conoscono solo gli elementi componenti (nel caso di composti inorganici) o se si conosce solo il numero di atomi di carbonio (nel caso di composti organici) purché il lettore sia in grado di riconoscerne il nome o la formula quando li vede.

PROPRIETÀ' FISICHE DELLE SOSTANZE INTRODUZIONE Le tabelle seguenti (p. 96 a 314) hanno lo scopo di fornire per una serie di sostanze valori approssimati di certe proprietà disposti in modo da essere della più grande utilità. I valori riportati pòs sono essere incerti per una o più unità nelle ultime cifre significative. Le cifre non significative sono indicate in caratteri piccolli. Così 23oo indica che il valore esatto si trova fra 1800 e 2800, e che 2300 è il valore più probabile. Valori più precisi di queste proprietà quando sono conosciuti, sono riportati nelle sezioni successive delle T. C. I. insieme con le relative indicazioni bibliografiche. A. SOSTANZE ELEMENTARI ED ARIA ATMOSFERICA Tabelle 2V, p. 102. I valori fra parentesi sono calcolati generalmente con l'aiuto della legge periodica. ». COMPOSTI,

DISPOSIZIONE STANDARD (v. p. 97) Tabelle », p. 106

1. Formula oppure formula e nome. 2. Peso della formula in grammi. (T. C. I. pesi atomici v. p. 43.) 3. Sistema cristallino. Tabella ». Tabelle speciali. 4. Punto di fusione. (Alla pressione di una atmosfera, tranne che non sia diversamente indicato dalla soprascritta; così 12517atm- = fonde a 125° alla pressione di 17 atmosfere.) Tabella »

4. Melting point. (Under 1 atm. unless otherwise indicated by 3. Système cristallin. superscript, thus 12517atm- melts at 125° under 17 atm.) Table ». »-Table. Tables spéciales. 5. Boiling point. (Under 760 mm Hg unless otherwise indi4. Point de fusion. (Sous 1 atm. à moins d'une indication par cated by superscript, thus 321125 = boils at 321° under 125 mm exposant, ainsi I2517atm- « fond à 125° sous 17 atm.) Table ». Hg.) »-Table. 5. Point d'ebullition. (Sous 760 mm Hg à moins d'une indica6. Density, g cm~3. (At 20° unless otherwise indicated by super- tion par exposant, ainsi 32l125 = bout à 321° sous 125 mm Hg.) script, thus 1.85340 = 1.853 g cm~3 at 4O0C,) Table ». 6. Densité, g cm"3. (A 20° à moins d'une indication par »-Table. 7. Refractive index and dispersion, (UD and H0 — Ha) for 20° exposant, ainsi 1,85340 = g cm'3 à 4O0C.) unless otherwise indicated. Table ». 7. Indice de réfraction, et dispersion (nD et H0 — Ha) à 20° à moins d'une indication. ABBREVUTIONS AND CONVENTIONS at. or at m. atmosphere C. cubic or regular d. decomposes, e.g., d. 335 = decomposes at ca. 335°; 335 d. = melts (resp. boils) at 335° with decomposition diss. a dissociation temperature exp. explodes 1. liquid H. hexagonal M. monoclinic P. under pressure s. sublimation s. d. slight decomposition R. rhombic or orthorhombic Tet. tetragonal Tr. transition temperature Tri. triclinic Trig. trigonal vac. in vacuo var. variable

ABRÉVIATIONS ET CONVENTIONS at. ou atm. C. d. diss. exp. 1. H. M. P. s. s.d. R. Tet. Tr. Tri. Trig. vac. var.

atmosphère cubique ou régulier Se décompose, par ex., d. 335 = se décompose à environ 335°; 335 d. = fond (resp. bout) à 335° avec décomposition une température de dissociation exploser liquide hexagonal monoclinique sous pression sublimation légère décomposition rhombique ou orthorhombique tetragonal ou quadratique température de transition triclinique trigonal dans le vide variable

THE PROPERTY-SUBSTANCE TABLES Following the General Tables will be found (p. 306) the Property-substance Tables, in each of which the substances, identified by Index Number, are arranged in ascending order of the values of the property, the intervals on the scale of values of the property being given in black-face type. To Identify a Substance by Means of Its Properties.—Example: A liquid is found to have the following properties: B. P. = 81.1° at 745 mm, d = 0.783, nD = 1.347. What is the substance ? With the aid of Craft's rule, first correct the boiling point to 760 mm. If the general nature of the substance is unknown, put c = 10~4 in the Craft's equation, At = 0^(760 — P). Thus in the present instance, we should have At = 10~4 X (81.1 + 273) (760 - 745) = 0.3°, and tB = 81.1 + 0.3° = 81.4°. Next turn to the special B. P. (p. 310), d (p. 313), and n (p. 276) tables and read off from these tables the index numbers of substances having values of the above properties in the neighborhood of those for the unknown substance. Thus, for the present example, the following index numbers will be obtained: For B. P., 130, 758, 727, 1612, 168, 277, 1535, 506, 792; for d, 208, 168, 395, 506, 3320, 1049, 262, 792, 5156; for nDj 141, 168, 213. The only index number common to each of these properties is 168; and on turning to this index number in the General (T-Table, we can readily identify our substance as acetonitrile. The identification can then be further checked by appropriate chemical tests, if desired.

TABLES DES PROPRIÉTÉS DES SUBSTANCES On trouvera (p. 306) à la suite des Tables générales, les Tables des Propriétés des Substances, dans chacune desquelles, les substances identifiées par leur Nombre-Index, sont arrangées dans l'ordre ascendant des valeurs de la propriété; les intervalles de l'échelle des valeurs de la propriété sont donnés en caractères gras. Pour identifier une substance au moyen de ses propriétés.— Exemple: On a trouvé qu'un liquide a les propriétés suivantes: P.E. = 81.1° à 745 mm, d = 0.783, nD = 1,344. Quelle est la substance? Au moyen de la règle de Craft, on corrige premièrement le point d'ebullition à 760 mm. Si la nature générale de la substance est inconnue, on pose c = IO"4 dans l'équation de Craft, At = c!TE (760 — P). Ainsi dans le cas présent, nous aurions AZ = 10~4 X (81.1 + 273) (760 - 745) = 0.3°, et *E = 81.1° + 0.3° = 81.4°. Ensuite on cherche dans les tables spéciales des P.E. (p. 310), des d (p. 313) et des n (p. 276) et on note les nombres-index des substances ayant les valeurs des propriétés ci-dessus dans le voisinage de celles de la substance inconnue. Ainsi, pour l'exemple présent, les nombres-index suivants seront obtenus; Pour le P.E., 130, 758, 727, 1612, 168, 277, 1535, 506, 792; pour d, 208, 168, 395, 506, 3320, 1049, 262, 792, 5156; pour nD, 141, 168, 213. Le seul nombreindex commun à chacune de ces propriétés est 168; en revenant à ce nombre-index dans la Table générale <£, et en notant les autres propriétés, on peut rapidement identifier notre substance comme étant acétonitrile. L'identification peut être alors poussée plus loin au moyen d'essais chimiques appropriés, si on le désire.

3. Kristall-System »-Tabellen. Besondere Tabellen. 4. Schmelzpunkt. (Bei l Atmosphäre: wird dem Werte eine Zahl rechts hinaufgesetzt, so bedeutet diese den Druck unter welchem der Schmelzpunkt angegeben ist. Es bedeutet I2517atm- : der Schmelzpunkt ist bei einem Druck von 17 Atm. bei 125°.) »-Tabellen. 5. Siedepunkt. (Unter 760 mm Quecksilber: wird dem Werte eine Zahl rechts hinaufgesetzt, so bedeutet diese Zahl den Druck, unter welchem der Siedepunkt angegeben ist. Es bedeutet 32l125; der Siedepunkt liegt bei einem Druck von 125 mm Hg bei 321°.) »-Tabellen. 6. Dichte, g cm~3. (Bei 2O0C: wird dem Wert eine Zahl rechts hinaufgesetzt, so bedeutet diese Zahl die Temperatur, für welche die Dichte angegeben ist. Es bedeutet 1.85340: die Dichte bei 40° beträgt 1.853). »-Tabellen. 7. Brechungs-index und Dispersion, (HD und Hß — Ha) für 20°, wenn nichts anderes angegeben ist, ABKÜRZUNGEN UND ZEICHEN at. oder atm. Atmosphäre C. kubisch oder regulär d. zersetzt sich, z. B. d335 bedeutet, zersetzt sich bei ungefähr 335°; 335d bedeutet, schmilzt (oder siedet) bei ungefähr 335° unter Zersetzung diss. Dissoziations Temperatur exp. explodiert 1. flüssig H. hexagonal M. monoklin P. unter Druck s. Sublimation s.d. schwache Zersetzung R. rhombisch oder orthorhombisch Tet. tetragonal Tr. Umwandlungstemperatur Tri. triklin vac. im Vacuum variabel var. STOFF-EIGENSCHAFTS TAFELN Den Haupttabellen folgend, findet man Seite 306 Stoff-Eigenschafts Tafeln. In jeder dieser Tafeln, in welcher die Stoffe durch ihre Indexzahlen bezeichnet sind, werden die Stoffe in aufsteigender Ordnung der Werte dieser Eigenschaften dargestellt. Die Intervalle an der Scala der Eigenschaftswerte sind in fettgedruckten Ziffern angegeben. Die Erkennung eines Stoffes mit Hilfe seiner Eigenschaften.— Beispiel: Es ist eine Flüssigkeit gefunden, welche folgende Eigenschaften hat: Siede-Punkt 81. l ° bei 745 mm, d = 0.783, nD = 1.344. Welcher Stoff ist das? Mit Hilfe der Regel von Craft corrigiere man zuerst den Siede-Punkt auf 760 mm. Ist die allgemeine Natur des Stoffes nicht bekannt, setze man c = 10~4 in die Gleichung von Craft" ein : At = c TB (760 — P). Im gegenwärtigen Falle ist also At = 10~4 X (81.1 + 275) (760 - 745) = 0.3°, wonach dann der Siede-Punkt fo = 81.1° -f 0.3° = 81.4° sich ergibt. Dann verwende man die Sd.P. Tabellen (Seite 310), die d-Tabellen (Seite 313) und die n-Tabellen (Seite 276), suche in diesen die Indexzahlen jener Stoffe heraus, deren oben genannte Eigenschaften solche Werte haben, die in der Nähe der Eigenschafts Zahlen des unbekannten Stoffes liegen. So erhält man für das gewählte Beispiel, folgende Indexnummern: für Sd. P. 130, 758, 727, 1612, 168, 277, 1535, 506, 792, für d, 208, 168, 395, 506, 3320, 1049, 262, 792, 5156; für UD 141, 168, 213. Die einzige Index-Nummer, die alle drei Eigenschaften vereinigt, ist 168. Diese Index-Nummer wird in der Haupt (t-Tabelle aufgesucht; mit Beachtung noch anderer Eigenschaften kann man leicht die Flüssigkeit als Azetonitril erkennen. Die Identifizierung kann dann noch weiter durch eine chemische Untersuchung, wenn nötig, bestätigt werden.

5. Punto di ebollizione. (Alla pressione di 760 mm Hg tranne che non sia altrimenti indicato dalla soprascritta; così 321126 = bolle a 321° alla pressione di 125 mm Hg.) Tabella ». 6. Densità, g cm"3. (A 20°, tranne che non sia altrimenti indicato dalla soprascritta; così 1.85340 = 1.853 g cm~3 a 4O0C.) Tabella B. 7. Indice di rifrazione e dispersione (nD e H# — Ha) per 20° tranne che non sia altrimenti indicato. ABBREVIAZIONI E CONVENZIONI at. oppure atm. atmosfera C. cubico o regolare d. si decompone; per es. d335 = si decompone a ca. 335°; 355d = fonde (o bolle) a 335° con decomposizione diss. una temperatura di dissociazione exp. esplode 1. liquido H. esagonale M. monoclino P. sotto pressione s. sublimazione s.d. leggera decomposizione R. rombico od ortorombico Tet. tetragonale Tr. temperatura di trasformazione Tri. triclino Trig. trigonale nel vuoto vac. var. variable LE

TABELLE DELLE PROPRIETÀ' DELLE SOSTANZE

Seguendo le tabelle generali si troveranno (p. 306) le tabelle delle proprietà in ciascuna delle quali le sostanze, indicate col numero indice, sono disposte secondo l'ordine ascendente dei valori della proprietà. Gli intervalli nella scala dei valori della proprietà sono indicati in grassetto. Identificazione di una sostanza a mezzo delle sue proprietà.— Esempio: si supponga che un liquido abbia le seguenti proprietà: B.P. = 81.1° a 745 mm, d = 0.783, rcD = 1.344. Che sostanza è? Con l'aiuto della regola di Craft, bisogna anzitutto ridurre il punto di ebollizione a 760 mm. Se non si conosce la natura della sostanza bisogna mettere, nella equazione di Craft, c = 10~4, t = 0^(760 - P). Così, nel caso nostro, si avrebbe t = IO"4 X (81.1 + 273) (760 - 745) = 0.3°, e tB = 81.1° + 0.3° = 81.4°. Dopo bisogna guardare alle tabelle speciali per il B. P. (p. 310), per d (p. 313) e per n (p. 276), e ricavare da queste tabelle i numeri indici delle sostanze aventi valori delle suddette proprietà vicini a quelli della sostanza sconosciuta. Così, per il nostro esempio, si otterranno i seguenti numeri indici: per B.P., 130, 758, 727, 1612, 168, 277, 1535, 506, 792; per d, 208, 168, 395, 506, 3320, 1049, 262, 792, 5156; per n^ 141, 168, 213. L'unico numero indice comune a ciascuna di queste proprietà è 168; tornando a questo numero indice nella Tabella Generale (T, e osservando le altre proprietà, si può prontamente identificare la sostanza nel acetonitrile. La identificazione può quindi essere ulteriormente comprovata da appropriati saggi chimici, se si desidera.

ELEMENTARY SUBSTANCES AND ATMOSPHERIC AIR. 2V-TABLE THE GASEOUS STATE

•° fi I

Stand. ard j density 0°,

Density of the . • , saturated j. vapor at the nor-

S I

1A » g l-i

mal boiling point

4,g

THE LIQUID STATE.—(Continued) „ ,bP^C1~. nc heat _y. ,, . , Viscosity joules A .. n = A X per^ * 1 0 _ 6

~ ... , , , Critical constants

f™ m

poises

atl50

dv*

«n °C

de gem-s8 I|

?" atm.

Cp P

A

iI '

"A 1.7824 oT89 -122.4 48.0 0.531 20.2 221 20 As >1400. Br 302. 1.18 155 20 Cl 3.214 144. 76. 0.573 17.2 132 20 F 1.695 H 0.08987 1.33 -239.9 12.8 0.031014.5s 88.7 20 He 0.1785 (11.2) -267.9 2.260.069 20.9 197 20 Hg 0.020 at 1650 3soo 5. 494 273 é 320° I 553. 184 124 Kr 3.708 (8.3) - 62.6 54.2 248 20 N 1.2506 4.61 -147.1 33.5 0.311 14.56176.5 23 Ne 0.9002 9.46 -228.7 26.9 0.484 312 20 O 1.4290 4.74 -118.8 49.7 0.430 14.60203.9 23 Q3 3.Oa at - 5.0 (67.) 0.54 -80° P 721. 1Oo. Rn 9.73 (12.6) 104.4 62.4 229 20 S 1040. Tl 14.8 Xe 5.851 (9.7) 16.6 58.2 1.15 225 20 Air 1.2930 284.2 20

THE LIQUID STATE 1 ~,
_. Density

8ymb.

gem-«

|

<

*

A 1.402 Ac Ag 9.4 Al 2.40 As Au 17. B

Ba Be Bi 10.1 Br 3.119 C Ca Cb Cd 8.0 Ce Cl 1.557 Co Cr Cs 1.84 Cu 8.3

l

'

' Latent heat of vaporiNormal zation at ÌB. . ... . . T„, . ,

Thermal expansion „ .

-1^-AXlO-

p 1 .bolb^solid ** 1"*) ™°->™ per gram

v at

'

I

A

-185.7 45oo. 960. 658. 1063.

at

*»

(s =

;

tB

-183

-185.7 (>ITOO.) Uo. 960-1200 1950. Ila. 658-1100 18oo. 615. s 26oo.

atom (3 — "solid ") \ Lv

6.3 249. 225. 139. s 368.

(2550.)

114o. (15oo.) 270. 122. 270-630 14so. 20. lloo. 0-30 58.7s 4200. 117o. (>3soo.) 320. 15o. 320-540 767. !400. - 33.6 15oo. -34 -34.6 29oo. 22oo. 26. 37o. 27-123 67o. 1083. 190.1083-1295 23oo.

361. 193. 15.0 600. 399. 107.

10.0 380. 320. 73. 467.

gT F Fe Ga Ge H He

d

1.11 6.9 6.095

A

at
-187. 3ooo. 1530. 29.7

-200

0.0709 -252.713000. 0.126 -268.9 0.147 1 _27fl 8

-255

<*max

Hf Hg I In Ir K Kr La Li Mg Mn Mo N Na Ne Ni O O3 Os P Pa Pb Pd Pt Ra Rb Rh Rn Ru S Sb

*

20. 107.

0.83 2.6

62. 146.

1.57

650.

0.808 0.93 1.204

-195.8 97.5 -245.9

1.14 1.71

-183. -183.

10.3 11. 19. 1.475

4.4 1.808 6.55

-187. 3Oo o. >16oo. (27oo.) -252.7 _268

9

44.5 327. 1550. 1755. 38.5

-62. 115. 631.

(>32oo.) 356.9o 184.3s >14so. (>48oo.) 29o. 62-150 760. -151.8 lsoo. 18o. 186-230 >12oo. 38o. 650-800 lilo. 19oo. 37oo. 60oo. -195 -195.8 28o. 100-200 880. -245.9 29oo. 41oo. -195 -183.Oo 2ooo. -183 -112. (>53oo.) 520. 50-60 280. (6200.) 12o. 327-825 162o. 22oo. 43oo. (1140.) 34o. 40-140 700. (>2soo.) -61.8 (>2?oo.) 43o. 115 444.6 1Oo. 630-1050 138o. 182. 20 8Oo. 107-150

Sc

~ (6.) 380. (5oo.) 0.450 Q 1Q

59.3 22.0

84. (9.4) (l?o.) 262. 24o. 71o. 2.80 105. 1.74 38o. 3.41s 4.8s

193. 52o. 74.

(18. i) 8.9s 19o.

(2400.)

Se Si Sn 6.98 Sr Ta Te Th Ti Tl 11.0 V W Xe Yt Zn Zr 87 85

I

J

13.546 4.00

1.745

IB

3.06 6.7

232.

300.

688. 26oo. 1Oo. 232-1600 226o. 115o. (>41oo.) 139o. (>3ooo.) (>3ooo.) 14o. 300-350 165o.

-109.1 463.

15o. 41&-543

(3ooo.) 59oo. -109.1 (2500.) 907. (>2900.) (620.) (520.)

31. 170? 325. 383. 85. 120? 256? 91o. (13.4) 99.2 (69.6) (83.7)

AIR Mole % O 2 in liquid

d

t

"10 20 20.94

0.83l .856 .861

-195.0 -194.3 -194.2

-195.0 -194.3 -194.2

.893 .932 .974

-193.5 -192.6 -191.5

-193.5 -192.6 -191.5

30 40 50

A at t°

L

tB

V

0.185 (pergram)

Chem. symb. [ Cp | p Pb Rb 32. S 30.4 Sb 28 Se Sn 31. Tl Zn Air I 1.91*

t

|

50 100 630 232

A | n 2?3 6 98. - 6 23.5 - 6 95. 10 12. - 6 76.6 - 9 49. - 6 74. - 6 43. - 6

|

t _ 25^ 400. 50. 115. 860. 390. 300. 300. 440.

-200.

* Per gram, for liquid containing 20.94 mole % O2.

^11 , Chem. symb.

A Ag Al Au Bi Br Cd Cl Cs Cu Ga H Hg I In K Li N Na Ni Q

r, • ,> i ^ • i Specific heat joules ^ / per gram atom

SURFACE TENSION

Electrical resistivity , ohm-cm A = A X 10n

Cp I t A I n 22.4 -100. 33.8 907-1100 17.0 - 6 28. 660 20.1 - 6 27. 1100 30.8 - 6 31. 400 127. 36. 13-45 7.8 12 36. 321 34. - 6 33.5 0-24 >10. 15 32. 50 36.6 - 6 27. 1084 21.3 - 6 23. 119 27. - 6 0.975 -252 27.9 20 95.8 - 6 8.01 114-185 78. 6 29. - 6 30. 63 13. - 6 45. - 6 27.8 -200 32. 100 9.7 - 6 33. 1452 109. 26.4 -200

t

Chem. , symb. J

'

1000~ 657.— 1063. 269. 17. 400. -70. 28. 1083. 30.

^ Al Bi Br Cd Cl Ga H Hg

Chem. i symb. B Br Cd Cl H Hg N

20. 110.5 155. 62. 230.

100. 1500.

T

, Chem. ,T dyne t , dyne t • 11 symb. . cm" cm"1 Ï2~5 -185.8 ~~N 8.8s -195.8 520. 7so. O 13.2 -183. 37e. 300. Pb 442. 350. 36. 58.6 S 60. 120. 62s. 350. Se 72. 217. 27. - 34.5 358. 30(CO2) Air, with 50 1.91 -252.7 m o l e % O 2 11.6 -190.3 47e . 20. REFRACTIVE INDEX Chem. TlD t i symb. 27s* N 1.661 15. Na 0.82* O 1.385 20. Pb 1.097* -252.8 S 1.6-1.9 20. Se 1.1975* -195.8 Sn

^D

1.2053 0.0045 1.221 2.6* 1.929 2.9 2.1

*

-190. -181. 110. 220.

* These values are for the Hg line 5790 A.

THE CRYSTALLINE STATE

~, ~ , , Chem. u (At. /AX Crystal symb. / J , v. p. system or J wt. f „v form 4

A Ac Ag Al As Au B Ba Be Bi Br C Graphite Graphite

C. C. C. Met.H. Black YeI. C. C.

TV _ -4.__ g „ cm_3 Density,

d 1.65

10.5 2.702 5.7 4.7 2.0 19.3 2. 3.5 H. 1.8 H. 9.80 R. (3.4) Dia. C. 3.51 C. 2.25s Single crystal

|

t -233 20 20

Thermal . expansion t J7 rI d -r:/ = A X 10 6 & d£

A at t° 18.9 23.03 4.7

20 20 20

14.2 2

20

20 20 20

13.3

20

20 20

0.9 3

20 20

20 20 20

.~ , , . , ,,. . , aSpecific heat joules Melting point / o?. per gram atom 0 C • i = 4.185 „ *OK cal.i 1i joule J

A,

tp -189.2 (Isoo.) 960.5 660.0 81436atm 1063.0 23oo. 850. 13so. 271. -7.2 35oo.

Latent heat of fusion at Electrical . .. ., tp resistivity J _»., , ohm-cm . Kilo, ö A .. .. Ä 6 joules per A = A X 10~ gram atom LF ~ A \ t Ï7Ï2

25.9

Cp at t° -223

25.2 24.2 25.8 27.0

20 20 0-100 0-100

11. 8.0

1.62 2.62 35

20 20 O

25.7 14.

18 0-100

13.3

2.4 1.8 X IO12

20 O

!2. 10.9 5.4

18.5 115 >1014 5XlO20 Uoo. 39-60

20 20

16.1 0-100 25.6 20 23.5 -192to-108 6.1 20 8.5 20

15 20 20

THE CRYSTALLINE STATE.—(Continued) Chem. . symb. Ca Cb Cd Ce Cl Co Cr Cs Cu F Fe Ga Ge H He

Crystal , J d L system ( I ï ~ 5 s 8.4 H. 8.6 C. 6.90 H. (6.7) R. (1.9) C. 8.9 C. 7.1 1.90 C. 8.92 (1.3) C. 7.86 Tet. 5.9i C. 5.36 C. 0.0808

. t 20 20 20 20

, , AA at t0 25.

. tp

0-21

29.8

20

12.3 8.2 97. 16.6

20 20 0-26 20

20 20 20 -262

11.7 18

20 0-30

9o

20 20 20

Hf

H.?

14.19

-38.9

I In Ir K Kr La Li Ma Mg Mn Mo N Na Nd Ne Ni O O8 Os P

R. Tet. C. C.

4.93 7.3 22.4 0.86 (2) 6.1s 0.53

20 20 20 20

93 33 6.5 83.

-190to -40 20-100 20 20 20

20 20

56.

20

25.6 23. 4

20 20 20

C. H.

C. C. C. C. H. Ozone H. YeLH. Red, C. Black C. C.

1.74 7.2 10.2 1.026 0.97 6.9 (l.o) 8.90 1.426

20 20

-252.5 20 20 20 -252.5

22.48 1.82 2.20

20 20 20

11.34 12.0

20 20

6.5 21.45 (5.) 1.53

20 20

71

20

12.8

20

6.1 12s. 29.1 11.8

20 0-40 20 20

Po

Pr Pt Ra Rb Re Rh Rn Ru S

Sa Sb Sc Se Si Sn

26.0

T

LF

20

28 24.8

20 0-100

6.2

28. 24.8 23. 29. 24.5

-113 20 20 20 20

24.9 23 22.3 2.4

20 12-23 0-100 -260.6

3.40 14.4 6.9 2.1 11.5 (0.8) 11.2 5.5s

-38.8?

28.0

-40

2.33

113.5 155 23so. 62.3 -169 82e 186 (2300) 651 126o 2620+10 -209.8e 97.5 840 -248.67 1452 -218.4 -251. 27oo. 44.1 59043atm

27.8 27.3 26.1 29

20 0-100 0-100 14

8.3s

26 23

0-100 O

-101.6 1480. 161s. 26. 1083. -22s. 153s. 29.7s 958.5 -259.U <-272.2

A A

t

4.6

20

7.5 78

20 20

9.7 2.6 20. 1.69

20 O 20 20

10.0 53 89XlO3

20 O O

21.3

-50

0.059

(1700)

Hg

Pb Pd

810. 1950. 320.9 640.

/^ A ,o Cp at t

327.5 1555.

25 24.6 26 23 28.4 27

20 O 20-100 -212 20 0-100

25.8 22.5

20 -221.8

25 23 24

20-100 9 -21 to +7

26.5 26.2

20 18

27 26.5

0-100 20

28.7

O

2.3s (1.5) (3.5) 7.13 8.4 0.35e 2.6s (0.2 4 ) 18.1? 0.22 0.654 4.70 Ie

1.3XlO 15 9 6. 7.0 59 9.3

4.46 5 4.7?

20 20 20 20 18 20 20

20

4.6 79.

20 20

6.9

20

9 IO17

20 11

71o X IO 3 21.9 10.8

O 20 20

88 10.5

18 20

12.5

20

5.1

20

10. 2 X IO 23

20 20

(1800.)

C.

12.5 (4.) H. 12.2 R. 2.07 M. 1.96 7.7 H. 6.684 (2.5) Gray, Trig. 4.80 Red, H.? 4.50 C. 2.4 White, Tet. 7.31 Gray, C.? 5.75o C.

20 20

8.9 90. 8.4

20 20 20

20 20 20

9.1 64.

20 40

25

11.4

20

25 25 20 20 20

37

40

2.8-7.3 20 20. 20 5. -163 to -18

940. 175s. (960.) 38.5 (3ooo) 195s. -71. 24s o. 112.8 119.0 >l300. 630.5 12oo. 220. 1420. 231.8s

25

22

2.1s

0-100 (3.25)

26 23 24

0-100 0-30 O- 30

l.ls

25

20

19.5

28

0-41

20.7 26.9 25.6

20 18 20

39.

20

(2.2),

1.2

20

(7.)

8s X IO 3 11.4

20 20

THE CRYSTALLINE STATE.—(Continued) Chem. , symb. Sr Ta Te

Th Ti Tl U V W Xe Yt Zn Zr 85 87

Crystal , system n

C. «Met. H.? /3 H.? C. C. Tet. C. C.

H. C. ;

d

2.6 16.6 6.24 6.00 11.2 4.5 11.85 18.7 5.96 19.3 (2.7) 5.5i 7.140 6.4

0

t

A at t

I 20

7 16.8

20 40

IF _ 807! 28s o. 452.

^0 Cp at f _ '

LF _

1 27 25

20 20

3.9

A

2 s T I 15 [5.8-33 X IO3]

t

20 20

20 20 20

20 20

28

20

4

20

33

20

184s. 180o. 303.5 <1850. 17io. 3370. -140. 149o. 419.4s 17oo. (470.) (23.)

26.8 29 26.6 28 24.6 26

0-100 0-100 20 0-100 0-100 20-100

6.1s

18. 3 18.1 60.

5.48

20 20 20 20

20

(2.05) 25.3 25.2

20 0-100

7.1

6 17o.

20 O

CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS »-TABLE Compiled with the cooperation of Raleigh Gilchrist, F. W. Smithers and Edward Wichers, Bureau of Standards, Washington D. C.; J. A. Almquist, J. M. Braham and E. W. Guernsey, Fixed Nitrogen Laboratory, Washington, D. C.; H. E. Merwin, H. S. Roberts, R. B. Sosman and E. G. Zies, Geophysical Laboratory, Washington, D. C.; John C. W. Frazer, F. O. Rice and H. C. Urey, Johns Hopkins Univ., Baltimore, Md.; Robert D. Coghill, Florence Fenwick, Donald M. Hetler, Norman W. Krase and Hugh M. Spencer, Yale Univ., New Haven, Conn. The list of minerals was supplied by E. T. Wherry, Bureau of Chemistry, Washington, D. C.

1

H20

Molecular weight (I. C. T. atomic weights, v. p. 43) 18.0154

2

H2O2

34.0154

General index number

Formula

O -

3 4 5 6 7 7.1 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

H2O2.2H20 HF C12.8H20 ClO2 Cl2O Cl2O6 Cl2O7 HCl HCLH 2 O HC1.2H20 HC1.3H20 HClO4 HClO4-H20

15 16

HC1O4.2H20 HC1O4.3H20

136.497 154.512

17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35

HBr HBr.2H2O HBr.3H20 HBr.4H20 HBrO HBrO3 BrF3 1O2 I2O5 HI HI.2H20 HI.3H20 HI.4H20 HlO3 HIO4 HIO4.2H20 I2O5-HIO3 IF5 ICl (a)

80.9237 116.955 134.970 152.985 96.9237 128.924 136.916 158.932 333.864 127.940 145.955 163.970 181.985 175.940 191.940 227.971 509.804 221.932 162.390

35.1

ICl (0)

162.390

R.

36 37

ICl3 IBr

233.306 206.848

R.

AgAlAsAu 32 55 13 33

BBaBeBiBr 54 79 75 15 5

.

CCaCbCdCe 16 77 51 29 59

70.0462 20.0077 215.039 67.4580 86.9160 166.916 182.916 36.4657 54.4811 72.4965 92.6119 100.466 118.481

Crystal system

ClCoCrCsCu 4 44 46 85 31

Refractive Specific gravity 20°/4° index findNormal melting (or at other indicated ing numpoint, 0C temperature) ber, v. p. 165

R.

1.7

- 51 -83 d. 9.6 - 76 -20? - 1 -111 -15.35 -17.7 -24.4 -112 50 -17.8 - 43.2 (a) - 37 (/3) -86 -11 -47.5 - 55.8

R. M. ?

DyErEuFFe 67 69 64 3 43

d. 100 5 d. 130 d. 300 -50.8 - 43 - 48 -36.5 110 d. 110 Tr. 170 8 27.2 13.9 ca. 33 ca. 42 GaGdGeGlH 25 65 20 75 2

0.917° 1. 0.9982 1.64374'46 1. 1.442

203 8 16

1. 0.98813-6 1.23 1.65 1. 1.194-"-8 1.48 1.1.46Ì 8 ' 1

3

1.1.768 1.88 .1. 1.776J0

1. 2.16~68 2.11-1*

4.2}J 4.799f 1. 2.847~ 4 - 7

5

27

4.629°

1.3.5 1.3.24JJ 3.1825 1. 3.24JÎ 1. 3.182J 3.II 15 4.41410 HfHgHoIIn 73 30 68 6 26

IrKLaLiLu 36 83 58 81 72

T j XT Index No.

T^ i Formula

UT i x Mol. wt.

38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70

SO2 SO3 S2O7 H2S H2S2 H2S3 H2S6 H2SO4 H2SO4.H2O H2SO4.2H20 H2SO4.4H20 H2SO6 H2S2O7 H2S2O8 SF6 SOF2 SO2F2 SCl2 SCl4 S2Cl2 SOCl2 SO2Cl2 SO3.SO2C12 S2O3Cl4 SO2OHCl S2Br2 SOBr2 SOClBr SeO2 HSe H2Se H2SeO3 H2SeO4

71

H2SeO4-H20

161.230

72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82

SeF4 SeF6 SeCl4 Se2Cl2 SeOCl2 Se2Br2 SeOBr2 H2SeO4-SO3 H2SeO4.2SO3 SO3-SeCl4 TeO2-Tellurite

155.200 193.200 221.032 229.316 166.116 318.232 255.032 225.280 305.345 301.097 159.500

83 84 85 86 86.1 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96

TeO3. H2Te H2TeO4 Te(OH)6 (a) Te(OH)6 (ß) TeF6 TeCl2 TeCl4 TeCl4-HCl-SH20 TeBr2 TeBr4 TeI4 2TeO2-SO3 NO.... NO2

175.500 129.515 193.515 229.546 229.546 241.500 198.416 269.332 395.875 287.332 447.164 635.228 399.065 30.0080 1 46.0080 |

MgMnMoN 76 42 47 11

NaNbNdNiO 82 51 61451

. .

Os P Pb Pd 35 12 23 41

Crystal , system

64.0650 80.0650 176.130 34.0804 66.1454 98.2104 162.340 98.0804 116.095 134.019 170.142 114.080 178.145 194.145 146.065 86.0650 102.065 102.981 173.897 135.046 118.981 134.981 215.046 253.962 116.531 223.962 207.897 163.439 111.200 80.2077 81.2154 129.215 145.215

Pr Pt Ra Rb 60 37 80 84

. _ _, M. P.

,20 di°

- 72.7 16.83 O -82.9 - 88 -53

1.1.923 1. 0.96~60 1. 1.376 1.1.496» 1.1.7l18 1. 1.834 1.1.842" 1. 1.650J

10.49 8.62 - 38.9 - 25 45 35 <60 - 55 -110 _120«mm -78 - 30 -80

340 -64 d. 58

H. H.

10 65 18

1.1.9»°

-54.1 -37.5 57 d. -80 -46 -50

R.

Ref. ind. ^ -,. AT luiding JNo. 15

L 1.621ÎÏ

56

1.1.678 1.1.638 1.1.667 1.1.837

61 52 22

1.1.753 1.2.635 1. 2.6818 1. 2.31° 3.9531J

20 64

1.2.12-«' 3.004J6 2.95O46 1. 2.60845 2.627J 5 1. 2.356Ì5

25 - 80

1. 2.906}7-5 1.2.44 1. 3.6041S 1. 3.3850

8.5 41.7 6.6 20 165 Tet. P.

Tet. 5.66° R. 5.89° 5.0810 5 1. 2.57720 3.44^-2 3.053 3.071

d. -48 d. 160 C. M.

Rh Ru S Sa 40 39 8 63

R.

175 214 - 20 ca. 280 ca. 380 259 d. 500 -161 - 9.3 SbScSeSiSn 14 56 9 1822

|

SrTaTbTeTh 7852661024

4.3I 4 6 8.403}6 4.7 1. 1.2697150'2 1. 1.448 TiTlTmUV 1927 70 4950

1056

7 WYYbZnZr 4857712821

T j AT Index No.

T^ i Formula

n /r i Mol. wt.

97 98 99 100 101 102

N20 N2O3 N2O6 2N2O6-H20 N4O6 NH 3

44.0160 76.0160 108.016 234.047 152.032 17.0311

103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 110.1 111

H 2 N.NH 2 N2H4-H20 N3H NH 3 .HN 3 2NH 3 -H 2 0 N 2 H 4 -HN 3 HNO 3 HNO3JI20 HNO3.3H20 NH2OH

32.0468 50.0622 43.0317 60.0628 52.0776 75.0785 63.0157 81.0311 117.0619 33.0311

112 113 114 115 116 117 118

H3NO4 NH4OH H 6 NO 6 (OH) 4 NON(OH) 4 NH 2 NO 2 NH 4 NO 2 NH 4 NO 3

119 120

NH4ONNOH N 2 H 4 -HNO 3

121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154

NH 4 NO 3 -HNO 3 ... N2H4.2HNO3 NH4NO3.2HNO3 NH 4 NO 3 -SNH 3 NOF NO2F NH4F.HF N 2 H 4 (HF) 2 NCl3 NOCI NO2Cl NH4Cl-Salammoniac N2H4-HCl N2H4.2HC1 NH4CL3NH3 NH4C1.6NH3 NH2OH-HCl NH4ClO4 N2H4JIClO3 N2H4.HC1O4.2H20 NOBr NOBr3 NH4Br N2H4.HBr HBr.2NH3 NH4Br-SNH3 NH 4 Br-ONH 3 NH41 NH3I2 NH 4 I 3 NH 4 LNH 3 N2H4.HI N2H4.2HI NI 3 -NH 3


BBaBeBiBr 54 79 75 15 5

....

81.0311 35.0465 99.0465 180.078 62.0314 64.0468 80.0468

Crystal ^ system

R.

CCaCbCdCe 16 77 51 29 59

CICoOCsCu 4 44 46 85 31

-102.4 -102 30 5 - 77.7 1.4 < - 40 - 80 110 - 78 65 -42 - 38 - 18.5 34

R.

R.

79.0625 95.0625 143.063 158.078 206.078 131.140 49.0080 65.0080 57.0465 72.0622 120.382 65.4660 81.4660 53.4968 68.5125 104.978 104.590 155.683 69.4968 117.497 116.513 168 543 109.924 269.756 97.9548 112.971 114.986 149.048 200.141 144.971 270.895 398.835 162.002 159.987 287.926 411.835

,.. _ M. P.

-34 - 77 - 35 - 39 72 d. d. 169.6

Ref. ind. dl720Q ~ ,. XT finding No. 8 9 1. 1 . 2 2 6 ~ 2 1.1.447* 1. 1.682" 0.817~79 L 0.607 1. l.Olli* 1. l .0321

6 28

1.1.502

12

1.35 1. 1.204J'-5

21

a 1.66f ß 1.725J*

65 70.7 62.1 12 104 30 ca. - 40 -134 -139 R. C.

1.1.211JJ 105 -64.5 < - 30

C. C. M. R.

89 198 10.7 - 18 151 d. exp. 80 132 -55.5 -40

C.

1. 1.653 1. 1.417~12 1.1.32" l. 536

145

1.42 1.6717 1.95

489

1.2.637 2.548

80 R.

13.7 -20

C. -

2

R. exp. 127 220 d->20 DyErEuFFe 67 69 64 3 43

GaGdGeGlH 25 65 20 75 2

2.563 1. 2.4615 3.749

153

3J5 HfHgHoIIn 73 30 68 6 26

IrKLaLiLu 36 83 58 81 72

Index No. 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 Mg Mn Mo N 76 42 47 11

Formula

I

NH 4 LSNH 3 NH 4 I.4NH 3 3N2H4.2HI NH 4 I.6NH 3 NH4IO3 NH 4 IO 4 2NH4IO3.H2O 3NH2OH.HI N2S6 N4S4 N2O3.2SO3 NH4SH (NH4)2S NO2SO3H NH2SO3H NH4HSO4 SO 2 (NH 2 ) 2 NH2SO3NH4 N2H4.H2SO4 (NH4)2SO4—Mascagnite (NH2OH)2.H2S04 (NH4)AO3 (NH 4 )AO 5 (NH 4 )AO 6 (NH 4 )AO 8 NH(SO 2 NH 4 ) 2 NH(SO3NH4), (N2H4)2.H2S04 NH4SO3F NSe SeO2(NO2)2 NH4HSeO4 (NH4)2SeO4 (NH4)2SeBr6 (NH 4 ) 2 TeO 4 P2O3 P2O4 P2O5 P4O PH3 P2H P2H4 P9H2 P12H6 H2PO3 H3PO2 H3PO3 H3PO4 PF3 PF6 POF3 PCl3 PCl6 P2Cl4 POCl3 P2O3Cl4 PH4Cl PF3Cl2 PBr3 PBr6 POBr3 PH4Br PQCl2Br NaNbNdNiO 82 51 61 45 1

Oa P Pb Pd 35 12 23 41

Mol. wt. 196.064 213.095 352.020 247.157 192.971 208.971 403.957 227.033 188.341 184.292 236.146 51.1115 68.1426 127.081 97.0961 115.112 96.112 114.127 130.127 132.143 164.143 148.208 180.208 196.208 228.208 179.223 211.223 162.174 117.104 93.2080 203.216 162.247 179.278 594.774 227.578 110.048 126.048 142.048 140.096 34.0471 63.0557 66.0788 281.231 378.334 81.0394 66.0471 82.0471 98.0471 88.0240 126.024 104.024 137.398 208.314 203.880 153.398 251.880 70.5128 158.940 270.772 430.604 286.772 114.971 197.856 | Pr Pt Ra Rb 60 37 80 84

Cry

*tal system

M. P.

d\« *

8 5.1 90 28 d. 150 exp. exp. 150 104 11 178 230

™'**% finding No.

-

R. Têt. Tri. R.

3.309f 3.056l8 1.1.901l8 2.22 15 - 2.14

d. 73 d. 205 d. 146.9 92 125 254 513 d. 170 d. 150 d. d. 130 d. 120

R. R. R. R. R. M. M. R. M. M. ' M.

2.03l2 1.78

357 117 245 exp. 200 - 13 d. d.

R. M. C. M. R.?

1.37 1.769

602

1.982

543

1.965

2.162 2.194 3.326 3.0l 25 2.135f 2.537J 2 - 6 2.387 l .91226 L 0.746~90 l.8319 1.1.012 l .9516 1.8319

22.5 >100 563 var. -132.5

686

4

35

Têt.

Rh Ru S Sa 40 39 8 63

1.493»-» 1.65l21-2 1.834"-»

73.6 42.3s -160 - 83 - 68 -111.8 148 P. - 28 1.25 <- 50 2846atm-40

1. 1.57420-8

47

1. 1.675 1. 1.587

25

1.2.852l5

62

R. 56 | Sb Sc Se Si Sn 14 56 9 18 22

13

2.822 | SrTaTbTeTh 7852 66 10 24

1. 2.104 Ti Tl Tm U V 19 27 70 49 50

|_ W Y YbZnZr 4857 71 2821

Index No.

~ ~ F o r m u l a

219 220 221 222 223 224 225 226 227 228 229 230 231 232 233 234 235 236 237 238 239 240 241 242 243 244 245 246 247 248 249 250 251 252 253 254 255 256 257 258 259 260 261 262 263 264 265 266 267 268 269 270 271

POClBr2 PI3 P2I4 PH41 P2S3 P2S5 P3S6 P4S3 P4S7 P4Si0 P2O2S3 P4O6S4 PSF3 PSCl3 PS2Cl5 PSBr3 P2SBr6 P2S3Br4 PSCl2Br PSClBr2 P2SI2 P3N6 NH 4 H 2 PO 2 NH 4 H 2 PO 3 NH4H2PO4 N 2 H 4 -H 3 PO 3 N2H4.H3PO4 (NH4)2HP04 (N2H4)H4P2O6 (NH 4 ) 2 H 2 P 2 O 6 N 2 H 4 (H 3 POa) 2 P3N3Cl6 P4N4Cl8 P5N5CIi0 P6N6CIi8 P6N7Cl9 P 7 N 7 CIi 4 PNBr2 PS3NH4. As2O3 As2O3-Arsenite As2O3- Arsenolite As2O3-Claudetite As2O5 AsH3 AsF3 AsF5 AsCl3 AsCl5 AsBr3 AsI3 AsI5 As2S2-Realgar

272

As2S3-Orpiment

273 274 275 276 277 278 279

As4S3 2AsSCLAs2S3 2AsI3.SI6 NH4H2AsO4 (NH4)2HAsO4 SbO2-Cervantite Sb2O3-Valentinite


BBaBeBiBr 54 79 75 15 5

:

Mol. wt. ____^__ 242.314 411.820 569.776 161.987 158.243 222.373 285.462 220.291 348.551 444.746 190.243 348.356 120.089 169.463 272.444 302.837 573.609 477.907 213.921 258.379 347.977 163.112 83.0782 99.0782 115.078 114.094 130.094 118.091 194.126 196.141 196.141 347.844 463.792 579.740 695.688 603.322 811.636 204.864 145.258 197.920 197.920 197.920 197'.92O 229.920 77.9831 131.960 169.960 181.334 252.250 314.708 455.756 709.620 214.050 246.115 396.035 531.081 1705.17 159.014 176.045 153.770 291.540

CCaCbCdCe 16 77 51 29 59


I 0^1 system H. Tri.

M^R 30 61 110 290 276 298 172.5 310 290 300 102 3.87-6at- 35 < - 17 38 - 5 -30 -60 75

J finding 1. 2.4550

~??W No.

2.03 2.0317 2.1917

1. 1.635

193

2.8517 L 2.26217 1.2.12° 1.2.48° 2.5l 18

100 ça. 123 Têt.

1.803

250

36 82 1.619

R.

R.

152 170 82 114 123.5 41 91 237.5 < - 18 190 275

C. C. M.

31s

1.98 2.18JJ

1. 1.7816-6 3.71 3.865f 3.86 4.15 4.086

160 986

-113.5 1. 2.666J

M. M.

- 80 -18 ça. - 40 32.8 146 76 307 (ß) Tr. 267 300 Tr. 170 120 72

Têt. M. C. R. DyErEuFFe 67 69 64 3 43

1.2.163 1.3.54Oj* 4.3943 3.93 a 3.50619 /33.254 19 3.43

191

1067 1071

3.6019

656

2.31l9-1 1.989 4.07 5.67

GaGdGeGlH 25 65 20 75 2

HfHgHoIIn 73 30 68 6 26

283 174 1024 IrKLaLiLu 3683 58 81 72

Index No.

Formula

Cry Stal

Mol. wt.

, system ~ c

280 281 282 283 284 285 286 287 288 289 290 291

Sb2O8-Senarmontite Sb2O6 SbH3 SbF3 : SbF6 SbF5.2SbF3 SbCl3 SbCl5 SbOCl Sb4O6Cl2 SbF2Cl3 SbBr3

291.540 323.540 124.793 178.770 216.770 574.310 228.144 299.060 173.228 637.996 266.144 361.518

292

SbI3

502.566

Trig. M. R.

293 294 295 296

SbI6 SbF61 (SbF6)21 Sb2S3-Stibnite

756.430 343.702 560.472 339.735

R.

297 298 299 300 301 302 303 304 '305 306 306.1 307 308 309 310 311 312 313 314 315 316 317 318 319 320 321 322 323 324 325 326 327 328 329 330 331 332 333

Sb2(SO4)3 Sb2O3.2Sb2S3-—Kermesite SbF6S SbSe Sb2Se3 SbS3C4 Sb4Se6 Sb2Te3 BiO BiO2 BiO2.2H20 Bi 2 O 3 (I) Bi 2 O 3 (II) Bi 2 O 3 (III) Bi2O3.3H2O—Bismite Bi2O6 HBiO3 BiF3 BiOF BiCl BiCl3 BiCl4 BiOCl BiBr BiBr3 BiOBr BiI3 BiOI BiS : Bi2S3-Bismuthinite BiSe Bi2Se3- Guana juatite Bi2Te3 Bi2TeO6.2H2O—Montanite Bi2Te2S-Tetradymite Bi(NO3)3.5H20 Bi(N03)3.6H20 BiPO4

531.735 971.010 248.835 200.970 481.140 682.110 883.080 626.040 225.000 241.000 277.031 466.000 466.000 466.000 520.046 498.000 258.008 266.000 244.000 244.458 315.374 350.832 260.458 288.916 448.748 304.916 58-9.796 351.932 241.065 514.195 288.200 655.600 800.500 677.531 705.065 485.101 503.116 304.024

MgMnMoN 76 42 47 11

NaNbNdNiO 82 51 61 45 1

OB P Pb Pd 35 12 23 41

Pr Pt Ra Rb 60 37 80 84

ULP. T

5

- 88 292 7 390 73.4 2.8 17Od.

R.?

rff finding ~ 2 3.78 1. 2.26~28 4.37920-9 L 2.99022-8 4.18821 3.14Of 1.2.336

M.

I

,R.ef' "I^ No. Î78

58

5.014 55 96.6 167 Tp. 114 (R. to Trig.) Tr. 125 (M. to Trig.) 79 ca. 80 ca. 115 550

M.

4.14823 L 3.845J 9 - 6 M. 4.76S22 Trig. 4.84S26

4.64 red 4.120° gray 4.284° black 4.652° 3.625} 4.6

1032

1073

230 542 611 605 590 629 7.5 5.6 5.6 8.9 8.20 8.5 4.36 5.10 5.75 5.32 7.5

d. lio 820 Tr. 704 860 d. 415

R. R. R.

d. 120 320 230 225

393

4.7 7.72

287 218 H. R.

5.7 8.08 5.7 7.92 7.7 7.39

439 685

R. 625 710 573

R. R. Tri. |

Rh Ru S Sa 40 39 8 63

M.

6.82 7.7 3.79 7.5 2.83 2.76 3.23

d. 30 | SbScSeSiSn 14 56 9 18 22

SrTaTbTeTh 7852 66 10 24

TiTlTmUV 19 27 70 49 50

1002

WYYbZnZr 4857 71 2821

Index N o . I

Formula

334 335 336 337 338

BiAsO4 Bi8AsH2O8-Atelestite 5BÌ2O3.2As2O3.9H2O ?—Rhagite CO CO2

339

C8O2

340 341 342 343 344 345 346 347 348 349 350 351 352 353 354 357 358 359 360 361 362 363 364 365 366 367 368 369 370 371 372 373 374 375 376 377 378 379 380 381 382 383 384 385 386 387 388 389 390 391 392 393 394 395

SiO2-Cristobalite SiO2-Lechatelierite SiO2-Quartz SiO2- Tridymite SiO2-H2O-Opal SiH4 Si2H6 Si3H8 Si4Hi0 Si2H60 SiF4 SiHF3 SiCl4 Si2Cl6 Si3Cl8 Si4CIi0 Si6CIi2 Si6Ch4 Si2OCl6 Si4O4Cl8 Si4O3Cl10 Si8Oi0CIi2 SiH3Cl SiH2Cl2 SiHCl3 SiBr4 Si2Br6 Si3Br8 Si4BiI0 SiH3Br SiH2Br2 SiHBr3 Si2H6Br Si2HBr5 SiCl3Br SiCl2Br2 SiClBr3 SiI4 Si2I6 SiHI3 SiCl31 SiCl2I2 SiClI3. SiBr31 SiBr2I2 SiBrI3 SiS SiSCl2 SiCl8-SII SiSBr2 SiN Si2N3 Si3N4 Si2N3H

Aa Al As Au 32 55 13 33

B Ba Be Bi Br 64 79 75 15 5

Mol. w t . 347.960 831.975 2887.98 28.0000 44.0000

I

Cly stal t

system M. M.

U

L

P

.

r

-207 - 56.6 B 2at.

68.0000 -107 Compounds of C with elements of key numbers 2 to 15 in <£-Table, p. 176 60.0600 60.0600 60.0600 60.0600 60.0600 32.0908 62.1662 92.2416 122.317 78.1662 104.060 86.0677 169.892 268.868 367.844 466.820 565.796 664.772 284.868 459.904 514.820 809.976 66.5411 100.991 135.442 347.724 535.616 723.508 911.400 110.999 189.907 268.816 141.075 456.708 214.350 258.808 303.266 535.788 817.712 409.864 261.366 352.840 444.314 394.740 441.756 488.772 60.1250 131.041 167.507 219.957 42.0680 98.1440 140.212 99.1517 C Ca Cb Cd Ce 16 77 51 29 59

Cl Co Cr Cs Cu 4 44 46 85 31

C. Tet. ? Trig. R.

1710 <1470m. 1670 -185 -132.5 -117 -93.5 -144 - 77 ca. -110 - 70 - 1 - 67

f

f **• ***• * finding No. 7.14 6.4 1009 6.82 1. 0.81387195 1.53~7' 1. 1.101-37 1.114<» 23 2.32 2.20 2.651 2.26 2 . I t o 2.3 . 0.68~i86 . 0.69~2* .0.725« .0.79° .0.881-8°

228 24 267 463 69,82

. 1.483 .1.58°

192

170 s. d. - 33

1. 1.1457113 1. 1.42^122 1. 1.34 2.812J

-118 -122 -134 5 95 133 185 d. - 94 -77 < - 60 -100 89 < - 60 < - 60 -39 120.5 250 8 < - 60 < - 60 2 14 38 ca. 53

190

1. 1.533« 1.2.17° 1. 2.717

1.2.432 1.3.314

1.853J5

75 93

; By Er Eu F P8 67 69 64 3 43

| Ga Gd Ge Gl H 25 65 20 75 2

3.17 3.64 3.44 2.015*7 Hf Hg Ho I In 73 30 68 6 26

Ir K La Li Lu 36 83 58 81 72

T j

XT 396 397 398 399 400 401 402 403 404 405 406 407 408 409 410 411 412 413 414 415 416 417 418 419 420 421 422 423 424 425 426 427 428 429 430 431 432 433 434 435 436 437 438 439 440 441 442 443 444 445 446 447 448 449 450 451 452 453 454 455 456 457 458

-r«

Index No

MgMnMoN 76 42 47 11

i

Formula

Si8H9N N2H4-H2SiF6 (NH4)2SiF6—Cryptohalite SiBr4.6NH3 SiO2.P2O6 3Si02.2Bi2O3—Agricolite 3Si02.2Bi208—Eulytite SiC-Carborundum Si(CH3)H3 Si(CHa)2H2 Si(CH3). Si(CHa)3C2H5 Si(C2Hs)3H Si(CH3)2[(C2H6)2] Si(CHa)3C3H7 Si(CH3)2[(CH2)5] Si(CHa) 2 (C 2 H 6 )(C 3 H 7 ) Si(CH3)3(C4H9) Si(CH1J8(MO-C4H9) Si(CH3)2(C3H7)2 Si(CHa)2(C2H5)(ISO-C4H9) Si(CH3) ,(WO-C6Hn) Si(C2H5), Si(C3H7)3H Si(C2Hs)3(C3H7) Si(C2H5)3(C4H9) Si (C2H5) 3(iso-C4H9) Si(CA)8(Wo-C8Hn) Si(C6Hs)4 Si2(CHa)6 Si(OCH3), Si(C2H5)3OH Si(CA)3OC2H5 Si(OC3H7J4 Si(C6Hs)3OH Si(C6H6CH2)3OH Si20(OC3H7)6 Si(CH3)H2Cl Si(CH3)HCl2 Si(C2H5)Cl3 Si(C3H7)Cl3 Si(C2Hs)2Cl2 Si(C4H9)Cl3 Si(WO-C4H9)Cl8 Si(C2H5)(C4H9)Cl2 Si(C6H5)Cl3 Si(C6H6CH2)Cl3 Si(C2H6)(C6H5)Cl2 Si(SCN)4 TiO2-Anatase TiO2-Brookite TiO2-RuIiIe Ti2O3 TiF4 TiCl4 TiBr4 TiBrCl3 TiI2 TiI4 TiCl4-SCl4 Ti2N2 TiP TiCl4-PCl3 NaNbNdNiO 82 51 61 45 l

Oa P Pb Pd 35 12 23 41

A/T i 4. Crystal ° Lwt system 107.257 176.122 178.138 C. 449.911 202.108 1112.18 M. 1112.18 C. 40.0600 H. 46.1062 60.1216 88.1524 102.168 116.183 116.183 116.183 128.183 130.199 130.199 130.199 144.214 144.214 144.214 144.214 158.229 158.229 172.245 172.245 186.260 336.214 146.259 152.152 132.183 160.214 264.276 - . . 276.183 318.229 426.443 80.5565 115.007 163.473 177.488 157.053 191.503 191.503 185.084 211.473 225.488 205.053 260.352 79.9000 Tet. 79.9000 R. 79.9000 Tet. 143.800 Trig. 123.900 189.732 367.564 234.190 301.764 555.628 363.629 123.816 78.9240 1 327.130 | | M

Pr Pt Ha Rb 60 37 80 84

Rh Ru S Sa 40 39 8 63

A/r r» ' "

,720 Ref. ind. ^ finding No. L 0.895~106

M P

186 d.

>2700 -156.4 -149.9

233

106 -134.1 -93

2. Ol 2.307» 3.1 6 6.11 3.17 L 0.62^7 1. 0.68480 L 0.645?'9 1.0.684 L 0.751° L 0.7168 L 0.701? 1.0.804 1. 0.732?-6 1. 0.721J7 L 0.717*8 L 0.74I 4 7 ' 6 1. 0.743 1.0.73I 4 6 1. 0.766?'8 1. O.762? 1. 0.774J7 1. 0.779Ì8 1. 0.78l}8-6 1. 0.782? 1. 0.725?-6 1.1.028? 1.0.871° 1. 0.840« L 0.915 1.178 1.177 1. 0.977?"6 . 0.935780 . 0.93J . 1.23924°'4 .1.21Oi 0 . 1.106? . 1.162?'8 .1.154 . 1.042 . 1.326?'8 . 1.289?'3 . 1.159?

08

994 175 410

439

1036

9 1034 1035

l

143.8 1640 d. - 30 39

3.84 4.17 4.26 4.6 2.798 205 1. l.726

407 1028 409 59

4.30 150 64 2930

5.1818 3.95?

85.5

SbScSeSiSn 14 56 9 18 22


TiTlTmUV 19 27 70 49 50

WYYbZnZr 4857 71 2821

Index No. 459 460 461 462 463 464 465 466 467 468 469 470 471 472

Formula

Mol. wt.

TiCl4-POCl3 TÌC14.2POC13 TiC Ti10C2N8 Ti2Si GeO2 GeH4 Ge2H6 Ge3H8 GeCl4 GeHCl3. GeBr4 GeI4 Ge(C2H6)4

343.130 496.528 59.9000 615.064 123.860 104.380 76.4108 150.806 225.202 214.212 179.762 392.044 580.108 188.534

°ry/tal system

d\Q *

M. P. 110 107 31so

-165 -109 -105.6 -49.5

4.25 5.29 4.02 4.703 1. 1.523~"2 1. 1.98~109 1. 2.2Q-105 1.1.874g

26.1 144 - 90

1. 3.132^ 4.322l« 0.991^;^

R.

^' ***' finding No.

13

All Zr salts probably contaminated with 1-5% Hf 473 ZrO2-Baddeleyite 473.1 ZrO2 (free from Hf) 474 ZrF4 475 ZrCl4 475.5 ZrOCl2.8H20 476 ZrOS 477 4ZrO2.3SO3 478 4ZrO2.3SO3.15H20 478.5 (NH 4 ) 3 ZrF 7 479 ZrP2 480 2ZrCl4-PCl5 481 ZrC2 482 ZrSi2 483 ZrO2-SiO2-ZkCOn 484 SnO 485 SnO2—Cassiterite 486 SnF4 487 SnCl2 488 SnCl4 489 H2SnCl6.6H2O 490 SnBr2 491 SnBr4 492 SnCl3Br 493 SnCl2Br2 494 SnClBr3 495 SnI2 496 SnI4 497 SnCl2I2 498 SnBr2I2 499 SnS 500 SnS2 501 SnSe 502 SnSe2 503 SnTe 504 SnCl4.2NOCl 505 2NH4CLSnCl4 506 (NH 4 ) 2 SnBr 6 507 Sn4P3 508 SnCl4.POCl3 509 Sn2As3 510 SnC2O4 512 Sn(C 2 Hs) 2 513 Sn(CH3), 514 Sn(CHs) 2 (C 2 He) 2 515 Sn(C2Ho)4 516 Sn(C6H6)2 Ag Al As Au 32 55 13 33

B Ba Be Bi Br 54 79 75 15 5

'..

C Ca Cb Cd Ce 1677 51 29 59

123.000 123.000 167.000 232.832 322.039 139.065 732.195 1002.43 278.034 153.048 673.978 115.000 147.120 183.060 134.700 150.700 194.700 189.616 260.532 441.556 278.532 438.364 304.990 349.448 393.906 372.564 626.428 443.480 532.396 150.765 182.830 197.900 277.100 246.200 391.464 367.526 634.274 567.872 413.930 462.280 206.700 176.777 178.792 206.823 234.854 272.777

Cl Co Cr Cs Cu 4 44 46 85 31

ML

27oo

5.49 5.73 4.4s

ÏOÏ2

274.5 4.8? 4.1 2.5

M. C.

70.2 4.77? 164.5

Tet. C. Tet. H. R.

4.8822 4.5 6.9s 7.0 4.78

25oo « . 246.8 -30.2

391

1.2.226 1.92527 5.1217 1. 3.3435 1. 2.513 1. 2.813 1. 3.113

215.5 31.0 -31 -20 1 320 143.5

4.46 L 3.29 3.6 5.080° 4.5 6.18° ' * 5.0 6.4s 2.6 2.4 3.50 5.18

5Od. 880 861

382, 387

'

7so 180

58 6.5e ,.« 3.5618 1. 1.654 1.1.314° 1. 1.232 1. 1.18723 225.7 Dy Er Eu F Fe 67 69 64 3 43

Ga Gd Ge Gl H 25 65 20 75 2

|

50 44 '

Hf Hg Ho I In 73 30 68 6 26

Ir K La Li Lu 368358 81 72

Index No.

Formula

Mol. wt.

5Ï7Sn(C6Ho)4 518 Sn2(C2H6),, 519 Sn(C2H3O2)2 520 SnCl(C2HU)3 521 SnBr(C2Hs)3 522 SnI(CHa) 3 : 523 SnI(C2Hs)3 524 PbO-Litharge 525 PbO-Massicotite 526 PbO2-Plattnerite 527 Pb3O4-Minium 528 PbF2 529 PbCl2-Cotunnite 530 PbCl4 531 Pb(ClO2)2 532 Pb(ClO3), 533 Pb(ClO3)2.H20 534 Pb(ClO4)2.3H2O 535 PbO.PbCl2—Matlockite 536 2PbO.PbCl2—Mendipite 537 PbO.2PbCl2—Penfieldite 538 6PbO.PbCl2—Lorettoite 539 PbCl2.PbO.H2O—Laurionite 540 PbCl2.PbO.H2O—Paralaurionite 541 2PbCl2.PbO.H2O—Fiedlerite 542 PbFCl 543 PbBr2 544 Pb(BrO3)2.H20 545 PbO.PbBr2.H20 546 PbClBr 547 PbI 548 PbI2 549 Pb(IO3)2 550 PbO.PbI2 551 PbI2.PbO.H20 552 PbS-Galena 553 PbSO4-Anglesite 554 556 557 558 559 560 561 562 563 564 565 566 567 568 569

PbS2O3 PbS2O6.4H20 Pb2O(SO4)-Lanarkite PbSe-Clausthalite PbSeO4 PbTe-Attaite PbN 6 Pb(NOs)2 2PbO.N2O5.1.5H20 4PbO.N2O3.N2O5.2H20 2PbO.N2O6.H2O (NH4)?PbCl6 Pb(POs)2 Pb2P2O7 3PbO.P2Ofî

570 571 572 573 574 575 576 577 578

4PbOJP2O5 5PbO.2P2O5 8PbO.P2O5 PbCl2.3Pb3(PO4)2—Pyromorphite Pb(AsO2), Pb(AsOs)2 Pb2As2O7 Pb3(AsO4), Pb3(AsQ4)2.0.5H2O

MgMnMoN 76 42 47 11

NaNbNdNiO 82 51 61 45 1

'.

>

Oa P Pb Pd 35 12 23 41

426.854 411.631 236.746 241.274 285.732 290.701 332.748 223.200 223.200 239.200 685.600 245.200 278.116 349.032 342.116 374.116 392.131 460.162 501.316 724.516 779.432 1617.32 519.331 519.331 797.447 261.658 367.032 481.047 608.248 322.574 334.132 461.064 557.064 684.264 702.280 239.265 303.265 319.330 439.392 526.465 286.400 350.400 334.700 291.248 331.216 581.439 1112.86 572.431 456.026 365.248 588.448 • . 811.648 1034.85 1400.10 1927.65 2713.06 421.120 453.120 676.320 899.520 908.528 Pt Pt Ra Rb 60 37 80 84

Cry stal

. system

M. P.

finding

d?

^'^t No.

226 1.1.412° 182

Têt. R. Têt.

L 1.4288 1. 1.630 1.2.109 1 * 1. 1.83322 9.5s 8.0 9.37s 9.1 8.24 5.85 1.3.18j

88s

855 50l -15 exp. 126

R.

423 1068 417 1016

3.89 M. R. Têt. R. H. Têt. R. M. M. Têt. R. M. R.

d. lio d. loo 524 d. 69a

R. C. R. M.

M. C. R. C. C. M. M. R. R. C. R.

H.

7.6 6.24 6 .Os 5.8s

d. 142 d. 150 d. Iso 601 37s d. 180

H.

d. 300 402 d. 3oo 3oo d. d. <100 Ul 4 UTO Tr. 864

1005

6.16 6.83 7.5 6.2 5.18 3.22 6.92 8.10 6.3? 8.1e

97? 106s d. 91? exp. 3so 4?o d. loo d. loo d. Iso d. !20 8Oo 824 1014 Tr. 782 982 946 860 lise

4.5s

189 981 311 995

162

5.9s 5.8 389

6.8 5.8s 6.42 6.85 7.30 7.oo

802 1042 SbScSeSiSn 14 56 9 18 22

1008 1022 398 418 1006

6.6e 5.5s 6.72 5.74

H.

Rh Ru S Sa 40 39 8 63

2.6 7.2i 7 .Os


TiTlTmUV 19 27 70 49 50

1000 998

WYYbZnZr 4857 71 2821

Index No.

Formula

Mol. wt.

579 580 581 582 583 584 585 586 587

5PKXPb3(AsO4) 2 5PbO.Pb3(AsO4)2.0.5H2O. 10PbO.3As2O5.3H2O PbHAsO4 Pb(H2AsO4)2 Pbs(PbOH)2(As04)4 2Pb3(AsO4)2.2Pb(OH)2.10H2O 65PbO.21As2O5.12H20 9PbO.3As2O 5.PbCl2- Mimetite

2015.52 2024.53 2975.81 , . 347.168 489.151 2040.26 2461.62 19552.5 2976.68

588 589 590 591 592 593 594 595 596 597 598 599 600 601 602 . 603 604 605 606 607 608 609 610 611 612 613 614 615 616 617 618 619 621 622 623 624 625 626 627 628 629 630 631 632 633 634 635 636 637 638 639 640 641

4PbO. As2O3.2PbCl2—Ecdemite 3PbCl2.3PbO. As2O5- Georgiadesite 5PbO.2PbCl2.As2O3 PbS.AsÄ—Sartorite 2PbS.As2S3—Dufrenoysite 3PbS.2As2S3—Rathite 4PbS.As2S3—Jordanite 4PbS.3As2S3—Baumhauerite 7PbS ,2As2S3-Lengenbaehite 10PbS.3As2S3—Guitermanite 3PbO.Sb2O5—Monimolite PbO.PbCl2.Sb2O3—Nadorite PbS.SbÄ—Zinkenite 2PbS.Sb2S3—Piumosità SPbS.SbÄ—Dtirfeldtite 3PbS.2Sb2S3—Domingite 4PbS.SbÄ— Meneghinite 5PbS.Sb2S3—Geocronite 5PbS.2Sb2S3—Boulangerite 5PbS.2SbÄ—Mullanite 5PbS.4Sb2S3—Plagionite 6PbS.Sb2S3—Kübrickenite PbS.Bi2S3—Galenobismutite 2PbS.Bi2S3—Cosalite, Bjelkite 2PbS.3Bi2S3—Chiviatite 3PbS.Bi2S3—Lillianite 4PbS.5Bi2S3—Rezbanyite 6PbS.Bi2S3—Beegerite 2BiSCl.PbS.Bi2S3 PbCO3-Cerussite PbC2O4 Pb(CH3), Pb(CHa)3(C2H5) Pb(CH 3 ) 2 (C 2 H 6 ) 2 Pb(CH3)3(C3H7) Pb(C2Hs)3(CH3) Pb(CHs)3(C4H9) Pb(CH3) 3(iso-C4H9) Pb(CHs) 2 (C 3 Hy) 2 ' Pb(C 2 Ho) 4 Pb(CHs)3(WJO-C5H11) Pb(C2H5)3(C3H7) Pb(C 2 H 5 ) 2 (C 3 H 7 ) 2 Pb(CHj)2Ci8O-C4H9), Pb(C2Hs)3(ô-C4H9) Pb(CHs)2(Uo-C5Hn)2 Pb(C2H6)J1(Mo-C4H9)J Pb(C2Hs)3(C5H11) Pb(CJB6)S(MO-C6H11) Pb(C6H5), Pb(CHO2)2 Pb(^-C4H4O6) Pb(c?-C4H4O6)

1646.15 1733.87 1870.15 485.380 724.645 1210.03 1203.18 1695.41 2167.09 3131.00 . 1236.68 792.856 579.000 818.265 1057.53 1397.27 1296.80 1536.06 1875.80 1875.80 . 2555.27 1775.33 753.460 992.725 2021.12 1231.99 3528.04 1949.79 1306.51 267.200 295.200 267.292 281.308 295.323 295.323 309.339 309.339 309.339 323.354 323.354 323.354 337.369 351.385 351.385 351.385 379.416 379.416 365.400 365.400 515.354 297.215 355231 ' . 355.231

Ag Al As Au 32 55 13 33

B Ba Be Bi Br 54 79 75 15 5

C Ca Cb Cd Ce 16 77 51 29 59

Cl Co Cr Ca Cu 4 44 46 85 31

°ry,Stal system

M. P.

d™ *

862 R. H. M. TrL

H. R. R. Tet. R. R. R. M. M. Tri.

8.04 6.8e 5.79 4.4e 7.0s 7.i 7.1o

d. >200 d. Uo d. >200 IUo Tr. 395

7.I 3 7. o 7. i 7. U 4.6 5. 5o 5 Ai 6. Io 5.3s 5.8 5.94 6.5s 7.02 5.3 5.62 5.9 5.62 6. 3o 6.4 6.18 6.3 5.4? 6.5 6.9 6.6 6.92 7.0 6.2 7.2? 6.42 6.6 5.28 . 1.995 . l .889 .1.790 . l .76Of . l .712? .1.674? . l .668?'5 . l .623244'4 .1.659l 8 . l .524?-4 . l .595?-' . 1.529?-4 . l .504?-6 .1.53Of- 6 . l .430 .1.456? 1. l .482 1.1.506?-8

d. <700 d.

C. R. R. M. R. R. R. R. M. R. R. C. R.

500 d. d. 3i5 - 27.5

R.

227.7 d. 190

R. Dy Er Eu F Fe 67 69 64 3 43

| Ga Gd Ge GIH 25 65 20 75 2

4.63 2.53019 3.871ia Hf Hg Ho I In 73 30 68 6 26

Réf. ind. finding No. " 179 1054 963

399

1059

1001 42 43 48 37 46 34 32 35 51 30 49 41 33 40 31 36 38 39 973

Ir K La Li Lu 36 83 58 81 72

Index No. 642 643 644 645 646 647 648 649 650 651 652 653 654 655 656 657 658 659 660 661 662 663 664 665 666 667 668 669 670 671 672 673 674 675 676 677 678 679 680 681 682 683 684 685 686 687 688 689 690 691 692 693 694 695 696 697 698 699 700 701 702 703 MgMnMoN 76 42 47 11

Formula

Mol. wt.

Pb(C2H3O2)2 325.246 Pb(C2H3O2MH2O 379.292 Pb(C2H3O2)2.10H20 505.400 Pb(C 2 H 3 O 2 ) 4 459.292 Pb(C3H5O2), 515.354 Pb(C6H11O2)., 437.369 Pb(C7H13O2), 465.400 Pb(C8H16O2)2 493.431 Pb(C9H1702)2 521.416 Pb(C10H1902)2 549.493 Pb(C12 H 23 O 2 ) 2 605.554 Pb(C14H27O2), 661.616 Pb(C16H31O2), 717.677 Pb(ClgH38O2)2. , . 769.708 Pb(C18H36O2)2 773.739 3PbO.2CO2.H2O—Hydrocerusite 775.615 PbCl2-PbCO3-Phosgenite 545.316 PbBr2.PbCO3 634.232 Pb(OH)2.PbSO4.2PbCO3—Leadhillite.... 1078.88 Pb(OH)2.PbSO4.2PbCO3—Maxite 1078.88 Pb(SCN) 2 323.346 PbSiO 3—Alamosite 283.260 2PbO.SiO2 506.460 3PKXSiO2 ? 729.660 3PbO.2SiO2—Barysilite 789.720 SnPbS2—Teallite 390.030 ThO2-Thorianite 264.150 ThCl4 373.982 ThBr4 551.814 ThS2 296.280 ThOS 280.215 Th(SO4)2.9H20 602.419 Th(PO3), 548.246 ThC2 256.150 ThSi2 288.270 ThO2.SiO2—Thorite 324.210 GaCl2 140.636 GaCl3 176.094 (NH4)2Ga2(SO4)2.24H20 992.147 In2O3 277.600 InCl3 221.174 In (ClO4) 3.8H20 557.297 Ini 241.732 InI2 368.664 InI3 495.596 In2(SO4)3 517.795 (NH 4 )2InCl5.H20 346.183 (NH4) JnBr5-H20 568.473 (NH4)2In (SO4)2.12H20 541.154 Tl20 424.800 Tl2O3 456.800 TlOH. Tl(OH)3 TlF TlCl T1C13.4H20 TlClO3 TlClO4 TlBr TlBr3.4H20 TlBr2C1.4H20 I TlI NaNbNdNiO 82 51 61 45 1

0

^ 1 Î V L R system 280 M. 75 R. 22 180 132 74 91.5 84.5 95 100 104 107 112 ça. 80 125 H. d. 400 Têt. Têt. d. M. R. M. M. 76e 74e 7i? Trig. R. C. >2800 R. 820

Pr Pt Ra Rb 60 37 80 84

d. d. d.

M. R. Têt.

175 75.5

Rh Ru S Sa 40 39 8 63

I R?f> "£' finding No. 710

6. U 6.1s 6.5s 6.5 6.9 3.82 6.49

395 396

6.72 6.4 9.69 4.59 5.67 6.8 6.44 2.7? 4.08 8. 9e 7.9616 5.3

394

996 992

182

L 2.36JÎ 1.77 7.179 4.0

Trig.

221.408 255.423 223.400 239.858 382.836 287.858 303.858 284.316 516.210 471.752 331.332 Oa P Pb Pd 35 12 23 a

^ * 3.251 2.55 1.689 2.23J8

89

80 35l 212 199 3.43s 2.281 3.167 2.011

R. R. 3oo 759

88

brown 9.65J1 black 10.19f

>340 43o 37

|

7.Oo

501 46o 4o 4Od. 44o


5.0479 4.89 7.557Ì 7 ' 3 J


7.09J 4 ' 7 TiTITmUV 19 27 70 49 50

| WYYbZnZr 4857 71 2821

Index No. I

Formula

Mol. wt.

704 705 706 707 708 709 710 711 712 713 714 715 716

Tl2S Tl2S6 Tl8S7 Tl2SO4 Tl2S2O6 TlHSO4 Tl2Se Tl2Se-Tl2Se3 Tl2SeO4 Tl2Te Tl2TeO4 TlN 3 TlNO3

717 718 719 720 721 722 723 724 725 726

(NH4) 3T1C16.2H20 Tl3PO4 Tl4P2O7 TlH2PO2 TlH2PO4 Tl2H2P2O7 Tl2SAs2S3-Lorandite TlSbAs2S6-Vrbaite Tl2CO3 Tl(C 2 H 3 O 2 )....

507.295 708.224 991.648 269.439 301.439 584.863 686.980 636.415 468.800 263.423

727 728 729 730 731 732 733 734 735 736 738 739 740

T1(CHO2)3 Tl(C3H6O2) TlCd-C4H6O6) Tl(^Z-C4H6O6) Tl(raeso-C4H5O6).0.5H2O T1H(C2H3O2)2 Tl2(^-C4H4O6) Tl2(WeSO-C4H4O6) Tl2(OZ-C4H4O6) Tl2(d-C4H4O6).0.5H2O T1H(C13CCO2)2 TlH(CBr3CO2), TlOC6H2(NO2),—Picrate

339.423, 277.439 353.439 353.439 362.446 323.454 556.831 556.831 556.831 565.838 530.156 796.904 432.440

741 742 743 744 745 746 747 748 749 750 751 752 753 754 755 756 757 758 759 760 761 762

Tl (SbO)(^-C4H4O6). H20 TlC1.2PbCl2 TlGa(SO4)2.12H20 ZnO-Zincite ZnO Zn(OH) 2 ZnF2 ZnF2.4H20 ZnCl2 Zn(ClO3)2.4H20 Zn(ClO4)2.6H20 ZnBr2 ZnI 2 Zn(IOs) 2 ZnS(a)—Würzite ZnS (/3)—Sphalerite ZnSO4-Zinkosite ZnSO4-H20 ZnSO4.6H20 ZnSO4.7H2O—Goslarite ZnS2O6.6H20 ZnSe


BBaBeBiBr 54 79 75 15 5

:

440.865 569.125 185.966 504.865 568.930 301.473 488.000 1134.40 552.000 536.300 600.300 246.424 266.408

:

CCaCbCdCe 16 77 51 29 59

, ,.

508.216 796.090 682.435 81.3800 81.3800 99.3954 103.380 175.442 136.296 304.357 372.388 225.212 319.244 415.244 97.4450 97.4450 161.445 179.460 269.537 287.553 333.602 144.580 ClCoCrCsCu 4 44 46 85 31

Cry tal / system

R. M.

d f » , A e * finding

M?R 44s 12s 12? 682

f

' ^ No.

8.0 975 5.57

12o d. 340 33s R.

6.875

991

412 5.712 T R. ß Trig. a C.

M. M. M.

334 206 Tr. 75 (7 to ß) Tr. 145 (ß to a} >12o 19o 19o 27o

M. R. 110 M.

95 140

R. Tri. Tri.

S.ööeJ 1 ' 4

1053

2.38P 6.86 6.7se 4.723 5.53 5.30 7.11 3.68 1. 3.9

1072

2.8 3.496 3.494 3.518

64 Trig. Tri. M. M. Tet. M. M. (red) Tri. (yellow) R. C.

165

3.990 >1800

R. M. Tri. ? R. C.

d. 125 872 Tr. 100 365

H. C. R. M. R. Tri. H. DyErEuFFe 67 69 64 3 43

558 899 957

435

H.

R. C.

4.80 5.110 4.66 4.60 2.82248 3.92318 3.164J7 2.993J6

394 446 d. 185o15°atTr. 102o d. 740 d. 238 Tr. 70.0 Tr. 39.0

GaGdGeGlH 25 65 20 75 2

2.477 5.6Oe 5.4? 3.053 4.84^ 5 2.535J2 2.9if 2.15 2.15 . 4.219 4.666J 4 ' 2 4.98 4.08? 4.102 J 6 3.7445 3.28}5 2.072J5 1.97 1.915 5.42J5 HfHgHoIIn 73 30 68 6 26

110 392

404 187 860 490 188.1 IrKLaLiLu 36 83 58 81 72

TIndex j No. XT

T-. i Formula

TI/r i wt. * Mol.

763 764 765 766 767 768 769 770 771 772 773 774 775 776 777 778 779 780 781 782 783 784 785 786 787 788 789 790 791 792 793 794 795 796 797 798 799 800 801 802 803 804 805 806 807 808 809

298.657 316.672 192.880 189.396 243.442 297.488 153.377 170.358 243.290 300.420 421.122 389.336 483.368 293.588 401.680 495.950 258.188 386.188 458.250 458.250 458.250 295.490 242.792 539.630 385.198 215.300 346.060 392.680 474.060 618.183 573.455 125.380 153.380 189.411 95.4262 123.457 151.488 207.549 155.395 191.426 183.426 219.457 367.488 239.488 548.947 307.587

810 811

ZnSeO4.5H20 ZnSeO4.6H20 ZnTe Zn(NOs) 2 Zn(NO3)2.3H20 Zn(NO 3 ) 2 .6H 2 0 ZnCl 2 -NH 3 ZnCl2.2NH3 ZnCl2.2NH4Cl Zn(ClO3)2.4NH3 ZnBr2.2NH4Br Zn(BrO 3 ) 2 .4NH 3 Zn(IO 3 ) 2 .4NH 3 ZnSO4. (NH4)2SO4 ZnSO4. (NH 4 )2S04.6H20 ,. Zn (SeO4). (NH4)2SO4.6H2O Zn3P2 Zn 3 (PO 4 ) 2 Zn3(PO4)2.4H2O—a Hopeite Zn3(PO4)2.4H2O—ß Hopeite Zn3(PO4)2.4H2O—-Parahopeite ZnH4(PO4)2.2H20 Zn2(OH)PO4-Tarbuttite Zn3(PO4) 2.Zn (OH)2.3H2O—Spencerite . . . Zn2P2S6 ZnAs2 Zn3As2 Zn2As2O7 Zn3As2O8 Zn3(AsO4)2.8H2O—Koettigite 4ZnO.As2O5-H2O-Adamite ZnCO3-Smithsonite ZnC2O4 ZnC2O4.2H2O Zn(CH 3 ), Zn(C 2 H 6 ) 2 Zn(C 3 H 7 ) 2 Zn(Mo-C6Hii), Zn(CHO 2 ) 2 Zn(CHO2)2.2H2O Zn(C 2 H 3 Os) 2 Zn(C2H3O2)2.2H20 Zn(Z-C4H5O6)2.2H2O—Z-Malate Zn(C 3H7CO2)2 5ZnO.2CO2.3H2O—Hydrozincite Zn(CH2SO3)2.3H2O-Ethane disulfonate. ZnCioH6O6S2.6H2O— l, 5-Naphthalene disulfonate Zn(CN) 2 ZnO.SiO2

459.649 117.396 141.440

M. R,

812 813 814 815 816 817 818 819 820 821 822 823

2ZnO.SiO2—Willemite 2ZnO.SiO2.H2O—Calamine ZnSiF6.6H20 ZnSiS ZnO-TiO2 ZnO.3TiO2 3ZnO.2TiO2 4ZnO.5TiO2 Tl2Zn (SO4)2.6H20 CdO Cd20 Cd(OH) 2

222.820 240.835 315.532 125.505 161.280 321.080 403.940 725.020 774.402 128.410 240.820 146 .425

Trig. R. H.

MgMnMoN 76 42 47 11

NaNbNdNiO 82 51 61 45 l

Os P Pb Pd 35 12 23 41

Pr Pt Ra Rb 60 37 80 84

Crystal , system Tri. Tet. C. Tet. R. R.

T I T -P. D M. d. >50 d. 1238.5 44.07 45.5 36.4

exp. 169 exp. 215

C. R. M. R. Trig.

d. >420 9oo Tr. >105 Tr. > 140 Tr. >163 100 d.

Trig.

Rh Ru S Sa 40 39 8 63

1.82 l .84 2.625 2.27 2.82 2.2s 1.931 2.20 4.5543 3.998J5 3.04 3.03

516 620 734 720 793 898 755

771 1015 4.TOiJ 1 4.91345 3.30915 4.345 4.44 2.58Ì 7 ' 6 2.562 1.1.38610 1.1.18218

d. 100 d. > 100 .dl 3oo

1. l .022° 2.3e 2.205 1.840 l .735 l .70I20

M.

M. C.

252 188.2

2.06544

4. Is 3.14 2.2

d. 100

d. 100 -40 -28

M. Tet. M. M. ? Tri.

~ Ref. ,. ind. AT finding No.

210.8 exp. 205

M. M. C. R. R. R. TrL Tri. Tri. M. H.

dl>2o * 2.591 2.325 5.54J3

142 237

3.7 2.043 l .793 d. 800 1437

3.52 1. 3.86gls 3.9 3.45 2.104 3.41 3.17 4.92J 5 3.83 3.68i9 3.720 8.1s 8.19248 4.79 4 5

1509

d. 120 d. d. 300 SbScSeSiSn 14 56 9 18 22


TiTlTmUV 19 27 70 49 50

881 918 369

518 535 920 791

341 780 209

771

WYYbZnZr 4857 71 282l

Index No.

Formula

824 825 826 827 828 829 830 831 832 832.1 833 834 835 836 837 838 839 840 841 842 843 844 845 846 847 848 849 850 852 853 854 855 856 857 858 859 860 861 862 863 864 865 866 867 868 869 870 871 872 873 874 875 876 877 878 879 880 881 882 883

CdF2 CdCl2 CdCl2.2.5H20 Cd(ClO3)2.2H20 CdCl2.CdO.H20 CdBr2 Cd(BrO3)2.2H20 CdO.CdBr2.H20 CdI2(C*) CdI2GS) Cd(IOa) 2 Cd(IO3)2.H20 CdS-Greenockite CdSO4 CdSO4-H20 CdSO4.2.66H20 CdSO4.7H20 CdS2O6.6H20 CdSe CdSeO4.2H2O CdTe Cd(NOs) 2 Cd(NO3)2.4H20 CdCl2.NH4Cl CdCl2.4NH4Cl CdCl2.2NH2OH Cd(ClO3)2.6NH3 Cd(BrO3)2.4NH3 Cd(IO3)2.4NH3 CdSO4. (NH4)2SO4 CdSO4. (NH4)2SO4.6H20 CdSeO4. (NH4)2SeO4.2H2O CdSeO4.(NH4)2SeO4.6H20 Cd2P2O7.2H20 Cd3(PO4)2 5CdO.2P2O5.5H2O Cd(H2PO4)2.2H20 Cd3(PO4)2.2CdHPO4.4H20 3Cd3(PO4)2.CdCl2 Cd3As2 Cd2As2O7 CdHAsO4.H20 Cd(H2AsO4)2.2H20 CdSb CdCO3 CdC2O4 Cd(CH 3 ) 2 Cd (CHO2) 2.2H20 Cd(C2H3O2) Cd (C2H3O2).2H20 Cd(CH2SO3)2.2H20 Cd(CN) 2 CdO.SiO2 2CdO.SiO2 HgO-Montroydite Hg20 HgF HgF2 HgCl-Calomel HgCl2-Corrosive sublimate

884

HgClO8

Ag Al As Au 32 55 13 33

B Ba Be Bi Br 54 79 75 15 5

Mol. wt. 150.410 183.326 228.364 315.357 329.751 272.242 404.273 418.667 366.274 366.274 462.274 480.289 144.475 208.475 226.490 256.583 334.583 380.632 191.610 291.641 239.910 236.426 308.488 236.823 397.313 249.388 381.513 436.366 530.398 340.618 448.710 470.918 542.980 434.899 527.278 1016.22 342.520 1016.22 1765.16 487.150 486.740 270.393 430.392 234.180 172.410 200.410 142.456 238.456 171.433 207.464 336.602 164.426 188.470 316.880 216.610 417.220 219.610 238.610 236.068 271.526 284.068

C Ca Cb Cd Ce 16 77 51 29 59

Cl Co Cr Cs Cu 4 44 46 85 3l

0

^1 system O C. M. H.

M. P. ÏÏÔÔ 568 Tr. 34 80 d. 280 583

R. H.

H. R. M. M. M. Tri. H. R. C. R. Trig.

M. Tri. M. M. Tri. M.

3ss Tr. 160 175o10° at10Oo Tr. los Tr. 41.5 Tr. 4 d. d. 100 1041 350 59.4 Tr. d. exp. exp.

20 13o 184 192 exp. d. d. 100

d. 2o 9Oo Isoo d. 55o d. 100 d. 6Oo

C. Tri. Trig.

d. >120 d. 7s 455 d. <500 d. 34o

M. 256 M. Tri.

C.? C. Têt. R.

d. >20o 1242 1243 d. 100 d. 100 570 ' 645 d. 302 277

R.

d. 250

R.

Dy Er Eu F Fe 67 69 64 3 43

GaGdGeGlH 25 65 20 75 2

d" 4 6^64 4.047? 3.327 4.56 4 5 5.192f 3.758 4.87l5 5.67Of 5.30534° 6.48 6.43 4.820 4.691J4 3.786 3.090 2.48 2.272 5.81J6 3.632 6.2015 2.45547 2.93 2.01 2.721J 1.78 2.53 3.23 3.11 2.067 3.376 2.307 4.965Ì5

*?.' ^ finding No.

829

406 688

296

500

4.Ia 4 5 2.7421/ 4.06 5.4645 6.211 5.974 4.16445 3.24I 4 6 4.258 3.3218 2.44 2.341 2.01 2.570 4.93 11. U 9.8 8.73 8.95 7.150 5.44 1. 4.44 280

1027

390 '

Hf Hg Ho I In 73 30 68 6 20

Ir K La Li Lu 36 83 58 81 72

Index No.

Formula

Mol. wt.

_ 886 887 888

HgClO4.6H20 Hg(ClO4)2.7H20 Hg2ClO-Terlinguaite HgCl2.2HgO

889 890 891 892 893 894

HgO.2HgCl2 Hg2O.2HgCl—Eglestonite HgCl2.3HgO—Kleinite HgCl2.4HgO HgBr HgBr2

759.662 889.356 921.356 1137.97 280.526 360.442

895 896 897 898

HgBr2.4HgO HgI HgI2 (red) HgI2 (yellow)

1226.88 327.542 454.474 454.474

899 900 901 902 903 904 904.1 904.2 904.3 905 906 907 908 909 910 911 912 913 914 914.1 915 916 916.1 917 918 919 920 921 922 923 924 925 926 927 928 929 930 931 932 933 934 935 936 937 938 939

Hg2Cl2I2 HgS-Metacinnabarite HgS («)—Cinnabarite HgS (0) HgSO4 Hg2SO4 Hg2SO4Cl2 Hg2SO4Br4 Hg2SO4I2 HgSO4.3HgS Hg2SeO3 HgNO 2 HgNO3-H20 Hg (NO3) 2.0.5H20 Hg 2 (NO) 2 (HgOH)2.NH2OH HgCl2.N2H4.HCl HgCl2.2NH4Cl.H20 HgCl2.12NH3 Hg2(NOs)2Cl4 HgBr2.2N2H4.HBr.H20 NHg2Br.3NH4Br Hg 2 (NO 3 )J 4 HgS.2Sb2S3—Livingstonite Hg(CH 3 ) 2 Hg(C 2 Ho) 2 Hg(C3H7), Hg(ô-C4H9)2 Hg(C6Ho)2 Hg(C10H7)2—Mercury «-naphthyl Hg(C2H3O2), Hg(C 3 H 6 O 2 ) 2 Hg(C7H5O2)2 Hg(C18H33O2)2—Oleate Hg2(C3H5OO2 HgCH3Cl HgC2H5Cl HgCH31 Hg(C2H6S)2 Hg(CN) 2 CuO—Paramelaconite CuO-Tenorite Cu2O-Cuprite CuF CuF2.5HF.6H20 CuCl-Nantokite

MgMnMoN 76 42 47 11

NaNbNdNiO 82 51 61 45 1

Oa P Pb Pd 35 12 23 41

Cry

®tal system

408.160 525.634 452.678 704.746

726.000 232.675 232.675 232.675 296.675 497.285 568.201 816.949 751.149 994.700 528.420 . 246.618 280.633 333.634 461.236 468.267 340.039 396.535 475.899 667.068 603.475 789.008 1032.96 912.145 230.656 258.687 286.718 314.748 354.687 454.718 . . 318.656 346.687 442.687 763.118 547.297 251.091 265.107 342.565 322.817 252.626 79.5700 79.5700 143.140 82.5700 309.701 99.0280

Pt Pt Ra Rb 60 37 SO 84

M. H. M.

M. P. d. 150 34 d. d. d. d.

C. H. H.

d. 260

R.

237

R. Têt. Têt. R.

d. 230 29Od. Tr. 127 259

R. C. H. H. R. M.

153

M.

dj° finding 4.28 2.78 8.725 red 8.3 black 8.5 6.42 8.33 7.93 9.10 7.307 6.05s 1. 5.12240 8.73 7.70 6.283 6.271 1. 5.24255

R ef fi , '

7. 5o 8. Io 7.7s 6.47 7.56

d. d. 270 d. 125 248 d. 120 180 d. d. 140 70 79 d. 100

^ No.

1070

195

411

6.41e 5.925 4.7S5 39 4.3 7.33 4.083

157 R.

R.

2.84 - 9 P. d. 100 73 18Od. 250

R.

121.8 188 d. 110 165 103 225 d. 170 193 143 77

4.81 1.3.069 1.2.444 1. 2.12416 1. l .83515 2.318 1.929 3.27o

Têt. C. C.. M. C.

Rh Ru S Sa 40 39 8 63

d. 1026153 mm °2 1235°- 6mm ° 2 908 d. 422 SbScSeSiSn 14 56 9 18 22


1029 53 54

4.063 3.482 4.00 6.4 6.40 6.0 2.405 3.53 TiTITmUV 19 27 70 49 50

1078 188 173 WYYbZnZr 4857 71 2821

Index No. 940 941 942 943 944 945 946 947 948 949 950 951 952 953 954 955 956 957 958 959 960 961 962 963 964 965 966 967 968 969 970 971 972 973 974 975 976 977 978 979 980 981 982 983 984 985 986 987 988 989 990 991 992 993 994 995 996 997 998 999 1000 1001 1002 Ag Al As Au 32 55 13 33

Formula

Mol. wt.

CuCl2 134.486 CuCl2.2H2O 170.517 Cu(ClO3)2.6H20 338.578 Cu (ClO4)2.7H20 388.594 3CuO.CuCl2.3H2O—Atacamite 427.242 3CuO.CuCl2.3H2O—Paratacamite 427.242 4CuO.Cl2O5.3H20 523.242 CuBr 143.486 CuBr2 223.402 CuBr2.4H20 295.464 Cu(BrO3)2.6H2O. .. , 427.494 CuI-Marshite 190.502 Cu(IOs)2 413.434 Cu(IOs)2JH20 431.449 Cu(IO3)OH 255.510 CuS-Covellite 95.6350 Cu2S-Chalcocite 159.205 Cu2S 159.205 CuSO4-Hydrocyanite 159.635 CuSO4-H20 177.650 CuSO4.3H20 213.681 CuSO4.5H2O—Chalcanthite 249.712 CuSO4.7H2O—Boothite 285.743 Cu2SO8-H20 225.220 3CuO.SO3.2H2O—Antlerite 354.806 Cu2SO3.CuSO3.2H2O 386.871 4CuO.SO3.3H2O—Brochantite 452.391 4CuO.SO3.4H2O—Langite 470.407 7CuO.2SO3.5H20 807.197 20CuO.SO8.2CuCl2.20H2O—Connellite... 2300.75 Cu2Se 206.340 Cu3Se2-Umangite 349.110 CuO.SeO2.2H2O—Chalcomenite 226.801 CuSeO4.5H2O '. 296.847 Cu(NO3)2.3H20 241.631 Cu(NO3)2.6H20 295.678 4CuO.N2O5.3H2O—Gerhardite 480.342 CuCl2.2NH4Cl 241.480 CuCl2.2NH4C1.2H20 277.510 CuCLSNH3 150.121 2CuCLNH3 - - - 215.087 2CuCLSNH3 249.149 3CuCl2.10NH3 573.769 Cu(ClOs)2.4NH8 298.610 CuBr2.2NH3 257.464 CuBr.3NH3 194.579 2CuBr.3NH3 338.065 Cu(BrO3)2.4NH3 387.526 CuLSNH3 241.595 2CuLSNH3 432.097 Cu(IO3)2.5NH3 498.590 (NH4) 2SO4.CuSO4 291.778 (NH4) 2SO4.CuSO4.6H20 399.870 (NH4)2SeO4.CuSeO4.6H20 494.140 CuP 94.5940 Cu2P 158.164 Cu3P2 252.758 4CuO1P2O5-H2O-Libethenite 478.343 4CuO.P2Oß.2H2O—Pseudolibethenite 496.359 4CuO.P2O6.3H2O—Tagilite 514.374 5CuO.P2O6-2H2O—Dihydrite 575.929 6CuO.P2O5.3H2O—Phosphochalite 673.514 Cu(H2PO2J2 193.649 B Ba Be Bi Br 54 79 75 15 5

C Ca Cb Cd Ce 1677 51 29 59


0

^1 system R C.?

R. Trig. R. M. ? C. M. R. C. C. Têt. M. Tri. R. H. M. ? R. C. R. M. Tri. M. H. R.

M. P. 49s UOd. 65 d. 200 d. 200 d. So4 498 Tr. 3o d. 180 GOS d. d. 240 d. 290 Tr. 103 1100 1130 200 d. 221 d. 20

d. 150 R. R. R. H. C.

1113

M. R. ? Tri. 114.49 26.4 d. R. Têt.

M. M.

d. 110 123 162 144 27o d. 90 d. 2oo 115 135 exp. 140 105 117 exp. 215 d. 120 d. d.

R. M. Tri.

d™ * 3.054 2.390 224 1.955 3.94 3.74 3.55 4.72 2.583 5.62 5.24l 15 4.87615 4.87815 4.6 5.6 5.783 3.6 3.1? 2.663 2.286J 5 ' 6 l .94421 3.8315 3.9 3.57 3.907 3.49 3.85 3.4 6.749Î 0 5.620 3.76 2.559 2.047 3.43 1.905l!"6 1.98

J¥'^ finding No. 883 1033 172

186

641 921 944 939 350 916

903 354

1.81

2.31 2.72 2.348 1.87 2.22 5.14 6.4 6.67 3.7 4. o 4.08 4.2 4.4

538 639

932 968 940

exp. 90 Dy Er Eu P Fe 67 69 64 3 43

Ga Gd Ge Gl H 25 65 20 75 2

Hf Hg Ho I In 73 30 68 6 26

Ir K La Li Lu 368358 81 72

T j No. AT Index

T? i Formula

TV/T T wt. 4. Mol.

1003 1004 1005 1006 1007 1008 1009 1010 1011 1012 1013 1014 1015 1016 1017

CuPO4-CuOH Cu3As-Domeykite 3CuO.As2O5.5H2O—Trichalcite 4CuO, As2O6-H2O-Olivenite 4CuO.As2O5.3H2O—Leucochalcite 4CuO.As2O6.7H2O—Euchroite 5CuO. As2O 5.H2O-Erinite 6CuO.As2O5.3H2O—Clinoclasite 7CuO.As2O5.14H2O—Chalcophyllite 5CuO. As2O5.9H2O—Tyrolite 2Cu2S1As2S3 3Cu2S. As2S 5—Enargite 3Cu2S.2As2S3— Binnite Cu3(AsO4)2.3NH3.4H20 Cu3Sb 08)

239.172 265.670 558.707 566.215 602.246 674.308 645.785 761.386 1039.12 789.909 564.525 787.860 969.845 591.785 312.480

1018 1019 1020 1021 1022 1023 1024 1025 1025. l 1026 1027 1028 1029 1030 1031 1032 1033 1034 1035

561.390 498.940 838.675 817.350 673.400 1824.42 1385.7 1474.6 3603.34 203.140 221.155 344.725 153.585 225.647 181.616 199.632 217.647 323.790

1036 1037

Cu6Sb2 Cu2S.Sb2S3—Chalcostibite Cu2S.2Sb2S3—Guejarite 3Cu2S.Sb2Ss—Stylotypite Cu2S.Bi2S3—Emplectite 5Cu2S.2Bi2S3—Wittichenite 2Cu2S.Bi2S3.2BiSCl 2Cu2S.Bi2S3.2BiSBr 20CuO.Bi2O3.5As2O5.22H2O— Mixité 2CuO.CO2—Mysorine 2CuO.CO2.H2O—Malachite 3CuO.2CO2.H2O—Azurite Cu(CH02)2: Cu (CHO2) 2.4H20 Cu(C2H302)2 Cu(C2H3O2)2.H20 Cu(C2H302)2.2H20 Cu (CH2SO3)2.4H2O—Ethane disulfonate. CuC10H6O6S2.6H2O—l, 5-Naphth a l e n e disulfonate. CuCN CuC2O4.2NH3

1038 1039 1040 1041 1042 1043 1044 1045 1046 1047 1048 1049 1050 1051 1053 1054 1055 1056 1057 1058 1059 1060 1061 1062

CuSCN Cu 2 (NHg) 2 (SCN) 2 Cu2Si Cu4Si Cu6Si2 CuO.SiO2.H2O—Bisbeeite CuO.SiO2.H2O—Dioptase 2CuO.2SiO2.H2O—Shattuckite 6CuO.5SiO2.2H2O—Plancheite CuSiF6.6H20 CuCl2.PbO.H2O—Percylite 2CuO.5PbO.3SO3.CO2.3H2O—Linarite. . . CuO.4PbO.P2O6—Tsumebite Cu2S.2PbS.Bi2S3—Aikinite. . -. 5Cu2S.2ZnS.2As2S3—Tennantite Cu2HgI4 CuCl.HgS Ag20 Ag2O2 AgF AgCl-Cerargyrite AgClO3 AgClO4 AgBr-Bromyrite |

121.643 277.348 155.200 282.340 . 373.970 157.645 157.645 297.275 813.751 313.722 375.701 1613.38 1114.42 1151.93 1483.14 835.478 331.703 231.760 247.760 126.880 143.338 191.338 207.338 187.796

MgMnMoN 76 42 47 11


Oa P Pb Pd 35 12 23 41

Crystal , system R. H. R. R. R. R.

„ P.

d±20 *

830

4.3

C. C. Tri. 687 Tr. 407OnOa) 830 R. R. R.

M. M.

d. 220

M 115 d. 240 Tri.

.

M. M.

474.5

R.

d. 20

Tet. C.

Rh Ru S Sa 40 39 8 63

4.932 4.814 5.147 6. IO15 5.915 6.78 6.41 3.79 4.398 4.0 3.88 l .831 l .795 1.930 l .882 1.9 2.061

3.05 3.36 2.1581« 4.67 18 - 7 5.4 6 6.45 4.4 6.096^ 6.29 7.143166 7.44 5.8521^5 5.56 4.43o

d. 3oo d. > 100 43s 455 23o d. 486 434 SbScSeSiSn 14 56 9 18 22

885 951 960 891 964 976 306 912

352 977 938 652 667

792

2.305425 (a) 2.225l6 (ß) 2.846?5 1.02l2* 6.9 18 7.53

R. Trig. M. M. R. C. M. R. R. C.

C.

3.4o 4.04 4.37 2.66 3. Os 4.289 4.40 4.48 3.05 8.51 (ß) 8.48 (a)

l .783

850 775

C.

Ref. ind. __ c .. finding No. 931

8 .Oo

M. Trig. R.

457.839 89.5780 185.632

Pr Pt Ra Rb 60 37 80 84

, A M.

6.474 SrTaTbTeTh 7852 66 10 24

TiTlTmUV 19 27 70 49 50

783 319 948 320 211 176 967 987 198

177 185 WYYbZnZr 4857 71 2821

Index No. 1063 1064 1065 1066 1067 1068 1069 1070 1071 1072 1073 1074 1075 1076 1077 1078 1079 1080 1081 1082 1083 1084 1085 1086 1087 1088 1089 1090 1091 1092 1093 1094 1095 1096 1097 1098 1099 1100 1101 1102 1103 1104 1105 1106 1107 1108 1109 1110 1111 1112 1113 1114 1115 1116 1117 1118 1119 1120 1121 1122 1123 1124 Ag Al As Au 32 55 13 33

Formula AgBrO3 Agi—lodyrite AgIO3 Ag2S-Acanthite

235.796 234.812 282.812 247.825

Ag2S-Argentile Ag2SO4 Ag2S2O6.2H20 Ag2Se—Naumannite Ag2SeO3 Ag2Te-Hessite AgN3 AgNO2 AgNO3 Ag2(NO)2 AgNO 2 -NH 3 NH4NO3AgNO3 Ag(NHg) 2 NO 3 AgCLAgNO3 2AgC1.3NH3 AgLAgNO3 AgI.2AgNO3 AgBr.NH4Br.4(NH4)2S2O3 Ag2P3 AgPO3 Ag3PO4 Ag4P2O7 Ag2HPO4 Ag3AsO3 Ag3AsO4 Ag3AsBr3 Ag2S.As2S3—Smithite Ag2S. As2S3—Trechmannite 3Ag2S.As2S3—Proustite 3 Ag2S. As2S5-Xanthoconite Ag2S-Sb2S3-Miargyrite 3Ag2S.Sb2S3—Pyrargyrite 3Ag2S-Sb2S3-Pyrostilpnite 5Ag2S-Sb2Sj- Stephanite 8Ag2S.Sb2S3—Polybasite 12Ag2S-Sb2S3-Polyargyrite Ag2S-Bi2S3-Matildite AgNO2.Bi(NO2)3.2NH4NO2 Ag2CO3 Ag2C2O4 AgC 2 H 3 O 2 .. AgC3H5O3-O-SH2O-Lactate Ag2(^-C4H4O6) Ag2(^-C4H4O6) AgCN AgCNO AgCN-NH 3 Ag(SbO) W-C4H4O6).H20 4Ag2S. GeS2-Argyrodite 4Ag2S.SnS2—Canfîeldite Ag2S.2As2S3.6PbS—Lengenbachite 3Ag2S.4PbS.3SbA—Diaphorite 3Ag2S.4PbS.3Sb2S3—Freieslebenite AgNO2.2TlNO2.Bi(NO2)3 AgCLHgCl 2AgLHgI2 4AgLCuI-Miersite Ag2S. Cu2S-Stromeyerite B BaBe Bi Br 54 79 75 15 5

Mol. wt.

CCaCbCdCe 16 77 51 29 59

247.825 311.825 411.921 294.960 342.960 343.260 149.904 153.888 169.888 275.776 170.919 249.935 203.950 313.226 337.769 404.700 574.588 878.580 308.832 186.904 418.664 605.568 311.792 446.600 462.600 638.348 493.940 493.940 989.590 1053.72 587.560 1083.21 1083.21 1578.86 2322.34 3313.64 762.020 629.006 275.760 303.760 166.903 205.995 363.791 363.791 133.888 149.888 150.919 364.886 1127.81 1174.13 2175.65 2719.74 2719.74 1001.73 379.406 924.098 1129.75 407.030 ClCo CrCsCu 4 44 46 85 31

Cry al

f system Têt. H. R. R. C. R. R.

M. P. d. d. 552 >200 825 Tr. 17s Tr. 17s 652 880

C. R. R. Têt. R. R. R. R. R. Têt. C. Trig.

955 exp. 251.5 d. Uo 212 d. 110 7o d. 109.6 17o d. 16o 68d. 94 119.1

d. M. Trig. Trig. R. M. Trig. M. Tri. R. R. R. R. 218 d. exp. 140 d. 100 d. 320 d. d. 102 d.

Tr. 45 R. DyErEuFFe 67 69 64 3 43

7.317 5.45f' 2 3.61 8.0 5.929 8.5 4.45326 4.352f 5.7534°

**' in^ finding No. 372 400

844

1050

336 d. 482 849 58s d. 110 15Od.

C.

M. R. C. C. Tri. R. M.

d™ * 5.206 5.6? 5.525 7.326

GaGdGeGlH 25 65 20 75 2

4.63 6.37o 6.37of 5.306 75 366 6.657f 5.55f 4.7oo 4.700 5.49 5.2 5.3O11J 5.7e 5.79O1J 6.3 6.1 6.50 6.9 3.05545 6.077 5.0294 3.259*5

1066 422 412 1030 425 1031

3.43215 3.77515 3.95 4.00 3.48l18-2 6.08515 6.28 5.8 5.9 6.3 4.874S 6.495 5.998J 5.64 6__2 Hf Hg Ho I In 73 30 68 6 26

183 Ir K La Li LiT 36 83 58 81 72

T j No. AT Index

T^ i Formula

i/r i wt. j. Mol.

ÏÎ25Au20 1126 Au2O2 1127 Au2O3 1128 AuCl 1129 AuCl3 1130 Au 2 Cl 4 1131 AuBr 1132 AuBr3 1133 Au 2 Br 4 1134 AuHBr4.5H20 1135 AuI 1136 Au2S2 1137 Au2S3 Au2Se3 1138 1139 AuTe-Calaverite 1140 Au2Te4 1141 HAu(NO3)4.3H20 1142 Au2O3.4NH3 1143 Au2P3 Au(CN),.3H20 1144 1145 4AuCl3.3AgC1.8NH4Cl 1146 OsO2 OsO4 (yellow) 1147

410.400 426.400 442.400 232.658 303.574 536.232 277.116 436.948 714.064 -607.949 324.132 458.530 490.595 632.000 324.700 904.400 500.286 510.524 487.472 329.270 2072.28 222.800 254.800

1147.5 1148 1149 1150 1151 1152 1153 1154 1155 1156 1157 1158 1159 1160 1161 1162 1163 1164 1165 1166 1167 1168 1169 1170 1171 1172 1173 1174 1175 1176 1177 1178 1179 1180 1181 1182 1183 1184 1185

254.800 304.800 342.800 439.626 706.374 228.558 264.016 299.474 441.926 314.698 384.630 518.004 473.546 659.052 567.578 1238.91 266.146 481.185 518.086 514.894 838.880 702.958 227.295 353.630 432.830 297.370 300.208 444.056 352.286 710.804 992.900 369.278 345.150 588.292 616.292 766.124 954.188 618.308 646.339

MgMnMoN 76 42 47 11

OsO4 (white) OsF6 OsF8 (NH4)2OsCl6 (NH4)2OsBr6 .IrCl IrCl2 IrCl3 (NH4)JrCl6 IrC1.4NH3.H2O [Ir(NHs)6Cl]Cl2 [Ir (NH3) 5Br]Br2 [Ir(NHs)5Cl]Br2 [Ir(NHg)6I]I2 [Ir(NHa)5Cl]I2 Ir2(SO4)3.(NH4)2SO4.24H20 PtCl2 PtCl4.8H2O H2PtCl6.6H2O PtBr4 H2PtBr6.9H20 PtI4 PtS PtSe2 PtSe3 Pt(NH 3 ) 4 (OH) 2 Pt(NHs)2Cl2 (NH4)2PtCl6 [Pt(NH3)4]Cl2.H20 (NH 4 ) 2 PtBr 6 (NH 4 ) 2 PtI 6 PtP2O7 PtAs2-Sperrylite [Pt(CO)Cl2], 2PtCl2.3CO [Pt(CO)Br2], [Pt(CO)I2], [CH3(C2Hs)2SCl]2PtCl4 [(C2H6)3SCl]2PtCl4. NaNbNdNiO 82 51 61 45 l

Os P Pb Pd 35 12 23 41

Pr Pt Ra Rb 60 37 80 84

Crystal \ system

n/r -r»P. M.

finding

d. 20s d. 18o d. 16o d. 289.5 254 d. d. 25o d. 115 16o d. d. 115 27 d. 120 d. 14o d. 19? Tri. 472 72 d. exp. 143

jzo d;°

„Ref. ,. md. AT No.

7.4 3.9 5.1

8.754 4.65 22 9.04 2.84 6.67

d. 50 R.

159

M.

7.91 4.91 1. 4.44 4 °i

41

57

39.5 34.5 C.

2.93 4.09 10.18

d. 798 d. 773 d. 763 C. Trig. R. R. R. R. R. C.

M.

5.30 2.856 327 2.675 3.245 165 3.01 3.586155 3.12

106 d. 581 60 d. 180 <100d. d. 100

5.87 2.43 2.431

8.897 7.65 7.15 R. C. Tet. C. C. C. M. M. M. M.

Rh Ru S Sa 40 39 8 63

UOd. d. 270 d. 110 d. >600 >800 195 130 182 ca. 150 d. 210 SbScSeSiSn 14 56 9 18 22


3.065 2.737 4.265 4.61 4.856 10.60

888 811 TiTlTmUV 19 27 70 49 50

WYYbZnZr 4857 71 2821

Index No. I 1186 1187 1188 1189 1190 1191 1192 1193 1194 1195 1196 1197 1198 1199 1200 1201 1202 1203 1204 1205 1206 1207 1208 1209 1210 1211 1212 1213 1214 1215 1216 1217 1218 1219 1220 1221 1222 1223 1224 1225 1226 1227 1228 1229 1230 1231 1232 1233 1234 1235 1236 1237 1238 1239 1240 1241 1242 1243 1244 1245 1246 1247 1248 Ag AI As Au 32 55 13 33

Formula

Mol. wt.

0

^1 system

M~P.

I

[C2H8NH2I2H2PtCl6 500.117 218 d. [(CHa)8N]2H2PtCl6 528.148 245 d. [CH3(C2H6)NH]2H2PtCl6 528.148 208 [C3H7NH2)2H2PtCl6 528.148 214 [(Wo-C3H7)NH2I2H2PtCl6 528.148 228 [(CHa)4N]2PtCl6 556.179 C. 278 d. [CH3(C3H7)NH]2H2PtCl6 556.179 20Od. [(CHa)3C2H6N]2PtCl6 584.210 C. 266 d. [(C2H6)C3H7NH]2H2PtCl6 584.210 199 [C2H6(WO-C3H7)NH]2H2PtCl6 584.210 180 [C2H6(WO-C4H9)NH]2H2PtCl6 612.240 201 d. [(C2H6)3N]2H2PtCl6 612.240 100 [(C3H7)2NH]2H2PtCl6 612.240 175 d. [(CHa)3C3H7N]2PtCl6 612.240 C. 252 d. [(CH3MwO-C3H7)N]2PtCl6 612.240 C. 237 [(C3H7)(WO-C4H9)NH]2H2PtCl6 640.271 188 [(CH3) (C2H6)3N]2PtCl6 640.271 C. 25Od. [(CHa)2(C2H5)(C3H7)N]2PtCl6 640.271 C. 256 d. [(CHs)3(C4H9)N]2PtCl6 640.271 C. 259 d. [(CHa)3(WO-C4H9)N]2PtCl6 640.271 C. 220 [(CH3) (C3H7)2N]2H2PtCl6 640.271 >200 [(C2Hs)4N]2PtCl6 668.302 C. 25Od. [(WO-C4H9)2NH]2H2PtCl6 668.302 213 [(C2H5)(C3Hy)2N]2H2PtCl6 668.302 175 [(CH3)2(C3H7)2N]2PtCl6 668.302 Tet. 250 [(CA)3(C3H7)N]2PtCl6 696.333 C. 235 d. [(CH3)(C2H6)(C3H7)2N]2PtCl6 696.333 C. 228 d. [(C2H6)2(C3H7)2N]2PtCl6 724.364 C. 22Od. [(CH3)(C2H6)(C3H7)(WO-C4H9)N]2PtCl6.. 724.364 236 d. [(C2HiO3(C4H9)N]2PtCl6 724.364 C. 220 [(C2Ho)3(Wo-C4H9)N]2PtCl6 724.364 M. 215 [(C2H5)(C3H7)3N]2PtCl6 752.394 Tri. 212 [(C3Hy)4N]2PtCl6 780.424 Tri. 199 [(CH3) (WO-C4H9) ,N]2PtCl6 808.456 R.? 174 [(C2H6) (MO-C4H9)IN]2PtCl6 836.487 Tet. 170 [(C3H7)(Wo-C4Hg)3N]2PtCl6 864.518 C. 168 Ptx(NOs)y(CaHbSc)« Tschugaeff and Chlopi n, 93, 82: 402; 12. PtSi 223.290 lloo Pt2Si 418.520 Pt3Si2 641.810 PtPbCl6.4H20 687.240 C. PtPbBr6 881.926 d. >120 PtZnCl6.6H20 581.450 Trig. PtZnBr6.12H20 956.291 Trig. PtZnI6.9H20 1184.34 Trig. PtCdCl6.6H20 628.480 Trig. PtCuCl6.6H20 579.964 Trig. RuO2 133.700 Tet. RuO4 165.700 25.5 Ru2S3-Laurite 299.595 C. RuSi 129.760 [Rh2(NH3)I0Cl2]Cl4 588.879 R. d. 200 [Rh(NHs)5Br]Br2 427.814 R. [Rh(NH3)J]I2 568.862 R. NH4Rh(SO4) 2.12H20 529.264 C. 103 TlRh(SO4)2.12H20 715.625 C. RbRh(SO4)2.12H20 596.665 C. 109 PdO 122.700 d. 877 PdCl2 177.616 5oo PdI2 , 360.564 d. 3so PdS 138.765 95o Pd2S 245.465 soo d. I PdSe | 185900 | .[ <960 | B Ba Be Bi Br 54 79 75 15 5

C Ca Cb Cd Ce 16 77 51 29 59

Cl Co Cr Cs Cu 4 44 46 85 31

Dy Er Eu F Fe 67 69 64 3 43

Ga Gd Ge Gl H 25 65 20 75 2

d f * ? • i n ^ * finding No. 2.275 18 2.015 139 2. 11515 2.218 2.229 1.81116 1.968 16 1.762" 1.89 1.885 1.804 1.903 1.7041S 1.821 1.87116 1.70215 1.731 1.812 1.795 1.75I17 1.737 1.776 l .6216 1.726 1.745 1,710 1.712 1.677 1.637 1.629" 1.602 1.57117 l .515 1.696 l .56217 1.509 11.63 15 13.818 14. l 3.681 6.025 2.717 2.877 3.689 2.882 2.734 7.2 5.77100 6.99 5.4 2.07918 2.65 3.1216 115 130

7.3 Hf Hg Ho I In 73 30 68 6 26

Ir K La Li Lu 36 83 58 81 72

Index No. 1249 1250 1251 1252 1253 1254 1255 1256 1257 1258 1259 1260 1261 1262 1263 1264 1265 1266 1267 1268 1269 1270 1270-1 1271 1272 1273 1274 1275 1276 1277 1278 1279 1280 1281 1282 1283 1284 1285 1286 1287 1288 1289 1290 1291 1292 1293 1294 1295 1296 1297 1298 1299 1300 1301 1302 1303 1304 1305 1306 1307 1308 1309 MgMnMoN 76 42 47 11

Formula

Mol. wt.

Pd(NHg) 2 Cl 2 211.678 (NHO2PdCl4 284.610 (NH4)2PdCl6 355.526 (NH4)SPdSO3Cl3-H20 365.268 Pd(CO)Cl2 205.616 Pd(CO)2Cl2 233.616 2PdCl2.3CO 439.232 PdSi 134.760 ZnPdCl6.6H20 492.920 MnO-Manganosite 70 9300 MnO.H2O—Pyrochroite 88.9454 MnO2—Polianite, Pyrolusite 86.9300 MnO2.H20 104.945 Mn2O3 157.860 Mn2O3-H2O-Manganite 175.875 Mn3O4-Hausmannite 228.790 MnF2 92.9300 MnF3 111.930 MnF2.5HF.6H20 301.061 MnCl2-Scacchite 125.846 MnCl2.4H20 197.908 Mn(ClO4)2.8H20 397.969 MnCl2.3MnO2.3H2O—Kempite 440.682 MnBr2 214.762 MnBr2.4H2O " . . . 285.820 MnS-Alabandite 86.9950 MnS2-Hauerite 119.060 MnSO4 , 150.995 MnSO4.H2O—Szmikite 169.010 MnSO4.2H20 187.026 MnSO4.3H20 205.041 MnSO4.4H20 223.057 MnSO4.5H20 241.072 MnS2O6.6H20 323.152 MnSe 134.130 MnSeO4.2H20 234.161 MnSeO4.5H20 288.207 Mn 6 N 2 302.666 Mn(NO3)2.3H2O. 232.992 Mn(NO3)2.6H2O. 287.038 NH 4 MnO 4 136.969 (NH4)2SO4.MnSO4.6H20 391.229 (NH4)2SO4.2MnSO4 434.133 (NH4)2SO4.Mn2(SO4)3 530.196 (NH4)2SeO4.MnSeO4.6H2O. . . . 485.500 Mn6P2 391.628 Mn2P2O7 283.908 3MnO.P2O5.3H2O—Reddingite 408.884 3MnO.P2O6.4H2O ?—Stewartite 426.898 5MnO.2P2O5.4H2O—Palaite 710.808 5MnO.2P2O5.5H2O—Hureaulite 728.823 3MnO.As2O5-Armangite 442.710 4MnO.As2O6.H2O—Sarkinite, Polyarsenite 531.655 Mn2O3.4MnO.As2O5.4H2O—Flinkite 743.562 6MnO.As2O6.5H2O—Hemafibrite 745.577 7MnO.As2O6.4H2O—Allactite 798.492 MnSb 176.700 10MnO.Sb2O6—Manganostibite. 1032.84 Mn3C 176.790 MnCO3—Rhodochrosite 114.930 MnC2O4 142.930 I Mn(CHQ2)2 144.945 NaNbNdNiO 82 51 61 45 1

Os P Pb Pd 35 12 23 41

Pr Pt Ra Rb 60 37 80 84

Cry tal

/ system Têt. Têt. C. Trig.

M. P.

d? * 2^5 2.17 2.418

*ef' inf; finding No,

316 197 142 132

H. C. Trig. R. C. C. R. Têt.

7.3l*5 2.359 5.18 3.25813 5.026

16s o

171 4.50 3.258 4.700 3.98 3.54 1.921 2.977f 2.01 1.99 2.94 4.38s245 fused

856 C. M.

650 58.Oi

R. M. C. C.

64.3d d. 700

M.? M. R. Tri. Tri. C. R. Tri. 34.81 25.8 R. M. C. M. M. R. Tri. M. M. H. R. M. R. R. M.

3.99 3.463 3.25 2.954 2.526 2.356 2.107 2.103 1.757 5.5915 2.949 2.334 6.63 1.82 2.20810-3 1.83i 2.5614 2.4O 11 2.093 4.94 3.707f 3.1 2.94 3.1? 3.1s 4.23 4.15 3.87 3.6 3.84 5.617

M.

1058 421

889 197 196 742

484

897 842 846 843 835 954 959 980 945 989

6.8917 3.125 2.4s 2 1 7 2.205

Trig.

Rh Ru S Sa 40 39 8 63

180 349

\ SbScSeSiSn 14 56 9 18 22


TiTlTmUV 19 27 70 49 50

368

WYYbZnZr 4857 71 2821

Index No. Ï3ÎÔ 1311 1312 1313 1314 1315 1316 1317 1318 1319 1320 1321 1322 1323 1324 1324.1 1325 1326 1327 1328 1329 1330 1331 1332 1333 1334 1335 1336 1337 1338 1339 1340 1341 1342 1343 1344 1345 1346 1347 1348 1349 1350 1351 1352 1353 1354 1355 1356 1357 1358 1359 1360 1361 1362 1363 1364 1365 1366 1367 1368 1369 1370 1371 Ag Al Aa Au 32 55 13 33

Formula

Mol. wt.

Mn(CHO2)2.2H20 180.976 Mn(C2H3O2)2 172.976 Mn(C2H3O2MH20 245.038 MnCl2.2C6H5N.HCl 320.405 MnSi 82.9900 MnSi2 111.050 Mn2Si 137.920 MnO.SiOj 130.990 MnO.SiOs—Rhodonite 130.990 2MnO.SiO2—Tephroite 201.920 3Mn2O3.MnO.SiO2—Braunite 604.570 8MnO.7SiO2.5H2O—Bementite 1077.94 12MnO.8SiO2.7H2O—Ectropite 1457.75 MnSiF6.6H20 305.082 5MnO.SiO2. As2O3.H2O—Dixenite 630.645 12MnO.9SiO2.As2O6.7H2O—Schallerite.. . 1747.73 MnO.TiO—Pyrophanite 150.830 2MnO.6PbO.3As2O5.H2O—Trigonite 2188.84 2Mn2O3.3PbO.3SiO2—Kentrolite 1165.44 2Mn2O3.3CuO—Crednerite 554.430 MnPtCl6.6H20 571.000 MnPtCl6.12H20 679.093 MnPtBr6.12H20 945.841 MnPtI6.9H2O 1173.89 FeO 71.8400 Fe2O3—Hématite 159.680 Fe2O3.H2O—Goethite 177.695 Fe2O3.H2O—Lepidocrocite 177.695 Fe3O4-Magnetite 231.520 FeF2 93.8400 FeF3 112.840 FeCl2-Lawrencite 126.756 FeCl2.4H20 198.818 FeCl3-Molysite 162.214 2FeCl3.2HCL4H20 469.421 FeBr2 215.672 FeBr3.6H20 403.680 FeI2 309.704 FeI2.4H20 381.764 FeS-Troilite 87.9050 FeS2-Marcasite 119.970 FeS2-Pyrite 119.970 Fe2S3 207.875 Fe3S4 295.780 Fe7S8-Pyrrhotite 647.400 FeSO4.H2O—Szomolnokite 169.920 FeSO4.5H2O—Siderotilate 241.982 FeSO4.7H2O—Melanterite 278.012 Fe2O3.2SO3.7H2O—Amarantite 445.918 Fe2O3.2SO3.1OH2O-Fibroferrite 499.964 Fe2O3.3SO3.9H2O—Coquimbite 562.014 Fe2O3.4SO3.9H2O—Rhomboclasite 642.079 FeO.Fe2O3.4SO3.24H2O—Bilinite 984.150 2Fe2O3.SO3.6H2O—Glockerite 507.517 2Fe2O3.5SO3.18H2O-Copiapite.. .. 1043.96 3Fe2O3.4SO3.1OH2O- Carphosiderite 979.454 Fe2O3.3TeO.4H2O—Durdenite 662.242 Fe2N 125.688 Fe(NO3)3.6H2O 349.956 (NH 4 )2SO4.FeSO4.6H20 392.140 (NH4)2SO4.Fe2(SO4)3.24H20 964.387 (NH4)2SeO4.FeSeO4.6H2O 486.410 FeP 86.8640 B Ba Be Bi Br 54 79 75 15 5

C Ca Cb Cd Ce 16 77 51 29 59

Cl Co Cr Ca Cu 4 44 46 85 31

CrJ stal

l system

M. P.

ET 17s 1280 1316 1273 1323 13oo

d.

Trig. M. R.

1404

Trig. Trig. Trig. Trig.

d.

Trig. R. R. C.

d. 142o 156o d. 1538 d.

H. H.

<,*?' *£ finding No.

1.953 1.74 1.589

M.

Tri. R. Têt. R. M. ? Trig. H.

d\"*

282 45.7

5.9015 5.24 15 6.2015 3.48J* 3.72f 4.043f 4.7s 2.9o 2.46 l .90417 5 4.2 3.368 4.54 8.28 6.19 5.0 2.692 2.112 2.759 3.604 5.12 4.28 4.09 5.2 4.09 3.18 2.7 1.93 2.8

63 929 949 803 1044 206 385 344 405 1004 1014

424 1026 1013

280

4.636f 27 177 H. R. C. H. M. Tri. M. Tri. R. Trig. R.

119s Tr. 450

d. >700

2.87 4.8 4.87 5.0 4.3 4.55 4.6 3.08 2.2 1.89 2.11 1.86 2.1 1.87

R. Trig. R.

2.1 2.6 d. 35

M. C. M. Dy Er Eu F Fe 67 69 64 3 43

6.35 1.864 1.71 2.160 5^2

Ga Gd Ge GI H 25 65 20 75 2

642 471 762 255 270 675 530 958 654 371 990

Hf Hg Ho I In 73 30 68 6 26

513 102 612 _ Ir K La Li Lu 36 83 58 81 72

Index No.

Formula

Mol. wt.

Ï372Fe2P 1373 Fe2P3 1374 Fe3P Fe3P4 1375 1376 Fe(POs)3 1377 Fe2O3-P2O5^H2O- Strengite 1378 3FeO.P2O6.8H2O—Vivianite 1379 2Fe2O3-P2O5.12H2O-Cacoxenite 1380 3Fe2O3.2P2O5.8H2O—Beraunite 1381 7FeO.2P2O6.9H2O—Ludlamite 1382 2Fe2O3.P2O5.2SO3.2H2O—Destinezite . . . 1383 2Fe2O3.P2O5.2SO3.2H2O—Diadochite.... 1384 FeAs 1385 FeAs2-Arsenoferrite 1386 FeAs2-Löllingite 1387 FeAsO4.4H2O—Scorodite 1388 3FeO. As2O5-SH2O-Symplesite 1389 3Fe2O3.2As2O3.13H2O-Pharmacosiderite 1390 FeS2-FeAs2-Arsenopyrite 1391 2FeO.Sb2O6—Tripuhyite... FeS-Sb2S3-Berthierite 1392 1393 Fe3C 1394 FeCO3-H2O-Siderite 1395 FeC2O4.2H2O Fe(CO)4 . 1396 1397 Fe(CO)6 1398 Fe2(CO)9 1399 FeC20Hi4O6S2-OH2O-Naphthalene-j3-sulfonate 1400 (NH 4 ) 4 Fe(CN)6.2NH 4 CLSH 2 0 1401 Fe4(NO)7S3N(C2H5)4 1402 FeSi 1403 FeSi2 1404 Fe2Si 1405 Fe3Si2 1406 FeO.SiO2—Gruenerite 1407 2FeO.SiO2—Fayalite 1408 2Fe2O3.2SiO2.3H2O—Iddingsite 1409 FeSiF6.6H2O . 1410 FeO.TiO2—Ilmenite 1411 Fe2O3-STiO2-Arizonite 1412 2Fe2O3.3TiO2—Pseudobrookite 1413 6FeO-Sb2O3-STiO2- Derbylite 1414 2Fe2O3.PbO.3SO3.4H2O—Vegasite 1415 3Fe2O3.PbO.4SO3.6H2O—Plumbojarosite 1416 3Fe2O3.2PbO.P2O5-2SO3.6H2O—Corkite... 1417 5Fe2O3.3PbO.6As2O5— Carminite 1418 FeS.3Sb2S3.4PbS—Jamesonite 1419 3Fe2O3.2PbO.As2O5.2SO3.6H2O—Beudantite 1420 9Fe2O3.4PbO.6As2O5.4SO3.33H2O— Lossenite 1421 2Fe2O3.3PbO.3SiO2—Melanotekite 1422 TlFe (SO4)2.12H20 1423 Zn(FeO2)2 1424 Fe2O3-CuO 1425 FeS.CuS—Chalcopyrite 1426 FeS.2Cu2S.CuS—Bornite 1427 2FeS.CuS—Cubanite 1428 4FeS.Cu2S.2CuS 1429 4FeS.3Cu2S.3CuS 3Fe2O3.CuO.2P2O5.8H2O—Chalcosiderite 1430 1431 Fe2Q3.2CuO. As2O5.2H2O—Chenevixite... Mg Mn Mo N 76 42 47 11


Os P Pb Pd 35 12 23 41

142.704 204.752 198.544 291.616 292.912 373.790 501.691 677.593 907.259 949.115 657.569 657.569 130.800 205.760 205.760 266.862 589.563 1109.08 325.730 467.220 427.640 179.520 133.855 179.871 167.840 195.840 363.680 578.170 445.083 659.773 83.9000 111.960 139.740 223.640 131.900 203.740 493.526 305.992 151.740 399.380 559.060 1122.08 854.817 1130.59 1335.71 2847.52 1967.98

°ry/tal system

M. P. Ï29Ô 1110

R. M. H. M. M. Tri. C. R. R. M. M. ?, C. R.

1020 99 o

R. !837 Trig. R.

d. 160 d. 140 -21 d. 100

Trig.

M. R. R. Trig. Trig.' M. ? R. R. H. Trig. Trig.

dî° * öT? 4.5 6.74 5.04 3.02 2.87 2.58 3.38 2.9 3.72 2.1 2.0 7.83 7.4 7 3.2 2.96 3 6.2 5.82 4.0 7.4 3.8 2.28 1.99618 1.1.457 2.08518 1.490 1.883}5 6.1 5.4 7.0 6.7 3.5

15s o 125s

2.8 4.7s 4.25 4.7 4.53

M.

3.63 4.2 4.1 5.7

1423.58

Trig.

4.1

4622.21 1169.14 668.555 241.060 239.250 183.540 501.950 271.445 702.095 1116.14 986.829 584.771

R. R. C.

Pr Pt Ra Rb 60 37 80 84

Ref

finding

5.73 2.38 5.33

*

incL

No.

917 757 285 950 873 794 142

941 857 874 1015 377

1039 301

890 978 928 207 1069 1061 420 555 378 383

386 952 1010 124

1458 Tet. C. R.

4.2 5.0 4.0 5.0 4.85 3.1 3.93

Tri.

Rh Ru S Sa 40 39 8 63

SbScSeSi Sn 14 56 9 18 22


Ti Tl Tm U V 19 27 70 49 50

969 379 WYYbZnZr 4857 71 2821

Index No. 1432 1433 1434 1435 1436 1437 1438 1439 1439.1 1440 1441 1442 1443 1444 1445 1446 1447 1448 1449 1450 1451 1452 1453 1454 1455 1456 1457 1458 1459 1460 1461 1462 1463 1464 1465 1466 1467 1468 1469 1470 1471 1472 1473 1474 1475 1476 1477 1478 1479 1480 1481 1482 1483 1484 1485 1486 1487 1488 1489 1490 1491 1492 1493 Ag Al As Au 32 55 13 33

Formula

I

FeS.Cu2S.SnS2—Stannite Fe2O3.CuO.PbO.2SO3.4H2O—Beaverite.. 2Ag3Fe(CN) 6.3NH3 FePtCl6.6H20 FePtI6.9H20 FeCXMnO2- Bixbyite Fe2O3. MnO-Jacobsite Fe2O3.9MnO.4P2O5.14H2O—Salmonsite. . 9(MnFe)O.8SiO2.MnCl2.7H2O-Friedelite CoO Co2O3 Co3O4 Co(OH)2 CoF2 CoF2.3H20 CoF2.5HF.6H20 CoCl2 CoCl2.2H2O CoCl2.6H20 Co (ClO3)2.6H2O Co (ClO4)2.6H20 Co(ClO4)2.7H2O . ... CoBr2 CoBr2;6H20 CoI2..' Co(IO3)2.6H2O CoS-Syepoorite Co3S4-Linnaeite CoSO4 CoSO4-H20 CoSO4.4H20 CoSO4.6H20 CoSO4.7H2O—Bieberite CoSe . CoSeO4.5H20 CoSeO4.6H20 CoSeO4.7H20 Co(NO3)2.3H20 Co(NO3)2.6H2O Co(N02)3.3NH3 [Co(NH 3 ) 4 (NO 2 ) 2 ]NO 3 Co(NO3)2.6NH3 CoF2.6NH3 CoCl2.NH3 CoCl2.2NH3 (a) CoCl2.2NH3 (0) CoCl2.4NH3 CoCl2.5NH3 [Co(NHg)5Cl]Cl2 CoCl2.6NH3 CoCl3.6NH3 CoCl2.10NH3 [Co(NHs)4(OH2)Cl]Cl2 [Co(NH3)6(NO2)]Cl2 [Co(NH3)5(NO2)](NO3)Cl CoBr2.2NH3 [Co(NH3)5Br]Br2 CoBr2.6NH3 [Co(NHs)5Br]Cl2 CoI2.2NH3 (NH4)2SO4.CoSO4.6H20 Co (SO4)2.4NH3.2H20 Co(SO4)2.5NH3 B Ba Be Bi Br 54 79 75 15 5

C Ca Cb Cd Ce 16 77 51 29 59

Mol. wt. 429.940 694.642 1122.15 571.910 1174.80 158.770 230.610 1618.46 74.9700 165.940 240.970 92.9854 96.9700 151.016 305.101 129.886 165.917 237.978 333.978 365.978 383.994 218.802 326.894 312.834 516.926 91.0350 305.170 155.035 173.050 227.096 263.127 281.143 138.170 292.247 310.262 328.278 237.032 291.078 248.087 281.118 285.173 199.157 146.917 163.948 163.948 198.010 215.042 250.500 232.073 267.531 300.197 251.484 261.050 287.500 252.864 383.874 320.989 294.958 346.896 395.270 355.255 336.256

Cl Co Cr Cs Cu 4 44 46 85 31

Cry stal

, system Têt. H.

M~P.

C. C. R. Trig. C.

d. 8Oo d.

M. Trig. M.

86 61 143

H.

J * 4.4 4.36 2.45 2.7 3.45 4.95 4.75 2.88 3.1 5.6s 5.1s 6.0?3 3.59715 4.43 2.583ÎÎ 2.045 3.356 2.4772265 1.924** 1.92

„^ in ^ finding No. 373

848 329

131 2.075 4.909f

100 d. >1100 C. d. M. M. ? Tri. M. M. M.

, d. 91 <100

R. ça. 321 27s d. R. d. M. R. M. R. 26o d.

5.68 3.68921 5.45 4.9 3.710g 1.92 2.368g 2.029^ 1.948g 7.65 2.512 2.32 2.135

481 599

1.883g 2.001f 1.92217 1.473g 1.744g 2.097g 2.073g 1.593;*; 1.58Og 1.819g 1.497g 1.744g 1.7Ig 1.847 1.698" 1.800 2.4831/-8 1.955 2.0951^

222 M.

Dy Er Eu F Fe 67 69 64 3 43

1.901 1.804g 1.703g Ga Gd Ge GIH 25 65 20 75 2

Hf Hg Ho I In 73 30 68 6 26

521

Ir K La Li Lu 36 83 58 81 72

T j XT Index No. 1494 1495 1496 1497 1498 1499 1500 1501 1502 1503 1504 1505 1506 1507 1508 1509 1510 1511 1512 1513 1514

- n i

Formula

TV/T i r+ ° 373.294 666.523 346.726 489.540 393.861 297.141 208.890 208.890 283.850 342.820 326.830 598.953 165.995 118.970 146.970 170.970 185.016 197.016 249.078 356.132

M Lwt

1515 1516 1517 1518 1519 1520 1521 1522 1523 1524 1525 1526 1527 1528 1529 1530 1531 1532 1533 1534 1535 1536 1537 1538 1539 1540 1541 1542 1543

[Co(NH3)6(SO4)]SO4H.2H20 [Co(NH3)ß(OH2)]2(SO4)3.3H2O [Co(NH3)6]Cl(SO4).3H2O . ... (NH4)2SeO4.CoSeO4.6H20 Co(NH3)6Cl(Se04).3H20 Co (H2PO2) 2.6H20 CoAs2- Safflorite CoAs2-Smaltite Co As3-Skutterudite Co2As3 Co3As2 Co3(AsO4)2.8H2O—Erythrite CoAsS-Cobaltite CoCO3-Spherocobaltite CoC2O4 Co(CO)4 Co(CHO2)2.2H20 CoC3H2O4^H2O-Malonate . Co(C2H3O2)2.4H2O Co(C5H7O2)3—Acetylacetonate CoCi0H6O8S2-OH2O—l, 5-Naphthalenedisulfonate 453.239 Co(CO)3NO 172.978 [Co(NH3)6(C2O4)]NO3.HNO3 357.149 CoSi 87.0300 CoSi2 115.090 CoSi3 143.150 Co2Si 146.000 Co2SiO4 210.000 CoSiF6.6H20 309.122 CoSnCl6.6H2O. 498.510 CoPtCl6.6H20 575.040 CoPtBr6.12H20 949.881 CoPtI6.9H20 1177.93 CoPtI6.12H2O. 1231.98 NiO-Bunsenite 74.6900 Ni2O8 165.380 Ni3O4.2H20 258.085 NiF2 96.6900 NiF2.3H2O.. 150.736 NiF2.5HF.6H2O 304.821 NiCl2 129.606 Ni(ClO3)2.6H2O 333.698 Ni(ClO4) 2.6H20 365.698 Ni(ClO4)2.7H20 383.714 NiBr2 218.522 Ni(IO 3 ) 2 408.554 Ni(IO3)2.4H2O 480.616 NiS-Millerite 90.7550 Ni2S 149.445 Ni3S2 240.20,0

1544 1545 1546 1547 1548 1549 1550 1551 1552 1553 1554

Ni3S4-Polydymite NiSO4 NiSO4.H20 NiSO4.6H20 NiSO4.7H2O—Morenosite NiS2O6.6H20 NiSe NiSeO4.6H2O Ni(N03)2.6H20 NH4Cl.NiCl2.6H20 Ni(ClQ3)2.6NH3

MgMnMoN 76 42 47 11


OsTP~PbT Pd 35 12 23 41

304.330 154.755 172.770 262847 280.863 326.912 137.890 309.982 290.798 291.195 327.793 Pr Pt Ra Rb 60 37 80 84

Crystal system R. Tet. R. M. R.

_- ^ '

M R

d.

d. d. d. d. M. C. Trig.

d. 51

M. M. -1.05 1393 1277 1307 1327 Trig. R. Trig. Trig. Trig. Trig. Trig. C.

d.

Trig. 8Od. 149

H.

,20 Ref. ind. " finding No. l .82818 l .854 1.765 2.212 623 l .937 l .80948-5 6.97° 6.5 6.79 7.35° 7.82° 2.9 850 6.2 2.818^ 375 2.32549 1.731* 2.129 22 2.279 1.718-7 651 d

l .77 1.1.513" 1.26415 6.30 5.3° 7.l 17 4.63 2.087 2.699 2.699 2.762 3.618 3.048 7.45 4.8s 3.41232 4.63 2.0141* 2.132 3.544 2.07

799

413

201

132 2.15 4.64f 5.07

H. Trig.

d. ca. 100 79?

4.60 5.52

794 Tr. 545 C. Tet. M. R. Tri. Tet. M. M.

Rh Ru S Sa 40 39 8 63

Tr. 53.3 d. 56.7 180

Sb Sc Se Si S n S r T a T b T e T h 14 56 9 18 22 7852 66 10 24

4.7 3.6s 1.98 2.07 l. 948 l .908 8.46 2.31 2.05 l .645 1.52 Ti Tl Tm U V 19 27 70 49 50

246 501 262

WYYbZnZr 4857 71 2821

Index No.

Formula ,

Mol. wt.

Crystal

system "

Î 5 5 5 N i ( B r O 3 ) 2.6NH3. 1556 Ni(IO3)2.5NH3 1557 (NH4)2Ni(S04)2.6H20 1558 (NH4)2Ni(SeO4)2.6H20 1559 NiP2 1560 NiP3 1561 Ni2P 1562 Ni3P2 1563 Ni(H2PO2)2.6H20 NiAs-Nicollite 1564 1565 NiAs2—Rammelsbergite 1566 Ni3As2—Maucherite 1567 Ni5As2

416.709 493.710 394.990 M. 489.260 M. 120.738 151.762 148.404 238.118 296.861 133.650 H. 2 0 8 . 6 1 O R . 325.990 Tet. 443.370

1568 1569 1570 1571 1572 1573 1574 1575 1576 1577 1578 1579 1580

453.990 598.113 165.715 180.460 536.990 212.525 146.690 170.690 286.085 184.736 176.736 248.798

1581 1582 1583 1584 1585 1586 1587 1589 1590 1591 1592 1593 1594 1595 1596 1597 1598 1599 1600 1601 1602 1603 1604 1605 1606 1607 1608 1609 1610 1611 1612 1613 1614 1615 Ag Al As Au 82 55 13 33

Ni3(AsO4)2 3NiO.As2O6.8H2O—Annabergite NiAsS-Gersdorffite NiSb—Breithauptite Ni5Sb2 NiSbS-Ullmannite NiC2O4 Ni(CO) 4 3NiO.CO2.H2O—Zaratite Ni(CHO2)2.2H20 Ni(C2H3O2)2 Ni(C2H3O2)2.4H20 NiCi0H6O6S2^H2O-I, 5-Naphthalene disulfonate Ni2Si 2NiO2.3SiO2.2H2O—Connarite... . NiSiF6.6H20 NiPdCl6.6H20 3NiO.6CuO.2As2O6.SO3.7H2O—Lindackerite NiPtCl6.6H2O NiPtBr6.6H20 CrO3 ; Cr2O3 Cr4O3.3H20 Cr6O9 CrF2 CrF3 CrCl2 CrCl3 CrO2Cl2 (CrO2)6Cl6 CrS Cr2S3 Cr2(SOa)3 Cr2(SO4)3 Cr2(SO4)3.17H20 H2CrSO7 H2CrSeO7 (NH 4 ) 2 CrO 4 CrO4.3NH3 (NH4)2Cr2O7 (NH4)2Cr3Oio (NHJ2Cr4Oi3 NH4IO3-CrO3 (NH4)2CrSO7 Cr2 (SO4)3. (NH4) 2SO4.24H2O CrP Cr(PQ3)3 B Ba Be Bi Br 54 79 75 15 5

C Ca Cb Cd Ce 16 77 51 29 59

452.959 145.440 397.590 308.842 486.230 1367.50 574.760 841.508 100.010 152.020 310.086 404.050 90.0100 109.010 122.926 158.384 154.926 632.798 84.0750 200.215 344.215 392.215 698.476 198.090 245.225 152.088 167.103 252.098 352.108 452.117 292.981 232.153 956.727 83.0340 289.082 Cl Co Cr Cs Cu 4 44 46 85 31

M P ' exp. 195

d. 1112 d. 968

1158 1170

C. -25

M. 1309 H. Trig. H. M.? Trig. Trig. R. H.

R.

Ref ind

finding

'

' No.

539 643

998 Tr. 970

M. H.

dl° * T99 2.97 1.923 2.22 4.62 18 4.1918 6.315 5.99 1.824 7.57° 7.1 7.86°

d.

19o d. 19Oo lloo >1000 -96.5

4.982 3.0 6.3 7.70° 6.6 2.235 1.1.310 2.6 2.154 1.798 1.744'5-7 1.79 7.2 17 2.5 2.134 2.353 2.2s 2.798 3.715 2.7 5.21 2.90 4 4.1i 3.8 2.75 2.7 1.1.836 2.5 4.1 3.7 2.2 3.0 1.7

845

136, 143

808 292 210 851

19o d. 200 M. R. M. R. 170 R. C.

Dy Er Eu F Fe 67 69 64 3 43

160 100 d.

Ga Gd Ge Gl H 25 65 20 75 2

1.8 1.96 2.I 5 2.33 2.34 3.5 1.72 5.7 2.9? Hf Hg Ho I In 73 30 68 6 26

101

Ir K La U Lu 36 83 58 81 72

T j No. XT Index

T? i Formula

T\/r i wt. x Mol.

Ï6Î6Cr4(P2Oy)3 730.184 1617 Cr2As3 328.900 1618 4CrO3.As2O5.2(NH4)2O.H20 752.131 1619 Cr3C2 180.030 1620 Cr4C 220.040 1621 Cr6C2 284.050 CrC2O4-H20 158.025 1622 CrW-C4H4O6) 200.041 1623 1624 Cr[CH(COCH3) 2]3—Acetylacetonate 349.172 1625 [Cr (CON 2 H 4 ) 6]C13.3H2O 572.711 1626 [Cr(CON2H4)6](CN)3.5.5H20 589.400 1627 [Cr(CON 2 H 4 ) 6 ](SCN) 3 586.510 1628 CrSi2 108.130 1629 Cr3Si 184.090 Cr3Si2 212.150 1630 1631 PbCrO4-Crocoitite 323.210 1632 3PbO.2CrO3—Phoenicochroite 869.620 1633 TlCr(SO4)2.12H20 664.725 1634 ZnCr 2 O 4 233.400 1635 (NH 4 J 2 Cr 2 O 7 -HgCl 2 523.624 1636 Ag2CrO4 331.770 1637 Ag2Cr2O7 431.780 MnO-Cr2O3 222.950 1638 1639 FeCr2O4-Chromite 223.860 1640 NiCr2O6Cl2.9H20 491.765 1641 MoO2 128.000 1642 MoO3 144.000 1643 Mo5Oi4.6H20 812.0'92 1644 H2MoO4 162.015 1645 H 4 MoO 5 180.031 1646 MoF6 210.000 1647 MoO2F2 166.000 1648 MoOF4 188.000 1649 MoCl6 273.290 1650 MoI 2 349.864 1651 MoS2-Molybdenite 160.130 1652 Mo2S3 288.195 1653 (NH 4 ) 2 MoO 4 196.078 1654 18MoO3.14NH3.3H2O2.18H2O 3256.76 1655 Mo2P2 254.048 1656 Mo(POa) 3 333.072 1658 MoCl6.POCl3. 426.688 1659 18MoO3. As2O6.28H20 3326.35 1660 18MoO3. As2O5-SSH2O 3506.51 1661 Bi2O3. MoO3-Koechlinite 610.000 MoC 108.000 1662 1663 Mo2C 204.000 1664 Mo(CO) 6 264.000 1665 3C 2 H 4 (NH 2 ) 2 .HSCN.Mo(OH)(SCN) 3 ... . 462.447 1666 MoSi2 152.120 1667 TiO2.12MoO3.22H20 2204.24 1668 PbMoO4-Wulf enite 367.200 1669 2PbO.MoO3 590.400 1670 Fe2O3.3MoO3.7.5H2O—Molybdite 774.796 1671 1672 1673 1674 1675 1676 1677 1678 MgMnMoN 76 42 47 U

WO3.H2O—Tungstite WF6 WOF4 WCl6 WCl6 WO2Cl2 WOCl4 WBr5 NaNbNdNiO 82 51 61 45 1

Os P Pb Pd 35 12 23 41

Crystal , system M.

j2o d:°

" d. 175 1890 1665

finding 3^2 6.2 1.8s 6.6s 6.7s 6.92 2.46 2.3315

ln „Ref,. ^XT No. '

214 15o 75 9Od.

M.

4.4 6.52 5.5 6.3 5.7s 2.3s 5.3 3. Ii 5.625 4.770 4.87 4.5

844

C. M.

C.

1060 122

181

47 Têt. R.

4.516 195 4.50 195 3.618

795

H. M. Tri. ?

d. 115 3.12415 17 3.494 3.001

98 194 H.

4.3 4.8 5.9 15 2.270 2.975 6.17 3.28°

1185

M. M. 127 Tri. Tri. R.

3.088 2.822

d.

1065 2570 23so

8.40 8.9 1.95

128 d. 6.1 Têt. Têt.

250.015 298.000 276.000 361.290 396.748 286.916 341.832 583.580 Pr Pt Ra Rb 60 37 80 84

TV/r P. r» M.

Rh Ru S Sa 40 39 8 63

60 1068 951

R. R.

1473 2.5 Uo 24s 27s

6.7

419

4.5

919, 936, 953 1018

5.5?

21l 27e SbScSeSiSn 14 56 9 18 22


TiTlTmUV 19 27 70 49 50

WYYbZnZr 4857 71 2821

Index No.

Formula

Mol. wt.

Î679 1680 1681 1682 1683 1684 1685 1686 1687 1688 1689 1690 1691 1692 1693 1694 1695 1696 1697 1698 1699 1700 1701 1702 1703 1704 1705 1706 1707 1708 1709 1710 1711 1712 1713 1714 1715 1716 1717 1718 1719 1720 1721 1722 1723 1724 1725 1726 1727 1728 1729 1730 1731 1732 1733 1734 1735 1736 1737 1738 1739 1740 1741

WOBr4 WCl6.3WBr6 WI2 WI4 WS2 WP WP2 W4P2 24WO3.P2O6.45H2O WAs2 WC W2C ,.... W3C WSi2 W2Si3. PbO. WO3- Raspite PbO. WO3-Stolzite CuO. WO3- Cuprotungstite MnO. WO3-Hübnerite FeO. WO3- Ferberite Fe2O3. WO3.6H2O—Ferritungstite NiO. WO3 3Cr3C2. W2C UO2-Uraninite UO3 UO4.2H20 U3O8- Pitchblende UF6 (UO2)(ClO4)2.4H20 (UO2) (C1O4)2.6H20 UBr4 UI4 UO2(IO3)2 UO2(IO3)2.H20 UO2SO4.3H20 UO2NO3.6H20 UO2(NO3)2.3H20 UO2(NO3)2.6H20 (NH4)2(UO2)(NO3)4.2H20 (NH4)2(UO2)(SO4)2.2H20 UO2.2P2O6 3UO2.P2O6.6H2O—Phosphuranylite 3UO3. As2O6.12H2O-Troegerite Bi2O3.2UO2.3H2O—Uranospherite 5Bi2O3.3UO2.2As2O6.12H2O—Walpurgite. UC2 U2C3 UO3. CO2-Rutherf ordine UO2C2O4 UO2(CHO2)2.H20 UO2(C2H3O2)2.2H20 (NH 4 ) 4 (UO 2 ) (CO3)3.2H20 UO2(C2H3O2)2.NH4C2H3O2 USi2 12U2O3.5SiO2.14H2O—Soddite U5Pb2Oi7^H2O-Curite 8UO3.4PbO.3P2O5.12H2O-Dewindtite.. . UPbSiO6.1.33H2O—Kasolite : Cu(UO2)2P2O8.8H2O— Metatorbernite I . CuO.2UO3.P2O5.8H2O—Torbernite CuO.2UO2.As2O6.8H2O—Zeunerite VO VO2

519.664 2387.24 437.864 691.728 248.130 215.024 246.048 798.048 6520.74 333.920 196.000 380.000 564.000 240.120 452.180 455.200 455.200 311.570 302.930 303.845 499.772 306.690 920.090 270.170 286.170 338.201 842.510 352.170 541.148 577.178 557.834 745.898 620.034 638.049 420.281 440.270 448.232 502.278 590.310 534.408 554.266 1060.65 1304.61 1060.39 3816.53 262.170 512.340 330.170 358.170 378.201 424.247 558.356 465.278 294.290 6844.60 1949.31 3824.49 593.450 938.081 938.081 993.953 66.9600 82.9600


BBaBeBiBr 54 79 75 15 5

CCaCbCdCe 1677512959

ClCoCrCsCu 4 M 46 85 31

Cr3 al

f system

M. P.

finding

d?

^- ^No.

27? 232

C. 2?77 28?7 >27oo

6.9»« 5.218 7.510 8.5 5.8 5.2i 4.68 6.918 15.718 16.0618 9.3° 10.9

M. Têt. Têt. M. Têt. H. R.

1123 8.23 7.2 6.64 6.88 205 8.422 10.5 5.92

R.

1023 401 1007 1017 1062 364

d. lis 7.3i 4.68

M. lio d. 9o R. R. R.

5oo d. 2 5 o d. loo 59 !20 d. loo

R. C. M. R. Tri. 2260 2400 Têt. R.

d. 110 d. 275

4.84 5.6 5.2 5.0s 3.2s 2.742 2.81 2.78 3.oi 3.9 3.3 6.36 5.7e 11. a18 11.28 5.6 2.98 3.6919 2.8916 2.7?

Têt.

906 802 993 997 935

223

R. M. Têt. Têt. Têt. >1755 DyErEuFFe 676964343

525

GaGdGeGlH 256520752

8.0 4.627 7.19 4.8 5.9e 3.5 3.5 3.2 5.75814 4.399 HfHgHoIIn 73 30 68 6 26

303 737 317 IrKLaLiLu 3683588172

Index No.

Formula

Mol. wt.

__ 1743 1744 1745 1746 1747 1748 1749 1750 1751 1752 1753 1754 1755 1756 1757 1758 1759 1760 1761 1762 1763 1764 1765 1766 1767 1768 1769 1770 1771 1772 1773 1774 1775 1776 1777 1778 1779 1780 1781 1782 1783 1784 1785 1786 1787 1788 1789 1790 1791 1792 1793 1794 1795 1796 1797 1798 1799 1800 1801 1802 1803 1804

Y2Q2 V2O3 V2O5 VF3 VF4 VF5 VOF2 VOF3 VCl2 VCl3 VCl4 VOCI VOCl2 VOCl3 V2O2Cl VOBr VOBr3 V2S2 V2S3 V2S5 V2O4.3SO3.16H2O-Minasragrite VN (NH 4 ) 3 VS 4 ., (NH4)4V2S60 Bi2O3. V2O5-Bucherile VC V4C8 (NH 4 ) 2VO(CNS)4.5H20 VSi2 V2Si PbO-V2O5 2PbO.V2O5 3PbO.V2O6 8PbO-V2O5 9PbO.3V2O5.PbCl2—Vanadinite TlVO3 Tl3VO4 Tl4V2O7 Tl6V4Oi3 4(PbZn)O. V2O5.H2O—Descloizite CdI0V6Cl2O24 CdI0V6Br2O24 2PbO.2CuO.V2O5.H2O—Cuprodescloizite. Ag 4 V 2 O 7 ... 5(NH4)2O.P2O5.3V2O5.15MoO3.39H2O... . 6(NH4)2O.P2O5.6V2O5.12MoO3.41H2O.... 3(NH4)2O.SiO2.V2O5.9MoO3.20H20 3(NH4)2O.SiO2.V2O5.10MoO3.21H20 3(NH4)2O.SiO2.V2O5.llMoO3.27H20 3(NH4)2O.SiO2.V2O5.15MoO3.24H2O 3(NH4)2O.SiO2.V2O5.9WO3.24H2O. 3(NH4)2O.Si02.V205.10W03.21H20 2UO3.3V2O5.15H2O-Uvanite Cb2O5 CbF5 CbCl5 CbOCl3 CbC Cb2FeO6-Ferroniobite Ta2O5 TaF5 TaCl5 TaBr6

133.920 149.920 181.920 107.960 126.960 145.960 104.960 123.960 121.876 157.334 192.792 102.418 137.876 173.334 201.378 146.876 306.708 166.050 198.115 262.245 694.361 64.9680 233.336 382.465 647.920 62.9600 239.840 425.407 107.080 129.980 405.120 628.320 851.520 1967.52 2832.68 303.360 728.160 315.200 1638.24

MgMnMoN 76 42 47 11

NaNbNdNiO 82 51 61 45 1

Os P Pb Pd 35 12 23 41

1884.78 1973.69 805.475 645.440 381080 4012.67 2054.52 2216.54 2468.63 2990.58 2918.58 3096.53 1388.33 266.200 188.100 270.390 215.474 105.100 338.040 443.000 276.500 358.790 581.080

Pr Pt Ra Rb 60 37 80 84

1 ^ system

M. P.

>

«*?'*£ finding No.

3.64 4.87^ 8 3.357 3.36319 2.97523 2.17719 3.39619 2.459 3.2318 3.0O18 1.1.81630 2.824 2.8813 1. 1.829 3.64 4.0O18 2.93314-5 4.200 4.7 21 3.000

1970 800 R. d. 325 d. 3oo H. -109 < -15 d. 480

M. Tri.

619 2oso

R. 2830 27505mm 58

R.

5.630 1.620 1.716 6.25 24 - 5 5.4

1064

4.42 5.4817

. 849 722 952 794 H.

6.863 424 56e 454

8.59*7-5 6.0 5.26415 5.45615 6.1

R. H. H. R.

403-

1021 1020

38s 2.410 2.411 2.80218 2.80418 2.807 2.816 3.40 3.43

M.?

R.

4.6Oj 1 - 2 3.29 2.75

1520 75.5 194 R. R.

Rh Ru S Sa 40 39 8 63

14?o d. 96.8 22i 24o SbScSeSiSn 14 56 9 18 22


6. 2e 8.735^ 1 ' 2 4.74 3.6s 27 TiTlTmUV 19 27 70 49 50

979

1063

WYYbZnZr 4857 71 2821

Index No.

Formula

1805 1806 1807 1808 1809 1810 1811 1812 1813 1814 1815 1816 1817 1818 1819 1820 1821 1822 1823 1824 1825 1826 1827 1828 1829 1830 1831 1833 1834 1835 1836 1837 1838 1839 1840 1841 1842 1843 1844 1845 1846 1847 1848 1849 1850 1851 1852 1853 1854 1855 1857 1858 1859 1860 1861 1862 1863 1864

TaC TaSi2 Ta2O5-MnO-Manganotantalate B2O3 B2O3.3H2O—Sassolite B2H6 B4H10 Bi0H14 BF3 BCl3 BBr3 B2HBr BI3 B2S3 BN2 NH 4 BF 4 CB6 B(CHs) 3 B(C 2 H 5 )S B(OCH3)3 B(OC2H5)3 B(OC 3 H 7 ) 3 ..... B(OC4H9)3—Isobutyl B(OC5Hn)3-Isoamyl SiB3 SiB6 Zr3B4 ThB4 ThB6 TlBO2 Tl3BO3 Tl4B2O5 B2O3.CdO B2O3-CuO MnB2 Mn3B4O9 FeB Fe2B FeB2 Fe2B5 Fe5B2 CoB Co2B NiB Ni2B Ni3B2 CrB.. Cr3B2 Mo3B4 WB2 B2O3.9WO3.2NiO.18H20 Al2O3-Corundum A12O3.H2O—Diaspore A12O3.3H2O—Gibbsite Al(OH) 3 AlF3 AlF3-H2O-Fluellite AlCl3

1865

AlBr3

1866 1867

AlBr3.15H20 Al (BrO3)3.9H2O

Ag Al As Au 32 55 13 33

B Ba Be Bi Br 54 79 75 15 5

Mol. wt.

Cly stal

, system

193.500 237.620 513.930 . 69.6400 123.686 27.6862 53.3570 122.308 67.8200 117.194 250.568 102.564 391.616 117.835 38.8360 104.859 76.9200 55.8893 97.9355 103.889 145.936 187.982 230.028 272.074 60.5200 92.9800 316.280 275.430 297.070 . 247.220 672.020 919.240 198.050 149.210 76.5700 352.070 66.6600 122.500 77.4800 165.780 300.840 69.7900 112.740 69.5100 128.200 197.710 62.8300 177.670 331.280 205.640 2631.30 101.920 119.935 155.966 77.9831 83.9600 101.975 133.334

M. Trig. R. M. M. Tri. R. H.

266.708

Trig.

R. Tri.

Cl Co Cr Cs Cu 4 44 46 85 31

d. -169 -112 99.5 -127 -107 -45 -104 43 310 23so 56

d™ * 8.83° 7.03 1. 1.85 glass 1.49

472 370 d. 434 875 d. 875 Tri.

,Aef* finding

in(L

No.

1019 26 448

0.94 1. 1.434° 1.2.60 1. 3.350 1.55 1.85l17 2.6 1. 0.69623 1.0.915 1. 0.864 265 1. 0.86716 1. 0.864° 1.0.872° 2.52 2.47 3.7 7.5 6.4

3.86 6.9 3.61 7.15 7.4 5.0

11 14 17

923

134o 1351

1225 116o

536.939 | 572.847 C Ca Cb Cd Ce 1677 Ol 29 59

M. P.

80 205o d. 360 d. 2o o 104o 194 97.5 -

Dy Er Eu F Fe 67 69 64 3 43

7.2s 7.9 7.4 8.0 5.5 6.715 7 10.8 1. 3.6 80 4. OO 3.413 2.423 3.0? 2.17 2.44f 1. 1.3I 4 200 3.01f 1. 2.64 4 00

359 911 692 632 507

7.5m 62.3 Ga Gd Ge Gl H 25 65 20 75 2

Hf Hg Ho I In 73 30 68 6 26

Ir K La Li Lu 368358 81 72

Index No.

Formula

Mol. wt.

Cr3 stal

l system

1868 1869

AlBrCl2 AlI3

177.792 407.756

1870 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882

Al2S3 A12O3.SO3.9H2O—Aluminite A12O3.2SO3—Alumian . Al2O3-SSO3 A12O3.3SO3.18H2O—Alunogenite 2A12O3.SO3.1OH2O-Felsoebanyite 2A12O3.SO3.15H2O-Paraluminite AlN A1(NO3)3.9H20 AlCl3-NH4Cl A1C13.3NH3 Al2(SO4)S-(NHO2SO4 Al2O3. (NH 4 )2O.4SO3.24H2O—Tschermigite AlPO4 A12O3.P2O5.4H2O—Metavariscite AL2O3-P2O5-OH2O-Lucinite A12O3.P2O5.6H2O—Zepharovichite Al2O3-SP2O5 2A12O3.P2O5.3H2O—Augelite 5A12O3.2P2O6-9H2O—Spherite Al(AsCl)3 Al4C3 Al2O3.Ci2O9.18H2O-Mellite Al(CHg) 3 .A1(C2H6)3 A1(C5H7O2)3—Acetylacetonate A1(OC6H5)3 NH 3 (CH 3 ) Al(SO4)*. 12H20 Al2O3.SiO2—Andalusite Al2O3. SiO2-Cyanite Al2O3-SiO2-Sillimanite Al2O3.2SiO2.2H2O—!Caolinite.. . Al2O3.2SiO2-4H2O—Newtonite Al2O3.4SiO2.H2O—Pyrophyllite 3Al2O3.2SiO2—Mullite 2(AlF)(XSiO2-Topaz Al3Ti2 3Al2O3.2PbO.2P2O5.7H2O—P l u m b ogummite 3Al2O3.2PbO.2SO3.P2O5.6H2O— Hinsdalite 2Al(OH)3.Pb(HCO3)2—Dundasite A12(SO4)3.T12SO4.24H20 Al2O3-ZnO—Automolite (Gahnite) 3Al2O3.6ZnO.2SO3.18H2O—Zincaluminite Al2O3.4CuO.SO3.8H2O—Cyanotrichite. . . (AlCl)O.6CuO.SO3.9H2O—Spangolite... . 3Al2O3.CuO.2P2O5.9H2O—Turquoise 4Al2O3-ISCuO-OAs2O5-SoH2O-Liroconite Al2O3.MnO Al2O3. MnO.4SO3.24H2O—Apjohnite Al2O3.2MnO.P2O5.4H2O—Eosphorite Al2O3. MnO.2SiO2.2H2O—Carpholite Al2O3.3MnO.3SiO2—Spessartite Al2O3-7MnO.8SiO2.6H2O—Ganophyllite.. Al2O3.FeO—Hercynite Al2O3.FeO.4SO3.24H2O—Halotrichite.. . . Al2O3-FeO-P2O5-UH2O-Paravauxite A]2O3-2FeO.P2Q5.4H2O—Childrenite

150.115 344.124 262.050 342.115 630.361 464.059 554.136 40.9680 375.123 186.831 184.427 474.258

H. M. Trig.

906.628 121.984 316.030 352.060 352.060 528.064 399.934 955.835 358.214 143.840 714.197 72.0293 114.076 324.122 306.076 467.329 161.980 161.980 161.980 258.071 294.102 360.175 425.880

C. H. R. R.

1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 Mg Mn Mo N 76 42 47 11

Na Nb Nd Ni O 82 51 61451

Os P Pb Pd 35 12 23 41

176.680

143 191

d. 77o

R. R.

d™ *

Réf. ind. finding No.

3.98 1. 3.20Î00 2.02 1.705° 2.74 2.71 1.69i17 2.33

453 286 468 587 462

215o 73 304 28Od. 2.039 9s.5 >15oo >15oo

M. R.

d. d.

Têt. 194 ça. 265 C. R. Tri. R. M. Têt. R. R. R. Têt. H.

1162.43 485.182 1279.35 183.300 1278.45 644.388

H.

Pr Pt Ra Rb 60 37 80 84

UOo d.

M. R.

1162.36

831.565 3980.39 172.850 925.480 457.890 329.001 494.890 1187.00 173.760 926.390 513.977 459.710

M. P.

C. C. H. R. Trig. Tri. M. C. M. R. R. C. M. C. M. Tri. H.

Rh Ru S Sa 40 39 8 63

d. d. d. <15so

181o d.

d.

91 d. d. d. 300 d.

d. d. Sb Sc Se Si S n S r T a T b T e T h 1456 9 18 22 7852661024

1.64 2.59 2.54 2.566 2.37 2.779 2.77 2.536 2.85f 2.36 1.64

1.23 1.568 3.2 3.6 3.23 2.6 2.37 2.85 3.15e 3.58 3.348

81 680 724 664 712 711 260 19 29 75 815 907 819 690 274 727 784

4.014

325

3.65 3.25 2.320 4.58 2.26 2.737 3.14 2.67 2.96 4.12 1.782 3.1s 2.94 4.180 2.84 3.9s 2.04 2.3 3.2s

865

Ti Tl Tm U V 1927 70 4950

107 161 256 779 340 782 830 477 837 801 167 914 165 505 681 876 W Y Yb Zn Zr 4857712821

T j No. AT Index Î927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1957.1 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1976.1 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 AgAlAsAu 32 55 13 33

-n i Formula

A/T i wt. x Mol.

2Al2O3.4FeO.3P2O5.24H2O—Vauxite Al2O3.3FeO.3SiO2—Almandite Al2O3.3FeO.2SiO2.3H2O—Daphnite 5Al2O3.2FeO.4SiO2.H2O—Staurolite Al2O3-CoO 3Al2O3.4CoO AlBi 2 .. A12O3.B2O3—Jeremejevite BO3(AlO)3 C2Bi2.3AlB12 8Al2O3.B2O3.6SiO2.H2O—Dumortierite... Sc2O3 ScCl3 ScBr3 Sc2(S04)3 Sc(NOg) 3 Sc(NO3)3.4H20 Sc2O3.2SiO2—Thortveitite Yt2O3 YtCl3 YtCl3.H20 Yt(BrO3)3.9H20 Yt2(SOJ3 Yt2(SO4)3.8H20 Yt2O3-P2O5-Xenotime Yt 4 (P 2 Or) 3 YtC2 Yt(CH3CO2)3.4H20 Yt (C2H5SO4) e. 18H20 2Yt2O3.4SiO2.H2O—Thalenite Yt 2 Pt 3 (CN) 12.21H2O Yt2(MoO4) » La2O3 LaCl3 LaCl3.7H2O, La(BrO3)3.2H20 La (BrO3)3.9H20 LaS2 La2S3 La2(SO4)3 La2(SO4)3.9H20 (NH 4 ) ,La2(SO4) 4.8H2O La2O3^P2O6 LaC2 La(C2H6SO4)6.18H2O Tl2La(NO3)5.4H20 Zn3La2(NO3) 12.24H2O La2Pt3(CN)12.18H20 Mn3La2(NO3) i2.24H20 Co3La2(NO3) 12.24H20 Ni3La2(NO3) 12.24H20 La 2 (MoO 4 ) 3 CeO2. CeF3-Fluocerite CeCl3 Ce(BrO3)3.9H20 Ce2S3 Ce2(SO4)3 Ce2(SO4)3.5H20 Ce2(SO4)3.8H20 Ce2(SO4)3.9H20 Ce2(S2O6)3.15H2O Ce2SeO4 BBaBeBiBr 54 79 75 15 5

CCaCbCdCe 16 77 51 29 59

1349.71 497.620 491.606 910.528 176.890 605.640 156.800 171.560 187.700 624.240 1263.38 138.200 151.474 284.848 378.395 231.124 303.186 258.320 226.000 195.374 213.389 634.887 466.195 610.318 368.048 878.144 113.000 338.131 1163.90 710.255 1453.90 658.000 325.820 245.284 371.392 558.689 684.797 203.040 374.015 566.015 728.154 842.281 1036.06 162.910 1213.81 929.812 1650.43 1499.88 1619.08 1631.20 1630.36 757.820 172.250 197.250 246.624 686.137 376.695 568.695 658.772 712.818 730.834 1031.12 423.700


Crystal J . system TrL C. M. R. C.

,.. P. _, M.

0 J2o dì finding 2~45 4.04

3.7 4.37J 8 4.80 2.5 3.3

M. H. R. Tet. R.

2.6i5 3.3 3.864

~ Ref,. md. No. 677 166 826 930

313 758

.

886

93g 3.91 2.579 15o d. loo R. 24io <68e 16o 74 M. Tet.

TrL H. M. R. 1347 >2000 90? d. 91 d. 15o 37.5 d. 65o

M. M. H. 72 d. 98.0 M.

Tet. C. H. H. M. TrL H. TrL R. DyErEuFFe 67 69 64 3 43

87.2 101.s 110.5 1181 19so 1324 84s 49

630

GaGdGeGlH 25 65 20 75 2

3.57 4.84 2.S 4 8 2.612 2.55s 4. e 3.059 4.13 1.696 1.764f 4.23 2.376 4.7916 6.51 3.9471^

4.91l11 3.6Oo 2.82l 2.5U 3.241 5.O2 1.845f 3.318J 2.161J 2.626 2.08Oj 2.1311J 2.146° 4.77 16 7.3 5.8 3.92^ 5.02O 11 3.912 3.17 2.88617 2.83l 2.288 4.456 HfHgHoIIn 73 30 68 6 26

946

661 348

238 925 415

224

298

560 748 IrKLaIaLu 36 83 58 81 72

T -, AT Index No. Î988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2002.1 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 .2029 2030 2031 2032 2033 2034 2035 2035.1 2036 2037 2038 2039 2040 2041 2042 2043 2044 2045 2046 2047 2048 MgMnMoN 76 42 47 11

T^ i Formula

Tvyr T 4. Mol. wt.

(NH4)2Ce(NO3)6.4H20 (NHO2SO4-Ce2(SO4)S-SH20 CePO4 Ce(P03)s CeC2 Ce(C2H3O2)2 CeOF. CO2-Bastnäsite Ce(C2H6SO4MSH20 CeSi2 Tl2Ce(NO3)5.4H2O Zn 3 Ce 2 (NO 3 ) i2.24H20 Ce2Pt3(CN)I2-ISH20 Mn3Ce2(NO3) 12.24H20 Co3Ce2(NO3)i2.24H20 Ni 3 Ce 2 (NO 3 )i2-24H 2 O Ce 2 (MoO 4 ) 3 Ce2(WO4)3 06203.3Al2O3^P2O5-OH2O-Florencite.... Pr2O3 Pr4O7 PrioOis PrCl3 Pr(BrOs)3 Pr(BrO3)3.9H2O Pr2S3 Pr2(SO4)3 Pr2(SO4)3.5H2O Pr2(SO4)3.8H20 Pr2(SeO4)3 Pr2(SeO4) 3.8H20 PrC2 Pr (C2H6SO4) 6.18H20 Zn3Pr2(NO3) 12.24H20 Mn3Pr2(NO3)i2.24H20 Co3Pr2(NO3) 12.24H2O Ni 3 Pr 2 (NO 3 ) i2.24H2O Nd 2 O 3 NdCl3 NdCl3.6H20 Nd(BrO 3 ) 3 .2H 2 0 Nd(BrO3)3.9H2O Nd2S3 Nd2(SO4)3.8H20 NdC2 Nd(C2H6SO4) 6.18H20 Zn 3 Nd 2 (NO 3 )i2.24H 2 0 Mn 3 Nd 2 (NO 3 ) 12.24H20 Co3Nd2(NO3)i2.24H20 Ni3Nd2(NO3) 12.24H20 Nd 2 (MoO 4 ) 3 (NdPr) 2(SO4)3.8H2O Sa2O3 SaCl2 SaCl3 SaCl3.6H20 SaOCl SaBr3.6H20 Sa(BrO3)s-2H2O , Sa(BrO3)3.9H2O Sa2S3 Sa2(SO4)3.8H2O Sa(NO3)3.6H20 SaPO4 NaNbNdNiO 82 51 61 45 l

OB P Pb Pd 35 12 23 41

558.429 844.961 235.274 377.322 164.250 258.296 219.250 1215.15 196.370 931.152 1653.11 1502.56 1621.76 1633.88 1633.04 760.480 1024.50 1026.45 329.840 675.680 1697.20 247.294 524.668 686.807 378.035 570.035 660.112 714.158 711.440 855.563 164.920 1215.82 1654.45 1623.10 1635.22 1634.38 336.540 250.644 358.736 564.049 690.157 384.735 720.858 168.270 1219.17 1661.15 1629.80 1641.92 1641.08 768.540 348.860 221.346 256.804 364.896 201.888 498.270 570.209 696.317 397.055 733.178 444.546 245.454

Pr Pt Ra Rb 60 37 80 84

Crystal J , system M! M.

._ M. P.

J20 d? 4

Ref. md. « ,. AT finding No.

"~~74 2.52s 5.22 3.27 5.2s 308 d.

H. H. Trig. M.

R. Tet. Tet. Trig.

IL

64.5 d. 92.8 83.7 98.5 108.5 973 1089

81s d. 150 56.5

5.04211 3.720*« 3.17s 2.82 4.3015 3.094"-* 5.1 1.876J5 2.202$ 2.109$ 2.176$ 2.195$ 7.24 4.134f 2.282 4 6 ' 5

M. M.

II Trig.

H

91.5 81.o 97.o 108. o 784 124 d. 15o 66.7

5.17911 ? 2.850 5.1s 1.883245 2.215$ 2.114$ 2.195$ 2.202$ 5.14»'

M. H.

Tet. M.

88.5 77.o 95.5 105.6 1176

68e

416 337

663

226

668 227

414 658

d. 15o 75 3.7 2.930 2.375 5.8317-5

M. Tri.

Rh Ru S Sa 40 39 8 63

346 225

7.43 3.6922 4.46J8 2.383 7.02 2.971

TrL

H.

5.0 1.930? 5.6717 3.326? 2.18sJ 2.657 2.102$ 2.157$ 2.173$ 4.83 6.7716-* 3.59 6.87 6.71s 6.704 4.02Of



TiTlTmUV 19 27 70 49 50

670

WYYbZnZr 4857 71 2821

Index No. __ 2049 2050 2051 2052 2053 2054 2055 2056 2057 2058 2059 2060 2061 2062 2063 2064 2065 2066 2067 2068 2069 2070 2071 2072 2073 2074 2075 2076 2077 2078 2079 2080 2081 2082 2083 2084 2085 2086 2087 2088 2089 2090 2091 2092 2093 2094 2095 2096 2097 2098 2099 2099.5 2099.6 2100 2101 2102 2103 2104 2105 2106 2107 2108 2109 Ag Al Aa Au 32 55 13 33

Formula SaC2 Sa(CHO2)3 Sa(C 2 H 3 O 2 MH 2 O.. Sa(C3H5O2)3 Sa(C3H602)3.3H20 Sa(C2H6SO4)G-ISH20 Zn3Sa2(NO3) i2.24H20 Mn 3 Sa 2 (NO 3 ) 12.24H20 Co3Sa2(NO3) i2.24H20 Ni3Sa2(NO3)12.24H20 Sa2O-B2O3 Eu 2 O 3 Eu(C2H5SO4) G. 18H20 Gd2O3 GdCl3 GdCl3.6H20 GdBr3.6H20 Gd 2 (SO 4 ) 3 Gd2(SO4)3.8H20 Gd(NO3)3.5H20 Gd(NO 3 ) 3 .6H 2 O , Gd2(C2O4)3.1OH20 Gd(C2H3O2)3.4H20 Gd(C2H5SO4MSH20 Zn 3 Gd 2 (NO 3 )i 2 .24H 2 O Gd 2 Pt 3 (CN) 12.21H2O Co3Gd2(NO3) i2.24H20 Ni 3 Gd 2 (NO 3 ) i2.24H20 TbCl3 Tb(NO3)3.6H20 Dy 2 O 3 .. DyCl3 Dy(C2H5SO4MSH2O Er2O3 Er 2 (SO 4 J 3 Er2(SO4)3.8H20 Er(C 2 H 3 O 2 MH 2 0 Er(C2H5SO4MSH20 Yb2O3 YbCl3.6H20 Yb 2 (SO 4 ) 3 Yb2(SO4)S-SH20 Yb 2 (SeO 4 ) 3 Yb2(SeO4)3.8H2O.. Yb(NO3)3.4H20 Yb2(CO3MH20 Yb(C 2 O 4 ) 3 Yb(C 2 O 4 ),. 1OH20 Yb(C2H3O2MH20 LuCl3 HfO 2 HfOCl2.8H20 (NH 4 ) 3 HfF 7 BeO BeF2 2BeO.5BeF2 BeCl2 BeBr2 BeI2 BeSO4 BeSO4.4H20 BeSeO4.4H20 Be3N2 B Ba Be Bi Br 54 79 75 15 5

Mol. wt. 174.430 285.453 399.561 369.546 423.592 1225.33 1673.47 1642.12 1654.24 1653.40 386.500 352.000 1226.90 362.520 263.634 371.726 505.100 602.715 746.838 433.361 451.376 758.674 406.391 1232.16 1687.13 1590.63 1667.90 1667.06 265.574 453.316 373.040 268.894 1237.42 383.400 623.595 767.718 416.831 1242.60 395.200 388.066 635.395 779.518 776.800 920.923 431.686 599.262 437.600 617.754 422.731 281.374 211.000 410.039 366.034 25.0200 47.0200 285.140 79.9360 168.852 262.884 105.085 177.147 224.282 55.0760

C Ca Cb Cd Ce 16 77 51 29 59

Cl Co Cr Cs Cu 4 44 46 85 31

^f*1 system

M. P.

H. 76. 5 70.2 83.2 92.2 H. 62s

M. 92 91 110

Tri. Tri. H.

56.5 R. 63.2 72.5 58s 89.3

M.

680 H.

Tri. H.

>916 2812 C. H.

24oo 44o 49o 51o

Têt. R. | Dy Er Eu F Fe 67 69 64 3 43

d? * 5.8e 3.733 1.94 1.894 1.786 1.904J5 2.283^ 2.188J 2.2372 2.272° 6.05 7.42 1.909f 7.40? 4.52J 2.424J 2.84415 4.139 146 3.01o14-6 2.40e 15 2.332 1.611 1.919J5 2.351" 2.563 2.315^ 2.356? 4.35J 7.81 3.67J 1.492f 8.64o 3.678 3.18o 2.114 1.907f 9.IT 2.57s 3.79s 3.28e 4.14o 3.3o 2.682 3.67 2.439 2.644 2.09 3.98 9.68 3.02s 1. 2.115 2.3 1.89gf 4.2015 2.44s 1.71s10-5 2.03

fi*?'

*£' finding No.

234

239

235

240

233

270.5 70.1 347

219 537

22oo Ga Gd Ge Gl H 25 65 20 75 2

Hf Hg Ho I In 73 30 68 6 26

Ir K La Li Lu 36 83 58 81 72

Index No. i Formula I 2110 Be(NO3)2.3H20 2111 Be2C 2112 Be(C 2 Ho) 2 2113 Be(C 3 H 7 J 2 2114 Be(C5H7O2)2—Acetylacetonate 2115 BeO.3Be(C2H3O2)2 2116 BeO.3Be(C2H3O2) (C3H5O2) 2117 BeO.3Be(C3H5O2)2 2118 Be(XSBe(C4H7O2) 2 BeO.Be(C 2 H 5 SO 4 ) 2 .4H 2 O.... 2119 2120 BeO.SiO2 2121 2BeO.SiO2—Phenacite 2122 4BeO.2SiO2.H2O—Bertrandite 2123 BeOKBeBO3—Hambergite 2124 BeO. Al2O3-Chrysoberyl 2125 3BeO.Al2O3.6SiO2—Beryl 2126 2BeO.Al2O3.2SiO2.H2O—Euclase 2127 2BeO.Yt2O3.FeO.2SiO2—Gadolinite 2128 MgO-Periclase 2129 MgO.H2O—Brucite 2130 MgF2- Sellaite 2131 MgCl2-Chloromagnesite 2132 MgCl2.6H2O—Bischofite 2133 Mg(ClO3)2.6H20 2134 Mg(ClO 4 ) 2 2135 Mg(C104)2.6H20 2136 MgBr2 2137 Mg(BrO 3)2.6H 2O . 2138 MgI2 2139 Mg(IO3)2.4H20 2140 MgS 2141 MgSO4 2142 MgO.SO3.H2O—Kieserite 2143 MgSO4.5H20 2144 MgSO4.6H2O—Hexahydrite 2145 MgO.SO3.7H2O—Epsomite 2146 MgS2O6.6H20 2147 MgSeO4.6H20 2148 MgO.N2O5.H2O—Nitromagnesite 2149 Mg(NO3)2.6H20 (NH 4 )2O.MgO.2SO3.6H2O— 2150 Boussingaultite 2151 (NH4)2O.MgO.2SeO3.6H20 2152 Mg2P2O7 2153 2MgO.P2O5.7H2O—Newberyite 2154 3MgO.P2O5.8H2O—Bobierite 2155 Mg(H2PO2)2.6H20 2156 3MgO.P2O5. MgF2-Wagnerite 2157 (NH4)2O.2MgO.P2O5.12H2O—Struvite... 2158 3MgO. (NH 4 )2O.2P2O5.1OH2OHannayite 2159 3MgO. As2O5-SH2O-Hoernesite 2160 (NH 4 ) MgAsO4.6H20 2161 Mg3Sb2 2162 Mg3Bi2 2163 MgO.CO2—Magnesite 2164 MgO.CO2.3H2O—Nesquehonite 2165 MgO.CO2.5H2O—Lansfordite 2166 2MgO.CO2.4H2O—Artinite 2167 4MgO.3CO2.4H2O—Hydromagnesite 2168 Mg(^-C4H4O6).5H2O 2169 Mg(^-C4H5O6) 2.4H20 2170 Mg(C2H3O2), Mg Mn Mo N 76 42 47 11

NaNbNdNiO 82 51 61 45 1

Os P Pb Pd 35 12 23 41

Cr tal ^ system

MoL wt. 187.082 30.0400 67.0970 95.1278 207.128 170.126 448.265 490.311 574.403 356.309 85.0800 110.100 238.215 93.8677 126.940 537.340 290.095 468.000 40.3200 58.3354 62.3200 95.2360 203.328 299.328 223.236 331.328 184.152 388.244 278.184 446.246 56.3850 120.385 138.400 210.462 228.477 246.493 292.542 275.612 166.351 256.428 360.620 454.890 222.688 348.796 407.131 262.491 325.328 490.950 637.288 495.003 289.411 316.500 490.960 84.3200 138.366 174.397 196.702 365.342 262.428 394.459 142.366

Pr Pt Ra Rb 60 37 80 84

'

M. P.

d? 4

^'™t' finding No.

60 1.915

M.

108 284 127 120

1.1684 1.364

Tet.

220 >1755

.

Tri. R. R. R. H. M. M. C. Trig. Tet. H. M.

14io 28Oo 1396 712 118 d. 35 d. 251 147 7oo

3.0 2.6 2.35 3.76 2.66 3.1 4.3 3.65 2.4 3.0 2.325 1.56 1.80 2.6Of 1.970Î6 3.72

C.

117

M. 1185 M. Tri. M. R. Tri. M. 9s M. M.

326 764 733 933 284 839 947 158 272 208 335 562

>120

R. M. Tet. M. R. Tri. M.

4.25 3.313-5 2.80 2.66 2.57 1.718 1.76 1.68 1.666 1.928

637 511 447 503 558

1.464 1.7o 2.04 2.59S22 2.10 2.41 1.5913 3.12 1.72

464 568 761 585 595 701 522

1.89 2.60 1.93215

703 702

3.037 1.85o 1.73 2.02 2. Ie 1.67 1.72 1.42

342 542 459 630 622

961 715 Trig. R. M. R. R. M. R.

Rh Ru S Sa 40 39 8 63

323 Sb Sc Se Si S n S r T a T b T e T h 14 56 9 18 22 7852 66 10 24

Ti Tl Tm U V 19 27 70 49 50

WYYbZnZr 4857 71 2821

Index No. 2171 2172 2173 2174 2175 2176 2177 2178 2179 2180 2181 2182 2183 2184 2185 2186 2187 2188 2189 2190 2191 2192 2193 2194 2195 2196 2197 2198 2199 2200 2201 2202 2203 2204 2205 2206 2207 2208 2209 2210 2211 2212 2213 2214 2215 2216 2217 2218 2219 2220 2221 2222 2223 2224 2225 2226 2227 2228 2229 2230 Ag Ai As Au 32 55 13 33

Formula

I

Mol. wt.

Mg(C2H3O2)2.4H20 214.428 Mg(CH2SO3)2.4H2O—Ethane disulfonate 284.542 MgCioH6O6S2.6H2O—1, 5-Naphthalene disulfonate 418.589 Mg2Si 76.7000 MgO.SiO2—Clinoenstatite 100.380 MgO-SiO2-Enstatite 100.380 2MgO.SiO2—Forsterite 140.700 2MgO.3SiO2.4H2O—Parasepiolite 332.882 3MgO.2SiO2.2H2O—Chrysotile 277.111 3MgO.3SiO2.2H2O—Antigorite 337.171 3MgO.4SiO2.H2O—Talc 379.215 MgSiF6.6H2O 274.472 2MgO.SiO2.Mg(F, OH)2-Prolectite 4MgO.2SiO2.Mg(F, OH)2-Chondrodite.. 6MgO.3SiO2.Mg(F, OH)2-Humite 8MgO.4SiO2.Mg(F, OH)2-Clinohumite.. MgO-TiO2-Geikielite 120.220 MgSnCl6.6H20 463.860 2(MgPb)O.SiO2.H2O—Molybdophyllite.. MgCl2.2CdCl2.12H20 678.073 MgHg2I6.7H2O 1313.24 MgPtCl6.6H20 540.390 MgPtBr6.12H20 915.231 MgPdCl6.6H20 451.860 Mg2MnCl6.12H2O 532.503 MgO.Fe2O3—Magnesioferrite 200.000 MgO.Fe2O3.3SO3.13H2O—Quetenite 674.395 2MgO.Fe2O3.4SO3.15H2O—Botryogenite. 830.811 6MgO.Fe2O3.CO2.12H2O-Pyroaurite.... 661.785 6MgO.Fe2O3.CO2.12H2O-Brugnatellite . 661.785 3(Fe, Mg)O.Fe2O3.2SiO2.3H2O— Cronstedtite MgO.CoO2 131.290 Mg2Ni2O2.3SiO2.6H2O—Genthite 486.292 MgCrO4.7H20 266.438 MgO-Cr2O3 192.340 MgCrO4. (NH 4 )2CrO4.6H20 400.510 6MgO. Cr2O3. CO2.12H2O-Stichtite 654.125 MgW4Oi3-SH20 1112.44 3MgO.5V2O5.28H20 3407.09 4MgO-Cb2O5 427.480 MgO.B2O3.3H2O—Pinnoite 164.006 2MgO.B2O3.H2O—Ascharite 168.295 2MgO.B2O3.H2O—Camsellite... . 168.295 3MgO.B2O3 190.600 6MgO.8B2O3.MgCl2-Boracite impure.. . 894.276 10MgO.4B2O2.3H2O—Szaibelyite 735.806 6MgO.2B2O3.2SO3.9H2O—Suifoborite.... 703.469 3MgO-B2O3-P2O5-SH2O-Lueneburgite... 476.771 3MgO-B2O3-MnO-Mn2O3-Pinakiolite.... 419.390 3MgO-B2O3-FeO-Fe2O3-Ludwigite 422.120 4MgO-B2O3-Fe2O3-Magnesioludwigite... 390.600 MgO-Al2O3-Spinel 142.240 MgO.A12O3.4SO3.22H2O—Pickeringite... . 858.839 6MgO.A12O3.CO2.12H2O-Hydrotalcite... 604.025 3MgO. Al2O3.3SiO2—Pyrope 403.060 4MgO.Al2O3.2SiO2.5H2O—Colerainite... . 473.397 5MgO.Al2O3.3SiO2.4H2O— Leuchtenbergite 555.762 5MgO. Al2O3-OSiO2.4H2O-Zebedassite... 735.942 5MgO.6Al2O2.2SiO2—Sapphirine 933.240 (FeMg)O. A12O3.P2O5.H2O—Lazulite B BaBe Bi Br 54 79 75 15 5

C Ca Cb Cd Ce 16 77 51 29 59

Cl Co Cr Cs Cu 4 44 46 85 31

Cry

*tal system M. Tri.

[

M. P. j

M. M. R. R. R. R. R. M. Trig. M. M. R. M. Trig. Trig. H. R.

1102 1557 d. d. 189o

836 832 828 557 647 545 728 204 861 781 790 863 402 289 367 629

3.34 5.06 2.5 1.695 4.5o 1.84 2.16

M. H. M. Tri. H. Têt.

2.18o 4.4 2.30 2.7 Tr. 265 R. to C.

213s .

M. M. M. Dy Er Eu FFe 67 69 64 3 43

3.28 3.19 3. 2s

3.8° 2.437 2.802 2.12 1.802 4.6 2.12 2.1 2.07 2.07

R. ? R.

R. M. R. R. R. C. M. H. C. H.

777

3.1 3.1s 3. !5 3.1 3.98 2.08 4.7 2

Trig. ?

GaGdGeGlH 25 65 20 75 2

*ef' in^' [finding No. 512

1.64

2.5 2.62 2. 7s

Trig. Trig. H. H. C. M. M. H. H.

R. ? R. R. C.

dj« V 1.454 1.727

194 626 660 275 264 363 665 813 265 926

2.99 2.9 3 2.4 2.1 3.9 4.0 4.0 3.6 1.85 2.06 3.5 2.51

277 666 1041 833 856 321 650 649 999 972 971 156 473 247 154 273

2.7 2.19 3.45 3J.

726 590 900 804

Hf Hg Ho I In 73 30 68 6 20

Ir K La U Lu 36 83 58 81 72

Index No.

•

2231 2232 2233 2234 2235 2236 2237 2238 2239 2240 2241 2242 2243 2244 2245 2246 2247 2248

Formula _ Mg3Gd2(NO3) 12.24H20 CaO-Lime CaH2 Ca(OH) 2 CaF2-Fluorite CaCl2-Hydrophyllite CaCl2.6H20 CaF2.CaCl2 CaBr2 CaBr2.3H20 CaBr2.6H20 Ca(BrO3)2.H20 CaF2. CaBr2 CaI2 CaI2.6H20 Ca(IOg)2-Lautarite CaS-Oldhamite CaSO4-Anhydrite

1563.95 56.0700 42.0854 74.0854 78.0700 110.986 219.078 189.056 199.902 253.948 307.994 313.917 277.972 293.934 402.026 389.934 72.1350 136.135

2249 2250 2251 2252 2253 2254 2255 2256 2257 2258 2259 2260 2261 2262 2263 2264 2265 2266 2267 2268 2269 2270 2271 2272 2273 2274 2275 2276 2277 2278 2279 2280 2281 2282 2283 2284 2285 2286 2287 2288 2289 2290 2291

CaSO4.2H2O—Gypsum CaS2O6.4H20 CaSeO4 CaSeO4.2H20 Ca 3 N 2 Ca(NO) 2 Ca(NO2)2.H20 Ca(NO2)2.4H20 Ca (NO3)2—Nitrocalcite Ca(NO3)2.3H20 Ca(NO3)2.4H2O (a) Ca(NO3)2.4H2O (0) Ca3P2 CaP2O6 Ca2P2O7 2CaO.P2O5.H2O—Monetite 2CaO.P2O5.5H2O—Brushite Ca 3 (PO 4 ) 2 Ca4P2O9 4CaO.P2O5.5H2O—Isoclasite 5CaO.2P2O5.1.5H2O—Martinite 10CaO.3P2O5.. Ca(H 2 PO 4 ) 2 Ca(H2PO4)2.H20 CaF2.3Ca3P2O8—Fluoroapatite Ca5P3ClOi2-Chloroapatite 3Ca3(PO4)2.CaFCl—Apatite (NH4)CaPO4.7H20 Ca3As2 2CaO. As2O5-SH2O- Haidingerite 2CaO.As2O5.5H2O—Pharmacolite 2CaO. As2O5-SH2O-Wapplerite 9CaO.3As2O5. CaF2- Svabite 5CaO.3Sb2S5—Romeite CaC2 CaCO3-Aragonite CaCO3-Calcite CaCO3.6H20 CaC2O4 CaO.C2O3.H2O—Whewellite Ca(CHOo) 2 CaC4H2O4-H2O-Maleate CaC4H2O4.2H2O—Fumarate

172.166 272.262 183.270 219.301 148.226 100.086 150.101 204.148 164.086 218.132 236.148 236.148 182.258 198.118 254.188 272.204 344.265 310.258 366.328 456.405 591.469 986.844 234.149 252.164 1008.84 520.880 1025.30 279.241 270.130 396.106 432.137 486.183 1272.46 1491.95 64.0700 100.070 100.070 208.162 128.070 146.085 130.085 172.101 190.116

MgMnMoN 76 42 47 11

NaNbNdNiO 82 51 61 45 1

Os P Pb Pd 35 12 23 41

Mol. wt.

Pr Pt Ra Rb 60 37 80 84

0

^ system Trig. C.

R. Trig. C. C. Trig. R H. M.

M. P. 77.5 2572 d. 675 1360 772 29.92 d. 737 765 80.5 38.2 d. 575 42

Tri. C. R. M.

Tr. 1193 (R. to M.) M. 1450

M. Trig. M. 900 H. C.

561 51.1 42.7 39.7 >1600 97s 1230 d.

M.

Tri. M. M. M. M. ? Tri. Tri. H. M.

1670 1630 1540 d. d. 1630 1530 127o d.

R. M. Tri. H. C.

Rh Ru S Sa 40 39 8 63

23oo R. H. M.

1339779 ooomm

M. R. R. R.

3.329 3.1518 3.956f 4.59115 2.815 2.9e


708

2.32 2.176 2.93 2.676 2.6317 2.5334° 2.23 34 l .674g 2.36

600 269

!.82

526

2.5115 2.82 3.09 2.75 2.25 3.14 3.06 2.92 2.89 2.89 2.546J 5 ' 6 2.22O 4 6 3.1825 3.1720 3.14 1.56115 2.515 2.967 2.535 2.48 3.80 5.04 2.22 2.9s 2.71lf' 2 2.2 4 2.23 2.015

d. SbScSeSiSn 14 56 9 18 22

dj« ^L ^ * [finding No. 2.163? 3.40 168 1.7 2.343 318 3.180 71 2.152^ 5 fused 120 1.6817 212 3.07 3.353f

TiTITmUV 19 27 70 49 50

586 656 !

148 698 765

309 331 308 756 730 621 345 169 880 328 633 674 577 706 754 WYYbZnZr 4857 71 2821

Index No.

Formula

Mol. wt.

2292 2293 2294 2295 2296 2297 2298 2299 2300 2301

CaC4H4O3-SH2O-Malate CaC4H4O4-SH2O-Succinate CaCmô-C4H4Oe)-SH20 Ca(d-C4H4O6).4H2O? Ca(C2H3O2)2 Ca(C3H5Os)2-SH2O-Lactate Ca(C4H5O2)2—Crotonate CaCsHioOio-6H2O—Acid malate Ca(C6H5CO2)2.3H20 CaH2(C4H4Oe)2^C4H6O6d-Tetratartrate. Ca3Ci2H6Oi2-Aconitate Ca3Ci2HioOi4.2H2O—Citrate Ca3Ci2HioOi4.4H2O—Citrate Ca(C4H2O3NOa)2-XH2O-Nitrotetronate Ca(C9H8NOs)2-SH2O-Hippurate 7CaO.CO2.2P2O5—Dahllite 10CaO.CO2.3P2O5—Podolite 10CaO.CaF2.CO2.3P2O5.H2O—Francolite. CaSi CaSi2 Ca3Si2 Ca6Si10 CaSiO3 CaO-SiO2-Pseudowollastonite CaO-SiO2-Wollastonite CaO.2SiO2.H2O—Okenite 2CaO-SiO2 (a) 2CaO-SiO2 (/3) 2CaO-SiO2 (T) 2CaO.SiO2.H2O—Hillebrandite 2CaO.2SiO2.3H2O—Riversideite 3CaO.2SiO2 4CaO.4SiO2.7H2O—Crestmorite CaSiF6.2H20 3CaO.CaF2.3SiO2.2H2O—Zeophyllite 3CaO.CaF.2SiO2.H2O—Custerite 5CaO-SiO2-P2O5 3CaO.SiO2.CO2.SO3.15H2O-Thaumasite 5CaO.2SiO2.CO2—Spurrite CaO.TiO2—Perovskite CaTi(SO4), 5CaO.2TiO2.3Sb2O5—Lewisite CaO.TiO2.SiO2—Titanite CaO.SnO2.3SiO2.2H2O—Stokesite Ca2PbC18H30Oi2-Propionate 2CaO.PbO.3SiO2 4CaO.6PbO.6SiO2.H2O—Ganomalite 4CaO.5PbO.PbCl2.6SiO2—Nasonite CaO.ZnO.SiO2.H2O—Clinohedrite 2CaO.ZnO.SiO2—Hardystonite CaHgI4 CaHg5Ii2-SH20 Ca3Hg4Ii4.24H20 CaSO4-SCu(OH)2. CuSO4-SH2OUrvolgyite 2CaO.2CuO. As2O5-H2O-Higginsite CaCu(C2H3O2)4.6H20 CaPt(CN)4.5H20 2CaO.MnO.P2O5.2H2O—Fairfieldite 2CaO-MnO. As2O5.2H2O—Brandtite CaO.MnO.SiO2—Glaucochroite

194.147 210.147 242.147 260.162 158.116 218.147 210.147 414.239 336.193

2302 2303 2304 2305 2306 2307 2308 2309 2310 2311 2312 2313 2314 2315 2316 2317 2318 2319 2320 2321 2322 2323 2324 2325 2326 2327 2328 2329 2330 2331 2332 2333 2334 2335 2336 2337 2338 2339 2340 2341 2342 2343 2344 2345 2346 2347 2348 2349 2350 2351 Ag Al As Au 32 55 13 33

B Ba Be Bi Br 54 79 75 15 5

C Ca Cb Cd Ce 16 77 51 29 59

638.239 462.256 534.318 570.349 450.255 720.586 1030.84 1126.92 68.1300 96.1900 176.330 521.020 116.130 116.130 116.130 194.205 172.200 172.200 172.200 190.215 286.306 288.330 590.628 218.161 462.491 365.415 482.458 622.566 444.470 135.970 376.165 1410.77 196.030 422.981 725.571 515.520 1902.86 1978.76 215.525 253.580 748.408 2710.43 3132.07 574.542 519.215 357.748 429.409 361.149 449.021 187.060

Cl Co Cr Cs Cu 4 44 46 85 31

Cl

I

Tstal system R.

^20 *

M p

I

Tri. R.

Réf. ind. finding No. 676 648 609 638 683

100 695 561

R. R.

1.436

R.

1.85119 636 130

M. R. ? H. H. H.

1.745 1.318 3.08 3.077 3.1 2.3516 2.5 1.64

618 822 310 807 304

12Oo H. M. M. R. M. Tri. M. R. M. R.? R.

2.89 1540 Tr. 1200 2130 Tr. 1420 ß to a Tr. 675 y to ß 2.69 2.61 1475 d.

Tet. Trig. M. 1760 H. M. ? R. C. C. M. R. Tet.

1U2

2.22 2.25 2.76 2.96 3.01 1.87 3.01 4.10 4.95 3.5 3.2 3.99 5.74 5.7 3. Ss 3.4 3.3o° 4.69° 3.61° 3.132

Tet. H. M. Tet.

R. R. Tet. R. Tri. Tri. R. Dy Er Eu F Fe 67 69 64 3 43

2.9 2.3

4.33 1.42 3.07 3.671 3.41 Ga Gd Ge Gl H 25 65 20 75 2

Hf Hg Ho I In 73 30 68 6 25

299 773 800 578 908 1049 824 772 751 1046 759 276 732 243 867 1025 91 184 983 776 251 955 985 380, 384 862 332

965 213 1045 823 902 910 Ir K La U Lu 36 83 58 81 72

T i No. AT Index ^ 2352 2353 2354 2355 2356 2357 2358 2359 2360 2361 2362 2363 2364 2365 2366 2367 2368 2369 2370 2371 2372 2373 2374 2375 2376 2377 2378 2379 2380 2381 2382 2383 2384 2385 2386 2387 2388 2389 2390 2391 2392 2393 2394 2395 2396 2397 2398 2399 2400 2401 2402 2403 2404 2405 2406 2407 2408 2409 2410 2411 2412 MgMnMoN 76 42 47 11

ir i Formula

A/T i wt. j. Mol.

4CaO.2Mn203.5SiO2.4H2O—Orientite.... 4CaSiO3.3MnSi03—Bustamite Ca(XFe2O3 2Ca(XFe2O3 2CaO.FeO.P205.4H20—Anapaite 6CaO.3Fe2O3.4P2O5.19H2O—Calcioferrite 3CaO.2Fe2O3.2As2O5.6H2O— Arseniosiderite FeCa2(CN) 6.12H20 CaO.FeO.2SiO2—Hedenbergite 2CaO.4FeO.Fe2O3.4SiO2.H2O—Ilvaite.... CaO.Cr2O3 15CaO.8CrO3.7I2O5—Dietzeite 3CaO. Cr2O3.3SiO2-Uvarovite CaMoO4- Powellite CaO. WO3-Scheelite CaO.8UO3.2SO3.25H2O—Uranopilite CaO.2UO3.P2O6.8H2O—Autunite CaO.2UO3.P2O5.8H2O—Bassetite CaO.2UO3.As2O5-SH2O-Uranospinite.... 2CaO.UO2.4CO2.1OH2O-Uranothallite.... CaO.2UO3.2SiO2.6H2O—Uranophane. . . . CaV4On CaO.3V2O5.9H2O—Hewettite CaO.3V2O5.9H2O—Metahewettite 2CaO.3V2O5.11H2O—Pascoite CaCl8-Ca8(VO4)1 CaB6 CaO.B2O3 2CaO.B2O3 2CaO.3B2O3.5H2O—Colemanite 2CaO.3B2O3.7H2O—Meyerhofferite 2CaO.3B2O3.13H2O—Inyoite 4CaO.5B2O3.9H2O—Pandermite 5CaO.6B2O3.9H2O—Priceite CaO.2SiO2.B2O3—Danburite 2CaO.2SiO2.B2O3.H2O—Datolite 4CaO.5B2O3.2SiO2.5H2O—Howlite 8CaO.5B2O3.6SiO2.6H2O—Bakerite CaO.B2O3.SnO2—Nordenskioeldine CaO.Al2O3 3CaO.Al2O3 3CaO.5Al2O3 5CaO.3Al2O3 CaF2-Al(F, OH)3,H2O—Gearksutite CaF2.2Al(F, OH)3.H2O—Prosopite 6CaO. A12O3.3SO3.33H2O—Ettringite CaO.2CaF2.2Al(F, OH)3.SO3.2H2O— Creedite CaO.2Al2O3.P2O5.5H2O—Crandallite CaO.Al2O3.2SiO2—Anorthite CaO.Al2O3.2SiO2.2H2O—Hibschite CaO.Al2O3.2SiO2.2H2O—Lawsonite CaO. Al2O3.3SiO2.5H2O—Levynite CaO. Al2O3.4SiO2.4H2O—Gismondite CaO.Al2O3.4SiO2.4H2O—Laumontite CaO.Al2O3.6SiO2.5H2O—Epistilbite CaO.Al2O3.6SiO2.5H2O—Heulandite CaO.Al2O3.7SiO2.7H2O—Stellerite CaO.2Al2O3.2SiO2.H2O—Margarite 2CaO. Al2O3-SiO2-Velardenite 2CaO.Al2O3.3SiO2.H2O—Prehnite 2CaQ. Al2O3.5SiO2.6H2O—Laubanite NaNbNdNiO 82 51 61 45 l

Oa P Pb Pd 35 12 23 41

912.362 857.490 215.750 271.820 398.090 1725.94 1055.50 508.212 248.030 817.435 208.090 397.818 500.410 200.070 288.070 2505.56 914.581 914.581 1002.45 738.464 856.622 419.910 763.969 763.969 856.069 461.116 104.990 125.710 181.780 411.137 447.168 555.260 734.619 860.329 245.830 319.915 782.677 1265.21 276.410 157.990 270.130 677.810 586.110 1273.04 492.035 278.110 314.141 314.141 428.247 470.292 470.292 608.427 608.427 704.518 398.045 274.120 412.255 622.452

Pr Pt Ra Rb 60 37 80 84

Crystal J , system K TrL

AT ~ M. P.

1216 d. 1436 d. Tri. M. R. TrL M. R.

Ref. md. 00 d:° c ,. AT ^j finding No. O 9 4 3 868 408 1057 2.82 778 2.53 282 3.36

lloo

3.7 4.0 4.818 3.70 3.42 4.35 6.06 3.8 3.1 3.10 3.45 2.8 3.9

M. C. Tet. Tet. TrL? R. M. R. R. TrL?

376 718 922 984 970 170 388 381 788 707 705 719 547 855

63? R. R. M. R.

2.554 2.51 2.46 4.01 2.3

R.

1100 1304 d. d. d. d.

M. Tri. M. M. Tri. R.

841 2.43 2.12 1.87s 2.43 2.4 3.0 3.0 2.6 2.8 4.2

M. Trig. M. ?, TrL C. Tet. ?, R. C. M. M. TrL H. M. R. TrL C. R. Trig.

1600 1535 d. 1720 1455

1551

1550 M. M. M. R. M. Tet. R. M. ?

Rh Ru S Sa 40 39 8 63

1590 SbScSeSiSn 14 56 9 18 22

1011 1003 961


739 635 570 738 735 806 831 746 721

2.77 2.88 l. 75

838 155 300 141 445 548 231

2.73 3.5 2.765 3.05 3.09 2.1 2.3 2.3 2.25 2.2 2. !2 3.0 3.04 2.9 2^2

470 294 723 149 869 241 644 605 572 528 509 820 333 796 221

TiTITmUV 19 27 70 49 50

WYYbZnZr 4857 71 2821

Index No.

Formula

Mol. wt.

24Ï32CaO.3Al 2 O 3 .9SiO 2 —Didymolite 958.440 2414 3Ca(XAl2O3-SiO2 330.190 2415 3CaO. Al2O3.3SiO2—Grossularite 450.310 2416 3CaO.Al2O3.6SiO2.H2O—Bavenite 648.505 2417 4CaO.3Al2O3.6SiO2—Meionite 890.400 2417.1 4CaO.3Al2O3.6SiO2.H2O—Clinozoisite.... 908.415 2418 4CaO.3Al2O3.6SiO2.H2O—Zoisite 908.415 2419 3CaO.5Ce2O3.6P2O5.24H2O—Churchite.... 3095.37 2420 CaO.2CeOF.3CO2—Parisite 538.570 2421 CaPO4. BeOH-Hydro-herderite 161.122 2422 CaCl2.2MgCl2.12H2O-Tachyhydrite.... 517.643 2423 2CaO.2MgO. As2O5-H2O-Adelite 440.715 2424 2Ca(XMgO. As2O5.MgF—Tilasite 425.700 2425 CaO. MgO.2CO2—Dolomite 184.390 2426 CaO.MgO.SiO2—Monticellite 156.450 2427 CaO.MgO.2SiO2—Diopside 216.510 2428 CaO.3MgO.2SiO2—Merwinite 297.150 2429 CaO.3MgO.4SiO2—Tremolite 417.270 2430 2CaO.MgO.2SiO2—Âkermannite 272.580 2431 5CaO.2MgO.6SiO2 721.350 2432 CaO.MgO.3B2O3.6H2O—Hydroboracite.. 413.402 2433 CaO.MgO.Al2O3.SiO2—Gehlenite 258.370 2434 SrO 103.620 2435 Sr(OH) 2 121.635 2436 Sr(OH)2.8H2O 265.758 2437 SrF2 125.620 2438 SrCl2 158.536 2439 SrCl2.6H20 266.628 2440 Sr(ClOs)2 254.536 2441 SrF2.SrCl2 284.156 2442 SrBr2 247.452 2443 SrBr2.6H20 355.544 2444 Sr(BrO3)2.H20 361.467 2445 SrBr2.SrF2 373.072 2446 SrI2 341.484 2447 Sr(IO3)2 437.484 2448 SrI2.SrF2 467.104 2449 SrS 119.685 2450 SrS4.6H20 323.972 2451 SrO.SO3—Celestite 183.685 2452 SrS2O3.5H20 289.827 2453 SrS2O6.4H20 319.812 2454 Sr(NO) 2 147.636 2455 Sr(NO)2.5H20 237.713 2456 Sr(NO 2 ) 2 179.636 2457 Sr(NO 2 ) 2 .H 2 0 197.651 2458 Sr(NO 3 ) 2 211.636 2459 Sr(NO3)2.4H20 283.698 2460 Sr3P2 324.908 2461 SrHPO4. 183.652 2462 SrC2 111.620 2463 SrO.CO2-Strontianite 147.620 2464 Sr(CHO2), .. 177.635 2465 Sr(CHO2)2.H2O 195.651 2466 Sr(CHO2)2.2H2O 213.666 2467 Sr(C2H3O2), 205.666 2468 Sr(CH2SO3)2.H2O—Ethane disulfonate.. . 293.796 2469 p470 2471 2472 2473 Ag Al As Au 32 55 13 33

Sr(C2H5O4S)2.2H2O—Ethylsulfate Sr(C4H2O3NO2)2.xH2O—Nitrotetronate. . Sr(SbOC4H4Oe)2 SrSiO3 2SrQ.SiQ2 B Ba Be Bi Br 54 79 75 15 5

C Ca Cb Cd Ce 16 77 51 29 59

373.858 627.222 163.680 267.300

Cl Co Cr Cs Cu 4 44 46 85 31

0

^1 system ~M. R. C. M. Têt. M. R. M. Trig. R. H. M. M. Trig. R. M. M. M. Têt. M. Têt. R. Têt. C. C. Trig. R. Têt. M.

M. P.

> 168 d.

d. 1498 1391 1458 d. 1365 243o 1190 873 d. 61 120 d. 962 643 d. 20 d. 402

Tri. C. R. M. Trig.

C. M.

25 158Od. d.

d. 570

R. R. R. R. R.

149760 at71.9

M. M. M. H. 1580 >17QO Dy Er Eu F Fe 67 69 64 3 43

Ga Gd Ge Gl H 25 65 20 75 2

d? finding 27Tl 3.530 2.72 2.74 3.36 3.3 3.14 4.32 3. Oo 1.66s 3.76 3.28 2.872 3.2 3.3 3.15 3.0 2.944 2.0 3.04 4.7 3.625 1.9o 2.44 3.052 1.93 . 3.152 4.18 4.2Ie^ 4 2.35818 3.773 4.06 4.549f 5.04515 4.5 3.7015 3.96 2.1?17 2.373 2.683 2.173f 2.S67 27 2.408J 2.986 2.2 2.68 3.544 3.2 3.70 2.69 2.25 2.69s 2.099 2.355 (a) 2.453 (ß) 2.032 2.043 3.65 3.84 Hf Hg Ho I In 73 30 68 6 26

-*?.' ^ No. 540 1048 157 717 295 915 896 785 279 774 249 909 847 339 852 864 901 786 307 797 631 330 242 140 257 763 324

789 253

135

853 704 597

554 812 426 60 Ir K La Ia Lu 36 83 58 81 72

T j No. XT Index 2474 2475 2476 2477 2479 2480 2481 2482 2483 2484 2485 2486 2487 2488 2489 2490

-r» i Formula

TVT i wt. j. Mol.

2491 2492 2493 2494 2495 2496 2497 2498 2499 2500

SrSiF6.2H20 SrCl2.2CdCl2.7H20 SrHg5I12-SH20 Sr2Cu(CHO2) 4.8H20 SrCrO4 SrCr2O7-SH20 Sr (OCrO2Cl)2.4H20 SrMoO4 SrWO4 Sr2Wi2SiO40.16H20 SrB6 SrO.B2O3 SrO.2B2O3 2SrO.B2O3 2SrO.3Al2O3.2P2O5.7H2O—Goyazite 2SrO.3A)2O3.P2O0.2SO3.6H2O— Svanbergite SrO.Al2O3.2SiO2 3SrO.2Ce2O3.7CO2.5H2O—Ancylite SrCa2C18H30Oi2-Propionate. BaO BaO2 BaH2 Ba(OH) 2 Ba(OH)2.8H20 BaF2 BaCl2

2501 2502 2503 2504 2505 2506 2507 2508 2509 2510 2511 2512 2513 2514 2515 2516 2517 2518 2519 2520 2521

BaCl2.2H20 Ba(ClO)2 Ba(ClOs)2 Ba(ClO3)2.H20 Ba(ClO4), Ba(ClO4)2.3H20 BaClF BaCl2.BaF2 BaBr2 BaBr2.2H20 Ba(BrO3)2.H20 BaBr2-BaF2 BaI2 BaI2.6H20 BaI2.7H20 Ba(IOa) 2 Ba(IO3)2.H20 BaI2.BaF2 BaS BaS4.2H20 BaO.SOs—Barite

244.317 240.286 304.286 322.301 336.286 390.332 191.828 383.656 297.202 333.233 411.217 472.572 391.234 499.326 517.342 487.234 505.249 566.604 169.435 301.661 233.435

2522 2523 2524 2525 2526 2527 2528 2529 2530 2531 2532 2533 2534

BaS2O3-H20 BaS2O6.2H2O BaS2O6.4H20 BaSeO4 BaTeO4 BaN 6 Ba(NO) 2 Ba(NO 2 ) 2 Ba(NO 2 ) 2 .H 2 O Ba(NO3)2—Nitrobarite Ba(NH 2 ), Ba2P2O7 Ba 3 (PO 4 )*

267.515 333.531 369.562 280.570 328.870 221.418 197.386 229.386 247.401 261.386 169.417 448.788 602.158

MgMnMoN 76 42 47 11

NaNbNdNiO 82 51 61 45 1

Os P Pb Pd 35 12 23 41

265.711 651.296 2757.98 562.964 203.630 357.686 430.618 247.620 335.620 3339.55 152.540 173.260 242.900 276.880 923.204 923.270 325.660 1365.94 605.991 153.370 169.370 139.385 171.385 315.509 175.370 208.286

Pr Pt Ra Rb 60 37 80 84

J Crystal . system M^ M.

TVT P. ™ M.

dfj2o

finding 2.99 17 -* 2.718»* 4.66°

Tri. M. M.

m d. ~ Itef,. XT No.

593 3.89515 905 72 4.145 6.184

M.

934 3.3 1100 930 1130

Trig. Trig.

3.2

305

3.5

314

3.95

974 230

>1700 R. Tet. C.

1923

5.72 4.96 4.21° 4.495 2.1s 4.83 3.856f

d. 675 M. M. C. M. C. R. M. H. Tet.

77.9 1280 Tr. 925 962 d. 235 414 d. 120 505 1008 847

M. M. H.

74Od. 25.7

M. M. C. R. R.

d. Tr. 1149 to M. ? 1580

R. R. M. M. R. R.

d.

825

3.179

713

2.74 5.931 4.5118 4.781Î4 3.582J4 3.9918 4.9618 5.15i 3.67 5.2s 5.O 15 5.2118 4.2515 2.988 4.49915 3.4518 4.53613-5 3.142 4.75 4.4816 3.89123 3.23 23 3.17329 3.244 23

592 280

315 913

816 744 1076

137

4.116 4.116

R. C.

Rh Ru S Sa 40 39 8 63

3.097J 4

d. 219 217

C.

544



1

ETlTmUV 19 27 70 49 50

WYYbZnZr 4857 71 2821

T j No. AT Index

T^ i Formula

2535 2536 2537 2538 2539 2540 2541 2542 2543 2544 2545 2546 2547 2548 2549 2550 2551 2552 2553 2554 2555

BaHPO4 BaH4(PO2) 2.H20 BaF2^Ba3P2O8 BaCl2-SBa3P2O8 Ba3As2 BaHAsO4-H20 BaC2 BaCO3-Witherite BaCO3 (a) BaCO3 (ß) BaC2O4 Ba(CHO 2 ) 2 BaC3H2O4-Malonate Ba(raeso-C4H4O6).H2O Ba№-C4H406).5H20 Ba(C2H3O2)2 Ba(C2H3O2)2.H20 Ba(C2H3O2)2.3H20 Ba(C2H5CO2)2.H20 Ba(CH2SOa)2-Ethane disulfonate BaC6H4O7S2.4H2O—Phenol-2, 4-disulfonate BaCi0H6O6S2-H2O-Naphthalene-1, 5disulfonate BaSiO3 BaSiO3.6H2O BaO.2SiO2 2BaO.SiO2 2BaO.3SiO2 BaSiF6 BaO.TiO2.3SiO2—Benitoite BaCdCl4.4H20 BaCdBr4.4H20 BaCd(CHO2)4.2H20 BaHg5Ii2 Ba3Hg6I16.16H20 BaPtBr6.10H20 BaPt (CN)4.4H20 BaO.MnO2 BaO.FeO.4SiO2—Gillespite 4BaO.FeO.2Fe2O3.1OSiO2-Taramellite... BaNi2O5 BaCrO4 Ba3[Cr(C2O4)3]2 Ba3[Cr(C2O4)3]2.7H20 Ba3[Cr(C2O4)3]2.12H2O BaMoO4 BaWO4 BaO.4WO3.9H20 Ba2Wi2SiO40-IoH20 BaO.2UO3.P2O5.8H2O—Uranocircite Ba2V2O7 3BaO. 1OWO3. V2O5.SiO2.28H20 BaB6 BaO.B2O3 2BaO.B2O3 3BaO.B2O3 BaCl2.2AlCl3 BaO. Al2O3.2SiO2—Celsian BaO. Al2O3.3SiO2.3H2O—Edingtonite 4BaO.Al2O3.7SiO2—Barylite BaF2. Ce2O3-SCO2- Cordylite BaO.CaO.2CO2—Barytocalcite

2556 2557 2558 2559 2560 2561 2562 2563 2564 2565 2566 2567 2568 2569 2570 2571 2572 2573 2574 2575 2576 2577 2578 2579 2580 2581 2582 2583 2584 2585 2586 2587 2588 2589 2590 2591 2592 2593 2594 2595 Ag Al As Au 32 55 13 33

B Ba Be Bi Br 54 79 75 15 5

C Ca Cb Cd Ce 16 77 51 29 59

i/r i wt. x Mol. 233.402 285.464 1981.84 2014.76 562.030 295.353 161.370 197.370 197.370 197.370 225.370 227.385 239.385 303.416 375.478 255.416 273.432 309.462 301.462 325.531

Crystal . system R M. H. H.

1670 1584

R. M. R. H.

Tr. 811 to « Tr. 982 to ß 1740'° at-

J2 o
« Itef,.

finding 4.16515 2.90 17

745 1051

2.468 2.19 2.021

Tri. Tri. R. R.

441.562 213.430 321.522 273.490 366.800 486.920 279.430 413.450 463.674 641.506 465.842 2692.60 3734.32 992.250 508.694 240.300 465.450 1605.28 334.750 253.380 1044.13 1170.24 1260.31 297.370 385.370 1243.51 3439.05 1011.88 488.660 3526.52 202.290 223.010 376.380 529.750 474.954 375.410 435.470 1135.82 635.870 297.440

R.

584 767

1420 >1755 1450

H. Tri. Tri. M.

Trig. R.

R. M. R.

904 872 659 775 1052 795

3.93 4.27915 3.7 2.968 3.687

356 827 894 627

1047 302 942

962 787

3.53 ca. 863

Dy Er Eu F Fe 67 69 64 3 43

2.282 4.399 2.59 3.73

4.63° 4.06 3.713 3.05 5.85 3.33 3.92 4.8 4.49815 2.57 2.S9628 2.37227 4.65 6.35 4.30

M. M.

M. R. R. H. M.

582

2.779

1604 R. R.

d. XT No.

875

M.

M.

m

334 343

5.949 4. l15 3.9315 3.75 4.43

2.658 3.21 2.147}8 2.98

R.

461.592

Cl Co Cr Cs Cu 4 44 46 85 31

,, P. _> M.

1060 1002 1315 290 > 1700

Ga Gd Ge Gl H 25 65 20 75 2

3.66 4.3e

3.37 2.7 4.03 4.31 3.65 Hf Hg Ho I In 73 30 68 6 26

.

727 662 884 357 828 Ir K La IA Lu 36 83 58 81 72

Index No. I

.

Formula

MoL wt.

C r y

® system C. H; ? M.

t a l

d j ° 3 f f ' * finding

M ^ R

2596 2597 2598

BaCa2Ci8H30Oi2-Propionate BaO.2CaO.3SiO2 RaCl2

655.741 445.690 296.866

2599 2600 2601 2602 2603 2604

RaBr2 Li20 LiH LiOH LiORH20 LiF

385.782 29.8780 7.94670 23.9467 41.9621 25.9390

M.

C.

870

2605 2606 2607 2608 2609 2610 2611 2612 2613

LiCl LiClO3 LiClO3.0.5H20 LiClO4 LiClO4-SH20 LiBr LiBr.2H20 LiBr.3H20 LiI

42.3970 90.3970 99.4047 106.397 160.443 86.8550 122.886 140.901 133.871

C.

613 129 65 236 95 547 44 3.5 446

2614 2615 2616

LiLSH20 Li2S Li2SO4

187.917 45.9430 109.943

2617 2618 2619 2620 2621

Li2SO4.H20 Li2S2O6.2H20 LiHSO4 LiNO2.H20 LiNO3

127.958 210.039 104.012 70.9624 68.9470

2622 2623 2624 2625 2626

LiNO3.3H20 LiNH 2 .... Li 2 NH LiBr.NH3 LiNH4SO4

122.993 22.9624 28.8937 103.886 121.043

2627 2628 2629 2630 2631 2632 2633 2634

LiPO3 Li3PO4 Li3PO4.12H20 LiH2PO4 Li3AsO4 Li3Sb Li2C2 Li2CO3

85.963 115.841 332.026 103.978 159.777 142.587 37.8780 73.8780

2635 2636 2637 2638 2639 2640

101.878 69.9621 248.070 101.993 238.070

2641 2642 2643 2644

Li2C2O4 LiCHO2.H20 LiHC4H4O5-OH2O-Malate LiC2H3O2.2H20 Li2(CH2SO3)2.2H2O—Ethane disulfonate. Li2CiuH6O6S2.2H2O—Naphthalene 1, 5disulfonate LiNH4(^-C4H4Oe)-H2O LiNH 4 (Of-C 4 H 4 Oe)-H 2 0 Li6Si2 Li2O-SiO2

336.085 191.024 191.024 97.7540 89.9380

2645 2646 2647 2648

Li2O.2SiO2 2Li2O.SiO2 Li2SiF6.2H20 TlLi((#-C4H4O6).2H20

149.998 119.816 191.969 395.401

Mg Mn Mo N 76 42 47 11

NaNbNdNiO 82 51 61 45 1

Oa P Pb Pd 35 12 23 41

Pr Pt Ra Rb 60 37 80 84

C.

H. C.

ind

' No.

73 338

1320 d. looo Tr. 870 728 >17oo 680 4so

4.9i 5.79 2.013f'2 0.820 2.54 1.83 2.295 21 - 5 1. 1.789870 2.068f 2.429 1.841 3.464f 4.06lf 1. 2.827 673 - 4

73 M.

1.6e 2.221 1. 2.004 860 2.06 2.158 2.12313 1.615° 1. 1.77f2 2.38

860

M. R. Trig.

255 d. 29.6 3eo

455 469 684

353

1.178175 1.30319

97 M. (a) H. (/3) M. (T ?) R. Trig.

1.204 2.461 2.537 175 1.645 2.461 3.07 3.217 1.6518 2. Ill 1 7 5 1. 1.765900 2.12117-5 1.46

837 100 >100 >950

M.

618

R. M. R. M.

682 533

70 1.817

M. M. R. R.

1.664

1201 1032 d. 1256

M. TrL

Rh Ru S Sa 40 39 8 63

694

Sb Sc Se Si Sn 14 56 9 18 22

1.12 1. 2.33f 2.52f 2.454f 2.28 2.3 3.144


Ti Tl Tm U V 19 27 70 49 50

814 614 693 55 322, 1042 1043

WYYbZnZr 4857 71 2821

Index No. 2649 2650 2651 2652 2653 2654 2655 2656 2657 2658 2659 2660 2661 2662 2663 2664

Formula

Mol. wt.

2665 2666 2667 2668 2669 2670 2671 2672 2673 2674 2675 2676 2677 2678 2679 2680 2681 2682 2683 2684 2685 2686 2687 2688 2689 2690 2691 2692

2LiI.HgI2.6H20 2LiI.HgI2.8H20 Li2O.2MnO.P2O5—Lithiophilite Li20.2FeO.P2O0—Triphylite Li(UO2) (C2H3O2)3.3H20 Li2O-B2O3 Li2O.B2O3.16H20 Li2O.2B2O3 Li2O.Al2O3 2LiF. Al2O3-P2O5-Amblygonite Li2O-Al2O3^SiO2-Eucryptite Li2O.Al2O3.4SiO2—Spodumene Li2O.Al2O3.5SiO2 Li2O.Al2O3.6SiO2 Li2O.Al2O3.8SiO2—Petalite 2Li20.7Al2O3.2B2O3.6SiO2.12H2OManandonite Na20 Na2O2.8H20 NaH NaOH NaOH.3.5H2O. NaF-Villiaumite NaCl-Halite NaOC1.2.5H20 NaOCLoH20 NaClO3 NaClO4 NaClO4-H20 NaBr NaBr.2H2O NaBrO3 NaI NaIO3 NaIO4 NaIO4.3H20 Na2S Na2S2 Na2S3 Na2S4 Na2S4.6H20 Na2S5 Na2SO3.7H20 Na2SO4 (a)—Thenardite Na2SO4

2693 2694 2695 269.6 2697 2698 2699 2700 2701 2702 2703 2704 2705 2706 2707 2708

Na2SO4.1OH2O-Glaubers salt Na2SO4-IOH2O-Mirabilite Na2S2O3 Na2S2O3-SH20 Na2S2O6.2H20 NaHS-SH20 NaHSO4 2Na2O.NaCl.NaF.2SO3—Sulphohalite.... Na2Se4 Na2SeO4 Na2SeO4-IOH20 NaNO 2 NaNO3-Soda-niter Na 2 (NO) 2 NaNH 2 3Na2O.N2O5.2SO3.2H2O—Darapskite


BBaBeBiBr 54 79 75 15 5

CCaCbCdCe lo 77 51 29 59

830.308 866.339 313.786 315.606 508.224 99.5180 387.764 169.158 131.798 295.846 251.918 372.038 432.098 492.158 612.278 1489.02 61.9940 222.117 24.0047 40.0047 103.059 41.9970 58.4550 119.494 164.532 106.455 122.455 140.470 102.913 138.944 150.913 149.929 197.929 213.929 267.975 78.0590 110.124 142.189 174.254 282.346 206.319 252.167 142.059 142.059 322.213 322.213 158.124 248.201 242.155 110.116 120.070 384.570 362.794 189.194 369.348 69.0050 85.0050 106.010 39.0204 490.159


Cry al f system

I

Î

Z

R. R. M. Trig.

843 47 900 >1625

Tri. H. M.

1388 1400

M.

13?o

H. H.

Tet. C. C. Trig. R. H. C. M. C. C. R. Tet. Trig.

C. M. R. R. M. H. M. M. M. M. R. R. Tri. C.

7 J finding 3.26° 2.95° 3.5 3.55 2.28O1*

**• ^ No.

878 895

1.38 2.554f- J 3.05 2.67 3.2 2.40 2.41 2.4 2.89 2.27

740 268 854 573 749

d. 30 318.4 15.5 980 804 57.5 24.5 248 482 d. d. 130 755 50.7 38l 651 d. d. 300

0.92 2.130 2.79 2.163

66 129

2.49O 1 S

119

2.02 3.205 2.176 3.33917-5 3.667 4.277 3.86516 3.21918 1.856

138

445 223.5 275 25 251.8 Tr. 100 Tr. 100 to M. Tr. 500 to H 884 d. 32.4 d. 48.0 22 >315

1.561 2.69 2.698 1.464 1.48 1.667 1.68s 2.189 2.742 2.49

466

434 428 564 520 76

-55 R. M. R. Trig.

271 308 30Od. 210

M. DyErEuFFe 67 69 64 3 43

3.098 1.58 2.168° 2.257 2.46630 2.2

GaGdGeGlH 25 65 20 75 2

HfHgHoIIn 73 30 68 6 26

288 475 IrKLaLiLu 36 83 58 81 72

:

Index No.

Formula

Mol. wt.

2709 2710 2711 2712 2713 2714 2715 2716 2717 2718 2719 2720 2721 2722 2723 2724 2725 2726 2727 2729 2730 2731 2732 2733

848.194 173.132 102.021 164.015 380.200 342.094 430.190 266.036 446.190 149.075 138.052 156.067 216.103 178.057 268.134 358.211 314.150 222.057 330.150 390.185 532.293 422.197 712.320

2768

6NaNO3.2Na2SO4.3H2O—Nitroglauberite NaNH4SO4.2H2O—Lecontite NaPO3 Na3PO4 Na3PO4.12H20 (NaPO3)3.2H20 Na4P2O6-IOH20 Na 4 P 2 O 7 Na4P2OUOH2O NaH2PO3.2.5H20 NaH2PO4.H20 NaH2PO4.2H20 Na2HPO3.5H20 Na2HPO4.2H20 Na2HPO4.7H2O Na2HPO4.12H20 Na2H2P2O6.6H20 Na 2 H 2 P 2 O 7 Na2H2P2O7.6H20 Na3HP2O6.9H20 Na3PO4-H3PO4.15H20 Na3PO4.NaF.12H20 2Na3PO4.NaF.19H20 NH4NaHPO4.4H2O—Microcosmic sait, Stercorite Na3AsO4 Na3AsO4.12H20 NaH2AsO4-H20 NaH2AsO4.2H20 Na2HAsO4.7H20 Na2H AsO4.12H20 2Na3AsO4.NaF.19H20 Na3AsS4.8H20 2Na2O.As2O6.2SO3 (NH 4 ) NaH AsO4.4H20 NaSb Na3Sb NaSbO2.3H20 Na3SbS4.9H2O Na3Bi Na 2 C 2 Na 2 CO 3 Na2CO3.H2O—Thermonatrite Na2CO3.7H20 Na2CO3-IOH2O-Natron NaCHO2 NaHCO 3 NaC 2 H 3 O 2 NaC2H3O2.3H20 NaHC3H2O4-H2O—Acid malonate NaH(d-C4H4O6).H2O NaC4H7O4—Diacetate NaC16H3iO2—Palmitate NaC18H33O2-Elaidate NaC18H33O2-Oleate Na 2 Cd-C 4 H 4 Oe)-ZH 2 0 Na2CO3.NaHCO3.2H2O—Tronite Na3C6H5O7.5H2O—Citrate NaCi0H6S2O6^H2O-Naphthalene I, 5disulfonate Na2(CH2SO3)2.2H2O—Ethane disulfonate

2769

NaCN

2734 2735 2736 2737 2738 2739 2740 2741 2742 2743 2744 2745 2746 2747 2748 2749 2750 2751 2752 2753 2754 2755 2756 2757 2758 2759 2760 2761 2762 2763 2764 2765 2766 2767

Mg Mn Mo N 76 42 47 11

Na Nb Nd Ni O 82 51 61 45 1

209.129 207.951 424.136 181.988 200.003 312.070 402.147 800.192 416.334 514.038 253.065 144.767 190.761 230.813 481.160 277.991 69.9940 105.994 124.009 232.102 286.148 68.0047 84.0047 82.0201 136.063 144.036 190.051 142.051 278.236 304.251 304.251 230.056 226.030 348.107

Cr

ystal system R R. Trig. Tri. M. M. M. R. R. R. H. M. R. M. M. M. M. M.

M.

988 d. 42 d. 190 ça. 60

d. 220 d. 100 55

ça. 79 d. 86.3

28 d. 465 856 d.

851

Rh Ru S Sa 40 39 8 63

M. R. R. C.

214 480 444 432 487 450 438

1.848 1.679 1.52 1.849 1.862 1.848 1.743

454 465

2.216 2.217

74

1.574 2.835 1.759 2.535 2.309 1.871 1.72 2.852*

437 433 504

436 216 672 546 556 441 90 879 457

2.864 1.839

775 R. R. Trig. M. M. M.

1.63 2.476 2.537 175 1.62 2.476 1.832 2.45 1.82

Réf. ind. finding No. 534 443

2.425 21 1.84517

M. R. C.

*

2.040 1.91

d. 34.6

Trig. R. R. M. M. C. M.

345.040 270.186

Pr Pt Ra Rb 60 37 80 84

d. 616 d. 1340 d. 73.4 d.

C. C.

49.0050 Os P Pb Pd 35 12 23 41

dy

M> P

d. 35.1 253 324 58; 78

1.57515 2.533 1.55 1.51 1.46 1.92 2.20 1.528 1.45

431

452 604 628 79

ça. 270 227 235 R. M. R.

1.818 2.147 217 1.857f'5

M. M.

1.777 1.939 (a) 1.880(A

563 809

563.7 Sb Sc Se Si Sn 14 56 9 18 22


Ti Tl Tm U V 19 27 70 49 50

W Y Yb Zn Zr 4857 71 2821

Index No. 2770 2771 2772 2773 2774 2775

Formula

Mol. wt.

2791 2792 2793 2794 2795 2796 2798 2799 2800 2801 2802 2803 2804 2805 2806 2807 2808 2809 2810 2811 2812 2813 2814 2815 2816 2817 2818 2819 2820 2821 2822 2823 2824

NaNH4(WeW-C4H4Oe)-H20 207.082 NaNH 4 W-C4H4O6).4H2O 261.128 NaC5H8NO4-Glutamate 169.067 NaSCN 81.0700 NaC6H4(NH2)SO3.2H2O—Suif amiate.... 231.147 NaCioH8N03S.4H20—1, 4-Naphthylamine sulfonate 317.193 Na2O.SiO2 122.054 Na2O.2SiO2 182.114 Na2SiF6 188.054 Na2O.3TiO2 301.694 Na2O.ZrO2.6SiO2.3H2O—Elpidite 599.400 Na«O.Pb(OH)Cl.SOj— Caracolite 401.725 TlNa WZ-C4H4O6). 2H20 411.459 TlNa(meso-C4H4O6).2.5H2O 420.466 TlNa W-C4H4O6).4H20 447.489 NaTl3W-C4H4Oe)2 932.259 ZnNaPO4 183.401 Zn(Na 2 PO 4 ), 347.416 Na2SO4. CdSO4 350.534 Na2SO4. CuSO4.2H2O—Kroehnkite 337.725 Na2SO4.Cu(OH)2.3CuSO4.3H2O— Natrochalcite 772.596 NaCu(CN) 2 138.583 Na3IrCl6.12H20 691.024 Na2PtCl4.4H20 455.118 Na2PtCl6.6H2O , 562.064 Na2PtBr6.6H20 828.812 Na2PtI6.6H2O 1110.91 Na 2 Ru(NO 2 ) 5 .2H 2 O ... 413.765 Na 2 MnP 2 O 7 274.972 Na2O.2MnO.P2O5—Natrophilite 345.902 Na 4 Mn(PO 4 ) 2 336.966 Na2O.3Fe2O3.4SO3.6H2O—Natrojarosite.. 969.386 2Na2O.Fe2O3.4SO3.7H2O—Sideronatrite... 684.042 3Na2SO4.Fe2(SO4)3.6H2O—Ferrinatrite... 934.144 Na6Fe2(C2O4)6.1OH20 957.816 Na 2 Fe(CN) 5NO.2H20 297.913 Na4Fe (CN)6.12H20 520.061 Na2O.Fe2O3.4SiO2—Aegirite 461.914 Na2O.Fe2O3.FeO.5SiO2—Riebeckite 593.814 Na2O.2FeO.Fe2O3.6SiO2—Crocidolite. . . . 725.714 Na2CrO4 162.004 Na2CrO4.4H20 234.066 Na2CrO4.6H20 270.096 Na2CrO4.10H20 342.158 Na2Cr2O7.2H20 298.045 Na2O.2CrO3.I2O5.2H20 631.909 Na2Cr2S4 278.274 NH4NaCrO4.2H2O . 193.077 NaCrP2O7 249.055 Na2MoO4 205.994 Na2Mo2O7 349.994 3Na2O.7MoO3.22H20 1590.32 3Na2O.5MoO3.P2O5.14H20 1300.25 Na2WO4 293.994

2825 ' 2826 2827 2828 2829 2830

Na2WO4.2H20 Na2W2O6 Na2W3O9 Na 2 W 4 Oi 2 Na2O.4 WO3.1OH20 Na2W5Oi5

2776 2777 2778 2779 2780 2781 2782 2783 2784 2785 2786 2787 2788 2789 2790


BBaBeBiBr 54 79 75 15 5

330.025 509.994 741.994 973.994 1170.15 1205.99 CCaCbCdCe 16 77 51 29 59

CiCoCrCsCu 4 44 46 85 31

0

^ system M. R. M. R. R.

M. P.

dj" finding 1.740 l. 587

1088 874 2.679 3.518 2.58 4.5 3.289 3.120 2.580 4.145 3.3 2.8 551 d. 350 d. 100 50 100 d.

Tri. Tri. M.? M.

H. R. R. M. R. R.

392 d. 64. s d. 25.9 320 d. d. 687 612 ça. 700

689 937

2.06 4

715

2.33 1.013

840

2.9 3.41 2.7 3.2 2.2 2.55 1.973175 1.72 1.458 3.5 3.44 3.2 2.723 1.483 2.52 13 3.21 2.5515 1.84215 3 1.2.59O 4 026

871 966 725 271 616 956 887 893

892

818 698

d.

DyErEuFFe 67 69 64 3 43

747 1040 571 202

741

R.

C.

ÎÔ74 527 574

2.50 3.323 3.707

R. R. R. Trig. M. R. M. M. M. M. R. M. Tri. M. M.

^ No.

696

M. M.

in

562.3

M. R. H. M. R. R. Tri. Tri. R. R. R. C.

R ef fi , -

706.6 GaGdGeGlH 25 65 20 75 2

4.179 1. 3.613596-6 3.245 7.28 6.617 7.1954 3.84713 7.28317 HfHgHoIIn 73 30 68 6 26

IrKLaLiLu 36 83 58 81 72

Index No.

Formula

Mol. wt.

2831 2832 2833 2834 2835 2836 2837 2838 2839 2840 2841 2842 2843 2844 2845 2846 2847

4Na2O.10WO3.23H20 5Na2O.12WO3.28H2O 9Na2O.22 WO3.51H20 Na2O.3UO3 NaU(C2H3O2)3 NaVO 3 Na2O.V2O4-SV2O5 Na 3 VO 4 Na3VO4.10H20 Na3VO4.12H20 Na 4 V 2 O 7 2Na3VO4.NaF.19H20 Na3VSO3JOH20 3Na2O-V2O5.10WO3.SiO2.29H20 Na 2 CbO 3 Na 2 O.B 2 O 3 Na 2 O.2B 2 O 3

2848 2849 2850 2851 2852

Na2B4O7-IOH2O-Borax Na2O.4B2O3 NaAlO2 2NaF. AlF3-Chiolite 3NaF. AlF3-Cryolyte

2853 2854 2855 2856 2857 2858 2859 2860 2861 2862 2863 2864 2865 2866 2867 2868 2869

Na2O.A12O3.4SO3.12H2O-Tamarugite. . . 700.359 Na2O.Al2O3.4SO3.22H2O—Mendozite 880.513 Na2SO4.Al2(SO4)3.24H20 916.544 Na2O.3Al2O3.4SO3.6H2O—Natroalunite. . 796.106 Na2O.Al2O3-P2O5-H2O-Fremontite 323.977 Na2O.2AlOF. As2O5- Durangite 396.834 Na2O. A12O3.2CO2.2H2O—Dawsonite 287.944 Na2O.Al2O3.2SiO2—Carnegieite 284.034 Na2O.Al2O3.2SiO2—Nephelite 284.034 Na2O. Al2O3.3SiO2.2H2O—Natrolite 380.125 Na2O.Al2O3.4SiO2—Jadeite 404.154 Na2O. Al2O3.4SiO2.2H2O—Analcite 440.185 Na2O-Al2O3-OSiO2-Albite 524.274 Na2O.Al2O3.9SiO2.2NaF—Leifite 788.448 Na2O.3Al2O3.6SiO2.2H2O—Paragonite.... 764.145 2Na2O.Al2O3.6SiO2.H2O—Ussingite 604.283 2Na2O.3Al2O3.6SiO2.7H2O— Hydronephelite 916.216 3Na2O.3Al2O3.6SiO2.2NaCl—Sodalite.... 969.012 3Na2O.3Al2O3.18SiO2.2NaCl—Marialite... 1689.73 3Na2O3.3Al2O3.6SiO2.2Na2S—Lazurite.... 1008.22 5Na2O.3 Al2O3.6SiO2.2SO3—Noselite 1136.22 Na 2 La(NO 3 ) 5 .H 2 0 512.959 Na 2 Ce(NO 3 ) 5 .H 2 Oi 514.299 Na2O.2BeO.P2O5—Beryllonite 254.082 Na2O.2BeO.6SiO2.H2O—Epididymite 490.409 Na2O.2BeO.6SiO2.H2O—Eudidymite 490.409 Na2SO4.MgSO4 262.444 Na2O.MgO.2SO3.2.5H2O—Loeweite 307.483 Na2O.MgO.2SO3.4H2O—Bloedite 334.506 3Na2O. MgO.4SO3—Vanthoffite 546.562 NaMgPO4 142.341 Na 2 MgP 2 O 7 244.362 Na 2 Mg(COs) 2 190.314 NaCLNa2CO3-MgCO3-Northrupite 248.769 3Na2O.2MgO.4CO2.SO3—Tychite 522.687 Na2O.CaO.2SO3—Glauberite 278.194 Na2O.CaO.2SO3.4H2O—Wattevillite.... . 350.257 3Na2O.3CaO.2P2O5 638.288

2870 2871 2872 2873 2874 2875 2876 2877 2878 2879 2880 2881 2882 2883 2884 2885 2886 2887 2889 2890 2891 MgMnMoN 76 42 47 11

NaNbNdNiO 82 51 61 45 1

Os P Pb Pd 35 12 23 41

2982.33 3598.40 6580.73 920.504 438.236 121.957 1137.51 183.951 364.105 400.136 305.908 752.192 380.170 3270.41 187.094 131.634 201.274 381.428 340.554 81.9570 167.954 209.950

Pr Pt Ra Rb 60 37 80 84

Cry al

f M. P. system M . 6 8 0 . 8 Tri. 705.8 683.3 R.? Têt. M.? 562 R.? ça. 800 d. ça. 866 C. H. Trig. H. 654 C. 18 C. 966 741 M.

61

1526 Tr. 1248 !Oso UOo

H. C. Têt. C. C. M. R. R. M. R. Trig. M. M. ?

Tr. 71


SrTaTbTe-Th 7852 66 10 24

109.1

127, 263 245 123 1.773 3.344 4.19

2.3 2.2 2.56 2.4 2.3 2.63^ 2.65J 2.85 3.55 2.55 2.729 2.37 2.23 2.69 2.5 2.2 2.7291^ 2.37715 2.52 2.83 1.81 2.1

C.? Têt. C. C. M. M. M.

Rh Ru S Sa 40 39 8 63

6.912 2.56 2.79

3.0 2.90 1. 2.1O1083 2.03 1.88 1.675 2.6 3.04 4.0 2.4 2.57 2.67 2.25 3.34 2.25 2.61 2.57 2.8 2.50

lOoo

M. Tri. M.? C. Trig. C. M. ? M. R. Tri. ? H. R. M. C. Tri. H. M. Tri.

Jf.- '1^ finding No.

1.2.5 glass 2.37 1.73

75 783 1650

Têt. M.

d» * 4~3

Ti Tl Tm U V 19 27 70 49 50

45 460

205 427 494 449 72 287 760 866 653 596 266 478 834 229 615 248 750 565 236 99 261 108 105

679 700 657 232 498 497

118 113 625 446 WYYbZnZr 4857 71 2821

Index No. I 2893 2894 2895 2896 2897 2898 2899

Formula

Mol. wt.

2911 2912 2913 2914 2915 2916 2917

Na2O.CaO.2CO2.2H2O—Pirssonite 242.095 Na2O.CaO.2CO2.5H2O—Gaylussite 296.141 Na2O.4CaO.6SiO2.H2O—Pectolite 664.650 Na2O.2CaO.5B2O3.16H2O—Ulexite 810.580 NaF. CaF2. A1F3.H2O—Pachnolite 222.042 NaF. CaF2. A1F3.H2O—Thomsenolite 222.042 Na2O.CaO.2Al2O3.10SiO2.20H2O— Faujasite 1282.81 Na2O.2CaO.3Al2O3.9SiO2.8H2O— Mesolite 1164.56 Na2O.2CaO.3Al2O3.9SiO2.8H2O— Pseudomesolite 1164.56 5(Na2, Ca)O.3Al2O3.6SiO2.2S03— Haüynite NaF.CaO.BeO.2SiO2—Leucophanite 243.207 NaF.2CaO.2BeO.3SiO2—Meliphanite... . 384.357 NaCaMgAlSi4Oi2-TuXtIiIe 418.587 Na2SrSO7 277.679 Na2Sr(COs)2 253.614 Na4SrCa(COs)4 459.678 Na 2 Ba(CO 3 ) 2 303.364 2NaaO.BaO.2TiO2.1OSiO2Leucosphenite 1037.76 Na 4 BaCa(COa) 4 509.428 NaLi(d/-C4H4O6).2H2O 213.998 3NaF.3LiF.2AlF3—Cryolithionite 371.728 K20 94.1900 K2O4 142.190 KH 40.1027 KOH 56.1027

2918

KF

2919 2920 2921 2922 2923 2924 2925 2926 2927 2928 2929 2930 2931 2932 2933

KF.2HF KF.3HF KCl-Sylvite KClO3 KClO4 KBr KBrO3 KI KI3 KIO3 KIO4 K2H3IOC.3H20 KICl2 KIBr2 K2S

98.1104 118.118 74.5530 122.553 138.553 119.011 167.011 166.027 419.891 214.027 230.027 358.191 236.943 325.859 110.255

2934 2935 2936 2937 2938

K2S.5H20 K2S3 K2S4 K2S5 K2SO4-Arcanite

200.332 174.385 206.450 238.515 174.255

2939 2940 2941 2942 2943 2944 2945 2946

K2S2O3 K2S2O3.0.33H20 K2S2O6 K2S2O7 K2S2O8 K2S3O6 K2S4O6 K2S5O6-LSH2O

190.320 196.325 238.320 254320 270.320 270.385 302.450 361.538

2900 2901 2902 2903 2904 2905 2906 2907 2908 2909 2910

Ag Al As Au 32 55 13 33

Cry tal ' system R. M. M. M. M. M.

C Ca Cb Cd Ce 16 77 51 29 59

Cl Co Cr Cs Cu 4 44 46 85 31

M?R 813 d.

df *_ 2.35 1.94 2.73 1.95 2.98 2.98

, Ref - in ^ finding No. 567 580 766 551 429 430

C.

1.92

92

TrL

2.27

555

Tri.

2.22

531

C. R. Tet. M.

2.4 2.96 3.01 3.27

106 743 297 870

3.1

849

280 750 720 740 M. 660 M. C.

2.78 2.32 >280 d. . Tr. 260 380 880

58.0950

B Ba Be Bi Br 54 79 75 15 5

^

506 67

0.80 2.044 1. 1.87f° 2.48 1. 1.869J13

105 100 C. M. R. Trig. C. M. M. Tet. Tri. M. R.

R. C. M. Trig.

368.4 d. 400 7so 37o d. 773 45 56o 582

103 579 134 150

541 60 60 471 Tr. 146.4 60 252.0 >145 206.0 Tr. 588 1067 d. 400 >300

Tri. R. M. Dy Er Eu F Fe 67 69 64 3 43

1.98s 2.32 2.52 2.75 3.2717-5 3.123 3.498 3.89 3.618

1.805

2.662

519

2.23 2.278 2.277

215

2.304 2.296 2.112 Ga Gd Ge Gl H 25 65 20 75 2

Hf Hg Ho I In 73 30 68 6 20

458 472 Ir K La IJ Lu 36 83 58 81 72

TIndex i No. TVT

T-. i Formula

T%/r i wt. Mol.

t

2947 2948 2949 2950 2951 2952 2953 2954 2955 2956 2957 2958 2959

KSH KHSO4-Misenite KHS2O7 K2SO4-KHSO4 4K2SO4.3H2SO4 KSO 3 F... KL4SO2 K2Se K2SeO4 . K2SeSO7 K2H2TeI2Oio.2H20 KNO 2 KNO3-Niter

..

72.1677 136.168 216.233 310.423 991.261 138.160 422.287 157.390 221.390 301.455 657.600 85.1030 101.103

2960 2961 2962 2963 2964 2965

KNH 2 KNO3.2HNO3 KBr.4NH 3 KNO3.KHSO4 5K2O.(NH4)2O.6SO3—Taylorite. KPO3

2966 2967

K3PO4 K4P2O7

2968 2969 2970 2971 2972 2973 2974 2975 2976 2977 2978 2979 2980 2981 2982 2983 2984 2985 2986 2987 2988 2989 2990 2991 2992 2993 2994 2995 2996 2997 2998 2999 3000 3001 3002 3003 3004 3005

KH2PO4 136.134 K2H2P2O6^H2O 274.284 K2H2P2O6-SH20 292.300 KH2AsO4 180.070 5K2O. As2Os.8SO3.6H20 1449.48 KSb 160.865 K3Sb '. 239.055 K2CO3 138.190 (KCO)2 134.190 K2C2O4.H2O 184.205 K2O.2CO2.H2O—Kalicinite 200.205 2K2CO3.3H20 330.426 KCHO2 84.1027 KHC2O4 128.103 KHC2O4.H20 146.118 KC2H3O2 98.1181 KC4H6O4-Acid succhiate 156.134 KC4H6O4.2H2O—Acid succhiate 192.164 KH(^-C4H4O6) 188.134 KH(^Z-C4H4O6) 188.134 KH(C 2 H 3 O 2 ) 2 ,. 158.149 KC6H7O7-Citrate 230.149 KC2H3O2.2C2H4O2 218.180 KHC8H4O4-Acid phthalate 204.134 KH(C 4 H 6 O 4 ) 2—Disuccinate 274.180 KC9H7O4.2H2O—Acetylsalicylate 254.180 KCi8H35O2-Oleate 320.349. K2C4H4O4.3H2O—Succinate 248.267 K 2 WZ-C 4 H 4 O 6 ) 226.221 K2(d-C4H4O6).0.5H20 235.229 2K2C2O4.H2C2O4.2H2O—Tetraoxalate... . 458.426 KH(CC13C02)2 364.851 KC2H6O4S-Ethyl sulfate 164.199 KC6H6O4S-p-Phenolsulfonate 212.199 KC6H6O4S.2H2O—o-Phenolsulfonate 248.229 KC6H4O7S2-H2O-2,4-Phenoldisulfonate. 309.271 CH2(SO3K)2-Methane disulfonate 252.335 K2CioH6O2S2.2H2O—Naphthalene 1, 5disulfonate 336.397

Mg Mn Mo N N a N b N d N i O 76 42 47 11 82 51 61 45 1

55.1184 227.134 187.135 237.271 1003.42 118.119

Crystal , system

,, P. ^ M.

R. M.

455 210 168

M. d. <25 311 0.26

Pr Pt Ra Rb 60 37 80 84

^Ref. . ind. XT finding 1 No.

2.35 2.5918 2.27718 2.851 3.066

R.

508

646

120 Trig.

397

297 R. Trig. Tr. 129 R. to Trig. 333 338 22 45

1.915 2. Il 10 - 6

556

2.38 440

212.309 330.428

Oa P Pb Pd 35 12 23 41

df,»a *

Tet. M. R. Tet.

Tr. 450 810 1340 Tr. 278 109o 96 d. d. 288 605 812 891 78

M. M. M.

d. <200 167.5

M. M. R. R. M.

292 242 d.

2.258 145 1. 2.068900 2.33 2.338 2.867 2.289

244 624 483 278

2.29 2.13 2.17 2.043 1.91 2.0 2.044 1.8 1.767 1.616 1.956 1.954

486 476 655

617

142 Tri. 112 R. M.

162 65

1.906 1.47 1.636 1.56 1037

R. M. M. R. Tet. M. R. R. R. M.

>260

2.376

JVL

Rh Ru S Sa 40 39 8 63

1.564 1.984 1.98 1.21322 2.005}8 1.843 1.87 1.734

1.797 Sb Sc Se Si S n S r T a T b T e T h 14 56 9 18 22 7852 66 10 24

Ti Tl Tm U V 19 27 70 49 50

610 592 770 697 768 645 859 W Y Yb Zn Zr 4857 71 2821

T j No. XT Index 3006 3007 3008 3009 3010 3011 3012 3013 3014 3015 3016 3017 3017.5 3017.6 3018 3019 3020 3021 3022 3023 3024 3025 3026 3027 3028 3029 3030 3031 3032 3033 3034 3035 3036 3037 3038 3039 3040 3041 3042 3043 3045 3046 3047 3048 3049 3050 3051 3052 3053 3054 3055 3056 3057 3058 3059 3060 3061 3062 3063 3064 3065 AgAlAsAu 32 55 13 33

T^ i Formula ________

-

TV /r i wt. Mol.

KCN 65.1030 KCNO 81.1030 KNH4(d-C4H4O6).0.5H2O 214.172 KC5H2N4O6-AcId uroxasate 253.142 KC6H2O7N3-Picrate 267.134 KCNS 97.1680 K(SbO)W-C4H4O6).0.5H2O-T a r t a r emetic 333.904 K2O.SiO2 154.250 K2O.2SiO2 214.310 K2O.4SiO2.H20 352.445 K2SiF6-Hieratite 220.250 K2Ti2O5 253.990 K2ZrF6 283.190 K 3 ZrF7 341.285 K 2 Sn(OH) 6 298.936 K2SnCl6 409.638 K2SnBr6 676.386 K2SnS3.3H20 347.131 KPb2Cl5 630.785 K2PbCl6 498.138 KC2H3O2-PbI(C2H3O2) 491.273 KGa (SO4)2.12H20 517.130 K3InCl6.2H20 480.864 K3InBr6.2H20 747.612 K3T1C16.2H20 570.464 K2SO4.ZnSO4.6H2O . 443.792 K2Zn (SeO4)2.2H20 466.001 K 2 Zn (SeO4)2.6H20 538.062 K 2 Zn(CN) 4 247.602 4KCLCdCl2 481.538 K2Cd(NO2), 374.632 CdKPO4 246.529 KC1.2HgCl2.2H20 653.636 2KCl.HgCl2.H20 438.647 KBr.HgBr, 479.453 KBr.HgBr2.H2O 497.468 KLHgI2-H20 638.516 2KCN.Hg(CN) 2 382.832 2KCLCuCl2.2H20 319.623 K2O.CuO.2SO3.6H2O—Cyanochroite 441.982 K2SeO4.CuSeO4.6H20 536.252 K2CO3-CuCO3 261.760 K 3 Cu(CN) 4 284.887 KNO 3 -AgNO 3 270.991 2KNO 2 .AgNO 2 .Bi(NO 2 ) 3 671.118 KAgCO3 206.975 KAuCl4 378.127 K4Os(CN)6.3H20 557.274 K2IrCl6 484.038 K2SO4.Ir2(SO4)3.24H20 1281.02 K3Ir(C2O4)3.4H2O. 646.447 K3IrCl2(C2O4)2.H2O—Chloroxalate 615.316 K3IrCl2(NO2)2C2O4.2H2O—Dichloro dinitro oxalate 597.348 K2PtCl4 415.252 K2PtCl6 486.168 K2PtBr6 752.916 K2PtI6 1035.01 K2S.3PtS.PtS2 1051.50 [Pt(NH3)CIs]KH2O 375.746 K 2 Pt(NO 2 J 2 Br 2 -H 2 0 543.283 K 2 Pt(NO 2 ) 2 I 2 .2H 2 0 655.331 BBaBeBiBr 54 79 75 15 5

CGaCbCdCe 1677 51 29 59


Crystal \ ystem

,, nP. M.

s

634.5

R. 173.2 R.

,20 d? finding 1.5216 2.048 1.700 l. 852 1.886 2.607

976 1041 d. 4oo

R.? R. C.

2.417 2.665

Ref. „ ,. md., T No.

1038 982 810 532 634

980 M. C. Trig. C.

1037.2 68.2 3.197 2.71 3.783 1.84748

R. C.

440 d. 190 208.5

C. Tet. Tet. Tet. M. Tri. M. C. Trig. R. R. R. R.

d. 121

1.895 2.483 3.140 2.859 2.24s 3.21 2.554

d. 150 2.5

104 Tet. Tet. M. M. Trig. M.

86

482 588 70 293 691

3.8 4.111J 3.58}55 4.40 3.865

877

2.44721-3 2.41 2.22 2.527 1.35<*

312 491 603 121

125 d. 357

M. M. C. C. Tri. M.

3.219 3.33 3.769 769

d. 10s

3.546 2.510}? 736

R. Tet. C. C. C.

716 d. 250 >400 d. d.

R. Tri. Tet.

147

3.30 3.499 4.66 5.18 6.441* 709 858 362

|

DyErEuFFe 67 69 64 3 43

GaGdGeGl-H 25 65 20 75 2

HfHgHoIIn 73 30 68 6 26

IrKLaLiLu 368358 81 72

Index No.

Formula

MoL wt.

3066 3067 3068 3069 3070 3071 3072 3073 3074 3075 3076 3077 3078 3079 3080 3081 3082 3083 3084 3085 3086 3087 3088 3089 3090 3091 3092 3093 3094 3095 3096 3097 3098 3099 3100 3101 3102 3103 3104 3105 3106 3107 3108 3109 3110 3111 3112 3113 3114 3115 3116

K2Pt,(C2O4)2.2H2O K 2 Pt(CN) 4 K2Pt(N02)2C204.H20 K 2 Pt(SCN) 6 K 2 Pt(SCN) 6 .2H 2 O K 2 Pt(SeCN) 6 KRu04.H20 K4Ru(CN)6.3H20 K 3 Rh(CN) 6 K2PdCl4 K2PdCl6 KMnO 4 : K 2 MnCl 4 .2H 2 0 K4MnCl6-Chloromanganokalite K2SO4. MnSeO4.2H20 K 3 Mn(CN) 6 K2Fe(SO4), K2Fe(SO4)2.6H20 K2Fe2(SO4)4.24H20 K2O.3Fe2O3.4SO3.6H2O—Jarosite K 6 Fe 2 (CrO 4 ) 4 .6H 2 O K 3 Fe(CN) 6 K 4 Fe(CN) 6 K 4 Fe(CN) 6 -SH 2 0 2KF. CoF2 K2S04.CoS04.6H20 K2SeO4.CoSeO4.6H20 [Co(NHa) 2 (NO 2 ) 4]K K 2 Co(C 3 H 2 O 4 ) 2 —Malonate K 3 Co(CN) 6 K2SO4.NiSO4.6H20 K2Ni(SeO4)2.6H20 K 2 Ni(COS) 4 2KCN.Ni(CN) 2 .H 2 0 K2O.CrO3—Tarapacaite K 2 Cr 2 O 7 K 2 Cr 3 Oi 0 K 2 Cr 4 Oi 3 KCrClO3 K2O.2CrO3.I2O5 K2CrSO7 K2SO4.Cr2(SO4)3-24H20 K2CrSeO7 3K2CrO4.2(NH4)2CrO4 K2O.Cr2O3.2P2O5 K 3 Cr(CN) 6 K3Cr(SCN)6.4H20 K 2 Cr 2 O 7 -HgCl 2 K2Cr2O7.Hg(CN)2.2H20 K 2 MoO 4 K2WO4

3117 3118 3119 3120 3121 3122 3123 3124 3125 3126 3127

K2W2O7 K2O.8WO3 K2SeO4.Cr2(SeO4)3.24H2O K 4 U(C 2 O 4 ) 4 .5H 2 0 KUO 2 (C 2 H 3 O 2 ) 3 .H 2 0 KV(SO 4 ) 2.12H20 K4V2SfiO.3H20 K2O.2UO3.V2O3.8H2O—Carnotite 3K2O.SiO2.V2O5.10WO3.22H2O 7K2O.2SiO2.3V2O5.18WO3.42H20 NH4K5O3-SiO2.V2O5.10WO3.23H2O

MgMnMoN 76 42 47 11

NaNbNdNiO 82 51 61 45 1

Oa P Pb Pd 35 12 23 41

485.451 377.452 471.451 621.858 657.889 904.668 222.810 468.174 376.243 326.722 397.638 158.025 310.983 424.058 408.416 328.695 326.160 434.252 1006.50 1001.58 806.342 329.173 368.268 422.314 213.160 437.382 531.652 316.159 341.191 332.303 437.102 531.372 377.140 258.927 194.200 294.210 394.220 494.230 174.563 628.074 274.265 998.840 321.400 886.775 530.306 :. 325.343 589.795 565.736 582.867 238.190 326.190 558.190 1950.19 1187.38 772.627 504.350 498.370 520.736 960.573 3240.89 6257.86 3237.85

Pr Pt Ra Rb 60 37 80 84

I

Cry Stal +

system M. R. M. H. M. R. R. Têt. M. M. C. R. Tri. Trig. Tri. M.

M^P.

df finding 3703 2.45

L^' ***' No.

817

d. 80 d. 400 vac-

3.7019 2.3421* 3.378125 722 669 2.67 2.738 2.703 2.221 2.31 3.07

d. <240

291

1055

M. C. R. M. M.

2.177 2.169 1.831 3.2 1.44817-5 1.894" 1.89817

33

. M. M. M. M. R.

479 97 370 678 699 714

M. M. M. M. M. R. Tri. M. M. M.

3.22 2.218 2.514 2.076 2.234 1.906 2.237 2.539 2.132J 8 - 4 1.871"-* 2.73218 2.69 2.648 2.649 2.497 39 3.66

d. <100 d. <100 97s 398 250 215 d.

492 589

514 608 125 927 924

35o C.

1.83 120

M. M. R. R. R.

15Od.

1. 2.342 4 964 3.12Of1

919 921 Tr. 388 555

M.

607 1077

6.53 2.07817-* 2.563 2.396 1.782 2.144

M. Têt. H. R. C. M. Tri.

Rh Ru S Sa 40 39 8 63

2.4031S 3.520 1.71 1.71l16 3.53l11

95


988 3.664 3.537 3.74 SrTaTbTeTh 7852 66 10 24

TiTITmUV 19 27 70 49 50

WYYbZnZr 4857 71 2821

TIndex i No. XT 3Ï28 3129 3130 3131 3132

T - I I Formula

TV it i wt.j. MoI.

2KRTaF5 K2O.B2OS KBF4 KBO2-KPO3 3KRAlF3

392.690 163.830 125.915 200.034 258.245

3133 K2O.A1203.4SO3.24H2O—Kalinite 3134 K2O.3A12O3.4SO3.6H2O—Alunite 3135 KAl(SeO4)2.12H20 3136 K2O. Al2O3.2SiO2—Kaliophilite 3137 K2O.Al2O3.4SiO2—Leucite 3138 K2O.Al2O3.6SiO2—Microcline 3139 • K2O.Al2O3.6SiO2—Orthoclase 3140 K2O.3Al2O3.6SiO2.2H2O—Muscovite 3141 2A12O3.3B2O3.K2O—Rhodizite 3142 K2La(NO3)6.1.5H2O 3143 K2Ce(NO3) 5.2H20 3143.5 K 2 HfF 6 3143.6 K 3 HfF 7 3144 KMgF3 3145 K 2 MgF 4 3146 KCl. MgCl2.6H2O—Carnallite 3147 KI.MgI2.6H20 K2SO4.MgSO4.4H2O—Leonite 3148 3149 K2O.MgO.2SO3.6H2O—Picromerite 3150 K2SO4.2MgSO4—Langbeinite 3151 KCl. MgSO4.3H2O—Kainite 3152 K 2 Mg (SeO4)2.6H20 3153 KMgPO4 3154 K 2 Mg(P 2 Oe) 3 3155 KHMg(CO3)2.4H20 3156 K2Mg(CrO4)2.2H20 3157 K2O.4MgO.UB2O3.18H2O-Heintzeite.. . 3158 KCLCaCl2-Chlorocalcite 3159 K2O.CaO.2SO3.H2O—Syngenite 3160 K2CaP2O7 3161 K 2 Ca(COa) 2 3162 K2O.8CaO. 16SiO2.16H2O-Apophyllite... 3163 K2CrO4. CaCrO4.2H20 K2O.4CaO.2Al2O3.24SiO2.H2O—Milarite.. 3164 3165 K2O.2CaO.MgO.4SO3.2H2O—Polyhalite. 3166 K2SO4.4CaSO4.MgSO4.2H2O—Krugite... 3167 KC1.2SrCl2 3168 2KCLSrCl2 3169 K2SrP2O7 3170 KSrCr (C2O4)3.6H20 3171 K 2 Ba(COs) 2 3172 K4BaCa(COs)4 3173 LiKSO4 3174 2KNO2.LiNO2.Bi(NO2)3 3175 LiKCO3 3176 LiK(d-C4H4O6).H20 3177 KLi(d/-C4H4Oe).H20 3178 KLiPt (CN)4.3H20 3179 K2Li2Fe (CN)6.3H2O 3180 KLiMoO4.H2O , 3181 K3Na (SO4)2—Glaserite 3182 KNaHAsO4.7H20 KNa(^-C4H4O6).3H20 3183 KNaC4H4O6.4H2O—Rochelle salt 3184 3185 KCLllNa2O.9SO3.2CO2—Hanksite 3186 3KCLNaCLFeCl2-Rinneite 3187 K 3 Na(CrQ 4 J 2 AgAlAsAu 32 55 13 33

BBaBeBiBr 54 79 75 15 5

CCaCbCdCe 16 77 51 29 59

948.740 828.302 568.640 316.230 436.350 556.470 556.470 796.3'41 506.950 554.163 564.511 371.19 429.285 120.415 178.510 277.881 552.303 366.702 402.732 415.025 248.984 497.002 158.439 576.654 256.484 370.561 1345.79 185.539 289.310 292.308 238.260 1791.96 386.311 1981.77 602.941 875.211 391.625 307.642 339.858 550.817 335.560 573.820 142.099 570.177 106.034 212.080 212.080 399.342 358.002 224.049 332.412 328.168 264.169 282.184 1565.07 408.870 372.302

ClCoCrC 8 Cu 4 44 46 85 31

Crystal , system R. M. C. R.

M. C. Trig. C. H. TrL M. M. C. R. R. M. C. R. M. M. C. M. M. R. M. Tri. Tri. M. C. M. H. R. C. TrL H. R. R. H.

T\/T P. ^> M. 947 5oo d. 872 1035 Tr. 300

> 1745 >1800 liso UTO d. d. d. 60 d. 180

j2o d™ finding 4~56

fi

Ref. ,. md. __ No.

2.50

1.75 2.60 2.001 2.6 2.47 2.56 2.56 2.9 3.4 2.54J

77, 442 281 93 258 114 613 606 731 151 1037.1 68.1

167 d. 72

d. 100

2.8 2.7 1.60 2.547 2.2s 2.1s 2.83 2.13 2.34 2.6 2.4 1.98 2.6015 2.1

754 2.60 2.7

467 493 451 128 553 527

611 591 581

790 2.35 2.502 2.57 2.7s 2.801

259 254 685

638 597 2.9 2.155128 800 758

H.

2.393 3.2I 4 5

218

515 R. M. R. M. R. Trig.

1.610

M. R. H. Trig. Trig. DyErEuFFe 67 69 64 3 43

GaGdGeGlH 25 65 20 75 2

2.696 2.69e 1.884 1.783 l. 790 2.5e 2.3s 2.767 HfHgHoIIn 73 30 68 6 26

601 1075 798 753 237 517 222 290 351 IrKLaLiLu 36 83 58 81 72

T j TVT Index No. 3Î88 3189 3190 3191 3192 3193 3194 3195 3196 3197

T^ i Formula 5K 2 W 4 Oi 2 ^Na 4 W 5 Oi 5 (CaK2Na2)O.Al2O3.6SiO2.6H2O— Erionite Rb20 Rb2O2 Rb2O3 Rb2O4 RbH RbOH RbF RbCl

TV /t i Mol. wt.

Crystal J . system

,_ „ M. P

j20 d™ finding 77ÎÏ7

7534.93 R. 186.880 202.880 218.880 234.880 86.4477 102.448 104.440 120.898

d. 400

28o d. 3Oo 300 7eo 715 '

3198 3199 3200

RbClO3 RbClO4 RbBr

168.898 184.898 165.356

3201 3202 3203 3204 3205

RbBr 3 RbBrO3 RbBrCl2 RbBr2Cl RbI

325.188 213.356 236.272 280.730 212.372

3206 3207 3208 3209 3210 3211 3212 3213 3214 3215

RbI3 RbIO3 RbIO4 RbICl2 RbIBr 2 RbIBrCl Rb2S Rb2S3 Rb2S5 Rb2SO4

466.236 260.372 276.372 283.288 372.204 327.746 202.945 267.075 331.205 266.945

R. M. ?, C. Têt. R, R. R.

3216 3217 3218 3219 3220 3221

Rb2S2O6 Rb2S2O8 RbHSO4 RbI.4SO2 Rb2SeO4 RbNO 3

331.010 363.010 182.513 468.632 314.080 147.448

H. M.

3222 3223 3224 3225 3226 3227 3228 3229 3230 3231 3232 3233 3234 3235 3236 3237 3238 3239 3240 3241 3242 3243

RbNO 3 .HNO 3 RbNO 3 .2HNO 3 Rb 2 CO 3 RbH3(C2O4)2.2H20 Rb(^Z-C4H5O6) Rb (WeSO-C4H5O6).0.5H20 RbHC8H4O4-Phthalate Rb2W-C4H4O6) Rb2(raeso-C4H4Oe).H2O Rb2(wes0-C4H4O6).2H20 Rb2C6H6O7-Citrate RbH(CCl3CO2)2 RbSCN Rb2SiF6 Rb Ti(SO4)2.12H20 RbPbCl3 RbPb2Cl5 RbGa(SO4)2.12H20 Rb2InCl5.H20 Rb2InBr5.H20 RbIn(SO4)2.12H20 Rb2TlCUH2O

MgMnMoN 76 42 47 11


Oa P Pb Pd 35 12 23 41

210.464 273.479 230.880 300.494 234.479 243.486 250.479 318.911 336.926 354.942 360.926 411.196 143.513 312.940 541.655 399.014 677.130 563.475 480.985 703.275 608.555 | 570.585 Pr Pt Ra Rb 60 37 80 84

R. C.

682

R.

d. 140 430 d. 110 76 642

R. R. C.

2.0 3.72 3.65 3.53 3.05° 2 3.20311 L 2.88820 2.76 1. 2.088l50 3.19 2.9 3.35 L 2.795 4 30

c

Ref. md. ,. XT No.

435

104

133

3.68

3.55 1. 2.873f 5

190 d.

146

4.33 195 3.91816

!90 225 205 2.912 213 225 106o Tr. 653

R.

2.61815 3.613 L 2.5294100

576 217 502

2.89216 13.5 R. H. C. R. Tri. Têt.

Tr. 161.4 to C. Tr. 219 to R. 310 62 45 837

3.90 3.11 L 2.395f°

2.12518 2.282 2.399 l. 933 2.692 2.584

Tri. TrL Tri. R. Trig. Tri. M.

673 594

569 496

212 d. 2.15018

M. 195

3.332 C. R. R. C. R. C.

Rh Ru S Sa 40 39 8 63

199 440 423 1.962 3.087 3.409 2.065 3.513

42 SbScSeSiSn 14 66 9 18 22


TiTlTmUV 19 27 70 49 50

87

83 WYYbZnZr 4857 71 2821

TIndex j No. AT

- n i Formula

A/T i wt. x Mol.

3244 3245 3246 3247 3248 3249 3250 3251 3253 3254 3255 3256 3257 3258 3259 3260 3261 3262 3263 3264 3265 3266 3267 3268 3269 3270 3271 3272 3273 3274 3275 3276 3277 3278 3279 3280

Rb3TlBr6.2H20 Rb2Zn(SO4)2-6H2O Rb2Zn(SeO4)2.6H20 Rb2Cd(S04)2.6H20 2RbCl.CuCl2.2H20 Rb2Cu(S04)2.6H20 Rb 2 AgBi(NO 2 )G Rb2SO4Jr2(SO4) 3-24H20 RbRh(SO4)2.12H20 RbMnO 4 Rb2Mn(SO4)2.6H20 RbFeCl3.2H2O Rb2FeCl4.2H2O Rb2Fe(SO4)2.6H20 RbFe(SO4)2.12H20 Rb2FeSe2O8-OH20 Rb2SeO4.Fe2(SeO4)3.24H20 Rb2Co (SO4)2.6H20 Rb2Co(C3H2O4)2.4H2O—Malonate Rb2SO4.NiSO4.6H20 Rb2SO4.Cr2(SO4)3.24H20 RbV(SO4)2.12H20 3RbKAlF3 Rb2SO4. Al2(SO4)3.24H20 Rb2La(NO3)5.4H20 Rb2Ce(NO3) 5.4H20 Rb2Pr(NO3)5.4H20 Rb 2 Nd(NO 3 ) 5 .4H 2 0 Rb2Mg(SO4)2.6H20 Rb2Mg(SeO4)2.6H20 Rb2Mg(CrO4)2.6H20 RbLi(d-C4H4O6).H20 RbNa(meso-C4H4O6).2.5H20 Cs2O Cs2O3 Cs2O4

976.247 536.482 630.752 583.512 412.313 534.672 763.808 1373.71 596.665 204.370 526.032 283.685 . . 404.583 526.942 549.595 621.212 1287.73 530.072 505.942 529.792 1091.53 544.715 397.280 1041.43 691.892 693.232 693.902 697.252 495.422 589.692 535.312 258.425 301.506 281.620 313.620 329.620

3281 3282

CsH CsOH

133.818 149.818

3283

CsF

151.810

3284

CsCl

3285 3286 3287

Crystal J . system

,, P. ~ M.

M. M. M. C. C.

4s

107

86 70 63.5 47

M. M. M. R. Tri. 400 6Oo 515 (in O 2 ) Tr. 223 272.3 683 C.

646

CsClO3 CsClO4 CsBr

216.268 232.268 212.726

C.

636

3288 3289 3200 3291 3292

CsBr3 CsBrO3 CsBrCl2 CsBr2Cl CsI

372.558 260.726 283.642 328.100 259.742

R.

180 420 205 191 621

3293 3294 3295 3296 3297 3298 3299 3300 3301

CsI3 CsIO3 CsIO4 CsICl2 CsIBr2 CsI2Br CsIBrCl Cs2S2 Cs2S3

513.606 307.742 323.742 330.658 419.574 466.590 375.116 329.750 361.815

R. M. R. R.

Ag Al As Au 32 55 13 33

B Ba Be Bi Br 54 79 75 15 5

C Ca Cb Cd Ce 16 77 51 29 59

Cl Co Cr Cs Cu 4 44 46 85 3

510

3.235 104 2.46 2.711 2.850 2.518 1.92 2.819 2.13l15 2.567 2.131 2.586 1.946 1.9154

474 495 98 111 515 523 96

985 C. M. M.

168.268

r

499 598 485

109

M. C.

M. C.

~ Ref. -,. md. >T No.

109

M.

C. M.

dì,20 finding 4.077 2.591 2.860 2.695 2.895 2.57 3.6715

C.

Dy Er Eu F Fe 67 69 64 3 43

l .867° 2.497° 2.497° 2.50° 2.56° 2.40 2.684 2.466 2.281 2.20 4.36 4.25°

78

461 549 805 671

3.68° 2.7 3.675 3.586^50 L 2.549 3.97 1. 2.73274°° 3.5719-5 3.327 4.44 1. 3.03874°°

144

152

4.1O 19 - 5 4.51 1. 3.1146/0

163

207.5 230 248 195.5 235 460 217 Ga Gd Ge Gl H 25 65 20 75 2

4.85 4.259 3.86

Hf Hg Ho I In 73 30 68 6 26

Ir K La U Lu 36 83 58 81 72

T j No. AT Index

-^ i Formula

n /r i wt. j. MoI.

3302 3303 3304 3305

Cs2S4 Cs2S5 Cs2S6 Cs2SO4

393.880 425.945 458.010 361.685

3306 3307 3308 3309 3310

CsHSO4 Cs2SeO4 Cs2(SeO4)2 CsN3 CsNO3

229.883 408.820 552.020 174.834 194.818

3311 3312 3313 3314 3315 3316 3317 3318 3319 3320 3321 3322 3323 3324 3325 3326 3327 3328 3329 3330 3331 3332 3333 3334 3335 3336 3337 3338 3339 3340 3341 3342 3343 3344 3345 3346 3347 3348 3349 3350 3351 3352 3353 3354 3355 3356 3357 3358 3359

CsNH 2 CsNO3.HNO3 CsNO3.2HNO3 CsHC8H4O4-Phthalate CsH(CCl3CO2)2 Cs2SiF6 CsGa(SO4)2.12H20 Cs2InCl5-H20 Cs 2 InBr 5 -H 2 O CsIn(SO4)2 .12H 2 O... Cs2TlCl5-H20 Cs3Tl2Cl9 Cs2Zn (SO4) 2.6H20 Cs2Zn (SeO4)2.6H20 Cs2Cd(SO4)2.6H20 CsCd(CNS)3 CsCLHgCl2 Cs2HgI4 Cs2Hg3I8 Cs3HgI5 Cs2Cu(SO4)2.6H20 2CsNO2. AgNO 2 .Bi(NO 2 ) 3 CsSO4.Ir2(SO4)3.24H20 CsRh (SO4)2.12H20 CsMnO4 CsMn(SO4)2.12H20 Cs2Mn (SO4)2.6H20 CsFeCl3.2H20 Cs2FeCl4.2H20 CsFe(SO4)2.12H2O Cs2Fe(SO4)2.6H20 Cs2FeSe2O8.6H20 Cs2SeO4.Fe2(SeO4)3.24H20 Cs2Co (SO4)2.6H20 Cs2Co (C3H2O4) 2.4H2O—Malonate Cs2Ni(SO4)ôH20 CsCr(SO4)2.12H20 CsV(SO4) 2.12H20 3CsF.AlF3 Cs2SO4. Al2(SO4)3.24H20 2Cs2O.2Al2O3.9SiO2.H2O—Pollucite Cs2La(NO3)5.2H20 Cs2Mg(SO4)2.6H20 Cs2Mg(SeO4)2.6H20 Cs 2 Mg(CrO 4 ) 2 .6H 2 O. Cs3Cu2Sr(SCN)7 Cs3Cu2Ba(SCN)7 Cs3BaAg2(SCN)7 CsLiCl2

Mg Mn Mo N 76 42 47 11

Na Nb Nd Ni O 82 51 61 45 1

Oa P Pb Pd 35 12 23 41

148.833 257.834 320.849 297.849 458.566 407.680 610.845 575.725 798.015 655.925 665.325 1126.35 631.222 725.492 678.252 419.439 439.794 973.958 1882.91 1233.70 629.412 858.548 1335.64 644.035 251.740 596.055 620.772 331.055 499.323 596.965 621.682 715.952 1382.47 624.812 600.682 624.532 593.135 592.085 539.390 1136.17 1325.64 750.601 590.162 684.432 630.052 1019.69 1069.45 1158.07 210.665

Pr Pt Ra Rb 60 37 80 84

Crystal J . system "

Ii. R. R. R. H.

,.. P. _. M.

finding

160 210 186 Tr. 660 to H. 1O1O d.

df7 o 0

_ Ref. ,. md. AT No.

2.80616 4.243 1. 3.034J040 3.35216

687

752 4.453 315 Tr. 161 to C. 414 260 100 35

R. M.

3.685 1. 2.713Ü 00

2.178 2.143 3.37217 2.113 3.350 3.776 2.241 3.879

C. C. H. M. M. M.

2.875 3.115 2.957

84 85 361 552 640 536

213 C. R. M. M. R. M. C. C.

164 4.806 5.14 4.605 2.858 3.881* 110 Ill

559 112

3.597 103 C. M. C. M. M. C. M. M. C.

2.740 2.907 17 3.275 2.061 2.796 3.694 3.61815 2.844 2.682 2.872 2.043 2.0334

60

116

200 524 100 550 116 566 575 94

823 C. C. M. M. M. M. Tet. Tet. Tet.

Rh Ru S Sa 40 39 8 63

1.867° 2.9 2.827° 2.676 2.94 2.747 2.882 2.92 3.026

80 126 488 583 821 374 365 360

356.5 Sb Sc Se Si Sn 14 56 9 18 22


Ti Tl Tm U V 19 27 70 49 50

WYYbZnZr 4857 71 2821

BOILING POINTS General index No. î 2 4 6 7

•

Boiling point under Boiling point under 1 atm. (or mm of General 1 atm. (or mm of Hg indicated by index No. Hg indicated by superscript) | superscript) ÏÔO 89 414 152.1 91 339 19.4 92 421 9.9 731 95 -151.0 3.8 766 96 21.3

8 9 13 17 21

82 - 85.0 1618 - 67.0 4050

97 98 99 101 102

23 26 31 34 35

13s - 35.54ats. 110 97 ca. 97

103 104 105 109 111

36 37 38 39

ca. 77diss. s. 10116atca. 116 - 10.0 44.6

114 118 120 125 126

40 41 42 44 46

s. 10 - 59.6 74.5 6040 290

128 129

47 53 54 55 57

16? - 30 - 52 59 138

132 139 140 141 142

58 59 60 62 63

78.8 69.1 153766 151. s765 54°-18

130 131

- 89.5 3.5 4? 42.5 - 33.3s

113.5 118.57395 37 86 56.5

Boiling point under Boiling point under General 1 atm. (or mm of General 1 atm. (or mm of index No. Hg indicated by index No. Hg indicated by superscript) J superscript) 204 -95 294 d. <260 205 - 75 316 44? 206 - 40 320 45a 207 73.5 322 5oo d. 208 !62 337 -192.0 209 210 211 213 214

180 107.23 2I2 - 8 172.9

1Oe 193 s. 38.8794 137.6 ca. 165

347 348 349 350 351

diss. 4o13 d. 210 s. ca. 140 - 56 - 63.5

222 223 224 226 227

s. 61.8708 490 5U 407.5 523

352 353 356 357 358

s. 105 <71 exp. 93 - 5.5 5

228 230 232 233 235

515 295 125 ca. 118 205 s. d.

360 361 362 363 364

237 238 250 251 252

150 d. 9560 12713 328.5 22413

365 366 367 368 371

s. 520 d. <100 exp. 240 - 2 ca. 32

149

253 254 255 256 263

26213 25713 29i13 s. 150vac-55

264 265 266 268 269

63752 - 53 122 221 4os

271 272 274 282 284

565 707 ca. 300 d. - 17 149.5

285 286 287 291 292

390 220.2 9230 28o 400.6

148

64 65 66 67 68

6840 115 d. s. 317 - 41.2 -42

164 165 166 170 172

s. 135 357.3 s. 120 490 d. 160

72 73 74 76 77

100 s. - 39 d. 288 176.4 227

177 181 186 191 192

s. Uo s. 8Od. d. > - 13 90300 s. ca. 180

81 82 84 87 88

183 s. 450 - 1.8 -35.5 324

193 195 197 198

338 339 341 345 346

215 216 217 218 219

s. 542 235vacs. 55i 220 vacd. 15

143

-

s. 347 (a) 600 (0) - 87.4 57.5735 s. 2so d.

372 373 374 376 377 378 379 381 382 . 383 384 385 386 387 388

389 390 391 403 404

s. - 78.5 6.3 223o -112.0 - 15 53 80 - 15.2 - 651801 -80.2

57.57 139 213 15o15 19015

137.0 200 15s ca. 300 - 30

8 33 153 ca. 240 2 66 109 O45 80 104 140.5 290 220 113.5 172 23s 192 230.5 255 s. 94020

9218-3 96 150183 s. 22Io diss. 31

No. 406 407 408 409 410

i

B. P. 27 63.5 107 96.2 90

I

I

No. 488 490 491 492 493

B. P. 114.1 620 202 5030 6530

No. 716 749 752 753 755

6530 720 340 191 d. 1230

760 769 770 779 797

d. 280 5oo d. 271 UOo 46

1593 1597 1610 1619 1624

798 799 800 825 829

118 160 220 970 963

1646 1647 1648 1649 1658

832 845 870 881 882

71s 132 105 650 383.7

1664 1672 1673 1674 1675

883 893 894 896

304 s. 345 322 31Od. s. 14o

B. P. 43o 732 650 624 s. 1185

||

No. 1515 1534 1552 1556 1575

411 412 413 414 415

1347529 122 115.5 108 142

494 495 496 497 499

416 417 418 419 420

139.5 132 153.7 171 172.5

508 513 514 515 517

421 422 423 425 426

191 187 205756 114.3756 122

518 519 520 521 522

427 428 429 432 435

154 153 227 19520 100.57657

523 528 529 530 543

436 437 438 439 440

125 130 149754 3 141.5 154.5

548 600 619 621 622

441 442 443 444 449

201.57394 10718 230 314.2 284

623 624 625 626 627

152755 70.516 64.514 166769 7813

920 921 922 939 940

191 13590 > 306 d. 1366 993

1747 1749 1752 1753 1755

180 78 146 181 > 420 270 d. 240 210 224 170 231 129o 95o exp. los 9ie

954 s. 4?5 110 130751 5314

898 901 915 918 919

354 s. 580 d. 150 96 159

|

B. P. 78.6 973 136.7 78 d. 43751

>1300 176 d. 175 3soo 340 35 s. 270 180 268 17Od. 3s (in H2) 19.5 18?. 27s. 6 34e. 7

1676 1677 1678 1679 1689

266 22?.5 33s 32? 6000

1690 1706

6000 692ats. 5e 118 4ioo

1714 1724

-

111.2 4s o 148.5756 127 127.19

450 451 452 454 459

136.4 230 154 >360 140

628 629 630 631 632

8314 7013 99.516 10513 9613

947 951 958 974 1032

1345 129o d. 400 17Od. 240 d.

1758 1767 1796 1797 1798

13o 3900 219 240.5 s. 4oo

460 461 465 466 467

138 4300 - 90 29 110.5

633 634 635 636 637

108.2*6 12313 12413 12115 144.513

1059 1075 1129 1147 1148

15so 444 d. s. 265 134 203

1799 1802 1803 1804 1805

4aoo 229.5 242 32o 5soo

468 469 470 471 472

86.5 72 185.9 375 163.5

670

1149 1180 1234 1268 1334

47.3 s. 240 100.8183 119o s. 12Oo diss.

1810 1811 1812 1813 1814

87.5 17 d. 200 -101 12.5

1342 1397 1447 1509 1513

315 102.8749 1049 d. 52 240

1815 1817 1819 1821 1822

90.6 210 123o9-4 > 3500 110

480 481 485.5 486 487

416 5ioo - 52 705 623

675 678 679 693 695 696 700 703

s. 610 725 5ooo 53s 217

139 diss. 3oo 8Oe 81s 824

No.

i

B. P.

!I

No.

I

B. P.

No.

95 65 120 175 212

2010 2044 2105 2112 2113

1828 1858 1864 1865

255 22io 182.7752 s. 177.8 26s

2114 2115 2116 2117 2118

1866 1869 1870 1879 1893

d. 7 382 s. 1550 (in N2) 6Oo (in H2) 130

2131 2232 2234 2236 2244

1412 285o 450 diss. >1600 718

2670 2671 2677 2680 2769

2285 2495 2499

s. 898.6 795 diss. 1400

2846 2917 2918

1894 1895 1953

194 315 4600

* Hüttig, 93, 141: 133; 24.

d. 1Oo d. 1Oo 59o 188 245

I

1823 1824 1825 1826 1827

270 331 330 341 23919

2500 2601* 2604 2605 2606 2608 2610 2613 2625 2668

B. P.

156o

|j

No.

I

B. P.

!670 1353 d. 270

2921 2924 2926 2927 2931

14ie 13so 13ao d. 225 d. 215

d. 410 1265 119o d. > 170 1390

2932 2936 2958 2959 3196

d. 180 d. 850 d. 350 d. 400 14io

17oo 141s 1390 13oo 1496 >1400 1320 15oo

3197 3200 3205 3283 3284

1390 1340 13oo 12so 1290

3287 3292

13oo 12so

REFRACTIVE INDICES A. LIQUIDS Serial XT No.

. , ' index --

Refractive . , index UD

Serial XT No.

. , " index ^-


Serial AT No.

. , " index ^


Serial XT No.

. , " index ^

Refractive . . index UD

Î 2 3 4 5

436 97 9 195 17

1.83334°-318 1.19316 19 1.256 20 1.317170 21 1.32510 22

45 1893 62 111 59

1.429 1.43212 1.43714 1.44023-6 1.444

34 35 36 37 38

625 627 635 623 636

1.503522-550 1.506223-1 51 1.508122 52 1.508221 53 1.5097 54

6 7 8 9 10

102 95 1 426 41

1.325165 1.330-90 1.333 1.368 1.374

23 24 25 26 27

339 341 210 1808 26

1.454 1.46 1.46O25-1 1.464 1.46612

39 40 41 42 43

637 633 631 619 621

1.511821 1.5120215 1.512725 1.5128 1.513219

55 56 57 58 59

2644 55 1147 287 450

1.54825 1.55714 1.5645 1.60114 1.6110-5

11 12 13 14 15

1825 109 472 1827 38

1.381 1.39716-4 1.400 1.408 1.410

28 I 29 30 31 32

103 1894 629 634 626

1.47022 1.4806-5 1.4926 1.5005 1.5021«-*

44 45 46 47 48

515 2847 624 207 622

1.5143 1.515 1.5158243 1.51614 1.5174

60 61 62 63 64

2472 57 214 1317 63

1.618 1.66614 1.69726-6 1.700 1.736

16 17

2 1828

1.41422 1.421

33

632

49

630

1.51751»-7

65

42

1.5023

5Ï31.5201 628 1.521818 58 1.52710 918 1.532722-2 919 1.5399"-*

1.885

!

B. SOLIDS I. Isotropie Group, m. = mean value Serial . , * Refractive index index AT No - No. 66 2670 1.336 67 2913 1.339 68 398 1.370 68.13143.6 1.403 68.23017.6 1.408

Serial °95 96 97 98 99

. , ' index No. 3107 3265 3084 3259 2870

XT N

Refractive index 1.4814 1.4815 1.4817 1.4823 1.483

Serial . , " Refractive index Serial . , * Refractive index index index XT No UD - No. - No. 127 2839 1.5305 160 260 1.7550 128 3150 1.5329 161 1911 1.780 129 2671 1.5442 162 562 1.782 130 1241 1.548 163 3292 1.7876 131 1451 1.55 (m.) 164 3327 1.792

nn

XT No

69 344 70 3032 70.12099.6 70.2 478.5 71 2235

1.41 1.4115 1.426 1.433 1.4339

100 101 102 103 104

3340 1613 1369 2921 3197

1.4839 1.4842 1.4854 1.4903 1.493

132 133 134 135 136

1536 3200 2924 2458 1576

72 73 74 75 76

2855 2596 2732 1897 2700

1.4388 1.444 1.452 1.454 1.454

105 106 107 108 109

2873 2902 1910 2872 3253

1.495 1.496 1.4976 1.50 1.5004

137 138 139 140 141

2531 2679 1187 2438 2394

77 78 79 80 81

3133 3268 2760 3350 1882

1.4562 1.4566 1.457 1.4587 1.4594

109.52835 110 743 111 3261 112 3334 113 2887

1.501 1.5066 1.507018 1.5077 1.508

142 143 144 145 146

82 83 84 85 86

344 3242 3317 3320 3025

1.46 1.4638 1.4649 1.4652 1.4653

114 115 116 117 118

3137 1240 3343 2137 2886

1.509 1.5103 1.511618 1.514 1.5144

87 88 89 90 91

3239 690 680 2740 2332

1.4658 1.4664 1.4684 1.4693 1.4736

119 120 121 122 123

2674 2236 3047 1633 2842

92 2899 93 3135 94 |3347

1.48 1.4801 1.4810

124 1422 125 3098 [ 126 |3351

1.55 (m.) 1.5530 1.5590 1.5667 1.57

165 166 167 168 169

1923 1928 1921 2232 2282

1.800 1.801 1.811 1.83 1.83

1.5717 1.5943 1.6000 <1.6 1.608

170 171 172 173 174

2364 1261 945 939 278

1.838 1.862? 1.864 (m.) 1.93 2.0

1383 1576 3284 132 3205

1.61 1.61 1.6418 1.642 1.6474

175 176 177 178 179

402 1048 1059 280 581

2.05 2.05 2.0710 2.087 2.09?

147 148 149 150 151

3019 2267 2401 2926 3141

1.6574 1.660(m.) 1.67 1.6770 1.69

180 181 182 183 184

1258 1639 668 1123 2333

2.16 2.16 2.20 2.20 2.20

1.5151 1.52 1.522 (m.) 1.5228 1.5230

152 153 154 155 156

3287 148 2225 2392 2222

1.6984 1.7031 1.705 1.710 1.723

185 186 187 188

1062 951 756 936

2.253 2.346 2.3682 2.705

1.5236 1.54 (m.) 5.521

157 158 159

2415 2128 1145

1.735 1.7364 1.74 (m.)

188.1 188.2 189 552

2.89 3.56 3.912

MISCELLANEOUS Serial . ,n' index AT No. XT

No.

"IÖÖ 191 192

367 266 352

Refractive . , index n 1.579156 (F) 1.621 14 (F) 1.412(C)

Serial . , ' index AT No. AT

No.

193 194 195

232 2196 890

Refractive . , index n 1.56311 (C) 2.35 (Li) 2.49 (Li)

Serial . , ' ,T index No. XT

No.

Ï96 197 198

Refractive . , index n

Ì 2 7 4 2 . 6 9 (Li) 1273 2.70 (Li) 1053 |>2.72 (Li)

Serial . ^n* ,T index No. XT

No.

199 200 201

3236 3336 1528

Refractive . . index n 1.46 (red) 1.48 (red) 2.18 (red)

II. Uniaxial Group „ . i „ Serial No.

Gen. Index

Refractive index

. AT Serial No.

N

co

Gen. index

e

Refractive index co

e

202 203 204 205 206

2778 1 2182 2851 1323

1.300 1.309 1.3439 1.349 1.3570

1.296 1.313 1.3602 1.342 1.3742

247 248 249 250 251

2224 2866 2422 243 2336

1.512 1.518 1.522 1.5246 1.527

1.498 1.522 1.513 1.4792 1.539

207 208 209 210 211

1409 2130 814 1583 1047

1.3638 1.378 1.3824 1.3910 1.4092

1.3848 1.390 1.3992 1.4066 1.4080

252 253 254 255 256

764 2453 3164 1358 1912

1.5291 1.5296 1.532 1.533 1.534

1.5039 1.5252 1.529 1.575 1.514

212 213 214 215 216

2237 2347 2713 2941 2735

1.417 1.436 1.4458 1.455 1.4567

1.393 1.478 1.4524 1.515 1.4662

257 258 259 260 261

2439 3136 3162 1892 2871

1.5364 1.537 1.537 1.539 1.539

1.4866 1.533 1.535 1.511 1.537

217 218 219 220 221

3216 3173 2107 2119 2412

1.4574 1.4715 1.4720 1.473 1.475

1.5078 1.4721 1.4395 1.435 1.486

262 263 264 265 266

1551 2839 2200 2207 2861

1.5393 1.5398 1.540 1.542 1.542

1.5125 1.5475 1.510 1.516 1.538

222 223 224 225 226

3185 1731 1970 1995 2018

1.481 1.481 1.482 1.482 1.486

1.461 1.493 1.473 1.474 1.479

267 268 269 270 270.5

342 2659 2250 1359 2099.5

1.544 1.545 1.5496 1.5519 1.557

1.553

227 228 229 230 231

2031 340 2864 2493 2397

1.487 1.487 1.487 1.487 1.49

1.479 1.484 1.486 1.496

271 272 273 274 274.5

2804 2129 2226 1902 475.5

1.558 1.559 1.56 1.560 1.563

1.613 1.580

232 233 234 235 236

2880 2086 2054 2072 2869

1.490 1.490 1.490 1.490 1.490

1.471 1.480 1.481 1.482 1.502

275 276 277 278 279

2199 2326 2211 2971 2420

1.565 1.565 1.565 1.567 1.5690

1.560 1.575 1.518 1.6700

237 238 239 240 241

3181 1955 2061 2081 2403

1.4901 1.493 1.494 1.495 1.496

1.4996 1.480 1.484 1.480 1.491

280 281 282 283 284

1340 3134 2357 276 2125

1.57 1.572 1.575 1.5766 1.581

1.592 1.57 1.5217 1.575

242 243 244 245 246

2436 2329 2968 2840 1547

1.4991 1.507 1.5095 1.5095 1.5109

1.4758 1.468 1.4684 1.5232 1.4873

285 286 287 288 289

1379 1872 2856 2705 2188

1.582 1.583 1.585 1.5874 1.5885

1.5575 1.543

1.580 1.552

1.645 1.602 1.3361 1.5970

Serial No

Gen

* index No.

Refractive index co

290 291 292 293 294

3Î861.589 3079 1.59 1582 1.59 3033 1.5906 2399 1.595

295 296 297 298 299

2417 847 2904 . 1978. 2314

300 301 302 303 304

I

^.^ ^ e

1.590

Gen. index '

No.

Refractive index co

e

1.56 1.5907 1.585

~ 3 4 6 Î 9 9 4 1 . 7 1 7 347 2100 1.719 348 1951 1.721 349 1259 1.723 350 969 1.724

1.817 1.733 1.816 1.681 1.746

1.597 1.6038 1.612 1.613 1.6150

1.560 1.6042 1.593 1.607 1.6360

351 352 353 354 355

3187 1025.1 2621 978 1414

1.7278 1.730 1.735 1.744 1.755

1.7361 1.810 1.435 1.724 1.82

2393 1400 2572 1737 2309

1.617 1.6198 1.621 1.623 1.625

1.652 1.5922 1.619 1.625

356 357 358 359 360

2563 2594 733 1858 3358

1.757 1.760 1.768 1.773 1.7761

1.804 1.577 1.812 1.773 1.6788

305 306 307 308 309

2489 1011 2430 2275 2273

1.629 1.632 1.633 1.634 1.634

1.639 1.575 1.639 1.631 1.632

361 362 363 364 365

3322 3065 2201 1699 3357

1.784 1.7909 1.80 1.80 1.8013

1.774 1.6527 1.72 1.6882

310 311 312 313 314

2307 556 3042 . 1934 2490

1.635 1.635 1.636 1.640 1.64

1.631 1.653 1.615

366 367 368 369 370

1089 2189 1307 794 3085

1.8036 1.815 1.817 1.818 1.820

1.7983 1.761 1.5973 1.618 1.715

315 316 317 318 319

2507 1252 1739 2234 1044

1.640 1.6430 1.643 1.644 1.644

1.633

1364 1063 1433 3356 1507

1.82 1.8466 1.85 1.8535 1.855

1.73 1.9200

1.623 1.446 1.697

371 372 373 374 375

320 321 322 324 325

1046 2216 2644 2441 1907

1.644 1.65 1.65 1.651 1.654

1.702 1.59 1.67 1.627 1.676

376 377 378 379 380

2358 1394 1415 1431 2339

1.870 1.875 1.875 1.88 1.913

1.792 1.633 1.784

326 327 328 329 330

2121 1156 2285 1439. 2433

1.6542 1.6576 1.6583 1.664 1.666

1.6700 1.6666 1.4864 1.629 1.661

381 382 383 384 385

2366 483 1416 2339 1324

1.918 1.923 1.93 1.945 1.96

331 332 333 334 335

2274 2341 2410 2537 2131

1.667 1.669 1.669 1.669 1.675

1.666 1.657 1.658 1.665 1.59

386 387 388 389 390

1419 483 2365 569 882

1.96 1.960 1.967 1.970 1.9733

2.015 1.978 1.936 2.6559

336 337 338 339 340

1084 2004 2597 2425 1914

1.6769 1.680 1.681 1.6817 1.694

1.6294 1.685 1.668 1.5026 1.641

391 392 393 394 395

485 744 310 666 657

1.997 2.008 2.01 2.07 2.09

2.093 2.029 1.82 2.05 1.94

341 342 343 344 345

812 2163 2538 1324.1 2281

1.694 1.700 1.701 1.704 1.706

1.723 1.509 1.699 1.679 1.698

396 397 398 399 400

658 2957 537 587 1064

2.114 2.12 2.13 2.135 2.21

2.140 2.00 2.21 2.118 2.22

1.6982 1.60

1.923 1.934 1.968 1.971

Serial No

Gen. index No.

o>

Refractive index I e

Serial No '

Gen. index No.

Refractive index co

e

4 0 Ï 1 6 9 5 402 2187 403 1776 404 755 405 1325

2.2685 2.31 2.354 2.356 . 2.481

2.182 1.95 2.299 2.378 2.210

407 408 409 410 411

445 2354 447 403 901

2.554 2.58 2.616 2.654 2.854

2.493 2.43 2.903 2.697 3.201

406

2.506

2.529

412

1095

3.0877

2.7924

2.51 (Li) 2.15 (Li)

835

MISCELLANEOUS 4Ï3 414 415 416 417

Ï522 2035.1 1957.1 2002.1 526

1.3817 (C) 2.005 (667) 2.019(667) 2.3 (Li)

418 419

538 1668

2.35 (Li) 2.402 (Li)

1.3872 (C) 2.004 (667) 2.013(667) 2.007(667)

420 421 422 423 424

Ï4Ï3 1264 1094 524 1334

2.45 (Li) 2.46 (Li) 2.6 (Li) 2.665 (Li) 3.01 (Li)

2.535 (Li) 2.94 (Li)

2.33 (Li) 2.304 (Li)

425 426

1098 2471

3.084 (Li) 1.683 (red)

2.881 (Li) 1.587 (red)

III. Biaxial Group Serial No. 427 428 429 430 431

Gen. index No. 2852 2694 2897 2898 2753

432 433 434 435 436

2718 2724 2693 3189 2733

1.4193 1.4321

437 438 439 440 441

2723 2721 411 2964 2739

1.4412

442 443 444 445 446

a 1.394 1.407 1.405

1.438 1.439

\

Refractive index ß 1.364 1.396 1.413 1.414 1.425 1.4309 1.4361 1.44 1.44 1.441

y 1.398 1.415 1.440 1.4493 1.4373 1.452 1.469

Gen. index No. Ï876 343 2150 2729 2691

a. 1.462 1.469 1.4716 1.4653 1.464

Refractive index ß \ 1.470 1,47 1.4730 1.4738 1.474

467 468 469 470 471

3146 1874 2617 2398 1356

1.466 1.474 1.460 1.461 1.4713

1.475 1.476 1.477 1.478 1.4782

1.494 1.483 1.488 1.485 1.4856

2948 2223 3255 2708 2978

1.475 1.476 1.4767 1.391

1.480 1.480 1.4807 1.481 1.482

1.487 1.483 1.4907 1.486

y 1.471 1.473 1.4786 1.4804 1.485

1.4368 1.447 1.4453

1.4424 1.4434 1.4458 1.448 1.4496

1.4510 1.459 1.4513

472 473 474 475 476

3133 2710 2717 2395 2890

1.430 1.440 1.4499 1.448 1.435

1.452 1.452 1.4525 1.454 1.455

1.458 1.453 1.4604 1.456 1.459

477 478 479 480 481

1918 2862 3083 2715 1463

1.478 1.480 1.4759 1.4777 1.477

1.482 1.482 1.4821 1.4822 1.483

1.482 1.493 1.4969 1.5036 1.489

447 448 449 450 451

2145 1809 2854 2720 3149

1.4326 1.340 1.432 1.4401 1.4607

1.4554 1.456 1.457 1.4629 1.4629

1.4609 1.459 1.458 1.4815 1.4755

482 483 484 485 486

3029 2970 1289 3247 2977

1.4775 1.4768 1.4801 1.4798 1.440

1.4833 1.4843 1.4840 1.4848 1.485

1.4969 1.4870 1.4913 1.4948 1.550

452 453 454 455 456

2757 1871 2727 2616 2738

2719 3353 138 760 3043

1.4852 1.4858 1.486 1.4860 1.4864

1.4873 1.4916

1.4782

487 488 489 490 491

1.4557 1.4857

1.4622

1.464 1.464 1.4645 1.465 1.4658

457 458 459 460 461

2743 2943 2165 2848 3273

1.4649 1.4609 1.456 1.4468 1.4672

1.4663 1.4669 1.468 1.4686 1.4689

1.4791 1.5657 1.507 1.4715 1.4779

492 493 494 495 496

3091 3148 2853 3258 3231

1.459 1.4599

1.4526

Serial No. 462 463 464 465 466

1.470 1.4649

|

1.4620 1.4836 1.4807 1.483 1.484 1.4815

1.4865 1.487 1.487 1.4874 1.488

1.4897 1.5020 1.5004 1.490 1.496 1.4977

Serial Gen. N o . index N o . 4 9 7 2 8 8 2 1 498 2881 499 3245 500 854 501 1548

Refractive index a ß . 4 8 5 1 . 4 8 8 1 . 1.486 1.488 1.4833 1.4884 1.4847 1.4887 1.4669 1.4888

gerial Gen. Refractive index y N o . index N o . a ß 4 8 9 5 5 2 3 3 2 3 1 . 5 0 2 2 1 . 5 0 4 8 1 . 5 1.489 553 3151 1.494 1.505 1.4975 554 2469 1.497 1.505 1.4959 555 2900 1.505 1.505 1.4921 556 2959 1.3346 1.5056

y 0 9 3 1.516 1.509 1.506 1.5064

1.4888 '1.4892 1.4897 1.49 1.490

1.5719 1.4911 1.5041

1.506 1.5153

1.490 1.490 1.49 1.4906 1.491

1.511 1.526 1.495 1.5036

502 503 504 505 506

3217 2147 2725 1924 2912

1.4812 1.4856 1.4855

507 508 509 510 511

1863 2950 2408 3249 2143

1.473 1.479 1.484 1.4886

512 513 514 515 516

2171 1368 3096 3262 777

517 518 519 520 521

3184 804 2938 2697 1491

522 523 524 525 526

2157 3264 3337 1716 2259

1.495 1.4895 1.4946

527 528 529 530 531

2771 2407 3152 1361 2901

1.495 1.498 1.4969

532 533 534 535 536

3014 2638 2709 806 3325

537 538 539 540 541

2108 992 1557 2413 2930

1.4664 1.4910 1.4949

1.5007 1.5007 1.5007 1.501 1.501

542 543 544 545 546

2164 179 2498 2180 2737

1.495 1.4981 1.4710 1.490 1.4794

547 548 549 550 551

2371 2396 3274 3341 2896

1.499 1.501 1.5011 1.5003 1.491

1.4870 1.4836 1.4859 1.4888 1.492 1.4935 1.4820 1.4902

1.465

1.40 1.418 1.480 1.498

1.491 1.4915 1.4916 1.4916 1.4930

1.4989 1.5051 1.5014 1.4994

1.493 1.494 1.4947 1.4953 1.4953

1.496

1.496 1.4961 1.4966 1.4967 1.498

1.504 1.5052 1.5025

1.498 1.499 1.4991 1.500 1.5

1.499 1.505 1.5139

557 558 559 560 561

2178 2148 3331 1986 2299

562 563 564 565 566

2132 2765 2696 2868 3344

567 568 569 570 571

2893 2151 3230 2383 2777

572 573 574 575 576

2406 2663 2772 3346 3215

577 578 579 580 581

1.344 1.5048 1.493

1.495 1.4886 1.504 1.5057 1.5043 1.5070 1.495 1.500

1.545

1.507 1.5073 1.5079 1.508 1.5085

1.528

1.5093 1.5093 1.510 1.51 1.510

1.5751 1.5169

1.5360 1.545 1.5132

1.520 1.515 1.512 1.516

1.5087 1.5131

1.510 1.510 1.511 1.5129 1.5133

2289 2317 2922 2894 3159

1.510 1.512 1.440 1.4435 1.500

1.514 1.514 1.515 1.5156 1.5170

1.578 1.515 1.525 1.5233 1.5183

582 583 584 585 586

2551 3354 2553 2153 2264

1.500 1.5178

1.517 1.5179 1.518 1.518 1.518

1.525 1.5236

587 588 589 590 591

1875 3031 3092 2228 3158

1.516 1.5121 1.5135

1.518 1.5181 1.5195 1.52 1.52

1.533 1.5335 1.5358

1.5027 1.5054 1.5081

592 593 594 595 596

2998 2477 3221 2154 2860

1.48 1.500 1.51 1.510 1.516

1.52 1.520 1.52 1.520 1.52

1.55 1.580 1.524 1.543 1.520

1.501 1.5016 1.5017 1.502 1.5021

1.526 1.5866 ca. ß 1.511 1.5265

597 598 599 600 601

2466 3246 1466 2249 3176

1.484 1.5162

1.521 1.5222 1.5225 1.5226 1.523

1.538 1.5331 1.5227 1.5296

1.503 1.503 1.5031 1.5035 1.504

1.538 1.510 1.5135 1.5094 1.520

602 603 604 605 606

174 3045 2758 2405 3139

1.5209 1.5096 1.407 1.513 1.518

1.5230 1.5235 1.524 1.524 1.524

1.5330 1.5387 1.541 1.525 1.526

1.500 1.50 1.500 1.500 1.500

1.4973 1.5185 1.5032

1.504

1.543 1.530 1.506

1.502 1.504

1.506 1.506 1.5061 1.507 1.507

1.514 1.515

1.5205

1.5162 1.5144

1.533 1.525

Serial Gen. Refractive index No. index No. a. \ ß 6 0 7 3 Î I Ï 1 . 5 2 2 1 1 . 5 2 4 4 608 3097 1.5199 1.5248 609 2294 1.470 1.525 610 2997 1.526 611 3157 1.508 1.526 612 613 614 615 616

1370 3138 2641 2865 2807

1.5201 1.522

617 618 619 620 621

i Serial Gen. Refractive index y \ No. index No. a \ ß y 1 . 5 3 7 3 6 6 2 2 5 9 2 1 . 5 3 8 1 . 5 4 9 1 . 5 5 4 1.5339 663 2014 1.5399 1.5494 1.5607 1.555 664 1886 1.55 665 2204 1.5211 1.5500 1.5680 1.550 666 2212 1.53 1.55 1.55 1.5356 1.530

1.525 1.5193

1,5260 1.526 1.529 1.529 1.5295

1.536 1.5436

667 668 669 670 671

1032 2029 3074 2046 3276

1.545 1.5413 1.5498 1.5427

1.55 1.5505 1.5513 1.5519 1.552

1.5621 1.5634 1.5629

2985 2304 1762 778 2280

1.417 1.515 1.518 1.5240 1.525

1.530 1.530 1.530 1.5300 1.53

1.533 1.580 1.542 1.5385 1.550

672 673 674 675 676

2736 3220 2288 1360 2292

1.5382 1.5515 1.491 1.533 1.545

1.5535 1.5537 1.555 1.555 1.555

1.5607 1.5582 1.650 1.635 1.575

622 623 624 625 626

2167 1497 2969 2889 2197

1.527 1.5246 1.4893 1.515 1.527

1.530 1.5311 1.5314 1.532 1.532

1.540 1.5396 1.5363 1.536 1.583

677 678 679 680 681

1927 3086 2876 1884 1925

1.551

1.562

1.5520 1.551 1.554

1.555 1.556 1.5579 1.558 1.558

1.5608 1.582 1.573

627 628 629 630 631

2566 2759 2190 2166 2432

1.489 1.517

1.533 1.533 1.533 1.534 1.534

1.5769 1.557 1.565

682 683 684 685 686

2637 2296 2618 3165 188

1.530 1.55 1.5487 1.548 1.5607

1.560 1.56 1.5602 1.562 1.5630

1.590? 1.57 1.5788 1.567 1.5846

632 633 634 635 636

1861 2286 3015 2382 2302

1.5347 1.460 1.495 1.500 1.515

1.5347 1.535 1.535 1.535 1.535

1.5577 1.545

3305 838 2780 1901 3034

1.5598

1.5644 1.565 1.565 1.565 1.565

1.5662

1.560 1.575

687 688 689 690 691

637 638 639 640 641

2142 2295 993 3324 961

1.523 l. 525 1.5213 1.5326 1.5140

1.535 l. 535 ? 1.5355 1.5362 1.5368

1.586 l. 550 1.5395 1.5412 1.5433

692 693 694 695 696

1860 2642 2634 2298 2774

1.566

642 643 644 645 646

1355 1558 2404 3004 2955

1.528 1.5291

1.537 1.5372 1.539 1.539 1.5390

1.543 1.5466

697 698 699 700 701

647 648 649 650 651

2179 2293 2218 2217 1512

1.460 1.520 1.527

1.54 1.540 1.54 1.540 1.542

1.610 1.545 1.544

652 653 654 655 656

1030 2859 1363 2981 2265

1.413 1.466 1.530 1.415 1.539

1.542 1.542 1.543 1.545 1.545

1.557 1.596 1.595 1.565 1.551

657 658 659 660 661

2878 2036 2558 2198 1950

1.545 1.5392 1.542 1.544 1.5433

1.546 1.5479 1.548 1.548 1.5490

1.5352

1.5446

1.551 1.5592 ca. 1.548 1.572 1.5755

1.560 1.561

1.574 1.567 1.608

1.428 1.450 1.536

1.566 l. 567 1.567 1.567 1.567

1.572 1.600 1.649

3002 2268 3087 2877 2156

1.527 1.565 1.5660 1.565 1.569

1.568 1.568 1.5689 1.569 1.570

1.647 1.580 1.5831 1.569 1.582

702 703 704 705 706

2159 2158 2464 2369 2290

1.563 1.555 1.559 1.56 1.495

1.571 1.572 1.574 1.574 1.575

1.596 1.575 1.598 1.580 1.640

707 708 709 710 711

2368 2248 3063 643 1889

1.553 1.5693 1.5438

1.575 1.5752 1.5754 1.576 1.576

1.577 1.6130

712 713 714 715 716

1888 2504 3089 2789 3057

1.576 1.577 1.5772 1.578 1.579

1.588 1.635

1.562 1.574 1.5622 1.544 1.569

1.587

1.588

1.601 1.669

Serial No. 7Ï7 718 719 720 721

Gen. Refractive index index No.
7 1.583 1.5961 1.587 1.582

gerjal No. 772 773 774 775 776

Q6n. index No. a 232Ï1.605 2315 1.610 2421 1.592 2559 1.597 2335 1.609

Refractive index ß \ v Tel 1.612 1.611 1.654 1.612 1.621 1.612 1.621 1.6125 1.619

722 723 724 725 726

3073 2400 1885 2803 2227

1.576 1.563 1.508 1.585

1.5837 1.584 1.585 1.586 1.586

1.588 1.592 1.525 1.596

777 778 779 780 781

2173 2356 1913 813 2184

1.520 1.602 1.588 1.614 1.607

1.613 1.613 1.617 1.617 1.619

1.639 1.649 1.655 1.636 1.639

727 728 729 730 731

1903 2181 2591 2279 3140

1.552 1.539 1.584 1.5825 1.561

1.588 1.589 1.589 1.5891 1.590

1.600 1.589 1.594 1.5937 1.594

782 783 784 785 786

1915 1043 1905 2419 2429

1.61 1.61 1.619 1.620 1.609

1.62 1.62 1.620 1.620 1.623

1.65 1.71 1.627 1.654 1.635

732 733 734 735 736

2327 2123 781 2385 3056

1.586 1.5595 1.572 1.572

1.59 1.5908 1.591 1.591 1.592

1.598 1.6311 1.59 1.594

787 788 789 790 791

2583 2367 2451 2185 809

1.610 1.621 1.6220 1.617 1.531

1.623 1.623 1.6237 1.624 1.625

1.623 1.631 1.6309 1.652 1.659

737 738 739 . 740 741

1738 2384 2381 2658 2798

1.582 1.582 1.5863 1.579 1.5889

1.592 1.592 1.5920 1.593 1.5943

1.592 < 1.606 1.6139 1.597 1.7163

792 793 794 795 796

1035 783 1382 2561 2411

1.541 1.614 1.615 1.620 1.616

1.625 1.625 1.625 1.625 1.626

1.660 1.637 1.665 1.645 1.649

742 743 744 745 746

1276 2903 2523 2546 2388

1.562 1.571 1.5860 1.573 1.586

1.595 1.595 1.5951 1.597 1.598

1.632 1.598 1.6072 1.636 1.605

797 798 799 800 801

2431 3178 1514 2316 1920

1.621 1.6237 1.532 1.616

1.627 1.6278 1.628 1.629 1.63

1.635 2.2916 1.665 1.631

747 748 749 750 751

2775 1987 2664 2867 2322

1.573 1.5989

1.657 1.6003

1.595

1.599 1.5999 1.6 1.60 1.60

1.603

802 803 804 805 806

1721 1321 2230 3275 2386

1.585 1.602 1.603 1.622 1.632

1.630 1.632 1.632 1.633 1.63*4

1.630 1.632 1.639 1.644 1.636

752 753 754 755 756

3307 3179 2291 786 2278

1.599 1.5883 1.413 1.586 1.590

1.600 1.6007 1.602 1.602 1.602

1.600 1.6316 1.611 1.608 1.638

807 808 809 810 811

2308 1580 2767 3012 1185

1.541 1.577 1.620

1.635 1.636 1.636 1.636 1.637

1.669 1.639 1.638

757 758 759 760 761

1378 1935 2324 2857 2152

1.579 1.586 1.593 1.594 1.602

1.603 1.603 1.603 1.603 1.604

1.633 1.623 1.607 1.615 1.615

812 813 814 815 816

2470 2206 2640 1898 2521

1.453 1.636 1.507 1.632 1.6369

1.637 1.637 1.638 1.638 1.6381

1.707 1.653 1.698 1.643 1.6491

762 763 764 765 766

1357 2440 2122 2269 2895

1.51 1.567 1.591

1.611 1.626 1.614

1.595

1.605 1.605 1.605 1.606 1.606

1.634

817 818 819 820 821

3068 2823 1900 2409 3355

1.545 1.596 1.638 1.632 1.637

1.641 1.641 1.642 1.643 1.643

1.760 1.652 1.653 1.645 1.655

767 768 769 770 771

2555 3003 3052 3001 820

1.571 1.617

1.607 1.607 1.6071 1.608 1.609

1.694 1.593

822 823 824 825 826

2305 2349 2320 2501 1929

1.462 1.636 i. 642 1.635 1.643

1.643 1.644 1.645 1.646 1.649

1.722 1.654 1.654 1.660 1.649

Serial No. 827 828 829 830 831

Gen. index No. 2564 2177 826 1916 2387

832 833 834 835 836

2176 2214 2863 1298 2175

1.650 1.6527

837 838 839 840 841

~^

1.635 1.612 1.625

j

Refractive index ~ß j y 1.651 1.651 1.670 1.6513 1.652 1.675 1.653 1.669

Serial No. 882 883 884 885 886

Gen. index No. 2595 941 2593 1005 1937

1.681 1.67 1.678

2809 1184 1270.1 1406 1008

1.687 1.684 1.672 1.695

« j 1.525

1.658 1.6748

1.647 1.651

1.653 1.6537 1.654 1.654 1.654

1.660 1.660

887 888 889 890 891

1919 2391 2126 2790 2379

1.633 1.643 1.652 1.6491 1.540

1.655 1.655 1.655 1.6555 1.656

1.662 1.663 1.671 1.7143 1.682

892 893 894 895 896

2815 2810 2565 2652 2418

1.6610

842 843 ' 844 845 846

1295 1297 1069 1569 1296

1.651 1.652 1.6272 1.622 1.63

1.656 1.656 1.6573 1.658 1.66

1.683 1.660 1.6601 1.687 1.69

897 898 899 900 901

1294 785 734 2229 2428

1.695 1.660

847 848 849 850 851

2424 1439 2910 1505 1585

1.640 1.655 1.645 1.6263 1.629

1.660 1.66 1.661 1.6614 1.662

1.675 1.670 1.688 1.6986 1.727

902 903 904 j 905 906

852 853 854 855 856

2426 2463 2660 2372 2215

1.651 1.5155 1.660 1.642 1.662

1.662 1.664 1.666 1.667 1.667

1.668 1.666 1.676 1.669 1.673

857 858 859 860 861

1388 3064 3005 757 2183

1.635 1.626 1.485 1.658

1.668 1.6684 1.669 1.669 1.670

1.702 1.757 1.697 1.670

862 863 864 865 866

2340 2186 2427 1908 2858

1.668 1.664 1.670 1.634

1.670 1.670 1.671 1.671 1.673

867 868 869 870 871

2330 2353 2402 2905 2800

1.640 1.662 1.665 1.666 1.671

872 873 874 875 876

2557 1381 1389 2542 1926

1.673 1.653

877 878 879 880 881

3037 2651 2741 2284 792

1.648 1.676

'

1.529 1.643

1.5299 1.662

Refractive index ~ß ^ 1.684 1.686 1.685 1.685 1.695 1.686 1.698 1.686 1.689 1.687 1.687 1.695 1.697 1.698

1.704 1.698 1.717 1.733

1.6994 1.70 1.702 1.702 1.702

1.7510

1.710 1.713

1.705 1.708

1.704 1.705 1.707 1.709 1.711

1.711 1.718

2350 976 2556 2480 1720

1.709 1.703 1.614 1.7146 1.691

1.711 1.713 1.714 1.7174 1.720

1.724 1.722 1.729 1.812 1.720

907 908 909 910 911

1899 2318 2423 2351 1859

1.712 1.715 1.712 1.686 1.702

1.720 1.720 1.721 1.722 1.722

1.728 1.737 1.731 1.735 1.750

912 913 914 915 916

1012 2510 1922 2417.1 972

1.694 1.7129 1.705 1.724 1.710

1.726 1.7266 1.729 1.729 1.731

1.730 1.7441 1.730 1.734 1.732

1.690 1.694 1.689 1.685

917 918 919 920 921

1377 793 1670 807 964

1.730 1.708 1.720 1.640 1.730

1.732 1.733 1.733 1.736 1.737

1.762 1.758 1.935 1.750 1.785

1.674 1.674 1.674 1.674 1.674

1.679 1.676 1.684 1.688 1.684

922 923 924 925 926

2360 1841 3101 1956 2208

1.732 1.617 1.7202 1.731

1.737 1.738 1.7380 1.738 1.74

1.751 1.776 1.8197 1.744

1.674 1.675 1.676 1.676 1.678

1.678 1.697

927 928 929 930 931

3100 1408 1318 1930 1003

1.678 1.679 1.6802 1.6809 1.683

1.699 1.687

932 933 934 935 936

997 2124 2484 1726 1670

1.677 1.684

1.6854 1.717

1.700

1.71 1.733 1.736 1.702 1.747 1.72 1.74

1.74 1.74 1.740 1.741 1.743 1.745 1.748 1.749 1.75 1.75

1.706

1.76 1.744 1.746 1.789 1.757 1.80 1.95

Serial

Gen.

No.

index No.

a.

Refractive index

Serial

Gen.

No.

index No.

a

937 938 939 940 941

2781 1028 967 1000 1387

1.743 1.730 1.708 1.719 1.765

1.754 1.758 1.760 1.762 1.774

1.764 1.838 1.798 1.805 1.797

985 986 987 988 989

2338 261 1050 3124 1305

1.910 1.871 1.885 1.750 1.92

Ï 7 9 Ï 1 . 9 4 5 1.92 2.01 1.920 1.956 1.925 1.95 1.95 1.96

942 943 944 945 946

2573 2352 966 1303 1944

1.770 1.758 1.730 1.760 1.757

1.774 1.776 1.778 1.779 1.78

1.783? 1.795 1.803 1.779 1.803

990 991 992 993 994

1365 712 663 1722 401

1.702 1.9493 1.947 1.955

1.955 1.9592 1.961 1.985 1.99

1.965 1.9640 1.968 2.05

947 948 949 950 951

2127 1045 1319 1380 1006

1.78 1.752 1.759 1.775 1.747

1.78 1.782 1.786 1.786 1.788

1.785 1.815 1.797 1.815 1.829

995 996 997 998 999

557 660 1723 576 2219

1.93 1.87 1.90

1.99 2.00 2.00 2.03 2.05

2.02 2.01 2.05

952 953 954 955 956

1420 1670 1300 2337 2808

1.783 1.78 1.780

1.818 2.04 1.802

573 617 329 2375 1326

2.050 2.0763 2.09 2.10 2.1

2.050 2.0780

1.813

1000 1001 1002 1003 1004

2.042 1.8037

1.763

1.788 1.79 1.793 1.795 1.799

957 958 959 960 961

735 1362 1301 1007 2376

1.76 1.783 1.79 1.775

1.80 1.8 1.801 1.807 1.815

1.81 1.834 1.84 1.825

1005 1006 1007 1008 1009

541 539 1696 535 335

962 963 964 965 966

2582 583 1009 2346 2802

1.74 1.820 1.800 1.750

1.816 1.82 1.826 1.831 1.832

1.88 1.846 1.832

1010 1011 1012 1013 1014

967 968 969 970 971

1049 999 1430 2363 2221

1.8090 1.69 1.773 1.825 1.85

1.8380 1.84 1.840 1.842 1.85

1.8593 1.85 1.845 1.857 1.99

972 973 974 975 976

2220 639 2492 707 1010

1.85 1.789

2.02 1.877

1.8600 1.73

1.85 1.852 1.865 1.8671 1.870

977 978 979 980 981

1027 1407 1794 1302 553

1.655 1.835 1.817 1.87 1.8771

982 983 984

3010 2334 2361

1.527 1.900

\

ß

7

Refractive index

1.908

1.70 2.08 1.816 2.0767

\

ß

j

7

2.065

2.23 2.16 2.126? 2.1580

2.04 2.14

2.102 2.1161 2.15 2.15 2.15

1421 2374 473 1336 1327

2.12 1.77 2.13 1.94 2.10

2.17 2.18 2.19 2.20 2.20

2.31 2.35 2.20 2.51 2.31

1015 1016 1017 1018 1019

1391 529 1697 1671 1807

2.19 2.1992 2.17 2.09 2.22

2.20 2.2172 2.22 2.24 2.25

2.33 2.2596 2.32 2.26 2.29

1.8853 1.91

1020 1021 1022 1023 1024

1784 1781 536 1694 279

2.17 2.18 2.24 2.27 2.18

2.26 2.27 2.27 2.27 2.35

2.32 2.35 2.31 2.30 2.35

1.875 1.877 1.879 1.88 1.8823

1.909 1.886 2.057 1.93 1.8937

1025 1026 1027 1028 1029

2331 1335 878 446 917

2.26 2.37 2.583

2.38 2.39 2.5 2.586 3

2.40 2.65 2.741

1.903 1.907 1.91

1.952 2.034 1.91

1030 1031 1032

1096 1101 296

3.194

3 3 4.046

2.15 2.18

4.303

MISCELLANEOUS

ÎÔ339441.8311.861 ( g r e e n ) 1 . 8 8 0 1 0 3 7 . 1 3 1 4 3 . 5 1 . 4 6 1 1 . 4 4 9 1034 429 1.3996 1.4102 1037.2 3017.5 1.466 1.455 1035 432 1.4057 1.4165 1038 3009 1.4676 1.620 1036 418 1.4248 1.4382 1039 1399 1.500 1.660 1037 2994 1.452 1.465 1040 2776 | 1.518 1.527

^

Serial No. 1041 1042 1043 1044 1045

Gen. index No. 2213 2644 2646 1322 2348

a 1.575 1.584 1.594 1.62 1.6226

1046 1047 1048 1049 1050

2323 2570 2414 2319 1075

1.641 1.6704 1.675 1.717 1.729

1051 1052 1053 1054 1055

2549 2560 716 582 3081

1.810 1.817 1.90 1.553

1.555 (Li)

1.97 1.571

1056 1057 1058 1059 1060

82 2355 1263 599 1631

2.00 2.200 2.24 2.30 2.31

2.18(Li) 2.200 (Li) 2.24 (Li) 2.35 (Li) 2.37(Li)

2.35 2.290 2.53 2.40 2.66

\

Refractive index ß \

y 1.649 1.604 1.614 1.63 1.7643 1.650

1.685 1.735 1.788 1.789 1.830

Serial No. 1061 1062 1063 1064 1065

Gen. index No. 1412 1698 1800 1766 1661

1066 1067 1068 1069 1070

1093 271 525 1411 887

1071 1072 1073 1074 1075

272 723 298 2770 3177

1076 1077 1078

2524 3114 935

a 2.38

2.41

2.48 2.46 2.51 2.35

\

Refractive index • ß \ T 2.39 (Li) 2.42 2.40 (Li) 2.40 (Li) 2.50 (Li) 2.51 2.55 (Li) 2.58 (Li) 2.59 (Li) 2.61 (Li) 2.62 (Li) 2.64 (Li)

>2.72 (Li) >2.72 >2.72 (Li) 2.74(Li) 1.473 (red) . 1.5226 (red)

2.60 2.61 2.71 2.66

> 2.72 (Li)

1.532 (red) 1.591 (red) 2.63 (red)

INDEX OF MINERAL NAMES Acanthite, 1066 Acmite, 1808 Adamite, 793 Adelite, 2423 Aegirite, 2808 Agricolite, 401 Aikinite, 1051 Akermanite, 2430 Alabandite, 1273 Alamosite, 663 Albite, 2865 Allaetite, 1303 Almandite, 1928 Altaite, 560 Alumian, 1872 Aluminite, 1871 Alunite, 3134 Alunogenite, 1874 Amarantite, 1357 Amblygonite, 2658 Analcite, 2864 Anapaite, 2356 Anatase, 445 Ancylite, 2492 Andalusite, 1898 Anglesite, 553 Anhydrite, 2248 Annabergite, 1569 Anorthite, 2400 Antigorite, 2180 Antlerite, 964 Apatite, 2275 Apiohnite, 1918 Apophyllite, 3162 Aragonite, 2284 Arcanite, 2938 Argentite, 1067 Argyrodite, 1115 Arizonite, 1411 Armangite, 1299 Arsenic siderite, 2357 Arseniosiderite, 2358 Arsenoferrite, 1385 Arsenolite, 260

Arsenopyrite, 1390 Artinite, 2166 Ascharite, 2212 Atacamite, 944 Atelestite, '335 Augelite, 1888 Au4omolite,1119 Autunite, 2368 Azurite, 1028 Baddeleyite, 473 Bakerite, 2389 Barite, 2521 Barylite, 2593 Barysilite, 666 Barytocalcite, 2595 Bassetite, 2369 Bastnäsite, 1994 Baumhauerite, 595 Bavenite, 2416 Bea vérité, 1433 Beegerite, 615 Bementite, 1321 Benitoite, 2563 Beraunite, 1380 Berthierite, 1392 Bertrandite, 2122 Beryl, 2125 Beryllonite, 2876 Beudantite, 1419 Bieberite, 1463 Bilinite, 1361 Binnite, 1015 Bisbeeite, 1043 Bischofite, 2132 Bismite, 310 Bismuthinite, 325 Bismutospherite, Cl Bixbyite, 1437 Biodi te (= Bioedite), 288 Bobierrite, 2154 Boothite, 962 Boracite, 2215 Borax, 2848 Bornite, 1426

Botryogenite, 2198 Boulangerite, 606 Boussingaultite, 2150 Brandtite, 2350 Braunite, 1320 Breithauptite, 1571 Brochantite, 966 Bromyrite, 1062 Brookite, 446 Brucite, 2129 Brugnatellite, 2200 Brushite, 2265 Bunsenite, 1528 Bustamite, 2353 Cacoxenite, 1379 Calamine, 813 Cala veri te, 1139 Calcioferrite, 2357 Calcite, 2285 Calomel, 882 Camsellite, 2213 Canfieldite, 1116 Caracalite, 2781 Carborundum, 403 Carminite, 1417 Carnallite, 3146 Carnegieite, 2860 Carnotite, 3124 Carpholite, 1920 Carphosiderite, 1364 Cassiterite, 485 Celestite, 2451 Celsian, 2591 Cerargytite, 1059 Cerussite, 617 Cervantite, 278 Chalcanthite, 961 Chalcocite, 956 Chalcomenite, 972 Chalcophyllite, 1011 Chalcopyrite, 1425 Chalcosiderite, 1430 Chalcostibite, 1019 Chenevixite, 1431

Childrenite, 1926 Chiolite, 2851 Chiviatite, 612 Chlorapatite, 2274 Chlormanganokalite, 3079 Chlorocalcite, 3158 Chloromagnesite, 2131 Chondrodite, 2184 Chromite, 1639 Chrysoberyl, 2124 Chrysolite, 2179 Churchite, 2419 Cinnabarite, 901 Claudetite, 261 Clausthalite, 558 Clinochlore, 2227 Clinoclasite, 1010 Clinoenstatite, 2175 Clinohedrite, 2340 Clinohumite, 2186 Clinozoisite, 2417.1 Cobaltite, 1506 Colemanite, 2381 Colerainite, 2226 Connarite, 1582 Connellite, 969 Copiapite, 1363 Coquimbite, 1359 Cordylite, 2594 Corkite, 1416 Corundum, 1858 Cosalite, 611 Cotinnite, 529 Covellite, 955 Crednerite, 1328 Creedite, 2399 Crestmoreite, 2324 Cristobalite, 340 Crocidolite, 2810 Crocoite, 1631 Cronstedtite, 2201 Cryolite, 2852 Cryptohalite, 398

Cubanite, 1427 Cuprite, 936 Cuprodescloizite, 1784 Cuprotungstite, 1696 Custerite, 2327 Cyanite, 1899 Cyanochroite, 3043 Cyanotrichite, 1913 Dahtlite, 2307 Danburite, 2386 Daphnite, 1929 Darapskite, 2708 Datolite, 2387 Dawsonite, 2859 Derbylite, 1413 Descloizite, 1781 Destinezite, 1382 Dewindtite, 1735 Diadochite, 1383 Diaphorite, 1118 Diaspore, 1859 Didymolite, 2413 Dietzeite, 2363 Dihydrite, 1000 Diopside, 2427 Dioptasite, 1044 Dixenite, 1324 Dolomite, 2425 Domeykite, 1004 Domingite, 603 Dufrenoysite, 592 Dumortierite, 1937 Dundasite, 1909 Durangite, 2858 Durdenite, 1365 Durfeidtite, 602 Ecdemite, 588 Ectropite, 1322 Edingtonite, 2592 Eglestonite, 890 Elpidite, 2780 Emplectite, 1022 Enargite, 1014 Enstatite, 2176

Eosphorite, 1919 Epididymite, 2877 Epistilbite, 2406 Epsomite, 2145 Erinite, 1009 Eriochalite, 940 Erionite, 3189 Erythrite, 1505 Ettringite, 2397 Euchroite, 1008 Euclase, 2126 Eucryptite, 2659 Eudidymite, 2878 EuIytite, 402 Fairfieldite, 2349 Faujasite, 2899 Fayalite, 1407 Felsoebanyite, 1875 Ferberite, 1698 Ferrinatrite, 2804 Ferritungstite, 1699 Ferrocolumbite, 1800 Fibroferrite, 1358 Fiedlerite, 541 Flinkite, 1301 Florencite, 2004 Fluellite, 1863 Fluocerite, 1978 Fluorapatite, 2273 Fluorite, 2235 Forsterite, 2177 Francolite, 2309 Freieslebénite, 1119 Fremontite, 2857 Friedelite, 1439.1 Gadolinite, 2127 Gahnite, 1911 Galena, 552 Galenobismutite, 610 Ganomalite, 2338 Gano-hyllite, 1922 Gaylussite, 2894 Gearksutite, 2395 Gehlenite, 2433

Geikielite, 2187 Genthite, 2203 Geocromite, 605 Georgiadesite, 589 Gerhard tite, 976 Gersdorffite, 1570 Gibbsite, 1860 Gillespite, 2572 Gismondite, 2404 Glaserite, 3181 Glauberite, 2889 Glaubers salt, 2693 Glaucochroite, 2351 Glockerite, 1362 Goethite, 1335 Goslarìte, 760 Goyazite, 2489 Greenockite, 835 Grossularite, 2415 Grunerite, 1406 Guanajuatite, 327 Guejarite, 1020 Guitermanite, 597 Gypsum, 2249 Raiding eri te, 2278 Halite, 2671 Halotrichite, 1924 Hambergite, 2123 Hanksite, 3185 Hannayite, 2158 Hardystonite, 2341 Hauerite, 1274 Hausmannite, 1264 Haiiynite, 2902 Hedenbergite, 2360 Heintzite, 3157 Hemafibrite, 1302 Hematite, 1334 Hercynite, 1923 Hessite, 1072 Heulandite, 2407 Hewettite, 2374 Hexahydrite, 2144 Hibschite, 2401 Hieratite, 3016 Higginsite, 2346 Hillebrandite, 2321 Hinsdalite, 1908 Hoernesite, 2159 a-Hopeite, 781 0-Hopeite, 782 Howlite, 2388 Huebnerite, 1697 Humite, 2185 Hureaulite, 1298 Hydroboracite, 2432 Hydrocerusite, 657 Hydrocyanite, 958 Hydroherderite, 2421 Hydromagnesite, 2167 Hydronephelite, 2869 Hydrophilite, 2236 Hydrotalcite, 2224 Hydrozincite, 807 Iddingsite, 1408 Ilmenite, 1410 Ilvaite, 2361 Inyoite, 2383 lodyrite, 1064 Isoclasite, 213 Jacobsite, 1438 Jadeite, 2863 Jamesonite, 1418 Jarosite, 3085 Jercmejerite, 1934 Jordanite, 594 Kainite, 3151 Kalicinite, 2978

Kalinite, 3133 Kaliophilite, 3136 Kaolinite, 1901 Kasolite, 1736 Kempite, 1270.1 Kentrolite, 1327 Kermesite, 298 Kieserite, 2142 Kilbrickenite, 609 Kleinit, 891 Koechlinite, 1661 Koettigite, 792 Kroehnkite, 2789 Krugite, 3166 Lanarkite, 557 Langbeinite, 3150 Langite, 967 Lansfordite, 2165 Laubanite, 2412 Laumontite, 2405 Laurionite, 539 Laurite, 1235 Lautarite, 2246 Lawrencite, 1340 Lawsonite, 2402 Lazulite, 2230 Lazurite, 2872 Leadhillite, 660 Lechatelierite, 341 Lecontite, 2710 Leifite, 2866 Lengenbachite, 596, 1117 Leonite, 3148 Lepidocrocite, 1336 Leucite, 3137 Leucochalcite, 1007 Leucophanite, 2903 Leucosphenite, 2910 Levynite, 2403 Lewisite, 2333 Libethenite, 997 Lillianite, 613 Lime, 2232 Linarite, 1049 Lindackerite, 1585 Linnaeite, 1458 Liroconite, 1916 Litharge, 524 Lithiophilite, 2651 Livingstonite, 917 Lollingite, 1386 Lorandite, 723 Lorettoite, 538 Lossenite, 1420 Löweite, 2880 Lucinite, 1885 Ludlamite, 1381 Ludwigite, 2220 Lueneburgite, 2218 Magnesioferrite, 2196 Magnesioludwigite, 2221 Magnesite, 2163 Magnetite, 1337 Malachite, 1027 Manandonite, 2664 Manganite, 1263 Manganosite, 1258 Manganostibite, 1305 Manganotantalite, 1807 Marcasite, 1349 Margarite, 2409 Marialite, 2871 Marshite, 951 Martinite, 2269 Mascagnite, 174

Massicotite, 525 Matildite, 1103 Matlockite, 535 Maucherite, 1566 Maxite, 661 Meionite, 2417 Melanotekite, 1421 Melanterite, '1356 Meliphanite, 2904 Mendipite, 536 Mendozite, 2854 Meneghinite, 604 Merwinite, 2428 Mesolite, 2900 Metacinnabarite, 900 Metahewettite, 2375 Meta-torbernite, 1737 Meta-variscite, 1884 Meyerhofferite, 2382 Miargyrite, 1097 Microcline, 3138 Microcosmic salt, 2733 Mìersite, 1123 Mìlarite, 3164 Millerite, 1541 Mimetite, 587 Minasragrite, 1762 Miniumite, 527 Mirabilite, 2694 Misenite, 2948 Mixité, 1025.1 Molybdenite, 1651 Molybdite, 1670 Molybdophillite, 2189 Molysìte, 1342 Monetite, 2264 Monimolite, 598 Montanite, 329 Monticellite, 2426 Montroydite, 878 Morenosite, 1548 Mullanite, 607 Mullite, 1904 Muscovite, 3140 Mysorine, 1026 Nadorite, 599 Nantokite, 939 Nasonite, 2339 Natroalunite, 2856 Natrochalcite, 2790 Natroj arosi te, 2802 Natrolite, 2862 Natron, 2753 Natrophilite, 2800 Naumannite, 1070 Nephelite, 2861 Nesquehonite, 2164 Newberyite, 2153 Newtonite, 1902 Niccolite, 1564 Niter, 2959 Nitrobarite, 2531 Nitrocalcite, 2257 Nitroglauberite, 2709 Nitromagnesite, 2148 Nordenskioeldine, 2390 Northupite, 2886 Noselite, 2873 Okenite, 2317 Oldhamite, 2247 Olivenite, 1006 Opal, 344 Orientite, 2352 Orpiment, 272 Orthoclase, 3139 Pachnolite, 2897 Palaite, 1297 Pandermite, 2384

Paragonite, 2867 Rinneite, 3186 Parahopeite, 783 Riversideite, 2322 Paralaurionite, 540 Romeite, 2282 Paraluminite, 1876 Rutherfordine, 1726 Paramelaconite, 934 Rutile, 447 Parasepiolite, 2178 Safflorite, 1500 Paravauxite, 1925 Salammoniac, 132 Parisite, 2420 Salmonsite, 1439 Pascoite, 2376 Sapphirine, 2229 Pectolite, 2895 Sarkinite, 1300 Penfieldite, 537 , Sartorite, 591 Percylite, 1048 Sassolite, 1809 Periclase, 2128 Scacchite, 1268 • Perovskite, 2331 Schall eri te, 1324 Petalite, 2663 Scheelite, 2366.1 Pharmacolite, 2279 Scorodite, 1387 Pharmacosiderite, 1389 Sellaite, 2130 Phenacite, 2121 Senarmontite, 280 Phoenicochroite, 1632 Shattuckite, 1045 Phosgenite, 658 Siderite, 1394 Phosphochalite, 1001 Sideronatrite, 2803 Phosphuranylite, 1720 Siderolite, 1355 Pickeringite, 2223 Sillimanite, 1900 Picromerite, 3149 Skutterudite, 1502 Pinakiolite, 2219 Smaltite, 1501 Pinnoite, 2211 Smithite, 1093 Pirssonite, 2893 Smithsonite, 794 Pitchblende, 1705 Sodalite, 2870 Plagionite, 608 Soda-niter, 2705 Plancheite, 1046 Soddite, 1733 Plattnerite, 526 Spangolite, 1914 Plumbogummite, 1907 Spencerite, 786 Plumboj arosi te, 1415 Spessartite, 1921 Plumosite, 601 Sphalerite, 756 Podolite, 2308 Spherite, 1889 Polianite (Pyrosulite), Spherocobaltite, 1507 1260 Spinel, 2222 Pollucite, 3351 Spodumene, 2660 Polyargyrite, 1102 Spurrite, 2330 Polybasite, 1101 Stannite, 1432 Polydymite, 1544 Staurolite, 1930 Polyhalite, 3165 Stellerite, 2408 Powellite, 2365 Stephanite, 1100 Prehnite, 2411 Stercorite, 2733 Priceite, 2385 Stewartite, 1296 Prolectite, 2183 Stibnite, 296 Prosopite, 2396 Stichtite, 2207 Proustite, 1095 Stokesite, 2335 Pseudobrookite, 1412 Stolzite, 1695 Pseudolibethemte, 998 Strengite, 1377 Pseudomesolite, 2901 Stromeyerite, 1124 Pseudowollastonite, Strontianite, 2463 2315 Struvite, 2157 Pucherite, 1766 Stylotypite, 1021 Pyrargyrite, 1098 Sulphoborite, 2217 Pyrite, 1350 Sulphohalite, 2700 Pyroaurite, 2199 Svabite, 2281 Pyrochroite, 1259 Svanbergite, 2490 Pyromorphite, 573 Syepoorite, 1457 Pyrope, 2225 Sylvite, 2921 Pyrophanite, 1325 Symplesite, 1388 Pyrophyllite, 1903 Syngenite, 3159 Pyrostilpnite, 1099 Szaìbelyite, 2216 Pyrrhotite, 1353 Szmikite, 1276 Quartz, 342 Szomolnokite, 1354 Quetenite, 2197 Tachyhydrite, 2422 Rammelsbergite, 1565 Tagilite, 999 Raspite, 1694 Tale, 2181 Rathite, 593 Tamarugite, 2853 Realgar, 271 Taramellite, 2573 Reddingite, 1295 Tarapacaite, 3100 Rezbanyite, 614 Tarbuttite, 785 Rhagite, 336 Taylorite, 2964 Rhodizite, 3141 Teallite, 667 Rhodochrosite, 1307 Tellurite, 82 Rhodonite, 1318 Tennanite, 1053 Rhomboclasite, 1360 Tenorite, 935 Riebeckite, 2809 Tephròite, 1319

Terlinguaite, 887 Tetradymite, 330 Thalenite, 1956 Thaumasite, 2329 Thenardite, 2691 Thermonatrite, 2751 Thomsenolite, 2898 Thorianite, 668 Thorite, 677 Thortveitite, 1944 Tilasite, 2424 Titanite, 2334 Topaz, 1905 Torbernite, 17& Trechmannite, 1094 Tremolite, 2429 Trichalcite, 1005 Tridymite, 343 Trigonite, 1326 Triphylite, 2652 Tripuhyite, 1391 Troegerite, 1721 Troilite, 1348 Tronite, 2765 Tschermigite, 1882 Tsumebite, 1050 Tungstite, 1671 Turquois, 1915 Tuxtlite, 2905 Tychite, 2887 Tyrolite, 1012 Ulexite, 2896 Ullmannite, 1573 Umangite, 971 Uraninite, 1702 Uranocircite, 2583 Uranophane, 2372 Uranopilite, 2367 Uranospherite, 1722 Uranospinite, 2370 Uranothallite, 2371 Uruolggite, 2345 Ussingite, 2868 Uvanite, 1794 Uvarovite, 2364 Valentinite, 279 Vanadinite, 1776 Vanthoffite, 2882 Vauxite, 1927 Vegasite, 1414 Velardenite, 2410 Villiaumite, 2670 Vivianite, 1378 Vrbaite, 724 Wagnerite, 2156 Walpurgite, 1723 Wapplerite, 2280 Wattevillite, 2890 Whewellite, 2288 Willemite, 812 Witherite, 2542 Wittichenite, 1023 Wollastonite, 2316 Wulfenite, 1668 Würtzite, 755 Xanthoconite, 1096 Xenotime, 1951 Zaratite, 1576 Zebedassite, 2228 Zeophyllite, 2326 Zepharovichite, 1886 Zeunerite, 1739 Zincaluminite, 1912 Zincite, 744 Zinkenite, 600 Zinkosite, 757 Zircon, 483 Zoisite, 2418

(T-TABLE [Compounds of carbon with elements having key-numbers below 16] Acknowledgement is made to Prof. E. E. Reid for advice in connection with nomenclature and for his reading of the manuscript of this section.

o 2 T3 ^g e£> O

!

« I H t? O) OO a« I*

M

Si? Ji: JSH « ^jW Qfl »di 'S w 'E § ~*

1 1.1 2 3 4 5

CBi2O5 CBrClO CBrCl3 CBrN CBr2O CBr3NO2

Bismutospherite Carbonyl bromochloride Bromotrichloromethane Cyanogen bromide Carbonyl bromide Bromopicrin

510.00 143.37 198.29 105.92 187.83 297.76

6

CBr4

Carbon tetrabromide.

331.66

7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 17.1 17.2 17.3 17.4 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29

CClN CCl2N2O4 CCl2O CCl2S CCl3NO2 CCl4 CF4 CIN CIN3O6 CI4 CN4O8 COS CSSe CS2 CHBrCl2 CHBr3 CHCl3 CHF3 CHI3 CHN CHNO CHNS CHN3O6 CH2Br2 CH2ClNO CH2Cl2 CH2I2

Cyanogen chloride Dichlorodinitromethane Cl 2 C(NO 2 ),.... Carbonyl chloride (Phosgene) Thiophosgene Chloropicrin Cl3CNO2 Carbon tetrachloride Carbon tetrafluoride Cyanogen iodide Iodotrinitromethane CI(NO 2 ) 3 Carbon tetraiodide Tetranitromethane C(NO 2 ) 4 Carbonyl sulfide Carbon sulfoselenide Carbon disillude Bromodichloromethane Bromoform Chloroform Fluoroform lodoform Hydrocyanic acid HCN Cyanic acid HCNO Thiocyanic acid HCNS Nitroform CH(NO 2 ) 3 Méthylène bromide Carbamyl chloride ClCONH2 Méthylène chloride Méthylène iodide

61.466 174.93 98.916 114.98 164.38 153.83 88.00 152.94 276.96 519.73 196.03 64.065 123.265 76.130 163.84 252.76 119.38 70.008 393.80 27.016 43.016 59.081 151.032 173.85 79.481 84.931 267.88

30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49

CH2N2 CH 2 N 2 CH2N2O3 CH 2 N 2 O 4 CH 2 N 4 CH2O (CH2O)x CH2O2 CH3AsCl2 CH3AsO CH3Br CH3Cl ' CH3ClO CH3ClO2S CH3F CH3I CH3NO CH3NO CH3NO2 CH3NO2

Cyanamide CN.NH2 Diazomethane H 2 C:N 2 Methylnitrolic acid O 2 NCHNOH Dinitromethane H 2 C(NO 2 ) 2 Tetrazole Formaldehyde HCHO Paraformaldehyde Formic acid HCO2H Methylarsine dichloride Methylarsinous oxide Methyl bromide Methyl chloride Methyl hypochlorite CH3OCl Methylsulfone chloride Methyl fluoride Methyl iodide Formamide HCONH2 Formaldoxime H2C:NOH Nitromethane CH3NO2 Methyl nitrite CH3ONO

42.031 42.031 90.031 106.031 70.047 30.015 (30.015)x 46.015 160.90 105.98 94.939 50.481 66.481 114.546 34.023 141.96 45.031 45.031 61.031 61.031

i It

3^ » ^,.OD. •§l»g a -*£„ Hall gslsS

d.

I

Wl OO "^ n> lil i w™ 0 ^

10.3

25 172 61.6 64.5 12711S

7.35 1.8215 1.959J 4 ' 6 2.015 2.44 2.799

pV/U. JL

^*f

189.5

3.42

-6 122.5 -104

13.8

1.186

8.3 73.5 112.4 76.8 -15

l. 392 1.509" 1.692° 1.595

-21 52

(

^S U

-64 -23.0 -80 146.5 56 d. 13 -138 -111.6 7.7 -63.5 119 -14 d. 5 15 -52.8 50 -96.7 5.2; 5.7 44 -145 64 < -15 155 -92 160 8.4 - 59 95 -93 -97.6

-66.1 -5 -29.2

125.7 -48 84.5 46.3 92 150.4 61.2 20 40at 26 d. > 100 d. 97.8 62 40.1 18Od. 14019 d. -23

4.32 1.650Ì3 1.24-87 1.261|J 1.92515 2.890 1.489 2.53 4.1 0.699 l. 140°

*.0 *0OS Ob~fc« 'JoSS flW) «ci« s« 697

826

721 470 476

364

772 417 1189 809

2.46JI 1.336 3.325

273 870

1.083

1073

100 d. -21

O. SIS"20

100.5 136

1.220 1.838

4.6 -23.7 13.4 160 -78.0 42.6 193 84 101.9 -12

1.732? 0.92018

25

1.510 2.279 1.139 1.139 0.99115

696 995 43

No. 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 64.1 65 66 67 67.1 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 84.1 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109

Formula CH3NO3 CH3NS CH3N3 CH3N3O3 CH4 CH 4 N 2 O CH 4 N 2 O 2 CH4N2S CH4N2S CH4N4O2 CH4O CH4O3S CH4O4S CH4S CH5As CH6AsO3 CH6N CH6NO CH6NO2 CH5NO3 CH 5 N 3 CH5N3O CH5N3O4 CH5N3S CH5O3P CH6P CH6ClN CH6ClN3 CH6ClN3O CH 6 N 2 CH 6 N 4 CH6N4O2 CH6N4O3 CH 6 N 4 O 4 CH7ClNH4 C2Br2 C2Br2Cl2 C2Br2Cl4 C2Br2O2 C2Br4 C2Br6 C2Cl2 C2Cl2O2 C2Cl4 C2Cl4O2 C2Cl6 C2I2 C2I4 C2N2 C2N2S C2N4O6 C 2 N 6 Oi 2 C2HBr C2HBrCl2 C2HBr3 C2HBr3Cl2 C2HBr3O C2HBr3O2 C2HBr5 C2HCl3 C2HCl3O C2HCl3O C2HCl3O2

Name

MoI. wt.

Methyl nitrate CH3ONO2 Thioformamide HCSNH2 Methyl azide.... Nitrourea O 2 NNHCONH 2 Methane Urea H 2 NCONH 2 Methylnitramine CH 3 NHNO 2 Ammonium thiocyanate Thiourea H 2 NCSNH 2 . Nitroguanidine H 2 NC(:NH)N.HNO 2 .. . Methyl alcohol CH3OH Methylsulfonic acid CH3SO3H Methyl sulfuric acid CH3SO4H Methylmercaptan CH3SH Methylarsine CH3AsH2 Methyl arsenate CH3AsO(OH)2 Methylamine CH3NH2 AT-Methylhydroxylamine CH 3 NHOH... Ammonium formate HCO2NH4 Ammonium hydrogen carbonate Diazoaminomethane Semicarbazide H 2 NCONHNH 2 Urea nitrate H 2 NCONH 2 .HNO 3 Thiosemicarbazide H 2 NCSNHNH 2 Methylphosphinic acid CH 3 PO(OH) 2 ... Methylphosphine CH3PH2 Methylamine hydrochloride Guanidine hydrochloride Semicarbazide hydrochloride Methylhydrazine CH 3 NHNH 2 Methyltetrazine CH 3 NHN :NNH 2 Guanidine nitrite (NH2)2C(:NH).HNO2 Guanidine nitrate Semicarbazide nitrate Aminoguanidine hydrochloride Dibromoacetylene BrCiCBr 1, 2-Dibromo-l, 2-dichloroethylene 1, 2-Dibromo-l, 1, 2, 2-tetrachloroethane. Oxalyl bromide (COBr)2 Tetrabromoethylene Br2CiCBr2 Hexabromoethane Br3CCBr3 Dichloroacetylene ClCiCCl Oxalyl chloride (COCl)2 Tetrachloroethylene Cl2CiCCl2 Trichloromethyl chloroformate Hexachloroethane Cl3CCCl3 Diiodoacetylene ICiCI Tetraiodoethylene I2CiCI2 Cyanogen CN.CN Cyanogen sulfide (CN)2S Trinitroacetonifcrile Hexanitroethane (O 2 N) 3 CC(NO 2 ) 3 Bromoacetylene BrCiCH 1, 2-Dichloro-l-bromoethylene Tribromoethylene Br2CiCHBr 1, 2, 2-Tribromo-l, 2-dichloroethane Bromal Br3CCHO Tribromoacetic acid Br3CCO2H Pentabromoethane Br3CCHBr2 Trichloroethylene Cl2CiCHCl Chloral Cl3CCHO Dichloroacetyl chloride Cl 2 CHCOCl.... Trichloroacetic acid Cl3CCO2H

77.031 61.096 57.047 105.05 16.0308 60.047 76.047 76.112 76.112 104.063 32.031 96.096 112.09 48.096 91.999 139.999 31.047 47.047 63.047 79.047 59.063 75.063 123.06 91.128 96.063 48.063 67.512 95.528 Ill .53 46.062 74.078 106.08 122.079 138.08 110.54 183.83 254.75 325.66 215.83 343.66 503.50 94.916 126.916 165.83 197.83 236.75 277.86 531.73 52.016 84.081 176.03 300.05 104.924 175.84 264.76 335.67 280.76 296.76 424.59 131.38 147.38 147.38 163.38

M. P.

B. P.

d __ exp. 65 l.21715

?1 L No.

29 21 15Od. -184 132.7 38 149.6 182 231 -97.8 < -30 -121.0 161 -92.5 42 116 d. -12 96 153d. 183 105 226

-161.4 d. 160

0.869?5 0.415"164 1.335 1.243f 6 1.305 1.405

64.5 16710

0.792 1.481

7.6 2

0.868

-6.5 62.515

0.699-11 1.0003 1.266 1.573

1167 1077

2

1234 226 1223

92 s. d. 1.664 -14 23015 1333

173 d. 87.5 130 78.5 1333 123 163 4.4 -19.5 57.5 -50 -12 -22.4 -57 185 82 187 -34.4 60 41.5 142 d. -83.5 6 130 57 -86.4 -57.5 57.5

76 172 104.4 227 210 64 120.8 127.5 185 -20.5

2 2.304J5 2.713 "

894 1308

3.823

1316

1.488Ì3'4 1.623 1.65314 2.091

822 623

2.983 0.86617-2

exp. 220 -2 113.8 164 11216 174 245 d. 210300 88 98.1 108 195.3

1.913}5 2.708 2.635J5 2.3015 3.312 1.477 1.512 1.6174J

867 778 781

525 455

No.

Formula

Name

MoI. wt.

110 111 112 112.1 113 114 115

C2HCl3O2 C2HCl5 C2HF3 C2HF3O2 C2HI C2HI3O2 C2H2

Dichloromethyl chloroformate Pentachloroethane Cl3CCHCl2 Trifluoroethylene Trifluoroacetic acid F3CCO2H Iodoacetylene ICiCH Triiodoacetic acid I3CCO2H Acetylene HCiCH

163.38 202.298 82.008 114.01 151.94 437.80 26.015

116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 ' 150 151 152 152.1 153 154 155

C2H2AsCl3 C2H2BrCl C2H2BrCl C2H2BrClO C2H2BrClO2 C2H2BrCl3 C 2 H 2 Br 2 C 2 H 2 Br 2 C2H2Br2O C2H2Br2O2 C2H2Br3Cl C2H2Br4 C2H2Br4 C2H2ClIO2 C2H2ClNO C2H2Cl2 C2H2Cl2 C2H2Cl2O C2H2Cl2O C2H2Cl2O2 C2H2Cl2O2 C2H2Cl3NO C2H2Cl4 C2H2Cl4 C2H2F2O2 C2H2F3NO C2H2I2O2 C2H2N4 C2H2O C2H2O2 C2H2O4 C2H3Br C2H3BrO C2H3BrO2 C2H3Br3 C2H3Br3O C2H3Br3O2 C2H3Cl C2H3ClO C2H3ClO2

2-Chlorovinylarsine dichloride cis-l-Bromo-2-chloroethylene frans-l-Bromo-2-chloroethylene Chloroacetyl bromide ClCH2COBr Bromochloroacetic acid BrClCHCO2H.. 1-Bromo-l, 2, 2-trichloroethane 1, 1-Acetylene dibromide CH 2 :CBr 2 .... 1, 2-Acetylene dibromide BrCHiCHBr. Bromoacetyl bromide BrCH2COBr Dibromoacetic acid Br2CHCO2H 1, 2, 2-Tribromo-l-chloroethane 1, 1, 1,2-Tetrabromoethane BrCH2CBr3 1,1,2, 2-Tetrabromoethane Chloroiodoacetic acid ClICHCO2H Chloromethyl isocyanate ClCH 2 CNO... cia-1, 2-Acetylene dichloride trans-1, 2-Acetylene dichloride Dichloroacetaldehyde Cl2CHCHO Chloroacetyl chloride ClCH2COCl Dichloroacetic acid Cl2CHCO2H Chloromethyl chloroformate Trichloroacetamide Cl3CCONH2 1, 1, 1, 2-Tetrachloroethane 1, 1, 2, 2-Tetrachloroethane Difluoroacetic acid F2CHCO2H Trifluoroacetamide F3CCONH2 Diiodoacetic acid I2CHCO2H I 7 2, 4, 5-Tetrazine Ketene CH2:CO Glyoxal CHO.CHO Oxalic acid HO2CCO2H Vinyl bromide CH2:CHBr Acetyl bromide CH3COBr Bromoacetic acid CH2BrCO2H 1, 1, 2-Tribromoethane BrCH 2 CHBr 2 .. Tribromoethyl alcohol Br 3 CCH 2 OH.... Bromal hydrate Vinyl chloride CH2:CHC1 Acetyl chloride CH3COCl Methyl chloroformate ClCO2CH3

207.35 141.39 141.39 157.39 183.39 212.31 185.85 185.85 201.85 217.85 301.22 345.68 345.68 220.41 91.481 96.931 96.931 112.931 112.931 128.931 128.931 162.40 167.85 167.85 96.015 113.023 311.88 82.047 42.015 58.015 90.015 106.939 122.939 138.939 266.77 282.77 298.77 62.481 78.481 94.481

M. P. -29.0 -15.6 15Od. -81.8

41 23.8 -21

48 20.6 0.0 0.1 90 -50.0 -80.5 10; -4 141 -43.8 -0.35 74.8 110 99 -151 15 189 -137.8 - 96.5 50 -26 80 53 -112.0

B. P. 116 162 -51 72.5 32

d 1.55814 1.709J 1.26~78 1.535°

?1 L No. 614

Liq. 0.613-80 Sol. 0.730-85 190 1.888 84.7 1.797}5 863 75.4 1.77745 864 135 1.913° 211.7s. d. 1.98534° 104.1 2.0554° 92 2.178 110.2 2.256 719 150 2.317^;1J 232 22Od. 2.652J 4 780 103.513-5 2.875 794 15154 2.964 796

-83.6

81 48.4 60.3 90.5 105 193.5 108 240 130.5 146.3 134.2766 162.5 -56 50.4 15.8 76.7 208 188.4 9411

1.265}5 1.291J5

853 854

1.495° 1.563 1.516

490

1.588 1.600 1.526

528 567 4

1.14 2 1.517}4 1.529 5 1.934 2.579

46 1194 415 773 1333

-15 52 71.4

1.104 1.23615

76

1.37Oj6

1099

f<*61.2 156

C2H3ClO2

Chloroacetic acid

CH2ClCO2H

157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167

C 2 H 3 Cl 2 NO C2H3Cl3 C2H3Cl3 C2H3Cl3O C2H3Cl3O2 C2H3FO C2H3FO2 C2H3I C2H3IO C2H3IO C2H3IO2

Dichloroacetamide Cl2CHCONH2 1,1, 1-Trichloroethane CH3CCl3 1, 1, 2-Trichloroethane ClCH 2 CHCl 2 ... Trichloroethyl alcohol Cl3CCH2OH Chloral hydrate Cl3CCH(OH)2 Acetyl fluoride CH3COF Fluoroacetic acid CH2FCO2H Vinyl iodide CH2 :CHI Iodoacetaldehyde CH2ICHO Acetyl iodide CH3COI Iodoacetic acid ICH2CO2H

94.481 127.947 133.397 133.397 149.397 183.41 62.023 78.023 153.96 169.96 169.96 185.96

^~ '? 750.1 t«43.8(?) 98 -36.7 17.8 47.4 > - 60 33

82

189

-5

234.6 74.1 113.5 152.2 98 d. 20.5 165 56 8Od. 108

1.334 1.443 1.55023-3 1.908 0.99320 2.08° 1.9817

350 506 1258

No.

Formula

Name

MoI. wt.

M. P.

41.031 41.031 57.031 57.031 73.031 89.031 105.03 73.096 73.096 69.047 165.05 28.0308 143.405 137.96 187.86187.86 203.86 203.86 93.497 93.497 98.947 98.947 114.947 114.947 147.Ol 131.012 164.41 281.9 281.9 88.047 88.047 104.047 120.047 120.047 136.047 152.047 84.063 44.031 44.031 76.096 60.031 60.031 60.031

-41 -45

168 169 170 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 207 208 209 210 211 212 213

C2H3N C2H3N C2H3NO C2H3NO C2H3NO2 C2H3NO3 C 2 H 3 NO 4 C2H3NS C2H3NS C2H3N3 C2H3N3O6 C2H4 C2H4BrCl C2H4BrNO C2H4Br2 C2H4Br2 C2H4Br2O C2H4Br2O C2H4ClNO C2H4ClNO C2H4Cl2 C2H4Cl2 C2H4Cl2O C2H4Cl2O C2H4Cl2OS C2H4Cl2S C2H4Cl3NO C2H4I2 C2H4I2 C2H4N2O2 C2H4N2O2 C2H4N2O3 C2H4N2O4 C2H4N2O4 C2H4N2O5 C2H4N2O6 C2H4N4 C2H4O C2H4O C2H4OS C2H4O2 C2H4O2 C2H4O2

Acetonitrile CH3CN Methyl isocyanide CH3NC Glycollic nitrile HOCH2CN Methyl isocyanate CH3N :CO Nitroethylene CH2:CHNQ2 Oxamicacid HO2CCONH2 Nitroacetic acid O2NCH2CO2H Methyl thiocyanate CH3CNS Methyl isothiocyanate CH3N:CS 1, 2, 4-Triazole 1, 1, 1-Trinitroethane (O2N)3CCH3 Ethylene H 2 CiCH 2 l-Bromo-2-chloroethane ClCH2CH2Br.. Acetobromoamide CH3CONHBr 1, 1-Dibromoethane CH3CHBr2 Ethylene bromide BrCH2CH2Br Dibromoethyl alcohol Br 2 CHCH 2 OH... sî/ra.-Dibromomethyl ether (BrCH 2 ) 2 0. Acetochloroamide CH3CONHCl Chloroacetamide ClCH2CONH2 1, 1-Dichloroethane CH3CHCl2 Ethylene chloride ClCH2CH2Cl Dichloroethyl alcohol Cl 2 CHCH 2 OH... sî/m.-Dichloromethyl ether (C1CH2)2O.. Di-(chloromethyl) sulfoxide sî/w.-Dichloromethyl sulfide Chloral ammonia C13CCHO.NH3 1, 1-Diiodoethane CH3CHI2 Ethylene iodide ICH2CH2I Oxamide H2NOCCONH2 Glyoxime NOH:CHCH:NOH Ethylnitrolic acid CH3C(NO2):NOH. .. 1, 1-Dinitroethane CH3CH(NO2)2 Ethylene dinitrite ONOCH 2 CH 2 ONO.. Ethylene nitrite nitrate Dinitroglycol (CH2ONO2)2 Dicyandiamide H 2 NC(:NH)NHCN... . Acetaldehyde CH3CHO Ethylene oxide Thioacetic acid CH3COSH Glycollic aldehyde HOCH2CHO Acetic acid CH3CO2H Methyl formate HCO2CH3

214

C2H4O3

Glycollic acid

215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 224 225 226 227 228 229 230 231 232 233

C2H4O3 C2H4O3 C2H4O6S C2H4S C2H6AsO6 C2H6Br C2H6BrO C2H6BrO C2H6Cl C2H6ClO4S C2H6Cl2N C2H6ClO C2H6ClO C2H6ClO C2H5ClO2S C2H6ClO4 C2H5F C2H6FO

Methyl acid carbonate CH3HCO3 Ethylene ozonide Sulfoacetic acid HO3SCH2CO2H Ethylene sulfide Arsonoacetic acid (OH)2AsOCH2COOH Ethyl bromide 2-Bromoethyl alcohol BrCH 2 CH 2 OH... Bromomethyl methyl ether Ethyl chloride Chloromethyl methyl sulfate Ethyl dichloramine C2H6NCl2 2-Chloroethyl alcohol ClCH 2 CH 2 OH... Chloromethyl methyl ether Ethyl hypochlorite Ethylsulfone chloride CH 3 CH 2 SO 2 Cl... Ethyl perchlorate Ethyl fluoride 2-Fluoroethyl alcohol FCH 2 CH 2 OH....

HOCH2CO2H

76.031 76.031 76.031 140.10 60.096 184.00 108.955 124.955 124.955 64.497 160.56 113.963 80.497 80.497 80.497 128.562 128.497 48.039 64.039

21Od. 89 -51 35 121 56 -169.4 -16.6 108 10.0 -34 110 119.5 -96.7 -35.3 40 74 82 419 d. 178 88 37.5 d. -20 207 -123.5 -111.3 < -17 97 16.6 -99.8 (

B. P.

d

82 59.6 183 43 98.5

0.783 0.7564 1.104

133 119 260

1.068 1.069f

-103.8 103.7

0.566~i°2 1.79°

110 131.7 181 155 225.6 57.3 83.7 146 106 58.518 100 d. 179 d. d. 186 98

R

*L No. 6 952

1.07313-8

2.056 2.182 2.35° 2.201 1.174 1.257 1.14515 1.315

501 1052

647 710

227 400 349

1.414J4 2.84° 2.13210 1.667

exp. 116

1.3502^ 1.216° 1.472 1.49615

20.2 10.7 93

0.781 0.887J 1.07410

3 803

118.1 31.8

1.049 0.975

26 5

^*0

( p
-57

1816

86 55 152 -119.0 -138.7 -69.0

-26.5

38.0 150.3 87 12.2 9218 89 128.8 59.5 36.6 177.5 74 -32 103.4

1.034 1.430 1.685 1.53112-3 0.910 1.473 1.213 1.06310

275 555 458

107

1.357 1.7 1.114

21

No.

Formula

Name

234 235 236 237

C2H5I C2H5IO C2H5IO C2H6N

Ethyl iodide 2-Iodoethyl alcohol ICH2CH2OH Iodomethyl methyl ether ICH 2 OCH 3 ... Vinylamine H 2 CiCHNH 2

238

C2H5NO

Acetamide

239 240 241 242 243 244 245 246 247 248 249 250 251 252 253 254 255 256 257 258 259 260 261 262 263 264 265 266 267 268 269 270 271 272 273 274 275 276 277 278 279 280 281 282 283 284 285 286 287 288 289 290 290.1 291 292 293

C 2 H 5 NO C 2 H 5 NO 2 C2H6NO2 C2H5NO2 C2H5NO2 C 2 H 5 NO 2 C2H5NO2 C 2 H 5 NO 3 C 2 H 5 NO 3 C2H5NO4 (H2O) C 2 H 5 NO 4 C2H5NS C2H5N3O2 C2H6 C2H6AsBr C2H6AsCl C2H6AsCl3 C2H6AsI C 2 H 6 NO C2H6N2O C2H6N2O C2H6N4O2 C2H6N4S C2H6O C2H6O C2H6O2 C2H6O2S C2H6O3S C2H6O4 C2H6O4S C2H6O4S C2H6O6 C2H6O6S2 C2H6S C2H6S C2H6S2 C2H6S2 C2H6Se C2H6Te C2H7As C2H7As C2H7AsO2 C2H7AsO3 C2H7N C2H7N C 2 H 7 NO C 2 H 7 NO C 2 H 7 NO C2H7NO C2H7NO C 2 H 7 NO 2 C2H7NO3S C2H7N3 C2H7N3O4 C2H7O2P C2H7O3P

Acetaldoxime CH3CH:NOH Acetohydroxamic acid CH 3 CONHOH.. Aminoacetic acid H2NCH2CO2H Nitroethane CH3CH2NO2 Ethyl nitrite CH3CH2ONO Methyl carbamate CH3CONH2 Glycollicamide HOCH2CONH2 Nitroethyl alcohol O 2 NCH 2 CH 2 OH Ethyl nitrate CH3CH2ONO2 Ammonium hydrogen oxalate Nitroglycol HOCH2CH2NO3 Thioacetamide CH3CSNH2 Biuret NH(CONH 2 ), Ethane CH3.CH3 Cacodyl bromide (CH3)2AsBr Cacodyl chloride (CH3)2AsCl Cacodyl trichloride (CH3)2AsCl3 Cacodyl iodide (CHs) 2 AsI.... Aminoacetamide H 2 NCH 2 CONH 2 ...... Dimethymitrosamine (CHs) 2 KNO JV-Methylurea CH 3 NHCONH 2 Oxalyl dihydrazide (CONHNH 2 ), Guanidine thiocyanate Ethyl alcohol C2H5OH Methyl ether CH3OCH3 Glycol HOCH2CH2OH Dimethyl sulfone (CH3)2SO2 Methyl sulfite (CH3)2SO3 Acetyl peroxide (CH3CO)2O2 Ethylsulfuric acid C2H5SO4H .. Methyl sulfate (CHg) 2 SO 4 . Oxalic acid dihydrate Ethane-1, 2-disulfonic acid Methyl sulfide (CH3)2S Ethylmercaptan C2H5SH Methyl disulfide CH3SSCH3 Ethylenemercaptan HSCH2CH2SH Ethylhydroselenide C2H5SeH Methyl telluride (CHg)2Te Dimethylarsine (CHg)2AsH Ethylarsine C2H5AsH2 Cacodylic acid (CH3)2AsO.OH Ethylarsonic acid C 2 H 5 AsO(OH) 2 Dimethylamine (CHg)2NH Ethylamine C 2 H 5 NH 2 Acetaldehyde ammonia CH3CHO.NH3. 2-Aminoethyl alcohol H 2 NCH 2 CH 2 OH. Dimethylhydroxylamine (CH 3 ) 2 NOH... a-Ethylhydroxylamine NH2OC2H5 ß-Ethylhydroxylamine C2H5NHOH Ammonium acetate CH3CO2NH4 Taurine H2NCH2CH2SO3H Diazoaminoethane C2H5N.N.NH2 Methylurea nitrate Dimethylphosphinic acid (CH3)2PO.OH Ethylphosphinic acid C 2 H 6 PO(OH) 2 ....

CH3CONH2

MoI. wt. ! M. P. I 155.97 -108.5 171.97 171.97 43.047 59.047 59.047 75.047 75.047 75.047 75.047 75.047 75.047 91.047 91.047 107.047 107.047 75.112 103.063 30.0462 184.92 140.464 211.38 231.94 74.06 74.062 74.062 118.08 118.143 46.046 46.046 62.046 94.111 110. Ill 94.046 126.111 126.111 126.046 190.18 62.111 62. Ill 94.176 94.176 109.246 157.546 106.014 106.014 138.014 154.014 45.062 45.062 61.062 61.062 61.062 61.062 61.062 77.062 125.127 73.08 137.08 94.08 110.08

d

?1L No. 644

72.2 177 s. d. 125 56

1.933 2.905 2.02516 0.832

f*'°

by .4

222

1.159

JJ^1

47 88 233 d. < -50

115

0.966

1198 1070

(

i

B. P.

52 120 < -80 -102.0 d. 108.5 193 -172.0

114.8 17 177

1.161 1.056ÎS 0.900155

193.8 88.7

1.27O15 1.105 1.556 1.3111

-88.3 130 106.5

0.546~88

728

il i o,

1274 84

54

>1

50 d. 160 65 101 235 d. 118 -117.3 -138.0 -17.4 193 30 -31.8 101.5 104 -83.2 -121.0

200 95 -96.0 -80.6 97

59 d. 114 88 -12 128 76 44

152.5

1.003 1.204

356

78.5 -24.9 197.5 238 126.5 6321 d. 188.8

0.789 1.617 1.115

17

36.2 34.7 118 146 53.5 82 36 36 7.4 16.6 110 s. d. 171 42.4 68

92 s. d.

305

1.046 1.31617 1.333}^ 1.64 0.849 0.840 1.046 1.123 1.395

66 1206 323

1.21329 1.217 0.680? 0.689}{ 1.02220

1333 446

0.8837-5 0.908 1.073

1098

No. 294 295 296 297 298 299 300 301 302 303 304 305 306 307 308 308.1 309 310 311 312 313 313.1 314 315 316 317 318 319 320 321 322 323 323-1 324 325 326 327 328 329 330 331 332 332.1 333 334 335 336 337 338 339 340 341 342 343 344 345 346 347 348 349 350 351 352

Formula C2H7P C2H7P C2H8BrN C2H8ClN C2H8ClN C2H8IN C2H8N2 C2H8N2 C2H8N2 C 2 H 8 N 2 O 4 (H 2 O) C2H8N4 C2H8N4O3 C 2 Hi 0 Cl 2 N 2 C 2 Hi 0 N 2 O C 2 Hi 4 N 8 O 4 S C3Cl3N3 C3Cl8 C3O2 C3HCl3O2 C3HCl7 C 3HN C5H2Br2N2O C3H2Cl2O2 C3H2Cl3NO C3H2N2 C3H2N2O3 C3H2O C3H2O2 C3H3BrO2 C3H3BrO2 C3H3BrO4 C3H3Cl C3H3ClO C3H3ClO2 C3H3ClO2 C3H3ClO4 C3H3Cl3O C3H3Cl3O C3H3Cl3O2 C3H3Cl3O8 C3H3Cl6 C3H3N C3H3NO C3H3NO2 C3H3NS C3H3N3O3 C3H3N3O3 C3H4 C3H4 C3H4Br2 C3H4Br2 C3H4Br2 C3H4Br2O2 C3H4Br2O2 C3H4Br4 C3H4Br4 C3H4Cl2O C3H4Cl2O C3H4Cl2O2 C3H4Cl3NO2 C3H4N2 C3H4N2 C3H4N2O

Name

MoI. wt.

Dimethylphosphine (CH3)2PH Ethylphosphine C2H5PH2 Ethylamine hydrobromide Dimethylamine hydrochloride Ethylamine hydroehloride Ethylamine hydroiodide C 2 H 5 NH 2 .HI.. Ethylenediamine H 2 NCH 2 CH 2 NH 2 wrcsî/ra.-Dimethylhydrazine Ethylhydrazine C 2 H 6 N H N H 2 - . . . . . . . . . Ammonium oxalate Ethyltetrazine Methylguanidine nitrate Ethylenediamine hydrochloride Ethylenediamine hydrate Aminoguanidine sulfate Cyanuric trichloride Octachloropropane Cl3CCCl2CCl3 Carbon suboxide OCrCrCO Trichloroacrylic acid Cl 2 CrCClCO 2 H... Heptachloropropane Cl 2 CHCCl 2 CCl 3 ... Cyanoacetylene HCiCCN Dibromocyanoacetamide Malonyl chloride H2C(COCl)2 2, 2, 2-Trichlorolactic nitrile Malonic nitrile H 2 C(CN) 2 Parabanic acid CO<(NHCO) 2 > Propargyl aldehyde HCiCCHO Propiolic acid HCiC.CO2H 1-Bromoacrylic acid CH 2 :CBrCO 2 H.... 2-Bromoacrylic acid BrCHrCHCO 2 H... Bromomalonic acid BrCH(CO2H)2 3-Chloroallylene ClCH2CiCH Acryl chloride H2CrCHCOCl. 1-Chloroacrylic acid CH 2 rCClCO 2 H.... 2-Chloroacrylic acid ClCHrCHCO 2 H... Chloromalonic acid ClCH(CO2H)2 1, 1, 1-Trichloroacetone CH 3 COCCl 3 ... 1, 1, l'-Trichloroacetone Methyl trichloroacetate Cl 3 CCO 2 CH 3 .. 2, 2, 2-Trichlorolactic acid Pentachloropropane Acrylic nitrile CH2:CHCN Pyruvic nitrile CH3COCN Cyanoacetic acid NCCH2CO2H Thiazole Cyanuric acid Fulminuric acid (CNOH), Aliene H 2 CrCrCH 2 Allylene HCiCCH3 cis-1, 2-Dibromopropylene trans-1, 2-Dibromopropylene 2, 3-Dibromopropylene 1, 1-Dibromopropionic acid 1, 2-Dibromopropionic acid 1, 1, 2, 2-Tetrabromopropane 1, 2, 2, 3-Tetrabromopropane st/m.-Dichloroacetone (C1CH2)2CO wnsyw.-Dichloroacetone 2, 2-Dichloropropionic acid Chloral formamide Cl3CCHO-HCONH2 Imidazole Pyrazole Cyanoacetamide NCCH2CONH2

62.078 62.078 125.986 81.528 81.528 173.00 60.078 60.078 60.078 124.078 88.094 136.09 133.01 78.093 246.24 184.40 319.66 68.00 175.38 285.21 51.016 245.86 140.93 174.40 66.031 114.031 54.015 70.015 150.94 150.94 182.94 74.481 90.481 106.48 106.48 138.48 161.40 161.40 177.40 193.40 216.31 53.031 69.04 85.031 85.096 129.047 129.05 40.031 40.031 199.86 199.86 199.86 231.86 231.86 359.69 359.69 126.947 126.947 142.947 192.41 68.047 68.047 84.047

M. P.

B. P. 25 25

159.5 171 109 188.5 8.5

<-20 150 10 161 146 160 -107 72.9 30 5 123 61 32.1 227 d. 9 70 116 112 d.

117 64 101.5

d

îL

JNo.

<1 1.741 1.216 2.100 0.892^1 0.794

1032 987

1.501

1233

0.963

1284 433

14Od. 118

1.32 269 6.3 223 248 42.5 5826 220 220 61 144 d.

65 76

1.114°

802

1.805Ï4 0.816 2.375 1.450

911

1.049Î 4 ' 2

1009 1042 1333

1.139JJ

1.0455 1.14°

65 85 133 -17.5 124 -82.0 66 >360 145 d. -146 -104.7

61 64; 51 11 45 56 116 90 70 120

149 172 153.8 17045 198 79 93 108°-" 116.8

1.489}^ 1.607J4

645

1.198 1333

-32 -27.5 135.2 126 142.3 221 16020 230 s. d. 230 d. 173.4 120 190 256 188

0.660~ 4 2 - 9 2.024 2.024 1.934 2.94° 2.653J8 1.383*,' 1.23415

924 925

No.

Formula

Name

MoI. wt.

M. P.

353C3H4N2O 354 C3H4N2O2 355 C3H4O 356 C3H4O 357 C3H4O 358 C3H4O2 359 C3H4O3 360 C3H4O4 361 C3H4O4 362 C3H4O5 363 C3H4O6 364 C3H5Br 365 C3H5Br 366 C3H5Br 367 C3H5BrO 368 C3H5BrO2 369 C3H5BrO2 370 C3H5Br3 371 C3H5Br3 372 C3H5Br3 373 C3H5Cl 374 C3H5Cl 375 C3H5Cl 376 C3H5ClN2O6 377 C3H5ClO 378 C3H5ClO 379 C3H5ClO 380 C3H5ClO2 381 C3H5ClO2 382 C3H5ClO2 383 C3H5ClO2 384 C3H5ClO2 385 C3H5Cl3 386 C3H5Cl3 387 C3H5Cl3 388 C3H5Cl3 389 C3H5Cl3O 390 C3H6I 391 C3H5I 392 C3H5IO 393 C3H5IO2 394 C3H5IO2 395 C3H5N 396 C3H5N 397 C3H5NO 398 C3H5NO 399 C3H5NO 400 C3H5NO 401 C3H5NO2 402 C3H5NO2 403 C3H5NS 404 C3H5NS 405 C3H5NS2 406 C3H5N3O6 407 C3H5N3O9

Pyrazolone — NHCOCH2CH :N— Hydantoin -NHCONHCH2COPropargyl alcohol HCiCCH2OH Acrolein H2C:CH.CHO Allylene oxide Acrylic acid H2CCHCO2H Pyruvicacid CH3COCO2H Malonicacid CH2(CO2H)2 Methyl hydrogen oxalate Tartronic acid HOCH(CO2H)2 Mesoxalic acid (HO)2C(CO2H)2 1-Bromopropylene CH3CHrCHBr 2-Bromopropylene CH3CBr :CH2 3-Bromopropylene BrCH2CHrCH2 Bromoacetone CH3COCH2Br dZ-1-Bromopropionic acid 2-Bromopropionic acid 1, 1, 2-Tribromopropane 1, 2, 2-Tribromopropane 1, 2, 3-Tribromopropane 1-Chloropropylene CH3CHiCHCl 2-Chloropropylene CH3CCIrCH2 3-Chloropropylene ClCH2CHrCH2 Chlorodinitrohydrin Chloroacetone CH3COCH2Cl Propionyl chloride C2H5COCl a-Epichlorohydrin Chloroacetyl carbinol 1-Chloropropionic acid 2-Chloropropionic acid Ethyl chloroformate ClCO2C2H5 Methyl chloroacetate ClCH2CO2CH3... 1, 1, 2-Trichloropropane 1, 1, 3-Trichloropropane 1, 2, 2-Trichloropropane 1, 2, 3-Trichloropropane 1, 1, 1-Trichloroisopropyl alcohol 2-Iodopropylene CH3CIrCH2 3-Iodopropylene ICH 2 CHrCH 2 Iodoacetone CH3COCH21 1-Iodopropionic acid CH 3 CHICO 2 H.... 2-Iodopropionic acid ICH 2 CH 2 CO 2 H... Propionitrile C2H5CN Ethyl isocyanide C2H5NC Ethyl isocyanate C2H5CNO Acrylamide CH2:CHCONH2 2-Hydroxypropionitrile HOCH2CH2CN Lactonitrile CH3CH(OH)CN Isonitrosoacetone CH 3 COCH(rNOH)... AUyI nitrite C3H5ONO Ethyl thiocyanate C2H5CNS Ethyl isothiocyanate C2H5CSN /z-Mercaptothiazoline Glycerol trinitrite Glycerol trinitrate

84.047 100.047 56.031 56.031 56.031 72.031 88.031 104.031 104.031 120.031 136.03 120.955 120.955 120.955 136.955 152.955 152.96 280.79 280.79 280.79 76.497 76.497 76.497 200.51 92.497 92.497 92.497 108.497 108.497 108.497 108.497 108.497 147.413 147.413 147.413 147.413 163.413 167.97 167.97 183.97 199.97 199.97 55.047 55.047 71.047 71.047 71.047 71.047 87.407 87.047 87.112 87.112 119.177 179.06 227.06

Ï65 220 -17 -87.7

408 409 410 411 412 413 414 415

Cyclopropane Propylene CH 3 CHrCH 2 Cacodyl cyanide (CH3)2AsCN 1, 1-Dibromopropane CH 3 CH 2 CHBr 2 .. 1, 2-Dibromopropane CH3CHBrCH2Br 1, 3-Dibromopropane 2, 2-Dibromopropane CH3CBr2CH3 1, I'-Dibromoisopropyl alcohol

42.046 42.046 131.014 201.88 201.88 201.88 201.88 217.88

C3H6 C3H6 C3H6AsN C3H6Br2 C3H6Br2 C3H6Br2 C3H6Br2 C3H6Br2O

12.3 13.6 135.6 54 158 d. 121 -116.6 -124.8 -119.4 - 54 25.7 61 17 -137.4 -136.4 6.8 -44.5 -94.0 -25.6 74 d. 61 -80.6 -32.7

-14.7 50 -99.3 45.5 82 -91.9 <-66

B. P.

d

^1'

115 52.5 63 141.9 165

0.972 0.841

324 119

1.051 1.267

264 873

163.3

1.422"

1191 1333

60.2 48.4 71.3 127 203.5

1.428196 1.36220 1.398 1.603 1.700

452

201 191 222 36 22.7 44.6 12315 121 80 117

2.356 2.3312 2.43623

186 204 95 131.5 137 148 123 156 161.3 103 103.1 58.411 105°3 97.1 79 60

0.931° 0.938 1.5415 1.1621« 1.065 1.184

489 522

767 222 152 895

1.3069 1.139}85'2 1.22 1.3722* 1.36215 1.31825 1.41715 1.835 1.848}? 2.1715 0.783 0.742"*» 0.898

22 19

85 -40.0 69 - 85.5 -5.9 2.9 13.2 -126.6 -185.2 -55.5 -34.4

221 184 s. d.

1.059 0.992

944

44 144.4 132 217 154 16015 exp. 260 -34.4 -47.0 138 130 140 167.0 114.5 219

0.955° 0.996 0.995

494 651

1.291}J.6 1.60115 0.72O*79 0.609~f 1.933 1.979 1.783 2. II1»

664 671

No. 416 417 418 419 420 421 422 423 424 425 426 427 428 429 431 432 433 434 435 436 437 438 439 440 441 442 443 444 445 446 447 448 449 450 451 452 453 454 455 456 457 458 459 460 461 462 463 464 465 466 467 468 469 470 471 472 473 474 475 476 477 478 479

Formula C3H6Br2O C3H6Cl2 C3H6Cl2 C3H6Cl2 C3H6Cl2 C3H6Cl2O C3H6Cl2O C3H6Cl2O C3H6Cl2O2 C3H6Cl9N3 C3H6INO C3H6I2 C3H6I2 C3H6I2 C3H6N2 C3H6N2O C3H6N2O C3H6N2OS C3H6N2O2 C3H6N2O2 C3H6N2O2 C3H6N2O3 C3H6N2O3 C3H6N2O3 C3H6N2O3 C3H6N2O4 C3H6N2O7 C3H6N4O3 C3H6N6 C3H6O C3H6O C3H6O C3H6O2 C3H6O2 C3H6O2 C3H6O2 C3H6O2 C3H6O3 C3H4O3 C3H6O3 C3H6O3 C3H6O3 C3H6O3 C3H6O3 C3H6O3 C3H6S C3H7AsO3 C3H7Br C3H7Br C3H7BrO C3H7BrO C3H7Cl C3H7Cl C3H7ClO C3H7ClO C3H7ClO2 C3H7ClO2 C3H7F C3H7I C3H7I C3H7IO C3H7IO C3H7N

Name 2, 3-Dibromopropyl alcohol 1, 1-Dichloropropane CH3CH2CHCl2... 1,2-Dichloropropane CH3CHClCH2Cl. 1, 3-Dichloropropane ClCH2CH2CH2Cl 2, 2-Dichloropropane CH3CCl2CH3 1, 1-Dichloroisopropyl alcohol 1, I'-Dichloroisopropyl alcohol 2, 3-Dichloropropyl alcohol Dichloromethylal H2C(OCH2Cl)2 cis-Chloralimide lodoacetoxime ICH2C(-.NOH)CH3 1, 2-Diiodopropane CH3CHICH21 1, 3-Diiodopropane ICH2CH2CH21 2, 2-Diiodopropane (CHs)2CI2 .. Pyrazoline Ethyleneurea -CH2NHCONHCH2-.. Ethylideneurea CH 3 CHrNCONH 2 ..... Acetylthiourea CH3CONHCSNH2 Acetylurea NH(COCHg)2 Malonamide H 2 C(CONH 2 ) 2 . Methylglyoxime Hydantoic acid Propylnitrolic acid. Methyl allophanate... " Propylpseudonitrole Nitrourethane C2H5CO2NHNO2 Glycerol-1, 3-dinitrate Ammonium fulminurate Melamine (CNNHOs Allyl alcohol CH2 :CHCH2OH Propionaldehyde C2H5CHO Acetone CH 3 COCH 3 .. Acetyl carbinol CH3COCH2OH Propionic acid C2H5CO2H Ethyl formate HCO2C2H5 Methyl acetate CH3CO2CH3 Glycide C2H3OCH2OH Glyceric aldehyde HOCH2CHOHCHO. Dihydroxyacetone HOCH2COCH2OH.. d(0-Lactic acid CH3CH(OH)CO2H dZ-Lactic acid CH3CH(OH)CO2H Dimethyl carbonate (CH3O)2CO Ethyl acid carbonate C2H5HCO3 Methyl glycollate HOCH2CO2CH3 a-Trihydroxymethylene Allyl mercaptan CH2:CHCH2SH Allylarsonic acid n-Propyl bromide CH3CH2CH2Br Isopropyl bromide (CH3)2CHBr Bromoisopropyl alcohol 3-Bromopropyl alcohol n-Propyl chloride CH3CH2CH2Cl Isopropyl chloride (CH3)2CHC1 Chloroisopropyl alcohol 2-Chloropropyl alcohol 2-Chloro-l, 3-dihydroxypropane 3-Chloro-l, 2-dihydroxypropane n-Propyl fluoride CH3CH2CH2F n-Propyl iodide CH3CH2CH21 Isopropyl iodide (CH3)2CHI Iodoisopropyl alcohol 3-Iodopropyl alcohol , Allylamine CH2:CHCH2NH2

MoI. wt.

M. P.

217.88 112.962 112.962 112.962 112.962 128.96 128.96 128.96 144.96 403.19 155 198.99 64.5 295.91 295.91 -13.0 295.91 70.062 86.062 131 86.062 154 118.13 165 102.062 217 102.062 170 102.06 153 118.062 171 118.06 66 118.06 208 118.06 76 134.06 64 182.06 < -30 146.078 d. 126.094 <250 58.046 -129 58.046 -81 58.046 -94.3 74.046 -17 74.046 -22 74.046 -80.5 74.046 - 98.1 74.046 90.046 138. 90.046 75 90.046 27 90.046 18 90.046 0.5 90.046 - 57 90.046 90.046 64 74.Ill 166.01 128 122.97 -110.0 122.97 -89.0 138.97 138.97 78.512 -122.8 78.512 -117.0 94.512 94.512 110.512 110.512 62.054 169.99 -101.4 169.99 - 90.8 185.99 185.99 57.062

B. P.

d

^lL No.

219 87 96.8 125 69.7 147.8 174 183 166

2.168° 1.14310 1.16614 1.2011S 1.093 1.333 1.367 1.355 1.352}}

177

d. 224 148 d. 144

2.490 2.57615 2.446°

797

532

16Od

1481*

1.4715

97.0 48.8 56.1 146 141.1 54.3 57.1 162 d.

1.573260 0.855 0.807 0.7915 1.0822S 0.992 0.906 0.933 1.165

1221* 89.7

1.249J6 1.06922

151.2 s. 46 90 70.9 59.6 148 11218* 466 36.5 126 134 124.5145 213 d. 2 102.4 89.5 10560 225.4 53.2

1166 1311 204 20 14 315 63 15 18

381

1.16818

1.353 1.310 1.537 0.890 0.860 1.115ÎS 1.103 1.321 1.322

346 289 71 371 354

1.747 1.703

621 597

2.34913 0.761

237

No. 480 481 482 483 484 485 486 487 488 489 490 491 492 493 493.1 494 495 496 497 498 499 500 501 502 503 504 505 506 508 509 510 511 512 513 514 515 516 517 518 519 520 521 522 523 524 525 526 527 528 529 530 531 532 533 534 535 537 538 539 540 541 542 543

Formula C3H7NO C3H7NO C 3 H 7 NO C3H7NOS C3H7NO2 C3H7NO2 C 3 H 7 NO 2 C3H7NO2 C 3 H 7 NO 2 C3H7NO2 C3H7NO2 C 3 H 7 NO 2 C 3 H 7 NO 2 C3H7NO3 C3H7NO3 C3H7NO3 C3H7NO3 C3H7NO3 C 3 H 7 NO 5 C3H7NO5 C3H7N3O C3H8 C3H8ClNO2S C3H8N2O C3H8N2O C3H8N2O C3H8O C3H8O C3H8O C3H8OS2 C3H8O2 C3H8O2 C3H8O2 C3H8O2 C3H8O2S C3H8O3 C3H8S3 C3H8S C3H8S C3H8S C3H9As C3H9AsO3 C3H9Bi C3H9ClN2O C3H9N C3H9N C3H9N C3H9N3O2 C3H9O4P C3H9P C3H9P C3H9Sb C3Hi0ClN C3Hi0N2 C3Hi0N2 C3Hi2N6O3 C4Br4S C4CIi0O C4F6O3 C4I2 C4HBr4N C 4 HI 4 N C 4 HN 3

Name . Aminoacetone CH3COCH2NH2 Acetoxime CH3CHrNOH Propionamide C2H5CONH2 Thiourethane C2H5COSNH2 d-Alanine CH 3 CH(NH 2 )CO 2 H dZ-Alanine Sarcosine CH3NHCH2CO2H 1-Nitropropane C2H5CH2NO2 2-Nitropropane CH 3 CH(NO 2 )CH 3 Propyl nitrite C3H7ONO Isopropyl nitrite (CH3)2CHONO Lactamide CH3CH(OH)CONH2 Urethane C2H5OCONH2 dZ-Serine HOCH2CH(NH2)CO2H d-Serine HOCH2CH(NH2)CO2H Isoserine H 2 NCH 2 CH(OH)CO 2 H Propyl nitrate C3H7ONO2 Isopropyl nitrate (CH3) 2CHONO2 Glycerol-1-nitrate Glycerol-2-nitrate Acetaldehyde semicarbazone Propane CH3CH2CH3 Cysteine hydrochloride 1, 2-Dimethylurea CO(NHCH 3 ) 2 1, 1-Dimethylurea (CH3) 2 NCONH 2 Ethylurea C2H5NHCONH2 n-Propyl alcohol C2H5CH2OH Isopropyl alcohol (CH3)2CHOH Methyl ethyl ether CH3OC2H5 1, 2-Dithioglycerol 1, 2-Propyleneglycol Trimethyleneglycol HO(CH2)3OH Glycol methyl ether HOCH2CH2OCH3. Methylal HCH(QCH 3)2 1-Thioglycerol HOCH2CH2(OH)CH2SH Glycerol HOCH(CH 2 OH) 2 Trithioglycerol HSCH(CH2SH)2 Methyl ethyl sulfide CH3SC2H5 n-Propyl mercaptan C3H7SH Isopropyl mercaptan (CH 3 ) 2 CHSH..... Trimethylarsine (CH3) 3As Propylarsonic acid C3H7AsO3H Trimethyl bismuthine (CH3)3Bi Lactamidine hydrochloride n-Propylamine C 3 H 7 NH 2 Isopropylamine (CH3)2 CHNH 2 Trimethylamine (CH3)3N Guanidine acetate Trimethyl phosphate (CHg) 3 PO 4 Propylphosphine C3H7PH2 Trimethylphosphine (CH3)3P Trimethylstibine (CH3)3Sb Trimethylamine hydrochloride dZ-Propylenediamine CH 2 (CH 2 NH 2 ) 2 ... Trimethylenediamine H 2 N(CH 2 ) 3 NH 2 .. Guanidine carbonate Thiophene tetrabromide Perchloroether (C2Cl5)20 Trifluoroacetic anhydride (F3CCO)2O. . Diiododiacetylene ICiCCiCI Tetrabromopyrrole Tetraiodopyrrole Cyanoform CH(CN) 3

MoI. wt. 73.062 73.062 73.062 105.13 89.062 89.062 89.062 89.062 89.062 89.062 89.062 89.062 89.062 105.062 105.062 105.062 105.062 105.062 137.06 137.06 101.08 44.062 157.59 88.078 88.078 88.078 60.062 60.062 60.062 124.192 76.062 76.062 76.062 76.062 108.127 92.062 140.257 76.127 76.127 76.127 120.029 168.03 254.07 124.54 59.077 59.077 59.077 119.09 140.09 76.093 76.093 166.84 95.543 74.093 74.093 180.14 399.73 418.58 210.00 301.86 382.68 570.74 91.032

M. P. ' 61 79 108

B. P.

d

?1L No.

189 d. 136.3 213

0.972^ 1.042

1162 1153 1225

295 21Od.

s. >200 131.5 120 57 45

74 48 246 d. 228 d. 242 d. 58 54 162 -189.9 175 102.5 182 92 -127 -85.8

180

17.9 d. -104.8 -111.5

100.5 102 160 160 -44.5 270 97.8 82.3 7.9 189 214 d. 124.6 44 d. 290 66 68 60 52.8

126 171 - 83.0 -101.2 -124.0 230

136 16

1249

13Od.

-104.8

1.01116 1.024° 0.935 0.84425 1.138*° 1.1I2S

1.0532* 1.036 1.40 1.40

105

0.585~J 4 - 5 1.142 1.255 1.21318 0.804 0.786 0.697 1.342"-« 1.03823 1.053 0.969};? 0.862 1.29514-4 1.260 1.391"-* 0.837

59 37

8 512

1.12422

110

2.30018

48.7 34 3.5

0.719 0.694 0.662~s 2

193 53.5 42 80.6

1.22O1*

72 875

>1 1.52315

275 d. 119 135.5 197 112 69 -65 101 250 15Od. 93.5

0.878 1.2514 1.90014

40.5

1169

No. 544 545 546 547 548 549 550 551 552 553 554 555 556 557 558 559 560 561 562 563 564 565 567 568 569 570 571 572 573 574 575 576 577 578 579 580 581 582 583 584 585 586 587 588 589 590 591 592 593 594 595 596 597 598 599 600 601 602 603 604 604.1 605 606

Formula C4H2ClN2O3 C4H2Cl2O2 C4H2I2S C4H2N2O4 C4H2O3 C4H2O4 C4H3BrO4 C4H3BrO4 C4H3ClN2O3 C4H3NO2S C4H3N3O4 C4H4AsCl3 C4H4BrNS C4H4Br2O4 C4H4Cl2O2 C4H4Cl2O3 C4H4N2 C4H4N2 C4H4N2 C4H4N2 C4H4N2O2 C4H4N2O3 C4H4N4 C4H4O C4H4O C4H4O2 C4H4O3 C4H4O3 C4H4O4 C4H4O4 C4H4O5 C4H4S C4H5BrO4 C4H5ClO C4H5ClO2 C4H5ClO2 C4H5ClO2 C4H5Cl3O C4H5Cl3O2 C4H5Cl3O2 C4H5Cl3O2 C4H5F3O2 C4H5N C4H5N C4H5N C4H5NO2 C4H5NO2 C4H5NO2 C4H5NS C4H5NS C4H6 C4H6 C4H6 C4H6 C4H6As2O4 C4H6Br2O2 C4H6Br4 C4H6Br4 C 4 H 6 Br 4 C4H6Cl2O2 C4H6Cl2O2 C4H6Cl4O C4H6N2

Name

MoI. wt.

M. P.

5, 5-Dichlorobarbituric acid Fumaryl chloride ClOCCH :CHCOC1... Thiophene diiodide Alloxan OC(NHCO)2CO Maleic anhydride (:CHCO)20 Acetylenedicarboxylic acid Bromofumaric acid Bromomaleic acid HO2CCBr:CHCO2H. 5-Chlorobarbituric acid 2-Nitrothiophene Violuric acid òis-2-Chlorovinyl chloroarsine 2-Bromoallyl isothiocyanate 1, 2-Dibromosuccinic acid Succinyl chloride (CH2COCl)2 Chloroacetic anhydride (ClCH 2 CO) 2 O.. Succinyl nitrile (CH 2 CN) 2 Pyridazine (1, 2-Diazine) Pyrimidine (1, 3-Diazine) Pyrazine (1, 4-Diazine) Uracil —NHCONHCH :CHCO— Barbituric acid OC(NHCO) 2 CH 2 Hydrocyanic acid (tetramer) Tetrolic aldehyde CH3CiCCHO Furfural (Furan) Tetrolic acid CH3CiCCO2H Succinic anhydride Tetronicacid -OCH2C (OH) :CHCO—. Fumarie acid (:CHCO2H)2 Maleic acid OCHCO2H)2 Hydroxymaleic acid Thiophene Bromosuccinic acid Crotonyl chloride CH3CH:CHCOC1.... 1-Chloro-a-crotonic acid l-Chloro-ß-crotonic acid 2-Chloro-/3-crotonic acid 1, 1, 2-Trichlorobutyraldehyde 1, 1, 2-Trichlorobutyric acid 1, 1, 3-Trichlorobutyric acid Ethyl trichloroacetate Cl 3 CCO 2 C 2 H 5 ... Ethyl trifluoroacetate F3CCO2C2H5 Allyl cyanide CH2:CHCH2CN Allyl isocyanide CH2:CHCH2NC Pyrrole Ethyl cyanoformate NCCO2C2H5 Methyl cyanoacetate NCCH 2 CO 2 CH 3 .. Succinimide Allyl thiocyanate CH 2 :CHCH 2 CNS.... Allyl isothiocyanate CH2:CHCH2CSN.. 1, 2-Butadiene CH2:C:CHCH3 1, 3-Butadiene CH2:CHCH:CH2 Dimethylacetylene (CH3Ci) 2 Ethylacetylene C2H5CiCH Diarsenodiacetic acid Ethyl dibromoacetate Br2CHCO2C2H5.. 1, 1, 4, 4-Tetrabromobutane 1, 2, 3, 4-Tetrabromobutane 2, 2, 3, 3-Tetrabromobutane Ethyl dichloroacetate Methyl 1, 2-dichloropropionate 1, 2, 2, 2-Tetraehloroethyl ether 1-Methylimidazole

196.95 152.93 335.94 142.03 98.015 114.02 194.94 194.94 162.50 129.096 157.05 233.36 178.02 275.86 154.95 170.95 80.047 80.047 80.047 80.047 112.05 128.047 108.063 68.031 68.031 84.031 100.031 100.03 116.031 116.031 132.03 84.096 196.95 104.497 120.50 120.50 120.50 175.41 191.41 191.41 191.41 142.039 67.047 67.047 67.047 99.047 99.047 99.047 99.112 99.112 54.046 54.046 54.046 54.046 267.97 245.88 373.71 373.71 373.71 156.96 156.96 211.88 82.062

211 d. 40 256 d. 57 179 186 141 295 s. d. 46.5 224 d. 255 17 46 54.5 -8 22 53 338 245 179 d. -26 76.5 119.6 141 287 130.5 152 -40.0 159

d

?1L No.

160

1.410

938

202

0.934

B. P.

225 230 200

1.702

192 163116 267 208 124 118

1.395

872

0.98Sf' 1 1.107

1097 1015

1.03If

1091

107 31 203 261

0.92717 0.937

913 260

290 135 d.

1.635 1.590

26Od.

1.104

85

1.065

693

125

1.091

165.4 238

1.396

523

168 61.7 116.1 106 131 116 200 288 161 150.7 19 -2.6 28.9 18.5

1.383 1.19518 0.832 0.794" 0.948 1.013 1.123}6 1.41216 1.050 1.01020

437 1 212

0.668°

101

194 14510 18160 230 158.2 92*° 189.7 199

1.903 2.529

588 782

1.282 l. 328 1.422 1.03610

367

99 66 61 60 75

124 -100.0

-130 205 d. 19; 39 39

-6

612 1333 687

No. 607 608 608.1 608.2 609 609.1 610 611 612 613 614 615 616 617 619 620 621 622 623 624 625 626 627 628 629 630 631 632 633 634 635 636 637 638 639 640 641 642 643 644 645 646 647 648 648.1 648.2 648.3 648.4 649 650 651 652 653 654 655 656 657 657.1 658 659 660 661 662

Formula C4H6N2 C4H6N2 C4H6N2 C4H6N2 C4H6N2O2 C4H6N2O3S C4H6N4O3 C 4 H 6 N 4 Oi 2 C4H6O C4H6O C4H6O C4H6O C4H6O2 C4H6O2 C4H6O2 C4H6O2 C4H6O2 C4H6O2 C4H6O2 C4H6O2 C4H6O2 C4H6O3 C4H6O3 C4H6O3 C4H6O4 C4H6O4 C4H6O4 C4H6O4 C4H6O5 C4H6O5 C4H6O5 C4H6O5 C4H6O5 C4H6O6 C4H6O6 C4H6O6 C4H6O8 C4H6S C4H7Br C4H7BrO C4H7BrO2 C4H7BrO2 C4H7BrO2 C4H7BrO2 C4H7BrO2 C4H7BrO2 C4H7BrO2 C4H7BrO2 C 4 H 7 Br 3 C4H7Br3O C4H7ClO C4H7ClO C4H7ClO2 C4H7ClO2 C4H7ClO2 C4H7ClO2 C4H7ClO2 C4H7ClO2 C4H7ClO2 C4H7ClO2 C4H7ClO2 C4H7Cl3O C4H7Cl3O

Name

MoL wt.

M. P.

4-Methylimidazole., 1-Methylpyrazole 3-Methylpyrazole 5-Methylpyrazole Ethyl diazoacetate 3-Methylpyrazole-4-sulfonic acid Allantoin Erythritol tetranitrate Methyl propargyl ether Vinyl ether (CH2:CH)20 Crotonaldehyde CH3CHiCHCHO Dimethylketene (CH3)2C:CO Succinic dialdehyde (CH2CHO)2 a-Crotonic acid CH3CH:CHCO2H 0-Crotonic acid CH2:C(CH3)CO2H 1-Methylacrylic acid Trimethylenecarboxylic acid Vinylacetic acid CH2:CHCH2CO2H Allyl formate HCO2C3H5 Methyl acrylate CH2:CHCO2CH3 Diacetyl CH3COCOCH3 Acetic anhydride (CH3CO)20 1-Ketobutyric acid C 2 H 6 COCO 2 H...... Methyl pyruvate CH3COCO2CH3 Succinic acid (CH2CO2H)2 Lsosuccinic acid CH3CH(CO2H)2 Dimethyl oxalate (CO2CH3), Ethyl hydrogen oxalate HO2CCO2C2H5. Diglycollic acid 0(CH2CO2H)2 Glycollic anhydride (CH 2 OHCO) 2 O.... Z-MaKc acid HO 2 CCH 2 CH(OH)CO 2 H.. dZ-Malic acid Isomalicacid CH 3 C(OH)(CO 2 H) 2 Mesotartaric acid. .. . . d-Tartaric acid dZ-Tartaric acid Dihydroxytartaric acid Divinyl sulfide (CH2:CH)2S Vinylethyl bromide CH2:CHCH2CH2Br Bromomethyl ethyl ketone 1-Bromobutyric acid C 2 H 5 CHBrCO 2 H. 2-Bromobutyric acid 3-Bromobutyric acid 1-Bromoethyl acetate 2-Bromoethyl acetate Ethyl bromoaeetate BrCH 2 CO 2 C 2 H 5 ... Methyl 1-bromopropionate Methyl 2-bromopropionate 1, 2, 3-Tribromobutane 1, 1, l-Tribromo-ter/.-butyl alcohol Butyryl chloride C3H7COCl Isobutyryl chloride (CH 3 ) 2 CHCOC1.... 1-Chlorobutyric acid C2H5CHClCO2H.. d-2-Chlorobutyric acid dZ-2-Chlorobutyric acid 3-Chlorobutyric acid 1-Chloroethyl acetate 2-Chloroethyl acetate Ethyl chloroacetate ClCH 2 CO 2 C 2 H 5 .... Methyl 2-chloropropionate n-Propyl chloroformate ClCO2C3H7 1, 2, 2-Trichloroethyl ethyl ether 1, 1, l-Trichloro-feTj.-butyl alcohol

82.062 82.062 82.062 82.062 114.062 162.22 158.08 302.08 70.046 70.046 70.046 70.046 86.046 86.046 86.046 86.046 86.046 86.046 86.046 86.046 86.046 102.046 102.046 102.046 118.046 118.046 118.046 118.046 134.05 134.05 134.05 134.05 134.05 150.05 150.05 150.05 182.05 86. Ill 134.97 150.97 166.97 166.97 166.97 166.97 166.97 166.97 166.97 166.97 294.80 310.80 106.51 106.51 122.51 122.51 122.51 122.51 122.51 122.51 122.51 122.51 122.51 177.43 177.43

56

-22 258 235 61 -75 -97.5 72 14.6 16 17 -39

-73.0 32 185 135 54.0 148 130 100 129 16Od. 140 170 206 114

-4 18 32

176 -89.0 -90.0 .

44 16.5 16

97

B. P. 262.9 127 204 5912

62 39 104 34.3 5710 185 171.9 d. 163 182.5 163 83 80.5 88 139.6 8521 137 235

d 1.008 0.993J 4 1.020 1.022 1.08517-6

^' I* No. 828 898 927 1267 1328

0.8312-* 0.859l4

361

1.064 0.964 797 1.027 1.015 1.088 1.013ÎÎ 0.9481* 0.9561« 0.975 1.082

290 1112 411 333

163.3 11715

1.154° 1.562 1.455 1.12Of 1.218

14Od. 15Od.

1.595 1.601 1.666 1.760 1.687

849 113 85 81 1220 1122

1224 1222

101 99.0 146 11520 12216

0.912

6339 7027 159 68.548 7936 11319

1.4620 1.5140 1.514J3 1.4917 1.5192 2.190

395 450 438 436 460 752

102 92 101.315 10013 11622 19622 4635 145 144.2 148 116 170 166.4

1.028 1.017

194 168

1.186 1.25010 1.1124 1.178° 1.159 1.187 1.083ÎJ 1.33014

386

1.574JÎ

190 285 267

No.

Formula

Name

MoI. wt.

M. P.

B. P.

d

663 664 665 666 667 668 669 670 671 672 673 674 675 676 677 678 679 679-1 680 681 682 683 684 685 686 687 688 689 690 691 693 694 695 696 697 697.1 698 699 700 701 702 703 704 705 706 707 708 709 710 711 712 713 714 715 716 717 718 719 720 721 722 723 724

C4H7Cl3O2 C4H7Cl3O2 C4H7FO2 C4H7IO2 C4H7N C4H7N C4H7N C4H7N C4H7NO C 4 H 7 NO C4H7NO2 C4H7NO2 C4H7NO2S C4H7NO3 C 4 H 7 NO 3 C4H7NO3 C 4 H 7 NO 4 C 4 H 7 NO 7 C4H7NO8 C4H7NS C4H7N3O C4H8 C4H8 C4H8 C4H8 C4H8 C4H8Br2 C4H8Br2 C4H8Br2 C4H8Br2 C4H8Br2 C4H8Br2S C4H8Cl2 C4H8Cl2O C4H8Cl2O C4H8Cl2O2 C4H8Cl2S C4H8Cl2S C4H8Cl2OS C4H8Cl2O2S C4H8N2 C4H8N2O2 C4H8N2O2 C4H8N2O2 C4H8N2O2 C4H8N2O3 C4H8N2O3 C4H8N2O4 C4H8N2S C4H8O C4H8O C4H8O C4H8O C4H8O C4H8O C4H8O C4H8O C4H8O C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2

Chloral alcoholate Cl3CCH(XC2H6OH.. 1, 1, 2-Trichlorobutyraldehyde hydrate. . Ethyl fluoroacetate FCH2CO2C2H5 Ethyl iodoacetate ICH2CO2C2H5 tt-Butyronitrile C3H7CN Isobutyronitrile (CH3)2CHCN Isopropylisocyanide (CHs) 2 CHNC..... Pyrroline Acetonecyanhydrin (CH 3 ) 2 C(OH)CN... a-Pyrrolidone Diacetamide NH(COCH3)2 Diacetylmonoxime CH3COC (:NOH) CH3 Ethyl thiooxamate H 2 NCSCO 2 C 2 H 5 .... Aeetylaminoacetic acid Diacetohydroxamic acid Ethyl oxamate H2NCO-CO2C2H0 Z-Aspartic acid Nitrotetronic acid dihydrate Ammonium tetraoxalate Propyl isothiocyanate Creatinine Cyclobutane (CH 2 ) 4 1, 1-Dimethylethylene CH 2 :C(CH 3 ) 2 . . . 1, 2-Dimethylethylene CH3CH :CHCH3 Ethylethylene C 2 H 5 CHrCH 2 Methylcyclopropane (CH 2 ) 2 CHCH 3 .... 1, 2-Dibromobutane C2H5CHBrCH2Br. 1, 3-Dibromobutane 1, 4-Dibromobutane Br(CH2)4Br 2, 3-Dibromobutane CH 3 (CHBr) 2 CH 3 .. 1, 2-Dibromo-2-methylpropane Di-(l-bromoethyl) sulfide 1, 2-Dichloro-2-methylpropane 2-Chloroethyl ether (C1CH2CH2)20 1, 2-Dichloroethyl ethyl ether Dichlorobutylene glycol Di-(l-chloroethyl) sulfide Di-(2-chloroethyl) sulfide (CH3CHCl)2S Di-(2-chloroethyl) sulfoxide Di-(2-chloroethyl) sulfone 2-Methyl-4, 5-dihydroimidazole . l-Acetyl-2-methylurea Dimethyloxamide (CONHCH3)2 Dimethylglyoxime Succinamide (CH2CONH2) 2 . Ethyl allophanate H2NCONHCO2C2H5 Z-Asparagine d-Tartaramide [CH(OH)CONH 2 J 2 Allylthiourea CH2:CHCH2NHCONH2.. Crotonyl alcohol CH 3 CHiCHCH 2 OH... Cyclobutanol (CH2)3CHOH Cyclopropyl carbinol (CH2)2CHCH2OH Vinylethyl alcohol CH2:CHCH2CH2OH Methyl allyl ether CH 2 :CHCH 2 OCH 3 .. Vinyl ethyl ether CH2:CHOC2H5 n-Butyraldehyde C 3 H 7 CHO.. Isobutyraldehyde (CH3)2CHCHO Methyl ethyl ketone CH3COC2H5 Erythrol Methylacetyl carbinol (Acetoin) 2-Hydroxybutyraldehyde (Aldol) n-Butyric acid C3H7CO2H Isobutyric acid (CH3)2CHCO2H

193.43 193.43 106.054 213.99 69.062 69.062 69.062 69.062 85.062 85.062 101.062 101.062 133.13 117.062 117.06 117.06 133.06 181.06 197.06 101.127 113.078 56.062 56.062 56.062 56.062 56.062 215.89 215.89 215.89 215.89 215.89 247.96 126.98 142.98 142.98 158.98 159.04 159.04 175.04 191.04 84.078 116.08 116.08 116.08 116.078 132.08 132.08 148.08 116.143 72.062 72.062 72.062 72.062 72,062 72.062 72.062 72.062 72.062 88.062 88.062 88.062 88.062 88.062

^; *' No.

;

55 78 -112.6

-19 25 78 74 63 206 89 115 270 d. 184 130.5

180 118 108 87 91 8223 250.8 223.5 186

153 26Od. -50 -130

-20 -70.3.

126 13.5 110 53.5 106 180 210 246 243 192 226 195 78.4 > -30

-99.0 -65.9 -86.4 15 -7.9 -47.0

13 -6 1.4 -18 5 166 174 198 d. 158 149.0 8715 108 178 145

ÏÏ51.14340 1.694« 1.093 1.81712-7 0.794 0.760 0.910 0.93219 1.116

1.66I112J 1.684 1.607 0.991

" 33 618 47

117

1190

0.703J

801

0.668° 0.691-20 1.820 1.807 1.7918 1.83° 1.759 1.742

102

1.213222 1.17423

461

67.527 12034 14028 d. 18115 198

1.199^4 1.285Ì5

235 d.

1.543J5

118 124.1 124.3 114 46 35.5 75.7 61 79.6 196.5 142 8320 163.5 154.4

1.219JÎ 0.854 0.923J51 0.899 0.856° 0.7711 0.763}74J 0.817* 0.794 0.805 1.047 1.002l6 1.103 0.959 0.949

632 639

1177 701

1254 276 343 850

50 30 40 303 109 88

^

No. 725 726 727 728 729 730 731 732 733 734 735 736 737 738 739 740 741 742 743 744 745 746 747 748 749 751 752 753 754 755 756 757 758 759 760 761 762 763 764 765 766 767 768 769 770 771 772 773 773.1 774 775 776 777 778 779 780 781 781.1 781.2 782 783 784 785

Formula C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O3 C4H8O3 C4H8O3 C4H8O3 C4H8O3 C4H8O3 C4H8O3 C4H8O3 C4H8O3 C4H8O4 C4H8O4 C4H8S2 C4H9Br C4H9Br C4H9Br C4H9Br C4H9BrO C4H9Cl C4H9Cl C4H9Cl C4H9Cl C4H9ClO C4H9ClO C4H9ClS C4H9I C4H9I C4H9I C4H9IO C4H9N C4H9N C4H9NO C4H9NO C4H9NO C4H9NO C4H9NO C4H9NO2 C4H9NO2 C4H9NO2 C4H9NO2 C4H9NO2 C4H9NO2 C4H9NO2 C4H9NO2 C4H9NO2 C4H9NO2 C4H9NO3 C4H9NO3 C4H9NO5 C4H9NO5 C4H9NO6 C4H9NS C4H9N3O2 C4Hi0ClNO2 C4Hi0 C4Hi0 C 4 Hi0 N 2 C4Hi0N2O C4Hi0N2O C4Hi0N2S

Name

MoI. wt.

M. P.

Ethyl acetate CH3COC2H5 Methyl propionate C2H5CO2CH3 n-Propyl formate HCO2C3H7 Isopropyl formate HCO 2 CH(CH 3 ) 2 Ethoxyacetic acid C 2 H 5 OCH 2 CO 2 H.... 1-Hydroxybutyric acid 1-Hydroxyisobutyric acid 2-Hydroxybutyric acid Ethyl glycollate HOCH2CO2C2H5 Glycol acetate HOCH 2 CH 2 OCOCH 3 ... Methylethyl carbonate CH3(C2H5)CO3. Methyl hydracrylate Methyl lactate CH 3 CH(OH)CO 2 CH 3 ... 1, 2-Dihydroxybutyric acid d-Methyl glycerinate Diethylene disillùde n-Butyl bromide C4H9Br Isobutyl bromide (CHs)2CHCH2Br sec.-Butyl bromide C2H5CHBrCH3 tert.-Butyl bromide (CH3)3CBr 2-Bromoethyl ethyl ether n-Butyl chloride C4H9Cl Isobutyl chloride (CH3)2CHCH2C1 sec.-Butyl chloride C2H5CHClCH3 tert.-Eutyl chloride (CHs)3CCl 1-Chloroethyl ethyl ether tert.-Butyl hypochlorite (CHs) 8 CClO.... 2-Chloroethyl ethyl sulfide n-Butyl iodide C4H91 Isobutyl iodide (CHs)2CHCH21 sec.-Butyl iodide C2H5CHICH3 2-Iodoethyl ethyl ether C2H5OCH2CH2I Crotonylamine CH 3 CHrCHCH 2 NH 2 ... Tetrahydropyrrole (Pyrrolidine) n-Butyramide C3H7CONH2 Isobutyramide (CHs)2CHCONH2 AT-Dimethylacetamide CH 3 CON(CHs) 2 . AT-Ethylacetamide CH 3 CONHC 2 H 5 .... Methyl ethyl ketoxime Iminoethyl alcohol HN(CHCH 2 O 2 H) 2 .. 1-Aminobutyric acid 2-Aminobutyric acid 3-Aminobutyric acid 1-Aminoisobutyric acid Ethylaminoacetic acid Propyl carbamate C3H7OCONH2 n-Butyl nitrite C4H9ONO Isobutyl nitrite (CH3)2 CHCH 2 ONO.... Methy urethane CH3NHCO2C2H5 n-Butyl nitrate C4H9ONO2 Isobutyl nitrate (CH 3 ) 2 CHCH 2 ONO 2 ... d-Ammonium hydrogen malate I-Ammonium hydrogen malate Ammonium hydrogen tartrate 1, 4-Thiazan Creatine Ethylaminoacetic acid hydrochloride n-Butane CH3CH2CH2CH3 Trimethylmethane (Isobutane) Diethylenediamine (Piperazine) Nitrosodiethylamine (C 2 H 5 ) 2 NNO Trimethylurea (CHs) 2 NCONHCH 3 Propylthiourea C3H7NHCSNH2

88.062 88.062 88.062 88.062 104.062 104.062 104.062 104.062 104.062 104.062 104.062 104.062 104.062 120.06 120.06 120.192 136.99 136.99 136.99 136.99 152.99 92.527 92.527 92.527 92.527 108.527 108.527 124.59 184.00 184.00 184.00 200.00 71.077 71.077 87.077 87.077 87.077 87.077 87.077 103.077 103.077 103.077 103.08 103.077 103.08 103.077 103.077 103.077 103.077 119.077 119.077 151.077 151.077 167.077 103.142 131.093 139.54 58.077 58.077 86.093 102.093 102.093 118.16

-83.6 -87.5 -92.9 42.5 79

-14.5 75 112 -112.4 -118.5 -20 -123.1 -131.2 -28.5

-103.5 -93.5 -104.0

116 129

28 285 184 193

B. P. d _____ 77ÏÏ0.899 79.9 0.917 81.3 0.901 71.3 0.883° 206 260 212 13014 160 1.08323 182 109.2 1.00227 7912 1.118 144.8 1.0816 12014 200 101.6 91.5 91.3 73.3 128.2 78.0 68.9 68 51.0 98 80 157 127 120.4 117.5 155 81 88.5 216 220 165.7 205 152 270

^' L No. 29" 36 35

336 883

1.28O1J 1.275 1.264 1.2512/ 1.222 1.370° 0.884 0.875 0.871 0.840

372 352 347 309 132 98 110 60

0.958 1.617 1.605 1.595 1.670 0.87110 1.032 1.013 0.943 0.942 0.923

600 578

365 393

280 > 160 53

200 75 67 170 136 122.9

170 161 d.

0.911° 0.87716 1.009l8'9 1.048° 1.0142J 1.509 1.680

28 950 137 1205 1241

169 295 144 -135.0 -145.0 105.6 75.5 110

0.6 -10.2 146 175.4 232.5

0.601° (Hq.) 0.95117-5

1156

No.

Formula

Name

786 788 789 790 791 792

C 4 Hi 0 N 3 O 2 C4Hi0N4S2 C4Hi0O C4Hi0O C4Hi0O C4H10O

Guanidine lactate Ethylenediamine thiocyanate n-Butyl alcohol C4H9OH Isobutyl alcohol (CHa)2CHCH2OH sec.-Eutyi alcohol C 2 H 5 CH(OH)CH 3 ... fert.-Butyl alcohol (CH3)3COH

793

C4H10O

794 794.1 795 796 797 798 799 800 801 802 803 804 805 806 807 808 809 810 811 812 813 814 815 816 817 818 819 820 821 822 823 824 825 826 827 828 829 830 831 832 833 834 835 835.1 836 837 838 839 840 841 842 843 844 845 846

C4H10O Methyl propyl ether CH3OC3H7 C4Hi0O Methyl isopropyl ether C4Hi0O2 1, 4-Dihydroxybutane (CH 2 CH 2 OH) 2 .. C4Hi0O2 2, 3-Dihydroxybutane (CH 3 CHOH) 2 ... C4Hi0O2 1, 2-Dihydroxy-2-methylpropane C4H10O2 Glycol dimethyl ether (CH3OCH2)2. ... C4Hi0O2 Glycol ethyl ether HOCH 2 CH 2 OC 2 H 5 .. C4Hi0O2 Diethyl peroxide (C2H5O)2 C 4 Hi 0 O 2 Dimethyl acetal CH3CH(OCH3)2 C4Hi0O2S Ethyl sulfone (CA)2SO2 C4Hi0O2S2 Diethyl disulfoxide C2H5(SO)2C2H5 C4Hi0O3 1, 2, 3-Trihydroxybutane C4H10O3 Di-(2-hydroxyethyl) ether C4H10O3 Glycerol 1-methyl ether C4H10O3S Diethyl sulfìte (C2H5)2SO3 C4H10O4 dZ-Erythritol HOCH2(CHOH)2CH2OH. C4H10O4S Diethyl sulfate (C2H5O)2SO2 C4H10S n-Butyl mercaptan C4H9SH C4H10S Isobutyl mercaptan (CHs)2CHCH2SH.. C4H10S sec.-Butyl mercaptan C2H5CH(SH)CH3. C4H10S teri.-Butyl mercaptan (CH3)3CSH C4H10S Ethyl sulfide (C2H5)2S C4H10S2 Ethyl disulfide (C2H5S)2 C4H10Se Ethyl selenide (C2Hg)2Se C4H10Te Ethyl telluride (C2H5)2Te C4H11AsO2 Diethylarsonic acid (C 2 H 5 ) 2 AsO(OH)... C4H11AsO3 N-Butylarsonic acid C 4 H 9 AsO(OH) 2 .... C4H11N rc-Bufcylamine C4H9NH2 C4H11N Isobutylamine (CH3)2CHCH2NH2 C4H11N sec.-Butylamine C 2 H 5 CH(NH 2 )CH 3 .... C4H11N terZ.-Butylamine (CHs) 3 CNH 2 C4H11N Diethylamine (C 2 H 5 ) 2 NH C4H11P Diethylphosphine (C2H5)2PH C4H12As2 Cacodyl (CH3)2As.As(CH3)2. C4H12As2O Cacodylic oxide [(CHg)2As]20 C4H12As2S Cacodylic sulfide [(CHs)2As]2S C 4 Hi 2 BrN Tetramethylammonium bromide C4H12BrNO Diethylbromoacetamide C4H12ClN Diethylamine hydrochloride C4H12ClN Tetramethylammonium chloride C 4 H 12 N 2 Tetramethylenediamine C4H12N2O4 Ammonium succhiate C 4 H 12 N 2 O 6 Ammonium d-tartrate C 4 H 12 N 2 O 6 Ammonium cK-tartrate C 4 H 12 N 4 Tetramethylammonium trinitride C4H12OS Dimethylethylsulfonium hydroxide C4H13NO Tetramethylammonium hydroxide C4H16N6O4S Methylguanidine sulfate C5HCl3N4 2, 6, 8-Trichloropurine C5HCl4N 2, 3, 4, 5-Tetrachloropyridine C5HCl4N 2, 3, 4, 6-Tetrachloropyridine C5HCl4N 2, 3, 5, 6-Tetrachloropyridine C5H2Cl3N 2, 3, 5-Trichloropyridine C5H3Cl2N 3, 5-Dichloropyridine C6H3N3 1, 1, 1-Tricyanoethane CH3C(CN)3

Ether

(C2H6)20

MoI. wt.

M. P.

132.10 178.24 74.077 74.077 74.077 74.077

d. -89.8 -108

74.077

("""Joo'o) [ p — LZo.o J

74.077 74.077 90.077 90.077 90.077 90.077 90.077 90.077 90.077 122.142 154.21 106.077 106.077 106.077 138.14 122.08 154.14 90.142 90.142 90.142 90.142 90.142 122.21 137.28 185.58 166.05 182.05 73.093 73.093 73.093 73.093 73.093 90.109 210.01 226.01 242.08 154.02 170.02 109.56 109.56 88.108 152.11 184.11 184.11 116.124 108.15 91.108 244.24 223.41 216.85 216.85 216.85 182.40 147.95 105.05

25.5

16

70

126 -26.0 >-74 <-79 -102.1

190 159 -50.5 -85.5 -104.5 -67.5 -50.0 -6 -25

B. P.

d

117.7 107.3 99.5 82.8

0.810 0.802 0.808 0.789

34 5

"^l L No. 1236 1285 116 99 104 64

-

°-714

7

38.9 32.5777 230 184 177 84.5 135.3 65 64.4 248 140 d. 1362* 250 197 161.3 331 208 s. d. 98 88 85 67 91.6 153.5 108 138

0.738 0.735^2 1.020 1.048° 1.003 0.873 0.935 0.827 0.866 1.357 1.24 1.23217 1.132 1.27O2J 1.077 1.451 l. 172f 0.83620 0.836 0.83017

13 12

76 68 63 43.8 56.0 85 170 120 211

0.74020 0.736 0.71820 0.696 0.711

0.837 0.993 1.23Of' 5

811 1174 78 368 390 630 1035

131 111 93 39 65

>1 1.46215 1.56

67 217

330

27

158

1.36710 1.608 1.601

d. 125 d. —99.5 63 240 187 21 75 91 50 67 93.5

1.048 1.169

93

0.837 d.

13724 13520 13020 12016 0.760

1253 1323

No, 847 848 849 850 851 852 853 853.1 854 855 857 858 859 860 861 862 863 864 865 866 867 868 869 870 871 872 873 874 875 876 877 878 879 880 881 882 883 884 886 887 888 889 890 891 892 893 894 895 896 897 898 899 900 901 902 903 904 905 906 907 908 909 910

Formula C6H4BrN C6H4ClN C6H4ClN C 6 H 4 ClN C6H4N2 C6H4N2O2 C6H4N2O4 C 6 H 4 N 2 O 4 (H2O) C6H4N4 C5H4N4O C6H4N4O8 C6H4OS C5H4O2 C6H4O2 C6H4O2S C6H4O2S C6H4O3 C6H4O3 C6H4O3 C6H4O3 C6H4O3 C5H4O4 C6H4O4 C6H6N C6H6NO C5H6NO C 6 H 6 NO C 6 H 6 NO C5H6NO2 C5H5NO2 C5H6NO2 C 6 H 6 NO 3 C6H6N6 C5H6 C6H6 C5H6N2 C5H6N2 C5H6N2 C6H6N2 C6H6N2O C6H6N2O2 C6H6N2O3 C5H6N2O3 C5H6O C5H6OS C6H6O2 C5H6O2 C5H6O2 C5H6O2 C6H6O3 C5H6O4 C6H6O4 C6H6O4 C5H6O4 C5H6O4 C5H6O4 C5H6O6 C5H6O6 C5H6N2O3 C5H7Cl3O2 C5H7N C5H7N C6H7N

Name

MoI. wt.

3-Bromopyridine 2-Chloropyridine 3-Chloropyridine 4-Chloropyridine Glutaconic nitrile NCCH2CH:CHCN.. 3-Nitropyridine Methylalloxan 3, 5-Pyrazoledicarboxylic acid Purine Hypoxanthine Uric acid Thiophene-2-aldehyde Furfural 1, 4-Pyrone Thiophene-2-carboxylic acid Thiophene-3-carboxylic acid Citraconic anhydride Glutaconic anhydride Itaconic anhydride Pyromeconic acid Pyromucic acid Aconic acid Glutinicacid HO2CCiCCH2CO2H Pyridine 2-Hydroxypyridine 3-Hydroxypyridine HOC5H4N 4-Hydroxypyridine Pyrrole-2-aldehyde C H O C 4 H 4 N . . . . . . . 2, 4-Dmydroxypyridine (HO) 2 C 5 H 3 N... 2, 6-Dihydroxypyridine (HO) 2 C 5 H 3 N... Pyrrole-2-carboxylic acid HO2QC4H4N. 2, 4, 6-Trihydroxypyridine Adenine Cyclopentadiene 2-Methyl-l, 3-butenine (Valylene) 2-Aminopyridine 3-Aminopyridine 4-Aminopyridine H 2 NC 5 H 4 N Glutaric nitrile NC(CH 2 ) 3 NC 2-Hydroxyglutaric nitrile Thymine Dimethylparabanic acid Pyridine nitrate 2-Methylfurfuran Thiophene-2-alcohol Furfuryl alcohol Pentinoic acid Ethyl propiolate CHiCCO2C2H6 Propargyl acetate CHiCCH 2 O 2 CCH 3 ... Glutaric anhydride... Citraconic acid CH3C(CO2H):CHCO2H Glutaconic acid Itaconic acid CH2IC(CO2H)CH2CO2H.. Mesaconic acid CH3(CO2H)CiCHCO2H Paraconic acid Trimethylene-1, 1-dicarboxylic acid Acetone-l-l'-dicarboxylic acid 1-Ketoglutaric acid 1-Methylbarbituric acid Chloral acetone 1-Methylpyrrole 2-Methylpyrrole 3-Methylpyrrole

157.96 113.50 113.50 113.50 92.047 124.05 156.05 156.05 120.06 136.06 168.06 112.10 96.031 96.031 128.10 128.10 112.03 112.03 112.03 112.03 112.03 128.03 128.03 79.047 95.047 95.047 95.047 95.047 111.05 111.05 111.05 127.05 135.08 66.046 66.046 94.062 94.062 94,062 94.062 110.06 126.06 142.06 142.06 82.046 114.11 98.046 98.046 98.046 98.046 114.05 130.05 130.05 130.05 130.05 130.05 130.05 146.05 146.05 142.06 205.43 81.062 81.062 81.062

M. P.

31.5 41 156 d.

B. P. Ï73 167.5 148.5 148 13012 216

217 > 150 d. -38.7 32.5 126.5 136 7 87 68 117 133 164 146 -42 107 129 148.5 47 265 195 191.5 23Od. 365 56 64 157 -29 335 d. 145

198 161.7 217.7 26Od. 228 1521*

d

^l *' No.

1.63210 1.20515

"

1.626

1239

1.893 1.215 1,159 1.190 403

685 1063

1.245

508

228 1324 115.3 281

0.982

641

42.5 50 204 252

0.805

903

287.4 20311

0.99515 1.181

1007 534

277 1333 64.3 207 170.2

0.916 1.136

996

119.5 125 287

0.968^ 1.005

252

103 57 91 134 161 d. 202 58 175 135 d. 113 132 76

1.617 1.632 250 21030

115.4 148 143

0.911 0.945

892

No. 911 912 913 914 915 916 917 918 920 921 921.1 921.2 922 923 924 925 926 927 928 929 930 931 932 933 934 935 936 937 938 939 941 942 943 944 945 946 947 947.1 948 949 950 951 952 953 954 955 956 957 958 959 960 961 962 963 964 965 966 967 968 969 969.1 970 971

Formula C 6 H 7 NO 2 C6H7NS C6H8 C6H8 C6H8 C6H8 C6H8 C6H8 C6H8 C6H8 C6H8Cl2O2 C6H8N2 C6H8N2 C6H8N4O6 C6H8O C5H8O C6H8O C6H8O C6H8O2 C6H8O2 C6H8O2 C6H8O2 C6H8O2 C6H8O2 C6H8O2 C6H8O2 C6H8O2 C6H8O2 C6H8O2 C6H8O2 C6H8O3 C6H8O3 C6H8O3 C6H8O4 C6H8O4 C6H8O4 C6H8O4 C6H8O4 C6H8O4 C6H8O4 C6H8O4 C6H8O4 C6H8O6 C6H8O6 C6H8O6 C6H8O5 C6H8O6 C6H8O6 (H2O) C6H8O7 C6H9BrO2 C5H9BrO2 C6H9BrO2 C6H9BrO2 C6H9BrO2 C6H9Br3 C5H9Cl C6H9ClO C6H9ClO C6H9ClO2 C6H9ClO2 C6H9ClO2 C6H9ClO2 C5H9IO2

Name

MoI. wt.

Ethyl cyanoacetate NCCH 2 CO 2 C 2 H 5 ... Crotonyl isothiocyanate Cyclopentene 2, 3-Pentadiene CH3CH:C:CHCH3 tmsî/m.-Dimethylallene (CH3)2C:C:CH2 Isoprene CH2:C(CH3)CH:CH2 Methylethylacetylene CH 3 CiCC 2 H 6 .... 1, 3-Pentadiene CH 3 CHrCHCHrCH 2 ... Propylacetylene C3H7CiCH Isopropylacetylene (CH 3 ) 2 CHCiCH.... Ethyl 1, 2-dichloropropionate 3, 4-Dimethylpyrazole 3, 5-Dimethylpyrazole Uroxanic acid Cyclopentanone. Ethyl propargyl ether CHiCCH2OC2H6 Tiglic aldehyde CH 3 CHrC(CH 3 )CHO.. Ethylideneacetone CH3CHrCHCOCH3. Levulinic aldehyde Acetylacetone CH3COCH2COCH3 Allylacetic acid CH 2 :CH(CH 2 ) 2 CO 2 H . . Angelic acid 2, 2-Dimethylacrylic acid 1-Ethylacrylic acid CH2:C(C2H5)CO2H. 1, 2-Pentenic acid C 2 H 6 CHrCHCO 2 H.. 2, 3-Pentenic acid Tiglic acid CH3CHrC(CH 3)CO2H AUyI acetate CH3CO2C3H5 Ethyl acrylate C2H3COC2H6 Methyl a-crotonate Levulinic acid CH 3 COCH 2 CH 2 CO 2 H... Ethyl pyruvate CH3COCO2C2H6 Methyl acetoacetate Dimethylmalonic acid (CHs) 2 C(CO 2 H) 2 Ethylmalonic acid C 2 H 5 CH(CO 2 H) 2 .... Glutaricacid CH 2 (CH 2 CO 2 H) 2 Pyrotartaric acid Methyltetronic lactone Dimethyl malonate H 2 C(CO 2 CHs) 2 Ethyl hydrogen malonate. . Methyl ethyl oxalate Méthylène diacetate CH 2 (CO 2 CHg) 2 .... a-Citramalic acid d/-Citramalic acid /3-Methylmalic acid Arabonic lactone Dimethyl tartronate d-Methyl hydrogen tartrate Aposorbinic acid 1-Bromovaleric acid C 3 H 7 CHBrCO 2 H.. 2-Bromovaleric acid 3-Bromovaleric acid 2-Bromoisovaleric acid Ethyl 1-bromopropionate 1, 2, 3-Tribromopentane Isoprene hydrochloride n-Valervi chloride C4H9COCl Isovaleryl chloride (CH3)2CHCH2COC1 Ethyl 1-chloropropionate . Ethyl 2-chloropropionate n-Butyl chloroformate ClCO2C4H7 Isobutyl chloroformate Ethyl 2-iodopropionate

113.06 113.13 68.062 68.082 68.062 68.062 68.062 68.062 68.062 68.062 170.98 96.078 96.078 220.09 84.062 84.062 84.062 84.062 100.062 100.062 100.062 100.062 100.062 100.062 100.062 100.062 100.062 100.062 100.062 100.062 116.06 116.06 116.06 132.06 132.06 132.06 132.06 132.06 132.06 132.06 132.06 132.06 148.06 148.06 148.06 148.06 148.06 164.06 180.06 180.99 180.99 180.99 180.99 180.99 308.82 104.53 120.53 120.53 136.53 136.53 136.53 136.53 228. OO

M. P. -22.5

-120 -120 -95 58 107 162 d.

-23.2 <-18 45 70 45 10 64

33.1 193 111.5 97.5 111 123 -62

95 117 123 98 53.3 76 110

B. P. 206 8550 43.6 51 40.5 34 56 44 40 29.3 184

?1L No. 232~~

d 1.063 0.993° 0.776 0.702 0.678 0.679 0.687 0.696 0.722° 0.685° 1.246 0.933J9

943 121 901 932 3

424 1131

0.951 0.833 0.870 0.856 1.018 0.976 0.984 0.983 46 - 7

353 325 430 370 295 439 805 1069

0.990 0.987 0.872 0.928 0.924 0.9814 1.14317 1.06O46 1.077

904 949 1121 146

1.1921O6 1.411

1151 1333 1213 206 301

220 130.6 80 116.5 124 188 137 189 185 195 180 10817 9516 198.5 105 99.8 120.7 246 144 170 16Od. 304 181.5 14721 173.7 170

1.154 1.176 1.156°

383 882 241

10510

60 40 73.5 160 12821 109 128 113 146 162.5 138.9 130 202

1.393 2.095}4 0.933 l. 01615 1.087 1.114 1.078 1.040^ 1.67915

419 743 223 235 236 807

No. 972 973 974 975 975.1 976 977 978 979 980 981 982 983 984 985 986 987 988 988.1 989 990 991 992 993 994 994.1 995 996 997 998 999 1000 1001 1002 1003 1004 1005 1006 1007 1008 1009 1010 1011 1012 1013 1014 1015 1016 1017 1018 1019 1020 1021 1022 1023 1024 1025 1026 1027 1028 1028.1 1029 1030

Formula C6H9N C5H9N C 6 H 9 NO 1 C6H9NO3 C5H9NO3 C5H9NO4 C6H9NO4 C6H9NS C5Hi0 C5H10 C5Hi0 C5H10 C5H10 C5H10 C5H10 C6HiO C5H10Br2 C5Hi0Br2 C6Hi0ClNO4 C5Hi0Cl2 C6Hi0Cl2 C5H10Cl2 C6H10Cl2 C5H10N2 C6H10N2O2 C5H10N2O2 C6H10N2O3 C6H10N2O4 C6H10O C5Hi0O C6Hi0O C5Hi0O C6H10O C6H10O C5H10O C5H10O C5Hi0O C6H10O C5Hi0O C6Hi0O C5Hi0O2 C6H10O2 C5Hi0O2 C6H10O2 C6Hi0O2 C6Hi0O2 C6Hi0O2 C6Hi0O2 C5H10O2 C6Hi0O2 C6Hi0O2 C6Hi0O2 C6Hi0O2 C6Hi0O2S C5Hi0O3 C5Hi0O3 C6Hi0O3 C6H10O3 C6Hi0O3 C6Hi0O3 C6Hj0O3 C5Hi0O3 C6H10O4

Name

MoI. wt.

n-Valervi mirile C4H9CN Isovaleryl nitrile (CH3)2CHCH2CN Piperidone Acetylurethane CH 3 CONHCO 2 C 2 H 5 .... a-Acetylaminopropionic acid dZ-Glutaminic acid d-Glutaminic acid Isobutyl isothiocyanate Cyclopentane CH 2 <(CH 2 CH 2 ) 2 > 1, 1-Dimethyltrimethylene Methylcyclobutane 0-Amylene CH3CHiCHC2H5 a-Amylene C2H5C(CH3) :CH2 n-Propylethylene C3H7CHiCH2 2-Methyl-3-butene CH2:CHCH(CH3)2.. 2-Methyl-2-butene CH 3 CH:C(CH 3 ) 2 .. . 1, 5-Dibromopentane CH2(CH2CH2Br)2 2, 3-Dibromopentane C 2 H 5 (CHBr) 2 CH 3 d(Z)-Glutaminic acid hydrochloride 3, 3-Dichloro-2-methylbutane 1, 4-Dichloropentane 1, 5-Dichloropentane CH2(CH2CH2Cl)2. 2, 3-Dichloropentane C2H5(CHCl)2CH3. Diethylcyanamide NCN(C 2 H 5 ), 1-Nitropiperidine Dimethylmalonamide dZ-Glutamine Amylene nitrosate Cyclopentanol Methylallyl carbinol Vinylethyl carbinol 2-Pentene-4-ol Ethyl allyl ether C 2 H 5 OCH 2 CHrCH 2 ... Isovaleraldehyde (CH 3 ) 2 CHCH 2 CHO. . Trimethylacetaldehyde (CH 3 ) 3 CCHO. . n-Valeric aldehyde C4H9CHO Diethyl ketone (C2H5)2CO Methyl propyl ketone CH3COC3H7 Methyl isopropyl ketone Pentamethylene oxide 3-Acetylpropyl alcohol dZ-Methylethylacetic acid Trimethylacetic acid (CHg) 3 CCO 2 H.... n-Valeric acid C5HnCO2H Isovaleric acid (CHs) 2 CHCH 2 CO 2 H.... n-Butyl formate HCO2C4H9 d-sec.-Butyl formate Isobutyl formate (CHs)2CHCH2CO2H.. Ethyl propionate C2H5CO2C2H5 Methyl n-butyrate C3H7CO2CH3 Methyl isobutyrate (CH 3 ) 2 CHCO 2 CH 3 . n-Propyl acetate CH3CO2C3H7 Isopropyl acetate CH 3 COCH 2 (CHs) 2 ... Ethyl thiocarbonate CS(OC2H5)2 !-Hydroxyvaleric acid !-Hydroxyisovaleric acid 2-Hydroxyvaleric acid Diethyl carbonate (C2H6O)2CO Ethyl hydracrylate Ethyl lactate CH 3 CH(OH)CO 2 C 2 H 5 .... Methyl Z-1-methoxypropionate Propyl glycollate HOCH2CO2C3H7 Ethyl glycerate

83.077 83.077 99.077 131.08 131.08 147.08 147.08 115.14 70.077 70.077 70.077 70.077 70.077 70.077 70.077 70.077 229.91 229.91 183.54 140.99 140.99 140.99 140.99 98.093 130.09 130.09 146.09 162.09 86.077 86.077 86.077 86.077 86.077 86.077 86.077 86.077 86.077 86.077 86.077 86.077 102.08 102.08 102.08 102.08 102.08 102.08 102.08 102.08 102.08 102.08 102.08 102.08 102.08 134.14 118.08 118.08 118.08 118.08 118.08 118.08 118.08 118.08 134.08

%

M. P.

40 78 133 198 208 d. -93.3 -139 -135 -124 -35

B. P.

d

Ï 4 Ï 0 . 8 0 1 129.3 0.802 256 215

162 49.5 21 42 36.4 32 40 20.1 38.4 224 175

1.460 1.538 0.943 0.754 0.660 0.651 0.667? 0.6321S 0.66813 1.70618 1.7087°

193

-5.5 198 256 99

-51 3 -42.0 -77.8 -92.0 <-80 35.5 -59; -34.5 -37.6 -90.0 -95.3 -72.6 <-95 -84.7 -92.5 -73.4 31 86 < -32 -43.0

145 6117 178 139 187 d. 245

0.854 1.158

141 116.4 114.7 6462 67.6 92.5 75 103.4 101.7 101.7 93 87 209 174 163.8 187.0 176.7 106.8 97 98.2 99.1 102.3 92.6 101.6 89 162

0.946 0.834 0.837 0.838 0.765 0.80317 0.793 0.81911 0.814 0.812Ji 0.81515 0.880° 1.016° 0.941 0.90550 0.942 0.937J5 0.911° 0.882 0.875 0.891 0.898 0.891 0.887 0.877 156 1.028

125.8 8412 154 131 170.5 12114

0.979 1.064f 1.031 0.998616-4 1.06218 1.1911J

?1L No. 8sF

1215 1261 1266 843 921 880 31

866 1240

1.065

1072 1033 1208 1207 277 933 69 " 79 70 86 75 62 153 1050 175 145 74 48 58 51 68 49 52 939

57 313

No.

Formula

Name

1031 C6Hi0O4 Glycerol acetate (Monoacetin) 1032 C5Hi0O5 d(Z)-c*-Arabinose 1033 C5Hi0O5 d(0-0-Arabinose 1034 C5Hi0O5 c#-Arabinose 1035 C5Hi0O5 d-Lyxose 1036 C5Hi0O5 d-Ribose 1037 C5Hi0O5 Z-Xylose 1038 C5Hi0O5 dZ-Xylose 1039 C5H10O6 Arabonicacid HO 2 C(CHOH) 3 CH 2 OH.. 1040 C5HnBr n-Amyl bromide CH3(CH2)4Br 1041 C6Hi1Br Isoamyl bromide (CHs)2CHCH2CH2Br. 1042 C5H11Br tert.-Amyl bromide (CHs) 2 (C 3 H 5 )CBr... 1043 C5H11Cl n-Amyl chloride CH3(CH2)4C1 1044 C5HnCl Isoamyl chloride (CHg)2CHCH2CH2Cl. 1045 C5H11Cl tert.-Amyl chloride (CHg) 2 (C 2 H 5 )CCl... 1046 C5H11Cl sec.-Amyl chloride C 3 H 7 (CH 3 )CHCL... 1047 C5H11Cl 3-Chloropentane (C2Hs)2CHCl 1048 C6H11ClO tert.-Amyl hypochlorite 1049 C6HnF n-Amyl fluoride CH3(CH2)4F 1050 C 6 HnF Isoamyl fluoride (CHg)2CHCH2CH2F.... 1051 C5HnI n-Amyl iodide CH3(CH2)41 1052 C5HnI Isoamyl iodide (CHs) 2 CHCH 2 CH 2 I.... 1053 C6HnI tert.-Amyl iodide (CH3)2(C2H5)CHI 1054 C 5 HnN Piperidine ! 1055 C 6 HnNO Diethylketoxime (C2H5)2C:NOH 1056 C6Hi1NO Methylpropylketoxime 1057 C5Hi1NO Valeramide C4H9CONH2 1058 C 5 HnNO Isovaleramide (CH3)2CHCH2CONH2... 1059 C 6 H n NO 2 1-Aminovaleric acid 1060 C 6 H n NO 2 3-Aminovaleric acid 1061 C 5 H n NO 2 4-Aminovaleric acid 1062 C 5 H n NO 2 2-Aminoisovaleric acid 1063 C 6 H n NO 2 n-Amyl nitrite CH 3 (CH 2 ) 4 ONO... 1064 C5H11NO2 Isoamyl nitrite (CH3)2CH(CH2)2ONO.. 1065 C 5 H n NO 2 tert.-Amyl nitrite (CH 3 ) 2 (C 2 H 5 )CONO.. 1066 C5HnNO2 n-Butyl carbamate C4H9CO2NH2 1067 C 6 H n NO 2 Isobutyl carbamate H2NCO2C4H9 1067.1 C 6 H n NO 2 Ethylurethane C2H5NHCO2C2H5 1068 C 5 H n NO 2 Betaine 1069 C6H11NO2 dZ-Valine (CH 3 ) 2 CHCH(NH 2 )CO 2 H.... 1069.1 C6H11NO2 d- Valine 1070 C6HnNO3 Isoamyl nitrate 1070.1 C5H11NO3 Bios 1070.2 C5HnNO4 Methyltetronic amide 1071 C5HnNO5 Z-Arabinose oxime 1072 C6Hi2 2-Methylbutane (Isopentane) 1073 C5Hi2 n-Pentane CH3(CH2)3CH3 1074 C6Hi2 2, 2-Dimethypropane (CH3) 4C 1075 C5Hi2ClN Piperidine hydrochloride 1076 C6Hi2ClNO2 Betaine hydrochloride 1077 C5Hi2N2O 1, 2-Diethylurea CO(NHC2H5)a 1078 C6Hi2O n-Amyl alcohol CH3(CH2)3CH2OH 1079 C6Hi2O Isoamyl alcohol* (CHs)2CHCH2CH2OH 1080 C6Hi2O Diethyl carbinol (C2H5)2CHOH 1081 C6Hi2O tert.-Amyl alcohol (CH3)2(C2H5)COH... 1082 C5H12O tert.-Butyl carbinol 1083 C6Hi2O d-Amyl alcohol CH3(C2H6)CHCH2OH.. 1084 C5Hi2O sec.-Amyl alcohol CH 3 (C 3 H 7 )CH 2 OH... 1084.1 C6Hi2O d-sec.-A.myl alcohol 1085 C5Hi2O . Methyl isopropyl carbinol 1085.1 C6Hi2O d-Methyl isopropyl carbinol 1086 C6Hi2O Ethyl propyl ether C2H6OC3H7 1087 C6Hi2O Ethyl isopropyl ether C2H6OCH(CH3)2. * Commercially known as "Amyl alcohol."

MoI. wt.

M. P.

134.08 " 150.08 159.5 150.08 150.08 164.5 150.08 105 150.08 87 150.08 153 150.08 131 166.08 89 151.00 151.00 151.00 106.54 106.54 106.54 -72.9 106.54 106.54 122.54 90.085 >-80 90.085 <-ll 198.02 198.02 198.02 85.093 -9 101.09 101.09 101.09 106 101.09 137 117.09 291.5 117.09 193 117.09 157 117.09 217 117.09 117.09 117.09 117.09 54 117.09 67 117.09 117.09 273d. 117.09 298 d. 117.09 315 133.09 133.09 223 149.09 135 d. 165.09 139 72.092 -159.7 72.092 -131.5 72.092 -20 121.56 237 153.56 235 116.11 106 88.092 -78.5 88.092 -117.2 88.092 88.092 -11.9 88.092 53 88.092 88.092 88.092 88.092 88.092 88.092 <-79 88.092

B. P.

d

1581651.20 1.585 1.605

127.9 121 109.2 105.7 99.1 85.7 105 105 76.3 62.8 53.5 156 148 125 105.8 168.3 168

?1L No. 1243 1248

1.545

1228

1.525

1231

1.223 1.215 1.190 0.883 0.893 0.87015 0.870 0.895 0.855 0.788

401 378 389 191 181 155 157

572

232

1.517 1.510 1.49719 0.860 0.914 0.909 1.023 0.965

10476 99 93

0.853 0.872 0.903°

56 67

206 176

0.981

262

148

0.996 217

28.0 36.2 9.5

263 137.9 130.5 115.6 101.8 114 128 119.5 118 114 61.4 54

0.62119-1 0.631

1.042 0.817^S 0.812 0.815f 0.809 0.816 0.809 0.8103 0.819 0.818 0.732 0.745°

II

444 407 403

1327 200 1163 1218 9 10

823 166> 179' 158.

165 154 106 24

No. 1088 1089 1090 1091 1092 1093 1094 1095 1096 1097 1098 1099 1100 1101 1102 1103 1105 1106 1107 1108 1109 1110 1111 1111.1 1111.2 1112 1113 1114 1115 1116 1117 1118 1119 1120 1121 1122 1122.1 1122.2 1123 1124 1125 1126 1127 1128 1129 1130 1131 1132 1133 1134 1135 1136 1137 1138 1139 1140 1141 1142 1143 1144 1145 1146 1147

Formula

Name

C5Hi2O Methyl n-butyl ether CH3OC4H9 C5Hi2O2 Pentane-1, 2-diol C3H7CHOHCH2OH.. C 5 Hi 2 O 2 Pentane-1, 5-diol CH 2 (CH 2 CH 2 OH) 2 ... C5Hi2O2 Méthylène diethyl ether CH 2 (OC 2 H 5 ) 2 . C5Hi2O3 Glycerol 1-ethyl ether C 5 Hi 2 O 4 Pentaerythritol C5Hi2O5 Adonitol C5Hi2O5 d-Arabitol C5Hi2S rc-Amyl mercaptan C 5 HnSH C5Hi2S ac£.-Amyl mercaptan C5Hi2S Isoamyl mercaptan C 5 Hi 3 N n-Amylamine C 5 H n NH 2 C5H13N Isoamylamine (CHs) 2 CHCH 2 CH 2 NH 2 .. C5Hi3N sec.-Amylamine CH3(C3H7)CH2NH2.... C 5 Hi 3 N tert.-Amylamine (CHg) 2 (C 2 H 5 )CNH 2 .... C5Hi3NO2 Ammonium valerate C 5 Hi 4 N 2 Pentamethylenediamine C6Br4O2 Bromanil OC:(CBrCBr)2:CO C6Br6 Hexabromobenzene C6Br6O "Hexabromophenol" C6Cl4O2 Chloranil OC:(CC1CC1)2:CO C6Cl6 Hexachlorobenzene C6Cl6O "Hexachlorophenol" C6Cl8O ß-Octachlorocyelohexenone C6Cl8O 7-Octachlorocyclohexenone C6I6 Hexaiodobenzene C 6 HBr 5 Pentabromobenzene C6HBr5O Pentabromophenol C(Br5)OH C6HCl3O2 Trichloroquinone C 6 HCl 4 NO 2 2, 3, 4, 5-Tetraehloronitrobenzene C6HCl4NO2 2, 3, 4, 6-Tetrachloronitrobenzene C6HCl4NO2 2, 3, 5, 6-Tetrachloronitrobenzene C6HCl5 Pentachlorobenzene C6HCl5O Pentachlorophenol HOC6Cl5 C 6 HN 5 Ou Pentanitrophenol C 6 (NO 2 ) 5 OH C 6 H 2 BrN 3 O 6 Picryl bromide 2, 4, 6(NO 2 ) 3 C 6 H 2 Br.... C 6 H 2 Br 2 N 2 O 4 1, 2-Dinitro-4, 5-dibromobenzene C6H2Br2N2O4 1, 3-Dinitro-4, 6-dibromobenzene C 6 H 2 Br 4 1, 2, 3, 5-Tetrabromobenzene C6H2Br4 1, 2, 4, 5-Tetrabromobenzene....: C6H2Br4O 2, 3, 4, 6-Tetrabromophenol C6H2Br5N Pentabromoaniline C 6 (Br 5 )NH 2 . C6H2ClN3O6 Picryl chloride (NO2)3C6H2C1 C6H2ClN3O6 5-Chloro-l, 2, 4-trinitrobenzene C6H2Cl2O2 2, 5-Dichloroquinone C6H2Cl2O2 2, 6-Dichloroquinone C6H2Cl3NO2 2, 3, 4-Trichloronitrobenzene C6H2Cl3NO2 2, 3, 6-Trichloronitrobenzene C6H2Cl3NO2 2, 4, 5-Trichloronitrobenzene C6H2Cl3NO2 2, 4, 6-Trichloronitrobenzene C6H2Cl4 1, 2, 3, 4-Tetrachlorobenzene C6H2Cl4 1, 2, 3, 5-Tetrachlorobenzene C6H2Cl4 1, 2, 4, 5-Tetrachlorobenzene C6H2Cl4O 2, 3, 4, 6-Tetrachlorophenol C6H2Cl4O2 Tetrachlorohydroquinone C6H2Cl5N Pentachloroaniline C6(Cl5)NH2 C6H2IN3O6 Picryl iodide (NO2)3C6H21 C6H2I2N2O4 2, 4-Diiodo-l, 3-dinitrobenzene C6H2I2N2O4 4, 6-Diiodo-l, 3-dinitrobenzene C6H2I4 1, 2, 3, 4-Tetraiodobenzene C6H2I4 1, 2, 3, 5-Tetraiodobenzene C6H2I4 1, 2, 4, 5-Tetraiodobenzene C6H2N4O9 2, 3, 4, 6-Tetranitrophenol

MoI. wt. 88.092 104.09 104.09 104.09 120.09 136.09 152.09 152.09 104.16 104.16 104.16 87.108 87.108 87.108 87.108 119.11 102.12 423.66 551.50 367.50 245.83 284.75 300.75 371.67 371.67 833.59 472.59 488.59 211.38 260.85 260.85 260.85 250.30 266.30 319.05 291.96 325.86 325.86 393.68 393.68 409.68 487.60 247.50 247.50 176.93 176.93 226.40 226.40 226.40 226.40 215.85 215.85 215.85 231.85 247.85 265.31 338.97 419.90 419.90 581.74 581.74 581.74 274.05

M. P.

B. P. 70.3 211.8 239.4 89 230

253 102 103

-55.0 -105.0 9 300 306 128 290 226 46 90 89 350 d. 293 225 168 64.5 22 99 86 188 19Od. 123 115 117 98.5 178 120 222 83 116 161 121 56 89 57 68 47.5 51 138 69 232 232 165 162 168.4 136 148 254 140

d 0.764° 0.9802^ 0.994 2 J 0.851° 1.091

?1 *' No. 376 432 1178 1333

126 118 129.5 104 95 91 78

0.85720 0.84813 0.835 0.76619 0.751 0.749

178

0.885^

326

1.569236 2.016 2.058

304 d. 277 310.2

396 379 176 1333 482

1292 1305

l .84210 1.978 2.313 2.295

329 3.027 1.797

288

1.790

254 246 246 16423

1.73410

2.2S522-6 1315 2.744

d.

No.

Formula

Name

MoI. wt.

M. P. 178 exp. 101.5 59.4 75.3 62 85 58 106 117.5 87.4 44 119.6 92.5 96 111 86.8

1148 1149 1150 1151 1152 1153 1154 1155 1155.1 1156 1157 1158 1159 1160 1161 1162

C6H2O4 C6H3BrN2O4 C6H3BrN2O4 C6H3BrN2O4 C6H3Br2NO2 C6H3Br2NO2 C6H3Br2NO2 C6H3Br2NO2 C6H3Br2NOa C6H3Br3 C6H3Br3 C6H6Br3 C6H3Br3O C6H3Br3O C6H3Br3O2 C6H3ClN2O4

Diacetylenedicarboxylic acid 3-Bromo-l, 2-dinitrobenzene 4-Bromo-l, 2-dinitrobenzene 4-Bromo-l, 3-dinitrobenzene 2, 4-Dibromonitrobenzene 2, 5-Dibromonitrobenzene 3, 4-Dibromonitrobenzene 3, 5-Dibromonitrobenzene 4, 6-Dibromo-2-nitrophenol 1, 2, 3-Tribromobenzene 1, 2, 4-Tribromobenzene 1, 3, 5-Tribromobenzene 2, 3, 5-Tribromophenol Br 3 C 6 H 2 OH.... 2, 4, 6-Tribromophenol Br 3 C 6 H 2 OH.... 2, 4, 6-Tribromoresorcinol 3-Chloro-l, 2-dinitrobenzene

138.02 246.96 246.96 246.96 280.86 280.86 280.86 280.86 296.86 314.77 314.77 314.77 330.77 330.77 346.77 202.50

1163

C6H3ClN2O4

4-Chloro-l, 2-dinitrobenzene

202.50

l

1164 1165 1166 1167 1168 1169 1170 1171 1172 1173 1174 1174.1 1175 1176 1177 1178 1179 1180 1181 1182 1183 1184 1185 1186 1187 1188 1189 1190 1191 1192 1193 1194 1195 1196 1197 1198 1199 1200 1200.1 1200.2 1200.3 1200.4 1200.5

C6H3ClN2O4 C6H3ClN2O4 C6H3ClN2O4 C6H3ClN2O4 C6H3ClN2O4 C6H3Cl2NO2 C6H3Cl2NO2 C6H3Cl2NO2 C6H3Cl2NO2 C6H3Cl2NO2 C6H3Cl2NO2 C6H3Cl2NO3 C6H3Cl3 C6H3Cl3 C6H3Cl3 C6H3Cl3O C6H3Cl3O C6H3Cl3O2 C6H3Cl3O2 C6H3Cl3O6S3 C6H3Cl4N C6H3Cl4N C6H3Cl4N C6H3I3 C6H3I3 C6H3I3 C6H3I3O C6H3N3O6 C6H3N3O6 C6H3N3O6 C6H3N3O6S C6H3N3O7 C6H3N3O7 C6H3N3O7 C6H3N3O7 C6H3N3O8 C6H3N3O9S C6H3N6O8 C6H4BrCl C6H4BrCl C6H4BrCl C6H4BrI C6H4BrI

2-Chloro-l, 3-dinitrobenzene «-4-Chloro-l, 3-dinitrobenzene /3-4-Chloro-l, 3-dinitrobenzene 5-Chloro-l, 3-dinitrobenzene 2-Chloro-l, 4-dinitrobenzene 2, 3-Dichloronitrobenzene 2, 4-Dichloronitrobenzene 2, 5-Dichloronitrobenzene 2, 6-Dichloronitrobenzene 3, 4-Dichloronitrobenzene 3, 5-Dichloronitrobenzene 4, 6-Dichloro-2-nitrophenol 1, 2, 3-Trichlorobenzene 1, 2, 4-Trichlorobenzene 1, 3, 5-Trichlorobenzene 2, 3, 5-Trichlorophenol 2, 4, 6-Trichlorophenol 2, 3, 5-Trichlorohydroquinone 2, 4, 6-Trichlororesorcinol Benzene-1, 3, 5-trisulfonyl chloride 2, 3, 4, 5-Tetrachloroaniline 2, 3, 4, 6-Tetrachloroaniline 2, 3, 5, 6-Tetrachloroaniline 1, 2, 3-Triiodobenzene 1, 2, 4-Triiodobenzene 1, 3, 5-Triiodobenzene 2, 4, 6-Triiodophenol I3C6H2(OH) 1, 2, 3-Trinitrobenzene 1, 2, 4-Trinitrobenzene 1, 3, 5-Trinitrobenzene Thiopicric acid 2, 3, 5-Trinitrophenol C 6 H 2 (NO 2 ) 3 OH.. 2, 3, 6-Trinitrophenol C 6 H 2 (NO 2 ) 3 OH.. 2, 4, 5-Trinitrophenol C 6 H 2 (NO 2 ) 3 OH. . Picric acid (NO2)3C6H2OH , Styphnic acid Picrylsulfonic acid 2, 3, 4, 6-Tetranitroaniline o-Bromochlorobenzene ra-Bromochlorobenzene p-Bromochlorobenzene o-Bromoiodobenzene m-Bromoiodobenzene

202.50 202.50 202.50 202.50 202.50 191.95 191.95 191.95 191.95 191.95 191.95 207.95 181.40 181.40 181.40 197.40 197.40 213.40 213.40 373.59 230.86 230.86 230.86 455.82 455.82 455.82 471.82 213.05 213.05 213.05 245.11 229.05 229.05 229.05 229.05 245.05 293.11 273.06 191.40 191.40 191.40 282.88 282.88

( O 28 87 53.4 43 59 60 62 33 54.5 72.5 43 65.4 122 52 17 63 53.4 68 134 83 184 118 88 90 116 84 181 156 127.5 61 121; 61 114 120 118 96 121.8 180 100 170 -12.6 -21.2 67.4 2.1 -9.3

B. P.

d

320

296

?1L No. 1302

2.356 2.368 2.354 2.434 2.658

276 278 2.55

f OL 36.3 ß I "y Î'l oo. o

315 d.

315 315

1.697 1.680

258

1.72114 l .43980 1.66922 1.60317 1.45180 1.69214 1.822

266 1308 256 219 213 208.5 253 244.5

d. exp. 115

l .5741«

754

1.73155 1.688

exp. >300

1.763 1.829

1313

exp. 237 204™* 196 196.3 257.4754 252764

1.89 1.65612-5 1.62714

1314 765 764

No.

Formula

Name

MoI. wt.

1200.6 1201 1202 1203 1204 1205 1206 1207 1208 1209 1210 1211 1212 1213 1214 1214.1 1215 1216 1217 1218 1219 1220 1221 1222 1223 1224 1225 1226 1227 1228 1229 1230 1231 1232 1233 1234 1235 1236 1237 1238 1239 1240 1241 1242 1243 1244 1245 1246 1247 1248 1249 1250 1251

C6H4BrI C6H4BrNO2 C6H4BrNO2 C 6 H 4 BrNO 2 C6H4Br2 C6H4Br2 C 6 H 4 Br 2 C6H4Br2O C6H4Br2O C6H4Br2O C 6 H 4 Br 2 O C 6 H 4 Br 2 O 2 C6H4Br2O2 C 6 H 4 Br 3 N C6H4Br3N C6H4ClI C6H4ClNO2 C6H4ClNO2 C6H4ClNO2 C 6 H 4 ClNO 3 C6H4ClNO3 C6H4ClNO3 C6H4ClNO3 C6H4ClNO3 C6H4ClNO3 C6H4ClNO3 C6H4ClNO3 C6H4ClNO3 C6H4ClNO5S C6H4ClNO6S C6H4Cl2 C6H4Cl2 C6H4Cl2 C6H4Cl2O C6H4Cl2O C6H4Cl2O C6H4Cl2O C6H4Cl2O C6H4Cl2O C6H4Cl2O2 C6H4Cl2O2 C6H4Cl2O2 C6H4Cl2O3S C6H4Cl2O4S2 C6H4Cl2O4S2 C6H4Cl2O4S2 C 6 H 4 Cl 3 N C6H4Cl3N C6H4Cl3N C6H4Cl3N C6H4FNO2 C6H4FNO2 C6H4FNO2

p-Bromoiodobenzene o-Bromonitrobenzene w-Bromonitrobenzene p-Bromo nitrobenzene o-Dibromobenzene ra-Dibromobehzene p-Dibromobenzene 2, 4-Dibromophenol 2, 6-Dibromophenol 3, 4-Dibromophenol 3, 5-Dibromophenol 2, 4-Dibromoresorcinol 4, 6-Dibromoresorcinol 2, 4, 6-Tribromoaniline 3, 4, 5-Tribromoaniline p-Chloroiodobenzene.... o-Chloronitrobenzene ra-Chloronitrobenzene p-Chloronitrobenzene 4-Chloro-2-nitrophenol 5-Chloro-2-nitrophenol 6-Chloro-2-nitrophenol 2-Chloro-3-nitrophenol 4-Chloro-3-nitrophenol 5-Chloro-3-nitrophenol 6-Chloro-3-nitrophenol 2-Chloro-4-nitrophenol 3-Chloro-4-nitrophenol 2-Chloronitrobenzene-5-sulfonic acid 5-Chloronitrobenzene-3-sulfonic acid o-Dichlorobenzene m-Dichlorobenzene p-Dichlorobenzene 2, 3-Dichlorophenol 2, 4-Dichlorophenol 2, 5-Dichlorophenol 2, 6-Dichlorophenol 3, 4-Dichlorophenol 3, 5-Dichlorophenol 2, 3-Dichlorohydroquinone 2, 5-Dichlorohydroquinone 2, 6-Dichlorohydroquinone 2, 5-Dichlorobenzenesulfonic acid o-Benzenedisulfonyl chloride w-Benzendisulfonyl chloride p-Benzenedisulfonyl chloride 2, 3, 4-Trichloroaniline 2, 4, 5-Trichloroaniline 2, 4, 6-Trichloroaniline 3, 4, 5-Trichloroaniline Cl 3 C 6 H 2 NH 2 .... o-Fluoronitrobenzene. .. m-Fluoronitrobenzene p-Fluoronitrobenzene

282.88 201.96 201.96 201.96 235.86 235.86 235.86 251.86 251.86 251.86 251.83 267.86 267.86 329.79 329.79 238.42 157.50 157.50 157.50 173.50 173.50 173.50 173.50 173.50 173.50 173.50 173.50 173.50 237.56 237.56 146.95 146.95 146.95 162.95 162.95 162.95 162.95 162.95 162.95 178.95 178.95 178.95 227.01 275.08 275.08 275.08 196.41 196.41 196.41 196.41 141.04 141.04 141.04

1252 1253 1254 1255 1256 1257 1258 1259 1260

C6H4F2 C6H4F2 C6H4INO2 C 6 H 4 INO 2 C 6 H 4 INO 2 C6H4INO3 C6H4I2 C6H4I2 C6H4I2

m-Difluorobenzene p-Difluorobenzene . o-Iodonitrobenzene ra-Iodonitrobenzene p-Iodonitrobenzene 4-Iodo-6-nitrophenol IC 6 H 3 (NO 2 )OH... o-Diiodobenzene m-Diiodobenzene p-Diiodobenzene

114.03 114.03 248.97 248.97 248.97 264.97 329.90 329.90 329.90

M. P. 92 43.0 56.0 127 1.8 —6.9 86.8 36 56 80 76.5 92.5 112 119 118 57 32.5 44.4;23.7 83.5 87 38.9 70 120 127 147 118 111 133 >200 d. 200 d. -17.6 -24.8 52.9 57 45 58 67 68 68 145 170 164 97 105 63 131 67.5 96 77.5 100 -5.9 1.7 26.5; 21.5 -23.7 49.4 36 171.5 81 23.4 34.2 129.4

B. P. 251.6754 261 256.5 256 221 217 219 239

d

^: L No.

1.623f 1.704

777

1.966J5 1.955 1.954

787 783 1132

130 (in CO2) 300 227.6751 245.7 235.6 242

1.365 1.534 1.520

179 173 173

1.298 1.288 1.458

731 723 1101

210 211.7 220 253.5 233.1 1.824

291.5 270 262.4 214.6 205 205

1.338 1.327 1.326

700 688 1084

83 88.9 290 280 288.1

1.172 1.164 1.810}5'5 l .804}5'5 1.80945'6

384 362

286.8 284.8 285

No.

Formula

Name

1261 1262 1263 1264 1265 1266 1267 1268 1269 1270 1271 1272 1273 1274 1275 1276 1277 1278 1279 1280 1281 1282 1283 1284 1285 1286 1287 1288 1289 1290 1291 1292 1294 1295 1296 1297 1298 1299 1300 1301 1302 1303 1304 1305 1306 1307 1308 1309 1310 1311 1312 1313 1314

C6H4I2O C6H4I2O C6H4I2O C6H4I2O C6H4I2O4S C6H4I3N C6H4N2 C6H4N2 C6H4N2 C6H4N2O C6H4N2O4 C6H4N2O4 C6H4N2O4 C6H4N2O5 C6H4N2O5 C6H4N2O5 C6H4N2O5 C6H4N2O5 C6H4N2O5 C6H4N2O6 C6H4N2O6 C6H4N2O7S C6H4N2S C6H4N4O6 C6H4N4O7 C6H4N6 C6H4O2 C6H4O4 C6H4O6 C6H4O8 C6H5AsCl2 C6H5AsO C6H5Br C6H5BrN2O2 C6H5BrO C6H5BrO C6H5BrO C6H5BrO2 C6H5BrO2 C6H5BrO3S C6H5Br2N C6H5Br2N C6H5Br2N C6H5Br2N C6H5Br2N C6H5Cl C6H5ClN2O2 C6H5ClN2O2 C6H5ClN2O2 C6H5ClN2O2 C6H5ClN2O2 C6H5ClN2O2 C6H5ClO

2, 4-Diiodophenol 2, 6-Diiodophenol I2C6H3OH 3, 4-Diiodophenol I2C6H3OH 3, 5-Diiodophenol I2C6H3OH 2, 6-Diiodophenol-4-sulfonic acid 2, 4, 6-Triiodoamline I 3 C 6 H 2 NH 2 Pyridyl-2-cyanide CKC5H4N Pyridyl-3-cyanide CKC5H4N Pyridyl-4-cyanide CKC 5 H 4 N p-Diazophenol o-Dinitrobenzene w-Dinitrobenzene p-Dinitrobenzene 2, 3-Dinitrophenol (NO2)2C6H3OH 2, 4-Dinitrophenol 2, 5-Dinitrophenol (NOs)2C6H3OH 2, 6-Dinitrophenol (NO2)2C6H3OH 3, 4-Dinitrophenol (NO 2 ) 2 C 6 H 3 OH 3, 5-Dinitrophenol 2, 4-Dinitroresorcinol 4, 6-Dinitroresorcinol 2, 4-Dinitrobenzenesulfonic acid Benzisothiodiazole Picramide 2, 4, 6-(NOs) 8 C 6 H 2 NH 2 2, 4, 6-Trinitroaminophenol Hexaazobenzene Quinone 2, 5-Dihydroxyquinone Sarsapicacid Ethanetetracarboxylic acid Phenyl dichloroarsine Phenylarsine oxide Bromobenzene 4-Bromo-2-nitroaniline o-Bromophenol ra-Bromophenol p-Bromophenol Bromohydroquinone 2(4)-Bromoresorcinol p-Bromobenzenesulfonic acid 2, 4-Dibromoaniline 2, 5-Dibromoaniline 2, 6-Dibromoaniline 3, 4-Dibromoaniline 3, 5-Dibromoaniline Chlorobenzene 2-Chloro-4-nitroaniline 2-Chloro-5-nitroaniline 3-Chloro-4-nitroaniline 3-Chloro-6-nitroaniline 4-Chloro-2-nitroaniline 4-Chloro-3-nitroaniline o-Chlorophenol

1315 1316 1317 1318 1319 1320 1321 1322 1323

C6H5ClO C6H5ClO C6H5ClO2 C6H5ClO2S C6H5ClO3S C6H5Cl2N C6H5Cl2N C6H5Cl2N C6H5Cl2N

m-Chlorophenol p-Chlorophenol Chlorohydroquinone Benzenesulfone chloride p-Chlorobenzenesulfonic acid 2, 3-Dichloroaniline 2, 4-Dichloroaniline 2, 5-Dichloroaniline 2, 6-Dichloroaniline Cl2C6H3NH2

..

.

MoI. wt.

M. P.

345.90 345.90 345.90 345.90 425.96 470.84 104.05 104.05 104.05 120.05 168.05 168.05 168.05 184.05 184.05 184.05 184.05 184.05 184.05 200.05 200.05 248.11 136.11 228.06 244.06 160.08 108.03 140.03 172.03 204.03 222.92 168.00 156.96 216.97 172.96 172.96 172.96 188.96 188.96 237.02 250.88 250.88 250.88 250.88 250.88 112.50 172.51 172.51 172.51 172.51 172.51 172.51 128.50

72 68 83 104 120 185.5 29 50 79 exp. 38 116.5 89.7 172.1 144 111 .6 104 61.8 134 126.1 148 215 108 44 188 178 83 115.7 220 305 169 d.

128.50 128.50 144.50 176.56 192.56 161.96 161.96 161.96 161.96

B. P.

d

îlm No.

ÎÔO

190 d.

319 302 299

1.59 1.575 1.625 1.683

d. 206

1.318

253 120 -30.6 111 5.6 33 63.5 115 91 88 79.5 52 84 80.4 56.5 -45.2 105 118 157 125 115 103 a 7; ß O; 7-4.1 32.8 37 106 14.5 67 24 63 50 39

156.2

1.497

195 236.5 238

1.55380

747

1.588»°

264 132.1

1.107

681

173

1.2411Ï'1

1058

1.306

1059 1060

214 217 263 247 14625 252 245 251

1.38315 1.567

No.

Formula

Name

MoL wt.

1324 1325 1326 1327 1328 1329 1330 1331

C6H5Cl2N C6H5Cl2N C6H6Cl2OP C6H5Cl2P C6H5F C6H5FO C6H5FO C6H5FO

3, 4-Dichloroaniline 3, 5-Dichloroaniline Phosphenyl oxychloride Phosphenyl chloride Fluorobenzene 0-Fluorophenol FC6H4OH m-Fluorophenol p-Fluorophenol

161.96 161.96 194.98 178.98 96.039 112.04 112.04 112.04

1332 1333 1334 1335 1336 1337 1338 1339 1340 1341 1342 1343 1344 1345 1346 1347 1348 1349 1350 1351 1352 1353 1354 1355 1356 1357 1358 1359 1360 1361 1362 1363 1364 1365 1366' 1367 1368 1369 1370 1371 1372 1373 1374 1375 1376 1377 1378 1379 1380 1381 1382 1383 1384 1385

C6H5F2N C6H5I C6H5IO C6H5IO C6H5IO C6H5IO C6H5IO2 C6H5IO2S C6H5I2N C6H5NO C6H5NO C6H5NO C 6 H 5 NO 2 C6H5NO2 C6H5NO2 C6H5NO2 C6H5NO2 C6H5NO3 C6H5NO3 C6H5NO3 C 6 H 5 NO 4 C 6 H 5 NO 4 C 6 H 5 NO 4 C6H5NO6S C6H5N2 C6H5N3 C6H5N3O4 C6H5N3O4 C6H5N3O4 C6H5N3O4 C6H5N3O4 C6H5N3O4 C6H5N3O5 C6H6 C6H6 C6H6AsCl3 C6H6BrN C6H6BrN C6H6BrN C6H6Br2N2 C6H6Br2N2 C6H6Br6 C6H6Br6 C6H6ClN C6H6ClN C6H6ClN C6H6ClNO C6H6ClNO C6H6ClNO3S C 6 H 6 Cl 2 N 2 C6H6Cl2N2 C6H6Cl2N2 C6H6Cl6 C6H6Cl6

2, 5-Difluoroaniline lodobenzene. o-Iodophenol m-Iodophenol IC6H4OH p-Iodophenol IC6H4OH lodosobenzene .. lodoxybenzene Benzenesulfone iodide C6H5SO21 2, 4-Diiodoaniline I 2 C 6 H 3 NH 2 Pyridyl-a-aldehyde Pyridyl-/3-aldehyde Nitrosobenzene Picolinic acid Nicotinic acid Isonicotinic acid Nitrobenzene p-Nitrosophenol ONC6H4OH o-Nitrophenol m-Nitrophenol p-Nitrophenol 2-Nitroresorcinol ra-(OH)2C6H3NO2 4-Nitroresorcinol ra-(OH) ,C 6 H 3 NO 2 .... Nitrohydroquinone 2-Nitrophenol-4-sulfonic acid. Aziminobenzene Triazobenzene 2, 3-Dinitroaniline (NO 2 ) 2 C 6 H 3 NH 2 2, 4-Dinitroaniline 2, 5-Dinitroaniline (NO 2 ) 2 C 6 H 3 NH 2 .. . . 2, 6-Dinitroaniline 3, 4-Dinitroaniline (NO 2 ) 2 C 6 H 3 NH 2 .. . . 3, 5-Dinitroaniline (NO 2 J 2 C 6 H 3 NH 2 Picramic acid Benzene Dipropargyl Tri- (2-chlorovinyl)arsine o-Bromoaniline w-Bromoaniline p-Bromoaniline BrC 6 H 4 NH 2 ... 3, 4-Dibromophenylhydrazine 3, 5-Dibromophenylhydrazine a-£rcm,s-Benzenehexabromide ß-cis-Benzenehexabromide o-Chloroaniline ClC6H4NH2 w-Chloroaniline p-Chloroaniline 2-Chloro-3-aminophenol 2-Chloro-4-aminophenol p-Chlorometanilic acid 2, 4-Dichlorophenylhydrazine 2, 5-Dichlorophenylhydrazine 3, 5-Dichlorophenylhydrazine a-*rans-Benzenehexachloride /3-cfs-Benzenehexachloride

129.05 203.97 219.97 219.97 219.97 219.97 235.97 268.04 344.91 107.05 107.05 107.05 123.05 123.05 123.05 123.05 123.05 139.05 139.05 139.05 155.05 155.05 155.05 219.11 119.06 119.06 183.06 183.06 183.06 183.06 183.06 183.06 199.06 78.046 78.046 259.38 171.97 171.97 171.97 265.89 265.89 557.54 557.54 127.51 127.51 127.51 143.51 143.51 207.58 176.98 176.98 176.98 290.79 290.79

-

M. P. 71.5 50.5 -41.2 16.1 13.8 28.5; 48.2 13.5 -31.4 40.4 40 94 exp. 210 exp. 238 45 96 68 137 232 317 5.7 126 45 96 113 85 115 134 141 99 127 188 137 138 154 159 165 5.5 -6 31.5 18.5 66.4 75 95.5 212 253 O -10.4 71 87 153 28Od. 94 105 118 157 310

B. P.

d

' ' No.

272 260 258 224.6 86

1.375 1.319 1.024

804 487

18369 188

1.222 1.189f

652 1083

85.830 188.6 187160

1.28817-2 1.832 1.87680

792

181 9715 591«

1.126

947

210.9

1.207

736

214.5 19470

1.447 1.485 1.468

73.524

1.09810

991

1320 606 380

79.6 85.4 260 251 251

0.878 0.805 1.572 1.587Jj?'3

793

210.5 229.8 231

1.213 1.215 1.17Oj0

774 776

288

1.87 1.891£>

No. 1386 1387 1388 1389 1390 1391 1392 1393 1394 1395 1396 1397 1398 1399 1400 1401 1402 1403 1404 1405 1406 1407 1408 1409 1410 1411 1412 1413 1414 1415 1416 1417 1418 1419 1420 1421 1422 1423 1424 1425 1426 1427 1428 1429 1430 1431 1432 1433 1434 1435 1436 1437 1438 1439 1440 1441 1441.1 1441.2 1442 1443 1444 1445 1446

Formula C6H6Cl6 C6H6Cl6 C6H6FN C6H6FN C6H6FN C6H6IN C6H6IN C6H6IN C6H6N2O C6H6N2O2 C6H6N2O2 C6H6N2O2 C6H6N2O2 C6H6N2O2 C6H6N2O3 C6H6N2O3 C6H6N2O3 C6H6N2O3 C6H6N2O3 C6H6N2O3 C6H6N2O3 C6H6N2O4 C6H6N2O4 C6H6N4O3 C6H6N4O3 C6H6N4O3 C6H6N4O7 C6H6O C6H6O2 C6H6O2 C6H6O2 C6H6O2 C6H6O2S C6H6O3 C6H6O3 C6H6O8 C6H6O3 C6H6O3S C6H6O4 C6H6O4 C6H6O4 C6H6O4 C6H6O4S C6H6O6 C6H6S C6H6Se C6H6S2 C6H6S2 C6H7As C6H7AsO8 C6H7BrN2 C6H7ClN2 C6H7ClN2 C6H7ClN2 C6H7ClN2 C6H7ClO C6H7ClO4 C6H7ClO4 C6H7N C6H7N C6H7N C6H7N C6H7NO

Name

MoI. wt.

M. P.

T-Benzenehexachloride o-Benzenehexachloride o-Fluoroaniline w-Fluoroaniline p-Fluoroaniline o-Iodoaniline ra-Iodoaniline p-Iodoaniline p-Nitrosoaniline Phenylnitroamine o-Nitroaniline w-Nitroaniline O 2 NC 6 H 4 NH 2 p-Nitroaniline Quinonedioxime P-C6H4(NOH)2 3-Nitro-2-aminophenol 4-Nitro-2-aminophenol 5-Nitro-2-aminophenol 6-Nitro-2-aminophenol 5-Nitro-3-aminophenol 2-Nifcro-4-aminophenol 3-Nitro-4-aminophenol 5-Acetylbarbituric acid Dimethylalloxan 1-Methyluric acid 3-Methyluric acid 7-Methyluric acid Ammonium picrate Phenol o-Dihydroxybenzene 1,2-C 6 H 4 (OH) 2 *.. Resorcinol 1,3-C6H4(OH)2 Hydroquinol 1, 4-C6H4(OH)2 5-Methylfurfural Benzenesulfinic acid Pyrogallol 1, 2, 3-C6H3(OH)3 Hydroxyhydroquinone Phloroglucinol Acrylic anhydride Benzenesulfonic acid Apionol 1, 2, 3, 4-C6H2(OH)4 1, 2, 3, 5-Tetrahydroxybenzene 1, 2, 4, 5-Tetrahydroxybenzene Muconic acid (CHiCHCO2H)2 o-Phenolsulfonic acid Aconitic acid Thiophenol C6H5SH Selenophenol C6H5SeH Dithioresorcinol 1, 3-C6H4(SH)2 Dithiohydroquinone 1,4-C 6 H 4 (SH) 2 .... Phenylarsine C6H5AsH2 Phenylarsonic acid p-Bromophenylhydrazine 4-Chloro-o-phenylenediamine 4-Chloro-ra-phenylenediamine o-Chlorophenylhydrazine p-Chlorophenylhydrazine Sorbic chloride Methyl chloromaleate Methyl chlorofumarate Aniline , a-Picoline. /3-Picoline T-Picoline o-Aminophenol

290.79 290.79 111.05 Ill .05 Ill .05 218.99 218.99 218.99 122.06 138.06 138.06 138.06 138.06 138.06 154.06 154.06 154.06 154.06 154.06 154.06 154.06 170.06 170.06 182.08 182.08 182.08 246.08 94.046 110.05 110.05 110.05 110.05 142.11 126.05 126.05 126.05 126.05 158.11 142.05 142.05 142.05 142.05 174.11 174.05 110.11 157.25 142.18 142.18 154. Ol 202.01 186.99 142.53 142.53 142.53 142.53 130.51 178.51 178.51 93.062 93.062 93.062 93.062 109.06

IÏ2 129 -34.6

* Commonly known as catechol, pyrocatechol, catechin, pyrocatechin.

-1.9 56.5 27 62 174 46 71.5 111 .8 148 240 136 143 202 111 165 206 148 300 255 d. 40Od. >360 d. 37Od. d. 41 105 110 170.5 84 134 140.5 219 46 161 165 220 32Od. 50 191 27 98

B. P.

d

^l l' No.

68.514 186.3 189

1.151 1.160 1.152

716 722 707

286

1.430 1.424

182 245 276.5 286.2 187 100 d. 309

1.719 1.071? 1.344 1.28515 1.332« 1.1091*

1318 1064 1272 1275 1184

1.453

1333

9735 d.

1.094°

169.5 183.6 243

l .Q74 1.48715

1002

148 158 d. 107 72 86 47 90

-6.2 -69.9 170

1.840

7815 106.518 115.518 184.4 128.0 143.5 143.1

1.065 1.27825 1.29025 1.022 0.950 0.952 0.957

741 769 604 1018

^

No. 1447 1448 1449 1450 1451 1452 1455 1458 1459 1460 1461 1462 1463 1464 1465 1466 1467 1468 1469 1470 1471 1471.1 1472 1474 1475 1476 1477 1478 1479 1480 1481 1482 1483 1484 1485 1486 1487 1488 1489 1490 1491 1492 1493 1494 1495 1496 1497 1498 1499 1500 1501 1502 1503 1504 1504.1 1505 1506 1507 1508 1509 1510 1511 1512

Formula C 6 H 7 NO C6H7NO C6H7NO C 6 H 7 NO C6H7NO2 C6H7NO2S C6H7NO3S C 6 H 7 NS C6H7N3O2 C6H7N3O2 C6H7N3O2 C 6 H 7 N 6 Oi 6 C6H7O2P C6H7O3P C6H7P C6H8 C6H8 C6H8 C6H8 C6H8 C6H8AsNO3 C6H8BrN C6H8ClN C6H8ClNO C6H8ClNO C6H8Cl2O2 C6H8N C6H8N2 C6H8N2 C6H8N2 C6H8N2 C6H8N2 C6H8N2 C6H8N2O C6H8N2O C6H8N2O C6H8N2O3 C6H8N2O3 C6H8N2O3 C6H8N2O3S C6H8N2O3S C6H8N2O4S2 C6H8N2O4S2 C6H8N2O4S2 C 6 H 8 N 6 Oi 8 C6H8O C6H8O2 C6H8O2 C6H8O4 C6H8O4 C6H8O4 C6H8O4 C6H8O6 C6H8O5 C6H8O5 C6H8O6 C6H8O6 C6H8O7 C6H8O8 C6H8S C6H8S C6H8S C6H8S

Name

MoL wt.

M. P.

m-Aminophenol p-Aminophenol Methyl 2-pyrryl ketone 0-Phenylhydroxylamine Phloramine 3, 5-(OH)2C6H3NH2 Benzenesulfoneamide p-Anilinesulfonic acid 2-Aminothiophenolr , 4-Nitro-o-phenylenediamine 4-Nitro-ra-phenylenediamine 2-Nitro-p-phenylenediamine d-Glucose pentanitrate Phenylphosphenous acid Phenylphosphenic acid Phenyl phosphine C6H5PH2 1, 3-Cyclohexadiene Diallylene (CH2CiCH)2 o-Dihydrobenzene ra-Dihydrobenzene p-Dihydrobenzene Arsanilic acid ^NH 2 C 6 H 4 AsO(OH) 2 .... Aniline hydrobromide Aniline hydrochloride m-Aminophenol hydrochloride p-Aminophenol hydrochloride Adipyl dichloride Piturine Adipyldinitrile o-Phenylenediamine w-Phenylenediamine p-Phenylenediamine 2, 5-Dimethylpyrazine (Retine) Phenylhydrazine C 6 H 0 NHNH 2 2, 5-Diaminophenol 3, 4-Diaminophenol 3, 5-Diaminophenol 1, 3-Dimethylbarbituric acid 1-Ethylbarbituric acid Aniline nitrate o-Phenylenediamine-3-sulfonic acid p-Phenylhydrazinesulfonic acid o-Benzenedisulfoneamide m-Benzenedisulfoneamide p-Benzenedisulfoneamide Mannitol hexanitrate 2, 5-Dimethylfuran Dihydroresorcinol W-(OH)2C6H6 Sorbic acid CH3(CH:CH)2CO2H Dimethyl fumarate Dimethyl maleate Ethyl f umarate CO2HCHiCHCO2C2H5. Lactide .. Acetonylmalonic acid Acetylmalic acid 1-Ketoadipic acid Tricarballylic acid Glycerol triformate (Triformin) Citric acid (HO 2 CCH 2 ) 2 C(OH)CO 2 H... Hydroxycitric acid 2, 3-Dimethylthiophene. 2, 4-Dimethylthiophene 2, 5-Dimethylthiophene 3, 4-Dimethylthiophene

109.06 109.06 109.06 109.06 125.06 157.13 173.13 125.13 153.08 153.08 153.08 405.09 142.08 158.08 110.08 80.062 80.062 80.062 80.062 80.062 217.03 173.99 129.53 145.53 145.53 182.98 94.070 108.08 108.08 108.08 108.08 108.08 108.08 124.08 124.08 124.08 156.08 156.08 156.08 188.14 188.14 236.21 236.21 236.21 452.11 96.062 112.06 112.06 144.06 144.06 144.06 144.06 160.06 160.06 160.06 176.06 176.06 192.06 208.06 112.13 112.13 112.13 112.13

123 184 90 82 152 156 288 26 198 161 135 135 d. 70 158 -98

<200 286 198 229 306 d. 1 103.8 62.8 139.7 15 19.6 68 168 170 123 120

B. P.

1333

234

250 d. 160 80.5 70 78.5 80.5 85.5

1.475 -1.001" 0.842 0.85818-2 0.848 0.830 0.848

245

1.222«

519

1245 1333

1321« s. d. 244 295 252 287 267 155 243.5

1.107J7'7

1086

0.990 1.098

1017 784

19Od.

1.358«

0.951}5

1.8 0.888

94

70 125 150 134 124 166 18 153 160

^l L No.

220

d. 286 233 229 188 113 104 134.5 102

d ___

228 d. 192 203

1.153U

255

0.862

471

974 1333 382

d. 266

1.320 1.542

137 138 137.5 146

0.994 0.996 0.976 175 LOOS 2 ?. 6

373 1202

No. 1513 1514 1515 1516 1517 1518 1519 1520 1521 1522 1523 1524 1525 1526 1527 1528 1529 1530 1531 1532 1533 1534 1535 1536 1537 1539 1540 1541 1542 1543 1544 1545 1546 1547 1548 1549 1550 1551 1552 1553 1554 1555 1556 1557 1558 1559 1560 1561 1562 1563 1564 1565 1566 1567 1568 1569 1570 1571 1572 1572.1 1573 1574 1575

Formula C6H9AsO6 C6H9ClN2 C6H9ClO3 C6H9N C6H9N C6H9N C6H9N C6H9N C6H9NO2 C 6 H 9 NO 3 C6H9NO3S C6H9NO6S C6H9N3 C6H9N3 C6H9N3O C6H9N3O2 C6H9N3O2 C6H9N3O3 C6H9N3O4 C6H10 C6H10 C6H10 C6H10 C 6 Hi 0 C6H10 C6H10ClN3O2 C6H10N4O13 C6H10O C6H10O C6H10O C6H10O C6H10O C6H10O C6H10O C6H10O C6H10O2 C6H10O2 C6H10O2 C6H10O2 C6H10O2 C6H10O2 C6H10O2 C6H10O2 C6H10O2 C6Hj0O2 C6H10O3 C6H10O3 C6H10O3 C6H10O4 C6H10O4 C6H10O4 C6H10O4 C6H10O4 C6H10O4 C6H10O4 C6H10O4 C6H10O4 C6H10O4 C6H10O4 C6H10O4 C6H10O4 C6H10O4 C6H10O6

Name

MoI. wt.

M. P.

Arsenic acetate Phenylhydrazine hydrochloride Ethyl chloroacetoacetate 1, 2-Dimethylpyrrol 2, 3-Dimethylpyrrol 2, 4-Dimethylpyrrol 2, 5-Dimethylpyrrol 1-Ethylpyrrol Guavacine Triacetamide (CH3CO)3N Ammonium benzenesulfonate m-Aminophenol sulfate 1, 2, 3-Triaminobenzene 1, 2, 4-Triaminobenzene 2, 4, 6-Triaminophenol... Cupferron Histidine Phloroglucinol trioxime Caffuricacid n-Butylacetylene C4H9CiCH Diisopropenyl (CH3C:CH2)2 1, 5-Hexadiene (CH2CH:CH2)2 2, 4-Hexadiene (CH:CHCH3)2 Methylpropylacetylene CH 3 CCiC 3 H 7 ... 1, 2, 3, 4-Tetrahydrobenzene Histidine hydrochloride Tetranitrodiglycerol Cyclohexanone 1, 2, 3, 4-Tetrahydrophenol 1, 2, 3, 6-Tetrahydrophenol AUyI ether (CH2:CHCH2)20 l-Ethyl-2-methylacrolein Allylacetone CH 2 :CH(CH 2 ) 2 COCH 3 .... Diethylketene (C2H5)2C:CO Mesityl oxide (CH 3 ) 2 C:CHCOCH 3 ..... Adipyl dialdehyde OCH(CH 2 ) 4 CHO.... Propionylpropionic aldehyde Acetonylacetone (CH3COCH2)2 a-Ethylcrotonic acid 1, 2-Hexenic acid C 3 H 7 CHrCHCO 2 H... 2, 3-Hexenic acid 1, 2-Isohexenic acid Crotonyl acetate Ethyl a-crotonate Ethyl isocrotonate Glyceryl ether Propionic anhydride (CH 3 CH 2 CO) 2 O... Ethyl acetoacetate Adipicacid HO2C (CH2) 4CO2H 1, 1-Dimethylsuccinic acid Ethylsuccinic acid Methylethylmalonic acid Propylmalonic acid C 3 H 7 CH(CO 2 H) 2 ... Isopropylmalonic acid Dimethyl succinate (CH2CO2CH3) 2 . . . . . Dimethyl isosuccinate Diethyl oxalate (CO2C2Hs)2 Glycol diacetate (CH2OCOCHs)2 Ethylidene diacetate Methyl Z-1-acetoxypropionate Mannide Isomannide Lactic anhydride (CH3CHOHCO) 2

252.03 144.54 164.53 95.077 95.077 95.077 95.077 95.077 127.08 143.08 175.14 207.14 123.09 123.09 139.09 155.09 155.09 171.09 187.09 82.077 82.077 82.077 82.077 82.077 82.077 191.56 346.11 98.077 98.077 98.077 98.077 98.077 98.077 98.077 98.077 114.08 114.08 114.08 114.08 114.08 114.08 114.08 114.08 114.08 114.08 130.08 130.08 130.08 146.08 146.08 146.08 146.08 146.08 146.08 146.08 146.08 146.08 146.08 146.08 146.08 146.08 146.08 162.08

82 243

B. P.

164 253d. 155 exp. 220 -150

-103.7 251 d.

-59.0 40 -9 45 32

-45.0 < -80 151 142 98 117.5 96 87 19.5 -40.6 -31

87 26Od.

?1L No.

17031 200 65" 165 171 169 131

285 d. 79 256 152 103 100

d

1.179g 0.927}4 0.935 0.88816

829 909

0.73115 0.688 0.718 0.749° 0.810

852 127 819

336 340 257

71.5 69.6 60 82 84 83 250* 156.7 166 d. 166 94.3 137.3 129.5 89.5 135 949 166 194 209 217 208 10812 129 139 131.2 173 196.0 180 265100 165 d.

192.8 179 186.1 190.5 169 172 317 274

1.33 0.949

404 874

0.805 0.858 0.846 0.831 0.863

899

0.970

428

0.965 0.962 0.959 0.934° 0.919 0.925 1.091 1.012 1.025

1055 953 885

1.121 1.028" 1.080 1.104 0.852 1.089

942

876

283 142 243

182 216

" No. 1576 1577 1578 1578.1 1579 1580 1581 1582 1583 1584 1585 1586 1587 1588 1589 1590 1591 1592 1593 1595 1596 1597 1598 1599 1600 1601 1602 1603 1604 1605 1606 1607 1608 1609 1610 1611 1612 1613 1615 1616 1617 1618 1619 1620 1621 1622 1623 1624 1625 1626 1627 1628 1629 1630 1631 1632 1633 1634 1635 1636 1637 1638 1639

~ TI T Formula C6Hi0O5 C6Hi0O5 (C6H10O5)X (C6H10O5)X C6H10O5 C6Hi0O6 C6H10O6 C6Hi0O6 C6H10O8 C6H10O8 C6H10O8 C6H10O8 C6H10S C6HnBr C 6 HnBrN 2 O 2 C6Hi1BrO2 C6H11BrO2 C6H11BrO2 C6H11BrO2 C6H11Cl C6H11ClO C6HnClO2 C6H11Cl2N3O2 C6H11Cl3O2 C6H11Cl8O2 C6H11I C6H11N C6H11N C6H11N C6H11NO2 C6H11NO2 C6H11NO3 C6H11NS C6H11N3O4 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12As2 C6H12As3BiO6 C6H12Cl2O2 C6H12N2O2 C6H12N2O2 C6H12N2O4S2 C 6 H 12 N 4 C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O

Name

MoI. wt.

Dimethyl malate 162.08 0-Glucosan 162.08 Glycogen (162.OS)x Starch (162.OS)x d-Saccharine 162.08 Dimethyl ^/-tartrate (CH(OH)CO2CHs)2 178.08 Dimethyl d-tartrate 178.08 Ethyl d-tartrate 178.08 Allomucic acid 210.08 Mucicacid HO2C(CHOH)4CO2H 210.08 d(Z)-Talomucic acid 210.08 Isosaccharic acid 210.08 Diallyl sulfide (CH2:CHCH2)2S 114.14 Cyclohexyl bromide " . . . 163.00 Bromural 223.02 1-Bromocaproic acid C4H9CHBrCO2H.. 195.00 2-Bromocaproic acid 195.00 Ethyl 1-bromobutyrate 195. OO Ethyl 1-bromoisobutyrate 195. OO Cyclohexyl chloride 118.54 n-Caproyl chloride C5H11COCl...: 134.54 Isoamyl chloroformate 150.54 Histidine dihydrochloride 228.03 Trichloroacetal Cl3CCH (OC2H5), 221.46 Trichloroacetal (solid) 221.46 Cyclohexyl iodide 210.02 Capronitrile C5H11CN 97.09 Isocapronitrile (CH 3 ) 2 CH(CH 2 ) 2 CN.... 97.09 Isocaproisonitrile (CH 3 ) 2 CH(CH 2 ) 2 NC . 97.09 Hygricacid 129.09 Nitrocyclohexane 129.09 Adipyl amide HO 2 C(CH 2 J 4 CONH 2 145.09 Isoamyl isothiocyanate 129.16 Citramide (H2NOCCH2)2C(OH)CONH2 189.11 Butylethylene C4H9CHiCH 2 84.092 2, 2-Dimethyl-4-butene 84.092 Cyclohexane 84.092 2-Methyl-2-pentene (CH3)2C:CHC2H5.. 84.092 Methylcyclopentane 84.092 3-Methyl-2-pentene (isomer 1) 84.092 3-Methyl-2-pentene (isomer 2) 84.092 2, 3-Dimethyl-l-butene 84.092 Tetramethylethylene 84.092 Cacodyl carbide 234.01 Bismuth cacodylate (8H2O) 613.97 Dichloroacetal C12CHCH(OC2H5)2 187.01 Adipic diamide H2NOC(CH2)4CONH2.. 144.11 s2/m.-Diethyloxamide . 144.11 Z-Cystine..... 240.24 Hexamethylenetetramine 140.12 Cyclohexanol 100.09 2-Hexene-4-ol 100.09 Dimethyl propenyl carbinol 100.09 ' Pinacolin (CH3)3CCOCH3 100.09 Ethyl isocrotonyl ether 100.09 Isopropyl allyl ether 100.09 n-Caproic aldehyde C5H11CHO 100.09 Isobutylacetaldehyde 100.09 Methylpropylacetaldehyde 100.09 Ethyl propyl ketone C2H5COC3H7 100.09 Ethyl isopropyl ketone 100.09 Methyl n-butyl ketone CH 3 COC 4 H 9 .... 100.09 Methyl isobutyl ketone 100.09 |

M. P.

B. P. 242

178 240 d. 161 85 48; 61.5 90 171 d. 206 d. 158 d. 185 -83.0 154

d 1.233

' ' No. 3ÖT

1.5021

1164

282 280

1.328

138.7 165.5

0.888f'8 1.333

1034 575

13110

35 179 d. 164 d. 142.5 153 156

1.325JJ 1.315JJ 0.973

197 230 d. 192 163 155.5 137

1.266«

451 543

1.024^

235 d. 83 -51.1 169 -34 130

205.5

1.626 0.809 0.806

188 159

1.068

182 215 -98.5 6.5 -140.5

64.1 42.3 81.4 67.1 73 65.7 70.2 59 73 84.515

82 184

0.683

44

0.779 0.692 0.750 0.722« 0.698 0.680° 0.712

304 881

-52.5

- 56.9 -84.7

199

1.13814

220 190 258 d. 23.9

848 128

1187 263 161.5 5927 112 106.2 94 84.2 129 121.7 121 124 114.5 127.2 119

0.962 0.837 0.835 0.811

1051 1008 321

0.776 0.834 0.81817 5 0.830? 0.830° 0.803

124 96

No. 1640 1641 1642 1643 1644 1645 1646 1647 1648 1649 1650 1651 1652 1653 1654 1655 1656 1657 1658 1659 1660 1661 1662 1663 1664 1665 1666 1667 1668 1669 1670 1671 1672 1673 1674 1675 1675.1 1676 1677 1678 1679 1680 1681 1682 1683 1684 1685 1686 1687 1688 1689 1690 1690.1 1691 1692 1693 1694 1695 1696 1697 1698 1699 1700

Formula

Name

C6Hi2O Methyl sec.-butyl ketone C6Hi2O2 Diacetone alcohol C6Hi2O2 tert.-Butylacetic acid C6H12O2 Caproicacid C5Hi1CO2H C6Hi2O2 Isocaproic acid C6Hi2O2 Diethylacetic acid (C 2 Ho) 2 CHCO 2 H.... C6Hi2O2 Dimethylethylacetic acid C6Hi2O2 Methylpropylacetic acid C6Hi2O2 rc-Amyl formate HCO2C5Hn C6H12O2 Isoamyl formate C6Hi2O2 tert.-A.myl formate C6H12O2 n-Butyl acetate CH3CO2C4H9 C6H12O2 Isobutyl acetate CH3CO2CH2CH(CHs)2 C6Hi2O2 sec.-Butyl acetate C6H12O2 Ethyl n-butyrate C3H7CO2C2H5 C6Hi2O2 Ethyl isobutyrate C6Hi2O2 Methyl trimethylacetate C6Hi2O2 Methyl n-valerate C4H9CO2CH3 C6Hi2O2 Methyl isovalerate C6Hi2O2 n-Propyl propionate C2H5CO2C3H7 C6Hi2O2 Isopropyl propionate C6H12O3 Phloroglucite C6H12O3 Paraldehyde (CH3CHO)3 C6Hi2O3 1-Hydroxy-rc-caproic acid C6Hi2O3 1-Hydroxyisocaproic acid C6Hi2O3 dM-Hydroxyisocaproic acid C6Hi2O3 1-Hydroxy-l, 1-diethylacetic acid C6H12O3 Methyl n-butyl carbonate C6Hi2O5 Fucose C6Hi2O5 Mannitan C6Hi2O5 d-Quercitol C 6 Hi 2 O 5 Z-Quercitol C6H12O5 (H2O) 0-Rhamnose C6H12O5 Rhodeose C6H12O6 d-Fructose (Lévulose) C6H12O6 d, a-Galactose C6H12O6 d, 0-Galactose C6H12O6 ^-Galactose C6H12O6 d, a-Glucose C6Hi2O6 d, 0-Glucose C6H12O6 d(0-Inosite C6Hi2O6 Dambose C6H12O6 a-Mannose C6H12O6 d-Mannose C6H12O6 cft-Mannose C6H12O6 d(Z)-Sorbose C6H12O6 dZ-Sorbose C6H12O6 d-Tagatose C6H12S Cyclohexyl mercaptan C6H12S3 a-Trithioacetaldehyde C6H12S3 /3-Trithioacetaldehyde (C2H4S)3 C6H12S3 7-Trithioacetaldehyde C6H12Se Hexamethyl selenide C6H13Br 2-Bromo-2, 3-dimethylbutane C6H13Br n-Hexyl bromide C5H11CH2Br C6H13BrO2 Bromoacetal BrCH2CH(OC2H5) 2 C6H13Cl 2-Chloro-2, 3-dimethylbutane C6H13Cl n-Hexyl chloride C5H11CH2Cl C6H13ClN4O4 Hexamethylenetetramine perchlorate C6H13I n-Hexyl iodide C5HnCH21 C6H13IO2 Iodoacetal ICH2CH(OC2H5), C6H13N 1-Methylpiperidine C6H13N 2-Methylpiperidine (a-Pipecoline)

MoI. wt. 100.09 116.09 116.09 116.09 116.09 116.09 116.09 116.09 116.09 116.09 116.09 116.09 116.09 116.09 116.09 116.09 116.09 116.09 116.09 116.09 116.09 132.09 132.09 132.09 132.09 132.09 132.09 132.09 164.09 164.09 164.09 164.09 164.09 164.09 180.09 180.09 180.09 180.09 180.09 180.09 180.09 180.09 180.09 180.09 180.09 180.09 180.09 180.09 116.16 180.29 180.29 180.29 163.29 165.02 165.02 197.02 120.56 120.56 240.59 212.03 244.03 99.108 99.108

M. P.

-11 -9.5 -35 <-15 -14

-76.8 -98.9 -93.3 -88.2

-75.9 185 10.5 62 81 76 74.5

B. P.

d

117.8 166 190 202 207.7 197 187 193.5 130.4 123.5 113 126.5 118.3 112.2 121.3 111.7 102 127.3 116.7 123.4 111.3

0.815 0.93125

0.928 0.902° 0.871 0.8961S 0.882 0.871 0.870 0.879 0.871 1.044o 0.910« 0.881 0.883 0.893°

124

0.994

0.929 0.925 0.9334°'2

* * No. 115 207 217 201

83 95 118 73 91 80

92 244

151 145 137 234 174 126 144 104 168 168 144 146 150 247 224 133 132 133 154 154 124 101 126 81 13 -30.4

1.5851' 1.471

1219

1.66917-s

1.5442* 250vacd. 205 d.

1.752 1.539 1.612 1.638

160 247 100 172 132 156 170 112.1 134

1.173

422

0,87525 0.872

238

180 13290 107 119

1.441 1.4941* 0.818 0.84423-6

1.122

158 560 416 1 1016

T> T No. 1701 1702 1703 1704 1704.1 1705 1706 1707 1708 1709 1710 1711 1712 1713 1714 1715 1716 1717 1718 1719 1720 1721 1722 1723 1724 1725 1726 1726.1 1727 1728 1730 1730.1 1732 1733 1733.1 1734 1735 1736 1737 1738 1739 1740 1741 1742 1743 1744 1745 1746 1747 1748 1749 1750 1751 1752 1753 1754 1755 1756 1757 1758 1759 1760 1761

Formula C6H13N C6H13N C6H13NO2 C6H13NO2 C6H13NO2 C6H13NO2 C6H13NO2 C6H13NO2 C 6 H 13 NO 2 C6H13NO6 C6H13NO6 C6H13NO6 C6H14 C6H14 C6H14 C6H14 C6H14 C6H14INO6 C6H14N2 C6H14N2O C6H14N2O C6H14N2O7 C6H14N4O2 C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6Hi4O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O2 C6H14O2 C6H14O2 C6H14O2 C6H14O6 C6H14O5 C6H14O6 C6H14O6 C6H14O6 C6H14O6 C6H14O6 C6H14S C6H14S C6H16As C6H16AsO3 C6H16AsO4 C6H16Bi C6H16N C6H16N

Name 3-Methylpiperidine (ß-Pipecoline) 4-Methylpiperidine (T-Pipecoline) Hedonal H2NCO2CH(CH3)C8H7 Isoamyl carbamate Propyl urethane C3H7NHCO2C2H5 Z-Leucine (CHg) 2 CHCH(NH 2 )CO 2 H.... dZ-Leucine d(Z)-Isoleucine dZ-Isoleucine d-Glueosamine d-Glucosimine d-Glucosoxime Diisopropyl (CH3) 2 CHCH(CH 3 ) 2 n-Hexane CH3(CH2)4CH3 3-Methylpentane (C2H5)2CHCH3 2-Methylpentane (CH 3 J 2 CHC 3 H 7 ...... 2, 2-Dimethylbutane (CHs)3CC2H5 d-Glucosamine hydroiodide a, 2, 5-Dimethylpiperazine Diacetoneamineoxime Dipropylnitrosamine (C 3 H 7 ) 2 NNO Ammonium citrate Arginine tert.-Amyl carbinol Isohexyl alcohol Dimethylisopropyl carbinol Ethylpropyl carbinol Z(d)-Ethylpropyl carbinol Ethylisopropyl carbinol n-Hexyl alcohol C6H13OH Methylbutyl carbinol d-Methylbutyl carbinol Methyl-sec.-butyl carbinol Pinacolyl alcohol (CH 3 ) 3 CH(OH)CH 3 . . d-Pinacolyl alcohol Methyldiethyl carbinol 3-Methyl-3-ethylpropyl alcohol 2-Methyl-2-propylethyl alcohol Ethyl n-butyl ether C4H9OC2H5 Ethyl isobutyl ether Methyl n-amyl ether C5H11OCH3 Methyl isoamyl ether.... Propyl ether (C3H7)20 Isopropyl ether [(CHg)2CH]20 Pinacone [(CHs)2COH]2 Hexane-1, 5-diol Hexane-1, 6-diol HOCH2(CH2)4CH2OH Acetal CH3CH(OC2H5)2 Diglycerol [(HO)2C3Hs]20 Fucitol Rhamnitol Dulcitol d-Mannitol d-Sorbitol d-Talitol Dipropyl sulfide (C3H7)2S Diisopropyl sulfide [(CH3)2CH]2S Triethyl arsine (C2H5)3As Triethyl arsenite (C2H5O)3As Triethyl arsenate (C2H5O)3AsO Triethyl bismuthine (C2H6)3Bi Di-n-propylamine (C 3 H 7 ) 2 NH Diisopropylamine [(CH3J2CH]2NH

MoI. wt. 99.108 99.108 131.11 131.11 131.11 131.11 131.11 131.11 131.11 179.11 179.11 195.11 86.108 86.108 86.108 86.108 86.108 307.05 114.12 130.12 130.12 226.12 174.14 102.11 102.11 102.11 102.11 102.11 102.11 102.11 102.11 102.11 102.11 102.11 102.11 102.11 102.11 102.11 102.11 102.11 102.11 102.11 102.11 102.11 118.11 118.11 118.11 118.11 166.11 166.11 166.11 182.11 182.11 182.11 182.11 118.17 118.17 162.08 210.08 226.08 296.12 101.12 101.12

M. P.

74 63.5 295 290 28Od. 275 110 d. 128 138 -135.1 -94.3 -98.2 165 d. 119 58

B. P. Ï26 129 215 220 186

58.1 69.0 64 60.0 49.7

d 0.845 0.867°

^ 24

3

- 1020

0.9921* 1.293

1221

0.66615 0.660 0.668 0.654 0.649

38 32 34 27 23

162 13517 205 1.483

207.5 d. -14

-51.6

5.5 -22

-122.0 38 42 153 121 188 166.1 110 86

-30.6

135 165 122 135 134733 128 155.8 131.9 138 134 121 120 122.6 152.1 147.9 91.4 80 88.5 91 89 68.7 172.8 233 250 102.2 23010

0.844$ 0.840J 0.823 0.819 0.825135 0.824 0.820 0.803f 0.815 0.83118 0.8122* 0.820 0.824 0.83015 0.829 0.752 0.751 0.754 0.687^1 0.747 0.735 162

429 211 183 205 245 214 242 231 53 41

0.981° 0.831

2953-s 2953-5

l .46615 1.489

142 120.4 141 d. 166 238 10779 110.7 84

0.814 1.150 1.224J 1.326° 1.82 0.738 0.72222

42

1333 1333 1333

495

149

No.

Formula

1762 1762.1 1763 1764 1765 1766 1767 1768 1769 1769.1 1770 1771 1772 1773 1775 1776 1777 1778 1779 1780 1781 1782 1783 1784 1785 1786 1787 1788 1789 1790 1791 1792 1793 1794 1795 1796 1797 1798 1799 1800 1801 1802

C6Hi5N C6H16N C6H18N C6H15N C6H15NO2 C6H15N3 C6H15O3P C6H16O4P C6H16P C6H15PS C6H16Sb C6H16ClN C6H16N2 C6Hi8N6O4S C7HCl6O2 C7H2Br4O2 C7H2Cl4O2 C7H3Br3O2 C7H3Br3O2 C7H3Br3O2 C7H3Br3O2 C7H3Br3O2 C7H3Cl3O2 C7H3Cl3O2 C7H3Cl3O2 C7H3Cl3O2 C7H3Cl3O2 C7H3N3O7 C7H3N3O8 C7H4BrClO C7H4BrClO C7H4BrClO G7H4BrN C7H4BrN C7H4BrN C7H4Br2O2 C7H4Br2O2 C7H4Br2O2 C7H4Br2O2 C7H4Br2O2 C7H4Br2O2 C7H4Br2O5

1803 1804 1805 1806 1807 1808 1809 1810 1811 1812 1813 1814 1815 1816 1817 1818 1819 1820 1821 1822

C7H4ClFO C7H4ClFO C7H4ClFO C7H4ClNO3 C7H4ClNO3 C7H4ClNO3 C7H4Cl2O C7H4Cl2O C7H4Cl2O C7H4Cl2O C7H4Cl2O C7H4Cl2O C7H4Cl2O2 C7H4Cl2O2 C7H4Cl2O2 C7H4Cl2O2 C7H4Cl2O2 C7H4Cl2O2 C7H4Cl3NO2 C7H4Cl4

Name

MoI. wt.

w-Hexylamine C6H13NH2 101.12 2-Hexylamine C4H9CH(NH2)CH3 101.12 Isohexylamine (CHg) 2 CH(CH 2 )SNH 2 ... 101.12 Triethylamine (C2H5)3N 101.12 Aminoacetal H2NCH2CH(OC2H6), 133.12 Acetaldehydeammonia (trimeric) 129.14 Triethyl phosphite (C 2 H 5 O) 3 P... 166.14 Triethyl phosphate (C2H6O)3PO 182.14 Triethylphosphine (C2H6)3P 118.14 Triethyl phosphinesulfide 150.20 Triethyl stibine (C2H6)3Sb 208.89 Triethylamine hydrochloride 137.59 Hexamethylenediamine H2N(CH2)6NH2 116.14 1, 1-Dimethylguanidine sulfate 270.25 Pentachlorobenzoic acid C 6 Cl 6 CO 2 H.... 294.30 2, 3, 4, 6-Tetrabromobenzoie acid . . 437.68 2, 3, 4, 5-Tetrachlorobenzoic acid 259.85 2, 3, 4-Tribromobenzoic acid 358.77 2, 3, 5-Tribromobenzoic acid 358.77 2, 4, 5-Tribromobenzoic acid 358.77 2, 4, 6-Tribromobenzoic acid 358.77 3, 4, 5-Tribromobenzoic acid 358.77 2, 3, 4-Trichlorobenzoic acid 225.40 2, 3, 5-Trichlorobenzoic acid 225.40 2, 4, 5-Trichlorobenzoic acid 225.40 2, 4, 6-Trichlorobenzoic acid 225.40 3, 4, 5-Tjichlorobenzoic acid 225.40 2, 4, 6-Trinitrobenzaldehyde 241.05 2, 4, 6-Trinitrobenzoic acid 257.05 o-Bromobenzoyl chloride 219.41 ra-Bromobenzoyl chloride 219.41 p-Bromobenzoyl chloride. 219.41 o-Bromobenzonitrile 181.96 ra-Bromobenzonitrile 181.96 p-Bromobenzonitrile 181.96 2, 3-Dibromobenzoic acid 279.86 2, 4-Dibromobenzoic acid » 279.86 2, 5-Dibromobenzoic acid 279.86 2, 6-Dibromobenzoic acid 279.86 3, 4-Dibromobenzoic acid 279.86 3, 5-Dibromobenzoic acid 279.86 2, 6-Dibromo-3, 4, 5-trihydroxybenzoic acid 327.86 o-Fluorobenzoyl chloride 158.49 m-Muorobenzoyl chloride 158.49 p-Fluorobenzoyl chloride p-FC6H4COCl 158.49 o-Nitrobenzoyl chloride 185.50 m-Nitrobenzoyl chloride 185.50 p-Nitrobenzoyl chloride 185.50 2, 4-Dichlorobenzaldehyde 174.95 2, 5-Dichlorobenzaldehyde 174.95 3, 4-Dichlorobenzaldehyde 174.95 o-Chlorobenzoyl chloride 174.95 m-Chlorobenzoyl chloride 174.95 p-Chlorobenzoyl chloride 174.95 2, 3-Dichlorobenzoic acid 190.95 2, 4-Dichlorobenzoic acid 190.95 2, 5-Dichlorobenzoic acid 190.95 2, 6-Dichlorobenzoic acid 190.95 3, 4-Dichlorobenzoic acid 190.95 3, 5-Dichlorobenzoic acid 190.95 2, 3, 4-Trichloronitrotoluene 240.41 2-Chloro-l-trichloromethylbenzene 229.86

M. P. -19 -94.4 -114.8

B. P. 128 130742 123.9 89.5 163

d

?1 *' No.

0.767 204 0.728

129

156.5 216 128

1.07613-4 1.07212 0.800

169 150 413 1182

159.5

1.32416 1.069

85

94 254 39 288 d. 201 174 186 198 194 196 187 235 129 163 163 160 203 119 190 42 51 38 113 150 169 153 147 230 214

196

243 239 247 s. d. 253 225 237

150

75 34 72 71 58 44 -4 166 164.2 154.4 143.7 204.1 188.1 . 60 30

206 189 193 205105 278 1541* 233 248 238 117.526 11927-5

1.23170

301

260

1.51

No. 1823 1824 1825 1826 1827 1828 1829 1830 1831 1832 1833 1834 1835 1836 1837 1838 1839 1840 1841 1842 1843 1844 1845 1846 1847 1848 1849 1850 1851 1852 1853 1854 1855 1856 1857 1858 1859 1860 1861 1862 1863 1864 1865 1866 1868 1869 1870 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886

Formula

Name _____^__ ; C 7 H 4 FNO 4 2-Fluoro-5-nitrobenzoic acid C 7 H 4 FNO 4 3-Fluoro-4-nitrobenzoic acid C 7 H 4 FNO 4 3-Fluoro-6-nitrobenzoic acid C 7 H 4 FNO 4 4-Fluoro-2-nitrobenzoic acid C 7 H 4 FNO 4 4-Fluoro-3-nitrobenzoic acid C7H4I2O3 3, 5-Diiodosalicylic acid C7H4N2O2 o-Nitrobenzonitrile C7H4N2O2 m-Nitrobenzonitrile C7H4N2O2 p-Nitrobenzonitrile C7H4N2O5 2, 4-Dinitrobenzaldehyde C7H4N2O5 2, 6-Dinitrobenzaldehyde C7H4N2O6 2, 3-Dinitrobenzoic acid C7H4N2O6 2, 4-Dinitrobenzoic acid C7H4N2O6 2, 5-Dinitrobenzoic acid C7H4N2O6 2, 6-Dinitrobenzoic acid C7H4N2O6 3, 4-Dinitrobenzoic acid C7H4N2O6 3, 5-Dinitrobenzoic acid C7H4N2O7 3, 5-Dinitro-2-hydroxybenzoic acid C7H4N4O9 2, 3, 5, 6-Tetranitroanisol C7H4O4S o-Sulfobenzoic anhydride C7H4O7 Meconic acid C7H5BrO Benzoyl bromide C6H5COBr C7H5BrO2 o-Bromobenzoic acid C7H5BrO2 ra-Bromobenzoic acid C7H5BrO2 p-Bromobenzoic acid C7H5BrO3 3-Bromo-2-hydroxybenzoic acid C7H5BrO3 5-Bromo-2-hydroxybenzoic acid C7H5Br3 2, 3, 4-Tribromotoluene C7H5Br3 2, 3, 5-Tribromotoluene C7H5Br3 2, 3, 6-Tribromotoluene C7H5Br8 2, 4, 5-Tribromotoluene C7H5Br3 2, 4, 6-Tribromotoluene C7H5Br3 3, 4, 5-Tribromotoluene C7H5ClO o-Chlorobenzaldehyde C7H5ClO w-Chlorobenzaldehyde C7H5ClO p-Chlorobenzaldehyde C7H5ClO Benzoyl chloride C6H5COCl. C7H5ClO2 o-Chlorobenzoic acid C7H5ClO2 ra-Chlorobenzoic acid C7H5ClO2 p-Chlorobenzoic acid C7H5ClO2 Salicyl chloride 0-HOC6H4COCl C7H5ClO3 5-Chloro-2-hydroxybenzoic acid C7H5Cl2NO2 m-Nitrobenzal chloride C7H5Cl2NO4S Halazone C7H5Cl3 o-Chlorobenzal chloride C7H5Cl3 p-Chlorobenzal chloride C7H5Cl3 Benzotrichloride C6H5CCl3 C7H5Cl3 2, 3, 4-Trichlorotoluene.. C7H5Cl3 2, 4, 5-Trichlorotoluene C7H5Cl3 3, 4, 5-Trichlorotoluene C7H5Cl3O 2, 4, 6-Trichloro-3-hydroxytoluene C7H5Cl3O 2, 4, 6-Trichloroanisol C7H5FO Benzoyl fluoride C6H5COF C7H5FO2 o-Fluorobenzoic acid C7H5FO2 m-Fluorobenzoic acid C7H5FO2 p-Fluorobenzoic acid C7H5IO Benzoyl iodide C6H5COI C7H5IO2 o-Iodobenzoic acid C7H5IO2 w-Iodobenzoic acid C7H5IO2 p-Iodobenzoic acid C7H5IO3 3-Iodo-2-hydroxybenzoic acid C7H5N Benzonitrile C6H5CN C7H5N Phenyl isocyanide C6H5NC

MoI. wt. 185.04 185.04 185.04 185.04 185.04 389.90 148.05 148.05 148.05 196.05 196.05 212.05 212.05 212.05 212.05 212.05 212.05 228.05 288.06 184.10 200.03 184.96 200.96 200.96 200.96 216.96 216.96 328.79 328.79 328.79 328.79 328.79 328.79 140.50 140.50 140.50 140.50 156.50 156.50 156.50 156.50 172.50 205.96 270.03 195.41 195.41 195.41 195.41 195.41 195.41 211.41 211.41 124.04 140.04 140.04 140.04 231.97 247.97 247.97 247.97 263.97 103.05 103.05

;

M. P.

B. P.

\

d

T? T

' No.

139 122 134.5 130 121.5 23Od. 109 118 147 72 123 201 179 177 202 d. 163 205 174 154; 112 130 O 148 152 251 220 165 45 54 59 113 66 89 -3 18 47.5 -0.8 140.7 154.9 241.5 18.0 167.5 65 213

d. 219

1.570

1333

205 204 214 197.2

1.252 1.241 1.19661 1.211

753 751 1092 737

591-0 s. d.

228.5 234 220.7 234 232 247

-4.8 41 82 42.5 46 60.5

l.39915 1.378}5

240.7 162

122 124 182 3 162 185 266 198 -13.1

13525

j

190.7 166 d.

1.008168 0.97815

1028

No.

Formula

1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933

C7H6NO C 7 H 6 NO C 7 H 5 NO C 7 H 5 NO C7H5NOS C7H5NOS C 7 H 6 NO 3 C6H5NO3 C 7 H 5 NO 3 C7H6NO3S C7H5NO4 C 7 H 5 NO 4 C 7 H 6 NO 4 C 7 H 6 NO 4 C7H6NO4 C 7 H 5 NO 4 C 7 H 5 NO 4 C 7 H 5 NO 4 C 7 H 5 NO 4 C 7 H 5 NO 5 C 7 H 5 NO 6 C7H6NO5 C 7 H 5 NO 5 C 7 H 5 NO 5 C 7 H 5 NO 6 C 7 H 5 NO 5 C 7 H 6 NO 5 C7H5NO5 C 7 H 6 NO 5 C7H5NS C7H5NS C7H6NS C7H5N3 C7H6N3O6 C7H5N3O6 C7H5N3O6 C7H5N3O6 C7H6N3O6 C7H5N3O6 C7H5N3O6 C7H6N3O7 C7H6N3O7 C7H5N3O7 C7H5N3O7 C7H5N3O7 C7H6N3O7 C7H6N6O8

1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948

C7H6BrCl C7H6BrCl C7H6BrCl C7H6BrCl C7H6BrNO C7H6BrNO C 7 H 6 BrNO C7H6BrNO2 C7H6BrNO2 C7H6BrNO2 C7H6Br2 C7H6Br2 C7H6Br2 C7H6Br2 C7H6Br2

Name Anthranil Benzoxazol Phenyl isocyanate C 6 H 6 N :CO Salicylic nitrile 0-OHC6H4CN 1-Hydroxybenzothiazole 1-Mercaptobenzoxazole o-Nitrobenzaldehyde w-Nitrobenzaldehyde p-Nitrobenzaldehyde o-Benzoicsulfimide (Saccharin) o-Nitrobenzoic acid w-Nitrobenzoic acid p-Nitrobenzoic acid Quinolinic acid Lutidinic acid Isocinchomeronic acid Dipicolinic acid Cinchomeronic acid Dinicotinic acid Ammonchelidonic acid 3-Nitro-2-hydroxybenzoic acid 4-Nitro-2-hydroxybenzoic acid 5-Nitro-2-hydroxybenzoic acid 6-Nitro-2-hydroxybenzoic acid 2-Nitro-3-hydroxybenzoic acid 4-Nitro-3-hydroxybenzoic acid 5-Nitro-3-hydroxybenzoic acid 6-Nitro-3-hydroxybenzoic acid 3-Nitro-4-hydroxybenzoic acid Benzothiazol Phenyl thiocyanate C 6 H 5 CNS Phenyl isothiocyanate C 6 H 5 NiCS 1, 2, 3-Benzotriazin Chrysanisic acid 2, 3, 4-Trinitrotoluene 2, 3, 5-Trinitrotoluene 2, 3, 6-Trinitrotoluene 2, 4, 6-Trinitrotoluene (T. N. T.) 3, 4, 5-Trinitrotoluene 3, 4, 6-Trinitrotoluene 2, 3, 4-Trinitroanisol 2, 3, 5-Trinitroanisol 2, 4, 6-Trinitroanisol 3, 4, 5-Trinitroanisol 3, 4, 6-Trinitroanispl 2, 4, 6-Trinitro-3-hydroxytoluene 2, 4, 6-Trinitrophenylmethylnitramine (Tetryl) o-Bromobenzyl chloride p-Bromobenzyl chloride o-Chlorobenzyl bromide p-Chlorobenzyl bromide o-Bromobenzamide w-Bromobenz amide p-Bromobenzamide o-Nitrobenzyl bromide ra-Nitrobenzyl bromide p-Nitrobenzyl bromide Benzal bromide C6H5CHBr2 o-Bromobenzyl bromide m-Bromobenzyl bromide p-Bromobenzyl bromide 2, 3-Dibromotoluene

MoI. wt. 119.05 119.05 119.05 119.05 151.11 151.11 151.05 151.05 151.05 183.11 167.05 167.05 167.05 167.05 167.05 167.05 167.05 167.05 167.05 183.05 183.05 183.05 183.05 183.05 183.05 183.05 183.05 183.05 183.05 135.11 135.11 135.11 131.06 227.06 227.06 227.06 227.06 227.06 227.06 227.06 243.06 243.06 243.06 243.06 243.06 243.06 287.08 205.42 205.42 205.42 205.42 199.97 199.97 199.97 215.97 215.97 215.97 249.88 249.88 249.88 249.88 249.88

M. P. >-18 30.5 98 136 193 «40.9; /337.9 58.0 106.5 228 d. 147.5 141.4 242.4 19Od. 248 237 226 d. 258 d. 323 22Od. 144 235 228 130 178 230 167 169 185

.

-21 75 259 112 97 111 80.7 137.5 104 155 104 68.4 120 107 106 130 51 48 156 150 190 46 58 100 30 41 61 31

B. P. 215 182.5 165.6

d 1.18746

R

* *' No. 768

1.095

15615 16423 1.5754 1.4944 1.55Of

230 232 218.5 240

1.248 1.155 1.1351*5

302 d. 335 d. 333d. 240 exp. 313d. 291 d. exp.

1.620

798

1.654 1.620 1.61815 1.408

exp. 187 11515 12010

1402°

1.51»

716.1

No.

Formula

Name

1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

C7H6Br2 C7H6Br2 C7H6ClNO C7H6ClNO C7H6ClNO C7H6ClNO2 C7H6ClNO2 C7H6ClNO2 C7H6ClNO2 C7H6ClNO2 C7H6ClNO2 C7H6ClNO2 C7H6ClNO2 C7H6ClNO2 C7H6ClNO2 C 7 H 6 Cl 2 C7H6Cl2 C7H6Cl2 C7H6Cl2O C7H6Cl2O C7H6Cl2O C7H6Cl2O2 C7H6FNO C7H6FNO C7H6FNO C 7 H 6 INO C6H6INO C7H6INO C7H6N2 C7H6N2 C7H6N2 C7H6N2O2 C7H6N2O8 C7H6N2O8 C7H6N2O8 C7H6N2O4 C7H6N2O4 C7H6N2O4 C7H6N2O4 C7H6N2O4 C7H6N2O4 C7H6N2O5 C7H6N2O5 C7H6N2O5 C7H6N2O5 C7H6N2O6 C7H6N2O5 C7H6N2O5 C7H6N2O6 C7H6N2O7S C7H6N2S C7H6N4O7 C7H6O C7H6OS C7H6O2 C7H6O2 C7H6O2 C7H6O2 C7H6O2

2, 6-Dibromotoluene 3, 5-Dibromotoluene o-Chlorobenzamide.. m-Chlorobenzamide p-Chlorobenzamide 3-Chloro-2-nitrotoluene 4-Chloro-2-nitrotoluene 5-Chloro-2-nitrotoluene ft-Chloro-2-nitrotoluene 2-Chloro-3-nitrotoluene 4-Chloro-3-nitrotoluene 5-Chloro-3-nitrotoluene o-Nitrobenzyl chloride m-Nitrobenzyl chloride p-Nitrobenzyl chloride Benzal chloride C6H5CHCl2 o-Chlorobenzyl chloride p-Chlorobenzyl chloride 1, l-Dichloro-2-hydroxytoluene 3, 5-Dichloro-2-hydroxytoluene 4, 6-Dichloro-3-hydroxytoluene 4, 5-Dichloro-2-methoxyphenol o-Fluorobenzamide m-Fluorobenzamide p-Fluorobenzamide o-Iodobenzamide m-Iodobenzamide p-Iodobenzamide Benzimidazol Cyanilide CNNHC6H5 Indazole Ricininic acid o-Nitrobenzamide m-Nitrobenzamide p-Nitrobenazmide 2, 3-Dinitrotoluene 2, 4-Dinitrotoluene 2, 5-Dinitrotoluene 2, 6-Dinitrotoluene 3, 4-Dinitrotoluene 3, 5-Dinitrotoluene 2, 4-Dinitroanisol 2, 5-Dinitroanisol 2, 6-Dinitroanisol 3, 4-Dinitroanisol 3, 5-Dinitroanisol 2, 4-Dinitro-3-hydroxytoluene 3, 5-Dinitro-4-hydroxytoluene 4, 6-Dinitro-2-methoxyphenol 2, 6-Dinitrotoluene-4-sulfonic acid 1-Aminobenzothiazole 2, 4, 6-Trinitro-3-aminoanisol Benzaldehyde C6H5CHO Thiobenzoic acid C6H5COSH Furfuracrolein Salicyl aldehyde 0-HOC6H4CHO m-Hydroxybenzaldehyde p-Hydroxybenzaldehyde. Benzoicacid C6H5CO2H

2008 2009 2010

C7H6O2 C7H6O2 C7H6O2S

Phenyl formate HCO2C6H5 Toluquinone CH3C6H3O2 Thiosalicylic acid 0-SHC6H4CO2H

.

,

MoL wt.

M. P.

249.88 249.88 155.51 155.51 155.51 171.51 171.51 171.51 171.51 171.51 171.51 171.51 171.51 171.51 171.51 160.96 160.96 160.96 176.96 176.96 176.96 192.96 139.05 139.05 139.05 246.99 246.99 246.99 118.06 118.06 118.06 150.06 166.06 166.06 166.06 182.06 182.06 182.06 182.06 182.06 182.06 198.06 198.06 198.06 198.06 198.06 198.06 198.06 214.06 262.13 150.13 258.08 106.05 138.11 122.05 122.05 122.05 122.05 122.05

öTö 39 141 134.5 178.3 23 38.2 44 37 21.5 7 61 49 44.5 71 -17.4

122.05 122.05 154.11

29 82 55 46 72 116 130 154.5 183.6 186.5 217.6 170 47 146.5 298 176.6 142.7 201.4 59.3 69.6 50.5 61 59.8 93 95.2 97.0 117.5 69.3 105.8 99 85.8 123 165 127 131 -56.0 24 51 -7 106.0 116.0 121.7 69 164

B. P.

d

246

1.81222

242 250 238 263 260.5

1.25680

1.29722

18335 214 214 214

?1L No.

1.29516

1093 1094 1095

270

<360

1270

270.6 317 315 300 s. d.

360

1.462f .263111 . 52115 .282111 .283111 .259111 .277111 1.341 1.476 1.319 1.334110 1.55812

179.5

1.046

200 196.5 240

1.167

1297 1300

725 759 130

249.2

1.129 1.26645

173

1.088

1160, 1333

^

No.

Formula

Name

MoI. wt.

M. P.

138.05 138.05 138.05 138.05 138.05 154.05 154.05 154.05 154.05 154.05 154.05 170.05 170.05 202.11 202.11 202.11 218.11 236.93 170.97 170.97 170.97 170.97 186.97 186.97 186.97 202.97 202.97 126.51 126.51 126.51 126.51 142.51 142.51 142.51 142.51 142.51 142.51 142.51 142.51 142.51 142.51 158.51 190.58 190.58 206.58 240.04 110.05 110.05 110.05 217.99 217.99 217.99 217.99 233.99 249.99 249.99 121.06 121.06 121.06 121.06 121.06 121.06 121.06

108 154 159 201.3 213 204 206 200 167 d. 199 227 20Od. 22Od. 141 141 200 120

d

^l L No.

1.443 1.4734 1.4684

1333

B. P.

|

2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 2031 2032 2033 2034 2035 2036 2037 2038 2039 2040 2041 2042 2043 2044 2045 2046 2047 2048 2049 2050 2051 2052 2053 2054 2055 2056 2057 2058 2059 2060 2061 2062 2063 2064 2065 2066 2067 2068 2069 2070 2071 2072 2073

C7H6O3 2, 3-Dihydroxybenzaldehyde C7H6O3 3, 4-Dihydroxybenzaldehyde C7H6O3 Salicylic acid 0-HOC6H4CO2H C7H6O3 ra-Hydroxybenzoic acid C7H6O3 p-Hydroxybenzoic acid C7H6O4 2, 3-Dihydroxybenzoic acid C7H6O4 2, 4-Dihydroxybenzoic acid C7H6O4 2, 5-Dihydroxybenzoic acid C7H6O4 2, 6-Dihydroxybenzoic acid C7H6O4 3, 4-Dihydroxybenzoic acid C7H6O4 3, 5-Dihydroxybenzoic acid C7H6O6 Pyrogallolcarboxylic acid C7H6O6 Gallic acid 3,4,5-(HO) 3 C 6 H 2 CO 2 H.... C7H6O5S o-Sulfobenzoic acid C7H6O5S w-Sulfobenzoic acid HO3SC6H4CO2H.. . C7H6O5S p-Sulfobenzoic acid HO 3 SC 6 H 4 CO 2 H... C7H6O6S Salicylsulfonic acid C7H7AsCl2 Benzyl arsine dichloride C7H7Br Benzyl bromide C7H7Br o-Bromotoluene C7H7Br m-Bromotoluene C7H7Br p-Bromotoluene C7H7BrO 5-Bromo-2-hydroxytoluene C7H7BrO 5-Bromo-3-hydroxytoluene C7H7BrO 3-Bromo-4-hydroxytoluene C7H7BrO2 6-Bromo-2-methoxyphenol C7H7BrO2 4-Bromo-2-methoxyphenol C7H7Cl Benzyl chloride C7H7Cl o-Chlorotoluene C7H7Cl w-Chlorotoluene C7H7Cl p-Chlorotoluene C7H7ClO o-Chlorobenzyl alcohol C7H7ClO w-Chlorobenzyl alcohol C7H7ClO p-Chlorobenzyl alcohol C7H7ClO 3-Chloro-2-hydroxytoluene C7H7ClO 4-Chloro-2-hydroxytoluene C7H7ClO 5-Chloro-2-hydroxytoluene C7H7ClO 4-Chloro-3-hydroxytoluene C7H7ClO 6-Chloro-3-hydroxytoluene C7H7ClO 2-Chloro-4-hydroxy toluene C7H7ClO 3-Chloro-4-hydroxytoluene... C7H7ClO2 4(5)-Chloro-2-methoxyphenol C7H7ClO2S Toluene-o-sulfonechloride C7H7ClO2S Toluene-p-sulfonechloride C7H7ClO3S 2-Chlorotoluene-5-sulfonic acid C7H7Cl2NO2S Toluene-p-sulf onedichloroamine C7H7F o-Fluorotoluene C7H7F ra-Fluorotoluene C7H7F p-Fluorotoluene C7H7I Benzyliodide C7H7I o-Iodotoluene C7H7I w-Iodotoluene C7H7I p-Iodotoluene C7H7IO o-Iodoanisol 0-CH3OC6H4I. C7H7IO2 5-Iodo-2-methoxyphenol C7H7IO2 4-Iodo-2-methoxyphenol C7H7NO o-Aminobenzaldehyde C7H7NO m-Aminobenzaldehyde C 7 H 7 NO p-Aminobenzaldehyde C 7 H 7 NO syn -Benzaldoxime C6H0C :NOH C 7 H 7 NO ar^-Benzaldoxime C 6 H 6 CrNOH C7H7NO Benzamide C6H6CONH2 C7H7NO Formanilide HCONHC6H6

-4.0 -28.1 -39.8 28 64 62 63 46 -39 -35.1 -47.8 7.8 72 70.5 86 49 49 66 53 55 < -18 10 69 78 83 < —80 -110.8 24.1 > 35

I

88 43 40 71.5 71 130 35 130 47.5

235 s. 76

1.5424 d.

1.694«

1333

17550 199 181.8 183.7 183.6 235

1.438f 1.422 1.410 1.310

738 734 732

214

1.54724 5

18260 179.4 159.4 162.4 162.5 230 234 235 225 225 220 235 235 196 228 241.5 12621 14615

1.10318 1.080 1.072 1.07118

711 691 672 666

1.2112J 1.339

114 116 117 d. 211 204 211.5 240

1.001 0.999 1.00I15 3 1.73325 1.697 1.698

18Od.

1.5

15353 290 271

1.111 1.3414 1.112ô

505 500 502 785

1.800

972

No.

Formula

Name

MoI. wt.

M. P. 145 174 187 125 140 170.5 162 « -10.6; ß -4.1 15.5 51.3

2074 2075 2076 2077 2078 2079 2080 2081

C 7 H 7 NO 2 C 7 H 7 NO 2 C 7 H 7 NO 2 C 7 H 7 NO 2 C7H7NO2 C7H7NO2 C 7 H 7 NO 2 C 7 H 7 NO 2

Anthranilic acid 0-H2NC6H4CO2H m-Aminobenzoic acid p-Aminobenzoic acid Benzohydroxamic acid o-Hydroxybenzamide ra-Hydroxybenzamide p-Hydroxybenzamide o-Nitrotoluene

137.06 137.06 137.06 137.06 137.06 137.06 137.06 137.06

2082 2083 2084 2085 2086 2087 2088 2089 2090 2091 2093 2094 2095 2096 2098 2099 2100 2101 2102 2103 2104 2105 2106 2107 2108 2109 2110 2111 2112 2114 2115 2116 2117 2118 2119 2120 2120.1 2121 2122 2123 2124 2125 2126 2127 2128 2129 2130 2131 2132 2133 2134 2135 2136 2137

C 7 H 7 NO 2 C 7 H 7 NO 2 C 7 H 7 NO 2 C7H7NO3 C 7 H 7 NO 3 C 7 H 7 NO 3 C7H7NO3 C 7 H 7 NO 3 'C 7 H 7 NO 3 C 7 H 7 NO 3 C7H7NO3 C7H7NO3 C7H7NO3 C7H7NO3 C7H7NO3 C7H7NO3 C7H7NO3 C 7 H 7 NO 3 C7H7NO3 C7H7NO4 C 7 H 7 NO 4 C 7 H 7 NO 4 C7H7NO4S C7H7NO4S C7H7NO4S C7H7NO5S C7H7NS C7H8 C7H8 C7H8BrN C7H8BrN C7H8BrN C7H8BrN C7H8BrN C7H8BrN C7H8ClN C7H8ClN C7H8ClN C7H8ClN C7H8ClN C7H8ClN C7H8ClN C7H8ClN C7H8ClN C7H8N2 C7H8N2 C7H8N2O C7H8N2O C7H8N2O C7H8N2O C7H8N2O C7H8N2O C7H8N2O2 C7H8N2O2

w-Nitrotoluene p-Nitrotoluene Phenylnitromethane o-Nitrobenzyl alcohol w-Nitrobenzyl alcohol p-Nitrobenzyl alcohol 3-Nitro-o-cresol 4-Nitro-o-cresol 5-Nitro-o-cresol 6-Nitro-o-cresol 4-Nitro-m-cresol 5-Nitro-ra-cresol 6-Nitro-ra-cresol 3-Nitro-4-hydroxytoluene... o-Nitroanisol w-Nitroanisol... ; p-Nitroanisol 4-Amino-2-hydroxybenzoic acid 5-Amino-2-hydroxybenzoic acid 6-Nitro-2-methoxyphenol 5-Nitro-2-methoxyphenol 3-Nitro-2-methoxyphenol o-Sulfoaminobenzoic acid Tn-SuIfoaminobenzoic acid p-Sulfoaminobenzoic acid p-Nitrotoluene-0-sulfonic acid Thiobenzamide C6H5CSNH2 Tropylidene Toluene 4-Bromo-o-toluidine 5-Bromo-o-toluidine 5-Bromo-m-toluidine 6-Bromo-ra-toluidine 2-Bromo-p-toluidine 3-Bromo-p-toluidine 4-Chloro-o-toluidine 5-Chloro-o-toluidine 6-Chloro-o-toluidine 2-Chloro-ra-toluidine 4-Chloro-ra-toluidine 5-Chloro-ra-toluidine 6-Chloro-ra-toluidine 2-Chloro-p-toluidine 3-Chloro-p-toluidine Benzalhydrazine C6H5CH2NHNH2 Benzamidine C 6 H 5 C(:NH)NH 2 0-Aminobenzarnide m-Aminobenzamide p-Aminobenzamide NH 2 C 6 H 4 CONH 2 ... Benzoylhydrazine C6H5CONHNH2 Nitrosomethylaniline Phenylurea C6H5NHCONH2 o-Nitromethylaniline ra-Nitromethylaniline

137.06 137.06 137.06 153.06 153.06 153.06 153.06 153.06 153.06 153.06 153.06 153.06 153.06 153.06 153.06 153.06 153.06 153.06 153.06 169.06 169.06 169.06 201.13 201.13 201.13 217.13 137.13 92.062 92.062 185.99 185.99 185.99 185.99 185.99 185.99 141.53 141.53 141.53 141.53 141.53 141.53 141.53 141.53 141.53 120.08 120.08 136.08 136.08 136.08 136.08 136.08 136.08 152.08 152.08

74 27 93 145 94.6 118 69.5 129 91 56 36.5 9.4 38 54 220 28Od. 62 104 103 167 238 280 d. 130 116 -95.1 32 59.5 36 78.8 26 26 22 30 30 83 26 16 80 108 79 183 112 15 147 34 66

B. P.

d

^l L I No.

1.5114 27Od. 222.3

1.16815

724

231 238 227 16820 ISO3 18512

1.164l5 1.0988" 1.160

729 1096 702

12522 277 258 260

1.24Of 1.268 1.373 1.233

1053 749

118 110.5 257 d. 240 260 240 257 240 238.5 239.2 245 229 230 243 241 245 219 14014

0.888 0.866

686 579

225 d.

1.14419 1.498

1.151

1.12lf "7

998 1330

No.

Formula

2138 2139 2140 2141 2142 2143 2144 2145 2146 2147 2148 2149 2150 2151 2152 2153 2154 2155 2156 2157 2158 2159 2160 2161 2162 2163 2164 2165 2166 2167 2168 2169 2170 2171 2172 2173 2174 2175 2176 2176.1 2178 2179 2180

C7H8N2O2 C7H8N2O2 C7H8N2O2 C7H8N2O2 C7H8N2O2 C7H8N2O2 C7H8N2O2 C7H8N2O2 C7H8N2O2 C 7 H 8 N 2O2 C7H8N2O2 C7H8N2O3 C7H8N2S C7H8N4O2 C7H8N4O2 C7H8N4O2 C7H8N4O3 C7H8N4O3 C7H8N4O3 C7H8N4O3 C7H8N6O7 C7H8O C7H8O C7H8O C7H8O C7H8O C7H8O C7H8OS C7H8O2 C7H8O2 C7H8O2 C7H8O2 C7H8O2 C7H8O2 C7H8O2 C7H8O2 C7H8O2 C7H8O2 C7H8O2 C7H8O2 C7H8O2 C7H8O2S C7H8O3

2181 2183 2184 2185 2186 2187 2188 2189 2190 2191 2192 2193 2194 2195 2196 2197 2198 2199 2200

C7H8O3S C7H8O3S C7H8O4 C7H8O4 C7H8O4S C7H8O4S C7H8O6 C7H8S C7H8S C7H8S C7H8S C7H9AsO3 C7H9ClN4O2 C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N

Name p-Nitromethylaniline 3-Nitro-o-toluidine 4-Nitro-o-toluidine 5-Nitro-o-toluidine 6-Nitro-o-toluidine 2-Nitro-3-aminotoluene 4-Nitro-3-aminotoluene 5-Nitro-3-aminotoluene 6-Nitro-3-aminotohiene 2-Nitro-4-aminotoluene 3-Nitro-p-toluidine 5-Nitro-3-amino-4-hydroxytoluene Phenylthiourea C 6 H 5 NHCSNH 2 Theophylline Paraxanthine Theobromine 1, 3-Dimethyluric acid 1, 7-Dimethyluric acid 1, 9-Dimethyluric acid 3, 9-Dimethyluric acid Guanidine picrate Benzyl alcohol C6H5CH2OH o-Cresol.. ra-Cresol p-Cresol Phenyl methyl ether (Anisol) 4, 6-Dihydrobenzaldehyde Thioguaiacol CH3OC6H4SH !.. o-Hydroxybenzyl alcohol ra-Hydroxybenzyl alcohol p-Hydroxybenzyl alcohol 2, 4-Dihydroxytoluene 2, 5-Dihydroxytoluene 2, 6-Dihydroxytoluene Homocatechol 3, 4-(HO)2C6H3CH3 Orcinol 3, 5-(HO)2C6H3CH3. Guaiacol 0-HOC6H4OCH3 Resorcinol methyl ether Hydroquinol methyl ether Dimethyl-7-pyrone Furfurylacetone Toluene-o-sulfinic acid 2, 5-Dimethylfurfurane-3-carboxylic acid (Uvinic acid) Toluene-0-sulfonic acid Toluene-p-sulfonic acid Iretol 2, 4, 6-(OH)3C6H2OCH3 Hydrochelidonic anhydride 4-Hydroxytoluene-2-sulfonic acid 2-Hydroxytoluene-6-sulfonic acid Cinchonic acid Benzyl mercaptan C6H5CH2SH o-Thiocresol G-CH3C6H4SH m-Thiocresol ra-CH3C6H4SH p-Thiocresol 39-CH3C6H4SH Benzylarsonic acid C 6 H 5 CH 2 AsO(OH) 2 . Theobromine hydrochloride Benzylamine C6H5CH2NH2 2, 4-Lutidine 2, 6-Lutidine 3, 4-Lutidine 2-Ethylpyridine 3-Ethylpyridine

MoL wt.

M. P.

152.08 152.08 152.08 152.08 152.08 152.08 152.08 152.08 152.08 152.08 152.08 168.08 152.14 180.09 180.09 180.09 196.09 196.09 196.09 196.09 288.11 108.06 108.06 108.06 108.06 108.06 108.06 140.13 124.06 124.06 124.06 124.06 124.06 124.06 124.06 124.06 124.06 124.06 124.06 124.06 124.06 156.13

152 96 105 127.5 91.5 53 109 98.4 138 77.5 117 110 154 272 299 337 41Od. 390 d. 40Od. 34Od. 290 -15.3 30.1 10 34.8 -37.3 < -20

140.06 172.13 172.13 156.06 156.06 188.13 188.13 188.06 124.13 124.13 124.13 124.13 216.03 216.56 107.08 107.08 107.08 107.08 107.08 107.08

135

86 67 110 104 125 66 65 108 28 < -17.5 53 132 40 80

105 186 69 188 118 169 15 <-20 43 167

B. P.

d

?1L No.

1.20I155 2 1.19010° 1.3651S 1.36615 1.37815

1.31217

205.8 190.8 202.8 201.1 155.8 171.5 d. 219

1.046 1.051 1.035 1.039155 0.994 1.020i4 5

713 727 714 715 659

1.161 30Od.

252 290 205.1 244.3 243

1.129l4 1.29O4 1.14315 >1

H03 1179

0.9953137

229

128.825 14020 210

195 194.3 195.4 195 184 157 143 164.5 148.8 165.3

1.05820 1.05242

0.980 0.949J 0.942° 0.950 0,959

1333 720

990

,

No.

Formula

2201 2202 2203 2204

C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N

2205 2206 2207 2208 2209 2210 2211 2212 2213 2214 2215 2216 2217 2218 2219 2220 2221 2222 2223 2224 2225 2226 2227 2228 2229 2234.1 2235 2236 2237 2238 2239 2240 2241 2243 2244 2245 2247 2248 2249 2250 2251 2252 2253 2254 2255 2256 2257 2258 2259 2260 2260.1 2260.2 2261 2262 2263 2264 2265 2266

C7H9N C7H9N C 7 H 9 NO C7H9NO C 7 H 9 NO C7H9NO C7H9NO C7H9NO C7H9NO C7H9NO C7H9NO C7H9NO C7H9NO C7H9NO C7H9NO C7H9NO C7H9NO C7H9NO C7H9NO C7H9NO2 C7H9NO2 C7H9NO2S C7H9NO2S C7H9NO2S C7H9NO8 C7H9NO5S C7H9N3O C7H9N3O C7Hi0 C7Hi0 C7Hi0 C7Hi0 C7Hi0 C7H10ClN C7Hi0ClN C7Hi0ClN C 7 Hi 0 N 2 C7H10N2 C 7 Hi 0 N 2 C 7 Hi 0 N 2 C 7 Hi 0 N 2 C 7 Hi 0 N 2 C7Hi0N2 C 7 Hi 0 N 2 C 7 Hi 0 N 2 C7Hi0N2 C 7 Hi 0 N 2 C 7 Hi 0 N 2 C 7 Hi 0 N 2 O 3 C7Hi0N2O3 C7Hi0N4O5 C7Hi0N2O7 C7Hi0O C7Hi0O2 C7Hi0O8 C7Hi0O4 C7Hi0O4 C7Hi0O4

Name __ 4-Ethylpyridine a-Lutidine Methylaniline C 6 H 6 NHCH 3 o-Toluidine 0-CH3C6H4NH2 m-Toluidine /W-CH3C6H4NH2 p-Toluidine P-CH3C6H4NH2 o-Aminobenzyl alcohol p-Aminobenzyl alcohol 4-Amino-2-hydroxytoluene 5-Amino-2-hydroxytoluene 6-Amino-2-hydroxytoluene 5-Amino-w-cresol 4-Amino-3-hydroxytoluene 2-Amino-4-hydroxytoluene 3-Amino-4-hydroxytoluene o-Anisidine 0-CH3OC6H4NH2 ra-Anisidine W-CH3OC6H4NH2 p-Anisidine P-CH3OC6H4N H 2 Benzylhydroxylamine C 6 H 6 CH 2 NHOH. Salicylamine 0-OHC6H4CH2NH2 m-Tolylhydroxylamine p-Tolylhydroxylamine 4, 6-Dihydrobenzaldoxime 6-Amino-2-methoxy phenol Ammonium benzoate C 6 H 6 CO 2 NH 4 Toluene-o-sulf oneamide Toluene-m-sulf oneamide Toluene-p-sulf oneamide Ammonium salicylate Ammonium o-sulfobenzoate 1-Phenylsemicarbazide 4-Phenylsemicarbazide 2, 3-Dihydrocycloheptene 1, 2-Dihydrotoluene 1, 3-Dihydrotoluene 2, 4-Dihydrotoluene 1, 3, 5-Heptatriene o-Toluidine hydrochloride w-Toluidine hydrochloride p-Toluidine hydrochloride Methyl-p-phenylenediamine Benzylhydrazine C 6 H 6 CH 2 NHNH 2 2, 3-Diaminotoluene 2, 4-Diaminotoluene 2, 5-Diaminotoluene Toluylene-2, 6-diamine 3, 4-Diaminotoluene 3, 5-Diaminotoluene 1, 1-Methylphenylhydrazine o-Tolymydrazine 0-CH 3 C 6 H 4 NHNH 2 .. . m-Tolylhydrazine p-Tolylhydrazine P-CH 3 C 6 H 4 NHNH 2 .. 5-Ethyl-5-methylbarbituric acid Trimethylbarbituric acid Dimethyl ureindihydroxy succhi ate Isohydroxydimethylurea 1, 2, 3, 4-Tetrahydrobenzaldehyde A^Tetrahydrobenzoic acid Diacetylacetone CO(CH2COCHs)2 cis-Pentamethylene-1, 2-dicarboxylic acid Teraconic acid Terebic acid

MoI. wt. 107.08 107.08 107.08 107.08 107.08 107.08 123.08 123.08 123.08 123.08 123.08 123.08 123.08 123.08 123.08 123.08 123.08 123.08 123.08 123.08 123.08 123.08 123.08 139.08 139.08 171.14 171.14 171.14 155.08 219.14 151,09 151.09 94.077 94.077 94.077 94.077 94.077 143.54 143.54 143.54 122.09 122.09 122.09 122.09 122.09 122.09 122.09 122.09 122.09 122.09 122.09 122.09 170.09 170.09 234.10 230.11 110.08 126.08 142.08 158.08 158.08 158.08

M. P.

-57.0 «-24.4; ß -16.3 -31.5 43.7 82 95 161 175 128 79 174 144.5 135 5.2 57.7

d

166 156.5 195.70 200.7

0.936 0.947° 0.986 0.998

757 758

203.3 200.5 280 s. d.

0.989 1.046

989 1087

345

224 251 245 12350

129 68 94 44 127 198 156.3 108 137.5

1.10826 1.07lf

1.2624

> 250 172 122

214.5 228 239 35.5 26 62 99 64 105 88.5

?1L No.

B. P.

1.524 121 108 110.1 106 114 242 249.8 257.5 259.5 10341 255 280 274 265 285 227.5

1333 1200

0.835 0.827 0.764

524 498

1.040

766

56 224 61 212 165 203 180

1204 1212 212

49 140 161 d. 175

12110

1.009° 1.072J7'2 1.068" 0.816

552 1090

No. 2267 2268 2269 2270 2271 2272 2273 2274 2275 2276 2277 2278 2279 2280 2281 2282 2283 2284 2284.1 2285 2286 2287 2288 2289 2289.1 2289.2 2289.3 2290 2291 2292 2293 2294 2295. 2296 2297 2298 2299 2300 2301 2302 2303 2304 2305 2306 2307 2308 2308.1 2309 2310 2311 2312 2313 2314 2315 2316 2317 2318 2319 2320 2321 2322 2323 2324

Formula C7Hi0O4 C7Hi0O5 C7Hi0O5 C7Hi0O5 C7HnBrO4 C 7 HnNO C 7 HnNO 2 C7HnNO2 C 7 Hi 2 C7Hi2 C 7 Hi 2 C7H12 C7H12 C7H12 C7H12 C7H12 C7H12 C7H12 C7H12Cl2O2 C 7 H 12 N 2 O C 7 H 12 N 4 O C7H12N4O8 C7H12O C7H12O C7H12O C7H12O C7H12O C7H12O C7H12O2 C7H12O2 C7H12O2 C7H12O2 C7H12O2 C7H12O2 C7H12O2 C7H12O2 C7H12O2 C7H12O3 C7H12O3 C7H12O3 C7H12O3 C7H12O4 C7H12O4 C7H12O4 C7H12O4 C7H12O4 C7H12O4 C7H12O4 C7H12O4 C7H12O4 C7H12O6 C7H12O6 C 7 Hi 2 O 6 C7H13BrN2O2 C7H13BrO2 C7H13BrO2 C7H13ClO2 C7H13ClO2 C7H13N C7H13NO C7H13NO C7H13NO2 C7Hi3NO6

Name

MoI. wt.

Dimethyl citraconate 3-Ketopimelic acid Ethyl mesoxalate (HO) 2 C(CO 2 C 2 Ho) 2 .. Quinic lactone Diethyl bromomalonate Nortropinone Arecaidine Arecaine. w-Amylacetylene C6Hi1CiCH 2, 4-Dimethyl-l, 3-pentadiene 2, 4-Dimethyl-2, 3-pentadiene 3-Heptine C3H7CiCC2H6 2, 4-Heptadiene 2-Heptine CH3CiCC4H9 4-Methylcyclohexene A^Tetrahydrotoluene A2-Tetrahydrotoluene ;. A3-Tetrahydrotoluene Isobutyl 1, 2-dichloropropionate Sinapoline Caffeidine Caffoline Diallyl earbinol (CH2:CHCH)2CHOH.. Hexahydrobenzaldehyde o-Methylcyclohexanone ?ra-Methylcyclohexanone p-Methylcyclohexanone Suberone <(CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 ) 2 > CO Pimelic aldehyde OCH(CH2)6CHO Teracrylic acid Hexahydrobenzoic acid 1, 2-Isoheptenic acid Allyl butyrate C 3 H 7 CO 2 CH 2 CHrCH 2 ... Allyl isobutyrate Cyclohexyl formate HCO2C6Hn Ethyl angelate Ethyl tiglate CH 3 CHiC(CH 3 )CO 2 C 2 H 5 . Hexahydrosalicylic acid Ethyl levulinate Ethyl methylacetoacetate Methyl dimethylacetoacetate Butylmalonic acid C 4 H 9 CH(CO 2 H) 2 .... Isobutylmalonic acid sec.-Butylmalonic acid Diethylmalonic acid (C 2 Ho) 2 C(CO 2 H) 2 . w-Pimelic acid HO2C(CH2)0CO2H Trimethylsuccinic acid Diethyl malonate CH 2 (CO 2 C 2 Ho) 2 Dimethyl pyrotartrate Methyl ethyl Buccinate Glycerol diacetate (Diacetin) Quinic acid Diethyl mesoxalate Adalin CH 2 BrCONHCON(C 2 Hs) 2 Ethyl 1-bromo-n-valerate Ethyl 1-bromoisovalerate Amyl chloroacetate ClCH 2 CO 2 C 6 H 11 ... Isoamyl chloroacetate Heptylnitrile C6H13CN Nortropanol Suberoxime (CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 ) 2 C:NOH... . Stachydrine Quinic amide (OH)4C6H7CONH2

158.08 174.08 174.08 174.08 239. OO 125.09 141.09 141.09 96.092 96.092 96.092 96.092 96.092 96.092 96.092 96.092 96.092 96.092 199. Ol 140.11 168.12 200.12 112.09 112.09 112.09 112.09 112.09 112.09 128.09 128.09 128.09 128.09 128.09 128.09 128.09 128.09 128.09 144.09 144.09 144.09 144.09 160.09 160.09 160.09 160.09 160.09 160.09 160.09 160.09 160.09 176.09 192.09 192.09 237.03 209.02 209.02 164.56 164.56 111.11 127.11 127.11 143.11 191.11

M. P. 143 <-31 187 70 224 d. 214 d. > -70

B. R

d

210.5

1.110

220

1.119ÎS

235

1.426JI

110.5 93.3 70 106 107 113.3 102.2 111 105 103

0.738J2'6 0.749}2 0.760° 0.731 0.763° 0.800 0.809 0.805 0.799 1.15621

?11% No. 922~

160 815 896 385 431 408 394

100 94 197

<-18 31 16.5 <0

151 161 167740 6015 56.410-5 179.5 11213 218 233 227 143 133.5 162.5 142 152

0.857 0.926 0.93O15-1 0.914 252 0.912 24 - 4 0.969°

842 1027 1021

1.048 0.942

1040 442

1.010° 0.918 0.924

963 964

111

101.5 107 76 121 103 152 -49.9 < -20 163 57 116

161 23 210 132

205.3 186.8 174 15Od.

1.017™ 1.019 0.999^f

263 239

2721O0 198.9 198 208.2 17640 d. 200

1.242 1.054 1.078 1.093° 1.178}Ü 1.637

192 186 192 192 183

1.226Î8 1.278}J 1.055 1.041^ 0.815

230

1.023

208

1333

345 240

TD T No. 2325 2326 2327 2328 2329 2330 2331 2332 2333 2334 2335 2336 2337 2338 2339 2340 2341 2342 2343 2344 2345 2346 2347 2348 2349 2350 2351 2353 2354 2354.1 2355 2356 2357 2358 2359 2359.1 2360 2361 2362 2363 2364 2365 2366 2367 2367.1 2368 2369 2370 2371 2372 2373 2373.1 2374 2375 2376 2377 2378 2379 2380 2381 2382 2383 2384

Formula C 7 H 14 C 7 Hi 4 C7H14 C7H14 C 7 Hi 4 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O C 7 Hi 4 O C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O2 C7H14O2 C7H14O2 C7H14O2 C7H14O2 C7H14O2 C7H14O2 C 7 Hi 4 O 2 C7H14O2 C 7 Hi 4 O 2 C7H14O2 C7H14O2 C7H14O2 C 7 Hi 4 O 2 C 7 Hi 4 O 2 C 7 Hi 4 O 2 C 7 Hi 4 O 3 C 7 Hi 4 O 3 C 7 Hi 4 O 4 C7Hi4O5 C 7 Hi 4 O 6 C 7 Hi 4 O 6 C 7 Hi 4 O 6 C 7 Hi 4 O 6 C 7 Hi 4 O 6 C 7 Hi 4 O 6 C 7 Hi 4 O 6 C 7 Hi 4 O 6 C 7 Hi 4 O 6 C 7 Hi 4 O 7 C 7 Hi 4 O 7 C 7 Hi 4 O 8 C7Hi4S C7Hi5Br C7H15Cl C7H15F C7H15I C7H15N

Name

MoI. wt.

2, 4-Dimethyl-2-pentene 98.108 3-Ethyl-2-pentene (C 2 Ho) 2 CiCHCH 3 ... 98.108 Heptamethylene (Cycloheptane) 98.108 Hexahydrotoluene 98.108 2-Heptene CH3CHiCHC4H9 98.108 Methylcyclohexane 98.108 3-Methyl-2(3)-hexene 98.108 1-Heptene C5H11CHiCH2 98.108 2, 2, 3-Trimethyl-l-butene 98.108 2, 3-Dimethyl-2-pentene 98.108 Cycloheptanol 114.11 2-Heptene-4-ol 114.11 Hexahydrobenzyl alcohol 114.11 1-Methylcyclohexane-l-ol 114.11 o-Hexahydrocresol 114.11 ra-Hexaliydrocresol.... 114.11 dZ-ra-Hexahydrocresol 114.11 p-Hexahydrocresol 114.11 Heptaldehyde C6H13CHO 114.11 Dipropyl ketone (C3H7)2CO 114.11 Diisopropyl ketone [(CHs) 2 CH] 2 CO.... 114.11 Ethyl n-butyl ketone C2H5COC4H9 114.11 Ethyl isobutyl ketone 114.11 Methyl n-amyl ketone CH3COC5H11 . . . 1 1 4 . 1 1 Methyl isoamyl ketone 114.11 Isoamylacetic acid 130.11 Heptylic acid C6H13CO2H 130.11 n-Amyl acetate CH3CO2C5H11 130.11 Isoamyl acetate 130.11 d-ß-Amyl acetate 130.11 tert.-Amyl acetate 130.11 Ethyl n-valerate C4H9CO2C2H5 130.11 Ethyl isovalerate 130.11 n-Hexyl formate HCO2C6H13 130.11 Isobutyl propionate 130.11 d-sec.-Eutyl propionate 130.11 Methyl n-caproate C5H11CO2CH3 130.11 Propyl n-butyrate C3H7CO2C3H7 130.11 Propyl isobutyrate (CHs) 2 CHCO 2 C 3 H 7 . 130.11 Isopropyl butyrate C 3 H 7 CO 2 CH(CHa) 2 . 130.11 Isopropyl isobutyrate 130.11 Di-n-propyl carbonate CO(OC 3H7)2 146.11 Ethyl butyl carbonate 146.11 Glycerol 1-butyrate 162.11 Z-Methyl rhamnoside 178.11 «-Methyl galactoside 194.11 (3-Methyl galactoside 194.11 «-Methyl glucose 194.11 /3-Methyl glucose 194.11 a-Methyl glucoside 194.11 0-Methyl glucoside 194.11 «-Methyl mannoside 194.11 d-Inosite methyl ether (0-Pinite) 194.11 Z-Inosite methyl ether (Quebrachite) 194.11 d, /3-Galaheptose 210.11 d, a-Glucoheptose 210.11 d-Mannoheptonic acid 226.11 Ttt-Hexahydrothiocresol 130.17 ra-Heptyl bromide C7H15Br 179.03 rc-Heptyl chloride C7H15Cl 134.57 n-Heptyl fluoride C7H15F 118.12 n-Heptyl iodide C7H151 226.05 Ethylpiperidine 113.12

M. P.

-12 -147.5 -126.4

26 -47

-45.0 -32.6

-10

-99.3 -71.4

-95.2

109 112 176 161 135 168 104 194 187 191 199 215 d. 175 d.

-73

B. P. 84 98 118.1 103 98.5 100.8 97.4 99 80 95.1 185.2 6311 181.2 168.3 169 176 175 174 155 143.5 123.7 148.5 136 150 144 216.5 223.5 147.6 142.5 131 124.8 145.5 135 153.6 138 132 149.5 143 135.4 128 120.8 168.2 169 271

d

' ' No.

25

0.699 0.725J5 0.811 0.764

192 405 910

0.764 0.718

272 186

0.719 0.958 0.842J 4 ' 4 0.916 0.919f 0.923 0.914 0.923 0.9241* 0.850 0.821}5 0.806

838 816 1029 478 466 467 833 202 173

0.815 0.8221* 0.82117 0.92615 0.922 0.879^ 0.875 0.868 0.87419 0.877 0.866 0.898° 0.869 0.8657 0.904J 0.87915 0.884J 0.86513 0.869J 0.96822

269 130 122 100 1109 126 108

123 97

1227

200°-2

1230 1171 1217

210vac-

1.52 1.54

174 178.8 159.5 119.2 203.8 128

1.13316 0.88116 0.804 1.401° 0.857f

.

61 469 1000

No. 2385 2386 2386.1 2387 2388 2389 2390 2391 2392 2393 2394 2396 2397 2398 2399 2400 2400.1 2401 2402 2403 2404 2405 2406 2407 2407.1 2408 2409 2410 2411 2412 2413 2414 2415 2416 2417 2418 2419 2420 2421 2422 2422.1 2422.2 2423 2424 2425 2426 2427 2428 2429 2430 2431 2432 2433 2434 2435 2436 2437 2438 2439 2440 2441 2442 2443

Formula C 7 Hj 5 NO C 7 Hi 5 NO C 7 H 15 NO 2 C 7 Hi 6 C7Hi6 C 7 Hi 6 C 7 Hi 6 C7H16 C7H16 C 7 Hi 6 C 7 Hi 6 C7Hi6O C7Hi6O C 7 Hi 6 O C7Hi6O C7H16O C7Hi6O C7Hi6O C7Hi6O C7Hi6O C7Hi6O C7Hi6O C7Hi6O C 7 Hi 6 O C 7 Hi 6 O C7H16O C7H16O C7H16O C7H16O C7H16O C7H16O C7H16O C7H16O3 C7H16O4S2 C7H16O7 C7H16O7 C7H17N C8Cl4O3 C8H2Cl2O3 C8H2Cl4O4 C8H4BrNO2 C8H4ClNO C8H4Cl2O2 C8H4Cl2O2 C8H4Cl2O2 C8H4Cl2O4 C8H4Cl4O C8H4N2 C8H4N2 C8H4N2O4 C8H4O3 C8H5Cl3O C8H5Cl4NO C8H5NO C8H5NO2 C8H5NO2 C8H5NO2 C8H5NO2 C8H5NO2 C8H5NO6 C8H5NO6 C8H6NO6 C8H5NO6

Name rc-Heptylamide C6H13CONH2 Heptaldoxime C 6 Hi 3 CHiNOH Isobutylurethane C 4 H 9 NHCO 2 C 2 H 5 .... 2, 4-Dimethylpentane CH2[CH(CH3)2]2. 3, 3-Dimethylpentane n-Heptane CH3(CH2) 5CH3 2-Methylhexane (CH3)2CHC4H9 d, 3-Methylhexane C 3 H 7 CH(CH 3 )C 2 H 5 . 3-Ethylpentane (C2Hs)3CH 2, 2, 3-Trimethylbutane 2, 2-Dimethylpentane (CHg) 3 CC 3 H 7 .... Dimethylbutyl carbinol Dimethylisobutyl carbinol Dimethyl-tert.-butyl carbinol Dipropyl carbinol (C3H7)2CHOH Diisopropyl carbinol d-Ethylbutyl carbinol Ethylisobutyl carbinol Ethyl-sec.-butyl carbinol n-Heptyl alcohol C7Hi5OH 2-Hydroxy-3-ethylpentane l-Hydroxy-2-methylhexane Isoheptyl alcohol Methyl-n-amyl carbinol d-Methylamyl carbinol Methylisoamyl carbinol Methylethylpropyl carbinol Methylethylisopropyl carbinol Propylisopropyl carbinol Triethyl carbinol (C2H5)3COH Ethyl isoamyl ether Propyl butyl ether C4H9OC3H7 Ethyl orthoformate HC(OC2Hs)3 Sulfonal (CH3)2C (SO2C2Hs)2 d-Mannoheptitol Volemitol w-Heptylamine C7H15NH2 Tetrachioro-o-phthalic anhydride 3, 6-Dichloro-o-phthalic anhydride Tetrachloro-o-phthalic acid w-Bromoisatine Isatine chloride o-Phthalyl dichloride 0-C 6 H 4 (COCl) 2 ... Isophthalyl dichloride ^-C6H4(COCl)2.. Terephthalyl dichloride ^-C6H4(COCl)2. 3, 6-Dichloro-o-phthalic acid Trichloromethyl p-chlorophenylketone... Isophthalic nitrile W-C 6 H 4 (CN) 2 Terephthalic nitrile ^-C 6 H 4 (CN) 2 Nitroisatine o-Phthalic anhydride Dichloromethylp-chlorophenylketone... 2, 3, 4, 6-Tetrachloroacetanilide Benzoyl cyanide C6H5.COCN o-Cyanobenzoic acid w-Cyanobenzoic acid p-Cyanobenzoic acid Isatine o-Phthalimide 0-C6H4(CO)2NH 3-Nitro-o-phthalic acid 4-Nitro-o-phthalic acid 2-Nitroisophthalic acid 4-Nitroisophthalic acid

MoI. wt. 129.12 129.12 145.12 100.12 100.12 100.12 100.12 100.12 100.12 100.12 100.12 116.12 116.12 116.12 116.12 116.12 116.12 116.12 116.12 116.12 116.12 116.12 116.12 116.12 116.12 116.12 116.12 116.12 116.12 116.12 116.12 116.12 148.12 228.25 212.12 212.12 115.14 285.83 216.93 303.85 225.96 165.50 202.95 202.95 202.95 234.95 257.86 128.05 128.05 192.05 148.03 223.41 272.88 131.05 147.05 147.05 147.05 147.05 147.05 211.05 211.05 211.05 211.05

M. P. 96 55.5 < -65

-90.0

-25

17

-34.6

-76.1 128 188 155 -23.0 257 191 250 255 18Od. O 41 78 185 28 161 222 230 130.8 51 1.81 34 190 217 214 201 238 220 164 300 245

B. P.

d

^l L No.

195 9617 83.9 87 98.4 90.4 92 93.8 80.8 78.6 142.2 130 132 155.4 140 6618 148.2 150 175.8 152 162.5 167.2 158 73.520 150 141 140 141 142 112 117.1 145.9 30Od.

0.834f 0.943 0.681 0.711<> 0.684 0.7072 0.687 0.670 0.695J5 0.674 0.816 0.816

1124 311 45

0.820 0.829 0.823

256 265 251

155.1

0.777

278

1.408

755

0.852° 0.81722 0.853° 0.83I43 0.831° 0.819 0.819 0.81917 5 0.823 0.833 0.821" 0.840 0.76418 0.777° 0.897

55 89 77 224 228

287 266 291 259 253 270 215 334

339

276.7 276 259 18145

284.5 1784* 208

1.5274

No. 2444 2445 2446 2447 2448 2449 2450 2451 2452 2453 2454 2455 2456 2457 2458 2459 2460 2461 2462 2463 2464 2465 2466 2467 2468 2469 2470 2471 2472 2473 2474 2475 2476 2477 2478 2479 2480 2482 2483 2485 2486 2487 2488 2489 2490 2491 2492 2493 2493.1 2494 2495 2496 2497 2498 2499 2500 2501 2502 2503 2504 2505 2506 2507

Formula C8H6NO6 C8H6NO6 C8H6NO6 C8H6NO6 C8H6NO6 C8H6NO6 C8H6NO6 C8H6NO6 C8H6N3O8 C8H6 C8H6BrN C8H6Br2 C8H6Br2O C8H6Cl2O2 C8H6Cl3NO C8H6Cl3NO C8H6Cl3NO C8H6I2O8 C8H6N2 C8H6N2 C8H6N2 C8H6N2O2 C8H6N2O2 C8H6N4O8 C8H6O C8H6O2 C8H6O2 C8H6O2 C8H6O2 C8H6O2 C8H6O3 C8H6O8 C8H6O8 C8H6O8 C8H6O3 C8H6O4 C8H6O4 C8H6O4 C8H6O5 C8H6O5 C8H6O5 C8H6O5 C8H6O5 C8H6O5 C8H6S C8H7Br C8H7Br C8H7Br C8H7BrN2O3 C8H7BrO C8H7Cl C8H7Cl C8H7ClO C8H7ClO C8H7ClO C8H7ClO2 C8H7ClO2 C8H7F2NO C8H7N C8H7N C8H7N C8H7N C8H7N

Name

MoI. wt.

M. P.

5-Nitroisophthalic acid 2-Nitroterephthalic acid Pyridine-2, 3, 4-tricarboxylic acid Pyridine 2, 3, 5-tricarboxylic acid Pyridine-2, 3, 6-tricarboxylic acid Pyridine-2, 4, 5-tricarboxylic acid Pyridine-2, 4, 6-tricarboxylic acid Pyridine-3, 4, 5-tricarboxylic acid Picryl acetate " Phenylacetylene C6H6CiCH Bromobenzyl cyanide C 6 H 6 CHBrCN... Styrene-1, 2-dibromide p-Bromophenacyl bromide Piperonal chloride 2, 3, 4-Trichloroacetanilide 2, 4, 5-Trichloroacetanilide 2, 4, 6-Trichloroacetanilide Methyl 3, 5-diiodosalicylate Phthalazine Quinazoline Quinoxaline Isatoxime (Nitrosooxindol) p-Nitrobenzyl cyanide Alloxantin Coumarone Phenylglyoxal C6H5CO4CHO o-Phthalic aldehyde 0-C6H4(CHO)2 Isophthalic aldehyde ^-C 6 H 4 (CHO) 2 ... Terephthalic aldehyde ^C 6 H 4 (CHO) 2 .. Phthalide Piperonal (Heliotropin) o-Aldehydobenzoic acid m-Aldehydobenzoic acid p-Aldehydobenzoic acid Phenylglyoxylic acid o-Phthalic acid 0-C6H4(CO2H)2 Isophthalic acid ra-C6H4(CO2H)2 Piperonylic acid CH 2 :O 2 :C 6 H 3 .CO 2 H.. . 2-Hydroxy-o-phthalic acid 4-Hydroxy-o-phthalic acid 2-Hydroxyisophthalic acid 4-Hydroxyisophthalic acid 5-Hydroxyisophthalic acid Noropianic acid. Thionaphthene a-Bromostyrene C6H6CBnCH2 co-Bromostyrene (isomer 1) o>-Bromostyrene (isomer 2) a-Bromonitroacetanilide w-Bromoacetophenone a-Chlorostyrene C6H6C.C1:CH2 co-Chlorostyrene C 6 H 6 CHrCHCl a>-Chloroacetophenone p-Chloroacetophenone Phenylacetyi chloride C 6 H 5 CH 2 COCL. p-Anisyl chloride P-CH3OC6H4COCl... Phenyl chloroacetate ClCH 2 CO 2 C 6 H 6 .. 2, 5-Difluoroacetanilide Benzyl cyanide C 6 H 6 CH 2 CN Indole o-Tolunitrile 0-CH3C6H4CN w-Tolunitrile m-CH3C6H4CN p-Tolunitrile p-CH3C6H4CN

211.05 211.05 211.05 211.05 211.05 211.05 211.05 211.05 271.06 102.05 195.97 261.88 277.88 204.96 238.43 238.43 238.43 403.91 130.06 130.06 130.06 162.06 162.06 286.08 118.05 134.05 134.05 134.05 134.05 134.05 150.05 150.05 150.05 150.05 150.05 166.05 166.05 166.05 182.05 182.05 182.05 182.05 182.05 182.05 134.11 182.97 182.97 182.97 258.99 198.97 138.51 138.51 154.51 154.51 154.51 170.51 170.51 171.06 117.06 117.06 117.06 117.06 117.06

255 270 25Od. 323 100 235 227 261 76 >-17 73.5 109.7

B. P.

12Od. 143 231.7 1341*

d

^l L No.

0.930 1.519

820 1185

1.133J8

1075

1.091

997

240 s. d. 122 190 204 110.5 91 48 30.5 202 117 17Od. >-18 73 56 89.5 116 73; 65 37 100.5 175 250 66 191 d. 330 228 244 181 d. 239 306 288 171 32 -43.5 7 -7.5 131 50 59 20 27 45 122.5 -23.8 52.5 29.5

317 243 226

175 14212* 248 290 263

1.404 1486 1.593

221 16075 221 10826 119 199 198.8 247 232 102.517

1.165 1.4057 1.4224 1.427 1.765 1.647

1049 770 786 992

1.1122' 1.32415 1.188 1.168

235 233.9 254 204 214 217

1.01518 0.9952^ 0.984^56

679 1333 1004

No. 2508 2509 2510 2511 2512 2513 2514 2515 2516 2517 2518 2519 2520 2521 2522 2522.1 2523 2524 2525 2526 2527 2528 2529 2530 2531 2532 2533 2534 2535 2536 2537 2538 2539 2540 2540.1 2540.2 2541 2542 2543 2544 2544.1 2544.2 2545 2546 2547 2548 2549 2550 2551 2552 2553 2554 2555 2556 2557 2558 2559 2560 2561 2562 2563 2564 2565

Formula C8H7NO C8H7NO C8H7NO C8H7NO C8H7NO2 C8H7NO2 C8H7NO2 C8H7NO2 C8H7NO3 C8H7NO3 C8H7NO4 C8H7NO4 C8H7NO4 C8H7NO4 C8H7NS C8H7NS C8H7NS C8H7NS C8H7NS C8H7N3O6 C8H7N3O6 C8H7N3O6 C8H7N3O6 C8H7N3O6 C8H7N3O6 C8H7N3O6 C8H7N3O6 C8H7N3O6 C8H7N3O6 C8H7N3O6 C8H7N3O7 C8H8 C8H8BrNO C8H8BrNO C8H8Br2 C8H8Br2 C8H8Br2 C8H8ClNO C8H8ClNO C8H8ClNO C8H8Cl2 C8H8Cl2 C8H8Cl2 C8H8INO C8H8N2 C8H8N2 C8H8N2OS C8H8N2O2 C8H8N2O2 C8H8N2O2 C8H8N2O2 C8H8N2O2 C8H8N2O3 C8H8N2O3 C8H8N2O3 C8H8N2O4 C8H8N2O4 C8H8N2O4 C8H8N2O4 C8H8N2O4 C8H8N2O4 C8H8N2O4 C8H8N2O4

Name

MoI. wt.

M. P.

p-Anisonitrile P-CH3OC6H4CN..dZ-Mandelonitrile C 6 H 6 CH(OH)CN*.... Indoxyl Oxindol Hydrindic acid (Dioxindol) o-Nitrostyrene o-NO2.C6H4.CH:CH2.... m-Nitrostyrene W-NO 2 -C 6 H 4 -CHiCH 2 .. p-Nitrostyrene p-NO2.C6H4.CH:CH2.. . Oxanilicacid CO2H.CONHC6H5 o-Phthalamic acid Methyl o-nitrobenzoate Methyl m-nitrobenzoate Methyl p-nitrobenzoate Uvitonic acid Benzyl isothiocyanate Benzyl thiocyanate o-Tolyl isothiocyanate m-Tolyl isothiocyanate p-Tolyl isothiocyanate 2, 3-Dinitroacetanilide 2, 4-Dinitroacetanilide 2, 6-Dinitroacetanilide 3, 4-Dinitroacetanilide 3, 6-Dinitroacetanilide 3, 4, 5-Trinitro-o-xylene 3, 4, 6-Trinitro-o-xylene 2, 4, 5-Trinitro-m-xylene 2, 4, 6-Trinitro-m-xylene 4, 5, 6-Trinitro-m-xylene : 2, 3, 6-Trinitro-p-xylene Ethyl picrate Styrène (Phenylethylene) o-Bromoacetaiiilide p-Bromoacetanilide o-Xylenedibromide 0-C 6 H 4 (CH 2 Br) 2 .... m-Xylenedibromide ^-C6H4(CH2Br)2... p-Xylenedibromide P-C 6 H 4 (CH 2 Br) 2 .... o-Chloroacetanilide m-Chloroacetanilide p-Chloroacetanilide o-Xylenedichloride 0-C6H4(CH2Cl)2 m-Xylenedichloride TTi-C 6 H 4 (CH 2 Cl) 2 ... p-Xylenedichloride P-C 6 H 4 (CH 2 Cl) 2 .... p-Iodoacetanilide P-CH3CONHC6H4I.. Apoharmine 1-Methylindazole Benzoylthiourea C 6 H 5 CONHCSNH 2 ... Benzoylurea C6H5CONHCONH2 o-Phthalic diamide 0-C 6 H 4 (CONH 2 ) 2 ... Isophthalic diamide m-C6H4(CONH2)2.. N-Nitrosoacetanilide Ricinine o-Nitroacetanilide m-Nitroacetanilide p-Nitroacetanilide 3, 4-Dinitro-o-xylene 3, 6-Dinitro-o-xylene 4, 5-Dinitro-o-xylene 4, 6-Dinitro-o-xylene 2, 5-Dinitro-m-xylene.... 4, 5-Dinitro-m-xylene 2, 3-Dinitro-p-xylene 2, 5-Dinitro-p-xylene

133.06 133.06 133.06 133.06 149.06 149.06 149.06 149.06 165.06 165.06 181.06 181.06 181.06 181.06 149.13 149.13 149.13 149.13 149.13 225.08 225.08 225.08 225.08 225.08 241.08 241.08 241.08 241.08 241.08 241.08 257.08 104.06 213.99 213.99 263.89 263.89 263.89 169.53 169.53 169.53 174.98 174.98 174.98 261.00 132.08 132.08 180.14 164.08 164.08 164.08 164.08 164.08 180.08 180.08 180.08 196.08 196.08 196.08 196.08 196.08 196.08 196.08 196.08

60 -10 85 120 180 13.5 -5 29 150 149 -8 70 96 274 41 26 186 120 197 144 121 115 72 90 181.5 125 14020 78.5 99 165 94.5 77 144 88 72.5 172.5 55 34.2 100.5 184 183 169 200 220 265 41 201 93 150.5 214 82 56 115 75 101 132 93 147

B. P.

d

?1I% No.

256 d.

1.124

110 195 d.

155 d. 269 279

1.284^

243 235 239 245 237

1.104** 1.087J{

146

0.903

d. 140 245

1.988 1.959 2.102«

241 255 1202«

1.393 1.302 1.417«

10715

1.032J9'2

907

1129

No.

Formula

2566 2566.1 2566.2 2567 2568 2569 2570

C8H8N2O4 C8H8N2O6 C8H8N4O C8H8O C8H8O C8H8O C8H8O

2571 2572 2573 2574 2575 2576 2577 2578 2579 2580 2581 2582 2583 2584 2585 2586 2587 2588 2589 2590 2591 2592 2593 2594 2595 2596 2597 2598 2599 2600 2601 2602 2603 2604 2605 2606 2607 2608 2609 2610 2611 2612 2613 2614 2615 2616 2617 2618 2619 2620 2621 2622 2623 2624 2625

C8H8O C8H8O C8H8O2 C8H8O2 C8H8O2 C8H8O2 C8H8O2 C8H8O2 C8H8O2 C8H8O2 C8H8O2 C8H8O2 C8H8O2 C8H8O2 C8H8O2 C8H8O2 C8H8O2 C8H8O2 C8H8O2 C8H8O2 C8H8O2 C8H8O2 C8H8O2 C8H8O3 C8H8O3 C8H8O3 C8H8O3 C8H8O3 C8H8O3 C8H8O3 C8H8O3 C8H8O3 C8H8O8 C8H8O3 C8H8O3 C8H8O3 C8H8O3 C8H8O3 C8H8O3 C8H8O3 C8H8O3 C8H8O3 C8H8O3 C8H8O3 C8H8O3 C8H8O3 C8H8O3 C8H8O3 C8H8O3 C8H8O4 C8H8O4 C8H8O4 C8H8O4 C8H8O4 C8H8O4

Name __^_____ 2, 6-Dinitro-p-xylene 4, 5-Dinitro-l, 2-dimethoxybenzene.. 4-Methoxyphenyltetrazole Phenylacetaldehyde C6H5CH2CHO o-Toluic aldehyde 0-CH3C6H4CHO m-Toluic aldehyde m-CH 3 C 6 H 4 CHO.... p-Toluic aldehyde ^-CH3C6H4CHO Acetophenone CH3COC6H5 Coumarane Phenacyl alcohol C6H5COCH2OH 5-Hydroxytoluene-2-aldehyde 4-Hydroxytoluene-3-aldehyde 6-Hydroxytoluene-3-aldehyde 3-Hydroxytoluene-4-aldehyde o-Methoxybenzaldehyde ra-Methoxybenzaldehyde p-Methoxybenzaldehyde o-Hydroxyacetophenone ra-Hydroxyacetophenone p-Hydroxyacetophenone Phenylacetic acid C 6 H 5 CH 2 CO 2 H o-Toluic acid 0-CH3C6H4CO2H m-Toluicacid W-CH3C6H4CO2H p-Toluic acid ^-CH3C6H4CO2H Benzyl formate HCO2CH2C6H5 Methyl benzoate C6H5CO2CH3 Phenyl acetate CH3CO2C6H5 o-Xyloquinone 1,2-(CH 3 ) 2 C 6 H 2 O 2 -3,6.. ra-Xyloquinone 1, 3-(CH3)2C6H2O2-2, 5. p-Xyloquinone 1,4-(CH3)2.C6H2O2-2, 5. Piperonyl alcohol Isovanillin 4,3-CH 3 OC 6 H 3 (OH)CHO... Vanillin 3,4-CH 3 OC 6 H 3 (OH)CHO o-Hydroxymethylbenzoic acid m-Hydroxymethylbenzoic acid p-Hydroxymethylbenzoic acid o-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid ra-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid p-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid 3-Hydroxytoluene-2-carboxylic acid 4-Hydroxytoluene-2-carboxylic acid 5-Hydroxytoluene-2-carboxylic acid 6-Hydroxytoluene-2-carboxylic acid 4-Hydroxytoluene-3-carboxylic a c i d . . . . . . 5-Hydroxytoluene-3-carboxylic acid 6-Hydroxytoluene-3-carboxylic acid 2-Hydroxytoluene-4-carboxylic acid 3-Hydroxytoluene-4-carboxylic acid d(Z)-Mandelic acid C 6 H 5 CH(OH)CO 2 H. dZ-Mandelic acid C 6 H 5 CH(OH)CO 2 H... o-Methoxybenzoic acid m-Methoxybenzoic acid* p-Methyoxybenzoic acid Phenoxyacetic acid C6H5OCH2CO2H . . Methyl salicylate HOC6H4CO2CH3 Resorcinol acetate Phloroacetophenone Berberonic acid 2, 4, 5-C5H5N(CO2H)3. Dehydracetic acid A1« 4-Dihydro-o-phthalic acid A 2 ' 4-Dihydro-o-phthalic acid A2' 6-Dihydro-o-phthalic acid

MoI. wt.

M. P.

196.08 228.08 128.09 120.06 120.06 120.06 120.06

124 130.5 228

120.06 120.06 136.06 136.06 136.06 136.06 136.06 136.06 136.06 136.06 136.06 136.06 136.06 136.06 136.06 136.06 136.06 136.06 136.06 136.06 136.06 136.06 136.06 152.06 152.06 152.06 152.06 152.06 152.06 152.06 152.06 152.06 152.06 152.06 152.06 152.06 152.06 152.06 152.06 152.06 152.06 152.06 152.06 152.06 152.06 152.06 152.06 152.06 152.06 168.06 168.06 168.06 168.06 168.06 168.06

19.7 86 108.9 55.1 117.4 54 35 2.5 95 109 76.7 102.4 110.5 176.8 -12.5 55 73 125 51 116 81 120 111 181 137 129 148 167 172.4 178 183 152.5 208 172 207 177.8 133 118 98 100 184.2 99 -8.6 285 165 109 153 215 215

B. P.

d

^l Im No. "

1.326131 1306 194 195.5 195.5 204

1.027 1.039 1.019 1.020

202.3 189.5

1.026 1.074 1.013

960 971 814; 906 705

21.8 223 242 230 247 213

265.5 259.2 263 275 203.4 199.6 195.5

1.133 1.118 1.123

745 836 821

1.07883 1.062414'6 1.054J11-8

1157 64,0

1.081 1.094 1.078

656 610

.1.196 285 19O11

1.3614 200 280 285 s. d. 223.3 283

270

1.3854

1333

1.184

708

No.

Formula

2626 2627 2628 2630 2631

C8H8O4 C8H8O4 C8H8O4 C8H8O5 C8H8O8

2632 2633 2634 2635 2636 2637 2638 2639 2640 2641 2642 2643 2644 2645 2646 2647 2648 2649 2650 2651 2652 2653 2654 2655 2656 2657 2658 2659 2660 2661 2662 2663 2664 2665 2666 2667 2668 2669 2670 2671 2672 2673 2674 2675 2676 2677 2678 2679 2680 2681 2682 2682.1 2683 2684 2685 2686 2687

C8H9Br C8H9Br C8H9Br C8H9Br C8H9Br C8H9Br C8H9Br C8H9Br C8H9Cl C8H9Cl C8H9Cl C8H9Cl C8H9Cl C8H9N C8H9NO C8H9NO C8H9NO C8H9NO C8H9NO C8H9NO C8H9NO C8H9NO C8H9NO C8H9NO2 C8H9NO2 C8H9NO2 C8H9NO2 C8H9NO2 C8H9NO2 C8H9NO2 C8H9NO2 C8H9NO2 C8H9NO2 C8H9NO2 C8H9NO2 C8H9NO2 C8H9NO2 C8H9NO2 C8H9NO2 C8H9NO2 C8H9NO2 C8H9NO2 C8H9NO2 C8H9NO2 C8H9NO3 C8H9NO3 C8H9NO3 C8H9NO3 C8H9NO3 C8H9NO4 C8H9NS C8H9N3O4 C8Hi0 C8Hi0 C8Hi0 C8Hi0 C8Hi0ClN

Name Homogentisinic acid Isovanillic acid Vanillicacid Methyl gallate Tetramethylene-1, 1, 2, 2-tetracarboxylic acid o-Xylyl bromide 4-Bromo-o-xylene ra-Xylyl bromide 2-Bromo-ra-xylene 4-Br orno -ra-xylene 5-Bromo-m-xylene p-Xylyl bromide 2-Bromo-p-xylene o-Xylyl chloride 3-Chloro-o-xylene 4-Chloro-o-xylene m-Xylyl chloride P-Xylyl chloride 2-Allylpyridine o-Aminoacetophenone w-Aminoacetophenone p-Aminoacetophenone Acetanilide (Antifebrin) Acetophenoneoxime CH3C (-.NOH)C6H5 Phenylacetamide C6H5CH2CONH2 o-Toluic amide 0-CH3C6H4CONH2 ra-Toluic amide ra-CH3C6H4CONH2... . p-Toluic amide P-CH3C6H4CONH2 o-Acetoaminophenol m-Acetoaminophenol p-Acetoaminophenol dZ-Aminophenylacetic acid Homoanthranilic acid N-Methylanthranilic acid dZ-Phenylaminoacetic acid Benzyl carbamate C 6 H 6 CH 2 CO 2 NH 2 ... Ethyl nicotinate Methyl o-aminobenzoate Methyl p-aminobenzoate 3-Nitro-o-xylene 4-Nitro-o-xylene 2-Nitro-m-xylene 4-Nitro-ra-xylene 5-Nitro-ra-xylene 2-Nitro-p-xylene a-Anisaldoxime CH 3 OC 6 H 4 CHrNOH... ß-Anisaldoxime CH 3 OC 6 H 4 CH^NOH... o-Methoxybenzamide p-Methoxybenzamide 3-Nitro-4-methoxytoluene o-Nitrophenetol 0-C2H5OC6H4NO2 p-Nitrophenetol P-C2H5OC6H4NO2 Methyl 3-hydroxy-4-aminobenzoate Methyl 3-amino-4-hydroxybenzoate Biliverdic acid Thioacetanilide CH 3 CSNHC 6 H 5 ....... 2, 4-Dinitrodimethylaniline Ethylbenzene C6H5CH2CH3 o-Xylene o-C6H4(CH3)2 m-Xylene m-C6H4(CH3)2 p-Xylene p-C6H4(CH3)2 o-Chlorodimethylaniline

MoI. wt.

M. P.

168.06 168.06 168.06 184.06

147 250 207 192 d.

232.06 184.99 184.99 184.99 184.99 184.99 184.99 184.99 184.99 140.53 140.53 140.53 140.53 140.53 119.08 135.08 135.08 135.08 135.08 135.08 135.08 135.08 135.08 135.08 151.08 151.08 151.08 151.08 151.08 151.08 151.08 151.08 151.08 151.08 151.08 151.08 151.08 151.08 151.08 151.08 151.08 151.08 151.08 151.08 151.08 167.08 167.08 167.08 167.08 167.08 183.08 151.14 221.09 106.08 106.08 106.08 106.08 155.54

203 21 0.2 > -10 > - 20 38 10 > -20 >-20

96.5 106 114.2 58 155 138 97 159 203 149 168 256 177 d. 179 127 86 8.2; 24.3 112 30 2 71 64 133 129 162.3 8.5 60 120 143 114 75 87 - 92.8 -27.1 -53.6 13.2

B. P.

217.7 214.5 215.8 s. d. 206 207 204 220.7 205.7 199 189.5 191.5 196 202 190 252 s. d. 290 295 303.8

d

1.38I23 ' 1.369 1.37I23 1.362 1.324 1.356

?1L No.

740

735

1.0692}. 0.959°

1.214

284

265

1055 135.515 250.8 258 225.5 246 273.7 239.9

274 d. 268 283

1.16815 1.14715 1.13930 1.11215 1.12617-5 1.13215

1.190H

718

1.476 0.868 0.879 0.865 0.861 1.107

577 626 584 573

d. 136.5776 -7 144 139.0 137.7 208.5

No. 2688 2689 2690 2691 2692 2693 2694 2695 2696 2697 2698 2699 2700 2701 2702 2703 2704 2705 2706 2707 2708 2709 2710 2711 2712 2713 2713.1 2714 2715 2716 2717 2718 2719 2720 2721 2722 2723 2724 2725 2726 2727 2728 2729 2730 2731 2732 2733 2734 2735 2736 2737 2738 2739 2740 2741 2742 2743 2744 2745 2746 2747 2748 2749

Formula C8Hi0ClN C8Hi0N2O C8Hi0N2O C8Hi0N2O C8Hi0N2O C8Hi0N2O C8H10N2O C8Hi0N2O C8Hi0N2O2 C8Hi0N2O2 C8Hi0N2O2 C8Hi0N2O3 C8Hi0N2S C8Hi0N4O2 C8Hi0N4O3 C8Hi0N4O3 C8Hi0N4O3 C8Hi0O C8Hi0O C8Hi0O C8Hi0O C8Hi0O C8Hi0O C8Hi0O C8Hi0O C8Hi0O C8Hi0O C8Hj0O C8Hi0O C8Hi0O C8Hi0O C8Hi0O C8Hi0O C8Hi0O C8Hi0O C8Hi0O C8Hi0O2 C8H10O2 C8Hi0O2 C8Hi0O2 C8Hi0O2 C8Hi0O2 C8Hi0O2 C8Hi0O2 C8H10O2 C8Hi0O2 C8Hi0O2 C8H10O2 C8Hi0O2 C8Hi0O2 C8Hi0O2 C8Hi0O2 C8Hi0O2 C8Hi0O2 C8Hi0O2 C8Hi0O2 C8Hi0O2S C8Hi0O3 C8Hi0O3 C8Hi0O4 C8Hi0O4 C8Hi0O4 C8Hj0O4

Name

MoI. wt.

M. P.

p-Chlorodimethylaniline AT-Acetyl-o-phenylenediamine N-Acetyl-m-phenylenediamine N-Acetyl-p-phenylenediamine Benzylurea C6H5CH2NHCONH2 Hydracetine . CH3COHN.NHC6H6 1-Methyl-l-phenylurea p-Nitrosodimethylaniline o-Nitrodimethylaniline m-Nitrodimethylaniline p-Nitrodimethylaniline 3-Amino-4-methoxy-6-nitrotoluene Benzylthiourea C 6 H 5 CH 2 NHCSNH 2 ... Caffeine (Théine) 1, 3, 9-Trimethyluric acid 1, 7, 9-Trimethyluric acid 2, 7, 9-Trimethyluric acid 2, 3-Dimethylphenol 2, 4-Dimethylphenol 2, 6-Dimethylphenol 3, 4-Dimethylphenol 3, 5-Dimethylphenol o-Ethylphenol ra-Ethylphenol p-Ethylphenol Methylphenyl carbinol d-Methylphenyl carbinol 2-Phenylethyl alcohol C6H5CH2CH2OH o-Tolyl carbinol 0-CH3C6H4CH2OH w-Tolyl carbinol W-CH3C6H4CH2OH... p-Tolyl carbinol ^-CH3C6H4CH2OH.... Benzyl methyl ether C6H5CH2OCH3... o-Cresyl methyl ether 0-CH3C6H4OCH3 m-Cresyl methyl ether p-Cresyl methyl ether Phenetol C6H5OC2H5 Anis alcohol P-CH3OC6H4CH2OH Caffeol Creosol 3, 4-CH3O(OH)C6H3CH3 3, 5-Dimethyl-o-dihydroxybenzene 4, 5-Dimethyl-o-dihydroxybenzene 2, 4-Dimethylresorcinol 2, 5-Dimethylresorcinol 4, 5-Dimethylresorcinol 4, 6-Dimethylresorcinol 2, 3-Dimethylhydroquinone 2, 5-Dimethylhydroquinone 2, 6-Dimethylhydroquinone p-Homosaligenin Styrolène alcohol HOCH 2 CH 2 OC 6 H 5 ... o-Dimethoxybenzene 0-C6H4(OCH3) 2 o-Ethoxyphenol 0-HOC6H4OC2H5 Hydroquinone dimethyl ether Hydroquinone monoethyl ether Resorcinol dimethyl ether Resorcinol monoethyl ether Ethylphenylsulfone C 2 H 5 SO 2 C 6 H 5 ...... 3-Methoxy-4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol Crotonic anhydride Ai-Tetrahydro-o-phthalic acid A3-Tetrahydro-o-phthalic acid Diallyl oxalate C2O4(C3H5)2 Dimethyl muconate (CH:CH.CO2CH3)2

155.54 150.09 150.09 150.09 150.09 150.09 150.09 150.09 166.09 166.09 166.09 182.09 166.16 194.11 210.11 210.11 210.11 122.08 122.08 122.08 122.08 122.08 122.08 122.08 122.08 122.08 122.08 122.08 122.08 122.08 122.08 122.08 122.08 122.08 122.08 122.08 138.08 138.08 138.08 138.08 138.08 138.08 138.08 138.08 138.08 138.08 138.08 138.08 138.08 138.08 138.08 138.08 138.08 138.08 138.08 138.08 170.14 154.08 154.08 170.08 170.08 170.08 170.08

35.5 144.8 279 160.5 147.5 128 82 85 66 163 131.5 162 237 32Od. 340 380 75 26 49 65 68 >-18 -4 46

34 >-20 59.5

-30.2 45 5.5 74 82 150 163 137 125 221 s. d. 213 151 105 68 22.5 28 56 66 -55.3 42 115

B. P.

d

231

15424 285

1.179 1.31317

1.23

218 211.5 212 225.1 219.5 207.5 214 219 205 10018 221 223.3 217 217 174 171.3 177.2 176.5 172 258.8 197 221.8

1.036

1.037° 1.025° 1.003^ 1.014 1.02415 1.0234 ° 1.036°

668 677

0.98720 0.981 0.978}3 0.970 0.965 1.10926

619 627 646 633

1.092

709

280 279

274.2 206 241 212.6 247 215 247 >300 d. 247.8

1.08618 1.053^ 1.08Oj 1.01022 1.040

120 215 217 75u.;156st.

"?; ** No.

1.055

520

No. 2750 2751 2752 2753 2753.1 2754 2755 2756 2757 2758 2759 2760 2761 2762 2763 2764 2765 2766 2767 2768 2769 2770 2771 2772 2773 2774 2775 2776 2777 2778 2779 2780 2781 2782 2783 2784 2785 2786 2787 2788 2789 2790 2791 2792 2793 2794 2795 2796 2797 2798 2799 2800 2801 2802 2803 2804 2805 2806 2807 2808 2808.1 2809 2810

Formula C8H10O8 C8HnBrN4O2 C8HnClN2O C8HuClN4O2 C8HnClO4 C8HnCl3O6 C8HnI3N4O2 C8HnN C 8 HnN C 8 HnN C 8 HnN C8HnN C8HnN C8HnN C8HnN C8HnN C8HnN C8HnN C8HnN C8HnN C8HnN C8HnN C8H11N C8HnN C8HnN C8H11N C8H11N C8H11N C8H11N C8H11N C8H11N C8H11NO C 8 H n NO C8H11NO C8H11NO C8H11NO C8H11NO C8H11NO C8H11NO C8H11NO C8H11NO C8H11NO C8H11NO3S C8H11NO3S C8H11NO3S C8H11N3O C8H12 C8H12 C8H12 C8H12ClN C8H12N2 C8H12N2 C8H12N2 C8H12N2 C8H12N2 C8H12N2 C8H12N2O2 C 8 Hi 2 N 2 O 3 C8H12N2O3 C8H12N2O3 C8H12N2O4 C8H12O C8H12O2

Name

MoI. wt.

Succinic peroxide Caffeine hydrobromide p-Nitrosodimethylamline hydrochloride.. Caffeine hydrochloride Ethyl chloromaleate...... a-Chloralose Caffeine triiodide Dimethylaniline C 6 H 5 N(CHs) 2 .. 2, 3-Dhnethylamline 2, 4-Dim et hy!aniline 2, 5-Dimethylaniline 2, 6-Dimethylaniline 3, 4-Dimethylaniline 3, 5-Dimethylaniline AT-Ethylaniline C6H5NH.C2H5 o-Ethylaniline 0-C2H5C6H4NH2 w-Ethylaniline W-C2H5C6H4NH2 p-Ethylaniline ^-C2H5C6H4NH2 Methyl-o-toluidine CH3C6H4NCH3 Methyl-m-toluidine Methyl-p-toluidine ^-CH3C6H4NHCH3. a-Phenylethylamine C 6 H 5 CH(NH 2 )CH 3 u>-Phenylethylamine C 6 H 5 CH 2 CH 2 NH 2 . 2-Isopropylpyridine 4-Isopropylpyridine 2-Methyl-5-ethylpyridine 'Nicotoine 2-Propylpyridine (Conyrine) 2, 3, 4-Trimethylpyridine 2, 4, 5-Trimethylpyridine 2, 4, 6-Trinethylpyridine Hydroxyethylaniline o-Dimethylaminophenol o-Ethylaminophenol 0-HOC6H4NHC2H5 m-Ethylaminophenol 3-Amino-2-methoxytoluene 5-Amino-2-methoxytoluene o-Phenetidine 0-NH2C6H4OC2H5 w-Phenetidine Tn-NH2C6H4OC2H5 p-Phenetidine ^-NH2C6H4OC2H5 Dimethylaniline oxide C 6 H 5 N(CH 3 ) 2 O.. Tyramine P-HOC6H4CH2CH2NH2 w-Dimethylanilinesulfonic acid p-Dimethylanilinesulfonic acid m-Ethylaniline sulfonic acid Maretin m-CH3.C6H4NH.NHCONH2. . Dihydro-o-xylene A^-S-Dihydro-ra-xylene A1-3-3-Dihydro-p-xylene w-Phenylethylamine hydrochloride Dimethylketine 1, 1-Dimethyl-m-phenylenediamine 1, 1-Dimethyl-p-phenylenediamine 2, 6-Dimethylphenylhydrazine 1-Ethyl-l-phenylhydrazine l-Ethyl-2-phenylhydrazine Phenylhydrazine acetate n-Butylbarbituric acid. 1, 3-Diethylbarbituric acid 5, 5-Diethylbarbituric acid Tetraacetylhydrazine [(CH 3 CO) 2 N] 2 .... Amylpropiolic aldehyde Ethyl sorbate CH3(CHiCH)2CO2C2H5..

234.08 275.03 186.56 230.58 206.54 309.46 575.91 121.09 121.09 121.09 121.09 121.09 121.09 121.09 121.09 121.09 121.09 121.09 121.09 121.09 121.09 121.09 121.09 121.09 121.09 121.09 121.09 121.09 121.09 121.09 121.09 137.09 137.09 139.09 137.09 137.09 137.09 137.09 137.09 137.09 137.09 137.09 201.16 201.16 201.16 165.11 108.09 108.09 108.09 157.56 136.11 136.11 136.11 136.11 136.11 136.11 168.11 184.11 184.11 184.11 200.11 124.09 140.09

M. P.

B. P.

d

?1L No.

127 d. 1333 177 1333 230 171 1.67 > -15 15.5 49 -63.5 -5

45 107.5 62 53 > -21 2.4 153 161 266 d. 257 294 d. 184

217 86 41 46

125.519

1.19126

193.50 223.8 216 217 216.9 226 221 204.72 216 215 216.5 207 206 206 187.4 198.2 159 178 174 208 165 188 168 172 286 200

0.956 0.992 0.974 0.98015 0.979 1.076 0.972 0.963 0.98322 0.990° 0.97522 0.977

742 739

750

761

643

0.913 0.966 0.91715 1.110°

17612 223 229.2 248 254.2

1.061

135 130 135.6

0.823 0.830

189 258 262.3

0.99525 1.036

237 240 69 215 52 191 86

0.94015 0.95824-4 0.934» 0.944° 0.91823 0.955

771 756 744 968 748

497 529

1.01816

1671» 1203 187 76.512

0.89° 0.936

608

No. 2811 2812 2813 2814 2815 2816 2816.1 2817 2818 2819 2820 2821 2822 2823 2824 2825 2826 2827 2828 2829 2830 2831 2832 2833 2834 2835 2836 2837 2838 2839 2840 2841 2842 2843 2844 2845 2846 2847 2848 2849 2849.1 2850 2851 2852 2853 2854 2855 2856 2857 2858 2859 2860 2861 2862 2863 2864 2865 2866 2867 2868 2869 2870 2871

Formula

Name

C8Hi2O4 Terpenylic acid C8Hi2O4 Diethyl fumarate (:CHCO2C2H5)2 C8H12O4 Diethyl maleate OCHCO2C2Hs)2 C8Hi2O4 Ethyl diacetoacetate C8Hi2O4 Dimeric diacetyl C8Hi2O5 Ethyl oxalacetate C8Hi3BrO4 Diethyl bromoisosuccinate C 8 Hi 3 N Granatic acid C 8 Hi 3 N Trepidine C8H13NO Tropinone C 8 Hi 3 NO 2 Arecolidine C8H13NO2 Arecoline C8H13NO2 Scopoline C8Hi3N3O2 Iminodiethylbarbituric acid C8H14 n-Hexylacetylene C6H13CiCH C8H14 d-Laurolene C8H14 Methyl-tt-amylacetylene C8H14 1, 2, 3, 4-Tetrahydro-ra-xylene C8H14BrNO2 Arecoline hydrobromide C8H14ClNO2 Arecolidine hydrochloride C8H14O 1, l-Dimethylcyclohexene-3-ol C8H14O 2, 2-Dimethylcyclohexanone C8H14O 2, 6-Dimethylcyclohexanone C8H14O Crotonyl ether (CH 3 CH:CHCH 2 ) 2 O.... C8H14O 2-Methyl-2-heptene-6-one C8H14O Homomesityl oxide C8Hi4O2 Allyl isovalerate C4H9CO2C3H5 C8Hi4O2 Cyclohexyl acetate CH3CO2C6H11 C8Hi4O2 Methyl hexahydrobenzoate C8H14O3 Dialdan C8H14O3 rc-Butyric anhydride (C4H9CO)20 C8H14O3 Isobutyric anhydride [(CHg)2CHCO]2O. C8Hi4O3 l-Ethyl-3-acetylbutyric acid C8H14O4 tt-Amylmalonic acid C5H11CH(CO2H)2. C8H14O4 2, 2'-Dimethyladipic acid C8H14O4 Suberic acid HO2C(CHa)6CO2H C8Hi4O4 Diethyl methylmalonate C8H14O4 Diethyl succinate (CH2CO2C2H5)2 C8Hi4O4 Di-n-propyl oxalate (CO2C3Hr)2 C8Hi4O4 Ethyl isopropyl malonate C8Hi4O5 Diethyl malate C8Hi4O6 Diethyl d-tartrate [CH(OH)CO 2 C 2 H 5 ] 2 . C8Hi5ClO Capryl chloride C7H15COCl C8H15N n-Caprylonitrile C 7 Hi 5 CN C8Hi6N tt-Coniceine C8Hi5N /3-Coniceine C8Hi5N 7-Coniceine C8Hi5N o-Coniceine C8Hi5N Granatinine C 8 Hi 5 N Pseudoconiceine C8Hi5N Tropane C8Hi5NO Granatoline C8Hi5NO Hygrine C8Hi5NO Pelletierine C8Hi5NO Pseudotropine C8H15NO Tropine C8H16 Cyclooctane (CH2)8 C8H16 Diisobutylene (CH3)2C:CHC (CH 3 ),.... C8Hi6 o-Dimethylcyclohexane C8Hi6 m-Dimethylcyclohexane C8Hi6 p-Dimethylcyelohexane .• C8Hi6 Ethylcyclohexane C2H5-C6H11 C8Hi6 2-Methyl-3-ethyl-2-pentene

MoI. wt. 172.09 172.09 172.09 172.09 172.09 188.09 253.02 123.11 123.11 139.11 155.11 155.11 155.11 183.12 110.11 110.11 110.11 110.11 236.03 191.57 126.11 126.11 126.11 126.11 126.11 126.11 142.11 142.11 142.11 158.11 158.11 158.11 158.11 174.11 174.11 174.11 174.11 174.11 174.11 174.11 190.11 206.11 162.57 125.12 125.12 125.12 125.12 125.12 125.12 125.12 125.12 141.12 141.12 141.12 141.12 141.12 112.12 112.12 112.12 112.12 112.12 112.12 112.12

M. P. 89 0.6

B. P. 218.5 225 211 s. d.

d

?1L No. 377 375 492

13224 12213

1.052 1.067 1.09 1.56O49'8 1.172 l .318325

163 218.5

0.946 0.987 99 - 6

946 1141

220 243

1.016^05

58

905

270 41 110 110 295

125 120.5 134 124 168 98

-67.3

130 -75.0 -53.5 82 76 140 -20.8

17 -16 41 >-50

25Od. 7516 172.5 55.310 145 174 160625 155 177 183 198.2 182.5 1589 14Od. 321 279100 201.4 216.5 211 217 d. 253 280 196 200 158 169 172 161.5

0.770° 0.797

818 397

0.801

398

0.933 0.913 0.914 0.890° 0.860 0.863

926 426 813 406

0.99545 0.969 0.950

1.018 1.042 1.01822 0.9872^ 1.128 1.202 0.9758 0.82013 3 0.89316

203 246

0.872 0.90Ij 5

945

355 421

60 172 167

0.878 0.930

195 195 d. 243 233 150.6 102.6 129.4 123.7 120.5 128 117.1

0.935 0.988°

975

134 108 63 14.4 -57.5 -85 -86

1.016^00 0.839 0.71515 0.779 0.771 0.769

1146 317 288 257

No. 2872 2873 2874 2875 2876 2877 2878 2879 2880 2881 2882 2883 2884 2885 2886 2887 2888 2889 2890 2891 2892 2893 2894 2895 2896 2897 2898 2899 2900 2901 2901.1 2902 2903 2904 2905 2906 2907 2908 2909 2909.1 2910 2911 2912 2913 2914 2915 2916 2916.1 2917 2918 2919 2920 2921 2922 2922.1 2923 2924 2925 2926 2927 2928 2929

Formula

Name

C8Hi6 2-Methyl-2-heptene (CHs) 2 CiCHC 4 H 9 .. C8H16 4-Methyl-3-heptene C8Hi6 n-Octylene CH3(CH2)&CH:CH2 C 8 Hi 6 BrNO Pelletierine hydrobromide C8Hi6ClNO Pelletierine hydrochloride C 8 Hi 6 N 2 O 4 Ethylidene diurethane C8Hi6O l, 2-Dimethylcyclohexanol C8Hi6O d-1, 3-Dimethylcyclohexanol C8Hi6O dl-l, 3-Dimethylcyclohexanol C8Hi6O 1, 4-Dimethylcyclohexanol C8Hi6O 2, 2-Dimethylcyclohexanol C8Hi6O 2, 4-Dimethylcyclohexanol C8Hi6O 2, 5-Dimethylcyclohexanol C8H16O 2, 6-Dimethylcyclohexanol C8Hi6O 3, 3-Dimethylcyclohexanol C8Hi6O 3, 4-Dimethylcyclohexanol C8Hi6O cis-3, 5-Dimethylcyclohexanol C8Hi6O trans-3, 5-Dimethylcyclohexanol C8Hi6O 2-Methyl-2-heptene-6-ol C8Hi6O Isoamyl allyl ether C8Hi6O rc-Caprylic aldehyde C7Hi6CHO C8Hi6O Ethyl n-amyl ketone C 2 H 5 COC 0 Hn.... C8Hi6O Ethyl isoamyl ketone C8Hi6O Methylbutyrone C8Hi6O Methyl hexyl ketone CH3COC6Hi3 C8Hi6O Methyl isohexyl ketone C8Hi6O Propyl isobutyl ketone C8Hi6O2 rc-Caprylic acid CH3(CH2)6CO2H C8Hi6O2 Triethylacetic acid (C2H5)3CCO2H C8Hi6O2 Isoamyl propionate C8H16O2 d-jS-Amyl propionate C8Hi6O2 tert.-Amyl propionate C8Hi6O2 Butyl n-butyrate C3H7CO2C4H9 C8Hi6O2 Isobutyl n-butyrate C8Hi6O2 Isobutyl isobutyrate C8H16O2 tert.-Butylethyl acetate C8Hi6O2 Ethyl n-caproate C 5 HnCO 2 C 2 H 5 C8H16O2 Heptyl formate HCO 2 (CH 2 ) 6 CH 3 C8Hi6O2 n-Hexyl acetate CH 3 CO 2 (CHa) 5 CH 3 .... C8Hi6O2 d-0-Hexyl acetate C8Hi6O2 Methyl n-heptylate C5Hi1CO2CH3 C8Hi6O2 n-Propyl w-valerate C4H9CO2C3H7 C8Hi6O2 n-Propyl isovalerate C8Hi6O3 1-Hydroxy-n-caprylic acid C8Hi6O3 AmyH-lactate CH 3 CH(OH)CO 2 C 5 H n .. C8Hi6O4 Metaldehyde (C 2 H 4 O) 4 C8H16O4 Paraldol (C 4 H 8 O 2 ) 2 C8Hi6O4 Bismethoxyacetal C8Hi6O6 Dambonite (Inosite dimethyl ether) C8Hi6O6 2, 3-Dimethyl-tt-glucose C8Hi6O6 2, 3-Dimethyl-^-glucose C8Hi6O6 d, a-Ethylglucoside C8Hi6O7 Ethyl d-gluconate C8HnBr n-Octyl bromide CH 3 (CH 2 ) 6 CH 2 Br C8Hi7Br Z-2-Bromooctane C 8 Hi 7 BrN 4 Hexamethylenetetramine bromoethylate (Bromalin) C8Hi7Cl w-Octyl chloride CH3(CH2)6CHC1 C8Hi7Cl 2-Chlorooctane C6H13CHClCH3 C8Hi7F 7i-Octyl fluoride CH 3 (CH 2 ) 6 CH 2 F C8Hi7I n-Octyl iodide CH 3 (CHo) 6 CH 2 I. C 8 Hi 7 N d-Coniine C 8 H 17 N 2, 4, 6-Trimethylpiperidine

MoI. wt. 112.12 112.12 112.12 222.05 177.59 204.14 128.12 128.12 128.12 128.12 128.12 128.12 128.12 128.12 128.12 128.12 128.12 128.12 128.12 128.12 128.12 128.12 128.12 128.12 128.12 128.12 128.12 144.12 144.12 144.12 144.12 144.12 144.12 144.12 144.12 144.12 144.12 144.12 144.12 144.12 144.12 144.12 144.12 160.12 160.12 176.12 176.12 176.12 208.12 208.12 208.12 208.12 224.12 193.05 193.05 249.08 148.59 148.59 132.13 240.06 127.14 127.14

M. P.

B. P.

d

R I

' * No.

125.2 120.4 123

0.816 0.724 0.72217

219

166 6914 169 170 72.213 179 178.5 174.7 99.535 189.2 185 187.5 176 120 8132 168 163.5 180 172.7 204 155 237.5 202 160.2 5816 143.5 166.4 156.9 148.7 157 166.6 176.7 169.2 572° 172.1 167.5 155.9

0.926J4

834

0.91 li4

832

0.923 0.912 0.907

496 888 887

0.913J4 0.907 0.911 0.90216 0.854

468 889 447 463 434

0.821 0.850°

261

140 145 126 72 50 8

11

-21.6 16 39.5

-80.7

0.82716 0.818 0.817 0.813 0.910

225 296 i

0.870 0.866 0.85515 0.872*? 0.866} J 0.8752 0.875J5 0.894° 0.890? 0.864 0.881J5 0.889° 0.863

163 133 I 148 140 120

139 187 141

69.5 110.5215 150 82 127 195 87 110 114 65

0.9644 1172 1238

210 1197 204 7114

1.11616 1.09117

184.6 173 142.5 225.5 166.5 147

0.87915 0.87115 0.81214-1 1.341Ì4'5 0.845 0.831

200

-45.9 -2.5

94 549 978 954

No. 2930 2931 2932 2933 2934 2935 2936 2937 2938 2939 2940 2941 2942 2942.1 2943 2944 2945 2946 2947 2948 2949 2950 2951 2952 2953 2954 2955 2956 2957 2958 2959 2960 2961 2962 2963 2964 2965 2966 2967 2968 2969 2970 2971 2972 2973 2974, 2975 2976 2977 2978 2979 2980 2981 2982 2983 2984 2985 2986 2987 2988 2989 2990 2991 2992

Formula

Name

C8HnNO Conhydrine (Hydroxyconiine) C8HnNO a-Pseudoconhydrine C8Hi7NO2 1-Hydroxy-n-caprylic amide C8Hi8 2, 5-Dimethylhexane C8Hi8 2, 3-Dimethylhexane C8Hi8 2, 4-Dimethylhexane C8Hi8 3, 4-Dimethylhexane '. C8Hi8 Isooctane (CH3)2CH(CH2)4CH3 C8Hi8 2-Methyl-3-ethylpentane C8Hi8 3-Methylheptane C 2 H 6 CH(CH 3 )C 4 H 9 .. C8Hj8 4-Methylheptane (C3HT)2CHCH3 C8Hi8 ra-Octane CH3(CH2)6CH3 C8Hi8 2-Ethylhexane CH3(C2H5)CHC4H9 C8Hi8 3-Ethylhexane (C2Hs)2CHC3H7 C8Hi8 2, 2, 3, 3-Tetramethylbutane C8Hi8 2, 2, 3-Trimethylpentane C8Hi8BrN d-Coniine hydrobromide C8Hi8ClN ^-Coniine hydrochloride C8Hi8ClNO Pseudoconhydrine hydrochloride C8Hi8IN Coniine hydroiodide C8H18N2O Nitrosodiisobutylamine C8Hi8N2O3 Coniine nitrate C8Hi8O Dibutyl alcohol C8Hi8O Diethylpropyl carbinol C8Hi8O Dimethyl-n-amyl carbinol C8Hi8O Dimethylisoamyl carbinol C8H18O Ethylisoamyl carbinol C8Hi8O l-Hydroxy-2, 5-dimethylhexane C8Hi8O 2-Hydroxy-2, 4-dimethylhexane C3Hi8O 4-Hydroxy-3-ethylhexane . C8Hi8O 2-Hydroxy-4-methylheptane C8Hi8O d-6-Hydroxy-3-methylheptane C8H18O 4-Hydroxy-2, 2, 4-trimethylpentane C8H18O Methyl dipropyl carbinol C8H18O Methylethylbutylcarbinol C8Hi8O Methylethylisobutyl carbinol C8Hi8O Methylisohexyl carbinol C8Hi8O n-Octyl alcohol CH3(CH2)7OH C8Hi8O d-sec.-Octyl alcohol C6H13CH(OH)CH3. C8H18O dl-sec.-Octyl alcohol C6Hi3CH(OH)CH3 C8H18O Propylbtityl carbinol C8Hi8O Propylisobutyl carbinol C8H18O Isopropylbutyl carbinol C8H18O Isopropylisobutyl carbinol C8H18O n-Butyl ether C4H9OC4H9 C8H18O Isobutyl ether [(CH3)2CHCH2]20 C8H18O sec.-Butyl ether (C2H6CHCHg)20 C8H18O Ethyl hexyl ether C2H5OC6H13 C8H18O Methyl n-heptyl ether CH3OC7H15 C8H18O2S n-Butylsulfone (C4H9)2SO2 C8H18O3 Ethyl orthoacetate CH 3 CH(OC 2 H 5 ),... C8H18O4S2 Trional C2H5(CH3)C(SO2C2H5)2 C8H18S Di-n-butyl sulfide (C4H9)2S C8H18S Diisobutyl sulfide [(CH 3 ) 2 CHCH 2 ] 2 S.... C8H18S Di-sec.-butyl sulfide [C2H6CHCH3J2S... C8H19N Di-rc-butylamine (C4H9)2NH C8H19N Diisobutylamine [(CH3)2CHCH2]2NH.. C8Hi9N n-Octylamine C8Hi7NH2 C8Hi9N sec.-Octylamine C 6 H 13 CH(CH 3 )NH 2 .... C8H20As2 Ethylcacodyl (C2H6)2As2(C2H5)2 C 8 H 2 iNO Tetraethylammonium hydroxide. .. . C9H4O4 Phthalonic anhydride C9H6Cl2N 2, 3-Dichloroquinoline C9H6Cl2N 2, 4-Diehloroquinoline

MoI. wt.

M. P.

143.14 143.14 159.14 114.14 114.14 114.14 114.14 114.14 114.14 114.14 114.14 114.14 114.14 114.14 114.14 114.14 208.06 163.61 179.61 255.08 158.16 190.16 130.14 130.14 130.14 130.14 130.14 130.14 130.14 130.14 130.14 130.14 130.14 130.14 130.14 130.14 130.14 130.14 130.14 130.14 130.14 130.14 130.14 130.14 130.14 130.14 130.14 130.14 130.14 178.20 162.14 242.27 146.20 146.20 146.20 129.15 129.15 129.15 129.15 266.07 147.17 176.03 197.96 197.96

ÏÏ8 106 150 -91.0

-56.5 104 211 217 213 146 -5 83

-61

-20

-16.3 -38.6

B. P. 226 236.5

-70.0

190 d. 186 105 67

^JQL 1333

109.2 114.0 109.9 116.5 116.0 114 122.2 118.0 124.6 118.8 115 106.8 110.8

0.722}jj

221

0.893**

181.2 160.5 162 154 166 179.5 151 164 168 169 147.5 161.5 160.6 152.4 172 194 862<> 178.5 7110 164 154 163 140.9 122.5 121 137 149.8

0.848« 0.838 0.879 0.823 0.808 0.828

43.5 76 -79.7

d

0.693 0.725j{ 0.708J* 0.721 0.704J5 0.70S15 0.707 0.722 0.707}* 0.71745 0.715

87 178 138 156 103 134 114 112 135 233

339 322 254 247

0.835« 0.817 0.842° 0.823 0.827 0.83015 0.813 0.827 0.822 0.819 0.838J 0.821 0.825 0.82015 0.769JJ 0.762 0.75621

297 298 308 274 318 279 357 248 249

0.795JS

142

0.94 22

182 171 165 161 138.8 180 164 190

0.852° 0.83610 0.83223 0.745 0.777 27 0.771

180 319 292

No. 2993 2994 2995 2996 2997 2998 2999 3000 3001 3002 3003 3004 3005 3006 3007 3008 3009 3010 3011 3012 3013 3014 3015 3016 3017 3018 3019 3020 3021 3022 3023 3024 3025 3026 3027 3028 3029 3030 3031 3032 3033 3034 3035 3036 3037 3038 3039 3040 3041 3042 3043 3044 3045 3046 3047 3048 3049 3050 3051 3052 3053 3054 3055 3056

Formula C9H6Cl2N C9H6Cl2N C9H6Cl2N C9H5Cl2N C9H6Cl2N C9H6Br2O2 C9H6Br2O2 C9H6ClN C9H6ClN C9H6ClN C9H6ClN C9H6ClN C9H6ClN C9H6ClN C9H6Cl2O2 C9H6Cl2O2 C9H6INO4S C9H6N2O2 C9H6N2O2 C9H6N2O2 C9H6N2O2 C9H6O2 C9H6O2 C9H6O2 C9H6O3 C9H6O4 C9H6O4 C9H6O6 G9H6O6 C9H6O6 C9H6O7 C9H7BrO2 C9H7BrO2 C9H7BrO2 C9H7BrO2 C9H7ClO C9H7ClO2 C9H7ClO2 C9H7ClO2 C9H7ClO2 C9H7ClO2 C9H7Cl3O2 C9H7N C9H7N C9H7N C9H7NO C9H7NO C9H7NO C9H7NO C9H7NO C9H7NO C9H7NO C9H7NO2 C9H7NO2 C9H7NO2 C9H7NO3 C9H7NO3 C9H7NO4 C9H7NO4 C9H7NO4 C9H7NO4S C9H8 C9H8 C9H8Cl2

Name ____ 5, 6-Dichloroquinoline 5, 7-Dichloroquinoline 5, 8-Dichloroquinoline 6, 8-Dichloroquinoline 7, 8-Dichloroquinoline cis-1, 2-Dibromocinnamic acid irans-2, 2-Dibromocinnamic acid 2-Chloroquinoline 3-Chloroquinoline 4-Chloroquinoline 5-Chloroquinoline 6-Chloroquinoline 7-Chloroquinoline 8-Chloroquinoline cis-1, 2-Dichlorocinnamic acid trans-I y 2-Dichlorocinnamic acid Loretin 5-Nitroquinoline 6-Nitroquinoline 7-Nitroquinoline 8-Nitroquinoline Phenylpropiolic acid C 6 H 6 CiCCO 2 H.... Chromone Coumarine Umbelliferon Daphnetin Esculetin Hemimellitic acid 1,2,3-C 6 H 3 (CO 2 H) 3 . Trimellitic acid 1,2,4-C 6 H 3 (CO 2 H) 3 ... Trimesic acid 1, 3, 5-C6H3(CO2H)3 1, 3, 5-Tricarboxyphenol cis-Allo-1-bromocinnamic acid cis-Allo-2-bromocinnamic acid Zrans-1-Bromocinnamic acid ^mns-2-Bromocinnamic acid Cinnamyl chloride C6H6CHiCHCOC!.. cis-Allo-1-chlorocinnamic acid ctô-Allo-2-chlorocinnamic acid frans-1-Chlorocinnamic acid frcws-2-Chlorocinnamic acid o-Chlorocinnamic acid Benzyl trichloroacetate Cinnamic nitrile C6H6CHrCHCN Isoquinoline Quinoline p-Cyanoacetophenone CN.C6H4COCH3 2-Hydroxyquinoline 4-Hydroxyquinoline 5-Hydroxyquinoline 6-Hydroxyquinoline 7-Hydroxyquinoline 8-Hydroxyquinoline 3-Aminocoumarine Indole-2-carboxylic acid Indole-3-carboxylic acid Indoxylic acid Kynuric acid o-Nitrocinnamic acid w-Nitrocinnamic acid p-Nitrocinnamic acid. Diaphthol Indene Phenylallylene C6H6CiCCH3 Cinnamal chloride C6H6CHiCH 2CHCl.

MoI. wt.

M. P.

197.96 197.96 197.96 197.96 197.96 216.96 216.96 163.51 163.51 163.51 163.51 163.51 163.51 163.51 216.96 216.96 351.05 174.06 174.06 174.06 174.06 146.04 146.04 146.04 162.04 178.05 178.05 210.04 210.05 210.05 226.05 226.97 226.97 226.97 226.97 166.51 182.51 182.51 182.51 182.51 182.51 253.43 129.06 129.06 129.06 145.06 145.06 145.06 145.06 145.06 145.06 145.06 161.06 161.06 161.06 177.06 177.06 193.06 193.06 193.06 225.13 116.06 116.06 186.98

85 117 93 104 85.5 100 136 38 34 32 41 45 > -20 121 101 d. 72 150 133 89 137 58 67 227 256 27Od. 190 216 350 18Od. 120 160 131 135 36 111 132 137 142 211 11 23 -19.5 61 200 201 224 193 238 d. 76 130 203d. 218 d.

B. P.

d

124°-5 138°-6 275 255.5 260.4 268 262 256 288

1.251

301.7

0.935

^l L No.

Ul 0 - 6 1110-«* 121°6 122°-6 257.5 99°-6 97°-5 109°-5 113°-5 178.550 255 243 237.7

1.389J 1.037° 1.099 1.093

692 1026 941

1.006

806

300 360 266.9

123 189 240 197 286 295 -2 58.5

182.4 185 14330

No. 3057 3058 3059 3060 3061 3062 3063 3064 3065 3066 3067 3068 3069 3070 3071 3072 3073 3074 3075 3076 3077 3078 3079 3080 3081 3082 3083 3084 3085 3086 3087 3088 3089 3090 3091 3092 3093 3094 3095 3096 3097 3098 3099 3100 3101 3102 3103 3104 3105 3106 3107 3108 3109 3110 3111 3112 3113 3114 3115 3116 3117 3118 3119

Formula C9H8Cl2O2 C9H8I2O3 C9H8N2 C9H8N2 C9H8N2 C9H8N2 C9H8N2 C9H8N2 C9H8N2 C9H8N2 C9H8N2O C9H8N2O C9H8O C9H8O C9H8O C9H8O2 C9H8O2 C9H8O2 C9H8O2 C9H8O2 C9H8O2 C9H8O2 C9H8O2 C9H8O3 C9H8O3 C9H8O3 C9H8O3 C9H8O3 C9H8O3 C9H8O3 C9H8O4 C9H8O4 C9H8O4 C9H8O4 C9H8O4 C9H8O4 C9H8O5 C9H8O5 C9H9BrO C9H9ClO2 C9H9N C9H9N C9H9N C9H9N C9H9N C9H9NO C9H9NO C9H9NO2 C9H9NO2 C9H9NO2 C9H9NO2 C9H9NO3 C9H9NO3 C9H9NO3 C9H9NO3 C9H9NO3 C9H9NO3 C9H9NO4 C9H9NO4 C9H9NO4 C9H9N3 C9H9N3 C9Hi0

Name

MoI. wt. ^ Benzyl dichloroacetate 218.98 Ethyl 3, 5-diiodosalicylate 417.93 2-Aminoquinoline 144.08 3-Aminoquinolme 144.08 4-Aminoquinoline 144.08 5-Aminoquinoline 144.08 6-Aminoquinoline 144.08 7-Aminoquinoline 144.08 8-Aminoquinoline 144.08 3-Phenylpyrazolone 144.08 Cyanoacetanilide CNCH 2 CONHC 6 H 5 .. 160.08 Pyrrone (Dipyrryl ketone) 160.08 Cinnamic aldehyde C 6 H 5 CHiCHCHO.. 132.06 a-Hydrindone 132.06 0-Hydrindone 132.06 o-Coumaric aldehyde 148.06 p-Coumaric aldehyde 148.06 Allocinnamic acid 148.06 Cinnamic acid C6H5CHiCHCO2H 148.06 Isocinnamic acid 148.06 Atropicacid . 148.06 Melilotic anhydride 148.06 Chromanone 148.06 Acetopiperone 164.06 o-Acetylsalicylic aldehyde 164.06 Benzoylacetic acid C 6 H 5 COCH 2 CO 2 H.. 164.06 o-Coumaric acid 164.06 ra-Coumaric acid 164.06 p-Coumaric acid 164.06 Phenylpyruvie acid C6H5CH2COCO2H. 164.06 o-Acetylsalicylic acid (Aspirin) 180.06 Caffeic acid 180.06 Phenylmalonic acid C6H5CH(CO2H)2... 180.06 Uviticacid 3, 5(CO2H)2C6H3CH3 180.06 Methyl phthalate 0-CO2HC6H4CO2CH3 180.06 Benzoyl acetyl peroxide 180.06 Esculetinic acid 196.06 Myristicinic acid 196.06 Indene oxybromide 212.99 Benzyl chloroacetate 184.53 Dihydroquinoline 131.08 1-Methylindole 131.08 2-Methylindole 131.08 3-Methylindole (Scatole) 131.08 5-Methylindole 131.08 Cinnamamide C6H5CH-.CHCONH2 147.08 Hydrocarbostyril 147.08 o-Aminocinnamic acid 163.08 ra-Aminocinnamic acid 163.08 p-Aminocinnamic acid 163.08 Benzoylacetaldehydeoxime 163.08 0-Acetylaminobenzoic acid 179.08 m-Acetylaminobenzoic acid 179.08 p-Aeetylaminobenzoic acid 179.08 Hippuricacid C 6 H 5 CONHCH 2 CO 2 H... 179.08 Methyl oxanilate C6H5NHCOCO2CH3.. 179.08 Acetylsalicylamide 179.08 Salicyluric acid 195.08 Ethyl ra-nitrobenzoate 195.08 Ethyl p-nitrobenzoate 195.08 5, 8-Diaminoquinoline 159.09 6, 8-Diaminoquinoline 159.09 Benzylethylene C6H5CH2CHiCH2 118.08

M. P.

B, P. 17960

132 129 94 154 110 114 189 70 240 200 160 -7.5 41 61 133 134 68 133 57 107 25 38.5 83 37 104 208 191 206 157 133.5 195 153 290 82.5 36.6 168 210 130.5

R L d * No. 4 1.313 ,684

1319

251.0 244 225 d. 12519 300 256 d. 267 d. 272 16050

1.049 1.10I45 1.07167

791 1100

1.2844

253

1290

ISO19 300 147.59

l .222J

242.4 272.3 266.2

1.071°

675

226 60 95 58.5 141.5 163 159 d. 181 176 d. 87 185 250 252 187.5 114 144 160 47 57 156 163

1309

d.

1.371

1256

0.909

654

298

155

No.

Formula

~3Ï2ÔC9Hi0 3121 C9Hi0 3122 C9Hi0N2 3123 C9Hi0O3 3124 C9H10O 3125 C9Hj0O 3126 C9Hi0O C9H10O 3127 3128 C9Hi0O 3129 C9Hi0O 3130 C9Hi0O 3131 C9H10O 3132 C9Hi0O 3133 C9Hi0O C9Hi0O 3134 3135 C9Hi0O 3135.1 C9Hi0OS 3136 C9H10O2 3137 C9Hi0O2 3138 C9Hi0O2 3139 C9Hi0O2 3140 C9Hi0O2 3141 C9Hi0O2 3142 C9Hi0O2 3143 C9Hi0O2 3144 C9H10O2 3145 C9Hi0O2 3146 C9H10O2 3147 C9Hi0O2 3148 C9H10O2 3149 C9H10O2 3150 C9Hi0O2 3151 C9H10O2 3152 C9H10O2 3154 C9H10O2 3155 C9Hi0O2 3156 C9Hi0O2 3157 C9H10O2 3158 C9H10O3 3159 C9H10O3 3160 C9H10O3 3161 C9H10O3 3162 C9H10O3 3163 C9H10O3 3164 C9H10O3 3165 C9H10O3 3166 C9H10O3 3167 C9H10O3 3168 C9H10O3 3169 C9H10O3 3169.1 C9Hi0O3 3170 C9Hi0O3 3171 C9Hi0O3 3172 C9Hi0O3 3173 C9Hi0O3 3174 C9H10O3 3175 C9H10O3 3176 C9H10O4 3177 C9H10O4 3178 C9H10O4 3179 C9H10O4 3181 C9H10O4 3182 C9H10O4

Name

MoL wt.

Isoallylbenzene C6H5CHiCHCH3 118.08 Hydrindene 118.08 1-Ethylindazole 146.09 2-Acetamino-4-nitrotoluene 194.09 Anol p-(CH3CH:CH) C6H4OH 134.08 Chavicol P-(CH2ICHCH2)C6H4OH 134.08 Cinnamyl alcohol C6H5CHiCHCH2OH. 134.08 Allyl phenyl ether C3H0OC6H5 134.08 Methyl styryl ether 134.08 2, 4-Dimethylbenzaldehyde 134.08 Hydrocinnamaldehyde 134.08 o-Xylene-4-aldehyde 134.08 Ethyl phenyl ketone C2H5COC6H5 134.08 Methyl benzyl ketone CH3COCH2C6H5 134.08 p-Methylacetophenone (Melilot) 134.08 Chromane 134.08 Ethyl thiobenzoate 166.14 0-Coumaral alcohol 150.08 Hesperetol 150.08 2, 3-Dimethylbenzoic acid... 150.08 2, 4-Dimethylbenzoic acid 150.08 2, 5-Dimethylbenzoic acid 150.08 2, 6-Dimethylbenzoic acid 150.08 3, 4-Dimethylbenzoic acid 150.08 o-Ethylbenzoic acid 150.08 m-Ethylbenzoic acid 150.08 p-Ethylbenzoic acid 150.08 Hydratropic acid C 2 H 4 (C 6 H 5 )CO 2 H.... 150.08 Hydrocinnamic acid 150.08 Mesitylinic acid 3,5-(CHs)2C6H3CO2H. 150.08 Benzyl acetate CH3CO2CH2C8H5 150.08 o-Cresyl acetate 0-CH3CO2C6H4CH3.... 150.08 m-Cresyl acetate W-CH3CO2C6H4CH3.. 150.08 p-Cresyl acetate P-CH3CO2C6H4CH3... 150.08 Ethyl benzoate C6H5CO2C2H5 150.08 Methyl phenylacetate 150.08 Methyl p-toluate P-CH3C6H4CO2CH3.. 150.08 Phenyl propionate C2H5CO2C6H0 150.08 Acetovanillone 166.08 Paeonol 4,2-CH3O(OH)C6H3COCH3... 166.08 o-Ethoxybenzoic acid 166.08 m-Ethoxybenzoic acid 166.08 p-Ethoxybenzoic acid 166.08 <#-Atrolactic acid 166.08 ra-Hydrocoumaric acid 166.08 Melilotic acid 166.08 d(Z)-2-Phenyllactic acid. 166.08 Phloretic acid HOC6H4CH(CH3)CO2H. 166.08 d(Z)-Tropic acid 166.08 dZ-Tropic acid 166.08 Anisyl acetate P-CH3OC6H4O2CCH3.... 166.08 Ethyl salicylate OHC6H4CO2C2H5 166.08 Guaiacyl acetate (Eucol) 166.08 Methyl anisate P-CH3OC6H4CO2CH3... 166.08 Methyl o-cresotinate 166.08 Methyl p-cresotinate 166.08 Methyl dZ-mandelate 166.08 Hydrocaffeic acid 182.08 d(Z)-Pheny]glycerie acid 182.08 ; dZ-Phenylglyceric acid .' 182.08 c?(Z)-p-Methoxymandelic acid 182.08 Veratricacid 3,4-(CH 3 O) 2 C 6 H 3 CO 2 H.. 182.08 Methoxymethyl salicylate 182.08

M. P.

B. P.

d

Î 7 5 0 . 9 2 4 1 176.5 0.965 12015 1.064 96 93 >-25 33 -8 47 21 -15.4

119 57 144 126 132 116 165 68 47 113 48.6 166 -51.5

-34.6 33 20 115 50 22 137 195 91 111 83 125 129 128 123 1.3 48 30 58 139 164 141 105 181

25Od. 237 258.5 192 213 216 280 225 218 216.7 222 9512 253763

268 268

1.069

6

213.5 208 212 212.5 213.2 220 217 211 300

13912 231.5 240 256 235 242 14420

935 1039

1.001

877

1.010 1.028 l .01313 1.064 l .09425

689 703

1148

1.07Ij 8 ' 7 1.058

673

1.050 1.047 1.04416

599 628

1.0541J

1.101 1.131 1.138

1.451 1.354 16242

970 878

l .03318 1.044

1.0424°° 265 279.8

^l L No.

1.20015

670

No.

Formula

Name

MoI. wt.

M. P.

B. P.

d

|

3183 3184 3185 3186 3187

C9Hi0O4 C9Hi0O4 C9Hi0O5 C9Hi0O6 C9Hi0Oe

3187.1 3188 3189 3190 3191 3192 3193 3194 3195 3196 3197 3198 3199 3200 3201 3202 3203 3204 3205 3206 3207 3208 3209 3210 3211 3212

C9Hi0S2 C9H11N C 9 HnN C 9 HnN C9H11N C9HnN C9HnNO C9HnNO C9HnNO C9H11NO C9H11NO C9H11NO C9H11NO C9H11NO C9HnNOS C9H11NO2 C9H11NO2 C9H11NO2 C9H11NO2 C9H11NO2 C9H11NO2 C9HnNO2 C9H11NO2 C9H11NO2 C9H11NO2 C9H11NO2

3213 3214 3216 3217 3218 3219 3220 3221 3222 3223 3224 3225 3226 3227 3228 3229 3230 3231 3232 3233 3234 3235 3235.1 3236 3237 3238 3239 3240 3241 3242

C9H11NO2 C9H11NO2 C9H11NO2 C9H11NO2 C9HnNO2 C9H11NO2 C9H11NO2 C9H11NO2 C9H11NO3 C9Hi2 C9Hi2 C9Hi2 C9Hi2 C9Hi2 C9Hj2 C9Hi2 C 9 Hi 2 C9Hi2N2O C9H12N2O2 C9H12N2O2 C9H12N4O3 C9Hi2O C9H12O C9Hi2O C9Hj2O C9H12O C9H12O C9H12O C9H12O C9H12O

Methyl vanillate Glycol salicylate (Spirosal) Syringicacid Ethyl gallate 2, 3, 4, 5-Dimethoxydihydroxybenzoic acid Ethyl dithiobenzoate AUyI aniline C 6 H 5 NHCH 2 CHiCH 2 Benzylideneethylamine Styrylamine C6H5CHiCHCH2NH2 1, 2, 3, 4-Tetrahydroisoquinoline 1, 2, 3, 4-Tetrahydroquinoline p-Dimethylaminobenzaldehyde o-Acetotoluide 0-CH3CONHC6H4CH3... m-Acetotoluide Tn-CH3CONHC6H4CH3. p-Acetotoluide P-CH3CONHC6H4CH3.. AT-Benzylacetamide CH 3 CONHC 7 H 7 ... N-Ethylbenzamide C 6 H 5 CONHC 2 H 5 ... AT-Methylacetanilide (Exalgin) Propionanilide C2H5CONHC6H5 AT-Phenylthiourethane 4-Acetylamino-2-hydroxytoluene 3-Acetylamino-4-hydroxytoluene p-Acetylmethylaminophenol 1-Anilinopropionic acid o-Dimethylanthranilic acid Tn-Ethylaminobenzoic acid Z-Phenylalanine eft-Phenylalanine o-Tolylaminoacetic acid p-Tolylaminoacetic acid 2, 4, 6-Trimethylpyridine-3-carboxylic acid Ethyl p-aminobenzoate Ethyl anthranilate o-Acetaniside 0-CH3OC6H4NHCOCH3.. p-Acetaniside CH 3 CONHC 6 H 4 OCH 3 ... p-Formylphenetidine Nitrocumene (CHs)2CHC6H4NO2 Nitromesitylene AT-Phenylurethane C 2 H 5 CO 2 NHC 6 H 5 ... Z-Tyrosine Cumene (CHg)2CHC6H5 o-Ethyltoluene 0-C2H5C6H4CH3 ;. m-Ethyltoluene Tn-C2H5C6H4CH3 p-Ethyltoluene P-C2H5C6H4CH3 Hemimellitene 1, 2, 3-(CH3)3C6H3 Mesitylene 1, 3, 5-(CH3)3C6H3 n-Propylbenzene CH3(CH2)2C6H5 Pseudocumene 1, 2, 4-(CH3)3C6H3 l-Ethyl-2-phenylurea p-Phenetylurea C2H5OC6H4NHCONH2. Pilosinine. .. 1, 3, 7, 9-Tetramethyluric acid Benzylmethyl carbinol d-Benzylmethyl carbinol Ethylphenyl carbinol Hydrocinnamyl alcohol Mesitol 2, 4, 6-(CH3)3C6H2OH o-n-Propylphenol 0-C3H7C6H4OH ra-n-Propylphenol Tn-C3H7C6H4OH p-n-Propylphenol P-C3H7C6H4OH Pseudocumenol 2, 4, 5-(CH2)3C6H2OH.

182.08 182.08 198.08 198.08 214.08 182.21 133.09 133.00 133.09 133.09 133.09 149.09 149.09 149.09 149.09 149.09 149.09 149.09 149.09 181.16 165.09 165.09 165.09 165.09 165.09 165.09 165.09 165.09 165.09 165.09 165.09 165.09 165.09 165.09 165.09 165.09 165.09 165.09 165.09 181.09 120.09 120.09 120.09 120.09 120.09 120.09 120.09 120.09 164.11 180.11 180.11 224.12 136.09 136.09 136.09 136,09 136.09 136.09 136.09 136.09 136.09

63

287 17012

?1L No. ~"

245 160 148

20 75 110 65.5 153 61 71 102 104 69 225 160 240 162 175 101 283 d. 265 d. 150 118

18028 209 195.4 237 233 251

1.143925 0.98225 1.064 1.055

296 303 307 300. 290 254.7

1012 1013 1255 1276 1250

1269

155 91 84 127 60 -35 44 52 295 d. > -17 < -20 -52.7 -101.6 -61.0 99 173 79 228

< -18 69 26 61 72

260 305 224 d. 255 238 153.4 162 162.5 162 176.5 164.6 157.5 169.8 30035 d. 212 12525 219 237.4 220 226.6 228 232.6 235

1.456 0.864 0.882 0.867 0.862 0.895 0.863 0.862 0.87

1259 561 615 585 568 650 580 556 622

1268 0.994 0.991 0:996 1.008 1.015° 1.009°

660 706

T> T No. 3243 3244 3245 3246 3247 3248 3249 3250 3251 3252 3253 3254 3255 3256 3257 3258 3259 3260 3261 3262 3263 3264 3265 3266 3267 3268 3269 3270 3271 3272 3273 3274 3275 3276 3277 3278 3279 3280 3281 3282 3282.1 3282.2 3283 3284 3285 3286 3287 3288 3289 3290 3291 3292 3293 3294 3294.1 3295 3296 3297 3298 3299 3300 3301 3302

Formula C9Hi2O C9Hi2O C9Hi2O C9Hi2O C9Hi2O C9Hi2O2 C9Hi2O2 C9Hi2O3 C9Hi2O3 C9Hi2O3 C9Hi2O3 C9Hi2O3S C9Hi2O3S C9Hi2O5 C9Hi3N C9Hi3N C9Hi3N C9Hi3N C9Hi3N C9Hi3N C9Hi3N C9Hi3N C9Hi3N C9H13N C9Hi3N C9Hi3N C9Hi3N C9Hi3NO2 C9Hi3NO8 C9Hj4 C9Hi4 C9Hi4ClNO2 C9Hi4N2O8 C9Hi4O C9Hi4O C9Hi4O2 C9Hi4O2 C9Hi4O8 C9Hi4O4 C9Hi4O4 C9Hi4O4 C9Hi4O4 C9Hi4O4 C9Hi4O4 C9Hi4O4 C9Hi4O4 C9Hi4O6 C9Hi4O6 C9Hi4O6 C9Hi4O7 C9Hi5NO C9Hi5NO8 C9Hi5NO8 C9Hj5NO8 C9Hi5N8O2S C9Hi6 C9Hi6 C9Hi6 C9Hj6ClNO8 C9Hi6N2O5S8 C9Hi6O C9Hi6O C9Hi6O

Name

MoI. wt. _____ Ethyl benzyl ether C2H6OC7H7 136.09 Ethyl m-cresyl ether 136.09 Ethyl p-cresyl ether P-CH3C6H4OC2H5. 136.09 Propyl phenyl ether C3H7OC6H5 136.09 Isopropyl phenyl ether 136.09 Mesorcinol.. 152.09 Guaiacyl ethyl ether 152.09 Phloroglucinol trimethyl ether 168.09 Pyrogallol trimethyl ether 168.09 Metacrolein (C3H4O)3 168.09 Caryophyllenic acid 168.09 Mesitylenesulfonic acid 200.16 Toluene p-ethylsulfonate 200.16 Anhydrocamphoronic acid 200.09 Cumidine p-(CH3) ,CHC 6 H 4 NH 2 ....... 135.11 Dimethyl-o-toluidine 135.11 Dimethyl-m-toluidine 135.11 Dimethyl-p-toluidine 135.11 Ethyl-0-toluidine 135.11 Ethyl-m-toluidine 135.11 Ethyl-p-toluidine 135.11 Mesidine 1, 3, 5-(CH3)3C6H2NH2 135.11 co-Mesitylamine . . . 135.11 Parvoline 135.11 rc-Propylaniline C6H5NHC3H7 135.11 Isopropylaniline C6HBNHCH(CH3)2.. .. 135.11 Pseudocumidine 135.11 Anhydroecgonine 167.11 Adrenaline 183.11 Apocyclene 122.11 Santene , 122.11 Anhydroecgonine hydrochloride 203.57 Ethylpropylbarbituric acid 198.12 Nopinone 138.11 Phorone 138.11 Lauronolic acid 154.11 Methyl amylpropiolate 154.11 Castelamarin 170.11 cis-Hexahydrohomophthalic acid 186.11 Zrans-Hexahydrohomophthalic acid 186.11 <#-Pinicacid 186.11 d-Pinic acid 186.11 Diethyl citraconate 186.11 Diethyl glutaconate 186.11 Diethyl itaconate 186.11 Diethyl mesaconate 186.11 4-Ketoazelaic acid 202.11 Z-Camphoronie acid 218.11 Glycerol triacetate 218.11 Trimethyl citrate 234.11 Pseudopelletierine 153.12 d-Ecgonine 185.12 Z-Ecgonine. 185.12 dWEcgonine 185.12 Ergothioneine 229.21 Campholene 124,12 Nopinane 124'.12 Pulegene 124.12 Z-Ecgonine hydrochloride 221.59 Cheiroline 328.33 Camphorol 140.12 a-Nopinol 140.12 dZ-Santenol 140.12

M. P.

150 52 47 46

B. P. 226 192 189.9 190.5 177.2 275.5 213 255.5 241

d

' No.

17 5

Q.998 0.949 0.874» 0.968 0.946}jj

648 928

1.099^ 1.140

77 33 133 63 -61.0

66 235 d. 207 d. 43 241 146 O 28 269 146 157 102.5 136

17315

1.17432

225 184.6 212.5 211.5 214 222 217 233 218.2 234 222 213 235

0.957 0.929 0.941 0.937 0.95315-5

138.9 142

0.87lf 0.86915

209 198.5 12911-5 111"

21610 21610 230.3 238 227.9 229

0.939 0.963 0.950

1333 682 733 726

699

0.94918

0.885

1056 486

598

0.991}^

1.0931«9-4

1154

1.062 1.050 1.045 1.047

847 369 594

1.161

326

102; 109 165 79 49 257 198 d. 212 290 > -20 246 48 102 98

259 287 d. 246

1.00I99-5

1138

1.370}2 133 149.5 139

0.803 0.8612J 0.79122

200 d. 8116 205 196

0.987

399 479 979

No. 3303 3304 3305 3306 3307 3308 3309 3310 3311 3312 3313 3314 3314.1 3315 3316 3317 3318 3319 3320 3321 3322 3323 3324 3325 3326 3327 3328 3329 3330 3330.1 3331 3332 3333 3333.1 3334 3335 3336 3337 3338 3339 3340 3341 3342 3343 3344 3345 3346 3347 3348 3349 3350 3351 3352 3353 3354 3355 3356 3357 3358 3359 3360 3361 3362

Formula C9Hi6O2 C9Hi6O2 C9Hi6O2 C9Hi6O3 C9Hi6O4 C9Hi6O4 C9Hi6O4 C9Hi6O4 C9Hi6O4 C9Hi6O4 C9Hi6O4 C9Hi6O4 C9HnBrO C9Hi7NO C9Hi7NO C9Hi7NO C9Hi8 C9Hi8 C9Hi8 C9Hi8 C9Hi8 C9Hi8 C9Hi8O C9H18O C9Hi8O C9Hi8O C9Hi8O2 C9Hi8O2 C9Hi8O2 C9Hi8O2 C9Hi8O2 C9Hi8O2 C9Hi8O2 C9Hi8O2 C9Hi8O2 C9Hi8O2 C9Hi8O2 C9Hi8O2 C9Hi8O2 C9H18O2 C9Hi8O8 C9Hi8O3 C9Hi8O3 C9Hi8O4 C9Hi8O7 C9Hi9N C9Hi9NO C9H20 C9H20 C9H20 C9H20 C9H20 C9H20 C9H20 C9H20 C9H20O C9H20O C9H20O C9H20O C9H20O C9H20O C9H20O C9H20O

Name Amyl Z-a-crotonate Ethyl hexahydrobenzoate Methyl cyclohexylacetate Ethyl isopropylacetoacetate Azelaicacid HO2C(CH2)7CO2H n-Butyl ethyl malonate Isobutyl ethyl malonate sec.-Butyl ethyl malonate Diethyl dimethylmalonate Diethyl glutarate CH2(CH2COC2Hs)2... Dipropyl malonate CH2(CO2C3Hr)2 Propyl isopropyl malonate Z-Amyl bromobutyrate Homotropine Methylpelletierine Triacetoneamine Cyclononane Ethylcycloheptane C2H5C7Hi3 Hexahydrocumene (CH3)2CHC6Hn 2-Methyl-l-octene C6Hi3C(CH3):CH2... Nonylene C6Hi3CHiCHCH3 Propylcyclohexane C3H7C6Hn ctf-Pulenol Pelargonie aldehyde CH 3 (CH 2 ) 7 CHO... Diisobutyl ketone [(CH3)2CHCH2]2CO. Isopropyl isoamyl ketone Pelargonie acid CH3(CH2)7CO2H Amyl rc-butyrate C4H9CO2C5Hn Isoamyl n-butyrate d-ß-Amyl n-butyrate Amyl isobutyrate (CHg) 2 CHCO 2 C 5 Hn. Butyl n-valerate C4H9CO2C4H9 Isobutyl rc-valerate d-sec.-Butyl valerate Isobutyl isovalerate Ethyl n-heptylate C6Hi3CO2C2H5 n-Heptyl acetate CH3CO2C7Hi5 Methyl caprylate C7Hi5CO2CH3 d-ß-Octylformate Propyl caproate C5HnCO2C3H7 Parapropionaldehyde (C3H6O)3 Di-n-butyl carbonate (C4H9O)2CO Diisobutyl carbonate 1, 2-Dihydroxypelargonic acid Galactite Z-1-Methylconiine N-Diethyl-n-valeramide 2, 4-Dimethylheptane d-2, 5-Dimethylheptane dZ-2, 5-Dimethylheptane 2, 6-Dimethylheptane 4-Ethylheptane (C3H7)2CHC2H5 d-3-Methyloctane 4-Methyloctane C 3 H 7 (CH 3 )CHC 4 H 9 .... n-Nonane CH3(CH2)7CH3 Butyl-sec.-butyl carbinol Dibutyl carbinol (C4H9)2CHOH Diisobutyl carbinol Di-sec.-butyl carbinol Diethylisobutyl carbinol 4, 6-Dimethylheptane-2-ol Methylethylisoamyl carbinol Methylethyl-tert.-amyl carbinol

MoI. wt. 156.12 156.12 156.12 172.12 188.12 188.12 188.12 188.12 188.12 188.12 188.12 188.12 221.05 155.14 155.14 155.14 126.14 126.14 126.14 126.14 126.14 126.14 142.14 142.14 142.14 142.14 158.14 158.14 158.14 158.14 158.14 158.14 158.14 158.14 158.14 158.14 158.14 158.14 158.14 158.14 174.14 174.14 174.14 190.14 238.14 141.15 157.15 128.15 128.15 128.15 128.15 128.15 128.15 128.15 128.15 144.15 144.15 144.15 144.15 144.15 144.15 144.15 144.15

M. P.

106.5

B. P. 196.5 202 205 d. 360 13012 120» 16060 196 237 228.3 143« 10511

d 0.896 0.967Î5 0.99Oj 4 0.96O2J5 1.029 0.9762^ 0.968^ 0.9S62,? 0.995 1.025 1.027? o. 98O2J 1.19626

Î l' No. 360 886 1155 284 286 310 196 293

85 215 39.6 <-30

12

-41

172 199 150 143 149.9 149.5 187.5 93.523 182 172 254 184.8 178.6 7116 155 185.8 167 6718 168.5 187.1 191.5 192.9 822<> 185.5 170 207.7 190.3

0.773J6 0.952 0.787 0.754}* 0.767 0.908 0.82815 0.833 0.907 0.883J 0.882J 0.869 0.859 0.885° 0.854 0.860 0.854 0.872J5 0.874}? 0.887 0.87212-5 0.884J

902 280 340 184 161 167 164 162 195 221 209

0.924 0.91915

123

-51 ^

142 175.5 210 133.3 137 135.9 132.0 139 143.4 141.6 150.6 180 194 174.3 171 172 195 175 166

0.83224

1214

0.716 0.71516 0.719}? 0.712}? 0.741 0.72I17 0.732}* 0.718 0.834 0.823 0.816J2 0.836

143

147 151 335 320 271 338

0.879° 0.829 0.832

329 348

144 170

No. 3363 3364 3365 3366 , 3367 3368 3369 3370 3371 3372 3373 3374 3375 3376 3377 3378 3379 3380 3381 3382 3383 3384 3385 3386 3387 3388 3389 3390 3391 3392 3393 3394 3395 3396 3397 3398 3399 3400 3401 3402 3403 3404 3405 3406 3407 3408 3409 3410 3411 3412 3413 3414 3415 3416 3417 3418 3419 3420 3421 3422 3423 3424 3425

Formula C9H20O C9H20O C9H20O C9H20O C9H20O C9H20O2 C9H20O4 C9H20O4S2 C9H21N C9H2iN C10H2Cl6 Ci0H4Cl4 C10H4Cl4 C10H4Cl4 C10H4Cl4 C10H4Cl4 Ci0H4Cl4 Ci0H4Cl4 C10H4N4O8 Ci0H4N4O8 Ci0H4N4O8 Ci0H4N4O8 Ci0H4N4O8 Ci0H4N4O9 C10H6Cl3 Ci0H6Cl3 Ci0H6Cl3 Ci0H6Cl3 Ci0H6Cl3 Ci0H6Cl3 Ci0H6Cl3 C10H6Cl3 Ci0H5Cl3 Ci0H5Cl3 Ci0H6Cl3 Ci0H6Cl3 Ci0H6Cl3 Ci0H6Cl3 Ci0H6Cl3 Ci0H5NOi0 Ci0H6N3O6 Ci0H5N3O6 Ci0H5N3O6 Ci0H6N3O6 Ci0H5N3O7 Ci0H5N3O7 Ci0H5N3O7 Ci0H6ClNO2 Ci0H6ClNO2 Ci0H6Cl2 Ci0H6Cl2 C10H6Cl2 Ci0H6Cl2 Ci0H6Cl2 Ci0H6Cl2 Ci0H6Cl2 Ci0H6Cl2 Ci0H6Cl2 Ci0H6Cl2 Cj0H6Cl2O Ci0H6Cl2O Ci0H6Cl2O C10H6Cl2O

Name Methylpropylisobutyl carbinol n-Nonyl alcohol CH3(CH2)8OH Isobutyl-d-amyl ether Ethyl rc-heptyl ether C2H5OC7H15 Methyl n-octyl ether CH3OC8H17 Propylidene dipropyl ether Ethyl orthocarbonate C(OC 2 H 5 ) 4 Tetronal (C2H5) 2C(SO2C2H5)2 n-Nonylamine C 9 Hi 9 NH 2 .... Tri-n-propylamine (C3H7) 3N Hexachloronaphthalene a-Tetraehloronaphthalene /3-Tetrachloronaphthalene 7-Tetrachloronaphthalene 0-Tetrachloronaphthalene e-Tetrachloronaphthalene f-Tetrachloronaphthalene üic.-Tetrachloronaphthalene a-Tetranitronaphthalene 1, 2, 5, 8-Tetranitronaphthalene 1, 2, 6, 8-Tetranitronaphthalene 1, 3, 5, 8-Tetranitronaphthalene. 1, 3, 6, 8-Tetranitronaphthalene 2, 4, 5, 7-Tetranitro-a-naphthol 1, 2, 3-Trichloronaphthalene 1, 2, 4-Trichloronaphthalene 1, 2, 5-Trichloronaphthalene 1, 2, 6-Trichloronaphthalene 1, 2, 7-Trichloronaphthalene 1, 2, 8-Trichloronaphthalene 1, 3, 5-Trichloronaphthalene 1, 3, 6-Trichloronaphthalene 1, 3, 7-Trichloronaphthalene 1, 3, 8-Trichloronaphthalene 1, 4, 5-Trichloronaphthalene 1, 4, 6-Trichloronaphthalene 1, 6, 7-Trichloronaphthalene 2, 3, 6-Trichloronaphthalene 2, 3, 7-Trichloronaphthalene Pyridinepentacarboxylic acid 1, 2, 5-Trinitronaphthalene 1, 3, 5-Trinitronaphthalene 1, 3, 8-Trinitronaphthalene 1, 4, 5-Trinitronaphthalene 2, 4, 5-Trinitro-a-naphthol 2, 4, 7-Trinitro-a-naphthol 2, 4, 8-Trimtro-a-naphthol 4-Chloro-l-nitronaphthalene 7-Chloro-l-nitronaphthalene 1, 2-Dichloronaphthalene 1, 3-Dichloronaphthalene 1, 4-Dichloronaphthalene 1, 5-Dichloronaphthalene 1, 6-Dichloronaphthalene 1, 7-Dichloronaphthalene 1, 8-Dichloronaphthalene 2, 3-Dichloronaphthalene 2, 6-Dichloronaphthalene 2, 7-Dichloronaphthalene 2, 3-Dichloro-a-naphthol 2, 4-Dichloro-a-naphthol 5, 7-Dichloro-«-naphthol 5, 8-Dichloro^-naphthol

MoI. wt. 144.15 144.15 144.15 144.15 144.15 136.15 192.15 256.28 143.17 143.17 334.76 265.86 265.86 265.86 265.86 265.86 265.86 265.86 308.06 308.06 308.06 308.06 308.06 324.06 231.41 231.41 231.41 231.41 231.41 231.41 231.41 231.41 231.41 231.41 231.41 231.41 231.41 231.41 231.41 299.05 263.06 263.06 263.06 263.06 279.06 279.06 279.06 207.51 207.51 196.96 196.96 196.96 196.96 196.96 196.96 196.96 196.96 196.96 196.96 212.96 212.96 212.96 212.96

M. P. -5

B. P.

d

T) T

' " No. 330" 344 125

171.3 215 148.2 166.6 173 166.2 159

0.826 0.828 0.773 0.79016 0.802J 0.849° 0.917

195 156

0.757

230

1.315f ' 6

1076

1.30Oj6

1104

1.26Ij 00 1.2924°°

1149 1150

90

85 -93.5 143 130 194 176 141 180 160.5 140 259 27Od. <300 195 203 180 81 92 78 97 88 83.5 103 80.5 113 89.5 131 66 109.5 91 90 22Od. 113 123 218 247 189.5 145 175 84 116 37 61 68 107 48 62 88 120 135 114 101 108 132 115

exp.

exp.

282 289 287.6 286 d. 285

No. 3426 3427 3428 3429 3429.1 3430 3431 3432 3433 3434 3435 3436 3437 3438 3439 3440 3441 3442 3443 3444 3445 3446 3447 3448 3449 3450 3451 3452 3453 3454 3455 3456 3457 3458 3459 3460 3461 3462 3463 3464 3465 3466 3467 3468 3469 3470 3471 3472 3473 3474 3475 3476 3477 3478 3479 3480 3481 3482 3483 3484 3485 3486 3487

Formula Ci0H6Cl2O Ci0H6Cl2O Ci0H6Cl2O C10H6Cl2O Ci0H6Cl2O Ci0H6Cl2O4S2 Ci0H6Cl2O4S2 Ci0H6Cl2O4S2 Ci0H6Cl2O4S2 Ci0H6N2O2 Ci0H6N2O4 Ci0H6N2O4 Ci0H6N2O4 Ci0H6N2O4 C10H6N2O4 Ci0H6N2O4 Cj0H6N2O4 Ci0H6N2O6 Ci0H6N2O5 Ci0H6N2O6 Ci0H6N2O6 Ci0H6N2O6 Ci0H6O2 Ci0H6O2 Ci0H6O2 Ci0H6O8 Ci0H6O8 Ci0H6O8 Ci0H7Br Ci0H7Br Ci0H7Cl C10H7Cl C10H7ClO C10H7ClO C10H7ClO C10H7ClO C10H7ClO C10H7ClO C10H7ClO C10H7ClO C10H7ClO C10H7ClO C10H7ClO2S C10H7ClO2S Ci0H7F Ci0H7F Ci0H7IO Ci0H7NO Ci0H7NO2 Ci0H7NO2 Ci0H7NO2 Ci0H7NO2 Ci0H7NO2 Ci0H7NO2 Ci0H7NO2 Ci0H7NO2 Ci0H7NO2 Ci0H7NO2 Ci0H7NO2 C10H7NO3 C10H7NO3 C10H7NO3 Ci0H7NO3

Name

MoI. wt.

M. P.

6, 7-Dichloro-
212.96 212.96 212.96 212.96 212.96 325.09 325.09 325.09 325.09 186.06 218.06 218.06 218.06 218.06 218.06 218.06 218.06 234.06 234.06 234.06 234.06 234.06 158.05 158.05 158.05 254.05 254.05 254.05 206.97 206.97 162.51 162.51 178.51 178.51 178.51 178.51 178.51 178.51 178.51 178.51 178.51 178.51 226.58 226.58 146.05 146.05 269.99 157.06 173.06 173.06 173.06 173.06 173.06 173.06 173.06 173.06 173.06 173.06 173.06 189.06 189.06 189.06 189.06

151 95 81 124 125 183 129 226 162 269 103 145 129 216 162 156 170 138 23Od. 235 d. 195 198 12Od. 125 135 238 237 d. 264 5 59 56 70 117 131.5 94 123 71 128 115 126.5 101 68 76 59 94.5 115 58.8 79 152 194 109.5 254 156 275 292 249 187.5 283 128 168 164

B. P.

d

îL No. '

281.1 282 258 264.3

308 19513 20113 216.5 212.5 304 16515

1.476 1.605° 1.191 1.138l0'7

1.135°

1.3314

799 795 1102

No. 3488 3489 3490 3491 3492 3493 3494 3495 3496 3497 3498 3499 3500 3501 3502 3503 3504 3505 3506 3507 3508 3509 3510 3511 3512 3513 3514 3515 3516 3517 3518 3519 3520 3521 3522 3523 3524 3525 3526 3527 3528 3529 3530 3531 3532 3533 3534 3535 3536 3537 3538 3539 3540 3541 3542 3543 3544 3545 3546 3547 3548 3549 3550

Formula Ci0H7NO8 Ci0H7NO8 Ci0H7NO8 Ci0H7NO3 Ci0H7NO8 Ci0H7NO4 Ci0H8 Ci0H8Cl4 Cj0H10IN C10H8N2 Ci0H8N2 Ci0H8N2 C10H8N2 C10H8N2O2 C10H8N2O2 C10H8N2O3 C10H8N2O2 C10H8N2O2 C10H8N2O2 C10H8O C10H8O C10H8O2 C10H8O2 C10H8O2 C10H8O2 C10H8O2 C10H8O2 C10H8O2 Ci0H8O2 C10H8O2 C10H8O2 C10H8O2S C10H8O2S C10H8O3 C10H8O3 C10H8O3 C10H8O3S C10H8O3S C10H8O4 C10H8O4 C10H8O4 Ci0H8O4 C10H8O4 C10H8O4 Ci0H8O4S Ci0H8O4S Cj0H8O4S C10H8O4S C10H8O4S Ci0H8O4S Cj0H8O5 Ci0H8O6S2 Ci0H8O6S2 C10H8O7 C10H8S C10H8S C10H9Cl3O2 C10H9N Ci0H9N Ci0H9N Ci0H9N Ci0H9N Ci0H9N

Name 5-Nitro-a-naphthol l-Nitro-/3-naphthol 5-Nitro-/3-naphthol 6-Nitro-0-naphthol 8-Nitro-/3-naphthol Indoledicarboxylic acid Naphthalene Ci0H8 Naphthalenetetrachloride Quinoline methiodide C9H7KCH31 2, 3'-Dipyridyl 3, 3'-Dipyridyl. 4, 4'-Dipyridyl Nicotelline 3-Nitro-«-naphthylamine 6-Nitro-
MoI. wt. 189.06 189.06 189.06 189.06 189.06 205.06 128.06 269.89 271.02 156.08 156.08 156.08 156.08 188.08 188.08 188.08 188.08 188.08 188.08 144.06 144.06 160.06 160.06 160.06 160.06 160.06 160.06 160.06 160.06 160.06 160.06 192.13 192.13 176.06 176.06 176.06 208.13 208.13 192.06 192.06 192.06 192.06 192.06 192.06 224.13 224.13 224.13 224.13 224.13 224.13 208.06 288.19 288.19 240.06 160.13 160.13 267.44 143.08 143.08 143.08 143.08 143.08 143.08

M. P. 171 103 147 158 145 >250 d. 80.1 182 133

I I

B. P.

217.9

289 68 296.5 112 304.8 148 <300 137 143 122 127 143 105 96 280 122 286 60 125 176 258 138 178 140 159 216 190 85 105 170 97 99 90 102 189 s. d. 30Od. 175 135 204 204 154 <250 17Od. 120 107 125 89 227 d. 125 d. 178 285 d. 81 288 s. d. 77 14 250 262 255 252.5 14334 50 301

d

1.145

T> T \l No.

1143

1.164

l .099"-3 l .2174

1126 1333

1303 1271 1.14623 1.550 l .074 l .086 1.066 1.072 1.073 1.131

1003 788 789 1080

No.

Formula

3551 3552 3553 3554 3555 3556 3557 3558 3559 3560 3572 3573 3574 3575 3576 3578 3579 3580 3581 3582 3583 3584 3585 3586 3587 3588 3589 3590 3591 3592 3593 3594 3595 3596 3597 3598 3599 3600 3601 3602 3603 3604 3605 3606 3607 3608 3609 3610 3611 3612 3613 3614 3615 3616 3617 3618 3619 3620 3621 3622 3623 3624 3625

Ci0H9N Ci0H9NO Ci0H9NO Ci0H9NO Ci0H9NO Ci0H9NO Ci0H9NO Ci0H9NO Ci0H9NO Ci0H9NO2 Ci0H9N3O4 Ci0H 10 Ci0Hi0 Ci0HiO Ci0Hi0 Ci0Hi0Cl3NO3 Ci0Hi0NO4 Ci 0 Hi 0 N 2 Ci 0 Hi 0 N 2 Ci 0 Hi 0 N 2 Ci0Hi0N2 Ci 0 Hi 0 N 2 Ci0Hi0N2O Ci0Hi0N2O4S Ci0Hi0O Ci0Hi0O Ci0Hi0O2 Ci0Hi0O2 Ci0Hi0O2 Ci0Hi0O2 Ci0Hi0O2 Ci0Hi0O2 Ci0Hi0O2 Ci0Hi0O2 C10Hi0O2 Ci0Hi0O2 Ci0Hi0O2 Ci0Hi0O2 Ci0Hi0O2 C10Hi0O3 Ci0Hi0O3 Ci0Hi0O3 Ci0Hi0O3 C10Hi0O3 Ci0Hi0O4 Ci0Hi0O4 Ci0Hi0O4 Ci0H10O4 Ci0Hi0O4 Ci0Hi0O4 Ci0Hi0O4 Ci0Hi0O4 Ci0Hi0O4 Ci0Hi0O4 Ci0Hi0O4 Ci0H10O4 Ci0Hi0O4 Ci0Hi0O4 Ci0Hi0O4 C10H10O4 C10H10O5 C10H10O5 C10H10O6

Name

MoI. wt.

M. P.

0-Naphthylamine Ci0H7NH2 3-Amino-/3-naphthol 7-Amino-/3-naphthol 2-Hydroxyquinaldine 4-Hydroxyquinaldine 6-Hydroxyquinaldine 7-Hydroxyquinaldine 8-Hydroxyquinaldine Echinopsine a-Scatolecarboxylic acid Anilalloxan 1, 2-Dihydronaphthalene 1, 4-Dihydronaphthalene l-Ethyl-2-phenylacetylene Phenylcrotonylene C 6 H 5 CHiCHC 2 H 5 ... Chloral-p-acetaminophenol Oxycannabin Naphthylene-1, 2-diamine Naphthylene-1, 4-diamine Naphthylene-1, 5-diamine 1, 6-Naphthylenediamine 1, 8-Naphthylenediamine N-Phenyl-3-methylpyrazolone N-Sulfophenyl-S-methylpyrazolone Benzylideneacetone l, 2-Dihydro-ß-naphthol cis-Isosafrol Zrarcs-Isosafrol Safrol CH 2 IO 2 IC 6 H 3 C 3 H 5 Benzoylpropionaldehyde Benzoylacetone C6H5COCH2COCH3.... 1-Benzylacrylic acid CH2:C(C7H7)CO2H 1-Benzylidenepropionic acid 2-Benzylidenepropionic acid 3-Phenylcrotonic acid Allyl benzoate C6H5CO2C3H5 Benzyl acrylate C2H3CO2CH2C6H5 Methyl cinnamate Phenylvinyl acetate o-Coniferylaldehyde p-Coniferylaldehyde m-Methoxycinnamic acid p-Methoxycinnamic acid Methyl benzoylacetate 1-Benzoyllactic acid Benzylmalonic acid Ferulic acid. Hesperetinic acid o-Phenylenediacetic acid m-Phenylenediacetic acid p-Phenylenediacetic acid Dimethyl isophthalate Dimethyl o-phthalate Dimethyl terephthalate Ethyl hydrogen o-phthalate Hydroquinone diacetate Methyl acetylsalicylate Resorcinol diacetate Meconin Salacetol 0-HOC 6 H 4 CO 2 CH 2 COCH 3 .... Larixinic acid Opianic acid Apiolic acid

143.08 159.08 159.08 159.08 159.08 159.08 159.08 159.08 159.08 175.08 235.09 130.08 130.08 130.08 130.08 298.46 208.09 158.09 158.09 158.09 158.09 158.09 174.09 254.16 146.08 146.08 162.08 162.08 162.08 162.08 162.08 162.08 162.08 162.08 162.08 162.08 162.08 162.08 162.08 178.08 178.08 178.08 178.08 178.08 194.08 194.08 194.08 194.08 194.08 194.08 194.08 194.08 194.08 194.08 194.08 194.08 194.08 194.08 194.08 194.08 210.08 210.08 226.08

110.2 234 163 205 231 213 234 74 152 165 248 d. -9 15.5 16Od. 182 96 120 189.5 77.5 66.5 127 . 32Od. 42 35 > -18 11 61 69 74 86 65 36

B. P. 306.1

d

^l L No.

l.Oolf

267

84.516 212 203 190

0.997 0.998 0.923

844

1.147?9'4 1.127949'4

1137 1135 1287

1.008

1068

1.117J5 1.123J5 1.096 0.99815 1.09060

868 869 812 1106

230 UO8 259.6 12110

1.058}J 1.069^ 1.042J6 1.065

973 999

265 d.

1.158

712

17

191

262 1642* 243 248 234.5 244.4 262 288 302

131 82.5 115 169 112 117 169 228 150 170 241 68 140 48 124 54 101 71 153 150 175

282 >300

1.189j{

278 s. d. 155 1333

No. 3626 3627 3628 3629 3630 3631 3632 3635 3636 3637 3638 3639 3640 3641 3642 3643 3643 .1 3644 3645 3646 3647 3648 3649 3650 3651 3652 3653 3654 3655 3656 3657 3658 3659 3660 -, 3661 i 3662 1 3663 3664 3665 3666 3667 3668 3669 3670 3671 3672 3673 3674 3675 3676 3677 3678 3679 3680 3681 3681.1 3682 3683 3684 3685 3686 3687 3688

Formula Ci0Hi0O6 Ci 0 HnNO 2 Ci 0 HnNO 2 Ci 0 HnNO 3 Ci0HnNO3 Ci0HnNO3 Ci0HnNO3 Ci 0 HnNO 4 Ci 0 HnN 3 O 4 Ci 0 Hi 2 C10H12 Ci 0 Hi 2 C10H12Br2O Ci0Hi2Br2O2 Ci 0 Hi 2 N 2 C10H12N2 C10H12N2O C10H12N2O2 C10H12N2O2 C10H12N2O2 C10H12N2O3 C10H12O C10H12O C10H12O C10H12O C10H12O Ci0H12O C10H12O C10H12O Ci0Hi2O Ci0Hi2O Ci0Hi2O C10H12O C10H12O C10Hi2O C10H12O C10H12O C10H12O Ci0Hi2O2 Ci0Hi2O2 C10H12O2 C10H12O2 C10H12O2 C10H12O2 C10H12O2 C10H12O2 C10H12O2 C10H12O2 C10H12O2 C10H12O2 C10H12O2 C10H12O2 C10H12O2 C10H12O2 Ci0Hi2O2 C10H12O2 C10H12O2 C10H12O2 C10H12O2 C10H12O2 C10H12O3 C1OH12O3 C10H12O3

Name Hemipinic acid Acetoacetanilide Diacetanilide (CH3CO)2N. C6H5 p-Diacetylaminophenol Ethyl oxanilate Methyl hippurate dZ-Benzoylalanine Benzacetin 4-Nitro-l, 3-diacetylphenylenediamine. . . 1, 2, 3, 4-Tetrahydronaphthalene 5, 6, 7, 8-Tetrahydronaphthalene 0-Phenyl-0-butylene 2, 4-Dibromothymol Isoeugenol-1, 2-dibromide Isonicoteine Nicoteine l-Allyl-2-phenylurea Diacetyl-o-phenylenediamine Diacetyl-ra-phenylenediamine Diacetyl-p-phenylenediamine 5, 5-Diallylbarbituric acid p-Anethol p-CH 3OC6H4CH:CHCH 3... . 1, 2, 3, 4-Tetrahydro^-naphthol 5, 6, 7, 8-Tetrahydro-tt-naphthol 1, 2, 3, 4-Tetrahydro-/3-naphthol 5, 6, 7, 8-Tetrahydro-/3-naphthol Benzyl allyl ether C6H6CH2OC3H6 Ethyl styryl ether C 6 H 6 CHrCHOC 2 H 6 .. Methyl chavicyl ether Cumic aldehyde (CH3)2CHC6H4CHO.... Mesitylinic aldehyde 3, 4, 5-Trimethylbenzaldehyde Benzyl acetone C 6 H 5 (CH 2 ) 2 COCH 3 Ethyl benzyl ketone Phenyl isopropyl ketone Phenyl n-propyl ketone p-Tolylacetone p-Tolyl ethyl ketone 3, 5, 6-Trimethyl-2-hydroxybenzaldehyde Eugenol Isoeugenol Cumic acid (CH3) 2CHC6H4CO2H o-Isopropylbenzoic acid 3-Phenylbutyric acid C6H5(CH2)3CO2H o-Propylbenzoic acid 0-C3H7C6H4CO2H. p-Propylbenzoic acid 3, 4, 5-Trimethylbenzoic acid 2, 4, 5-Trimethylbenzoic acid.. . " 2, 4, 6-Trimethylbenzoic acid Benzyl propionate Ethyl phenylacetate C6H6CH2CO2C2H6 Ethyl o-toluate CH3C6H4CO2C2H6 Ethyl w-toluate CH3C6H4CO2C2H6 Ethyl p-toluate CH3C6H4CO2C2H6 Isopropyl benzoate d-Methylbenzylcarbinyl formate Methyl hydrocinnamate Phenyl n-butyrate C3H7CO2C6H6 n-Propyl benzoate C6H6CO2C3H7 Thymoquinone Coniferyl alcohol Benzyl lactate Ethyl anisate P-CH3OC6H4CO2C2H5....

MoL wt.

M. P.

226.08 177.09 177.09 193.09 193.09 193.09 193.09 209.09 237.11 132.09 132.09 132.09 307.92 323.92 160.11 160.11 176.11 192.11 192.11 192.11 208.11 148.09 148.09 148.09 148.09 148.09 148.09 148.09 148.09 148.09 148.09 148.09 148.09 148.09 148.09 148.09 148.09 148.09 164.09 164.09 164.09 164.09 164.09 164.09 164.09 164.09 164.06 164.09 164.09 164.09 164.09 164.09 164.09 164.09 164.09 164.09 164.09 164.09 164.09 164.09 180.09 180.09 180.09

186 85 37 118 67 80.5 166 205 246 -30 4 102

115.5 186 191 160 171 22.5 68 57.5

B. P.

d

^lL No.

14211 300

207.2 207 189 17525

0.971 0.975 0.90121 1.659}Î;J

931 930 966

293 267

1.098 1.07812

760

235.3 14017 265.3 265.5 276 204 226 216 235 237

0.986 1.090

236 230.2 217 232.3 233 239763

0.9892J l .002J 0.984 0.988 0.993

690

253 267.5

1.071" 1.080 1.1634

841 936

1044 917

1.071

0.982 0.965 0.978

893 676 698

52

11 51

879

106 -10 116.5 51 47.5 58 141 215 149.5 152

-51.6 45.5 74 7.8

290 273

220 226 221.3 226.4 228 218.5 HO19 239 228 231.2 232 1306 263

l .03617'5 1.031 1.033 1.028 1.026 1.017}J l .02722 l .01849 1.027}^ 1.027

1.106

589 629 624 636 595

1025 680

No.

Formula

3689 3690 3691 3692 3693 3694 3695 3696 3697 3698 3699 3700 3701

Ci0Hi2O3 Ci0Hi2O3 Ci0Hi2O4 Ci0Hi2O4 Ci0Hi2O4 Ci0Hi2O4 Ci0Hj2O4 Ci0Hi2O5 Ci0Hi2O5 Ci0Hi2O6 Ci 0Hi 3ClO Ci0Hi3ClO Ci0Hi3N

3702 3703 3704 3705 3706 3707 3708 3709 3710 3711 3712 3713 3714 3715 3716 3717 3718 3719 3720 3721 3722 3723 3724 3725 3726 3727 3728 3728.1 3729 3730 3731 3732 3733 3734 3735 3736 3739 3740 3741 3742 3743

Ci0Hi3N Ci0Hi3N Ci0Hi3NO Ci 0 Hj 3 NO Ci0Hi3NO Ci 0 Hi 3 NO Ci0Hi3NO C10H13NO C10H13NO C10Hi3NO2 Ci0Hi3NO2 Ci0Hi3NO2 Ci0Hi3NO2 Ci0Hi3NO2 Ci0Hi3NO2 Ci0Hi3NO3 Ci0Hi3NO3 Ci0Hi3NO3 Ci0Hi3NO3 Ci 0 Hi 3 NO 3 Ci0Hi3N3O4 Ci0Hi3N5O5 Ci 0 Hj 4 Ci 0 Hi 4 Ci0Hi4 Ci0Hi4 Ci0Hi4 Ci0Hi4 Ci0Hi4 Ci0Hi4 Ci0Hi4 Ci0Hi4 Ci0Hj4 C10Hi4 C10Hi4 Ci0Hi4 Ci0Hi4 Ci0Hi4 Ci0Hi4 Ci0Hi4Br2O Ci0Hi4ClN

3744 3745 3746 3747 3748 3749 3750

Ci0Hi4Cl2O Ci0Hi4Cl2O C10H14N2 C10Hi4N2 Ci 0 Hi 4 N 2 Ci0Hi4N2O2 Ci0Hi4N2O

Name Ethyl mandelate Propyl salicylate 0-HOC 6 H 4 CO 2 C 3 H 7 ... Cantharic acid Ethyl vanillate Cantharidin Guaiacyl methyl glycollate Sparassol Asaronicacid Glycerol monosalicylate /3-Anemoninic acid 4-Chlorothymol 6-Chlorothymol Kairoline (1-Methyl-l, 2, 3, 4-tetrahydroquinoline) 5, 6, 7, 8-Tetrahydro^-naphthylamine... 5, 6, 7, 8-Tetrahydro-^-naphthylamine... o-Acetylmethyltoluidine p-Acetylmethyltoluidine AT-Butyranilide C 6 H 5 NHOCC 3 H 7 ...... 3, 5-Dimethylacetanilide w-Dimethylaminoacetophenone N-Ethylacetanilide Thalline 1-Anilinobutyric acid Propyl p-aminobenzoate o-Acetphenetidine ra-Acetphenetidine 2-Nitrocymene Phenacetin C2H5OC6H4NHCOCH3 Damascenine 2-Nitrothymol 4-Nitrothymol Ratanhine Surinamine (AT-Methyltyrosine) 2, 4-Dinitro-7V-diethylaniline Vernine n-Butylbenzene CH3(CH2)3C6H5 sec.-Butylbenzene C2H5(CH3)CHC6H5... tert.-Butylbenzene (CH3)3C.C6H5 o-Cymene o-CH3(CH2)2C6H4CH3 ra-Cymene m-CH3(CH2),C6H4CH3 p-Cymene 29-CH3(CH2)2C6H4CH3 o-Diethylbenzene o-(C2H5)2C6H4 ra-Diethylbenzene ra-(C2H5)2C6H4 p-Diethylbenzene p-(C2H5)2C6H4 1, 2, 4, 5-Tetramethylbenzene 4-Ethyl-ra-xylene C2H5C6H3(CHs)2 5-Ethyl-m-xylene C2H5C6H3(CH3)2 Hexahydronaphthalene Isobutylbenzene (CHg) 2 CHCH 2 C 6 H 5 ... 1, 2, 3, 5-Tetramethylbenzene 1, 2, 3, 4-Tetramethylbenzene Verbenene d-a, e/-Dibromocamphor Thermin (Tetrahydro-ß-naphthylamine hydrochloride) a-Dichlorocamphor /3-Dichlorocamphor Isonicotine Nicotine Nicotimine 6-Nitroso-3-(diethylamino) phenol p-Nitroso-AT-diethylaniline

MoI. wt. 180.09 180.09 196.09 196.09 196.09 196.09 196.09 212.09 212.09 228.09 184.56 184.56 147.11 147.11 147.11 163.11 163.11 163.11 163.11 163.11 163.11 163.11 179.11 179.11 179.11 179.11 179.11 179.11 195.11 195.11 195.11 195.11 195.11 239.12 283.14 134.11 134.11 134.11 134.11 134.11 134.11 134.11 134.11 134.11 134.11 134.11 134.11 134.11 134.11 134.11 134.11 134.11 309.94 183.57 221.02 221.02 162.12 162.12 162.12 194.12 178.12

M. P. 34 278 44 212

B. P. 255 240

38 56 80 92 174 59 54.5 43 141 76 79 96 135 27 119 142 252 28Od. 80 240

>-25 -73.5 < -20 <-20 -35 80 <-20 <-20

-4

84 84

JNo.

1.09916

1.180

300 1.366

245.5 276.8 278.5

1.021 1.054J3-1 1.029f' 2

1005 1006 986

18915

259 283.8

0.994j°

<250 15215 d. 168

1.08515

180 175 168.7 157 175 176 184.5 182 183 195 183 185 205.5 171.4 197 204 159

0.862 0.860 0.867 0.85818 0.860 0.857 0.866 0.860 0.865 0.838J1'3 0.878 0.861 0.934 0.85815 0.896J 0.901 0.88615

20Od.

4.2

26Od. 274.3 250

1.009

1246

61 237 96 77 78

^l *'

293 15615

68 144 76 189 64 64

d

554 550 582 601 559 1022 569.1 1273

562 662 593 1209

695

No. 3751 3752 3753 3754 3754.1 3754.2 3755 3756 3757 3758 3759 3760 3761 3762 3763 3764 3765 3766 3767 3768 3769 3770 3771 3772 3773 3774 3775 3776 3777 3777.1 3778 3779 3780 3782 3783 3784 3785 3786 3787 3788 3789 3790 3791 3792 3793 3794 3795 3796 3797 3800 3801 3802 3803 3804 3805 3806 3807 3808 3809 3810 3811 3812 3813

Formula Ci0Hi4N2O2 Ci0Hj4O Ci0H14O Ci0Hi4O Ci0Hi4O Ci0Hi4O Ci0H14O C10Hi4O C10H14O C10H14O C10H14O C10H14O C10H14O C10H14O C10H14O C10H14O C10H14O C10H14O2 C10H14O2 C10H14O2 C10H14O2 C10H14O2 C10H14O2 C10H14O2 C10H14O3 C10H14O4 C10H14O4 C10H14O4 C10H14O5 C10H14O6 C10H15BrO C10H15BrO C10H15Cl C10H15ClO C10H15ClO C10H15ClO C10H15N C10H15N C10H15N C10H15N C10H15N C10H15N C10H15N C10H15NO C10H16NO C10H15NO C10H16NO C10H16NO3S C10H16N3O6 C10H16 C10Hi6 C10H16 C10H16 C10H16 C10H16 C10H16 C10H16 C10H16 C10H16 C10H16 C10H16 C10H16 C10H16

Name

MoL wt.

M. P.

Phenocoll P-C2H5OC6H4NHCOCH2NH2 Carvacrol d-Carvol Cuminal alcohol Methyl d-methylbenzyl carbinol Methyl Z-phenylethyl carbinol 3-Methyl-2-hydroxyisopropylbenzene.... Thymol (CHa)2CHC6H3(OH)CH3 5-Mebhyl-2-hydroxyisopropylbenzene Benzyl propyl ether C 6 H 5 CH 2 OC 3 H 7 ... n-Butyl phenyl ether C6H5OC4H9 Isobutyl phenyl ether Myrtenal (Myrtenic aldehyde) Eucarvol Pinocarvol d(Z)-Piperitone Umbellulone o-Diethoxybenzene 0-(C 2 H 0 O) 2 C 6 H 4 .... Coërulignol Hydroquinone diethyl ether Resorcinol diethyl ether. d-Camphorquinone Thymohydroquinone Crocetin dZ-Camphoric anhydride 1, 2, 3, 5-Tetramethoxybenzene Guaiamar Diethyl muconate Pinoylformic acid Diallyl tartrate a-Bromocamphor /3-Bro mo camphor Myrtenyl chloride a-Chlorocamphor /8-Chlorocamphor 7-Chlorocamphor n-Butylaniline C6H6NHC4H9 2-Dimethylamino-m-xylene 4-Dimethylammo-m-xylene 4-Dimethylamino-o-xylene Diethylaniline C6H5N(C2Hs)2 Isobutylaniline C 6 H 5 NHCH 2 CH(CHa) 2 . Prehnidine 1, 2, 3, 4-C6H2(CHg)4 ra-Diethylaminophenol Ephedrine Hordenine Pseudoephedrine Diethylaniline-m-sulfonic acid Pilocarpidine nitrate Z-Bornylene dZ-Camphene d(Z)-Camphene Camphilene d(Z)-A4-Carene Cyclofenchene Dipentene d(Z)-Fenchene Fenchylene Geraniene d(Z)-Limonene Myrcene Ocimene ci*-0-Octalin

194.12 150.11 150.11 150.11 150.11 150.11 150.11 150.11 150.11 150.11 150.11 150.11 150.11 150.11 150.11 150.11 150.11 166.11 166.11 166.11 166.11 166.11 166.11 166.11 182.11 198.11 198.11 198.11 214.11 230.11 231.03 231.03 170.57 186.57 186.57 186.57 149.12 149.12 149.12 149.12 149.12 149.12 149.12 165.12 165.12 165.12 165.12 229.19 257.14 136.12 136.12 136.12 136.12 136.12 136.12 136.12 136.12 136.12 136.12 136.12 136.12 136.12 136.12

100.5 0.5

51.5 36

B. P.

78 61 125 92.5 100

-34.4 70 78 40 118 117 270 d. 137 111 50 42.7

-96.9

^lL No.

237.9 225 246.6 8512 13214 226 231.8 229 196 210.3 198 9010 10620 224 235 220

0.976 0.960 0.97815 0.927 27 0.9767 0.98715-2 0.969 0.98217-*

658 669 1170 674

0.950° 0.93916 0.988 0.952 0.984 0.934vac0.958

616 845 620 542 551

246

l .04915

45 72 12.4 198 143 104 221 47 75 13; 62 80

d

678 940

235.2 290 270 271 64 19120 274 13010 9012 220 s. d. 247 237 s. d. 240.9 196.2 232.2 205 216.27 242 260 278 255 17411

0.983J9'1 1.1872«-6 1.449

1252

1.015

586

0.915 0.939 0.916 0.934 0.940

649 730 663 717

1333 147 160 159 156 167707 144 176 150 142 164 177 167 7421 731S

0.822 0.8715 0.855J J 0.861 0.86518 0.869 0.840 0.843 0.842 0.802 0.799 0.915

1116 1074 1037 445 515 955 435 510 503 835 984

No. 3814 3815 3816 3817 3818 3819 3820 3821 3822 3823 3824 3825 3826 3827 3828 3829 3830 3831 3832 3833 3834 3835 3836 3837 3838 3839 3840 3841 3842 3843 3844 3845 3846 3847 3848 3849 3850 3851 3852 3853 3854 3855 3856 3857 3858 3859 3860 3861 3862 3863 3864 3865 3866 3867 3867.1 3868 3869 3870 3871 3872 3873 3874 3875

Formula Ci0Hi6 Ci0Hi6 Ci0Hi6 Ci0Hi6 Ci0Hi6 C10Hi6 Ci0Hi6 Ci0Hi6 Ci0Hi6 Ci0Hi6 Ci0Hi6 Ci0Hi6 Ci0H16 . C10Hi6 C10H16ClNO C10H16ClNO C10H16ClNO C10H16Cl2 C10Hi6Cl2 C10Hi6N2 C10H16N2 C10H16N2 C10H16N2 C10H16N2O2 C10H16N2O2 C10H16N2O3 C10H16N2O3 C10Hi6N2O3 Ci0Hi6N2O3 Ci0H16N2O3 Ci0Hi6O Ci0Hi6O Ci0Hi6O Ci0Hi6O Ci0Hi6O Ci0Hi6O Ci0Hi6O C10Hj6O C10Hi6O C10Hi6O C10H16O C10H16O C10H16O Ci0H16O C10Hi6O Ci0Hi6O Ci0Hi6O C10H16O [C10H16O]x C10H16O2 C10Hi6O2 C10H16O2 C10H16O2 C10H16O3 C10H16O3 C10H16O4 C10H16O4 C10Hi6O4 Ci0Hi6O4 Ci0Hi6O4 Ci0Hi6O5 Ci0Hi6O5 Ci0HnBr

Name Zrans-/3-Octalin d(Z)-a-Phellandrene /3-Phellandrene ötf-a-Pinene Z-0-Pinene Sabinene d(Z)-Sylvestrene a-Terpinene ß-Terpinene A1- &-Terpinene Terpinolene Terpinylene a-Thujene /3-Thujene Ephedrine hydrochloride a-Limonene nitrosylchloride Pseudoephedrine hydrochloride a-Camphordichloride /3-Camphordichloride p-Aminodiethylaniline o-Tetramethylphenylenediamme m-Tetramethylphenylenediamine p-Tetramethylphenylenediamine a-Camphordioxime T-Camphordioxime 5, 5-n-Butylethylbarbituric acid 5, 5-sec.-Butylethylbarbituric acid 5, 5-Dipropylbarbituric acid 5, 5-Isobutylethylbarbituric acid 5, 5-n-Propylisopropylbarbituric acid Alantol dZ-Camphor d-Camphor Carvenone Caryophyllin a-Citral /3-Citral Cyclocitral d-Fenchone Hartin. Isopulegon. Myristicol Myrtenol Phellandral Pinol Pulegon Sabinol a-Thujone Urson Acetylmethylheptenone Ascaridol Geranie acid Hydroxycamphor d(Z)-Pinonic acid dZ-Pinonic acid dZ-Camphoric acid d-Camphoric acid Cyclohexyl acid succinate dMsocamphoric acid d-Methyl pinate Z-Cineolic acid Diethyl acetylsuccinate d-Pinene hydrobromide

MoL wt.

.

136.12 136.12 136.12 136.12 136.12 136.12 136.12 136.12 136.12 136.12 136.12 136.12 136.12 136.12 201.59 201.60 201.59 207.04 207.04 164.14 164,. 14 164.14 164.14 196.14 196.14 212.14 212.14 212.14 212.14 212.14 152.12 152.12 152.12 152.12 152.12 152.12 152.12 152.12 152.12 152.12 152.12 152.12 152.12 152.12 152.12 152.12 152.12 152.12 [152.12]x 168.12 168.12 168.12 168.12 184.12 ' 184.12 200.12 200.12 200.12 200.12 200.12 216.12 216.12 217.05

M. P.

-55

B. P. Ï9Ô 175 171 154 164 165 177 175 174 182 185 175 151 147.7

d

^' L No.

0.90913 0.843 0.852 0.878 0.87315 0.842 0.863 0.834 0.840 0.855 0.855

824 914 919 915 982 541 537

0.830 0.821

440 420

983 527

210 104 175 148 178 -2 51 182 d. 132 128 157 145 176 162

262 218 262 260

0.98813-8

200 174 179

209.1 233

0.99025 0.926

229 10412 11429 195

920 956 825 839

9012 218 224 230 184 224 209 200

0.89315 0.888 0.957J 5 0.944 1.120 0.92117-5 0.976 0.945 0.942 0.937 0.943 0.913

581 553 507 861 546 827

234 84* 11920

0.94515 l .00815 0.952

860 518 544

897

295

6 230

264 -6 205 99 105 202 187 44 191

18012 1.216

1309

1.055

256 d.

1.081

196 80

499

1325 884

No.

Formula

3876 3877 3878 3879 3880 3881 3882 3883 3884 3885 3886 3886.1 3887 3888 3889 3890 3891 3892 3893 3894 3895 3896

Ci0Hi7Cl Ci0Hi7Cl Ci0Hi7Cl Ci0Hi7Cl Ci0HnCl Ci0Hi7Cl Ci0H17N C10Hi7N C10H17NO C10H17NO C10H17NO3 C10H17NO3 C10H17NO6 C10H18 C10H18 C10H18 C10H18 C10H18 C10H18 C10H18 C10H18 C10H18Cl2N2

3897 3899 3900 3901 3902 3903 3904 3905 3906 3907 3908 3909 3910 3911 3912 3913 3913.1 3914 3915 3916 3917 3918 3919 3920 3921 3922 3923 3924 3925 3926 3927 3928 3929 3930 3931 3932 3933 3934 3935 3936

C10H18O C10H18O C10H18O C10Hi8O Ci0Hi8O C10H18O C10H18O C10H18O Ci0Hi8O Ci0Hi8O Ci0Hi8O Ci0Hi8O Ci0Hi8O C10H18O C10H18O C10H18O Ci0Hi8O Ci0Hi8O Ci0Hi8O Ci0Hi8O Ci0Hi8O Ci0Hi8O Ci0Hi8O Ci0H18O C10H18O C10H18O C10Hi8O Ci0Hi8O Ci0Hi8O Ci0Hi8O Ci0Hi8O Ci0Hi8O Ci0Hi8O2 Ci0Hi8O2 Ci0Hi8O2 Ci0Hi8O2 Ci0Hi8O2 Ci0H18O3 Ci0H18O3 Ci0Hi8O3

Name Camphene hydrochloride cis-0-Chlorodecalin Fenchyl chloride Geranyl chloride Isobornyl chloride d-Pinene hydrochloride Camphenamine Pinylamine Camphoroxime d-Fenchoneoxime Z-Ecgonine methyl ester dZ-a-Pinone oxime Phaseolunatin Camphane Carane cis-Decahydronaphthalene Zrans-Decahydronaphthalene d-Menthene d-Pinane Pinocamphane Thujane o-Tetramethylphenylenediamine hydrochloride Apopinol Aurantiol dZ-Borneol d(Z)-Borneol Cineol d-Citronellal dZ-Fenchyl alcohol dl, (d)-Fenchyl alcohol
MoI. wt.

M. P.

172.59 172.59 172.59 172.59 172.59 172.59 151.14 151.14 167.14 167.14 199.14 199.14 247.14 138.14 138.14 138.14 138.14 138.14 138.14 138.14 138.14

156.5

237.07 154.14 154.14 154.14 154.14 154.14 154.14 154.14 154.14 154.14 154.14 154.14 154.14 154.14 154.14 154.14 154.14 154.14 154.14 154.14 154.14 154.14 154.14 154.14 154.14 154.14 154.14 154.14 154.14 154.14 154.14 154.14 154.14 170.14 170.14 170.14 170.14 170.14 186.14 186.14 186.14

B. P. 11215 8514 10314

161.5 128

119.5 165 150 144 152 -125

-45

d

R I ' ' No.

0.983 0.91825

517

0.940 0.940

564 613

1.147 1.210

547

160 50» 193.3 185.3 168 169.4 164.9 157

0.838^J 0.898 0.872 1.4481 0.839 0.856 0.814

459 539 504 423 448 477 363

199 9515

0.8941* 0.869 20

213.5 176.4 208 204.6 201 201 209 229

1.011 0.90118 0.856 0.953 0.93540 0.93350

207.4 205.5 207" 249 240

180

210.5 208.6 -1 33 42 47 49 < -15 212 216 62

59 35 40 33 70

-6 107 <0 18 129

204 202 10212 94" 199 198.3 195 210 207 1011« 225.2 205 219.8 217.7 210.3

474

0.881

531

0.96115 0.915 0.9110 0.87316 0.875 0.86615 0.897 0.896 0.901 14 - 5 0.881

859 513 509

0.936 0.919 -0.819ÎJ

538 890 521

0.929 0.926 0.921 0.907j{

533 526 923

480 981 441 840

214 212 212 237 d. 260 257 1424 255

0.97O18-9

462

215 215

0.929 0.933

229

0.931

No. 3937 3938 3939 3940 3941 3942 3943 3944 3945 3945.1 3946 3947 3948 3949 3950 3951 3952 3953 3954 3955 3956 3957 3958 3959 3960 3961 3962 3963 3964 3965 3966 3967 3968 3969 3970 3971 3972 3973 3974 3974.1 3975 3976 3977 3978 3978.1 3979 3980 3981 3981.1 3982 3983 3984 3985 3986 3987 3988 3989 3991 3992 3993 3994 3995 3996

Formula

Name

Ci0H18O3 Ethyl diethylacetoacetate Ci0Hi8O4 Sebacicacid HO2C(CH2)8CO2H Ci0Hi8O4 Isoamyl ethyl malonate Ci0Hi8O4 n-Butyl isopropylmalonate Ci0H18O4 Di-rc-butyl oxalate (CO2C4Hg)2 C10Hi8O4 Diisobutyl oxalate C10Hi8O4 Dipropyl succinate C10Hi8O5 Dipropyl malate Ci0Hi8O6 Dipropyl d-tartrate [HOCHCO2C3H7]2.. Ci0Hi8O6 Di-sec.-propyl tartrate Ci0H18O9 Arabin C10Hi9Cl sec.-Menthyl chloride C10H19Cl tert.-Menthyl chloride C10Hi9N Bornylamine Ci0Hi9N Camphylamine Ci0Hi9N Z-Fenchylamine C10H19N Geranylamine C10H19NO Lupinine Ci0Hi9NO3 Sebamic acid Ci0H20 a-Decylene CH 2 :CH(CH 2 ) 7 CH 3 Ci0H20 C3H7CH :CHC5Hn T-Decylene C10H20 2, 3-Dimethyl-2-octene Ci0H20 2, 6-Dimethyl-l(2)-octene C10H20 o-Menthane C10H20 m-Menthane C10H20 p-Menthane C10H20 2-Methyl-5-ethyl-5-heptene C10H20 3, 3, 5-Trimethyl-4-heptene C10H20ClNO Lupinine hydro chloride Ci0H20N2O6 Lycetol (Dimethylpiperazine tartrate).... C10H20O a-Carvacromenthol C10H20O /3-Carvacromenthol C10H20O d-Citronellol C10H20O Z-Citronellol C10H20O d-Isomenthol C10H20O o-Menthan-2-ol : C10H20O p-Menthan-8-ol Ci0H20O Z-a-Menthol C10H20O Z-lS-Menthol C10H20O Z-Neomenthol C10H20O n-Capric aldehyde CH3(CH2)8CHO C10H20O Isocapric aldehyde C10H20O Isopropyl n-hexyl ketone C10H20O Methyl n-octyl ketone CH 3 COC 8 Hi 7 ... Ci0H20O Propyl hexyl ketone C3H7COC6H13 C10H20O2 cis-Terpine C10H20O2 Jrarcs-Terpine Ci0H20O2 rc-Capric acid CH3(CH2)8CO2H Ci0H20O2 Di-n-butylacetic acid C10H20O2 n-Amyl valerate C4H9CO2C0H11 C10H20O2 n-Butyl caproate C6H13CO2C4H9 C10H20O2 Ethyl n-caprylate C7Hi5CO2C2H5. Ci0H20O2 n-Heptyl propionate C 2 H 5 CO 2 C 7 Hi 5 .... Ci0H20O2 Isoamyl isovalerate Ci0H20O2 Methyl pelargonate C8H17CO2CH3. Ci0H20O2 d-7-Nonyl formate Ci0H20O2 n-Octyl acetate CH3CO2C8Hi7 Ci0H20O3 1-Hydroxycapric acid Ci0H2iN Z-Menthylamine Ci0H22 n-Decane CH 3 (CH 2 ) 8 CH 3 Ci0H22 2, 6-Dimethyloctane C10H22 2, 7-Dimethyloctane Ci0H22 dlt 3, 6-Dimethyloctane

MoI. wt. 186.14 202.14 202.14 202.14 202.14 202.14 202.14 218.14 234.14 234.14 282.14 174.60 174.60 153.15 153.15 153.15 153.15 169.15 201.15 140.15 140.15 140.15 140.15 140.15 140.15 140.15 140.15 140.15 205.62 264.17 156.15 156.15 156.15 156.15 156.15 156.15 156.15 156.15 156.15 156.15 156.15 156.15 156.15 156.15 156.15 172.15 172.15 172.15 172.15 172.15 172.15 172.15 172.15 172.15 172.15 172.15 172.15 188.15 155.17 142.17 142.17 142.17 142.17

M. P. 127

10.5

B. P. 158.2 294.5100 ISO20 13614 243.4 229 250.8 15110 303 15816

d 1.282 0.9542J 0.974.Ï 1.0108 1.00214 l .00615 1.075 1.139 1.11613-7

?1L No. 327 1161 306 331

366

260 163

68 170

215 9418-5 200 198 195 10519 257 172 161 162650 169 171 168.2 170 158.4 157.5

0.941 0.948

485 488

0.91022 0.82925

511

0.763°

912

0.748 0.789° 0.814 0.790 0.793 0.761° 0.788?

993 965 387 358 302

213 250

1244 219 222 221.7 11415

0.918° 0.85715 0.861

410 464

83 36 42.5 35.5 <-15

3.5 -9 104.7 158 31

-44.8

-38.5 70.5 -32.0 -52.8

9525 207.4 212 212 10521 209.2 169.6 210 211 207 258 265 268.4 14016 203.7 204.3 205.8 208 194 214 9522 210 208.2 174 159 160 162

0.890^ 0.89O1J 0.8995 0.82815 0.828° 0.841" 0.825 0.824

1168

0.89530 0.89818-4 0.881° 0.882JJ 0.87817 0.885° 0.870° 0.87717-5 0.869 0.885J

1038

0.860 0.747 0.734 0.722

475 220 185 171

473 307

213

198 258 250

No. 3997 3998 3999 4000 4001 4002 4003 4004 4005 4006 4007 4008 4009 4010 4011 4012 4013 4014 4015 4016 4017 4018 4019 4020 4021 4022 4023 4024 4025 4026 4027 4028 4029 4030 4031 4032 4033 4034 4035 4036 4037 4038 4039 4040 4041 4042 4043 4043.1 4044 4045 4046 4047 4048 4049 4050 4051 4052 4053 4054 4055 4056 4057 4058

Formula

Name

Ci0H22 d, 3, 6-Dimethy!octane Ci0H22 2-Methylnonane (CH3)2CH(CH2)6CH3. Ci0H22 3-Methylnonane C 2 H 5 (CH 3 )CHC 6 Hi 3 ... Ci0H22 5-Methylnonane (C4H9)2CHCH3 Ci0H22 Tripropylmethane (C3H7)3CH Ci0H22O n-Decyl alcohol CH3(CH2)9OH Ci0H22O 3, 7-Dimethyl-n-octyl alcohol Ci0H22O Methylethylisohexyl carbinol Ci0H22O Propyl-n-hexyl carbinol Ci0H22O rc-Amyl ether (C 5 Hn) 2 0 Ci0H22O Isoamyl ether [(CH3)2CHCH2CH2]2O.. . Ci0H22O3 cis-Terpine hydrate Ci0H22O5S2 d-Glucosediethylmercaptal Ci0H22S Diisoamyl sulfide Ci0H23N rc-Decylamine CH3(CH2)9NH2 ... Ci0H23N Diisoamylamine Ci0H25Sb Pentaethyl stibine (C2H5) 5Sb Ci0H30O a(/3)-Lactucerol Ci0H30O5 Agaric acid CnH6OiO Benzenepentacarboxylic acid. CnH7ClO tt-Naphthoyl chloride Ci0H7COCl CnH7ClO /3-Naphthoyl chloride Ci0H7COCl CnH 7 N a-Naphthylcyanide CnH 7 N 0-Naphthylcyanide CnH 7 NO 4 Quinoline-2, 3-dicarboxylic acid CnH7NO4 Quinoline-2, 4-dicarboxylic acid CnH8O a-Naphthaldehyde CnH8O /3-Naphthaldehyde CnH8N2O4 Benzoylbarbituric acid CnH8O2 2-Hydroxy-a-naphthaldehyde CnH8O2 4-Hydroxy-a-naphthaldehyde CnH8O3 8-Hydroxy-a-naphthoic acid CnH8O2 a-Naphthoic acid CnH8O2 ß-Naphthoic acid CnH8O3 3-Hydroxy-/3-naphthoic acid. C11H9N 2-Phenylpyridine CnH9N 3-Phenylpyridine CnH9N 4-Phenylpyridine CnH9NO2 Aniluvitonic acid CnH9NO3 Quininic acid CnH9NO6 Hydrastininic acid CiiHio a-Methylnaphthalene C n Hi 0 0-Methylnaphthalene CnHi0I3NO3 Thyroxin CiiHioO Methyl a-naphthyl ether CiiHioO Methyl 0-naphthyl ether CnHi0O2 Ethyl phenylpropiolate CnHi1BrN2O 4-Bromoantipyrine CiiHiiN 2, 4-Dimethylquinoline CiiHnN 2, 6-Dimethylquinoline CiiHnN 2, 7-Dimethylquinoline Ci1H11N 3, 4-Dimethylquinoline . C11H11N 4, 6-Dimethylquinoline C11Hi1N 4, 7-Dimethylquinoline C11H11N Methyl-a-naphthylamine C11H11NO Physostigmol C11H11NO2 Indole-2-propionic acid. C11HnNO4 Ethyl o-nitrocinnamate C11H11NO4 Ethyl p-nitrocinnamate. C11H12BrNO3S p-Bromophenylmercapturic acid C11H12IN Quinaldine methiodide CnH12IN Quinoline ethiodide C11H12N2O Antipyrine

MoI. wt. 142.17 142.17 142.17 142.17 142.17 158.17 158.17 158.17 158.17 158.17 158.17 190.15 286.30 174.23 157.19 157.19 266.96 166.23 230.23 298.05 190.51 190.51 153.06 153.06 217.06 217.06 156.06 156.06 232.08 172.06 172.06 188.06 172.06 172.06 188.06 155.08 155.08 155.08 187.08 203.08 251.08 142.08 142.08 584.88 158.08 158.08 174.08 267.02 157.09 157.09 157.09 157.09 157.09 157.09 157.09 173.09 189.09 221.09 221.09 318.08 285.03 285.03 188.11

M. P.

7

B. P.

d

' *' ^0*

160.8 160 166.9 166.2 161.7 231 11815 8914 211 190 172.2

0.73513 0.72S45-1 0.735 0.732 0.740 1 5 2 0.829 0.849J 0.834Ì5 0.826 0.774 0.783"-8

216 218 190 100

0.843

443

0.767

281

117.1 128 17

R

174 197 189 210

851

172 1210

181 142 d. 233 d. 43 33.5 66.5 130 d. 246

297.5 306 296.5 305

291.6 60.5 275 81 178 169 160 185 219

78 241 280 164 -22 35.1 250 < -10 72

55 108 136 44 141 153 190 157 109; 113

1.148 l .07899-4

962 1133

19297

300 >300 270 270.4 275

1.077}°° >1 >1

243 245

1.025 1.029

258 274 27Od.

1.096J3'9

117 58 61 65

1.117!? 1.094™

790 1062 831

1181 264 261 265 291 256 259 293

d. 319174

1307

No.

Formula ___ 4059 CnHi 2 N 2 O 2 4060 CnHi 2 N 2 O 2 4060.1 CnH12O CnHi2O2 4061 4062 CnHi2O2 4063 CnHi2O3 4064 CnHi 2 O 3 4065 CnHi 2 O 3 4066 CnHi2O3 4067 CnHi 2 O 3 4068 CnHi2 O 3 4069 CnHi2O3 4071 CnHi2O4 4072 CnHi 2 O 4 4073 CnHi 2 O 5 4074 CnHi 3 BrN 2 O 4075 CnHi3ClN2O 4076 Ci1Hi3N 4077 CnHi 3 NO 3 4077.1 CnHi 3 NO 3 4078 CnHi 3 NO 4 4079 C n Hi 3 NO 4 4080 CnHi3N3O 4081 CnHi3N3O 4082 CnHi3N3O6 4083 Ci1H14ClNO3 4084 C n Hi 4 N 2 4085 C n Hi 4 N 2 4086 CnH14N2O 4087 C n Hi 4 N 2 O 2

Name

MoI. wt.

M. P.

204.11 204.11 160.09 176.09 176.09 192.09 192.09 192.09 192.09 192.09 192.09 192.09 208.09 208.09 224.09 269.03 224.57 159.11 207.11 207.11 223.11 223.11 203.12 203.12 283.12 243.57 174.12 174.12 190.12

199 289 37.5

206.12 162.11 162.11 162.11 162.11 162.11 162.11 178.11 178.11 178.11 178.11 178.11 178.11 178.11 178.11 178.11 178.11 194.11 194.11 194.11 177.12 177.12 177.12 193.12 193.12 193.12 193.12 209.12 209.12 209.12 305.19 148.12 148.12

108

4088 4089 4090 4090.1 4091 4091.1 4092 4093 4094 4095 4096 4097 4097.1 4098 4099 4100 4101 4102 4103 4104 4105 4106 4107 4108 4109 4110 4111 4112 4113 4114 4115 4116

4, 4-Phenylethylhydantoin Z-Tryptophane Benzylidene methyl ethyl ketone Ethyl atropate Zrans-Ethyl cinnamate 3-Benzoylbutyric acid Ethyl benzoylacetate «-Ethyl phenylpyruvate 0-Ethyl phenylpyruvate 7-Ethyl phenylpyruvate Eugenol formate Isoeugenol formate Benzylsuccinic acid a-Hydropiperic acid Sinapic acid Antipyrine hydrobromide Antipyrine hydrochloride Lilolidine Hydrastinine Ethyl hippurate Benzacetin Neurodin 4-Aminoisoantipyrine Benzylcreatinine 2, 4, 6-Trinitro-tert.-buty!toluene Hydrastinine hydrochloride Calycanthine Isocalycanthine. Cytisine Antithermine (Acetopropionylphenylhydrazone) Butyl phenyl ketone C6H5COC4H9 Isobutyl phenyl ketone Isopropyl benzyl ketone p-Methylbutyrophenone Propyl benzyl ketone 2, 4, 6-Trimethylacetophenone Eugenol methyl ether Isoeugenol methyl ether p-Isopropylphenylacetic acid n-Butyl benzoate C6H5CO2C4H9 Benzyl butyrate C 3 H 7 CO 2 CH 2 C 6 H 5 .... Benzyl isobutyrate d-ß-Butyl benzoate Ethyl hydro cinnamate Isobutyl benzoate Phenyl isovalerate n-Butyl salicylate Propyl anisate P-CH3OC6H4CO2C3H7... Zingerone p-Diethylaminobenzaldehyde Isovaleroanilide n-Valeroanilide p-Diethylaminobenzoic acid Isobutyl p-aminobenzoate Methylacetophenetidine . Triphenin Anhalamine Lactophenine Methoxyacetophenetidin Hydrastinine bisulfate n-Amylbenzene CH3(CH2)4C6H5 fert.-Amylbenzene

C n Hi 4 O CnH14O C n Hi 4 O C n Hi 4 O CnH14O C n Hi 4 O C n Hi 4 O 2 CnH14O2 CnH14O2 C11H14O2 C11H14O2 C11H14O2 C11H14O2 C11H14O2 C11H14O2 CnH14O2 C11H14O3 C11H14O3 C11H14O3 C11H15NO C11H15NO C11H15NO C11H15NO2 C11H15NO2 C11H15NO2 C11H15NO2 C11H15NO3 C11H15NO3 C11H15NO3 C11H15NO7S CnH16 C n Hi 6

6.5 126 52

B. P.

124.416 271 270 d. 154.515 15215

d

3

^L No.

0.98750 1.051 1.049

1061

1.122

704

746

79 15020 16020 161 76 191 150 160 15615 116 60.5 190 87 109 225 97 210 243 235 153

180

1333 239.5 225 237 252739 244 240.5735 249 264

52 -22.4

41 41 115 49 193 65 40 120 188 118 98 216

1.04323

250.3 240 228 12020 249 237 226 15515 17645 18814 1747

0.967 0.985J 1.026 0.984J 0.975 l .05515 1.055 1.00O20 1.01617-5 l .01618 1.000 1.015 l .00215

683 661

557 563 571

1.09

653

0.860 0.87415

514

267 300

202.1 189.3

No.

Formula

4117 4118 4119 4120 4121 4122 4123

CnHi 6 CnHi 6 CnHi 6 CnHi 6 CnH ]6 CnHi 6 CnHi 6 Br 2 N 2 O 3

4124 4125 4126 4127 4128 4129 4130 4131 4132 4133 4134 4135 4136 4137 4138 4139 4140 4141 4142 4143 4144 4145 4146 4147 4148 4149 4150 4151 4152 4153 4154 4155 4156 4157 4158 4159 4160 4161 4162 4163 4164 4165 4166 4167 4168 4169 4170 4171 4172 4173 4174 4175 4176 4177 4178

CnHi6ClNO3 CnHi6N2O2 CnHi 6 N 2 O 2 CnH16O CnHi6O CnHi6O CnHi6O CnHi6O CuHi6O CnHi7BrN2O2 C11H17BrN2O2 CnH17ClN2O2 C11H17ClN2O2 C11H17N C11H17N C11H17N C11H17N C11H17NO3 CnH17N3O6 C11H17N3O6 C11H17O2 C11H18N2O3 C11H18N2O3 C11H18O2 C11H18O2 C11H18O2 C11H18O2 C11H18O2 C11H18O4 C11H18O6 C11H19N3O C11H20O CnH20O C11H20O2 C11H20O2 C11H20O3 C11H20O4 C11H20O4 CnH20O4 CnH20O6 C11H21NO2 C11H22 C11H22 C11H22N3O4 C11H22O C11H22O C11H22O C11H22O C11H22O C11H22O2 C11H22O2 C11H22O2 C11H22O2 C11H22O3 C n H 24

Name

MoL wt.

3, 5-Diethyltoluene Isoamylbenzene (CH3)2CH(CH2)2C6H5. Pentamethylbenzene (CH3)6C6H 4-Propyl-o-xylene C3H7C6H3(CHs)2 4-Propyl-m-xylene C 3 H 7 C 6 H 3 (CHs) 2 .... 2-Propyl-p-xylene C3H7C6H3(CH3)2. . . . #-2, 3-Dibromopropyl-5, 5-diethylbarbituric acid Anhalamine hydro chloride Pilocarpine Isopilocarpine p-Isoamylphenol Pentamethylphenol Benzyl n-butyl ether C6H5CH2OC4H9.... Benzyl isobutyl ether Phenyl isoamyl ether Thymyl methyl ether Isopilocarpine hydrobromide Pilocarpine hydrobromide Isopilocarpine hydrochloride Pilocarpine hydrochloride o-Diethyltohiidine m-Diethyltomidine p-Diethyltoluidine Isoamylaniline Mescaline Isopilocarpine nitrate Pilocarpine nitrate Citronellyl formate 5, 5-n-Butylisopropylbarbituric acid 5, 5-Isoamylethylbarbituric acid d-Bornyl formate Geranyl formate Isobornyl formate Methyl geranate d, a-Terpinyl formate Ethyl camphorate Diethyl ethylacetylmalonate d-Camphor semicarbazone Geranyl methyl ether Methyl d-bornyl ether Z-Menthyl formate Undecylenic acid Isoamyl ethylacetoacetate Di-n-butyl malonate CH2(CO2C4H9) 2 .. . Diethyl diethylmalonate Isoamyl isopropyl malonate Glycerol 1, 2-dibutyrate Menthyl carbamate a-Undecylene CH2:CH(CH2)8CH3 /3-Undecylene CH 3 CH:CH(CH 2 ) 7 CH 3 .. Clavine Methyl Z-menthyl ether Undecylic aldehyde Diamylketone (C5Hn)2CO. Diisoamyl ketone Methyl n-nonyl ketone Umbellulic acid Undecylic acid CH3(CH2)UCO2H Ethyl pelargonate C8H17CO2C2H5 Methyl caprate C9H19CO2CH3 Diisoamyl carbonate w-Undecane CH3(CH2)9CH3

148.12 148.12 148.12 148.12 148.12 148.12 383.97 245.59 208.14 208.14 164.12 164.12 164.12 164.12 164.12 164.12 289.06 289.06 244.61 244.61 163.14 163.14 163.14 163.14 211.14 271.16 271.16 181.13 226.16 226.16 182.14 182.14 182.14 182.14 182.14 214.14 230.14 209.17 168.15 168.15 184.15 184.15 200.15 216.15 216.15 216.15 232.15 199.17 154.17 154.17 260.19 170.17 170.17 170.17 170.17 170.17 186.17 186.17 186.17 186.17 202.17 156.18

M. P.

53 <-20 <-20 <-20 125 258 34 93 125

B. P. 200 194 230 209 208.5 207

26110 255 267 216 213 225 216.2

d 0.879 0.885 0.8471,07'2

0.92819-3 0.920 0.954

147 185 127 196.7

1152

545 1333 1333

206 228 229 254.5 151 159 173

*h L No.

9811

0.92415 -5 0.928Ì6

0.884

1333 453

210 156 230 9811 10014 11714 13640

1.009 0.909 l .01715 0.922 0.999°

858 491

137.520

1.053

316

0.916 0.936 0.907 0.951^ 1.005$ 0.990 0.95S26

1011

961

87 238 9 24.5

165

212 195.3 217 295 236 d. 251.5 223 14025 282 >200 d. 188 193

0.763 0.774}*

282 314

341

263 -4 14.6 12.1 23 29.3 -44.5 -18 -26.5

11718 226.3 226 228 280 228160 219 224 228.7 197

0.861 0.82523 0.82620

342

0.826

312 1066

0.86617-5 0.91215 0.741

234

No.

Formula

Name

MoI. wt.

M. P.

4178.1 4179 4179.1 4180 4181 4182 4183 4184 4185 4185.1 4186 4187 4188 4189 4190 4191 4192 4193 4194 4195 4196 4197 4198 4199 4200 4201 4202 4203 4204 4205 4206 4207 4208 4209 4210 4211 4212 4213 4214 4215 4216 4217 4218

C n H 24 CnH 24 O CnH24O CnH 26 N Ci2H6N7Oi2 Ci2H6Oi2 Ci2H7N3O7 Ci2H8 Ci2H8AsN Ci2H8Br2 Ci2H8Cl2 Ci 2 H 8 N 2 Ci 2 H 8 N 2 Ci 2 H 8 N 2 Ci 2 H 8 N 2 Ci2H8N2O4 Ci 2 H 8 N 2 O 4 Ci 2 H 8 N 2 O 4 Ci 2 H 8 N 2 O 4 Ci2H8O Ci2H8O2 Ci2H8O4 Ci2H8O4 Ci2H8O4 Ci2H8O4 Ci2H8S2 Ci2H9AsClN Ci2H9Br Ci2H9Cl Ci2H9Cl Ci2H9Cl Ci2H9Cl Ci2H9ClN2 Ci2H9ClN2 C12H9I Ci2H9N Ci2H9NO2 Ci2H9NO2 Ci2H9NO2 Ci2H9NS Ci2H9N3O2 Ci2H9N3O5 Ci 2 Hi 0

e-Ethylnonane n-Undecyl alcohol CH 3 (CH 2 ) 9 CH 2 OH. . rc-Undecan-6-ol n-Undecylamine CH 3 (CH 2 ) 9 CH 2 NH 2 ... Dipicrylamine [2, 4, 6-(NO2)3C6H2]2NH Mellitic acid C 6 (CO 2 H) 6 Phenyl picrate Acenaphthylene Phenarsazine p, p'-Di-(bromophenyl) 1, 2-Dichloracenaphthene Phenanthroline Phenazine Phenazone Pseudophenanthroline Dinitroacenaphthene o, o'-Dinitrodiphenyl m, ra'-Dinitrodiphenyl p, p'-Dinitrodiphenyl Diphenylene oxide 2-Phenylbenzoquinone 1, 8-Naphthalic acid Bergaptene .. Paracotoin Xanthotoxin Thianthrene Phenarsazine chloride 3-Bromoacenaphthene 3-Chloroacenaphthene o-Chlorodiphenyl 0-ClC6H4C6H6 m-Chlorodiphenyl m-ClC6H4C6H6 p-Chlorodiphenyl P-ClC6H4C6H6 ra-Chloroazobenzene p-Chloroazobenzene P-ClC6H4NNC6H6. 3-Iodoacenaphthene Carbazole o-Nitrodiphenyl 0-NO2C6H4C6H6 m-Nitrodiphenyl W-NO2C6H4C6H5 p-Nitrodiphenyl P-NO2C6H4C6H6 Thiodiphenylamine. p-Nitroazobenzene 2, 4-Dinitro-4'-hydroxydiphenylamine.... Acenaphthene..

156.18 172.19 172.19 171.20 439.10 342.05 305.08 152.06 241.03 311.89 222.98 180.08 180.08 180.08 180.08 244.08 244.08 244.08 244.08 168.06 184.06 216.06 216.06 216.06 216.06 216.19 277.50 232.99 188.53 188.53 188.53 188.52 216.54 216.54 280.00 167.08 199.08 199.08 199.08 199.14 227.09 275.09 154.08

19 16 16.5 25Od. 286 153 93 310 164 115 78.5 171 156 173 206 d. 124 198 233 87 107 270 188 152 146 160 193 51.2 69.8 34 89 75.5 67.5 89 65 244.8 37 61 113 180 129.9 190 95

4219 4220 4221 4221.1 4222 4223 4224 4225 4226 4227 4228 4229 4230 4231 4232 4233 4234 4235 4236

Ci 2 Hi 0 Ci2Hi0AsCl Ci2Hi0As2 Ci2H10ClI Ci2Hi0Cl2N2 Ci2Hi0Cl2N2 Ci2H10N2 Ci2H10N2 C12H10N2O C12H10N2O C12H10N2O Ci2H10N2O C12H10N2O2 C12H10N2O2 C12H10N2O2 C12H10N2O2 C12H10N2O2 C12H10N2O2S Ci2Hi0N2O3

Diphenyl C6H5C6H6 Diphenyl arsine chloride Arsenobenzene C6H5AsAsC6H5 Diphenyliodonium chloride Dichlorobenzidine [2,4-Cl(NH 2 )C 6 H 3 I 2 . p, p-Dichlorbenzidine Aribine Azobenzene C6H5NNC6H5 Azoxybenzene . p-Hydroxyazobenzene AT-Nitrosodiphenylamine (C 6 H 6 ) 2 NNO.. p-Nitrosophenylaniline o, o'-Azophenol ra, ra'-Azophenol HOC6H4NNC6H4OH. p, p'-Azophenol o-Nitrodiphenylamine p-Nitrodiphenylamine Benzidinesulfone o, o'-Azoxyphenol

154.08 264.50 304.00 316.47 253.01 253. Ol 182.09 182.09 198.09 198.09 198.09 198.09 214.09 214.09 214.09 214.09 214.09 246.16 288.17

69.0 42.8 196 d. 230 163 60 237 67 36 152 66.5 143 172 205 215 75 133 >350 102

B. P. 7Ï" 14630 235754 234

d 19

0.751 0.833 0.833

275

R l

' ' No. "" 374

1192 1.897

>360 >360 >360

288

366 336.4 319 268

1.437f

282

18Od. 354.8 320

1.674f 1333

340 371 d.

277.5

1.024 9 9 2

254.9 327 d.

1.041 1.58340

1127, 1193 1105

1.67

297.4

1.203 1.246

1031

No. 4237 4238 4239 4240 4241 4242 4243 4244 4245 4246 4247 4248 4249 4250 4251 4252 4253 4254 4255 4256 4257 4258 4259 4260 4261 4262 4263 4264 4265 4266 4267 4268 4269 4270 4271 4272 4273 4274 4275 4276 4277 4278 4279 4280 4281 4282 4283 4284 4285 4286 4287 4288 4289 4290 4291 4292 4293 4294 4295 4296 4297 4297.1 4298

Formula Ci2H10N2O3 Ci2H10O C12H10O C12H10O C12H10O C12H10OS C12H10O2 C12H10O2 C12H10O2 C12H10O2 C12H10O2 C12H10O2 Ci2Hi0O2S Ci2Hi0O3S Ci2Hi0O4 Ci2Hi0O4 Ci2Hi0O4 Ci2Hi0O4 Ci2Hi0O4 Ci2Hi0O4S Ci2H10O6 C12H10O6S2 C12H10P2 C12H10S C12H10S2 C12H10Se C12H10Te Ci2H11As C12H11AsO2 C12H11N C12H11N C12H11N C12H11N C12H11N C12H11NO C12H11NO2S C12H11N3 C 12 HnN 3 C 12 HnN 3 Ci2H11N3O2 C12HnN3O2 C12H11P C12H12 Ci 2 Hi 2 Ci 2 Hi 2 Ci 2 Hi 2 Ci2Hi2 Ci2Hi2ClN Ci 2 Hi 2 N 2 Ci 2 H 12 N 2 Ci 2 H 12 N 2 C12H12N2 C12H12N2 C12H12N2O C12H12N2O3 C12H12N2O6S2 ) C12H12N4 C12H12N4 C 12 H 12 N 4 O 4 ) C12H12O Ci2Hi2O Ci2H12O C12H12O2

Name

MoI. wt.

M. P.

p, p'-Azoxyphenol o-Phenylphenol C6H5C6H4OH m-Phenylphenol C6H6C6H4OH p-Phenylphenol C6H5C6H4OH Phenyl ether C6H6OC6H5 Diphenyl sulfoxide (C6H6)2SO o, o'-Diphenol OHC6H4-C6H4OH o, p'-Diphenol OHC6H4.C6H4OH m, w'-Diphenol OHC6H4.C6H4OH P1 p'-Diphenol OHC6H4.C6H4OH a-Naphthyl acetate CH3CO2Ci0H7 0-Naphthyl acetate CH3CO2Ci0H7 Diphenyl sulfone (C6Hs)2SO2 Phenyl benzenesulfonate 2, 2'-Diresorcinol 4, 4'-Diresorcinol 5, 5'-Diresorcinol Piperic acid Quinhydrone 4, 4'-Dihydroxydiphenylsulfone Paracotoic acid Benzenesulfonic anhydride Phosphobenzene C6H6P.PC6H5 Diphenyl sulfide (C6H5)2S Diphenyl disillude (C6H5)A Diphenyl selenide (C6H5)2Se Diphenyl telluride (C6H5)2Te Diphenylarsine (C6H5)2AsH Diphenylarsonic acid (C 6 H 5 ) 2 AsOOH... o-Aminodiphenyl C6H5C6H4NH2 2-Benzylpyridine 3-Benzylpyridine 4-Benzylpyridine Diphenylamine (C 6 H 5 ) 2 NH m-Phenylaminophenol Benzenesulfanilide ra-Aminoazobenzene p-Aminoazobenzene C 6 H 6 N 2 C 6 H 4 NH 2 .. Diazoaminobenzene C 6 H 5 N 2 NHC 6 H 5 ... o-Nitrobenzidine ra-Nitrobenzidine Diphenylphosphine (C6H6)2PH 1, 4-Dimethylnaphthalene 2, 3-Dimethylnaphthalene 2, 6-Dimethylnaphthalene a-Ethylnaphthalene £-Ethylnaphthalene Diphenylamine hydrochloride. p-Aminodiphenylamine Benzidine (p-NH 2 C 6 H 4 ) 2 /3-Benzidine 1, 1-Diphenylhydrazine (C 6 H 6 ) 2 NNH 2 .. Hydrazobenzene C6H6NHNHC6H5 Harmalol Luminal (5,5-Phenylethy!barbituric acid) Benzene-o, o'-disulfonic acid Chrysoidine p, p'-Diaminoazobenzene Urocanic acid Ethyl a-naphthyl ether Ethyl /3-naphthyl ether Z-Methyl-a-naphthyl carbinol Benzylideneacetylacetone

288.17 170.08 170.08 170.08 170.08 202.14 186.08 186.08 186.08 186.08 186.08 186.08 218.14 234.14 218.08 218.08 218.08 218.08 218.08 250.14 234.08 298.21 216.13 186.14 218.21 233.28 281.58 230.05 262.05 169.09 169.09 169.09 169.09 169.09 185.09 233.16 197.11 197.11 197.11 229.11 229.11 186.11 156.09 156.09 156.09 156.09 156.09 205.56 184.11 184.11 184.11 184.11 184.11 200.11 232.11 344.24 212.12 212.12 276.12 172.09 172.09 172.09 188.09

156; 107 56 78 165 26.9 70.5 109 161 123.5 272 44.8 68.5 129 35 268 222 310 217 171 239 108 90 149 61

178 45.5 34 53 82 110 59 126 96 143 190 < -18 111 < -14 -19

B. P. 275 > 300 308 259 340 326 342

d

1.072

^lL No.

1019

377.8

22Od.

24010 d. 293 310 302 320 15537 299 276 286 287 302 340

1.1191J

948

l .35615 1.55615

800

1.159

1333 1183

>360 exp. 280 264.3 266

1.0716 1.016

258 d. 251

1.064^ 1.008°

900

1333 75 128.7 45 36 131 212 d. 173 > 175 d. 117.5 241 213 d. 5.5 37.5 47

354 401.7 363 22050 d.

1333 276.4 282 11611 18815

1.061 1.064 1.115

779 1071

No.

Formula

Name

4299 4300 4301 4302 4303 4304 4305 4306 4307 4308 4309 4310 4311 4312 4313 4314 4315 4316 4317 4318 4318.1 4319 4322 4323 4324 4325 4326 4327 4328 4329 4330 4330.1 4331 4332 4333 4334 4335 4336 4337 4338 4339 4340 4341 4342 4343 4344 4345 4345.1 4346 4347 4348 4349 4350 4351 4352 4353 4354 4355 4356 4357 4358 4359 4360

Ci2Hi2O2 C12Hi2O3 Ci2Hi2O6 Cj2Hi2O6 Ci2Hi2O6 Ci2Hi3N Ci2Hi3N Ci2Hi3N C12Hi3N Ci2Hi3N Ci2Hi3NO3 Ci 2 Hi 3 N 3 Ci2Hi4As2Cl2N2O2 C12Hi4IN Cj 2 Hi 4 N 2 O Ci 2 Hi 4 N 4 O 4 S 2 Ci 2 Hi 4 N 4 O 6 C12Hi4N4O8 Ci 2 Hi 4 O 2 Ci 2 Hi 4 O 3 Ci2Hi4O3 Ci2Hi4O3 Ci2Hi4O4 C12H14O4 C12Hi4O4 C12Hi6N C12H15N C12H16N C12Hi6NO Ci 2 Hi 6 NO Ci2Hi6NO2 C12Hi6NO3 Ci2Hi6NO3 Ci2Hi5NO3 Ci2Hi6NO3 Ci2Hi6NO4 Ci2H16N2O Ci2Hi6N2O4S Ci2Hi6O C12H16O C12H16O2 C12H16O2 C12H16O2 C12H16O2 C12Hi6O2 Ci2Hj6O2 Ci2Hi6O2 Ci2Hi6O2 Ci2Hi6O2 Ci2Hi6O3 C12H16O3 C12H16O3 C12H16O3 C12H16O3 C12H16O8 C12H16O3 C12H16O4 C12H16O6 C12H16O6 C12H16O7 C12H17AsN2O4 C12H17NO C12H17NO

Allyl cinnamate Benzoylacetylacetone Brasilie acid Phloroglucinol triacetate Pyrogallol triacetate Dimethyl-a-naphthylamine Dimethyl-/3-naphthylamine Ethyl a-naphthylamine Ethyl £-naphthylamine 2, 6, 8-Trimethylquinoline Pyrantin p, p'-Diaminodiphenylamine Arsphenamine Quinaldine ethiodide p-Tolylantipyrine Benzidine-o, o'-disulfoneamide Desoxyamalic acid Amalic acid (Tetramethylalloxantine)... . n-Propyl cinnamate Eugenol acetate Ethyl p-methoxycinnamate Isoeugenol acetate Apiol Isoapiol Diethyl o-phthalate 0-C6H4(CO2C2H5)2. Carbazoline Diallylaniline C 6 H 5 N(CH 2 CH:CH 2 ) 2 . . . Julolidine Benzoylpiperidine Naphthalanmorpholine Dipropionanilide C6H5N (OCC2H5)2 Ethyl phenaceturate Anhalonidine Anhalonine Hydro co tarnine Cotarnine Methylcytisine (Caulophylline) Aniline sulfate (C6H5NH2)2H2SO4 Isoamyl phenyl ketone Isobutyl benzyl ketone Eugenol ethyl ether Isoeugenol ethyl ether Pentamethylbenzoic acid Amyl benzoate C6H6CO2C5H11 Benzyl isovalerate Benzyl d-valerate Isoamyl benzoate Isopropyl hydro cinnamate Thymyl acetate n-Amyl salicylate 0-HOC6H4CO2C5H11. Butyl anisate P-CH3OC6H4CO2C4H9.... Isoamyl salicylate Isobutyl anisate Guaiacyl valerate C 4 H 9 CO 2 C 6 H 4 OMe.. Asaron Elemicin Aspidinol Diethyl succinylsuccinate d, 0-Phenylglucoside Arbutin Aniline arsenate (C6H6NH2)2H3AsO4. .. N-n-Butylacetanilide Caproanilide CH3(CH2)4CONHC6H5. . .

MoL wt. 188.09 204.09 252.09 252.09 252.09 171.11 171.11 171.11 171.11 171.11 219.11 199.12 438.96 299.05 202.12 342.27 310.14 342.14 190.11 206.11 206.11 206.11 222.11 222.11 222.11 173.12 173.12 173.12 189.12 189.12 205.12 221.12 221.12 221.12 221.12 237.12 204.14 284.20 176.12 176.12 192.12 192.12 192.12 192.12 192.12 192.12' 192.12 192.12 192.12 208.12 208.12 208.12 208.12 208.12 208.12 208.12 224.12 256.12 256.12 272.12 328.11 191.14 191.14

M. P.

B. P.

35 129 106 165 46

46 155 158 160 d. 234 137 278 260 s. d. 221 d. 31 52 80 29.5 56

286 d. 16722

1.05211 1.152}*

276 305 17615 18315 261.4

1.045}^ 1.02Sf'2 1.060 1.057

285.1 282.4

1.044° 1.084

283 294 304 296.1 297 245 280 18417 312 179.530

99 40 48 63 44 79 160 85.5 55 133 137

d

1.015 1.19712 1.122

^L' No.

810 1081 871 969

665 1232 1310 817 607

0.954

1280

100 d. 1.3774 242.5 250.5 254

0.969J 1.0219-5

808

0.989

566

0.982 22 0.993 0.98625 1.009° 1.06515 1.054 1.0452J 1.052

558

634

1.165 1.063

1333 694

64 210.5 d. 13625 250730 262 12611 243 265 18340 273 17046 265 296 14710

67 161 128 175 195 140

1333 276.5

95

635

I

No.

Formula

Name

MoI. wt.

M. P. 124 38

4361 4362 4363 4364 4365 4365.1 4366 4367 4367.1 4367.2 4367.3 4367.4 4367.5 4367.6 4367.7 4367.8 4367.9 4368 4368.1 4368.2 4368.3

Ci 2 H n NO Ci2HnNO2 Ci 2 H n NO 2 Ci2HnN6O9 Ci2Hi8 Ci 2 Hi 8 Ci 2 Hi 8 Ci2Hi8 Ci 2 Hi 8 N 2 O 4 Ci2Hi8N2O5 Ci2Hi8N2O5 Ci2Hi8N4O Ci2Hi8N4O2 Ci2Hi8O Ci2Hi8O Ci2Hi8O Ci2Hi8O3 Ci2Hi8O3 Ci2Hi8O4 Ci2Hi8O6 Ci2Hi8O6

C-Diethylacetanilide Ethyl-N-phenacetine Ethyl-o-tolylurethane Lysine picrate Hexamethylbenzene l-Methyl-3-tert.-amylbenzene 1, 2, 4-Triethylbenzene 1, 3, 5-Triethylbenzene Rhamnose phenylhydrazone d, a-Glucosephenylhydrazone d, /3-Glucosephenylhydrazone Phenylhydrazine hydrate Hexamethylenetetramineresorcinol Benzyl isoamyl ether Thymyl ethyl ether Mellithyl alcohol (CHs)5C6CH2OH Phloroglucinol triethyl ether Pyrogallol triethyl ether Cascarillin Trimeric diacetyl Diethyl 1, l'-diacetylsuccinate

191.14 207.14 207.14 375.17 162.14 162.14 162.14 162.14 254.16 270.16 270.16 234.17 250.17 178.14 178.14 178.14 210.14 210.14 226.14 258.14 258.14

4368.4 4368.41 4368.5 4368.6 4368.7 4368.8 4368.9 4369 4369.1

Ci2Hi8O6 C12Hi8O8 Ci2H19Br3O2 Ci2Hi9ClO2 Ci2Hi9Cl3O2 Ci2Hi9N Cj2H20N2O3 Ci2H20N2O3 Ci2H20N4O?

258.14 290.14 434.89 230.60 301.52 177.15 240.17 270.17

4369.2 4370 4371 4372 4373 4374 4375 4375.1 4376 4377 4378 4379 4380 4381 4382 4383 4384 4385 4386 4387 4388 4389 4390 4391 4392 4393 4393.1 4394 4395 4396 4397

Ci2H20O Ci2H20O Ci2H20O2 Ci2H20O2 Ci2H20O2 Ci2H20O2 C12H20O2 C12H20O2 Ci2H20O2 C12H20O2 C12H20O2 C12H20O2 C12H20O6 C12H20O7 C12H20O10 C12H21ClO2 C12H21N3 C12H22O C12H22O C12H22O2 C12H22O2 C12H22O3 C12H22O3 C12H22O4 C12H22O6 C12H22O6 C12H22O6 C12H22Ou C12H22On(H2O) C12H22On Ci2H22On

Triethyl aconitate Diethyl diacetyltartrate Bromal d-borneolate d-Bornyl chloroacetate Chloral-d-borneolate n-Dipropylaniline C 6 H 5 N(C 3 Hr) 2 Isoamylisopropylbarbituric acid Isoamylpropylbarbituric acid Hexamethylenetetraminemethylene citrate Ballanophorin Homophorone Geranylacetic acid dl-Bornyl acetate d-Bornyl acetate. Geranyl acetate Isobornyl acetate Isopulegyl acetate Z-Linalyl acetate Neryl acetate dl, a-Terpinyl acetate d (I), a-Terpinyl acetate Diethyl l-ethyl-l'-acetylsuccinate Triethyl citrate Maltosan Z-Menthyl chloroacetate Kyanpropine Ethyl d-bornyl ether Hexenyl ether. d-Citronellyl acetate Z-Menthyl acetate (HOCHCO 2 C 4 H 9 ) 2 ... Lanolic acid Z-Menthyl glycollate Diisoamyl oxalate , Di-n-butyl d-tartrate Diisobutyl d-tartrate Diisobutyl Z-tartrate Lactose Maltose Saccharose Trehalose (2H2O)

332.19 180.15 180.15 196.15 196.15 196.15 196.15 196.15 196.15 196.15 196.15 196.15 196.15 244.15 276.15 324.15 232.62 207.19 182.17 182.17 198.17 198.17 214.17 214.17 230.17 262.17 262.17 262.17 342.17 360.19 342.17 342.17

252 d. 166

B. P.

d

^l L No.

298 255 265 208 218 218

0.8673 0.882 0.863

237.5 226.9

0.933J

583 565

159 160 141 24 200 d. 160.5 43 39 205 105 88 68 109

17524 280.1 253250 17015 14730

1.209 (st.) 1196, 1.176 (met.) 1201 1.106 454 1.10971 1.868°

56 241

0.910

210625 17919 11422 226 242 899 10314 220 13425 220 d. 14040 263 294

0.886 0.938 0.985 0.99115 0.91715 0.981 0.93518 0.895 0.91615 0.957 0.983? 1.064}?.6 1.137

13712

1.056

205 118 12115 227

0.901

1023

0.903}5 0.919

402 418

175 132 175 56

29

< -50

150 (?) 38 116

77 87 22.5 69 74 201.6 186 210

265 20318 325 18521 d.

530 516 483 994 493 1010 934 414

409

0.96811 1.09815 1.02979 1.525 1.540 1.588Ì5

1229 1333 1242 1195

No. 4398 4399 4400 4401 4402 4403 4404 4405 4406 4407 4408 4409 4410 4411 4412 4413 4414 4415 4416 4417 4418 4419 4420 4421 4422 4423 4424 4425 4426 4427 4428 4429 4430 4431 4432 4433 4434 4435 4436 4437 4438 4439 4440 4441 4442 4443 4444 4445 4446 4447 4448 4449 4450 4451 4452 4453 4454 4455 4456 4457 4458 4459 4460

Formula

Name

Ci2H23ClO Lauryl chloride CH3(CH2)I0COCl Ci 2 H 23 N Lauronitrile CH3(CH2)i0CN Ci2H24 rc-Dodecylene CH2:CH(CH2)9CH3 Ci 2H24N2Oi0 d-Glucosealdazine Ci2H24O rc-Amyl hexyl ketone C 6 HnCOC 6 H 13 ... Ci2H24O Ethylmenthol Ci2H24O Z-Ethyl menthyl ether Ci2H24O Laurie aldehyde CH3(CH2)I0CHO Ci2H24O2 Laurie acid CH3(CH2)I0CO2H Ci2H24O2 n-Decyl acetate CH3CO2Ci0H21 Ci2H24O2 Ethyl w-caprate C9Hj9CO2C2H5 Ci2H24O3 n-Parabutyraldehyde Ci2H25NO Lauramide CH3(CH2)I0CONH2 Ci 2 H 26 rc-Dodecane CH3(CH2) 10CH3. .. Ci2H26 5-Propylnonane (C4H9) ,CHC3H7 Ci2H26 2, 4, 5, 7-Tetramethy!octane. Ci2H26O n-Amylhexyl carbinol Ci2H26O n-Dodecyl alcohol CH3(CH2)I0CH2OH . Ci2H26O n-Hexyl ether (C6Hi3)20 Ci 2 H 27 N Dodecylamine Ci 2 H 25 NH 2 Ci 2 H 27 N Tri-n-butylamine (C4Hg)3N Ci2H27N Triisobutylamine [(CH3)2CHCH2]3N... . Ci2H28N2O4 Ethylenediamine isovalerate Ci3H7Br3O3 Tribromosalol Ci3H8Cl2O p, p'-Dichlorobenzophenone Ci3H8N2O5 p, p'-Dinitrobenzophenone Ci3H8N6O9 o, o', p, p'-Tetranitrodiphenylurea Ci3H8O Fluorenone Ci3H8O Pyrene ketone Ci3H8O2 Xanthone Ci8H8O3S Benzophenonesulfone Ci3H8O4 Euxanthone Ci3H9BrO2 p-(p-Bromophenyl) benzoic acid Ci3H9ClO o-Chlorobenzophenone Ci3H9ClO ra-Chlorobenzophenone Ci3H9ClO p-Chlorobenzophenone Ci3H9N Acridine Ci3H9N a-Naphthoquinoline Ci3H9N /3-Naphthoquinoline Ci3H9N Phenanthradine Ci3H9NO 9-Acridone Ci3Hi0 Fluorene Ci3Hi0AsN Diphenylcyanoarsine (C6Hs)2AsCN Ci3Hi0Cl2 Benzophenone chloride.. Ci3Hi0Cl2 m, ra'-Dichlorodiphenylmethane Ci3Hi0Cl2 p, p'-Dichlorodiphenylmethane Ci3Hi0N2O3 Benzeneazosalicylic acid Ci3Hi0O p-Diphenylaldehyde P-C6H5C6H4CHO.. Ci3Hi0O Fluorenol Ci3Hi0O a-Benzophenone (C6H5)2CO Ci3Hi0O /3-Benzophenone Ci3Hi0O T-Benzophenone Ci3Hi0O 5-Benzophenone Ci3Hi0O Xanthene Ci3Hi0O2 o-Hydroxybenzophenone Ci3Hi0O2 ra-Hydroxybenzophenone Ci3Hi0O2 p-Hydroxybenzophenone Ci3Hi0O2 o-Phenylbenzoic acid Ci3Hi0O2 m-Phenylbenzoic acid Ci3Hi0O2 p-Phenylbenzoic acid Ci3H10O2 Phenyl benzoate C6H5CO2C6H5 C13Hi0O3 2, 5-Dihydroxybenzophenone Ci3Hi0O3 2, 2'-Dihydroxybenzophenone

MoL wt.

M. P.

218.64 181.19 168.19 356.20 184.19 184.19 184.19 184.19 200.19 200.19 200.19 216.19 199.20 170.20 170.20 170.20 186.20 186.20 186.20 185.22 185.22 185.22 264.23 450.80 250.98 272.08 392.11 180.06 180.06 196.06 244.13 228.06 276.99 216.53 216.53 216.53 179.08 179.08 179.08 179.08 195.08 166.08 255.05 236.99 236.99 236.99 242.09 182.08 182.08 182.08 182.08 182.08 182.08 182.08 198.08 198.08 198.08 198.08 198.08 198.08 198.08 214.08 214.08

-17 4 -31.5 100 9

^

44.5 48.0

102 -12 30 24 28 -21.8 129 195 145 190 189 84 142 174 187 240 194 45.5 83 78 108 52 93 104 354 116 30 8 55 218 d. 60 156 48.5 26.5 45-48 -51 100.5 41 116 134 111 161 219 70 122 59

B. P. 14518 198100 9615 1129 854 212.9 185100 225100 191.5 245 10035 20012 5 216 205 210 1199 259 208.8 13515 214 191.5

d

?1L No.

0.82715 0.762}5 0.90417 0.854 0.883

918 1123 1082

0.862 0.768 0.756

255 268

0.831 0.778222 0.766^

294

341.5 351

330 > 300 346 351 351 360 295 305 318 21015

1.23518-5 1.234^1

305.4 306

1.083535 1.10823

315 250530 344 314 340

1.23531

1014

T> T No. 4461 4462 4463 4464 4465 4466 4467 4468 4469 4470 4471 4472 4473 4474 4475 4476 4477 4478 4479 4480 4481 4482 4483 4484 4485 4486 4487 4488 4489 4490 4491 4492 4493 4494 4495 4496 4497 4498 4499 4500 4501 4502 4503 4504 4505 4506 4507 4508 4509 4512 4513 4514 4515 4517 4518 4519 4520 4521 4522 4523 4524

Formula Ci3Hi0O3 Ci3Hi0O3 Ci3Hi0O3 Ci3Hi0O3 Ci3Hi0O3 Ci3H10O3 Ci3Hi0O3 Ci3Hi0O4 Ci3Hi0O6 Ci3H10O6 Ci3Hi0O8 Ci3Hi0S Ci3H11N C13H11N C13H11NO C13H11NO C13H11NO C13H11NO C13H11NO C13H11NO C13H11NO2 C13H11NO2 C13H11NO2 C13H11NO2 C13H11NO2 C13H11NO3 C13H11NO4 Ci 3 H n N 3 Ci3HnO5 C13H12 Ci3H12 C13H12 C13H12 C13H12N2 C13H12N2O C13H12N2O Ci3Hi2N2O Ci3H12N2O C13H12N2O C13H12N2O C13Hi2N2O C13Hi2N2O CnH12N2O2 C13H12N2S C13H12O C13H12O C13H12O Ci3H12O Ci3Hi2O3S C13H13N C13H13N C13H13NO C13H13NO C13H13NO2S C13H13N3 C13H14N2 C13H14N2 C13H14N2 C13H14N2 C13H14N2 IC 13 Hi 4 N 2 O

Name 2, 3'-Dihydroxybenzophenone 2, 4/-Dihydroxybenzophenone 3, 4'-Dihydroxybenzophenone 4, 4'-Dihydroxybenzophenone o-Phenoxybenzoic acid Diphenyl carbonate (C6H5O)2CO Salol 0-HOC6H4CO2C6H5 2, 6, 2'-Trihydroxybenzophenone Pimpinellin Maclurin Sordidin Thiobenzophenone (C6H5) 2CS Benzylideneaniline C 6 H 5 NiCHC 6 H 5 .... 5, 10-Dihydroacridine o-Aminobenzophenone ra-Aminobenzophenone p-Aminobenzophenone Benzanilide C6H5NHCOC6H5 Benzophenoneoxime (C 6 H 5 ) 2 C:NOH.... A^Phenylformanilide (C 6 H 5 ) 2 NOCH.... o-Benzoylaminophenol m-Benzoylaminophenol p-Benzoylaminophenol p-Nitrodiphenylmethane Salicylanilide 0-OHC6H4CONHC6H5.... p-Aminosalol Gallanilide. 2, 8-Diaminoacridine Gelsemic acid Diphenylmethane (C6H5)2CH2 o-Phenyltoluene CH3C6H4C6H6 m-Phenyltoluene CH3C8H4C6H5 p-Phenyltoluene CH3C6H4C6H6 Benzaldehyde phenylhydrazone 1-Benzoyl-l-phenylhydrazine l-Benzoyl-2-phenylhydrazine o, o'-Diaminobenzophenone m, m'-Diaminobenzophenone p, p'-Diaminobenzophenone 1, 2-Diphenylurea CO(NHC6H6)2 1, 1-Diphenylurea (C6H5)2NCONH2.. .. Harmine o-Nitrobenzylaniline 1, 2-Diphenylthiourea o-Benzylphenol C6H6CH2C6H4OH p-Benzylphenol C6H6CH2C6H4OH Diphenyl carbinol (C6H5)2CHOH Benzyl phenyl ether C 6 H 5 OCH 2 C 6 H 5 ... Phenyl-p-toluenesulfonate Benzylaniline C6H5NHCH2C6H5 AT-Methyldiphenylamine (C6H5)2NCH3. m-(o-Tolylamino) phenol p-(ra-Tolylamino) phenol Toluene-p-sulfoneanilide Diphenylguanidine Oj p'-Diaminodiphenylmethane m, w'-Diaminodiphenylmethane m, p'-Diaminodiphenylmethane PJ p'-Diaminodiphenylmethane l-Phenyl-2-benzylhydrazine Harmaline

Mol. wt.

M. P.

214.08 214.08 214.08 214.08 214.08 214.08 214.08 230.08 246.08 262.08 294.08 198.14 181.09 181.09 197.09 197.09 197.09 197.09 197.09 197.09 213.09 213.09 213.09 213.09 213.09 229.09 245.09 209.11 247.09 168.09 168.09 168.09 168.09 196.11 212.11 212.11 212.11 212.11 212.11 212.11 212.11 212.11 228.11 228.17 184.09 184.09 184.09 184.09 248.16 183.11 183.11 199.11 199.11 247.17 211.12 198.12 198.12 198.12 198.12 198.12 214.12

126 144 197 210 114.5 81 43 133 119 22Od. 210 146.5 54 169 108 86 124 161 142 74 167 d. 174 227 31 135 152 205 284 206 27 -3 156 70 168 135 174 237 235 189 257 d. 44; 57 154 21 84 68 39 96 37 -7.6 91 103 148 88 48 90 89 26 238

B. P.

355 d. 302 173**

d

' ' No.

1.250

300

1.321* 220

1.230

262 260 277 267

1.006

1030

1.031° l .01527

260

1329

d.

1.3214

312 322 298.5 287 300 293.4 375 350

1.038J* 1.047^

No. 4525

Formula

Name

4557 4558 4559 4560

Analgen (5-Acetylamino-8-ethoxyquinoline) Ci3Hi4N4S 1, 2-Di(p-aminophenyl) thiourea Ci3Hi4O2 Isobutyl phenylpropiolate Ci3Hi4O4 Drimine Ci3Hi5Cl3N2O3 Chloralantipyrine Ci3Hi6N 2, 5, 6, 8-Tetramethylquinoline Ci3Hi6IN 2, 4-Dimethylquinoline ethiodide Ci3H16N2O 4-Ethyl antipyrine Ci3H16N2O l-Phenyl-2-propyl-3-methylpyrazolone... Ci3Hi6O Benzalpinacoline Ci3Hi6O3 Ethyl benzylacetoacetate C13H16O3 Isoeugenol propionate C13H16O4 Ethyl phenylmalonate C13H16O7 Z-Helicin C13H16O7 Salinigrin C13H17NO4 Thermodin Ci3H17N3O Pyramidon C13H18BrNO2 Phenoval C13H18N2O Eseroline . C13H18N4O6S Hexamethylenetetramine salicylsulfonic acid (Hexal) C13H18O Phenyl hexyl ketone C6H5COC6H13 C13H18O2 Eugenol propyl ether C13H18O2 Phenyl heptylate C6H13CO2C6H5 Ci3Hi8O3 Isoamyl anisate Ci3Hi8O7 Methylarbutin Ci3Hi8O7 Salicin..... Ci3Hi8O8 Calmatambetin Ci3Hi9NO Heptanilide CH 3 (CH 2 ) 5 CONHC 6 H 5 .... Ci3Hi9NO2 Benzalaminoacetal Ci3Hi9NO2 Dioscorine Ci3H19NO3 Pellotine C13H19NO9 Gynocardine C13H19O8 Aucubine C13H20ClNO2 Dioscorine hydrochloride C13H20ClNO3 Gujasanol (Diethylaminoacetic acid guaiacol hydrochloride) C13H20N2O2 Novocaine C13H20N2O2(2H2O) Novocaine C13H20O a-Ionone C13H20O 0-Ionone

4561 4562 4563 4564 4565 4566 4567 4568 4569 4570 4571 4572 4573 4574 4575 4576 4577 4578 4579 4580

C13H20O C13H20O C13H20O C13H20O2 C13H21ClN2O2 C13H21ClN2O2 C13H21N C13H21NO4 C13H22BrNO4 C13H22N2O3 Ci3H22O Ci3H22O2 Ci3H22O3 C13H22O7 Ci3H24NO2 Ci2H24O Ci3H24O Ci3H24O2 Ci3H24O3 Ci3H24O4

4526 4526.1 4527 4528 4529 4530 4530.1 4530.2 4530.3 4531 4532 4533 4534 4535 4536 4537 4538 4539 , 4541 4542 4543 4544 4545 4546 4547 4548 4549 4550 4551 4552 4553 4554 4555 4556

MoL wt.

M. P.

230.12 258.21 202.11 234.11 353.51 185.12 313.06 216.14 216.14 188.12 220.12 220.12 236.12 284.12 284.12 251.14 231.16 300.06 218.16

155 195

B. P.

d

^L No.

Ci3Hi4N2O2

Irone Lactucol Pseudoionone Galbanic acid Novocaine hydrochloride Procaine ^-Ethyl-isoamylaniline Meteloidine Meteloidine hydrobromide Ethylheptylbarbituric acid Zeorin d-Bornyl propionate Z-Menthyl pyruvate Taxicatin Cuscohygrine Allyl Z-menthyl ether Geranylacetone Z-Menthyl propionate Z-Menthyl dZ-lactate Brassylic acid

358.24 190.14 206.14 206.14 222.14 286.14 286.14 302.14 205.15 221.15 221.15 237.15 333.15 303.15 257.62 273.62 236.17 272.19 192.15 192.15

192.15 192.15 192.15 208.15 272.64 272.64 191.17 255.17 336.09 254.19 194.17 210.27 226.17 290.17 226.19 196.19 196.19 212.19 228.19 | 244.19

256 68 20 225 68 93 39.5

17612

1.15825

300

29Od. 292 285 d.

0.93960 1.036}6 1.095^

175 195 88 108 150 127 190 d. 17

175 201.5 148 71

1237 1262 1048

1333

271.5 270.5 282.3 18830

1.002 0.982JJ 1.040

240

1.43426

638

220160 43.5 111 162 181 204 184 60 51

160

1333

147.528 14018

0.930 0.944

14416

0.939

988 667, 951 605

1702«

0.897

1001

0.97915 0.985

857

156 156 155 262 141 250 119 251 171

32 114

HO11 14022 17023 10413 13919 11815 14215

0.876 0.918 0.984

No.

Formula

4580.1 4581 4582 4583 4584 4585 4586 4587 4588 4589 4590 4591 4592 4593 4594 4595 4596 4597 4598 4599 4600 4601 4602 4603 4604 4605 4606 4607 4608 4609 4610 4611 4612 4613 4614 4615 4616 4617 4618 4619 4620 4621 4622 4623 4624 4625 4626 4627 4628 4629 4630 4631 4632

C13H24O4 Ci3H26 Ci3H26O2 Ci3H26O2 Ci3H26O2 Ci3H28 Ci3H28 C13H28 Ci3H28O C13H28O Ci3H29N Ci4H2Cl8 Ci4H3Cl7 Ci4H4Cl4O2 Ci4H4Cl4O2 C14H4Cl6 C14H6Cl2O2 C14H6Cl2O2 C14H6Cl2O2 C14H6Cl2O2 C14H6Cl2O2 C14H6Cl2O2 C14H6Cl2O2 C14H6Cl2O2 C14H6Cl2O2 C14H6Cl4 C14H6Cl4 C14H6Cl4 C14H6N2O6 C14H6O8 C14H7ClO2 Ci4H7ClO2 C14H7ClO2 Ci4H7NO4 Ci4H7NO4 Ci 4 H 7 NO 6 C14H7NO6 C14H8Br2 C14H8Cl2 Ci4H8Cl2 Ci4H8O2 Ci4H8O2 C14H8O2 C14H8O2 Ci4H8O8 Ci4H8O8 C14H8O4 Ci4H8O4 Ci4H8O4 Ci4H8O4 Ci4H8O4 Ci4H8O4 C14H8O4

4633 4634 4635 4636 4637 4638 4639 4640 4641

C14H8O4 C14H8O4 C14H8O6 C14H8O6 Ci4H8O6 C14H8O6 C14H8O6 C14H9Cl C14H9Cl

Name

MoI. wt.

Di-Z-amyl malonate Tridecylene Tridecylic acid CH 3 (CH 2 )UCO 2 H...... Isoamyl caprylate Methyl laurate CnH23CO2CH3 Dipropylhexylmethane (C3H7)2CHC6Hi3 Tributylmethane (C4Ho)3CH n-Trideeane CH3(CH2)nCH3. Di-n-hexylcarbinol (C6H13)2CHOH n-Tridecyl alcohol CH 3 (CH 2 ) U CH 2 OH. Tridecylamine CH 3 (CH 2 )UCH 2 NH 2 .... Octachloroanthracene Heptachloroanthracene 1, 2, 3, 4-Tetrachloroanthraquinone /3-Tetrachloroanthraquinone. Hexachloroanthracene a-1, 2-Dichloroanthraquinone /3-1, 2-Dichloroanthraquinone 1, 4-Dichloroanthraquinone 1, 5-Dichloroanthraquinone . 1, 6-Dichloroanthraquinone . 1, 8-Dichloroanthraquinone 2, 3-Dichloroanthraquinone 2, 6-Dichloroanthraquinone 2, 7-Dichloroanthraquinone 1, 2, 3, 4-Tetrachloroanthracene a-Tetrachloroanthracene /3-Tetrachloroanthracene 1, 3-Dinitroanthraquinone Ellagic acid 1-Chloroanthraquinone 2-Chloroanthraquinone 3-Chloroanthraquinone 1-Nitroanthraquinone 2-Nitroanthraquinone 4-Nitro-a-alizarin 3-Nitro-/3-alizarin 9, 10-Dibromoanthracene 1, 2-Dichloroanthracene 9, 10-Dichloroanthracene Anthraquinone C6H4:(CO)2:C6H4 Isoanthraquinone Phenanthraquinone 3, 4-Phenanthraquinone 2-Hydroxyanthraquinone Diphenic anhydride, Alizarin Anthraflavic acid Anthrarufin 1, 6-Dihydroxyanthraquinone 1, 7-Dihydroxyanthraquinone Chrysazin Hystazarin (2, 3-Dihydroxyanthraquinone) Quinizarin Xanthopurpurin Anthragallol Anthrapurpurin Flavopurpurin Purpurin 1, 4, 6-Trihydroxyanthraquinone 1-Chloroanthracene 9-Chloroanthracene

244.19 182.20 214.20 214.20 214.20 184.22 184.22 184.22 200.22 200.22 199.23 453.68 419.23 345.86 345,86 384.78 276.96 276.96 276.96 276.96 276.96 276.96 276.96 276.96 276.96 315.88 315.88 315.88 298.06 302,05 242.51 242.51 242.51 253.06 253.06 285.06 285.06 335.89 246.98 246.98 208.06 208.06 208.06 208.06 224.06 224.06 240.06 240.06 240.06 240.06 240.06 240.06 240.06 240.06 240.06 256.06 256.06 256.06 256.06 256.06 212.53 212.53

M. P.

51 5 -6.2 42 30.5 27 >350 >350 191 330 330 161 207 187.5 232 204 199 267 282 211 149 220 152 240

B. P. 15413 232.7 236100 13610 14818 221.2 234 15615 265

^C L

d

JNo.

0.96225 0.845°

0.765}4 0.760 0.757

4

299 300 908

1.17I99-6

1140

0.822J1

1.667« 162 208 204 230 181 289 244 • 221 255 209 285 212 207 133 302 219 290 330 280 272 292 191 >280 195 263 310 330 >360 256 >300 82 103

379.8

1.438

360

1.405

430

s. 290 462 459

No. 4642 . 4643 4644 4645 4646 4647 4648 4649 4650 4651 4652 4653 4654 4655 4656 4656.1 4657 4658 4659 4660 4661 4662 4663 4664 4665 4666 4667 4668 4669 4670 4671 4672 4673 4674 4675 4676 4677 4678 4679 4680 4681 4682 4683 4684 4685 4686 4687 4688 4689 4690 4691 4692 4693 4694 4695 4696 4697 4698 4699 4700 4701 4702 4703

Formula Ci4H9NO2 Ci4H9NO2 Ci4H9NO^ Ci4H9NO2 Ci4H9NO2 Ci4H9NO2 Ci4H9NO2 Ci4H10 Ci4Hi0 Ci4Hi0 Ci4Hi0 Ci4Hi0Cl2 Ci4Hi0Cl2 Ci4H10Cl2 Ci4Hi0Cl4 C14H10N2O2 C14H10N2O2 C14H10N2O2 C14H10N2O3 C14H10N2O4 C14H10N2O4 C14H10N2O4 C14H10N2O4 C14H10N2O5 Ci 4 Hi 0 N 2 O 5 Ci4Hi0N2O5 Ci4Hi0O Ci4Hi0O Ci4Hi0O Ci4Hi0O Ci4Hi0O Ci4H10O2 C14H10O2 C14H10O2 C14H10O2 C14H10O3 C14H10O3 C14H10O3 C14H10O3 C14Hi0O3 Ci4Hi0O3 Ci4Hi0O4 Ci4Hi0O4 C14H10O4 Ci4H10O4 C14H10O4 C14H10O4 C14H10O4 C14H10O4S2 C14H10O5 C14H10O5 C14H10O5 C14H10O6 C14H10O9 C14H11N C14H11N C14H11N C14H11N C 14 HnN C14H11N C14H11N C14H11N C 14 HnN

Name 1-Aminoanthraquinone 2-Aminoanthraquinone 9-Nitroanthracene 2-Nitrophenanthrene 3-Nitrophenanthrene 4-Nitrophenanthrene 9-Nitrophenanthrene Anthracene C 6 H 4 :(CH) 2 :C 6 H 4 Diphenylacetylene C6H5CCiC6H5 Isoanthracene Phenanthrene Dichlorostilbene a-Tolane dichloride /3-Tolane dichloride Tolane tetrachloride Phthalylphenylhydrazine a-Diaminoanthraquinone ß-Diaminoanthraquinone p, p'-Azoxybenzaldehyde o, o'-Azobenzoic acid m, ra'-Azobenzoic acid a-p, p'-Dinitrostilbene ß-p, p'-Dinitrostilbene o, o'-Azoxybenzoic acid m, m'-Azoxybenzoic acid p, p'-Azoxybenzoic acid Anthranol 1-Anthrol (1-Hydroxyanthracene) 2-Anthrol Diphenylketene (C6H5)2C:CO -... Phenanthrone Benzil C6H5COCOC6H5 Chrysazol Flavene 3, 4-Dihydroxyphenanthrene Benzoic anhydride (C6H5CO)20 o-Benzoylbenzoic acid ra-Benzoylbenzoic acid p-Benzoylbenzoie acid Desoxyalizarin Disalicylic aldehyde Benzoylsalicylic acid 1, 8-Diphenic acid 1, 9-Diphenic acid 1, 10-Diphenic acid 2, 9-Diphenic acid Diphenyl oxalate (CO2C6H5)2 Benzoyl peroxide (C 6 H 5 CO 2 ) 2 . Dithiosalicylic acid Gentianin Gentienin Salicylosalicylic acid Aponic acid Tannin a-Anthramine C 6 H 4 :(CH) 2 :C 6 H 3 NH 2 .. . /3-Anthramine C 6 H 4 :(CH) 2 :C 6 H 3 NH 2 .. . o-Benzylbenzonitrile 1-Methylacridine. 3-Methylacridine 5-Methylacridine a-Naphthoquinaldine ß-Naphthoquinaldine 7-Naphthoquinaldine

MoI. wt.

M. P.

223.08 223.08 223.08 223.08 223.08 223.08 223.08 178.08 178.08 178.08 178.08 248.99 248.99 248.99 319.91 238.09 238.09 238.09 254.09 270.09 270.09 270.09 270.09 286.09 286.09 286.09 194.08 194.08 194.08 194.08 194.08 210.08 210.08 210.08 210.08 226.08 226.08 226.08 226.08 226.08 226.08 242.08 242.08 242.08 242.08 242.08 242.08 242.08 306.21 258.08 258.08 258.08 274.08 322.08 193.09 193.09 193.09 193.09 193.09 193.09 193.09 193.09 193.09

256 302 146 99 170 80 116 218 60 134.5 99.6 170 143 63 163 179 236 >300 194 237 340 285 216 240 320 240 d. 17Od. 153 200 d. 152 95.2 22Od. 270 143 43 127 162 194 208 128 207 252 216 228 340 136 d. 104 290 267 225 148 252 d. 20Od. 130 238 19 88 134 114 82 92

B. P.

d

342 300

1.25J7

340.2

1.025

"?;L No.

1158

18318 17818 1.356

14612

1.104

348

1.521Ì3'3

360

1.199Ì5

325 s. d. d. 400

314 360740 > 300 > 300

1186

1235

No. __ 4704 4705 4706 4707 4708 4709 4710 4711 4712 4713 4714 4715 4716 4717 4718 4719 4722 4723 4724 4725 4726 4727 4728 4729 4730 4731 4732 4733 4734 4735 4736 4737 4738 4739 4740 4741 4742 4743 4744 4745 4746 4747 4748 4749 4750 4751 4752 4753 4754 4755 4756 4757 4758 4759 4760 4761 4762 4763 4764 4765 4766 4767 4768

.

Formula

Ci 4 HnNO 2 Ci 4 HnNO 3 Ci4HnNO4 Ci4Hi2 C14Hi2 Ci 4 Hj 2 N 2 Ci 4 Hi 2 N 2 C 14 Hi 2 N 2 Ci 4 Hi 2 N 2 O 2 Ci 4 Hi 2 N 2 O 2 Ci 4 Hi 2 N 2 O 2 Ci 4 Hi 2 N 2 O 2 Ci 4 Hi 2 N 2 O 4 Ci 4 Hi 2 N 2 O 4 Ci4Hi2N2O4 Ci 4 Hi 2 N 2 O 4 Ci 4 Hi 2 N 2 S Ci4Hi2O Ci4Hi2O Ci4Hi2O C14Hi2O Ci 4 Hi 2 O Ci4Hi2O2 Ci4Hi2O2 Ci4Hi2O2 Ci4Hi2O2 Ci4Hi2O2 Ci4H12O2 C14H12O2 C14H12O3 Ci4Hi2O2 Ci4Hi2O3 Ci4Hi2O3 Ci4Hi2O3 C14Hi2O3 C14Hi2O3 Ci4Hi2O3 Ci4Hi2O3 Ci4Hi2O4 Ci4H12O4 C14H12O4 C14H12O6 C14H13NO C14H13NO C14H13NO C14H13NO C14H13NO C14H13NO C14Hi3NO2 C14H13N3O C14H14 C14Hi4 Ci4Hi4 Ci4Hi4 Ci4H14 Ci4H14 Cj4Hi4 Ci4H14N2 Ci4Hi4N2 Ci4Hi4N2 Ci 4 Hi 4 N 2 Ci 4 Hi 4 N 2 Ci4Hi4N2

Name a-Benziloxime C 6 H 4 COC(INOH)C 6 H 0 .. Dibenzohydroxamic acid. Disalicylamide 1, 1-Diphenylethylene (C 6 Hs) 2 CiCH 2 ... Stilbene C6H5CHiCHC6H5 Benzalazine C 6 H 5 CH:N.NCH:C 6 H 5 .. . . Orexine Tolazone a-Benzildioxime (C 6 H 5 CiNOH) 2 /3-Benzildioxime 7-Benzildioxime Oxanilide (CONHC 6 H 5 ) 2 Di-0-aminophenyl oxalate Di-w-aminophenyl oxalate Di-p-aminophenyl oxalate. Hydrazo-0-benzoic acid Dehydrothio-p-toluidine Diphenylacetaldehyde Phenyl benzyl ketone Phenyl o-tolyl ketone Phenyl m-tolyl ketone Phenyl p-tolyl ketone Benzoin C6H5COCH(OH)C6H5 o-Benzylbenzoic acid ra-Benzylbenzoic acid p-Benzylbenzoic acid Diphenylacetic acid (C6H5)2CHCO2H. . Benzyl benzoate C6H5CO2CH2C6H5 p-Cresyl benzoate P-CH3C6H5O2CC6H5. Benzyl salicylate ra-Cresyl benzoate C6H5CO2C6H4CH3.. Trihydroxydihydroanthracene Benzilicacid (C 6 H 5 ) 2 C(OH)CO 2 H...... Amyrolin Benzosol C6H5CO2C6H4(OCH3)-o o-Cresyl salicylate . ra-Cresyl salicylate p-Cresyl salicylate Cotoin Isocotoin Guaiacyl salicylate Gardenin N-Benzoyl-o-toluidine AT-Benzoyl-m-toluidine AT-Benzoyl-p-toluidine o-Benzylbenzamide N-Diphenylacetamide Phenylacetanilide Benzoylanisidine ra-Acetylaminoazobenzene Dibenzyl (C6H5CH2)2 1, 1-Diphenylethane (C 6 Hs) 2 CHCH 3 ... o, o'-Ditolyl (CH3C6H4)2 o, m'-Ditolyl (CH3C6H4)2 o, p'-Ditolyl (CH3C6H4)2 m, m'-Ditolyl (CH3C6H4)2 p, p'-Ditolyl (CH3C6H4)2 o, o'-Azotoluene (0-CH3C6H4N)2 o', p'-Azotoluene m, m'-Azotoluene (m-CH 3 C 6 H 4 ) 2 N 2 p, p'-Azotoluene (p-CH3C6H4)2N2 o, o'-Diaminostilbene p, p'-Diaminostilbene

MoI. wt.

M. P.

225.09 241.09 257.09 180.09 180.09 208.11 208.11 208.11 240.11 240.11 240.11 240.11 272.11 272.11 272.11 272.11 240.17 196.09 196.09 196.09 196.09 196.09 212.09 212.09 212.09 212.09 212.09 212.09 212.09 228.09 212.09 228.09 228.09 228.09 228.09 228.09 228.09 227.09 224.09 244.09 244.09 276.09 211.11 211.11 211.11 211.11 211.11 211.11 227.11 239.12 182.11 182.11 182.11 182.11 182.11 182.11 182.11 210.12 210.12 210.12 210.12 210.12 210.12

138 161 20Od. 9 124 93 95 187 105 165 250 167.5 d. 18Od. 220 d. 205 191 60 > -18 60 133 114 108 155 148 18.5 71.5 55 256 150 124 61 35 74 39 129 162 65 164 143 125 158 163 103 117 154 131 52.5 17.8 7 121 55 71 55 144 170 231

B. P.

277 307

d

1.038J4 0.970}325

?; L No.

837

1.29O4 >360 237 d. 320

434 19327 322 316 316.5 326.5 344

324 316 21422-5

1.100

775

l .08817-5 1188

1.11418-5

1.35I18

1312

1296 1299 1291

232

1281

284 272 272 287.5 281 288 295

0.942f- 6 1.006J1 0.95510 0.999

1118 763

No.

Formula

Name

MoI. wt.

M. P. 74 59 37 70 164.0 117.4 220

4769 4770 4771 4772 4773 4774 4775 4776 4777 4778 4779 4780 4781 4782 4783 4784 4785 4786 4787 4788 4789 4790 4791 4792 4793 4794 4795 4796 4797 4798 4799 4800 4801 4802 4803 4805 4806 4807 4808 4809 4810 4811

Ci 4 Hi 4 N 2 O Ci 4 Hi 4 N 2 O Ci 4 Hi 4 N 2 O Ci4Hi4N2O Ci4Hi4N2O2 C14HuN2O3 Ci 4 Hi 4 N 4 Ci4Hi4N4O5 Ci4Hi4O Ci4Hi4O Ci4Hi4O Ci4Hi4O Ci4Hi4O2 Ci4Hi4O2 Ci4Hi4O2 Ci4Hi4O2S Ci4Hi4O2S Ci4Hi4S2 Ci4Hi4S Ci4Hi4Se Ci4Hi5N Ci4Hi5N Ci4Hi5N Ci4Hi5N Ci4Hi5N Ci 4 Hi 5 N Ci4Hi5NO2S Ci 4 Hi 5 N 3 Cj 4 Hi 5 N 3 Ci 4 Hi 5 N 3 Ci 4 Hi 5 N 3 Ci4Hi5N3 Ci 4 Hi 5 N 3 Ci4Hi6 < Ci 4 Hi 6 N 2 Ci 4 Hi 6 N 2 Ci 4 Hi 6 N 2 Ci 4 Hi 6 N 2 Ci4Hi6N2O Ci4Hi6N2O2 Ci 4 Hi 6 N 4 Ci 4 Hi 6 N 4

Agathin 0-OHC6H4CHiKN(CH3)C6H5. o, o'-Azoxytoluene m, m'-Azoxytoluene p, p'-Azoxytoluene o, o'-Azoanisol (o-CH3OC6H4)2N2 p, p'-Azoxyanisol (P-CH 3 OC 6 H 4 ) 2 N 2 .... "Cyanaline" Theobromine salicylate Benzyl ether (C6H5CH2)20 o-Cresyl ether (CH3C6H4)20 w-Cresyl ether (CH3C6H4)20 p-Cresyl ether (p-CH3C6H4)2O dZ-Hydrobenzoin [C6H5CH(OH)J2 Guaiacyl benzyl ether Isohydrobenzoin Dibenzylsulfone (C6H5CH2)2SO2 p-Ditolylsulfone (CH3C6H4)2SO2 Dibenzyl disulfide (C6H5CH2)A Dibenzylsulfide (C6H5CH2)2S Dibenzyl selenide (C6H5CH2)2Se Dibenzylamine (C6H5CH2)2NH o-Ditolylamine (o-CH3C6H4)2NH w-Ditolylamine (W-CH3C6H4) 2 NH p-Ditolylamine (p-CH3C6H4)2NH Ethyldiphenylamine (C6H5)2NC2H5 N-Methylbenzylaniline p-Toluenesulfonemethylanilide 4-Amino-2, 4/-dimethylazobenzene 4'-Amino-2, 3'-dimethylazobenzene 4-Amino-2, 3'-dimethylazobenzene 4-Amino-3, 4'-dimethylazobenzene o, o'-Diazoaminotoluene p, p'-Diazoaminotoluene Hexahydroanthracene o-Hydrazotoluene (0-CH 3 C 6 H 4 NH) 2 .... p-Hydrazotoluene (CH3C6H4NH)2 o-Tolidine [4, 3-H2N(CH3)C6H3J2 m-Tolidine [4, 2-H2N(CH3)C6H3J2 3-Ethoxybenzidine 3, S'-Dimethoxybenzidine 2, 2/-Diamino-4, 4'-azotoluene 3, 3'-Diamino-2, 2'-azotoluene

226.12 226.12 226.12 226.12 242.12 258.12 238.14 318.14 198.11 198.11 198.11 198.11 214.11 214.11 214.11 246.17 246.17 246.24 214.17 261.31 197.12 197.12 197.12 197.12 197.12 197.12 261.19 225.14 225.14 225.14 225.14 225.14 225.14 184.12 212.14 212.14 212.14 212.14 228.14 244.14 240.16 240.16

4812 4813 4814 4815 4816 4817 4818 4819 4820 4821 4822 4823 4823.1 4824 4825 4826 4827 4828 4829 4830

Ci4Hi6N4O9 Ci 4 Hi 7 N Ci4Hi7N Ci4Hi7NO Ci4Hi7NOe Ci4Hi7NO6 Ci 4 Hi 7 NO 6 Ci4Hi7NO6 Ci4Hi8O3 Ci4Hi8O7 Ci4H20N2O6S C14H20O2 Ci4H20O2 Ci4H20O3 Ci4H2IClN2O4 Ci 4 H 2 iNO 2 Ci4H22 Ci4H22 Ci4H22ClNO2 C14H22O2

Oscine picrate Diethyl-a-naphthylamine Diethyl-/?-naphthylamine Etheserolene. Indican J-Mandelonitrile glucoside Prulaurasin Sambunigrin Apocynamarin Picein Methylamino-p-phenol sulfate Isanic acid Z-Amyl hydrocinnamate Helleboretin Nirvanin Thymacetine 1, 2, 3, 4-Tetraethylbenzene 1, 2, 4, 5-Tetraethylbenzene Stovain Longifolic acid

384.16 199.14 199.14 215.14 295.14 295.14 295.14 295.14 234.14 298.14 344.24 220.15 220.15 236.15 316.64 235.17 190.17 190.17 271.64 222.17

B. P.

298 278 288 50 139 62 121 150 158 72 49 45.5 -26.0 79 9.2 95 127 100 80 127 51 116 63 165 126 129 107 139 172 203 a, 145;b, 133; c, 159 238 48 57 147 122 152 175 d. 194 26Od. 41

d

l .03616 1.04724-3

^l L No.

1333

>300 290 s. d. 405714 1.07I55S 300 313.4 320 330.5 297 306

1.026f ' 6

976

290 d.

0.957

160.618 19219

1.005 1.026

1722*

0.9721

254 250

0.887 0.888

937 977

>200 185 136 13 175 153

23455

637 609

No.

Formula

Name

\

4831 Ci4H22O4 Dicyclohexyl oxalate 4831.1 Ci4H23ClO4 Di-Z-amyl chlorofumarate 4832 Ci4H23N AT-Dibutylaniline C 6 H 5 N(C 4 H 9 ), 4832.1 Ci 4 H 23 N Diisobutylaniline 4833 Ci4H24O2 Kersyl alcohol 4834 C14H24O2 d-Bornyl 7*-butyrate 4835 Ci4H24O2 Geranyl butyrate 4836 C14H24O2 Z-Menthyl crotonate 4837 Ci4H24O3 /-Menthyl acetoacetate 4837.1 C14H24O4 Di-Z-amyl maleate 4838 C14H24O4 Z-Menthyl acid succinate 4839 C14H25NO2 Carparne 4840 C14H26ClNO2 Carparne hydro chloride 4841 C14H26O2 Z-Menthyl n-butyrate 4842 C14H26O2 Z-Menthyl isobutyrate 4843 C14H26O3 w-Heptylic anhydride (C 6 H 1 3 CO) 2 O.... 4844 C14H26O3 Menthyl ethyl glycollate 4845 C14H26O4 Diamyl succinate 4845.1 C14H26O4 Di-Z-amyl succinate 4846 C14H26O4 Diethyl sebacate 4846.1 C14H26O6 Diisoamyl tartrate 4847 C14H27ClO Myristyl chloride CH3(CH2) 12COC1 4848 C14H27N Myristic nitrile CH3(CH2) 12CN 4849 C14H28 n-Tetradecylene C14H28O Myristic aldehyde CH3(CH2)12 CHO.... 4850 4851 C14H28O2 Myristic acid CH3(CH2)12CO2H 4852 C14H28O2 Ethyl laurate C11H23CO2C2H5 4853 C14H28O3 Hydroxymyristic acid 4854 Ci4H28O4 Ipurolicacid 4855 C14H29NO Myristic amide CH3(CH2)12CONH2. . . . 4856 C14H30 n-Tetradecane CH3(CH2) 12CH3 4857 C14H30O rc-Heptyl ether (C7H15)20 4858 C14H30O n-Tetradecyl alcohol C 13 H 27 CH 2 OH.... 4859 C14H31N Tetradecyl amine C13H27CH2NH2 4860 C15H8O4 Anthraquinone-a-carboxylic acid 4861 Ci5H8O4 Anthraquinone-ß-carboxylic acid 4862 Ci5H8O4 Anthraquinone-7-carboxylic acid 4863 Ci5H8O6 Alizarin-/3-carboxylic acid 4864 C16H8O7 Pseudopurpurin 4865 C15H9N Thebenidine 4866 C16H10 Fluoranthene. 4867 C15H10 Succisterene 4868 Ci5Hi0O2 Flavone 4869 Ci5H10O2 Anthracene-1-carboxylic acid 4870 C15H10O2 Anthracene-2-carboxylic acid 4871 Ci5Hi0O2 Anthracene-9-carboxylic acid 4872 C15H10O2 1-Methylanthraquinone 4873 Ci5Hj0O2 2-Methylanthraquinone 4874 Ci5H10O4 Chrysine 4875 Ci5H10O4 Chrysophanic acid 4876 Ci5H10O4 a-Methylalizarin 4877 Ci5H10O4 /3-Methylalizarin 4878 Ci5Hi0O4 Rumicin 4879 Ci5Hj0O5 Aloe-emodin 4880 Ci5Hi0O6 Emodin 4881 Ci5H10O6 Galangin 4882 C16H10O5 Morindon 4883 C15H10O6 Fisetin 4884 Ci5H10O6 Kaempferol 4885 C16H10O6 Luteolin 4886 C15H10O6 Rhein 4887 .C 15 H 10 O 6 Scutellarein 4888 C16H10O7 Morin

MoI. wt. 254.17 290.65 205.19 205.19 224.19 224.19 224.19 224.19 240.19 256.19 256.19 239.20 275.67 226.20 226.20 242.20 242.20 258.20 258.20 258.20 290.20 246.67 209.22 196.22 212.22 228.22 228.22 244.22 260.22 227.23 198.23 214.23 214.23 213.25 252.06 252.06 252.06 284.06 300.06 203.08 190.08 190.08 222.08 222.08 222.08 222.08 222.08 222.08 254.08 254.08 254.08 254.08 254.08 270.08 270.08 270.08 270.08 286.08 286.08 286.08 286.08 286.08 302.08

M. P. 45

85

45 62 121 225 17

1 -l 19 -12 52.5 58 -10.7 51 101 103 5.5 38 37 294 288 285 305 220 148 110 160 97 260 280 206 171 175 275 193 229 179 182 218 250 217 275 360 274 320 314 30Od. 285

B. P. 19113 18513 262.8 14621 15611 121ll 15318 140.514 14511 16525 30Od.

d

^' L No.

1.05225 0.909 26 0.96615 0.901 0.833 0.986l{ 0.970825

856

1333 12915 11712 258 15520 293 1291 308 19516 16815 226100 246 16624 250.5100 269

252.5 260 16715 16215

25160 300

0.911 0.906 0.932

332

0.9522255 0.95725 0.9651* 1.063*5 0.828 0.775 0.858J0 0.868l3

1088 337

0.765 0.815° 0.824f

412

No. 4889 4890 4891 4892 4893 4894 4895 4896 4897 4898 4899 4900 4901 4902 4903 4904 4905 4906 4907 4908 4909 4910 4911 4912 4913 4914 4915 4916 4917 4918 4919 4920 4921 4922 4923 4924 4925 4926 4927 4928 4929 4930 4931 4932 4933 4934 4935 4936 4936.1 4937 4938 4939 4940 4941 4942 4943 4944 4944.1 4945 4946 4947 4948 4949

Formula Ci6Hi0O7 Ci5Hi0O8 Ci6Hi0O8 Ci 5 HnN Ci 6 HnN Ci5HnN Ci 6 HnN Ci 5 HnNO Ci5Hi2 Ci 6 Hi 2 Ci 6 Hi 2 C15H12N2O3 Ci5H12N2O3 Ci5Hi2O Ci5Hi2O2 Ci5Hi2O3 Ci5Hi2O3 Ci6Hi2O4 Ci6Hi2O4 Ci5Hi2O4 Ci5Hi2O6 Ci6Hi2O6 Ci6Hi3NO4 Ci5Hi4O Ci6Hi4O C16H14O C16H14O Ci6Hi4O2 Ci6Hi4O2 Ci5Hi4O3 Ci5Hi4O3 Ci6Hi4O3 Ci6Hi4O4 Ci5H14O4 C15H14O4 C15H14O5 C16H14O5 C15H14O5 C15H15NO C16H15NO3 C15H15NO8 C15H16 C15H16N2O C15H16N2O C16H16N2O C15H16N2S C16H16N2S C15H16O2 C16H16O6 Ci6Hi6O9 Ci6Hi6O9 Ci6Hi7N Ci 5 Hi 7 N 3 Ci5Hi8 Ci5Hi8N2 Ci6Hi8O3 Ci5Hi8O4 Ci6Hi8O4 Ci5Hi8O7 Ci6Hi8O7 Ci5Hi9NO2 Ci6Hi9NO9 Ci5H20ClNO2

Name

MoI. wt.

M. P.

Quercetin Gossypetin Quercetagetin 2-Phenylquinoline 4-Phenylquinoline 6-Phenylquinoline 8-Phenylquinoline Benzoylphenylacetonitrile a-Methylanthracene 2-Methylanthracene 9-Methylanthracene Furfuramide Furfurine Benzylideneacetophenone Benzoylacetophenone p-Toluyl-o-benzoic acid Chrysophanol Acetylsalol 0-CH 3 CO 2 C 6 H 4 CO 2 C 6 H 5 .... Benzosalin Diphenyl malonate CH 2 (CO 2 C 6 H 5 ) 2 ... . Eriodictyol Methylenedisalicylic acid Salophen Benzylacetophenone Benzyl p-tolyl ketone Dibenzyl ketone ( C 6 H 5 C H 2 ) 2 C O . . . . . . p, p'-Dimethylbenzophenone. Benzyl o-toluate Benzyl phenylacetate Benzyl mandelate Methyl benzilate Lapachol Hydrocotoin Peucedanin N-Xanthoxyllin Guaiacyl carbonate (0-CH3OC6H4O)2CO. Kavaiin (Methysticin) Phloretin p-Dimethylaminobenzophenone Malakin Narceinic acid Dibenzylmethane (C6H5CH2)2CH2 s?/m.-Di-o-tolylurea. si/ra.-Di-ra-tolylurea syra.-Di-p-tolylurea 1, 2-Di-o-tolylthiourea sym.-Di-ra-tolylthiourea Santinicacid Picrotoxinin Daphnin Esculin Ethylbenzylaniline Di-o-tolylguanidine Azulene p, p'-Diamino-o, o'-ditolylmethane Santonin Artemisin Coriamyrtin Hyenanchin Picrotin Tropacocaine Lithuric acid Tropacocaine hydro chloride

302.08 318.08 318.08 205.09 205.09 205.09 205.09 221.09 192.09 192.09 192.09 268.11 268.11 208.09 224.09 240.09 240.09 256.09 256.09 256.09 288.09 288.09 271.11 210.11 210.11 210.11 210.11 226.11 226.11 242.11 242.11 242.11 258.11 258.11 258.11 274.11 274.11 274.11 225.12 257.12 337.12 196.12 240.14 240.14 240.14 256.20 256.20 228.12 292.12 340.12 340.12 211.14 239.16 198.14 226.16 246.14 262.14 262.14 310.14 310.14 245.15 357.15 281.62

3ÏO 230 318 86 62 111 99 86 207 80 121 116 62 81 139 204 97 85 50 267 238 d. 188 73 109 33.9 92 93 73 140 95.5 109 132.5 86 137 255 d. 90 92 184 <-20 256 203 263 156 111 .5 132.5 206 200 205 179 149 170 202 225 234 d. 250 49 204.5 271

B. P.

d

^lL No.

363 26077 283187 200

1.195 ' 1.047"4

1134

1.066"4

1136

25Od. 348 >200

1.07If

198 385 21015 d.

360 360 330.5 335.1 315 319

1.1217 1.101

1333

299

1.007

762

218 1265 298

l .03418-5

168.411

0.988

d.

1.187

1282 1333

1.043}°°

1147

No. 4950 4951 4952 4953 4954 4955 4956 4957 4958 4959 4960 4961 4962 4963 4964 4965 4966 4967 4968 4969 4970 4971 4972 4973 4974 4975 4976 4977 4978 4979 4980 4981 4982 4983 4984 4985 4986 4987 4988 4989 4990 4991 4992 4993 4994 4995 4996 4997 4998 4999 5000 5001 5002 5003 5004 5005 5006 5007 5008 5009 5010 5011 5012

Formula Ci6H20O2 Ci5H20O3 Ci5H20O3 Ci5H20O4 Ci5H20O4 Ci5H20O4 Ci5H20O4 Cj5H20O8 Ci 5 H 2 INO 2 Ci 5 H 2 INO 4 Ci5H21N3O2 Ci 5 H 2 IN 3 O 3 Ci5H22BrN3O2 Ci5H22ClNO2 Ci5H22ClNO4 Ci5H22ClN3O2 Ci5H22O2 Ci5H22O2 Ci5H22O2 Ci5H22O3 Ci5H23Cl Ci5H24 Ci5H24 Ci5H24 Cj 5 H 24 C15H24 Ci5H24 Ci5H24 Ci5H24 Ci5H24 Ci5H24 Ci5H24 Ci5H24 Ci5H24 Ci5H24N2O Ci5H24N2O Ci5H24O CiiH24O Ci5H24O Ci5H25BrO2 Ci5H25NO7 Ci5H26 Ci5H26 Ci5H26N2 Ci5H26N2 Ci5H26N2O Ci5H26O Ci5H26O Ci5H26O Ci5H26O Ci5H26O Ci5H26O Ci5H26O Ci5H26O Ci5H26O Ci5H26O2 Ci5H26O2 Ci5H26O2 Ci5H26O2 Ci5H26O3 Ci5H26O6 Ci5H27ClN2 Ci 6 H 27 IN 2

Name Alantolactone Perezone Pipitzol Absinthiin Isosantonic acid dZ-Santonic acid d(0-Satonic acid Androsin /3-Eucaine Ajacine Physostigmine Geneserine Physostigmine hydrobromide 0-Eucaine hydrochloride Ajacine hydrochloride Physostigmine hydrochloride Santalic acid Eugenol isoamyl ether Thymyl isovalerate Alantic (Alantolic) acid Santalyl chloride Atractylene Z-Cadinene Cannibene a-Caryophyllene Cedrene Clovene Guajene Patschoulene a-Santalene 0-Santalene 7-Santalene a-Selinene Zingiberene d(7)-Lupanine Oxysparteine Betulol a-Santalol /3-Santalol Bornyl bromoisovalerate Senecifolidine Elemone Ferulene Isosparteine Sparteine Retamine Atractylol Cedrol «-Elemol /3-Elemol Eudesmol Farnesol Guajol Nerolidol Zingiberol Bornyl isovalerate Isobornyl isovalerate d-Bornyl n-valerate /-Menthyl angelate Z-Menthyl levnlinate Tributyrin Sparteine hydrochloride Sparteine hydroiodide

MoL wt.

M. P.

232.15 248.15 248.15 264.15 264.15 264.15 264.15 328.15 247.17 279.17 275.19 291.19 356.11 283.64 315.64 311..65 234.17 234.17 234.17 250.17 238.64 204.19 204.19 204.19 204.19 204.19 204.19 204.19 204.19 204.19 204.19 204.19 204.19 204.19 248.20 248.20 220.19 220.19 220.19 317.11 331.20 206.20 206.20 234.22 234.22 250.22 222.20 222.20 222.20 222.20 222.20 222.20 222.20 222.20 222.20 238.20 238.20 238.20 238.20 254.20 302.20 270.68 362.16

76 105 141 68 155 12Od. 179 220 91 143 105 129

B. P.

d

^lL No.

19210

1604 2605

1,251

1333

1263 1333

268 93 1333

94

44 84

212

162 59 87 46 78 93

<-75

1959 302.2 d. 249

0.976 0.959J 5

15510 14114-5 275 259 260 264 263 1249 256 252 1267 12010 13516 270

1.040 0.927 0.918 0.89715 0.906 0.929 0.930 0.908 0.930 0.91315 0.894 0.936 0.914 0.87215

574

20912-5 15813 300 309 16310

0.97816 0.97915 0.97315

865 957 958

11910 1267 17916-5 325.2

0.883 0.870 l .02817 1.023

916 959

292 294 14310 14410 15610 120°2 289 s. d. 277 15714-5 260 13812 13O11 14110 16912 310

846

625 631 596 590 603 602 591 862 569 617

1.511 0.941 213 0.94218 0.988 0.895 0.880 0.949 0.95715 0.95615 0.977 1.027

967 . 611 657 548 1175 891 985855 351 1333 133£

No.

Formula

Name

MoI. wt.

M. P.

B. P.

d

5013 5014 5015 5016 5017 5018 5019 5020 5021 5022 5023 5024 5025 5026 5027 5028 5028.1 5029 5030 5031 5032 5033 5034 5035

Ci 5 H 28 O 2 Ci5H28O2 Ci5H28O2 Ci5H30O2 Ci5H30O2 Ci5H32 Ci5H32O Ci5H33N Ci5H33N Ci6H8O6 Ci6H8O6 Ci6H8O6 Ci6HiO Ci6Hi0 Ci6Hi0N2 Ci6Hi0N2O2 Ci6Hi0O3 Ci6Hi0O4 Ci6Hi0O4 Ci6Hi0O4 Ci6Hi0O6 Ci6H11N Ci 6 H n N Ci 6 HnNO 2

5036 5037 5038 5039 5040

Ci6H11N3O2 C16H12 C16H12 C16H12 C16H12ClNO2

5041 5042 5043 5044 5045 5046 5047 5048 5049 5050 5051 5052 5053 5054 5055 5056 5057 5058 5059 5060 5061 5062 5062.1 5063 5064 5065 5066 5066.1 5067 5067.1 5068 5069

C16H12N2O4 Ci6H12N4O C16Hi2O Ci6Hi2O Ci6H12O3S C16H12O4 C16H12O4 C16H12O5 C16H12O6 C16H12O6 C16H12O6 C16H12O8 C16H13N C16H13N C16H13N Ci6H13NO7 Ci 6 Hi 3 N 2 Ci6H13N3 Ci 6 Hi 4 Ci6H14 C16Hj4 C16H14 C16H14 C16Hi4 Ci 6 Hi 4 Cl 2 N 2 O 2 Ci 6 Hi 4 N 2 Ci6Hi4N2 Ci 6 Hi 4 N 2 Ci6Hi4O Ci6Hi4O Ci6H14O2 Ci6H14O2

Z-Menthyl isovalerate Cimicic acid Z-Menthyl n-valerate Pentadecylic acid Methyl myristate n-Pentadecane CH 3 (CH 2 ) 13CH3 n-Pentadecyl alcohol CH 3 (CH 2 )i 4 OH.,. Pentadecylamine Triisoamylamine Anthraquinone-1, 3-dicarboxylic acid Anthraquinone-1, 4-dicarboxylic acid Anthraquinone-2, 3-dicarboxylic acid Diphenyldiacetylene Pyrene a,/3-Naphthophenazine Indigotin Diphenylmaleic anhydride Anthracene-1, 3-dicarboxylic a c i d . . . . . . . . Anthracene-1, 4-dicarboxylic acid Anthracene-2, 3-dicarboxylic acid Trifolitin..Amaron Aminopyrene Atophan (2-Phenylquinoline-4-carboxylic acid , Indigoxime a-Phenylnaphthalene /?-Phenylnaphthalene Pseudophenanthrene Chloroxyl (Phenylcinchoninic acid hydrochloride) Isatid Azoxytolunitrile Phenyl a-naphthyl ether Phenyl /3-naphthyl ether Atronylenesulfonic acid a-Ethylalizarin Pratol Physcion (Physcic acid) Chrysoeriol Emodine methyl ether Hematein Laccainic acid Flavoline N-Phenyl-a-naphthylamine AT-Phenyl-0-naphthylamme Papaveric acid Galegine Hydrazoindole Atronene 2, 3-Dimethylanthracene 2, 4-Dimethylanthracene 2, 6-Dimethylanthracene Distyrene C 6 H 5 CH:CHCH:CHC 6 H 5 .... 9-Ethylanthracene 3, 3'-Dichlorodiacetylbenzidine a-Flavaniline Indolin 1, 5-Diphenyl-3-methylpyrazole Dypnone Benzylidene-p-tolyl ketone Benzyl cinnamate Diphenacyl C6H5COCH2CH2COC6H5..

?1L NO.

;

240.22 240.22 240.22 242.23 242.23 212.25 228.25 227.26 227.26 296.06 296.06 296.06 202.08 202.08 230.09 262.09 250.08 266.08 266.08 266.08 298.08 217.09 217.09 249.09 277.11 204.09 204.09 204.09 285.56 296.11 276.12 220.09 220.09 284.16 268.09 268.09 284.09 300.09 300.09 300.09 332.09 219.11 219.11 219.11 331.11 233.12 247.12 206.11 206.11 206.11 206.11 206.11 206.11 337.04 234.12 234.12 234.12 222.11 222.11 238.11 238.11

12711

0.90715

14115 257100 295.3 270.5

0.907

0.772

301 237

0.785|{

427

44.2 54 19 10 46 36.5 330 300 340 88 150 142.5 392 d. 155 330 320 345 275 240 116

>360 >360 1.35 1.340

1211

1.04I 99 - 2

1130

209 205 102.5 115 223 237.5 182 55 45; 93 258 189 253 207 >337 195 25Od. 65 62 108 233 d. 65 140

325 345

340 335.8

18Od. 375 335258 399.5

326 246 71 231 124 59 302 97 245 63

1199 22522

77 34 145

1289 24425

No. 5070 5071 5072 5073 5074 5075 5076 5077 5078 5079 5080 5081 5082 5082.1 5082.2 5082.3 5082.4 5083 5084 5085 5086 5087 5088 5089 5090 ' 5091 5092 5093 5094 5095 5096 5097 5098 5099 5100 5101 5102 5103 5104 5105 5106 5107 5108 5109 5110 5111 5112 5113 5114 5115 5116 5117 5118 5119 5123 5124 5125 5126 5127 5128 5129 5130 5131

Formula

Name

MoI. wt.

Ci6Hi4O3 Guaiacyl cinnamate 254.11 Ci6Hi4O3 Phenylacetic anhydride 254.11 Ci6Hi4O3 o-Toluic anhydride (0-CH3C6H4CO)2O.. 254.11 Ci6Hi4O4 Dibenzyl oxalate (CO2CH2C6H5)2 270.11 Ci6Hi4O4 Diphenyl succinate (CH 2 CO 2 C 6 Ho) 2 .... 270.11 Ci6H14O5 Brasilin 286.11 Ci 6 Hi 4 O 6 Sakuranetin 286.11 Cj6Hi4O6 Diphenyl tartrate (CHOHCO2C6H5)2 .. 302.11 Ci6Hi4O6 Hematoxylin 302.11 Ci6Hi4O6 Hesperetin 302.11 Cj6Hi4O6 Homoeriodyctiol 302.11 Ci6H16NO2 Anisaldazine 254.12 Ci 6 Hi 6 N 2 O 2 Diacetylbenzidine (p-CH3CONHC6H4)2 268.14 Ci6Hi6N2O6 o-Aminophenyl tartrate 332.14 Ci6Hi6N2O6 ra-Aminophenyl tartrate 332.14 Ci 6 Hi 6 N 2 O 6 p-Aminophenyl tartrate 332 .14 Ci6Hi6N2O2 Diacetylhydrazobenzene 268.15 Ci6H16N2S Dehydrothioxylidine 268.20 C16Hi6N4Oi0 Damascenine picrate 424.16 Ci6Hi6O2 p-Dimethylbenzoin 240.12 Ci6Hi6O5 Anisilic acid 288.12 Ci6Hi6O3 Ethyl benzilate 256.12 Ci6Hi7NO3 Amygdophenine 271.14 Ci 6 Hi 7 NO 4 Lycorine 287.14 Ci6Hi7NO4 Phenetidine salicylacetate 287.14 Ci6Hi8ClNO4 Lycorine hydrochloride 323.61 Ci 6 Hi 8 N 2 Azo-o-ethylbenzene 238.16 Ci 6 Hi 8 N 2 Azo-p-ethylbenzene 238.16 Ci6Hi8N2 3, 3'-Azo-o-xylene 238.16 Ci 6 Hi 8 N 2 4, 4'-Azo-o-xylene 238.16 Ci 6 Hi 8 N 2 4, 4'-Azo-ra-xylene 238.16 Ci 6 Hi 8 N 2 4, 5'-Azo-ra-xylene 238.16 Ci6Hi8N2 5, 5'-Azo-ra-xylene 238.16 Ci 6 Hi 8 N 2 2, 2'-Azo-p-xylene 238.16 Ci6Hi8N2 Diphenylpiperazine 238.16 Ci6Hi8N2O Paricine 254.16 Ci 6 Hi 8 N 2 O 2 o-Azophenetol (C 2 H 5 OC 6 H 4 Ni) 2 270.16 C16Hi8N2O2 p-Azophenetol (C 2 H 5 OC 6 H 4 NO 2 270.16 Ci6Hi8N2O3 3, 3'-Azoxy-4-methoxytoluene 286.16 Ci6Hi8N2O3 p-Azoxyphenetol 286.16 (C16H18N2Oa)x Bilirubin [286.16]x Ci6Hi8N2O8 Carpiline 286.16 Ci6Hi8N2O3 Hematoporphyrin 286.16 Ci6Hi8N2O3 Pilosine 286.16 Ci6Hi8O Thymyl phenyl ether 226.14 Ci6H18O2S Di-ra-xylylsulfone 274.20 Ci6Hi8O7 Barbaloin 322.14 Ci 6 Hi 9 NO 4 Benzoylecgonine 289.15 Ci 6 H 20 N 2 3-Hydrazo-o-xylene 240.17 Ci6H20N2 4-Hydrazo-o-xylene 240.17 Ci6H20N2 4-Hydrazo-ra-xylene 240.17 Ci 6 H 20 N 2 5-Hydrazo-ra-xylene. 240.17 Ci 6 H 20 N 2 2-Hydrazo-p-xylene 240.17 C16H20N2O2 o-Hydrazophenetol (0-C2H5OC6H4NH)2 272.17 C16H20N4 w-Tetramethyldiaminoazobenzene 268.19 C16H20O4 Phenyl acid camphorate 276.15 C16H20O9 Gentiopicrin 356.15 C16H21N8 p-(Tetramethyldiamino)diphenylamine.... 255.19 C16H21NO3 Camphoranilic acid 275.17 C16H2iNO3 Homoatropine 275.17 C16H2iNO3 Noratropine 275.17 Ci6H2iNO3 Norhyoscyamine 275.17 Ci6H22BrNO3 Homoatropine hydrobromide 356.09

M. P. 130 117.5 39 81 121 250 150 102 140 226 223 169 331 211 d. 175 d. 220 d. 105

BP

d ____

R

* I* No.

325 23514 330

1333 180

1.03I185

1293 197

159 89 164 34 141 235 d. 182 208 46.5 63 111 141 129 47 137 119 163.5 130 131 160.2 149 136.9 192.5 185 < 100 d. 187

20121

>340

24220 240

296.8 121 148 195 141 107 122 125 145 89 118 100 191 119 204 97.5 114 140.5 212 d.

1.Oil

1333 1333

No. 5132 5133 5134 5135 5135.1 5136 5137 5138 5139 5140 5141 5142 5142.1 5143 5143.1 5144 5145 5146 5147 5148 5149 5150 5151 5152 5153 5154 5155 5156 5157 5158 5159 5160 5161 5162 5163 5164 5165 5166 5167 5168 5169 5171 5172 5173 5174 5175 5176 5177 5178 5179 5180 5181 5182 5183 5184 5185 5186 5187 5188 5189 5190 5191

Formula

Name

Ci6H22ClNO3 Homoatropine hydrochloride Ci 6 H 22 N 4 ra-Hydrazodimethylaniline Ci6H22N8O8S Caffeine sulfate Ci6H22O4 Di-n-butyl phthalate Ci6H22O4 Methyl santoate Ci6H22O6 Bilinicacid Ci6H22O8 Coniferin Ci6H22On d-Glucose pentacetate Ci6H23NO8 Bakankosin Ci 6 H 24 O 2 Methyl santalate Ci 6 H 26 Pentaethylbenzene Ci6H26O Patchouli alcohol Ci6H26O Guaiol Ci6H26O2 Menthyl Z-sorbinate .. Ci6H26O8 Diisobutyl d-diacetyl tartrate Ci6H27ClN2O2 Alypin hydrochloride .. Ci 6 H 27 N 3 O 6 Alypin nitrate Ci 6 H 28 N 2 Genisteine Ci6H28O2 Hydrocarpic acid Ci6H28O2 Palmitolic acid Ci6H28O4 Palmitoxylic acid Ci6H80O2 Gaidic acid Ci6H30O2 Hypogaeic acid Ci6H30O2 Z-Menthyl n-capronate Ci6H30O3 n-Caprylic anhydride (C8H15CO)20 Ci6H30O3 7-Ketopalmitic acid Ci6H3iN Palmitonitrile CH3(CH2) I3CH2CN C16H32 «-Hexadecylene CH 2 :CH(CH 2 ) U CH 3 .. . Ci6H32N2O6S Pelletierine sulfate Ci6H32O Palmitic aldehyde Ci5H31CHO Ci6H32O2 Palmitic acid Ci5H3ICO2H Ci6H32O2 Ethyl myristate Ci3H27CO2C2H5 Ci6H32O3 Jalapinolic acid Ci6H32O3 Juniperic acid Ci6H32O3 Lanopalmic acid Ci6H33I rc-Cetyl iodide Ci5H31CH21 Ci6H33NO Palmitic amide Ci5H3iCONH2 Ci6H34 7, 8-Dimethyltetradecane Ci6H34 rc-Hexadecane Ci6H34O Cetyl alcohol C15H31CH2OH Ci6H34O n-Octyl ether (C8Hi7)20 CnH10O Benzanthrone C17HnN a-Anthraquinoline Ci7Hi2O Phenyl a-naphthyl ketone Ci7Hi2O Phenyl 0-naphthyl ketone Ci7Hi2O2 Chrysenic acid C n Hi 2 O 2 a-Naphthyl benzoate Ci7Hi2O2 ß-Naphthyl benzoate CnHi2O3 a-Naphthyl salicylate Ci7Hi2O3 /3-Naphthyl salicylate C17H12O5 Alpinin Ci7Hi2O5 Pratonsol Ci7Hi3NO2 6-Methyl-2-phenylquinoline-4-carboxylic . acid Ci 7 Hi 4 a-Benzylnaphthalene Ci 7 Hi 4 /8-Benzylnaphthalene C n Hi 4 O Dibenzylideneacetone C n Hi 4 O 2 Atronic acid Ci7Hi4O2 Isatronic acid Ci7H14O4 Nepalin C17H15N5O9 Tryptophane picrate C17H16 l, 2, 4-Trimethylanthracene C17H16 l, 3, 6-Trimethylanthracene

MoI. wt.

M. P.

311.64 270.20 486.30 278.17 278.17 310.17 342.17 390.17 357.19 248.19 218.20 234.20 234.20 250.20 346.20 314.68 341.23 248.23 252.22 252.22 284.22 254.23 254.23 254.23 270.23 270.23 237.25 224.25 380.33 240.25 256.25 256.25 272.25 272.25 272.25 352.19 255.26 226.26 226.26 242.26 242.26 230.08 229.09 232.09 232.09 248.09 248.09 248.09 264.09 264.09 296.09 296.09

217 100

263.11 218.11 218.11 234.11 250.11 250.11 282.11 433.16 220.12 220.12

B. P.

d

?1 L No. 1333 1333

190 185 113 157 < -20 56 91

340 86

1.167

1321

16410 277 271 d.

1.002 0.896 0.994^°

655 1176

17314 1573-5 169 152 60.5 60 47 67 39 33 -1 74 29 4 133 58.5 64 10.5 68 95 88 22 106 20 49.3 170 170 75.5 82 186.5 56 110 83 95 174 225 228 59 35.5 112 164 157 136 196 s. d. 243 222

1.086417

17822 24015 23615 15315 285

0.903

251.5100 274

0.822«" 0.789

388

20229 21515 295

0.853f

1113

1.123

535

212.515 23612 267.5 287.5 344 291.8

0.79214 0.775 0.79S4"8'9 0.820

446 385

350 350

1.165° 1.176°

1108

;

No.

Formula

5192 5193 5194 5195 5196 5197 5198 5199 5200 5201 5202 5203 5204 5205 5206 5207 5208 5209 5211

Ci7H16 CnHi6O8 Ci7Hi6O3 CnHi6O4 C n H n NO 2 CnHi8ClNO2 CnHi8N2O3 Ci7Hi8O Ci7Hi8O2 CnHi8O2 CnHi9NO3 Ci7Hi9NO3 Ci 7 Hi 9 NO 3 Ci7H20BrNO3 Ci7H20ClNO3 Ci7H20N2O Ci7H20N2O3 Ci 7 H 20 N 2 O 4 Ci7H20N2S

5212 5213 5213.1 5214 5215 5216 5217 5218 5219 5220 5221 5222 5223 5224 5225 5226 5227 5228 5229 5230

Ci7H20N4O3 Ci7H20N4O3 Ci7H20O2 CnH20O7 Ci7H20Oi0 C17H2iNO2 C n H 2 iNO 3 Ci7H21NO4 Ci 7 H 2 iNO 4 Ci 7 H 2 iNO 4 C n H 21 NO 4 C17H21NO4 C17H21NO4 C17H2iNO4 C17H21N3 C17H22BrNO4 C17H22ClNO2 C17H22ClNO4 C17H22ClNO4 C 17 H 22 N 2

5231

C17H22N2O

5232 C17H22O3 5233 C17H22O5 5234 C17H22O9 5235 C17H23NO3 C17H23NO3 5236 5237 C17H23NO3 5238 C17H24BrNO3 5239 C17H24BrNO3 5240 C17H24ClNO3 5241 C17H24ClNO3 5242 C17H24N2O6S 5243 C17H24N2O6 5244 C17H24O2 5244.1 C17H24O4 C17H24Oi0 5245 5246 Ci7H25NO3 5247 C17H25O6 5248 C17H26ClNO3 5249 C17H26O

Name 1, 4, 6-Trimethylanthracene Eugenol benzoate Isoeugenol benzoate Dibenzyl malonate Apomorphine Apomorphine hydrochloride Antipyrine resorcinate Dibenzylacetone CO(CH2CH2C6H5)a. . . Eugenol benzyl ether Isoeugenol benzyl ether Morphine a-Isomorphine Piperine Morphine hydrobromide.. Morphine hydrochloride Tetramethyldiaminobenzophenone Nicotine salutiate Z-Arabinose diphenylhydrazone 3, 3-Tetramethyldiaminothiobenzophenone Z-Arabinosazone d-Xylosephenylosazone Di-(p-dianisyl)dimethylmethane Tutin Patellaric acid Apoatropine Dihydromorphine Atroscine «-Cocaine dZ-Cocaine d(Z)-Cocaine Hyoscine dZ-Pseudococaine d-Pseudococaine Auramine Hyoscine hydrobromide Apoatropine hydrochloride Cocaine hydrochloride Hyoscine hydrochloride p-(Tetramethyldiamino)-diphenylmethane p-(Tetramethyldiamino)-diphenyl carbinol [p-(CH3)2NC6H4]2CHOH Podocarpic acid . Guaiacyl acid camphorate Syringin Atropine d-Hyoscyamine Pseudoatropine Atropine hydrobromide Hyoscyamine hydrobromide Atropine hydrochloride Hyoscyamine hydrochloride Sinapine thiocyanate Atropine nitrate Menthyl benzoate Ethyl santoate Verbenalin Euphthalmine Scillitin Euphthalmine hydrochloride Benzylmenthol

I

MoI. wt.

M. P.

220.12 268.12 268.12 284.12 267.14 303.61 298.16 238.14 254.14 254.14 285.15 285.15 285.15 366.08 321.62 268.17 300.17 316.17

227 70 104

.

B. P.

d

?":L No.

360 234.514 d.

17Od. 210 115 30 59 d. 247 129.5 25Od. 174 117.5 218

284.24 340.19 328.19 256.15 336.15 384.15 271.17 287.17 303.17 303.17 303.17 303.17 303.17 303.17 303.17 267.19 384.09 307.64 339.64 339.64

202 166 164 60.5 208 100 62 157 50 88 80 98 55 81.5 41 136 194 239 187

254.19

91

270.19 274.17 306.17 370.17 289.19 289.19 289.19 370.11 370.11 325.65 325.65 368.27 352.20 260.19 292.19 388.19 291.20 325.19 327.67 246.20

96 188 112 192 115.5 106 120 162 152 165

1333 22418 235 d. 193 vac-

1.317

1277 1333 1333

>360 s. d. 1333

200 d. 167 d. 1.150

1294

1.10399-5 1.10299-6

1326 1333 1139 1142 1333 1333 1257 1333

1333 1333 1333 1333 1333

176 1333 54.5 89 181.6 113 154 183 111

288

18310

0.808 1.148

1322

No. 5250 5251 5252 5253 5254 5255 5256 5257 5258 5259 5260 5261 5262 5263 5264 5265 5266 5267 5268 5269 5270 5271 5272 5273 5274 5275 5276 5277 5278 5279 5280 5281 5282 5283 5284 5285 5286 5287 5288 5289 5290 5291 5292 5293 5294 5295 5296 5297 5298 5299 5300 5301 5302 5303 5304 5305 5306 5307 5308 5308.1 5310 5312 5313 5314

Formula Ci7H28O C n H 20 NO 2 Ci 7 H 30 O 9 Ci 7 H 32 O 2 Ci7H34 Ci 7 H 34 O Ci 7 H 34 O 2 CnH34O2 Ci 7 H 34 O 2 Ci 7 H 35 NO 2 Ci 7 H 36 Ci7H36O Ci 7 H 37 N Ci 8 Hi 2 Ci8Hi2 Ci 8 Hi 2 Ci8H12 Ci 8 Hi 2 N 2 Ci 8 Hi 2 N 2 C 18 Hi 2 N 2 Cj 8 Hi 2 N 2 Ci8Hi2O3 Ci 8 Hi 2 O 5 Ci8Hi3N Ci 8 Hi 4 Ci3Hi4O3 Ci8Hi4O4 C18H14O7 Ci8Hi4O8 Ci8H15As C18H15Bi C18H15N C18H15O3P C18H15O4P C18H15P C18H15Sb C18H16NO2 Ci8H16N2 C18H16N2 C18H16N2O2 C18H16N2O3 C18H16N2O6S C18H16O2 C18H16O4 C18H16O4 C18H16O4 C18H16O4 Ci8H16O4 C18H16O4 C18H18O4 C18H16O4 C18H16O4 C18H16O4 C18H16O7 C18H16O7 C18H16O14 C18H18 C18H18 Ci 8 Hi 8 N 2 O 4 Ci8Hi8N8 Ci8Hi8O4 Ci8H19NO3 C18H19N3O2 C18H20BrNO2

Name Phellyl alcohol Ajaconine Jalapic acid J-Menthyl heptylate 8-Heptadecene C 7 Hi 5 CHrCHC 8 Hi 7 Margaric aldehyde Ci6H33CHO Datarie acid Margaric acid Ci6H33CO2H Methyl palmitate Ci5H3iCO2CH3 Sphingosine n-Heptadecane CH 3 (CH 2 )i 5 CH 3 Heptadecane-9-ol C 8 H n CH(OH)C 8 Hi 7 . Heptadecylamine C n H 35 NH 2 Benzanthrene Chrysene Triphenylene Truxene 2, 3'-Diquinolyl 2, 7'-Diquinolyl •. . . . 6, 6'-Diquinolyl 8, 8'-Diquinolyl o-(a-Naphthoyl) benzoic acid Calycin Aminochrysene p-Diphenylbenzene C 6 H 4 (C 6 Ho) 2 Cinnamicanhydride (C6H5CHiCHCO)2O Epicarin Xanthoeridol Diaspirin (Succinyldisalicylic acid) Triphenylarsine (C6H5)3As Triphenyl bismuthine (C6H5)3Bi Triphenylamine (C 6 H 5 ) 3 N Triphenyl phosphite (C6H5O)3P Triphenyl phosphate (C6H5O)3PO Triphenylphosphine (C6H5)3P Triphenylstibine (C6H5)3Sb Aporheïne Diphenyl-ra-phenylenediamine Triphenylhydrazine (C6Hs)2NNHC6H5.. Analgen 5, 5'-Dibenzylbarbituric acid Chinosol Cinnamyl cinnamate or-Isatropic acid /3-Isatropic acid a-Truxillic acid Isotruxillic acid 7-Truxillic acid 0-Truxillic acid e-Truxillic acid Tj-Truxillic acid Dibenzyl fumarate Nepodin dMJsnic acid dW-Usnic acid Igasuric acid (Chlorogenic acid) Retene 1, 3, 5, 7-Tetramethylanthracene Antipyrine salicylate Vesuvin Dibenzyl succinate Berbamine Dimazon (Diacetylaminoazotoluene) Apomorphine methobromide

Mol. wt. M. P. ___^_ 248.22 ÏOO 279.23 163 378.23 120 268.25 238.26 254.26 36 270.26 60 270.26 59.9 270.26 29.5 285.28 244 240.28 22.5 256.28 61 255.29 49 228.09 84 228.09 251 228.09 198.5 228.09 >360 256.11 176 256.11 193 256.11 178 256.11 205 276.09 173.5 308.09 240 243.11 203 230.11 205 278.11 135 294.11 195 342.11 258 358.11 178 306.08 60 440.16 78 245.12 126.5 310.14 326.14 49.9 262.14 79 352.89 48 278.13 89 260.14 95 260.14 142 292.14 210 308.14 222 388.20 177.5 264.12 44 296.12 237 296.12 206 296.12 272 296.12 206 296.12 228 296.12 174 296.12 192 296.12 260 296.12 59.5 296.12 158 344.12 193 344.12 203 456.12 207 234.14 98.5 234.14 28Od. 326.16 92 346.20 143.5 298.14 45 297.15 200 309.17 75 362.08 180

B. P.

16515 16095 20426 227100 227100 19615 25Od. 303

d

-p T No.

0.901 0.79810 0.85360 1119 0.778

359

340 448

427

365 22O11 24511 >360 >360 29Od.

1.58520 0.774° 1.1841* 1.194 1.50012 0.869l0

1.08516-5

2115

1295 394

23814

1.1316

No. 5315 5316 5317

Formula . Ci8H20N2O3 Ci 8 H 2 iNO 3 C18H2iNO3

5318 5319 5320 5321 5322 5323 5324 5325 5325.1 5326 5327 5328 5329 5330 5331 5332 5333 5334 5335 5336 5337 5338 5339 5340 5341 5342 5343 5343.1 5344 5345 5346 5347 5348 5349 5350 5351 5352 5353 5354 5355 5356 5357 5358 5359 5360 5361 5362 5363 5364 5365 5366 5367 5368 5369 5370 5371 5371.1 5372 5373 5374

Cj8H2INO3 Ci 8 H 2 iNO 3 Ci 8 H 2 iNO 3 Ci8H22BrNO3 Ci8H22BrNO3 Ci8H22ClNO3 Ci8H22ClNO3 C18H22N2O2 Ci 8 H 22 N 2 O 5 Ci 8 H 22 N 4 O 4 Ci 8 H 22 N 4 O 4 Ci8H22N4O4 Ci8H22N4O4 Ci8H22Oi0 Ci8H23ClN2O2 C18H23NO6 Ci 8 H 24 NO 7 P C18H26O2 C18H26O4 C18H27NO3 C18H27NO8 C18H28ClNO8 C18H28O4 C18H30 C18H30O C18H30O2 C18H31ClN2O6 C18H32 C18H32O2 C18H32O2 C18H32O2 C18H32O2 C18H32O2 C18H32O4 C18H32O16 C18H32O16 C18H33N2O12 C18H34 C18H34 Ci8H34O C18H34O C18H34O2 C18H34O2 C18H34O2 C18H34O2 C18H34O2 C18H34O2 C18H34O3 C18H34O3 C18H34O3 C18H34O3 C18H34O3 C18H34O3 C18H34O3 C18H34O3 C18H34O5 C18H34O6 C18H34O16 C18H35ClO C18H35N

Name

MoL wt.

M. P.

Cinchotenine Bebeerine Codeine

312.17 299.17 299.17

Ï98 214 155

Isobebeerine Isocodeine Pseudocodeine Codeine hydrobromide Morphine methylbromide Bebeerine hydrochloride Codeine hydrochloride Holocaine Pilocarpine salicylate Galactosazone d-Glucosazone Z-Glucosazone Gulososazone Murrayin Holocaine hydrochloride Cocaine formate Codeine phosphate Menthyl phenylacetate Diamyl phthalate Capsaicin . Senecifoline Senecifoline hydrochloride Embellie acid Hexaethylbenzene C 6 (C 2 Hs) 6 Sycoceryl alcohol Linolenic acid dZ-Ecgonine hydrochloride Fichtelite Chaulmoogric acid a-Eleostearic acid Linoleic acid Stearolic acid C 8 H 17 CfC(CH 2 ) 7 CO 2 H... Tariric acid. Stearoxylic acid Raffinose Procellose Piperazine quinate (Sidonal) Hexadecylacetylene Ci6H33CiCH l-Methyl-2-pentadecylacetylene Chaulmoogryl alcohol Oleic aldehyde Elaidicacid Gynocardic acid Oleic acid C 8 H 17 CH:CH(CH 2 ) 7 CO 2 H... Petroselinic acid Rapicacid Z-Menthyl n-caprylate 3-Ketostearic acid 6-Ketostearic acid 8-Ketostearic acid 9-Ketostearic acid 10-Ketostearic acid Ricinelaidic acid Ricinic acid Ricinoleic acid Oleic acid ozonide Di-n-heptyl tartrate Clavisepsin Stearyl chloride , C17H36COCl Stearonitrile C17H35CN

299.17 299.17 299.17 380.09 380.09 335.64 335.64 298.19 346.19 358.20 358.20 358.20 358.20 398.17 334.65 349.19 397.22 274.20 306.20 305.22 385.22 421.68 308.22 246.23 262.23 278.23 406.71 248.25 280.25 280.25 280.25 280.25 280.25 312.25 504.25 504.25 469.27 250.26 250.26 266.26 266.26 282.26 282.26 282.26 282.26 282.26 282.26 298.26 298.26 298.26 298.26 298.26 298.26 298.26 298.26 330.26 346.26 506.26 302.73 265.28

297 144 181 265 d. 260 264 117 120 201 208 d. 205 d. 168 170 189 42 235 65 194 260 142 129 90 247 46 69 49 <-18 48 50.5 86 119 210 171 26 30 36 51.5 67.5 14 34 14 97 75 83 76 65 53 81 17 35 198 23 41

d

^L No.

l .31514

1283, 1286

B. P.

179 d.

1.29O180

1288 1264 1333 1333 1333

202 d. 18Od.

205.525 344

1333 1.002 1226

298

0.831}30'4

23217

0.914

24820 23512 23016 260

1.010

1159

1247

0.903

13Od.

1.465

ISO15 18415

0.798 2 ^ 0.802

1694 288100

0.85115 0.85179-4

456

28610<>

0.895J 7 ' 7 0.86840 0.89715 0.898

929 1057

17515

25015 25215 25015 23514 21515 21413

0.94515 1.022 0.999 41

472

No. 5375 5376 5377 5378 5379 5380 5381 5382 5383 5384 5385 5386 5387 5388 5389 5390 5391 5392 5394 5395 5396 5397 5398 5399 5400 5401 5402 5403 5404 5405 5406 5407 5408 5409 5410 5411 5412 5413 5414 5415 5416 5417 5418 5419 5420 5421 5422 5423 5424 5425 5426 5427 5428 5428.1 5429 5430 5431 5432 5433 5434 5435 5436 5437

Formula C18H35NO Ci8H36NO2 Ci8H36 Ci8H36O Ci8H36O2 Ci8H36O2 C18H36O2 C18H36O2 Ci8H36O3 C18H36O3 C18H36O3 C18H36O3 C18H36O3 C18H36O4 C18H37I C18H37NO C18H38 C18H38O C19H12O C19H13N C19H13N3O6 C19H14O3 Ci9H14O6 C19H15 C19H15Cl C19H15N3 C19H16 C19Hi6N2 C19H16O C19H16O3 C19H17N C19H17N C19H17N C19H17N C19H17NO2 C19H17NO3 C19H17NO3 C19H17NO3 C19H17N3 C19H17N3 C19H18ClN3 C19H18N2 C19H18O3 C19H18O7 C19H18O8 C19H18O11 C19H19NO2 C19H19NO3 C19H19NO4 C19H19NO5 C19H19N3 C19H19N3 C19H19N3O C19H20N2O C19H20N2O4 C19H20N2O4 C19H20O4 C19H20O5 C19H21NO3 C19H2JiNO3 Ci 9 H 2 iNO 3 Ci 9 H 2 INO 5 Ci 9 H 22 N 2

Name

MoL wt.

M. P.

Oleicamide Oleohydroxamic acid n-Octodecylene Stearic aldehyde Ci7H35CHO .. Stearic acid Ci7H35CO2H Cetyl acetate CH3CO2Ci6H33 Ethyl palmitate C 15 H 31 CO 2 C 2 H 5 ......... Methyl margarate 1-Hydroxystearic acid dZ-2-Hydroxystearic acid 9-Hydroxystearic acid 10-Hydroxystearic acid 11-Hydroxystearic acid 4, 9-Dihydroxystearic acid n-Octodecyl iodide Stearic amide C15H31CONH2 n-Octadecane CH3(CH2)16CH3 n-Octadecyl alcohol Benzylideneacenaphthenone 9-Phenylacridine Tri-p-nitrophenylmethane Aurine Oroxylin Triphenylmethyl (C6H5)3C Triphenylchloromethane (C6Hs)3CCl. .. Chrysaniline Triphenylmethane (C6H5)3CH Benzophenone phenylhydrazone Triphenyl carbinol (C6H5)3COH Triphenyl orthoformate HC(OC6H5)3.. . ra-Aminotriphenylmethane p-Aminotriphenylmethane Diphenylbenzylamine Triphenylmethylamine (C 6 H 5 ) 3 C.NH 2 .. Novatophan Cusparidine Cusparine Isocusparine a-Triphenylguanidine /3-Triphenylguanidine a-Triphenylguanidine hydrochloride p, p'-Diaminotriphenylmethane Eugenol cinnamate Eriodonol Atranoric acid Euxanthic acid Ditamine Galipidine Bulbocapnine. Stylopine o-Leucaniline (NH2C6H4) 3CH p-Leucaniline (NH 2 C 6 H 4 ) 3CH Pararosaniline (NH2C6H4]I3C(OH) Cinchoninone Antipyrine mandelate dZ-Ornithuric acid Diethyl diphenylmalonate Guaiaconic acid Isothebaine Oxyacanthine Thebaine Eupyrin Desoxycinchonidine

281.28 297.28 252.28 268.28 284.28 284.28 284.28 284.28 300.28 300.28 300.28 300.28 300.28 316.28 380.22 283.29 254.29 270.29 256.09 255.11 379.12 290.11 338.11 243.12 278.57 285.14 244.12 272.14 260.12 292.12 259.14 259.14 259.14 259.14 291.14 307.14 307.14 307.14 287.16 287.16 323.62 274.16 294.14 358.14 374.14 422.14 293.15 309.15 325.15 341.15 289.17 289.17 305.17 292.17 340.17 340.17 312.15 328.15 311.17 311.17 311.17 343.17 278.19

76 61 18 63.5 69.3 18.5 24.2 29 85 85 81.5 79 78 136.5 34 109 28 58.5 107 181 207 > 220 225 147 112 270 92.5 137 162.5 77 120 84 87 105 76 79 92 194 145 131 241 140 90 199 197 162 75 111 199 202 165 148 189 127 53 183 59 100 204 210 193 88 61

B. P.

d

179" 261100 383 200.515 185.510

0.791

170°-5 25112 317 210.515

1

J^ L

0.8476^3 0.858

1117 1041 1043

0.777 0.812J9

1047

1.014f

1128

404

310 359.2 > 360 27755

1.188

d. 0.875^°

d. 1332

1.226

1.305

1301

No. __ 5438 5439 5440 5441 5442 5443 5444 5445 5446 5447 5448 5451 5452 5453 5454 5455 5456 5457 5458 5459 5460 5461 5462 5463 5464 5465 5466 5467 5468 5469 5473 5474 5475 5476 5477 5478 5479 5480 5481 5482 5483 5484 5485 5486 5487 5488 5489 5490 5491 5492 5493 5494 5495 I 5496 5497 5498 5499 5500 5501 5502 5503 5504

Formula Ci9H22N2 C19H22N2O Ci 9 H 22 N 2 O Ci9H22N2O Ci9H22N2O Ci 9 H 22 N 2 O Ci9H22N2O Ci9H22N2O2 Ci9H22N2O2 Ci 9 H 22 N 2 O 2 Ci 9 H 22 N 2 O 4 Ci9H23ClN2O Ci9H23ClN2O Ci9H23NO3 Ci 9 H 23 NO 4 Ci 9 H 23 NO 4 Ci 9 H 23 NO 4 Ci 9 H 23 NO 4 Ci 9 H 23 NO 6 Ci 9 H 23 N 3 O 4 Ci9H24BrNO3 Ci9H24ClNO3 (2H2O) Ci9H24N2O Ci 9 H 24 N 2 O Ci 9 H 24 N 2 O Ci9H24N2O Ci 9 H 24 N 2 O 2 Ci9H24N2O2 Ci 9 H 24 N 2 O 2 Ci 9 H 24 N 2 O 2 Ci9H25N4O4 Ci 9 H 26 N 2 O Ci 9 H 27 NO 4 Ci9H28ClNO4 Ci9H28O2 Ci9H28O4 Ci9H28Oi3 Ci9H30O2 Ci9H34O2 Ci9H36O3 Ci9H38O2 Ci9H38O2 Ci9H38O2 Ci9H40 C20Hi0I4O4 C 20 Hi 2 C20Hi2O3 C20Hi2O5 C20H14 C 20 Hi 4 C 20 Hi 4 C20Hi4 C 20 Hi 4 N 2 C 20 Hi 4 N 2 C 20 Hi 4 N 2 O C 20 Hi 4 N 2 O C20H14O C20H14O C20Hi4O C20Hi4O2 C20Hi4O2 C20Hi4O4

Name

MoL wt.

M. P.

Desoxycinchonine Apocinchonine Cinchonicine. Cinchonidine... a-Cinchonine Homocinchonidine 0-Isocinchonine Apoconquinine Apoquinine Cupreine Chitenine Cinchonidine hydrochloride Cinchonine hydrochloride Codethyline Cinnamylcocaine Corytuberine Porphyroxime Sinomenine Morphine acetate Cinchonine nitrate Eucodine (Methylcodeine bromide) Dionine

278.19 294.19 294.19 294.19 294.19 294.19 294.19 310.19 310.19 310.19 342.19 330.65 330.65 313.19 329.19 329.19 329.19 329.19 345.19 357.20 394.11 349.65

92 228 59 210 264.3 207.6 126 137 21Od. 202 286 d. 242 d. 218 d. 93 121 240 135 161 20Od.

Cinchamidine (Hydrocinchonidine) Cinchonamine. . Cinchotine Pereirine Conquinamine Geissospermine Hydrocupreine Quinamine Ionidine Aspidosine a-Eucaine a-Eucaine hydrochloride Abietic acid Convallaretin Calmatambin Benzyl laurate CnH23CO2CH2C6H5 Methyl chaulmoograte Methyl ricinolate Nondecylic acid CH 3 (CH 2 )I 7 CO 2 H..... Ethyl margarate CH3(CH2)I5CO2C2H5.. Methyl stéarate Ci7H35CO2CH3 n-Nondecane CH3(CH2)17CH3 Nosophen (Tetraiodophenolphthalein). . . Perylene Fhioran Fluorescein a, a'-Dinaphthyl Ci0H7.Ci0H7 a, /S'-Dinaphthyl ß, ß'-Dinaphthyl Ci 0 H 7 .Ci 0 H 7 .... 9-Phenylanthracene a, a'-Azonaphthalene ß, /3'-Azonaphthalene a, a'-Azoxynaphthalene /3, ß'-Azoxynaphthalene a-Naphthyl ether (Ci0H7)20 0-Naphthyl ether (Ci0H7)20 a, 0'-Naphthyl ether a-Dinaphthol 0-Dinaphthol Phenolphthalein

296.20 296.20 296.20 296.20 312.20 312.20 312.20 312.20 373.23 298.22 333.22 369.68 288.22 320.22 464.22 290.23 294.26 312.28 298.29 298.29 298.29 268.31 821.81 252.09 300.09 332.09 254.11 254.11 254.11 254.11 282.12 282.12 298.12 298.12 270.11 270.11 270.11 286.11 286.11 318.11

230 185 286 124 123 189 230 172 156 245 103 200 161 >255 144 8.5 22

B. P.

d

?1 L No.

1278 1304

1333

1333 261 123

66 27 38 32 225 264 175 160.5 80 187.8 153 190 204 127 167 110 105 81 300 218 261

17Od.

1251 21112 22720 24510 299100 21515 330

0.946^ 0.912^ 0.924

540

0.777J 2

1045

29Od. 360 452 417

>360 25019 26415 1.277f

465

No. 5505 5506 5507 5508 5509 5510 5511 5512 5513 5514 5515 5516 5517 5518 5519 5520 5521 5522 5523 5524 5525 5526 5527 5528 5529 5530 5532 5533 5534 5535 5536 5537 5538 5539 5540 5541 5542 5544 5545 5546 5547 5548 5549 5550 5551 5552 5553 5554 5555 5556 5557 5558 5559 5560 5561 5562 5563 5564 5566 5567 5568 5570 5571

Formula

Name

MoI. wt.

M. P.

C 20 Hi 4 O 6 C20Hi4O9 C20Hi4S C 20 Hi 6 N ft C 20 Hi 5 NO 4 C20Hi5NO8 C 20 Hi 5 Ns C 20 Hi 5 N 3 C 20 Hi 6 N 2 C 20 Hi 6 N 2 ft C 20 Hi 6 N 2 O C 20 Hi 6 N 4 C20Hi6O2 C20H16O3 C20Hi7N5O2 C20Hi8 C20H18 C20Hi8ClNO4 C 20 Hi 8 N 2 O C 20 Hi 8 N 2 O C20H18N4S C 20 Hi 9 N C 20 Hi 9 NO 5 C20H19NO5 C20H19NO6 C 20 Hi 9 NO 9 C 20 H 20 N 2 O 6 C20H20O6 C20H20O6 C20H20O7 C20H20Oi0 C20H20Oi2 C20H2iNOs C 20 H 2 iNO 4 C 20 H 2 iNO 4 C20H2iNO4 C 20 H 2 iNO 4 C20H22ClNO4 C 20 H 22 N 2 O C 20 H 22 N 2 O 2 C20H22N2O2 C20H22N2O4 C20H22O8 C20H23ClN2O2 C20H 23NO4 C20H23NO4 C20H23N3O4 C20H23O4 C20H24Cl2N2O2 C20H24NO4 C 20 H 24 N 2 O C20H24N2O2 C20H24N2O2 C20H24N2O2 C20H24N2O2 C20H24N2O2 C20H24N2O2 C20H24N2O2 C20H26BrN2O2 C20H25ClN2O2 C20H26ClN2O2 C 20 H 26 NO 2 C20H26NO4

Fluorescin Psoromic acid a, a'-Dinaphthyl sulfide (Ci 0 Hy) 2 S /S'-Dinaphthylamine (Ci 0 H 7 ) 2 NH Sanguinarine Berilicacid.. p-Amino-a-azonaphthalene Amino-ß-azonaphthalene a, a'-Hydrazonaphthalene /3'-Hydrazonaphthalene Benzilphenylhydrazone Nitron Triphenylacetic acid (C 6 H 5 ) 3 C.CO 2 H... Rosolie acid Rubazonic acid Diphenyl-m-tolylmethane 1,1, 2-Triphenylethane Berberine hydrochloride a-Benzoinphenylhydrazone /3-Benzoinphenylhydrazone Triphenylguanylthiourea Dibenzylaniline C 6 H 5 N(CH 2 C 6 Ho) 2 Chelidonine Papaveraldine Protopine Berberilic acid Antipyrine acetylsalicylate Cubebinol Cubebin Coccelicacid Scoparin Luteic acid Galipeine Z-Canadine Dicentrine Papaverine dZ-Canadine Papaverine hydrochloride Quinene Dehydro quinine Jelsemine Lysuric acid Populin Jelsemine hydrochloride Acetylcodeine Corypalmine Pyramidon salicylate Naphthyl acid camphorate Quinene dichloride... Staphisagroine Desoxyquinine Isoconquinine Isoquinine Quinicine Quinidine Quinine Quinine (isomer A) Quinine (isomer B) Quinine hydrobromide Quinidine hydrochloride Quinine hydrochloride Lobelidine Codamine

334.11 398.11 286.17 269.12 333.12 397.12 297.14 297.14 284.14 284.14 300.14 312.16 288.12 304.12 359.17 258.14 258.14 371.61 302.16 302.16 346.24 273.15 353.15 353.15 353.15 417.15 368.17 340.15 356.15 372.15 420.15 452.15 323.17 339.17 339.17 339.17 339.17 375.64 306.19 322.19 322.19 354.19 390.17 358.65 341.19 341.19 369.20 327.18 395.1.2 342.19 308.20 324.20 324.20 324.20 324.20 324.20 324.20 324.20 405.13 360.67 360.67 311.20 343.20

Î27 264 110 172.2 213 200 175 156 a 271; ß 274 164 134 189 d. 265 270 181 61.5 54 155 106 157 70 136 210 207 182 65 92 132 178 219 d. 274 115 134 169 147 167 221 d. 82 181 178 145 180 300 133.5 236 70 122 97 275 52 142 185 60 168 175 193.5 189 200 259 d. 160 106 121

B. P„

d

^1 L No.

29015 471

d. 356 349.4

d.

1.0716 1.397

1333

l .337

1331

1298 1279

259 d.

.

No.

Formula

5572 5573 5575 5577 5578 5579 5580 5581 5583 5584 5585 5586 5587 5588 5589 5590 5591 5592 5593 5594 5595 5596 5597 5598 5599 5600 5601 5602 5603 5604 5605 5606 5607 5608 5609 5610 5611 5612 5613

C20H26NO4 C20H25NO4 C20H26N2O6S C 20 H 26 N 2 O 2 C20H26N2O2 C 20 H 27 NO 5 C 20 H 27 NOn C20H27N2O4P C20H28O4 C20H28O5 C20H28O6 C20H28Oi3 C20H30N2O6 C20H30O2 C20H30O4 C20H30O5 C20H32O6 C20H33NO C20H33N3 C20H33N3 C20H34O C20H34O C20H34O C20H34O C20H34O10 C20H36N8Oi6 C20H36O C20H36O2 C20H36O2 C20H38O2 C20H38O3 C20H40O C20H40O2 C20H40O2 C20H4iI C20H42 C20H42O C2iHi4O C2iHi4O ft

5614 5615 5616 5617 5618 5619 5620 5621 5622 5623 5624 5625 5626 5627 5628 5629

C 2x Hi 4 O 2 C2IHi5Bi2O9 C2xHi6 C 2 iHie C 2x Hi 6 ft C 2 iHi 6 N 2 C2iHi6Oii C 2 iHi 8 N 2 C 2 iHi 8 N 2 C21Hi8Oi2 C 2 IHi 9 NO 4 C2iH20 C 2 IH 20 N 2 O 4 C2iH20O6 C2iH20O9 C2iH20O9

Name

MoI. wt.

M. P.

Laudanidine Laudanine Quinine disulfate Hydroquinidine Hydroquinine Diversine Amygdalin Quinine hypophosphite Thymyl acid camphorate Eugenol acid camphorate Cholanicacid Primeverin Quinine hydrate d-Pimaric acid Onoceric acid Andrographolide. Andrographolic acid Myristic anilide Ormosine Ormosinine Ambrosterol Cinchol Cupreol Quebrachol Cyclamin Vicine Excretin Eicosinic acid Ethyl chaulmoograte Eicosenic acid Ethyl ricinoleate Phytol Arachidic acid Ethyl stéarate CnH35CO2C2H5 n-Eicosyl iodide n-Eicosane CH3(CH2)I8CH3 Eicosyl alcohol CH3(CH2)I8CH2OH. ... a, ßVDinaphthyl ketone 0'-Dinaphthyl ketone

343.20 343.20 422.28 326.22 326.22 361.22 457.22 390.25 332.22 348.22 364.22 476.22 378.25 302.23 334.23 350.23 368.25 303.26 315.28 315.28 290.26 290.26 290.26 290.26 434.26 628.34 292.28 308.28 308.28 310.29 326.29 296.31 312.31 312.31 408.25 282.32 298.32 282.11 282.11

177 164.5 16Od. 167 172.3 93 200 181 89 116 285 206 57 212 120 218 188 84 87 205 147 139 140 125 236 242 d. 96 69

Picenic acid 298.11 Bismuth salicylate 829.12 a, a'-Dinaphthylmethane 268.12 a,/3'-Dinaphthylmethane (Ci 0 H 7 ) 2 CH 2 .. 268.12 /S'-Dinaphthylmethane (Ci 0 Hy) 2 CH 2 .. 268.12 Lophine 296.14 Methylenecitrylsalicylic acid 444.12 Amarin 298.16 Hydrobenzamide 298.16 Scutellarin 462.14 Fumarine 349.15 Phenylditolylmethane 272.15 Alstonine (Chlorogenine) 364,17 Curcumin 368.15 Aloin . . . 416.15 1, 2-Dihydro-3, 5-dihydroxy-4-(«, 3, 4trihydroxybenzylbenzofuran) * 416.15 5630 C2iH20O9 Frangulin 416.15 5631 C 2 iH 20 Oii Quercitrin 448.15 5632 C 2 IH 20 Oi 2 Incarnatrin 464.15 5633 C 2 iH 2 iN Tribenzylamine (C6H5CH2)3N 287.17 5634 C 22 H 2 iNO 6 d-Corcycavamine 367.17 5635 C 2 iH 2 iNO 6 Hydrastine 383.17 * Also commonly known as Catechol, Pyrocatechol, Catechin, Pyrocatechin. See #1414.

50

77 33.7 42 38 71 135 a 125.5 b!64.5 201 135 d. 109 95 93 275 154 129 101 20Od. 199 56 195 183 147.9 217 226 185 245 92 149 132

B. P.

d

R L

' No.

1.256

d. 28220

1333 27015 23020 26715 25813 20410 328 224 192° 5 20515 2203

0.906

1036

0.914 0.856

481 484

0.778346'7

1065

360

1333

0.991J5

No. 5636 5637 5638 5639 5640 5641 5642 5645 5646 5647 5648 5649 5650 5651 5652 5653 5654 5655 5656 5657 5658 5659 5660 5661 5663 5664 5665 5666 5667 5668 5669 5670 5671 5672 5673 5674 5675 5676 5677 5678 5679 5680 5681 5682 5683 5684 5685 5686 5687 5688 5689 5690 5691 5692 5693 5694 5695 5696 5697 5698 5699 5700 5701

Formula C 2 iH 2 iNO 6 C 2 iH 2 iN 8 C2iH2iO4P C2iH2iO6P C2iH2i07P C2iH25N2O2 C 2 IH 22 N 2 O 2 C2IH23Cl2N8O3 C 2 IH 28 NO 4 C2iH28NO5 C 2 iH 28 NO 5 C 2 IH 28 NO 5 C 2 IH 23 NO 5 C 2 iH 23 NO 5 C 2 iH 28 NO 6 C 2 iH 23 N 8 O 5 C 2 IH 24 ClNO 4 C 2 iH 24 N 2 O C 2 iH 24 N 2 O C 2 IH 24 N 6 Oi 0 C 2 IH 24 O 9 C 2 IH 24 Oi 0 C 2 iH 24 Oii C 2 iH 24 Oi 2 C 21 H 26 NO 4 C 2 IH 25 NO 4 C 2 iH 25 NO 4 C 2 iH 25 NO 4 C-JiH25N8O2 C-JiH26N2O C 2 IH 26 N 2 O 3 C2iH26N2O8 C 2 IH 26 N 2 O 4 C-JiH27ClN2O8 C 2 iH 27 NO 4 C 2 iH 27 NOio C-JiH28N2O C2iH23O4 C-JiH30N2O4 C2iH30O2 C2iH30O4 C2iH30O8 C 2x H 34 O C-JiH34O2 C-JiH84O8 C-JiH34O4 C2iH84Oio C2iH86O4 C-JiH33O8 C2IH38O6 C2iH4002 C5JiH42 C-JiH42O2 C2iH42O2 C2iH48NO C2iH44 C22H14 C 22 Hi 4 N 2 O C 22 Hi 5 NO 6 C 22 Hi 5 N 3 C22Hi8O4 C22H20Oi3 C 22 H 22 On

Name

MoL wt.

M. P.

Rhoeadine Anhydroformaldehydeaniline Tri-p-cresyl phosphate Triguaiacyl phosphite Triguaiacyl phosphate Isostrychnine Strychnine Benzamide hydrochloride Meconidine Cryptopine Diacetylmorphine a-Homochelidonine /3-Homochelidonine T-Homochelidonine Colchiceine Strychine nitrate Diacetylmorphine hydrochloride Paytine '. , Strychnidine Geneserine picrate Glycyphylline Phloridzin Datiscin Saponarin Corybulbine Corydine Glaucine Isocorybulbine Porphyrine Desoxystrychnine Corynanthine Quebrachine Quinine formate Quebrachine hydrochloride d(/)-Laudanosine d-Cocaine bitartrate Tetraethyldiaminobenzophenone Marrubiin , Struxine Cannabinol Euonymol Antiarin Pyrethrol Benzyl myristate Ci3H27CO2CH2C6H5 ... Di-d-bornyl carbonate Ipurganol Helleborein Trifolianol Di-Z-menthyl carbonate Tricaproin Dimentholformal 9-Heneicosene C8HnCH:CHCnH23 Cluytinic acid Heneicosonic acid CH3(CH2)I9CO2H Heneicosamide CH3(CH2)I9CONH2 n-Heneicosane CH3(CH2) I9CH3 Picene Rosindon (Rosindulon) Colchinine Rosinduline 0-Cresolphthalein Carminic acid . Isotrifolin

383.17 315.19 368.19 400.19 416.19 334.19 334.19 436.12 353.19 369.19 369.19 369.19 369.19 369.19 385.19 397.20 405.65 320.20 320.20 520.23 420.19 436.19 452.19 468.19 355.20 355.20 355.20 355.20 351.22 322.22 354.22 354.22 370.22 390.68 357.22 453.22 324.23 344.22 374.25 314.23 346.23 410.23 302.27 318.26 334.26 350.26 446.26 352.28 338.29 386.29 324.31 294.32 326.32 326.32 325.34 296.34 278.11 322.12 389.12 321.14 346.14 492.15 462.17

232 d. 45.5 77 78 98 214.5 268 178 58 218 172 182 159 171 172

B. P.

d

?1lm No.

185

2705

1.35918

1.351 1260

1333 230 156 250.5 175 180 17Od. 180 232 239 105 120 180 97 172 242 248 113 290 89 112 96 154.5 25Od. 250 215 199 20.5 216 225 230 d. 300 106 -25 57 3 69 74 110 40.4 364 262 146 199 216 136 d. 250

29514

1.430

1165

1333

29715 315100

l .04218

290 23111

0.932^

536

0.988

392

337 20211

21515 520

0.80515

0.775J5'8

1067

No.

Formula

5702 C 22 H 22 On 5703 C 22 H 23 NO 7 5704 C 22 H 23 NO 7 5705 C 22 H 23 N 3 O 7 5706 C22H24Oi0 5707 C 22 H 25 NO 4 5708 C 22 H 25 NO 6 5709 C 22 H 26 N 2 O 2 5710 C 22 H 26 N 2 O 3 5711 C 22 H 26 N 2 O 3 5712 C 22 H 26 N 2 O 4 5713 C 22 H 26 N 2 O 4 5714 C 22 H 26 N 2 O 4 5715 C 22 H 26 N 2 O 4 5716 C 22 H 26 N 2 O 4 5718 C 22 H 26 O 12 5719 C22H27AsNO5 5720 C 22 H 27 BrN 2 O 3 5721 C22H27ClN2O2 5722 C22H27ClN2O3 5723 C 22 H 27 NO 4 5724 C22H27N3O5 5725 C 22 H 28 N 2 O 2 5726 C 22 H 28 N 2 O 2 5727 C 22 H 28 N 2 O 4 C22H28N2O4 5728 5729 C 22 H 28 N 4 5730 C 22 H 28 O 3 5732 Q22H29IO2 5733 C22 H 30 N 2O 2 5734 C 22 H 3 iNO 5 (?) 5735 C22H32O3 5736 C22H32O4 5737 C22H32O6 5738 C22H33NO5 5739 C22H33NO5 5741 C22H34N4O8S 5742 C 22 H 35 NO 6 C 22 H 36 O 4 5743 5744 C22H36O8 5745 C22H37NO 5746 C22H38O 5747 C22H38O 5748 C22H88O4 5759 C22H38O4 5760 C22H39ClO 5761 C 22 H 40 O 2 5762 C 22 H 4 iNO 5763 C22H42O2 5764 C22H42O2 5765 C 22 H 42 O 3 5765. l C 22 H 42 O 3 5766 C 22 H 43 NO 5767 C22H44O 5768 C 22 H 44 O 2 5769 C22H44O2 5770 C22H45I 5771 C22H45NO 5772 C 22 H 46 5773 C22H46O 5774 C23H20O2 5775 C23H23NO6 5776 C 23 H 24 N 2 O 6

Name Trifolin Gnoscopine Narcotine Pyrene picrate Sakuranin Corycavidine Z-Colchicine Apoyohimbine Acetylquinine Gelsemine Chaimaridine Chaimarine Conchaimarine Conchairamidine Mitraversine Hesperidin Strychnine methylarsinate Gelseminine hydrobromide Apoyohimbine hydrochloride Gelseminine hydrochloride dZ-Corydaline Physostigmine salicylate Aspidosamine Aspidospermatine Ditaine (Echitamine) Quinine acetate Camphorosazone Santalyl salicylate Europhen (Diisobutyl-p-cresol iodide).... Aspidospermine Mitragynine Anacardic acid Digitoxigenin Genin Atropine isovalerate Atropine valerate Pilocarpine sulfate Delphinine Bryonol Capsularin Palmitic anilide Cholestol Ilicyl alcohol Citrullol Di-Z-menthyl oxalate Behenolyl chloride C21H39COCl Behenolic acid C2iH39CO2H Behenolyl amide C2iH39CONH2 Brassidic acid Erucic acid 14-Ketobehenic acid Isobutyl ricinoleate Erucamide C2iH41CONH2 Erucyl alcohol Behenic acid Methyl heneicosate C20H4iCO2CH3 Docosyl iodide CH3(CH2)20CH2I Behenamide C21H43CONH2 . w-Docosane CH3(CH2)20CH3 Docosyl alcohol CH3(CH2)20CH2OH Amaric anhydride Corycavine Buphnatine

MoI. wt.

M. P.

462.17 413.19 413.19 431.12 448.19 367.20 399.20 350.22 366.22 366.22 382.22 382.22 382.22 382.22 382.22 482.20 460.18 447.14 386.68 402.68 369.22 413.23 352.23 352.23 384.23 384.23 348.25 340.22 452.16 354.25 389.25 344.25 360.25 392.25 391.26 391.26 514.36 409.28 364.28 428.28 331.29 318.29 318.29 366.29 366.29 354.76 336.31 335.32 338.32 338.32 354.32 354.32 337.34 324.34 340.34 340.34 436.28 339.36 310.35 326.35 328.15 409.19 424.20

260 233 175 218 212 213 146 252 108 178 128 233 120 115 237 171 60 d.

B. P.

d

?1 I0 No.

1.374

1333

251 d. 1333

300 330 136 178.9 100 162 206 126 55 110 208 106 26 230 206 32 42 132 187.5 212 176 90.5 139 175 290 68 29 57.5 90 61.5 33.5 84 83 34.6 84 49 49 112 44.4 74 140.5 216 240

1333 1333 1333 126.620

1.07015

2202 2405

1333 1333

28417 360 350 22512

28230 28l30

0.85957-1 0.86O45'4

1085

2629

0.90322

980

200°-2 30660

224.515

0.77S414'4

No. 5777 5778 5779 5780 5781 5782 5783 5784 5785 5786 5787 5788 5789 5790 5791 5792 5793 5794 5795 5796 5797 5798 5799 5801 5802 5803 5804 5804.1 5805 5806 5807 5808 5809 5810 5811 5812 5813 5814 5815 5816 5817 5818 5819 5820 5821 5822 5823 5824 5826 5829 5830 5831 5832 5834 5835 5836 5837 5838 5839 5840 5841 5842 5843

Formula C 23 H 24 N 4 O 2 C 23 H 24 N 4 On C23H24O3 C 23 H 24 O 9 C23H24O9 C 23 H 26 NO 4 C23H26ClN3O3 C 23 H 26 N 2 O 4 C 23 H 26 N 2 O 4 C 23 H 26 N 2 O 4 C 23 H 26 N 2 O 4 C 23 H 26 N 2 O 5 C 23 H 27 NO 6 C 23 H 27 NO 8 C 23 H 27 N 3 O 7 C23H28ClNO8 C 23 H 28 N 2 O 4 C 23 H 29 NO 2 C 23 H 30 N 2 O 4 C 23 H 30 N 2 O 5 C 23 H 30 N 2 O 5 C23H30N2O5 C 23 H 3 iNO 2 C 23 H 33 N 2 O 4 C23H33N3O5 C23H36O2 C23H36O4 C23H38N2 C23H38O2 C23H38O4 C23H38O4 C23H40O C23H40O C23H40O4 C23H40O4 C23H42O2 C23H44O2 C23H46O C23H46O2 C23H48 C 24 Hi 6 C 24 Hi 8 C24Hi8As2N2O C 24 Hi 8 N 2 C 24 Hi 8 N 2 O C 24 H 20 N 2 C 24 H 20 O 6 C 24 H 20 O 9 C 24 H 25 N 3 O C 24 H 28 O 6 C24H28O8 C24H28O8 C 24 H 29 NO 6 C24H30O5 C 24 H 30 O 7 C 24 H 30 Oi 5 C 24 H 32 N 2 O 4 C 24 H 32 N 4 O 9 C 24 H 38 N 2 O C 24 H 38 O 4 C 24 H 40 N 2 C 24 H 40 O 4 C 24 H 40 O 4

Name Methylenediantipyrine Hypscine picrate 0-Cresol orthoacetate Picropodophyllin Podophyllotoxin Lanthopine Acoin Aricine Brucine Concusconine Cusconine Allobrucine oxide Homoatropine salicylate Narceine Brucine nitrate Narceine hydrochloride Vellosine Lobeline Quinine propionate dZ-Quinine lactate. d-Quinine lactate Z-Quinine lactate Atisine Quinine ethyl carbonate (Equinine).. Pyramidon acid camphorate Lactucon (Lactucol acetate) Calabarol Conessine Benzyl palmitate Anonol Grindelol (Phytosterol glucoside) Ambrein Xanthosterin Di-Z-menthyl malonate Ipuranol Methyl behenolate C2iH39CO2CH3 Methyl erucate C21H41CO2CH3 Laurone (CnH23)2CO Methyl behenate C2iH43CO2CH3 n-Tricosane CH3(CH2)2iCH3 Crackene 1, 3, 5-Triphenylbenzene Phenarsazine oxide py p'-Diphenylazobenzene PJ p'-Diphenylazoxybenzene p, p'-Diphenylhydrazobenzene Glycerol tribenzoate Glycerol trisalicylate Benzoylauramine Diguaiacyl camphorate a-Flavaspidie acid... /3-Flavaspidic acid Atropine salicylate Blaterone Anthamantin Scopolin Quinine butyrate Maltosazone Holarrhenine Di-d-bornyl succinate Conessine Choleic acid Cucurbitol

.

MoI. wt.

M. P.

388.22 532.22 348.19 444.19 444.19 379.20 427.68 394.22 394.22 394.22 394.22 410.22 413.22 445.22 457.23 481.68 396.23 351.23 398.25 414.25 414.25 414.25 353.25 401.27 431.28 344.28 376.28 342.31 346.29 378.29 378.29 332.31 332.31 380.31 380.31 350.32 352.34 338.35 354.35 324.37 306.14 306.14 500.08 334.16 350.16 336.17 404.15 452.15 371.22 412.22 444.22 444.22 427.23 398.23 430.23 558.23 412.26 520.28 370.31 390.29 356.32 392.31 392.31

Î77 188 89 227 94 200 178 188 d. 178 208 110 189

B. P.

d

•?:L No.

"

1333 170 23Od. 192 189 d. 131 111 165.5 175 171 85 91 94 184 245 125 36 298 257 82 214 62 290 22 69 54.5 47.7 308 170 350 250 205 247 76.5 79 179 124 92 156

1333

0.914g

1333 1079

17O1

0.944J6

222*

0.870 0.789^ 0 ' 9

457 1111

0.779J 7 ' 7

1120

1.206

1317

225 320.7 500

1333 300 79 218 77.5 206 198 83.7 125 190 260

No.

Formula

5844 5845 5846 5847 5848 5849 5850 5851 5852 5853 5854 5855 5856 5857 5858 5859 5860 5861 5862 5863 5864 5865 5866 5867 5868 5869 5871 5872 5873 5874 5875 5876 5877 5878 5879 5880 5881 5882 5883 5884 5885 5886 5887 5888 5889 5890 5891 5892 5893 5895 5896 5897 5898 5899 5900 5901 5902 5903 5904 5905 5906 5907 5908

C 24 H 40 O 6 C 24 H 4 iNO C24H42O4 C 24 H 42 O 6 C 24 H 42 O 6 C 24 H 44 O 6 C24H44I2O2 C24H44O2 C24H46O2 C24H46O2 C24H48O2 C24H48O2 C24H48O2 C24H48O2 C24H48O2 C 24 H 48 O 2 C24H60 C 24 H 60 C24H60O C26H20 C 25 H 2 iN 8 C 26 H 26 Ou C 26 H 28 Oi 4 C26H29NO8S C26H32O8 C25H32O8 C 25 H 34 Oi 4 C25H39NO8 C26H40O C26H40O C26H40O2 C26H42O2 C 26 H 44 O 4 C26H60O2 C25H50O2 C26H60O8 C 26 H 62 C26Hi4 C 26 H 20 C26H20O C26H20O C26H21NOu C 26 H 22 C 26 H 22 N 4 C26H22O2 C 26 H 23 N 6 C 26 H 26 N 2 O 2 C 26 H 27 ClN 2 O 2 C 26 H 28 N 2 O 4 C 26 H 28 Oi 4 C 26 H 28 Oi 4 C26H30N2O6S C26H30O4 C 26 H 32 N 2 O 2 C 26 H 87 NO 3 C26H38 C 26 H 40 O C 26 H 40 O 7 C 26 H 4 INOi 0 C 26 H 42 O 3 C 26 H 42 O 3 C 26 H 43 NO 2 C 26 H 43 NO 6

'

Name

Cholicacid Stearic anilide CH3(CH2)16CONHC6H5. Di-Z-menthyl Buccinate Di-Z-menthyl d-tartrate Di-Z-menthyl Z-tartrate Lithofellinic acid Ethyl diiodobrassidate Ethyl behenolate C2IH39CO2C2H5 Ethyl brassidate Ethyl erucate C2IH41CO2C2H5 Carnaubic acid .. Lignoceric acid C23H47CO2H Paraffinic acid C23H47CO2H Pisangcerylic acid C23H47CO2H Tetraconic acid CH 3 (CH 2 ) 22 CO 2 H Ethyl behenate C 2 iH 43 CO 2 C 2 H 5 Isotetracosane n-Tetracosane CH 3 (CH 2 ) 22 CH 3 Carnaubyl alcohol C24H49OH Tetraphenylmethane C(C6H5)4 Tetraphenylguanidine Ononin Gentiin Codeine o-guaiacolsulfonate Albaspidin Aspidin Loganin Pseudoaconine Fungisterin Homotaraxasterol Benzyl oleate Benzyl stéarate Ci7H36CO2CH2C6H6.... Di-Z-menthyl glutarate Neocerotic acid Hyenic acid Cerebronic acid Pentacosane CH3(CHz)28CH3 Rubicene Tetraphenylethylene a-Benzopinacoline 0-Benzopinacoline Aconine 1, 1, 2, 2-Tetraphenylethane Benzilosazone Benzopinacone Tetraphenyldiguanidine Benzoylcinchonine Benzoylcinchonine hydrochloride Cinchonidine salicylate Ruberythric acid Morindin Quinine phenolsulfonate Bixin Ibogine Jervine Carotin Ergosterin Laserpitin Japaconine Sarsasapogenin Smilacin Rubijervine Glycocholic acid

MoI. wt.

M. R

408.31 359.32 394.32 426.32 426.32 412.34 618.20 364.34 366.35 366.35 368.37 368.37 368.37 368.37 368.37 368.37 338.39 338.39 354.39 320.15 363.19 502.20 552.22 503.30 460.25 460.25 558.26 481.31 356.31 356.31 372.31 374.32 408.34 382.39 382.39 398.39 352.40 326.11 332.15 348.15 348.15 523.17 334.17 390.20 366.17 405.22 398.22 434.68 432.23 564.22 564.22 498.31 406.23 404.26 411.29 350.29 368.31 464.31 527.32 402.32 402.32 401.34 465.34

195 93.6 63 75 42 206 37 15 30.5 72 81 46 72 85.5 50.5 51 54 69 285 131 210 274 165 147 124 215 95 144 164

B. P.

22Od.

0.947J1 1.054 1.04516

230

0.865

231 24315 324.1

0.779J51'1

77.8 78 100 54 306 221 205 181 132 209 225 186 d. 136106 207 70 260 245

?; ** No.

1046 449

431

2377 45.8

d

24320

28440

0.933^ 0.908^

1024 1078

0.779

425

383

1.182

247 1333

189 152 241 167.8 154 117.5 97 183 160 d. 236 134

18520 24010 d.

1.040

No. 5909 5910 5911 5912 5913 5914 5915 5916 5917 5918 5919 5920 5921 5922 5925 5926 5927 5928 5929 5930 5931 5932 ' 5933 5934 5935 5936 5937 5938 , 5939 ' 5940 5941 15942 ! 5943 5944 5945 5946 5947 5948 5949 5950 5951 5952 5953 5954 5955 5956 5957 5958 5959 5960 5961 5962 5963 5964 5965 5966 5967 5968 5969 5970 5971 5972 5973

Formula

Name . C 26 H 44 O Caulosterol C 26 H 44 O 2 Onocerin C 26 H 44 O 4 Gitogenin C 26 H 44 Oi 0 Parillin C26H45NO8 Protoveratridine C 26 H 46 O Mochyl alcohol C26H45OH C 26 H 46 O 4 Di-Z-menthyl adipate C 26 H 52 O 2 Cerotic acid C 26 H 52 O 2 Ethyl lignocerate C 26 H 54 w-Hexacosane CH3(CH1O24CH3 C 26 H 54 Isohexacosane C 26 H 54 O Ceryl alcohol C26H53OH C 27 H 28 Br 2 N 2 O 5 Quinine dibromosalicylate C 27 H 28 N 6 S 3 Diphenylguanidine trithiocarbonate C 27 H 30 N 2 O 5 Quinine salicylate C 27 H 30 Oi 5 Apiin. C 27 H 30 Oj 6 Sophorin C 27 H 32 Oi 6 Rutin C 27 H 38 O 7 Strophantidin C 27 H 39 N 5 O 5 Paucine C 27 H 40 O 8 Cerberin C 27 H 42 O Ergosterin C 27 H 46 O Cholesterin C27H46O Phytosterol C 27 H 46 O Sitosterol C 27 H 46 O 2 Atropurol C 27 H 47 N Cholesterylamine C 27 H 47 NO 9 Indaconine C27H48O Coprosterol C 27 H 50 O 6 Tricaprylin C 27 H 54 O ; Myristone (Ci3H27)2CO ; C 27 H 56 rc-Heptacosane CH 3 (CH 2 ) 25 CH 3 C28H18 9, 9'-Dianthranyl C 28 H 20 N 2 Amaron (Tetraphenylpyrazine) C 28 H 22 N 2 O Benzoylamarin C 28 H 22 O 2 Anthrapinacone C 28 H 24 N 2 Benzylamarin C 28 H 28 N 2 O 5 Strychnine salicylate C28H30O2 Columbin C 28 H 34 On Phillirin C 28 H 36 N 2 O 4 Ipecamine C 28 H 36 N 2 O 4 Psychotrine C 28 H 36 O 7 Digitogenic acid. C 28 H 38 N 2 O 4 Cephaeline C 28 H 38 N 2 O 4 Hydroipecamine. C28H38O7 a-Elateriri. C28H38O7 , 0-Elaterin C 28 H 44 O 2 i Lactucerin C 28 H 45 NO Behenolic anilide C 2 iH 39 CONHC 6 H 5 .... C28H46NO9; Isopyroine C 28 H 46 O 2 Cholesteryl formate C 28 H 47 NO Brassidic anilide C 2 iH 4 iCONHC 6 H 5 .... C 28 H 47 NO Erucic anilide C n H 41 CONHC 6 H 5 .. . . . . C 28 H 48 Oi 0 Gitalin C 28 H 49 NO Behenic anilide CH 3 (CH 2 ) 20 CONHC 6 H 5 C28H54O2 Z-Menthyl stéarate. C28H58 Octocosane CH 3 (CH 2 ) 26 CH 3 . C28H58O Cluytyl alcohol C29H24O8 Fortoin (Methylenedicotoine) C 2 9 H 2 6 Oi 2 ; Aromadendrin C 29 H 32 N 2 O 6 Quinine acetylsalicylate C 29 H 35 NO 7 Paniculatine C 29 H 36 N 2 O 4 Emetamine

MoI. wt. _ 372.34 388.34 420.34 516.34 499.36 374.35 422.35 396.40 396.40 366.42 366.42 382.42 620.06 532.46 462.25 594.23 610.23 612.25 474.29 513.34 492.31 382.32 386.35 386.35 386.35 402.35 385.37 529.37 388.37 470.39 394.42 380.43 354.14 384.17 402.19 390.17 388.20 472.23 398.23 546.26 464.29 464.29 484.28 466.31 466.31 486.29 486.29 412.34 411.36 540.36 414.35 413.37 413.37 544.37 415.39 422.42 394.45 410.45 500.19 566.20 504.26 509.28 476.29

M. P. 159 232 272 176.1 265 234 61 82.5 56 60 61 80 198 89 187 228 166 183 195 126 192 165 148 136 140 285 104 94 105 8 76 59.5 300 240 180 182 d. 124

B. P.

d

^;L No.

0.836Ü 9 31020 29640 207°-7

0.779

1333

d.

>360

27015

1.067

0.954 0.792f' 9 0.779f' 5

425

1333 182 160 90 138 210 99 92 232 195 210 72 160 1216 78 66 253 102 39 65 82.5 213 216 157 263 156

31840

0.779

No. 5974 5975 5976 5977 5978 5979 5980 5981 5982 5983 5984 5985 5986 5987 5989 5990 5991 5993 5994 5995 5996 5997 5998 5999 6000 6001 6002 6003 6004 6005 6006 6007 6008 6009 6010 6011 6012 6013 6014 6015 6016 6017 6018 6019 6020 6021 6022 6023 6024 6025 6026 6027 6028 6029 6030 6031 6032 6032.1 6033 6034 6035 6036 6037

Formula C 29 H 40 N 2 O 4 C 29 H 42 Cl 2 N 2 O 4 C 29 H 43 NO 7 C 29 H 43 NO 8 C29H48 C 29 H 48 O C 29 H 49 O 3 C29H50O5 C 29 H 5 iNO 8 C 29 H 52 O 20 C29H58O2 C 29 H 60 C 30 H 20 NO 9 C 30 H 28 Oi 0 C 30 H 34 Oi 3 C30H38O4 C 30 H 40 N 2 O 5 C 30 H 42 Cl 2 N 2 O 5 C 30 H 42 I 2 N 2 O 5 C 30 H 42 N 2 Oi 5 S 2 C30H44N6O8S C30H44O9 C 30 H 46 Oi 2 C30H48O2 C30H48O2 C30H48O8 C30H50O C30H50O C30H50O C30H50O C30H50O2 C30H50O2 C30H52O4 C30H54N4O4S C30H60 C30H60O2 C30H60O4 C30H62 C30H62 C30H62O C30H62O2 C 3 iHi 5 NO 4 CnH26Oi0 C 3 iH 27 NO 5 C3IlI38Oi0 C 3 IH 43 NOu C3iH43O C31H50O C3iH52O2 C3iH52O2 C3iH62O Ci3H62O3 C3iH64 C 32 H 22 Oi 0 C32H26 C 32 H 27 N 3 O C 32 H 4 iNO 9 C32H42N2O9 C32H44N2Oi0S C32H44Oi0 C32H45NO9 C32H46BrNOi0 I C32H46ClNOi0

Name Isoemetine Isoemetine hydrochloride Pseudojervine Sabadenine Spinacene Taraxasterol Phytosterol acetate Cluytianol Sabadine Sapotin Montarne acid Nonacosane CH3(CH2)27CH3 Adlumidine Santalin Picrotoxin Hellesboresin Emetine Emetine dihydrochloride Emetine dihydroiodide Sinaibin Physostigmine sulfate. Cymarin Ouabain Echicerin Mycosterol /3-Quinovin a-Amyrin /3-Amyrin Androsterol Stigmasterol Betulin Cholesterol propionate Menthyl camphorate Sparteine sulfate Melene Melissic acid CH3(CHa)28CO2H Lanoceric acid Melissane n-Triacontane CH3(CH2)28CH3 Melissyl alcohol Cocceryl alcohol Apomorphine dibenzoate Tephrosin Dibenzoylmorphine Kosin Napelline Lupeon Lupeol Cholesterol butyrate Euonysterol Palmitone (Ci5H3O2CO Cocceric acid w-Hentriacontane CH3(CH2)29CH3 Heraclin Pentaphenylethane Benzacine Pyraconitine Lappaconitine Homo atropine sulfate Quassiin Indobenzaconine Benzaconine hydrobromide Benzaconine hydrochloride

MoI. wt. 480.32 553.26 517.34 533.34 396.37 412.37 445.38 478.39 541.40 720.40 438.45 408.46 538.16 548.22 602.26 462.29 508.32 581.26 764.20 734.47 648.45 548.34 598.35 440.37 440.37 536.37 426.39 426.39 426.39 426.39 442.39 442.39 476.40 566.51 420.46 452.46 484.46 422.48 422.48 438.48 454.48 465.12 558.20 493.22 570.29 603.36 431.33 438.39 456.40 456.40 450.48 482.48 436.49 566.17 410.20 469.23 583.32 598.34 648.42 588.34 587.36 684.28 639.82

M. P. 98 31Od. 307 160 < -20 222 122 300 240 240 86.8 63.6 234 226 200 15Od. 74 53 238 138.5 140 138 d. 185 157 160 235 185 195 208 140 252 98.7 86

B. P.

d

197 d. 2609

0.859JS

34840

0.780

^' I' No.

1333 570

1959

1333

>300

1333 63 91 105 74 70 88 104 156 187 190.5 142 165 170 215 92.8 138 83 93 68.1 185 173 150 171 223

380 222°-3 2351^0

0.890

0.780 0.77795

1333

0.795f- 9 30215

1125

0.78I 4 58 ' 1

1333 211 130 282 a 217; ß 268

No. 6038 6039 6040 6041 6042 6043 6044 6045 6046 6047 6048 6049 6050 6051 6052 6053 6054 6055 6056 6057 6058 6059 6060 6061 6062 6063 6064 6065 6066 6067 6068 6069 6070 6071 6072 6073 6074 6075 6076 6077 6078 6079 6080 6081 6082 6083 6084 6085 6086 6087 6088 6089 6090 6091 6092 6093 6094 6095 6096 6097 6098 6099 6100

Formula C 32 H 48 N 2 Oi 4 S C32H49NO9 C 32 H 6 iNOu C 32 H 52 N 2 O 3 C32H52O2 C32H64O2 C32H64O2 C32H62O3 C 32 H 62 Oi 6 C32H64O2 C 32 H 66 C33H40Oi9 C 33 H 43 NOn C 33 H 46 N 2 O 9 C33H60Oi0 C33H63NO7 C33H56O2 C33H66O6 C33H62O6 C33H66O2 C33H68O C34H32O6 C34H36N2O6 C34H36N2O9 C34H40N2Oi0S C34H40N2Oi2S2 C34H44N2O8S C34H44O8 C34H47NOi0 C 34 H 47 NOn C34H48BrNOn C34H48ClNOn C34H48N2Oi0S C34H48N2Oi0S C 34 H 48 N 2 Ou C34H49NOn C34H60ClNOiI C34H50O2 C34H60O3 C34H64On C34H56Oi6 C34H57NO2 C34H70 C34H70O C35H38Oi2 C36H39N6O5 C 35 H 4 IN 5 O 6 C35H44N6Oi0P C36H66O2 C36H56Oi4 C35H69O8 C36H60NO4 C35H70O C36H72 C36H5O6 C36H34N2O8S C 36 H 34 N 2 Oi 3 C 36 H 42 O 6 C 36 H 42 Oi 3 C 36 H 44 N 2 Oi 0 S C36H48Oi0 C36H48Oi0 C36H60N6O6

Name Sinapine sulfate Veratrine. Protoveratrine Lycopodine Echitin Cholesterol valerate Phytosterol valerate Palmitic anhydride (Ci6H3iCO)20 Convolvulin (Rhodeoretin) Cetyl palmitate Ci5H3ICO2C16H33 n-Dotriacontane CH3(CH2)30CH3 Robinin Anhydroaconitine Septentrionaline Tormentol Solangustine , Cholesterol capronate Phytosteroline Tricaprin Psyllostearylic acid Psyllostearyl alcohol Isoeugenol dibenzoate Pseudomorphine Sekisanine Morphine sulfate Quinine diguaiacolsulfonate Apoatropine sulfate d-Camphor salicylate Indaconitine Aconitine Aconitine hydrobromide Aconitine hydrochloride Atropine sulfate Hyoscjâmine sulfate Aconitine nitrate Japaconitine Japaconitine hydrochloride Cholesterol benzoate Cholesterol salicylate Digitoxin Jalapin Solanidine. n-Tetratriacontane Incarnatryl alcohol Filixic acid Ergotinine Ergotoxine Ergotoxine phosphate Echiretin Digitalin Phytosterolene acetate Imperialine Stearone (Ci7H35)2CO n-Pentatriacontane Lophopetalin Aporheine sulfate Cynoctonine Helleborin Filicic acid Codeine sulfate a-Picrasmin /3-Picrasmin Pyramidon camphorate

.

MoI. wt.

M. P.

716.45 591.39 625.40 512.42 468.40 470.42 470.42 494.48 702.48 480.49 450.51 740.31 629.34 614.37 606.39 575.42 484.43 548.43 554.48 494.51 480.52 536.25 568.29 616.29 668.39 732.45 640.42 580.34 629.37 645.37 726.29 681.84 676.45 676.45 708.,39 647.39 683.85 490.39 506.39 638.42 720.43 511.45 478.54 494.54 650.29 609.34 627.36 725.40 508.43 700.43 607.45 558.47 506.54 492.55 533.04 654.34 702.28 570.32 682.32 696.42 640.37 640.37 662.43

193 205 250 115 170 89.6 30 64 158 54 75 195 186 131 228 235 d. 91.2 290 31.1 95 69.5 161 327 d. 200 25Od. 130 d.

B. P.

31015

d

^L

0.832f 0.77579-4

1110

0.92I410

1054

1333 1333

60 203 195 163 149 194 206 204.2 149 145.5 180 244 150 215 76.5 74 184 229 d. 164 187 52 217 160 254 d. 88 74.7 230 75 137 >250 d. 125 278 204 212 90

1333 1333 1333 1333 1333

1180

2551-0

0.781 1333

15

331

0.793J6 0.782^4'7

1333

No. 6101 6102 6104 6105 6106 6107 6108 6109 6110 6111 6112 6113 6114 6115 6116 6117 6119 6120 6120.1 6122 6124 6125 6126 6127 6129 6131 6133 6135 6136 6137 6138 6139 6141 6142 6143 6144 6145 6147 6148 6150 6151 6153 6154 6155 6156 6157 6158 6159 6160 6161 6163 6164 6165 6166 6167 6168 6169 6170 6172 6173 6175

Formula C36H51NOn C 36 H 5 INOi 2 C36H62O3I C36H66O3 C36H70O3 C 36 H 74 C37H36N2O9 C37H61NOn C37H64O2 C 38 H 44 N 2 Oi 2 C38H44N4O2 C38H46N2O8 C38H46N2O8 C38H46N4O6S C38H46N4O6S C38H46N4O8S C39H41NOi2 C39H63NO10 C39H74O6 C40H40N2Oi0S2 C40H50N4O8S C40H56O15 C40H70O2 C 4 IH 50 N 4 O 7 C42H46N4O8S C 42 H 54 N 2 O 7 C42H66O6 C42H70O2 C43H45N3O24 C43H57N4O10P C44H54N4O8 C44H54N4O9 C44H54N4O10 C44H64NOi9 C44H76O20 C44H82O3 C44H82O3 C45H86O6 C46H50N4Oi0 C46H56N2O20S C 47 H 54 Oi 6 C48H93NO9 C49H80O23 C50H66O30 C50H70O8 C51H98O6 C52H9iNOi8 C52H92ClNOi8 C52H104O2 C54H88Oi7 C56H74N4O12S C56H88O9 C 57 Hi 04 O 6 C57H104O6 C57H104O9 C57H110N2Oi5 C 57 Hn 0 O 6 C58H46O23 C66H104O17 C68H96N2O26S C72H88N6O20

Name Bikhaconitine Pseudaconitine Inulin . Oleic anhydride Stearic anhydride [CH3(CH2)I6CO]2O... Hexatriacontane Xanthaline Taxine Cholesterol caprinate Morphine tartrate Dicinchonine a-Truxilline /3-Truxilline Cinchonidine sulfate Cinchonine sulfate Cupreine sulfate Adlumine Zygadenine Trilaurin Quinine-0-naphtholsulfonate Quinine sulfate Strophantin Homoeuonysterol Quinine carbonate Strychnine suif ate ." Tritopine Caulosapogenin Echitein Quinoline tartrate Quinine glycerophosphate Quinine succinate Quinine malate Quinine tartrate Glycyrrhizic acid Sarsasaponin Brassidic anhydride Erucic anhydride Trimyristin Strychnine d-tartrate Narceine sulfate Filmaron Phrenosin Gitonin Hyssopin Lupulinic àcid Tripalmitin Solanine Solanine hydrochloride Ceryl cerotate Caulosaponin (Leontin) Psychotrine sulfate Caulophyllosapogenin Glycerol trielaidate Glycerol trioleate Glycerol triricinoleate Pyosin , Tristearin Fustin Caullophyllosaponin Aconitine sulfate Quinine citrate.

MoI. wt. 673.40 689.40 990.48 546.51 550.54 506.57 652.29 685.40 540.49 720.36 588.37 658.37 658.37 686.45 686.45 718.45 715.32 705.49 638.57 772.45 746.48 776.43 582.54 710.42 766.45 698.43 666.51 606.54 987.37 820.50 766.45 782.45 798.45 910.50 924.59 658.63 658.63 722.66 818.42 988.51 874.42 827.72 1036.6 1146.5 798.54 806.76 1017.7 1054.2 760.80 1008.7 1026.7 904.68 884.80 884.80 932.80 1062.9 890.85 1110.4 1168.8 1388.8 1356.7

M. P. 113 211 178 d. 22.2 72 76.5 208 82 d. 82.2

B. P.

d

\ R; L I No.

1.35 2651-0

0.78276

1333 40 80 45 242 198.5 257 d. 188 200 46.5 186 235.2 179 134 169 200 182 315 195 125 181 192 177.5 202.5 220 248 64 48 55 228

0.89l65

1333 0.835™ 0.885J0 1.429

1145 1144 1089 1333

60 215 s. d. 272 d. 275 93 65.1; 46 254 d. 212 84 255 217 315 32 -17 238 54.5; 70.8 219 260

0.866f

24018

1114

0.915 0.959 0.862f

1115 1333

183.5

REFRACTIVE INDEX A. LIQUIDS Serial 8 &r

.(j^n1D d N ,f

Refractive Dispersion index H/- H„

Serial V.

r

. jn' ^«

wz>

Refractive inde« n

Dispersion H„ - Ha

Serial No.

-UP' •#«

z)

Refractive index n

Dispersion H„ - H„

T3Ö6 1 329 1.3316 1 3419 1.344

0.0045 0.0054 0.0061 0.0051 0.0060

86 87 88 89 90

1005 2933 724 2392 3369

1.3927 1.3929 1.3930 1.393 1.393

0.0070 0.0080 0.0070 0.0068 0.0062

171 172 173 174 175

3995 4007 2344 3998 1012

1.408 1.408 1.4082 1.408 1.4086

6 7 8 9 10

168 793 513 1072 1073

1 3474 1.3526 1 3534 1.355 1.3564

0.0058 0.0061 0.0058 0.0062 0.0040

91 92 93 94 95

1654 1659 822 2926 1651

1.3932 1.3935 1.394 1.3947 1.3951

0.0068 0.0074 0.0066 0.0068

176 177 178 179 180

1100 420 2934 1080 2985

1.4088 1.4093 1.4095 1.410 1.410

11 12 13 14 15

1049 794.1 794 448 451

1 3574 1.3576 1.3579 1.3591 1.3597

0.0056 0.0062 0.0068 0.0063

96 97 98 99 100

1639 2362 747 790 2354.1

1.3959 1.3959 1.3960 1.396 1.3960

181 182 183 184 185

1044 1570 1730 3329 3994

1.4103 1.4104 1.411 1.4110 1.411

16 17 18 19 20

489 262 452 396 447

1.3613 1.361 1.3619 1 363 1.3636

0.0079 0.0061 0.0062 0.0070 0.0067

101 102 103 104 105

598 686 2937 791 495

1.3962 1.3962 1.3964 1.397 1.3972

186 187 188 189 190

2331 2910 1602 4000 657

1.4114 1.4114 1.4115 1.4116 1.4118

21 22 23 24 25

233 395 1716 1086 37

1.3639 1.3664 1.369 1.3695 1.3714

0.0062 0.0060 0.0064 0.0063 0.0072

106 107 108 109 110

1085.1 228 2359 723 748

1.3973 1.3974 1.3975 1.3979 1.398

191 192 194 195 196

1043 2326 651 3335 3311

1.4119 1.412 1.4121 1.4122 1.4123

26 27 28 29 30

212 1715 773 725 718

1.3719 1.372 1.3723 1.3727 1.3730

0.0066 0.0065 0.0078 0.0064 0.0070

111 112 113 114 115

821 2941 624 2940 1640

1.398 1.3980 1.3984 1.398 1.399

0.0074 0.0069 0.0086 0.0070

197 198 199 200 201

3999 3986 1619 1070 1645

1.4126 1.4127 1.4128 1.4129 1.4130

31 32 33 34 35

984 1713 665 1714 727

1.3758 1 376 1.3767 1.377 1.3771

0.0080 0.0065 0.0051 0.0065 0.0066

116 117 118 119 120

789 671 1652 356 2905

1.3993 1.3996 1.3997 1.3998 1.3999

0.0069 0.0068 0.0127

202 203 204 205 206

2343 2846 446 1730.1 948

1.4131 1.4131 1.4134 1.4135 1.4136

36 37 38 39 40

726 506 1712 823 719

1.3779 1.378 1.3783 1.3786 1.3791

0.0065 0.0065 0.0064 0.0070 0.0071

121 122 123 124 125

917 2354 2361 1636 3365

.4004 .4005 .4005 .4006 .4008

0.0096 0.0069 0.0069 0.0071

207 208 209 210 211

1643 2309 3338 4001 1726.1

1.4138 1.4138 1.414 1.414 1.4141

41 42 43 44 45

1741 1746 48 1610 2387

1.3807 1.3819 1.382 1.3821 1.3825

0.0066 0.0065 0.0089

126 127 128 129 130

2357 1534 1617 1764 2353

.4009 .4010 .401 .401 .4012

0.0070 0.0098 0.0090 0.0081

212 213 214 215 216

587 3982 1733.1 2411 1571

1.4144 1.4145 1.4146 1.4149 1.415

46 47 48 49 50

146 667 1015 1019 717

1.3828 1 383 1.384 1.3840 1.3843

131 132 133 134 135

820 746 2901.1 2938 2942

.401 .4015 .4015 .4016 .402

0.0075 0.0071

217 219 220 221 222

1644 2873 3993 3336 375

1.4150 1.415 1.415 1.4153 1.4154

51 52 53 54 55

1017 1020 1739 247 2389

1.3844 1.3844 1.3849 1.385 1.385

136 137 138 139 I 140

487 775 2935 2909.1 2904

1.4022 1.4026 1.4026 1.4030 1.4035

223 224 225 226 227

966 2396 2896 66 189

1.4156 1.4159 1.4161 1.4164 1.4166

0.0075 0.0076 0.0080

56 57 58 59 60

1063 1026 1016 505 749

1.3851 1.3852 1.3858 1.386 1.386

0.0063 0.0068 0.0066

141 142 143 144 145

2912 1560 3347 3349 1013

1.4036 1.4038 1.404 1.4040 1.4043

228 229 230 231 232

2397 3936 3372 1736 911

.4172 .4174 .4176 .4178 .4179

61 62 63 64 65

2382 1007 450 792 824

1.3861 1.3862 1.3868 1.387 1.387

0.0064 0.0070 0.0068 0.0067 0.0075

146 147 148 149 150

937 3353 2903 1760 1768

1.4045 1.4047 1.4049 1.405 1.405

233 234 235 236 237

2944 4178 968 969 479

.4184 .4184 .4185 .4185 .4186

66 67 68 69 70

269 1064 1018 1001 1004

1.3874 1.3874 1.3879 1.3881 1.3882

0.0074 0.0066 0.0131 0.0072

151 152 153 154 155

3354 378 1010 1084.1 1045

1.405 1.4051 1.4051 1.4053 1.4056

0.0084

238 239 240 241 242

1695 2302 2320 943 1734

.4194 .419 .4195 .4196 .4196

71 72 73 74 75

468 524 1653 1014 1006

1.3886 1.389 1.389 1.3891 1.3895

0.0068 0.0071

156 157 158 159 160

2936 1046 1081 1603 2275

1.4058 1.4060 1.406 1.406 1.406

0.0070 0.0069 0.0087

243 244 245 246 247

1561 1662 1732 2847 2955

.4198 .4198 .420 .420 .4201

76 77 78 79 80

154 2393 809 1002 1655

1.3898 1.390 1.3902 1.3902 1.3903

0.0084 0.0068 0.0060 0.0080 0.0070

161 162 163 164 165

3330.1 3334 2901 3333.1 1084

1.4060 1.4060 1.4065 1.4070 1.4072

248 249 250 251 252

2970 2971 3989 2400.1 896

.4203 .4204 .4204 .4206 .4207

81 82 83 84 85

626 972 1649 242 625

1.3904 1.3909 1.391 1.392 1.3927

0.0069

166 167 168 169 170

1079 3331 652 1767 3351

1.4075 1.4076 1.4079 1.4079 1.408

253 254 255 256 257

2407.1 2954 4411 2399 2869

.4209 .4209 .4209 .421 .421

0.0091

0.0065 0.0074

0.0079

0.0074 0.0068

0.0068 0.0081 0.0073 0.0070

0.0070 0.0080

0.0071 0.0071 0.0085 0.0075

0.0080 0.0071

0.0071 0.0070 0.0071 0.0080 0.0069 0-0071

Refractive inde,

Dispersion H„ - H„

^z>

586 60 208 141 213

0.0066 0.0067

. 5n' '^*

i>

Ï 2 3 4 5

0.0071

Serial

b No.

0.0072 0.0068

258 259 260 261 262

3988 2407 569 2892 1067.1

1.421 1.4213 1.4216 1.4217 1.4219

0.0113 0.0071

263 264 265 266 267

2301 358 2400 2405 658

1.4223 1.4224 1.4226 1.4226 1.4227

0.0070

268 269 270 271 272

4412 2351 2409 3357 2330

1.4228 1.423 1.423 1.423 1.4235

273 274 275 276 277

28 2965 220 711 999

1.4237 1.4238 1.4239 1.4240 1.4240

278 279 280 281 282

2419 2967 3325 4012 4161

1.424 1.424 1.424 1.424 1.424

0.0078

283 284 285 286 287

1557 3308. 657.1 3309 2403

1.4242 1.4242 1.4247 1.4248 1.425

0.0106

288 289 290 291 292

2868 465 616 2406 2987

1.425 1.4251 1.4254 1.4254 1.4254

293 294 295 296 297

3314 4419 928 2899 2962

1.4259 1.426 1.4263 1.4268 1.427

298 299 300 301 302

2963 4585 4586 949 3962

1.4270 1.427 1.427 1.4271 1.4271

0.0075 0.0074

0.0073 0.0090 0.0075 0.0073 0.0100

303 304 305 306 307

721 1612 264 3939 3975

1.4272 1.4273 1.4274 1.4275 1.4275

0.0075 0.0072

0.0081

308 309 310 311 312

2964 744 3310 2386.1 4172

1.4278 1.428 1.4284 1.4288 1.4289

0.0077

0.0044

313 314 315 316 317

1027 4162 449 4153 2867

1.429 1.4293 1.4295 1.4299 1.430

0.0075 0.0076

0.0075 0.0105 0.0104

318 319 320 321 322

2966 2986 3356 1629 2953

1.430 1.430 1.430 1.4302 1.4303

0.0075 0.0076 0.0074

323 324 325 326 327

273 355 925 3289 3937

1.4306 1.4306 1.4306 1.4306 1.4309

0.0102 0.0094 0.0094

329 330 331 332 333

3361 3363 3940 4843 620

1.4310 1.431 1.4311 1.4312 1.4314

0.0087

334 335 336 337 338

2412 3355 736 4852 3358

1.4314 1.4317 1.432 1.4321 1.4322

0.0073 0.0076

339 340 341 342 343

2952 3328 4166 4169 712

1.433 1.4330 1.4333 1.4334 1.4335

0.0072 0.0072 0.0074 0.0070 0.0076 0.0074

0.0073 0.0090 0.0081 0.0071 0.0072 0.0118 0.0073 0.0073 0.0073 0.0094 0.0051 0.0074 0.0072 0.0072

0.0194 0.0084

0.0073 0.0091 0.0071 0.0081 0.0081 0.0071

0.0074

0.0076

0.0075 0.0075 0.0072 0.0075 0.0080 0.0093

0.0193 0.0078 0.0073

0.0074 0.0093 0.0071

0.0081 0.0076 0.0073

0.0095

0.0077

0.0114 0.0073 0.0076 0.0073 0.0076

Serial I PfNo. <^d0ex __ 345 346 347 348

___ 2318 464 743 3362

ê" ™**™» index H/3 ~H« rij$ j 433g 1.434 1.4341 0.0092 1.4344 1.4345

349 350 351 352 353

192 158 5010 742 924

1.4346 1.4349 1.4359 1.436 1.436

354 355 356 357 358

471 2849.1 258 2968 3961

1.4362 1.4362 1.4364 1.437 1.437

359 360 361 362 363

5260 3303 614 1253 3895

364 365 366 367 368

17 762 3944 604 811

1.438 1.438 1.4380 1.4386 1.4386

369 370 371 372 373

3285 927 470 741 1506

1.4388 1.4390 1.4392 1.4398 1.4404

374 375 376 377 378

4179 2813 1089 2812 1041

1.4404 1.4407 1.441 1.4410 1.4412

379 380 381 382 383

1098 1366 457 1500 941

384 385 386 387 388

Serial P«££- Dispersion gerial Ge^ ^ No. 1^ index H/J ~Ha No. 1^ index H/3 ~Ha ' Tifo nj) 43| 2890 1.4503 524 2239 1.4763 435 3808 1.4505 525 106 1.4777 436 648.3 1.4506 526 3927 1.4785 437 585 1.4507 0.0087 527 3816 1.4788 438 648.2 1.451 0.0092 528 139 1.479

0.0092 0.0080

439 440 441 442 443

929 3826 3917 2294 4010

1.4512 1.4515 1.4521 1.4524 1.4524

0.0126 0.0074 0.0078

444 445 446 447 448

1054 3805 285 2888 3893

1.4530 1.4532 1.4539 1.4540 1.4540

0.0089

1.437 0.0076 1.4371 1.4373 0.0149 , 1.4375 0.0126 1.4376

0.0176 0.0121 0.0095 0.0089 0.0035

Dispersion ^ , Gen. «^ Dispersion No. 1C** index H/3 ~Ha ' n^jr) eie 376Ï 1.5042 617 4981 1.5042 . 618 666 1.5046 619 2719 1.505 0.0159 620 3763 1.5050

529 530 531 532 533

2797 4370 3908 422 3926

1.4792 1.4792 1.4798 1.4801 1.4803

0.0116

534 535 536 537 538

887 5164 5682 3824 3922

1.4805 1.4806 0.0102 1.482 1.4.823 1.4827 0.0096

0.0110

449 5853 450 648.1 451 1595 452 364 453 4144

1.4543 1.4550 1.455 0.0084 1.4554 1.4556

539 3890 540 5480 541 3823 542 3764 543 1596

1.4828 1.483 1.4846 1.4848 1.4867

454 455 456 457 458

4368.4 107 5356 5813 222

1.4556 1.4557 1.4557 1.4558 1.4562

0.0110

544 545 546 547 548

3865 4131 3860 3886 5001

1.4870 0.0147 1.4872 0.0140 1.488 1.488 1.4881

459 460 461 462 463

3889 648.4 696 3933 2889

1.4567 1.4570 1.457 1.457 0.0081 1.4574

549 550 551 552 553

2927 3725 3765 2262 3857

1.489 1.4890 1.4895 1.4903 1.4911

0.0112 0.0083

464 465 466 467 468

3969 5482 2340 2341 2886

1.4579 1.4580 1.4581 1.4590 1.459 0.0082

554 555 556 557 558

3724 221 3229 4097 4344

1.4914 1.4915 1.4920 1.4922 1.4922

1.4412 1.4413 1.4414 1.4415 1.4416

0.0091 0.0122 0.0077 0.0103 0.0082

469 470 471 472 473

2383 11 1478 5371 3974.1

1.4594 1.4595 1.4597 1.4602 1.4603

559 560 561 562 563

3728 1697 3223 3736 4097.1

1.4925 1.4929 1.4930 1.493 1.4930

1252 2281 655 3960 5156

1.4417 1.4419 1.442 1.4420 1.442

0.0131 0.0084

474 475 476 477 478

3902 3992 12 3894 2339

1.4606 1.4606 1.4607 0.0097 1.4609 1.461

564 565 566 567 568

389 390 391 392 393

1042 814 1576 5688 764

1.4421 1.4425 1.4425 1.4427 1.4428

479 480 481 482 483

3296 3915 5605 1105 4372

1.4614 1.4623 1.4626 1.463 0.0088 1.4630

394 395 396 397 398

2284 648 1096 2825 2827

1.443 1.4433 1.4437 1.4438 1.444

484 485 486 487 488

5606 3947 3273 1328 3948

1.4636 1.4642 1.4643 1.4646 1.4649

399 400 401 402 403

3295 190 1040 4387 1056

1.4441 1.4443 1.4444 1.4445 1.4450

489 490 491 492 493

366 136 4148 2814 4374

1.4655 1.4659 1.4659 1.4660 1.4660

404 405 406 407 408

1537 2327 2835 1055 2283

1.4451 1.4452 1.4453 1.4454 1.4454

494 495 496 497 498

409 410 411 412 413

4381 3968 619 4856 1769

1.4455 1.4456 1.4457 1.4459 1.446

0.0129

414 415 416 417 418

4376 148 1699 19 4388

1.4460 1.4462 1.4464 1.4467 1.4468

0.0120 0.0089

419 420 421 422 423

963 3827 2850 1692 3892

1.4469 1.4471 1.4476 1.4478 1.4481

424 425 426 427 428

921.1 1.4482 5940 1.4482 2831 1.4486 5013 1.4486 1551 1.449

429 430 431 432 433

1724 926 2282 1090 307

1.4490 1.4495 1.4496 1.4499 1.4500

0.0096 0.0082 0.0097 0.0092 0.0131

0.0107 0.0094 .

fiqi

475 3230 90 3679 4971

1.5051 1.5051 1.5055 1.5057 1.5057

0.0148 0.0158 0.0137 0.0163

626

2684 2720 3154 3678 815

1 5058 i'506 1'506 i'506 i!5063

O 0161 O'0161 O'0161 O ' 0162 O !0130

627 62g

629

630

AQ79 i 5065 ™ ÔQ i'507 ™ 97X0 T ' 507 ^J ^ i 5X7 ^ JgJg J^Qg AQA 6 6^?

J^ J£ò jgg

QßQn

*™> 4827 «o? 2^g

, <,nÄ1 T'SìRÌ j ' ^ i SS J'gjjg

OU m«4-UÌD* n n1AQ n ni So 0.0140 n 0107 O 0188

.., 641 643 f44 645

__. t -no ft n7r ~ 870 }•??«« U - U1W 2775 1.5105 234 1.512 0.0163 331 1.512

0.0147

646 647 648 649 650

2721 183 3244 3786 3227

1.512 1.5128 1.513 1.5131 1.5132

0.0144 0.0125 0.0146 0.0140

651 652 653 654 655

404 1330 4102 3119 5141

1.5134 0.0168 1.514 0.0169 1.514 1.5143 1.516 0.0143

3882 4367 4342 140 3226

1.4935 1.4939 1.494 1.4942 1.4943 0.0160

656 657 658 659 660

2589 5000 3754.2 2163 3235.1

1.5164 0.0132 1.5164 1.5168 1.517 0.0173 1.5174

569 569.1 570 571 572 573

4980 3731 5978 4098 1051 2688

1.4946 1.495 1.4951 1.4954 1.4955 1.4956

0.0133 0.0131 0.0158

661 662 663 664 665

4091.1 3740 3788 412 4318

1.5175 1.5187 1.5201 1.5203 1.5207

574 575 577 578 579

4983 1588 2683 755 2112

1.4956 1.4959 1.4959 1.4960 1.4962

0.0104 0.0152 0.0137 0.0160

666 667 668 669 670

2041 1.521 0.0164 4560 1.521 2713.1 1.5211 3755 1.5218 3170 1.5226 0.0206

0.0151

580 581 582 583 584

3228 3856 3726 4366 2685

1.4967 1.4967 1.4969 1.4972 1.4973

671 672 673 674 675

413 1.523 0.0124 2040 1.523 0.0165 3149 1.5232 3757 1.5234 3096 1.523

403 1756 2882 2796 2240

1.4666 0.0107 1.467 1.467 0.0084 1.4675 1.4680 .

585 586 588 589

3225 3780 600 3677

1.4975 0.0152 1.4976 1.498 0.0117 1.498 0.0137

676 677 678 679 680

3655 2714 3752 2503 3688

499 500 501 502 503

3854 2058 176 2059 3811

1.4690 1.4691 1.4697 1.470 1.4700

0.0144 0.0112 0.0142

590 591 593 594 595

4975 4978 3741 3286 3681.1

1.4981 1.4984 1.4986 1.4993 1.4995

681 682 683 684 685

1307 1.525 0.0172 3258 1.525 4090.1 1.5250 3057 1.526 859 1.5261 0.0270

504 505 506 507 508

3891 2057 159 3858 863

1.4701 1.4704 1.4711 1.4715 1.4717

0.0153 0.0094

596 597 598 599 600

4974 476 3277 3152 754

1.4996 1.4997 1.4998 1.500 1.5001

0.0140

686 687 688 689 690

2111 1.5261 594 1.5266 1250 1.5267 3132 1.527 3664 1.5271

509 510 511 512 513

3913.1 3810 3952 515 3913

1.4723 1.4727 1.4727 1.4729 1.4729

601 602 603 604 605

3727 4977 4976 1443 4561

1.5003 0.0146 1.5005 1.5007 1.501 0.0160 1.5011

691 692 693 694 695

2039 3034 576 4353 3747

1.528 0.0166 1.5282 1.5285 0.0173 1.5285 1.5286 0.0160

4115 3806 4371 3879 3864

1.473 1.473 0.0118 1.4739 1.4741 1.4743

606 607 608 609 610

1365 4324 2810 4828 2590

1.5014 0.0167 1.5019 0.0147 1.5023 0.0245 1.5025 1.503 0.0149

696 697 698 699 700

45 2 3656 3265 1249

1.5297 1.5300 1.5301 1.5305 1.5311

0.0221 0.0117 0.0204

0.0169

514 515 516 517 518

1.4744 1.4745 1.4747 1.4753 1.4755

611 612 613 614 615

4999 589 3883 111 3224

1.5030 1.5035 0.0154 1.5036 1.504 0.0104 1.5042 0.0153

701 702 703 704 705

699 2084 3134 4064 2571

1.5313 1.5323 1.5335 1.5338 1.5339

0.0122

0.0090

519 1466 520 2745 521 3924 522 368 523 I 582

0.0089

0.0098

0.0084 0.0099 0.0098

0.0084 0.0089 0.0094 0.0095 0.0094 0.0083

0.0088 0.0092 0.0083 0.0082

0.0079 0.0084

0.0145 0.0132

0.0141 0.0114 0.0078

0.0131 0.0105 0.0094

0.0120

621 622 623 624 625

0.0132

0.0144

0.0113

0.0169 0.0132 0.0171 0.0163 0.0157

0.0157 0.0117 0.0131

0.0158

0.0116

0.0056 0.0213

1.5236 1.5240 1.524 1.5242 1.5249

0.0157 0.0196

0.0198 0.0173 0.0232 0.0183 0.0189

0.0232

0.0202 0.0217

Serial N °-

*£ No*

70632371 707 1390 708 2618 709 2725 710 184

*$T «-te nj>

™*V™%" H /3-Ha

.5357 1.536 1.5369 1.537 1.5379

Serial No.

^ ^

^T index Wj)

1

^Persion 0 ~ Ha

Serial

H

I

Ge^ ^

«^ Dispersion gerial index H0 ~ H« No. nj)

1

No.

Ge^ **%>• Dispersion ^ «»«*» *" ~ *" nj)

1

0.016873ÏÏ2291.5490.017675627571.5700.021778ÏÏÔ21. 0.0216 732 2032 1.5490 757 2203 1.5714 0.0249 782 601 0.0222 -733 3259 1.5492 0.0229 758 2204 1.5728 0.0230 783 1205 0.0180 734 2031 1.551 759 2004 1.5735 0.0315 784 1483 0.0140 735 2639 1.551 0.0189 760 3642 1.5749 785 2061

711 712 713 714 715

2038 3606 2159 2161 2162

1.539 1.5394 1.5399 1.540 1.540

0.0175 0.0210 0.0173 0.0181 0.0184

Zl? , ZÎS'1 717 Zì£ 720 701 722 723 724 725

Î5?? ìaln 3789 2 ?oi 2195 in nSQ 1230 20S1 2001

Ì'?Ì97 Ì'tfJi 1.5421 Ì'?Ì?S 1*5440 l 5442 1 5455 1546 1 54fi2 !.'5464

°-0213 * ôo^ 0.0220 * rÔK o'oÌ75 O 0219 O 0202 O 0178 U>U1 '° 0.0232

726 727 728 729 730

3260 2160 236 2082 3787

1.5469 1.547 0.0185 1.5472 0.0204 1.5475 1.5481 0.0224

P -Sx £f No. 801683 802 310 803 209 804 1327 805 930

Ternperature joc O O 7 7 7.5

806 807 808 809 810

3054 969.1 4339 22 4304

8.2 8.4 9.5 10 10.8

1.571 1.417 1.5301 1.2675 1.6265

811 812 813 814 815

807 3591 2832 2570 2276

11 11 11.9 11.9 12

1.4198 1.5425 1.4519 1.5503 1.4468

816 817 818 819 820

2337 4323 2824 1535 2453

12 12 12.5 12.5 12.5

1.467 1.5703 1.4208 1.4559 1.5524

821 822 823 824 825

2580 89 1078 3818 3851

12.7 12.9 13 13 13

1.5764 1.4340 1.414 1.479 1.4971

826 827 828 829 831

5 3861 608 1518 4041

13 13.6 13.7 13.7 13.9

1.5831 1.4540 1.4786 1.4993 1.6232

832 833 834 835 836

2880 2342 2878 3812 2579

14 14 14 14 14

1.458 1.462 1.463 1.4883 1.5566

837 838 839 840 841

4707 2336 3852 3919 3666

842 843 844 845 846

2289.1 979 3574 3762 4967

736 737 738 739 740 741 743

742 744

1347 1859 2030 2763 2633

1.5529 .5537 .555 .5559 .556

1441

.5562 -558 559 -559 *5597 -5598 .560 .561 .5620 -5649

2762

964 2758

745

2578

746 747 748

4062

749 75 °

1294 Ô 2098

27

2767

751 752 753 754 755

1857 649 1856 1176 2423

0.0225 0.0182

761 762 763 764 765

0.0375 0.0214

766 767 768

0.0217 °-0270 0.0283 0.0193 0.0214 0.0227 0.0230

.5650 0.0209 .567 .567 0.0230 .5671 0.0207 1.5692 0.0214

862 863 864 865 866

4979 117 118 4986 988

15 15 15 15 15

0.0077 0.0188 0.0084 0.0229

867 868 869 870 871

100 3589 3590 29 4306

0.0253 0.0089 0.0167 0.0338

872 873 874 875 876

2255 372

1.583 0.0248 1.584 1.5861 0.0286 1442 1.5863 0.0249 2491 1 588 ^ 2756 1.5887 0.0248 18 1.589 0.0176 151 1.5890 0.0162 1375 1.5895 0.0240 4723 1.5921 0.0195

769 ° 771 772 773 774 775 776 777 778 779 780

1376 1202 101 4296 126

1.5931 1.5979 1.5992 1.602 1.603

1.6094 1.611 1.6149 0.0296 1.616 0.0296 1.618 0.0303

791 3069 1.6195 0.0424 792 1333 1.621 0.0253 793 1369 1.6260 0.0265 794 127 1.6277 0.0189 795 3455 1 633 ^ 0.0309 796 128 1.638 0.0183 797 428 1.642 798 1918 1.6509 0.0349 799 3453 1.658 0.0325 800 4263 1.6913 0.0356

0.0243 0.0161 0.0193 0.0290 0.0162

917 918 919 920 921

3649 4404 3820 3849 982

17 17.1 17.1 17.1 17.2

1.5671 1.4435 1.4774 1.4895 1.3817

15 15 15 15 15.1

.5219 0.0148 .5632 .5736 .7425 .6477 0.0404

922 923 924 925 926

2267 3928 339 340 2830

17.2 17.2 17.4 17.4 17.5

1.4511 1.4638 1.5337 1.5369 1.4771

0.0111 0.0085

558 359 1541 525 1546

15.2 15.3 15.3 15.4 15.4

.4735 .4302 .4526 .3770 .4213

927 928 929 930 931

609 3245 5359 3638 3637

17.6 17.6 17.7 17.8 17.8

1.4588 1.5058 1.463 1.4804 1.5451

0.0157 0.0157 0.0092 0.0085 0.0169

0.0135

877 878 879 880 881

3128 3122 3661 983 1613

15.5 15.7 15.8 16 16

1.5647 1.5747 1.5196 1.378 1.4013

932 933 934 935 936

920 1000 4375.1 3125 3667

18 18 18 18 18

1.4079 1.4282 1.4565 1.5441 1.5680

0.0180 0.0251

0.0083 0.0128 0.0141 0.0312

882 883 884 885 886

942 737 3874 1555 3304

16 16 16 16 16

1.4083 1.4156 1.438' 1.4506 1.452

937 938 939 940 941

4813 545 1022 3753 3037

18 18.1 18.2 18.2 18.2

1.5933 1.5004 1.4513 1.4999 1.6283

0.0172 0.0248

887 888 889 890 891

2884 2883 2887 3923 5003

16 16 16 16 16

1.455 1.458 1.458 1.4762 1.480

942 943 944 945 946

1568 916 400 2855 2818

18.3 18.3 18.4 18.4 18.4

1.4198 1.4221 1.4058 1.4607 1.4904

14 14.4 14.5 14.5 14.5

1.610 1.4397 0.0092 1.4647 0.0084 1.4787 1.5439 0.0189

892 893 894 895 896

908 3654 84 379 2279

16 16 16 16.1 16.3

1.4888 1.5514 1.580 1.4397 1.4554

947 948 949 950 951

1341 4260 935 773.1 4560

18.5 1.5389 0.0211 18.5 1.635 18.8 1.4357 0.0096 18.9 1.4200 18.9 1.5198 0.0195

14.6 14.7 14.7 14.8 14.8

1.4505 1.4098 1.5740 1.5104 1.5128

0.0083 0.0071 0.0222 0.0201 0.0153

897 898 899 900 901

3847 608.1 1548 4279 918

16.3 16.3 16.4 16.4 16.5

1.4846 1.4971 1.4458 1.6157 1.4402

0.0126 0.0133 0.0136 0.0296

952 953 954 955 956

170 1554 2929 3807 3850

19 19 19 19 19

1.4117 1 4375 1.4435 1.4724 1.4900

847 3283 848 1616 849 • 622 850 713 851 4004

14.9 15 15 15 15

1.4463 1.4065 1.4257 1.4313 1.4372

0.0103 0.0090

902 903 904 905 906

3324 880 934 2816 2570

16.5 16.6 16.6 16.6 16.6

1.4632 1.4470 1.4527 1.4561 1.5469

0.0090 0.0129 0.0127 0.0104 0.0230

957 958 959 960 961

4987 4988 4994 2568 4150

19 19 19 19 19.1

1 4992 1.5092 1.5289 1.5485 1.4714

852 853 854 855 856

15 15 15 15 15

1.4421 1.4490 1.4519 1.4*628 1.4638

907 908 909 910 911

2538 4587 1519 2328 313

16.6 16.8 16.8 16.9 17

1.5485 1.4419 1.5077 1.425 1.3870

0.0240 0.0147 0.0076 0.0104

962 963 964 965 966

4023 2298 2299 3959 3639

19.3 19.5 19.5 21 21

1.6546 1.4310 1.4355 1 447 1.5390

0.0234 0.0171 0.0052 0.0337

0.0298 0.0101

0.0116 0.0101

Serial No.

11

Refractive index Dispersion H8P - Ha nt° j) .4644 .4708 .4801 .4849 .4871 0.0130

2492 1204 3548 3549 4038

.4921 .4982 0.0233 .4998 0.0227 .5018 .5094 0.0071

1533 132 133 5007 4834

857 858 859 860 861

786 787 788 789 790

1887

77

Ternperature JOQ 15 15 15 15 15

1.575 0.0162 1.576 1.5761 1.577 1.5814

9Ï2 913 914 915 916

in

Q j-S6 ' Jf 0* -No. 4572 4147 3912 3863 3859

2771 4930 4757 1200.2 1200.1

P ;„S°' ? No. 3955 568 3819 3821 4993

Serial No.

Refractive index Dispersion t° H8P - H « ft£) 1.3752 1.4538 1.3597 0.0058 1.6053 1.4341 0.0094

0.0252 0.0221

6062 1.6077 1.608 0.0217 1.6081 0.0256 1.609 0.0234

0.0103 0.0084 0.0071 0.0092 0.0236 0.0274 0.0090 0.0076 0.0123

0.0149 0.0079 0.0159

Serial No.

in ex

Ternperature jOQ 17 17 17 17 17

Refractive index Dispersion t° H/Ha Up p 1.4385 0.0090 1.4467 1.4674 0.0109 1.4784 1.5332 0.0072 0.0116 0.0157 0.0085

0.0104

0.0094

0.0280 0.0168 0.0136 0.0312 0.0148 0.0070 0.0090 0.0124

0.0087

0.0111 0.0227 0.0134 0.0409 0.0102 0.0105

' Serial No.

p T e r n -5 pera, ture JNo. .op

Refractive index Dispersion H/n«°T\ p Ha

in dex

/-. ;„HAV ex ÎMO. 0

Serial No.

in

TernPera~ ture ,OQ

Refractive index Dispersion Serial *°j^ H-H . No. n p a

9674998 968 2759 969 4307 970 3121 971 2569

2Ï731.4979 21.3 1.5591 21.3 1.6544 21.4 1.5370 21.4 1.5407

0.0408 0.0168 0.0223

1032 1033 1034 1035 1036

3ÖÖ 994 1587 816 5603

26.1 26.4 26.8 27.5 30

l. 4540 1.4954 1.4877 1.4769 1.4559

972 973 974 975 976

2071 3600 1496 2859 4789

21 4 21.4 21 6 21.6 21.6

1.5637 1.5766 1.4351 1.4766 1.5743

0.0247 0.0311 0.0114 0.0089 0.0193

1037 1038 1039 1040 1041

3804 3981 3126 2293 5380

30 31 33 33.8 33.9

1.474 1.4308 1.5758 1.4561 1.4358

977 978 979 980 981

4814 2928 3297 5765.1 3916

21.6 21 9 22 22 22

1.6321 1.4512 1.4380 1.4538 1.4604

0.0400

1042 1043 1044 1045 1046

316 5381 3648 5486 5852

34.2 34.3 34.4 34.6 35

1.4146 1.4347 1.5537 1.436 1.4587

982 983 984 985 986

3822 3815 3813 5005 3703

22 22 22 22.2 22.2

1.4754 1.4770 1.4959 1.4600 1.5604

1047 1048 1049 1050 1051

5391 4530.3 2490 1011 1627

35.2 35.2 36 36.5 37

987 988 989 990 991

301 4559 2205 2199 1357

22.3 22.3 22.4 22.5 22.5

1.4075 1.4984 1.5711 1.5021 1.5642

0.0242

1052 1053 1054 1055 1056

177 2096 6056 1553 3272

992 993 994 995 996

2493 3958 4373 46 893

22.5 22.6 22.6 22.7 22.7

1.5990 1.4484 1.4623 1.4453 1.4852

0.0083 0.0113 0.0166

1057 1058 1059 1060 1061

997 998 999 1000 1001

2468 2134 3601 2384 4563

22.7 22.7 22.9 23 23

1.5645 1.5760 1.5494 1.4531 1.5300

1002 1003 1004 1005 1006

1430 3547 2505 3701 3702

23 23 23.1 23.1 23.1

1.5861 1.6141 1.5272 1.5802 1.5898

0.0231 0.0298

1007 1008 1009 1010 1011

886 1628 314 4375 4156

23.2 23.3 23.4 23.4 23.4

1.4365 1.4329 1.4597 1.4619 1.4624

1012 1013 1014 1015 1016

3191 3192 4448 561 1700

23.4 23.4 23.4 23.5 23.6

1.5798 1.5933 1.6060 1.5231 1.4464

1017 1018 1019 1020 1021

1482 1444 4241 1701 2289.3

23.6 24 24 24.3 24.4

1.4992 1.5043 1.5826 1.4463 1.4432

0.0175

1022 1023 1024 1025 1026

3728.1 4385 5875 3687 3036

24.5 25 25 25 25.1

1.4877 1.4555 1.4875 1.5252 1.6223

0.0139 0.0080

1027 1028 1029 1030 1031

2289.2 1885 2338 4490 4226

25.2 25.5 26 26 26

1.4431 1.5257 1.4558 1.575 l.6644

0.0082 0.0191

TernPera" ture -OQ

Refractive index Dispersion «•n ^ H, p H a

1097 560 1098 288 1099 156 1100 3071 1101 1231

63.1 63.9 65 66 69.9

1.4165 1.4152 1.4297 1.5377 1.5266

0.0169 0.0171

1102 1103 1104 1105 1106

3456 2172 3414 4219 3593

70.7 74 76 77.1 77.8

1.6079 1.5425 1.6228 1.588 1.5678

0.0295 0.0187 0.0303 0.0265 0.0375

0.0076 0.0249 0.0076

1107 1108 1109 1110 1111

238 5168 2356 6048 5814

78.3 78.9 79 79.4 79.5

1.4274 1.4283 1.3732 1.4331 1.4283

0.0098 0.0075 0.0064 0.0077 0.0076

1.4349 1.5526 1.6332 1.3931 1.4606

0.0075 0.0292 0.0293 0.0070 0.0078

1112 1113 1114 1115 1116

617 5159 6157 6169 3801

79.7 79.8 80 80 80

1.4228 1.4273 1.4381 1.4399 1.4402

0.0126 0.0075

37.2 38.6 40 40 40

1.5258 1.5760 1.4446 1.4467 1.4514

0.0181 0.0118 0.0150

1117 1118 1119 1120 1121

5379 4756 5258 5816 936

80.2 80.6 80.7 80.8 81

1.4299 1.539 1.4175 1.4236 1.4342

0.0076 0.0187 0.0073 0.0075 0.0123

5360 1314 1315 1316 4060.1

40 40 40 40 40

1.4533 1.5473 1.5565 1.5579 1.5726

0.0327

1122 1123 1124 1125 1126

631 4406 2386 6026 3507

82.1 82.1 83.9 93.5 98.7

1.379 1.4183 1.421 1.4297 1.6206

0.0067 0.0074 0.0083 0.0076 0.0324

1062 1063 1064 1065 1066

4039 860 1413 5610 4174

40 40.3 41 42.9 45.2

.6026 .5238 .5425 .434 .4294

1127 1128 1129 1130 1131

4218 5402 2548 5063 921.2

98.8 99 99.2 99.2 99.3

1.6048 1.5839 1.5522 1.6762 1.4657

0.0293 0.0219 0.0242 0.0556 0.0121

1067 1068 1069 1070 1071

5694 3587 931 239 4297

45.3 46 46.7 47 47.3

.4344 .5836 .4434 .415 .5932

0.0076

1132 1133 1134 1135 1136

1206 4024 4897 3584 4899

99.3 99.4 99.4 99.4 99.4

1.5743 1.6211 1.6803 1.6828 1.6959

0.0204 0.0387 0.0541

0.0147 0.0094 0.0102 0.0082

1072 1073 1074 1075 1076

993 30 3802 2464 3412

48 48 48 48 48.5

.4126 .4418 .4621 .6231 .6338

0.0079 0.0085

1137 1138 1139 1140 1141

3583 3291 5223 4640 2819

99.4 99.5 99.5 99.5 99.6

1.7083 1.4760 1.5021 1.6959 1.4621

0.0515 0.0094 0.0133 0.0561 0.0094

0.0302 0.0278 0.0170

1077 1078 1079 1080 1081

56 5876 5805 3550 4305

48.6 50 50 51.2 53.2

.4616 .4663 .4689 .6703 .6443

5224 3494 6145 6144 2864

99.6 99.6 100 100 100

1.5022 1.5827 1.4347 1.4366 1.4811

0.0134 0.0287

0.0424 0.0439

1142 1143 1144 1145 1146

1082 1083 1084 1085 1086

4447 1331 1251 5763 1480

53.5 56 56 57.1 57.7

.5975 .5010 .5150 .448 .6339

0.0268 0.0173 0.0225 0.0084 0.0305

1147 1148 1149 1150 1151

4947 3144 3417 3418 946

100 100 100 100 106.4

1.5080 1.5345 1.6092 1.6235 1.4188

0.0060 0.0177 0.0291 0.0313 0.0065

1087 1088 1089 1090 1091

2206 4851 6147 2263 563

59.1 60 60 60 61

.5532 .4308 .4429 .4787 .4953

1152 4119 1153 482 1154 3282.1 1155 3307 1156 782

107.2 107.8 109.4 110.6 113

1.489 1.4161 1.4482 1.4303 1.446

0.0145 0.0090 0.0085 0.0077 0.0097

1092 1093 1094 1095 1096

1858 1961 1962 1963 2083

61 61.5 61.5 61.5 62.5

.5553 .5557 .5577 .5647 1.5346

1157 1158 1159 1160 1161

114.6 129 130.4 131.9 133.3

1.512 1.6567 1.480 1.504 1.422

0.0133 0.0191 0.0073

0.0085 0.0081 0.0093 0.0140

0.0231 0.0268 0.0264

0.0244

0.0083

0.0302

0.0205

0.0095 0.0137 0.0140 0.0126

p J„HÜ ?INO.

in ex

0.0295 0.0082 0.0077

0.0289 0.0189 0.0075 0.0076

0.0123 0.0098 0.0281

0.0343 0.0305 0.0149

0.0228 0.0246

2585 4652 5340 2007 3938

0.0089

0.0591

0.0085

0.0187

B. SOLIDS I. Mean Values . 1! ^Jf No -

Q 8

ÏÏ62481 1163

Gen. index No. 1070.1

Refractive index n^° 1.4156 1.525

• ali «" ^0'

Gen. index No.

a S

IJ ||

ÏÏ64

\ |

1578.1

Refractive index nty j |

1753

• i «"0al ^ '

Gen. index No.

Q S

(I ||

ÏÏ65 •

i5664 |

Refractive index n*ß 1.635 ;

„-„i al ££ No '

Q S

(I Ij

IÏ66J |

Gen. index No.

Refractive index nfr°

444

17755 •

II. Uniaxial Group Serial I Gen. Refractive index I j No. I index No. u \ e || 1167 55 .484 1.602 1168 3973 .497 1.476 1169 535 .499 1.49 1170 3756 .525 1.609 1171 2373 .529 1.513 1172 2915 .530 1.430 * Stable modification.

Serial Gen. No. index No. 1173 238* 1174 808 1175 5002 1176 5142.1 1177 697.1 1178 1093

Refractive index 11 Serial Gen. o> | e || No. index No. 1.54 .46 1179 2174 1.544 .521 1180 6075 1.545 .548 1181 4043.1 1.545 .548 1182 1769.1 1.554 .515 1183 4272 1.559 .548

Refractive index w \ e 1.569 1.666 1.579 1.540 1.581 1.493 1.590 1.650 1.600 1.649

Serial Gen. No. index No. 1184 1416 1185 2454 1186 4672 1187 1625 1188 4727 1189 21

Refractive index u \ t ' 1.633 .626 .646 .642 .6588 .6784 .700 .640 .717 .563 . 800 .750

III. Biaxial Group Serial XT-

^0'

-0^11' index No.

Refractive index a

I

1.367 l 1.4162 1.402 1.407 1.440

ß

I

'

No.

a

1235 1236 1237 1238 1239

4688 786 4530.1 2916.1 853.1

1.545

1240 1241 1242 1243 1244

988.1 778 4396 1032 3964

1.546 1.519 1.5376 1.551

1.559 1.561 1.5651 1.567 1.570

1245 1246 1247 1248 1249

1472 3716 5343.1 1033 493.1

1.56 1.54 1.544 1.555 1.515

1.57 1.571 1.572 1.573 1.575

1.60 1.59

1250 1251 1252 1253 1254

3199 5477 3778 835 708

.560 .510 .5535 .55 .549

1.576 1.578 1.5787 1.581 1.583

1.647 1.618 1.5912

Refractive index I

ß

J

index

°-

No.

g

1280 1281 1282 1283 1284

4330.1 4752 4943 5317 306

1.564 1.621 1.590 1.620

1285 1286 1287 1288 1289

788 5317* 3585 5319 5067.1

1290 1291 1292 1293 1294

3087 4750 1111.1 5082.4 5213.1

N

1200 1201 1202 1203 1204

2234.1 4368.3Î 1507* 2808.1 2260.1

1205 1206 1207 1208 1209

776 270 996 994.1 3742

1.625

1295 1296 1297 1298 1299

1210 1211 1212 1213 1214

4008 5028.1 2260.2 947.1 3344

1.505 1.511 1.495 1.500

1.512 1.512 1.513 1.515 1.520

1.524 1.836 1.672 1.535

1255 1256 1257 1258 1259

3194 3111 5228 161 3222

.556 .535 .522 .538 .550

1.587 1.592 1.594 1.600 1.600

.700 .760 .616 .602 .680

1215 1216 1217 1218 1219

975.1 5961 2373.1 1070.2 1672

1.413

1.520 1.524 1.529 1.530 1.531

1.589 1.566 1.537 1.566 1.534

1260 1261 1262 1263 1264

5648 976 4530.2 4960 5320

.560

.574

1.600 1.6015 1.602 1.602 1.602

1.610 1.6187

1.528 1.510 1.523

1220 1221 1222 1223 1224

629 1705 639 67.1 638

1.450 1.525 1.4955 1.4227 1.495

1.534 1.535 .5352 .5358 .536

1.610 1.560 1.6045 1.5545 1.605

1265 1266 1267 1268 1269

4936.1 977 609.1 3234 3208

.526 .490 .530 .538 .600

1.603 1.605 .605 .609 .610

1225 1226 1227 1228 1229

484 5336 2367.1 1035 4394*

1.515 1.520 1.536 1.532 1.517

.540 .540 .540 .541 .542

1.575 1.580 1.541 1.549 1.555

1270 1271 1272 1273 1274

1977 3540 1414 3732 241

.609 .460 .604

1.616 1.697 1.734

1.495

.612 .614 .614 .615 .615

1230 1231 1232 1233 1234

2372 1037 4318.1 303 64.1

1.5942 1.546

1275 1276 1277 1278 1279

1415 3196 5202 5441 5562

1.578 1.495 1.580 1.610 1.620

.620 .625 .625 .625 .625

~~Ï32Ï 1322 1323 1324 1325

5135.1 5244.1 835.1 868 3873*

1.530 1.522

1326 1327 1328 1329 1330

5221 1069.1 610 4500 2135

1.479 1.493 1.487 1.488 1.445

1.517

1.4386 1.507

1.519 1.585

.496 .496 .498 .499 .501

1.524 1.509 1.566 1.527

.503 .505 1.509 1.510 1.512

1.540 1.607

1.543 1.544 1.545 1.5457 1.546

1.546

1.582

1.591 1.5705 1.571

P^n'

Serial XT

4397* 4368.3t 2920 238f 5066.1

.478 .479 .484 .485 .488

1.837

\

1195 1196 1197 1198 1199

1.459

1.546 1.547 1.548 1.550 1.555

\

679.1 361 4184 4218 147

1.370

1.536 1.5502 1.617 1.620 1.625

- ^ en> index

1190 1191 1192 1193 1194

1.471

.409 .4603 .463 .468 .475

7

Serial TSJ

Refractive index

1.543 .607 .621

|

ß

1.628 1.629 1.630 1.6CO 1.633 1.635 1.636 1.637 1.642 1.643

|

7

.

1.661 1.640 1.650

1.684 1.675 1.648

.505 .587 .626 .612

1.645 1.646 1.646 1.647 1.650

1.655 1.769 1.712 1.662

5304 4748 1985 5561 4749

1.463 1.621 1.442 1.580 1.586

1.653 1.654 1.662 1.665 1.668

1.780 1.691 1.756 1.690 1.680

1300 1301 1302 1303 1304

1987 5428.1 1149 3539 5442

1.479 1.529 1.640 1.493 1.570

1.669 .670 .670 .675 .685

1.734 1.716 1.810 1.739 1.690

1.647

1305 1306 1307 1308 1309

1111.2 2566.2 4058 84.1 3103

1.619 1.597 1.5697 1.631 1.479

.688 .692 .6935 1.698 1.710

1.696 1.806 1.7324 1.713 1.810

1.620 1.658 1.754 1.675

1310 1311 1312 1313 1314

4322 445 4739 1197 1200

1.583 1.490 1.464 >1.56 1.650

1.73 1.743 1.748 1.75 1.760

1.872 1.946 >1.95 1.870

1315 1316 1317 1318 1319

1142 87 5818 1412 3060

.763 .740 .524 .508 .535

1.787 1.847 1.867 1.870 1.873

1.857 1.863 1.873 1.907 1.893

1.627 1.807 1.645 1.675 1.630

1320

1364

1.58 1.565 1.660 1.74? 1.627

Ï33Ï 1332 1333

554Ï Î1Ï25 j 1.690 5424 1.652 | 1.768 Holland, 57, 31: 390; 10, approximate data only.

1.577 1.586

1.650

1.54

>1.95

1.505

MISCELLANEOUS 1.529 1.385 1.480

1.524 (red) 1.533 (red) 1.564 (red)

*Hydrated form.

F~49 1.495 1.579 1.583 1.602

tMetastable modification.

|

^Stable modification.

INDEX TO (L TABLE Abietic acid, 5477 Abietin, 5137 Absinthiin, 4953 Acenaphthene, 4218 Acenaphthylene, 4184 Àcetal, 1746 Acetaldehyde, 208 Acetaldehyde ammonia, 284,1766 Acetaldehydecyanhydrin, 400 Acetaldehyde semicarbazone, 499 Acetaldoxime, 239 Acetamide, 238 Acetamide chloride, 226 Acetaminoethylsalicylic acid, 4078 2-Acetamino-4-nitrotoluene, 3123 o-Acetaminophenetol, 3713 tn-Acetaminophenetol, 3714 p-Acetaminophenetol, 3716 o-Acetaminophenol, 2655 m-Acetaminophenol, 2656 p-Acetaminophenol, 2657 Acetanilide, 2649 o-Acetaniside, 3216 p-A cet ani si de, 3217 Acetic aoid, 212

Acetic anhydride, 626 Acetoacetanilide, 3627 Acetoacetic ester, 1561 Acetobromoamide, 182 Acetochloroamide, 187 Acetohydroxamic acid, 240 Acetoin, 721 Acetol, 449 Acetone, 448 Acetone alcohol, 449 Acetonebromoform, 650 Acetone chloride, 420 Acetonechloroform, 662 Acetonecyanhydrin, 671 Acetonediacetic acid, 2268 Acetonediacetic anhydride, 2185 Acetone-1, I'-dicarboxylic acid, 904 Acetone diethylsulfone, 2416 Acetonedi-2-propionic acid, 3287 Acetone salicylate, 3622 Acetonitrile, 168 Acetonylacetone, 1551 Acetonyl chloride, 377 Acetonylmalonic acid, 1503 Acetophenone, 2571

Acetophenoneoxime, 2650 Acetopiperone, 3080 Acetopropionylphenylhydrazone, 4087 Acetopyrine, 5532 o-Acettoluide, 3194 ra-Acettoluide, 3195 p-Acettoluide, 3196 Acetvanillone, 3158 Acetoxime, 481 o-Acetphenetidine, 3713 m-Acetphenetidine, 3714 p-Acetphenetidine, 3716 Aceturic acid, 676 Acetylacetone, 929 Acetylaminoacetic acid, 676 m-Acetylaminoazobenzene, 4755 m-Acetylaminobenzoic acid, 3109 p-Acetylaminobenzoic acid, 3110 6-Acetylamino-3-ethcxy-4-isopropyltoluene, 4826 5-Acetylamino-8-ethoxyquinoline, 4525 4-A cetylamino-2-hydroxyquinoline, 3202

3-Acetylamino-4-hydroxytoluene, 3203 o-Acetylaminomethoxybenzenef 3215 Acetylamino-2-methoxy-4-benz oi c acid, 3635 p-Acetylaminophenyl salicylate, 4911 a-Acetylaminopropionic acid, 975.1 Acetyl-o-anisamine, 3215 N-Acetylanthranilic aoid, 3108 5-Acetylbarbituric acid, 1407 Acetylbenzoylaconine, 6067 Acetyl bromide, 149 Acetyl carbinoi, 449 Acetyl chloride, 154 Acetylcodeine, 5551 Acetyl cyanide, 332.1 Acetylene, 115 Acetylene dibromide, 123 Acetylenedicarboxylic acid, 549 cts-Acetylene dichloride, 132
III. Biaxial Group Serial XT-

^0'

-0^11' index No.

Refractive index a

I

1.367 l 1.4162 1.402 1.407 1.440

ß

I

'

No.

a

1235 1236 1237 1238 1239

4688 786 4530.1 2916.1 853.1

1.545

1240 1241 1242 1243 1244

988.1 778 4396 1032 3964

1.546 1.519 1.5376 1.551

1.559 1.561 1.5651 1.567 1.570

1245 1246 1247 1248 1249

1472 3716 5343.1 1033 493.1

1.56 1.54 1.544 1.555 1.515

1.57 1.571 1.572 1.573 1.575

1.60 1.59

1250 1251 1252 1253 1254

3199 5477 3778 835 708

.560 .510 .5535 .55 .549

1.576 1.578 1.5787 1.581 1.583

1.647 1.618 1.5912

Refractive index I

ß

J

index

°-

No.

g

1280 1281 1282 1283 1284

4330.1 4752 4943 5317 306

1.564 1.621 1.590 1.620

1285 1286 1287 1288 1289

788 5317* 3585 5319 5067.1

1290 1291 1292 1293 1294

3087 4750 1111.1 5082.4 5213.1

N

1200 1201 1202 1203 1204

2234.1 4368.3Î 1507* 2808.1 2260.1

1205 1206 1207 1208 1209

776 270 996 994.1 3742

1.625

1295 1296 1297 1298 1299

1210 1211 1212 1213 1214

4008 5028.1 2260.2 947.1 3344

1.505 1.511 1.495 1.500

1.512 1.512 1.513 1.515 1.520

1.524 1.836 1.672 1.535

1255 1256 1257 1258 1259

3194 3111 5228 161 3222

.556 .535 .522 .538 .550

1.587 1.592 1.594 1.600 1.600

.700 .760 .616 .602 .680

1215 1216 1217 1218 1219

975.1 5961 2373.1 1070.2 1672

1.413

1.520 1.524 1.529 1.530 1.531

1.589 1.566 1.537 1.566 1.534

1260 1261 1262 1263 1264

5648 976 4530.2 4960 5320

.560

.574

1.600 1.6015 1.602 1.602 1.602

1.610 1.6187

1.528 1.510 1.523

1220 1221 1222 1223 1224

629 1705 639 67.1 638

1.450 1.525 1.4955 1.4227 1.495

1.534 1.535 .5352 .5358 .536

1.610 1.560 1.6045 1.5545 1.605

1265 1266 1267 1268 1269

4936.1 977 609.1 3234 3208

.526 .490 .530 .538 .600

1.603 1.605 .605 .609 .610

1225 1226 1227 1228 1229

484 5336 2367.1 1035 4394*

1.515 1.520 1.536 1.532 1.517

.540 .540 .540 .541 .542

1.575 1.580 1.541 1.549 1.555

1270 1271 1272 1273 1274

1977 3540 1414 3732 241

.609 .460 .604

1.616 1.697 1.734

1.495

.612 .614 .614 .615 .615

1230 1231 1232 1233 1234

2372 1037 4318.1 303 64.1

1.5942 1.546

1275 1276 1277 1278 1279

1415 3196 5202 5441 5562

1.578 1.495 1.580 1.610 1.620

.620 .625 .625 .625 .625

~~Ï32Ï 1322 1323 1324 1325

5135.1 5244.1 835.1 868 3873*

1.530 1.522

1326 1327 1328 1329 1330

5221 1069.1 610 4500 2135

1.479 1.493 1.487 1.488 1.445

1.517

1.4386 1.507

1.519 1.585

.496 .496 .498 .499 .501

1.524 1.509 1.566 1.527

.503 .505 1.509 1.510 1.512

1.540 1.607

1.543 1.544 1.545 1.5457 1.546

1.546

1.582

1.591 1.5705 1.571

P^n'

Serial XT

4397* 4368.3t 2920 238f 5066.1

.478 .479 .484 .485 .488

1.837

\

1195 1196 1197 1198 1199

1.459

1.546 1.547 1.548 1.550 1.555

\

679.1 361 4184 4218 147

1.370

1.536 1.5502 1.617 1.620 1.625

- ^ en> index

1190 1191 1192 1193 1194

1.471

.409 .4603 .463 .468 .475

7

Serial TSJ

Refractive index

1.543 .607 .621

|

ß

1.628 1.629 1.630 1.6CO 1.633 1.635 1.636 1.637 1.642 1.643

|

7

.

1.661 1.640 1.650

1.684 1.675 1.648

.505 .587 .626 .612

1.645 1.646 1.646 1.647 1.650

1.655 1.769 1.712 1.662

5304 4748 1985 5561 4749

1.463 1.621 1.442 1.580 1.586

1.653 1.654 1.662 1.665 1.668

1.780 1.691 1.756 1.690 1.680

1300 1301 1302 1303 1304

1987 5428.1 1149 3539 5442

1.479 1.529 1.640 1.493 1.570

1.669 .670 .670 .675 .685

1.734 1.716 1.810 1.739 1.690

1.647

1305 1306 1307 1308 1309

1111.2 2566.2 4058 84.1 3103

1.619 1.597 1.5697 1.631 1.479

.688 .692 .6935 1.698 1.710

1.696 1.806 1.7324 1.713 1.810

1.620 1.658 1.754 1.675

1310 1311 1312 1313 1314

4322 445 4739 1197 1200

1.583 1.490 1.464 >1.56 1.650

1.73 1.743 1.748 1.75 1.760

1.872 1.946 >1.95 1.870

1315 1316 1317 1318 1319

1142 87 5818 1412 3060

.763 .740 .524 .508 .535

1.787 1.847 1.867 1.870 1.873

1.857 1.863 1.873 1.907 1.893

1.627 1.807 1.645 1.675 1.630

1320

1364

1.58 1.565 1.660 1.74? 1.627

Ï33Ï 1332 1333

554Ï Î1Ï25 j 1.690 5424 1.652 | 1.768 Holland, 57, 31: 390; 10, approximate data only.

1.577 1.586

1.650

1.54

>1.95

1.505

MISCELLANEOUS 1.529 1.385 1.480

1.524 (red) 1.533 (red) 1.564 (red)

*Hydrated form.

F~49 1.495 1.579 1.583 1.602

tMetastable modification.

|

^Stable modification.

INDEX TO (L TABLE Abietic acid, 5477 Abietin, 5137 Absinthiin, 4953 Acenaphthene, 4218 Acenaphthylene, 4184 Àcetal, 1746 Acetaldehyde, 208 Acetaldehyde ammonia, 284,1766 Acetaldehydecyanhydrin, 400 Acetaldehyde semicarbazone, 499 Acetaldoxime, 239 Acetamide, 238 Acetamide chloride, 226 Acetaminoethylsalicylic acid, 4078 2-Acetamino-4-nitrotoluene, 3123 o-Acetaminophenetol, 3713 tn-Acetaminophenetol, 3714 p-Acetaminophenetol, 3716 o-Acetaminophenol, 2655 m-Acetaminophenol, 2656 p-Acetaminophenol, 2657 Acetanilide, 2649 o-Acetaniside, 3216 p-A cet ani si de, 3217 Acetic aoid, 212

Acetic anhydride, 626 Acetoacetanilide, 3627 Acetoacetic ester, 1561 Acetobromoamide, 182 Acetochloroamide, 187 Acetohydroxamic acid, 240 Acetoin, 721 Acetol, 449 Acetone, 448 Acetone alcohol, 449 Acetonebromoform, 650 Acetone chloride, 420 Acetonechloroform, 662 Acetonecyanhydrin, 671 Acetonediacetic acid, 2268 Acetonediacetic anhydride, 2185 Acetone-1, I'-dicarboxylic acid, 904 Acetone diethylsulfone, 2416 Acetonedi-2-propionic acid, 3287 Acetone salicylate, 3622 Acetonitrile, 168 Acetonylacetone, 1551 Acetonyl chloride, 377 Acetonylmalonic acid, 1503 Acetophenone, 2571

Acetophenoneoxime, 2650 Acetopiperone, 3080 Acetopropionylphenylhydrazone, 4087 Acetopyrine, 5532 o-Acettoluide, 3194 ra-Acettoluide, 3195 p-Acettoluide, 3196 Acetvanillone, 3158 Acetoxime, 481 o-Acetphenetidine, 3713 m-Acetphenetidine, 3714 p-Acetphenetidine, 3716 Aceturic acid, 676 Acetylacetone, 929 Acetylaminoacetic acid, 676 m-Acetylaminoazobenzene, 4755 m-Acetylaminobenzoic acid, 3109 p-Acetylaminobenzoic acid, 3110 6-Acetylamino-3-ethcxy-4-isopropyltoluene, 4826 5-Acetylamino-8-ethoxyquinoline, 4525 4-A cetylamino-2-hydroxyquinoline, 3202

3-Acetylamino-4-hydroxytoluene, 3203 o-Acetylaminomethoxybenzenef 3215 Acetylamino-2-methoxy-4-benz oi c acid, 3635 p-Acetylaminophenyl salicylate, 4911 a-Acetylaminopropionic acid, 975.1 Acetyl-o-anisamine, 3215 N-Acetylanthranilic aoid, 3108 5-Acetylbarbituric acid, 1407 Acetylbenzoylaconine, 6067 Acetyl bromide, 149 Acetyl carbinoi, 449 Acetyl chloride, 154 Acetylcodeine, 5551 Acetyl cyanide, 332.1 Acetylene, 115 Acetylene dibromide, 123 Acetylenedicarboxylic acid, 549 cts-Acetylene dichloride, 132
Acetyl fluoride, 162 Acetylformic acid, 359 Acetylglycine, 676 Acetylglycocoll, 676 AXAcetyl-p-hydroxyphenylJ-urethane, 4079 Acetyl iodide, 166 Acetylmalic acid, 1504 p-Acetylmethylaminophenetol, 4109 p-Acetylmethylaminophenol, 3204 Acetylmethylheptenone, 3863 Acetylmethyl hexyl ketone, 3929 Acetylmethyl-o-toluidine, 3704 Acetylmethyl-p-toluidine, 3705 1, 2-Acetylmethylurea, 703 Acetyl peroxide, 267 N-Acetyl-0-phenylenediamine, 2689 JV-Acetyl-ra-phenylenediamine, 2690 N-Acety 1-p-phenylenediamine, 2691 syra-Acetylphenylhydrazine, 2693 Acetylphenyl salicylate, 4906 3-Acetylpropyl alcohol, 1009 Aoetylquinine, 5710 o-Acetylsalicylaldehyde, 3081 Acetylsalicylamide, 3113 o-Acetylsalicylic acid, 3087 Acetylsalol, 4906 Acetylthiourea, 434 Acetylurea, 435 Acetylurethane, 975 Acidol, 1076 Acoin, 5783 Aconic acid, 868 Aconine, 5886 Aconitic acid, 1429 Aconitine, 6067 Aconitine hydrobromide, 6068 Aconitine hydrochloride, 6069 Aconitine nitrate, 6072 Aconitine salicylate, 6128 Aconitine sulfate, 6173 Acridine, 4434 Acridinic acid, 4021 9-Acridone, 4438 Acrolein, 356 Acrylamide, 398 Acryl chloride, 323.1 Acrylic acid, 358 Acrylic aldehyde, 356 Acrylic anhydride, 1422 Acrylic nitrile, 332 Adalin, 2315 Adenine, 879 Adipic acid, 1562 Adipylamide, 1607 Adipyl dialdehyde, 1549 Adipyl diamide, 1623 Adipyl dichloride, 1476 Adipyl dinitrile, 1478 Adirin, 3721 Adlumidine, 5986 Adlumine, 6119 Adonitol, 1094 Adrenaline, 3271 Aesculetinic acid, 3093 Agaric acid, 4015 Agathin, 4769 Aglycon, 4889 Ajacine, 4959 Ajacine hydrochloride, 4964 Ajaconine, 5251 d-Alanine, 484 ctf-Alanine, 485 Alantic acid, 4969 Alantol, 3844 Alantolactone, 4950 Alantolic acid, 4969 Albaspidin, 5868 Aldehydine, 2774 o-Aldehydobenzoic acid, 2475 m-Aldehydobenzoic acid, 2476 p-Aldehydobenzoic acid, 2477 Aldehydocollidine, 2774

Aldol, 722 Alizarin, 4626 Alizarin-/3-carboxylic acid, 4863 Allantoin, 610 Aliene, 337 Aliene tetrabromide, 345 ez's-Allo-1-bromocinnamic acid, 3024 cts-Allo-2-bromocmnami c acd, 3025 Allobrucine oxide, 5788 cis-Allo-1-chlorocinnamic acid, 3029 cr's-Allo-2-chlorocmiiamic acid, 3030 Allocinchonine, 5439 Allocinnamic acid, 3074 Allomucic acid, 1583 Alloxan, 547 Alloxantin, 2467 AHyI acetate, 937 Allylacetic acid, 930 Allylacetone, 1546 Allyl alcohol, 446 Allylamine, 479 Aliylaniline, 3188 Allylarsonic acid, 463 Allylbenzene, 3119 Allyl benzoate, 3598 Allyl butyrate, 2295 Allyl chloride, 375 Allyl cinnamate, 4299 Allyl cyanide, 587 Allylene, 338 Allylene hydroiodide, 390 Allylene oxide, 357 Allylene tetrabromide, 344 Allyl ether, 1544 Allyl formate, 623 Allyl iodide, 391 Allyl isobutyrate, 2296 Allyl isocyanide, 588 Allyl isothiocyanate, 594 Allyl isovalerate, 2836 Allyl Z-menthyl ether, 4576 Allyl mercaptan, 462 Allyl mustard oil, 594 Allyl nitrite, 402 p-Allylphenol, 3125 Allyl phenyl ether, 3127 l-Allyl-2-phenylurea, 3643.1 2-Allylpyridine, 2645 Allylsulfocarbainide, 710 Allyl sulfocarbimide, 594 Allyl sulfocyanate, 593 Allyl thiocyanate, 593 Allylthiourea, 710 Aloe-emodin, 4879 Aloin, 5628 Alphol, 5178 Alphozone, 2750 Alpinin, 5180 Alstonine, 5626 Aluminium acetylacetonate, A1895 Aluminium phenolate, Ä1896 Aluminium triethyl, !&1894 Aluminium trimethyl, »1893 Alypin, 5145 Alypin hydrochloiide, 5144 Amalic acid, 4316 Amaric anhydride, 5774 Amarin, 5621 Amaron, 5033, 5944 Ambrein, 5808 Ambrosterol, 5595 Aminoacetal, 1765 Aminoacetamide, 257 Aminoacetic acid, 241 Aminoacetone, 480 o-Aminoacetophenone, 2646 ra-Aminoacetophenone, 2647 p-Aminoacetophenone, 2648 2-Amino-5-(p-aminophenyl)-acridine, 5401 o-Aminoanisol, 2216 w-Aminoanisol, 2217

p-Aminoanisol, 2218 1-Aminoanthraquinone, 4642 2-Aminoanthraquinone, 4643 m-Aminoazobenzene, 4273 p-Aminoazobenzene, 4274 p-Amino-a-azonaphthalene, 5511 Amino-/9-azonaphthalene, 5512 Aminoazotoluene, 4796 o-Aminoazotoluene, 4797 o-Aminobenzamide, 2130 m-Aminobenzamide, 2131 p-Aminobenzamide, 2132 o-Aminobenzaldehyde, 2067 m-Aminobenzaldehyde, 2068 p-Aminobenzaldehyde, 2069 o-Aminobenzoic acid, 2074 m-Aminobenzoic acid, 2075 p-Aminobenzoic acid, 2076 o-Aminobenzophenone, 4475 m-Aminobenzophenone, 4476 p-Aminobenzophenone, 4477 1-Aminobenzothiazole, 1999 p-Aminobenzoyl-dibutylamino-propanol sulfate, 6103 p-Aminobenzoyl-diethylaminoethanol, 4557 Aminobenzoyl-diethylaminoethanol hydrochloride, 4566 o-Aminobenzyl alcohol, 2207 p-Aminobenzyl alcohol, 2208 d(Z)-l-Amino-see-butylacetic acid, 1707 1-Aminobutyric acid, 766 2-Aminobutyric acid, 767 3-Aminobutyric acid, 768 Z-1-Aminocaproic acid, 1705 dZ-1-Aminocaproic acid, 1706 Aminochrysene, 5273 o-Aminoci nnamic acid, 3104 m-Aminocinnamic acid, 3105 p-Aminoci nnamic acid, 3106 3-Aminocoumarine, 3045 4-Amino-o-cresol, 2209 5-Amino-o-cresol, 2210 6-Amino-o-cresol, 2211 5-Amino-m-cresol, 2212 6-Amino-m-cresol, 2213 2-Amino-p-cresol, 2214 3-Amino-p-cresol, 2215 p-Aminodiethylaniline, 3833 4-Amino-2, 3'-dimethylazobenzene, 4798 4'-Amino-2, 3'-dimethylazobenzene, 4797 4-Amino-2, 4/-dimethylazobenzene, 4796 4-Amino-3, 4/-dimethylazobenzene, 4799 o-Aminodiphenyl, 4266 p-Aminodiphenylamine, 4285 1-Aminododecane, 4417 2-Aminoethyl alcohol, 285 6-Amino-5-ethyl-2, 4-dipropyl-l, 3diazine, 4384 cZZ-1-Aminoglutaric acid, 976 d-1-Aminoglutaric acid, 977 5-Aminoguaiacol, 2224 Aminoguanidine hydrochloride, 82 Aminoguanidine sulfate, 308 1 -Ami no-4-guani di no-n-valeri e a ci d, 1722 1-Aminoheptadecane, 5262 l-Amino-2-(p-hydroxyphenyl)-propionic acid, 3222 dZ-l-Amino-2-hydroxypropionic acid, 493 2-Amino-l-hydroxypropionic acid, 494 4-Aminoisoantipyrine, 4080 1-Aminoisobutyric acid, 769 p-Aminoisopropylbenzene, 3257 2-Aminoisovalenc acid, 1062 Amino-J acid, 3570

3-Amino-4-methoxy-6-nitrotoluene, 2699 3-Amino-2-methoxytoluene, 2784 5-Amino-2-methoxytoluene, 2785 4-Amino-l-methylaminobenzene, 2247 3-Amino-/3-naphthol, 3552 7-Amino-0-naphthol, 3553 1-Aminopentadecane, 5020 o-Aminophenol, 1446 m-Aminophenol, 1447 p-Aminophenol, 1448 ro-Aminophenol hydrochloride, 1474 p-Aminophenol hydrochloride, 1475 m-Aminophenol sulfate, 1524 dZ-Aminophenylacetic acid, 2658 p-Aminophenylarsonic acid, 1471 p-Aminophenyl salicylate, 4486 o-Aminophenyl tartrate, 5082.1 m-Aminophenyl tartrate, 5082.2 p-Aminophenyl tartrate, 5082.3 cÊ-1-Aminopropionic acid, 484 dZ-1-Aminopropionic acid, 485 6-Aminopurine, 879 Aminopyrene, 5034 2-Aminopyridine, 882 3-Aminopyridine, 883 4-Aminopyridine, 884 2-Aminoquinoline, 3059 3-Aminoquinoline, 3060 4-Aminoquinoline, 3061 5-Aminoquinoline, 3062 6-Aminoquinoline, 3063 7-Aminoquinoline, 3064 8-Aminoquinoline, 3065 5-Aminoresorcinol, 1451 4-Aminosalicylic acid, 2101 5-Aminosalicylic acid, 2102 p-Aminosalol, 4486 w-Aminotriphenylmethane, 5406 5-Amino-l, 2, 4-trimethylbenzene, 3289 1-Aminotridecane. 4590 3-Aminotoluene-4-carboxylic acid, 2659 2-Aminothiophenol, 1458 1-Aminotetradecane, 4859 5-Amino-l, 2, 3, 4-te tra methyl benzene, 3791 1-Aminovaleric acid, 1059 3-Aminovaleric acid, 1060 4-Amino valeric acid, 1061 3-Amino-o-xylene, 2757 4-Amino-o-xylene, 2761 2-Amino-m-xylene, 2760 4-Amino-m-xylene, 2758 5-Amino-m-xylene, 2762 2-Amino-p-xylene, 2759 Ammonchelidonic acid, 1906 Ammonium acetate, 289 d-Ammonium acid malate, 776 Z-Ammonium acid malate, 777 Ammonium acid oxalate, 248 Ammonium acid tartrate, 778 Ammonium benzenesulfonate, 1523 Ammonium benzoate, 2225 Ammonium citrate, 1721 Ammonium formate, 67 Ammonium fulminurate, 444 Ammonium hydrogen carbonate, 67.1 d-Ammonium hydrogen malate, 776 Z-Ammoni um hydrogen malate, 777 Ammonium hydrogen oxalate, 248 Ammonium hydrogen tartrate, 778 Ammonium nitrosophenylhydroxylamine, 1528 Ammonium oxalate, 303 Ammonium picrate, 1412 Ammonium salicylate, 2229 Ammonium Buccinate, 834 Ammonium o-sulfobenzoate, 2234.1 Ammonium tartrate, 835, 835.1 Ammonium tetraoxalate, 680

Ammonium thiocyanate, 57 Ammonium valerate, 1103 n-Amyl acétate, 2353 d-ß-Amyl acétate, 2354.1 tert.-Amyl acétate, 2355 n-Amylacetyïene, 2275 d-act.-Amyl alcohol, 1083 n-Amyl alcohol, 1078 sec.-Amyl alcohol, 1084, 1084.1 Jert.-Amyl alcohol, 1081 n-Amylamine, 1099 sec.-Amylamine, 1101 tert.-Amylaminé, 1102 n-Amylbenzene, 4115 iert.-Amylbenzene, 4116 Amyl benzoate, 4342 n-Amyl bromide, 1040 tert.-Amyl bromide, 1042 l-Amyl bromobutyrate, 3314.1 Amyl n-butyrate, 3329 d-ß-Amyl w-butyrate, 3330.1 «er«.-Amyl carbinol, 1723 n-Amyl chloride, 1043 sec.-Amyl chloride, 1046 Jert.-Amyl chloride, 1045 Amyl chloroacetate, 2318 Amyl Z-a-crotonate, 3303 Amyl cyanide, 1602 a-Amylene, 984 /8-Amylene, 982 •y-Amylene, 983 Amylene dibromide, 988 Amylene nitrite, 996 Amylene nitrosate, 996 n-Amyl ether, 4006 n-Amyl fluoride, 1049 n-Amyl formate, 1648 ter«.-Amyl formate, 1650 n-Amyl n-hexyl carbinol, 4414 n-Amyl n-hexyl ketone, 4402 Z-Amyl hydrocinnamate, 4823.1 tert.-Amyl hypochlorite, 1048 n-Amyl iodide, 1051 tert.-Amyl iodide, 1053 Amyl isobutyrate, 3331 Amyl Z-lactate, 2914 n-Amylmalonic acid, 2843 n-Amyl mercaptan, 1096 ac<.-Amyl mercaptan, 1097 n-Amyl nitrite, 1063 tert.-Amyl nitrite, 1065 Amylpropiolic aldéhyde, 2809 d-j8-Amyl propionate, 2901.1 tert.-Amyl propionate, 2902 n-Amyl salicylate, 4347 n-Amyl valerate, 3982 Amygdalin, 5580 Amygdophenine, 5088 a-Amyrin, 6002 0-Amyrin, 6003 Amyrolin, 4739 Anacardic acid, 5735 Analgen, 4525, 5289 Anapyralgin, 3629 Andrographolic acid, 5591 Andrographolide, 5590 Androain, 4957 Androsterol, 6004 Anemonin, 3526 /3-Anemonic acid, 3698 Anesthesin, 3213 p-Anethol, 3648 Angelic acid, 931 Anhalamine, 4111 Anhalamine hydrochloride, 4124 Anhalondine, 4331 Anhalonine, 4332 Anhydroaconitine, 6050 Anhydrocamphoronic acid, 3256 Anhydroecgonine, 3270 Anhydroecgonine hydrochloride, 3274 Anhydroformaldehydeaniline, 5637

Anhydroglucochloral, 2754 Anilalloxan, 3572 Aniline, 1442 Aniline arsenate, 4358 1-Anilinebutyric acid, 3711 Aniline gallate, 4487 Aniline hydrobromide, 1471.1 Aniline hydrochloride, 1472 Aniline nitrate, 1489 Aniline sulfate, 4336 p-Anilinesulfonic acid, 1455 1-Anilinopropionic acid, 3205 Aniluvitonic acid, 4035 Anis alcohol, 2723 Anisaldazine, 5081 Anisaldehyde, 2580 tt-Anisaldoxime, 2672 /3-Anisaldoxime, 2673 Anisic acid, 2616 o-Anisidine, 2216 m-Anisidine, 2217 p-Anisidine, 2218 Anisilic acid, 5086 Anisol, 2163 p-Anisonitrile, 2508 Anisyl acétate, 3169.1 p-Anisyl chloride, 2500 Anol, 3124 Anonol, 5806 Anthamantin, 5835 Anthracene, 4649 Anthracene-1-carboxylic acid, 4869 Anthracene-2-carboxylic acid, 4870 Anthracene-9-carboxylic acid, 4871 Anthracene-1, 3-dicarboxylic acid, 5029 Anthracene-1, 4-dicarboxylic acid, 5030 Anthracene-2, 3-dicarboxylic acid, 5031 Anthraflavîc acid, 4627 Anthragallol, 4635 «-.Anthramine, 4695 /S-Anthramine, 4696 Anthranil, 1887 Anthranilic acid, 2074 Anthranol, 4667 Anthrapinacone, 5946 Anthrapurpurin, 4636 a-Anthraquinoline, 5172 Anthraquinone, 4620 Anthraquinone-cr-carboxylic acid, 4860 Anthraquinone-ß-carboxylic acid, 4861 Anthraquinone-7-carboxyIic acid, 4862 Anthraquinone-1, 3-dicarboxylic acid, 5022 Anthraquinone-1, 4-dicarboxylic acid, 5023 Anthraquinone-2, 3-dicarboxylic acid, 5024 Anthrarufin, 4628 1-Anthrol, 4668 2-Anthrol, 4669 Antiarin, 5680 Antifebrin, 2649 Antimony pentaethyl, 4013 Antimony tri ethyl, 1770 Antimony trimethyl, 531 Antimony triphenyl, 5285 Antipyrine, 4058 Antipyrine acetylsalicylate, 5532 Antipyrine hydrobromide, 4074 Antipyrine hydrochloride, 4075 Antipyrine mandelate, 5429 Antipyrine resorcinate, 5198 Antipyrine salicylate, 5308 Antithermine, 4087 Apidosamine, 5725 Apidospermatine, 5726 Apiin, 5926 Apiol, 4322 Apiolic acid, 3625

Apionol, 1424 Apoatropine, 5216 Apoatropine hydrochloride, 5227 Apoatropine sulfate, 6064 Apocinchonine, 5439 Apoaconitine, 6050 Apoconquinine, 5445 Apocyclene, 3272 Apocynamarin, 4820 Apoharmine, 2547 Apomorphine, 5196 Apomorphine dibenzoate, 6017 Apomorphine hydrochloride, 5197 Apomorphine methobromide, 5314 Aponic acid, 4693 Apopinol, 3897 Apoquinidine, 5445 Apoquinine, 5446 Aporheine, 5286 Aporheine sulfate, 6093 Aposorbinic acid, 958 Apoyohimbine, 5709 Apoyohimbine hydrochloride, 5721 Arabin, 3946 Z-Arabinosazone, 5212 d(Z)-«-Arabinose, 1032 cZ(Z)-/3-Arabinose, 1033 dZ-Arabinose, 1034 Z-Arabinose diphenylhydrazone, 5209 Z-Arabinoseoxime, 1071 d-Arabitol, 1095 Arabonic acid, 1039 Arabonic lactone, 955 Arachidi e acid, 5607 Arachidi e alcohol, 5611 Arbutin, 4357 Arecaidine, 2273 Arecaine, 2274 Arecolidine, 2820 Arecolidine hydrochloride, 2829 Arecoline, 2821 Arecoline hydrobromide, 2828 Arginine, 1722 Aribine, 4224 Aricine, 5784 Aromadendrin, 5970 Arsanilic acid, 1471 Arsenic acetate, 1513 Arsenoacetic acid, 219 Arsenobenzene, 4221 Arsphenamine, 4311 Artemisin, 4944 Asaron, 4352 Asaronic acid, 3696 Ascaridol, 3864 Z-Asparagine, 708 Z-Aspartic acid, 679 Aspidin, 5869 Aspidinol, 4354 Aspidosine, 5474 Aspidospermine, 5733 Aspirin, 3087 Atesine, 5799 Atisine, 5799 Atophan, 5035 Atractylene, 4971 Atractylol, 4996 Atranoric acid, 5420 dZ-Atrolactic acid, 3163 Atrolactyltropeine, 5237 Atronene, 5059 Atronic acid, 5186 Atronol, 5059 Atronylenesulfonic acid, 5045 Atropic acid, 3077 Atropine, 5235 Atropine hydrobromide, 5238 Atropine hydrochloride, 5240 Atropine isovalerate, 5738 Atropine nitrate, 5243 Atropine salicylate, 5832 Atropine sulfate, 6070

Atropine valerate, 5739 Atropurol, 5936 Atroscine, 5218 Aubepin, 2580 Aucubine, 4554 Auramine, 5225 Aurantiol, 3899 Aurine, 5397 Azelaic acid, 3307 Aziminobenzene, 1356 o, o'-Aaoanisol, 4773 p, p'-Azoanisol, 4774 Azoberizene, 4225 o, o'-Azobenzoic acid, 4660 m, ra'-Azobenzoic acid, 4661 p-Azodiphenyl, 5820 o-Azoethylbenzene, 5092 p-Azoethylbenzene, 5093 a, a'-Azonaphthalene, 5495 ß, /3'-A:zonaphthalene, 5496 0-Azophenetol, 5102 p-Azophenetol, 5103 o, o'-Azophenol, 4230 w, ra'-Azophenol, 4231 p, p'-Azophenol, 4232 o, o'-Azotoluene, 4763 2, 4'-Aaotoluene, 4764 3, 3'-Azotoluene, 4765 4, 4'-Azotoluene, 4766 4, 4'-Azoxyanisol, 4774 p, p'-Azoxybenzaldehyde, 4659 Azoxybenzene, 4226 o, o'-Azoxybenzoic acid, 4664 w, ra'-Azoxybenzoic acid, 4665 p, p'-Azoxybenzoic acid, 4666 p-Azoxydiphenyl, 5821 2, 2'-Azo-p-xylene, 5099 3, 3'-Aao-o-xylene, 5094 4, 4'-Ai5O-o-xylene, 5095 4, 4'-AzO-W-XyICnC, 5096 4, 5'-Azo-ra-xylene, 5097 5, o'-Azo-ra-xylene, 5098 3, 3'-Azoxy-4-methoxytoluene, 5104 a, a'-Asoxynaphthalene, 5497 /3, /S'-Azoxynaphthalene, 5498 p-Azoxyphenetol, 5105 o, o'-Azoxyphenol, 4236 p, p'-Aaoxyphenol, 4237 o, o'-Azoxytoluene, 4770 4, 4/-Azoxytoluene, 4772 Azoxytolunitrile, 5042 Azulene, 4941 Bakankosin, 5139 Ballanophorin, 4369.2 Barbaloin, 5112 Barbital, 2808 Barbituric acid, 565 Barium acetate, Ä2550 Barium calcium propionate, Ä2596 Barium ethane disulfonate, Ä2554 Barium formate, Ä2546 Barium malonate, Ä2547 Barium mesotartrate, Ä2548 Barium naphthalene-1, 5-disulfonate, »2556 Barium oxalate, Ü&2545 Barium phenol-2, 4-disulfonate, »2555 Barium propionate, »2553 Barium dZ-tartrate, »2549 Barosmin, 5928 Bebeerine, 5316 Bebeerine hydrochloride, 5323 Bebirine, 5316 Behenainide, 5771 Behenaiiilide, 5965 Behenic acid, 5768 Behenolic acid, 5761 Behenolic anilide, 5959 Behenolylamide, 5762 Behenolyl chloride, 5760 Benzacetin, 3635, 4078

Benzacine, 6031 Benzaconine hydrobromide, 6036 Benzaconine hydrochloride, 6037 Benzalaminoacetal, 4550 Benzalazine, 4709 Benzal bromide, 1944 Benzal chloride, 1964 Benzaldehyde, 2001 Benzaldehydephenylhydrazone, 4494 syn-Benzaldoxime, 2070 anh'-Benzaldoxime, 2071 Benzalhydrazine, 2128 Benzalpinacoline, 4530.3 Benzamide, 2072 Benzamide hydrochloride, 5645 Benzamidine, 2129 Benzanalgen, 5289 Benzanilide, 4478 Benzanthracene, 5263 Benzanthrene, 5263 Benzanthrone, 5171 Benzene, 1365 Benzeneazosalicylic acid, 4444 o-Benzenedisulfonylamide, 1492 ra-Benzenedisulfonylamide, 1493 p-Benzenedisulfonylamide, 1494 o-Benzenedisulfonyl chloride, 1242 m-Benzenedisulfonyl chloride, 1243 îî-Benzenedisulfonyl chloride, 1244 a-frans-Benzenehexabromide, 1373 /3-cts-Benzenehexabromide, 1374 a-frans-Benzenehexachloride, 1384 0-cîVBenzenehexachloride, 1385 7-Benzenehexachloride, 1386 0-Benzenehexachloride, 1387 Benzenepentacarboxylic acid, 4016 Benzenesulfanilide, 4272 Benzenesulfinic acid, 1418 Benzenesulfoneamide, 1452 Benzenesulfone chloride, 1318 Benzenesulfone iodide, 1339 Benzenesulfonic acid, 1423 Benzenesulfonic anhydride, 4258 Benzene-1, 2, 3, 4-tetracarboxylic acid, 3401 Benzene-1, 2, 3, 5-tetracarboxylic acid, 3450 Benzene-1, 2, 4, 5-tetracarboxylic acid, 3452 Benzene-1, 2, 3-triacetate, 4303 Benzene-1, 3, 5-triacetate, 4302 Benzene-1, 2, 3-tricarboxylic acid, 3020 Benzene-1, 2, 4-tricarboxylic acid, 3021 Benzene-1, 3, 5-tricarboxylic acid, 3022 Benzene-1, 3, 5-trisulfonyl chloride, 1182 Benzidine, 4286 /3-Benzidine, 4287 Benzidine-o, o'-disulfoneamide, 4313 Benzidine-o, o'-disulfonic acid, 4292 Benzidinesulfone, 4235 Benzil, 4672 a-Benzildioxime, 4712 0-Benzildioxime, 4713 -y-Benzildioxime, 4714 Benzilic acid, 4738 Benzilosazone, 5888 a-Benziloxime, 4704 Benzilphenylhydrazone, 5515 Benzimidazol, 1977 Benzisothiodiazole, 1283 Benzocaine, 3213 Benzohydroxamic acid, 2077 Benzoic acid, 2007 Benzoic anhydride, 4676 o-Benzoic sulfimide, 1896 Benzoin, 4728 a-Benzoinphenylhydrazone, 5523 /8-Benzoinphenylhydrazone, 5524

Benzoisonitrile, 1886 Benzonaphthol, 5177 Benzonitrile, 1885 a-Benzophenone, 4447 7-Benzophenone, 4448 0-Benzophenone, 4449 3-Benzophenone, 4450 Benzophenone chloride, 4441 Benzophenoneoxime, 4479 Benzophenone phenylhydrazone, 5403 Benzophenonesulfone, 4428 a-Benzopinacoline, 5884 0-Benzopinacoline, 5885 Benzopinacone, 5889 1, 2-Benzopyrone, 3016 1, 4-Benzopyrone, 3015 Benzosalin, 4907 Benzosol, 4740 Benzothiazol, 1916 1, 2, 3-Benzotriazine, 1919 Benzotrichloride, 1870 Benzoxazol, 1888 Benzoylacetic acid, 3082 Benzoylacetaldehydeoxime, 3107 Benzoylacetone, 3593 Benzoylacetophenone, 4903 Benzoylacetylacetone, 4300 Benzoyl acetyl peroxide, 3092 Benzoylaconine, 6021 2-Benzoylacrylic acid, 3523 c#-Benzoylalanine, 3632 Benzoylamarin, 5945 Benzoylaminoacetic acid, 3111 p-Benzoylaminoanisol, 4754 5-Benzoylamino-8-ethoxyquinoline, 5289 o-Benzoylaminophenol, 4481 w-Benzoylaminophenol, 4482 p-Benzoylaminophenol, 4483 di-1-Benzoylaminopropionic acid, 3632 Benzoylaniline, 4478 Benzoylanisidine, 4754 Benzoylauramine, 5826 Benzoylbarbituric ,acid, 4025 o-Benzoylbenzamide, 4751 o-Benzoylbenzoic acid, 4677 m-Benzoylbenzoic acid, 4678 p-Benzoylbenzoic acid, 4679 Benzoyl bromide, 1844 3-Benzoylbutyric acid, 4063 Benzoyl carbinol, 2573 Benzoyl chloride, 1859 Benzoylcinchonine, 5891 Benzoylcinchonine hydrochloride, 5892 Benzoyl cyanide, 2434 Benzoyl-1-dimethylamino-l-methylpropanol hydrochloride, 4829 Benzoylecgonine, 5113 Benzoyl fluoride, 1876 1-Benzoylhexahydropyridine, 4328 Benzoylhydrazine, 2133 Benzoyl iodide, 1880 1-Benzoyllactic acid, 3607 Benzoyl peroxide, 4688 o-Benzoylphenol, 4452 Benzoylphenylacetonitrile, 4896 1-Benzoyl-l-phenylhydrazine, 4495 l-Benzoyl-2-phenylhydrazine, 4496 Benzoylpiperidine, 4328 Benzoylpropionaldehyde, 3592 Benzoylpseudotropine, 4947 Benzoylsalicin, 5549 Benzoylsalicylic acid, 4682 Benzoylthiourea, 2549 Benzoyl o-toluate, 4916 JV-Benzoyl-o-toluidine, 4748 N-Benzoyl-ra-toluidine, 4749 AT-Benzoyl-p-toluidine, 4750 Benzoylurea, 2550 JV-Benzylacetamide, 3197 Benzyl acetate, 3149

Benzylacetic acid, 3147 Benzylacetone, 3659 Benzylacetophenone, 4912 Benzyl acrylate, 3599 1-Benzylaerylic acid, 3594 Benzyl alcohol, 2159 Benzyl allyl ether, 3653 Benzylamarin, 5947 Benzylamine, 2195 Benzylaniline, 4512 Benzylarsenochloride, 2028 Benzylarsonic acid, 2193 Benzyl benzoate, 4733 o-Benzylbenzoic acid, 4729 w-Benzylbenzoic acid, 4730 p-Benzylbenzoic acid, 4731 o-Benzylbenzonitrile, 4697 Benzyl bromide, 2029 Benzyl n-butyl ether, 4129 Benzyl butyrate, 4096 Benzylcarbamate, 2662 Benzyl chloride, 2038 Benzyl chloroacetate, 3090 Benzyl cinnamate, 5068 Benzylcreatinine, 4081 Benzyl cyanide, 2503 Benzyl di chloroacetate, 3057 Benzyldichloroarsine, 2028 Benzyl ether, 4777 Benzylethylene, 3119 Benzyl formate, 2588 Benzylhydrazine, 2248 Benzylhydroxylamine, 2219 Benzylideneacenaphthenone, 5394 Benzylideneacetone, 3587 Benzylideneacetophenone, 4902 Benzylideneacetylacetone, 4298 2-Benzylideneamino-l, 1-diethoxyethane, 4550 Benzylideneaniline, 4473 Benzylidene bromide, 1944 Benzylidene chloride, 1964 Benzylideneethylamine, 3189 Benzylidenehydrazine, 2128 Benzylidene methylethyl ketone, 4060.1 1-Benzylidenepropionic acid, 3595 2-Benzylidenepropionic acid, 3596 Benzylidene-p-tolyl ketone, 5067.1 Benzyl iodide, 2060 Benzyl isoamyl ether, 4367.6 Benzyl isobutyl ether, 4130 Benzyl isobutyrate, 4097 Benzyl isothiocyanate, 2522 Benzyl isovalerate, 4343 Benzyl lactate, 3687 Benzyl laurate, 5480 Benzylmalonic acid, 3608 Benzyl mandelate, 4918 Benzylmenthol, 5249 Benzyl mercaptan, 2189 Benzylmethyl carbinol, 3235, 3235.1 Benzyl methyl ether, 2718 Benzyl mustard oil, 2522 Benzyl myristate, 5682 a-Benzylnaphthalene, 5183 /ff-Benzylnaphthalene, 5184 Benzyl oleate, 5875 Benzyl palmitate, 5805 o-Benzylphenol, 4505 p-Benzylphenol, 4506 Benzyl phenylacetate, 4917 Benzyl phenyl ether, 4508 Benzyl propionate, 3676 Benzyl propyl ether, 3758 2-Benzylpyridine, 4267 3-Benzylpyridine, 4268 4-Benzylpyridine, 4269 Benzyl salicylate, 4735 Benzylsilicon trichloride, »442 Benzyl stéarate, 5876 Benzylsuccinic acid, 4071

Benzyl sulfide, 4787 Benzyl thiocyanate, 2522.1 Benzylthiourea, 2700 Benzyl p-tolyl ketone, 4913 Benzyl tri chloroacetate, 3034 Benzylurea, 2692 Benzylurethane, 2662 Benzyl valerate, 4344 Berbamine, 5312 Berberine hydrochloride, 5522 Berberlilic acid, 5530 Berberonic acid, 2621 Bergaptene, 4198 Berilic acid, 5510 Beryllium acetate, »2115 Beryllium acetate propionate, »2116 Beryllium acetylacetonate, »2114 Beryllium butyrate, »2118 Beryllium diethyl, »2112 Beryllium dipropyl, »2113 Beryllium ethyl sulfate, »2119 Beryllium propionate, »2117 Betaine, 1068 Betaine hydrochloride, 1076 Betol, 5179 Betulin, 6006 Betulol, 4986 Bikaconitine, 6101 Bili ni e acid, 5136 Biliphaine, 5106 Bilirubin, 5106 Biliverdic acid, 2681 Bios, 1070.1 Bis-methoxyacetal, 2916.1 Bismuth ammonium citrate, 1774 Bismuth cacodylate, 1621 Bismuth salicylate, 5615 Bismuth tri ethyl, 1759 Bismuth trimethyl, 522 Bismuth triphenyl, 5280 Bismutospherite, 1 Biuret, 251 Bixin, 5898 Borneol, 3900, 3901 dZ-Bornyl acetate, 4372, 4373 Bornylamine, 3949 Bornyl bromoisovalerate, 4989 d-Bornyl n-butyrate, 4834 Bornyl d-chloroacetate, 4368.6 Z-Bornylene, 3800 d-Bornyl formate, 4147 Bornyl isovalerate, 5005 d-Bornyl propionate, 4572 rf-Bornyl n-valerate, 5007 Bornyval, 5005 Boron triethyl, »1823 Boron trimethyl, »1822 Brasilie acid, 4301 Brasilin, 5075 Brassidic acid, 5763 Brassidic anhydride, 6144 Brassidic anilide, 5962 Brassylic acid, 4580 Brenzcain, 4782 Bromacetal, 1693 Bromacetol, 414 Bromal, 103 Bromal d-borneolate, 4368.5 Bromal hydrate, 152.1 Bromalin, 2923 Bromanil, 1106 Brometone, 650 3-Bromoacenaphthene, 4203 o-Bromoacetanilide, 2539 p-Bromoacetanilide, 2540 Bromoacetic acid, 150 Bromoacetone, 367 co-Bromoacetophenone, 2494 Bromoacetyl bromide, 124 Bromoacetylene, 99 1-Bromoacrylic acid, 320 2-Bromoacrylic acid, 321

2-Bromoallyl isothiocyanate, 556 Bromoallyl mustard oil, 556 o-Bromoaniline, 1368 m-Bromoaniline, 1369 p-Bromoaniline, 1370 4-Bromoantipyrine, 4043.1 o-Bromobenzamide, 1938 7n-Bromobenzamide, 1939 p-Bromobenzamide, 1940 Bromobenzene, 1294 p-Bromobenzenesulfonic acid, 1301 o-Bromobenzoic acid, 1845 w-Bromobenzoic acid, 1846 p-Bromobenzoic acid, 1847 o-Bromobenzonitrile, 1793 m-Bromobenzonitrile, 1794 p-Bromobenzonitrile, 1795 o-Bromobenzoyl chloride, 1790 m-Bromobenzoyl chloride, 1791 p-Bromobenzoyl chloride, 1792 o-Bromobenzyl bromide, 1945 ra-Bromobenzyl bromide, 1946 p-Bromobenzyl bromide, 1947 o-Bromobenzyl chloride, 1934 p-Bromobenzyl chloride, 1935 Bromobenzyl cyanide, 2454 1-Bromobutyric acid, 645 2-Bromobutyric acid, 646 3-Bromobutyric acid, 647 a-Bromocamphor, 3778 j5-Bromocamphor, 3779 1-Bromo-n-caproic acid, 1590 2-Bromocaproic acid, 1591 Bromochloroacetic acid, 120 o-Bromochlorobenzene, 1200.1 Tw-Bromochlorobenzene, 1200.2 p-Bromochlorobenzene, 1200.3 l-Bromo-2-chloroethane, 181 eis-l-Bromo-2-chloroethylene, 117 frans-l-Bromo-2-chloroethylene, 118 trans-1-Bromocinnamic acid, 3026 «rans-2-Bromocinnamic acid, 3027 3-Bromo-p-cresol, 2035 5-Bromo-o-cresol, 2033 5-Bromo-m-cresol, 2034 Bromodichloromethane, 17.4 2-Bromo-2, 3-dimethylbutane, 1691 3-Bromo-l, 2-dinitrobenzene, 1149 4-Bromo-l, 2-dinitrobenzene, 1150 4-Bromo-l, 3-dinitrobenzene, 1151 p'-Bromodiphenyl-p-carboxylic acid, 4430 1-Bromoethyl acetate, 648 2-Bromoethyl acetate, 648.1 2-Bromoethyl alcohol, 221 Bromoethylene, 148 2-Bromoethyl ethyl ether, 745 Bromoethyl ethyl ketone, 644 Bromoform, 18 Bromofumaric acid, 550 3-Bromoguaiacol, 2036 5-Bromoguaiacol, 2037 Blromohydroquinone, 1299 5-Bromo-2-hydroxybenzoic acid, 1849 5-B r o m o-2-hydroxymethoxybenzene, 2037 3-*Bromo-4-hydroxytoluene, 2035 5-Bromo-2-hydroxytoluene, 2033 5-Bromo-3-hydroxytoluene, 2034 l-Bromo-2-hydroxypropane, 466 3-Bromo-l-hydroxypropane, 467 o-Bromoiodobenzene, 1200.4 m-Bromoiodobenzene, 1200.5 p-Bromoiodobenzene, 1200.6 w-Bromoisatine, 2422 Bromoisopropyl alcohol, 466 2-Bromoisovaleric acid, 962 Bromomaleic acid, 551 Bromomalonic acid, 322 Bromomethyl methyl ether, 222 a-Bromonaphthalene, 3453 0-Bromonaphthalene, 3454

a-Bromonitroacetanilide, 2493.1 4-Bromo-2-nitroaniline, 1295 o-Bromonitrobenzene, 1201 ra-Bromonitrobenzene, 1202 p-Bromonitrobenzene, 1203 Z-2-Bromooctane, 2922.1 p-Bromophenacyl bromide, 2456 o-Bromophenol, 1296 w-Bromophenol, 1297 p-Bromophenol, 1298 p-(p-Bromophenyl)-benzoic acid, 4430 p-Bromophenylhydrazine, 1436 p-Bromophenylmercapturic acid, 4055 Bromopicrin, 5 2-Bromopropane, 465 dZ-1-Bromopropionic acid, 368 2-Bromopropionic acid, 369 3-Bromopropyl alcohol, 467 1-Bromopropylene, 364 2-Bromopropylene, 365 3-Bromopropylene, 366 3-Bromopyridine, 847 Bromoquinol, 5921 2(4)-Bromoresorcinol, 1300 3-Bromosalicylic acid, 1848 5-Bromosalicylic acid, 1849 a-Bromostyrene, 2491 w-Bromostyrene, 2492, 2493 Bromosuccinic acid, 577 o-Bromotoluene, 2030 m-Bromotoluene, 2031 p-Bromotoluene, 2032 4-Bromo-o-toluidine, 2114 5-Bromo-o-toluidine, 2115 5-Bromo-w-toluidine, 2116 6-Bromo-ra-toluidine, 2117 2-Bromo-p-toluidine, 2118 3-Bromo-p-toluidine, 2119 1-Bromo-l, 2, 2-trichloroethane, 121 Bromotrichloromethane, 2 2-Bromo-l, 3, 5-trinitrobenzene, 1122 1-Bromovaleric acid, 959 2-Bromovaleric acid, 960 3-Bromo valeri c acid, 961 Bromovalerylphenetidine, 4538 1-Bromo-o-xylene, 2632 1-Bromo-ra-xylene, 2634 1-Bromo-p-xylene, 2638 2-Bromo-ra-xylene, 2635 2-Bromo-p-xylene, 2639 4-Bromo-o-xylene, 2633 4-Bromo-ra-xylene, 2636 5-Bromo-ra-xylene, 2637 Bromural, 1589 Brovalol, 4989 Brucine, 5785 Brucine nitrate, 5791 Bryonol, 5743 Bulbocapnine, 5424 Buphnatine, 5776 1, 2-Butadiene, 595 1, 3-Butadiene, 596 n-Butane, 781.1 l-Butene-3, 4-diol, 720 2-Butinal, 568 2-Butine, 597 3-Butine, 598 JV-n-Butylacetanilide, 4359 n-Butyl acetate, 1651 sec-Butyl acetate, 1653 «erf-Butylacetic acid, 1642 n-Butylacetylene, 1532 n-Butyl alcohol, 789 sec-Butyl alcohol, 791 «erf-Butyl alcohol, 792 n-Butylamine, 820 sec-Butylamine, 822 «erf-Butylamine, 823 n-Butylaniline, 3785 Butyl anisate, 4348 n-Butylarsonic acid, 819 n-Butylbarbituric acid, 2806

n-Butylbenzene, 3724 sec-Butylbenzene, 3725 «erf-Butylbenzene, 3726 n-Butyl benzoate, 4095 d-0-Butyl benzoate, 4097.1 n-Butyl bromide, 741 sec-Butyl bromide, 743 ferf-Butyl bromide, 744 Butyl-sec-butyl carbinol, 3355 n-Butyl n-butyrate, 2903 n-Butyl caproate, 3983 n-Butyl carbamate, 1066 ferf-Butyl carbinol, 1082 Butyl carbonate, 3341 Butylchloral, 582 Butylchloral hydrate, 664 n-Butyl chloride, 746. sec-Butyl chloride, 748 «erf-butyl chloride, 749 n-Butyl chlorocarbonate, 969.1 n-Butyl chloroformate, 969.1 n-Butyl cyanide, 972 a-Butylene, 686 /3-Butylene, 685 T-Butylene, 684 2, 3-Butyleneglycol, 796 n-Butyl ether, 2973 sec-Butyl ether, 2975 ferf-Butylethyl acetate, 2906 5, 5-n-Butylethylbarbituric acid, 3839 5, 5-sec-Butylethylbarbituric acid, 3840 n-Butylethylene, 1610 ferf-Butylethylene, 1611 n-Butyl formate, 1014 d-sec-Butyl formate, 1015 «erf-Butyl hypochlorite, 752 Butylideneacetic acid, 1553 n-Butyl iodide, 754 sec-Butyl iodide, 756 5, 5-n-Butylisopropylbarbituric acid, 4145 n-Butyl isopropyl malonate, 3940 n-Butyl malonate, 4160 n-Butyl mercaptan, 810 sec-Butyl mercaptan, 812 «erf-Butyl mercaptan, 813 Butylmalonic acid, 2304 sec-Butylmalonic acid, 2306 n-Butyl nitrate, 774 n-Butyl nitrite, 772 n-Butyl oxalate, 3941 n-Butyl phenyl ether, 3759 Butyl phenyl ketone, 4088 n-Butyl phthalate, 5135 d-sec-Butyl propionate, 2359.1 n-Butyl salicylate, 4101 Butylsilicon trichloride, »438 Butyl sulfide, 2981 n-Butylsulfone, 2978 n-Butyl n-valerate, 3332 d-sec-Butyl valerate, 3333.1 n-Butyraldehyde, 717 n-Butyramide, 760 n-Butyranilide, 3706 n-Butyric acid, 723 n-Butyric anhydride, 2840 T-Butyrolactam, 672 n-Butyronitrile, 667 Butyryl chloride, 651 Buxine, 5316 Cacodyl, 826 Cacodyl bromide, 253 Cacodyl carbide, 1620 Cacodyl chloride, 254 Cacodyl cyanide, 410 Cacodyl iodide, 256 Cacodyl oxide, 827 Cacodyl sulfide, 828 Cacodyl trichloride, 255 Cacodylic acid, 280 Cadaverine, 1105

Cadineiie, 4972 Cadmium acetate, »872 Cadmium dimethyl, £870 Cadmium ethanedisulfonate, »874 Cadmium formate, »871 Caffeic acid, 3088 Caffeidine, 2286 Caffeine, 2701 Caffeine hydrobromide, 2751 Caffeine hydrochloride, 2753 Caffeine sulfate, 5134 Caffeine triiodide, 2755 Caff eoi, 2724 Caffoline, 2287 Caffuric acid, 1531 Cajeputol, 3902 Calabarine, 4960 Calabarol, 5804 Calcium acetate, Ä2296 Calcium acid malate, Ä2299 Calcium aconitate, Ä2302 Calcium benzoate, »2300 Calcium citrate, »2303 Calcium crotonate, »2298 Calcium formate, »2289 Calcium fumarate, »2291 Calcium hippurate, »2306 Calcium lactate, »2297 Calcium lead propionate, »2330 Calcium malate, »2292 Calcium maleate, »2290 Calcium mesotartrate, »2294 Calcium nitrotetronate, »2305 Calcium oxalate, »2287 Calcium succinate, »2293 Calcium d-tartrate, »2295 Calcium rf-tetratartrate, »2301 Calcon, 4902 Calmatambetin, 4548 Calmata mbin, 5479 Calycanthine, 4084 Calycin, 5272 Camphane, 3888 Camphenamine, 3882 Camphene, 3801, 3802 Camphene hydrochloride, 3876 Camphilene, 3803 Campholene, 3295 Campholic acid, 3930 Camphor, 3846 df-Camphor, 3845 Camphoranilic acid, 5127 «-Camphor dichloride, 3831 /3-Camphor dichloride, 3832 Camphor di-o-methoxybenzoate, 5829 a-Camphordioxime, 3837 7-Camphordioxime, 3838 Camphoric acid, 3868, 3869 Camphoric anhydride, 3773 Camphor 6-isopropyl-3-methylbenzoate, 5583 Camphor 3-methoxy-4-allybenzoate, 5584 Camphorol, 3300 Z-Camphoromc acid, 3288 Camphorosazone, 5729 Camphoroxime, 3884 d-Camphorquinone, 3770 d-Camphor salicylate, 6065 d-Camphor semicarbazone, 4154 Camphylamine, 3950 Z-Canadine, 5539 cZZ-Canadine, 5542 Cane sugar, 4396 Cannabinol, 5678 Cannibene, 4973 Cantharic acid, 3691 Cantharidin, 3693 Cantharene, 2795 n-Capric acid, 3981 n-Capric aldehyde, 3975 n-Capriloiiitrile, 2852

Caprylidene, 2824 Caproanilide, 4360 n-Caproic acid, 1643 rc-Caproic aldehyde, 1633 Caprone, 4170 n-Capronitrile, 1602 7»-Caproyl chloride, 1596 n-Capryl chloride, 2851 Caprylene, 2874 n-Caprylic acid, 2899 n-Caprylic aldehyde, 2892 n-Caprylic anhydride, 5153 Capsaicin, 5336 Capsularin, 5744 Carane, 3889 Carbamyl chloride, 27 Carbanil, 1889 Carbanilide, 4500 Carbazole, 4211 Carbazoline, 4325 Carbolic acid, 1413 Carbon dioxide, »338 Carbon disillùde, 17.3 Carbon monoxide, »337 Carbon suboxide, »339 Carbon sulfoselenide, 17.2 Carbon tetrabromide, 6 Carbon tetrachloride, 12 Carbon tetrafluoride, 13 Carbon tetraiodide, 16 Carbonyl bromide, 4 Carbonyl bromochloride, 1.1 Carbonyl chloride, 9 Carbonyl sulfide, 17.1 Carbostyril, 3039 o-Carboxycinnamic acid, 3527 A*-Carene, 3804 Carminio acid, 5700 Carnaubic acid, 5854 Carnaubyl alcohol, 5862 «-Carophyllene, 4974 Carotin, 5901 Carparne, 4839 Carparne hydrochloride, 4840 Carpiline, 5107 Carvacrol, 3752 a-CarvacromenthoI, 3966 0-Carvacromenthol, 3967 Carvenone, 3847 d-Carvol, 3753 Carvomenthol, 3966 Caryophyllenic acid, 3253 Caryophyllin, 3848 Cascarillin, 4368.1 Castelamarin, 3280 Catechol, 1414 Catechol methyl ether, 2174 Caullophyllosaponin, 6172 Caulophylline, 4335 Caulophyllosapogenin, 6164 Caulosapogenin, 6133 Caulosaponin, 6161 Caulosterol, 5909 Cederucamphor, 4997 Cedrene, 4975 Cedrol, 4997 Cephaeline, 5954 Cerane, 5919 Cerebrin, 5931, 6153 Cerebronic acid, 5880 Cerin, 5250 Cerotic acid, 5916 n-Ceryl alcohol, 5920 n-Ceryl cerotate, 6160 Cesium acid phthalate, »3314 Cesium acid trichloroacetate, »3315 Cesium cobalt malonate, »3345 Cetane, 5167 w-Cetyl acetate, 5380 Cetyl alcohol, 5168 Cetylene, 5156 n-Cetyl iodide, 5164

Cetyl palmitate, 6047 Cevine, 5977 Chaimaridine, 5712 Chaimarine, 5713 Champacol, 5002 Chaulmoogric acid, 5344 Chaulmoogryl alcohol, 5355 Chavicol, 3125 Cheiroline, 3299 Chelidamic acid, 1906 Chelidonine, 5527 Chinosol, 5291 Chitenine, 5448 Chloracetol, 420 Chloral, 107 Chloral-p-acetaminophenol, 3578 Chloralacetone, 907 Chloralacetophenone, 3544 Chloral alcoholate, 663 Chloramide, 349 Chloral ammonia, 195 Chloralantipyrine, 4528 Chloral d-borneolate, 4368.7 Chloral cyanohydrin, 315 Chloral formamide, 349 Chloral hydrate, 161 cis-Chloralimide, 425 a-Chloralose, 2754 Chloranil, 1109 a-Chlorhydnn, 473 0-Chlorhydrin, 472 3-Chloroacenaphthene, 4204 Chloroacetamide, 188 o-Chloroacetanilide, 2542 ra-Chloroacetanilide, 2543 7>-Chloroacetanilide, 2544 Chloroacetic acid, 156 Chloroacetic anhydride, 559 Chloroacetone, 377 co-Chloroacetophenone, 2497 p-Chloroacetophenone, 2498 Chloroacetyl bromide, 119 Chloroacetyl carbinol, 380 Chloroacetyl chloride, 135 1-Chloroacrylic acid, 324 2-Chloroacrylic acid, 325 3-Chloroallylene, 323 2-Chloro-3-aminophenol, 1378 2, 4-Chloroaminophenol, 1379 4-Chloroaniline-3-sulfonic acid, 1380 o-Chloroaniline, 1375 m-Chloroaniline, 1376 p-Chloroaniline, 1377 1-Chloroanthracene, 4640 9-Chloroanthracene, 4641 1-Chloroanthraquinone, 4610 2-Chloroanthraquinone, 4611 3-Chloroanthraquinone, 4612 ra-Chloroazobenzene, 4208 p-Chloroazobenzene, 4209 5-Chlorobarbituric acid, 552 o-Chlorobenzal chloride, 1868 p-Chlorobenzal chloride, 1869 o-Chlorobenzaldehyde, 1856 m-Chlorobenzaldehyde, 1857 p-Chlorobenzaldehyde, 1858 o-Chlorobenzamide, 1951 m-Chlorobenzamide, 1952 p-Chlorobenzamide, 1953 Chlorobenzene, 1307 p-Chlorobenzenesulfonic acid, 1319 o-Chlorobenzoic acid, 1860 m-Chlorobenzoic acid, 1861 p-Chlorobenzoic acid, 1862 o-Chlorobenzophenone, 4431 w-Chlorobenzophenone, 4432 p-Chlorobenzophenone, 4433 o-Chlorobenzoyl chloride, 1812 ra-Chlorobenzoyl chloride, 1813 p-Chlorobenzoyl chloride, 1814 o-Chlorobenzyl alcohol, 2042 m-Chlorobenzyl alcohol, 2043

p-Chlorobenzyl alcohol, 2044 2-Chloro-a-naphthol, 3457 o-Chlorobenzyl bromide, 1936 4-Chloro-a-naphthol, 3458 p-Chlorobenzyl bromide, 1937 5-Chloro-a-naphthol, 3459 o-Chlorobenzyl chloride, 1965 5-Chloro-/S-naphthol, 3463 p-Chlorobenzyl chloride, 1966 6-Chloro-a-naphthol, 3460 o-Chlorobenzylidene chloride, 1868 6-Chloro-0-naphthol, 3464 p-Chlorobenzylidene chloride, 1869 7-Chloro-a-naphthol, 3461 1-Chlorobutyric acid, 653 7-Chloro-0-naphthol, 3465 d-2-Chlorobutyric acid, 654 8-Chloro-/8-naphthol, 3466 dZ-2-Chlorobutyric acid, 655 2-Chloro-4-nitroaniline, 1308 3-Chlorobutyric acid, 656 2-Chloro-5-nitroaniline, 1309 a-Chlorocamphor, 3782 3-Chloro-4-nitroaniline, 1310 /3-Chlorocamphor, 3783 3-Chloro-6-nitroaniline, 1311 7-Chlorocamphor, 3784 4-Chloro-2-nitroaniline, 1312 o-Chlorocinnamic acid, 3033 4-Chloro-3-nitroaniline, 1313 Jrans-1-Chlorocinnamic acid, 3031 o-Chloronitrobenzene, 1215 £rans-2-Chlorocinnamic acid, 3032 m-Chloronitrobenzene, 1216 2-Chloro-p-cresol, 2050 p-Chloronitrobenzene, 1217 2-Chloronitrobenzene-o-sulfonic acid, 3-Chloro-o-cresol, 2045 3-Chloro-p-cresol, 2051 1227 5-Chloronitrobenzene-3-sulfonic acid, 4-Chloro-o-cresol, 2046 4-Chloro-ra-cresol, 2048 1228 5-Chloro-o-cresol, 2047 4-Chloro-l-nitronaphthalene, 3410 6-Chloro-m-cresol, 2049 7-Chloro-l-nitronaphthalene, 3411 1-Chloro-a-crotonic acid, 579 2-Chloro-3-nitrophenol, 1221 l-Chloro-/3-crotonic acid, 580 2-Chloro-4-nitrophenol, 1225 2-Chloro-/3-crotonic acid, 581 3-Chloro-4-nitrophenol, 1226 Chlorodecahydronaphthalene, 3877 4-Chloro-2-nitrophenol, 1218 cts-jS-Chlorodecalin, 3877 4-Chloro-3-nitrophenol, 1222 4-Chloro-l, 2-diaminobenzene, 1437 5-Chloro-2-nitrophenol, 1219 4-Chloro-l, 3-diaminobenzene, 1438 5-Chloro-3-nitrophenol, 1223 2-Chloro-l, 3-dihydroxypropane, 472 6-Chloro-2-nitrophenol, 1220 3-Chloro-l, 2-dihydroxypropane, 473 6-Chloro-3-nitrophenol, 1224 o-Chlorodimethylaniline, 2687 2-Chloro-3-nitrotoluene, 1958 p-Chlorodimethylaniline, 2688 3-Chloro-2-nitrotoluene, 1954 2-Chloro-2, 3-dimethylbutane, 1694 4-Chloro-2-nitrotoluene, 1955 a-4-Chloro-l, 3-dinitrobenzene, 1165 4-Chloro-3-nitrotoluene, 1959 /3-4-Chloro-l, 3-dinitrobenzene, 1166 5-Chloro-2-nitrotoluene, 1956 2-Chloro-l, 3-dinitrobenzene, 1164 5-Chloro-3-nitrotoluene, 1960 2-Chloro-l, 4-dinitrobenzene, 1168 6-Chloro-2-nitrotoluene, 1957 3-Chloro-l, 2-dinitrobenzene, 1162 2-Chloropentane, 1046 4-Chloro-l, 2-dinitrobenzene, 1163 3-Chloropentane, 1047 5-Chloro-l, 3-dinitrobenzene, 1167 o-Chlorophenol, 1314 Chlorodinitrohydrin, 376 m-Chlorophenol, 1315 o-Chlorodiphenyl, 4205 p-Chlorophenol, 1316 ra-Chlorodiphenyl, 4206 4-Chloro-o-phenylenediamine, 1437 p-Chlorodiphenyl, 4207 4-Chloro-w-phenylenediamine, 1438 1-Chloroethyl acetate, 657 o-Chlorophenylhydrazine, 1439 2-Chloroethyl acetate, 657.1 p-Chlorophenylhydrazine, 1440 2-Chloroethyl alcohol, 227 Chlorop'icrin, 11 Chloroethylene, 153 ' 2-Chloropropane, 469 1-Chloroethyl ethyl ether, 751 1-Chloropropionic acid, 381 2-Chloroethyl ethyl sulfide, 753 2-Chloropropionic acid, 382 Chloroform, 19 2-Chloropropyl alcohol, 471 Chlorogenic acid, 5305 1-Chloropropylene, 373 Chlorogenine, 5626 2-Chloropropylene, 374 4(5)-Chloroguaiacol, 2052 3-Chloropropylene, 375 4(5)-C h l o r o-2-hydroxymethoxyben1-Chloropropylidene chloride, 385 zene, 2052 2-Chloropropylidene chloride, 386 l-Chloro-2-hydroxypropane, 470 2-Chloropyridine, 848 2-Chloro-l-hydroxypropane, 471 3-Chloropyridine, 849 Chlorohydroquinone, 1317 4-Chloropyridine, 850 2-Chloro-4-hydroxytoluene, 2050 2-Chloroquinoline, 3000 3-Chloro-2-hydroxytoluene, 2045 3-Chloroquinoline, 3001 3-Chloro-4-hydroxytoluene, 2051 4-Chloroquinoline, 3002 4-Chloro-2-hydroxytoluene, 2046 5-Chloroquinoline, 3003 4-Chloro-3-hydroxytoluene, 2048 6-Chloroquinoline, 3004 5-Chloro-2-hydroxytoluene, 2047 7-Chloroquinoline, 3005 6-Chloro-3-hydroxytoluene, 2049 8-Chloroquinoline, 3006 Chloroiodoacetic acid, 129 5-Chlorosalicylic acid, 1864 p-Chloroiodobenzene, 1214.1 tt-Chlorostyrene, 2495 Chloroisopropyl alcohol, 470 a>-Chlorostyrene, 2496 Chloroisopropylidene chloride, 387 4-Chlorothymol, 3699 Chloromalonic acid, 326 6-Chlorothymol, 3700 p-Chlorometanilic acid, 1380 o-Chlorotoluene, 2039 Chloromethyl chloroformate, 137 m-Chlorotoluene, 2040 Chloromethyl isocyanate, 130 p-Chlorotoluene, 2041 Chloromethyl methyl ether, 228 2-Chlorotoluene-5-sulfonic acid, 2055 Chloromethyl sulfate, 225 2-Chloro-m-toluidine, 2122 a-Chloronaphthalene, 3455 2-Chloro-p-toluidine, 2126 j3-Chloronaphthalene, 3456 3-Chloro-p-toluidine, 2127 l-Chloro-/3-naphthol, 3462 4-Chloro-o-toluidine, 2120

4-Chloro-m-toluidine, 2123 5-Chloro-o-toluidine, 2120.1 5-Chloro-m-toluidine, 2124 6-Chloro-o-toluidine, 2121 6-Chloro-m-toluidine, 2125 2-Chloro-w-trichlorotoluene, 1822 2-Chloro-l, 3, 5-trinitrobenzene, 1127 5-Chloro-l, 2, 4-trinitrobenzene, 1128 2-Chlorovinylarsine dichloride, 116 2-Chlorovinyldichloroarsine, 11.6 Chloroxyl, 5040 1-Chloro-o-xylene, 2640 1-Chloro-w-xylene, 2643 1-Chloro-p-xylene, 2644 3-Chloro-o-xylene, 2641 4-Chloro-o-xylene, 2642 Cholanic acid, 5585 Choleic acid, 5842 Cholesterol, 5933 Cholesterol benzoate, 6075 Cholesterol butyrate, 6024 Cholesterol caprinate, 6110 Cholesterol capronate, 6054 Cholesterol formate, 5961 Cholesterol propionate, 6007 Cholesterol salicylate, 6076 Cholesterol valerate, 6043 Cholesterylamine, 5937 Cholestol, 5746 Cholestrophane, 889 Cholic acid, 5844 Chromane, 3135 Chromanone, 3079 Chromium acetylacetonate, Al624 Chromium oxalate, »1622 Chromium tartrate, »1623 Chromone, 3015 Chrysaniline, 5401 Chrysanisic acid, 1920 Chrysatropic acid, 3530 Chrysazin, 4631 Chrysazol, 4673 Chrysene, 5264 Chrysenic acid, 5175 Chrysine, 4874 Chrysoeriol, 5049 Chrysoidine, 4293 Chrysophanic acid, 4875 Chrysophanol, 4905 Ciba, 5850 Cimicic acid, 5014 Cinchamidine, 5462 Cinchol, 5596 Cinchomeronic acid, 1904 Cinchonamine, 5463 Cinchonic acid, 2188 Cinchonicine, 5440 Cinchonidine, 5441 Cinchonidine hydrochloride, 5451 Cinchonidine salicylate, 5893 Cinchonidine sulfate, 6115 a-Cinchonine, 5442 Cinchonine hydrochloride, 5452 Cinchonine nitrate, 5459 Cinchonine sulfate, 6116 Cinchoninic acid, 3478 Cinchoninone, 5428.1 Cinchotenine, 5315 Cinchotine, 5464 Cinchotoxine, 5440 Cineol, 3902 Cineolic acid, 3873 Cinnamal chloride, 3056 Cinnamaldehyde, 3069 Cinnamamide, 3102 Cinnamic acid, 3075 Cinnamic anhydride, 5275 Cinnamic nitrile, 3035 Cinnamoyl chloride, 3028 Cinnamyl alcohol, 3126 Cinnamyl cinnamate, 5292 Cinnamylcocaine, 5454

Cinnamyl cyanide, 3472 Citraconic acid, 898 Citraconic anhydride, 863 a-Citral, 3849 /8-Citral, 3850 d-Citramalic acid, 952 dZ-Citramalic acid, 953 Citramide, 1609 Citric acid, 1507 Citronellal, 3903 Citronellic acid, 3931 Citronellol, 3968, 3969 d-Citronellyl acetate, 4387 Citronellyl formate, 4144 Citrullol, 5748 Clavine, 4157 Clavisepsin, 5372 Clovene, 4976 Cluytianol, 5981 Cluytinic acid, 5691 Cluytyl alcohol, 5968 Cobalt acetate, »1512 Cobalt acetylacetonate, »1513 Cobalt formate, »1510 Cobalt malonate, »1511 Cobalt naphthalene-1, 5-disulfonate, »1514 Cobalt oxalate, »1508 Cocaine, 5221 a-Cocaine, 5219 dZ-Cocaine, 5220 Cocaine formate, 5332 Cocaine hydrochloride, 5228 d-Cocaine tartrate, 5674 Cocamine, 6113 Coccelic acid, 5535 Cocceric acid, 6027 Cocceryl alcohol, 6016 Codamine, 5571 Codeine, 5317 Codeine o-guaiacolsulfonate, 5867 Codeine hydrobromide, 5321 Codeine hydrochloride, 5324 Codeine phosphate, 5333 Codeine sulfate, 6097 Codethyline, 5453 Coerulignol, 3767 Colchiceine, 5652 Z-Colchicine, 5708 Col chinine, 5697 Collidine, 2777 Collidine-3-carboxylic acid, 3212 Columbin, 5949 Conchaimarine, 5714 Conchairamidine, 5715 Concusconine, 5786 Conessine, 5804.1, 5841 Conhydrine, 2930 ö-Coniceine, 2853 /3-Coniceine, 2854 7-Coniceine, 2855 5-Coniceine, 2856 Coniferin, 5137 Coniferyl alcohol, 3686 o-Coniferylaldehyde, 3602 p-Coniferylaldehyde, 3603 d-Coniine, 2928 Coniine hydrobromide, 2945 Coniine hydrochloride, 2946 Coniine hydroiodide, 2948 Coniine nitrate, 2950 Conquinamine, 5466 Convallaretin, 5478 Convovulin, 6046 Conyrine, 2776 s^/ra-Copellidine, 2929 Coposterin, 5939 Copper naphthalene-1, 5-disulfonate, »1035 Coralline, 5397 Cordol, 4421 Coriamyrtin, 4944.1

Coriandrol, 3915 Corybulbine, 5663 d-Corycavamine, 5634 Cory cavi dine, 5707 Coryeavine, 5775 dZ-Corydaline, 5723 Corydine, 5664 Coryfin, 4844 Corynanthine, 5669 Corypalmine, 5552 Corytuberine, 5455 Cotarnic acid, 3541 Cotarnine, 4334 Cotoin, 4744 o-Coumaral alcohol, 3136 2>-Coumarhydrin, 3080 o-Coumaric acid, 3083 m-Coumaric acid, 3084 p-Coumaric acid, 3085 o-Coumaric aldehyde, 3072 p-Coumaric aldehyde, 3073 Coumarine, 3016 Coumarone, 2468 Crackene, 5817 Creatine, 780 Creatinine, 682 Creosol, 2725 Cresalol, 4741 o-Cresol, 2160 m-Cresol, 2161 p-Cresol, 2162 o-Cresol orthoacetate, 5779 o-Cresolphthalein, 5699 o-Cresol-6-sulfonic acid, 2187 P-Cresol-2-sulfonic acid, 2186 o-Cresyl acetate, 3150 m-Cresyl acetate, 3151 p-Cresyl acetate, 3152 m-Cresyl benzoate, 4736 2>-Cresyl benzoate, 4734 o-Cresyl ether, 4778 m-Cresyl ether, 4779 p-Cresyi ether, 4780 o-Cresyl methyl ether, 2719 m-Cresyl methyl ether, 2720 p-Cresyl methyl ether, 2721 o-Cresyl salicylate, 4741 m-Cresyl salicylate, 4742 p-Cresyl salicylate, 4743 Crocetin, 3772 Crotonaldehyde, 614 a-Crotoiiic acid, 617 0-Crotonic acid, 618 Crotonic anhydride, 2745 Crotonyl acetate, 1556 Crotonyl alcohol, 711 Crotonylamine, 758 Crotonyl chloride, 578 Crotonylene, 597 Crotonyl ether, 2833 Crotonyl isothiocyanate, 912 Crotonyl mustard oil, 912 Cryptopine, 5647 Cubebin, 5534 Cubebinol, 5533 Cucurbitol, 5843 Cumarane, 2572 Cumene, 3223 Cumenol, 3656 Cumic acid, 3668 Cumic aldehyde, 3656 Cumidine, 3257 Cuminal alcohol, 3754 Cupferron, 1528 Cupreine, 5447 Cupreine sulfate, 6117 Cupreol, 5597 Cupric acetate, »1031 Cupric formate, »1029 Cuscohygrine, 4575 Cusconine, 5787 Cusparidine, 5411

Cusparine, 5412 Curcurnin, 5627 Cyanamide, 30 Cyananiline, 4775 Cyanic acid, 23 Cyanilide, 1978 Cyanoacetamide, 352 Cyanoacetanilidc, 3067 Cyanoacetic acid, 333 p-Cyanoacetophenone, 3038 Cyanoacetylene, 313 o-Cyan oben zoic acid, 2435 m-Cyanobenzoic acid, 2436 p-Cyanobenzoic acid, 2437 Cyanoform, 543 Cyanogen, 95 Cyanogen bromide, 3 Cyanogen chloride, 7 Cyanogen iodide, 14 Cyanogen sulfide, 96 Cyanoguanidine, 207 Cyanuric acid, 335 Cyanuric trichloride, 308.1 Cyclamin, 5599 Cyclobutane, 683 Cyclobutanol, 712 Cyclocitral, 3851 Cyclofenchene, 3805 Cycloform, 4108 Cycloheptadiene, 2237 Cycloheptane, 2327 Cycloheptanol, 2335 Cycloheptanone, 2290 Cycloheptatriene, 2111 1, 3-Cyclohexadiene, 1466 Cyclohexane, 1612 Cyclohexane-1, 3, 5-triol, 1661 Cyclohexanol, 1627 Cyclohexanone, 1541 Cyclohexyl acid succinate, 3870 Cyclohexyl acetate, 2837 Cyclohexyl bromide, 1588 Cyclohexyl carbinol, 2337 Cyclohexyl chloride, 1595 Cyclohexyl formate, 2297 Cyclohexylene, 1537 Cyclohexyl iodide, 1601 Cyclohexyl mercaptan, 1687 Cyclorionane, 3318 Cyclooctane, 2865 Cyclopentadiene, 880 Cyclopentane, 979 Cyclopentanol, 997 Cyclopentanone, 924 Cyclopentylene, 913 Cyclopropane, 408 Cyclopropyl carbinol, 713 Cymarin, 5997 o-Cymene, 3727 ra-Cymene, 3728 Cynoctonine, 6094 Cysteine hydrochloride, 501 /-Cystine, 1625 Cystisine, 4086 Damaiacenine, 3717 Damascenine picrate, 5084 Dambonite, 2917 Dambose, 1680 Daphnetin, 3018 Daphiiin, 4937 Datiscin, 5660 Daturic acid, 5256 Daturine, 5235 cis-Decahydronaphthalene, 3890 Zrans-Decahydronaphthalene, 3891 Decaline, 3890 n -Decane, 3993 n-Decyl acetate, 4407 tt-Decyl alcohol, 4002 n-Decylamine, 4011 n-Decylic aldehyde, 3977 a-Decylene, 3955

T-Decylene, 3956 9, 10-Decylenic acid, 3932 Dehydracetic acid, 2622 Dehydromorphine, 6060 Dehydroquinine, 5546 Dehydrothio-p-toluidine, 4722 ra-Dehydrothioxylidine, 5083 Delphinin e, 5742 Desoxyalizarin, 4680 Desoxyamilic acid, 4315 Desoxybenzoin, 4724 Desoxycholic acid, 5842 Desoxycinchonidine, 5437 Desoxycinchonine, 5438 Desoxyquinine, 5557 Desoxystrychnine, 5668 Dextrose, 1677, 1678 Diacciami de, 673 Diacetamlide, 3628 Diacetin, 2312 Diacetohydroxamic acid, 677 Diacetone alcohol, 1641 Diacetoneamineoxime, 1719 Diacetyl, 625, 2815, 4368.2 Diacetylacetone, 2263 Diacetylaminoazotoluene, 5313 •p-Diacetylaminophenol, 3629 Diacetylbenzidine, 5082 Diacetylenedicarboxylic acid, 1148 Diacetylhydrazobenzene, 5082.4 Diacetylmonoxime, 674 Diacetylmorphine, 5648 Diacetylmorphine hydrochloride, 5654 Diacetyl-o-phenylenediamine, 3644 Diacetyl-ra-phenylenediamine, 3645 Diacetyl-p-phenylenediamine, 3646 Dialdan, 2839 Diallyl, 1534 Diallylaniline, 4326 5, 5-Diallylbarbituric acid, 3647 Diallyl carbinol, 2288 Diallylene, 1467 Diallyl oxalate, 2748 Diallyl sulfide, 1587 Diallyl tartrate, 3777.1 «2/m-Diallylurea, 2285 2, 8-Diaminoacridine, 4488 tt-Diamionanthraquinone, 4657 /3-Diaminoanthraquinone, 4658 p, p'-Diaminoazobenzene, 4294 2, 4-Diaminoazobenzene, 4293 2, 2'-Diamino-4, 4'-azotoluene, 4810 3, 3/-Diamino-2, 2/-azotoluene, 4811 o-Diaminobenzene, 1479 w-Diaminobenzene, 1480 p-Diaminobenzene, 1481 1, 2-Diaminobenzene-3-sulfonic acid, 1490 2, 2/-Diaminobenzophenone, 4497 3, 3'-Diaminobenzophenone, 4498 4, 4'-Diaminobenzophenone, 4499 3, 3'-Diamino-4, 4'-dihydroxyarseiiobenzene di hydro chloride, 4311 4, 4'-Diamino-2, 2'-dimethyldiphenyl, 4807 4, 4'-Diamino-3, 3'-dimethyldiphenyl, 4806 0, p-Diaminodiphenyl, 4287 p, p'-Diaminodiphenylamine, 4310 2, 4/-Diaminodiphenylmethane, 4519 3, 3'-Diaminodiphenylmethane, 4520 3, 4'-Diaminodiphenylmethane, 4521 4, 4/-Diaminodiphenylmethane, 4522 p, p'-Diamino-o, o'-ditolylmethane, 4942 1, 5-Diaminopentane, 1105 2, 5-Diaminophenol, 1484 3, 4-Diaminophenol, 1485 3, 5-Diaminophenol, 1486 Di-(p-aminophenylene) sulfone, 4235 1, 2-Di-(o-aminophenyl)-e t h y 1 e n e , 4767

l, 2-Di-(p-aminophenyl)-e t h y 1 e n e , 4768 l, 2-Diamino-l, 2-di(phenylimino)ethane, 4775 Di-0-aminophenyl oxalate, 4716 Di-m-aminophenyl oxalate, 4717 Di-p-aminophenyl oxalate, 4718 1, 2-Di-(p-aminophenyl) thiourea, 4526 5, 8-Diaminoquinoline, 3117 6, 8-Diaminoquinoline, 3118 2, 2'-Diaminostilbene, 4767 4, 4/-Diaminostilbene, 4768 2, 3-Diaminotoluene, 2249 2, 4-Diaminotoluene, 2250 2, 5-Diaminotoluene, 2251 2, 6-Diaminotoluene, 2252 3, 4-Diaminotoluene, 2253 3, 5-Diaminotoluene, 2254 p, p'-Diaminotriphenylmethane, 5417 Di-Z-amyl chlorofumarate, 4831.1 Diamyl ketone, 4170 Di-Z-amyl inaleate, 4837.1 Di-Z-amyl malonate, 4580.1 Diamyl o-phthalate, 5335 Diamyl succinate, 4845, 4845.1 o-Dianisidine, 4809 Di-(p-anisyl)dimethylmethane, 5213.1 Di-p-anisyl-p-phenetylguanidine hydrochloride, 5783 9, 9'-Dianthranyl, 5943 Diapthol, 3053 Diarsenodiacetic acid, 599 Diaspirin, 5278 Diathesin, 2166 l, 2-Diazine, 561 l, 3-Diazine, 562 l, 4-Diazine, 563 Diazoaminobenzene, 4275 Diazoaminoethane, 290.1 0, o'-Diazoaminotoluene, 4800 p, p'-Diazoaminotoluene, 4801 Diazomethane, 31 p-Diazophenol, 1270 1, l-Di(benzalamino)-phenylmethane, 5622 Dibenzohydroxamic acid, 4705 s^/TW-Dibenzoylethane, 5069 Dibenzoyl-eMysine, 5548 Dibeiizoylmorphine, 6019 Dibenzyl, 4756 Dibenzylacetone, 5199 Dibenzylamine, 4789 Dibenzylaniline, 5526 5, 5-Dibenzylbarbituric acid, 5290 Dibenzyl disulfide, 4786 Dibenzyl fumarate, 5301 Dibenzylideneacetone, 5185 Dibenzyl ketone, 4914 Dibenzyl malonate, 5195 Dibenzylmethane, 4930 Dibenzyl oxalate, 5073 Dibenzyl selenide, 4788 Dibenzyl succinate, 5310 Dibenzyl sulfide, 4787 Dibenzyl sulfone, 4784 Di-d-bornyl carbonate, 5683 Di-d-bornyl succinate, 5840 a-Dibromhydrin, 415 /3-Dibromhydrin, 416 Dibromoacetic acid, 125 Dibromoacetylene, 83 2, 4-Dibromoaniline, 1302 2, 5-Dibromoaniline, 1303 2, 6-Dibromoaniline, 1304 3, 4-Dibromoaniline, 1305 3, 5-Dibromoaniline, 1306 9, 10-Dibromoanthracene, 4617 o-Dibromobenzene, 1204 m-Dibromobenzene, 1205 p-Dibromobenzene, 1206 2, 3-Dibromobenzoic acid, 1796

2, 4-Dibromobenzoic acid, 1797 2, 5-Dibromobenzoic acid, 1798 2, 6-Dibromobenzoic acid, 1799 3, 4-Dibromobenzoic acid, 1800 3, 5-Dibromobenzoic acid, 1801 l, 2-Dibromobutane, 688 l, 3-Dibromobutane, 689 1, 4-Dibromobutane, 690 2, 3-Dibromobutane, 691 a, a'-Dibromocamphor, 3712 ci's-1, 2-Dibromocinnamic acid, 2998 trans-I, 2-Dibromocinnamic acid, 2999 Dibromocyanoacetamide, 313.1 l, 2-Dibromo-l, 2-dichloroethylene, 84 l, 1-Dibromoethane, 183 1, 2-Dibromoethane, 184 2, 2-Dibromoethyl alcohol, 185 l, 1-Dibromoethylene, 122 l, 2-Dibromoethylene, 123 Di-(l-bromoethyl) sulfide, 694 Dibromogallic acid, 1802 1, 3-Dibromo-2-hydroxypropane, 415 2, 3-Dibromo-l-hydroxypropane, 416 1, l'-Dibromoisopropyl alcohol, 415 Dibromomethane, 26 s2/ra-Dibromomethyl ether, 186 2, 4-Dibromo-3-m e t h y 1-4-isopropylphenol, 3640 1, 2-Dibromo-2-methylpropane, 693 2, 4-Dibromonitrobenzene, 1152 2, 5-Dibromonitrobenzene, 1153 3, 4-Dibromonitrobenzene, 1154 3, 5-Dibromonitrobenzene, 1155 4, 6-Dibromo-2-nitrophenol, 1155.1 1, 5-Dibromopentane, 987 2, 3-Dibromopentane, 988 2, 4-Dibromophenol, 1207 2, 6-Dibromophenol, 1208 3, 4-Dibromophenol, 1209 3, 5-Dibromophenol, 1210 p, p'-Di-(bromophenyl), 4185.1 3, 4-Dibromophenylhydrazine, 1371 3, 5-Dibromophenylhydrazine, 1372 l, 1-Dibromopropane, 411 l, 2-Dibromopropane, 412 1, 3-Dibromopropane, 413 2, 2-Dibromopropane, 414 l, 1-Dibromopropionic acid, 342 1, 2-Dibromopropionic acid, 343 2, 3-Dibromopropyl alcohol, 416 N-2, 3-Dibromopropyl-5, 5-diethylbarbituric acid, 4123 cis-l, 2-Dibromopropylene, 339 trans-1, 2-Dibromopropylene, 340 2, 3-Dibromopropylene, 341 2, 4-Dibromoresorcinol, 1211 4, 6-Dibromoresorciiiol, 1212 l, 2-Dibromosuccinic acid, 557 1, 2-Dibromo-l, l, 2, 2-tetrachloromethane, 84.1 2, 4-Dibromothymol, 3640 2, 3-Dibromotoluene, 1948 2, 6-Dibromotoluene, 1949 3, 5-Dibromotoluene, 1950 2, 6-Dibromo-3, 4, 5-trihydroxybenzoic acid, 1802 oj, co'-Dibromo-p-xylene, 2541 Di-n-butylacetic acid, 3981.1 Di-n-butyl alcohol, 2951 Di-n-butylamine, 2984 Di-n-butylaniline, 4832 Di-n-butyl carbinol, 3356 Di-sec-butyl carbinol, 3358 Di-n-butyl carbonate, 3341 Di-n-butyl malonate, 4160 Di-n-butyl oxalate, 3941 Di-n-butyl phthalate, 5135 Di-n-butyl sulfide, 2981 Di-sec-butyl sulfide, 2983 Di-n-butyl d-tartrate, 4392 Dibutyrin, 4163 Dicentrine, 5540

Dicetyl, 6048 a-Dichlorhydrin, 422 /3-Dichlorhydrin, 423 l, 2-Dichloroacenaphthene, 4186 Dichloroacetal, 1622 Dichloroacetaldehyde, 134 Dichloroacetamide, 157 Dichloroacetic acid, 136 l, 1-Dichloroacetone, 346 1, l'-Dichloroacetone, 347 Dichloroacetyl chloride, 108 Dichloroacetylene, 88 2, 3-Dichloroaniline, 1320 2, 4-Dichloroaniline, 1321 2, 5-Dichloroaniline, 1322 2, 6-Dichloroaniline, 1323 3, 4-Dichloroaniline, 1324 3, 5-Dichloroaniline, 1325 l, 2-Dichloroanthracene, 4618 9, 10-Dichloroanthracene, 4619 a-1, 2-Dichloroanthraquinone, 4596 /5-1, 2-Dichloroanthraquinone, 4597 l, 4-Dichloroanthraquinone, 4598 l, 5-Dichloroanthraquinone, 4599 l, 6-Dichloroanthraquinone, 4600 1, 8-Dichloroanthraquinone, 4601 2, 3-Dichloroanthraquinone, 4602 2, 6-Dichloroanthraquinone, 4603 2, 7-Dichloroanthraquinone, 4604 5, 5-Dichlorobarbituric acid, 544 2, 4-Dichlorobenzaldehyde, 1809 2, 5-Dichlorobenzaldehyde, 1810 3, 4-Dichlorobenzaldehyde, 1811 o-Dichlorobenzene, 1229 m-Dichlorobenzene, 1230 p-Dichlorobenzene, 1231 2, 5-Dichlorobenzenesulfonic acid„ 1241 2, 2-Dichlorobenzidine, 4222 4, 4-Dichlorobenzidine, 4223 2, 3-Dichlorobenzoic acid, 1815 2, 4-Dichlorobenzoic acid, 1816 2, 5-Dichlorobenzoic acid, 1817 2, 6-Dichlorobenzoic acid, 1818 3, 4-Dichlorobenzoic acid, 1819 3, 5-Dichlorobenzoic acid, 1820 p, p'-Dichlorobenzophenone, 4422 l, 2-Dichloro-l-bromoethylene, 100 Dichlorobutylene glycol, 697.1 a-Dichlorocamphor, 3744 /9-Dichlorocamphor, 3745 cis-l, 2-Dichlorocinnamic acid, 3007 trans-I, 2-Dichlorocinnamic acid, 3008 l, 1-Dichloro-o-cresol, 1967 3, 5-Dichloro-o-cresol, 1968 4, 6-Dichloro-m-cresol, 1969 3, 3-Dichlorodiacetylbenzidine, 0064 Dichlorodinitromethane, 8 Dichloro-1, 2-diphenylethylene, 4653 l, 2-Dichloro-l, 2-diphenylethylene, 4654 m, w'-Dichlorodiphenylmethane, 4442 p, p'-Dichlorodiphenylmethane, 4443 l, 1-Dichloroethane, 189 1, 2-Dichloroethane, 190 2, 2-Dichloroethyl alcohol, 191 l, 1-Dichloroethylene, 131 cis-l, 2-Dichloroethylene, 132 trans-1, 2-Dichloroethylene, 133 Di-(2-chloroethyl) ether, 696 1, 2-Dichloroethyl ethyl ether, 697 Di-(l-chloroethyl) sulfide, 698 Di-(2-chloroethyl) sulfide, 699 Di-(2-chloroethyl) sulfone, 701 Di-(2-chloroethyl) sulfoxide, 700 4, 5-Dichloroguaiacol, 1970 2, 3-Dichlorohydroquinone, 1238 2, 5-Dichlorohydroquinone, 1239 2, 6-Dichlorohydroquinone, 1240 l, l-Dichloro-2-hydroxypropane, 421 1, 3-Dichloro-2-hydroxypropane, 422 2, 3-Dichloro-l-hydroxypropane, 423

3, 3-Dichloroisopentane, 989 1, 1-Dichloroisopropyl alcohol, 421 l, l'-Dichloroisopropyl alcohol, 422 Dichloromethane, 28 Dichloromethylal, 424 Dichloromethylarsine, 38 3, 3-Dichloro-2-methylbutane, 989 Dichloromethyl chloroformate, 110 Dichloromethyl-p-c h l o r o p h e n y l ketone, 2432 «l/m-Dichloromethyl ether, 192 l, 2-Dichloro-2-methylpropane, 695 Di-(chloromethyl) sulfide, 194 Di-(chloromethyl) sulfoxide, 193 l, 2-Dichloronaphthalene, 3412 l, 3-Dichloronaphthalene, 3413 l, 4-Dichloronaphthalene, 3414 l, 5-Dichloronaphthalene, 3415 l, 6-Dichloronaphthalene, 3416 1, 7-Dichloronaphthalene, 3417 I1 8-Dichloronaphthalene, 3418 2, 3-Dichloronaphthalene, 3419 2, 6-Dichloronaphthalene, 3420 2, 7-Dichloronaphthalene, 3421 2, 3-Dichloro-a-naphthol, 3422 2, 4-Dichloro-a-naphthol, 3423 5, 7-Dichloro-a-naphthol, 3424 5, 8-Dichloro-a-naphthol, 3425 6, 7-Dichloro-a-naphthol, 3426 7, 8-Dichloro-a-naphthol, 3427 l, 3-Dichloro-/3-naphthol, 3428 1, 4-Dichloro-jS-naphthol, 3429 3, 6-Dichloro-/3-naphthol, 3429.1 2, 3-Dichloronitrobenzene, 1169 2, 4-Dichloronitrobenzene, 1170 2, 5-Dichloronitrobenzene, 1171 2, 6-Dichloronitrobenzene, 1172 3, 4-Dichloronitrobenzene, 1173 3, 5-Dichloronitrobenzene, 1174 4, 6-Dichloro-2-nitro phenol, 1174.1 l, 4-Diohloropentane, 990 1, 5-Dichloropentane, 991 2, 3-Dichloropentane, 992 2, 3-Dichlorophenol, 1232 2, 4-Dichlorophenol, 1233 2, 5-Dichlorophenol, 1234 2, 6-Dichlorophenol, 1235 3, 4-Dichlorophenol, 1236 3, 5-Dichlorophenol, 1237 2, 4-Dichlorophenylhydrazine, 1381 2, 5-Dichlorophenylhydrazine, 1382 3, 5-Dichlorophenylhydrazine, 1383 3, 3-Dichloro-l-phenylpropene, 3056 3, 6-Dichlorophthalic acid, 2426 3, 6-Dichlorophthalic a n h y d r i d e , 2421 l, 1-Dichloropropane, 417 l, 2-Dichloropropane, 418 1, 3-Dichloropropane, 419 2, 2-Dichloropropane, 420 2, 2-Dichloropropionic acid, 348 2, 3-Dichloropropyl alcohol, 423 3, 5-Dichloropyridine, 845 2, 3-Dichloroquinoline, 2991 2, 4-Dichloroquinoline, 2992 5, 6-Dichloroquinoline, 2993 5, 7-Dichloroquinoline, 2994 5, 8-Dichloroquinoline, 2995 6, 8-Dichloroquinoline, 2996 7, 8-Dichloroquinoline, 2997 2. 5-Dichloroquinone, 2911 2, 6-Dichloroquinone, 1130 Dichlorostilbene, 4653 Di-(2-chlorovinyl)-arsine c h l o r i d e , 555 w, ù/-Dichloro-p-xylene, 2545 Dicinchonine, 6112 Dicyandiamide, 207 Dicyclohexyl oxalate, 4831 o, (/-Diethoxyazobenzene, 5102 p, p'-Diethoxyazobenzene, 5103 p, p'-Diethoxyazoxybenzene, 5105

o-Diethoxybenzene, 3766 p-Diethoxyethenyldiphenylamidine, 5325 C-Diethylacetanilide, 4361 Diethylacetic acid, 1645 Diethyl acetylethylmalonate, 4153 Diethyl acetylsuccinate, 3874 Diethylamine, 824 Diethylamine hydrochloride, 831 Diethylaminoacetic acid guaiacol hydrochloride, 4556 p-Diethylaminobenzaldehyde, 4104 p-Diethylaminobenzoic acid, 4107 ra-Diethylaminophenol, 3792 Diethylaniline, 3789 Diethylaniline-m-sulfonic acid, 3796 Diethylarsonic acid, 818 0, o'-Diethylazobenzene, 5092 p, p'-Diethylazobenzene, 5093 1, 3-Diethylbarbituric acid, 2807 5, 5-Diethylbarbituric acid, 2808 o-Diethylbenzene, 3729 m-Diethylbenzene, 3730 p-Diethylbenzene, 3731 Diethylbromoacetaniide, 830 ./V-Diethylbromoacetylurea, 2315 Diethyl bromoisosuccinate, 2816.1 Diethyl bromomalonate, 2271 Diethyl carbinol, 1080 Diethyl carbonate, 1026 Diethyl chloromaleate, 2753.1 Diethyl citraconate, 3283 Diethylcyanamide, 993 Diethyl diacetyltartrate, 4368.41 Diethyl diethylmalonate, 4161 Diethyl diphenylmalonate, 5431 Diethyldipropylammonium chloroplatinate, 3M213 Diethyl disulfide, 815 Diethyl disulfoxide, 803 Diethylenediamine, 782 Diethylene disulfide, 740 Diethyleneglycol, 805 Diethyl l-ethyl-l'-acetylsuccinate, 4380 Diethyl fumarate, 2812 Diethyl glutaconate, 3284 Diethyl glutarate, 3312 Diethylisobutyl carbinol, 3359 Diethylisopropylmethane, 2938 Diethyl itaconate, 3285 Diethylketene, 1547 Diethyl ketone, 1005 Diethyl ketoxime, 1055 Diethyl malate, 2849.1 Diethyl maleate, 2813 Diethyl malonate, 2309 Diethylmaloriic acid, 2307 Diethyl mesaconate, 3286 Diethyl mesoxalate, 2314 Diethyl methylmalonate, 2846 Diethyl muconate, 3776 Diethyl-a-naphthylamine, 4813 Diethyl-/3-naphthylamine, 4814 Diethyl oxalate, 1570 Diethyloxamide, 1624 Diethyl peroxide, 800 Diethylphosphine, 825 Diethyl o-phthalate, 4324 Diethylpropyl carbinol, 2952 Diethylpropylmethane, 2942 Diethyl sebacate, 4846 Diethyl selenide, 816 Diethylsilicon dichloride, Ä437 Diethyl succinate, 2847 Diethyl succinylsuccinate, 4355 Diethyl sulfate, 809 Diethyl sulfide, 814 Diethyl sulfite, 807 Diethyl sulfone, 802 Diethylsulfonediethylmethane, 3370 Diethylsulfonedimethylmethane, 2416

Diethylsulfonemet hylethylmethane, 2980 Diethyl d-tartrate, 2850 Diethyl telluride, 817 Diethyl thiocarbonate, 1022 3, 5-Diethyltoluene, 4117 o-Diethyltoluidine, 4137 m-Diethyltoluidine, 4138 p-Diethyltoluidine, 4139 1, 2-Diethylurea, 1077 JV-Diethylvaleramide, 3346 2, 5-Difluoroacetanilide, 2502 Difluoroacetic acid, 141 2, 5-Difluoroaniline, 1332 m-Difluorobenzene, 1252 p-Difluorobenzene, 1253 Digitalin, 6087 Digitoflavone, 4885 Digitogenic acid, 5953 Digitoxigenin, 5736 Digitoxin, 6077 Diglycerol, 1747 Diglycolic acid, 633 Diguaiacyl camphorate, 5829 Di-n-heptyl tartrate, 5371.1 Di-77-hexyl carbinol, 4588 5, 10-Dihydroacridine, 4474 4, 6-Dihydrobenzaldehyde, 2164 4, 6-Dihydrobenzaldoxime, 2223 o-Dihydrobenzene, 1468 ra-Dihydrobenzene, 1469 p-Dihydrobenzene, 1470 3, 4-Dihydrobenzopyran, 3135 Dihydrocumarin, 3078 2, 3-Dihydrocycloheptene, 2237 l, 2-Dihydro-3, 5-dihydroxy-4-(a, 3, 4-trihydroxybenzylbenzofuran), 5629 Dihydroharmine, 4524 Dihydromorphine, 5217 l, 2-Dihydronaphthalene, 3573 l, 4-Dihydronaphthalene, 3574 l, 2-Dihydro-/3-naphthol, 3588 A1, ^Dihydro-o-phthalic acid, 2623 A2, 4-Dihydro-o-phthalic acid, 2624 A 2 , 6-Dihydro-o-phthalic acid, 2625 Dihydroquinoline, 3097 Dihydroresorcinol, 1497 l, 2-Dihydrotoluene, 2238 1, 3-Dihydrotoluene, 2239 2, 4-Dihydrotoluene, 2240 Dihydroxyacetone, 455 5, 6-Dihydroxy-o-aldehydobenzoic acid, 2489 l, 8-Dihydroxyanthracene, 4673 l, 3-Dihydroxyanthraquinone, 4634 l, 4-Dihydroxyanthraquinone, 4633 l, 5-Dihydroxyanthraquinone, 4628 l, 6-Dihydroxyanthraquinone, 4629 l, 7-Dihydroxyanthraquinone, 4630 1, 8-Dihydroxyanthraquinone, 4631 2, 3-Dihydroxyanthraquinone, 4632 2, 6-Dihydroxyanthraquinone, 4627 2, 3-Dihydroxybenzaldehyde, 2011 3, 4-Dihydroxybenzaldehyde, 2012 o-Dihydroxybenzene, 1414 m-Dihydroxybenzene, 1415 p-Dihydroxybenzene, 1416 o-Dihydroxybenzene dimethyl ether, 2737 o-Dihydroxybenzene ethyl ether, 2738 2, 3-Dihydroxybenzoic acid, 2016 2, 4-Dihydroxybenzoic acid, 2017 2, 5-Dihydroxybenzoic acid, 2018 2, 6-Dihydroxybenzoic acid, 2019 3, 4-Dihydroxybenzoic acid, 2020 3, 5-Dihydroxybenzoic acid, 2021 2, 2'-Dihydroxybenzophenone, 4460 2, 3'-Dihydroxybenzophenone, 4461 2, 4'-Dihydroxybenzophenone, 4462 2, 5-Dihydroxybenzophenone, 4459 3, 4'-Dihydroxybenzophenone, 4463 4, 4/-Dihydroxybenzophenone, 4464

6,

7-Dihydroxy-l, 2-benzopyrone, 3019 7, 8-Dihydroxy-l, 2-benzopyrone, 3018 1, 4-Dihydroxybutane, 795 2, 3-Dihydroxybutane, 796 1, 2-Dihydroxybutyric acid, 738 3, 4-Dihydroxycinnamic acid, 3088 2, 3-Dihydroxycoumarin, 3018 4, 5-Dihydroxycoumarin, 3019 4, 4'-Dihydroxy-/3, 0'-dinaphthyl, 55G2 1, 2-Dihydroxy-l, 2-diphenylethane, 4781 4, 4'-Dihydroxydiphenylsulfone, 4256 Di-(2-hydroxyethyl) ether, 805 5, 7-Dihydroxyflavone, 4874 2, 5-Dihydroxy-4-isopropyltoluene, 3771 Dihydro-o-xylene, 2795 Dihydro-m-xylene, 2796 A1, 3-Dihydro-p-xylene, 2797 Dihydroxymalonic acid, 363 2, 4-Dihydroxymesitylene, 3248 1, 2-Dihydroxy-2-methylpropane, 797 1, 2-Dihydroxynaphthalene, 3509 1, 3-Dihydroxynaphthalene, 3510 1, 4-Dihydroxynaphthalene, 3511 1, 5-Dihydroxynaphthalene, 3512 1, 6-Dihydroxynaphthalene, 3513 1, 7-Dihydroxynaphthalene, 3514 1, 8-Dihydroxynaphthalene, 3515 2, 3-Dihydroxynaphthalene, 3516 2, 6-Dihydroxynaphthalene, 3517 2, 7-Dihydroxynaphthalene, 3518 1, 2-Dihydroxynonylic acid, 3313 1, 2-Dihydroxypelargonic acid, 3313 3, 4-Dihydroxyphenanthrene, 4675 2, 5-Dihydroxyphenylacetic acid, 2626 2-(3, 4-Dihydroxyphenyl)-propionic acid, 3176 2, 4-Dihydroxypyridine, 875 2, 6-Dihydroxypyridine, 876 2, 6-Dihydroxypyrimidine, 564 2, 5-Dihydroxyquinone, 1288 4, 9-Dihydroxystearic acid, 5388 Dihydroxy tartari c acid, 641 1, 2-Dihydroxy-l, 1, 2, 2-tetraphenylethane, 5889 2, 4-Dihydroxytoluene, 2169 2, 5-Dihydroxytoluene, 2170 2, 6-Dihydroxytoluene, 2171 3, 4-Dihydroxytoluene, 2172 3, 5-Dihydroxytoluene, 2173 1, 2-Dihydroxytricarballylic acid, 1508 1, 7-Dihydroxyxanthone, 4429 Diindole, 5066 Diiodoacetic acid, 143 Diiodoacetylene, 93 2, 4-Diiodoaniline, 1340 o-Diiodobenzene, 1258 m-Diiodobenzene, 1259 p-Diiodobenzene, 1260 2, 4-Diiodo-l, 3-dinitrobenzene, 1142 4, 6-Diido-l, 3-dinitrobenzene, 1143 Diiododiacetylene, 540 1, 1-Diiodoethane, 196 1, 2-Diiodoethane, 197 Diiodomethane, 29 2, 4-Diiodophenol, 1261 2, 6-Diiodophenol, 1262 3, 4-Diiodophenol, 1263 3, 5-Diiodophenol, 1264 2, 6-Diiodophenol-4-sulfonic acid, 1265 1, 2-Diiodopropane, 427 1, 3-Diiodopropane, 428 2, 2-Diiodopropane, 429 3, 5-Diiodosalicylic acid, 1828 Diiodothiophene, 546 Diisoamylamine, 4012 Diisoamyl carbonate, 4177 Diisoamyl ketone, 4171

Diisoamyl oxalate, 4391 Diisoamyl sulfide, 4010 Diisoamyl tartrate, 4846.1 Diisobutyl, 2933 Diisobutylamine, 2985 Diisobutylammonium chloroplatinate, »1208 Diisobutylaniline, 4832.1 Diisobutyl carbinol, 3357 Diisobutyl carbonate, 3342 Diisobutyl-o-cresol iodide, 5732 Diisobutyl d-diacetyltartrate, 5143.1 Diisobutylene, 2866 Diisobutyl ketone, 3326 Diisobutyl oxalate, 3942 Diisobutyl sulfide, 2982 Diisobutyl d-tartrate, 4393 Diisobutyl Z-tartrate, 4393.1 Diisopropenyl, 1533 Diisopropyl, 1712 Diisopropylamine, 1761 , Diisopropyl carbinol, 2400 Diisopropyl ketone, 2345 Diisopropylmethane, 2387 Diisopropyl sulfide, 1755 Dimazon, 5313 Dimercaptoglucose diethyl ether, 4009 Dimentholformol, 5689 Di-Z-menthyl adipate, 5915 Di-Z-menthyl carbonate, 5687 Di-Z-menthyl glutarate, 5877 Di-Z-menthyl malonate, 5810 Di-Z-menthyl oxalate, 5759 Di-Z-menthyl succinate, 5846 Di-Z-menthyl cZ-tartrate, 5847 Di-Z-menthyl Z-tartrate, 5848 3, 4-Dimethoxyallylbenzene, 4092 2, 2/-Dimethoxyazobenzene, 4773 4, 4/-Dimethoxyazobenzene, 4774 3, 4-Dimethoxybenzene-l, 2-dicarboxylic acid, 3626 3, 3'-Dimethoxybenzidine, 4809 3, 4-Dimethoxybenzoic acid, 3181 Di-(2-methoxyphenyl) carbonate, 4924 2, 3, 4, 5-Dimethoxydihydroxybenzoic acid, 3187 6, 7-Dimethoxy-l-(3, 4-dimethoxybenzoyl)-isoquinoline, 5528 3, 5-Dimethoxy-4-hydroxybenzoic acid, 3185 2, 4-Dimethoxy-6-hydroxydiphenyl ketone, 4921 s2/m-Di-(o-methoxyphenyl)-hydrazine, 5119 6, 7-Dimethoxyphthalide, 3621 3, 4-Dimethoxypropenylbenzene, 4093 Dimethylacetal, 801 N-Dimethylacetamide, 762 3, 5-Dimethylacetanilide, 3707 Dimethylacetylene, 597 Dimethylacetylene tetrabromide, 603 2, 2-Dimethylacrylic acid, 932 2, 2'-Dimethyladipic acid, 2844 1, 1-Dimethylallene, 915 1, 3-Dimethylallene, 914 Dimethylalloxan, 1408 Dimethylamine, 282 Dimethylamine hydrochloride, 297 «-Dimethylaminoacetophenone, 3708 4-Dimethylaminoantipyrine, 4537 p-Dimethylaminobenzaldehyde, 3193 p-Dimethylaminobenzophenone, 4927 2-Dimethylamino-l-(p-h y d r o x y phenyl)-ethane, 3794 o-Dimethylamiriophenol, 2781 2-Dimethylamino-m-xylene, 3786 4-Dimethylamino-o-xylene, 3788 4-Dimethylamino-m-xylene, 3787 Dimethyl-n-amyl carbinol, 2953 Dimethylamylmethane, 2937 o-Dimethylanthranilic acid, 3206 Dimethylaniline, 2756

2, 3-Dimethylaniline, 2757 2, 4-Dimethylaniline, 2758 2, 5-Dimethylaniline, 2759 2, 6-Dimethylaniline, 2760 3, 4-Dimethylaniline, 2761 3, 5-Dimethylaniline, 2762 Dimethylaniline oxide, 2789 Dimethylaniline-ra-sulfonic acid, 2791 Dimethylaniline-p-sulfonic acid, 2792 2, 3-Dimethylanthracene, 5060 2, 4-Dimethylanthracene, 5061 2, 6-Dimethylanthracene, 5062 Dimethylarsine, 278 0, o'-Dimethylazobenzene, 4763 2, 4'-Dimethylazobenzene, 4764 3, 3'-Dimethylazobenzene, 4765 4, 4/-Dimethylazobenzene, 4766 2, 2'-Dimethylazoxybenzene, 4770 3, 3'-Dimethylazoxybenzene, 4771 4, 4/-Dimethylazoxybenzene, 4772 1, 3-Dimethylbarbituric acid, 1487 2, 4-Dimethylbenzaldehyde, 3129 2, 3-Dimethylbenzoic acid, 3138 2, 4-Dimethylbenzoic acid, 3139 2, 5-Dimethylbenzoic acid, 3140 2, 6-Dimethylbenzoic acid, 3141 3, 4-Dimethylbenzoic acid, 3142 p-Dimethylbenzoin, 5085 p, p'-Dimethylbenzophenone, 4915 3, 5-Dimethylbenzylamine, 3265 2, 3-Dimethyl-l, 3-butadiene, 1533 2, 2-Dimethylbutane, 1716 2, 3-Dimethylbutane, 1712 2, 2-Dimethylbutyl alcohol, 1723 Dimethylbutyl carbinol, 2396 Dimethyl-tert-butyl carbinol, 2398 2, 2-Dimethyl-4-butylene, 1611 2, 3-Dimethyl-l-butylene,- 1618 2, 3-Dimethyl-2-butylene, 1619 1, l-Dimethyl-2-n-butylethylene, 2872 Dimethyl carbonate, 458 Dimethyl chlorofumarate, 1441.2 Dimethyl chloromaleate, 1441.1 Dimethyl citraconate, 2267 o-Dimethylcyclohexane, 2867 m-Dimethylcyclohexane, 2868 p-Dimethylcyclohexane, 2869 1, 2-Dimethylcyclohexanol, 2878 1, 3-Dimethylcyclohexanol, 2879, 2880 1, 4-Dimethylcyclohexanol, 2881 2, 2-Dimethylcyclohexanol, 2882 2, 4-Dimethylcyclohexanol, 2883 2, 5-Dimethylcyclohexanol, 2884 2, 6-Dimethylcyclohexanol, 2885 3, 3-Dimethylcyclohexanol, 2886 3, 4-Dimethylcyclohexanol, 2887 cis-3, 5-Dimethylcyclohexanol, 2888 trans-3, 5-Dimethylcyclohexanol, 2889 2, 2-Dimethylcyclohexanone, 2831 2, 6-Dimethylcyclohexanone, 2832 1, l-Dimethylcyclohexene-3-ol, 2830 Dimethylcyclopentamethylene silicane, 3Ml 1 0, o'-Dimethyldiazoaminobenzene, 4800 p, p'-Dimethyldiazoaminobenzene, 4801 1, 2-Dimethyl-l, 2-diethylethane, 2936 sz/m-Dimethyldiethylethylene, 2871 Dimethyldiethylsilicane, 3à409 Dimethyldiethylmethane, 2388 3, 5-Dimethyl-o-dihydroxybenzene, 2726 4, 5-Dimethyl-o-dihydroxybenzene, 2727 Dimethyldiisobutylethane, 4413 3, 8-Dimethyldiphenazone, 4711 o, o'-Dimethyldiphenyl, 4758 Dimethyl dipropylammonium chloroplatinate, B1210 Dimethyldipropyl silicane, Ä415 Dimethyl disulfide, 274

Dimethylenemethane, 337 Dimethyl ether, 263 Dimethylethylacetic acid, 1646 Dimethyl ethyl carbinol, 1081 1, 1-Dimethylethylene, 684 sym-1, 2-Dimethylethylene, 685 sym-1, 2-Dimethylethyleneglycol, 796 1, l-Dimethyl-2-ethylethylene, 1613 1, 2-Dimethyl-2-ethylethylene, 1614 Dimethylethylisopropyl silicane, 3&416 Dimethylethylpropyl silicane, Ä412 Dimethylethylsulfonium hydroxide, 837 Dimethyl fumarate, 1499 2, 5-Dimethylfuran, 1496 2, 5-Dimethylfurfurane-3-carboxylic acid, 2180 2, 3-Dimethyl-a-glucose, 2918 2, 3-Dimethyl-j8-glucose, 2919 Dimethylglyoxime, 705 1, 1-Dimethylguanidine sulfate, 1773 2, 6-Dimethyl-l, 5-heptadiene-l-aldehyde, 3849 2, 4-Dimethylheptane, 3347 2, 5-Dimethylheptane, 3348, 3349 2, 6-Dimethylheptane, 3350 2, 4-Dimethylheptane-4-ol, 3363 3, 5-Dimethylheptane-4-ol, 3358 3, 6-Dimethylheptane-3-ol, 3361 4, 6-Dimethylheptane-2-ol, 3360 2, 5-Dimethylhexane, 2933 2, 3-Dimethylhexane, 2934 2, 4-Dimethylhexane, 2935 3, 4-Dimethylhexane, 2936 1, 1-Dimethylhydrazine, 301 2, 3-Dimethylhydroquinone, 2732 2, 5-Dimethylhydroquinone, 2733 2, 6-Dimethylhydroquinone, 2734 4, 4-Dimethyl-l-hydroxybutane, 1724 2, 4-Dimethyl-2-hydroxyhexane, 2957 2, 5-Dimethyl-l-hydroxyhexane, 2956 2, 5-Dimethyl-2-hydroxyhexane, 2954 2, 5-Dimethyl-3-hydroxyhexane, 2972 3, 5-Dimethyl-3-hydroxyhexane, 2964 Dimethylhydroxylamine, 286 Dimethylisoamyl carbinol, 2954 Dimethylisobutyl carbinol, 2397 Dimethyl isophthalate, 3614 Dimethylisopropyl carbinol, 1725 Dimethyl isosuccinate, 1569 Dimethylketene, 615 Dimethylketine, 2799 Dimethyl ketol, 721 Dimethyl malate, 1576 Dimethyl maleate, 1500 Dimethylmalonamide, 994.1 Dimethyl malonate, 948 Dimethylmalonic acid, 944 Di methyl-p-methylhexylcarbinol, 3972 Dimethyl muconate, 2749 1, 4-Dimethylnaphthalene, 4279 2, 3-Dimethylnaphthalene, 4280 2, 6-Dimethylnaphthalene, 4283 Dimethyl-a-naphthylamine, 4304 Dimethyl-/3-naphthylamine, 4305 l-(5, 8-Dimethyl-2-naphthyl) - p r o pionic acid, 4936 Dimethylnitrosamine, 258 2, 6-Dimethyloctane, 3994 2, 7-Dimethyloctane, 3995 3, 6-Dimethyloctane, 3996, 3997 2, 3-Dimethyl-2-octene, 3957 2, 6-Dimethyl-l (2)-octene, 3958 3, 7-Dimethyl-n-octyl alcohol, 4003 Dimethyl oxalate, 631 Dimethyloxamide, 704 Dimethylparabanic acid, 889 2, 4-Dimethyl-l, 3-pentadiene, 2276 2, 4-Dimethyl-2, 3-pentadiene, 2277 2, 2-Dimethylpentane, 2394 2, 4-Dimethylpentane, 2387

3, 3-Dimethylpentane, 2388 2, 3-Dimethyl-2-pentene, 2334 2, 4-Dimethyl-2-pentene, 2325 2, 3-Dimethylphenol, 2705 2, 4-Dimethylphenol, 2706 2, 6-Dimethylphenol, 2707 3, 4-Dimethylphenol, 2708 3, 5-Dimethylphenol, 2709 1, 1-Dimethyl-m-phenylenediamine, 2800 1, 1-Dimethyl-p-phenylenediamine, 2801 2, 6-Dimethylphenylhydrazine, 2802 Dimethylphosphinic acid, 292 Dimethyl o-phthalate, 3615 cr-2, 5-Dimethylpiperazine, 1718 Dimethylpiperazine tartrate, 3985 2, 2-Dimethylpropane, 1074 2, 2-Dimethylpropane-l-ol, 1082 Dimethyl propenyl carbinol, 1629 2, 5-Dimethylpyrazine, 1482 3, 4-Dimethylpyrazole, 921.2 3, 5-Dimethylpyrazole, 922 2, 4-Dimethylpyridine, 2196 2, 6-Dimethylpyridine, 2197 3, 4-Dimethylpyridine, 2198 3, 5-Dimethylpyrocatechol, 2726 4, 5-Dimethylpyrocatechol, 2727 Dimethyl-7-pyrone, 2176.1 Dimethyl pyrotartrate, 2310 1, 2-Dimethylpyrrole, 1516 2, 3-Dimethylpyrrole, 1517 2, 4-Dimethylpyrrole, 1518 2, 5-Dimethylpyrrole, 1519 Dimethylphosphine, 294 2, 4-Dimethylquinoline, 4044 2, 6-Dimethylquinoline, 4045 2, 7-Dimethylquinoline, 4046 3, 4-Dimethylquinoline, 4047 4, 6-Dimethylquinoline, 4048 4, 7-Dimethylquinoline, 4049 2, 4-Dimethylquinoline methiodidc, 4530 1, 2-Dimethylquinone, 2591 1, 3-Dimethylquinone, 2592 1, 4-Dimethylquinone, 2593 Dimethyl racemate, 1580 2, 4-Dimethylresorcinol, 2728 2, 5-Dimethylresorcinol, 2729 4, 5-Dimethylresorcinol, 2730 4, 6-Dimethylresorcinol, 2731 Dimethylsilicane, Ä405 Dimethyl succinate, 1568 1, 1-Dimethylsuccinic acid, 1563 Dimethyl sulfate, 269 Dimethyl sulfide, 272 Dimethyl sulfite, 266 Dimethylsulfone, 265 Dimethyl d-tartrate, 1581 Dimethyl tartronate, 956 Dimethyl telluride, 277 Dimethyl terephthalate, 3616 7, 8-Dimethyltetradecane, 5166 2, 3-Dimethylthiophene, 1509 2, 4-Dimethylthiophene, 1510 2, 5-Dimethylthiophene, 1511 3, 4-Dimethylthiophene, 1512 o-Dimethyltoluidine, 3258 ra-Dimethyltoluidine, 3259 p-Dimethyltoluidine, 3260 Dimethyltriazene, 290.1 1, 1-Dimethyltrimethylene, 980 p, p'-Dimethyltriphenylmethane, 5625 1, 1-Dimethylurea, 502 1, 2-Dimethylurea, 503 Dimethyl ureindihydroxysuccinate, 2260.1 1, 3-Dimethyluric acid, 2154 1, 7-Dimethyluric acid, 2155 1, 9-Dimethyluric acid, 2156 3, 9-Dimethyluric acid, 2157 1, 3-Dimethylxanthine, 2151

1, 7-Dimethylxanthine, 2152 3, 7-Dimethylxanthine, 2153 tt-Dinaphthol, 5502 0-Dinaphthol, 5503 a, a'-Dinaphthyl, 5491 a, /S'-Dinaphthyl, 5492 /3, jS'-Dinaphthyl, 5493 ß, 0'-Dinaphthylamine, 5508 s^ra-Di-(a-naphthyl)hydrazine, 5513 S2/ra-Di-03-naphthyl)hydrazine, 5514 a, fr -Dinaphthyl ketone, 5612 ß, ^-Dinaphthyl ketone, 5613 a, a'-Dinaphthylm ethane, 5616 a, ß'-Dinaphthylmethane, 5617 8, 0'-Dinaphthylmethaiie, 5618 a, «'-Dinaphthyl sulfide, 5507 Dinicotinic acid, 1905 Dinitroacenaphthene, 4191 2, 3-Dinitroacetanilide, 2526 2, 4-Dinitroacetanilide, 2527 2, 6-Dinitroacetanilide, 2528 3, 4-Dinitroacetanilide, 2529 3, 6-Dinitroacetanilide, 2530 3, 5-Dinitro-4-aminobenzoic acid, 1920 4, 6-Dinitro-2-aminophenol, 1364 2, 3-Dinitroaniline, 1358 2, 4-Dinitroaniline, 1359 2, 5-Dinitroaniline, 1360 2, 6-Dinitroaniline, 1361 3, 4-Dinitroaniline, 1362 3, 5-Dinitroaniline, 1363 2, 4-Dinitroanisol, 1990 2, 5-Dinitroanisol, 1991 2, 6-Dinitroanisol, 1992 3, 4-Dinitroanisol, 1993 3, 5-Dinitroanisol, 1994 1, 3-Dinitroanthraquinone, 4608 2, 4-Dinitrobenzaldehyde, 1832 2, 6-Dinitrobenzaldehyde, 1833 o-Dinitrobenzene, 1271 m-Dinitrobenzene, 1272 p-Dinitrobenzene, 1273 1, 3-Dinitrobenzene-4-sulfonic acid, 1282 2, 3-Dinitrobenzoic acid, 1834 2, 4-Dinitrobenzoic acid, 1835 2, 5-Dinitrobenzoic acid, 1836 2, 6-Dinitrobenzoie acid, 1837 3, 4-Dinitrobenzoic acid, 1838 3, 5-Dinitrobenzoic acid, 1839 p, p'-Dinitrobenzophenone, 4423 3, 5-Dinitrocresol, 1996 2, 4-Dinitro-w-cresol, 1995 l, 2-Dinitro-4, 5-dibromobenzenc, 1122.1 1, 3-Dinitro-4, 6-dibromobenzene, 1122.2 2, 4-Dinitro-JV-diethylaniline, 3722 4, 5-Dinitro-l, 2-dimethoxybenzene, 2566.1 2, 4-Dinitrodimethylaniline, 2682.1 0, o'-Dinitrodiphenyl, 4192 m, m'-Dinitrodiphenyl, 4193 j), p'-Dinitrodiphenyl, 4194 1, 1-Dinitroethane, 202 Dinitroglycerine, 443 3, 5-Dinitroguaiacol, 1997 2,4-Dinitro-4'-hydroxydiphenylamine, 4217 Dinitromethane, 33 l, 2-Dinitronaphthalene, 3435 l, 3-Dinitronaphthalene, 3436 l, 4-Dinitronaphthalene, 3437 l, 5-Dinitronaphthalene, 3438 l, 6-Dinitronaphthalene, 3439 l, 7-Dinitronaphthalene, 3440 l, 8-Dinitronaphthalene, 3441 l, 6-Dinitro-/3-naphthol, 3445 1, 8-Dinitro-/3-naphthol, 3446 2, 4-Dinitro-a-naphthöl, 3442 4, 5-Dinitro-a-naphthol, 3443 4, 8-Dinitro-a-naphthol, 3444

2, 3-Dinitrophenol, 1274 2, 4-Dinitrophenol, 1275 2, 5-Dinitrophenol, 1276 2, 6-Dinitrophenol, 1277 3, 4-Dinitrophenol, 1278 3, 5-Dinitrophenol, 1279 2, 4-Dinitroresorcinol, 1280 4, 6-Dinitroresorcinol, 1281 3, 5-Dinitrosalicylic acid, 1840 a-p, p'-Dinitrostilbene, 4662 ß-p, p'-Dinitrostilbene, 4663 2, 3-Dinitrotoluene, 1984 2, 4-Dinitrotoluene, 1985 2, 5-Dinitrotoluene, 1986 2, 6-Dinitrotoluene, 1987 3, 4-Dinitrotoluene, 1988 3, 5-Dinitrotoluene, 1989 2, 6-Dinitrotoluene-4-sulfonic acid, 1998 2, 3-Dinitro-p-xylene, 2564 2, 5-Dinitro-m-xylene, 2562 2, 5-Dinitro-p-xylene, 2565 2, 6-Dinitro-p-xylene, 2566 3, 4-Dinitro-o-xylene, 2558 3, 6-Dinitro-o-xylene, 2559 4, 5-Dinitro-o-xylene, 2560 4, 5-Dinitro-ra-xylene, 2563 4, 6-Dinitro-o-xylene, 2561 Di-n-octyl carbinol, 5261 Dioform, 132 Diogonal, 4123 Dionine, 5461 Dioscorine, 4551 Dioscorine hydrochloride, 4555 Diosmin, 5928 Dioxindol, 2512 Dipentene, 3806 Diphenacyl, 5069 l, 8-Diphenic acid, 4683 l, 9-Diphenic acid, 4684 1, 10-Diphenic acid, 4685 2, 9-Diphenic acid, 4686 Diphenic anhydride, 4625 0, o'-Diphenol, 4243 O1 p'-Diphenol, 4244 m, m'-Diphenol, 4245 p, p'-Diphenol, 4246 Diphenyl, 4219 Diphenylacetaldehyde, 4723 JV-Diphenylacetamide, 4752 Diphenylacetic acid, 4732 Diphenylacetylene, 4650 p-Diphenylaldehyde, 4*445 Diphenylamine, 4270 Diphenylamine hydrochloride, 4284 Diphenylammonium. chloroplatinate, »1198 Diphenylarsine, 4264 Diphenylarsine chloride, 4220 Diphenylarsonic acid, 4265 p, p'-Diphenylazobenzene, 5820 p, p'-Diphenylazoxybenzene, 5821 p-Diphenylbenzene, 5274 Diphenylbenzylamine, 5408 Diphenyl carbinol, 4507 Diphenyl carbonate, 4466 Diphenylchloroarsine, 4220 Diphenylcyanoarsine, 4440 Diphenyldiacetylene, 5025 Diphenyl-2, 3'-dicarboxylic acid, 4684 Diphenyl-2, 4'-dicarboxylic acid, 4683 Diphenyl disulfide, 4261 Diphenylene disulfide, 4201 Diphenyleneketone, 4425 Diphenylene oxide, 4195 o-Diphenylenemethane, 4439 1, 1-Diphenylethane, 4757 l, 2-Diphenylethane, 4756 l, 1-Diphenylethylene, 4707 l, 2-Diphenylethylene, 4708 Diphenylformamide, 4480 a-Diphenylglyoxime, 4712

Diphenylguanidine, 4518 Diphenylguanidine trithiocarbonate, 5922 l, 1-Diphenylhydrazine, 4288 l, 2-Diphenylhydrazine, 4289 p, p'-Diphenylhydrazobenzene, 5822 Diphenylimide, 4211 Diphenyliodonium chloride, 4221.1 Diphenylketene, 4670 Diphenylmaleic anhydride, 5028.1 Diphenyl malonate, 4908 Diphenylmethane, 4490 Diphenylmethane-o-nitrile, 4697 l, 5-D i p h e n y 1-3-methylpyrazole, 5066.1 Diphenyl-ra-phenylenediamine, 5287 Diphenylphosphine, 4278 Diphenylpiperazine, 5100 Diphenyl selenide, 4262 Diphenyl succinate, 5074 Diphenyl sulfide, 4260 Diphenylsulfone, 4249 Diphenyl sulfoxide, 4242 Diphenyl tartrate, 5077 Diphenyl telluride, 4263 l, 2-Diphenylthiourea, 4504 Diphenyl-m-tolylmethane, 5520 l, 1-Diphenylurea, 4501 1, 2-Diphenylurea, 4500 Dipicolinic acid, 1903 Dipicrylamine, 4181 Dipropargyl, 1366 Dipropionanilide, 4330 n-Dipropylamine, 1760 Di-n-propylaniline, 4368.8 5, 5-Dipropylbarbituric acid, 3841 Dipropyl carbinol, 2399 Di-n-propyl carbonate, 2365 Dipropylhexylmethane, 4585 Dipropyl ketone, 2344 Dipropyl malate, 3944 Dipropyl malonate, 3313 Dipropylnitrosamine, 1720 Di-n-propyl oxalate, 2848 Dipropyl succinate, 3943 Dipropyl sulfide, 1754 Dipropyl tartrate, 3945 Di-sec.-propyl tartrate, 3945.1 2, 3'-Dipyridyl, 3497 3, 3'-Dipyridyl, 3498 4, 4/-Dipyridyl, 3499 Dipyrryl ketone, 3068 2, 3'-Diquinolyl, 5267 2, 7'-Diquinolyl, 5268 6, 6'-Diquinolyl, 5269 8, 8'-Diquinolyl, 5270 2, 2'-Diresorcinol, 4251 4, 4'-Diresorcinol, 4252 5, S'-Diresorcinol, 4253 Disalicylamide, 4706 Disali cyli e aldehyde, 4681 Displosal, 4692 Distyrene, 5062.1 Ditaine, 5727 Ditamine, 5422 l, 2-Dithioglycerol, 509 Dithiohydroquinone, 1433 Dithioresorcinol, 1432 Dithiosalicylic acid, 4689 Ditolaneazotide, 5033 o, o'-Ditolyl, 4758 o, ra'-Ditolyl, 4759 0, p'-Ditolyl, 4760 w, m'-Ditolyl, 4761 p, p'-Ditolyl, 4762 o-Ditolylamine, 4790 w-Ditolylamine, 4791 p-Ditolylamine, 4792 Di-o-tolylguanidine, 4940 Di-p-tolyl ketone, 4915 Ditolyl sulfone, 4785 1, 2-Di-o-tolyl thiourea, 4934

l, 2-Di-m-tolylthiourea, 4935 l, 2-Di-o-tolylurea, 4931 l, 2-Di-w-tolylurea, 4932 l, 2-Di-p-tolylurea, 4933 Diversine, 5579 Divinyl, 596 Divinyl sulfide, 642 Di-?n-xylylsulfone, 5111 «-Docosane, 5772 Docosanic acid, 5768 Docosyl alcohol, 5773 Docosyl iodide, 5770 n-Dodecane, 4411 n-Dodecyl alcohol, 4415 n-Dodecylamine, 4417 n-Dodecylene, 4400 n-Dotriacontane, 6048 Drimine, 4527 Dulcin, 3232 Dulcitol, 1750 Duotal, 4924 Durene, 3732 Dypnone, 5067 Dysprosium ethyl sultate, Ä2081 c?-Ecgonine, 3292 i-Ecgonine, 3293 rfZ-Ecgonine, 3294 i-Ecgonine hydrochloride, 3298 dZ-Ecgonine hydrochloride, 5343 Ecgonine methyl ester, 3886 Echicerin, 5999 Echinopsine, 3559 Echiretin, 6086 Echitamine, 5727 Echitein, 6135 Echi tin, 6042 n-Eicosane, 5610 Eicosenic acid, 5604 Eicosinic acid, 5602 Eicosyl alcohol, 5611 n-Eicosyl iodide, 5609 Elaidic acid, 5357 «-Elateri n, 5956 /3-Elaterin, 5957 Elaterone, 5834 Elemicin, 4353 tt-Elemol, 4998 j8-Elemol, 4999 Elemone, 4991 Eleomargaric acid, 5345 «-Eleostearic acid, 5345 Ellagic acid, 4609 Embelic acid, 5339 Emetamine, 5973 Emetine, 5991 Emetine dihydrobromide, 5992 Emetine dihydrochloride, 5993 Emetine dihydroiodide, 5994 Emodin methyl ether, 5050 Endermol, 830 Ephedrine, 3793 Ephedrine hydrochloride, 3828 Epicarin, 5276 a-Epichlorhydrin, 379 Epihydrin alcohol, 453 Erbium acetate, »2085 Erbium ethyl sulfate, »2086 Ergosterol, 5902, 5932 Ergothioneine, 3294.1 Ergotinine, 6083 Ergotoxiiie, 6084 Ergotoxine phosphate, 6085 Ericin, 3182 Eriodictyol, 4909 Eriodictyonone, 5080 Eriodonol, 5419 Erucamide, 5766 Erucic acid, 5764 Erucic anhydride, 6145 Erucic anilide, 5963 Erucyl alcohol, 5767 Erythrene, 596

«K-Erythritol, 808 Erythritol tetraniträte, 611 Erythrol, 720 Esculetin, 3019 Esculetinic acid, 3093 Esculin, 4938 Esdragol, 3655 Eserine, 4960 Esercirne, 4539 Ethane, 252 Ethane-1, 2-disulfonic acid, 271 Ethanetetracarboxylic acid, 1290 Ether, 793 Etheserolene, 4815 Ethocaine, 4557 Ethoxyacetic acid, 729 p-Ethoxy-N-aminoacetylaniline, 3751 ro-Ethoxyaniline, 2787 p-Ethoxyaniline, 2788 3-Ethoxybenzidine, 4808 o-Ethoxybenzoic acid, 3160 ra-Ethoxybenzoic acid, 3161 p-Ethoxybenzoic acid, 3162 wi-Ethoxy-p, p'-diaminodiphenyl, 4808 3-Ethoxy-4-isopropyltoluene, 4367.8 p-Ethoxyphenylsuccinimide, 4309 JV-Ethylacetamide, 763 JV-Ethylacetanilide, 3709 Ethyl acetate, 725 Ethyl acetoacetate, 1561 l-Ethyl-3-acetylbutyric acid, 2842 Ethylacetylene, 598 Ethyl acid carbonate, 459 Ethyl acrylate, 938 1-Ethylacrylic acid, 933 Ethyl alcohol, 262 «-Ethylalizarin, 5046 Ethyl allophanate, 707 Ethyl allyl ether, 1001 Ethylamine, 283 Ethylamine hydrobromide, 296 Ethylamine hydrochloride, 298 Ethylamine hydroiodide, 299 Ethylaminoacetic acid, 770 Ethylaminoacetic acid hydrochloride, 781 Ethyl p-aminobenzoate, 3213 7n-Ethylaminobenzoic acid, 3207 o-Ethylaminophenol, 2782 ra-AT-Ethylaminophenol, 2783 Ethylammonium chloroplatinate, »1186 Ethyl n-amyl ketone, 2893 Ethyl angelate, 2298 o-Ethylaniline, 2764 ra-Ethylaniline, 2765 p-Ethylaniline, 2766 ^-Ethylaniline, 2763 Ethylaniline-m-sulfonic acid, 2793 Ethylantipyrine, 4530.1 Ethyl anisate, 3688 9-Ethylanthracene, 5063 Ethyl anthranilate, 3214 Ethylarsine, 279 Ethylarsonic acid, 281 Ethyl atropate, 4061 1-Ethylbarbiturie acid, 1488 Ethyl behenate, 5859 Ethyl behenolate, 5851 AT-Ethylbenzamide, 3198 Ethylbenzene, 2683 Ethyl benzilate, 5087 Ethyl benzoate, 3154 o-Ethylbenzoic acid, 3143 w-Ethylbenzoic acid, 3144 p-Ethylbenzoic acid, 3145 Ethyl benzoylacetate, 4064 Ethyl benzylacetoacetate, 4531 Ethylbenzylaniline, 4939 Ethyl benzyl ether, 3243 Ethyl benzyl ketone, 3660 Ethyl borate, B1825

Ethyl d-bornyl ether, 4385 Ethyl brassidate, 5852 Ethyl bromide, 220 Ethyl 1-bromo-n-butyrate, 1592 Ethyl 1-bromoisobutyrate, 1593 Ethyl 1-bromoisovalerate, 2317 Ethyl 1-bromopropionate, 963 Ethyl 1-bromo-n-valerate, 2316 d-Ethylbutyl carbinol, 2400.1 Ethyl-sec-butyl carbinol, 2402 Ethyl butyl carbonate, 2366 Ethyl n-butyl ether, 1737 Ethyl n-butyl ketone, 2346 Ethyl n-butylmalonate, 3308 Ethyl sec-butylmalonate, 3310 Ethyl n-butyrate, 1654 Ethylcacodyl, 2988 Ethyl camphorate, 4152 Ethyl n-caprate, 4408 Ethyl ri-caproate, 2907 Ethyl n-caprylate, 3984 Ethyl carbamate, 492 Ethyl carbonate, 1026 Ethyl chaulmoograte, 5603 Ethyl chloride, 224 Ethyl chloroacetate, 658 Ethyl chloroacetoacetate, 1515 Ethyl chlorocarbonate, 383 Ethyl chloroformate, 383 Ethyl chloromaleate, 2753.1 Ethyl 1-chloropropionate, 968 Ethyl 2-chloropropionate, 969 Ethyl irons-cinnamate, 4062 . Ethyl ra-cresyl ether, 3244 Ethyl p-cresyl ether, 3245 Ethyl a-crotonate, 1557 Ethyl /3-crotonate, 1558 1-Ethylcrotonic acid, 1552 Ethyl cyanide, 395 Ethyl cyanoacetate, 911 Ethyl cyanocarbonate, 590 Ethyl cyanoformate, 590 Ethylcycloheptane, 3319 Ethylcyclohexane, 2870 Ethyl diacetoacetate, 2814 Ethyl diazoacetate, 609 Ethyl dibromoacetate, 600 Ethyl dichloroacetate, 604 Ethyl 1, 2-dichloropropionate, 921.1 Ethyl diethylacetoacetate, 3937 Ethyl diiodobrassidate, 5850 Ethyl 3, 5-diiodosalicylate, 3058 4-Ethyl-l, 3-dimethylbenzene, 3733 5-Ethyl-l, 3-dimethylbenzene, 3734 Ethyl dimethylmalonate, 3311 Ethyldiphenylamine, 4793 Ethyldipropylammonium chloroplatinate, »1209 Ethyldipropylmethane, 3351 Ethyl dithiobenzoate, 3187.1 Ethylene, 180 Ethylenebromhydrin, 221 Ethylene bromide, 184 Ethylenechlorhydrin, 227 Ethylene chloride, 190 Ethylene chlorobromide, 181 Ethylenecyanhydrin, 399 Ethylene cyanide, 560 Ethylene diacetate, 1571 Ethylene-1, 2-diamine, 300 Ethylenediamine hydrate, 307 Ethylenediamine hydrochloride, 306 Ethylenediamine isovalerate, 4420 Ethylenediamine thiocyanate, 788 Ethylene dibromide, 184 Ethylene dichloride, 190 Ethylene diiodide, 197 Ethylene dinitrate, 205 Ethylene dinitrite, 203 Ethylene-ethenyldiamine, 702 Ethylene iodide, 197 Ethyleneiodohydrin, 235

Ethylene mercaptan, 275 Ethylene nitrite nitrate, 204 Ethylene oxide, 209 Ethylene ozonide, 216 Ethylene sulfide, 218 Ethyleneurea, 432 Ethyl erucate, 5853 Ethyl ether, 793 Ethylethylene, 686 Ethyl fluoride, 232 Ethyl fluoroacetate, 665 Ethyl formate, 451 Ethyl fumarate, 2812 Ethyl gallate, 3186 Ethyl d-gluconate, 2921 d-a-Ethylglucoside, 2920 Ethyl glutaconate, 3284 Ethyl glutarate, 3312 Ethyl glycerate, 1030 Ethylglycine, 770 Ethylglycine hydrochloride, 781 Ethylglycocoll, 770 Ethylglycocoll hydrochloride, 781 Ethyl glycolate, 733 4-Ethylheptane, 3351 Ethyl heptylate, 3335 5, 5-Ethylheptylbarbituric acid, 4570 Ethyl 7i-heptyl ether, 3366 Ethyl hexahydrobenzoate, 3304 2-Ethylhexane, 2942 3-Ethylhexane, 2942.1 Ethyl hexyl ether, 2976 Ethyl hippurate, 4516 Ethylhydrazine, 302 Ethyl hydroacrylate, 1027 Ethyl hydrocinnamate, 4098 Ethyl hydrogen fumarate, 1501 Ethyl hydrogen malonate, 949 Ethyl hydrogen mesoxalate, 2269 Ethyl hydrogen oxalate, 632 Ethyl hydrogen phthalate, 3617 Ethyl hydrogen d-tartrate, 1582 Ethyl hydroselenide, 276 Ethyl 1-hydroxydiphenylacetic acid, 5087 3-Ethyl-3-hydroxyhexane, 2952 4-Ethyl-3-hydroxyhexane, 2958 a-Ethylhydroxylamine, 287 j8-Ethylhydroxylamine, 288 Ethyl 1-hydroxyphenylacetate, 3689 Ethyl hypochlorite, 229 Ethylideneacetone, 927 Ethylidene bromide, 183 Ethylidene chloride, 189 Ethylidene diacetate, 1572 Ethylidene diethyl ether, 1746 Ethylidene dimethyl ether, 801 Ethylidene diurethane, 2877 Ethylidene iodide, 196 Ethylidene nitrite, 202 Ethylideneurea, 433 1-Ethylindazole, 3122 Ethyl iodide, 234 Ethyl iodoacetate, 666 Ethyl 2-iodopropionate, 971 AT-Ethylisoamylaniline, 4567 Ethylisoamyl carbinol, 2955 Ethyl isoamyl ether, 2413 Ethyl isoamyl ketone, 2894 Ethylisobutylammonium chloroplatinate, »1196 Ethylisobutyl carbinol, 2401 Ethyl isobutyl ether, 1738 Ethyl isobutyl ketone, 2347 Ethyl isobutylmalonate, 3309 Ethyl isobutyrate, 1655 Ethyl isocrotonyl ether, 1631 Ethyl isocyanate, 397 Ethyl isocyanide, 396 Ethyl isopropylacetoacetate, 3306 Ethylisopropylammonium chloroplatinate, »1195

Ethylisopropyl carbinol, 1727 Ethyl isopropyl ether, 1087 Ethyl isopropyl ketone, 1637 Ethyl isopropyl malonate, 2849 Ethyl isothiocyanate, 404 Ethyl isovalerate, 2357 Ethyl itaconate, 3285 Ethyl lactate, 1028 Ethyl laurate, 4852 Ethyl levulinate, 2301 Ethyl lignocerate, 5917 Ethyl malate, 2849.1 Ethyl maleate, 2813 Ethyl malonate, 2309 Ethylmalonic acid, 945 Ethyl mandelate, 3689 Ethyl margarate, 5484 Ethylmenthol, 4403 Ethyl Z-menthyl ether, 4404 Ethyl mercaptan, 273 Ethyl mesaconate, 3286 Ethyl mesoxalate, 2314 Ethyl p-methoxybenzoate, 3688 Ethyl p-methoxycinnamate, 4318.1 Ethyl 3-methoxy-4-hydroxybenzoate, 3692 Ethyl methylacetoacetate, 2302 l-Ethyl-2-methylacrolein, 1545 5-Ethyl-5-methylbarbituric acid, 2259 Ethyl 6-methyl-2-phenylquinoline-4carboxylate, 5410 Ethylmorphine hydrochloride, 5461 Ethyl mustard oil, 404 Ethyl muconate, 3776 Ethyl myristate, 5160 a-Ethylnaphthalene, 4282 /3-Ethylnaphthalene, 4283 Ethyl-a-naphthylamine, 4306 Ethyl-0-naphthylamine, 4307 Ethyl a-naphthyl ether, 4296 Ethyl /3-naphthyl ether, 4297 Ethyl nicotinate, 2663 Ethyl nitrate, 247 Ethyl nitrite, 243 Ethyl m-nitrobenzoate, 3115 Ethyl p-nitrobenzoate, 3116 Ethyl o-nitrocinnamate, 4053 Ethyl p-nitrocinnamate, 4054 Ethylnitrolic acid, 201 Ethyl o-nitrophenyl ether, 2677 Ethyl p-nitrophenyl ether, 2678 e-Ethylnonane, 4178.1 Ethyl orthoacetate, 2979 Ethyl orthocarbonate, 3369 Ethyl orthoformate, 2415 Ethyl oxalacetate, 2816 Ethyl oxalate, 1570 Ethyl oxamate, 678 Ethyl oxanilate, 3630 Ethyl palmitate, 5381 Ethyl pelargonate, 4175 3-Ethylpentane, 2392 3-Ethyl-2-pentene, 2326 Ethyl perchlorate, 231 Ethyl-AT-phenacetine, 4362 Ethyl phenaceturate, 4330.1 o-Ethylphenol, 2710 m-Ethylphenol, 2711 p-Ethylphenol, 2712 Ethyl phenylacetate, 3677 l-Ethyl-2-phenylacetylene, 3575 Ethyl tt-phenylacrylate, 4061 Ethylphenyl carbinol, 3236 Ethyl phenyl ether, 2722 1-Ethyl-l-phenylhydrazine, 2803 l-Ethyl-2-phenylhydrazine, 2804 Ethyl phenyl ketone, 3132 Ethyl phenylmalonate, 4533 Ethyl phenylpropiolate, 4043 a-Ethyl phenylpyruvate, 4065 /S-Ethyl phenylpyruvate, 4066 7-Ethyl phenylpyruvate, 4067

Ethylphenyl sulfone, 2743 l-Ethyl-2-phenylurea, 3231 Ethylphosphine, 295 Ethylphosphinic acid, 293 Ethyl o-phthalate, 4324 Ethyl picrate, 2537 Ethylpiperidine, 2384 Ethyl propargyl ether, 925 Ethyl propiolate, 895 Ethyl propionate, 1017 Ethyl-rc-propylacetylene, 2278 Ethylpropylammonium chloroplatinate, »1194 Ethylpropylbarbituric acid, 3275 Ethyl propyl carbinol, 1726, 1726.1 Ethyl propyl ether, 1086 Ethyl propyl ketone, 1636 Ethyl propyl silicon di chloride, !044O 2-Ethylpyridine, 2199 3-Ethylpyridine, 2200 4-Ethylpyridine, 2201 Ethylpyridine-3-carboxylate, 2663 Ethyl pyroracemate, 942 1-Ethylpyrrole, 1520 Ethyl pyruvate, 942 Ethyl rhodanide, 403 Ethyl ricinoleate, 5605 Ethyl salicylate, 3170 Ethyl santoate, 5244.1 Ethyl sebacate, 4846 Ethyl selenide, 816 Ethyl silicon trichloride, »435 Ethyl sorbate, 2810 Ethyl stéarate, 5608 Ethyl styryl ether, 3654 Ethyl succinate, 2847 Ethylsuccinic acid, 1564 Ethyl sulfate, 809 Ethyl sulfide, 814 Ethyl sulfite, 817 Ethyl sulfocyanate, 403 Ethyl sulfone, 802 Ethylsulfone chloride, 230 Ethylsulfuric acid, 268 Ethyl rf-tartrate, 2850 Ethyl telluride, 817 Ethyltetrazene, 304 Ethyl thiobenzoate, 3135.1 Ethyl thiocyanate, 403 Ethyl thiooxamate, 675 Ethylthionyl chloride, 230 Ethyl tiglate, 2299 Ethyl o-toluate, 3678 Ethyl m-toluate, 3679 Ethyl p-toluate, 3680 o-Ethyltoluene, 3224 m-Ethyltoluene, 3225 p-Ethyltoluene, 3226 o-Ethyltoluidine, 3261 m-Ethyltoluidine, 3262 p-Ethyltoluidine, 3263 Ethyl o-tolylurethane, 4363 Ethyl trichloroacetate, 585 Ethyl trifluoroacetate, 586 Ethyl 3, 4, 5-trihydroxybenzoate, 3186 chloroEthyltriisobutylammonium platinate, »1220 Ethyltripropylammonium chloroplatinate, »1217 Ethylurea, 504 Ethylurethane, 1067.1 Ethyl n-valerate, 2356 Ethyl vanillate, 3692 4-Ethyl-m-xylene, 3733 5-Ethyl-ra-xylene, 3734 «-Eucaine, 5475 /3-Eucaine, 4958 a-Eucaine hydrochloride, 5476 /3-Eucaine hydrochloride, 4963 Eucalyptol, 3902 Eucarvol, 3762 Eucatropine, 5248

Eucodine, 5460 Eucol, 3171 Eudesmol, 5000 Eugenol, 3666 Eugenol acetate, 4318 Eugenol acid camphorate, 5584 Eugenol benzoate, 5193 Eugenol benzyl ether, 5200 Eugenol cinnamato, 5418 Eugenol ethyl ether, 4339 Eugenol formate, 4068 Eugenol isoamyl ether, 4967 Eugenol methyl ether, 4092 Eugenol propyl ether, 4543 Euonymol, 5679 Euonysterol, 6025 Euphthalmine, 5246 Euphthalmine hydrochloride, 5248 Eupophine, 5314 Eupyrin, 5436 Euquinine, 5801 Euresol, 2619 Europhen, 5732 Europium ethyl sulfate, »2061 Euxanthic acid, 5421 Euxanthone, 4429 Exalgin, 3199 Excretin, 5601 Farnesol, 5001 Fenchene, 3807 Fencholic acid, 3933 Fenchone, 3852 Fenchone oxime, 3885 Fenchyl alcohol, 3904, 3905, 3906, 3907 Fenchylamine, 3951 Fenchyl chloride, 3878 Fenchylene, 3808 Ferrous naphthalene-/3-sulfonate, »1399 Ferulene, 4992 Ferulic acid, 3609 Ferulicaldehyde, 3603 Fichtelite, 5343.1 Fiestin, 4883 Filicic acid, 6096 Filixic acid, 6082 Filmaron, 6151 a-Flavaniline, 5065 a-Flavaspidic acid, 5830 /8-Flavaspidic acid, 5831 Flavene, 4674 Flavoline, 5053 Flavon, 4868 Flavopurpurin, 4637 Fluoran, 5489 Fluoranthene, 4866 Fluorene, 4439 Fluorene ketone, 4425 Fluorenol, 4446 Fluorenone, 4425 Fluorescein, 5490 Fluorescin, 5505 Fluoroacetic acid, 163 o-Fluoroaniline, 1388 m-Fluoroaniline, 1389 p-Fluoroahiline, 1390
m-Fluoronitrobenzene, 1250 p-Fluoronitrobenzene, 1251 2-Fluoro-5-nitrobenzoic acid, 1823 3-Fluoro-4-nitrobenzoic acid, 1824 3-Fluoro-6-nitrobenzoic acid, 1825 4-Fluoro-2-nitrobenzoic acid, 1826 4-Fluoro-3-nitrobenzoic acid, 1827 o-Fluorophenol, 1329 to-Fluorophenol, 1330 p-Fluorophenol, 1331 o-Fluorotoluene, 2057 ra-Fluorotoluene, 2058 p-Fluorotoluene, 2059 Formal, 513 Formaldehyde, 35 Formaldehyde cyanhydrin, 170 Formaldoxime, 47 Formanilide, 2073 Formamide, 46 Formic acid, 37 Formopyrine, 5777 p-Formylphenetidine, 3218 Fortoin, 5969 Frangulin, 5630 Fraxetin, 3538 d-Fructose, 1674 Fucitol, 1748 Fucose, 1668 Fulminuric acid, 336 Fumarie acid, 573 Fumarine, 5624 Fumaryl chloride, 545 Fuugisterin, 5873 Furan, 569 Furfurylacetone, 2178 Furfuracrolein, 2003 Furfural, 859 Furfuramide, 4900 Furfuran, 569 Furfurine, 4901 Furfuryl alcohol, 893 Furoin, 3528 Fustin, 6170 Gadolinium acetate, »2071 Gadolinium ethyl sulfate, »2072 Gadolinium oxalate, »2070 Gai die acid, 5150 Galactite, 3314 Galactosazone, 5326 rf-a-Galactose, 1675 d-0-Galactose, 1675.1 dZ-Galactose, 1676 d-0-Galaheptose, 2376 Galangin, 4881 Galbanic acid, 4564 Galegine, 5057 Galipeine, 5538 Galipidiiie, 5423 Gallanilide, 4487 Gallanol, 4487 Gallic acid, 2023 Gallobromol, 1802 Gardenin, 4747 Geissospermine, 5467 Gelsemic acid, 4489 Gelsemine, 5711 Gelseminic acid, 3530 Gelseminine hydrobromide, 5720 Gelseminine hydrochloride, 5722 Geneserine, 4961 Geneserine picrate, 5657 Genin, 5737 Genisteine, 5146 Gentianin, 4690 Gentienin, 4691 Gentiin, 5866 Gentiopicrin, 5125 Gentisin, 4690 Geoffroyin, 3721 Geranial, 3849 Geranie acid, 3865 Geraniene, 3809

Geraniol, 3908 Geranyl acetate, 4374 Geranylacetic acid, 4371 Geranylacetone, 4577 Geranylamine, 3952 Geranyl butyrate, 4835 Geranyl chloride, 3879 Geranyl formate, 4148 Geranyl methyl ether, 4155 Gitalin, 5964 Gitogenin, 5911 Gitonin, 6154 Glaucine, 5665 d-a-Glucoheptose, 2377 d-Glucoeamine, 1709 rf-Glucosamine hydroiodide, 1717 /3-Glucosan, 1577 d-Glucosazone, 5327 Z-Glucosazone, 5328 d-a-Glucose, 1677 d-ß-Glucose, 1678 d-Glucosealdazine, 4401 d-Glucosediethylmercaptal, 4009 Glucose pentaacetate, 5138 d-Glucose pentanitrate, 1462 a-Glucose phenylhydrazone, 4367.2 /9-Glucose phenylhydrazone, 4367.3 d-Glucosimine, 1710 rf-Glucosoxime, 1711 Glutaconic acid, 899 Glutaconic anhydride, 864 Glutaconic nitrile, 851 Glutamine, 995 rf-Glutaminic acid, 977 d(Z)-Glutamic acid hydrochloride, 988.1 <#-Glutaminic acid, 976 Glutaric acid, 946 Glutaric anhydride, 897 Glutaric nitrile, 886 Glutinic acid, 869 Glyceric aldehyde, 454 Glycerol, 515 Glyceryl acetate, 1031 Glyceryl bromide, 371 Glyceryl 1-butyrate, 2367 Glyceryl chloride, 388 Glyceryl di acetate, 2312 Glyceryl-1, 2-dibutyrin, 4163 Glyceryl l, 3-dinitrate, 443 Glyceryl ether, 1559 Glyceryl 1-ethyl ether, 1092 Glyceryl 1-methyl ether, 806 Glyceryl monosalicylate, 3697 Glyceryl 1-nitrate, 497 Glyceryl 2-nitrate, 498 Glyceryl triacetate, 3289 Glyceryl tribenzoate, 5823 Glyceryl tributyrate, 5010 Glyceryl tricaprate, 6056 Glyceryl tricaproate, 5688 Glyceryl tricaprylate, 5940 Glyceryl trielaidate, 6165 Glyceryl tri formate, 1506 Glyceryl trimyristate, 6147 Glyceryl tri ni träte, 407 Glyceryl trinitrite, 406 Glyceryl tri oleate, 6166 Glyceryl tri palmi tate, 6157 Glyceryl triricinoleate, 6167 Glyceryl trisalicylate, 5824 Glyceryl tristearate, 6169 Glycide, 453 Glycine, 241 Glycocholic acid, 5908 Glycocoll, 241 Glycogen, 1578 Glycol, 264 Glycol acetate, 734 Glycolbromhydrin, 221 Glycolchlorhydrin, 227 Glycol diacetate, 1571

Glycol dimethyl ether, 798 Glycol dinitrate, 205 Glycol ethyl ether, 799 Glycoliodohydrin, 235 GIy coli e acid, 214 GIy coli e aldehyde, 211 Glycolic amide, 245 Glycolic anhydride, 634 Glycolic nitrile, 170 Glycol methyl ether, 512 Glycol salicylate, 3184 Glycoluric acid, 438 Glycosal, 3697 Glycyphylline, 5658 Glycyrrhizic acid, 6142 Glyoxal, 146 Glyoxaline, 350 Glyoxime, 200 Gnoscopine, 5703 Gossypetin, 4890 Granatic acid, 2817 Granatini ne, 2857 Granatoli ne, 2860 Grindelol, 5807 Guacamphol, 5233 Guaethol, 2738 Guaiacol, 2174 Guaiacolsalol, 4746 Guaiaconic acid, 5432 Guaiacyl acetate, 3171 Guaiacyl acid camphorate, 5233 Guaiacyl benzoate, 4740 Guaiacyl benzyl ether, 4782 Guaiacyl carbonate, 4924 Guaiacyl cinnamato, 5070 Guaiacyl ethyl ether, 3249 Guaiacyl glyceryl ether, 3775 Guaiacyl methyl glycolate, 3694 Guaiacyl salicylate, 4746 Guaiacyl valerate, 4351 Guaiadol, 2066 Guaiamar, 3775 Guaiaquin, 6063 Guaiol, 5142.1 Guajene, 4977 Guajol, 5002 Guanidine acetate, 527 Guanidine carbonate, 535 Guanidine hydrochloride, 75 Guanidine lactate, 786 Guanidine nitrate, 80 Guanidine nitrite, 79 Guanidine picrate, 2158 Guanidine thiocyanate, 261 Gujasanol, 4556 Gulososazone, 5329 Guvacine, 1521 Gynocardic acid, 5358 Gynocardine, 4553 Gynoval, 5006 Halazone, 1866 Harmaline, 4524 Harmalol, 4290 Harmine, 4502 Hartin, 3853 Hedonal, 1703 Helleborein, 5685 Helleboresi n, 5990 Helleboretin, 4824 Helleborin, 6095 Helenin, 4950 Z-Helicin, 4534 Heliotropin, 2474 Helmitol, 4369 Hematein, 5051 Hematoporphyrin, 5108 Hematoxylin, 5078 Hemimelitic acid, 3020 Hemimellitene, 3227 Hemipinic acid, 3626 Heneicosamide, 5693 n-Henei cosane, 5694

9-Heneicosene, 5690 Heneicosonic acid, 5692 n-Hentriacontane, 6028 Heptachloroanthracene, 4592 Heptachloropropane, 312 n-Heptacosane, 5942 n-Heptadecane, 5260 Heptadecan-9-ol, 5261 8-Heptadecene, 5254 . Heptadecylamine, 5262 Heptadecylic acid, 5257 2, 4-Heptadiene, 2279 Heptaldehyde, 2343 Heptamethylene, 2327 n-Heptane, 2389 Heptane-1, 7-dicarboxylic acid, 3307 Heptanilide, 4549 1, 3, 5-Heptatriene, 2241 «-Heptene, 2332 /3-Heptene, 2329 2-Heptene-4-ol, 2336 «-Heptine, 2275 /3-Heptine, 2280 7-Heptine, 2278 n-Heptyl acetate, 3336 n-Heptyl alcohol, 2403 n-Heptylamine, 2419 r?-Heptyl bromide, 2380 7&-Heptyl chloride, 2381 n-Heptylene, 2332 n-Heptyl ether, 4857 n-Heptyl fluoride, 2382 n-Heptyl formate, 2908 7i-Heptylic acid, 2351 n-Heptylic amide, 2385 n-Heptylic anhydride, 4843 n-Heptylic oxime, 2386 n-Heptyl iodide, 2383 n-Heptyl nitrile, 2320 n-Heptyl propionate, 3985 Heraclin, 6029 Heroine, 5648 Heroine hydrochloride, 5654 Hesperetin, 5079 Hesperetinic acid, 3610 Hesperetol, 3137 Hesperidin, 5718 Hetralin, 4367.5 Hexaazobenzene, 1286 Hexabromobenzene, 1107 Hexabromoethane, 87 Hexabromophenoi, 1108 Heaxchloroanthracene, 4595 Hexachlorobenzene, 1110 Hexachloroethane, 92 Hexachloronaphthalene, 3373 Hexachlorophenol, lili n-Hexacosane, 5918 n-Hexadecane, 5167 HexadecyJacetylene, 5353 n-Hexadecyl alcohol, 5168 tt-Hexadecylene, 5156 1, 5-Hexadiene, 1534 2, 4-Hexadiene, 1535 Hexaethylbenzene, 5340 Hexahydroanthracene, 4802 Hexahydrobenzaldehyde, 2289 Hexahydrobenzene, 1612 Hexahydrobenzoic acid, 2293 Hexahydrobenzyl alcohol, 2337 Hexahydro-0-cresol, 2339 Hexahydro-p-cresol, 2342 Z-Hexahydro-m-cresol, 2340 f?Z-Hexahydro-?n-cresol, 2341 Hexahydrocumene, 3320 Hexahydro-p-cymene, 3961 czs-Hexahydrohomophthalic a c i d , 3281 frans-Hexahydrohomophthalic acid, 3282 Hexahydronaphthalene, 3735 Hexahydropyridine, 1054

Hexahydrosalicylic acid, 2300 ra-Hexahydrothiocresol, 2379 Hexahydrothiophenol, 1687 Hexahydrotoluene, 2330 Hexaiodobenzene, 1112 Hexal, 4541 Hexamethylbenzene, 4365 Hexamethyldisilicane, Ä425 Hexamethylenediamine, 1772 Hexamethyleneglycol, 1745 Hexamethylenetetramine, 1626 Hexamethylenetetramine ethobromide, 2923 Hexamethylenetetraminemethy l e n e citrate, 4369.1 Hexamethylenetetramine perchlorate, 1696 Hexamethylenetetramineresorcinol, 4367.5 Hexamethylenetetraminesalicylsulfonic acid, 4541 Hexamethylethane, 2943 Hexamethyl selenide, 1690.1 Hexamine, 1626 n-Hexane, 1713 Hexane-1, 5-diol, 1744 Hexane-1, 6-diol, 1745 Hexanitrodiphenylamine, 4181 Hexanitroethane, 98 Hexapropoxydisilicane oxide, 3M32 Hexatriacontane, 6107 2-Hexene-4-ol, 1628 1, 2-Hexenic acid, 1553 4, 5-Hexenic acid, 1554 Hexenyl alcohol, 1629 Hexenyl ether, 4386 n-Hexine, 1532 n-Hexyl acetate, 2909 d-/3-Hexyl acetate, 2909.1 n-Hexylacetylene, 2824 n-Hexyl alcohol, 1728 n-Hexylamine, 1762 2-Hexylamine, 1762.1 n-Hexyl bromide, 1692 Hexylbutylene, 3956 n-Hexyl chloride, 1695 n-Hexylene, 1610 n-Hexyl ether, 4416 rc-Hexyl formate, 2358 n-Hexyl iodide, 1697 Hippuric acid, 3111 Histidine, 1529 Histidine dihydrochloride, 1598 Histidine hydrochloride, 1539 Holarrhenine, 5839 Holocaine, 5325 Holocaine hydrochloride, 5331 Homoanthranilic acid, 2659 Homoatropine, 5128 Homoatropine hydrobromide, 5131 Homoatropine hydrochloride, 5132 Homoatropine salicylate, 5789 Homoatropine sulfate, 6033 Homocatechol, 2172 a-Homochelidonine, 5649 /3-Homochelidonine, 5650 -y-Homochelidonine, 5651 Homocinchonidine, 5443 Homocinchonine, 5442 Homoeriodyctiol, 5080 Homoeuonysterol, 6126 Homogentisinic acid, 2626 Homomesityl oxide, 2835 Homonopinol, 3921 Homophorone, 4370 Homopyrocatechol, 2172 2?-Homosaligenin, 2735 Homotaraxasterol, 5874 Homotropine, 3315 Hordenine, 3794 Hydantoic acid, 438 Hydantoin, 354

Hydracetine, 2693 Hydrastine, 5635 Hydrastinine, 4077 Hydrastinine hydrochloride, 4083 Hydrastinine sulfate, 4114 Hydrastininic acid, 4037 Hydratropic acid, 3146 Hydrazobenzene, 4289 o-Hydrazobenzoic acid, 4719 m-Hydrazodimethylaniline, 5133 î>-Hydrazodiphenyl, 5822 Hydrazoindole, 5058 a, a'-Hydrazonaphthalene, 5513 ß, /3'-Hydrazonaphthalene, 5514 o-Hydrazophenetol, 5119 o-Hydrazotoluene, 4803 2>-Hydrazotoluene, 4805 2-Hydrazo-p-xylene, 5118 3-Hydrazo-o-xylene, 5114 4-Hydrazo-o-xylene, 5115 4-Hydrazo-m-xylene, 5116 5-Hydrazo-w-xylene, 5117 Hydrindene, 3121 Hydrindic acid, 2512 a-Hydrindone, 3070 /S-Hydrindone, 3071 Hydrobenzamide, 5622 dZ-Hydrobenzoin, 4781 Hydrocaffeic acid, 3176 Hydrocarbostyril, 3103 Hydrocarpic acid, 5147 Hydrochelidonic acid, 2268 Hydrochelidonic anhydride, 2185 Hydrocinchonidine, 5462 Hydrocinchonine, 5464 Hydrocinnamaldehyde, 3130 Hydrocinnamic acid, 3147 Hydrocinnamyl alcohol, 3237 Hydroconquinine, 5577 Hydrocotarnine, 4333 Hydrocotoin, 4921 m-Hydrocoumaric acid, 3164 Hydrocupreine, 5468 Hydrocyanic acid, 22 Hydrocyanic acid (Tetramer), 567 Hydroipecamine, 5955 a-Hydrojuglon, 3521 /3-Hydrojuglon, 3522 «-Hydropiperic acid, 4072 Hydroquinidine, 5577 Hydroquinine, 5578 Hydroquinol, 1416 Hydroquinol diacetate, 3618 Hydroquinol diethyl ether, 3768 Hydroquinol dimethyl ether, 2739 Hydroquinol ethyl ether, 2740 Hydroquinol methyl ether, 2176 Hydrotropilidene, 2237 Hydroxyacetamide, 245 Hydroxyacetic acid, 214 Hydroxyacetone, 449 o-Hydroxyacetophenone, 2581 w-Hydroxyacetophenone, 2582 33-Hydroxyacetophenone, 2583 3-Hydroxy-2-amylene-l, 4-naphthoquinone, 4920 1-Hydroxyanthracene, 4668 2-Hydroxyanthracene, 4669 9-Hydroxyanthracene, 4667 2-Hydroxyanthraquinone, 4624 2>-Hydroxyazobenzene, 4227 o-Hydroxybenzaldehyde, 2004 ra-Hydroxybenzaldehyde, 2005 p-Hydroxybenzaldehyde, 2006 o-Hydroxybenzamide, 2078 m-Hydroxybenzamide, 2079 p-Hydroxybenzamide, 2080 o-Hydroxybenzoic acid, 2013 w-Hydroxybenzoic acid, 2014 p-Hydroxybenzoic acid, 2015 o-Hydroxybenzophenone, 4452 »z-Hydroxybenzophenone, 4453

p-Hydroxybenzophenone, 4454 7-Hydroxy-l, 2-benzopyrone, 3017 1-Hydroxybenzothiazole, 1891 o-Hydroxybenzyl alcohol, 2166 w-Hydroxybenzyl alcohol, 2167 p-Hydroxybenzyl alcohol, 2168 2-Hydroxybutyraldehyde, 722 1-Hydroxybutyric acid, 730 2-Hydroxybutyric acid, 732 Hydroxycamphor, 3866 1-Hydroxycapric acid, 3991 Z-1-Hydroxycaproic acid, 1664 rf-1-Hydroxycaproic acid, 1663 dZ-1-Hydroxycapric acid, 1665 1-Hydroxy-n-caprylic acid, 2913 1-Hydroxy-w-caprylic amide, 2932 o-Hydroxycinnamic acid, 3083 m-Hydroxycinnamic acid, 3084 p-Hydroxycinnamic acid, 3085 o-Hydroxycinnamyl aldehyde, 3072 p-Hydroxycinnamyl aldehyde, 3073 Hydroxycitric acid, 1508 Hydroxyconiine, 2930 1-Hydroxy-l, 1-diethylacetic acid, 1666 2-Hydroxy-2, 3-dimethylbutane, 1725 1-Hydroxy-l, 2-dimethylcycloheptane, 2876 1-Hydroxy-l, 3-dimethylcycloheptane, 2879, 2880 l-Hydroxy-2, 2-dimethylcyclohexane, 2882 2-Hydroxy-l, 3-dimethylcyclohexane, 2885 2-Hydroxy-l, 4-dimethylcyclohexane, 2884 3-Hydroxy-l, 1-dimethylcyclohexane, 2886 4-Hydroxy-l, 2-dimethylcyclohexane, 2887 4-Hydroxy-l, 3-dimethylcyclohexane, 2883 cis-5-Hy droxy-1, 3-dimethylcyclohexane, 2888 Jrans-5-Hydroxy-l, 3-dimethylcyclohexane, 2889 1-Hydroxy-l, 4-dimethylhexane, 2881 2-Hydroxy-2, 4-dimethylpentane, 2397 3-Hydroxy-2, 3-dimethylpentane, 2410 3-Hydroxy-2, 4-dimethylpentane, 2400 1-Hydroxydiphenylacetic acid, 4738 JV-Hydroxyethylaniline, 2780 2-Hydroxy-3-ethylpentane, 2404 3-Hydroxy-3-ethylpentane, 2412 9-Hydroxyfluorene, 4446 2-Hydroxyglutaric nitrile, 887 2-Hydroxyheptane, 2407 4-Hydroxyheptane, 2399 3-Hydroxyhexane, 1726 p-Hydroxyhydratropic acid, 3167 Hydroxyhydroquinone, 1420 4-Hydroxy-3-hydroxymethyltoluene, 2735 3-Hy droxyindol e-2-carboxyli c a ci d, 3048 1-Hydroxyisobutyric acid, 731 2-Hydroxyisophthalic acid, 2486 4-Hydroxyisophthalic acid, 2487 5-Hydroxyisophthalic acid, 2488 2-Hydroxy-4-isopropyl-l-methylhexahydrobenzene, 3966 1-Hydroxyisovaleric acid, 1024 Hydroxymaleic acid, 575 4-Hydroxy-3-methoxypropylbenzene, 3767 4-Hydroxy-3-methoxytoluene, 2725 o-Hydroxymethylbenzoic acid, 2597 m-Hydroxymethylbenzoic acid, 2598

p-Hydroxymethylbenzoic acid, 2599 l-Hydroxy-2-methylhexane, 2405 l-Hydroxy-5-methylhexane, 2406 2-Hydroxy-2-methylhexane, 2396 2-Hydroxy-5-methylhexane, 2408 3-Hydroxy-2-methylhexane, 2411 3-Hydroxy-3-methylhexane, 2409 3-Hydroxy-4-methylhexane, 2402 3-Hydroxy-5-methylhexane, 2401 3-Hydroxy-2-methylpentane, 1727 2-Hydroxy-2-methylquinol ne, 3554 4-Hydroxy-4-methylquinol ne, 3555 6-Hydroxy-4-methylquinol ne, 3556 7-Hydroxy-2-methylquinol ne, 3557 8-Hydroxy-2-methylquinol ne, 3558 4-H y d r o x y-3-methyltetradecane-6carboxylic acid, 5161 Hydroxymyristic acid, 4853 2-Hydroxy-a-naphthaldehyde, 4026 4-Hydroxy-a-naphthaldehyde, 4027 3-Hydroxy-j8-naphthoic acid, 4031 8-Hydroxy-a-naphthoic acid, 4028 d-2-Hy droxy octane, 2967 4-Hydroxyoctane, 2969 9-Hydroxyphenanthrene, 4671 o-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid, 2600 w-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid, 2601 p-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid, 2602 1-Hydroxypheuylacetic acid, 2612, 2613 1-Hydroxyphenylacetonitrile, 2509 2-(p-Hydroxyphenyl)-ethylamine, 2790 2-(2-Hydroxyphenyl)-propionic acid, 3165 2-Hydroxy-o-phthalic acid, 2483 3-Hydroxy-o-phthalic acid, 2484 4-Hydroxy-o-phthalic acid, 2485 2-Hydroxypyridine, 871 3-Hydroxypyridine, 872 4-Hydroxypyridine, 873 4-Hydroxypyridine-2, 6-dicarboxylic acid, 1906 /3-Hydroxy-y-pyrone, 866 d-1-Hydroxypyrotartaric acid, 952 dZ-1-Hydroxypyrotartaric acid, 953 2-Hydroxypropionitrile, 399 2-Hydroxyquinaldine, 3554 4-Hydroxyquinaldine, 3555 6-Hydroxyquinaldine, 3556 7-Hydroxyquinaldine, 3557 8-Hydroxyquinaldine, 3558 2-Hydroxyquinoline, 3039 4-Hydroxyquinoline, 3040 5-Hydroxyquinoline, 3041 6-Hydroxyquinoline, 3042 7-Hydroxyquinoline, 3043 8-Hydroxyquinoline, 3044 3-Hydroxyquinoline-2-carboxylicacid, 3484 7-Hydroxyquinoline-3-sulfonic acid, 3053 Hydroxysantonin, 4944 1-Hydroxystearic acid, 5383 2-Hydroxystearic acid, 5384 9-Hydroxystearic acid, 5385 10-Hydroxystearic acid, 5386 11-Hydroxystearic acid, 5387 3-Hydroxytoluene-4-aldehyde, 2577 4-Hydroxytoluene-3-aldehyde, 2575 5-Hydroxytoluene-2-aldehyde, 2574 6-Hydroxytoluene-3-aldehyde, 2576 2-Hydroxytoluene-4-carboxylic acid, 2610 3-Hydroxytoluene-2-carboxylic acid, 2603 3-Hydroxytoluene-4-carboxylic acid, 2611 4-Hydroxytoluene-2-carboxylic acid, 2604 4-Hydroxytoluene-3-carboxylic acid, 2607

5-Hy droxy toluene-2-carboxyli c aci d, 2605 6-Hydroxytoluene-3-carboxylic acid, 2608 6-Hy droxytoluene-2-carboxyli c acid, 2606 6-Hydroxytoluene-3-carboxylic acid, 2609 3, 2-Hydroxytoluic acid, 2603 3, 4-Hydroxytoluic acid, 2611 4, 2-Hydroxytoluic acid, 2604 4, 3-Hydroxytoluic acid, 2607 5, 3-Hydroxytoluic acid, 2608 Hydroxytoluic aldehyde, 2574, 2575, 2576, 2577 1-H y d r o x y t r i -(p-aminophenyl)methane, 5428 2-Hydroxy-2, 3, 3-trimethylbutane, 2398 1-Hydroxyvaleric acid, 1023 2-Hydroxyvaleric acid, 1025 Hyenanchin, 4945 Hyenic acid, 5879 Hygric acid, 1605 Hygrine, 2861 Hyoscine, 5222 Hyoscine hydrobromide, 5226 Hyoscine hydrochloride, 5229 Hyoscine picrate, 5778 Hyoscyamine, 5236 Hyoscyamine hydrobromide, 5239 Hyoscyamine hydrochloride, 5241 Hyoscyamine sulfate, 6071 Hypnal, 4528 Hypogaeic acid, 5151 Hypotonin, 4420 Hypoxanthine, 855 Hyssopin, 6155 Hystazarin, 4632 Ibogine, 5899 Idryl, 4866 Igasuric acid, 5305 Ilicic alcohol, 6002 Ilicyl alcohol, 5747 Imidazole, 350 Iminodiethylbarbituric acid, 2823 Iminoethyl alcohol, 765 Iminoveronal, 2823 Imperialine, 6089 Incarnatrin, 5632 Incarnatryl alcohol, 6081 Indaconine, 5938 Indaconitine, 6066 Indazole, 1979 Indene, 3054 Indene oxybromide, 3095 Indican, 4816 Indigo blue, 5208 Indigotin, 5208 Indigoxime, 5036 Indobenzaconine, 6035 Indole, 2504 Indole-2-carboxylic acid, 3046 Indole-3-carboxylic acid, 3047 Indoledicarboxylic acid, 3493 Indole-2-propionic acid, 4052 Indolin, 5066 Indoxyl, 2510 Indoxylic acid, 3048 d(Z)-Inosite, 1679 dZ-Inosite, 1680 Inosite dimethyl ether, 2917 d-Inosite methyl ether, 2374 Z-Inosite methyl ether, 2375 Inulin, 6104 3-Iodoacenaphthene, 4210 Iodoacetal, 1698 Iodoacetaldehyde, 165 p-Iodoacetanilide, 2546 Iodoacetic acid, 167 Iodoacetol, 429 Iodoacetone, 392

lodoacetoxime, 426 Iodoacetylene, 113 o-Iodoaniline, 1391 m-Iodoaniline, 1392 p-Iodoaniline, 1393 o-Iodoanisol, 2064 o-Iodobenzamide, 1974 ra-Iodobenzamide, 1975 p-Iodobenzamide, 1976 lodobenzene, 1333 o-Iodobenzoic acid, 1881 m-Iodobenzoic acid, 1882 p-Iodobenzoic acid, 1883 2-Iodoethyl alcohol, 235 Iodoethylene, 164 2-Iodoethyl ethyl ether, 757 Iodoform, 21 4-Iodoguaiacol, 2065 5-Iodoguaiacol, 2066 5-Iodo-2-hydroxymethoxyb e n z e D e , 2066 l-Iodo-2-hydroxypropane, 477 3-Iodo-l-hydroxypropane, 478 9-Iodo-8-hydroxyquino l i n e - 5 - s u l fonic acid, 3009 Iodoisopropyl alcohol, 477 lodol, 542 Iodomethyl methyl ether, 236 l-Iodo-/3-naphthol, 3471 o-Iodonitrobenzene, 1254 m-Iodonitrobenzene, 1255 p-Iodonitrobenzene, 1256 4-Iodo-6-nitrophenol, 1257 o-Iodophenol, 1334 w-Iodophenol, 1335 p-Iodophenol, 1336 lodopicrin, 15 1-Iodopropionic acid, 393 2-Iodopropionic acid, 394 3-Iodopropyl alcohol, 478 2-Iodopropylene, 390 3-Iodopropylene, 391 3-Iodosalicylic acid, 1884 lodosobenzene, 1337 o-Iodotoluene, 2061 m-Iodotoluene, 2062 p-Iodotoluene, 2063 2-Iodo-l, 3, 5-trinitrobenzene, 1141 lodotrinitromethane, 15 lodoxybenzene, 1338 lonidine, 5473 a-Ionone, 4559 /3-Ionone, 4560 Ipecamine, 5951 Ipuranol, 5811 Ipurganol, 5684 Ipurolic acid, 4854 Iretol, 2184 Irone, 4561 !sanie acid, 4823 Isatid, 5041 Isatine, 2438 Isatine chloride, 2422.1 Isatoxime, 2465 Isatronic acid, 5187 a-Isatropic acid, 5293 /3-Isatropic acid, 5294 7-Isa tropi c acid, 5295 Isoacetonitrile, 169 Isoallylbenzene, 3120 Isoamyl acetate, 2354 Isoamylacetic acid, 2350 Isoamyl alcohol, 1079 sec.-Isoamyl alcohol, 1085 Isoamyl allyl ether, 2891 Isoamylamine, 1100 Isoamylaniline, 4140 Isoamyl anisate, 4545 Isoamylbenzene, 4118 Isoamyl benzoate, 4345 Isoamyl borate, A1828 Isoamyl bromide, 1041

Isoamyl n-butyrate, 3330 Isoamyl caprylate, 4583 Isoamyl carbamate, 1704 Isoamyl carbinol, 1729 Isoamyl carbonate, 4177 Isoamyl chloride, 1044 Isoamyl chloroacetate, 2319 Isoamyl chlorocarbonate, 1597 Isoamyl chloroformate, 1597 Isoamyl cyanide, 1603 ee-Isoamylene, 985 /3-Isoamylene, 986 Isoamyl ether, 4007 Isoamyl ethylacetoacetate, 4159 5, 5-Isoamylethylbarbituric acid, 4146 Isoamyl ethyl malonate, 3939 Isoamyl fluoride, 1050 Isoamyl formate, 1649 Isoamyl iodide, 1052 Isoamyl isocyanide, 1604 Isoamylisopropylbarbituric a c i d , 4368.9 Isoamyl isopropyl malonate, 4162 Isoamyl isothiocyanate, 1608 Isoamyl isovalerate, 3986 Isoamyl mercaptan, 1098 Isoamyl mustard oil, 1608 Isoamyl nitrate, 1070 Isoamyl nitrite, 1064 Isoamyl oxalate, 4391 p-Isoamylphenol, 4127 Isoamyl phenyl ketone, 4337 Isoamyl propionate, 2901 Isoamylpropylbarbituric acid, 4369 Isoamyl salicylate, 4349 Isoamyl sulfide, 4010 Isoamyl tartrate, 4846.1 Isoanthracene, 4651 Isoanthraquinone, 4621 Isoapiol, 4323 Isobebeerine, 5318 Isoborneol, 3910 dMsoborneol, 3909 Isobornyl acetate, 4375 Isobornyl chloride, 3880 Isobornyl formate, 4149 Isobornyl isovalerate, 5006 Isobutane, 781.2 Isobutylacetaldehyde, 1634 Isobutyl acetate, 1652 Isobutyl alcohol, 790 Isobutylamine, 821 Isobutyl p-aminobenzoate, 4108 Isobutyl amyl ether, 3365 Isobutylaniline, 3790 Isobutyl anisate, 4350 Isobutylbenzene, 3736 Isobutyl benzoate, 4099 Isobutyl benzyl ketone, 4338 Isobutyl bromide, 742 Isobutyl n-butyrate, 2904 Isobutyl carbamate, 1067 Isobutyl carbinol, 1079 Isobutyl carbonate, 3342 Isobutyl chloride, 747 Isobutyl chlorocarbonate, 970 Isobutyl chloroformate, 970 Isobutyl cyanide, 973 Isobutyl 1, 2-dichloropropionate, 2284.1 Isobutylene, 684 Isobutylene dibromide, 693 Isobutylene dichloride, 695 lsobutyleneglycol, 797 Isobutyl ether, 2974 5, 5-Isobutylethylbarbituric acid, 3842 Isobutyl formate, 1016 Isobutylidene bromide, 693 Isobutylidene chloride, 695 Isobutyl iodide, 755 Isobutyl isobutyrate, 2905 Isobutyl isothiocyanate, 978

Isobutyl isovalerate, 3334 Isobutylmalonic acid, 2305 Isobutyl mercaptan, 811 Isobutyl mustard oil, 978 Isobutyl nitrate, 775 Isobutyl nitrite, 773 Isobutyl oxalate, 3942 Isobutyl phenyl ether, 3760 Isobutyl phenyl ketone, 4089 Isobutyl phenylpropiolate, 4526.1 Isobutyl propionate, 2359 Isobutyl ricinoleate, 5765.1 Isobutylsilicon trichloride, Ä439 Isobutyl tartrate, 4393 Isobutylurethane, 2386.1 Isobutyl ra-valerate, 3333 Isobutyraldehyde, 718 Isobutyramide, 761 Isobutyric acid, 724 Isobutyric anhydride, 2841 Isobutyroisonitrile, 669 Isobutyronitrile, 668 Isobutyryl chloride, 652 Isocalycanthine, 4085 Isocamphoric acid, 3871 Isocapric aldehyde, 3976 Isocaproic acid, 1644 Isocaproisonitrile, 1604 Isocapronitrile, 1603 Isochrysene, 5265 Isocinchomeronic acid, 1902 #-Isocinchonine, 5444 Isocinnamic acid, 3076 Isocodeine, 5319 Isoconquinine, 5558 Isocorybulbine, 5666 Isocorydaline, 5723 Isocotoin, 4745 Isocrotonic acid, 619 Isocusparine, 5413 Isocyanuric acid, 336 Isodecylic aldehyde, 3978 Isodibutol, 2961 Isodulcitol, 1672 0-Isodurene, 3739 Isodurylic acid, 3673 Isoemetine, 5974 Isoemetine hydrochloride, 5975 Isoephedrine, 3795 Isoeugenol, 3667 Isoeugenol acetate, 4319 Isoeugenol benzoate, 5194 Isoeugenol benzyl ether, 5201 Isoeugenol dibenzoate, 6059 Isoeugenol 1, 2-dibromide, 3641 Isoeugenol ethyl ether, 4340 Isoeugenol formate, 4069 Isoeugenol methyl ether, 4093 Isoeugenol propionate, 4532 Isofenchyl alcohol, 3911, 3912 Isoferulic acid, 3610 Isoheptane, 2390 1, 2-Isoheptenic acid, 2294 Isoheptyl alcohol, 2406 Isohexacosane, 5919 Isohexane, 1715 1, 2-Isohexenic acid, 1555 Isohexyl alcohol, 1724 Isohexylamine, 1763 Isohydrobenzoin, 4783 Isohydrosorbic acid, 1553 Isohydroxydimethylurea, 2260.2 d(Z)-Isoleucine, 1707 dZ-Isoleucine, 1708 Isomalic acid, 637 Isomannide, 1574 d-Isomenthol, 3970 a-Isomorphine, 5203 Isonicoteine, 3642 Isonicotine, 3746 Isonicotinic acid, 1346 Isonitrosoacetone, 401

Isonitrosobarbituric acid, 554 Isooctane, 2937 Isopentane, 1072 Isophthalic acid, 2480 Isophthalic aldehyde, 2471 Isophthalic diamide, 2552 Isophthalic nitrile, 2428 Isophthalyl dichloride, 2424 Isopilocarpine, 4126 Isopilocarpine hydrobromide, 4133 Isopilocarpine hydrochloride, 4135 Isopilocarpine nitrate, 4142 Isopral, 389 Isoprene, 916 Isoprene hydrochloride, 965 Isopropenyl chloride, 373 Isopropyl acetate, 1021 Isopropylacetylene, 921 Isopropyl alcohol, 506 Isopropyl allyl ether, 1632 Isopropylamine, 525 Isopropylammonium chloroplatinate, »1190 N-Isopropylaniline, 3268 p-Isopropylaniline, 3257 p-Isopropylbenzaldehyde, 3656 Isopropylbenzene, 3223 Isopropyl benzoate, 3681 o-Isopropylbenzoic acid, 3669 2>-Isopropylbenzoic acid, 3668 p-Isopropylbenzyl alcohol, 3754 Isopropyl benzyl ketone, 4090 Isopropyl borate, A1827 Isopropyl bromide, 465 Isopropylbutyl carbinol, 2971 Isopropyl butyrate, 2363 Isopropyl chloride, 469 Isopropyl cyanide, 668 Isopropyl ether, 1742 Isopropylethylene, 985 Isopropyl formate, 728 Isopropylhexahydrobenzene, 3320 Isopropyl n-hexyl ketone, 3977 Isopropyl hydrocinnamate, 4345.1 Isopropylidene chloride, 420 Isopropyl iodide, 476 Isopropyl isoamyl ketone, 3327 Isopropylisobutyl carbinol, 2972 Isopropyl isobutyrate, 2364 Isopropyl isocyanide, 669 Isopropylmalonic acid, 1567 Isopropyl mercaptan, 519 Isopropyl nitrate, 496 Isopropyl nitrite, 490 p-Isopropylpheny!acetic acid, 4094 Isopropyl phenyl ether, 3247 Isopropyl phenyl ketone, 3661 Isopropyl propionate, 1660 2-Iaopropylpyridine, 2772 4-Isopropylpyridine, 2773 Isopropyl sulfide, 1755 w-Isopropyltoluene, 3737 p-Isopropyltoluene, 3738 Isopulegol, 3913, 3913.1 Isopulegon, 3854 Isopulegyl acetate, 4375.1 Isopyroine, 5960 Isoquinine, 5559 Isoquinoline, 3036 Isosaccharic acid, 1586 czs-Isosafrol, 3589 «rans-Isosafrol, 3590 Isosantonic acid, 4954 Isoserine, 494 Isosparteine, 4993 Isostrychnine, 5641 lsosuccinic acid, 630 Isotetracosane, 5860 Isothebaine, 5433 Isotrifolin, 5701 Isotropylcocaine, 6113 Isotruxillic acid, 5296

Isovaleraldehyde, 1002 Isovaleramide, 1058 Isovaleric acid, 1013 Isovaleric anhydride, 3936 Isovaleroanilide, 4105 Isovaleryl chloride, 967 Isovaleryl nitrile, 973 Isovanillic acid, 2627 Isovanillin, 2595 Itaconic acid, 900 Itaconic anhydride, 865 Jalapic acid, 5252 Jalapin, 6078 Jalapinolic acid, 5161 Japaconîne, 5904 Japaconitine, 6073 Japaconitine hydrochloride, 6074 Jelsemine, 5547 Jelsemine hydrochloride, 5550 Jervine, 5900 Julolidine, 4327 Juniperic acid, 5162 Kaempferol, 4884 Kairoline, 3701 Kavaiin, 4925 Kersyl alcohol, 4833 Ketene, 145 Ketine, 1482 1-Ketoadipic acid, 1504.1 4-Ketoazelaic acid, 3287 14-Ketobehenic acid, 5765 7-K e t o-8-benzylideneacenaphthene, 5394 1-Ketobutyric acid, 627 1-Ketoglutaric acid, 905 7-Ketopalmitic acid, 5154 3-Ketopimelic acid, 2268 3-Ketostearic acid, 5363 6-Ketostearic acid, 5364= 8-Ketostearic acid, 5365 9-Ketostearic acid, 5366 10-Ketostearic acid, 5367 /u-Ketotricosane, 5814 Kosin, 6020 Kryofine, 4113 Kyanpropine, 4384 Kynurenic acid, 3484 Kynuric acid, 3049 Kynurine, 3040 Laccainic acid, 5052 Lactamide, 491 Lactamidine hydrochloride, 523 d(Z)-Lactic acid, 456 dZ-Lactic acid, 457 Lactic anhydride, 1575 Lactide, 1502 Lactophenine, 4112 Lactonitrile, 400 Lactose, 4394 Lactucerin, 5958 Lactucerol, 4014 Lactucol, 4562 Lactucol acetate, 5803 Lactucon, 5803 Lactyl-p-phenetidine, 4112 Laevoglucosan, 1577 Lanoceric acid, 6012 Lanolic acid, 4389 Lanthanum ethyl sulfate, A1970 Lanthopine, 5782 Lapachol, 4920 Lappaconitine, 6032.1 Larixinic acid, 3623 Larycin, 5137 Laserpitin, 5903 Laudanidine, 5572 Laudanine, 5573 Laudanosine, 5673 Lauramide, 4410 Laurie acid, 4406 Laurie aldehyde, 4405 d-Laurolene, 2825

Laurone, 5814 Lauronitrile, 4399 Lauronolic acid, 3278 Lauryl chloride, 4398 Lavendol, 3914 Lead acetate, »642 Lead caprate, »651 Lead caproate, »647 Lead diethyl dipropyl, »631 Lead dimethyl diethyl, »622 Lead dimethyl diisoamyl, »634 Lead dimethyl diisobutyl, »632 Lead dimethyl dipropyl, »627 Lead formate, »639 Lead heptoate, »648 Lead laurate, »652 Lead methyl triethyl, »624 Lead myristate, »653 Lead nonylate, »650 Lead octoate, »649 Lead oleate, »655 Lead oxalate, »618 Lead palmitate, »654 Lead stéarate, »656 Lead tartrate, »640, »641 Lead tetraacetate, »645 Lead tetraethyl, »628 Lead tetramethyl, »619 Lead tetraphenyl, »638 Lead tetrapropionate, »646 Lead triethyl amyl, »636 Lead triethyl isoamyl, »637 Lead triethyl isobutyl, »633 Lead triethyl propyl, »630 Lead trimethyl butyl, »625 Lead trimethyl ethyl, »621 Lead trimethyl isoamyl, »629 Lead trimethyl isobutyl, »626 Lead trimethyl propyl, »623 Lenopalmic acid, 5163 Leontin, 6161 Lepidine, 3546 o-Leucaniline, 5426 p-Leucaniline, 5427 Z-Leucine, 1705 dZ-Leucine, 1706 Leucinic acid, 1664 Levulinic acid, 941 Levulinic aldehyde, 928 Lévulose, 1674 Licareol, 3916 Lignoceric acid, 5855 Lilolidine, 4076 Limonene, 3810 a-Limonene nitrosylchloride, 3820 Linalool, 3915, 3916 Linalyl acetate, 4376 Linoleic acid, 5346 Linolenic acid, 5342 Lipoiodine, 5850 Lithium acetate, »2638 Lithium ammonium tartrate, »2641.2 Lithium ethanedisulfonate, »2639 Lithium formate, »2636 Lithium malate, »2637 Lithium naphthalene-1, 5-disulfonate, »2640 Lithium oxalate, »2635 Lithium thallium tartrate, »2648 Lithofellinic acid, 5849 Lithuric acid, 4948 Lobelidine, 5570 Lobeline, 5794 Loganin, 5871 Longifolic acid, 4830 Lophine, 5619 Lophopetalin, 6092 Loretin, 3009 Loturine, 4224 Luminal, 4291 Lupanine, 4984 Lupeol, 6023

Lupeon, 6022 Lupinidine, 4994 Lupinine, 3953 Lupinine hydrochloride, 3964 Lupulinic acid, 6156 Luteic acid, 5537 Luteolin, 4885 a-Lutidine, 2202 2, 4-Lutidine, 2196 2, 6-Lutidine, 2197 3, 4-Lutidine, 2198 Lutidinic acid, 1901 Lycetol, 1718 Lycopodine, 6041 Lycorine, 5089 Lycorine hydrochloride, 5091 Lysidine, 702 Lysine picrate, 4364 Lysuric acid, 5548 d-Lyxose, 1035 Maclurin, 4470 Magnesium acetate, »2170 Magnesium acid d-tartrate, »2167 Magnesium ethanedisulfonate, »2172 Magnesium naphthalene-1, 5-disulfonate, »2173 Magnesium d-tartrate, »2168 Malakin, 4928 Maleic acid, 574 Maleic anhydride, 548 Z-MaIi c acid, 635 dZ-Malic acid, 636 Malonamide, 436 Malonic acid, 360 Malonic nitrile, 316 Malonyl chloride, 314 Malonylurea, 565 Maltosan, 4382 Maltosazone, 5838 Maltose, 4395 d(Z)-Mandelic acid, 2612 dZ-Mandeloiiitrile, 2509 Z-Mandelonitrileglucoside, 4817 Manganese acetate, »1311, »1312 Manganese formate, »1309, »1310 Manganese oxalate, »1308 Mannide, 1573 Mannitan, 1669 d-Mannitol, 1751 Mannitol hexanitrate, 1495 d-Mannoheptitol, 2417 d-Mannoheptonic acid, 2378 a-Mannose, 1681 d-Mannose, 1682 dZ-Mannose, 1683 Maretin, 2794 Margaric acid, 5257 Margaric aldehyde, 5255 Marrubiin, 5676 Meconic acid, 1843 Meconidine, 5646 Meconin, 3621 Melamine, 445 Melampyrin, 1750 Melaniline, 4518 Melene, 6010 Melilot, 3134 Melilotic acid, 3165 Melilotic anhydride, 3078 Melissane, 6013 Melissic acid, 6011 Melissyl alcohol, 6015 Mellithyl alcohol, 4367.6 Mellitic acid, 4182 Mellophanic acid, 3450 o-Menthane, 3959 m-Menthane, 3960 p-Menthane, 3961 Menthanediol, 3975 o-Menthan-2-ol, 3971 p-Menthan-8-ol, 3972 Menthene, 3892

Menthenol, 3922 a-Menthol, 3973 0-Menthol, 3974 Z-Menthol méthylène ether, 5689 Menthone, 3917, 3918 Z-Menthyl acetate, 4388 Z-Menthyl acetoacetate, 4837 Z-Menthyl adipate, 5915 Menthylamine, 3992 Z-Menthyl angelate, 5008 Menthyl benzoate, 5244 Z-Menthyl n-butyrate, 4841 Menthyl camphorate, 6008 Z-Menthyl n-caproate, 5152 Z-Menthyl n-caprylate, 5362 Menthyl carbamate, 4164 Z-Menthyl carbonate, 5687 sec-Menthyl chloride, 3947
3-Methoxyallylphenyl 4-acetate, 4318 3-Methoxyallylphenyl 4-b e n z o a t e, 5193 3-Methoxyallylphenyl 4-benzyl ether, 5200 3-Methoxyallylphenyl 4-cinnamate, 5418 3-Methoxyallylphenyl 4-formate, 4068 o-Methoxybenzaldehyde, 2578 ra-Methoxybenzaldehyde, 2579 p-Methoxybenzaldehyde, 2580 o-Methoxybenzamide, 2674 2>-Methoxybenzamide, 2675 o-Methoxybenzoic acid, 2614 w-Methoxybenzoic acid, 2615 2>-Methoxybenzoic acid, 2616 p-Methoxybenzonitrile, 2508 m-Methoxycinnamic acid, 3604 p-Methoxycinnamic acid, 3605 4-Methoxy-2, 6-dihydroxydiphenylketone, 4744 3-Methoxy-l, 7-dihydroxyxanthone r 4690 3-Methoxy-4-ethoxypropenylbenzene, 4340 3-M e t h o x y-4-hydroxyallylbenzene, 3666 3-M e t h o x y-4-hydroxybenzaldehyde, 2596 4-M e t h o x y-3-hydroxybenzaldehyde, 2595 3-Methoxy-4-hydroxybenzoic a c i d , 2628 4-Methoxy-3-hydroxybenzoic a c i d , 2627 6-Methoxy-7-hydroxy-l, 2-b e n z opyrone, 3530 3-Methoxy-4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol, 2744 3-M e t h o x y-4-hydroxypropenylbenzene, 3667 4-M e t h o x y-3-hydroxyvinylbenzene,, 3137 d(Z)-p-Methoxymandelic acid, 3179 Methoxymethyl salicylate, 3182 o-Methoxyphenol, 2174 m-Methoxyphenol, 2175 p-Methoxyphenol, 2176 p-Methoxyphenyl acetate, 3153 o-Methoxyphenyl benzoate, 4740 p-Methoxyphenyl benzoate, 4736 o-Methoxyphenyl benzyl ether, 4782 4-Methoxyphenyltetrazole, 2566.2 3-Methoxypropenylbenzene-4-acetatef. 4319 3-Methoxypropenylbenzene-4-benzoate, 5194 3-Methoxypropenylbenzene-4-benzyÌ ether, 5201 3-Methoxypropenylbenze n e - 4 - f o r mate, 4069 3-Methoxypropenylbenzene-4-p r o pionate, 4532 6-Methoxyquinoline-4-c a r b o x y l i e acid, 4036 6-Methoxy-l, 2, 3, 4-tetrahydroquinoline, 3710 o-Methylacetanilide, 3191 7V-Methylacetanilide, 3199 Methyl acetate, 452 Methyl acetoacetate, 943 p-Methylacetophenone, 3134 Methyl Z-1-acetoxypropionate, 1572.1 Methylacetyl carbinol, 721 Methylacetylene, 338 Methyl acetylsalicylate, 3619 Methyl acid carbonate, 215 1-Methylacridine, 4698 3-Methylacridine, 4699 5-Methylacridine, 4700 Methyl acrylate, 624 Methylacrylic acid, 620

Methylal, 513 Methyl alcohol, 60 tt-Methylalizarin, 4876 /S-Methylalizarin, 4877 Methylallene, 595 Methyl allophanate, 440 Methylalloxan, 853 Methylallyl carbinol, 998 Methyl allyl ether, 715 Methylamine, 65 Methylamine hydrochloride, 74 Methylaminoacetic acid, 486 Methyl o-aminobenzoate, 2664 Methyl p-aminobenzoate, 2665 Methyl 3-amino-4-hydroxybenzoate, 2680 l-Methylamino-2-hydroxy-l-phenylpropane, 3793 Methylamino-p-phenol sulfate, 4822 Methyl o-aminophenyl ketone, 2646 Methyl ra-aminophenyl ketone, 2647 Methyl p-aminophenyl ketone, 2648 4-Methyl-2-(p-aminophenyl)-qui n oline, 5065 Methyl-n-amylacetylene, 2826 3-Methyl-rc-amyl alcohol, 1735 l-Methyl-3-tert-amylbenzene, 4365.1 Methyl n-amyl carbinol, 2407 d-Methyl amyl carbinol, 2407.1 Methyl n-amyl ether, 1739 Methyl n-amyl ketone, 2348 Methyl amylpropiolate, 3279 Methylaniline, 2203 Methyl anisate, 3172 1-Methylanthracene, 4897 2-Methylanthracene, 4898 9-Methylanthracene, 4899 Methyl anthranilate, 2664 JV-Methylanthranilic acid, 2660 1-Methylanthraquinone, 4872 2-Methylanthraquinone, 4873 Methylarbutin, 4546 Methyl arsenate, 64.1 Methylarsine, 64 Methylarsinous oxide, 39 Methylaspirin, 3619 Methylatophan, 5182 Methyl azide, 52 1-Methylbarbituric acid, 906 Methyl behenate, 5815 Methyl behenolate, 5812 Methyl benzilate, 4919 Methyl benzoate, 2589 Methyl benzoyl acetate, 3606 Methyl benzoylaminoacetate, 3631 Methyl o-benzoylbenzoate, 4907 Methyl benzoylecgonine, 5221 JV-Methylbenzylaniline, 4794 d-Methylbenzylcarbinyl f o r m a t e , 3681.1 Methyl benzyl ketone, 3133 Methyl borate, »1824 Methyl d-bornyl ether, 4156 Methyl bromide, 40 Methyl 1-bromopropionate, 648.3 Methyl 2-bromopropionate, 648.4 2-Methylbutane, 1072 2-Methyl-l, 3-butenine, 881 4-Methyl-l-butine, 921 Methyl-n-butylacetylene, 2280 d-2-Methyl butyl alcohol, 1083 Methylbutyl carbinol, 1730, 1730.1 Methyl-sec-butyl carbinol, 1732 Methyl-tert-butyl carbinol, 1733 Methyl n-butyl carbonate, 1667 Methyl n-butyl ether, 1088 l-Methyl-2-butylethylene, 2329 Methyl n-butyl ketone, 1638 Methyl sec-butyl ketone, 1640 Methyl n-butyrate, 1018 Methylbutyrone, 2895 p-Methylbutyrophenone, 4090.1

Methylethylisopropyl carbinol, 2410 Methyl caprate, 4176 Methyl ethyl ketone, 719 Methyl n-caproate, 2360 Methyl ethyl ketoxime, 764 Methyl caprylate, 3337 Methylethylmalonic acid, 1565 Methyl carbamate, 244 Methyl ethyl oxalate, 950 Methyl carbonate, 458 2-Methyl-3-ethylpentane, 2938 Methyl ehaulmoograte, 5481 2-Methyl-3-ethyl-2-pentene, 2871 Methyl chavicyl ether, 3655 3-Methyl-3-ethylpropyl alcohol, 1735 Methyl, chloride, 41 Methylethylpropylammonium chloroMethyl chloroacetate, 384 platinate, »1213 Methylchloroform, 158 Methylethylpropylisobutylammonium Methyl chi oroformate, 155 Methyl 2-chloropropionate, 659 chloroplatinate, »1214 Methylethylpropyl carbinol, 2409 Methyl cinnamate, 3600 Methylethylpropylene, 1614 Methyl citraconate, 2267 1 -M e t h y l-2-ethyl-l -w-propylethyl en e, Methylcodeine bromide, 5460 2873 Z-1-Methylconiine, 3345 Methyl o-cresotinate, 3173 2-Methyl-5-ethylpyridine, 2774 Methyl ethyl succinate, 2311 Methyl p-cresotinate, 3174 Methyl ethyl sulfide, 517 Methyl a-crotonate, 939 Methylethylsulfonium chloroplatiMethyl cyanide, 168 nate, »1184 Methyl cyanoacetate, 591 Methyl fluoride, 44 Methylcyclobutane, 981 Methyl formate, 213 Methylcyclohexane, 2330 1-Methylcyclohexane-l-ol, 2338 2-Methylfuran, 891 5-Methyl furfural, 1417 l-Methylcyclohexane-2-ol, 2339 l-Methylcyclohexane-4-ol, 2342 Methyl fumarate, 1499 M-Methylcyclohexane-3-ol, 2340 a-Methylgalactoside, 2368 dZ-l-Methylcyclohexane-3-ol, 2341 0-Methylgalactoside, 2369 Methyl gallate, 2630 o-Methylcyclohexanone, 2289.1 Methyl geranate, 4150 m-Methylcyclohexanone, 2289.2 p-Methylcyclohexanone, 2289.3 a-Methylglucose, 2370 4-Methylcyclohexene, 2281 0-Methylglucose, 2371 Methyl cyclohexylacetate, 3305 a-Methylglucoside, 2372 jS-Methylglucoside, 2373 Methylcyclopentane, 1615 rf-Methyl glycerinate, 739 Methylcyclopropane, 687 Methylglycine, 486 Methylcytisine, 4335 Methylglycocoll, 486 Methyldichloroarsine, 38 Methyl 1, 2-dichloropropionate, 604.1 Methylglycocyamine, 780 Methyl glycollate, 460 Methyl di ethyl carbinol, 1734 l-Methyl-2, 2-diethylethylene, 2326 Methylglyoxalidine, 702 1-Methylglyoxaline, 606 2-Methyl-4, 5-dihydroimidazole, 702 Methyl 3, 5-diiodosalicylate, 2461 4-Methylglyoxaline, 607 Methyl dimethylacetoacetate, 2303 Methylglyoxime, 437 Methylguanidineacetic acid, 780 JV-Methyldiphenylamine, 4513 Methyldipropylammonium c h l o r oMethylguanidine nitrate, 305 Methylguanidine sulfate, 839 platinate, »1206 Methyl heneicosate, 5769 Methyldipropyl carbinol, 2962 2-Methyldivinyl, 916 2-Methylheptane, 2937 3-Methylheptane, 2939 Méthylène bromide, 26 Méthylène chloride, 28 4-Methylheptane, 2940 Methylenecitrylsalicylic acid, 5620 2-Methyl-2-heptene, 2872 4-Methyl-3-heptene, 2873 Méthylène diacetate, 951 Methylenediantipyrine, 5777 2-Methyl-2-heptene-6-ol, 2890 2-Methyl-2-heptene-6-one, 2834 Methylenedicotoine, 5969 Méthylène diethyl ether, 1091 Methyl n-heptylate, 2910 Méthylène dimethyl ether, 513 d-Methyl-n-heptyl carbinol, 2967 Methyl hexahydrobenzoate, 2838
3-Methyl-4-hydroxyheptane, 2970 4-Methyl-2-hydroxyheptane, 2959 4-Methyl-4-hydroxyheptane. 2962 a-5-Methyl-2-hydroxyheptane, 2960 6-Methyl-2-hydroxyheptane, 2965 6-Methyl-3-hydroxyheptane, 2955 3-Methyl-2-hydroxyisopropylbenzene, 3755 5-Methyl-2-hydroxyisopropylbenzene, 3757 l-Methyl-4-hydroxyquinoline, 3559 JV-Methylhydroxylamine, 66 Methyl hypochlorite, 42 1-Methylimidazole, 606 4-Methylimidazole, 607 1-Methylindazole, 2548 1-Methylindole, 3098 2-Methylindole, 3099 3-Methylindole, 3100 5-Methylindole, 3101 Methyl iodide, 45 Methylisoamyl carbinol, 2408 Methyl isoamyl ether, 1740 Methyl isoamyl ketone, 2349 Methylisobutyl carbinol, 1731 Methyl isobutyl ketone, 1639 Methyl isobutyrate, 1019 Methyl isocyanate, 172 Methyl isocyanide, 169 Methyl isohexyl carbinol, 2965 Methyl isohexyl ketone, 2897 Methyl isophthalate, 3164 Methyl isopropyl carbinol, 1085, 1085.1 Methyl isopropyl ether, 794.1 1-Methyl-l-isopropylethylene, 1618 l-Methyl-2-isopropylhexahydrobenzene, 3959 1-M e thyl-3-isopropylhexahydrobenzene, 3960 1-M e t h y 1-4-isopropylhexahydrobenzene, 3961 Methyl isopropyl ketone, 1007 2-Methyl-5-isopropylphenol, 3752 2-Methyl-6-isopropylphenol, 3755 3-Methyl-6-isopropylphenol, 3756 4-Methyl-6-isopropylpheiiol, 3757 3-Methyl-6-isopropylpherioxybenzene, 5110 2-Methyl-5-isopropylquinone, 3685 Methyl isosuccinate, 1569 Methyl isothiocyanate, 177 Methyl isovalerate, 1658 Methyl lactate, 737 Methyl laurate, 4584 Methyl malate, 1576 Methyl maleate, 1500 Methyl malonate, 948 Methyl dZ-mandelate, 3175 Methyl margarate, 5382 d-1-Methylmalic acid, 952 dZ-1-Methylmalic acid, 953 2-Methylmalic acid, 954 a-Methylmannoside, 2373.1 Methyl mecenate, 2749 Methyl Z-menthyl ether, 4168 Methylmercaptan, 63 Methyl 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenyl ketone, 3158 Methyl 4-methoxy-2-hydroxyphenyl ketone, 3159 Methyl Z-1-methoxypropionate, 1028.1 Methyl d-methylbenzyl carbinol, 3754.1 Methyl mustard oil, 177 Methyl myristate, 5017 a-Methylnaphthalene, 4038 /3-Methylnaphthalene, 4039 2-Methyl-a-naphthoquinoline, 4701 3-Methyl-j8-naphthoquinoline, 4702 Methyl-a-naphthylamine, 4050 Z-Methyl-a-naphthyl carbinol, 4297.1

Methyl a-naphthyl ether, 4041 Methyl /8-naphthyl ether, 4042 Methyl nitramine, 56 Methyl nitrate, 50 Methyl nitrite, 49 Methyl o-nitrobenzoate, 2518 Methyl m-nitrobenzoate, 2519 Methyl p-nitrobenzoate, 2520 Methylnitrolic acid, 32 JV-Methylnitrosoaniline, 2134 2-Methylnonane, 3998 3-Methylnonane, 3999 5-Methylnonane, 4000 2-Methyl-2-nonen-6, 8-dione, 3863 Methyl n-nonyl ketone, 4172 Methylnopinol, 3921 d-3-Methyloctane, 3352 4-Methyloctane, 3353 3-Methyloctane-4-ol, 3355 2-Methyl-l-octene, 3321 Methyl n-octyl ether, 3367 Methyl w-octyl ketone, 3978 Methyl oxalate, 631 Methyl oxanilate, 3112 Methyl palmitate, 5258 Methyl pelargonate, 3987 Methylpelleticrine, 3316 l-Methyl-2-pentadecylacetylene, 5354 1-Methylpentaniethyleneglycol, 1744 2-Methylpentane, 1715 3-Methylpentane, 1714 2-Methylpentan-3-ol, 1727 2-Methyl-2-pentene, 1613 3-Methyl-2-pentene, 1616, 1617 Methyl phenylacetate, 3155 Methylphenyl carbinol, 2713, 2713.1 .ZV-Methyl-p-phenylenediamine, 2247 Methyl Z-phenylethyl carbinol, 3754.2 1, 1-Methylphenylhydrazine, 2255 Methyl phenyl ketone, 2571 Methylphenylnitrosamine, 2134 4- Methyl-2-phenylq ni noli ne, 5053 6-M e t h y l-2-phenylquinoline-4carboxylic acid, 5182 iV-Methylphenyltoluene-4-sulfonamide, 4795 1-Methyl-l-phenylurea, 2694 Methylphosphine, 73 Methylphosphinic acid, 72 Methyl phthalate, 3091, 3615 Methyl picrate, 1929 Methyl d-pinate, 3872 1-Methylpiperidine, 1699 2-Methylpiperidine, 1700 3-Methylpiperidine, 1701 4-Methylpiperidine, 1702 Methyl propargyl ether, 612 Methyl propionate, 726 Methylpropylacetaldehyde, 1635 Methylpropylacetic acid, 1647 Methylpropylaeetylene, 1536 Methylpropylammoniuni chloroplatinate, »1192 Methylpropyl carbinol, 1084 Methylpropylcarbinolurethane, 1703 Methylpropylene, 684 Methyl propyl ether, 794 2-Metihyl-2-propylethyl carbinol, 1736 Methylpropylisobutyl carbinol, 3363 Methyl propyl ketone, 1006 Methyl propyl ketoxime, 1056 1-Methylpyrazole, 608 3-Methylpyrazole, 608.1 5-Methylpyrazole, 608.2 3-Methylpyrazole-4-sulfonic a c i d , 609.1 2-Methylpyridine, 1443 3-Methylpyridine, 1444 4-Methylpyridine, 1445 2-Methylpyridine-4, 6-dicarboxylic acid, 2521 Methyl pyrotartrate, 2310

1-Methylpyrrole, 908 2-Methylpyrrole, 909 3-Methylpyrrole, 910 Methyl 2-pyrryl ketone, 1449 Methyl pyruvate, 628 3-Methylquinoline, 3545 4-Methylquinoline, 3546 6-Methylquinoline, 3547 7-Methylquinoline, 3548 8-Methylquinoline, 3549 2-Methylquinoline-4-carboxylic acid, 4035 2-Methylquinoline ethiodide, 4312 2-Methylquinoline methiodide, 4056 Methyl racemate, 1580 2-Methyl rhamnoside, 2367.1 Methyl rhodanide, 176 Methyl ricinolate, 5482 Methyl salicylate, 2618 Methyl santalate, 5140 Methyl santoate, 5135.1 Methylsilicane, »404 Methylsilicane chloride, »433 Methylsilicane dichloride, »434 Methyl stéarate, 5485 Methyl styryl ether, 3128 Methyl Buccinate, 1568 Methyl sulfate, 269 Methyl sulfide, 272 Methyl sulfite, 266 Methyl sulfocyanate, 176 Methylsulfone chloride, 43 Methylsulfonic acid, 61 Methylsulf uri e acid, 62 Methyl tartrate, 1581 Methyl tartronate, 956 Methyl telluride, 277 Methyl terephthalate, 3616 1-Methyl-l, 2, 3, 4-tetrahydroquinoline, 3701 Methyltetramethylene, 981 Methyltetrazene, 78 Methyltetronic amide, 1070.2 Methyltetronic lactone, 947.1 Methylthiocy anate, 176 Methylthionyl chloride, 43 Methyl p-toluate, 3156 N-Methyl-o-toluidine, 2767 AT-Methyl-m-toluidine, 2768 AT-Methyl-p-toluidine, 2769 Methyl trichloroacetate, 329 Methyltriethylammonium c h l o r o platinate, »1202 Methyl 3, 4, 5-trihydroxybenzoate, 2630 Methyl 2, 4, 6-trihydroxyphenyl ketone, 2620 Methyltriisobutylammonium chloroplatinate, »1219 Methyl trimethylacetate, 1656 Methyltrimethylene, 687 N-Methyltyrosine, 3721 5-Methyluracil, 888 ./V-Methylurea, 259 Methyl urea nitrate, 291 Methylurethane, 773.1 1-Methyluric acid, 1409 3-Methyluric acid, 1410 7-Methyluric acid, 1411 Methyl n-valerate, 1657 Methyl vanillate, 3183 Methysticin, 4925 Metol, 4822 Michler's ketone, 5207 MiIk sugar, 4394 Mitragynine, 5734 Mitraversine, 5716 Mochyl alcohol, 5914 Monacetin, 1031 Monobutyrin, 2367 Monotal, 3694 Montarne acid, 5984

Mori n, 4888 Morindin, 5896 Morindon, 4882 Morphine, 5202 Morphine acetate, 5458 Morphine ethyl ether, 5453 Morphine hydrobromide, 5205 Morphine hydrochloride, 5206 Morphine methyl bromide, 5322 Morphine methyl ether, 5317 Morphine sulfate, 6062 Morphine tartrate, 6111 Morphol, 4675 Morphosan, 5322 Mucic acid, 1584 Muconic acid, 1427 Murrayin, 5330 Musk, 4082 Mustard gas, 699 Mycosterol, 6000 Mykose, 4397 Myrcene, 3811 1 Myrcenol, 3919 Myricyl alcohol, 6015 Myristic acid, 4851 Myristic aldehyde, 4850 Myristic amide, 4855 Myristic anilide, 5592 Myristicinic acid, 3094 Myristic ni true, 4848 Myristicol, 3855 Myristone, 5941 Myristyl chloride, 4847 Myrtenal, 3761 Myrtenol, 3856 Myrtenyl chloride, 3780 Napelline, 6021 Naphthalanmorpholine, 4329 a-Naphthaldehyde, 4023 /3-Naphthaldehyde, 4024 Naphthalene, 3494 Naphthalene-1, 8-dicarboxylic acid, 4197 Naphthalene-1, 5-disulfone chloride, 3430 Naphthalene-1, 6-disulfone chloride, 3431 Naphthalene-2, 6-disulfone chloride, 3432 Naphthalene-2, 7-disulfone chloride, 3433 Naphthalene-1, 5-disulfonic acid, 3539 Naphthalene-1, 6-disulfonic acid, 3540 Naphthalene-1-sulfinic acid, 3519 Naphthalene-2-sulfinic acid, 3520 Naphthalene-1-sulfone chloride, 3467 Naphthalene-2-sulfone chloride, 3468 Naphthalene-1-sulf onic acid, 3524 Naph thai en e-2-sulf onic acid, 3525 Naphthalene tetrachloride, 3495 1, 8-Naphthalic acid, 4197 Naphthionic acid, 3562 a-Naphthoic acid, 4029 /S-Naphthoic acid, 4030 «-Naphthol, 3507 /3-Naphthol, 3508 a-Naphthol-2-sulfonic acid, 3532 «-Naphthol-4-sulfonic acid, 3533 tt-Naphthol-5-sulfonic acid, 3534 a-Naphthol-8-sulfonic acid, 3535 /3-Naphthol-6-sulfonic acid, 3536 0-Naphthol-7-sulfonic acid, 3537 a, 0-Naphthophenazine, 5207 a-Naphthoquinaldine, 4701 /8-Naphthoquinaldine, 4702 -y-Naphthoquinaldine, 4703 ce-Naphthoquinoline, 4435 /3-Naphthoquinoline, 4436 1, 2-Naphthoquinone, 3447 1, 4-Naphthoquinone, 3448 2, 6-Naphthoquinone, 3449 o-(«-Naphthoyl)-benzoic acid, 6271

a-Naphthoyl chloride, 4017 /3-Naphthoyl chloride, 4018 a-Naphthyi acetate, 4247 /3-Naphthyl acetate, 4248 Naphthyl acid camphorate, 5554 «-Naphthylamine, 3550 /3-Naphthylamine, 3551 «-Naphthyl benzoate, 5176 /3-Naphthyl benzoate, 5177 a-Naphthyl cyanide, 4019 /3-Naphthyl cyanide, 4020 Naphthylene-1, 2-diamine, 3580 Naphthylene-1, 4-diamine, 3581 Naphthylene-1, 5-diamine, 3582 Naphthylene-1, 6-diamine, 3583 Naphthylene-1, 8-diamine, 3584 tt-Naphthyl ether, 5499 a, /3'-Naphthyl ether, 5501 /S-Naphthyl ether, 5500 a-Naphthyl salicylate, 5178 /3-Naphthyl salicylate, 5179 Narceine, 5790 Narceine hydrochloride, 5792 Narceine sulfate, 6150 Narceinic acid, 4929 Narcotine, 5704 cM-Narcotine, 5703 Neocerotic acid, 5878 Neodymium ethyl sulfate, »2031 Neoisocodeine, 5320 Z-Neomenthol, 3974.1 Nepalin, 5188 Nepodin, 5302 Neral, 3850 Nerol, 3920 Nerolidol, 5003 Nerolin, 4042 Neryl acetate, 4377 Neurine perchlorate, 1104 Neurodin, 4079 Neuronal, 830 Nickel acetate, »1578 Nickel formate, »1577 Nickel naphthalene-1, 5-disulfonate, »1580 Nicoteine, 3643 Nicotelline, 3500 Nicotimine, 3748 Nicotine, 3747 Nicotine salicylate, 5208 Nicotinic acid, 1345 Nicotoine, 2775 Nirvani n, 4825 Nirvanol, 4059 o-Nitroacetanilide, 2555 Tra-Nitroacetanilide, 2556 p-Nitroacetanilide, 2557 Nitroacetic acid, 175 3-Nitro-)8-alizarin, 4616 4-Nitro-a-alizarin, 4615 5-Nitro-3-amino-p-cresol, 2149 2-Nitro-4-aminophenol, 1405 3-Nitro-2-aminophenol, 1400 3-Nitro-4-aminophenol, 1406 4-Nitro-2-aminophenol, 1401 5-Nitro-2-aminophenol, 1402 5-Nitro-3-aminophenol, 1404 6-Nitro-2-aminophenol, 1403 o-Nitroaniline, 1396 m-Nitroaniline, 1397 p-Nitroaniline, 1398 o-Nitroanisol, 2098 m-Nitroanisol, 2099 p-Nitroanisol, 2100 9-Nitroanthracene, 4644 1-Nitroanthraquinone, 4613 2-Nitroanthraquinone, 4614 p-Nitroazobenzene, 4216 m-Nitrobenzal chloride, 1865 o-Nitrobenzaldehyde, 1893 m-Nitrobenzaldehyde, 1894 p-Nitrobenzaldehyde, 1895

0-Nitrobenzamide, 1981 m-Nitrobenzamide, 1982 p-Nitrobenzamide, 1983 Nitrobenzene, 1347 o-Nitrobenzidine, 4276 m-Nitrobenzidine, 4277 o-Nitrobenzoic acid, 1897 m-Nitrobenzoic acid, 1898 p-Nitrobenzoic acid, 1899 o-Nitrobenzonitrile, 1829 m-Nitrobenzonitrile, 1830 p-Nitrobenzonitrile, 1831 o-Nitrobenzoyl chloride, 1806 m-Nitrobenzoyl chloride, 1807 p-Nitrobenzoyl chloride, 1808 0-Nitrobenzyl alcohol, 2085 m-Nitrobenzyl alcohol, 2086 p-Nitrobenzyl alcohol, 2087 o-Nitrobenzylaniline, 4503 o-Nitrobenzyl bromide,' 1941 m-Nitrobenzyl bromide, 1942 p-Nitrobenzyl bromide, 1943 o-Nitrobenzyl chloride, 1961 m-Nitrobenzyl chloride, 1962 p-Nitrobenzyl chloride, 1963 p-Nitrobenzyl cyanide, 2466 o-Nitrocinnamic acid, 3050 m-Nitrocinnamic acid, 3051 p-Nitrocinnamic acid, 3052 2-Nitro-p-cresol, 2096 3-Nitro-o-cresol, 2088 4-Nitro-o-cresol, 2089 4-Nitro-m-cresol, 2093 5-Nitro-o-cresol, 2090 5-Nitro-m-cresol, 2094 6-Nitro-o-cresol, 2091 6-Nitro-m-cresol, 2095 Nitrocresol methyl ether, 2676 Nitrocumene, 3219 Nitrocyclohexane, 1606 2-Nitrocymene, 3715 4-Nitro-l, 3-diacetylphenyl e n e d i amine, 3636 2-Nitro-l, 4-diaminobenzene, 1461 4-Nitro-I, 2-diaminobenzene, 1459 4-Nitro-l, 3-diaminobenzene, 1460 o-Nitrodimethylaniline, 2696 m-Nitrodimethylaniline, 2697 p-Nitrodimathyleniline, 2698 o-Nitrodiphenyl, 4212 m-Nitrodiphenyl, 4213 p-Nitrodiphenyl, 4214 0-Nitrodiphenylamine, 4233 p-Nitrodiphenylamine, 4234 p-Nitrodiphenylmethane, 4484 Nitroethane, 242 o-Nitroethoxybenzene, 2677 p-Nitroethoxybenzene, 2678 Nitroethyl alcohol, 246 Nitroethylene, 173 Nitroform, 25 Nitroglycerine, 407 Nitroglycerol, 497, 498 Nitroglycol, 249 3-Nitroguaiacol, 2103 4-Nitroguaiacol, 2104 5-Nitroguaiacol, 2105 Nitroguanidine, 59 Nitrohydroquinone, 1354 2-Nitro-3-hydroxybenzo e acid, 1911 3-Nitro-2-hydroxybenzo e acid, 1907 3-Nitro-4-hydroxybenzo e acid, 1915 4-Nitro-2-hydroxybenzo e acid, 1908 4-Nitro-3-hydroxybenzo e acid, 1912 5-Nitro-2-hydroxybenzo e acid, 1909 5-Nitro-3-hydroxybenzo e acid, 1913 6-Nitro-2-hydroxybenzo e acid, 1910 6-Nitro-3-hydroxybenzo e acid, 1914 Nitroisatine, 2430 2-Nitroisophthalic acid, 2442 4-Nitroisophthalic acid, 2443 5-Nitroisophthalic acid, 2444

1-Nitroisopropylbenzene, 3219 2-Nitro-4-isopropyltoluene, 3715 Nitromannite, 1495 Nitromesitylene, 3220 Nitromethane, 48 3-Nitro-4-methoxytoluene, 2676 o-Nitromethylaniline, 2136 w-Nitromethylaniline, 2137 p-Nitromethylaniline, 2138 2-N i t r o-3-methyl-6-isopropylphenol, 3718 4-N i t r o-3-methyl-6-isopropylphenol, 3719 Nitron, 5516 a-Nitronaphthalene, 3473 0-Nitronaphthalene, 3474 l-Nitro-/3-naphthol, 3489 2-Nitro-a-naphthol, 3485 3-Nitro-a-naphthol, 3486 4-Nitro-a-naphthol, 3487 5-Nitro-tt-naphthol, 3488 5-Nitro-/3-naphthol, 3490 6-Nitro-/3-naphthol, 3491 8-Nitro-/8-naphthol, 3492 l-Nitro-/8-naphthylamine, 3504 3-Nitro-a-naphthylamine, 3501 5-Nitro-/3-naphthylamine, 3505 6-Nitro-a-naphthylamine, 3502 7-Nitro-a-naphthylamine, 3503 8-Nitro-/3-naphthylamine, 3506 2-Nitrophenanthrene, 4645 3-Nitrophenanthrene, 4646 4-Nitrophenanthrene, 4647 9-Nitrophenanthrene, 4648 o-Nitrophenetol, 2677 p-Nitrophenetol, 2678 o-Nitrophenol, 1349 w-Nitrophenol, 1350 p-Nitrophenol, 1351 2-Nitrophenol-4-sulfonic acid, 1355 2-Nitro-p-phenylenediamine, 1461 4-Nitro-o-phenylenediamine, 1459 4-Nitro-w-phenylenediamine, 1460 3-Nitro-o-phthalic acid, 2440 4-Nitrophthalic acid, 2441 1-Nitropiperidine, 994 1-Nitropropane, 487 2-Nitropropane, 488 3-Nitropyridine, 852 5-NitroquinoIine, 3010 6-Nitroquinoline, 3011 7-Nitroquinoline, 3012 8-Nitroquinoline, 3013 2-Nitroresorcinol, 1352 4-Nitroresorcinol, 1353 2-Nitrosalicylic acid, 1911 3-Nitrosalicylic acid, 1907 4-Nitrosalicylic acid, 1908 5-Nitrosalicylic acid, 1909 6-Nitrosalicylic acid, 1910 n-Nitrosoacetanilide, 2553 p-Nitrosoaniline, 1394 Nitrosobenzene, 1343 Nitrosodiethylamine, 783 6-N i t r o s o-3-(diethylamino)-phenol, 3749 p-Nitrosodiethylaniline, 3750 Nitrosodiisobutylamine, 2949 p-Nitrosodimethylaniline, 2695 p-Nitrosodimethylaniline h y d r o chloride, 2752 A^-Nitrosodiphenylamine, 4228 p-Nitrosodiphenylamine, 4229 Nitrosodipropylamine, 1720 l-Nitroso-0-naphthol, 3477 2-Nitroso-a-naphthol, 3475 4-Nitroso-a-naphthol, 3476 Nitrosooxindol, 2465 P-Nitrosophenol, 1348 p-Nitrosophenylaniline, 4229 o-Nitrostyrene, 2513 m-Nitrostyrene, 2514

p-Nitrostyrene, 2515 2-Nitroterephthalic acid, 2445 Nitrotetronic acid dihydrate, 679.1 2-Nitrothiophene, 553 2-Nitrothymol, 3718 4-Nitrothymol, 3719 o-Nitrotoluene, 2081 w-Nitrotoluene, 2082 p-Nitrotoluene, 2083 p-Nitrotoluene-0-sulfonic acid, 2109 2-Nitro-ra-toluidine, 2143 2-Nitro-p-toluidine, 2147 3-Nitro-o-toluidine, 2139 3-Nitro-p-toluidine, 2148 4-Nitro-o-toluidine, 2140 4-Nitro-w-toluidine, 2144 5-Nitro-o-toluidine, 2141 5-Nitro-ra-toluidine, 2145 6-Nitro-o-toluidine, 2142 6-Nitro-Ttt-toluidine, 2146 2-Nitro-l, 3, 5-trimethylbenzene, 3220 Nitrourea, 53 Nitrourethane, 442 2-Nitro-ra-xylene, 2668 2-Nitro-p-xylene, 2671 3-Nitro-o-xylene, 2666 4-Nitro-o-xylene, 2667 4-Nitro-w-xylene, 2669 5-Nitro-m-xylene, 2670 Nonacosane, 5985 Nonadecine-1-carboxylic acid, 5602 n-Nonane, 3354 n-Nondecane, 5486 Nondecylic acid, 5483 n-Nonylic acid, 3328 n-Nonyl. alcohol, 3364 n-Nonyl aldehyde, 3325 n-Nonylamine, 3371 Nonylene, 3322 d-a-Nonyl formate, 3988 Nopinane, 3296 a-Nopinol, 3301 Nopinone, 3276 Noratropine, 5129 Norhyoscyamine, 5130 Noropianic acid, 2489 Nortropanol, 2321 Nortropinone, 2272 Nosophen, 5487 Novaspirin, 5620 Novatophan, 5410 Novocaine, 4557, 4558 Novocaine hydrochloride, 4565 Ocimene, 3812 Octachloroanthracene, 4591 /3-Octachlorocyclohexenone, 1111.1 7-Octachlorocyclohexenone, 1111.2 Octachloropropane, 309 Octacosane, 5967 n-Octadecane, 5391 n-Octadecyl alcohol, 5392 n-Octadecyl iodide, 5389 n-Octadecylene, 5377 cts-0-Octalin, 3813 £rans-/3-Octalin, 3814 w-Octane, 2941 n-Octyl acetate, 3989 n-Octyl alcohol, 2966 d-see-Octyl alcohol, 2967 dl-sec-Octyl alcohol, 2968 n-Octyl aldehyde, 2892 n-Octylarnine, 2986 sec-Octylamine, 2987 n-Octyl bromide, 2922 n-Octyl chloride, 2924 sec-Octyl chloride, 2925 Octylene, 2874 n-Octyl ether, 5169 n-Octyl fluoride, 2926 d-ß-Octyl formate, 3338 n-Octyl iodide, 2927 Oenanthaldoxime, 2386

Oenanthol, 2343, Oenanthylic acid, 2351 Oenanthylic aldehyde, 2343 Oenanthylidene, 2275 Oleic acid, 5359 Oleic acid ozonide, 5371 Oleic aldehyde, 5356 Oleicarni de, 5375 Oleic anhydride, 6105 Oleohydroxamic acid, 5376 Onceric acid, 5589 Onocerin, 5910 Onocol, 5910 Ononin, 5865 Opianic acid, 3624 i Orcin, 2173 /3-Orcinol, 2729 Orexine, 4710 Origanol, 3926, 3927 Ormosine, 5593 Ormosinine, 5594 dZ-Ornithuric acid, 5430 Oroxylin, 5398 Orthoform, 2679 Orthoform, new, 2680 Oscine, 2822 Oscine picrate, 4812 Ouabain, 5998 Oxalic acid, 147 Oxalic acid dihydrate, 270 Oxalylanthranilic acid, 3049 Oxalyl bromide, 85 Oxalyl chloride, 89 Oxalyldihydrazide, 260 Oxalylurea, 317 Oxamic acid, 174 Oxamide, 199 Oxanilic acid, 2516 Oxanilide, 4715 Oxindol, 2511 Oxyacanthine, 5434 Oxycannabin, 3579 Oxyquinoline sulfate, 5291 Oxysparteine, 4985 Oxytoluyltropeine, 5128 Paeonol, 3159 Palmitic acid, 5159 Pamitic aldehyde, 5158 Palmitic amide, 5165 Palmitic anhydride, 6045 Palmitic anilide, 5745 Palmitolic acid, 5148 Pal mi tone, 6026 Palmitonitrile, 5155 Palmitoxylic acid, 5149 Paniculatine, 5972 PapaveraldinCj 5528 Papaveri e acid, 5056 Papaverine, 5541 Papaverine hydrochloride, 5544 Parabanic acid, 317 n-Parabutyraldehyde, 4409 Paraconic acid, 902 Paracotoic acid, 4257 Paracotoin, 4199 Paraffinic acid, 5856 Paraformaldehyde, 36 Paraldehyde, 1662 Paraldol, 2916 Param, 207 Paramorphine, 5435 Parapropionaldehyde, 3340 Pararosaniline, 5428 Parasalicyl, 4681 Paratophan, 5182 Paraxanthine, 2152 Paricine, 5101 Parillin, 5912 Parvoline, 3266 Patchouli alcohol, 5142 Patellaric acid, 5215 Patschoulene, 4978

Pau cine, 5930 Paytine, 5655 Pelargonie acid, 3328 Pelargonie aldehyde, 3325 Pelletierine, 2862 Pelletierine hydrobromide, 2875 Pelletierine hydrochlonde, 2876 Pelletierine sulfate, 5157 Pellotine, 4552 Pelosine, 5316 Pentabromoaniline, 1126 Pentabromobenzene, 1113 Pentabromoethane, 105 Pentabromophenol, 1114 Pentachloroanilme, 1140 Pentachlorobenzene, 1119 Pentachlorobenzoic acid, 1775 Pentachloroethane, 111 Pentachlorophenol, 1120 Pentachloropropane, 331 Pentacosane, 5881 n-Pentadecane, 5018 n-Pentadecyl alcohol, 5019 Pentadecyl amine, 5020 Pentadecylic acid, 5016 1, 3-Pentadiene, 918 2, 3-Pentadiene, 914 Pentaerythritol, 1093 Pentaethylbenzene, 5141 Pentahydroxybenzophenone, 4470 Pentamethylbenzene, 4119 Pentamethylbenzoic acid, 4341 Pentamethylbenzyl alcohol, 4367.G Pentamethylenediamine, 1105 cis-Pentamethylene-1, 2-dicarboxylic acid, 2264 Pentamethyleneglycol, 1090 Pentamethylene oxide, 1008 Pentamethylphenol, 4128 n-Pentane, 1073 Pentane-1, 2-diol, 1089 Pentane-1, 5-diol, 1090 Pentanitrophenol, 1121 Pentaphenylethane, 6030 n-Pentatriacontane, 6091 l-Pentene-3-ol, 999 2-Peiitene-4-ol, 1000 2-Pentene-2, 3, 5-tricarboxylic acid 2, 3-imide, 2681 1, 2-Pentenic acid, 934 2, 3-Pentenic acid, 935 3, 4-Pentenic acid, 930 1-Pentine, 920 Pentinoic acid, 894 n-Pentylethylene, 2332 Perbromobenzene, 1107 Perbromoethylene, 86 Perchlorobenzene, 1110 Perchloroether, 538 Perchloroethylene, 90 Pereirine, 5465 Perezone, 4951 d-Perseitol, 2417 Perylene, 5488 Petronal, 3370 Petroselinic acid, 5360 Peucedanin, 4922 Phaseolunatin, 3887 Phellandral, 3857 «-Phellandrene, 3815 /9-Phellandrene, 3816 Phellyl alcohol, 5250 Phenacetin, 3716 Phenamine, 3751 Phenanthraquinone, 4622 3, 4-Phenanthraquinone, 4623 Phenanthrene, 4652 Phenanthridine, 4437 Phenanthroline, 4187 Phenanthrone, 4671 Phenarsazine, 4185 Phenarsazine chloride, 4202

Phenarsazine oxide, 5819 Phenazine, 4188 Phenazone, 4189 o-Phenetidine, 2786 ra-Phenetidine, 2787 p-Phenetidine, 2788 Phenetidine salicylacetate, 5090 Phenetol, 2722 Phenetsal, 4911 p-Phenetylurea, 3232 Phenocaine, 5331 Phenocoll, 3751 Phenecoll salicylate, 5210 Phenol, 1413 Phenolphthalein, 5504 o-Phenolsulfonic acid, 1428 Phenosal, 5090 a-Phenotriazine, 1919 Phenoval, 4538 Phenoxyacetie acid, 2617 o-Phenoxybenzoic acid, 4465 Phenylacetaldehyde, 2567 Phenylacetamide, 2651 Phenylacetanilide, 4753 Phenyl acetate, 2590 Phenylacetic acid, 2584 Phenylacetic anhydride, 5071 Phenylacetyl chloride, 2499 Phenylacetylene, 2453 Phenyl acid eamphorate, 5124 9-Phenylacridine, 5395 Phenylalanine, 3208, 3209 3-Phenylallylamine, 3190 Phenylallylene, 3055 Phenylaminoacetic acid, 2661 ra-Phenylaminophenol, 4271 2-Phenyl-l-aminopropionic acid, 3208, 3209 9-Phenylanthracene, 5494 Phenylarsine, 1434 Phenylarsenious oxide, 1292 Phenylarsonic acid, 1435 Phenyl benzenesulfonate, 4250 Phenyl benzoate, 4458 o-Phenylbenzoic acid, 4455 ra-Phenylbenzoic acid, 4456 p-Phenylbenzoic acid, 4457 2-Phenyl-l, 4-benzopyrone, 4868 2-Phenylbenzoquinone, 4196 Phenylbenzylamine, 4512 1-Phenyl-l-benzylhydrazine, 4523 Phenyl benzyl ketone, 4724 2-Phenylbutane, 3725 Phenylbutylene, 3639 Phenyl w-butyrate, 3683 3-Phenylbutyric acid, 3670 Phenyl carbonate, 4466 Phenyl chloroacetate, 2501 Phenylchloroform, 1870 Phenylcinchoninic aeid hydrochloride, 5040 2-Phenylcrotonic acid, 3596 3-Phenylcrotonic acid, 3597 Phenylcrotonylene, 3576 Phenyl cyanide, 1885 Phenyldichloroarsine, 1291 3-Phenyl-3, 4-dihydroquinazoline, 4710 Phenyldimethylaminopyrazolone, 4537 l-Phenyl-2, 3-dimethylpyrazolonc, 4058 Phenylditolylmethane, 5625 o-Phenylenediacetic acid, 3611 m-Phenylenediacetic acid, 3612 p-Phenylenediacetic acid, 3613 o-Phenylenediamine, 1479 ra-Phenylenediamine, 1480 p-Phenylenediamine, 1481 o-Phenylenediamine-3-sulfonic acid, 1490 Phenyl ether, 4241

2-Phenylethyl alcohol, 2714 tt-Phenylethylamine, 2770 w-Phenylethylamine, 2771 ü>-Phenylethylamine hydrochloride, 2798 5, 5-Phenylethylbarbituric acid, 4291 Phenylethylene, 2538 4, 4-Phenylethylhydantoin, 4059 Phenylethylsilicane dichloride, 3^443 JV-Phenylf ormami de, 2073 N-Phenylformanilide, 4480 Phenyl formate, 2008 /S-Phenylglucoside, 4356 Phenylglyceric acid, 3177, 3178 Phenylglycol, 2736 Phenylglycolic acid, 2612, 2613 Phenylglyoxal, 2469 Phenylglyoxylic acid, 2478 Phenyl heptylate, 4544 Phenyl hexyl ketone, 4542 Phenylhydrazine, 1483 Phenylhydrazine acetate, 2805 Phenylhydrazine hydrate, 4367.4 Phenyldrazine hydrochloride, 1514 p-Phenylhydrazinesulfonic acid, 1491 j8-Phenylhydroxylamine, 1450 3, 5-Phenylimino-l, 4-diphenyl-4, 5dihydro-1, 2, 4-triazol, 5516 Phenyl isoamyl ether, 4131 Phenyl isocyanate, 1889 Phenyl isocyanide, 1886 Phenyl isothiocyanate, 1918 Phenyl isovalerate, 4100 2-Phenyllactic acid, 3166 Phenyl malonate, 4908 Phenylmalonic acid, 3089 Phenyl methyl ether, 2163 1-P h e n y l-5-methyl-3-methoxypyrazole, 4510 TV-Phenyl-S-methylpyrazolone, 3585 Phenyl mustard oil, 1918 a-Phenylnaphthalene, 5037 iff-Phenylnaphthalene, 5038 2-Phenylnaphthalene-2- c a r b o x y l i c acid, 5175 JV-Phenyl-a-naphthylamine, 5054 7V-Phenyl-#-naphthylamine, 5055 Phenyl a-naphthyl ether, 5043 Phenyl 0-naphthyl ether, 5044 Phenyl a-naphthyl ketone, 5173 Phenyl /3-naphthyl ketone, 5174 Phenylnitroamine, 1395 Phenylnitromethane, 2084 Phenyl oxalate, 4687 o-Phenylphenol, 4238 ra-Phenylphenol, 4239 p-Phenylphenol, 4240 Phenylphosphenic acid, 1464 Phenylphosphenous acid, 1463 Phenylphosphine, 1465 Phenyl picrate, 4183 Phenylpropiolic acid, 3014 Phenyl propionate, 3157 1-Phenylpropionic acid, 3146 Phenyl-sec-propyl alcohol, 3235 3-Phenylpropyl alcohol, 3237 1-P h e n y l-2-propyl-3-methylpyrazolone, 4530.2 3-Phenylpyrazolone, 3066 2-Phenylpyridme, 4032 3-Phenylpyridine, 4033 4-Phenylpyridine, 4034 Phenylpyruvic acid, 3086 2-Phenylquinoline, 4892 4-Phenylquinoline, 4893 6-Phenylquinoline, 4894 8-Phenylquinoline, 4895 2-Phenylquinoline-4-carboxylic acid> 5035 Phenyl rhodanide, 1917 Phenyl salicylate, 4467 Phenyl selenide, 4262

1-Phenylsemicarbazide, 2235 4-Phenylsemicarbazide, 2236 Phenylsilicon trichloride, Ä441 Phenyl succinate, 5074 Phenyl sulfide, 4260 Phenyl tartrate, 5077 Phenyl 'telluride, 4263 Phenyl thiocyanate, 1917 Phenylthiourea, 2150 JV-Phenylthiourethane, 321 o-Phenyltoluene, 4491 w-Phenyltoluene, 4492 p-Phenyltoluene, 4493 Phenyl-p-toluenesulfonate, 4509 Phenyl o-tolyl ketone, 4725 Phenyl m-tolyl ketone, 4726 Phenyl p-tolyl ketone, 4727 Phenylurea, 2135 N-Phenylurethane, 3221 Phenylvinyl acetate, 3601 Phillirin, 5950 Phloramine, 1451 Phloretic acid, 3167 Phloretin, 4926 Phloridzin, 5659 Phloroacetophenone, 2620 Phloroglucinol, 1421 Phloroglucinol triacetate, 4302 Phloroglucinol triethyl ether, 4367.9 Phloroglucinol trimethyl ether, 3250 Phloroglucinol trioxime, 1530 Phloroglucite, 1661 Phlorone, 2593 Phorone, 3277 Phosgene, 9 Phosphenyl chloride, 1327 Phosphenyl oxychloride, 1326 Phosphobenzene, 4259 o-Phthalamic acid, 2517 Phthalazine, 2462 o-Phthalic acid, 2479 o-Phthalic aldehyde, 2470 o-Phthalic anhydride, 2431 o-Phthalic diami de, 2551 Phthalide, 2473 o-Phthalimide, 2439 Phthalonic anhydride, 2990 o-Phthalyl dichloride, 2423 Phthalylphenylhydrazine, 4656.1 Phrenosin, 6153 Physcic acid, 5048 Physcion, 5048 Physostigmine, 4960 Physostigmine hydrobromide, 4962 Physostigmine hydrochloride, 4965 Physostigmine salicylate, 5724 Physostigmine sulfate, 5996 Physostigmol, 4051 Phytol, 5606 Phytosterol, 5934 Phytosterol acetate, 5980 Phytosterolene acetate, 6088 Phytosterol glucosi de, 5807 Phytosteroline, 6055 Phytosterol valerate, 6044 Piazothiole, 1283 Picein, 4821 Picene, 5695 Picenic acid, 5614 a-Picoline, 1443 0-Picoline, 1444 7-Picoline, 1445 Picolinic acid, 1344 Picramic acid, 1364 Picramide, 1284 a-Picrasmin, 6098 /S-Picrasmin, 6099 Picric acid, 1197 Picroaconitine, 6021 Picropodophyllin, 5780 Picrotin, 4946

Picrotoxin, 5989 Picrotoxinin, 4936.1 Picryl acetate, 2452 Picryl bromide, 1122 Picryl chloride, 1127 Picryl iodide, 1141 Picrylsulfonic acid, 1199 Pilocarpi dine nitrate, 3797 Pilocarpine, 4125 Pilocarpine hydrobromide, 4134 Pilocarpine hydrochloride, 4136 Pilocarpine nitrate, 4143 Pilocarpine salicylate, 5325.1 Pilocarpine sulfate, 5741 Pilosine, 5109 Pilosinine, 3233 d-Pimaric acid, 5588 n-Pimelic acid, 2308 Pimelic aldehyde, 2291 Pimpinellin, 4469 Pinane, 3893 Pinacolin, 1630 Pinacolyl alcohol, 1733, 1733.1 Pinacolyl chloride, 1694 Pinacone, 1743 a-Pinene, 3817 0-Pinene, 3818 Pinene hydrate, 3921 d-Pinene hydrobromide, 3875 Pinene hydrochloride, 3881 Pinic acid, 3282.1, 3282.2 Finite, 2374 Pinocamphane, 3894 Pinocarvol, 3763 Pinol, 3858 Pino! glycol, 3934 dZ-a-Pinone oxime, 3886.1 Pinonic acid, 3867, 3867.1 Pinoylformic acid, 3777 Pinylamine, 3883 a-Pipecoline, 1700 0-Pipecoline, 1701 T-Pipecoline, 1702 Piperazine, 782 Piperazine quinate, 5352 Piperic acid, 4254 Piperidine, 1054 Piperidine hydrochloride, 1075 Piperidone, 974 Piperine, 5204 Piperitone, 3764 Piperonal, 2474 Piperonal chloride, 2457 Piperonyl alcohol, 2594 Piperonylic acid, 2482 Piperylene, 918 Pipitzol, 4952 Pisangcerylic acid, 5857 Piturine, 1477 Podocarpic acid, 5232 Podophyllotoxin, 5781 Populin, 5549 Porphyrine, 5667 Porphyroxime, 5456 Potassium acetate, »2983 Potassium acetylsalicylate, »2993 Potassium acid acetate, »2988 Potassium acid chloroacetate, »2999 Potassium acid oxalate, »2981 Potassium acid phthalate, »2991 Potassium acid Buccinate, »2984 Potassium acid tartrate, »2986 Potassium acid uroxasate, »3009 Potassium ammonium cM;artrate, »3008 Potassium citrate, »2989 Potassium cobalt malonate, »3094 Potassium disuccinate, »2992 Potassium ethylsulfate, »3000 Potassium formate, »2980 Potassium lithium d-tartrate, »3176 Potassium methanedisulfònate, »3004

Potassium naphthalene-1, 5-disulfonate, »3005 Potassium nickel dithioxalate, »3098 Potassium oleate, »2994 Potassium oxalate, »2977 Potassium phenol-2, 4-disulfonate, »3003 Potassium o-phenolsulfonate, »3002 Potassium p-phenolsulfonate, »3001 Potassium sodium tartrate, »3183 Potassium succinate, »2995 Potassium tartrate, »2996 Potassium tetraoxalate, »2998 Potassium uranyl acetate, »3121 Potassium uranyl oxalate, »3120 Praesodymium ethyl sulfate, »2018 Pratensol, 5181 Pratol, 5047 Prehnidine, 3791 Prehnitene, 3740 Prehnitic acid, 3451 Primeverin, 5586 Procaine, 4566 Procellulose, 5351 Propadiene, 337 Propaesine, 3712 Propanai, 3841 Propane, 500 Propargyl acetate, 896 Propargyl alcohol, 355 Propargyl aldehyde, 318 p-Propenylanisol, 3648 Propenylbenzene, 3120 Propenyl chloride, 374 Propioisonitrile, 396 Propiolic acid, 319 Propionaldehyde, 447 Propionaldehyde dipropylacetal, 3368 Propionamide, 482 Propionanilide, 3200 Propionic acid, 450 Propionic anhydride, 1560 Propionitrile, 395 Propionyl chloride, 378 Propionylphenetidine, 4110 Propionylpropionic aldehyde, 1550 Propine, 338 n-Propylacetanilide, 4106 n-Propyl acetate, 1020 Propylacetylene, 920 n-Propyl alcohol, 505 n-Propylamine, 524 Propyl p-aminobenzoate, 3712 Propyl ammonium chloroplatinate, »1189 n-Propylaniline, 3267 Propyl anisate, 4102 Propylarsonic acid, 521 n-Propylbenzene» 3229 Propyl benzoate, 3684 o-Propylbenzoic acid, 3671 p-Propylbenzoic acid, 3672 Propyl benzyl ketone, 4091 Propyl borate, »1826 n-Propyl bromide, 464 Propylbutyl carbinol, 2969 Propyl n-butyl ether, 2414 Propyl n-butyrate, 2361 Propyl caproate, 3339 Propyl carbamate, 771 Propyl carbonate, 2365 n-Propyl chloride, 468 n-Propyl chlorocarbonate, 660 n-Propyl chloroformate, 660 n-Propyl cinnamate, 4317 Propyl cyanide, 667 Propylcyclohexane, 3323 Propylene, 409 Propylene chloride, 418 cfZ-Propylenediamine, 533 a-Propyleneglycol, 510 l-Propyleneglycol-2-chlorhydrin, 471

Propyl ether, 1741 n-Propylethylene, 984 n-Propyl fluoride, 474 n-Propyl formate, 727 Propyl glycolate, 1029 Propyl-n-hexyl carbinol, 4005 Propyl hexyl ketone, 3978.1 Propylideneacetic acid, 934 Propylidene chloride, 417 Propylidene dipropyl ether, 3368 n-Propyl iodide, 475 Propylisobutylammonium chloroplatinate, »1201 Propylisobutyl carbinol, 2970 Propylisobutyl ketone, 2898 Propylisobutyrate, 2362 5, 5-n-Propylisopropylbarbituric acid, 3843 Propylisopropyl carbinol, 2411 Propylisopropyl malonate, 3314 Propylisothiocyanate, 681 n-Propyl isovalerate, 2912 Propyl malate, 3944 Propyl malonate, 3313 Propylmalonic acid, 1566 n-Propyl mercaptan, 518 Propyl p-methoxybenzoate, 4102 3-Propyl-3-methylpropyl alcohol, 1736 Propyl mustard oil, 681 Propyl nitrate, 495 Propyl nitrite, 489 Propylnitrolic acid, 439 5-Propylnonane, 4412 3-n-Propylpentane, 2942 o-n-Propylphenol, 3239 m-n-Propylphenol, 3240 p-n-Propy!phenol, 3241 Propyl phenyl ether, 3246 Propyl phenyl ketone, 3662 Propylphosphine, 529 n-Propyl propionate, 1659 Propylpseudonitrole, 441 2-Propylpyridine, 2776 Propyl salicylate, 3690 Propylsilicon trichloride, »436 Propyl succinate, 3943 Propyl sulfide, 1754 Propyl tartrate, 3945 Propylthiourea, 785 o-Propyltoluene, 3727 m-Propyltoluene, 3728 Propyltriisobutylammonium chloroplatinate, »1221 Propylurethane, 1704.1 n-Propyl n-valerate, 2911 2-Propyl-p-xylene, 4122 4-Propyl-o-xylene, 4120 4-Propyl-m-xylene, 4121 Protocatechuic acid, 2020 Protocatechuic aldehyde, 2012 Protocatechuic aldehyde méthylène ester, 2474 Protopine, 5529 Proto veratri dine, 5913 Protoveratrine, 6040 Prulaurasin, 4818 Pseudoaconine, 5872 Pseudoaconitine, 6102 Pseudoatropine, 5237 Pseudobutylene, 685 Pseudobutyleneglycol, 796 Pseudococaine, 5223, 5224 Pseudocodeine, 5320 a-Pseudoconhydrine, 2931 Pseudoconhydrine hydrochloride, 2947 Pseudoconiceine, 2858 Pseudocumene, 3230 Pseudocumenol, 3242 Pseudocumidine, 3289 Pseudoephedrine, 3795 Pseudoephedrine hydrochloride, 3830 Pseudoionone, 4563

Pseudojervine, 5976 Pseudomorphine, 6060 Pseudopelletierine, 3291 Pseudophenanthrene, 5039 Pseudophenanthroline, 4190 Pseudopurpurin, 4864 Pseudotropine, 2863 Psoromic acid, 5506 Psychotrine, 5952 Psychotrine sulfate, 6163 Psyllic acid, 6057 Psyllostearyl alcohol, 6058 Psyllostearylic acid, 6057 Pulegene, 3297 Pulegon, 3859 dZ-Pulenol, 3324 Purine, 854 Purpurin, 4638 Putrescine, 833 Pyosin, 6168 Pyraconitine, 6032 Pyramiden, 4537 Pyramiden acid camphorate, 5802 Pyramiden camphorate, 6100 Pyramiden salicylate, 5553 Pyrantin, 4309 Pyrazine, 563 Pyrazole, 351 3, 5-Pyrazoledicarboxylic acid, 835.1 Pyrazoline, 431 Pyrazolone, 353 Pyrene, 5206 Pyreneketone, 4426 Pyrene picrate, 5705 Pyrethrol, 5681 Pyridazine, 561 Pyridine, 870 Pyridine-2-carboxylic acid, 1344 Pyridine-3-carboxylic acid, 1345 Pyridine-4-carboxylic acid, 1346 Pyridine-2, 3-dicarboxylic acid, 1900 Pyridine-2, 4-dicarboxylic acid, 1901 Pyridine-2, 5-dicarboxylic acid, 1902 Pyridine-2, 6-dicarboxylic acid, 1903 Pyridine-3, 4-dicarboxylic acid, 1904 Pyridine-3, 5-dicarboxylic acid, 1905 Pyridine nitrate, 890 Pyridinepentacarboxylic acid, 3402 Pyridine-2, 3, 4-tricarboxylic acid, 2446 Pyridine-2, 3, 5-tricarboxylic acid, 2447 Pyridine-2, 3, 6-tricarboxylic acid, 2448 Pyridine-2, 4, 5-tricarboxylic acid, 2449 Pyridine-2, 4, 6-tricarboxylic acid, 2450 Pyridine-3, 4, 5-tricarboxylic acid, 2451 Pyridyl-2-aldehyde, 1341 Pyridyl-3-aldehyde, 1342 Pyridyl-2-cyanide, 1267 Pyridyl-3-cyanide, 1268 Pyridyl-4-cyanide, 1269 Pyrimidine, 562 Pyrocatechol, 1414 Pyrocatechol diethyl ether, 3766 Pyrocatechol ethyl ether, 2738 Pyrocatechol methyl ether, 2174 Pyrocoll, 3434 Pyrogallol, 1419 Pyrogallolcarboxylic acid, 2022 Pyrogallol triacetate, 4303 Pyrogallol triethyl ether, 4368 Pyrogallol trimethyl ether, 3251 Pyroglycerol, 1747 Pyromeconic acid, 866 Pyromellitic acid, 3452 Pyromucic acid, 867 l, 4-Pyrone, 860 Pyroracemic acid, 359

Pyroracemic alcohol, 449 Pyrotartarie acid, 947 Pyrotritaric acid, 2180 Pyrrole, 589 Pyrrole-2-aldehyde, 874 Pyrrole-2-carboxylic acid, 877 Pyrrolidine, 759 a-Pyrrolidone, 672 Pyrrolme, 670 Pyrrolylene, 596 Pyrrone, 3068 Pyruvic acid, 359 Pyruvic nitrile, 332.1 Quassiin, 6034 Quebrachine, 5670 Quebrachine hydrochloride, 5672 Quebrachite, 2375 Quebrachol, 5598 Quercetagetin, 4891 Quercetin, 4889 d-Quercitol, 1670 Z-Quercitol, 1671 Quercitrin, 5631 Quinaldine ethiodide, 4312 Quinaldine methiodide, 4056 Quinaldinic acid, 3479 Quinalgan, 5289 Quinamine, 5469 Quinazoline, 2463 Quinene, 5545 Quinhydrone, 4255 Quinic acid, 2313 Quinic amide, 2324 Quinic lactone, 2270 Quinicine, 5560 Quinide, 2270 Quinidine, 5561 Quinidine hydrochloride, 5567 Quinine, 5562, 5563, 5564 Quinine acetate, 5728 Quinine acetylsalicylate, 5971 Quinine butyrate, 5837 Quinine carbonate, 6127 Quinine citrate, 6175 Quinine dibromosalicylate, 5921 Quinine dichloride, 5555 Quinine diguaiacolsulfonate, 6063 Quinine disulfate, 5575 Quinine ethyl carbonate, 5801 Quinine formate, 5671 Quinine glycerophosphate, 6137 Quinine hydrate, 5587 Quinine hydrobromide, 5566 Quinine hydrochloride, 5568 Quinine hypophosphite, 5581 Quinine lactate, 5796, 5797, 5798 Quinine malate, 6139 Quinine /S-naphtholsulfonate, 6122 Quinine nitrate, 5574 Quinine phenolsulfonate, 5897 Quinine propionate, 5795 Quinine salicylate, 5925 Quinine Buccinate, 6138 Quinine sulfate, 6124 Quinine tartrate, 6141 Quimnic acid, 4036 Quinizarin, 4633 Quinoline, 3037 Quinoline-2-carboxylic acid, 3479 Quinoline-3-carboxylic acid, 3480 Quinoline-4-carboxylic acid, 3478 Quinoline-6-carboxylic acid, 3481 Quinoline-7-carboxylic acid, 3482 Quinoline-8-carboxylic acid, 3483 Quinoline-2, 3-dicarboxylic acid, 4021 Quinoline-2, 4-dicarboxylic acid, 4022 Quinoline ethiodide, 4057 Quinoline methiodide, 3496 Quinoline tartrate, 6136 Quinolinic acid, 1900 Quinone, 1287 Quinonedioxime, 1399

Quinonçoxime, 1348 I Salicyl-p-phenetidin, 4928 Salicyl sulfonic acid, 2027 Quinotoxine, 5560 /3-Quinovin, 6001 Salicyluric acid, 3114 Quinoxaline, 2464 Saliformin, 4540 Saligenin, 2166 Raffinose, 5350 Salinigrin, 4535 Rapic acid, 5361 Salipyrine, 5308 Ratanhine, 3720 Salocol, 5210 0-Resalgin, 5198 Salol, 4467 Resorcinol, 1415 Salophen, 4911 Resorcinol acetate, 2619 Saloquinine, 5925 Resorcinol antipyrine, 5198 Salvarsan, 4311 Resorcinol diacetate, 3620 Samarium acetate, »2051 Resorcinol diethyl ether, 3769 Samarium ethyl sulfate, »2054 Resorcinol dimethyl ether, 2741 Samarium formate, »2050 Resorcinol ethyl ether, 2742 Samarium propionate, »2052, »2053 Resorcinol methyl ether, 2175 Sambunigrin, 4819 Retamine, 4995 Sanguinarine, 5509 Retene, 5306 «-Santalene, 4979 Rhamnitol, 1749 /3-Santalene, 4980 0-Rhamnose, 1672 T-Santalene, 4981 Rhamnose phenylhydrazone, 4367.1 Santalic acid, 5987 Rheadine, 5636 Santalin, 5987 Rhein, 4886 a-Santalol, 4987 Rhizocholic acid, 4016 /3-Santalol, 4988 Rhodanic acid, 24 Rhodeoretin, 6046 Santalyl chloride, 4970 Santalyl salicylate, 5730 Rhodeose, 1673 Santene, 3273 Rhodinol, 3908 <2Z-Santenol, 3302 Rhodinyl acetate, 4374 Santinic acid, 4936 Rhodinyl butyrate, 4835 Santonic acid, 4956 d-Ribose, 1036 Santonin, 4943 Ricinelaidic acid, 5368 dZ-Santoninic acid, 4955 Ricinic acid, 5369 Santyl, 5730 Ricinine, 2554 Saponarin, 5661 Ricininic acid, 1980 Sapotin, 5983 Ricinoleic acid, 5370 Robigenin, 4884 Sarcosine, 486 Sarsapic acid, 1289 Robinin, 6049 Sarsasapogenin, 5905 Rochelle salt, »3184 Sarsasaponin, 6143 Rosindon, 5696 Scatole, 3100 Rosinduline, 5698 Rosindulon, 5696 a-Scatolecarboxylic acid, 3560 Scillitin, 5247 Rosolie acid, 5518 Scoparin, 5536 Rubazonic acid, 5519 Scopolamine, 5222 Ruberythric acid, 5895 Rubicene, 5882 Scopoletin, 3530 Rubidium acid chloroacetate, »3233 Scopolin, 5836 Rubidium acid oxalate, »3225 Scopoline, 2822 Scutellarein, 4887 Rubidium acid phthalate, »3228 Rubidium citrate, »3231 Scutellarin, 5623 Sebacic acid, 3938 Rubidium cobalt malonate, »3263 Rubidium lithium d-tartrate, »3276 Sebamic acid, 3954 Rubidium sodium mesotartrate, Sekisanine, 6061 Selenophenol, 1431 »3277 Rubidium tartrate, »3229 a-Selinene, 4982 Semicarbazide, 69 Rubijervine, 5907 Semicarbazide hydrochloride, 76 Rumicin, 4878 Rutin, 5928 Semicarbazide nitrate, 81 Seminose, 1682 Sabadenine, 5977 Senecifolidine, 4990 Sabadine, 5982 Senecifoline, 5337 Sabinane, 3895 Senecifoline hydrochloride, 5338 Sabinene, 3819 Septentrinaline, 6051 Sabinol, 3860 Saccharin, 1896 dZ-Serine, 493 d-Serine, 493.1 d-Saccharine, 1579 Sidonal, 5352 Saccharose, 4396 Silicon tetraethyl, »418 Safrol, 3591 Silicon tetraphenyl, »424 Sakuranetin, 5076 Sakuranin, 5706 Silver acetate, »1107 Salacetol, 3622 Silver lactate, »1108 Salicin, 4547 Silver oxalate, »1106 Salicin benzoate, 5549 Silver tartrate, »1109, »1110 Sinaibin, 5995 Salicitrin, 5620 Salicylaldehyde, 2004 Sinapic acid, 4073 Salicylaldehyde methylphenylhydraSinapine sulfate, 6038 zone, 4769 Sinapirie thiocyanate, 5242 Salicylamine, 2220 Sinapoline, 2285 Salicylanilide, 4485 Sinomenine, 5457 Salicyl chloride, 1863 Sitosterol, 5935 Salicylic acid, 2013 Smilacin, 5906 Salicylic nitrile, 1890 Sodium acetate, »2756 Salicyl osali cy li e acid, 4692 Sodium acid malonate, »2758

Sodium acid tartrate, »2759 Sodium citrate, »2766 Sodium diacetate, »2760 Sodium elaidate, »2762 Sodium ethanedisulfonate, »2768 Sodium formate, »2754 Sodium glutamate, »2772 Sodium lithium tartrate, »2912 Sodium naphthalene-1, 5-disulfonate, »2767 Sodium 1, 4-naphthylaminesulfonate, »2775 Sodium oleate, »2763 Sodium palmitate, »2761 Sodium thallium tartrate, »2782 Sodium sulfanilate, »2774 Sodium tartrate, »2764 Sodium uranyl acetate, »2835 Solangustine, 6053 Solanidine, 6079 Solanine, 6158 Solanine hydrochloride, 6159 Sophoretin, 4889 Sophorin, 5927 Sorbic acid, 1498 Sorbic chloride, 1441 d-Sorbitol, 1752 d(Z)-Sorbose, 1684 dZ-Sorbose, 1685 Sordidin, 4471 Sparassol, 3695 Sparteine, 4994 Sparteine hydrochloride, 5011 Sparteine hydroiodide, 5012 Sparteine sulfate, 6009 Sphingosine, 5259 Spinacene, 5978 Spirosal, 3184 Stachydrine, 2323 Stannous acetate, »519 Staphisagroine, 5556 Starch, 1578.1 Stearic acid, 5379 Stearic aldehyde, 5378 Stearic amide, 5390 Stearic anhydride, 6106 Stearic anilide, 5845 Stearolic acid, 5347 Stearone, 6090 Stearonitrile, 5374 Stearoxylic acid, 5349 Stearyl chloride, 5373 Stercorin, 5939 Stigmasterol, 6005 Stilbene, 4708 Stovaine, 4829 Strontium acetate, »2467 Strontium antimony tartrate, »2471 Strontium calcium propionate, »2493 Strontium ethanedisulfonate, »2468 Strontium ethylsulfate, »2469 Strontium formate, »2464 Strontium nitrotetronate, »2470 Strophantidin, 5929 Strophantin, 5998, 6125 Struxine, 5677 Stryacol, 5070 Strychnidine, 5656 Strychnine, 5642 Strychnine methylarsinate, 5719 Strychnine nitrate, 5653 Strychnine salicylate, 5948 Strychnine sulfate, 6129 Strychnine d-tartrate, 6148 Stylopine, 5425 Styphnic acid, 1198 Styracin, 5292 Styrène, 2538 Styrène dibromide, 2455 Styrolène alcohol, 2736 Styryl alcohol, 3126 Styrylamine, 3190

Suberane, 2327 Suberic acid, 2845 Suberone, 2290 Suberoxime, 2322 Suberyl alcohol, 2335 Succinamide, 706 Succinic acid, 629 Succinic anhydride, 571 Succinic dialdehyde, 616 Succinic peroxide, 2750 Succinimide, 592 Succinonitrile, 560 0, o'-Succinoxybenzene-l-carbox y 1 i c acid, 5278 Succinyl chloride, 558 Succinyldisalicylic acid, 5278 Succisterene, 4867 Sucrol, 3232 Sulfanilic acid, 1455 Sulfoacetic acid, 217 o-Sulfoaminobenzoic acid, 2106 m-Sulfoaminobenzoic acid, 2107 p-Sulfoaminobenzoic acid, 2108 o-Sulfobenzoic acid, 2024 ra-Sulfobenzoic acid, 2025 p-Sulfobenzoic acid, 2026 o-Sulfobenzoic anhydride, 1842 Sulfonal, 2416 p-Sulfonedichloroaminobenzoic acid, 1866 N-S u l f o p h e n y 1-3-methylpyraz olone, 3586 5-Sulfosalicylic acid, 2027 Surinamine, 3721 Sycoceryl alcohol, 5341 Sylvestrene, 3820 Syringic acid, 3185 Syringin, 5234 d-Tagatose, 1686 d-Talitol, 1753 u?(/)-Talomucic acid, 1585 Tanacetone, 3861 Tanacetyl alcohol, 3928 Tanni c acid, 4694 Tannin, 4694 Taraxasterol, 5979 Tariric acid, 5348 d-Tartaramide, 709 Tartar emetic, »3012 d-Tartaric acid, 639 cM-Tartaric acid, 640 Tartronic acid, 362 Taurine, 290 Taxicati n, 4574 Taxine, 6109 Tephrosin, 6018 Teraconic acid, 2265 Teracrylic acid, 2292 Terebic acid, 2266 Terephthalic acid, 2481 Terephthalic aldehyde, 2472 Terephthalic nitrile, 2429 Terephthalyl dichloride, 2425 Terpan, 3902 Terpene hydrate, 3922 Terpenylic acid, 2811 cts-Terpine, 3979 Jrans-Terpine, 3980 «-Terpinene, 3821 /3-Terpinene, 3822 Ai, 5-Terpinene, 3823 Terpinen-4-ol, 3926 tt-Terpineol, 3922, 3923 /8-Terpineol, 3924 7-Terpineol, 3925 cis-Terpin hydrate, 4008 Terpinolene, 3824 a-Terpinyl acetate, 4378, 4379 Terpinylene, 3825 d-a-Terpinyl formate, 4151 Tetraacetylhydrazine, 2808.1 1, 2, 3, 5-Tetrabromobenzene, 1123

1, 2, 4, 5-Tetrabromobenzene, 1124 2, 3, 4, 6- Tetrabromobenzoic acid, 1776 1, 1, 4, 4-Tetrabromobutane, 601 1, 2, 3, 4-Tetrabromobutane, 602 2, 2, 3, 3-Tetrabromobutane, 603 1, 1, 1, 2-Tetrabromoethane, 127 1, 1, 2, 2-Tetrabromoethane, 128 Tetrabromoethylene, 86 2, 3, 4, 6-Tetrabromophenol, 1125 1, 1, 2, 2-Tetrabromopropane, 344 1, 2, 2, 3-Tetrabromopropane, 345 Tetrabromopyrrole, 541 Tetrabromoquinone, 1106 Tetrabromothiophene, 537 2, 3, 4, 6-Tetrachloroacetanilide, 2433 Tetrachloroacetophenone, 2427 2, 3, 4, 5-Tetrachloroaniline, 1183 2, 3, 4, 6-Tetrachloroaniline, 1184 2, 3, 5, 6-Tetrachloroaniline, 1185 a-Tetrachloroanthracene, 4606 /3-Tetrachloroanthracene, 4607 1, 2, 3, 4-Tetrachloroanthracene, 4605 /3-Tetrachloroanthraquinone, 4594 1, 2, 3, 4-Tetrachloroanthraqumone, 4593 1, 2, 3, 4-Tetrachlorobenzene, 1135 1, 2, 3, 5-Tetrachlorobenzene, 1136 1, 2, 4, 5-Tetrachlorobenzene, 1137 2, 3, 4, 5-Tetrachlorobenzoic acid, 1777 1, 1, 1, 2-Tetrachloroethane, 139 1, 1, 2, 2-Tetrachloroethane, 140 Tetrachloroethylene, 90 1,2, 2, 2-Tetrachloroethyl ethyl ether, 605 1, 1, 2, 2-Tetrachloro-l, 2-diphenylethane, 4656 Tetrachlorohydroquinone, 1139 a-Tetrachloronaphthalene, 3374 /3-Tetrachloronaphthalene, 3375 y-Tetrachloronaphthalene, 3376 5-Tetrachloronaphthalene, 3377 e-Tetrachloronaphthalene, 3378 f-Tetrachloronaphthalene, 3379 ttt'c-Tetrachloronaphthalene, 3380 2, 3, 4, 5-Tetrachloronitrobenzene, 1116 2, 3, 4, 6-Tetrachloronitrobenzene, 1117 2, 3, 5, 6-Tetrachloronitrobenzene, 1118 2, 3, 4, 6-Tetrachlorophenol, 1138 Tetrachloro-o-phthalic acid, 2422 Tetrachlorophthalic anhydride, 2420 2, 3, 4, 5-Tetrachloropyridine, 841 2, 3, 4, 6-Tetrachloropyridine, 842 2, 3, 5, 6-Tetrachloropyridine, 843 Tetrachloroquinone, 1109 Tetraconic acid, 5858 n-Tetracosane, 5861 w-Tetradecane, 4856 n-Tetradecyl alcohol, 4858 Tetradecylamine, 4859 n-Tetradecylene, 4849 Tetraethylammoniumchloroplatinate, A1209 Tetraethylammonium hydroxide, 2989 1, 2, 3, 4-Tetraethylbenzene, 4827 1, 2, 4, 5-Tetraethylbenzene, 4828 Tetraethyldiamino b e n z o p h e n o n e , 5675 Tetraethyl germanium, »472 Tetraethylsilicane, »418 1, 2, 3, 4-Tetrahydrobenzaldehyde, 2261 1, 2, 3, 4-Tetrahydrobenzene, 1537 Ai-Tetrahydrobenzoic acid, 2262 Tetrahydroberberine, 5542 Tetrahydrogeraniol, 4003 1, 2, 3, 4-Tetrahydroisoquinoline, 3191 3, 4, 8, 9-Tetrahydrojulol, 4327

Tetrahydrolinalool, 4004 1, 2, 3, 4-Tetrahydronaphthalene, 3637 5, 6, 7, 8-Tetrahydronaphthalene,

3638

1, 2, 3, 4-Tetrahydro-a-naphthol, 3649 1, 2, 3, 4-Tetrahydro-/3-naphthol, 3651 5, 6, 7, 8-Tetrahydro-a-naphthol, 3650 5, 6, 7, 8-Tetrahydro-/3-naphthol, 3652 5, 6, 7, 8-Tetrahydro-a-naphthylamine, 3702 5, 6, 7, 8-Tetrahydro-j8-naphthylamine, 3703 Tetrahydro-/S-naphthylamine hydrochloride, 3743 1, 2, 3, 4-Tetrahydrophenol, 1542 A2-Tetrahydrophenol, 1542 1, 2, 3, 6-Tetrahydrophenol, 1543 A2-Tetrahydrophenol, 1543 A^Tetrahydrophthalic acid, 2746 A2-Tetrahydro-o-phthalic acid, 2747 Tetrahydropyrrole, 759 1, 2, 3, 4-Tetrahydroquinoline, 3192 Ai-Tetrahydrotoluene, 2282 A2-Tetrahydrotoluene, 2283 A3-Tetrahydrotoluene, 2284 1, 2, 3, 4-Tetrahydroxybenzene, 1424 1, 2, 3, 5-Tetrahydroxybenzene, 1425 1, 2, 4, 5-Tetrahydroxybenzene, 1426 2, 4, 2', 4/-Tetrahydroxydiphenyl, 4252 2, 6, 2', 6'-Tetrahydroxydiphenyl, 4251 3, 5, 3', 5'-Tetrahydroxydiphenyl, 4253 Tetrahydroxyhexahydrobenzoic acid, 2313 1, 2, 3, 4-Tetrahydro-m-xylene, 2827 1, 4, 5, 6-Tetrahydroxynaphthalene, 3531 1, 2, 3, 4-Tetraiodobenzene, 1144 1, 2, 3, 5-Tetraiodobenzene, 1145 1, 2, 4, 5-Tetraiodobenzene, 1146 Tetraiodoethylene, 94 Tetraiodophenolphthalein, 5487 Tetraiodopyrrole, 542 1, 2, 3, 5-Tetramethoxybenzene, 3774 Tetramethylalloxantine, 4316 Tetramethylallylene, 2277 Tetramethylammonium bromide, 829 Tetramethylammonium chloride, 832 Tetramethylammonium chloroplatinate, Al 191 Tetramethylammonium hydroxide, 838 Tetramethylammonium trini tri de, 836 2, 3, 4, 5-Tetramethylaniline, 3791 l, 3, 5, 7-Tetramethylanthracene, 5307 l, 2, 3, 4-Tetramethylbenzene, 3740 l, 2, 3, 5-Tetramethylbenzene, 3739 1, 2, 4, 5-Tetramethylbenzene, 3732 2, 2, 3, 3-Tetramethylbutane, 2943 m-Tetramethyldiaminoazobenzene, 5123 Tetramethyldiaminobenzophenone, 5207 (p, p'-Tetramethyldiamino)-diphenyl carbinol, 5231 (p, p'-TetramethyldiaminoJ-diphenylamine, 5126 (p, 2/-Tetramethyldiamino)-diphenylmethane, 5230 Tetramethyl diaminothiobenzophenone, 5211 Tetramethylene, 683 Tetramethylenediamine, 833 Tetramethyleneglycol, 795 Tetramethylene-1, 1, 2, 2-tetracarboxylic acid, 2631 Tetramet hylethylene, 1619 Tetramethylethyleneglycol, 1743

Tetramethylhydrounlic acid, 4315 Tetramethylmethane, 1074 2, 4, 5, 7-Tetramethyloctane, 4413 o-Tetramethylphenylenediamine, 3834 m-Tetramethylphenylenediamine, 3835 p-Tetramethylphenylenediamine, 3836 o-Tetramethylphen y l e n e d i a m i n e hydrochloride, 3896 2, 3, 4, 5-Tetramethylpyridine, 3266 2, 5, 6, 8-Tetramethylquinoline, 4529 Tetramethylsilicane, »406 Tetramethyl silicate, »426 1, 3, 7, 9-Tetramethyluric acid, 3234 2, 3, 4, 6-Tetranitroaniline, 1200 2, 3, 5, 6-Tetranitroanisol, 1841 Tetranitrodiglycerol, 1540 °t °'i Pt p'-Tetranitrodiphenylurea, 4424 Tetranitromethane, 17 tt-Tetranitronaphthalene, 3381 1, 2, 5, 8-Tetranitronaphthalene, 3382 1, 2, 6, 8-Tetranitronaphthalene, 3383 1, 3, 5, 8-Tetranitronaphthalene, 3384 1, 3, 6, 8-Tetranitronaphthalene, 3385 2, 4, 5, 7-Tetranitro-a-naphthol, 3386 2, 3, 4, 6-Tetranitrophenol, 1147 Tetraphenylguanidine, 5890 1, 1, 2, 2-Tetraphenylethane, 5887 Tetraphenylethylene, 5883 Tetraphenylguanidine, 5864 Tetrapheriylmethane, 5863 Tetraphenylpyrazine, 5944 Tetraphenylsilicane, »424 Tetrapropylammonium chloroplatinate, »1218 Tetrapropyl silicate, »429 n-Tetratriacontane, 6080 1, 2, 4, 5-Tetrazine, 144 Tetrazole, 34 Tetrol, 569 Tetrolic acid, 570 Jetrolic aldéhyde, 568 Tetronic acid, 572 Tetryl, 1933 Thallme, 3710 Thallium acetate, »726 Thallium acid acetate, »732 Thallium acid tartrate, »729, »730r »731 Thallium acid tribromoacetate, »739 Thallium acid trichloroacetate, »738 Thallium antimonyl tartrate, »741 Thallium formate, »727 Thallium picrate, »740 Thallium propionate, »728 Thallium tartrate, »733, »734, »735, »736 Thallium trichloroacetate, »737 Thebaine, 5435 Thebenidine, 4865 Théine, 2701 Theobromine, 2153 Theobromine hydrochloride, 2194 Theobromine salicylate, 4776 Theophylline, 2151 Thermin, 3743 Thermodin, 4536 Thianthrene, 4201 l, 4-Thiazan, 779 Thiazole, 334 Thioacetamide, 250 Thioacetanilide, 2682 Thioacetic acid, 210 Thioantipyrine, 4511 Thiobenzamide, 2110 Thiobenzoic acid, 2002 Thiobenzophenone, 4472 Thiocarbanilide, 4504 o-Thiocresol, 2190 m-Thiocresol, 2191 p-Thiocresol, 2192 Thiocyanic acid, 24

Thiodiphenylamine, 4215 Thiof ormami de, 51 1-Thioglycerol, 514 Thioguaiacol, 2165 Thionaphthene, 2490 «-Thionaphthol, 3542 /3-Thionaphthol, 3543 Thiophene, 576 Thiophene-2-alcohol, 892 Thiophene-2-aldehyde, 858 Thiophene-2-carboxylic acid, 861 Thiophene-3-carboxylic acid, 862 Thiophene diiodide, 546 Thiophenetetrabromide, 537 «-Thiophenic acid, 861 /3-Thiophenic acid, 862 Thiophenol, 1430 Thiophosgene, 10 Thiopicric acid, 1193 «-Thiosalicylic acid, 2010 Thiosemicarbazide, 71 Thiosineamine, 710 Thiourea, 58 Thiourethane, 483 Thujane, 3895 «-Thujene, 3826 0-Thujene, 3827 «-Thujone, 3861 Thujyl alcohol, 3928 Thymacetine, 4826 Thymine, 888 Thymohydroquinone, 3771 o-Thymol, 3755 7n-Thymol, 3756 p-Thymol, 3757 Thymoquinone, 3685 Thymyl acétate, 4346 Thymyl acid camphorate, 5583 Thymyl ethyl ether, 4367.7 Thymyl isovalerate, 4968 Thymyl methyl ether, 4132 Thymyl phenyl ether, 5110 Thyroxin, 4040 Tiglio acid, 936 Tiglio aldehyde, 926 Tin diethyl, »512 Tin dimethyl diethyl, »514 Tin diphenyl, »516 Tin oxalate, »510 Tin tetraethyl, »515 Tin tetramethyl, »513 Tin tetraphenyl, »517 Tin triethyl, »518 Tolane, 4650 «-Telane di chloride, 4654 /3-Tolane dichloride, 4655 Tolane tetrachloride, 4656 Tolazone, 4711 o-Tolidine, 4806 wt-Toli dine, 4807 Toluene, 2112 Toluene-3, 5-dicarboxyIic acid, 3090 p-Toluene ethylsulfonate, 3255 Toluene-o-sulfinic acid, 2179 p-Toluenesulfonanilide, 4517 Toluene-o-sulfoneamide, 2226 Toluene-m-sulfoneamide, 2227 Toluene-p-sulfoneamide, 2228 Toluene-o-sulfonechloride, 2053 Toluene-p-sulfonechloride, 2054 Toluene-p-sulfonedichloroamide, 2056 Toluene-o-sulfonic acid, 2181 Toluene-p-sulfonic acid, 2183 p-Toluenesulfonemethylanilide, 4795 «-Toluie acid, 2584 o-Toluic acid, 2585 m-Toluic acid, 2586 p-Toliuc acid, 2587 o-Toluic aldehyde, 2568 w-Toluic aldehyde, 2569 p-Toluic aldehyde, 2570

o-Toluic amide, 2652 w-Toluic amide, 2653 p-Toluic amide, 2654 o-Toluic anhydride, 5072 o-Toluidine, 2204 m-Toluidine, 2205 p-Toluidine, 2206 o-Toluidine hydrochloride, 2243 m-Toluidine hydrochloride, 2244 p-Toluidine hydrochloride, 2245 o-Tolunitrile, 2505 ra-Tolunitnle, 2506 p-Tolunitrile, 2507 p-Toluoin, 5085 o-Toluquinoline, 3549 m-Toluquinoline, 3548 p-Toluquinoline, 3547 Toluquinone, 2009 4-Toluylbenzoic acid, 4904 Toluylene-2, 3-diamine, 2249 Toluylene-2, 4-diamine, 2250 Toluylene-2, 5-diamine, 2251 Toluylene-2, 6-diamine, 2252 Toluylene-3, 4-diamine, 2253 Toluylene-3, 5-diamine, 2254 p-Tolylacetone, 3663 o-Tolylaminoacetic acid, 3210 p-Tolylaminoacetic acid, 3211 ra-(o-Tolylamino)-phenol, 4514 p-(ra-Tolyamino)-phenol, 4515 m-Tolylaminourea, 2794 p-Tolylantipyrine, 4313 o-Tolyl carbinol, 2715 w-Tolyl carbinol, 2716 p-Tolyl carbinol, 2717 p-Tolyldimethylpyrazolone, 4313 p-Tolyl ethyl ketone, 3664 o-Tolylglycine, 3210 o-Tolylglycocoll, 3210 o-Tolylhydrazine, 2256 m-Tolyhydrazine, 2257 p-Tolylhydrazine, 2258 w-Tolylhydroxylamine, 2221 p-Tolylhydroxylamine, 2222 o-Tolyl isothiocyanate, 2523 m-Tolyl isothiocyanate, 2524 p-Tolyl isothiocyanate, 2525 o-Tolyl mustard oil, 2523 w-Tolyl mustard oil, 2524 p-Tolyl mustard oil, 2525 Tormentol, 6052 Trehalose, 4397 Triacetamide, 1522 Triacetin, 3289 Triacetoneamine, 3317 n-Triacontane, 6014 Triaminoazobenzene, 5311 1, 2, 3-Triaminobenzene, 1525 1, 2, 4-Triaminobenzene, 1526 2, 4, 6-Triaminophenol, 1527 Tri-(o-aminophenyl)-methane, 5426 Tri-(p-aminophenyl)-methane, 5427 Triazobenzene, 1357 1, 2, 4-Triazole, 178 Tribenzylamine, 5633 Tribenzylsilicol, »431 Tribromhydrin, 372 Tribromoacetic acid, 104 Tribromoacetaldehyde, 103 2, 4, 6-Tribromoaniline, 1213 3, 4, 5-Tribromoaniline, 1214 2, 2, 3-Tribromobenzene, J. 156 1, 2, 4-Tribromobenzene, 1157 1, 3, 5-Tribromobenzene, 1158 1, 3, 4-Tribromobenzoic acid, 1778 2, 3, 5-Tribromobenzoic acid, 1779 2, 4, 5-Tribromobenzoic acid, 1780 2, 4, 6-Tribromobenzoic acid, 1781 3, 4, 5-Tribromobenzoic acid, 1782 1, 2, 3-Tribromobutane, 649 Tribromo-£er£-butyl alcohol, 650 1, 2, 2-Tribromo-l-chloroethane, 126

1, 1, 2-Tribromo-l, 2-dichloroethane, 102 Tribromethyl alcohol, 152 Tribromoethylene, 101 1, 1, l-Tribromo-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropane, 650 1, 1, 2-Tribromoethane, 151 Tribromonitromethane, 5 1, 2, 3-Tribromopentane, 964 2, 3, 5-Tribromophenol, 1159 2, 4, 6-Tribromophenol, 1160 2, 4, 6-Tribromophenyl salicylate, 4421 1, 1, 2-Tribromopropane, 370 1, 2, 2-Tribromopropane, 371 1, 2, 3-Tribromopropane, 372 2, 4, 6-Tribromoresorcinol, 1161 Tribromosalol, 4421 2, 3, 4-Tribromotoluene, 1850 2, 3, 5-Tribromotoluene, 1851 2, 3, 6-Tribromotoluene, 1852 2, 4, 5-Tribromotoluene, 1853 2, 4, 6-Tribromotoluene, 1854 3, 4, 5-Tribromotoluene, 1855 Tri-n-butylamine, 4418 Tributylmethane, 4586 Tributyrin, 5010 Tricaprin, 6056 Tricaproin, 5688 Tricaprylin, 5940 Tricarballylic acid, 1505 1, 3, 5-Tricarboxyphenol, 3023 Trichlorhydrki, 388 Trichloroacetal, 1599 Trichloroacetal (solid), 1600 Trichloroacetamide, 138 2, 3, 4-Trichloroacetanilide, 2458 2, 4, 5-Trichloroacetanilide, 2459 2, 4, 6-Trichloroacetanilide, 2460 Trichloroacetic acid, 109 1, 1, 1-Trichloroacetone, 327 1, 1, I'-Trichloroacetone, 328 Trichloroacetophenone, 2432 Trichloroacrylic acid, 311 2, 3, 4-Trichloroaniline, 1245 2, 4, 5-Trichloroaniline, 1246 2, 4, 6-Trichloroaniline, 1247 3, 4, 5-Trichloroaniline, 1248 2, 4, 6-Trichloroanisol, 1875 1, 2, 3-Trichlorobenzene, 1175 1, 2, 4-Trichlorobenzene, 1176 1, 3, 5-Trichlorobenzene, 1177 2, 3, 4-Trichlorobenzoic acid, 1783 2, 3, 5-Trichlorobenzoic acid, 1784 2, 4, 5-Trichlorobenzoic acid, 1785 2, 4, 6-Trichlorobenzoic acid, 1786 3, 4, 5-Trichlorobenzoic acid, 1787 1, 1, l-Trichloro-£er£-butyl alcohol, 662 1, 1, 2-Trichlorobutyraldehyde, 582 1, 1, 2-Trichlorobutyraldehyde hydrate, 664 1, 1, 2-Trichlorobutyric acid, 583 1, 1, 3-Trichlorobutyric acid, 584 2, 4, 6-Trichloro-w-cresol, 1874 1, 1, 1-Trichloroethane, 158 1, 1, 2-Trichloroethane, 159 Trichloroethyl alcohol, 160 Trichloroethylene, 106 1, 2, 2-Trichloroethyl ethyl ether, 661 2, 3, 5-Trichlorohydroquinone, 1180 1, 1, l-Trichloro-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropane, 662 1,1, l-Trichloro-2-hydroxyprop a n e , 389 3, 3, 3-Trichloro-2-hydroxypropyl phenyl ketone, 3544 2, 4, 6-Trichloro-3-hydroxyto l u e n e , 1874 1, l, 1-Trichloroisopropyl alcohol, 389 2, 2, 2-Trichlorolactic acid, 330 2, 2, 2-Trichlorolactic nitrile, 315 Trichloromethyl chloroformate, 9l

Tri chlor omethyl p-chlorophenyl ketone, 2427 l, 2, 3-Trichloronaphthalene, 3387 l, 2, 4-Trichloronaphthalene, 3388 l, 2, 5-Trichloronaphthalene, 3389 l, 2, 6-Trichloronaphthalene, 3390 l, 2, 7-Trichloronaphthalene, 3391 l, 2, 8-Trichloronaphthalene, 3392 l, 3, 5-Trichloronaphthalene, 3393 l, 3, 6-Trichloronaphthalene, 3394 l, 3, 7-Trichloronaphthalene, 3395 l, 3, 8-Trichloronaphthalene, 3396 l, 4, 5-Trichloronaphthalene, 3397 l, 4, 6-Trichloronaphthalene, 3398 1, 6, 7-Trichloronaphthalene, 3399 2, 3, 6-Trichloronaphthalene, 3400 2, 3, 7-Trichloronaphthalene, 3401 2, 3, 4-Trichloronitrobenzene, 1131 2, 3, 6-Trichloronitrobenzene, 1132 2, 4, 5-Trichloronitrobenzene, 1133 2, 4, 6-Trichloronitrobeiizene, 1134 Trichloronitromethane, 11 2, 3, 4-Trichloronitrotoluene, 1821 2, 3, 5-Trichlorophenol, 1178 2, 4, 6-Trichlorophenol, 1179 l, l, 2-Trichloropropane, 385 l, l, 3-Trichloropropane, 386 l, 2, 2-Trichloropropane, 387 1, 2, 3-Trichloropropane, 388 2, 6, 8-Trichloropurine, 840 2, 3, 5-Trichloropyridine, 844 Trichloroquinone, 1115 2, 4, 6-Trichlororesorcinol, 1181 Tri-co-chlorotoluene, 1870 2, 3, 4-Trichlorotoluene, 1871 2, 4, 5-Trichlorotoluene, 1872 3, 4, 5-Trichlorotoluene, 1873 Tri-(2-chloro vinyl )-arsine, 1367 w-Tricosane, 5816 Tri-p-cresyl phosphate, 5638 l, l, 1-Tricyanoethane, 846 n-Tri decane, 4587 77-Tridecyl alcohol, 4589 Tridecylamine, 4590 Tridecylene, 4581 Tridecylic acid, 4582 Tridecyl ketone, 5941 Trielaidin, 6165 l, 2, 3-Triethoxybenzene, 4368 l, 3, 5-Triethoxybenzene, 4367.9 Triethylacetic acid, 2900 Triethyl aconitate, 4368.4 Triethylamine, 1764 Triethylamine hydrochloride, 1771 Triethylammonium chloroplatinate, »1197 Triethyl arsenate, 1758 Triethyl arsenite, 1757 Triethylarsine, 1756 l, 2, 4-Triethylbenzene, 4366 l, 3, 5-Triethylbenzene, 4367 Triethylbutylammonium chloroplatinate, »1215 Triethylbutyl silicane, »421 Triethyl carbinol, 2412 Triethyl citrate, 4381 Triethylisoamyl silicane, »425 Triethylisobutyiammonium c h l o r oplatinate, »1216 Triethylisobutyl silicane, »422 Triethylmethane, 2392 Triethyl phosphate, 1768 Triethylphosphine, 1769 Triethylphosphine sulfide, 1769.1 Triethyl phosphite, 1767 Triethyl propene-1, 2, 3-tricarboxylate, 4368.4 Triethylpropylammonium c h l o r o platinate, »1211 Triethylpropyl silicane, »420 Tri ethylsili cane, »408 Triethyl silicol ether, »428

Triethylstibine, 1770 Triethylsulfonium chloroplatinate, »1185 Triethyltin bromide, »521 Triethyltin chloride, »520 Triethyltin iodide, »523 Trifluoracetamide, 142 Trifluoroacetic acid, 112.1 Trifluoroacetic anhydride, 539 Trifluoroethylene, 112 Trifolianol, 5686 Trifolin, 5702 Trifolitin, 5032 Triformin, 1506 Triguaiacyl phosphate, 5640 Triguaiacyl phosphite, 5639 1, 2, 10-Trihydroxyanthracene, 4680 1, 2, 3-Trihydroxyanthraquinone, 4635 1, 2, 4-Trihydroxyanthraquinone, 4638 1, 2, 6-Trihydroxyanthraquinone, 4637 1, 2, 7-Trihydroxyanthraquinone, 4636 1, 4, 6-Trihydroxyanthraquinone, 4639 3, 4, 5-Trihydroxybenzanilide, 4487 1, 2, 3-Trihydroxybenzene, 1419 1, 3, 5-Trihydroxybenzene, 1421 2, 3, 4-Trihydroxybenzoic acid, 2022 3, 4, 5-Trihydroxybenzoic acid, 2023 2, 6, 2'-Trihydroxybenzo p h e n o n e , 4468 l, 2, 3-Trihydroxybutane, 804 Trihydroxydihydroanthracene, 4737 l, 3, 4-Trihydroxyflavonol, 4884 l, 3, 5-Trihydroxy-2-methoxybenzene, 2184 Trihydroxymethylanthraquinone, 4879 a-Trihydroxymethylene, 461 l, 3, 6-Trihydroxynaphthalene, 3522 1, 4, 5-Trihydroxynaphthalene, 3521 3, 5, 7-Trihydroxy-2-phenyl-l, 4benzopyrone, 4881 2, 4, 6-Trihydroxyphenyl 4-hydroxy-3methoxystyryl ketone, 5080 2, 4, 6-Trihydroxypyridine, 878 Triiodoacetic acid, 114 2, 4, 6-Triiodoaniline, 1266 l, 2, 3-Triiodobenzene, 1186 l, 2, 4-Triiodobenzene, 1187 1, 3, 5-Triiodobenzene, 1188 2, 4, 6-Triiodophenol, 1189 Triisoamylamine, 5021 Triisobutylamine, 4419 Trilaurin, 6120.1 Trimellitic acid, 3021 Trimesic acid, 3022 3, 4, 5-Trimethoxyallylbenzene, 4353 l, 2, 3-Trimethoxybenzene, 3251 1, 3, 5-Trimethoxybenzene, 3250 2, 4, 5-Trimethoxybenzoic acid, 3696 2, 4, 5-Trimethoxypropenylbenzene, 4352 Trimethylacetaldehyde, 1003 Trimethylacetic acid, 1011 2, 4, 6-Trimethylacetophenone, 4091.1 l, 3, 6-Trimethylallantoin, 2287 Trimethylamine, 526 Trimethylamine hydrochloride, 532 Trimethylammonium chloroplatinate, »1187 l, 3, 5-Trimethylaniline, 3264 l, 2, 4-Trimethylanthracene, 5190 l, 3, 6-Trimethylanthracene, 5191 1, 4, 6-Trimethylanthracene, 5192 Trimethylarsine, 520 Trimethylbarbituric acid, 2260 2, 4, 6-Trimethylbenzaldehyde, 3657 3, 4, 5-Trimethylbenzaldehyde, 3658 l, 2, 3-Trimethylbenzene, 3227

l, 2, 4-Trimethylbenzene, 3230 l, 3, 5-Trimethylbenzene, 3228 1, 3, 5-Trimethylbenzenesulfonic acid, 3254 2, 4, 5-Trimethylbenzoic acid, 3674 2, 4, 6-Trimethylbenzoic acid, 3675 3, 4, 5-Trimethylbenzoic acid, 3673 Trimethyl bismuthine, 522 2, 2, 3-Trimethylbutane, 2393 2, 2, 3-Trimethylbutan-3-ol, 2398 2, 2, 3-Trimethyl-3-butene, 2333 Trimethylbutylamnionium c h l o r o platinate, »1204 Trimethylbutyl silicane, »413 Trimethyl carbinol, 792 Trimethyl citrate, 3290 l, l, 4-Trimethylcyclohexane-2-ol, 3324 Trimethylene, 408 Trimethylenebromhydrin, 467 Trimethylenecarboxylic acid, 621 Trimethylene cyanide, 886 Trimethylenediamine, 534 Trimethylene-1, 1-dicarboxylio acid,

903

Trimethylene dichloride, 419 Trimethyleneglycol, 511 Trimethyleneiodohydrin, 478 Trimethylethylammonium c h i o r o platinate, »1193 Trimethylethylene, 986 1, l, 2-Trimethyl-2-ethylethylene, 2334 Trimethylethylmethane, 1716 Trimethylethylsilicane, »407 3, 3, 5-Trimethyl-4-heptene, 3963 3, 4, 4-Trimethylhexane-3-ol, 3362 3, 5, 6-Trimethyl-2-hydroxybenzaldehyde, 3665 2, 4, 4-Trimethyl-2-hydroxypentane, 2961 Trimethylisoamylsilicane, »417 Trimethylisobutylammonium chloroplatinate, »1205 Trimethylisobutylsilicane, »414 Trimethylisopropylammonium chloroplatinate, »1200 Trimethylmethane, 781.2 2, 2, 3-Trimethylpentane, 2944 2, 4, 5-Trimethylphenol, 3242 2, 4, 6-Trimethylphenol, 3238 Trimethylphenylmethane, 3726 Trimethyl phosphate, 528 Trimethylphosphine, 530 2, 4, 6-Trimethylpiperidine, 2929 Trimethylpropylammonium chloroplatinate, »1199 1,1, 2-Trimethyl-2-propylethane, 2934 Trimethylpropylmethane, 2394 Trimethylpropylsilicane, »410 2, 3, 4-Trimethylpyridine, 2777 2, 4, 5-Trimethylpyridine, 2778 2, 4, 6-Trimethylpyridine, 2779 2, 4, 6-Trimethylpyridine-3-carboxylic acid, 3212 2, 6, 8-Trimethylquinoline, 4308 Trimethylsilicol, »427 Trimethylsuccinic acid, 2308.1 Trimethyltin iodide, »522 Trimethylurea, 784 l, 3, 9-Trimethyluric acid, 2702 1, 7, 9-Trimethyluric acid, 2703 3, 7, 9-Trimethyluric acid, 2704 Trimethylxanthine, 2701 Trimyristin, 6147 Trinitroacetonitrile, 97 2, 4, 6-Trinitro-3-aminoanisol, 2000 2, 4, 6-Trinitroaminophenol, 1285 2, 4, 6-Trinitroaniline, 1284 2, 3, 4-Trinitroanisol, 1927 2, 3, 5-Trinitroanisol, 1928 2, 4, 6-Trinitroanisol, 1929

3, 4, 5-Trinitroanisol, 1930 3, 4, 6-Trinitroanisol, 1931 2, 4, 6-Trinitrobenzaldehyde, 1788 l, 2, 3-Trinitrobenzene, 1190 l, 2, 4-Trinitrobenzene, 1191 l, 3, 5-Trinitrobenzene, 1192 1, 3, 5-Trinitrobenzene-2-sulfonic acid, 1199 2, 4, 6-Trinitrobenzoic acid, 1789 2, 4, 6-Trinitro-tert-butyltoluene, 4082 2, 4, 6-Trinitro-w-cresol, 1932 Trinitrocyanomethane, 97 2, 4, 6-Trinitro-l, 3-dihydroxybenzene, 1198 l, l, 1-Trinitroethane, 179 Trinitromethane, 25 l, 2, 5-Trinitronaphthalene, 3403 l, 3, 5-Trinitronaphthalene, 3404 l, 3, 8-Trinitronaphthalene, 3405 1, 4, 5-Trinitronaphthalene, 3406 2, 4, 5-Trinitro-a-naphthol, 3407 2, 4, 7-Trinitro-a-naphthol, 3408 2, 4, 8-Trinitro-a-naphthol, 3409 2, 4, 6-Trinitrophenetol, 2537 2, 3, 5-Trinitrophenol, 1194 2, 3, 6-Trinitrophenol, 1195 2, 4, 5-Trinitrophenol, 1196 2, 4, 6-Trinitrophenol, 1197 Tri-(p-nitrophenyl)-methane, 5396 2, 4, 6-Trinitrophenylmethylnitramine, 1933 2, 4, 6-Trinitrothiophenol, 1193 2, 3, 4-Trinitrotoluene, 1921 2, 3, 5-Trinitrotoluene, 1922 2, 3, 6-Trinitrotoluene, 1923 2, 4, 6-Trinitrotoluene, 1924 3, 4, 5-Trinitrotoluene, 1925 3, 4, 6-Trinitrotoluene, 1926 2, 3, 6-Trinitro-p-xylene, 2536 2, 4, 5-Trinitro-m-xylene, 2533 2, 4, 6-Trinitro-m-xylene, 2534 3, 4, 5-Trinitro-o-xylene, 2531 3, 4, 6-Trinitro-o-xylene, 2532 4, 5, 6-Trinitro-m-xylene, 2535 Triolein, 6166 Trional, 2980 Tripalmitin, 6157 Triphenin, 4110 Triphenylacetic acid, 5517 Triphenylamine, 5281 Triphenylarsine, 5279 l, 3, 5-Triphenylbenzene, 5818 Triphenyl carbinol, 5404 Triphenylchloromethane, 5400 Triphenylene, 5265 1, l, 2-Triphenylethane, 5521 a-Triphenylguanidine, 5414 /3-Triphenylguanidine, 5415 a-Triphenylguanidine hydrochloride, 5416 Triphenylguanylthiourea, 5525 Triphenylhydrazine, 5288 2, 4, 5-Triphenylimidazole, 5619 Triphenylmethane, 5402 Triphenylmethyl, 5399 Triphenylmethylamine, 5409 Triphenyl orthoformate, 5405 Triphenyl silicol, »430 Triphenyl phosphate, 5283 Triphenylphosphine, 5284 Triphenyl phosphite, 5282 Triphenylstibine, 5285 Tri-n-propylamine, 3372 Tripropylmethane, 4001 Tripropylsilicane, »419 Triricinolein, 6167 Tristearin, 6169 Tritane, 5402 tt-Trithioacetaldehyde, 1688 /S-Trithioacetaldehyde, 1689 7-Trithioacetaldehyde, 1690 Trithioglycerol, 516

Tritopine, 6131 Tropacocaine, 4947 Tropacocaine hydrochloride, 4949 Tropane, 2859 Tropic acid, 3168, 3169 Trepidine, 2818 Tropigenine, 2321 Tropilene, 2261 Tropilidene, 2111 Tropine, 2864 Tropine atropate, 5216 Tropinone, 2819 Tropoline, 2321 Truxene, 5266 a-Truxillic acid, 5295 0-Truxillic acid, 5296 7-Truxillic acid, 5297 ô-Truxillic acid, 5298 e-Truxillic acid, 5299 7?-Truxillic acid, 5300 a-Truxilline, 6113 ö-Truxilline, 6114 Z-Tryprophane, 4060 Tryptophane picrate, 5189 Tussol, 5429 Tutin, 5214 Tyramine, 2790 Z-Tyrosine, 3222 Ulexine, 4086 ümbelliferon, 3017 Umbellulic acid, 4173 Umbellulone, 3765 n-Undecane, 4178 w-Undecan-6-ol, 4179.1 n-Undecyl alcohol, 4179 n-Undecylamine, 4180 a-Undecylene, 4165 0-Undecylene, 4166 Undecylenic acid, 4158 Undecylic acid, 4174 Undecylic aldehyde, 4169 Uracil, 564 Uranyl acetate, »1729 Uranyl formate, »1728 Uranyl oxalate, »1727 Urea, 55 Urea chloride, 27 Urea nitrate, 70 Urea oxalate, 787 Urei deformami de, 251 Urethane, 492 Uric acid, 857 Urocanic acid, 4295 Urotropine, 1626 Uroxanic acid, 923 Urson, 3862 Usnic acid, 5304 dZ-Usnic acid, 5303 Uvinic acid, 2180 U vi ti c acid, 3090 Uvitonic acid, 2521 n-Valeraldehyde, 1004 Valeramide, 1057 rc-Valeric acid, 1012 n-Valeric anhydride, 3935 n-Valeroanilide, 4106 n-Valeryl chloride, 966 Valerylene, 917 n-Valeryl nitrile, 972 Validol, 5013 di- Valine, 1069 Valyl, 3346 Valylene, 881 Valzin, 3232 Vanillic acid, 2628 Vanillic alcohol, 2744 Vanillin, 2596 Vellosine, 5793 Veratric acid, 3181 Veratrme, 6039 Veratrol, 2737 Verbenalin, 5245

Verbenene, 3741 Vernine, 3723 Vesipyrine, 4906 m Vesuvin, 5308.1 Vicine, 5600 Vinylacetic acid, 622 Vinylamine, 237 Vinyl bromide, 148 Vinyl chloride, 153 Vinyl ether, 613 Vinylethyl alcohol, 714 Vinylethyl bromide, 643 Vinylethyl carbinol, 999 Vinylethylene, 596 Vinyl ethyl ether, 716 Vinylguaiacol, 3137 Vinyl iodide, 164 Vinyl trichloride, 159 Violuric acid, 554 Volemitol, 2418 Wrightine, 5841 Xanthaline, 6108

Xanthene, 4451 3, 4-Xylenol, 2706 Xanthine, 856 p-Xylidine, 2759 Xanthoeridol, 5277 »zc-Xylidine, 2757 Xanthone, 4427 asi/ra-Xylidine, 2758 Xanthopurpurin, 4634 m-Xylidine acetate, 3707 Xanthosterin, 5809 p-Xylohydroquinone, 2733 Xanthotoxin, 4200 o-Xyloquinone, 2591 N-Xanthoxyllin, 4923 m-Xyloquinone, 2592 o-Xylene, 2684 p-Xyloquinone, 2593 w-Xylene, 2685 m-Xylorcin, 2731 p-Xylene, 2686 Xylososazone, 5213 o-Xylene-4-aldehyde, 3131 Z-Xylose, 1037 rw-Xylene-5-carboxylic acid, 3148 dZ-Xylose, 1038 o-Xylene dibromi de, 2540.1 o-Xylylaldehyde, 3131 ra-Xylene dibromi de, 2540.2 o-Xylyl bromide, 2632 p-Xylene dibromide, 2540.3 ra-Xylyl bromide, 2634 o-Xylene dichloride, 2544.1 p-Xylyl bromide, 2638 m-Xylene dichloride, 2544.2 o-Xylyl chloride, 2640 2, 3-Xylenol, 2705 w-Xylyl chloride, 2643 3, 2-Xylenol, 2707 p-Xylyl chloride, 2644 3, 5-Xylenol, 2709 Yara-yara, 4042 2, 4-Xylenol, 2708 Yohimbine, 5670

Yohimbine hydrochloride, 5672 Ytterbium acetate, »2097 Ytterbium oxalate, Ä2095 Yttrium acetate, »1954 Yttrium ethyl sulfate, »1955 Zeorin, 4571 Zinc acetate, »802 Zinc butyrate, »806 Zinc ethanedisulfonate, »808 Zinc ethyl, »798 Zinc formate, »801 Zinc isoamyl, »800 Zinc malate, »805 Zinc methyl, »797 Zinc naphthalene-1, 5-disulfonate, »809 Zinc oxalate, »795 Zinc propyl, »799 Zingerone, 4103 Zingiberene, 4983 Zingiberol, 5004 Zygadenine, 6120

PROPERTY-SUBSTANCE TABLES [All index numbers refer to the (T-Tables (p. 176) except those preceded by », which refer to the »-Table (p. 106)] 744, 1074, 2961, 85, 3037. -19: 671, 1762.1, 4283, »110.1, »136, »266, 4176, »15, »11, 1229, 329, 264, 1964. -17: 355, 449, 4398, -207: »337. -189.9: 500, 409, »345, 54. -172: 252, 180, 6166, 181, 2204, 2966, 2853, 112.1, 3133, »10, 2159. -15: »1810, »465, »95. -160: »204, 1072, »404, 145. -150: »530, 388, 735, 22, 1646, 1725, 1885, »186, 428, 1200.1, 2589. »485.5, 1532, »405, 2328, 337 -145: 31, 781.2, »349, 1615, -12: 68, 89, 290.1, 2327, 4411, 4849, 1081, »18, 1642, 4852, 2081, »126, 982, 224, 17.1, 263, 148, 374, 375, 1712. -135: 781.1, 1376, 1694. -10: 2509, 2351, 3667, .1643, »96, 1200.5, »914, 985, »433, »125, »366, »195, »346, 1073, 747. -130: 598, 1054, 1551, 3573, 3978.1, 2618. -8: »155, 561, 2518, 3129, 723, 686, 446, »1813, 505, 408, 2330. -125: 3890, 365, 526, 986, 208, 4513, »1866, 2493, 3069, 2004, 1205, 1442, 4587. -6: 7, 606, 826, 1366, 3863, 3929, 404, 1249, 994, »156. -5: »235, 46, 2514, 793, 746, 468, »365, 1741, 63, 273, -120: 915, 916, 366, 220, 742, »364, 9, 262, 1079, »347, 469, 364, 793. -114.8: 1764, »263, 2766, 2949, 3364, 1870, 1314, 2081. -4: 645, 1812, 2029, 2711, 667, 741, »13, »1811, 154, »207, 518, 209, »9, 2058. -110; 3740, 4169, 1856, 4493, 2928. -2: »149, 3054, 3835, 1390, »2, »53,464, »1752, »466,234, 790, »339, »1814, 310, »467. -105 :»1515, »353, 3902, 4847, 5153, 1859, 141. O: »1, »40, 127, 1314, 1102, 513, 517, 338, 822, »1816, 756, 1537, 754, »97, 814, »98, 247, 1375, 1844, 2423, 3276, 128, 2633, »2953, 458, 3752, 2812. 1: 3229, 475, 525. -100: »374, 594, 213, 837, 391, 2357, 717, 1652,»494, 1478, 4846, »210, 3170, »103, 2756, 1250, 1204. 2: 1610, 1716, 452. -98: 1466, 60, 41, 615, 3810, 28, 189, »1597, »384, 2669, 1200.4, 2788, »1672, 2580, »287, 407, 1003, 1880, 149, 282, 1016, 2361, 2112. -95: 920, 1763, 448, 1713, »371, 5690, »2612, 3978. 4: 3640, 4399, 5156, 84, »23, »100, »367, 378, »348, 755, 3372, 979, 1654. -93: »434, 40, 727, 2683, 24, 313, 3453, 4584, 29, 2216, 1365, 1733, 1949, 2725, 4296, 4856, 65, 1020, 35, 1007, 395, 2933, 476. -90: »42, »472, 652, 1014, 1296, 1347. 6: 102, 3852, 1612, 4062, »79, 376, »284, 863, 2389, 789, 465, 651, 1655. -88: »282, 356, 726, 106, 719, »17, 1314, 1959, 2492, 4002, 4761, 18, 2041, 3688. 8: »34, »381, 2869, 506, 403, 821. -85: 2868, 1019, 1639, 725, 100, 272, »4, 2882, 4442, 5940, »76, 300, 37, 2676, 5480, »46. 9: 319, 1105, »205, 524, 1587, »41. -82: 332, 115, 447, 2905, 283, 383, 133, 4157, 4402, 4707, 4794, 2098, »5. 10: 136, 184, 307, 934, 2053, 451. -80: »57, »62, »72, »105, »265, 13, 2981, 1078, »55, 2161, 2639, 5018, 5, »45, 1662, 3944, 5160, »135. 11: »163, »107, 1006, »102. -77 : »113, »350, »372, 1651, 2415, »6, 1659.345, 2886, 3035, 3591, 3662, »121, 3328, 4172, 358, 3769. 13: -75: 614, 2840, 3728.1, 1021, 626, 2382, 1045, »38, 1017, 2359, »218, 17, 1691, 3776, 4828, 2686, »3219, 699, 1332, 2513, 359, 693. -70: »352, 2985, 1443, 227, »206, 823, 2834, »356, 45, »146, 1330, »35.1. 14: »385, 5359, 5361, 2865, 1318, 619, 4170. 718. -65: 539, »130, »68, 11, 19, 2763, 948, 2955, 3230, 3258. 15: 25, 146, 721, 1482, 2134, 2190, 5851, »2669, 2082, 2759, -60: »238, 38, 1012, 1548, 107, 2867, 91, 215, 459, 2203, 1638, 3574. 16: 620, 656, 795, 2128, 2899, 1329, 655, 2294, 4180, 212, 2941. -56: 2001, »20, »141, 412, 2741, »2701, »52, 1099, 3817, »39. 17: »1646, 372, 558, 621, 1176, 2398, 2850, 4011, 4542, »59. -54: 367, 2685, 2841, »43, 26, 3995, 3228, 1630, 1728, 4843, 5370, 160, 4758, 515. 18: »2843, 457, 646, 1506, 1857, 3684, 3149, 1603. -51: »3, 176, 10.02, 3354, 4450, »26, 820, 1863, 3933, 5377, 5380, 1369, 4733. 19: 602, 4179, 4697, 4848, »64, 88, 132, 683, 824, 2309, »468. -48: »28, »84, 2040, »19, 5017, 1568, 1483, 2571. 20: »80, »856, »1039, »2443, 2498, 724, 2340, »63, 2927, 1307. -45: »1815, 169, 1560, 2343, 3893, 3157, 3192, 4529, 5167, 5682, 126. 21: 841, 2632, 3132, 4505, 3984, 377, 4175, 140, 2491, »16. -43: »27, 1026, »109, 870, 1251, 1958. 22: »644,. »2698, »2961, 562, 1117,2120,3160, 1005, 1328, 168, 3337, 1570. -40: »124, »142, »214, »267, 5164, 5481, 5812, 6105, »191, 2737, 3648, 4392, 5260. 23: »797, 400, 576, 2031, 1760. -39: »115, »378, 622, 2038, »47, 1954, 2322, 3036, 4173, 5373, 1258, 120, 1627. 24: 1320, 2002, 859, 2968, 3989. -38: »110, 1013, »60, 2163, 159, »29, 190, 4367.4, 4415, 2060, 5381, »2673, 2664, 4158. 25: »71, »2450, 2039. -36: »114, »232, 987, 1644, 3219, 3731, 1388, 2403, 3154,»2688, 672, 3078, »1234, 792, »2514, 368, »1287, »2813. 26: 95, 413, 3789. -34: »112, 186, 1606, »360, 384, 2344, 3993, 1458, 2118, 2119, 2126, 2248, 2338, 2525, 2706, 3240, 4523, 5353, 269, 2205, 4400, 1333. -31 : »492, 1294, 1571, »488, 2722, »56, 5735, »470, »975, 1251, 4448, 4241. 27: »1134, »1345, 456, »237, »450, 3638, 48. -29: 111, 886, 749, 2030, »209, »798, 833, 1392, 1432, 2086, 2500, 3717, 4490, 4590, 5484, »35. 28: »619, 2684, 233, 4178, 151, 568, 809, 4789, 379. -25: »48, »158, »2739, 765, 1163, 2032, 2174, 2427, 2738, 3277, 4417, 5391, »1575, 827, 2393, 5688, 1230, »12, 2204, 2503, 1253, 929. -23: 1331. 29: 51, 1267, 1966, 2515, 4373, 5155, 5760, 7174, 2507, 12, 2419, 911, 90, 4095, 450, 609, 1734, 4038, 4419, 2896, 1200.2. 4322, 5258, »2622, 2160, »2237. 30: »99, »123, »219, »331, -21: »1397, 2, 121, 1918, 2847, »7, »90, »147, »493, 205, 690, »2666, 267, 312, 1822, 1945, 2120.1, 2123, 2667, 3173, 4414, 4440, I. MELTING POINTS

Verbenene, 3741 Vernine, 3723 Vesipyrine, 4906 m Vesuvin, 5308.1 Vicine, 5600 Vinylacetic acid, 622 Vinylamine, 237 Vinyl bromide, 148 Vinyl chloride, 153 Vinyl ether, 613 Vinylethyl alcohol, 714 Vinylethyl bromide, 643 Vinylethyl carbinol, 999 Vinylethylene, 596 Vinyl ethyl ether, 716 Vinylguaiacol, 3137 Vinyl iodide, 164 Vinyl trichloride, 159 Violuric acid, 554 Volemitol, 2418 Wrightine, 5841 Xanthaline, 6108

Xanthene, 4451 3, 4-Xylenol, 2706 Xanthine, 856 p-Xylidine, 2759 Xanthoeridol, 5277 »zc-Xylidine, 2757 Xanthone, 4427 asi/ra-Xylidine, 2758 Xanthopurpurin, 4634 m-Xylidine acetate, 3707 Xanthosterin, 5809 p-Xylohydroquinone, 2733 Xanthotoxin, 4200 o-Xyloquinone, 2591 N-Xanthoxyllin, 4923 m-Xyloquinone, 2592 o-Xylene, 2684 p-Xyloquinone, 2593 w-Xylene, 2685 m-Xylorcin, 2731 p-Xylene, 2686 Xylososazone, 5213 o-Xylene-4-aldehyde, 3131 Z-Xylose, 1037 rw-Xylene-5-carboxylic acid, 3148 dZ-Xylose, 1038 o-Xylene dibromi de, 2540.1 o-Xylylaldehyde, 3131 ra-Xylene dibromi de, 2540.2 o-Xylyl bromide, 2632 p-Xylene dibromide, 2540.3 ra-Xylyl bromide, 2634 o-Xylene dichloride, 2544.1 p-Xylyl bromide, 2638 m-Xylene dichloride, 2544.2 o-Xylyl chloride, 2640 2, 3-Xylenol, 2705 w-Xylyl chloride, 2643 3, 2-Xylenol, 2707 p-Xylyl chloride, 2644 3, 5-Xylenol, 2709 Yara-yara, 4042 2, 4-Xylenol, 2708 Yohimbine, 5670

Yohimbine hydrochloride, 5672 Ytterbium acetate, »2097 Ytterbium oxalate, Ä2095 Yttrium acetate, »1954 Yttrium ethyl sulfate, »1955 Zeorin, 4571 Zinc acetate, »802 Zinc butyrate, »806 Zinc ethanedisulfonate, »808 Zinc ethyl, »798 Zinc formate, »801 Zinc isoamyl, »800 Zinc malate, »805 Zinc methyl, »797 Zinc naphthalene-1, 5-disulfonate, »809 Zinc oxalate, »795 Zinc propyl, »799 Zingerone, 4103 Zingiberene, 4983 Zingiberol, 5004 Zygadenine, 6120

PROPERTY-SUBSTANCE TABLES [All index numbers refer to the (T-Tables (p. 176) except those preceded by », which refer to the »-Table (p. 106)] 744, 1074, 2961, 85, 3037. -19: 671, 1762.1, 4283, »110.1, »136, »266, 4176, »15, »11, 1229, 329, 264, 1964. -17: 355, 449, 4398, -207: »337. -189.9: 500, 409, »345, 54. -172: 252, 180, 6166, 181, 2204, 2966, 2853, 112.1, 3133, »10, 2159. -15: »1810, »465, »95. -160: »204, 1072, »404, 145. -150: »530, 388, 735, 22, 1646, 1725, 1885, »186, 428, 1200.1, 2589. »485.5, 1532, »405, 2328, 337 -145: 31, 781.2, »349, 1615, -12: 68, 89, 290.1, 2327, 4411, 4849, 1081, »18, 1642, 4852, 2081, »126, 982, 224, 17.1, 263, 148, 374, 375, 1712. -135: 781.1, 1376, 1694. -10: 2509, 2351, 3667, .1643, »96, 1200.5, »914, 985, »433, »125, »366, »195, »346, 1073, 747. -130: 598, 1054, 1551, 3573, 3978.1, 2618. -8: »155, 561, 2518, 3129, 723, 686, 446, »1813, 505, 408, 2330. -125: 3890, 365, 526, 986, 208, 4513, »1866, 2493, 3069, 2004, 1205, 1442, 4587. -6: 7, 606, 826, 1366, 3863, 3929, 404, 1249, 994, »156. -5: »235, 46, 2514, 793, 746, 468, »365, 1741, 63, 273, -120: 915, 916, 366, 220, 742, »364, 9, 262, 1079, »347, 469, 364, 793. -114.8: 1764, »263, 2766, 2949, 3364, 1870, 1314, 2081. -4: 645, 1812, 2029, 2711, 667, 741, »13, »1811, 154, »207, 518, 209, »9, 2058. -110; 3740, 4169, 1856, 4493, 2928. -2: »149, 3054, 3835, 1390, »2, »53,464, »1752, »466,234, 790, »339, »1814, 310, »467. -105 :»1515, »353, 3902, 4847, 5153, 1859, 141. O: »1, »40, 127, 1314, 1102, 513, 517, 338, 822, »1816, 756, 1537, 754, »97, 814, »98, 247, 1375, 1844, 2423, 3276, 128, 2633, »2953, 458, 3752, 2812. 1: 3229, 475, 525. -100: »374, 594, 213, 837, 391, 2357, 717, 1652,»494, 1478, 4846, »210, 3170, »103, 2756, 1250, 1204. 2: 1610, 1716, 452. -98: 1466, 60, 41, 615, 3810, 28, 189, »1597, »384, 2669, 1200.4, 2788, »1672, 2580, »287, 407, 1003, 1880, 149, 282, 1016, 2361, 2112. -95: 920, 1763, 448, 1713, »371, 5690, »2612, 3978. 4: 3640, 4399, 5156, 84, »23, »100, »367, 378, »348, 755, 3372, 979, 1654. -93: »434, 40, 727, 2683, 24, 313, 3453, 4584, 29, 2216, 1365, 1733, 1949, 2725, 4296, 4856, 65, 1020, 35, 1007, 395, 2933, 476. -90: »42, »472, 652, 1014, 1296, 1347. 6: 102, 3852, 1612, 4062, »79, 376, »284, 863, 2389, 789, 465, 651, 1655. -88: »282, 356, 726, 106, 719, »17, 1314, 1959, 2492, 4002, 4761, 18, 2041, 3688. 8: »34, »381, 2869, 506, 403, 821. -85: 2868, 1019, 1639, 725, 100, 272, »4, 2882, 4442, 5940, »76, 300, 37, 2676, 5480, »46. 9: 319, 1105, »205, 524, 1587, »41. -82: 332, 115, 447, 2905, 283, 383, 133, 4157, 4402, 4707, 4794, 2098, »5. 10: 136, 184, 307, 934, 2053, 451. -80: »57, »62, »72, »105, »265, 13, 2981, 1078, »55, 2161, 2639, 5018, 5, »45, 1662, 3944, 5160, »135. 11: »163, »107, 1006, »102. -77 : »113, »350, »372, 1651, 2415, »6, 1659.345, 2886, 3035, 3591, 3662, »121, 3328, 4172, 358, 3769. 13: -75: 614, 2840, 3728.1, 1021, 626, 2382, 1045, »38, 1017, 2359, »218, 17, 1691, 3776, 4828, 2686, »3219, 699, 1332, 2513, 359, 693. -70: »352, 2985, 1443, 227, »206, 823, 2834, »356, 45, »146, 1330, »35.1. 14: »385, 5359, 5361, 2865, 1318, 619, 4170. 718. -65: 539, »130, »68, 11, 19, 2763, 948, 2955, 3230, 3258. 15: 25, 146, 721, 1482, 2134, 2190, 5851, »2669, 2082, 2759, -60: »238, 38, 1012, 1548, 107, 2867, 91, 215, 459, 2203, 1638, 3574. 16: 620, 656, 795, 2128, 2899, 1329, 655, 2294, 4180, 212, 2941. -56: 2001, »20, »141, 412, 2741, »2701, »52, 1099, 3817, »39. 17: »1646, 372, 558, 621, 1176, 2398, 2850, 4011, 4542, »59. -54: 367, 2685, 2841, »43, 26, 3995, 3228, 1630, 1728, 4843, 5370, 160, 4758, 515. 18: »2843, 457, 646, 1506, 1857, 3684, 3149, 1603. -51: »3, 176, 10.02, 3354, 4450, »26, 820, 1863, 3933, 5377, 5380, 1369, 4733. 19: 602, 4179, 4697, 4848, »64, 88, 132, 683, 824, 2309, »468. -48: »28, »84, 2040, »19, 5017, 1568, 1483, 2571. 20: »80, »856, »1039, »2443, 2498, 724, 2340, »63, 2927, 1307. -45: »1815, 169, 1560, 2343, 3893, 3157, 3192, 4529, 5167, 5682, 126. 21: 841, 2632, 3132, 4505, 3984, 377, 4175, 140, 2491, »16. -43: »27, 1026, »109, 870, 1251, 1958. 22: »644,. »2698, »2961, 562, 1117,2120,3160, 1005, 1328, 168, 3337, 1570. -40: »124, »142, »214, »267, 5164, 5481, 5812, 6105, »191, 2737, 3648, 4392, 5260. 23: »797, 400, 576, 2031, 1760. -39: »115, »378, 622, 2038, »47, 1954, 2322, 3036, 4173, 5373, 1258, 120, 1627. 24: 1320, 2002, 859, 2968, 3989. -38: »110, 1013, »60, 2163, 159, »29, 190, 4367.4, 4415, 2060, 5381, »2673, 2664, 4158. 25: »71, »2450, 2039. -36: »114, »232, 987, 1644, 3219, 3731, 1388, 2403, 3154,»2688, 672, 3078, »1234, 792, »2514, 368, »1287, »2813. 26: 95, 413, 3789. -34: »112, 186, 1606, »360, 384, 2344, 3993, 1458, 2118, 2119, 2126, 2248, 2338, 2525, 2706, 3240, 4523, 5353, 269, 2205, 4400, 1333. -31 : »492, 1294, 1571, »488, 2722, »56, 5735, »470, »975, 1251, 4448, 4241. 27: »1134, »1345, 456, »237, »450, 3638, 48. -29: 111, 886, 749, 2030, »209, »798, 833, 1392, 1432, 2086, 2500, 3717, 4490, 4590, 5484, »35. 28: »619, 2684, 233, 4178, 151, 568, 809, 4789, 379. -25: »48, »158, »2739, 765, 1163, 2032, 2174, 2427, 2738, 3277, 4417, 5391, »1575, 827, 2393, 5688, 1230, »12, 2204, 2503, 1253, 929. -23: 1331. 29: 51, 1267, 1966, 2515, 4373, 5155, 5760, 7174, 2507, 12, 2419, 911, 90, 4095, 450, 609, 1734, 4038, 4419, 2896, 1200.2. 4322, 5258, »2622, 2160, »2237. 30: »99, »123, »219, »331, -21: »1397, 2, 121, 1918, 2847, »7, »90, »147, »493, 205, 690, »2666, 267, 312, 1822, 1945, 2120.1, 2123, 2667, 3173, 4414, 4440, I. MELTING POINTS

5200, 5354, 6044, 4321, 1888, 2464, 4589, .5852. Sl: »491, 1023, 5919, 156, 1581, 5520, 5763, 1277. 62: »3222, 1152, 1169, 1393, 1948, 2293, 3981, 4318, 4484, 6056, 851, 1368. 32: 627, 647, 1663, 2034, 2103, 2249, 2783, 3417, 3776, 3912, 4782, 4838, 4893, 1553, 2114, 2490, 3003, 4579, 5486, 5738, 6165, 316, »2693, 860, 4902, 5054, 5216, 5810, »120, »1867, 1480. 63: 214, 675, 838, »268, 1315. 33: »36. »3084, 163, 1170, 1297, 3126, 3156, 3255, 1177, 1243, 1321, 2036, 2864, 3183, 3257, 4329, 4655, 4802, 5066.1, 3904, 3924, 5151, 941, 4019, 5764, 5608, 2162, 4914. 34: »111, 5093, 5846, 6010, »2075, »3271, 1298, 1704, 5378, 5985. 64: »886, 1807, 2136, 2434, 2715, 3002, 3689, 4125, 4205, 4268, »455, »732, 32, 343, 442, 461, 883, 936, 2033, 2251, 2672, 3699, 5068, 5087, 5360, 5389, 1259, 2544.2, »1149, »2724, 5767, »1286. 3700, 4340, 5159, 6045, 6144, »1272, »1997, 426, 432, 1116, 35: »50, »200, »1367, »2133, »3313, 177, 1591, 2063, 2071, 2578, »2812. 65: »108, »119, »942, »2607, »2993, 257, 324, 1865, 3588, 3922,4250, 4300, 4741, 5371.1, 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4483, 5192, 5780, »638. 228: »1190, »1212, 1896, 1909, 2244, »1836, »2922, »2925, 1411, »543. 380: »92, »2917, 2704, 2482, 2566.2, 3234, 3610, 4685, 5182, 5297, 5439, 5926, 6052, 6148,»2679, »1785, »832, »2623, 2155, »2811, 5028, »752, »3101.' 1474, 1493, 4876, 6083. 230: »165, »299, »316, »895, »1060, 400: »657, »2923, »2939, »2959, »3015, »3190, »3279, 1409, 2156, »548, »2446, 2154, »713, »2503, »3310, »310, 199. »3296, 527, 878, 1800, 1828, 1912, 2430, 2754, 3443, 3853, 4613, 4890, 5462, 5468, 5654, 5685, 5736, 5791, 6092. 231: 59, 3555, 420: »3289, »939, »3238, »1777, »696, »3202, »1062, »1837, 4768, 5062, »1680, 1139, 1140, 1345, 4599, 5636, 5661, 5910,»742, »1058, »322, »703, »2103, »3022, »3237, »1075, »2685, »753, »2615, »704. 450: »82, »2602, »1779, »867, »1059, 5956. 233: »424, 241, 1492, 4016, 4194, 5056, 5703, 5713, 1670, 3552, 3557, 4312, 4945, 5914, 5986. 235: »1211, »2502, »2763,»2947, »700, »3300, »2744, »562, »2933, »1140, »1835, »1036. 480: »1757, »1086, »2675, »1061, 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4364, 4683, 4693, »2024, »3161, »1543, »1775, »1642, »1541. 800: »567, 5709, 6006. 253: »2754, 1093, 1374, 1529, 5047, 5964, »173, »810, »1247, »1440, »1744, »2837, »3171, »576, »2671, »2965, »2974, »2893, »2008, »307, »669, »3349, »568. 825: »1129, 1146, 1771, 3478, 6089, 6158. 255: »2621, 557, 1408, 2422.1, 2444, 4618, 4926, 6161, »872, »1203, 547, 995, 1523,»1066, »1004, »1018, »2628, »3224, »2654, »1631, »2509, 2658, 3018, 4527, 4638, 4642, 4737, 4931. 257: 2420, 2792, 3292, »1979, »1087, »1772. 850: »1041, »528, »1265, »2745, 4502, 5807, 6117, 609.1, 1625, 1904, 3512, 4124, 5045, 5277. »309, »572, »2616, »501, »579, »2584, »2838, »2604, »747, 259: »93, »898, »1204, 1920, 3381, 5567, »891, »1486, »3311, »3131, »2438, »2777. 875: »1838, »1839, »1243, »499, 682, 1575, 3946, 4315, 4822, 4869, 5300, 5323, 5338, 5702, 5843,»1070, »2918, »2692, »524, »2975. 900: »780, »857, »2253, 5895, 6172. 261: 2451, 5460, 5504, 5696, 4167, 4634, 4933, 5972, »2656, »1959, »937, »560, »3115, »3116, »2487, »1939, 3452, 3862, 5324, 5488, 5506, 5442. 265: »1896, 875, 2552, »571, »3129. 950: »1246, »1669, »1774, »1072, »2161, 3209, 5322, 5517, 5913, »1193, 1883, 2791, 4602, 4690, 4909. »2441, »2500, »2846, »1564, »2002.1, »2262, »3100, »3013, 268: 4251, 4963, 5642, 6037, 3280, 3434. 270: »722, »-904.1, »557, »2670, »3017, »570, »3267, »2716, »1385, »1567. »982, »1173, »2761, 679, 2445, 2817, 3019, 3382, 3796, 4197, 1000: »836, »2598, »2852, »2588, »2507, »3305, »569, »789, 4674, 5401, 5518. 271: »2704, 4949, 5513, 2151, 4246, 4629,»1384, »2645, »3132, »1862, »843, »3014, »577. 1050: 5295, 5911, 6154, »3282. 273: »1475, 1068, 2521, 4884, 5513, »2863, »2587, »3215, »558, »2938, »1668, »2776, »2003, 5537, 5866. 275: »1675, »1729, »2687, 532, 1708, 3480, 4025, »2967. 1100: »824, »956, »1223, »1593, »1870, »2360, 4874, 4882, 5032, 5556, 5619, 6155. 276: »224, »1678, »883, »2379, »2486, »2865, »2174, »1374, »1561, »970, »552, »1679, »1191, 3691, 4314, 6097, 2690. 280: »91, »642, »828, »1694, »957, »2488, »587, »2334. 1150: »3138, »573, »1880, »2532, »2906, »3193, 1380, 1707, 2102, 2108, 3721, »1571, »1851, »553, »1572, »3139, »2035.1, »1976,1. »1651, 4036, 4628, 4870, 5307. 282: »1342, 4603, 6036, 3208, 3484, »2141, »2437, »1348. 1200: »2313, »2644, »2354, »1850, »2115, 4488. 285: 766, 1521, 2620, 4620, 4662, 4862, 4888, »2263, »765, »876, »877, »3283, »1407, »2646, »2275, »1317, 5585, 5863, 5936. 286: 1471.1, 1491, 3052, 4182, 5448, 5464,»1518, »1314, »2499, »1372. 1300: »1319, »2380, »1519, »319, 573, »2971, 1455, 1494, 1773, 2488, 4861, 4060, 4615, »1581, »2589, »1316, »2597, »1318, »1978, »1520, »1845, »1128. 290: »223, »228, »896, »954, »2590, 1109, 1706, »2712, »2966, »947, »1957.1. 1351: »1846, »2235, »2431, 2158, 3090, 3294.1, 4626, 4689, 5672, 5748, 5811, 6055, 1059. »2663, »2659, »2427, »1517, »2130. 1400: »2660, »1325, 292: »283, »2983, 3481, 4630, 1113, 2793, 4860, 485, 552, 780, »2125, »1333, »2559, »2355, »811, »2248, »2561, »2394, 1705, 2823, 3053, 3222, 3848. 297: »2958, 5318, »225, 1069, »1424, »2430, »1801, »1671, »2323, »2426. 1500: »858, 1980, 5806, 2152. 300: »25, »229, »272, »549, »550, »691, »812, »1795, »2860, »2274, »2392, »1337, »2270, »2315, »794, »823, »1056, »1749, »1915, »2682, »2706, »3194, »1406, »2404, »2400, »2175, »1334, »2451, »2472, »2521, »3195, 1106, 1407, 2442, 4887, 5023, 5502, 5550, 5686, 5721, »2538, »2410. 1600: »2391, »2557, »2267, »2273, »447, 5834, 5943, 5981. 302: »882, 4624, 4643, 5064, »1879, 1289,»1258, »2850, »1621, »343, »2266, »2537. 1700: »2600, 4863, 1107, 1475, 2487, 5882, »271, 5976, »1993, »2705, 5817. »340, »2393, »2544, »2328. 1800: »1904, »1393, »755, 310: »227, »1818, »3221, 1385, 4185, 4253, 4635, 4889, 5975, »1619, »2177. 1900: »1590, »2494, »1743, »1977, »1763, »2952, 4886. 315: »617, »3309, 1069.1, 6133, 6164, 1346, »1858, »2318, »2222, »1877. 2200: »2109, »1724, »2283, 4891, »2668. 320: »315, »495, »lili, »2815, 1427, 2702, »1821, »1663. 2400: »1725, »2100, »1945, »2434, »1662, 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1563, 122, 290.1, 652, 2391, 1002, 1019. 93: 171, 210, 332.1, 837, 1007, 1724, 2776, 2983, 3819, 2200, 582, 1588, 1889, 762. 166: 424, 1065, 2276, 2392, 1496, 1631, 1544. 96: 383, 1100, 2334, £390, 688, 1542, 1543, 1550, 1641, 1757, 1886, 2201, 2878, 2955, 3362, £918, 418, £34, £35, 446, 1015, 395, 505, 2331, 26. 98: 161,3368, 203, 4000, 662, 2903, 2928, 2907, 3366, 3999. 167: £47, 413, 751, 810, 2326, 107, 1016, 2389, 173, 2329. 99: 643, 1064, 2332, 2859, 3333, 3811, 2406, 848, 2911. 168: 585, 1056, 2778, 2893, 1017, 1044, 791, 938. 100: £1, £72, £455, £2010, £2044, 33,2959, 3717, 3892, 2365, 3960, 1055, 2338, 3334, 3726. 169: 779, 195, 1261, 1418, 1690, 4013, 4333, 37, 2330, 101: 642, 302, 741, 1519, 1572, 2339, 2366, 2854, 2880, 2960, 3958, 2909, 3893, 1430, 1020, 1005, 1006, 1081, 48. 102: 496, 651, 1656, 1746, 2281,3976, 3230. 170: £974, £1658, 661, 773.1, 826, 943, 951, 1693, 1018, 475, 2866. 103: 390, 2284, 2328, 391, 233, 1004, 181, 2881, 3340, 3961, 893, 1029. 171: 285, 1518, 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2642, 3336, 4407, 4419. 192: 487, 184, 1730. 132: £845, 404, 1691, 2359.1, 2398, 3350, 1307, £385, 558, 1499, 1601, 2316, 2318, 2319, 3127, 3244, 3303, 1568, 176, 3295, 3347, £1147, 2296, 471, 1695, 1732, 2826. 135: £23, 3337. 193: £216, 46, 528, 1805, 4166, 3890, 136, 1647, 246.

194: »1894, 600, 1551, 2567, 2756, 2966, 3356, 3986, 4118,2190. 4346, 5860, 3941, 1483. 244: 1477, 3070, 4091, 2175, 3592, 1179, 196: 932, 1296, 2189, 2192, 2386, 2512, 2861, 2862, 3360, 3371, »2113, 104, 994, 1321, 1414, 1472, 2121, 2126, 2218, 2524, 2541, 3732, 3852, 3916, 3961, 109, 4156, 2191, 3189, 2568, 2569, 2590. 4039, 4326, 4408, 5066, 3701. 246: 941, 1136, 1137, 1949, 2669, 196: 1200.2, 1560, 1772, 2050, 2643, 2851, 3302, 3311, 3758, 2203, 3291, 3767, 4849, 3754, 1318, 1688, 1792, 1873, 2497, 2580, 2740, 3786, 1200.3, 720, 2004, 3304. 197: 806, 1599, 1645, 2724, 3739, 2742, 3783, 5896, 2745. 248: 312, 802, 1811, 2472, 2787, 3590, 4178, 5083, 5977, 1859, 264. 198: 331, 690, 702, 858, 2310, 3760, 3884, 4092, 4098, 4968, 2007, 2244. 250: 805, 901, 1464, 1745, 3950, 4906, 2771, 2840, 3915, 936, 3277, 2496, 2309. 199: 606, 1956, 2829, 3124, 3748, 4828, 4900, 5259, 4095, 4338, 672, 2666, 2029, 2495, 2640, 3319, 3897, 3914, 2589. 200: £361, »1812, 3943. 251: 1322, 1368, 1369, 2217, 3069, 3192, 4283, 5718, 4160, 556, 591, 740, 771, 1515, 2003, 2314, 2614, 2781, 2852, 3299, 3744, 883, 1320, 1479, 2172, 2646, 4856, 4979, 3548. 263: 1178, 1291, 3844, 3861, 3949, 4117, 5212, 4897, 2206, 2204. 201: 370, 3905, 1793, 2849.1, 3081, 3135.1, 3666, 1236, 1135, 2504, 3328, 4339, 3906, 2162, 2846, »491, 548, 971, 1643, 2644, 2900, 3305, 3912, 4827, 2788, 4140, 3199, 4219. 255: »387, »1828, 1502, 2249, 5326, 4115, 2571, 2161. 203: »1148, 570, 1500, 3575, 2205, 2588, 2544.2, 3035, 3220, 3547, 3689, 3793, 3933, 4127, 4363, 3001, 368, 3982, 2383, 382, 608.2, 882, 1857, 2062, 2505, 2570, 2637, 3250. 256: 350, 974, 1173, 1203, 2508, 3005, 3172, 3874, 4048, 2897, 2922, 3653, 3740, 3911, 3983, 3904. 205: »235, 763, 1250, 4978, 1202, »254, 1527, 2118, 3931, 3953, 2245, 3028. 258: 1251, 1681, 1720, 1856, 2713, 3301, 3306, 3788, 3921, 4385, 4412, 1169, 1326, 2099, 2667, 2890, 3455, 3979, 4041, 4282, 4843, 3126, 2174, 2301, 1606, 3735, 2639, 3882, 2159, 3984. 206: 729, 911, 2723, 2425, 3289, 3709, 4049, 4241, 4415, 4973, 5568, 2585, 2247, 1067, 1283, 1803, 2635, 2737, 2768, 2769, 4137, 2763. 207: 892, 3600. 260: 178, 565, 730, 861, 1325, 1367, 1822, 2100, 2116, 3214, 2636, 2767, 3638, 3883, 3918, 3978.1, 4122, 3637, 3881, 3972, 3746, 3791, 3836, 3930, 4491, 4500, 4974, 4857, 5005, 5347, 3002, 2710, 1644, 3341. 208: 150, 561, 809, 1554, 2434, 2775, 3150, 1959. 261: 571, 1201, 4045, 4308, »253, 3004, 3546, 3587, 3593, 3903, 3985, 4365.1, 2311, 3992, 1177, 2687, 4121, 4416, 209: 3833, 3835, 4345, 4490, 4567, 2801, 1247, 4832, 607. 263: 1077, 1009, 1552, 3188, 3276, 3860, 3907, 3975, 4120, 3846. 210: 1317, 1626, 1958, 2474, 2586, 3688, 4380, 4976, 1304, 4044, 4093, »1817, 87, 1233, 2185, 2917, 3346, 3917, 3924, 3977, 3989, 4413, 4975, 3456, 4279. 265: »1129, 2253, 2658, 3076, 3146, 3606, 3759, 1375, 2267, 1347. 211: 828, 2061, 2814, 2848, 3157, 3978, 3980, 4046, 4347, 4351, 4365, 4391, 4590, 3650, 2584, 3651. 266: 4005, 2063, 2706, 3260, 120, 1234, 1089. 212: »211, »1827, 731, »1676, 1171, 1506, 4280, 3100, 3044, 560, 1481, 3077, 3558, 3643, 2261, 2707, 3151, 3235, 3574, 3927, 3928, 3973, 3974, 4155, 3152, 4128, 4106, 4493, 3667, 5166. 268: »1649, »1865, 2677, 3003, 3259, 3470, 2739, 4404. 213: »356, 473, 482, 1176, 2581, 3128, 3139, 3140, 4205, 3981, 309, 2518, 4852. 270: »2114, »2606, 3249, 3268, 4130, 3154, 3149, 3901. 214: 511, 1315, 1858, 1964, 502, 765, 1246, 1970, 2078, 2622, 3773, 4032, 4043, 4064, 4983, 1965, 1966, 2035, 2506, 2711, 3261, 3926, 3987, 4418, 1349, 2633, 4033, 4543, 5018, 1979. 271: »770, 2073, 2367, 3774, 4062, 1249. 215: »2931, 975, 1703, 1887, 2741, 2765, 3316, 3364, 4542, 5142, 1324, 3078, 4757, 4758, 3099. 273: 3671, 4349, 3935, 3936, 3947, 2634. 216: 760, 852, 1768, 2758, 2764, 3129, 2670, 1574, 2251, 2676, 3778, 4042, 5156, 2736, 3747. 275: 3655, 4010, 4129, 4411, 4132, 2350, 2766, 2847, 3469, 3789, 3133, 2587, 3000, 4034, 4184, 4238, 4972, 3248, »1674, 1157, 2424, 2760. 217: »679, 405, 1205, 1316, 1553, 2507, 2716, 2717, 2748, 3652, 4267, 4304, 4296, 1415, 4359, 2423, 3702. 277: 889, 1119, 2759, 2849, 3156, 3263, 3661, 4157, 860, 2632, 3923, 3494. 218: 2098, 4492, 4707, 5003, 5141, 4218, 1158, 1807, 3620, 3792, 4778, 2292, 2575, 2705, 3132, 3834, 3855, 4011, 4366, 4367, 4934, 3265, 3703, 2519, 2731, 3147. 280: 769, 1255, 1581, 2207, 2250, 2616, 1918, 2812, 2819, 3681. 219: »1796, 415, 416, 1175, 1206, 1844, 2729, 2850, 3130, 3507, 4173, 4278, 4327, 4368.2. 281: 871, 4760, 2127, 2165, 2712, 3236, 3922, 3966, 4175, 2709. 220: »381, »800, 3453, 1580, 3412, 3454, 3615, 4163, 4207, 4297, 4544, 4318. 283: 97, 126, 315, 316, 761, 922, 1235, 1449, 1704, 2047, 2269, 2821, 2619, 2678, 3710, 4319, 2651, 4756, 2431, 1259, 1260, 2254, 2596, 3155, 3238, 3676, 3765, 3782, 4254, 4376, 4378, 4480, 5846, »286, 2617, 2697, 3420, 3542, 4533, 5153, 4317. 286: 1397, 2780, 3417, 1870, 2638. 221 : »268, 342, 399, 1204, 2490, 2492, 2714, 2762, 3508, 4268, 4299, 1416, 1258, 897, 1480, 3183, 3290, 4269, 4508, 2949, 4585, 3678, 3968, 2725. 222: 238, 372, 2081, 3134, 3262, 886, 4759, 5167, 3414. 288: »74, 592, 1133, 3006, 4779, 1384, 3267, 3967, 311, 2577, 2784, 4161, 2618, 2715, 673, 2351, 2757. 3543, 3595, 4195, 4761, 5244, 1256, 3413, 3497, 5002. 290: »46, 224: 428, 987, 2216, 2257, 3219, 3763, 3856, 3859, 4176, 5608, »379, 515, 573, 1254, 2072, 2173, 2473, 2647, 3198, 3670, 3771, 1327. 226: 553, 1794, 2045, 2046, 2134, 2813, 3071, 3131, 3257, 4531, 4635, 4784, 4802, 5286, 5490, 5681. 291: »255, 1926, 3753, 4089, 4131, 5815, 2708, 3920, 478, 2668, 2927, 188. 226: 4047, 1245, 4023, 5169, 4532, 4996, 3642, 3692, 4050, 4260, 4845, 2464, 2761, 2930, 3243, 3654, 3677, 3755, 4100, 4171, 4373, 4170, 4513. 294: 4322, 4381, 4997, »230, 1478, 2648, 4158, 4439, 4762, 3679, 3239, 4367.7. 227: 86, 2084, 2294, 4388, »1677, 2255, 5160, 5017. 296: 1154, 3194, 4352, 4324, 3498, 4019, 5110, 4325, 3285, 863, 866. 228: 1498, 2051, 3240, 3680, 3683, 4097, 413S, 4793, 4225, 4017, 3115, 4362, 4777, 4939, 5340, 4507, 1273, 4266, 4172, 3313, 1868, 4177. 229: 2122, 2178, 3286, 3757, 3849, 3908, 4930. 300: »363, »695, 1213, 1985, 2167, 2416, 3040, 3075, 3942, 4139, 2786, »1802, 1376. 230: »451, 344, 345, 555, 603, 3094, 3158, 3197, 3526, 3630, 3696, 4029, 4109, 4473, 4512, 4529, 795, 1092, 1600, 1916, 2042, 2123, 2322, 2579, 3857, 4119, 4147, 4650, 4789, 4838, 4867, 4987. 301: 1817, 3550, 5020, 3016, 1272, 5853, 3660, 3283, »386. 231: 1377, 2082, 2688, 3170, 4002, 1921, 3596, 4262, 4270, 4466, 4967, 3195, 3945, 5260, 2649. 304: 3598, 5859, 3684, 2454, 3756. 232: 125, 1058, 1872, 1917, 2498, »883, 946, 3473, 4323, 3499, 3216, 4020, 4305, 4441, 4447. 306: 3685, 4750, 3787, 3662, 784, 3241, 4581. 233: 1744, 1810, 2293, 4018, 4448, 4794, 3551, 3196, 4708, 3466, 4240, 4846, 1419, 4988. 2864, 3191, 3264, 3663, 3847, 1237, 2503. 234: 1458, 1869, 1871, 310: »896, 4261, 5010, 5400, 1120, 4329, 4505, 1925, 4790, »444, 2043, 3266, 3863, 4180, 4587, 3591, 157. 235: »384, 629, 708, 4458, 4697. 315: »1342, »1895, 1163, 1165, 1166, 1982, 4451, 2011, 2033, 2044, 2048, 2049, 2271, 2501, 2522.1, 3173, 3242, 4916, 4725, 4734, 4726. 317: »66, 1573, 1981, 2462, 5391, 4442, 3269, 3656, 3764, 5200, 3769, 3648, 1216. 236: 3659, 4159, 1297, 1271, 4204, 4917. 320: »1804, 1149, 4212, 4263, 4715, 4791, 2931, 1200, 1795, 2525, 2803, 3125, 3190, 3312, 3657, 3784, 3929, 5816, 2844, »894, 4506, 4724, »88, 5861. 325: 4393, 4687, 4090, 4099, 5021, 3237, 2899, 4367.6, 3037, 3752. 238: 265, 5037, 5072, 4994, 1110, 4243, 5059, 4727, »1679, 4220, 5607, 583, 1298, 1758, 1812, 1957, 2083, 3221, 3284, 2120, 1207, 1791, »251, 1123. 330: »2116, 831, 4431, 5074, 5486, 4792, 4914, 2523, 3682, 2120.1, 1090, 4088, 2671. 240: »368, »519, »1032, »2115, »1678, 808, 1923. 335: 1922, 4915, 5044, 1525, 4203, »1180, »1513, 138, 1919, 1924, 2005, 2064, 2115, 2117, 2119, 5689, »91, 2421. 340: »496, »1624, 1526, 4214, 4242, 4271, 2457, 2804, 3171, 3690, 3885, 4096, 4547, 5033, 5102, »1797, 4460, 5043, 5135, 5262, 4652, »2117, 4425, 4244, 4649, 4455, 1875, 3785. 241: 2125, 2544.1, 2738, 3251, 4368.8, 2052, 1217, 4728, 5168, 5335. 345: 2212, 5038, 4434, »1675, 4672, 4902, 1576, 1955, 2243, 2578, 3174, 3790, 4374, 3098, 4337. 243: 5521. 350: 4515, 5183, 5184, 5747, 4427, 4435, 4436, »898, 1432, 1790, 2124, 2176, 2463, 2522, 2822, 2863, 3036, 3589, 4038, 4285, 4211, 4465, 5520, 5402. 360: 1991, 3042, 3307, 4437, 4622,

4676, 4912, 4913, 5193, 5491, 5746, 5616, 4287, 4892, 5281, 4977, 4012. 1056, 4148. 0.910: 670, 2899, 3961, 4368.8, 908, 2888, 371: 4215, £471, 4514, 5053, 4249, 4620, 6010, £1869, 5379, 3913.1, 4841, 642, 2883, 2777, 3861, 1055, 2340, 4982, 5342, 5605. 5887, £882, 4907, 5173, 5306, 5055. 400: £958, £1798, £2959, 0.915: £429, £1824, 2831, 3786, 3813, 3913, 6166, 891, 2337, 4690, £292, 4286, 5395, £226, £2608, £89, £480, 5494. 421: 3788, 4156, 726, 3369, 2298, 4578, 4972, 1557, 3923, 3924, 4388. £92, 5883, 5274, £716, 4626, 5863, 4722, £1075, 5172, £316, 0.920: 4131, 3854, 3928, 2351, 764, 2339, 2341, 3575, 938, 2299, 5264. 452: 5493, £320, 4637, 4636, 5508, £1749, £170, £223. 3341, 5482. 0.925: 1558, 1644, 2289, 3847, 3927, 4971, 452, 600: £322, £769, 5817, £224, £228, 5695, £227, £678, £271, 937, 1647, 4130, 1643, 2882, 3258, 3926, 3935, 4975. 0.930: £2105. 600: £193, £1879, £490, £487, £753, £752, £881. 2453, 2859, 4976, 4978, 3931, 671, 4843, 965, 2830, 3936, 3735, 707: £272, £832, £495, £749, £696, £700, £703, £2936. 916: 3764, 3789. 0.935: 489, 799, 1519, 2861, 2201, 2810, 3922, 4157, £543, £548, £529, £829, £825, £940, £779, £1268, £2613. 4981, 569, 3260, 3787, 3859, 375, 4371, 3263, 4561. 0.94: 2979, 1230: £499, £3283, £2610, £528, £951, £3284, £2680, £3205, 3790, 3882, 3883, 1010, 3259, 3947, 4999, 763, 1012, 2294, 3858, £3287, £2917, £2926, £3200, £947, £2605, £939, £2924, 762, 978, 2386.1, 3860, 3852, 4560. 0.945: 909, 3857, 997, 2818, £2668, £2677, £3197. 1400: £2499, £3196, £2131, £2671, 589, 623, 3948, 724, 1541, 3244, 3267, 5005. 0.950: 1443, 2199, £2921, £2769, £2918, £1337, £1059, £1870, £1334, £2500. 2841, 3265, 783, 924, 1478, 1444, 3319, 3762, 3865, 3904, 4132, 1670: £2604, £2670, £1858, £341. 3800: £1619, £1724, 4326, 5940. 0.955: 2775, 624, 1445, 2756, 4378, 752, 2335, 3765, £1799, £481, £1805, £1689, £1690. 723, 1555, 2200, 6167. 0.960: 3753, 1554, 307, 2763, 3264, 2914, 1553, 2722, 3121, 3655, 2778, 4089, 2365, 3246, 2840. 0.970: III. DENSITY 1551, 2721, 3933, 3637, 355, 2762, 4823.1, 1595, 2758, 213, 625, 2766, 3638, 4091.1. 0.976: 929, 1511, 3752, 3856, 4967, £432, A. Liquids 2767, 3754.2, 5009, 3656, 1026, 2760. 0.980: 1089, 2195, 1067.1, 0.415: 54, 409, £102, 1072, 1073, £406, 1716, 1715, 980, 1713, 2719, 870, 3654, 4344, 2764, 3878, 930, 3661, 3763, 4579. 0.985: 1714. 0.670: 2392, 2394, 915, 916, 2387, 1610, £407, 2389, 917, 4372, 4573, 2203, 3648, 935, 2718, 3662, 3761, 4941, 5000, 5688, 2391, 1534. 0.692: 1613, 2933, 525, 823, 918, 1617, 22, £410, 4342. 0.990: 934, 1482, 4161, 681, 3235.1, 400, 450, 2757, 162, 914, 2939, 824. 0.712: 1619, £409, £414, 822, 1535, 2331, 3354, 815, 3664, 4345, 1090, 1509, 1662, 2163, 3235. 0.995: 3311, 524, 2334, 2936, 1761, 2940, 3995. 0.724: 2873, £425, 1764, 403, 1070, 1510, 3236, 3573, 2204, 3243, 3574, £1, 2058, 4761. 2279, £412, 1086, 4000, 3994, 794.1, 3999, 821, 794, 1760. 0.740:1.000: 4095, 4097.1, 66, 3128, 4543, 5140, 5334, 258, 797, 896, 820, £415, 3351, 4178, 396, £416, 2985, 1741, 3993, 3957, 1101. 3134, 3054, 4490, 4757, 4930, 3237, 773.1, 3747, 4147. 1.010: 0.750: 1615, 1100, 1738, 1737, 979, 1739, 2975, 4412, 3372, 594, 4587. 2743, 3132, 5110, £197, 1560, 590, 2713.1, 620, 2503, 4098, 3780, 4096, 4097, 4279, 652, 928, 2846, 2848, 2302, 2569. 1.020: 0.760: 669, 4586, 479, 2974, 4165, 2241, 2328, 2330, 2413, 1001, 4856, £418, 1099, 1762.1, 3323, 4012, 4411, 2869, 2973. 0.771: 608.1, 795, 2570, 3701, 285, 608.2, 1442, 5371, 2322, 4994, 1328, 2868, 2987, 5018, 3365, £420, 4006, 4849, 5167, 913, 1632, 2419, 1561, 3312, 4038, 4789. 1.026: 2571, 3680, 4090.1, 619, 2567, 4418, 5260, £421, 1612, 2867. 0.781: £422, 208, £423, 168, 3681.1, 3684, 5010, £426, 651, 1022, 3133, 3679, 3703. 1.03: 395, 506, 3320, 1049, 262, 792, 5156. 0.790: 3960, 3297, 5377,£104, 1028, 3677, 3125, 3678, 218, 4939, 2161, 496, 2706, 3676, 60, 1003, 3961, 301, 667, 718, 448, 2825, 2284, 3812. 0.800:2568. 790, 1.040: 2255, 2745, 4545, 4970, £440, 2847, 5678, 3285, 1769, 2281, 972, 1603, 2827, 973, 3811, 1639, 3295, 505, £411, 266, 274, 2001, 2159, 720, 3154, 3286, 212, 3069, 4062. 1.050: 2382. 0.805: 719, 880, 1366, 1544, 2283, 2345, 447, 791, 2955, 593, 3152, 3284, 358, 2812, 4350, 511, 4153, 2309, 4348, 2318, 1081, 1084, 1602, 2282. 0.810: 789, 1537, 1084.1, 1630, 2327,2748, 3192, 3872, 4093, 4383, 2189, 3149, 399. 1.061: 2788, 4296, 1029, 3283, 911, 4353, 616, 3135, 3191, 378, 576, 989, 1441, 2898, 2965, 1754, 3895, 3959, 1640, 1730.1, 2320, 2347, 313, 1083, 2396, 2397, 2872. 0.817: 717, 1078, 2403, 2897, 2960, 1005, 3601, 3547, 2813, 176, 1606, 458. 1.071: 2041, 2040, 3548, 3549, 1085.1, 1636, 1699, 2896, 1085, 1726, 1733.1, 2407, 2407.1, 2408, 1430, 2572, 3944, 807, 943, 969.1, 2310, 2590. 1.080: 737, 1570, 2968. 0.820: 1728, 2399, 5169, 2892, 2970, 3827, 2967, 1725, 2039, 3667, 2588, 449, 626, 609, 3546, 968, 621, 2008, 4726, 1572.1. 2400.1, 2409, 2796, 2954, 2962, 3356, 1727, 1734, 3978.1. 0.825:1.090: 3649, 4102, 578, 1092, 1559, 2468, 2725, 420, 665, 2814, 2971, 3978, 4005, 4170, 4172, 4848, 800, 2240, 2963, 2966, 2956,3037, 2589, 1889, 3591, 1357, 1483, 3642, 3036. 1.100: 4723, 3364, 1736, 2400, 3361, 4002. 0.830: 1469, 2797, 3826, 1547,3169.1, 4917, 471, 722, 2038, 154, 170, 1571, 4670, 247, 3688, 1732, 1746, 2929, 4415, 237, 587, 3362, 925, 2410, 3326, 4179, 4368.4, 561, 1307, 2687, 1417. 1.11: 492, 2267, 2071, 657, 233, 4836, 998, 1633, 3355, 3821. 0.835: 1098, 1629, 2239, 810, 811, 969, 4733, 264, 470, 4297.1, 672, 736, 2579, 2269. 1.121: 1568, 3358, 517, 814, 837, 999, 1628, 1000, 2952, 3889, 2865, 3893. 2134, 4064, 4324, 275, 2580, 5164, 520, 2509, 1341, 2669, 2849.1. 0.840: 273, 749, 2412, 3808, 3822, 356, 1466, 3810, 3809, 3815, 1.131: 3170, 805, 2578, 893, 4381, 3171, 46, 48, 383, 3945, 146, 4010, 2928, 1546, 1468, 1470, 272. 0.850: 2343, 1572, 3816, 3253, 3886, 4023. 1.150: 1756, 1388, 2127, 1390, £439, 948, 1063, 711, 993, 2890, 3333, 3334, 446, 1048, 3823, 3824. 0.856: 1917, 994, 2284.1, 3606, 658, 859. 1.160: 2084, 3289, £438, 927, 3894, 3903, 5606, 1096, 2288, 3728.1, 1545, 3727, 5380, 3331, 1253, 453, 2004, 460, 2499, 1252, 1692, 189, 949, 2696. 1.180: 5978. 0.860: 469, 1054, 2834, 3333.1, 3725, 3728, 3730, 3992, 3694, 887, £798, 379, 2618, 5282, 655, 659, 2498, 1042, 3455, 334. 4115, 2686, 3734, 3805, 3969, 4168, 513, 3226, 3228, 3724, 4408,1.200: 1031, 2850, 1347, 1859, 227, 696, 1375, 858, 1041, 1376, 3229.1. 0.863: 1548, 2835, 2912, 3820, 4367, 2909.1, 3223, 2685,279, 632, 710. 1.220: 37, 384, 744, 1040, 2316, £514, 1576, 4442, 3731, 3806, 5853, 2359.1. 0.866: 801, 2112, 2357, 2901.1, 3729,4441, £435, 803, 1314, 1857, 863, 921.1, 1916. 1.252: 190, 1856, 4175, 3225, 3726, 4365.1, 2354.1, 3229, 3740.1, 3330.1, 3807, 515, 742, 67, 359, 2098, 741, 604, 3937, 1230, £442, 1959, 1229. 3899, 3988, 2359. 0.870: 926, 1046, 1653, 4992, 5813, 2901, 748, 1.310: £1575, 465, 192, 1327, 1506, 472, 473, £441, 1251, 1250, 1649, 1652, 1655, 1064, 1695, 2855, 2903, 3891, 798, 2355, 2683, 604.1, 1540, 421, 1588, 158, 28, 1249, 2053. 1.340: £366, 464, 747. 0.875: 2354, 3915, 3230, 4576, 2356, 3987, 533, 2858, 3733,423, 2639, 230, 365, 2637, 422, 2633, 1326, £42, 585, 963, 276, 3817, 1654, 2353, 2684, 2953, 4117. 0.880: 1365, 5003, 1658,558, 582, 366. 1.400: 497, 2491, 2423, 545, 2031, 605, 2030, 3908, 3920, 1015, 1651, 3224, 4366, 1016, 1043, 1659, 3329, 4991. 2492, 2493, 364, £634, 2029, 1697, £2, 159, £96, £635, 220, 0.884: 746, 4144, 4118, 4370, 1020, 3337, 4827, 1496, 2111, 3850, £1397. 1.460: £11, 648, 5350, 1672, 225, 3453, 106, £10, 61, 4828. 0.890: 468, 1017, 1019, 3119, 1044, 3897, 4980, 1047, 3227, £636, £352, 19, 329, 648.3, 1053, 1294, 2119. 1.500: 1578.1, 4376, 5001, 3303, 3918, 5141, 2415, 3917, 397, 1018, 3890, £632, 5362, £637, 43, 1052, 1822, 107, 648.1, 137, 1051, 2454, 648.4, 713, 725, 3974.1. 0.901: 727, 3639, 3740, 3902, 4385, 4835, 5253, £629. 1.526: 141, £633, 467, 136, 1844, 1367, £207, 645, 139, 2538, 5152, 5346, 451, 4842, 4974, 2884, 3328, 4158, 5015, 3324, £630, 12, 756. 1.600: 140, 367, 755, 754, 90, 1601, £521, £232,

»58, 2494, »129, »512, »628, »59, 757, »210, »57, »100, 221, »744, »601, »603, »951, »971, »1636, »1763, »1123, »279, 2061, 2062. 1.700: 368, 555, 476, 987, 694, 475, »62, 693, »13,»670, »1064, »1996, »1440, »1455. 5.7: »320, »322, »1372, 414, »622, 690. 1.800: 2064, 689, 1949, 688, 1759, 1333, »523,»1418, »1614, »2339, »714, »2494, »473.1, »1421, »546, »45, 390, »1597, »60, 38, »1808, 116, »621. 1.901: »163, »2338, »1632, »1098, »1723, »957, »582, »2599. 5.8: »568, »596, »1117, »1685, »1978, »1391, »2048, »529, »574, »2571, 600, »39, 412, 341, 234, 1205, 413, »619, 83, 339, 340, 183, »218, »522. 2.110: 415, 122, 184, 649, 186, »488, 123, »236, 45, »2049, »1163, »541. 5.9: »602, »1118, »1652, »1703, »907, »1071, »565, »2507, »597, »2538, »1736, »1562. 6.0: »401, 522, 370, »378, »76, »919, 4, 427. 2.529: 601, 20, 151, »1815, »63, »142, 345, »64, 101, 5, 127, 18, 235, 128. 3.022: »204, »936, »1050, »1506, »1781, »1227, »540, »2059, »894, »2366, »1442, »1105. 6.1: »594, »1022, »1101, »1402, »1666, »918, »497, »381, 29, »34, »206, 87, »205. 4.49. »1784, »402, »658, »657, »548, »1655, »501, »606, »2483, »1327. 6.2: »553, »614, »1124, »1390, »1617, »863, »539, B. Solids »1800, »898, »1116, »897, »1055. 6.3: »604, »607, »1100, »1119, »1517, »1570, »1631, »1366, »2580, »1722, »559, 0.760: 846, 5881, 5918, 5967, 5985, 6014, 6080, »2916, 5244, 2266, »1086. 6.4: »335, »605, »667, »934, »935, »995, »1834, »2601, 1502, 936, 4406, 6010. 0.919: »2667, 548, 3016, »1812, »1025, »905, »575, »616, »889, »834, »672, »1051, »1062, 3257, 4805, 1058, 239, 3756, 481, 3302. 1.008: 607, 5343.1, 3901, »2791, 761, 2573, 4322, 1057, 4652, 3307, 760, 2801, 5902, 482, »503, »833, »663, »1121. 6.5: »609, »660, »1102, »1501, »1958, »1629, »3118, »659, »509, »598. 6.6: »611, »617, 1077, 2206, 831. 1.061: 2160, 5847, 5933, 1771, 3140, 289, 571, »2643, 3853, 3550, 502, 2116, 3494, 5244.1. 1.150: 5213.1, 238, »1573, »2827, »1285, »824, »1698, »543, »996, »1143, »1619. 4270, 2166, 3498, 4352, 832, »431, »430, »2623, 5887, 4943, 6.7: »1405, »2007, »2006, »545, »666, »1374, »1620, »1024, 5404, 5284, 4894, 2595. 1.203: 4225, »2626, 259, 5818, 3886.1, »719, »1502. 6.8: »573, »671, »327, »336, »551, »576, »2998, 504, 298, 3867.1, 5428.1, »5, »1896, 2701, 4480, 2308.1, »581, »1776, »2005, »712, »1700, »1306. 6.9: »610, »661, 4226. 1.250: 4467, 4956, 503, 5573, 1705, »2624, 5435, 2032, »1040, »1103, »1681, »1688, »1840, »2834, »557, »612, 5202, »2306, 1287, 1992, 308.1, 1581, 55, 5541, 5028.1, 1990, »1621, »484, »1235. 7.0: »485, »578, »588, »613, »696, 1414. 1.35: 6104, 4739, 5647, »111, 5028, 4656.1, 802, 3697, »1386, »1404, »1854, »599, »2041, »1807, »536, »584. 7.1: »173, 3111, 5704, »2655, 5522. 1.40: 498, 2475, 58, 4622, 1929, »586, »589, »1565, »585, »725, »3188, »587, »334, »590, 947, »134, »2170, »2347, 1398, 6148, 1397, 5659, »2300, 4620, »882, »1171, »1842, »681, »1734, »2828. 7.2: »1233, »1697, 2013, 1349, »3086, 3778. 1.45: »2757, 808, 3178, 1419, »2171,»535, »2023, »1847, »615, »2826, »2830, »577, »1247, »1977, 630, »2807, 1231, »2636, 976, »2149, »2693, 1351. 1.47: »893, »1705, »1067, »1066, »910, »325. 7.4: »1128, »1385, »2990, 204, 1464, 1991, 2682.1, »2814, 1172, 135O7 »1400, »1393, »1843, »1849, »2062, »2060, »2037, »1057, »1528. »1809, »201, »2855. 5.0: »502, »1328, »1350, »1426, 7.5: »305, »314, »330, »552, »900, »1833, »1041, »700, »904, »1428, »1844, »1994, »289, »1969, »1260, »1375, »2282, »1712,»538, »1170, »1464, »324. 7.7: »328, »896, »318, »902, »2202, »1539, »499. 5.10: »311, »1130, »2017, »734, »1334, »2079, »1384, »1848, »1146, »323, »891, »676. 8.0: »525, »994, »2035.1, »3329, »1021, »2030, »2513, »456, »507, »704, »1004, »1070, »1732, »1850, »580, »321, »558, »901, »554, »1258, »1441, »3061, »829. 5.2: »280, »1096, »1337, »821, »560, »822. 8.2: »308, »1695, »528, »1326, »888, »1682, »1711, »1063, »1371, »1590, »1686, »2518, »1990, »890, »1662, »1701, »1550, »888, »1017, »309, »1072, »1684, »1992, »2516, »618, »462. 6.3: »600, »677, »716, »724, »1780. 8.64: »2082, »887, »880, »895, »1137, »1806, »1169, »1154, »1634, »313, »595, »1423, »593, »1049, »1236, »1403, »307, »1663, »881, »675. 9.04: »1139, »527, »892, »2087, »1767, »883, »1457, »862, »608, »745, »864, »473, »1095. »526, »524, »2099, »668, »879, »1152, »1702, »1179, »1855, 6.50: »592, »1630, »1671, »1852, »1542, »1065, »544, »723, »1693. 11.1: »878, »1725, »1724, »1224, »1225, »1689, »956, »1059, »708. 6.6: »306, »306.1, »1304, »1710, »1726, »1690. 16.06.

LIQUID CRYSTALS H. W. FOOTE The term "transition temperature" refers in the tables to the temperature at which the solid and crystalline-liquid phases are in equilibrium at a pressure of one atmosphere; by "melting point," is meant the corresponding temperature at which the crystallineliquid and isotropie liquid phases are in equilibrium. In some cases, more than one stable liquid crystal phase exists, giving an additional transition temperature for each additional liquid crystal phase. These transition temperatures between two liquid crystal phases are indicated by *. In most cases, they are only approximate. Melting points which are quite uncertain, usually due to partial decomposition, have "d." written after the value. No attempt has been made to estimate the accuracy of values obtained by a single investigator, as the methods of determination are the same in nearly every case and the result obviously depends on the skill of the investigator and the purity of the compounds. A series of apparently good determinations by different observers is apt to vary by considerably more than one degree, and it seems unlikely that any transition temperature or melting point of liquid crystals is known with an accuracy much better than one degree.

For this reason, the weighted average of a number of different determinations is usually given to the nearest whole degree. When the number of determinations is sufficient, the weighted average deviation, usually to the nearest whole degree, is given also. The melting points of unstable liquid crystals, in monotropic systems, are not included in the tables, and transition temperatures, in the ordinary sense, do not exist in this case. Many observations on monotropic compounds will be found in nearly all the Halle dissertations and in the publications by Vorländer, which are listed at the end of the tables. For the effect of pressure on the transition temperature and melting point of liquid crystals, see G. Hulett, 7, 28: 629; 99. For approximate data on liquid crystals of alkali salts of higher fatty acids (chiefly) see Vorländer, 25, 43: 3120; 10. For similar data regarding compounds which are optically active, see H. Stoltzenberg, Diss., Halle (1911). For qualitative data regarding liquid crystals, see E. Wolferts, Diss., Halle (09), R. Wilke, Diss., Halle (09); K. Mattenklodt, Diss., Halle (11); and Vorländer, 25, 40: 1415, 1966; 07.

»58, 2494, »129, »512, »628, »59, 757, »210, »57, »100, 221, »744, »601, »603, »951, »971, »1636, »1763, »1123, »279, 2061, 2062. 1.700: 368, 555, 476, 987, 694, 475, »62, 693, »13,»670, »1064, »1996, »1440, »1455. 5.7: »320, »322, »1372, 414, »622, 690. 1.800: 2064, 689, 1949, 688, 1759, 1333, »523,»1418, »1614, »2339, »714, »2494, »473.1, »1421, »546, »45, 390, »1597, »60, 38, »1808, 116, »621. 1.901: »163, »2338, »1632, »1098, »1723, »957, »582, »2599. 5.8: »568, »596, »1117, »1685, »1978, »1391, »2048, »529, »574, »2571, 600, »39, 412, 341, 234, 1205, 413, »619, 83, 339, 340, 183, »218, »522. 2.110: 415, 122, 184, 649, 186, »488, 123, »236, 45, »2049, »1163, »541. 5.9: »602, »1118, »1652, »1703, »907, »1071, »565, »2507, »597, »2538, »1736, »1562. 6.0: »401, 522, 370, »378, »76, »919, 4, 427. 2.529: 601, 20, 151, »1815, »63, »142, 345, »64, 101, 5, 127, 18, 235, 128. 3.022: »204, »936, »1050, »1506, »1781, »1227, »540, »2059, »894, »2366, »1442, »1105. 6.1: »594, »1022, »1101, »1402, »1666, »918, »497, »381, 29, »34, »206, 87, »205. 4.49. »1784, »402, »658, »657, »548, »1655, »501, »606, »2483, »1327. 6.2: »553, »614, »1124, »1390, »1617, »863, »539, B. Solids »1800, »898, »1116, »897, »1055. 6.3: »604, »607, »1100, »1119, »1517, »1570, »1631, »1366, »2580, »1722, »559, 0.760: 846, 5881, 5918, 5967, 5985, 6014, 6080, »2916, 5244, 2266, »1086. 6.4: »335, »605, »667, »934, »935, »995, »1834, »2601, 1502, 936, 4406, 6010. 0.919: »2667, 548, 3016, »1812, »1025, »905, »575, »616, »889, »834, »672, »1051, »1062, 3257, 4805, 1058, 239, 3756, 481, 3302. 1.008: 607, 5343.1, 3901, »2791, 761, 2573, 4322, 1057, 4652, 3307, 760, 2801, 5902, 482, »503, »833, »663, »1121. 6.5: »609, »660, »1102, »1501, »1958, »1629, »3118, »659, »509, »598. 6.6: »611, »617, 1077, 2206, 831. 1.061: 2160, 5847, 5933, 1771, 3140, 289, 571, »2643, 3853, 3550, 502, 2116, 3494, 5244.1. 1.150: 5213.1, 238, »1573, »2827, »1285, »824, »1698, »543, »996, »1143, »1619. 4270, 2166, 3498, 4352, 832, »431, »430, »2623, 5887, 4943, 6.7: »1405, »2007, »2006, »545, »666, »1374, »1620, »1024, 5404, 5284, 4894, 2595. 1.203: 4225, »2626, 259, 5818, 3886.1, »719, »1502. 6.8: »573, »671, »327, »336, »551, »576, »2998, 504, 298, 3867.1, 5428.1, »5, »1896, 2701, 4480, 2308.1, »581, »1776, »2005, »712, »1700, »1306. 6.9: »610, »661, 4226. 1.250: 4467, 4956, 503, 5573, 1705, »2624, 5435, 2032, »1040, »1103, »1681, »1688, »1840, »2834, »557, »612, 5202, »2306, 1287, 1992, 308.1, 1581, 55, 5541, 5028.1, 1990, »1621, »484, »1235. 7.0: »485, »578, »588, »613, »696, 1414. 1.35: 6104, 4739, 5647, »111, 5028, 4656.1, 802, 3697, »1386, »1404, »1854, »599, »2041, »1807, »536, »584. 7.1: »173, 3111, 5704, »2655, 5522. 1.40: 498, 2475, 58, 4622, 1929, »586, »589, »1565, »585, »725, »3188, »587, »334, »590, 947, »134, »2170, »2347, 1398, 6148, 1397, 5659, »2300, 4620, »882, »1171, »1842, »681, »1734, »2828. 7.2: »1233, »1697, 2013, 1349, »3086, 3778. 1.45: »2757, 808, 3178, 1419, »2171,»535, »2023, »1847, »615, »2826, »2830, »577, »1247, »1977, 630, »2807, 1231, »2636, 976, »2149, »2693, 1351. 1.47: »893, »1705, »1067, »1066, »910, »325. 7.4: »1128, »1385, »2990, 204, 1464, 1991, 2682.1, »2814, 1172, 135O7 »1400, »1393, »1843, »1849, »2062, »2060, »2037, »1057, »1528. »1809, »201, »2855. 5.0: »502, »1328, »1350, »1426, 7.5: »305, »314, »330, »552, »900, »1833, »1041, »700, »904, »1428, »1844, »1994, »289, »1969, »1260, »1375, »2282, »1712,»538, »1170, »1464, »324. 7.7: »328, »896, »318, »902, »2202, »1539, »499. 5.10: »311, »1130, »2017, »734, »1334, »2079, »1384, »1848, »1146, »323, »891, »676. 8.0: »525, »994, »2035.1, »3329, »1021, »2030, »2513, »456, »507, »704, »1004, »1070, »1732, »1850, »580, »321, »558, »901, »554, »1258, »1441, »3061, »829. 5.2: »280, »1096, »1337, »821, »560, »822. 8.2: »308, »1695, »528, »1326, »888, »1682, »1711, »1063, »1371, »1590, »1686, »2518, »1990, »890, »1662, »1701, »1550, »888, »1017, »309, »1072, »1684, »1992, »2516, »618, »462. 6.3: »600, »677, »716, »724, »1780. 8.64: »2082, »887, »880, »895, »1137, »1806, »1169, »1154, »1634, »313, »595, »1423, »593, »1049, »1236, »1403, »307, »1663, »881, »675. 9.04: »1139, »527, »892, »2087, »1767, »883, »1457, »862, »608, »745, »864, »473, »1095. »526, »524, »2099, »668, »879, »1152, »1702, »1179, »1855, 6.50: »592, »1630, »1671, »1852, »1542, »1065, »544, »723, »1693. 11.1: »878, »1725, »1724, »1224, »1225, »1689, »956, »1059, »708. 6.6: »306, »306.1, »1304, »1710, »1726, »1690. 16.06.

LIQUID CRYSTALS H. W. FOOTE The term "transition temperature" refers in the tables to the temperature at which the solid and crystalline-liquid phases are in equilibrium at a pressure of one atmosphere; by "melting point," is meant the corresponding temperature at which the crystallineliquid and isotropie liquid phases are in equilibrium. In some cases, more than one stable liquid crystal phase exists, giving an additional transition temperature for each additional liquid crystal phase. These transition temperatures between two liquid crystal phases are indicated by *. In most cases, they are only approximate. Melting points which are quite uncertain, usually due to partial decomposition, have "d." written after the value. No attempt has been made to estimate the accuracy of values obtained by a single investigator, as the methods of determination are the same in nearly every case and the result obviously depends on the skill of the investigator and the purity of the compounds. A series of apparently good determinations by different observers is apt to vary by considerably more than one degree, and it seems unlikely that any transition temperature or melting point of liquid crystals is known with an accuracy much better than one degree.

For this reason, the weighted average of a number of different determinations is usually given to the nearest whole degree. When the number of determinations is sufficient, the weighted average deviation, usually to the nearest whole degree, is given also. The melting points of unstable liquid crystals, in monotropic systems, are not included in the tables, and transition temperatures, in the ordinary sense, do not exist in this case. Many observations on monotropic compounds will be found in nearly all the Halle dissertations and in the publications by Vorländer, which are listed at the end of the tables. For the effect of pressure on the transition temperature and melting point of liquid crystals, see G. Hulett, 7, 28: 629; 99. For approximate data on liquid crystals of alkali salts of higher fatty acids (chiefly) see Vorländer, 25, 43: 3120; 10. For similar data regarding compounds which are optically active, see H. Stoltzenberg, Diss., Halle (1911). For qualitative data regarding liquid crystals, see E. Wolferts, Diss., Halle (09), R. Wilke, Diss., Halle (09); K. Mattenklodt, Diss., Halle (11); and Vorländer, 25, 40: 1415, 1966; 07.

Index formula CioHioOs

Formula CH3OC6H4CH :CHCOOH

Name /7-Methoxycinnamic acid

Trans, temp. 170 ± 1

M. P. 186 ± 1

Lit. (7,

11,

30,

33, 34, 42, 43, 45)

C11H12O3 C12H14O3

Ci4Hi0BrNO2 Ci4Hi0ClNO2 Ci4Hi0INO2 Ci4Hi0Os C14HnNO2 C14H12N2O3 C14H14N2O3

C2H6OC6H4CH rCHCOOH C2H6OC6H4CCH3 .-CHCOOH BrC6H4CH :NC6H4COOH ClC6H4CH :NC6H4COOH IC6H4CH .-NC6H4COOH HOC6H4COOC6H4COOH C 6 H 6 CHrNC 6 H 4 COOH O2NC6H4CH :NC6H4OCH3 CH3OC6H4NONC6H4OCH3

p-Ethoxycinnamic acid p-Ethoxy-ß-methylcinnamie acid . . . . p-Bromobenzal-p-aminobenzoic acid . p-Chlorobenzal-p-aminobenzoic acid . p-Iodobenzal-p-aminobenzoic acid . . . p-(7?-Hydroxybenzoxy)-benzoic acid. Benzal-p-aminobenzoie acid p-Nitrobenzalanisidine p- Azoxyanisol

192 122.5. 272 260 279 258 183 135 116 ± 1

(43)

197 159 274 263 287 266 ± 191

(37) (12) (12) (12) (45) (26) (26)

135 ± 1

(1, 3, 6, 7, 9, 11, 14, 19, 23, 30, 32, 35, 36, 42, 45)

C14H16N3

CH3NHC6H4CH :NNHC6H5

C16H10N2O2 C16H12N2O C16H12N2O C16Hi2N2O4 Ci6Hi2O2 Ci6Hi2O6 Ci6Hi3NO2

CNC6H4CH :NC6H4COOH CNC6H4CH :NC6H4OCH3 CH3OC6H4CH :NC6H4CN CH3COOC6H4NtNC6H4COOH C6H6C6H4CHiCHCOOH CH8OC6H4COOC6H4COOH CH3C6H4CH :NC6H4COOH

Ci6Hi3NO3 Ci6H14N2O3 C16H16N2O6 C16H17N3 C16H12Oc

CH3OC6H4CH :NC6H4COOH O2NC6H4CH :NC6H4OC2H5 CH3OC6H4NONC6H4OC2H6 C2H6NHC6H4CH :NNHC6H6 CH3COOC6H4COOC6H4COOH

C16H12O?

CH3OCOOC6H4COOC6H4COOH

C16H14N2O C16H14N2O C16H14N2O2 Ci6H14N2O3 C16H16NO2 C16H16NO3 C16H16NO3 C16H16N2O2 C16H16N2O2 C16H16N2O3 C16H16N2O4 C16H18N2O3

CNC6H4CH INC 6 H 4 OC 2 H 6 C2H6OC6H4CH -.NC6H4CN O 2 NC 6 H 4 CH iCHCH INC6H4CH3 O2NC6H4CH iCHCH INC6H4OCH3 CH3OC6H4CH INC6H4COCH3 CH3COOC6H4CH INC6H4OCH3 CH3OC6H4CH INC6H4OCOCH3 CH3COC6H4N INC6H4OC2H6 CH3OC6H4CH iNN ICHC6H4OCH3 C2H5OC6H4N INC6H4OCOCH3 CH3OC6H4N INC6H4OCOOC2H5 C2H6OC6H4NONC6H4OC2H5

p-Methylaminobenzalphenylhydrazone P- (p-Cy anobenzalamino)-benzoic acid p-Cyanobenzalanisidine Anisal-p-cy ano aniline p-Acetoxyazobenzoic acid p-Phenylcinnamic acid p-(p-Methoxybenzoxy)-benzoic acid. p-(p-Methylbenzalamino)-b e n z o i e acid p-( Anisalamino )-benzoic acid p-Nitrobenzalphenetidine p-Anisylazoxyphenetol p-Ethylaminobenzalphenylhydrazone p-Hydroxybenzoic acid p-acetoxybenzoate p-Hydroxybenzoic acid p-carbomethoxvoxybenzoate p-Cyanobenzalphenetidine p-Ethoxybenzal-p-cyanoaniline p-Nitrocinnamal-p-toluidine p-Nitrocinnamalanisidine Anisal-p-aminoacetophenone p-Acetoxybenzalanisidine p- (Anisalamino ) -phenol acetate p- Acetophenoneazophenetol Anisaldazine p-Phenetolazophenol acetate p- Anisylazocarbethoxyphenol p- Azoxyphenetol

170 247 115 103 254 221 223 220 197 124 94 ± 1 160 228 d. 218 d. 115 105 130 155 121.5 112 81.5 130 165 ± 3 121 90 137 ± 1

(34)

190 >320 125 113.5 d. 236 272 243

(17) (17) (12) (31) (2) (45)

(26)

298 d.

(15,46)

149 ± 1 182

(4, 7, 32) (34)

(26)

(45)

>250

(45)

d. 132 124 141 160 135 128 108

(17) (12) (26) (26) (15) (15) (15) (47)

180 ± 1 138 114 167 ± 1

(5, 6, 7, 19)

(46, 47) (46, 47) (3,

14,

19,

23, 30, 32, 35, 42, 45)

Ci8Hi7NO3 Ci7H17N2O3 C18H18N2O6

C 2 H 5 NHC 6 H 4 C 6 H 4 NHC 2 H 5 CH3OC6H4CH INC 6 H 4 CH iCHCOOH O 2 NC 6 H 4 CH iCHCH INC6H4OC2H5 CH3COC6H4NiNC6H4OCOOC2H5 CH3COOC6H4N INC6H4COOC2H5 CH3OC6H4CH INC6H4CH2CH2COOH C2H6OC6H4N INC6H4OCOOC2H5 CH3COOC6H4CH ICClC6H4OCOCH3 CH3COOC6H4CH :NN ICHC6H4OCOCH3 CH3OC6H4CHINC6H4CHiCHCOOCH3 CH3OC6H4NINC6H4CHiCHCOOC2H5 C2H5OCOC6H4NONC6H4COOC2H5

C18H18N2O6

C2H6OCOOC6H4N INC6H4OCOOC2H 5 p-Azocarbethoxyphenol

C16H20N2 C17H15NO3 C17H16N2O3 C17H16N2O4 C17H16N2O4 C17H17NO3 Ci7H18N2O4 Ci8Hi6ClO4 Ci8Hi6N2O4

Diethylbenzidine p- ( Anisalamino )-cinnamic acid p-Nitrocinnamalphenetidine p-Acetophenoneazocarbethoxyphenol Ethyl p-acetoxyazobenzoate p-(Anisalamino)-hydrocinnamic acid p-Phenetolazocarbethoxyphenol p-Dihydroxychlorostilbene diacetate . Di-(p-acetoxybenzalazine)

115.5 208 134 120 99 136 96 125 185

156 Methyl anisal-p-aminocinnamate . . . . 116, 123* Ethyl p-anisylazocinnamate 114 ± 0.6 7>-Azoxyethvl benzoate 97

120.5 d. 137 126 102 162 137 138 192 176 143 121 ± 0.5 118

(34) (15) (26) (47) (31) (45) (47) (11, 29) (16, 40) (43, 47) (46, 47) (7, 11, 19,27, 40,42, 45) (15)

Index formula C18H18N2O7 C18H18O2 C18H20N2O2 C18H20N2O2 C18H20N2O4 C18H22N2O3 C19H16N2O2 C19H18N2O4 C19H19NO2 C19H19NO3 C19H19NO3 C19H19NO3 C19H22N2O3 C20H13N3O2 O20H14Br2N2 O20Xl14Ol2IN 2

C20H14I2N2 C20H14N4O4 C20H16N2O3 C20H17NO C20H17N3O C20H18N2O6 C20H20N2O2 C20H20N2O4 C20H20N2O6 C20H21NO3 C20H21NO3 C20H21NO3 C20H24N2O2 C21H14O7 C21H16N2O3 C21H17NO C21H18N2O3 C21H19NO C21H19NO C21H19N3O C21H21NO6 C21H23NO3 C21H23NO3

Formula

Name

C2H6OCOOC6H4NONC6H4OCOOC2He CH3OC6H4CH :CHCH :CHC6H4OCH3 C2H6OC6H4CHrNNiCHC6H4OC2H5 CH 3 OC 6 H 4 C(CH 3 )INNiC(CH 3 )C 6 H 4 OCH3 HOC 2 H 4 OC 6 H 4 CHiNNiCHC 6 H 4 OC2H4OH C3H7OC6H4NONC6H4OC3H7 CNC6H4CH INC 6 H 4 CH :CHCOOC2H6

p-Azoxycarbethoxyphenol Di- (p-anisy !butadiene) Di-(p-ethoxybenzalazine) Di-(p-methoxyacetophenoneazine). . .

Trans, temp. 95 225 172 195

Di-(hydroxyethoxybenzalazine)

184

207

(13)

116

122

(4, 40)

131 132

179 152

( 17 ) (47)

118

(46, 47)

Di-(p-n-propoxyazoxybenzene) Ethyl p-cyanobenzal-p-aminocinnamate CH3COOC6H4N INC6H4CH iCHCOO- Ethyl p-acetoxyphenylazocinnamate.

CH3C65H4CH INC 6 H 4 CH ICHCOOC2H5 Ethyl p-(p-methylbenzalamino)96, 107* cinnamate C2H6OC6H4CH INC6H4CH iCCH3p-(p-Ethoxybenzalamino)-a-methylcinnamic acid 180 COOH CH3OC6H4CHiNC6H4CHiCHEthyl (p-anisalamino)-cinnarnate. . . . 100, 108*, COOC2H6 117* C2H5OC6H4CHiNC6H4CHiCHM e t h y l p- (p-ethoxybenzalamino)132 cinnamate COOCH3 C 2 H 6 OC 6 H 4 NiNC 6 H 4 OCOC 4 H 9 78-83 p-Phenetolazophenol n-valerate CNC 6 H 4 N INC6H4OCOC6H5 p-Cyanobenzeneazophenol benzoate . 181 BrC6H4N ICHC6H4CH INC6H4Br p-Phthalal-di-(p-bromoaniline) 208 ClC6H4N ICHC6H4CH INC6H4Cl p-Phthalal-di-(p-chloroaniline) 176 IC6H4N ICHC6H4CH INC6H4I 262 p-Phthalal-di-(7>-iodoaniline) O 2 NC 6 H 4 CH INC 6 H 4 N ICHC6H4NO2 ( Di- p-nitrobenzal)-p-pheny lene dia242 mine CH3OC6H4N INC6H4OCOC6H6 159-163 p-Anisylazophenol benzoate CH3OC6H4CHiNC6H4C6H6 161 Anisal-p-aminodiphenyl CH3OC6H4CH INC 6 H 4 N INC 6 H 5 151 Anisal-p-aminoazobenzene CH3OCOCH ICHC6H4NONC6H4CH i- Methyl azoxyeinnamate 221 CHCOOCH3 CH 3 OC 6 H 4 CHICHCHiNNiCHCHi- Di-p-methoxycinnamicaldazine 210 CHC6H4OCH3 C2H5COOC6H4CH :NN ICHC6H4OCO- Di-p-propionylhydroxybenzalazine . . 160 C2H6OCOOC6H4N INC6H4CH iCHCO- Ethyl p-carbethoxyphenolazocin114 OC2H6 namate C2H5OC6H4CH INC6H4CH iCHCOO- Ethyl p- (p-ethoxybenzalamino)-cin- 69, 113,* 152* namate CH3OC6H4CH :H4CH :NC6CCH3COO- Ethyl p- (anisalamino)-a-methylcinnamate 90 C2H6OC6H4CH INC6H4CH ICCH3CO- Methyl p-(p-ethoxybenzalamino)-o:methylcinnamate OCH3 105 C2H5OC6H4CCH3 :NN ICCH3C6H4O- Di-p-ethoxy acetophenoneazine 142 C2H5 HOC6H4COOC6H4COOC6H4COOH p-IIydroxybenzoic acid p-(p-hydroxy283 benzoxy ) benzoate p-Acetophenoneazophenol benzoate. . 211 d. CH3COC6H4N INC6H4OCOC6H5 C6H6C6H4CHiNC6H4COCH3 p-(p-Phenylbenzalamino)-a e e t o phenone 187.5 p-Phenetolazophenol benzoate 173 C2H5OC6H4N INC6H4H4OCOC6H5 p-(^-Ethoxybenzalamino) diphenyl.. 145 C 2 H 5 OC 6 H 4 CHiNC 6 H 4 C 6 H 5 C6H5C6H4CHiNC6H4OC2H5 164 p-Phenylbenzal-p-phenetidine C2H6OC6H4CH INC 6 H 4 N :NC6H6 p-(p-Ethoxybenzalamino)-a z o b e n zene 131.5 C2H5OCOOC6H4CH INC6H4CH :CH- E t h y l p-[(p-carbethoxyoxybenzal)80 COOC2H5 amino] cinnamate CH3OC6H4CH INC6H4CH iCHw-Butyl anisal-p-aminocinnamate. . . . 58 COOC4H9 95 C2H5OC6H4CH INC 6 H 4 CH ICCH3CO- Ethyl p-(p-ethoxybenzalamino)-aOC2H5 methylcinnamate.

M. P.

Lit.

130 238 195 202

(15)

265 138

(34) (13, 24, 45) (16)

(20) (9,

43,

46,

47)

187 125 226 288 282 268

(43, 47)

315 178 177 182 257

(46)

(47) (12) (17) ( 17 ) (12)

(47) (12, 46) (15, 39, 46) (40)

218

(34)

187

(16)

152 159

(47) (43,

45, 46,

47)

93

(20, 43)

147 163

(20, 43)

d.

(16) •

(45) (47)

193 184 189.5

(2) (46, 47)

(12) (2)

199

(2)

151 76

(43)

122 ± 2

(47)

(9, 19, 20, 39, 43, 46)

Index formula C2IH23NO3 C22HÊU C22H17NO4 C22H19NO2 C22H20N2 C 22 H 2 ON 2 C22H2oN22 C 22 H 22 N 2 O 2 C22H22N2O4 C22H22N2O6 C22H22Os C 22 H 24 N 2 O 4 C22H26NO3 C22H25NO3 C22H26NO3 C22H25NO3 C23HiBOs C25H19NO2 C23H19NO6 C23H21NO4 C23H24O3 C23H27NO3 C23H27NO3 C23H27NO3 C23H27NO3 C24H1SOe C24H20N2O4 C24H21NO2 C24H22N2O4 C24H24Br2N2O6 C 24 H 24 N 2 O 2 C24H24N2O2 C24H24N2O5 C24H26N2O6

Formula CH3OC6H4CH :NC6H4CH :CCH3COOC3H7 CNC 6 H 4 NiCHC 6 H 4 CHrNC 6 H 4 CN C6H6CH INC6H4COOC6H4COOCH3

Name

ft-Propyl p- (anisalamino)-a-methylcinnamate p-Phthalal-di-(p-cyanoaniline) Methyl benzal-p-aminobenzoyl-phydroxybenzoate Ethyl p- (p-phenylbenzalamino)-benC6H5C6H4CHiNC6H4COOC2H5 zoate CH3C6H4CH :NC6H4N :CHC6H4CH3 Di-(p-tolual)-p-phenylenediamine' .. . CH3C6H4N :CHC6H4CH INC 6 H 4 CH 3 p-Phthalal-di-(p-toluidine) CH3OC6H4CHiNC6H4NiCHC6H4OCH3 Dianisal-p-phenylenediamine CNC6H4CIHNC6H4CHiCHCOOC5H11 ad-Amyl p-(p-cyanobenzalamino)cinnamate C2H5OCOCH -.CHC6H4N -.NC6H4CH i- Ethyl p-azocinnamate CHCOOC2H5 C2H5OCOCH ICHC6H4NONC6H4Ethyl p-azoxycinnamate CHiCHCOOC2H6 CH3OC6H4CH IC6H6O ICHC6H4OCH3 Dianisalcyclohexanone C3H7COOC6H4CH :NN :CHC6H4ODi-p-butyryloxybenzalazine COC3H7 CH3OC6H4CHiNC6H4CHiCHacf-Amyl anisal-p-aminocinnamate . . COOC6Hn CH3OC6H4CH INC6H4CH iCHiso-Amyl anisal-p-aminocinnamate . . COOC5Hn C2H5OC6H4CH INC6H4CH iCHCOO- n-Butyl p- (p-ethoxybenz alamino )cinnamate C2H5OC6H4CH INC6H4CHCOH3COO- n-Propyl p-(p-ethoxybenzalamino)a-methylcinnamate C3H7 p-Hydroxybenzoic acid p-(p-acetoxyCH3COOC6H4COOC6H4COObenzoxy)-benzoate C6H4COOH C6H6C6H4CHINC6H4CHiCHCOOCH3 Methyl p-(p-phenylbenzalamino)cinnamate CH3OC6H4CH INC6H4COOC6H4COO- Methyl p- (anisalamino)-benzoyl-phydroxybenzoate CH3 p-(anisalamino)benzyl-pCH3OC6H4CH INC6H4CH2OC6H4CO- Methyl hydroxybenzoate OCH3 C2H6OC6H4CHiC5H4OiCHC6H4OC2H5 Di-(p-ethoxybenzal)-cyclopentanone C2H5OC6H4CH INC6H4CH iCHCOO- ad-Amyl p-(p-eihoxybenz alamino )C6H11 cinnamate C2H5OC6H4CH INC6H4CH iCHCOO- iso-Amyl p-(p-ethoxybenzalamino)cinnamate C5H11 C2H5OC6H4CH INC6H4CH :CCH3CO- n-Butyl p-(p-ethoxybenzalamino)a-methylcinnamate OC4H9 CH3OC6H4CHiNC6H6CHiCCH3COO act- Amyl p- (anisalamino ) -a-methylcinnamate C2H5OCOOC6H4COOC6H4COOC6H4- p-Hydroxybenzoic acid p-(p-c&rbethoxyoxybenzoxy) benzoate COOH C6H5COOC6H4N INC6H4CH iCHCOO- Ethyl p-benzoyloxyphenylazocinnamate Ethyl ^-(p-phenylbenzalamino)-cinC6H6C6H4CH INC6H4CH iCHCOOC2H5 namate. Ethyl p-(anisalamino)-benzoyl-pCH3OC6H4CH INC6H4CONHC6H4aminobenzoate COOC2H5 C2H6OCOCCH3 ICBrC6H4NONC6H4- Ethyl p-azoxy-a-methyl-/3-bromcinCBnCCH3COOC2H5 namate C 2 H 5 OC 6 H 4 CHiNC 6 H 4 NiCHC 6 H 4 O- Di-(p-ethoxybenzal)-p-phenylenediamine C2H5OC6H4NiCHC6H4CHiNC6H4O- p-Phthalal-di-(p-phenetidine) C2H5 C3H6OCOCH ICHC6H4NONC6H4Allyl p-azoxycinnamate CHiCHCOOC3H6 C2H5OCOCCH3 ICHC6H4NONC6H4- Ethyl p-azoxy-a-methylcinnamate. . . CHiCCH3COOC2H5

Trans, temp.

M. P.

50 164

85 209

(20, 43)

174

177

(45)

121.5 194 186 210

128.5 266 238 338

(2) (46)

95 155

107 230

140 ± 1

249 ± 1

Lit.

(12)

( 17 ) (46) (17, 38, 46) (15,43) (7,

15,

25,

40, 43, 45)

159 146

170 181

(2, 28, 44)

49

90

(43)

52

90

(43)

68, 88*

125

(43)

88

121

(20, 43)

248

d.

(45)

247

(2)

300

(45)

157 189, 194* 68, 114*

165 200 121

(45)

81

137

(43)

55, 65*

82

(20, 43)

62

69

(46)

215

d.

208, 216* 217

(16)

(44) (43)

(45) (47)

135 145, 180,* 205,* 210*

212 219

212, 220*

247

(45, 46)

110, 132*

138

(20)

200 197

324

(2) (17)

124

235

(40)

140

(20, 21)

109, 134*

(2, 39, 46)

43,

Index formula C 24 H 26 N 2 O 5 C 24 H 26 N 2 O 6 C24H26Os C 24 H 28 N 2 O 4 C 24 H 28 N 2 O 4 C 24 H 29 NO 3 C 24 H 29 NO 3 C25H18N2O2 C 2 SHi 9 N 3 C25H20O8 C25H21NO4 C 25 H 23 NO 2 C 25 H 28 N 2 O 5 C 26 H 18 Br 2 N 2 C26H18Cl2N2 C26H18Cl2N4O C26H18I2N2 C26H18N2O4 C26H18N2O5 C26H18N4O6 C26H18O4 C 26 H 20 N 2 C 26 H 20 N 2 C 26 H 22 N 2 C 26 H 22 N 2 O 2 C 26 H 22 N 4 O 2 C26H24N2O4 C26H26NO2 C 26 H 26 N 2 O 5 C 26 H 26 N 2 O 9 C26H30N2O6 C 27 H 27 NO 2 C 27 H 27 NO 2 C 27 H 27 NO 2 C 27 H 27 NO 2 C28H18O4 C28H20N2O4

Formula C3H7OCOCH ICHC6H4NONC6H4CH:CHCOOC3H7 C3H7OCOCH ICHC6H4NONC6H4CHrCHCOOC3H7 C2H5OC6H4CH :C6H6O :CHC6H4OC2H5 C4H9COOC6H4CH :NN ICHC6H4OCOC4H9 C4H9COOC6H4CH :NN :CHC6H4OCOC4H9 C2H5OC6H4CH INC 6 H 4 CH :CCH3COOC5H11 C2H5OC6H4CH INC 6 H 4 CH iCCH3COOC5H11 C6H5C6H4N INC6H4OCOC6H5 C6H5C6H4CH INC 6 H 4 N :NC6H6 CH3COOC6H4COOC6H4COOC6H4COOC2H5 C6H6COOC6H4CH .-NC6H4CH :CHCOOC2H5 . C6H5C6H4CH INC6H4CH iCCH3COOC2H5 C3H7OCOCCH3 ICHC6H4NONC6H4CHiCHCOOC3H7 BrC6H4CH INC 6 H 4 C 6 H 4 N ICHC 6 H 4 Br ClC6H4CH INC 6 H 4 C 6 H 4 N :CHC6H4C1 ClC6H4N ICHC 6 H 4 NONC 6 H 4 CH : NC6H4Cl IC6H4CHiNC6H4C6H4NiCHC6H4I C6H6COOC6H4N INC6H4OCOC6H6 C6H5COOC6H4NONC6H4OCOC6H6 O2NCoH4CONHC6H4C6H4NHCOC 6 H 4 NO 2 C6H6OCOC6H4C6H4COOC6H6 C6H5CH INC 6 H 4 C 6 H 4 N :CHC6H5 C6H5C6H4CH :NN ICHC6H4C6H6 CH3C6H4CH INC10H6N ICHC6H4CH3 CH3OC6H4CH INC10H6N :CHC 6 H 4 OCH 3 H2NC6H4CONHC6H4C6H4NHCOC 6 H 4 NH 2 C6H4(CHiNC6H4COOC2H6)2

M. P.

Lit.

tso-Propyl p-azoxy cinnamato

Trans, temp. 150

184

(40)

n-Propyl p-azoxycinnamate

123

243

(40)

Di- (p-ethoxybenzal)-cy clohexanone. .

146

176

(44)

Di-(p-valerylhydroxy)-benzalazine . .

145

160

(16)

Di-(p-isovalerylhydroxy)-benzalazine

131

156

(16)

100

(20, 43)

90 240 252

(20, 43)

282

(45)

217

(47)

175 128

(20, 43)

Name

ac£-Amyl p- (p-ethoxybenzalamino)a-methylcinnamate 86 iso-Amyl p-(p-ethoxybenzalamino)a-methylcinnamate 83 p-Diphenylazophenol benzoate 194 p-(p-Phenylbenzalamino)-azobenzene 207 Ethyl p-hydroxybenzoate p-(p-acetoxybenzoxy) benzoate 142 Ethyl p-(p-benzoxybenzalamino)cinnamate 125 Ethyl p- (p-phenylbenzalamino)-amethylcinnamate 120, 148* n-Propylp-azoxy-a-methylcinnamate 70, 125*? Di-(p-bromobenzal)-benzidine Di-(p-chlorobenzal)-benzidine p- Azoxybenz aldi- w-chlor aniline Di-(p-iodobenzal)-benzidine p-Dibenzoylazophenol : p-Dibenzoylazoxyphenol Di-(p-nitrobenzoyl)-benzidine

285 265 174, 181,* 198* >300 208 192 365

312 318 213 250 280 d.

(12) (2)

(20) (12) (12) (46) (12) (15,39) (15) (45)

Diphenyl p, p'-diphenylcarboxylate . Dibenzalbenzidene Di-p-phenylbenzalazine Di-p-tolual-1, 5-naphthylenediamine Dianisal-lj 5-naphthylenediamine. . .

213 234 245 210 206

245 260 271 230 313

Di-(p-aminobenzoyl)-benzidine

312

d.

(45)

189

230

(17)

167 75

203 115

(43) (20)

148

235

(40)

111

214

(40)

115, 153*

180

(43)

164, 188*

197

(43)

99, 137*

149

(20, 43, 46)

135 254 290

(20, 21, 43)

Ethyl p-phthalal-di- (^?-aminobenzoate) w-Bu tyl p-ph enylbenzal-p-aminocinnamate Allyl p-azoxy-a-methylcinnamate

C6H6C6H4CH .-NC6H4CH :CHOOOC4H9 C3H6OCOCCH3 ICHC6H4NONC6H4CHiCCH3COOC3H5 /?-Azoxycinnamic acid ethyl glycoC2H6OCOCH2OCOCH .-CHC6H4late ester NONC 6 H 4 CH ICHCOOCH2COOC2H5 n-Butyl p-azoxycinnamate C4H9OCOCH ICHC6H4NONC6H4CHiCHCOOC4H9 ad- Amy 1 p- (p-phenylbenz alamino )C 6 H 5 C 6 H 4 CHiNC 6 H 4 CH:cinnamate CHCOOC6H11 tso-Amyl p-(29-phenylbenzalamino)C6H5C6H4CH INC 6 H 4 CH :cinnamate CHCOOC6Hn n-Butyl p- (p-phenylbenzalamino)-aC6H5C6H4CH INC 6 H 4 CH :methyleinnamate CCH3COC4H9 n-Propyl p- (p-phenylbenz alammo )C6H5C6O4CHiNC6H4CHia-ethvlcinnamate CC2H5COOC3H7 Di-p-oxytolanedibenzoate . . C6H5COOC6H4C ICC6H4OCOC6H6 Di-p-benzoxybenzalazine C6H6COOC6H4CH :NN .'CHC6H4OCOC6H5

119 214 227

(45) (6, 24) (2) (46)

(46)

(41) (16, 40)

Index formula

Formula

Name Di-p-hydroxystilbene dibenzoate . . . . Di-(p-tolual)-benzidene Dianisalbenzidene act-A m y 1 p-benzoylazophenol-amethylcinnamate iso-Amyl p-azoxy cinnamate

C30H28N2O2 C30H28N2O2

C6H5COOC6H4CHiCHC6H4OCOC6H, (C 6 H 4 NiCHC 6 H 4 CHg) 2 (C 6 H 4 N iCHC6H4OCH3)2 C 6 H 5 COOC 6 H 4 NiNC 6 H 4 CHiCCH 3 COOC5H11 C5H11OCOCH -.CHC6H4NONC6H4CHrCHCOOC5H11 C4H9OCOCCH3ICHC6H4NONC6H4CHrCCH 3 COOC 4 H 9 C4H9OCOCCH3 ICHC 6 H 4 NONC 6 H 4 CHiCCH3COOC4H9 C6H5COCH ICHC 6 H 4 NONC 6 H 4 CH iCHCOC6H5 (C6H4NiCHC6H4OC2Ho)2 (C6H4N :CHCeH8CH,OCH,)a

C30H28N2O4

C 6 H 4 (CH INC6H4CH :CHCOOC2H5) 2

C30H50O2

C2H5COOC27H45

C30H50O3 C3iH52O2 C3iH52O3 C 32 H 24 N 2

C2H5OCOOC27H45 C3H7COOC27H45 C3H7OCOOC27H45 C 6 H 4 (NiCHC 6 H 4 C 6 Ho) 2

C32H24N2O4

C6H5CH ICHCOOC6H4CH :NN :CHC 6 H 4 OCOCHiCHC 6 H 5 CH3COOC6H4COOC6H4COOC6H4COOC6H4COOC2H5 C6H5C6H4CH IC6H6O ICHC 6 H 4 C 6 H 5 C2H5OCH3C6H3CH INC 6 H 4 C 6 H 4 N :CHC6H3CH3OC2H5 C4H9COOC27H45 C4H9OCOOC27H45 C6H5COOC6H4CH IC5H4O -.CHC6H4O COC6H5 C5H11COOC27H45 C6H5COCH2OCOCHiCHC6H4NONC6H4CH ICHCOOCH2COC6H5 C8H17OCOCH ICHC 6 H 4 NONC 6 H 4 CHiCHCOOC8H17 C6H5COOC27H45

O 28 H 20 O 4

C28H24N2 C 28 H 24 N 2 O 2 C 28 H 28 N 2 O 4 C 28 H 34 N 2 O 5 C28H34N2O5 C 28 H 34 N 2 O 5 C 30 H 22 N 2 O 3

C32H24OiO C32H26O C82H32N2O2 C32H54O2 C32H54O3 C33H24O5 C33H56O2 C34H26N2O7 C 34 H 46 N 2 O 5 C34H50O2

tso-B u t y l p - a z o x y-a-methylcinnamate n-Butyl p-azoxy-a-methylcinnamate .

Trans, temp. 224 231 258 88 144 86, 110* 60

M. P.

Lit.

285 d. >300

(4l) (6,24)

(46) (20)

120 186

(40)

(20)

125.5 100

(20) (47)

p-Azoxybenzalacetophenone

213

Di-(p-ethoxybenzal)-benzidine Di- (P-TTL e t h o x y-o-methylbenzal)benzidine E t h y l p-phthalal-di- (p-aminocinnamate) Cholestérol propionate

248

>300

(13)

171

>300

(13)

Cholesterol ethyl carbonate Cholestérol n-butyrate Cholestérol n-propyl carbonate Di- (p-p h e n y l b e n z a l)-p-phenylenediamine Di-(p-cinnamylhydroxy)-benzalazine Ethyl p-hydroxybenzoate p-[p-(pacetoxybenzoxy)benzoxy]benzoate. . Di- (p-phenylbenzal)-cyclohexanone. . Di(-p-ethoxy-o-m e t h y l b e n z a l ) benzidine Cholestérol valerate Cholestérol n-butyl carbonate Di-(p-benzoxybenzal)-c y c l o p e n tanone Cholestérol capronate Phenacyl p-azoxycinnamate n-Octyl p-azoxycinn amate Cholesterol benzoate

174, 270* 97+2

310 112 ± 2

83 96.4 99

103.5 107.3 101

284 206 187 d. 236.5

( 17 ) (6, 10, 18. 30) (8) (18) (8)

>300 245

(2) (16)

d. 237.5

(45) (2)

167 91.8 78

>300 99.2 90

234 91.2 231

236 100 238

(40)

94

175

(40)

146 ± 1

178.5 ± 0.3

(13) (18) (8)

(44) (18)

(18,

22, 30,

35, 42, 45)

C36H40N2O4 C36H50N2O5 C37H64O2 C38H44N2O4 C40H28N6O6 C 40 H 34 N 4 C42H38N4O2 C50H78N2O5 C52H82N2O5 C55Hg0O3

C14H12ClHgNO

C6H4(CH INC6H4CH :CHCOOC5Hn) 2 act- Amyl p-phthalal-di- (p-aminocinnamate) 133, 195* C8H17OCOCCH3 ICHC 6 H 4 NONC 6 H 4 - n-Octyl 2?-azoxy-a-methylcinnamate . 41, 62* CHiCCH3COOC8H17 C9H19COOC27H45 Cholestérol caprinate 82.2 ad- Amyl p-phthalal-di- (p-amino-o;C6H4(CH INC6H4CH ICCH3COOmethylcinnamate) 144, 211* C5H11)2 Di-(m-nitrobenzal-p-aminobenzoyl)(C6H4NHCOC6H4N ICHC 6 H 4 NO 2 ) 2 benzidine >370 C6H5CH INC 6 H 4 CH 2 NHC 6 H 4 C 6 H 4 N- Di-p- (benzalaminobenzyl)-benzidine . 217 HCH 2 C 6 H 4 NiCHC 6 H 5 (C 6 H 4 NHCH 2 C 4 H 4 N ICHC6H4OCH3) 2 Di-p- (anisalaminobenzyl)-benzidine . 202 d. C16H33OCOCH ICHC 6 H 4 NONC 6 H 4 - 7z-Cetyl p-azoxycinnamate 105 CHiCHCOOC16H33 C 16 H 33 OCOCCH 3 ICHC 6 H 4 NONC 6 H 4 - n-Cetyl p-azoxy-a-methylcinnamate . 77 CHiCCH3COOC16H33 C27H45OCOOC27H45 Cholestérol carbonate 177 p-Anisalaminophenylmercury chlorCH3OC6H4CH INC6H4HgCl ide 274

268 85

90.6

(17) (20)

(!8)

248

(17)

d. 246 d.

(45) (46)

d. 141

(40)

84

(20)

235

(8)

d.

(46)

(45)

Index formula

Formula

Ci5H12ClHgN

Name

Trans, temp.

M. P.

Lit.

255 177

265 180

(46)

236 180 217 209 208

241 184 229 285 269

204

272

C6H5CH :CHCH :NC6H4HgCl

p-Cinnamalaminophenylmercury ch Io ride CH3OC6H4CHrNC6H4HgOCOCH3 p-Anisalaminophenylmercury acétate O 2 NC 6 H 4 CHiNC 6 H 4 HgC 6 H 4 NrCHC 6 -- M e r c u r y di-(p-nitrobenzalarninophenyl) H4NO2 C6H5CH :NC6H4HgC6H4N :CHC6H5 Mercury di-(benzalaminophenyl) Mercury di-(p-tolualaminophenyl) . . Hg(C6H4N :CHC6H4CH3)2 Hg(C 6 H 4 N :CHC6H4OCH3)2 Mercury di-(anisalaminophenyl) Hg(C 6 H 4 N :CHCH ICHC6H5)2 Mercury di-(cinnamalaminophenyl) . Hg(C6H4N ICHC6H4OC2H5)2 Mercury di-(p-ethoxybenzalaminophenyl)

C16H16HgNO3 C26H18HgN4O4 C26H20HgN2 C28H24HgN2 C28H24HgN2O2 C 30 H 24 HgN 2 C30H28HgN2O2

LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) (1) Auwers, 7, 32: 39; 00. (*) Bertleff, Diss., Halle, 08. ( 3 ) Bogojawlensky and Winogradow, 7, 60: 433; 07. ( 4 ) Bogojawlensky and Winogradow, 7, 64: 229; 08. ( 5 ) Bose and Conrat, 63, 9: 169; 08. ( 6 ) Bredig and v. Schukowsky, 25, 37: 3419; 04. (7) Buhner, Diss., Marburg, 06. ( 8 ) Däumer, Diss., Halle, 12. ( 9 ) Dickenschied, Diss., Halle, 08. (10) Dorn, 63, 11:777; 10. O 1 ) Eichwald, Diss., Marburg, 05. ( 1 Z)FrOhIiCh, Diss., Halle, 10. ( 13 ) Gatterman, 13, 357: 313; 07. ( 1 4 ) Gatterman and Ritschke, 25, 23: 1738; 90. O5 ) Hansen, Diss. Halle, 07. O 6 ) Hulme, Diss., Halle, 07. ( 1 ^) Huth, Diss., Halle, 10. ( 18 ) Jaeger, 64P1 9: 78; 06. 70, 25: 334; 06. O*) Jaeger, 93, 101: 1; 17.

(46)

(46) (46) (46) (46) (46) (46)

(20) Kasten, Diss., Halle, 09. («) E. Lehmann, Diss., Halle, 10. (22) Lehmann, 7, 4: 462; 89. (23) Lehmann, 8, 40: 401; 90. (24) Lehmann, 8, 2: 649; 00. (25) Lehmann, 8, 19: 22; 06. (26) Meye, Diss., Halle, 08, (27) Meyer and Dahlem, 13, 326: 331; 03. (28) Müller, 25, 54: 1481; 21. (29) Munch, Diss., Marburg, 03. C 3 0 ) Prins, 7, 67: 689; 09. ( 3 I ) Reichardt, Diss., Halle, 09. (32) Rising, 25, 37: 43; 04. (33) v. Romburgh, 64V, 9: 9; 01. ( 3 4 ) Rotarski, 25, 41: 1994; 08. ( 35 ) Schenk, 7, 25: 337; 98. (36) Schenk, 7, 28: 280; 99. (37) Schroeter, 25, 41: 5; 08. ( 3 ») Stumpf, 63, 11: 780; 10. ( 3 ») Sultze, Diss., Halle, 08. ( 4 0 ) Vorländer, 25, 39: 803; 06. («) Vorländer, 25, 40: 4527; 07. ( 4 *) Vorländer, 196, 12: 321; 07. ( 43 )Vorländer, 25, 41: 2033; 08. (* 4 ) Vorländer, 25, 54: 2261; 21. ( 4 5 ) Vorländer, 7, 105. 211; 23. (* 6 ) D. Vorländer, Chem. Kristallog, der Flüssigkeiten, 1924. ( 4 7 ) Wilke, Diss., Halle, 09.

CRYSTALLOGRAPHY OF COMPOUNDS OF CARBON GEORGE L. KEENAN AND RAYMOND M. HANN Standard arrangement. For abbreviations, see p. 100. Literature, p. 338 »-TABLE Formula

|

16 See (T-Table 18 SiC 24 H 24 N 4

Name

| System | Class j Sign |

2V

Silico tetraphenylamide

M.

Bi.

-

17° 40'

Tetra-p-tolylsilicane p-Toluidine tin chloride

M. M.

Bi. Bi.

+

77°

23 PbC2H2O4 PbC4H6O4-SH2O

Lead formate Lead acetate

R. M.

Bi. Bi.

+

70° 34' 83° 55'

PbCi8H26Oi0S2-GH2O 27 TlC2HO4

Lead sulfocamphylate Thallium acid oxalate

R. M.

Bi. Bi.

+

TlC2HO4-^H2O

Thallium acid oxalate

M.

Bi.

+

Tl2C4H4Oe Tl 2 C 4 H 4 O 6 -^H 2 O TlC6H2O7N3 Tl2C4H4O6

Thallium Thallium Thallium Thallium

Tri. R. (?) M. M.

Bi. Bi. Bi. Bi.

+ -

73° 54'

+

88° 22'

Trig. R. M.

Un. Bi. Bi.

-f + +

SiC28H28 SnCuH2ON2CIc

Tl2C4H4O6 TlC4H4OrSb-H2O 28 ZnC4H6O4-SH2O

mesotartrate tartrate picrate dZ-tartrate

Thallium tartrate Thallium antimonyl tartrate Zinc acetate

ZnC 8 Hi 4 O 4 ZnCa)Hs6O8 ZnC6H8O4Br-SH2O

Zinc butyrate Zinc methylethylvalerate Zinc bromomesaconate

M. ? M.

Bi. Bi. Bi.

ZnCioH6O6S2.6H2O ZnC 2 OH 32 N 2 I 4

Zinc naphthalene-1, 5-disulfonate Phenyldimethylethylammonium zinc iodide. Triacetonediamine hydrochloride zinc chloride 1, 1-Dimethylammonium mercuric iodide 1, 1-Trimethylammonium mercuric iodide 1, 1-Diethylammonium mercuric chloride Cupric formate

M. M.

Copper naphthalene-1, 5-disulfonate

M.

ZnC»H22ON2Cl4.3H2O 30 HgC2HsNIa HgCsHsNI2 HgC 4 Hi 2 NIs CuC2H2O4.4H2O CuCioHeOeSu.eHgQ Ag Al Aa Au 32551383

B Ba Be Bi Br 547975155

C Ca Cb Cd Ce 1677512959

2E

83° 30'

78° 17' 74° 5' (red) 106° 5' (red) 69°

84° 30'

Orientation

|

Ax. pi. b (010); XAC = 27£° in obtuse Z.ß Ax. pi. J_b(010) Ax. pi. .Lb(OlO); ZAC =» 19° in obtuse Z/9 Ax. pi. b(010); X[|c A x - P L b I 1 O l O ) J Z A c = SS 0 IS' in obtuse Z.ß Ax. pi. b(010); X||c Ax. pi. JLb(OlO) Ax. pi. b(010); ZAC - 79° 36' (red) in obtuse LQ Ax. pi. b(010); X||c Ax. pi. b(010) Ax. pi. b(010); ZAC = 84° 44' in obtuse Z/3

Ax. pi. b(010); ZAC = 54.75° in acute Z.ß Large

71° 21'

Bi. Bi.

+

58° 16' 86° 52'

M.

Bi.

+

36° 14'

M. R. R. M.

Bi. Bi. Bi. Bi.

— — + -

Large Large Very large 34° 54'

118° 15'

58° 20'

55° 6'

Bi. Dy Er Eu F Fe 676964343

|

20°-25°

-

Cl Co Cr Cs Cu 444468531

|

Ga Gd Ge Gl H 256520752

Lit." (G) (G) (G) (G) (G) (G) (G) (G) (G) (G) (G) (G) (G) (G) (G)

(37) (37) XAC = 14° (G)

Ax. pi. .Lb(OlO); in obtuse Z.ß Ax. pl.JKOlO); tj a Ac = 74° Ax. pi. .Lb(OlO); ZAC = 43° in acute Z.ß Ax. pi. .Lb(OOl); ZAC = 49° in obtuse Z/3

Ax. pi. b(010); XAC = 23° 35' in obtuse Z/3 Ax. pi. ||(010); r,a/\c = 75° Hf Hg Ho I In 733068626

(**) (G) (G) (16) (16) (16) (G) (14)

Ir K La Li Lu 3683588172

Index formula

Formula

Ci5H12ClHgN

Name

Trans, temp.

M. P.

Lit.

255 177

265 180

(46)

236 180 217 209 208

241 184 229 285 269

204

272

C6H5CH :CHCH :NC6H4HgCl

p-Cinnamalaminophenylmercury ch Io ride CH3OC6H4CHrNC6H4HgOCOCH3 p-Anisalaminophenylmercury acétate O 2 NC 6 H 4 CHiNC 6 H 4 HgC 6 H 4 NrCHC 6 -- M e r c u r y di-(p-nitrobenzalarninophenyl) H4NO2 C6H5CH :NC6H4HgC6H4N :CHC6H5 Mercury di-(benzalaminophenyl) Mercury di-(p-tolualaminophenyl) . . Hg(C6H4N :CHC6H4CH3)2 Hg(C 6 H 4 N :CHC6H4OCH3)2 Mercury di-(anisalaminophenyl) Hg(C 6 H 4 N :CHCH ICHC6H5)2 Mercury di-(cinnamalaminophenyl) . Hg(C6H4N ICHC6H4OC2H5)2 Mercury di-(p-ethoxybenzalaminophenyl)

C16H16HgNO3 C26H18HgN4O4 C26H20HgN2 C28H24HgN2 C28H24HgN2O2 C 30 H 24 HgN 2 C30H28HgN2O2

LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) (1) Auwers, 7, 32: 39; 00. (*) Bertleff, Diss., Halle, 08. ( 3 ) Bogojawlensky and Winogradow, 7, 60: 433; 07. ( 4 ) Bogojawlensky and Winogradow, 7, 64: 229; 08. ( 5 ) Bose and Conrat, 63, 9: 169; 08. ( 6 ) Bredig and v. Schukowsky, 25, 37: 3419; 04. (7) Buhner, Diss., Marburg, 06. ( 8 ) Däumer, Diss., Halle, 12. ( 9 ) Dickenschied, Diss., Halle, 08. (10) Dorn, 63, 11:777; 10. O 1 ) Eichwald, Diss., Marburg, 05. ( 1 Z)FrOhIiCh, Diss., Halle, 10. ( 13 ) Gatterman, 13, 357: 313; 07. ( 1 4 ) Gatterman and Ritschke, 25, 23: 1738; 90. O5 ) Hansen, Diss. Halle, 07. O 6 ) Hulme, Diss., Halle, 07. ( 1 ^) Huth, Diss., Halle, 10. ( 18 ) Jaeger, 64P1 9: 78; 06. 70, 25: 334; 06. O*) Jaeger, 93, 101: 1; 17.

(46)

(46) (46) (46) (46) (46) (46)

(20) Kasten, Diss., Halle, 09. («) E. Lehmann, Diss., Halle, 10. (22) Lehmann, 7, 4: 462; 89. (23) Lehmann, 8, 40: 401; 90. (24) Lehmann, 8, 2: 649; 00. (25) Lehmann, 8, 19: 22; 06. (26) Meye, Diss., Halle, 08, (27) Meyer and Dahlem, 13, 326: 331; 03. (28) Müller, 25, 54: 1481; 21. (29) Munch, Diss., Marburg, 03. C 3 0 ) Prins, 7, 67: 689; 09. ( 3 I ) Reichardt, Diss., Halle, 09. (32) Rising, 25, 37: 43; 04. (33) v. Romburgh, 64V, 9: 9; 01. ( 3 4 ) Rotarski, 25, 41: 1994; 08. ( 35 ) Schenk, 7, 25: 337; 98. (36) Schenk, 7, 28: 280; 99. (37) Schroeter, 25, 41: 5; 08. ( 3 ») Stumpf, 63, 11: 780; 10. ( 3 ») Sultze, Diss., Halle, 08. ( 4 0 ) Vorländer, 25, 39: 803; 06. («) Vorländer, 25, 40: 4527; 07. ( 4 *) Vorländer, 196, 12: 321; 07. ( 43 )Vorländer, 25, 41: 2033; 08. (* 4 ) Vorländer, 25, 54: 2261; 21. ( 4 5 ) Vorländer, 7, 105. 211; 23. (* 6 ) D. Vorländer, Chem. Kristallog, der Flüssigkeiten, 1924. ( 4 7 ) Wilke, Diss., Halle, 09.

CRYSTALLOGRAPHY OF COMPOUNDS OF CARBON GEORGE L. KEENAN AND RAYMOND M. HANN Standard arrangement. For abbreviations, see p. 100. Literature, p. 338 »-TABLE Formula

|

16 See (T-Table 18 SiC 24 H 24 N 4

Name

| System | Class j Sign |

2V

Silico tetraphenylamide

M.

Bi.

-

17° 40'

Tetra-p-tolylsilicane p-Toluidine tin chloride

M. M.

Bi. Bi.

+

77°

23 PbC2H2O4 PbC4H6O4-SH2O

Lead formate Lead acetate

R. M.

Bi. Bi.

+

70° 34' 83° 55'

PbCi8H26Oi0S2-GH2O 27 TlC2HO4

Lead sulfocamphylate Thallium acid oxalate

R. M.

Bi. Bi.

+

TlC2HO4-^H2O

Thallium acid oxalate

M.

Bi.

+

Tl2C4H4Oe Tl 2 C 4 H 4 O 6 -^H 2 O TlC6H2O7N3 Tl2C4H4O6

Thallium Thallium Thallium Thallium

Tri. R. (?) M. M.

Bi. Bi. Bi. Bi.

+ -

73° 54'

+

88° 22'

Trig. R. M.

Un. Bi. Bi.

-f + +

SiC28H28 SnCuH2ON2CIc

Tl2C4H4O6 TlC4H4OrSb-H2O 28 ZnC4H6O4-SH2O

mesotartrate tartrate picrate dZ-tartrate

Thallium tartrate Thallium antimonyl tartrate Zinc acetate

ZnC 8 Hi 4 O 4 ZnCa)Hs6O8 ZnC6H8O4Br-SH2O

Zinc butyrate Zinc methylethylvalerate Zinc bromomesaconate

M. ? M.

Bi. Bi. Bi.

ZnCioH6O6S2.6H2O ZnC 2 OH 32 N 2 I 4

Zinc naphthalene-1, 5-disulfonate Phenyldimethylethylammonium zinc iodide. Triacetonediamine hydrochloride zinc chloride 1, 1-Dimethylammonium mercuric iodide 1, 1-Trimethylammonium mercuric iodide 1, 1-Diethylammonium mercuric chloride Cupric formate

M. M.

Copper naphthalene-1, 5-disulfonate

M.

ZnC»H22ON2Cl4.3H2O 30 HgC2HsNIa HgCsHsNI2 HgC 4 Hi 2 NIs CuC2H2O4.4H2O CuCioHeOeSu.eHgQ Ag Al Aa Au 32551383

B Ba Be Bi Br 547975155

C Ca Cb Cd Ce 1677512959

2E

83° 30'

78° 17' 74° 5' (red) 106° 5' (red) 69°

84° 30'

Orientation

|

Ax. pi. b (010); XAC = 27£° in obtuse Z.ß Ax. pi. J_b(010) Ax. pi. .Lb(OlO); ZAC =» 19° in obtuse Z/9 Ax. pi. b(010); X[|c A x - P L b I 1 O l O ) J Z A c = SS 0 IS' in obtuse Z.ß Ax. pi. b(010); X||c Ax. pi. JLb(OlO) Ax. pi. b(010); ZAC - 79° 36' (red) in obtuse LQ Ax. pi. b(010); X||c Ax. pi. b(010) Ax. pi. b(010); ZAC = 84° 44' in obtuse Z/3

Ax. pi. b(010); ZAC = 54.75° in acute Z.ß Large

71° 21'

Bi. Bi.

+

58° 16' 86° 52'

M.

Bi.

+

36° 14'

M. R. R. M.

Bi. Bi. Bi. Bi.

— — + -

Large Large Very large 34° 54'

118° 15'

58° 20'

55° 6'

Bi. Dy Er Eu F Fe 676964343

|

20°-25°

-

Cl Co Cr Cs Cu 444468531

|

Ga Gd Ge Gl H 256520752

Lit." (G) (G) (G) (G) (G) (G) (G) (G) (G) (G) (G) (G) (G) (G) (G)

(37) (37) XAC = 14° (G)

Ax. pi. .Lb(OlO); in obtuse Z.ß Ax. pl.JKOlO); tj a Ac = 74° Ax. pi. .Lb(OlO); ZAC = 43° in acute Z.ß Ax. pi. .Lb(OOl); ZAC = 49° in obtuse Z/3

Ax. pi. b(010); XAC = 23° 35' in obtuse Z/3 Ax. pi. ||(010); r,a/\c = 75° Hf Hg Ho I In 733068626

(**) (G) (G) (16) (16) (16) (G) (14)

Ir K La Li Lu 3683588172

Formula 32 AgC4H4O8N4 AgC4H4Oi2N6 AuCi4Hi4SCl AuC6Hi2NCl4 AuC6Hi2O2NCl4.H2O AuC9Hi6NCl4 K8IrC2O4Cl4-H2O 37 PtC 2 Hi 2 N 2 Cl 6 PtCi0Hi2N2Cl6 PtCi0H28O2N2Cl6 PtCi2Hi6N2Cl6 PtCi2H22N8Cl6

Name | System j Class | Sign | 2V | 2E Ethylene dicyanide silver nitrate R. Bi. 42° 36.O' Ethylene dicyanide silver nitrate R. Bi. 42° 41' Gold dibenzylsulfine chloride (metaTet. Un. stable form) R. Bi. -f 70° 40' Piperidine chloroaurate M. Bi. 70° ô-Aminovaleric acid chloroaurate (apprx.) 3, 4, 5, 6-Tetramethyl-l, 2-dihydroM. Bi. + 91° (apprx. ) pyridine hydrochloride chloroaurate R. Bi. 94° 40' Iridium tetrachloro tripotassium oxalate Methylammonium chloroplatinate C. Tri. Bi. 59° 54' Pyridine chloroplatinate M. Bi. + 25° 52' Choline cbloroplatinate M.

Bi.

-

93° 13.5'

PtCi 2 H 24 O 4 N 2 Cl 6 ^H 2 O PtCi 2H28O4N2Cl 6

a-Picoline chloroplatinate. l-Phenyl-3-imino-5-methyl triazoline chloroplatinate Pipecolinic acid chloroplatinate a-Homobetaine chloroplatinate

M. M. M.

Bi. Bi. Bi.

-f

66° 56'

PtCi4H20N2Cl6 PtCi4H86N2Cl6

Ethyl pyridine chloride chloroplatinate Dipropyl carbinol aminé chloroplatinate

R. M.

Bi. Bi.

-

PtCi6H82O2N2Cl6 PtCi8H82N2Cl6

M. R.

Bi. Bi.

+

R.

Bi.

M.

Bi.

PtC22H86N2Cl6 39 RuN6Hi6O8Cl3 MnCi 2 H 4 OuN 6 -SH 2 O 43 FeCi 2 H 4 Oi 4 N 6 -OH 2 O FeCi6H2IO6

Tropanine chloroplatinate Tropidine chloromethylate chloroplatinate Ethyldipropyl ammonium chloroplatinate Anhydrolupinin chloroplatinate (stable mod J Diethyl-p-toluidine chloroplatinate Ruthénium ammonium chloral hydrate. Manganèse picrate Ferrous picrate , Ferriacetylacetone

R. M. R. R. R.

Bi. Bi. Bi. Bi. Bi.

+

FeC20Hi4O6S2-OH2O 44 CoC4H604.4H20

Ferrous naphthalene-/3-sulf onate Cobalt acétate

M,

Bi. Bi.

+ -

CoC6H24NeI8-H2O CoC6H24N6I8-H2O CoCi0H6OeS2-OH2O NiCi0HeOeS2-OH2O 49 UCeHi3O8N UCdC8Hi2OiO-GH2O

d-Luteo triethylenediamine cobalt iodide dZ-Luteo triethylenediamine cobalt iodide Cobalt naphthalene-1, 5-disulf onate . . . . Nickel naphthalene-1, 5-disulf onate . . . . Ammonium uranyl acétate Cadmium uranylacetate

R. R. M. M. Tet. R.

Bi. Bi. Bi. Bi. Un. Bi.

+

UMnC 8 Hi 2 Oi 0 -OH 2 O (UO2)2CoCi2Hi8Oi2.7HaO 55 Al2Ci2Oi2-ISH2O YtCi2H80O24S6-ISH2O YCi 8 Hi 2 Oi 6 N 8 S 8 -TH 2 O

Manganèse uranyl acétate Cobalt diuranyl acétate Mellite Yttrium ethyl sulfate Yttrium 7n-nitrobenzenesulf onate

R. R. Tet. H. M.

Bi. Bi. Un. Un. Bi.

-

58 LaCi2H30O24S6-ISH2O CeCi2H80O24S6-ISH2O 60 PrCi2H30O24S6-ISH2O NdCi2H30O24Se-ISH2O 63 SaCi2H80O24S6-ISH2O EuCi2H30O24S6-ISH2O GdCi2H30O24Se-ISH2O 67 DyCi2H80O24S6-ISH2O ErCi2H80O24S6-ISH2O TmCi2H80O24Se. ISH2O YbCi2H80O24Se-ISH2O 75 BeC4H8O8N2

Lanthanum ethyl sulfate Cerium ethyl sulfate Praseodymium ethyl sulfate Neodymium ethyl sulfate Samarium ethyl sulfate Europium ethyl sulfate. Gadolinium ethyl sulfate Dysprosium ethyl sulfate Erbium ethyl sulfate Thulium ethyl sulfate Neoytterbium ethyl sulfate Ammonium beryllium oxalate

H. H. H. H. H. H. H. H. H. H. H. M.

Un. Un. Un. Un. Un. Un. Un. Un. Un. Un. Un. Bi.

Be2C4Hio09S2.4H20 MgC4H6O4.4H2O

Diethyl beryllium sulfate (basic) Magnesium acetate

Tet. M.

Un. Bi.

-

MgCeHsO6.2.5H2O

Magnesium dilactate

M.

Bi.

+

Magnesium df-tartrate Magnesium naphthalene-1, 5-disulf onate Calcium oxalate

M. M. M.

Bi. Bi. Bi.

— +

CaC2H2O4 CaC8H2O4.2H2O(?) CaC4H204.2H2O

Calcium formate Calcium malonate Calcium f umarate

R. ? R.

Bi. Bi. Bi.

+ + -

CaC4H2O4-H2O

Calcium maleate

R.

Bi.

-

PtCi8H40N2Cl6 PtC20H86N2Cl6

MgC6HsO6-OH2O MgCi0H6OeSa-OH2O 77 CaC2O4-H2O

Mg Mn Mo N 76 42 47 11


Os P Pb Pd 35 12 23 41

Pr Pt Ra Rb 60 37 80 84

Rh Ru S Sa 40 39 8 63

88° 12'

ö

44° 72° 40'

52° 12' 70°

63 0 O' 56° 20'

— -

Orientation Ax. pi. c(001 ); XUb Ax. pi. c(001 ); X II a

61° 40' 59° 56' -

(G) (G)

Ax. pi. b(010); Z||c Ax. pi. .Lb(OlO); XAC = 91.5° in obtuse Z/3 Ax. pi. Xb(OlO)

(G)

Ax.pl. (010); BxaJL(OOl)

(32) (2l)

Ax. pi. nearly JLc-axis Ax.pl.J_b(010); ZAC = 75° 12' in acute /.ß Ax. pi, b(010)

(G) (G)

Ax. pi. b(010) ; Z nearly JLc(OOl ) Ax. pL b (010) Ax. pi, b(010); ZAC = 99° in obtuse Z/3 Ax. pi. a(100); X||c Ax. pl.J_b(010); X nearly Ic COOl) Ax. pi. .Lb(OlOi Ax. pi. b(010); Z 11 c

(G) (G) (G)

(G)

(G) (G) (G) (G)

61° 26'

Ax. pi. c(001 ); Z ||a

(G)

38° (apprx. )

Ax. pi. Xb(OlO)

(G)

Ax. pi. a (100); Z|)b

(G) (L-B) (G) (G) (G)

15° 30' Ax. pi. b(010); X||c 24° 48' Ax. pi. a(100); X||c 50° Ax. pi. a(100); XJc (apprx.) 30° 43'

| Lit. (G) (G) (G)

48° 12' Ax. pi. b(010); XAC = 53.5° in acute Z.ß Small Ax. pi. (001); Bxa = b-axis Small Ax. pi. (010); Bxa = c-axis Ax. pi. Il (010); T,a Ac = 72° 0.5' Ax. Pl.||(010);T,aAc - 74° 57° 54' (red) 31° 103° 30'

Ax. pi. a(lOO) Ax. pi. a(100) Ax. pi. C(OOl )

(M (G) (15) (15) (4l) (41)

(G) (G) (G) (G) t35) (34)

+

Ax. pi. b(010); ZAC - 85° in (G) obtuse Z/3 (34) (34) (34) (34) (34) (34) (34) (34) (34) (34) (34)

27° 47'

Ax. pi. b(010); ZAC = 37.5° in obtuse Zß

(G) (34),

56° 34'

52° 20' 89° 26° 47' 22° 24'

77° 36' tcalc.) Sb Sc Se Si Sn 1406 9 1822

89° 54' Ax. pi. b(010); XAC = 48.25° (G> in acute Z/3 79° Ax. pi. b(010) (G) (apprx.) 102° (17> Bxa A c = 30° in acute Z0 Ax. pi. Il (010); TjaAc = 73° 0.5' ( 4 1 > Ax. pi. b(010); ZAC = 64.25° (G) in acute Z/3 41° 2' Ax. pi. b(010); Z ||a (G) moderate (37) 37° (38) X = a, Y= b, Z = c (apprx. ) 164° (38) X = c, Y = a, Z = b (cale.) SrTaTbTeTh Ti Tl Tm U V WYYbZnZr 7852661024 1927 70 49 50 4857712821

Formula CaC4H4O3-SH2O CaC4H4O4.3H2O CaC4H4O6-SH2O CaC8Hi0O4 . CaC8HioOio.6H2O

I Calcium Calcium Calcium Calcium Calcium

Name malate succinate mesotartrate crotonate acid malate

| System | Class | Sign | R. Bi. + ? Bi. M. Bi. -(?) (?) Bi. R. Bi. +

2V

109° 6' (red) 100° (apprx.)

Bi.

Calcium citrate Calcium nitrotetronate(?)

? M.

Bi. Bi.

Tet. C.

Un.

CaCuCsHi2O8.6H2O 78 SrC2H2O4 SrC2H204.2H20 SrC2H4OeS2-H2O SrC4Hi0O sS2.2H2O

Dicalcium lead propionate Tetracalcium butyrate pentalead propionate Calcium cupric acetate Strontium formate Strontium formate Strontium disulf onate Strontium ethyl sulfate

Tet. R. R. M. M.

Un. Bi. Bi. Bi. Bi.

SrC8H4Oi0N2. (?)H 2 O SrC8H8Oi4Sb2 Sr2CuC4H4O8 8H2O SrCa2Ci8H30Oi2 79 BaC2H2O4 BaC4H4O6-SH2O BaC4H6O4-H2O BaCeHi0O4-H2O BaCi 2 H 22 Oi 4 .(?)H 2 O BaCieHisO6.4H2O BaCeH4O6S2. 2H2O

Strontium nitrotetronate Strontium antimonyl tartrate Cupric strontium formate Dicalcium strontium propionate Barium formate Barium dl-tartrate Barium acetate Barium propionate Barium d-galactonate Barium methyluvinate Barium m-benzenedisulfonate

M. H. Tri. Tet. R. M. Tri. R. M. R. R.

Bi. Un. Bi. Un. Bi. Bi. Bi. Bi. Bi. Bi. Bi.

BaC6H4O7S2.4H2O

Barium phenol-2, 4-disulf onate

M.

Bi.

BaC2H2N8.3.5H2O

Barium tetrazole

R.

Bi.

BaC8H2O8N2S.3.5H2O

Barium dinitrophenol sulf onate

M.

Bi.

-

BaCeH8OeN2^HaO

Barium methyloxaminate

M.

Bi.

+

BaCioHioO4N4. 1 .5H2O BaCi2H24O8P2.2H2O BaC26H20O8N2S2

Barium methylpyrazole carbonate Barium diacetonephosphinate Barium p-amidobenzophenone-p-sulfonate Barium cadmium formate

Tri. R. M.

Bi. Bi.

+

M.

Bi.

+

Barium copper formate Dicalcium barium propionate Monolithium malate Lithium naphthalene-1, 5-disulf onate . . Ammonium lithium tartrate Lithium ammonium dZ-tartrate

R. C. M. M. R. M.

Bi.

+

Bi. Bi. Bi. Bi.

-f +

LiTlC4H4O6-H2O

Lithium thallium tartrate

R.

Bi.

+

Li6Cr2Ci2O24-ISC?) H2O LiUO2CeH9Oe-SH2O

Lithium chromic oxalate Lithium uranyl acetate

R. M.

Bi. Bi.

-

Lithium aluminium oxalate Sodium acetate

Tri. M.

Bi. Bi.

-

NaC3H3O4-H2O NaC4H6O6-H2O

Sodium acid malonate Sodium d/-tartrate

R. R.

Bi. Bi.

+

39° 20' 51° 31' (red)

NaC4H7O4 NaC6H6O4

Sodium diacetate Sodium citraconate

C. M.

Bi.

-

53° 25' (red)

NaCsH6O4

Sodium acid phthalate

R.

Bi.

NaCi6Hi9O4-S-SH2O NaCi6H2iO4.3H2O

Sodium santonate Sodium hydrosantonate

R. R.

Bi. Bi.

+

NaCeH6O4S^H2O

Sodium p-phenolsulf onate

M.

Bi.

+

NaC7H606S.2H20 NaCsH9O3S Na2C2H4O6S2.2H2O Na2CioHeO6S2.2H2O Na 2 CH 2 O 4 N 4

Sodium Sodium Sodium Sodium Sodium

Tri. R. M. M. M.

Bi. Bi. Bi. Bi. Bi.

-

Calcium aconitate

Ca8Ci2HioOi4.4H2O CaC 8 H 4 OioN 2 .(?)H 2 O Ca2PbCi8H30Oi2 CaPbC62HioeO36.12H2O

BaCdC4H4Os.2H20 Ba2CuC6H6Oi2 BaCa2Ci8H30Oi2 81 LiC4H6O5-SH2O Li2CioHeOeS2.2H2O LiC4HsOeN-H2O LiC4H8OeN-H2O

Li6Al2Ci2O24. 12H2O 82 NaC2H3O2-SH2O

Ag Al As Au 32 55 13 33

B Ba Be Bi Br 54 79 75 15 5

m-sulf obenzoate p-xylenesulf onate ethane disulf onate naphthalene-1, 5-disulfonate diisonitramidomethane C Ca Cb Cd Ce 1677 51 29 59

Cl Co Cr Ca Cu 4 44 46 85 31

2E

|

Lit.

Orientation Ax. pi. b(010); Z|la

Very large Very large Ax. pi. b(010)

?

Ca2Ci2H6O12

j

(37) (37) (G, 37) (37)

Ax. pi. a(100); ZUc

(G) (37) (37)

Ax. pi. .Lb(OlO); Z nearly JLa (100)

32° 26' +

+ -

(G) (G) (G) (G)

74° 14' 66° 59.33'

143° 36' 114° 8' Large

75° 4' 30° 23'

Ax. pi. a(100); Z||b Ax. pi. b(010); X ||c Ax. pi. X (0 10) Ax. pi. J_b(010); ZAo- 70° in acute Z/3 Ax. pi. b(010); XXa(IOO)

72° 4' + + +

77° 54.33' 93° r

-

81° 36'

Ax.pl. b(010); Z||a Ax. pi. .Lb(OlO)

(G) (G) (6) (G) (G) (G) (L-B) (G) (G) (G) (18)

77° 37'

-

88° 12' 62° 19' (red) 61° 58' 40° (apprx.) 72° 13' 40° (apprx.) 56° 42'

-

Dy Er Eu F Fe 67 69 64 3 43

122° 44'

67° 36'

117° 79°

100° 23° 87° 6' 81° 42' 24° 40' (red) 95° 26' 65° 14'

62° 50'

69° 58'

Ax. pi. Ax. pi. Ax. pi. Ax. pi.

a(100); X||b J_b(001); Z||b a(100); Z||b a(100); Z||c

(G) (G) (G) (G)

Ax. pi. Ua(IOO); X Ac = 5° 20' in acute Z/3 Ax. pi. a(100); Z]|c

(G) (G)

Ax. pi. b(010); X A c = 77° in acute Z(S Ax. pi. b(010); ZA c = 8° in obtuse Z/3 Ax. pi. _Lb (0 10) (apprx.) Ax. pi. b(010); ZUc Ax. pi. U(OlO)

(G)

Ax. pi. Xb(OlO); Z A c = 46° 23' in acute Z/3 Ax. pi. b(010)

(G)

Ax. pi. b(010) Ax. pi. X(OlO) Ax. pi. b(010); ZA c = 76.5° in obtuse Z/3 Ax.pl. c(OOl) (red); Z||b

Ax.pl. b(010); X ||c Ax. pi. b(010); X A c - 12° in obtuse Z/8 100° 30' Ax. pi. Xb(OlO) Ax. pi. Xb(OlO); X A c = 44° in acute Z/3 55° 21' Ax. pi. a(100); X||c 83e 34' Ax. pi. a(100); Z)Jc (red) Ax. pi. b(010) 30° (apprx.) 51° 46' 37° 24' (red) 125° 47' 86° 7' 27° 46' Large

24° 0.5' 89° 20' Ga Gd Ge Gl H 25 65 20 75 2

(G) (G) (G) (5)

(G) (G) (G) (4l)

(G) (G) (G) (G) (G) (G) (G) (G) (G) (G) (G)

Ax. pi. c(OOl)

(G)

Ax.pl. a(100); X|[b Ax. pi. a(100); Z||c

(G) (G)

Ax. pi. b(010); ZA c = 9° in (G) obtuse Z/3 XXb(OlO) (G) Ax. pi. c(OOl); X Ub (G) Ax. pi. (010) (6) (4l) Ax. pi. X(OlO) Ax. pi. b(010); XA c = 43.66° (G) in acute ZjS Hf Hg Ho I Iu Ir K La Li Lu 73 30 68 6 26 368368 81 72

Formula NaC4H5O4N-H2O

j

Name Sodium aspartate

| System [ Olass | Sign | M. Bi.

2V

|

2E 31° 30'

NaC4H8O6N. H2O NaC4H s06N.4H20 NaTlC4H4O6.4H2O

Sodium ammonium c#-tartrate Sodium ammonium tartrate Sodium thallium tartrate

M. R. R.

Bi. Bi. Bi.

-

NaC5H8O4N NaCeH6O3NS.2H2O NaCioH803NS.4H20

Sodium acid glutamate Sodium suif anilate Sodium naphthalenesulfonate (stable).. .

M. R. M.

Bi. Bi. Bi.

+ +

NaTl3CsH8Oi2 NaCuCisH27O24.9H2O Na6Fe2Ci2O24-IOH2O

Sodium trithallium tartrate Sodium cupric triuranyl acétate Sodium ferrie oxalate

R. M. M.

Bi. Bi. Bi.

+ + -

Na3Cr2Ci2Hi2O24N3-TH2O NaUC6H9O8 NaU 3 MnCi 8 H 27 O 24 -OH 2 O

Sodium ammonium chromic oxalate . . . . Sodium uranyl acétate Sodium manganèse triuranyl acétate. . . .

M. C. M.

Bi.

—

Orientation i Ax. pi. b(010); Z A C - 51° in acute /.ß Ax. pi. Xb(OlO) 96° 30' Ax. pi. a(100); X||c 75° 49'- Ax. pi. a(100); XJc 76° 47' (red) Ax.pl. ±b(010); Z JLy (102) 115° 24' Ax. pi. b(010); Z||c Ax. pi. b(010); Z A C = 3° 35' in acute Z.ß 75° 40' Ax. pi. c(OOl); Z||b 90° 50' Ax. pi. Xb(OlO) 46° 53' Ax. pi. b(010); X A C = 12° in obtuse Z/3 98° 20' Ax. pi. ±(010)

Bi.

-

105° 30'

Na3Al2CeHi2Oi2N3-TH2O

Sodium ammonium aluminium oxalate. .

M.

Bi.

-

134°

Na3Al2Ci2Hi2O24N3-TH2O Na6Al2Ci2O24-IOH2O

Sodium ammonium aluminium oxalate. . Sodium aluminium oxalate

M. M.

Bi. Bi.

-

83° 30'

Na24Al22C22HsOoOQgN42 NaLiC4H4Oe.2H20

Ammonium sodium aluminium oxalate. . Sodium lithium dZ-tartrate

Tri. M.

Bi. Bi.

-

138°

Potassium oxalate

M.

Bi.

-

KC2HO4 KC2HO4-H2O KC4H5O4 KC4H504.2H20 KC4H5O6 KCsHnO 8

Potassium Potassium Potassium Potassium Potassium Potassium

M. R. M. R. R. M.

Bi. Bi. Bi. Bi. Bi. Bi.

-

-

K2C4H4O6-JH2O

Potassium tartrate

M.

Bi.

-

K2C4H4Oe.2H2O

Potassium dZ-tartrate

M.

Bi.

—

K4CeH2Oi2.2H20 K6Ci2Oi2-OH2O KCH3O4S KC6H5O4S

Potassium Potassium Potassium Potassium

tetraoxalate mellitate formaldehyde sulfite phenolsulf onate

R. R. M. R.

Bi. Bi. Bi. Bi.

+ +

KC6H504S.2H2O KC6H5O4S KC7H7O3S-H2O K2CH2O6S2


phenolsulf onate phenylsulfate p-toluenesulf onate methanedisulf onate

R. R. R. M.

Bi. Bi. Bi. Bi.

+ + -

K2CeH4O6S2-H2O

Potassium m-benzenedisulf onate

M.

Bi.

K2C6H4O7S2-H2O KCeH4O3SCl

Potassium phénol disulf onate Potassium p-chlorobenzenesulf onate . . . .

R. M.

Bi. Bi.

K2CioHeOeS2.2H20 KCsH6O3N KC7H3O6N2

Potassium napthalene-1, 5-disulf onate.. . Potassium phthalaminate Potassium 3, 5-dinitrobenzoate

M. R. M.

Bi. Bi. Bi.

KCeH2O7N3 KC5H2N4Oe KC4H4O7Sb-H2O K3IrC4OsCl2-H2O


R. R. M.

Bi. Bi. Bi, Bi.

+

42° 34' 76° 23'

K 2 PtC 2 OsN 2 -H 2 O K6Fe2Ci2O24-OH2O

Potassium platino nitrito oxalate Potassium ferrie oxalate

M. M.

Bi. Bi.

-

89° 40' 80° 4' (red)

K2NiC4O4S4 KCaC8HsOi7Sb2KH2O

Potassium nickel dithioxalate Calcium antimonyl tartrate potassium nitrate Lithium potassium ethanedisulf onate. . .

M. R.

Bi. Bi.

64° 1'

M.

Bi.

82°

R. R. R.

Bi. Bi. Bi.

+ -

R.

Bi.

R.

Bi.

83 K2C2O4-H2O

KLiC2H4O6S2-H2O KLiC4H4O6-H2O KNaC4H4Oe.4H2O KNaCsH8Oa6SbN-H2O KNaCieHi6O28SbN.2H20 K 3 NaIrC 2 OsCl 2 .2H 2 0

MgMnMoN 76 42 47 11


acid oxalate acid oxalate acid Buccinate acid Buccinate acid tartrate acid disuccinate

picrate acid uroxanate antimonyl tartrate iridium chloroxalate

Lithium potassium tartrate Sodium potassium tartrate Potassium antimonyl tartrate sodium nitrate Potassium antimonyl tartrate sodium nitrate Potassium sodium iridium chloronitrito oxalate

Os P Pb Pd 35 12 23 41

Pr Pt Ra Rb 60 37 80 84

Rh Ru S Sa 40 39 8 63

44° 20' 59° 52'

63° 3.5' 65° 24' 69° 10'

30° O'

|

Ax.pl. Xb(OlO); XA e - 70.5° in obtuse Z.ß Ax. pi. Xb(OlO); X A C - 76° in obtuse Z/3

Lit. (G) (G) (G) (G)

(G) (G) (G) (G) (G) (G) (G) (G) (G) (G) (31)

68° 57' (red) 82° 40°

156° 64' 75° 40' 113°

161° 40' 122° 50' 62°

102° 16' (red) 130° 2' (red) 73° 30' 98° 18'

69° 4' (apprx.) 87° 58' 67° 4' 72° 96° (apprx. )

—

65° 35' 81° 25' (red) 38° 50'

-

Ax. pi. b(010); X A C = 7.5° in obtuse /.ß Ax. pi. X(OOl); Bx a X(001) Ax. pi. b(010); XA e - 34.5° in obtuse Z/S Ax. pi. b(010); XA e =40° 45' in obtuse Z.ß Ax.pl. Xb(OlO); XXc(IOO) Ax. pi. c(OOl); X]Jb Ax. pi. Xb(OlO) Ax. pi. c(OOl); Z j|a Ax. pi. c(OOl); X||b Ax. pi. Xb(OlO); X A C = 44° in obtuse Z/3 Ax. pi. Xb(OlO)

(G) (G) (G) (G) (G) (G) (G) (G) (G) (G)

BxaX(001) Ax.pl. b(010); X ||c Ax. pi. b(010) Ax.pl. c(OOl); ZUb

(12)

Ax. pi. a(100); Z|[c Ax. pi. b(010); Z ||c Ax. pi. a(100); X||b Ax. pi. Xb(OlO); Z A C = 41° in obtuse Z.ß Ax. pi. Xb(OlO)

(G) (G) (G) (G) (G)

Ax. pi. b(010); X ||a Z|lb

(G) (G)

(G) (G) (G)

Ax.pl. X ( O l O ) J T 7 0 A c - 78° Ax. pi. b(010); X ||a Ax. pi. b(010); XA e « 65C in acute Z/3 67° 39' Ax. pi. a(100); X||c

21° 2' 55° 25' 33° 34'

(G) (31)

(41)

(G) (G) (G) (21)

72° 50' Ax. pi. c(OOl); X||b Ax. pi. b(010); Z A C = 13° 53' in obtuse /.ß Ax. pi. Xb(OlO) Ax. pi. b(010); XAC = 1.25° in obtuse Z/3

(G) (G) (G) (G)

(27) (G)

Ax. pi. a(100); Z||b

(6)

117° 2' 90° 45'

Ax. pi. (010); Bxa X(OOl) 41° in obtuse Z/3 Ax. pi. b(010); X ||a Ax. pi. b(010); Z ||a Ax. pi. c(OOl); X ||a

(G) (G) (G)

-

88° 37'

Ax. pi. b(010); X(|c

(G)

+

63° 24'

Ax. pi. a (100); Z||b

(G)

SbScSeSiSn 1456 9 1822

SrTaTbTeTh 7852661024

73° 58' 69° 40'

TiTlTmUV 1927 70 4950

WYYbZnZr 4857712821

Formula 84 Rb2C4H4Oe.2H2O

|

Name Rubidium dZ-tartrate

| System | Class | Sign | M. Bi. -

Rb2C4H4Oe-H2O Rb6Al2Ci2O24-GH2O RbLiC4H4O6-H2O

Rubidium mesotartrate Rubidium aluminium oxalate Lithium rubidium tartrate

Tri. M. R.

Bi. Bi. Bi.

-

Rb3Na3Cr2Ci2O24.7H2O Rbi4NaioAl8C48O96.23H2Q

Sodium rubidium chromic oxalate Sodium rubidium aluminium oxalate....

M. M.

Bi. Bi.

-

2V 56° 6'

|

2E

|

75° 18' 80° 22' 57° 10' (red) 56° 24° 30'

Orientation | Lit. Ax. pi. b(010); X A C = 82° 18' (G) in acute Z.ß Ax. pi. 19° with c-axis (G) Ax. pi. (010) (G) Ax. pi. c(001); X||a (G) Ax. pi. b(010); XJ_c(001) Ax. pi. b(010); X_L(001)

(G) (G)

(T-TABLE ° 6X No. 21 55 58

Formula

System

Class

Sign

2V

Jodoform Urea Thiourea

EL Têt. R.

Û ï ï ! Un. Bi. -

64.1 CHsO3As

Methyl arsenate

M.

Bi.

-

14° 24'

70

CH6O4N3 CHi0O6N2S

Urea nitrate Ammonium methanedisulfonate

M. M.

Bi. Bi.

-

79° 34'

1, 2-Dibromo-l, 1, 2, 2-tetrachloroethane Hexabromoethane Hexachloroethane Diiodofuroxane Oxalic acid Oxalic acid Chloral hydrate

R. R. R. R. R. M. M.

Bi. Bi. Bi. Bi. Bi. Bi. Bi.

-

161

C2Cl4Br2 C2Br8 C2Cl6 C2O2N2I2 C2H2O4 C2H2O4.2H2O C2H3O2Cl3

238

C2H6ON

Acetamide (Unst. mod.)

?

Bi.

238 248

C2H6ON C2H6O4N.H2O C 2 H 6 O 2 NCl C 2 O 4 H 8 N 2 -H 2 O C 2 Hi 0 N 2 Cl 2

Acetamide (St. mod.) Ammonium hydrogen oxalate Glycocoll hydrochloride Ammonium oxalate Ethylenediamine hydrochloride

Trig. R. R. R. M.

Un. Bi. Bi. Bi. Bi.

— -

M. M.

Bi. Bi.

-f

84.1 87 92 147

303 306

CHI3 CH4ON2 CH4N2S

Name

308.1 C3N3Cl3 313.1 C 3 H 2 ON 2 Br 2

Cyanuric trichloride Dibromocyanacetamide

R,

Bi.

-f

Bi. Bi. Un. Un. Bi. Bi.

+ —

Trimethyl ammonium bromide

M.

Bi.

+

CsHioNI

Trimethyl ammonium iodide

M.

Bi.

+

C 3 Hi 2 O 3 N 6 C 4 H 3 O 2 NBr 2

Guanidine carbonate Dibromosuccinimide

Têt. M.

Un. Bi.

+

Nitrotetronic acid
M. M. M.

Bi. Bi. Bi.

+

C4H6O2Cl

a-Chlorocrotonic acid

M.

Bi.

+

592 602

C4H5O2N(St. mod.) C4H6Br4

Succinimide Butadiene tetrabromide

R. R.

Bi. Bi.

+

610

C4H8O2NCl3 C4H6O3N2S C4H6O3N4 C4H6O4Se

Ammonium trichloroisobutyrate 3-Methylpyrazole-4-sulfonic acid Allantoin Selenodiglycolic acid

R. M. H. M.

Bi. Bi. Un. Bi.

Tri. M. R. Trig. R. R.

Bi. Bi. Bi. Un. Bi. Bi.

535

4-Chloropyrazole Dibromopyroracemic acid Pseudothiohydantoin Pyrazol-4-sulfonic acid Malonamide (metast. mod.) Ammonium fulminurate /3-Alanine

CaHioNBr

679.1 C4H3O6N.2H2O C4H4O2Br2 C4H4O2N2

640

C4H6O6-H2O C4H7O4N C4H7O6N 697.1 C4H8O2Cl2 C4H8O7NSb-H2O 708 C4H8O3N2-H2O

c?Z-Tartaric acid dZ-Aspartic acid Acetamide oxalate Dichlorobutylene glycol Ammonium antimonyl tartrate Asparagine

69° 54'70° 59'

23° 10' 87° 45' 79° 30' 66° 28' 63° 38'

+ -

M. R. Têt. Têt. M. R.

436 444

C3H3N2Cl C3H4O3Br2.H2O C3H4ON2S C3H4O3N2S C3H6O2N2 C3H6O3N4 C3H7O2N

2E

68° 20° 48'

61° 44' 81° 4'

35° (apprx.) 120° (apprx.) 22° 32' 63° 50' 110° 8'

28° 29° 52' 100° (apprx.) 34° 9' 81° 30'

Orientation

Ax. pi. a(001); X||b Ax. pi. J_b(010); XA c = 53° 20' in acute Z.ß Ax. pi. b(010); X .Lc(OOl) Ax.pl. .Lb(OlO); XA c = 39° in obtuse /.ß Ax. pi. a(100); X||c Ax. pi. a(100); XIJc Ax. pi. a(100) Ax. pi. c(001); Z[fa Ax. pi. c(001); Z|!b Ax. pi. J_b(010); X||b Ax. pi. b(010); X A C = 58° 45' in obtuse Z/3

70° (apprx.) 50° (apprx.) 53° (apprx.) 20° 50' 56° 1' 50° (apprx.) 68° 17'

+ 53°

99° 57° (apprx.) 96° 92°

78° 30' 67° 10' 81° 44' — +

25° 130° 46' 1. 86° 40' d. 87° 16'

(G) (G) (G) (G) (G) (G) (G) (G) (G) (G) (G) (G) (G) (37)

Ax. pi. a(100); X||c Ax. pi. a(100); X||b Ax. pi. a(100); X||c Ax. pi. b(010); XA c = 6° in acute Z.ß Ax. pi. .Lb(OlO) Ax.pl. J_b(010); ZA c = 34° in obtuse Z/3 Ax. pi. a(100) Ax. pi. J_b(010) Ax. pi. a(100); X||b

— -

Lit.

Ax. pi. c(001); X||b

(G) (G) (G) (G) (G) (G) (G) (G) (G) (G) (L-B) (G) (G) (G)

Ax. pi. (010)

(G)

Ax. pi. (010)

(G)

Ax. pi. b(010); ZA c = 8° in obtuse Z/8 Ax. pi. b(010) Ax. pi. .Lb(OlO) Ax.pl. JLb(OlO); ZA c = 35° in obtuse Z/8 Ax. pi. (010); Bxa X(OlO) Ax. pi. a(100); Z[Ic Ax. pi. c(001) Ax. pi. ±b(010); Z||b Ax. pi. b(010) ; Z A c = 41° in obtuse Z.ß Ax. pi. Hp(IlO) Ax. pi. J_b(010) Ax. pi. a(100); X]|c Ax. pi. c(001); XHb Ax. pi. b(010); Z||o

(G) (G) (G) (G) (G) (G) ( 28 ) (G) (G) (G) (2l) (G) (G) (G) (G) (G) (G) (G)

System

Class

Sign

709

,,

C4H8O4N2

Tartramide

R.

Bi.

-

776 778 786 788

C4H9O4N C4H9O5N C4H9OeN C4H9N8O3 C4Hi0N4Sa

Ethylamine dioxalate Ammonium hydrogen malate Ammonium hydrogen tartrate Guanidine lactate Ethylenediamine thiocyanate

M. R. R. R. M.

Bi. Bi. Bi. Bi. Bi.

+ -

C4Hi0O4 C 4 Hi 2 NI

z-Erythrite Diethyl ammonium iodide

Tet. R.

Un. Bi.

+

C4Hi2O5Nz

Ammonium malate

R.

Bi.

C4Hi2O6N2

Ammonium tartrate

M.

Bi.

-

Ammonium racemate Chlorocitraconic acid

M. R.

Bi. Bi.

+ +

C6H4O4N2-H2O

Pyrazole dicarboxylic acid...

M.

Bi.

868 877

C5H4O4 C6H5O2N

Aconic acid Pyrrole-2-carboxylic acid

R. M.

Bi. Bi.

+

900

C6HeO4N2 C6H6O4

Urimidosuccinic acid Itaconicacid

R. R.

Bi. Bi.

+ +

C6HyO4Br

Citrabromopyrotartaric acid

M.

Bi.

Urimidosuccinic acid amide Methyltetronic acid lactone Methyl hydrogen d-tartrate

M. R. R.

Bi. Bi. Bi.

C6H9O2Br C6H9O2N

Bromohydrotiglic acid Hydroxypiperidone

M. M.

Bi. Bi.

+

C6H9O3N C6H9O4N C5Hi0O4NCl C6Hi0O2N2 C6Hi0O4N2

a-Acetylaminopropionic acid (ia)-Glutaminic acid d(Z)-Glutamic acid hydrochloride Dimethylmalonamide Amylene nitrosate

R. R. R. R. M.

Bi. Bi. Bi. Bi. Bi.

+ + +

M. Not det. R.

Bi. Bi. Bi.

+

R. Ditet. M.

Bi. Un. Bi.

-

Large 35° (apprx.) 52° 56'

+

40° 2'

M. R. M.

Bi. Bi. Bi.

— + -

45° 54'

808

835

Formula

835.1 C4Hi2O6N2 C6H3O3Cl

C6H7O3N3 947.1 C6H8O4 957 C6H8O6-H2O

975.1 977 988.1 994.1 996

Name

2V

47° S4' 79° 54' 79° 12' 51°

2E 43° (apprx.) 89° 20' 75° 24' 89° 20' 52° 15' (apprx.)

47° 34' (red) 39° 36' 60° 54' 46° 24' (blue) 77°

64° 46' 75° 5' (blue)

78° 14' 97° 40' (red) 76°

Ax. pi. b(010) Ax. pi. b(010); X||c Ax. pi. c(001); X||b Ax. pi. a(100); Z||b Ax. pi. b ( 0 1 0 ) ; X , / \ c = 64° 30' in obtuse Z0

(G) (G) (G) (G) (G)

Ax. pi. (001); Z||a

(G)

Ax. pi. .Lb(OlO); Z apprx. J.S (403) Ax. pi. a(100); XIJb Ax. pi. b(010); Z A C = 23° 45' in obtuse Z/3 Ax. pi. a(100); Z||c Ax. pi. b(010); Z||a

(G)

120° 10' 60° (apprx.)

Ax. pi. a(100); Z((c 150° 92° 33'

62° 65'

(G) (G)

Ax. pi. b(010); X A C = 18° 41' in obtuse Zß Ax. pi. b(010) Ax. pi. b(010); ZUc

Ax. pi. J_b(010); Z A C = 62° in acute Z.ß Ax. pi. b(010)

79° 35'

36° 9' 40° 27' 70° 44'

Lit. (G)

(L-B)

62° 7'

+

Orientation Ax. pi. b(010); X||a

66° 35' 58° 27' 103° 53'

Ax. pi. .Lb(OlO); Z nearly J_a(100) Ax. pi. a(100); X|jo Ax. pi. b(010); XUa Ax. pi. a(100); Z||b Ax. pi. b(OOl); Z||c Ax. pi. Xb(OlO); Z A C = 7° in obtuse Z/5 Ax. pi. b(010)

(G) (G)

(G) (G) (G) (G) (G) (G) (14) (G) (G) (G) (G) (G) (G) (G) (G)

1035 C5Hi0O5 1070.2 C5HnO4N C6Hi2NBr

rf-Lyxose Methyltetronamide Piperidine hydrobromide

1075 1093

C6O4N2Br4 CeOCIa CeOCIs

Piperidine hydrochloride Pentaerythritol Trimethyl-bromoethylammonium bromide. 1, 2, 3, 5-Tetrabromodinitrobenzene j8-Octochlorocyclohexenone 7-Octochlorocyclohexenone

CeHCl6O

Pentachlorophenol (0-mod.)

M.

Bi.

-f-

65° 23.5'

CeH2O4N2Br2

R.

Bi.

-f-

56° 52'

R.

Bi.

-

73° 5'

Ax.pl. ±b(010);X J_a(100) (G)

R. M. R. R.

Bi. Bi. Bi. Bi.

+ +

88° 22' 90° 13'

1142 1149

CeH2O4N2Br2 CeH2O2NBr3 CeH2O4N2I2 CeH3O4N2Br

1, 3-Dinitro-4, 6-dibromobenzene (St. mod.) 1, 3-D i n i t r o-4, 6-dibromobenzene (metast. mod.) l, 2-Dinitro-4, 5-dibromobenzene 2, 4, 6-Tribromonitrobenzene 1, 3-Dinitro-2, 4-diiodo-benzene 3-Bromo-l, 2-dinitrobenzene

Ax. pi. ±(010); Z A c = 39° 30' in acute Z/8 Ax. pi. b(010); X_Lr(201) Ax. pi. b(010); Z||a Ax. pi. b(010); X A C = about 93° in obtuse /ß Ax.pl. J_b(010); Z A c = 3° in acute Z/3 Ax. pi. a(100); Z||o

Ax. pi. a(100); X ||c Ax. pi. .Lb(OlO) Ax. pi. a(100); Z|)c Ax. pi. b(010); Z||c

(G) (G) (G) (G)

1155 1155.1 1163 1165

CeH3O2NBr2 CeH3O3NBr2 CeH3O4N2Cl CeH3O4N2Cl

3, 5-Dibromonitrobenzene Nitrodibromophenol 4-Chloro-l, 2-dinitrobenzene a-4-Chloro-l,3-dinitrobenzene (St.mod.)

M. M. M. R.

Bi. Bi.

-

Bi.

X A C «= 29° in obtuse Z/3 Ax. pi. JLb(OlO) Ax. pi. ±b(010) Ax. pi. b(010); Z Uc

(G) (G) (G) (G)

1165

CeH3O4N2Cl

a-4-Chloro-l, 3-dinitrobenzene (metast. mod.) 4, 6-Dichloro-2-nitrophenol 2, 6-Diiodo-4-nitrophenol Tetranitroaniline

R.

Bi.

-f

72° 19' 70°-73° 45° 31' 102° 46' (red) 94° 15'

Ax. pi. a(100); Z|]b

(G)

M. Tri. M. or Tri. R. M.

Bi. Bi. Bi.

-

Bi. Bi.

—

M.

Bi.

-

1120

C6Hi2NCl C6Hi2O4 C6Hi3NBr2

CeH2O4N2Br2

1174.1 CeH3O3NCl2 CeH3O3NI2 1200 CeH3O8N6 1216

CeH4O2NCl CeH4O4NSCl

ra-Chloronitrobenzene p-Nitrobenzenesulfonyl chloride

1243

CeH4O4S2Cl2

m-Benzenedisulfonyl chloride

-

37° 38'

2H=

65° 59'

63° 26' 51° 30' (red)

62° 29' 55° 30' 120° (at least) 91° 23' 65° (apprx.) 80° 35'

Ax. pi. b(010); Z||a Ax. pi. c(001); X]|a

(G) (i*) (G) (G) (G) (G) (G) (G) (G) (G) (G)

(G) (G) (37) Ax. pi. a(100); X||a (G) Ax. pi. b(010); XA e « (G) 33° 36'in obtuse Z/3 Ax. pi. b(010); XA e « (G) 85° in obtuse Z.ß

Index

Formula

System

Class

2, 3-Dinitrophenol 2, 6-Dinitrophenol 3, 4-Dinitrophenol p-Bromoaniline Nicotinio acid hydrochloride Picolinic acid hydrochloride a-fraras-Benzenehexachloride

Name

M. R. Tri. R. R. R. M.

Bi. Bi. Bi. Bi. Bi. Bi. Bi.

+ +

C6H6ON2

Picolinamide

M.

Bi.

+

CeHeO2N2

2-Methylpyrazine-5-carboxylic acid

R.

Bi.

C6H6O4N2S

p-Nitrobenzenesulfamide

M.

Bi.

1412 1414

CeHeO7N4 CeH6O2

Ammonium picrate o-Dihydroxybenzene

R. M.

Bi. Bi.

+

1415 1416

C6HeO2 C6HeO2 C6HeO3.2H2O C6H6O3 C6H7ON CeH7O3NS CeH8NBr C6H8O2Br4

Resorcinol Hydroquinonol Phloroglucinol a-Methyl-/3-hydroxy-7-pyrone OS-mod.). p-Aminophenol Phenylsulfohydroxamic acid Aniline hydrobromide Tetrabromocaproic acid

R. Trig. R. R. R. R. R. M.

Bi. Un. Bi. Bi. Bi. Bi. Bi. Bi.

-

+ +

CeHsO2N2Cl2

1, 4-Dichloro-l, 4-dinitrosocyclohexane .

M.

Bi.

+

CeHsO4NCl3.2H2O

R.

Bi.

CeHsN2

Ammonium trichlorodihydroxycyclopentane carboxylate 2, 6-Dimethylpyrazine

M.

Bi.

C6H8O7.H2O C6H9O3NS C6HoO3N CeH9O9N C6Hi0O4Br2 C6Hi0ClNO3 CeHi0O4 C6Hi0O4

Citric acid Ammonium benzenesulfonate Trimorpholine Acetamide dioxalate Inosite dibromhydrin Trimorpholine hydrochloride Adipi c acid 1, 1-Dimethylsuccinic acid

R. R. M. Tri. R. M. M. M.

Bi. Bi. Bi. Bi. Bi. Bi. Bi. Bi.

+ + + +

CeHi0O5 CeHi0O5 C6Hi0O5

1-Glycosan (1-Glucose anhydride) dZ-Dilactylic acid Dilactylic acid

R. R. R.

Bi. Bi. Bi.

-

CeHioOô

Isosaccharine

M.

Bi.

+

71° 45' 65° 65° (apprx.) 25° 19'

C6HnO7N

Acetamide ditartrate

M.

Bi.

-

70° 30'

C 6 HnO 2 N 3

R.

Bi.

+

CeHi2O6N2S2-H2O

Pyrrolidine-a, a-dicarboxylic acid diamide Ammonium phenol-2, 4(?)-disuìfonate..

M.

Bi.

+

63° 30' (apprx.) 113° 45'

CeHi2O2 C6Hi2O5

cts-0-Dihydroxyhexahydrobenzene a-Methylxyloside

R. M.

Bi. Bi.

+ -

1670

C6Hi2O5

d-Quercitol

M.

Bi.

+

1672

C 6 Hi 2 O 6 -H 2 O CeHi2Oe.2H20 C6Hi2Oe.2H2O

/3-Rhamnose d(J)-Inosite Dambose ("meso"-inosite)

M. R. M.

Bi. Bi. Bi.

+ +

No.

1274 1277 1278 1377

1384

1448

1507 1523

1562 1563

Sign

2V

2E

Orientation

Lit.

;

C6H4O4N2 C6H4O5N2 CeH4O4N2 C6H6NBr C6HeO2NCl C6HeO2NCl C6HeCIe

•

|

+

73° 20' (red) 35° (apprx.) 59°

46° 14'

-

61° 58' (blue)

65° 42'

Ammonium hydrogen ethoxysuccinate..

R.

Bi.

1750

2-Propylantipyrine Cystine hydrochloride Dulcitol

M. M. M.

Bi. Bi. Bi.

+ -

1751

C6Hi4O6

d-Mannitol (a-mod.)

R.

Bi.

-

1751 C6Hi4O6 1752.1 C6Hi4O6-^H2O

d-Mannitol (0-mod.) Sorbitol

R. M.

Bi. Bi.

-

1769.1 C6Hi5PS CeHieN2Br2.H2O

Triethylphosphine sulfide /3-2, 5-Dimethylpiperazine hydrobromide

H. R.

Un. Bi.

+ +

Dimethyl diethyl ammonium iodide.... 1-Methyl-l, 3, 3, 5, 5-pentachlorocyclohexan-2, 4, 6-trione

R. R.

Bi. Bi.

+

100° 15' (white) 81° (apprx.) 86° (apprx.) 108° 40' 33° 36'

80°

Ax. pi. J.(010) Ax. pi. b(010); Z||a Ax. pi. c(001); Z||a Ax. pi. a(100); X||c Ax. pi. b(010); X||c Ax. pi. b(010); Z A C = 42° 25' in obtuse Z/3 Ax. pi. b(010)

35° 14'

50° 60' 47° 30' 41° 28'

53° 10' 54° 55' 58° 1'

58° 5' 42° 30' 47° 20' 20° (apprx.) 52° 50' 3° 16' 151° 10' (red) 100° (apprx.) 71° 30' 100° (apprx.) 72° (apprx.) 82° 15° (apprx.)

(29) (G) (29) (G) (G) (G) (G) (G)

Ax. pi. a(100); Z||o

(G)

Ax. pi. b(010); ZA c = 70° in acute Z/S

(G)

Ax. pi. J_b(010); Z A C = 6°-7° Ax. pi. c(001); X||a Ax. pi. c(001); X|Ja Ax. pi. (001); Bx0 =b-axis Ax. pi. c(001); X||a Ax. pi. c(001); Z||a Ax. pi. a(100) Ax. pi. .Lb(OlO); ZA c 100° in obtuse Z0 Ax. pi. b(010); Z A C = 40° 30' in acute Z/3 Ax. pi. (100) Ax. pi. b(010); Z A C = 20° in obtuse Z/3 Ax. pi. a(100); Z||a Ax. pi. a(100); Z||c Ax. pi. b(010)

69° 20' 67° 30'

16° 12'

CeHi3ON2 C6Hi4O4S2N2Cl2 CeHi4O6

56° 58° (apprx.) 76° 6' 63° 49' Small 47° 37' 43° 29' 35° 21° 52'

-

C6Hi3OsN-H2O

CeHi6NI C7H3O3Cl5

41° 16'

16° 95° 40' 65° 26° 57.5' 96° 22' 73° 52' 62° 2'

( 3 ?) (G) (G) (G) (G) ( 30 ) (G) (G) (G) (G) (G) (*) (G) (G) (G) (G) (G) (G) (G) (G) ( 2 «)

Ax. pi. b(010); Z||a Ax. pi. ±b(010) (red) Ax. pi. b (010) Bxa nearly ±(001); Ax. pi. (010) Ax. pi. a(100); X||c (G) Ax. pi. H(OlO); Bxa J.(001) (^) Ax. pi. b(010); X||c (G) Ax. pi. J_b(010) ; Z A c = 63° 15' in obtuse Z ß Ax. pi. b(010); X A c = 36° in acute Z/8 Ax. pi. b(010); Z||c

(G)

Ax. pi. b(010); Z A C = 25° 21' in obtuse Z/3 Ax. pi. b(010); Z||o Ax. pi. b(010); X A c = 30° in acute Z/3 Ax. pi. b(010); ZA c = ll° 46' in acute Z/8 Ax. pi. b(010) Ax. pi. a(100); Z||c Ax. pi. .Lb(OlO); Z A C = 17° in obtuse Z/3 Ax. pi. c(001); Z||b

(G)

(G) (G)

(G) (G) (G) (G) (G) (G) (G)

(L-B) Ax. pi. J_b(010); Z ±s(10Ì) (G) Ax. pi. JJb(OlO); X||b (G) Ax. pi. c(001); X Ub

(G)

Ax. pi. a (100); X ||b Ax. pi. b(010); Z nearly J_c(001)

(G) (G)

Ax. pi. a(100); Z]Jc

(G) (G)

Z||c Ax. pi. a(100); ZJJc

(G) (G)

"

ex

System

Class

Sign

2E

Orientation

Lit.

1835

C7H3O8N3 C7H4O3Cl2 C7H4O6N2

2, 4, 6-Trinitrobenzoic acid 3, 5-Dichlorosalicylic acid 2, 4-Dinitrobenzoic acid

R. R. M.

Bi. Bi. Bi.

+ + -

84° 36' 29° 15' 18°

(G) (G) (")

1837 1839

C7H4O6N2 C7H4O6N2

2, 6-Dinitrobenzoic acid 3, 5-Dinitrobenzoic acid

R. M.

Bi. Bi.

+ -

103° 80° 16'

C7H4O6

Chelidonie acid

M.

Bi.

-

1843 1881

C7H4O7.3H2O C7H5O2I

Meconic acid o-Iodobenzoic acid

R. M.

Bi. Bi.

-

1903 1909 1977 1979

C7HsO4N^H2O C7H6OsN C7H6N2 C7H6Na

Dipicolinic acid 5-Nitro-2-hydroxybenzoic acid Benzimidazol Indazole

R. M. R. M.

Bi. Bi. Bi. Bi.

+ +

40° (apprx.) 48° 55' 70° (apprx. ) 99° 105° 38'

Ax. pi. c(001); Z||b Ax. pi. b(010); Z(Ic Ax. pi. (010); Bxa nearly ±(101) Ax. pi. (100); Bxa ±(010) Ax. pi. b(010); XA c = 48° in acute Z/3 Ax. pi. ±b(010); X nearly Ur(IOl) Ax. pi. b(010); XjJc Ax. pi. ±b(010); Bxa ||caxis Ax. pi. (001); Bx J_(010)

1985

C7H6O4Na

2, 4-Dinitrotoluene

M.

Bi.

-

1987 1989

C7H6O4N2 C7H6O4N2 C7H6ON4-H2O C7H7O2N

2, 6-Dinitrotoluene 3, 5-Dinitrotoluene c-Phenylhydroxytetrazole Anthranilic acid

R. M. R. R.

Bi. Bi. Bi. Bi.

-

C7H7O2N C7H7O2N.H2O

Benzohydroxamic acid Pyridinebetaine

R. M.

Bi. Bi.

+ -

C7H7O4N3 C7H8ONCl

3, 5-Dinitro-p-toluidine Isobenzaldoxime hydrochloride

R. R.

Bi. Bi.

C7H8O2NCl

Pyridinebetaine hydrochloride

M.

Bi.

+

C7H8OaN3-H2O C7H8O2 C7H8O4

Benzenylamidine nitrite Guaiacol Hydrochelidonic anhydride

M. (?) Trig. R.

Bi. Un. Bi.

-

78° 55'

—

120° (apprx.)

C7HgOsBr C7H9N2C1.2H2O

Bromo-shikimilactone Benzenylamidine hydrochloride

H. R.

Un. Bi.

C7H9O2C1.2H2O

a, a-Dimethyl-7-pyrone hydrochloride..

R.

Bi.

-

C 7 H 9 ON C7H9ON.3H2O C7H9O2N C7H9O3NS

3-Amino-p-cresol 2, 6-Dimethyl-4-hydroxypyridine Ammonium benzoate p-Toluidine-2-sulfonic acid

R. M. R. M.

Bi. Bi. Bi. Bi.

-f -f -f

Ammonium o-sulfobenzoate Toluidine hydrobromide Dibromotrihydroxy tetrahydrobenzoic acid Mono-uriendihydroxy dimethyl succinate Isohydroxydimethylurea

R. R. R.

Bi. Bi. Bi.

-f

R.

Bi.

M.

Bi.

C7Hi2O4N2S.2H2O

2, 4-Toluylendiamine sulfate

M.

Bi.

C 7 Hi 2 O 4 C7Hi4Os C7HuO6 C7Hi4O6 C7Hi4O6 C 7 HuO 6 -H 2 O CsH4O5N3Ch

R. R. R. R, Tet. R. M.

Bi. Bi. Bi. Bi. Un. Bi. Bi.

CsH5OsN

Trimethyl succinic acid Z-Methylrhamnoside a-Methyl mannoside a-Methyl glucoside 0-Methyl glucoside dZ-a-Methyl galactoside 2, 4, 6-Trichloro-3-nitrobenzoic acid methyl nitramide Isatoic acid anhydride

M.

Bi.

CsH5OsN C8H6NBr CsH6O3N2Br CsH6O3Cl4

Phthaloxime Bromobenzyl cyanide l-Nitro-3-bromo-4-acetanilide (St. mod.) Tetrachlorophloroglucinol dimethyl ether

M. Trig. M. R.

Bi. Un. Bi. Bi.

-f-

CsH7O3N2Br

Nitrobromoacetanilide (a-mod.)

M.

Bi.

—

C8H7ONCl2

Dichloroacetanilide

M.

Bi.

+

83° 35'

CsH7O6N3

2, 3, 6-Trinitro-p-xylene

M.

Bi.

-

64° 32'

1789

2074

2174 2185

2225 2233

Formula

2234.1 C7H9O5NS C 7 Hi 0 NBr C7Hi0O5Br2 2260.1 C 7 Hi 0 O 7 N 2 2260.2 C7Hi0OsN4

2372 2373

2452

2536

Name

2V

86° 45' 50° (apprx.)

60°-70°

25° 16'

52° 3'

Ax. pi. c(001); Z||b Ax. pi. b(010); ZA c = 18° in obtuse Z/8 Ax. pi. ±b(010); XA c = 32° in acute Z/3 Ax. pi. a(100); X)Jc 98° 4' Ax. pi. ±b(010) Ax. pi. a(100); Z||c 78° 30' (Hg, Ax. pi. c(001); Z||a; Bxa yellow) ±(100) 50° 2' Ax. pi. a(100); Z||b Ax. pi. b(010) ; X A c 12° 45' in obtuse Z/3 100° (apprx.) 88° 8'

35° (apprx.) 90° (apprx.) 44° 46' 110° 41' 67° 87° 54' 53° 29' 82° 37' 76° 32'

84° 39'

72° 15.5' -f

+ + + -

40° 9.5'

84° 11' 36° 11' 46° 58' 85° 18' 53° 5'

Ax. pi. a(100); Z||b

.

124° 10' 90° (apprx.) 124° 10'

(G) (G) (G) (33) (G) (G) (G) (G) (G) (G) (G) (G) (G) (G) (3) (G)

Ax. pi. ±b(010); Z Ac =9° (G) 27' in acute Z/8 Ax. pi. Ud(OlO) (G) (G) Ax. pi. c(001); X||a (G)

Ax. pi. a(100); ZjJc

(G) (G)

Ax. pi. a(100); X||b

(G)

Ax. pi. a(100); Z]]c Ax. pi. b(010) Ax. pi. a(100); Z|]c Ax. pi. b(010); ZAC = 8° in obtuse Z/3 Ax. pi. b(010); X||a Ax. pi. c(001); X||b Ax. pi. c(001)

(G) (G) (G) (G) (G) (G) (G)

Ax. pi. b(010); Z||o

(G)

62° 34.25' Ax.pl. ± b ( 0 1 0 ) ; Z A c = 2° 15' in acute Z/3 100° (apprx.) Ax. pi. (100); Bxa ±(001) 57° 8' Ax. pi. b(010); X||c 75° Ax. pi. b(010); Zj|a Ax. pi. b(010); ZJc 85° 45' 42° (apprx.) 90° (apprx.)

(") (G)

Ax. pi. Ax. pi. 69° in Ax. pi.

a(100); ZlJc .Lb(OlO); XAC = acute Z/3 .Lb(OlO)

Ax. pi. J_b(010) Ax. pi. a(100)

(G) (G) ( 28 ) (G) (G) (G) (G) (G) (G) (G) (26) (L-B) (G) (G)

Ax. pi. ±(010); Bxa nearly (2) ±(001) Ax. pi. ±b(010); Z A c = (G) 61° in obtuse Z.& Ax. pi. b(010); X A c = 28° (G) in obtuse Z0

System

Class

C8H8ONCl C8H8ON4 C8H8O3N2

Formula

Methylphenylurea chloride Methoxyphenyltetrazole w-Nitroacetanilide

R, Tri. M.

Bi. Bi. Bi.

CsH8O4N2 CsH8O3N4 C8H8O5

2, 3-Dinitro-p-xylene 9-Allyluric acid Hematinic acid anhydride

M.

+

R.

Bi. Un. Bi.

CsH8O7 C8H9N4Cl.H2O

Acetylcitric anhydride Phenyliminotriazoline hydrochloride

R. M-.

Bi. Bi.

+

C8H9O2SCl

Chloromethyl-p-tolyl sulfone

R.

Bi.

+

C8H9ON C8H9O2N C8H9O4N

Acetanilide p-Acetaminophenol Biliverdic acid

R. M. M.

Bi. Bi. Bi.

+ ' -

C8H9O4N3 C8Hi0O2NCl C 8 Hi 0 O 2 C 8 Hi 0 O 3 C 8 Hi 2 NBr C 8 Hi 2 O 2 NBr

2, 4-Dinitrodimethylaniline Phenylglycocoll hydrochloride p-Hydroxyphenylethyl alcohol (Tyrosol) Dimethylpyrogallol XyIidine hydrobromide Tetramethylsuccinic bromoimide

R. R. R. M. R. R.


+ -

C8HiSO2NCl

Tetramethylsuccinic chloroimide

R.

Bi.

-

C8Hi2O2NCl C 8 Hi 2 NI

Vanillylamine hydrochloride Ethylaniline hydroiodide

M. R.

Bi. Bi.

-

Tetraacetylhydrazine Jrans-Hexahydroterephthalic acid

R. M.

Bi. Bi.

+

C8Hi2O4

Norpinic acid

M.

Bi.

-f

C8Hi2O4

Isopropylisoparaconic acid

M.

Bi.

+

C8Hi4O6N2

Lysidine d-ditartrate

M.

Bi.

-

R. Têt. M. R. M.

Bi. Un. Bi. Bi. Bi.

-

51° 14' 56°

94° 40'

M.

Bi.

-

56°

94° 41'

R. R. M.

Bi. Bi. Bi.

+ + -

45° 50' 2O 0 O' 107° 30' (apprx.) 36° 29' 39° 22° 57° (apprx.)

N

2556 2564

2649 2657 2681

2808.1 C 8 Hi 2 O 4 N 2 C8Hi2O4

C 8 HIeOi 4 N 2 Sb 2 -H 2 O C8Hi6O4 2915 2916.1 C8Hi6O4 2920 C8Hi6Oe C 8 Hi 7 N 2 Cl

2945 2946 2948

3060

3103

3111

Name

:

Sign

2V

2E 27° 41'

-

74° 48' 80° (apprx.) 105° 8'

+ 71° 2'

53° (apprx.) 120° 10'

110° (apprx.) 88° 36' 90° 31° (apprx.) 23° 30' 18° 9'

47° 5'

84° 30' 53° 47' 55° 19' 62° 15' (Hg, yellow) 47° 29' (Hg, yellow) 70° 65° (apprx.) 79° 33' 65° (apprx.) 7° (apprx.) 51° 12'

80° 1'

C8HnN2Cl

Ammonium antimonyl tartrate Metaldehyde 5is-Methoxyacetol d, «-Ethyl glucoside 4, 4-Dimethyl-5-isopropylpyrazoline hydrochloride Isobutyraldazine hydrochloride

68° 8'

CsHisNBr C8Hi8NCl CsHisNI

c?-Coniine hydrobromide d-Coniine hydrochloride d-Coniine hydroiodide

C8H20PI C9HeOBr2 C9H7OBr C9H7OCl C9H8O2Br2

Tetraethyl phosphonium iodide Dibromohydrindone Phenyl-a-bromoaerolein Phenyl-tt-chloroacrolein Phenyldibromopropionic acid

Trig. R. R. R. M.

Un. Bi. Bi. Bi. Bi.

-f + +

C9H8O3Cl2 C 9 HsN 2 C9HsO4

Ethyl dichlorosalicylate 3-Aminoquinoline Acetylsalicylic acid

R. R. Tri.

Bi. Bi. Bi.

—

Small

C 9 H 8 Oi 2 N 4 C9H9O4N2Br C9H9Br3 C9H9O3Cl3

Têt. M. Tri. M.

Un. Bi. Bi. Bi.

-

42° 19'

C9H9ON

Pentaerythritol nitrate Bromodinitromesitylene Tribromomesitylene 1, 3, 5-Trimethyl-l, 3, 5-trichlorocyclohexan-2, 4, 6-trione Hydrocarbostyril

R.

Bi.

-

C9H9O3N

Benzoylacetohydroxamic acid

M.

Bi.

-

C9H9O3N C 9 H 9 ON 3

Hippuric acid l-Phenyl-3-methylpyrrodiazoline

R. R.

Bi. Bi.

+ -

C 9 Hi 0 ON 2 C 9 Hi 0 O 4 N 2

Isonitrosoanilacetone Dinitromesitylene

R. R.

Bi. Bi.

—

C9Hi0O4

Dihydrodiacetyllevulinic acid

M.

Bi.

-f

45°

-

88° 13' 24° 3' 60° (apprx.)

60° (apprx.) 47° 10' 65° 49' 64° (red) 41° 40' 50° (apprx.) 74° 45'

Orientation Ax. pi. c(001); Z||b Ax. pi. _i_b-axis Ax. pi. .Lb(OlO) Ax. pi. J_b(010) Ax. pi. b(010); ZjJa

Lit. (G) (G) (G) , (G) (21) (G)

Ax. pi. a(100); XUc Ax.pl. .Lb(OlO); ZA c = 44° in acute Z/3 Ax. pi. b(010); Z U G

(G) (G)

Ax. pi. b(010); Z|]c Ax. pi. JLb(OlO); X|[b Ax. pi. .Lb(OlO); X A C = 55° in obtuse Z/3 Ax. pi. c(001); X||a Ax. pi. b(010); X||a

(G) (G) (G)

(G)

Ax. pi. J_b(010) Ax. pi. b(010); X U a Ax. pi. (100); Bxa ±(001)

(G) (G) (8) (G) (G) (28)

Ax. pi. (010); Bxa ±(001)

(28)

Ax. pi. a(100); XHC

(23) (G)

Ax. pi. c(001); Z||b Ax. pi. ±b(010)

(G) (G)

Ax. pi. ±b(010)

(G)

Ax. pi. ±b(010); Z A c = (G) 83° in obtuse Z/3 Ax. pi. b(010) ; X A c = 30° (G) in obtuse ZjS (L-B) (G) Ax. pi. ±b(010) (G) Ax. pi. b(010); X||a (G) Ax. pi. b(010); XA c - 21° (G) in obtuse Z/3 Ax. pi. b(010); X A C = (G) 21° in obtuse Z/3 Z UG (G) Ax. pi. c(001); Z|jb (G) Ax. pi. b(010) (G)


b(010); X||a b(010); Z(Ic a(100); Z||c ±b(010)

Ax. pi. b(010); X||c Ax. pi. c(001); X||b Sections ±Bxa; elongation = Z

(G) (G) (G) (G) (G) (G) (G) (*2)

Ax. pi. b(010)

(19) (G) (G) (G)

Ax. pi. a(100); X||c

(G)

Ax.pl. ±b(010);XAc = 66° in acute Z/3 Ax. pi. c(001) Ax. pi. b(010); X||c

(G)

Ax. pi. a(100); X||c Ax. pi. a(100); X||e

(G) (G)

Ax. pi. b(010); ZA c - 5° in obtuse Z/3

(G)

Ax. pi. ±b(010); X||b

(G) (G)

^. 6X

System

Class

Sign

3177

C9H10O4

d(Z)-Phenylglyceric acid

M.

Bi.

+

19°

3178 3179

C9Hi0O4 C9Hi0O4

dZ-Phenylglyceric acid d(Z)-p-Methoxymandelic acid

M. M.

Bi. Bi.

CgHnOsBrs

Tribromocincolic anhydride

R.

Bi.

+

C9HnO4Cl

/3-Anhydrocamphoronyl chloride

R.

Bi.

+

19° 76° 30' (apprx.) 75° (apprx.) 75° (apprx.)

C 9 HuON C 9 HnON C 9 HnON C 9 HuO 2 N C 9 HnO 2 N

o-Acetotoluide p-Acetotoluide JV-Methylacetanilide Methyl p-toluohydroxamic acid Phenyl-0-aminopropionic acid

R. M. R. M. M.

Bi. Bi. Bi. Bi. Bi.

+ -f +

C 9 HnO 2 N C 9 HuO 2 N 3 C 9 HnO 3 NS-H 2 O

R. H. R.

Bi. Un. Bi.

C 9 Hi 2 ON 2 C 9 Hi 2 O 2 N 2 -H 2 O

Nitromesitylene o/-Methyl-u>-phenyl biuret Tetrahydroquinoline-5-(ana)-sulf o n i c acid (St. mod.) Benzenylaminooxime ethyl ether Benzenylamidine acetate

R. M.

Bi. Bi.

-

C9Hi2O3N4

1, 3, 7, 9-Tetramethyluric acid

M.

Bi.

+

C 9 Hi 2 O 2 S C 9 Hi 2 O 2 S

Ethyl-p-tolyl sulfone n-Propylphenyl sulfone

R. M.

Bi. Bi.

+

30° 10'

C9Hi2O3.3H2O

Trimethylphloroglucinol

M.

Bi.

-

C9Hi2Oa

Pyrogallol trimethyl ether

R.

Bi.

C9Hi2O4

Anhydrocamphoronic acid

R.

Bi.

-f

80° (apprx. ) 80° (apprx.) 76° (apprx.)

C9Hi2Os C9Hi3NBrCl

Methanetetraacetic acid m-Chlorophenyltrimethyl ammonium bromide w-Chlorophenyltrimethyl ammonium chloride Tetrahydroquinoline sulfate Nitrodiaminomesitylene

Tet. R.

Un. Bi.

—

R.

Bi.

-

M. M.

Bi. Bi.

+

m-Nitrophenyltrimethyl ammonium nitrate Tyrosine sulfate Veratryl amine hydrochloride Mono-uriendihydroxy diethyl Buccinate. /8-Oxycamphoronic acid (?)

R.

Bi.

M. M. R. M.

Bi. Bi. Bi. Bi.

N-Methylgranatonine 1-Ecgonine

R. M.

Bi. Bi.

C9Hi6O4N C9Hi6O2N3SCl.2HaO C9Hi6O2N3SI.2H2O

o-Aminoethylidene diethyl succinate Ergothionine hydrochloride Ergothionine hydroiodide

R. R. R.

Bi. Bi. Bi.

C9Hi6O3 C9Hi7O2N3

R. M.

Bi. Bi.

C9Hi8O7 Ci0H4OCIe

3, 3, 5-Trimethylhexan-ol-olid A^-Methylpyrrolidine-a, a-d i c a r b o x y methylamide Galactite Hexachloro-a-ketohydronaphthalene

R. M.

Bi. Bi.

• —

Ci0H4OCIe

Hexachloro-/3-ketohydronaphthalene

R.

Bi.

+

Ci0HoOCl3

Trichloro-tt-ketonaphthalene

M.

Bi.

-

Ci0H5OCl3 Ci0H6OCIs

a-Trichloro-/3-ketonaphthalene a-Pentachloro-/3-ketohydronaphthalene .

R. M.

Bi. Bi.

—

3404 3495

Ci0H6O6N3 Ci0H8Cl4

l, 3, 5-Trinitronaphthalene Naphthalene tetrachloride

R. M.

Bi. Bi.

-

3539

Ci0HsO3Na Ci0H8O3 CioH8OeS2.4H2O

Diisonitrosoisosafrol anhydride Pinastrinic acid Naphthalene-1, 5-disulfonic acid

R. R. M.

Bi. Bi. Bi.

— + -

3540

CioH8O6S2.4H2O

Naphthalene-1, 6-disulfonic acid

M.

Bi.

Ci0H9O2Br

Phenylisobromo butyro lactone

M.

Bi.

3194 3196 3199

3220

3232

3251

Formula

C9Hi3NCIa C9Hi3O4NS C 9 Hi 3 O 2 N 3 C9Hi3OsN3 C9Hi3O7NS C9Hi4O2NCl C 9 Hi 4 O 7 N 2 C9Hi4O7 C9Hi5ON 3293.1 C 9 Hi 6 O 3 N-H 2 O

3344

Name

[

2V

58° 28' 88° 30' 51° 41'

2E

87° 8' 77° 37'

-

65° 32' 110° 39' (apprx.) 83° 21' 53° 59' 75° 19' 84°

+

84° 1.5' 80° 17'

+

+ 57° 16' 69° 46' 74° 44' 91° 6' (at axis c)

(*<>) (G)

Ax. pi. a(100); Zj|c

(G)

Ax. pi. c(001); Z||o

(G)

Ax. pi. b(010); Z||a Ax. pi. b(010) Ax. pi. b(010); Z||c Ax. pi. _Lb(010); X||b Ax. pi. J_b(010); Z A C = 54° in obtuse Z.ß Ax. pi. a(100); X||c

(G) (G) (G) (G) (G)

Ax. pi. b(010); Z||a

(G)

(G) (8-5) (G)

Ax. pi. c(001); Z||a (G) Ax. pi. b(010); X A C = (G) 15° in obtuse Z/3 Ax. pi. J_b(010); ZA c = (G) 9° 30' in acute Z.ß Z||c (G) Ax. pi. b(010); ZA c = 9° (G) in obtuse Z.ß Ax. pi. b(010); X J_c(001) (G) (G)

Ax. pi. b(010); Z|[c

(G)

3° 35'

Ax. pi. a(100); X||c

( 19 ) (G)

24° 59'

Ax. pi. b(010); X|[o

(G)

Ax. pi. b(010)

(G) (G)

Ax. pi. c(100); Z||c

(G)

86° Ax. pi. b(010) About 60° Ax. pi. b(010); Z|jc Ax. pi. b(010); ZA c = 41° 45' in obtuse Z/3 78° 49' Ax. pi. b(010); ZjJc 70° Ax. pi. J_b(010). (apprx.) 83° 53' Ax. pi. b(010); Z||a 79° Ax. pi. c(001); X||b 70° Ax. pi. b(010); Z||a (apprx.) 93° 14' Ax. pi. c(001); X||a 110° Ax. pi. b(010) (apprx.) Ax. pi. b(010); X||a Ax.pl. Xb(OlO); XA c = 108° (?) in obtuse Z/3 Ax. pi. a(100); Z||b 113° 20'

57° 6'

Lit.

Ax. pi. b(010); Z||c

71° 2' 40° (apprx. ) 43° 7'

-

Orientation Ax. pi. b(010); ZA c = 47° in acute Z.ß Ax. pi. (010) Ax. pi. b(010)

93° 34' 94° 14' 84° (apprx.) 62° 14'

55° 34' (cale.) 79° 0.5' 57° 12'

(G) (23) (G) (G) (G) (G) (G) (G) (G) (G) (G) (G) (G) (G)

Ax. pi. J_b(010); X A c = 66° in acute Z.ß Ax. pi. a(100); Z||c Ax.pl. .Lb(OlO); XA c = 17° 57' (?) in acute Z.ß Ax. pi c(001); X||a Ax. pi. J_b(010)

(G)

Ax. pi. c(001); X Hb Ax. pi. a(100); Z(Jc Ax.pl. .L(OlO); n«A c = 84° 0.5' in acute Zß Ax.pl. J_(010); n/9A c = 72°-76° in acute Z0 Ax.pl. J_b(010); ZA c = 8° 45' in obtuse Z/3

(G) (G) (
(G) (G) (G) (G)

(4l) (G)

Index No.

3585

3709 3716

3732

3742

3756

3779

Formula

Name

System

Class

Sign

R. R.

Bi. Bi.

-

Dimethylnitroterephthalate Nitrodiisonitrosoanethol peroxide

Tri. M.

Bi. Bi.

-

Ci0Hi0ON2 CioHioO2N2

#-Phenyl-3-methylpyrazolone Diisonitrosoanethol anhydride

M. M.

Bi. Bi.

Ci0Hi0O3

Phenylisooxybutyrolactone

M.

Bi.

CioHioO4

2, 4-Dihydroxycinnamic acid

M.

Bi.

—

CioHiiO 4 N 2 Cl Ci 0 HnO 4 N 2 Cl . CioHnON Ci 0 HnON

Dinitrochlorocymene 2-Chloro-5, 6-dinitrocymene /3-/S-Dimethyl-a-indolinone /3-Ethyl-a-indolinone

? M.? R. M.

Bi. Bi. Bi. Bi.

+ -

Ci 0 HnO 4 N

Nitrocumic acid

M.

Bi.

-

Ci 0 Hi 2 O 3 N 2

p-Aminophenaceturic acid

M.

Bi.

-

102° 30'

Ci 0 Hi 2 OaN 2 Ci 0 Hi 2 O 3 N 2 Ci 0 Hi 2 O 3

a-Diisonitrosoanethol Ethyl N«-phenyl allophonate p-Methoxyhydroatropic acid

M.

+

30° 45'

M.

Bi. Bi. Bi.

-f

77° 58'

Ci0Hi2O4 Ci 0 Hi 2 O 4 S Ci0Hi2O5

R. R. M.

Bi. Bi. Bi.

-

89° 7' 46° 45'

Ci0Hi3Br3

Cantharidin a-Phenylsulfonebutyric acid Methyl 4-hydroxy-3, 5-dimethoxybenzoate Tribromocamphene

R.

Bi.

-

Ci 0 Hi 3 ON Ci 0 Hi 3 O 2 N Ci0Hi3O2N

AT-Ethylacetanilide Phenacetin p-Tolyl urethane

R. M. M.

Bi. Bi. Bi.

+

Ci0Hi3O3N

Vanillyl acetamide

M.

Bi.

+

CioHi4

1, 2, 4, 5-Tetramethylbenzene

M.

Bi.

-

87° 22'

Ci0Hi4O3Br

d-Bromopseudonitrocamphor

R.

Bi.

+

Ci0Hi4OBr2 Ci 0 Hi 4 OBr 2 Ci0Hi4OCl2 Ci0Hi4O3SCl2

d-a, a'-Dibromocamphor d-a, /S-Dibromocamphor d-a, TT-Dichlorocamphor d-a-Chloro-TT-camphosulfonic chloride...

R. R. R. R.

Bi. Bi. Bi. Bi.

+

79° (apprx.) 56° 5' 77° 51'

Ci0Hi4O6N2S2 Ci0Hi4O Ci0Hi4O3

Ammonium naphthalene-1, 5-disulfonate Thymol d(Z)-Camphoric anhydride

M. Trig. R.

Bi. Un. Bi.

+ -

Ci0Hi4O4 CioHuOe

Tetramethylapionol Methyl a-anhydrocamphoronate

R. R.

Bi. Bi.

+ —

Ci0Hi4Oo

Methyl 0-anhydrocamphoronate

R.

Bi.

-

Ci 0 Hi 4 O 8 CioHisOBr

Dimethyl diacetylracemate d-£-Bromocamphor

R. R.

Bi. Bi.

+ +

Ci0Hi5O2N2Br Ci0Hi5O2N2Br Ci0Hi5OBr3 Ci0Hi5O3SBr CioHisOsSCl

a-Bromopernitrosocamphor /8-Isobromopernitrosocamphor d(Z)-Dihydrocarvone tribromide d-7r-Camphoricsulfonyl bromide d-TT-Camphoricsulfonyl chloride

R. R. R. R. R.

Bi. Bi. Bi. Bi. Bi.

+ + + + +

CioHuOyN

Z-Ratanhin sulfate

R.

Bi.

Ci0Hi6NBr

Diethylaniline hydrobromide

M.

Bi.

-

Pinol dibromi de p-Tolyltrimethylammonium iodide dZ-Pinonic acid

R. R. M.

Bi. Bi. Bi.

+

d-a-Thugene ketonic acid Isoketocamphoric acid

R. M.

Bi. Bi.

+ +

Z-Cineolic acid dZ-a-Pinoneoxime

R. M.

Bi. Bi.

+

Ci0H9O3N Ci0H9O3N

Phthalylethylhydroxylamine Phthaloxime ethyl ether

Ci0H9O6N Ci0H9O5N3

Ci0Hi6OBr2 CioHieNI 3867.1 Ci0Hi6O3 Ci0Hi6O3 CioHieOs 3873 CioHieO5.H2O 3886.1 Ci0Hi7O3N

2V

2E 91° 17' 70° (apprx.) 95° 30'

73° 48' 72° 56'

46° 39' 36° 58'

106° 20' (red) 120° 70° 81° 48' 38° (apprx.) 64° 25'

63° (apprx.) 80° (apprx.)

Orientation

Lit.

Ax. pi. a(100); X||c Bxa X(OOl)

(G) (26)

X JLb(OlO) (G) Ax. pi. b(010); ZA c = 38° (G) in acute Z.ß Ax. pi. Xb(OlO); Z||b (G) Ax.pl. Xb(OlO); Z A C = (G) 40° in acute Z/3 Ax. pi. b(010); ZA c = 96° (G) in obtuse Z/8 Ax. pi. .Lb(OlO) (G) Ax. pi. c(001); X||a Ax. pi. .Lb(OlO)

(37) (37) (G) (G)

Ax. pi. b(010); X A C = (G) 14° 11' in acute Z0 Ax. pi. J_b(010); X nearly (G) lie Ax. pi. Xb(OlO) (G) (8.5) Ax. pi. b(010); ZA c = 57° (G) in acute ZjS Ax. pi. c(001); Z||b (G) Ax. pi. b(010); X||a (G) Ax. pi. b(010); XXr(IOl) (G) Ax. pi. c(001); X|jb

(G)

103° 27'

62° 14' -

Ax. pi. b(010); Z||c (G) Ax. pi. b(010) (G) Ax. pi. b(010); XA c = 27° (G) in acute Z/3 110° (115° (24) cale.) Ax. pi. b(010); X A c = O0 (G) 54' in obtuse Z0 Ax. pi. c(001); Z||a (G) 59° 46'

90° 38' 62° 18'

59° (apprx.) 49° 40'

49° 13'

62° 36' 76° (apprx.)

31° 20' (red) 80° 1' 120° (apprx.) 33° (apprx.) 103° 29' 99° 28' 69° 20' 59° 45' 35° 45° (apprx.) 75° (apprx.)

77° 33' 131° 21' 20° 36' 88° 32' 74° 14' 80° (apprx.) 25° 30' 60°-70°

Ax. pi. a(100); X||b Ax. pi. b(010); X||c Z||c Ax. pi. a(100); Z||b

(G) (G) (G) (G)

Ax. pi. X(OlO) Ax. pi. a(100); X||c

( 41 ) (G) (G)

Ax. pi. a(100); Z[|c Ax. pi. a(100); X||b

(G) (G)

Ax. pi. a(100); X||b

(G)

Ax. pi. c(001); Z||b Ax. pi. a(100); ZJJc

(G) (G)

Ax. pi. b(010); Z||o Ax. pi. a(100); Z||c Ax. pi. (100); Z||c

(G) (G) (G) (G) (G)

Ax. pi. c(001)

(G)

Ax.pl. Xb(OlO); X A C = (G) 70° in obtuse Z/3 Ax. pi. a(100); X||c (G) Ax. pi. b(010); Z||c (G) Ax. pi. b(010); Z A C = 57° (G) in acute Z/3 Ax. pi. a(100); Z||c (G) Ax. pi. b(010); Z nearly (G) Xc(OOl) Ax. pi. b(010); X|]c (G) Ax. pi. b(010); Z A c = 10° (G) in acute Z/8

"

6X

3964

3980

Formula

System

Class

Sign

M.

Bi.

—

? R. M.

Bi. Bi. Bi. Bi.

+ +

59° 18'

M.

Bi.

-

72° 30'

cts-Terpine hydrate Jrans-Terpine

R. M.

Bi. Bi.

+ +

77° 27'

Benzenepentacarboxylic acid 9-Phenyluric acid Phenylbromoparaconic acid Citraconanil Trichloromethyl-o-methox y p h e n y 1 carbinol acetic ether Glutarie aniline 4-Bromoantipyrine /3-Benzyl malimide Ethyl o-nitrocinnamate 4-Iodoantipyrine Ethyldibromocinnamate

R.

—

R. M. M.

Bi. Un. Bi. Bi. Bi.

M. Ditrig. R. R. Trig. M.

Bi. Un. Bi. Bi. Un. Bi.

CnHi 2 ON 2 CnHi 2 O 2 N 2 CiiHisOsN CnHi 4 ON 2 CnHuO 2 N 2

Antipyrine 4-Hydroxyantipyrine Methyl phenaceturate Cytisine Ethyl a-phenylhydrazine pyroracemate.

? M. R. R. M.

Bi. Bi. Bi. Bi. Bi.

CnHi4O6

Methyl 3, 4, 5-methoxybenzoate

M.

Bi.

CiiHi 6 ON 2 Br.H 2 O

Cytisine hydrobromide

M.

Bi.

-

CnHi6O6NCl

R.

Bi.

—

CnHi 6 ON 2 CLH 2 O

Methyl 3, 4, 5-trimethoxy-2-aminobenzoate Cytisine hydrochloride

M.

Bi.

CnHi6O3N

Vanillyl propionamide

R.

Bi.

-

CnHi6O3N

Pyrocatechol carboxyl diethylamide

M.

Bi.

+

CnHi 6 OrN

s-Benzylhydroxylamine ditartrate

R.

Bi.

CnHi 6 O 2 N 3 CnHi6O4N31H2O CnHi 6 ON 2 CnHi6Oe

Nitrosoamylene nitroaniline Cytisine nitrate Amylenenitraniline..' Dimethyl camphoronate.

R. M. R. R.

Bi. Bi. Bi. Bi.

+ + + —

82° 51' 38° 49' 88° 21'

CnHnON 2 Cl CnHi 8 NBr CnHi8O6

Amylene nitranili ne hydrochloride. . ... Diethyl-p-toluidine hydrobromide Ethyl camphoronate

M. M. M.

Bi. Bi. Bi.

+ -f-

75° 41' 69° 41.5'

CnHi8O8 CnH 20 ON 2

Triethyl desoxalate Terpinene nitrolmethylamine

M. M.,

Bi. Bi.

-

CiiHüiOsN

,V-Methyl-2, 2, 6, 6-tetramethyl-4-hydroxypiperidine carboxylic acid Acenaphthylene p, p'-Dibromodiphenyl

R.

Bi.

-

82° 31'

R. M.

Bi. Bi.

+

Acenaphthene Diphenyliodonium chloride Azobenzene

R. M. M.

Bi. Bi. Bi.

-f

70° 16' 50°-60° (apprx.) 70° 26'

Ci 2 Hi 0 ON 2 Ci 2 Hi 0 ON 2

a-Benzoylpyridine oxime 7-Benzoylpyridine oxime

R. M.

Bi. Bi.

Ci2HioO4S4 Ci2Hi0S2

Benzenesulfone trisulfide Diphenyl disulfide

Tet. R.

Un. Bi.

CiüHiiOsSBr Ci2HnO3SCl

Ethyl l, 5-bromonaphthalene sulfonate. Ethyl l, 5-chloronaphthalene sulfonate..

R. M.

Bi. Bi.

C 12 HnON

cr-Phenylpyridyl carbinol.

R.

Bi.

2-Hydroxy-A', 3-p-menthenone

CioHisOe Ci0Hi9ON CioH20ONCl Ci0H20OeNa-SH2O

tx, a'-Methylisopropyl-a, a'-dihydroxyadipicacid A«, 8-Methymonenyl amide Lupinine hydrochloride a-2, 5-Dimethylpiperazine tartrate

Ci0H20NPS

Triethylallylphosphothiourea

Ci0H20O2 Ci0H20O2 CiiHeOio.SHaO CiiH8N4O3 CnH9O4Br CuH 9 O 2 N CiiHiiOsCls

CnHnO 2 N 4043.1 CnHnON 2 Br CnHnO 3 N 4053 CnHnO 4 N CnHnON 2 CnHi 2 O 2 Br 2 4058 4086

4184 4185. l

Ci2H8 Ci2H8Br2

4218 Ci 2 Hi 0 4221.1 Ci2Hi0ICl 4225 Ci 2 Hi 0 N 2

4261

Name

CioHisOz

.

2V

2E

75° 60° 102° 10' 80° (apprx.)

74° 15' 57° 30' 56° 50'

+ -

14° 56' 75° 11' 90°

-

62°-66°

-

86° (apprx.) 54° 20'

+ —

Orientation X A c = GS0OMnOOtUSe 43

57° 40'

103° 21' 116° 23'

113° 13' (white) 87° (apprx.)

Ax. pl. b(010); X|[c Ax. pl. c(001); X||a

Ax. pl. b(010); Z .Lc(OOl) Ax. pl. b(010) Ax. pl. a(100); Z||c Ax.pl. J_b(010); XA c = 47° 4' in acute Z/3 Ax. pl. J_b(010)

(28) (G) (G) (G) (G) (G) (L-B) (G) (G) (G) (G) (G)

Ax. pl. c(001); XUa

(G)

Ax. pl. b(010); ZA c = 55° in obtuse ZjS

(G)

100° (98° cale.) 7° 56' Ax. pl. b(010); ZA c => 55° in obtuse Z/8 90° Ax. pl. a(100); Z]Jb (apprx.) Ax. pl. b(010); Z HC Ax. pl. b(010) Ax. pl. a(100); Z||c 50° Ax. pl. b(010); X||a (apprx.) Ax. pl. J_b(010) Ax. pl. J_b(010) 56° Ax. pl. J_b(010) (apprx.) 61° 59' Ax. pl. _|_b(010) 93° 56' Ax. pl. ±b(010); ZA c = 31° in obtuse Z/3 Ax. pl. a(100); X||b

(24) (G) (G) (G) (G) (G) (G) (G) (G) (G) (G) (G) (G)

114° 46'

Ax. pl. a(100); Z||b Ax. pl. .Lb(OlO)

(G) (G)

115° 40' Large 59° 5'

Ax. pl. a(100); Z||b Ax. pl. b(010) Ax. pl. J_b(010); ZA c = 62° in acute Z/3 Ax. pl. b(010); Z||a Ax. pl. b(010); ZA c = 62° in obtuse Z/3

(G) (G) (G)

66° 28°

85° (apprx.) 29° 52' 42° (apprx.) 65°

Ax. pi. (010)

(G)

72° (apprx.)

-

(37) (23) (G) (G)

Ax. pl. b(010) 70° (apprx.)

+

(G)

Ax. pi. b(010); X A C =24° (G) in acute Z.ß Ax. pi. b(010) ; Z||a (G) Ax. pi. _Lb(001); Z A C = (G) 5°-6° in acute Z/3 Ax. pi. b(010); X||c (G) (8-5) Ax. pi. b(010); Z||a (G) Ax. pi: b(010) (G) Ax. pi. JLb(OlO) (G)

Ax. pl. b(010); XA c = 7C in acute Z/3

61° 36.5'

55° 20'

Ax. pi. c(001); Z|(a Ax. pi. J_b(010)

1 Lit.

(G) (G)

Ax. pl. b(010); X||c

(G) (G)

Ax. pl. a(100); Z||b Ax. pl. b(010)

(G) (G)

Ax. pl. c(001); Z||a

(G)

System

Class

Sign

Ci 2 HnO 2 NS Ci2Hi2O3N

Formula

Benzenesulfanilide Vanillyl w-butyramide

Tei. Tri.

Un^ Bi.

+

Ci2Hi2O3N

Vanillyl isobutyramide

R.

Bi.

-

Ci2Hi2O3 Ci2Hi3O2

Ethyl /3-methylcoumarilate cts-Dimethylsuccinic acid

R. R.

Bi. Bi.

Ci2Hi3Oa Ci 2 HuNI Ci 2 HuNI

Acetotetrahydrocinchoninic acid Tetrapropyl ammonium iodide 1, 3, 3-Trimethyl-2-methylene indoline hydriodide 1-P h e n y l-3-methyl-4-dimethylpyrazolone 4-Methylantipyrine

R. R. R.

Bi. Bi. Bi.

M.

Bi.

M.

Bi.

Ethyl p-methoxycinnamate Dimethyl phenylsuccinate

M. M.

Bi. Bi.

+

l-Phenyl-3-methyl-5-methoxypyrazole 2-methiodide Antipyrine pseudomethiodide Antipyrine pseudoethiodide

M.

Bi.

-

72°

M.

Bi.

+

75° 44' 74° 45'

7-Isopropylhydrocarbostyril. . Ethyl phenaceturate Vanillyl crotonylamide 2, 5-Dioxyacetophenone diethyl ether.. .

R. R. R. Tri.

Bi. Bi. Bi. Bi.

Ci2Hi7O2N3 Ci2Hi8ON2Cl

Nitrosoamylenenitrol-p-toluidine Amylenenitrol-p-toluidine hydrochloride

R. M.

Bi. Bi.

+ +

Ci2Hi8ON2

Amylenenitrol-p-toluidine

M.

Bi.

-

Dimethylcantharidin Diethyl 1, 1-diacetosuccinate

R. M.

Bi. Bi.

+ -f

Trig. R. M.

Un. Bi. Bi.

-

N

4272

Ci 2 HuON 2 Ci2HuON3 4318.1 Ci2Hi4O3 Ci2Hi4O4 Ci2Hi5ON2I Ci2Hi6ON2I Ci 2 Hi 5 ON 2 I Ci 2 Hi 5 ON 4330.1 Ci2Hi5O3N Ci2Hi5O3N Ci2Hi6O3

Ci2HisO4 4368.3 Ci2Hi8Oe

Name

-

2V

23° 48' (red) 74° 2'

2E Very large 18° (17° 48' cale.) 72° 34' 124° 4' (Hg, yellow) 12° 24' 30° 1' 57° 16' (red)

86° (apprx.) 10° (apprx.)

77° 50' 59° 26'

64° (apprx.)

4394

Ci2H22Oii.H2O

Lactose

M.

Bi.

-

4396

Ci2H22On

Saccharose

M.

Bi.

-

48° O'

79° T

4397

Ci2H22On.2H2O Ci 2 H 23 O 6 N^H 2 O Ci2H24Oi2N6.9H2O

Trehalose d-Coniine ditartrate Ammonium mellitate

R. R. R.

Bi. Bi. Bi.

+ + -

50° 16'

Ci3H8O3Cl2 Ci3H9N

Phenyl 3, 5-dichlorosalicylate Acridine

R. R.

Bi.

-

CisHioNî

Benzenyl-o-phenylenediamine

M.

Bi.

+

78° 56' 43° 33' 17° (apprx.) 70° 35' 117° (apprx.) 63°

Ci3Hi0O2 Ci3H9O2Br Ci 3 HuO 4 NS Ci3Hi2O4Br2

R. R. M. M.

Bi. Bi. Bi. Bi.

+

96° 20' 41° 4'

M.

Bi.

M.

Bi.

4454

4500

Ci3Hi2ON2

p-Hydroxybenzophenone Phenyl m-bromobenzoate p-Aminobenzophenone-p'-sulfonic acid.. Ethyl dibromohydroxydimethylisocoumarilate Ethyl dichlorohydroxydimethylcoumarilate p-Hydroxy-p'-methylazobenzene

4509

Ci3Hi2O3N4 Ci3Hi2O3N4 Ci3Hi2O3S Ci3Hi3O4N Ci3Hi4Oi

1, 3-Dimethyl-9-phenyluric acid 1, 3-Dimethyl-9-phenylpseudouric acid.. Phenyl p-toluene sulfonate Acetanilinopyrotartaric anhydride Ethyl hydroxydimethylisocoumarilate..

R. M. R.

Bi. Bi. Bi. Bi. Bi.

4530.1 Ci3Hi6ON2

4-Ethylantipyrine

M.

Bi.

4530.2 Ci3Hi6ON2 CisHieOio

l-Phenyl-2-propyl-3-methylpyrazolone.. Glycogallin

M. M.

Bi. Bi.

-

l-Phenyl-S-methyl-S-ethoxypyrazole^methiodide

M.

Bi.

—

Ci3Hi2O4CIa

Ci3HnON2I

128° 32' 33° 35'

-

+

52° 50'

Ax. pi. b(010); Z||c Ax. pi. (010); Bx0 JL(OOl)

(G) (2»)

X||b Ax. pi. (100); XJ|b Ax. pi. c(110); X||b

(G) (G) (G)

Ax. pi. J_b(010)

(G)

Ax. pi. b(010) ; Z A c = 47° in acute Z/3 Ax. pi. b(010) Ax. pi. J_b(010)

(G) (Gj (G) (G) (L-B) (G) (G) (G) (24) (G)

Large 85° Ax. pi. J.c(001) (apprx.) 167° 37' Ax. pi. J_b(010); Z||c (G) 97° 30' Ax.pl. J_b(010); ZA c = (G) 12° in obtuse Z/8 72° 40' Ax. pi. b(010); XA c - 35° (G) in acute /.ß 116° Ax. pi. b(010) (G) Ax. pi. b(010) (G)

Matico camphor MethyU-bornyl xanthate Terpinene nitrolethylamine

4434

(24)

Ax. pi. b(010); Z A C = 84° 30' in obtuse Z/3 Ax. pi. b(010); Z||a Ax. pi. b(010)

Ci2H2oO Ci2H20OS2 Ci 2 H 22 ON 2

33° 24' 70° 53'

Lit. (GO" (24)

Ax. pi. b(010); X A C = 73° in obtuse Z/3

64° 51' +

Orientation

80° (apprx.) 75° (apprx.) 52° 30' (apprx.) Large Large 84° 19' 86° 2' 65° (apprx.) 30° (apprx.) 79° 59' 55° (apprx.) 88° (apprx.)

(G) (G) (G)

Ax. pi. b(010); X||a Ax. pi. J_b(010); ZA c = 26° in obtuse Z/3 Ax. pi. .Lb(OlO); XA c = 10°-11° in obtuse Z.ß Ax. pi. b(010); X A C = 67° 45' in obtuse Z/3 Ax. pi. b(010); Z||c Ax. pi. a(100); Z||c Ax. pi. b(010) (red); X||c

(G) (G) (G)

Ax. pi. a(100); X||c Ax. pi. c(001); Z||a

(G) (G)

Ax. pi. b(010); Z nearly J-C(OOl) Ax. pi. b(010); X||a Ax. pi. b(010); Z||c Ax.pl. ||(010); Z = c Ax. pi. b(010); ZA c = 30° in obtuse Z/3 Ax.pl. J_b(010); ZA c = 30c-35° in obtuse Z/3 Ax. pi. b(010); X A C = 57° in obtuse Z.ß

(G)

(G) (G)

(G) (G) (5) (G) (G) (G)

(2l) (2l) Ax. pi. a(100); X||b (G) Ax. pi. J_b(010); ZJLc(OOl) (G) Ax. pi. c(001); Z||a (G) Ax. pi. b(010); ZA c = 40° (G) in obtuse Z.ß Ax. pi. Xb(OlO); Z||b (G) Ax. pi. b(010); X A C = (G) 16° in obtuse Z/3 Ax. pi. JLb(OlO); X||b (G)

^ GX

Formula

Name

System

Class

Sign

2V

2-Methyl-3, 3-diethyl-2, 3-dihydroindol hydrochloride Methylethylallyl-p-tolylammonium iodide Pentaerythritol tetraacetate Ethyl <#-bornylxanthate Dinitrodichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane.

M.

Bi.

-

81° 51'

R.

Bi.

Tet. R. M.

Un. Bi. Bi.

1, l-Di(bromophenyl)-2-dichioroethylene 1, l-Di(chlorophenyl)-2-dichloroethylene 1, l-Di(bromophenyl)-2-trichloroethane. Diphenylacetylene ,

R. R. R. M.

Bi. Bi. Bi. Bi.

+ + +

Ci 4 HiOCl 2 4656.1 Ci 4 Hi 0 O 2 N 2

1, l-Diphenyl-2-dichloroethylene Phthalylphenylhydrazine (orangeyellow)

M. M.

Bi. Bi.

-

4672 4681 4688 4705

Ci4Hi0O2 CuHi 0 O 3 Ci 4 Hi 0 O 4 Ci 4 HuBr 3 Ci 4 HnO 3 N

Benzil Disalicylaldehyde Benzoyl peroxide Diphenyltribromoethane Dibenzohydroxamic acid

Trig. M. R. M. R.

Un. Bi. Bi. Bi. Bi.

+ +

4708

Ci 4 Hi 2

Stilbene

M.

Bi.

+

110° 54° 35' (red) 91° 33'

Ci 4 Hi 2 N 4 Ci 4 Hi 2 O

1, 5-Diphenyl-3-iminotriazoline Phenyl p-tolyl ketone

M. M.

Bi. Bi.

-

35° 15'

Ci 4 Hi 3 N Ci 4 Hi 3 ON CuHi3ON Ci4Hi3ON Ci 4 Hi 3 ON Ci 4 Hi 3 O 2 N 2

o-Iminodibenzyl TV-Benzoyl-o-toluidine AT-Benzoyl-m-toluidine Ar-Benzoyl-p-toluidine #-Diphenylacetamide o-Nitrobenzyl-o-toluidine

M. R. M. R. R. R.


Ci 4 Hi 3 O 2 N 3 Ci 4 Hi 4 ON 2

w, w'-Diphenylbiuret Phenyl-o-phenetol

M.

Bi. Bi.

Ci 4 Hi 4 O 2 CuHi 4 O 2 Ci 4 Hi 4 O 2 Ci 4 Hi 4 O 2 S 2 Ci4Hi4O4So Ci 4 HuS Ci4Hi5NO4Br1HaO Ci 4 Hi 0 O 4 NCLH 2 O Ci 4 HieONCl

M. R. R. M. Tet. R. R. R. H.

Ci5Hi0O2

Isohydrobenzoin 1, 2-Dihydroxyphenylethane o, o'-Dimethoxydiphenyl Tolyl p-toluol thiosulfonate p-Toluenesulfone trisulfide Dibenzyl sulfide Dipyridinebetaine hydrobromide. Dipyridinebetaine hydrochloride Diphenylhydroxyethylamine h y d r o chloride /S-Methyltetramethoxycinnamic acid Thallin tartrate Ethyl tetrahydroquinoline-^V-acetate methiodide Phenylcoumarin .

Ci 5 Hi 2 N 2

3, 5-Diphenylpyrazole

Ci 3 H 2 ONCl Ci3H20NI CisH2oO8 Ci3H22OS2 CnH7O4N2Cl5

4650

4748 4749 4750 4752

4783

4787

CnH8Cl2Br2 CuH8Cl4 Ci4H9Cl3Br2 Ci4Hi0

Ci4Hi8O6 Ci 4 Hi 9 O 7 N CuH 20 O 2 NI

Ci5Hi3OsN 4919

Ci5Hi3O3 Ci5Hi4O3 Ci5Hi5O3N Ci5Hi5O4NS-H2O

.

syn-Benzoylbenzohydroxamic m e t h y l ether o-Hydroxydibenzoylmethane Methyl benzilate Vanillyl benzoyl amide

4936.1 Ci 5 Hi 6 O 6 .H 2 O(?) Ci5Hi8O2

p-Dimethylaminobenzophenone sulfonic acid. 2, 6, 2', 5'-Tetrahydroxydiphenylmethyl ethyl ether Picrotoxinin Hyposantonin

4943

Ci5Hi8O3

Ci5Hi6O5

-

+

89° (apprx.)

Ax. pi. c(001); Z||c

51° 16' 58° (apprx.) 34° 22' 34° 26' 62° 12' 42° (red) 30° 50' 85° (apprx.)

Ax. pi. b(010) Ax. pi. b(010); X A C = 28° 30' in obtuse Z/3 Ax. pi. c(001); Z[|a Ax. pi. b(010); Z||a Ax. pi. c(001); Z||b Ax. pi. .Lb(OlO)

87° 33' 38° 10' 73° 43' 52° 2' 49° (red)

-

68°

Bi. Bi. Bi. Bi. Un. Bi. Bi. Bi. Un.

+

84° 59'

-f + -

67°'38' 87° 30' 83° 52'

M. R. M.

Bi. Bi. Bi.

-f+

M.

Bi.

M.

Bi.

154° (apprx.) 122° 14' 5° 19° 29'

102° 4' 78° 14' 65° 70'

43° 30'

R.

Bi.

-

M. M. R.

Bi. Bi. Bi.

+ -

Tri.

Bi. Bi.

R. R.

Bi. Bi.

Santonin

R.

Bi.

+

Ci5Hi8O3

Santonide

R.

Bi.

+

Ci5Hi8O3

Parasantonide

R.

Bi.

-

Ci5Hi8Oe Ci5Hi9O3N2Cl3 Ci5H20O3

Triethyl trimesate Butyl chloral antipyrine Hydrosantonide

H. Tri. R.

Un. Bi. Bi.

— +

0

7O IO'

79° 11'

Lit.

67° 1' (red) 59° 25' (red) 110° 93° 43' (red)

(G) (19) (G) (G) (G) (G) (G) (G)

Ax. pi. .Lb(OlO) Ax. pi. J_b(010)

(G) (G)

Ax. pi. a(100); Z||b Ax. pi. b(010) Ax. pi. a(100); Z||b

(G) (G) (G) (G) (G)

Ax. pi. .Lb(OlO); Z A C = 60° in acute Z/3 Ax. pi. b(010) Ax. pi. .Lb(OlO); X A C = 36° 57' in acute Z/3 Ax. pi. Xb(OlO) Ax. pi. a(100) Ax. pi. .Lb(OlO) Ax. pi. c(001); Z||b Ax. pi. c(001); Z||a Ax. pi. a(100); Z||b

(G) (G) (G) (G) (G) (G) (G) (G) (G)

(«-S) Xb(OlO); X A C = (G) acute Z/3 Xb(OlO) (G) (100) (9) (010); Bxa Xc(OOl) (20) Xb(OlO); Z||b (G) (G) Ax. pi. b(010); X||c (G) Ax. pi. c(001); Z||b (G) Ax. pi. c(001); Z||b (G) (G)

Ax. pi. 39° in Ax. pi. Ax. pi. Ax. pi. Ax. pi.

Ax. pi. Xb(OlO); ZXc(OOl) Ax. pi. a(100) Ax. pi. Xb(OlO)

(G) (G) (G)

Ax. pi. b(010); Z A C = 30° 15' in acute Z/3 Ax.pl. Xb(OlO); Z A C = 44° in acute Z.ß Ax. pi. a(100); X||c

(G)

75° Ax. pi. (010); BxaHe-axis 74° 52' Ax. pi. Xb(OlO) 85° (89° cale.) 79° Ax. pi. Um(IlO) (apprx.) Ax. pi. a(100); Z[|b 46° (apprx.) 41° 17'43° 33'

55° 10' (red)

Orientation

(G.)

69° 58.5' + -

R.

.

2E

Ax. pi. c(001) Ax. pi. b(010); Z||b(?)

(G) (G) (22) (G) (24) (G) (G) (G) (G)

Ax. pi. a(100); Z|[b

(37)

Ax. pi. a(100); Z||c

(G)

Ax. pi. a(100); XlJc

Ax. pi. a(100); ZHc

(G) (G) (G) (G)

X

System

Class

Ci5H2oO4 Ci6H2oO4

Formula

Santonic acid Metasantoic acid

R. R.

Bi. Bi.

+

Ci6H20O4

Parasantoic acid

R.

Bi.

-

880IS' (red)

Ci5H2IO3N Ci 5 H 2 IO 2 N 3 Ci0H22O4

a-Isopropylglutaranilic acid Physostigmine Hydrosantoic acid

R. R. R.

Bi. Bi. Bi.

+ +

77° 42'

Ci5H22O5

Photosantonic acid

R.

Bi.

-

.

Ci5H23O3N

Vanillyl n-heptoylamide

M.

Bi.

-

Ci5H24O(?)

Juniperol

Tri. (?)

Bi.

-

Ci5H25O2N Ci6H26Cl2

Sesquiterpene nitrate /-Cadinene dihydrochloride

R. R.

Bi. Bi.

-f

Ci6H26O Ci6H26O Ci6H26O6

Cypress camphor. Cedrol Triacetone mannite

R. R. M.

Bi. Bi. Bi.

+ + +

Diphenylmaleic anhydride. 2, 3-Diphenyl-3-bromo-A'-crotono lactone. Diphenylsuccinic anhydride

R. M.

Bi. Bi.

-f

R.

Bi.

Tri. M.

Bi. Bi.

5066.1 Ci 6 Hi 4 N 2

Di-p-dicyanobenzylamine a-B e n z o y 1-0-acetylbenzoylhydroxylamine 1, 5-Diphenyl-3-methyl pyrazole

M.

Bi.

5067.1 Ci6Hi4O Ci6Hi6Cl3

Benzylidene-p-tolyl ketone Di-p-tolyltrichloroethane

R. M.

Bi. Bi.

+ -f

Ethyl benzohydroxamic benzoate artft-Benzoyl benzohydroxamic ethyl ether Anisoyl p-toluohydroxamic acid p-Toluyl anisohydroxamic acid

R. Tri.

Bi. Bi.

+ —

M. M.

Bi. Bi.

+ +

Ci6Hi5ON3 Ci6Hi6N2 5082.4 Ci6Hi6O2N2 Ci6Hi6O4N2

Phenyl styryl ketone Acetophenone methylphenylhydrazone.. Diacetylhydrazobenzene 2-Phenyl-1-allybenzimidazolium sulfate..

R. (?) M. R. M.

Bi. Bi. Bi. Bi.

— +

Ci6Hi6O8N4

R.

Bi.

—

38° 36.5'

Ci6Hi9O4N.4H2O

2, 3-Dinitro-p-xylene + 2, 6-dinitro-pxylene Z-Benzoylecgonine tetrahydrate

R.

Bi.

Ci6H22O3NBr Ci6H22O3N2

Homatropine hydrobromide Antipyrine isovalerianate

R. M.

Bi. Bi.

—

45° (apprx.) 69°-70°

Methyl santoate

R.

Bi.

-

Ci6H22O4 Ci6H22O4

Methyl metasantoate Methyl parasantoate

M. R.

Bi. Bi.

-

Ci6H23O4Br

/3-Bromoacetyltetraethylphloroglucinol...

M.

Bi.

+

Z-Phenyl-tt'-methylpiperidine d-tartrate . Guaiol (Champacol) Ethyl anisohydroxamic benzoate s^/n-Anisoylbenzohydroxamic ethyl ether

R. Trig. M. M.

Bi. Un. Bi. Bi.

+ —

CnHnO4N CnHi9O3N-H2O

anfi-Benzoylanishydroxamic ethyl ether Morphine

M. R.

Bi. Bi.

— -

CnH20NBr

a-Benzylphenylallylmethylammonium bromide a-Benzylphenylallylmethylarnmonium chloride Oxymethylenecamphor phenylpyrazole. Pseudoephedrine phenylthiourea....... Ephedrine phenylthiourea (p-Dianisyl)dimethylmethane Hyoscine hydrobromide Cocaine hydrochloride

R.

Bi.

R.

Bi.

M. R. R. R. R.


Nc)

4960

4997

5028.1 CieHioOs Ci6HnO2Br Ci6Hi2O3 Ci6Hi3N3 Ci6Hi3O4N

Ci6Hi6O3N Ci6Hi5O3N Ci6Hi6O4N Ci6Hi6O4N

5131

5135.1 Ci6H22O4

Ci6H23OeN-H2O 5142.1 Ci6H26O CnHnO 4 N CnHnO 4 N 5202

CnH2oNCl CnH20ON2 CnH2oON2 CnH20ON2S 5213.1 CnH20O2 5226 CnH22O4NBr.3H2O 5228 CnH22O4NCl

Name

.

Sign

2V

2E

87° 40'

+

68° 25' (red) 117° 15'

34° 46'

77° 4'

69° 39' 75° 20'

63° 49' 5O 0 IO'

61° 7' 85° 5' 94° 55' 18° 30' (apprx.) 113° 6' 82° 52' Large

88° 45' 56° 48'

68° (apprx.) 74° 24' (red) 90°

134° 12' (red) 58° 25' (red) 50° (apprx.) 55° 42'

71° 55' 66° 13' 63° 7' 125° (apprx.) 30°-40° (apprx.)

+ + + r—

66° 25' 89° 54.5'

Lit. (G) (G)

Ax. pi. a,(100); X||c

(G)

Ax. pi. b(010); Z||c Ax. pi. b(010); X||c Ax. pi. a(100); Z||c

(G) (G) (G)

100° (red) 107° 25' Ax. pi. a(100); X||c (red) 110° (107° cale.) Ax. pi. nearly Hb(OlO); X A c = 72° in acute Z.ß 18° 32' Ax. pi. a(100) (red) 50° Ax. pi. b(010); Z||c (apprx.) 61° 30' Ax. pi. b(010); Z||a 64° 45' Ax. pi. b(010); Z||a 138° 13' Ax.pl. Xb(OlO); Z A C = 26° 54' in obtuse Z/3 Small Ax. pi. a(100); Z)Ic 55° Ax. pi. J_b(010) (apprx. ) 166° (Li) Ax. pi. b(010); Z||a (apprx.) Ax. pi. Hc(OOl) Ax. pi. .Lb(OlO)

68° 22' 36° 4'

Orientation Ax. pi. a(100) Ax. pi. a(100); Z||c

100° (apprx.) 26° 40' 76° 15' 89° 43' 101° 12' Large (> 120°)

Ax. pi. b(010); ZA c = 7° in obtuse Z/8 Ax. pi. c(001); Z||b Ax. pi. b(010); ZA e = 4° in acute /.ß Ax. pi. a(100); Z||c Ax. pi. b(010); ZXc(OOl) Ax. pi. b(010); ZA c = 49° in acute Z.ß Ax. pi. b(010); Z J_a(100) Ax. pi. b(010); X||a Ax.pl. .Lb(OlO); ZA c = 33° 51' in obtuse £ß Ax. pi. a(100); X||c Ax. pi. a(100); Z||b

(G) (24) (G) (G) ( 37 ) (G) (G) (G) (G) (G) (G) (G) (G) (G) (G) (G) (G) (G) (G) (G) (13) (G) (G) (G) (G) (G)

Ax. pi. c(001); X||b (G) Ax. pi. c(001); ZA c = 17° (G) in obtuse Z/3 Ax. pi. a(100); XHc (G) Ax. pi. Xb(OlO) Ax. pi. a(100); X||c

(G) (G)

Ax. pi. Xb(OlO)

(G)

Ax. pi. b(010); X||c

(G) (G) (G) (G)

Ax. pi. Xb(OlO); Z||b Ax.pl. Xb(OlO); X A C = 55° 30' in acute Z0 Ax. pi. Xb(OlO) Ax. pi. X to elongation

(G) (39)

Ax. pi. c(001); Z||b

(G)

Ax. pi. c(001); Z||b

(G)

Ax. pi. Xb(OlO) Ax. pi. c(001); Z||b Ax. pi. c(001); Z||a

(G) (G) (G) (G) (G) (37)

Ax. pi. b(010); X||c Ax. pi. (010)

1

^6*

Formula

Name

System

Class

Sign

Ethyl d(J)-bromosantonigate Menthyl-o-nitrobenzoate 2-Keto-6-methyl 4-(p-isopropyl phenyl)1, 2, 3, 4-tetrahydropyrimidine-S-eth'yl carboxylate. a-Dipentene nitrolbenzylamine

R. R. M.

Bi. Bi. Bi.

+ +

M.

Bi.

+

d(/)-Pinene nitrolbenzylamine 1, 1, 2-Trimethyl-2-phenylcyclopentane3-ethyl carboxylate. Menthyl benzoate

R. M.

Bi. Bi.

+ -

R.

Bi.

Ethyl santoate

R.

Bi.

+

Ci7H24O4

Ethyl parasantoate

R.

Bi.

-

CnH 24 Oi 0 Ci8Hi2OiSN3S3Bi.7H2O

Ethyl tetraacetylquinate Bismuth ra-nitrobenzene sulfonate

R. M.

Bi. Bi.

+

Ci8Hi2O8N4

7-Benzoylpyridine picrate

M.

Bi.

Ci8HuO7N4 Ci8Hi4O7N4 Ci8Hi6O4

a-Benzylpyridine picrate 7-Benzylpyridine picrate Diacetyl dihydroxy stilbene

M. Tri. M.

Bi. Bi. Bi.

Ci8Hi6O7 Ci8Hi8O

d(Z)-Usnic acid Diethylanthrone

R. R.

Bi. Bi.

Ci8Hi8O4

Hydrobenzoin diacetate

M.

Bi.

Ci8Hi8O4 Ci8H20 Ci8H20

Isohydrobenzoin diacetate s^m-Tetramethylanthracene hydride.... Tetramethyl-p-stilbene

R. R. M.

Bi. Bi. Bi.

+

5317

Ci8H20O2 Ci8H2IO3N

Benzoyl-p-*er<.-amyl phenol Codeine

R. R.

Bi. Bi.

+

5317

CisH2iO3N.H2O

Codeine

Bi.

-

5319 5320

Ci8Hi2O3N Ci8H2IO3N

Isocodeine Pseudocodeine

R. M.

Bi. Bi.

+

Ci8H24O8N2 Ci8H27O3N Ci8HwO3N Ci8H29O3N

Tetraethyl-p-diaminopyromellitate Capsaicin Hydrocapsaicin Vanillyl n-decoylamide

M. R.

Bi. Bi. Bi. Bi.

+

M. R. M. Tri.

Bi. Bi. Bi. Bi.

-

M.

Bi.

+

Ci 9 HnN 3 Ci9Hi9N2I

Fichtelite (Retene perhydride) Melezitose Methyl pulvinate ms-Phenylacridonium h y d r o s u l f a t e (green mod.) ms-Phenylacridonium h y d r o s u l f a t e (red mod.). «-Triphenylguanidine Phenyldiallylbenzimidazolium iodide....

R. M.

Bi. Bi.

+ +

Ci9Hi9O4N Ci 9 H 20 N 2 Ci 9 H 20 ON 2 5428.1 Ci 9 H 20 ON 2 Ci9H2iN2C1.2H2O

Bulbocapnine Cinchene Phenyldiallylbenzimidazolium hydroxide Cinchoninone Cinchonine chloride

R. R. M. R. R.

Bi. Bi. Bi. Bi. Bi.

+

Ci 9 H 22 ON 2 Ci9H22ON2.C6He Ci 9 H 22 ONa Ci9H22ON2

Cinchonidine Cinchonidine a-Cinchonine «-Cinchonine

R. R. M. M.

Bi. Bi. Bi. Bi.

+ + -

Ci9H22O

d-Cinnamalidene camphor

R.

Bi.

+

Ci9H23ON2Br-H2O Ci9H23ON2Br. ^C2H6O Ci 9 H 23 ON 2 Br.!(?)H 2 O Ci9H23ON2C1.2H2O

Cinchonine hydrobromide Cinchonine hydrobromide Cinchonidine hydrobromide Cinchonine hydrochloride

R. R. R. M.

Bi. Bi. Bi. Bi.

+ -

Ci9H23ON2CLiC2H6O Ci 9 H 23 ON 2 LLSCH 4 O Ci9H23O3N1H2O Ci9H24O6N2S-SH2O

Cinchonine hydrochloride Cinchonine hydroiodide Codethyline Cinchonidine sulfate

R. R. R. M.

Bi. Bi. Bi. Bi.

+ + + +

CnH23O3Br CnH23O4N CnHzSO3N2

CnH 24 ON 2 CnH 24 ON 2 CnH 24 O 2 5244

CnH 24 O 2

5244.1 CnH24O4

5304

5336

5343.1 Ci8H32 Ci8H32Oi6.2H2O Ci9Hi4O6 Ci9Hi6O4NS Ci9Hi0O4NS 5414

5424

5441 5442 5442

2V 30° 32' 44° (apprx.)

Orientation

Lit.

123° 26' 47° 24'

2E

Ax. pi. a(100); Z||c Ax. pi. b(010); X||c Ax. pi. b(010)

(G) (G) (G)

108° 14'

Ax. pi. b(010); ZA c = 18° in acute ZjS Ax. pi. c(001); Z||a Ax. pi. b(010); XA c = 50° in acute Z/3 Ax. pi. c(001); Z||b

(G)

Ax. pi. a(100); Z ||c

(G)

89° 9' 65° 20' 70° (apprx.) 64° 6' (red) 35° 35' (red) 79° 58'

Ax. pi. a(100); X||c Ax. pi. b(010); Z A C = about 93° in obtuse Z/3 Ax. pi. .Lb(OlO); Z A C = 65° in obtuse Z/3 Ax. pi. b(010)

62°

. -

19° 28° 81° 39'

+ 60° (apprx.) 85° (apprx.) 80° 54' 79°-83° 24° (apprx.) 58° 47' 125° (apprx.) 130° (apprx.)

Ax. pi. J_b(010); X A C = 13° in acute Z/3 Ax. pi. a(100); Z||c Ax. pi. c(001); Z Ha

38° 3'

100° 56' 60° 21' 65° 20'

(G) (G) (G) (G) (G) (G) (G) (G)

(G) (G) (G) (25) (25) (24)

Ax. pi. b(010); X||a-axis X = a, Y - b, Z = c Ax. pi. b(010) ; X HC

(G) (36) (G) (G)

Ax. pi. b(010); ZAC = 78° 30' in obtuse Z/3 Ax. pi. c(001); Z||a Ax.pl. J_b(010); Z A c = 38° 52' in obtuse Z/3 Ax. pi. a(100) ; X ||b Ax. pi. c(001); Z|jb Ax. pi. b(010); Z.Lc(OOl) Ax. pi. c(001); Z||b Ax. pi. a(100); ZUG

(G)

42°

85° 40.5'

(G)

( 39 )

23° (cale.) 85°

(G)

Ax. pi. b(010); ZA c = 12° (G) in obtuse Z/3 Ax. pi. b(010); X||c (G) Ax. pi. b(010) (blue); X||c (G) Ax. pi. b(010); Z A c = 90° (G) in obtuse Z/3 Ax. pi. b(010); X||a (G) (39)

Ax. pi. b(010); X||c Ax. pi. J_b(010); Z A C = 22° in acute Z/3 Ax. pi. b(010)

85°-90°

+

Ax. pi. a(100); X||c

(G) (G)

(G) (G) (G) (G) (G) (G) (G)

13° (apprx.) 100° ± 10° Z = b (*<>) Large (40) 38° ± 2° (*0) 35° 52' Ax. pi. Xb(OlO); X A C = (G) 57° in obtuse Z/3 28° Ax. pi. b(010); Z||a (G) (apprx.) 150° (G) 155° (G) 140° Ax. pi. a(100); Z||c (G) 102° Ax. pi. Xb(OlO); X A C = (G) 35° in obtuse ZjS 147° Ax. pi. b(l 10); ZHC (G) 147° 40' Ax. pi. c(001); Z||b (39) About 125° (G) 115° 36' Ax. pi. Xb(OlO); Z A C = (G) 59° in obtuse Z/3

?.. 6X

5477

5561

5567

System

Class

Sign

Ci9H24O5N2Se-SH2O

Formula

Cinchonidine selenate

M.

Bi.

+

Ci9H28O2

Abietic acid

M.

Bi.

-

Ci 9 H 2 QOaN Ci 9 H 3 IO 3 N

Vanillyl undecenoylamide Vanillyl n-undecoylamide

R. Tri.

Bi. Bi.

— +

C 20 Hu C20Hi6O4

Benzal fluorene 2, 4-Dihydroxytriphenylacetic acid

R. M.

Bi. Bi.

+ -

C 2 OHnOsNS C 20 HnO 3 NS C 20 HnO 3 NS C 20 HnO 3 NS C20Hi8O6 C 20 Hi 8 O 9 C 20 H 2 iON

a-Naphylamine naphthalene-a-sulfonate 0-Napthylaminenaphthalene-/3-sulfonate a-Napthylaminenaphthalene-jS-sulfonate /3-Napthylamine naphthalene-a-sulfonate Pulvinic acid ethyl alcoholate Atranoric acid Benzoyl-/3, 0-diethylmethyliiidoIenine...

+

R. R. M.

Bi. Bi. Bi. Bi, Bi. Bi. Bi.

C 20 H 2 iO 4 N C20H23O4N C 20 H 24 O 2 N 2 C 20 H 22 O 4 N 4 C 20 H 24 O 2 N^C 2 H 6 O C 20 H 24 O 2 N 2 ^C 6 H 6 C 20 H 24 O 2 N 2 C20H24O2N21C6H6 C 20 H 24 O 2 N 2 -C 6 H 6 C20H26ON2Br1H2O

d(Z)-Bulbocapnine methyl ether Corydin Quinidine Diethyl dihydroxysuccinate 7-osazone.. Quinidine Quinidine Quinine Quinine Quinine (Unst. mod.) Bromomethylcinchonine

Tefc. Tet. R. R. R. R. R. (?) R. R. M.

Un. Un. Bi. Bi. Bi. Bi. Bi. Bi. Bi. Bi.

C20H26O6N2S.7H2O C20H26OeN2Se.7H2O C 2 OH 27 O 2 N 2 Br

R. R. R.

Bi. Bi. Bi.

-

R.

Bi.

+

40° 40'

Ax. pi. b(010); Z||c

(G)

R.

Bi.

+

140°

Ax. pi. a(100); Z||c

(G)

R.

Bi.

-f

157°

Ax. pi. b(010); Z[|c

(G)

R.

Bi.

+

126° 50'

Ax. pi. b(010); Z|[c

(G)

C 20 H 28 N 4 C20H30O2 C20H30O2 C20H30O4 C20H32O2N2Cl2

Quinine sulfate Quinine selenate Cinchonidine hydrobromide methyl alcoholate Cinchonine hydrobromide methyl alcoholate Cinchonidine hydrochloride methyl alcoholate Cinchonine hydrochloride methyl alcoholate Cinchonine hydroiodide methyl alcoholate Diethylaniline azyline d-Pimaric acid Z-Pimaric acid Camphorpinacone d(/)-«-Limonene nitrosochloride

M. R. R. R. M.

Bi. Bi. Bi. Bi. Bi.

+ + (?)

C20H33O3N C20H34O4N C2IHi8O3

Vanillyl n-dodecoylamide Methylcapsaicin Benzil benzilate

M. M. M.

Bi. Bi. Bi.

76° 36' 110° 22' 126° 50' 99° 34'100° 15' 100° (cale.)

C 2 IHi 9 N 2 Br C 2 IHi 9 N 2 Cl C 2 iH 20 C 2 IH n O 2 N 2 Br C 2 IH 22 O 2 N 2 C 2 IH 22 O 3 N 2

Amarine hydrobromide Amarine hydrochloride Diphenyl-p-xylylmethane a-Bromostrychnine Strychnine Tribenzylamine nitrate

Trig. Trig. M. R. M. (?) R.

C2IH23O5N

Diacetylmorphine

C 2 IH 24 O 7 N 4

C 22 H 20 N 2 C 22 H 22 O 2 N 4

ß, /S-Triethyl-a-methyleneiridoline picrate Cinchonine ethobromide Dichloromaleic-p-tolyl-dipiperidide Cinchonidine hydroiodide ethiodide Quinidine methyl alcoholate Cinchonine hydroiodide ethyl alcoholate d-Bornyl méthylène ether p-Cresolphthalein a, /3-Dibenzoylcinnamenimide Benzoyl benzohydroxamic anisate (amod.) Anisoyl benzohydroxamic p-toluate (ßmod.) 1, 3, 4-Triphenyltetrahydropyrazine Bisantipyrine

C22H23OiN

Narcotine

C 20 H 27 O 2 N 2 Br C20H27O2N2Cl C20H27O2N2Cl C 20 H 27 O 2 N 2 I 5588

5642

5648

C 2 IH 27 ON 2 Br-H 2 O C 2 IH 27 ON 3 Cl 2 C 2 IH 28 ON 2 I 2 -H 2 O C 2 IH 28 O 3 N 2 C 2 IH 29 O 2 N 2 I C2IH36O2 C22Hi6O3 C 22 HnON C22Hi7OsN C 22 Hi 9 OaN

5704

Name

.

2V

77° 18'

114° + -

+ + + + -

61° 45'

+ + -

74° 10'

Un. Un. Bi. Bi. Bi. Bi.

+ -

57° 43'

R.

Bi

-

M.

Bi.

—

R. M. M. R. R. R. R. R. M.

Bi. Bi. Bi. Bi. Bi. Bi. Bi. Bi: Bi.

M.

Bi.

R. M.

Bi. Bi.

R.

Bi.

2E

149° 46'

45° 20' (red) 110° (apprx.) 16° 7' 87° 50'

+

44° 40' 90° 78° 19° 75° 44' 39° 82° 40'

—

I

(G) Ax. pi. a(100); Z||c (G) Ax. pi. a(100); Z||b (G) Ax. pi. a(100) (G) Ax. pi. b(010); ZA c = 4° (G) 50' in acute Z/3 (24) (24) Ax. pi. b(010); X A C = (G) 104° in obtuse Z/8 (G) (G) (G) Ax. pi. a(100); X||c (G) (37) Ax. pi. c(001); X||a (G) ( 39 ) (G) Ax. pi. b(010); Z|[c Ax. pi. b(010) Ax. pi. .Lb(OlO) Ax. pi. a(100); Z||c Ax. pi. b(101); X||c Ax. pi. b(010); Z||c Ax. pi. c(001); Z||a Ax. pi. b(010); Z||a

(G) (G) (G) (G) (G) (G) (G) (G) (G)

Ax. pi. b(010)

(G)

86° 30'

+ +

Lit.

Ax.pl. J_b(010); Z A c = (G) 59° in obtuse /.ß 65° Ax. pi. b(010); XA c = 13° (G) in acute Z/3 Very large (24) 110° (106° (24) cale.) 13° Ax. pi. a(100); Z||c (G) Ax. pi. .Lb(OlO); X A c = (G) 7° in obtuse Z/3 O) O) O) 85° 5' O) 61° 6' Ax. pi. a(100); Z||b (G) Ax. pi. c(001); Z||a (G) 41° 25' Ax. pi. b(010); XA c = 30° (G) in acute Z/3 (G) (G) 100° ± 10° («<>) 143° 28' Ax. pi. a(100); Z Ub (G) 80° ± 5° (*<>) 85° ± 2° («<>) («<>) Large («<>) 110° ± 10° («<>) 80° Ax. pi. J_b(010) (G) (apprx.) 19° 15' Ax. pi. a(100); X||c (G) 77° 15' Ax. pi. a(100); XJ|c (G) 142° (G)

58°

-

-f + +

Orientation

156° 40'

100° 44' 56° 24' 66° 4' 60° 52'

98° 4' 50° (apprx.)

Ax. pi. a(100); Z||c (G) Ax. pi. b(010); Z A c = 37° (G) in obtuse Z/3 Ax. pi. a(100); X||c (G)

1

No*

Formula

Name

System

Class

Sign

2V 85° 5 7 (red) 73° 36;

2E

C22H26O4

Benzyl santoate

R.

B L + ~

'

A

C22H3oON2l2.2H2O C22H3OO3N2 C22H38O2S3 C23Hi8ONBr

Cinchonidine ethiodide methiodide Quinidine ethyl alcoholate Menthyl thioxanthic anhydride Bromomethyltriphenyl pyrrolone

R. R. R. M.

Bi. Bi. Bi. Bi.

+

85 0 O' 70° 15'

122° 55'

C23Hi9O6N

M.

Bi.

-f-

64° 32.5'

120° 38'

M.

Bi.

-f

78° 59'

C23Hi9O5N C23Hi9O6N

p-Toluyl anisohydroxamic benzoate (amod.) Anisoyl benzohydroxamic p-toluate (amod.) Anisoyl p-toluhydroxamic benzoate Benzoyl p-toluohydroxamic anisate

M. M.

Bi. Bi.

-

84° 55' 68° 32'

C23Hi9O6N C23Hi9OoN

Benzoyl anisohydroxamic p-toluate Benzoyl anisohydroxamic anisate

M. M.

Bi. Bi.

+

71° 12'

C23H24O2N3-H2O

Méthylène bisantipyrine

M.

Bi.

76° 30'

C23H20O5NLH2O

R.

Bi.

C24Hi8 C 24 HnON

M e t h y 1 trimethylcolchidimethinate methiodide 1, 3, 5-Triphenylbenzene Ethyltriphenylpyrrolone (0-mod.)

R. M.

Bi. Bi.

-

72° (apprx.) 9° 50'

C25H23ON C25H40Oi0 C26Hi6O

Propyltriphenylpyrrolone (a-mod.) Lepranthine Tetraphenylenepinacoline

R. M. M.

Bi. Bi. Bi.

+

65° 50'

-

C26H23O5N C26H32O5N2

d-Benzoylbulbocapnine Strychnine ethyl carbonate

R. ?

Bi. Bi.

+

80° (apprx.) 78° 34'

C27H30O4N2 C27H46Br2 C28H20O4 C28H36O6N2-SH2O

Cinchonine phenylglycolate Cholestene dibromide (St. mod.) Stilbeneglycol dibenzoate Brucine valerianate

R. R. M. M.

Bi. Bi. Bi. Bi.

+ + +

C28H46Oa C28H46O2

Gurjum resin Cholesteryl formate

Tri. M.

Bi. Bi.

+

C30H26OeN2S2

a-Napthylamine naphthalene-1, fonate a-Napthylamine naphthalene-1, fonate a-Napthylamide naphthalene-2, fonate a-Napthylamine naphthalene-2, fonate 0-Napthylamine naphthalene-1, fonate (normal salt).

5-disul-

C30H48 C30H48 C32H26O C32H28

/9-Napthylamine naphthalene-1, fonate (acid salt) ß-Napthylamine naphthalene-1, fonate /3-Napthylamine naphthalene-2, fonate /3-Napthylamine naphthalene-2, fonate d-a-Amyrilene d-0-Amyrilene a-Isodypnopinacoline Tetraphenylethanebenzene

C32H28O2 C32H32Oi2

x

Orientation

Lit.

. pi. a(100); Z UG

(G)

Ax. pi. b(010); Zfla

(G) (G) (G) (G)

78° 30' Ax. pi. b(010); X||a Ax. pi. ±b(010); Z apprx. ±8(101)

C23Hi9OsN

5818

5961

C30Ha6O6N2S2 C30H26O6N2S2 C30H26O6N2S2 C30H26O6N2S2

C30H26O6N2S2 C30H26O6N2S2 C30H26O6N2S2 C30H26O6N2S2

145°

16° 42'

18° 25' 17° 20' 135° 30'

108° 58' 30° (apprx. ) 45°

85° 58' 86° (apprx.)

Ax.pl. ±b(010);ZAc = about 60° in obtuse Z.ß Ax. pi. ||c(001); Z|[a

(G)

X||b Ax. pi. b(010); XA c = 33° in obtuse /.ß Ax. pi. b(010) Ax.pl. ±b(010); ZA c = 53° 50' in obtuse Z.ß Ax. pi. b(010); ZA c = 56° in obtuse Zß Ax. pi. a(100); Z|Jb

(G) (G)

Ax. pi. b(010); X U G Ax. pi. ±b(010); X A c = 63° in obtuse /.ß Ax. pi. a(100); Z|[c Ax. pi. b(010) Ax. pi. b(010); XA c = 50° (apprx.) in obtuse Zß Ax. pi. c(001); X||b


b(010); Z||c a(100); Z||c ±b(010); Z)Ib ±b(010)

86° 6' Ax. pi. b(010); Z A C = 21° 30'

(G)

(G) (G) (G) (G) (G) (G) (G) (G) (G) (G) (37) (G) (G) (G) (G) (G) (G) (1J

Bi. Bi.

—

Large

(1J

6-disul-

Bi.

—

Large

O)

7-disul-

Bi.

+

5-disul-

Bi.

-f

5-disul-

Bi.

6-disul-

Bi.

6-disul7-disul-

6-disul-

M.

O) (l)

75° 5' (obs.) 77° 6' (cale.) Large

(1)

—

Large

(*)

Bi.

-f

70° 5'

O)

Bi.

—

Large

R. R. R. M.

Bi. Bi. Bi. Bi.

-f . -f-f

72° 12' 22° 21.5'

Dypnopinacone

M.

Bi.

Tetrarin

Tri.

Bi.

-

6062.1 C34H40OioN2S.7H2O

Morphine sulfate

R.

Bi.

-

6067 6075

C34H47OnN C34H50O2 C40H62O7N4Se C42H38O4N4S.3.5H2O

Aconitine Cholesterol benzoate Cinchonine selenate ethyl alcoholate Amarine sulfate

R. Tet. M. M.

Bi. Un. Bi. Bi.

-f

60° (apprx.) 26° (apprx.) 33° (apprx.) 69° 37' (red) 56° 10'

+

77° 40' 60° 57'

C42H46O8N4Se-SH2O

Strychnine selenate

M.

Bi.

-f

14°

C42H48O8N4S-SH2O

Strychnine sulfate

M.

Bi.

-f

16° 30'

C52H88Qi

Zeorine

H.

Un.

35° 26.5'

Bxo±plates

(!)

Ax. pi. Ax. pi. Ax. pi. Ax.pl.

(G) (G) (G) (G)

c(001); Z||a c(001); ZJb a(100); Z||c ±b(010)

(G) Ax. pi. ±a(100)

(G)

Ax. pi. b(010); X||a

(G)

Ax. pi. b(010); Z||a

(G) (G) (G) (G)

Ax. pi. ±b(010); Z A C = 80° in obtuse Z0 Ax.pl. ± b ( 0 1 0 ) ; Z A c = 34° in acute /.ß Ax. pi. ±b(010); ZA c = 32° 43' in obtuse Z/3

(G) (G) (G)

LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) (G) Groth, Chemische Krystallographie, 5 vols. 1906-1919. (L-B) LandoltBörnstein-Roth-Scheel, Physikalisch-Chemische Tabellen, 5th Ed., 1923. (i) Ambler, 45, 12: 1081; 20. (2) Artini, 72, 46: 475; 13. (3) Artini, 22, 261:392; 17. ( 4 ) Beckenkamp, 94, 40: 597; 05. ( 5 ) Beger, 94, 57: 303; 22. (6) Bleicher, 94, 51: 504; 13. ( 7 ) Drugman, 94, 50: 579; 12. (7-5) Duffour, 6, 30: 169; 13. ( 8 ) Ehrlich and Pistschimuka, 25, 45: 2436; 12. ( 8 - 5 ) Gatewood, l, 47: 411; 25. ( 9 ) Gilta, 27, 31: 250; 22. (i °) Goldschmidt, 94, 55: 123; 15, (") Gossner, 94, 53: 488; 14. (") Hartley, Drugman et al, 4, 103: 751; 13. ( 13 ) Heilbron and Wilson, 4, 101: 1489; 12. (U) Hudson and Chernoff, l, 40: 1007; 18. (* 5 ) Jaeger, 64P, 18: 49; 15. O 6 ) Jamieson and Wherry, I , 42: 136; 20. ( 17 ) Jungfleisch, 34, 155: 801; 12. (»») Keenan, O. ( 19 ) Kraggs, l, 123: 77; 23.

(20) Mieleitner, 94, 55: 51; 19. (2l) Moore and Gatewood, l, 45: 144; 23. (22) Müller, 4, 107: 874; 15. (23) Nelson, l, 41: 1115; 19. (24) Nelson, l, 41: 2122; 19. (25) Nelson and Dawson, l, 45: 2180; 23. (26) Orndoff and Pratt, 11, 47: 95; 12. (27) Robinson and Jones, 4, 101: 64; 12. ( 28 ) Stefl, 94, 54: 343; 14. (29) Steinmetz, 94, 54: 467; 15. ( 30 ) Steinmetz, 94, 55: 375; 16. (3i) Stortenbeker, 70, 32: 226; 13. ( 33 ) Thoma, 07, 33: 403; 12. ( 34 ) Wahl, o, 87A: 371; 13. ( 3S ) Wherry, 128, 8: 321; 18. (36) Wherry, l, 42: 126; 20. (37) Wherry, O. (38) Wherry and Kann, 128, 12: 291; 22. ( 39 ) Wherry and Yanovsky, 128, 9: 507; 19. ( 4 0 ) Wherry and Yanovsky, 1, 40: 1065; 18. ( 4 M Widmer, 94, 60: 184; 24. ( 4 2) Hayman, Wagner and Holden, 884, 14: 388; 25. Extensive data are given in Fedorow, "Das Krystallreich. Tabellen zur krystallochemischen Analyse,1' 1920; this is vol. 36 of Mémoires de l'Académie des Sciences de Russie (VIII series).

X-RAY DIFFRACTION DATA FROM CRYSTALS AND LIQUIDS R. W. G. WYCKOFF Introduction.—To find a given substance, consult Table 2V for all elementary substances, & for all chemical compounds, D for all alloys which are not definite chemical compounds, TL for all liquids, and ~$ for solid solutions of salts. Except for the spacing observations given in Tables & and JL1 there are recorded below only such observations as can be made to yield dimensions for at least a possible unit cell. The structure types of some of the simpler unit cells are shown in Figs. 1-11. The mode of designating these structures and other coordinate groups giving atomic positions is that described in Wyckoff, "The Structure of Crystals," Chemical Catalog Co., New York, 1924. ABBREVIATIONS 2a, 46, 8/, (46, 4c), (46, 4d), (326, 48c), etc. refer to the correspondingly numbered coordinate groups in Wyckoff, Lc. and Analytical Expression of the Results of the Theory of Space Groups (Washington, 1922). «o, &o, CQ Edge length of unit cell along the a-, 6-, and c-crystallographic axes, respectively. a The angle between the three equivalent axes of a rhombohedral unit; in a triclinic crystal, the angle between the 6- and c-axes. B.-c. Body-centered type of structure. The cubic B.-c. arrangement (2a) is shown in Fig. 1. ß Angle between the a- and c-axes. C.-p. The hexagonal close-packed type of atomic arrangement (d) (see Fig. 3). 7 Angle between the a- and 6-axes in a triclinic crystal. 2Ci Holohedral symmetry class, monoclinic system. 2Ci-w (C™ ) as under T. 3Ci Second sort hexagonal tetartohedral symmetry class, rhombohedral division, hexagonal system. 3Ci-w (C^ ) and 3Ci-w (n) as under T. 4C Tetartohedral symmetry class, tetragonal system. 4C-W (C") as under T. 6Ci Paramorphic hemihedral symmetry class, hexagonal division, hexagonal system. 6Ci-w (C6^ ) as under T. Dia. Diamond type (8/.) of atomic arrangement (see Fig. 4). 2D Enantiomorphic hemihedral symmetry class, orthorhombic (rhombic) system. 2D-m (V ), as under T. 2Di Holohedral symmetry class, orthorhombic system. 2Di-w (V™) and 2Di-w (n) as under T. 3D Enantiomorphic hemihedral symmetry class, rhombohedral division, hexagonal system. 3D-w (D™) and 3D-W (n) as under T.

3Di

4d 4D 4Di 6Di

2e 3e

6e

F.-c. Oi P. S. P. U. C.

S. P. T

Te

Ti

u, or v

Holohedral symmetry class, rhombohedral division, hexagonal system. 3Di-w (D3d) and 3Di-w (n) as under T. Second sort hemihedral symmetry class, tetragonal system. 4d-w (Vd ) and 4d-w (n) as under T. Enantiomorphic hemihedral symmetry class, tetragonal system. 4D-w (D 4 ) as under T. Holohedral symmetry class, tetragonal system. 4Di-w (D^ ) and 4Di-m (n) as under T. Holohedral symmetry class, hexagonal division, hexagonal system. 6Di-w( D6A ) and 6Di-w (n) as under T. Hemimorphic hemihedral symmetry class, orthorhombic system. 2e-w (C2v ) as under T. Hemimorphic hemihedral symmetry class, rhombohedral division, hexagonal system. 3e-w (C3v ) and 3e-m (n) as under T. Hemimorphic hemihedral symmetry class, hexagonal division, hexagonal system. 6e-w (C6v ) and 6e-w (n) as under T. Face-centered type of structure. Cubic F.-c. arrangement (46) shown in Fig. 2. Holohedral symmetry class, cubic system. Oi-w (OA ) and Oi-w (n) as under T. Possible structure. Used to designate those atomic arrangements which may be correct but for which additional results are needed or desirable. Possible unit cell. Used to designate those crystals for which the selected unit cells may be correct but which require additional experimental or theoretical treatment. Sample compressed. Tetartohedral symmetry class, cubic system. Tm = mth space group having this symmetry ( = T™). T-m (n) = nth atomic arrangement under T-W. For instance T-3(c) is seen by reference to Wyckoff (Analytical expression, p. 122), to be arrangement 8a. Similarly 4DÌ-7 (c) is the coordinate pair OJ£u; HOu (ibid., p. 93). Hemimorphic hemihedral (tetrahedral) symmetry class, cubic system. Te-w (T d ) and Te-w (n) as under T. Paramorphic hemihedral (pyritohedral). symmetry class, cubic system. Ti-w (Th ) and Ti-m (n) have meanings analogous to those of similar symbols under T. Variable X1 y or z parameter.

LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) (G) Groth, Chemische Krystallographie, 5 vols. 1906-1919. (L-B) LandoltBörnstein-Roth-Scheel, Physikalisch-Chemische Tabellen, 5th Ed., 1923. (i) Ambler, 45, 12: 1081; 20. (2) Artini, 72, 46: 475; 13. (3) Artini, 22, 261:392; 17. ( 4 ) Beckenkamp, 94, 40: 597; 05. ( 5 ) Beger, 94, 57: 303; 22. (6) Bleicher, 94, 51: 504; 13. ( 7 ) Drugman, 94, 50: 579; 12. (7-5) Duffour, 6, 30: 169; 13. ( 8 ) Ehrlich and Pistschimuka, 25, 45: 2436; 12. ( 8 - 5 ) Gatewood, l, 47: 411; 25. ( 9 ) Gilta, 27, 31: 250; 22. (i °) Goldschmidt, 94, 55: 123; 15, (") Gossner, 94, 53: 488; 14. (") Hartley, Drugman et al, 4, 103: 751; 13. ( 13 ) Heilbron and Wilson, 4, 101: 1489; 12. (U) Hudson and Chernoff, l, 40: 1007; 18. (* 5 ) Jaeger, 64P, 18: 49; 15. O 6 ) Jamieson and Wherry, I , 42: 136; 20. ( 17 ) Jungfleisch, 34, 155: 801; 12. (»») Keenan, O. ( 19 ) Kraggs, l, 123: 77; 23.

(20) Mieleitner, 94, 55: 51; 19. (2l) Moore and Gatewood, l, 45: 144; 23. (22) Müller, 4, 107: 874; 15. (23) Nelson, l, 41: 1115; 19. (24) Nelson, l, 41: 2122; 19. (25) Nelson and Dawson, l, 45: 2180; 23. (26) Orndoff and Pratt, 11, 47: 95; 12. (27) Robinson and Jones, 4, 101: 64; 12. ( 28 ) Stefl, 94, 54: 343; 14. (29) Steinmetz, 94, 54: 467; 15. ( 30 ) Steinmetz, 94, 55: 375; 16. (3i) Stortenbeker, 70, 32: 226; 13. ( 33 ) Thoma, 07, 33: 403; 12. ( 34 ) Wahl, o, 87A: 371; 13. ( 3S ) Wherry, 128, 8: 321; 18. (36) Wherry, l, 42: 126; 20. (37) Wherry, O. (38) Wherry and Kann, 128, 12: 291; 22. ( 39 ) Wherry and Yanovsky, 128, 9: 507; 19. ( 4 0 ) Wherry and Yanovsky, 1, 40: 1065; 18. ( 4 M Widmer, 94, 60: 184; 24. ( 4 2) Hayman, Wagner and Holden, 884, 14: 388; 25. Extensive data are given in Fedorow, "Das Krystallreich. Tabellen zur krystallochemischen Analyse,1' 1920; this is vol. 36 of Mémoires de l'Académie des Sciences de Russie (VIII series).

X-RAY DIFFRACTION DATA FROM CRYSTALS AND LIQUIDS R. W. G. WYCKOFF Introduction.—To find a given substance, consult Table 2V for all elementary substances, & for all chemical compounds, D for all alloys which are not definite chemical compounds, TL for all liquids, and ~$ for solid solutions of salts. Except for the spacing observations given in Tables & and JL1 there are recorded below only such observations as can be made to yield dimensions for at least a possible unit cell. The structure types of some of the simpler unit cells are shown in Figs. 1-11. The mode of designating these structures and other coordinate groups giving atomic positions is that described in Wyckoff, "The Structure of Crystals," Chemical Catalog Co., New York, 1924. ABBREVIATIONS 2a, 46, 8/, (46, 4c), (46, 4d), (326, 48c), etc. refer to the correspondingly numbered coordinate groups in Wyckoff, Lc. and Analytical Expression of the Results of the Theory of Space Groups (Washington, 1922). «o, &o, CQ Edge length of unit cell along the a-, 6-, and c-crystallographic axes, respectively. a The angle between the three equivalent axes of a rhombohedral unit; in a triclinic crystal, the angle between the 6- and c-axes. B.-c. Body-centered type of structure. The cubic B.-c. arrangement (2a) is shown in Fig. 1. ß Angle between the a- and c-axes. C.-p. The hexagonal close-packed type of atomic arrangement (d) (see Fig. 3). 7 Angle between the a- and 6-axes in a triclinic crystal. 2Ci Holohedral symmetry class, monoclinic system. 2Ci-w (C™ ) as under T. 3Ci Second sort hexagonal tetartohedral symmetry class, rhombohedral division, hexagonal system. 3Ci-w (C^ ) and 3Ci-w (n) as under T. 4C Tetartohedral symmetry class, tetragonal system. 4C-W (C") as under T. 6Ci Paramorphic hemihedral symmetry class, hexagonal division, hexagonal system. 6Ci-w (C6^ ) as under T. Dia. Diamond type (8/.) of atomic arrangement (see Fig. 4). 2D Enantiomorphic hemihedral symmetry class, orthorhombic (rhombic) system. 2D-m (V ), as under T. 2Di Holohedral symmetry class, orthorhombic system. 2Di-w (V™) and 2Di-w (n) as under T. 3D Enantiomorphic hemihedral symmetry class, rhombohedral division, hexagonal system. 3D-w (D™) and 3D-W (n) as under T.

3Di

4d 4D 4Di 6Di

2e 3e

6e

F.-c. Oi P. S. P. U. C.

S. P. T

Te

Ti

u, or v

Holohedral symmetry class, rhombohedral division, hexagonal system. 3Di-w (D3d) and 3Di-w (n) as under T. Second sort hemihedral symmetry class, tetragonal system. 4d-w (Vd ) and 4d-w (n) as under T. Enantiomorphic hemihedral symmetry class, tetragonal system. 4D-w (D 4 ) as under T. Holohedral symmetry class, tetragonal system. 4Di-w (D^ ) and 4Di-m (n) as under T. Holohedral symmetry class, hexagonal division, hexagonal system. 6Di-w( D6A ) and 6Di-w (n) as under T. Hemimorphic hemihedral symmetry class, orthorhombic system. 2e-w (C2v ) as under T. Hemimorphic hemihedral symmetry class, rhombohedral division, hexagonal system. 3e-w (C3v ) and 3e-m (n) as under T. Hemimorphic hemihedral symmetry class, hexagonal division, hexagonal system. 6e-w (C6v ) and 6e-w (n) as under T. Face-centered type of structure. Cubic F.-c. arrangement (46) shown in Fig. 2. Holohedral symmetry class, cubic system. Oi-w (OA ) and Oi-w (n) as under T. Possible structure. Used to designate those atomic arrangements which may be correct but for which additional results are needed or desirable. Possible unit cell. Used to designate those crystals for which the selected unit cells may be correct but which require additional experimental or theoretical treatment. Sample compressed. Tetartohedral symmetry class, cubic system. Tm = mth space group having this symmetry ( = T™). T-m (n) = nth atomic arrangement under T-W. For instance T-3(c) is seen by reference to Wyckoff (Analytical expression, p. 122), to be arrangement 8a. Similarly 4DÌ-7 (c) is the coordinate pair OJ£u; HOu (ibid., p. 93). Hemimorphic hemihedral (tetrahedral) symmetry class, cubic system. Te-w (T d ) and Te-w (n) as under T. Paramorphic hemihedral (pyritohedral). symmetry class, cubic system. Ti-w (Th ) and Ti-m (n) have meanings analogous to those of similar symbols under T. Variable X1 y or z parameter.

FIG. 1.—The unit cube of the body-centered cubic arrangement (2a). The coordinates of the atomic positions associated with this cell are 000; KKK-

FIG. 2.—The unit cube of the face-centered cubic arrangement (46). The coordinates of the atomic positions associated with this cell are 000 ; KKO; KOK; OKK.

FIG. 7.—The unit cube of the ZnS-arrangement (46, 4J). The atoms in position 4d appear as black circles; their coordinates are J^MMî 1 3 3

A A A; aA 1A3A; 3ASA H.

FIG. 8.—The unit cell of the ZnO-arrangement (ef). The coordinates of equivalent atomic positions are 000; % K K and 0Ov ; %, K, v -f K-

FIG. 3.—The unit cell of the hexagonal close-packed arrangement (J). The coordinates of the atomic positions associated with this cell are 000; y3 % Y*.

FIG. 9.—The unit cell of the CaF2-arrangement (46, Se). The atoms in positions 8e, shown as black circles, have the coordinates /4/4%;

H3A3A; H1A3A-, 3A3A1A-, 3A3A3A; H1A3A; 3A1A1A; 1A3A1A-

FIG. 4.—The unit cube of the diamond cubic arrangement (8/). The coordinates of the atomic positions associated with this cell are 000; 1 1

A Ao-, 1Ao1A; WA; 1A1A1A; 1A3AH; *AY±%; 3A3A1A-

FIG. 5.—The unit cube of the NaCl-arrangement (46, 4c). The atoms in positions 4b are shown as annuii; those in 4c as black circles. The coordinates of 4c are OKO; KOO; OOK; KKK-

FIG. 6.—The unit cube of the CsCl-arrangement (Ia, 16). Atoms of one sort, in Ia, are shown as annuii; the other kind of atom, in 16, appears as a black circle.

FIG. 10.—The unit cube of the Cu2O-arrangement (2a, 4J). The atoms in positions 4J are shown as annuii, those in 2a appear as black circles.

FIG. 11.—The unit cell of the hexagonal Mn(OH) 2 arrangement (ft). The coordinates of the equivalent atomic positions in the unit are 000 and K %w; % Y$u.

2V-T AB LE.—ELEMENTS Chemical Crystal , , , symbol system A

Structure , type

C . R - C .(

Space group

4

6

)

5

TT-; Mole, cules

Calculated , ., density

T M. j i Lit. and remarks

4 1 . 6 4 s

(227) (temp. c a . -253°)

Ag

C.

R-C.(46)

4.079

4

(«2, 142, 165, 218, 235, 240, 241, 265, 329, 371)

Al

C.

R-C. (46)

4.043

4

2.692

(84, 127, 128, 141, 197, 206, 216, 241, 329, 366, 361)

As

H.

3Di-5(c)

2

5.7s

(43, 366) u. = o.22e, probably correct

Au

C.

R-C. (46)

Be Bi* C-dia. Graph.f Ca Cd Ce

H. H. C. H. C. H. C. H.

C.-p.(d) 3Di-5(c) Dia. (8/) 6e-4(a, 6) F.-c.(46) C.-p.(d) R-C. (46) C.-p.(d)

Co

C.

R-C.(46)

Cr

H. C.

C.-p.(d) B.-c.(2a)

Cu

C.

R-C.(46)

Fe-a

C.

B.-c.(2a)

3DÌ-5

7

Unit cell ~ < ? Size. A —. a0 I C0 4 3

4.142; 54° T 4.064

6DÌ-4? 2.28s 3DÌ-5 4.72e; 57° 16' Oi-7 3.56 6e-4? 2.46 5.56 6DÌ-4? 2.98 5.12 6DÌ-4? 3.65

4

3.607

19.4

2 2 8 4 4 2 4 2

6.79 5.63 5.96

3.554

6DÌ-4?

10.49

1.82s 9.86 3.51 2.22 1.53s 8.5e 6.9o 6.7s

(«2, 84, 142, 165, 218, 241, 329, 371)

(1^) (82, us, 139, 140, 142, 166, 193) (52,59,60,128) (14, 88, 89, ios, 119, 128, 262, 310) (134,135) (134,136,229) (137) (137). Existence (?) (224)

4

8.67

(131, 136) j c/. (224)

2 2

8.6e 7.22

(isi, 136), c/. (224) (131, 136, 201, 206)

3.603

4

8.95

( 46 ' «2, 84, 141, 145, 196, 197, 198, 199, 200, 329, 374, 3 7 1 )

2.85s

2

7.92

(«2»

2.514 2.87s

4.10s

84

> 122, 128, 131, 168, 196, 250,

253, 254, 255, 256, 362)

Fe-j3

C.

B.-c.(2a)

2.90 at 800° f 3.63 at 1100°

2 1

7.5s , f 7.7o at 1100°

No structural inversion, a to ß (250,

1 7.40 at 1425°

253,254,255,256,257)

*e'T

U

*.-C.(46)

J 3 . 6 8 at 1425°

Fe-O Ga Ge Hf Hg In Ir K

C.

B.-c.(2a)

C. H.

Tet.? C. C.

Dia. (8/) C.-p.(d) Two ? R-C. (46) B.-c.(2a)

Li Mg Mn (a) Mn (0) Mn(T)

C. H. C.? C.? Tet.?

B.-c.(2a) C.-p.(d)

2.93 at 1425° Symmetry said to be not cubic Oi-7 5.62 6DÌ-4? 3.32 5.46 different structures have been deduced 4.58 4.86 3.823 5.20 at -150° 3.50 6DÌ-4? 3.22 5.23 8.89 6.289 3.774 3.533

Mo

C.

B.-C.(2a)

3.143

2

Na Nb

C. C.?

B.-c.(2a)

4.30 4.19

2 4

0.954

Ni

C.

R-C.(46)

3.499

4

9.04

Os P (black)

H. H.

C.-p.(d)

2.714 5.96,-6O 0 Io'

2 8

22.8

j

4.32

2 8 2

4 4 2 2 2 56? 20? 4

7.33 (285) (14, 138) (324,379) ( 2 » 170) 7.4s (134, 136) p. u. C. 22.8 (134,136,284) 0.917 at -150° ( 162 )- Approximate only

5.3s 11.3

0.534 1.709 7.2i 7.29 7.2i 10.20

(32,33,128) (36,128,129,196) (350) p. u. C. (350) p. u. C. (350, 368) p. u. C. (82,136,236,329)

(128) (366) p. u. C. Impure (36, 82, 84, 128, 1S1, 136, 168, 206, 260, 299, 329, 360, 361)

(137) (392) p. s. like As

Pb

C.

R-C.(46)

4.920

4

11.48

Pd

C.

R-C.(46)

3.859

4

12.25

(134, 136, 164, 167, 329, 393)

Pt

C.

R-C. (46)

3.913

4

21.5

(82,134,136,142,329,393)

Rh Ru S Sb Se

C. H. R. H. H.

R-C. (46) C.-p.(d)

4 2 128 2 3

12.2 12.6 2.02 6.73 4.8e

Si Sn (gray) (white) Ta

C. C. Tet. C.

3.820 6DÌ-4? 2.68e 4.272 2DÌ-24 10.61 24.56 3DÌ-5 4.50o;56°37' 3D-4 or 4.34 4.95 3D-6 Oi-7 5.42 Oi-7 6.46 4DÌ-19? 5.824 3.165 3.272

8 8 4 2

2.32 5.81 7.3o 17. i

(136,393) (134,136) (61, 314) &0 = 12.87 (140, 193) u. = 0.23i (42, 232, 308, 366)u. = 0.21e. P. S. (88, 107, 108, 127, 128, 153, 154) (29, 30, si), c/. (206) (29, so, 31, 172, 173, 174, 206, 238) (25,134,136)

3Di-5(c) 3D-4(a) (or 3D-6(a)) Dia. (8/) Dia.(8/) 4Di-19(a) B.-c.(2a)

(82, 84, 156, 196, 206, 241, 329, 340)

Chemical Crystal u i system x symbol Te

ÏL

Th Ti Tl

C. H. H.? Tet.(?)

Structure xtype

Space group

3D-4(a) or 3D-6(a) F.-c.(46) C.-p.(d) C.-p.(d)?

3D-4 or 3D-6

U V

C.

B.-c.(2o)

W

C.

B.-C.(2a)

Zn Zr

H. H.

C.-p.(d) C.-p.(d)

Unit cell — f— $lze A «o CQ 4.44 5.90

GDi-4? 6Di-4(?)

5.04 2.92 4.67 3.47 5.52 4.75 5.40 Said to be not cubic 3.04 3.155

6DÌ-4? 6DÌ-4?

2.657 3.23

TT-;— Mole, cuies 3

Calculated , ... density

, . Lit. a n d remarks

6.2e

4 2 2

12.o 4.5s 11.7

2

5.9s

2

4.94s 5.14

T .L

(42,232,308, 366) u = 0.269. pTs. (36,137) (36, 137, 201) 1 ,,- .,.. n . .. J (25, 156). Correct unit uncertain ( 25 ) (138)

19.3

2 2

7.04 6.4?

(67,82,84,87,136,374)

(134, 136, 206, 229, 346) [(137,379)

* u = 0.237. ( 1 4 2 » si early editions) give incorrect structures, t u for 6e-4 (a) = O. u for 6e-4 (b) = T\.

A-TABLE.—STANDARD ARRANGEMENT v. p. 96 Chemical symbol H2O HCl 11 N2O NH3 NH4Cl (high) NH4Cl(IoW) N2HeCl2 NH4Br (high) NH4Br(IoW) NH4I (NH^2SO4 12 PH4I (NH4)H2PO4 As2O3 Sb2O3 16 CO2

Crystal system E C. C. C. C. C. C. C. C. C. R. Têt. Têt. C. C. C.

Structure type

F.-c.? (4/) [4/,T-4(6)] NaCl-like CsCl-like FeSAe (8Ä, 8fc) NaCl-like CsCl-like NaCl-like

Space group

T-4 T-4

Unit cell, size, A ; oo j CQ 4 ~ 5 2 7 . 3 2

4

5.5o; -1680C 5.77

4 4 4 4 1 4 4 1 4 4 2 4

4Di-7(a,c)

2DÌ-16 4DÌ-7 4d-12

5.19(ca.-80°) 6.53(250°) 3.866 7.89 6.90(250°) 4.047 7.24* 5.95 6.34 7.48

(326, 48c) (,326,48e) (46,8A)

Oi-7 Oi-7 Ti-6

11.06 11.14 5.62

Ti-6

M

7.73 4.62 7.55

16 16 4

Calculated density 0.91s

Lit.

Additional data and remarks

(54,90,114,210, 213) p. u. C. Atomic arrangement not yet known with certainty. 1.45 (228) 1.51 (233,358) Uo =g 0.22s, distance 0-N = 1.06A. P.S. 0.81 (33«) u = 0.22 1.27 (20) 1.52s (20,120,244,280) 1.41 (2«) M N = ca. 0.04. uci = 0.27 1.97 (2<>) 2 2.43s ( 0,120,244) 2.517 (20,120,243) 1.80 (««) bo = 10.5e 2.88 (94) u x = 0.40 ± 0.01 1.80 (342) Natomsat4d.-12(a);Pat4d-12 (6) 3.86 (41) «Aa = 0.89s, T 0 = 0.21 41 5.57 ( ) ugb = 0.88e, V0 = 0.23 1.64 (317,318,358,382) UQ uncertain. Liquid air-temperature

For other carbon compounds belonging here v. the C-Table infra SiO2 (/3-quartz)

H.

SiO2 (low quartz)

H.

SiO2 (/3-cristobalite) (NH4J2SiF9 SiC1I SiC, II

C. C. H. H.

SiC, III

H.

TiO2 (rutile) TiO2 (anatase) Ti2O3 TiN

OD^} (C '^

6D-4 & 6D-5

5.01

5.47

3

2.50

(331,332,359)

4.903

5.39s

3

2.64s

(21,48,169,227,331) p. U. C. a0-spacing for quartz very accurately determined.

(8/, 166) (46,8c,24a)

3D-3 & 3D-5 or 3D-4 & 3D-6 Oi-7? Oi-5

7.12^290°) 8.38 3.09s 3.09s

37.9 15.17

8 4 15 6

2.20 2.00 3.15 3.15

(288,377,380) (3«) (3«) (347,348)

3.095

10.10

4

3.16

(39<>)

4.58 5.27 5.37; 56° 48' 4.23?

2.98 9.37

2 8 2 4

4.21 4.05 4.67 5.4o?

(83, lis, 241,263) (242) (3S1) (13,306)

4.29?

4

5.0i?

(is,306)

4

6.1e

(")

1 1 4 4

3.73 5.3s 7.1 2.2s

(13) (13) (13,306) (")

4 8

6.4 4.85

(13,306) (241)

6C-6?

Têt. Têt. H. C.

4Di-14(a,/)

4DÌ-14

3Di-6(c, e) NaCl(46,4c)

3DÌ-6

TiC

C.

NaCl(46,4c)

21 ZrO2

C.

CaF2(46,8e)

Oi-5

5.08

H. H. C. C.

Mn(OH)2(A) Mn(OH)2(A) NaCl(46,4c) (4d, 4e, 12o, 24u)

3DÌ-3 3DÌ-3

3.68 3.79 4.61 9.35

ZrS2 ZrSe2 ZrN (NHO8ZrF7 ZrC ZrSiO4

C. Têt.

NaCl(46,4c)

Oi-4

4.7s 9.20

5.85 6.18

5.87

u = 0.197

u p = 0.205 Complex structure assigned C at 6C-6(o) if u = O and 6C-6(6), if u = J and |. Si at 6C6(a) if u' = i and 6C-6(6) if u' = 0.29 and 0.95 P. S. C at 000; 00*; J | }; | J f . Si at 0Ow; O, O, u + J; J, }, w + i;!,*,«+1,«-««.*. P.S. P.U.C. The later determination gives a 0 = 4.40 The later determination gives a 0 = 4.6o P.S. Other data (*3) conflict. 2 modifications? P.S. u = ça. 0.25 P.S. u = ça. 0.25 P, S. 0.15 < UN < 0.21; 0.42
Chemical symbol SnO SnO2 SnI4

Crystal Structure type system T e I 4 D i 7(o, c)? Têt. C. Ti-6(c, d)

(NIh)2SnCIe 23PbO PbO2 PbF2GS) PbS PbSe PbTe Pb(NOa)2 ThO2

C. Tet. Tet. C. C. C. C. C. C.

(46,8e, 24a) 4Di-7(a,c) 4Di-14(a,/) CaF2(4b, 8e) NaCl(46,4c) NaCl(4&,4c) NaCl(4b,4c) (46,8Ä, Ti-6(24)) CaF2(4&, 8e)

Ga2O3 In2O3 (Ga1In)2O3 Tl2O3 TlCl TlBr ZnO Zn(Br03)2.6H20 a-ZnS (wurtzite) /5-ZnS (blende) ZnSe ZnCO3 29 CdO CdF2 CdI2 a-CdS /S-CdS Hg2Cl2 Hg2Br2 HgI2 Hg2I2 HgS (metacinnabarite)

H. C. C. C. C. C. H. C. H. C. C. H. C. C. H. H. C. Tet. Tet. Tet. Tet. C.

3Di-6(c,
CsCl(Ia, 16) CsCl(Ia1Io) ZnO(e') (46, Sh, Ti-6(24)) ZnO(e') ZnS(4&, 4d) ZnS(4b14d) 3Di-6(a,6,e) NaCl(46,4c) CaF2(46,8e) Mn(OH)2(A) ZnO(eO ZnS(46,4d) 4Di-17(e) 4Di-17(e) 4Di-17(e) ZnS(46, id)

Unit cell, size, A Calculated ; M Lit. «o | CQ density 3 ^ 7 7 4 ^ 7 7 2 6 ~ 5 e " ( ä ö ö ) 4.72 3.16 2 7.07 (83,241,263) 12.2s 8 4.52 (96,175)

Space group ;

Ti-6 Oi-5 • 4DÌ-14 Oi-5

Ti-6 Oi-5 3DÌ-6 Oi-IO Oi-IO Oi-IO Oi-I Oi-I 6e-4 Ti-6 6e-4 Te-2 Te-2 3DÌ-6 Oi-5 3DÌ-3 6e-4 Te-2

Te-2

10.Os 3.99 4.97 5.93 5.97 6.14 6.34 7.84 5.59 5.28i; 55° 35' 10.12 9.76 10.57 3.84 3.97 3.25 10.31 3.84 5.43 5.65 5.62; 48° 23' 4.72 5.40 4.24 4.14 5.82 4.47 4.65 4.35e 4.92 5.84

5.01 3.40

4 2 2 4 4 4 4 4 4

2.39 9.2s 9.40 7.76 7.42 8.1? 8.67 4.54 9.9s

2 16 16 16 1 1 2 4 2 4 4 2 4 4 1

6.62 7.07

10.89 11.10 12.34 11.61

4 2 2 2 2 4

9.54 4.67

3 4

8.!2 6.4s

(iso, 357, ses, 366) (188J

2 4 4 4 4

6.02 4.1s 4.9s 5.62 7.1e

2 4 4 2 4 2 2 4

7.27 5.56 6.45 5.66 5.67 6.37 6.66

(6i,ii3,i88) (76,293) (76,293) (8,76,293) (80) (24) cf. (197) (76,88,161,277) (76,264,265) (76,264,265) (6,8,265) (76,264,265) (287) (287) (8)

4 4 1 4 2

3.08

6.28

6.84 6.72

337,

HgS (cinnabar) CuO

H. Tri.

Cu2O CuCl CuBr CuI Cu2Se Cu2Zn« 32 Ag2O AgCl AgBr AgI AgI Ag3PO4 Ag3AsO4 (4AgItCuI) miersite

C. C. C. C. C. C. C. C. C. H. C. C. C. C.

(NH4)2PtCl6 PtAs2 (sperrylite) (NH4)2PdCU MnO MnO2

C. C. Tet. C. Tet.

3D-4 & 3D-6

4.16 3.74

Cu20(2a, 4
Oi-4 Te-2 Te-2 Te-2 Oi-5

Cu20(2a,4d) NaCl(46,4c) NaCl(46,4c) ZnO(eO ZnS(46,4d) (2a, 6/,8a) (2o, 6/,8a) ZnS(46,4d)

Oi-4

4.28 5.4o 5.7s 6.07 5.75 4.01 4.72 5.54 5.77 4.59 6.49 6.00 6.12 6.3s

(46,8e,24a) FeS2(46,8Ä) 4Di-l(a,e,j) NaCl(46,4c)

6e-4 Te-2 Te-4 Te-4 Te-2 Oi-5 Ti-6 4Di-I

9.84 5.94 7.21 4.40 4.44

7.5o

4.26 2.89

365,366)

(292) (357) (95) (157) (214) 3

Mn(OH)2

H.

Mn(OH)2(A)

3DÌ-3

3.34

MnS MnS2

C. C.

NaCl(46,4c) FeS2(46,8A)

5.21 6.1s

4 4

4.06

Ti-6

MnCOa 43 FeO Fe2O3

H. C. H.

3Di-6(a, 6, e) NaCl(4o, 4c) 3Di-6(c,e)

3DÌ-6

5.84; 47° 45' 4.294 5.42; 55° 17'

2 4 2

3.79 5.99 5.2o

(47,270) (322) (6i,8i, i8i,2os,3si)

C. H.

(8/, 16c,326) 6e-4(a, 6)

Oi-7

8 2

5.21 4.90

(so, 121,189,394) (356,391)

•

Fe3O4 FeS (troilite)

3DÌ-6

8.37 3.43

4.6s

2.12 5.5o 5.04

5.79

1

P.U.C. wgn = 0.129, M1 = 0.25s, z = 0.009, y = 0.001, z = 0.25à u£]'= 0.24s and < 0.25 upb[4Di-7(c) ] = 0.24

(92) (97,soo) (345,386) (34°) (61,76,154,340,357) (357,366) (3") (191,245) (i3,83, ili) Another determination of O0 (289) varies widely from this. (ssi) 351 ( ) (3S1) 39 mol. % In2Os (S«i) (85,239,369) (239,369) (4,7, si, 61,121,249) (278) (9, si, 381) MS = ca.f (47,ios, ios, 154) (80) (i«0) (86,217) (S40) (39) 0.23 < U1 < 0.253 (5i,38i) MS = ca.f (381) w w P S (344) - Hg = ^- ci = *• M = (344) *• p - S Hg =*'"ur (397) tt (344) = *• tti = *• R SHg (iso, isi, I54, 336,

10.2 6.9s 7.44 5.61 2.59 4.01 4.02 5.29 4.54 8.Oe 6.30 5.67 4.78 4.84 7.16 7.71 6.4o 7.68 7.7i

5.23


()

(272) (104,106)

p. s. suggested P. S. This suggested structure resembles NaCl. O0 — C0. a = 85° 21'; ß = 86° 25'; 7 = 93° 35'

Correctness in doubt

A solid solution of AgI and CuI. Exact composition unknown 0.22 < MCI < 0.24 Composition unknown u cl= 0.23 Pyrolusite gives the same pattern as polianite Dimensions of this unit calculated from the density p = 3.26. M0 = ca.0.22 u. = 0400. Size of unit cell calculated from the best available density, [p = 3.38(162)] C atoms at (a); M0 = 0.27 = 0.105 ± 0.001: M 0 = 0.292 ± 0.007 U 0 = ca.0.37 If MFC = O, Mg = ca.i If M = t exactly, the space group is 6DÌ-.4

Mpe

FeS2 (pyrite) FeS+ Sx

Crystal system O H.

FeS2CeO, 8 6*-4(a,6)

FeSe FeSe+ Sex Fe(S, Se)

H. H. H.

6e-4(a, 6) 6e-4(a, 6) 6c-4(a, 6)

(NH4)3FeF«

C.

(4&, 4c, 8e, 24o)

NH4Fe(S04)2.12H20

C.

(46, 4c, Sk, 8Ä, TÌ.-6 (24))

FesC

R.

FeCO3

H.

FeSi

C.

Chemical symbol

Structure type A

Space group )

T

Î

5

5

.

Unit cell, size, A ; ao \ CQ 3 8 3.43 5.68 3.61 3.51 3.54

Oi-5 Ti-6

5.87 5.55 5.91

9.10

FeSÌ2 FeCuS2

Têt. Têt.

4d-5(c, a, g)t

CoO CoS CoAsS

C. H. C.

NaCK46,4c) 6e-4(o,6) FeS2-like(4/)

(Fe, Co)S (synthetic)

H.

3DÌ-6

4 2 2 2 2 4

12.U

4

'4.52

3Di-6(a,6,e)

M

6.74

Calculated Lit. Additional data and remarks density o T O s " ( 4 7 , io4, ioe, 3 5 7 ) M ß = 0.38s (356,391) Artificial and natural pyrrhotitea containing excess sulfur (356) 39.4% Fe (weight) (356) 35.0% Fe (weight) (356) 49.8% (weight) Fe, 12.0% S, 38.2% Se 1.96 (203) N atoms at (4c) and (to). 0.187 < MF < 0.217, best around 0.21 1.81 (248)

4

7.67

(5,6,7,254,261)

5.82; 47° 45'

2

3.86

(47,270)

4.48

4

6.1e

(207)

2.69 5.23

5.08 5.15

l 2

5.02

4d-5 ?

(207) (65, us)

5.14

T-4

4.24 3.37 5.65

4 2 4

6.49 5.94 6.07

(***) (356) (183,357)

6e-4(a, b)

3.36

5.29

C.

NaCl(46,4c)

4.172

NiS (synthetic) NiS (millerite)

H. H.

6e-4(a, o) 3e-5(6, 6)

Ni3S2 NiSe Ni(N03)2.6NH3

C.? H. C.

6e-4(a, 6) (46, 8A1 Ti-6(24))

NiCl2.6NH3 NiBr2-ONH3 NiI2.6NH3 NiAs NiAsS (gersdorffite) NiSb

C. C. C. H. C. H.

(46, Se, 24o) (46, Se, 24o) (46, 8e, 24a) 6e-4(o,6) FeS2-like(4/) 6e-4(a, 6)

Oi-5 Oi-5 Oi-5

NiSbS (ullmanite) (Ni, Fe)S (synthetic)

C. H.

FeS2-like(4/) 6e-4(a, 6)

T-4

(Ni, Fe)S (synthetic)

H.

6e-4(a, 6)

(Ni, Fe)S (pentlandite)

C.

Cr2O3 MoS2 (NH4)SMoO3Fa

H. H. C.

PbMoO4 Ag2MoO4 49 UO2 UO2(NOs)2-OH2O

45 NiO

2

(356)

4

6.7s

(74,86,299,351,353,

2 3

5.5s

(356) (356)

Cementite and cohenite are identical in structure. Atomic arrangement unknown. 60 = 5.07 C atoms at (o); U 0 = 0.27 probably Probably tetartohedral; atomic arrangement unknown P. U. C., structure unknown Fe atoms at (c). M 0 = Ca. 0.21. Probably correct structure. Reflection microscopic results (161) suggest that this structure may not be correct Composition = ca. 50 atomic % FeS

360)

3e-5

3.42 5.64; 116°36'

Ti-6

4.08 3.66 10.96

T-4

1 2 4

1.43

5.11

5.91 3.40s

5.54o

4 2

(357) (356)

3.40s

5.434

2

(356)

32

(356)

3Di-6(c,e) 6Di-4(c,/) (46,4c, 80, 24a)

3DÌ-6 6DÌ-4 Oi-5 ?

5.3s; 54° 58' 3.15 9.10

Tet. C. C. R.

(8/, 16c, 326) CaF2(46, Se) .

Oi-7 Oi-5 2DÌ-17

3.85 9.26 5.47 13.15

V2O3 VN VC CbN CbC TaN

H. C. C. C. C. H.

3Di-6(c,e) NaCl(45,4c) NaCl(46,4c) NaCU46,4c) NaCl(46,4c) ZnO(e')

3DÌ-6

TaC BsH«

C. H.

NaCl(46,4c)

55 Al2O3

H.

3Di-6(.c, e)

5.43; 53° 53' 4.28 4.30 4.41 4.40 3.05 4.5s 4.54 5.12; 55° 17'

5.03

1.49 1.84 2.05

(356) (356) (275)

4 4 4 2 4 2

10. Oo

3DÌ-6

5.33

10.09 10.4s 11.Oi 3.61 5.68 3.92

Oi-5?

6e-4

5.30

8.7s

(274) (274) (274) (9,356,391) (357,366) (356,391)

2 2 4

5.2s 5.00 2.23

(3Si) (»»»sii) (203)

11.42

1 8 4 4

6.25 10.89 2.75

(91) (276) (i3,ni) (68,204)

4.94

2 4 4 4 4 2

5.09 5.47 5.2s 8.2s 8. U 16.2

8.69

4 2

13.7 0.589

2

3.96

12.30

6.02

.

(351) (306) (306) (306) <306) («)

MS = ca.J taking M NÌ = O Possible atomic positions suggested P.U.C.

are

«N in (8A) = ca.J, y N and ZN = ca. O, X0 and yQ = co.J. M N = 0.24 M N = 0.24 Niccolite from Eisleben. For ^ mineral breithauptite from Andreasberg OQ = 3 90, CQ = 5.09 Composition unknown S = 37.8%, Fe = 33.9%, Ni = 28.3% (weight) S = 38.4%, Fe = 28.7%, Ni = 32.8% (weight) (8Z, 24av 32a) with u Fe ( 2 * a ) = ca. i and MS = ca. J gives fair agreement. Various compositions MB = 0.62i N atoms at <4c) and (80). F + O at (24a). 0.194 < w p>o < 0.220 P.U.C. 0.34 < M 0 < 0.40 U atoms probably at 2DÌ-17 (c) with u = 0.13. 60 = 8.02

P.S. Cf. (307) whicn gives conflicting results

(is.sos) (349)

B atoms probably at 6DÌ-4 (/) with u = ca. 0.10. Temperature not stated (6i,si,isi,205,35i) The «-form. « AJ = 0.105 ± 0.001 ; MO = 0.303 ± 0.003

Chemical symbol AlN (NH4)SAlF8

Crystal system Î L C.

NH4A1(S04)2.12H20

C.

AlSb Al2F2(SiO4) topaz

C. R.

CuAl Cu3Al CuAl2 (Fe", Mn'Oa Al2^SiO4)S (garnet) NiAl 56 Sc2O8 ScN (Sc1In)2Os (AlSc)2Os Yt2O3 YtPO4 (Yt1Tl)2Os (Yt1Bi)2Os La2Os CeO2 Ce2O8 60 Pr2O3 Pr6Ou Nd2O3 Sa2Os Eu2Os Gd2O3 66Tb2O3 Tb4O7? Dy2O3 Ho2Os Er2Os Tu2Oa Yb2Os Lu2O3 (NH4)SHfF7 75 BeO Be4O(C2HsO2)O

Structure type Z n O ( e (46,4c, Se, 24a)

F.-c.? F.-c. B.-c.

C. C. C. C. C. C. Tet. C. C. H. C. H. H. C. H. C. C. C. C. C. C. C. C. C. C. C. C. H. C.

CsCl(Io, Ib)?

M. C.

Mg(OH)2 MgF2 MgS MgCOs Mg3Si Mg2Sn Mg2Pb (Mg, Fe")2Si04 olivine

H. Tet. C. H. C. C. C. R.

'

(46, 4c, 8A, 8A, Ti-6 (24)) ZnS(46,4d)

H. C. Tet. C.

Be4O(C3H6O2)B MgO

Space group )

6

* 4 Oi-5 Ti-6

12.Oo 6.13 4.64

Oi-IO

3.89; 94° 36' 3.47 6.05 11.4o

NaCl(46,4c) Oi-IO Oi-IO Oi-IO Oi-10 Oi-IO Oi-5

OiIO Oi-IO Oi-IO Oi-IO

(4d, 4e, 12o, 24u) ZnO(O

J

Te-2 2DÌ-16

Oi-IO

CaF2(46,8e)

3

Unit cell, size, A : oo | co L Ï 4Ü8 8.40

Oi-IO Oi-IO Oi-IO Oi-IO Oi-IO Oi-IO Oi-4 6e-4

2.82 9.79 4.44 9.90 9.22 10.56 9.60 10.53 10.72 3.94s 5.41 3.880 3.85l 10.98 3.84l 10.85 10.84 10.79 10.70 10.55 10.63 10.58 10.54 10.52 10.39 10.37 9.40 2.70 15.72

8.37

4.88

5.94

6.15i 6.057 5.99e 6.009

4.39

, M 2 4

Calculated density 3 ~ 2 2.17

4 O C203)

4

1.76

(248,282)

4 4

4.26

(298) (15S,

4 4 4 8

4.35

A , .. Additional data and remarks

Lit. 9

*

)

(141,197,258) (") cf. (i«) (I4i,m,258) (19°)

1 16 4 16 16 16 8 16 16 1 4 1 1 ? 1 16 16 16 16 ? 16 16 16 16 16 16 4 2 8

6.2s 3.89 4.4e

2.98 1.38

(24) (351) (306) (3^) (351) (3S1) (242) (3S1) (351) (351) (83,iii) (351) (351) (352) C351) (3S1) (3S1) (3S1) (351) (352) (3S1) (3S1) (3S1) (351) (3S1) (351) (117) (109,163,333,364) (56,62)

5.07 4.44

6.4s 7.1s 6.8« 7.0? 7.2s 7.2i 7.29 7.62 7.9o 8.2 o 8.35 8.64 8.77 9.3o 9.42

16.Oo 4.2Oa

9.1s

2 4

1.26 3.59

(62) (86,107,109,110,121,

4.73 3.08

l 2 4 2 4 4 4 4

2.43 3.11 2.84 3.10 1.94 3.54 5.47

2DÌ-5

3.11 4.66 5.08 5.61; 48° 12' 6.39 6.78 6,75 4.77

( 3 » 5 » 159 ) (328,345,367) (125) (16°) C298) (202,370) (37°) (28,212)

Oi 7

4.80 8.07

2.62

(8/, 16c, 326)

(24) (50,189)

NaCK46,4c) Mn(OH)2CA) CaF2(46,8c) NaCl(46,4c)

3DÌ-3 Oi-5

3.37 2.31 3.17 2.60

(79, 86,107, io9} (158) (47,76,107, ios) (79,125) (326)

NaCl(46,4c)

u = 0.38 ± 0.01 N atoms at (4c) and (8e). 0.194 < MF < 0.200

Topaz from San Luis Potosi, Mexico; 60 •= 8.78 This structure may be incorrect Probably incorrect Atomic arrangement unknown 67 atomic % of ferrous iron More work needed

66.8 mol. % Sc2O3 Composition unknown P.U.C. 50 weight % Yt2O8 37.4BQoIr0Bi2Oa

P. U. a

P.U.C. "Brown terbium oxide"

Contains 15% (NH4)3ZrF7 ca. |. A possible atomic arrangement suggested P.U.C. 60 = 9.7«, ß = 116° T

MO

132,222,271,287)

Al3Mg4 MgAl2O4

C. C.

77CaO Ca(OH)2 CaF2 CaS CaSO4

C. H. C. C. R.

CaS2Os-OHaO

Tri.

CaSe Ca(NOs)2 Ca(F, Cl)Ca4(PO4)S apatite CaCO3 (calcite)

C. C. H. H.

CaCO3 (aragonite)

R.

Ca(HCOO>2 CaTiOs

R. C.?

CaWO4

Tet

Mn(OH)2(A) 4Di-14(a,/) NaCl(46,4c) 3Di-6(a,6, e) CaF2(46,8e) CaF2(46,8e)

3DÌ-3 4DÌ-14 3DÌ-6 Oi-5 Oi-5

2DÌ-17

4.79 3.52 5.46 5.68 6.21

6.00

8

4.93 6.96

4 1 4 4 4

15

( ) NaCl(46.4c) (46,8Ä, Ti-6(24))

Ti-6 6CÌ-2

5.91 7.60 9.4i

3DÌ-6 (o, 6, e)

3DÌ-6

6.36; 46° 6'

2Di-16(c, e, e, d)?

2DÌ-16 2DÌ-5 ?

3.81 2.47

u p = 0.30

Structure probably CaF2(46, Se) 14 atomic % of ferrous iron. oo = 10.28 More work needed U 0 = 0.37. Value of
Anhydrite, not analyzed. 60 = 6.95 Some unreduced measurements have been recorded for this salt

6.88

4 4 2

4.94

5.72

4

2.94

(58,286)

10.16 7.68

6.20

8 8

2.03

(323) (343)

atoms at (a). MO = 0.25. A wave length standard A possible atomic arrangement has been suggested. 6 0 = 7.94 P.U.C. P.U.C. (?) More work neces-

3.64

5.64

1

(M)

P. U. O.

2

(™) (24S) (123)

Composition unknown

(*7,49,179,221,270)

C

Chemical symbol CaMg(COs)2 (dolomite) CaMg(SiOs)2 topside) Ca(Mg1Fe)(COa)2 78 SrO SrF2 SrCl2 SrS SrSe Sr(NOs)2 BaO BaF2 BaS BaSO4

Crystal Structure system K.3Ci-2(a, b, c, J) M. H. 3Ci-2(o, 6, c,/) C. NaCl(4&,4c) C. CaF2(4b,8e) C. CaF2(4&,8e; C. NaCl(46,4c) C. NaCl(4b,4c) C. (46, Sh, Ti-6(24)) C. NaCl(4b,4c) C. CaF2(4ò, 8éO C. NaCl(4b,4c) • R.

Space group 3C^2 2CÌ-6 3CÌ-2 Oi-5 Oi-5

Ti-6 Oi-5 2DÌ-16

Unit cell, size, À — i a0 \ C0 6.02; 47° 7' 9.71 5.24 6.02; 47° T 5.10 5.86 7.00 5.87 6.23 7.81 5.50 6.20 6.35 8.89s 7.17o

M Ï 4 1 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4

Calculated . density ~2M 3.28

Lit.


5.1o 4.12 3.05 3.90 4.55 2.93 6.0s 4.86 4.37 4.432

(61,239,313) (29M O 0 = 8.89; ß = 74° 10' (289) 30 atomic % of ferrous iron (107,109) (^) (341) P«) (23o,23i,308) (I9i,245) (107,109) (76) (125) (l>29°»326»327»334, 60 = 5.44s 335)

BaSe Ba(NO3J2

81Li2O LiH LiF LiCl LiBr LiI Li2S Li2C2O4 LiCHO2 LiC2H3O2 LiC3H6O2 LiC4H6O2CrOtOnEt6 LiC4H702butyrate LiC4H7O2 isobutyrate LiC6H9O2 valerate LiC6H9O2 isovalerate LiC6H902trimethylacetate LiC7Hi3O2 heptylate LiC8Hi6O2 caprylate LiC9Hi7O2 nonylate LiCuHi9O2 undecylenate LiCiiH2i02 undecylate LiCi2H23O2 laurate LiCi8H33O2 oleate LiCi8H35O2 stéarate 82 NaF NaHF2 NaCl

C. C.

NaCl(4&, 4c) (4&, 8Ä, Ti-6(24))

C. C. C. C. C. C. C. R? M?

CaF2(4b,8e) NaCl(46,4c) NaCl(4b,4c) NaCl(4b,4c) NaCl(46,4c) NaCl(4b,4c) CaFi(4b,8e)

R.? R.? H.? H.? Tet.? Tet.? R.? C.? Tet.? H.? Tet.? H.?* Tet.? Tet.? H.? H.? C. H. C.

NaCl(4b, 4c) 3Di-5(a,6,c)? NaCl(4&,4c)

Ti-6

Oi-5

Oi-5

4 4

4.93 3.23

(23i,308) (191,245)

4.61 4.10 4.01 5.14 5.49 6.00 5.70 6.58 7.61

4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4

2.01 0.76 2.65 2.06 3.46 4.09 1.64 2.15 1.53

(35) (34) (78,88,132,367) (78,194,219) (78,194,219) (78,194,219,294) (339) (2S) (25)

12 16 48 48 24 32 4 36 32 72 48 72 48 24 72 72 4 l 4

1.17 1.08 1.27 1.07 .01 .01 .00 .00 .02 1.05 1.04 0.99 0.94 0.87 0.99 1.04 2.81 2,01

(25) (2S) (2S) (2S) (2S) (2S) (25) (2S) (25) (2S) (2S) (2S) (2S) (25) (") (2S) e 75 » 78 » 209 ) (2") (44,45,47)

12.80 16.9s 24.8 27.7 19.7s 24.5 11.7o 18.5e 27.4 42.1 36.6 52.6 41.8 28.3 64.6 62.5 4.62 5.17; 39° 44' 5.628

6.61 4.87 7.43 9.45 10.7 10.1 9.25 9.4 6.93 9.3 10.9 9.3 9.5 9.2 11.7 9.5 9.8

Approx. atomic positions are said to be MN, X0 and yQ = ca. }, Z0 = ca. O

& 0 = 7.74. P.U.C. b 0 =6.03;ß = 95°42'. P.U.C„ S. P. O 0 = IUs. P. U. C., S. P. b0 = 12.15. P. U. C., S. P. P. U. C., S. P. P. U. C., S. P. P. U. C., S. P. P. U. C., S. P. &„ = 8.70. P. U. C., S. P. P. U. C., S. P. P. U. C., S. P. P. U. C., S. P. P. U. C., S. P. P. U. C., S. P. P. U. C., S. P. P. U. C., S. P. P. U. C., S. P. P.U.C.

NaClO3

C.

(4/, 4/, T-4(12))

T-4

6.56

4

2.49

NaBr NaBrO3

C. C.

NaCl(4&, 4c) (.4/, 4/, T4(12))

T-4

5.94 6.71

4 4

3.24 3.30

C. C. H. H. C.

NaCl(4fe, 4c) CaF2(46,8e) 3Di-5(ar&, e) 3Di-6(a, b, e)

Oi-5 3DÌ-5 3DÌ-6 Ti-7?

6.46 6.53 5.48i;38°43' 6.32-48° 6' 15.9s

4 4 1 2 24

3.67 1.85 1.83s 2.19 1.38

Na at (a); MF = 0.42. P.S. O116 of the fundamental wave length standards (»»» 143,144,147,148, „^ = ^. 0.06, ucl = ca. 0.41. 149,246,247,266) Different positions have been suggested for the O atoms (75,78,273) (98,i43,i4S,i49,i63, WNa = ca< 0.09, u ßr =ca. 0.41. 246, 247) Different positions have been suggested for the O atoms (75,78,273) (339) (396) M = 0.42s (47,267) N atoms at (a). U 0 = 0.25 279 ( )

2 4 4

2.53 2.35

(2°2) (io) (75,78,132,273) (40)

4 4 4

1.987 2.76o 3.124

(44,75,78,120) (44,75,120,273) (69,70,71,75,78,

NaI Na2S NaN3 NaNO3 NaH(C2H3Oa)2 NaCÔ2 v. Table £'. NaCd2 NaSb(AlOs)2 83 KF KHF2

KCl KBr KI

C. H. C. Tet.

C. C. C.

6Di-4(aor&, J,/,etc.) NaCl(46,4c) 4Di-18(a,A)

3DÌ-5

6.62 8.11

6DÌ-4 4DÌ-18

NaCl(46,4c) NaCl(46,4c) NaCl(4b,4c)

5.40 5.33 5.67

8.81 6.81

6.28o 6.57s 7.052

Apparently very complicated wAl<0.10; O positions not know n u p = 0.14 ± 0.01. The Hatoms may have arrangement 4DÌ-18 (d)

120, 132, 273, 283, 366)

KI3

M.

K2SO4 KN3 KH2PO4

R. Tet. Tet.

KCN

C.

9.36 4Di-18(a, d, h) NaCl-like

2DÌ-16 4DÌ-18 4d-12

5.73 6.094 7.40 6.55

4 7.42 7.05e 6.96

(69,70,71)

4 4 4

2.70 2.045 2.36

(192,276) (396) (342)

4

1.53

(37,72,73)

P.U.C. 6 0 andc 0 approx. =a 0 , and ß approx. = 90°. O0 = 10.Oi M = 013s K atoms at 4d-12(a); P at 4d-12(&)

Chemical symbol

Crystal

Structure type

system

KCNO KH2C4O4Cl (H chloromaleate) KCxHyO2 v. Table
T R.

e

I

Unit cell, size, A i oo | co

Space group

6

. 0 2D-16(?)

7

0 7.62

7.03o 10.95

Calculated

M

Lit.

density

4~ 8

2.06s

( 396 ) (398)

Additional data and remarks Structure similar t o KN 3 O 0 = 15.74

C.

(46, Se, 24a)

Oi-5

9.96

4

2.74

(»»)

ucl = 0.24s and < 0.25

K2Zn(CN)4

C.

(8/, 16c, 326)

Oi-7

12.54

8

1.66

(•*)

UQ = ca. 0.34, UN = ca. 0.40;

K2Cd(CN)4

C.

(8/, 16c,326)

Oi-7

12.84

8

1.84

(W)

eUc + «N; = 0.37

8

2.43

(**)

J(«c + W N ) = 0.37

1

3.40

(95)

0.233 < ud < 0.238

4

3.5

(219,220)

Assigned value, wcl = 0.16, prob-

1

2.65

(95)

ably incorrect ucl = 0.23

|(i»c + U N ) = 0.37 K2Hg(CN)4

C.

(8/, 16c,326)

Oi-7

12.76

K2PtCl4

Tet.

4Di-l(a,€,j)

4Di-I

6.99

K2PtCl6

C.

(46,8e, 24a)

Oi-5

K2PdCl4

Tet

4Di-l(o, e , j )

4Di-I

7.04

Ti-6

11.9s

4

1.97

^48)

Ti-6

12.Os

4

1.81

(186,237,248,282)

9.7 4.10

KCr(S04)2.12H20

C.

KA1(S04)2.12H20

C.

KAlSi3O8 (adularia)

M.

2CÌ-3

8.57

7.23

4

KLiSO4

H.

6C-6?

5.13

8.60

2

84RbF RbCl RbBr RbI Rb2SOi CsF CsCl CsBr

C.? C. C. C. R. C. C. C.

NaCl(46,4c) CsCl(Ia, 16) CsCl(Ia, 16)

Oi-I Oi-I

3.66? 6.57i 6.86s 7.32s 5.95 6.01 4.11o 4.29

CsCl(Ia, 16)

Oi-I

4.562

CsI

C.

CsI3

R.

CsCl2I CsBr2I Cs2SO4 Tourmaline

H. R. R. H.

(46, 4c, 8Ä, 8A, Ti-6 (24)) (46, 4c, 8A, 8A, Ti-6 (24))

4.13

CsCl(Ia, 16)? NaCl(46,4c) NaCl(46,4c) NaCl(46,4c) 2DÌ-16

6.82

3DÌ-5(a,fc,c)

3DÌ-5 2DÌ-16 2DÌ-16 3e-l 3e-2

2.39

(330)

2.812 3.369 3.56e 3.66 4.62 3.999 4.45

(78,209,294) (78,102,273,366) (74,78,120) (77,78,120,273) (192) (78,209) (78,85,i20) (77,78,273)

1?

7.78

11.Ol

5.46; 70° 42' 6.57 6.22 16.2a

(314)

10.66 8.20 7.26

60 = 13.01, ß = 116° 7' Composition unknown P.U.C. An atomic arrangement is suggested Structure probably incorrect

b0 = 10.3»

4.5U

(69,70,71,75,7*,273)

4

4.51

(177, 178, 179, 325)

6 0 = 9.95

1 4 4

3.88 4.29 4.30

(268) (177,178,179,32S) (i»2) (152)

I probably at (6); ucl = 0.31 & 0 = 9.18 60 = 10.8s P. U1 c«. Composition unknown

R'AlSisOs and R"Al2Si2Os Tri. and M.

(il«)

Unreduced powder- and Lauephotographs have been prepared from various feldspars

C-TABLE.—THE C-ARRANGEMENT. See ALSO TABLE (L' infra Chemical formula CH4N2O CaHaO4 CaH6

Urea Oxalic acid Ethane

CaH 6 N 2 O CaH?NO

tf-Methylurea Acetaldehyde ammonia

C2H6O6 CsH 8 NaO C4HaO8 C4HaO4 C4H4NIOa

Oxalic acid dihydrate 1, 2-Dimethylurea Maleic anhydride Acetylenedicarboxylic acid Iodosuccinimide

M. R. R. M? Tet.

5.63 8.18;«= 84° 50' 6.05 4.53 6.58 7.88 6.29

C4H4O8 C4H4O4 C4H6NOa C4H4O4 C4HeO4 C4H6Oc

Succinic anhydride Maleic acid Succinimide Fumarie acid Succinic acid dZ-Tartaric acid

R. M. R. T. M. Tri.

6.95 7.49 7.50 7.56 5.07 14.82

C4H6O6 CsHsN4On C6Hi2O4 C6H4N2O4 C6H4O2 C6H6 C6H6O2 C6H6O2

d-Tartaric acid Pentaerythritol tetranitrate.... Pentaerythritol o-Dinitrobenzene Quinone Benzene ; Resorcinol Hydroquinol

(CeHioOe)x

Cellulose and starch

XT

Name

Crystal system Tet! R. H. R. H.

Unit cell, size, A : : a0 | O0 | C0 5.63 4.7o 6.46 7.79 6.02 4.46 8.19

Calculated . Lit. density 2 1 . 3 3 (25, 175) 4 1.96 (315) 2 0.70s (349)

M

5.64

4.70

4? 6

3.57 10.9 11.4s 9.04

11.9 5.14 5.90 6.62 15.5s

2 2 4 4 4

11.64 10.14 9.60 15.00 8.92 9.74

5.41 7.12 12.75 6.20 5.53 4.99

4 4 8 6 2 4

M. 7.70 6.04 6.20 Tet. 13.2 6.66 Tet. 6.16 8.76 M. 7.95 13.0 7.45 M. 11.4o 6.43 6.85 R. 9.76 7.39 6.85 R. 9.56 10.2s 5.64 M. 13.5s 5.22 8.13 H. 10.9z 7.55 Powder photographs have been obtained units have been suggested.

(171) (171, 316) 1.68 1.44 1.70 2.41 1.51 1.46 1.42

2 1.76 4 1.80 2 4 4 1.40 4 1.04 4 4 6 1.39 and possible

(315) (171) (25) (25) (385)

Remarks Space group 4d-3 Space group 2Di-15 C atoms probably at 6Di-4(/) with u = ca. 0.10. Temperature not stated. Space group 2D-4? Space group SDi-5?

Space group 2Ci-5. ß « 106° 12' Space group 2e-7? P. U. C., S. P. / S = I I l 0 O ' . P. U. C., S. P. P. u. C. Space group 4C-2 and 4C-4? 296 ( ) P. U. C., c/. ( 25 ) (25,399) /3 = 117° 7'. Space proup 2Ci-5(?) (296) P . U . C . Space group 2Di-I? (399) a = 90° 40', /3 = 88° 30', 7 = 89° 48' (296) /3 = 91° 20'. P. U. C., cf. (25) (17) a « g2° 20'; ß = 122° 56'; y = 111° 52'. P. U. C. (16) /3 = 100° 17', cf. (25) (363) Space group 4DÌ-7 (25,176,395) Space group 4e-9 (55) 0 = 112° 7'. P. U. C. (25) /3 = 93° 20'. P. U. CM S. P. («4, 101,378) p. u. C., measurements at -2O0C (53, 55) P. U. C., c/. (25) (53) ' /8=107°. P.U.C. (25) P. U. C., Latter S. P. ( 12 4, 234)

Chemical formula C«Hi2N4

Crystal system C.

Name Hexamethylenetetramine

CeHwOe CrHeO2 CiH7NOi CJIpClNaOe C7H6O8 C7Hi4Oe C8H4Ot C8H8O4 C8HwO4 C9H8Oa C9Hi0O2 Ci0H8 Ci0H8O CioHsO CiaHio CuHioNa Ci 2 Hi 2 Na CiaHaaOii Ci2Ha4Oa Ci4H8O2 Ci4Hw Ci4Hi0 Ci 4 Hi 0 Oa CuHi* Ci4Hi4 Ci4Ha8Oa CieHioNaOa CieHiaOa Ci8H84Oa Ci8HwO2 CisHie

d(Z)-Mannitol Benzoicacid Ammonium hydrogen fumarate Ammonium chlorofumarate... Salicylic acid «-Methyl glycoside o-Phthalic anhydride o-Phthalic acid Metaldehyde «rons-Cinnamic acid .... Hydrocinnamic acid Naphthalene o-Naphthol /3-Naphthol Acenaphthene Azobenzene Hydrazobenzene Saccharose Laurie acid Anthraquinone Anthracene Phenanthrene Benzil Stilbene Dibenzyl Myristic acid Indigotin Palmitic acid Elaidic acid Stearic acid Triphenylmethane

CwHuO CM)H76Os

Triphenylcarbinol a, q'-Distearin

Unit cell, size, A ; r : OQ | PO | co 7.02

R. M. T.

10.36 5.44 7.00

8.1 5.18 7.44

M. M. R. R. M. Têt. M. M. M. M. M. R. M. R. M. Têt.? R. M. M. H. M. M. H? H. H.? Têt.? H.? R.

9.30 11.06 10.80 7.74 9.33 10.36 11.6s 12.9o 8.34 13.1 11.70 8.32 12.5o 11.lo 10.6s 28.3 12.Os 8.58 9.56 8.15 9.6 12.7 57.4 20.2 60. o 26.5 62.0 14.52

6.70 11.22 14.60 13.66 7.13 4.10 14.Io 9.20 5.98 4.9 4.28 14.1s 5.28 9.93 8.7o 15.Os 6.02 6.72 8.9 6.1

25.62

M 2

4.5s 21.6 6.56 6.73s 4.93 5.61 5.86 5.10 4.26 6.98 8.68 13.4 17.4 7.26 8.38 9.33 8.Oo 11.4 2.69 11.18 7.55 13.46 12.6 7.4 11.4 12. Is 11. o 10.8 10.7 7.42

2 4 2 2 4 4 4 2 8 4 4 2 4 4 4 2 4 2 24 2 2 2 3 4 2 72 12 72 16 72 4

Calculated density 1.33e 1.55

Lit.

Remarks

(ioo, 112)

W N = co. 0.12; w c = co. 0.23s. Struc-

ture type (80, 12o) ; space group Te-4 P.U.C. /8 = 97° 5'; P. U. C. a = 1070I', ß = 117° 58', y -69° 16' (398) /3 = 108° 25', Space group 2C-2(?). (55) 0 = 91° 22'. P . U . C (25) P.U.C. (25) P. U. C., S. P. 25 ( ) c/. (61) ß = 94° 36'. P. U. C., S. P. ("i, 316) Space group 4C-5? (25) 0 = 98° 36'. P. U. C., S. P. 2 ( S) / S = 103° 36'. P. U. C., S. P. (53, 57) /3 = 122° 44'. P. U. C., c/. (2«) (53) P . U . C , ß - 117° 10' (53) P.U.C, ß - 119° 48' (53) P.U.C. ( 2S ) 0 = 116°. P . U . C . (25) P. U. C., S. P. (27) 0 = 105° 44'. P.U.C. (25) P. U. C., S. P. Sec Table C'. (25) P. U. C., S. P. (53, 57) ß = 125°. P. U. C., cf. («) (25) /5 = 92°. P. U. C., S. P. (27) P.U.C. (27) 0 = 118° 40'. P.U.C. (27) /3=119°. P . U . C . (25) P. U. C., see Table (C'. (25) P. U. C., Measurements also on S. P. (25) P. U. C., see Table (D'. ( 2 S) P. U. C., S. P., see Table C'. (25) p. u. C., S. P., see Table <£'. (23, 26) c/. (27) (55) (398)

1.58 1.46 1.54 1.60 1,40 1.23 1.22 1.22 1.19 1.23 1.17 1.57 0.86 .40 .25 .18 .41 .25 .18 0.83 1.20 0.88 0.98 0.94

(177,

H. H.?

16.5 81.5

8.8 10.8

6 | 48

1.23 0.82

C'-TABLE.—LONG CHAIN COMPOUNDS

di

Ci7H36 Ci8H3Sa Ci8H88/? Ci9H40 C20H42" C20H42/3 C n H 44 C23H48 C24H60 C27H66 C3iH64 C36H72

24.3 25.9 23.9 26.9 28.0 26.2 29.45 32.2 33.Os 37.1 43.0 47.7 I

Formula C22H46C?) C24H60 C 26 H 62 C 26 H 64 C28H68 C29H60

Spacings of broad lines, A d2

I

4.25

d,

4.63 4.17

3.93 4.0 3.80 3.84 3.9 3.82 3.77

4.18 4.17 4.14

3.80 3.77 3.74

4.58 4.22

I

dt

I

ds

I

^6

2.54

2.32

2.61 2.52

2.25

3.61 3.01

2.59 2.50

2.12 2.25

3.02 3.01 2.99

2.50 2.51 2.49

2.25 2.25 2.21

3.66

Formula I

2.05 2.03

axi ~ mum spacÌn

CH2O2 C2H4O2 C8H6O2 C4H8O2 C6Hi0O2 C6Hi2O2 C7H14O2 C8Hi6O2

Formic Acetic Propionic Butyric Valeric Caproic Heptoic Caprylic

Â Oi 5.19 6.66 6.75 9.65 10.1(?) 14.6 16.4 19.0

C9Hi8O2 Ci0H20O2

Nonylic Capric

22.9 23.3

Broad line spacing, ? Lit. d2

d*

dt

ds

(309) (309) 4.03 3.43 (309) 4.093.65 3.45 (309) (309) 4.143.65 3.47 (309) 4.293.753.973.49 (309) 4.143.65 3.48 (309, 4.223.713.973.48 (309) 4.143.73 (354,

354)

309,

Formula C30H62 C3iH64 C32H66 C34H7O

| Max, spacing 4(TI 41.6* 42.91 42.7 45.3

Specimens for (320) pressed, those for (401) melted on glass plates only. * Melted.

Name

d7

I

| Max, spacing | 3OTe 32.9 34.3 35.6 37.7 39.4

P.U.C. P. U. C., S. P

3. Aliphatic Acids a. Monobasic

Arrangement by Classes 1. Aliphatic Hydrocarbons (320,401) " Maximum I Formula spacing, A

178)

(27) (25)

t Pressed.

2. Aromatic Hydrocarbons C24H42, Octadecylbenzene, di = 49.2 (225)

274)

CnH22O2 C12H24O2

Undecylic Laurie

25.8 27.0

4.113.68

(185) (1*4,

C14H28O2

Myristic

32.2

4.123.72

(184,

C16H30O2 C16H32O2

Pentadecylic _ 36.2 Palmitic 34.7

4.003.76 4.083.65

(185) («4.

C17H34O2 C18H34O2 C18H34O2 C18H34O2

Margaric Oleic Isoleic Elaidic

39.2 4.053.77 36.2(?) 35.9 48.3 4.033.65

(185) (185) (185) (185)

354) 354)

354)

•

3. Aliphatic Adds.

6. Ketones ( 319 )

a. Monobasic.—(Continued) Maxl

Formula

" Broad line spacing mum j^ spacLit. ing, A , , , j ' O «3 O «5 d\ 38.7 4.053.62 ( 184 >

Name

2

Ci8H36O2

Stearic

4

354)

C 22 H 42 O 2 C 22 H 42 O 2 C 22 H 44 O 2

Erucic Brassidic ' Behenic

C4H6O4 C6H10O4 C7H12O4 C8H14O4 C9H16O4 C10H18O4

Succinic Adipic Pimelic Suberic Azelaic Sebacic

46.3 4.223.72 59.9 4.253.72 47.8 4.103.66 6. Dibasic 4?5 7.0 7.6 9.3 9.6 11.4

(185) (185) ( 184 ) ( 354 ) ( 354 ) ( 354 ) ( 354 ) ( 354 ) ( 354 )

Formula Ci3H26O Ci5H30O Ci7H34O Ci8H36O CI8H36O Ci8H36O Ci9H38O CI9H38O C20H40O C2iH42O C22H44O C23H46O C24H48O* C27H54O C3iH62O C35H70O

Name Di-tt-hexyl Methyl-n-tridecyl Methyl ri-pentadecyl Methyl n-hexadecyl Ethyl n-pentadecyl Hexyl 7Mindecyl Methyl rç-heptadecyl Propyl n-pentadecyl Ethyl n-heptadecyl Propyl n-heptadecyl Hexyl n-pentadecyl Di-n-undecyl Hexyl n-heptadecyl Di-n-tridecyl Di-n-pentadecyl Di-n-heptadecyl

Maximum spacing A dl 18.7 42.4 47.6 50.0 25.2 25.2 52.9 26.3 27.3 28.9 31.1 31.6 33.6 37.0 41.1 47.2

* A few orders of 30.8Â also present.

7. Phenols (225)

4. Salts ^ , Formula

-T Name

Maximum ^ , ,. . Broad line spacing spacing

A

di

PbC12H22O4 PbC16H30O4 PbC20H38O4 PbC24H46O4 PbC28H64O4 PbC32H62O4 PbC36H66O4

Caproate Caprylate Caprate Laurate Myristate Palmitate Oleate

PbC36H66O4 Elaidate PbC36H70O4 Stéarate NaCi2H23O2 Laurate NaCi4H27O2 Myristate NaCi6H3IO2 Palmitate NaC18H33O2 Oleate

20.0 25.4 30.6 35.8 41.2 46.3 37.5; 29.8 50.0 51.3 33.5 38.5 43.5 43.5

A

T.

(3SS) ( 35 S) (208) (208) (208) (63)

5. Esters

C18H18N2O5 C18H36O2 C19H38O2 C20H40O2 C24H48O2 C32H64O2 C64H104O6

Methyl palmitate E t h y l p-azoxybenzoate Ethyl palmitate Methyl stearate Ethyl stearate Octyl palmitate Cetyl palmitate Glycerolmargarate

22.0

4.0713.72

16.2 23.2

di = 19.9 in the "smectic" state 4.073.67

(225)

24.0

4.073.74

(225)

25.2

4.143.69

(225)

30.4

4.163.72

(225)

40.4

4.053.69

(225)

48.0

46.5 51.3

TABLE D.—ALLOYS (a) Non-ferrous.

(355) (355) ( 355 ) (355) ( 355 ) ( 355 ) (355)

Similar results obtained with K and NH* oleates.

C17H34O2

p-Hexadecyl p-Octadecyl

Lit.

I d2 I ds I ^ 4 I ds

4.224.88 4.184.9 4.154.9

C22H38O C 24 H 42 O

(225) ( 3 2 I)

(3SS)

Standard Arrangement. All Compositions in Atomic % Pb-Sn.—O to 3.6% Sn alloys are F.-c. cubic (like Pb) with a0 decreasing to 4.93iA, taking a0 for Pb as 4.942Â. 10% — 95 % Sn alloys are mixtures of the Pb-like and Sn structures. 95 % — 100 % Sn alloys show no measurable distortion in size or shape of the Sn unit cell (206). Hg-Sn.—The structure varies, as follows, with the atomic % of Hg: O to ±2%, Tet.-Sn structure I; 2% I, with traces of "Hexagonal" amalgam, (composition unknown) structure II; 5 %, I and II; 6 %, trace of I with II; 6 to ±17 %, II; ± 17 to 33%, II and liquid alloy (229). Hg-Pb.—A 20 % Hg alloy had the F.-c. cubic structure (4&) of Pb, with a unit cell length 1.6% less than that of Pb (229). Hg-Zn.—Two structures, the hexagonal Zn structure (d), and an "hexagonal" structure belonging to an amalgam of unknown composition. The relative intensities of the patterns of these two phases are as follows ( 229 ): Atomic % Hg Zn structure " Amalgam " structure

O I 10 I 20 I 35 strong medium weak absent absent medium strong strong

Hg-Cd.—An 18 % Hg amalgam gave a pattern substantially the same as that of Cd; 37 and 50 % Hg amalgams yield a different pattern (229). Cu-Si.—Though Si has the smaller atomic volume the unit cube of Cu which has dissolved Si is larger than that of pure Cu. No data available ( 84 ). Cu-Sn.—Figure 12«. Black circles: metal melted in air; open circles: metal melted in vacuum ( 18 » 37 2). Cu-Zn.—Figure 13. Unless otherwise stated on the figure these data are from (19«). Cf. (12.199, 258, 375, 371) which gives a different structure for T-brass. Ag-Sn.—Solution of Sn increases the Ag unit though its atomic volume is less. No data available ( 84 ). Ag-Zn.—The observed phases are the same as those for Cu-Zn alloys (371).

Al-Ag.—The dissolving of Al in Ag increases the unit cube in the latter, though Al has a smaller atomic volume. No numerical data available ( 84 ). Al-Mn-Cu.—Heussler Alloys. Alloy 15.9% Al, 23.9% Mn, 60.3% Cu is said to be F.-c. cubic with a0 = 3.70Â. Alloys 14.3 % Al, 28.6 % Mn, 57.1 % Cu is said to be a mixture of the preceding structure with a smaller amount of a B.-c. cubic phase having a0 == 2.98Â (12» 297). Mg-Sn.—O to 67 % Mg give the superimposed patterns of Sn and Mg2Sn; 67 — 100% Mg yield the superimposed patterns of Ag-Cu.—Broken series of solid solutions. Both components F.-c. cubic (4b) (370). Mg2Sn and Mg. No evidence of solid solution (370). Mg-Pb.—O to 67% Mg give the superimposed patterns of Pb At. % Cu O 4
-r», Phase

ture

CompoNo. sition 0 , Strucao C0 atoms , „ Symmetry A A V J wt. % J ture A A in unit Zn cell /3 30.2 Cubic (Ia, 16) 3.14e 2 f36.9 Cubic 9.26s 52.97 7 \41.1 Cubic 9.22s 51.96 J67.5 Hexagonal Mg-like 2.8094.37? 2 € \72.3 Hexagonal Mg-like 2.8094.369 2 17 95.0 Hexagonal Zn-like 2.6744.88? 2 y (AuZn 3 )? 50.2 Cubic ? 7.880 32 7" may be cubic ™ Phase

Au-Cu.-Figure 12 («» 145, sei). Au-Ag.—Data conflicting. Probably an unbroken series of solid solutions, though marked variations from this relation have been reported. Figure 16 (18» 165, 239, 372). Ir-Os.—A single alloy of unknown composition was found to be C.-p. Hex. (H). Pd-H.—Data conflicting. One result (295, 376) shows that the Pd unit is swelled by an amount proportional to the quantity of occluded H ( 7 ^). The other study (i 64 ) shows a discontinuous absorption of H in the sense that some crystals may be saturated though others in the same material have not begun to absorb gas. The length, a0, of the edge of the unit cube of the saturated solution was found to vary between 4.00oA and 4.039Â with values usually not less than 4,023Â. Pd-Cu and Pd-Au.—Figures 20 and 19 (301). Pd-Ag.-(15) Figure 17 (165). Mn-Cu.—67% Cu is F.-c. cubic, like Cu, and has a0 = 3.6l5A, taking a0 for Cu as 3.60Â (18). 70 % Cu is said to give a0 = 3.70Â (200,

384).

Ni-Cu.-Figure 15 (i*. 197, 361, 370). Cr-Ni.—100% to 40% Ni alloys are F.-c. cubic (like Ni) with values of a0 which change proportionately to the % of Cr added from 3.52iA (for Ni) to 3.57eA (206). W-Mo.—(67) Said to show an unbroken series of solid solutions. No numerical data available (l8). No lines (86) have been found from a 1:1 alloy to indicate the existence of a compound W-Mo

(239).

Al-Zn.—O to 20% Zn alloys are F.-c. cubic (like Al), a0 changing from 4.043Â (for Al) to 4.034Â. 20 %-95 % Zn alloys show mixtures of cubic Al and hexagonal Zn structures. 95% — 100% Zn alloys are C.-p. hexagonal with no measurable distortion from size or shape of the Zn unit cell (206). Al-Cu.—Figure 14. The data on this figure are from (22, 141, 197,258).

(6) Ferrous Alloys Fe-C Steels.—(1) Austenitic Steels. Structure that of T-Fe, F.-c. CUbic (46)

(250-259).

Composition, wt. % (1) 1.25% C, quenched at 75O0C (2) 1.98% C, quenched at UOO0C (3)* 1.34% C, 12.1% Mn, 0.52% Si, 0.1% P (2) quenched at 75O0C

V

Remarks

3.601 Contains also martensite. 3.629

Contains also martensite.

3.624 3.606 A mixture of austenite and martensite.

(4) 1.18% C, 24.3% Ni, 6.05% Mn quenched from 100O0C 3.64 (5) 0.24% C, 25.2% Ni, quenched from IQOO 0 C... 3.56 * Density calculations thought to indicate that C is present in interstitial solid solution in steel No. (3).

(2) Martensite Steels.

Structure that of a-Fe, B.-c. cubic

(2o) (I 9 » 1 2 2 , 2 5 0 - 2 5 8 ) .

(5) Chilled subsequently in 2.81 Partly martensite a n d liquid air partly austenite. (2) 2.90 Martensite lines very diffuse. (1) 2.88 Martensite lines very diffuse. (6) 0.80% C quenched in oil 2.89 Martensite lines very diffrom 75O0C fuse. (7) 0.80% C, 0.14% Cr, 2.85i Broad lines, less intense than from Fe. 0.35 % Mn, 0.19 % Si (8) 1.31% C, 0.12% Cr, 2.85i Density calculations from 0.24% Mn, 0.17% Si this steel thought to indicate that C isomorphously replaces Fe unless martensite is annealed when it is a mixture of q-Fe with cementite. JTe-Si.— (207, 252,

Weight % Si ™ Phases

389).

0-15 17-30 33 40 ^ Fe + ^ 0. FeSi + Fe FeSi FeSl FeSi2

50 « «. FeSl *

75-100 FeSi2 -f Si

Fio. 12.—The diffraction data on Cu-Au alloys.

Fio. 12a.—The diffraction data on Cu-Sn alloys. FIG. 14.—The diffraction data on Cu-Al alloys.

FIQ. 15.—The diffraction data on Cu-Ni alloys.

FIG. 13.—The diffraction data on brasses.

FIG. 16.—The diffraction data on Ag-Au alloys.

FIG. 17.—The diffraction data on Ag-Pd alloys.

FIG. 18.—The diffraction data on Fe-Ni alloys.

FIG. 19.—The diffraction data on Au-Pd alloys. FIG. 20.—The diffraction data on Cu-Pd alloys.

FIG. 2la.—The diffraction data on solid solutions oi the alkali halides. Fe-Mn.—These alloys are said to have the following structures. No numerical data available ( 18). Atomic % Mn. 0-30 Structure B.-c. cubic (2a)

30-60 F.-c. cubic (4b)

60-100 Complex Mn

Fe-Co.—No numerical data available ( 12 ). Weight % C o . . . , 0. Structure

0-80 85 I 90-98 98-100 ^ , . B.-c.(2a) ,, ,. F.-c. (40) B.-c. cubic .,, F.-c. cubic .,, ,0 . with ,,,, with (2a) (46) F.-c.(4b) C.-p. hex.

Fe-Ni.—The best available data are shown in Fig. 18. The fused alloys were swaged, drawn and rolled into thin tapes. Spacing» from photographs of these specimens without further treatment are shown as open circles, results after (1) annealing at 900-95O0C followed by slow cooling, black circles; (2) after an additional heating to 60O0C followed by rapid cooling in the air, crosses; and (3) after cooling for a time in liquid air following (1), triangles (12, 168). Fe-Cr.—Interpretation of data uncertain (18). Fe-W and Fe-Mo.—It is said that Fe dissolves a few atomic percents of each of these metals without apparent alteration in the size of the unit cell. In each case a 1:1 compound is formed. No numerical data available (18).

FIG. 216.—The diffraction data on solid solutions of the alkali halides. t-TABLE.—THE POSITIONS OF X-KAY DIFFRACTION BANDS FROM LIQUIDS Angle of Deviation and Wave Length, X, of X-rays Used Liquid Angle deg X, in A

I) A I N2 O2 I 13.0; 18.9 27 11.3; 17.0 12.5; 19.5 0.712 1.54 0.712 0.712

Lit

I

Liquid Angle deg X, in A ..." Lit

(304)

(303)

H2O

CS2

13.4 29 13.2 0.712 1.54 0.712 ( 304 ) (303)

(304)

(304)

HCOOH 24 1.54 (303)

(303)

27 1.54 (303)

A ^^^ Acet aldehyde 22.7 1.54

(373)

C2H5OH _ °4Ïl8°2. _ ^f^2 * I (CA)J2O Butyric acid Ethyl acetate v Angle, deg.... 22 20.7; 36.5 20~7 Ï9 X, ini 1.54 1.54 1.54 1.54 Liquid

(303)

Lit

~~d ^ Angle^deg X, in A

(373)

~ 8.5 0.712

18 1.54

(301)

(302,303)

T.

., .Liquid

(303)

(C2H4O)3 C6H5CHO Par aldehyde Ben z aldehyde 2 3 ~ 3 Ï 9 . 3 ; 44.4 1.54 1.54

6 6

Lit

(373)

I

(373)

(373)

Angle, deg X, in A

TT C Hi Ci4Hi2O2 v^sJtlis -, 9., ,2 T. ,, Mesitylene Benzyl benzoate 8~1 4.1; 6.2 18.3; 42.7; 65.8 0.712 0.712 1.54

Lit

(301)

n

(301)

(373.)

3F-TABLE.—DATA ON SOLID SOLUTIONS OF SALTS Alkali Halides.—For data on the solutions NHÎ-NH4Br, NH4I-KI, NH4Br-KBr, RbCl-NH4Cl, NH4Cl-KCl, KCl-RbCl, KCl-KBr, CsCl-NH4Cl, NH4Br-NH4Cl, RbCl-NH4Cl see Fig. 21 (120). For additional data on KBr-KCl see (387, 388). AgCl-NaCl (387).—Broken series of solid solutions. Quenched preparations: Both patterns present together. Composition mol % AgCl Annealed

ao A ^

m

5.54 5.57

75 50

AgCl-AgBr (402)._Both structures like NaCl (40, 4c). Unbroken series of solid solutions. Composition GO mol % AgCl A O 5^77 20 5.72 40 5.68 50 5.65 60 5.63 80 5.59 100 I 5.54 AgBr-AgI (402).—Broken series of solid solutions. a0

... Fused and slowly position , , , M cooled mol % ^j Structure Structure (40, 4c) (4b, 4d) O 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 95 100

5.76s 5.814 5.842 5.86 5.896 5.912 5.91s [ 6.0U 5.94e [ 5.994 5.916

^ , , , , Fused and quenched

Precipi, , , tated Structure Structure Structure (46, 4c) (46, 4d) (46, 4c)

(6.47) (6.47) 6.47

5.76s 5.816 5.854 5.87e 5.90s 5.932 5.96

(6.48)

6.48

5.95e

6.48

(5.892) 5.89s

(6.48) 6.48s 6.487 6.49s

6.47 6.472 6.48l 6.493

5.76s 5.806 5.84 5.87s

LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) C 1 ) Allison, 12, 8: 261; 24. (2) Alsen and Aminoff, 207, 44: 124; 22. (3) Aminoff, 207, 41: 407; 19. ( 4 ) Aminoff, 94, 56: 495; 21. ( 5 ) Aminoff, 94, 56: 506; 21. ( 6 ) Aminoff, 94, 57: 180; 22. ( 7 ) Aminoff, 94, 57: 204; 22. ( 8 ) Aminoff, 207, 44: 444; 22. ( 9 ) Aminoff, 94, 58: 203; 23. (i«) Aminoff, 94, 60: 262; 24. O 1 ) Aminoff, 94, 56: 510; 21. (12) Andrews, 2, 18: 245; 21. (13)van Arkel, 208, 4: 286; 24. (14) Asahara, 210, 1: 23; 22. £00,1:35; 22. (* 5 ) Astbury, 58, 112: 53; 23. ( 16 ) Astbury, 5. 102A: 506; 23. (") Astbury, 6, 104A: 219; 23. (^) Bain, 33, 28: 21. 576; 23. ( 19 ) Bain, 80, preprint; Feb., 24. (20) Bartlett and Langmuir, 1, 43: 84; 21. (21) Beckenkamp, 93, 110: 290; 20. (22) Becker, 95, 15: 303; 23. (23) Becker, 96, 24: 65; 24. (2*) Becker and Ebert, 96, 16: 165; 23. (25) Becker and Jancke, 7, 99: 242; 21. (2«) Becker and Rose, 96, 17: 351; 23. (27) Becker and Rose, 96, 14: 369; 23. (28) Berndt, 211, 38: 1;21. (29) Bijl and Kolkmeijer, 176, 15: 1264; 18. 30 ( ) Bijl and Kolmeijer, 64P, 21: 405; 19. (31) Bijl and Kolkmeijer, 64P, 21: 494, 501; 19. (32) Bijvoet, 70, 42: 859; 23. (33) Bijvoet and Karssen. 64P, 23: 1365; 21. (34) Bijvoet and Karssen, 64P, 25: 27; 22. (35) Bijvoet and Karssen, 70, 43: 680; 24. (36) Bohlin, 8, 61: 421; 20. (37) Bozorth, 1, 44: 317; 22. ( 38 ) Bozorth, 1, 44: 1066; 22. (39) Bozorth, 1, 44: 2232; 22. (40) Bozorth, 1, 45: 2128; 23. (") Bozorth, 1, 45: 1621; 23. («) Bradley, 3, 48: 477; 24. (43) Bradley, 3, 47: 657; 24. (44) Bragg, 5, 89: 248; 13. (45) Bragg, 5, 89: 246; 13. (46) Bragg, 3, 28: 355; 14. (47) Bragg, O, 89A: 468; 14. ( 48 ) Bragg, 5, 89A : 575; 14. (49) Bragg, 62, 215: 253; 15. (5°) Bragg, 58, 95: 561; 15. 3, 30: 305; 15. (51) Bragg, 3, 39: 647; 20. (52) Bragg, 67, 33: 304; 21. ( 53 ) Bragg, 67, 34: 35; 21. (54) Bragg, 67, 34: 98; 22. (55) Bragg, 4, 121: 2766; 22. (56) Bragg, 58, 111: 532; 23. ( 5 7) Bragg, 67, 35: 167; 23. ( 58 ) Bragg, 6, 105A: 16; 24. (59) Bragg and Bragg, 68, 91: 557; 13. (60) Bragg and Bragg, 5, 89: 277; 13. ( 61 ) Bragg and Bragg, X-rays and Crystal Structure, 4th ed., (London, 24}. (62) Bragg and Morgan, 5, 104Â: 437; 23. ( ß 3) de Broglie and Friedel, 34, 176: 738; 23. (64) Broome, 63, 24: 124; 23. (65) Burdick and ElUs, 197, 3: 644; 17. I 1 39: 2518; 17. (66) Burdick and Owen, 1, 40: 1749; 18. (67) Burger, 208, 2: 114; 22. (68) Clark, 1, 46: 372; 24. (69) Clark and Duane, 2, 20: 85; 22. (70) Clark and Duane, 48, 7: 455; 23. (") Clark and Duane, 197, 9: 126; 23. (72) Cooper, 68, 107: 745; 21. ( ? 3) Cooper, 58, 110: 544; 22. (74) Davey, 2, 17: 402; 21. (75) Davey, 2, 18: 102; 21. (76) Davey, 2, 19: 248; 22. (77) Davey, 2, 19: 538; 22. (78) Davey, 2, 21: 143; 23. (79) Davey, 2, 21: 213; 23. (80) Davey, 2, 21: 380; 23. ( 81 ) Davey, 2, 21: 716; 23. ( 82 ) Davey, 2, 23: 292; 24. ( 83 ) Davey, 2, 23: 763; 24. (84) Davey, 212, 6: 375; 24. (85) Davey and Wick, 2, 17: 403; 21. ( 86 ) Davey and Hoffman, 2, 15: 333; 20. (87) Debye, 63, 18: 483; 17. (88) Debye and Scherrer, 63, 17: 277; 16. (89) Debye and Scherrer, 63, 18: 291; 17. (90) Dennision, 2, 17: 20; 21. 135, 122: 54; 21. (»*) Dickinson, 1, 42: 85; 20. (92) Dickinson, 1, 44: 276; 22. (93) Dickinson, 1, 44: 774; 22. (94) Dickinson, J, 44: 1489; 22. (95) Dickinson, 1, 44: 2404; 22. (96) Dickinson, 1, 45: 958; 23. (97) Dickinson and Friauf, 1, 46: 2457; 24. (98) Dickinson and Goodhue, 1, 43: 2045; 21. (99) Dickinson and Pauling, 1, 45, 1466; 23. 10 ( °) Dickinson and Raymond, 1, 45: 22; 23. ( 101 ) Eastman, 1, 46: 917; 24. (102) Espig, 811, 38: 53; 21. (*03) Ewald, 8, 44: 257; 14. (104) Ewald, 63, 15: 399; 14. (i°5) Ewald, 213, 1914: 325. (i06) Ewald and Friedrich, 8, 44: 1183; 14. (i°7) Gerlach, 63, 22: 557; 21. (i° 8 ) Gerlach, 63, 23: 114: 22. (109) Gerlach, 96, 9: 184; 22. (HO) Gerlach and Pauli, 96, 7: 116; 21. ( U i ) Goldschmidt and Thomassen, 214, No. 2: 5; 23. ("*) Gonell and Mark, 7, 107: 181; 23. (H3) Greenwood, 3, 48: 654; 24. (H4) Gross, 189, 1919: 201. (US) Gross and Gross, 190, 48: 113; 23. (U 6 ) Hadding, 215, 17: No. 6; 20. (U7) Kassel and Mark, 96, 27: 89; 24. (".«) Kassel and Mark, 96, 23: 269; 24. (H») Kassel and Mark, 96, 25: 317; 24. (120) Havighurst, Mack and Blake, l, 46: 2368; 24. ("i) Hedvall, 19, 8: No. 11; 22. 93, 120: 327; 22. («2) Heindlhofer, 2, 24: 426; 24. (123) Hentschel, 150,1923: 609. (124) Herzog, Jancke and Polanyi, 96, 3: 196, 343; 20. (125) Holgersson, 93, 126: 179; 23. (126) Hüll, 2, 9: 84; 17. (127) Hüll, 2, 9: 564; 17. (128) HuU, 8t 10: 661; 17. O 2 9) Hüll, 197, 3:470; 17. (130) HuU, 8t 13: 292; 19. (i3i) Hüll, 2, 14: 540; 19. (132) Hüll, 119, 38: 1171; 19. (133) Hüll, 8t 15: 545; 20. (134) HuU, 166, 52: 227; 20. (135) Hüll, 8t 17: 42; 21. (136) Hüll, 8, 17: 571; 21. (137) HuU, 2, 18: 88; 21. (138) Hüll, 8t 20: 113; 22. (139) James, 3, 42: 193; 21. (!4O) James and Tunstall, 3, 40: 233; 20. ( i 4 i ) Jette, Phragmen and Westgren, 47, 31: 193; 24. (142) Kahler, 2, 18: 210; 21. (143) Karssen, 70, 42: 904; 23. (»««) Kiby, 96, 17: 213; 23. (»**) Kirchner, 8, 69: 59; 22. (146) Kolkmeijer, 64P, 25: 125. 64V, 31: 155; 22. (147) Kolkmeijer, Bijvoet and Karssen, 64P, 23: 644; 21. (148) Kolkmeijer, Bijvoet and Karssen, 96, 14: 291; 23. (149) Kolkmeijer, Bijvoet and Karssen, 96, 20: 82; 23.

(150) Kolkmeijer, Bijvoet and Karssen, 70, 43: 677; 24. ( 151 ) Kolkmeijer, Bijvoet and Karssen, 70, 43: 894; 24. ( 1 5 Z) Kulasewski, 811, 38: 81; 21. ( 15 S) Kustner and Remy, 63, 24: 25; 23. ( 154 ) Lehmann, #4, 60: 379; 24. (i* 5 ) Leonhardt, 189, 1923: 641. 94, 59: 216; 24. ( 156 ) Levi, 69, 1: 137; 24. (i 5 7 ) Levi, 72, 57: 619; 24. ( 1S8 ) Levi, 216, 6: 333; 24. (i59) Levi and Ferrari, 88, 33: 397; 21. 0«°) Levi and Ferrari, 88, 33: 516; 24. ( 161 ) Levi and Quilico, 36, 54: 154; 24. 0«») McKeehan, 107, 8: 254; 22. (i") McKeehan, 197, 8: 270; 22. (*« 4 ) McKeehan, 8, 20: 82; 22. (»«*) McKeehan, S, 20: 424; 22. ( 166 ) McKeehan, 145, 195: 59; 23. (> 6 7 ) McKeehan, A, 21: 334; 23. O 68) McKeehan, Jg, 21: 402; 23. (* 69 ) McKeehan, *, 21: 503; 23. (170) McKeehan, 8t 19: 444; 22. (i") Mark, 85, 57: 1820; 24. ( 172 ) Mark and Polyani, 96, 18: 75; 23. (1^) Mark and Polyani, 96, 22: 200; 24. O 7 4 ) Mark, Polyani and Schmid, 218, 11: 256; 23. ( 175 ) Mark and Weissenberg, 96, 16: 1; 23. ( 176 ) Mark and Weissenberg, 96, 17: 301; 23. O77) Mark and Weissenberg, 96, 17: 347; 23. (* 78 ) Mark and Weissenberg, 96, 24: 68; 24. ( 1 7 9 ) Mauguin, 84, 176: 1331; 23. (180) Mauguin, 34, 176: 1483; 23. ( 181 ) Mauguin, 84, 178: 785; 24. ( 182 ) Mauguin, 34, 178: 1913; 24. ( 183 ) Mechling, 811, 38: 37; 21. ( 184 ) Müller, 4, 123: 2043; 23. ( 18S ) Müller and Shearer, 4, 123: 3156; 23. (18*) Niggli, 63, 19: 225; 18. ( 18 7) Niggli, 94, 56: 213; 22. ( 188 ) Niggli, 94, 57: 253; 22. ( 189 ) Nishikawa, 819, 8: 199; 15. (190) Nishikawa, 819, 9: 194; 17. ( 191 ) Nishikawa and Hudinuki, 819, 9: 197; 17. ( 1 9 2 ) Ogg and Hopwood, 3, 32: 518; 16. (J 9 3) Ogg, 3, 42: 163; 21. ( 194 ) Ott, 63, 24: 209; 23. ( 195 ) Ott, 96, 22: 201; 24. ( 196 ) Owen and Preston, 67, 35: 101; 23. ( 197 ) Owen and Preston, 67, 36: 14; 23. (198) Owen and Preston, 67, 36: 49; 23. ( 199 ) Owen and Preston, 67, 36: 94; 23. (200) Patterson, 45, 16: 689; 24. ( 2 °i) Patterson, 8, 25: 581; 25. ( 2 0 2 ) Pauling, 1, 45: 2777; 23. ( 203 ) Pauling, I1 46: 2738; 24. ( 2 0 4 ) Pauling and Dickinson, 1, 46: 1615; 24. ( 2 0 5 ) Pauling and Hendricks, 1, 47: 781; 25. (206) Phebus and Blake, 8, 25: 107; 25. ( 2 <> 7 ) Phragmen, 880, 1923: 121. (2° 8 ) Piper and Grindley, 67, 35: 269; 23. 36: 31; 23. ( 209 ) Posnjak and Wyckoff, 188, 12: 248; 22. (2!O) Rinne, £81, 69: 57; 17. ( 211 ) Rinne, Hentschel and Leonhardt, 94, 58: 629; 23. ( 212 ) Rinne, Leonhardt and Hentschel, 94, 59: 548; 24. ( 213 ) St. John, 197, 4: 193; 18. ( 214 ) St. John, 8, 21: 389; 23. ( 215 ) Scacchi, 888, 1: 187; 90. ( 2 1 «) Scacchi, 68, 19: 23; 18. ( 2 * 7 ) Scherrer, 94, 57: 186; 22. ( 218 ) Scherrer, B66: 387. ( 219 ) Scherrer and Stoll, 93, 121: 319; 22. (220) Scherrer and Stoll, 149, 4: 232; 22. ( 2 2 1 ) Schiebold, 811, 36: 65; 19. ( 2 2 2 ) Schiebold, 94, 56: 430; 21. ( 2 2 3 ) Schneiderhohn, Mikroscopische Bestimmung von Erzen, p. 196 (Berlin, 22). ( 2 2 4 ) Schumacher and Lucas, l, 46: 1167; 24. ( 2 2 S ) Shearer, 4, 123: 3152; 23. ( 226 ) Siegbahn and Dolejsek,00,10:159; 22. ( 2 2 7 ) Simonand von Simson, 00,25:160; 24. ( 228 ) Simon and von Simson, 96, 21: 168; 24. (229) von Simson, 7,109: 183; 24. (230) Slattery, 8, 20: 84; 22. ("i) Slattery, 8, 21: 213; 23. (232) Slattery, 8, 21: 378; 23. ("3) de Smedt and Keesom, B60: 117; 24. (234) Sponsler, 888, 5: 757; 23. (235) Steinberg, 8, 21: 22; 23. ( 236 ) Stoll, 149, 3: 546; 21. (237) Terada, 819, 7: 292; 14. ("*) van Arkel, 64V, 32: 197; 23. 64P, 27: 97; 24. ( 239 ) van Arkel, 208, 4: 33: 24. (240) Vegard, S, 31: 83; 16. (241) Vegard, 3, 32: 65; 16. ( 2 4 2 ) Vegard, S, 32: 505; 16. (243) Vegard, 3, 33: 395; 17. ( 2 4 4 ) Vegard, 96, 5: 17; 21. (245) Vegard, 96, 9: 395; 22. (246) Vegard, 96, 12: 289; 22. (247) Vegard, 96, 18: 379; 23. (248) Vegard, 8, 54: 146; 18. ( 249 ) Weber, 94, 57: 398; 22. (250) Westgren, 140, 103: 303; 21. (251) Westgren, 880, 105: 401; 21. (252) Westgren, 884,1923: 223. ( 2 5 3 ) Westgren andLindh, 7, 98:181; 21. (254) Westgren and Phragmen, 140,105: 241 ; 22. ( 2 5 S) Westgren and Phragmen, 7, 102: 1;22. (256) Westgren and Phragmen, 880, 1923: 449. (257) Westgren and Phragmen, 140,109: 159; 24. (258) Westgren and Phragmen, 58, 113: 122; 24. (259) Wever, 886, 3: 45; 21. (260) Wever, 886, 3: 17; 22. (26l) Wever, 886, 4: 67; 22. (262) Wever, 886, 4: 81; 22. (263) Williams, 5, 93: 418; 17. ( 264 ) Wilsey, 3, 42: 262; 21. (265) Wilsey, 3, 46: 487; 23. (266) Wulff, 94, 57: 190; 22. (267) Wyckoff, O, (268) Wyckoff, l, 42: 1100; 20. (269) Wyckoff, 8, 16: 149; 20. (270) Wyckoff, 18, 50: 317; 20. (271) Wyckoff, 18, l : 138; 21. (272) Wyckoff, 18, 2: 239; 21. (273) Wyckoff, 128, 11: 429; 21. (274) Wyckoff, l, 44: 1239; 22. (275) Wyckoff, l, 44: 1260; 22. (276) Wyckoff, l, 44: 1994; 22. (277) Wyckoff, 18, 3: 184; 22. (278) Wyckoff, 18, 4: 188; 22. (279) Wyckoff, 18, à: 193; 22. (280) Wyckoff, 18, 4: 469; 22. (»") Wyckoff, 18, 5: 15; 23. (282) Wyckoff, 18, 5: 209; 23. 94, 57: 595; 23. ( 28 S) Wyckoff, 18, 6: 277; 23. ( 2 8 4)

Wyckoff, 94, 59: 55; 23. (285) Wyckoff, 188, 14: 121; 24. (286) Wyckoff, 18, 9: 145; 25. 94, 61: 425; 25. (287) Wyckoff, 18, 10: 107; 25. (288) Wyckoff, 12, 9: 448; 25. (289) Wyckoff and Merwin, 18, 8: 447; 24. (290) Wyckoff and Merwin, 12, 9: 286; 25. 94, 61: 5; 25. (2 91 ) Wyckoff and Merwin, 18, 9: 379; 25. (292) Wyckoff and Posnjak, l, 43: 2292; 21. (293) Wyckoff and Posnjak, l, 44: 30; 22. ( 2 »4) Wyckoff and Posnjak, 188, 13: 393; 23. ( 2 9 S) Yamada, 3, 45: 241; 23. (2 9 *) Yardley, 6, 105A: 451; 24. ( 2 9 7 ) Young, 3, 46: 291; 23. ( 298 ) Owen and Preston, 67, 36: 341; 24. ( 299 ) Levi and Tacchini, 86, 55: 28; 25. (300) Levi, 59, 1: 335; 24. ( 3 Oi) Holgersson and Sedstrom, 8, 75: 143; 24. (302) Hewlett, 8, 20: 688; 22. ( 303 ) Debye and Scherrer, 188, 16: 16. (304) Keesom and DeSmedt, 64P, 25:118; 22. (305) Keesom and DeSmedt, 64P, 26: 112; 23. ( 306 ) Becker and Ebert, 96, 81: 268; 25. ( 3 07) Havighurst, Mack and Blake, l, 47: 29; 25. ( 3 <> 8 ) Slattery, 8, 25: 333; 25. (309) Gibbs, 4, 125: 2622; 24. ( 31 O) Bernal, 5, 106A: 749; 24. (311) Kassel, 94, 61: 92; 25. (3 12 ) Wasastjerna, 138, 2, No. 14: 2; 25. (313) Schiebold, 94, 57: 579; 25. (3**) Mark and Wigner, 7, 111: 398; 24. (315) Hoffman and Mark, 7, 111: 321; 24. (3l«) Hassel and Mark, 7, 111: 357; 24. (Si7) Keesom and DeSmedt, 64V, 33: 571; 24. (318) Mark and Pohland, 94, 61: 293; 25. ( 319 ) Saville and Shearer, 4, 127: 591; 25. (320) Müller and Saville, 4, 127: 599; 25. ( 321 ) Friedel, 84, 180: 269; 25. (322) Wyckoff and Crittenden, l, 47:2876; 25. ( 323 ) Yardley, 869, 20: 296; 25. ( 3 2 4) Hevesy, 886, 2:1; 25. ( 32 S) Bozorth and Pauling, I, 47:1561; 25. (32«) Rinne, Hentschel and Schiebold, 94, 61: 164; 25. ( 3 27) Pauling and Emmett, l, 47: 1026; 25. ( 328 ) Buckley and Vernon, S, 49: 945; 25. ( 329 ) Davey 2, 25: 753; 25. (330) Bradley, 3, 49: 1225; 25. (331) Wyckoff, 166, 62: 496; 25. (332) Gibbs, 5, 107A: 561; 25. (333) Zachariasen, Norsk geologisk tidsskrift, 8: 189: 25. (334) James and Wood, 315, 69: 24-25. (335) Wyckoff and Merwin, 94, 61: 452; 25. (336) Kolkmeijer, Bijvoet and Karssen, 64P, 27: 847; 24. (337) Kolkmeijer, Bijvoet, and Karssen, 64V, 33: 327; 24. (338) Mark and Pohland, 94, 61: 532; 25. (339) Ciaassen, 70, 44: 790; 25. (340) Kolderup, Ber gens Museums Aarlok, 1924-25. ( 341 ) Mark and Tolksdorf, 96, 33: 681; 25. ( 3 4 2) Hassel, 136, 49: 465; 25. ( 3 43) Levi and Natta, 88, 2: 39; 25. (344) Havighurst, 18, 10: 15; 25. (345) van Arkel, 208t 5: 162; 25. (346) peirce, Anderson, and Van Dyck, 143, 200: 363; 25. ( 347 ) Ott, 818, 13: 76; 25. ( 348 ) Ott, 94, 61: 515; 25. ( 3 4») Mark and Pohland, 94, 62: 103: 25. (350) Westgren and Phragmen, 96, 33: 77; 25. ( 3 Si) Goldschmidt, Barth and Lunde, Skrifter Norske Videnskaps Akademi, No. 7; 25. (352) Goldschmidt, Ulrich and Barth, Skrifter Norske Videnskaps Akademi, No. 5; 25. (353) Brentano, 67, 37: 52; 25. (354) Trillat, 34, 180: 1329; 25. (355) Trillat 34, 180; 1838; 25. (356) Alsen, 807, 47: 19; 25. (357) Ramsdell, 328, 10: 281; 25. (358) de Smedt and Keesom, 64V, 33: 888; 24. (359) Bragg, 105, 9: 272; 25. (360) Clark, Asbury and Wick, I, 47: 2661; 25. (36l) Lange, 8, 76: 476; 25. (362) Blake, 8, 26: 60; 25. (363) Knaggs, 869, 20: 346; 25. (364) Aminoff, 94, 62: 113; 25. ( 365 ) Buckley and Vernon, 269, 20: 382; 25. ( 3 66) Olshausen, £»4,61:463; 25. (367) Ferrari, 88, 1:664; 25. ( 3 * 8 ) Bradley, 3, 50: 1018; 25. ( 369 ) Lunde, 7, 117: 51; 25. ( 3 7 O) Sacklowski, 8, 77: 241; 25. ( 371 ) Westgren and Phragmen, 3, 50: 311; 25. ( 372 ) Weiss, 5, IOSA: 643; 25. (373) de Smedt, 186, 10: 366; 24. (374) Davey and Wilson, Proc. Am. Phys. Soc., Nov. 27, 1925. ( 3 7 5 ) Nakamura, 810, 2: 287; 25. ( 376 ) osawa, 159, 14: 43; 25. (377) Wyckoff, 94, 62: 189; 25. (378) Broome, 94, 62: 325; 25. (379) Noethling and Tolksdorf, 94, 62: 255; 25. (380) Selyakov, Strutinskii and Krasnikov, 96, 33: 53; 25. (381) Ulrich and Zachariasen, 94, 62: 260; 25. (382) de Smedt and Keesom, 94, 62: 312; 25. (383) ott, 94, 62: 201; 25. (384) Patterson, 8, 23: 552; 24. (385) Yardley. 6, 108A: 542; 25. (386) Ferrari, 88, 3411: 186; 25. (387) Broome, 93, 143: 60; 25. (388) Sasahara, 329, 2: 277; 25. (389) Phragmen, 77, 45: 299; 25. (3 9 O) ott, 818; 13: 644; 25. (391) Jong, 208, 5: 194; 25. ( 3 »2) Linck and Jong, 93, 147: 288; 25. ( 39 S) Goldschmidt, Barth and Lunde, Skrifter Norske Videnskaps. Akad. Oslo l, Mat. Nat. KL: No. 7; 25. ( 394 > Wyckoff and Crittenden, l, 47: 2866; 25. (395) Huggins and Hendricks, l, 48: 164; 26. ( 396 ) Hendricks and Pauling, I, 47: 2904; 25. (397) Havighurst, 12, 10: 556; 25. (398) Yardley, 3, 50: 864; 25. (3") Yardley, 4, 127: 2207; 25. (400) Wyckoff, 18, 11: 101; 26. (*oi) Piper, Brown and Dyment, 4, 127: 2194; 20. (402) Wilsey, 148, 200: 739; 25.

SOME NUMERICAL DATA PERTAINING TO DISPERSOIDOLOGY P. P. VON WEIMARN From the large and heterogeneous mass of numerical data recorded in the literature of " Colloids," it seems desirable to present here only some selected illustrative examples of results of physical measurements which meet the following requirements: (1) The composition of the system is definite, reproducible, and exactly known; (2) all of the essential variables which affect the system are understood and are accurately controlled or measured; (3) the system, its behavior, and the resulting quantitative data are reproducible in the hands of any investigator working under these same controllable conditions; and (4) the examples selected shall be illustrative of some general law describing the behavior of dispersed systems. As meeting the above conditions, the following examples have been selected and are presented in graphical form. Concise explanations are given in connection with the graphs. For a detailed description, explanation, discussion, and bibliography, the reader is referred to von Weimarn, Chem. Rev. 2: 217; 25. THE PRECIPITATION LAWS Figures 1-9 illustrate the following precipitation laws: With increasing concentration of the reacting solutions, the average size of the precipitated crystalline individuals (not their aggregates) (1) passes through a maximum during, and (2) decreases continually after the completion of, the process of direct crystallization; (3) for the same absolute concentration of the reacting solutions (other conditions being equal), with decreasing solubility of a substance (Fig. 4; cf. Fig. 13), the average size of the precipitated crystals also decreases. Figures 10-13 show that, if the aggregation of the individual ultramierocrystals has not proceeded too far, the second law of precipitation remains valid; and besides they illustrate the law: (4) With increasing viscosity of the dispersion medium, the average size of the particles decreases (Fig. 12) ( 3 » 4) ; cf. (1). The following general remarks apply to the figures: (1) The dispersion medium is indicated thus (60 vol. % C2HsOH); (2) mixing was brought about in all cases by pouring and shaking. The direction of pouring is indicated by the arrow. (3) In Figs. 1-9, the volumes mixed in each experiment satisfied the relation, concentration X volume = a constant (approx.), for a given dispersion medium; (4) the time, to, represents the period (ca. 10-15 min) required for the operations of sampling and photo micrographing; (5) all data shown are the averages of at least two independent experiments. 1. Precipitation of Ag2SO4.—Reaction.—2AgNO3 + MnSO4 = Ag2SO4 + Mn(NOs) 2 (Figs. 1-7). In Figs. 4-5, per liter of final

solution, C — Ag2SO4 produced by the reaction and S = its solubility, both in g-equivalents (8). 2. Precipitation of AgC^sOz.—Reaction.— AgNO3 -f KC2H3O2 = AgC2H3O2 + KNO 3 (Figs. 8-9) (6). These curves show the effect of time; the periods of time for the four curves are the same in both figures. 3. Precipitation of Se.—Reaction.—(a) 5 cc of aniline (an.) containing m mg of Se are poured into 100 cc of 93.5 wt. % C2H6OH (ale.) or (Fig. 13) mixtures thereof with an. or (Fig. 12) glycerol (gl.). t = 20° (Figs. 10-13 a curves) ( 7 ). (6) As in (a) but with quinoline (q.) instead of aniline and using 90 wt. % C2HsOH (Figs. 10-13 o curves) (7). 4. Effects of Salts Dissolved in the Dispersion Medium on the Duration of Life of Dispersoidal Solutions.—(a) BaSO4, Reaction.—50 cc (2a + 2x equiv.) BaR2 + 50 cc (2a equiv.) MnSO4 = 1 equiv. BaSO4 + 1 equiv. MnR2 + x equiv. BaR2. Dispersion medium, 63 wt. % C2H6OH (Figs. 14-17) (5). (6) S.—Dispersoidal solution of sulfur prepared by the method of grinding with grape-sugar. Ca. 25 mg S per liter of H2O; particles ca. 85ju/x (Figs. 18-23). C = millimols salt .per liter. The dotted horizontal is for C = O. To the right of the dotted vertical (Fig. 23) the disperse phase begins to dissolve by chemical action ( 10 );c/. (*). (c) Al(OH)3.—Prepared as in (b) supra. Ca. 55 mg A12O3.3H2O per liter of H2O; particles ca. 90/*/* (Fig. 24). The dotted horizontal is for C = O. Dissolving begins at points marked with crosses ( n );qf. (2). 5. Adsorption and Solubility of Salts.—Adsorbent used— BaSO4 extra pure; 20 g used per 100 cc of the salt solution. After shaking the solution with the adsorbent for 10 min, 24 hr. were allowed for the precipitate to settle. Fifty cc of the upper clear layer were used for analysis. Because partial dispergation occurred in the case of BaCl2 in dilute C2H6OH solutions, these were centrifuged before analysis (Fig. 25) ( 9 ). LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) C1 ) Oden, 55, 26:120 ; 20. ( 2 ) Ostwald, 55, 26: 28, 69 ; 20. ( 3 ) von Weimarn, 53, 38: 267, 624; 06. ( 4 ) von Weimarn, 53, 38: 933, 1400; 06. 65, 2: 76; 07. 287, 18: 44; 23. ( 5 ) von Weimarn, Aoki and Kataoka, O. In part in von Weimarn, 288, 2: 199; 24. ( 6 ) von Weimarn and Hori, O. ( 7 ) von Weimarn and Morishima, O. In part in von Weimarn 55, 36: 10; 25. ( 8 ) von Weimarn and Otsuka, O. In part in von Weimarn, 55, 33: 234; 23. ( 9 ) von Weimarn, Schochara and Takashige, O. In part in von Weimarn, 65, 33: 242; 23. C1 ° ) von Weimarn and Utzino, 55, 36: 265 ; 25. ( J * ) von Weimarn and Utzino, O.

Cone, of reacting soins., g-equiv. per].

Fig.

Fig- 11

+ BaJ2 D NaCi

û Expérimenta/ A Interpolated

A BaCl2

18

X CaCl2 o CeC/3

Fig. 14 Mn SO4—-Sa Ix

Fig. 15 Mn SO4

^BaBr2

Fig. 17 Mn SO4

f fia (AfOj)2

SWEETENING AGENTS. RELATIVE SWEETENING POWER C. F. WALTON, JR. The relative sweetness of various substances is usually cited in comparison with sucrose as unity. Since the concentration of the standard sucrose solution employed by different investigators has varied from 1 to 10%, and since the degree of sweetness does not decrease proportionately with dilution, the values reported in the literature vary accordingly, and are difficult to arrange accurately in numerical order. The following table, therefore, indicates only the approximate degree of sweetness, as reported by different investigators employing a variable procedure.

RELATIVE DEGREE OF SWEETNESS (Sucrose = 1.0) Name Lactose Dulcitol Mannitol Sorbitol Glycerol Glycol Dextrose (d-glueose)

Formula Ci2H22On C6Hi4O6 C6HuO6 C6Hi4O6 C3H8O3 C2H6O2 C6Hi2O6

Degree of sweetness 0.27-0.28 0.41 0.45 0.48 0.48 0.49 0.50-0.60

Lit. (26) (26) (26) (26) (26; (26) ( 10 > 26,

29)

Maltose

Ci2H22On

0.60

(26, 29)

RELATIVE DEGREE OF SWEETNESS.—(Continued) Name

LITERATURE

Degree of sweet- Lit. " ness 0.78-0.95 (*<>» 26 »

Formula

Invert sugar (dex- C6Hi2O6 + C6H12O6 trose + lévulose)

29J

Sucrose

Ci2H22Ou

1.00

26, 29)

Lévulose (ariructose) C6Hi2O6 p-Anisylurea Chloroform Glucin p-Methylsaccharin.. Dulcin (p-phenetylurea) 6-Chlorosaccharin... n-Hexylchloromalonamid Saccharin (o-benzosulfonimid) Perillaldehyde <*anti-aldoxime (peryllartine)

(™,

l.03-1.50 (io» 26, 29)

CH3OC6H4NHCONH2 CHCl3 Mixture CH3C6H3COSO2NH C2H6OC6H4NHCONH2 ClC6H3COSO2NH Ti-C6H13CCl(CONH2),

18 (*) 40 (3l) 100 (11J 200 ( 1 ^) 70-350 («. 26 . ) 100-350 (™) 300 (")

C6H4COSO2NH

200-700

C6H8C(CH3)CH2CHNOH

2000

(For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) The following list contains certain general references on methods of testing relative sweetening power, etc. (i) Auerbach, 218, 10: 710; 22. ( 2 ) Barrai and Rane, 271, 56: 712; 18. (3) Barrai and Rane, 283, 17: 16; 20. (*) Becker and Herzog, 202, 52: 496; 07. ( 5 ) Boedecker and Rosenbuch, 273, 30: 251; 20. ( 6 ) Braun and Rawicz, 25, 49: 799; 16. ( 7 ) Cohn, Die Organischen Geschmackstoffe (Siemanroth, Berlin, 1914). («) Cohn, 196, 22: 1; 16. (*) Cohn, 274, 55:735, 763; 14. 1 ( O) Deerr, 270, 24: 481; 22. (") Dox and Houston, 1, 46: 1278; 24. O 2 ) Dyson, 276, 11: 572; 24. ( 13 ) Foerster, 282, 28: 400; 11. 0«) Frankel, Arzneimittelsynthese (Springer, Berlin, 1921): 134-53. ( 1S ) Furukawa, Japanese Patent 35332; 19. ( 16 ) Furukawa, 41, 41: 706, 979; 20. V) Hermann, 13, 429: 163; 22. 0«) Holleman, 70, 40: 446; 21. («) Holleman, 70, 42: 839; 23. (2°) Holleman and Choufoer, 64V, 33: 307; 24. (21) Kionka and Stratz, 277, 95: 241; 22. (22) Kodama, 41, 41: 495; 20. (23) Lasarev, 278, 194: 293; 22. (24) Oertley and Myers, 1, 41: 855; 19. (25) Ogilvie, 275, 24: 288; 22. (26) Paul, 279, 43: 137; 22. (27) paul, 280, 26: 610; 22. (28) Pauli, 205, 125: 97; 21. (29) Sale and Skinner, 45, 14: 522; 22. (3°) Speckam, 273, 32: 83; 22. ( 3 I) Sternberg, 281, 38: 272; 05. ( 32 ) Zuntz, 92, 23: 385; 10.

(«• 26 ) (")

_^_

ODORIFEROUS MATERIALS H. ZWAARDEMAKER The unit used for expressing odor is the olfacty, the normal stimulus threshold for a given odor. The characteristic grouping giving rise to odor is termed odoriphore (8), also called aromatophore (Klimout, 1897) and osmophore (Rupe, 1900). The principal odoriphores are: <—C(:O)OAlkyl, esters; ^-~C(:O)H, aldehydes; ^CO, ketones; Alkyl-OAlkyl, ethers; £C = OH, alcohols; <-C(:O)OH, acids; ^-NO2, nitrites; <—CN, nitriles; ^ y—»,terpenes; <^-» <-•/) pinenes; <—S-S-», sulfides; <— As-As—*; arsenides; *— As-O-As—>; cacodyls; <—Hal., halogens; N, pyridine; /NH, pyrrole. CLASSIFICATION LINNÉ, MODIFIED BY ZWAARDEMAKER

Odores aetherei Lorry (Ethereal) Odores aromatici Linné (Aromatic) : 1. Almond 2. Camphoric 3. Citric Odores fragantes Linné (Balsam) : 1. Floral 2. Lilylike 3. Vanillin Odores ambrosiae Linné (Musk) AUyI Cacodylic Odores empyreumatic Haller (Empyreumatic) Odores hircini Linné (Caprylic) Odores tetri Linné (Narcotic) Odores nauseois Linné (Nauseous)

I S A

B C D E F G H I J K L M N

Intensity.—The intensity of the odor of an odorivector ( 5 ) depends on (1) its volatility from dilute solution, (2) its rate of diffusion, (3) its absorption by a humid surface and (4) its solubility in liquids. (All odorous substances are soluble in oil (2).) The significance of an odor as a reflex stimulus depends on physiological, its pleasing or repulsive value on psychological conditions. VOLATILITY OF ODOR FROM PARAFFINIC SOLUTIONS ( 4 ) Substance Ethyl sulfide (I) Scatole (N) Valeric acid (L) Guaiacol (K) Pyridine (M) Isoamyl acetate (A) Terpineol (C) Nitrobenzene (B)

Concn. percent Ï 1 0.1 1 10 5 25 50

Volatility 10~6 g per min 0.14 0.18 0.28 0.5 0.93 3.6 7.5 9.2

DIFFUSION IN FREE AIR IN NEIGHBORHOOD OF SOURCE (10)

Eugenol (C) Camphor (C)

cc per sec Î L 3 E t h y l ether (A) 2.1 Ethylacetone (A)

cc per sec 4.4 10

Extremes—ethyl acetate (A) and naphthalene (K). The anemodispersibility of odors depends on the size of the cloud and the velocity of the wind.

Spray Electricity.—All odorous substances lower the surface tension of water and therefore produce static electricity by spraying an aqueous solution of the odorivector against a disc well insulated with amber and paraffin. The value is expressed as 10~10 coulomb per cc of a saturated solution.

10~10 , , Lit. coulombs 072 (Ï2)" 0.4 (6) 0.4 (6) 0.9 (6) 1.0 («) 1 ( 12 ) 3.4 (2) 3.5 (2) 3.8 (6) 4.8 (2) 5.1 (2) 6.5 (2) 7.5 (2) 7.9 (2) 9.3 (2) 9.6 (2) 10 (2) 11.6 (6) 12.4 (2) 14.8 (2) 15.2 (2)

Substance Cumidine(K) Aniline (K) Toluidine (K) Xylidine (K) Scatole (N) Trinitroisobutyltoluene (H) Pseudocumene (K) Ethyl acetate (A) Xylene (K) Aniline (K) Toluene (K) Thymol (C) Benzene (K) ; Toluidine (K) Xylidine (K) Nitrobenzene (B) Vanillin (G)., Dimethylaniline (K) Benzaldehyde (B) Anisaldehyde (G) Phenol (K)

Substance Xylenol ( K ) Ethyl alcohol (A) Cresol (K) Camphor (C) Heliotropin (F) • Vanillin (G) Heliotropin (F) Acetone (A) Guaiacol (K) Carvacrol (C) Terpineol (E) Amyl acetate (A) Ethyl acetate (A) Guaiacol (K) Terpineol (E) Citral (D)../ Methyl anthranilate (E)

, , Lit. coulombs Ï 7 ( 2 ) " 17.2 (2) 19.1 (12) 20.3 («) 44 (2) 47 («) 52 (12) 60 («) 81.1 (2) 82.3 (2) 89.1 (2) 96.4 (2) 122 («) 289 («) 296 («) 360 (12) 602 (12)

'

RELATION BETWEEN SPRAY ELECTBICITY AND CONCENTRATION OF AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS ( 12 ) CHARGE IN 10"10 COULOMBS PER cc Degree of saturation Coumarin Heliotropin Vanillin

1 -J J -J. 6.5 2 0.5 O 52 22 10 2 72 32 6 | 2

^5-

^

^

1.4 1.4 0.5 | O

O

ADSORPTION OF ODORS BY SURFACES EXPRESSED AS THE DURATION OF THE AFTER EFFECT FOLLOWING AN EXPOSURE TO A CONTINUOUS STREAM OF ODORIFEROUS AIR FOR 5 MINUTES (U). THE TERM sec DENOTES A FEW SECONDS, m = MINUTE, d = DAY, h = HOUR, min = SOME MINUTES Aluminmm Ethyl disulfide.... Guaiacol Ionone Isoamyl acetate... Muscon Nitrobenzene Pyridine Scatole Terpineol Valeric acid

Im 15m 2.5d 0 Id sec O 9d O 3m

c

Glasg

Gold

Iron

sec 3m 2d 0 4d sec 2m 3d sec O

sec Im sec 0 Id sec O 1.5h O 30 m

sec 12 m ....... 0 2d sec O 1.5d O sec

sec 8m 4d sec min sec 45 m 1Od sec O

Destruction of Odors by Ultraviolet Light.—The values are expressed as number of minutes required to reduce the odor in air from 2 to 1 olfacty by the radiation from a quartz mercury lamp (7). Substance Apiol (C) Valeric acid (L) Menthol (C) Ethyl sulfide (I) Carvacrol (C) Bornyl acetate (C)... Caproic acid (L)

Lead

Nickel

^

| Time || Substance Time 0.10 Methyl salicylate ( C ) . . . 0.30 0.10 Trimethylamine (J) 0.30 0.15 Methyl nonyl ketone (C) 0.35 0.25 Thymol (C) 0.40 0.25 Borneol (C) 0.45 0.30 Isoamyl acetate (A) 0.45 0.30 Pyridine (M) 0.45

1m sec Id O 12 d sec sec 1Od O O

sec 5m 2d sec 4-9 d sec sec 3.5d O sec

Porcelam 2m 5m sec 15m sec 8m 5m O 5m O

Substance | Safrol (C) Salicylaldehyde (C) Scatole (N) Citral (D) Indole (N) Aniline (K) Methyl anthranilate (E).. Methyl butyrate (A) Vanillin (G) Citronellol (E) Eucalyptol (C) Isobutyl alcohol (K)

süver

sec O sec O 2d sec O Id sec 5m

gted

sec 7m 4d 2m sec sec 30 m 2Od 4m O

Tin

sec 8m min O 4d sec 0.5m 7d O 2m

^^

sec 25 m sec 3d sec 2.5m 14 d O O

Time || Substance | Time 0.50 Methylheptenone ( A ) . . . 2.30 0.50 Eugenol (C) 3 0.50 Styrone (F) 3 0.55 Coumarin (G) 3.30 1.0 Ethyl isovalerate (A).... 4 1.40 Cresol (K) 5 1.45 Ethyl butyrate (A) 5 2.0 Terpineol (E) 5 2.0 Chloroform (A) 6 2.30 Ethyl succinate .. 6 2.30 Anethol (C) 6.30 2.30 Linalyl acetate (D) 7

ODORIMETRY The olfacty of an odor is the threshold or minimum perceptible concentration expressed in gms per cc which multiplied by 6.06 X 1021/M, where M is the molecular weight, gives molecules per cc. The authorities quoted are: Backman (1); Berthelot (2); Fischer and Peuzoldt (3); Henning (4); Hermanides (5); Huyer (6); Ohma (7); Passy (8); Tempelaar (9); van Wartenberg (10); Zwaardemaker (11).

Compound Name

I

Formula

Toluidine (K)

C7H9N

Menthol (C) Aniline (K) Formic acid Terpineol (E) Pyridine (M)

C10H20O C6H7N CH2O2 . C10H18O C6H6N

9

Scatole (N)

C9H9N

{™

®

*•

20 21 33 40 47 69 69 72 12 16

6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 7 7

8 9 9 8 4 8 8 9 9 8

{ **

7

9

20 24 32 40 41 42 48 48 52 59 64 77 82 15 18 20

7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 8 8 8

8 9 4 4 8 2 8 10 8 8 9 8 8 9 8 8

Borneol (C) Coumarin ( G ) Eucalyptol (C) Citral (D) Linalyl acetate (D) Laurie acid (C) Pyridine (M) Pulegon (M) Eucalyptol (C) Heliotropine (F) Carvacrol (C) Propionic acid

C10H18O C9H6O2 C10H18O C10H16O C12H20O2 C12H24O2 C6H6N C10H16O C10H18O C8H6O3 C10H14O C3H6O2

20 2 22 25 29 30 31 33 39 40 40 41

C10Hi0O2 C10H16O C10H12O C5H10O2 C10H18O C10H12O2 C9H12 C12H20O2 C8Hi3O C6H12O2 C3H6O2 C10H14O C6H12O2 C8H14O4 C8H8O3 C8H10 C7H8O CnH22O C4H10O C6H7N C10H16O C6H12O C10H10O2 C6H6O C4H10O C4H10O C10H16O C2H4O C10H20O C6H10O2 C7H8 C7H14O2 C3H9N C6H6O C6H6 C3H6O C2H4O2 C3H8O C2H4O2 C7H9N C9H11N

9 8 9 9 9 8 9 9 7 8 9 8

9

6

nr\

C7H14O2

8

5

15

( on&\j

Isoamyl acetate (A)

o y

{^

C10H16O C8H9NO2 C6H6NO2 C8H6O3 C9H6O2 CHI3 CHBr3 OsO4 C7H16O C6H10O2 C9H8O C9H18O2 C4H10O C10H14O C10H20O2 C8H6O3

Formula C10H14

K

C13H20O

Citral (D) Methyl anthranilate (E)... Nitrobenzene (B) .. Heliotropine (F) Coumarin (G) Iodoform Bromoform Osmium tetroxide Oenanthyl alcohol (C) Valeric acid (D) Cinnamaldehyde (C) Nonylic acid (E) Isobutyl alcohol Thymol (C) Capric acid (L) Heliotropine (F)

|

o

Authority __

C4Hi0S

C7H8O2

Name

oQ

Molecules per cc = A - 10* A x

Ionone (F)

Guaiacol (K)

Durol (K) Safrol (C) Citral (D) Anethol (C) Methyl butyrate (A) Terpineol (E) Eugenol (C) Pseudocumene (K).. Bornyl acetate (C) Methylheptenone ( A ) Ethyl butyrate ( A ) . . . Methyl acetate (A) Carvone (C) Caproic acid (L) Ethyl Buccinate (A) Methyl salicylate (C) Xylene(K) Cresol (K) Methylnonyl ketone (C)... Ethyl ether (A) Aniline (K) Camphor (C) Amyl alcohol (K) Safrol (C) Phenol (K) Butyl alcohol (K) Ethyl ether (A) Fenchone (C) Acetaldehyde (A) Citronellol (E) Valeric acid (L) Toluene (K) Ethyl isovalerate (A) Trimethylamine (J) Phenol (K) Benzene (K) Acetone (A) Acetic acid (L) Propyl alcohol (K) Acetic acid (L) Toluidine (K) Xylidine(K)

Ethyl bisulfide (I)

Vanillin (G) C8H8O3 Trinitroisobutyltoluene (H) CnH13N3O6 Coumarin (G) C9H6O2 Citral (D) C10H16O Valeric acid (L) C6H10O2 Butyric acid (L) C4H8O2 Isoamyl alcohol (K) C6H12O Vanillin (G) C8H8O3 Valeric acid (D) C6H10O2 Heptylic acid (C) C7H14O2

Compound

1

8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8

Ethyl alcohol (A)

C2H6O

Formic acid Methyl alcohol Methyl alcohol Apiol (C)

CH2O2 CH4O CH4O C12Hi4O4

Molecules per cc = A - 10* A | x 41 8

Authority 1

(^

?

!j

48 52 57 58 79 85 10 14 1 1 16 22 27 28 39 46 50 6 61 63 64 69 75 77 82 82 92 96 11 12 13 21 22 26 41 42 50 51 71 79 10

8 8 8 8 8 8 9 9

9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 11

7 7 9 9 9 7 1 9 9 9 11 9 8 9 9 1 9 9 4 9 8 8 9 4 8 8 9 9 9 5 1 9 9 9 1 11 8 8 9 6 6

{ Jj|

JJ

£

26 30 33 73 12

11 11 11 11 12

9 6 8 5 5

L 4^

f 94

J^ 84 11 19 17

o

5 5

y

9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9

1

9

12

4

^

4

12 13 13 15

9 9 8 9

Aqueous solutions ( 10 ).—(Continued)

VALUE OF AN OLFACTY EXPBESSED AS DEGKEE OF SATURATION OF AlR WITH THE ODORIVECTOR

% Substance Eucalyptol Eugenol Toluene Benzene

I

SatuSubstance ration 0.058 I Methyl alcohol 0.144 Toluidine 0.158 Ethyl alcohol 0.169 |

Saturation 1.388 1.515 2.5

VALUE OF AN OLFACTY IN CM OF THE ZWAARDEMAKER OLFACTOMETER The constants of Zwaardemaker olfactometer are: width of cylinder, 0.8 cm; length, 10 cm; contents, 50 cc; air contact per cc of cylinder, 2.5 cm 2 ; velocity of air in the air tube, 100 cc per sec (exposure, 0.33 sec). MINIMUM PERCEPTIBLE IN CM OF OLFACTOMETER SCALE Saturated solutions (9) Substance | cm || Substance Terpineol—H2O 0.01 Caproic acid—H2O Ethyl propionate—H2O. 0.02 Trinitroisobutyltoluene— lonone—H20 0.02 H20 Camphor—H2O 0.07 Guaiacol—H2O Trimethylamine—Paraffin

cm 0.10 0.10 0.20 0.20

Aqueous solutions (10) a , . Substance Pyridine Ethyl disulfide Citral

0 , , Substance

%~~

Concentra,. „T, M tion Wt. % 0.05 0.02 0.01

cm 0.1 0.5 0.2

Concentra,. _ tion TT7x Wt. % 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.0007

Scatole Valeric acid Isoamyl acetate Guaiacol

cm OTi 0.5 0.7 1.0

Paraffin solutions (11)

Substance

T^

g"P

-g8 ^ -*

"S^ g^

S

Substance

S o jSJ Borneol Cadaverine Scatole Ethyl sulfìde Pyridine Valeric acid Nitrobenzene

, 1.0 0.1 0.1 0.01 1.0 0.01 5.0

S

g d 3-1 0.001 0.001 0.002 0.01 0.03 0.04 0.06

Citral Isoamyl acetate. Guaiacol lonone Safrol Terpineol

1.0 0.5 0.1 0.0004 3.0 2.5

0.09 0.29 0.62 0.62 1.12 1.60

LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) C 1 ) Allison and Katz, 45, 11: 336; 19. ( 2 ) Backman, 278, 168: 351; 17. (3) Henning, Der Geruch, 1924. ( 4 ) Hermanides, Thesis, Utrecht, 1907. ( 5 ) Heyninx, Thesis, Brussels, 1919. ( 6 ) Huyer, Thesis, Utrecht, 1917. (7) Tempelaar, Thesis, Utrecht, 1913. ( 8 ) Zwaardemaker, Physiol. des Geruchs, 1895: 247. ( 9 ) Zwaardemaker, Arch. Anat. Physiol., Physiol. Abt., 1908: 48. ( 10 ) Zwaardemaker, In Abderhalden, Handb. UoL Arbeitsm. 5, pt. 7: 455; 23. C 11 ) Zwaardemaker, In Tigerstedt, Handb. Physiol. 3, pt. 1: 49; 14. ( 12 ) Zwaardemaker, Arch. Neerl. Physiol., 1 : 347; 17.

RADIOACTIVITY

S. C. LIND, SPECIAL EDITOR PAGE International Table of the Radioactive Elements and their Constants Physical Properties of Radioactive Elements. GEOBG HEVESY Artificial Disintegration of the Elements. G. RUDORF Electron Emission Produced by Radiations from Radioactive Substances. PIERRE AUGER Energy of Radioactive Processes. STEFAN MEYER Chemical Effects of «-Particles. S. C. LIND AND D. C. BARDWELL Saturation Current. Absorption in Liquids and Solids. STEFAN MEYER Radioactive Radiation in Gases. R. D. KLEEMAN Beta Rays: Absorption and Diffusion in Liquids and Solids. PIERRE AUGER ,. Wave Lengths of Gamma Rays. E. VON SCHWEIDLER Ionizing Radiations from Ordinary Substances. R. B. MOORE Distribution of Radioactive Materials in the Atmosphere, the Hydrosphere and the Lithosphère. HERMAN SCHLUNDT Ages of Minerals and Rocks Based on Radioactive Changes. ROGER C. WELLS

362 364 365 365 366 366 367 369 370 371 372 373 381

Aqueous solutions ( 10 ).—(Continued)

VALUE OF AN OLFACTY EXPBESSED AS DEGKEE OF SATURATION OF AlR WITH THE ODORIVECTOR

% Substance Eucalyptol Eugenol Toluene Benzene

I

SatuSubstance ration 0.058 I Methyl alcohol 0.144 Toluidine 0.158 Ethyl alcohol 0.169 |

Saturation 1.388 1.515 2.5

VALUE OF AN OLFACTY IN CM OF THE ZWAARDEMAKER OLFACTOMETER The constants of Zwaardemaker olfactometer are: width of cylinder, 0.8 cm; length, 10 cm; contents, 50 cc; air contact per cc of cylinder, 2.5 cm 2 ; velocity of air in the air tube, 100 cc per sec (exposure, 0.33 sec). MINIMUM PERCEPTIBLE IN CM OF OLFACTOMETER SCALE Saturated solutions (9) Substance | cm || Substance Terpineol—H2O 0.01 Caproic acid—H2O Ethyl propionate—H2O. 0.02 Trinitroisobutyltoluene— lonone—H20 0.02 H20 Camphor—H2O 0.07 Guaiacol—H2O Trimethylamine—Paraffin

cm 0.10 0.10 0.20 0.20

Aqueous solutions (10) a , . Substance Pyridine Ethyl disulfide Citral

0 , , Substance

%~~

Concentra,. „T, M tion Wt. % 0.05 0.02 0.01

cm 0.1 0.5 0.2

Concentra,. _ tion TT7x Wt. % 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.0007

Scatole Valeric acid Isoamyl acetate Guaiacol

cm OTi 0.5 0.7 1.0

Paraffin solutions (11)

Substance

T^

g"P

-g8 ^ -*

"S^ g^

S

Substance

S o jSJ Borneol Cadaverine Scatole Ethyl sulfìde Pyridine Valeric acid Nitrobenzene

, 1.0 0.1 0.1 0.01 1.0 0.01 5.0

S

g d 3-1 0.001 0.001 0.002 0.01 0.03 0.04 0.06

Citral Isoamyl acetate. Guaiacol lonone Safrol Terpineol

1.0 0.5 0.1 0.0004 3.0 2.5

0.09 0.29 0.62 0.62 1.12 1.60

LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) C 1 ) Allison and Katz, 45, 11: 336; 19. ( 2 ) Backman, 278, 168: 351; 17. (3) Henning, Der Geruch, 1924. ( 4 ) Hermanides, Thesis, Utrecht, 1907. ( 5 ) Heyninx, Thesis, Brussels, 1919. ( 6 ) Huyer, Thesis, Utrecht, 1917. (7) Tempelaar, Thesis, Utrecht, 1913. ( 8 ) Zwaardemaker, Physiol. des Geruchs, 1895: 247. ( 9 ) Zwaardemaker, Arch. Anat. Physiol., Physiol. Abt., 1908: 48. ( 10 ) Zwaardemaker, In Abderhalden, Handb. UoL Arbeitsm. 5, pt. 7: 455; 23. C 11 ) Zwaardemaker, In Tigerstedt, Handb. Physiol. 3, pt. 1: 49; 14. ( 12 ) Zwaardemaker, Arch. Neerl. Physiol., 1 : 347; 17.

RADIOACTIVITY

S. C. LIND, SPECIAL EDITOR PAGE International Table of the Radioactive Elements and their Constants Physical Properties of Radioactive Elements. GEOBG HEVESY Artificial Disintegration of the Elements. G. RUDORF Electron Emission Produced by Radiations from Radioactive Substances. PIERRE AUGER Energy of Radioactive Processes. STEFAN MEYER Chemical Effects of «-Particles. S. C. LIND AND D. C. BARDWELL Saturation Current. Absorption in Liquids and Solids. STEFAN MEYER Radioactive Radiation in Gases. R. D. KLEEMAN Beta Rays: Absorption and Diffusion in Liquids and Solids. PIERRE AUGER ,. Wave Lengths of Gamma Rays. E. VON SCHWEIDLER Ionizing Radiations from Ordinary Substances. R. B. MOORE Distribution of Radioactive Materials in the Atmosphere, the Hydrosphere and the Lithosphère. HERMAN SCHLUNDT Ages of Minerals and Rocks Based on Radioactive Changes. ROGER C. WELLS

362 364 365 365 366 366 367 369 370 371 372 373 381

1923 INTERNATIONAL TABLE RADIOACTIVE ELEMENTS AND THEIR CONSTANTS X (sec)~l is the radioactive constant of transformation. dQ . -XQdt,

Q = Q0e-xt,

logitr^ = 0.4343Xt,

in which Q0 is the initial quantity and Q the quantity remaining after a time t (seconds). X = —T=T -TT represents the fraction of the element transformed,

V^ Qt

reduced to the unit of time. In the case of a double transformation, the values brackets [ ] refer to the constants corresponding with the branches; the constant for both branches not being put brackets. The sign (?) indicates that the value has been indirectly from the range of the a-rays expelled.

between separate between deduced

e = - is the average life of the radioactive atoms. A

T is the half period, i.e., the time in which the quantity of radioelement is diminished to one half: XT = -loge 0.5 = 0.69315 and Q = 1.443T Radiation.—The brackets ( ) indicate that the radiation is relatively feeble. REMARKS CONCERNING THE NOMENCLATURE It is desirable that the nomenclature adopted by the international commission should be accepted universally but that now put forward for the present year is provisional, to serve as a basis of discussion with the view to the adoption ultimately of a standard nomenclature. The most important points are: 1. The three radioactive emanations have been given the names radon, actinon, and thoron, with the symbols Rn, An, Tn, to suggest both their origin and their chemical character as members of the family of the rare gases of which the valency is zero; 2. In the branches which occur at the C members the sign (') has been used to indicate the products resulting from the emission of /3-rays (isotopes of polonium) and the sign (") to indicate the products resulting from the emission of a-rays (isotopes of thallium) ; 3. The ultimate products have been indicated by the letter 12. EXPLANATION OF THE NOTES NOTE 1.—Uranium 7.—The value given for 0 is that obtained from the equation: 1 226 0 = - = 2440 X 0.97 X 3 X IO6 X 238 = 6.75 X IO9 in which the number 2440 represents the average life of radium in 226 years, the number 0.97 the branching coefficient and 3 X IO6 X ^00

ZOO

is the ratio between the numbers of atoms of uranium and radium in equilibrium in minerals. If the actinium series is independent from that of uranium I1 X cannot be calculated by this method. The value of X obtained by the direct counting of the a-particles from a compound of uranium is 4.57 X 10~18 from which 0 = 7 X IO9 years and T = 4.8 X IO9 years. NOTE 2.—Uranium Xz is also called brevium. NOTE 3.—Radon replaces the names radium emanation and niton (the latter of which was proposed by Sir William Ramsay). NOTE 4.—Radium C undergoes a double disintegration: 99.97% of the atoms emit /3-rays and produce the substance Ra-C' which gives a-rays, and 0.03 % of the atoms emit a-rays and produce the substance Ra-C" which gives /3-rays.

ao is the range in cm of the a-rays in air at O0C and a pressure of 760 mm of mercury. The range at T° C. and under p mm of mercury is _ a0(273 + r)76Q a ~ 273p V is the velocity of a. or /3-rays relatively to that of light. To convert to cm per sec multiply by 3 X 1010. For the a-rays: V = 0.0342 a^ M/SAI is the absorption coefficient of the /3-rays in aluminium, the thickness being measured in cm. M7Al and M7Pb are the absorption coefficients of the 7-rays in aluminium and lead respectively, the thickness being measured in cm; the latter is only given for the most penetrating type of 7-rays. If I 0 is the initial intensity and I the intensity after the rays have traversed x cm of the absorbent: I = I0 Q-V*

loglo y « 0.4343Mz

If D is the thickness corresponding with the absorption of onehalf of the rays: M D = 0.693 NOTE 5.—Radium D is also called radiolead. NOTE 6.—Radium C" is also called radium C^. NOTE 7.—Uranium Y is the first known member of the actinium series. It may be derived from Uranium I or Uranium II. In this case, 3% of the atoms of Uranium produce the actinium family, and 97% the radium family. The hypothesis has also been put forward that the actinium series may be produced independently from a third (hypothetical) isotope of Uranium for which the name actinouranium has been proposed. NOTE 8.—Protoactinium is also called eka-tantalum. NOTE 9.—A new radioactive substance named uranium Z, and isotopie with protoactinium, accompanies uranium in minute quantity. (25, 54B: 1131; 21). Its period is from 6 to 7 hours. It emits a ß-radiation for which DAI varies from: 0.0014 to 0.012. Its parent is an isotope of thorium, but it cannot yet be placed in the series. NOTE 10.—Actinon is also called actinium emanation. NOTE 11.—Actinium C. 0.2% of the a-rays emitted by this substance have a range «o = 6.10, instead of 5.12. From this it has been concluded that 0.2% of the atoms undergo a transformation by the emission of /3-rays as is the case in the radium C and thorium C branches (8, 27: 690; 14. 28: 818; 14). Confirmatory evidence appears to be desirable. NOTE 12.—Actinium C" is also called actinium D. NOTE 13.—Thorium. The value given for X is that obtained from the direct counting of the a-particles emitted by a compound of thorium. All the other values are less; the smallest being 0.55 of that given in the table and giving 0 = 3.45 X IO10 years and T = 2.37 X IO10 years (63, 19: 259; 18). NOTE 14.—Thoron is also called thorium emanation. NOTE 15.—Thorium C undergoes a double disintegration: 65% of the atoms emit /3-rays and produce the substance Th-C' which gives a-rays, and 35% emit a-rays and produce the substance Th-C" which gives /3-rays. NOTE 16.—Thorium C. The value a0 = 4.69 is that corresponding with V = 0.0572 which has been directly measured. NOTE 17.—Thorium C" is also called thorium D. NOTE 18.—Potassium and rubidium emit /8-rays but show no other evidence of radioactivity.

Atomic T

0=£

X (sec)'1

Name

Symbol

t*°"

Radiation

O0

V

M0Al

^7Al

^7Pb

Notes

Wt. No.

SERIES OF URANIUM AND RADIUM 4.67 XHPyrs 6.75X10»yrs 4.7 XlO"18 Uranium I 24.6 days 35.5 days 3.26 XlO' 7 Uranium Xi 1.15min 1.65min 0.010 Uranium X 2 2X10«yrs 3X10«yrs 10-" (?) Uranium II 13 6.9 X 10* yrs 10« yra 3.2X10~ Ionium 11 1690yrs 2440yrs 1.30X1Q- Radium 3.85 days 5.55 days 2.085X10~« Radon 3.0min 4.32 min 3.85 X 10~3 Radium A 26.8 min 38.7 min 4.30 X 10~* Radium B 19.5min

28.1min

5.92 X 10~<

10-« sec 16.5yrs 5.0 days 136 days

10-« sec 23.8yre 7.2 days 196 days

10« (?) Radium C' 1.33 X 10~» Radium D 1.61 X 10~« Radium E 5.90X10~ 8 Radium F (Polonium) Radium ß (Lead) [1.8 X IO"7] Radium C _J 8.3 X 10~3 Radium C" Radium fi" (hypothetical)

1.4 min

2.0min

Radium C ~~"|

Ui U-Xi U-X2 Un Io Ra Rn Ra-A Ra-B

238 234 234 234 230 226 222 218 214

92 90 91 92 90 88 86 84 82

U Th Pa U Th Ra Rn Po Pb

a ß ß (y) a a a(ß+y) a a ß (7)

Ra-C

214

83

Bi

Ra-C' Ra-D Ra-E Ra-F (Po) Ra ß' Pb»« Ra-C Ra-C" Ra fi"

214 84 210 82 210 83 210 84

Po Pb Bi Po

99.97%/S and 7 a (/3and 7 ) ß a (y)

206 82

Pb

214 83 210 81 210 82

Bi Tl Pb

0.03%« ß

2.37

2.75 2.85 3.13 3.94 4.50

6.57

0.0456

0.0479 0.0485 a0.0500;/S0.52;0.65 0.0540 0.0565 0.36; 0.41; 0.63; 0.70; 0.74 0.786; 0.862; 0.949; 0.957 0.0641 0.33; 0.39

3.58

1 463 14.4

24; 0.7; 0.14

312

354; 16; 0.27

0.72

2

3 13.1; 80

230; 40; 0.51

13.2;53

0.115

5500 43.3

45; 0.99

0.0523

0.50

4 5

585

? 6

SERIES OF ACTINIUM

1.04 days 1.2 X 10* yrs 20yre 19.5 days

1.5 days 1.7XlO 4 JTS 28.8yrs 28. !days

11.4 days 16.4 days 3.9 sec 5.6 sec 2.0 X IO-» sec 2.9XlO- 3 SCC 36.1 min 52.1min 2.15 min 3.10min 4.71min 6.83min

7.8X10~« 1.9XlQ-^ 1.1X10~» 4.11X10-'

Uranium ? Uranium Y Protoactinium Actinium Radioactinium

7.06X10~ 7 Actinium X 0.178 Actinon 345 Actinium A 3.2X10-* Actinium B 3 5.37 X IO" Actinium C 2.44X10~3 Actinium C" Actinium ß" (hypothetical)

U-Y Pa Ac Rd-Ac

? ? ? ? ?

92 90 91 89 90

U Th Pa Ac Th

Ac-X An Ac-A Ac-B Ac-C Ac-C" Ac ß"

? ? ? ? ? ? ?

88 86 84 82 83 81 82

Ra Rn Po Pb Bi Tl Pb

a ß a a 03) a a a 08 and 7 ) a /8and 7

7 About 300 3.314

0.0510

4.36 a 0.0559; ß 0.38; 0.43; 0.49; 0.53; 0.60; 0.67; O 73 4.17 0.0550 5.40 0.0600 6.16 0.0627 5.12

8,9 About 170

25; 0.19

10 Very large

120; 31; 0.45

28.5

0.198

11

0.0589 1.2tol.8

12

SERIES OF THORIUM l.SlXlOiOyrs 1.89XlO 1 OjT 8 6.7 yrs 9.67yrs 6.2hrs 8.9hrs 2.02 JTS 3.64 days 54 sec 0.14sec 10.6hrs 60min 11

IO" sec

2.91 yrs 5.25 days 78 sec 0.20sec 15.3hrs 87min 10-" sec

1.68XlO-" Thorium 3.28 X 10-» Mesothorium l 3.12X10-5 Mesothorium 2

Th Ms-ThI Ms-Th2

232 90 228 88 228 89

Th Ra Ac

/3and 7

1.09X10-8 Radiothorium 2.20X10~« Thorium X 0.0128 Thoron 5.0 Thorium A 5 1.82 X 10~ Thorium B 1.92XlO-* Thorium C ~~1

Rd-Th Th-X Tn Th-A Th-B Th-C

228 224 220 216 212 212

90 88 86 84 82 83

Th Ra Rn Po Pb Bi

a 03) a a a ß&ndy 65% ß

3.67 4.08 4.74 5.40

Thorium C' Thorium ß' (Lead) Thorium C _J

Th-C' Th ß' Pb*«8 Th-C

212 84 208 82

Po Pb

a

8.16

212

83

Bi

Thorium C" Thorium ß" (Lead)

Th-C" Th ß" Pb2<»

208 81 208 82

Tl Pb

K Rb

39.1 19 85.5 37

K Rb

4

1.25 X 10~ IO11 (?)

[6.7X10-6] 3.1 min

4.5 min

3.70X10~ 3

Potassium Rubidium

«

2.58

0.0469 0.37; 0.39; 0.43; 0.50; 20.2to38.5 26;0.116 0.57; 0.60; 0.66 and >0.70 a 0.0527; ß 0.47; 0.51 0.0546 0.574 0.0600 0.63; 0.72 110 160; 32; 0.36 (C + C") 0.29; 0.36; 14.4 0.93 to 0.95 0.0688

35%« f 4.55 i I ?4.69 i /Sand 7

ß ß

13 0.62

14 15

0.0572 (See Th-C)

16 21.6

22 to 38 308 to 347

0.096

0.46

17

\ /

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF THE RADIOELEMENTS AND THEIR COMPOUNDS (Except Ra, Th, U and Rn) GEORG HEVESY 1. Atomic Weights.—Io (mixture of Io + Th), 231.51 (2). RaO ( = U-Pb), 206.04 (2). ThO (= Th-Pb), 207.97. 2. Molecular Weights.—An (= Ac-Em), 220-232 (4). Tn (= Th-Em), 201-210 ( 4 ). Rate of effusion method. 3. Density (5).—RaO, 11.273 g cm-3 at 19.940C. 4. Melting Point (26).—RaO', differs from Pb<0.05°. 6. Boiling Point (32).—Ra-FH2, 370C. 6. Solubility.—S = solubility mol I"1, of = 7^-- An (14), ^H2O of = 2 at 18°. Tn (15), a.' = 1 at 18°. Rn ( 1 ^). S = 1.7989 (isb) in H2O at 25°. S [RaQ'(NO,) J - S[Pb(NO3)2]<10-4. RELATIVE SOLUBILITY OF AN IN DIFFERENT SOLVENTS AT 18°

I

.

.d §

M m * 13 * a r ei1 u o

1

I 0.9

0.95|l.ll

o

§

* o

* o

11. Coefficient of Diffusion.

(6, 7 , 8 , 9)

Tn, in A, cm 2 sec-1

T Ion

1.6 I 1.7 I 1.7

I M

1.8|l.9|2.1

7. Rate of Solution. PERCENT DISSOLVED FROM SURFACE AT 18° By H 2 SO 4 Jn 15 sec ( 17 ) H2SO4, equiv. per liter = | 10~3 | Ra-B from glass 80 Ra-C from glass 28 By HNO 3 in 60 sec (18) HNO3, equiv. per liter = | O IQ"5 10~4 Th-B from quartz 60 61 60 Th-C from quartz 37 38 35

10~2 | IQ"1 | 1 80 97 88 60 88 99 10~3 | IQ"2 IQ"1 | 1 80 81 83 84 61 72 77 87

PERCENT RA-B AND RA-C DISSOLVED FROM GLASS SURFACE ( 17 ) By H2O in 5 min t I Ra-B I Ra-C [| t \ Ra-B | Ra-C 0° 0.29 0.19 42° 0.78 0.67 17° 0.47 0.35 T(T 0.97 0.91 By H2SO4 in 15 sec t I Ra-B I Ra-C || t | • Ra-B | Ra-C 0° 0.74 0.52 42° 0.895 0.71 17° 0.80 0.60 70° 0.96 0.81 8. Adsorption.—Ratio of molai cone, in gas at equilibrium to moles adsorbed per liter of charcoal at 18°, An (*9) 0.05, Tn (20) 0.02. Percent of initial amount present (per 50 cc of solution) adsorbed by l g of adsorbent (21). (a) By BaSO4, from 0.1 N HCl, Th-B 81, Th-C 32; from 0.1 N KOH, Th-B 20, Th-C 64; from 0.1 N NH3, Th-B 100, Th-C 86. (6) By Cr2O3, from 0.1 JV HCl, Th-B 2.5, Th-C 69. (c) By AgBr, from 0.1 N HBr, Th-B 81, Th-C 34. (d) By BaSO4, from 1 JV HCl, Ra 80. (e) By Cr2O3, from 1 TV HCl, Ra O. (/) By AgCl, from 1 N HCl, Ra O. 9. Vapor Pressure.—p700o for RaO' is 2% greater than for Pb 22 ( ). 10. Temperature of Volatilization.—Depends on nature of surface and chemical state of the radioactive element, v. (23, 24, 25).

(7,8)

(7)

(7)

Air | A 0.085-0.103 0.084 ( 6 » 7' 9 ) (7) 10 (&) THE CATIONS IN WATER ( ) AT 18° T» T"V++ Ra-E T~» Ti+ "U" Ra-F T» T-I+"*" Ac A + ++ UX -t-i. Io U Ra-D

Ion

* o

(7) I (8)

A, cm-« day"1.. I 0.4 |0.33| 0.65

JTl M * Q » U

(a) IN GASES AT 76 CM AND 15° I Air H2 CQ2 | SO2 | A 0.098-0.1230.3300.4120.0750.0620.107

An, in A, Cm 2 SeC- 1

A, cm"2 day"1

AcX

++

0.69

Rd _ Th

0.33

n

| 0.45 ThX

++

| 0.66

| 0.76 Th-B

++

0.67

0.46 Th-C+++

|

0.5

Th-CCl3 in Y12 N NH3, A = 0.37. Ra-FCl2 in >£ N NH3, A = 0.19. (c) IN METALS. A IN CM-2 DAY-I t

Th-B Ra-D Ra-F Ra-F Ra-B Ra-B Ra-B

in Pb in Pb in Pb in Au + Ra-C in Ag in Au in Pt

|

343° 280° 280° 470° 470° 470° 470°

A

2.2 (") "~ <10~4 (!2) < 10~4 («) ca. 10~9 (13) 3.8 X 10~7 («) 8.2 X 10~7 3.4 X 10~7

In re diffusion of Th-B in single crystals, in lead foils and in thallium foils v. (35). 12. Refractive Index (27).—ng° f or cryst. RaU'(NO3)2 = 1.7814. 13. X-ray Spectra.—All lines of the L series and the Ma and Mß lines of RaO' differ by less than 5 X 10~12 cm from the same lines for Pb (28). 14. Relative Ionic Mobilities (10).—In capillary tubes by comparison against Ra (A = 57.3 mhos). Cation I Ra I Ra-C| Ra-D Ra-E| Ra-F|AcX|ThX[ Th-B| Th-G A |57.3|54.5| 61.9 |61.9 68.8 |56. l|58.0| 55.4 54.0 16. Emf.—Raß' / N RaO'(NO,)i // N Pb(NO 3 ) 2 / Pb. <0.1 millivolt (31). 16. Deposition Voltage.—From Ko N HNO3 containing 10~8 mole Ra-F, cathodic deposition occurs on Au electrodes at EHQ — 0.35 volt, anodic at Eng = 1.05 volt (30). LITERATURE AND REMARKS (For the key to periodicals see end of volume) ( 1 J Hönigschmid, 9, 22: 21; 16. This mixture contained about 30% Io and 70 % Th and was probably contaminated with some Th not present in the pure pitchblende (cf. Soddy and Hitchins, 3, 47: 1148; 24. Meyer and Ulrich, 75, 132: 279; 23). ( 2 ) Lowest value found. Higher values probably due to presence of lead. Richards and Lembert, 1, 36: 1329; 14. 93, 88: 429; 14. Hönigschmid and Horowitz, 75, 123: 2407; 14. 9, 2m 319; 14. Curie, 34, 148: 1676; 14. 198, 34: 586; 23. Richards, Ann. Rep. Smithsonian Inst. 1918: 205. Richards and Putzeys, 1, 45: 2954; 23. ( 3 ) Highest value found. Lower values probably due to presence of lead and Raß. Hönigschmid, 9, 25: 91; 19. Soddy, 4, 105: 1402; 14. 68, 94: 615; 15. 98: 469; 17. 99: 244; 17. ( 4 ) Leslie, 4, 24: 637; 12. 34,

14. Horowitz and Paneth, 75, 129:1819; 14. In re adsorption UX cf. Ebler 163: 328; 11. Marsden and Wood, 4, 26: 948; 13. ( 5 ) Richards and and Rhyn, 25: 54: 2896; 21. A. C. Brown, 4, 121: 1738; 22. Freundlich Wadsworth, I1 38: 221, 1658; 16. Cf. Soddy, 58, 107: 41; 21. Egerton and Wreschner, 7, 106: 366; 23. Adsorption of Ra-B, Ra-C, Th-B and and Lee, a, 103: 487; 23. ( 6 ) Rutherford, "Radioactivity," Cambridge, Th-C. Hevesy, 76, 127: 1787; 18. Cranston and Burnett, 4, 119: 2036; 1913, p. 387. ( 7 ) Russ, 4, 17: 540; 09. ( 8 ) B. Bruhat, 199, 6: 67; 09. 21. 121: 2890; 22. Paneth and Vorwerk, 7, 101: 445; 22. Fajans and Cf. Debierne, 199, 4: 213; 07. McLennan, 2, 30: 660; 10. Eckmann, Frankenberg, 7, 105: 255; 23. Absorption of Ra-F, Paneth, 55, 13: 1, 288; 200, 9: 177; 12. Thomsen, 201, 15: 377; 09. Hevesy, 200, 10: 198; 13. 13. Lachs and Werthenstein, 63, 23: 318; 22. Escher, 34, 177: 3, 172; ( 9 ) Leslie, 84, 153: 328; 11. Rutherford, I.e. 23. ( 22 ) Egerton, 5,103: 469; 23. (23) Russell, 4, 24: 134; 12. cf. Schrä( 10 ) Hevesy, 63, 14: 49, 1202; 13. 4, 26: 586; 14. Paneth, 75, 122: 1636; 1X der, 4, 24: 125; 12. ( 24 ) St. Loria, 63, 17: 6; 16. ( 25 ) Wood, 5, 91: 13. The radioéléments probably present in colloidal state. ( ) Gróh 543; 15. Cf. Barrât and Wood, 67, 26: 248; 14. Wood, 4, 28: 808; 14. and Hevesy, 8, 63: 85; 20. Diffusion rate of a mixture of Th-B and Pb In re volatilization of Tn cf. Fleck, 4, 29: 337; 15 and St. Loria, 75, 129: in lead. Th-B used as indicator. ( 12 ) Gróh and Hevesy, 8, 65: 216; 21. 829; 15. Volatilization of RaFH2 and of the hydrides of Ra-B, Th-B Diffusion rate of a mixture of Ra-D and Pb in lead. ( 13 ) Wertenstein and Th-C, Paneth, 25, 51: 1704; 18. 53: 1693; 20. 9, 26: 452; 20. ( 26 ) and Dobrowolska, 51, 4: 324; 23. Diffusion rate of active deposit (prob14 15 Richards and Hall, 1, 42: 1550; 20. cf. Lembert, 9, 26: 59; 20. ( 27 ) ably of oxides). ( ) Hevesy, 68, 12: 1214; 11. 50, 16: 429; 12. ( ) Richards and Schumb, 1, 40: 1403; 18. For Pb(NOa) 2 , nJJ = 1.7815. Klaus, 63, 6: 820; 05. Boyle, Macdonald Phys. Build. Bull., No. 1: 52; ( 28 ) Siegbahn and Stenstrom, 63, 18: 547; 17. Cf. Duane and Shimizu, 10. a of short-lived An and Tn determined by making assumptions only 197,5: 198; 19. Cooksey and Cooksey, 2, 16: 327; 20. In re slight differpartly justified, a of An and Tn probably practically identical with that ence in the wave length of optical spectrum of ordinary Pb and mixtures of of Rn. ( 16 ) Richards and Schumb, 1, 40: 1403; 18. The Raß' used conRaQ and ordinary Pb, cf. Aronberg, 197, 3: 710; 17. 21, 47: 96; 18. tained some common lead, its atomic weight being 206.34. The solubility Harkins and Aronberg, 1, 42: 1328; 20. Merton, 6, 99: 87; 21. 100: of common lead (at. wt. 207.19) was found by the same authors to be 17 84; 21. ( 29 ) Hevesy, 4, 25: 410; 13. 63, 14: 49; 13. 1.7993. Cf. Fajans and Lembert, 98, 95: 297; 16. ( ) Ramstedt, 147, ( 30 ) Hevesy and Paneth, 75, 123: 161 ; 14. Meitner, 63, 12: 1094; 11. Hevesy, II: No. 31; 13. Cf. Arrhenius, 199, 7: 228; 10. Godlewski, 199, 10: 4, 23: 628; 12. Wertensteinowa, 256, 10: No. 6, 771; 17. On the deposi250; 13. Schröder, 4, 24: 131; 12. Hevesy, 9, 19: 291; 13. O 8 ) Hevesy tion of Th-B and Ra-E, Paneth and Hevesy, 75,122: 1037; 13. (31 ) Hevesy and Rona, 7, 89: 294; 15. In re Ra-F, cf. Paneth and Hevesy, 75, 123: and Paneth, 75, 124: 381; 15. ( 32 ) Paneth, O. ( 33 ) Fajans and Lembert, 1050; 13. («) Hevesy, 63, 12: 9; 12. 50, 18: 429; 12. 33, 95: 297; 16. ( 3 4 ) Richards and Schumb, I.e. ( 35 J Hevesy and Obruts( 20 ) Boyle, 4, 17: 389; 09. Ra-B and Th-B between Pb amalgam and heva, 68, 115: 674; 25. Hg(NOa) 2 ;cf.Z. Klemensievicz, 34,158:1889; 14. (21) Paneth,68-, 15:924;

ARTIFICIAL DISINTEGRATION OF THE ELEMENTS G. RUDORF RANGE OF EMITTED HYDROGEN NUCLEI ( 2 > 3, 5)

Disintegration by the splitting off of positively charged hydrogen nuclei by the action of rapidly moving a-particles. (a) Disintegration obtained with B, N, F, Ne, Na, Mg, Al, Si,

T^, , Element

P, S, Cl, A, K (1. 2, 3, 5).

B N F Na Al P Mg, Si, S, Cl, A, K Ne

(6) No disintegration obtained with H, He, Li, C, O, Ni, Cu,

Zn, Sc, Kr, Mo, Pd, Ag, Sn, X, Au, U (2, 3, 5). (c) Doubtful, Be (*> 5).

Forward range in

Backward range in

cms 58 40 65 58 90 65 18-30 16

cms 38 18 48 36 67 49

LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) (1J Rutherford, 3, 37: 581; 19. 5, 97: 374; 20. ( 2 ) Rutherford and Chadwick, 3, 42: 809; 21. ( 3 ) Rutherford and Chadwick, 3, 44: 417; 22; also Rutherford, 4, 121: 400; 22. ( 4 ) Kirsch and Petterson, 75, 132: 299; 24. The values for B, F, Na, P are possibly somewhat in error ( 3 ) but are certainly greater than 40 ( 2 ). 3, 47: 500; 24. ( 5 ) Rutherford and Chadwick, 67, 36: 417: 24.

ELECTRON EMISSION PRODUCED BY RADIATION FROM RADIOACTIVE SUBSTANCES PIERRE AUGER RELATIVE IONIZATION OF GASES BY Po «-RAYS HAVING A 3.8 CM RANGE( 1 J

Gas

7

I Air

I Q2

1

1 1.12 I 0.97 I 1.23 I

1

|

N2

I CO2 I Illuminating gas

0.38

RELATIVE MOLECULAR IONIZATION OF GASES BY ß AND 7 RAYS ( 2 ) Gas Iß I7 Gas

Iß Iy Gas

Iß Iy

I Air I H2 I Q2 |NH 3 |N 2 O| CO2| C 2 N 2 | SO2] CS 2 [C 5 H 1 I l 0.161.170.891.551.60 1.86 2.253.62 4.55 1 .161.16 .90|l 551.58 1.71 |2.27|3.66 4.53 I C6H6 I CH3OH [CH8Br|CHCl3] CH3I | CCl4 [C2H4O

3.95 3.94

1.69 1.75

3.73 3.81

4.94 5.11 4.93 5.37

6.28 2.12 6.33 2.17

I C2H6Cl I C2H5Br [ C2H5I | (C2H5) 2Q | Ni(CQ)4

3.24 3.19

4.41 4.63

P. atm. N1

4.39 4.29

5.90 6.47

5.98

RESIDUAL IONIZATION AS DEPENDENT ON THE PBESSUBE lonization from the walls (a secondary radiation) in air confined for 10 days. NI = number of ions per cm 3 per sec (3).

I O I 10 I 20 I 27 I 40 I 46 I 50 I 60 .. .[ O I 17 I 30 I 38 I 46 I 50 I 50 I 50

NUMBER OF ELECTRONS (Ô-RAYS) LIBERATED BY «-RAYS I = thickness of metal traversed. NE — electrons emitted per incident particle ( 4 ). IQS

C- c

m

NE

m

- » ) I n Al I n Ag I n A~ 81 I 162 I 243 I 324 I 410 I 492 I 570 28.5 591 12.3 | 1223 |ll.9|l4.2J15.0 17.2|l7.8|l8.9J19.4|8.12 13.76 9.82|l8.16

PAIRS OF IONS PRODUCED BY «-RAYS If RQ cms is the range of the a-particle in air, it will produce n pairs of ions, n = noßo^, where no = 6.233 X IO4. Direct measurement for Ra-C' gives n = 2.20 X IO5 ( 5 ). ENERGY Energy of electrons (Sec. /3-rays) emitted by metals subjected to the action of 7-rays from Ra(C + E). Three groups of rays ( 6 ). Metal I Pb I Pt I W I U | Ba Atomic number | 82 | 78 74 | 92 | 56 Energy of the secondary 1.49 1.58 1.66 1.22 rays. Volts X 10~5. 2.03 2.12 2.20 1.74 2.53

___

2.60

2.69 2.76 2.31

SECONDARY /S-BAY VELOCITIES Pb subjected to the action of 7-rays from Ra-B has been found to emit the following secondary ß-rays:

Metal MA, cm-1. •M., cm"1.

Ag | Al 69 14 207 52.5

Au | Cu | Fe | Ni | Pb 118 35 41 52 118 345 105 165 165 345,

RH = g/^02) = 3610, 3250, 2990, 2735, 2225, 2130, 2000, 1935, 1825, 1750, 1620, 1560, 1400, 1240, 1150, 1010, 950, 820, 800 (8). ABSORPTION Absorption of the secondary ß-rays emitted by metals when subjected to the radiation from Ra(B + C). MA for the hard rays, fjLg for the soft rays. Absorbing screen, Al ( 7 ).

LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) C 1 ) F. Hess and M. Horngate, 75, 129: 7; 20. ( 2 ) Klemann, 5, 79: 220; 07. ( 3 ) K. Melvina Downey, 2, 20: 186; 22. ( 4 ) H. Becker, 8, 75: 3, 217; 24. ( 5 ) H. Fonovitz-Smereker, 75, 131: 355; 22. ( 6 ) Ellis, 5, 99: 261; 21. ( 7 ) A. Enderle, 76, 131: 9; 22. ( 8 ) Rutherford, Robinson and Rowlinson, 3, 28: 281; 16.

ENERGY OF RADIOACTIVE PROCESSES STEFAN MEYER HEAT PRODUCTION OF RADIOACTIVE SUBSTANCES Joules per hour per gram of the radioactive element and the decay products . in equilibrium therewith. (1 Joule = 0.239o g-cal.) Rutherci T T> Meyer & TT / O2N ford & J Substance Rays „ . Hess(v ) ^ , . J Hess /A (4) ' Robinson ' (7) Ra a. and recoil 105.5 Rn a and recoil 105. o Ra-A a and recoil 573 467.7 119.7 Ra-B + Ra-C a and recoil 127.6 and ß, 7 211.3 Total

573

573

565

Substance Th U Pitchblende (ca. 64% U)

|

Heat 10.0 X 10~5 4.2 X IO-4 27.2 X IQ"5

|

Lit. (5) (6) (6)

Ellis and Wooster (i) have determined the -y-heat effect of Ra-B to be 3.6; Ra-C, 32.2; total, 36 joules/h. Calculations of the heat effect of ß-a and y-rays have been made by Meitner (3) and Thibaud (8). LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) C 1 ) Ellis and Wooster, 201, Feb. 2, 1925. ( 2 ) Hess, 75, 121: 1419; 12. ( 3 ) Meitner, 218, 12: 1146; 24. ( 4 ) Meyer and Hess, 75, 121: 603; 12. (») Pegram and Webb, 2, 27: 18; 08. 199, 5: 271; 08. ( 6 ) Poole, 3, 19: 314; 10. 21: 58; 11. 23: 183; 12. (7) Rutherford and Robinson, 75, 121: 1491; 12. 3, 25: 312; 13. ( 8 ) Thibaud, 34, 180: 1166; 25.

CHEMICAL EFFECTS OF «-PARTICLES S. C. LIND AND D. C. BARDWELL M is the total number of molecules reacting (on the left hand of the equation, first column); N is the total number of ion pairs produced in the reactants by «-particles.

f*e\'.v f -OTToTffXLeeXio. 3

V = volume in cm of, and D = diameter in cm of, the reaction sphere. F = average intensity of ionization (*). G — specific molecular ionization (air = 1). H — (a -f R)/a where a and R are «-ray and recoil atom effects resp. (2).

= w

[E e

e xt 3

( xO' O ft)+ ^ ~^ - ~ ^ ( ) where E0 = initial radon (in curies), P = pressure (mm Hg), X = decay constant of radon (in reciprocal days) and t — time (in days). Where the quantity of gas in the reaction vessel at atmospheric pressure exceeds the air equivalent of a bulb 2.5 cm in diameter, the ionization is calculated by equations developed by W. Mund (17); slightly modified:1 1

The modified equation is derived by correcting the integration of Mund's function (r) = J* (r — x)%x*dx (equation 5, p. 340). In the large bulbs used by Mund no error was introduced by employing his equation since 2R>r.

I = AT0 (l-e-xt)/c[~rH + ^ r'K + \ r"% - -|= 13rW + r'% + r"5/* L £ £ Z(JIL [ - 3 (r - 2B)* - (r' - 2A)H - (r" - 2B)MJ + ^JJ, -

u"-->*|(T)'+aBr)'}]

/ = Number of ions produced by the three sets of «-particles in the time t. N2 = Number of atoms of radon present initially (t = O) (1 curie = 1.772 X IO16 atoms Rn) R = Radius of reaction bulb in cms. X = Decay constant of radon (as above) k = 6.67 X IO4 ^^ = ionization constant per «-particle as a function of the range (5); i = kr% or kr'*0 or kr"% for Rn, Ra-A, and Ra-C, resp. (air at 760 mm and O0C) r, r', r" = ranges of «-particles from Rn, Ra-A, and Ra-C, resp. Wourtzel's (13) M/N values are recalculated by the Mund equation The values adopted for the number of «-particles per sec per g of radium, and the total ions from one «-particle of Ra-C in its completed path in air are respectively, for column (a) 3.72 X IO10 (4) and 2.37 X IO6 (»), and for (6) 3.40 X IO10 (6» 7; and 2.20 X 10* (8). Other combinations of these numbers give intermediate values of M/N.

Reaction 7 T 'i ,. , I = liquid, g = gas, s = solid

I

——

2H20 + O20-»2H2OZ Dry or moist; at 250C to -750C

M T? •*" i

——

57Ï30705

.

T.

Lilt.

(STTo)

N2f7 and CS

I 7.8 J 18° 1.01 25° 1.0 108° 2.0 220° 2.92 315° 3.15 18° 3.40 I 95° 2.80 220° 2.38 -190° 3.?

\ 95 % to paracyanogen s

2NH80->N20 and 3H2?

H2S0->H2? + Ss H2Ss-^H2? + Ss

f ~78° 18 ° I 22()0

PlST

-1-A 7 N 2 Os-J^ l N 2 f i r JH* + NO^7

2 74 ' 2 21 ' 295

76

H2? + C12?-»2HC1?

400.0

2HCi^+Ci*

H2? + Br20->2HBr0 2HBrZ->H2^ + Br2^ KI in acid soln.-»free 1

—^r

xHCN-^^CN)^ + 5% N2? CN

P N N /, 4- O „-» ! %-^( °)^ 1 C 2 2 ^ + 02^-> { 37% _ c02f/ + N2f7 | 1

01

^ 124

T.

ÎÔTo

Ï2Â

(Hf

70 7.2

Q re (10) no^ 8.5

C2N2^ + f 67% C2N2-^(HCN),s l Ä n no\ Ö U H2g-> [33% C 2 N 2 -^(C 2 N 2 ) x s T • ' • °'0 ' ^ ; v C2H4^->H2gr + hydrocarbons 0, Z, and s 5.0 5.9 (l °) C2H2^->(C2H2)xS + 2% H2^ 19.5 23.0 (i<>) C2H2<7-^(C2H2)xs + l + % H 2 0 r 20.5 24.2 (19) C2H2J7 + H20-»(C2H2)*s (11% H 2 reacted) I 19.6 | 23.1 | (IQ) Catalytic Effect of Inert Gases (io» 20, 21) The —M/N values in the table below give the total number of molecules of reactants disappearing for each ion pair of both M O2H2 catalyst and reactants. Example: -— = 18.7, means N(C 2 H 2 + N2)

that 18.7 molecules of C 2 H 2 polymerize to (C2H2)^s for each ion pair whether formed in the reactant or in the catalyst. With the increasing ratio of catalyst to reactant, a decrease in the —M/N is indicated—probably attributable to exhaustion effects. Values by the (a) method only are given.

Catalysts Pure XT ,T . ~^ TT N2 H Ne A vXe CO2 H2 9.2 (12) gas C2H2 19.5 18.7 20.119.6 18.2 18.5 17.4 19.6 1.19 (l») to to to to 1.2 (i°) 17.8 17.0 16.3 15 O 2.35 (13) C2N2 7.2 7.2 7.2 reacts 3.44 (13) HCN 10.8 10.0 10.0 3.80 O 3 ) 2H2 + O2 5.13 5.0 reacts 4.00 (13) 2CO + O 2 . . . . 5.7 3.9 none 3.30 («) 2.80 (13) LITERATURE 4.? («) (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume)

3 23 ' 2 61 ' 34g

4700

(13 ) (13) (13)

(U)

{?;2 4 ;:s <;:> ,

^ j ^r

(11)

(11)

2H2Og->2H20 + O20 <0.01 «3.01 (") 2H2Os-»2H20 + O2J7 0.05 0.06 (U) CO20-»1% disappearance of gas, no decomposition products 5 X 10~3 6 X 10~3 («) C00-+CO20 + CnO1nS + Cs 1.85 2.18 («) 2COgr + O20-»2CO2<7 at room temperature 5.7 6.7 (i«) 2CO0 + O20->2CO2s at liquid air temp. > 3.1 > 3.7 > (l 8 ) COg + H20-Kiarbohydrate s 3.13 3.7 (i 8 ) CO20 + H20-»carbohydrate s + H2OZ 1.44 1.70 (i*) CO20 + CH40-x;arbohydrate s + H2O/ 0.76 0.90 ( 1 O) CH40->H20 + hydrocarbons g,l and s.. 2.0 2.4 (i O) C2H60-»H20 + hydrocarbons gr,Z and s. 1.7 2.0 (i °) C3H8or-»H20 + hydrocarbons ^Z and s. 1.5 1.8 O °) C4HiOgT + H20 +hydrocarbons g,l and s 1.4 1.6 (1°) CH4? + 202<7-+C020 + H2OZ 4.4 5.2 (io) CH4? + 2020r + [lmol% (CA)2Se]-+ CO 2 ^+ H2OZ 5.7 6.7 (io) 2C8H«0 + 7Otf->COtf + H2OZ 6.8 8.0 (") v(CN) y 2 ^-JSf'^

. i Reaction Z = liquid, g = gas, s = solid 63

86 II 0l '05

OR20/-+2H 07-,9H/i 4 -0 02« 2H g 2flr +

I

0.54 0.64 (16) 2.6 3.1 (16) 0.76 0.90 (")

Reactants

(i) Lind and Bardwell, 1, 45: 2585; 23. (2) Lind and Bardwell, 1, 46: 2003; 24. ( 3 ) Lind, 60, 16: 592; 12. (*) Hess and Lawson, 75, 127: 405; 18. ( s ) Geiger, a, 82A: 486; 09. («) Rutherford and Geiger, 5, 81A: 141; 08. ( 7 ) Geiger and Werner, 96, 21: 187; 24. ( 8 ) Fonovits-Smereker, 75, 131: 355; 23. (») Lind, 1, 41: 531; 19. (io) Lind and Bardwell, O. ( 1 M Duane and Scheuer, 199, 10: 33; 13. ( 1 ^) Lind, Bardwell and Perry, O. ( 1 3 ) Wourtzel, 199, 289: 332; 19. ( 1 4 ) Bodenstein and Taylor, 1, 37: 24; 15. ( 1 5 ) Cameron and Ramsey, 4, 93: 965; 08. ( 1 6 ) Lind, 199, 8: 289; 11. (17) Mund, 327, 44: 336, 25. (i«) Lind and Bardwell, l, 47: 2675 ; 25. O9 ) Mund and Koch, 28, 34: 241 ; 25. (20) Lind and Bardwell, 166, 62: 442; 25. (21) Ibid., 166, 62: 593; 25.

SATURATION CURRENT. ABSORPTION IN LIQUIDS AND SOLIDS STEFAN MEYER SATURATION CURRENT AND NUMBER OF IONS FOR a-RADIATORS The saturation current is I3 = Zke where Z = number of «-particles per sec per unit mass, k = number of ion-pairs per a-particle and e = 4.774 X IQ-10 es. Number of Ions, k Based on the values of Uà-C' and the following alternative Z values for 1 g of Ra: (a) ZRa = 3.72 X IO10 (!»» 2*); (b) ZRa = 3.45 X IO10 (12). k = A X 10* ( 9 , 1 1 , 1 3 , 1 8 , 4 5 , 4 7 )

Element Ui Un Io Ra Rn Ra-A Ra-C Ra-C' Po Pa Rd-Ac AcX

A A — j ——- Element — j —— (a) I (fr) (à) I (b) 1.16 1.25 An 1.95 2.10 1.27 1.37 Ac-A. 2.12 2.28 1.31 1.41 Ac-C 1.88 2.03 1.36 1.47 Ac-C' (2.09?) (2.25?) 1.55 1.67 Th 1.23 1.32 1.77 1.83 Rd-Th 1.53 1.64 (1.47?) (1.58?) Th-X 1.61 1.73 2.20* 2.37* Tn 1.78 1.92 1.50 1.62 Th-A 1.92 2.07 1.44 1.55 Th-C 1.71 1.85 1.69 1.82 T h - C ' . . . . . 2.54 2.73 I 1.61 1.74

* Basic values.

The value of Zu - Zu1 + Ujj may be obtained from #Ra and the basic equilibrium ratio ZRa/Zu = 3.4 X 10~7. The value of ZTH may be calculated from the decay constant of Th. For the following assumed values of the half-life, Ty11 of Th we find for Z Tn : 1-25 X IO10 yrs, 4.5 X IO3 a sec"1; 1.65 X IO10, 3.4 a sec"1; and 2.2 X 1010, 2.6 a see-1. Saturation Current 1. (In Electrostatic Units) (2,3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 20, 26, 31, 32, 34, 43)

Ra Rn Ra-A 9â°Q,%

•3 '*

* I8 =

1.47 0.790.820.94 1.0s

1.3s

0.91

S

4.32 2.3s 2.42 2.75 3.02

3.9l

2.6e

C

â

J8 X 10-« =

o

:

»

2. On the basis of a branching ratio of 3% for the Ac family in equilibrium with l g Ra (1,2,10,15, 16, 17, 23, 30,33,38,41). Element =

Pa Rd-Ac Ac-X

/, x IQ"4 =

7.9s| 9.Oo J8.86

An

99 7 °/ Ac-A ' ~

|l0.7| 11.7 [ 10.4

3. l g U in ores [i.e. U.+ 97% (Io->Ra-G) + 3% (Pa->Ac-D)] is equivalent to /, = 7.30; l g (U3O8-^Ra-G) to 7. = 6.2; and 1 g average ore with 50% UsO8 to /s = 3.1. 4. 1 curie Rn is equivalent to /s = 2.75 X IO6 and 1 curie Rn + J^(Ra-A + Ra-C7) to Is = 6.22 X IO6. 5. In equilibrium with l g Th and based on the following alternative Z values for 1 g Th: (a), Zrh = 4.5 X IO3 a sec"1 and (b), ZTh = 3.4 X IO3 a sec"1. Element

Th Rd-Th

Th-X Tn Th-A ^J£

^t

(a) 0.264 0.329

0.34e 0.382 0.41s 0.129 0.35s

(V) 0.2Oo 0.24s

0.26l 0.2890.3120.097 0.26s

I9 =

RANGE OF a-PARTTCLES IN LIQUIDS AND SOLIDS All values in microns, fj, = 10~4 cm A. IN LIQUIDS From Po (35)

Distances cms| 0-1 | 1-2 | 2-3 | Al 1.90 1.71 1.65 Ag 3.805 3.28 3.10 Au 6.10 4.84 4.44

3-4 [ 4-5 | 1.64 1.63 3.01 2.93 4.25 4.06

5-6 | 6-7 1.62 1.62 2.86 2.81 3.96 3.91

INITIAL VELOCITIES OF RECOIL ATOMS u = AX 107 cm sec""1

• —^

G

Io

Milligrams per cm 2 of foil equivalent to 1 cm air lying between the distances given, measured from end of range. 150C and 1 atm. (29).

p

Element p -

gg

U1 U n

STOPPING POWER EQUIVALENTS OF AIR AND METALS AT DIFFERENT PARTS OF THE PATH OF AN a-RAY

| From Ra-C7 ( 3 ?» 48)

From Ui Un Io Ra Rn Ra-A Ra-C Ra-C' Po Pa Rd-Ac Ac-X

I

To [ A = || Üxi 2 7 3 9 Io 2.54 Ra 2.62 Rn 2.72 Ra-A 2.96 Ra-B 3.16 Ra-C" 2.99 Ra-D 3.66 Ra-G 3.08 Ac 2.74 Ac-X 3.02 An 3.01 |

From | To | A n Ac-A Ac-A Ac-B Ac-C Ac-C" Ac-C' Ac-D Th Ms-Thi Rd-Th Th-X Th-X Tn Tn Th-A Th-A Th-B Th-C Th-C" Th-C' Th-D |

A= 3.36 3.58 3.44 3.61 2.40 2.86 2.99 3.20 3.39 3.26 3.97

RANGES (PENETRATION) OF RECOIL ATOMS Ra-A to Ra-B, 0.14 mm in air; 0.83 mm in H 2 ; ca. 20/zju in Ag (52).

Rn to Ra-A—Ra-C, ca. 10/xM in Cu and Ni ( 1 ^, 40). Th-C to Th-C", at 15° and 1 atm., 0.55s mm in H2; 0.129 mm in air (24). Th-C to Th-D, 15° 1 atm., 0.96s mm in H2; 0.224 mm in air ( 24 ). THE McCOY NUMBER The McCoy number is the ratio of the total a radiation to the uni-directional radiation per cm 2 from a UsOg surface of a-saturated thickness. McCoy (27, 28) found 793 with I8 = 1.74 X 10~3 es per Cm 2 U 3 O 8 and St. Meyer and Paneth -(34) found 790 with I8 = 1.73 X 10~3. These numbers are smaller than the theoretical. LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume)

Il ^ «

.a i « w «

fB i« .« *«

C 1 ) Antonoff, 3, 26: 1058; 13. 199, 10: 406; 13. ( 2 ) Boltwood, 12, 25: 269; 08. ( 3 ) Boltwood and Johnstone, 8, 40: 50; 20. ( 4 ) Brössler, 75, 129: £ Ç C 47; 20. ( 5 ) I. Curie, 34, 176: 1462; 23. («) Flamm and Mache, 76, 121: Ü Ü Ü O ü ü W ü ü O Ü W 227; 12. (7) Flamm and Mache, 7â, 122: 535, 1539; 13. ( 8 ) Fonovits, 75, 128: 761; 19. ( 9 ) Fonovits-Smereker, 75, 131: 355; 22. .Ri6Q 43.037.1 36.7 36.3 34.3 33.0 32.027.9 7.05 70. "63.9 60.0 59.5 (10) Fussier, 2, 9: 142; 17. (") Geiger, 6, 83: 486; 09. 85: 505; 10. ( 12 ) B. IN SOLIDS Geiger and Werner, 96, 21: 187; 24. 88, 5: 12; 24. ( 13 ) Girard, 199, 10: 195; 13. O*) Godlewski, 75, 125: 137; 16. (i*) Guy and Russell, 4, From Ra-C' ( 49 » 50 » 5 M 123: 2618; 23. ( i 6 ) Hahn and Meitner, 63, 20: 529; 19. 218, 7: 611. Solid || Li Mg I AI I Ca I Fe I Ni [ C u | Zn 25, 52: 1812; 19. (17) Hahn and Meitner, 25, 54: 69; 21. 96, 8: 202; 22. fliso H 129.1 57.8 I 40.6 | 78.8 | 18.7 | 18.4 | 18.3 22.8 (i 8 ) Henderson, 8, 42: 538; 21. O 9 ) Hess and Lawson, 75, 127: 405, 461, 535, 599; 18. 96, 24: 402; 24. S, 48: 200; 24. Solid Ag I Cd I Sn | Pt | Au | Tl Pb (20) Hornyak, 75, 130: 135; 21. (*i) Ikeuti, 3, 32: 129; 16. ( 2 2 ) Kinoshita fliso I 19.2 I 24.2 I 29.4 | 12.81 14.0 | 23.3 | 24.1 and Ikeuti, 3, 29: 420; 15. ( 23 ) Kirsch, 75, 129: 309 ; 20. ( 2 * ) Kolhörster, 96, 2: 257; 20. ( 2 5 ) Kovarik, 2, 23: 559; 24. ( 2 6 ) Maracineanu, 34, C. IN PHOTOGRAPHIC PLATES 177: 682; 23. ( 2 ?) McCoy, *, 20: 381; 05. 24: 124; 07. 3, 11: 177; 06. ( 28 ) McCoy and Ashman, 12, 26: 521; 08. 199, 5: 362; 08. ( 2 9 ) Marsden Source Ra-A | Ra-C7 | Th-C | Po and Richardson, 3, 25: 184; 13. ( 30 ) Meyer, 75, 129: 483; 20. ( 3 M Meyer and Hess, 75, 120: 1187; 11. ( 3 2 ) Type of plate Ilford ^^ Hford Sigurd Meyer and Hess, 75, 121: 603; 12. ( 3 3 ) Meyer and Hess, 75, 128: 909; 19. ( 3 ^) Meyer and Paneth, 75, 121: 1403; 12. ( 3 5 ) Michl, 75, 123: 1955, Ai6° 34.8 50.0 50.7 54 48.2 27.7 23~ 1965; 14. ( 36 ) Muhlestein, 149, 4: 38; 22. ( 3 ?) Philipp, 96, 17: 23; 23. Lit (21) (36) (21) (21) (22) (36) (35) ( 38 ) Piccard and Kessler, 149, 5: 491; 23. ( 3 9 ) Richter, 75, 128: 539; 19. ( 4 0 ) Rie, 75, 130: 283; 21. ( 4 M Rona, 25, 55: 294; 22. (* 2 ) Russell and 53 D. PLEOCHROITIC HALOES v. ( ) Widdowson, 3, 46: 915; 23. ( 43 ) Rutherford, "Radioactive Substances,"

Liquid

p. 523; 13. ( 44 ) Rutherford, "Radioactivity," p. 156; 04. ( 45 ) Rutherford, 3, 10: 193; 05. (*•) Sahni, S, 29: 836; 15. (*?) Taylor, S, 23: 670; 12. (48) Traubenberg and Philipp, 96, 5: 404; 21. («) Traubenberg, 96, 5: 396; 21. (SO) Traubenberg, 68, 21: 588; 20. ( 51 ) Traubenberg, 96, 2: 268; 20. ( 5 2 ) Wertenstein, Thesis Pans, 13. ( 53 ) Duane, 241, 61: 286; 22. Gudden, 818, 12: 940; 24. Dis*. Göttingen, 19. P^, 56: 422; 21. 96, 26: 110; 24. Hirschi, 94, 12: 939; 24. 242, 64: 65; 19. 65: 209; 20. Hovermann, Diss. Göttingen, 12. 190, Beil., 34: 321; 12. JoIy, Congr. intern. Rad.

Bruxelles (1910) 1: 370; 11. "Halley Lecture," Oxford, Clarendon Press; 24. 08, 99: 456, 476, 17. 109: 517, 578, 711; 22. 114: 160; 24. 94, 12: 693; 24. 3, 13: 381; 07. 19: 327; 10. 5, 102: 682; 23. JoIy and Fletcher, S, 19: 630; 10. JoIy and Poole, 68, 104: 92; 19. JoIy and Rutherford, 3, 25: 644; 13. Mennell, 58, 82: 68; 09. Mügge, 188, 11: 1;23. 10: 78; 19. 11: 110; 22. 189, 71; 65, 113, 142; 09. 69: 397; 07. Rudge, 58, 88: 167; 11. Rutherford, S, 19: 192; 10. Rayleigh, 58, 108: 279; 21. Schmidhuber, Mût. Oberrhein, geol. Ver. N.F., 5: 35; 15. Weber, 189, 75: 388; 23.

RADIOACTIVE RADIATIONS IN GASES R. D. KLEEMAN I. RANGE AND VELOCITY OF «-RAYS IN GASES AT 1 ATMOSPHERE T At 2° and 1 atm., Rt = RO ô i RANGE IN AIR AT 0° AND 1 ATM. (l 3) From

I U1 | Un Io | Ra Rn [Ra-A l2.53l|2.9103.028|3.212|3.907|4.476

R0, cms

'

From

R 0 ,cms

Ra-C'

Ra-CS* Ra-C'2*

I 6.608 I

8.8

| 10.6

T>„ TP

p~*'

Pa

Rd-Ac

| 3.721 |3.482| 4.432 24

II. NATURE OF PATH The path of an a-particle may undergo sudden bends ( 4 » 26 » 29). The table gives the number of bends (whose angles lie between the limits Oi — 62) for path-lengths (between bends) within the limits Ii — 12) for 281 Ra-F a-rays in air containing 75% A. The unit of I is H26 cm. 0° and 1 atm. (3). Qi-Oz = ^ 7

^

* Two new «-rays from Ra-C' by the scintillation method ( ).

From

I Th-X | Tn |Th-A) Th-Cj Th-C7 I 4.127 |4.799|5.387|4.538| 8.168

From R0, cms

MEASURED RANGES IN OTHER GASES [I

Gas Ruo

From Ra-C' | From Po Air | Q2 | H 2 | He | Air | O2 | H 2 6.93 to 6.26 30.93 32.54 3.76 to 3.43 16.8

I

6.97 Lit

3.95

(12,15, 17, 27)

(27)

(27)

(27)

(9,12,14, 16, 18, 19,

(21, 27)

(21, 27)

20, 21, 22» 23, 27)

I]

From Po

Gas Ri6Q

H He I N 2 I CH4 CO | CO2 | NO | SQ2 JCH3Br || 17.62 I 3.82 | 4.18 | 3.70 2.49 [ 3.41 j 2.08 | 1.86

Lit

H

(27)

I

(21)

I (21)

I (21)

(21)

I (21)

3-7

I

11

I

20

I

22

8

I

7-15

I

21

I

17

I

16

5

I

15-30

I

12

I

8

I

7

2

I

(21) |

(21)

For range of recoil atoms, see p. 368.

Distribution of Ranges.—This follows a probability law. Thus the most probable range for a Ra-F ( = Po) a-ray is 3.85 cm at 15° and 1 atm.; 90% lie between 3.75 and 3.95, and 60% between 3.8 and 3.9 (8). For long range particles from Th-C, Ac-C, and Ra-F, v. (2). I. Curie ( 8 - 5 ) found for a very narrow beam for Po, the range A7^J = 3.87 cm, as against the much greater value of H. Geiger, R7^ = 3.925 cm. Velocity of a-particles.—The velocity, U1 of any a-ray may be computed from the relation u3 = aR where a is a constant and R the length of the remaining path ("). Taking u = 1.922 X IO9 cm sec"1 ( 25 ) as the initial velocity of the a-particles from Ra-C', at 0° and 1 atmosphere in air, this becomes u = 1.024e X 1O9A^ where R is the range. Example: A0 for Th-C; in air is 8.168 cm (Table 1, supra). Hence u = 1.024e X IO9 X \/&ï08 = 2.064 cm sec"1, thé initial velocity. The following values of u X IO"9 at 0° and 1 atm. have been directly measured: Ra-A, 1.690 (28); Ra-C', 1.922 (25); po, 1.593 (7); Th-C, 1.714 (30); Th-C', 2.060 (30). S. Rosenblum (22.5) determined directly the ratio of the initial velocities of the aparticles from Th-C—Th-C' = 1.209. For velocity of recoil atoms see p. 368.

I

13

I

7

I

6

7

I

20

I

3

I

I

8

|

5

5

61 - 02 = I 10°-200 I 20°-300 1300-180°j 30-100

IAc-X I An |Ac-A|Ac-C| Th [Rd-Th |4.141|5.487|6.24l|5.224|2.749| 3.810

R0, cms

I 20°-30° I 30°-4Q° | 40°-50° i 50°-60° | 60°-700 | 70°-8Q0 | 8Q°-9Q0 | 9Q°-180°

"

3

The ionization along the path of a ß particle varies inversely as the square of the velocity of the particle (28.5). The table gives the number, AT1, of ions produced by a ray per first cm of path (13.5). e = 4.774 x 10~10 es. Source

U 76 Coefficients of absorption, X, of ß rays in air and COz at 1 atm. and 22° ("-S). N1

| Ac-C" | Th-C" | Ra-B | Ra-C | Ra-E 1 132 I 132 I 130 I 105 | 67

Substance Ai^Xincm-1 Air, X in (g/cm2)-1 CO2, X in cm'1 CQ2, X in (g/cm2)-1 Substance

| Ra-E | Ac-C" | Th-C" | U-X2 0.01520.0091 0.0068 0.0065 12.70 7.60 5.68 5.43 0.0297 .0.0175 0.0129 0.0114 16.31 9.62 __7.08 6.26 U-Xi

Ra-D

very Th-B Ac-B soft Air, X in cm"1 0.12 0.097 0.64 0.090 (K3Ì Air, X in (g/cm 2 )- 1 .... 100 81 535 75 260 CO27XmCm-1 0.23 0.183 1.69 0.142 CO2, X in (g/cm2)-1. . . 126 101 930 78 _ Coefficient of absorption X in cm"1 of y rays from Ra-C' in air at 1 atm. and 22° is 0.447 X 10-* ( 17 * 5 ).

S

A

0.951 Ra-C' .934Ra-A .930 .24 .22Ra-F .201 .1757 1.330 .989Ra-C' .982Ra-A .99Ra-F .586 1.064Ra-C' 1.057 Ra-A 1.08Ra-F 1.804 1.00 . 77 Ra-F 1.82Ra-F 1.46 1.11Ra-F

N2 Ne O2 O2 Xe Air H2O SO2 N2O N2O

Method

Gas

!Method

Gas

S

1

CO

3 1 2 1 3 3 1

CO CO2

.985 Ra-C' .976 Ra-A 1.02Ra-F 1.505Ra-C' 1.488Ra-A 1.52Ra-F 0.860 Ra-C' .880 Ra-A .91 Ra-F 4.00 2.18 3.16 2.03 2.04 Ra-F 2.58 1.118Ra-C' 1.121Ra-A 1.122 Rn + Ra 1.349Ra-C' 1.369Ra-A 1.379Rn

2 3 1 2 3 1 2 2 1 2

CO2 CH4 - CH4 CCl4 CS2 CHCl3 CH3Br CH3Br CH3I C2H2

C2H4

S

Gas

1.405Ra 2.371Ra-C' 2.385Ra-A 3.12 1.514Ra-C' 1.526Ra-A

C2H6Cl C2H5I C2H6

1

2 1 1 1 1 2 1 1

1

1 1

S

Gas

C2H6O C 4 Hi 0 O C5H12 C6H6

2.00 3.437Ra-C' 3.471 Ra-A 3.544Ra-C' 3.595Ra-A 3.33

1 1 1 1_

LITERATURE

2 1 2 1

1

Method]

ß = ^^f for the same temperature and pressure (6). RAÌT 1. lonization method ( 5 ). 2. Track-condensation method using Ra-F (21). 3. Scintillation method, a-rays of #15° 6.15 cm C 1 ).

A H2 H2 He He Kr N2

Method!

IV. STOPPING POWER OF GASES

7->

(For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) (M Bates, 5, 106: 622; 24. ( 2 ) Bates and Rogers, 5, 105: 97; 24. ( 3 ) Blackett, 5, 102: 294; 22. ( 4 ) Blackett, 5, 103: 62; 23. ( 5 ) Bragg, 3, 10: 617; 06. 3, 13: 333; 07. Studies in Radioactivity, p. 65, (Macmillan, London). (6) Bragg and Kleeman, 3, 10: 318; 05. ( 7 ) Curie, 34, 175: 220; 22. (*) Curie, 34, 176: 434; 23. 61, 4: 170; 23. ( 8 * 5 ) Curie, 250, No. 212; 25. ( 9 ) Dawson, 75, 124: 509; 15. ( 10 ) Geiger, 5, 82: 486; 09. O 1 ) Geiger, 5, 83: 505; 10. ( 1 2 ) Geiger, 96, 8: 45; 21. ( 13 ) Geiger, 96, 8: 45; 21. ( 13 - 5 ) Geiger and Kovarik, 3, 22: 604; 11. ( 14 ) Geiger and Nuttall, 3, 22: 613; 11. ( 15 ) Geiger and Nuttall, 3, 24: 647; 12. ( 16 ) Hahn, 63, 7: 412, 456, 557; 06. St 11. 793; 12: 82, 244; 06. ( 1 ^) Henderson, 3, 42: 538; 21. (17.5) Hess, 63, 12: 1000; 11. ( 18 ) Kovarik, 199, 11! 69; 14. 2, 3: 148; 14. ( 18 - 5 ) Kovarik, 2, 6: 419; 15. ( 19 ) Kucera and Masek, 63, 7: 337, 630, 650; 06. ( 2 0 ) Levin, 63, 7: 519; 06. ( 21 ) Van der Merwe, 3, 45: 379; 23. ( 2 2 ) Meyer, Hess and Paneth, 75, 123: 1459; 14. ( 2 2 - 5 ) Rosenblum, 34, 180: 1332; 25. ( 2 3 ) Rothesteiner, 75, 125: 1257; 16. ( 2 4 ) Rutherford and Chadwick, 3, 48: 509; 24. ( 2S ) Rutherford and Robinson, 3, 28: 552; 14. ( 2 6 ) Shimizu, 5, 99: 425, 432; 21. ( 2 ^) Taylor, 3, 26: 402; 14. ( 28 ) Tunstall and Mackower, 3, 29: 259; 15. (28.5) Wilson, 5, 85: 240; 11. (*») Wilson, 6, 87: 277; 12. 30 ( ) Wood, 3, 30: 702; 15.

ABSORPTION AND DIFFUSION OF 0-RAYS IN LIQUIDS AND SOLIDS PIERRE AUGER Absorption Coefficients.—If J0 be the initial intensity, and Ix the intensity after screen thickness x is traversed, Ix — /0e~xM where //, the absorption coefficient, varies slightly with the thickness traversed, d = density. ABSORPTION BY AL Source g, cm"1 Lit

Source M,

1

cm"

| Ra-D | Th-A Ra-E | Ac-C | Th-D| Ra-C 1 130 I 111.0 I 43.3 | 28.5 | 16.3 | 13.5 I (12) Ra B very " Rb Ra U-X1U-X2 soft Soft I Hard I 5500 I 91 I 13 I 347 | 312 | 500 j 15

I (13)

Lit

I

(6)

I (10)

(9)

I (5)

I

RANGE IN ALUMINUM OF /S-RAYS OF VARIOUS VELOCITIES (LINEAR EXTRAPOLATION) (l 5 ) RH Range in cm

I 1380 I 1930 | 2535 | 3170 | 3790 | 4400* | 0.018 j 0.064 0.124 I 0.189 | 0.279 0.360

RH Range in cm

I 5026 I 6230 | 7490 | 8590 |ll"370 | 0.440 | 0.580 | 0.785 0.925 | 1.36

Velocity Decrease.—R = Radius of curvature of the /3-ray in a magnetic field of N units and field force H gauss. ARH is the change in RH due to a screen of 0.01 g cm"2 and is proportional to the velocity.

A/? J-f

According to Bohr, —— us = a

constant,

K.

14

u = the velocity of the particle, and c that of light ( ).

(5)

DECREASE

OF VELOCITY FOR /S-RAYS FROM RA-B AND RA-U

ABSORPTION OF /S-RAYS FROM U-X (U) RH \ ARH I K I ARH \ K \ ARH \ K Screen material. || Ag | Al | C | Ca| Cd| Fe | Ir | Mg | Ni | Pb" No screen Mica screen Sn screen | Au screen /iMcm 2 g- 1 ||7.3l|4.13.75|6.3|7.4|6.6l|9.5 4.0 |6.35J9.75 Ï392 138.1 34.8 89.2 22.8 Screen material 11 Rh | S | Sb | Sn| Ta| Zn| NH4Cl] CaSO2 SrSO4 »/a, cm2 g-i... || 7.0|4.527.74|7.68.9|6.4| 5.2 | 4.95 | 6.50 Screen material || BaCl21 BaSO4J NaCl | KF | KCl | KBr | KI n,/d, cm2 g"1 J l 8.07 I 7.7 | 4.68 | 4.8 | 4.88| 6.1 | 7.8 7

n/d

ABSORPTION OF /S-RAYS OF RA-E ( ) Screen | C | Al | Cu [ Mo | Ag | Sn I 15.8 I 16.9 I 19.2 | 21.0 | 21.7 j 22.1

If N is the atomic number of the screening element, IJL/d = 15 + 0.142 N.

1660 1925 2235 2960 3260 4840 5255 5880 6160 7060

34.7 33.1 36.2 43.5 41 39.9 42.2 38 36.7 35.4

101.4 78 72.6 66.7 59.2 47.3 49.3 43.1 41 38.4 2

3 8

Dispersion of /3-rays ( » » ).

67.4 56.8

23.4 24.1

37.6 37.8 32.2

31.7 32.5 28.6

30.2

27.8

32.2

27.3

32.6

29

LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) O) von Boeyer, 63, 23: 485; 12.. ( 2 ) Bothe, 96, 6: 368; 23. ( 3 ) Crowther and Schonland, o, 100: 526; 22. ( 4 ) Danysz, 61, 3: 949; 13. ( 5 ) Fajans and Gohring, 63, 14: 877j 13. ( 6 ) Fajans and Makower, S, 23: 292; 12.

( 7 ) Fournier, 34, 180: 284; 25. ( 8 ) Geiger and Bothe, 96, 6: 205; 21. ( 9 ) Hahn and Meitner, 63, 10: 741; 09. ( 10 ) Hahn and Rothenback, 63, 20: 197; 19. ( 1 M Jungenfeld, 63, 14: 507; 13. C 1 2 ) Kovarik, 3, 20: 849; 10. ( 13 ) Meitner, 63, 16: 272; 15. ( 1 4 ) Rawlinson, S, 30: 627; 15. ( 1S ) Varder, 3, 29: 725; 15. ( 16 ) Wilson, 5, 34: 141; 10.

WAVE LENGTHS OF y-RAYS E* VON SCHWEIDLER GENERAL RELATIONS A wave length of X milli-Angstroms (10~3 A = 10~n cm = 1 .X-unit), corresponds to: A Frequency O) = 2.9986 X 1O21A see"1 An Energy (E = hv} = 1.9653 'K)-6A ergs

X, in 1Q-3Â

1O7A volts

A Potential (p = ~\ = 1.2344

which the ß-rays originate. Sometimes it is assumed that the /3-rays are primary and produce secondary 7-rays of energy Ey = Eß. The energy of the /3-rays is obtained from their magnetic deflections. 66

Lit

4

The equivalent electron velocity as a fraction of the velocity of light,

00

X. in 1Q-3 A

~ .J ~ (rrepy

hv = — = E = Pe = C 2 m 0 F

x

Lit

,

l

LVI - ß 2

- ll

X, in 1Q-3Â

J'

X, in IQ- 3 A. .|l365m|l349m|l315 s 1286 s|l266 s|l219 s|ll96m y, deg. min.. .|14° O0'|l3° 52'|l3° 31'|13° 14'|13° 00' 12° 31'|l2° 16' X, in 10- 3 A. . 1175 g 1141m 1100 s 1074 s 1055 s 1029m 1006m
(6) Hard Radiations from Ra-B + Ra-C, Sec. 1. Radiations from Ms-Th and its products, Sec. 2. X, in IQ" ÂT7!
428 (393) (324) 296 262 242 229 196 4° 22e 4° OQ7 3° 18' 3° PO' 2° 40' 2° 28' 2° 20' 2° OQ' Probably 2nd K-series J specorder trum to 196 and 159

X, in IQ-« A
169 g 159 g 137 116 99 g 1° 43' 1° 37' 1° 24' I0Il' I0OQ' K-line

71 43'

72 66 41' 37.5' Using calcite ( 18 )

Ra-C? | Ra-B? 48 37 28 27.5' 2l' W Using calcite C 1 *)

(22)

42.Om

(29)

(22)

(26)

168 g | 145 g | 62 s | 52 m to RdTh

to ThB

(M* WAVE LENGTHS CALCULATED FROM THE ENERGY OF /3-RAYS Primary 7-rays of energy Ey produce in the disintegrating atom itself, or in other atoms, secondary /3-rays of energy Eß = Ey-A1 where A is the work of removal and depends upon the level from

(26)

(26,29)

35.6 35.2 g + <À

_lP

209? 52.1?

(22)

9^

(26)

(26)

32.0

30.2

29.0

(16)

(22)

(29)

(26)

45.4 37.5

(26)

(16)

(16)

24.9 24.3 21.2 20.6

20.4

20.3 16.2? 10.93 g

(I«)

(29)"

(26)

(29)

(29) ' tì

X. in 1Q-3Â Lit

(29)

(22)

~^~)

(29)

7.00s 6.94 g 5.56? g

(29)

(29)

(29)

269

(29)

^

(13)

g

171

59.7 53.0 37.1

37.0

29.7 26.9 g

i

(22)

(22)

(22)

(22)

(22)

(29)

^"

&

X, in 1Q-3Â.. ..

g

147

Lit

^

(13)

PH

24.5

X. in 1Q-3Â Lit

* (16)

§

H

21.3 ~!**)

52.9g

52

(29)

(13)

41.6 41.3 s

*

(16)

9

(29)

U 13.6g 13.5g 12.8m +^ (29)

I

(29)

(29)

§

H

H

45.2s (29)

4.84

4.71

(34)

(34)

EFFECTIVE WAVE LENGTHS CALCULATED FROM ABSORPTION AND SCATTERING The ordinary or "apparent" absorption coefficient, /*' = n +
~ ^ H I

51.9 51.3 m

42.6

10.Q s 9.93 g

X, in 10- A.. 982 g 953m 917s 853m 838m 809m 793m y, deg. min.. . 10° 03' 9° 45' 9° 23' 8° 43' 8° 34' 8° 16' 8° 06'

58 33'

155 (26)

48.Os

(26)

DETERMINED WITH CRYSTAL X, in 1Q-8 A GRATINGS Lit
3). Corre- Lit sponding to L-series of elements of atomic Nos. 82 and 83, according to Swinne ( 5 ) and Wagner (6).

X, i n l Q - a Â . . .
174 (26)

49.8? 44.4? 28.9?

Lit

LENGTHS

3

230 (26)

tf i

$ee p. 17 for values of basic constants. WAVE

1

tf «

9

1

(14,28)

RA-C

Xeff., J n I Q - A Cale, from

<63 | <60 | 120-60 | 80-30 | Abs. | Abs. | Scat. | Abs.

Lit

I 3

(7)

I

(9)

I (12«) I (l5bf

Xeff., J n I Q - A Cale, from

I 30-25 I 21 [ 24 [ 8 | 19 1Ô1T | Scat. | Abs. | Abs. | Scat. | Scat.

Lit

I (*2b) I (31) I

(33)

I

(32a,32b)

LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) (l) Shaw, 3, 26: 190; 13. ( 2 ) Rutherford and Andrade, 58, 92: 267; 13. ( 3 ) Rutherford and Andrade, 3, 27: 854; 14. (*) Rutherford and Andrade,

3, 28: 263; 14. ( 5 ) Swinne, 63, 17: 481; 16. ( 6 ) Wagner, 63, 18: 405, 432, 461, 468; 17. ( 7 ) Rutherford, 3, 34: 153; 17. (») Glocker, 63, 19: 66; 18. 249, 25: 421; 19. ( 9 ) Kohlrausch, 63, 19: 345; 18. (ioa) Treitel, Diss. Heidelberg; 20. ( l o b ) Prelinger, 75, 130: 279; 21. C 11 ) Ellis, 5, 99: 261; 21. ( 12 ) Compton, 2, 13: 296; 19. 3, 41: 749; 770, 21. ( 13 ) Meitner, 96, 9: 131, 145; 22. ( 14 ) Meitner, 818, 10: 381; 22. ( 15 ) Smekal, 96, 10: 275; 22. ( 16 ) Ellis, 5, 101: 1; 22. 201, 21: 121; 22. 96, 10: 303; 22. ( 1 ^) Meitner, 96, 11: 35; 22. ( 18 ) Kovarik, 2, 19: 433; 22. ( 19 ) Madgwick, 248, 6: 136; 21. (*°) Meitner, 96, 17: 54; 23. ( 2 1 ) Hahn and Meitner, 96, 17: 157; 23. ( 2 2 )

de Broglie and Cabrera, 34, 174: 939; 22. 34, 176: 295; 23. ( 2 3 ) Wmgardh, 96, 20: 315; 23. ( 2 4 ) Warburton and Richtmyer, 2, 22: 539; 23. &, 23: 291; 24. ( 2 S ) Jauncy, 2, 22: 233; 23. ( 2 6 ) Ellis and Skinner, 6, 105: 60, 165, 185; 24. ( 2 ?) Smekal, 96, 25: 265; 24. (2**) Hahn and Meitner, 96, 26: 161; 24. ( 2 s b ) Meitner, 96, 26: 169; 24. ( 29 ) Thibaud, 34, 178: 1706; 24. 34, 179: 165, 815, 1052, 1322; 24. 34, 180: 138; 25. 250, 209: 8; 24. (30) Allen, 2, 23: 291; 24. ( 31 ) Owen, Fleming and Fage, 67, 36: 355; 24. (32a) Ahmad, 5, 105: 507; 24. ( 32b ) Ahmad and Stoner, 5, 106: 8; 24. ( 33 ) Gray, 68, 115: 13, 86; 25. (3*i Black, 08, 115: 226; 25.

RADIOACTIVE RADIATIONS FROM ORDINARY METALS R. B. MOORE /3-rays only are emitted spontaneously, the emission being an atomic property independent of the temperature.

construction of sensitive instruments for radioactive measurements. Ca, Ba, Sr, C, Cl, Br, Cu, Fe, Pb, Mg, Mn, Ni, Ag, Zn. W, Ta, La, Se, As, Sn. Au, Sb, Al and Hg are inactive ( 10 ).

ACTIVITY OF K IN ARBITBARY UNITS ( 4 )

3. NOTES

1. POTASSIUM AND RUBIDIUM

Salt %K Activity K/'Act

I K2SO4[ KI I KBr | KCl KF | KClO31 KNO 3 44.91 23.58 32.87 52.48 67.32 28.91 28.69 37.8 21 27.8 42.2 54.0 25.5 30.6 118 |112 [118 |124 123 110 126

ABSORPTION OF THE /^-RADIATION (6) X = absorption coefficient cm"1, d = density of absorbent \/d for /3-rays from K \/d for /3-rays from Rb ByK 2 SO 4 11.32 ByRb 2 SO 4 96.7 By Sn (90% of the rays). . 14 By paper (90% of the By Sn (10 % of the rays).. 90 rays) 162 By paper (10% of the rays) . 950 ABSORPTION OF /S-RAYS FROM RB BY PAPER (5) W = wt. paper/cm2. I0, intensity of the initial radiation; Ip, that of the emergent radiation. W. . . .1 0|0.001530.0030510.004580.00764|0.01070.0153|0.0198 IP/IP.. 10.725 0.545 0.422 0.260 0.159 |0.087 0.034 2. CAESIUM, SODIUM, LEAD, IRON AND ZINC Cs and Na are not radioactive ( 8 » 9 » 10). Ordinary Pb shows a slight, very old Pb only a trace of activity. On account of their exceptionally small activity Fe and Zn are recommended for

O. Hahn and M. Rothenbach (3) compared Rb salts of various ages but no difference in activity was detected. The Rb rays were found to be more penetrating than the /3-rays of UXi, but not so penetrating as those of Ra. The ratio of the intensity of the Rb rays to those of UXi is 1:15. The half-life of rubidium is calculated to be IO11 years and that of potassium 3 to 7 times greater. The absorption coefficient in Al of K is from 39.6 to 55.4 as foil thickness increases from 0.0135 to 0.0405 cm. Rb decreases from 593 to 522 as foil increases from 0.0017 to 0.0051 cm. According to Bergwitz (1) the velocity of the Rb rays is 1.85 X 10~10 cm-sec"1 Ringer ( 7 ) states that pure K and Rb give off homogeneous /3-rays, the K rays having 10 times the penetrating power of the Rb rays. Harkins and Guy ( 10 ) give this figure as from 10 to 15 and state that the radiation from Rb is slightly heterogeneous. Geiger ( 2 ) found that the saturation current from RbCl is the same at room temperature and at liquid-air temperatures. LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) O) Bergwitz, 63, 14: 655; 13. ( 2 ) Geiger, 75, 132: 69; 23. ( 3 ) Hahn and Rothenbach, 68, 20: 194; 19. ( 4 ) Henriot, 34, 151: 1751; 10. ( 5 ) Henriot, 34, 152: 1384; 11. ( 6 ) Henriot, Thesis, Paris, 1912. (?) Ringer, Onderà PhysioL Scheikunde 1: 24; 21. ( 8 ) Ringer, Arch. Neerland. physiol. 7: 431 ; 22. (9) Zwaardemaker, 6Jf, 26: 575; 23. (* °) Harkins and Guy, 197, 10: 11; 25.

DISTRIBUTION OF RADIOACTIVE MATERIALS IN THE ATMOSPHERE, THE HYDROSPHERE AND THE LITHOSPHERE HERMAN SCHLUNDT TABLE OF CONTENTS The Atmosphere The Hydrosphere Springs and well waters and gases The Lithosphère Minerals Rocks Igneous Rocks Metamorphic Rocks Sedimentary Rocks, Earthy Materials, Coals, Salt Oceanic Oozes, etc Rocks from Tunnels Spring Deposits Meteorites Natural Gases

372 373

RADON IN THE ATMOSPHERE Method A: Rn absorbed in charcoal. Method B: Rn condensed with liquid air. Method C: Rn directly determined in large ionization chamber. Method D: Rn computed from active deposit on negatively charged wire.

377 377 379 379 379 379 380 380 380

Place

Montreal, Can Montreal, Can Cambridge, Eng

Micro-micro Curies (10~12 Curies) Rn per cubic meter 24-127, Mean, 80 Mean, 60 35-350, Mean, 105

Mgth e

, "

Number of déterminations

A A A

Lit.

(2ÏJ 50 during 1907-8 60 during 6 mos

(22) (93)

3, 28: 263; 14. ( 5 ) Swinne, 63, 17: 481; 16. ( 6 ) Wagner, 63, 18: 405, 432, 461, 468; 17. ( 7 ) Rutherford, 3, 34: 153; 17. (») Glocker, 63, 19: 66; 18. 249, 25: 421; 19. ( 9 ) Kohlrausch, 63, 19: 345; 18. (ioa) Treitel, Diss. Heidelberg; 20. ( l o b ) Prelinger, 75, 130: 279; 21. C 11 ) Ellis, 5, 99: 261; 21. ( 12 ) Compton, 2, 13: 296; 19. 3, 41: 749; 770, 21. ( 13 ) Meitner, 96, 9: 131, 145; 22. ( 14 ) Meitner, 818, 10: 381; 22. ( 15 ) Smekal, 96, 10: 275; 22. ( 16 ) Ellis, 5, 101: 1; 22. 201, 21: 121; 22. 96, 10: 303; 22. ( 1 ^) Meitner, 96, 11: 35; 22. ( 18 ) Kovarik, 2, 19: 433; 22. ( 19 ) Madgwick, 248, 6: 136; 21. (*°) Meitner, 96, 17: 54; 23. ( 2 1 ) Hahn and Meitner, 96, 17: 157; 23. ( 2 2 )

de Broglie and Cabrera, 34, 174: 939; 22. 34, 176: 295; 23. ( 2 3 ) Wmgardh, 96, 20: 315; 23. ( 2 4 ) Warburton and Richtmyer, 2, 22: 539; 23. &, 23: 291; 24. ( 2 S ) Jauncy, 2, 22: 233; 23. ( 2 6 ) Ellis and Skinner, 6, 105: 60, 165, 185; 24. ( 2 ?) Smekal, 96, 25: 265; 24. (2**) Hahn and Meitner, 96, 26: 161; 24. ( 2 s b ) Meitner, 96, 26: 169; 24. ( 29 ) Thibaud, 34, 178: 1706; 24. 34, 179: 165, 815, 1052, 1322; 24. 34, 180: 138; 25. 250, 209: 8; 24. (30) Allen, 2, 23: 291; 24. ( 31 ) Owen, Fleming and Fage, 67, 36: 355; 24. (32a) Ahmad, 5, 105: 507; 24. ( 32b ) Ahmad and Stoner, 5, 106: 8; 24. ( 33 ) Gray, 68, 115: 13, 86; 25. (3*i Black, 08, 115: 226; 25.

RADIOACTIVE RADIATIONS FROM ORDINARY METALS R. B. MOORE /3-rays only are emitted spontaneously, the emission being an atomic property independent of the temperature.

construction of sensitive instruments for radioactive measurements. Ca, Ba, Sr, C, Cl, Br, Cu, Fe, Pb, Mg, Mn, Ni, Ag, Zn. W, Ta, La, Se, As, Sn. Au, Sb, Al and Hg are inactive ( 10 ).

ACTIVITY OF K IN ARBITBARY UNITS ( 4 )

3. NOTES

1. POTASSIUM AND RUBIDIUM

Salt %K Activity K/'Act

I K2SO4[ KI I KBr | KCl KF | KClO31 KNO 3 44.91 23.58 32.87 52.48 67.32 28.91 28.69 37.8 21 27.8 42.2 54.0 25.5 30.6 118 |112 [118 |124 123 110 126

ABSORPTION OF THE /^-RADIATION (6) X = absorption coefficient cm"1, d = density of absorbent \/d for /3-rays from K \/d for /3-rays from Rb ByK 2 SO 4 11.32 ByRb 2 SO 4 96.7 By Sn (90% of the rays). . 14 By paper (90% of the By Sn (10 % of the rays).. 90 rays) 162 By paper (10% of the rays) . 950 ABSORPTION OF /S-RAYS FROM RB BY PAPER (5) W = wt. paper/cm2. I0, intensity of the initial radiation; Ip, that of the emergent radiation. W. . . .1 0|0.001530.0030510.004580.00764|0.01070.0153|0.0198 IP/IP.. 10.725 0.545 0.422 0.260 0.159 |0.087 0.034 2. CAESIUM, SODIUM, LEAD, IRON AND ZINC Cs and Na are not radioactive ( 8 » 9 » 10). Ordinary Pb shows a slight, very old Pb only a trace of activity. On account of their exceptionally small activity Fe and Zn are recommended for

O. Hahn and M. Rothenbach (3) compared Rb salts of various ages but no difference in activity was detected. The Rb rays were found to be more penetrating than the /3-rays of UXi, but not so penetrating as those of Ra. The ratio of the intensity of the Rb rays to those of UXi is 1:15. The half-life of rubidium is calculated to be IO11 years and that of potassium 3 to 7 times greater. The absorption coefficient in Al of K is from 39.6 to 55.4 as foil thickness increases from 0.0135 to 0.0405 cm. Rb decreases from 593 to 522 as foil increases from 0.0017 to 0.0051 cm. According to Bergwitz (1) the velocity of the Rb rays is 1.85 X 10~10 cm-sec"1 Ringer ( 7 ) states that pure K and Rb give off homogeneous /3-rays, the K rays having 10 times the penetrating power of the Rb rays. Harkins and Guy ( 10 ) give this figure as from 10 to 15 and state that the radiation from Rb is slightly heterogeneous. Geiger ( 2 ) found that the saturation current from RbCl is the same at room temperature and at liquid-air temperatures. LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) O) Bergwitz, 63, 14: 655; 13. ( 2 ) Geiger, 75, 132: 69; 23. ( 3 ) Hahn and Rothenbach, 68, 20: 194; 19. ( 4 ) Henriot, 34, 151: 1751; 10. ( 5 ) Henriot, 34, 152: 1384; 11. ( 6 ) Henriot, Thesis, Paris, 1912. (?) Ringer, Onderà PhysioL Scheikunde 1: 24; 21. ( 8 ) Ringer, Arch. Neerland. physiol. 7: 431 ; 22. (9) Zwaardemaker, 6Jf, 26: 575; 23. (* °) Harkins and Guy, 197, 10: 11; 25.

DISTRIBUTION OF RADIOACTIVE MATERIALS IN THE ATMOSPHERE, THE HYDROSPHERE AND THE LITHOSPHERE HERMAN SCHLUNDT TABLE OF CONTENTS The Atmosphere The Hydrosphere Springs and well waters and gases The Lithosphère Minerals Rocks Igneous Rocks Metamorphic Rocks Sedimentary Rocks, Earthy Materials, Coals, Salt Oceanic Oozes, etc Rocks from Tunnels Spring Deposits Meteorites Natural Gases

372 373

RADON IN THE ATMOSPHERE Method A: Rn absorbed in charcoal. Method B: Rn condensed with liquid air. Method C: Rn directly determined in large ionization chamber. Method D: Rn computed from active deposit on negatively charged wire.

377 377 379 379 379 379 380 380 380

Place

Montreal, Can Montreal, Can Cambridge, Eng

Micro-micro Curies (10~12 Curies) Rn per cubic meter 24-127, Mean, 80 Mean, 60 35-350, Mean, 105

Mgth e

, "

Number of déterminations

A A A

Lit.

(2ÏJ 50 during 1907-8 60 during 6 mos

(22) (93)

Place

Chicago, U. S. A Manila, P. 1

Micro-micro Curies (10^12 „ , e Curies) Rn , ,. od per cubic meter 45-200, JB Mean, 100 71 A

Freiburg, Switzerland 54-305, Mean, 131 Innsbruck, Austria... 40-1110, Mean, 433 Seeham, Austria 188 Tokyo, Japan 5 Pacific Ocean 1.3 Atlantic Ocean Indian Ocean Southern Ocean S. of lat. 50° All accessible ocean areas High seas

Number of détermina,. tions 6

Source Lit.

OT

30 during 1 (136) year A or B ( 78 ) C

49

C D D

(137)

1.7 1.3

... ...

( 116 ) ( 4 ^) Mean of 169, (66) 1915-21 Mean of 79 ( 66 ) Mean of 37 (66)

0.3

...

Mean of 48

1.2 2.6

... ...

Mean of 333 (66) Mean of ca. ( 66 ) 400*

(66)

* Includes some made relatively near large bodies of land.

RADIOACTIVITY OF SPRING AND WELL WATERS AND SPRING GASES m/iCl"1 = Millimierocuries (10~9 Curies) per liter Ra, MMgI"1 = Dissolved radium, micro-micro-grams (10~12 g) per liter NORTH AMERICA

^

fc

mMC

wWater

~; *?. Lit. Gas MMgI"1

CANADA Quebec Maskinonge Radnor Forges St. Benoit St. Leon (Lupien) St. Hyacinthe (Philudor).... St. Severe Varennes Ontario Borthwick, near Ottawa Sulfur Spring, Caledonia Spr. Duncan Spring, Caledonia Spr Duncan Spring, Caledonia Spr Gas Spring, Caledonia Spr. . Gas Spring, Caledonia Spr. . White Sulfur Spring, Carsbad Magic Spring Soda Spring Russell Lithia, Bourget Alberta (Banff) Upper Hot Spring Kidney Spring Cave Spring Basin Spring Auto Road Spring

8 10 11 8 8 8 9

0.079 0.250 0.5 0.345 0.3 0.028 0.0 0.1480.46 0.8 0.106 46 0.087 2.8 0.224 0.81 9.2

11 8

0.140 0.073

(99) (99) (99) (99) (99) (99) (99)

8.4 (99) 5.6 (99) 15.0 (23)

9

0.0530.204

5.6

(99)

9 8 8

0.42 18.0 0.090 0.306 8.4 0.62 15

(23) (99) (23)

9 9 9 10

0.09 0.087 0.081 0.23 0.056

0.8 25 1.1 5.9

(99) (99) (99) (99)

46 39 30 35 19

0.221 0.392 0.470 3.34 0.232 2.37 0.640

8.6 8.5 8.5 8.5 23.5

(99) (99) (99) (99) (99)

t°C

, m**C1 * Ra, Water Gas MMgI"1

British Columbia Fairmont Springs 3.5 Sinclair. 4.0 UNITED STATES Arlington, R. I. Graphite Mine Spr 8.78 Williamstown, Mass. Wampanoag 22 0.22 Sherman Spring 0.04 Saratoga Spr., N. Y. Emperor 10 0.07 10 0.142 Hathorn No. 1 Geyser 10 0.039 Pump Well No. 4 12 0.231 Crystal Rock 10 0.88 Indiana Meanof27sprs cold 0.75 French Lick Pluto Spring 13 0.54 Bowles Spring 10 1.78 Illinois Dixon Spr. No. 2 2.93 Creai Spr. No. 3 0.84 Well, Joliet 0.39 Mt. Vernon Spring 0.18 Yellowstone Nat. Pk. Mammoth Hot Spr., Hot River 51 1.44 Main Spring 71 none Apollinaris Spr 9 1.08 Nymph Spring, Tower Falls. 0.23 Upper Geyser Basin, Bench 86 0.22 Spring Fish Cone, West Thumb.... Lower Geyser Basin, Firehole Lake 85 0.28 Missouri Sweet Springs 0.81 0.15 Rollins Spring, Columbia.... Hot Springs, Ark. Imperial Spring 61 9.03 Palace Spring 61 0.12 Avenue Spring 62 0.89 Twin Spring 62 2.22 Arsenic Spring 54 0.49 Horseshoe Spring 60 0.18 Liver Spring 8 0.59 Kidney Spring 13 3.63 Madison, Wisconsin Merrill Springs 0.49 Manitou, Colo. 15 3.38 Shoshone Spring 15 1.25 Manitou Soda 15 0.268 Manitou Soda Shoshone 1.66 Iron Soda Spring 15 0.24 Iron Soda Spring 15 1.53 Navajo Spring 1.37 Navajo Spring 22 1.21 Steamboat Springs, Colo. 15 0.18 Soda 15 1.36 Soda * Ra in 10~12 g per g of residue.

100 tr.

Lit

(i i ) (U) ( 79 )

7.3 0.221 0.213 0.034 0.678 0.847

("«) (118) 68 42 21 9

(71) (71) (71) (71) (") (»») (5) (5) O 15 ) (U 5 ) (U 5 ) O 15 )

2.5* (104) none 3.8* (i°4) (i ° 4 ) 6.5 (i °4) 124 41.8

(104) (i 04)

294

(104) (103) (i °3 ) (9) (9) (9) (9) (9) (9) (») (9) (loi)

12.7 1.62 15.52 1.15 1.07 3.4 3.3

(102) (102) (54) (54) (54) (102) (102) (54)

1.42 6.03

(102) (54)

SO^

kc

w?Tr "?. Water | Gas MMgI

UNITED STATES.—(Cont'd) Steamboat Springs, Colo.— (Cont'd) Bath House 40 0.08 40 Bath House Iron 24 0.99 Iron 24 0.91 C r a d d o c k , Glenwood Springs, Colo 2.21 Virginia Mean of 11 springs 0.21 Ohio Mean of 9 springs cold 0.34 Bloomington, Ind. Hottle Spring* 0.806

Lit

-

Source

<°C

Bernhardsbrunnen, Karlsbad Mühlbrunnen, Karlsbad Schlossbrunnen, Karlsbad 0.54 0.79 3.71 '3.5O

61 39 30

(102) Hospitalquelle, Karlsbad (54) (102) . Sprudel,* Karlsbad (54) Eisenquelle, Karlsbad (54) (12°) ( 89 ) ( 90 )

5^ Water | Gas 0.65 1.14 12.9 38.6 7.1 20.6 3.61 0.96 0.16 0.36 15.7 19.5 0.27 l. 75 3.56 0.71 l. 87 4.47 l .28 3.58 2.03 9.0

12 71 8

Ferdinandsbrunnen, Marienbad Kreuzbrunnen, Marienbad Marienquelle, Marienbad Waldquelle, Marienbad Augenquelle, Teplitz Schönau Riesenquelle, Dux Urquelle, Dux

10 8 7 22 46

* 55 X 10~12 Ra per liter.

* Mean of 37 tests during 9 months.

EUROPE Source

/0C

AUSTRIA Tauern Tunnel Böckstein Valley Near Vienna Johannesbad Haupt Quelle, Vöslau Tyrol Magenquelle, Froy Eisenquelle, Froy Badequelle, Steinhof Herrenbadquelle, Fischau Gastein Grabenbäckerquelle Elizabethstollen, Hauptquelle.. Nordquelle Rudolfsstollen Franz Josephstollen Reissacherstollen Teichquelle, Tanbach Melaniequelle, Radegund Annenquelle, Mariatrost Johannesbrunnen, Semmering....

— ^—— 1-1 Gas Water 3.81* 3.2Of

30 23

1.86 0.29

6 8 9 19

17.6 4.5 0.8 0.23

36 47 44 47 41 36

55.5 53.3 9.0 21.3 34.6 84 21.3 5.3 0.36 l .27

5

Lit. (62) ( 62 )

6.8 1.07

(63) (63)

0.80

(2) (2) (2) (63) (60, 6l) (6l) (61) (6l) (6O 1 Gi) (6l) («) ( 132 ) ( 132 ) (3)

* Mean of 101 springs; highest 23.7. t Mean of 3 springs. mMC1-!

Source BELGIUM Delcor Spa Marie-Henriette Spa Prince de Conde I. Spa Tounelet, Spa La Fraineuse Spa Claire-Fagne Spa Salmon E. supérieure Spa Source CZECHO-SLOVAKIA (20, si, 63, 139) Loimannsquelle, Franzenbad Salzquelle, Franzenbad Mine water, St. Joachimsthal 60 m depth 375 m depth 500 m depth

—

Gas

1.45 1.45 1.44 1.67 2.43 2.1 3.31 J0C

11 11 6 14

. I Water

1.74 2.58

—

Lit. (34) (34) (34) (34) (34) (34) (34)

^1-1 —— r— Water | Gas

0.39 0.05 13.5 75.9 163.8

0.27

448.0

a

« Source

1

M

1

C

ENGLAND Nine Wells, Cambridge Well, Dale's Brewery, Cambridge.. . King's Well, Bath Cross Spring, Bath Hetling Spring, Bath Hospital Natural Baths, Buxton Gentlemen's Natural Baths, Buxton. Source FRANCE Choussy, La Bourboule Choussy, La Bourboule de la Grange, Beaucens Chaude, Audinac. Rivière, Chaudeau Dames, Plombières Lambinet, Plombières Savonneuse, No. 2, Plombières Vauquelin, Plombières Chaudes-Fontaines, Reherry Celestins, Vichy Chomel, Vichy Boussange, Vichy Hôpital, Vichy Condanny, Usson Plaies, Usson d'Alun, Aix-les-Bains Le Lymbe, Bourbon-Lancy Pavilion, Coutreville Bordeu (Grande Source), Luchon... Main Spring (Saline and H2S), Uriage-les-Bains Gasseng, Columbières-sur Orb Cabanel, Columbières-sur Orb Crémieu, Columbières-sur Orb Viguerie, Ax Savonneuse, Bains-les-Bains Vielle, Eaux-Bonnes La Chaldette Romaine, Maizières Souveraine, Vals-les-Bains Dominique, Vals-les-Bains

1 ——,— Water | Gas

0.130 0.196 1.73 1.19 1.70 0.83 1.10 *°C

44 44 42 34

43

T

33.65 7.70

^ Lit.

( 94 ) (9*) (") (88) (88) (64) ( 64 )

^1, * Lit. Gas I Water 22.9 141.5 20.5 161.4 3.03 10.36 0.14 0.59 6.51 39.5 10.76 15.96 7.47 35.1 4.83 86.4 4.1 19.8 0.653 4.1 0.653 4.1 0.103 0.60 0.022 0.14 0.563 34.5 0.663 1.9 4.1 25.8 1.5 14.6 0.51 16.1 134.8 0.113 6.69 2.22 1.49 16.8 25.6 3.7 93.7 10.8 1.047 5.08 8.80

(52) (S3) (52) (52) (* 2 ) ( 12 ) ( 12 ) ( 12 ) (12) (12) (52) (52) (52) (52) (68) (65) (16) (16) (16) (™) (8) (18) (18) (12) (72) ( 72 ) ( ? 2) ( 7 2) ( ? 2) (6) (6)

~ Source

T m AtCl-1 J0C ^ . Gas I Water 0.34 2.49 41.5 38 15.7 115.9 37 2.7 27 3.5 74 l. 04 17.7 21 15.35 35.2 34 11.5 50.2 21 0.54 2.2 0.74 3.86 l .57 0.44 |

~

Caroline, Mont-Doré Lepape, Bagneres-de-Luchon Providence, Vernet-les-Bains Santé, Vernet-les-Bains Pastural, Les Escalades Bassin Carré, Thuès-les-Bains Saint-Victor, Royat Hamel, Sail-les-Bains Rouge, Saint-Nectair Grande Source, Bagnoles-de-l'Orne. Chaude fontaine, Antoigny Saint-Ursin, Lignières Fontaine Minerale, St. Michel !

Source GERMANY Schwarzwald Region Antoniusquelle, Antogast Buttquelle, Baden-Baden Murquelle, Baden-Baden Kirchenquelle, Baden-Baden Hauptquelle, Badweiler Gemeindequelle, Badweiler....... Badquelle, Griesbach Sofienquelle, Petersthal Wenzelquelle, Rippoldsau Warme Quelle, Wildbad Kalte Quelle, Wildbad Well, Heidelberg Württemberg Göppinger, Sauerbrunnen Göppinger, Staufenbrunnen Kursaal, Kanstatt Karlsquelle, Mergentheim Hirchquelle, Feinach Wildbad Hessen and Adjoining Regions Sprudel XII, Bad Nauheim Karlsbrunnen, Bad Nauheim Bad Homburg, Elizabethbrunnen. Luisenbrunnen Wilhelmsbrunnen, Bad Soden Solbrunnen, Bad Soden Inselquelle, Kreuznach Theodorshalle, Kreuznach Hauptbrunnen, Münster am Stein. Kochbrunnen, Wiesbaden Adlerquelle, Wiesbaden. Schütz'enhofquelle, Wiesbaden Racoczy, Kissingen Maxquelle, Kissingen Maxquelle, Dürkheim a.d. Haardt

Lit. ( 57 ) (53) (53) (53) (53) ( 53 ) ( 53 ) (S3) (53) ( 56 ) (56) ( 56 ) ( 56 )

/0C

I muC\~l I Water

Lit.

cold 24 59 56 28 23 cold cold cold 36 cold 27

6.6 51.3 9.8 1.35 3.1 4.2 10.6 1.76 0.86 l. 35 0.08 2.15*

( 20 ) (20) ( 20 ) . (20) (20) (20) (20) ( 33 ) ( 33 ) (20) (20) (7)

1.27 0.57 0.22 0.98 0.42 0.76

( 50 ) ( 50 ) (50) ( 5 O) (50) ( 5 O)

5. 8f 9.6f 1.46f 0.84J 6.62f 1.561 7.42 j 3.06 f 8.5f 0.43 i 2.23t 0.29Î l. 04 f l .58f 0.69

( 105 ) ( 105 ) ( 105 ) ( 105 ) (l ° 5 ) (los) (l°5) C1 ° 5 ) ( 105 ) ( 3 ^) ( 39 ) ( 3 ^) ( 41 ) ( 41 ) (?)

33 15 11 11 14 16 13 7 31 68 64 50

20

* 1620 X 10~12 g Ra per liter of water. t Values obtained by multiplying Mache units by 3.64 X 10~10. J Values obtained by multiplying Mache units by 4.1 X IO"1".

Source Bavaria Alexanderbad Ebermanstadt and env

^ , Water

No. of samples Lit. *

2 spr., 6 wells, ( 3 ^) 1 reservoir 0.43 ' 18 spr., 2 w. ( 3 «)

Source Epprechstein and env

, water 1.17

Fichtelgebirge, Neubau Leinleiterthal Leupoldsdorf and env

1.55 0.36 25.0

Schwarzenfeld and env Weisenthau Wolsenberg and env Wundsiedel and env

0.64 1.32 4.87 7.7

No. of samples _ 2 spr., 7 w., 2 reservoirs 5 spr., 8 w. 21 spr., 5 w. 6 spr., 2 w., 5 reservoirs 3 spr., 6 w. 15 spr., 6 w. 17 springs 13 spr., 6 w., 1 reservoir

Saxony Wettingquelle, Brambach

(38) (38) (38) ( 38 ) ( 38 ) (38) (38) (38) (31 ) (59) ( 59 ) ( 97 )

826.2 650 to 754 Trinkquelle, Oberschlema 688 to 920 Marx Semler Stollen, Ober- 288 to 330 schlema. at 1O0C Himmelfahrtstollen, Georgenthal 24.1 Olga Brunnen, Schneeberg 13.1 Rockelmann Quelle, Schwarzenberg 12.3

(97) ( 97 ) (97)

niAtCl-1

Z0C

Source

Lit.

Lit. Water Gas

HUNGARY Budapest Rakocsy, St. Lucasbad Composite, 17 spr. Lucasbad Trinkquelle, Kaiserbad Grosse Quelle, Ritzenbad Kerekmalom Quelle Arpadquelle

S

o

42 60 43 20 23

^

T

ITALY Sorgente Montirone, Abano near Padua... Upper Sulfur Therm, Aqui Piémont Fiuggi, Anticoli Surgonne Grotta, Battaglia near Padua... Acidola, Castellamare Domenico Tricarico, Bagnoli near Naples. Purgativo, Agnano near Naples Stabilimento, Porto d'Ischia Manzi I, Cassamicciola, Ischia Old Roman Spring, Lacco Ameno, Ischia. . Fonte di Castello, Santa fiora Fonte della Casella, Casteldelpiano Acqua dei Bagnoli, Acidoso Polla di Sotto, Bagnore Sambuco, Montagna Baleno Carcaiole, Uliveto

7.40 3.35 9.08 0.31 3.16 0.11 0.0460.624

C 87 72 74 13 52 90 65 85 57 12 12 14 20 8

Pozzo delle Saline, Salsomaggiore Bagni di Casciana

7.73

Parlanti, Monsummano

31

1

(13*) (12«) (* 34 ) ( 134 ) ( 3 2) ( 3 2)

^1"1 Water

Lit.

2.05* 0.28* 8.02* 3.34* 9.27* 0.79* 0.79* 1.93* 0.57 152.5* 3.Ol 1.85 3.29 1.52 2.08 1.09 Gas = 8.6 4.41 0.0 Gas = 1.8 0.064

( 20 ) (20) (20) ( 20 ) (20) ( 20 ) ( 20 ) ( 20 ) ( 20 ) ( 20 ) (77) (77) (77) (77) ( 77 ) (75)

10

* Values obtained by multiplying Mache units by 4.1 X 10~ .

(76) ( 77 ) ( 92 )

1

^

NORWAY ( 86 ) Nasodden Sandsvar Jellum, near Modum Tandberg estate, Simoa Valley PORTUGAL (81) Sabroso, Sabroso (Vidago) Fonte Romana, Fonte Romana Da Bica, Ferez Das Lamas, Cucos RUMANIA ( 58 ) Orsova Hercules, Baile Herculane Regina Maria, Baile Herculane RUSSIA (68) Essentuky No. 6, Caucasus Batalinsky, Caucasus SPAIN (15) Rivas, Gerona Bui tre, Seirra de Fuensante, Murcia Garganton y Pianoion, Sierra de Guadarrama. La Raja, Mazarron, Murcia El Tubo, Mazarron, Murcia Posa de Levante, Mazarron, Murcia Medica Catalan, Mazarron, Murcia SWEDEN (»i» il») Slottskallan, Upsala Bourbrum, Upsala Birjerjarlsg No. 120, Stockholm Gamia (spring), Porla Sofia (spring), Helsingborg Villastaden (drilled well), Lidingon Norrb, L. (well), Bodens fastning Stockh 1. (well), Vinterviken Hermelinsgruf (well), Malmberget Kalmar, 1. (spring), Sodra Vi Sanatorie parken (spring), Mosseberg

«-p w^ ; 17.9 12.9 31.2 67.4 3.29 2.05 8.20 10.4 46 60

i c ^Rock formation ofs source

0.33 0.05 12.5 0.46 0.48 0.36 0.68

Source

1.8 1.55 14.6 1.77 3.00 17.06 70.6 67.2 2.75 14. l 0.90

mjuCl"1

110 10 53 20 14 6 20 12 42 16 5 37 42 15

2.40 0.70 13.24 5.66 10.2 6.11 2.99 9.31 0.78 1.18 2.09 2.91 1.11 15.46

SWITZERLAND St. Placidus Spring, Disentis Val Lunpegnia, Disentis

*°C

8

^r?"' Water 4.66 3.75

51 5 36 7 25 8

„T , Water

Lit

-

(127) ( 117 )

^1 ' Lit. Water 0.12 (127) (H 7 ) 4.51 0.57 (117) 0.29 (l l 7 ) 0.42 O 17 ) 0.46 ("*) 1.24 (117) 0.26 (U 7 ) 0.24 (8°) 0.26 (80) 0.37 (80) 0.15 | ( 8 <>)

ASIA

~ Source

No. , samples

SWEDEN.—( Continued) Boulders, mo rainai deposits Diabase Granite (Archean) Granite (gneissic) Granulite Gray gneiss with granite intrusives Gneiss (granitic) Iron-bearing gneiss Limestone Peat Quartz porphyry Sandstone Slate Syenite and granuli tic syenite

Leuk Waadt, Lavey Paracelsusquelle, Engadine, St. Moritz. Stollenquelle, Pfafers-Ragaz Sotsassquelle, Schuls Carolaquelle, Tarast Kurhaus, Acquarossa Thomas, Val Sinestra Les Trois Pigeons, Valangin Come Girard, Locle Vioulou, Pâturage, Locle Eplatures

| PC Im/id"1, Water

Source INDIA (122) Kaira District, Bombay Hot Spring Cold Spring

* Emanation content changes with season and even on same day. •r.

I 0C

0.19* 0.22 3.5 0.6

7 6 6 7 10 8 5 10 3 6 7

Source

67 33.0 to 62.1 | 28 | 33.9 ~I J0C

JAPAN (42) Kami-no-yu, Tamatsukuri 64 Kami-no-yu, Misasa 71 Kabu-yu, Misasa 45 Kaminoyu, Dogo 47 Tama-no-i, Dogo cold Hirano, Tansan-sen 26 Gosho-no-yu, Kinosaki 60 Ko-no-yu, Kinosaki 57 Furosen, Beppu 58 Kamigawara No. 1, Masutomi 22 Kuridaira No. 1, Masutomi 16 Yunosawa-Onsen, Innai-Yunosawa.. 41 72 Takinoyu, Noboribetsu Yojo-Kwan-no-yu No. 1, Togo 50 Jizo-no-yu, Kusatsu 57 Akakura-Onsen, Akakura 62 Ji-no-yu, Isobe 9 Arima-Onsen, Arima 52 Maruyama-Kosen, Arima 19 Zui-hoji-Onsen, Arima 31 Arif uku-Onsen, Arifuku 43 Kizu-no-yu, Asama 44 O-yu, O-yu 57 Kami-no-yu, Oyu 58 Shimo-jyaya-no-yu, Sekigane 44 Soto-no-yu, Katsura 29 Yuatsumi-no-yu, Atsumi Awazu-Onsen, Awazu 54 Kami-no-moto-yu, Bobata 14 Goshiki-Onsen No. 2, Goshiki 39 Tsubataya-uchi-yu, Shibu 48 Hie-no-yu, Kaminoyana 62 Shiotsu-no-Tsubo, Katayamazu 79 Gosho-no-yu A, Kinosaki 63 Koyabara-Onsen, Koyabara 38 Murasugi-Kosen No. 1 26 Osakaya-no-yu, Musashi 45 Shirataki-no-yu, Nakabusa 60 Tsuru-no-yu, Mikko-Yumoto 62 Shin-yu, Unzen 38

m/iCl-1 —. Water | Gas 1.08 51.69 3.72 1.45 0.39 0.07 3.06 0.94 0.07 301.2 214.7 0.43 0.074 1.12 0.057 0.43 1.55 0.92 3.01 13.8 0.80 0.51 1.13 0.4 10.95 0.31 0.40 0.35 4.35 0.80 0.11 0.86 0.47 2.67 1.37 18.04 1.17 0.59 0.85 0.85

10.18 22.82 8.5 0.21

550.6

0.065 0.74

trace

5.5 8.79 2.95 11.8

I

Source Ogawa-Onsen No. 2 Omaki-Onsen, Omaka Taki-no-yu, Onogawa Umeka-no-yu, Owani Shigaku-Onsen, Shigaku Ena-Kosen, Takayama Takarazuka-Tansan-sui, Takarazuka Tochiomata-no-yu, Tochiomata Wakazaki-no-yu No. 1, Wakura Yamanaka-Onsen, Yamanaka Yamashiro-Onsen Tottori-Onsen, Yoshikata Kasuga-Onsen, Teramadu Kabu-yu, Yudani Sento, Yukiku Kabu-yu, Yummra Sagi-no-yu, Yunogo Taki-no-yu, Yunokawa Shinyu, Yunotsu Source

"71 t°C 49 49 70 62 47 10 19 39 93 45 69 48 29 32 67 91 38 50 4

m/iCl-1 , Water | Gas 1.01 0.48 2.37 4.21 0.43 0.64 102.2 1.20 0.72 9.40 2.52 33.9 0.62 0.25 1.19 0.22 0.88 1.54 8.65 0.23 3.34 0.31 0.31 1.95 0.74 8.23 1.8 0.49

t°C

PHILIPPINE ISLANDS Sibul Springs, Bulacan Pansol Springs, Laguna Bambangan Spr., Laguna Adukpung Spr., Kiangan Artesian Well, Batangas Sinaba Spring, Laguna Mairut Salt Spr., Bontoc Salinas Salt Spring, Nueva Vizcaya

100 31

^^ Water

Lit.

1.28 (135) none (135) 0.15 (135) 1.33 (*7) 2.11 (135) 1.3 (37) none (37) 0.095 (37)

AFRICA Source ALGERIA ( 85 ) Bains de la Reine, near Oran Louise, A Hammam Bou Hadjar Hotel de Vichy, A Bou Hanifia d'Alma T'zoumoulal

TC

^"l Water

50 44 55 17

13.1 22.4 1.3 5.3

THE LITHOSPHERE Uranium and Thorium Radioactive Minerals The numbers following the name of the mineral represent weight percent of U, resp. Th. The qualitative chemical composition is indicated in parentheses ( ), the locality in brackets [ ], R = "rare earths;" aq. = "hydrous." A. Aeschynite: U 0.3, Th 0-20 (RNbTiOx). Auerlite: Th 61 (ThSiPOx). Autunite: U 50 (UCaPOxaq.). B. Becquerelite : U 70 (U03aq.) [BeIg. Congo] (i"). Blomstrandite: U 22 (TaNbUOx). C. Calciothorite : Th 53 (RCaSiOxaq.). Carnotite: U 53 (KUVOxaq.). Chalcolite: (See Torbernite). Cleveite: U 60; Th 4 (UThYOx). Curite: U 73 (UPbOxaq.) [BeIg. Congo! (106). D. Dewindtite: U 50 (PbUPOxaq.) [BeIg. Congo](i<>8). Dumontite: U 56 (PbUPOxaq.) [BeIg. Congo] (in). E. Ebigite: Flutherite (See Uranothallite). Eliasite: also Pittinite (See Gummite). Eramanite: Th 9 (FeCaThBSiOx). Euxenite: (Polycrase) U 5-15 (RNbTaOxaq.). F. Fergusonite : (Bragite, Tyrite, Yttrotantalite) U 1-7, Th 2-5 (RNbTaOx). Freyalite: Th 24 (RThSiOxaq.). Fritzscheite: (UMnVOxaq.). G. Gadolinite: Th < 1 (ROx.SiOy). Gummite: (Eliastite, Pittinite) U 60 (UPbCaSiOxaq.).

H. Hatchettolite : U 13 (UCaNbTaOx). Hokutolite: (PbBaSO4) [Japan] (42). J. Johannite: U 56 (CuUSO4.aq.). K. Kasolite: U 40 (PbUSiOxaq.) [BeIg. Congo] (107). Kochelite: (See Fergusonite). L. Liebigite: U 31 (UCaCO3aq.). M. Mackintoshite : U 20; Th 42 (RUThSiOxaq.). Medjidite: (A variety of Uranopilite). Mendeleeffite: U 20 (UNbTiOx) [Transbaikalia] (-129). Microlite: U 1.6 (CaTaOx). Monazite: Th 7-20 (RPOx). N. Naëgite: U 2.5; Th 45 (ZrRSiOx) [Japan] (42). Nivenite: (See Uraninite). Nohlite: (See Samarskite). O. Orangite : U 1-10; Th 65 (A variety of Thorite). P. Parsonite: U 32 (PbUPOx) [BeIg. Congo] ("2). Phosphuranylite: U 60 (UO2PO4aq.). Pilbarite: (PbUThSiOxaq.). Plumboniobate: U 12 (PbUYNbOx). Pitchblende: (See Uraninite). Polycrase: (See Euxenite). Priorité: (See Blomstrandite). Pyrochlore: Th 0-6 (RCaNbOx). R. Randite : (See Voglite). Rowlandite: U 0.4 (YSiOx). Rutherfordine: U 65 (UO2CO3). Rutherfordite: (A variety of Fergusonite). S. Samarskite: U 1-3 (RUNbTaOx). Schoepite: (UO2CO3) [BeIg. Congo]. Schrockingerite: (A variety of Voglite). Sipylite: U 3 (ErNbOx). Soddite: U 71 (USiOxaq.) [BeIg. Congo] ("O). Stasite: U 50 (PbOPOxaq.) [BeIg. Congo] (109). Skaldowskite: U 55 (MgUSiOxaq.) [BeIg. Congo] (H3). T. Thorogummite : U 18; Th 36 (UThPbSiOx). Thorianiie: U 12; Th 65 (RThUOx). Tritomite: Th 5-8 (Th, Ce, Ca, Ta, B, F, SiOx). Torbernite: U 50 (UCaPOxaq.). Trögerite: U 53 (UAsOxaq.). Tscheffkinite: Th 1-17 (RFeSiTiOx). Thysonite: U 65 (U(OH)xSO4). U. Uraninite: (Pitchblende) U 65-80; Th 1-8 (UO2RUPbOx). Uranochalcite: (A variety of Uranopolite). Uraconite: (A variety of Uranopolite). Uranocircite: U 47 (BaUPOxaq.). Uranophane: U 55 (UCaSiOxaq.). Uranopolite: U 64 (UO2CaSO4aq.). Uranosphaerite: U 42 (UO2BiOUOxaq.). Uranospite: U 49 (UCaAsOxaq.). Uranothallite: U 32 (CaUCO3aq.). Uranothorite: U 8; Th 52 (ThSiOx). V. Voglianite: (A variety of Uranopolite). Voglite: U 34 (CaCuUC03aq.). W. Walpurgite: U 16 (BiUAsOxaq.). X. Xenotime: U 3; Th 0-2 (YPO4). Y. Yttrocrasite : U 2; Th 0-8 (YTiOx). Yitrotantalite: U 0.5-2 (YNbTaOx). Z. Zuenerite: U 50 (CuUAsOxaq.). RADIOACTIVITY OF ROCKS Ra unit = 10~12 g Ra (element) per g. Th unit = 10~6 g Th (element) per g IGNEOUS ROCKS _ Name and locality Acidic Intrusives Charnockite Mysore State, India Granite Mysore State, India Dutch East Indies Eisenach, Germany Germany France(l) Holland(2) St. Francois Co., Mo., U. S. A Ireland Leinster, Ireland Th mean =

specimens

mean

Lit.

3

0.09 (121)

11 5 1 7 3 1 10 28 28

1.03 (121) 4.9 (13) 3.5 ( 67 ) 9.8 (13) 8.8 (13) 1.5 (ioo) 2.0 (46) 1.7 (28) 7.0

p_

_

Name and locality

speciLit. mean, mens Antartic region 2 0.4 (29) Th mean = 2 2.6 South Sea Islands 2 1.76 (26) Sumatra(l) Bohemia(l) 2 26.1 (35) Loetschberg Tunnel, Switz 7 2.3 ( 83 ) Various localities 63 2.7 (48) 1 1.63 ( 62 ) 11 2.56 (123) Th mean= 86 20.5 (82) Monzonite Bella Monte, Tyrol, Austria 1 3.5 (i 3) Pegmatite Mysore State, India 2 4.17 («I) Porphyry 1 2.8 (26) Campbell Is., New Zealand Various localities 10 2.8 («) Quartz Germany 3 16.0 (13) Sumatra 1 1.3 ( 13 ) Syenite Borneo and Molucca Island 13 1.58 ( 13 ) Mount Royal, Canada 1 1.1 (25) Vosges, France 1 13.2 (36) Norway 3 2.46 (123) Various localities 8 8.3 ( 13 ) 23 3.9 (48) Tinguaite Mount Royal, Canada 2 3.65 (25) Tinguaite porphyry Germany 2 8.2 (13) Basic Intrusives Diabase Borneo Diabases and dolerites New Zealand Diabase and gabbro Germany Diorite Borneo and Sumatra Various localities Dolerite Isle of Canna, Scotland New Zealand Dunite Loch Scavaig, Scotland Essexite Mount Royal, Canada Gabbro New Zealand Gabbro and Norite Greenstone Garrick Du, St. Ives, Eng Hypersthenite Peridotite Isle of Rum, Scotland Porphyry New Zealand

2 8 1

0.85 1.0 0.43

(13) (48) (26)

5

2.8

(13)

4 8

0.78 1.6

(13) ( 48 )

1 2

0.57 (123) 0.66 (26)

1

0.31 (123)

1

0.26

(25)

2 5

0.34 1.3

(26) (48)

1 1

0.52 (123) 0.06 ( 1 Zi)

1

0.63

(«3)

1

0.99

(26)

Name and locality Acid Extrusives Ash Krakatoa near Sumatra Th mean = Kenyte Antartic region Th mean = Lavas Various localities Th mean = Liparite Phonolite Kirchberg, Germany Pitchstone Auckland Island, New Zealand Dutch East Indies Isle of Eigg, Scotland Meissen, Germany Rhyolite Yellowstone Park, U. S. A Trachite Mt. Erebus, Antartic region Th mean = Continental Europe New Zealand Transandine Tunnel Th mean = Various localities Tuff.. Transandine Tunnel Th mean = Basic Extrusives Anamesite Germany Andésite Borneo and Molucca Is Basalt Deccans and Antartic Mt. Erebus, Antartic region Th mean = Hebrides (mainly) New Zealand Various localities

No. specimens

Ra

mean

Lit.

1

9.0

(82)

4 4

2.29 12.0

(29)

18 15 2

3.4 24.0 4.7

(43)

1

0.9

(13)

1 2 1 1

1.9 0.6 1.53 3.0

(26) (13) (123) (i 3 )

6

2.21 (104)

(13)

3 3 2 3 7 7 18 2 12 10

2.16 13.0 3.4 2.11 0.58 4.4 3.0 2.9 0.92 5.87

(29)

2

1.8

( i3 )

13

1.58

(13)

(13) (26) (27) (48) (46) (27)

14 1 1 11 2 6

2.0 ( 48 ) 2.13 (29) 14.5 0.5 (48) 1.21 (26) 0.47 (123,

6 4

2.2 (46) 0.35 (126)

125)

Lava Antartic region Th mean = Vesuvius (1631-1906)

7 7 7

0.58 4.7 12.6

(29)

6

53.4

(82)

1

2.9

(67)

1 3

1.9 8.7

(i 3 ) (67)

(43, 46)

Th mean = Limburgite Germany Melaphyre Oberstem, Germany Tepharite Trap Mysore State, India

43 | 0.21

(*2i)

METAMOBPHIC ROCKS Ra

Name and locality

Amphibolite India Mysore State Gneiss . Freiburg, Ger Various localities

No No speci- Mean speci- Mean mens mens

Lit.

1

0.82

("i)

1 14

2.9 2.1

(67) (48,

14

8.7

82)

Gneiss (granitic) Tauern Tunnel Gneiss (porphyritic) Tauern Tunnel Quart zite Various localities Villnos Gulch, Austria.... Schist Lustre, Simplon Tunnel.. . St. Gothard Tunnel Schist (chlorite) Mysore St., India Schist (hornblende) Mysore St., India From mines, Mysore St., India Slate England European Germany Tauern Tunnel Slate (mica) From well boring, Beachville, Can

11

3.41

7

17.7

(62)

9

4.34

9

41.0

(62)

1 33 1

54.7

6 1

3.4

1 33

45

3.4 ( ) 5.79 (i 33) 10.4 11.6

0.27

( 45 ) (47) (!21) 13

11

0.19

( I)

17

0.25

( 12 I)

2

1.17

2 3

1.3 2.53

( 12 4) (45) (13) (62)

1

1.6

10

13.5

3

24.3

[

(25)

2

2.9

(104)

8

1.3

(13)

1 2

0.16 1.04

(24) (124)

8 1 8

1.66 0.50

(13) (25) (45)

6.3

Name and locality

....

2 3 2

1.17 0.79

11 1 1

0.166 0.97 0.04

11 1 1

2.15 8.8 2.0

1

0.49

1 6 2 1 7 3 2 30

N^ ~ speci^ mean mens

Name and locality Blue mud 1240 fa. E. coast N. Amer Calcareous mud 2225 fa. E. of Society Islands Globergina ooze 1990 fa. Middle S. Atlantic 1825 fa. Pacific W. of South America 570 fa. W. coast Ireland 2042 fa. Central Pacific Radiolarian ooze Central Pacific Red clay 2740 fa. N. Atlantic, coast of Africa 2350 fa. Central Pacific "Salt Lime" (gypsum from evap. sea water) Sea Salt From evap. water of high seas

Lit.

1

3.1

(13S)

1

22.2

(13S)

2 1 2 2

6.5 7.4 6.3 7.6

( 1 SS) ( 1 SS) ( 1 SS) ( 1 SS)

4

43.9

(13S)

17.6 47.4 0.016 0.07 none

(13S) (13S) (13°) (124) (40)

4 3 1 1 15

SOILS

No. .« ™ • -tv-a J-n specimean mean mens

i - l i - ,

Clay Montreal, Canada England England(l), Germany(1) Coal Alabama, U. S. A Lens, France Frankenholz Coal ash Alabama coals Lens, France Frankenholz Flint Terling, Essex, Eng Grauwacke Wipperfurth, Germany Limestone Beachville, Ont., Can Montreal, Canada Deccan, India England Germany(2), Ireland(1) New Zealand Various localities

Limestone (oölithic) Yellowstone Park, U. S. A Marble and limestone Various localities Sand (Saxicava) Montreal, Canada Sandstone From 850 ft. borehole, Baarlo, Limburg, Holland Beachville, Canada Various localities

_. A Lit.

OCEANIC DEPOSITS

SEDIMENTARY ROCKS •UT

N °Ra Th specimean mean mens

v, Name andj ilocality

Th

0.37

Lit.

(24) (124) 10.2 (45) 3.3 0.3 30. 15.

(55) (74) (74) (55) (74) (74) (124)

24. 1.02 0.91 0.25 1.13

T .,

(45)

(25) (25) (124) (124) 2.3 (44) (26) 0.4 (44)

Gravel—fine siftings Terling, Essex, Eng Surface loams 7 localities in E. and S. parts of U. S Th mean = Subsoils of above

2

0.65 (124)

7 5 7

1.97 4.5 1.52

Highest value for surface soils, 2.88; Lowest, 0.93 Highest value for subsoil, 3.8; Lowest 0.93 Loess, Heidelberg, 10.4 X 10~6 g Th per g Mark, Ireland, 1.4 X 10~6 g Th per g

(69) (69) (69) (69) (69) («) («)

ROCKS FROM TUNNELS Unitg

-r» i andj section ' j.' of£ j.tunneli Rock The St. Gothard (47) Granites and gneiss Finsteraarhorn Massif Altered sediments Unsernmulde Tessinmulde Schists, etc. St. Gothard Massif The Tauern, Austria (62) Granitic gneiss. Porphyritic granitic gneiss

-~

12

No. of speci- 10~ 10~6 mens g Ra g Th per g per g

20

6.7

21.5

18 18

3.8 2.7

13.4 4.8

33

3.4

11.6

Ra 10, Th 7 3.41 Ra 13, Th 9 4.34

17.7 41.0

02

ROCKS FROM TUNNELS.—(Continued) -r, , , A. ., , Rock and section of tunnel Slate The Loetschberg, Bernese Oberland, Switzerland^) Anhydrite Aplete Granite Limestone Quartz porphyry Quartz sandstone Schists Feldspathic Hornblende Lustre Mica Quartz Talc (Unclassified) The Transandine, Argentine-Chile

Units No. of speci- 10~12 10~6 _ ^1 mens g Ra g Th per g per g Ra 3, Th 3 2.53 24.3

2 2 7 16 1 1

3.4 2.5 2.3 1.5 2.5 4.3

3 2 2 2 12 16 16

2.7 3.1 3.4 2.1 2.4 1.5 2.5

Country, name of spring, , . ,. ^ &' location

Andésites

Ra 2, Th 1

n7,Q

Mean Ratio, Th-Ra = 7 X IO6 Feldspathic Tuff Trachytes Tuff

u. i y

^~~A o. o

2 7 Ra 8, Th 7

1.24 0.58 0.90

3.0 4.4 6.94

SPRING DEPOSITS

CC Country name of spring,

location Austria Elizabethstollen, Gastein. Rudolphstollen, Gastein. . Vilnos Gulch England Hot Springs, Bath France Chomel, Vichy Hôpital, Vichy Carnot, Santenay Neris Luxeuil Germany Badochquelle Ems, Hessen-Nassau Johanngeorgenstadt, Saxony.

Italy Fiuggi Russia Borzhom Spring United States Hatborn No. 1, Saratoga Springs, N. Y

"

oJ g^ g

Geyser, Saratoga Springs, N. Y Pump Well No. 4, Saratoga Springs, N. Y Palace Spring, Hot Springs, Arkansas Avenue Spring, Hot Springs, Arkansas Horseshoe Spring, Hot Springs, Arkansas Various springs, Hot Springs, Arkansas Main Springs, Mammoth Hot Springs, Yellowstone Hot River, Mammoth Hot Springs, Yellowstone.. . . Bench Springs, Upper Geyser Basin, Yellowstone Fish Cone, West Thumb, Yellowstone Fire Hole Lake, Lower Geyser Basin, Yellowstone Doughty Springs, Delta Co., Colorado.. [

^^

l 250 Ferruginous l 700 Black l 1500 l 950 5100 Black l 6601100 Manganous

(124) ( 52 ) (52) (52) (52) (52)

l 4 Surface scum ( 67 ) 4 0.63 35 (133) 3 681 89 Mainly hy- ( 4 ) d ro mo rp h i t e ; Range of Ra content, 101300 l 5 Tufa 2 13.9 147 2 13.9 147 1

769

r-±

Lit.

1

17

(71)

1

63

( 7 I)

1 1724

(99)

1

140

(")

1 2.3 11

175

1

8.8

(") (") Travertine

(104)

1 8 . 1

(i° 4 )

1 0.95

(104)

1 0.19

(104)

1

6.7

(104)

2 1654

(ioo)

METEORITES

l 29203970 Reissacherite ( 6 2) 1 447,4988 ( 6 2) 300 4 7537.7 A sinter (13.3) 381

-^ , Remarks

* Unit, 10-i2g Ra per g. t U nit, 10-6g Th per g.

£o o ^ *|^gl

l

JUL S _,_ g* g Ij ° 03"gg °&"g§

& tf^ H^

(27)

"

° S Q.S »® £ «£

(«*) (U) (14) (71)

Class and locality

Ra in 10~~12 g per

Remarks

Lit.

g Stony Dhurmsala, India Coahuila, Coahuila, Mex

0.53 7.69

Toluca, Xiquepelco, Mex

0.21

Normal hexahydrite Medium octahedrite

(123) ( 87 ) (87)

Iron Augusta Co., Va., U. S. A . . . . 0.0022 (125) none 2 specimens (123) Stone 0.75 Mean of 16 ( 87 ) Various localities Range 2.17-0.073 Iron Various localities 0.69 Mean of 2 («7) none Mean of 3 (87) NATURAL GASES XT

Source and Locality

No. samples

Canada Medicine Hat, Alberta Suffield-Brooks Calgary

3 6

Mulimicroc . (^-g

ît.

Curies) Ra per liter 0.064 0.064

(97) (97)

Source and Locality

MiUimicroXT No. c . sam- /in-9 ples

3 British Columbia wells Brant, Anondoga, Ontario Tilbury, Ontario England Marsh gas, environs of Cambridge.. . France Alsace Germany Nuengamme, Hamburg Hungary Well No. 14, Bazna Japan Well No. 22, Takiya Rumania Well No. 103, Campina |

4

10

ît.

Curies) Ra per liter 0.47 (»7) 0.42 ( 97 ) 0.016 ( 97 ) 0.3

( 95 )

7.1

.(17)

0.24

( 17 )

0.043

(* 7 )

0.035 (42) [ (*?)

LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) (M Ashman, 12, 26: 119; 08. ( 2 ) Bamberger, 75, 116: 1473; 07. ( 3 ) Bamberger, 75, 117: 1055; 08. ( 4 ) Bamberger and Weissenberger, 75, 123: 2065; 14. ( 5 ) Barnard (Schlundt), 266, 16: 228; 13. ( 6 ) de Beaujeu, 84, 153: 944; 11. ( 7 ) Becker, 93, 131: 209; 23. ( 8 ) Besson, 34, 147: 848; 08. ( 9 ) Bolt wood, 12, 20: 128; 05. (10) Borne, 200, 2: 77, 142; 05. ( 1 M Boyle and Mclntosh, 69, 7: 163; 13. ( 12 ) Brochet, 34, 150: 145, 291; 10. ( 13 ) Büchner, 200, 10: 516; 23. ( 14 ) Burkser, 53, 47: 21; 14. ( 1 S ) del Castillo and de Rada, 132, 11: 236; 12. ( 16 ) Curie and Laborde, 34, 142: 1462; 06. ( 1 7 ) Czako, 93, 82: 249; 13. ( 18 ) Danne and Crèmi eu, 34, 153: 870; 11. ( 19 ) Dole, U. S. Geol. Survey, Mineral Resources, 2: 393; 13. (2°) Engler and Sieveking, 93, 53: 1 ; 07. ( 21 ) Eve, 3, 14: 724; 07. ( 2 2 ) Eve, 3, 16: 622; 08. ( 23 ) Eve, 69, 4: 55; 10. ( 2 4 ) Eve and Mclntosh, 3, 14: 231; 07. ( 2 5 ) Eve and Mclntosh, 69, 4: 69; 10. ( 2 6 ) Farr and Florance, S, 18: 812; 09. ( 2 7 ) Fletcher, 3, 20: 36; 10. ( 28 ) Fletcher, 3, 21: 102; 11. ( 2 9 ) Fletcher, 3, 21: 770; 11. 30 ( ) Fletcher, 3, 23: 279; 12. ( 3 M Fresnius and Czapski, 136, 35: 722; 11. ( 32 ) Frohner, 144, 30: 387; 12. ( 33 ) Frommel, 93, 53: 1; 07. ( 34 ) Gerard and Chauvin, 34, 157: 302; 13. ( 3S ) Gockel, "Die Radioaktivität von Boden und Quellen" (1914). ( 36 ) Gockel, 200, 7: 487; 10. ( 3 7 ) Heise, 267, 12: 293; 17. ( 38 ) Henrich, 63, 8: 112; 07. ( 39 ) Henrich, 92, 33: 5, 13, 20; 20. ( 4 0 ) Hewlett, 868, 22: 173; 17. ( 4 1 ) Ishizu, "The Mineral Springs of Japan" (1915). 269, 16: 362; 13. ( 4 2 ) Jentzsch, 63, 8: 887; 07. ( 4 3 ) JoIy, 3,

18: 577; 09. ( 44 ) JoIy, 3, 20: 125; 10. ( 4 5 ) JoIy, 3, 20: 353; 10. (««) JoIy, 3, 22: 134; 11. ( 4 7 ) JoIy, 3, 23: 201; 12. ( 4 8 ) JoIy, S, 24: 694; 12. ( 49 ) Kinoshita, Nishikawa and Ono, 3, 22: 821; 11. ( 50 ) Koch, 63, 7: 806; 06. ( 51 ) Kolhorster, 26, 14: 356; 12. ( 5 2 ) Laborde and Lepape, 34, 155: 1202; 12. ( 53 ) Lepape, 34, 176: 1702; 23. ( 54 ) Lester, 12, 46: 621; 18. ( 5S ) Lloyd and Cunningham, 11, 50: 47; 13. < 5 6 ) Loisel, 34, 173: 921; 21. 175: 890; 22. ( 57 ) Loisel and Castelnau, 34, 173: 1390; 21. ( 58 ) Loisel and Michailesco, 34, 175: 1054; 22. ( 5 ») Ludwig, 63, 25: 180; 24. ( 6 0 ) Mache, 75, 113: 1329; 04. («') Mache, 75, 132: 207; 24. ( 6 2 ) Mache and Bamberger, 75, 123: 325; 14. ( 6 3 ) Mache and St. Meyer, 75, 114: 355; 05. (« 4 ) Makower, 135, 105: 135; 12. ( 6S ) Massol, 34, 155: 373; 12. ( 66 ) Mauchly, 268, 29: 187; 24. ( 67 ) Meyer, 190, 1: 184; 16. 270, 20: 1; 14. ( 6 8 ) Mezernitskii, 53, 43: 244; 11. ( 69 ) Moore, 45, 6: 370; 14. ( 7 0 ) Moore and Kithil, 29, No. 70: 13. ( 71 ) Moore and Whittemore, 46, 6: 552; 14. ( 7 2 ) Moureu, 271, 16: 65; 11. ( 7 3 ) Moureu and Lepape, 34, 148: 834; 09. ( 7 4 ) Moureu and Lepape, 34, 158: 598; 14. ( 7 S ) Nasini, Marino, Ageno and Porlezza, 36, 43: 321; 13. ( 7 6 ) Nasini and Porlezza, 24, 76: 725; 17. ( 7 7 ) Nasini, Porlezza and Sborgi, 24, 73: 1572; 14. ( 78 ) Olujic, 200, 15: 158; 18. ( 7 9 ) Perkins, 166, 42: 806; 15. (80) Perret and Jacquerod, 149, 45: 277, 336, 418; 18. ( 81 ) Pinto, C. A. Cong. Int. Radiol. and Elect., 1: 79; 11. ( 82 ) Poole, 3, 29: 483; 15. ( 83 ) Poole, 3, 40: 466; 20. ( 8 4 ) Porlezza and Norzi, 22, 20: 935; 11. ( 85 ) Pouget and Chouchak, 34, 177: 1112, 1319; 23. ( 8 6 ) Poulsson, 137, No. 8; 14. ( 8 7 ) Quirke and Finkelstein, 12, 44: 237; 17. ( 8 8 ) Ramsay, 135, 105: 134; 12. ( 8 9 ) Ramsay, 12, 40: 309; 15. ( 9 0 ) Ramsay, 3, 30: 815; 25. ( 9 1 ) Sahlbom, 19, 6: 1; 16. ( 9 2 ) Salvadori, 816, 13: 151; 23. ( 93 ) Satterly, 3, 20: 1; 10. ( 9 4 ) Satterly, 201, 15: 540; 10. ( 9 5 ) Satterly, 801, 16: 356; 11. ( 9 6 ) Satterly and Elworthy, Dept. of Mines, Canada, Bull. 16 (1917). ( 9 7 ) Satterly and McLennan, 69, 12: 153; 18. ( 98 ) Schiffner, Weidig and Friedrich, "Radioactiven Wässer in Sachsen1' (1912). (") Schlundt, 78, 12: 247; 07. 135, 98: 199; 07. ( 1 0 ( >) Schlundt, 78, 26: 163; 14. ( 101 ) Schlundt, 272, 16: 1245; 09. (ioz) Schlundt, 60, 18: 662; 14. ( 103 ) Schlundt and Moore, 50, 9: 320; 05. ( 104 ) Schlundt and Moore, 166, No. 395; 09. ( 1 0 5 ) Schmidt and Kurz, 63, 7: 209; 06. ( 1 0 6 ) Schoep, 34, 173: 1186; 21. ( 1 0 7 ) Schoep, 34, 173: 1476; 21. ( 108 ) Schoep, 34, 174: 623; 22. ( 1 0 9 ) Schoep, 34, 174: 875; 22. ( 110 ) Schoep, 34, 174: 1066; 22. ( 11 M Schoep, 34, 174: 1240; 22. (H2) Schoep, 34, 176: 171; 23. (113) Schoep, 34, 179: 413; 24. 0 1 4 ) Schoep, 34, 179: 693; 24. ( 115 ) Scholl, U. of 111. BuL, Water Survey Series, 14: 114; 17. ( 116 ) Schweidler, 75, 129: 919; 20. ( 117 ) Schwietzer, 149, 27: 256; 09. 30: 46; 10. ( 118 ) Shrader, 8, 3: 339; 14. ( 119 ) Sjogren and Sahlbom, 19, 3: 1; 08. ( 12( M Skinner and Sale, 46, 14: 949; 22. ( 1 2 1 ) Smeeth and Watson, 3, 35: 206; 18. ( 1 2 2 ) Steichen, 3, 31: 401; 16. ( 1 2 3 ) Strutt, 5, 77A; 472; 06. ( 1 2 4 ) Strutt, 5, 78A: 150; 06. ( 125 ) Strutt, 5, 8OA: 572; 08. ( 126 ) Strutt, 5, 84A: 377; 10. ( 1 2 7 ) de Sury, 149, 24: 101; 07. ( 1 2 8 ) Szilard, 34, 154: 982; 12. ( 1 2 9 ) Versadsky, 84, 176: 993; 23. (130) Wade, 1, 29: 941; 07. ( 131 ) Watson and Pal, 3, 28: 44; 14. O 3 2 ) Wellik, 75, 117: 1191; 08. ( 133 ) Weissenberger, 189, 1914: 481. ( 134 ) Weszelszky, 144, 30: 345; 12. ( 13S ) Wright and Heise, 867, 12: 145; 17. (136) Wright and Smith, 2, 5: 459; 15. ( 1 3 7 ) Zlatarovic, 76, 129: 59; 20. ( 138 ) JoIy, 3, 16: 190; 18. ( 139 ) Behounek, 51, 6: 48; 25.

AGES OF MINERALS AND ROCKS BASED ON RADIOACTIVE CHANGES ROGER C. WELLS There are a number of ways of estimating the ages of minerals by combining chemical and radioactive data, all based on the assumption that the law of each radioactive change is expressed by its constant, X , over the periods and for the quantities of each element involved. The two principal methods employ the ratios of helium to uranium and thorium and of lead to uranium and thorium. The helium ratio is admitted to give minimum values on account of the loss of helium with lapse of time; and the lead ratio involves the assumption, or actual proof by means of an atomic weight determination, that the lead is wholly of radioactive origin. Associated rocks are generally assumed to be as old or older than the minerals found in them. Attempts have also been made to calculate the ages of rocks from determinations on bulk samples (Russell). For the two methods mentioned the fundamental changes and data are:

11(238.17) ->Pbu(206.06) + 8He(4.00) Th(232.15) -> PbTh(208.00) + 6He(4.00) One gram of uranium in equilibrium with its products gives 9.4 X IO4 alpha particles per sec ( 1 ^) or 1.96 X 10~n gram He and 1.26 X IO'10 gram Pbu per year. One gram of thorium in equilibrium with its products gives 2.7 X IO4 alpha particles per sec, or 5.5 X 10~12 gram He and 4.8 X 10~u gram Pbih per year. The ages of minerals may be calculated from the analytical data and the preceding information by simple proportion in the case of helium (equation 1) and also in the case of lead with sufficient accuracy for most purposes (equation 2), but if the percentage of lead is relatively large the theoretical relation is given by equation 3, where U, Th, Pb = percentage U, Th, Pb in the mineral. (1) Age = U I Q 28Th

X 91

° million vears

and younger than uranium minerals from the same geologic horizon(19). Low lead ratios have little significance on account of the ease with which certain minerals abstract lead from circulating natural waters. The atomic weight of the lead should be determined whenever possible in order to make certain that the lead is of radioactive origin. In general, only primary minerals are million years Thorium minerals with Th/U greater than 3 are secondary j suitable for age determinations. AGES OF MINERALS FROM HELIUM RATIOS BY EQUATION (1) (The values in parenthesis are calculated from the lead ratios for comparison) ~ \ I~ TT '. He U T h Â g e I Mineral Geologic horizon ,, _. A. -n ± -ncms/g Percent Percent million years Pliocene 1.7 X 10~6 0.021 O 0.07 Phosphatic shark's teeth, Florida Phosphatic shark's teeth, Felixtowe, Eng Pliocene 1.6 X 10~6 0.013 O 0.11 Phosphatic nodules, Felixtowe, Eng Pliocene 1.0 X 10~6 0.0041 O 0.22 Carnotite, Montrose Co., Colo Post Tertiary O. Ol 2.53 O 3.6 Zircon, Campbell L, New Zealand Tertiary 8.1 X 10~5 0.029 0.07 1.5 Pitchblende, Joachimsthal 0.107 62.4 O 1.6 1.65 X 10~6 0.00015 0.00017 7.6 Sphaerosiderite, Germany Oligocene Zircon, Mayen, Eifel Tertiary 1.14 X 10~4 0.0108 0.00073 9.4 Hematite, Co. Antrim/Ireland Eocene 1.21 X 10~5 0.00022 0.00073 26 Zircon, Auvergne Tertiary 2.12 X 10~4 0.031 O 6.2 Upper Cretaceous 3.0 X 10~5 0.0091 O 3.0 Phosphatic nodules, Cambridge, Eng Phosphatic nodules, Bedfordshire Lower Cretaceous 2.1 X 10~5 0.0049 O 3.9 Zircon, Cheyenne Canon, Colo Paleozoic 0.0193 0.109 0.10 128 Above Carboniferous 1.6 X 10~4 0.0011 O 130 Hematite, Cumberland, Eng Carboniferous 1.5 X 10~4 0.00087 0.00043 140 Limonite, Forest of Dean Sipilite, Little Frier Mt., Va Carboniferous (?) 0.59 2.42 4.33 147 Euxenite, Arendal, Norway Pre-Cambrian 0.73 2.41 2.39 210(1240) Samarskite, Mitchell Co., N. C Carboniferous (?) 1.5 8.73 1.28 160 Silurian 1.5 X 10~4 0.0028 O 49 Phosphatic nodules, Baia, England Phosphatic limestone, Chirbury, Shropshire, Eng Silurian 5.6 X 10~5 0.0067 O 76 Uraninite, Katanga Pre-Silurian 8.88 77.76 O 104(665) Zircon, Brevig, Norway Post-Devonian 0.0099 0.113 0.288 46 9.8 X 10~6 0.00037 0.0013 120 Hematite, Caen Devonian Zircon, Green River, N. C Paleozoic 0.0255 0.11 0.264 126 Zircon, Ural Mts Paleozoic 0.030 0.0538 0.408 160 0.15 72.62 18(58) Uraninite, Colo Tertiary Uraninite, N. C Post-Cambrian 2.96 77.0 2.44 34(380) Thorianite, Sab. Province, Ceylon Pegmatite in Charnokite 1.5 9.87 63.54 50(460) Series 9.3 20.6 57.55 230(400) Thorianite, Galle Province, Ceylon Pegmatite in Pre-Cambrian Uraninite, Annerod Pre-Cambrian (?) 9.4 66.2 5.27 120(890) Uraninite, Portland, Conn.. Devonian (?) ' 19.2 72.0 8.79 230(290) Uraninite, Branchville, Conn Silurian (?) 21.0 74.3 5.72 250(400) Microlite, Amelia Court House, Va Carboniferous (?) 0.05 1.60 O 280 Cuprouranite, Cornwall Devonian 0.10 50.9 O 1.8 Orangite, Brevig, Norway Middle Devonian 0.11 0.85 42.6 7.9(22) Zircon, Ural Mts Paleozoic 0.030 0.053 0.409 160 8.9 11.0 67.7 270(500) Thorianite, Ceylon Balangoda series Zircon, Kimberly , Paleozoic 0.032 0.091 0.012 310 8.3 X 10~6 0.084 O 9.0 Phosphatic nodules, Loch Broom Pre-Cambrian Gadolinite, Ytterby Pre-Cambrian (?) 2.43 2.50 7.56 480 Aeschynite, Ural Mts 0.98 2.12 7.19 210 Cyrtolite, Llano Co., Texas Pre-Cambrian (?) 1.15 3.11 4.44 240 Uraninite, S. Dak Pre-Cambrian (?) 4.35 66.90 1.89 59(540) Zircon, Ceylon Ancient 0.0283 0.086 0.010 290 Zircon (?), Renfrew Co., Ontario Archaean 0.0114 0.0155 0.0008 660 Aeschynite, Hitteroe, Norway 1.09 7.98 1.11 1200

T.

Lit.

(23) (23) (23) (23) (23) (23) (23) (23) (23) (23) (23) (23) (23) (23) (23) (23) (23) (23) (23) (23) (4) (23) (23) (23) (23) (ll) («) (5) (23) (l *) (") (") (23) (23) (23) (23) (23) (23) (23) (23) (23) (23) (*) (23) (23) (23)

'

AGES OP MINERALS FROM LEAD RATIOS BY EQUATION (3) Mineral Carnotite, Montrose Co., Colo Johannite, Colo Brannerite, Idaho Uraninite, Gilpin Co., Colo Thorite, Ceylon Hatchettolite, Hybla, Ont Polycrase, Brazil Allanite, Blueberry Mtn., Mass Freyalite, Brevig, Norway Tritomite, Brevig, Norway Thorite, Brevig, Norway Thorite, Brevig, Norway Thorite, Brevig, Norway Orangite, Brevig, Norway Orangite, Brevig, Norway Homolite, Brevig, Norway' Mosandrite, Brevig, Norway Eudidymite, Brevig, Norway Eucolite, Brevig, Norway Thorite, Brevig, Norway Zircon, Brevig, Norway Zircon, Brevig, Norway Pyrochlore, Brevig, Norway Aegerine, Brevig, Norway Zircon, Brevig, Norway Biotite, Brevig, Norway Uraninite, Spruce Pine, N. C Thorianite, Galle Province, Ceylon Betafite, Madagascar Thorianite, Sa. Province, Ceylon Uraninite, Branchville, Conn Uraninite, Katanga Polycrase, Slättakra, Sweden Uraninite, Ânnerod, Norway Uraninite, Elvestad Annerödite Mackintoshite, Llano Co., Tex Yttrocrasite, Llano Co., Tex Uraninite, Llano Co., Tex Uraninite, Llano Co., Tex Yttrialite, Llano Co., Tex Yttrialite, Llano Co., Tex Fergusonite, Ytterby, Sweden Gadolinite, Ytterby, Sweden Zircon, Ceylon Uraninite, Villeneuve, Quebec Uraninite, Parry Sound, Ontario Uraninite, Arendal, Norway Uraninite, Black Hills, S. Dak

Geologic horizon & Tertiary Tertiary Tertiary Tertiary Young mineral in pegmatite in Pre-Cambrian Pre-Cambrian (?) Pre-Devonian Young mineral in pegmatite Post-Devonian (Lawson) Post-Devonian (Lawson) Post-Devonian (Lawson) Post-Devonian (Lawson) Post-Devonian (Lawson) Post-Devonian (Lawson) Post-Devonian (Lawson) Post-Devonian (Lawson) Post-Devonian (Lawson) Middle Devonian Middle Devonian Middle Devonian Middle Devonian Middle Devonian Middle Devonian Middle Devonian Middle Devonian Middle Devonian Post-Cambrian (?) Pegmatite in Pre-Cambrian Pegmatite, uncertain Pegmatite in Pre-Cambrian Silurian (?) Pre-Silurian Pre-Cambrian (Moss district) Pre-Cambrian (Moss district) Pre-Cambrian (Moss district) Pre-Cambrian (?) Pre-Cambrian (?) Pre-Cambrian Pre-Cambrian Pre-Cambrian Pre-Cambrian Middle Pre-Cambrian Middle Pre-Cambrian Pre-Cambrian Middle Pre-Cambrian Middle Pre-Cambrian Pre-Cambrian (Arendal district) Pre-Cambrian

Th ™ * Percent

0.12

^ge million years 29 123 29 69 280

(12) (18) (9) (U) C11)

0.03 0.84 18.3

270 600 310

(24) (8) (l 7 )

Pb ^ * Percent

U n PercentA

0.17 0.76 0.18 0.65 2.86

45.6 47.2 46.97 72.60 72.00

4.1

0.11

8.79

0.50 0.59 0.036

13.72 5.49 0.11

0.46 4.59 2.01

0.0028 0.0026 0.0196 0.0810 0.0760 0.0570 0.0542 0.0121 0.0024 0.0007 0.0012 0.4279 0.0055 0.0085 0.0093 0.0015 0.0370 0.0069 3.90 2.41 0.35 2.09 4.03 6.51 0.85 8.39

0.0526 0.0631 0.4072 0.7200 0.7000 1.2437 1.1825 0.2442 0.0432 0.0090 0.0170 10.1040 0.1460 0.1941 0.1855 0.0253 0.9310 0.1602 77. Ol 24.13 22.58 9.87 73.OO 77.76 8.45 66.21

9.35

65.82

7.46

0.11

970

(U)

2.22

15.25

2.08

0.14

990

(2)

3.47 0.45 9.43 9.35 0.74 0.79 0.18 0.36 0.092 10.46 10.83 10.16

19.75 2.28 56.45 55.18 1.45 0.69 1.06 2.41 0.56 64.74 69.19 61.27

39.83 7.69 6.65 5.88 9.53 10.55

2.02 3.38 1.18 1.07 6.5 15.3

0.01 6.41 2.83 3.65

0.02 1. OO 0.04 0.06

730 640 1130 1150 1040 1190 1200 1100 1150 1110 1090 1150

(l) (l) (!) (l) (l) (l) (*) (l) (14) (U) (6) (l l )

15.24

66.90

1.89

0.03

1540

(4)

Th/U

6.330 120.3 5.150 81.6 29.20 71.7 49.43 08.6 47.25 67.5 49.44 39.7 45.03 38.1 2.900 11.9 0.287 6.64 0.036 7. OO 0.040 2.35 14.20 1.41 0.114 0.78 0.082 0.42 0.075 0.40 0.007 0.28 0.141 0.15 0.017 0.11 2.44 0.03 55.95 2.32 0.98 0.04 63.54 6.45 6.09 0.81 O 3.08 0.36 5.28 0.08

8.8 9.9 13.3 32.0 31.4 22.1 22.8 69.1 112 230 280 210 220 280 330 400 280 310 380 400 120 460 400 620 650 890

Lit.

(19) (l9) (l 9 ) (l 9) (l 9 ) (l 9 ) (19) (l 9 ) (19) C 19 ) O9) (*9) (l 9) (l 9 ) C19) (l9) (l 9 ) (*9) (l l) (l 9 ) (l 6 ) (5, 19) (U) (4) (2) (U)

LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) (i) Barrell, 336, 28: 745; 17. ( 2 ) Blomstrand, in Dana's Mineralogy, p. 741. ( 3 ) Boltwood, 12, 23: 77; 07. ( 4 ) C. W. Davis, U. S. Bureau of Mines, O. ( 5 ) Dunstan and Blake, 5, 76A: 253; 05. (6) Ellsworth, 12, 9: 127; 25. (7) Geiger and Rutherford, 3, 20: 691; 10. ( 8 ) Hess and Henderson, 143, 200: 235; 25. (») Hess and Wells, 143, 189: 225; 20. ( 1 O) Hidden and Mackintosh, 12, 38: 481; 89. (U) Hillebrand, 12, 42: 390; 91. 156, No. 78; 91. O 2 ) Hillebrand and Ransome, 12, 10: 120; 00. O 3 ) Holmes, 5, 85A: 248; 11. ( 14 ) Holmes

and Lawson, 3, 28: 823; 14. O 5 ) Kovarik and McKeehan, 337, No. 51; 25. ( 16 ) Lacroix, Mineralogie, V: 93. ( 1 7 ) Lane, Trans. Lake Superior Mining InsL, Aug., 1925. (i g ) Larsen and Brown, 328, 2: 75; 17. (l9) Lawson, 75, 126: 721; 17. ( 2 0 ) Russell, Introduction to the Chemistry of Radioactive Substances, Murray, London, 1922. ( 2 1 ) Rutherford, Radioactive Substances and Their Radiations, Putnam's Sons, New York, 1913. ( 2 2 ) Soddy and Hyman, 4, 105: 1402; 14. ( 2 3 ) Strutt, 5A, 76: 88; 05. 80: 572; 08. 81: 272; 08. 82; 166; 09. 83: 96, 298; 09. 84: 377; 10. ( 2 4 ) Walker, Univ. Toronto Studies, No. 16; 23. ( 2 5 ) Wells, Bibliography on the relation of radioactivity to geological problems. National Research Council, 1924.

SELECTED PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF STARS AND NEBULAE ALFRED H. JOY CONTENTS.—(A) Classification of stellar and nebular spectra; (B) Stellar temperatures, masses, and densities; (C) Stellar diameters. (Data pertaining to the solar spectra will be found with other spectroscopic data; consult index.)

Class I Typical object Oa B. D. +35° 4013 Ob B. D. +35° 4001 Oc C. D. M. -41° 10972

A. CLASSIFICATION OF STELLAR AND NEBULAR SPECTRA

05

B. D. +4° 1302

The system1 is that developed at Harvard College Observatory, as used by Miss Cannon in the Henry Draper Catalogue. Except where the exact nature of the spectral changes is not fully understood, decimal sub-classes, representing progressive steps toward the succeeding class, are used. In denoting objects by their catalogue numbers, the following abbreviations are used: B. D. = Bonn Durchmusterung; C. D. M. = Cordoba Durchmusterung; I. C. = Dreyer's Index Catalogue of nebulae and clusters; N. G. C. = New General Catalogue by Dreyer. The number, or numbers, following the abbreviation is the catalogue designation of the object. Class P includes practically all the gaseous nebulae. Its unique characteristic is the appearance of lines from an unknown origin (nebulium). In addition there are many lines of H, He, C, He+, C 4-, and N-K All lines are bright and usually sharp. (The order of the Harvard ( 2 ) subdivisions should probably be reversed to indicate decreasing intensity of radiation.)

06 07

B. D. +44° 3639 9 Sagittae

08 09

XOrionis 10 Lacertae

Class Pa Pb Pc Pd Pe Pf

Spectral criteria Typical object| I. C. 418 X5007 and X4959 faint, X3869 not seen Orion nebula X5007 and X4959 stronger I. C. 4997 X4363 conspicuous N. G. C. 6826 X5007 and X4959 strong N. G. C. 7662 X4686 present I N. G. C. 40 X4686 strong

Wright (ll) has divided these spectra into three classes: Class I, having X4686 present, Class II, with X4686 absent but X3869 present, and Class III with both X4686 and X3869 absent. Class O is distinguished by the presence of the Pickering series of ionized helium, upon a strong continuous spectrum with maximum intensity far in the violet. The elements present are H, He, He+, C+, N+, Mg+, O+, CHI, Nili, Siili, OHI, SiIV. Broad emission bands occur in the earlier subdivisions. Few absorption lines are found in sub-classes Oa, Ob, Oc, which make up the group known as Wolf-Ray et stars. (The Harvard subclasses Od, Oe, and Oe5 which have absorption lines and in some cases narrow emission lines as well, are included in the subclasses O5 to O9 as suggested by H. H. Plaskett (7), the basis of classification being the absorption lines.) 1 Adopted by International Astronomical Union. It defines a temperature scale which is linear within the present errors of measurement.

|

Spectral criteria Band X4648 stronger than X4686 X4686 stronger than X4648 Bands narrower. X4686 twice X4638 Pickering series very strong. H lines weak, X4634 and X4640 (NIII) present Neutral helium appears X4471 (He), 1.4 X X4541. X4089 (SiIV), 0.8 X X4097 (NIIL) X4481 (Mg+) appears H stronger, He weak. X4471, 2.7 X X4541. X4089, 1.4 X X4097

Class B is characterized by the presence of helium, which has its maximum intensity in B2. The principal elements are those of class O, with the addition, in the later sub-classes, of lines of the ionized atom of several of the metals, such as Sr, Ba, and Fe. The H and K lines of calcium are found in increasing strength in this class. The hydrogen lines increase through the sub-classes, reaching a strong maximum at Ao of the following class. Class I Typical object | Spectral criteria BO f Orionis Pickering series weak, X4649 (Oil), X4116 (SiIV), and X4089 (SiIV) maximum intensity Bl ß Canis MaJoris He more prominent than O and Si. B2 T Orionis X4116 not seen. X4089 and X4649 faint B3 77 Aurigae Strongest lines are helium B5 q Tauri X4128 and X4131 (SiII) stronger than X4121 (He). X4481, 0.7 X X4471 B8 ß Orionis X4481 equal to X4471 B9 X Aquilae H strong. He weak. Several prominent enhanced metallic lines Classes A, F, G, K and M, which contain the largest numbers of the stars, show a gradual increase in the number and intensity of the lines of neutral metallic elements of the lower atomic weights, and a decrease in the intensity of lines due to ionized elements. Compounds produce bands in the later classes. The sun's spectrum is Go, and is intermediate between that of the white and the red stars. Class I Typical object | Spectral criteria Ao a Lyrae H maximum strength. Very few other lines except X4481 (Mg+) A5 p Sagittarii K (Ca+) stronger than Ho. X4290 well marked. X4481 weaker Fo
LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) C 1 ) Barrell, 336, 28: 745; 17. ( 2 ) Blomstrand, in Dana's Mineralogy, p. 741. ( 3 ) Boltwood, 12, 23: 77; 07. ( 4 ) C. W. Davis, U. S. Bureau of Mines, O. (5) Dunstan and Blake, 5, 76A: 253; 05. («) Ellsworth, 12, 9: 127; 25. (7) Geigerand Rutherford, S, 20: 691; 10. ( 8 ) Hess and Henderson, 143, 200: 235; 25. (9) Hess and Wells, 143, 189: 225; 20. ( 1 O) Hidden and Mackintosh, 12, 38: 481; 89. (U) Hillebrand, 12, 42: 390; 91. 156, No. 78; 91. (") Hillebrand and Ransome, 12, 10: 120; 00. O 3 ) Holmes, 5, 85A: 248; 11. O 4 ) Holmes

and Lawson, 3, 28: 823; 14. (i g ) Kovarik and McKeehan, 337, No. 51; 25. ( 16 ) Lacroix, Mineralogie, V: 93. ( 17 ) Lane, Trans. Lake Superior Mining Inst., Aug., 1925. (i«) Larsen and Brown, 328, 2: 75; 17. (l 9 ) Lawson, 75, 126: 721; 17. ( 2 <>) Russell, Introduction to the Chemistry of Radioactive Substances, Murray, London, 1922. ( 2 1 ) Rutherford, Radioactive Substances and Their Radiations, Putnam's Sons, New York, 1913. (22) Soddy and Hyman, 4, 105: 1402; 14. ( 2 3 ) Strutt, 5A, 76: 88; 05. 80: 572; 08. 81: 272; 08. 82; 166; 09. 83: 96, 298; 09. 84: 377; 10. ( 2 4 ) Walker, Univ. Toronto Studies, No. 16; 23. ( 2 5 ) Wells, Bibliography on the relation of radioactivity to geological problems. National Research Council, 1924.

SELECTED PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF STARS AND NEBULAE ALFRED H. JOY CONTENTS.—(A) Classification of stellar and nebular spectra; (B) Stellar temperatures, masses, and densities; (C) Stellar diameters. (Data pertaining to the solar spectra will be found with other spectroscopic data; consult index.)

Class Typical object Oa B. D. +35° 4013 Ob B. D. +35° 4001 Oc C. D. M. -41° 10972

A. CLASSIFICATION OF STELLAR AND NEBULAR SPECTRA

05

B. D. +4° 1302

The system1 is that developed at Harvard College Observatory, as used by Miss Cannon in the Henry Draper Catalogue. Except where the exact nature of the spectral changes is not fully understood, decimal sub-classes, representing progressive steps toward the succeeding class, are used. In denoting objects by their catalogue numbers, the following abbreviations are used: B. D. = Bonn Durchmusterung; C. D. M. = Cordoba Durchmusterung; I. C. = Dreyer's Index Catalogue of nebulae and clusters; N. G. C. = New General Catalogue by Dreyer. The number, or numbers, following the abbreviation is the catalogue designation of the object. Class P includes practically all the gaseous nebulae. Its unique characteristic is the appearance of lines from an unknown origin (nebulium). In addition there are many lines of H, He, C, He+, C+, and N-K All lines are bright and usually sharp. (The order of the Harvard ( 2 ) subdivisions should probably be reversed to indicate decreasing intensity of radiation.)

06 07

B. D. +44° 3639 9 Sagittae

08 09

XOrionis 10 Lacertae

Class Pa Pb Pc Pd Pe Pf

Typical object] Spectral criteria I. C. 418 X5007 and X4959 faint, X3869 not seen Orion nebula X5007 and X4959 stronger I. C. 4997 X4363 conspicuous N. G. C. 6826 X5007 and X4959 strong N. G. C. 7662 X4686 present I N. G. C. 40 X4686 strong

Wright (ll) has divided these spectra into three classes: Class I, having X4686 present, Class II, with X4686 absent but X3869 present, and Class III with both X4686 and X3869 absent. Class O is distinguished by the presence of the Pickering series of ionized helium, upon a strong continuous spectrum with maximum intensity far in the violet. The elements present are H, He, He+, C+, N+, Mg+, O+, CHI, Nili, Siili, OHI, SiIV. Broad emission bands occur in the earlier subdivisions. Few absorption lines are found in sub-classes Oa, Ob, Oc, which make up the group known as Wolf-Rayet stars. (The Harvard subclasses Od, Oe, and Oe5 which have absorption lines and in some cases narrow emission lines as well, are included in the subclasses O5 to O9 as suggested by H. H. Plaskett (7), the basis of classification being the absorption lines.) 1 Adopted by International Astronomical Union. It defines a temperature scale which is linear within the present errors of measurement.

|

Spectral criteria Band X4648 stronger than X4686 X4686 stronger than X4648 Bands narrower. X4686 twice X4638 Pickering series very strong. H lines weak, X4634 and X4640 (NIII) present Neutral helium appears X4471 (He), 1.4 X X4541. X4089 (SiIV), 0.8 X X4097 (NIII) X4481 (Mg+) appears H stronger, He weak. X4471, 2.7 X X4541. X4089, 1.4 X X4097

Class B is characterized by the presence of helium, which has its maximum intensity in B2. The principal elements are those of class O, with the addition, in the later sub-classes, of lines of the ionized atom of several of the metals, such as Sr, Ba, and Fe. The H and K lines of calcium are found in increasing strength in this class. The hydrogen lines increase through the sub-classes, reaching a strong maximum at Ao of the following class. Class I Typical object | Spectral criteria BO T Orionis Pickering series weak, X4649 (Oil), X4116 (SiIV), and X4089 (SiIV) maximum intensity Bl ß Canis MaJoris He more prominent than O and Si. B2 T Orionis X4116 not seen. X4089 and X4649 faint B3 77 Aurigae Strongest lines are helium B5 q Tauri X4128 and X4131 (SiII) stronger than X4121 (He). X4481, 0.7 X X4471 B8 ß Orionis X4481 equal to X4471 B9 X Aquilae H strong. He weak. Several prominent enhanced metallic lines Classes A1 F1 G, K and M, which contain the largest numbers of the stars, show a gradual increase in the number and intensity of the lines of neutral metallic elements of the lower atomic weights, and a decrease in the intensity of lines due to ionized elements. Compounds produce bands in the later classes. The sun's spectrum is Go, and is intermediate between that of the white and the red stars. Class I Typical object | Spectral criteria Ao a Lyrae H maximum strength. Very few other lines except X4481 (Mg+) A5 p Sagittarii K (Ca+) stronger than HS. X4290 well marked. X4481 weaker Fo (T Bootis K 3.0 X Hd and equal to H + H€

Class I Typical object | Spectral criteria F5 ct Canis Minoris Fraunhofer band G first seen. Numerous solar lines Go a Aurigae Solar type. H not conspicuous. G band well defined, H5 = X4226. G5 rj Piscium HT fainter than X4325 Ko a Bootis G band conspicuous, X4226 strong. Hydrogen weaker K5 a Tauri X4226 very wide. X4254 and X4274 (Cr) strong. Titanium bands very faint Mo ß Andròmedae Titanium bands well marked M5 a Herculis Titanium bands very stong. Metallic lines fewer Class R and N stars show the carbon bands in increasing strength. The more advanced stars of class N have very little light in the violet or blue portions of the spectrum. They are the reddest stars known. Typical stars: Class R, B. D. -10° 5057; Class N, 19 Piscium. Class S spectra resemble those of class K5 except for the presence of bands of zirconium, and other peculiarities in the region near X4650. The line X4554 of Ba + is conspicuous. Class Q stars are the novae. Near maximum of outburst their spectra are characterized by numerous wide emission bands of hydrogen and helium, and by absorption lines of ionized elements, especially titanium and iron. As the star decreases in light, both absorption and emission lines of N and O become more prominent. In the later stages, bright nebular bands appear; these are ultimately superseded by the bright bands of the Wolf-Rayet spectrum. B. STELLAR TEMPERATURES, MASSES, AND DENSITIES Giant stars are characterized by large mass, low density, and great total luminosity. Dwarf stars have smaller mass, higher density, and less total luminosity. Both are found in all classes, but the greatest contrasts between the two are found in the cooler stars of classes K and M. The continuous spectrum of dwarfs has its maximum shifted towards the violet, as compared with that of giants of the same spectral class, indicating that their absolute temperature is about 15% higher than that of the giants. Even with small dispersion, pronounced differences between giants and dwarfs may be noticed in the distribution of intensity in their line spectra. These differences probably arise from differences in the density gradients; they show a correlation with the absolute magnitude and mass of the stars. The low densities of giants favor the enhancement of those lines (absorption) which are produced under conditions of high excitation, such as the spark lines of the metals; the high density of dwarfs favor those produced by low excitation, such as the resonance lines of neutral atoms. The lines X4077, X4215 (ionized Sr) are much strengthened in giants, and weakened in dwarfs; the reverse is true of X4226 (Ca), X4454 (Ca), X4607 (Sr).

STELLAB TEMPEBATUBES, MASSES AND DENSITIES Units: Temperature, 100O0C abs.; Mass, Mass of Sun; Density, g/cm3. Effective temperature (giants*)

Mean mass (»)

Class

.g H-

.M-

e«,

—

t-

23 20

£

fi

co

fi

co

.3

JJ

.$

1

^ P n O o Q f ^ O Q Oa O5 Bo B3 B8 Ao A5 Fo F5 Go G5 Ko K5 M o M5 N

Mean density (»)

O

P

23 13

18

16 14

11 8 12 9 7.5 9 6 7.2 6 5.8 6.5 6 7 4.5 3.7 4 3 3.5 3.5 3 3 5 2.5 2.95 4 2J3

50 ( 6 ) 10 9 0.22 7.3 0.24 10 7.06.0 0.16 0.36 5 . 6 4 . 0 0.071 0.40 7.5 4.32.5 0.025 0.40 3.21.5 0.0078 0.39 6 2.61.0 0.0025 0.68 2.80.760.00087 1.2 4.5 3.00.680.00018 1.3 3.9 2.60.620.000026 1.4 3 2.00.590.00000965.4

30 19 16

* Temperatures of dwarfs are 10 % to 20 % higher than giants of same class (indirect methods). t Abbot C 1 ). By radiometer. Î Potsdam observations. Wilsing et al. ( 10 ). § Coblentz ( 3 ). By thermocouple. IJ Saha (8). Calculated from initial appearance of certain spectral lines under pressure of 0.1 atmosphere. (See note U".) if Fowler and Milne ( 4 ). Calculated from maximum intensity of certain spectral lines under pressure of 1.31 X 10~4 atmospheres, assuming 10 000° corresponds to maximum of Balmer lines of H. These temperatures, and those of Saha, are for the reversing layer; true effective temperature is somewhat higher.

STELLAR DIAMETERS Unit: Linear Diameter, IO6 km. cix Star «Tauri aOrionis a Bootis aScorpii

™ Class K5 M2 Ko Ml

-r, n Diameter Parallax ~— Angular * Linear 0.055" 0.022" 60 0.019 0.044 347 0.088 0.022 37 0.017 0.040 353

* Measured by means of interferometer ( 5 ).

LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) O) Abbot, 81, 60: 105; 24. ( 2 ) Cannon, Harvard College Obs. Annals, 76: 3 19; 16. ( ) Coblentz, SlA, 17: 725; 22. (*) Fowler and Milne, Monthly Notices, R. A. S., 83: 403; 23. ( 5 ) Michelson and Pease, 21, 53: 249; 21. Pease, Pubi. Ast. Soc. Pacific, 33: 171, 204; 21. 34: 346; 22. («) J. S. Plaskett, PuU. Domin. Astrop. Obs., 2: 298; 24. ( 7 ) H. H. Plaskett, Ibid., 1: 366; 22. (8) Saha, o, 99: 151; 21. ( 9 ) Scares, 21, 55: 202; 22. (10) Wilsing, Scheiner and Miinch, Pubi. Astrop. Obs. Potsdam, 24: 21; 19. ( U ) Wright, Pubi. Lick Obs., 13: 262; 18.

DISTRIBUTION OF STARS FREDERICK H. SEARES Restriction.—No account is here taken of globular star clusters nor of stars included in spiral nebulae, many of which contain objects whose essentially stellar character can no longer be doubted. Apparent Distribution and Number.—Statistically considered, the stars are distributed over the face of the sky with a high degree of regularity, their numbers gradually increasing as the Milky

Way is approached from either side. The Milky Way defines what is very nearly a plane of symmetry, and for a first approximation, systematic difference between the two hemispheres, progressive changes in galactic longitude, and all Jocal irregularities can be ignored. The resulting mean distribution, as found by Scares and van Rhijn, is shown in Table 1.

To apparent magnitude (see p. 39) m — 13.5 the results depend on data covering a large portion of the sky. From m = 13.5 to 18.5 they are derived from counts of stars on photographs of the 139 Selected Areas of Kapteyn between the North Pole and declination —15°. For still higher values of ra, the values of log Nm are extrapolated, but the uncertainty consequent to the extrapolation itself is probably small. Excepting in low galactic latitudes, there is little or no systematic uncertainty arising from the particular choice of fields used for the counts. To m = 16 the magnitude scale is the mean of several closely accordant determinations made at different observatories, and is probably accurate within a few hundredths of a magnitude. Below this limit the scale depends wholly upon observations made at the Mount Wilson Observatory. Although this part of the scale has not been confirmed by independent measures made elsewhere, it

has been established by methods successfully used for the brighter stars. The indicated total, to the twenty-first photographic magnitude, of all stars in the sky is 890 000 000, and to the twentieth visual magnitude, 1 000 000 000. Barring losses of light by absorption, scattering etc., the increase in log Nm for a uniform distribution of stars throughout space would be 0.6 per unit of magnitude. The observed increase nowhere attains this value; the stars thin out with increasing distance from the sun, and at great distances they thin out more rapidly than near the sun; these changes are most pronounced in the direction of the poles of the Milky Way. If the law of decreasing space density indicated by the stars accessible to observation holds for those beyond present telescopic reach, the total number of luminous stars in the galactic system must be of the order of 3 X IO10.

TABLE 1.—LOGARITHMS OF NUMBERS (Nm) OF STARS, OF MAGNITUDES LESS THAN m, PER SQUARE DEGREE IN DIFFERENT GALACTIC LATITUDES (!) Units: Last column; m = visual magnitude; average JVm = 1, if w =8. Other columns; m = international photographic magnitude (2); Nm= 1, if m = 8, Lat, = O. Galactic pole: R. A. 12M1>»20S, Dec. +27° 21' (1875) (Gould). Log 10 Nm at latitude VYI

4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0 8.5 9.0 9.5 10.0 10.5 11.0 11.5 12.0 12.5 13.0 13.5 14.0 14.5 15.0 15.5 16.0 16.5 17.0 17.5 18.0 18.5 19.0 19.5 20.0 20.5 21.0

0°

5°

10°

2.19 2.17 2.12 2.42 2.40 2.35 2.65 2.63 2.58 2.88 2.86 2.80 ï.ll Ï.08 Ï.03 Ï.33 Ï.31 Ï.26 ï.56'ï.53 T.48 Ï.78 Ï.76 Ï.70 0.00 Ï.98 1.92 0.23 0.20 0.14 0.45 0.42 0.36 0.67 0.64 0.57 0.89 0.85 0.79 1.10 1.07 1.00 1.3fe 1.28 1.21 1.53 1.49 1.42 1.74 1.70 1.63 1.96 1.91 1.83 2.16 2.12 2.04 2.37 2.32 2.24 2.57 2.52 2.43 2.77 2.72 2.63 2.96 2.91 2.82 3.15 3.10 3.01 3.33 3.28.3.19 3.51 3.46 3.37 3.68 3.64 3.54 3.85 3.81 3.71 4.01 3.97 3.87 4.16 4.12 4.03 4.32 4.28 4.18 4.46 4.42 4.32 4.60 4.56 4.46 4.74 4.69 4.59 4.87 4.82 4.72

| Logio (average Nm) between latitudes 0°—

15° 20°

25°

30°

35°

40°

50°

60°

70°

80°

90°

^0

2.05 2.28 2.51 2.74 2.97 1.19 Ï.42 Ï.64 1.86 0.08 0.29 0.50 0.72 0.93 1.14 1.34 1.54 1.75 1.95 2.14 2.34 2.52 2.71 2.89 3.07 3.24 3.41 3.57 3.73 3.88 4.02 4.16 4.29 4.42 4.54

3.93 2.16 2.39 2.62 2.84 1.07 Ï.29 1.52 1.74 Ï.95 0.17 0.38 0.59 0.80 1.01 1.21 1.41 1.61 1.80 1.99 2.17 2.34 2.51 2.68 2.84 2.99 3.14 3.28 3.42 3.55 3.67 3.79 3.90 4.01 4.11

3.87 2.10 2.33 2.56 2.79 1..Ol Ï.24 1.46 1.68 Ï.90 0.12 0.33 0.54 0.75 0.96 1.16 1.36 1.55 1.74 1.92 2.10 2.27 2.44 2.60 2.75 2.90 3.04 3.17 3.30 3.42 3.54 3.65 3.75 3.85 3.94

3.82 2.05 2.28 2.51 2.74 2.97 T.19 1.41 1.64 Ï.85 0.07 0.28 0.50 0.70 0.91 1.11 1.30 1.49 1.68 1.86 2.03 2.20 2.36 2.52 2.67 2.81 2.95 3.08 3.20 3.32 3.43 3.53 3.63 3.72 3.81

3.78 2.01 2.24 2.47 2.70 2.92 Ï.15 1.37 1.59 Ï.81 0.03 0.24 0.45 0.66 0.86 1.06 1.25 1.44 1.62 1.80 1.97 2.14 2.30 2.45 2.60 2.74 2.87 3.00 3.12 3.23 3.34 3.44 3.53 3.62 3.70

3.74 3.97 2.20 2.43 2.65 2.88 Ï.10 1.32 1.54 Ï.76 1.98 0.19 0.40 0.60 0.80 0.99 1.18 1.36 1.54 1.71 1.88 2.04 2.19 2.34 2.48 2.61 2.74 2.86 2.98 3.08 3.19 3.29 3.38 3.46 3.54

3.71 3.94 2.17 2.40 2.62 2.85 Ï.07 1.29 1.51 Ï.73 1.94 0.15 0.35 0.55 0.74 0.92 1.11 1.28 1.46 1.62 1.78 1.94 2.09 2.24 2.37 2.50 2.63 2.75 2.86 2.97 3.08 3.17 3.26 3.34 3.42

3.69 3.92 2.15 2.38 2.60 2.83 Ï.05 1.27 "l.48 Ï.69 1.90 0.11 0.30 0.50 0.69 0.87 1.05 1.23 1.39 1.56 1.72 1.87 2.01 2.15 2.29 2.42 2.54 2.66 2.77 2.88 2.98 3.07 3.16 3.25 3.33

3.67 3.90 2.13 2.36 2.58 2.80 Ï.02 1.24 1.46 Ï.67 1.88 0.08 0.28 0.47 0.65 0.84 1.01 1.18 1.35 1.51 1.67 1.82 1.96 2.10 2.23 2.36 2.48 2.60 2.71 2.82 2.92 3.01 3.10 3.18 3.26

3.66 3.88 2.12 2.34 2.57 2.79 Ï.01 1.23 1.44 Ï.65 1.86 0.06 0.26 0.45 0.64 0.82 1.00 1.17 1.33 1.49 1.65 1.80 1.94 2.08 2.21 2.34 2.46 2.57 2.68 2.79 2.89 2.98 3.07 3.15 3.22

2.12 2.35 2.58 2.80 1.03 1.26 Ï.48 1.70 1.92 0.14 0.36 0.58 0.79 1.00 1.22 1.43 1.63 1.84 2.04 2.24 2.44 2.63 2.82 3.01 3.19 3.37 3.54 3.70 3.86 4.02 4.17 4.31 4.45 4.58 4.71

3.99 2.22 2.45 2.68 2.90 ,1.13 Ï.35 1.57 1.79 0.01 0.22 0.44 0.65 0.86 1.06 1.27 1.47 1.67 1.87 2.06 2.24 2.43 2.60 2.77 2.94 3.10 3.26 3.41 3.56 3.70 3.84 3.97 4.09 4.21 4.33

Distribution of Intrinsic Brightness.—The range in intrinsic brightness among stars is enormous—at least twenty magnitudes, corresponding to an intensity ratio of 100 000 000 to 1. A knowledge of the frequencies of different luminosities among.the stars in a given volume of space is essential (unless questionable assumptions are to be introduced) for the calculation of the space distribution of the stars. It is, however, difficult to obtain, and,

90°—

40°—

OS 2.11 2.34 2.57 2.80 1.03 Ï.25 1.47 1.69 Ï.91 0.13 0.34 0.55 0.76 0.96 1.17 1.36 1.56 1.75 1.93 2.11 2.29 2.45 2.62 2.77 2.92 3.07 3.20 3.34 3.46 3.59 3.70 3.81 3.91 4.01

3V73|704 3.96 2.17 2.19 2.40 2.41 2.63 2.64 2.85 2.86 1.08 Ï.09 Ï.30 1.31 1.52 1.53 1.74 Ï.74 Ï.96 1.96 0.18 0.16 0.39 0.37 0.60 0.57 0.81 0.76 1.02 0.95 1.22 1.14 1.42 1.32 1.62 1.50 1.82 1.67 2.01 1.83 2.20 1.99 2.38 2.14 2.56 2.29 2.73 2.43 2.90 2.56 3.07 2.69 3.23 2.81 3.39 2.93 3.54 3.04 3.68 3.14 3.82 3.24 3.96 3.33 4.09 3.42 4.21 3.50 4.33

^0

™0

O°—

^0

Un°— g() 0 (y)

2.11 2.35 2.60 2.83 Ï.07 1.31 Ï.54 Ï.77 0.00 0.23 0.45 0.68 0.90 1.11 1.32 1.53 1.74 1.94 2.14 2.34 2.52 2.71 2.89 3.07 3.24 3.40 3.56 3.71 3.86 4.00 4.13 4.26 4.38

at present, the frequencies are but imperfectly known. By assuming that the mean parallaxes of stars of apparent magnitude m and proper motion /* can be represented by a linear function of m and log /* supposed to be valid for all magnitudes and proper motions, Kapteyn and van Rhijn derived for the distribution of the absolute magnitudes a Gaussian error curve whose ordinates are given in the second column of Table 2. Scares ( 4 ) has shown

that their adopted mean parallax formula does not represent the distances of the stars of large motion and faint apparent magnitude, all of which are of low luminosity. A revision of the parallax formula, still only provisionally determined, and a recalculation of the luminosity function from about 500 stars of large proper motion leads to the frequencies in the third column of Table 2. TABLE 2.—APPROXIMATE LUMINOSITY FUNCTION 0(Af) = number of stars, absolute magnitude M1 per cubic parsec in the neighborhood of the sun. Unit of distance for M is 10 parsecs. 1 parsec = 3.26 light years = 30.8 X 1012km. M -4.64 -3.64 -2.64 -1.64 -0.64 +0.36 1.36 2.36 3.36 4.36 5.36 6.36 7.36 8.36 9.36 10.36 11.36 12.36 13.36 14.36

10 + Logio (M) Kapteyn ... a 4 /*\ Seares (^ ) v. ^" Rmjn (3) 2.61 3.42 4.17 4.85 5.46 5.58 6.00 6.16 6.47 6.66 6.88 7.05 7.21 7.34 7.47 7.58 7.67 7.74 7.80 7.84 7.85 7.87 7.84 7.86 7.76 7.88 7.61 7.92 7.39 8.06 7.10 8.11 6.75 8.11 6.3 8.13

Diff.

0.12 0.16 0.19 0.17 0.13 0.11 0.07 0.04 0.02 0.02 0.12 0.31 0.67 1.01 1.36 1.8

For the stars of low luminosity, the departure of Seares' curve from the error curve, shown by the differences in the fourth column, is important and must be accepted as real, although quantitatively the results are still very uncertain. The possibility of a maximum within the range of absolute magnitude considered is not excluded, but any such maximum must be well below the Kapteyn-van Rhijn limit, M = 7.7. Since the frequencies of stars of very low luminosity are still unknown, it is impossible at present to express the luminosity function as a true frequency function. Space Distribution of Stars.—The space distribution is defined by a density function, preferably in a form expressing the total number of stars per unit volume at different distances from the sun. At present, however, we must be content with so expressing the number of stars which are brighter than some limit of absolute magnitude. Analytically, the problem is to determine the density function, A(p), from the integral equation

TABLE 3.—AVEBAGE NUMBER OF STARS, BRIGHTER THAN ABSOLUTE MAGNITUDE M1 PER CUBIC PARSEC AT DISTANCE p FROM SUN (4) Unit of p is 1 parsec; of distance for M1 10 parsecs. 3.26 light years = 30.8 X IO12 km. 7^^\j^ Log i op ^-^^ OUT 1.1 1.3 1.5 1.7 1.9 2.1 2.3 2.5 2.7 2.9

1 parsec =

7.86 8.86 9.8610.8611.8612.8613.8614.86 0.0280.0350.0420.0500.0600.0730.0870.098 .026 .033 .040 .048 .058 .069 .078 .024 .030 .035 .041 .023 .028 .033 .022 .020 .017 .014 ! .011 .008 .004

(Values based upon 0(Af) for stars near the sun, and on the assumption that the relative frequencies of M are the same at all distances.)

Average densities for the whole sky give a very imperfect picture of the real distribution in space, as the latter varies greatly with galactic latitude. Broadly speaking, the surfaces of equal space density are concentric, and approximately similar, ellipsoids of revolution, similarly situated, with axes in the ratio of about 5 to 1. See Table 4. TABLE 4.—RADII OF EQUIDENSITY ELLIPSOIDS(6) A(p) = number of stars per cubic parsec at distance p from sun. (Values require revision for recent star counts (Table 1) and for error in luminosity function (cf. Table 2)). Unit of radius = 1 parsec. I parsec = 3.26 light years = 30.8 X IO12 km. Latitude is galactic. A(P)

1.00 0.63 0.40 0.25 0.16 0.100 0.063 0.040

90° O 118 198 296 413 553 717 902

Latitude I

0° O 602 1010 1510 2106 2820 3656 4600

'

Size of the Galactic System.—At present we have no certain indication as to the distance of the most remote stars belonging to the galactic system; but if ordinary blue stars of absolute magnitude zero occur among the faintest objects listed in Table 1, the diameter of the system cannot be less than a million light years. Such objects are not to be expected in high galactic latitudes, where the stars of very faint apparent magnitude are almost certainly all dwarfs; but their occurrence in the Milky Way is by no means excluded. We have, indeed, strong, though not con^-«/o"*W^)p^ clusive, evidence of the existence in the Milky Way of stars of zero where the left hand member can be found from the data in Table absolute magnitude among those of the sixteenth apparent magni1; co is a constant, p = distance from sun. Since (M), for M >8, tude. The corresponding diameter of the system is a hundred is still very uncertain, the general solution cannot be found at thousand light years. This value may be accepted with some present. Values of the density for the neighborhood of the sun assurance as a lower limit for the size of the system in the plane (Table 3) can, however, be calculated incidentally in deriving the of the Milky Way, exclusive of such objects as globular star data in Table 2. Results in the second column of Table 3 (M = clusters and spiral nebulae, whose relation to the general stellar 7.86) are in good agreement with similar results by Kapteyn arid system about us is not yet clearly defined. van Rhijn; the other tabular values indicate what is to be expected Position of the Sun.—The symmetrical distribution of stars for lower limiting values of M. The uncertainty of the luminosity adopted in Table 1 tacitly assumes the sun to be at the center of function for M > 8 scarcely justifies the effort required to complete the system. This is not actually the case, as is shown by systemthe table. atic deviations from the adopted mean distribution. Shapley's (5)

value for the distance of the sun from the galactic plane is about 60 parsecs, to the north, which is certainly of the right order of magnitude. The sun's distance from the center is much less certain, and different estimates range from a few hundred to many thousand parsecs, according to the underlying assumptions and the method of attack. The question is much complicated by the fact that the sun lies within a local cluster whose members form a considerable fraction of the stars of the brighter apparent

magnitudes, and a final answer must await the detailed discussion of the distribution of faint stars in galactic longitude. LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) C 1 ) Scares and van Rhijn, 197, 11: 358; 25; a more detailed account appears in !Bl, 62: 320; 25. ( 2 ) Trans. Internat. Astronomical Union, 1:69; 2Q. (Standard magnitudes of stars.) ( 3 ) Kapteyn and van Rhijn, 21, 52: 23; 20. ( 4 ) Scares, 21, 59: 310; 24. ( 5 ) Shapley, 2I1 49: 333, 19. ( 6 ) Kapteyn, 81, 55: 302; 22.

DISTRIBUTION OF NEBULAE

FREDERICK H. SEARES The term nebula is applied to objects of such diversity of form, size, distance, and physical characteristics that any study of their distribution presupposes a consideration of the question of classification. The following general classification by Hubble provides for two mutually exclusive divisions, characterized by position in the sky as well as by physical peculiarities, and five sub-classes representing physical differences. A GENERAL CLASSIFICATION OF NEBULAE I. Galactic nebulae, characterized by (1) tendency to concentrate about the Milky Way, (2) conspicuous association with individual stars from which they probably derive their luminosity, (3) early-type spectra, either emission or absorption, depending upon the spectral type of the associated stars, and (4) smooth and cloudy or wispy texture. They include (a) Planetaries, distinguished by symmetrical distribution of nebulosity about central stars, sharply defined edges, and emission spectra. (&) Diffuse nebulae, clouds in low galactic latitudes, usually associated with early-type stars. This type ranges from luminous to dark and from semi-transparent to opaque. Subdivided into predominantly luminous, predominantly obscure, and conspicuously mixed. u. Non-galactic nebulae, characterized by (1) tendency to avoid the Milky Way, (2) no conspicuous association with stars, (3) late-type absorption spectra, and (4) usually a rotational symmetry about dominating non-stellar nuclei. They include (a) Elliptical nebulae, amorphous objects whose forms can be represented as successive stages of an original globular mass flattening underthe influence of increasing rotation. (6) Spirals of two kinds, logarithmic and barred, which, once formed, appear to develop along parallel lines, the arms unwinding and the granulation of the material becoming more and more conspicuous. (c) Irregular nebulae, including a few non-galactic objects having no dominating nuclei and, significantly, showing no rotational symmetry. Physically, the planetaries and diffuse nebulae, Ia and Ib, are distinct and apparently without genetic relationship, except that the planetaries, which, in some cases at least, seem to be late stages in the development of novae, may represent the catastrophic consequences of the penetration of a star within a nebulous cloud of the diffuse sub-class. The spirals lib, on the other hand, are apparently an evolutionary development from elliptical nebulae, Ua, although it does not follow that all elliptical nebulae will necessarily become spirals. The few irregular nebulae, Uc, present features that might be expected in the case of spirals in the absence of or through the neutralization of dominating dynamical characteristics. The distribution of the various classes of nebulae is not in general easily shown in tabular form. The following summary for each of the important sub-classes includes, however, references to diagrams which exhibit the main features of the distribution.

Ia. Planetary Nebulae.—In the whole sky only about 150 of these objects are known, many of which are so small as to be recognizable only from their gaseous emission spectra. The smallest objects are closely associated with the Milky Way, and show a marked concentration in the Aquila-Sagittarius region. With increasing size the mean galactic latitude increases, and the largest known objects, to the extent of a dozen or so, are scattered over the sky with some approach to uniformity ( 3 » 6 » ll). This suggests that the linear distances of planetaries from the galactic plane are relatively small and that their angular diameters are correlated with their distances from the sun. Very small nebulae thus appear in low galactic latitudes because their distances from the sun are many times their distances from the galactic plane. The actual distances of planetary nebulae are still very uncertain. Van Maanen ( 15 ) has measured the parallaxes of about 20 of these objects and finds distances ranging from 50 to a few hundred parsecs; but, as he points out, these values are in conflict with the fact that the radial velocities average about 30 km/sec, while the proper motions are apparently small, of the order of the parallaxes themselves. Ib. Diffuse Nebulae.—The distant star clouds of the Milky Way define the galactic circle. A secondary galaxy, inclined some 12° to the galactic circle proper, is outlined by the bright helium stars of the much-flattened local cluster immediately surrounding the sun, most of whose members are within 500 parsecs (14). The diffuse nebulae outside the Magellanic Clouds, some hundreds in all,1 are closely associated with the primary and secondary galactic circles (7). Since the mean galactic latitude of those following the primary galaxy is only about 2°, and since the space within the two circles is not well filled, the inference is that these nebulae are directly connected either with the Milky Way star clouds or with the local cluster, and that few are to be found in the intervening regions. We thus have a group of diffuse nebulae whose members are within a few hundred parsecs of the sun; the others, forming a widely scattered group associated with the Milky Way, are at distances probably to be counted in thousands of parsecs (10). Both groups include both luminous and dark nebulae; the luminous members of the two groups present somewhat different physical characteristics, most marked in their spectra, which may be either emission, or predominantly continuous or absorption in type. The continuous and absorption spectra occur mostly among the nearer objects connected with the local cluster. The luminous diffuse nebulae are conspicuously associated with stars of high temperature from which they derive their luminosity, either by excitation or reflection. II. Non-galactic Nebulae.—The members of this class, consisting chiefly of the related sub-classes, elliptical nebulae (Ila) and spirals (lib), are far more numerous than the galactic nebulae. On the whole, the elliptical nebulae out number the spirals many times; but if only bright objects are considered, the spirals are thé more numerous. The distribution in galactic latitude is shown iji 1 Less than 200 luminous ones known; no complete list published (v. 7 » 8 ^ Most complete list of dark nebulae (182 small objects) is given by Barnard ( 1 J*

Table 1, which gives to limiting magnitude 18.6 on the international photographic scale the average number per square degree at various latitudes in each hemisphere. The data are compiled from Fath 's list ( 4 ), based on Mount Wilson photographs (exposure time 1 hour with 60-inch reflector) of the 139 Selected Areas between the North Pole and declination —15°. That part of the northern galactic hemisphere within which nebulae are frequent is wholly covered. About one-half the southern hemisphere is included, but not the south pole itself. Fath's counts have been corrected for losses caused by poor definition in the corners of the negatives (13). TABLE 1.—NON-GALACTIC NEBULAE: NUMBER PEB SQUARE DEGREE( 4 )

Average number; international photographic magnitude ^18.6; cf. Table 2 . Hemisphere Galactic latitude — ; JN j fe _ _ _ 15 25 35 45 55 65 74 83

0.8 2.5 13.2 10.3 12.2 22.2 31 (68)

0.4 5.4 8.2 5.8 7.0 11.9

Fath's list includes all classes of nebulae, but the galactic nebulae are relatively so infrequent that it is practically one of non-galactic nebulae alone. These objects begin to appear at about 20° latitude and increase rapidly in the interval 20° to 35°. From 40° to 70° the numbers increase slowly. The concentration near the north galactic pole is very pronounced. Below latitude 70° the i numbers in the southern hemisphere average about three-fourths those of the northern. The assumption of a similar ratio for the regions 70° to 90° leads to integrated totals of 170 000 and 128 000 for the northern and southern hemispheres, a round total of 300 000 for the whole sky (limiting phot. mag. for stars 18.6). The summary in Table 2 emphasizes the dependence of the distribution on galactic latitude. The uncertainty in the average number per square degree in the region 70°-90° is considerable, and since the number of nebulae in this region is large (29% or 50 000 in the northern hemisphere), the total given for the whole sky is in doubt by many thousand. Curtis ( 2 ) has estimated the total (to an undetermined limiting magnitude) to be over 700 000. The difference in the estimates may arise from a difference in magnitude limits or from the fact that the fields counted by Curtis are not certainly representative of the sky as a whole.

TABLE 2.—DISTRIBUTION OF NON-GALACTIC NEBULAE Lat. = interval in galactic latitude. Sky = % area of sky. Neb. = % number of nebulae. N = northern, S = southern hemisphere. ~"-

<*

N

NCb

'

S

~

0°-30° 50 7 15 30-70 44 64 56 70-90 6 29 I 29 The distribution of non-galactic nebulae is not, however, simply one of galactic latitude. Data collected by Hardcastle and Hinks ( 5 ) and by Reynolds ( 12 ) show marked irregularities in longitude, which seem to depend on the angular diameters of the nebulae. Thus objects with diameters > 10' are almost all in the hemisphere including galactic longitudes 50° to 230°. For diameters 5' to 10' the northern galactic hemisphere shows high frequencies in longitude 110° and 260°-270°, which become even more marked for diameters 2' to 5'. For still smaller nebulae, the distribution is again different. Fath's counts, including mostly very small and faint nebulae, show a band of high frequency crossing the northern galactic hemisphere approximately in longitudes 50° and 220°, with other irregularities suggesting a very complicated distribution. Nothing is known directly of the distances of elliptical nebulae, but their relationship with the spirals is so intimate that the distances of the two sub-classes must be regarded as of the same order. Van Maanen's measures ( 16 ) of internal motion in spirals suggest distances of the order of 3000 to 30 000 light years. The application of Shapley's period-luminosity relation by Hubble ( 9 ) to numerous typical Cepheid variables discovered by him in the spirals Messier 31 (the Andromeda nebula) and Messier 33 leads to distances of about a million light years for these two objects. The applicability of the period-luminosity relation is assumed, but several lines of corroborative evidence strongly support the larger value of the distance. It is probable, however, that the zero point of the period-luminosity relation requires revision by an amount which would reduce these distances by about 40%. LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) C 1 ) Barnard, 21, 49: 1; 19 (also consult index of other volumes). ( 2 ) Curtis, PMO/. Lick Obs. 13: 15; 18. ( 3 ) Curtis, Ibid., 13: 60; 18. ( 4 ) Fath, Astronom. Jour. 28: 75; 14. ( 5 ) Hardcastle and Hinks, Monthly Notices, R. A. S. 74: 699; 14. ( 6 ) Hinks, Ibid., 71: 694; 11. (7) Hubble, 21, 56: 162; 22. ( 8 ) Hubble, 21, 56: 400; 22. ( 9 ) Hubble, Pop. Astronomy 33: 252; 25. Observatory 48: 139; 25. ( 10 ) Lundmark, Pubi. Astron. Soc. Pacific, 34: 40; 22. (U) Ferrine, 81, 46: 177; 17. ( 1 2 ) Reynolds, Monthly Notices, R. A. S. 81: 129; 20. 83: 147; 23. 84: 76; 23. ( 13 ) Scares, 21, 62: 168; 25. ( 1 4 ) Shapley, 21, 49: 311; 19. ( 15 ) van Maanen, Mt. Wilson Contribs. Nos. 237 (1922), 270 (1923), 280 (1925). ( 1 6 ) van Maanen, 21, 57: 274; 23.

MOTIONS OF THE STARS AND NEBULAE GUSTAF STRÖMBERG The proper motion of a star is defined as the angular motion, per year, referred to a certain fundamental system of apparently bright stars distributed uniformly over the sky. The radial motion is determined by the Doppler shift for spectral lines of known wave-length. If the distance to a star is known, the three velocity-components of its space-velocity can be determined. Proper motions and radial velocities are in general referred to the sun as origin, by correction for the periodic changes due to the earth's motion. The proper motions are in general very small; for the majority of the stars they are below O.!"per year. The largest proper motion is that of Barnard's star R. A. 17h

53.0m, Dec. + 4° 28', (1900.0), which moves 10.27" per year. The radial velocities are mostly below 40 km/sec, the largest being that of the variable star V X Herculis, which approaches the sun with a velocity of 390 km/sec. The spiral nebulae have even higher velocities, the highest being 1800 km/sec, recession, (N. G. C. 584). SOLAR MOTION The sun's motion relative to the stars can be determined either from proper motions, from radial velocities, or from space-velocities. The point in the sky towards which the sun is moving is called the sun's apex.

TABLE 1.—SOLAR APEX AND THE SUN'S VELOCITY (Referred to apparently bright stars. Unit: velocity, km/sec) R. A. 1900

T)

^

1900

18h 03m +34.3° 18 11 +31.6 17 56 +32.3 17 54 +25.3 18 2 +28.6 18 4 +29.2 18 11 +36.9 18 43 +29.5 18 40 +32

V 1

*°~ Clt y

19.5 19.8 21.5 18.8 31.7 29

Method

Proper Motions P. G. C.* Proper Motions m<6.0f Proper Motions P. G. C. Rad. VeI. Lick Obs. Rad. VeI. B to M Rad. VeI. Fto M Space VeI. Giants Space VeL Dwarfs Space VeL of nearby stars

^0'

of stars 5413 4041 5943 1193 1596 1405 800 415 I 83

Lit. (2) (5) («) (3) (6) (9) (10) (i<>) (7)

* Preliminary General Catalogue by L. Boss, Washington, 1910. t Stars brighter than the 6th magnitude (apparent).

Although the agreement between the different determinations is fairly good, a detailed study shows that the sun's motion can not be regarded as a constant vector. The A stars and giant stars in general give a small velocity for the sun; and dwarf stars, a much higher velocity. AVERAGE PECULIAR MOTIONS OF THE STARS After residual average spectral stars.

the effect of the sun's motion has been removed, the or "peculiar" velocities show certain regularities. The peculiar velocities are different for stars of different types, and vary also with the intrinsic brightness of the

TABLE 2.—AVERAGE RESIDUAL RADIAL VELOCITIES (6) OF STARS OF DIFFERENT SPECTRAL CLASSES (Sp) AND ABSOLUTE MAGNITUDES (M)

Sp 05 to 09 B A F G G I

Unit of O = 1 km/sec M* I 6 I Lit. [I Sp I M* I B I -3 20.7 (") K +1 18.4 -1 6.5 (3) K +6 27.0 +1 11.0 O 1 ) M +1 21.6 +2 15.8 (i) M +9 29.6 +1 18.0 O) Met O 40.1 +5 26.3 I (i) I Pt 28.6 |

Lit. O) O) (1) (U) (") Q*)

* The apparent magnitude as observed from a distance of 10 parsecs. t Contains M stars with bright hydrogen-lines; all are variable stars of long period. Î Bright-line nebulae.

PREFERENTIAL MOTION The peculiar velocities of the stars are not distributed at random. In general the stars show a tendency to move parallel to the galactic plane. To describe the distribution of the peculiar velocities, a distribution-function is adopted, which gives the relative numbers of stars moving in different directions and with different velocities. The simplest distribution-function is the spherical distribution-law,

where x, y, and z are the velocity-components referred to the "centroid" of the group. N is the number of stars in the group, and o- is the dispersion or the square-root of the mean of the squares of the velocity-components. The number of stars of velocity-components between x ± %dxy y ± %dyj z ± %dz is then given by ~F(xyz) dxdydz. In a spherical distribution, the frequency of a velocity is independent of its direction and only dependent upon its size. Spherical velocity-distributions occur for several classes of stars, but in general the distribution in

velocity-space is either flattened (B stars) or elongated (A, F, and dwarf stars). Two functions have been used to describe the elongated distribution. Kapteyn and Eddington have used a sum of two spherical functions and have regarded the stars as belonging to two intermingled systems, "two stream hypothesis." Schwarzschild has introduced the ellipsoidal distribution defined by the distribution-function

with three principal dispersions a, 6, and c, which define the three axes of the "velocity-ellipsoid." The velocity-components X7 y, and z are here projected on the principal axes of this ellipsoid. The major axis of the velocity-ellipsoid corresponds to the line joining the two centers in the two stream theory. The direction of this fundamental axis, which is common in the two theories, is about R. A. 6h 6m, Dec. + 9°, (true vertex). The dwarf stars give a somewhat higher declination for the true vertex. In the analysis of proper motions, the two stream theory gives two vertices, which correspond to the directions of motion of the two streams relative to the sun. The coordinates of these vertices are R. A. 6h 14m, Dec. -13° (first stream) and R. A. 19h 16m, Dec. —60° (second stream). Analyzing stellar motions on the basis of the two stream theory, we find a number of stars which cannot be regarded as belonging to either of the two streams. The B stars and stars of spectral class M, for instance, have a group-motion intermediate between the two streams. For this reason Halm has introduced a third stream (O stream). But these streams taken together can be fairly well represented by an ellipsoidal distribution using a smaller number of parameters. Charlier ( 4 ) has introduced a generalization of the ellipsoidal theory which makes it possible to take into account deviations from a strictly ellipsoidal distribution, but it is only when these deviations are small that this generalization is practicable. MOVING CLUSTERS OR GROUPS Several stars move nearly parallel to one another, the best known example being 5 of the 7 bright stars in the constellation Ursa Major. Another moving group or cluster is the Hyades in the constellation Taurus (Taurus Group). The proper motions of the stars belonging to such a group converge towards a point in the sky, the "convergent point," whose position in the sky gives the direction of motion of the group relative to the sun. The convergent point for 17 stars belonging to the Ursa Major Group is R. A. 20h 30m, Dec. -40°; for the Taurus Group (39 stars) R. A. 6h 7m, Dec. + 7°. A number of other moving groups are known. THE GENERAL DISTRIBUTION OF COSMIC VELOCITIES When the sun's motion is referred to different clases of objects it has been found that this motion is not a constant vector but varies greatly, from about 12 km/sec for the A stars and the Cepheids of long period up to 300 km/sec for the fast moving objects, the globular clusters and the spiral nebulae. A general relationship between group-motion and dispersion exists, which, according to Strömberg (11 ), holds for all classes of objects, but with a small deviation for the B star system. This variation in groupmotion produces an asymmetry in the velocity distribution, in such a way that all fast moving objects move, relative to the sun, towards the same hemisphere. This asymmetry defines an axis along which the group-motion increases with increasing internal velocity-dispersion. The direction of this axis is R. A. 8h 39m, Dec. —57°, and the motion of objects with small velocity-dispersion relative to those of high velocity-dispersion is about 300 km/sec in the opposite direction. The group-motion of objects

with high velocity-dispersion is approximately the same as that of the globular clusters and spiral nebulae. The general distribution of cosmic velocities can be approximately represented by a product of two symmetrical distributions Si and 82. The first of these is a sum of concentric and co-axial ellipsoidal distributions, the velocity of the sun relative to the center of the distribution Si being 14.8 km/sec in the direction R. A. 17h 43m, Dec. +22°. The sun's motion relative to the second distribution, S2, is 300 km/sec in the direction R. A. 20h 28m, Dec. +56°. The first distribution can be regarded as the velocity-distribution in our local system of stars, the second as a

velocity-restriction in a universal world-frame of enormous dimensions. Other interpretations, however, may be possible. LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) (M Adams, Strömberg and Joy, 81, 54: 9; 21. ( 2 ) Boss, 326, 26: 111; 10. ( 3 ) Campbell, Lick Obs. Bull. No. 196; 11. ( 4 ) Charlier, Lund Observatorium, Meddelanden, II: No. 13; 15. ( 5 ) Charlier and Wicksell, Ibid., H: No. 12: 45; 15. ( 6 ) Gyllenberg, Ibid., II: No. 13; 15. (7) Luyten, Annals Harvard College Obs. 85: No. 5; 23. ( 8 ) Raymond, 326, SO: 191; 17. ( 9 ) Strömberg, 21, 47: 7; 18. ( 10 ) Strömberg, 21, 56: 265; 22. ( 1 M Strömberg, 21, 61: 363; 25.

TIME EQUATION OF TIME*

CHRONOLOGICAL ERAS Gregorian Calendar Era

Year

Begins, 1925 A, D.

Byzantine*! Diocletian^ ^ • MT Grecian*^

7434 1642 oooT 2237

Hegira Japanese Jewish Julian calendar Julian period Mohammedan NabonassarH RomeH Seleucidaelf

1344J 2585 f 5686J 1925 6638§ 13441 2674 267811 2237

September 14 September 11 \/September ~ \ , , 14 ( October 14 A July 21 January 1 September 18 January 14 January 14 July 21 May 12 January 14 (See Grecian)

(A = mean — apparent) Unit of A is minute. Time is Greenwich mean noon Date

* In present-day usage of Syrians, begins in September or October depending upon the sect. In ancient usage of Damascus and Arabia Petraea, began with vernal equinox. t The 14th year of period Taisho. Î Begins at sunset. § Julian day number of January 1, 1925 (Gregorian) is 2 424 152. Il Since foundation of Rome, according to Varrò. Tf Based upon Julian calendar.

TIME Interval Year: Tropical! Sidereal Anomalistic Month : Synodicalf Tropical Sidereal Day: Sidereal * Mean solar days.

Days*

365.2422 365.2564 365.2596 29.530 59 27.321 58 27.321 66 0.997 2696 f Ordinary.

I 1 6 11 16 21 26 31 II 5 10 15 20 25 III 2 7 12 17 22 27 IV 1 6 11 16 21 26 V l 6

A

Date

+3.4 VIl 5.8 16 7.8 21 9.7 26 11.3 31 12.6 VI 5 13.6 10 14.1 15 14.4 20 14.3 25 14.0 30 13.3 VII 5 12.4 10 11.4 15 10.0 20 8.7 25 7.2 30 5.7 VIII 4 4.2 9 2.7 14 1.2 19 + 0.0 24 - 1.2 • 29 - 2.2 IX 3 - 2.9 8 - 3.4 13

A

Date

-3.8 -3.8 -3.7 -3.3 -2.6 -1.8 -1.0 0.0 +1.1 2.2 3.2 4.2 5.0 5.6 6.1 6.3 6.3 6.0 5.4 4.7 3.7 2.5 +1.1 -0.4 -2.1 -3.8

1X18 23 28 X 3 8 13 18 23 28 XI 2 7 12 17 22 27 XII 2 7 12 17 22 27 31

A

-5.6 - 7.3 - 9.0 -10.7 -12.2 -13.5 -14.6 -15.5 -16.1 -16.3 -16.3 -15.9 -15.1 -14.0 -12.5 -10.7 - 8.8 - 6.5 - 4.1 - 1.6 + 0.9 + 2.8

* A is the amount by which mean time exceeds apparent time when it is noon at Greenwich; it is the excess of the right ascension of the actual sun over that of the mean sun at that instant. It varies continuously with the time, and does not exactly repeat its values in successive years ; those given are average values for Greenwich mean noon of an ordinary year, and will seldom differ from the actual values for that time by as much as 0.2 min., except in January and December, when the difference may amount to 0.3 min. In leap years, all dates in the table after February must be reduced by one day.

SOLAR SYSTEM ORBITAL DATA; SOLAR SYSTEM (1925) Units: Distance, IO6 km; period, tropical year Planet $ C 0 c? U è O ty

Distance*

Mercury Venus Earth Mars Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune

Eccentricity

57^90.2056 108.1 0.0068 149.5 0.01674 227.8 0.0933 778 0.0484 1426 0.0558 2869 0.0471 4496 0.00855 |

Inclinationf 7° O' 12.0" 32338.0 1 5 1 0.6 1 1826.4 22928.7 O 46 22.1 1 46 36.7 |

Mean longitude TTTT 1 ^ M ,. NodeJ I Perihelion 47° 2 6 ' 3 2 . 1 " 7 6 ° 17' 18.9" 76 0 1 6 . 7 1303056.8 10139 2.3 485845.0 3344042.2 994126.3 13 6 5 1 . 4 113 O 5.7 913442.0 73 36 57.7 169 26 56.8 130 57 13.3 43 58 27.9

Sidereal oiaereai period 0.24085 0.61521 1.00004 1.88089 11.862 29.458 84.015 164.788

* Mean distance. t Angle between plane of orbit and plane of ecliptic. Î Ascending node.

CHARACTERISTICS OF MEMBERS OF SOLAR SYSTEM Units: Linear diameter, 1000 km; density, g/cm3; time, mean solar ^

Diameter Linear | Angular* 4.84 10.90" 12.19 I / O . 80 12.76§ 6.78 17.88 142.7§ 46.86§ 120.8§ 19.52§ 49.7 3.76 53.0 2.52 1391 3159.26 I 3.48 31 5.16U

Mercury Venus Earth Mars Jupiter Saturn Uranus... Neptune Sun H Moon

Massf X 10° Mass sun 0.1670 2.451 3.036J 0.3233 954.8 285.6 43.7 50.8 1001341 0.037**

Sidereal rotation

Dengit

sTë 5.1 5.52 3.9 1.4 0.7 1.3+ 1.3 1.4 3.3

23 hr 56.07 min 24 37.4 9.8hr 10.2 hr

|

Number satellites Ô O l O 7 9 4 1

25.3 da 27.32 da

* At distance = difference mean distance sun to object and mean distance sun to Earth; nearly at distance of nearest approach to Earth, t Includes satellite (or planetary) system, if any. J Mass of Earth alone = 2.999 X 10~« mass of sun. § Equatorial diameter. Polar diameter: Earth = 12.71; Jupiter = 133.2, 43.74"; Saturn = 108.1, 17.46". Diameter of sphere of volume = Earth, is 12.74. Il At mean distance of Earth, gravitational acceleration due to Sun is k2 = 2.9592 X 10~* (mean distance) per day 2 = 0.5926 cm per sec2. For solar spectrum etc., see index. Tf At mean distance from Earth. Apparent diameter varies, with distance, from 29.5' to 33.5'. ** Moon alone. Mass Moon = 0.01227 mass Earth.

SOLAR DATA

Constant of notation 9.21" Constant of aberration 20.47" [Paris conference values Inclination of equator to ecliptic, about.... 7° Solar parallax 8.80" Longitude of ascending node of equator.... 74.5° From parallax measurements 8.806" Period of rotation, about 28 da* From velocity of light 8.781 Sun spot period, about 11 yr From mass of Earth 8.762 From motion of Moon 8.773 TERRESTRIAL AND LUNAR DATAJ Equatorial horizontal parallax of Moon* 57' 2.70" (Brown) Mean distance Earth to Moon 384 403 km General precession (retro1° 32.1" grade) 50.2564" + 0.000222"(* - 1900) per yr Inclination of Moon's equator to ecliptic Obliquity of the ecliptic 23° 27' 8.26" - 0.4684"(* - 1900) Inclination of Moon's orbit to ecliptic, about 5° Eccentricity of Moon's orbit (average) 0.055 * From observations of sun spots near latitude 45°; spots near equator rotate Revolution of Moon's nodes (retrograde) 18.6 yr in about 24 da; those near lat. 80°, in 30 da. t For geodetic and geophysical data, see p. 393.

* Mean of greatest and least values; actual values vary from 53' to 61' ca.

COMPOSITION OF THE ATMOSPHERE W. J. HUMPHREYS TABLE 1.—COMPOSITION OF DRY AIR AT SEA-LEVEL ( 4 > 5) v — volume of the gas in volume V of dry air Gas IQWF

N 2 C^ A 78032099 94

CO2 3

H 2 * Ne He K r X ( T 1 0.1230.04 0.0050.0006

* Values found by analysis vary; the one here given is that accepted by Hann and the Recueil de Constantes Physiques.

TABLE 2.—COMPOSITION OF ATMOSPHERE AT VARIOUS LEVELS Computed from data of Table 1 on the assumptions: (I) at surface, H2O vapor supplies 1.2% of the total number of gas molecules, (2) absolute humidity decreases rapidly to a negligible amount at about 10 km, (3) temperature = U 0 C at sea-level, decreases normally (60C per km) to — 550C at 11 km, remains constant above 11 km, (4) relative proportions of the gases, water vapor excepted, remains constant up to 11 km, (5) above 11 km, distribution is in accordance with their molecular weights ( 3 ). The amount of H2 is in doubt (see note Table 1), especially above 11 km; it may become oxidized to H2O before reaching the upper atmosphere. v = volume of the gas contained in volume V of atmosphere. Unit of height = 1 km = 0.621 mi.; of pressure = 1 mm of Hg ~~ Height 140 130 120 110 100 90

Total

lOQv/V N 2 I O2 0.01 0.04 0.19 0.67 0.02 2.95 0.11 9.78 0.49

H2O I A

0.02 0.05 0.10

CQ2

H2 I 99.15 99.00 98.74 98.10 95.58 88.28

He 0.84 0.96 1.07 1.19 1.31 1.35

pressure 0.0040 0.0046 0.0052 0.0059 0.0067 0.0081

80 70 60 50 40 30 20 15 11 5 O

Total

1000/7

Height

N2 Q 2 I H2Q A 32.18 1.85 0.17 61.83 4.72 0.20 0.03 81.22 7.69 0.15 0.03 86.7810.17 0.10 0.12 86.4212.61 0.06 0.22 84.2615.18 0.03 0.35 81.2418.10 0.02 0.59 79.5219.66 0.01 0.77 78.0220.99 0.01 0.94 77.8920.95 0.18 0.94 77.0820.75 1.20 0.93

CO2

0.01 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.03 0.03

presH, He sure 64.70 1.10 0.0123 32.61 0.61 0.0274 10.68 0.23 0.0935 2.76 0.07 0.403 0.67 0.02 1.84 0.16 0.01 8.63 0.04 40.99 0.02 89.66 0.01 168.00 0.01 405. 0.01 760.

TABLE 3.—MASSES OF THE ATMOSPHERE AND ITS CONSTITUENTS Based upon Table 1, the assumptions of Table 2, and the assumption that the average atmospheric pressure at the surface of the earth = 73.7 cm and at base of stratosphere = 14.5 cm (*» 2 ). Area of earth is taken as 51 X IO17 cm2. Total mass M = m X 10* kg; 1000 kg = 1.102 tons (of 2000 Ib.) Gas All I N 2 I O2 I A JH 2 O CO2 | H 2 | Ne | Kr | He Xe m 511 387 116 624 133 217 129 471 64 63 116 n 16 16 16 14 14 13 12 11 11 11 10 LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) C 1 ) Hann, Lehrbuch der Meteorologie (3rd ed.). ( 2 ) Humphreys, Monthly Weather Review, 49: 341; 21. ( 3 ) Humphreys, Physics of the Air, p. 69; 20. (4) Ramsay, 6, 80: 599; 08. (5) Various authorities.

MISCELLANEOUS GEODETIC DATA W. D. LAMBERT With certain exceptions which are especially noted, those of the following data which depend upon the dimensions of the earth have been calculated strictly in accordance with the INTERNATIONAL ELLIPSOID OF REFERENCE, adopted by the Section of Geodesy of the International Geodetic and Geophysical Union, meeting at Madrid, October 6 and 7, 1924. This ellipsoid is based upon the results obtained by J. F. Hayford (Supplementary Investigation in 1909 of the Figure of the Earth and Isostasy, Washington, 1910), but is not absolutely identical with Hayford's ellipsoid. (For some of the other spheroids that are used for geographical purposes, see Special Publication #100, U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey. Recent attempts have been made to show that the actual figure of the earth can be represented more closely by an ellipsoid of three unequal axes, than by one of revolution, systematic departures from the latter being of the order of 100 to 200 meters in elevation and depression.) If the positions of the two ends of a line are determined geodetically for any assumed spheroid of reference, the uncertainty in the length of the line as measured along the earth depends almost entirely upon the errors in the survey; for geodetic surveys of the highest class, the uncertainty is a little less than one in 100 000 and for an ordinary fair survey it is about four times as great. The proportional error in the straight-line distance is greater, mainly because the geoid does not coincide with the ellipsoid; these additional errors are not serious for a short line, but for two points almost diametrically opposite may amount to 100 or 200 meters.

If the end points are determined astronomically, the principal error in the computed length is due to the difference in the deflection of the plumb-line at the two points; unless the measured line is short, the average uncertainty so introduced is of the order of 200 meters, but may be much more, especially in rugged country. Latitude.—The latitude of a place is defined as the angle which some line of reference makes with the equatorial plane. Four lines of reference, defining four distinct kinds of latitude, are used. Three of these lines pass through the place considered; viz., (I) The plumb-line, defining the astronomical latitude, (2) the normal to the spheroid of reference, defining the geographical latitude, and (3) the line to the center of the earth, defining the geocentric latitude. The fourth line of reference passes through the center of the earth and that point which is upon the circumscribed sphere (radius = equatorial radius of the spheroid) and at the same distance from the axis of rotation as is the point on the spheroid representing the place considered; this defines the parametric, or reduced, latitude. Gravity.1—If the earth's sea-level surface were accurately represented by the International Ellipsoid of Reference, and if no attracting matter projected above this surface, then the variation of gravity at sea-level (y0) would be represented by the equations -Yo = 7.(I + 0.005 288 sinV - 0.000 006 sin2 2) = 74o(l - 0.002 637 cos 2

where is the geographic latitude, and TC, 745 are the values of J0 at the equator and at latitude 45°, respectively. These equations differ slightly from that used in computing the table on p. 396; the latter corresponds to an ellipticity of 1/297.4. TABLE 1.—FORM AND SIZE OF THE EARTH Based upon International Ellipsoid of Reference; accepted constants, from which the others are computed, are a = 6 378 388 meters, ellipticity [ = (a — b) /a] = 1/297. The indicated uncertainties are estimates, by Lambert, based upon a consideration of systematic errors as well as of internal discordances. a = semi-major axis 5 = semi-minor axis Radius of sphere of same area Radius of sphere of same volume Length of equatorial quadrant Length of meridonal quadrant

= 6 = 6 = 6 = 6 =10 = 10

378 388(±60)m 356 911.946 m 371 227.7 m 371 221.3 m 019 148.4 m 002 288.3 m

/ - ellipticity = (^-~)

= 0.003 367 0034

j = reciprocal of ellipticity

= 297.0(±0.4)

e2 = (eccentricity)2 = /2 0 - I^ = °2 ~ '. . =0.006 722 6700 Area of the ellipsoid Land area Ocean area Volume of the ellipsoid Mass of the ellipsoid* (d = 5.527 g/cm*, p. 395) Principal moments of inertia (A — B < C) t : A% = Bl C% C- A

= = = = =

510 100 934 km2 148 847 000 kmS 361 254 000 km2 1 083 319.78 X 106 km« 5.988 X IO24 kg

= 0.332 35 #a* = 0.33344.Ea2 = 0.001 0921 Ea*

(^)-(SoOa)1

- °-°°32774

* For discussion of variation of density with depth below surface, see Adams and Williamson, Smithsonian Annual Report, 1923, p. 241. t E = mass of earth. t Computed values vary but little with any admissible assumption regarding the constitution of the interior of the earth. Values are based upon computations of De Sitter (64V, 27: 233; 24); ellipticity taken as 1/296.92. § Deduced from precession of equinoxes; involves no hypothesis regarding constitution of interior of earth.

TABLE 2.—DISTANCES UPON SURFACE OF THE INTERNATIONAL ELLIPSOID OF REFERENCE M = length of meridian from equator to geographic latitude ) to ( + c sin 4
— b sin AV cos 2
— d cos 6^>; SP = a cos
+ c cos 5; where the coefficients and their logarithms have the following values: Unit of length = 1 meter; of angle = 1° M*

"""

a b c ^d

Value 111 136.537 16 107.035 16.976 0.022

log IQ 5.045 856 86 4.207 015 6 1..229 84 2.348

I

Sm*

Value 111 136.537 32 214.069 33.952 0.045

logio 5.045 856 86 4.508 045 6 1..53O 87 2.649

a b c d

Sm* for Ay = 1° I Sp* Value logio Value | logio 111 136.537 5.045 856 86 111 417.657 5.046 954 02 562.213 2.749 901 93.904 1.972 686 1.185 0.073 7 0.119 Ï.074 6 0.002 3.37

* Owing to uncertainty regarding the actual size of the earth, actual distances upon the earth at sea-level may differ from these computed distances by about 2 in 100 000 near the equator or the poles, by somewhat less in middle latitudes.

TABLE 3.—EXCESS OF GEOGRAPHIC LATITUDE ( — b sin 4^? -j- c sin &' + b sin 4^>' + c sin 6 + c' sin 6^> = a! sin 20 + b' sin 40 -f c' sin 60 where the coefficients and their logarithms have the following values : Unit of coefficients = 1" I Value I logio || | Value | logio ~~a695.66352.842 3 9 9 2 ^ 3 4 7 . 8 3 2 7 2 . 5 4 1 3704 6 1.1731 0.069 34 6' 0.2933 1.467 29 c I 0.0026 I 3.421 c' 0.0003 4.52 TABLE 4.—MISCELLANEOUS TERRESTRIAL DATA Angular velocity of rotation 72.921 X 10~6 radians/sec* Rotational energy 2.160 X IO36 ergs Rotational energy lost by tidal friction 1.1 X IO19 ergs/secf Work required to dissipate the material of the earth to infinity.. 2.46 X IO39 ergs Mean elevation of land above sealevel 825m Mean depth of the oceans 3681 m Mean effective viscosity is not known, but perhaps between IO20 and IO25 poisesf * Mean solar second. t Jeffreys, 62, 221A: 239; 20; The Earth, Its Origin, History and\ Physical Constitution, 205-237,; 24. Heiskanen, 175, ISA: 1; 21. J Schweydar, Veröffentl. des Preuss. Geodät. Inst., No. 79; 19; Jeffreys, Monthly Notices, Roy. Ast. Soc., 75: 648; 15. 76: 84; 16. 77: 449; 17; also The Earth, us Origin, History, and Physical Constitution, 222; 1924.

Rigidity (M). From the yielding of the solid portions (revealed by observations with horizontal pendulums), and on assumption of incompressibility, Schweydar (Zentralbureau Int. Erdmes., Neue Folge No. 38, 1921) deduces /* = 30.8 (1 - 0.90r2/«2) X IO11 dynes/cm2, and mean effective rigidity = 17.6 X IO11 dynes/cm2 (r = distance from center, a — mean radius). To allow for compressibility, these values must be increased by about 20% (Lambert, preliminary, unpublished computations) ; even then the value computed for the outer shell of half-radius thickness is much less than that deduced from earthquake data. (See Adams and Williamson, Smithsonian Annual Report, 1923.) The discrepancy may arise from Schweydar's assumption of high rigidity in the central portions, which may possibly behave as a fluid. (See Knott, 68, 39: 157; 19; Sieberg, Geologische, physikalische und angewandte Erdbebenkunde, 364; 23.)

GRAVITY DATA

CLARENCE H. SWICK This section includes : (A) The value of the gravitation constant; (B) the absolute determination upon which the tabulated values of the acceleration of gravity1 rest; (C) values of the acceleration of gravity (g) at numerous stations well distributed over the surface of the earth, together with a table giving the values of g at sea-level and at various latitudes; and (D) means for computing the variation in g with the distance of the station above, or below, either the surface of the earth or sea-level. In preparing the data, valuable assistance was received from several colleagues. In particular should be mentioned Mr. W. D. Lambert's assistance with section D, and Miss Sarah Beall's and Mr. H. S. Rappleye's assistance with section C. A. GRAVITATION CONSTANT The best determinations of the gravitation constant (G) 2 are considered to be those by C. V. Boys (7) and by K. Braun ( 8 ). Each used an improved form of the Cavendish apparatus; and they obtained almost identical results, the final values of the two determinations being the same to the fourth significant figure. They found G = 6.658 X 10~8 cm 3 g~l sec"2 which requires that the mean density of earth = 5.527 g/cm3. B. BASIS OF REFERENCE The observed values of gravity in Tables 1 and 2 are relative determinations in the Potsdam system, that is, they are based on 1 Throughout this section the term acceleration of gravity, or, briefly, gravity, is used, in its commonly accepted sense, to denote the resultant acceleration arising from the gravitational attraction and the rotation of the earth. It is this resultant which is denoted by g. 2 The force (/) of gravitational attraction between two masses (m, mi) separated by the distance r is / = G ——•

the value of 981.274 cm/sec2 for the pendulum room of the Geodetic Institut in Potsdam, Germany. This value for Potsdam is the result of a large number of careful absolute determinations extending over a series of years. The degree of uncertainty in such absolute determinations is well illustrated by the fact that a similar series of absolute determinations at Vienna, Austria, gave a value 0.016 cm/sec2 greater than the one above when referred to Potsdam by relative determinations. All determinations of gravity should be based on the Potsdam system by means of relative determinations with some station already accurately based on that system. A table of 20 base stations on the Potsdam system is given in Comptes Rendus VAssociation Geodesiqvœ Internationale for 1909, 111:25. Most of these stations are included in Table 1. C. ACCELERATION OF GRAVITY AT SELECTED STATIONS The stations included in Table 1 are grouped (1) in the order America, Europe, Asia, Africa, Australia, and Oceanic; (2) generally, alphabetically according to countries (United States of America, first); (3) in each subdivision, the stations are arranged alphabetically. Numerals in parentheses, following the name of a subdivision or station refer to the bibliography, and indicate the source from which the data were obtained. If the effect of topography and of isostatic compensation has been computed on the uniform basis of compensation extending to a depth of 113.7 km, the amount of this computed effect is given in the column TC. This effect is the amount by which the actual value of the acceleration would exceed that obtained from Table 2, after correction for elevation by means of equation (1), if there were complete isostatic compensation and if the local distribution of matter were not anomalous.

TABLE 1.—ACCELERATION (g) OF GRAVITY, POTSDAM SYSTEM (The effect of topography and of isostatic compensation = TC) Units: Elevation (h), meters: g, cm/sec2; TC, cm/sec2 Station

Latitude | Longitude |

h

|

g

\ TC

AMERICA United States ( 5 » 6 ) Albany, N. Y. (Public School No. 24) Apalachicola, F l a . (Weather Bureau).. Asheville, N. C. (Postoffice) Atlanta, Ga. (State Capitol) Austin, Tex. (University) Baltimore, Md. (Johns Hopkins University) Bismarck, N. Dak. (Will School) Boise, Idaho (High School) Calais, Me. (High School) Cambridge, M a s s . (Harvard College Observatory) Charleston, W. Va. (High School) Charleston, S. C. (S. C. Military Academy). Charlofrtesville, V a . (University of Virginia) Chicago, 111. (Univ. of Chicago) Cincinnati, Ohio (Cinc i n n a t i Observatory) Cleveland, Ohio (Adelbert College) Colorado S p r i n g s , Colo. (Colorado College) Denver, Colo. (University of Denver).. Dover, Del. (Wilmington C o n f e r e n c e Academy) El Paso, Tex. (High School) Galveston, Tex. (Ball High School) Georgetown, T e x . (South w e s t e r n University) Goldfield, Nev. (High School) Hartford, Conn. (Jarvis Laboratory of Trinity College) Hinsdale, Mont. (Public School) Hoboken, N. J. (Stevens Institute of Technology) Indianapolis, I n d . (Postoffice) Ithaca, N. Y. (Cornell University) Kansas City, Mo. (Franklin School)... Key West, FIa. (Postoffice) Lancaster, N. H. (High School) Las Vegas, N. Mex. (Normal School).... Little Rock, A r k . (Postoffice)

42° 39. l'

73° 46. l'

61

980.344-0.006

29 43.5

84 58.8

4

979.322+0.015

35 35.9

82 33.3

670

979.603+0.026

33 45.0

84 23.3

324

979.524+0.014

30 17.2

97 44.2

189

979.283-0.001

39 17.8

76 37.3

30

980.097+0.006

46 48.5

100 47.0

516

980.625-0.005

43 37.2

116 12.3

821

980.212-0.042

45 11.2

67 16.9

38

980.631+0.010

42 22.8

71

7.8

14

980.398+0.010

38 20.9

81 37.7

184

979.936-0.010

32 47.2

79 56.0

6

979.546+0.016

38

2.0

78 30.3

166

979.938+0.002

41 47.4

87 36.1

182

980.278+0.007

39

8.3

84 25.3

245

980.004+0.002

41 30.4

81 36.6

210

980.241

0.000

38 50.7

104 49.0

1841

979.490-0.007

39 40.6

104 56.9

1638

979.609-0.015

9.7

75 32.0

12

980.099+0.013

31 46.3

106 29.0

1146

979.124+0.001

29 18.2

94 47.5

3

979.272+0.007

30 38.0

97 40.1

231

979.298+0.002

37 42.2

117 14.5

1716

979.456+0.027

39

41 44.8 48 23.8

72 41.8 107

5.3

37

980.336+0.008

661

980.739-0.017

11

980.269+0.008

40 44

74

2

39 45.9

86

8.8

217

980.090+0.003

42 27.1

76 29.0

247

980.300 +0.005

39

5.8

94 35.4

278

979.990-0.001

24' 33.6

81 48.4

1

978.970+0.035

44 29.5

71 34.3

261

980.486+0.007

35 35.8

105 12.1

1960

979.204+0.017

34 45.0

92 16.4

89

979.721+0.001

j

Station I Latitude Madison, Wis. (University of Wisconsin). 43° 4.6' Minneapolis, M i n n . (University of Minnesota) 44 58.7 M ount H a m i l t o n , Calif. (Lick Observatory) 37 20.4 New Orleans, La. (City Hall) 29 57.0 New York, N. Y. (Columbia University) 40 48.5 Norris Geyser Basin, Wyo. (Yellowstone Park) 44 44.2 Pembina, N. Dak. (Public School) 48 58.1 P h i l a d e l p h i a , Pa. ( U n i v e r s i t y of Pennsylvania) 39 57.1 Pierre, S. Dak. (High School) 44 21.9 Pittsburgh, Pa. (Second Ward School).. 40 27.4 Point Isabel, Tex 26 4.7 Portland, Oreg. (Custom House) 45 31.4 P o t s d a m , N. Y. (Clarkson School of Technology) 44 40.1 Pri n e c t o n , N. J. (Princeton University) 40 21.0 Richmond, Va. (Postoffice) 37 32.2 St. Louis, Mo. (Washington University).. 38 38.0 Salt Lake City, Utah (Temple Block) 40 46.1 San Francisco, Calif. (Davidson Observatory) .'... 37 47.5 Sandpoint, I d a h o (Farmington Central School) 48 16.4 Seattle, Wash. (Washington State University) 47 39.6 Springfield, 111. (Edwards P u b l i c School) 39 47.7 State College, Pa. (Chemistry Physics Building) 40 47.9 Terre Haute, Ind. (Rose Polytechnic Institute) 39 28.7 Washington, D. C. (U. S. C. and G. S., base station) 38 53.2 Washington, D. C. (Bureau of Standards) 38 56.3 Wilmington, N. C. (Court House) 34 14.2 Worcester, M a s s . (Worcester P o l y technic Institute).. . 42 16.5 Yavapai, Ariz. (Yavapai Point) 36 3.9 Alaska ( 4 ) Fort Egbert, Eagle City 64 47.4 Percy Islands, Southeast Alaska 54 55.8

Longitude |

h

|

g

| TC

89° 24.0'

270

980.365+0.003

93 13.9

256

980.597-0.005

121 38.6

1282

979.660+0.120

4.2

2

979.324+0.013

73 57.7

38

980.267+0.011

110 42.0

2276

979.950+0.031

97 14.9

243

980.917-0.009

75 11.7

16

980.196+0.009

100 20.8

454

980.427-0.013

80 0.6 97 12.4

235 8

980.118 0.000 979.076+0.015

122 40.7

8

980.646-0.016

74 58.8

130

980.571-0.004

74 39.5

64

980.178+0.013

77 26.1

30

979.960+0.010

90 12.2

154

980.001+0.001

111 53.8

1322

979.803-0.041

122 25.7

114

979.965+0.045

116 33.3

637

980.680-0.044

122 18.3

58

980.733-0.020

89 39.5

183

980.089+0.005

77 51.8

358

980.124+0.010

87 23.8

151

980.072+0.001

90

77

0.5

14

980.112+0.004

77

4.0

103

980.095+0.012

77 56.6

9

979.663+0.023

71 48.5

170

980.324+0.018

7.1

2179

979.192+0.034

141 12.4

269

982.183-0.042

4

J981.524 -0.013

112

131 35.3

|

Station Point Young, Southeast Alaska Quiet Harbor, Southeast Alaska St. Michael St. Paul Island Canada («» 20 » 21 » 2 2 ) Arctic Red River, N. W. Ter Banff, Alta Calgary, Alta Charlottetown, P. E. I. Chipewyan, Alta Good Hope, N. W. Ter Halifax, N. S Kenora, Ont Kingston, Ont. (City Hall) Liard River, B. C Moose Jaw, Sask Norman, N. W. Ter... Ottawa, Ont. (Domini o n Observatory, base station) Peace River, Alta Port Arthur, Ont. (Masonic Building). Providence, N. W. Ter Resolution, N. W. Ter. Revelstoke, B. C St. Jérôme (Chateau Larose) St. John, N. B. (Meteorological Observatory) Sault Ste. Marie, Ont. (City Hall) Simpson, N. W. Ter... Sydney, N. S Vancouver, B. C Winnipeg, Man Woodstock, N. B. (Armoury) Woodstock, O n t . (Market) Central a n d S o u t h America ( 2 ) Bahia Bianca, Argentina Buenos Aires, Argentina Bahia, Brazil Panama, Canal Zone. . Valdivia, Chile Valparaiso, Chile Callao, Peru Acajutla, Salvador Montevideo, Uruguay. Kanada see Canada.

Latitude

| Longitude

58° 11.5'

134°33.4'

7

981.757-0.054

56 14.1 63 28.5 57 7.3

132 39.6 162 2.4 170 16.6

4 l 10

981.624-0.034 982.192-0.004 981.726+0.041

67 51 51 46 58

26.6 10.9 2.7 13.9 42.7

133 44.2 115 34.5 114 3.8 63 7.5 111 8.8

41 1376 1044 8 229

982.434-0.026 980.753-0.012 980.823-0.022 980.733+0.013 981.723-0.012

66 15.3 44 40.8 49 46.0

128 38.2 63 33.8 94 30.0

59 9 330

982.340-0.029 980.574+0.008 980.974+0.018

44 59 50 64

76 123 105 125

28.8 47.5 31.8 34.2

79 160 541 87

980.530+0.008 981.790-0.059 980.943+0.003 982.214-0.036

45 23.6 56 14.1

75 43.0 117 17.2

83 324

980.618 0.000 981.482-0.038

48 26.0

89 13.0

189

980.820-0.014

61 21.2 61 10.1 50 59.8

117 39.2 113 40.5 118 11.8

156 152 453

981.955-0.018 981.942-0.009 980.903-0.080

14.6 58.7 23.4 54.0

|

h

\ g

|

TC

45 46.6

74

0.0

107

980.681+0.006

45 16.0

66

5.0

33

980.663+0.016

46 61 46 49 49

30.4 51.6 8.4 16.8 54.4

84 19.2 121 20.8 60 11.8 123 6.8 97 8.0

186 132 12 6 231

980.680-0.005 982.004-0.023 980.731+0.014 980.949-0.046 980.990+0.002

46

9.0

67 34.5

56

980.699+0.008

43

8.6

80 47.0

299

980.352-0.002

38 47.1S.

62 15.9

2

980.061

34 12 8 39 33 12 13 34

58 38 79 73 71 77 89 56

22.2 31.0 31.9 28.3 38.5 15.8 50.4 12.9

2 4 6 10 60 1 12 4

979.669 978.331 978.243 979.920 979.609 978.375 978.303 979.772

47 0.3 47 8 46 37 47 19.8 46 45

11 9 14 15 12

30.5 59 28 22 58

E. 1372 E. 838 E. 417 E. 445 E. 617

980.353 980.454 980.614 980.657 980.555

46 48 47 48 48

10 16 14 16 17

27.4 21.5 46.7 21.5 0.5

E. 2760 E. 183 E. 352 E. 183 E. 146

980.045 980.860 980.750 980.860 980.904

E.

102

981.112

12 59.3 E. 13 0.4 E.

537 822

980.921 980.906

36.5 S. 58.5 S. 54.9 53.4 S. 1.8 S. 4.1S. 34.7 54.5 S.

EUROPE Allemagne, see Germany. Angleterre, see Great Britain. Austria ( 2 » 6 ) Brenner Dalaas Grafenstein Mixnitz Ober-Drauburg Stilfserjoch (Stelvio Pass) Vienna (base stati on).. Waidhofen Wien (base station)... Wolfsthal Belgium ( 2 ) Brussels Czechoslovakia ( 2 ) Bohrnerwald Cebon

31.8 12.7 57.7 12.7 8.3

50 51.0 49 40.1 50 0.9

4 22

0.152

|

Station I Latitude Karlowitz 49° 21.9' Mount Hora... 49 10.3 Rosenau 48 39.1 Denmark ( 2 ) Copenhagen (Sternwarte, base station) 55 41.2 Frederikshavn 57 27.1 Magleby 54 47.3 Peders Kirke 55 1.6 Trige 56 15.2 Vinding 55 40.3 Deutschland, see Germany. England, see G r e a t Britain. Espagna, see Spain. Finland ( 2 ) Helsingfors (Observatory) 60 9.7 Uleaborg 65 1.2 Viborg (Viipurin) 60 42.9 2 Fiume ( ) 45 20.0 France ( 2 » 3) Arcachon 44 39.6 Aurillac, Lyceum 44 56.8 Bayonne 43 29.7 Bordeaux (Observatoire) 44 50.1 Coutras 45 2.5 Jonzac 45 26.7 Langen 44 32.7 Lihons., 49 50.0 Lyon 45 41.0 Marseille (Observatoire) 43 17.9 Metz 49 7.0 M e u d o n (Observatoire) 48 48.3 Mont Blanc (Observatoire) 45 50 Mont-Louis 42 31.0 Nice (Observatoire)... 43 42.8 Paris (Observatoire, base station) 48 50.2 Port-Vendres 42 50.9 Rosendaël-les-Dunk... 51 2.9 Soulac 45 31.0 Strasbourg (base station) 48 35.0 Valence 44 56 Germany ( 2 » 6 ) Alter Bruch 50 45.7 Bremen 53 5.0 Brocken 51 48.0 Coburg 50 16.0 Göttingen ( S t e r n warte) 51 32.0 Grimmen 54 6.9 Hamburg (Seewarte).. 53 32.8 Helgoland ... 54 10.8 Immenstaad 47 40.0 Jena 50 55.6 Karlsruhe 49 0.7 Kiel (Sternwarte) 54 20.5 Kirchhain 51 38.3 Kolberg 54 11.3 Königsberg ( S t e r n warte) 54 42.8 Leipzig 51 20.1 Lüdenhausen 52 4.3 Munich 48 8.7 Münster 51 57.9 Neumünster 54 4.4 Potsdam ( G e o d e t i c Institute, base station) 52 22.9 Scharfenstein 51 50.0 Schneekoppe 50 44.2 Sehlsgrund 52 52.8 Stuttgart 48 46.9 Waldsee 47 55

| Longitude | h 18°18.7'E. 510 15 42.4 E. 710 20 32 E. 281

g \ 980.890 980.845 980.871

12 10 10 14 10 9

34.7 E. 32.2 E. 43.0 E. 58.8 E. 9.5 E. 34.5 E.

14 15 14 42 91 78

981.559 981.740 981.502 981.533 981.618 981.575

24 25 28 14

57.3 E. 29.1 E. 43.7 E. 25.8 E.

29 9 12 10

981.912 982.262 981.928 980.630

1 10.4 2 26.6 E. 1 28.0

24 640 3

980.586 980.483 980.475

O O O O 2 4

31.4 7.9 26.0 15.3 45 E. 47 E.

72 13 35 25 106 286

980.572 980.591 980.647 980.561 981.038 980.629

5 23 E. 6 10.7 E.

61 175

980.482 980.957

2 13.9 E.

130(7)980.919

6 52 2 7 7 18

E. 4807 E. 1620 E. 367

979.401 979.996 980.471

2 20.3 E. 3 6 E. 2 24 E. 1 7.4

61 25 20 8

980.943 980.456 981.170 980.655

7 46.1E. 4 53 E.

137 125

980.904 980.562

E. 917 E. O E. 1140 E. 290

15 8 10 10

44.6 49.2 37 58

9 13 9 7 9 11 8 10 13 15

57 E. 2.7 E. 58.3 E. 53.1E. 22.1E. 35.2 E. 24.7 E. 9 E. 33.5 E. 35.8 E.

162 11 24 51 403 154 114 41 98 8

981.176 981.434 981.375 981.410 980.709 981.123 980.967 981.464 981.235 981.453

20 12 9 Il 7 10

29.8 23.5 0.0 36.6 37.9 O

22 115 205 525 62 25

981.477 981.180 981.242 980.733 981.233 981.427

13 10 15 15 9 9

4.1E. 87 36.0 E. 623 44.6 E. 1605 48.0 E. 109 10.5 E. 247 45.3 E. 590

E. E. E. E. E. E.

TC

980.930+0.060 981.341 981.015+0.088 981.015

981.274 981.130+0.041 980.776+0.110 981.278 980.901 980.706

Station I Latitude | Longitude | Great Britain ( 2 ) Edinburgh, Scotland (Observatory) 55°57.4' 3° 9.4' Glasgow, S c o t l a n d (University) 55 51.5 4 14.0 Greenwich, England (Observatory) 51 28.6 O 0.0 Kew, England (Observatory) 51 28.1 O 19 Plymouth, England... 50 22.2 4 8.4 Holland, see Netherlands 2 Hungary ( ) Budapest 47 29.5 19 3.6 E. Kis-Komarom 46 32.9 17 10.7 E. Italy (2, 6) Alba 44 42.0 8 2.3 E. Arona 45 45.8 8 34.1E. Bologna (Università).. 44 29.8 11 21.3 E. Brenner (see Austria) Catania, Sicily 37 30.2 15 4.7 E. Castellammare di Stabia 40 41.6 14 28.7 E. Domo d'Ossola....... 46 7.0 8 18.4 E. Florence 43 46.8 11 15.2 E. Genoa (Institute Idrografico) 44 25.1 8 55.3 E. Livorno (Leghorn).... 43 32.0 10 18.5 E. Milan (Osservatorio).. 45 28.0 9 11.5 E. Padua (Osservatorio, base station) 45 24.0 11 52.3 E. Palermo, Sicily 38 6.9 13 22.0 E. PoIa 44 51.8 13 50.7 E. Pracchia 44 3.0 10 54.3 E. Romagnano 45 38.1 8 23.8 E.. Rome 41 53.5 12 29.7 E. San Remo 43 49.1 7 46.5 E. Stilfserjoch, see Austria Stromboli, Lipari Is.. . 38 48.2 15 14. I E . Turin 45 4.1 7 41.8 E. Jugoslavia, see Y u g o slavia Netherlands (24) Amsterdam (Université) 52 21.9 4 54.7 E. Bergen op Z o o m (Cathédrale) 51 29.7 4 17.3 E. Breda (Académie Militaire) 51 35.5 4 46.5 E. De BiIt ( I n s t i t u t Météorologique, base station) 52 6.2 5 10.7 E. Delft (Institut Géodésique) 52 0.6 4 22.1E. Gronigen (Université). 53 13.2 6 34.0 E. Hollander (Sanatorium Hellendoorn)... 52 24.2 6 25.OE. Leeuwarden (Friesche Levensverzekering). 53 12.3 5 48.3 E. Leiden (Observatoire). 52 9.4 4 29.1E. Maastricht (Hôtel de Ville) 50 51.2 5 41.6 E. Middelburg ( É t a t s Prov.) 51 30.0 3 36.8 E. Oldenzaal (Église PIechelmi) 52 18.8 6 55.8 E. Schoorl (École primaire) 52 42.1 4 41.6 E. Sittard (Ambachtsschool) 50 59.8 5 51.6 E. Sleen 52 46.5 6 48.1E. Terschelling ( É c o l e Navale) 53 21.6 5 12.9 E. Ubagsberg 50 51.0 5 57.2 E. Utrecht (Observatoire) 52 5.2 5 7.8 E. Weert (Église catholique) 51 15.3 5 42.5 E. Winschoten 53 8.7 7 2.4 E.

h

|

g

\

104

981.584

61

981.605

48

981.184

5 43

981.144 981.148

TC

108 115

980.852 980.745

169 210 51

980.444 980.629 980.450

43

980.065

4 276 48

980.321 980.598 980.510

93 6 141

980.573 980.534-0.018 980.569

19 20 28 627 266 49 23

980.658 980.069 980.626 980.378 980.620 980.367-0.012 980.505

48 233

980.212 980.549

O

981.288

10

981.212

1

981.213

2

981.267

2 5

981.264 981.348

11

981.296

1 2

981.348 981.273

49

981.140

6

981.215

47

981.282

9

981.312

48 16

981.148 981.318

6 191 5

981.376 981.108 981.263

33 O

981.161 981.346

||

Station | Latitude | Longitude | Norway (2, 6) Bergen (Sternwarte).. 60° 23.9' 5° 18.3'E. Christiansund 63 6.6 7 44.2 E. Dambaas 62 4.6 9 8.3 E. Fioro 61 35.8 5 2.4 E. Langenaes 69 1.2 15 8.7 E. Laredal 61 6.3 7 27.9 E. Mehavn 71 1.3 27 47 E. OsIa ( C h r i s t i a n i a ) (Sternwarte, base station) 59 54.7 10 43.5 E. Oxö 58 4.3 8 3.5 E. Rorvik 64 51.9 11 14.3 E. Sand 59 29.1 6 15.7 E. Sannesjöen 66 1.3 12 38.8 E. Sorvaagen 67 53.6 13 2 E. Stavanger 58 58 5 44.3 E. Triset 59 25.8 8 10.8 E. Österreich, see Austria. Olanda, see Netherlands. Paesi Bassi, see Netherlands. Pays-Bas, see Netherlands. Poland (2) Bedzin 50 19.3 19 8.7 E. Krakow (Sternwarte). 50 3.9 19 57.6 E. LwOw (Lemberg) 49 50.2 24 0.0 E. Tuchla 48 55.2 23 29 E. Portugal (18) Camposancos 41 53.2 8 49.0 Lisbon 38 42.5 9 11.3 Oporto 41 8.2 8 36.1 Praia da Rocha 37 7.0 8 32.7 2 Rumania ( ) Bocsa 46 56.9 22 42 E. Bucharest (Bucuresti). 44 24.6 26 6.8 E. Elesd 47 2.5 22 22 E. Maros-Ludas (Ludos). 46 28.1 24 6 E. Russia and Siberia ( 2 > ll ) Alexandropol Archangel Astrakhan Byelgorod Dagarskoje (L a k e Baikal), Siberia Erivan Gorjatschinskoi, Siberia Irkutsk, Siberia (Meteorological Observatory) Kazan (Observatory). Kingisepp . Leningrad, see St. Petersburg. Lenkoran Listvinichnoe, Siberia. Moscow (Observatory) Novgorod Odessa.... Pulkova (base station) St. Petersburg (Leningrad) Schaitanskij Simbirsk Staraya Russa. Tartu (Dorpat, Yuriev), (Observatory) Tiflis (Physical Observatory) Tver Verevye Volkhovo.....' Vyshniy Volochok Vologda Schweden, see Sweden Schweiz, see Switzerland Scotland, see Great Britain

40 64 46 50

47.0 34 21.0 36.1

h

|

g

\ TC

38 20 643 10 8 7 10

981.922 982.175 981.892 982.071 982.640 981.942 982.688

28 10 10 14 12 19 11 115

981.927 981.763 982.313 981.853 982.351 982.622 +0.0 981.845 981.795

256 205 314 540

981.058 981.054 980.911 980.789

9 75 94 17

980.383 980.088 980.290 980.005

379 83 225 281

980.711 980.553 980.794 980.715

43 49.7 E. 1519 40 31.OE. 5 48 2.7 E. -21 36 35.9 E. 203

979.785 982.278 980.774 981.038

55 42.2 40 10.7

109 54 E. 44 32.8 E.

465 990

981.32 979.880

52 59.4

108 18.OE.

470

981.178

52 16.5 55 47.4 59 22.5

104 16.5 E. 49 7.3 E. 28 35.7 E.

470 70 16

981.096 981.572 981.858

38 51 55 58 46 59

45.6 51.0 45.3 31.4 26.4 46.3

48 104 37 31 30 30

51.5 E. -20 52.5 E. 465 34.3 E. 139 17.3 E. 48 46.4 E. 43 19.7 E. 71

980.092 981.051 981.562 981.780 980.769 981.899

59 56 54 57

56.5 54.8 19.0 59.4

30 59 48 31

17.7 57.0 24.2 22

E. E. E. E.

3 310 181 23

981.929 981.641 981.469 981.747

58 22.8

26 43.2 E.

50

981.793

41 56 58 59 57 59

44 35 32 31 34 39

412 136 113 21 164 118

980.176 981.607 981.794 981.826 981.695 981.837

43.1 51.2 40.8 4.2 35.1 13

47.8 E. 50.9 E. 42.0 E. 46.2 E. 33.1E. 53.0 E.

Station I Latitude | Longitude | h Spain ( i « ) Alcazar de San Juan.. 39° 24.0' 3° 12.o' 648 Andûjar 38 3.0 4 3.0 207 Aranda de Duero 41 40.0 3 40.0 801 Arbas 43 0.9 5 45.0 1329 Badajoz 38 53.0 6 58.0 188 Barcelona 41 25.0 2 7.0 E. 407 Baza 37 30.0 2 45.0 858 Cortegana 37 54.0 6 47.0 765 Daroca 41 7.0 1 25.0 770 Lérida. 41 37.0 O 38.0 E. 165 Llansâ 42 22.0 3 9.0 E. 6 Malaga 36 43.0 4 25.2 61 Plasencia 40 2.0 6 3.0 369 Puigcerdâ 42 25.0 1 54.7 E. 1190 Roncai 42 49.0 O 59.6 675 Salamanca 40 58.0 5 39.0 805 Salou 41 4.0 1 9.OE. 2 San Fernando 36 28.0 6 12.3 44 Santander 43 29.1 3 49.0 10 Seville 37 23.0 5 59.0 11 Tarila 36 0.0 5 37.0 29 Toledo . 39 51.0 4 1.0 520 Torrejón 38 0.1 O 39.1 2 Valencia 39 29.0 O 23.0 6 Valladolid 41 39.0 4 43.0 690 Virerò 43 39.0 7 35.0 12

|

g

\ TC

979.933 979.943 980.086 980.132 980.050 980.240 979.669 979.895 980.038 980.260 980.431 979.918 980.073 980.055 980.228 980.057 980.268 979.843 980.503 979.965 979.748 980.015 980.032 980.127 980.111 980.553

Suede, see Sweden. Suisse, see Switzerland. Svèzia, see Sweden. Svizzera, see Switzerland. Sweden ( 2 ) Haparanda 65 49.7 Hernosand 62 37.8 Lund (Sternwarte) 55 41.9 Stockholm ( S t e r n warte, base station). 59 20.6 Upsala (Sternwarte)... 59 51.5 Switzerland ( « » 2 3 ) Basel (base station).. . 47 33.6 Bern (Landestopographie) 46 56.5 Bironico 46 7.4 Brusio 46 15.3 Burgdorf ( T e c h n i kums) 47 3.5 Chanrion (Klubhütte) 45 56.3 Eggishorn ( H o t e l Jungfrau) 46 25.2 Frauenfeld (Kantonsschule) 47 33.3 Fribourg (Universität) 46 47.6 Gornergrat 45 59.0 Grand St. Bernard.... 45 52.1 Geneva (Sternwarte).. 46 12.0 Gsteig (Hotel Sanetsch) 46 23.2 Landquart ( S c h u l haus) 46 57.8 Lausanne (Ecole de Chimie et de Physique) 46 31.5 Les Verrières 46 54.3 Lungern (Schulhaus).. 46 47.1 Luzern ( K a n t o n s schule) 47 3.0 Neuchatel ( S t e r n warte) 47 0.1 Rivera 46 7.4 St. Maurice (Hotel du Simplon) 46 13.0 Simplonhospiz 46 14.9 Sion (Collège) 46 14.1 Stilfserjoch, see Austria. Truns (Schulhaus).... 46 44.6 Zermatt 46 1.5 Zernez (Schloss) 46 42.0 Zürich 47 22.7 Tcheco-Slovaquie, see Czechoslovakia.

24 9.6 E. 17 57.0 E. 13 11.3 E.

4 25 32

982.337 982.082 981.564

18 3.5 E. 17 37.6 E.

45 20

981.843 981.910

7 34.8 E.

277

980.788

7 26.8 E. 8 55.7 E. 10 7.7 E.

522 473 721

980.622 980.580 980.429

7 37.2 E. 558 7 22.9 E. 2435

980.633 980.107+0.113

8

6.8 E. 2187

980.169+0.086

8 54.2 E. 431 7 9.4 E. 633 7 46.8 E. 3016 7 10.4 E. 2473 6 9.2 E. 402

980.703 980.584 979.992+0.165 980.072+0.131 980.592

7 56.2 E. 1185

980.396-0.001

9 32.6 E.

520

980.523

6 38.2 E. 6 28.8 E. 8 9.6 E.

531 928 714

980.599 980.573 980.515

8 18.2 E.

434

980.626

6 57.3 E. 8 55.7 E.

487 473

980.653-0.026 980.580

7 0.2 E. 422 8 1.9 E. 1998 7 21.5 E. 514

980.512-0.130 980.202+0.076 980.480-0.082

8 59.4 E. 859 7 45.0 E. 1603 10 5.8 E. 1473 8 33.1E. 463

980.432 980.250-0.007 980.308 980.676]

||

Station I Latitude j Longitude h Ungarn, see Hungary. Ungheria, see Hungary. Yugoslavia (2) Marburg (Maribor)... 46° 34' 15° 39' E. 270 Ragusa (Dubrovnik).. 42 38.6 18 6 E. 47 Serajevo 43 48.2 18 19.7 E. 511

g

\

TC

980.708 980.394 980.382

ASIA Giappone, see «Japan. China (2) Hankow Hongkong Port Arthur Shasi Weihaiwei.. . Zikawei, Observatory. India (6> 9) Agra Allahabad Badnur Châtra Colaba Cuttack Dehra Dun Dolhpur Gesupur Jacobabad Jalpaiguri Jubbulpore Kalianpur Madras Majhauli Mian Mir Moghal Sarai Montgomery Mussoorie (Camel's Back) Muzaffarpur Quetta Raipur Rajpur Sandakphu Peak Yercaud Japan (2,6) Aomori Chofu Fukushima Fukuyama Bachinone Hamada Hamamatsu Himeji Kamakura Kofu Kurume Kyoto Matsue Matsuyama Mizusawa Nagasaki Nagoya Nikko Okazaki . Shizuoka Tokyo (base station).. Tsukuba Uwajima . Wakayama Yamada Yamagata Siam (2, 3, 6) Bankok Siberia, (see Russia, p. 398). Turkestan ( 2 » 6) Derbent, Bokhara KaIa Khum, Bokhara. Samarkand Sultan-Bend Tashkent Chardzhui (International Latitude Station)

30 22 38 30 37 31

35.5 18.2 47.9 18.1 30.0 11.6

114 114 121 112 122 121

17.5 E. 10.5 E. 22.3 E. 14.8 E. 11.0 E. 25.8 E.

27 25 21 24 18 20 30 26 28 28 26 23 24 13 26 31 25 30

10.3 25.9 54.2 12.7 53.8 29.1 19.5 42.0 33.0 16.6 31.3 8.9 7.2 4.1 17.8 31.6 17.0 39.8

78 81 77 88 72 85 78 77 77 68 88 79 77 80 83 74 83 73

1.1 E. 55 E. 54.2 E. 23.4 E. 48.8 E. 52.0 E. 3.2 E. 54.8 E. 42.0 E. 27.1E. 44.2 E. 59 E. 39.3 E. 14.9 E. 58 E. 22.5 E. 6 E. 6.3 E.

30 26 30 21 30 27 11

27.6 7.1 12.2 13.9 24.2 6.1 46.9

78 4.5 85 25 67 0.7 81 41 78 5.8 88 0.2 78 12.5

40 34 37 34 40 34 34 34 35 35 33 35 35 33 39 32 35 36 34 34 35 36 33 34 34 38

49 O 45 30 31 54 42.9 50.1 19.2 39 19.3 1.6 30 50 8.1 44.7 10.4 44 57.4 58.4 42.6 13.4 13 14.2 29.6 15

13 43.9

38 38 39 37 41

12.0 27.3 39.1 7.5 19.5

39

6.2

140 131 140 133 141 132 137 134 139 138 130 135 133 132 141 129 136 139 137 138 139 140 132 135 136 140

E. E. E. E. E. E. E.

45 E. O E . 27 E. 22.5 E. 30 E. 6 E. 43 E. 42 E. 34 E. 35 E. 31.6 E. 47.1E. 3 E. 45 E. 8 E. 52.3 E. 53 E. 38 E. 10 E. 23 E. 46.0 E. 5.8 E. 34.5 E. 11.0 E. 42.8 E. 16 E.

100 29.4 E.

67 70 66 62 69

3.2 E. 46.5 E. 58.7 E. 28.0 E. 17.7 E.

63 36.1E.

73(7)979.369 33 978.771 1 980.128 122(?) 979.303 1 979.993 4 979.437 163 88 641 20 10 28 682 176 211 56 82 447 537 6 67 216 78 170 2110 55 1682 304 1012 3586 1369 1 6 67 3 21 3 31 16(?) 13 270 11 55 23 19 61 30 14 649 25 23 18 870 2 3 4 153 7

1012 1345 719 272 478

192

979.058-0.018 978.945 -0.021 978.609+0.018 978.880-0.019 978.633 0.000 978.661 0.000 979.065-0.080 979.001-0.015 979.127-0.025 979.188-0.024 978.924-0.093 978.721-0.002 978.779+0.011 978.281+0.040 978.930-0.037 979.385-0.033 978.921-0.024 979.323-0.019 978.795+0.032 978.936 -0.038 978.853+0.024 978.614+0.001 979.004-0.066 978.192+0.141 977.910+0.116 980.325 979.691 980.022 979.711 980.359 + .049 979.768 979.750 979.754 979.779 979.719 979.618 979.727 979.812 979.607 980.159 979.594 979.756 979.780 979.764 979.753 979.801 979.781 979.597 979.704 979.727 980.027 978.278

979.672 979.462-0.086 979.883 979.798 980.086

980.014

Station

I Latitude

| Longitude

|

h

|

g

AFRICA Egypt and Anglo-Egyptian Sudan ( 10 ) Abu Hamed Aswan Atbara Helwan Khartum Luxor Minia Wadi Haifa Red Sea (2) Aden Harmil Island, Dahlak Archipelago Eritrea St. John Island (Zebirget) Mersa Dhiba Sherm Sheikh (Sinai). Suez Sudan, see Egypt. Miscellaneous ( 2 » 3 ) Algiers (Observatory). Bizerta, Tunisia Biskra, Algeria Cape Town, U. S. Af. (Observatory) Dar-es-Salaam, Tanganyika Ter Domjo Ndorobbo Freetown, Sierre Leone E. Uasso Nyiro, Kenya Johannesburg, U. S. Af. (Observatory).. Kampo, Cameroons, Fr. Equat. Af Laghwat, Algeria Langenburg, U. S. Af. Libreville, Gabon, Fr. Equat. Af Loanda, Angola, Portuguese W. Af Lourenço M a r q u e s , Mozambique, Portuguese E. Af. (Observatory) Lüderitz Bay, Southwest Af Monrovia, Liberia Mozambique, Portuguese E. Af Ouled Rhamoun, Algeria Pangani, Tanganyika Ter Rio del Key, Nigeria. . Tangier, Morocco

AUSTRALIA (2,3, i 9 )

| TC

||

Station Perth Sydney

i Latitude | Longitude \ h 31° 57. l'S. 1 1 5 ° 5 0 . 5 ' E . 5 8 33 51.7 S. 151 12.7 E. 43

\

g \ TC 979.378 979.680

OCEANIC 19° 32.0' 24 5.1 17 41.9 29 51.5 15 36.6 25 43.1 28 5.8 21 55.8

33° 19.9'E. 32 53.1E. 33 58.9 E. 31 20.4 E. 32 32.9 E. 32 39.3 E. 30 45.5 E. 31 19.9 E.

339 97 354 104 383 82 42 126

978.538 978.879 978.421 979.295 978.308 978.982 979.155 978.728

12 47.3

44 59.3 E.

5

978.327

16 28.8

40

8.7 E.

4

978.465

23 25 27 29

36 34 34 32

12.OE. 44.3 E. 16.9 E. 33.4 E.

6 2 2 3

979.026 979.007 979.174 979.307

3 3 E. 9 52.5 E. 5 43 E.

213 7 137

979.905 979.975 979.617

18 28.7 E.

11

979.657

39 18.OE. 7 35 13.2 E. 1715 13 14.3 65 36 8.2 E. 676

978.117 977.549 978.200 977.737

26 10.9 S.

28

978.553

2 21.2 33 47.7 9 35.8 S.

9 49.6 E. 2 53 E. 34 8.6 E.

35.8 20.2 51.1 56.0

36 44.8 37 16.4 34 50.9 33 56.1S. 6 3 8 l

49.OS. 08.8 S. 29.4 53.1S.

O 22.3 8 48.6 S.

26

4.5 E. 1805

3 978.040 755 979.356 477 . 977.907

9 27.2 E.

2

977.999

13 14. I E .

4

978.212

2.5 S.

32 19.8 E.

55

979.068

26 38.8 S. 6 19.0

15 9.7 E. 10 48.8

2 41

979.103 978.165

15

38 25

E.

3

978.451

6 41

E.

687

979.709

2.1S.

36 10.8 5 25.8 S. 4 43.5 35 46.5

Brisbane ( O b s e r v a tory) 27 28.OS. Hobart, T a s m a n i a (Observatory) 42 53.6 S. Melbourne (Observatory) 37 49.9 S.

38 58.8 E. 8 38.3 E. 5 48.6 153

7 2 63

978.039 978.087 979.737

1.6 E.

40

979.148

147 22.0 E.

58

980.441

144 58.5 E.

26

979.987

Atlantic Ocean a n d Mediterranean Sea (2, 3, 6 ,18)

Bastia, Corsica Bridgetown, Barbados. Catania, Sicily Fornells, Balearic Islands Ibiza, Balearic Islands. Jamestown, St. Helena Karajak G l a c i e r , Greenland Kingston, Jamaica.... Las Palmas, Canary Islands Palermo, Sicily Palma de Mallorca, Balearic Islands Ponta Delgada, Azores Reykjavik, Iceland.... St. George, Bermuda.. Santa Cruz de la Palma, Canary Islands Stromboli, Lipari Islands Whales Point, Spitsbergen Valetta, Malta Indian Ocean, see Pacific Ocean. Mediterranean Sea, see Atlantic Ocean. Pacific a n d I n d i a n Oceans ( 2 » 3» 6 ) Auckland, New Zealand Batavia, Java (Observatory) Hobart, T a s m a n i a (Observatory) Honolulu, Territory of Hawaii (Observatory) Kudat, British North Borneo Makassar, Celebes.... Manila, Philippines... Marau-Sound, Solomon Islands Mauna Kea, Hawaiian Islands Numea, New Caledonia Singapore, S t r a i t s Settlements Port Vila, Sandwich Island, New Hebrides Winter Q u a r t e r s , Kaiser Wilhelm II Land

42 41.2 13 4.3 37 30.2 40 3.4 38 54.3 15 55 S.

9 27 E. 59 36.5 15 4.7 E.

20 2 43

980.519 978.340 980.065

4 7.9 E. l 26.1E. 5 43.7

7 3 10

980.283 980.146 978.712+0.177

70 26.9 17 57.7

50 19.8 76 47.3

20 2

982.534 978.591

28 38

15 26.0 13 22.0 E.

8 20

979.385 980.069

7.0 6.9

39 34.5 37 43.8 64 8.5 32 21

2 39.1 E. ' 23 25 40.8 4 22 0.3 39 64 40 2

980.179 980.143 982.273 979.806+0.218

28 41.0

17 46.0

12

979.459

38 48.2

15 14. I E .

48

980.212

77 30.4 35 53.8

20 58.8 E. 14 31.3 E.

458(7)982.899 62 979.887

36 50.9 S.

174 46.2 E.

3

979.962

6 11.0 S.

106 49.8 E.

7

978.178

42 53.6 S.

147 22.OE.

58

980.441

21 18.1

157 51.8

6

978.946+0.162

6 53.0 5 7.3 S. 14 34.7

116 50.7 E. 119 24.5 E. 120 38.6 E.

2 2 3

978.149 978.138 978.360

3

978.349

9 49.1S.

160 48.5 E.

19 49.2

155 28.8

22 16.6 S.

166 27.8 E.

2

978.877

103 50.3 E.

21

978.082

168 19.OE.

3

978.637

89 38.1E.

1

982.388

1 16.5 17 45.OS. 66

2.2 S.

3981

978.069+0.469

TABLE 2.—ACCELERATION OF GBAVITY AT SEA-LEVEL (^0) 2

00 = 978.039 (1 + 0.005294 sin
)*; Bowie (6).

go

cm/sec2

go

^

cm/sec2

go

^

cm/sec2

go

cm/sec2

go

cm/sec2

go

cm/sec2

go

cm/sec2

go

go

cm/seco

cm/seco

O 0 OO' 978.039 1O0OO' 978.194 2O 0 OO' 978.642 3O 0 OO' 979.328 4O 0 OO' 980.172 5O0OO' 981.071 6O 0 OO' 981.917 7O 0 OO' 982.608 8O 0 OO' 983.060 10 .039 10 .199 10 .652 10 .341 10 .186 10 .086 10 .930 10 .618 10 .065 20 .039 20 .205 20 .661 20 .354 20 .201 20 .100 20 .943 20 .628 20 .070 30 .039 30 .210 30 .671 30 .368 30 .216 30 .115 30 .956 30 .637 30 .075 40 .040 40 .215 40 .681 40 .381 40 .231 40 .130 40 .969 40 .647 40 .080 50 .040 50 .221 50 .691 50 .394 50 .246 50 .145 50 .982 50 .656 50 .085 1 OO 978.041 11 OO 978.227 21 OO 978.701 31 OO 979.407 41 OO 980.261 51 OO 981.160 61 OO 981.995 71 OO 982.665 81 OO 983.089 10 .041 10 .232 10 .711 10 .420 10 .276 10 .174 10 982.008 10 .675 10 .094 20 .042 20 .238 20 .721 20 .434 20 .291 20 .189 20 .020 20 .684 20 .099 30 .043 30 .244 30 .731 30 .447 30 .306 30 .204 30 .033 30 .693 30 .103 40 .043 40 .250 40 .742 40 .460 40 .321 40 .218 40 .046 40 .702 40 .107 50 .044 50 .256 50 .752 50 .474 50 .336 50 .233 50 .058 50 .711 50 .112 2 OO 978.045 12 OO 978.262 22 OO 978.762 32 OO 979.487 42 OO 980.350 52 OO 981.248 62 OO 982.071 72 OO 982.720 82 OO 983.116 10 .046 10 .268 10 .773 10 .501 10 .365 10 .262 10 .083 10 .729 10 .120 20 .048 20 .274 20 .783 20 .515 20 .380 20 .277 20 .096 20 .738 20 .124 30 .049 30 .280 30 .794 30 .528 30 .395 30 .292 30 .108 30 .746 30 .128 40 .050 40 .287 40 .804 40 .542 40 .410 40 .306 40 .121 40 .755 40 .132 50 .052 50 .293 50 .815 50 .555 50 .425 50 .321 50 .133 50 .764 50 .136 3 OO 978.053 13 OO 978.300 23 OO 978.826 33 OO 979.569 43 OO 980.440 53 OO 981.335 63 OO 982.145 73 OO 982.772 83 OO 983.139 10 .055 10 .306 10 .837 10 .583 10 .455 IO .350 10 .157 10 .780 10 .143 20 .056 20 .313 20 .848 20 .597 20 .471 20 .364 20 .169 20 .789 20 .147 30 .058 30 .320 30 .859 30 .611 30 .486 30 .379 30 .182 30 .797 30 .150 40 .060 40 .327 40 .870 40 .624 40 .501 40 .393 40 .194 40 .805 40 .153 50 .062 50 .334 50 .881 50 .638 50 .516 50 .407 50 .206 50 .813 50 .157 4 OO 978.064 14 OO 978.341 24 OO 978.892 34 OO 979.652 44 OO 980.531 54 OO 981.422 64 OO 982.218 74 OO 982.821 84 OO 983.160 10 .066 10 .348 10 .903 10 .666 10 .546 10 .436 10 .229 10 .829 10 .163 20 .068 20 .355 20 .914 20 .680 20 .561 20 .450 20 .241 20 .837 20 .166 30 .071 30 .362 30 .926 30 .694 30 .576 30 .465 30 .253 30 .845 30 .169 40 .073 40 .369 40 .937 40 .708 40 .591 40 .479 40 .265 40 .853 40 .172 50 ,076 50 .377 50 .948 50 .722 50 .606 50 .493 50 .276 50 .861 50 .175 5 OO 978.078 15 OO 978.384 25 OO 978.960 35 OO 979.736 45 OO 980.621 55 OO 981.507 65 OO 982.288 75 OO 982.868 85 OO 983.177 10 .081 10 .392 10 .971 10 .751 10 .636 10 .521 10 .300 10 .876 10 .180 20 .083 20 .399 20 .983 20 .765 20 .651 20 .536 20 .311 20 .883 20 .182 30 .086 30 .407 30 .994 30 .779 30 .666 30 .550 30 .322 30 .891 30 .185 40 .089 40 .415 40 979.006 40 .793 40 .681 40 .564 40 .334 40 .898 40 .187 50 .092 50 .423 50 .018 50 .807 50 .696 50 .578 50 .345 50 .905 50 .189 6 OO 978.095 16 OO 978.430 26 OO 979.030 36 OO 979.822 46 OO 980.711 56 OO 981.592 66 OO 982.356 76 OO 982.912 86 OO 983.191 10 .098 10 .438 10 .042 10 .836 10 .726 10 .606 10 .368 10 .919 10 .193 20 .102 20 .446 20 .054 20 .850 20 .741 20 .620 20 .379 20 .926 20 .195 30 .105 30 .455 30 .065 30 .865 30 .757 30 .634 30 .390 30 .933 30 .197 40 .108 40 .463 40 .077 40 .879 40 .772 40 .648 40 .401 40 .940 40 .199 50 .112 50 .471 50 .090 50 .894 50 .787 50 .661 50 .412 50 .947 50 .201 7 OO 978.115 17 OO 978.479 27 OO 979.102 37 OO 979.908 47 OO 980.802 57 OO 981.675 67 OO 982.423 77 OO 982.953 87 OO 983.202 10 .119 10 .488 10 .114 10 .922 10 .817 10 .689 10 .434 10 .960 10 .204 20 .123 20 .496 20 .126 20 .937 20 .832 20 .703 20 .444 20 .967 20 .205 30 .127 30 .505 30 .138 30 .951 30 .847 30 .716 30 .455 30 .973 30 .207 40 .131 40 .514 40 .151 40 .966 40 .862 40 .730 40 .466 40 .979 40 .208 50 .135 50 .522 50 .163 50 .981 50 .877 50 .744 50 .476 50 .986 50 .209 8 OO 978.139 18 OO 978.531 28 OO 979.175 38 OO 979.995 48 OO 980.892 58 OO 981.757 68 OO 982.487 78 OO 982.992 88 OO 983.210 10 .143 10 .540 10 .188 10 980.010 10 .907 10 .771 10 .497 10 .998 10 .211 20 .147 20 .549 20 .200 20 .024 20 .922 20 .784 20 .508 20 983.004 20 .212 30 .152 30 .558 30 .213 30 .039 30 .937 30 .798 30 .518 30 .010 30 .213 40 .156 40 .567 40 .226 40 .054 40 .952 40 .811 40 .528 40 .016 40 .214 50 .160 50 .576 50 .238 50 .068 50 .967 50 .825 50 .539 50 .022 50 .215 9 OO 978.165 19 OO 978.585 29 OO 979.251 39 OO 980.083 48 OO 980.981 59 OO 981.838 69 OO 982.549 79 OO 983.027 89 OO 983.215 10 .170 10 .594 10 .264 10 .098 10 .996 10 .851 10 .559 10 .033 10 .216 20 .174 20 .604 20 .277 20 .113 20 981.011 20 .865 20 .569 20 .038 20 .216 30 .179 30 .613 30 .290 30 .127 30 .026 30 .878 30 .579 30 .044 30 .216 40 .184 40 .623 40 .302 40 .142 40 .041 40 .891 40 .589 40 .049 40 .217 50 .189 50 .632 50 .315 50 .157 50 .056 50 .904 50 .598 50 .055 50 .217 90 OO 983.217 * This formula differs slightly (not over one in 100 000) from that proposed by Helmert ( 1 4 ) and quite extensively used. A table similar to this, but based on Helmert's formula is given by Albrecht (M.

D. VARIATION OF GRAVITY WITH ELEVATION AND DEPTH Elevation; Free Air Method.—If there were no matter projecting above the geoid and the geoid were a smooth ellipsoid of revolution, then the value (gu) of the acceleration of gravity (cm/sec2) at a height H meters above the surface would be related (is, 16) to that (00) at the surface, as indicated by equation (1), in which
)# + 0.000 072

Gw)1 (l)

This is known as the free air correction. For most purposes it is sufficient to use the approximate formula (2). (2) ga = g0 - 0.000 3086 H If 0o is taken from Table 2, the value of gH obtained for any station by the use of equation (1) will agree fairly well with the true acceleration, if the surrounding topography is not too rugged. In a fairly flat country, the difference will be considerably less than 0.1 cm/sec2, except in very rare cases; and even in a mountainous country, the difference will ordinarily be less than 0.2 cm/sec2. For stations below sea-level, but not below the surface of the earth, the same formulae apply; but for such stations, H is negative. More Exact Methods.—In mountainous country, the computed value will be practically as close to the true value as in flat country if an additional term is added to the right hand side of equation (1), to take account of the elevation of the place above or below the general level of the topography within a radius of, say, approximately 160 km. For every 10 m the place in question is above the general level, this term amounts to 0.001 cm/sec2, and for every 10 m below the general level, it amounts to —0.001 cm/sec2. In computing the height of a coast station above the general level, the water must be considered replaced by an equal mass of rock, of average surface density, resting on the bottom of the ocean.

If it is desired to obtain a somewhat better value for the computed gravity at a place, the correction term just mentioned must be replaced by a correction for topography and isostatic compensation, computed by the method of John F. Hayford (12). A somewhat larger error should be expected in the computed values of gravity on oceanic islands than on the continents. The rocks forming these islands are evidently somewhat heavier than normal in many cases, or the ocean is over-compensated, and the observed values of gravity are therefore usually larger than the computed values. In such cases, an error of 0.3 cm/sec2, or possibly even 0.4 cm/sec2 in computed values may be expected. Depth.—As the density of the crust is less than two-thirds the mean density of the earth, the acceleration of gravity increases as we advance into the crust. The mean rate of increase is 0.000 0851 cm/sec2 per meter of depth. The actual rate at any place depends upon the density of the crustal material in that locality, and is approximately given by the formula ( 1 3 » 1 7 ) Qd = 0o + (0.000 3086 - 0.000 0837P)d (B) where gd = acceleration of gravity (cm/sec2) at the depth of dm, and p = density (g/cm3). LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) C 1 ) Albrecht, Formeln u. Hüfstafeln f. geog. Ortsbestimmungen, 296; 08. ( 2 ) Borrass, C. R. 16th Con/. Gen. Assoc. Geodesique Internat. 3: 09. ( 3 ) Borrass, C. R. 17th Con/. Gen. Assoc. Geodesique Internat. 2: 261; 12. (<) Bowie, 217, No. 12: 12. («) Bowie, 2171 No. 99: 15. (6) Bowie, £171 No. 40: 17. (7) Boys, 68, 186: 1; 95. ( 8 ) Braun, 888, 64: 187; 96. (») Couchman, Survey of India, Prof. Paper, No. 15: 15. ( 10 ) Curry, Survey Dept. of Egypt, Paper No. 18: 13. ( l l ) Gigitsky and Yachontow, Bull. Astronomic Inst., No. 5: 28; 24. (12 ) Hayford and Bowie, 817, No. 10: 12. (i*) Helmert, Höhere Geodäsie, 2: 46, 492; 84. (**) Helmert, 76, 336; 01. (* 5 ) Helmèrt, 76, 651; 03. (^ 6 ) Helmert, Encyklop. math. Wiss, 6 (IB): 97; 10. (") Ibid., p. 160. («) Huelin, Trat. d. VEntens. Pesanteur en Espagne, 24. ( 19 ) Love, 251, 35: 90; 22. (20) McDiarmid, Pubi. Dominion Observatory, 2: 201; 15. (**) Ibid., 3: 357; 18. (22) Miller, Jour. Roy. Astron. Soc. Canada, 17: 10, 197; 23. (23) Niethammer, Astronomischgeodatische Arbeit, in d. Schweiz; Schweizerischen geodat. Komm. 12, 13, 15, 16; 1910, 1911, 1916, 1921. ( 2 4 ) Vening Meinesz, Obs. Pendule dans Pays-Bas; Pubi. Com. Geod. Néerlandaise, 23.

AERODYNAMICS L. J. BRIGGS AND H. L. DRYDEN Problems in aerodynamics cannot be idealized with the same readiness as problems in mechanics. The side of a building may not be regarded as a thin, flat plate for the purpose of computing the force of the wind, and data for a cylinder of a particular length cannot be directly applied for computing the wind force on a cylinder of some other length. Nearby objects exert an influence which cannot be neglected. Results obtained for a particular object can be applied strictly only to geometrically similar (definition 6) objects in similar surroundings. Many of the apparent discrepancies among the results of different experimenters are to be attributed to departures from geometrical similarity of the models, to the effects of the supports or other nearby objects, and to differences in the fine structure (turbulence) of the approximately steady air streams, rather than to errors in measuring the force or wind speed. It is not possible to discuss these matters in detail here, and there is no complete discussion available for reference. SYMBOLS A Ar C Cop Cd Ci

Some specified area Aspect ratio A coefficient Coefficient of center of pressure Coefficient of drag Coefficient of lift

CM CN Cp

Cpo CQ CQO CT Ct C. P. c D F Fd F/ FI

FN FT

Moment coefficient (see paragraph on air foils) Coefficient of force normal to the plane of reference Coefficient of power (input)

Ft Fx L M

Coefficient of power out-put Coefficient of torque Coefficient of torque load (output) Coefficient of force parallel to the plane of reference Coefficient of thrust Center of pressure Length of chord of airfoil Diameter .Resultant wind force Drag =» Component of F parallel to wind Frictional force Lift = Component of F normal to wind and to W Component of F normal to the plane of reference Component of F parallel to the plane of reference Thrust of propeller Any component of F Some linear dimension Moment of F about forward (leading) edge

N. A. National Advisory ComC. A. mittee for Aeronautics, U. S. A. n Number of revolutions per second Po Power developed (output) Pi Power input to propeller P. R. Pitch ratio p Pressure at a point on a surface Pt Static pressure of the air Q Torque Qo Torque load (output) q Dynamic pressure, a» indicated by Pitot tube (Fig. 1) qo pV2/2( = g if there is no compression of the air) R Reynold's number S That dimension of the plane of reference which is at right angles to the wind = Span T Temperature t Thickness V Air speed relative to point considered Vi Indicated air speed W Width = That dimension of plane of ref-

D. VARIATION OF GRAVITY WITH ELEVATION AND DEPTH Elevation; Free Air Method.—If there were no matter projecting above the geoid and the geoid were a smooth ellipsoid of revolution, then the value (gu) of the acceleration of gravity (cm/sec2) at a height H meters above the surface would be related (is, 16) to that (00) at the surface, as indicated by equation (1), in which
)# + 0.000 072

(M)' « This is known as the free air correction. For most purposes it is sufficient to use the approximate formula (2). (2) ga = g0 - 0.000 3086 H If 0o is taken from Table 2, the value of gH obtained for any station by the use of equation (1) will agree fairly well with the true acceleration, if the surrounding topography is not too rugged. In a fairly flat country, the difference will be considerably less than 0.1 cm/sec2, except in very rare cases; and even in a mountainous country, the difference will ordinarily be less than 0.2 cm/sec2. For stations below sea-level, but not below the surface of the earth, the same formulae apply; but for such stations, H is negative. More Exact Methods.—In mountainous country, the computed value will be practically as close to the true value as in flat country if an additional term is added to the right hand side of equation (1), to take account of the elevation of the place above or below the general level of the topography within a radius of, say, approximately 160 km. For every 10 m the place in question is above the general level, this term amounts to 0.001 cm/sec2, and for every 10 m below the general level, it amounts to —0.001 cm/sec2. In computing the height of a coast station above the general level, the water must be considered replaced by an equal mass of rock, of average surface density, resting on the bottom of the ocean.

If it is desired to obtain a somewhat better value for the computed gravity at a place, the correction term just mentioned must be replaced by a correction for topography and isostatic compensation, computed by the method of John F. Hayford (12). A somewhat larger error should be expected in the computed values of gravity on oceanic islands than on the continents. The rocks forming these islands are evidently somewhat heavier than normal in many cases, or the ocean is over-compensated, and the observed values of gravity are therefore usually larger than the computed values. In such cases, an error of 0.3 cm/sec2, or possibly even 0.4 cm/sec2 in computed values may be expected. Depth.—As the density of the crust is less than two-thirds the mean density of the earth, the acceleration of gravity increases as we advance into the crust. The mean rate of increase is 0.000 0851 cm/sec2 per meter of depth. The actual rate at any place depends upon the density of the crustal material in that locality, and is approximately given by the formula ( 1 3 » 1 7 ) Qd = 0o + (0.000 3086 - 0.000 0837P)d (B) where gd = acceleration of gravity (cm/sec2) at the depth of dm, and p = density (g/cm3). LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) C 1 ) Albrecht, Formeln u. Hüfstafeln f. geog. Ortsbestimmungen, 296; 08. ( 2 ) Borrass, C. R. 16th Con/. Gen. Assoc. Geodesique Internat. 3: 09. ( 3 ) Borrass, C. R. 17th Con/. Gen. Assoc. Geodesique Internat. 2: 261; 12. (<) Bowie, 217, No. 12: 12. («) Bowie, 2171 No. 99: 15. (6) Bowie, £171 No. 40: 17. (7) Boys, 68, 186: 1; 95. ( 8 ) Braun, 888, 64: 187; 96. (») Couchman, Survey of India, Prof. Paper, No. 15: 15. ( 10 ) Curry, Survey Dept. of Egypt, Paper No. 18: 13. ( l l ) Gigitsky and Yachontow, Bull. Astronomic Inst., No. 5: 28; 24. (12 ) Hayford and Bowie, 817, No. 10: 12. (i*) Helmert, Höhere Geodäsie, 2: 46, 492; 84. (**) Helmert, 76, 336; 01. (* 5 ) Helmèrt, 76, 651; 03. (^ 6 ) Helmert, Encyklop. math. Wiss, 6 (IB): 97; 10. (") Ibid., p. 160. («) Huelin, Trat. d. VEntens. Pesanteur en Espagne, 24. ( 19 ) Love, 251, 35: 90; 22. (20) McDiarmid, Pubi. Dominion Observatory, 2: 201; 15. (**) Ibid., 3: 357; 18. (22) Miller, Jour. Roy. Astron. Soc. Canada, 17: 10, 197; 23. (23) Niethammer, Astronomischgeodatische Arbeit, in d. Schweiz; Schweizerischen geodat. Komm. 12, 13, 15, 16; 1910, 1911, 1916, 1921. ( 2 4 ) Vening Meinesz, Obs. Pendule dans Pays-Bas; Pubi. Com. Geod. Néerlandaise, 23.

AERODYNAMICS L. J. BRIGGS AND H. L. DRYDEN Problems in aerodynamics cannot be idealized with the same readiness as problems in mechanics. The side of a building may not be regarded as a thin, flat plate for the purpose of computing the force of the wind, and data for a cylinder of a particular length cannot be directly applied for computing the wind force on a cylinder of some other length. Nearby objects exert an influence which cannot be neglected. Results obtained for a particular object can be applied strictly only to geometrically similar (definition 6) objects in similar surroundings. Many of the apparent discrepancies among the results of different experimenters are to be attributed to departures from geometrical similarity of the models, to the effects of the supports or other nearby objects, and to differences in the fine structure (turbulence) of the approximately steady air streams, rather than to errors in measuring the force or wind speed. It is not possible to discuss these matters in detail here, and there is no complete discussion available for reference. SYMBOLS A Ar C Cop Cd Ci

Some specified area Aspect ratio A coefficient Coefficient of center of pressure Coefficient of drag Coefficient of lift

CM CN Cp

Cpo CQ CQO CT Ct C. P. c D F Fd F/ FI

FN FT

Moment coefficient (see paragraph on air foils) Coefficient of force normal to the plane of reference Coefficient of power (input)

Ft Fx L M

Coefficient of power out-put Coefficient of torque Coefficient of torque load (output) Coefficient of force parallel to the plane of reference Coefficient of thrust Center of pressure Length of chord of airfoil Diameter .Resultant wind force Drag =» Component of F parallel to wind Frictional force Lift = Component of F normal to wind and to W Component of F normal to the plane of reference Component of F parallel to the plane of reference Thrust of propeller Any component of F Some linear dimension Moment of F about forward (leading) edge

N. A. National Advisory ComC. A. mittee for Aeronautics, U. S. A. n Number of revolutions per second Po Power developed (output) Pi Power input to propeller P. R. Pitch ratio p Pressure at a point on a surface Pt Static pressure of the air Q Torque Qo Torque load (output) q Dynamic pressure, a» indicated by Pitot tube (Fig. 1) qo pV2/2( = g if there is no compression of the air) R Reynold's number S That dimension of the plane of reference which is at right angles to the wind = Span T Temperature t Thickness V Air speed relative to point considered Vi Indicated air speed W Width = That dimension of plane of ref-

xc

TJ QA

enee which is normal to S; i.e., makes least angle with wind Distance in the plane of reference, from the leading edge, or its projection to C. P. Efficiency Angle of attack

/i p po

Viscosity Density of air when undisturbed by bodies movingrelatively to it. Conventionally chosen "standard" value of p A definite but unspecified mathematical function

DEFINITIONS 1. Angle of Attack (GA) is the angle which the direction of the wind makes with the plane of reference; it is positive if the wind strikes what is the under side of this plane when the body is in its usual position. 2. Aspect ratio (Ar) = S/W. 3. Center of pressure (C. P.) of a body is that point, in the plane of reference, about which the resultant moment of the pressures is zero. 4. Chord (c). See paragraph on airfoils. 5. Coefficient of center of pressure (C cp). Ccp = xc/W] for airfoil, Ccp = xc/c.

are so far removed from the one considered that they produce no effect upon Fx. Reduction of Observations.—To obtain true air speed from speed recorded by cup anemometer, use Table 1. Aerodynamic data are usually reduced to a standard air density (p0). For ç, this reduction can be effected by replacing the true air speed (V) by the indicated air speed (Vi) (definition 7), and in most cases the same procedure is amply sufficient for C. Example: If V = 100 ft./sec in air at 3O0C and 754 mm of mercury, VfVi = 1.030 (Fig. 2); hence Vi = 97.1 ft./sec and C 0 = 11.20 lb./ft. 2 (Table 2). Owing to isentropic compression of air at this speed, the actual dynamic pressure (q) is 11.20/0.998 (Table 3) = 11.22 lb./ft. 2 = 54.78 kg/m2. As a basis for the calibration of altimeters, and for use in the comparison of the performances of aircraft, it is assumed that (1) below a certain altitude (Zi), the rate of decrease (a) of the temperature (T) with the altitude is a constant; (2) above Z», a = O; (3) at Z = O, pressure =po, temperature = T0. The temperature at Zi = Ti'} the mean temperature below Z is Tm. All temperatures are reckoned from absolute zero. Then, if Z Z,, Tm = Z/(* loge ^ + *^r~}> and for any value of Z, Z = K ^ loglo (-\ \ P/

lo

FIG. 1.— Standard Pitot-static tubes. 6. Geometrically similar systems. If two bodies together with their surroundings, are so related geometrically that one system corresponds exactly with a uniformly magnified image of the other, the two systems are said to be geometrically similar. 7. Indicated air speed (Vi) is defined by the relation q = pV2/2 = poVi2/2, where p 0 is the "standard" air density. 8. Mean temperature (T m) of atmospheric air column below Z is that temperature for which the pressure at height Z in an isothermal column of air, pressure at bottom = 760 mm of mercury, would be that actually observed in the atmosphere at Z. 9. Pitch ratio (P. R.)x at any point of the blade of a propeller or of a wind-mill distant x from the axis of revolution is (P. R.)x = 2-n-x/D tan Qx, where D is the diameter of propeller or mill wheel, Bx — angle which face of blade makes with plane of revolution. If (P. R.)x is independent of x, propeller has a constant pitch ratio; if Qx is independent of x, it has a constant blade angle. 10. Reynold's number (R) = VLp/ju, where L is some specified linear dimension. The choice of L depends upon the form of the object, and the problem. R is dimensionless. CONSTANTS ASSUMED Standard air density is PO = 1.2255kg/m3(= 0.002377 slug/ft.3), which is essentially that of dry air, with normal CO 2 content, at 150C and one atmosphere. Ai/p = 1.427 X 10-5m2/sec ( = 1.535 X 10~4 ft.2/sec). For geometrically similar systems Fx = qL2(R) = CAq ( 43 ), where is independent of the actual size of the system, and q is the value of the dynamic pressure at some specified point. C is a function only of R and of the geometrical form of the system; its value is the same in every self-consistent system of units, and is independent of the actual size of the system. The data in the following tables and graphs apply when all surrounding bodies

The values of these constants define what is called the " standard" atmosphere. There is not entire agreement regarding the values which best represent the average atmospheric condition ( 28 ). Those adopted by the governmental aeronautic organizations of the U. S. A. and by many of those of Europe are T0 = 2880C, Ti = 2180C, p0 = 760 mm of mercury, a = 6.500 X 10-3°C/m (= 1.9812 X 10~3°C/ft.), Zi = 10769 m ( = 35332 ft.), K = 19413.3 m (= 63691.8 ft.). These differ slightly from those adopted by the International Commission for Aerial Navigation (see p. 72). TABLE 1.—ROBINSON CUP ANEMOMETER* True air speed = V] recorded speed = Vr. If unit is 1 mi./hr t logt« V = 0.079 + 0.9012 logio Vr. Unit is 1 mi./hr = 1.467 ft./sec = 0.4470 m/sec Vr \

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25

V

Il

Vr

1.20 2.24 3.23 4.18 5.12 6.03 6.93 7.81 8.69 9.55 10.4 11.3 12.1 12.9 13.8 14.6 15.4 16.2 17.0 17.8 18.6 19.4 20.2 21.0 21.8 I

26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50

I

V

22.6 23.4 24.2 24.9 25.7 26.5 27.3 28.0 28.8 29.5 30.3 31.1 31.8 32.6 33.3 34.1 34.8 35.6 36.3 37.1 37.8 38.5 39.3 40.0 40.7

Il

Vr

V

51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75

41.5 42.2 42.9 43.7 44.4 45.1 45.9 46.6 47.3 48.0 48.7 49.5 50.2 50.9 51.6 52.3 53.0 53.8 54.5 55.2 55.9 56.6 57.3 58.0 58.7

||

Vr

V

76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100

59.4 60.1 60.8 61.5 62.2 62.9 63.6 64.3 65.0 65.7 66.4 67.1 67.8 68.5 69.2 69.9 70.6 71.3 72.0 72.7 73.4 74.0 74.7 75.4 76.1

* U. S. Weather Bureau type; diameter of cups = 4 in.; centers of cups are 6.72 in. from axis; Vr = 3 times linear speed of centers of cups (3» 82 » 83).

TABLE 2.—DYNAMIC PRESSURE (q = q0) FOR INDICATED AIR SPEED Vi Air compression is negligible, and q = qQ = poVi2/2 if Vi <30 m/sec ( = 100 ft./sec); for greater speeds, q exceeds g0, see Table 3. Metric units are m, kg, sec. English units are ft., Ib., sec. 1 Ib./ft. 2 = 4.882 kg/m 2 ; 1 ft./sec = 0.3048 m/sec. Metric gO

*

0.063 0.250 0.562 1.00 1.56 2.25 3.06 4.00 5.06 6.25 7.56 9.00 10.56 12.25 14.06 16.00 18.06 20.25 22.56 25.00 27.56 30.25 33.06 36.00 39.06

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25

English

Metric

CO

CO

0.00119 0.00476 0.01070 0.0190 0.0297 0.0428 0.0583 0.0761 0.0963 0.1189 0.1438 0.1712 0.2009 0.2330 0.2675 0.3044 0.3436 0.3852 0.4292 0.4756 0.5243 0.5755 0.6290 0.6849 0.7431

English *

42.25 45.56 49.00 52.56 56.25 60.06 64.00 68.06 72.25 76.56 I 81.00 85.56 90.25 95.06 100.0 105.1 110.3 115.6 121.0 126.6 132.2 138.1 144.0 150.1 156.3

26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50

English

CO

Ft

0.8038 0.8668 0.9322 0.9999 1.070 1.143 1.218 1.295 1.374 1.457 1.541 1.628 1.717 1.808 1.902 1.999 2.097 2.198 2.302 2.408 2.516 2.627 2.739 2.855 2.973

51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75

I ,

qo

Jl

3.093 3.215 3.340 3.467 3.597 3.729 3.863 4.000 4.139 4.280 4.424 4.571 4.719 4.870 5.024 5.179 5.337 5.498 5.661 5.826 5.994 6.164 6.336 6.511 6.688

Fj

76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100

I

go

6.868 7.050 7.234 7.421 7.610 7.801 7.995 8.191 8.390 8.591 8.794 9.000 9.208 9.418 9.631 9.846 10.06 10.28 10.51 10.73 10.96 11.18 11.42 11.65 11.89

[I

Vj

101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125

I

Q0

12.13 12.37 12.61 12.86 13.11 13.36 13.61 13.87 14.13 14.39 14.65 14.91 15.18 15.45 15.72 16.00 16.28 16.56 16.84 17.12 17.41 17.70 17.99 18.28 18.58

I

Vj

126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150

go

18.88 19.18 19.48 19.79 20.09 20.40 20.72 21.03 21.35 21.67 21.99 22.32 22.64 22.97 23.30 23.64 23.97 24.31 24.66 25.00 25.34 25.69 26.04 26.40 26.75

FIG. 3.—Air force: flat plates normal to wind.

FIG. 2.—Ratio of true air speed (F) to indicated air speed (Fi).

TABLE 4.—WIND PRESSURE ON STRUCTURES Reference plane (see below) is normal to wind. FX = CNAq; A = area of projection of object upon reference plane Unit of FN/A = 1 Ib./ft. 2 = 4.88 kg/m 2

TABLE 3.—CORRECTION FOR ISENTROPIC COMPRESSION ( 63 ) Metric (M) unit of F = 1 m/sec; English (E) = 100 ft./sec F

E 1 2 3 4 5

I

M 30 61 91 122 152

pv*/2q u I = q0/q \\ 0.998 0.992 0.982 0.969 0.951

E 6 7 8 9 10

F \

2

Pv

M 183 213 244 274 305

/2q \ = q0/q 0.931 0.907 0.881 0.852 0.822

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Object Long flat plate Square flat plate Rectangular prism (1:1:5) (75) Long cylinder Short cylinder

CN I FN/A* 2 30 1.1 16 i Q 24 0.8 12 0.7 10

* For F = 76 mi. per hr ( = 34m /per sec) true speed = 100 mi. per hr recorded by Robinson anemometer.

Wind Pressure on Structures.—One must consider (1) maximum wind speed to which the structure will be subjected, (2) the value of the coefficient CN, and (3) the effective exposed area. The first and the third depend upon local conditions; in the third, shielding effects are very important. The value of CN should be determined from observations upon a model of the actual structure, as experiments upon flat plates are of little value for this purpose. Opinions differ regarding whether, in gusty winds, the maximum value of FN is determined by the average or by the maximum value of F (20, 52). Approximate values of CN for certain typical cases are given in Table 4, where reference plane for flat plate is surface of plate; for prism, its largest face; for cylinder, the plane through axis and normal to that which contains axis and direction of wind. Object (1) is comparable to such structures as wireless masts and long narrow bridge girders; (2) to thin square signboards; (3) to tall buildings; (4) to chimneys; (5) to cylindrical water tanks. TABLE 5.—SURFACE FRICTION (Ff) ON THIN FLAT PLATES (Standard density and viscosity) Ff (= ffdA) = 0.0375 AqR-0^=F0AKnK9 (5,61) where A = total area (both sides) exposed to air stream, F0 is a factor depending upon the density and viscosity of the air and upon the units employed, and Kw and Kv are numerical factors determined, respectively, by the width (W) of the plate in the direction of the stream, and by the speed (V). F0 is independent of the ratio S/W, provided 0.5 < (S/W) < 2; if S/W = 30, F0 is 10% less than the value given in the table. For effect of roughness (it is great), and for variation of / from point to point gee (22, 24, 32, 53, 54, 55, 62).

English units Metric units Fo = 0.0420 Ib./ft.2 F0 = 0.0311 kg/m 2 2 Unit of Ff = 1 Ib.; of A = 1 ft. ; Unit of Ff = 1 kg; of A = 1 m2; of V = 1 ft./sec of V — 1 m/sec

W

Kw

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 20 30 40 50 100

1.413 1.273 1.198 1.147 1.110 1.080 1.055 1.034 1.016 1.000 0.986 0.973 0.961 0.951 0.941 0.901 0.848 0.812 0.786 0.708

V

Kv

10 0.014 20 0.051 30 0.108 40 0.184 50 0.277 60 0.389 70 0.517 80 0.662 90 0.823 100 1.000 110 1.193 120 1.401 130 1.625 140 1.864 150 2.117 160 2.386 170 2.669 180 2.967 190 3.279 200 3.605

W

Kw

V

Kv

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15. 20 30 40 50 100

1.000 0.901 0.848 0.812 0.786 0.764 0.747 0.732 0.719 0.708 0.698 0.689 0.681 0.673 0.666 0.638 0.600 0.575 0.556 0.501

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200

1.000 3.605 7.633 13.00 19.64 27.52 36.60 46.85 58.26 70.80 84.45 99.19 115.0 131.9 149.9 168.9 188.9 210.0 232.1 255.2

Fio. 5.—Pressure distribution: thin circular disc normal to wind.

FIQ. 6.—Coefficients: square, inclined plates. notation, v. Fig. 7.)

(See Table 6; for

FIQ. 7.—Coefficients: inclined, rectangular plates, Ar =* 3. Table 6.)

(See

FIG. 8.—Coefficients: inclined rectangular plates, Ar = 6. Table 6; for notation, TJ. Fig. 7.)

(See

FIG. 9.—Air force: spheres. TABLE 6.—EXPERIMENTAL DATA; FIGURES 6, 7, 8 Unit of S and W = 1 cm; of t = 1 mm; of TD = 1 m; of R* = 1000

Fig. 6

I . I x S 25 30.5 W 25 30.5 t 3 3.18 TD* 1.5 oo R' 210 382

Fig. 7

+ | o 12 12 1.7 2.0 55

12 12

•

45 15 3 1.2 1.5 42 126

x 7.6 2.5 0.25 0.6 10

Fig. 8

I

+

.

36 90 12 15 1.7 3 2.0 1.5 55 126

x I + I o 30.5 72 30.5 5.08 12 5.08 1.17 1.7 1.29 1.37 2.0 1.37 64 55 64

* TD = tunnel diameter. t R is dimensionless.

The flow about a sphere is extremely sensitive to slight changes in the method of support, and to the condition of turbulence of the air stream. Changes in C are associated with changes in the locus of the points at which the smooth flow leaves the surface, forming a highly turbulent region to the rear. The location of this locus is determined solely by the irregularities.in the air stream, as there are no sharp edges or other geometrical feature which might serve to fix it. Airfoils.—Aerodynamical characteristics are specified in the same manner as are those of plates. An airfoil's area and angle of attack are conventionally defined with reference to some specified plane. The area of the airfoil is defined as that of its normal projection upon this plane of reference. The length (c) of

the projection upon this plane of any fore-and-aft section of the airfoil is called the chord of that section; it is the unit in terms of which all dimensions of that section are expressed. The form of the section is specified by the rectangular coordinates of points upon its boundary; the choice of axes is immaterial, although usually one axis is in the plane of reference. The aspect ratio (Ar) of the airfoil is defined as the ratio of length of span (S) to length of the chord. In addition to the coefficients considered for plates, the moment coefficient CM = MKqAc)1 and the lift-drag ratio (Fi/Fd) are also of importance. Data are usually given for Ar = 6. If Ar>3, then for a given Ci, 0A = e'A + Ci/wAr radians, and Cd = C'd + Ch/irAr; tfA and C'd are values of BA and Cd when Ar = oo ; Ci/irAr and C2i/TrAr are called the induced angle of attack and the induced coefficient of drag, respectively (25, 26, 42, 72). For airfoils, Ci increases slightly, and Cd decreases very appreciably, as R is increased; Ccp remains unchanged. The difference between the values of the coefficients for airfoils of the size used on aircraft and those for models of the size generally employed in laboratory tests, depends upon the form of the airfoil; for a thin, low cambered section (RAF 15), it is small; for a highly cambered section, it is large. For the effects produced by placing one airfoil near another, as in a biplane combination see (26, 27,36, 42, 74). For a complete airplane, the drag introduced by the body, and the moment of tail lift, both vary appreciably with the size of the airplane ( 6 » 67 » 73).

FIG. 11.—Air force: non-rotating circular cylinders.

FIG. 13.—Air force: rotating circular cylinders (Magnus effect).

FIG. 14.—Direction of air force: rotating circular cylinders (Magnus effect).

FIG. 15.—Pressure distribution: airfoil (30).

FIQ. 16.—Air force on long struts («>» 6<» 78, 79).

FIG. 17.—Air force on strut 4Z: inclined ( 85 ), see also (4).

TABLE 7.—CHAKACTERISTICS OF AIRFOIL SECTIONS Ar = 6; model 36 in. by 6 in.; V = 40 mi./hr; R(= pVc/n} = 181 000; tunnel diameter = 7.5 ft. (57). OA is measured from reference plane AB (see Figs. 22, 23, 24) ; x and y are rectangular coordinates of points on surface of airfoil (yu, yi refer to upper and lower surface, respectively); x is measured in plane AB. Unit of x and of y is 1% of chord. For additional data for these and other sections see (*2» 13,14, 34, 37, 68, 69, 70, 73, so, 81). x

Form I yu I

yi

I Aerodynamical characteristics \ 0A I Ci I Cd I F1JFa \ xc/c \ CM

0.00 1.25 2.50 5.00 7.50 10.00 15.00 20.00 30.00 40.00 50.00 60.00 70.00 80.00 90.00 95.00 100.00

0.30 +0.30 1.90 -0.35 2.85-0.70 -4° -0.18 3.95-1.05 -2° -0.04 4.65-1.15 -1° +0.03 5.05-1.20 0° 0.14 5.55-0.85 1° 0.24 5.78-0.55 2° 0.32 5.80-0.10 4° 0.46 5.60-0.03 6° 0.61 5.23 -0.24 8° 0.76 4.65 -0.50 10° 0.89 4.05-0.65 12° 1.00 3.30-0.65 14° 1.02 2.30 -0.30 1.68 0.00 0.65 +0.34

0.00 1.25 2.50 5.00 7.50 10.00 15.00 20.00 30.00 40.00 50.00 60.00 70.00 80.00 90.00 95.00 100.00

0.00 0.00 2.02 -1.65 2.71 -2.45 3.67 -3.46 4.47-4.10 -4° -0.26 0.014 4.95-4.57-2° -0.10 0.012 -8.8 5.37-5.27 0° +0.04 0.013 +3.1 5.69-5.58 2° 0.18 0.015 12.4 5.69 -5.69 4° 0.33 0.020 17.2 5.32-5.27 6° 0.50 0.028 17.5 4.68-4.52 8° 0.65 0.040 16.2 3.72-3.56 10° 0.78 0.054 14.6 2.61 -2.39 12° 0.88 0.076 11.6 1.60-1.44 14° 0.73 0.170 4.3 0.69-0.74 16° 0.70 0.239 2.9 0.37 -0.43 0.16 -0.16

0.00 3.61 3.61 1.25 6.74 1.35 2.50 7.98 0.80 5.00 9.86 0.35 7.5011.32 0.18 10.0012.40 0.09 15.0013.83 0.00 20.0014.77 0.07 30.0015.36 0.21 40.0014.88 0.37 50.0013.47 0.54 60.0011.59 0.54 70.00 9.27 0.54 80.00 6.57 0.49 90.00 3.61 0.27 95.00 1.99 0.16 100.00 0.36 0.00|

-8° -0.07 -6° +0.08 -4° 0.22 -2° 0.37 0° 0.51 2° 0.66 4° 0.81 6° 0.96 8° 1.10 10° 1.23 12° 1.33 14° 1.42 16° 1.43 18° 1.42 20° 1.41

FIG. 22. 0.025 -7.3 0.014 -2.8 0.013 +2.6 0.013 10.7 0,013 18.8 0.016 20.0 0.023 20.0 0.033 18.4 0.047 16.2 0.061 14.7 0.083 12.1 0.124 8.2

FI G0.071 0.031 0.024 0.026 0.031 0.039 0.051 0.067 0.084 0.104 0.125 0.148 0.182 0.213 -

0.966 0.479 0.407 0.367 0.321 0.302 0.297 0.288 0.281 0.298

0.029 0.067 0.098 0.117 0.148 0.185 0.228 0.260 0.286 0.313

TABLE 8.—FORM OF STRUTS; U. S. NAVY 3, BRITISH 4Z (See Fig. 16 ) (These struts give as small a Cd as any) Unit = axial length of section 2

" x

y

U.S.N. ._ 4Z 3 0 0 0 0.025 0.092 0.050 0.132 0.122 0.075 0.159 0.100 0.180 0.182 0.125 0.197 0.150 0.210 0.175 0.220 0.200 0.229| 0.240

2y U.S.N. ._ 4Z 3 0.250 0.240 0.300 0.247 0.250 0.350 0.250 0.400 0.250 0.246 0.450 0.250 0.500 0.240 0.234 0.550 0.230 0.600 0.215 0.212 0.650 0.20l| x

2 y U.S.N. ._ 4Z 3 0.700 0.184 0.182 0.750 0.164 0.800 0.142 0.142 0.850 0.116 0.900 0.085 0.094 0.950 0.049 1.000 0.000 0.000 x

'

FIG. 18.—Durand's .F2AiSiPi propeller family. Pitch ratio constant. (Members differ only in pitch ratio.) -. 0.197 0.008 0.224 0.040 0.229 0.076 0.241 0.121 0.242 0.159 0.244 0.193 0.246 0.220 0.234 0.181 0.382 0.293

24

-0.9 +2.6 9.4 14.3 16.4 16.9 15.9 14.3 13.0 11.8 10.6 9.6 7.9 6.7 -

1.410 0.684 0.507 0.436 0.396 0.369 0.348 0.337 0.323 0.307 0.312 0.315 0.327

0.109 0.150 0.188 0.222 0.261 0.300 0.336 0.374 0.403 0.416 0.454 0.466 0.486

FIG. 19.—Characteristics of Durand propellers at a fixed point ( 8 » 10 ). Elongated stream-line solids of revolution have a small resultant drag, which varies greatly with turbulence of air stream, position of neighboring bodies, and slight changes in form. The area entering into the expression F = CAq, is generally taken either as the area of maximum section normal to the length, or as (volume)^. C varies with the Reynold's number. When A — (volume)^, the minimum value of C for large values of A, and for bodies which are 4 to 5 diameters long, is of the order of 0.014. When A = sectional area, the minimum value of C is of the order 0.03, and is obtained with bodies shorter than 4 diameters. Their equilibrium when parallel to the air stream is unstable; adding fins gives stability and greatly increases their drag ( 23 » 35» 39).

Propellers.—Propellers are usually divided into families in which pitch-ratio and diameter are the only variables. Blade thickness and outline are usually determined largely by structural considerations; if the average thickness and width of blade are fixed, other variations have small effect upon attainable efficiency ( 8 » 9 » 1 5 » 19, 65, 66, 71, 76, 77).

The characteristics of a propeller working at a fixed point may be expressed by two dimensionless coefficients, Ct and CP, defined by the equations Ft = CWD4 and Pi = CPPn*D*. For most propellers, there is, between Ct and CP, a functional relation which is nearly independent of the design, provided large blade angles are not used (33). In Fig. 19, the curve indicates the most favorable results; marked departures from the curve occur mainly with propellers of high pitch ratio, or of constant blade angle.

LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) (i) Allen, 3, 50: 323, 519; 00. (2) Bacon and Reid, 297, No. 185. ( 3 ) Bradfield, 299, No. 712. (4) Cowley, et. al., 300, No. 256. ( 5 ) Diehl, 298, No. 102. (6) Diehl, 297, No. 111. ( 7 ) Dines, 5, 48: 233; 90. (») Durand and Lesley, 297, No. 30. ( 9 ) Ibid., No. 141. (10) Durand, et. al, 298, No. 4, appx. (") Dryden, 31, No. 394; 20. ( 1 Z) Eiffel, Resistance de l'air et l'aviation (Paris, Dunod et Pinat), 2nd éd., p. 42. O 3 ) Ibid., p. 150. ( 14 ) Ibid., p. 231. ( 15 ) Eiffel, Nouvelle recherches sur la résistance de l'air et l'aviation (Paris, Duond et Pinat), p. 87. ( 16 ) Eiffel, Travaux Laboratorie aérodynamique Eiffel, 1915—18, p. 60. ( 17 ) Ibid., p. 85. ( 18 ) Fage, 300, No. 106. ( 19 ) Fage, Airscrews in Theory and Experiment (London, Constable and Co.), 1920. (20) Fleming, Wind Pressure on Structures, 1915. (21) Föppl, 301, 4: 51;10. (22) Froude, 133, 1872: 118. 1874:249. (23) Fuhrmann, SOI, 5: 65; 11. (24) Gibbons, 297, No. 6, pt. 1. (25) Glauert, 299, No. 723. (2«) Ibid., No. 889. (27) Jbid., No. 901. (2«) Gregg, 297, No. 147. (29) Hunsaker, 302, 62: 4: 77; 16. ( 30 ) Jones and Paterson, SOO, No. 73. ( 31 ) Lafay, Rev. mécanique, 30: 417; 12. (32) Lanchester, 300, No. 149. ( 33 ) Margoulis, Les hélicoptères. (34) Morse, U. S. Air Service, Inf. Circ. No. 478. ( 3S ) Munk, 297, No. 184. ( 36 ) Ibid., No. 151. (37) Norton and Bacon, 297, No. 152. f 3 8 ) Pannell, 300, No. 190. ( 39 ) Pannell and Jones, SOO, No. 190.

FIG. 21.—Characteristics of two blade windmill (17).

Fio. 20.—Characteristics of advancing Durand FtAiSiPi propeller family (»). The characteristics of propellers at various forward speeds (F) and speeds of rotation may be expressed by curves showing the relationships between three parameters. In Fig. 20, the parameters used are Ct, CP, and s or 77, defined by the equation Ft = CtPVW2, Pi = CPpn*D5, s = V/Dn; 17 = Cts*/CP, and D = diameter of the propeller. Useful range of Ct is 0.05 to 0.25; of CP is 0.04 to 0.16. Data given are for propellers of two blades; increasing the number of blades, displaces the curves upwards and to the right. Wind mills.—Quite different principles control the designing of wind mills which derive power from natural winds, and of those (such as the small wind mills used on airplanes for driving fuel pumps, etc.) which derive their power from the motion of a power driven craft. In the former, the controlling factor is the cost per unit of power developed; in the latter, it is the power consumed per unit of power, or torque load, developed.

(40) Powell, 300, No. 416. (41) Ibid., No. 599. (42) Prandtl, 297, No. 116. ( 4 3 ) Rayleigh, 300, No. 39. (44) Reid, 298, No. 209. (45) R6If, 300, No. 102. (46) ReIf and Powell, 300, No. 307. (47) Riabouchinski, 303, 4: 43, 56; 12. (4«) Ibid., 4: 113; 12. (4») Ibid., 6: 73; 14. (50) Riabouchinski, 298, No. 44. ( 51 ) Stanton, 153, 156: 78; 03. ( 5 2) Ibid., 216: 34; 22. (53) Stanton, 115, 117: 718; 24. ( 5 4) Stanton and Marshall, 300, No. 631. (55) Taylor, 300, No. 191. (56) Ibid., No. 604. ( 5 7) Warner, E. P., O. (58) Weiselsberger, Z. Flugtechnik Motorluflschiffahrt, 5: 140; 14. (5») Ibid., 6: 127; 15. (60) Wieselsberger, 63, 23: 219; 22. (61) Wieselsberger, 304, 1: 120; 21. (62) Zahm, S, 8: 58; 04. («3) Zahm and Smith, 297, No. 81. (64) Zahm, et. al., 297, No. 137. (65) Zahm, et. al., 300, Nos. 61, 62, 63, 64, 82, 123, 155, 259, 264, 265, 305, 316, 328, 331, 371, 382, 385, 390, 393, 401, 402, 408, 421, 427, 429, 433, 442, 444, 458, 460, 475, 640, 565, 572, 577, 586, 591, 594, 639. (**) Zahm, et. al., 299, Nos. 699, 765, 829, 830, 869, 870, 871, 881, 882, 884, 885, 887, 892. (67) ibid., No. 900. (68) Zahm, et. al, 297, No. 93. (69) Ibid., No. 124. (70) Zahm, et. al., 297, No. 182. (7l) Ibid., Nos. 14, 64, 83, 109, 168. 175, 177, 183, 186, 196, 207. (72) Zahm, 304, 1: 37; 21. (73) ibid., l: 71; 21. (74) ibid., 2: 9, 10, 11; 23. (75) ibid., 2: 33; 23. (76) Zahm, 303, 2: 3; 09. (77) ibid., 4: 80; 12. (78) Zahm, Tech. Ber. Flugzeugmeister ei, l, No. 4: 119; 17. ( 7 ») Ibid., 2, No. 1: 15; 18. ( 8 0 ) Zahm, Tech. Ber. Flugzeugmeisterei, l, No. 5: 148; 17. ( 81 ) Ibid., l, No. 6: 204; 17. (82) Zahm, Anemometri/ (3rd ed.) U. S. Weather Bureau, Inst. Div., Circ. D. (83) Zahm, 305, 37: 288; 97. (84) u. S. Bureau of Standards, O. ( 8S ) The National Physical Laboratory, O.

LITERATURE REFERENCES LITERATURE REFERENCES

RÉFÉRENCES BIBLIOGRAPHIQUES

In all literature references cited in International Critical Tables the name of the journal or publication is indicated by means of a Key Number corresponding to the list given below. The numbers which follow this key number in a literature citation are, in the order named: (1) the volume, (2) the page, and (3) the last two figures of the year. Thus, 647, 31: 253; 22, indicates Verslag Koninklijke Akademie van Wettenschappen te Amsterdam, Vol. 31, page 253, 1922. Series numbers are not given. Key Numbers referring to books and other non-serial publications are preceded by the letter J3, and the volume number is given in Roman numerals. Thus, BlO, IV: 191; 18 indicates Doelter, Handbuch der Mineralchemie, page 191 of Vol. 4 of the 1918 edition. The Key Number O is used to indicate "private communication from."

Le nom du journal ou de la publication de toutes les références bibliographiques citées dans les Tables critiques internationales est indiqué au moyen d'un nombre-clé correspondant à la liste donnée ci-dessous. Les nombres qui suivent ce nombre-clé dans un renvoi bibliographique indiquent dans l'ordre suivant: (1) le volume, (2) la page, et (3) les deux derniers chiffres de Tannée. Ainsi 64F, 31: 253; 22, indique Verslag Koninklijke Akademie van Wettenschappen te Amsterdam, vol. 31, page 253, 1922. Les numéros des séries ne sont pas donnés. Les nombres-clés se rapportant à des livres ou à des publications non périodiques sont précédés de la lettre B et le numéro du volume est donné en chiffres romains. Ainsi, BlO, IV: 191; 18 indique Doelter, Handbuch der Mineralchemie, page 191 du volume 4 de l'édition de 1918. Le nombre-clé O est employé pour indiquer " communication privée de."

DAS LITERATURVERZEICHNIS

INDICAZIONI BIBLIOGRAFICHE

In allen Literaturstellen, die in I. C. T. verzeichnet sind, ist der Name der Zeitschrift oder der Publikation mit Hilfe einer Schlüsselnummer, entsprechend der unten folgenden Liste, angegeben. Die Zahlen, welche diesen Schlüsselnummern bei einem Literaturzitat folgen, bedeuten der Reihe nach: (1) der Band, (2) die Seite und (3), die letzten zwei Zahlen des Jahrganges. So bedeutet z. B. 647, 31: 253; 22, Verslag Koninklijke Akademie van Wetenschappen te Amsterdam, Band 31, Seite 253, 1922. SerienNummern werden nicht angegeben. Der Schlüsselzahl wird ein B vorausgesetzt, wenn sie Bücher, oder eine andre nicht periodische Veröffentlichung bezeichnet. Die Bandnummer wird durch römische Ziffern angegeben. Es bedeutet z. B. also BlO, IV: 191; 18, Doelter, Handbuch der Mineralchemie, Seite 191, des 4. Bandes, der Auflage des Jahres 1918. Die Schlüsselzahl Null wird gebraucht, um anzuzeigen, dass es eine 'private Mitteilung' ist.

In tutte le indicazioni bibliografiche che si incontrano nele "Tabelle Critiche Internazionali" il nome del giornale o della pubblicazione è espresso con un numero chiave riportato nell'elenco dato più oltre. I numeri che, nella citazione, vengono dopo il numero chiave sono disposti con l'ordine seguente: (1) il volume, (2) la pagina, e (3) le ultime due cifre del millesimo. Cosi 64V1 31: 253; 22, indica la Verslag Koninklijke Akademie van Wettenschappen te Amsterdam, Voi. 31, pagina 253, 1922. I numeri di serie non vengono dati. Quando un numero chiave è preceduto dalla lettera B si riferisce a libri o ad altre pubblicazioni non periodiche, e il numero del volume viene allora scritto in cifre romane. Cosi BlO, IV: 191; 18 indica Doelter, Handbuch der Mineralchemie, pagine 191 del IV0 volume dell'edizione 1918. Il numero chiave O indica " Comunicazione privata da . . . "

KEY TO THE PERIODICALS Data regarding the libraries which receive many of these periodicals may be found through the following sources: United States and Canada: "Periodicals Abstracted by Chemical Abstracts, 1926" (Chemical Abstracts, Ohio State Univ., Columbus, Ohio); "Union List of Serials in the Libraries of the United States and Canada, 1925" (H. W. Wilson & Co., New York City); "A Catalogue of Scientific Periodicals in Canadian Libraries, 1924" (McGiIl Univ., Montreal, Canada). Great Britain: " A World List of Scientific Periodicals Published in the Years 1900-1921 " (Oxford Univ. Press, London, 1925). Holland: "Chemisch Jaarboekje tevens Jaarboekje der Nederlandsche Chemische Vereeniging, vol. 3." (Amsterdam, D. B. Centen, 1920.) 1. Journal of the American Chemical Society. 2. Physical Review. 3. London, Edinburgh and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science. 4. Journal of the Chemical Society, London. 5. Proceedings of the Royal Society (London). A. Mathematical and Physical Sciences. 6. Annales de chimie et de physique. See also Nos. 14 and 16. 7. Zeitschrift für physikalische Chemie, Stöchiometrie und Verwandtschaftslehre. 8. Annalen der Physik. [Journal der Physik, 1790-1794. Neues Journal der Physik, 1795-1796. Annalen der Physik, 17991819; Annalen der Physik und der physikalische Chemie, 1819-1824 (Gilbert). Annalen der Physik und Chemie, 1824-1899 (Poggendorff, Wiedemann). Annalen der Physik, 1900(Drude, Wien and Planck).] 9. Zeitschrift für Elektrochemie und angewandte physikalische Chemie. 11. American Chemical Journal. Combined with No. 1 in 1914. 12. American Journal of Science. 13. Annalen der Chemie, Justus Liebig's. 14. Annales de chimie. 16. Annales de physique. 18. Archives Néerlandaises des sciences exactes et naturelles. Series III A. Sciences exactes. 19. Arkiv for Kemi, Mineralogi och Geologi. 21. Astrophysical Journal. 22. Atti della reale accademia nazionale dei Lincei. (Rendiconti classe di scienze fisiche, matematiche e naturali.) 24. Atti del reale istituto Veneto di scienze, lettere ed arti. 25. Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft. 26. Berichte der deutschen physikalischen Gesellschaft. See also No. 96. 27. Bulletin de la société chimique de France. 28. Bulle-tin de la société chimique de Belgique. 29. Bureau of Mines, Bulletins. 31. Bureau of Standards, Scientific Papers. 31A. Bureau of Standards, Bulletin. 32. Bureau of Standards, Technologic Papers. 33. Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering. 34. Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des séances de l'académie des sciences, de l'institut de France. 36. Gazetta chimica italiana. 38. Journal of the American Ceramic Society.

41. Journal of the Chemical Society of Japan (Nippon Kwagaku Kwai Shi). 42. Journal de chimie physique. 45. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry. 47. Journal of the Institute of Metals, London. 48. Journal of the Optical Society of America and Review of Scientific Instruments. 50. Journal of Physical Chemistry. 51. Journal de physique et le radium» See also No. 199. 53. Journal of the Russian Physico-Chemical Society. 54. Journal of the Society of Chemical Industry. 55. Kolloid-Zeitschrift. (Formerly Zeitschrift für Chemie und Industrie der Kolloide.) 57. Monatshefte für Chemie und verwandte Teile anderer Wissenschaften. 58. Nature, London. 59. Nuovo Cimento. 62. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. 63. Physikalische Zeitschrift. 64P. Proceedings of the Royal Academy of Sciences of Amsterdam. 64V. Verslag koninklijke Akademie van Wetenschappen te Amsterdam. 65. Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. 67. Proceedings of the Physical Society of London. 68. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. 69. Proceedings and Transactions of the Royal Society of Canada. 70. Recueil des travaux chimiques des Pays-Bas. 72. Rendiconti reale istituto Lombardo de scienze e lettere. 75. Sitzungsberichte Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien, mathematisch-naturwissenschaftliche Klasse. 76. Sitzungsberichte der preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften. 77. Stahl und Eisen. 78. Transactions of the American Electrochemical Society. 80. Transactions of the American Institute of Mining and Metallurgical Engineers. 83. Transactions of the Faraday Society. 88. Verhandlungen der physikalischen Gesellschaft zu Berlin. See also No. 96. 89. Wissenschaftliche Abhandlungen der physikalisch-technischen Reichsanstalt. 91. Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie. 92. Zeitschrift für angewandte Chemie. 93. Zeitschrift für anorganische und allgemeine Chemie. 94. Zeitschrift für Krystallographie. (Name changed in 1921 from Zeitschrift für Kristallographie und Mineralogie.) 95. Zeitschrift für Metallkunde. 96. Zeitschrift für Physik. (Verhandlungen der physikalischen Gesellschaft zu Berlin, 1882-1898; Verhandlungen der deutschen physikalischen Gesellschaft, 1899-1902; Berichte der deutschen physikalischen Gesellschaft, 1903-1919; Zeitschrift für Physik, 1920.) 98. Zeitschrift des Vereines deutscher Ingenieure. 101. Elektrotechnische Zeitschrift. 105. Journal of the Society of Glass Technology. 112. Dinglers polytechnisches Journal. 115. Engineering. 119. Proceedings of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers.

128. 132. 133. 135. 136. 137. 138. 139. 140. 141. 143. 144. 147. 149.

152. 153. 156. 159. 166. 168. 173. 175. 176. 186. 187. 188. 189. 190. 196. 197. 198. 199. 200. 201. 202. 205. 207. 208. 209. 210. 211. 212. 213.

Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences. Anales de la sociedad espanola de fìsica y quìmica. British Association for the Advancement of Science, Reports. Chemical News and Journal of Industrial Science. (Name changed in 1921 from Chemical News and Journal of Physical Science.) Chemiker Zeitung. Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskab, Mathematiskfysiske Meddelelser. Societas scientiarum fennica. Commentationes physicomathematicae. Ferrum. Journal of the Iron and Steel Institute, London. Journal of Biological Chemistry. Journal of the Franklin Institute. Mathematikai ès Természettudomanyi Ertesitö, Budapest. Meddelanden frân K. Vetenskapakademiens Nobelinstitut. Archives des sciences physiques et naturelles. (Bibliothèque brittanique, 1796-1815; Bibliothèque universelle des sciences, belles-lettres et arts, 1816-1835; Bibliothèque universelle de Genève, 1836-1845; Supplément à la bibliothèque universelle de Genève. Archives des sciences physiques et naturelles, 1846-1847; Bibliothèque universelle de Genève. Archives des sciences physiques et naturelles, 1848-1857; Bibliothèque universelle, revue suisse et étrangère. Archives des sciences physiques et naturelles, 1858-1861; Bibliothèque universelle et revue suisse. Archives des sciences physiques et naturelles, 1862-1877; Bibliothèque universelle. Archives des sciences physiques et naturelles, 1878.) Carnegie Institution of Washington Publications. Minutes of Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers. U. S. Geological Survey, Bulletin. Science Reports of the Tôhoku Imperial University. Science. Communications from the Physical Laboratory of the University of Leiden. Analyst, London. Annales academiae scientiarum fennicae. Chemisch Weekblad, Amsterdam. Bulletin de la classe des sciences, académie royale de Belgique. Metall und Erz, Zeitschrift für Metalhuttenwesen und Erzbergbau, einschl. Aufbereitung. Nachrichten von der königlichen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen. Geschäftliche Mitteilungen; mathematisch-physikalische Klasse. Centralblatt für Mineralogie, Geologie und Paläontologie. Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie, Geologie und Paläontologie. Sammlung chemischer und chemisch-technischer Vorträge. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. Revue générale des sciences pures et appliquées. Le Radium. (Merged into No. 51 in 1920.) Jahrbuch der Radioaktivität und Elektronik. Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society. Zeitschrift für physiologische Chemie, Biochemische Zeitschrift. Geologiska Föreningens i Stockholm Förhandlingar. Physica, Nederlandsch Tijdschrift voor Natuurkunde. Japanese Journal of Chemistry. Scientific Papers, Institute of Physical-Chemical Research, Tokyo. Abhandlungen der mathematisch-physischen Klasse der sächsischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Leipzig. Transactions of the American Society for Steel Treating. Sitzungsberichte der mathematisch-physikalischen Klasse der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu München.

214. Kongelige Danske Videnskabernis Selskab, Skrifter naturvidenskabelig og mathematisk Afdeling. 215. Lunds Universitets Arsskrift. 216. Giornale di chimica industriale ed applicata. (Annali di chimica applicata, 1914; continued as Giornale di chimica applicata; combined with Giornale di chimica industriale, March, 1920, to form Giornale di chimica industriale ed applicata.) 217. U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey, Special Publications. 218. Naturwissenschaften. 219. Proceedings of the Physico-Mathematical Society of Japan. 220. Jern-Kontorets Annaler, Stockholm. 221. Berichte über die Verhandlungen der sächsischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Leipzig. Mathematisch-physische Klasse. 222. Giornale di mineralogia, cristallografia e petrografia. . 223. Journal of General Physiology. 224. Kosmos, Stockholm. 226. Mitteilungen aus dem Kaiser-Wilhelm Institut für Eisenforschung zu Düsseldorf. 227. Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine. 228. Denkschriften der kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Wien, mathematisch-naturwissenschaftliche Klasse. 229. Journal of Bacteriology. 230. Biochemical Journal. 231. U. S. Public Health Service, Public Health Reports. 232. Soil Science. 233. Pharmaceutisch Weekblad. 234. Journal of the South African Chemical Institute. (Name changed in 1922 from Journal of the South African Association of Analytical Chemists.) 235. Comptes-rendus des travaux du laboratoire Carlsberg. 236. Ergebnisse der Physiologie. 237. Fortschritte der Chemie, Physik und physikalischen Chemie. 238. Travaux et mémoires du bureau international des poids et mesures. 239. Nouveaux mémoires de l'académie royale des sciences, des lettres et des beaux-arts de Belgique, Brussels. 240. Bibliothèque universelle des sciences, belles-lettres et arts. (Continued as No. 149.) 241. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society. 242. Vierteljahrsschrift der naturforschenden Gesellschaft, Zürich. 243. Zeitschrift für Instrumentenkunde. 244. Journal of the Society of Automotive Engineers. 245. Zeitschrift für das gesamte Schiess- und Sprengstoffwesen. 246. Ice and Refrigeration. 247. Chemist-Analyst. 248. Proceedings of the University of Durham Philosophical Society. 249. Fortschritte auf dem Gebiete der Röntgenstrahlen. 250. Bulletin de la société française de physique. 251. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria, Melbourne. 252. Chemische Umschau auf dem Gebiete der Fette, OeIe, Wachse und Harze. (Before 1916 Chemische Revue über die Fett- und Harz Industrie.) 253. Lubrication. 254. Zeitschrift für Beleuchtungswesen, Heisungs- und Lüftungstechnik. 255. Bulletin of the American Institute of Mining and Metallurgical Engineers. (Continued as No. 329.) 256. Comptes rendus de la société scientifique, Warsaw. 266. Indianapolis Medical Journal. 267. Philippine Journal of Science. 268. Terrestrial Magnetism.

269. Mineralogical Magazine and Journal of the Mineralogical Society. 270. Berichte der naturforschenden Gesellschaft zu Freiburg, im Breisgau. 271. Revue scientifique. 272. Transactions of the Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, Arts and Letters. 273. Berichte der deutschen pharmazeutischen Gesellschaft. 274. Pharmazeutische Zentralhalle für Deutschland. 275. International Sugar Journal. 276. Chemical Age, London. 277. Archiv für experimentelle Pathologie und Pharmakologie. 278. Archiv für die gesamte Physiologie des Menschen und der Tiere. (Pflüger.) 279. Zeitschrift für Untersuchung der Nahrungs- und Genussmittel sowie der Gebrauchsgegenstande. 280. Umschau. 281. Zeitschrift für Psychologie und Physiologie der Sinnesorgane. 282. Wochenschrift für Brauerei. 283. Journal de psychologie normale et pathologique. 284. Journal of the American Pharmaceutical Association. 285. Journal of Mathematics and Physics. 286. Chemical Reviews, Baltimore. 287. Kolloidchemische Beihefte. 288. Revue générale des colloides. 297. National Advisory Committee on Aeronautics. Technical Reports. 298. National Advisory Committee on Aeronautics. Technical Notes. 299. British Aeronautical Research Committee. Reports and Memoirs. 300. British Advisory Committee on Aeronautics. Reports and Memoirs. 301. Jahrbuch der Motorluftschiff-Studiengesellschaft. 302. Smithsonian Institution Publications. Miscellaneous Collection. 303. Bulletin de l'institut aérodynamique de Koutchino, Petrograd. 304. Aerodynamische Versuchsanstalt zu Göttingen. Ergebnisse.

305. Transactions of the American Society of Civil Engineers. 315. Memorial des poudres. (Formerly Memorial des poudres et salpêtres.) 326. Astronomical Journal. 327. Annales de la société scientifique de Bruxelles. 328. American Mineralogist. 329. Mining and Metallurgy. 330. Psychological Monographs. 331. Archives of Psychology. 332. Philosophische Studien. 333. Psychological Review. 334. Journal of Experimental Psychology. 335. American Journal of Pscyhology. 336. Bulletin of the Geological Society of America. 337. Bulletin of the National Research Council.

B60. Fourth International Congress of Refrigeration Reports. Papers presented by the President. Leiden, Ij do, 1924. B61. Ullmann, Enzyklopädie der technischen Chemie. Berlin, Urban, 1914-1923. B62. Henning, Die Grundlagen, Methoden und Ergebnisse der Temperaturmessung. Braunschweig, 1915. B63. Holborn, Scheel and Henning, Wärmetabellen. Braunschweig, Vieweg und Sohn, 1919. B64. Ostwald and Luther, Hand- und Hilfsbuch zur Ausführung physikochemischer Messungen. 3rd ed. Leipzig, Akad. Verslagsges. m. b. H, 1922. B65. Stähler, Handbuch der Arbeitsmethoden in der anorganische Chemie. 5 volumes. Berlin and Leipzig, de Gruyter & Co., 1920. B66. Zsigmondy, Kolloidchemie; ein Lehrbuch. 4th ed. Leipzig, Spamer, 1922. B69. Helmholtz, Physiological Optics, translated from the 3rd German edition by Southall. Optical Society of America, 1924. B70. Parson, An Introduction to the Study of Color Vision. Cambridge Univ. Press, 1915.

IMPORTANT NOTICE ANNUAL TABLES OF CONSTANTS AND NUMERICAL DATA CHEMICAL, PHYSICAL AND TECHNOLOGICAL Published by an International Committee, under the authority of the International Research Council and the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry HE data given in International national Critical Tables. These older Critical Tables are based upon de- volumes thus constitute a handy and terminations published previous to Jan- accessible source of reference to the original determinations. uary 1924. Through special arrangements made In order to keep always up to date with future progress in physical with the International Commission in measurements, the purchaser of Inter- charge of Annual Tables, all purchasers national Critical Tables should become of International Critical Tables will be a regular subscriber to International given special discounts on all purchases Annual Tables, which will bring to his of International Annual Tables, as desk each year a volume in which he follows : will find assembled and classified all of I, II, III, IV, V (data for the data which has appeared in the i. Volumes 1910-1922), cloth, $52.50 (regular world's literature, for the year covered price, $71.00). by the volume. Thus, Annual Tables, Volume VI, 2. 25% discount on Volumes VI to X inclusive, covering the period 1923will contain all the data published in 1928. the literature of 1923-1924; Volume VII will contain the data published in 3. 25% discount on the index to Volthe literature of 1925; Volume VIII, the umes I-V, which will be published data to be found in the literature of in 1927. 1926, etc. . . . The older volumes of Annual Tables These discounts apply only on subscripgo back to 1910 and contain all of tions addressed to Dr. C. Marie, 9 the original determinations published rue de Bagneux, Paris VI, France. All subscriptions should be accomduring that period and which served as all or part of the basis of selection of panied by draft or money order payable the "best" values recorded in Inter- at Paris.

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SPECIMEN SECTIONS Free copies of any of the following specimen sections may be obtained on application to the above address. Spectroscopy. Electricity, Magnetism, Electrochemistry. Radioactivity. Crystallography, Mineralogy. Biology. Engineering, Metallurgy. Colloids. The following identification form should be filled out and transmitted with the first subscription. Name Address

Table of Contents Volume II Strength and Related Properties of Woods North American Woods Woods of the Philippine Islands Canadian Woods Woods Native to the British Empire Danish Woods Woods of the Dutch East-Indian Archipelago Woods of Japan and Eastern Asia The Woods of Mexico, Central and South America and the West Indies Index of Common Names Density Arrangement Artificial Lumbers Building Stones Conversion Factors Compressive Strength Shearing Strength Transverse Strength Tensile Strength Resistance to Abrasion Impact Hardness Elasticity Bulk Density Porosity Compressibility Thermal Expansion Specific Heat Thermal Conductivity Thermal Diffusivity Clays List of Clays and their Index Numbers Effect of Firing on Transverse Strength of Clay Linear Fire Shrinkage and Porosites of Diaspore and Gibbsite Clays Water Ratios to Clay Volume and Weight Fusion Points in Cones Thermal Reactions in Clay with Temperatures at Which Reactions have been Noted Heat Absorbed and Evolved by Clay During Firing and Cooling Bentonite Coagulating Effects of Reagents upon Bentonite

1 2 4 4 16 34 35 36 39 42 46 46 47 47 47 48 49 49 49 50 51 52 53 54 54 55 55 55 56 57 57 61 61 61 61 63 63 63

Effect of Dilution, Coagulation and Precipitation Properties of Some Clay-Like Minerals of the Bentonite Type Heavy Clay Products and Sand-Lime Brick 1. Clay Brick: Specifications and Properties 2. Sand-Lime Brick 3. Hollow Building Tile 4. Stoneware 5. Sanitary Bodies 6. Floor and Wall Tile 7. Drain Tile 8. Sewer Pipe 9. Terra Cotta Bodies 10. Crushing Strength of Masonry with Different Mortars Porcelain and Whiteware I. Electrical Porcelain II. Laboratory Porcelains and Whitewares Refractory Materials Abrasive Materials Properties of Glass Table 1. Glass Compositions Mechanical Properties of Glass Thermal Properties of Glass Electrical Properties Optical Properties Chemical Durability of Glasses Effect of Composition Multi-Oxide Glasses. Apparatus Glass Optical Glasses Vitreous Enamels for Metals Compositions Specific Gravity Strength Hardness Thermal Expansion of Vitreous Enamels Heat Transfer by Enameled Metals Thermal Emissivity of White Vitreous Enameled Surfaces Reflectivity of Sheet Steel Enamels Acid Resistance of Vitreous Enamels Structural Cements, Limes and Plasters Hydraulic Cements Portland Cement

63 64 64 64 64 65 65 65 65 65 65 66 66 66 67 73 82 86 87 88 92 97 101 101 107 107 109 113 114 114 115 115 115 115 115 116 116 117 117 117 117

Gypsum Lime Mortar and Masonry Magnesia Cements and Concretes Bulk Density

122 123 124 124

Ultimate Tensile Strength and Modulus of Rupture of Cements Made with Specially Calcined Dolomites Elastic Properties Wearing Resistance Coefficient of Linear Thermal Expansion Specific Heat and Thermal Conductivity of Cement Mortars Heat Evolved During Mixing and Setting of Magnesium Oxychloride Cements Electrical Resistance of Cement Mortars Setting Time of Commercial Magnesites in Various Mixes Dental Cements 1. Typical Chemical Compositions. Weight % 2. Crushing Strength 3. Setting Time Solid Fuels Classification Percentage Composition of U.S. Coals Calorific Value Sulfur Content Ash Fusibility Density Porosity Specific Heat Spontaneous Combustion, Weathering and Deterioration Coking Behavior Ignition Temperatures Combustibility of Coke Petroleums, Petroleum Products and Commercial Oils of Mineral Origin Composition and Density of Crude Petroleums Proximate Composition Specific Gravity and Thermal Expansion Compressibility Viscosity Surface Tension Interfacial Tensions Penetrativity Melting Points Solubility of Paraffin

124 124 128 128 128 128 128 128 129 129 129 129 130 130 132 135 135 135 135 135 135 135 135 135 136 136 137 139 144 146 146 146 146 146 148 149

Vapor Pressure and Boiling Point Dew Point Flash Point Thermal Conductivity and Diffusivity Specific Heat Calorific Values Refractive Index Optical Activity Coefficient of Light Absorption Iodine and Bromine Numbers Sulfuric Acid Absorption for Gasolene Gum Test Composition and Property Tables Terminology and Specifications of Petroleum Products of Commerce Flash Points of Saturated Vapors of Combustible Liquids Quantitative Effects of Some Compounds upon Detonation in Internal Combustion Engines Lubricants and Lubrication Journal Bearing Friction Lubricating Value of Oils under Conditions of Heavy Loads and Temperatures up to 100° Typical Analyses and Properties of Gaseous Fuels Asphalts and Mineral Waxes Nomenclature Characteristics Thermal Properties Bituminous Materials Explosions and Gaseous Explosives Ignition Temperature Electrical Ignition Limits of Inflammability Propagation of Flame Detonation Explosions in Closed Vessels Animal and Vegetable Oils, Fats and Waxes Introduction 1. Index of Common Names 2. Scientific Names and Common Properties 3. Composition Table 4. Polenske Values 5. Compressibility 6. Viscosity 7. Viscosity under Pressure

149 149 150 151 151 152 152 153 153 154 154 154 154 160 161 162 164 164 165 166 168 168 168 168 170 172 172 175 176 182 184 187 196 196 198 201 206 208 208 209 209

8. Melting Points 9. Boiling Point of Oils 10. Thermal Expansion 11. Specific Heat 12. Heat of Combustion 13. Flash Points of Oils and Fats 14. Electrical Conductivity 15. Dielectric Constant 16. Refractive Index and Butyrorefractometer Reading 17. Optical Rotation of Oils Property-Substance Tables 18. Density 19. Melting Point 20. Congelation Temperature 21. Acetyl Value 22. Iodine Value 23. Saponification Value 24. Hehner Value 25. Reichert-Meissl Value 26. Unsaponifiable Matter 27. Melting and Solidification Points of Fatty Acids Hydrogenated Oils Adhesives and Gelatins Introduction 1. Adhesives 2. Gelatins Textile Fibers Botanical Classification of Important Vegetable Fibers Microscopical Characteristics of Important Vegetable Fibers Cotton Silk Rayons of Artificial Silks Wool Cordage Fibers Minor Hair Fibers Fur Fibers Comparative Breaking Strengths Specific Gravity Specific Heat Hygroscopic Moisture Effect of Humidity

210 210 210 210 210 211 211 211 212 214 214 214 214 214 214 214 214 215 215 215 215 216 217 217 218 221 231 231 232 233 234 234 235 235 235 236 236 237 237 237 237

Regain Heat Conductivity Fireproofing Tannins and Vegetable Tanning Materials Classification Source and Tannin Content of Vegetable Tanning Materials Leather Type Composition, % at 50% Relative Humidity Tensile Strength, Stretch and Stitch Tear Area Change with Relative Humidity Water Content at Different Relative Humidities Ventilating Properties Resilience Rubber, Gutta Percha and Balata Abbreviations Latex Chemical Composition of Raw Rubber Physical Properties of Raw Rubber Various Types of Hevea Factors in the Preparation of Hevea Rubber Non-Hevea Rubber Vulcanized Rubber Physical Properties Milling Softeners Accelerators of Vulcanization Compounding Ingredients Aging Hard Rubber Gutta-Percha and Balata Factitious Plastics A. Nitrocellulose (“Pyroxylim”) Plastics B. Phenol Resins and Their Products

238 238 239 239 239 243 250 250 251 251 252 252 253 254 254 254 255 258 259 262 263 264 264 266 276 277 278 286 290 292 294 296 296 298

C. Comparison of Properties of Hard Rubber, Vulcanized Fiber, Laminated and Molded Phenolic Insulating Materials Commercial Carbons for Electrical Uses Industrial Electrical Insulators Insulating Oils Insulating Solids Table 1. Index and Description of Materials

299 303 304 305 307 308

Table 2. Electrical Properties Thermal Insulating Materials for Moderate and Low Temperatures Thermal Insulating Materials for High Temperature Raw Materials of the Paint and Varnish Industry

310 312 316 317

Average Bulking Values and Specific Gravities of the More Common Dry Pigments Used in the Paint Industry Average Constants of Oils Used in Paint and Varnish Industry Toxicology of Gases and Vapors Effective Concentrations and Properties Prevention and Emergency Treatment of Gas Poisoning Air Conditioning A. Hygroscopic Properties of Industrial Materials B. Spaces Occupied by Human Beings Refrigerating Brines Density and Specific Gravity Heat Capacity (Specific Heat) Viscosity Sieves and Screens Introduction Table 1. Series of Woven Sieves Table 2. Tolerances for U.S. Standard Sieves Table 3. Pharmaceutical Sieves Table 4. Bolting Cloth Table 5. Woven Sieves for Special Purposes (Metric Designation) Table 6. Woven Wire Sieves for Special Purposes (Inch Designation) Table 7. Gages for Broken Stone, Slag, Etc. Saccharimetry, the Properties of Commercial Sugars and Their Solutions Introduction

317 317 318 318 321 321 321 325 327 327 328 328 329 329 330 331 331 332 332 333 333 334 334

C12H22O11 Sucrose

336

C12H22O11 Lactose

345

C12H22O11 Maltose

346

C6H12O6 Dextrose

347

C6H12O6 Levulose Invert Sugar

349 350

C6H12O6 Mannose

350

C6H12O6 Galactose

351

C5H10O5 Arabinose

351

C5H10O5 Xylose

352

C18H32O16 + 5H2O, Raffinose (Melitriose, Gossypose) Systems Containing More Than One Sugar

352 352

Rotations and Melting Points of Pure Sugars and Sugar Derivatives X-Ray Diffraction Data—Miscellaneous Natural and Industrial Materials Properties of Metals and Alloys Introduction Finding Index of Alloys Tables of Alloy Classes Meanings of Symbols Denoting Treatments Abbreviations and Symbols Denoting Variables Defining a System and Their Units Meanings of Symbols Denoting Properties Equilibrium Diagrams Introduction Aluminium Alloys Lead Alloys and Tin Alloys Other Non-Ferrous Alloys (Including Cu-Fe) Ferrous Alloys Density of the Metallic Elements Hg, Density of Liquid Mercury Latent Heat and Phase Changes of Pure Metals and Alloys Thermal Expansion Including Volume Change on Fusion, Solidification and Tempering Coefficients of Expansion of Pure Metals Coefficients of Expansion of Solid Alloys Coefficients of Expansion of Liquid Alloys and Amalgams Volume Change on Fusion and Solidification, “Mold Shrinkage” Changes in Volume Due toTempering Mechanical Properties of Iron, Fe-Co, Fe-Ti, and Titanium and Uranium Steels Ni and Its Alloys with C, Cr, Cu, Fe, and Mn Mechanical and Elastic Properties Thermal Properties

353 356 358 358 370 388 392 396 396 400 400 400 413 419 449 456 457 458 459 459 463 474 474 477 478 479 480 482

Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Cast Iron and of Steels Containing C, Cr, Cr-V, Cu, NiCr, Ni-Cu, Ni-V, and V Introduction Table 1. Chemical Analyses Table 2. Carbon Steels Table 3. Mechanical Properties of Cast Iron Table 4. Cr Steels Table 5. Cr-V Steels Table 6. Cu Steels Table 7. Nickel Chromium Steels Table 8. Ni-Cu Steels Table 9. Nickel Vanadium Steels Table 10. Vanadium Steels

483 483 484 487 497 506 509 509 510 513 513 514

Table 11. Elastic Properties Table 12. Specific Gravity Table 13. Thermal Properties Mn-, Si-, and Mn-Si-Steels; Fe-Si-Alloys; and Effect of Mn and Si on Cast Iron Table 1. Tensile, Hardness, and Impact Tests on Rolled or Forged Mn-Steels Table 2. Effect of Cooling Medium on Properties of Forged Mn-Steel Table 3. Effect of Liquid Air Temperature on Forged Mn-Steel Table 4. Compression Tests on Forged Mn-Steels Table 5. Tensile Properties and Hardness of Cast Mn-Steel Table 6. Transverse Tests on Cast Mn-Steel Table 7. Tensile Properties of Fe-Si-Alloys Table 8. Specific Gravity of Fe-Si-Alloys Table 9. Tensile Properties and Hardness of Rolled and Forged Si-Steels Table 10. Effect of Liquid Air Temperature on Forged Si-Steel Table 11. Compression Tests on Forged Si-Steel Table 12. Properties of Cast Si-Steel Table 13. Properties of Forged Si-Mn-Steel Table 14. Effect of Mn Content on Tensile Strength and Elongation of Malleable Cast Iron Table 15. Effect of Si Content on General Mechanical Properties of Malleable Cast Iron Table 16. Effect of Mn on Properties of Cast Iron Table 17. Effect of Mn Content on Hardness of Cast Iron Table 18. Effect of Si Content on Properties of Cast Iron Table 19. Effect of Casting Temperature and Annealing on Cast Irons of Different Si Content Steels Containing Al, As, B, Ce, Sb, Ta, or Zr Table 1. Tensile Properties and Hardness of Al-Steels Table 2. Compression Tests on Al-Steels Table 3. Specific Gravity of Al-Steels Table 4. Mechanical Properties of As-Steels Table 5. Mechanical Properties of B- and Ni-B-Steels Table 6. Hardness of B-Steels Table 7. Mechanical Properties of Ce- and Ni-Ce-Steels Table 8. Properties of Sb-Steels Table 9. Specific Gravity of Fe-Sb-Alloys Table 10. Mechanical Properties of Ta-Steels Table 11. Properties of Zr- and Ni-Zr-Steels Properties of Aluminum and Its Alloys with Cu, Mg, Mn, Ni, Si, Sn, and Zn Containing More Than 50% Al Table 1. Tensile Properties Table 2. Compression Tests Table 3. Shear and Torsion Tests Table 4. Hardness

515 516 518 519 520 522 522 522 522 522 523 523 523 524 524 524 525 525 525 526 527 527 528 528 529 529 529 529 530 531 531 531 531 531 532 532 533 538 538 539

Table 5. Impact Hardness Table 6. Impact Strength Table 7. Elastic Properties Table 8. Specific Gravity Table 9. Mold Shrinkage Properties of Alloys of Aluminium with Fe, Mg, Mn, Ni, Ni-Cu, Si, and Si-Cu Mechanical Properties Thermal Properties Properties of Magnesium and of Its Alloys with More Than 50% Magnesium Zinc and Its Alloys Containing More Than 50% Zn Table 1. Mechanical Properties Table 2. Elastic Properties of Zn Table 3. Compressibility of Zn Alloys Table 4. Specific Gravity of Zn Alloys Cadmium and Its Alloys with Ag, As, Au, Bi, Cu, Hg, Mg, Pb, Sn, Tl, and Zn Mechanical Properties of Copper and Its Alloys with Ag, As, Bi, Cd, Fe, Mn, O, P, Sb, and Si Tensile (Compressive) and Elastic Properties Hardness of Cu and Its Alloys with Ag, Cd, Fe, Mn, O, P and Si Specific Gravity of Copper and Its Alloys with Fe, Mn, P and O Properties of Brasses and of Pb, Sb, Sn and Their Alloys Properties of Commercial Copper, Ordinary, Phosphor, and Zinc Bronzes and Copper-Base Bearing Alloys Cu, Commercial Copper Cu-Sn, Bronze Cu-Sn-P, Phosphor Bronze Mechanical Properties of Copper-Base Bearing Alloys as Cast (Car Journal Bearings) Cu-Pb-Sn, Mechanical Properties of Bearing Bronzes Wear and Frictional Properties of Copper-Base Bearing Alloys Laboratory Tests on the Carpenter Machine Cu-Sn-Zn, Zinc Bronze Effect of Casting Temperature and Heat Treatment of Cu, 88; Sn, 10; Zn 2 Cu-Sn-Zn-As, Effect of Adding As to Admiralty Gun Metal Cu-Sn-Zn-Pb-As, Effect of Adding Pb to Arsenical Admiralty Gun Metal Cu-Sn-Zn-Pb, Effect of Adding Lead to Zinc Bronzes Cu-Sn-Zn-Sb, of Adding Sb to Admiralty Gun Metal Cu-Sn-Zn-Sb, Effect of Adding Sb to 86:9:5 Red Bronze Cu-Sn-Zn-Sb, Effect of Adding Pb to 86:9:5 Red Bronze Cu-Sn-Zn-Pb-Sb, Effect of Adding Sb to Leaded 86:9:5 Red Bronze Impact Strength Specific Gravity Elastic Properties

539 540 540 541 542 542 542 543 544 545 545 546 548 548 548 552 552 554 554 555 558 558 559 560 561 562 562 562 563 565 566 566 566 568 568 569 569 570 570 571

Mold Shrinkage Thermal Conductivity Properties of Aluminum Bronzes Cu-Al Cu-Al-Fe Cu-Al-Mn Cu-Al-Ni Cu-Al-P Cu-Al-Si Ag, Au, Hg, Ir, Os, Pd, Pt, Rh, Ru, and Their Alloys Table 1. Mechanical Properties Table 2. Elastic Properties Table 3. Effect of Temperature on Elastic Properties Table 4. Compressibility of Ag-Au Table 5. Specific Volume of Alloys Table 6. Specific Gravities of Alloys Table 7. Surface Tension of Amalgams in Saturated Water Vapor at ca. 18°C Table 8. Annealing and Quenching Temperatures Graphite

572 572 572 573 578 579 581 583 583 584 584 588 588 589 589 589 591 591 592

Mechanical Properties of As, B, Ca, Ce, Co, Cr, Ge, In, K, La, Mo, Na, Pr, Ta, Th, and W and Their Alloys, and of Alloys Containing Ba, Ga, Li, Mn, Rb, Si, Sr, Ti, and V Table 1. Tensile Properties of Ca, Co, Mo, Ta, Th and W Table 2. Hardness of As, B, Ca, Ce, Co, Cr, Ge, In, K, La, Mo, Na, and Pr Table 3. Properties of Co-Cr and Stellite Table 4. Hardness of Alloys Table 5. Extrusion Pressure of In-Pb and K-Rb Table 6. Elastic Properties of Ta and W Table 7. Specific Gravities of Alloys Fatigue of Metals and Alloys Table 1. Composition of Alloy Table 2. Endurance Limits under Reversed Direct Stresses Table 3. Endurance Limits under Reversed Bending Stresses (Rotating Beam Machines) Table 4. Endurance Limits under Reversed Plane Bending Stresses (Upton-Lewis Machine) Table 5. Endurance Limits under Reversed Torsional Stresses Table 6. Endurance Limits under Cycles of Direct Stress with Various Mean Stresses Table 7. Endurance Limits under Cycles of Torsional Stresses with Various Mean Stresses Table 8. Endurance Limits at Various Temperatures, Reversed Direct Stresses

592 592 592 593 593 593 594 594 595 595 599 601 605 606 607 607 608

Table 9. Endurance Limits at Various Temperatures, Reversed Bending Stresses (Rotating Beam Machines) Special Property-Table Literature References

608 610 611

DEFINITIONS

DEFINITIONS

1. Proportional Limit.—Stress at which the deformation ceases to be proportional to the load as determined by strainometer (extensometer for tension, compressometer for compression, and deflectometer for transverse tests, value being read from plotted results). 2. Elastic Limit.—In tensile and compressive tests: The stress at which the initial permanent elongation or shortening of the gage length occurs, as shown by an instrument of high precision (determined from set readings with extensometer or compressometer). In transverse tests: The extreme fiber stress at which the initial appreciable permanent deflection occurs as determined with defleeto meter. Tests are rarely made to determine the elastic limit, since such tests involve repeated application and release of load, and require considerable time. For practical purposes the elastic limit may be regarded as equal to the proportional limit. 3. Yield Point.—Stress at which marked increase in deformation of specimen occurs without increase in load as determined usually by drop of beam or with dividers for tensile, compressive, or transverse tests. 4. Tensile, Compressive, or Shearing Strength (Ultimate).— Maximum stress to which the test specimen is subjected by slowly increased load until rupture, divided by the original cross-sectional area of the test specimen. 5. Modulus of Rupture.—Maximum stress in the extreme fiber of a specimen tested to rupture, as computed by the empirical application of the flexural formula to stresses above the transverse proportional limit. For simple rectangular test piece with concentrated center load, it equals

1. Limite de proportionnalite.—C'est Ia tension pour laquelle Ia deformation cesse d'etre proportionnelle a Ia charge, cette tension etant determinee a Taide d'un appareil approprie": extensometre pour Ia traction, compresso met re pour Ia compression, et de*flectometre pour les essais de flexion, Ia valeur de cette tension 6tant deduite d'une courbe tracee par points. 2. Limite d'elasticite.—Pour les essais de traction et de compression: c'est Ia plus petite tension pour laquelle Ia deformation permanente de Ia longueur entre reperes devient appreciable au moyen d'un instrument de haute precision (cette tension etant determinee au moyen des lectures effectue*es a 1'aide de T extensometre ou du compressometre). Pour les essais de flexion: c'est Ia plus petite tension de Ia fibre extreme, pour laquelle Ia de*formation permanente devient appreciable au moyen du deflectom£tre. Comme Ia determination de Ia limite d'elasticite implique une succession de mises en charge et de decharges de 1'eprouvette, et demande un temps considerable, ces essais sont rarement effectues. Dans Ia pratique on peut considerer Ia limite d'elasticite comme etant egale a Ia limite de proportionnalite. 3. Limite d'etirage.—C'est Ia tension pour laquelle se produit une augmentation importante de Ia deformation de 1'eprouvette sans augmentation de Ia charge, cette determination etant faite ordinairement par Ia chute de !'aiguille ou au compas pour les essais de traction, compression et flexion. (Limite e*lastique apparente.) 4. Resistance a Ia traction, a Ia compression; Resistance au cisaillement.—C'est !'effort maximum auquel 1'eprouvette est soumise, par !'augmentation lente et progressive de Ia charge, jusqu'a rupture, divise par Ia section transversale initiale de 1'eprouvette. 5. Module de rupture.—C'est Ia tension maximum de Ia fibre extreme d'une eprouvette essayee jusqu'a rupture, ainsi qu'elle est calculee par !'application empirique de Ia for mule de flexion, a une tension superieure a Ia limite de proportionnalite de Ia flexion. Pour une eprouvette simple de section rectangulaire, avec une charge concentree au milieu de Ia portee, elle est egale a: 1,5 X charge X portee/section X hauteur de Ia piece

1.5 X load X span area X depth 6. Torsional Strength (or Modulus of Rupture in Torsion).— Maximum stress in the extreme fiber of a specimen tested to rupture as computed by the empirical application of the torsional formula to stresses above the torsional proportional limit. For a round specimen it is __ 5.1 X twisting moment ~~ diameter3 In ductile materials the stress at rupture may be considered uniformly distributed over the cross-sectional area and the above formula assumes the form ~ _ 3.82 X twisting moment ~~ diameter3 7. Elongation.—The percentage of elongation is found by dividing 100 X the increase of length after rupture by the original gage length. The percentage of elongation depends on the gage length. The elongation indicates the ductility of the material. 8. Reduction of Area.—The percentage of reduction is found as the ratio of 100 X the difference between the original and broken area of cross section to the original area. Reduction of area indicates generally the ductility of material. 9. Poisson's Ratio.—The ratio of lateral contraction per unit of diameter to longitudinal extension per unit of length of a bar under terminal tension within the elastic limit of material.

6. Resistance a Ia torsion (ou module de rupture a Ia torsion).— C'est Ia tension maximum de Ia fibre extreme d'une eprouvette essayee jusqu'a rupture, ainsi qu'elle est calculee par !'application empirique de Ia formule de torsion a une tension superieure a Ia limite de proportionnalite de Ia torsion. Pour une eprouvette de section circulaire, elle est egale a: S = 5,1 X moment de torsion/diametre3 Pour les matieres ductiles, Ia tension lors de Ia rupture peut etre considered comme etant repartie uniformement dans Ia section transversale et Ia formule ci-dessus prend Ia forme: S =3,82 X moment de torsion/diametre3 7. Allongement.—Le pourcentage d'allorigement est obtenu en multipliant par 100 Ie rapport de !'augmentation de Ia longueur apres rupture a Ia longueur initiale entre reperes. Le pourcentage d'allongement depend de Ia longueur entre reperes. L'allongement donne une mesure de Ia ductilite de Ia matiere. 8. Striction.—Le pourcentage de striction est Ie rapport multiplie par 100 de Ia difference entre Ia section initiale et Ia section de rupture a Ia section initiale. La striction donne generalement une mesure de Ia ductilite de Ia matiere. 9. Coefficient de Poisson.—C'est Ie rapport de Ia contraction transversale (par unite de diametre) a Ia dilatation longitudinale

DEFINITIONEN

DEFINIZIONI

1. Proportionalitats-Grenze.—Spannung, bei der die Formanderung aufhort proportional zur Belastung zu verlaufen; sie wird bestimmt durch ein Formanderungsmessinstrument (Dehnungsmesser flir Zug, Zusammendriickungsmesser flir Druck und Durchbiegungsmesser flir Biegeversuche, der Punkt wird aus dem Diagramm ermittelt). 2. Elastizita'ts-Grenze.—Bei Zug- und Druckversuchen: Diejenige Spannung bei der die erste bleibende Dehnung oder Verklirzung der Messlange eintritt, bestimmt durch ein Messinstrument von hoher Prazision (bestimmt aus den Restablesungen am Dehnungs- oder Zusammendrlickungsmesser). Bei Biegeversuchen: Die Spannung der ausseren Faser bei der die erste bemerkbar bleibende Durchbiegung eintritt, bestimmt mit dem Durchbiegungsmesser. Versuche zur Bestimmung der Elastizitats-Grenze werden selten ausgeflihrt, da solche Versuche wiederholte Belastung und Entlastung erforderlich machen und betrachtliche Zeit beanspruchen. Fur praktische Zwecke kann die Elastizitats-Grenze als gleichbedeutend mit der Proportionalitats-Grenze angesehen werden. 3. Streck-Grenze.—Spannung, bei der ein deutliches Anwachsen der Formanderung der Probe eintritt, ohne dass die Belastung steigt, gewohnlich bestimmt durch Absinken des Lastanzeigers oder an den Formanderungsmasstaben fur Zug-, Druck- oder Biegeversuch. 4. Zug-, Druck- oder Scherfestigkeit (Hochstlast).—Grosste Spannung, der die Probe unterworfen ist, bei langsamer Steigerung der Belastung bis zum Bruch, dividiert durch den ursprunglichen Probenquerschnitt. 5. Biegespannung (oder Bruchmodul).—Grosste Spannung in der ausseren Faser einer bis zum Bruch gepriiften Probe in der Annahme, dass die empirische Biegeformel flir Spannungen oberhalb der Proportionalitats-Grenze angewendet werden kann. Flir Proben mit einfachem rechteckigen Querschnitt und zentrischer Belastung gilt 1,5 X Last X Stlitzweite/Querschnitt X Hohe 6. Torsions-Festigkeit (oder Bruchmodul fur Torsion).— Grosste Spannung in der ausseren Faser der Probe beim Bruch, unter der Annahme, dass die Torsionsformel auch flir Spannungen oberhalb der Proportionalitatsgrenze gilt. Flir eine zylindrische Probe ist diese Torsions-Festigkeit S = 5,1 X Drehmoment/Durchmesser3 Bei sehr formanderungsfahigen Materialien kann diese Bruchspannung als gleichmassig liber den ganzen Querschnitt verteilt angesehen werden, und die obige Formel geht liber in die Formel: S = 3,82 X Drehmoment/Durchmesser3 7. Bruchdehnung.—Die prozentuale Dehnung wird gefunden, indem man die Langenzunahme nach dem Bruch durch die ursprlingliche Messlange dividiert und mit 100 multipliziert. Die Bruchdehnung hangt von der Messlange ab. Die Bruchdehnung ist ein Masstab flir die Formanderungsfahigkeit des Materials. 8. Querschnittsverminderung.—Die' prozentuale Querschnittsverminderung wird gefunden als das Verhaltnis des Unterschiedes zwischen ursprlinglichem und Bruchquerschnitt zu dem ursprlinglichem Querschnitt multipliziert mit 100. Die Querschnittsverminderung zeigt allgemein die Formanderungsfahigkeit des Materials an. 9. Poisson'sche Konstante.—Das Verhaltnis der Querkontraktion eines Stabes bezogen auf die Einheit des Durchmessers zur Langsdehnung, bezogen auf die Einheit der Lange eines

1. Limite di proporzionalita.—IC quel valore della forza applicata dopo il quale Ie deformazioni cessano di essere proporzionali alia forza stessa. Le deformazioni sono misurate da apposito apparato (estensometro per Ie prove di trazione, compressometro per Ie prove di compressione, e defletto metro o flessimetro per Ie prove alia flessione). I valori vengono desunti da grafici. 2. Limite elastico.—Nelle prove di trazione e compressione. 6 quel valore della forza al quale corrisponde Tinizio dell'allungamento o del raccorciamento permanente. La deformazione permanente e messa in evidenza da un istrumento di alta precisione, e determinata mediante una serie di letture alPestensometro o compressometro. Nelle prove di flessione. Quel valore della forza che si ha nella fibra estrema quando si manifesta una deflessione permanente apprezzabile determinata con il flessimetro. Le prove per determinare il limite di elasticita si eseguono raramente, perche richiedono ripetute applicazioni ed annullamenti della forza applicata, e quindi molto tempo. Per scopi pratici, si puo considerare il limite di elasticita come coincidente con il valore del limite di proporzionalita. 3. Punto di snervamento.—E quel valore della forza in corrispondenza del quale si ha un aumento marcato nella deformazione del provino senza che il carico aumenti. Esso viene determinato osservando il momento in cui Vapparato registratore della forza applicata al provino cade rapidamente, oppure a mezzo di misurazione sul provino calibrate alle prove di trazione, compressione e flessione. 4. Carico di rottura alia trazione, compressione e taglio.—E il valore massimo dello sforzo al quale il provino £ soggetto alia rottura, quando Io sforzo viene accresciuto lentamente. Questo valore viene riferito all'area della sezione trasversale primitiva del provino. 5. Modulo di rottura.—Massimo sforzo che si verifica nelle fibre maggiormente sollecitate di un provino che venga provato a flessione fino a rottura. Esso e calcolato con Tapplicazione empirica della formula di sollecitazione per flessione, anche quando Io sforzo supera il limite di proporzionalita per sollecitazione della flessione stessa. Per pezzi di forma rettangolare semplice con carico concentrate nel centro, e eguale a: 1,5 X carico X distanza tra gli appoggi area X spessore 6. Sforzo di torsione (oppure modulo di rottura alia torsione).— Massimo sforzo che si verifica nelle fibre piu sollecitate di un provino provato fino alia rottura, calcolato applicando empiricamente (anche al di sopra del limite di proporzionalita per torsione) Ia formula che da Ia sollecitazione per torsione. Per un provino a sezione rotonda, Ia formula e: _ 5,1 X momento torcente diametro3 Nei material! duttili Io sforzo di rottura puo essere considerate uniformemente distribuito sull'area della sezione trasversale, e Ia formula (2) diventa: „ _ 3,82 X momento torcente diametro3 7. Allungamento.—L'allungamento percentuale e calcolato dividendo Taumento di lunghezza dopo rottura per Ia lunghezza originale calibrata. L/allungamento percentuale dipende dalla lunghezza calibrata, cioe dalla lunghezza alia quale e riferito Tallungamento stesso. Questo allungamento indica Ia duttilita dei materiali,

10. Modulus of Elasticity ((a) in Tension or (6) in Compression).—Ratio of stress within the proportional limit to the corresponding strain as determined with a precise extensometer. Accurate determinations of the modulus of elasticity are made with a gage length at least 8 in. (203.2 mm) in length. 11. Modulus of Elasticity in Shear.—Ratio of stress within the proportional limit to the corresponding angular strain (in radians). The following theoretical relation exists between the modulus of elasticity in shear and the modulus of elasticity:

where G is the modulus of elasticity in shear, E modulus of elasticity, and X Poisson's ratio. It is difficult to make a direct experimental determination of G on account of the presence of other stresses. It is usually determined by the torsion of a round bar. 12. Brinell Hardness Number.—Ratio of load, on a sphere used to indent the material to be tested, to the area of the spherical indentation produced. The standard sphere used is a 10 mm diameter hardened steel ball. The loads are (a) 3000 kg (6615 Ib.) and (6) 500 kg (1102 Ib.), and the time of application of load is 30 sec. Values shown in the tables are based on spherical areas computed from measurements of the diameters of the spherical indentations, by the following formula:

P being load in kg, h being depth of indentation, D being diameter of ball and d being diameter of indentation, all lengths being expressed in millimeters. Brinell hardness values have a certain relation to tensile strength, and hardness determinations may be used to determine tensile strengths approximately by employing the proper conversion factor for the material under consideration. 13. Shore Scleroscope Hardness.—Height of rebound of a diamond-pointed hammer falling on the object from a fixed, stated height through a tube under the acceleration due to its own weight. On very soft materials a "magnifier" hammer is used in place of the commonly used "universal" hammer, and values may be converted to the corresponding "universal" value by multiplying the reading by %. 14. Erichsen Value.—The test is conducted by supporting the sheet on a circular ring and deforming it at the center of the ring by a spherical-pointed tool. The depth of impression (or cup), in millimeters, required to obtain fracture is the Erichsen value. 15. Bend Test.—(a) Angle through which the material can be bent without fracture; or (6) the number of bendings around a predetermined diameter; or (c) a minimum diameter around which the test piece can be bent through a stated angle. 16. Impact Resistance.—(Bibliography on Impact Testing, Whittemore, Proc. A. S. T. M., 1922.) Indicates the shockresisting qualities of material. Is of particular value in ascertaining the influence of heat treatment. Impact value depends on the form of the specimen and type of apparatus, both of which must be stated.

(par unite de longueur) d'une barre soumise a une tension infe"rieure a Ia limite d'elasticite de Ia matiere. 10. Module d'elasticite (a) de traction, (b) de compression.— C'est Ie rapport de Ia tension (celle-ci etant inferieure a Ia limite de proportionnalite) a Ia dilatation correspondante, cette determination etant faite au moyen d'un extensometre de precision. Les determinations precises du module d'elasticity se font sur une longueur entre reperes d'au moins 203,2 mm. 11. Module d'elasticite de glissement.—C'est Ie rapport de Ia tension (celle-ci etant inferieure a Ia limite de proportionnalite) au glissement correspondant (en radians). Il existe entre Ie module d'elasticite de glissement et Ie module d'elasticite Ia relation theorique suivante:

ou G est Ie module d'elasticite de glissement, E Ie module d'elasticite et A Ie coefficient de Poisson. Il est difficile de faire une determination expe*rimentale directe de G par Ie fait de Ia presence d'autres tensions. G est ordinairement determine par Ia torsion d'une barre de section circulaire. 12. Nombre de durete Brinell.—C'est Ie rapport de Ia charge appliquee sur une bille qui pen etre dans Ia matiere a essayer, a Ia surface de 1'empreinte spherique produite. La bille type utilisee est une sphere en acier trempe de 10 mm de diametre. Les charges sont de (a) 3000 kg et (6) 500 kg et Ia duree d'application de Ia charge est de 30 secondes. Les valeurs donnees dans les tables sont basees sur les surfaces des calottes spheriques calculees d'apres les diametres mesures des empreintes spheriques produites, par Ia formule suivante:

P est Ia charge en kg, h Ia profondeur de 1'empreinte, D Ie diametre de Ia bille et d Ie diametre de 1'empreinte, toutes les longueurs &tant exprime*es en millimetres. Il y a une certaine relation entre les nombres de durete* Brinell et Ia resistance de rupture, et des determinations de durete peuvent etre employees pour determiner approximativement Ia resistance de rupture en employ ant Ie facteur de conversion relatif a Ia matiere consideree. 13. Durete au scleroscope de Shore.—C'est Ia hauteur de rebondissement d'un petit marteau a pointe de diamant tombant sous 1'effet de son propre poids sur !'object d'une hauteur fixe d^finie, en se de*plac.ant dans un tube. Lorsqu'il s'agit de matieres tres tendres, on utilise un marteau amplificateur a Ia place du marteau "universel" generalement employe, et les valeurs peuvent etre converties en valeurs "universelles" correspondantes en multipliant Ia lecture par %. 14. Nombre d'Erichsen.—On effectue 1'essai en supportant Ia tole sur une bague circulaire et en Ia deformant au centre de Ia bague par un outil a pointe spherique. Le nombre d'Erichsen est Ia profondeur de 1'empreinte exprimee en millimetres, necessaire pour produire Ia rupture. 15. Essai de pliage.—(a) C'est Tangle sous lequel Ia matiere peut etre pliee sans rupture; ou (6) Ie nombre de pliages successifs autour d'une barre de diametre predetermine; ou (c) Ie diametre minimum du cylindre autour duquel l'e*prouvette peut 6tre pliee sous un angle defini. 16. Resistance au choc.—(Bibliographic concernant Pessai de choc, Whittemore, Proc. A. S. T. M., 1922.) ElIe donne une mesure des qualites de resistance de Ia matiere au choc. ElIe est d'une importance particuliere pour se rendre compte de !'influence d'un traitement thermique. Les valeurs obtenues aux essais de choc dependent de Ia forme de 1'eprouvette et du type d'appareil employe; ces deux elements doivent £tre definis.

Stabes bei bestimmten Zugspannungen innerhalb der Elastizitatsgrenze des betreffenden Materials. 10. Elastizitats-Modul (a) fur Zug oder (6) fur Druck.—Das Verhaltnis der Spannung innerhalb der Proportionalitatsgrenze zur entsprechenden Formanderung, ermittelt durch einen prazisen Dehnungsmesser. Genaue Bestimmungen Elastizitatsmoduls werden ausgefiihrt mit einer Mindestmesslange von 203,2 mm. 11. Elastizitats-Modul bei Scherbeanspruchung.—Verhaltnis der Spannung innerhalb der Proportionalitatsgrenze zu der entsprechenden Winkelanderung (in radians). Die folgende theoretische Beziehung besteht zwischen dem Elastizitatsmodul bei Scherbeanspruchung und den Elastizitatsmodul bei Zugbeanspruchung G = E/2 (1 + X ) , worin G der Elastizitatsmodul fiir Scherbeanspruchung, E der Elastizitatsmodul fiir Zugbeanspruchung und A die Poisson'sche Konstante ist. Es ist schwer, den Gleitmodul G direkt experimentell zu bestimmen wegen des Vorhandenseins von Nebenspannungen. Gewohnlich wird er bestimmt durch einen Drehversuch mit einem Rundstab. 12. Brinell Hartezahl.—Das Verhaltnis der Last, mit der eine Kugel in das zu priifende Material eingedrtickt wird, zur Flache des erzeugten Kugeleindruckes. Die gebrauchliche Normalkugel ist eine gehartete Stahlkugel von 10 mm Durchmesser. Die Kugelbelastungen sind (a) 3000 kg (6615 engl. Pfund) und (b) 500 kg (1102 engl. Pfund). Die Zeitdauer der Belastung betragt 30 Sekunden. Die in den Tabellen angegebenen Werte ftir die Hartezahl werden aus Messungen der Durchmesser der erzeugten Kugeleindriicke unter Verwendung folgender Formel gewonnen:

Darin bedeuten P die Kugelbelastung in kg, h die Eindrucktiefe in mm, D den Kugeldurchmesser in mm und d den Durchmesser des Eindrucks in mm. Die Brinell-Hartezahlen haben eine gewisse Beziehung zur Zugfestigkeit, Hartebestimmungen konnen deshalb angewandt werden, um angenahert die Zerreissfestigkeiten zu bestimmen, unter Anwendung eigenen Koeffizienten eines ftir jedes Material. 13. Shore Skleroskope-Harte.—Die Hohe des Rtickpralls eines mit Diamantspitze versehenen Fallhammers, der aus einer bestimmten f estgelegten Hohe durch eine Rohre unter Beschleunigung durch sein Eigengewicht auf die Probe fallt. Bei sehr weichen Materialien wird ein Spezialhammer angewandt an Stelle des gewohnlich benutzten "Universalhammers;" die mit diesem Spezialhammer erzielten Werte konnen auf den Universalhammer bezogen werden durch Multiplikation der Ablesungen mit %. 14. Erichsen-Wert.—Der Versuch wird ausgeftihrt, indem ein Blech am Rande kreisformig eingespannt und in der Mitte durch einen kugelformigen Stempel eingedrtickt wird. Die Tiefe des Eindrucks (oder der Beule) in mm, die erforderlich ist um Bruch hervorzurufen, ist der Erichsen-Wert. 16. Biegeprobe.—(a) Winkel, um den das Material gebogen werden kann ohne zu brechen; oder (6) die Zahl der Biegungen um einen bestimmten Durchmesser: oder (c) der kleinste Durchmesser, um den die Probe um einen bestimmten Winkel gebogen werden kann. 16. Schlag- oder Stossfestigkeit.—(Bibliography on Impact Testing, Whittemore; Proc. A. S. T. M., 1922.) Gibt die Eigenschaften eines Materials an, Stossbeanspruchungen zu widerstehen und ist von besonderem Wert zur Feststellung des Einflusses von Warmebehandlung. Der gefundene Schlagfestigkeitswert hangt von der Form der Probe und der Art des Apparates ab, beides muss also festgelegt werden. 17. Widerstand gegen Ermudung.—Widerstand eines Materials gegen wiederholte, zwischen zwei bestimmten Spannungsgrenzen

8. Riduzione di area.—Percentuale di riduzione di area calcolata come rapporto della differenza tra 1'area del provino prima e dopo Ia rottura (nel punto dove e avvenuta Ia rottura) e Tarea originale. La riduzione di area indica generalmente Ia duttilita dei materiali. 9. Rapporto di Poisson.—Il rapporto della contrazione laterale per unita di diametro e P allungamento longitudinale, riferito alia unita di allungamento di una barra sottoposta, nei suoi estremi, a sollecitazioni di tensione entro i limiti di elasticita del materiale. 10. Modulo di elasticity (a) alia trazione, (b) alia compressione.—Il rapporto del valore dello sforzo entro i limiti di proporzionalita e Ie corrispondenti deformazioni determinate con un estensometro molto precise. Determinazioni accurate del modulo di elasticita sono fatte sopra una lunghezza calibrata del provino di almeno mm 203,2. 11. Modulo di elasticita al taglio.—Rapporto del valore dello sforzo entro i limiti proporzionali corrispondenti alle deformazioni angolari espresse in radianti. La relazione teorica che esiste tra il modulo di elasticita al taglio e il modulo di elasticita e: dove G e il modulo di elasticita al taglio, E quello di allungamento e X il rapporto di Poisson. E molto difficile eseguire un esperimento per misurare direttamente il valore di G, a causa della presenza di altri sforzi. Generalmente viene determinate eseguendo una prova di torsione sopra una barra rotonda. 12. Numero di durezza Brinell.—Rapporto tra il carico applicato sopra una sfera che penetra nel materiale sottoposto alia prova e Parea della impronta prodotta. La sfera tipo e del diametro di mm 10 ed e di acciaio temprato. I carichi applicati sono: (a) kg 3000: (b) kg 500. Il tempo di applicazione del carico e di 30 secondi. I valori riportati nelle tabelle si riferiscono alia misura delParea fatta in base al diametro delPimpronta sf erica.

dove P & il carico in kg, h Ia profondita delPimpronta, D il diametro della sfera adoperata e d il diametro della impronta. La durezza Brinell ha una cert a relazione col carico di trazione, e Ie deter minazioni della durezza possono servire a determinare appunto i carichi di trazione, in via approssimativa, mediante un fattore di conversione caratteristico per il materiale in esame. 13. Durezza allo scleroscopio di Shore.—Altezza del rimbalzo di un martello munito di una punta di diamante che cade sulPoggetto da una altezza nota e determinata, percorrendo un tubo sotto Paccelerazione dovuta al proprio peso. Per materiali molto teneri si usa un martello " moltiplicatore" invece del martello comune chiamato "universale," ed i valori possono essere convertiti in corrispondenti valori del martello universale moltiplicando Ia lettura per %. 14. Valori di Erichsen.—La prova si fa appoggiando il foglio di lamiera contro un anello e deformandolo nel centro a mezzo di un utensile pure sferico. La profondita delPimpressione in mm, che si ha per ottenere Ia frattura, e il valore di Erichsen. 15. Prove di piegamento.—(a) Angolo di cui il materiale puo essere piegato senza fratturarsi, oppure: (b) numero di piegature attorno ad un predeterminato diametro, oppure: (c) diametro minimo attorno al quale il provino pu6 essere piegato percorrendo un determinato angolo. 16. Resistenza all'urto.—(Bibliography on Impact Testing, Whittemore, Proc. A. S. T. M., 1922.) Indica Ia resistenza del materiale alPurto, ed ha particolare valore per accertare !'influenza dei trattamenti termici. Il valore all'urto dipende dalla forma del provino e dal tipo della macchina, ed entrambi questi elementi devono essere specificati.

17. Fatigue Resistance.—Resistance of material to a load varying continuously and cyclically between two fixed stress values. Numerical values of Fatigue Resistance for the case of zero mean stress (Reversed Stresses) may be given as follows: 17a. Fatigue Strength.—The numerical values of upper and lower limits of stress cycle which cause failure after a definite number of repetitions. 17b. Endurance Limit.—The value of the upper (or lower) limit of stress cycle which is just insufficient to cause failure after a stated number of repetitions have been endured. 17c. True Endurance Limit.—The limiting value of the endurance limit, i.e., the upper limit of a cycle of stress which can be applied an indefinitely great number of times without causing failure. The true endurance limit can never, of course, be determined experimentally. For many materials, however, it is found that if values of fatigue strength are plotted against the number of cycles ./V to fracture (logarithmically or semi-logarithmically) the resulting curve tends to become parallel to the N axis, affording strong evidence of the existence of a "true endurance limit." Numerical values of fatigue resistance for cycles of stress whose mean stress is not zero may be given by stating the upper and lower limits of the stress cycles corresponding to 17a above, or by stating the value of the mean stress and the range (or semirange) of the cycle. Consequently, corresponding to the above we shall have: 17d. Fatigue Strength Range. 17e. Endurance Range. 17f. True Endurance Range. 18. Ductility.—The ductility is the elongation of the test specimen measured after rupture on a distance distributed symmetrically on both sides of the place of rupture, and should be specified in % of the original length of the distance. 19. Acetyl Value.—Defined as g KOH (56.1) to neutralize the acetic acid from 1000 g acetylated oil ( 1 J 2 * 7 ). It gives hydroxyacids + alcohols + oxidized fatty acids + unknown acids + mono- and di-glycerides + rancidity ( 7 ). 20. Iodine Value.—Per cent !2 or its equivalent of other halogen absorbed ( 3 » 6 » 1 2 » 13). Heat of bromination is proportional to I-value for most non-oxidized oils and fats ( 4 > 8). 21. Saponification Value.—Mg KOH for complete saponification of 1 g of the oil, fat or wax. The corresponding mean equivalent weight of the substance is the "saponification equivalent." (5) gives a method for cold saponification. 22. Hehner Value.—Per cent insoluble fatty acids + unsaponifiables. 23. Polenske Value.—Proportion of insoluble volatile fatty acids (in terms of cm3 of 0.17V KOH per 5 g of fat) obtained by Polenske's method of distillation ( 10 ). 24. Acid Value.—Mg KOH required to neutralize the free fatty acids in 1 g of oil or fat. The free fatty acids are also often expressed as a percentage of the principal fatty acid in the fat. Except in the case of the waxes, this value is not a constant, but varies with the degree of hydrolysis of the fat. 25. Reichert-Meissl Value.—Soluble volatile fatty acids in terms of 0.1N KOH per 5 g fat, under Meissl's test conditions (». ".U).

LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) (1) Benedikt and Ulzer, 57, 8: 41; 87. ( 2 ) Griin, Oel-Fett Industrie, 1: 339, 364; 19. (3) Hanus, 279, 4: 913; 01. ( 4 ) Hehner and Mitchell, 173, 20: 146; 95. ( 5 ) Henriques, 92, 8: 721; 95. 9: 221; 96. ( 6 ) Hiibl, 112, 253: 281; 84. (7) Lewkowitch, 173, 24: 319; 99. ( 8 ) Harden, 45, 8: 121; 16. ( 9 ) Meissl, 112, 233: 229; 79. (10) Polenske, 279, 7: 273; 04. (") Reichert, 91, 18: 68; 79. (") Waller, 136, 19: 1831; 95. (13) Wijs, 25, 31: 750; 98. ( 1 ^) Wollner, 173, 12: 203; 87. 352, 16: 609; 87.

17. Resistance a Ia fatigue.—Resistance des mate*riaux soumis a une sollicitation variant d'une fagon continue et periodique entre deux valeurs fixes. Les valeurs numeriques de Ia resistance a Ia fatigue pour Ie cas d'un effort moyen nul (efforts alternatifs) peuvent £tre donne*es comme suit: 17a. Resistance a Ia fatigue.—Ce sont les valeurs numeriques des limites superieures et inferieures du cycle de tension qui produisent Ia rupture apres un nombre defini de repetitions de !'effort. 17b. Limite d'endurance.—C'est Ia valeur de Ia limite supe*rieure (ou inferieure) du cycle de tension qui est juste insuffisante pour produire Ia rupture apres un nombre defini de repetitions de !'effort. 17c. Limite d*endurance vraie.—C'est Ia valeur limite de Ia limite d'endurance, c'est-a-dire Ia limite superieure d'un cycle de tension, qui peut etre applique un nombre indefini de fois sans produire Ia rupture. La limite d'endurance vraie ne peut naturellement jamais etre de*terminee experimentalement. Cependant, pour plusieurs materiaux, on a constate que si 1'on represente graphiquement les valeurs de Ia resistance a Ia fatigue en fonction du nombre de cycles N jusqu'a rupture (logarithmiquement ou semi-logarithmiquement), Ia courbe qui en resulte tend a devenir parallele a 1'axe des N9 mettant ainsi bien en evidence !'existence d'une "limite d'endurance vraie." Les valeurs numeriques de Ia resistance a Ia fatigue pour des cycles de tension dont Ia valeur moyenne n'est pas zero, peuvent etre obtenues en fixant Ia limite superieure et Ia limite inferieure des cycles de tension correspondant a 17a ci-dessus, ou en fixant Ia valeur de Ia tension moyenne et !'amplitude (ou demi amplitude) du cycle. Par consequent, correspondant a ce que nous avons ci-dessus, nous aurons: 17d. Amplitude de Ia resistance a Ia fatigue. 17e. Amplitude d'endurance. 17f. Amplitude d'endurance vraie. 18. Ductilite.—La ductilite est 1'allongement d'une eprouvette essayee, mesure apres rupture sur une distance repartie symetriquement de part et d'autre de Ia section de rupture. ElIe doit etre exprimee en % de Ia longueur initiale entre reperes. 19. Indice d'acetyle.—Il est defini par Ie nombre de g de KOH (56,1) necessaires pour neutraliser 1'acide acetique de 1000 g d'huile acetylee ( 1 J 2 * 7). Il donne les hydroxyacides + alcools + les acides gras oxydes + acides inconnus + mono et diglycerides + rancidite. 20. Indice d'iode.—Pourcentage de !2 ou son Equivalent d'un autre halogene absorbe ( 3 » 6 > 1 2 > 13). La chaleur de bromuration est proportionnelle d, 1'indice d'iode pour Ia plupart des huiles et graisses non oxydees ( 4 » 8). 21. Indice de saponification.—Mg KOH pour Ia saponification complete de 1 g d'huile, graisse ou cire. Le poids equivalent moyen correspondant a Ia substance est "!' equivalent de saponification." ( 5 ) donne une methode pour Ia saponification a froid. 22. Indice de Hehner.—Pourcent d'acides gras insolubles + insaponifiables. 23. Indice de Polenske.—Proportion d'acides gras volatils insolubles (exprimes en cm3 de Q,1N KOH pour 5 g de graisse) obtenue par Ia methode de distillation de Polenske (10). 24. Indice d'acide.—Mg KOH necessaires pour neutraliser les acides libres contenus dans 1 g d'huile ou de graisse. On exprime aussi souvent les acides gras libres en pourcent des acides gras principaux contenus dans Ia graisse. Excepte dans Ie cas des cires, cette valeur n'est pas une constante, mais elle varie avec Ie degre d'hydrolyse de Ia graisse. 25. Indice de Reichert-Meissl.—Acides gras volatils, solubles exprimes en O.IN KOH pour 5 g de graisse, suivant les conditions de 1'essai de Meissl ( 9 > 11 J 14 ).

schwingenden Beanspruchungen. Zahlenmassige Werte fiir den Ermiidungswiderstand konnen ftir den Fall, dass der Spannungsmittelwert Null 1st (vollkommene Umkehrung der Spannung nach Richtung und Grosse) folgendermassen ausgedriickt werden: 17a. Ermudungsfestigkeit.—Die zahlenmassigen Werte der oberen und unteren Grenzen des Spannungswechsels, welche nach einer bestimmten Anzahl von Wiederholungen Bruch hervorrufen. 17b. Dauerbruchgrenze.—Der Wert der oberen (od. unteren) Grenze des Spannungswechsels, welcher gerade noch nicht ausreicht, um den Bruch nach einer bestimmten Zahl von der Probe erlittener Lastwechsel hervorzurufen. 17c. Wahre Dauerbruchgrenze.—Der Grenzwert der Ermiidungsgrenze, d.h., die obere Grenze eines Spannungswechsels, welcher unbegrenzt haufig—ohne Bruch zu verursachen—angewandt werden kann. Die wahre Dauerbruchgrenze kann selbstverstandlich niemals experimentell bestimmt werden. Sie ist jedoch fiir viele Materialien festgestellt, sobald man die Werte der Ermudungsfestigkeit in Abhangigkeit von der Zahl der Spannungswechsel N, die zum Bruch fiihren, logarithmisch (oder fiir die eine Achse logarithmisch) aufgetragen, darstellt, die sich ergebende Kurve parallel zur ?7-Achse zu verlaufen strebt und damit einen sicheren Anhalt fur das Vorhandensein einer "wahren Dauerbruchgrenze" bietet. Zahlenmassige Werte des Widerstandes gegen Ermudung fiir Lastwechselfolgen, deren Spannungsmittelwerte nicht Null sind, konnen wiedergegeben werden durch Angabe der oberen und unteren Grenzen des Spannungswechsels, entsprechend 17a oder durch Angabe des Spannungsmittelwertes und der ganzen (oder halben) Amplitude. Entsprechend obigem, kann man demnach setzen: 17d. Ermudungsfestigkeit fiir bestimmte Spannungswechsel. 17e. Dauerbruchfestigkeit fur bestimmte Spannungswechsel. 17f. Wahre Dauerbruchfestigkeit fiir bestimmte Spannungswechsel. 18. Formanderungsfahigkeit—Die Formanderungsfahigkeit ist die Verlangerung des Probestabes, gemessen nach dem Bruch auf eine Lange, die symmetrisch zu beiden Seiten der Bruchstelle verteilt ist. Sie ist in Prozenten der urspriinglichen Messlange anzugeben. 19. Acetyl-Zahl.—Gibt die Gramme KOH (56,1) an, die fiir die Neutralisation der Essigsaure in 1000 g des acetylierten Oles notwendig sind ( 1 I 2 ? 7 ) . Damit sind bestimmt: Oxysauren + Alkohole + oxydierte Fettsauren + unbekannte Sauren + Mono und Diglyceride -f Ranzigkeit ( 7 ). 20. Jod-Zahl.—1st durch Prozente Jod bestimmt( Equivalent den anderen absorbierbaren Halogenen) ( 3 > 6 > 12 » 13). Die Bromierungs-Warme ist proportional der Jod-Zahl bei den meisten nicht oxydierten Fetten ( 4 » 8). 21. Verseifungs-Zahl.—Gibt die mg KOH an die fiir die vollstandige Verseifung von 1 g Fett, Ol, Wachs notwendig sind. Das entsprechende mittlere Aquivalent-Gewicht der Substanz ist das "Verseifungs-Aquivalent." ( 5 ) gibt eine Methode fiir die Verseifung in der KaIte. 22. Hehner'sche-Zahl.—1st Prozente unlosliche Fettsauren + Un verseif bares. 23. Polenske-Zahl.—Gibt die Anzahl cm3 0.1N KOH an die notig sind, um die fliichtigen unloslichen Fettsauren fiir 5 g Fett zu neutralisieren, die entsprechend der Destillationsmethode nach Polenske (10) erhalten werden. 24. Saure-Zahl.—1st die Anzahl mg KOH die fiir die Neutralisation der freien Fettsauren von 1 g Ol oder Fett notwendig sind. Die freien Fettsauren werden ofters in Prozenten der Hauptfettsaure im Fett angegeben. Mit Ausnahme bei den Wachsarten ist diese Zahl nicht konstant und andert sich mit dem Grade der Hydrolyse des Fettes. 25. Reichert-MeissPsche-Zahl.—Losliche fluchtige Fettsauren ausgedriickt in cm3 O.liV KOH fiir 5 g Fett, bestimmt nach dem Vorgange von Meissl ( 9 » 1 1 J 1 4 ).

17. Resistenza alia fatica.—Resistenza del materiale sottoposto a sforzi variant! in modo continue e ciclico tra due valori fissi. Valori numerici della resistenza alia fatica nel caso di uno sforzo medio eguale a zero (sforzi invertiti) possono essere indicati nella maniera seguente: 17a. Resistenza alia fatica.—I valori numerici dei limiti superiore ed inferiore delle sollecitazioni cicliche che producono rottura dopo un numero definite dei ripetizioni. 17b. Limite di durata.—Valore superiore (o inferiore) della massima sollecitazione ciclica insufficiente a produrre Ia rottura dopo essere stata applicata un determinate numero di volte. 17c. Limite vero (o pratico) di durata.—Valore limite del limite di durata, cioe valore superiore della massima sollecitazione ciclica che pud essere applicata un gran numero di volte senza produrre rottura. Naturalmente, il vero limite di durata non puo mai essere determinato sperimentalmente. Tuttavia, per molti materiali si e trovato che, se si riportano in un diagramma i valori della sollecitazione in funzione del numero di cicli N che producono Ia frattura (logaritmicamente o semilogaritmicamente) Ia curva risultante tende a divenire parallela alFasse N mostrando all' evidenza che esiste un "vero limite di durata." Valori numerici di resistenza alia fatica per sollecitazioni cicliche nelle quali i valori medi delle sollecitazioni sono diversi a zero possono essere dati stabilendo i lirniti superiore ed inferiore dei cicli delle sollecitazioni corrispondenti a 17«, oppure stabilendo il valore della sollecitazione media e Tintervallo (o semintervallo) del ciclo. Di conseguenza, d'accordo con quanto sopra si avra: 17d. Ampiezza delle oscillazioni tra i valori delle sollecitazioni cicliche alia fatica. 17e. Ampiezza od oscillazioni di durata. 17f. Ampiezza od oscillazioni pratiche di durata. 18. Duttilita.—La duttilita e Fallungamento del provino, e viene misurata dopo Ia rottura sopra una lunghezza distribuita simmetricamente da entrambe Ie parti del punto di rottura. Essa e specificata in percento della lunghezza originale primitiva. 19. Numero di acetile.—Indica i grammi di KOH (56,1) necessari per neutralizzare Facido acetico in 1000 g di olio acetilato (1J 2 > 7). Esso e in relazione: con gli ossiacidi + gli alcooli + gli acidi grassi ossidati + acidi sconosciuti H- mono e digliceridi, + Ia rancidita ( 7 ). 20. Numero di iodio.—Percento di I2 (o suo equivalente di altri alogeni) fissato ( 3 » 6 > 1 2 > 1 3 ). Il calore di bromurazione e proporzionale al numero di iodio per Ia maggior parte degli olii e grassi non ossidati ( 4 > 8). 21. Numero di saponificazione.—Mg di KOH necessari per Ia completa saponificazione di 1 g di olio, grasso o cera. Il corrispondente peso equivalente medio della sostanza e "Fequivalente di saponificazione." ( 5 ) da un metodo di saponificazione a freddo. 22. Numero di Hehner.—Percento di acidi grassi isolubili -fsostanze insaponificabili. 23. Numero di Polenske.—Quantita di acidi grassi volatili insolubili (riferito in cm3 di KOH O. IAT per 5 g di grasso) ottenuta col metodo di distillazione di Polenske (10). 24. Numero di acidita.—Mg di KOH richiesti per neutralizzare gli acidi grassi liberi di 1 g di olio o grasso. Gli acidi grassi liberi sono spesso riferiti come percentuale delFacido principale contenuto nel grasso. AlFinfuori del caso delle cere questo numero non e una costante, ma varia col grado di idrolisi del grasso. 25. Numero di Reichert-Meissl.—Acidi grassi volatili solubili, espressi in cm3 di KOH O. IN per 5 g di grasso, ottenuti nelle condizioni di procedimento Meissl ( 9 > 11 J 14 ),

INTERNATIONAL CRITICAL TABLES STRENGTH AND RELATED PROPERTIES OF WOODS CONTENTS North America. Philippines. Canada. British Empire. Denmark. Dutch East Indies. Japan and Eastern Asia. Tropical America.

MATIÈRES Amérique du Nord. Iles des Philippines. Canada. L'Empire Brittanique. Danemark. Indes Néerlandaises. Japon et l'Asie Orientale. L'Amérique Tropicale.

INHALTSVERZEICHNIS Nord Amerika. Philippinen. Canada. Grossbritanien. Dänemark. Niederländisch Indien. Japan und östliches Asien. Amerika der Tropen.

INDICE

PAGE

America Settentrionale Filippine Canada Impero Brittanico Danimarca Indie Orientali Ollandesi. . Giappone ed Asie Orientale America Tropicale

2 4 4 16 34 35 36 39

COLUMN HEADINGS

ENTÊTES DES COLONNES

KOPFTITEL

TITOLI DELLE COLONNE

Index number. Botanical name. Family; genus and species. Common name. Place of growth of material tested. Seasoning condition. Bulk density of wood substance ; oven-dry weight divided by volume in condition stated.

Nombre index. Nom botanique. Famille; genres et espèces. Nom commun. Lieu où a poussé le matériel soumis aux essais. Condition de séchage à l'air. Densité apparente du bois; poids du bois séché au four divisé par le volume dans la condition spécifiée.

Numeri indice. Nome botanico. Famiglia; genere e specie. Nome comune. Luogo di origine del materiale esaminato. Condizione di stagionatura. Densità della sostanza legnosa: peso dopo seccata al forno diviso per il volume nella condizione stabilita.

Bulk density of piece; weight of sample divided by its v o l u m e in condition stated. Oven-dry. Green. Air-dry. Moisture content. Shrinkage from green to ovendry condition.

Densité apparente de la pièce; poids de l'éprouvette divisé par son volume dans la condition spécifiée. Séché au four. Vert. Séché à l'air. Teneur en humidité. Retrait à partir du bois vert lorsque séché au four.

Index Nummer. Botanischer Name. Familie; Genus und Art. Gebräuchlicher Name. Ort an dem das untersuchte Material gewachsen ist. Trocknungsbedingungen. Raumgewicht des Holzes; Gewicht nach der Ofentrocknung dividiert durch das Volumen im angegebenem Zustand. Raumgewicht des Stückes: Gewicht der Probe dividiert durch das Volumen im angegebenem Zustand. Ofen trocken. Frisch (grün). Luft trocken. Feuchtigkeitsgehalt. Schwinden vom frischen bis zum Ofen trockenem Zustand.

Static and impact bending; compression parallel or perpendicular to grain.

Essai de flexion statique et au choc; compression parallèle et perpendiculaire àia fibre.

Fiber stress at elastic limit.

Tension de la fibre à Ia limite élastique. Module de rupture. Module d'élasticité. Travail jusqu'à la limite élastique. Travail jusqu'à charge maximum. Travail total. Hauteur de chute occasionnant une rupture complète. Résistance maximum à l'écrasement. Cisaillement tension perpendiculaire à la fibre; dureté; clivage.

Modulus of rupture. Modulus of elasticity. Work to elastic limit. Work to maximum load. Total work. Height of drop causing complete failure. Maximum crushing strength. Shear; tension perpendicular to grain; hardness; cleavage.

Statische und dynamische Biegefestigkeit; Druck parallel oder senkrecht zur Faser. Faserspannung an der Elastizitätsgrenze. Bruchfestigkeit. Elastizitätsmodulus. Arbeit bis zur Elastizitätsgrenze. Arbeit bis zur Höchstlast.

Densità del pezzo: peso del campione diviso per il suo volume nella condizione stabilita. Seccato al forno. Verde. Seccato all'aria. Contenuto di umidità. Contrazione dallo stato verde a quello di essiccamento nel forno. Incurvamento alla flessione statica e all'urto; compressione parallela o perpendicolare alla vena del legno. Trazione della fibra al limite di elasticità. Modulo di rottura. Modulo di elasticità. Lavoro fino al limite di elasticità. Lavoro fino al carico massimo.

Gesamtarbeit. Fallhöhe die zum. »vollkommenem Bruch führt. Schlagfestigkeit.

Lavoro totale. Altezza del peso causante completa rottura. Massima forza schiacciante.

Scherung; Druck senkrecht zur Faser; Härte; Spaltbarkeit.

Taglio ; tensione perpendicolare alla vena; durezza; fendimento.

I. NORTH AMERUNITED STATES FOREST The following data on certain woods of North America are based on an extensive series of tests of small specimens free of defects. All the tests were conducted under a uniform procedure, so that the results are strictly comparable. Analysis of the test figures has made it possible to establish definite density-strength relations, which are represented by the equations given in the first section of the table (Table 1). These equations are all of the parabolic type, the degree being determined to the nearest quarterunit. By substituting the appropriate specific gravity for a given species (columns 8 and 9) in the equation for any property, the value of the corresponding property may be obtained. In most species, however, there is a very considerable departure of average test results from the general equation values, although very few species, thus far investigated, are either wholly above or wholly below normal, all properties considered. Since the deviation of a property from the normal value as determined by the equation often indicates the special fitness or unfitness of the species for a particular use, it becomes necessary to supplement the equations with departure factors, for the properties of each species. Such factors, expressed as percentages and listed in order below the respective equations, make up the second part of Table 1. By multiplying the value, F, computed by the equation, by the proper correction factor, the actual average value for the property and species in question may be determined. Example: To find the modulus of rupture of air-dried shagbark hickory. The finding list shows this to be No. 62, Hicoria ovata. From the equation of column 15 we find F = 18.1 Dj'25. For No. 62 we find (column 9) Dd = 0.724 and (column 15) correction factor = 119%, whence F = 1.19 X 18.1 X (0.724)1-25 = 14.4 kg/mm2 = 14.4 X 1422 = 20 500 lb./in.2 The test methods that were used conform to Tentative Standard D143-24T of the American Society for Testing Materials, as set forth in Proc. A. S. T. M. 939; 24. (General description in U. S. Dept. Agr., Bull. No. 556.) The principal data relating to the procedure for each kind of test are summarized as follows: Shrinkage in Volume.—Specimen 5.08 X 5.08 X 15.24 cm (2 X 2 X 6 in.). Volume determined when green (unseasoned) and after oven-drying to constant weight at 10O0C. Specimens thoroughly air-seasoned prior to drying in oven. Shrinkage, Radial and Tangential.—Specimen 2.54 X 10.16 X 2.54 cm (1 X 4 X 1 in.). Width measured when green (unseasoned) and after oven-drying to constant weight at 10O0C. Specimens thoroughly air-seasoned prior to drying in oven. Static Bending.—Specimen 5.08 X 5.08 X 76.20 cm (2 X 2 X 30 in.). Center loading, 71.12 cm (28 in.) span. Load applied by testing machine head moving 0.254 cm (0.10 in.) per min. Total work is defined as that obtained by continuing the test until either a 15.24 cm (6 in.) deflection is reached or the load falls to 90.7 kg (200 Ib.) or less. Impact Bending.—Specimen and span, as above. 22.7 kg (50 Ib.) hammer dropped first from 2.54 cm (1 in.) height, next from 5.08 cm (2 in.) height, etc., up to 25.4 cm (10 in.), then from height increments of 5.08 cm (2 in.) until failure. Compression Parallel to Grain.—Specimen 5.08 X 5.08 X 20.32 cm ( 2 X 2 X 8 in.). End load, testing machine head moving 0.061 cm (0.024 in.) per min.

Les données indiquées ici, relatives à certains bois de l'Amérique du Nord, sont basées sur une série d'expériences faites sur de petites éprouvettes exemptes de défauts. Tous les essais ayant été effectués suivant une procédure uniforme, les résultats sont donc strictement comparables. L'analyse des chiffres obtenus aux essais a permis d'établir des relations définies entre la densité et la résistance, qui sont représentées par les équations inscrites dans la première section de la table (Table 1). Ces équations sont toutes du type parabolique, le degré étant déterminé au quart d'unité le plus proche. En substituant le poids spécifique approprié pour une espèce donnée (colonnes 8 et 9) dans l'équation relative à une propriété donnée, on peut obtenir la valeur correspondante de la propriété. Cependant pour la plupart des espèces il y a un écart considérable entre les résultats moyens des essais et les valeurs déduites de l'équation générale; pour autant que les expériences effectuées l'ont démontré, il n'y a qu'un petit nombre d'espèces qui sont, ou en entier au-dessus ou en entier au-dessous de la normale pour toutes les propriétés considérées. Comme l'écart d'une propriété de la valeur normale, ainsi qu'elle est déterminée par l'équation, indique souvent la convenance spéciale de l'espèce pour un usage particulier, ou sa non-convenance, il est nécessaire de compléter les équations par des facteurs de correction pour les propriétés de chaque espèce. Ces facteurs, exprimés en pourcentage et inscrits dans l'ordre au-dessous des équations respectives, constituent la deuxième partie de la Table 1. En multipliant la valeur F calculée au moyen de l'équation par le facteur de correction convenable, on peut déterminer la valeur moyenne de la propriété de l'espèce en question. Exemple: Soit à déterminer le module de rupture du "shagbark hickory" séché à l'air. La liste de recherches montre qu'il s'agit du No. 62 Hicoria ovata. De l'équation de la colonne 15 on trouve F = 18,1 D1/6. On trouve pour le No. 62 (colonne 9) Dd = 0,724 et (colonne 15) le facteur de correction = 119%, d'où F = 1,19 X 18,1 X (0,724P-2* = 14,4 kg/mm2 = 14,4 X 1422 = 20 500 Ib./in.2 Les méthodes d'essais qui ont été utilisées sont conformes à l'examen type D143-24T de la société américaine pour l'essai des matériaux, ainsi qu'elles sont décrites dans Proc. A. S. T. M. 939: 24 (cf. U. S. Dept. Agr. Bull. 556). Les données principales relatives à la procédure pour chaque sorte d'essai sont rassemblées ci-dessous : Retrait en volume.—Eprouvette 5,08 X 5,08 X 15,24 cm (2 X 2 X 6 pouces). Le volume est déterminé lorsque le bois est vert, puis, après séchage à poids constant au four à 10O0C. Avant le séchage au four, les éprouvettes sont complètement séchées à l'air. Retrait radial et tangentiel.—Eprouvette 2,54 X 10,16 X 2,54 cm (1 X 4 X 1 pouce). La largeur est mesurée sur le bois vert et après séchage à poids constant, au four à 10O0C. Avant le séchage au four, les éprouvettes sont complètement séchées à l'air. Essai de flexion statique.—Eprouvette 5,08 X 5,08 X 76,20 cm (2 X 2 X 30 pouces) ; charge centrale; portée 71,12 cm (28 pouces). La charge est appliquée par une machine à essai dont la pièce mobile se déplace de 0,254 cm (0,10 pouces) à la minute. Le travail total est défini par celui qu'on obtient en continuant l'essai jusqu'à ce qu'une flèche de 15,25 cm soit obtenue, ou que la charge tombe à 90,7 kg (200 Ib.) ou moins.

ICAN WOODS PRODUCTS LABORATORY Die hier angegebenen Werte bestimmter nordamerikanischer Hölzer ergeben sich aus einer ausgedehnten Serie von Prüfungen an einer kleinen Zahl von fehlerfreien Arten. Alle Prüfungen sind bei einheitlichem Vorgange ausgeführt worden, so, dass sie direkt vergleichbar sind. Die Analysen der Zahlenwerte der Prüfungsergebnisse machten es möglich gewisse Beziehungen zwischen Dichte und Festigkeit aufzustellen, die durch Gleichungen im ersten Abschnitt der Tafel l wiedergegeben sind. Diese Gleichungen sind alle vom parabolischen Typus, der Exponent in der Gleichung ist auf die nächste Viertel-Einheit bestimmt. Durch Einsetzung des entsprechenden spezifischen Gewichtes für eine bestimmte Art (Reihe 8 und 9) in die Gleichung für ihrgend eine Eigenschaft, erhält man den Wert für die entsprechende Eigenschaft. Bei vielen Arten jedoch ist eine bemerkenswerte Abweichung des durchschnittlichen Wertes des Prüfungsergebnisses von dem Werte, der sich aus der allgemeinen Gleichung ergibt, vorhanden. Es gibt indessen nur sehr wenige Arten, so weit untersucht, deren berücksichtigten Eigenschaften zur Gänze entweder über oder unter dem normalen Werten liegen. Da die Abweichung einer Eigenschaft, von dem durch die Gleichung erhaltenen Wert, häufig die besondere Eignung oder Nichteignung einer Art für eine besondere Verwendung anzeigt, wird es notwendig, für die Eigenschaft jeder einzelnen Art die Gleichung durch einen Abweichungsfaktor zu ergänzen. Solche Faktoren, in Prozenten ausgedrückt, befinden sich geordnet unter den entsprechenden Gleichungen und machen den zweiten Teil der Tafel l aus. Durch Multiplikation des Wertes F, der nach der Gleichung gefunden ist, mit dem eigenen Korrektionsfaktor, erhält man richtige Mittelwerte für die Eigenschaft des fraglichen Musters. Beispiel: Es ist die Bruchfestigkeit von lufttrockenem Hykorynussbaum zu finden. Die Nachschlagsliste zeigt, dass dies No. 62 Hicoria ovata ist. Aus der Gleichung der Reihe 15 findet man F = 18,1 D*'26. Für No. 62 findet man (Reihe 9) Dd = 0,724 und (Reihe 15) den Korrektionsfaktor = 119%, mithin

I valori qui riportati per certi legni delPAmerica del Nord sono il risultato di una estesa serie di prove eseguite sopra un piccolo numero di specie senza difetti. Tutti i saggi sono stati condotti con lo stesso metodo, per modo che i risultati sono strettamente confrontabili. L'esame dei valori numerici ha permesso di stabilire alcune relazioni fra densità e resistenza, le quali sono rappresentate dalle equazioni riprodotte nella prima parte della tabella (Tabella 1). Queste equazioni sono tutte di tipo parabolico, e il grado è determinato con l'approssimazione del quarto dell'unità. Introducendo nell'equazione per una data proprietà il peso specifico di una determinata specie (colonne 8 e 9) si ottiene il valore della proprietà corrispondente. In molte specie la media dei risultati dei saggi scarta notevolmente dai valori che si ottengono dall'equazione generale; solo in poche però, tutti i valori sono sempre al di sopra e sempre al di sotto dei normali. Siccome lo scarto di una proprietà dal valore risultante dall' equazione sta spesso ad indicare se una specie è adatta o no ad uno speciale impiego, è necessario completare le equazioni con dei fattori di correzione per le proprietà di ogni specie. Questi fattori, espressi in percento, sono riportati sotto le equazioni corrispondenti e costituiscono la seconda parte della Tabella 1. Moltiplicando» il valore F dato dall'equazione per il rispettivo fattore di correzione, si ottengono valori medi esatti per la proprietà del campione in questione. Esempio: Si debba trovare la resistenza alla rottura dello "shagbark hickory" seccato all'aria. Dall'elenco di riferimento si ricava che si tratta del No. 62, Hicoria ovata. Dall'equazione della colonna 15 si ha F = 18,1 T)^-25. Per il No. 62 si trova Dd = 0,724 (colonna 9) e come fattore di correzione 119 % (colonna 15), per modo che si ha

F = 1,19 X 18,1 X (0,72^1'26 = 14,4 kg/mm 2 Die angewandten Prüfungsmethoden entsprechen der Standard Prüfung D143-24T der American Society for Testing Materials, wie es in Proc. A. S. T. M. 939; 24 (cf. U. S. Dep. Agr. Bull. 556) mitgeteilt wird. Die hauptsächlichsten Angaben, die den Vorgang bei jeder besonderen Prüfung bezeichnen, sind zusammengestellt, die folgenden: Volumabnahme (Schwindung).—Muster 5,08 X 5,08 X 15,24 cm. Das Volumen wurde in unausgetrocknetem Zustande und dann nach der Trocknung im Ofen bei 10O0C, bis zum konstantem Gewicht bestimmt. Die Proben waren vor der Ofentrocknung vollständig lufttrocken. Volumabnahme, tangential und radial.—Muster 2,54 X 10,16 X 2,54 cm. Die Masse sind im ungetrocknetem Zustande abgenommen und dann nach der Ofentrocknung bei 10O0C, bis zum konstantem Gewicht bestimmt. Die Proben waren vor der Ofentrocknung vollständig lufttrocken. Statischer Biegeversuch.—Muster 5,08 X 5,08 X 76,20 cm, Mittelbelastung, 71,12 cm Spannweite, Belastung durch eine Festigkeitsmaschine, derart, dass die Durchbiegung 0,254 cm in der Minute beträgt. Die gesammt Arbeit ist diejenige, die bei

I metodi di prova adoperati corrispondono alle norme D143-24T della American Society for Testing Materials, quali si trovano indicate nei Proc. A. S. T. M. 939; 24 (v. U. S. Dep. Agr. BuLL 556). Le indicazioni principali riferentisi a ogni specie di saggio sono le seguenti: Contrazione di volume,—Dimensioni della provetta 5,08 X 5,08 X 15,24 cm. Il volume viene determinato su legno non stagionato e su legno seccato in forno a 10O0C fino a costanza di peso. I provini vengono seccati completamente all'aria prima che nel forno. Diminuzione di volume, tangenziale e radiale.—Dimensioni della provetta 2,54 X 10,16 X 2,54 cm. La larghezza viene misurata su legno non stagionato e su legno seccato in forno a 10O0C fino a costanza di peso. Le provette vengono seccate completamente all'aria prima che nel forno. Flessione statica.—Dimensioni della provetta 5,08 X 5,08 X 76,20 cm. Carico centrale, distanza tra gli appoggi 71,12 cm. Il carico viene applicato con una macchina di prova in modo che la freccia di incurvamento cresca con la velocità di 0,254 cm al minuto. Il lavoro totale è quello che si ottiene prolungando il saggio finché o si raggiunge una freccia di 15,24 cm o il carico si abbassa a 90,7 kg o meno.

F = 1,19 X 18,1 X (0,724)!>25 = 14,4 kg/mm 2

Compression Perpendicular to Grain.—Specimen 5.08 X 5.08 X 15.24 cm ( 2 X 2 X 6 in.). Load applied to side through a steel plate 5.08 cm (2 in.) wide laid across center of piece and at right angles to its length, Yz of surface being thus directly subjected to compression; testing machine head moving 0.061 cm (0.024 in.) per min. Shear Parallel to Grain.—Specimen 5.08 X 5.08 X 6.35 cm (2 X 2 X 2.5 in.). Undercut at one end to permit shear over area 5.08 X 5.08 cm (2 X 2 in.); testing machine head moving 0.038 cm (0.015 in.) per min. Tension Perpendicular to Grain.—Specimen as above. Transverse recess bored at each end to permit gripping for tension over 5.08 X 2.54 cm ( 2 X 1 in.) area; testing machine head moving 0.635 cm (0.25 in.) per min. Hardness.—Specimen 5.08 X 5.08 X 15.24 cm (2 X 2 X 6 in.). Load required to embed a steel ball having a maximum cross-sectional area of 1 cm2 to % its diam.; testing machine head moving 0.635 cm (0.25 in.) per minute. Cleavage Parallel to Grain.—Specimen 5.08 X 5.08 X 9.525 cm (2 X 2 X 3% in.). Transverse recess bored at one end to permit gripping for cleavage of specimen over 5.08 cm (2 in.) width and along a 7.62 cm (3 in.) length; testing machine head moving 0.635 cm (0.25 in.) per min.

Multiply Kg per mm 2 Kg-mm per mm 3 Meters Kg Kg per mm of width

CONVERSION FACTORS I By J To obtain 1422 Ib. per in.2 1422 in.-lb. per in.3 39.37 in. 2.205 Ib. 56 Ib. per in. of width

Essai de flexion par choc.—Eprouvette et portée comme ci-dessus. Un marteau de 22,7 kg (50 Ib.) tombe premièrement d'une hauteur de 2,54 cm (1 pouce), ensuite de 5,08 cm (2 pouces) de haut, etc., jusqu'à 25,4 cm (10 pouces), ensuite par augmentations successives de hauteur de 5,08 cm (2 pouces) jusqu'à rupture. Compression parallèle à la fibre.—Eprouvette 5,08 X 5,08 X 20,32 cm ( 2 X 2 X 8 pouces). Charge finale, machine à essai dont la pièce mobile se déplace de 0,061 cm par minute. Compression perpendiculaire à la fibre.—Eprouvette 5,08 X 5,08 X 15,24 cm ( 2 X 2 X 6 pouces). Charge appliquée sur le côté par l'intermédiaire d'une plaque d'acier de 5,08 cm de largeur disposée au milieu de la pièce et normalement à sa longueur, de façon que Yz de la surface soit soumis à la compression ; machine à essai dont la pièce mobile se déplace de 0,061 cm (0,024 pouce) par minute. Cisaillement parallèle à la fibre.—Eprouvette 5,08 X 5,08 X 6,35 cm (2 X 2 X 2}^ pouce). Ecrénée à une extrémité pour permettre le cisaillement sur une surface de 5,08 X 5,08 cm (2 X 2 pouces) ; machine à essai dont la pièce mobile se déplace de 0,038 cm (0,015 pouce) par minute. Traction perpendiculaire à la fibre.—Eprouvette comme ci-dessus. Niche transversale découpée à chaque extrémité de façon à permettre la traction sur une surface de 5,08 X 2,54 cm ( 2 X 1 pouce). Machine à essai dont la pièce mobile se déplace de 0,635 cm (0,25 pouce) par minute. Dureté.—Eprouvette 5,08 X 5,08 X 15,24 cm (2 X 2 X 6 pouces). Charge nécessaire pour enfoncer une bille d'acier ayant une section maximum de 1 cm^ de la moitié de son diamètre. Machine à essai dont la pièce mobile se déplace de 0,635 cm (0,25 pouce) par minute. Clivage parallèle à la fibre.—Eprouvette 5,08 X 5,08 X 9,525 cm (2 X 2 X 3% pouces). Niche transversale découpée à une extrémité de façon à permettre le clivage de l'éprouvette sur une largeur de 5,08 cm (2 pouces) et le long de 7,62 cm (3 pouces) ; machine à essai dont la pièce mobile se déplace de 0,635 cm (0,25 pouce) par minute.

WOODS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS

BOIS DES ILES PHILIPPINES

THE BUREAU OF FORESTRY AND THE BUREAU OF SCIENCE OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS

BUREAU DE SYLVICULTURE ET BUREAU DE SCIENCE DES ILES PHILIPPINES

Introduction

Introduction

Density and strength values for five woods of commerce have been determined. The testing methods used and manner of displaying the results are identical with those used by the U. S. Forest Products Laboratory and the results have therefore been incorporated at the end of Table 1 below.

Les valeurs de densité et de résistance ont été déterminées pour cinq bois du commerce. Les méthodes d'essais utilisées, et la façon de disposer les résultats sont identiques à celles utilisées par le U. S. Forest Products Laboratory (voir ci-dessus); c'est pourquoi les résultats ont été incorporés à la fin de la Table 1.

CANADIAN WOODS

BOIS CANADIENS

A number of the species listed in Table 1 below have also been tested by the Canadian Forest Products Laboratory, using samples obtained from trees grown in Canada. As far as can be definitely determined, these woods are substantially the same in properties as like species grown in the United States.

Un certain nombre d'espèces mentionnées au bas de la Table 1 ont aussi été essayées par le ''Laboratoire des Produits Forestiers Canadiens" qui employa des échantillons provenant d'arbres ayant poussé au Canada. Pour autant qu'on peut le déterminer d'une façon définie, ces bois sont les mêmes, au point de vue de leurs propriétés, que ceux des mêmes espèces croissant aux États-Unis.

fortgesetzter Prüfung entweder eine 15,24 cm Durchbiegung erreicht, oder das Gewicht fällt auf 90,7 kg oder weniger. Schlagbiegeversuch.—Muster und Grosse wie oben. Ein 22,7 kg Hammer fällt zuerst von 2,54 cm dann von 5,08 cm u. s. w. Höhe herunter, bis 25,4 cm, von hier an, in Höhenzunahmen um 5,08 cm bis zum Bruch. Druckversuch parallel zur Faserrichtung.—Muster 5,08 X 5,08 X 20,32 cm. Endlast, Festigkeitsmaschine derart, dass Zusammendrückung in der Minute 0,061 cm beträgt. Druck senkrecht zur Faserrichtungé—Muster 5,08 X 5,08 X 15,24 cm. Das Gewicht an die Seite drückt auf eine Stahlplatte von 5,08 cm Weite, die um die Mitte des Stückes in rechten Winkeln zu seiner Länge angelegt ist, wodurch Y% der Oberfläche dem Drucke ausgesetzt wird, derart, dass die Zusammendrückung 0,061 cm in der Minute beträgt. Scherversuch, parallel zur Faserrichtung.—Muster 5,08 X 5,08 X 6,35 cm. An einem Ende unterschnitten, um eine Scherung über eine Fläche von 5,08 X 5,08 cm zu gestatten; Scherung 0,038 cm in der Minute. Zugversuch senkrecht zur Faserrichtung.—Muster so wie oben. Kreuzweise an jedem Ende gebohrt um die Zugkraft auf eine Fläche von 5,08 X 2,54 cm wirken zu lassen. Zug der Maschine 0,635 cm in der Minute. Härte.—Muster 5,08 X 5,08 X 15,24 cm. Das notwendige Gewicht um eine Stahlkugel von einem maximalen Querschnitt von l cm bis zur Hälfte seines Durchmessers einzudrücken. Bewegung der Maschine 0,635 cm in der Minute. Spaltung parallel zur Faserrichtung.—Muster 5,08 X 5,08 X 9,525 cm. Kreuzweise an einem Ende gebohrt für die Fassung des Musters zur Spaltung über eine Weite von 5,08 cm und 7,62 cm der Länge nach. Spaltung 0,635 cm in der Minute.

HÖLZER DER PHILIPPINEN

Flessione per urto.—Dimensioni come sopra. Un martello di 22,7 kg cade prima di una altezza, di 2,54 cm, poi di 5,08 era ecc. fino a 25,4 cm; da 25,4 in poi l'aumento di altezza è di 5,08 cm fino a rottura. Compressione parallela alla fibra.—Dimensioni della provetta, 5,08 X 5,08 X 20,32 cm. Carico finale, spostamento della macchina 0,061 cm al minuto. Compressione perpendicolare alla fibra.—Dimensioni della provetta 5,08 X 5,08 X 15,24 cm. Il carico è applicato lateralmente a mezzo di una piastra di acciaio di 5,08 cm di larghezza, e questa è disposta nel mezzo del pezzo ad angolo retto rispetto alla lunghezza, per modo che J^ della superficie viene sottoposta a pressione. Lo spostamento della macchina deve essere di 0,061 cm al minuto. Taglio nel senso della fibra.—Dimensioni della provetta 5,08 X 5,08 X 6,35 cm. Adattato ad una estremità in maniera da permettere il taglio sopra un'area di 5,08 X 5,08 cm. Spostamento della macchina 0,038 cm al minuto. Trazione perpendicolare al senso della fibra.—Dimensioni come sopra. Forato in croce ad ogni estremità per fare agire lo sforzo sopra una superficie di 5,08 X 2,54 cm. Spostamento della macchina 0,635 cm al minuto. Durezza.—Dimensioni della provetta, 5,08 X 5,08 X 15,24 cm. Carico necessario per far penetrare fino a metà spessore una sfera di acciaio avente una sezione massima di 1 cm.2 Spostamento della macchina 0,635 cm al minuto. Sfaldatura parallela alla fibra.—Dimensioni delle provette 5,08 X 5,08 X 9,525. Forato a croce ad una estremità per sollecitare la provetta allo scorrimento per una larghezza di 5,08 cm e una lunghezza di 7,62 cm. Spostamento della macchina 0,635 cm al minuto.

LEGNI DELLE FILIPPINE



Einleitung Dichte und Festigkeit von fünf Hölzern des Handels sind bestimmt worden. Die angewendeten Prüfungsmethoden und der Vorgang bei der Darstellung der Ergebnisse sind dieselben, welche von U. S. Forest Products Laboratory angewandt werden und schon oben verzeichnet sind. Es sind daher die Ergebnisse am Ende der Tafel l (unten) angegeben.

Introduzione Sono state determinate densità e tenacità di cinque legni del commercio. I metodi di saggio adoperati e la rappresentazione dei risultati sono gli stessi impiegati dalP U. S. Forest Products Laboratory (v. sopra). I risultati sono stati perciò incorporati nella Tabella 1 e riportati in fondo.

CANADISCHE HÖLZER

LEGNI DEL CANADA

Eine Anzahl der in der Liste Tabelle l unten vorhandenen Arten sind ebenso vom Canadian Forest Products Laboratory untersucht worden, indem Proben von in Canada gewachsenen Bäumen, verwendet wurden. Soweit man ein abschliessendes Urteil abgeben kann, sind diese Hölzer im wesentlichen von gleicher Eigenschaft wie diejenigen, die in den Vereinigten Staaten gewachsen sind.

Un certo numero delle specie elencate nella Tabella 1 in basso è stato esaminato dal Canadian Forest Products Laboratory, il quale ha eseguito i saggi su campioni di alberi cresciuti nel Canada. Questi legni hanno dimostrato di possedere proprietà eguali a quelle delle stesse specie crescente negli Stati Uniti.

TABLE 1.—STRENGTH AND RELATED PROPERSeasoning condition

Density based on weight when oven-dry and volume

When green (D0)

Moisture content

Place of growth of material tested*

Common name

When oven-dry D0

Family

When air-dry (Dd)

Index No.

Botanical name I Genus and species

% of oven dryweight

g/cm3

I. Equations expressing strength, properI

I

2

I

3

I

4

I

5

I

6

I

7

[

8

I

9

I

10

Green

Green to oven-dry

...,

Air-dry

II. Values as determined by tests—strength and shrink1

Aceraceae

Acer macrophyllum

Maple, bigleaf

Washington

2

Acer nigrum

Maple, black

Indiana

3

Acer pennsylvanicum

Maple, striped

Vermont

4

Acer rubrum

Maple, red

Wisconsin, Pennsylvania, New Hampshire

5

Acer saccharinum

6

Maple, silver

Wisconsin

Acer saccharum

Maple, sugar

Rhus hirta

Sumach, staghorn

Rhus metopium

Poisonwood

Florida

Aquifoliaceae

Ilex opaca

Holly

Tennessee

Betulaceae

Alnus rubra

Alder, red

Washington

II

Betula alaskana

Birch, Alaska

Alaska

12

Betula lenta

Birch, sweet

7

Anacardiaceae

8 9 10

Ind., Pa., Vt., Wis. . Wisconsin

13

Betula lutea

Birch, yellow

Pennsylvania New Hampshire Wis., Pa.

14

Betula papyri/era

Birch, paper

Wis., N. H.

15

Betula populifolia

Birch, gray

New Hampshire

16

Carpinus caroliniana

Beech, blue

Massachusetts

17

Ostrya mrginiana

Hornbeam

Wisconsin

18

Burseraceae

Bursera simaruba

Gumbo, limbo

Florida

19

Caprifoliaceae

Sambucus glauca

Elderberry, blue

Oregon

20

Combretaceae

Conocarpus erecta

Buttonwood, Florida

Florida

Green Air-dry Green Air-dry Green Air-dry Green Air-dry Green Air-dry Green Air-dry Green Air-dry Green Air-dry Green Air-dry Green Air-dry Green Air-dry Green Air-dry Green Air-dry Green Air-dry Green Air-dry Green Air-dry Green Air-dry Green Air-dry Green Air-dry Green Air-dry

*A11 material tested was grown in the United States. The State or States, in which grown are listed in column 5.

0.513

0.440 0.483

0.620

0.520 0.568 0.438 0.464

0.546

0.488 0.538

0.506

0.439 0.470

0.676

0.568 0.630 0.449 0.473

0.553

0.511

0.606

0.503

0.434

0.368

0.594

0.488

0.714

0.601

0.533 0.569 0.407

0.654 0.668

0.550

0.600

0.484

0.552

0.448

0.717

0.575

0.762

0.632

0.320

0.305

0.570

0.464

0.851

0.694

0.617 0.552 0.506 0.694 0.708 0.307 0.518 0.709

72 12 65 12 35 12 63. 12 66 12 57 12 45 12 71 12 82 12 98 12 58 53 12 68 12 65 12 63 12 48 12 52 12 99 12 124 12 47 12

kg/ mm 2

kg/ mm 2

kg/mm 2

kg/ mm 2

kg/ mm 2

Tangential

Cleavage

Radial

Tangential

Radial

Hardness: load to embed a steel ball of 1 sq. cm maximum cross section to onehalf its diameter

End

Tangential

Tension perpendicular to grain

Radial

Tangential

Shear

Radial

Modulus of elasticity

m

Maximum crushing strength

kgmm/ mm 3

Fiber stress at elastic limit

Height of drop causing complete failure


Total work

Work to maximum load

Work to elastic limit

Modulus of rupture


kg-mm/ mm 3

kg/mm 2

Compression parallel to grain


%of dimension when green


Impact bending 22.7 kg hammer

Static bending


Tangential

Radial

In volume

Shrinkage from green to ovendry condition

Compression perpendicular to grain

TIES OF CERTAIN NORTH AMERICAN WOODS

kg/ mm of width

kg

ties and shrinkage in terms of density

114 135 106 115 94 96 87 98 85 61 98 80 70 98 92 70 79

64 126 105 114 74 74 82 61 86 46 65 62 128 86 85 87 110

102 105 100 136 153 115 211 122 245

85 106 95 123 66 81 42 69 46 51 78 93 49 67 100 76 84

22.5D,2-oo

19.3D02 oo

F=

F=

157OD/ •»

1530Dy2-2&

170OD02-25

1.62D02OO

1.27D02oo

1.85Ar1-28

1.73D012S

2.11D02-25

2050D„i »o

144 131 123 102

68

64

110 106 98 112 103 91 36

135 131 119 150

91

111 99 102 109 107 105 43

133 122 110 121

73

115 133 102 111 109 100 49

67

53

96 94 104 97 84

113 118 107 109 92

102 123 148 102 48

128 85 136 140 33

108 107 141 156 74

108 95 119 117 85

109 100 125 125 80

105 99 128 130 67

136

90 122 92 92 80 80

94 116 93 102 82 78

58 112 80 102 67

59 98 74 106 65

76 116 63

32 48

73 125 77

59 102 66

187 204 144

210 170 113

166 169 151

140 172 104

75

77

44

51

90 98 82 94 86 94 96 90 95 105 94 110 95 101 117 102 74

69 115 82 116 73 142

85 116 95 78 100 105 107

87 105 85 98 81 95 75 100 95 108 98 111 96 106 119 94 74

71 119 89 77 79 149

98 112 96 93 103 110 116

90 106 84 90 64 72 71 66 83 76 87 103 111 111 114 79 66

22.9Dd2-oo

1730Dd225

3.26Dd2-25

20. 4Dd2 oo

140 83 110 120

F=

120 127 116 135

1690Dd2 M F =

111 114 106 125

F=

97 110 95 108 97 121 136 72 95 89 99 90 73

F=

ÏÎ8ÏÏ4Ï34Î50T 120 115 125 158 112 101 128 140 115 110 109 105 95 104 104 100 100 106 101 101 147 135

2380Dd1 o° F =

Ï43Ï54129 101 120 147 118 136 109 65 128 128 86 113 126 119 105 107 160 120

F =

83 137 103 115 84 84 85 78 85 52 79 70 93 88 87 77 93

Ï2ÔÏ23 123 145 97 103 108 118 123 130 108 101 107 119 128

F=

74 71 136 130 77

ÏÎ8 104 107 97 106 97 85 107

F=

148 93 110 102 113

97 87 88 92 109

F=

116 101 108 117 103

F=

71 72 129 115 103

2180Dd2-25

88 82 117 115 101

F=

39

F=

43

1.60Dd2 oo

85

F=

76

1.31Dd2'00

78

F=

84 108 105 102

36

35

F=

107 99 95 93

34

2.40Dd1-25

84 137 104 117

33

F=

79 84 106 121

I 32

F=

80 103 104 119

I 31

2.22Dd*25

F= Ï09 103 93 97 99 97 100 99

I 30

F=

F= TÖ3 122 104 90 79

I 28 I 29

F=

F= 85 107 132 112 134 108 97 99

F=

96 88 103 95 101 106

ÎÏ490 98 99 95 95 83 141 75 88 102 103 101 108 108

I 27

F=

F=

4.73D/-00

25 I 26

8.58Dd1-00

F=

Z.GQDgiM

24 I

6.15Dd109

F = 2.

9OD01

75

23 I

2.40Ddi-7s

F=

0.00745D015O

I 22 I

F= 0.0112Dd150

207OD01 oo 2380Dd1 0° F =

16.7D012S 21.9Dd125 F = F=

0.0724D„2oo F=

F = 0.0228Dd175 F =

I 20 I 21

I

F = 0.00389Dd15O

F= 0.0511Dd2OO

0.025ODyI"

0.00172D015O F=

166OD01 oo F= 1969Dd1 oo I

I

18 I 19

16 I 17 I

F=

12.4D0125 18.1Dd12S F =

F= 11.74Dd1-25 F=

': S = 16.3Dffi °o :

; s = 9. lo/y -oo i

: S = 26.5/V-00 :

15

F=

13 I 14 7.17D0i-25

11 I 12

age values expressed in percentage of equation values "99

92

99

101

102

109

101

89

102

103

75

100

99

92

99

85

89

86

121

98

116

129

129

122

98

118

87

115

148

100

126

143

109

124

127

105

128

125 111

144

92

106

82

72

126

105

118

79

86

75

ÏÏ9ÏÏ6Ì05 99 104 108 90 101 108 101 105 102 99 115 104 80 109 103 92 107 120 111 112 109

Ì44ÎÔ2 91 87 77 112 103 104 97 130 62 135 78 113 129 115

76 68 117 106 67 117 97 128

ÏÔO

85 98 101 101 80 123 71 71 77 75 127 130 90

92 90 108 108 90 102 67 91 87 81 129 119 98

91 87 115 104 76 91 34 86 75 70 134 120 117

86 111 99 102 92 167 153 59 83 83 130 133 72

131 95 100 114 123 97 50 59 101 89 129 125 113

112 90 109 95 204 119 27 31 127 64 101 74 136

88 103 94 118 72 89 49 76 62 36 78 89 84 88 86 79 70 62

100 111 103 120 89 102 76 89 77 74 86 87 82 81 97 83 66 60

116 118. 119 122 102 103 38 80 73 55 77 86 77 86 82 71 73 79

83 95 81 120 55 83 64 73 58 24 84 95 110 92 94 80 71 51

107 117 133 141 162 139 159 110 141 213 83 80 79 72 95 98 33 34

116 76 128 123 180 157 182 162 177 217 96 85 42 45 156 33

143 94 92 73 128 108 66

95 98

84 93 105 103 89 106 63 74 78 83 119 120 92 92 107 93 112 73 87 62 79 69 66 84 94 73 85 97 82 88 90

123 92 83 70 102 94 96 58 60 135 143 96

127 106 106 98 83 96 33 88 62 48 73 70 56 95 109 81 118

62 76 58 76 58 63 61 95 85 95 69 74 139 177 98 73 86 76

68 |

143 136 59

62 '

l 21

2 Cornaceae

I

3

Cornus

I

florida

4 Dogwood (flowering)

22

Cornus nuttallii

Dogwood, Pacific

23

Nyssa aquatica

Gum, tupelo

24

Nyssa syhatica

Gum, black

25

Ebenaceae

Diospyros virginiana

Persimmon

26

Ericacae

Arbutus menziesii

Madrona

27

Kalmia lati/olia

Laurel, mountain

28

Oxydendrum arboreum

Sourwood

29

Rhododendron maximum

Rhododendron, great

Castanea dentata

Chestnut

31

Castanopsis chrysophylla

Chinquapin, golden

32

F agus grandi folia

Beech

33

Quer eus alba

Oak, white

34

Quercus bicolor

Oak, swamp white

35

Quercus borealis

Oak, red

36

Quercus calif arnica

Oak, California black

37

Quercus chrysolepis

Oak, canyon live

30

Fagaceae

38

Quercus coccinea

Oak, scarlet

39

Quercus gambelii

Oak, Gambel

40

Quercus garryana

Oak, Oregon white

41

Quercus laurifolia

Oak, laurel

42

Quercus macrocarpa

Oak, bur

43

Quercus montana

Oak, chestnut

44

Quercus nigra

Oak, water

45

Quercus rubra pagodaefolia

Oak, swamp red

46

Quercus palustris

Oak, pin

47

Quercus phellos

Oak, willow

48

Quercus prinus

Oak, swamp chestnut

49

Quercus rubra

Oak, southern red

50

Quercus stellata

Oak, post

51

Quercus velutina

Oak, black

52

Quercus virginiana

Oak, live

Hamamelis virginiana

Witch-hazel

Liquidambar styraciflua

Gum, red

53

Hamamelidaceae

54 55

Hippocastanaceae

Aesculus octandra

Buckeye, yellow

56

Juglandaceae

Hicoria alba

Hickory, mockernut

57

Hicoria aquatica

Hickory, water

58

Hicoria cordiformis

Hickory, bitternut

59

Hicoria glabra

Hickory, pignut

60

Hicoria laciniosa

Hickory, bigleaf shagbark

61

Hicoria myristicae formis

'Hickory, nutmeg

I

5

I

6 I 7 I 8 Green 0.796 0.638 Air-dry Oregon Green 0.701 0.578 Air-dry Louisiana, Missouri Green 0.524 0.455 Air-dry Tennessee Green 0.552 0.462 Air-dry Missouri Green 0.776 0.639 Air-dry Oregon, California Green 0.694 0.575 Air-dry Tennessee Green 0.744 0.616 Air-dry Tennessee Green 0.593 0.504 Air-dry Tennessee Green 0.601 0.501 Air-dry Tennessee, Maryland Green 0.454 0.396 Air-dry Oregon Green 0.483 0.417 Air-dry Ind., Pa. Green 0.655 0.544 Air-dry La., Ark., Ind. Green 0.710 0.595 Air-dry Indiana Green 0.792 0.637 Air-dry La., Ark., Ind., Tenn., N. H. Green 0.657 0.564 Air-dry Oregon, California Green 0.578 0.510 Air-dry California Green 0.838 0.702 Air-dry Massachusetts Green 0.709 0.603 Air-dry Arizona Green 0.701 0.617 Air-dry Oregon Green 0.748 O 644 Air-dry Louisiana Green 0.703 0.564 Air-dry Wisconsin Green 0.671 0.583 Air-dry Tennessee Green 0.674 0.573 Air-dry Louisiana Green 0-.685 0.556 Air-dry Louisiana . Green 0.708 0.607 Air-dry Massachusetts Green 0.677 0.577 Air-dry Louisiana Green 0.688 0.556 Air-dry Louisiana Green 0.756 0.595 Air-dry Louisiana Green 0.624 0.521 Air-dry Arkansas, Louisiana Green 0.738 0.596 Air-dry Arkansas, Wisconsin Green 0.669 0.564 Air-dry Florida Green 0.977 0.810 Air-dry Tennessee Green 0.714 0.558 Air-dry Missouri Green 0.530 0.441 Air-dry Tennessee Green 0.383 0.326 Air-dry Pa., Miss. Green 0.642 Air-dry Mississippi Green 0.606 Air-dry Ohio Green 0.604 Air-dry W. Va., Miss., Ohio, Pa. Green 0.661 Air-dry Ohio, Miss. Green 0.622 Air-dry Mississippi Green 0.556 Air-dry

I

9

Tennessee

0.735 0.644 0.496 0.507 0.748 0.653 0.684 0.550 0.576 0.433 0.459 0.624 0.683 0.720 0.628 0.571 0.778

0.735 0.724 0.632 0.644 0.658 0.633 0.680

0.696 0.674 0.588 0.675 0.610 0.888 0.614 0.487 0.363 0.725 0.621 0.663 0.754 0.692 0.605

I

10 62 12 52 12 97 12 55 12 59 12 69 12 62 12 69 12 99 12 122 12 134 12 62 12 68 12 74 12 80 12 106 12 62 12 65

61 12 72 12 84 12 70 12 72 12 81 12 78 12 75 94 12 76 12 90 12 69 12 78 12 50 12 70 12 81 12 141 12 60 12 80 12 66 12 54 12 61 12 74 12

11 I 12 I 13 I 14 I 15 I 16 I .17 117 122 109 82 87 .78 90 82 87 75 94 112 121 101 81 92 80 86 78 71 82 74 103 103 103 110 111 97 132 107 91 91 132 113 105 103 103 105 95 120 104 88 84 133 108 129 104 96 99 91 109 98 101 98 103 114 104 127 91 85 65 135 76 70 68 87 88 100 87 104 88 64 172 84 71 64 114 113 137 107 101 102 110 94 107 96 100 112 122 137 106 107 92 74 160 82 88 70 99 109 94 103 95 101 99 97 106 97 102 119 119 121 109 123 118 103 165 130 113 98 194 112 96 119 94 99 96 101 93 102 96 100 100 98 93 88 90 89 97 79 95 93 73 104 95 102 92 98 106 85 91 103 102 86 90 78 89 81 96 101 71 91 99 103 85 90 78 80 77 81 61 116 75 69 63 100 87 125 124 96 93 81 119 78 70 75 87 86 84 98 83 111 103 71 76

73

71

78

71

85

127

76

103

82

83

93

110

106

103

111

82

102

102

94

109

95

81

101

128

98

106

123

109

95

118

96

102

102

100

101

95

88

105

68

89

71

128

130

138

138

117

147

105

135

105

127

102

120

107

116

136

124

18 I 19 I 20 I 21 I 22 I 23 I 24 I 25 I 26 130 127 52 44 65 111 84 103 99 71 66 77 79 89 124 113 81 89 77 129 75 93 91 72 107 58 76 45 76 77 99 91 92 94 101 105 100 104 115 110 102 73 63 97 91 107 82 101 101 88 87 87 108 99 121 102 100 98 71 62 85 111 96 126 74 80 92 77 80 78 89 94 83 78 90 97 81 81 87 86 95 84 64 98 105 81 82 56 85 75 100 91 77 86 74 30 37 56 68 52 49 74 90 66 81 73 79 61 100 65 103 61 52 75 66 84 83 73 92 79 106 106 108 110 102 95 128 96 100 117 101 135 114 95 95 168 114 125 69 76 103 99 93 65 52 95 100 106 106 107 108 104 98 92 84 87 93 100 95 104 89 100 104 93 123 113 110 102 121 126 87 107 125 114 125 93 89 98 122 98 103 93 102 90 94 91 98 103 89 89 82 97 106 103 98 109 85 84 91 93 81 80 86 90 85 90 95 88 73 89 76 88 92 84 76 72 89 82 89 89 98 109 89 96 103 101 80 105 130 107 101 115 92 88 96 88 101 107 91 101 84 106 78 91 95 101 126 101 97 106 103 80 89 96 80 62 79 77 87 84 70 81 57 53 40 57 61 57 44 67 84 63 75 66 73 86 62 76 109 99 76 46 43 58 66 51 60 94 99 77 102 119 94 111 80 115 90 100 93

27 | 28 | 29 | 30 95 104 106 85 103 100 97 105 114 99 90 96 117 119 132 147 117 114 122 172 114 107 120 134 118 93 100 97 102 97 106 82 106 92 104 98 91 111 110 124 95 83 107 110 120 119 94 106 105 109 140 92 109 89 85 140 114 117 111 103 107 93 148 111 99 90 123 117 115 122 149 87 97 109 80 97 105 116 78 106 106 127 89 90 98 99 67 98 106 56 87 86 93 104 66 85 99 66 92 99 96 118 78 100 98 92 136 104 103 123 113 92 92 107 108 98 108 86 87 95 99 106 108 106 102 99

31 | 32 | 33 | 34 | 35 | 36~ 104 115 112 103 119 114 102 105 101 95 81 90 123 108 101 98 71 95 165 127 120 123 117 160 134 125 111 119 102 136 128 120 110 104 130 136 92 121 104 96 93 120 99 91 101 104 82 88 116 106 120 122 99 81 103 104 98 92 112 108 106 107 102 105 87 112 114 112 106 115 112 133 107 101 99 131 136 76 110 98 96 112 95 127 124 116

109 90 123 96 86 81 94 88 76 58 96 76 97 81 102

103 72 105 87 94 99 102 89 94 70 102 108 97 105 101

116

104

117 98 95 111 106 106 96 84 101 104 96 103 102

96 42 110 91 116 58 96

95 70 76 72 98 77 114 93 106 76 135 99 77 92 96 95 87 96 90 96 112 122 102 115 96 102 97 112 118 133

96 65 91 114 92 66 93 93 102 110 109 94 89

99 95 98 102 74 102 98 94 94 111 116 94 92

113 118 97 101 86 84 105

121 121 114 106 89 76 106 94 95

57 47 78 60 90 82 69 67 90 92 112 94 118 109 77

61 49 76 60 92 88 80 69 91 88 105 106 114 114 94

33 33 52 54 104 95 64 57 101 86 113 114 125 121 97

104 68 120 69 84 74 82 85 85 102 113 82 115 102 67

74 47 83 53 86 82 77 65 70 72 87 148 99 112 103

72 30 76 49 75 112 87 61 66 66 99 106 98 93 122

62 66 75 57 88 84 82 82 101 101 102 106 96 124 100

46 86 66 63 109 107 70 69 105 113 123 115 128 119 114

83 52 87 55 76 69 98 98 98 92 86 101 76 136 90

16 39 92 52 93 93 99 64 81 89 95 103 113 102 110

89 89 90 71 93 70 93 74 91 87 107 61 101 102 101 119 105 110 107 108 109 111 100 94 101 97 99 85 99 91

87 90 92 88 88 84 87 84 95 99 88 83 97 112 107 114 111 105 108 112 113 126 109 112 111 112 108 113 107 122

98 98 96 94 93 91 77 80 88 96 82 79 84 85 110 109 127 116 102 110 109 117 98 97 106 108 91 98 98 101

87 84 89 56 101 59 117 74 120 83 143 48 127 126 114 142 91 112 110 103 112 110 107 93 102 92 113 74 105 80

69 87 89 74 70 74 77 81 94 100 50 72 152 155 111 123 108 109 160 123 127 136 135 116 183 154 192 138 181 188

67 110 96 60 56 54 65 118 88 103 38 72 176

81 80 83 99 86 96 87 92 97 84 94 79 108

101 93 108 113 99 87 94 87 88 88 82 77 83

66 84 65 90 78 103 83 96 108 84 109 83 143

86 84 98 86 80 70 94 96 95 102 71 43 97

85 74 97 73 80 57 90 66 94 88 97 72

106 92 86 81 172 174 139 149 199 215 191 201 220 195 182

116 135 111 116 110 98 108

116 117 119 109 100 100 98 111 93 114 94 108 88 100 87

126 158 105 129 123 99 121

121 119 112 96 167 142 118 127 140 143 161 127 208 175 132

101 100 95 100 115

124 128 119 116 108 116 112

170 147 154 127 135 153 139

33 74 65 92 85 75 62 96 83 109 70 118 109

101 101 136

84

123

71 58 82 76 84 92 84 78 91 86 100 89 113 107 94 80 84 88 89 86 86 87 80 91 88 99 82 90 83 95 98 93 96 103 102 114 116 112 113 108 103 93 97 106 95

28 56 52 91 113 50 58 91 97 108 147 114 118 86 118 87 93 89 165 71 88 86 92 147 131

111 99 104 124 81 109 106 92

80 87

87 96 89 96 82 105 86 110

92 94 86 102 83

124 114 121

99 96 139 120 95 90 102 88 99 88 110 101 117 108 104 119 109

102 96 113 106 94 88 96 84 87 92 104 95 111 102 99 112 110

137 116 113 131 Ì05 103 94 61 97 68 114 80 104 76 80 89 99

124 113 116

89

115 99 140 102 100 82 96 75 89 73 103 94 111 88 94 95 98 96 86 103 81 99 72 104 80 91 68 105 82 104 78 93

110 84 114 97 107 92 109 97 94 80 112 93 115 95 116

112 70 104 87 104 89 109 99 88 76 109 84 108 94 101

81 60 79 34 94 72 106 48 86 47 110 82 99 65 115

85

115 108 103 85 110

89 47 121 105 123 99 114 93 106 135 138 115 107 93 122

129 148 136 202

127 169 153 181

103 68 95 65 106 71 100 68 97 87 72 85 101 120 107 101 119 98

108 79 106 82 107 96 108 95 114 102 91 88 106 128 96 95 107 93

106 100 102 79 111 92 104 82 110 93 86 96 107 123 97 92 101 93

113

92 69 98 67 107 64 140 103 68 58

119 120 92 79 75 77 108 97 129 108 84 65

130 99 110 105 103 87 113 102 136 122 104

130 113 107 96 105 82 114 88 122 104 100 87 97

104 81 110 73 108 78 110 95 134 109 110 76 124

85 47 99 70 93 65 122 87 65 45

110 123 104 76 80 96 104 90 126 101 77 62

137 114 132 122

150 150 155 168

1 62

I

2

I

3

Hicoria ovata

j_ 4 Hickory, shagbark

63

Hicoria pecan

Hickory, pecan

64

Juglans cinerea

Butternut

65

Juglans nigra

Walnut, black

66

Juglans rupestris

Walnut, Mexican

Sassafras sassafras

Sassafras

Umbellularia californica

Myrtle, Oregon

Gleditsia triacanthos

Locust, honey

Robinia pseudacacia

Locust, black

Liriodendron tulipifera

Poplar, yellow

72

Magnolia acuminata

Magnolia, cucumber

73

Magnolia fraseri

Magnolia, Eraser's

74

Magnolia grandiflora

Magnolia, evergreen

Toxylon pomiferum

Orange, osage

Ficus aurea

Fig, golden

Eucalyptus globulus

Gum, blue

Eugenia garberi

Stopper, Garber's

67

Lauraceae

68 69

Leguminosae

70 71

75

Magnoliaceae

Moraceae

76 77

Myrtaceae

78 79

Fraxinus americana

Ash, white

80

Oleaceae

Fraxinus biltmoreana

Ash, Biltmore white

81 82

Fraxinus pennsylvanica Ian- Ash, green ceolata Fraxinus nigra Ash, black

83

Fraxinus oregona

Ash, Oregon

84

Fraxinus profunda

Ash, pumpkin

85

Fraxinus quadrangulata

Ash, blue

86

Palmaceae

Sabal palmetto

Palmetto, cabbage

87

Pinaceae

Abies amabilis

Fir, silver

88

Abies balsamea

Fir, balsam

89

Abies concolor

Fir, white

90

Abies grandis

Fir, lowland white

91

Abies lasiocarpa

Fir, alpine

92

Abies magnifica

Fir, red

93

Abies nobilis

Fir, noble

94

Chamaecyparis lawsoniana

Cedar, Port Orford

95

Chamaecyparis nootkatensis

Cedar, Alaska

96

Chamaecyparis thyoides

Cedar, southern white

97

Juniperus pachyphloea

Juniper, alligator

98

Juniperus mrginiana

Cedar, eastern red

99

Larix laricina

Tamarack

100

Larix occidentalis

Larch, western

101

Libocedrus decurrens

Cedar, incense

j

5 Miss., Ohio, W. Va., Pa.

I

6 I 7 I 8 1 9 I 10 Green • 0.637 60 Air-dry 0.724 12 Missouri Green 0.694 0.601 63 Air-dry 0.666 12 Wisconsin, Tennessee Green 0.404 0.359 104 Air-dry 0.383 12 Kentucky Green 0.562 0.513 81 Air-dry 0.552 12 Arizona Green 0.613 0.532 67 Air-dry 0.570 12 Tennessee Green 0.473 0.424 67 Air-dry 0.451 12 Oregon Green 0.589 0.512 71 Air-dry 0.556 12 Indiana, Missouri Green 0.666 0.596 63 Air-dry 0.636 12 Tennessee Green 0.708 0.659 41 Air-dry 0.694 12 Tennessee, Kentucky Green 0.427 0.376 64 Air-dry 0.401 12 Tennessee Green 0.516 0.440 80 Air-dry 0.480 12 Tennessee Green 0.477 0.400 89 Air-dry 0.446 12 Louisiana Green 0.530 0.460 117 Air-dry 0.502 12 Indiana Green 0.838 0.761 31 Air-dry Florida Green 0.438 88 Air-dry 0.444 12 California Green 0.796 0.625 79 Air-dry 0.750 12 Florida Green 0.918 0.831 40 Air-dry 0.877 12 Ark., N. Y., W. Va. Green 0.638 0.542 42 Air-dry 0.593 12 Tennessee Green 0.584 0.507 42 Air-dry 0.550 12 Louisiana, Missouri Green 0.610 0.526 48 Air-dry 0.566 12 Wisconsin, Michigan Green 0.526 0.457 84 Air-dry 0.493 12 Oregon Green 0.575 0.497 48 Air-dry 0.550 12 Missouri Green 0.551 0.485 51 Air-dry 0.520 12 Kentucky Green 0.603 0.532 39 Air-dry 0.568 12 Florida Green 0.453 0.372 133 Air-dry 0.387 12 Washington Green 0.415 0.351 66 Air-dry 0.385 12 Wisconsin Green 0.414 0.335 117 Air-dry 0.366 12 California, New Mexico Green 0.397 0.348 115 Air-dry 0.371 12 Montana, Oregon Green 0.419 0.370 94 Air-dry 0.398 12 Colorado Green 0.321 0.306 47 Air-dry 0.327 12 California Green 0.421 0.372 108 Air-dry 0.388 12 Oregon Green 0.403 0.351 36 Air-dry 0.375 12 Oregon Green 0.440 0.399 43 Air-dry 0.416 12 Oregon Green 0.439 0.399 40 Air-dry 0.422 12 New Hampshire, North Car- Green 0.352 0.310 35 olina Air-dry 0.323 12 Arizona Green 0.545 0.477 40 Air-dry 0.511 12 Vermont Green 0.492 0.442 35 Air-dry 0.471 12 Wisconsin Green 0.558 0.491 52 Air-dry 0.528 12 Montana, Washington Green 0.587 0.482 58 Air-dry 0.520 12 Oregon, California Green 0.365 0.346 108 Air-dry 0.368 12

11 I 12 I 13 I 14 I 15 I 16 I 17 I 18 I 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 99 121 101 101 110 104 103 146 181 106 96 119 143 97 119 107 91 140 206 93 98 92 124 85 89 91 96 104 96 104 100 117 97 98 100 113 92 89 93 99 86 98 93 95 97 95 107 100 103 101 109 114 100 137 146 110 114 109 124 116 105 110 128 137 189 120 119 126 135 83 111 85 120 123 117 129 132 123 115 117 115 104 126 121 109 173 92 93 111 102 129 101 76 92 53 73 99 73 78 108 159 91 78 110 122 102 113 94 114 93 58 72 80 65 57 91 103 90 102 99 91 119 90 122 104 94 121 145 102 96 89 120 110 181 92 86 110 138 88 60 96 87 86 59 138 153 160 80 64 105 261 69 65 61 83 68 50 72 68 81 89 68 78 67 104 110 92 125 88 94 94 97 95 102 95 103 93 101 92 129 88 86 94 109 56 73 64 144 131 119 182 90 100 129 122 138 80 122 119 106 148 108 149 107 109 105 114 123 118 114 112 103 122 111 85 61 122 117 132 88 116 113 134 106 105 81 137 134 139 105 116 130 122 115 117 150 93 118 108 108 129 94 111 125 123 135 112 138 127 121 133 111 134 123 122 115 103 109 126 89 115 99 113 122 107 100 114 109 113 119 128 113 124 124 123 116 101 129 88 93 101 101 88 167 167 98 103 97 184 98 105 101 100 131 79 103 96 112 101 44 106 109 74 156 172 170 92 67 126 169

135

133

150

60

83

67

90

94

81

93

91

83

89

96

83

126

119

104

100

91

100

93

84

80

83

81

75

150

141

172

121

93

120

102

100

123

108

94

120

111

89

142

119

112

113

134

141

143

95

128

106

74

53

77

102

100

102

61

63

46

66

78

65

105

82

92

103

95

102

83

103

100

253

86 64 134 100 96 89 111 112 126 118 115 109 67 106 99 89 108 89 122 99 64 59 127 123 114 111 140 133 121 112 101 137 138 136 131 136 121 138 109 117 106 116 89 75 92 57 100 107 112 104 144 125

93 77 114 93 107 72 117 117 123 109 119 113 90 120 103 105 106 98 119 110 73 60 118 122 108 105 120 124 118 115 110 106 116 137 121 134 110 133 110 115 116 108 94 60 110 86 99 101 105 103 132 109

57 65 135 114 99 82 113 107 111 104 112 105 96 116 96 88 91 88 98 88 55 51 151 142 122 122 125 133 147 147 119 98 121 143 152 151 151 148 102 107 103 103 40 45 62 66 107 111 118 116 103 102

130 64 138 96 107 113 115 121 149 139 123 117 56 85 108 96 132 94 155 115 82 72 120 110 111 106 168 140 105 92 95 194 173 138 122 129 107 135 126 139 121 117 209 138 152 57 100 105 123 117 192 140

79 88 89 63 83 42 118 122 106 103 102 113 134 160 116 127 93 78 125 120 64 73 105 155 90 91 90 118 89 119 98 65 105 151 105 152 104 132 134 124 127 90 137 64 175 100 70 67 72 78 114 95

76 77 93 57 67 67 118 118 102 121 99 96 124 186 112 111 77 67 137 147 96 125 101 160 67 128 89 84 104 207 76 68 89

124 168 148 198 144 104 136 71 69 166 120 88 77 109 64 73

107 95 102 36 111 108 117 113 107 108 81 91 90 91 91 100 103 120 72 65 121 121 113 88 132 118 117 123 97 89 125 124 133 122 121 130 114 114 108 100 72 42 81 69 79 89 98 109 116 108

131 107 81 44 101 100 111 106 95 104 78 109 103 103 84 91 88 108 48 58 146 120 118 104 135 129 129 128 109 110 130 136 138 148 135 146 113 100 102 103 49 44 81 56 87 91 115 121 126 107

89 87 13 30 123 120 129 126 122 112 76 91 81 82 103 115 119 135 112 76 100 128 110 76 133 114 108 120 88 75 117 114 132 105 111 116 118 132 118 101 111 43 87 87 72 88 103 118 111 111

80 72 67 14 100 103 86 121 94 89 113 131 115 98 97 77 113 120 73 90 115 133 95 124 120 114 110 150 62 113 107 126 105 139 93 137 118 135 121 102 67 40 126 88 85 75 75 105 96 103

| 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 102 107 93 96 106 98 96 99 83 101 85 100 86 120 103 100 102 91 115 112 107 109 133 124 117 90 124 116 110 108 84 105 99 108 95 70 106 84 89 67 140 73 88 55 121 77 86 54 116 105 110 84 152 100 100 80 139 181 153 100 122 125 121 157 112 100 95 138 100 100 111 157 101 119 106 129 87 115 111 137 81 107 97 113 87 104 102 131 85 91 87 97 110 80 91 120 110 99 113 60 139

148 134 90 67 120 114 133 119 128 103 60 101 105 87 111 84 126 111 58 25 128 131 118 127 120 101 137 137 105 123 127 153 128 160 114 143 103 104 96 112 117 107 128 151 151 151

89 82 124 112 110 87 111 104 116 114 118 103 75 101 105 92 103 92 117 102 69 47 112 120 106 105 105 119 120 115 100 102 112 112 115 123 116 129 107 112 114 117 116 66 120 102 105 111 117 118 135 119

| 28 | 29 | 30 119 92 100 94 108 112 97 114 105 103 110 168 119 125 134 111 108 106 84 94 152 118 109 113 119 128 125 132 116 93 103 102 97 102 94 104 122

101 98 117 124 121 121 101 130 105 109 115 112 102 105 111 105

161 165 132 142 123 84 94 72 136 138 114 126 136 163 126 143

| 31 | 32 | 33 | 34 | 35 | 36

86 109 157 150 105 72

107 103 109 105 115 84

125 122 112 109 120 105

116 123 115 117 116 100

95 131 146 113 123 103 86

103 128 151 128 110 72

125 121 153 133 130 126 81 57 169 174 106 161 138 173 151 143

113 82 122 123 124 108 113 75 93 93 101 106 122 108 121 126 91

110 108 132 124 140 126 113 99 92 95 98 97 113 104 126 130 126

101 98 132 133 121 110 123 108 88 95 93 98 118 102 121 127 94

157 127 109 113 118 80 72 55 121 134 114 107 137 133 115 165

131 119 166 110 116 94 85 57 146 155 116 99 139 141 159 122

106

114

105

101 67

118 82

108 77

74

83

104 113 116 115 123 107 121 90 105 111 116 117 118 124 126

82 110 114 116 113 109 109 86 116 112 123 108 112 124 120

91 98 97 104 103 109 96 96 86 103 104 121 87 97 92 110 92 102 121 121 121 142 124

101 100 103 105 107 112 103 115 96 149 102 116 90 105 92 105 97 93 119 113 132 140 114 124 53 67 69 82 125 120

138 126 119 94 78 100 94 101 99 99 100 78 103 115 87 78 66 84 72 33 74 150 140 129 128 119 118 170 152 99 103 167 169 159 144 91 98 105 122 45 53

111 114 107 103 111 99

98 72 124 87 105 102 135 128 128 127 84 101 105 130 168 170 275 149 58 32 102 93 82 80 134 121 106 110 148 155 137 154 119 129 94 122 109 107 141 140 181 168 182 133 80 91 97 100 167 152

99 57 92

119 103 87

68

89

69

61

121 130 120 119 116 130 94 130 115 119 123 133 139 122

111 112 107 98 105 115 88 105 109 120 112 110 128 129

119 149 110 128 117 124 156 142 119 130 138 184 100 78

107 102 95 100 92 88 85 133 112 105 103 100 101

100 133 96 75 111 97 106 92 102 127 125 112 106 103 103 96 98 86 120 97 128 75 116

95 93 93 79 110 99 101 89 109 145 124 98 110 104 104 102 105 93 115 104 125

82 81 76 115 91 87 47

104 86 72 53 121 91 81 69

113 105 83 78 60 108 87 98 97 98

124 119 98 76 50 117 74 95 86 108 82

87 93 93 95 127 93

78 87 87 94 120 94

82 177 54 79 47 54 126 95

104

49 62 48 56 107 99

15

111 122 118 130 109 124 92 119 110 116 120 131 126 129 83 53 103 113 91 105 109 142 105 112 108 120 96 190 94 133 99 111 110 102 152 139 136 123 128 101 53 59 65 99 167 168

56 68 68 93 124 118

108 123 119 117 114 116 147 139 102 130 131 155 100 105

108 87 109 107 101 112 84 120 111 100 126 114 111 116

102 99 102

99 124 94

118 93 98 140 127 111 111 98 94 72 56 98 79

120 93 89 62 113 106 123 109 110 81 57 113 73

115 106

104 101 56

80 73 64 71 59 55 123

73 115 52 61 57 45 107

l i 102

2

I

3 Picea engelmanni

103

Picea glauca

104

Picea mariana

105

Picea rubra

106

Picea sitchensis

107

Pinus banksiana

108

Pinus caribaea

109

Pinus clausa

UO

Pinus contorta

Ul

Pinus echinata

112

Pinus edulis

113

Pinus

114

Pinus jeffreyi

115

Pinus lambertiana

116

Pinus monticala

117

Pinus palustris

118

Pinus ponderosa

119

Pinus pungens

120

Pinus resinosa

121

Pinus rigida

122

Pinus rigida serotina

123

Pinus strobus

124

Pinus taeda

125

Pseudotsuga taxifolia

126

Pseudotsuga taxifolia

127

Sequoia sempermrens

128

Taxodium disiichum

129

Thuja occidentalis

130

Thuja plicata

131

Tsuga canadensis

132

Tsuga heterophylla

133

Tsuga mertensiana

flexilis

134

Platanaceae

Platanus occidentalis

135

Polygonaceae

Coccolobis laurifolia

136

Rhamnaceae

Rhamnidium ferreum

137

Rhamnus purshiana

138

Rhizophoraceae

Rhizophora mangle

139

Rosaceae

Amelanchier canadensis

140

Crataegus tomentosa

141

Prunus pennsyhanica

j

4 Spruce, Engelmann

\_ Colorado

5

1

9 I 7 I 8 I 9 I 10 Green 0.347 0.312 100 Air-dry 0.332 12 Spruce, white Wis., N. H. Green 0.431 0.366 50 Air-dry 0.391 12 Spruce, black New Hampshire Green 0.428 0.376 38 Air-dry 0.402 12 Spruce, red Tennessee, New Hampshire Green 0.413 0.379 43 Air-dry 0.406 12 Spruce, Sitka Wash., Oregon Green 0.397 0.355 44 Air-dry 0.384 12 Pine, jack Wisconsin Green 0.461 0.394 105 Air-dry 0.428 12 Pine, slash Florida Green 0.756 0.638 40 Air-dry 0.682 12 Pine, sand Florida Green 0.506 0.451 36 Air-dry 0.481 12 Pine, lodgepole Wyo., Mont., Colo. Green 0.434 0.380 65 Air-dry 0.410 12 Pine, shortleaf Ark., La. Green 0.584 0.494 64 Air-dry 0.542 12 Pinon Arizona Green 0.567 0.502 63 Air-dry 0.530 12 Pine, limber New Mexico Green 0.420 0.374 68 Air-dry 0.401 12 Pine, Jeffrey California Green 0.425 0.371 101 Air-dry 0.402 12 Pine, sugar California Green 0.378 0.348 137 Air-dry 0.360 12 Pine, western white Montana, Idaho Green 0.418 0.363 54 Air-dry 0.385 12 Pine, longleaf La., Miss., FIa. Green 0.038 0.551 47 Air-dry 0.592 12 Pine, western yellow Colo., Wash., Ariz., CaI., Green 0.420 0.379 91 Mont. Air-dry 0.402 12 Pine, mountain Tennessee Green 0.549 0.494 75 Air-dry 0.523 12 Pine, red Wisconsin Green 0.507 0.440 54 Air-dry 0.479 12 Pine, pitch Tennessee Green 0.542 0.470 85 Air-dry 0.505 12 Pine, pond Florida Green 0.580 0.501 56 Air-dry 0.539 12 Pine, eastern white Wis., Minn., N. H. Green 0.373 0.344 68 Air-dry 0.362 12 Pine, loblolly Florida Green 0.593 0.504 72 Air-dry 0.550 12 Douglas fir (coast type) Lewis Co., Chehalis Co., Green 0.512 0.448 36 Clark Co., Wash.; Lane Co., Air-dry 0.482 12 Clatsop Co., Wash. Co., Ore.; Humboldt Co., CaI. Douglas fir (mountain type) Johnson Co., Wyo.; Missoula Green 0.446 0.405 39 Co., Mont. Air-dry 0.426 12 Redwood California Green 0.436 0.410 113 Air-dry 0.427 12 Cypress, southern Louisiana, Missouri Green 0.482 0.425 91 Air-dry 0.458 12 Cedar, northern white Wisconsin Green 0.315 0.293 55 Air-dry 0.310 12 Cedar, western red Montana, Washington Green 0.344 0.310 39 Air-dry 0.330 12 Hemlock, eastern Wis., Tenn., N. H. Green 0.431 0.375 110 Air-dry 0.398 12 Hemlock, western Washington, Oregon Green 0.432 0.377 77 Air-dry 0.406 12 Hemlock, mountain Montana Green 0.480 0.418 70 Air-dry 0.450 12 Sycamore Indiana, Tennessee Green 0.539 0.456 83 Air-dry 0.494 12 Plum, pigeon Florida Green 0.851 0.771 * 52 Air-dry 0.786 12 Ironwood, black Florida Green 1.077 1.045 32 Air-dry 1.147 12 Cascara Oregon Green 0.548 0.496 61 Air-dry 0.516 12 Mangrove Florida Green 1.063 0.886 39 Air-dry 0.964 12 Serviceberry Tennessee Green 0.791 0.656 * 48 Air-dry 0.747 12 Haw, pear Wisconsin Green 0.623 63 Air-dry 0.680 12 Cherry, wild red Tennessee Green 0.425 0.361 46 Air-dry 0.394 12

11 I 12 I 13 ) 14 I 15 I 16 125 121 129 103 101 113 133 122 121 153 112 122 114 110 118 116 114 130 113 121 110 96 103 120 107 125 135 117 109 126 112 110 132 125 122 134 121 134 128 117 113 147 129 124 142 100 94 102 93 98 99 89 91 103 75 100 79 97 96 104 94 99 110 83 95 99 109 115 96 101 114 106 114 128 108 99 104 120 124 112 117 95 113 101 106 109 124 111 111 126 74 100 63 60 64 55 75 68 77 83 71 84 128 101 90 125 112 104 100 130 110 106 97 112 138 116 110 86 91 98 123 107 114 122 112 118 123 124 125 116 104 136 123 123 140 84 106 83 110 104 125 116 116 124 95 112 102 101 95 108 118 112 112 83 76 84 106 103 109 108 104 106 98 115 100 102 101 133 140 122 134 94 112 96 91 97 101 90 96 97 84 111 87 105 100 108 110 99 116 90 74 107 114 107 125 128 123 126 94 120 90 107 101 120 115 106 125 99 122 107 127 117 146 123 116 143 98

97

94

58

73

63

93

100

87

90

78

98

99

89

100

98

88

108

117

132

127

97

116

104

117

121

101

77

63

62

42

65

47

58

71

57

67

67

107

112

100.

133

85

175

I 17 I 102 138 120 117 80 94 102 121 102 117 92 82 113 101 128 101 86 142 94 102 70 89 193 158 109 180 140 129 106 115 100 112 104 133 111 114 83 153 96 93 88 106 110 135 102 116 116 110

18 I 106 119 99 116 115 159 106 125 106 150 84 73 52 67 108 107 86 102 84 87 72 43 81 103 75 100 96 101 83 146 64 83 78 101 78 84 68 112 89 88 71 78 95 124 75 76 78 96

110 111 123 103 93 109 108 117 105 89 163 137 120 255 99 136 121 114 171 103 119 109 118 136 83 114 109 112 126 98 117 111 93 158 136 126 109 93 182 114 137 128 131 152 109 122 119 126 126 130 129 124 122 143 97 116 106 108 131 99 116 116 136 105 95 120 111 127 121 97 101 101 95 118 120 102 104 90 127 114 85 97 99 80 83 93 95 103 89 92 68 77 71 71 51 61 67 59 69 51 93 88 89 101 33 38 61 93 17 18 78 86 54 122 128 84 78 68 108 74 110 100 110 113 50 88 89 110 73 58 93 92 105 84 94 97 96 90 101 97 68 78 65 74 146 75 94 67 84 143 100 102 122 89 103 111 108 115 116 132

19 I 20 62 105 96 112 110 99 114 100 139 97 183 134 93 101 98 116 141 130 179 126 127 105 75 104 66 96 59 94 104 111 105 99 82 100 94 94 140 113 86 105 88 81 60 61 102 78 114 108 103 85 125 116 87 123 139 114 138 126 98 95 89 95 92 95 97 98 110 103 86 104 139 87 98 126 139 98 95 108 98 93 62 93 93 106 116 108 99 93 94 89 90 112 137 103

I 21 108 116 110 113 130 122 111 119 130 137 94 106 98 114 89 102 111 100 123 124 63 77 97 109 103 123 113 118 121 137 115 111 92 103 108 105 110 125 92 99 103 104 117 116 108 106 131 129

117 113 125 103 107 88 103 98 128 114 110 113 115 116 109 119 99 81 93

128 122 122 115 109 105 90 98 128 126 113 106 127 114 97 104 99 97 91

113 109 132 96 110 78 121 100 86 107 112 125 104 117 124 140 100 70 94

87 122 89 87 98 100 113 99 116 115 100 112 97 122 145 154 92 96 56

74 46 88 75 100

82 75 79 72 109

67 28 97 157 92

87 99

108 104

72 96

285 129 155 41 56 36 115 104

72 82 112 66 92 108

98 104

110 110

91 102

115 171

96 116

76 106

100 113 107 79 91 122 117 102 92 131 176 90 71 71 40 64 36 209 50 96 90 121 109 97 126 194

[ 22 I 23 I 24 101 94 105 111 107 115 83 101 107 89 111 115 72 114 81 151 118 138 92 80 128 115 129 139 136 130 113 121 138 122 127 134 108 107 164 98 70 101 80 71 112 144 88 108 103 72 96 92 96 105 92 100 128 108 117 139 92 113 127 110 62 61 48 39 108 88 99 127 96 108 104 104 129 141 123 120 96 127 130 111 145 113 98 124 118 132 145 79 85 132 82 86 135 102 94 104 98 88 120 103 87 114 107 95 90 70 103 106 126 95 139 100 95 85 137 98 84 84 97 113 81 88 129 104 95 116 106 116 122 82 93 108 76 83 124 100 87 145 86 114 163 117 125 137 130 91 100 152 153 126 115 115 147 117 98 100 87 103 77 103

j 25 95 109 101 108 102 110 104 119 108 112 97 107 110 119 113 119 102 110 114 119 76 101 96 111 95 116 108 108 108 121 118 124 93 109 106 110 104 124 96 99 108 119 108 111 108 122 129 129

I 26 I 27 109 133 103 156 87 87 138 89 150 53 144 116 126 102 135 95 164 106 114 132 91 103 124 115 65 96 87 103 112 148 116 131 92 113 124 131 78 132 100 122 75 143 109 97 123 104 110 100 137 101 126 124 126 150 96 162 101 117 76 114 99 103 106 102 125 97 91 118 115 128 76 136 94 86 93 96 94 95 86 117 102 135 106 127 119 102 86 110 101 162 104 144 103

110 126 118 116 158 126 125 121 114 112 100 88 105 98 136 125 128 131 124 113 115 117 115 159 118 112 102 98 111 97 95 90 91 99 95 141 73 83 107 72 71 93 98 68 99 64 108 108 92 91 92 79 98 64 74 83 89 102 99 99

115 123 135 149 114 113 153 115 147 150 140 144 103 102 95 134 88 92 90 110 105 48 109 132 108 77 68 76 95 83 88 94

I 28 I 29 I 30 [ 31 I 32 I 33 I 34 I 35 I 36 100 100 93 95 99 113 113 121 118 108 89 105 158 138 97 92 76 69 66 78 66 90 81 95 92 119 103 107 95 119 100 104 93 84 36 35 104 103 92 77 64 102 95 87 114 112 106 99 68 102 100 58 85 99 89 93 83 90 100 103 107 97 101 96 102 83 90 109 106 76 89 118 100 103 89 92 122 118 122 142 133 109 110 102 117 91 94 98 83 85 89 106 88 96 105 103 95 111 104 88 94 83 70 54 43 51 60 60 51 43 98 82 65 49 60 68 76 41 125 118 102 80 75 83 85 95 84 82 73 52 104 104 100 85 93 88 80 69 77 84 88 101 81 87 79 102 68 84 93 98 96 79 92 77 67 65 64 77 83 76 73 96 84 80 50 67 81 86 82 55 86 85 93 85 65 81 83 68 99 66 81 96 96 102 96 94 92 73 86 82 99 108 81 74 73 56 85 94 88 148 120 94 94 90 92 80 91 95 93 99 120 116 121 109 102 100 106 129 126 102 97 111 108 91 94 100 128 127 125 110 126 129 111 104 101 120 123 90 87 96 96 81 88 90 106 98 105 85 101 82 79 86 86 87 88 96 82 50 44 56 66 67 57 50 99 82 59 50 68 79 78 61 47 91 90 99 97 72 82 81 99 99 113 111 120 124 91 94 93 110 112 96 86 75 56 62 72 70 76 65 87 78 66 80 73 62 58 92 78 51 46 60 65 62 77 63 112 88 95 111 74 77 85 82 68 100 92 93 66 67 76 78 89 81 99 97 84 104 68 80 77 92 82 95 80 55 54 58 71 70 66 60 104 85 67 55 67 85 76 74 64 99 97 98 100 90 97 102 105 102 100 90 109 113 103 105 106 105 102 92 76 58 52 51 61 63 66 60 109 77 64 47 64 75 70 68 53 103 97 59 59 82 84 85 67 69 93 81 64 66 84 92 95 64 72 108 101 104 103 97 86 116 114 127 107 119 97 107 99 106 94 98 96 73

120 121 73 93 80 69 95 90 90 101

104 84 104 91 89 78 108 121 118 105 110 98 108 99 100 99 110 116 90 93 63 98 109 91 92 87 73 96 99 105

108 85 78 75 94 64 156 122 122 82 82 54 86 72 93 61 133 120 51

98 89 49 57 72 61 118 124 99 87 84 50 96 70 106 98 158 157 84

92 105 124 125 82 80 137 131 161 163 122 130 128 133 110 136 109 94 83

89 112 99 97 76 79 106 115 105 108 113 105 106 104 97 100 104 97 87 81

90 116 100 91 80 79 105 126 107 113 108 98 115 113 96 105 104 105 94 103

93 73 88 76 90 64 157 126 133 87 101 65 98 91 95 68 119 103 57

78 72 68 69 76 67 129 132 103 99 87 62 103 104 99 71 150 160 57

89

88 120 71

108 123 91 80 95 96 105 98 111 113

100 127 81 79 93 90 98 101 112 110

90

40 17 89

51

117 89 87

79

114 101

108 101

87 86 94 100 116 128

68 75

84

115 120

113 127

1 142

I

2

I

3 Prunus serotino,

I

4

I

5

I

Cherry, black

Pennsylvania

Pyrus malus

Applewood or wild apple

Virginia

Populus balsamifera

Poplar, balsam

Vermont

145

Populus deltoïdes

Cottonwood, eastern

Missouri

146

Populus grandidentata

Aspen, large tooth

Wisconsin, Vermont

147

Populus tremuloides

Aspen

Wisconsin, New Mexico

148

Populus trichocarpa

Cottonwood, black

Washington

149

Salix lasiandra

Willow, western black

Oregon

150

Salix nigra

Willow, black

Wisconsin, Missouri

143 144

Salicaceae

151

Sapindaceae

Exothea paniculata

Inkwood

Florida

152

Sapotaceae

Dipholis salicifolia

Bustic

Florida

Sideroxylon mastichodendron

Mastic

Florida

153 154

Simaroubaceae

Simarouba glauca

Paradise-tree

Florida

155

Styracaceae

Mohrodendron carolinum

Silverbell-tree

Tennessee

156

Taxaceae

Taxus brevi folia

Yew, Pacific

Washington

157

Tiliaceae

T ili a glabra

Bass wood

Wisconsin, Pennsylvania

158

Ulmaceae

Celtis laevigata

Sugarberry

Missouri

159

Celtis occidentalis

Hackberry

Indiana, Wisconsin

160

Ulmus americana

Elm, American

161

Ulmus fulva

Elm, slippery

Wisconsin, Pennsylvania, New Hampshire Indiana, Wisconsin

162

Ulmus racemosa

Elm, rock

Wisconsin

Avicennia nitida

Blackwood

Florida

163

Verbenaceae

6 I 7 I 8. I 9 I 10 Green 0.534 0.471 55 Air-dry 0.506 12 Green 0.745 0.606 47 Air-dry 0.668 12 Green 0.331 0.301 121 Air-dry 0.316 12 Green 0.433 0.372 111 Air-dry 0.408 12 Green 0.412 0.348 99 Air-dry 0.386 12 Green 0.401 0.351 94 Air-dry 0.380 12 Green 0.368 0.315 132 Air-dry 0.348 12 Green 0.473 0.394 105 Air-dry 0.441 12 Green 0.408 0.338 139 Air-dry 0.372 12 Green 0.917 0.731 56 Air-dry 0.800 12 Green 0.861 44 Air-dry 0.885 12 Green 1.034 0.886 39 Air-dry 0.932 12 Green 0.359 0.332 81 Air-dry 0.345 12 Green 0.475 0.418 70 Air-dry 0.453 12 Green 0.673 0.601 44 Air-dry 0.626 12 Green 0.398 0.325 103 Air-dry 0.368 12 Green 0.545 0.473 62 Air-dry 0.515 12 Green 0.558 0.486 65 Air-dry 0.531 12 Green 0.554 0.458 89 Air-dry 0.507 12 Green 0.568 0.485 85 Air-dry 0.528 12 Green 0.658 0.574 49 Air-dry 0.634 12 Green 0.963 0.830 42 Air-dry 0.830 12

TABLE IA.—STRENGTH AND RELATED PROPERTIES OF I. Equations expressing strength properties (

2

j

3

I

4

I

5

I

6

I

7

I

8

|

9

j

ÎÔ

j

ÏT

j

12

| 13

|

Ï4

F = 12.08ZV 25

Ï

II. Values as determined by tests—strength values 170 171 172 173 174

Dipterocarpaceae

Sterculiaceae

Dipterocarpus grandiflorus Pentacme contorta Shorea negrosensis Shorea polysperma Tarrietia javanica

Apitong White Lauan Red Lauan Tangile Lumbayau

P.I. P.I. P.I. P.I. P.I.

d d d d d

0.687 0.485 0.523 0.538 0.571

97 112 89 102 95

11 I 12 I 13 I 14 I 15 I 16 I 17 I 18 I 19 I 20 I 21 I 22 I 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | 32 | 33 | 34 | 35 | 36 92 86 92 104 116 117 101 135 136 109 106 117 108 118 112 112 81 112 115 120 130 110 111 101 122 130 128 114 105 166 115 77 103 110 95 101 142 118 110 87 115 132 107 105 146 110 128 125 96 109 102 102 66 78 73 65 106 78 60 65 60 69 62 73 98 88 120 120 117 122 86 100 97 112 108 66 82 68 76 146 95 84 66 91 91 54 75 115 71 92 84 81 112 117 112 102 100 93 102 112 80 97 91 116 108 126 129 75 85 103 78 89 95 96 100 105 111 110 132 129 98 111 115 94 132 104 104 115 100 113 105 99 104 111 103 113 162 150 112 102 123 160 170 142 115 151 96 102 115 89 116 124 103 117 96 103 90 90 118 75 87 96 149 139 95 93 94 133 139 108 104 121 103 110 187 71 99 57 99 99 102 101 80 82 94 147 184 93 89 86 125 149 127 103 139 106 114 136 88 100 105 116 123 113 102 104 106 124 91 103 112 133 120 115 115 118 136 131 110 116 131 97 126 119 120 119 127 126 116 114 123 104 105 113 132 120 112 96 94 117 126 124 109 116 114 107 103 135 112 100 107 100 123 123 89 90 106 79 95 96 101 84 79 93 93 99 88 115 112 112 122 130 122 97 108 93 122 98 94 114 90 89 90 113 68 97 85 80 116 123 148 124 165 118 116 144 102 106 122 121 129 116 132 107 102 124 92 97 103 129 138 100 100 100 133 156 120 123 129 113 131 127 118 121 115 145 120 106 113 89 119 113 115 144 124 102 101 147 150 131 81 141 97 102 110 97 154 155 103 115 96 147 87 88 117 91 104 113 112 111 107 122 117 121 111 95 93 107 89 119 168 100 98 104 137 90 88 112 89 99 102 130 136 115 106 107 119 127 153 81 142 67 83 70 75 204 156 83 77 95 208 54 66 65 82 92 98 180 183 107 118 123 163 181 82 84 70 116 137 103 86 77 106 114 63 78 66 99 112 115 162 157 108 111 110 148 193 97 100 91 104 90 89 124 78 116 95 88 102 76 84 91 93 108 101 102 71 72 85 86 82 63 71 77 85 59 47 48 45 62 86 78 91 85 98 108 100 96 57 68 84 91 51 63 83 92 90 79 58 89 100 50 76 52 80 68 76 88 28 26 88 82 98 56 101 98 70 118 71 81 60 67 59 72 63 46 47 43 43 68 28 21 11 49 72 34 28 45 61 64 71 36 61 34 42 51 46 54 30 38 98 73 96 74 78 89 85 35 21 90 87 95 44 71 81 103 106 121 100 150 123 112 82 89 130 101 88 78 88 79 62 43 66 93 48 47 75 72 84 96 72 71 140 129 139 109 101 113 100 112 102 109 118 94 113 103 113 113 114 109 95 100 102 102 110 108 126 130 106 99 97 133 140 94 90 104 90 84 88 117 109 124 102 88 95 110 89 97 98 114 110 111 93 97 118 142 61 73 55 120 108 69 218 138 174 104 88 124 81 106 115 54 109 123 118 61 60 113 112 99 63 54 101 107 78 133 131 101 70 72 69 74 81 108 59 135 120 132 47 123 139 108 43 42 184 220 176 107 114 134 93 105 95 105 111 102 104 100 101 136 89 96 100 122 131 96 92 89 118 121 125 118 142 120 130 109 110 120 107 98 111 108 145 96 112 118 94 147 104 104 105 139 150 101 116 95 79 94 73 98 125 138 88 86 91 107 78 88 64 105 105 105 158 130 121 119 113 145 140 88 90 80 113 110 128 86 79 95 120 90 93 69 124 90 92 138 122 120 109 113 119 107 109 111 70 90 83 70 144 150 81 78 86 148 80 81 66 83 103 104 135 123 102 104 102 129 120 79 95 81 83 120 141 98 83 116 137 79 86 64 100 107 112 89 107 97 96 101 91 101 120 100 127 101 108 103 108 130 130 95 102 91 130 78 94 102 85 103 107 145 132 105 105 106 142 126 107 109 95 130 132 154 103 90 121 134 93 90 83 88 113 108 137 115 109 101 105 122 109 111 111 113 97 112 108 99 152 182 95 96 94 145 111 101 93 87 113 102 151 118 102 99 98 146 128 104 114 101 115 160 211 111 98 126 147 101 101 94 93 115 110 111 73 99 95 97 109 96 93 92 86 89 107 88 93 146 136 98 100 94 124 92 97 75 88 111 106 212 128 92 93 95 161 112 85 103 87 91 130 154 95 92 99 131 86 93 94 94 103 106 90 95 89 100 97 77 99 71 83 71 68 80 79 63 48 55 84 85 84 50 81 88 74 95 72 64 58 38 64 74 78 36 33 65 80 89 49 76 135 | | 82 77 | |

CERTAIN WOODS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS of air-dry wood in terms of density

/P = 2.17Do 1 - 33

F = 2.17Do1-33

F = 1466Do2 25

F = 1365Do2-26

F = 1365Do225

| -28 | 29 [ 30 | 31 | 32 | 33 | 34 | 35 | 36

F = 2.71D 0 2-25

I 27

/? = 8.37D 0 ioo

19 I 20 I 21 I 22 I 23 I 24 I 25 I 26

F = 7.38D0i-25

18 j

F = 0.00416Dtf2

F = 2750D«1 °o

F = 20. 9OD0 1-2 s

15 I 16 I 17 I

103 116 106 96 92

109 102 99 96 84

84 113 92 109 108

99 110 108 98 95

99 110 108 98 95

87 135 95 108 104

89 135 96 106 111

89 135 96 106 111

expressed in percentage of equation values 95 112 85 107 101

102 109 85 103 103

98 ! i i I ! For other Philippine woods, see Bulletins 107 90 Nos. 4 and 14, Bureau of Forestry, Philip114 pine Islands 1907 and 1916. 108 I ! I.

WOODS NATIVE TO PHILIP STRENGTH AND For Canada, v. p. 4; for Botanical name Local name

Place of growth

Bulk density

Genus and species

Green

Air-dry

Family

Seasoning condition

Index No.

g/cm3 1 200 201 202 203

2 Aceraceae Anacardiaceae

!

3 Acer pseudo-platanus, Linn. Campnosperma sp. Euroschinus falcatus, Hook., f. Harpephyllum caffrum, Bernh.

Alphonsea ventricosa, H., f. and Th. Dy era costulata, Hook., f. Rauwolfia natalensis, Sond. Ilex capensis, Sond. and Harv. Cussonia sp. Panax pinnatum, A. Rich. Betula spp. Bombax insigne, Wall. Coelostegia griffithii, Benth. Cullenia excelsa, Wight.

4 Sycamore Terentang Port Macquarie beech Kaffir plum, Zuurbesje, um-Gwenya, Mategibe Am, Mango, Thayet Rengas Red Cape beech, Rode Melkhout, umKomiso Taaibosch, in-Tlokoebomve, Manzimane Chooi Jelutong Quinine tree, um-Hlambamasi Water tree, Wittehout, um-Duma Cabbage wood, um-Senge Mutati Birch Didu, Saitu, Semul Punggai Karayani, Kabodda, Wild Durian

Cor dia platythyrsa, Baker. Canarium australianum, F. Muell. Canarium bengalense, Roxb. Canarium mauritianum, Bl. Santiriopsis klaineana, Pierre Casuarina cunninghamii, Miq.

Pooli Turpentine pine Neribi Colophane Odonomokuku, incense tree River oak

204 205 206

Mangi/ er a ìndica, Linn. Melanorrhoea ? sp. Protorhus longifolia, Engl,

207

Rhus lucida, Linn.

208 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223

Anonaceae Apocynaceae Aquifoliaceae Araliaceae Betulaceae Bombaceae

Boraginaceae Burseraceae

Casuarinaceae

224 225

Casuarina decussata, Benth. Casuarina equi setifolia, Forst.

226 227 228 229 230

Casuarina fraseriana, Miq. Casuarina glauca, Sieb. Casuarina torulosa, Ait. Cathastrum capense, Turcz. Elaeodendron croceum, DC.

231 232 233 234 235 236 237 238 239 240 241

Celastraceae

Combretaceae

Elaeodendron velutinum, Harv. Pleurostylia wightii, Wight and Arn. Pterocelastrus rostratus, WaIp. Pterocelastrus variabilis, Sond. Anogeissus acuminata, Wall. Anogeissus lati folia, Wall.

5 British Isles Fed. Malay States Australia S. Africa

India Fed. Malay States S. Africa

6 Air-dry Air-dry

1

Green

0.697

7

W. Africa Australia India Mauritius W. Africa New South Wales, Queensland Karri Shea-oak W. Australia Beefwood, Ru, Chouk, Kabwi India, Fed. Malay States, Queensland Shea oak W. Australia Swamp oak Australia Forest oak Australia Hard pear, coffee pear, um-Ngqangqa S. Africa Saffraanhout, saffronwood, um-Bom- S. Africa vana um-Nqai, um-Ngayi S. Africa Panaka, Pairi, Chiru-piyari Ceylon White pear wood S. Africa . Candlewood, Kersehout, Itwyina S. Africa Yon, Chakwa, Panchi India Baku, Dhaura India

Combretum kraussii, Höchst.

Bush willow, Rodeblad, um-Dubu- S. Africa weklati Terminalia bialata, Wall. Indian silver greywood, white Chug- India lam, Lein, Chugalam Terminalia myriocarpa, Huerck. and Hollock, Panisaj, Sungloch, Shila India Muell. Arg. Terminalia paniculata, Roth Kindal, Kirijul India Terminalia procera, Roxb. Indian almond tree, Badam, Tarée India

* Tension parallel to grain. t Bulk density calculated from weight and volume at time of test, no determination of moisture content having been made.

»

0.348 0.433Î 0.691Î 0.674Î 0.680J

S. Africa India Fed. Malay States S. Africa S. Africa S. Africa E. Africa British Isles India Fed. Malay States India

I

1.120Î 0.785Î 0.369Î 0.53Ot O. 610J 0.460J 0.360

Air-dry

Air-dry Air-dry Air-dry Green Oven-dry

0.497Î 0.537 0.492 0.396J 0.644J 0.625* 0.813Î 0.702Î 0.769t

Green Green

0.702 0.785

Green Green

0.723 0.852

0.744 0.930 1.028t 0.90Oj 0.894Î 0.960J 0.879Î 0.686J 1 . 063Î

Green Green

0.739 0.793 0.850Î 0.769Î 0.834Î 0.898Î 0.593Î

THE BRITISH EMPIRE HARRIS

g/cm 3

9 0.570

% ovenkg/mm 2 dry I 10 I 11 I 12 2.23 7.03 16 2.25 4.18 3.54 4.57 8.40 45

17

... Shear

Tension perpendic. , ular to grain

,, , Hardness

Tangential

Radial

End

Tangential

Radial

Tangential

Lit.

Radial

Compression perpendicular to grain,fiberstress at elastic limit




Height of drop causing complete failure


Compression parallei to grain





Impact bending 22.68 kg hammer

kgkg/ cm/ cm kg/ mm 2 kg/mm 2 kg/mm 2 kg mm2 cm3 I 13 I 14 I 15 I 16 I 17 I 18 I 19 I 20 I 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 872 3.89 788 881 10230.115 4.82

| 31 (5) (21) (61) (12,49)

kg-cm/cm 3

kg/mm 2

6.96 9.61 6.40

1037 1476 10850.054

4.41

(31, 43) (21) (12)

6.79

11.21

12530.197

9.78

(12)

10.20 4.38 4.91 5.11 2.86 3.38 9.78 4.61 8.73 5.89 9.34 7.54 6.14 3.92 10.90 4.25 10.13

1234 717 7260.054 7490.036 5480.049

5.79

1470 743 1476 10020.089 12850.143 8130.176 747 407 1272 812 1178

2.60 2.67 2.17 2.34 4.75

19 55 8

,.

4.50 3.16

11 0.53-0.786

0.55^

.

UC bendmg

Modulus of rupture


Q

Moisture content

Oven-dry

Bulk density


RELATED PROPERTIES Tropical America, v. p. 39

4.75 3.93 5.73 5.03 5.66 2.77

6.19

4.54 4.13 2.67 2.25 6.62 2.84 8.5111070.375 69 2.18 14.0217470.612 74 3.76

2.72 5.28 4.22

3.95 5.69 2.25

(io, 43) (21) (!2) (12) (12) 0.387 (22) (5) 0.650 (io, 43) (21) 11730.4750.5200.5730.3160.418 333 306 284 ( 3 «) 13060.6920.6540.5340.3550.612 465 415 488 (38) ( 14 ) 0.783 I (24) 1.026 (io, 43) 0.988 (") 0.494 (57) (61) 1.083

46 20

3.54 5.62

6.34 11.02

661 1589

2.81 6.68

33 43

7.80 11.46

953 1668 1654 7610.091 9860.175

6.11 5.54 4.98

1432

3.52 5.55

8.43 14.52 11.38 6.41 9.93

5.16 5.32 3.74 3.61 5.63 4.47

10.82 9.11 10.93 7.96 9.24 8.51

13750.116 10370.152 9990.078 9210.080 13460.134 11380.103

7.24 4.36 4.77 4.87 4.62 3.83

(12) 0.524 (54) | (48) 1.039 (55) 13770.9310.9101.3000.4990.689 823 757 714 (41) 11990.9670.9971.1110.4470.607 845 812 810 (31,34,41,

3.82

7.96

10380.084

5.13

1477

5.88

35 35

14.1019500.572 1123.08 12.7314670.613 1442.16

0.752 1.58 I 1.041 0.816 1.047 | 0.916

8.62* 6.33* 11.95* 11.59*

(20) (10,21,37) , (20) (20) (2,58,59) (12) (55)

42)

11.52 11.60

7.43 10.18

1098

(12)

3.84

1.43 I 0.755

(io, 43) (9)

4.62 6.52

1.032

(9) (io, 43)

1

i

2

242 243

3 Terminalia superba, Engl. and Diels. Terminalia tomentosa, W. and A.

4 Afara, Affram Indian laurel wood, Taukkyan, Sain

I

5 W. Africa India

Brachylaena discolor, DC.

um-Pahla, Vaalbosch, Mapata

S. Africa

Brachylaena hutchinsii, Hutch.

Muhugu

E. Africa

Abies pedinata, DC.

European silver fir

British Isles t

247 248 249

Abies pindrow, Spach. Agathis alba Agathis australis, Steud.

W. Himalayan silver fir, Paludâr, Badar India Fed. Malay States Damar Minyak New Zealand Kauri pine

250 251 252

Agathis robusta, F. M. Bailey Araucaria bidwillii, Hook. Araucaria cunning hamii, Sweet.

Queensland kauri, Dundathu pine Bunya pine Moreton Bay pine, hoop pine

253 254 255

A.throtaxis selaginoides, D. Don. Callitris arborea, Schrad. Callitris calcarata, R. Br.

256 257 258

Callitris rhomboidea, R. Br. Callitris robusta, R. Br. Callitris tasmanica, R. T. B.

259

Cedrus deodara, Loud.

Queensland Queensland New South Wales, S. Queensland King William pine Tasmania Clanwilliam cedar S. Africa New South Wales, Black cypress pine Queensland Illawara Mountain pine, cypress pine Indiai W. Australia White cypress Victoria, N. S. W., Oyster Bay pine Tasmania Deodar, Himalayan cedar India

260 261 262

Cryptomeria japonica, D. Don. Cupressus macrocarpa, Hartw. Cupressus torulosa, D. Dori.

Japanese cedar Monterey cypress Himalayan cypress

Indiaf Indiaf India

263 264

Dacrydium colensoi, Hook. Dacrydium cupressinum, Soland.

Westland pine, silver pine Rimu, red pine

New Zealand New Zealand

265 266 267 268 269 270 271

Dacrydium franklinii, Hook. Juniperus procera, Höchst. Larix europaea, DC. Libocedrus doniana, Endl. Phyllocladus rhomboidalis, A. Rich. Picea excelsa, Link. Picea morinda, Link.

Huon pine East African juniper Larch Kawaka, Wawaku Celery-top pine Norway spruce W. Himalayan spruce, Rai

Tasmania E. Africa British Islesf New Zealand Tasmania British Islesf India white wood red wood India India

244

Compositae

6 I 7 I Air-dry Green 0.707 Air-dry Oven-dry 0.763

8 0.440 0.752

0.816 245 246

Coniferae (or pinaceae)

Bhotan pine, blue pine, Kail, Piuni Long-needled pine, Chir

Green Air-dry Air-dry

0.385 0.497 0 . 438

Air-dry Air-dry

0.433Î 0.468 0.470 0.369J 0.618Î 0.753Î

Green

Green Air-dry Oven-dry Green Green Green Air-dry Air-dry Air-dry

Pseudotsuga douglasii, Carr. Sequoia sempervirens, Endl. Curtisia faginea, Ait. Ackama muelleri, Benth. Ceratopetalum apetalum, D. Don.

Douglas fir Redwood Assagai, um-Gxina Corkwood Coachwood

British Islesf Australia! S. Africa Australia Australia

293

Cunonia capensis, Linn.

Red alder, Rode Els, um-Nqwaskube

S. Africa

294

Platylophus trifoliatus, Don.

White alder, Witte Els

S. Africa

Cornaceae Cunoniaceae

0.536Î 0.548

0 . 402 0.436 0.405

Air-dry Air-dry Air-dry Green Air-dry Air-dry

288 289 290 291 292

281 282 283 284 285 286

0.431 0.547 0.451

Air-dry

287

280

0.329 0 . 433 0.419

0.637Î 0.609Î

British Isles t S. Africat Air-dry British Meat British Isles heavy timber Air-dry light timber Air-dry Kahikatea, white pine New Zealand Podocarpus dacrydioides, A. Rich. Brown pine New South Wales, Podocarpus elata, R. Br. S. Queensland Outeniqua or bastard yellowwood, S. Africa Podocarpus elongata, L'Her Geelhout, um-Koba New Zealand Miro, black pine Podocarpus ferrugineus, Don. Musengera, Podo E. Africa Air-dry Podocarpus gracilior, PiIg. E. Africa Air-dry Podo Podocarpus milanjianus, Rendle Welimada, Thitmin India Podocarpus neriifolia, Don. Matai, black pine Air-dry New Zealand Podocarpus spicata, R. Br. Podocarpus thunbergii, Hook. var. fal- Upright or real yellow wood, um- S. Africa Sunti cata, Sim. Totara New Zealand Green Podocarpus tatara, Don.

278 279

0.468

Air-dry Air-dry

274 275 276 277

Cluster pine, maritime pine Stone pine Weymouth pine, white pine Dantzic fir, Scots pine

0.516 0.657Î 0.673Î

Pinus excelsa, Wall. Pinus longifolia, Roxb. pinaster, Soland. pinea, Linn. strobus, Linn. sylvestris, Linn.

0.849

Air-dry Air-dry Air-dry

272 273

Pinus Pinus Pinus Pinus

0.812

0.541 0.505 0.565Î

0.436J 0.817Î 0.450

0.481

0.597

0.658Î 0.513 0.574 O. 673 J 0.715 0.626

0.407

Air-dry 0.465$ 0.940Î 0.641J 0.608Ì 0.657

0.721 0.527 0.575

I * Tension parallel to grain. f Not a native of this country. Î Bulk density calculated from weight and volume at time of test, no determination of moisture content having been made.

9

0.772

I 10 10 '54 13 9

io)

i

11 i 12 4 . 4 3 5.60 4.85 7.94 6.5Q 10.81 8.51 12.92

I 13 I 14 I 15 I 16 I 17 I 18 I 8940.1200.222 11680.114 12.4616150.552 13400.179 18.1124420.745 15380.264 16.7022300.707

5 04

12920 108

'

0.37-0.52 16 18 15

11 10

'

3.66 3.86 4.64 4.85

6.02 8.12 6.60

10700.079 1343 9370.159

21 3.93 3.93 5.82 6.77

| 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 I 26 I 27 | 28 I 8520.7720.8161.073 13950.8230.7520.9740.3690.443 658 15751.21 1.13 1.195 0.608 0.632 1000 17151.32 1.1461.20 0.7800.8711162

29 | 30 |

31 (is) 699 667 (»» si, 38) 930 974 960 946

8 29

-

4.22 4.78 6.22 1224

28 13

19 I 20 ( 3.08 992.74 1223.42 1273.60

(8> 12)

-

4.99 6.82 4.24 7.7712800.266

482.82

3.30

(22) (23) (5)

0.415 0.661

4.29

16820.3230.5370.4960.1790.169 284 184 204 (38) (2l) 12.73* (i, 3, 4, 19,

5.50 5.27

( 61 ) (6) (6,9,58,59)

28, 51)

4.96 9.79 6.32

12 15

3.32

652

1440

3.95 5.81 2.85

581 6170.099 844

3.87

31

3.39

4.60 6.32 6.07

6480.103 749 1252

7.27 8510.358

581.89

2.75

45

3.62 4.61 7.17 2.12 2.52 2.57 4.70 3.82 4.86

6.09 7.41 9.25 4.01 4.35 4.13 6.43 6.85 7.85

9480.079 10220.171 11910.238 4950.052 6470.057 5790.065 7460.170 1006 1273

8.5110090.398

512.13 3.05 4.58 360.77 431.17 531.89 562.09

3.12 4.31 6.28 1.60 2.27 2.22 3.34 5.48 4.33

6.96 3.38 11.25 6.07 7.33 7.42

4670.111 1700 6640.141 1177 1371

3.81 6.17 4.32 7.21 3.23 4.77 3.25 5.53 4.02 6.90 2.81 7.17 2.70 7.35 4.71 10.23

10200.081 11140.096 693 10470.057 11750.077 971 6690.061 1202

24 40 35 10 17 14

914

5.26 6180.251 7.28 8860.348 6.29 8110.276 9.3411930.413

1.05

10.15*

(61) (ss, 56) ( 61 )

0.356

990.7030.7210.6710.1260.369 481 386 377 (38) ( 61 ) (61) 9930.4670.5690.7140.1650.249 10670.6180.7490.8610.2490.225 14400.9170.6320.5440.1790.246 4570.3060.5310.5170.1860.260 6680.4290.5340.6960.1510.295 7840.4670.5480.6680.1370.341 7850.6850.7310.8720.2110.559 12.87* 10.07*

329 447 540 163 340 334 438

252 304 390 170 265 231 263

265 (31,38) 340 406 147 (38) 288 (38) 227 (38) 293 (38) (4, 28) (i, 3, 4, 19, 28)

3.14 15 0.45-0.75

4.80 3.80

0.30-0.52

4.42 15 14 14 78 lo

0.41-0.59

0.42 -0.55 0.51-0.76 0.375-0.50

n rnn

5.22 3.68 2.19

1

JnT

0.500

4

IU j

• °8

5.22 13 15 12 A *rn O. DO(J

1

?n \ ^J

45

6.73 4

-76

10.97 1821 8.30 1329 5.42 889 5.83 896 6

' 08

8370.113

9.62 6.12 5.91 9.29 9.98

7590.202

7

'13

1110 11190.235 8540.149

831

4.85 6.43

(3) (22) (5) (3) (si) (5, 61)

0.309

4.70 8.2613310.285 9.0115500.297

532.14 662.21

8.1312050.309 9.3216620.301

612.13 612.18

3.15 3.24 4.40 2.86 3.57 4.94 3.49 6.25

14470.4690.6840.7100.2740.249 15120.4770.8850.8050.2780.310 0.802 1136 0.531 0.601|0.618 0.222 0.228 15750.4850.7520.7730.2140.172 0.771 0.579

7.10 5.23 3.19

5.62* | 9.46*

3.76

0.427

4.08 4.01 5.62 3.52

j 0.372 0.507 1.097 |

4.24

3.12

5.09

4.38

7.47 6.52 11.07 10.34 7.42

1300 1120 14860.212 1550 1109

4.66

5.35

8.50

12380.129

4.71

3.50

4.91

5270.130

4.20

0.703

(S, 25) (5,25) (3,4,19,28) (61) (8,12,55)

>4.92*

0.413

3.03

326 202 220 (38,39) 336 252 268 (38,39) (31,38) 261 252 318(31,38) 377 295 322 (31,38) (5,55,56) (55,56) (5)

(3) (22) (22) (io, 43) (3,4,13,28) (8,12,55)

10.20*

(i, 3, 4, 19, 28)

0.45-0.55

7.47

0.750 0.605

60 10] OI 130 I 1Oj O

5.17 6.04 941

0.939 I 1.365 I 0.771

0.458 I

9.03*

(5) (61) (12, ss) (61) (59) (8,55)

(8,55)

1

I

2

295 296 296.5 Dilleniaceae 297 Dipterocarpaceae 298 299 300 301

I

I

3 Weinmannia lachnocarpa, F. Muell.

4

Mararie Kamahi Ottengali, Thabyu, Chalta Sanai Chengal, Penak Damar Hitan Chengal, Penak Kanyin

Weinmannia racemosa, Linn., f. Dillenia indica, Linn. Anisoptera sp. Balanocarpus maximus, King. Balanocarpus penangianus, King. Balanocarpus sp. Dipterocarpus alatus, Roxb.

302 303

Dipterocarpus pilosus, Roxb. Dipterocarpus sp.

Hollong Keruing, Kruin

304

Dipterocarpus tuberculatus, Roxb.

In, Sooahn

305

Dipterocarpus turbinatus, Gaertn. F.

Gurjan

307 308

Dryobalanops sp. Hopea odorata, Roxb.

Kapur Camphor-wood Keladan Thingan, Rinda

309 310 311 312 313 314 315 316 317 318 319 320

Hopea sp. Shorea acuminata, Dyer Shorea assamica, Dyer Shorea barbata, Brandis Shorea contorta, Vidal Shorea curtisii, Dyer Shorea, Hopea and Isoptera spp. Shorea leprosula, Miq. Shorea macroptera, Dyer Shorea obtusa, Wall. Shorea parmfolia, Dyer Shorea robusta, Gaertn., f.

M era wan Meranti Rambai Daun Makai Rasak White Lauan Seriah Salangan batu, Yacal Meranti Bunga Melantai Thitya Meranti Sarang Punai SaI, Sâkher

321 322

Meranti Kepong Damar Laut Daun Besar Damar Laut Daun Kechil Merani Kait Kait Seraya Batu White Seriah, cedar Valica affinis, Thw. Mandora Diospyros kurzii, Hiern. Andaman marble-wood, Thitkya, Pecha-da Diospyros melanida, Poir. Ebène marbré Diospyros pentamera, Woods and F. Grey plum

306

323 324 325 326

Dryobalanops aromatica, Gaertn.

Shorea sericea, Dyer Shorea sp.

Ebenaceae

<

I

5 New South Wales, Queensland New Zealand India Fed. Malay States Fed. Malay States Fed. Malay States Fed. Malay States India

I

6

Green

I

7

India Fed. Malay States, Air-dry Borneo India Green 0.726 Air-dry India Green 0.655 Air-dry Oven-dry Fed. Malay States 1 Air-dry Borneo J Fed. Malay States Green 0.601 India Fed. Malay Fed. Malay India Fed. Malay Australia Fed. Malay Borneo Fed. Malay Fed. Malay India Fed. Malay India Fed. Malay Fed. Malay Fed. Malay Fed. Malay Fed. Malay Borneo Ceylon India

Green Green

States

Air-dry

States

Air-dry Green Air-dry Green

States States States

States States States States States

Air-dry Green Green Air-dry Air-dry Air-dry Green Air-dry

Mauritius New South Wales, Muell. Queensland Kayu Arang 327 Diospyros sp. Fed. Malay States Air-dry Euclea natalensis, A. DC. i-Dungamuzi 328 S. Africa Royena lucida, Linn. 329 Black-bark, Zwartbast, um-Tenattena S. Africa Aristotelia racemosa, Hook., f. Moko 330 Elaeocarpaceae New Zealand Elaeocarpus dentatus, Vahl. Hinau 331 New Zealand Elaeocarpus grandis, F. Muell. 332 Blue fig Australia Sloanea woollsii, F. Muell. Mellow Carrabeen 333 Australia Eucryphia bilUardieri, Spach. 334 Eucryphiaceae Leatherwood Tasmania Baccaurea sapida, Muell. Arg. 335 Euphorbiaceae Latecku, Lutio, Kanazo India Beyeria viscosa, Miq. Pinkwood 336 Australia Bischofia javanica, Bl. 337 Uriana, Tayôkthé, Aukkyu, Boa- India ungza, red cedar Bridelia micrantha, Baill. 338 um-Hlahlamakwaba, Mazerie S. Africa Hemicyclia australasica, Muell. Arg. Yellow tulip wood 339 Queensland, N e w South Wales Ricinodendron africanus, Muell. Arg. Ochwen 340 W. Africa Castanea saliva, Mill. 341 Fagaceae Sweet chestnut British Isles t Air-dry 342 Castanopsis hystrix, A. DC. Chestnut, Dalne, Hingori, Sirikishu India Berangan Castanopsis sp. 343 Fed. Malay States Green 344 Fagus cunninghamii, Hook. Tasmanian myrtle, red myrtle Australia Green 345 Fagus fusca, Hook., f. Red beech, black birch, Towai New Zealand 346 Fagus menziesii, Hook., f. Silver beech, red birch, Towai New Zealand 347 Fagus moorei, F. Muell. Negro head, white beech New South Wales Fagus syhatica, Linn. Beech 348 British Isles Air-dry 349 Quercus lamellosa, Sm. Hill oak, BUk. India 350 Quercus pedunculata, Ebrh. Oak British Isles Air-dry Quercus robur, Linn. 351 Oak British Isles Air-dry 352 Quercus sessiliflora, Salisb. Oak British Isles * Tension parallel to grain. f Not a native of this country. $ Bulk density calculated from weight and volume at time of test, no determination of moisture content having been made.

8 0.802Î

0.512

Air-dry Air-dry Green 0 . 589 Air-dry Green 0 . 574 Air-dry Oven-dry

States States

I

0.705Î 0 . 489 0.785 0.609 0 . 604 0.689Î 0 . 665

0.689 0.785Î

0.608 0.447 0.577Î 0.817 0.513Î 0.513 0 . 689 0 . 483 0.454 0.961Î 0 . 436 0.714 0.772 0 . 374 0 . 837 0.920 0.513 0 . 777 O. 48 1-0. 64 Ij 0.957Î 0.978Î 0.768Î 0.705Î 0.798 0.890Î 0.770Î 0.593Î 0.562J 0.665J 0.577J 0.785J 0.673Î 0.704J 0.721Î 0.590Î 0.865Î 0.789J 0.737J 0.569 0.656 0.577J 0.593Î 0.860Î 0.945Î 0 . 744 0.785Î

9

I 10

I 11 I

71

2.68

19 17 24 17 73 17

3.44 7.81 4.28 6.75 3.76 4.25 7.81 11.49 4.29

17

50

12 13.30

I 13 I 1892

5.38 8.34 6.46 11.49 7.76 9.93 6.61 8.79 9.61

8450.0500.725 1036 1012 1723 1192 1455 10390.077 10.7014820.443 13330.077 13.0415530.629 13460.252

7.41

14 J 15 I 16 I 17 I 18 I 19 I 20 I

66

8.15 9.79 7.75 10.97 13.83

12330.110 13810.105 14200.095 15740.117 17750.288

19 21

5.03 3.94

10.04 8.64 11.50

1680 1399 1465

10.28 6.62 8.30 13.73 6.25 7.58 8.66 6.85 6.77 15.64 5.83 9.92

1623 1005 1102 2005 663 1234 1425 1203 1244 1776 1033 13730.128

10.65 5.28 13.32 12.88 7.53 9.21 7.20 9.64 7.80

13500.136 1005 1920 1860 1417 1167

| 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 |

31

(61) 2.04

2.39 5.17

741.71 762.86 4.22

3.18 4.57 6.62 4.16 3.42

0.5240.8600.9560.3630.497 406 336 365 (29) 1.014 (io, 43) ( 21 ) (21) (21) (21) 11220.5340.6710.7520.5060.745 402 413 392 (3i, 38) 12070.6180.8851.0440.4320.594 503 447 438 15010.7840.8890.9040.6390.714 680 537 501 0.787 (34,43) ( 9 > 21 )

14.1318860.604 1022.58 2.49 13.1218960.507 812.73 2.62 6.68

3.96 4.77 4.12 5.44 8.75

14220.8580.8400.9460.4150.671 15230.6330.9701.1250.5660.756 15970.6680.6220.7420.5200.622 16720.8330.8160.9460.8860.618 16240.9560.9320.8860.6250.724

1237

4.91 5.07 4.88 5.69 9.47

21

644 733 463 633 664

644 (31,38,46) 710 458 (38) 583 646 (9>21; (2M (10. 3 <>» 3I.

3.89 5.87

660 715 481 596 703

1.48

43)

20 20

5.68 3.38

18

5.92

19 28 18 21

3.84

19 56

3.30 5.56

28 17 17 17 31 16

5.55 2.85 6.02 6.33 4.10 5.17

3.83 3.97

4.49 .

5.22 8,54 13.4417920.569 1013.53

4.65

(21) (21) 0.934 (io, 43) (21) (61) (21) (9> 3 7 ) (21) (21) 1.873 (9,31,43) (21) 14320.9840.9140.9720.4800.678 625 679 692 ( 31 » 36 » 3 «> 40, 43)

5.46

16

22 28

0.61-0.75

0.436 1.49

4.43

1.068

(63) (61)

1.466

(21) (12) (12) (3) (3) (59) (61) (2) ( 1( >) (3) (io, 43)

11.02 8.98 6.57 6.17 6.33 8.11 9.08 14.10 7.51 9.86 6.02

1596 14880.081 6680.068 4520.131 9750.129 1184 1342 1668 925 8670.164 598

3.16

5.25 8.82

9760.060 1237

5.05

3.81 2.90

6.29 7.70 7.42 6.94 6.40 8.08 7.73 8.15 10.34 8.94 8.30 10.37 6.85

1046 925 908 1073 13270.104 1054 914 1157 1389 1225

3.78 5.17 4.05

12 0.60-0.813

3.59 4.12 6.30

5.38 4.69 2.86 3.14 4.76

3.69 3.78

1533 805'

(21) (9» 2 1 )

-

5.55 9.75

3.87 4.98

1007 1502

1.307

•

3.78

5.06

0.44-0.60

13160.107 1270

5.76

(54) (io, 43)

4.84 4.24

5.58

1087

4.62

12.46*

0.786

4.42

4.07 4.20 4.20 5.22 5.09 5.18 6.05 6.22

(12) (2,61)

1274

0.687 | 1.274 | 0.876 0.63 0.63 0.736 | 1.69

6.27* 5.60* 5.60* 14.40* 7.73* | 7.38* 7.03-13.35* j

( 5 7) (5) (io, 43) (21) (Si, 61) (3, is, 28) (3,13,28) (2, is, 59) (!» 5 ) (io, si, 43) (20) (i, 5, 25) ( 12 )

1

I

2 Flacourtiaceae

362 363 364 365 366

Calophyllum sp. Calophyllum spectabile, Willd. Garcinia conrauana, Engl. Kayea assamica, King and Prain Mesua ferrea, Linn.

4 Zuurbesjes, um-Kokolo Wild peach, Spekhout, Mpataselo Red pear, Rode Peer Thorn pear, Wolvedoorn Wild mulberry, Wilde Moerbe, XaIebo Walukina Gurukina Alexandrian laurel, Tharapi, Sultana champa, Puna Bintangor Dakar talada, Pantaga, LaI chuni Orugbo Sia Nahor Penaga (F. M. S.), Nageshwa, Gangaw

367 368

Hamamelidaceae

Bucklandia populnea, R. Br. Parrotia jacquemontiana, Dene.

Pipli, Dinghah, Singliang Peshora, Shtar

India India

Icacinaceae

Apodytes dimidiata, E. Mey.

White pear, Witte Peer, um-Dakane

S. Africa

Lauraceae

Villaresia moorei, F. Muell. Beuschmiedia obtusifolia, Benth.

New South Wales maple Pomatum wood, She beech

354 355 356 357 358 359 360 361

369 370 371

Guttiferae

372 373

\

3 Dovyalis zizyphoides, E. Mey. Kiggelaria africana, Linn. Scolopia ecklonii, Arn. Scolopia zeyheri, Arn. Trimeria alnifolia, Harv.

Calophyllum bracteatum, Thw. Calophyllum calaba, Linn. Calophyllum inophyllum, Linn.

I

Beilschmiedia tarairi, Benth. and H., f. Taraire Beuschmiedia tawa, Benth. and H., f. Tawa

i

I

6

5 S. S. S. S. S.

Ceylon Ceylon India Fed. Malay States India W. Africa India India

Air-dry

Green Air-dry

Green

Black sassafras

376

Endiandra discolor, Benth.

Murrogun

377 378

382 383 384

Endiandra pubens, Meissn. Eusideroxylon zwageri, Teijsm. and Borneo ironwood, Billian Binn. Billian Mangi, Mangeao, Tangeao Litsea calicaris, Kirk. She beech, Bally Gum Litsea reticulata, Meissn. Litsea reticulata, Meissn. and Litsea Bally gum ferruginea, Bl. Medang Litsea sp. Medang Tandok Litsea ? sp. Lalie, Leddil, Kaula, Seiknangyi Machilus odoratissima, Ness.

385

Ocotea bullata, E. Mey.

Black stinkwood, stinkhout

S. Africa

386

Ocotea usambarensis

Muzaiti, camphor

E. Africa

387 388 389 390 391

Persea semicarpi folia Acacia acuminata, Benth. Acacia arabica, Willd. Acacia horrida, Willd. Acacia melanoxylon, R. Br.

Ranai Jam wood Babul, Kikar Doornboom, thorn tree, um-Nga Blackwood

Acacia natalitia, E. Mey. Adenanthera pavonina, Linn. Afrormosia laxiflora, Harms. Afzelia africana, Sm. Afzelia spp.

u-Munga Recheda, Yivè, redwood Ainyesan Aligna Merabau Ipil

Ceylon W. Australia Green India S. Africa E. Australia, Tasmania S. Africa India W. Africa W. Africa Oven-dry Fed. Malay States \ Green Borneo /

392 393 394 395 396

397

Albizzia fastigiata, Oliver

Flat crown, Nebelele, um-HIandhloti

398 399 400 401 402 403 404 405

Albizzia lebbek, Benth. Albizzia odoratissima, Benth. Albizzia procera, Benth. Bauhinia variegata, Linn. Berlinia acuminata, Soland. Brachystegia spicaeformis, Benth. Cassia siamea, Lam. Castanospermum australe, A. Cunn.

Sirio, Siris, Kôkko, walnut Suriya Mara, Thitmagyi Thitpyu, Sit, White Siris Kachnar, Bwêchin, Bwegyin Ekpagoy Okwein Johor Black bean

406 407

Cylicodiscus gabunensis, Harms. Dalbergia latifolia, Roxb.

408 409

Dalbergia sissoo, Roxb. Detarium senegalense, J. F. Gmel.

8

0.529 0.617Î 0.716Î 0.745 0.897 0.721J

Australia New South Wales, Queensland New Zealand New Zealand Green Air-dry Australia New South Queensland New South Queensland Queensland Borneo

I

0.519Î 0.705Î 0.673Î

Cinnamomum oliveri, F. M. Bailey Cryptocarya patentinervis, F. Muell.

Leguminosae

7

0.870Î 0.650J 0.840Î 1 . OOOÎ O. 790J

374 375

379 380 381

. I

Africa Africa Africa Africa Africa

0 . 694 f 0.636 I

0.670 0.689Î 0.737Î 0.888Î

0 . 533 0.555

Wales,

0.513Î 0.657Î

Wales,

0.753J

Fed. Malay States New Zealand Australia Australia Fed. Malay States Fed. Malay States India

0.721Î Green Air-dry

0 . 938 0.621Î O. 433 J 0.484

Air-dry Green Air-dry

0.601 0.721 0.641Î 1 0.659 I

Green Air-dry

S. Africa

India Ceylon India India W. Africa W. Africa Air-dry Fed. Malay States Air-dry New South Wales, Queensland African greenheart, Okan W. Africa East Indian rosewood, blackwood, India KaIa Shishâm Sissoo, Shishâm India Ogwega W. Africa

* Tension parallel to grain. Î Bulk density calculated from weight and volume at time of test, no determination of moisture content having been made.

0.960

0.758

0.547 0.558 1.015Î 0.935 0.865Î 0.790J 0.675Î 0.700Î 0.898J 0.802J 0.718

[ 0.415 •j

0.444 0.753J 0.914Î 0.737Î 0.705Î 0.891Î 0.645 0 . 849 0.837J 0.934Î 0.882Î 0.770J 1.091 t

9

I 10 I 11 I 2.93 2.93 3.52 3.52 3.52

3.54 3.43

18

41 16

0.690

33 50) 10 OJ

12 5.37 5.55 7.00 8.95 8.35

6.34 6.14 6.57

4.32 3.79 4.61

8.98 7.21 <19.67 5.01 8.90 8.44 16.07

1490 855 1307 13180.106 2025

4.28 5.20 4.77 9.99

7.20 6.62

973 7520.051

4.00

2.72 4.23

9.36

11190.092

5.57

4.83

5.04 3.94 4.36

23

14

9.39 5.52

17 20 16

0.800

80] 10 OJ 83 13

25

3.30 5.62 8.06

0.460

70] 10 I OJ

7.53 9.29

1113 1363

11.39

1372

9.03 13.81

1303 1676

11.49

6.33

9.54

5.44

6.43

2.22 2.90

(54) (54) (io, 43)

(«) 1.030 (io, 43) >0.317 7.02* (1M 1520 1.026 1.06l|l. 100 0.496 0.513 801 760 785 ( 3 8 ) 1.883 (io, 21, 31, I «) 0.905 (io, 43) (*0)

0.996

(8,12,55)

(3) 0.6040.6990.860 (3,4,29) 0.8211.0101.1040.3000.739 526 386 376 ( 3 , 4 , 2 9 ) 10.13* ( 61 ) ( 61 )

3.04 3.69

(2,61)

( 61 ) (9» 3 7 )

'

7.94

(21) (3) (61) (6)

3.66-4.29

3.41

12540.292 i

3.79 7.41 6.87

2.18 6.82 6.23

0.237 0.666 1.232

( 61 ) ( 61 )

17.33 2398 6.97 9010.188 5.77 925 6.937.84 , 6.46 1406 11.02 1623 5.89 886

5930.053 1314 1284 15160.1880.765 1628

7.02

10 18

9960.137 11550.0760.654 11400.0940.499

5.99 10.13 7.14 12.66 11.51

2.34 9 21

5.69 6.16 7.71

7220.174 1655 1262 6980.048 1138

4.81 9.98

15.1021350.599 1072.66

| 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 " (") (U) (12) («) («)

1670 910

2.46 5.56 7.42 10.75 11.13 5.78 7.80

2.42

0.639

21 3.65 4.10 3.98 5.03 5.08

11570.060 10370.059 745

11.98 5.34 63 15

I 13 I 14 I 15 I 16 I 17 I 18 I 19 I 20 I 6180.086 7120.074 8490.084 9060.076 9090.076

6.44 3.38 4.71 4.10 <11.83 4.27 5.45

4.77

9610.232

3.71 7.13 4.68 6.75 6.35

4.77

9.29 10.27 12.63 3.84 6.11 12.13 10.84 8.87

1157 12200.224 1456 370 981 16720.1450.785 1392 1188

8.98 13.64

1277 1247

5.12 7.61

9.96 11.36

1146 1458

7.49 6.23

4.47

6.73 6.58 7.45 2.90 3.78 6.58 4.28

1260

(21) (21) (io, 43)

0.907 I 0.918 I 0.429 0.485 0.650 0.830

8.44*

1.453

11.03*

(8,12,55)

( 12 ) (io, 43) (57) (»«) ( 21 » 37 )

1.499 0.648 15501.2081.3261.589

1.012 I 1.433 0.902 1.733 0.981 0.543 16731.0621.1360.973 994

1.742 I 1.017

0.785

(22) (23) (54) (20) (3M (12) (51,58,59)

12 > 50 » ) (io, 43, 48) (54) (») (io, 43) (57) (15) (2M (2, 59)

(8,

57

6.58*

(57) (9, si) (31,43) (57)

1

I

2

410 411 412 413 414 415 416

3 Dialium platysepalum, R. T. B. Erythrina caffra, Thunb. Hardwickia binata, Roxb. Koompassia parvifolia, Prain Milletia caff r a, Meissn. Pericopsis mooniana, Thw. Piptadenia africana, Hook., f.

417

Pterocarpus indiens, Willd.

418 419 420 421 422 423

Pterocarpus macrocarpus, Kurz. Pterocarpus marsupium, Roxb. Pterocarpus santalinus, Linn., f. Pterolobium sp. Sindora sp. Sophora tetraptera, J. Mill., grandiflora, Hook., f. Virgilia capensis, Lam. Xylia dolabriformis, Benth.

424 425

I

I

4 5 Kran ji Fed. Malay States Kafirboom, um-Sinsi S. Africa Anjan, Acha, Yepa India Tualang Fed. Malay States Kaffir ironwood, um-Zimbiti S. Africa Nedun, Hedun Ceylon Ekhimi, Agboin, West African green- W. Africa heart Padauk India

Burma Padauk Bijasâl, Vengai Red Sanders, Lai Chandanum Agba Sepetir var. Kohwai

I

6 Green Air-dry

I

7 I 0.785

8 .

0 . 240 1.313J 0.657 1.150Î 1.135Î

Air-dry

Oven-dry Air-dry

India India India W. Africa Fed. Malay States New Zealand

0.685 0.865Î 0.881Î 1.202J 0.463 0 . 508 0.884Î

Air-dry Air-dry

441

Chickrassia tabularis, A. Juss.

442 443 444 445

Chloroxylon swietenia, DC. Dysoxylon fraserianum, Benth. Dysoxylon muelleri, Benth. Dysoxylon spectabile, Hook., f.

Keur, vetch-leaved Virgilia Ironwood of Burma and Arracan, Pyinkado, Jambu Pagar Anak Saliehout, Gwangi, sagewood Wild elder, Vlier, um-Quaqu Cape Teak, Kajatenhout, um-Hamalala Pyinma, Ajhar, Jarul, Taman Pyinma, Pabda Nana, Benteak Indian Prima Vera, Dhauri, Lendia, Sida Bungor Burmese Leza wood Sapu, Champaca, saga Magnolia, Bara champ, Gok um-Lolwa Tulip tree, Portia tree, Suriya Red cedar, Toon, Tuni, Poma, Thitkado Chikrassi, Arrodah, Yinma, Chittapong wood Satinwood, Buruta, Mutirai Rosewood Red bean Kohe Kohe

446

Ekebergia capensis, Sparrm.

Dog plum, Essehout, Cape ash

S. Africa

447 448 449

Ekebergia meyeri, Presi. Entandrophragma candollei, Harms. Guarea sp.

S. Africa W. Africa W. Africa

0.540Î 0.674J 0.814Î

450 451 452 453

Guarea thompsoni, Spr. and Hutch. Khaya ivorensis, A. Chev. Khaya senegalensis, A. Juss. Melia azedarachj Linn.

W. Africa W. Africa W. Africa Ceylon

0.774Î 0.668Î 0.513Î 0.758Î

454

M elio, dubia, Ca v.

Ceylon

0.327Î

455

Pseudocedrela sp.

Essehout Ikpwapobo Scented mahogany, cedar, OboboNufwa Obobo-Nikwi, cedar Mahogany, Ogwango Dry-zone mahogany, Ogwango Margosa, Nym tree, Persian lilac, bastard cedar, Thamaga Lucumidella, Ceylon mahogany or cedar, Malai Apopo

426 427 428 429

Linaceae Loganiaceae

Ixonanthes icosandra, Jack. Buddleia salvifolia, Lam. Nuxia floribunda, Benth. Strychnos atherstonei} Harv.

430 431 432 433

Lythraceae

Lag er str o ernia flos-reginae, Retz. Lagerstroemia hypoleuca, Kurz. Lagerstroemia lanceolata, Wall. Lagerstroemia parvi flora, Roxb.

434 435 436 437 438 439 440

M agnoliaceae Malvaceae Meliaceae

456 457 458

Lagerstroemia sp. Lagerstroemia tomentosa, Presi. Michelia champaca, Linn. Michelia excelsa, Bl. Hibiscus tiliaceus, Linn. Thespesia populnea, Soland. Cedrela toona, Roxb.

Pteroxylon utile, Eckl. and Zeyh. Monimiaceae Moraceae

Doryphora sassafras, Endl. Artocarpus chaplasha, Roxb.

S. Africa India

0.708Î 0.96U

Fed. Malay States S. Africa S. Africa S. Africa

Air-dry

0 . 697 0.810Î 0.706Î 0.780Î

India India India India

Air-dry

0 . 566 0.64U 0.850J 0.849Î

Fed. Malay States India Ceylon India S. Africa India Australia and India

Air-dry

0.513 0.802Î 0.638Î O. 529 t 0.760Î 0.806Î 0.479

Air-dry

India

0.785Î

Ceylon Australia Australia New Zealand

1.031Î 0.726Î 0.723Î 0.678Î f 0.490 I

W. Africa

0.519Î f 0.956 I

Sneezewood, Nieshout, Mweri, um- S. Africa Tati Sassafras Australia Kaita-da, Chaplash, Chram, Taung- India peinnè

Artocarpus hirsuta, Lamk.

Aini, Ayani

India

460 461 462 463 464

Artocarpus Artocarpus Artocarpus Artocarpus Artocarpus

Jak, Kanthai, Peinnè, Pilla Dahu, Myauklot, Wonta Del, Bedi-del Perian Keladang

Ceylon India Ceylon Fed. Malay States Fed. Malay States

Iroko, Odum Wild fig, um-Tombi Pulut Pulut Tempinis

W. Africa S. Africa Fed. Malay States Fed. Malay States

0.991 0.593Î 0.545Î

Green 459

0.517

0.516

I Air-dry

465 466 467 468

integrifolia, Linn., f. lakoocha, Roxb. nobilis, Thw. rigida. Bl. sp.

Chlorophora excelsa, Benth. and Hook. V'icus natalensis, Höchst. Ficus sp. I Sloetia sideroxylon, Teijsm. and Binn.


Air-dry Green Air-dry Air-dry Air-dry Air-dry

0.695Î 0.641Î 0-. 770Î 0.304 0 . 601 .0.545 0.410Î 0.336 0.872

9

0.250

j

Ï0 I 11 I 23 7.73 10 1.17

8

4.36 8.09 7.13 6.61

12 13.07 1.93 11.92 8.51 11.83 11.28 11.77

17

8.12

8.96

18

0.665

I 13 I 14 I 15 I 16 I 17 I 18 | 19 | 20 | 2088 2400.032 1507 1560 17140.198 15320.180 15080.1510.556 4.68

1537

21

1.29 8.45 10.30 6.16 6.75

| 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 1 31 ( 21 ) . («» ") (31,43) (21) ( 12 ) 1.044 (54) 15301.47 1.3771.712 (is, 57)

5.21

0.956

( 10 >

10.16*

I

10 17

16

11

19

10.99 8.73 9.85 8.63 6.77 10.51

879 1253 1271 9960.1930.668 1054 9620.168

6.00

8.95 10.13

10400.193 1280

4.47 6.10

5.77 3.60 7.21 2.64

11.65 7.67 10.42 7.08

1673 6700.107 11540.251 8060.045

4.95 5.16 5.21

0.728

7.37

11.87 6.92 7.26 11.46

12710.243 903 1251

6.10 4.72 3.81 6.03

1.402 1.117 0.834 1.790

8.35 10.10 5.49 7.13 6.71 8.20 6.98

1132 1147 7920.072 812 6980.053 7130.127 950

5.96 2.47 3.95 4.21 4.43 5.48

1.388 0.530 0.700 1 0.652 1.028

6.07 3.90 4.96

4.72 3.30 2.34 4.16

12

8.78 <14.02 10.00 3.17 4.20

20

> 31,

37,43)

1.647 | 2.620 9570.6980.7580.993

(43,47) (31) (io, si, 43) (15) (2l) (3)

0.954 1.386

(55) (31,43)

( 2 I) O2) (55) (i 2 ) 792 645 640 (31,35,53) (io, 43) (9, 31, 43) (9,31,43)

( 2 I) (9» 4 4 ) (43,54) (io, 43) (12) (54) (6, 31, 43, 59)

7.77 5.71

0.520

6.99

873

9.68 8.37 4.07 5.94

11010.159 1333 1086 10140.119

5.31 5.06 4.88

5.28

7800.066

3.88

5.74 4.44 5.13

10430.059 693 754

3.78 3.02 2.68

4.90 <12.38 2.30 4.40 4.09 8.07

945 1079 867 7800.110

4.27 4.56 2.87 4.71

4.66 70] 10 y 3.05 OJ 3.05 2.33 3.08

3.06

2.08

4.02

5200.047

2.14

1.93

4.33

647

3.01

25Ì

975 720

1.338 1.434 1.596

(31,43,54) (i9, ss, 59) (59) (3)

10.99*

(», 12) 0.629 0.638 I 0.618 >0.351 0.533 0.932 I 0.336 I >0.410

( 12 ) (57) (57)

(57) (U) (57) (54)

>4.24*

(54) (57)

I

10 \ 9.09 1.000

(31, 43)

13.41

14340.318

9.70

0.771

(*> i 2 » 48,

0.906

(61) (io, 43)

55)

OJ

8.33 5.97

1382 693 10450.127

80

4.82

7.52

13

6.19 4.13

9.37 4.81 10.76 6.54 4.88 10.27 11.32 10.54 3.75 5.20 16.32

4.87 10.1714400.411

762.99

4.14

583.74

5.81 5.36 7.18 4.61

945 0.580 0.724 0.614 0.358 0.394 481 440 470 ( 3 1 , 4 2 , 4 3 , 62)

15 61 14 14 17 14

4.77 2.78 5.62 6.40 7.07 2.46 2.65 8.91

1265 11.47 7000.126 1303 9970.112 773 1582 1652 12270.2160.773 5280.064 787 2030

5.28

5.75 2.76

0.8650.9490.875 0.473 1.374 0.869

617 390 528 (31,43,54) (io, 43) (54) (21) (21)

1203 1.043 0.976 0.833 0.536 0.651 639 508 544 (li, is, 18) (12) (21) (21)

1 469

Myristicaceae

3 Myristica irya, Gaertn.

4 Black Chuglam, Maloh

470

Myrsinaceae

Myrsine melanophlaeos, R. Br.

Cape beech, Beukenhout, Magona

S. Africa

471 472

Myrtaceae

Myrsine urvillei, A. DC. Angophora intermedia, DC.

Mapau Narrow-leaved apple

473

Angophora lanceolata, Cav.

Smooth-barked apple

474

Angophora subvelutina, F. Muell.

Rough-barked apple

475

Backhousia myrtifolia, Hook.

Grey myrtle

476 477 478

Eucalyptus accedens, Fitzg. Eucalyptus acervula, Hook., f. Eucalyptus acmenioides, Schau.

Powder bark Red gum White mahogany

479 480 481 482 483 484 485

Eucalyptus Eucalyptus Eucalyptus H. G. S. Eucalyptus Eucalyptus Eucalyptus Eucalyptus

486

Eucalyptus calophylla, R. Br.

Marri, red gum

487

campanulata, R. T. B. and

Stringybark

488 489 490 491

Eucalyptus H. G. S. Eucalyptus Eucalyptus Eucalyptus Eucalyptus

New Zealand New South Wales, Queensland New South Wales, Queensland New South Wales, Queensland New South Wales, Queensland Australia Tasmania New South Wales, Green Queensland Tasmania New South Wales New South Wales, Victoria New South Wales New South Wales Queensland, Victoria New South Wales, Victoria W. Australia Green Air-dry Australia

capitellata, Sm. citriodora, Hook., f. consideniana, J. H. M. cornuta, Labili.

Brown stringybark Citron-scented gum White ash Yate gum

Australia Queensland New South Wales W. Australia

492

Eucalyptus corymbosa, Sm.

Bloodwood

Australia

1.015 0.970Î

493 494

Eucalyptus corynocalyx, F. Muell. Eucalyptus crebra, F. Muell.

Sugar gum Narrow-leaved ironbark

S. Australia Australia

1.115$ 1.120Î

495

Eucalyptus delegatensis, R. T. B.

496

Eucalyptus

497 498 499 500

Eucalyptus Eucalyptus Eucalyptus Eucalyptus M. Eucalyptus Eucalyptus

501 502 503 504

I

2

!

amygdalina, Labili. andrewsi, J. H. M. australiana, R. T. B. and

Black peppermint New England peppermint Narrow-leaved peppermint

beyeri, R. T. B. bicolor, A. Cunn. botryoides, Sm. bridgesiana, R. T. B.

Narrow-leaved ironbark Flooded box Bangalay, mahogany Apple, woolly-butt

I

5

I

6

Blue gum

505

Eucalyptus gomphocephala, DC.

Tuart

506

Eucalyptus goniocalyx, F. Muell.

Mountain gum, grey gum

507 508

Eucalyptus hemilampra, F. Muell. Eucalyptus hemiphloia, F. Muell.

509 510

Eucalyptus intermedia, R. T. B. Eucalyptus jacksonii, J. H. M.

511 512 513 514

Eucalyptus Eucalyptus Eucalyptus Eucalyptus

515

Eucalyptus longifolia, Lk. and Ott.

laevopinea, R. T. B. largiflorens, F. Muell. leucoxylon, F. Muell. longicornis, F. Muell.

7

[ 0.663 I

Green Air-dry

Green Air-dry New South Wales, Green Victoria, Tasmania Air-dry Indiaf

S. W. Australia

Green Air-dry

New South Wales, Victoria, S. Australia Mahogany New South Wales Grey box, white box, brush box, gum- Australia Green top box Air-dry Green Bloodwood New South Wales Red Tingle Tingle, stringybark S. W. Australia Green Air-dry Silvertop stringybark Australia Red box Australia Blue gum S. Australia Morrell W. Australia Green . Air-dry Woollybutt, peppermint New South Wales, Green Victoria

* Tension parallel to grain. f Not a native of this country. Î Bulk density calculated from weight and volume at time of test, no determination of moisture content having been made.

I

8 0.833Î

0.743 0.991J 0.929J 0.962Î 0.769Î 1.042Î 1.026Î

0.757 0.930J 0.849Î 0.792J 1.146Î 1.021Î 1.013Î 0.906Î 0.659 0.801 0.833Î 0.994Î 0.930J 0.930Î

Southern Mountain ash, Tasman- New South Wales, ian oak Victoria, Tasmania diversicolor, F. Muell. Karri W. Australia Green Air-dry dives, Schau. Peppermint, messmate Australia drepanophylla, F. Muell. Messmate, ironbark Australia eugenioides, Sieb. White stringybark E. Australia Green fastigata, H. D. and J. H. Stringybark New South Wales, Victoria fergusoni, R. T. B. Bloodwood ironbark New South Wales fletcheri, R. T. B. River box New South Wales, Victoria fraxinoides, H. D. and White ash New South Wales

Eucalyptus J. H. M. Eucalyptus globulus, Labili.

I

India

0.959

0.657Î 0.749 0.829 1.157 J 1.077 I 0 . 739 0.898Î 1.162J 1.066J 0.722Î 0.676 0.806 0.784 0.787 0.874 0.972 0.915J 1.058Î 0.754 0 . 884 1.009Î 1.1 70Î 0.887 0.802J 1.245J 1.163Î 0.900 0.915 0.769

9

0.780

I 10 80] 10 I OJ

( 11 I

12 11.68

4.32 4.66

8.47 44

75 12

32 12

I 13 I 14 I 15 I 16 I 17 I 18 I 19 I 20 I 1341

21 6.52

7.07

10890.103

4.34

9.75 11.74

8250.154 1585

| 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 1.318 (io, 43) I ' . 0.794 (8, 12, ss)

(3) (61)

9.53

1339

(61)

6.91

1128

(61)

15.28

2120

(61)

10.20 1518

(20)

8.46 10.21

2132 15500.167

7.18 6.83 10.02

1960 1017 1446

12.22 8.85 10.93 6.12

1562 1114 1468 945

6.28

6.32 7.98 1265 8.86 11.67 1820 9.38 1455

12.17 8.69 12.48 8.93 11.74 11.95 15.12 9.81

1713

0.9711.041

7.39*

6.41

1557

1.100

13.79*

4.01 4.99

982 875

1.160 1.613

11.54* 12.25*

873 1389

0.506 0.808

9.56* 14.20*

4.66 6.53

1588 1189 1637 1617 1969 1408

4.69 8.16 6.97

7.24 12.25

1144 1620

4.18 718 6.95 1536

9.55

1523

999 1336 1354

0.879 1.178 1.373 I 1.526 1.540

13.85* 17.02* 13.88* I 7.61* 12.97*

(2) (2,6,24,60) (2) C2) (2,59) (2) (2,24,59) (2,59) (2)

(2,20)

(2) (2) (2,24) (2) (2, 20) (2, 6, 7, 24, 52 S9 , ) (59) 2 24 ( > » 58, 59)

54 12

6.04 8.09 1230 9.53 12.16 1885 11.30 9.67 1245

39

12

30 12 40

10.68

6.28 10.39

8.16 8.61

8.61*

(27) (24)

(2) C2)

13.26

1782

(2)

7.93 12.79 8.47 11.99

14830.082 22420.163 1652 2355

6.54 8.30 1146 11.18 12.58 1800 10.92 1402

12 30

1.0231.164

(2,7,20)

2174 931

12.4517030.508 1042.27 16.2426040.602 1353.79

11.50 1608 8.79 1406 11.38 12.97 11.92 8.51 12.78 7.13 9.96 11.71 10.97 11.88 11.51

1898 19190.248 1679 1311 2063 914 1146 1705 1512 1687 16700.207

3.59 5.83 3.99 6.24

1524

9.25* 13.18* 11.04* I

15.94 8.40

43 12

5.70

0.633 0.738

14600.172 1987

4.60 8.00 6.22 10.54

7.16

3.87 926 7.17 1425 4.84

11.22 12.42

52 13 42 12

70

(2)

22660.5910.8751.0020.4220.661 601 569 542 ( 38 ) 23900.8260.9981.5320.6720.864 756 692 535 1231 0.728 15.07* (2,7,20,55, 1793 0.946 18.14* 56,59) I I

4.91 1261 7.49 1332 5.11 1072

0.682 0.925 1.314

9.35* 11.60* 9.49*

4.50

1300

I 0.591 I

9.77* I

6.33 6.36

1673 1794

4.36 7.21 5.57 6.59 5.52 7.81 5.80

;

(2,59,60) (2)

0.759 1.1321.315 0.661 0.914

819 1322 1287 1413 1652

1.273 1.476 0.858 0.844 1.0871.172

11.53* 14.78* I 8.21* 11.03* I 10.57* 14.57* 11.38* 12.65* 14.92*

!

(2, 7, 20)

(2,59)

(2) (2, 20, 24, 59 ) («°) (2) (20) (2) (59) (7,58,59) (20)

C2»

••)

58

»

59

»

1

I

2

I

4

!

3 Eucalyptus loxophleba, Benth.

York gum

517 518

Eucalyptus macrorhyncha, F. Muell. Eucalyptus maculata, Hook., f.

Red stringybark Spotted gum

E. Australia New South Queensland

519

Eucalyptus marginata, Sm.

Jarrah, West Australian mahogany

W. Australia

520 521

Eucalyptus media, Link. Eucalyptus microcorys, F. Muell.

Blackbutt Tallowwood

Australia New South Queensland

522 523 524 525


526

Eucalyptus obliqua, L'Hér

527 528 529

Grey ironbark Eucalyptus paniculata, Sm. Eucalyptus paniculata, Sm. and Euca- Ironbark lyptus crebra, F. Muell. Eucalyptus patens, Benth. Blackbutt

530 531 532 533

Eucalyptus Eucalyptus Eur.n,lyptij.s Eucalyptus

534 535

Eucalyptus piperita, Sm. Eucalyptus planchoniana, F. Muell.

Sydney peppermint Tallow-wood

536 537

Eucalyptus platyphylla, F. Muell. Eucalyptus polyanthemos, Schau.

Poplar gum Red box

538

Grey gum

539

Eucalyptus propinqua, H. D. and J. H. M. Eucalyptus punctata, D. C.

Grey gum

540 541

Eucalyptus raveretiana, F. Muell. Eucalyptus redunca, Schau.

Thozet's box, iron gum tree Wandoo, white gum

542

Eucalyptus regnans, F. Muell.

Giant gum, swamp gum

543

Eucalyptus resinifera, Sm.

Red mahogany, forest mahogany

544 545

Eucalyptus robusta, Sm. Eucalyptus rostrata, Schi.

Swamp mahogany Murray red gum

546

Eucalyptus saligna, Sm.

Blue flooded gum, Sydney blue gum

547 548

Eucalyptus saligna, Sm. var. pallidi- Flooded gum valvis, R. T. B. and H. G. S. Salmon gum Eucalyptus salmonophloia, F. Muell.

549

Eucalyptus siderophloia, Benth.

Broad-leaved ironbark, red ironbark

550 551

sieberiana, F. Muell. squamosa, H. D. and J.

Mountain ash Ironwood, scaly-barked red gum

552 553 554 555

Eucalyptus Eucalyptus H. M. Eucalyptus Eucalyptus Eucalyptus Eucalyptus

stuartiana, F. Muell. tereticornis, Sm. terminalis, F. Muell. tesselaris, F. Muell.

Messmate, apple of Victoria Forest red gum Pale bloodwood Carbeen, Moreton Bay ash

556

Eucalyptus viminalis, Labili.

557

Eucalyptus virgata, Sieb.

microtheca, F. Muell. muelleriana, A. W. Howitt nanglei, R. T. B. nitens, J. H. M.

patentinervis, R. T. B. pellita, F. Muell. phellandra pilularis, Sm.

Coolibah Yellow stringybark Pink ironbark Scrub box, silvertop gum Stringybark

Mahogany Mahogany Messmate Blackbutt

6 Green Air-dry

5 W. Australia

516

Wales, Green Air-dry Green Air-dry Wales, Green

Air-dry W. Australia Air-dry Victoria Australia New South Wales, Victoria Australia, Tasmania Green Air-dry Australia Green New South Wales, Green Queensland Air-dry W. Australia Green Air-dry New South Wales Queensland Australia F. Australia Green E. Australia New South Wales, Queensland Australia New South Wales, Victoria New South Wales, Green Queensland Air-dry New South Wales, Green Queensland Queensland W. Australia Green Air-dry Victoria, Tasmania Green Air-dry New South Wales, Green Queensland Air-dry E. Australia E. Australia Green Air-dry New South Wales, Green Queensland Air-dry New South Wales W. Australia

Green Air-dry

New South Wales, Queensland Australia Green New South Wales

I 7 I 0.949

8

0.958 0.877$ 0.726 0.715? 0.727 0.787 0.929$ 0.834 0.830? 1.271 1.170$ 1.106$ 1.127$ 0.605 0.601? 0 . 905 0.915 0.915 0.687 0.772 1.058$ 0.994$ 0.738$ 0.755 0.918$ 0.977$ 1.111$ 1.086$ 0.742 0.730? 0.867 1.133$ 0.989 1.015 0.594 0.587? 0.812 0.802? 0.913$ 0.712 0.701? 0.681 0.672? 0.802$ 0.897 0.944 1.161$ 0.771 1 . 090$

558 559

Ribbony gum, manna gum J Mountain ash \ Ironbark Eucalyptus wilkinsoniana, R. T. B. Small-leaved stringy-bark Eugenia brachyandra, J. H. M. and Red apple

Victoria E. Australia Australia S. Australia, N. S. W. Victoria, Tasmania Australia Australia Ì Tasmania J New South Wales Australia

0.882$ 0.593$

560 561

E. B. Eugenia coolminiana, C. Moore Eugenia cordata, Laws

New South Wales S. Africa

0.738$ 0.700$

Coolamon Waterbesje, um-Doni, Mutwa

* Tension parallel to grain. $ Bulk density calculated from weight and volume at time of test, no determination of moisture content having been made.

1 . 208$ 1.082$ 1.158$ 1.142$ 0.974$ 0.877$

9

I 10 I 11 I 30 12

7.03 7.73

61

6.82

12 8.59 10.19 9.80 8.71

I 13 I 14 I 15 J 16 I 17 I 18 I 19 I 20 I 1054 1265 1373 1442

21 5.38 6.96 6.23 4.08

| 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 861 833 1598 1167

0.802 0.900 1.498 0.647

8.02* 9.14* | 10.95*

31

(20) (2,59) (2,6,20,24, 52, 58, 59, 60)

12 50 12 48

10.54 5.83 7.24 8.24 7.59

11.32 7.45 10.54 12.83 9.14

1968 1019 1462 14270.272 1374

5.52 4.39 6.36

1863 939 1050

4.22

0.668 0.661 0.738 I 0.633

13.57* 9.42* 10.90* | 9.84*

(2,20) (3) (2,6,20,24, 52, 58, 59, 60)

12 13

72 12 24 40 12 61 12

10.68 8.40

492 10.97 8.75 13.00 5.62 7.73

33

12.02 10.06 11.23 13.72 9.99 6.61 11.74 12.48 10.26 13.64 7.38 9.98 10.04 7.13 9.86 11.08

1793 11810.3130.512

5.42

5.62 6.98 5.75

0.746 1185 4.071.9052.341

0.577

11.60* 9.47* 10.54* I 12.75* I 9.42*

I

I

0.984 1.289|l.376 0.787 0.984 0.626 0.795

14.62* 8.86* 10.54* 13.07* 9.31* 11.04*

1912 5.54 1195 2548 18670.213 1530 2390 1160 1406 1403 1004 1100 16340.198

3.27 5.59 6.62 5.45 7.80 3.58 5.94

6.06

1090 1673 1645 876 927

1498

1.0521.157

11.35*

170016701930 (2, 16, 20) (27) (2) (27) (2,3,20,27, 51,59)

(2,6,59,60) (20) (20) (2) (2) ( 61 ) (2,6,7,24, 52, 58, 59, 60)

64 12 33

6.54 10.48

28 12 70 12 52

8.26 9.60 4.29 9.00 7.86

9.80

1653

14.12

1912

11.16

1182

11.39

1943

4.62

1258

1.365

13.63*

(2)

(24) 5.99

1648

1.259

15.76*

I

I

8.02 11.24 11.22

1237 1968 16250.190

4.96 5.91 6.32

1054 1371 1504

0.619 0.731 1.1811.257

8.65* 12.23* 10.42*

8.36 9.84 11.32 6.15 10.19 9.28

869 1300 1539 1265 2320 1371

5.85 7.63 2.95 5.06 4.31

1188 1231

0.809 0.921 0.492 0.738 0.647

10.09* 11.32* 10.54* 13.63* 10.90* I

12

10.19

40 12 67

3.58 6.75 6.89

12 25 12

10.90 8.86 10.54

11.60 9.18 4.78 7.31 8.22

1897 1388 521 990 1301

(2,58)

6.01 5.02 2.64 3.80 4.39 6.01

1207 1090

11.39

1877

1850

12.92

1822

11.60 14.13 12.18

1477 1758 1649

5.69 7.52 5.83

910 1054 1170

12.24 4.47

16520.177 641

5.67

6.09

0.689 1.100 0.710 1.027 0.619

14.34* 10.82* 4.98* 6.29* 10.87*

I

I

0.773

13.29*

(58,59) (6,20) (2,60)

(24) (20) (2, 20) (2,6,20,24, 49, 58,

60)

(2,58,59) (2,20,59) (2, 20, 24, 58, 59,

I

(2)

0.851 1.336 1.112

11.88* 13.50* 10.33*

(20)

1234

0.5460.586

9.80*

1286

1.433

10.72*

60)

(2, 24, 52, 59)

34

2.18

5.72

722

10.44

1292

10.62 10.03

1134 1028

8.30 8.76

1262 1481

13.58 8.04

1793 1193

8.26 5.58

1307 8690.032

(2, 60) (2)

(24) (2,24,59)

(24) (24) 3.92 5.32

875 1268

0.936 1.483

9.32* 12.24*

(2,27,59) (2, 58, 59)

(2) (61) 3.79

(2) (12)

1 I 562 563 564 565 566 567 568 569 570

2

I

3 Eugenia cotinifolia, Jacq. Eugenia jambolana, Lam. Eugenia maire, A. Cunn. Eugenia maire, A. Cunn. var. ? Eugenia ridleyi, King. Eugenia sp. Leptospermum ericoides, A. Rich. Melaleuca maideni, R. T. B. Melaleuca styphelioides, Sm.

I

4 Clou Jaman, black plum, Thabye Maire Black Maire Kelat Pomme Manuka, tea tree Bellbowrie tea tree Prickly-leaved tea tree

571 572 573 574

Metrosideros robusta, A. Cunn. Planchonia andamanica, King. Rhodamnia argentea, Benth. Syncarpia laurifolia, Ten.

Northern Rata Red Bambwe Silver myrtle Turpentine

575

Tristania conferta, R. Br.

Brush box

576 577 578 579 580 581 582 583

Tristania laurina, R. Br. Tristania suaveolens, Sm. Lophira procera, A. Chev. Scorodocarpus borneënsis, Becc. Strombosia javanica, Bl. Fraxinus excelsior, Linn. Noronhia broomeana, Home Notelaea ligustrina, Vent.

Water gum Swamp mahogany Ironwood, Kaku, Ekki Kuli m Dedali Ash Sandal Silkwood

I

I 6 5 Mauritius India New Zealand New Zealand Fed. Malay States Air-dry Mauritius New Zealand Queensland New South Wales, Queensland New Zealand India New South Wales New South Wales Green

N. Australia, South Wales

Air-dry New Green

I

7

Ochnaceae Olacaceae Oleaceae

584

Olea foveolata, E. Mey.

585

Olea hochstetteri, Baker

586

Olea laurifolia,

587 588

Olea verrucosa, Link. Olinia cymosa, Thunb.

589 590 591 592 593 594 595 596 597

Oliniaceae

Lam.

Black ironwood, Regte Z warte Ijzerhout, Igqwanxe Wild olive, Olyvenhout, um-Ngquma Mountain hard pear, red berry, Satyobe Tal, Tan, The Toddy, Palmyra palm

Palmae Borassus flabellifer, Linn. Pinaceae, v. Coniferae, Pittosporaceae Bursaria spinosa, Cav. Native box Bursaria spinosa, Cav. var. ? Prickly box Pittosporum tenuifolium, Gaertn. Birch, Mapau Banksia integri folia, Linn. Proteaceae White honeysuckle Banksia serrata, Linn. Red honeysuckle Banksia verticillata, R. Br. River Banksia Embothrium wickhami, Hill and F. Satin silky oak Muell. Grevillea hilliana, F. Muell. Red silky oak

598 599 600 601

Grevillea robusta, A. Cunn. Knightia excelsa, R. Br. Orites excelsa, R. Br. Stenocarpus salignus, R. Br.

Silky oak Honeysuckle, Rewa Rewa Silky oak Beef wood

602 603

Stenocarpus sinuatus, Endl. Xylomelum occidentale, R. Br.

Fire-tree Native pear

604 605

Rhamnaceae

0.8l7t 0 . 672 0.672 0 . 738

Rhizophoraceae

Rosaceae

616 617 618

Red ash F. B one- wood

0.730? 0.962t 0.905t 0.930 0.737 0 . 593 0.8913; 1 . 043Î 1.01Ot

Air-dry

0 . 825 f 0.802 I

S. Africa S. Africa S. Africa

0.897 1.122t 0.890Î

India

0.802Î

Australia Australia New Zealand Australia Australia W. Australia Australia

0.871Î 0.922t 0.965Î 0.577Î 0.802Î 0.501 0.529Î

Green

New South Wales, Queensland Australia New Zealand Australia New South Wales, Queensland Australia W. Australia Green Queensland New South Queensland

0.473

0.994Î 0.641Î 0.785Î 0.593t 0.817Î 0.628

Wales,

0.738Î 0.658 (12% M. C.) 0.737Î 0.849Î

0.806

606 607 608 609 610 611 612 613 614 615

Alphitonia excelsa, Reiss. Emmenosperma alphitonioides, Muell.

Air-dry Air-dry Green Air-dry

8 0.978Î 0.769Î 0.79Ot 1.159t 0.689 0.547t 0.943Î 0.754Î 1.074 J

1.045Î

Air-dry E. Australia New South Wales W. Africa Fed. Malay States Fed. Malay States British Isles Mauritius New South Wales, Victoria, Tasmania Bastard ironwood, Ijzerhout, Maro- S. Africa chani Musharagi E. Africa

I

Rubiaceae

Rhamnus zeyheri, Sond.

Red ivory, um-Nini, Niere

S. Africa

Zizyphus jujuba, Lam. Anisophyllea laurina, R. Br. Bruguiera gymnorrhiza, Lam. Bruguiera rheedii, Bl. Car allia calycina, Benth. Car allia integerrima, DC. Weihea africana, Benth. Leucosidea sericea, Eckl. and Zeyh. Parinarium sp.

Jujube tree, Hauthai, Ber, Bogri Monkey apple Bakau Minyak Black or red mangrove Ubberiya Dawata, Kierpa, Maniawga, Andi Musaizi Oudehout, Dwa-dwa, um-Chicki Muntelor

India W. Africa Fed. Malay States Australia Ceylon Ceylon E. Africa S. Africa Fed. Malay States

Pygeum africanum, Hook., f.

Bitter almond, red stinkwood, Dumi- S. Africa zulù, Mueri Haldu, Hnaw, Bansa India Loustau Mauritius

Adina cordi folia, Hook., f. Antirrhoea verticillata, DC.


0.925 Air-dry Green

Air-dry Green Air-dry

O. 784 t 0.708

0.937 0.865t 0.9091: O. 749 t 0.685 0. 610J 0 . 729 f 0.796 I

0.845 0.721Î 0.614t

9

I 10

16

I 11 I 5.38 5.36 9^77 5.64 3.95 5.82

4.71 74 12 65 12 17 16 40 0.55-0.78

0.940

14 " 50] 10 I OJ

5.83 9.70 6.47 10.33

0.970

60 ] 10 O]

15 20

10.41 7.91

1416 1195

1743

9.56 7.54

1458 827 19190.2502.355 1336 1336 1287 1300 10990.184

21 7.05 6.21

| 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 1.381

3.97

0.695

3.85

1.378 I 0.548

3.98

1652 1143

11.04

9.79

5.38 3.48 5.20

984 1364

31 (31,43) (3,28) (3) (2M (63) (3) ( 61 ) (61)

8.43*

I

I

0.766 0.633

11.74* 9.04*

I

I

0.843

11.74*

(3) (») ( 61 ) (2,6,20,24, 58, 59,

(2, 20, 24, 6

°)

5.96

7.35 5.86 6.26

16130.109

1921 1.701 1.640 1.863 0.861 1.324 1952 1727 1727 O 1 » i « ) (21) ( 21 ) (5) 0.324 (63) (3) O2)

7.08 7.46

0.682 1 . 0.769 I 1.258 0.958

(22)

6.66

11.45

14600.183

7.16

4.45 3.92

10.07 8.18

11160.100 7440.111

6.47 5.70

11.12

1490

8.36

9.56 12.02 12.30 5.67 9.54 7.24 8.01

9720.152 10180.223 10450.212 752 1168 807 831

13.52

1963

(2,61)

10.44 8.15

1208 9490.134

( 61 ) (3)

7.24 12.40

1003 1554

(61) (61)

11.43

908

5.39

594

5.12

4.57

10.74

1222

15.38

1723

4.69

9.86

4.11 6.97 7.03

1.64 4.08 5.56

5.48 9.26 14.23 9.38 7.09 7.82 14.20 4.15 9.13 10.74

2.99

7.48

5.53

7.75 8.84

3230.046 1518 1630 7860.065 990 11591

(»» 12, 48, 5S ) (12) (8,12,55) (31,43)

0.773

5.62*

(3) (3) (3) (61) (61) (20) (61)

(61) 0.647

4.92*

(20)

(61) (2,61)

12520.098 6720.140 11750.2150.668 2390 1620 11220.079 8860.085

60)

(61) (2»24)

6.47

11

0.870

11880.139

5.46

4.03 3.76 32 17 50 i 10 i OJ

9.92 8.26 12.15 7.33

16.08 8.41 7.83 11.53 10.18 13.15

4.71

43

I 13 I 14 I 15 I 16 I 17 I 18 I 19 I 20 I 1549 839 8610.199 13270.413 1976 756 11640.165 899 1367

9.73 4.57 3.94 3.76 6.44 5.67

5.06 6.33 6.33 100

12 16.77 7.59 9.09 15.90 11.57 6.64 12.10 6.99 11.26

9.56 3.73

4.37 4.49

(12) 0.713 12791.2720.7971.356

(54) (17) (2M (61) (54) (45,54) (22) (12) . (21)

5.40 5.31 6.40 3.56

0.750 1.001 0.745

5.32

0.984

(8,12,22)

7.34 4.63

1.048

(31,43) (63)

1 619 620 621 622

2

Rutaceae

3 Mitragyna macrophylla, Hiern. Plectronia mundtii, Poepp. Sarcocephalus esculentus, Afzel. Acronychia baueri, Schott.

623

Calodendron capense, Thunb.

624 625 626

Clausena inaequalis, Benth. Flindersia acuminata Flindersia australis, R. Br.

627

Flindersia bennettiana, F. Muell.

628 629 630

Flindersia chatawaiana, F. M. Bailey Flindersia ifflaiana, F. Muell. Flindersia oxleyana, F. Muell.

631

Murraya exotica. Linn.

I

4 Subaha, Ya-ya, Abura Rock alder, Klip Esse, Sandulane Opepe, Kusiaba Brush ash

5

W. Africa S. Africa W. Africa New South Queensland Wild chestnut, Kastanjehout, Moeh- S. Africa akalela, um-Baba S. Africa um-Nukambiba Australia Putt's pine New South Colonial teak, crow's ash Queensland New South She-teak Queensland Queensland Queensland maple Cairn's hickory, Queensland hickory Queensland New South Long jack Queensland India Satinwood, Marchula

I

Wales, Green

Wales,

0.689$ 0.928$ 0.737$

641

Harpullia pendula, Planch.

642 643

Hippobromus alata, Eckl. and Zeyh. Ratonia tenax, Benth.

644 645 646 647

Sapotaceae

Sapindus trifoliatus, Linn. Bassia sp. Dichopsis petiolaris, Thw. Dichopsis sp.

648 649 650 651

Imbricaria maxima, Poir. Mimusops caffra, E. Mey. Mimusops elengi, Linn. Mimusops littoralis, Kurz.

652 653 654 655 656

Mimusops obovata, Sond. Mimusops sp. Payena utilis, Ridi. Sideroxylon grandiflorum, A. DC. Sideroxylon inerme, Linn.

657 658 659 660 661 662 663 664 665 666 667 668 669 670 671 672 673 674 675 676 677

Saxifragaceae Scrophulariaceae Sonneratiaceae Sterculiaceae

Symplocaceae Tiliaceae

Ulmaceae

Anopterus glandulosus, Labili. Carpodetus serratus, Forst. Halleria lucida, Linn. Duabanga sonner atioides, Ham. Sonneratia sp. Commersonia echinata, Forst. Dombeya mastersii, Hook. Heritiera fomes, Buch. Heritiera littoralis, Dryand. Pterospermum suberifolium, Lam. Sterculia tragacantha, Lindi. Tarrietia trifoliolata, F. Muell. Tarrietia utilis, Hiern. Triplochiton johnsoni, C. H. Wright Symplocos grandiflora, Wall. Berria ammontila, Roxb. Echinocarpus australis, Benth. Entelea arborescens, R. Br. Grewia occidentalis, Linn. Aphananthe philippinensis, Planch. Celtis rhamnifolia, Prest.

0.994J f 0.715 I I

S. Africa

Knobthorn, Knopjsedoorn, um-Nun- S. Africa gumabele Poplar British Isles British Isles Willow Titoki New Zealand S. Africa in-Quala W. Africa Ukpe-Nikwi New South Wales, Carrot-wood, Tuckeroo Queensland New South Wales, Native tamarind Queensland New South Wales, Tulip wood Queensland S. Africa Paardepis, Ulwatile, u-Qume Brush teak New South Wales, Queensland India Soapnut, Ritha Belian Fed. Malay States Ceylon Tawenna Mai-aug Fed. Malay States Nyatoh Fed. Malay States Mauritius Natte S. Africa Red milkwood, Chole, um-Tunzi India Bukal, Mulsari, Kaya Andaman bullet-wood, D o g a l a , India Mowha, Katpali Red milkwood, um-Tunzi, Amasetole S. Africa Baku W. Africa Belian, Betis Fed. Malay States Tambalacoque Mauritius White milkwood, Witte Melkhout, S. Africa um-Qwashu Native laurel Australia White Mapau New Zealand um-Binza S. Africa Kokan, Lampatia India Perepat Fed. Malay States Kurrajong Australia Mukao E. Africa India Sundri, Pinlékanazo, Mawldâ Looking-glass tree, Chomuntri, Sun- Ceylon dri, Pinlékanazo Vuinauku, Vincol Ceylon Okoko W. Africa Stavewood Australia Attabini, Niankuma W. Africa Owawa, Obeche, Arere W. Africa Bumroti, Moat soom India Halmilla, Petwun, Trincomalee wood Ceylon Maiden's blush Australia Corkwood New Zealand Kruisbesje, um-Nqabaza S. Africa Native elm, Australian: hickory Queensland, N e w South Wales

Diploglottis cunning hamii, Hook., f.

0.747 0.850$

Xanthoxylum thunbergii, DC.

640

8 0.503 0.830$ 0.806$ 0.849}

Wales,

633

Sapindaceae

i

0.800J 0.577$

White ironwood, Maroogoo, um-Zani

Populus spp. Solix caprea, Linn. Alectryon excelsum, Gaertn. Allophyllus zeylanicus, Linn. Blighia sp. Cupania anacardioides, A. Rich.

7

0.620$

Toddalia lanceolata, Lam.

Salicaceae

I

Wales,

632

634 635 636 637 638 639

6 Air-dry

Kamdeboo, stinkhout, um-Vumvu, S. Africa Witgalboom

* Tension parallel to grain $ Bulk density calculated from weight and volume at time of test, no determination of moisture content having been made.

0.787 0.940Î

Air-dry 0.490$ 0.916$ 0.750$ 1.148$ 0.833$ 0.641$ 0.930$ 0.990$ 0.738$ 1 . 026$ 0 . 904 0.739$ 0.612 0 . 569 0.848$ 0.850$ 0.961$ 1 . 058$

Air-dry Air-dry Air-dry

0.910$ 0 . 623 1 . 002 O. 883$ 0.990$

Air-dry Air-dry

Air-dry Green

0.750$ 0.822$ 0.910$ 0.461 0 . 657 0.465$ 0.527 1.074$ 1.209$

Air-dry

0.648$ 0.822$ 0.838 0.497

Air-dry Air-dry Oven-dry

0.801$ 0.513$ 0.189$ 0.730$ 0.737$ f 0.636 j

0.699

9

I 10 I 11 I 12 5.45 3.16

12 7.21 7.53 11.34 13.88

I 13 I 14 I 15 ) 16 I 17 I 18 I 19 I 20 I 10670.1450.618 3.4ll 9080.057 1345 1649

21 3.92 5.89 5.72

3.52

7.53

8550.091

4.30

4.34

7.89 8.84 8.10

10440.101 1268 11450.136

5.84

25

5.34

| 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 9190.6280.7171.0540.4060.812 553 390 376 ( 1S ) I (12) >0.547 5.42* (U) (61)

(!2)

1113

0.9921.043

14.42*

(12) (61) (2,6,52,58, 59, 60)

14.82

1888

(2,61)

10.19 11.42 13.33

1466 1550 1645

10.80

1228

7.51

10 \ 5.48 OJ 3.66

11.58

12300.148

6.49

(8, 12, 48)

8.03

11390.071

5.05

(12)

2.10

7.73

4.00 3.24

5.87 5.16 5.83

12.56 9.61 9.14 12.96

928 832 11130.173 11460.127 1273 1684

(5) (19) (3) (!2) (57) (61)

(61) (24) (2,61) 2.162

(io, 43)

40]

0.820

0.48

4.45

19 15 17

13 17

11 25

1363

(2,61)

12.87

1711

(2,61)

10050.112 1163

8.38 12.99 5.67 9.53 8.66 11.52 6.70

992 1780 12530.048 1687 1434 1360 8810.078

16.35 8.53

1697 1008

2.58 5.99 9.97 7.03 2.82

8.62 8.72 16.80 14.82 8.06

8440.044 9870.1910.677 2475 1756 9730.046

4.20 4.05 3.91

7.09 8.98 9.38 5.97 9.29 6.72 5.42 12.60 10.18

5760.177 8100.127 11450.071

4.57

10 5.65

6.15

0.430

60 ] 10 [ 0.730

OJ

8.32

6.37

2.075

5.44

0-762

6.28 5.51

0.878 |

7.89 5.42

2.095 1.101

3.44

4.62 4.17

6.55 4.41

6.00 5.26 4.92 <20.48 4.62

1131 11610.144

12000.082

.

(io, 43) (21) (54) (21J (2I) (63) (12)

(io, 43) (io, 43)

(12, 48) 10081.1821.2051.0840.7360.717 692 592 634 (i») | (21) 1.019 (63) (12)

1.003

1343 843

6.69 6770.074 1389 7.47 9.84-11.82 5.52 7.58 9320.1720.569 1069 4.22 515 6.21 10.87 12300.168 6.68 870 6.58 1.62 2000.013 3.52 8.56 10010.068 9.78 1284

4.04

(12) (61)

.

3.08 3.23

18 12 9

0.831

9.79

8.31 6.45

5.69 3.41 3.30 5.02 4.96 3.40

5.71 5.06

0.408 | 0.937 I >0.342 0.647

(3) (3) (12) ( 33 ) (21) ( 61 ) (22) (31, 43) (54)

3.05 (54) 4.44 (57) 7.38-13.28 (6,24) 3.52 3.88 9050.7390.8800.8850.5760.646 383 365 401 ( i « ) 4.85 (19) 2.72 0.849 (io) 5.42 0.584 (43,54) (61) (3> 6.03 (12) (61)

5.54

(8, 12)

1 I 2 678 679 680 681 Umbelliferae

682 683 684 685 686 687

Urticaceae Verbenaceae

i

4 3 I Chaetachme aristata, Planch. um-Kovoti Trema guineensis, Priemer Pigeon wood, um-Bengele Ulmus spp. Elm Heteromorpha arborescens, Cham, and um-Bangandhlala Schl. Ban kotkora, Lipic Villebrunea integrifolia, Gaud. Grey mangrove Avicennia officinalis, Linn. um-Qwaqwana Clerodendron glabrum, E. Mey. Yamane, Gamhar Gmelina arborea, Roxb. White beech Gmelìna leichhardtii, F. Muell. Teak, Sâka, Sâj, Sâgun Tectona grandis, Linn., f.

I

5 S. Africa S.Africa British Isles S.Africa

I

6

I

7

I

Air-dry 0.870$

India Australia S. Africa India Australia India

0.849Î 0.690Î 0.577Î 0.7871 Green

0.581

Air-dry Oven-dry 688

Milla, Nemili-adagu, Maila

Vitex altissima, Linn.

* Tension parallel to grain.

8 0.78Ot 0.450 J

0.582

India

0.977t

J Bulk density calculated from weight and volume at time of test, no determination of moisture content having been made.

LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) C1 ) Australia, Minister for Lands and Agriculture, Notes re Timbers of Western Australia suitable for Railways, Engineering Works and Constructional Purposes Generally, Perth, 1906. ( 2 ) Baker, Hardwoods of Australia and their Economics, Sydney, Gullick, Gov't printer, 1919. ( 3 ) BaIfour, Results of a Series of Experiments on the Strength of New Zealand and Other Colonial Woods. Published in Reports on the Durability of New Zealand Timber in Constructive Works, etc. Wellington, Gov't Printer, 1875. ( 4 ) British Empire Forestry Conference, London, 1920, Forestry in New Zealand. ( 5 ) British Empire Forestry Conference, London, 1920, Forestry in the United Kingdom. ( 6 ) British Empire Forestry Conference, London, 1920, Forestry in Queensland. (?) Campbell, 251, 16: 6; 80. ( 8 ) Eckbo and Scott, 889, 8: 9; 25. ( 9 ) Empire Timber Exhibition. Catalogue of Exhibits, prepared by the Dep't of Overseas Trade, London, 1920. ( 1 O) Everett, 390, No. 6; 06. ( u ) Foster, Notes on Nigerian Trees and Plants, Guildford, 1914. ( 12 ) Fourcade, Report on the Natal Forests, Pietermaritzburg, 1889. ( 13 ) Imperial Forestry Conference, Ottawa, Forests and Forestry in New Zealand, Wellington, Skinner, Gov't Printer, 1923. ( 14 ) Imperial Institute, 257, 17: 277; 19. ( 15 ) Imperial Institute, 257, 21: 444; 23. ( 16 ) Imperial Institute, 257, 22: 280; 24. (^) Imperial Institute, 257, 23: 8; 25. ( 18 ) Imperial Institute, 257, 24: 000; 26. ( 19 ) Jenkins, Report on Materials of Construction used in Aircraft and Aircraft Engines. Aeronautical Research Committee, London, 1920. ( 20 ) Julius, Western Australian Timber Tests 1906 (and Supplement), 4th ed., abridged, Perth, 1918. ( 21 ) Kent, Report on the Results of Mechanical Tests carried out on some Malayan Timbers. Federated Malay States, Gov't Press, Kuala Lumpur, 1920. ( 2 2 ) Kenya, Colony and Protectorate of, Report of Forest Department, Nairobi, 1923. ( 2 3 ) Kenya, Colony and Protectorate of, Report of Forest Department, Nairobi, 1924. ( 2 4 ) Mac-

Mahon, Merchantable Timbers of Queensland, Brisbane, Vaughan, Gov't Printer, 1905. ( 2 5 ) Molesworth, Pocket Book of Useful Formulae and Memoranda for Civil, Mechanical and Electrical Engineers, 28th ed., London, Spon, 1924. ( 2 6 ) New South Wales, Report of the Forestry Commission, Sydney, 1919-20. ( 27 ) New South Wales, Report of the Forestry Commission, Sydney, 1917-18. ( 28 ) New Zealand State Forest Service, Circular No. 1, •Wellington, 1922. ( 29 ) New Zealand State Forest Service, Current Tests of Timber Strengths. Published by Branch of Forest Products, 1925. ( 30 ) Rodger, 390, No. 49; 22. ( 31 ) Rogers, Manual of Forest Engineering for India, I. Calcutta, 1900. ( 32 ) Pearson, 390, No. 14; 13. ( 33 ) Pearson, 390, No. 36; 17. (3*) Pearson, 390, No. 39; 19. ( 3S ) Pearson, 390, No. 40; 20. ( 36 ) Pearson, 260, 7: Part 6; 19. ( 37 ) Schneider, Bureau of Forestry, P. L, Bulletin No. 14. Manila, Bureau of Printing, 1916. ( 38 ) Seaman, 260, 10: Part 7; 24. ( 39 ) Seaman, 391, 48: 34; 22. (40) Seaman, 391, 50: 459; 24. ( 41 ) Seaman, 391, 51: 151; 25. ( 4 2 ) Seaman and Kamesam, 391, 50: 298; 24. ( 43 ) Troup, Indian Woods and Their Uses, Indian Forest Memoirs, Economic Products Series, Vol. I, No. 1, Calcutta, Sup't of Gov't printing, 1909. ( 4 4 ) Troup, 392, No. 10; 09. ( 4 S ) Troup, 392, No. 11; 09. ( 4 6 ) Troup, 392, No. 13; 09. ( 4 ?) Troup, 392, No. 14; 09. ( 4 8 ) Unwin, 257, 1: 73; 95. ( 49 ) Unwin, 257, 1: 118; 95. (50) Unwin, 257, 1: 201; 95. ( 51 ) Unwin, 857, I: 242; 95. ( 52 ) Unwin, 857, 1: 287; 95. (*3) Unwin, 257, 2: 444; 96. ( 54 ) Unwin, 257, 5: 124; 99. (55) Unwin, 257, 6: 40; 00. (56) Unwin, 257, 6? 208; 00. (57) Unwin and Dalby, 257, 6: 144; 08. ( 58 ) Warren, Strength and Elasticity of New South Wales Timbers of Commercial Value. Sydney, Potter, Gov't Printer, 1887. ( 59 ) Warren, Australian Timbers, Sydney, Potter, Gov't Printer, 1892. 60 ( ) Warren, Strength, Elasticity and Other Properties of New South Wales Hardwood Timbers. Sydney, Gullick, Gov't Printer, 1911. ( 61 ) Welch, New South Wales Technological Museum, Bulletin No. 6, Sydney, 1923. (62) Wilson, 390, No. 60; 25. ( 6 3 ) Dalby, 257, 8: 11; 10.

DANISH WOODS E. SUENSON For testing methods, see the original literature

Local name

%of oven-dry 690 691

Abies pedinata Picea abies L. *

Êdelgran R0dgran

692

Pinus laricio v. Austriaca, Endl. Pinus montana, Mili. Pseudotsuga Douglasia, Carr. Quercus robur, L.f

0sterrigsk Fyr

693 694 695

Bjgergfyr Douglasie Eg

g/cm 3 0.440 0.430 0.474 0.506

15 18 15 14.2

0.487-0.564 0.490 0.740

12.4 15 17

* Tensile strength, 4.30-7.80 kg/mm1* with 33-49 % moisture content (M. \ Quercus pedunculata, Ehrh. = Quercus sessiliflora, Sm.


Genus and species

Moisture content

Bulk density, air-dry

Modulus of rupture

Index No.


Static bending

kg/mm 2

Wt.

3.23 4.06

3.94

5.57

8.53

880

910

Compression Parallel Perpento grain dicular to grain Fiber Maximum crushing strength strength at elastic limit kg/mm 2 kg/mm 2 3.60 O.oo 2.95

Lit.

(2) (3) (1,2)

2.93

(2)

2.97-5.56 3.24 4.20

(2) (2) (3)

0.58

LITERATURE O) Hornemann, Tidsskrift for Skovbrug 11: 294; 89. (2) Meldahl, Tidsskrift for Skovvœsen SB: 1; 93. ( 3 ) Suenson, Tree og Plantestoffer, Copenhagen, 1922.

1 I 2 678 679 680 681 Umbelliferae

682 683 684 685 686 687

Urticaceae Verbenaceae

i

4 3 I Chaetachme aristata, Planch. um-Kovoti Trema guineensis, Priemer Pigeon wood, um-Bengele Ulmus spp. Elm Heteromorpha arborescens, Cham, and um-Bangandhlala Schl. Ban kotkora, Lipic Villebrunea integrifolia, Gaud. Grey mangrove Avicennia officinalis, Linn. um-Qwaqwana Clerodendron glabrum, E. Mey. Yamane, Gamhar Gmelina arborea, Roxb. White beech Gmelìna leichhardtii, F. Muell. Teak, Sâka, Sâj, Sâgun Tectona grandis, Linn., f.

I

5 S. Africa S.Africa British Isles S.Africa

I

6

I

7

I

Air-dry 0.870$

India Australia S. Africa India Australia India

0.849Î 0.690Î 0.577Î 0.7871 Green

0.581

Air-dry Oven-dry 688

Milla, Nemili-adagu, Maila

Vitex altissima, Linn.

* Tension parallel to grain.

8 0.78Ot 0.450 J

0.582

India

0.977t

J Bulk density calculated from weight and volume at time of test, no determination of moisture content having been made.

LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) C1 ) Australia, Minister for Lands and Agriculture, Notes re Timbers of Western Australia suitable for Railways, Engineering Works and Constructional Purposes Generally, Perth, 1906. ( 2 ) Baker, Hardwoods of Australia and their Economics, Sydney, Gullick, Gov't printer, 1919. ( 3 ) BaIfour, Results of a Series of Experiments on the Strength of New Zealand and Other Colonial Woods. Published in Reports on the Durability of New Zealand Timber in Constructive Works, etc. Wellington, Gov't Printer, 1875. ( 4 ) British Empire Forestry Conference, London, 1920, Forestry in New Zealand. ( 5 ) British Empire Forestry Conference, London, 1920, Forestry in the United Kingdom. ( 6 ) British Empire Forestry Conference, London, 1920, Forestry in Queensland. (?) Campbell, 251, 16: 6; 80. ( 8 ) Eckbo and Scott, 889, 8: 9; 25. ( 9 ) Empire Timber Exhibition. Catalogue of Exhibits, prepared by the Dep't of Overseas Trade, London, 1920. ( 1 O) Everett, 390, No. 6; 06. ( u ) Foster, Notes on Nigerian Trees and Plants, Guildford, 1914. ( 12 ) Fourcade, Report on the Natal Forests, Pietermaritzburg, 1889. ( 13 ) Imperial Forestry Conference, Ottawa, Forests and Forestry in New Zealand, Wellington, Skinner, Gov't Printer, 1923. ( 14 ) Imperial Institute, 257, 17: 277; 19. ( 15 ) Imperial Institute, 257, 21: 444; 23. ( 16 ) Imperial Institute, 257, 22: 280; 24. (^) Imperial Institute, 257, 23: 8; 25. ( 18 ) Imperial Institute, 257, 24: 000; 26. ( 19 ) Jenkins, Report on Materials of Construction used in Aircraft and Aircraft Engines. Aeronautical Research Committee, London, 1920. ( 20 ) Julius, Western Australian Timber Tests 1906 (and Supplement), 4th ed., abridged, Perth, 1918. ( 21 ) Kent, Report on the Results of Mechanical Tests carried out on some Malayan Timbers. Federated Malay States, Gov't Press, Kuala Lumpur, 1920. ( 2 2 ) Kenya, Colony and Protectorate of, Report of Forest Department, Nairobi, 1923. ( 2 3 ) Kenya, Colony and Protectorate of, Report of Forest Department, Nairobi, 1924. ( 2 4 ) Mac-

Mahon, Merchantable Timbers of Queensland, Brisbane, Vaughan, Gov't Printer, 1905. ( 2 5 ) Molesworth, Pocket Book of Useful Formulae and Memoranda for Civil, Mechanical and Electrical Engineers, 28th ed., London, Spon, 1924. ( 2 6 ) New South Wales, Report of the Forestry Commission, Sydney, 1919-20. ( 27 ) New South Wales, Report of the Forestry Commission, Sydney, 1917-18. ( 28 ) New Zealand State Forest Service, Circular No. 1, •Wellington, 1922. ( 29 ) New Zealand State Forest Service, Current Tests of Timber Strengths. Published by Branch of Forest Products, 1925. ( 30 ) Rodger, 390, No. 49; 22. ( 31 ) Rogers, Manual of Forest Engineering for India, I. Calcutta, 1900. ( 32 ) Pearson, 390, No. 14; 13. ( 33 ) Pearson, 390, No. 36; 17. (3*) Pearson, 390, No. 39; 19. ( 3S ) Pearson, 390, No. 40; 20. ( 36 ) Pearson, 260, 7: Part 6; 19. ( 37 ) Schneider, Bureau of Forestry, P. L, Bulletin No. 14. Manila, Bureau of Printing, 1916. ( 38 ) Seaman, 260, 10: Part 7; 24. ( 39 ) Seaman, 391, 48: 34; 22. (40) Seaman, 391, 50: 459; 24. ( 41 ) Seaman, 391, 51: 151; 25. ( 4 2 ) Seaman and Kamesam, 391, 50: 298; 24. ( 43 ) Troup, Indian Woods and Their Uses, Indian Forest Memoirs, Economic Products Series, Vol. I, No. 1, Calcutta, Sup't of Gov't printing, 1909. ( 4 4 ) Troup, 392, No. 10; 09. ( 4 S ) Troup, 392, No. 11; 09. ( 4 6 ) Troup, 392, No. 13; 09. ( 4 ?) Troup, 392, No. 14; 09. ( 4 8 ) Unwin, 257, 1: 73; 95. ( 49 ) Unwin, 257, 1: 118; 95. (50) Unwin, 257, 1: 201; 95. ( 51 ) Unwin, 857, I: 242; 95. ( 52 ) Unwin, 857, 1: 287; 95. (*3) Unwin, 257, 2: 444; 96. ( 54 ) Unwin, 257, 5: 124; 99. (55) Unwin, 257, 6: 40; 00. (56) Unwin, 257, 6? 208; 00. (57) Unwin and Dalby, 257, 6: 144; 08. ( 58 ) Warren, Strength and Elasticity of New South Wales Timbers of Commercial Value. Sydney, Potter, Gov't Printer, 1887. ( 59 ) Warren, Australian Timbers, Sydney, Potter, Gov't Printer, 1892. 60 ( ) Warren, Strength, Elasticity and Other Properties of New South Wales Hardwood Timbers. Sydney, Gullick, Gov't Printer, 1911. ( 61 ) Welch, New South Wales Technological Museum, Bulletin No. 6, Sydney, 1923. (62) Wilson, 390, No. 60; 25. ( 6 3 ) Dalby, 257, 8: 11; 10.

DANISH WOODS E. SUENSON For testing methods, see the original literature

Local name

%of oven-dry 690 691

Abies pedinata Picea abies L. *

Êdelgran R0dgran

692

Pinus laricio v. Austriaca, Endl. Pinus montana, Mili. Pseudotsuga Douglasia, Carr. Quercus robur, L.f

0sterrigsk Fyr

693 694 695

Bjgergfyr Douglasie Eg

g/cm 3 0.440 0.430 0.474 0.506

15 18 15 14.2

0.487-0.564 0.490 0.740

12.4 15 17

* Tensile strength, 4.30-7.80 kg/mm1* with 33-49 % moisture content (M. \ Quercus pedunculata, Ehrh. = Quercus sessiliflora, Sm.


Genus and species

Moisture content

Bulk density, air-dry

Modulus of rupture

Index No.


Static bending

kg/mm 2

Wt.

3.23 4.06

3.94

5.57

8.53

880

910

Compression Parallel Perpento grain dicular to grain Fiber Maximum crushing strength strength at elastic limit kg/mm 2 kg/mm 2 3.60 O.oo 2.95

Lit.

(2) (3) (1,2)

2.93

(2)

2.97-5.56 3.24 4.20

(2) (2) (3)

0.58

LITERATURE O) Hornemann, Tidsskrift for Skovbrug 11: 294; 89. (2) Meldahl, Tidsskrift for Skovvœsen SB: 1; 93. ( 3 ) Suenson, Tree og Plantestoffer, Copenhagen, 1922.

9

I 10

0.570-0.794

I 11 I 2.11 1.88 4.86 3.05

12 5.58 4.65 9.97 5.97

I 13 I 14 I 15 I 16 I 17 I 18 I 19 I 20 I 8260.032 7390.030 1470 8880.060

21 4.29 3.81 7.10 3.81

583 1194 5210.058 1044 1006 10930.116

3.19

11950.176 12430.209 11360.161

56

4.73

5.40 9.27 6.23 7.45 5.39 7.63

12 9

6.09 6.74 5.74

9.04 10.19 10.38

2.34

11.1514340.487

842.75

12.7516050.564 12.7417810.512

653.37 743.64

| 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 |

9.50*

31 (12) (12) (i, s, 25) (12)

0.855

3.86 4.03 4.68 3.88

(io) (6i) (12) 0.851 (9» 31) 960 1.211 6.28* (59, 61) 12910.7340.7210.8280.3990.508 405 450 449 (io, 31, sa,

5.37 5.86 4.91

13170.9690.9390.9200.3910.502 456 467 485 12421.1240.8841.0300.5900.734 474 477 535 0.706 (54)

38, 43)

0.599

WOODS OF THE DUTCH EAST-INDIAN ARCHIPELAGO THE FOREST RESEARCH INSTITUTE, BUITENZORG, JAVA The values recorded below were determined in the Forest Research Institute in accordance with the standard testing methods of the "IV Kongress des Internationalen Verbandes für die Materialprüfungen, Brüssels, September 1906/' except in the following minor points : 1. The rate of strain increase in the bending and compression tests was 50 instead of 20 kg/cm 2 per minute. 2. The test piece shown in the figure was used in the shear tests. The values given are the average for 4 to 10 specimens from two or more trees of different localities, except in the case of Swietenia mahogani Jack, and Tectona grandis L., cultivated in Java, for which 30 to 40 tests were made. All specimens tested were airdried to the average moisture content shown.

700 701 702 703 704 705 706 707 708 709 710 711 712

1 Anacardiaceae

2 Buchanania arborescens, Bl. Gluta Renghas, L. Apocynaceae Alstonia scholaris, R. Br. Casuarinaceae Casuarina equiseti folia, Forst. Dipterocarpaceae Dipterocarpus sp. Dryobalanops camphora, Colebr. Dryobalanops oblongifolia, Dyer. Dryobalanops oiocarpa, v. Sl. Hopea Mengerawan, Miq. Hopea sp. Shorea Balangeran, Burck. Shorea sp.

Vatica sp.

% g/em 3 ovendry 4 5 3 0.48 16 Popohan 0.64 14 Rengas 0.31 15 Pulaj 0.71 19 Chemara 15 Lagan, Kruing 0.68 0.68 15 Kapur 0.66 16 Petanang Sintok 0.50 14 Merawan 0.57 14 0.72 17 Bankirai Belangiran 0.73 17 Banio 0.47 17 Damar merah 0.31 15 Simantok 0.78 16 0.79 16 Resak, Giani

kg-mm/mm3

kg/mm2

6 I 7 I 8 9 10 11 I 12 I 13 I 14 I 15 3.20 6.83 9000.0006 0.005931.743.47 9300.670.78 3.70 6.041260 .00027 .003333.304.7411900.870.92 1.72 3.46 530 .00033 .002071.162.21 5500.380.55 5.70 9.551440 .00127 .006333.165.41 4.99 8.791450 .00096 .005453.475.68 1.020.98 6.4911.101585 .00147 .008144.316.1819600.921.17 5.67 9.711520 .00137 .008173.444.8815500.861.09 2.55 4.661097 .00047 .004472.073.76 0.690.70 6.35 8.001495 .00186 .009743.065.0414000.680.87 7.8811.691624 .00220 .007734.216.6217950.991.15 5.00 9.951212 .00113 .010533.165.0915230,740.75 2.69 4.611030 .00040 .005071.533.83 0.540.44 2.85 4.25 897 .00053 .001731.422.96 6.1711.121565 .00153 .010933.805.79 1.081.35 6.4210.601300 .00173 .007603.756.1015851.151.24

~ ness

End

Tangential

Shear

Radial





Modulus of rupture kg/mm2


Compression parallel to . gram

Static bending


Local name Fiber stress at elastic limit

Botanical name Genus and species

Moisture content, air-dry

Family

Shearing test.

Bulk density, air-dry,

Index 1 0 ^'

Fig.l

kg/cm2 16 431 514 192 763 575 575 545 316 583 686 521 286 166 630 871

713 714 715

I

1 Flacourtiaceae Hamamelidaceae Lauraceae

716

Leffuminosae

717 718 719 720 721 722 723 724 725 726 727 728 729 730 731

Meliaceae

Moraceae Olacaceae Rhizophoraceae Sapindaceae Sterculiaceae Taxaceae Theaceae Tiliaceae Ulmaceae Verbenaceae

I

2 Homalium tomentosum, Bth. Altingia excelsa, Nor. Eusideroxylon Zwogeri, T. et B.

Dalbergia latifolia, Roxb.

Intsìa amboinensis, Thouars. Swietenia macrophylla, King. Swietenia mahogani, Jack. Toona Sureni, Merr. Artocarpus elastica, Reinw. Scorodocarpus borneensis, Becc. Combretocarpus Motleyi, Hook. f. Schiccherà oleosa, Merr. Pterospermum javanicum, Jungh. Podocarpus imbricata, Bl. Schima Noronhae, Reinw. Actinophora fragrans, R. Br. Celtis Wightii, Planch. Tectona grandis, Lin. f. Vitex pubescens, Vahl.

I

3 I Dlingsem Rasamala Ijzerhout, Onglenbelian Sono kling, Java-palissander Merbau, Ipil Mahogany Mahogany Suren Bendo Kulim Mrapat Kesambi Bajur Aruh, Djamudjuh ki chemara Puspah, Serii Walikukun Pendjalinan Djati, teak Laban

4 0.81 0.75 0.85

5 I 6 I 7 I 8 I 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 5.9012.501410 .00140 .014673.476.3215601.031.41 18 5.66 9.761365 .00130 .007303.205.7215350.911.13 15 7.8813.891522 .00227 .011474.037.4616501.011.44

16 1122 546 1120

0. 75

14

5.35 13.27 1387

.00120 .01567 3.15 6.36 1508 1.22 1.16

953

0.80 0.54 0.54 0.38 0.35 0.81 0.67 0.88 0.44 0.45

14 15 14 15 15 16 16 16 17 17

8.3714.541840 4.57 6.73 817 4.66 7.10 890 3.46 5.47 860 3.06 4.47 810 6.3312.481552 3.86 6.951237 6.1111.561680 4.45 7.55 920 3.80 5.89 647

.00233 .00147 .00147 .00077 .00067 .00137 .00073 .00133 .00120 .00133

.012023.788.19 .004332.554.27 8530.920.87 .004932.204.04 9250.830.98 .003402.053.44 7900.680.80 .003411.522.92 7350.470.48 .010603.496.6717320.861.27 .005072.054.8210601.000.81 .008933.075.9114901.151.79 .008332.633.6810950.560.74 .004331.653.14

963 530 435 323 260 887 475 1428 382 355

0.60 0.85 0.72 0.59 0.70

16 18 16 14 16

5.8110.001488 6.8314.521520 4.2011.601420 5.75 8.901410 7.4712.721510

.00133 .00172 .00070 .00193 .00207

.010563.345.4916440.811.05 .019744.267.1019301.241.56 .021512.344.9615901.131.31 .010003.004.9013160.820.97 .010404.696.8416601.071.15

505 1220 775 396 795

WOODS OF JAPAN AND EASTERN ASIA HOMI SHIROSAWA The values recorded below are based on tests made in the Central Forest Experiment Station (Ringyo-Shikenjo), Meguro, Tokyo, Japan. The equations expressing the relation between the density and the stress were derived from the bulk density of air-dried specimens (moisture content, 16 %) and the green and oven-dry densities, given in the column "bulk density/' are based on the volume in the air-dry condition (moisture content, 16%). The testing methods employed were those described above under "Woods of North America," with the following exceptions: Static Bending.—Specimen 6 X 6 X 48 cm, 42 cm span mainly (85% of all specimens); 0.1 cm per min. Compression Parallel to Grain.—Specimen 6 X 6 X 6 cm mainly (83 % of all specimens) ; 0.1 cm per min. Compression Perpendicular to Grain.—Specimen 6 X 6 X 6 cm mainly (85% of all specimens); 0.1 cm per min. Shear Parallel to Grain.—Shear over a 9 X 4 cm area; 0.1 cm per min. Tension Parallel to Grain.—Tension over a 2.25 cm area; 0.1 cm per min. Hardness.—Specimen 6 X 6 X 6 cm. Depth of indentation when the steel cylinder with 3 cm diameter hemispherical end is forced into the specimen with the load of 2000 kg against radial and tangential surfaces, and with 4000 kg against end surface.

Den unten angegebenen Werten liegen Prüfungen zu Grunde, welche im Central Forest Experiment Station (Ringyo-Shikenjo) Meguro, Tokyo, Japan, gemacht worden sind. Die Gleichungen, welche die Beziehung zwischen Dichte und Druck enthalten sind aus der durchschnittlichen Dichte des lufttrockenen Materials abgeleitet. (Feuchtigkeitsgehalt 16 %) und die Dichten des frischen und ofentrockenen Materials, die in der Kolonne "bulk density" stehen, gründen sich auf den lufttrockenen Zustand (Feuchtigkeitsgehalt 16%). Die angewendeten Prüfungsmethoden waren die gleichen, welche unter "Woods of North America" angegeben sind. Mit Ausnahme : Statischer Biegeversuch.—Muster 6 X 6 X 48 cm durchschnittliche Spannweite 42 cm (85% aller Muster); 0,1 cm in der Min.

Les valeurs mentionnées ci-dessous sont basées sur des essais effectués à la Central Forest Experiment Station (Ringyo Shikenjo) Meguro, Tokio, Japon. Les équations exprimant la relation entre la densité et la tension ont été déduites de la densité apparente d'éprouvettes séchées à l'air (teneur en humidité, 16%), et les densités du bois vert et du bois séché au four, données dans la colonne ''bulk density" sont basées sur le volume de Téprouvette séchée à Fair (teneur en humidité, 16%). Les méthodes d'essais employées sont celles déjà décrites dans "Bois de l'Amérique du Nord" à l'exception des suivantes: Essai de flexion statique.—Eprouvette 6 X 6 X 48 cm, portée principalement 42 cm (85% de toutes les éprouvettes) ; 0,1 cm par minute. Compression parallèle à lafibre.—Eprouvette6 X 6 X 6 cm principalement (83 % de toutes les éprouvettes) ; 0,1 cm par minute. Compression perpendiculaire à lafibre.—Eprouvette6 X 6 X 6 cm principalement (85% de toutes les éprouvettes); 0,1 cm par minute. Cisaillement parallèle à Ia fibre.—Cisaillement sur une surface de 9 X 4 cm; 0,1 cm par minute. Traction parallèle à la fibre.—Traction sur une surface de 2,25 cm2; 0,1 cm par minute. Dureté.—Eprouvette 6 X 6 X 6 cm. Profondeur de l'empreinte produite par un cylindre d'acier terminé par un hémisphère de 3 cm de diamètre forcé dans l'éprouvette avec une charge de 2000 kgs contre la surface radiale et tangentielle, et de 4000 kgs contre la surface terminale. I valori qui sotto riportati sono stati dedotti da prove eseguite nella Central Forest Experiment Station (Ringyo-Shikenjo), Meguro, Tokyo, Giappone. Le equazioni che esprimono la relazione fra la densità e la pressione sono derivate dalla densità (volumetrica) del materiale asciugato all'aria (con 16 per cento d'acqua) : le densità del materiale greggio e quello asciugato alla stufa, i quali si trovano nella colonna "bulk density," sono fondate sul volume del materiale asciugato all'aria (il tenuto d'acqua essendo 16 per cento). I metodi impiegati per i saggi sono gli stessi riportati nel capitolo "Legni dell'America del Nord" fatta eccezione per quanto segue: Flessione statica.—Provetta 6 X 6 X 48 cm, distanza media tra gli appoggi 42 cm (85 % di tutti i campioni); 0,1 cm al minuto.

Druck parallel zur Faserrichtung.—Muster 6 X 6 X 6 cm hauptsächlich (83% aller Muster); 0,1 cm in der Min. Druck senkrecht zur Faserrichtung.—Muster 6 X 6 X 6 cm hauptsächlich (85% aller Muster); 0,1 cm in der Min. Scherversuch parallel zur Faserrichtung.—Scherung über 9 X 4 cm, 0,1 cm in der Min. Zug parallel zur Faserrichtung.—Zug über eine Fläche von 2,25 cm2, 0,1 cm in der Min. Härte.—Muster 6 X 6 X 6 cm. Eindruckstiefe eines Stahlzylinders mit halbkugelförmigem Ende (Durchmesser 3 cm) beobachtet, bei Belastung mit 2000 kg gegen die radiale und tangentiale Oberfläche und mit 4000 kg gegen die Endfläche.

Compressione parallela alla fibra.—Provetta 6 X 6 X 6 cm per la massima parte (83 % di tutti i campioni) ; 0,1 cm al minuto. Compressione perpendicolare alla fibra.—Provetta 6 X 6 X 6 cm per la massima parte (85 % di tutti i campioni) ; 0,1 cm al minuto. Taglio nel senso della fibra.—Taglio sopra 9 X 4 cm; 0,1 cm al minuto. Trazione nel senso della fibra.—Trazione sopra una superficie di cm2 2,25; 0,1 cm al minuto. Durezza.—Provetta 6 X 6 X 6 cm. Profondità di impronta di un cilindro di acciaio con estremità emisferica (diametro 3 cm) osservata caricando con 2000 kg contro la superficie radiale e tangenziale e con 4000 contro la superficie terminale.

kg/mm 2

kgmm/ mm 3

kg/mm 2

i Tangential

Radial

End

Tension parallel to grain

Hardness

Shear parallel to grain

Compression parallel to grain— maximum crushing strength



Modulus of rupture

Moisture content green, % '

Oven-dry

g/cm3


. Static bending

Bulk density

Air-dry

Local name

Green

Family

Botanical name :—— Genus and species

Compression perpendicular to grain

STRENGTH AND RELATED PROPERTIES Index No.

cm

I. Equations expressing strength in terms of density Î9

Actual value given below

Ï8



F = 8.64 Da1

1 5 I 6 I 7 I 8 ! 9 I 10 I 11 I 12 J 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 I

F = 1.34 Da1

4

F = 2.31 Da2

j

F = 7.00 Da1

3

F = 0.0053 Z)«2

I

F = 1350 Da1

2

F = 10.10 Da1-20

i

F = 6.50 i)«*1-20

Ï

II. Values as determined by tests—strength values.expressed in percentage of equation values 751 752 753 754 755 756 757 758 759

Aceraceae

Anacardiaceae Aquifoliaceae Araliaceae Betulaceae

760 761 762 763 764 765 766 767 768 769 770 771 772 773 774 775 776 777 778

Buxaceae Cornaceae Ebenaceae Euphorbiaceae Fagaceae

Acer japonicum, Thunb. Acer palmatum, Thunb. Acer pictum, Thunb. var. typicum, Koidz. Acer rußnerve, S. and Z. Rhus vernicifera, DC. Ilex crenata, Thunb. Ilex macropoda, Miq. Kalopanax ricinifolius, Miq. Alnus firma, S. and Z. var. Sieboldiana, Winkel. Alnus incarta, Willd. var. sibirica, Spach. Alnus japonica, S. and Z. Betula car pini folia, S. and Z. BetulaErmanni, Cham, and Schi. var. japonica, Koidz. Betula japonica, Sieb. Betula Maximowicziana, Regel. Betula Schmidtii, Regel. Betula ulmifolia, S. and Z. Carpinus cordata, Bl. Carpinus japonica, Bl. Ostrya italica Scop. var. virginiana, Winkel. Buxus japonica, Muell. Arg. Cornus contorversa, Hemsl. Diospyros lotus, L. Bischoffia javanica, Bl. Castanea sativa, Mill. Castanopsis taiwaniana, Hay. Fagus Sieboldi, Endl. Pasania cuspidata, Oerst.

Hauchihakaede Kaede Itayakaede

0.720.60 0.960.700.60 60 0.860.670.57 54

98 88 85145 83 90

87 83 100

105 71 0.15-0.180.12-0.27 1161360.54 0.36 0.36 98 991.08 0.18

Urihadakaede Urushi Inutsuge Aohada Harigiri Yashabushi

0.880.590.51 73 0.880.510.44100 1.04 0.72 0.63 65 0.660.57 0.830.540.47 75 0.640.55

84 96 118105 74 106 105105 72 54

Yamahannoki

0.750.500.40 88

72 55

90

993.00

Hannoki Midzume Makamba

0.690.500.42 60 95 77 0.770.66 83 85 81 K Ol 0.63 0.55 84 127132

101 87 107

87 963.00 108 84 107

Shirakamba Saihadakamba Onoorekamba Yogusominebari Sawashiba Kumashide Asada

0.700.60 75 84 77 123 0.680.58 118 72 0.860.75 120146 0.910.700.60 52110107155 116 0.93 0.71 0.57 63 110114 1.000.720.58 72 133 93 0.700.60 89 90

88 1011101.05 96 0.06 122 1251080.03 10990 970.03 100 111 0.09 104 137129 10979110 770.06

Tsuge Midzuki Mamegaki Akagi Kuri Kurikashi Buna Shii

1.010.750.65 55 124 70 0.900.600.50 80 88 65 0.600.50 99 71 0.750.65 70 75 88 47 0.980.600.52 89 81 81 0.770.66 98 90 111 63 1.080.660.57 90128108128 100 1.2810.620.54137104103 91 108

91 98 85 57 9190 74 117 94

87 1171082.10 136 1270.09 81 75 108 0.12 9199101 841.08 76 91 0.45

98

0.42

0.36-0.42

0.90

0.90

0.36

0.18-0.42

0.21

0.06 0.12

0.03 99 840.90 0.12-0.15 810.840.15-0.18 97127 96 893.000.42-0.570.12-0.80 1001100.30 92107

0.54 0.33

0.30 0.39-0.48

1 I 2 779 780 781 782 783 784 785 786 787 788 789 790 Ginkgoaceae 791 Hamamelidaceae 792 Hippocastanaceae 793 Juglandaceae 794 795 796 Lauraceae 797 798

799 800 801 802 803

Leguminosa*

804 805 806 807

Magnoliaceae

808 809

Myricaceae Oleaceae

810 811 812 813 814 815 816

Moraceae

Pinaceae

817 818 819

821

839 840 841 842 843 844 845

3 Pasania glabra, Oerst. Quercus acuta, Thunb. Quercus amygdalifolia, Skan. Quercus crispula, Bl. Quercus gilva, BI. Quercus glandulifera, Bl. Quercus glauca, Thunb. Quercus myrsinaefolia, Bl. Quercus phyllireoides, A. Gr. Quercus serrata, Thunb. Quercus stenophylla, Makino. Ginkgo biloba, L. Distylium racemosum, S. and Z. Aesculus turbinata, Bl. Juglans mandschurica, Maxim. Juglans Sieboldiana, Maxim. Pterocarya rhoifolia, S. and Z. Actinodaphne lancifolia, Meisn. Cinnamomum camphora, Ness. Cinnamomum pedunculatum, Ness. Machilus Thunbergii, S. and Z. Acacia, confusa, Merril. Albizzia Julibrissin, Durraz. Gleditschia horrida, Makino. Maackia amurensis, Rupr. and Maxim. Magnolia hypoleuca, S. and Z. Magnolia Kobus, DC. Ficus retusa, L. var. nitida, Miq. Morus alba, L. var. stylosa, Bureau Myrica rubra, S. and Z. Fraxinus Bungeana, DC. var. pubinerms, Wg. Fraxinus longicuspis. S. and Z. Fraxinus mandschurica, Rupr. Fraxinus Spaethiana, Lingelsh. Abies firma, S. and Z. Abies sachalinensis, Mast. A bies Veitchii, Lindi. Chamaecyparis formosensis, Matsum. Chamaecy paris obtusaiorm. formosana, Hayata. Chamaecyparis obtusa, S. and Z.

I

4 Shiribukagashi Akagashi Amigashi Öhnara Ichiigashi Konara Arakashi Shirakashi Ubamegashi Kunugi Urajirogashi Ichô Isunoki Tochinoki Manshûgurumi Onigurumi Sawagurumi Kagonoki Kusu Yabunikkei

I 5 I 6 I 7 I 8 I 9 I 10 I 11 I 0.690.60 106 88 1.150.850.73 58103 92 94 1.160.93 91 74102 .020.730.63 62 71 75 91 .050.800.68 54122108 89 .110.750.65 71 90 89 97 .170.820.70 67 102117 . 11 0.85 0.72 54 95 96 70 .240.850.74 68 0.84. 70 68 1.080.830.70 54139126134 0.840.440.38111 104 92 1.310.960.83 58 115118 0.700.600.50 40113113 0.480.42 117110143 0.90 0.54 0.47 92 107 100 132 0.560.400.35 60 126 69 1.03 0.71 0.63 64 77 83 0.970.550.45116 71 95 0.890.550.46 94 70 81

Tabu Sôshiju Nemunoki Saikachi Inuenju

1.010.690.55 0.960.77 0.860.550.47 1.03 0.74 0.64 0.980.750.63

84 76 60 83 61 56

74107 105 67 69 41 86 74 9587 107 95

107106 831140.06 0.42 60 89 159 0.30 92 0.09 0.09-0.150.09-0.12 78 791061120.06 0.12

Hônoki Kobushi Gajumaru Yamaguwa

0.860.510.44 0.750.600.50 0.900.580.50 0.980.670.58

84 50 80 69

98116 86 80 61 52 100 85

921101131133.00 107 91 950.06 83 102 1160.06

Yamamomo Toneriko

1.080.670.58 86 1.020.710.60 70

96 93 149103

113 103

Aotago Yachidamo Shioji Momi Todomatsu Shirabe Benihi

0.700.61 110 86 0.940.620.54 74 92115 0.900.660.56 61125137117 67 0.970.480.42131106105139 126 0.820.410.35134 95 96106 118 0.730.400.33121 88100 93 118 0.370.32 98 97106 65

Taiwanhinoki Hinoki

Chamaecyparis pisifera, S. and Sawara Z. Cryptomeria japonica, Don. Sugi

820

822 823 824 825 826 827 828 829 830 831 832 833 834 835 836 837 838

j

Rosaceae

Rutaceae Salicaceae Scrophulariaceae Simarubaceae

Larix dahurica var. Principis Rupprechtii, Rehd. and Wilson. Larix leptolepis, Gord. Libocedrus macrolepis, Ben th. Picea ajanensis, Fisch. Picea Glehnii, Mast. Picea Hondoensis, Mayr. Pinus densiflora, S. and Z. Pinus koraiensis, S. and Z. Pinus Thumbergii, Pari. Pseudotsuga japonica, Shirasawa. Sciadopitys verticillata, S. and Z. Taiwania cryptomeriodes, Hay. Thuja japonica, Maxim. Thujopsis dolabrata, S. and Z. Tsuga Sieboldii, Carr. Micromeles alnifolia, Koidz. Photinia villosa, DC. Prunus donarium, Sieb. subsp. elegans, Koidz. var. glabra, Koidz. Prunus Grayana, Maxim. Prunus spinulosa, S. and Z. Phellodendron amurense, Rupr. Populus balsamifera, L. Populus tremula, L. var. villosa, Wesm. Paulownia tomentosa, Bail. Picrasma quassioides, Benn.

0.480.41

100119131

12

82 50 89 88 97 77 78 88 105 97

68

0.98 0.46 0.40 145 132 125 115 134 * 0.430.37 99 94146 0.800.350.30167 102121

13 [ 14 120 80 75 98 85 95 88 89

) 15 | 16 | 17 |

18

0.950.580.50 90101 97 99 0.69 69 74 76 0.710.420.37 92108103 96 0.470.41 153141134 0.430.38 100106112 0.950.520.46 98137135110 0.910.510.45102 60 70 65 0.97 0.53 0.47 106 100 110 0.940.500.43119 103127 0.500.45 95122 0.470.40 101105121 0.610.370.32 91 95 86 0.970.500.44120113109132 1.02 O. 53 0.45 117 124 120 127 0.800.600.50 60 84 77 1.16 0.90 0.80 46 95 71 1.050.670.58 81 91 97

Uwamizuzakura Rinboku Kihada Deronoki Yamanarashi

0.790.620.52 52 1.030.750.65 59 101 92 0.640.480.42 52 104125 0.830.380.33152 88114 0.700.480.40 75111111 97

Kiri Nigaki

0.560.310.27107 0.700.580.50 40

119 96 96139

101 53 117 137 153 101 101

43 115 121

71

19

961070.03 0.06 0.03-0.05 75102 0.42 0.36 85 770.06 0.12 94 980.090.15-0.210.12-0.15 871190.06 0.09 0.09 100 910.030.06-0.180.06-0.09 115 840.030.03-0.060.03-0.05 147 891100.03 971130.03 104 71 1.38-1.501.20-1.38 103 840.03 113111

95 103 100 92 92 128 113 125 111 136 1.02 0.33-0.85 0.33-0.66 911041071383.00 77 109 0.02 0.06 106 99 75 66 0.96 0.60 86 103 903.00 0.84 0.72

0.27

0.24

0.12

0.06

98 810.12 98111 0.06-0.09

0.06

100 100 108 89105119 0.82 0.48 116 1001080.06 105 98 101 122 3.00 0.63-1.44 0.30-1.17 125106111 983.00 124 97124 943.00 1.44-1.80 103 94 98

113

123 106 110 93 3.00 116 88 109 98 703.00

1.08 3.00

0.890.400.34162125129111 118 141111102 813.00 t 0.360.3l 121131 75 131 107 Chosenkaramatsu 0.670.56 82 80 81 99 68121

Karamatsu Shönanboku Ezomatsu Akaezomatsu Tôhi Akamatsu Chösenmatsu Kuromatsu Togasawara Kôyamaki Taiwansugi Nezuko Hiba Tsuga Adzukinashi Ushikoroshi Yamazakura

|

0.90-1.14

109 861151040.15 0.42 76 1121061161263.00 3.00 153 961041543.00 3.00 1191011031103.00 1.14 3.00 95 79 97 923.00 1.14 66 69 563.001.14-1.20 125 96 71 3. OO 0.42-1.65 1.20 131 116 813.00 3.00 87 108 933.00 105 115 112 743.00 3.00 115 87 89 793.00 3.00 1.44 137 94 128 104 3.000.30-0.54 0.21-0.42 97 97 740.06 720.06 0.03 0.03 73 961021160.24 0.12 0.09-0.12 117 92 991170.120.06-0.090.06-0.09 1131221021313.000.72-0.780.18-0.42 85106 94 823.00 1181201311473.00 107 110 863.00 941161171110.41

3.00 0.48

1 I 2 I 3 846 Styracaceae Styrax japonica, S. and Z. 847 Taxaceae Podocarpus Nageia, R. Br. 848 Taxus cuspidata, S. and Z. 849 Torreya nucifera, S. and Z. 850 Tiliaceae Tuia japonica, Engler. 851 Trochodendraceae Cercidiphyllum japonicum, S. and Z. 852 Euptelaea polyandra, S. and Z. 853 Ulmaceae Aphananthe aspera, Planch. 854 Celtis sinensis, Pers. 855 Ulmus campestris, Sm. var. laevis, Planch. 856 Ulmus campestris, Sm. var. major, Planch. 857 Ulmus montana, Sm. var. ladniata, Trautv. 858 Ulmus parvifolia, Jacq. 859 Zelkowa acuminata, Planch. form. Keaki.

j

4 Egonoki Nagi Ichii Kaya Shinanoki Katsura

I 5 I 6 I 7 I 8 I 9 I 10 I 11 I 12 I 13 1 14 I 15 I 16 j 17 I 0.970.600.52 87 114141 105 1041510.06 0.880.550.47 82 97157 127 117 560.12 0.900.580.50 80 128 73 147138108 670.12 1.030.560.48115 107 96 118118 92111 0.510.45 86122 113 981133.00 0.580.450.38 53 71 75 88 90 89 103 800.09

Fusazakura Mukuenoki Enoki Harunire

0.930.640.51 1.020.680.58 0.940.600.52 0.940.620.54

82 76 81 74

95 95 93107 77 74 81 97

94 100 79 70

Niganire

0.900.600.50 50

65 62

60

Ohiônire

0.900.570.50 80

105 149

101

Akinire Keaki

0.940.610.53 77 87 71 1.060.700.60 77112142127

71

18

|

19

0.33

0.60 0.27

0.90 1.20

0.78 1.02

83 870.570.18-0.270.12-0.18 1161250.45 89 971.26 86131 0.42 0.36 84 54 108

73 94 1171271091220.06

0.12

0.12

* Kiso-district in Honshu, t Obi-district in Kyüshü.

THE WOODS OF MEXICO, CENTRAL AND SOUTH AMERICA AND THE WEST INDIES SAMUEL J. RECORD With the exception of the bulk density values recorded below, the available published data on mechanical properties of woods native to these countries are of doubtful reliability. BULK DENSITY OF THOROUGHLY AIR-DRY SAMPLES Values determined in the laboratory of the Yale School of Forestry Index ,, No. 860 861 862 863 864 865 866 867 868 869 870 871 872 873 874 875 876 877 878 879 880 881 882 883 884 885 886 887 888 889 890 891 892 893 894 895

T? -i Family Acanthaceae Amygdalaceae Anacardiaceae

Anonaceae Apocynaceae

Aquifoliaceae Araliaceae Betulaceae Bignoniaceae

Bombacaceae

Boraginaceae

Burseraceae

n Genus andj species Bravaisia floribunda, DC. Licania hypoleuca, Benth. Moquilea tomentosa, Benth. Anacardium rhinocarpus, DC. Astronium balansae, Engl. Astronium fraxinifolium, Schott. Loxopterygium sagotii, Hook, f. Tapirira guianensis, Aubl. Schinopsis lorentzii, Engl. Oxandra lanceolata, (Sw.) Baill. . Aspidosperma polyneuron, Muell. Arg. Aspidosperma quebracho-bianco, Schl. Aspidosperma tomentosum, Mart. Aspidosperma vargasii, C. DC. Ilex sp. Didymopanax morototoni, (Aubl.) D. and P. Alnus sp. Crescentia cujete, L. Jacaranda copaia, (Aubl.) D. Don Tabebuia donnell-smithii, Rose Tecoma, spp. Tecoma pentaphyUa, Juss. Tecoma peroba, Record Bombacopsis spp. Bombax spp. Cavanillesia platani/olia, H. B. K. Ceiba pentandra, (L.) Gaertn. Chorisia speciosa, St. Hu. Ochromaspp. Quararibea sp. Auxemma gardneriana, Miers Cardia gerascanthoides, H. B. K. Cordia gerascanthus, L. C ordia goeldiana, Huber Patagonula americana, L. Bursera gummifera, (L.) Sargent

r< Common name Sancho-arana Chozo Oity Espavé Uruiiday Gonçalo Alves Hoobooballi Duka Quebracho Colorado Yaya, lancewood Peroba rosa Quebracho bianco Guatambu Amarillo Kakatara-balli Yagrume Jaul Cujete Fotui Prima vera Lapacho, guayacan Roble Ipè peroba Saqui-saqui Imbirussu Bongo Ceibo Samohû Balsa Veroity Pâo branco BoscoteLaurel Frei-jo Guayabî West Indian birch

Place, of. growth , , , ,of material tested Colombia Guatemala Brazil Panama Argentina Brazil British Guiana British Guiana Argentina Cuba Brazil Argentina Brazil Venezuela British Guiana Tropical America Costa Rica Tropical America British Guiana Mexico . Tropical America Tropical America Brazil Venezuela Brazil Panama Tropical America Argentina Tropical America Brazil Brazil Mexico Central America Brazil Argentina West Indies

Dd / , g/cm3 0.53 .1.03 0.98 0.54 1.00-1.30 0.85-1. OO 0.60-0.70 0.54 1.15-1.35 0.98 0.70 0.90-1.00 0.77 0.90-0.95 0.80 0.45 0.47 0.60 0.40-0.47 0.45-0.50 0.95-1.25 0.60-0.68 0.70-0.83 0.41-0.59 0.24-0.40 0.10 0.40-0.45 0.35-0.45 0.12-0.20 0.72 0.70 0.97 0.61 0.60 0.85-0.90 0.35-0.40

Index AT No. 896 897 898 899 900 901 902 903 904 905 906 907 908 909 910 911 912 913 914 915 916 917 918 919 920 921 922 923 924 925 926 927 928 929 930 931 932 933 934 935 936 937 938 939 940 941 942 943 944 945 946 947 948 949 950 951 952 953 954 955 956 957 958

i I

-ri M FamilyJ Canellaceae Celastraceae

/ - I T Genus and species

Canella winterana, Gaertn. Goupia glabra, Aubl. Maytenus obtusifolia, Mart. Combretaceae Terminalia sp. Terminalia januarensisj DC. Cunoniaceae Weinmannia trichosperma, Cav. Dilleniaceae Curatella americana, L. Eucryphiaceae Eucryphia cordifolia, Cav. Euphorbiaceae Gymnanthes lucida, Sw. Hieronymia alchorneoides, Fr. Allem. Hippomane mancinella, L. Hura crepitane, L. Flacourtiaceae Casearia praecox, Gris. Homalium sp. Guttiferae Calophyllum calaba, Jacq. Mammea americana, L. Platonici insignis, Mart. Symphonia globuli/era, L. f. Humiriaceae Humiria floribunda, Mart. Juglandaceae Juglans australis, Gris. Lauraceae Aniba panurensis, Mez Nectandra sp. Nectandra sp. Nectandra sp. Nectandra rodioei, Schomb. Per sea lingue, Nées Phoebe ambigens, Blake Phoebe porphyria, (Gris.) Mez Silvia navalium, Fr. Allem. Lecythidaceae Cariniana legalis, (Mart.) Kuntze Cariniana pyriformis, Miers Chytroma jarana, Huber Eschweiler a corrugata, Miers Lecythis oliarla, L. Leguminosae Andira vermifuga, Mart. Apuleia praecox, Mart. Bowdichia sp. Bry a ebenus, DC. Caesalpinia echinata, Lam. Caesalpinia granadillo, Pittier Caesalpinia melanocarpa, Gris. Centrolobium spp. Copaifera officinalis, (L.) Willd. Dalbergiasp. Dalbergia nigra, Fr. Allem. Dalbergia retusa, Hemsl. Dialium divaricatum, Vahl. Dicorynia paraensis, Benth. Dimorphandra mora, B. and H. Diplotropis sp. Dipteryx odorata, Willd. Enterolobium cyclocarpum, (Jacq.) Gris. Eperua falcata, Aubl. Erythrina crista-galli, L. Eysenhardtia polystachia, (Ort.) Sarg. Gleditschia amorphoides, (Gris.) Taub. Haematoxylon campechianum, L. Holocalyx balansae, Mich. Hymenaea courbaril, L. Lysiloma sabicu, Benth. Melanoxylon brauna, Schott. Myrocarpus frondosus, Fr. Allem. Myroxylon toluiferum, H. B. K.

^ Common name

Place o f growth o f Dd , . , , , , , material tested g/cm3 Canela West Indies 1.10 Cupiüba Brazil 0.82-0.88 Carne d'anta Brazil 0.82 Naranjo Guatemala 0.65-0.75 Araça Brazil 0.77 Tenio Chile 0.59 Chaparro Tropical America 0.77 Ulmo Chile 0.63 Aité Cuba 1.00-1.20 Urucurana Brazil 0.72 Manzanillo West Indies 0.68 Javillo, possum wood Tropical America 0.36-0.44 Zapatero, W. Ind. boxwood Venezuela 0.80-0.90 Angelino Venezuela 0.75-0.85 Santa Maria Central America 0.68-0.74 Mamey West Indies 0.90 Pacouri French Guiana 0.86 Waikey, chewstick British Honduras 0.65-0.70 Bastard bullet wood British Guiana 0.85-0.92 Nogal Argentina 0.56 Bois de rose French Guiana 0.60-0.68 Determa British Guiana 0.65-0.70 Embuia Brazil 0.70-0.76 Waibaima British Guiana *1.15 Greenheart British Guiana 1.06-1.23 Lingue Chile 0.55 Guambo Honduras 0.50 Laurel negro Argentina 0.50-0.80 Tapinhoan Brazil 0.86-1.00 Jequitibâ Brazil 0.50-0.70 Albarco, Colombian mahogany Colombia 0.65-0.70 Jaranâ Brazil 0.98 Manbarklak Dutch Guiana 1.21 Sapucaia Brazil 0.95 Angelim amargoso Brazil 0.65 Ibera-peré Argentina 0.80-0.95 Sucupira Brazil 1.00 Granadillo Cuba 1.20 Pâo brasil, Fernambuco wood Brazil 0.98-1.24 Ebano, coffee wood, partridge Venezuela 1.10-1.20 Guayacan negro Argentina 1.10-1.30 Araribà* Brazil 0.65-0.90 Copaiba Colombia 0.70 Honduras rosewood British Honduras 0.93-1.08 Jacaranda, Brazilian rosewood Brazil 0.85 Cocobolo Central America 0.99-1.22 Jutahy peba Brazil 0.90 Angélique French Guiana 0.75-0.90 Mora British Guiana 0.97-1.00 Zwarte kabbes Dutch Guiana 1.15 Tonca bean British Guiana. 1.20 Guanacaste Central America 0.35-0.60 Wallaba British Guiana 0.90 Ceibo Argentina 0.25 Palo dulce Mexico 0.87 Espina corona Argentina 0.86-0.95 Logwood British Honduras 1. OO Alecrin Argentina 1. OO Courbaril, algarroba, locust Tropical America 0.80-1.05 Sabicu Cuba 0.77 Braûna Brazil 1.00 Cabreuva Brazil 0.87-0.97 Oleo vermelho Brazil 1.00

Index ._ No. 959 960 961 962 963 964 965 966 967 968 969 970 971 972 973 974 975 976 977 978 979 980 981 982 983 984 985 986 987 988 989 990 991 992 993 994 995 996 997 998 999 1000 1001 1002 1003 1004 1005 1006 1007 1008 1009 1010 1011 1012 1013 1014 1015 1016 1017 1018 1019 1020 1021

T? M Family

r*Genus and j species

Peltogyne paniculata, Benth. Peltophorum adnatum, Gris. Peltophorum vogelianum, Benth. Piptadenia sp. Piptadenia rigida, Benth. Pithecolobium arbor eum, (L.) Urb. Pithecolobium racemiflorum, Ducke Pithecolobium vinhatico, Record Plathymenia reticulata, Benth. Platycyamus regnellii, Benth. Platymiscium polystachyum, Benth. Pterogyne nitens, TuL Swartzia tomentosa, DC. Sweetia panamensis, Benth. Tipuana speciosa, Benth. Torresia cearensis, Fr. Allem. Vouacapoua americana, Aubl. Zollernia paraensis, Huber Magnoliaceae Drimys winteri, Forst. Malpighiaceae Byrsonima crassifolia, H. B. K. Malvaceae Hibiscus elalus, Sw. Melastomaceae Mouriria pseudo-geminata, Pittier Meliaceae Cabralea spp. C arapa guianensis, Aubl. Cedreia spp. Guarea trichilioides, L. Swietenia spp. Trichilia alta, Blake. Monimiaceae Laureila aromatica, Juss. Moraceae Bagassa guianensis, Aubl. Brosimopsis diandre, Blake Brosimum columbianum, Blake Brosimum paraense, Huber Cecropia adenopus, Mart. Chlorophora tinctoria, Gaud. Clarisia racemosa, R. and P. Perebea sp. Piratinera guianensis, Aubl. Myristicaceae Virola bicuhyba, Warb. Virola sebi/era, Aubl. Myrsinaceae Rapanea laetevirens, Mez. Olacaceae Minquartia guianensis, Aubl. Phytolaccaceae Gallesia scorododendron, Gasar. Pinaceae Araucaria brasiliana, Lamb. Polygonaceae Coccoloba uvifera, L. Ruprechtia sp. Proteaceae Roupala brasiliensis, Kl. Rubiaceae Calderonia Salvadorensis, Standl. Calycophyllum candidissimum, (Vahl.) DC. Calycophyllum multiflorum, Gris. Genipa americana, L. Sickingia sp. Rutaceae Amyris balsamifera, L. Balfourodendron riedelianum, Engl. Esenbeckia leiocarpa, Engl. Euxylophora paraensis, Huber Zanthoxylum flavum, Vahl. Salicaceae Salix humboldtiana, Willd. Sapotaceae Achras zapota, L. Labourdonnaisia albescens, Benth. Lucuma procera, Mart. Mimusops sp. Mimusops globosa, Gaertn.

/->Common name Purpleheart Sabicü moruro Caria fistola Curupay Angico Moruro Bois serpent Vinhatico de espinho Vinhatico castanho Pereira Roble Colorado Ibiraro Wamara Billy Webb Tipa Umburana Acapu P âo santo Canelo Nance Majagua Pauji Cancharana Crab wood Cedro, cedar Muskwood Caoba, mahogany Pimenteira Laurel Ta ta j uba Leiteira Guayamero Satiné Ambay Mora, fustic Oitiçica Kapiteinhout Letterhout, letterwood Bicuiba Yayamadou Canelon Acaricuara Pâo d'alho Pinheiro do Parana Uvero Viraru Pâo concha Brasil Dagame, salamo, degame Palo bianco Jagua Arariba Amyris Guatambu Guarantân Pâo amarello West Indian satinwood Sauce Colorado Nispero Almique Mucuri Massaranduba Bullet wood

Place of .growth of Dd material tested g/cm 3 British Guiana 1. OO Cuba 1.02 Argentina 0.75-1.04 Argentina 1.03 Argentina 0.95 Cuba 0.74 French Guiana 1.15 Brazil 0.60 Brazil 0.56-0.65 Brazil 0.75 Venezuela 1. OO Argentina 0.76-1.09 British Guiana 1.05-1.28 British Honduras 1.00 Argentina 0.65 Brazil 0.60 Brazil 0.87-0.92 Brazil 1.30-1.33 Chile 0.50 Mex., Centr. Amer. 0.70 Cuba 0.65 Venezuela 0.82 Argentina 0.65 British Guiana 0.60-0.75 Tropical America 0.37-0.70 Jamaica 0.50-0.55 Tropical America 0.45-0.85 Brazil 0.72 Chile 0.53 Brazil 0.80 Brazil 0.75 Colombia 0.81 French Guiana 0.98-1.05 Argentina 0.44 Tropical America 0.93-0.99 Brazil 0.50-0.60 Dutch Guiana 0.68 Dutch Guiana 1.20-1.35 Brazil 0.63-0.72 French Guiana 0.60 Argentina 0.55 Brazil 0.98 Brazil 0.58 Brazil 0.50-0.60 Tropical America 0.98-1.10 Argentina 0.66-0.76 Brazil 0.80-1.00 Salvador 0.60 W. L, Centr. Amer. 0.80 Argentina 0.92-1.03 Tropical America 0.73-0.84 Brazil 0.88 Venezuela 0.99-1.10 Argentina 0.75 Brazil 0.97-1.10 Brazil 0.81 West Indies 0.90 Argentina 0.44 Central America 1.09 Cuba 0.97 Brazil 0.90 Brazil 0.85-1.10 British Guiana 0.90-1.25

Index XT No. 1022 1023 1024 1025 1026 1027 1028 1029 1030 1031 1032 1033 1034 1035 1036 1037 1038

T^-I Family

/-« i Genus and species Pradosia latescens, (Veil.) Radlk. Sideroxylon mastichodendron, Jacq. Quassia amara, L. Simaruba amara, Aubl. Sterculia sp. Caryocar villosum, Pers. Guazuma ulmifolia, Lam. Luehea divaricata, Mart. Celtis tala, Gill. Phyllostylon brasiliensis, Cap. Avicennia nitida, Jacq. Petitia domingensis, Jacq. Vitex longeracemosa, Pittier Qualea rosea, Aubl. Vochysia guatemalensis, J. D. Smith Bulnesia arborea, Engl. Guaiacum officinale, L.

Simarubaceae Sterculiaceae Theaceae Tiliaceae Ulmaceae Verbenaceae Vochysiaceae Zygophyllaceae

^ Common name

Place of growth of . . ,, , , material tested Buranhem Brazil Jocuma Cuba Quassia Surinam Marupä Brazil Inibirà quiaba Brazil Piquiä Brazil Guacima Tropical America Açoita-cavallo Brazil TaIa Argentina Baitoa, San Domingan boxwood Dominican Repub. Mangle prieto Tropical America Capa West Indies Jocote de mico Guatemala Cèdre gris French Guiana San Juan Guatemala Vera Venezuela Guayacan, ligmim-vitae West Indies

Dd , , g/cm.6 0.94 0.95-1.101 0.50 0.40-0.50' 0.25 0.81 0.55 0.60 0.60-0.85 0.95 0.95-1.10 0.95 0.70 0.65 0.42 1.10-1.25 1.10-1.40

INDEX OF COMMON NAMES The numbers in the following index refer to the Index Numbers in the preceding tables Abura, 619 Acapu, 975 Acaricuara, 1000 Acha, 412 Açoita-cavallo, 1029 Adzukinashi, 836 Êdelgran, 690 Afara, 242 Affram, 242 Agba, 421 Agboin, 416 Aini, 459 Ainyesan, 394 Aité, 904 Aj bar, 430 Akaezomatsu, 825 Akagashi, 780 Akagi, 774 Akamatsu, 827 Akinire, 858 Albarco, 926 Alder, red, 10, 293 Alder, rock, 620 Alder, white, 294 Alecrin, 953 Algarroba, 954 Aligna, 395 Almique, 1018 Almond, bitter, 616 Almond tree, Indian, 241 Am, 204 Amarillo, 873 Amasetole, 652 Ambay, 992 Amigashi, 781 Amyris, 1011 Andi, 612 Angelina amargoso, 930 Angelino, 909 Angélique, 943 Angico, 963 Anjan, 412 Aohada, 757 Aotago, 810 Apitong, 170 Apopo, 455 Apple, 485 Apple, monkey, 608 Apple, narrow-leaved, 472 Apple, red, 559 Apple, rough-barked, 474 Apple, smooth-barked, 473

Apple of Victoria, 552 Apple, wild, 143 Applewood, 143 Araça, 900 Arakashi, 785 Araribâ, 937, 1010 Arere, 670 Arrodah, 441 Aruh, 726 Asada, 770 Ash, 581 Ash, Biltmore white, 80 Ash, black, 82 Ash, blue, 85 Ash, brush, 622 Ash, Cape, 446 Ash, crow's, 626 Ash, green, 81 Ash, Moreton Bay, 555 Ash, mountain, 550, 557 Ash, mountain, southern, 495 Ash, Oregon, 83 Ash, pumpkin, 84 Ash, red, 604 Ash, white, 79, 490, 503 Aspen, 147 Aspen, largetooth, 146 Assagai, 290 Attabini, 669 Aukkyu, 337 Ayani, 459 um-Baba, 623 Babul, 389 Badam, 241 Badar, 247 Baitoa, 1031 Bajur, 725 Bakau Minyak, 609 Baku, 236 Baku, 653 Balsa, 888 Bambwe, red, 572 Bangalay, 484 um-Bangandhlala, 681 Banio, 711 Bankirai, 709 Ban kotkora, 682 Banksia, river, 595 Bansa, 617 Bara champ, 437 Basswood, 157 Bean, black, 405

Bean, red, 444 Bean, Tonca, 946 Bedi-del, 462 Beech, 32, 348 Beech, blue, 16 Beech, Cape, 470 Beech, Port Macquarie, 202 Beech, red, 345 Beech, red Cape, 206 Beech, silver, 346 Beech, white, 347, 686 Beefwood, 225, 601 Belangiran, 710 Belian, 645, 654 Bendo, 721 um-Bengele, 679 Benihi, 816 Benteak, 432 Ber, 607 Berangan, 343 Berry, red, 588 Betis, 654 Beukenhout, 470 Bicuiba, 997 Bijasâl, 419 Billian, 378 Billy Webb, 972 Bintangor, 362 um-Binza, 659 Birch, 214, 592 Birch, Alaska, 11 Birch, black, 345 Birch, gray, 15 Birch, paper, 14 Birch, red, 346 Birch, sweet, 12 Birch, West Indian, 895 Birch, yellow, 13 Bjaergfyr, 693 Black-bark, 329 Blackbutt, 520, 529, 533 Blackwood, 163, 391, 407 Bloodwood, 492, 509 Bloodwood, pale, 554 Boaungza, 337 Bogri, 607 Bois de rose, 916 Bois serpent, 965 um-Bomvana, 230 Bonewood, 605 Bongo, 885 Bosco te, 891

Box, brush, 508, 575 Box, flooded, 483 Box, grey, 508 Box, gum-top, 508 Box, native (Australia), 590 Box, prickly, 591 Box, red, 512, 537 Box, river, 502 Box, scrub, 525 Box, Thozet's, 540 Box, white, 508 Boxwood, San Domingan, 1031 Boxwood, West Indian, 908 Brasil, 1006 Brauna, 956 Buckeye, yellow, 55 Buk, 349 Bukal, 650 Bullet-wood, 1021 Bullet-wood, Andaman, 651 Bullet-wood, bastard, 914 Bumroti, 671 Buna, 777 Bungor, 434 Buranhem, 1022 Buruta, 442 Bustic, 152 Butternut, 64 Buttonwood, Florida, 20 Bwèchin, 401 Bwegyin, 401 Cabbage-wood, 212 Cabreuva, 957 Camphor, 386 Camphor-wood, 306 Cana fistola, 961 Cancharana, 981 Candlewood, 234 Canela, 896 Canelo, 977 Canelon, 999 Caoba, 985 Capa, 1033 Carbeen, 555 Carne d'anta, 898 Carrabeen, mellow, 333 Carrot-wood, 639 Cascara, 137 Cedar, 266, 322, 449, 450, 983 Cedar, Alaska, 95 Cedar, bastard, 453 Cedar, Ceylon, 454

Cedar, Clanwilliam, 254 Cedar, Himalayan, 259 Cedar, incense, 101 Cedar, Japanese, 260 Cedar, Port Orford, 94 Cedar, red, 337, 440 Cedar, red, eastern, 98 Cedar, red, western, 130 Cedar, white, northern, 129 Cedar, white, southern, 96 Cèdre gris, 1035 Cedro, 983 Ceibo, 886, 949 Chakwa, 235 Chalta, 296.5 Champaca, 436 Chaparro, 902 Chaplash, 458 Chemara, 703 Chengal, 298, 300 Cherry, black, 142 Cherry, wild red, 141 Chestnut, 30, 342 Chestnut, sweet, 341 Chestnut, wild, 623 Chewstick, 913 um-Cnicki, 614 Chikrassi, 441 Chinquapin, golden, 31 Chir, 273 Chiru-piyari, 232 Chittapong-wood, 441 Chole, 649 Chomuntri, 665 Chooi, 208 Chosenkaramatsu, 821 Chosenmatsu, 828 Chouk, 225 Chozo, 861 Chram, 458 Chugalam, 238 Chuglam, black, 469 Chuglam, white, 238 Clou, 562 Coach wood, 292 Cocobolo, 941 Coffeewood, 935 Colophane, 221 Coolamon, 560 Coolibah, 522 Copaiba, 938 Corkwood, 291, 674 Cottonwood, black, 148 Cottonwood, eastern, 145 Courbaril, 954 Crabwood, 982 Cujete, 877 Cupiuba, 897 Curupay, 962 Cypress, Himalayan, 262 Cypress, Monterey, 261 Cypress, southern, 128 Cypress, white, 257 Dagarne, 1007 Dahu, 461 um-Dakane, 369 Dakar talada, 363 Dalne, 342 Damar Hitan, 299 Damar Laut Daun Besar, 322 Damar Laut Daun Kechil, 322 Damar merah, 711 Damar Minyak, 248 Dawata, 612 Dedali, 580 Degame, 1007 Del, 462 Deodar, 259 Deronoki, 842 Determa, 917 Dhaura, 236 Dhauri, 433

Didu, 215 Dinghah, 367 Djamudjuh ki chemara, 726 Djati, 730 Dlingsem, 713 Dogala, 651 Dogwood (flowering), 21 Dogwood, Pacific, 22 um-Doni, 561 Doornboom, 390 Douglasie, 694 um-Dubu-weklati, 237 Duka, 867 urn-Duma, 211 Dumizulu, 616 i-Dungamuzi, 328 Durian, wild, 217 Dwa-dwa, 614 Ebano, 935 Ebène marbre, 325 Eg, 695 Egonoki, 846 Ekhimi, 416 Ekki, 578 Ekpagoy, 402 Elder, wild, 428 Elderberry, blue, 19 Elm, 680 Elm, American, 160 Elm, native (Australia), 676 Elm, rock, 162 Elm, slippery, 161 Embuia, 918 Enoki, 854 Espavé, 863 Espina, corona, 951 Essehout, 446, 447 Ezomatsu, 824 Fig, blue, 332 Fig, golden, 76 Fig, wild, 466 Fir, Alpine, 91 Fir, balsam, 88 Fir, Dantzic, 277 Fir, Douglas, 288 Fir, Douglas (coast type), 125 Fir, Douglas (mountain type), 126 Fir, noble, 93 Fir, red, 92 Fir, silver, 87 Fir, silver, European, 246 Fir, silver, West Himalayan, 247 Fir, white, 89 Fir, white, lowland, 90 Fire-tree, 602 Flat crown, 397 Fotui, 878 Frei-jo, 893 Fusazakura, 852 Fustic, 993 Gajumaru, 806 Gamhar, 685 Gangaw, 366 Geelhout, 280 Giam, 712 Gok, 437 Gonçalo Alves, 865 Granadillo, 933 Greenheart, 920 Greenheart, African, 406 Greenheart, West African, 416 Greywood, Indian silver, 238 Guacima, 1028 Guanacaste, 947 Guarantan, 1013 Guatambu, 872, 1012 Guayabi, 894 Guayacan, 880, 1038 Guayacan negro, 936 Guayamero, 990 Gum, bally, 380, 381 Gum, black, 24

Gum, blue, 77, 504, 513 Gum, blue flooded, 546 Gum, blue, Sydney, 546 Gum, citron-scented, 489 Gum, flooded,*547 Gum, giant, 542 Gum, grey, 506, 538, 539 Gum, iron, 540 Gum, manna, 556 Gum, mountain, 506 Gum, poplar, 536 Gum, red, 54, 477, 486 Gum, red, forest, 553 Gum, red, Murray, 545 Gum, red, scaly-barked, 551 Gum, ribbony, 556 Gum, salmon, 548 Gum, silvertop, 525 Gum, spotted, 518 Gum, sugar, 493 Gum, swamp, 542 Gum, tupelo, 23 Gum, water, 576 Gum, white, 541 Gum, Yate, 491 Gum, York, 516 Gumbo limbo, 18 Gurjan, 305 Gurukina, 360 Gwambo, 922 Gwangi, 427 um-Gwenya, 203 um-Gxima, 290 Hackberry, 159 Haldu, 617 Halmilla, 672 um-Hamalala, 429 Hannoki, 761 Harigiri, 758 Harunire, 855 Hauchihakaede, 751 Hauthai, 607 Haw, pear, 140 Hazel, witch, 53 Hedun, 415 Hemlock, eastern, 131 Hemlock, mountain, 133 Hemlock, western, 132 Hiba, 834 Hickory, Australian, 676 Hickory, bitternut, 58 Hickory, Cairn's, 629 Hickory, mockernut, 56 Hickory, nutmeg, 61 Hickory, pecan, 63 Hickory, pignut, 59 Hickory, Queensland, 629 Hickory, shagbark, 62 Hickory, shagbark, bigleaf, GO Hickory, water, 57 Hinau, 331 Hingori, 342 Hinoki, 818 um-Hlahlamakwaba, 338 um-Hlambamasi, 210 um-Hlandhloti, 397 Hnaw, 617 Hollock, 239 Hollong, 302 Holly, 9 Honeysuckle, 599 Honeysuckle, red, 594 Honeysuckle, white, 593 Hönoki, 804 Hoobooballi, 866 Hornbeam, 17 Iberâ-peré, 931 Ibirâro, 970 Ichii, 848 Ichiigashi, 783 Ichö, 790 Igqwanxe, 586

Ijzerhout, 584, 715 Ikpwabobo, 448 Inibirà quiaba, 1026 Imbirussu, 884 In, 304 Incense tree, 222 Inkwood, 151 Inuenju, 803 Inutsuge, 756 Ipe peroba, 882 Ipil, 396, 717 Iroko, 465 Ironbark, 498, 528, 557 Ironbark, bloodwood, 501 Ironbark, broad-leaved, 549 Ironbark, grey, 527 Ironbark, narrow-leaved, 482, 494 Ironbark, pink, 524 Ironbark, red, 549 Ironwood, 551, 578 Ironwood, bastard, 584 Ironwood, black, 136, 586 Ironwood, Borneo, 378 Ironwood, of Burma and Arracan, 425 Ironwood, Kaffir, 414 Ironwood, white, 632 Isunoki, 791 Itayakaede, 753 Itwyina, 234 Ivory, red, 606 Jacaranda, 940 Jagua, 1009 Jak, 460 Jaman, 563 Jambu, 425 Jam wood, 388 Jaranâ, 927 Jarrah, 519 Jarul, 430 Jaul, 876 Java-palissander, 716 Javillo, 907 Jelutong, 209 Jequitibâ, 925 Jocote de mico, 1033 Jocuma, 1023 Johor, 404 Jujube tree, 607 Juniper, alligator, 97 Juniper, East African, 266 Jutahy peba, 942 Kabodda, 217 Kabwi, 225 Kachnar, 401 Kaede, 752 Kaffirboom, 411 Kagonoki, 796 Kahikatea, 278 Kail, 272 Kaita-da, 458 Kajatenhout, 429 Kakatara-balli, 874 Kaku, 578 KaIa Shishân, 407 Kamahi, 296 Kamdeboo, 677 Kanazo, 335 Kanthal, 460 Kanyin, 301 Kapiteinhout, 995 Kapur, 306, 705 Karamatsu, 822 Karayani, 217 Karri, 496 Kastanjehout, 623 Katpali, 651 Katsura, 851 Kaula, 384 Kauri, Queensland, 250 Kawaka, 268 Kaya, 650, 849

Kayu Arang, 327 Keaki, 859 Keladan, 307 Keladang, 464 Kelat, 566 Kersehout, 234 Keruing, 303 Kesambi, 724 Keur, 424 Kierpa, 612 Kihada, 841 Kikar, 389 Kindal, 240 Kiri, 844 Kirijul, 240 Klip Esse, 620 Knobthorn, 633 Knopjsedoorn, 633 um-Koba, 280 Kobushi, 805 Kobe Kobe, 445 Kohwai, 423 Kokan, 660 Kôkko, 398 um-Kokolo, 354 um-Komiso, 206 Konara, 784 um-Kovoti, 678 Koyamaki, 831 Kranji, 410 Kruin, 303 Kruing, 704 Kruisbesje, 675 Kulim, 579, 722 Kumasbide, 769 Kunugi, 788 Kuri, 775 Kurikashi, 776 Kuromatsu, 829 Kurrajong, 662 Kusiaba, 621 Kusu, 797 Laban, 731 Lagan, 704 LaI Chandanum, 420 LaI chuni, 363 Lalie, 384 Lampatia, 660 Lancewood, 869 Lapacho, 880 Larch, 267 Larch, western, 100 Latecku, 335 Lauan, red, 172 Lauan, white, 171, 313 Laurel, 892, 987 Laurel, Alexandrian, 361 Laurel, mountain, 27 Laurel, native (Australia), 657 Laurel negro, 923 Laurel-wood, Indian, 243 Leatherwood, 334 Leddil, 384 Lein, 238 Leiteira, 989 Lendia, 433 Letterhout, 996 Letterwood, 996 Leza-wood, Burmese, 435 Lignum-vitae, 1038 Lilac, Persian, 453 Lingue, 921 Lipic, 682 Locust, 954 Locust, black, 70 Locust, honey, 69 Logwood, 952 um-Lolwa, 438 Long Jack, 630 Looking-glass tree, 665 Loustau, 618 Lucumidella, 454

Lumbayau, 174 Lutio, 335 Madrona, 26 Magnolia, 437 Magnolia, cucumber, /2 Magnolia, evergreen, 74 Magona, 470 Mahogany, 451, 484, 507, 530, 531, 718, 719, 985 Mahogany, Ceylon, 454 Mahogany, Colombian, 926 Mahogany, dry-zone, 452 Mahogany, forest, 543 Mahogany, red, 543 Mahogany, scented, 449 Mahogany, swamp, 544, 577 Mahogany, West Australian, 519 Mahogany, white, 478 Mai-aug, 647 Maiden's blush, 673 Maila, 688 Maire, 564 Maire, black, 565 Majagua, 979 Makai, 311 Makamba, 763 Malai, 454 Maloh, 469 Mamegaki, 773 Mamey, 911 Manbarklak, 928 Mandora, 323 Mangeao, 379 Mangi, 379 Mangle prieto, 1032 Mango, 204 Mangrove, 138 Mangrove, black, 610 Mangrove, grey, 683 Mangrove, red, 610 Maniawga, 612 Manshugurumi, 793 Manuka, 568 Manzanillo, 906 Manzimane, 207 Mapata, 244 Mapau, 471, 592 Mapau, white, 658 Maple, black, 2 Maple, bigleaf, 1 Maple, New South Wales, 370 Maple, Queensland, 628 Maple, red, 4 Maple, silver, 5 Maple, striped, 3 Maple, sugar, 6 Mararie, 295 Marble-wood, Andaman, 324 Marchula, 631 Margosa, 453 Marochani, 584 Maroogoo, 632 Marri, 486 Marupâ, 1025 Massaranduba, 1020 Mastic, 153 Matai, 285 Mategibe, 203 Mawldâ, 664 Mazerie, 338 Medang, 382 Medang Tandok, 383 Melantai, 317 Merabau, 396 Merani Kait Kait, 322 Meranti Bunga, 316 Meranti Kepong, 321 Meranti Rambai Daun, 310 Meranti Sarang Funai, 319 Merawan, 309, 708 Merbau, 717 Messmate, 497, 498, 532, 552

Midzuki, 772 Midzume, 762 Milkwood, red, 649, 652 Milkwood, white, 656 Milla, 688 Miro, 281 Moat soom, 671 Moehakalela, 623 Moko, 330 Momi, 813 Mora, 944, 993 Morrell, 514 Moruro, 964 Mowha, 651 Mpataselo, 355 Mrapat, 723 Mucuri, 1019 Mueri, 616 Muhugu, 245 Mukao, 663 Mukuenoki, 853 Mulberry, wild, 358 Mulsari, 650 u-Munga, 392 Muntelon, 615 Murrogun, 376 Musaizi, 613 Musengera, 282 Musharagi, 585 Muskwood, 984 Mutati, 213 Mutirai, 442 Mutwa, 561 Muzaiti, 386 Mweri, 456 Myauklot, 461 Myrtle, grey, 475 Myrtle, Oregon, 68 Myrtle, red, 344 Myrtle, silver, 573 Myrtle, Tasmanian, 344 Nageshwa, 366 Nagi, 847 Nana, 432 Nance, 978 Naranjo, 899 Natte, 648 Nebelele, 397 Nedun, 415 Negro head, 347 Nemili-adagu, 688 Nemunoki, 801 Neribi, 220 Nezuko, 833 um-Nga, 390 um-Ngayi, 231 um-Ngqangqa, 229 um-Ngquma, 587 Niankuma, 669 Niere, 606 Nieshout, 456 Nigaki, 845 Niganire, 856 uni-Nini, 606 Nispero, 1017 Nogal, 915 um-Nqabaza, 675 um-Nqai, 231 um-Nqwaskube, 293 um-Nukambiba, 624 um-Nungumabele, 633 Nyatoh, 647 Nym tree, 453 Oak, 350, 351, 352 Oak, black, 51 Oak, bur, 42 Oak, California black, 36 Oak, chestnut, 43 Oak, forest, 228 Oak, Gambel's, 39 Oak, hill, 349 Oak, Karri Shea, 224

Oak, laurel, 41 Oak, live, 52 Oak, live, canyon, 37 Oak, Oregon white, 40 Oak, pin, 46 Oak, post, 50 Oak, red, 35 Oak, red, silky, 597 Oak, river, 223 Oak, satin silky, 596 Oak, scarlet, 38 Oak, shea, 226 Oak, silky, 598, 600 Oak, southern red, 49 Oak, swamp, 227 Oak, swamp chestnut, 48 Oak, swamp red, 45 Oak, swamp white, 34 Oak, Tasmanian, 495 Oak, water, 44 Oak, white, 33 Oak, willow, 47 Obeche, 670 Obobo-Nikwe, 450 Obobo-Nufwa, 449 Ochwen, 340 Odonomokuku, 222 Odum, 465 Ogwango, 451, 452 Ogwega, 409 Ohiönire, 857 Ohnara, 782 Oitiçica, 994 Oity, 862 Okan, 406 Okoko, 667 Okwein, 403 Oleo vermelho, 958 Olive, wild, 587 Olyvenhout, 587 Onglen belian, 715 Onigurumi, 794 Onoorekamba, 766 Opepe, 621 Orange, osage, 75 Orugbo, 364 0sterrigsk Fyr, 692 Ottenga, 296.5 Oudehout, 614 Outeniqua, 280 Owawa, 670 Paardepis, 642 Pabda, 431 Pacouri, 912 Padauk, 417 Padauk, Burma, 418 Pagar Anak, 426 um-Pahla, 244 Pairi, 232 Palm, Palmyra, 589 Palmetto, cabbage, 86 Palo bianco, 1008 Palo dulce, 950 Paludar, 247 Panaka, 232 Panchi, 235 Panisaj, 239 Pantaga, 363 Pâo d'alho, 1001 Pâo amarello, 1014 Pâo branco, 890 Pâo brasil, 934 Pâo Concha, 1005 Pâo santo, 976 Paradise-tree, 154 Partridge, 935 Pauji, 980 Peach, wild, 355 Pear, coffee, 229 Pear, hard, 229 Pear, mountain hard, 588 Pear, native (W. Australia), 603

Pear, red, 356 Pear, thorn, 357 Pear, white, 369 Pearwood, white, 233 Pecan, 63 Pecha-da, 324 Peinnê, 460 Penaga (F. M. S.), 366 Penak, 298, 300 Pendjalinan, 729 Peppermint, 497, 515 Peppermint, black, 479 Peppermint, narrow-leaved, 481 Peppermint, New England, 480 Peppermint, Sydney, 534 Pereira, 968 Perepat, 661 Perian, 463 Pernambuco wood, 934 Peroba rosa, 870 Persimmon, 25 Peshora, 368 Petanang, 706 Petwun, 672 Pigeon-wood, 679 Pilla, 460 Pimenteira, 986 Pine, Bhotan, 272 Pine, black, 281, 285 Pine, blue, 272 Pine, brown, 279 Pine, Bunya, 251 Pine, celery-top, 269 Pine, cluster, 274 Pine, cypress, 256 Pine, cypress, black, 255 Pine, Dundathu, 250 Pine, hoop, 252 Pine, Huon, 265 Pine, Illawara Mountain, 256 Pine, jack, 107 Pine, Jeffery, 114 Pine, kauri, 249 Pine, King William, 253 Pine, limber, 113 Pine, loblolly, 124 Pine, lodgepole, 110 Pine, longleaf, 117 Pine, long-needled, 273 Pine, maritime, 274 Pine, Moreton Bay, 252 Pine, mountain, 119 Pine, Oyster Bay, 258 Pine, pitch, 121 Pine, pond, 122 Pine, Putt's, 625 Pine, red, 120, 264 Pine, sand, 109 Pine, Scots, 277 Pine, shortleaf, 111 Pine, silver, 263 Pine, slash, 108 Pine, stone, 275 Pine, sugar, 115 Pine, turpentine, 219 Pine, Westland, 263 Pine, Weymouth, 276 Pine, white, 278 Pine, white, eastern, 123 Pine, white, western, 116 Pine, yellow, western, 118 Pinheiro de Parana, 1002 Pinkwood, 336 Pinlékanazo, 664, 665 Pinon, 112 Pipli, 367 Piquiâ, 1027 Piuni, 272 Plum, black, 563 Plum, dog, 446 Plum, grey, 326 Plum, Kaffir, 203

Plum, pigeon, 135 Podo, 282, 283 Poisonwood, 8 Poma, 440 Pomatum-wood, 371 Pomme, 567 Pooli, 218 Poplar, 634 Poplar, balsam, 144 Poplar, yellow, 71 Popohan, 700 Portia-tree, 439 Possum wood, 907 Powder bark, 476 Prima vera, 879 Prima vera, Indian, 433 Pulaj, 702 Pulut Pulut, 467 Puna, 361 Punggai, 216 Purpleheart, 959 Puspah, 727 Pyinkado, 425 Pyinma, 430, 431 in-Quala, 637 um-Quaqu, 428 Quassia, 1024 Quebracho bianco, 871 Quebracho Colorado, 868 Quinine tree, 210 u-Qume, 642 um-Qwaqwana, 684 um-Qwashu, 656 Rai, 271 Ranai, 387 Rasak, 312 Rasamala, 714 Rata, northern, 571 Recheda, 393 Redwood, 127, 289, 393 Regte Z warte Ijzerhout, 586 Rengas, 205, 701 Resak, 712 Rewa Rewa, 599 Rhododendron, great, 29 Rimu, 264 Rinboku, 840 Rinda, 308 Ritha, 644 Roble, 881 Roble Colorado, 969 Rodeblad, 237 Rode EIs, 293 Rode Melkhout, 206 Rode Peer, 356 R0dgran, 691 Rosewood, 443 Rosewood, Brazilian, 940 Rosewood, East Indian, 407 Rosewood, Honduras, 939 Ru, 225 Sabicû, 955 Sabicû moruro, 960 Saffraanhout, 230 Saffronwood, 230 Sagewood, 427 Saga, 436 Sâgun, 687 Saihadakamba, 765 Saikachi, 802 Sain, 243 Saitu, 215 Sâj, 687 Sâka, 687 Sâkher, 320 Sal, 320 Salamo, 1007 Salangan Batu, 315 Saliehout, 427 Samohû, 887 Sanai, 297 Sancho-arafia, 860

Sandal, 582 Sanders, red, 420 Sandulane, 620 San Juan, 1036 Santa Maria, 910 Sapu, 436 Sapucaia, 929 Saqui-saqui, 883 Sassafras, 67, 457 Sassafras, black, 374 Satiné, 991 Satinwood, 442, 631 Satinwood, West Indian, 1015 Satyobe, 588 Sauce Colorado, 1016 Sawagurumi, 795 Sawara, 819 Sawashiba, 768 Seiknangyi, 384 Semul, 215 um-Senge, 212 Sepetir, 422 Seraya Batu, 322 Seriah, 314 Seriah, white, 322 Seni, 727 Serviceberry, 139 She beech, 371, 380 She teak, 627 Shii, 778 Shila, 239 Shinanoki, 850 Shioji, 812 Shirabe, 815 Shirakamba, 764 Shirakashi, 786 Shiribukagashi, 779 Shishâm, 408 Shönanboku, 823 Shtar, 368 Sia Nahor, 365 Sida, 433 Silkwood, 583 Silverbell-tree, 155 Simantok, 711 Singliang, 367 um-Sinsi, 411 Sintok, 707 Sirikishu, 342 Sirio, 398 Siris, 398 Siris, white, 400 Sissoo, 408 Sit, 400 Sneezewood, 456 Soapnut, 644 Sono kling, 716 Sooahn, 304 Söshiju, 800 Sourwood, 28 Spekhout, 355 Spruce, black, 104 Spruce, Engelmann, 102 Spruce, Norway, 270 Spruce, red, 105 Spruce, Sitka, 106 Spruce, West Himalayan, 271 Spruce, white, 103 Stavewood, 668 Stinkhout, 385, 677 Stinkwood, black, 385 Stinkwood, red, 616 Stopper, Garber's, 78 Stringybark, 487, 500, 510, 526 Stringybark, brown, 488 Stringybark, red, 517 Stringybark, silvertop, 511 Stringybark, small-leaved, 558 Stringybark, white, 499 Stringybark, yellow, 523 Subaha, 619 Sucupira, 932

Sugarberry, 158 Sugi, 820 Sultana champa, 361 Sumach, staghorn, 7 Sundri, 664, 665 Sungloch, 239 um-Sunti, 286 Suren, 720 Suriya, 439 Suriya Mara, 399 Sycamore, 134, 200 Taaibosch, 207 Tabu, 799 Taiwanhinoki, 817 Taiwansugi, 832 Tal, 589 TaIa, 1030 Tallowwood, 521, 535 Taman, 430 Tamarack, 99 Tamarind, native (Australia), 640 Tambalacoque, 655 Tan, 589 Tangeao, 379 Tangile, 173 Tapinhoan, 924 Taraire, 372 Tarée, 241 Tatajuba, 988 um-Tati, 456 Taukkyan, 243 Taungpeinnè, 458 Tawa, 373 Tawenna, 646 Tayôkthé, 337 Tea tree, 568 Tea tree, Bellbowrie, 569 Tea tree, prickly-leaved, 570 Teak, 687, 730 Teak, brush, 643 Teak, Cape, 429 Teak, colonial, 626 Tempinis, 468 um-Tenattena, 329 Tenio, 901 Terentang, 201 Thabye, 563 Thabyu, 296.5 Thamaga, 453 Tharapi, 361 Thayet, 204 The Toddy, 589 Thingan, 308 Thitkado, 440 Thitkya, 324 Thitmagyi, 399 Thitmin, 284 Thitpyu, 400 Thitya, 318 Thorn tree, 390 Tingle tingle, red, 510 Tipa, 973 Titoki, 636 n-Tlokoebomve, 207 Tochinoki, 792 Todomatsu, 814 Togasawara, 830 Tôhi, 826 um-Tombi, 466 Toneriko, 809 Toon, 440 Totara, 287 Towai, 345, 346 Trincomalee wood, 672 Tsuga, 835 Tsuge, 771 Tualang, 413 Tuart, 505 Tuckeroo, 639 Tulip tree, 439 Tulip wood, 641

DENSITY ARRANGEMENT In the arrangement below, the lightest and heaviest woods are listed in the order (descending) of their bulk-densities in the air-dried condition. The bold-face numbers represent intervals on the density scale. The other numbers are the index numbers of the woods arranged in descending order of their densities. Bulk density = weight of air-dry piece divided by its bulk volume. ARRANGEMENT PAR DENSITÉ Dans l'arrangement ci-dessous les bois les plus légers et les plus lourds sont indiqués dans Tordre (descendant) de leur densité apparente dans les conditions de séchage à Pair. Les nombres en caractères gras représentent les intervalles de l'échelle des densités. Les autres nombres sont les nombres index des bois disposés dans l'ordre descendant de leurs densités. Densité apparente = poids de la pièce séchée à Fair divisé par son volume apparent. ANORDNUNG DER DICHTE In der Anordnung unten sind die leichtesten und schwersten Hölzer in absteigender Reihe ihrer Dichten im Luft trockenem Zustande angegeben. Die hervorgehobenen Zahlen bezeichnen die Intervalle an der Dichteskala. Die anderen Zahlen sind die Indexnummern der angegebenen Hölzer in absteigender Reihe ihrer Dichten. Raumgewicht = Gewicht des Luft trockenen Stückes dividiert durch sein Volumen. ORDINE SECONDO LE DENSITÀ Nell'elenco che segue, i legni più leggeri e i più pesanti sono indicati nell'ordine decrescente delle loro densità nello stato

di essiccamento all'aria. I numeri marcati in nero rappresentano gli intervalli nella scala delle densità. Gli altri numeri sono i numeri indice dei legni disposti in ordine decrescente delle loro densità. Densità apparente == peso del pezzo seccato all'aria diviso per il suo volume.

1.40: 1038, 996, 868, 976, 412, 936, 864, 136, 971, 522. 1.25: 1037, 1021, 880, 512, 934, 920, 941, 928, 665, 552, 420. 1.20: 946, 935, 933, 904, 523, 513, 501, 549, 731, 565, 554, 497. 1.15: 965, 945, 919, 414, 638, 482, 555, 415, 540, 525, 587. 1.12: 494, 207, 493, 536, 524, 1032, 1023, 1020, 1013, 1011, 1003, 896, 409. 1.09: 1017, 970, 551, 537, 553, 939, 138, 498, 664, 570. 1.066: 502, 234, 651, 530, 507, 991, 954, 571, 153, 583, 475. 1.04: 961, 442, 1008, 962, 861, 228, 644, 477, 483. 1.02: 960, 541, 491, 387, 484, 584, 509, 654. 1.00: 1005, 972, 969, 959, 958, 956, 953, 952, 944, 932, 924, 871, 865, 357. 0.41: 883, 814, 466, 88, 55, 123, 272, 115, 271. 0.40: 1025, 886, 878, 820, 815, 785, 218, 148, 154, 247. 0.38: 842, 720, 321, 102, 983, 833, 816, 130, 253, 209, 91, 96. 0.36: 907, 820, 213, 144, 947, 895, 887, 819, 721, 201, 129. 0.344: 18, 467, 454, 844, 711, 702, 463. 0.25: 1026, 949, 884. 0.189: 674. 0.12: 888. 0.10:885. ARTIFICIAL LUMBERS The data given below are intended to illustrate the order of magnitude of some of the properties found for samples of certain artificial materials manufactured in board form for special uses. Since the properties of such materials vary with the method of manufacture, and as such methods are constantly being improved, the actual characteristics of the manufactured product at a given time can be obtained only from the manufacturer.

Common or trade name

Composition and structure

Strength kg/cm 2 Bulkdensity, Tr. = transverse g/crn a Ten. = tensile Cr. = crushing

cf.. p. 312 (4)

Welimadâ, 284 Wilde Moerbe, 358 Willow, 635 Willow, black, 150 Willow, black, western, 149 Willow, bush, 237 Witch-hazel, 53 Witgalboom, 677 Witte Els, 294 Wittehout, 211 Witte Melkhout, 656 Witte Peer, 369 Wolvedoorn, 357 Wonta, 461 Woolly-butt, 485, 515 Xalebo, 358 Yabunikkei, 798 Yacal, 315 Yachidamo, 811 Yagrume, 875 Yamaguwa, 807 Yamahannoki, 760 Yamamomo, 808 Yamanarashi, 843 Yamane, 685 Yamazakura, 838 Yashabushi, 759 Yaya, 619, 869 Yayamadou, 998 Yellowwood, bastard, 280 Yellowwood, real, 286 Yellowwood, upright, 286 Yepa, 412 Yew, Pacific, 156 Yinma, 441 Yivé, 393 Yogusominebari, 767 Yon, 235 um-Zani, 632 Zapatero, 908 um-Zimbiti, 414 Zuurbesje, 203 Zuurbesjes, 354 Zwartbast, 329 Zwarte kabbes, 945

Approximate thermal conductivity k — 10-0A g-cal cm- 2 sec'1 (0C, cm-1)"1

Tulip wood, yellow, 339 Tuni, 440 um-Tunzi, 649, 652 Turpentine, 574 Ubamegashi, 787 Ubberiya, 611 Ukpe-Nikwi, 638 Ulmo, 903 Ulwatile, 642 Umbrella, Frazer's, 73 Umburana, 974 Urajirogashi, 789 Uriana, 337 Urihadakaede, 754 Urucurana, 905 Urunday, 864 Urushi, 755 Ushikoroshi, 837 Uvero, 1003 Uwamizuzakura, 839 Vaalbosch, 244 Vengai, 419 Vera, 1037 Veroity, 889 Vincol, 666 Vinhatico castanho, 967 Vinhatico de espinho, 966 Virarti, 1004 Virgilia, vetch-leaved, 424 Vlier, 428 Vuinauku, 666 um-Vumvu, 677 Waibaima, 919 Waikey, 913 Walikukun, 728 Wallaba, 948 Walnut, 398 Walnut, black, 65 Walnut, Mexican, 66 Walukina, 359 Wamara, 971 Wandoo, 541 Waterbesje, 561 Water tree, 211 Wawaku, 268

A A s b e s t o s mill board Asbestos + binder Asbestos wood . . . Asbestos + cement

1.0 2.0

1050 Cr. ( 3 ) 246 Tr.

Asphalt roofing . . Felt saturated with 0.9 asphalt Celotex* Felted b a g a s s e 0.19 to 2.25 Tr. 26. 2 Ten. (2) 0.24 fibers Cork board Cork, no binder 0.13 Cork board Cork + bituminous 0.25 binder Pressed wood pulp 0.19 Insulite 1.62 Tr. 11.7 Ten. (2) Lith board Mineral wool, vege- 0.2 table fi b e r s + binder Sheet rock or Gypsum + w o o d 2.04 Tr. plaster b o a r d shavings 12.3 Ten. ( 2 ) Wall b o a r d Gypsum (gypsum) Stiff paper 0.7 13 Ten. (1 ) Wall board 11.9 Ten. ( 5 ) Vegetable fibers -fThermolathf wa t e r p r o o f i n g 1.14 Tr. binder * Water absorptivity on 48 hr immersion = 10 vol. %. t Water absorptivity on 48 hr immersion = 41 vol. %.

29 93 24 10 10 12 10 13

80 17 13 ( 5 )

LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) O) Bird and Son, O. ( 2 ) Celotex Company, Celotex. ( 3 ) Johns-Manville Co., Asbestos Wood. (*) Van Dusen, 885, 26: 625; 20. ( 5 ) Waldorf Paper Products Co., O.

BUILDING STONES D. W. KESSLER MATIÈRES

CONTENTS Compressive strength. Shearing strength.

Résistance à la compression. Résistance au cisaillement.

Druckfestigkeit. Schubfestigkeit.

Transverse strength. Tensile strength. Resistance to abrasion. Impact hardness. Elasticity. Bulk density. Porosity. Compressibility. Thermal expansion. Specific heat. Thermal conductivity. Thermal diffusivity.

Résistance à la flexion. Résistance à la traction. Dureté au frottement. Dureté au choc. Élasticité. Densité apparente. Porosité. Co mpressibilité. Dilatation thermique. Chaleur spécifique. Conductibilité thermique. Diffusivité thermique.

Biegefestigkeit. Zugfestigkeit. Abnutzbarkeit. Schlaghärte. Elastizität. Raumgewicht. Porosität. Kompressibilität. Wärmeausdehnung. Spezifische Wärme. Wärmeleitfähigkeit. Temperaturleitfähigkeit.

CONVERSION FACTORS 1 kg cm" = 14.22 Ib. in.-2 = 1.024 ton* ft.~ 2 1 dyne cm~2 = 1.020 X 10~5 kg cm~2 = 1.450 X 10~5 Ib. in.~2 = 1.044 X IO"6 ton* ft.~ 2 1 kg-1 cm2 = 1.020 X IO 6 dyne'1 cm2 = 0.0703 Ib.-1 in.2 = 1.033 atmr1 l g cm-3 = 1000 kg m~3 = 62.4 Ib. ft."3 = 0.843 ton* yd.~ 3 2 1 joule cm- sec"1 (0C, cm"1)-1 =0.239 g-cal cm~2 sec"1 (0C, cm-1)-1 4 = 9.48 X 10~ BTU ft.- 2 sec-1 (0F, in.-1)-1 per deg C = 0.556 per deg F. 2

* 1 ton = 2000 Ib.

COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH kg cm-2 X 10~3 Example; For basalt from Limburg, 3200 kg per sq. cm ( 4 ). Basalt, Av. Range—2.0 to 3.5 Near Linz a. R Limburg, Nassau Ortenberg, Hesse Lauterbach, Hesse

4~7 3.2 2.7 2.0

(6) (4) (4) (4)

Rothweil, Baden 3.4 Aschaffenburg, L. Franconia 3.0 Porphyry, Av. Range—2.0 to 3.0

( 12 ) (4)

Quartz, Beutengrund, Silesia Quartz, Reinsdorf, Silesia Alpirsbach, Black Forest

3.2 2.2 2.0

( 12 ) (12) (4)

3.2 2.9 2.0 1.1

4

( ) (4) ( 45 ) ( 21 )

2.9 2 .0

(4) (4)

Phonolite

Felsite Rohrschweger, Alsace Kerzheim, Alsace

PAGE

Resistenza alla pressione. . Resistenza alla cesoiamenta Resistenza alla pressione. . Resistenza alla trazione.. . Resistenza alla usura Durezza alla scossa Elasticità .. Densità apparente Porosità Compressibilità Dilatazione termica Calore specifico Conduttività t e r m i c a . . . . . Diffusibilità termica Diabase

Ochenkopf, Bavaria Hasselfelde, Harz Mts Taylors Falls, Minn

2.7 2.1 1.8

(4) («) (*3)

2.6 2.4 2.0 1.1

(4) (4) (21) ( 23 )

2.5

(4i)

2.0 2.0 1.9 1.9 1.8 1.5 1.1 1.0

(13) ( 34 ) (13) (13) O3) (i 3 ) (i 3 ) (4)

2.0 1.8 1.7 1.4 0.8

(21) ( 38 ) (21) (15) (16)

2.0 1.9 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.5 1.4

( 41 ) ( 32 ) ( 46 ) ( 41 ) ( 4 I) ( 21 ) ( 20 ) ( 41 i

Diorite, Av. Range—1.0 to 2.5 Freiburg, Baden Aschaffenburg, L. Franconia.. Boulder Canyon, Ariz Quartz mica, Monson, Mass Aplite Hingham, Mass

j Syenite, Av. Range—1.0 to 2.0

Fine grained, East St. Cloud, Minn Porphyry, Pulaski Co., Ark Red, Beaver Bay, Minn Gray quartzose, East St. Cloud, Minn Coarse, Watab, Minn Fine grained, Sauk Rapids, Minn Cape Ann, Mass Weinheim, Baden Serpentine, Av. Range—0.9 to 2.0 Hollysprings, Ga Auburn, Calif Roxbury, Vt Einseidel, Bohemia Zoblitz, Saxony Granite, Av. Range—1.0 to 2.8

Quartzite, Av. Range—1.0 to 2.0 Kugelberg, Alsace Sierk near Metz Pipestone, Minn White Haven, Pa

INDICE

INHALTSVERZEICHNIS

Quartz-monzonite, Westerly, R. I Muscovite, Stone Mountain, Ga Hornblende, Mosquito Mt., Maine Gneiss, Branford, Conn Biotite, Milford, Mass Biotite gneiss, Port Deposit, Md Riebeckite-aegirite, Quincy, Mass Hornblende, Rockport, Maine

.

47 48 49 49 49 50 51 52 53 54 54 55 55 55

Granite.—(Continued) Coarse biotite, Stony Creek, Conn Gneiss, Monson, Mass Biotite, Aberdeen, Scotland

(13) ( 41 ) (13)

1.1 1.1 0.8

Gabbro Rice Pt., Duluth, Minn Randauthal, Hanover

J L 9 ( Ï 3 J 1.0 (4) Lava

Niedermendig, Rhine Fremont Co., Colo

1.9 0.7

(6) ( 18 )

1.9 1.6 1.5 1.4 1.4 1.2 1.1 1.0 1.0 0.9 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.6

(21) ( 13 ) ( 21 ) (21) (21) ( 21 ) O5) (21) ( 21 ) (21) (2l) (i3) (21) (21) (21)

Marble, Av. Range—0.8 to 1.5 Hematitic dolomite, Swanton, Vt Coarse dolomite, Pleasantville, N. Y Carbonaceous, Isle LaMotte, Vt Dolomite, South Dover, N. Y Dolomite, Lee, Mass Pink fossiliferous, Knoxville, Tenn Saccharoidal calcite, Carrara, Italy Saccharoidal calcite, Plattsburg, N. Y Magnesian, Gouverneur, N. Y Dolomite, Beaverdam, Md Graphitic dolomite, Florence, Vt Carbonaceous, Glens Falls, N. Y Coarse calcite, Ball Ground, Ga Saccharoidal calcite, Rutland, Vt Actinolitic calcite, South Dorset, Vt Dolomite, Av. Range—0.8 to 1.6 Compact, Lemont, 111 Compact, Red Wing, Minn Arenaceous, Kasota, Minn Bituminous, Marblehead, Ohio Pitted, Jefferson City, Mo Vesicular, Stone City, Iowa

Tl) 1.6 0.9 .8 8 .4

(Ï3) ( 13 ) ( 21 ) (2l) (21) (3)

Essexite Mt. Johnson, Quebec....

I

1.8

|

(l)

|

1.5

|

(*3)

|

1.5 | (13)

Granodiorite Rocklin, Calif Labradorite Beaver Bay, Minn

Sandstone, Av. Range—0.5 to 1.5 Quartzitic, Potsdam, N. Y Argillaceous, Warsaw, N. Y Calcareous, Horst, Schleswig-Holstein Calcareous, Craigleith, Scotland Triassic, Hummelstown, Pa Triassic, Bellville, N. J Triassic, Portland, Conn Triassic, East Long Meadow, Mass Calcareous, Dorchester, N. B Feldspathic, Vitzenberg, Thuringia Calcareous, Warrensburg, Mo Feldspathic, Aquia Creek, Va Ferruginous, Chitwood, Ore

1.5 1.4 1.2 0.9 .8 8 7 .7 .7 .6 .4 4 .4

(21) ( 4 I) (i2) (î3) ( 2 I) (13) ( 2 I) (21) (13) (i2) (8) (21) ( 4 I)

1.4 1.4 1.4

(13) ( 36 ) ( 36 )

Limestone, Av. Range—0.4 to 1.4 Argillaceous, St. Paul, Minn Compact, Lias, France Jurassic, Chatillon, France

Limestone.—(Continued) Aluminous, Minneapolis, Minn Compact, earthy, Cassville, Mo Fine-grained oolite, Marshalltown, Iowa Vesicular, Mantorville, Minn Magnesian, Andalusia, 111 Oolitic, Bedford, Ind Jurassic, Isle of Portland Oolitic, Caen, Normandy Oolitic, Bath, England

1.2 0.9 .9 .7 .4 4 .3 .25 .09

( i3 ) (21 ) (3) (i3) ( 3S ) (21) (33) ( 13 ) (29)

Ts 1.2

(«) ( 12 )

|

1.0

| (21)

|

0.8 |

|

0.7 | (U)

|

0.7

|

0.6

Conglomerate Wilkesbarre, Pa Königssee, Thuringia Breccia (Volcanic) Boulder Canyon, Ariz Tufa Lilliwaup, Wash

( 3 I)

Slate PenArgyl, Pa Trachyte Köln, Rhine

(6)

Steatite Arrington, V a . . .

[

(21)

Tuff Oregon Grafenberg, Bavaria

C L 2 ( 2 Ï ) 0.1 (4) SHEARING STRENGTH

The shearing values given in this table were determined by three types of apparatus, one of which appears to give results which are too low, due to the fact that bending stresses are produced. The values determined by authority No. 41 are probably low for this reason.

kg cm"-2 Marble, Av. Range—100 to 300 Hematitic dolomite, Swanton, Vt 450 Dolomitic, Lee, Mass. 320 Impure calcite, Carthage, Mo 310 Graphitic calcite, Albertson, Vt 260 Pink fossiliferous, Knoxville, Tenn 250 Karstmarmor, Nabresina, Istria 110 Dolomitic, Tuckahoe, N. Y 105 Siliceous, Neubeuern, Bavaria 100 Saccharoidal calcite, Carrara, Italy 90 Fine-grained, Laas, Tyrol 60

(21) (21) (21) (21) (21) (l 5 ) ( 4 I) (4) (l 5 ) (15)

Serpentine Weisen, Tyrol Hollysprings, Ga Einsiedel, Bohemia

340 320 180

(is) (21) (ls)

300 200 180 170 170 160 140 140 130 90

(21) (i g ) («) ( 4 I) ( 22 ) (41) (ls) (4) (4) (i g )

Granite, Av. Range—150 to 300 Muscovite, Stone Mountain, Ga Biotite, Millbridge, Maine Biotite, Milford, Mass Hornblende, Rockport, Mass Hornblende, Cape Ann, Mass Muscovite-biotite, Troy, N. H Fine-grained biotite, Schwarzwasser, Poland. . Fine-grained biotite, Mauthausen, Austria... . Biotite, Hauzenberg, Bavaria Biotite, Baveno, Italy

Steatite Arlington, Va

Limestone, Av. Range—75 to 125 |

280 | (21)

Slate 250 150

( 21 ) (27)

2ÏO 200 170 150 150 150 30

(2^ ( 21 ) ( 10 ) ( 10 ) ( 41 ) ( 21 ) (4)

190 40 30 20

21

( ) (4) (4) (4)

780 340 310 160 90

(ÏS) ( 2 *) ( 2 I) ( 15 ) (38)

330 |

( 2 *)

300 250 190 180 170 170 170 150 150 130 110 80

( 21 ) ( 21 ) ( 15 ) ( 21 ) ( 2 *) (15) ( 15 ) ( 2 *) ( 21 ) ( 21 ) ( 21 ) ( 21 )

230 180 170 140 110 80

(4) ( 1S ) ( 22 ) (18) (15) (4)

Calcareous mica, Pen Argyl, Pa Siliceous mica, Monson, Maine Limestone, Av. Range—100 to 200 Earthy dolomite, Quincy, 111 Aluminous dolomite, Mantorville, Minn Gray oolitic, Bedford, Ind Buff oolitic, Bedford, Ind Flinty, Buffalo, N. Y Oolitic, Rockwood, Ala Pure white oolitic, Kehlheim, Bavaria Sandstone, Av. Range—50 to 150 Triassic, East Longmeadow, Mass Fine-grained variegated, Murgtal, Baden Argillaceous, Hochberg, Bavaria Glauconitic, Ihrlerstein, Bavaria TRANSVEKSE STRENGTH Modulus of Rupture kg cm~2 Serpentine, Av. Range—100 to 350 Weisen, Tyrol Hollysprings, Ga Roxbury, Vt Einsiedel, Bohemia Auburn, Calif Quartzite White Haven, Pa

150 140 100 90 80 70

(2l) ( 21 ) ( 4 *) (4) ( 21 ) (4)

250

| (U)

160 90 90 90 90 60 50 50 40 30 30 20

( 21 ) ( 2 *) ( 21 ) ( 2 *) ( 15 ) (l5) ( 21 ) (4) ( 15 ) ( 2 *) ( 2 ^) (4)

ÏÏO 100 100 60

( 2 ^) (l 5) (21) (*5)

90 80 50 30 30 20

( 21 ) ( 21 ) ( 21 ) (io) ( 2 ^) ( 21 )

40 40 40 40

(4) (4) ( 15 ) (is)

40 20 20 20 10 10 10

( 21 ) (8) (4) (21) (4) (4) (4)

40 |

(* 5)

TENSILE STRENGTH kg cm~2 Slate Pen Argyl, Pa

| Marble, Av. Range—30 to 90

Hematitic dolomite, Swanton, Vt Carbonaceous, Isle LaMotte, Vt Graphitic calcite, Albertson, Vt Pink fossiliferous, Plattsburg, N. Y Karst mar mor, Nabresina, 1st ria Fine-grained, Laas, Tyrol. Coarse gr. calcite, Ball Ground, Ga Dolomite, Parsberg, Bavaria Saccharoidal calcite, Carrara, Italy Dolomite, S. Dover, N. Y Saccharoidal calcite, W. Rutland, Vt Dolomite, Rehburg, Franconia Serpentine Roxbury, Vt Einsiedel, Bohemia Hollysprings, Ga Weisen, Tyrol Limestone, Av. Range—30 to 60

|

Marble, Av. Range—100 to 200 Hematitic dolomite, Swanton, Vt Carbonaceous, Isle LaMotte, Vt Fine-grained calcite, Laas, Tyrol Pink fossiliferous, Knoxville, Tenn Graphitic, Albertson, Vt Saccharoidal calcite, Carrara, Italy Karstmarmor, Nabresina, Istria Fossiliferous, Plattsburg, N. Y Dolomitic, Beaverdam, Md. Dolomitic, Lee, Mass Coarse calcite, Ball Ground, Ga Saccharoidal calcite, West Rutland, Vt Granite, Av. Range—100 to 200 Fine-grained biotite, Mauthausen, Austria.... Fine-grained biotite, Schwarzwasser, Poland. . Hornblende, Cape Ann, Mass Biotite, Millbridge, Maine Biotite, Baveno, Italy Biotite, Gefrees, Franconia

Compact earthy, Cassville, Mo Compact earthy, Phénix, Mo Arenaceous dolomite, Kasota, Minn Buff oolitic, Bedford, Ind Oolitic, Rockwood, Ala Aluminous dolomite, Mantorville, Minn

Î6Ô 130 80 80 50

( 21 ) ( 21 ) ( 21 ) ( 21 ) ( 2 *)

'. .

Granite, Av. Range—30 to 50 Gneissoid, St. Gothard Tunnel Biotite, Hausenberg, Bavaria Fine-grained, Schwarzwasser, Poland Biotite, Baveno, Italy Sandstone, Av. Range—10 to 30 Feldspathic, McDermott, Ohio Asphaltic, Liberal, Mo Fine-grained variegated, Murgtal, Baden Triassic, E. Longmeadow, Mass Variegated, Kronach, Bavaria Argillaceous, Hochberg, Bavaria Glauconitic, Ihrlerstein Bavaria Trachyte Spitzberg, Bohemia

Sandstone, Av. Range—25 to 125 Flagstone, Lacyville, Pa Quartzitic, Potsdam, N. Y Triassic, Hummelstown, Pa Feldspathic, McDermott, Ohio Berea grit, Amherst, Ohio

Arenaceous dolomite, Kasota, Minn Compact earthy, Cassville, Mo Flinty, Buffalo, N. Y Pure white oolitic, Kehlheim, Bavaria Oolitic, Bedford, Ind Muschelkalk, Randersacker, Bavaria

|

RESISTANCE TO ABRASION ("HARDNESS") (19) The hardness values were determined by subjecting cylindrical specimens 2.5 cm in diameter to the abrasive action of crushed and graded quartz which is fed upon a revolving steel disc. The coefficient of hardness equals 20 — (}i)w, where w is the weight of specimen worn away by 1000 revolutions of the disc.

Khyolite, Av. Range—18 to 20 Adams Co., Pa Milton, Calif Boise, Idaho

Syenite <20 < 20 15

Basalt, Av. Range—17 to 19 Nephelite, Austin, Texas Olivine, Cliffs, Wash

19 18

Diabase, Av. Range—17 to 19 Upper Nyack, N. Y Ansonia, Conn

19 18

Quartzite, Av. Range—16 to 19 Roanoke, Va Greenbank, Del

19 18 Gabbro, Av. Range—16 to 18

St. Peters, Pa York Haven, Pa

19 18 Trachyte

Colorado Springs, Colo

19 Chert

Chockie, OkIa Provo, Utah

19 17 Amphibolite

Wilmington, Del

| 19 Granite, Av. Range—17 to 19

Biotite, Vinai Haven, Maine Biotite, Barre, Vt Hornblende, Beverly, Mass Aplitic, Richmond, Va Biotite, Mt. Airy, N. C Quartz monzonite, Milford, N. H

19 19 19 18 18 18

Ï9~~ 18 12 9

Diorite, Av. Range—16 to 19 Bakersfield, Calif Granite Falls, Wash Glen Mills, Pa

Ï9~ 18 17

Gneiss, Av. Range—16 to 19 Hornblende, Middle Valley, N. J Sericite, Atlanta, Ga Biotite, Hanover, N. H Diorite, Derwood, Md Pyroxene; Little Falls, N. Y

19 18 18 18 17

Schist, Av. Range—15 to 18 Quartz hornblende, Havre de Grace, Md Sericite, Atlanta, Ga Quartzite, Haverhill, N. H Muscovite, Charlottesville, Va

19 18 18 17

Andésite Elbe, Wash

18 17

Sandstone, Av. Range—12 to 18 Argillaceous, Culpeper, Va Ferruginous, Manassas, Va Calcareous, Huntington, W. Va Argillaceous, Salford, Pa Chloritic, Warren, R. I Ferruginous, Shreveport, La Feldspathic, Parkersburg, W. Va Bituminous, Provo, Utah Ferruginous, Marshall, Texas

18 18 16 16 15 14 12 6 3

Serpentine, Av. Range—12 to 16 Rockville, Md Blue Mountain, Pa Newark, Calif

18~~ 15 12

Limestone, Av. Range—12 to 17 Siliceous, Coyote, Calif Carbonaceous, Petersburg, lnd Fossiliferous, East Smithfield, Pa Dolomitic, Huntington, W. Va Crystalline, New Decatur, Ala Dolomite, Joliet, 111 Travertine, Damascus, Va Argillaceous, Pontoosuc, 111 Bituminous, Ravia, OkIa

17 17 16 15 15 14 12 9 3

Marble, Av. Range—10 to 16 Hematitic dolomite, Burlington, Vt Dolomitic, Port Kennedy, Pa Graphitic calcite, Regal, N. C Calcite, Ball Ground, Ga Siliceous, Texas, Md

17 15 14 11 8

Tuff Andésite, Petaluma, Calif

Slate, Av. Range—12 to 18 Clay, Berks Co., Pa Siliceous, Montgomery Co., Pa Calcareous, Waynesboro, Va Heber Springs, Ark

Vera Cruz, Pa Charlottesville, Va

| 18

|

5

Steatite New London, N. C

4 19

IMPACT HARDNESS ("TOUGHNESS") ( ) The toughness values were determined by subjecting cylindrical specimens 2.5 cm high by 2.5 cm diameter to the impact produced by the fall of a 2 kg hammer upon a steel plunger, the lower end of which is spherical and rests on the test piece. The weight is first dropped from a height of 1 cm which is increased 1 cm for each blow until the specimen breaks. The toughness is recorded as the height of the last hammer fall.

Slate, Av. Range—10 to 25 Clay, Berks Co., Pa Indurated, Green Lane, Pa Micaceous, Green Lane, Pa Heber Springs, Ark Siliceous, Montgomery Co., Pa Calcareous, Waynesboro, Va Sandstone, Av. Range—5 to 20 Ferruginous, Manassas, Va Feldspathic, Little Rock, Ark Ferruginous, Berks Co., Pa Argillaceous, Culpeper, Va Chloritic, Warren, R. 1 Calcareous, Monroe, N. Y Argillaceous, Hughesville, Pa

56 40 17 16 11 10 47 37 35 24 24 19 13

Sandstone.—(Continued) Calcareous, Harrisburg, Pa Ferruginous, Shreveport, La Conglomerate, Sullivan Co., Pa Calcareous, Huntington, W. Va Feldspathic, Parkersburg, W. Va Argillaceous, Salford, Pa Bituminous, Provo, Utah Ferruginous, Marshall, Texas

Limestone, Av. Range—5 to 15 13 8 8 7 6 6 6 3

Rhyolite, Av. Range—5 to 25 Adams Co., Pa Milton, Calif Boise, Idaho

42 20 6 Diorite, Av. Range—8 to 25

Bakersfield, Calif Granite Falls, Wash Glen Mills, Pa

36 17 12

Schist, Av. Range—8 to 25 Chlorite epidote, Haw Hiver, N. C Quartz hornblende, Havre de Grace, Md Sericite, Atlanta, Ga Quartzite, Haverhill, N. H Muscovite, Charlottes ville, Va Biotite, Leo minster, Mass

34 19 10 10 7 6

Diabase, Av. Range—5 to 30 Ansonia, Conn Upper Nyack, N. Y

32 23

Granite, Av. Range—5 to 18 Hornblende, Beverly, Mass Coarse biotite, Vinai Haven, Maine Biotite, Barre, Vt Quartz monzonite, Milford, N. H Aplitic, Richmond, Va Biotite, Mt. Airy, N. C Muscovite, Stone Mountain, Ga

31 12 9 8 8 7 7

Quartzite, Av. Range—5 to 25 Greenbank, Del Courtland, Minn Rockville, Pa Roanoke, Va

30 22 20 14

Dolomite, Springfield, Mo Carbonaceous, Petersburg, Ind Dolomitic, Washington, Pa Fossiliferous, East Smithfield, Pa Siliceous, Coyote, Calif Dolomitic, Huntington, W. Va Dolomite, Joliet, 111 Crystalline, New Decatur, Ala Cherty, Akron, N. Y Bituminous, Ravia, OkIa Shell, Fort Myers, FIa Argillaceous, Pontoosuc, 111 Travertine, Damascus, Va Trachyte

21 20 14 10 8 8 8 7 7 6 6 4 4

Colorado Springs, Colo

21

Tuff Basalt, Rio Piedras, Porto Rico Andésite, Petaluma, Calif

20 5

Amphibolite Wilmington, Del

| 18 Marble, Av. Range—2 to 10

Hematitic dolomite, Burlington, Vt Dolomitic, Port Kennedy, Pa Graphitic calcite, Regal, N. C Siliceous, Texas, Md Calcite, Ball Ground, Ga Serpentine, Av. Range—8 to 15 Rockville, Md Blue Mountain, Pa Newark, Calif St. Peters, Pa York Haven, Pa

V7~ 15

Syenite, Av. Range—10 to 15 Vera Cruz, Pa Spartanburg, S. C Charlottesville, Va

16 10 10

Andésite Augite, Elbe, Wash

Gneiss, Av. Range—5 to 15 26 18 10 8 8 7 6

Chert Chockie, OkIa Provo, Utah

9 Steatite

27 24 18 14

Hornblende, Middle Valley, N. J Pyroxene, Little Falls, N. Y Plagioclase, Clinton Co., N. Y Sericite, Atlanta, Ga Chlorite, East Providence, R. 1 Diorite, Derwood, Md Biotite, Hanover, N. H

17 11 6

Gabbro, Av. Range—8 to 22

Basalt, Av. Range—5 to 30 Hoquiam, Wash Nephelite, Austin, Texas Olivine, Cliffs, Wash Lind, Wash

18 5 4 3 2

25~~ 6

New London, N. C

|

6

ELASTICITY Young's Modulus (Dynes cm~ 2 ) X 10~n Example: For oolitic Bedford limestone, 180,000,000,000 dyne per sq. cm (10). Schist Chlorite, Chichibu, Japan 12 (24) Limestone, Av. Range—3 to 6 Schalstein, Rickuchyu, Japan 11 Fossilif erous, Montreal, Canada 6.4 Impure calcite, Carthage, Mo 5.4 Arenaceous dolomite, Kasota, Minn 4.0 Oolitic, Rockwood, Ala 3.8 Aluminous, Mantorville, Minn 3.0

(24) (1) (21) (21) (21) ( 21 )

Limestone.—(Continued)

Sandstone

Oolitic, Russelville, Ala. Oolitic, Bedford, Ind

2.9 1.8

(21) ( 10 )

Gabbro New Glasgow, Quebec

| 11

|

(1)

I

(2Ï) (i) ( 21 ) (21) (l)

Feldspathic, Cleveland, Ohio Triassic, East Longmeadow, Mass Bluestone, McDermott, Ohio

10 7.2 7.0 6.3 6.2

Saccharoidal calcite, Carrara, Italy

5.5

(l)

Saccharoidal calcite, Rutland, Vt Pink fossiliferous, Plattsburg, N. Y

5.2 5.0

(l) (21)

9.5 |

(*)

Diabase Sudbury, Ontario

| Slate, Av. Range—6 to 9

Siliceous, Granville, N. Y Sandy, Rickuchyu, Japan Calcareous, Pen Argyl, Pa Clay, Tanba, Japan

ÖTÖ 8.2 6.2 3.2

(21) (24) (U) (24)

Anorthosite New Glasgow, Quebec

I

8.2

|

Mt. Johnson, Quebec

|

6.7 |

(l)

6.6 5.8 3.3

(24) (21) (21)

Syenite (Nephelite) Montreal, Canada

|

6.3 |

(l)

5.7 5.6 5.5 5.1 5.0 5.0 4.7 3.9

(l) (l) ( 41 ) (l) (i) (5) (l) (i )

Granite, Av. Range—4 to 6 Biotite, Peterhead, Scotland Biotite, Lake Lilly, N. B Light gray hornblende, Rockport, Mass Quartz monzonite, Westerly, R. 1 Riebeckite aegirite, Quincy, Mass Biotite, Aberdeen, Scotland Biotite, Baveno, Italy Biotite musco vite, Sanstead, Canada Steatite Arlington, Va

|

3.9 | (21)

Dolomite Yellow, Anston, Yorkshire Siliceous, Mansfield, Nottingham

3.4 2.3

(5) (5)

2.5 1.9

(24) (24)

2.1 1.8 1.3 1.1 0.67 0.20

(24) (24) (24) (24) (24) (24)

Rhyolite Izu, Japan Kozuke, Japan

... Tuff

Rhyolite, Iyo, Japan Rhyolite, Mikawa, Japan Andésite, Echizen, Japan Rhyolite, Iwashiro, Japan Izu, Japan Rhyolite, Tochigi, Japan

(^) (12) (19)

Basalt, Nephelite Austin, Texas Debus, Bohemia Lind, Wash Gabbro York Haven, Pa Rice Pt., Duluth, Minn

3704(19) 2.79 (9)

Gneiss, Av. Range—2.7 to 2.95 Hornblende, Port Deposit, Md Diorite, Amherst Co., Va Pyroxene, Little Falls, N. Y Chlorite, E. Providence, R. 1 Sericite, Havre de Grace, Md Biotite, Ansonia, Conn Chloritic sericite, Potomac, Md

3.04 2.94 2.90 2 .80 2.69 2.69 2 .69

(19) (19) (19) (19) (19) (19) (19)

3.00 2.46 2.14

(19) (21) (19)

Breccia Basalt, Culpeper, Va Volcanic, Boulder Canyon, Ariz Rhyolite, Silver Cliff, Calif

Serpentine (Peridotite) Kuzi, Japan Roxbury, Vt Hollysprings, Ga

3.19 3 .06 2.94

g cm~3

(*)

Essexite

(l ) ( 21 ) (21)

BULK DENSITY

Marble, Av. Range—5 to 7 Carbonaceous, Isle LaMotte, Vt Belgian black, Dinant, Belgium Hematitic dolomite, Swanton, Vt Graphitic calcite, Albertson, Vt Fossiliferous, Knoxville, Tenn

1.6 1.6 1.3

Diabase Taylors Falls, Minn

|

3 .00 [ (13)

Schist, Av. Range—2.7 to 2.95 Chlorite, Chichibo, Japan Talc, Prov. Awa, Japan Chlorite epidote, Haw River, N. C Hornblende, Port Deposit, Md Biotite, Atlanta, Ga Sericite, Leo minster, Mass Quartzite, San Pedro, Calif

2 .97 2 .94 2.80 2.73 2.72 2.69 2 .64

(24) (40) (l 9) (19) (19) (î9) (19)

2 .97 2.85

(21) (19)

2.86 2.86 2.86 2.83 2.76 2.74 2.72 2.71 2.71 2.70 2.21

(28) (21) (21) (21) (21) (21) (21) (21) (21) (13) (2)

Steatite Arrington, Va New London, N. C Marble, Av. Range—2.7 to 2.85 Coarse-grained dolomite, Texas, Md Dolomitic, Lee, Mass Small crystal dolomite, South Dover, N. Y . . . Hematitic dolomite, Swanton, Vt Carbonaceous, Isle LaMotte, Vt Magnesian, Gouverneur, N. Y Coarse-grained calcite, Marblehill, Ga Saccharoidal calcite, Rutland, Vt Graphitic calcite, Albertson, Vt Carbonaceous, Glens Falls, N. Y Red and white, Cerfontaine, Belgium Serpentine—Av. Range—2.7 to 2.8 Hollysprings, Ga Peridotite, Kuzi, Japan Roxbury, Vt Rockville, Md Auburn, Calif

2.84 2.82 2.80 2.69 2.54

(21) (24) (21) (19) (38)

Limestone, Av. Range—2.3 to 2.7 Dolomite, Springfield, Mass Compact dolomite, Red Wing, Minn Argillaceous, Clarksburg, W. Va Argillaceous, St. Paul, Minn Aluminous, Minneapolis, Minn Travertine, Damascus, Va Compact earthy, Cassville, Mo Vesicular, Mantorville, Minn Siliceous, Petersburg, Ind Lithographic, Solenhof en, Bavaria Arenaceous dolomite, Kasota, Minn Pitted dolomite, Jefferson City, Mo Compact, hard, Lias, France Bituminous, Marblehead, Ohio Magnesian, impure, Andalusia, 111 Gray oolitic, Bedford, Ind Buff oolitic, Bedford, Ind Oolitic, Caen, Normandy

2.80 2.75 2.75 2.71 2.71 2.69 2.66 2.65 2.64 2.60 2.57 2.55 2.40 2.40 2.34 2 .32 2.28 1.90

(i 9 ) (9) (i 9 ) (9) (9) (19) (21) (21) ( 19 ) (7) ( 21 ) (8) ( 36 ) (13) ( 35 ) (21) (21) ( 13 )

2 .80 2.76 2.64 2 .44

(U) (U) (24) (24)

Slate, Av. Range—2.7 to 2.8 Calcareous, Pen Argyl, Pa Siliceous, Granville, N. Y Sandy, Rikuchyu, Japan.. Clay, Mikawa, Japan |

2 .77 | (21)

|

2.75 | (26)

Anorthosite Au Sable Forks, N. Y Quartzite Pipestone, Minn White Haven, Pa E. Sioux Falls, S. D

2.73 2.67 2.64

(45) (21) (21)

Syenite, Av. Range—2.6 to 2.7 Coarse light-colored, Watab, Minn Fine-grained gray, Sauk Rapids, Minn Fine-grained gray, East St. Cloud, Minn Porphyry, Pulaski Co., Ark Fine-grained red, Beaver Bay, Minn Red, East St. Cloud, Minn Gray quartzose, East St. Cloud, Minn

2.73 2.71 2.70 2 .69 2.65 2.63 2.63

(9) (9) (9) (34) (9) (9) (9)

2.72 2.70 2.68 2.65 2.65 2.65 2.63 2 .60

( 13 ) (i 3 ) (21 ) (i3) (21) (i 3 ) (21) (* 3 )

2.69 |

( 19 )

2.69 |

(9)

2TeO 2.68 2.52 2.52

O9) (ï9) (9) (i 9 )

Granite, Av. Range—2.66 to 2.7 Coarse biotite, Vinai Haven, Maine Riebeckite-aegirite, Quincy, Mass Biotite gneiss, Port Deposit, Md Anorthosite, Au Sable Forks, N. Y Coarse biotite, Vinai Haven, Maine. Coarse biotite, Stony Creek, Conn Muscovite, Stone Mountain, Ga Hornblende, Bay of Fundy, N. B Chert Provo, Utah

| Felsite

Beaver Bay, Minn Sandstone, Av. Range—2.2 to 2.6 Chloritic, Warren, R. 1 Feldspathic, Portsmouth, R. 1 Brown Potsdam, Fond du Lac, Wis Ferruginous, Manassas, Va

2.50 2.26 2.26 2.21 2.17

(i 9 ) O3) (i 3 ) (8) (21)

2.69 2.46 2.10

O9) (24) (24)

2.63 2.33 2.29 2.19 1.84 1.37

(i 9 ) (24) O9) (25) O9) (24)

Rhyolite Dunbarton, Calif Kozuke, Japan Izu, Japan Tuff Rhyolite, Lake Shore, Calif Rhyolite, Iyo, Japan Basalt, Holcomb, Wash Rhyolite, Douglas Co., Colo Andésite, Petaluma, Calif Rhyolite, Tochigi, Japan

.

Andésite Echizen, Japan

Diorite Boulder Canyon, Ariz

Sandstone.—(Continued) Argillaceous, Logan, Ohio Triassic, Belleville, N. J Brownstone, Edinburgh, Scotland Calcareous, Warrensburg, Mo Triassic, East Longmeadow, Mass

2.42 | (24) POROSITY Per cent of pore space Diabase 0.2 0.5 1.2

(2) ( 12 ) ( 12 )

Granite, Av. Range—0.5 to 1.5% Biotite, Peterhead, Scotland 0~3 Biotite, Lysekil, Sweden 0.8 Biotite, Karlskrana, Sweden 1.0 Biotite, Malmö, Sweden 1.3 Hornblende, Pontresina, Switzerland 2.6

(2) (12) ( 12 ) (12) ( 39 )

Hohenberg, Bavaria Hohenberg, Bavaria, green Wiesbaden, Germany

Basalt 0.4 j (12) 0.5 | (12)

Lichtenau, Westphalia, blue Debus, Bohemia

Marble, Av. Range—0.5 to 1.0% Graphitic calcite, Albertson, Vt 0.4 Saccharoidal calcite, Rutland, Vt 0.4 Carbonaceous, Isle LaMotte, Vt 0.5 Hematitic dolomite, Swanton, Vt 0.5 Dolomitic, Beaverdam, Md 0.6 Dolomitic, Lee, Mass 0.7 Black, Dinant, Belgium 0.7 Fossiliferous, Meadow, Tenn 0.8 Saccharoidal calcite, Carrara, Italy 0.8 Red and white, Cerfontaine, Belgium 0.9 Breccia, Besazio, Switzerland 1.5 Magnesian, Ollon, Switzerland 1.8

(21) (21) (21 ) ( 21 ) (21) (21) (2) (21) (2) (2) ( 39 ) ( 39 )

Limestone, Av. Range—3.0 to 15% Glauconitic, Sächseln, Switzerland 1.0 Compact, earthy, Cassville, Mo 2.0 Oolitic, St. Ursanne, Switzerland 4.8 Pitted dolomite, Jefferson City, Mo 8.3 Compact fossiliferous, Derbyshire 8.4 Oolitic, Bowling Green, Ky 16.0 Oolitic, Bedford, Ind 16.0 Schaumkalk, La Coudre, Switzerland 17.0 Bath oolite, Monks Park, Somerset 20.0

( 39 ) (21) ( 39 ) («) (2) (21) (21) ( 39 ) (2)

Porphyry Quartz, Beutengrund, Silesia

( 12 )

I

1.4 |

Quartzite White, E. Sioux Falls, S. Dak Red, White Haven, Pa Pink, Ashby-de-la-Zouch, England

TTo 1.6 2.9

(") (21) (2)

Sandstone, Av. Range—5 to 20% Calcareous, Beckenried, Switzerland 1.9 Graywacke, Huttensteinach, S. Coburg-Qotha. 3.7 Flagstone, Lacyville, Pa 5.6 Quartzitic, Potsdam, N. Y 6.7 Yellow grit, Leeds, England 12.0 Calcareous, Hummelstown, Pa 13.0 Brownstone, Pprtland, Conn 13.0 Calcareous, Mansfield, Nottingham 15.0 Calcareous, Warrensburg, Mo 17.0 Feldspathic, McDermott, Ohio 17.0 Triassic, East Longmeadow, Mass 19 .0 Berea grit, Amherst, Ohio 20.0 Coarse grit, Glenmont, Ohio 22.0 Gneiss Two mica, Cresciano, Switzerland Biotite, Castaneda, Switzerland Muscovite, Osogna, Switzerland

( 39 ) ( 12 ) ( 21 ) ( 21 ) (2) ( 21 ) ( 21 ) (2) (8) ( 21 ) ( 21 ) ( 21 ) ( 21 )

2.5 3.7 4.4

( 39 ) (39) ( 39 )

|

3.0

[ ( 12 )

Quartz, MeIs, Switzerland

|

3.7

|

( 39 )

Diorite Quartz, Pontresina, Switzerland

|

4.3

|

( 39 )

Serpentine Peridotite, Hospenthal, Switzerland

|

6.0

|

( 39 )

Tuff Calcareous, Oberdorf, Switzerland

|

17.0

|

(39)

Gabbro Randauthal, Hanover Breccia

COMPRESSIBILITY - 1 ^k 8 -IXlOExample: For granite, the compressibility at a pressure of 2 000 kg cm-2 is 0.000 0021 or 0.000 21% per kg.

I ., f at 2 000 kg per sq. cm Granite \ at 10 000 kg per sq. cm T at 2 000 kg per sq. cm t I at 10 000 kg per sq. cm f a t 2 000 kg per sq. cm Marble \ at 10 000 kg per sq. cm Limestone O to 12 000 kg per sq. cm T-,u u- ( / a t 75°C Lithographic

2~I (44) ! g (44 ) 1.8 (44) 1.5 (44) 1.4 (44) iA (44) IA x 3

a t 3()OC

f a t 2 000 kg per sq. cm Diabase I at 10 000 kg per sq- cm

1

(7) (7)

1.2 ( 4 4 ) (44) 2

THERMAL EXPANSION i£|,deg-'CX10Example: For Bedford limestone between 25 and 100°, 0.000 009 or 0.000 9% per 0C. Limestone Semi-crystalline, Semi-crystalline, Semi-crystalline, Oolitic, Bedford, Oolitic, Bedford,

(^T Somersetshire, England 20° to 100° 22 Somersetshire, England 100 to 200 26 (2) Somersetshire, England 200 to 300 27 (2) Ind 25 to 100 9 (37) Ind 100 to 200 17 (37)

Limestone.—(Continued) Oolitic, Bedford, Ind 200 Dense fossiliferous, Derbyshire, England 20 Dense fossiliferous, Derbyshire, England 100 Derbyshire, England 200 Mt. Vernon, Ky O Dense fossiliferous, Mt. Vernon, Ky 100 Oolitic, Bath, England 20 Oolitic, Bath, England 100 Oolitic, Bath, England. 200

to to to to to to to to to

300 100 200 300 100 200 100 200 300

22 (37) 9 (2) 16 (2) 21 (2) 8.3 ( 4 I) 8.8 (41) 4.2 (2) 9.6 (2) 19 (2)

to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to

100 200 300 100 200 300 100 200 300 100 200 300 100 200 300 100 200 100 200 300 100 200

16 (37) 25 (37) 29 (37) 14 (37) 23 (37) 25 (37) 10 (37) 22 (37) 27 (37) 9.2 (2) 19 (2) 19 (2) 8.8 (2) 18 (2) 24 (2) 8.1 (41) 13 (41) 4.9 (2) 10 (2) 14 (2) 3.6 (41) 19 (41)

Marble Blue calcite, Rutland, Vt Blue calcite, Rutland, Vt . Blue calcite, Rutland, Vt White magnesian calcite, Pittsford, Vt.. . White magnesian calcite, Pittsford, Vt... White magnesian calcite, Pittsford, Vt.. . Gray fossiliferous, Knoxville, Tenn Gray fossiliferous, Knoxville, Tenn Gray fossiliferous, Knoxville, Tenn Fine-grained, Couillet, Belgium Fine-grained, Couillet, Belgium Fine-grained, Couillet, Belgium Saccharoidal calcite, Carrara, Italy Saccharoidal calcite, Carrara, Italy Saccharoidal calcite, Carrara, Italy Dolomitic, Lee, Mass Dolomitic, Lee, Mass Dense black, Dinant, Belgium Dense black, Dinant, Belgium Dense black, Dinant, Belgium Coarse calcite, Marble Hill, Ga Coarse calcite, Marble Hill, Ga

25 100 200 25 100 200 25 100 200 20 100 200 20 100 200 O 100 20 100 200 O 100

Quartzite Pink, Ashby-de-la-Zouch, England Pink, Ashby-de-la-Zouch, England Pink, Ashby-de-la-Zouch, England

20 to 100 16 100 to 200 20 200 to 300 20

(2)~ (2) (2)

Sandstone Yellow grit, Leeds, England Yellow grit, Leeds, England Yellow grit, Leeds, England Calcareous, Nottingham, England Calcareous, Nottingham, England Calcareous, Nottingham, England Triassic, Kibbe, Mass Triassic, Kibbe, Mass Triassic, Seneca Creek, Md

20 100 200 20 100 200 O 100 O


100 200 300 100 200 300 100 200 100

12 (2) 16 (2) 19 (2) 10 (2) 15 (2) 19 (2) 10 (41) 14 (41) 5 (41)

Slate Mica slate, Hydeville, Vt Mica slate, Monson, Maine Mica slate, Monson, Maine

O to 100 12 (i 4) O to 100 9.4 (41) 100 to 200 9.7 (41) Granite

Quartz monzonite, Westerly, R. 1 Quartz monzonite, Westerly, R, 1 Quartz monzonite, Westerly, R. 1 Biotite, Milford, Mass Biotite, Milford, Mass Gneissoid, Branford, Conn Gneissoid, Branford, Conn Muscovite-biotite, Troy, N. H Muscovite-biotite, Troy, N. H

20 100 200 O 100 O 100 O 100


100 200 300 100 200 100 200 100 200

9 (42) 14 ( 4 2 ) 20 ( 4 2 ) 7.6 (41) 13 (41) 7.2 (41 ) 17 ( 4 I) 6.1 ( 4 I) 12 (41)

Diabase

Conglomerate 20 to 100 6.3 (42) 100 to 200 9 (42) 200 to 300 12 (42)

SPECIFIC HEAT The heat capacity of building stones, irrespective of type, varies within the rather narrow limits of 0.7-0.95 joule per g or 0.18-0.23 cal, per g or BTU per Ib. for the dry stone. An occasional higher value, such as 0.28 cal per g for a serpentine from Cornwall, Eng., has been reported ( 17 > 4 O).

Porphyry, Prov. Orni, Japan Biotite, Aberdeen, Scotland Biotite, Prov. Yamashiro, Japan

( 4 <>) ( 17 ) ( 40 )

023 |

( 4 Q)

021 |

( 40 )

Diorite Prov. Tanba, Japan

.020

I

I 0.054 | .031

4

( O) ( 4 Q)

I

(4o)~

Porphyrite 018 016 012

(40) ( 4 <>) ( 4 Q)

017 014 007 007

( 40 ) ( 40 ) ( 40 ) ( 40 )

|

.015

( 4 Q)

|

.014

( 4 Q)

013 006

( 40 ) ( 40 )

Hornblende, Prov. Orni, Japan Augite, Prov. Kai, Japan Prov. Higo, Japan Tuff

Schist 033 027f§ 018 009

Marble, Av. Range—0.02 to 0.03 (See also infra) Black, Golzines, Belgium 032 Dense fossiliferous, Knoxville, Tenn 032 Saccharoidal, Japan 030 Fine-grained yellow, Monte Arenti, Italy 028 Breccia, Seravezza, Italy 028 Carbonaceous, Isle LaMotte, Vt 028 Yellow marble, Estremoz, Portugal 028 Red marble, Devonshire, England 023 Onyx, Mexico 023 Green marble, Ireland 023 Saccharoidal calcite, Carrara, Italy 021 Vermont .021

4

Liparite, Prov. Bitchu, Japan Liparite, Prov. Harima, Japan Prov. Yamato, Japan Breccia, Prov. Yamato, Japan

3

Prov. Etchu, Japan

( <>) ( 48 ) ( 40 ) ( 40 )

Rhyolite ( °) ( 30 ) (47) ( 30 ) ( 30 ) ( 3 O) ( 30 ) (* 7 ) ( 3 <>) O7) ( 30 ) ( 3 Q)

Serpentine Prov. Hitachi, Japan Red, Cornwall, England

030 020

( 40 ) (* 7 )

Gabbro Hornblende, Prov. Chikuzen, Japan Hornblende, Prov. Awadi, Japan

J33Ö 018

( 40 ) ( 40 )

Sandstone, Av. Range—0.025 to 0.03 (See also p.r315) Hard grit, Linton, England 029* (i 7 ) Hard grit, Linton, England 026f ( 17 ) Flagstone, Loch Rannoch 027 î ( 17 ) Flagstone, Loch Rannoch 021§ ( 17 ) Feldspathic, Bristol, England 027 ( 17 ) * Stone wet. t Stone dry.

024 023 022

Amphibolite

034 [ ( 4 «)

Talc, Prov. Awa, Japan Granite, Simplon Tunnel Epidote, Prov. Awa, Japan Piedmontite, Prov. Awa, Japan

( 4 S) (48)

Granite

Prov, Yamashiro, Japan

Gneiss Osogna, Turin

0.025 020

Gneiss

THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY Joules cm~2 sec"1 (0C, cm"1) Room temperatures Quartzite Variegated, Prov. Bungo, Japan Prov. Hizen, Japan

Nagelflue, St. Gallen Calumet & Hecla Mine, Mich

Î Perpendicular to cleavage. § Parallel to cleavage.

Limestone, Av. Range—0.02 to 0.025 (See also p. 315) Dolomite, Mansfield, Nottingham 029 ( 17 ) Magnesian, South Shields, England 024 O7) Oolitic, Musashi, Japan 022 ( 4 O) Oolite, Caen, Normandy 020 ( 17 ) Dolomite, Prov. Buzen, Japan 018 ( 40 ) Gritty, Boniss Island 015 ( 40 ) Coral, Boniss Island 009 ( 40 )

Basalt (See also p. 315) Prov. Tanba, Japan Andésite Olivine pyroxene, Prov. Idzu, Japan Pyroxene, Prov. Satsuma, Japan Travertine Campagna Romana

|

|

( 48 )

008 |

( 48 )

.008

(4OT"

.011

Lava Mt. Vesuvius Shale I

Marble Alabama white marble of density 2.7 g cm~3, and sp. ht. 0.213 cal g-Y°C gave ( 49 ), 50-10O0C, 0.0257: 100-20O0C, 0.0206. THERMAL DIFFUSIVITY ( 4 ^) cm2 sec"1

Quartzite Variegated, Prov. Bungo, Japan Red, Prov. Bungo, Japan

0.031 .023

Schist Piedmontite, Prov. Awa, Japan Talc, Prov. Awa, Japan Epidote, Prov. Awa, Japan

. 027 .014 . 008

Sandstone Compact, Prov. Kawachi, Japan Feldspathic, Prov. Awa, Japan

.014 .012

Granite

Basalt

Biotite, Prov. Yamashiro, Japan Porphyritic, Prov. Orni, Japan Hornblende, Prov. Mikawa, Japan Two mica, Prov. Mikawa, Japan

0.013 .012 .009 006

Gneiss Granite, Prov. Yamashiro, Japan Serpentine Peridotite, Prov. Hitachi, Japan

.013

|

.012

Limestone Oolitic, Prov. Musashi, Japan Dolomite, Prov. Buzen, Japan Gritty, Boniss Island Coral, Boniss Island Marble (See also infra}

.011 . 008 .007 . 005

White calcite, Prov. Mino, Japan White, Alabama (*»)

.011 0106

Tuff Liparite, Prov. Harima, Japan Breccia, Prov. Yamato, Japan Pumiceous, Prov. Ugo, Japan

. 009 . 005 004

Gabbro |

. 008

R hy olite Prov. Etchu, Japan

Andésite Olivine, Prov. Idzu, Japan Pyroxene, Prov. Satsuma, Japan Shale

.013

Diorite

Hornblende, Prov. Awadi, Japan

. . . | O .'007

I

. 006 .005 .004

LITERATURE |

Prov. Tanba, Japan.

Prov. Tanba, Japan

|

.008

(For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) O) Adams and Coker, 152, No. 46; 06. ( 2 ) Baldwin-Wiseman and-Griffith, 153, 179: 290; 09. ( 3 ) Bain, 154, 8: 370; 98. ( 4 ) Bauschinger, 1618, 18841889. ( 5 ) Beare, 153, 107: 341; 91. ( 6 ) Bohme, 161, 10: 188; 92. (?) Bridgman, 12, 7: 81; 24. ( 8 ) Buckley and Buehler, 155, 2; 04. ( 9 ) Dodge, 163,1: 196; 72-82. 0°) Button, U. S. Bureau of Standards, O. O 1 ) Fuller, Tests of physical and electrical properties of slate, Lehigh Univ., 1921. ( 12 ) Gary, 161, 1895-8. O 3 ) Gillmore, Compressive strength, etc., of various kinds of building stones, 1874. O 4 ) Hallock, 156, No. 78: 109; 91. 0 s ) Hanisch, B26: 79; 18. (16) Hermann, B27; 14. O?) Herschel, Lebour and Dunn, 133; 1874-9. O 8 ) Howard, B33: 111; 03. O 9 ) Hubbard and Jackson, 157', No. 370: 13; 16. ( 2 0 ) Johnson, B28. ( 21 ) Kessler, 32, No. 123: 35; 19. ( 2 2 ) Mass. Inst. Tech., B33: 121; 03. ( 23 ) Merrill, B29: 498. ( 2 4 ) Nagaoka, 3, 50: 53; 00. ( 2 5 ) Nettleton, 164; 86; cf. B29: 498. (26) Newland, 158, No. 181; 16. ( 2 7 ) Norton, B33: 114; 03. ( 28 ) Page, 30th. Congress, U. S., Doc. No. 23. ( 2 9 ) Parliamentary Comm. Gt. Brit., in BSO: 481. ( 3 0 ) Pierce and Willson, 60, 34: 1; 98. ( 31 ) Purdue Univ., B33: 194; 03. ( 32 ) Reilly, B33: 89; 03. ( 33 ) Rennie, B28. ( 34 ) Rensselaer Polytechnic Inst., B33: 67; 03. ( 3S ) Rock Island Arsenal, 156, 17: 544; 06. ( 3 6 ) Rondelt, in B28. ( 37 ) Souder and Hindert, 31, No. 352: 415; 19. ( 3 8 ) Stone, B33: 78; 03. ( 39 ) Schweizerische Geotechnische Kommission, BSl. (4°) Tadakora, 159, 10: 339; 21. ( 41 ) Watertown Arsenal, B32: 385; 94. (42) Wheeler, 69, 4: 19; 10. ( 4 3 ) Williams, 160, 1890: 130. ( 4 4 ) Williamson, 143, 193: 491; 22. ( 45 ) Winchell, 163, 1: 142; 72. ( 4 «) Woolson, The quarry industry in 1903, p. 109 (U. S. Geol. Sur.). ( 4 7 ) Yamagawa, J. Coll. Sci., Imp. Univ. Japan, 2: 263; 89. ( 4 8 ) Schulz, 308, 9: 345; 24. ( 4 9 ) Carman and Nelson, 86, No. 122: 29; 21.

CLAYS

H. RIES CONTENTS Density. Porosity. Tensile strength. Transverse strength. Modulus of rupture. Drying shrinkage. Firing shrinkage. Water of plasticity. Fusion points. Thermal reactions. Specific heat. Dehydration behavior.

MATIÈRES Densité. Porosité. Résistance à la traction. Résistance à la flexion. Module de rupture. Retrait à la dessication. Retrait à la cuisson. Eau de plasticité. Points de fusion. Réactions thermiques. Chaleur spécifique. Conduite à la déhydratation.

INHALTSVERZEICHNIS Dichte. Porosität. Zugfestigkeit. Biegefestigkeit. Bruchmodulus. Trockenschwindung. Brennschwindung. Anmachwasser. Schmelzpunkte. Thermische Reaktionen. Spezifische Wärme. Verhalten bei der Entwässerung.

Refractive index. Properties of Bentonite clays.

Indice de réfraction. Propriétés des argiles de Bentonite.

Brechungsindex. Eigenschaften der Bentonite Tone.

INDICE Densità. Porosità. Resistenza alla trazione. Resistenza alla flessione. Modulo di rottura. Contrazione per essiccamento. Contrazione al fuoco. Acqua di plasticità. Punti di fusione. Reazioni termiche. Calore specifico. Comportamento alla disidratazione. Indice di rifrazione. Proprietà delle argille Bentonite.

Granite

Basalt

Biotite, Prov. Yamashiro, Japan Porphyritic, Prov. Orni, Japan Hornblende, Prov. Mikawa, Japan Two mica, Prov. Mikawa, Japan

0.013 .012 .009 006

Gneiss Granite, Prov. Yamashiro, Japan Serpentine Peridotite, Prov. Hitachi, Japan

.013

|

.012

Limestone Oolitic, Prov. Musashi, Japan Dolomite, Prov. Buzen, Japan Gritty, Boniss Island Coral, Boniss Island Marble (See also infra}

.011 . 008 .007 . 005

White calcite, Prov. Mino, Japan White, Alabama (*»)

.011 0106

Tuff Liparite, Prov. Harima, Japan Breccia, Prov. Yamato, Japan Pumiceous, Prov. Ugo, Japan

. 009 . 005 004

Gabbro |

. 008

R hy olite Prov. Etchu, Japan

Andésite Olivine, Prov. Idzu, Japan Pyroxene, Prov. Satsuma, Japan Shale

.013

Diorite

Hornblende, Prov. Awadi, Japan

. . . | O .'007

I

. 006 .005 .004

LITERATURE |

Prov. Tanba, Japan.

Prov. Tanba, Japan

|

.008

(For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) O) Adams and Coker, 152, No. 46; 06. ( 2 ) Baldwin-Wiseman and-Griffith, 153, 179: 290; 09. ( 3 ) Bain, 154, 8: 370; 98. ( 4 ) Bauschinger, 1618, 18841889. ( 5 ) Beare, 153, 107: 341; 91. ( 6 ) Bohme, 161, 10: 188; 92. (?) Bridgman, 12, 7: 81; 24. ( 8 ) Buckley and Buehler, 155, 2; 04. ( 9 ) Dodge, 163,1: 196; 72-82. 0°) Button, U. S. Bureau of Standards, O. O 1 ) Fuller, Tests of physical and electrical properties of slate, Lehigh Univ., 1921. ( 12 ) Gary, 161, 1895-8. O 3 ) Gillmore, Compressive strength, etc., of various kinds of building stones, 1874. O 4 ) Hallock, 156, No. 78: 109; 91. 0 s ) Hanisch, B26: 79; 18. (16) Hermann, B27; 14. O?) Herschel, Lebour and Dunn, 133; 1874-9. O 8 ) Howard, B33: 111; 03. O 9 ) Hubbard and Jackson, 157', No. 370: 13; 16. ( 2 0 ) Johnson, B28. ( 21 ) Kessler, 32, No. 123: 35; 19. ( 2 2 ) Mass. Inst. Tech., B33: 121; 03. ( 23 ) Merrill, B29: 498. ( 2 4 ) Nagaoka, 3, 50: 53; 00. ( 2 5 ) Nettleton, 164; 86; cf. B29: 498. (26) Newland, 158, No. 181; 16. ( 2 7 ) Norton, B33: 114; 03. ( 28 ) Page, 30th. Congress, U. S., Doc. No. 23. ( 2 9 ) Parliamentary Comm. Gt. Brit., in BSO: 481. ( 3 0 ) Pierce and Willson, 60, 34: 1; 98. ( 31 ) Purdue Univ., B33: 194; 03. ( 32 ) Reilly, B33: 89; 03. ( 33 ) Rennie, B28. ( 34 ) Rensselaer Polytechnic Inst., B33: 67; 03. ( 3S ) Rock Island Arsenal, 156, 17: 544; 06. ( 3 6 ) Rondelt, in B28. ( 37 ) Souder and Hindert, 31, No. 352: 415; 19. ( 3 8 ) Stone, B33: 78; 03. ( 39 ) Schweizerische Geotechnische Kommission, BSl. (4°) Tadakora, 159, 10: 339; 21. ( 41 ) Watertown Arsenal, B32: 385; 94. (42) Wheeler, 69, 4: 19; 10. ( 4 3 ) Williams, 160, 1890: 130. ( 4 4 ) Williamson, 143, 193: 491; 22. ( 45 ) Winchell, 163, 1: 142; 72. ( 4 «) Woolson, The quarry industry in 1903, p. 109 (U. S. Geol. Sur.). ( 4 7 ) Yamagawa, J. Coll. Sci., Imp. Univ. Japan, 2: 263; 89. ( 4 8 ) Schulz, 308, 9: 345; 24. ( 4 9 ) Carman and Nelson, 86, No. 122: 29; 21.

CLAYS

H. RIES CONTENTS Density. Porosity. Tensile strength. Transverse strength. Modulus of rupture. Drying shrinkage. Firing shrinkage. Water of plasticity. Fusion points. Thermal reactions. Specific heat. Dehydration behavior.

MATIÈRES Densité. Porosité. Résistance à la traction. Résistance à la flexion. Module de rupture. Retrait à la dessication. Retrait à la cuisson. Eau de plasticité. Points de fusion. Réactions thermiques. Chaleur spécifique. Conduite à la déhydratation.

INHALTSVERZEICHNIS Dichte. Porosität. Zugfestigkeit. Biegefestigkeit. Bruchmodulus. Trockenschwindung. Brennschwindung. Anmachwasser. Schmelzpunkte. Thermische Reaktionen. Spezifische Wärme. Verhalten bei der Entwässerung.

Refractive index. Properties of Bentonite clays.

Indice de réfraction. Propriétés des argiles de Bentonite.

Brechungsindex. Eigenschaften der Bentonite Tone.

INDICE Densità. Porosità. Resistenza alla trazione. Resistenza alla flessione. Modulo di rottura. Contrazione per essiccamento. Contrazione al fuoco. Acqua di plasticità. Punti di fusione. Reazioni termiche. Calore specifico. Comportamento alla disidratazione. Indice di rifrazione. Proprietà delle argille Bentonite.

LIST OF CLAYS AND THEIR INDEX NUMBERS For properties, v. Figs. 1, 2, 3 Index No

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 -o 18 in 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39

,„ , Type ofr clay

Index N^

Allophane Atlas American ball clay Dorset ball clay English blue ball clay English white ball clay Tennessee ball clay . ,. , ... , Ayrshire bauxitic clay Bentonite Refractory bond clay Brazil, Ind., clay Brick clay Common brick clay Face brick clay Paving brick clay Plastic clay for No. 1 fire brick, Md. Plastic clay for No. 2 firebrick, Md. -r, i i Bunzlau clay ri n china i/- clay i Cornwall English china clay Crucible clay Czechoslovakia clay Diaspore clay English fire clay Farnley fire clay Grossalmerode fire clay Halle Saxony fire clay Kittanning No. 2 fire Lischwitz fire Lothian fire Maryland fire Meissen fire Ohio fire Ohio plastic fire Vallendarfire Flint clay for No. 1 fire brick, Ky. Flint clay for No. 1 fire brick, Md. Flint clay for No. 2 fire brick, Md. . Flint clay for No. 1 fire brick, Md. and Ky.

.

rr. r i Type of clay

Clay

Laclede Christy raw flint clay 41 Maryland flint clay Ohio flint clay 42 g^..^ clay 43 ^ Gibbsite ,,. ~, , , 45 Glass pot clay , , . ^ -, 46 Glenboig fire clay 47 Hallfax cla ^ 48 Halloysite 49 Helmstadt clay 50 Kaolinite 51 Kaolin 52 Albsheim kaolin 53 Amberg kaolin Australian kaolin 54

*

no°cat ji . J2 Cone

55

Cmde kaolin

„ 56 57

-^ i T Eger kaolin . . Geisenheim kaolin Georgia kaolin Halle kaolin North Carolina kaolin St. Yrieix kaolin Texas kaolin Washed kaolin White sedimentary kaolin Zettlitz kaolin Lower Kittanning clay Lower Mercer clay Sagger clay Sewer pipe clay Aluminous shale Galesburg, 111. shale Illinois shale Ohio shale Stoneware clay Cleveland surface clay Georgia surface clay Ohio surface clay Tionesta clay Veiten clay Plastic fire clay Flint clay

58

59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81

New Brighton, Beaver County, Pa. New Brighton, Beaver County, Pa. F i r e b r i c k , Lawrence County, Ohio. Nelsonville, H o c k i n g County, Ohio. Lower Mercer clay: White C o t t a g e , Muskingum County, Ohio. Mogadore, S u m m i t County, Ohio. Semi-flint clay: Scioto Furnace, Scioto County, Ohio.

TR IW fR IW

390 468 179 315

46 72 20 66

67 83 30 71

38 53 20 37

/R IW

219 320

32 86

34 87

27 75

JR JW

384 532

28 79

23 48

23 57

lb /in 2

' Cone

Cone

8 31 58 33 52 51 72 35 62

10 19 34 15 47 30 62 20 50

rR lW fR IW fR IW fR IW

194 191 195 321 325 499 247 350

6 29 49 26 51 41 104 16 47

JR JW

132 251

30 57

32 73

17 47

fR lW TR IW

143 259 94 270

20 46 16 37

23 48 21 74

22 34 20 27

40

* R indicates run of mine, ground to pass a 20 mesh sieve. clay passing a 150 mesh sieve.

W indicates washed

The Specific Gravity of Clays heated 4-6 hours at Temperatures indicated

EFFECT OF FIRING ON TRANSVERSE STRENGTH OF CLAY ( 10 ) Modulus of rupture Fired clay, hundred Clay * Pffcat lb./in.* ii . _!2 Cone Cone Cone Tionesta clay: Ellis, Muskingum County, Ohio. Tionesta clay: Crooksville, Perry County, Ohio. Lower Kittanning clay (unweathered) : R o s e v i l l e , Muskingum County, Ohio. Lower Kittanning clay: Toronto, Jefferson Co., Ohio.

Modulus of rupture Fired clay, hundred

FIG. 4.

Loss in Weight of Clays fired at temps, indicated 4-6hrs. Lit. l

Fire Shrinkage (linear) of Diaspore and Gibbsite Clays (fired to temps indicated)

Porosities of Diaspore and Gibbsite Clays (fired to temps, indicated)

Bulk Specific Gravity of Clays (fired to temps, indicated)*

True Specific Gravity of Clays (fired to temps, indicated) Determined with Pycnometer

Water of Plasticity

DryingShrink3ge(VoQ 110°

Drying Shrinkage (Linear) 110°

FIG. 1.

Tensile Strength lio°dry

Modulus of Rupture H0°dry

Porosity of Clays (open pores) fired to temperatures indicated

Porosity (Continued)

FIG. 2.

Linear Fire Shrinkage

Linear Fire Shrinkage

Volume Fire Shrinkage

Volume Fire Shrinkage

FIG. 3.

LINEAE FIRE SHRINKAGE AND POROSITIES OF DIASPORE AND GIBBSITE CLAYS ( 3 ) B. T. = burning temperature. S = shrinkage. Por. = Porosity B. T., 0C I 1050 1100 1150 1200 1250

% S I % Por. II B. 0-13 39-54 1-13 40-53 2-18 40-60 2-27 37-55 4-38 38-51

T., 0C 1300 1350 1400 1450 1500

% S | % Por. 5-40 36-50 9-42 34-48 9-44 32-49 12-55 16-48 17-55 9-46

Changes in Properties of a Kaolin on Heating Lit 2

FUSION POINT IN CONES Clay Kaolin, washed White sedimentary, Ga. and S. C Ball clays Crucible clays Refractory bond clays Glass pot clays Stoneware clays Plastic fire clays, various localities Md., bond in No. 2 fire brick Flint clays, Md Md., No. 2 fire brick Ohio Sagger clays Face brick clays Common brick clays

I Seger cone 33 -35 34 -35 30 -35 30 28 -33 21^-32 18 -32 27 -35 31 -32 32-35 28-31 31 -32i 27 -28 17 -30| 1 -10

FIG. 5. FIG. 6.—Heating curves of clays O). WATER RATIOS TO CLAY VOLUME AND WEIGHT % shrink- % pore Ratio of % water age water water in pore in terms terms water to in terms Clay true clay true clay true clay shrinkvolume volume volume age water 0.64-1.10 Ball clays 0.56-1.36 69.5-132.5 37.2-84.8 40.5-55.1 Crucible clays 15.5 Refractory bond clay 0.65-1.54 53.4-132.5 26.8-77.4 26.6-59.4 Glass pot clays Plastic fire clay, Md. No. 1 fire brick. . . . 1.09-2.08 No. 2 fire brick. . . . 1.13-4.15 0.61-1.16 75-90.6 37.1-55.6 34.0-45.0 Stoneware clay

THERMAL REACTIONS IN CLAY WITH TEMPERATURES AT WHICH REACTIONS HAVE BEEN NOTED ( 2 ), c/. ( 7 ) ^1 Cla

y

Kaolin Ayrshire bauxitic clay Dorset ball clay Farnley fire clay Atlas clay Aluminous shale Halifax clay after experimental electro-osmosis

Endothermic.

°c

Exothermic.

°c

110 90 80 90

500 530 500 510 490 510

950 950 920 910 930 920

90

520

915

Rate of loss in weight of N.Car Kaolin Lit I "

FIG. 9. Loss in Weight of Clay when Confined over HsSO4Of different Concentrations at 25° for 3 months Lit6

FIG. 7.—Heating curves of air-dried clays ( 4 ).

FIG. 10.

Dehydration Curves of Kaolinite and China Clay at atmospheric pressure and in vacuum Lit 5

No. I Kaolinite atlatmos No.2 Kaolinite in vacuum No.3 China Clay atlatmos. No.4 China Clay in vacuum

FIG. 8.—Heating curves of various clays (8).

FIG. 11.

HEAT ABSORBED AND EVOLVED BY CLAY DURING FIRING AND COOLING, G-CAL/G ( 7 ) For the first two clays the values given are the average results of two independent experiments and the deviations from this average are indicated

Clay type

N. C. kaolin A-I English china Tenn. ball No. 5 Laclede-Christy raw Average

flint

Specific Heat absorbed per g per deg. Heat evolved per Dehydration period heat of on heating the air-dried (110°) deg. on cooling the Loss on clay over the temperature resulting quantity of the fired Period PresPressure clay ignition, of max. ranges given fired clay sure falls to cal/g pressure, % 3 mm, rises, 25- 420- 90025- 1200- 900- 1200- 120020 mm, deg. deg. 420° 900° 1200° 1200° 900° 700° 700° 700° deg. 14.0 0.49 0.69 0.23 0.50 0.23 0.28 0.24 0.28 25-460] 460-570 570-780 ±0.07 ±0.05 ±0.01 ±0.035 ±0.01 ±0.06 ±0.05 ±0.05 12.5 0.42 0.95 0.075 0.55 0.17 0.31 0.20 0.23 25-480480-540 540-760 ±0.01 ±0.07 ±0.004 ±0.07 13.8 0.47 0.53 0.51 0.51 0.20 0.33 0.25 0.29 25-470470-550 550-830 13 .0 0.47 0.68 0.24 0.50 0.17 0.37 0.25 0.29 25-470 470-630 630-850 0.46 0.51 0.19 0.32 0.24 0.27

COAGULATING EFFECTS OF REAGENTS UPON BENTONITE Water suspensions X, The relation between the index of refraction of Bentomtes and their adsorption and refractoriness Lit.n

FIG. 12.

BENTONITE (iz), cf. ( 9 ) 1. Source of samples tested: 1. Quilchena, British Columbia; 2. Camrose, Alberta; 3. Rosedale, Alberta; 4. Newcastle, Wyo.; 5. Medicine Bow, Wyo. Sample No Sp. gr. (pycnometer) Softening point, cone Refractive index Water absorption, g per g . . . Loss on ignition, % Air drying At 45O0C AtSOO 0 C At 55O0C At 60O0C At 70O0C % remaining on 200 mesh sieve % passing 200 mesh which settles out of water in 24hr % in suspension in water after 24 hr

1 2 | 3 4 | 5 2.44 2.73 2.72 2.77 2.78 15 14 11 10 1.547 1.558 1.557 1.53 4.15 4.71 4.93 4.95

Sample No. ^\

Reagent N HCl ^JVNaCl..... IJV NH4C1 JJV BaCh JJV CaCl2 JN AlCIa ATHNO 3 'IJVKNO 3 IJVNH 4 NO 3 JJV Ba (NOa) 2 IJVAl(NOa) 3 N H2SO4 IJVNa 2 SO 4 |JV (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 JV Al 2 rSO 4 ) 3 Satd. CaSO4 Satd. Ca(OH) 2 JJV NaOH

1 || 3 || ' 4 10 g in 500 cc H2Q 2 g in 500 cc H2Q Re- PrecipiRe- PrecipiRe- Precipiagent, tate, agent, agent, tate, tate, ^\

3.43* 0.77

2.18

0.95

1.58

3.16

CC

IJV (NH 4 ) 2 CO 3 IJV NaaCOs COa IJVNa 2 C 2 O 4

CC

225 275 250 200 200 215 275 225 220 200 215 175 435 260 -200

285

20 225 40 210 No coagulation 14 300 up to 100 cc No coagulation No coagulation No coagulation No coagulation up to 40 cc up to 50 cc g g 0.3 150 0.5 225

CC

4 18 19 14 10 4 4 10 19 4 4 5 18 30 12 35 36 28

CC

175 215 475 185 180 225 225 375 485 200 225 125 180 275 175 230 185 380

No coagulation up to 50 cc 20 215 25 230 No coagulation 30 300 g 0.3

200

3.67 EFFECT OF DILUTION, COAGULATION AND PRECIPITATION Ten g of sample No. 3 agitated in 350 cc of water and diluted to volume given

3.49

1.21

76.72 10.10 13.14 29.75 11.59 21.10 88.32 83.70 69.30 87.20

* Capability of swelling completely destroyed.

CC

4 200 10 17 200 19 14 225 19 4 165 9 7 175 5 2 200 3 4 195 3 11 200 15 12 200 19 5 200 3 3 220 2 3 175 3 13 200 19 11 230 19 5 175 4 No coagulation up to 50 cc No coagulation up to 50 cc No coagulation 14 up to 50 cc NH4OH (0.9 sp. gr.)... No coagulation up to 100 cc

CaO

4.64 3.70 4.28 4.04* 3.94 3.60* 4.17* 2.53 2.09 1.50 1.14

CC

Volume in / liters /Days Ö~5 1.0 1.5 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0

1 SsTö 86.5 85.4 83.3

% in suspension after, days [ 4 | 6 | 10 | 120 87T3 8773 6ÖL7 74.1 63.4 56.7 33.6 71.3 58.3 48.5 60.1 55.0 42.6 34.4 29.6 27.6 25 1

PROPERTIES OF SOME CLAY-LIKE MINERALS OF THE BENTONITE TYPEf 11 ) Index of refraction nD

Source

Sanders, Ariz Daggett, CaI Creede, Colo., No. 1 Lovelock, Nev Newcastle, Wyo Wyoming Belle Fourche, S. D Creede, Colo., No. 2 Enid, Miss Camden, Ark Grossalmerode clay, Germany Las Vegas, Nev Glass pot clay Houston, Tex Enid, Miss New York

1.48 1.495-1.505 1.505 1.505-1.525 1.5175 1.5175-1.5375 1.525-1.535 1.545 1.5475 1.5575 1.56 1.56 1.5615 1.563 1.563 1.57

% water lost at UO0C after air drying 16.6 14.87 14.93 10.82 7.26 9.25 8.79 1.83 4.64 2.19 1.34 1.68 3.02 0.27 3.25 4.55

Softening point, cone

% water of plasticity in terms dry Wt.

3 8 12 12 9 4 12 12 14 27 27 30 29 34 30 1

71.83 69.52 48.07 78.10 114.61 99.21 108.07 37.30 46.16 37.30 22.07

69.08 94.21 59.00 77.26 161.39 162.73 195.81 30.16 73.25 41.94 24.21

B B A C B, E B, D B, E C C C C

36.08

41.94

C

29.75 40.97

32.13 47.38

C C

* A = cracks, B = cracks badly, C = does not crack, D = warps, E = becomes very hard on drying,

LITERATURE (For key to the periodicals see end of volume) C 1 ) Brown and Montgomery, 32, No. 21; 13. ( 2 ) Houldsworth and Cobb, 82, 22: 111; 23. ( 3 ) Howe and Ferguson, 38, 6: 496; 23. ( 4 ) Mellor, 82,

% vol. shrinkage Drying in terms behavior* dry vol.

Color after firingf

Bf Bf Bf Bf Bf Br Bf Bf Bf W W W W W W Bf

|

f Bf = buff; Br = brown; W = white.

16: 73; 17. ( 5 ) Mellor and Holdcroft, 82, 11: 169; 12. ( 6 ) Mellor, Sinclair and Devereux, 82, 21: 104; 22. (?) Navias, 38, 6: 1268; 23. ( 8 ) Rieke, 100, 44: 638; 11. ( 9 ) Ross and Shannon, 38, 9: 77; 26. ( 10 ) Schurecht, 30, No. 233; 20. ( 11 J Schurecht and Donda, 38, 6: 940; 23. ( 1 2 ) Spence, Canada, Mines Branch, Rep. No. 626; 24.

HEAVY CLAY PRODUCTS H. G. SCHURECHT CONTENTS Clay-brick : Specifications and properties. Sand-lime brick. Hollow tile. Stoneware. Sanitary ware. Floor and wall tile.

MATIÈRES Conditions pour la fourniture et propriétés des briques d'argile. Brique de sable calcaire. Tuile creuse. Grès-cérames. Produits sanitaires. Briques de planchers et de murs.

INHALTSVERZEICHNIS Prüfungsvorschriften und Eigenschaften der Tonziegel. Kalk-Sand Ziegel. Hohlziegel. Steingutgeschirr. Sanitätsgeschirr. Boden und Wandziegel.

Drain tile. Sewer pipe. Terra cotta. Brick masonry.

Tuile de drainage. Tuyau d'égout. Terre cuite. Maçonnerie de briques.

Ziegel für Kanalbau. Abzugschläuche. Terrakotta. Ziegelmauerwerk.

INDICE PAGE Mattoni laterizi: Norme e proprietà 64 Mattone silico-calcare 64 Tegole cave 65 Grès ceramico 65 Prodotti sanitari 65 Piastrelle per pavimentazione 65 Tegole da drenaggio 65 Tubi di fognatura 65 Terracotta 66 Armatura di mattoni 66

1. CLAY BRICK: SPECIFICATIONS AND PROPERTIES

2. SAND-LIME BRICK

True specific gravity, 2.4-2.6 ( 7 ). Specific heat, 20-10O0C, 0.20-0.25 cal g"1 deg.^C (i) ComCrossbreaking Water Bulk absorp- pressive strength, modudensity, strength, lus of rupture, tion, g /cm3 kg/cm 2 kg/cm 2 % Vitrified brick . . . . 2 . 0 - 2 . 2 <5 281 to 351 56 to 84 Hard brick 1.9-2.1 5-12 175 to 281 28 to 56 Medium brick*... 1.8-2.0 12-20 105 to 176 21 to 28 Soft brick 1.7-1.9 >20 56 to 105 14 to 21 Paving brick f . . . . 1.7-2.2 0.9-8.0 227 to 592 84 to 178

COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF SAND-LIME BRICK WALLS ( 9 ) Walls 1.83 m long and 2.74 m high

* Thermal conductivity = 1.6 kg-cal m~ 2 hr"1 ( 0 C, m"1)"1 ( 7 ), see also p. 314). t Rattler loss, 22-26 % C 1 ).

Wall No. Ï 2 3 4 5 6

Thickness, cm 21.3 33.5 21.1 33.2 21.3 32.7

^^

Compressive strength, kg/cm2

j

Lime Lime Cement-lime Cement-lime Cement Cement

First crack

Failure

ïsTs 14.1 34.0 38.7 50.4 48.1

22.2 20.4 47.8 39.7 67.5 59.8

PROPERTIES OF SOME CLAY-LIKE MINERALS OF THE BENTONITE TYPEf 11 ) Index of refraction nD

Source

Sanders, Ariz Daggett, CaI Creede, Colo., No. 1 Lovelock, Nev Newcastle, Wyo Wyoming Belle Fourche, S. D Creede, Colo., No. 2 Enid, Miss Camden, Ark Grossalmerode clay, Germany Las Vegas, Nev Glass pot clay Houston, Tex Enid, Miss New York

1.48 1.495-1.505 1.505 1.505-1.525 1.5175 1.5175-1.5375 1.525-1.535 1.545 1.5475 1.5575 1.56 1.56 1.5615 1.563 1.563 1.57

% water lost at UO0C after air drying 16.6 14.87 14.93 10.82 7.26 9.25 8.79 1.83 4.64 2.19 1.34 1.68 3.02 0.27 3.25 4.55

Softening point, cone

% water of plasticity in terms dry Wt.

3 8 12 12 9 4 12 12 14 27 27 30 29 34 30 1

71.83 69.52 48.07 78.10 114.61 99.21 108.07 37.30 46.16 37.30 22.07

69.08 94.21 59.00 77.26 161.39 162.73 195.81 30.16 73.25 41.94 24.21

B B A C B, E B, D B, E C C C C

36.08

41.94

C

29.75 40.97

32.13 47.38

C C

* A = cracks, B = cracks badly, C = does not crack, D = warps, E = becomes very hard on drying,

LITERATURE (For key to the periodicals see end of volume) C 1 ) Brown and Montgomery, 32, No. 21; 13. ( 2 ) Houldsworth and Cobb, 82, 22: 111; 23. ( 3 ) Howe and Ferguson, 38, 6: 496; 23. ( 4 ) Mellor, 82,

% vol. shrinkage Drying in terms behavior* dry vol.

Color after firingf

Bf Bf Bf Bf Bf Br Bf Bf Bf W W W W W W Bf

|

f Bf = buff; Br = brown; W = white.

16: 73; 17. ( 5 ) Mellor and Holdcroft, 82, 11: 169; 12. ( 6 ) Mellor, Sinclair and Devereux, 82, 21: 104; 22. (?) Navias, 38, 6: 1268; 23. ( 8 ) Rieke, 100, 44: 638; 11. ( 9 ) Ross and Shannon, 38, 9: 77; 26. ( 10 ) Schurecht, 30, No. 233; 20. ( 11 J Schurecht and Donda, 38, 6: 940; 23. ( 1 2 ) Spence, Canada, Mines Branch, Rep. No. 626; 24.

HEAVY CLAY PRODUCTS H. G. SCHURECHT CONTENTS Clay-brick : Specifications and properties. Sand-lime brick. Hollow tile. Stoneware. Sanitary ware. Floor and wall tile.

MATIÈRES Conditions pour la fourniture et propriétés des briques d'argile. Brique de sable calcaire. Tuile creuse. Grès-cérames. Produits sanitaires. Briques de planchers et de murs.

INHALTSVERZEICHNIS Prüfungsvorschriften und Eigenschaften der Tonziegel. Kalk-Sand Ziegel. Hohlziegel. Steingutgeschirr. Sanitätsgeschirr. Boden und Wandziegel.

Drain tile. Sewer pipe. Terra cotta. Brick masonry.

Tuile de drainage. Tuyau d'égout. Terre cuite. Maçonnerie de briques.

Ziegel für Kanalbau. Abzugschläuche. Terrakotta. Ziegelmauerwerk.

INDICE PAGE Mattoni laterizi: Norme e proprietà 64 Mattone silico-calcare 64 Tegole cave 65 Grès ceramico 65 Prodotti sanitari 65 Piastrelle per pavimentazione 65 Tegole da drenaggio 65 Tubi di fognatura 65 Terracotta 66 Armatura di mattoni 66

1. CLAY BRICK: SPECIFICATIONS AND PROPERTIES

2. SAND-LIME BRICK

True specific gravity, 2.4-2.6 ( 7 ). Specific heat, 20-10O0C, 0.20-0.25 cal g"1 deg.^C (i) ComCrossbreaking Water Bulk absorp- pressive strength, modudensity, strength, lus of rupture, tion, g /cm3 kg/cm 2 kg/cm 2 % Vitrified brick . . . . 2 . 0 - 2 . 2 <5 281 to 351 56 to 84 Hard brick 1.9-2.1 5-12 175 to 281 28 to 56 Medium brick*... 1.8-2.0 12-20 105 to 176 21 to 28 Soft brick 1.7-1.9 >20 56 to 105 14 to 21 Paving brick f . . . . 1.7-2.2 0.9-8.0 227 to 592 84 to 178

COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF SAND-LIME BRICK WALLS ( 9 ) Walls 1.83 m long and 2.74 m high

* Thermal conductivity = 1.6 kg-cal m~ 2 hr"1 ( 0 C, m"1)"1 ( 7 ), see also p. 314). t Rattler loss, 22-26 % C 1 ).

Wall No. Ï 2 3 4 5 6

Thickness, cm 21.3 33.5 21.1 33.2 21.3 32.7

^^


j

Lime Lime Cement-lime Cement-lime Cement Cement

First crack

Failure

ïsTs 14.1 34.0 38.7 50.4 48.1

22.2 20.4 47.8 39.7 67.5 59.8

SAND-LIME BKICK ( 2 ) Dry brick Compressive 2strength, kg/cm American method

| Effect of wetting.

Crossbreaking strength, modulus German of method rupture,2 kg/cm

Compressive strength

% change in | Cross breaking strength

Effect of freezing. Compressive strength

% change in

Crossbreaking strength

|

Absorption

Effect of fire. % change in " Compressive strength Crossbreaking strength Dry Wet

122-706 I 66-185| 14r-S3 \ + 17 to -55 | +25 to -75 | +38 to -55 | -22 to -46 | +3.8 | +53 to -100 | -42 [ -72 to -95 PER CENT WATER ABSORPTION OF SAND-LIME BRICK ( 10 ) ~ Tota| g 1 hr 24 hr (boiling & • 5hr) Maximum 10.6 12.0 17.7 A Minimum 4.2 8.2 10.6 6.8 9.7 13.3 Average of 1000 Maximum 7.9 15.3 18.0 B Minimum 4.8 11.3 12.8 Average of 54 6.1 13.2 15.6 6.9 11.9 18.3 Maximum C • Minimum 5.1 10.8 15.9 6.0 11.3 16.9 Average of 6 Maximum 10.5 14.2 20.6 D Minimum 5.4 11.1 15.6 Average of 56 7.1 12.2 17.3 Maximum 14.4 15.4 22.0 E Minimum 5.8 13.2 18.2 Average of 50 8.1 14.1 20.0 Maximum 16.3 16.7 23.5 F Minimum 8.0 13.6 18.8 Average of 51 12.2 14.9 20.7 Maximum 18.0 18.4 23.8 G Minimum 13.1 15.9 21.9 Average of 8 16.1 16.9 22.8 Maximum 22.4 23.0 31.2 H Minimum 8.2 16.8 18.3 I Average of 100 16.8 19.5 25.2

6. SANITARY BODIES (4) Water ab- Crossbreaking strength, sorption, % modulus of rupture 16 to 18 70 to 92 kg/cm 2 2 to 3 184 to 230 kg/cm 2

Fire clay ware Vitreous ware

6. FLOOR AND WALL TILE (6) Water Absorption.—Vitreous, O to 2%. Semi-vitreous, 2 to IO %. Plain unglazed, 10 %. 7. DRAIN TILE A. S. T. M. Specifications (*). Types.—A, Extra quality, H2O absorption, 11%; B, Standard, H2O absorption, 13%; C, Farm, H2O absorption, 14%. For compressive strength, see Fig. 1. 8. SEWER PIPE A. S. T. M. specifications for vitrified salt-glazed sewer pipe (*). H2O absorption, 8 %. For crushing strength, see Fig. 1.

Fig. I

3. HOLLOW BUILDING TILE (2) Compressive strength, kg/cm2 Softening Gross area includ- Net area excludtemperaing voids ing voids ture, 0C End I Edge | Side | End Edge | Side 6922- 49- 16284- 162- 1100-1390 373 185 97 798 315 414

Water absorption, % 7.5 to 26

Dielectric constant

Heat conductivity, kg-cal m~ 2 hr"1 (0C, m-i)-i

Softening cone

Specific heat, 20°10O0C, g-cal g-i per 0C

Linear coef. of expansion, per 0C

Hardness, scleroscope

Resistance to abrasion, sand blast tests, g/cm2

Resistance to shock, pendulum impact test, cm kg/cm 2

Ball compression strength, kg

Young's modulus of elasticity

Crossbreaking strength, modulus of rupture, kg/cm 2

Tensile strength, kg/ cm2


Water absorption, %

Bulk density, g/cm3

Type

True specific gravity

4. STONEWARE (7)

Common . 2.44-2.65 2.06-2.37 0.03-5.1 3248-58331 63-116 234-416 4189- 6850 476-1044 1.26-1.90 3.0-9.9 39-62 4.1 X IQ-" 0.185-0.19117-29 0.95-1.35 to 4.9 X 10-e Chemical. 2.45-2.532.28-2.320.13-1.80 5816 163-178416-9805087-15130792-980 1.70-2.402.4-3.955-644.9X10-6 17-301.00-1.255.17 to 6 I 5.7 X 10~ I

9. TERRA COTTA BODIES (5) Water absorption, 10 to 19 %. Crossbreaking strength, modulus of rupture, 105 to 180 kg/cm2. Linear coefficient of expansion, 17° to 10O0C, (3.7 to 6.0) X IO"6 per 0C. 10. CRUSHING STRENGTH OF MASONRY WITH DIFFERENT MORTARS (8) Brick employed: 23 X 11 X 5.5 cm (nine different types). a, Cement mortar, 1:3. 6, Lime mortar, c, Mortar mixtures. a-fb(lrl). Strength of one meter cubes of masonry in kilograms

a 1929 1908 1852 1772 1722 1713 1715 1709 1709

b 1959 1940 1885 1812 1780 1771 1770 1767 1765

I

I

C 1 ) American Society for Testing Materials, Specifications. ( 2 ) Emley, 32, No. 85: 35; 17. (3) Foster, 38, 7: 189; 24. (4) Fuller, Bureau of Standards, O. ( 5 ) Fuller and Merrit, Bureau of Standards, O. ( 6 ) Pence, 81, 17: 484; 15. ( 7 ) Singer, Keramik (Braunschweig, Vie weg und Sohn). 470; 23. ( 8 ) Svenson, 314, 36: 341; 12. (9) Whittemore and Stang, 32, No. 276: 65; 25. ( 10 ) Johnson, Bureau of Standards, O. ( J 1 ) Kreuger, 314, 40: 597; 16.

c 1977 1955 1903 1851 1829 1823 1824 1821 1819

Fig-2

According to Kreuger (ll) the compressive strength of a brick pier is ca. 0.22 X the compressive strength of the brick used in its construction. The corresponding relation to the compressive strength of the mortar used is shown in Fig. 2. LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume)

PORCELAIN AND WHITEWARE I. Electrical porcelain. II. Laboratory porcelain and white ware. Owing to the overlapping of these two classes a certain amount of duplication occurs in the tables but for the complete data both sections should be consulted.

I. Porcelaines électriques. II. Porcelaines et faïences de laboratoire. Etant donné le chevauchement de ces deux classes, il y a un certain nombre de répétitions dans les tables; pour avoir des données complètes, les deux sections doivent être consultées.

I. Elektro-Porzellan. II. Laboratoriums Porzellane und Steingut. Da beide Gattungen in engerrer Beziehung stehen, ist eine gewisse Wiederholung in den Tafeln vorhanden. Doch sollen für vollständige Daten beide Abschnitte herangezogen werden.

I. Porcellane elettriche. II. Porcellane di laboratorio e grès ceramico. Per la stretta relazione tra le due categorie, vi è qualche ripetizione nelle tabelle. Per avere dati completi bisogna però consultare entrambi i capitoli.

CONTENTS Classification. Composition. Pétrographie character. Density, porosity and compressibility. Strength. Elastic properties. Fixed impact and bending shock. Toughness and hardness. Rattler test. Softening point. Thermal expansion. Specific heat. Thermal conductivity. Resistance to thermal shock.

MATIÈRES Classification. Composition. Description pétrographique. Densité, porosité et compressibilité. Résistance mécanique. Propriétés élastiques. Résistance au choc et essai de flexion au choc. Dureté. Essais de fragilité. Point de ramollissement. Dilatation thermique. Chaleur spécifique. Conductibilité thermique. Résistance au choc thermique.

INHALTSVERZEICHNIS Einteilung. Zusammensetzung. Petrographisches. Dichte, Porosität und Kompressibilität. Festigkeit. Elastische Eigenschaften. Schlagbiegefestigkeit.

Electrical resistance. Dielectric properties. Flash-over voltage.

Résistivité électrique. Propriétés diélectriques. Tension de crachement super-

Electrolysis. Velocity of sound.

Electrolyse. Vitesse du son.

INDICE Classificazione Composizione Caratteri petrografie! . Densità, porosità e compressibilità Resistenza meccanica . Proprietà elastiche Resistenza alla flessione per urto unico Durezza Saggi di fragilità Punto di rammollimento Dilatazione termica . . . Calore specifico Conduttività termica. . Resistenza a sbalzi bruschi di temperatura . Resistenza elettrica.... Proprietà dielettriche.. Tensione di scintillamento Elettrolisi Velocità del suono

Härte. Trommelprobe. Erweichungspunkt. Wärmeausdehnung. Spezifische Wärme. Wärmeleitfähigkeit. Widerstandsfähigkeit gegen schroffen Temperaturwechsel. Elektrischer Widerstand. Dielektrische Eigenschaften. Überschlagsspannung.

ficiel.

Elektrolyse. Schallgeschwindigkeit.

P AGE 67, 73 67, 73 68, 74 68, 75 68, 76 69, 76 69, 77 70, 77 70, 77 70, 78 70, 78 79 79 70, 80 71, 80 72, 80 72 72 72, 81

9. TERRA COTTA BODIES (5) Water absorption, 10 to 19 %. Crossbreaking strength, modulus of rupture, 105 to 180 kg/cm2. Linear coefficient of expansion, 17° to 10O0C, (3.7 to 6.0) X IO"6 per 0C. 10. CRUSHING STRENGTH OF MASONRY WITH DIFFERENT MORTARS (8) Brick employed: 23 X 11 X 5.5 cm (nine different types). a, Cement mortar, 1:3. 6, Lime mortar, c, Mortar mixtures. a-fb(lrl). Strength of one meter cubes of masonry in kilograms

a 1929 1908 1852 1772 1722 1713 1715 1709 1709

b 1959 1940 1885 1812 1780 1771 1770 1767 1765

I

I

C 1 ) American Society for Testing Materials, Specifications. ( 2 ) Emley, 32, No. 85: 35; 17. (3) Foster, 38, 7: 189; 24. (4) Fuller, Bureau of Standards, O. ( 5 ) Fuller and Merrit, Bureau of Standards, O. ( 6 ) Pence, 81, 17: 484; 15. ( 7 ) Singer, Keramik (Braunschweig, Vie weg und Sohn). 470; 23. ( 8 ) Svenson, 314, 36: 341; 12. (9) Whittemore and Stang, 32, No. 276: 65; 25. ( 10 ) Johnson, Bureau of Standards, O. ( J 1 ) Kreuger, 314, 40: 597; 16.

c 1977 1955 1903 1851 1829 1823 1824 1821 1819

Fig-2

According to Kreuger (ll) the compressive strength of a brick pier is ca. 0.22 X the compressive strength of the brick used in its construction. The corresponding relation to the compressive strength of the mortar used is shown in Fig. 2. LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume)

PORCELAIN AND WHITEWARE I. Electrical porcelain. II. Laboratory porcelain and white ware. Owing to the overlapping of these two classes a certain amount of duplication occurs in the tables but for the complete data both sections should be consulted.

I. Porcelaines électriques. II. Porcelaines et faïences de laboratoire. Etant donné le chevauchement de ces deux classes, il y a un certain nombre de répétitions dans les tables; pour avoir des données complètes, les deux sections doivent être consultées.

I. Elektro-Porzellan. II. Laboratoriums Porzellane und Steingut. Da beide Gattungen in engerrer Beziehung stehen, ist eine gewisse Wiederholung in den Tafeln vorhanden. Doch sollen für vollständige Daten beide Abschnitte herangezogen werden.

I. Porcellane elettriche. II. Porcellane di laboratorio e grès ceramico. Per la stretta relazione tra le due categorie, vi è qualche ripetizione nelle tabelle. Per avere dati completi bisogna però consultare entrambi i capitoli.

CONTENTS Classification. Composition. Pétrographie character. Density, porosity and compressibility. Strength. Elastic properties. Fixed impact and bending shock. Toughness and hardness. Rattler test. Softening point. Thermal expansion. Specific heat. Thermal conductivity. Resistance to thermal shock.

MATIÈRES Classification. Composition. Description pétrographique. Densité, porosité et compressibilité. Résistance mécanique. Propriétés élastiques. Résistance au choc et essai de flexion au choc. Dureté. Essais de fragilité. Point de ramollissement. Dilatation thermique. Chaleur spécifique. Conductibilité thermique. Résistance au choc thermique.

INHALTSVERZEICHNIS Einteilung. Zusammensetzung. Petrographisches. Dichte, Porosität und Kompressibilität. Festigkeit. Elastische Eigenschaften. Schlagbiegefestigkeit.

Electrical resistance. Dielectric properties. Flash-over voltage.

Résistivité électrique. Propriétés diélectriques. Tension de crachement super-

Electrolysis. Velocity of sound.

Electrolyse. Vitesse du son.

INDICE Classificazione Composizione Caratteri petrografie! . Densità, porosità e compressibilità Resistenza meccanica . Proprietà elastiche Resistenza alla flessione per urto unico Durezza Saggi di fragilità Punto di rammollimento Dilatazione termica . . . Calore specifico Conduttività termica. . Resistenza a sbalzi bruschi di temperatura . Resistenza elettrica.... Proprietà dielettriche.. Tensione di scintillamento Elettrolisi Velocità del suono

Härte. Trommelprobe. Erweichungspunkt. Wärmeausdehnung. Spezifische Wärme. Wärmeleitfähigkeit. Widerstandsfähigkeit gegen schroffen Temperaturwechsel. Elektrischer Widerstand. Dielektrische Eigenschaften. Überschlagsspannung.

ficiel.

Elektrolyse. Schallgeschwindigkeit.

P AGE 67, 73 67, 73 68, 74 68, 75 68, 76 69, 76 69, 77 70, 77 70, 77 70, 78 70, 78 79 79 70, 80 71, 80 72, 80 72 72 72, 81

I. ELECTRICAL PORCELAIN FRANK H. RiDDLE1 Classification of Porcelains Based on Their Use I. Normal porcelains. (A) Low tension porcelain, porosity, 1 %. Dry or wet process used under 5000 volts. Flint, clay, feldspar porcelain. (B) High tension porcelain, porosity, O %. Wet process used above 5000 volts. Flint, clay, feldspar porcelains. II. Special porcelains. (C) Spark plug core porcelains, porosity, 0%. Usually free from free quartz which has objectionable expansion and alkalis which have an injurious effect upon the insulation at increased temperatures. (D) Heating element porcelains, porosity, 1 %. Usually containing over 50 % magnesia compounds. (E) Thermocouple porcelains for protection. High in alumina and free from free quartz. Practically nothing is available in the literature regarding low tension porcelain or heating element porcelain.

Fig. I

The actual compositions of some of the bodies whose properties are listed in the following pages are shown below, together with the reference numbers by which they are identified in the tables.

Calcines,

wt.

BODY COMPOSITIONS % (Chamotte, Aufbereitungsstoffe, digrassanti)

I Cone I MgCO3 | Kaolin | Flint | Al2O3 | Boric acid Ï2 14.40 44.30 41.30 13 18.20 56.00 25.80 18 70.20 27.80 2.0 18 55.80 44.20 23.85 76.15

(A) (B) (C) (D) (E)

Compositions Areas of commercial wares/22)

Rg.3

Application of local heating (22)

Fig.4 Body No's !6-19

Rg.2

Materiali

Triaxia-l showing area of maximum value (22J

Relative dielectric strength (H)

Bodies, wt. % (Matières céramiques, Keramische Massen, Paste ceramiche)

Ref. No. Clay Flint Feldspar Chemical Composition of Fired Body and Batch Composition of Raw Body Typical compositions of the possible range of raw bodies are shown in Figs. 1, 2, 3 and 4. These figures can be used only as a general guide, since they do not portray the effects of the different varieties of clay, feldspar and flint, or the methods of grinding, etc. 1 Grateful acknowledgments are due to Dr. Joseph A. Jeffery for the privilege of carrying out considerable research work in the research laboratories of the Champion Porcelain Company; to Messrs. H. F. Royal, E. K. Bibb, Walter Schmidt, and to Miss Chenoweth and other members of the staff for valuable aid in the assembling and classification of data; and to Messrs. L. E. Barringer and F. W. Peek, Jr., of the General Electric Company, for much valuable information.

Ref. No. Clay Sillimanite Flint Feldspar Al2O3 Whiting Calcine

| l | 35 40 25

2| 35 30 35

3| 45 30 25

4| 45 20 35

5| 50 25 25

6| 50 15 35

7| 8 | 5555 1022.5 35 22.5

9 | 10 | 11 55 55 65 15 5 10 30 40 25

|15|1617|18|19|20| 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 4035156542 * 22 30.2 40 50.050.0 30.0 1520451524 32.5 2.5 4545402034 16.0 16.0 18 12.6 1.5 1.5 6OD 57C (^

Cone I 10 to 14 |l8| 32 | 30 | * Natural sillimanite (andalusite) with clay bond.

[ 4OO

17 | 11 j 11

Ref. No. Clay Calcined clay Flint Sillimanite Feldspar Whiting Calcine

I 26 I 27 I 28 I 29 |3Q3l| 32 [33| 50.050.050.050.0455055.060 20.0 8.535.0 5.0 18.5 272615.010 30.0 30.0 10.0 10.0 13.5 13.5 28 2428.5 30 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5

34 | 35 50 45 35 30 8 12E

2OA

36

37

38

39

40

41

42

Range %*

Clay 50 Feldspar. . . 25 Flint 25

50 16 34

46 26 28

46 21 33

50 20 30

50 20 30

50 20 30

40-55 25-30 15-25

Ref. No.

Standard %t 50 30 20

* For satisfactory bodies ( 20 ). t A standard composition ( 20 ).

CHEMICAL COMPOSITION

Ref. No.

I

SiO2 Al2O3 TiO2 Pe2O3.. CaO.. MgO K20 Na20 Ignition loss-.

1 I 2 I 3 I 4 I 5 I 6 I 7 I 24* I 25* I 26* I 27* I 28* I 29* 74.08 70.81 69.23 65.96 66.78 63.51 61.08 72.51 52.10 64.59 49.81 55.93 50.38 15.63 17.47 18.50 20.34 19.95 21.79 23.22 22.60 42.24 30.86 45.05 38.40 44.10 0.40 0.40 0.56 0.56 0.64 0.64 0.72 0.16 0.12 0.15 0.24 0.19 0.23 0.48 0.50 0.59 0.61 0.64 0.66 0.71 0.14 0.59 0.53 0.64 0.66 0.63 0.25 0.32 0.27 0.34 0.28 0.35 0.36 1.05 1.10 1.07 1.11 1.13 1.13 0.22 0.25 0.26 0.29 0.28 0.31 0.33 0.18 0.26 0.22 0.28 0.28 0.27 2.72 3.67 2.79 3.74 2.83 3.78 3.82 1.98 2.18 1.58 1.67 2.07 1.98 1.39 1.75 1.57 1.93 1.66 2.02 2.11 1.08 1.31 1.05 1.20 1.34 1.28 4.83 4.83 6.24 6.24 6.94 6.94 7.65

* Fired body.

2. Special spark plug and vitrified pyrometer porcelains ( 48 )

Pétrographie Character of Insulator Porcelains A comparative pétrographie study of a number of insulator porcelains of American, French and German manufacture leads to the following conclusion. A good porcelain insulator made from clay, feldspar and flint should consist largely of a glassy matrix with embedded crystals of quartz and mullite (3Al2O3.2SiO2) evenly distributed throughout. The quartz should not exceed 20 to 25 %, preferably less, and the fragments should have rounded edges and corners, as indicating partial solution by the feldspar glassy matrix. The average grain size of the quartz should not exceed 0.03 to 0.04 mm diameter, and the particles should be evenly distributed. No clay or partially decomposed clay particles should be present. The crystals of mullite should be abundant, well-formed, evenly distributed, and should not exceed ca. 0.01 mm length by 0.002 mm thickness. Owing to the very close resemblance between mullite and sillimanite crystals, the following crystallographic characterization is given ( 9 > 70).

Crystal system ^. . Prism angle, 110 A110. Cleavage Optic orientation T3 r A . . ,. / 7 . . Refractive indices
Mullite 3Al2O3.2SiO2 Orthorhombic 89° 13' || 010 C = T and a = a 1.654 - „ACt 1 . o4z

Sillimanite Al2O3-SiO2 Orthorhombic 88° 15' || 010 0 = 7 and a = a 1.677 i *KT 1.057

+45°, -50°

+25°, -30°

Axial angle, 2V

BULK DENSITY, SPECIFIC GKAVITY AND POROSITY 1. Typical electrical porcelains for high-tension work Specific gravity 2.3-2.5 2.46 2.45 2.45

Bulk density, g/cm 3 2.317 2.233 2.276 2.24-2.35

OpenTotal pore porosporosity, % ity, %

1.80 0.19

5.8 8.9 7.3

0.01 2.46

2.25

7.7

Type Hermsdorf Berlin hard DTS sill. Z54 DTS sill. Z55 Ingenerai Elee, average of 8 Elee. Ref. No. 15

Lit. (53) (53) (53) (4) (63) (43)

2.77

I 2.54

0.00 I 8.4

3.03

2.83

0.00

2.89

2.72

0.00

I "Sul." spark plug 6012, Ref. No. 20 6.8 Artificial mullite, Ref. No. 21 5.7 Artificial mullite, Ref. No. 22

Coefficient of Cubical Compressibility 106dF y ,p — 1.4 to 1.8 per atm. The lower figure is for highly siliceous, and the latter for highly feldspathic, porcelains ( 56 ). TENSILE STRENGTH (DEF. 4) kg/cm' 843.6 684 519 514 421.8 360 320 261 240 178 163 140-260 130-200 122 98

Type _ Sill, (mullite) Sill, (mullite) Insulator Sill, (mullite) Insulator average of 7f Hermsdorf 103. Berlin hard Rosenthal H Various DTS sill. Z54 DTS sill. Z55 Various Hermsdorf Marquardt Insulator

0 J?88,, section* 0.864 cm2 0.864 cm2 3.226 cm2 6.45 cm2 0.864 cm2 3.14 cm2 3.14 cm2 7è X 2 cm 7} X 2 cm 0.314 cm2 7J X 2 cm 7i X 2 cm

Lit. (38) (39) (20) (39) (12) (53) (53) (56) (15) (53) (53)

(42) 7J X 2 cm (53) 7j X 2 cm (45)

* The area of the cross section of the test piece is important, see Fig. 5. t Batch weights and chemical compositions of these bodies are shown under Réf. Nos. 1-7.

ILLUSTRATING THE INFLUENCE OF THE GLAZE All pieces made of the same body and all burned together ( 40 ); see also especially ( 21>1 ) kg/cm2 Type

I 623 | I No glaze |

720 | 642 | 305 Best glaze | Good glaze | Crazed glaze

Compare the tensile and crushing strengths of American and German bodies. The German bodies have a greater crushing strength, the American bodies a greater tensile strength.

CRUSHING STRENGTH BETWEEN SPHERES* (53)

MODULUS OF RUPTURE* kg/cm 2 590 580 595-469

I

Type | Insulator DTS sill. Z55.. Average of 7 elee.t

Lit. || kg/cm2 | Type | Lit. (45) 500 (49) (53) 490 Hermsdorf (46) (38) 416 DTS sill. Z54.. (53)

560-420 (l*) 540 Insulator H . . . (46)

246

kg

I 982 I 792 | 748 ~" I DTS sill. Z55 | DTS sill. Z54 | Marquardt

Type

* The Gary press ( 43 ) used for this test holds a piece 1 cm thick and 10 cm wide between steel balls 31.7 mm in diameter, through which the pressure ia applied. Results calculated to correspond to a disc 1 mm thick.

Marquardt... . (53)

* Extruded cyl. pieces 120 mm long, and 16 mm diam., burned hanging in vertical position and sawed to length. Supported on steel knife edges 10 cm apart and loaded centrally, 1 kg per sec. t For compositions see Réf. Nos. 1-7, inclusive. For effect of glaze see ( 2 1 < 1 ).

MODULUS OF ELASTICITY (DEF. 10) The unit is 1000 kg/mm 2 Modulus 10.6 10.2 8.9 8.7 8.4* 8.3

Relation between strength and diameter of the test piece (39V

Fig.5

I

Type

Remarks | Bending Tensile (v. Fig. 1) Bending Tensile Bending Bending average of 72

"G. E." "G. E." Marquardt O. S. Univ Rosenthal Berlin hard

8.0-7.0 7.8 7.8 7.1-5.4 7.0 7.0-5.0 6.5 5.1 8.9

Hermsdorf Rosenthal Insulator Hermsdorf 104 Average Hermsdorf 1915 DTS sill. Z55 DTS sill. Z54 Westinghouse

6.3 5.2

Hermsdorf 1921 Westinghouse

End support

Bending 12.7 mm rod End support Bending 19 mm rod

Lit. (i<>) (10) (53) (1°) (56) ( 5 ^) (53) (53) (53) (* 9 ) (4) (42) (53) (53) (2 O) (56) (20)

* With varying loads this value varied from 8.4 to 17.9 with the same test pieces and under uniform conditions. Tests made by Steger's method ( 59 ). The modulus is dependent more upon the conditions of manufacture than upon chemical composition. It is substantially the same for tension and compression. For G. E. porcelain Boyd ( 10 ) found the following relations: D = 0.133L for compression; D = 0.133L for bending; D = 0.143L for tension; where D = deformation in O.OOOOlths. and L = load in kg-cm~2.

MODULUS OF ELASTICITY IN SHEAR (DEF. 11)

CRUSHING STRENGTH Unit is 1000 kg/cm 2 Strength | Type o T s * D T S sill >5.6* Hermsdorf >5.0* Rosenthal H 4.8-4.2 Hermsdorf 4.5 Insulator 4.2 Berlin hard 4.0 Sill, average of 7 4.Of Insulator 2.51 Insulator average of 3 1.6-1.8J 1.0 Marquardt 4.2-3.1§ Elee, various

|

Remarks

| Lit. (53)" (53) 2.11cm 2 (46) 16 X 16 mm (56) (45) 2.5 cm cubes (42) 4.90cm 2 (39) (56) 2.54 cm diam. (38) 6 X 3cm (*) (53) CyI. 3.14 cm2 [ (44)

* The higher values are probably due to the use of cylindrical test pieces instead of square ones. In 1920 the German committee appointed to arrange standard tests decided on a test piece 16 X 16 mm diameter. According to Demuth ( 1S ) test pieces smaller than 50 X 50 mm are too small and the high results obtained are misleading. t For compositions see Réf. Nos. 4, 5 and 7. Î The higher value is for glazed, the lower for unglazed. § For compositions see Réf. Nos. 8-11.

kg/cm 2 600-480 500 500

I

Type Hermsdorf Rosenthal Rosenthal oratory celain

| Lit. || kg/cm 2 103 (53) 481 H (46) 430 lab- (46) 323 por-

|

Type | Lit. Insulator 101G (46) Seger 6833* (46) DTS sill. Z54 (53)

* Square test piece.

FIXED IMPACT AND BENDING SHOCK (DEF. 16)* cm-kg-wt. cm25 2.4 1.61 1.38 1.23 1.00 0.95 0.90 0.08

_ - , 7"!T~ Rosenthal _porcelains Lit. Spec. 6412 Spec. 6048 Spec. 6048 Laboratory Seger 6833 Insulator H Insulator G Hard 6292

* Pendulum-hammer method. cm-kg-wt. blow (53).

(56) (*5) (56) (56) (56) (56) (56) (56)

cm-kg-wt. I _ Type cm2« I 1.9 Hermsdorf 1.8 DTS sill. Z54 1.7 DTS sill. Z55 ~ i ~~ ~ TJ ~ Cone 15 |Spar Kaolin |Quartz 1.43 34 43 18 1.29 26 46 28 1.23 25 50 25

T.

Lit.

(53) C") (53) ~~ Lit. (61) («) (")

16 X 16 X 120 mm bar, 100 mm span, 10

SOFTENING POINT

SUCCESSIVE INCREASING IMPACT SHOCKS* cm-kg-wt. ™— cm3 146 117 105 98 69 10

I

Z ~ ! Ï T ^ Rosenthal porcelain

7-1 Lit. _____ (56) ( 56 ) (56) (56) (56) ( 53 )

Stoneware 6412 Laboratory Insulator H Insulator G Seger 6833 Marquardt

* Marten's method consists in letting a weight drop from successively increasing heights upon a disc-shaped test piece until rupture occurs. The effect is measured in cm-kg-wt. per unit volume of the test piece. Result independent of size of test piece.

RESISTANCE TO ABRASION Gary sand blast test, 2 min at 3 atm m Type _

Loss in . cm3 2^4 3.3 10.3 2.5 3.9 1.7

Insulator G Rosenthal (Selb.) H Marquardt 1 DTS sill. Z54 DTS sill. Z55 Seger hard 6412 Fig.6 Body Nos. I-7

(**) (46) (U) (53) (53) ( 46 )

Rattler Tests (38J

30 min STE 5.2 8.8 14.5 9.6 12.2 14.2

3 hr 10.6 14.4 21.6 27.4 23.6 29.6 33.6

|

Type Ref. No. 15 Ref. No. 16 f Ref. No. 17 Kaw {Ref. No. 18 Ref. No. 19 American French Typical insulator German " Sill, "spark plug

|

Lit. ( 48 ) ( 48 ) ( 48 ) (**) (*«) ( 48 )

|

( 48 )

Softening point varies with size and shape of test piece, time of heating, etc. COEFFICIENT OF THERMAL EXPANSION

T. Lit.

TOUGHNESS AND HARDNESS BY THE "RATTLER" TEST* Per cent loss of weight by rattler test ( 38 ). 15 min 2?2 3.2 4.4 8.0 5.1 7.8 10.2

Cone 20 18 15 down 31 20 down 26 27 31 tipped 32 down

Type 1, Fig. 6 2, Fig.6 3, Fig.6 4, Fig. 6 5, Fig.6 6, Fig. 6 7, Fig. 6

* The 15 min test is an indication of the toughness or resistance to chipping. The 3 hr test is an indication of hardness after edges and corners are gone. Ratio: Marquardt to DTS sill. Z54, is 2.6, time not stated ( 53 ).

With a constant clay content the higher spar and lower flint body is invariably weaker. Increase in clay and decrease in flint decreases strength. The compositions of the bodies are plotted on the triaxial diagram, Fig. 6. Note the relation between loss in wt. and body composition. Tests were carried out under the following conditions: 13 test pieces 2.25 X 2.25 X 5.0 cm with square edges. Tested in porcelain jar mills 24.75 cm diam. X 33 cm long inside rotating at 40 r.p.m. Besides the test pieces there were 61 pebbles weighing 10 kg. The test pieces were removed and weighed at the time specified.

6

1O AZ

~

Ty e

-UT

P

4.25 4.00 5.42\ 5.35/ 3.79 3.79 3.80 6.66 4.36 4.85 5.2 2.7 3.9 3.3 3.36

Hermsdorf G. E . . . , .,_.. T L ck msulat0r ( 9) ° ° High tension Rosenthal Seger 6833. Elee. 1 EL. Elee, l EL Elee. 2 EL Marquardt

i;»

«Sm.» sp , rtp ,u gi Ee t .No.23

3.81 5.3 3.5 5.5 3.5 3.3 3.7 6.17 5.27 3.43] 3.78 4.01 4.16 4.40 3.63 3.95 4.18 4.36 4.62J 2.37 3.07 3.69 4.00 • 4.21 4.51 4.84

Fired to Cone 26 (Al2O3-SiO2)

Ref. No. 24. Ref. No. 25 Ref. No. 26 Ref. No. 27 Ref. No. 28 Ref. No. 29 High tension High tension

Al2O3-SiO2 vitrified at cone 32

3Al2O3.2SiO2 vitrified at cone 32

Average of five refractory porcelains

I Range,

°c

T~

Llt

-

(53) (2) / 20-101 (65) \ 1^243 (65) 16 (55) 20-100 (56) 20-100 (53) 20-500 (") 20-400 400-600 (") (53) 25-200 (37) 200-400 (37) 25-400 (37) 30-200 (6)

«J«« 30-400 25-400 25-400 25-400 25-400 25-400 25-400 ? ? 119.0 230.5 317.7 392.7 512.7 117.0 216.5 304.3 383.3 492.5 114.2 234.7 357.2 482.6 601.7 724.1 844.2

(6) (37) (37) (37) (37) (37) (37) (20) (20)

(

}

(68)

Resistance to Thermal Shock The recorded data are not comparable owing to lack of standard methods v. (8, 54, 66, 29). The relative heat shock strengths of a series of electrical porcelains covering the whole range of com-

positions is shown in Fig. 4 (22). Substitution of ZrOz for SiC>2 improves the resistance to thermal shock ( 60 » 69). "Sillimanite" (mullite) porcelains have a greater resistance than ordinary kinds. VOLUME RESISTIVITY Sp. resist. Megohm-cm 0.068-1.098 0.007 0.100-0.0034 129 X IO6 0.385 X IO6 19 9 3.5 1.5 0.8

613-900 727 727-1292 20 189 300 350 400 500 600

Fiê.9 Type

Lit. (33) (17)

Temp., C

Decrease of insulation resistance with increase of temperature^)

(33) (16) (16)

Stand. G. E. plastic

0

Variation of D.C.resistance with voltage. Tube 7/i6in.diam.,5/32in.wali.(3o\

(2) (2) (2) (2) (2)

Rg.ll

Thermal Expansion of Bodies 34,40 and42(35]

S3

RgJO

Resistance measured at 5000 volts D.C. " 5 Tube 7/16'n inside 4 diam. /62in.walh

()

Fie.8

Some experimenters compare porcelains by finding the temperature at which the resistance is equal to one megohm-cm. They have termed this temperature the "effective temperature," TE] see also Figs. 8, 9 and 10. 0

TE, C I Composition 370 Ref. No. 30 358 Ref. No. 31 390 Ref. No. 32 400 Ref. No. 33 590 Ref. No. 34 610 Ref. No. 35 690 I Ref. No. 23

I

Cone 14 14 12 10 15 16 16

|

Lit. (52) (52) (52) («) (6) (6) (6)

№2|

Variation of dielec. strength with thickness, (si) 60 eye les. Sine wave. IO kv/puncture Shape of test piece and electrodes not similar for all tests.

I Re. 131 SURFACE RESISTIVITY Varies enormously with humidity of the atmosphere and with the nature of the surface film. For variation of the resistivity of a clean surface with atmospheric humidity, see Fig. 11.

Variation of dielec.strength with thickness (si) 60 cycles, sine wave,time= lmin. Voltage constant. IOcm. electrodes in oil.

DIELECTRIC CONSTANT

VELOCITY OF SOUND

6.15 for a G. E. wet process porcelain at IO5 cycles, 250C and 60% relative humidity ( 2 ); see further p. 80. DIELECTRIC STRENGTH 1. Shape of the electrodes not given. Voltage increased 1 kv/2 sec, starting at 20 kv under oil Volts F per mm 10 000 9 000 A of above 16 000 17 200 12 500 18 100 20 300 27400 18 300 28 700

m Type J ^ Hermsdorf Hermsdorf Royal Berlin Ref. No. 36 Ref. No. 37 Ref. No. 38 Ref. No. 39 Ref. No. 40 Ref. No. 41 Ref. No. 42

T> i Remarks

T-J. Lit.

Velocity ™ , , J Type km/sec _ 5.63 Insulator H 5.34 Seger 6833

Velocity ^ T.x , , J Type Lit. km/sec (46) o\05Hermsdorf hard (46)" (*6) 4.9-5.2 Ingenerai (56) Lit.

Velocity of transmission, or vibration of sound, varies with the modulus of elasticity. Porcelains having the highest velocity are the best. Velocity increases with increasing clay content.

5 mm thick test porcelain (* 9 ) 10 mm thick test porcelain (i 9) At 2750C (19) 2J mm thick (42) ] (^ 1 ) («*) ( 61 ) [ 5 mm discs. Cone 15 («i) (61) ( 61 ) J ( 61 )

i

i

i

«

1

1

1

1

i '—«

\fe G.E.Standard wet process porce lain [2,26) y° No.l-Electrodes 1/2 in. diam. -240 \ Round edges. I kv. per sec.

?£0_A ' < r \ V 4

-160

R6.I4

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Average puncture values. Shomburg hard porcelainYsiV

"120E - fe

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Io

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Dielectric strength of porcelain vs.time(3o)

Re.15

§ ~16 • .g v . i X. V S -1?

2. 250C under oil, 12.7 mm electrodes with rounded edges, voltage increased 1 kv per sec 9 100 Ref. No. 16 Ì T~ '. ~K " (3)" T 9 400 Ref. No. 17 ~* piece ™5 mm. to B 9 14 1 10 600 Ref. No. 18 ' ^; 6° Cycle ^0- (3) 8400 Ref. No. 19 J Wave V°ltage (3)_ 31 According to Peek ( ) the puncture tests on solid insulators vary greatly between different samples of the same material, shape and area of the electrodes, time of application of voltage, etc.; see Figs. 12-16. DIELECTRIC LOSSES For variation of dielectric losses and power factor with frequency, see ( 25 ). FLASH-OVER VOLTAGE Effect of humidity, Fig. 18. Effect of length of test piece, Fig. 17. ELECTROLYSIS OF HOT PORCELAIN Above 300° porcelain behaves as an electrolytic conductor, the alkali metals migrating toward the cathode. For experimental details, results and conclusions, v. Haber (23).

I Fi A 1-7! |rig.»/ I

Smooth porcelain cylinder in air " . 3.5 cm. diam. x 5 ocm - "

N^

o 10.0 CJTl. i,

g • .^^^ .£ " * ^^X^^^ ^-a * ^^?^^_ § Ak/c/w—^ C 5^— jF

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î

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Electrodes:-Parallel flat plates with rounded edges." Relative humidity=60%(50\ & v « A ,

/,/

/|2

/,3 /,4 QO"

Variation of flash-over voltage gradient with change. in relative humidity, for dirferent height smooth por- _ ce lain rods in ain (soj ^^^^

\ jRJiS^^

^X1Q

%M//B/ ^1Q ^1O 4P

6,0

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.

LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) ( 1 J Austin, 129, 30: 2303; 11. ( 2 ) Barringer, General Electric Co., Schenectady, O. ( 3 ) Bibb, Jeffery DeWitt Insulator Co., Rénover, West Virginia, O. ( 4 ) Bleininger, 33, 16: 589; 17. (5) Bleininger, 109, 1919: 101. ( 6 ) Bleininger and Riddle, 38, 2: 564; 19. ( 7 ) Boudouard, 106, 1920: 681. (») Boudouard, 102, 24: 79; 21. 103, 29: 496; 21. ( 9 ) Bowen, Grieg and Zies, 128, 14: 183; 24. ( 10 ) Boyd, 122, 38: 222; 16. ( J 1 ) U. S. Bureau of Standards, O. (12) Champion Porcelain Co., Detroit, O. (^) Curie, 6, 17: 385; 89. (") Curtis, 31, No. 234; 14. (15) Demuth, 10I1 41: 892; 20. O 6 ) Dietrich, 63, 11: 187; 10. ( 17 ) Doelter, BlO. ( 18 ) Foussereau, 6, 5: 241; 85. (19) Friese, B12. ( 2 0 ) E. H. Fritz, Westinghouse Electric and Manufacturing Co., East Pittsburgh, O. ( 2 1 J Gary, 100, 56: 429; 23. ( 21 - 1 ) Gerold, 103, 33: 188; 25. (22) Gilchrist and Klinefelter, B6. (23) Haber, 93, 57: 154; 08. (24) Harker, 3, 10: 430; 05. (25) Haworth, 5, 81: 221; 08. (26) Henderson and Weimer, 81, 13: 469; 11. ( 2 7 ) Henning, 8, 22: 631; 07. ( 28 ) Honaman and Fonseca, 109, 1919: 91. ( 2 9 ) Meyer, 101, 40: 278; 19. (30) p. W. Peek, Jr., General Electric Co., Pittsfield, Mass., O. ( 3 *) Peek, B7. ( 32 ) Peek, 107, 76: 1061; 20. ( 33 ) Pirani and Siemens, 9, 15: 969; 09. (34) Purdy, 81, 13: 550; 11. ( 3S ) Purdy, 81, 15: 499; 13. ( 38 ) Purdy and Potts, 81, 13: 431; 11. (") Riddle, 38, 2: 804; 19. ( 38 ) Riddle, Champion Porcelain Co., Detroit, O. ( 39 ) Riddle and Laird, 38, 5: 385; 22. (*°) Riddle and Laird, 38, 5: 500; 22. (41) Rieke, 103, 22: 143; 14. (42) Rieke, 92, 28: 374; 15. (43) Rieke and Gary, B5. (44) Rosenthal, 100, 48: 445; 15. (45) Rosenthal and Singer, 101, 41: 705; 20. (46) Rosenthai and Singer, 103, 29: 81, 93; 21. (47) Roth, 100, 55: 533; 23. ( 48 ) Royal, Champion Porcelain Co., Detroit, O. ( 49 ) Rziha and Seidener, B8. ( 5 0 ) Schwaiger, 101, 43: 875; 22. ( 5 I) J. F. Scheid, H. Schomberg and Sons, Margarethenhütte, Saxony, Germany, O. ( 52 ) Silsbee and Honaman, 109, 1919: 79. (53) Singer, O and B4. ( 54 ) Singer, 92, 31: 221, 227, 229; 18. ( 5S ) Singer, 112, 9: 96; 20. ( 56 ) Singer and Rosenthal, 104, 1: 3; 20. 105, 5: 175; 21. 100, 54: 250; 21. (57) Starke, 8, 60: 629; 97. ( 5 8 ) Steger, 184, 2: 51; 14. (59) Steger, 103, 27: 113; 19. (60) Twells and Lin, 38, 4: 195; 21. (6l) Urban, 103, 32: 217; 24. («2) Wagner, 125, 3: 67; 14. (63) Washburn and Bunting, 38, 5: 527; 22. (64) Waters, 32, No. 105; 17. (65) Watts, 81, 11: 84; 09. (66) Watts, 81, 11: 179; 09. (67) Spencer, National Lamp Works, NeIa Park, Cleveland, O. (68) MacGee, U. S. Bureau of Mines, O. (69) Geller and Woods, 38, 4: 842; 21. (70) Grieg, 12, 11: 1; 26.

II. LABORATORY PORCELAINS AND WHITEWARES JAMES A. AUDLEYJ A Classification of Porcelains and Whitewares Based on Their Composition and Properties I. Body vitrified Little or no porosity. (A) Porcelain. More or less translucent. 1. Hard porcelain. Body and glaze fired up together to a comparatively high temperature, with or without a previous low fire biscuiting. Glaze composition approximating that of the body, but with lime and often zinc oxide added. 2. Soft porcelain. (a) Seger porcelain, (o) Frit porcelain. (c) Bone porcelain. (d) Belleek. (e) Parian (biscuit or figure porcelain). (B) Stoneware. Not translucent. II. Body not completely vitrified, porous. (C) General whiteware (earthenware). This includes a variety of wares which pass under different trade names (semi-porcelain, white granite, etc.), but almost imperceptibly grade into one another, and into porcelain at one extreme. Examples illustrating composition are given further on. Wall tiles and floor tiles may be of porcelain, stoneware, or earthenware. They are made chiefly by the dry press process. i Acknowledgments are due to Dr. J. W. Mellor for the free use of his library, which is rich in scientific and technical literature, and for occasional assistance kindly rendered in tracing important references.

Electrical porcelain possesses properties which give it a distinct value for certain technical purposes, so that it is impracticable to draw any hard and fast lines between it and some other porcelains. For electrical porcelains proper, v. p. 67. Chemical Composition of Fired Body and Batch Composition of Raw Body For composition limits assigned to the various types of porcelain and whiteware, v. the standard works such as those of Seger, Kerl, Bourry, Granger*, etc., and special works such as ( 82 > "> Ud)The actual compositions of some of the bodies whose properties are listed in the following pages are appended hereto, together with the reference numbers by which they are identified in the subsequent pages. BODY COMPOSITION, WT. % Ref. No.

I 6 |7|8|9|10|11|12|13|14|15|16|17|18 55 60 60 60 55 55 55 55 50 50 50 50 50 22.5252015302520153530252015 22.5|15|20 25 15 20 25 30|15 20 25 30 35

Ref. No.

|19|20|2l|22|23|24|25|26|27| 28 |29|30[31 45 45 45 45 40 40 40 55 55 55 55 55 65 35302520353025403022.5 15 525 . 20 25 30 35 25 30|35 5 15 22.5 30 40 10

Kaolin Quartz Feldspar Kaolin Quartz Feldspar

Ref. No. I 32 I 33 34* | Kaolin 65 65 25 Quartz ..17.5 10 45 17.525 30 Feldspar CaCQ3 * Seger porcelain,

35f | 36f | 37 | 30 35 43,4 12 11 29.5 60 54 25.6 1.5

f Figure porcelain.

38 | 40.5 25.1 29.2 5.2 |

39 52.OJ 42.0 6.0

% Sornzig kaolin.

Ref. No. I 40 I 41 I 42 I 43 I 44 I 45 I 46 I 47 I 48 I 49 China clay... . 30 30 30 30 30 30 15 30 30 Ball clay 25 25 25 25 15 35 40 20 25 25 Flint 30 20 10 30 10 15 20 Feldspar 15 25 35 45 25 25 45 30 35 10 Red clay 35 Zirconia 10 Steatite 15 Ref. No. Clay Quartz Feldspar

I 50 I 51 I 52 I 53 I 54 I 55 I 56 60 65 70 65 70 75 70 20 15 10 20 15 10 20 20 20 20 15 15 15 10

57 | 58 75~~80~ 15 10 10 10

Kef. No. Clay Flint Feldspar

I 59 60 20 20

Ref. No. Clay Flint Feldspar.

I 69 I 70 I 71 I 72 I 73 I 74 I 75 I 76 I 77 [Js 60 55 50 45 40 60 55 50 45 40 20 25 30 35 40 15 20 25 30 35 20 20 20 20 20 25 25 25 25 25

Ref. No. Clay Flint Feldspar

I 60 I 55 22.5 22.5

61 50 25 25

I 62 I 45 27.5 27.5

63 I 64 I 65 I 66 I 67 I 68 40 60 55 50 45 4(T 30 25 30 35 40 45 30 15 15 15 15 15

I 79 I 80 I 811 82 I 83 I 84 I 85 |,86 | 87 | 88\~89 60 55 50 45 40 35 65 40 45 50~55 10 15 20 25 30 35 10 25 20 15 10 30 30 30 30 30| 30| 25 35 35| 35 35

Ref.No. |90|9l| 92 | 93 | 94 | 95 | 96 | 97 |98| 99 | IÖÖ" Clay.... 40 50 40 40 40 40 40 40 5050 50 Flint.... 20 10 31.20 22.85 13.50 42.90 38.60 34.25 14 28.70 23.30 Feldspar 40 40 28.80 37.15 46.50 15.20 19.20 23. OO 36 19.10 24. OO Whiting 1.80 2.26| 2.75 2.28 2.70

BODY COMPOSITION, WT. Ref. No. Clay, raw Clay, calcined Flint Feldspar Whiting

%.—(Continued]

BODIES, CHEMICAL COMPOSITION.—(Continued)

I 101 I 102 103 | 104 | 105 | 106 | 107 | 108 | 109 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 20 20 20 20 20 25 25 25 25 18.513.5 9.5 5.0 13.510 5 10 15 19 23.528.510 13.518.523.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5

I 110 ] 50 30 8.5 10 1.5

Ref. No. Clay, raw Clay, calcined Flint Feldspar Whiting Ref. No. Clay Feldspar Flint Whiting Alumina

111 I 112 I 50 50 30 30 5 13.5 18.5 1.5 1.5

113 | 114 | 115 50 50 50 35 32.5 34 13.5 16 16 1.5 1.5 |

I 116 117 | 118 119 120 | 121 | 122 j 123 | 124 71.577.080.185 80 80 75 75 75 15.612.5 9.513.518.513.523.518.510 2.4 5 5 13.5 1.41.451.43 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 9.19.058.97 | |

Ref. No. I 101 I 102 | 103 | 104 | 105 | 106 [ 107 | 108 109 SiO2 64.5962.9061.6160.1058.5262.0760.9059.2757.64 Al 2 O 3 ... . 30.8631.7632.5333.3634.2533.1533.8034.7035.63 TiO2 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.17 0.17 0.17 0.17 Fe 2 O 3 .... 0.53 0.55 0.57 0.61 0.63 0.56 0.58 0.60 0.64 CaO 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.12 1.09 1.11 1.15 1.14 MgO 0.22 0.23 0.23 0.24 0.25 0.23 0.24 0.25 0.25 K20 1.58 2.08 2.47 2.92 3.40 1.61 1.97 2.45 2.96 N a 2 O . . . . 1.05| 1.25 1.35 1.52| 1.68| 1.12 1.23 1.41 1.57 Ref. No. SiO2 Al2O3 TiO2 Fe2O3 CaO MgO K20 Na20 Ig. loss

I 110 I 111 I 112 I 113 | 115 | 133 | 134 135 59.5658.3656.8055.9372.5172.49 71.40 75.64 35.4336.0837.0038.4022.6022.03 27.58 22.63 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.19 0.16 0.63 0.65 0.62 0.66 0.44 3.66 0.75 0.68 1.10 1.12 1.13 1.13 1.05 Trace 0.35 0.68 0.26 0.27 0.28 0.28 0.18 0.24 0.06 0.06 1.67 2.05 2.53 2.07 1.98 \ 1.17 1.29 1.46 1.34 1.08 ]*'** J ' b l 0.10 0.22

Ref. No.

I 125 | 126 | 127 | 128 129 | 130 | 131 | 132 Ref. No. 70 70 70 80 75 70 50 50~ SiO2 23.519 15 10 13.510 16 16 Al2O3 5 9 . 5 1 3 . 5 8 . 5 1 0 18.532.534 Fe2O3 1.5 1.5| 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 CaO Ref. No. I 136 | 137 | 138 | 139 | 140 | 141 [ 142 K 2 O . . . Na2Q Kaolin 39 39 39 39 39 39 39 Ball clay 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 Ref. No. Flint 37 37 37 37 37 37 37 SiO2 Feldspar 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 Al2O3 Whiting 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 O Fe2O3 Dolomite O 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 CaO MgO Ref. No. 143 | 144 | 145 K 20 Kaolin 48 46 46 Ig. loss Quartz 18 28 33

Clay Feldspar Flint Whiting

Feldspar

34

Ref. No. Clay substance Quartz sand Feldspar Chalk

1.7 5.6

160 | 161 | 72.4 60.5 16.6 25.2 0.7 1.5 1.9 1.5 0.6 1.7 2.2 6.7 9.3

162 | 62.7 19.1 0.8 6.0 0.5 0.5 10.9

163 | 164 68.9 67.0 20.8 20.2 0.9 0.8 0.9 2.5 0.5 0.5 1.2 1.2 6.8 7.8

* Sèvres hard porcelain, new body, soft porcelain and stoneware, respectively, according to Coupeau ( 2 0 » 21 ). f Limoges porcelain according to Vogt ( 2 0 > 21 ). Berlin porcelain, general chemical composition according to Rieke ( 103 ). | Î 165

AT

I 166 | 167 24* 23* 25f 33 32 50 38 37 20 5 5 5 3

Clay Kaolin Quartz Feldspar Chalk

t Fat clay.

| 168 | 22} 24J 45 48 22 23 5 10

J Meissen clay.

169 | 170 | 1711 23J 46 35 35 25 23 60 60§ 45 5 5 53 0 3

§ Quartz sand calcined twice at

BODIES, CHEMICAL COMPOSITION Ref. No. SiO 2 ... Al2O3 TiO2 Fe2O3 CaO. MgO K20 Na2O

21

I 159 | 74.6 17.1 0.8 0.4

I 158 | 159 | 160 | 161 | 162 | 163 | 164 DISTRIBUTION OF REFERENCE NUMBERS (COMPOSITIONS) AMONG 50 41 40 62 48~51.5 50 55 LITERATURE REFERENCES 22.5 54 52 33 42 43.5 42 40 22.5 5 5 5 5 5 5 Ref. I ~ R e Z ~ Refi ~ XT Lit. AT Lit. Lit. I 3 10 3 No. No. No.

Ref. No.

* Lean clay, cone 15.

26

151 I 152 | 153 [ 154 | 155 [ 156 | 157 68.4 70.0069.5267.6576.4571.2775.02 27.7 26.2126.5627.7418.9025.2423.40 0.82 0.75 0.76 0.73 1.01 0.71 0.15 0.3 0.54 0.51 0.63 0.93 0.72 0.61 1.37 1.45 1.34 1.38 0.97 1.74 1.03 0.88 0.87 0.97 1.35 0.81 0.89

I

(20 1) 36 1721-|5 173 |, 2174

6

7-25 15

(is, 19,

37-39

103, 105, 129, 158,

40-49 50-58

(33) (144) (72)

i59) 59-84 (106) (56, 57)

16 (106,114) 26-33 (112) 34

(158, 159)

(105, 1 2 9 ,

101-115

(93)

116-132 (127) 133 134? 135

(134) (90)

(74, 77, 136-142 (94) 85) 143-145 (138)

85-91 ]

151-157

(25, 26)

52,69 [ 73-79 [

158 159-164

(«, 19) (42)

81

165

J

(58)

1* I 2* 3* I 4* I 5f | 6Ì 158,159) 92-100 (76) 166-171 (88,89) (105, 129) 172,173 (101,102) 60.75 69.37 74.52 79.32 70.7 67.5 35 } 26.6 [32 23.6.1 2.70 18.42 23.4 0.4 Pétrographie Character of Laboratory Porcelains and Whiteware J 0.8 The pétrographie character of a ceramic body made from clay, . 4.15 1.22 16.10 0.36 0.4 feldspar, and flint varies according to the proportions of the 0.08 0.08 0.61 0.3 component materials and also with the method of preparation 1 / 2 . 5 8 3.45 1.82 3 . 3 (involving physical conditions) and conditions of firing. In ) d - U Z \ 2.42 2.63 0.32 4 ' 8 0.7 porcelains wide variations occur in the relative amounts of glassy

matrix, undissolved quartz (or cristobalite), undecomposed or undissolved clay, and mullite (3Al2O3^SiO2). The mullite was for a long time regarded as sillimanite (Al2O3-SiO2), discrimination being difficult owing to the close resemblance, v. p. 68. A good porcelain of the kind indicated should consist largely of a feldspathic glassy matrix with embedded crystals of quartz and mullite distributed evenly, but no visible particles of clay. The quartz should not exceed 20, or at most 25 % and the average size of its particles should not exceed 0.03 to 0.04 mm diameter, all edges and corners being rounded off through partial solution in the matrix. The crystals of mullite should be numerous and well

formed, and should not exceed ca. 0.01 mm in length and 0.002 mm in thickness. Porcelains answering to this description can be produced only at a comparatively high firing temperature. With lower temperatures smaller proportions of glassy matrix and mullite crystals are produced, the proportions diminishing gradually until the crystals cease to be formed and the amount of glassy matrix becomes relatively insignificant, and the product is no longer porcelain but simply white earthenware. For the microscopic characters of thin sections of porcelains and Whitewares, see (56, 57, 67, 68, 69, 79, 90, 91, 92, 108, 150, 158,

159).

BULK DENSITY, SPECIFIC GRAVITY, AND POROSITY Specific gravity 2.3 -2.51 2.60-2.64f 2.46 2.46 2.30-2.40

Bulk density 2.15-2.02

% open pore porosity*

2.32

4.4

1.45-1.55 2.27-2.38

2.42-2.49 2.49 2.24 2.38 2.44 2.26 2.28 2.36 2.47-2.53

4.1-7.9

2.27-2.41

2.35-2.39 1.96-2.12 2.03-2.40 1.98-2.10 2.13-2.33 2.18-2.35 2.32 2.23 2.28

2.53 2.45 2.45 1.33-1.65 2.48-2.54

% total porosity

3 -10 0.00- 1.76 0.010- 0.034 0.05-9.7 0.02 - 0.86 6.4-11.6 0.0-9.8 7.4 -10.2 2.7 - 6 . 0 0.0 0.13 1.80 0.19 17.1-21.6

2.15-2.20

8.5 8.9 7.7 11.8-15.2

_ Bay eux hard porcelain at red to white heat Hard porcelain Idem., baked at ca. 95O0C Berlin technical porcelain Berlin hard porcelain Hermsdorf porcelain Hermsdorf porcelain, baked 8 commercial porcelains Meissen porcelain Sèvres porcelain Chinese porcelain Laboratory porcelain (Rosenthal) Seger porcelain (Rosenthal) Rosenthal porcelain Japanese porcelain 19 trial porcelains, fired at cone 12 6 American commercial porcelains, cone 12 10 trial porcelains, cone 10 26 trial porcelains, cone 10 3 American hotel chinas 4 American hotel semi-porcelains 14 American hotel wares 8 American household wares (semi-vitreous) 4 English hotel wares 3 French and German hotel wares Fine stoneware 538 Fine stoneware DTS sill. 54 Fine stoneware, DTS sill. 55 6 earthenware bodies, cone 4a 4 stonewares

(11S) (2 9) (29, 103) ( 103 ) (l 19, 121 ) (32) ( 32 ) (108, us, 119) ( 123 ) O23) ( 12 S) ( 123 ) (!23) (123) ( 134 ) (»<>) ( 157 ) (144) (77) (128) (!28) (125) ( 12 S) (125) (125) (l 19) (l l 9) (l 19) (42) (121)

* For direct determination of pore volume, v. ( 142 ). Different absorption methods ( 14 °). t For effects of firing temperatures and fineness of grinding, v, ( 4 2 > 62 » 63 > 80 » 84 > 9 4 > i° 5 ).

SPECIFIC GRAVITY AND BULK DENSITY (13) Specific gravity 2.628 2.884 2.789 2.564 2.482 * 2.482 2.567 2.610 2.505 2.569 2.531

Bulk density 2.363 2.354 2.363 2.433 2.226 2.455 2.556 2.436 2.508 2.314

T

Palissy faience Nevers faience Rouen faience Creil fine faience Creil fine faience English fine faience Flemish stoneware Japanese stoneware English stoneware Hard porcelain from Saxony Bayeux hard porcelain

SPECIFIC GRAVITY AND BULK DENSITY (13).—(Continued) Specific gravity 2.556 2.527 2.470 2.500 2.525 2.525 2.477

Bulk density 2.1331 2.259f 2.334 2.290 2.384 1.873 2.143

,„ Sèvres hard porcelain (1798) Sèvres hard porcelain (1788) Limoges hard porcelain Chinese hard porcelain English soft porcelain Sèvres soft porcelain Tournay soft porcelain

* After firing with Sèvres hard porcelain. Specific gravities of other bodies are given in the same table. t Pores very visible.

COEFFICIENT OF CUBICAL COMPRESSIBILITY See p. 68. Cf. (29,32, 123).

MODULUS OF RUPTURE (DEF. 5) kg/cm 2 I Type | Lit. 774-943 Berlin technical porcelain (107, 108, 119) 588-777 7 commercial porcelains, other than (107, lös, 119) Berlin 420-560 Hermsdorf porcelain (32, 113, 123) >• 690 Hermsdorf porcelain (l * 9 ) 550-670 Hermsdorf porcelain (35) 930 A special Hermsdorf porcelain ( 35 ) 590 Rosenthal insulator G porcelain (113,119,123) 540 Rosenthal insulator H porcelain (l 13, 119, 12 3) 640 Rosenthal table porcelain (113,119,123) 410 Rosenthal laboratory porcelain (113,119,123) 520 Trial porcelain 6292 (copied from (113,119,123) American insulator porcelain) 106-185 6 trial earthenwares, cone 8-9, Ref. (42) No. 159-164* 233 Faience body 135 (i") 416 Fine stoneware, DTS sill. 54 ("9) 580 Fine stoneware, DTS sill. 55 ("») 980 Special trial stoneware 6412 (113, 119, 123) Extruded cylindrical rods 16 mm diameter are fired hanging vertically, and sawn to 120 mm lengths. Loaded centrally, between steel knife edge supports, 1 kg/sec. * Values for firings at cones Ola and 4a are also given in this paper.

TENSILE STRENGTH (DEF. 4) kg/cm 2

Type

1000-2000 Hard porcelain 280-363 Berlin technical porcelain

Cross section, * cm 2 2.5 -2.9

7 commercial hard porcelains 2.8 -3.9 (other than Berlin) Hermsdorf porcelain >360 3.14 360-420 Hermsdorf porcelain ca. 261 Rosenthal insulator porcelain H Chinese porcelain 500 106-887 American porcelain 258-396 19 trial porcelains, cone 15, Ref. No. 7-25 3.50-3.63 180-240 Soft porcelain, cone 8-9 2.76-3.40 184-283 Soft porcelain, cone 8-9 ca. 3.2 84-191 t 10 trial porcelains fired to vitrification, cone 7-10, Ref. No. 40-49 108-185 6 trial earthenwares fired at cone 8, Ref. No. 166-171J 6 trial earthenwares fired at 44-80 cone 8-9, Ref. No. 159164J Special hard earthenware 237 118 Faience body 135 67 Fine stoneware DTS sill. 54 178 Fine stoneware DTS sill. 55 163 161-265

Lit. (29) • (107, 108, 121) (107, 108, 119) (119) (35) (113,123) (119) (119) (106)

(33) (33) (144)

(88, 89) (42)

(119) (119) (119) (119)

* The area of the cross section of the test piece is important. On comparing the tensile and crushing strengths of German and American porcelains, it may be noted that, in general, the former have greater crushing strength and the latter greater tensile strength. t The respective values in order of the composition Ref. No. 40-49 are 125.8, 126.5, 126.5, 109.7, 123, 83.7, 92.1, 126.5, 191.2, and 141.3. Î Values for firings at cones Ola and 4a are also given in this paper. For other measurements of tensile strengths of trial bodies, v. ( 14S ). For influence of glaze, v. p. 68.

CRUSHING STRENGTH Unit = 1000 kg./cm 2 Strength | Type Remarks 4-5 Hard porcelain 4.2 ca. 4.2

Lit. (14, 15, 113, 119) (112, 123) (103)

Hard porcelain Berlin technical por- 2.5 cm cubes, celain determined by Rosenthal (32, 119, 123) £5.6. Hermsdorf porcelain (32, 113) Hermsdorf porcelain 4.8 4.5 -5.5 Hermsdorf porcelain 16 mm diam., (35) 16 mm long (119) 2.8 -4.6 American porcelain (119) Porcelain 152 7.43 2.7 -4.2 8 trial porcelains, cone 2 cm d i a m . (112) 16, Ref. No. 26-33* c y l i n d e r s (with 3. 14 cm2 cross section) (94) 2.7 -4.0 7 trial porcelains, cone 11 2.8 -4.5 6 American commer- Cylinders ca. (157) cial porcelains, cone 3.1 cm when just formed 11 (88, 89) 0.04-0.08 6 trial earthenwares, cone 8f, Ref. No. 166-171 (119) Fine stoneware, DTS 5.8 sill. 55 The higher values (5 and over) are probably due to the use of cylindrical instead of square test pieces. In 1920 the German Committee specified test pieces 16 mm diameter and 16 mm long. * Highest value given by body with 55 % Zettlitz kaolin and 22.5 % each of quartz sand and feldspar. Only a little inferior were the values for bodies having 15 % feldspar and 30 % quartz, and 30 % feldspar and 15 % quartz, respectively. t Value for firings at cones Ola and 4a are also given in this paper.

CRUSHING STRENGTH BETWEEN SPHERES* kg I Type | Lit. 118-152 Berlin technical porcelain ( 1 ^ 7 , 108 > 119) 76-137 7 commercial hard porcelains ( 107 > 108 > 119) (other than Berlin) 50-94 19 trial porcelains fired at cone ( 106 ) 15, Ref. No. 7 to 25 96 (90 - 99) Trial soft porcelain (33) 526 Faience body 135 (119) 792 Fine stoneware, DTS sill. 54 (119) 982 Fine stoneware, DTS sill. 55 (119) * Gary press, v. p. 69 ( 3 4 » 107 > 108). The last three values are those of the breaking load—as are some of the others given in ( 1 1 9 ) and elsewhere—and are about 10 times as large as they should be. Unfortunately, the details are not available.

MODULUS OF ELASTICITY (DEF. 10) The unit is 1000 kg/mm 2 Modulus I Type | Remarks 5.4-7.1 Hermsdorf porcelain

|

Lit. (29 » 32 > 123)

7-8 Hermsdorf porcelain 8.7-7.4 Hermsdorf porcelain 8.2-8.4 Berlin technical porcelain 7.1 6.7 5.0 2.5 3.7

Sèvres hard porcelain Sèvres new porcelain Sèvres soft porcelain Sèvres stoneware Fine faience

Bending. Av. of 72 tests Fired at 1370° Fired at 1270° Fired at 1100° Fired at 1270° Fired at 1270°

( 119 ) ( 35 ) ( 1 0 7 > 121 > !23, 131) ( 6 2, 63) (62, 63) (62, 63) (62,63) (62, 63)

MODULUS OF ELASTICITY (UEF. 10).—(Continued) Type Modulus I Lit. Remarks (123) 8.4 Rosenthal insulator porce- Bending lain G and H (119) 7.8 Rosenthal insulator porce- Bending lain G and H (123) 9.1 Rosenthal table porcelain Bending (119) 8.1 Rosenthal table porcelain Bending (123) 8.6 Rosenthal trial porcelain Bending 6292 (123) Rosenthal trial stoneware Bending 14.9 6412 (119) 8.9 Rosenthal laboratory porcelain (119) 6.8 Rosenthal Seger porcelain 6833 (119) 6.5 Chinese porcelain (119) 2.4 Faience body 135 (119) 5.1 Fine stoneware DTS sill. 54 (119) 6.5 Fine stoneware DTS sill. 55 (119) 151 Trial stoneware 6412 The value of the modulus changes (usually inversely) with the load. It depends less upon chemical composition than upon conditions of manufacture. It is substantially the same for tension and compression. MODULUS OF ELASTICITY IN SHEAB (DEF. 11) kg/cm 430

2

Type | Lit. Trial Seger porcelain Body 6833 (Rosenthai)* . ("3) 481 Rosenthal insulator Body G (lis, 119) 500 Rosenthal insulator Body H (i 13, 119) 500 Rosen thai laboratory porcelain ( 113 > 119) 480-600 Hermsdorf porcelain ( 119 ) 226 Fine stoneware 238 (ll9) 323 Fine stoneware DTS sill. 54 (119) 169 Faience Body 135 ( 119 ) 232 Special hard earthenware 237 C119) 246 Special body 240 ( 119 )

FIXED IMPACT AND BENDING SHOCK (DEF. 16).—(Continued) cm-kg/cm2 | Type | Lit. 1.23-1.8 8 trial porcelains, Ref. No. 15 (138) considered the best 1.68-1.92 Soft porcelain, cone 8-9 (33) 1.6 Faience body 135 (U 9 ) 2.0 Hard earthenware 236 (l l 9 ) 1.5 Hard earthenware 237 (* * 9 ) 1.7 Earthenware 240 (U 9 ) 1.7 Fine stoneware 238 (l 1 9 ) 1.8 Fine stoneware DTS sill. 54 (l i 9 ) 1.7 Fine stoneware DTS sill. 55 (1 » 9 ) 1.3-1.9 Stonewares Z58, Z59, Z60, Z61 (i") * In ( 123 ) this value is given as 1.38, but the 1.61 occurs twice in ( 113 ).

See also ( 125 ) for a different impact test. SUCCESSIVE INCREASING IMPACT SHOCKS Marten's method 112 cm X kg/cm 3 for a table porcelain (113); see also p. 70 RESISTANCE TO ABRASION* Gary sand blast test, 2 min at 3 atm Type Loss in cm 3 1 Lit. Stoneware 6412 (Rosenthal) T/7 (U 3 , 123) Faience body 135 7.2 (U 9 ) Special hard earthenware 236 5.8 (119) Special hard earthenware 237 5.9 (119) Fine stoneware 238 2.4 (119) * In ( 123 , p. 57) Singer quotes from ( 3 2 ) results for hardness obtained by Linck with the use of the sclerometer, and the corresponding values according to the hardness scale of Mohs, as follows:

I

* Square cross section.

FIXED IMPACT AND BENDING SHOCK (DEF. 16) Pendulum-hammer method ( 3 4 » 108 » 119) cm-kg/cm2 | Type 2.0 Berlin technical porcelain

Lit. (107-, ios, 119,

1.75-1.95 7 commercial porcelains (other than Berlin) 1.9 Hermsdorf porcelain 1.9-2.3 Hermsdorf porcelain 0.90 Rosenthal insulator porcelain G 0.95 Rosenthal insulator porcelain H 1.36 Rosenthal table porcelain 1.23 Rosenthal laboratory porcelain 0.08 Rosenthal trial hard porcelain 6292 (copied from American insulator porcelain body) 1.0 Rosenthal Seger porcelain 6833 2.4 Rosenthal trial porcelain 6412 1.61* Rosenthal trial porcelain 6048 1.76-1.95 19 trial porcelains fired at cone 15, Réf. Nos. 7-25

(107, ios, 119)

121)

( 119 ) (35 ) ( 113 > 119, * 2 3) (l 13, 119, 12 3) ( 113 > 119 > *23) ( 113 > 119 > 123) (^ 3 , ^ 9 , 123) (11S, 119, ^ 3 ) (113, 119, 123) (l l 3 > i 2 3 ) ( 106 )

Sclerometer number 10-12 22-25 550-650 950-1000 350-^400

Easy baked porcelain Hard baked porcelain Porcelain fired to maturity, unglazed Surface layer of glaze Glaze below the surface

TOUGHNESS AND HARDNESS % loss of weight by Type Lit. rattler test 15 min |60 min|Ref. No. | 1.93 4.62 92 (76) 0.68 1.95 93 (76) 1.57 4.33 94 (76) 0.30 0.88 95 (76) 0.58 1.97 96 (76) 1.17 3.31 97 (76) 1.73 3.46 98 (76) 1.95 3.70 99 (76) 1.96 4.95 100 (76) 5.36 13.94 59 (77) 6.10 15.36 60 (77) 5.18 14.73 61 (77) 4.77 9.32 64 (77) 1.06 5.54 65 (77) 4.03 7.43 69 (77) % loss of weight by rattler test

Type (9*)

15 min 30 min 180 min , T * I No. 4.67 6.38 11.25 136 4.09 5.60 11.40 137 4.47 5.98 12.80 138 2.95 4.60 I 9.42 | 139

Number in Mohs scale 2 2.5 7 8 6.3

BY THE RATTLER TEST % loss of weight by Type Lit. rattler test ||l5 min|60 min[Ref. No. | 4.42 8.21 70 (77) 2.33 5.09 71 (77) 2.30 4.39 72 (77) 1.96 4.12 73 (77) 5.66 10.23 74 (77) 5.19 8.22 75 (77) 2.51 5.45 76 (77) 2.82 5.65 77 (77) 5.02 8.51 79 (77) 4.33 8.02 80 (77j 3.38 6.34 81 (77) 2.71 4.80 82 (77) 2.19 4.78 83 (77) 1.98 4.17 84 (77) % loss of weight by rattler test

Type (9*)

15 min 30 min 180 min

,T No. Ï4ÔT 141 142

3.66 3.60 3.05

5.20 5.15 4.12

10.70 9.80 10.30

The 15 min test serves to indicate the toughness or resistance to chipping. The 180 min test indicates hardness after edges and corners have been removed. These rattler tests were made in a ball mill 9% in. diameter and 13 in. long inside, making 40 revolutions per minute. The charge consisted of 61 nearly equal pebbles, weighing 22% Ib. For each test 13 specimens of porcelain were used, which were weighed at the proper time intervals. For a standard test it is suggested that 10 kg of pebbles might be used along with 12 specimens. The above results of tests are comparable, as the same conditions were maintained throughout. Further data relating to the rattler test with trial bodies will be found in (53, 65, 128, i45). SOFTENING POINT AND CONE MELTING POINT I Type and remarks | Lit. Normal (ï"j Special ( 12 2) Rosenthal porcelain melts ( 119 , 12 O, 123) Japanese table porcelain, Ref. No. ( 134 / 133 1690 Porcelain, Ref. No. 134 melts ( 90 ) 1670 Porcelain, Ref. No. 135 melts ( 90 ) Berlin porcelain 900-1000 Appreciable softening begins (i°3, 123) ca. 1680 Melting takes place ( 1 OS, H9, 123) co. 950 Berlin glaze softens ( 1 0 3 > 123) Cone 25 Berlin porcelain begins to deform (72) 25 Ref. No. 58 begins to deform Ç 72 ) 0

C 1500 1700 1710 1390

Softening point varies with size and shape of test piece and also with time of heating, etc. In spite of the softening of Berlin porcelain, perceptible far below 100O0C according to Rieke ( 103 > 123 ), porcelain tubes, crucibles, etc., if suitably protected and not too severely loaded, can be safely used at temperatures up to 1400° or even higher. For Rosenthal porcelain it is claimed that when very strongly heated it can be worked like glass to make laboratory apparatus, see ( 12 °). Rosen thai (112) heated one side of thick rods of different hard porcelains in an electric arc-light. He found that bodies rich in feldspar immediately split off in numerous small pieces, bodies rich in quartz and clay substance cracked off more slowly and in larger pieces, whilst specially resistant bodies merely melted at the heated places. COEFFICIENT OF THERMAL EXPANSION ^~ 3

I

.

4

0

Type 3

{

2

3

Range C -

2

0

0

(

2

Lit. 9

, 101, 102, 103, 1 1 9 )

3.53

I

3.55 3.56

^1. , . , , . Berlin technical porcelain, un-

23-400

gïazed.

23-600 23-700

101

102

»

103

101

102

( > » ( 2 9 » 101 >

103

C » 119^

102

» ) >

103)

1.77

1

f -191 to 16

C49»

101

»

102

»

103, 1 2 3 )

3.36

49

16-250

( »

16-500

49

101

»

102

»

103, 123)

3.64

( »

101

»

102

»

103, 1 2 3 ^

3.77 4.34

Berlin porcelain

«

16-750 16-1000

49

( ) (49»

101

»

102

»

103^ 1 1 9 , 1 2 3 )

3.16 3.50 3.60 4.09 ca. 4.4 3.76 J

0-250 0-500 0-750 0-1000 >1000 0-625

50

( ) (50) (50) (50) (52) (Si)

COEFFICIENT OF THERMAL, EXPANSION.—(Continued) j^__ j -j^j-

Range 0C

Type

ca. 1.79 Ì 2.94 3.08 2.99 I _, .. . . 3.12 ( er in P°rcelam

( *-191 to 16 14-56 14-100 J 0-100 \

3.8

Lit.

(H7, n s j C 1 1 7 » 118 ) O 1 ?, u s ) (i 4 » 1S » is 17) (ioo) (119,121)

Various up to ( 1 1 9 ) { 1000* Hermsdorf porcelain (H») Seger porcelain 6833 20-100 (123) Rosenthal laboratory porcelain 20-100 (123) Rosenthal elee, porcelain 0-100 C1 * 9 ) Meissen porcelain 0-99 ' (101,102,123,

3.03-4.31 4.25 3.80 3.52 3.60-4.79 2.69

153)

5.4 Ì 5.3 5.3 6.8 2.82-3.81 2.522

(

0-1106 0-1298 0-1457 0-1524 0-83 O

(US)* (20,21,115) (20,21,115) (20,21,115) (14, is, 20, 21) C101» 102» 123> 135, 1 3 6 )

2.819

'

3.166 I _ .. 3.265 f Baveux porcelain

J

20

(135,136)

40 ^

(101> 1 0 2 > 123>

(135>

13

6)

135, 1 3 6 )

3.414

60

C135»

3.711

80

("S, 1 3 6 )

136

)

2

4.008

100

(ioi> i« » i23»

4.305

120

C101»

135, 1 3 6 ) 102

>

123

»

135, 1 3 6 )

3.53-4.07J

[

100-600

Ref. No. 16, fired at: 100O0C UOO0C 125O0C Cone 15 Conciò Fired more than once Sèvres new porcelain fired at:

7.76 5.71 5.21 3.97 3.74 3.72-3.60

(i, 2, 3, H9) C 1 1 «) (110) ( 1 1 O) ( 1 1 O) (11O) (110)

5.23

1270°

(20,21,25,26)

5.01

1370°

(20,21,25,26)

1500°

(20,21,25,26)

2.99

Sèvres hard porcelain: 5.1 6 O I l

FiredatlOOO°

5.5 3.9

i:S

«—»»«•

4.7

»:;

I

S0MWÎiOO.

5.5 6.5 8.5 6.4

New,firedat 1000°

™

New,firedat 1270° (normal).

6.9 4.5

1:1

( 2 O, 21) (20. 21 j (^,

0-800 0-200

(20,2i) (20> 21)

n I«:"!

0-800

(20,2i)

0-200 0-400 0-600 0-200

(20,21) (20» 21) (20» 21) (20,21)

-- <::;;;> £££

( 2 0 > 21) ( 2 O, 21)

[

0-800

( 2 O, 21)

(

0-200

( 2 O, 21)

™ [-;;>

Sèvres stoneware: 4.5

1:1

-—

Ii

Firedatl27o°(„.)

4.8 6.0

6.8 9.0 8.3 7.7

•

Fired at 1370°

[^'Jj

0-800 0-200

»„,*-.* »T«,

4.9

0-200 0-400 ÔO

ï% ?::"!

0-800 0-200

( 2 O, 21) (20,21)

0-800 0-200 0-400 0-600

(20 2 1 ) ( 2 O 21) (20 2 1 ) (2Q 21)

j^jj <:::;; I r j [

* Deville and Troost made more than 200 experiments in all.

COEFFICIENT OF THERMAL EXPANSION. — (Continued) 1O6A/ IAt 7.2 3.8 ] 4.2 4.5 4.5 J 5.0 6.0 7.8 6.3 8.1 7.2 6.8 6.4 7.0 1 8.2 I 9.8 [ 9.3 J 2.9 3.4 3.1 3.2 2.9 3.3 3.5 3.2 4.1 3.7

Range 0C

Type Fired at 1370° Limoges porcelain fired at 1370° Fine faience (Choisy) fired at 1200° Body of composition, AhOa.2SiO2, t fired at 1250°.

0-800 0-200 0-400 0-600 0-800 0-200 0-400 0-600 0-800 0-300 0-500 0-700 0-900 0-300 0-500 0-700 0-900

COEFFICIENT OF THERMAL EXPANSION.—(Continued) 1 -j^-

Lit. (20,21)

0

3.3 3.4 4.7 3.7 6.1 6.2 4.7 5.4 7.1 5.7 4.9 4.3-4.9

(20,21)

(20, 21) (20,21) (20,21) (20,21) (20,21)

(20, 21) (20, 21) (22) (22) (22) (22)

[ Body of composition, AhOs.- I I 1OSiO2, t fired at 1250°. ( Ref. No. 116 Ref. No. 117 Ref. No. 118 Ref. No. 119 Room temRef. No. 120 > perature to Ref. No. 121 200° Ref. No. 122 Ref. No. 123 Ref. No. 124 Ref. No. 125

ca. 10.3 12.2 10.8

(22) (22) (22) (22)

6 Type

A

J Range 0C

"

Lit.

'

Ref. No. 126 ] (127) Ref. No. 127 (127) Ref. No. 128 Room tern- f 1 2 ? ) Ref. No. 129 [ perature to ( 1 2 7 ) Ref. No. 130 200° (127) Ref. No. 131 . ( 1 2 7) Ref. No. 132 J ( 1 2 ?) Special hard earthenware 236.. (119 ) Special hard earthenware 237. . (ll9) Fine stoneware 238 (119) Fine stoneware DTS sill. 55 ... ( 119, 121 ) 4 stonewares (58-61) ( 119 ) Earthenwares fired at cone 9 Ref. No. 172, 173 22-150 (ioi, 102) Ref. No. 172 220-340 (loi, 102) Ref. No. 173 220-340 (ioi, 102)

For other values for Berlin porcelain, v. ( l l 9 , p. 428). For expansion coefficients of bodies with calcined clay replaced by sillimanite (mullite) or other special component, v. p. 70, and also C 93 » 127 ). t Chantepie records results obtained with these two bodies fired at 1370°, and also at 1000° in the case of the former; also with bodies obtained by admixture of considerable percentages of iron oxide, feldspar, or chalk respectively with the former, and of lime or magnesia respectively with the latter. Coefficients for the range 200°-400° are also given in ( 127 ). Other thermal expansion coefficients, mainly of trial bodies, will be found in ( 8 4 » 85 » 146 » 149 ). For coefficients of thermal expansion of glazes, v. ( 2 0 » 2 1 > 2S » 26 > 109 ).

(127) (127) (127) (127) (127) (127) (127) (127) (127) (127)

HEAT CAPACITY (SPECIFIC HEAT) g-cal/g°C 0.258 0.256 0.254 0.202 0.221 0.212 0.229

I Range | Type | Cone | Lit. || g-cal/g°C Range [ Type | Cone [ Lit. 15-912 Porcelain ( 40 ) 0.212 20-200 Marquardt body 15 ( 13 <>) 15-958 Porcelain ( 40 ) 0.229 20-400 Marquardt body 15 ( 1 SO) 15-1075 Porcelain ( 40 ) 0.190 Porcelain, Japanese table (134)* 20-210 Porcelain, Berlin technical 15 (103, 130) 0.17 Porcelain, hard (32) 20-400 Porcelain, Berlin technical 15 (103, 130) 0.25 Porcelain, Rosenthal (123,130)| 20-200 Marquardt body 09 ( 1 SO) 0.2 Porcelain, Hermsdorf ( 11 S) 20-400 Marquardt body 09 ( 1 30) 0.185-0.187 17-100 Stonewares (1^1)

* A "brown porcelain" (Japanese) used for making bottles with specific heat reported as 0.171, is evidently a stoneware, t According to Dolazalek, the heat capacity per cm3 is 0.575, the specific gravity being 2.3,

AVEKAGE SPECIFIC HEAT IN MEAN CALORIES BETWEEN 2O0C AND ^"~~~~~

-——^L____

Berlin porcelain, green* Berlin porcelain, fired Berlin porcelain, glaze, green .. Berlin porcelain, glaze, fired... Earthenware, greenf Earthenware, fired

100

200

300

400

500

0.185 0.189 0.170 0.179 0.181 0.186

0.187 0.195 0.174 0.181 0.183 0.192

0.197 0.203 0.183 0.189 0.192 0.203

0.213 0.212 0.193 0.197 0.201 0.212

0.228 0.222 0.208 0.199 0.215 0.223

600

700

800

900

1000

1100

Lit.

0.232

0.245

0.264

0.287

0.304

0.337

0.202

0.204

0.211

0.218

0.230

0.245

0.234

0.275

0.286

0.296

0.307

0.324

( 1 ^, 1 ^) ( 18 > 19) (i 8, i») ( 18 > ™) ( 1 ^, 1 ^) ( 1 S, 1 ^ )

*For composition, see Ref. No. 6, fired at cone 16 (146O0C). t For composition, see Ref. No. 158, fired at cone 9. 1 Joule cm"2 1sec" (°C, cm" )"1

1 c a0 l cm"2 1sec" ( C, cm" )-1

0.0104 0.0185 0.0080 ca. 0.00837 0.00837-0.0167 0.0163 -0.0197

0.00248 (95°) 0.00442 0.0019 (15°-20°) ca. 0.002 0.002 -0.004 0.0039-0.0047 (165°-1055°) 0.0029-0.0053 (70°-1000°) 0.0027 0.0029 0.0025

00121-0.0222 0.0113 0.0121 0.0105

THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY BTUeo ft."2 sec"1 (0F, in."1)"1

r r . i i Type and remarks

0.00200 0.00356 0.00153 ca. 0.00161 0.00161-0.00322 0.00314-0.00379

Porcelain Japanese table porcelain Rosenthal porcelain Hermsdorf porcelain Porcelain Sèvres porcelain

0.00234-0.00427

Stoneware

0.00218 0.00234 0.00202

Fine stoneware (DTS sill.) Stoneware 58 Stoneware 59, 60, 61

T^ Lit. (64, 119) (l19, 134) (123) (32) (29, 103) (155,156) '(155,156) (121) (121) (121)

RESISTANCE TO THERMAL SHOCK No standard methods of testing have been adopted, and the recorded data therefore are not comparable; see (io, 11, 72, 74, 103, 120, 1 3 7 , 143, 147, 148, 1 5 4 ) .

Temp., 0

SPECIFIC RESISTIVITY ( Unit: IO12 ohm-cm Temp.. 0 C 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 120 140 160 180 200

TEMPERATURE COEFFICIENTS OF ELECTRICAL RESISTANCE Berlin porcelain (124)

144

C

575 600 625 650 675 700

)

l_dR

Temp., 0

Rt dt -16.00 - 9.80 - 6.20 - 4.60 - 3.70 - 2.80

C

725 750 775 800 825 850

-2.00 -1.60 -1.00 -0.70 -0.50 -0.40

Temp., 0

C

J^dR

dt

fa

875 900 925 950 975 1000

-0.35 -0.30 -0.25 -0.20 -0.16 -0.12

Ref. No. 40 41 I 42 I 43 44 | 45 | 46' 47 | 48 | 49 165 129 109 66 85 109 53 109 109 355 80 62 52 31 40 52 25 52 52 173 39 30 25 15 20 25 13 25 25 86 19 15 13 8 10 13 6 13 11 42 9.5 6.3 4.8 3.8 4.2 5.4 2.1 6.3 4.2 21 4.8 2.7 1.9 1.7 1.9 2.4 0.9 3.2 1.8 10 EFFECT OF MOISTURE ON ELECTRICAL RESISTANCE OF POWDERED 2.0 1.2 0.8 0.8 0.8 1.0 0.4 1.3 0.8 3.8 1.0 9.5 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.5 0.2 0.6 0.3 1.9 PORCELAIN (47) 0.44 0.21 0.17 0.15 0.14 0.18 0.07 0.25 0.13 0.84 Glazed porcelain | Unglazed porcelain 0.11 0.05 0.04 0.04 0.03 0.04 0.02 0.06 0.03 0.18 0.029 0.013 0.011 0.01 0.008 0.011 0.005 0.017 0.008 0.044 Resistance of Resistance of 0.0083 0.0039 O. G032 0.0031 0.0033 0.0036 0.0014 0.0056 0.0024 0.0136 Moisture, % a cube of 1 cm Moisture, % a cube of 1 cm 0.00289.00140.00110.00110.001 0.00120.00050.002 0.00080.0043 edge, kilo-ohm edge, kilo-ohm O. OOIOJO. 0006 0.0004|0.0004 0.0004 0.0005 0.0002 0.0008 0.0003 0.0016

0 7 4 3 1 2 1 700 Unit: IO9 ohm-cm 1.58 12 160 220 0.43 0.21 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.21 0.09 0.31 0.13 0.66 1.90 5 953 240 0.20 0.10 0.08 0.08 0.07 0.07 0.04 0.14 0.06 0.29 3.34 2 382 260 0.08 0.051 0.037 0.035 0.035 0.041 0.021 0.073 0.033 0.14 280 0.046 0.029 0.021 0.018 0.021 0.023 0.012 0.041 0.02 0.078 5.48 563.2 300 0.026 0.016 0.013 0.010 0.012 0.015 0.007 0.033 0.013 0.050 8.08 320.7 10.9 150.0 VOLUME RESISTIVITY 15.3 39.40 12 Specific resist. = A X IO ohm-cm 19.0 19.32 Te P 0c -'

'

T~dR

'Rt dt

50 100 150 200 210 ca. 1000 727 20 51 97.5 160.5 189 400 600 800 1000 1100 400 600 800 1000 1100 22 30 2.1 20.5 50.4 59.1 81.9

(A) 2150 16.1 0.416 0.134 0.00651 0.033 0.017 129 281 40 1.72 0.385 20 3.125 1.818 1.000 0.769 20 5.556 2.500 1.064 0.787 300 Ì 220/ 141 35.5 2.64 1.08 0.15

Type Porcelain Porcelain Porcelain Porcelain Porcelain Porcelain Berlin porcelain Coburg porcelain Coburg porcelain Coburg porcelain Coburg porcelain Coburg porcelain

Berlin porcelain, glazed

Meissen porcelain, glazed Chemical porcelain, unglazed Hermsdorf Hermsdorf Hermsdorf Hermsdorf Hermsdorf

porcelain porcelain porcelain porcelain porcelain

Ï 7 Ï 4 4 521 1.54 3 292 6.12 1 241 9.39 673.8 14.1 278.3 19.2 40.30 23.8 13.78 27.3 3.822

Lit. (31) (31) (31) (31) (31) ( 75 ) (78,ios) (27,28)* (27, 28) (27,28) (27, 28) (27,28) (36) (36) (36) (36) (36) f (36) (36) (36) (36) (36) (24) (24) (43,44)" (43,44) (43,44) (43, 44) (43, 44)

For results of resistivity tests on a typical porcelain body (fired up to 140O0C) at temperatures ranging from 860°-1315°, v. (55). * Dietrich found no essential difference between glazed and unglazed porcelain.

SURFACE RESISTIVITY This varies enormously with humidity of the atmosphere and with the nature of the surface of the film, see (29, H9).

DIELECTRIC CONSTANT Dielectric Type Remarks constant Berlin hard porcelain Ref. No. 6 for com5.73 position, sp. gr., 2.38 Berlin Seger porce- Ref. No. 34, fired at 6.61 lain cone 9, sp. gr., 2.40 6.84 Berlin figure porce- Ref. No. 35, sp. gr., lain 2.41 4.5-5.3 Hermsdorf porcelain Hermsdorf porcelain 5-6 Hard porcelain 5.8 Ref. No. 16, same value whether potash feldspar or soda feldspar used 4.38 Baked porcelain* "Doit être un peu fort" 8.95 Hermsdorf porcelain at 2O0C 5.17 Fine stoneware, DTS . sill. 55

Lit. (129, 103, 119) (103, 129) (103, 129) (29, 32) (119) (37, 114)

(23) (43, 44) (119)

* The value is low probably because the test piece was "une plaque de porcelaine dégourdie" or product of the low biscuit firing, and therefore would be very porous.

DIELECTRIC STRENGTH 1. Shape of the electrodes not specified (except in ( 112 )). Voltage increased 0.5 kv per sec, starting at 20 kv under oil (138) Volts per mm 13 200 13 800 14 000 13 200 12 400 12 800 13 200 12 400

Type

Ref. Ref. Ref. Ref. Ref. Ref. Ref. Ref.

No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No.

Lit.

Remarks

26 Test pieces, 10 cm in diam. and (112) 27 about 2.5 mm thick, with 28 rounded edges, under oil. Fired 29 at cone 16 30 31 32 33

2. Electrodes cup-shaped. Voltage increased 250 volts per sec, starting at 50% of the estimated puncture voltage ( 144 )

11 13 22 32 14 27 23 16 18 15

150? 300 650 300 300 750 000 300 400 600

Ref. Ref. Ref. Ref. Ref. Ref. Ref. Ref. Ref. Ref.

No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No.

40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49

Test cups 65 and 69 mm diam. at bottom and top respectively and 65 mm in height. Minimum thickness 3 mm (middle of bottom). Firing temp, resp. cones 10+, 10, 9, 8, 9+, 9, 8, 7, 9, 7. The figures in each case represent the peak value of the puncture pressure, which was found to be 1.46 X RMS value of puncture pressure

EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE AND OF DIFFERENT FIRING TEMPERATURES Volts Temp. per mm 11 380 24 375 274 17 700 25 16 600 100 7 200 200 790 300 17 450 25 16 550 100 6 560 200 920 300 16 800 25 16 250 100 7 750 200 1 840 300 17 600 25 16 400 100 6 950 200 * 1 310 300 13 550 13 470

14 660

12 850

13 14 14 13

560 820 100 860

)

EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE AND OF DIFFERENT FIRING TEMPERATURES. — (Continued) Volts per mm 25 400 18 000 5 030 1 620 1 020 1 040 520

Temp.

Type

Remarks

14 Ì 104 150 213 [ Ref. No. 42 248 310* 325* J

/ Test pieces were the cups < ^ described above

Lit.

1(144)

* After prolonged application of pressure. Two curves are given ( 30 ) showing the current-time effects of the application of a potential of 584 volts (from a storage battery) to porcelain test-pieces heated to 530°. For other tests of dielectric strength of various trial bodies refer to ( 6 » 71 » 145 ).

VELOCITY OF SOUND Velocity Type km/sec 5.93 Rosenthal laboratory porcelain 6.68 Rosenthal special t r i a l porcelain 6048 5.05 Eermsdorf hard porcelain

Lit. (113, (113,

123) 123)

Velocity Type km/sec 4.9-5.2 Porcelain in general 3.6 Bad porcelain

Lit. (32,

113,

123) (32,

113,

123) (29,

113)

The velocity of transmission of sound vibrations depends on the modulus of elasticity of the material. Hence the tone given by porcelain when struck is a function of the velocity of sound, and from such tones may be obtained indications of the quality of the porcelain.

TRANSLUGENCY OF PORCELAIN For methods and results, v. ( 65 , 74 , 77, 8 *, 133, 151). LITERATURE

Type

Lit.

Remarks

Composition 49 % mixed Tested in elee, furnace clays, 16 % flint, 35 % feldspar. Fired at cone 9 (all American materials)

(48)

Ref. No. 88

Test pieces were small cups (jiggered) 5 \ in. I Fired at cone high, 3 in. diam., 0.15 I 11 or 12 in. thick. At 325° all I four bodies became Ref. No. 74 conductors, though still offering high resistance

Ref. No. 86

(152)

Ref. No. 76 Fired quickly to cone 10; cooled slowly Fired quickly to cone 13; cooled to cone 02 in. one hour; then slowly Composition 59 % mixed clays, 18 % flint, 23 % < Fired quickly to cone 10; then slowly to cone feldspar 12; quickly to cone 17; cooled slowly Fired quickly to cone 10; then slowly to cone 13 and fired 20 hr; cooled quickly to cone 2 and then slowly Fired like the foregoing Composition as above but with soda-feldspar instead \ Other bodies of different compositions gave simof potash-feldspar ilar results

1(86)

I (86) J

(For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) C 1 ) Bedford, 67, 17: 148; 99. (2) Bedford, 133, 1899: 245. (3) Bedford, 3, 49: 90; 00. ( 4 ) Bleininger and Kinnison, 81, 17: 130; 15. ( 5 ) Bleininger and McDanel, 38, 3: 134; 20. ( 6 ) Bleininger and Stull, 81, 12: 628; 10. ( 7 ) Bleininger and Teetor, 81, 15: 328; 13. (») Boudouard, 106. 7: 691; 20. ( 9 ) Boudouard, 378, 6: 583; 21. ( 1 0 ) Boudouard, 102, 24: 79; 21. (U) Boudouard, 103, 29: 496; 21. C 1 2) Bowen and Greig, 38, 7: 238; 24. ( 13 ) Brongniart, Traités des Arts Céramiques, (Paris, Bechet) 1844. (U) Chappuis, 3, 50: 433; 00. (* 5 ) Chappuis, 67, 17: 355; 01. ( 16 ) Chappuis, 67, 18: 89; 01. (*7) Chappuis and Harker, 238, 12: 1902. (18) Cohn, 104, 4: 55; 23. ( 19 ) Cohn, 38, 7: 359, 475, 548; 24. (20) Coupeau, 420, 1898: 1274. ( 21 ) Coupeau, B7o, 455, 494; 06. (22) Chantepie, 420, 1900: 39. B75, 514; 06. (23) Curie, 6, 17: 385; 89. (24) Curtis, 31, No. 234: 14.' (25) Damoiir, 420, 1879: 191. (26) Damour, B75, 393; 06. (27) Dietrich, Diss. Göttingen, 1909. (28) Dietrich, 63, 11: 187; 10. ( 2 9 ) Doelter, BlO. (30) Earhart, 419, 16: 81; 16. (31) Foussereau, 6, 5: 241; 85. (32) Friese, B12. (33) Funk, 104, 3: 270; 22. (34) Gary, 100, 56: 429; 23. (35) Gerold, 103, 32: 225; 24. (36) Goodwin and Mailey, 2, 23: 22; 06. ( 3 7 ) Grüneisen and Giebe', 88, 14: 921; 12. (38) Haber, 93, 57: 154; 08. (39) Haber, 100, 41: 225; 08. (40) Harker, 3, 10: 430; 05. (41) Harkort, 81, 15: 368; 13. (42) Harkort and Scherbius, 100, 52: 297, 309, 321; 19. (43) Haworth, Diss., Zurich, 1906. (44) Haworth, 5, 81: 221; 08. (45) Hecht, 420, 1898: 1321. (46) Hecht, B75, 503, 505; 06. (47) Hecht and Ashley, 81, 13: 259; 11. (48) Henderson and Weimer, 81, 13: 469; 11. (49) Henning, 8, 22: 631; 07. (5°) Holborn and Day, 8, 2: 505; 00. ( 51 ) Holborn and Grüneisen, 5, 6: 136; 01. (52) Holborn and Wien, 8, 47: 107; 92. (83) Hope, 81, 11: 494; 09. ( 5 4 ) Howat, 81, 18: 268; 16. ( 5 S ) Kinnison, 81, 17: 421; 15. ( 5 6) Klein, 32, No. 80: 16. (57) Klein, 81, 18: 377; 16. (58) Kohl, 104, 3: 303; 22. (59) Kohl, 104, 4: 137; 24. (6°) Le Chatelier, 420, 1895: 181. («) Le Chatelier, B75, 388; 06. (62) Le Chatelier, 420, 1898: 1317. (63) Le Chatelier, B75, 497; 06. (64) Lees and Chorlton, 3, 41: 495; 96. (65) Lin, 38, 2: 622; 19. (66) Lunelund, 60, 55A: No. 13; 13. («*) Mellor, 82, 5: 75; 06. (68) Mellor, 54, 26: 375; 07. (69) Mellor, 418, 32: 833; 07. (70) Mellor, 82, 14: 176; 15. (71) Minneman, 81, 13: 704; 11. (72) Montgomery and Babcock, 81, 18: 88; 16. (73) Müller, 124, 1: 219; 13. (74) Murray, 81, 13: 585; 11. (75) Nernst and Reynolds, 188, 1900: 328. (76) Ogden, 81, 7: 370; 05. (77) Ogden, 81, 13: 395; 11. (78) Pirani

and Siemens, 9, 15: 969; 09. (79) Plenske, 100, 41: 256, 271, 287, 301, 326; (120) Singer, 92, Sl: 221, 227, 229; 18. («i) Singer, 104, 4: 49; 23. 4: 08. 164; 24. (122) Singer, 112, 335: 96; 20. (123) Singer and Rosenthal, ( ) Potts and Knollman, SJ, 15: 285; 13. ( 81 ) Priest, Sl, 17: 150; 15. ( 8 2 ) 104, l, No. 3: 47; 20. (124) Somerville, 2, 31: 261; 10. («») Sortwell, 38, Purdy, 81, 13: 86; 11. (*3) Purdy, 81, 13: 550; 11. ( 84 ) Purdy, 81, 5: 276; 22. (««) Sortwell, 82, No. 196: 21. («7) Souder and Hidnert, 15: 499; 13. ( 8S ) Purdy and Potts, 81, 13: 431; 11. (86) Radcliffe, 81, 31, No. 352: 19. (l 2 8 ) Staley and Hromatko, 38, 2: 227; 19. (l 2 9 ) Starke, 8 88 14: 575; 12. ( ?) Rebuffat, 420, 1906: 222. ( ) Regout, KId1 No. 17; 8, 60: 629; 97. (130) Steger, 124, 2: 51; 14. (131) Steger, 103, 27: 113; 19. (i 32 ) Steger, 21. (89) Regout, 103, 30: 131; 22. 103, 27: 313; 19. (i 3 3 ) Steger, 104, 2: 9; 21. 3: 50; 22. (134) Tadokoro, (90) Reichau, 82, 23: 145; 24. (91) Reichau, SS1 24: 279; 24. (92) Reichau, 103, 32: 531; 24. (93) Riddle, 38, 2: 804; 19. (94) Riddle, 38, 2: 812; 19. 159, 10: 339; 21. (i35) Tutton, 3, 3: 631; 02. (136) Tutton, 67, 18: 182; 02. (137) Twells and Lin, 38, 4: 195; 21. (138) Urban, 103, 32: 217; 24. ( 9 S ) Riddle and Laird, 88, 5: 385; 22. (96) Riddle and Laird, 38, 5: 500; 22. (97) Riddle and Laird, 66, 21: 1050; 21. (98) Riddle and McDanel, (139) Urban, 103, 32: 229; 24. 38, 1: 606; 18. (99) Rieke, B74. (140) Walker, 81, 18: 444; 16. (Ki) Ward, 81, 17: 431; 15. ("2) Washburn 1 2 (ioo) Rieke, 100, 45: 225; 12. (ioi) Rieke, 103, 22: 143, 155; 14. ( O ) and Bunting, 38, 5: 527; 22. (143) Waters, 32, No. 105: 17. (l* 4 ) WatRieke, 124, 2: 125; 14. (103) Rieke, 92, 28: 374; 15. (i°4) Rieke, 103, kin, 82, 23: 185; 24. (145) Watts, 81, 4: 86; 02. 9: 600; 07. (146) 25: 259, 263, 267; 17. (i°5) Rieke, 100, 51: 95, 135; 18. ( 106 ) Rieke, Watts, 81, 11: 84; 09. (147) Watts, 81, 10: 265; 08. (l* 8 ) Watts, 81, 104, 3: 187; 22. (107) Rieke, 92, 37: 190; 24. (ios) Rieke and Gary, 11: 179; 09. (149) Watts, 81, 13: 406; 11. 104, 3: 5; 22. (ios) Rieke and Steger, 100, 47: 457, 577; 14. (150) Watts, 81, U: 185; 09. (isi) Weelans and Ashley, 81, 13: 102; 11. 1 (UO) Rieke and Steger, 100, 48: 297; 15. ( U) Rieke and Steger, 103, 27: (152) Weimer and Dun, 81, 14: 280; 12. (153) Weinhold, 8, 149: 186; 73. 193, 203; 19. (H2) Rosenthal, 100, 48: 445; 15. (H 3 ) Rosenthal and (154) White, 82, 21: 320; 22. («5) Wologdine, 420, 1909: 879. (156) 114 15 Singer, ZOS, 29: 81, 93; 21. ( ) Roth, 100, 55: 533; 23. (i ) Sainte Wologdine and Queneau, 33, 7: 383, 433; 09. ( 157 ) Wright and Sewell, Claire-Deville and Troost, 34, 59 : 162 ; 64. ( 11 « ) Scheel, 89, 4: 35 ; 04. ( i i 7 ) 38, 2: 282; 19. (l 5 8 ) Zoellner, 100, 41: 471, 533; 08. (159) Zoellner, Scheel, &4St 28: 106; 08. (H 8 ) Scheel, 96, 5: 167; 21. (i19) Singer, B4. Diss., Berlin, 1908. 80

REFRACTORY MATERIALS GORDON B. WILKES CONTENTS Typical compositions. Specific gravity. Porosity. Crushing strength. Fusion temperature. Temperature of failure under load. Thermal expansion. Specific heat. Thermal conductivity. Electrical resistivity.

MATIEBES Compositions typiques. Poids spécifique. Porosité. Résistance à la compression. Point de fusion. Température de fléchissement sous la charge. Dilatation thermique. Chaleur spécifique. Conductibilité thermique. Résistivité électrique.

TYPICAL COMPOSITIONS, % BY WEIGHT

INHALTSVERZEICHNIS Typische Zusammensetzungen. Spezifisches Gewicht. Porosität. Druckfestigkeit. Schmelzpunkt. Temperatur der Erweichung unter Belastung. Wärmeausdehnung. Spezifische Wärme. Wärmeleitfähigkeit. Elektrischer Widerstand.

INDICE pAGE Composizioni tipiche 82 Peso specifico 82 Porosità 82 Resistenza alla compressione 83 Punto di fusione 83 Temperatura di rammollimento sotto carico 83 Dilatazione termica 83 Calore specifico 85 Conduttività termica 85 Resistenza elettrica 86

BULK DENSITY AND SPECIFIC GRAVITY.—(Continued)

| Al2Q3 | CaO |Fe2Q3] MgO | SiO2 | Others | Lit. Materials Alundum 92-99 (72) 3 Bauxite brick. . . 65-95 3-8 5-13 TiO2, 1-7 ( ^) Carborundum brick 0-5 0-1 0-5 SiC, 90-100 (28,34) Chrome brick.. . 14-20 Trace 14-19 11-17 3-10 Cr2O3, 36-46 (34) Fire clay brick... 15-450-0.7 0-6 0-0.740-75 Alkalies, 0-2 (13,34,36, 84)

Silica, fused

\ Bulk density g/cm 3 | ( 2.22 (transparent) Ì \2.07 (translucent) J

Quartz, SiO2 Tridymite, SiO2 Cristobalite, SiO2. . . Silica, amorphous... Silica brick

1.50-1.88

True sp. gr. )

Lit. ^ 41 ' 2.646-2.656 (48,14) 2.31-2.32 (48) 2.32-2.41 (48, 14) 2.04-2.21 (48) 2.05-2.75 (70, 34, is, 42, (

29, 53, 86, 84)

Magnesi te brick. Silica brick

0-4 0-2

0-6 0-6

0-10 80-94 0-11 TiO2, 0-2.8 (34,47,54) 0-2 0-0.8 90-98 Alkalies, 0-0.6 (24,35,40, 49,53,70,

86)

Zirconia brick...

ZrO 2 , 75-95

(74, 34, 28, 8)

BULK DENSITY AND SPECIFIC GRAVITY 3

I Bulk density g/cm | Alumina, Al 2 O 3 Alundum Bauxite brick Carborundum, SiC.. SiC brick Chrome brick Fire clay brick Magnesium o x i d e (MgO). Magnesite brick

2.6 2.05-2.60 2.8-3.2 1.7-2.1 2.0-2.8

True sp. gr. | ( «3.93-4.Ol \ 03.03 + 0.01 3.02-4.00 3.15-3.25 3.12-3.20 3.90-4.00 2.1-2.8 /«3.2 \/S3.67-3.69 3.1-3.6

Zirconia, ZrO2 Zirconia brick Carbon Graphite

Lit. («2, 68) (48,34) (34, l i ) ( 80 ) (25, so) (80,34) (34, 84, is, 25) (si, ss) (so, 55, 34, is, 54)

5.48-5.90 4.55-5.00 1.7-2.0 2.17-2.32

(48, 66 ? 74, 8) (58,74) (48) (48,18)

POROSITY Material Bauxite brick Carborundum brick Fire clay brick Magnesite brick Silica brick Zirconia brick

| Porosity, % | 46-50 17-34 20-30 24-40 18-43 19

Lit. ( 3 8 ) ~ (25) (37, 84) ( 4 2) (70, 38, 42) (58» 74)

and Siemens, 9, 15: 969; 09. (79) Plenske, 100, 41: 256, 271, 287, 301, 326; (120) Singer, 92, Sl: 221, 227, 229; 18. («i) Singer, 104, 4: 49; 23. 4: 08. 164; 24. (122) Singer, 112, 335: 96; 20. (123) Singer and Rosenthal, ( ) Potts and Knollman, SJ, 15: 285; 13. ( 81 ) Priest, Sl, 17: 150; 15. ( 8 2 ) 104, l, No. 3: 47; 20. (124) Somerville, 2, 31: 261; 10. («») Sortwell, 38, Purdy, 81, 13: 86; 11. (*3) Purdy, 81, 13: 550; 11. ( 84 ) Purdy, 81, 5: 276; 22. (««) Sortwell, 82, No. 196: 21. («7) Souder and Hidnert, 15: 499; 13. ( 8S ) Purdy and Potts, 81, 13: 431; 11. (86) Radcliffe, 81, 31, No. 352: 19. (l 2 8 ) Staley and Hromatko, 38, 2: 227; 19. (l 2 9 ) Starke, 8 88 14: 575; 12. ( ?) Rebuffat, 420, 1906: 222. ( ) Regout, KId1 No. 17; 8, 60: 629; 97. (130) Steger, 124, 2: 51; 14. (131) Steger, 103, 27: 113; 19. (i 32 ) Steger, 21. (89) Regout, 103, 30: 131; 22. 103, 27: 313; 19. (i 3 3 ) Steger, 104, 2: 9; 21. 3: 50; 22. (134) Tadokoro, (90) Reichau, 82, 23: 145; 24. (91) Reichau, SS1 24: 279; 24. (92) Reichau, 103, 32: 531; 24. (93) Riddle, 38, 2: 804; 19. (94) Riddle, 38, 2: 812; 19. 159, 10: 339; 21. (i35) Tutton, 3, 3: 631; 02. (136) Tutton, 67, 18: 182; 02. (137) Twells and Lin, 38, 4: 195; 21. (138) Urban, 103, 32: 217; 24. ( 9 S ) Riddle and Laird, 88, 5: 385; 22. (96) Riddle and Laird, 38, 5: 500; 22. (97) Riddle and Laird, 66, 21: 1050; 21. (98) Riddle and McDanel, (139) Urban, 103, 32: 229; 24. 38, 1: 606; 18. (99) Rieke, B74. (140) Walker, 81, 18: 444; 16. (Ki) Ward, 81, 17: 431; 15. ("2) Washburn 1 2 (ioo) Rieke, 100, 45: 225; 12. (ioi) Rieke, 103, 22: 143, 155; 14. ( O ) and Bunting, 38, 5: 527; 22. (143) Waters, 32, No. 105: 17. (l* 4 ) WatRieke, 124, 2: 125; 14. (103) Rieke, 92, 28: 374; 15. (i°4) Rieke, 103, kin, 82, 23: 185; 24. (145) Watts, 81, 4: 86; 02. 9: 600; 07. (146) 25: 259, 263, 267; 17. (i°5) Rieke, 100, 51: 95, 135; 18. ( 106 ) Rieke, Watts, 81, 11: 84; 09. (147) Watts, 81, 10: 265; 08. (l* 8 ) Watts, 81, 104, 3: 187; 22. (107) Rieke, 92, 37: 190; 24. (ios) Rieke and Gary, 11: 179; 09. (149) Watts, 81, 13: 406; 11. 104, 3: 5; 22. (ios) Rieke and Steger, 100, 47: 457, 577; 14. (150) Watts, 81, U: 185; 09. (isi) Weelans and Ashley, 81, 13: 102; 11. 1 (UO) Rieke and Steger, 100, 48: 297; 15. ( U) Rieke and Steger, 103, 27: (152) Weimer and Dun, 81, 14: 280; 12. (153) Weinhold, 8, 149: 186; 73. 193, 203; 19. (H2) Rosenthal, 100, 48: 445; 15. (H 3 ) Rosenthal and (154) White, 82, 21: 320; 22. («5) Wologdine, 420, 1909: 879. (156) 114 15 Singer, ZOS, 29: 81, 93; 21. ( ) Roth, 100, 55: 533; 23. (i ) Sainte Wologdine and Queneau, 33, 7: 383, 433; 09. ( 157 ) Wright and Sewell, Claire-Deville and Troost, 34, 59 : 162 ; 64. ( 11 « ) Scheel, 89, 4: 35 ; 04. ( i i 7 ) 38, 2: 282; 19. (l 5 8 ) Zoellner, 100, 41: 471, 533; 08. (159) Zoellner, Scheel, &4St 28: 106; 08. (H 8 ) Scheel, 96, 5: 167; 21. (i19) Singer, B4. Diss., Berlin, 1908. 80

REFRACTORY MATERIALS GORDON B. WILKES CONTENTS Typical compositions. Specific gravity. Porosity. Crushing strength. Fusion temperature. Temperature of failure under load. Thermal expansion. Specific heat. Thermal conductivity. Electrical resistivity.

MATIEBES Compositions typiques. Poids spécifique. Porosité. Résistance à la compression. Point de fusion. Température de fléchissement sous la charge. Dilatation thermique. Chaleur spécifique. Conductibilité thermique. Résistivité électrique.

TYPICAL COMPOSITIONS, % BY WEIGHT

INHALTSVERZEICHNIS Typische Zusammensetzungen. Spezifisches Gewicht. Porosität. Druckfestigkeit. Schmelzpunkt. Temperatur der Erweichung unter Belastung. Wärmeausdehnung. Spezifische Wärme. Wärmeleitfähigkeit. Elektrischer Widerstand.

INDICE pAGE Composizioni tipiche 82 Peso specifico 82 Porosità 82 Resistenza alla compressione 83 Punto di fusione 83 Temperatura di rammollimento sotto carico 83 Dilatazione termica 83 Calore specifico 85 Conduttività termica 85 Resistenza elettrica 86

BULK DENSITY AND SPECIFIC GRAVITY.—(Continued)

| Al2Q3 | CaO |Fe2Q3] MgO | SiO2 | Others | Lit. Materials Alundum 92-99 (72) 3 Bauxite brick. . . 65-95 3-8 5-13 TiO2, 1-7 ( ^) Carborundum brick 0-5 0-1 0-5 SiC, 90-100 (28,34) Chrome brick.. . 14-20 Trace 14-19 11-17 3-10 Cr2O3, 36-46 (34) Fire clay brick... 15-450-0.7 0-6 0-0.740-75 Alkalies, 0-2 (13,34,36, 84)

Silica, fused

\ Bulk density g/cm 3 | ( 2.22 (transparent) Ì \2.07 (translucent) J

Quartz, SiO2 Tridymite, SiO2 Cristobalite, SiO2. . . Silica, amorphous... Silica brick

1.50-1.88

True sp. gr. )

Lit. ^ 41 ' 2.646-2.656 (48,14) 2.31-2.32 (48) 2.32-2.41 (48, 14) 2.04-2.21 (48) 2.05-2.75 (70, 34, is, 42, (

29, 53, 86, 84)

Magnesi te brick. Silica brick

0-4 0-2

0-6 0-6

0-10 80-94 0-11 TiO2, 0-2.8 (34,47,54) 0-2 0-0.8 90-98 Alkalies, 0-0.6 (24,35,40, 49,53,70,

86)

Zirconia brick...

ZrO 2 , 75-95

(74, 34, 28, 8)

BULK DENSITY AND SPECIFIC GRAVITY 3

I Bulk density g/cm | Alumina, Al 2 O 3 Alundum Bauxite brick Carborundum, SiC.. SiC brick Chrome brick Fire clay brick Magnesium o x i d e (MgO). Magnesite brick

2.6 2.05-2.60 2.8-3.2 1.7-2.1 2.0-2.8

True sp. gr. | ( «3.93-4.Ol \ 03.03 + 0.01 3.02-4.00 3.15-3.25 3.12-3.20 3.90-4.00 2.1-2.8 /«3.2 \/S3.67-3.69 3.1-3.6

Zirconia, ZrO2 Zirconia brick Carbon Graphite

Lit. («2, 68) (48,34) (34, l i ) ( 80 ) (25, so) (80,34) (34, 84, is, 25) (si, ss) (so, 55, 34, is, 54)

5.48-5.90 4.55-5.00 1.7-2.0 2.17-2.32

(48, 66 ? 74, 8) (58,74) (48) (48,18)

POROSITY Material Bauxite brick Carborundum brick Fire clay brick Magnesite brick Silica brick Zirconia brick

| Porosity, % | 46-50 17-34 20-30 24-40 18-43 19

Lit. ( 3 8 ) ~ (25) (37, 84) ( 4 2) (70, 38, 42) (58» 74)

CRUSHING STRENGTH, MEGADYNE CM"2 1 megadyne cm~2 = 14.5 Ib. in."2 = 1020 g cm"2 0

j

Bauxite brick* Carborundum* u •,* Chrome brick* *ire clay bncK

0

0

FUSION TEMPERATURE.—(Continued) 0

C

0

2O C I 80O C I 100O C 1130O CI 15oo°C I Lit! 390-650 260-350670-700 54-93 15 (*j 4 407 417 574 147 69 ( ) J 442 442 417 211 74 (*) { ^ nß g g i g (51) / 191-1090 123-544 103-740 113-726 20-64 \ («» si, 84, . . . . | 70_300 60_300 70-250 20-120 0-20/ **)

- ^ U - I * Magnesite bnck* .. (/ A/T

441

Silica (fused)* Silica brick..

UQ_600

2500 150-200

Zirconia*

388

201

186

152

82

29

64

g 5

M 51 54Ï j\ («. «. ")

(4) (4»

1020 765 164 98 90-170 70-160 60-110 20-80 270

338

88

51

54

»

»

57, 29, 70) 4

9.8

( )

* Values given by Bodin, probably high for standard brick. Test specimens were 2 cm cube. FUSION TEMPERATURE 0

Alumina, Al2O3 Alundum Bauxite clay

C

Lit.

I

( 8 > 48 ) ( 7 9 > 72) ( 8 4 > 35)

2010-2050 1750-2000 1750-2000

Lit.

I

Bauxite brick Carborundum... Chromium oxide, Cr2O3 Chrome brick Fire clay brick

1565^-1785 2200-2240 d 1990 1850-2050 1500-1750

( 44 > 45) («2, 8, 21, 72) ( 44 ) ( 44 > 54 > 45 > 48 ) ( 44 > 34, 40, 39,

Magnesium oxide, MgO Sintered magnesia Magnesite brick Silica, SiO2 Silica brick

2800 2200-2600 2150-2165 1700-1710 1685-1800

(8) ( 84 > 10) (54, 12, 44) («i 44 > 48 ) (29, 19, 38, 48, 12,

45, 84)

40, 44, 45)

Mullite ("sillimanite"), (Al2O3),(SiOo)2 1816 Spinel, MgO.Al2O3 2135 Zirconia, ZrO2 2500-2950 Zirconia brick 2000-2600

(15) (68) (»t 71, 1, 83) (8, 71, 1, 74)

TEMPERATURE OF FAILURE UNDER LOAD Load = 34.5 X IO5 dyne Cm"2 = 50 Ib. in.-2 = 3520 g cm-2 ,, , . , Material Temp. 0C Remarks Lit.

Alundum , ., brick 1550+ No failure

Bauxite , . ,. brick Ï350 Softens

Carbo, rundum 1650+ No failure

(7)

(69,7)

(52,25)

^1 Chrome

Fire Magnesite 0.,. , , ., Silica clay brick 1400-1450 1250-1500* 1410-1555 1600-1650 Shears Softens Shears Shears (7,35)

(84,3,19,

(7)

Zirconia , ., brick Î5ÎO Softens

(7,25,19)

(7)

35) *Load = 25 Ib. in." 2 .

MEAN LINEAR COEFFICIENT OF THERMAL EXPANSION BETWEEN Z0C AND 250C

k =^ /^f = A X 10625 I — Zb ,

__ VarÌatÌOn

Alumina, Al2O3 Alundum.... Bauxite brick ^ , j o-n Carborundum, SiC SiC brick Chrome brick Fire clay brick Mag. oxide, MgO Magnesite brick

IQO0C I 7.2-8.0 between 90O C and 250C 7.1-8.5 4.4 / 4.38(800-70O0C) \ a K0 . . { 298^800O0J } 6.58

50O0C

I

.

IQOO0C

|

150O0C

0

5.2

0

6.0(1300-25 C)

5.2 8 . 1 + 3.0

0

{ ^gS C)

}

9

7.5 ± 3.0

5.3 . or 4.35 5.8 9.0 6.7+3.0

5.3

(79) (79, 72) ( 84 ) («)

1.1 5.9 ± 3.0

11 4

^ ' 11.5+ 1.0 1 1 . 7 + 2 . 0 .12.4 + 1.5

Lit>

(84) ( 4 S, 78) (84,78,63,55)

13.5 + 1.0

( 23> 84) (78, 54, 64, so,

8.6 + 1

(78, 29, 77, 55,

65, 48)

ailica brick

36+3(200-25 0 C)

28 ± 3

22+5

13+2

53, 70, 84, 48)

Zirconia (fused), ZrO2 Carbon Graphite

8.4 1.5-5.5

7.8(40-250C)

For mean coefficient between any two temperatures, am — ~——

<2 ^l — Ì2

(8) (84, 48) (48) » where atl and a,2 may be taken from a graph.

EXPANSION AND CONTRACTION DURING HEATING The data given in Figs. 1-4 and in the table below record the % changes in length undergone by 1 X 1 X 9 in. test bars when heated in a gas fired muffle furnace with neutral atmosphere at the rate of 10O0C per hour. Specimens marked "brick" are commercial products. For compositions of these and methods of preparing all specimens, v. the original (88). 1Q7A? XT No.

_ Type

M. P.,* Fired ^00 oc

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21

Silica brick Kaolin Kaolin Kaolin Kaolin Fire clay brick (Mo.)... Fire clay brick (Pa.).... Fire clay brick (Colo.).. Fire clay brick (Md.)... SiC brick Zircon white Zircon brown . ZrO2 Mullite Magnesite Magnesite brick Chrome brick Mg-spinel Lime Fused Al2O3 Infusorial-earth brick.. .

IAt

Qo to

tJ oc

ts

17001740 1740 1740 1740 1720 1680 1700 1610 >2000 >2000 1935 >2000 1850 > 2000 >20GO >2000 >2000 1630

1300 1430 1500 1620

1650 1590 1675 1785 1680 1690 1740 1650

83 47 68 53 43 54 51 54 45 43 64 42 59 53 142 147 104 76 138 77 74

1550 1050 1380 1580 1610 1300 1250 1220 1100 >1700 1510 1550 1600. >1700 > 1700 1440 1540 1600 >1700 1580 1050

* Reducing atm. t Beginning of shrinkage or expansion.

FIG. 2.

FIG. 3. FiG. 1.

Figure 5 shows a comparison of the expansion of German and American silica brick. Curves 1, 2 and 3 are for American silica brick (measurements reported by the National Bureau of Standards); Curves I, II and III, for German silica brick (measurements by Endell and Steger, Glastech. Ber., 4; May, 1926).

MEAN SPECIFIC HEAT BETWEEN t° AND 250C Joule per gram per 0C 1 joule g"1 per 0C = 0.239 g-cal g"1 per 0C = 0.239 BTU Ib.-1 per 0F IQO0C

I Alumina, Al2O3 Alundum SiC brick Chrome brick Fire clay brick

50O0C

I

IQOO0C

I

150O0C

|

|

Lit.

0.837 0.778 0.838+0.13 0.71 0.83 + 0.04

1.00

1.09

1.15

(84) (79) (79, 33, 18) (78) (78, 5, 85, 18,

0.84 0.93 + 0.04

0.78+0.17 0.92 1.08 + 0.04

1.25 + 0.04

0.98+0.02 0.93+0.04

1.09+0.02 1.05+0.04

1.17+0.02 1.16+0.04

1 . 2 1 + 0 . 0 2 (84, 48, 54) 1.24 + 0.04 (32, 76, 84, 78,

Silica brick

0.84 + 0.06

0.95 + 0.06

1.10 + 0.06

1.24 + 0.06

Zirconium oxide Carbon.... Graphite

0.46+0.02 0.516

0.55 2.0 at 200O0C 2.2 at 200O0C

31)

Mag. oxide, MgO Magnesite brick

.

18)

( 5 > 32, 76, 84, 61, 78, 18)

0.66 1.3 1.23

FIG. 4.

0.75

(3,8) (16) (*6, 46)

1.71

FIG. 5.

MEAN COEFFICIENT OF THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY BETWEEN t° AND 250C Joule cm-2, sec"1 (0C, cm"1)"1 1 joule cm-2 sec~l (0C, cm-1)-1 = 0.239 g-cal cm"2 sec'1 (0C, cm-1)-1 = 0.193 BTU ft."2 sec"1 (0F, in.-1)-1 I Alundum Bauxite brick SiC bonded brick Chrome brick Fire clay

IQO0C I 5QO0C 0 0.035 between 125O C and 65O0C 0.0046

I

IQOO0C

|

15OQ0C

|

Lit. (62, 67) 0.0064 («) 0.08-0.10 (i«. 86, 79) 0.024 (86) 0.0065 + 0.0015 0.0089 + 0.0015 0.0117 + 0.0015 0.0143 + 0.0020 ( 18 > 22, 17, 84, 25, 31, 86)

Magnesite bonded brick, elee, sintered.. 0.041

+ 0.009

0.048 0.044 + 0.015

(84) (18, 22, 17, 84,

0.047 + O 020

86)

Silica brick

0.0080+0.00100.0096+0.00100.0121+0.0010

Carbon Graphite

0.38 at 36O0C 1.41 at 39O0C

For mean coefficient between any two temperatures, km =

0.45 1.38

0.55 1.19

0.58 1.15

(18, 22, 17, 84, 16 ) (30) (30)

kt(t! -25) -ktMt -25) ; where ktlL and ktl> may be taken from a graph. ii LZ *

ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY Megohm-cm3 250C ~ Alundum Diaspore Bauxite brick Carborundum Carborundum refrax brick Carborundum 95 % SiC bonded Carborundum 90 % SiC bonded Chrome brick

137 133 107 X HT6 107 X 10~3 127 48.1

Fire clay brick

137

Magnesite brick

137 5 X 1Ò12 125

Silica (fused) Silica brick Zirconia brick

134

Zirconia Carbon Graphite

0

IQOQ C I 1.8 X IO6

0

12QO C

193 ooo 6 loo 1.3 2.5 4 16o 29 5oo 63 45o 4 16o 48o ooo 23oo 708 ooo 193 ooo loo ooo 12 ooo 4 X IO4 at 7270C 3oo ooo 62 ooo 36o ooo 17 2oo 3.7 4.1 4 72o 197 ooo 171 420 10 800 6 600

1313oo

V 46 X IO"10 3.7 X 10~3 85 X IQ"11 7.95 X IQ"4

1 2so 1 2so 77io 12 X IO7 3.7 X 10~3 7.9 X 10~4

Ohm-cm3 140O0C

2 2oo 0.65 1.74 1 43s 10 100 85 320 1 42o 18o ooo 69o 22 4oo 40 ooo 4oo 16 500 125 ooo 2 400 3oo 96s

3.7 X 10~3 7.9 X 10~4

|

150O0C 2 5oo 1 loo 1.62 745 8 59o 41 89o 80 ooo 28o 2 5oo 3 Ooo

**' • (™) (28) (27) (80) (27) (27) (27) (27) (75) (27) ( 84 ) (75) (27) ( 84 ) (60)

8 42o 63 ooo 71o

(27) (8*) (73) (56) (1) 412 (27) (8) 3.6 X 10~3 at 200O0C (30) 7.9 X IQ"4 at 200O0C (30)

For review of recent literature v. ( 89 ). LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) (M Arnold, 136, 42: 413; 18. (2) Barrât, 67, 32: 361; 19. (3) Bleininger and Brown, 33, 23: 629; 20. ( 4 ) Bodin, 102, 25: 177; 20. (5) Bradshaw and Emery, 82, 19: 84; 19. ( 6 ) Brown and Townshend, Thesis, Mass. Inst. Tech., 1914. ( 7 ) Brown, Mellor and Emory, quoted by Howe, 33, 23: 1215; 20. (*) Harden and Rich, 29, No. 186; 21. (9) Holbrook and Fraser, 29, No. 234; 25. (i°) Anon., 876, 8: 419; 23. ( l l ) Crawford, J. L., O. (12) Dana and Foote, 33, 23: 23, 63; 20. (is) Davidson, 135, 116: 75; 17. (**) Day, Sosman and Hostetter, 12, 37: 1; 14. ( 1 S) Demasure, Bull. fed. Ind. Chim. BeIg. 3: 182; 24. (i«) Dewar, 25, 5: 814; 72. (") Dougill, Hodsman and Conn, 04, 36: 465; 15. (i*) Dudley, 78, 27: 285; 15. ( 19 ) Endell, 77, 41: 6; 20. (20) Fitzgerald, 33, 10: 129; 12. ( 2 I) Gillett, 50, 15: 213; 11. (22) Goerens and Gillis, 139, 12: 17; 15. ( 23 ) Goodwin and Mailey, 78, 9: 89; 06. (24) Graham, 307, 102: 639; 18. (25) Hartmann and Westmont, 78, 46: 485; 24. (26) Hartmann and Kobler, 78, 37: 707; 20. (27) Hartmann, Sullivan and Allen, 78, 37: 292; 20. (2*) Hartmann and Sullivan, 78, 38: 279; 20. (29) Havard, Refractories and Furnaces (McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., 1912). (30) Hering, 119, 29: 485; 10. (31) Hersey and Butzler, 313, No. 2564; 24. (32) Heyn, 312, 32: 185; 14. (33) Howe, 33, 23: 1215; 20. (34) j&^., 23: 232; 20. (35) Howe, Refractories for Electric Furnaces (Elee. Fur. Assoc., Niagara Falls, 1920). (36) Howe, 38, 6: 471; 23. (37) Howe, 45, 11: 1145; 19. (38) Howe and Ferguson, 38, 4: 37; 21. (3 9) Howe and Shepherd, 38, 4: 207; 21.

(40) Howe, Phelps and Ferguson, 38, 6: 590; 23. (41) Hougen, 33, 30: 737; 24. (42) Houldsworth and Cobb, 38, 6: 658; 23. (43) Quoted by Hougen, 33, 30: 740; 24. (44) Kanolt, 32, No. 10; 12. (45) Kanolt, 78, 22: 93; 12. (46) Kopp, 12, Suppl. Ill, 1: 289; 64. (47) Kowalke and Hougen, 307, 102: 639; 18. (48) Quoted from B3. (49) Lange, 77, 32: 1731; 12. (50) Le Chatelier, quoted by McDowell and Howe, (5*). ( 51 ) Le Chatelier and Bogitch, 34, 164: 761; 17. ( 52 ) Linbarger, Carborundum Co., O. (53) McDowell, 80, 57: 3; 17. (54) McDowell and Howe, 38, 3: 185; 20. (55) Mellor, 82, 15: 93; 15. (56) Nernst and Reynolds, 188, 1900: 328. (57) Nesbit and Bell, 45, 11: 1149; 19. (58) Meyer, 33, 12: 791; 14. (59) Nilson and Petterson, 25, 13: 1459; 80. (60) Northrup, 78, 27: 233; 13. (6i) Norton, C. L., O. ( 62 ) Boeck, 81, 14: 470; 12. (63) Norton F. H., 38, 8: 29; 25. (64) Phelps, Mellon Inst., O. (65) Pierce, Harbison-Walker Refractories Co., O. (66) Podszus, 92, 30: 17; 17. (67) Randolph, 120, 16: 120; 13. (68) Rankin and Merwin, 1, 38: 568; 16. (69) Rochow, 45, 11: 1148; 19. (70) Ross, 32, No. 116; 19. (71) Ruff and Lauschke, 100, 36: 70; 16. (72) Saunders, 78, 19: 333; 11. (73) Seaver, 80, 53: 125; 16. (74) Sheppard, 38, 6: 294; 23. (75) Stansfield, MacLeod and McMahon, 78, 22: 89; 12. (76) Steger, 124, 2: 203; 14. (77) Stockman, Thesis, Mass. Inst, Tech., 1902. (78) Tadokoro.^S, 10: 339; 21. (79) Norton Co., Trade Cat. andO. (80) Carborundum Co., Trade Cat. ( 81 ) Vitrefrax Co., Trade Cat. (82) Tucker and Sampen, 1, 28: 953; 06. ( 83 ) Washburn and Libman, 38, 3: 634; 20. (84) Wilkes, G. B., O. ( 85 ) Wilson, Holdcroft and Mellor, 82, 12: 279; 12. (86) Wologdine and Queneau, 33, 7: 383; 09. (87) Dupuy, 108, 25: 308; 22. (88) Norton, 38, 8: 799; 25. («9) Ferguson, 884, 10: 131; 26.

ABRASIVE MATERIALS M. L. HARTMANN COMMON AND TRADE NAMES IND. No. 1. Aluminium oxide (fused, impure) ("aloxite," "alundum," "lionite," "borolon," "alumo"). Al2O3 2. Corundum. Al2O3 3. Diatomaceous earth (infusorial earth, kieselguhr, fossil flour, fossil meal, tripolite, diatomite, polerschiefer, desmid earth, molerà, white peat, tellurine, randanite, ceyssatite, bergmehl, radiolarian earth). SiO2

4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

Emery. Flint. SiO2 Garnet (almandite, rhodolite). Glass (alkali lime). Pumice (pumicite, santorini, santorine earth). Silicon carbide (" carborundum," "crystolon," "carbolon.") SiC For diamond, iron oxides, iron alloys and quartz, see other sections of I. C. T.

ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY Megohm-cm3 250C ~ Alundum Diaspore Bauxite brick Carborundum Carborundum refrax brick Carborundum 95 % SiC bonded Carborundum 90 % SiC bonded Chrome brick

137 133 107 X HT6 107 X 10~3 127 48.1

Fire clay brick

137

Magnesite brick

137 5 X 1Ò12 125

Silica (fused) Silica brick Zirconia brick

134

Zirconia Carbon Graphite

0

IQOQ C I 1.8 X IO6

0

12QO C

193 ooo 6 loo 1.3 2.5 4 16o 29 5oo 63 45o 4 16o 48o ooo 23oo 708 ooo 193 ooo loo ooo 12 ooo 4 X IO4 at 7270C 3oo ooo 62 ooo 36o ooo 17 2oo 3.7 4.1 4 72o 197 ooo 171 420 10 800 6 600

1313oo

V 46 X IO"10 3.7 X 10~3 85 X IQ"11 7.95 X IQ"4

1 2so 1 2so 77io 12 X IO7 3.7 X 10~3 7.9 X 10~4

Ohm-cm3 140O0C

2 2oo 0.65 1.74 1 43s 10 100 85 320 1 42o 18o ooo 69o 22 4oo 40 ooo 4oo 16 500 125 ooo 2 400 3oo 96s

3.7 X 10~3 7.9 X 10~4

|

150O0C 2 5oo 1 loo 1.62 745 8 59o 41 89o 80 ooo 28o 2 5oo 3 Ooo

**' • (™) (28) (27) (80) (27) (27) (27) (27) (75) (27) ( 84 ) (75) (27) ( 84 ) (60)

8 42o 63 ooo 71o

(27) (8*) (73) (56) (1) 412 (27) (8) 3.6 X 10~3 at 200O0C (30) 7.9 X IQ"4 at 200O0C (30)

For review of recent literature v. ( 89 ). LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) (M Arnold, 136, 42: 413; 18. (2) Barrât, 67, 32: 361; 19. (3) Bleininger and Brown, 33, 23: 629; 20. ( 4 ) Bodin, 102, 25: 177; 20. (5) Bradshaw and Emery, 82, 19: 84; 19. ( 6 ) Brown and Townshend, Thesis, Mass. Inst. Tech., 1914. ( 7 ) Brown, Mellor and Emory, quoted by Howe, 33, 23: 1215; 20. (*) Harden and Rich, 29, No. 186; 21. (9) Holbrook and Fraser, 29, No. 234; 25. (i°) Anon., 876, 8: 419; 23. ( l l ) Crawford, J. L., O. (12) Dana and Foote, 33, 23: 23, 63; 20. (is) Davidson, 135, 116: 75; 17. (**) Day, Sosman and Hostetter, 12, 37: 1; 14. ( 1 S) Demasure, Bull. fed. Ind. Chim. BeIg. 3: 182; 24. (i«) Dewar, 25, 5: 814; 72. (") Dougill, Hodsman and Conn, 04, 36: 465; 15. (i*) Dudley, 78, 27: 285; 15. ( 19 ) Endell, 77, 41: 6; 20. (20) Fitzgerald, 33, 10: 129; 12. ( 2 I) Gillett, 50, 15: 213; 11. (22) Goerens and Gillis, 139, 12: 17; 15. ( 23 ) Goodwin and Mailey, 78, 9: 89; 06. (24) Graham, 307, 102: 639; 18. (25) Hartmann and Westmont, 78, 46: 485; 24. (26) Hartmann and Kobler, 78, 37: 707; 20. (27) Hartmann, Sullivan and Allen, 78, 37: 292; 20. (2*) Hartmann and Sullivan, 78, 38: 279; 20. (29) Havard, Refractories and Furnaces (McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., 1912). (30) Hering, 119, 29: 485; 10. (31) Hersey and Butzler, 313, No. 2564; 24. (32) Heyn, 312, 32: 185; 14. (33) Howe, 33, 23: 1215; 20. (34) j&^., 23: 232; 20. (35) Howe, Refractories for Electric Furnaces (Elee. Fur. Assoc., Niagara Falls, 1920). (36) Howe, 38, 6: 471; 23. (37) Howe, 45, 11: 1145; 19. (38) Howe and Ferguson, 38, 4: 37; 21. (3 9) Howe and Shepherd, 38, 4: 207; 21.

(40) Howe, Phelps and Ferguson, 38, 6: 590; 23. (41) Hougen, 33, 30: 737; 24. (42) Houldsworth and Cobb, 38, 6: 658; 23. (43) Quoted by Hougen, 33, 30: 740; 24. (44) Kanolt, 32, No. 10; 12. (45) Kanolt, 78, 22: 93; 12. (46) Kopp, 12, Suppl. Ill, 1: 289; 64. (47) Kowalke and Hougen, 307, 102: 639; 18. (48) Quoted from B3. (49) Lange, 77, 32: 1731; 12. (50) Le Chatelier, quoted by McDowell and Howe, (5*). ( 51 ) Le Chatelier and Bogitch, 34, 164: 761; 17. ( 52 ) Linbarger, Carborundum Co., O. (53) McDowell, 80, 57: 3; 17. (54) McDowell and Howe, 38, 3: 185; 20. (55) Mellor, 82, 15: 93; 15. (56) Nernst and Reynolds, 188, 1900: 328. (57) Nesbit and Bell, 45, 11: 1149; 19. (58) Meyer, 33, 12: 791; 14. (59) Nilson and Petterson, 25, 13: 1459; 80. (60) Northrup, 78, 27: 233; 13. (6i) Norton, C. L., O. ( 62 ) Boeck, 81, 14: 470; 12. (63) Norton F. H., 38, 8: 29; 25. (64) Phelps, Mellon Inst., O. (65) Pierce, Harbison-Walker Refractories Co., O. (66) Podszus, 92, 30: 17; 17. (67) Randolph, 120, 16: 120; 13. (68) Rankin and Merwin, 1, 38: 568; 16. (69) Rochow, 45, 11: 1148; 19. (70) Ross, 32, No. 116; 19. (71) Ruff and Lauschke, 100, 36: 70; 16. (72) Saunders, 78, 19: 333; 11. (73) Seaver, 80, 53: 125; 16. (74) Sheppard, 38, 6: 294; 23. (75) Stansfield, MacLeod and McMahon, 78, 22: 89; 12. (76) Steger, 124, 2: 203; 14. (77) Stockman, Thesis, Mass. Inst, Tech., 1902. (78) Tadokoro.^S, 10: 339; 21. (79) Norton Co., Trade Cat. andO. (80) Carborundum Co., Trade Cat. ( 81 ) Vitrefrax Co., Trade Cat. (82) Tucker and Sampen, 1, 28: 953; 06. ( 83 ) Washburn and Libman, 38, 3: 634; 20. (84) Wilkes, G. B., O. ( 85 ) Wilson, Holdcroft and Mellor, 82, 12: 279; 12. (86) Wologdine and Queneau, 33, 7: 383; 09. (87) Dupuy, 108, 25: 308; 22. (88) Norton, 38, 8: 799; 25. («9) Ferguson, 884, 10: 131; 26.

ABRASIVE MATERIALS M. L. HARTMANN COMMON AND TRADE NAMES IND. No. 1. Aluminium oxide (fused, impure) ("aloxite," "alundum," "lionite," "borolon," "alumo"). Al2O3 2. Corundum. Al2O3 3. Diatomaceous earth (infusorial earth, kieselguhr, fossil flour, fossil meal, tripolite, diatomite, polerschiefer, desmid earth, molerà, white peat, tellurine, randanite, ceyssatite, bergmehl, radiolarian earth). SiO2

4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

Emery. Flint. SiO2 Garnet (almandite, rhodolite). Glass (alkali lime). Pumice (pumicite, santorini, santorine earth). Silicon carbide (" carborundum," "crystolon," "carbolon.") SiC For diamond, iron oxides, iron alloys and quartz, see other sections of I. C. T.

Ind. No.

Hardness Mobs'scale

Density g/cm3

1

9+

3.93-4.00

(25)

(3,25)

Thermal expansion IO6 dl 0_ Tdtper C 8.7 (25-90O0C)

Thermal conductivity k = IO"6 X A g-cal cm" 2 sec"1 (0C, cm"1)"1 A ~

(2)

7.7 (0-158O0C)

( 17 )

2

9

3.95-4.10

dF Compressibility ^p (P in atm.) = 3.8 X 10~ 7 for No. 2 (12);

2.2 X 10~7 for No. 9 (100-500 atm.) (24). Specific heat in g-cal/g = 0.1976 (8-980C) for No. 2 (23); 0.212-0.236 (133-4050C) for No. 7 (*); 0.186 (31-980C) for No. 9 (20) ? c/. (13, 27).

6.76 (19)

(1, 4, 10, 11, 21) (1, 4, 10, 21)

LITERATURE 3

1-1.5 (io)

2.1-2.2 (io)

4

7-9

3.75-4.35

(10)

5

6

227 (20O0C) ( 1 0 ) 315 (80O0C)

(4)

7

2.61-2.63

17.4 (15-100O0C)

(4,10)

(26)

(7)

6.5-7 ( 1 O), cf. (L 16 )

3.4-4.3 ( 10 ), cf. (i, 16)

7

2.4-2.6

8.01-11.88

(14)

8

9

6

2.5

(10)

(10)

9-10 (9, 22)

3.17-3.21

1080-2270

(15)

(18)

4.74 (100-90O0C)

43000 (135O0C)

(3, 5)

(2) .

4.3 (0-170O0C) (•)

(For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) (i) Barlow, 386, No. 50; 15. ( 2 ) Boeck, 81, 14: 470; 12. ( 3 ) Carborundum Company, Niagara Falls, New York, O. ( 4 ) Dana, System of Mineralogy, 6th ed., New York, Wiley, 1892. ( 5 ) Fitzgerald, 143, 143: 81; 97. ( 6 ) Hartmann and Westmont, 38, 8: 259; 25. ( 7 ) Houldsworth and Cobb, in Searle, The Chemistry and Physics of Clays and Other Ceramic Materials, p. 579. London, Benn, 1924. ( 8 ) Iitaka, 159, 8: 99; 19. ( 9 ) Kunz, 78, 12: 40; 07. (i°) Ladoo, Non-Metallic Minerals, New York, McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., 1925. (H)Larsen, 156, No. 679; 21. ( 1 2 ) Madelung and Fuchs, 5,66: 293; 21. ( 13 ) Magnus, 8, 70: 303; 23. ( 1 4 ) Mellor, B71, VI: 524; 25. ( 15 ) Mellor, B71, VI: 529; 25. ( 1 6 ) Mellor, B71, VI: 911; 25. ( 17 ) Norton, 38, 8: 799; 25. ( 1 8 ) Paalhorn, in B71, VI: 531; 25. ( 1 9 ) Pfaff, 8, 107: 148; 59. ( 2 0 ) Potter, 78, 12: 191; 07. ( 2 M Pratt, 156, No. 269; 06. ( 2 2 ) Pratt, 387, 15: 98; 06. ( 2 3 ) Regnault, 6, 1: 129; 41. ( 2 4 ) Richards, Stull, Brink and Bonnet, 152, No. 76; 07. ( 2 5 ) Saunders, 78, 19: 333; 11. ( 2 6 ) Washburn and Navias, 38, 5: 565; 22. ( 2 7 ) Weigel, 188, 1915; 264, 320.

(6)

(34 % porosity)

PROPERTIES OF GLASS GEORGE W. MOREY CONTENTS Composition of commercial and experimental glasses. Silica glass v. vol. III. Mechanical properties. Density. Viscosity. Surface tension. Strength. Elastic properties. Thermal properties. Melting point diagrams. Annealing temperatures and other arbitrary thermal constants. Coefficient of thermal expansion. Specific heats. Thermal conductivity. Electrical properties. Magnetic susceptibility. Dielectric properties. Electrical resistivity and conductivity.

MATIÈRES Compositions des verres du commerce et des verres d'expériences. Verre de silice, v. vol. III.

INHALTSVERZEICHNIS Zusammensetzung gewöhnlicher und e x p e r i m e n t i e r Gläser. Quarzglass siehe Bd. III.

Propriétés mécaniques. Densité. Viscosité. Tension de surface. Résistance. Propriétés élastiques. Propriétés thermiques. Diagrammes des points de fusion. Températures de recuit et autres constantes thermiques arbitraires. Coefficient de dilatation thermique. Chaleurs spécifiques. Conductibilité thermique. Propriétés électriques. Susceptibilité magnétique. Propriétés diélectriques. Résistivité et conductibilité électriques.

Mechanische Eigenschaften. Dichte. Viskosität. Oberflächenspannung. Festigkeit. Elastische Eigenschaften. Verhalten bei der Erwärmung. Schmelzpunkt Diagrame. Abkühlung und andere gelegentliche thermische Konstanten. Thermischer Ausdehnungskoeffizient. Spezifische Wärme. Wärme Leitfähigkeit. Elektrische Eigenschaften. Magnetische Suszeptibilität. Dielektrische Eigenschaften. Elektrischer Widerstand und elektrische Leitfähigkeit.

INDICE PAGB Composizione di vetri commerciali e sperimentali.. 88 Vetro di silice; consultare il Tomo III. Proprietà meccaniche Densità Viscosità Tensione superficiale.... Resistenza : Proprietà elastiche Proprietà termiche Diagrammi dei punti di fusione Temperatura del ricuocere ed altri costanti termici arbitrarii Coefficiente della dilatazione termica Calori specifici Conduttività termica. . . Proprietà elettriche Suscettibilità magnetica. Proprietà dielettriche... Resistenza e conduttibilità elettrica

92 92 94 96 97 97 97 97 99 100 101 101 101 101 101 101

Ind. No.

Hardness Mobs'scale

Density g/cm3

1

9+

3.93-4.00

(25)

(3,25)

Thermal expansion IO6 dl 0_ Tdtper C 8.7 (25-90O0C)

Thermal conductivity k = IO"6 X A g-cal cm" 2 sec"1 (0C, cm"1)"1 A ~

(2)

7.7 (0-158O0C)

( 17 )

2

9

3.95-4.10

dF Compressibility ^p (P in atm.) = 3.8 X 10~ 7 for No. 2 (12);

2.2 X 10~7 for No. 9 (100-500 atm.) (24). Specific heat in g-cal/g = 0.1976 (8-980C) for No. 2 (23); 0.212-0.236 (133-4050C) for No. 7 (*); 0.186 (31-980C) for No. 9 (20) ? c/. (13, 27).

6.76 (19)

(1, 4, 10, 11, 21) (1, 4, 10, 21)

LITERATURE 3

1-1.5 (io)

2.1-2.2 (io)

4

7-9

3.75-4.35

(10)

5

6

227 (20O0C) ( 1 0 ) 315 (80O0C)

(4)

7

2.61-2.63

17.4 (15-100O0C)

(4,10)

(26)

(7)

6.5-7 ( 1 O), cf. (L 16 )

3.4-4.3 ( 10 ), cf. (i, 16)

7

2.4-2.6

8.01-11.88

(14)

8

9

6

2.5

(10)

(10)

9-10 (9, 22)

3.17-3.21

1080-2270

(15)

(18)

4.74 (100-90O0C)

43000 (135O0C)

(3, 5)

(2) .

4.3 (0-170O0C) (•)

(For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) (i) Barlow, 386, No. 50; 15. ( 2 ) Boeck, 81, 14: 470; 12. ( 3 ) Carborundum Company, Niagara Falls, New York, O. ( 4 ) Dana, System of Mineralogy, 6th ed., New York, Wiley, 1892. ( 5 ) Fitzgerald, 143, 143: 81; 97. ( 6 ) Hartmann and Westmont, 38, 8: 259; 25. ( 7 ) Houldsworth and Cobb, in Searle, The Chemistry and Physics of Clays and Other Ceramic Materials, p. 579. London, Benn, 1924. ( 8 ) Iitaka, 159, 8: 99; 19. ( 9 ) Kunz, 78, 12: 40; 07. (i°) Ladoo, Non-Metallic Minerals, New York, McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., 1925. (H)Larsen, 156, No. 679; 21. ( 1 2 ) Madelung and Fuchs, 5,66: 293; 21. ( 13 ) Magnus, 8, 70: 303; 23. ( 1 4 ) Mellor, B71, VI: 524; 25. ( 15 ) Mellor, B71, VI: 529; 25. ( 1 6 ) Mellor, B71, VI: 911; 25. ( 17 ) Norton, 38, 8: 799; 25. ( 1 8 ) Paalhorn, in B71, VI: 531; 25. ( 1 9 ) Pfaff, 8, 107: 148; 59. ( 2 0 ) Potter, 78, 12: 191; 07. ( 2 M Pratt, 156, No. 269; 06. ( 2 2 ) Pratt, 387, 15: 98; 06. ( 2 3 ) Regnault, 6, 1: 129; 41. ( 2 4 ) Richards, Stull, Brink and Bonnet, 152, No. 76; 07. ( 2 5 ) Saunders, 78, 19: 333; 11. ( 2 6 ) Washburn and Navias, 38, 5: 565; 22. ( 2 7 ) Weigel, 188, 1915; 264, 320.

(6)

(34 % porosity)

PROPERTIES OF GLASS GEORGE W. MOREY CONTENTS Composition of commercial and experimental glasses. Silica glass v. vol. III. Mechanical properties. Density. Viscosity. Surface tension. Strength. Elastic properties. Thermal properties. Melting point diagrams. Annealing temperatures and other arbitrary thermal constants. Coefficient of thermal expansion. Specific heats. Thermal conductivity. Electrical properties. Magnetic susceptibility. Dielectric properties. Electrical resistivity and conductivity.

MATIÈRES Compositions des verres du commerce et des verres d'expériences. Verre de silice, v. vol. III.

INHALTSVERZEICHNIS Zusammensetzung gewöhnlicher und e x p e r i m e n t i e r Gläser. Quarzglass siehe Bd. III.

Propriétés mécaniques. Densité. Viscosité. Tension de surface. Résistance. Propriétés élastiques. Propriétés thermiques. Diagrammes des points de fusion. Températures de recuit et autres constantes thermiques arbitraires. Coefficient de dilatation thermique. Chaleurs spécifiques. Conductibilité thermique. Propriétés électriques. Susceptibilité magnétique. Propriétés diélectriques. Résistivité et conductibilité électriques.

Mechanische Eigenschaften. Dichte. Viskosität. Oberflächenspannung. Festigkeit. Elastische Eigenschaften. Verhalten bei der Erwärmung. Schmelzpunkt Diagrame. Abkühlung und andere gelegentliche thermische Konstanten. Thermischer Ausdehnungskoeffizient. Spezifische Wärme. Wärme Leitfähigkeit. Elektrische Eigenschaften. Magnetische Suszeptibilität. Dielektrische Eigenschaften. Elektrischer Widerstand und elektrische Leitfähigkeit.

INDICE PAGB Composizione di vetri commerciali e sperimentali.. 88 Vetro di silice; consultare il Tomo III. Proprietà meccaniche Densità Viscosità Tensione superficiale.... Resistenza : Proprietà elastiche Proprietà termiche Diagrammi dei punti di fusione Temperatura del ricuocere ed altri costanti termici arbitrarii Coefficiente della dilatazione termica Calori specifici Conduttività termica. . . Proprietà elettriche Suscettibilità magnetica. Proprietà dielettriche... Resistenza e conduttibilità elettrica

92 92 94 96 97 97 97 97 99 100 101 101 101 101 101 101

CONTENTS.—(Continued)

MATIÈRES.—(Suite)

INHALTSVERZEICHNIS.—(Fortsetzung)

Optical properties. Refractive index and dispersion. Effect of temperature on index. Effect of pressure and strain on index.

Propriétés optiques. Indice de réfraction et dispersion. Action de la température sur l'indice. Action de la pression et de la tension sur l'indice.

Optische Eigenschaften. Brechungsindex und Dispersion. Einfluss der Temperatur auf den Brechungsindex. Druck und Spannungs-Einfluss auf den Brechungsindex. Transmission und Absorption.

Proprietà ottiche. Indice di refrazione e la dispersione Effetto della temperatura sul indice Effetto di compressione e tensione sul indice. .

INDICE. ^(Azione) PAGE

Transmission and absorption.

Transmission et absorption.

101 104 105 106

Trasmissione ed assorbimento 106

The "Index Nos." of Table 1 are identification numbers by means of which the glasses are identified in the property tables which follow.

Les nombres index de la Table 1 sont des nombres d'identification au moyen desquels les verres sont identifiés dans les tables des propriétés qui font suite.

Die Indexnummern der Tafel l sind Erkennungszahlen mit Hilfe deren die Glaser in den folgenden Eigenschaftstafeln identifiziert sind.

I numeri indici della Tabella 1 sono numeri di identificazione a mezzo dei quali si possono individuare i diversi vetri nelle tabelle delle proprietà.

TABLE 1.—GLASS COMPOSITIONS With the exception of those glasses whose index numbers.are in italics, all the compositions listed below are calculated from the ingredients melted to produce the glass type (so-called " batch" compositions). The glasses actually measured will therefore differ from the compositions given by unknown amounts; a difference in optical properties between the types of Table 1 and like numbered glasses in subsequent tables indicates such uncontrolled variations. The analyses of similar types shown in Table 1 give an idea of the magnitude of the difference to be expected. In the tables which follow, this uncertainty as to the actual glass composition is usually greater than that introduced by errors in measurement. The numbers under " Glass .Types" in Table 1 represent (nD - 1) 103/10i>; in which v =

TABLE 1.—COMPOSITIONS DES VERRES A l'exception des verres dont les nombres index sont en italique, toutes les compositions indiquées ci-dessous sont calculées à partir des substances de départ entrant dans la fabrication du verre type. La composition réelle des verres dont on donne les mesures peut donc différer des compositions indiquées par un montant inconnu; une différence dans les propriétés optiques entre les types de la Table 1 et les verres de même numéro dans les tables subséquentes met en évidence ces variations incontrôlées. Les analyses de types similaires indiquées dans la Table 1 donnent une idée de l'ordre de grandeur de la différence à laquelle on peut s'attendre. Dans les tables qui suivent, cette incertitude en ce qui concerne la composition réelle du verre est ordinairement plus grande que celle introduite par des erreurs dans les mesures. Les nombres dans " Verres types" dans la Table 1 représentent (nD — l)103/10i>; dans

TAFEL

TABELLA 1.—COMPOSIZIONE DEI VETRI Fatta eccezione per i vetri con numero indice scritto in corsivo, per tutti gli altri le composizioni riportate sono quelle che si calcolano dalle quantità dei componenti messe a fondere assieme. Le composizioni effettive differiscono perciò da quelle indicate di una quantità sconosciuta; ed eventuali differenze nelle proprietà ottiche dei vetri della Tabella 1 e di quelli delle tabelle successive contradistinti da uno stesso numero stanno a dimostrare appunto queste incontrollatibili variazioni. Le analisi di tipi simili di vetri riportate nella Tabella 1, danno una idea della grandezza delle differenze che possono aversi. La incertezza intorno alla composizione effettiva del vetro è, in genere, maggiore di quella che può essere dovuta ad errori di misura. I numeri sotto la dicitura "Glass Types" nella Tabella 1 rappresentano (nG — l)103/10u;

n »~l. Glasses 1-114 are nF - nc arranged in the order of increasing TID; glasses 115-133, in order of decreasing SiO 2 content; glasses 134-146 in order of decreasing nD.

^ . Les verlaquelle v= — H nnF - nc res I à 114 sont disposés dans l'ordre de n& accroissant; les verres 115 à 133 dans l'ordre de la teneur décroissante en SiO2; les verres 134 à 146 dans l'ordre de UD décroissant.

1.—GLAS-ZUSAMMENSETZUNGEN Mit Ausnahme bei jenen Gläsern deren Indexnummern kursiv geschrieben sind, ist ihre folgende Zusammensetzung aus den Bestandteilen berechnet, die zur Erschmelzung des Glases verwendet worden sind (Glassatz). Die wirkliche Zusammensetzung des Glases wird deshalb von der angegebenen in unbekanntem Ausmasse abweichen. Ein Unterschied in den optischen Eigenschaften der Glastypen in der Tafel l und denen in den folgenden Tabellen, welche ähnlich bezeichnet sind, zeigt solche unkontrollierbare Veränderungen. Die Analyse ähnlicher Glassorten, welche in der Tabelle l verzeichnet sind, geben eine Vorstellung von der Grosse der Abweichungen die zu erwarten sind. In den folgenden Tabellen ist die Unsicherheit bezüglich der wirklichen Glaszusammensetzung gewöhnlich grosser, als sie durch Messfehler verursacht werden kann. Die Zahlen unter " Glass Types" in der Tafel l bedeuten (nD - I)IO 3 / 1Ou wobei v = n v-1 i Die Gläser 1-114 nF — nc st> reihen sich nach aufsteigenden raD-Werten, Gläserl 15-133 nach absteigendem SiO2-Gehalt und Gläser 134-146 nach absteigenden no- Werten.

dove v = n— -W I vetri da 1 F 0 a 114 sono disposti in ordine accrescente di WD; i vetri da 115 a 133 in ordine decrescente del contenuto di SiO2; i vetri da 134 a 146 in ordine decrescente di WD.

Ind-

Ï

Type

Name

Lit.

SiOa

B3O3 Na2C)J K2O CaO BaO ZnO PbO MgO Al2O3 Fe2O3 Mn2O3 Sb2O3 As2O6 As2O3 Cl ( 12 ) 80.75 12.00 4.10 0.10 0.30

475/636 Pyrex laboratory

2.20

0.40

SO3 H2O

Table No.

2, 5, Ua, 116

lie, 12a, 17a la Pyrex radio 2 479/702 Chance,fluorcrown* 3 496/644 Schott, borosilicate crown

2, Uc 9

7423 ( ) 54.8 18.7 20.3 O802 (««) 71. 14 10

0.3

0.2

Ua, Uc, 13c

5.0

2, 4, 5, 7, 9, Uc

4 494/646 Schott, borosilicate crown O2259 (55)69.5914 8 3.0 8.0 0.01 0.4 5 498/653 Chance, borosilicate crown 3484 ( 9 ) 59.5 21.5 14.4 0.3 2.3 1.9 0.1 6 500/647 Schott, borosilicate thermometer 59m ( 6 6 ) 72 12 11.0 5.0 Ga Same, analysis (*3) 72.8610.43 9.82 0.10 0.35 0.20 6.24 Tr. Tr. 68 7 506/602 Schott, crown O714 ( ) 74.6 9.0 11.0 5.0 0.1 0.3 8 508/604 Schott, Jena gerate ( 48 ) 64.7 10.9 7.5 0.37 0.63 10.9 0.21 4.2 0.25 0.01 0.14 9 9 509/641 Chance, borosilicate crown O646 ( ) 69.6 6.7 20.5 2.9 0.3 0.1 10 510/621 Chance, borosilicate crown 4990 ( 9 ) 71.1 2.7 18.8 6.8 0.3 0.2 11 510/ Schott, silicate crown O2161 ( 3 5 ) 69.15 1.0 6.6 15.0 11.0 0.05 0.3 12 511/640 Schott, borosilicate crown O144 ( 6 8 ) 7 0 . 4 7.4 5.3 14.5 2.0 0.1 0.2

10,13 2, 7, Lib 2,4 7,126 13 13 10 2,4,5,7,10,

120, 14, 17«, 176 ISa Same, E. T. Allen, analyst 13 511/605 Schott, borosilicate crown 14 513/637 Schott, borosilicate crown 15 513/573 Schott, zinc silicate crown 16 515/579 Chance, zinc crown 17 516/640 Schott, borosilicate crown, analysis 18 19 20 21 22 23

516/638 516/620 516/608 516/536 517/609 517/602

Chance, borosilicate crown Borosilicate crown Chance, hard crown Schott, borosilicate crown Schott, borosilicate crown Schott, silicate crown

( 3 ) 72.15 5.88 5.1613.85 2.04 O O Tr. 0.07 0.04 0.01 O 0.20 O374 ( 68 ) 68.1 3.5 5.0 16.0 7.0 O627 ( 6 8 ) 68.2 10.0 10.0 9.5 2.0 O709 (66) 70.6 17.0 12.0 0.4 1066 ( 9 ) 69.7 11.0 1.7 0.4 16.5 0.3 0.4 O3832 (3) 69.58 9.91 8.44 8.37 0.07 2.54 O O 0.07 0.04 0.01

lie

6493 ( 9 )

67.1 7.2 16.2 2.0 7.2 (i) 67 12 9 8 4 1203 ( 9 ) 69.5 19.0 11.1 O608 ( 6 8 ) 53.5 20.0 6.5 O40 (««) 69.0 2.5 4.0 16.0 8.0 O60 ( 6 6 ) 6 4 . 6 2.7 5.0 15.0 10.2 2.0

0.080.060.120.08 0.4 7 0.2 2,15 2,4,110 13 O 0.22 0 . 0 9 0 . 0 6 0 . 0 8 0 . 0 6 5 , 7, 9, Ua

0.3

0.1

13 6, 16

0.3

0.2 20.0 0.1 0.1 0.4

13 0.4

2 2, 4, 7, lie 2,4,7,126,15, 17a

24 517/589 Schott, silicate crown O203 Composition unknown, but probably differs but little from 23 and 25 5, 7, 14 25 517/558 Schott, light barium crown... O1092 (53) 65.4 2.5 5.6 15.0 9.6 2.0 0.1 0.4 14, 17c 26 518/609 Bureau of Standards, light crown ( 4 8 ) 68.6 3.5 12.0 5.0 9.7 1.0 0.2 7 27 518/605 Chance, hard crown 605 ( 9 ) 69.6 18.4 11.5 • 0.3 0.2 13 28 518/599 Bureau of Standards, light crown ( 4 8 ) 67.0 3.5 12.0 5.0 10.6 1.5 0.4 7 29 519/603 Chance, hard crown 9322 ( 9 ) 72.0 6.1 10.1 11.4 0.3 0.2 13 30 520/618 Bureau of Standards, borosilicate crown.... • ( 4 S ) 66.5 7.8 9.8 5.9 7.8 2.0 0.2 7 31 520/520 Schott, high dispersion crown 0381(1151) ( 5 3 ) 6 8 . 7 15.7 2.0 13.3 0.1 0.2 Ua, 14, 17c 32 522/520 Schott, high dispersion crown 0381(1250) (* 8 ) 66.8 16.0 3.8 11.6 1.5 0.1 0.2 14 33 522/515 Schott, high dispersion crown 0381(1168) ( 6 8 ) 6 8 . 2 16.5 2.0 13.1 0.2 5, 7, lie 34 522/522 E. Posnjak, analyst O381 (67) 67.40 15.15 0.14 0.39 3.8510.71 1.72 0.02 0.04 0.14 0.15 35 522/596 Schott, ordinary silicate crown O1282 (35) 62.5 2.0 5.0 15.0 11.0 3 1.0 0.1 0.4 10 36 523/590 Ordinary crown (!) 73.1 14.0 1.0 12.0 6,16 37 524/522 Chance, telescope flint 4277 ( 9 ) 52.4 18.3 2.3 4.3 0.3 1.9 20.4 0.1 Ua, 13 38 522/511 Schott, telescope flint O2001 Of unknown composition, but probably differs but little from preceding lie, 14, 176 39 527/546 Schott, telescope crown O2388 Of unknown composition 14, 17a 40 529/516 Chance, extra light flint 7863 ( 9 ) 66.8 9.2 3.9 0.4 5.2 7.1 0.3 7.0 0.1 13 41 537/512 Schott, borosilicateflint0152(1809) (30) 35.4 34.3 7.4 18.7 0.5 3.7 Ua, 16 42 540/598 Schott, light barium flint O227 ( 68 ) 59.5 3.0 3.0 10.0 19.2 5.0 0.3 14 42a 541/596 Same, analysis ( 3 ) 59.13 3.04 3.16 9.70 0.1319.25 5.00 O 0.11 0.02 O 0.34 43 541/594 Chance, light barium crown 3463 ( 9 ) 57.1 1.8 13.7 0.3 26.9 0.2 0.1 13 44 541/469 Schott, light flint O726 62.6 4.5 8.5 24.1 0.3 126 45 545/503 Schott, light borosilicate flint O658 (66) 32.75 31 1 3 25.0 7 0.06 0.25 4, 7, 10, 15, 16 46 547/458 Chance, light flint 458 ( 9 ) 59.7 12.6 0.3 26.9 0.3 " 0.1 13 47 549/461 Schott, extra light flint O378 ( 68 ) 59.3 5.0 8.0 27.5 0.2 5,7 48 549/455 Chance, light flint 1018 ( 9 ) 60.6 13.9 0.3 2.5 22.5 0.3 0.1 13 49 552/514 Chance, light barium flint 1078 ( 9 ) 56.4 12.0 0.3 15.1 4.1 11.1 0.2 0.7 13 50 552/517 Chance, light barium flint 5062 ( 9 ) 55.9 13.3 0.3 14.8 4.1 10.7 0.2 0.7 13 51 552/510 Bureau of Standards, barium flint ( 4 8 ) 58.8 1.7 1.7 8.3 14.3 2.5 12.7 7 52 553/530 Schott, barium flint O846 ( 6 8 ) 5 6 . 2 1.5 11.0 15.0 9.0 7.0 0.3 10. 126, 17o * Contains also 7.5 % F.

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Type

Name

I Lit.

SiO2

flint 337 ( 9 ) 40.6 flint O102 (53)40.0

B 2 OaNa 2 O K2O CaO BaO ZnO PbO MgOAl 2 O 3 Fe 2 OaIMn 2 O 3 Sb 2 O 3 As 2 O 5 As 2 O 3 Cl 7.5 0.2 0.5 6.5

51.5 0.2 52.6

0.1

SO 3 H 2 O

Table No.

101 102

647/337 Chance, extra dense 650/322 Schott, heavy silicate

103 104 105 106 107 108

655/330 668/356 680/317 717/295 717/295 751/276

109 110 111 112 113 114 116 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 188a Î&3 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134

755/275 Schott, heavy silicate flint O165 ( 68 ) 28.4 2.5 69 0.1 7,9,15 756/270 Extra dense flint O) 28 3 69 6, 16 778/265 Schott, very heavy silicate flint O198 («8)27.3 1.5 71 0.1 5, 7, Uc 8 890/226 Schott, very heavy silicate flint S163 (« ) 22.0 78.0 14, 15, 17c 905/217 Schott, heaviest silicate flint S208 (66) 20 80 2, Ua 963/197 Schott, heaviest silicate flint S57 (68) 18 82 7, 14, 15, 16 Kavalier combustion tube (?) 79.57 0.6611.60 7.80 0.11 0.32 0.04 111 Experimental glass #7 165 (66)73.8 10.5 7.0 5.0 3.5 0.2 2,4 Experimental glass #34 ( 6 6 ) 7 0 . 2 12.0 10.3 3.0 4.5 2,4 Experimental glass #90 ( 3 4 ) 6 9 . 5 2.0 7.0 16.0 2.5 2.5 0.4 2,4 34 Experimental glass #87 ( ) 68.2 10 10 9.5 2.0 0.2 4 Experimental glass #8 1419 (34)67.9 16.8 5.8 8.1 1.0 0.1 0.3 2,4 4 Experimental glass #84 (* ) 67.7 8.0 10.0 9.0 5 0.3 4 Normal thermometer 16m (66) 67.3 2 14 7 7 2.5 0.2 2, 4, 7, 126 43 Same, analysis ( ) 66.58 0.9114.80 Tr. 7.18 6.24 0.17 3.84 Tr. 0.28 Jena combustion, analysis (7) 66.90 7.22 1.25 2.40 7.94 7.27 0.61 6.38 0.22 111 Experimental glass #3 172 ( 3 4 ) 6 4 . 4 12 8 11 4.5 0.1 2 Experimental glass #10 290 (66) 58.7 33 8 0.3 2,4 111 Experimental glass #4 164 (34) 55.0 14 14 17 2 Experimental glass #32 (66)54.8 28 17 0.2 2,4 Experimental glass #12 121m (34) 51.3 14 25 5 4.5 0.2 2 Experimental glass #24 ( 6 6 ) 4 4 . 2 0.5 8 47 0.1 0.2 2,4 Experimental glass #23 (66) 34.5 10.2 42 7.8 5 0.5 4 (6) 70.0 16.8 4.5 6.6 1.5 0.1 0.5 126 VS1419 (6) 67.9 16.8 5.8 8.1 1.0 0.1 0.3 126 O1722 (6) 69.64 17.0 5.0 5.3 2.6 0.06 0.4 126 507/614 Schott, light borate crown S205 (68) 69.1 8.0 4.7 18.0 0.2 2,4,7,14,15,

135

510/600 Schott, borate crown

136 137 138 139 140

519/609 523/614 573/469 658/489 666/392

141 142 143 144

516/703 Schott, light phosphate crown 522/697 Schott, light phosphate crown 558/670 Schott, phosphate crown 562/646 Schott, medium phosphate crown

145 146

562/665 Schott, phosphate crown 567/656 Schott, phosphate crown

0.09

13 5, 7, 9, lie,

0.3

14, 17c

Heavy flint C 1 ) 42 3 3 52 Chance, very dense barium flint 4675 ( 9 ) 36.6 4.9 0.2 13.6 4.7 39.2 0.2 Schott, heavy silicate flint O192 («») 38.0 5.0 56.8 0.04 Chance, very dense flint 4141 ( 9 ) 35.1 2.8 0.1 61.8 0.1 Schott, heavy silicate flint O41 (68) 33.7 4 62.0 Schott, heavy silicate flint O500 (««) 29.3 3 67.5

6,16 0.6

0.2

Uc, 13 10, 16, 17a 13

0.2 0.3

5, 7, Ua, 16 2, 4, 14, 16,

0.2

17c

16

Schott, borate crown Schott Schott, borate flint Schott, zinc borate Schott, borate flint

S204 VS458 S185 VS428 S665 S120 O225 S219 S206 S179 S40 S95

(68)

63.8

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3.0 3.0

8.0

3.5

3.5

3.0

18.0 30 22.4 12.0

32.0 59 52 12.0 12.0 28.0 37

0.2

5.8

28 38

0.2

2 0.5 1.5

1.5

5.0 1.5

2 7 2, 7, 14

4.0 10.0 4.0 10.0 1.5

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6.0

5.0

8.0

14, 17c

1.5 1.5 3.0 1.5

2,7,9,15 2 2,4,7,15 14, 17c Di 2 Q 3 15,7 2

MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF GLASS Density The density of glass is dependent not only on its composition but also on its thermal history; variation in the latter factor may cause differences of ±0.002. Figures 1-5 give the density-composition relations for a number of annealed experimental glasses. The density of four series of glasses of the general formula 100 SiO2 • 20 or 40 Na2O (or 20 or 40 K 2 O) • zCaO can be represented by the equation d = mz + b, in which x — weight % CaO. Values of m, b and the range of x are: For 20 Na 2 O: 0.0124, 2.368, 3.7 - 23.7 %; for 40 Na 2 O: 0.0092, 2.475, 3.2 - 21 %; for 20 K 2 O: 0.0097, 2.386, 3 - 2 2 %; for 40 K 2 O: 0.0089, 2.464. 2.7 - 18.6 % ( 45 ). The density of multicomponent commercial and experimental glasses is given in Table 2 and of optical glasses in Table 13.

FIG. 3.—Density of some alkali-lead oxide 46 glasses of the approximate composition shown ( ).

FIG. 1.—Density of the ternary Na2U-CaO-SiO2 glasses. Composition in weight % ( 41 ).

FIG. 4.—Density of some alkali-barium oxide47glasses of the approximate composition shown ( ).

FIG. 2.—Density of some glasses obtained from Na2O.3SiO2 by substitution of CaO, MgO, AhOa19 or20 TiU2 for Na2U. Exact compositions are given in the originals ( » » 24 » 5S ).

FIG. 5.—Density of some Na2O-B2O3-SiO2 glasses. Exact compositions are given in the original ( 2S ).

TABLE 2.—PROPERTIES OF SOME MULTICOMPONENT GLASSES Serial Ind. No. No. 1 la 2

Type

1 Pyrex laboratory la Pyrex radio 3 496/644

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29

6 7 12 14 15 21 22 23 60 62 63 84 100 108 113 116 117 118 119 120 122 124 125 126 127 128 129

30 31 32 33

134 137 139 140

34 35 36 37

141 142 143 146

Thermometer, 59m 506/602 511/640 513/637 513/573 516/536 517/609 517/602 571/430 573/580 573/576 610/574 645/341 751/276 905/217 165HI

Thermometer, 16m

Borate glasses 507/614 523/614 653/508 666/392 Phosphate glasses 516/700 522/697 558/670 567/656

ComTensile pressive Thermal expansion strength Density strength IO6 AZ 3 g/cm I At Unit = 1 kilo-megabarye; 1 megabarye = 14.50 lb./in.2 = 1.020 kg/cm 2 2.25' (12) 611(12) 3.2 (19-35O0X") 3.0 2.370(66) 715(65) 0.197(59) 0.68(66) 12.4(66)

Young's Poisson's modulus ratio

2.370(66) 2.5 (68) 2.47(68) 2.47(68) 2.572(66) 2.6 (68) 2.49(68) 2.580(66) 3.21(68) 3.21(68) 3.532(66) 3.879(66) 4.731(66) 5.944(66) 2.479(66) 2.378(66)

711(65) 644(65) 731(65) 781(65) 637(65)

0.20(12) 0.204(65)

5.90 (0-100)(34) 0.221(59) 0.210(59) 0.213(59) 0.226(59) 0.83(66) 0.219(59)

704(65) 647(65) 0.231(59) 0.66(66) 598(65) 0.222(59)

727(65) 783(65) 535(65) 537(65) 499(65) 717(65) 704(65) 621(65) 782(65) 2.629(66) 651(65) 2.585(66) 732(65) 2.424(66) 2.518(66) 589(65) 2.480(66) 2.668(66) 573(65) 2.848(66) 709(65) 3.578(66) 528(65)

Specific heat g-cal/g

0.252(59) 0.271(59) 0.224(59) 0.239(59) 0.261(59)

7.97 (17.5-94.7)(51) 9.6(66) 8.83 (18.7-90.5)(34) 9.0(66) 9.63 (17-95.5)(5i) 7.93 (12.9-97.6)(5i) 7.90 (18.9-93.1)(Si)

0.73(66) 8.3(66) 0.53(66) 8.3(66) 0.52(66) 6.6(66) 0.35(66) 5.9(66) 9.33 (24.5-84)(51) 0.82(66) n.i(66) 0.80(66) 9.7(66)

0.140(65)

0.196(65)

0.221(59) 0.66(66)

9.7(66)

0.228(59)

8.03 (14.6-92.2)(34)

0.253(59) 0.77(66)

6.7(66)

0.261(59) 0.81(66)

7.2(66)

0.60(66)

7.6(66)

0.209(65) 0.189(65) 0.204(65) 4.57 (12.69-89.8)(34) 0.162(65)

2.243(66) 461(65) 0.274(59) 0.57(66) 2.238(66) 0.273(59) 3.527(66) 801(65) 0.319(59) 3.691(66)

8.0(66) 6.71 (14.4-94.4)(5i)

2.588(66) 2.588(66) 664(65) 0.235(59) 3.070(66) 620(65) 0.253(59) 3.238(66) 0.272(59)

9.30 (17.7-92.7)(5i) 7.0(66) 7.4(66) 8.70 (20.3-92.2)(51)

0.55(66) 0.75(66)

3.33 (10.35-92.9)(51)

0.218(65) 0.232(65) 0.166(65) 0.136(65) 0.190(65) 0.159(65) 0.146(65)

Viscosity For definition of viscosity see vol. 1, p. 42. The variation of viscosity with composition and with temperature in the ternary system Na2O-CaO-SiO2 is shown in Figs. 6-12; the effect of replacement of CaO by MgO or by Al2O3, in Figs. 13 and 14 respt. and the temperature-viscosity curves of a number of expérimenta glasses are shown in Fig. 15 and of optical glasses in Fig. 16.

FIG. 8.—Log isokoms in the system Na2O-CaO-SiO612 at 1100°. broken line is the liquidus curve at 1100° ( ).

The

FIG. 6.—Log isokoms (lines of constant viscosity) in the system Na2O-CaO-SiO2, at 900°. Viscosity in log poises; composition in weight %. The broken line is the liquidus curve at 900°. Cf. Fig. 20 ( 61 ).

FIG. 9.—Log isokoms in the system Na2O-CaO-SiO2 61 at 1200°. broken line is the liquidus curve at 1200° ( ).

FIG. 7.—Log isokoms in the system Na2O-CaO-SiO2 61 at 1000°. broken line is the liquidus curve at 1000° ( ).

The

The

FIG. 12.—Log isokoms in the system Na2O-CaO-SiO2 at 1500° («i).

FIG. 10.—Log isokoms in the system Na2O-CaO-SiO2 at 1300°. The mixtures at this temperature are all above the liquidus surface, except a few high in SiO2 ( 61 ).

FIG. 11.—Log isokoms in the system Na2O-CaO-SiO2 at 1400° («i).

FIG. 13.—Effect on viscosity of replacing CaO by MgO in the mixture 1.2Na2O • 0.8 CaO • 6SiO2, at different temperatures. Viscosity in poises O 4 - 1 ).

FIG. 14.—Effect on viscosity of replacing CaO by Al2O3 in the mixture 1.1Na2O • 0.9 CaO • 6SiO2, at different temperatures f 1 4 - 1 ).

FIG. 17.—Surface tension of Na2O-CaO-SiO2 mixtures at 1206° ( 6 ^).

FIG. 15.—Variation of log viscosity, in poises, with temperature, of a number of experimental glasses ( 14 ).

FIG. 18.—Surface tension of NazO-CaO-SiOs mixtures at 1454° ( 61 ).

FIG. 16.—Variation of viscosity with temperature in à number of optical glasses ( 61>1 ).

Surface Tension The variation of surface tension with composition in the ternary Na2O-CaO-SiC>2 glasses at constant temperature is shown in Figs. 17 and 18; the variation with temperature in Fig. 19.

FIG. 19.—Variation of surface tension with temperature ( 61 ).

Strength

THERMAL PROPERTIES OF GLASS

The strength of glass is so greatly influenced by its thermal history (33) and the condition of its surface (38) that the values given are of uncertain significance and should be used only with an ample factor of safety. Values of tensile and compressive strength of a number of glasses are given in Table 2. The strength of glass fibers as a function of thickness is given by Griffith ( 33 ). The following summarizes the data for tubes, determined on a glass of unknown composition.

Melting Point Diagrams The melting point diagrams showing the compositions of the crystalline solid phases which may exist in equilibrium with liquid and the relation between equilibrium temperature and composition of that liquid are not known for most of the glass-forming systems. Figures 20 and 21 give these for the ternary system Na2O • SiO2CaO • SiO2-SiO2 and the binary system PbO-SiO2.

TABLE 3.—BURSTING STRENGTH OF GLASS TUBES ( 44 ) Maximum fiber stress, Tn, calculated from the formula jl"

/_P»JLl\

1

Tm = 4 5Pm + 71 (R-]2 - i J- 1 (unit = IO6 barye)

L

NV* /

Range of radii, R, mm Shape of tubes

External, R

Internal, R'

Thick walled.. 9-18 3-6 Capillary 5-7 0.24-1.0 Thin walled.. 3.8-7.8 3.4-7.3

J

•/

N um _ Range Of ber bursting tubes pressures, tested Pm

9 16 17

Max. fiber stress, Tm

var.** from mean, %

470 902 628

14 27 20

230-380 420-1200 54-377

Elastic Properties Young's modulus, E, and Poisson's ratio, cr, for a number of commercial and experimental glasses are given in Table 2; the rigidity and bulk moduli, C and K, are related to these through the equation C = E/2(1 + a] and K = E/3(1 - 2a). The variation of E, in kilo-megabaryes, with weight % of CaO is given by the equation E = 13.9?/ +565.6, in the range 0-11% CaO (1O*). The variation of Young's modulus with temperature is shown in Table 4.

FIG. 20.—Melting point diagram of the system Na2O-CaO-SiO2. Composition in weight % ( 39 ).

TABLE 4.—THE EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON ELASTICITY ( 66 ) EL = E2Q [1 — a(t — 20)0]; range, room temp, to £ max . (unit: IO9 barye) lnd. No.

^p8es

J£20°

logio«

logio/3

U«.

3 4 9 6 / 6 4 4 7 5 2 9 . 0 1 8 0 . 4 2 8 4 8 2 7 506/602 655 4.618 O 448 12 511/640 740 4.352 O 475 15 513/573 684 5.912 0.065 409 22 517/609 709 4.369 O 433 23 517/602 654 _4.575 O 394 45 545/503 549 1^.452 0.706 383 60 571/430 609 Ï0.973 0.499 374 63 573/575 744 JÏ.923 0.165 427 100 645/341 540 24.492 0.945 340 108 751/276 539 8.634 0.401 357 116 738 5.543 0.082 460 117 721 5.114 O 482 118 4.616 O 434 119 817 _J.248 O 447 120 652 15.401 0.717 433 121 741 11.092 0.553 407 122 730 6.435 0.232 426 125 604 5.696 0.113 455 127 577 _4.193 O 417 129 532 13.897 0.643 413 130 798 5.33C 0.094 486 134 507/614 492 4.449 O 281 143 558/670 631 6.230 0.255 412

FIG. 21.—-Melting point diagram of the system PbO-SiO 2 C 11 ).

TABLE 5.—THERMAL CONSTANTS OF REPRESENTATIVE GLASSES Glasses are undercooled liquids, and hence have no melting points. Following are some of the empirical definitions that have been proposed for characterizing glasses as to their thermal behavior, and the corresponding temperatures for some representative glasses, (a) Annealing temperature ( 6 2 ): the temperature at which the ratio of final to initial strain is a minimum, when heating and cooling are carried out in a prescribed manner; v. also Table 6 and Figs. 22, 23 and 24. (b) Deformation temperature ( 62 ) : the lowest temperature at which, after 6 hr, one observes a deformation of the polished faces of a 20 mm cube embedded in kieselguhr with a diagonal vertical, (c) Cohesion temperature ( 69 ): the lowest temperature at which 2 plane polished pieces, 2 mm thick, 10 mm diameter, will coalesce in 30 min. (d) Softening temperature, for pyrex ( 12 ): the temperature at which a rod 9 in. long and 0.6 mm diameter lengthens under its own weight at the rate of 1 mm per min when heated in an electric furnace throughout its upper 9.5 cm of length. For the rest of the glasses ( 69 ), the constant to in the empirical 3-constant equation (t0 — f) (S + S0) = C, expressing the relation between the stress, S (measured by birefringence), produced by quickly cooling a cm cube from the temperature t. (e) Flow temperature ( 63 ): the temperature at which a 25 mm cube embedded in kieselguhr with diagonal vertical flows until the corner cannot be detected, in the given time.

TABLE 5.—CONSTANTES THERMIQUES DES VERRES REPRÉSENTATIFS

Les verres sont des liquides surfondus, et par conséquent ne possèdent pas de point de fusion. Dans ce qui suit, on trouvera quelques-unes des définitions empiriques qui ont été proposées pour caractériser les verres en se basant sur la façon dont ils se comportent au point de vue thermique, et les températures correspondantes pour quelques verres représentatifs, (a) Température de recuit ( 62 ) : c'est la température à laquelle le rapport de la tension finale à la tension initiale devient minimum, lorsque la conduite du chauffage et du refroidissement est effectuée d'une manière prescrite; voir aussi Table 6. (b) Température de déformation ( 6 2 ): c'est la température la plus basse à laquelle on observe, après six heures, une déformation des faces polies d'un cube de 20 mm de côté, disposé dans du kieselguhr avec une diagonale verticale, (c) Température de cohésion ( 69 ) : c'est la température la plus basse à laquelle deux pièces polies planes de 2 mm d'épaisseur et de 10 mm de diamètre s'accoleront en trente minutes, (d) Température de ramollissement; pour le Pyrex ( 12 ) : c'est la température à laquelle une baguette de 23 cm de long, et de 0,6 mm de diamètre s'allonge sous son propre poids à raison de 1 mm par min, la baguette étant chauffée dans un four électrique sur une longueur de 9,5 cm. Pour le reste des verres ( 69 ), la constante t0 dans l'équation empirique à 3 constantesOo -t)(S + S0) = C, exprimant la relation entre la tension, S (mesurée par biréfringence), produite par un refroidissement rapide d'un cube de 1 cm de côté de la température t. (e) Température d'écoulement (63) : c'est la température à laquelle un cube de 25 mm de côté, disposé dans du kieselguhr, avec une diagonale verticale, s'écoule d'une façon telle que le coin ne peut plus être décelé dans un temps donné.

TAFEL 5.—-THERMISCHE KONSTANTEN TYPISCHER GLASSORTEN Gläser sind unterkühlte Flüssigkeiten und haben deshalb keinen Schmelzpunkt. Im folgenden sind einige empirische Definitionen angegeben, welche zur Charakterisierung des thermischen Verhaltens von Gläsern herangezogen werden. Auf die entsprechende Temperatur so bezogen, ist das thermische Verhalten einiger typischer Glassorten ebenfalls angegeben, (a) Kühltemperatur ( 62 ): Die Temperatur bei welcher das Verhältnis der Endspannung zur Anfangsspannung ein Minimum ist, wenn Erwärmung und Kühlung in vorgeschriebener Weise erfolgt. Siehe Tafel 6 und Fig. 22, 23 und 24. (o) Deformations-Temperatur ( 62 ): Die tiefste Temperatur bei welcher nach 6 Stunden eine Deformation der polierten Flächen eines 20 mm Würfels bemerkt wird, welcher in Kieselgur eingebettet ist (mit vertikaler Diagonale), (c) KohäsionsTemperatur ( 69 ): Die tiefste Temperatur bei welcher zwei plan geschliffene Flächen, 2 mm dick, 10 mm Durchmesser in 30 Minuten zusammenschmelzen. (d) Erweichungs-Temperatur für Pyrex-Glas ( 12 ): Die Temperatur bei welcher ein Stab von 23 cm Länge und 0,6 mm Durchmesser, bei der Erhitzung der ersten obern 9,5 cm seiner Länge, im elektrischen Ofen, unter dem eigenen Gewicht eine minutliche Verlängerung um l mm erfährt. Für den Rest der Gläser ( 69 ) ist I0 die Konstante der empirischen Gleichung (drei Konstanten) (I0 - t) (S + S0) = C, welche die Beziehung zum Druck S herstellt, der durch eine rasche Kühlung von der Temperatur t herunter in einem l cm Würfel erzeugt wird (Druckmessung nach der Doppelbrechung), (e) FlussTemperatur ( 63 ). Ist die Temperatur bei welcher ein 25 mm Würfel in Kieselgur eingebettet (diagonal, vertikal) zerfliesst, so, dass in der gegebenen Zeit die Ecken nicht mehr erkannt werden können.

TABELLA 5.—COSTANTI TERMICHE DI VETRI TIPICI I vetri sono liquidi sopraraffreddati e non hanno perciò punto di fusione. Qui sono indicate alcune delle proprietà proposte per caratterizzare i vetri dal punto di vista del loro comportamento termico, e sono riportate le temperature corrispondenti per alcuni vetri tipici, (ci) Temperatura di (ricottura) ( 6 2 ): la temperatura alla quale è minimo il rapporto fra tensione finale e iniziale, quando riscaldamento e raffreddamento vengono eseguiti in una maniera prescritta. Vedi pure Tabella 6, e Fig. 22, 23 e 24. (6) Temperatura di deformazione ( 6 2 ): la temperatura più bassa alla quale, dopo sei ore, si osserva deformazione delle facce pulimentate di un cubo di 20 mm immerso nella farina fossile con una diagonale in posizione verticale, (c) Temperatura di adesione ( 69 ): la temperatura più bassa alla quale aderiscono in 30 minuti due pezzi pulimentati a superficie piana di 2 mm di spessore e 10 di diametro, (d) Temperatura di rammollimento. Per il Pyrex ( 12 ) è la temperatura alla quale una bacchetta di 23 cm di lunghezza e 0,6 mm di diametro si distende sotto il proprio peso alla velocità di 1 mm per minuto quando sia scaldata in un forno elettrico lungo i 9,5 cm superiori di lunghezza; per gli altri vetri ( 69 ) è la costante t0 nella equazione empirica a 3 costanti (t0 - t) (S + S0) = C, esprimente la relazione tra sforzo, S (misurato dalla birifrangenza), prodotto raffreddando rapidamente un cubo di un centimetro dalla temperatura t. (e) Temperatura di scorrimento ( 63 ): la temperatura alla quale un cubo di 25 mm immerso in farina fossile con una diagonale disposta verticalmente, scorre fino a non potersi più distinguere il vertice nel tempo indicato.

Ind. No.

CoAnneal- Deform- hesion ing (a) ation (6) (c)

1 3 12 17 24 47 57 63 70 71 80 87 90 91 98 100 107 111

Flow temperatures (e]

Softening (d)

30 min

2 hr | 6 hr

815(12) 570(62) 603(69) 648(69) 850(63) 815(63) 755(63) 495(62) 605(62) 583(69) 565(69) 810(63) 795(63) 780(63)

585 565 410 390

590 645 650 645 460 585 430

555 505 632 632 484 632 694 694 686 486 547 493 465 457

647

498(40) 740 640 639 499 642 681 735 681 490 595 491 473 469

725

685

910

885

860

845 845 870 840 730 780 660

805 830 835 815 695 730 645

785 795 820 800 680 685 630

FIG. 23.—Annealing temperatures of glasses derived from Na 2 O •3SiO2, by substitution of CaO, MgO, Al 2 O 3 or TiO2 for Na2O. Exact compositions are given in the original ( 1 5 » 17 » 21, ss).

FIG. 22.'—Annealing temperature of Na2O-SiO2 glasses ( 14 ). Annealing Temperature Figures 22, 23 and 24 show the relation between annealing temperature and composition of a number of experimental glasses; in these, the annealing temperature is that at which strain disappears rapidly. Table 6 gives the annealing constants of a number of optical glasses. TABLE 6.—ANNEALING TEMPERATURES Values of M\ and M2 in equation logio A = MiQ — M2, in which O = temp., 0C, and M i and M2 are experimental constants, from which may be calculated the annealing constant A. The annealing temperature is defined as that temperature at which the strain will decrease from 50 to 2.5/z/x in 2 min, calculated from the formula At = I/An — 1/An0 in which t = time in min, An = birefringence in up. Ind.No.

Type

M1

M,

£ff%

19 36 65 67 82 83 95 103 110

516/620 523/590 573/420 574/570 606/440 608/570 616/370 655/330 756/270

0.030 0.029 0.033 0.032 0.028 0.038 0.038 0.037 0.033

18.68 17.35 15.92 20.10 16.28 24.95 18.34 17.51 15.03

599 573 461 606 556 638 464 454 434

FIG. 24.—Annealing temperatures and thermal expansions of glasses derived from 1.2Na2O • 0.8CaO • 6SiO2 by substitution of CaO by MgO; and from 1.1Na2O • 0.9CaO • 6SiO2 by substitution of CaO by Al2O3 (21» 25).

Coefficient of Expansion The linear coefficient of expansion, a = 106AZ/ZA£, of multicomponent commercial and experimental glasses is given in Tables 2 and 7 and for a systematic series of experimental glasses in Figs. 24-28. TABLE 7.—COEFFICIENT OF THERMAL EXPANSION (V. also Table 2) I = I0 (1 + ICT6^) ^ ~~13 17 23

24 26 28 30

33 45 47 51

54 61 64

OL Range, 0C

Lit.

^'

9.12 18-97 (34)71 7.79 (69) 74 9.20 37 (mean) (34) 10.04 93 (mean) (34) 75 10.61 151 (mean) (34) 78 11.11 212 (mean) (34)

9.00 10.2 55.5 10.4 54.8 9.00 39.3

9.03 5.23 8.14 8.8 33.1

7.02 8.8 34.7 8.23 7.0 2.92

22-451 494-512 23-420 495-511

Lit. (69)" (48) (48) (69) (48) (48)

(69)

80

5.87

(48) (48) (48) (48) (48) (48)

87 91 98 102 107 109

6.48 7.88 8.76 8.75 8.33 8.03

20-94

(69) (5I) (69) (69) (69) (34)

(34) m (34) 114 (69) 134

8.18 9.34 6.74

18-99 14-94

(69) (5*) (34)

22-494 519-550

(48) (48)

136 138

5.60 5.37

(69) 141

9.30

10-93 23-499 569-610

(34) 145 8.71 (48) 122 * (48) | |

22-426 502-522 24-422 494-507 22-498 539-562

16-94 7-92

7.74 9.00 9.0 64.9

OL Range, 0C

(69) 11-99

0-100 0-100

(34) (34)

18-93

(34)

21-100 ( 5 ^) -253 to (2) +100 |

FIG. 27.—Thermal expansion of glasses derived from Na2O • 3SiO2 by substitution of PbO for Na 2 O ( 4 2 ).

*Z = Z o J l + 10« [716.8 (TVlOO) + 48.33 (7/100) * + 9.02 (T/100 )* + 10.9 (TfIQQY] |.

FIG. 25.—Thermal expansion of Na2O-SiOa glasses ( 2 ^).

FIG. 26.—Thermal expansion of glasses derived from Na2O • 3SiO2 bysubstitution of CaO, MgO, Al2Os or TiO2 for Na 2 O. Exact compositions are given in the original ( 16 » 18> 23 > 5S ).

FIG. 28.—Thermal expansion of Na2O-B2O3-SiO2 glasses ( 28 ).

SPECIFIC HEAT The specific heats of commercial and experimental glasses are given in Table 2; Table 8 gives the specific heats of mineral glasses. TABLE 8.—MEAN SPECIFIC HEATS OF SILICATE GLASSES g cali5/g per 0C; v. also Table 2 These determinations are the most accurate in the literature and the compositions are well established ( 64 ). Glass 10-10O010-30O010-500°| O-700°| 0-900°| 0-1100° Anorthite, An I CaO • Al2O3 • 2SiO2.. 0.1881 0.2152 0.2306 0.2406 Andesine, Abi An 1 .. 0.19320.2211 0.24840.2615 Albite, Ab Na2O • Al2O3 • 6SiO2. 0.1977 0.2238 0.2410 0.2640 Micro cline K2O - Al2O3 • 6SiO2.. 0.1919 0.2163 0.2321 0.2431 0.25150.2598 Wollastonite CaO-SiO 2 0.18520.20780.22080.2355 Diopside CaO • MgO • 2SiO2.. 0.1938 0.2189 0.2333 0.2439 Magnesium metasilicate MgO • SiO2 0.2040 0.2302 0.2474 0.2598 Thermal Conductivity TABLE 9.—THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY (29) • _ AT ~ " g-cal cm~2 sec"1 ( 0 C, cm-1)-1 Ind. No. Glass type ^0 | _ 7go | Q0 ^{

(6) Dielectric strength. Unit: IO3 volts cm"1 T -, Ind. AT No. î 15

Glass , type Pyrex 513/573

70 136

576/408 519/609

Thickness xtested, ^ j mm 6.35 0.41 1.42 2.28 0.41 1.49

~ „ D* &

.. Lit.

T

Ï34 429 220 179 1000 240 252

1.60

(Ï2) (i 3) (13) (13) (i 3) (i 3) (13)

(e) Energy adsorption in dielectric Ind. No. I Type | PF, % \\ Ind. No.| ï Pyrex lab. 0.52 58 la Pyrex radio 0.18 63 PA min 70 (Near 2) 464/656 6.14 84 3 501/659 11.46 91 17 516/640 6.80 96 22 519/604 7.85 102 33 526/513 22.6 104 38 529/518 2.94 111

Type 570/560 573/575 577/414 611/572 613/369 620/363 649/338 657/363 778/265

| PA min 2.81 2.68 1.82 1.90 1.54 1.39 1.40 1.48 2.60

TABLE 12.—ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY AND CONDUCTIVITY 3 17 91 102 109 141

496/644 516/640 613/369 649/338 754/275 516/692

1.181 1.195 0.865 0.851 0.807 0.877

2.532

2.796 2.825 1.900 1.867 1.698 1.796

3.243

1.812 2.007

ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES TABLE 10.—MAGNETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY ( 35 ) Magnetic susceptibility, K, in units of IO6 cgs, as function of magnetic field-strength, H, in gausses Ind.

_ï

No.

H = H =

H=

4 11 12 35 45

1350 1800 2200 -0.90-0.90 -0.90 -0.85-0.865-0.885 -0.93 -0.93 -0.93 -0.59-0.60 -0.607 -0.78-0.78 -0.78

Ind.

—

N

H = H =

—

1350 1800 52 -0.93-0.93 72 -0.91-0.92 75 -0.38 87 -0.95-0.95 105 -1.01-1.01

H=

| 2200 -0.93 -0.93 -0.395 -0.95 -1.01

TABLE 11.—DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES The factors which measure the value of a dielectric are: (a) dielectric constant, e', (b) dielectric strength, measured by the sparking voltage, and varying with the thickness of material tested; and, (c) the energy taken up by the dielectric, measured either by the phase angle, PA, between displacement current and charging current, or by the power factor, PF, the cosine of the phase angle. (a) Dielectric constant, e Ind. Glass Ind. Glass T ., T., € XT Lit. € Lit. XT No. type No. type ï Pyrex 4.83* (12) ~~8Î 604/438 7.71 (54.1) (Near 2) 464/657 5.81 (54.1) 84 610/574 8.20 (54.1) 17 516/640 6.2 (13) 90 614/564 7.6 (13) 31 520/520 6.92 (54.1) 91 613/369 7.47 (54.1) 37 523/513 4.8 («) j 96 620/362 6.8 (13) 41 537/512 6.7 («) I 107 717/295 8.5 (* 3 ) 60 569/426 6.5 («) j (Near 917/ 16.2 (54.1) 113) * (50 000 cycles. )

(a) Resistivity Ind. No. 1, Pyrex: Surface resistivity (12): IO14 ohm at 34% humidity, 5 X 10s ohm at 84% humidity. Volume resistivity (12): IO14 ohm-cm. (b) Conductivity, AC.' Unit: IO12 ohm"1 cm"1 Ind. No. 12 23 44 52 70 85 96 Ï3Ï 132 133

100° I 125° | 0.012 0.0703 0.0132 0.0672 0.005420.0418 0.0190 0.0416 0.0025 0.015 0.002560.0134 0.002330.00994 132 462 103 456 542 302

150° | 0.334 0.425 0.221 0.0968 O.0684 0.0406 0.039 2 650 1 692 1 400

175°, | 1.59 2.32 1.57 0.5076 0.668 0.106 0.116 8 700 5 854 4 740

200° | Lit. 6.90 (6) (6) 7.69 (6) 2.38 (6) 2.544 (6) 0.374 (6) 0.393 (6) 26 300 (6) 17 800 (6) (6)

Unit: IO 7 ohm"1 cm"1 Ind. No.

6 8 122

t° I K Il t° I

K

u t°

K

\\t°\

K

I

250 129 402 4008 502 13 000 602 50 000 2506.77 400415.8 489 2 100 2502.5 409 90.8 500 345 600 1 178

(5) (S) (S)

OPTICAL PROPERTIES The relations between composition and optical properties in several systematic series are shown in Figs. 29-36. The properties of typical optical glasses are shown in Table 13, which, together with the compositions, was furnished by Chance Bros, and Co., Ltd. Table 14 gives the index for the infra-red and ultra-violet; Table 15, the effect of temperature on index; Table 16, the effect of pressure and strain; and Table 17, the absorption of light by various glasses.

9

TABLE 13.—DISPERSIONS OF TYPICAL OPTICAL GLASSES ( ) Mean Ind. No.

nD

dis-

persion

nF -nc

2

1.47850.00682

5

1.4980 .00763

9

1.5087 .00793

18

1.5160 .00809

10

1.5100 .00821

79

1.5881 .00962

20

1.5155 .00848

27

1.5175 .00856

29

1.5186 .00860

89

1.6130 .01025

43

1.5407 .00910

86

1.6118 .01037

16

1.5149 .00890

66

1.5744 .00995

90

1.6134 .01090

94

1.6150 .01097

77

1.5837 .01041

58

1.5661 .01029

37

1.5237 .01003

50

1.5515 .01067

40

1.5290 .01026

49

1.5523 .01075

76

1.5833 ,01251

53

1.5534 .01201

46

1.5472 .01196

48

1.5491 .01206

56

1.5677 .01291

55

1.5632 .01312

69

1.5746 .01388

72

1.5787 .01420

93

1.6125 .01655

92

1.6134 .01662

97

1.6214 .01722

104

1.6683 .01876

101

1.6469 .01917

106

1.7167 .02430

v

_

/ « D - l \1 I \nF-nC/

Partial dispersions and relative partial dispersions D-C

I F-D

I

Sp. gr.

G'-F

70.2 0.002020.004800.00363 .296 .704 .532 65.3 .00227 .00536 .00425 .298 .702 .557 64.1 .00237 .00556 .00445 .299 .701 .561 63.8 .00242 .00567 .00454 .299 .701 .561 62.1 .00246 .00575 .00462 .299 .701 .562 61.1 .00287 .00675 .00541 .298 .702 .563 60.8 .00250 .00598 .00482 .295 .705 .568 60.5 .00254 .00602 .00484 .297 .703 .565 60.3 .00254 .00606 .00489 .295 .705 .569 59.8 .00302 .00723 .00582 .294 .706 .568 59.4 .00268 .00642 .00517 . 295 .705 .568 59.0 .00305 .00732 .00590 .294 .706 .569 57.9 .00265 .00625 .00506 .298 .702 .569 57.7 .00292 .00703 .00567 .293 .707 .570 56.3 .00319 .00771 .00626 .292 .708 .575 56.1 .00323 .00776 .00630 .292 .708 .575 56.1 .00304 .00737 .00596 .292 .708 .573 55.0 .00301 .00728 .00591 .293 .707 .574 52.2 .00295 .00708 .00577 . 294 .706 .575 51.7 .00310 .00757 .00619 .291 .709 .581 51.6 .00300 .00726 .00593 .292 .708 .578 51.4 .00313 .00762 .00624 .291 .709 .581 46.6* .00362 .00889 .00738 .289 .711 .590 46.1 .00347 .00854 .00711 .289 .711 .592 45.8 .00348 .00848 .00707 .291 .709 .591 45.5 .00348 .00858 .00714 .289 .711 .592 44.0 .00371 .00920 .00763 .288 .712 .591 42.9 .00375 .00937 .00781 .286 .714 .595 41.4 .00396 .00992 .00830 .285 .715 .598 40.8 .00406 .01014 .00851 .286 .714 .599 37.0 .00471 .00184 .01003 .285 .715 .606 36.9 .00473 .01189 .01008 .285 .715 .606 36.1 .00491 .01231 .01047 .285 .715 .608 35.G .00533 .01343 .01147 .284 .716 .611 33.7 .00541 .01376 .01170 .282 .718 .610 29.5 .00686 .01744 .01511 I .282

The order is that of decreasing v.

.718 .622

|

2.47 2.40 2.46 2.54 2.50 3.31 2.48 2.49 2.49 3.58 2.90 3756 2.62

FIG. 29.—Refractive index of Na2O-CaO-SiO2 glasses ( 41 ).

3.23 3.58 3.58 3.29 3.14 2.67 2.99 2.56 3.06 3.30 2.96 2.93 2.95 3.08 3.07 3.18 3.26 3.54 3.55 3.63 3.98 3.87 4.47

FIG. 30.—Refractive index and y-value of K2O-CaO-SiO2 glasses of the approximate composition shown ( 45 ).

FIG. 31.—Refractive index and 7-value of Na2O-BaO-SiO 2 glasses of the approximate composition shown ( 4 6 ). FIG. 34.—Refractive index and 7-value of K2O-PbO-SiO2 glasses of the approximate composition shown ( 47 ).

FIG. 32.—Refractive index and 7-value of K2O-BaO-SiO 2 glasses of the approximate composition shown ( 4 6 ). FIG. 35.—Refractive index and 7-value of glasses derived from Na 2 O • 3SiO2 by substitution of Al2O103 or TiO2 for Na2O. Exact compositions are given in the original ( > 55).

FIG. 33.—Refractive index and 7-value of Na2O-PbO-SiO 2 glasses of the approximate composition shown ( 47 ).

FIG. 36.—Refractive index and 7-value of Na2O-B2Os-SiO 2 glasses. Exact compositions are given in the original ( 28 >

TABLE 14.—REFRACTIVE INDICES FOR VARIOUS WAVE LENGTHS Wa VP

Source

1

K 0 (A ) Ha(C) Cdi Na(D) Cd2 Tl« Cd3 Cd4 H - 8 (F)..... Cd5 Cd6 Cd7 H7(G1) Cd8 Cd9 Cd Cd10 Cdn Cd Cd12 Cd Cd Cd Cd Cd Cd Cd Cd Cdia Cdi4 Cd Cd Cd Cd Cd

K 0 (A 1 ) H0(C) Cdi Na(I) Cd2 Tl« Cd3 Cd4 H0(F)

, length № 134(60)| 135(53)1 12(60)

Index number (from Table 1) and Lit. 24(60) I 25(60) | 31(53)

32(55) I 38(60) I 39(60)

42(60)

54(60) 144(53)| 57(60)

2200 1.4943 2000 1.4845 1.4967 1.4973 1.5390 1800 1.4884 1.4988 1.4999 1.5424 1600 1.4919 1.5008 1.5024 1.5452 1400 1.4950 1.5027 1.5048 1.5476 1200 1.4979 1.5048 1.5069 1.5497 1000 1.5009 1.5071 1.5096 1.5522 800 1.5044 1.5103 1.5131 1.5555 768 1.50426 1.511431.513681.51410 1.55651 656.3 1.50486 1.50742 1.50883 1.51436 1.51446 1.51712 1.51742 1.51932 1.52441 1.53755 1.55771 1.55957 1.56014 643.9 1.50525 1.50917 1.51482 1.51979 1.52490 1.53797 1.55821 1.55821 1.56068 589.0 1.50734 1.51007 1.51124 1.51693 1.51698 1.52002 1.52046 1.52231 1.52704 1.54025 1.56075 1.56207 1.56343 537.91.50976 1.513621.51957 1.525361.529611.542971.56375 1.56671 534.9 1.51287 1.519711.523271.52363 1.56476 533.81.51004 1.513861.51982 1.525681.529891.543211.56407 1.56689 508.6 1.51154 1.51447 1.51534 1.52143 1.52132 1.52525 1.52567 1.52754 1.53146 1.54489 1.56596 1.56643 1.56914 486.1 1.51610 1.51690 1.52299 1.52715 1.52752 1.52954 1.53303 1.56794 1.57148 479.9 1.51362 1.51662 1.51732 1.52361 1.52354 1.52782 1.52824 1.53007 1.53362 1.54714 1.56844 1.56847 1.57193 467.8 1.51461 1.51769 1.51828 1.52466 1.52451 1.52903 1.52946 1.53129 1.53464 1.54825 1.56968 1.56949 1.57333 441.61.51704 1.520661.52725 1.534361.537211.550931.57268 1.57667 434.0 1,517751.520921.52136 1.527781.533121.533411.53521 1.53790 1.572731.57764 398.8 1.52210 1.52546 1.53261 1.54075 1.54245 1.55646 1.57896 1.58375 361.2 1.52852 1.53195 1.53156 1.53943 1.53897 1.54664 1.54726 1.54897 1.549111.56354 1.58704 1.58330 1.59300 353.61.53010 1.54111 1.550711.56525 1.59526 346.7 1.53157 1.53509 1.53445 1.54272 1.54215 1.55068 1.55132 1.55300 1.55225 1.56689 1.59093 1.58632 1.59754 340.4 1.53307 1.53660 1.53586 1.54432 1.54369 1.55262 1.55330 1.55504 1.55379 1.56852 1.59279 1.58776 1.59978 334.51.53490 1.557461.555641.570461.59452 1.60248 328.4 1.53721 1.53982 1.54879 1.56043 1.55804 1.57296 1.59796 1.60593 326.41.53811 1.56157 1.60748 326.1 1.54046 1.547551.557701.55838 1.59138 323.61.53896 1.56004 1.60033 1.60900 322.1 1.53932 1.54168 1.563111.560861.575111.60081 1.61015 321.0 1.54204 320.21.53982 1.542381.55089 1.561751.57593 1.61189 318.51.54079 1.55175 1.565181.561931.578301.60263 315.7 1.544751.55414 1.56675 1.60475 313.3 1.54444 1.54536 1.55450 1.55159 1.56307 1.56381 1.56343 1.57870 308.1 1.54625 1.54839 1.55875 1.55343 1.56558 1.56632 1.56661 1.58293 306.5 1.567141.56714 298.0 1.55005 1.557231.570931.57176 288.0 1.55437 1.56161 283.7 1.55648 1.56372 276.3 1.56027 1.56759 2400 1.5440 1.6131 1.8286 2200 1.5463 1.6150 1.7082 1.8310 2000 1.5515 1.5487 1.6171 1.7104 1.8316 1800 1.5541 1.5512 1.6193 1.7127 1.8364 1600 1.5565 1.5535 1.6217 1.7151 1.8396 1400 1.5588 1.5559 1.6246 1.7180 1.8433 1200 1.5611 1.5585 1.6277 1.7215 1.8481 1000 1.5637 1.5615 1.6315 1.7264 1.8541 800 1.5673 1.5659 . 1.6373 1.7339 1.8650 768 1.567311.56782 1.56669 1.57508 1.60277 1.63820 1.73530 1.86702 656.3 1.57073 1.57120 1.57119 1.57568 1.57934 1.58848 1.60644 1.61574 1.62285 1.64440 1.65326 1.74368 1.87893 643.9 1.57619 1.58896 1.616561.62356 1.65435 589.0 1.57363 1.57422 1.57524 1.57893 1.58282 1.591441.60956 1.62073 1.62750 1.64985 1.65762 1.75130 1.88995 537.9 1.58211 1.59433 1.625781.63226 1.66146 534.9 1.57687 1.57746 1.57973 1.58689 1.61292 1.65601 1.75995 1.90262 533.8 1.58244 1.59463 1.626301.63274 1.66185 508.6 1.57883 1.57938 1.58247 1.58444 1.58941 1.59644 1.61504 1.62952 1.63577 1.65979 1.66423 1.76539 486.1 1.58079 1.58126 1.58515 1.58646 1.59178 1.59825 1.61706 1.66367 1.66670 1.77091 1.91890

Source

^ av ^ length MM

Cd5 Cd6 Cd7 H7(G1) Cd8 Cd9 Cd Cdio Cdn Cd Cdi2 Cd... Cd Cd Cd... Cd Cd Cd Cd Cdis Cdi4 Cd Cd Cd Cd Cd

Index number (from Table 1) and Lit. 68(55)

68(53) I 70(54) | 71(60) | 75(55) | 80(60)

TABLE 15.—EFFECT OF CHANGE IN TEMPERATURE ON THE ABSOLUTE REFRACTIVE INDEX OF GLASS d

84(55) I 96(60) I 98(60) |1Q2(53)[139(60)1 108(53)1 112(53)

479.9 1.58132 1.58188 1.58594 1.58715 1.59257 1.59878 1.61770 1.63396 1.63992 1.66482 1.66742^.77256 467.8 1.58253 1.58306 1.58772 1.58848 1.59419 1.59996 1.618911.63615 1.64196 1.63725 1.66904 1.77609 441.6 1.59174 1.60285 1.641621.64704 1.67292 434.0 1.58651 1.5S7ÌO 1.59355 1.59268 1.59920 1.60367 1.623201.64319 1.675611.674361.78800 1.94493 398.8 1.59852 1.60870 1.653331.65792 1.68104 361.2 1.59951 1.60022 1.61388 1.60726 1.61691 1.61622 1.63683 1.66933 1.67269 1.70536 1.69146 1.83263 353.6 1.60937 1.61800 1.67346 1.69400 346.7 1.60326 1.60399 1.62008 1.61148 1.62228 1.61978 1.64077 1.67753 1.68018 1.71485 1.69648 1.84731 340.4 1.60510 1.60583 1.62320 1.61356 1.62492 1.62148 1.642711.68160 1.68390 1.71968 1.69892 1.85487 334.5 1.61559 1.62356 1.686851.68838 1.70135 328.4 1.61922 1.62622 1.692651.69454 1.70408 326.4 1.62069 1.69356 1.70562 326.11.609731.610451.63134 1.63166 1.64754 1.73245 323.6 1.62159 322.1 321.0 Index number 108(54) 320.2 1.62256 318.5 1.62311 Wave ^ Wave ^ 315.7 1.62462 length /A length w 313.31.614461.615251.640241.626781.63908 1.65254 4.12 1.6688 1.216 1.7208 308.11.616641.617441.64453 1.64258 3.83 1.6758 936 1.7276 306.5 3.56 1.6821 769.93 1.735000 298.01.621221.622131.65397 3.24 1.6885 656.33 1.743488 288.01.626421.62742 2.98 1.6934 589.32 1.751094 283.71.628931.62997 2.71 1.6980 534.96 1.759751 276.3 2.40 1.7029 486.16 1.770658 2.02 1.7086 434.09 1.787782 1.625 1.7144 404.44 1.801758

* N °14 23 45 60

Type 513/637 517/602 545/503 571/430

61

572/504

63

573/576

84

610/574

Change in refractive index, 105An/A£ Ai = ±50° " C I D I F I G' I LiT 52.8 +0.119+0.137+0.178+0.213 (51) 59.3 -0.129-0.105-0.060-0.010 (Si) 59.2 +0.267+0.299+0.356+0.410 (Si) 58.0 +0.226+0.250+0.307+0.360 (52) 149.6 +0.324 +0.362 +0.456 +0.548 251.5 +0.509 +0.568 +0.666 +0.768 351.5 +0.577+0.639+0.751+0.870 436.5 -1.861 -1.720 -1.504 -1.329 56.5 +0.014+0.045+0.107+0.150 (52) 157.1 0.094 0.111 0.179 0.246 0.144 0.167 0.249 0.355 261.5 0.217 0.249 0.350 0.461 357.0 61.2 0.024 0.035 0.092 0.099 (52) 154.0 0.096 0.113 0.152 0.186 257.0 0.156 0.174 0.223 0.258 358.0 0.221 0.247 0.297 0.340 55.9 0.394 0.410 0.504 0.528 (52) 0.419 0.444 0.543 0.517 148.0 251.0 0.455 0.489 0.603 0.629 356.5 0.509! 0.555 0.648 0.682j

Mean + temp

TABLE 15.—EFFECT OF CHANGE IN TEMPERATURE ON THE ABSOLUTE REFRACTIVE INDEX OF GLASS.—(Continued) _ . , Change in refractive index. 1O5An/Ai d ean ï Type f A/ = ±50° N temp °" C I D I F I G' I Lit" 91 613/369 55.1 0.244 0.281 0.389 0.503 (51) 109 755/275 57.7 0.703 0.778 1.058 1.294 (52) 126.0 0.916 1.051 1.302 1.668 176.5 0.960 1.092 1.430 1.714 231.0 1.127 1.237 1.632 1.993 280.5 1.277 1.396 1.790 2.140 325.0 1.382 1.544 1.960 2.405 1.758 1.904 2.263 2.893 379.0 112 890/226 60.5 1.119 1.278 1.752 2.161 (52) 125.5 1.275 1.442 1.959 2.477 177.5 1.379 1.594 2.098 2.617 250.5 1.577 1.783 2.396 2.992 330.0 1.808 2.027 2.753 114 963/197 62.6 1.218 1.472 2.110 2.800 (52) 156.2 1.579 1.809 2.536 233.0 1.928 2.251 3.212 281.0 1.591 1.911 2.918 134 507/604 60 -0.066-0.074-0.033-0.003 (Si) 141 516/703 58.1 -0.202-0.190-0.168-0.142 (Si) 145 562/665 60.3 -0.314 -0.305 -0.246 -0.237l ( 51 )

TABLE 16.—EFFECT OF PRESSURE ON OPTICAL PROPERTIES The birefringence produced by a thrust F is measured in terms of the difference in index for white light of the two rays : ny — nz = BF, in which B = 4w/£ 7ya\\ V )> *n which A = rigidity, V V/ optical coefficients. The effect of uniform pressure, P', ^j1 ft pt /2?? calculated from the equation— = -gr (1 — 2
and -> V can be o\

-J,

in

which # and o- are Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio. Unit of F = 10~13 barye. ^0

Type

F

19 36 41 45 60 65 67 82 83 95 96 100 103 105 107 108 110 114 134

516/620 523/590 537/512 545/503 571/430 573/420 574/570 606/440 608/570 616/370 621/361 645/341 655/330 680/317 717/295 751/276 756/270 963/197 507/614

-2.79 -2.52 -2.66 -3.70 -2.87 -3.13 -2.75 -3.03 -2.10 -3.06 -2.77 -2.56 -2.61 -2.17 -1.70 -1.30 -1.19 +1.88 -4.23

p/v

q/v

0.289 0.306

0.182 0.213

0.335

0.264

0.354

0.319

0.427 0.274

0.466 0.166

Lit. (îj (*) (30) (so) (5O) (l) C1) C1) (*) C1) (30) (so) (*) (30) (30) ( 5 O) C1) ( 50 ) ( 5 Q)

TABLE 176.—FACTOR (1-A) Absorption for 1 cm path for the visible spectrum ( 49 ) Ind. T Wave length in pp ype No. 357 I 388 415 442 | 500 | 640 12 510/640 4.7 2.5 1.2 0 / 7 0 . 5 23 518/602 3.4 2.5 1.8 1.4 0.5 0.3 38 523/513 49 30 12 3.6 0.7 0.7 59 568/530 9 6 2.7 1.6 75 583/464 18 8.6 2.5 2.1 0.9 0.5 84 611/572 35 9.8 5.2 3.4 2.5 1.6 96 620/362 28 9.6 4.1 0.0 0.0 100 649/338 41 28 6_9 0.9 0.5 TABLE 17c.—ABSORPTION CONSTANT, k, (I = Ioe~kd) FOR THEI INFRA-RED SPECTRAL RANGE ( 53 ) Ind. Wave length in p No. 0.7 0.95 l . l | l . 4 1.7 2.0 2 . 3 J 2 . 5 2.7 2.9 sTl 25 0.010.040.050.010.010.090.200.340.510.73 1.24 31 0.02 0.010.010.020.060.110.230.290.791.15 68 0.02 0.03 0.050.070.110.170.340.751.31 70 0.00 0.01 0.020.050.080.180,250.621.09 102 0.00 0.02 0.010.020.020.030.110.410.69 108 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.000.010.080.300.63 112 0.00 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.060.250.51 135 0.000.010.060.100.160.210.370.851.25 1.73 144 0.020.050.100.180.400.710.141.69 LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume)

(M Adams and Williamson, 143, 190: 597, 835; 20. ( 2 ) van Agt and Onnes, 64V, 34: 618; 25. (3) Allen and Zies, 38, 1: 739; 18. (4) Ambronn, 8r. 58: 139; 19. 63, 19: 401; 18. (5) Baumeister, Diss., Rostock, 1912. («)• Bolle, Diss., Berlin, 1900. ( 7 ) Branson, 64, 34: 471; 15. ( 8 ) Cauwood, TABLE 17a.—TRANSMISSION FACTOR English and Turner, 105, 1: 153; 17. ( 9 ) Chance Bros, and Co. Ltd., A = I/IQ (v. vol. I, p. 34); ultraviolet region; wave length, X, in Smethwick, Birmingham, England, O. ( 1 0 ) Clarke and Turner, 105, 5: 119; 21. O 0 - 1 ) Clarke and Turner, 105, 3: AI/Z; In. = Index number of glass 260; 19. C 1 1 ) Cooper, Shaw and Loomis, 11, 42: 461; 09. C 1 2 ) Corning Glass thickness, 1 mm ( 3 6 ) Glass Co., Corning, N. Y., O. (") Eckert, 200, 20: 93; 23. (U) English, C \~ In"! 105, 8: 265; 24. (*4.i) English, 105, 9: 83; 25. (is) English, Hodkins, ^T^\^ 12 23 39 52 71 81 84 98 99 105 Muirhead and Turner, 105, 4: 387; 20. ( 1 6 ) English and Turner, 105, 3: 125; 19. C 1 6 - 1 ) English and Turner, 105, 3: 238; 19. ( 1 7 ) English and 384 0.995 0.986 0.989 0.983 0.985 0.947 Turner, 105, 3: 278; 19. ( 18 ) English and Turner, 105, 4: 115; 20. ( 1 9 ) 361 0.9950.9950.994 .984 .962 .958 .952 .959 „83 English and Turner, 105, 4: 126; 20. 347 .988 .991 .9830.988 .959 .925 .88 .92 .89 .64 (20) English and Turner, 105, 4: 153; 20. (21) English and Turner, 105, 5: 330 .957 .974 .938 .959 .89 .75 .76 .71 .74 .33 115; 21. (22) English and Turner, 105, 5: 121; 21. (23) English and 309 .78 .70 .69 .65 Turner, 105, 5: 183; 21. (24) English and Turner, 105, 5: 277; 21. (25), 36 ^ Glass thickness, 10 mm ( ) English and Turner, 105, 5: 357; 21. (26) English and Turner, 105, 6: 228; 22. (27 ) English and Turner, 105, 7: 73; 23. (28) English and Turner,, 434 0.969 105, 7: 155; 23. (29) Eucken, 8, 34: 185; 11. 425 0.9930.9820.9700.978 .9610.9630.9650.9520.9610.905 (30) Filon, 201, 12: 313; 04. (31) Gray, Gray and Bobbie, 5, 36: 488; 84. (32), 415 .982 .968 .973 .965 Griffith, 62, 221: 162; 20. (33) Harris, 5, 106: 718; 24. (34) Hovestadt406 .964 .974 Everett, Jena Glass (New York, Macmillan), 1902. (**) Königsberger, 8, 661 396 .986 .981 .980 .987 .971 .931 .941 .917 .944 .76 698; 96. ( 36 ) Krüss, 243, 23 : 197, 229; 03. (37) Lecrenier, 28, 33 : 119; 24.. 384 .972 .975 .955 .968 .948 .865 .894 .84 .86 .58 C 3 «) Littleton, 2, 22: 510; 23. ( 3 ») Morey and Bowen, 105, 9: 226; 25. 361 .950 .9>9 .942 .952 .849 .68 .65 .61 .66 .16 (40) Morey, Bowen and Kracek, Geophysical Laboratory, Washington, D. C.„ 347 .88 .91 .85 .88 .66 .46 .28 .41 .30 .01 O. (41) Morey and Merwin, Geophysical Laboratory, Washington, D. C.r 330 .65 .77 .53 .66 .32 .06 .07 .03 .05 O O. (42) Mori, 379, 368: 176; 23. (43) National Physical Laboratory, Eng309 .08 .03 O .02 .01 O O O O O land, 54, 34: 210; 15. (44) Onnes and Braak, 64V, 16: 890; 08. 64P, 11: Glass thickness, 100 mm ( 3 6 ) 30:08. (45) Peddle, 105, 4: 20, 46, 59; 20. (46) Peddle, 105, 4: 299, 310„ " 480 0.95 0.97 0.93 0.96 0.94 0.94 0.94 0.89 330; 20. (47) Peddle, 105, 5: 201, 212, 220; 21. (48) Peters and Cragoe. 468 0.94 0.93 0.91 0.94 0.86 0.87 0.95 0.83 31, No. 393; 20. (49) Pflüger, 8, 11: 561; 03. 448 0.93 0.92 0.81 0.89 0.79 0.79 0.83 0.63 (50) Pockels, 8, 7: 745; 02. ( S i ) Pulfrich, 8, 45: 609; 92. (52) Reed, 8, 65: 434 0.73 5 425 0.94 0.83 0.74 0.80 0.67 0.68 0.70 0.61 0.67 0.67 707; 98. ( 3) Rubens, 8, 45:5 5238; 92. (54) Rubens, 8, 53: 267; 94. (54.i) Rubens, 76, 1916: 1280. ( ) Sheen and Turner, 105, 8: 187; 24. (56) 415 0.84 0.72 0.76 0.70 Simon, 8, 53: 542; 94. (57) stott, 105, 9: 207; 25. (58) stott, Irvine and 406 0.70 0.77 Turner, 5, 108: 154; 25. (59) Straubel, 8, 68: 369; 99. 396 0.87 0.82 0.82 0.88 0.74 0.49 0.54 0.42 0.56 0.06 Jena, 1901. ( 6 1 ) Washburn, Shelton and Libman, 869 384 0.75 0.78 0.63 0.72 0.59 0.23 0.33 0.18 0.22 O (60) Trommsdorf, Diss., 6 1 No. 140; 24. ( ^ ) Washburn and Shelton, 2, 15: 149; 20. ( 6 2 ) Weidert 361 0.60 0.60 0.55 0.61 0.19 0.02 0.13 0.01 0.01 and Berndt, 97, 1: 51; 20. ( 6 3 ) Weidert and Berndt, 97, 1: 121; 20. ( 6 4 ) 347 0.92 0.38 0.19 0.29 0.02 0 0 0 0 65 White, 12, 47: 1; 19 ( ) Winkelmann, 8, 49: 401; 93. ( 6 6 ) Winkelmann 0 330 0.01 0.07 O 0.02 O 12 and Schott, 8, 51: 697; 94. (67) Wright, Manufacture of Optical Glass, Ind. No. 1, pyrex, 1 mm thick ( ) Ordnance Dept. Document No. 2037; 21. (68) Zschimmer in BlO, I: X 3 9 6 3 8 4 3 6 1 3 4 7 3 3 0 3 0 9 i 2 8 0 869; 12. (69) Zschimmer, 124, 2: 129; 14. A 1.00 0.97 0.93 0.85 0.70 0.50 I 0.05 (70) Zschimmer and Schulz, 8, 42: 345; 13.

CHEMICAL DURABILITY OF GLASSES W. E. S. TURNER

* No adsorption of NaOH. t Adsorbed KOH difficult to remove by washing.

Remarks: Ba(OH)2, 6 mo. at 18°, small crystals of Ba silicate formed. H3PO4 at 400°, extensive corrosion with formation of silicyl phosphate. Dilute adds in general, and cone. H2SOe,

TABLE 2.—CAO • SiO2 WOLLASTONITE Milligrams oxides extracted from 2 g by acids ( 17 > 30» 0><^ 'S -We^ . 0 ^ mg CaO & ^ mgSiO 2 S

27? Acetic 0.010 0.000

( U A T 2 Â HCl HCl 0.017 0.11 0.004 0.040

T l ^g J^ ^0

33

>

38

).

2N Ï5ÂT HCl HCl 0.70 0.76 0.26 0.020

3- (or 4-) Oxide Glasses TABLE 3 Grams H2SO4 equivalent to the alkali extracted by water at 80° acting for 1 hr on glass powder, size <160 mesh/in. ( 38 > 41, 42, 43)

1. Molecular composition: IQOSiO2 + 4OR2O + xRO

x \ 5 10 15 20 30 40

18.4 28.330.2 31.6 31.2 9.0 27.615.3 9.3 . 19.0 4.3 20.4 4.42 4.2 18.2 3.7 8.6 3.26 3.4 23.0 6.6 2.3 5.1 2.08 1.68 19.0 3.2 1.06 2.2 1.05 1.04 8.9 1.50

37.7 4.54 4.44 4.25 1.85 1.08

2ONa2O + 2OK2O H- xPhO

Hours at 18°

Hours at 100°

Days at 18°

Reagent, time and temperature | Loss mg H2O, 18°-100° Many 0.0 10% NH 3 2 0.8 0.4 10% NaOH 2 30% NaOH 2 0.0* 30% KOH ,.... 4 1.2f 2.VNaOH 3 | 48 12 2ATNa 2 CO 3 3 2N KOH 3 31 2ATNaOH 3 \ 33 8 2NNa 2 CO 3 3 2AT KOH 3 ( 64 2ATNaOH 3 r A NaOH 14 | 2 NNaOH... 14 1.8 0.6 AT Na 2 CO 3 14 Satd. Ba(OH) 2 . . . . . 14 O O Satd. Na?SO4 14 | O NH 3 PO 4 14 O 10% NH 3 14 O 25% NH 3 60 25% NH3, Fresh flask. Up to 60° with 4 renewals of reagent during experiment, 6 hrs 2.6

18-100°, no action. Aqueous méthylène blue, congo red, and rhodamine; ethereal iodoeosin; and alcoholic aniline blue; all slightly adsorbed but removable by hot solvents.

4OK2O + zBaO

TABLE 1.—FUSED-QUARTZ GLASS Milligrams loss in wt. sustained in each test by a 76 cm 3 quartz flask, with 89 cm 2 surface exposed, when subjected in succession to the following reagents under the conditions shown ( 35 ); c/.( 53 ).

INTRODUZIONE I risultati ottenuti nelle misure di resistenza chimica dei vetri, sono riproducibili con una approssimazione del 5—10 % soltanto. In una serie di vetri di composizione simile, i valori riferentisi ai vetri più resistenti sono riproducibili con l'approssimazione del 5%, e quelli riguardanti i vetri meno resistenti con una approssimazione del 10 %.

4ONa2O H- zBaO

EFFECT OF COMPOSITION

EINLEITUNG Die Messungsergebnisse über die Dauerhaftigkeit der Gläser lassen sich nur mit einer Genauigkeit von 5 bis 10 % angeben. In einer Reihe von Gläsern ähnlicher Zusammensetzung können die Ergebnisse mit dauerhafteren Gläsern auf 5%, mit weniger dauerhaften bis gegen 10% Genauigkeit angegeben werden.

2ONa2O H2OK2O + zPbO

INTRODUCTION Les résultats ne peuvent être reproduits, dans les mesures de durabilité des verres, qu'avec une précision de 5 à 10 % seulement. Dans les séries de verres de composition similaire, les résultats concernant les verres les plus durables peuvent être reproduits avec une précision de 5%; ceux relatifs aux verres les moins durables, jusqu'à environ 10 %.

4OK2O + xPbO

INTRODUCTION In the measurement of the «durability of glasses, results may be duplicated with an .accuracy of 5 to 10 % only. In a series of glasses of similar composition, the results with the more durable glasses may be reproduced with an accuracy of 5%; the less durable, up to ,about 10 %.

4ONa 2 O + zPbO

Verres pour appareille. Verre d'optique.

INDICE p AGË Influenza della composizione 107 Vetro per apparecchi... 109 Vetro ottico 113

2ONa2O + 2OK2O + zCaO

Apparatus glass. Optical glass.

INHALTSVERZEICHNIS Einfluss der Zusammensetzung. Apparatengläser. Optische Gläser.

4OK2O + zCaO

MATIÈRES Effet de composition.

4ONa2O + ^CaO

CONTENTS !Effect of composition.

34.0 34.0 31.2 21.6 27.8 7.6 24.6 6.2 17.4 3.8 9.5 2.8

2OK2O + zBaO

1ONa2O + 1OK2O + zPbO

1.99 9.6 0.940.69 3.7 0.660.51 1.61 0.400.37 0.60 0.260.1400.26 0.240.0910.15

3.32 1.15 0.68 0.37 0.16 0.12

1.20 1.07 0.87 0.55 0.50

10.4 2.01 1.76 1.08 0.74 0.64

2.44 1.50 1.21 1.03 0.87 0.68

K2O +CaO

Na2O + CaO

1.25K2O + 0.75CaO

1.25Na2O + 0.75CaO

1.5K2O + 0.5CaO

1.5Na2O + 0.5CaO

1.75K2O + 0.25CaO

4.412.61.07 8.840.180.830.060.140.020.03 11.322.61.6015.820.040.340.030.030.020.02 15.7 35.2 2.67 24.66 0.22 1.17 0.09|0.17 0.04 0.05

TABLE 5 Grams of oxides extracted at 100° in 5 hr by the action of 60 cm 3 H2O on powdered glass, 4000 particles per cm 3 (21, 22, 58), Molecular composition: ^SiO2 + yÔ + ^RO + IuR 2 O 3 Composition. Wt. % Grams oxide extracted SiO2

Na2O

73.7 69.6 70.0 68.0 66.7 69.6 67.5 62.2

22.5 22.0 17.7 14.8 11.8 19.3 16.2 9.6

RO

A 2

1 °^+ Je 2 (J 3 4.0 3.5 2.7 1.7 1.9 3.8 2.4 2.9

5.1 9.9 O 15.7 & 19.6 7.6] 14.2 [ ^ 25.ej

SiO2

4.25 1.84 0.061 0.024 0.0134 2.74 0.236 0.026

Na2O

RO

1.47 0.7160.0191 0.098 trace 0.035 trace 0.018 trace 0.97 0.0515 0.168 trace 0.109 trace

Total

5.80 2.60 0.159 0.058 0.031 3.82 0.415 0.134

TABLE 6 Per cent Na 2 O extracted by boiling water in 1 hr acting on powdered glass, 20-30 mesh (I. M. M. sieves, v. p. 329) (11I *2, 44, 47, 48, 49).

Molecular composition: 10OSiO2 + (33.3 - x)Na2O + zRO (R2O3 or RO 2 ) \

RaOb

\, X

CaO MgO Al 2 O 3

^x. __

1.0 2.0 4.0 6.0

TiO2

ZrO2

ZnO BaO

4.4 1.8 0.38 0.19

7.18 1.57 0.30

.

8.20 2.35 1.00

1.39 0.76

0.59 0.24

1.54 0.27 0.13

17.60 5.50 1.90

Al2O3

TiO2

Ö7Ö9 0.03

(TÔT 0.045 0.03 0.02 0.012 0.010 0.008

ZrO2

ZnO

BaO

Ô7Ï80.68 0.12 0.22 0.06 0.12 0.04 0.06 0.02 0.04

TABLE 7 Per cent loss in weight in 1 hr in boiling 20.24 % HCl, 2N NaOH and 2N Na2CO3 acting on powdered glass 20-30 mesh (I. M. M. sieves) ( 12 ). Molecular composition: IQOSiO2 + (33.3 — re)Na2O + xHO I x I 2 I 4 I 6 I 8 I 10 I 12 I 14 I 16 I 18 I 20 CaO 8.2 4.2 2.6 1.7 1.2 1.0 1.0 MgO 1.4 0.7 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.1 Al2O3 0.9 0.4 0.2 0.2 TiO2 2.0 1.0 0.5 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 ZrO2 1.8 0.6 0.4 ZnO 1.8 0.9 0.5 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 BaO 9.6 2.0 1.0 0.5 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2

Na2CO3 NaOH

R20 SiO2 Total

2K2O

2Na2O

Oxide extracted

Comp. \6SiO2 +

1.75Na2O + 0.25CaO

TABLE 4 Grams oxide extracted by water at 100° acting for 5 hr on 100 g glass powder, containing 7300 to 7624 particles per cm3 ( 30 > 32 ). Molecular composition: 6SiO2 + (2 - ^)R 2 O + #RO

\ R*0b Xx^ CaO MgO x \^ STO (TooÖ~29 10 0.25 0.13 12 0.10 0.07 14 0.05 0.048 16 0.04 0.028 18 0.02 0.020 20

HCl

2ONa2O -f zBaO

5.4 1.44 0.96 0.60 0.36 0.30

2OK2O + zPbO

1ONa2O + 1OK2O + zCaÒ

3.03 1.34 0.66 0.40 0.34 0.25

TABLE 6.—(Continued)

1ONa2O + 1OK2O + xPbO

5 10 15 20 30 40

2OK2O + zCaO

\

2ONa2O + zCaO

X

2ONa2O + zPbO

TABLE 3.—(Continued) 2. Molecular composition : 10OSiO2 + 2OR2O + x~RO

CaO MgO Al2O3 TiO2 ZrO2 ZnO BaO

2.6 3.1 2.8 6.0 1.3 0.8 3.7 3.2 5.6 3.8

CaO MgO Al2O3 TiO2 11.3 ZrO2 2.0 ZnO 11.2 BaO 38.0

2.3 2.1 2.0 2.8 2.5 2.7 2.5 2.5 2.6 3.6 0.7 2.8 2.4 2.2 3.0 2.5 2.3

6.8 2.8 4,1 1.0 0.6 2.4 1.6 0.9 0.6 2.5 0.5 7.0 4.9

2.4 3.2 0.4 1.1

1.7 1.5 1.2 2.1 2.1 2.1

3.2 2.9 2.6 2.4 2.3 2.1 1.9 1.7 2.2 1.9 1.7

2.0 1.9 1.5 1.3 2.5 2.1 2.0 1.9 0.4 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.5

0.4 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 4.0 3.5 3.2 2.6 2.2

TABLE 8 Grams H2SO4 equivalent to alkali extracted by water at 80° acting for 1 hr on 100 g glass powdered to pass 160 mesh sieve. 1. Composition: (70 - x) % SiO2 + x% RQ + y% Ô ( 39 > 42 ) 12.5Na2O 1ONa2O x RO 25Na2O 25K2O + 2ONa2O 2OK2O + 12.5K.O IQK2O 5 CaO 5.32 4.50 PbO 34.2 17.5 BaO 34.5 21.1 28.2 10 CaO 1.64 0.75 0.67 PbO 9.23 11.4 11.5 BaO 28.8 18.6 22.9 13.3 9.64 7.40 15 CaO 1.98 1.00 1.12 0.60 0.49 PbO 23.1 17.7 9.81 6.65 3.92 BaO 22.6 15.8 10.4 7.11 4.87 20 CaO 0.72 0.51 0.40 PbO 7.89 7.78 3.52 BaO 8.93 3.47 2.99 25 CaO PbO BaO 14.0 12.7



30

40 50

I x 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50

RO CaO PbO BaO CaO PbO BaO CaO PbO BaO CaO PbO BaO CaO PbO BaO CaO PbO BaO CaO PbO BaO CaO PbO BaO

I 7.5Na2O 15Na2O 15K2O + 7.5K2O OAl 0.240 0^22 2.91 1.696 2.68 1.371 1.28 0.57 0.277 2.54 1.610 2.09 0.998

2.12 1.66

1.40 1.37

1.40

1ONa2O 1OK2O

5Na2O + 5K2O

0.29

0.173

0.156

.45 .68

.208 .575

.337

.848

.798 .30 .69

.163 .563

.24

.157

.536

.845

2. Composition: y% SiO2 + z% PbO + (a - x) % Na2O + x% K2O (19> 4Q)

a

y \f

20 20 10 10

60 50 60 50

20 30 30 40

0.0 2.5

5

7

7.5

10

14

15 17.5 20

7.9 4~9 3J5 1.682.083.8 7.8 4.8 3.6 2.31 1.501.633.004.5 0.430.320.19 0.1220.1360.28 0.300.210.1230.0690.1280.175

TABLE 9 Per cent Na2O extracted by boiling H2O and % loss in weight by action of boiling 20.24% HCl, 2N NaOH and 2N Na2CO3 soins, resp. Time 1 hr. 20-30 mesh powder. The final glasses contained 0.08-0.2% CaO and 0.05-0.14% Fe2O3 ( 12 > 49 > 50 ). (90 - x) %SiO2 +x (80 - x)% SiO2 + x% Batch/--" %B2O3 + 10 % Na2O B2O3 + 20% Na2O ^^

x

12.5Na2O 1ONa2O RO 25Na2O 25K2O + 2ONa2O 2OK2O + 12.5K2O IQK2O CaO PbO 4.88 4.61 3.17 BaO 2.99 1.77 1.45 CaO PbO 4.05 6.65 2.79 BaO CaO PbO 4.61 9.16 3.92 BaO

Analytical % SiO2 79.8 74.2 71.6 68.3 64.7 61.3 50.0 35.2 32.2

74.9 70.8 67.2 62.0 57.9 52.1 46.3 41.3

B2O3 Na 2 O I Al2O3 19.5 0.69 4.5 19.8 0.93 8.3 18.8 1.00 11.4 19.0 1.09 14.5 20.0 0.71 18.8 18.9 0.74 28.8 20.4 0.78 40.0 23.7 0.84 43.7 23.1 0.82

12.5 18.7 21.8 25.8 31.3 36.2 42.3 46.1

11.3 9.8 10.1 11.2 9.6 10.3 10.4 11.5

0.92 0.79 0.88 0.84 0.98 0.89 0.80 0.80

% % Na2O by H 2 O HCl 2.11 1.40 0.16 0.33 0.06 0.31 0.04 0.30 0.07 1.02 0.14 7.36 2.25 39.4 11.6 38.9 14.7 39.1

loss in wt. by NaOH I Na2CO3 2.92 6.35 3.16 2.73 3.10 2.64 3.46 3.16 4.54 3.70 5.65 3.84 17.2 17.1 69.7 45.6 94.6 56.1

0.004 0.09 3.11 0.07 0.67 4.73 0.36 2.73 7.01 0.89 32.7 22.1 2.42 41.0 62.1 5.50 49.0 7.46 49.3

1.40 3.10 4.29 15.2 38.6 54.3 64.4 72.8

MULTI-OXIDE GLASSES. APPARATUS GLASS In the tables of durability data for these glasses, the glasses are identified by means of the Index Numbers (I. N.) gi.ven in Table 10. Additional literature (*» 6» 10» 14, is, 20, 23, 24, 25, 31, 32, 34, 35, 36, 54, 55, 57).

TABLE 10.—COMPOSITION IN MOLECULES PER 100 MOLECULES SiO2 I. N. I C/l C/2 C/3 C/4 C/5 C/6 C/7 C/8 C/9 C/10 C/ll C/12 C/13 C/14 C/15 C/16 C/17 C/18 C/19 C/20

Origin

| B 2 O 3 I As 2 O 5 1 Sb 2 O 3 1 Al 2 O 3 ^-Fe 2 O 3 I 14.37 4.09 2.84 0.23 0.46 0.30 0.23 0.39 0.23 0.30 2.55 2.18 2.42 0.15 1.05 0.32 2.74

2.03 0.39 1.44 Ol

CaO

10.31 14.68 13.28 13.95 11.37 10.84 10.77 10.68 8.82 16.99 7.87 16.14 9.83 11.19 8.57 11.48 21.92 BaO 2.91

| MgQ|

ZnO

5.07

7.65

| PbO | Na2O K 2 O | 14.79 13.06 9.70 4.87 8.47 5.49 8.07 5.15 10.54 5.85 6.3210.03 12.48 3.53 12.67 3.80 20.09 19.62 0.54 1.2211.31 17.12 1.57 11.77 8.35 19.26 6.20 14.09 14.13 17.77 4.84 7.20 9.87 0.85 16.78 0.64 16.87 0.89 8.87

MnO | Lit! 0.06 (") 0.35 («) («) («) 0.22 («) («) («) (i«) («) (18)" 0.48 (i«) 0.11 («) («) tr. (18) 0.29 (18) (18) 0.46 («) («) (15) 0.02 (is)

TABLE 10.—COMPOSITION IN MOLECULES PER 100 MOLECULES SiO2.—(Continued) I. N. I Origin C/21 C/22 C/23 C/24 C/25 C/26 Jena 1914 C/27 Jena 1914

| B 2 O 3 1 As 2 O 5 1 Sb 2 O 3 1 Al2Q3^-Fe2Q31 2.39 0.47 0.75 2.54 3.04 13.3 5.7 14.55 3.99 Al2O3 Fe2O3 C/28 Jena 1920 5.33 6.8 C/29 British 1916* 2.6 8.3 C/30 British 1916* 9.4 5.6 0.05 C/31 Duroglass 1916* 5.9 5.9 0.04 C/32 Moncrieff 1916* 9.0 5.8 0.07 C/33 Wood Bros. 1916* 10.1 9.0 0.06 C/34 Poulenc Frères 1916... 4.9 0.85 0.07 C/35 French 1916 0.75 0.05 C/36 Swedish 1916 2.5 0.9 0.08 C/37 Italian 1916 2.0 0.3 0.07 C/38 U. S. A. Nonsol 1917.. 9.5 0.13 2.25 0.11 C/39 U. S. A. Insolo 1917... 4.95 0.3 0.8 0.18 C/40 U. S. A. Fry 1917 10.0 0.07 2.5 0.11 C/41 U. S. A. Pyrex 1917... 12.6 0.23 1.45 0.07 C/42 U. S. A. Insol 1917.... 2.9 0.2 0.57 0.12 C/43 Macbeth-Evans 1919.. 9.03 0.02 0.11 1.30 0.18 C/44 Greiner & Friedrich Resistance "R" 4.8 0.47 2.75 0.08 C/45 Köln-Ehrenfeld 5.45 0.82 0.4 2.25 0.12 C/46 Kavalier 1917 tr. 0.18 0.05 C/47 German (unmarked)... 0.21 0.07 C/48 Hungarian (Zsolna).... 0.23 0.07 C/49 Japanese 1917 1.9 0.07 C/50 Murano 1922 13.63 5.61 C/51 Murano 1923 No. 1.... 10.28 4.71 C/52 Murano 1923 No. 2.... 10.99 3.62 C/53 Murano 1923 No. 3.... 11.81 2.94

CaQ 10.12 11.52 14.34 11.69 10.62 0.13 0.89 1.28 12.40 0.64 7.00 0.80 9.6 8.9 11.8 7.8 10.9 1.25 2.6 4.15 0.3 5.0 0.96 0.33 2.85 12.4 8.95 12.6 5.3 1.62 8.57 3.30

| MgQ|

ZnO

| PbO | Na2O 17.13 15.35 14.47 17.66 24.18 11.00 11.95

"

0.29

13.5 12.86 BaO 2.33

0.20 tr. 0.8 0.3 0.5 tr. 1.1 0.3 tr. 7.5 13.45 5.55 0.5 10.05 5.47 7.4 5.9 0.3 0.57 tr. 0.22

10.3 4.0 9.7 7.9 3.2 8.05 4.05 3.85 8.95 5.50 9.15 10.9

11.17

K2O | MnO | 6.11 0.45 4.63 7.91 6.78 2.20 tr. tr.

6.3 0.47 20.204.00 17.40 0.33 16.80 2.50 14.6 1.0 15.0 1.6 9.0 5.5 23.6 0.6 20.3 1.2 17.2 3.0 17.0 0.28 15.5 0.64 14.1 1.25 4.6 0.5 14.3 2.9 14.65 0.27 17.05 10.8 9.35 14.3 9.0 22.6 8.79 5.16 5.21 5.56

1.35 1.7 6.65 4.75 6.4 1.2

tr. tr. tr. tr. tr. tr.

tr. tr. tr.

Lit. (ï^) (14)

(4) (26,27) (26,27) (4) (4) (4) (4) (4) (4) (4) (4) (4) (7) (7) (7) (7) (7) (7) (7) (7) (7) (7) (7) (7) (26,27) (26,27) (26, 27) (26, 27)

* Most of the glasses of these makes have been modified and improved since 1916.

TABLE 11.—ACTION OF WATER ON FLASKS The values given are thousandths mg alkali extracted and mg loss in weight, each for 100 cm 2 surface. The autoclave data at 190° and at 183° respectively are not comparable with one another.

I. N. (17, 28)

8 da 20° C/l C/2 C/3 C/4 C/5 C/6 C/7 C/8 C/46

Autoclave mg loss 3 hr 4 h r 80° 190° 2.7 23.7 6.3 28.4 28.2 17.2 26.8 56 51.3 45 50 I 24.6 (7) I

Alkali extracted 10~3 mg

2.5 2.1 10.7 8.9 13.1 14.0 14.5 14.9 12.5

I. N. (17, 28)

C /9 C/10 C/ll C/12 C/13 C/14 C/15 C/16 C/48

Alkali extracted 10~3 mg 8 da 20°

3 hr 80°

17.8 16.6 27.0

66 65 98

Autoclave mg loss 4hr 190° 67.0 34.0

63.0 37.0 32.0 77.0 74.0 13.6 I

217 654 126 356 29.3 m

TABLE 11.—ACTION OF WATER ON FLASKS.—(Continued) Alkali extracted 10~3 mg I. N. 4 ( ) 8 da 3 hr 20° 80°

C/26 C/29 C/30 C/31 C/32 C/33 C/34 C/35 C/36 C/37

1.6 3.7 3.1 2.6 2.3 2.5 3.3 25.7 12.3 21.7

1.9 7.0 5.6 6.2 4.7 4.9 6.3 43.2 24.7 35.4

Milligrams loss in weight Auto3 hr steam ^ nr clave Treatments evap. 3hr 100 1st I 2nd I 3rd ° 183° 0.30 0.15 0.05 0.6 26.0 0.30 0.10 0.08 0.9 22.0 0.28 0.15 nil 0.6 23.7 0.25 0.12 0.08 1.05 26.8 0.22 0.04 nil 0.45 20.7 0.25 nil nil 0.67 18.5 0.24 0.40 0.16 0.52 20.5 4.00 2.23 2.12 8.6 221o 2.13 1.85 1.24 2.1 875.0 2.30 1.75 1.43 4.7 104o

TABLE 11.—ACTION OP WATER ON FLASKS.—(Continued)

TABLE 14 Action of Na2CO3 and K2CO3 solutions for 3 hr at 100° and of mg loss in weight mg loss in weight water and NaOH for 50 days at room temperature. Loss in wt., I. N. 2 hr evap. Autoclave I. N. 2 hr evap. Autoclave mg/100 cm 2 (14). 100° 3 hr 183° 100° 3 hr 183° I- K-/ Na 2 CQ 3 g/1 K2CQ3 g/1 NaOH g/1 H2Of C/38 I 0.8 31.5 C/44 1.05 55.4 / 13.21 132 172 10*|lOt|lOO*|lOOt a \ b C/39 1.05 139 C/45 1.0 48.5 C/22 46.4 75.8 48.1 3.9 4.6 5.2 5.7 6.6 6.0 C/40 0.95 48.7 C/46 2.6 614 C/23 49.5 83.3 52.8 4.5 5.1 6.3 6.2 16.5 12.6 C/41 0.67 10.0 C/47 0.4 318s 21.2 5.1 6.4 6.0 6.7 23 22.5 C/24 26.3 45.2 C/42 1.0 79.6 C/48 C/25 24.8 41.2 20.0 5.5 5.0 6.6 C/43 0.3 4 6 . 2 C/49 5.4 Lit.

* Successive treatments of same flask. t I*e., alkali extracted by water in 50 days from (a) new flasks, (6) flasks pretreated with the 100 g/1 NaOH for 100 days.

(7, 24, 29)

TABLE 12.—ACTION OF ACIDS ON FLASKS Mean loss in wt. (mg per 100 cm 2 surface) from 3 successive treatments with each reagent. Reagents: A, HCl vapor for 3 hr (4). B, 20.24% HCl evap. for 1.5 hr (4, 7). c, 2AT H2SO4 for 6 hr at 100° ( 17 ). D, coned. H2SO4 heated to fuming for 4 hr (51). E, 1.2 sp. gr. HNO3 evap. for 1.5 hr (28, 29, 51). (Cf. Tables 15, 16, 18, and 20.) ^"•^^ 'c/ R ^-^ A B c D E

26

29

30

31

32

33

34

35

36 37

TABLE 15.—THE EFFECT OF BORIC OXIDE Mg loss in wt. by 500 cm3 flasks. Reagent: (1), N HCl boiling for; A, 0.5 hr; B, 2 hr; c, 0.1AT HCl autoclave 3 hr. (2), 0.01N NaOH boiling for: D, 0.5 hr, E, 2 hr, F, O.IN NaOH autoclave 3 hrat _ 120° (25, _ 26). , _ _ _ N^ I* N.\

A

38

39

40

41

42

43

44

\

45

46

47

TABLE 13.—ACTION OF ALKALIES ON FLASKS Loss in wt., mg/100 cm 2 surface. Reagents: A, 2AT NaOH for 3 hr at 100° (17). B, O.L/V NaOH for 3 hr at 100° (17). c, 2N NH4OH evap. for 65-70 min ("). D, 2N Na2CO3, 3 hr at 100° (^). E, 2N (NH4) 2S 3 hr at 100° (4, 7, 50). p> Na2HPO4 3 hr at 100° (28, 29, so). From No. 26 onwards in the case of the sodium hydroxide, ammonia and sodium carbonate tests the values quoted are the mean of three successive treatments. \ I N. \C/ i 2 3 4 6 7 8 9 10 11 15 16 R X A 67.3 39.735.4J37.539.8J37.738.5142.4146.531.346.058.0 D 23.5 17.6 |59.576.9179.273.o|79.4|23.040.745.051.0 _ . _ _ . . i \Tc/ 26 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 R

\

I

A 129.292.297.479.894.6104 78.6157 114 121 B 21.420.020.718.020.6 17.515.3 45.6 30.2 37.1 c 3.2 4.5 2.7 3.0 2.9 2.6 2.4 7.2 4.9 5.6 D 30.730.127.724.726.0 27.736.0200 87.8121 E 1.0 1.2 1.1 F, 0.5AT 2.8 2.0 7.3 F, 0.25N 1.6 1.2 5.3

^T" O^ ^->^C/ 38 R

^-^J

A B D

D

E

F

\v I.N. X

C/41 C/51 C/52 C/53

A

B

C

D

E

F

0.302.02.06.019.5229 0.342.62.34.310.5 94 0.332.52.24.510.7108 |o.3l|2.0 2.06.0|19.1 200

1.591.010.520.360.63 2.600.370.710.390.73 * Murano 1923, white badge. 10.6 5.0 3.2 2.4 2.7 11.1 1.7 2.7 1.9 1.8 TABLE 16 1.2 0.8 0.9 1.3 0.8 0.8 0.8 1.9 1.9 1.3 1.0 0.2 1.0 Per cent loss in weight in 1 hr by boiling water, 20.24 % HCl, 1.0 1.8 1.6 and 2N NaOH, respectively, acting on 20-30 mesh powdered

I i.o II.Q |i.i |o.5 |i.i I 0.5 |o.9 [1.4 |o.7 [0.2

B

C

C/27 3.210.0 81 C/280.352.02.14.511.0123 * 0.332.52.24.510.7108 C/500.5o|3.l|2.5|2.5| 9.0 81

glass (46,

^""^\Jc/ R ^-^

B

39

40

41

42

43

44

45

46

I

47

95.798.093.6118 79.882.379.181.0 96.4 91.2 17.721.418.8 30.715.518.621.813.7 28.1 32.8 129.248.536.0 51.1 32.3 29.1 26.0|25.3 141 132

52).

Wt.

% composition: (75.8 - ^)SiO2 + ^B2O3 + 8.6CaO -f 6.9Na2O + 7.9K2O + 0.66R2O3

\ s\ O 0.5 1.0 2.5 5.0 7.5 10

H2O

HCl NaOH

0.060 0.060 0.060 0.060 0.060 0.062 0.068

0.056 0.056 0.056 0.056 0.060 0.090 0.300

X

\ H2O HCl NaOH ^ \ 1.50 12.5 0.085 1.45 2.32 1.45 15.0 0.105 7.40 2.70 1.45 20.0 0.170 29.8 3.95 1.46 25.0 0.485 47.2 5.65 1.55 30.0 1.150 54.80 8.00 1.75 35.0 2.175 59 4 13.5 2.00 40.0 62.6 25.5

TABLE 17.—ACTION OF NEUTRAL SALT SOLUTIONS mg/100 cm 2 loss in wt. in 3 hr at 100° 5% NH Na2SO. 178./1 (»«) £;trnt; (r*88*6 I.N.C/|22|23 24 I 25 [ 26 [ 29 30*|31*| 32 33 |34* 36 [ 37 mg I] 1. 8|3.11. 6|2. 3||0.25|0.28|0.28|0.23|0.40JO. 28JO. 16[0.29JO. 39

* No loss on 3rd treatment.

TABLE 18.—THE INFLUENCE OF REAGENT CONCENTRATION mg/100 cm 2 loss in wt. (l*> 15) . ,G1"£ 6 hr at I index No. | Reagent [Equiv./l |C/8 | 14 | 15 || Reagent H2SO4 0.001 0.21.11.7 HCl 0.1 0.11.01.5 0.21.21.7 0.21.0

. GLu» index No. Equiv./l |C/8 | 14 115 0.001 1.5 O' 1 0.20.91.6 1 0.31.11.9 2 0.3 1.8 4 1.7

°- 3 °- 9 1 - 7 C2H1O2 0.10.20.5 Acetic 0.10.10.2 acid

0.1 j 5

6 hr at 100°

1

5 10

25 (Sp. gr. = 1.84)

100°

7^0~8^ 0.20.81.7 0.1 1.4

TABLE 18.—THE INFLUENCE OF REAGENT CONCENTRATION.— (Continued) mg/100 cm2 loss in wt. ( 1 4 > 15) . f™* 6 hr at 100° . ,G1*£ index No. index No. Reagent |Equiv./l | C/8| 14 | 15 || Reagent |Equiv./l|C/16| 19 | 20 6 hr at 100°

!L2

TABLE 21.—THE INFLUENCE OF TEMPERATURE

KOH g/l g 14 140 210 280 420 490 Data for 6SiO2 + mgloss, 3 ^ (2 - Z)R2O + hr 100° à 17.5 28.0 28.3 27.2 23.6 24.6 zCaO in same O paper ( 14 ) \

~ K X, I. N. N^ C/22 C/23 C/24 C/25

O H g/1 140 I 490 3 hr at 100° 2ÏL720.8* 23.3 21.1* 26.9 21.6 28.5 24.1*

NH 4 QH g/1 ( o r w t . %) 4.3 I 43 | 10% | 25% [ 50 days at room temperature 3~~5 0.9 3.6 3.5 3.2 1.0 3.4 3.5 3.6 1.0 3.2 3.5 4.1 0.9

* Mean of 2 determinations.

No. of treatments

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

4. After 12 mo in air of room

5. After 12 mo in outdoor air

4 followed by 3

36 63 19 14 14 1 1 8

3. After 42 da in moist CO2 at 30°

1 min 1 day 2 days 3 days 5 days 7 days 10 days

2. After 42 da in H 2 O vapor at 30U

1. In original condition

Time of treatment

TABLE 19.—INFLUENCE OF REPEATED ACTION AND TIME Continued action of H2O at 20° on glass No. C/21 ( 16 ) mmg ( = 10~6 g) Na2O per 100 cm 2 dissolved from glass

65 62

59 10 7 6

48 50 17 15 12 9 8

66 45 18 15 12 8 8

109 13 6 7 6

17 14 9 8

.

7

TABLE 20 mg/100 cm 2 loss in wt. by successive treatments (8) 3 hr at 100° 2 hr evap. 1.5 hr evap. I H2O at 100° 20.24 % HCl \2N NaOH| 2N Na 2 CO 3 35 I |31 33|35 32 33 35 C/31 33 I 35 I I 26 I 31 0.6 1.2 12.2 7.02.1 3.7568 8616025.726.2 85 0.7 1.65 8.7 9.12.9 2.2575 9714321.726.1121 0.75 1.8 5.6 8.82.4 1.5 68 9712420.030.1135 0.9 1.7 5.2 9.02.1 1.3583 8613122.627.0135 0.2 0.08 2.4 8.82.0 0.9 7511113222.828.3157 0.3 0.3 2 . 3 1 0 . 2 2 . 2 1.0578 9912024.829.8137 1.05 1.5 3.4 8.52.0 1.3 77 9713022.625.3130 0.9 1.4 2.6 9.62.2 1.1 7411713723.227.3181 0.15 0.9 2.8 9 . 9 2 . 3 1.2 6711012122.625.7154 0.08 0.8 4.4 10.92.2 1.3 7510015321.827.7163 10.42.2 1.2 21.924.5138 8.82.0 0.9 21.825.2145 11.01.750.7 21.627.3133 2.250.6 20.323.5149 2.0 0.9 20.423.7141

Amount extracted per 100 cm2 surface Alkali extracted ( 14 ) || mg matter extracted ( 9 ) ^ TT0 Na2CO3, K2CO3, H2O for 24 hr 250 cm 3 ^y±l2U 132 g/1 172 g/1 flask

C/ I 10~6 g 22 6.3 63 4.4 23 16.5210 4.6 24 23 337 2.2 25 40 607 2.0

IQ"3 g 75.8 2.0 83.3 2.1 45.2 0.8 41.2 0.9

Index No.

1

3 hr 100°

H2SQ4

T^

50 days room temp.

l.Q

1.2 0.31.4 1.3

3 hr 100°

11 01 5 °- - ~^T~ 0.41.21.5 0.2

Ï 5

50 days room temp.

5 10 16.5

HCÏ

1 hr 80°

0.21.21.7 0.20.71.8

No. of treatments. . 1 16| 17 18 I 19 I 20| 21 I 22| 23 I 241 25 Index No. C/31.... 2.12.1 1.351.751.81.752.71.8 1.8,2.0 Index No. C/35.... 1.11.050.3 0.150.30.3 0.9 0.450.6JO.45

3 days room temp.

07Î 1

20.24% HCl evaporating for 1.5 hr

Index No.

HNO3

TABLE 20.—(Continued) mg/100 cm2 loss in wt. by successive treatments ( 8 )

48.1 52.8 21.2 20.0

C/ I 80° I 90° I 95° | 100° 33 1.4 2.4 5.0 32 1.0 2.0 4.0 47 1.0 2.4 5.4 38 4.8 7.514.2 55.4

mg loss in wt. of 500 cm3 flasks by 20.24 % HCl for 12 hr (9) I. N. C/ 26 31 33

I

90° 6.2 1.6 5.4

I

95° 7.8 2.1 7.2

99.9° 9.8 2.7 9.3

|

102° 10.8 3.4 10.4

| 104.8° 13.2 4.6 | 12.9

mg loss in wt. of 500 cm 3 flasks in 3 hr ( 5 ) Index By 2N NaOH No. C/ 40° 60° 80° 90° 100° ~3Ì 33 36

Index

1.7 4.118.931.7 74.2 1.5 4.319.236.5 88.9 24.145.5154

No. C/

By 2N Na 2 CO 3 = 40° 60° 80° 90° 100°

32 33 48

2.610.216.832.9 3.210.618.134.8 2.1 5.925.949.2115

TABLE 22.—INFLUENCE OF CONCENTRATION, TIME AND TEMPERATURE mg/100 cm 2 loss in wt. by action of commercially pure NaOH (C. P. NaOH somewhat less corrosive) ( 14 ) NaOH g/1 1 10 10 100 100 450

I

Z '. lime *3 hours 50 days *3 hours 50 days *3 hours 50 days *3 hours

I Temp. 0 C 100 18 100 18 100 18 100

Index No. C/ ; I 23 24 I 18.3 3.9 4.5 5.1 27.6 32.8 35.2 5.2 6.3 6.1 54.0 58.3 60.6 1.8 1.7 2.0 46.6 52.5 52.7

22

25 5.5 34.5 6.6 62.9 3.7 52.8

* Not clearly stated in text, but assumed from reference from earlier page.

OPTICAL GLASSES TABLE 23 Hundredths-milligrams of iodoeosin per 100 cm 2 surface ( 2 >

O/l 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47

Fluor crown 1.4942 Borosil. crown 1.5108 Borosil. crown 1.5135 Borosil. crown 1.5171 Hard crown 1.5173 Soft crown 1.5225 Light Ba crown... . 1.5408 Medium Ba crown. 1.5736 Dense Ba crown.... 1.6129 Dense Ba crown.... 1.6111 Dense Ba crown 1.6052 Telescope flint 1.5177 Light Ba flint 1.5655 Light Ba flint 1.5804 Light Ba flint 1.5282 Ba flint 1.6051 Extra light flint 1.5516 Light flint 1.5741 Light flint 1.5677 Dense flint 1.6174 Dense flint 1.6229 Extra dense flint... 1.6521 Borosil. crown 1.5089 Hard crown 1.5186 Zinc crown 1.5160 Light Ba crown 1.5040 Medium Ba crown.. 1.5724 Dense Ba crown 1.6087 Dense Ba crown 1.6118 Dense Ba crown 1.6129 Light Ba flint 1.5515 Dense Ba flint 1.6256 Dense Ba flint 1.6683 Extra light flint.... 1.5280 Light flint 1.5789 Dense flint 1.6039 Dense flint 1.6221 Extra dense flint... 1.6475 Densest extra large flint 1.7072 Fluor crown 1.4933 Borosil. crown 1.5100 Silicate crown 1.5144 Ordinary sii. crown. 1.5175 Soft sii. crown 1.5151 Light Ba flint 1.5646 Ordinary light flint. 1.5800 Heavy flint 1.6190

3 2 11 7 8 3 17 8 16 7 19 69 14 5 8 3 21 8 19 6 15 3 10 6 10 3 14 8 10 2 16 2 12 8 8 4 11 6 24 6 21 2 26 1 12 8 19 9 11 5 22 3 11 4 24 9 13 6 14 5 12 2 18 2 19 2 1 1 6 17 2 19 6 20 4 20 2 14 1 4 2 17 8 28 20 20 30 41 58 15 5 14 7 23 2

23 10 18 17 8 33 16 12 22 21 19 11 13 16 11 19 14 10 12 20 1920

4 17 34 23 48 16 16 19

150 94 115 71 65 137 55 130 164 56 108 106 95 86 85 69

107

102 104 80

h1 h* h1 h2 h2 h* h1 h1 h* h2 h1 h2 hi h2 hi hi h2 hi h2 h2 hi hi h2 h2 hi hi hi h2 h2 h1 hi hi hi h2 hi h2 hi hi

2 2 3 2 4 8 3 4 4 3 4 5 4 5 4 3 3 2 3 3 3 2

hi hi 2 h2 3 h3 4 h4 hs 5 hi 3 h2 3 hi 2

2 3 3 2 6 26 2 4 3 3 2 2 4 3 2 2 4 2 2 2 2 1

3 4 4 3 9 23 3 3 3 3 4 4 3 4

3 4 17

3 4 18

2 atm.

at 18°

Heated 4 hr 150° Steamed 1 hr at

Fresh 7 da in moist air

2 atm.

108 106 112 181

)

|| Polished surfaces

Grade

at 18°

nji

Fractured under the soin. Steamed 1 hr at

Type

Fresh 7 da in moist air

Glass index No,

Fractured surfaces

45

63 65 72 155

108 94 84 47 45 122 37 126 140 55 99 100 89 85 80 1 58

25 24 2 2 2 3 2 2

87

86 81 71

TABLE 24.—DURABILITY BY AUTOCLAVE TREATMENT Dimming test (appearance after weathering polished surface in air saturated with water vapor at 80° for 30 hr) and moisture retained by powdered glass. Grading by apparent effect of autoclave treatment: Grade 1 = least apparent effect. Grade 5 = greatest apparent effect. Dimming test: Three grades, 1, 2, 3. Symbols 1 + and 2 — = rather worse than 1 and rather better than 2resp. ( 2 > 13 > 45 ).

Glass ind. No. 0/1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 45 46 47

Water for 4 hr at 4 atm. IodoGrade Loss Grade eosin by dimin wt. by ming value of appearmg/100 water test 2 cm ance extract 127 182 5 16.6 25.8 3 2 14.8 43.8 1 10.9 41.3 1 16.9 38.6 1 21875 5 321.7 38.0 3 1 10.5 31.4 3 1+ 14.0 31.0 1 1 + 11.5 19.7 4 29.8 30.8 4 8.6 21.9 4 29.2 20.9 4 1+ 8.5 18.9 4 25.8 30.0 2 6.1 11.5 3 2.7 15.5 2 3.7 10.4 2 3.2 8.5 1 1 4.7 4.2 2 1+ 3.2 3.4 2 4.8 6.3 2 27.2 73.2 2 17.3 61.7 2 13.7 31.7 4 18.8 48.0 4 11.0 31.7 3 8.4 24.9 3 9.2 20.7 3 9.0 28.9 1 5.3 18.5 2 2.6 3.5 3 2.8 4.3 3 3.5 19.6 4 2.4 7.7 1 3.8 6.1 2 2.7 2.7 1 4.0 5.2 2 1.3 1.6 1 513 545 5 21.6 63.6 3 18.2 68.5 4 12.9 63.4 4 10.9 25.8 4 3.3 9.4 3 4.5 9.1 3

mg H2O retained per 100 g glass powder, 90-100 mesh Dried Heated in vacuo to 12O0C 33

O

135 230 9 26 2 6 27

87 151 0 7 7 13

71 28 53

36 12 17

43 28

27 16

LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) (1) Baillie and Wilson, 54, 41: 45T; 22. (2) von Bichowsky, 38, 3: 296; 20. ( 3 ) Cauwood, Clarke, Muirhead and Turner, 105, 3: 228; 19. (*) Cauwood, English and Turner, 105, 1: 153; 17. (5) Cauwood and Turner, Jf05, 1: 144; 17. ( 6 ) Cauwood and Turner, 105, 2: 32; 18. (?) Cauwood and Turner, 105, 2: 219* 18. (8) Cauwood and Turner, 105, 2: 235; 18. (») Cauwood and Turner, 105, 2: 260; 18. ( 10 ) Committee Report, Journal of the Institute of Chemistry of Great Britain and Ireland, 3: 202; 20. (U) Dimbleby, Muirhead and Turner, 105, B : 101 ; 22., (12) Dimbleby and Turner, O. ( 13 ) Elsdon, Roberts and Jones, 105, 3: 52; 19. (U) Foerster, 25, 25: 2494; 92. (15) Foerster, 91, 33: 299; 94. (*6) Foerster, 91, 33: 322; 94. (") Foerster, 91, 33: 381; 94. ( 18 ) Foerster, 243, 13: 457; 93 0») Hodkin and Turner, 105, 4: 120; 20.

(20) Kato, 379, 367; 138; 23. (21) Keppeler, Beiträge zur Metallurgie, Gold- (40) Peddle, 105, 5: 195; 21. (41) Peddle, 105, 5: 95, 209, 218, 226, 247; 21 schmidt-Festschrift (Dresden), 40; 21. (22) Keppeler, 105, 8: 256; 24. (42) Peddle, 105, 5: 247, 264; 21. (43) Peddle, 85, 23: 103; 21. ( 4 4 ) (23) Kohlrausch, 25, 24: 3560; 91. ( 2 4 ) Kohlrausch, 25, 26: 2998; 93. Rand, 81, 17: 236; 15. (45) Haigh, Report R. 11, British Scientific Instru(25) Mauri, 216, 5: 495; 23. (26) Mauri, 216, 6: 429; 24. (27) Mauri, ment Research Association, 1921. (46) Schaller, 92, 22: 2369; 09. (47) 816, 7: 452; 25. (28) Migliacci, 816, 15: 87; 25. (2») Muirhead and Sheen and Turner, 88, 8: 187; 24. (4») Turner, 88, 3: 379; 20. ( 49 ) Turner, 105, 3: 129; 19. Turner, 356, 71: 401; 23. (30) Mylius and Foerster, 85, 22: 1092; 89. ( 21 ) Mylius and Foerster, 25, (50) Turner, 38, 7: 313; 24. (Si) Turner and Wilson, 105, 6: 17; 22. («2) 25: 97; 92. (32) Mylius and Foerster, 91, 31: 241; 92. (33) Mylius and Turner and Winks, O. («S) Vilbrandt, 45, 17: 835; 25. (54) Walker, 1, Foerster, 843, 9: 117; 89. (34) Mylius and Foerster, 843, 11: 311; 91. 27: 865; 05. ( 5 S ) Walker and Smither, 45, 9: 1090; 17. (56) Weber, 92, 4: 662; 91. (57) Weber and Sauer, 25, 25: 70, 1814; 92. (5») Williams (35) Mylius and Meusser, 843, 44: 221; 05. (36) Nicolardot, 34, 163: and Cox, 81, 18: 315; 16. 355; 16. (37) Nicolardot, 378, 9: 233, 469; 23. (38) Peddle, 106, 4: 14, 36, 55, 67, 93, 307, 317, 327, 351; 20. (3») Peddle, 105, 4: 97, 352; 20.

VITREOUS ENAMELS FOR METALS RALPH R. DANIELSON AND H. G. WOLFRAM MATIÈRES Compositions. Densité. Résistance mécanique. Dureté. Dilatation thermique. Transmission de la chaleur. Puissance rayonnée. Pouvoir réflecteur. Résistance aux acides.

INDICE Composizione Densità Resistenza meccanica Durezza Dilatazione termica Trasmissione di calore Potere irradiante Potere riflettente Resistenza agli acidi

INHALTSVERZEICHNIS Zusammensetzung. Dichte. Festigkeit. Härte. Wärmeausdehnung. Wärmeübertragung. Ausstrahlungs ver mögen. Reflektions vermögen. S äurewiderstandsf ähigkeit.

P2O5

0-0.2 0.20 0.68-1.14

1.3 -1.8 1.80 0.64-0.77

O O 0-0.34

O O 0-0.43

2. WEIGHT PER CENT

A A B B

Lit.

CaF2

Cryolite

KNO 3

K2CO3

NaNO 3

Na2CO3

H3BO3

Borax

Feldspar

Component

Jewelry enamels. Single coat gray ware enamels. Dry process white cover enamels for cast iron. Single coat white enamel. Wet process for cast iron. White cover enamels. Wet process for cast iron. White cover enamels for sheet iron and steel. Ground coats for sheet iron and steel.

j Quartz

= = = = = = =

Enamel ^

A B C D E F G

14.4 19.2 9.9 23.2 J (30) 31.2 1.2 1.72.42.1 2.9 (8) 50.230.5 3.13.1 3.74.2 (i) 10.040.030.5 6.55.5 1.5 (6)

Lit.

CaF2

Cryolite

KNO 3

BaCO3

NaNO 3

Na2CO3

H3BO3

Borax

Feldspar

Quartz

I

Lit.

~

Co2O3

~

Ni2O3

~

CaCO3

Sb2O3

O 0.075 0-0.13

9.8 (26) 9.42.7 (24) 3.2 (9) 4.34.7 (9) 12.05.0 (6) 17.0 (6) 6.0 (6) 3.5 (19) 6.0 (6)

33.419.517.9 2.4 12.818.925.6 36.031.8 5.53.7 10.232.320.8 3.35.3 17.031.027.0 3.53.5 22.031.021.0 3.53.5 20.527.030.0 9.85.0 21.026.034.6 7.44.0 2.2 29.0'22.030.O 5.04.6

As2O3

0.05-0.15 F 0.6-0.86

C D D E F F G G G

SnO2

Sb2O3

2 . 6 4 . 4 (26)

2.62.6 4.4

ZnO

O 0.16 0.12-0.15

As2O3

33.118.7

Pb3O4

I

C

1

\Component 1 ype ^^v^ Jewelry (28) Cast Fe (3) CastFe(i5;

Al2O3

ZnO

O O 0.10 0.05 0-0.19 0-0.2

Bone ash

KNaO 0.16 0.06-0.11

Component

0.3 -0.6 0.54 0.70-0.74

\C°mP™entPbO Type ^-^ Jewelry (28) 0.4-0.7 Cast Fe (3) 0.15 Cast Fe (15) O

^Q

Component

^

Enamel

Jewelry (28) Cast Fe (3) Cast Fe (15)

^0

Enamel

^^ComponentJ

pAGB 114 115 115 115 115 115 116 116 117

2. WEIGHT PER CENT.—(Continued) !

COMPOSITIONS 1. MOLECULAR COMPOSITIONS

MnO2

CONTENTS Compositions. Density. Strength. Hardness. Thermal expansion. Heat transfer. Emissivity. Reflectivity. Acid resistance.

A A B B C C D D E F F G G G

33.3 53.8 3.1 4.5

14.6 9.1 7.9 10.2 6.8 30.6 18.2 14.0 5.1

4.7

(30) (8) 2.1 (1) 1.5 (6) (26) (26) (24) 1.6 (9) (9) 1.0 (6) 2.0 (6) 1.2 0,5 (6) 0.260,260.26 (19) 2.0 1.0 0.4 (6)

(20) Kato, 379, 367; 138; 23. (21) Keppeler, Beiträge zur Metallurgie, Gold- (40) Peddle, 105, 5: 195; 21. (41) Peddle, 105, 5: 95, 209, 218, 226, 247; 21 schmidt-Festschrift (Dresden), 40; 21. (22) Keppeler, 105, 8: 256; 24. (42) Peddle, 105, 5: 247, 264; 21. (43) Peddle, 85, 23: 103; 21. ( 4 4 ) (23) Kohlrausch, 25, 24: 3560; 91. ( 2 4 ) Kohlrausch, 25, 26: 2998; 93. Rand, 81, 17: 236; 15. (45) Haigh, Report R. 11, British Scientific Instru(25) Mauri, 216, 5: 495; 23. (26) Mauri, 216, 6: 429; 24. (27) Mauri, ment Research Association, 1921. (46) Schaller, 92, 22: 2369; 09. (47) 816, 7: 452; 25. (28) Migliacci, 816, 15: 87; 25. (2») Muirhead and Sheen and Turner, 88, 8: 187; 24. (4») Turner, 88, 3: 379; 20. ( 49 ) Turner, 105, 3: 129; 19. Turner, 356, 71: 401; 23. (30) Mylius and Foerster, 85, 22: 1092; 89. ( 21 ) Mylius and Foerster, 25, (50) Turner, 38, 7: 313; 24. (Si) Turner and Wilson, 105, 6: 17; 22. («2) 25: 97; 92. (32) Mylius and Foerster, 91, 31: 241; 92. (33) Mylius and Turner and Winks, O. («S) Vilbrandt, 45, 17: 835; 25. (54) Walker, 1, Foerster, 843, 9: 117; 89. (34) Mylius and Foerster, 843, 11: 311; 91. 27: 865; 05. ( 5 S ) Walker and Smither, 45, 9: 1090; 17. (56) Weber, 92, 4: 662; 91. (57) Weber and Sauer, 25, 25: 70, 1814; 92. (5») Williams (35) Mylius and Meusser, 843, 44: 221; 05. (36) Nicolardot, 34, 163: and Cox, 81, 18: 315; 16. 355; 16. (37) Nicolardot, 378, 9: 233, 469; 23. (38) Peddle, 106, 4: 14, 36, 55, 67, 93, 307, 317, 327, 351; 20. (3») Peddle, 105, 4: 97, 352; 20.

VITREOUS ENAMELS FOR METALS RALPH R. DANIELSON AND H. G. WOLFRAM MATIÈRES Compositions. Densité. Résistance mécanique. Dureté. Dilatation thermique. Transmission de la chaleur. Puissance rayonnée. Pouvoir réflecteur. Résistance aux acides.

INDICE Composizione Densità Resistenza meccanica Durezza Dilatazione termica Trasmissione di calore Potere irradiante Potere riflettente Resistenza agli acidi

INHALTSVERZEICHNIS Zusammensetzung. Dichte. Festigkeit. Härte. Wärmeausdehnung. Wärmeübertragung. Ausstrahlungs ver mögen. Reflektions vermögen. S äurewiderstandsf ähigkeit.

P2O5

0-0.2 0.20 0.68-1.14

1.3 -1.8 1.80 0.64-0.77

O O 0-0.34

O O 0-0.43

2. WEIGHT PER CENT

A A B B

Lit.

CaF2

Cryolite

KNO 3

K2CO3

NaNO 3

Na2CO3

H3BO3

Borax

Feldspar

Component

Jewelry enamels. Single coat gray ware enamels. Dry process white cover enamels for cast iron. Single coat white enamel. Wet process for cast iron. White cover enamels. Wet process for cast iron. White cover enamels for sheet iron and steel. Ground coats for sheet iron and steel.

j Quartz

= = = = = = =

Enamel ^

A B C D E F G

14.4 19.2 9.9 23.2 J (30) 31.2 1.2 1.72.42.1 2.9 (8) 50.230.5 3.13.1 3.74.2 (i) 10.040.030.5 6.55.5 1.5 (6)

Lit.

CaF2

Cryolite

KNO 3

BaCO3

NaNO 3

Na2CO3

H3BO3

Borax

Feldspar

Quartz

I

Lit.

~

Co2O3

~

Ni2O3

~

CaCO3

Sb2O3

O 0.075 0-0.13

9.8 (26) 9.42.7 (24) 3.2 (9) 4.34.7 (9) 12.05.0 (6) 17.0 (6) 6.0 (6) 3.5 (19) 6.0 (6)

33.419.517.9 2.4 12.818.925.6 36.031.8 5.53.7 10.232.320.8 3.35.3 17.031.027.0 3.53.5 22.031.021.0 3.53.5 20.527.030.0 9.85.0 21.026.034.6 7.44.0 2.2 29.0'22.030.O 5.04.6

As2O3

0.05-0.15 F 0.6-0.86

C D D E F F G G G

SnO2

Sb2O3

2 . 6 4 . 4 (26)

2.62.6 4.4

ZnO

O 0.16 0.12-0.15

As2O3

33.118.7

Pb3O4

I

C

1

\Component 1 ype ^^v^ Jewelry (28) Cast Fe (3) CastFe(i5;

Al2O3

ZnO

O O 0.10 0.05 0-0.19 0-0.2

Bone ash

KNaO 0.16 0.06-0.11

Component

0.3 -0.6 0.54 0.70-0.74

\C°mP™entPbO Type ^-^ Jewelry (28) 0.4-0.7 Cast Fe (3) 0.15 Cast Fe (15) O

^Q

Component

^

Enamel

Jewelry (28) Cast Fe (3) Cast Fe (15)

^0

Enamel

^^ComponentJ

pAGB 114 115 115 115 115 115 116 116 117

2. WEIGHT PER CENT.—(Continued) !

COMPOSITIONS 1. MOLECULAR COMPOSITIONS

MnO2

CONTENTS Compositions. Density. Strength. Hardness. Thermal expansion. Heat transfer. Emissivity. Reflectivity. Acid resistance.

A A B B C C D D E F F G G G

33.3 53.8 3.1 4.5

14.6 9.1 7.9 10.2 6.8 30.6 18.2 14.0 5.1

4.7

(30) (8) 2.1 (1) 1.5 (6) (26) (26) (24) 1.6 (9) (9) 1.0 (6) 2.0 (6) 1.2 0,5 (6) 0.260,260.26 (19) 2.0 1.0 0.4 (6)

SPECIFIC GRAVITY Ground coat for sheet steel 2.54. White cover enamel for sheet steel 2.66. High lead-tin oxide enamel for cast iron 2.93. Leadless antimony enamel for cast iron 3.32. High lead oxide enamel for jewelry 3.79 (31). STRENGTH Ultimate Compressive Strength (Def. 4) Commercial ground coat for sheet steel, 95 500 Ib./in.2. Commercial white cover for sheet steel, 91 740 Ib./in.2. Cylindrical test pieces ^ in. diam. X 1 in. long ( n ). Cross Bending Strength See (12, 20). Impact Resistance See ("t 17, 29). HARDNESS See (2). THERMAL EXPANSION OF VITREOUS ENAMELS

The determinations made by Mayer and Havas were over the range 0-10O0C while those made by Danielson and Souder were carried to the softening points of the enamels, i.e., about 450° to 50O0C. It will be noted that the coefficient rapidly increases with increase in temperature as shown by Fig. 1 ( 10 ). The results of these various studies indicate that the factors given by Mayer and Havas place the oxides in approximately their correct order as regards their relative effect on the expansivity of enamels and may thus serve as a valuable guide in the technical control of enamel mixtures.

FeO

CuO

Cryolite

Cr2O3

CoO

CeO2

CaF2

CaO

BeO

B2O3

BaO

As2O5

Al2O3

AlF3

The coefficient of cubical expansion, ~TF~JT> can be approximately calculated from the wt. % composition of the melted enamel and the moduli given below. MODULI

0.1* 8.5* 1.35t

ZnO

ZrO2

TiO2

ThO2

SnO2

SiO2

Sb2O5

PbO

NiO2

Na2O

NaF

MnO

MgO

K2O

5.0* 4.4 5.0*2.03.00.1* 4 . 7 4 . 9 f 2 . 5 4 . 2 4 . 4 5 . 1 7.4 2 . 2 4 . 0

10* 0.8* 2.2 7. 4 1 3 f 4 . 0 4 . 23. 60. 1 5 f 2 . 0 6 . 3 4 . 1 2 . i l . 8

* Values from Winkleman and Schott ( 32 ). t Values from English and Turner ( 13 ). All others from Mayer and Havas ( 18 ).

The calculation is illustrated in the following example and in the table of Expansion of Enamels. Composition Wt. Moduli Silica 25.30 X 0.8 - 20.2 Alumina 7.20 X 5 . 0 = 36.0 Potassium oxide 6.60 X 8.5 = 56.1 Sodium oxide 8.94 X 10.0 = 89.4 Boric oxide 12.77 X 0 . 1 = 1.3 Barium oxide 6.21 X 3 . 0 = 18.6 Zinc oxide 14.00 X 1.8= 25.2 Calcium oxide 1.68 X 5 . 0 = 8.4 Calcium fluoride 7.30 X 2.5 = 18.3 Antimony oxide 10.00 X 3 . 6 = 36.0 100.00 309.5 The cale, cubical coefficient of expansion for this enamel is therefore 309.5 X 10~7 per 0C. Danielson and Souder ( 10 ) have shown, however, that values so calculated are only approximate. The following are typical: Types of enamel

Single coat gray ware . . Ground coat for sheet steel

Coeff. of linear expansion X IO6. Observed values 20° 0to 20° to I 20° to 20° to 20O C 40O0C I 45O0C 50O0C

9.8

11.6

9.4

10.3

13.4 11.5

106

Al

I A« Calculated values

11.0

FIG. 1.—Expansion of some typical gray ware enamels and enameling steel.

From the observations of the various investigators it may generally be assumed that the average coefficients of expansion of commercial enamels and enameling metals will be within the following limits : "" " ! T(TdV Tvpe of enamel ,. .— _ ; V di Ground coat for sheet steel 260 to 320 White cover enamel for sheet steel 320 to 400 White enamel for cast iron . 290 to 330 White enamel for jewelry 300 to 300 Cast iron 310 Sheet iron and steel . 381 to 438 For table of expansion of various enamels v. p. 116. HEAT TRANSFER BY ENAMELED METALS Observations on a large number of commercial steel enameled units led to the following over-all coefficients of heat transfer under the conditions named ( 22 ).

Operating conditions Steam, to cold water Hot water, to cold water Steam, to boiling water Steam, to thick fruit product Hot water, to cold water or brine Hot oil, to cold oil Hot oil, to boiling water Steam, to water in tubular heaters Condensing sfceam to water in tubular condenser jacket

Over-all coefficient joule 1 0 m-2 hr- ( C) 1674 to 2929 1464 2929 669 837 to 2510 271 to 586 628 to 837 2092 to 3347 2929

Velocities of liquids over heating surfaces as affected by agitation, differences in mobility, and specific heat were involved in the above experiments.

FIG. 2.—Opacifiers for enamels. No. 1. Tin oxide, 7 %. No. 7. Sodium antimonate, 11 %. No. 6. Sodium antimonate, 9 %. No. 5. Sodium antimonate, 7 %. No. 15A. Feldspar calcined, 9 %. No. 16A. Zinc aluminate calcined, 9 %. No. 8. Zinc aluminate calcined, 7 %. No. IQB. Zinc aluminate, 9 %. No. IQD. Zinc aluminate, 9%.

Type of enamel. ..

SiO2

B2O3

Ground coat

51.00 64.86 54.69

15.79 9.46 12.47

Cover

55.91 51.00 51.40 48.08

6.96 6.80 8.31 8.98

Cover, wicn various oxides

The data on enameled cast-iron units are more limited. Overall coefficients of heat transfer are given ranging from 1088 to 1464. The thickness of the enamel coating rather than the thickness of the metal, seems to be the determining factor in the overall coefficient. THERMAL EMISSIVITY OF WHITE VITREOUS ENAMELED SURFACES Very nearly the same as that of white-lead paint ( 4 ). REFLECTIVITY OF SHEET STEEL ENAMELS A typical white tin oxide enamel for sheet steel has an average reflectivity of 69%, relative to magnesium carbonate ( 7 ). The same frit with other opacifying agents replacing tin oxide has reflectivities varying between 48 and 66% as shown in Figs. 2 and 3 (7). See ( 2 7 ) for the effect of fineness of grinding on the opacity of enamels.

FIG. 3.—Opacifìers for enamels. No. 1. Tin oxide, 7%. No. 4. Zirconium oxide, 7 %. No. 14. Zirconium oxide, 9 %. No. 10. Zirconium product, 7 %. No. 13. Commercial substitute, 7 %. No. 26. Zirconium silicate B, 9 %. No. 25. Zirconium silicate B, 7 %. No. 25A. Zirconium silicate B calcined, 7 %. No. 12. Zirconium silicate A, 7 %. No. 20. Zirconium silicate A, 11 %. No. 27. Zirconium silicate B, 11 %.

EXPANSION OF ENAMELS OF VARIOUS COMPOSITIONS ( 18 ) Percentage composition of enamels Cryolite ._ __ _ CaF2 CoO MnO Al2O3 CaO A1F3

NaF

5.44 3.67 4.68 3.95 6.29 3.87 6.38

6.03 9.62 5.77 9.75

0.25 0.21 0.31

0.71 0.51 0.45

1.73

2.14 _

K2O

Na2O

7.86 6.45 8.83

1.51 1.01 1.26

2.60 1.71 2.54

14.84 12.12 14.77

10.30 8.85 11.58 9.36

0.54 1.77 1.30 0.54

1.73 2.28 0.97 1.67

12.85 13.39 14.66 15.24

IQ6 dF V dt Obs. I Cale. 28.8 27.6 24.5 23.7 28.9 27.9 32.7 35.8 34.6 37.2

M 81

ß 82

3 87

5 91

1>7Q

x 96

1Q 10

Q 53

1>70

12 6Q

31 g

31 g

53 76

Q 6Q

3 80

5 80

1>6ß

3 85

g 9Q

Q 52

1>ß6

12 36

3Q g

31 ß

32.1 36.1 33.8 37.5

TiO2

54.81 53.76

6.82 6.69

3.87 3.80

5.91 5.80

1.70 1.66

54.81 53.76

6.82 6.69

3.87 3.80

5.91 5.80

1.70 1.66

33.92

5.01

1.96 3.85

10.10 0.53 9.90 0.52

1.70 1.66

12.60 32.7 32.2 12.36 31.1 32.4

ZrOj

Dry process

£

™^

^,j

-^

1.96 3.85

10.10 9.90

0.53 0.52

1.70 1.66

12.60 12.36

31.2 30.1

31.8 31.6

0.22

0.41

0.75

6.51

30.1

30.7

ACID RESISTANCE OF VITREOUS ENAMELS See ( 20 > 16 > 2 1 > 5» 23 » 14 > n > 29) for sheet steel enamels and ( 25 ) for cast iron enamels. LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) (l) Arnold, 38, 5: 86; 22. (2) Blumenthal, 38, 4: 900; 21. (3) Brown, 81, 14: 470; 12. (*) Coblentz and Hughes, 82, No. 254; 24. (5) Collins, 45, 11: 757; 19. ( 6 ) Danielson, 38, 3: 961; 20. (7) Danielson and Frehafer, 38, 6: 634; 23. («) Danielson and Reinecker, 38, 4: 827; 21. ( 9 ) Danielson and Reinecker, 82, No. 246; 23.

(io) Danielson and Souder, 38, 4: 631; 21. (U) Danielson and Sweely, 38, 6: 1011; 23. (12) Danielson and Lindemann, 38, 8: 795; 25. (13) English and Turner, 105, 4: 115; 20. 5: 121; 21. 5: 183; 21. (U) Frost, 38, 1: 422; 18. (15) Kraze, 100, 49: 33; 14. (16) Landrum, 81, 13: 494; 11. (17) Landrum, 81, 14: 489; 12. («) Mayer and Havas, 100, 44: 188, 207, 220; 11. (19) Menzel, 103, 22: 423; 14. (20) Orton, 81, 11: 320; 09. (21) Poste, 81, 17: 137; 15. 18: 762; 16. 38, 2: 32; 19. 3: 560; 20. (22) poste, 45, 16: 469; 24. (23) Shaw, 81, 12: 463; 10. ( 2 4 ) Shaw, Notes submitted to Data Committee, American Ceramic Society. (25) Staley, 38, 4: 703; 21. (26) Staley, 32, No. 142: 85; 19. (27) Sweely, 38, 5: 855; 22. (28) Sweely, 38, 4: 350; 21. (29) Wolfram», 38, 7: 1 ; 24. (30) Wolfram and Harrison, 38, 7: 857; 24. (31) U. S. Bureau of Standards, O. (32) Winkelmann and Schott, 8, 51: 735; 94.

STRUCTURAL CEMENTS, LIMES AND PLASTERS P. H. BATES AND W. E. EMLEY

Designation (package to show this designation) 1/3 kg 3/5 kg 6/10 kg 10/15 kg 15/20 kg 20/25 kg

Minimum tensile strength kg cm~2 | Ib. in.~2 7 da | 28 da | 7 da | 28 da Î 3 Ï Ï T 2 4 2 . 6 3 5 42.6 71.0 6 10 85.0 142.0 10 15 142.0 213.0 15 20 213.0 284.0 20 25 284.0 355.0

SiO2 Al 2 O 3 .... Fe 2 O 3 .... CaO MgO SO3 Na20 K20 Tg. loss...

22.2525.0220.7522.6620.3723.4019.0319.8220.80 6.63 6.08 7.79 5.58 3.64 6.97 8.75 7.62 6.94 2.26 .49 2.40 4.51 8.97 2.68 4.75 2.10 3.84 63.8462.8960.4862.2261.4260.8762.8162.0464.12 2.41 1.11 3.28 .62 .82 1.13 1.33 3.90 1.02 1.07 1.75 1.76 1.05 1.19 1.41 1.37 1.43 1.30 21 .16 .17 1.54 .07 .24 32 .80 .19 .24 .16 .26 1.14 2.03 2.76 2.86 2.07 2.78 1.56 2.72 1.26

In the following table are given the analyses of some other cements :

Natural cements (l °)

SiO2 Al2O3 Fe2O3 CaO MgO Na20 K20 SO3 Ig. loss

White (10)

Hydraulic cements have the property of hardening under water and are usually made by burning argillaceous limestones or mixtures of argillaceous and calcareous materials. They include: Portland, rosendale, natural, grappier, Eisenportland, Erzportland, Hochofen, trass, tufa, pozzuolana, etc., and hydraulic limes. The definition and classification of cements is largely a matter of usage, which varies from nation to nation. In the U. S. there is a well-recognized standard for portland cement alone (A. S. T. M., C9-21). A very infrequently used standard for natural cement differentiates this from portland cement only by its not requiring grinding before calcination, and giving different numerical values for the other properties (A. S. T. M., C10-09). Rosendale, grappier, and hydraulic limes are natural cements in that the raw material is not ground before calcination. The other classes of cement mentioned above are mixtures of portland cement with various amounts of different slags of natural or of artificial origin. Their use is not very extensive and in general is confined to a few countries. In France one standard covers the several varieties of hydraulic limes and cements (3). "Hydraulic limes and cements will be called quick-, medium-, slow-, or extremely slow-setting according as their time of initial set is less than 5 min, 5 to 30 min, 30 min to 6 hr or more than 6 hr respectively. "Until the time when compression test results can be generalized, the classification by strength shall be made as follows according to minimum strength in tension at 7 and 28 days."

The chemical composition of all cements, even of the same class, varies widely. The following table, taken from the file of the U. S. Bureau of Standards, gives the composition of some portland cements of the U. S., wt. % :

%) (10)

P. H. BATES

INDICE pAGE Conglutinanti idraulici.... 117 Cemento Portland 117 Solfato di calcio 122 Calci e muratura 123

Slag (CaS, 2.7

HYDRAULIC CEMENTS

INHALTSVERZEICHNIS Hydraulische Bindemitteln. Portland-Ziment. Gips. Kalkmörtel und Mauerwerk.

Erzportland (10)

MATIÈRES Liants hydraulique. Ciment Portland. Sulfate de chaux. Mortier de chaux et maçonnerie.

Hydraulic lime (3)

CONTENTS Hydraulic cements. Portland cement. Gypsum. Lime mortar and masonry.

20.85 24.07 23.81 22.89 20.37 30.19 22.66 6.04 11.69 8.01 ) { 3.64 11.08 8.61 1.40 .35 4 . 1 8 J i 8.97 1.64 .55 34.83 47.08 32.00 64.85 61.42 46.16 62.46 22.25 1.51 18.45 1.47 .82 2.17 1.10 14 .25 .26 1.54 .29 .40 1.60 .91 .44 .24 .64 .53 2.11 .10 2.53 .61 1.19 1.10 1.64 11.12 1.79 8.26 8.03 2.07 4.00 2.06

PORTLAND CEMENT P. H. BATES In view of the relatively very small amounts of cements used other than portland, and especially in view of the lack of any critical data on these other types of cements, this section will deal only with portland cements and products made therefrom. Portland cement is a heterogeneous mixture of several compounds of silica, alumina and lime (being mostly 3CaO-SiO2,

ACID RESISTANCE OF VITREOUS ENAMELS See ( 20 > 16 > 2 1 > 5» 23 » 14 > n > 29) for sheet steel enamels and ( 25 ) for cast iron enamels. LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) (l) Arnold, 38, 5: 86; 22. (2) Blumenthal, 38, 4: 900; 21. (3) Brown, 81, 14: 470; 12. (*) Coblentz and Hughes, 82, No. 254; 24. (5) Collins, 45, 11: 757; 19. ( 6 ) Danielson, 38, 3: 961; 20. (7) Danielson and Frehafer, 38, 6: 634; 23. («) Danielson and Reinecker, 38, 4: 827; 21. ( 9 ) Danielson and Reinecker, 82, No. 246; 23.

(io) Danielson and Souder, 38, 4: 631; 21. (U) Danielson and Sweely, 38, 6: 1011; 23. (12) Danielson and Lindemann, 38, 8: 795; 25. (13) English and Turner, 105, 4: 115; 20. 5: 121; 21. 5: 183; 21. (U) Frost, 38, 1: 422; 18. (15) Kraze, 100, 49: 33; 14. (16) Landrum, 81, 13: 494; 11. (17) Landrum, 81, 14: 489; 12. («) Mayer and Havas, 100, 44: 188, 207, 220; 11. (19) Menzel, 103, 22: 423; 14. (20) Orton, 81, 11: 320; 09. (21) Poste, 81, 17: 137; 15. 18: 762; 16. 38, 2: 32; 19. 3: 560; 20. (22) poste, 45, 16: 469; 24. (23) Shaw, 81, 12: 463; 10. ( 2 4 ) Shaw, Notes submitted to Data Committee, American Ceramic Society. (25) Staley, 38, 4: 703; 21. (26) Staley, 32, No. 142: 85; 19. (27) Sweely, 38, 5: 855; 22. (28) Sweely, 38, 4: 350; 21. (29) Wolfram», 38, 7: 1 ; 24. (30) Wolfram and Harrison, 38, 7: 857; 24. (31) U. S. Bureau of Standards, O. (32) Winkelmann and Schott, 8, 51: 735; 94.

STRUCTURAL CEMENTS, LIMES AND PLASTERS P. H. BATES AND W. E. EMLEY

Designation (package to show this designation) 1/3 kg 3/5 kg 6/10 kg 10/15 kg 15/20 kg 20/25 kg

Minimum tensile strength kg cm~2 | Ib. in.~2 7 da | 28 da | 7 da | 28 da Î 3 Ï Ï T 2 4 2 . 6 3 5 42.6 71.0 6 10 85.0 142.0 10 15 142.0 213.0 15 20 213.0 284.0 20 25 284.0 355.0

SiO2 Al 2 O 3 .... Fe 2 O 3 .... CaO MgO SO3 Na20 K20 Tg. loss...

22.2525.0220.7522.6620.3723.4019.0319.8220.80 6.63 6.08 7.79 5.58 3.64 6.97 8.75 7.62 6.94 2.26 .49 2.40 4.51 8.97 2.68 4.75 2.10 3.84 63.8462.8960.4862.2261.4260.8762.8162.0464.12 2.41 1.11 3.28 .62 .82 1.13 1.33 3.90 1.02 1.07 1.75 1.76 1.05 1.19 1.41 1.37 1.43 1.30 21 .16 .17 1.54 .07 .24 32 .80 .19 .24 .16 .26 1.14 2.03 2.76 2.86 2.07 2.78 1.56 2.72 1.26

In the following table are given the analyses of some other cements :

Natural cements (l °)

SiO2 Al2O3 Fe2O3 CaO MgO Na20 K20 SO3 Ig. loss

White (10)

Hydraulic cements have the property of hardening under water and are usually made by burning argillaceous limestones or mixtures of argillaceous and calcareous materials. They include: Portland, rosendale, natural, grappier, Eisenportland, Erzportland, Hochofen, trass, tufa, pozzuolana, etc., and hydraulic limes. The definition and classification of cements is largely a matter of usage, which varies from nation to nation. In the U. S. there is a well-recognized standard for portland cement alone (A. S. T. M., C9-21). A very infrequently used standard for natural cement differentiates this from portland cement only by its not requiring grinding before calcination, and giving different numerical values for the other properties (A. S. T. M., C10-09). Rosendale, grappier, and hydraulic limes are natural cements in that the raw material is not ground before calcination. The other classes of cement mentioned above are mixtures of portland cement with various amounts of different slags of natural or of artificial origin. Their use is not very extensive and in general is confined to a few countries. In France one standard covers the several varieties of hydraulic limes and cements (3). "Hydraulic limes and cements will be called quick-, medium-, slow-, or extremely slow-setting according as their time of initial set is less than 5 min, 5 to 30 min, 30 min to 6 hr or more than 6 hr respectively. "Until the time when compression test results can be generalized, the classification by strength shall be made as follows according to minimum strength in tension at 7 and 28 days."

The chemical composition of all cements, even of the same class, varies widely. The following table, taken from the file of the U. S. Bureau of Standards, gives the composition of some portland cements of the U. S., wt. % :

%) (10)

P. H. BATES

INDICE pAGE Conglutinanti idraulici.... 117 Cemento Portland 117 Solfato di calcio 122 Calci e muratura 123

Slag (CaS, 2.7

HYDRAULIC CEMENTS

INHALTSVERZEICHNIS Hydraulische Bindemitteln. Portland-Ziment. Gips. Kalkmörtel und Mauerwerk.

Erzportland (10)

MATIÈRES Liants hydraulique. Ciment Portland. Sulfate de chaux. Mortier de chaux et maçonnerie.

Hydraulic lime (3)

CONTENTS Hydraulic cements. Portland cement. Gypsum. Lime mortar and masonry.

20.85 24.07 23.81 22.89 20.37 30.19 22.66 6.04 11.69 8.01 ) { 3.64 11.08 8.61 1.40 .35 4 . 1 8 J i 8.97 1.64 .55 34.83 47.08 32.00 64.85 61.42 46.16 62.46 22.25 1.51 18.45 1.47 .82 2.17 1.10 14 .25 .26 1.54 .29 .40 1.60 .91 .44 .24 .64 .53 2.11 .10 2.53 .61 1.19 1.10 1.64 11.12 1.79 8.26 8.03 2.07 4.00 2.06

PORTLAND CEMENT P. H. BATES In view of the relatively very small amounts of cements used other than portland, and especially in view of the lack of any critical data on these other types of cements, this section will deal only with portland cements and products made therefrom. Portland cement is a heterogeneous mixture of several compounds of silica, alumina and lime (being mostly 3CaO-SiO2,

2CaO.SiO2, 3CaO.AÔ2, glass and uncombined lime), produced by heating to incipient fusion finely ground mixtures of limestone, marl, or other calcareous compounds with certain argillaceous materials as clay, shale, slag, etc. The cement contains, in addition to the above, compounds or solid solutions of iron, magnesium, sodium, potassium, titanium, etc. The compounds present do not occur in fixed or definite quantities and as a consequence the properties of portland cement vary widely. Furthermore, as it is not stable towards water, moisture, or carbon dioxide in the presence of moisture, its properties are constantly changing (2).

[where V0 = absolute volume of cement in unit volume of mortar, V8 = abs. vol. of sand in unit vol. of mortar, and VA = abs. vol. of large aggregate in unit vol. of mortar] be graphed against the compressive strength (Def. 4) of any concrete made of any aggregate of the same consistency, aged under the same condition and for the same period, the points so obtained will lie close to a straight line passing through the origin. According to Abrams (1) the compressive strength, 'S1 is expressed by the equation S = A/BX where x = the

vol. ratio in the mixture, and A and B cement are constants depending upon the quality of cement, age of concrete, curing conditions, etc.

FIG. 1.—Effect of size of aggregate on modulus of elasticity. Compression tests of 6 by 12-in. cylinders. Sand and pebble aggregate. Relative consistency 1.10. Each value is the average of 24 tests from 6 times of mixing.

On mixing portland cement with water certain hydration reactions take place. The character and degree of these reactions depend upon the amount of water used and the presence of dissolved salts. The character and the degree of the reaction determine also the physical properties of the resulting material. In view of the lack of the use of cement in the neat form (cement and water without the presence of any aggregate, either fine or coarse) no data will be presented referring to the properties when so used. All data will refer to concrete—large particles bonded with cement, or mortar;—fine particles, all passing the % mch sieve, bonded with cejnent. Strength of Concrete The following equations have been suggested for calculating the compressive strength (Def. 4;. Feret (22) states that if values of the expression

FIG. 2.—Effect of amount of cement on modulus of elasticity. Compression tests of 6 by 12-in. cylinders. Sand and pebble aggregate; graded 0-1^ in. Relative consistency 1.10. Each value is the average of 24 tests from 6 times of mixing.

Talbot (40) finds S = 32 000 (y^rgY*'* lb./in.2, where C = vol. of cement in unit vol. mixture and V = voids (air and water) in unit vol. mixture, when the "basic water" content is used. The "basic water" content is the amount of water per unit volume of the mortar that gives the minimum voids. The relation between strength and relative water content is not a straight line function. The strength of the concrete having a water content of 1.5 times that of the basic content would be reduced about one-third.

Modulus of Elasticity m

Walker (42) gives E = CS where E = modulus of elasticity, C and m = constants depending upon the conditions of test, and S = the compressive strength. "Four different measures of modulus of elasticity of concrete are in more or less common use, as follows: Ei — the initial tangent modulus; Et = tangent modulus at some load; E8 = secant modulus at some load; Ed = load modulus between two loads. The initial tangent modulus for usual concrete mixtures may be represented by the equation Ei = 33 000 S%. For the tangent modulus at 25% of the compressive strength the equation becomes Et = 66 000 S**."

on cooling was 75% of the maximum length obtained during heating. Z " Temperature range 72°- 36O0F 72°- 75O0F 72°-1190°F 72°-1600°F

1O3AZ ~T/\) 4.5 to 5.0 to 4.0 to 3.5 to

6.0 6.0 5.0 4.2

SPECIFIC HEAT ( 34 ) Temperature range 72°- 3120F 72°- 3720F 72°-1172°F 72°-1472°F

g-cal g"1 deg.-1C 1:2:5 stone 1:2:4 stone | 1:2:4 cinder 0.156 0.154 .192 .190 0.180 .201 .210 .206 .219 .214 .218

FIG. 3.—Effect of consistency of concrete on modulus of elasticity. Compression tests of 6 by 12-in. cylinders. Each value is the average of 15 tests from 3 sizes of sand and pebble aggregate. Figures 1-4 illustrate the effect of the several variables mentioned above on the initial tangent modulus. In these graphs certain of the terms used have the same significance as indicated in the tables under ''Strengths." Poisson's Ratio (Def. 9) Recorded values range from 0.08 to 0.18 (27, 39, so). Bulk Density Varies from 0.68 to 0.90, according to grading and size of particles and is not affected by aging or slight changes in mixing temperature. Thermal Expansion Norton (34) found the following values for a "1:2:5 stone concrete/' The concrete was permanently deformed by the heat treatment and did not return to its original length. The length

FIG. 4.—Effect of age of concrete on modulus of elasticity. Compression tests of 6 by 12-in. cylinders. Mix 1:5 by volume. Each value is the average of 30 to 35 tests from 6 or 7 consistencies. Thermal Conductivity 1 g-cal cm-2 sec"1 (0C, cm-1)-1 = 1.24 BTU ft.~ 2 sec'1 (0F, in.'1)-1 Upper temp., ^C 35 50 50 200 400 500 1000 1100 * Not tamped.

Norton ( 34 ) Mix stone 1-2-5* stone 1-2-4* cinder 1-2-4 stone 1-2-4 stone 1-2-4 stone 1-2-4 stone 1-2-4 stone 1-2-4

^. g-cal unit 0.00216 0.00113 0.00081 0.0021 0.0022 0.0023 0.0027 0.0029

5O0C to 10O0C 10O0C to 20O0C 20O0C to 30O0C 12O0F to 2120F 2120F to 39O0F 39O0F to 57O0F

Mixture by volumes Cement: aggregate "Neat" 1-2 1-3 1-4 1-5 1-7 1-9

Cement: sand : gravel

g _ ca l

cm"2 sec"1 (0C, cm"1)-1

^ 0.00140 0.00326 0.00335 0.00413 0.00327 0.00400 0.00574

1-1.2-1.1 1-1.9-1.7 1-2.4-2.3 1-3.1-3.0 1-4.3-4.0 1-5.6-5.1

^ 0.00163 0.00344 0.00379 0.00352 0.00323 0.00384 0.00352

^ 0.00140 0.00318 0.00318 0.00328 0.00334 Carman and Nelson (U)

VARIATION WITH RELATIVE WATER CONTENT Mixture

1:2 1:3 1:4 1:5 1:7 1:9

Relative water content, %

5O0C to 10O0C

100 110 120 100 110 120 100 110 120 100 110 120 110 120

0.00365 0.00300 0.00347 0.00343 0.00353 0.00415 0.00410 0.00381 0.00273 0.00402

110 120

0.00573

k 10O0C to 20O0C

20O0C to 30O0C

0.00322 0.00332 0.00317 0.00365 0.00391 0.00345 0.00357 0.00373 0.00316 0.00353 0.00380 0.00305 0.00387 O.00300

0.00320 CF.00310 0.00340 0.00310 0.00322

Mixture 1:2 1:3 1:4

Mixture

k

0.00335 331 398 365 376 337

1:5 1:7

110

1:9

110

Resistance to Weathering and Chemical Action Mortars and concretes are attacked by acid. If dense and carbonated on the exterior they offer great resistance to weather and other chemical agents. TESTS OF PORTLAND CEMENT Used in obtaining the data given in Tables 2, 3, 4, and 5. The cement used in all tests consisted of a mixture of equal parts of four brands purchased in Chicago and gave satisfactory soundness tests (over boiling water). Tests were made in accordance with the Standard Specifications and Tests for Portland Cement, A. S. T. M. Miscellaneous tests Fineness. Residue on No. 200 Tyler Sieve %

0.00359 0.00273

Relative water content % 120

Time Rate of Change of Volume These data have been obtained by linear measurements alone, and are as usual faulty, owing to lack of data that would accurately delimit the concrete under investigation. The change is among other variables a function of the size of specimen, amount of water used, and the humidity of the surrounding atmosphere. The values given indicate a contraction ranging from 0.018 to 0.08% for "reinforced concrete'' ( 33 ).

0.00380 0.00270 Carman and Nelson (U)

EFFECT OF AGE (ll) Relative Age water days content % 110 28 120 UO 28 120 110 28 120

Setting Time In the U. S., the standards of the Govt. and Amer. Eng. Stands. Com. require an initial set in not less than 1 hour, and a final set within 10 hours, as determined by a purely empirical test. In other countries cements may be made to meet various specification requirements as to setting (cf. p. 117). No method of measuring the set of mortars or concretes has been developed.

18.8 17.6

Time of setting Normal Vicat needle" j GÏÏlmore needle consistency —T . . ,—n ™—ï—— . . ,—-———-— wt. % Initial || Final | TInitial || Final hr I min || hr | min | hr | min || hr | min

24.0 23.0

Age days

k

10.5 235 365 425 380 405 10.3 280 430 410 385 355 28 120 28 120 28 120

0.00330 297 380 380 340 387

DIFFTTSIVITY OF CONCRETE, 100°-200°C Relative water content, 110%

"Neat" 1-2 1-3 1-4 1-5 1-7 1-9

TS3 2.26 2.28 2.29 2.29 2.23 2.16

20 5 OO 6

45 30

9 8

40 30

k

Specific , , heat cal _l ^-1

__.„. . . Dmusivity • _, cm-0 sec 1

0.00147 0.00344 0.00379 0.00352 0.00323 0.00384 0.00352

0.278 0.216 0.218 0.218 0.217 0.227 0.223

0.00289 0.00705 0.00762 0.00705 0.00650 0.00758 0.00732

1670 2570 3520 4250 3840 1720 2870 3710 4150 4370

TABLE 2.—EFFECT OF CURING CONDITION OF CONCRETE Mix, 1:4 by volume. Relative consistency of concrete, 1.10; water-ratio, 0.82. Age at test, 28 days. Aggregate: sand from Janesville, Wis., and pebbles from Elgin, 111.; graded up to 1 J£ in. Each value is the average of 5 tests made on different days.

Ref. No.*

Thermal Diffusivity (ll)

7

8 8

Mixing Tensile strength (Def. 4) of I I Compressive strength (Def. 4) 2 X 4 water briquets. Ib./in.2 || in. cylinders, Ib./in.2 % 7 da |28 da| 3 mo|6 mo [ 1 yr || 7 da | 28 da j 3 mo | 6 mo | 1 yr"

Days storage

-~ ., Density _, g cm 3

40 .45

Mortar strength tests 1:3 Standard Sand Mortar.

For additional data, see p. 122.

AT- j. Mixture

3 3

7,8 42 43 44 45 46 47

Damp burlap

Dry air

28 26 21 14 7 4 O

O 2 7 14 21 24 28

Modulus of rupture of beams, Ib. /in. 2 55Of 510 450 485 470 410 370

Compressive Modulus strength of of rupture 6 X 12 in. % comcylinders, pression Ib. /in.« 258Of 21.3 2630 19.4 2850 15.8 2920 16.6 3020 15.6 2330 17.6 2340 15.8

Average 465 * See Table 1 for Réf. Nos. t Average of 25 beam tests and 115 cylinder tests.

2670

17.5

TABLE 1.—SIEVE ANALYSIS AND UNIT WEIGHT OF AGGREGATES Used in obtaining the data given in Tables 2, 3, 4, and 5. Square mesh wire cloth sieves, Tyler Series (v. p. 329), were used in making sieve analyses. the width of the preceding one.

36 37 38 39 40 1-28,41 29 30

T^- j Kind Ì [ Janesville sand I I

I

31

32 33 34 35

r^~f^

59—o4

54 55 56 57 58

Fineness Unit modulus weight, Wt. % retained on each sieve of aggrelb./ft. 3 gate* 50 I 30 I 16 8 I 4 I f I I I H 78 20 O 1.95 108 80 28 11 O 2.17 111 82 35 19 9 2 O 2.45 113 90 63 54 49 45 O 4.00 123 93 75 69 64 61 39 O 5.00 128 95 80 76 74 71 52 18 O 5.65 130 84 43 30 20 14 8 3 0 3.00 118 88 57 46 41 35 25 9 0 4.00 127 ^ ^ 33 11 O 4.50 131 9Q 64 56 Sieve analysis

Aggregate

Ref. No.

Each sieve has a clear opening twice

f I f

.„ i j in • Ui1 I T Janesville sand and Elgm pebbles....

Size ^^^^ ^^ AT 100 ^^ No. 0-No. 16 97 Q-No. 8 98 0-No. 4 98 0-0.375 in. 99 0-0.75 in. 99 0-1.5 in. 99 0-1.5 in. 98 0-1.5 in. 99 ^5 m 99

0-1.5 0-1.5 0-1.5 [0-1.5

in. in. in. in.

99 99 100 100

92 93 96 97

71 75 86 89

65 70 83 86

61 66 80 85

57 62 78 84

41 45 58 63

14 15 19 21

O O O O

5.00 5.25 6.00 6.25

132 133 127 124

i Janesville sand and Elgin pebbles

0-1.5

in.

99

95

80

76

74

71

52

18

O

5.65

130

Janesville sand and crushed slag Janesville sand and crushed limestone.... Janesville sand and crushed granite Washed Elgin sand and Elgin pebbles.... Unwashed Elgin sand and Elgin pebbles..

0-1.5 0-1.5 0-1.5 0-1.5 0-1.5

in. in. in. in. in.

99 99 99 99 100

95 95 95 95 98

80 80 80 86 91

76 76 76 80 86

74 74 74 72 81

71 71 71 67 73

52 52 52 49 50

18 18 18 17 18

O O O O O

5.65 5.65 5.65 5.65 5.97

118 129 121 127 130

I J

* Sum of per cents in sieve analysis, divided by 100.

TABLE 3.—EFFECT OF QUANTITY OF CEMENT AND MIXING WATER Aggregate: sand from Janesville, Wis., and pebbles from Elgin, 111.; graded up to IJ^ in. Fineness modulus, 5.65. Age at test, 28 da. Specimens tested damp. Each value for modulus of rupture is the average of 10 tests, and for compressive strength 20 tests, made on 10 different days.

Ref. No.

Mix by volume

Cement vol. % of concrete

Relative consistency

Waterratio of concrete

Modulus of rupture of beams, Ib. /in.2 Compressive strength of Modulus of (7 in. deep, 10 in. wide, 38 in. long) 6 X 12 in. rupture, % cylinders, compression Bottom* Top* Aver. Ib. /in.2

Effect of quantity of cement ï^~2 3, 4 5, 6 7, 8 9, 10 11,12 13,14 15, 16

TTe 1:5 1:4.5 1:4 1:3.5 1:3 1:2.5 1:2

Ï Q ~ A O O 19.0 1.10 20.7 1.10 23.0 1.10 25.4 1.10 28.7 1.10 33.0 1.10 38.7 1.10

TÔ3 0.92 0.87 0.82 0.76 0.71 0.64 0.59

430 500 480 560 590 600 590 660

420 490 510 540 540 590 590 620

425 495 495 55Of 565 595 590 640

Ï820 2140 2130 258Of 2980 3480 4110 4390

23.4 23.1 23.2 21.3 19.0 17.1 14.3 14.6

Average

550

540

545

2950

19.5

Effect of quantity of mixing water 17, 18 19,20 21,22 23,24 7, 8 25,26 27,28

ÏT4 1:4 1:4 1:4 1:4 1:4 1:4

23.8 23.5 23.4 23.2 23.0 22.5 22.3

0.90 0.95 1.00 1.05 1.10 1.25 1.50

0.68 0.72 0.75 0.78 0.82 0.92 1.08

590 580 580 570 560 460 400

560 600 560 550 540 540 500

575 590 570 560 55Of 500 450

3760 3280 3100 2720 258Of 1920 1300

UTs 18.0 18.4 20.6 21.3 26.0 34.6

Average . . . .

535

550

540

2660

22.0

* Part of concrete beam (as molded) which was exposed to tensile stress during loading, t Average of 25 beam tests and 115 cylinder tests.

TABLE 4.—EFFECT OF SIZE AND GRADING OF AGGREGATE Aggregates: sand from Janesville, Wis., and pebbles from Elgin, 111. Aggregates of different size were obtained by separating sand and pebbles into various sizes and recombining as shown by sieve analyses in Table 2. Different gradings of aggregates were produced by mixing sand (O to No. 4) and pebbles (No. 4 to IJ^ in.) in different proportions. Mix, 1: 5 volume. Relative consistency, 1.10. Specimens tested damp. Each value is the average of 5 tests made on different days. Aggregate

Ref. No.

36 37 38 39 40 41

c,. Size

(PU) 0-8 0-4 0-0.375 0-0.75 0-1.5

Fineness AT j i Modulus

Waterratio of concrete

TÔ5 2.17 2.45 4.00 5.00 5.65

1.29 1.25 1.20 0.98 0.87 0.82 Average...

29 30 31 32 33 41 34 35

0-1.5 0-1.5 0-1.5 0-1.5 0-1.5 0-1.5 0-1.5 0-1.5

3.00 4.00 4.50 5.00 5.25 5.65 6.00 6.25

m 0.98 0.93 0.87 0.85 0.82 0.78 0.77 Average...

Modulus of rupture of beams, Ib. /in.2 7 da

28 da

3 mo

1 yr

Compressive strength 6 X 12 in. cylinder, Ib. /in. 2 7 da

Effect of size of aggregate 95 Ï 6 0 2 5 5 340 270 95 195 320 370 360 125 250 370 425 430 290 455 595 640 1040 365 560 730 775 1290 420 550* 810 880 1410 230 360 510 570 800 Effect of grading of aggregate les 255 ÏÏÔ 450 620 230 390 505 570 950 285 485 610 645 1090 325 505 660 710 1160 365 555 735 820 1320 420 550* 810 880 1410 405 600 735 825 1300 285 590 730 865 1140 320

490

650

720

1 yr

Modulus of rupture % compression

28 da

3 mo

7 da

28 da 3 mo

620 850 1010 2110 2650 2580*

IÏ90Ï6ÔÔ35^2257s 1470 1860 26.4 23.0 1620 2100 29,4 24.8 2930 4490 27.9 21.6 3650 4890 28.3 21.2 3590 5000 29.8 21.3

1 yr

2Ï7521.2 21.8 19.9 22.8 20.2 20.3 14.3 20.0 15.9 22.6 17.6

1640 2410 3320

29.5 22.9

21.5 18.2

Ï29Ô 2000 2190 2410 2940 2580* 2250 1990

26.6 24.2 26.2 28.0 27.7 29.8 31.2 33.8

25.0 19.3 19.8 17.7 22.2 16.9 18.4 15.8 19.3 15.4 22.6 17.6 22.2 18.8 25.7 21.2:

1640 2550 2750 3580 3810 3590 3310 2840

2330 3230 3830 4510 5340 5000 4400 4080

1120 2210 3010 4090

Ï9~8 19.5 22.2 21.0 18.9 21.3 26.7 29.6

28.4 22.4 21.9 17.8

* Average of 25 beam tests and 115 cylinder tests.

TABLE 5.—EFFECT OF KIND OF AGGREGATE Mix, 1:4 by volume. Relative consistency, 1.10; water-ratio, 0.82. Aggregate: sand, O to No. 4; and coarse aggregate, No. 4 to IJ^ in.; all of same grading. Specimens tested damp. days. Each value is the average of 5 tests made on different days. Ref °' 7, 8 54 55 56 57 58

• T^. , , Kind of aggregate && & Sand I Coarse Janesville Elgin pebbles Janesville Slag Janesville Limestone Janesville Granite Elgin washed Elgin pebbles Elgin unwashed... Elgin pebbles Average

Modulus of rupture , „ ,. „ beams, Ib./in.2 7 da | 28 da | 3 mo 420 550* 810 450 585 765 440 595 790 375 540 665 405 595 425 610 420

580

760

of

Age at test, 28

1 yr 880 760 830 725

Compressive strength 6 by Modulus of rupture ,. , ,£ ,. « ~ . 10. 12 in. cylinder, Ib./in.2 % compression 7 da | 28 da | 3 mo | 1 yr | 7 da | 28 da 3 mo 1 yr 1410 2580* 3590 5000 29.8 21.3 22.6 17.6 1240 2300 3150 4530 36.3 25.4 24.3 16. g 1320 2350 3280 3970 33.4 25.3 24.1 20. 9> 1010 1980 2960 3760 37.1 27.3 22.4 19.31490 2640 27.2 22.5 1340 2520 31.7 24.2

800

1300

2390

3240

4320

32.6

24.3

23.4

18.8

* Average of 25 beam tests and 115 cylinder tests.

GYPSUM (Plaster-of-Paris) W. E. EMLEY Raw Materials and Calcination.—Commercial gypsum should contain < 64.5% CaSO4.2H2O (A. S. T. M., C22-23T; C23-22). On calcination below 1630C, CaSO4.2H2O (gypsum) = CaSO4-M H2O + IKH2O. Gentle calcination above 1630C, CaSO4-^H2O = CaSO4 (soluble anhydrite) + KH2O. At higher temperatures CaSO4 (soluble anhydrite) = CaSO4 (natural anhydrite (insol.)) (29, 44). For dissociation pressures, consult this item in the index of I. C. T. Commercial calcination and product v. (8> 21, 38). Properties.—The properties of products made from calcined gypsum are dependent upon the nature of the calcined gypsum (purity, method of calcination; and fineness), upon the quantity of water used in placing it, and upon the kind and amount of

other materials (accelerators, retarders, lime, clay, sand) added to it. These facts must be constantly borne in mind when interpreting the figures given below. Setting Time.—A normal figure is 6 min for no impression by Vicat needle (24) (A. S. T. M., C26-33). Doubling the amount of water will give 29 min (24). Fine grinding after calcination may lower to 3 min (49). The setting reaction is not complete when the Vicat needle indicates that the material is set. Evolution of heat continues and the temp, continues to rise for many min (18). If the calcined gypsum is of such a nature that a max. temp, rise of 140C is attained in 53 min this time can be decreased to 21 min (by 2% sodium chloride) or increased to more than 240 min (by 2% calcium acetate) ( 43 ). The commercial accelerator generally recommended is finely ground raw or set gypsum. The accelerating effect of this material is so powerful that especial care must be taken to clean alFvessels

and tools before mixing a fresh batch of material. 0.5 to 0.6% The ratio compressive strength/tensile strength = ca. 4.62 ( 21 ). Thermal Conductivity and Fire Resistance.—( 2S ). (See also of this material will decrease the time of set of gypsum plaster 48 about 1 hr ( ). Other soluble sulfates, such as are generally p. 315.) Heat of Dehydration.—See I. C. T. Section on Thermochemistry. found in our water supplies, have similar effects. Porosity, Solubility and Weather Resistance.—Calcined gypsum Commercial retarder is a mixture made by cooking together soda, lime, and slaughter house refuse; 0.2% of this material will will not harden under water. When hardened in air and immersed retard the time of set 2.5 to 3 hr ( 43 ). Carpenters' glue has a in running water, castings made of calcined gypsum will eventually disintegrate. Calcined gypsum should not be used in situations similar effect and is more readily obtainable. Expansion on Setting.—Calcined gypsum will normally expand where it will be exposed to the weather unless special precautions when it sets. Heavily retarded material may contract due to are taken. These characteristics are usually attributed to the fact that settling out of the solid. Calcined gypsum retarded to set in 2 hr and mixed with 35% water expanded 0.15% in length while gypsum is "quite soluble," but it is now believed that they are setting. Increasing the water to 47% increased the expansion to dependent more upon porosity than solubility. The solubility of gypsum in pure water varies from 0.18% at 0.30%. Addition of sand seemed to have little effect. After the gypsum has set and dried, wetting will cause expan- O0C to a maximum of 0.21% at 4O0C, but it is much more soluble sion, drying, contraction. The magnitude of the movement in water containing certain common salts ( 23 ). Taking the is about 0.04% for the pure material. Addition of sand reduces weight of set gypsum at 77 Ib./ft.3 ( 32 ) and the specific gravity this expansion, the reduction being proportional to the amount of the solid material at 2.35, the pores must occupy 47.5% of of sand, so that a specimen made of one part calcined gypsum to a the total volume. (This figure may vary within wide limits, little more than two parts of sand shows practically no movement, depending upon the fineness of the calcined gypsum and the and leaner mixtures actually contract instead of expanding on quantity of mixing water used.) Owing to the crystalline nature of the material, these pores are comparatively large and afford being wetted ( 35 ). Strength.—Calcined gypsum, if pure, properly calcined, of such passages for circulation of water, thereby rendering material assistfineness that it will all react, mixed with as little water as possible ance in the solution of the gypsum. to bring it to a pouring consistency, molded in the form of a It has been found that if calcined gypsum is heavily retarded cylinder 2 in. diameter by 4 in. high, not retarded to such an extent so that it can be trowelled frequently while setting, the dense that much water can evaporate prior to setting, and stored in a surface thus produced is quite effective in improving the weather cool place until dry, will develop a compressive strength of at resistance of the finished product ( 46 ). least 1000 lb./in.2 (A. S. T. M. C23-22); av. 1665, max. 2285 (21). LIME MORTAR AND MASONRY Naturally occurring impurities or added materials (except W. E. EMLEY accelerators) will decrease the strength. The average figure for the compressive strength of a mixture of one part calcined gypsum Commercial limes and mortars are made by mixing properly to two parts sand by weight may be taken at 415 lb./in.2 ( 21 ); calcined limestone with water, or water and sand. Their properfor a 1:3 mixture the figure is 335. Lime and clay reduce the ties depend on many variables, lack of control of which render most strength at early ages, but this is gradually recovered ( 36 ). Port- of the published quantitative data valueless. For the available land cement reduces the strength in proportion to the cement qualitative information, reference should be made to the literature added until the mixture reaches a minimum at 20% gypsum 80% cited. cement, the strength of which is little more than half that of calRaw Materials cined gypsum (35). Nature of Raw Materials, Commercial Definitions and SpecificaIncreased fineness up to 80% through a No. 100 U. S. Stand. tions (i 2 ).—(A. S. T. M. C51-22T; C5-22T). sieve (v. p. 329), by making the calcined gypsum more reactive, Density.—v. p. 53. causes increased strength. This size is 50% stronger than material Porosity.—Limestone usually less than 1 vol. % (v. p. 53). only 40% of which passes a No. 100 sieve. Further increase Dissociation Pressure and Rate of Dissociation.—The dissociation in fineness is accompanied by a decrease in strength because pressure reaches 1 atm at 8980C for CaCO3 and 756.50C for more water is required to bring the mixture to a workable MgCO3. For further data, v. " Dissociation pressure " in the index consistency C 45 ). of I. C. T. Commercial calcination is ca. 6 hr at ca. 140O0C («i 15 ). The above figures are based on the max. consistency thickness Other Properties.—See the pure materials in the various tables of which will allow pouring. Thicker consistencies will give greater I. C. T. See also p. 47. 9 strength, clear to the limit of workability of the mixture ( ). Thinner consistencies will give lower strengths to zero, for calHydrated Lime and Lime Putty cined gypsum will not harden under water. Manufacture.—When CaO is properly mixed with an excess While there is a tendency for accelerators to increase the strength of water sufficient to keep the temp, below 10O0C "lime putty" is of calcined gypsum and for retarders to reduce it, the action of obtained. With less excess, the resultant product is dry "hydrated neither is marked unless retarder is present in sufficient amount lime/' With still less water, the temperature may rise above to delay the set until the water required for setting has evapo- 3750C and an "oxyhydrate" is obtained (17» 26). rated. Two per cent calcium acetate, for example, will retard "Plasticity."— ( 2 <>» *$> 2 ^* 2 »). calcined gypsum so far as to destroy completely its strength ( 43 ). Lime Mortars Castings made of calcined gypsum are strongest when completely dry. Moisture, or more particularly percolating water, Decrease in Volume on "Setting."—From 9% for non-plastic to seems to dissolve the bond between the crystals, resulting in per- 27% for plastic lime putty ( 28 ). This contraction is in practice manent loss of strength or eventual disintegration. On account reduced to ca. 5 % by admixture of 80-90 % of sand (5> 40). of the comparatively high dissociation pressure of gypsum at Setting Time.—No agreement as to definition of term. The ordinary temperatures (100 mm Hg at 620C) ( 41 ), it is dangerous following laboratory test has been proposed ( 37 ): to resort to artificial drying. The strength reaches very nearly Setting shall be assumed to be attained when an electrical its maximum as soon as the casting is dry, so that the age of a . resistance of 30 000 ohms is reached between two 5 mm brass test specimen is of little importance (A. S. T. M. C26-23). plugs imbedded 8 mm in the plaster with their centers 10 cm apart.

Under this definition, neat lime putty will set in 40-50 hr, and this may be reduced 5-10 hr by admixture of sand (37). Rate of Carbonation.—As ordinarily mixed and placed, lime mortar will carbonate from the surface inwards at ca. % in- per month ( 16 ). This is subject to change, within narrow limits, by variations of the factors enumerated above. A 2-in. cube exposed on 5 sides will carbonate completely in ca. 8 months; an 8-in. mortar joint exposed on one side will require more than 5 years. Soundness.—(20, 31, 47). Strength.—For purposes of intercomparison only, the following figures may be quoted as the strength of a mortar made of high calcium hydrate with three parts by weight of run-of-mine Ottawa sand and enough water to bring the mixture to "Standard" consistency ( 19 ) on the plunger viscometer, the mortar being molded in the form of 2-in. cubes for compression, the usual type of briquette for tension, and 12 X 1 X 1 in. bars for transverse and shear, and the specimens stored in the laboratory, with 5 sides exposed, for 90 days: Compressive, 403; Tensile, 69; Shearing, 82; Transverse, 146 Ib./in.2 Expansion öfter Setting.—No published data. Humidity and thermal coefficients at room temperature approximately equal to those of concrete. Thermal coefficient much greater at higher temperatures ( 9 ). Strength of Masonry ( 7 > 13).—Common brick masonry (1 to 4 pt. by vol. lime mortar) should withstand a compression of 125 lb./in.2 (i*). See also p. 66.

Thermal Conductivity and Fire Resistance.—(25). LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) C 1 ) Abrams, 309, No. 1; 22. (2) Ibid., No. 6; 24. (3) Ancienne Soc. J. and A. Pavin de LaFarge, Sales Circ. (*) Anon, 66, 23 II: 432; 23. ( 5 ) Anon., Nat. Lime Assoc., Bull. No. 305A. (6) Bleininger and Emley, 81, 13: 618; 11. (7) Bragg, 32, No. Ill; 18. (») Bur. Standards, CtVc. No. 108; 21. (9) Ibid., No. 151; 24. (10) Bur. Standards, O. (") Carman and Nelson, 86, No. 122: 29; 21. (12) Clarke, 156, No. 695: 557; 20. ( 1 3 ) Cleare, Proc. Sand Lime Brick Assoc., 1920: 57. ( 14 ) Dept. of Commerce, Report of building code committee, 1925. (15) Emley, 82, No. 16: 84; 13. O 6 ) Emley, 81, 16: 117; 14. (i7) Emley, 310, 1914: 254. (i») Emley, 81, 19: 573; 17. (i») Emley, 32, No. 169; 20. (20) Emley and Berger, 38, 6: 1007; 23. (21) Emley and Faxon, 38, 3: 984; 20. (22) Feret, 311, 6, No. 3: 63; 23. (23) Gale and Schaller, 156, No. 580: 302; 14. (24) Householder, 38, 1: 578; 18. (25) Hull, 32, No. 130; 19. (26) Hursh, 81, 14: 792; 12. (27) Johnson, 66, 24 II: 1024; 24. (28) Johnson, O. ( 2 9 ) Larsen, 66, 23 I: 236; 23. (30) Lazell, Hydrated Lime, p. 39; 15. (31) Lazell, 310, 1905: 135. (32) Marani in Kidder-Nolan Architects' Handbook, 1918. (33) Matsumoto, 86, No. 126: 5; 21. (34) Norton, 122, 35: 1012; 13. (35) Porter, 66, 23 I: 244; 23. (36) Porter, Rock Products, 1924: 47. (37) Stockett, O. (38) Stone, 30, No. 155; 17. (39) Talbot, 86, No. 20; 08. (40) Talbot and Richart, 86, No. 137; 23. («) van't Hoff, 7, 45: 257; 03. (42) Walker, 309, No. 5; 23. (43) Welch, 38, 6: 1197; 23. (44) Welch, 45, 16: 238; 24. (45) Welch and Emley, 38, 4: 301; 21. (46) Welch, O. (47) White, 310, 1916: 109. (48) Wilder, Iowa Geol. Sur., 18: 371; 18. (49) Winterbottom, S. Australia Chem. Dept., Bull. No. 7; 17. (50) Withey, Univ. Wisconsin, Bull. No. 466; 11.

MAGNESIA CEMENTS AND CONCRETES LEROY C. STEWART CONTENTS Bulk density. Strength. Elastic properties. Hardness. Resistance to wear. Coefficient of friction. Thermal expansion. Specific heat. Thermal conductivity. Heat of mixing and setting.

MATIÈRES Densité apparente. Résistance mécanique. Propriétés élastiques. Dureté. Dureté au frottement. Coefficient de frottement. Dilatation thermique. Chaleur spécifique. Conductibilité thermique. Chaleur de mélange et de prise.

Electrical resistance. Setting time.

Résistivité électrique. Durée de solidification.

BULK DENSITY (7) Grams per cm3: Stucco, 3.0 to 3.4. Flooring, 1.55 to 1.8. Special mixes with wood flour, cork dust, etc., 1.0 to 2.0. ULTIMATE TENSILE STRENGTH (DEF. 4) AND MODULUS OF RUPTURE (DEF. 5) OF CEMENTS MADE WITH SPECIALLY CALCINED DOLOMITES Wt. %: Calcined dolomite 31, ground flint 12.5, Ottowa sand 56.5. 1.179 sp. gr. MgCl 2 soin., kg/cm 2 (22). Dolomite A B

Tensile strength 1 day | 3 days [ 7 days 3276 18.1 30.2 34.4

Modulus of rupture* Not sprayed | Wet | Recovered 112.2 5Î7Ô 68.0 133.0 69.6 102.6

* Bars sprayed 24 hr at 14, 16 and 18 days' age. "Wet" bars broken at 19 days' age and " Recovered" at 21 days' age. " Not Sprayed" bars broken at 20 days' age.

INHALTSVERZEICHNIS Raumgewicht. Festigkeit Elastische Eigenschaften. Härte. Abnutzbarkeit. Reibungskoefficient. Wärmeausdehnung. Spezifische Wärme. Wärmeleitfähigkeit . Mischungs- und Abbindungswärme. Elektrischer Widerstand. Abbindungsdauer.

INDICE PAGE Peso specifico apparente. . 124 Resistenza meccanica 124 Proprietà elastiche 124 Durezza 126 Resistenza alla usura 128 Coefficiente d'attrito 128 Dilatazione termica 128 Calore specifico 128 Conduttività termica 128 Calore di mescolamento e di presa 128 Resistenza elettrica 128 Tempo di presa 128

ELASTIC PROPERTIES Elastic limit (Def. 2), modulus of elasticity (Def. 1Oa) and ultimate compressive strength (Def. 4) of cement mortar and concrete. 1.23 sp. gr. MgCl2 soin. used. Aged 80-85 days. Unit kg/ cm 2 (1). Magnesite-sand, , , rock by wt. 1- 4-0 1- 6-0 1- 8-0 1-10-0 1- 2-4 1- 3-6

„. .. Elas. lim. 253 150 127 53-114 234 234

__ . . Mod. elas. 194 192 146 96 269 194

000 000 000 400 000 OOP

_, Compr. str. * 319 240 185 143 359 305

Under this definition, neat lime putty will set in 40-50 hr, and this may be reduced 5-10 hr by admixture of sand (37). Rate of Carbonation.—As ordinarily mixed and placed, lime mortar will carbonate from the surface inwards at ca. % in- per month ( 16 ). This is subject to change, within narrow limits, by variations of the factors enumerated above. A 2-in. cube exposed on 5 sides will carbonate completely in ca. 8 months; an 8-in. mortar joint exposed on one side will require more than 5 years. Soundness.—(20, 31, 47). Strength.—For purposes of intercomparison only, the following figures may be quoted as the strength of a mortar made of high calcium hydrate with three parts by weight of run-of-mine Ottawa sand and enough water to bring the mixture to "Standard" consistency ( 19 ) on the plunger viscometer, the mortar being molded in the form of 2-in. cubes for compression, the usual type of briquette for tension, and 12 X 1 X 1 in. bars for transverse and shear, and the specimens stored in the laboratory, with 5 sides exposed, for 90 days: Compressive, 403; Tensile, 69; Shearing, 82; Transverse, 146 Ib./in.2 Expansion öfter Setting.—No published data. Humidity and thermal coefficients at room temperature approximately equal to those of concrete. Thermal coefficient much greater at higher temperatures ( 9 ). Strength of Masonry ( 7 > 13).—Common brick masonry (1 to 4 pt. by vol. lime mortar) should withstand a compression of 125 lb./in.2 (i*). See also p. 66.

Thermal Conductivity and Fire Resistance.—(25). LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) C 1 ) Abrams, 309, No. 1; 22. (2) Ibid., No. 6; 24. (3) Ancienne Soc. J. and A. Pavin de LaFarge, Sales Circ. (*) Anon, 66, 23 II: 432; 23. ( 5 ) Anon., Nat. Lime Assoc., Bull. No. 305A. (6) Bleininger and Emley, 81, 13: 618; 11. (7) Bragg, 32, No. Ill; 18. (») Bur. Standards, CtVc. No. 108; 21. (9) Ibid., No. 151; 24. (10) Bur. Standards, O. (") Carman and Nelson, 86, No. 122: 29; 21. (12) Clarke, 156, No. 695: 557; 20. ( 1 3 ) Cleare, Proc. Sand Lime Brick Assoc., 1920: 57. ( 14 ) Dept. of Commerce, Report of building code committee, 1925. (15) Emley, 82, No. 16: 84; 13. O 6 ) Emley, 81, 16: 117; 14. (i7) Emley, 310, 1914: 254. (i») Emley, 81, 19: 573; 17. (i») Emley, 32, No. 169; 20. (20) Emley and Berger, 38, 6: 1007; 23. (21) Emley and Faxon, 38, 3: 984; 20. (22) Feret, 311, 6, No. 3: 63; 23. (23) Gale and Schaller, 156, No. 580: 302; 14. (24) Householder, 38, 1: 578; 18. (25) Hull, 32, No. 130; 19. (26) Hursh, 81, 14: 792; 12. (27) Johnson, 66, 24 II: 1024; 24. (28) Johnson, O. ( 2 9 ) Larsen, 66, 23 I: 236; 23. (30) Lazell, Hydrated Lime, p. 39; 15. (31) Lazell, 310, 1905: 135. (32) Marani in Kidder-Nolan Architects' Handbook, 1918. (33) Matsumoto, 86, No. 126: 5; 21. (34) Norton, 122, 35: 1012; 13. (35) Porter, 66, 23 I: 244; 23. (36) Porter, Rock Products, 1924: 47. (37) Stockett, O. (38) Stone, 30, No. 155; 17. (39) Talbot, 86, No. 20; 08. (40) Talbot and Richart, 86, No. 137; 23. («) van't Hoff, 7, 45: 257; 03. (42) Walker, 309, No. 5; 23. (43) Welch, 38, 6: 1197; 23. (44) Welch, 45, 16: 238; 24. (45) Welch and Emley, 38, 4: 301; 21. (46) Welch, O. (47) White, 310, 1916: 109. (48) Wilder, Iowa Geol. Sur., 18: 371; 18. (49) Winterbottom, S. Australia Chem. Dept., Bull. No. 7; 17. (50) Withey, Univ. Wisconsin, Bull. No. 466; 11.

MAGNESIA CEMENTS AND CONCRETES LEROY C. STEWART CONTENTS Bulk density. Strength. Elastic properties. Hardness. Resistance to wear. Coefficient of friction. Thermal expansion. Specific heat. Thermal conductivity. Heat of mixing and setting.

MATIÈRES Densité apparente. Résistance mécanique. Propriétés élastiques. Dureté. Dureté au frottement. Coefficient de frottement. Dilatation thermique. Chaleur spécifique. Conductibilité thermique. Chaleur de mélange et de prise.

Electrical resistance. Setting time.

Résistivité électrique. Durée de solidification.

BULK DENSITY (7) Grams per cm3: Stucco, 3.0 to 3.4. Flooring, 1.55 to 1.8. Special mixes with wood flour, cork dust, etc., 1.0 to 2.0. ULTIMATE TENSILE STRENGTH (DEF. 4) AND MODULUS OF RUPTURE (DEF. 5) OF CEMENTS MADE WITH SPECIALLY CALCINED DOLOMITES Wt. %: Calcined dolomite 31, ground flint 12.5, Ottowa sand 56.5. 1.179 sp. gr. MgCl 2 soin., kg/cm 2 (22). Dolomite A B

Tensile strength 1 day | 3 days [ 7 days 3276 18.1 30.2 34.4

Modulus of rupture* Not sprayed | Wet | Recovered 112.2 5Î7Ô 68.0 133.0 69.6 102.6

* Bars sprayed 24 hr at 14, 16 and 18 days' age. "Wet" bars broken at 19 days' age and " Recovered" at 21 days' age. " Not Sprayed" bars broken at 20 days' age.

INHALTSVERZEICHNIS Raumgewicht. Festigkeit Elastische Eigenschaften. Härte. Abnutzbarkeit. Reibungskoefficient. Wärmeausdehnung. Spezifische Wärme. Wärmeleitfähigkeit . Mischungs- und Abbindungswärme. Elektrischer Widerstand. Abbindungsdauer.

INDICE PAGE Peso specifico apparente. . 124 Resistenza meccanica 124 Proprietà elastiche 124 Durezza 126 Resistenza alla usura 128 Coefficiente d'attrito 128 Dilatazione termica 128 Calore specifico 128 Conduttività termica 128 Calore di mescolamento e di presa 128 Resistenza elettrica 128 Tempo di presa 128

ELASTIC PROPERTIES Elastic limit (Def. 2), modulus of elasticity (Def. 1Oa) and ultimate compressive strength (Def. 4) of cement mortar and concrete. 1.23 sp. gr. MgCl2 soin. used. Aged 80-85 days. Unit kg/ cm 2 (1). Magnesite-sand, , , rock by wt. 1- 4-0 1- 6-0 1- 8-0 1-10-0 1- 2-4 1- 3-6

„. .. Elas. lim. 253 150 127 53-114 234 234

__ . . Mod. elas. 194 192 146 96 269 194

000 000 000 400 000 OOP

_, Compr. str. * 319 240 185 143 359 305

FIG. 1.—Ultimate compressive strength (Def. 4) of magnesium oxychloride flooring mixtures as affected by size and burning temperature of magnesite ore ( 3 ).

FIG. 2.—Ultimate compressive strength (Def. 4) of magnesium oxychloride mortar mixtures as affected by size and burning temperature of magnesite ore ( 3 ). Graphs in Figs. 1 and 2 represent averages of three compositions, using MgCl2 solution (sp. gr. 1.184) and Washington magnesite. Coarse ore passed 3.35 mm sieve, retained on 2.00 mm; medium passed 2.00 mm, retained on 0.585 mm; fine passed 0.249 mm opening. FIG. 9.—Effect of active lime in magnesite on magnesium oxychloride cement ( 21 ).

FIG. 3.—Modulus of rupture (Def. 5) of magnesium oxychloride flooring mixture as affected by source, size and burning temperature of magnesite ore ( 4 ). Sizes of magnesite: 1, passing 2.54 cm, retained on 1.27 cm screen; 2, passing 1.27 cm, retained on 0.64 cm screen; 3, passing 0.64 cm, retained on 0.32 cm screen. Mix: 45 % MgO, 10 % wood flour, 5 % asbestos, 20 % silex, 5 % silocel, 5 % clay, 10 % pigment (all by weight) ; MgCl2 soin., sp. gr. 1.179.

FIG. 5 (Insert).—Strength of magnesium oxychloride cements ( 7 ). Average for 12 commercial magnesi tes. FIG. 6.—Effect of magnesium chloride solution strength on tensile strength of oxychloride cements O 1 ).

FIG. 4.—Modulus of rupture (Def. 5) of magnesium oxychloride stucco mixture 4as affected by source, size and burning temperature of magnesite ore ( ). Sizes as in Fig. 3. Mix: 10 % MgO, 20 % silex, 67 % mortar sand, 3 % asbestos (all by weight); MgCl2 soin., sp. gr. 1.179.

FIG. 7.—Tensile strength of oxychloride-silex-sand mixtures (8).

FIG. 8.—Water resistance of oxychloride-silex-sand mixtures. lus of rupture ( 10 ).

Modu-

FIG. 10.—Effect of variation in amount of magnesium chloride solution on strength and elasticity of magnesium oxychloride flooring ( 19 ). Modulus of elasticity = Pl*/4:dbh3, where P = load applied at center, I = length of bar between supports, d = deflection of supports at center, b = width of bar and h = thickness of bar.

FIG. 12.—Effect of variation in amount of magnesium chloride solution on Brinell hardness of magnesium oxy chloride flooring ( 19 ).

FIG. 11.—Effect of variation in density of magnesium chloride solution on strength and elasticity of magnesium oxy chloride solution (is).

FIG. 13.—Effect of variation in density of magnesium chloride solution on Brinell hardness of 19magnesium oxy chloride flooring ( ).

FIG. 14.—Tensile strength of high magnesite oxychloride mixtures as affected by density of magnesium chloride solution ( 7 ).

FIG. 15.—Tensile and compressive strengths of an hydraulic magnesian cement ( 24 ).

FIG. 16.—Volume change in magnesium oxychloride cements ( 7 ).

FIG. 17.—Effect of wood flour on strength of magnesium oxychloride cement mixture ( 7 ). FIG. 18 (Insert).—Effect of % of magnesite on wearing resistance of magnesium oxychloride flooring (12).

FIG. 19.—Permanency of magnesium oxychloride cement exterior weathering ( 7 ).

under

FIG. 23.—Effect of magnesium chloride solution9 strength on setting time of oxychloride cement ( ).

FIG. 20.—Transverse strength and elasticity of7magnesium oxychloride cement at various ages ( ).

FIG. 21.—Effect of temperature on setting time of magnesium oxychloride cements ( 9 ). FIG. 22 (Insert).—Effect of magnesite proportion on setting time of magnesium oxychloride cements ( 9 ).

FIG. 24.—Effect of consistency on setting9 time of magnesium oxychloride cements ( ).

FIG. 25.—Effect of kind and amount of asbestos on covering capacity and absorption of magnesium oxychloride stucco ( 7 ).

COEFFICIENT OF STATIC FRICTION OF COMMERCIAL MAGNESIUM OXYCHLORIDE FLOORING ( 7 ) Coefficient of friction 0.35-0.50 0.45-0.70 0.25-0.50

Flooring on flooring Leather on flooring Wood (parallel to grain) on flooring

Wear, resist

Flour

Cork

Granulated

Flour

Calif, redwood

Sawdust

Flour

Flour

Oak

Sawdust

Sawdust

Flour

White Hard pine maple

Sawdust

Medium fiber

Short fiber

Asbestos

Long fiber

Fiber

Hard yellow pine sawdust

WEARING RESISTANCE Effect of fiber variation on wearing resistance of magnesium oxychloride flooring ( 12 ). Wt. %: Magnesite 46, silex 27, talc 9, fiber 9, pigment 9; 1.179 sp. gr. MgCl2 soin. Wearing resistance of hard maple taken as 100 (12).

I 611 55| 47| 50| 42] 40| 311 45| 411 43| 38| 56| 50| 43

FIG. 26.—Effect of kind and amount of asbestos on7 water resistance of magnesium oxychloride stucco ( ). COEFFICIENT OF LINEAR THERMAL EXPANSION Sp gr

Dry ingredients by weight

' ' MgCl2 solution 1.23 . 1.23

1 magnesite : 4 sand 1 magnesite : 6 sand 54 magnesite : 32 sawdust : 14 asbestos 1 magnesite : 2 silex : 5 sand. . SPECIFIC

HEAT EVOLVED DURING MIXING AND SETTING OF MAGNESIUM OXYCHLORIDE CEMENTS (?) 150 to 250 g-cal per gram of commercially calcined magnesite. ELECTRICAL RESISTANCE OF CEMENT MORTARS 1.23 sp. gr. MgCl2 solution. R for various ages in megohm-cm (* ) Magnesite-sand by wt.| 2 days | 2 mo. dry | 2 mo. wet 1 ^ 4 0 . 0 2 5 2 Ô Ô 0 . 0 0 1 2 1-6 0.032 138 O.QOl

1.20 1.179

IO6 I ~j~ —^

A£°C

Lit.

12.60 11 A

13-93 13-93

(i) (i)

22.7 15.1

Room (19) 4-51 (*«)

HEAT AND THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF CEMENT MORTARS Ç 1 ) By wt. mag.- Sp. gr. MgCl2 k, cal cm-2 1 Op Cp1 Ca g U sand soin. SeC-H0CCm-1)-1 1-4 1.23 0.19 O.C042 1-6 1.23 0.20 0.0045 (See also p. 314.)

FIG. 27.—Effect of humidity on setting 9time of magnesium oxychloride cements ( ). SETTING TIME OF COMMERCIAL MAGNESITES IN VARIOUS MIXES (9) Sp. gr. MgCl2 soin. 1.179. Normal temperature, humidity and consistency. Stucco test mix by weight, 1:2:5 magnesite, silex and sand. Flooring test mix by weight, 5:3:1:1:1 magnesite, silex, talc, wood flour and pigment. Time of set determined with Gilmore needles. For fourteen different samples of commercial magnesites, the initial set for neat mix varies from 0.5-6.25 hr, the final set from 1.5-16 hr; for stucco test mix, the initial sefc from 1-7.5 hr, final set, 2.75-11.5 hr; for flooring test mix, initial set, 1.5-8 hr, final set, 3-15 hr, depending on the nature of the magnesite. SETTING TIME OF MAGNESIUM OXYCHLORIDE CEMENT MIXTURES Effect of source, size and burning temperature of magnesite ore ( 4 ). Flooring mix: Wt. %: MgO 45, wood flour 10, asbestos 5, silex 20, silocel 5, clay 5, pigment 10. Stucco mix: Wt. %: MgO 10, silex 20, mortar sand 67, asbestos 3. 1.179 sp. gr. MgCl2 soin. Gilmore needles. Flooring mix | Stucco mix Initial I Final | Initial | Final Source | Si^*" Hr | Min | Hr | Min | Hr | Min | Hr | Min Washington 1 900 3 45 8+ 2 05 . 6 55 Washington 2+3 800 1 20 3 50 2 OO 3 40 Greece 1 900 1 15 3 OO 1 25 3 15 Greece 2 800 - O 50 2 25 Porterville, Calif.... 1 1100 1 35 3 50 2 45 3 40 Porterville, Calif.... 1 900 O 30 2 30 O 55 2 OO Porterville, Calif.... 2 800 1 15 2 50 O 55 1 50 Porterville, Calif 3 750 3 1 5 5 45 4 OO 6 05 Livermore, Calif.... 1 900 2 15 4 OO 2 30 4 30 Livermore, Calif.... 2 850 1 10 2 2.0 1 50 3 20 Livermore, Calif 3 800 1 15 2 25 1 | 15 2 OO * Sizes of Magnesite: 1—passing 2.54 cm, retained on 1.27 cm screen; 2—passing 1.27 cm, retained on 0.64 cm screen; 3—passing 0.64 cm, retained on 0.32 cm screen. J0C

LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) (l) Alvarez, Univ. Calif., Pub. in Eng., 1, No. 3: 21; 15. (2) Andre, 34, 94: 444; 82. (3) Bates and Young, 38, 4: 570; 21. (4) Bates, Young and Rapp, 32, No. 239; 23. (5) Bender, 25, 3: 932; 71. 13, 159: 341; 71. («) Davis, 135, 25: 258; 72. (7) Dow Chemical Co., O. ( 8 ) Dow Chem. Co., MgCh Service Bull, No. 1; 22. (») Ibid., No. 2; 22. (10) Dow Chem. Co., MgCh Service Bull, No. 4; 22. (U) Ibid., No. 5; 21.

(12) ibid., No. 6; 21. (13) Hof, 136, 33: 693; 09. (U) Kallauner, 136, 33: 871; 09. 37: 1045, 1275; 13. (15) Krause, 13, 165: 38; 73. (l«) Krieger, i 30, 34: 246; 10. 37: 1274; 13. (i?) Lahrman, 314, 35: 265; 11. ( 18 ) Olin and Peterson, S3, 31: 266; 24. ( 1 ^) Roark, Univ. Wisconsin, Eng. Expt. Sta., Bull. 879; 17. (20) Robinson and Waggaman, 50, 13: 673; 09. ( 21 ) Seaton, Hill and Stewart, 33, 25: 270; 21. (22) Shaw and BoIe, 38, 6: 311; 22. (23) gorel, 34, 65: 102; 67. ( 24 ) Vournazos, 34, 172: 1578; 21. (25) Webber, 64, 10: 111; 91.

DENTAL CEMENTS W. B. HOLMES 1. TYPICAL CHEMICAL COMPOSITIONS. WEIGHT % ZINC OXIDE CEMENTS Powder . Liquids ZnO 70-100 Sp. gr 1.55-1.85 Bi2O3 O- 6 P2O5 33 -50 MgO O- 9 H20 45 -67 Fe2O3 O- 2 Al2O3 4 -6 *A12O3 O- 7 Na 2 O.. O -3 *Si02 O- 8 *PO4 O- 2 SILICEOUS CEMENTS Powder Liquids SiO2 25-45 Sp. gr 1.50- 1.80 Al2O3 27-40 P2O5 35 -45 CaO 4-13 H20 44 -70 Na20 0-8 Al2O3 4 -6 *BeO.... 0-16 Z n O 0 - 8 PO4 4-24 F 0-10 COPPER CEMENTS Powder Liquids ZnO 0-90 Sp. gr 1.50- 1.70 CuO 0-90 P2O5 33 -45 Cu20 0-30 H20 44 -65 Cu2I2 0 - 5 Al2O3 4 -6 Co2O3 O- 8 " ZnO O -4 Fe2O3 0-20 FeO O -4 CuSiO3 0-1 NiO O -1 Cu 3 (PO 4 ) 2 0-5 C u O 0 - 1

2. Influence of Mixing Temperature.—See Curve A, Fig. 1. 3. Rate of Hardening of a "Synthetic Porcelain" Cement at 870C as Measured by Its Crushing Strength.—See Fig. 2, which gives the crushing strength in % of maximum strength, during the first hour.

Fig-2

[RJ7Î1

*MgO.

2. CRUSHING STRENGTH(I) 1. Limits for Commercial Cements.—Cement mixed at 2O0C and then incubated at 370C in oil. For the saliva tests the cylinders are incubated in oil for 15 min, then washed with petroleum ether and the incubation continued in saliva. Pressure applied to a cylinder ( 5 X 5 mm) at the rate of 453.6 kg/min. \. Incubation: (1) In oil for ^x^ 15 min I 1 day | 7 days | 28 days Type and\v No. of sani- ^s. Crushing strength. Unit = 100 kg pies tested ^\ SiI. (7) 1.5-2.8 3.3-5.6 4.1-6.3 4.0-6.5 ZnO (18) 0.4-3.5 0.9-4.8 0.7-5.6 1.0-5.6 Cu (15) 0.5-2.9 0.5-4.4 0.4-5.4 0.7-5.4 v. Incubation : (2) In saliva for ^^\^^ 1 day I 7 days | 28 days Type and^^\^ No. of samples^\^^ Crushing strength. Unit = 100 kg tested ^^\ SiI. (7) 1.0-5.6 1.1-5.9 1.2-6.6 ZnO(IS) 0.9-4.4 1.1-4.9 1.0-4.4 Cu (15) 0.8-4.4 1.2-4.5 0.0-4.3

3. SETTING TIME(I) Time from mixing to failure of Gilmore needle to indent in 5 sec application. Seven siliceous cements, 5-12 min; 18 ZnO cements, 9-78 min; 15 Cu cements, 8-25 min; t = 2O0C. For influence of mixing temperature see Fig. 1, Curve I, a siliceous cement and Curves II and III, ZnO cements. Heat of Setting No calorimetrie data available. ting v. (2).

For temperature rise on set-

LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) (!) Poetschke, 45, 8: 302; 16. (2) Poetschke, 45, 15: 339; 23.

LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) (l) Alvarez, Univ. Calif., Pub. in Eng., 1, No. 3: 21; 15. (2) Andre, 34, 94: 444; 82. (3) Bates and Young, 38, 4: 570; 21. (4) Bates, Young and Rapp, 32, No. 239; 23. (5) Bender, 25, 3: 932; 71. 13, 159: 341; 71. («) Davis, 135, 25: 258; 72. (7) Dow Chemical Co., O. ( 8 ) Dow Chem. Co., MgCh Service Bull, No. 1; 22. (») Ibid., No. 2; 22. (10) Dow Chem. Co., MgCh Service Bull, No. 4; 22. (U) Ibid., No. 5; 21.

(12) ibid., No. 6; 21. (13) Hof, 136, 33: 693; 09. (U) Kallauner, 136, 33: 871; 09. 37: 1045, 1275; 13. (15) Krause, 13, 165: 38; 73. (l«) Krieger, i 30, 34: 246; 10. 37: 1274; 13. (i?) Lahrman, 314, 35: 265; 11. ( 18 ) Olin and Peterson, S3, 31: 266; 24. ( 1 ^) Roark, Univ. Wisconsin, Eng. Expt. Sta., Bull. 879; 17. (20) Robinson and Waggaman, 50, 13: 673; 09. ( 21 ) Seaton, Hill and Stewart, 33, 25: 270; 21. (22) Shaw and BoIe, 38, 6: 311; 22. (23) gorel, 34, 65: 102; 67. ( 24 ) Vournazos, 34, 172: 1578; 21. (25) Webber, 64, 10: 111; 91.

DENTAL CEMENTS W. B. HOLMES 1. TYPICAL CHEMICAL COMPOSITIONS. WEIGHT % ZINC OXIDE CEMENTS Powder . Liquids ZnO 70-100 Sp. gr 1.55-1.85 Bi2O3 O- 6 P2O5 33 -50 MgO O- 9 H20 45 -67 Fe2O3 O- 2 Al2O3 4 -6 *A12O3 O- 7 Na 2 O.. O -3 *Si02 O- 8 *PO4 O- 2 SILICEOUS CEMENTS Powder Liquids SiO2 25-45 Sp. gr 1.50- 1.80 Al2O3 27-40 P2O5 35 -45 CaO 4-13 H20 44 -70 Na20 0-8 Al2O3 4 -6 *BeO.... 0-16 Z n O 0 - 8 PO4 4-24 F 0-10 COPPER CEMENTS Powder Liquids ZnO 0-90 Sp. gr 1.50- 1.70 CuO 0-90 P2O5 33 -45 Cu20 0-30 H20 44 -65 Cu2I2 0 - 5 Al2O3 4 -6 Co2O3 O- 8 " ZnO O -4 Fe2O3 0-20 FeO O -4 CuSiO3 0-1 NiO O -1 Cu 3 (PO 4 ) 2 0-5 C u O 0 - 1

2. Influence of Mixing Temperature.—See Curve A, Fig. 1. 3. Rate of Hardening of a "Synthetic Porcelain" Cement at 870C as Measured by Its Crushing Strength.—See Fig. 2, which gives the crushing strength in % of maximum strength, during the first hour.

Fig-2

[RJ7Î1

*MgO.

2. CRUSHING STRENGTH(I) 1. Limits for Commercial Cements.—Cement mixed at 2O0C and then incubated at 370C in oil. For the saliva tests the cylinders are incubated in oil for 15 min, then washed with petroleum ether and the incubation continued in saliva. Pressure applied to a cylinder ( 5 X 5 mm) at the rate of 453.6 kg/min. \. Incubation: (1) In oil for ^x^ 15 min I 1 day | 7 days | 28 days Type and\v No. of sani- ^s. Crushing strength. Unit = 100 kg pies tested ^\ SiI. (7) 1.5-2.8 3.3-5.6 4.1-6.3 4.0-6.5 ZnO (18) 0.4-3.5 0.9-4.8 0.7-5.6 1.0-5.6 Cu (15) 0.5-2.9 0.5-4.4 0.4-5.4 0.7-5.4 v. Incubation : (2) In saliva for ^^\^^ 1 day I 7 days | 28 days Type and^^\^ No. of samples^\^^ Crushing strength. Unit = 100 kg tested ^^\ SiI. (7) 1.0-5.6 1.1-5.9 1.2-6.6 ZnO(IS) 0.9-4.4 1.1-4.9 1.0-4.4 Cu (15) 0.8-4.4 1.2-4.5 0.0-4.3

3. SETTING TIME(I) Time from mixing to failure of Gilmore needle to indent in 5 sec application. Seven siliceous cements, 5-12 min; 18 ZnO cements, 9-78 min; 15 Cu cements, 8-25 min; t = 2O0C. For influence of mixing temperature see Fig. 1, Curve I, a siliceous cement and Curves II and III, ZnO cements. Heat of Setting No calorimetrie data available. ting v. (2).

For temperature rise on set-

LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) (!) Poetschke, 45, 8: 302; 16. (2) Poetschke, 45, 15: 339; 23.

SOLID FUELS

S. W. PARR CONTENTS Classification and nomenclature. Composition and calorific value of coals, coke and charcoal.

MATIÈRES Classification et nomenclature. Composition et pouvoir calorifique des houilles, du coke et du charbon de bois.

INHALTSVERZEICHNIS Klassifikation und Nomenklatur. Zusammensetzung und Kalorimeterwerte von Kohle, Koks und Holzkohle.

Calorific value. Sulfur content. Ash fusibility.

Pouvoir calorifique. Teneur en soufre. Fusibilité des cendres.

Density. Porosity. Specific heat. Spontaneous c o m b u s t i o n , weathering and deterioration.

Densité. Porosité. Chaleur spécifique. Combustion spontanée, effritement et détérioration.

Coking behavior of coal.

Pouvoir cokéfiant de la houille.

Kalorimeterwerte. Schwefelgehalt. Sintern (Schmelzbarkeit) der Asche. Dichte. Porosität. Spezifische Wärme. Selbstentzündung, Verwitterung und Verschlechterung der Kohle. Verkokbarkeit der Kohle,

Ignition temperatures. Combustibility of coke.

Températures d'inflammation. Combustibilité du coke.

Entzündungstemperatur. Brennbarkeit der Kohle.

INDICE PAGE Classificazione e nomenclatura 130 Composizione e potere calorifico dei carboni fossili, del coke e del carbone di legno 131 Potere calorifico 135 Contenuto in zolfo 135 Fusibilità delle ceneri 135 Densità Porosità Calore specifico Combustione spontanea, disgregazione all'aria e deterioramento Comportamento del carbone fossile nella cokificazione Temperature di accensione Combustibilità del coke . . .

1. CLASSIFICATION For the purpose of displaying typical values of their properties and compositions, solid fuels will be assigned to classes on the basis of two characteristics which will be called unit-heat-value (UHV) and unit-volatile-matter (UVM)1 respectively, and which are defined by the following equations ( 1 7 > 21). XTTTTT H — 5000$ T.f_TT ... H — 2778o ,, ,., UHV = ^ BTU/lb. = p g-cal/g, (1)N where H is the total calorific value of the fuel (BTU/lb., g-cal/g, respectively); and ^FM = 10o( y - (0 -°S +0 -^)%,

(2)

where V = the volatile matter per unit mass of fuel. In both equations the factor, F = 1 - (W + 1.08A + 0.55£), where W1 A and S are, respectively, the water, ash and sulfur content of the unit mass of fuel as determined by chemical analysis. The numerical factors in equations (1) and (2) are such that the quantities UHV and UVM represent, respectively, the heating value and the volatile matter per unit mass of fuel-substance contained in the solid fuel; see also ( 17 > 21). By means of these two characteristics, every solid fuel can be represented as a point on a plane and the location of this point with respect to the areas which have been selected for delimiting the various classes of solid fuels, identifies the class to which the fuel belongs and its relative location in that class. This is illustrated by the diagram in Fig. 1. The circles represent the loci of certain selected samples, representative of each class, and whose compositions are shown in Table A. The crosses represent the loci of a series of coals corresponding to the composition averages of Tables 2-10. Another method for classifying coals, based upon limits for carbon, hydrogen, oxygen plus nitrogen, and volatile matter has been proposed by Seyler ( 2 7 > 2 8 > 2 9 > 30). The classes which he proposes are, however, in close agreement with those defined in Fig. 1 [cf. ( 24 )] and a comparison of the proposed nomenclatures is shown in the following table. All proposed nomenclatures are provisional, since no agreement has as yet been reached. FIG. 1.—Classification of solid fuels.

135 135 135 135 135 135 136

TABLE A.—PERCENTAGE COMPOSITION OF TYPE SAMPLES OF SOLID FUELS Ultimate

Proximate

Airg- BTU/ dry cal/ Vola- Fixed H20 Ib Ash S H C N O loss g tiles Schuylkill Co., Pa. 3.2784.28 3,33 9.120.602.7181.350.79 2.10 2.6741713351 Sullivan Co., Pa. 8.5978.08 3.1610.170.673.1279.491.10 2.29 2.6743113376 McDowell Co., W. Va. 18.6872.04 2.80 6.480.704.2681.751.35 2.66 0.0792314261 Mingo Co., W. Va. 34.3756.85 2.44 6.340.954.9677.901.54 5.87 1.0772113898 Williamson Co., 111. 32.9248.30 9.94 8.841.284.2466.181.46 8.06 4.4650811714 Moffat Co., Colo. 30.4144.3618.94 6.290.643.6057.470.8212.23 6.15401 9722 El Paso Co., Colo. 24.4427.2734.4013.890.142.6435.940.6612.33 26.43364 6055 Fond du Lac Co., 13.37 5.7076.94 3.990.171.0210.870.68 6.33 73.81044 1 879 Wis. Air-dry 61.8726.5011.36 0.27 5.3544.130.0838.83 4 2 4 2 7635 Johnson Co., Ky. 50.6436.70 2.2010.460.996.3372.011.17 6.84 1.3763813748

Type

State and county

c

Anthracite Semi-anthracite Bituminous A BituminousB BituminousC Bituminous D Lignite Peat Wood Cannel

°

UHV BTU

UVM

15410 15610 15820 15340 14590 13080 11930 10 100

2.66 8.79 19.89 38.20 39.71 40.19 46.20 69.58

8650 70.05 15920 57.55

TABLE B,—PERCENTAGE COMPOSITION OF TYPICAL WORLD COALS Country and location

H2O

England, Durham, Horden England, Leicester, Nailstone England, Yorkshire, Dearne Valley Scotland, Ayrshire, Caprington Scotland, Edinburgh, Newbattle Scotland, Lanark, Coalburn Wales, Cardiff Wales, Neath Wales, Port Talbot Germany, Westphalia, Ruhr Germany, Westphalia, Ruhr Germany, Westphalia, Ruhr Germany, Saar Germany, Saxony Germany, Saxony, brown coal Bulgaria, Boronschtitza Japan, Joban Japan, Chihuko S. Africa, Middleburg S. Africa, Natal Australia, New South Wales Australia, New Zealand Canada, Alberta, Crows Nest Canada, New Brunswick, Minto Canada, Nova Scotia, Sidney Field

1.50 13.22 8.44 6.86 9.87 7.50 1.04 1.83 2.41 0.30 0.80 2.60 1.73 8.17 14.42 0.72 12.24 4.21 2.57 1.28 1.89 0.70 2.10 1.20 3.70

Volatiles 34.68 30.99 37. Ol 36.65 31.32 31.56 17.17 7.47 11.65 6.00 12.40 29.20 33.16 35.93 44.63 36.05 40.61 42.92 29.16 23.70 41.35. 16.68 23.10 31.70 35.00

2 3 4

Anthracite Semi-anthracite Bituminous A

4

5

Bituminous B

5

6

Bituminous C

6

7

Bituminous D

7

8

Lignite

S

3.80 5.27 2. OO 4.14 3.43 4.04 5.26 3.88 15.45 6.10 7.30 4.00 7.57 2.15 7.10 5.30 11.04 7.33 10.59 7.96 6.25 4.95 16.20 13.30 7.02

0.87 1.25 1.36 0.79 0.36 0.22 0.86 0.79 1.01 0.90 1.40 0.80 0.94 0.76 1.17 3.01 1.02 0.68 0.42 1.24 1.01 0.30 0.50 6.60 2.79

BTU/ Ib. 13330 13170 13 397 12422 12915 13690 14479 14574 13124 14080 13940 13760 13896 12728 8872 12690 9759 12965 12 392 13720 12760 14915 12400 13020 13150

gcal/g 7420 7320 7 440 6905 7200 7610 8045 8090 7310 7822 7745 7644 7720 7071 4929 7050 5423 7205 6 885 7622 7090 8286 6888 7240 7306

UHV BTU 14140 16290 15 020 14010 14930 15540 15540 15520 16260 15100 15300 14810 15450 14230 11400 13650 12900 14780 14 425 15271 14000 15890 15420 15690 14910

UVM 36.20 38.05 40.90 40.80 63.40 35.25 17.68 7.32 12.48 5.90 12.42 30.80 35.90 39.80 56.50 37.50 52.20 48.10 32.45 25.01 41.50 17.20 26.95 37.90 37.40

TABLE 1.—CLASSIFICATION OF COALS.—(Continued)

Name

Parr

Common

Seyler

Anthracite Semi-anthracite Semi-bituminous or low volatile Bituminous (eastern field) Bituminous (mid-continental field) Lignite, black, or subbituminous Lignite, brown

Anthracite Carbonaceous Me t a- b i t u m i n o u s (short flame) O r t h o -bituminous (true bituminous) Para-bituminous (long flame) Lignitous Lignitous

Table No.

Table No

1 2 3

Type

Ash

Type No.

Type No.

TABLE 1.—CLASSIFICATION OF COALS

Fixed C 59.15 50.52 51.19 51.56 55.02 56.68 76.53 86.82 70.49 87.60 79.50 64.20 57.54 53.75 33.85 56.43 36.11 45.71 57.68 67.06 50.51 77.67 58.60 53.80 54.20

Type

8 9 10 11 12 13 14

9

Peat Wood Cannel Coke Semi-coke Briquettes Pulverized

10 11

Parr

Name Common

Seyler

PERCENTAGE COMPOSITION OF U. S. COALS TABLE 2.—TYPE 1, ANTHRACITE _ - — F i x e d I " [ A , State, county, and seam H2O Vol.* ~ Ash S C Colo., Gunnison 2.70 3.32 88.15 5.83 0.80 Colo., Gunnison 4.86 6.96 81.87 6.31 0.81 N. Mex., Santa Fe 5.70 2.18 86.13 5.93 0.69 N. Mex., Santa Fe 7.55 7.25 75.88 9.32 0.76 Pa., Schuylkill 2.76 2.48 82.07 12.69 0.54 Pa., Schuylkill 2.80 1.16 88.21 7.83 0.89 Pa., Schuylkill 2.30 1.54 82.77 13.39 1.05 Pa., Schuylkill . . . . 3.33 3.27 84.28 9.12 0.60 Pa., Luzerne 1.31 5.68 85.87 7.14 0.42 Pa., Luzerne 2.19 5.67 86.24 5.90 0.57 Pa., Lackawanna 3.43 6.79 78.25 11.53 0.46 Utah, Washington, No. 6 8.21 4.41 58.02 29.36 2.28 Wash., Lewis, Primrose 7.40 4.80 52.00 35.80 0.74 Wash., Whatcom, Puget 4.40 7.40 76.00. 12.23 0.96 Average

4.21 4.49 78.98

BTU/ „ Ib. 14 099 13468 13286 12101 12577 13298 12523 13351 13777 13828 12 782 8908 8200 12590

g^ ,, cal/g 7 840 7475 7375 6725 6970 7380 6955 7415 7645 7680 7 097 4948 4555 6998

UHV T^TT Brii 15 510 15300 15130 14720 15075 15010 15080 15410 15150 15120 15 200 14920 15530 15360

77T71 ,

2.79 6.98 1.63 7.55 1.51 0.24 0.08 2.66 5.44 5.77 6.75 2.05 1.20 7.37

12.31 0.82 12485

6935

15170

3.86

UVM

* Vol. =* volatile matter.

TABLE 3.—TYPE 2, SEMI-ANTHRACITE T~ ~ " State, county, and seam Ark., Pope, Hartshorne CoL, Gunnison, Crested Butte Pa., Sullivan Pa., Sullivan Pa., Sullivan Pa., Sullivan Utah, Washington, No. 4 Va., Montgomery, large Wash., Lewis, Primrose Average

"

ITI H2O

~ Fixed Vol. ^

2707«Tsï 1.94 9.22 3.38 8.47 3.47 9.28 3.40 9.34 3.16 8.59 7.02 10.30 2.5 12.40 3.60 8.40

" S

9?3 8.50 11.50 11.15 11.68 10.17 22.07 17.60 28.40

1.74 0.85 0.63 0.78 0.81 0.67 4.06 0.51 0.66

BTU/ I ,, '

g ^ U H V * BTIJ

I

TTjr,, UVM

13 702 13740 13156 13216 13120 13376 10408 12360 10050

7 620 7640 7305 7345 7292 7430 5787 6860 5578

15 690 9.65 15485 9.28 15660 8.71 15685 9.60 15630 9.67 15610 8.58 15290 10.35 15770 13.81 15330 9.00

14.48 1.19 12570

6980

15580

I Bf,U/ I ID. 1.23 13 840 1.04 14087 2.01 13707 1.03 13840 1.52 14177 0.69 14 060 0.74 14175 1.55 14076 0.59 14620 0.64 14751 0.81 14809 0.49 14812

*~ cal/g 7 688 7822 7618 7690 7875 7 820 8045 7825 8128 8190 8235 8240

1

LHV JD 1U 15 510 15730 15770 15740 15690 15 700 15920 15850 15830 15790 15920 15840

2.58 18.90 72.06 I 6.45 1.02 14246

7915

15795 19.87

g " cal/g 7405 8 155 7980 7875 7748 7 555

1

3.39

78.82 80.34 76.65 76.10 75.58 78.08 60.61 67.50 59.60

""77i Ash

9.53 72.58

9.83

TABLE 4.—TYPE 3, BITUMINOUS A State, county, and seam Ark., Sebastian, Hartshorne Md., Allegheny, Pittsburgh Md., Garrett, Freeport OkIa., Haskell, Hartshorne Pa., Cambria, Lower Freeport Pa., Clearfield, Lower Kittanning Pa., Somerset, Pittsburgh Pa., Huntington, Fulton Va., Tazewell, Pocahontas No. 3 W. Va., Fayette, Sewell W. Va., McDowell, Pocahontas No. 4 W. Va., McDowell, Pocahontas No. 3 Average

H2O ITr 2.43 2.39 2.37 2.87 3.20 3.04 1.65 2.85 3.58 2.87 2.03

îfd o 16.91 73.03 19.02 71.19 16.41 71.82 19.26 69.54 21.44 69.23 21.00 69.30 19.59 70.33 17.48 72.26 21.25 71.43 21.07 72.75 14.91 78.39 18.51 75.54 Vol.

Fl

Ash 8.36 7.36 9.38 8.83 6.46 6.50 7.04 8.61 4.47 2.60 3.83 3.92

S

uyM

17.70 20.12 17.23 20.72 22.74 22.60 21.10 18.31 22.40 22.20 14.33 19.29

TABLE 5.—TYPE 4, BITUMINOUS B State, county, and seam Ala., St. Clair, Harkness Ala., Tuscaloosa, Jagger Ala., Jefferson, Pratt Ky., Letcher, Elkhorn Ky., Harlan, Harlan Ky., Whitley, Jellico

H2O 2.28 1.60 1.05 ..2.91 2.80 5.02

Vol. êd O 33.07 54.63 24.98 68.55 31.70 62.15 36.33 57.53 37.00 55.90 36.08 54.47

Ash 10.02 4.87 6.15 3.23 4.30 4.43

S 1.76 0.51 1.38 0.53 1.10 0.92

B

'TIJ/ nx 13333 14 697 14377 14170 13950 13 608

LHV BTU 15410 15 800 15610 15160 15120 15 110

uyM

36.77 26.28 33.45 38.44 39.42 39.40

TABLE 5.—TYPE 4, BITUMINOUS B.—(Continued] I T T I j ^ State, county, and seam

"

Ohio, Jefferson, Lower Freeport Ohio, Tuscarawas, Lower Kittanning Ohio, Belmont, Meigs Creek Ohio, Guernsey, Pittsburgh Pa,, Washington, Washington Pa., Westmoreland, Pittsburgh Pa., Cambria, Upper Freeport Pa., Jefferson, Lower Freeport Va., Russell, Upper Banner Va., Wise, Imboden W. Va., Marion, Pittsburgh W. Va., Randolph, Lower Kittanning W. Va., Kanawha, Coalburg W. Va., Kanawha, No. 2 gas

ITT county, I andj seam ^ State,

^n Fixed Vol. ^

/T Ash

a S

BTU/ ^

&•UHV ^, BTU

r.T...

t/Of

sToO 37.98 51.08 7 7 Ï 4 3 7 0 9 1 3 286 7 377 15 140 41.78 4.49 40.55 47.43 7.53 2.93 12 958 7 200 14 960 45.25 4.34 38.95 45.50 11.21 3.65 12402 6895 14990 49.85 4.36 41.14 45.76 8.74 4.85 12 710 7 058 14 910 46.05 4.45 33.53 49.51 12.51 3.04 12 242 6 800 15 060 39.00 2.73 30.34 57.80 9.13 1.33 13 613 7 556 15 610 33.47 2.73 26.04 65.05 6.18 1.39 14269 7925 15800 27.82 1.86 34.63 53.23 10.28 2.91 13151 7300 15220 38.00 2.07 35.90 57.70 5.33 0.57 14335 7952 155,90 38.40 2.16 33.10 58.27 6.47 0.68 13994 7756 15410 35.70 1.75 36.77 55.14 6.34 0.90 14107 7845 15490 39.50 1.45 28.97 59.48 10.10 0.98 13718 7 620 15 700 31.84 3.44 35.20 53.08 8.28 0.70 13304 7396 15220 39.50 2.66 33.30 59.60 4.44 1.14 14368 7975 15590 35.38

Average "

^ H2O

2.85 34.27 55.59 TABLE 6.—TYPE 5, BITUMINOUS I ^ 7H O ~ Vol. i I Fixed ^,

T

2

111., Vermilion, No. 7 111., Williamson, No. 6 111., Saline, No. 5 111., Sangamon, No. 5 111., Bureau, No. 2 111., Mercer, No. 1 Ind., Sullivan, No. 6 Ind., Vigo, Minshall Iowa, Lucas Iowa, Marion Ky., Webster, No. 12 Ky., Hopkins, No. 14 Ky., Union, No. 9 Kans., Cherokee, Cherokee Kans., Osage, Osage Mo., Henry, Jordan OkIa., Pittsburg, Lower Hartshorne OkIa., Okmulgee, Henryetta

7.35 I 1.71 C TT I Ash S

13630

7580

BTU/ „

~g^.

15330 UHV

ßTU

37.40 TTV,. UVM

13.16 37.95 39.02 9.85 4.33 11 110 6 175 Ï4~76Ô 46.60 9.44 32.99 48.95 8.62 0.93 11858 6594 14470 39.10 5.56 34.41 51.31 8.72 2.87 12643 7038 14990 39.04 13.09 36.51 41.14 9.26 3.77 10935 6075 14360 45.70 16.27 38.35 38.00 7.38 2.93 10883 6045 14480 49.25 15.58 39.17 35.80 9.45 4.69 10 673 5 927 14 570 50.98 14.86 31.65 46.14 7.35 2.16 11 324 6 300 14 620 39.78 13.10 36.83 41.73 8.34 2.60 11484 6378 14860 49.20 15.39 30.49 41.49 12.63 3.19 10242 5690 14560 40.70 14.21 33.17 37.40 15.22 4.66 10019 5573 14640 45.00 5.58 35.04 51.32 8.06 1.59 12755 7095 14950 39.68 8.85 35.29 47.51 8.35- 2.79 11921 6625 14595 41.51 4.37 36.27 47.67 11.69 3.58 12325 6852 14985 41.80 5.11 32.60 53.39 8.90 4.34 12926 7185 15320 36.40 5.10 36.85 48.10 9.95 5.02 10930 6070 14970 47.58 10.10 34.83 41.76 13.31 4.32 11158 6200 14950 43.78 4.33 35.51 54.04 6.12 0.84 13 574 7 548 15 260 39.15 8.87 34.82 47.68 8.63 1.62 12096 6720 14880 41.45

Average

10.16 35.15

45.13 9.54 3.12 11603

6460

14720

42.55

TABLE 7.—TYPE 6, BITUMINOUS D TT~ " ~ State, county, and seam Colo., Boulder Colo., El Paso Colo., Moffat Colo., Weld Mont., Choutou Mont., Musselshell, Homestead Mont., Park, Maxey N. Mex., McKinley N. Mex., San Juan Utah, Summit Wash., King, No. 1 Wash., Lewis Wash., Thurston Wyo., Carbon Wyo., Hot Springs, Gebo Wyo., Sheridan Wyo., Sweetwater Average

I

T H2O

...

~ Fixed TT ä I BTU/ I gUHV I T7^,f Vol. ~ Ash S „ ' * -DTTT UVM ^j ID. caJ/g DiU 19.14 33.44 42.07 5.35 0.27 10 017 5 570 13 380 43.90 19.23 32.34 41.41 7.02 0.45 9306 5170 12780 43.43 22.10 31.61 41.95 4.34 0.72 9 2 9 7 5165 12710 42.50 22.20 39.23 33.12 5.45 0.33 9578 5320 13310 53.90 16.83 27.89 43.78 11.50 1.19 9563 5315 13575 37.69 18.14 27.22 50.49 4.15 0.88 10 420 5 795 13 540 33.20 16.33 30.12 40.05 13.50 0.41 9 2 4 7 5130 13400 40.51 13.50 37.75 42.51 6.24 0.36 11140 6195 13990 46.65 19.01 32.43 43.15 5.41 0.92 10193 5670 13575 42.30 17.08 36.94 41.24 4.74 1.53 10179 5663 13140 46.72 16:45 34.63 36.38 12.54 0.38 9 581 5 335 13 690 47.96 20.50 33.50 33.70 12.31 1.28 8690 4820 13170 48.80 21.00 33.10 36.70 9.20 0.42 8910 4950 12910 46.78 13.62 34.55 43.14 8.69 1.44 10339 5745 13480 43.60 17.87 31.26 43.48 7.39 0.66 10 062 5594 13780 41.75 22.57 32.53 40.36 4.55 0.30 9218 5123 12710 44.34 15.71 33.50 48.40 2.39 0.93 11144 6185 13670 40.55 18.31 33.06

41.29

7.34 0.73 9818

5450

13330

43.80

TABLE 8.—TYPE 7, LIGNITE I~ " " j State, county, and seam

^

7

7

Ark., Ouachita, Lignite Colo., Adams Colo., Elbert, Laramie Colo., El Paso N. D., Adams, Haynes N. D., Billings N. D., Bowman N. D., Morton N. D., Stark N. D., Ward N. D., Williams Tex., Milam Tex., Wood Average

^ H2O 39.50 35.00 33.10 34.40 32.65 43.51 34.80 38.52 42.06 36.93 42.91 35.30 33.71

^Ti t ì i x e d TT I I Vol. i^ Ash S O 25.35 2 ß . 5 7 1 2 . 5 8 Ö7ö3 27.39 30.23 7.38 0.31 25.60 25.60 15.66 0.44 24.44 27.27 13.89 0.14 30.57 2^.49 8.29 1.53 25.23 24.87 6.39 1.04 31.09 25.98 8.13 0.66 27.60 26.60 7.28 1.31 24.55 2^.73 7.66 1.13 24.92 2[7.72 10.43 0.22 26.81 2k.98 5.30 0.71 26.22 2^.58 8.90 0.76 29.25 ^9.76 7.28 0.53

37.11

26.85

2|6.87

9.17

BTU/ I g^ „ ,, Ib. cal/g 5 877 3 262 6982 3880 6150 3420 6055 3362 7357 4080 5814 3230 6916 3840 6703 3722 6158 3420 6010 3340 6232 3460 6898 3830 7348 4 0 7 5

0.72

*7#F 77I, -D^TT 7 7 TUVM r>lU 12 550 51.75 12230 46.90 12300 48.60 11930 46.20 12640 50.80 11700 49.40 12270 53.80 12530 50.15 12440 47.80 11610 46.40 12160 49.30 12540 46.15 12600 50.70

6500

3640

12300

49.20

î î x ë d 7 7 O ~ Ash S

BTU/ , '

g^ *,

UHV RTU

Ï7274?63 Ì4.54 1.28 18.05 4.85 !5.72 0.41 J6.32 3.18 :3.98 1.57 2.73 0.38 4.72 1.20 9.29 4.76 12.44 3.75 16.75 5.91 i4.17 6.38 4.66 8.20

85ÏÎ 1382 2309 1886 1661 1294 819 1444 3024 4104 2187 1256 1498

284 769 1282 1047 924 719 455 802 1670 2278 1216 697 832

10 900 9900 10695 10820 10520 10680 9350 10710 10825 9950 9820 9780 9930

82.68 67.40 61.80 67.20 59.80 67.00 68.80 64.90 66.66 69.77 69.61 67.40 68.30

0.19

1798

999

10370

66.80

TABLE 9.—TYPE 8, PEAT ~~~ " ~ State, county, and seam Conn., Fairfield Conn., New London FIa., Duval FIa., Lake FIa., Putnam Me., Aroostook Me., Knox Me., Washington Mich., Kalamazoo N. Y., Oswego Wis., Dane Wis., Langlade Wis., Marmette Average

ITT H2O

~ Vol.

90.31 85.66 73.10 82.12 80.78 86.18 90.82 85.22 66.91 54.66 71.33 80.24 76.36

3?79 8.52 14.00 11.75 9.72 8.27 6.07 8.86 19.04 29.15 16.01 9.21 10.78

78.74

11.93 | 5.74

Ö7Ö 0.10. 1.06 0.05 0.40 0.10 0.02 0.07 0.09 0.17 0.12 0.13 0.16

3.57

77T7 ,, UVM

TABLE 10.—TYPE 10, CANNEL COAL I~" " 7 State, county, and seam

I „~ H2O

Ind., Perry Ky., Johnson, Cannel Ky., Johnson, Lesley Cannel Tenn., Campbell. Blue Gem Tex., Webb, Cannel Wash., Lewis, Cannel No. 3 W. Va., Boone, Chilton W. Va., Boone, Cedar Grove Average

~ Vol.

Fixed p

TT Ash

O S

BTU/ „

~g-UHV ,, RTTT

rrT7 ,,

1.47 2.36 1.7 1.50 3.98 7.88 0.52 0.43

49.08 48.40 50.7 45.10 48.87 61.57 50.92 56.99

23.10 10.49 9.3 19.30 12.24 15.44 12.74 8.68

1.50 1.20 1.02 1.16 1.96 0.29 1.10 1.85

10 850 13770 14250 12340 12227 11920 13830 15000

6 030 7645 7915 6855 6790 6630 7680 8335

14 810 16010 16190 15930 14830 15810 16200 16720

64.0 54.9 56.5 55.8 57.65 79.26 57.95 62.30

2.48

51.45

^6.35 28.75 $8.2 ^4.10 34.91 15.11 35.82 ^3.9O 1 ^2.14

13.91

1.26

13023

7230

15820

60.85

UVM

TABLE 11.—ANALYSIS AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIE^ OF COKE AND WOOD CHARCOAL ^ Jones and Laughlin Continental No. 1 Leisenring No. 1 Wilkenson Wood charcoal

H2O

VoL

0.2 0.1 0.1 0.2 3.2

1.5 0.9 0.5 0.5 20.0

Fi *fd Ash C 85.9 12.4 88.1 10.9 88.0 11.4 80.3 19.0 72.8 4.0

U T Oi.6 0|.7 OÌ.4 01.4 31.7

C 84.9 86.3 85.9 78.9 78.7

N ÏTO 1.3 1.1 1.4 0.4

O 072 0.0 0.4 0.0 13.1

I S (M) 0.8 0.8 0.5 0.1

B ™ / % ~ £/" Ib. porosity ft. 3 12 400 48.2 31 12810 50.3 29 12510 46.5 30.5 11690 54.1 27 12920 63.2 17

CALORIFIC VALUE The values characteristic of the different classes of solid fuels are evident from Fig. 1. The calorific value of a solid fuel of the fossil fuel type may be computed (1 to 2%) by means of the Du Long formula, H = 80800 + 34 500 ÌH - ^J + 2250/S,

SPONTANEOUS COMBUSTION, WEATHERING AND DETERIORATION Absorption of oxygen by powdered bituminous coal: Fig. 2 O 8 ). Effect of storage on calorific power: Fig. 3 ( 20 ). COKING BEHAVIOR See (G, 1 0 , 1 3 , 1 4 , 1 6 , 3 2 , 3 3 , 3 7 ) .

g-cal, where C = total carbon, (u — -g J = combustible hydrogen, and S = sulfur; cf. (34). It may also be computed from equation (1) since the value of UHV is constant for a given mine or region and needs to be determined only once. For standard calorimetrie methods, v. (5). SULFUR CONTENT For methods of differentiating between organic and inorganic S, v. (23). Distribution of the different forms, v. (19> 39, 40). ASH FUSIBILITY Methods ( 14 > 26). Results for 2000 coals (26). Fusibility of coal ash by states and seams ( 41 ). Bibliography ( 7 ); see also (81 25). Values range from 1040° to 170O0C. FIG. 3.—(Courtesy Industrial and Engineering Chemistry.')

FIG. 2.— (Courtesy Industrial and Engineering Chemistry.) DENSITY True density, g/cm3; anthracite, 1.4-1.8; bituminous, 1.2-1.5; lignite, 1.1-1.4 (15). Coke, 1.45-2.0(35). BULK DENSITY IN BIN OR PILE, ±10 TO 15% ( 9 ) Anthracite Size

.

I

Buckwheat Pea Chestnut Range Egg Furnace

lb./ft. 3 55 54 56 56 56 54

I

kg/m 3 888 870 891 899 891 866

Bituminous Screenings Lump Sub-bituminous Lump

.

51-52 48

820-830 774

45-46

720-737

Additional literature: (3, n, 12, 42). POROSITY Methods (3). Coal—no data. Coke—29-59% (3); v. Table 11. SPECIFIC HEAT 0.26 to 0.37 g-cal/g (22).

FIG. 4.—(Courtesy Industrial and Engineering Chemistry.) IGNITION TEMPERATURES The ignition temperature of a mass of coal is the temperature at which oxidation within the mass proceeds autogenously under the conditions of the experiment. Curves showing typical progress of heating within and without a 10 g sample of bituminous coal are shown in Figs. 4 and 5 ( 38 ). The following table ( 36 ) gives the ignition temperatures of various types of coal, using dry oxygen and 60 mesh "as-received" coal. Type No. | CQ2 evolved at, 0C | Ignition temp., 0C 5 73 Ï53 5 70 152 5 74 169 5 75 147 5 70 153 5 65 157 5 70 157 5 81 152 5 75 159 5 80 149 4 70 170

5 1 4 4 4 4

75 70 75 75 78 85

171 242 171 194 213 185

COMBUSTIBILITY OF COKE A combustibility test is designed to show "the speed at which the carbon molecules in the coke combine with oxygen under given conditions " and is especially important in determining the value of a blast furnace coke. For method and results, v. (31).

LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) (i) A. S. T. MM 66, 22 I: 815; 22. (2) A. S. T. M., 66, 22 I: 822; 22. (3) A. S. T. M., 66, 23 I: 766; 23. (4) A. S. T. M., 393, 994; 1924. (5) A. S. T. M., 393, 1007; 1924. ( 6 ) Dunn, 04, 32: 397; 13. (?) Fieldner, Hall and Field, 29, No, 129; 18. ( 8 ) Fieldner, Selvig and Parker, 45, 14: 695; 22. (9) Flagg, 32, No. 184; 18. (1°) Foxwell, 394, 3: 122; 24. (U) Hachita, 395, 83: 670; 07. (1-2) Hailstone, 396, 151: 566; 20. (I 3 ) Layng and Hathorne, 45, 17: 165; 25. (14) Leasing, 394, 2: 152, 186; 23. ( 15 ) Marks, Mechanical Engineers1 Handbook, p. 455 (New York, McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., 1916. ( 1 6 ) Meurice, 394, 2: 305; 23. (") parr, 45, 14: 919; 22. (i«) parr, 45, 17: 120; 25. ( 19 ) Parr, Univ. of Illinois, Univ. Studies, 1, No. 7: 33; 04. (20) parr and Milner, 45, 17: 115; 25. (21) Parr and Wheeler, 86, No. 37: 09. (22) Porter and Taylor, 45, 5: 289; 13. (23) Powell and Parr, 86, No. Ill; 19. (24) Ralston, 30, No. 93; 15. (25) ROSe, 33, 25: 141; 21. ( 2 6 ) Selvig and Fieldner, 29, No. 209; 22. (27) Seyler, 394, 2: 272; 23. (28) Seyler, 394, 3: 15; 24. (29) Seyler, 394, 3: 41; 24. ( 3 0 ) Seyler, 394, 3: 79; 24. (31) Sherman and Blizard, U. S. Bureau of Mines, O. ( 3 2) Sinkinson, 4, 117: 839; 20. (33) Sinnatt and Grounds, 54, 39: 83; 20. (34) Somermeier, Coal; Its Composition, Analysis, Utilization and Valuation, p. 10 (New York, McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc.), 1912. ( 35 i Sperr, 80, 64: 640; 20. (36) Staley, Univ. of Illinois, O. (37) Weighell, 396, 156: 885; 21. (3») Wheeler, 394, 3: 366; 24. ( 39 ) Yancey and Fraser, 86y No. 125; 21. (40) Yancey and Parr, 45, 16: 501; 24. (41) Coal Catalog, 1926: 1078. ( 4 2 ) Ibid., 1926: 1116.

FIG. 5.—(Courtesy Industrial and Engineering Chemistry.}

PETROLEUMS, PETROLEUM PRODUCTS AND COMMERCIAL OILS OF MINERAL ORIGIN E. H. LESLIE AND J. C. GENIESSE With acknowledgments to E. B. Badger and Sons Company of Boston for valued clerical assistance CONTENTS Chemical composition and specific gravity of crude petroleums. Proximate composition of crude petroleums. Density and thermal expansion.

MATIÈRES Composition chimique et poids spécifique des pétroles bruts.

Compressibility. Viscosity. Surface tension and interfacial tension. Penetrativity. Melting and freezing points.

Compressibilité. Viscosité. Tension superficielle.

Solubility of paraffin. Vapor pressure and boiling point. Dew point. Flash point. Thermal conductivity and diffusivity. Specific heat. Latent heat of fusion and of vaporization. Heat of combustion (calorific power). Refractive index.

Produits de fractionnement des pétroles bruts. Densité et dilatation thermique.

Pouvoir pénétrant. Points de fusion et de congélation. Solubilité de la paraffine. Tension de vapeur et point d'ébullition. Point de rosée. Point d'inflammabilité. Conductivité et diffusivité thermique. Chaleur spécifique. Chaleur de fusion et de vaporisation. Pouvoir calorifique. Indice de réfraction.

INHALTSVERZEICHNIS Die chemische Zusammensetzung und das spezifische Gewicht des Erdöls. Chemisch technische Zusammensetzung des Erdöls. Dichte und Wärmeausdehnung. Kompressibilität. Viskosität. Oberflächen und Grenzflächenspannung. Eindringungsfähigkeit. Schmelz- und Erstarrungspunkt. Löslichkeit der Paraffine. Dampfdruck und Siedepunkt. • Kondensationspunkt. Flammpunkt. Temperatur- und Wärmeleitfähigkeit. Spezifische Wärme. Schmelz- und Verdampfungswärme. Verbrennungswärme (Heizwert). Brechungs Index.

INDICE pAGE Composizione chimica e peso specifico del petrolio grezzo 137 Prodotti di frazionamento dei petroli grezzi 139 Densità e dilatazione termica 144 Compressibilità 146 Viscosità. 146 Tensione superficiale 146 Potere penetrante 146 Punti di fusione e di con148 gelamento Solubilità della paraffina. . 149 Tensione di vapore e punto di ebollizione 149 Punto di condensazione.. . 149 Punto di infiammabilità... 150 Conducibilità e diffusibilità termica 151 Calore specifico 151 Calore di fusione e di vaporizzazione 151 Calore di combustione (potere calorifico) 152 Indice di rifrazione 152

COMBUSTIBILITY OF COKE A combustibility test is designed to show "the speed at which the carbon molecules in the coke combine with oxygen under given conditions " and is especially important in determining the value of a blast furnace coke. For method and results, v. (31).

LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) (i) A. S. T. MM 66, 22 I: 815; 22. (2) A. S. T. M., 66, 22 I: 822; 22. (3) A. S. T. M., 66, 23 I: 766; 23. (4) A. S. T. M., 393, 994; 1924. (5) A. S. T. M., 393, 1007; 1924. ( 6 ) Dunn, 04, 32: 397; 13. (?) Fieldner, Hall and Field, 29, No, 129; 18. ( 8 ) Fieldner, Selvig and Parker, 45, 14: 695; 22. (9) Flagg, 32, No. 184; 18. (1°) Foxwell, 394, 3: 122; 24. (U) Hachita, 395, 83: 670; 07. (1-2) Hailstone, 396, 151: 566; 20. (I 3 ) Layng and Hathorne, 45, 17: 165; 25. (14) Leasing, 394, 2: 152, 186; 23. ( 15 ) Marks, Mechanical Engineers1 Handbook, p. 455 (New York, McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., 1916. ( 1 6 ) Meurice, 394, 2: 305; 23. (") parr, 45, 14: 919; 22. (i«) parr, 45, 17: 120; 25. ( 19 ) Parr, Univ. of Illinois, Univ. Studies, 1, No. 7: 33; 04. (20) parr and Milner, 45, 17: 115; 25. (21) Parr and Wheeler, 86, No. 37: 09. (22) Porter and Taylor, 45, 5: 289; 13. (23) Powell and Parr, 86, No. Ill; 19. (24) Ralston, 30, No. 93; 15. (25) ROSe, 33, 25: 141; 21. ( 2 6 ) Selvig and Fieldner, 29, No. 209; 22. (27) Seyler, 394, 2: 272; 23. (28) Seyler, 394, 3: 15; 24. (29) Seyler, 394, 3: 41; 24. ( 3 0 ) Seyler, 394, 3: 79; 24. (31) Sherman and Blizard, U. S. Bureau of Mines, O. ( 3 2) Sinkinson, 4, 117: 839; 20. (33) Sinnatt and Grounds, 54, 39: 83; 20. (34) Somermeier, Coal; Its Composition, Analysis, Utilization and Valuation, p. 10 (New York, McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc.), 1912. ( 35 i Sperr, 80, 64: 640; 20. (36) Staley, Univ. of Illinois, O. (37) Weighell, 396, 156: 885; 21. (3») Wheeler, 394, 3: 366; 24. ( 39 ) Yancey and Fraser, 86y No. 125; 21. (40) Yancey and Parr, 45, 16: 501; 24. (41) Coal Catalog, 1926: 1078. ( 4 2 ) Ibid., 1926: 1116.

FIG. 5.—(Courtesy Industrial and Engineering Chemistry.}

PETROLEUMS, PETROLEUM PRODUCTS AND COMMERCIAL OILS OF MINERAL ORIGIN E. H. LESLIE AND J. C. GENIESSE With acknowledgments to E. B. Badger and Sons Company of Boston for valued clerical assistance CONTENTS Chemical composition and specific gravity of crude petroleums. Proximate composition of crude petroleums. Density and thermal expansion.

MATIÈRES Composition chimique et poids spécifique des pétroles bruts.

Compressibility. Viscosity. Surface tension and interfacial tension. Penetrativity. Melting and freezing points.

Compressibilité. Viscosité. Tension superficielle.

Solubility of paraffin. Vapor pressure and boiling point. Dew point. Flash point. Thermal conductivity and diffusivity. Specific heat. Latent heat of fusion and of vaporization. Heat of combustion (calorific power). Refractive index.

Produits de fractionnement des pétroles bruts. Densité et dilatation thermique.

Pouvoir pénétrant. Points de fusion et de congélation. Solubilité de la paraffine. Tension de vapeur et point d'ébullition. Point de rosée. Point d'inflammabilité. Conductivité et diffusivité thermique. Chaleur spécifique. Chaleur de fusion et de vaporisation. Pouvoir calorifique. Indice de réfraction.

INHALTSVERZEICHNIS Die chemische Zusammensetzung und das spezifische Gewicht des Erdöls. Chemisch technische Zusammensetzung des Erdöls. Dichte und Wärmeausdehnung. Kompressibilität. Viskosität. Oberflächen und Grenzflächenspannung. Eindringungsfähigkeit. Schmelz- und Erstarrungspunkt. Löslichkeit der Paraffine. Dampfdruck und Siedepunkt. • Kondensationspunkt. Flammpunkt. Temperatur- und Wärmeleitfähigkeit. Spezifische Wärme. Schmelz- und Verdampfungswärme. Verbrennungswärme (Heizwert). Brechungs Index.

INDICE pAGE Composizione chimica e peso specifico del petrolio grezzo 137 Prodotti di frazionamento dei petroli grezzi 139 Densità e dilatazione termica 144 Compressibilità 146 Viscosità. 146 Tensione superficiale 146 Potere penetrante 146 Punti di fusione e di con148 gelamento Solubilità della paraffina. . 149 Tensione di vapore e punto di ebollizione 149 Punto di condensazione.. . 149 Punto di infiammabilità... 150 Conducibilità e diffusibilità termica 151 Calore specifico 151 Calore di fusione e di vaporizzazione 151 Calore di combustione (potere calorifico) 152 Indice di rifrazione 152

Iodine and bromine numbers (olefines,. unsaturation). Sulfuric acid absorption for gasolene (olefines, unsaturation). Gum test. Composition and properties of individual oils.

Pouvoir rotatoire optique. Coefficient d'absorption oclu lumière. Indices de brome et d'iode (oléfines, non-saturation). Absorption par l'acide sulfurique pour les gazolines (oléfines, non-saturation). Essai de goudron. Composition et propriétés des huiles particulières.

Terminology and specifications of petroleum products of commerce.

Noms et propriétés caractéristiques des huiles minérales de commerce.

Optical rotation. Coefficient of light absorption.

Optische Rotation. Lichtabsorptionskoeffizient. Jod- und Bromzahl (ungesättigte Kohlenwasserstoffe). Schwefelsäure Absorption des Gasolines (Benzin) (ungesättigte Kohlenwasserstoffe). Teerzahl, Harzzahl. Zusammensetzung und Eigenschaften an einzelnen verschiedenen Ölen. Terminologie und Prüfungsvorschriften der Erdölprodukte des Handels.

CANADA Low boiling constituents are of the CnKzn+* series up to Ci 0 . The C n H 2n series starts at Cn and includes both straight-chain olefins and saturated naphthenes. The series poorer in hydrogen occur in the high boiling fractions. More aromatics present than in Pennsylvania or Ohio oils. Sulfur as thiophanes, CnH2nS (121, 127, 135, 136, 172).

"

Sp. gr. atrC

Source

Bothwell Cherryvale

% C

% H

% N

0.857 084.313.4 85.413.1

% O

%~ S

2.3 |

~ '

Llt

(53.1) |0.37 (53.1)

Great Manitoulin Is... 0.828 083.114.3 2.6 ( 5 S.i) Humboldt 85.612.4 0.37 (53.1) Humboldt 85.311.8 0.15 (53.1) Oil Springs 0.844 83.613.40.18 0.6 (53.1) Petrolia 0.8622083.913.40.16 1.01 (53.1) Petrolia

0.870

84.513.5

2.0

(53.1)

Petrolia (169 m)

0.844 082.713.5

3.8

(53.1)

Sbouree 0^

Sp

UNITED STATES

r at

-g ec

% % % p % g % ^-ZiT"

c

H

N

California.—Proportion of distillates below 2250C small to moderate and composed of méthylènes similar in B. P. and sp. gr. to those in Russian oil, except for the compounds CnH 22 , Ci 2 H 24 and Ci3H26. Proportion of aromatics large. Members of the C n H 2n+2 series absent (133). Organic bases mainly mixture of alkylated quinolines with small side chains (139). Oxygen usually as naphthenic acids with some phenolic compounds. Sulfur as CnH2nS. Adams Canyon.. 0.921 Bardsdale 0.892 Coalinga* 0.951 Kern River 0.967 McKittrick McKittrick 0960 Midway 0.958 Puentef 0.892 Summerland 0.985

30 Tie 20 84.2 12.2 1.25 15 86.4 11.7 1.14 15 86.4 11.3 0.74 86.1 11.5 15 86,5 11.4 0.58 15 86.6 11.6 0.74 20 85.0 12.0 1.20 86.3 11.7 1.25

0.90 1.5 0.60 0.89 0.87 0.74 0.82 0.80 0.84

("3) ("3) (53.1) (53.1) («3) (53.1) (53.1) ("3) (12»)

153 153 154

154 154 154

Terminologia e proprietà degli oli minerali del commercio 160

California.—( Continued)

COMPOSITION AND DENSITY OF CRUDE PETROLEUMS North America

Potere rotatorio ottico.... Coefficiente di assorbimento ottico Numeri di iodio e di bromo (idrocarburi non saturi). Assorbimento della gasolina con acido solforico (idrocarburi non saturi). Saggi per il catrame Composizione e proprietà dei singoli oli

Sp. gr. at % % Source t°C C H 0.971 15 85.6 11.4 Sunset Torrey 0.884 20 86.0 12.5 86.9 11.8 Ventura Ventura County 0.912 84.0 12.7 San Joaquin Valley 0.961 15.586.3 11.4 Fresno region . . . 0.842 20 86.2 13.1

% % % N O S 0.84 1.09 (53.1) 1.15 0.5 ("3) 1.11 (113) 1.7 1.2 0.4 (is.l)

0.81

0.82 (?) 0.21 (53.1)

* Contains hexane, benzene, toluene, xylene and 7 hydrocarbons of the C n H 2n series (123). t Contains naphthenes CyHu, CsHie, CioH 2 o, CnH 22 . Paraffins above M. P. 95° absent. A considerable proportion of aromatics in distillate. Large proportion of naphthene in 221°-222° distillate.

Kansas.—Mixture of paraffin- and naphthene-base crude ( 172 ). Chanute Humbolt Neodesha Towanda

84.7 14.6 0.45 0.61 (165) 85.612.4 0.37 (H3) 84.0 13.1 0.81 0.040.88 (165) 84.2 13.0 0.45 1.9 (165)

0.912

Ohio.—Paraffin-base predominates in the east. Heptylene and many alkyl sulfides have been isolated (129> 137). Baltimore 0.824 Findlay 0.836 Heilstone Oil Co. 0.830 Liberty (Wood).. 0.843 L i b e r t y (Hancock) 0.828 L i b e r t y (Hancock) 0.835 Lima 0.851 Lima Mahone* 0.904 Mecca Montgomery . . . 0.827 Ohio 0.887 Ohio (Wood).... 0.819 Portage 0.815 St. Mary's 0.829 T r e n t o n Limestonef

20 84.2 84.6 20 85.8 20 85.1

0.08 0.11 0.023 0.056

0.61 (53.1) 0.72 ("3) 0.63 (53.1) 0.76 (53.1)

20 34.2 13.4 0.35

0.68 (53.1)

20 84.0 13.1 20 85.0 13.1 85.0 13.8 86.4 13.3 86.3 13.1 20 83.9 13.2

0.71 0.81 0.60 0.01

O 20 20 20

84.2 84.3 84.4 84.7

14.6 13.6 13.8 13.3

0.047 0.024 O 0.23 0.054

(53.1) (53.1) (113) («8) (53.1) 0.37 (53.1)

13.1 2.7 (53.1) 13.5 0.21 0.56 (53.1) 13.4 0.13 0.68 (53.1) 13.5 0.068 0.61 («3.1)

85.5 13.9

* Does not contain CnH2n or C w H 2n +2 series. The CnH2n-2 series from Cn to Cis present in small amounts. Main constituents CIeH28, Ci7H3o and CiaHa«. No nitrogen and only 0.01 % sulfur. t Similar to Pennsylvania but larger proportion of aromatics. 0.2 to 0.5 % nitrogen. The x = O, -2 and -4 series (CnH2n+3,) present and 13 hydrocarbons isolated (129, 120.1 ).

UNITED STATES.—(Continued) Sp

Source b0urce

FRANCE. — (Continued)

at

" &• % % % % % t°C C H N O S Oklahoma.—Mixed paraffin- and asphaltic-base oils. Field not given 85.7 13.1 0.30 |0.40 Healdton 85.0 12.9 JO. 76 Oregon.—Trace of aromatics ( 5 S- 1 ). |0.960 I 20 [86.1 11.9 |0.87 | 1.19 |

7T~ Llt ( 11 S) (113) (53.1)

Pennsylvania.—Typical paraffin-base oils. C n H 2n +2 series up to C3O. C n H 2n series from C 2 i to C26. Light lubricant fraction mainly x = — 2 series with some aromatics (CnH2n+*); x= — 4 and —8 series, and also series up to —16 have been identified (124, 126, 130, 172).

Allegheny OilCity

0.886 0.810

O 84.9 13.7 1.4 85.8 14.0 0.06 ) J

Oil Creek 0.816 O Pennsylvania... Pennsylvania... Pa. pipe l i n e . . . . 0.862 15 Texas

82.0 86.1 85.8 85.5

14.8 13.9 14.0 14.2

3.2

Pechelbronn (wet) 0.891 Pechelbronn 0.906 (dried) Pechelbronn 0.908 (dry) Pechelbronn. . Pechelbronn. . Schwabweiler Schwabweiler Gabian

0.912 0.908 0.829 0.861 0.894

0.91 0.912

131

»

174

% N

% O

% S

1

^'

1.2

0.6

( 31 > 32}

15 86.4 12.1

0.8

0.7 0.8

(31,32),

15 86.0 12.0

1.2

O O O O O

86.9 85.6 79.5 86.2 86.1

11.8 9.6 13.6 13.3 12.7

(31, 32)

( 169 ) (169) (169) ( 1 ^s) ( 169 )

1.3 4.75 6.9 0.5 |l.2|

GERMANY Hanover Odesse Oberg Wietze

0.941 0.892 0.944 0.955

15 O O O

86.5 80.4 84.4 86.2

11.6 12.7 11.5 11.4

0.7 6.9 4.1 2.4

1.2

(31,32) (53.1) (53.1) (53.1)

ITALY 85.7 11.0 85.0 12.3

2.61 0.92

0.7 1.75

(53.1) ("3)

* Sulfur as organic, PhS, and free. Oil composed largely of bicylic polymethylenes with small amount unsaturated hydrocarbons and their sulfur derivatives, x = —2 and —4 series (CnH^n+*) present and also higher series up C»30' 1Z2'

% H

15 85.9 12.3

(53.1) (113)

(53.1) 0.06(11S) ( 124 ) (53.1)

% C

_____

Beaumont* Beaumont*

tO -20

Source

Sp. gr. at *°C

).

Utah 86.9 11.9 0.02

0.64 (53.1)

Pavia, Retorbido 0.979 Parma N e v i a n o di 0.809 Rossi Marzolaro . . . . 0.938 Sala Braganze 0.786 Terra di Lavoro . 0.970

O 86.4 12.2 O O O 21

81.9 84.9 84.0 83.6

12.5 11.4 13.4 10.8

1.4

(53.1)

5.6 3.7 1.8 |

(53.1) (53.1) ( 5 3.i) (53.1)

POLAND Galicia. CnH2n series present.

No olefins but some aromatics.

West Virginia.—Similar to Pennsylvania. Rogers Gulch. . . 0.857 0.897 Mecook 0.873 White Oak Burning 0.841 Springs Cumberland. . . .

Crude —no loca- 0.929 tion given.. . • 0.940 0.970

O 83.2 13.2 O 83.6 12.9 O 83.5 13.3

3.6 3.5 3.2

(53.1) (53.1) (53.1)

O 84.3 14.1 1.6 85.2 13.4 0.54 | | MEXICO (31 1 32) 15 84.2 11.4 15 83.8 11.3 15 83.0 11.0

0.8 1.1 1.7

3.6 3.8 4.3

(53.1) ("3)

South America Argentina Argentina Argentina (San Rafael) (El Quemado) Colombia*

0.928 0.939

15 86.7 12.1 15 86.2 11.7

1.0 1.8

0.2 0.3

(31, 32) (31,32)

0.993 0.960 0.948

15 87.0 10.8 0.9 15 20 85.6211.910.54

1.3 0.5

(31,32) ("») ( 134 )

* Mainly the CnHSn series with some aromatics.

Europe FRANCE Alsace Pechelbronn (tar prod0.892 uct)

O 85.7 12.0

2.3

(16S)

East Galicia. . 0.870 West Galicia . . 0.885 0.845 Boryslaw 0.903 Harklowa Justa Nowice. 0.863

O O 15 15 15

82.2 85.3 84.4 84.4 85.3

12.1 12.6 14.3 14.4 14.4

5.7 2.1 1.34 1.25 0.20

(K> 9 ) (53.1) (53.1) (53.1) 0.11 (53.1)

0.867

15 85.5 13.9

0.880 Mraznica Schodniza. . . . 0.886 Urycz Wanko waBrelikow. . . 0.854 Not definitely 0.855 located Not definitely located . . . . . 0.871

15 84.6 14.0 85.0 14.1 15 84.9 14.1

1.25 0.86 0.84

0.14 (53.1) 0.027 (53.1) 0.16 (53.1)

15 85.3 14.4

0,11

0.19 (53.1)

15 86.5 13.0

0.2

0.3

(31)

15 86.8 12.6

0.3

0.3

'(31)

Kosmacz

0.57

(53.1)

RUMANIA [cf. (66)] Source

Sp. gr. at £°C

Crude (location not given) . . . . 0.928 0.940 0.947 Apostolache 0.828 0.773 Baicoi 0.801 Berca

15 15 15 15 15 15

% C

% H

86.8 87.2 87.1 85.5 84.1 85.6

12.1 11.3 11.5 14.1 14.8 14.0

% N

% O

% S

0.7 0.4 1.1 0.4 1.0 0.4 0.19 0.09

(31) (31) (31) (53.1) (53.1) (53.1)

RUMANIA [cf. (66)]. — (Continued) Sp. gr. at Source *°C 0.877 15 Bisoca 0.842 15 Bustenari •Campen! Parjol. 0.773 15 0.848 15 •Campina 0.800 15 •Casin 0.839 15 'Comanesti Dofteana Pacu0.847 15 ritza 0.833 15 'Glodeni f Gura Ocnitzei . . . 0.870 15 0.873 15 Xiucacesti Matitza-Maora. . 0.878 15 0.836 15 -Mosoarele 0.811 15 Pacuretzi Poiana- Verbilau . 0.804 15 0.875 15 Recca Sarata Monteoru 0.876 15 0.840 15 {Solontzi 0.846 15 Stanesti 0.893 15 Tega Tetzcani Antal . . 0.791 15 Tetzcani Sarbi. . 0.832 15 Tetzcani Va tra . . 0.792 15 Wallachei (PIo0.862 O esti) 0.901 O

% C 85.2 86.3 85.3 86.0 85.1 85.2

% H 13.9 13.3 14.2 13.3 13.8 14.2

86.1 85.6 85.9 85.9 85.5 85.5 85.9 85.4 86.2 85.4 86.5 86.0 86.5 85.9 85.7 85.2

13.0 13.9 13.1 13.3 13.9 13.4 13.3 13.9 12.8 13.2 13.2 13.0 12.9 13.4 13.3 14.0

% N

% O

Africa—EGYPT % S

0.18 0.03 0.13 0.14 0.21 0.28 0.05 0.08 0.07 0.16 0.33 0.17 0.06 0.14

82.6 12.5 83.0 12.2

4.9 4.8

T. l

' (53.1) (53.1) t 53 - 1 ) (53.1) (53.1) (53.1) (53.1) (53.1) (53. i) (53.1) (53.1) (53.1) (S3.i) (53.1) (ss.i) (53.1) (ss.i) (ss.i) ( 53 -i) (ss.i) (53.1) ( 53 -i) (53.1) (53.1)

15 86.3 12.9 15 86.1 12.8

0.6 0.9

0.2 0.2

(31) (31)

Baku.—Low boiling distillate is of the C n H 2n series. Aromatics 85-25O0C. The high boiling distillate contains the x = — 6, — 8, —10, —12, and —20 series (CnH2n+*) and small amount naphthenic acids ( 13 O, 142). Baku 0.897 Baku 0.954 Benkendorff... Benkendorff... Benkendorff... B a k u (a v. analysis)... BalachanySsabuntschi 0.882 Binagady 0.913

86.5 85.3 86.6 87.0 86.9

12.0 11.6 13.4 13.2 13.2

To 3.1

86.0 13.0

1.0

87.4 12.5 85.5 12.0 2.4

0.1

(53.1) (53.1) (53.1) (53.1) (53.1) (53.1) 0.41

(53.1) (53.1)

Caucasian.—Almost entirely naphthene hydrocarbons. Small amounts of phenols, naphthenic acids and other aromatics ( 143 ). Caucasian.... Caucasian 0.940 Caucasian.... 0.887 FerganaTschimeon..0.872 Grozni 0.850 Grozni 0.906 Transcaspian.. Transcaspian..0.873 Tscheleken...0.874 Uchta 0.928 Uchta 0.897

86.9 |l3.3 20 85.3 11.6 O 84.2 12.4 85.8 13.6 86.0 13.0 86.4 13.0 86.9 12.2 86.6 12.4 86.412.4 85.5 12.2 85.3 12.5

3.1 3.4

0.064 (143) (i 69 ) (169)

0.08 0.07 0.740.14 0.07 0.4 0.10 0.80 0.16 0.14 0.37 0.38 0.20 1.031.09 0.14 1.210.88

(53.1) (53.1) (53.1) (53.1) (53.1) (53.1) (53.1) f53-1)

0.892

2.25 (82)

Asia—INDIA Assam Digboi* 0.856 15.586.3 12.9 0.2 0.450.15 (216) Badarpurf.'... 88.8 10.8 0.2 0.1 0.1 (216) Burmaî 0.835 86.4513.25 0.2 0.1 (216) Rangoon§.. ..0.875 28.283.8 12.7

3.5

(169)

* Mixed-base oil with small amount naphthenic acid. Low-boiling distillate contains aromatics. f No solid paraffins and little asphalt. Empirical composition C n Hi.47 n . J Mixed-base petroleum containing solid paraffins and asphalt. Aromatics and small amounts of naphthenic acids in the lighter distillates. § C2oH26, C22ÏÏ22, C24Ü24, C2oH26, xylene and isocumene isolated ( 20S ).

JAPAN (138) Chiefly the CnH2n series. Aromatics much smaller than in California. Amaze Hirei Katsubo Kitatany Koguchi Kosudsu Miyagawa

0.8240 0.8622 0.8771 0.8952 0.9435 0.9210 0.8911

20 20 20 20 20 20 20

84.6613.220.35 83.2813.190.74 84.5213.120.97 83.0513.050.75 83.9113.601.34 84.4913.401.23 84.8613.830.5

1.320.22 1.830.41 0.210.82 0.240.61 0.410.49 0.300.37 0.200.32

PERSIA Maidan-I-Naftun* 0.837

RUSSIA Crude (no lo- J 0.876 cation given) \ 0.902

0.907 15.585.1511.71

Mixture of paraffin- and asphalt-base oils rich in sulfur.

85.412.8

• • 0.76 1.06

(47)

* Mixed-base oil. Gasolene fraction contains ca. 10 % aromatics.

East Indies—BORNEO Sarawak*

0.902| 15 |86.47|l2.37JO. 13 0.680.35 | (io*)

* Naphtnene-base oil, with paraffin-base oils at the 1950-foot level. Small amounts aromatics.

JAVA Rembang Cheribon Surabaya

0.923 0.827 .0.972

O 87.1 12.0 O 83.6 14.0 O 85.0 11.2

0.9 2.4 2_.8

(169) (169) (169)

PROXIMATE COMPOSITION For comprehensive tables covering the chief producing fields of the world see (39» 53.1); f or extensive tables of data on North and South American crudes, see (i° 8 ). Below are given the data for the oil fields of the United States as collected from the reports of the U. S. Bureau of Mines, Reports of Investigations, Nos. 2293, 2595, 2608, 2235, 2364, 2322, 2202, 2416. The various fractions ("cuts") used in these tables are defined by their distilling ranges or by their Saybolt viscosities (17) at 10O0F as follows: 1. Gasolene and naphtha. Below 20O0C at 1 atm. 2. Kerosene. Between 200° and 2750C at 1 atm. 3. Gas oil. All vacuum fractions (p = 40 mm) with 77 < 50 sec. 4. Light lubricating distillate. All vacuum fractions (p = 40 mm) with 77 between 50 and 99 sec. 5. Medium lubricating distillate. All vacuum fractions (p = 40 mm) with 77 between 100 and 199 sec. 6. Viscous lubricating distillate. All vacuum fractions (p = 40 mm) with rj > 199 sec. Specific gravities (d) are at 60/60F = 15.5/15.5C. % S = % sulfur.

Crude Field

County

Gasolene and naphtha

i Kerosene

n Gas oil

Li

e

ht

Lubricating distillates i T [ Medium |

%s <:; % «c % <•: % *;;:; % <*;: : ARKANSAS El Dorado El Dorado CALIFORNIA Coalinga (Eastside) Coalinga (Eastside) Coalinga (Eastside) Coalinga (Eastsidei Coalinga (Oil City)..* Coalinga (Westside) Belridge North Belridge North Belridge Buena Vista Buena Vista Buena Vista East Elk Hills EastElkHills East Elk Hills West Elk Hills West Elk Hills Kern River Kern River Kern River Lost Hills Lost Hills Lost Hills Maricopa Flat Maricopa Flat Maricopa Flat Maricopa Flat Maricopa Flat Maricopa Flat McKittrick McKittrick McKittrick (front) Midway North Midway North Midway North Midway North Midway North Midway North Midway North Midway 'Sunset Sunset Sunset Brea Coyote Hills Long Beach Long Beach Long Beach Long Beach Long Beach Long Beach Montebello Montebello Montebello Montebello Salt Lake Santa Fe Springs Santa Fe Springs Santa Fe Springs Santa Fe Springs Santa Fe Springs Santa Fe Springs Santa Fe Springs Santa Fe Springs Torrence Whittier Whittier Fullerton Huntington Beach Huntington Beach Huntington Beach

% <.-;

I Union Union Fresno Fresno Fresno '.. . Fresno Fresno Fresno Kern Kern Kern Kern Kern Kern Kern Kern Kern Kern Kern Kern Kern Kern Kern Kern Kern Kern Kern Kern Kern Kern Kern Kern Kern Kern Kern Kern Kern Kern Kern Kern Kern Kern Kern Kern Kern Los Angeles Los Angeles Los Angeles Los Angeles Los Angeles Los Angeles Los Angeles Los Angeles Los Angeles Los Angeles Los Angeles Los Angeles Los Angeles Los Angeles Los Angeles Los Angeles Los Angeles Los Angeles Los Angeles Los Angeles Los Angeles Los Angeles Los Angeles Los Angeles Los Angeles Orange Orange Orange

0.830.852 30.70.735 13.00.823 12.00.857 11.3 .79 .85328.8 .73612.80.82412.5 .85310.8

'

.67 .71 .45 .51 .10 .71 .86 .79 .69 .50 .59 .59 .68 .61 1.04 0.17 1.06 1.14 1.07 0.94 0.85 0.99 0.66 1.07 0.60 0.75 0.69 1.29 0.68 1.02 0.91 1.38 1.00 0.96 0.88 0.98 1.01 1.63 1.01 0.92 1.16 0.84 0.73 2.99 1.46 1.25 1.29 0.80 1.16 1.59 1.34 0.96 2.19 0.79 0.75 2.73 0.54 0.56 0.45 0.54 0.45 0.45 0.40 0.44 1.62 0.56 0.77 1.43 1.42 1.29 2.22

.88019.8 .919 9.2 .910 14.7 .930 6.8 .83953.0 .963 2.2 .911 23.8 .88533.4 .875 34.5 .86936.0 .890 28.0 .89426.9 .915 12.3 .89524.0 .948 .77381.1 .91712.2 .977 .972 .971 .956 5.1 .944 7.6 .87931.5 .941 13.3 .89227.2 .925 18.4 .893 23.9 .983 .89524.1 .965 2.1 .943 11.1 .982 .967 .982 .936 7.1 .962 3.3 .978 .987 .971 .936 9.6 .981 .956 2.9 .878 17.0 .984 6.6 .899 20.5 .90418.9 .897 19.8 .87229.3 .892 24.1 .90815.8 .920 20.0 .951 .954 6.7 .91611.1 .916 10.6 .967 8.3 .86727.9 .87824.6 .851 36.7 .888 18.8 .853 35.5 .854 35.4 .855 34.3 .85933.3 .917 14.6 .91618.8 .942 8.2 .920 18.1 .905 18.4 .89722.3 .968 2.1

.775 .782 .782 .804 .788 .808 .776 .781 .785 .761 .778 .783 .781 .786 .754 .783

34.1 29.9 29.4 26.8 36.8 18.7 21.0 22.0 24.7 21.8 23.4 23.1 31.4 25.0 27.2 5.1

.798 .777 .766 .759 .771 .790 .772 .774 .810 .796

.787 .806

.778 .824 .777 .805 .764 .763 .755 .757 .762 .768 .763 .785 .794 .800 .793 .769 .778 .760 .788 .758 .763 .763 .763 .774 .795 .804 .771 .750 .763 .806

4.7 5.7 3.7 4.4 4.1 4.5

5.3 5.3 5.1 5.5 6.3

3.7 4.1

Heavy

% <.-; I

0.882 .880

.863 9.4 0.877-0.904 .866 7.9 .901- .925 .870 10.2 .898- .918 .871 11.4 • .906- .930 .886 .873 12.0 .901- .926 .872 5.5 .909- .926 .854 6.1 .891-.913 .855 6.3 .887- .911 .862 5.7 .904-.92I .864 6.5 .901- .920 .860 6.6 .896-. 916 .860 7.6 .905- .923 .872 7.1 .900- .918 .870 7.8 .908-. 929

4.6 5..6

0.903 .908

6.20.904-0.913 6.5 .925- .938 5.8 .918- .928 7.3 .930- .940

1,70.913-0.915 9.0 .938- .953 7.7 .928- .940 7.9 .940- .953

7.7 5.0 3.8 4.4 3.7 6.5 5.1 7.1 5.7 5.9

.926- .943 8.3 .926- .940 11.4 .913-.929 7.3 .911- .924 6.1 .921-.932 6.9 .920- .936 6.7 .916-.932 8.0 .923- .935 6.7 .918- .933 6.9 .929- .937 12.5

.943- .961 .940- .956 .929-.946 .924- .938 .932-.948 .936- .946 .932-.946 .935- .948 .933-.947 .937-.955

3.3 4.1 5.3 5.0 5.5 4.6 4.6 3.9 4.0 4.5 5.4 5.0 5.2 6.6 5.9 6.6 5.4 5.5 4.1 5.1 6.0 5.4 6.2 4.7 5.5 5.7 6.3 3.0 5.6 4.7 4.5 5.0 5.2 5.3 5.7 7.3 5.1 6.5 9.3 7.1 3.2 5.4 2.9 4.8 4.6 3.6 6.7 4.9 5.1 4.7 4.1 6.7 5.2 5.2 5.6

.916-.923 9.8 .935- .945 13.9 .928- .943 15.1 .921- .934 15.8 .940- .953 12.4 .937- .948 11.5 .902-.917 6.1 .933- .944 13.6 .922- .937 9.9 .931- .941 12.6 .904- .916 6.7 .934- .948 18.3 .903- .915 8.9 .932- .950 17.2 .934- .951 14.4 .931- .949 19.9 .935- .950 17.4 .931- .948 16.6 .932- .936 11.9 .930- .943 16.7 .937- .952 16.3 .935- .949 19.9 .933- .949 13.7 .926- .936 14.4 .928- .943 20.9 .912- .936 10.2 .923- .935 8.5 .943-. 950 16.4 .898- .911 5.7 .903- .917 5.6 .905- .917 7.2 .901-.914 4.2 .898- .912 5.C .907-.92O 8.1 .905- .921 7.2 .925- .936 9.2 .920- .929 7.0 .905- .916 8.7 .907- .920 6.9 .918- .942 13.5 .894- .901 .894-.907 2.1 .898- .907 4.4 .897- .908 5.8 .894- .906 3.1 .898- .905 4.0 .899- .912 1.2 .901-.909 3.0 .911- .921 4.3 .922- .936 10.3 .924- .935 6.3 .909- .923 5.3 .896- .911 5.0 .903-.917 4.9 .924- .937 8.0

.923-.953 .945- .968 .943-.96O .934- .966 .953- .967 .948- .962 .917-.927 .944- .970 .937- .958 .941- .965 .916- .928 .948-.974 .915- .928 .950-.988 .951- .970 .949- .984 .950-.968 .948- .978 .936-,963 .943- .966 .952-.97I .949- .971 .949- .977 .936-.958 .943- .969 .936-.957 .935- .952 .950-.975 .911- .924 .917-.93I .917- .936 .914-.926 .912- .931 .920-.938 .921- .934 .936- .947 .929- .950 .916-.928 .920- .929 .942-.964

.816 29.7 16.0 14.0 12.2 19.0 23.6 20.4 20.9 21.9 21.5 21.1 16.6 21.5 19.9 22.3 14.5 15.4 10.8 26.7 17.5 15.4 10.2 18.2 23.7 19.3 18.3 26.9 19.4 .819 17.9 .82117.5 .823 17.3 .81817.7 .818 17.5 19.4 .824 16.6 19.4 25.9 25.4 28.1 12.8 31.3 27.7 .819 20.3 30.8 .821 20.3 .823 19.0 .822 20.8 .82320.1 21.5 26.4 22.4 21.3 .817 15.6 .821 17.2 17.8

.858 7.2 .874 9.9 .868 6.1 .873 6.5 .868 8.8 .871 7.0 .852 7.5 .871 5.9 .867 7.0 .873 6.8 .860 7.0 .877 5.3 .859 7.1 .873 6.9 .874 7.1 .878 6.6 .844 7.6 .880 9.8 .870 8. .879 7. .880 7. .887 7. .874 8. «.874 7. .877 5. .872 8. .865 7. .875 6, .847 8. .857 7.0 .854 8.0 .848 8.8 .852 7.2 .850 6.8 .856 6.5 .876 10.2 .867 5.2 .86410.2 .866 9.8 .868 6.0 .852 9.2 .85010.8 .848 8.9 .850 10.2 .850 8.0 .847 9.9 .851 8.6 .850 9.5 .853 10.0 .869 6.5 .872 9.4 .858 7.6 .846 9.2 .853 7.9 .867 6.7

.891-.916 .910- .935 .907-.928 .901- .921 .917- .940 .914- .937 .883-.902 .916- .933 .904- .922 .913- .931 .884- .904 .919- .934 .886- .903 .911-.932 .913- .934 .910- .931 .916- .935 .899- .931 .907-.932 .911- .930 .909-.937 .909- .935 .910- .933 .909-.926 .904- .928 .889-.912 .908- .923 .913-.943 .873- .898 .882-.903 .879- .905 .874-.9Ol .879- .898 .884-.907 .884- .905 .905- .925 .905- .920 .885-.905 .890- .907 .897-.918 .873- .894 .870-,894 .870- .898 .875- .897 .871- .894 .868- .898 .875- .899 .873-.9Ol .884- .911 .905- .922 .901- .924 .887- .909 .869- .896 .879-.903 .901- .9241

.907-.915 .907- .919 .908- .921 .906- .912 .905- .913 .912- .914 .909-.914 .921- .930 .936-.95I .935- .949 .923- .933 .911- .923 .917-.929 .937- .950

Field

CALIFORNIA — (Continued) Huntington Beach Huntington Beach Huntington Beach Rich Richfield Casmalia Cat Canyon. Santa Maria Summerland Sargent Arroyo Grande Bardsdale Conejo Ojai Santa Paula Simi South Mountain Ventura Ventura : Ventura Composite sample COLORADO Florence Rangely ILLINOIS

Crude


«8 C

% <:l

County

Orange Orange Orange Orange Orange Santa Barbara Santa Barbara Santa Barbara Santa Barbara Santa Clara San Luis Obispo Ventura Ventura Ventura Ventura Ventura Ventura Ventura Ventura Ventura Ventura

2.000.938 12.00.790 1.31 .892 25.0 .764 2.07 .922 16.7 .769 1.09 .920 14.7 .785 1 . 60 . 899 25.2 .752 2.84 1.023 4.13 .960 9.8 .781 2.63 .916 21.8 .768 0.54 .975 0.86 .952 8.3 .776 1 . 30 . 967 5.3 .805 0.83 .873 26.8 .762 0.52 .970 1 . 63 . 952 13.0 .780 0.55 .918 13.1 .789 0.68 .864 32.9 .759 1 . 73 . 886 25.5 .753 1.15 .875 28.6 .749 0.47 .794 64.4 .757 0.90 .880 22.4 .756 1.79 .907 23.7 .757

Fremont and Pueblo 0.17 .06 Rio Bianca

.880 8.9 .819 34.6

Kerosene en %

J 15 - 6 I d lb.5

Gas oil e» %

J16-6 d 15.5

19.80.858 3.50.825 16.2 .853 3.3 .825 17.1 .854 21.0 .859 3.8 .821 16.8 .854 26.8 .842 25.5 .854 21.2 .856 14.8 .873 23.3 .878 17.3 .872 5.1 .817 20.0 .844 11.0 .885 18.6 .869 29.5 .860 5.2 .820 18.9 .853 4.5 .817 16.9 .848 4.4 .820 17.2 .847 15.9 .812 8.1 .843 11.0 .816 15.2 .847 4.5 .825 17.1 .858

I

Light f» %

Lubricating distillates Il Il Medium

J 15 - 5 d !5.5

r» %

J 16 - 5 d 15.5

Heavy

™ %

J 16 - 6 ^15.5

7.10.889-0.910 7.0 .878- .900 7.7 .883- .911 7.9 .884- .906 7.7 .876- .903 2.0 .897- .917 5.6 .906- .923 6.6 .893- .916 6.6 .913- .939 7.7 .920- .944 6.2 .904- .926 9.3 .873- .902 8.4 .902- .920 6.5 .907- .932 7:4 .899- .923 7.4 .876- .900 8.7 .871- .899 8.5 .873- .898

5.00.910-0.923 5.4 .900- .915 4.4 .911- .922 6.4 .906- .919 5.9 .903- .919 12.7 .917- .966 5.6 .923- .936 4.5 .916- .929 5.5 .939- .956 4.1 .944- .953 4.2 .926- .939 7.3 .902- .918 7.6 .920- .935 4.6 .932- .947 3.6 .923- .936 4.6 .900- .915 7.0 .899- .915 4.9 .898- .911

7.20.923-0.940 5.9 .915- .925 6.5 .922- .934 5.0 .919- .929 6.9 .919- ,933 7.6 .966- .982 7.8 .936- .949 5.7 .929- .943 13.1 .956- .978 11.7 .953- .972 11.9 .939- .963 2.3 .918- .923 20.7 .935- .959 10.9 .947- .963 12.4 .936- .945 5.4 .915- .929 2.1 .915- .922 4.5 .911- .923

14.1 .865- .902 8.3 .882- .912

7.5 .902- .917 4.6 .912- .923

1.2 .917- .920 5.6 .923- .936

.758 14.5 .808 16.2 .842 13.3 .748 19.3 .810 12.3 .844 11.7

0.871 .860

8.3 5.6

0.892 .880

*

. 24 . 863 20.4

.769 14.5

.834

8.0 .856 10.7

.877

6.0

.893

t

.48 .846 26.0

.753 19.2

.817 10.2 .843 10.9

.869

6.8

.885

INDIANA Lima KANSAS loia Moran and Elsmore Augusta Cattlemen Elbing Eldorado Potwin Peru Sedan Peru Sedan Peru Sedan Peacock Elrod New Albany Rantoul Sallyyard Tester Florence and Peabody Osawatomie Independence Tyro Wayside Chanute Erie Urbana Altoona Neodesha Yates Center KENTUCKY Olympia Ragland Big Sinking Composite from several counties. . Cow Creek. . . '. Ross Creek Compton LOUISIANA (North) Elmgrove Caddo

Allen Allen Butler Butler Butler Butler Butler Chautauqua Chautauqua Chautauqua Cowley Cowley Elk Franklin Greenwood and Butler Greenwood Marion Miami Montgomery Montgomery Montgomery Neosho Neosho Neosho Wilson Wilson Woodson Bath Bath Lawrence Lee and Estell

.66 .32 .41 . 30 . 29 . 29 . 14 .25 .24 . 12 . 23 . 20 . 27 . 51 . 24

.937 .875 .865 . 838 . 856 , 853 . 807 .875 .882 . 858 . 853 . 853 . 866 . 880 . 839

.8 20.2 24.2 32.8 29.8 27.3 45.0 19.0 12.6 20.6 25.9 25.9 24.7 22.4 33.2

.800 .758 .761 .736 .751 .754 .730 .760 .791 .755 .763 .753 .748 .740 .737

8.4 15.3 20.5 15.3 20.7 20.5 17.1 16.6 18.4 17.1 20.2 18.6 13.9 14.0 16.6

.842 .826 .830 .819 .826 .822 .813 .824 .839 .817 .821 .820 .822 .824 .821

4.7 6.9 11.1 9.8 13.3 12.1 9.9 10.7 5.3 11.3 U-. 2 11.2 10.7 9.2 9.8

.876 .856 .863 .859 .864 .861 .850 .863 .863 .856 .860 .858 .857 .864 .857

14.0 12.6 11.4 10.0 10.8 11.1 8.2 6.4 14.9 11.9 11.7 10.9 9.9 5.8 9.7

.891 .875 .890 .879 .888 .885 .872 .876 .878 .875 .878 .878 .878 .878 .877

8.2 10.8 5.5 5.1 5.0 5.7 3.9 11.0 14.0 7.3 6.3 6.7 5.5 6.7 5.0

.907 .898 .904 .895 .908 .902 .890 .895 .895 .891 .896 .897 .896 .898 .893

.19 .23 . 57 .24 . 34 .37 .31 . 30 . 32 .25 .23 .46

.841 .861 . 892 .855 . 879 .885 .878 . 870 . 876 .865 .846 .889

30.1 25.1 17.1 25.3 14.2 17.3 15.9 21.2 18.8 16.2 29.9 7.8

.752 .761 .753 .767 .771 .754 .768 .745 .759 .761 .741 .808

18.5 18.2 16.3 17.0 15.4 14.6 17.6 16.2 16.3 17.0 15.0 18.9

.819 .829 .8201 .821 .828 .82-1 .828 .823 .828 .812 .818 .838

11.3 13.3 9.8 13.4 11.5 11.1 11.5 11.9 4.7 11.4 10.5 14.6

.857 .859 .862 .857 .859 .862 .864 .864 .861 .853 .855 .859

10.9 12.1 5.5 5.5 6.2 5.3 12.9 6.6 19.1 12.5 11.1 15.2

.875 .884 .880 .878 .875 .877 .884 .880 .877 .872 .875 .879

5.3 6.4 11.8 10.8 12.7 9.8 7.8 5.7 6.0 6.7 4.4 6.7

.895 .901 .901 .894 .894 .891 .900 .894 .900 .893 .894 .896

. 23 .31 .21 . 14 . 23 . 49 .13 .12

. 853 .902 .835 . 844 . 835 . 869 .866 .838

11.2 12.6 33.1 31.2 35.4 35.9 19.7 35.9

.757 .767 .744 .751 .735 .751 .771 .744

24.5 16.0 18.4 17.3 16.2 17.3 16.7 14.6

.804 .826 .818 .819 .824 .839 .828 .826

11.5 8.7 7.7 10.6 9.3 11.0 10.4 9.7

.841 .856 .846 .849 .851 .862 .855 .848

12.8 11.6 10.1 10.8 9.5 10.5 12.6 10.3

.860 .878 .873 .876 .874 .887 .871 .874

6.5 5.4 6.0 5.9 4.6 5.0 7.1 5.9

.872 .898 .896 .891 .894 .898 .883 .894

.850 10.4

.870

6.0

.882

.841 16.7 .858 15.8 .806 12.5 .841 11.7

,878 .864

7.2 5.9

.904 .879

Wayne Wolf and Estell Wolf, Lee and Jackson Wolf

. 23 . 842 30.8

Bossier Caddo

. 27 . 879 13.5 .793 18.5 . 25 . 850 25.7 .751 18.9

* Lawrence, Crawford, Jasper and Cumberland, t Composite from Allen and other counties.

.747 16,7

.821 10.3

6.9

0.923

6.1

.906

!

Field

LOUISIANA (North) (Continued) Caddo Pine Island Homer DeSoto, Red River and Bull Bayou. LOUISIANA (South) Jennings Jennings Edgerly Vinton Anse La Butte Anse La Butte MONTANA Winnett NEW YORK

Crude


%s<;

% #:

County

0.21 0.820 35.20.748 Caddo .42 .901 3.0 .828 Caddo .63 .844 30.2 .736 Claiborne DeSoto a n d R e d .21 .822 27.6 .764 River

Gas oil

Kerosene _, %

jl5.5 <*15.5

I

%

jlS.5 d !5.5 I

Light ,„ %

22.40.79511.10.842 9.9 18.3 .868 7.5 .892 17.1 15.5 .812 10.5 .854 11.0 36.1 .805 11.8 .845 8.4

Lubricating distillates Il Medium

j!5 5 •*!.«

0.864 .899 .875 .868

... %

5.2 15.6 5.9 3.7

,15 5 d15.5

! I

,15 5 d155

0.884 .907 .892 .895

Acadia Acadia Calcasieu Calcasieu St. Martin's St. Martin's

.37 .911 . 36 . 908 . 68 . 925 .33 .936 .22 .919 . 30 . 903

Musselshell

.36 .781 63.2 .74725.5 .814

Alleghany

.10 .828 30.0 .748 17.5

Allen Allen, Auglaize and Mercer Composite from Allen and others Washington Washington

. 55 . 835 31.0 .749 19.2 .815 9.9 .843 10.7 . 55 . 842 27.0 .758 20.0 .818 10.8 .841 11.5

.870 .869

5.5 4.9

.890 .889

.48 .846 26.0 .753 19.2 .817 10.2 .843 10.9

.869

6.8

.885

.10 .838 27.8 .740 17.0 .805 9.7 .835 10.5 .05 .805 33.5 .739 20.2 .798 11.3 .834 11.2

.854 .855

6.3 5.5

.871 .868

Caddo Carter Carter Cotton Creek Creek Creek and Tulsa Creek Creek Creek Garfield Kay Kay Marshall Marshall Muskogee Muskogee Noble Nowata Nowata Nowata Okfuskee Okfuskee Okmulgee Okmulgee Okmulgee Okmulgee Okmulgee Okmulgee Osage Osage Osage Osage Osage Pawnee Pawnee Payne Pontotoc Rogers Stephens Stephens Tulsa and Rogers Tulsa Wagoner and Tulsa Wagoner Washington Washington Washington

. 19 . 852 20.2 .766 20.7 .809 14.0 .846 6.7 . 72 . 870 22.3 .753 15.8 .825 10.5 .862 6.5 . 72 . 858 26.6 .737 14.3 .817 9.5 .860 4.8 . 42 . 859 27.7 .747 17.7 .813 10.9 .860 5.2 . 25 . 824 38.8 .743 18.1 .820 10.7 .858 9.2 . 28 . 828 37.5 .743 18.0 .818 11.5 .855 9.6 .30 .862 24.8 .762 17.4 .827 12.5 .860 5.2 . 28 . 883 14.6 .771 15.9 .830 5.9 .861 12.1 .26 .853 28.2 .750 15.8 .829 9.5 .861 11.2 . 44 . 875 22.9 .74613.0 .832 5.9 .856 11.4 . 14 . 799 52.4 .737 15.7 .816 3.9 .844 11.9 . 24 . 830 36.3 .748 18.0 .817 10.7 .856 9.3 .15 .823 35.9 .743 18.9 .815 11.2 .850 11.1 . 06 . 794 46.2 .726 17.8 .804 9.4 .839 8.2 . 06 . 769 85.5 .748 10.5 .806 .15 .841 24.1 .76219.6 .816 13.0 .850 12.4 . 23 . 852 19.5 .762 17.8 .820 13.9 .850 12.2 .16 .823 40.4 .739 17.6 .819 10.7 .858 9.6 .19 .865 22.1 .763 19.5 .829 10.7 .863| 13.8 . 23 . 859 25.3 .757 17.6 .827 13.2 .862 12.4 . 19 . 869 19.9 .765 19.1 .826 11.4 .865 6.0 . 13 . 826 32.1 .740 16.4 .817 11.3 .853 10.6 .14 .836 28.3 .752 17.4 .816 11.5 .853 11.1 .15 .816 37.6 .737 16.4 .817 10.5 .854 10.4 .15 .830 29.9 .749 14.9 .823 6.4 .853 14.1 .13 .842 25.3 .754 18.3 .819 12.1 .854 11.1 .13 -.854 17.3 .759 17.3 .815 14.7 .849 12.8 .17 .809 39 . 6 . 728 15.4 .817 9.0 .850 10.0 . 32 . 870 22.2 .760 16.0 .828 13.0 .862 4.7 .19 .846 28.1 .754 19.1 .827 11.4 .862 6.6 .32 .837 29.7 .746 16.9 .822 4.7 .846 12.7 .13 .840 30.9 .745 19.1 .827 11.6 .862 6.9 . 23 . 846 28.9 .751 18.0 .824 5.2 .858 13.1 .17 .846 26.4 .751 19.9 .825 6.4 .860 12.2 .26 .841 30.6 .753 19.8 .821 8.3 .858 5.5 . 33 . 840 32.9 .750 18.6 .820 11.7 .855 10.2 . 33 . 858 24.8 .756 17.8 .818 9.7 .862 10.6 . 62 . 878 22.7 .751 16.5 .826 9.7 .867 5.6 .14 .855 23.8 .761 19.2 .822 12.0 .855 11.6 .41 .857 26.3 .755 17.1 .820 11.0 .864 5.2 .40 .848 31.4 . 746 18.0 .815 10.4 .857 6.0 .27 .851 26.9 .761 18.8 .826 12.6 .858 5.9 . 23 . 868 20.3 .773 18.5 .833 6.4 .864 12.8 .19 .853 26.2 .764 17.8 .825 10.9 .858 11.5 .15 .864 16.9 .765 17.5 .820 11.1 .852 12.4 .25 .871 19.0 .779 18.5 .837 7.3 .867 13.6 . 32 . 867 20.4 .771 19.2 .830 13.5 .864 6.1 . 27 . 864 22.0 .767 17.7 .826 6.5 .859 13.1

.864 .880 .877 .877 .880 .876 .878 .891 .883 .884 .870 .877 .868 .858

13. 12. 12. 9. 4. 4. 11. 6. 6.0 4.5 2.7 4.8 4.1 3.4

.880 .897 .899 .899 .899 .896 .898 .892 .899 .902 .891 .898 .884 .874

.870 .868 .875 .886 .886 .880 .876 .869 .874 .876 .873 .867 .870 .879 .879 .868 .883 .870 .874 .875 .876 .879 .888 .878 .878 .875 .875 .875 .881 .872 .881 .882 .875

5.9 7.3 4.8 5.1 6.1 11.5 5.9 6.1 4.8 5.5 5.9 7.5 4.1 5.4 10.9 10.6 9.7 10.8 5.5 10.1 5.4 4.9 14.9 6.5 10.5 11.6 11.1 13.6 5.2 7.2 13.2 12.9 5.1

.879 .883 .890 .906 .902 .901 .893 .888 .890 .894 .885 .878 .886 .890 .892 .894 .893 .889 .895 .897 .894 .897 .901 .895 .895 .897 .888 .901 .896 .897 .899 .894 .891

40.5 45.6 25.9 22.9 34.8 34.1

Heavy _, %

.880 12.40.909-0.922 7.50.922-0.929 13.60.929-0.944 .873 14.7 .902- .921 8.1 .921- .930 8.7 .930- .944 .879 15.0 .896- .914 8.0 .914- .-935 14.2 .935- .972 .884 13.8 .913- .935 8.2 .935- .945 16.8 .945- .962 .881 14.6 .909- .920 8.0 .920- .928 16.1 .928- .944 .867 16.1 .896- .912 9.5 .912- .920 8.2 .920- .930

.802 10.3 .838 11.3

0.854

6.3

0.873

.

OHIO North Lima South Lima Lima Corning Penn Grade OKLAHOMA Cement Healdton Hewitt Walters North Bristow Gushing Glen Kellyville Mounds Slick Garber Blackwell or Dilsworth Newkirk or Mervine Arbuckle Madill Boynton Musk ogee Billing Bluff and Alluwe Delaware Extension Delaware and Lenapak Deaner Lyons BaIdHiIl Beggs Henryetta Okmulgee Philipsville Youngstown Bigheart Burbank Hominy Osage Pershing Cleveland Jennings Yale or Quay Allen Claremore , Comanche Duncan Owasso Skiatook, Sperry and Turley Broken Arrow Wagoner Bartlesville Canary Ochelata Hogshooter

5.8

0.903

6.8

.901

6.2

.903

8.4

.910

Field

Crude


%s«

%
County

Kerosene OT %

J15-5 i5.B

d

Gas oil Of %

^715-6 15.5

d

Light or %

J15.6 15.5

Lubricating distillates Il Medium J15-6 !5.5

fff %

d

0.84$ .850 .853 .866 .852 .850 .850

5.7 6.1 5.7 8.4 6.3 5.2 7.1

0.859 .865 .867 .876 .865 .870 .870

d

Heavy e»

%

J15-6 «*«.•

PENNSYLVANIA

Special Franklin Crude Composite TEXAS (North) Holiday Brownwood Petrolia Santa Anna Desdemona Ranger Mexia Corsicana Strawn Moran Breckenridge Caddo Burkburnett Burkburnett Electra K. M. A K. M. A Texhoma Thrall Young TEXAS (South) Somerset Somerset Yturri Damon Mound Damon Mound West Columbia West Columbia West Columbia Barbers Hill Pierdes-Pintos Blue Ridge Blue Ridge Batson Saratoga Sour Lake Goose Creek Goose Creek Goose Creek Goose Creek Goose Creek Humble Humble Pierce Junction Spindle Top Hull Hull North Dayton Markham Nacogdoches Orange Terry Mirando WEST VIRGINIA Maryland Grade Maryland Grade

Allegheny and Wash. 0.080.800 37.80.733 20.20.792 9.60.831 9.3 Green .08 .815 29.0 .745 18.7 .803 10.2 .834 11.9 McKean .10 .823 32.5 .739 17.8 .802 9.4 .839 10.6 Mercer .09 .863 9.0 .824 15.1 .842 13.7 .850 13.5 .08 .811 33.9 .734 19.9 .802 9.7 .835 11.1 .10 .819 29.6 .746 17.3 .806 10.9 .826 12.2 Venango .08 .832 24.4 .761 16.4 .811 12.5 .827 12.2 Venango Archer Brownwood Clay Coleman Comanche and Eastland Eastland Limestone Navarro Palo Pinto Shackelford Stepheno Stepheno Wichita Wichita Wichita Wichita Wichita Wichita Williamson Young Atascosa Atascosa Bexar Brazoria Brazoria Brazoria Brazoria Brazoria Chambers Duvall Fort Bend Fort Bend Hardin Hardin Hardin Harris Harris Harris Harris Harris Harris Harris Harris Jefferson Liberty Liberty Liberty Matagorda Nacogdoches Orange Orange Zapata

.41 .17 .38 .16 .14

.839 .850 .841 .828 .839

38.2 24 . 5 34.0 15.3 29.4

.734 . 747 .752 .782 .761

16.3 16.5 18.7 18.6 19.4

.819 11.0 .821 12.5 .818 10.9 .828 16.3 .817 14.0

.858 9.1 .862 13.7 .856 5.1 .852 14.6 .855 5.5

.885 .891 .877 .870 .873

4.9 5.8 5.2 4.7 11.0

.908 .905 .890 .885 .893

.17 .19 .24 .13 .16 .28 .20 .38 .39 .25 .33 .72 .33 .15 .26

.840 .847 .855 .847 .830 .844 .839 .838 .841 .824 .836 .854 .866 .837 .833

30.2 17.3 19.7 24.4 34.4 30.0 30.5 36.3 36.7 40.8 35.1 31.2 38.0 26.4 34.6

.759 .768 .765 .763 .743 .757 .756 .749 .742 .734 .746 .746 .739 .763 .750

19.7 28.4 23.8 20.2 17.2 18.8 19.1 17.7 17.0 16.1 18.1 16.1 17.2 20.8 18.7

.821 12.1 .807 17.3 .811 14.7 .819 11.7 .816 11.6 .822 11.4 .820 11.8 .822 10.8 .820 10.8 .822 8.9 .821 10.4 .819 9.4 .818 10.2 .809 12.2 .823 10.3

.858 12.6 .845 12.3 .859 6.7 .857 12.5 .854 10.0 .860 10.9 .844 11.7 .862 10.4 .857 5.1 .860 6.0 .860 5.6 .858 6.3 .858 5.0 .847 11.7 .859 5.5

.867 .869 .877 .876 .877 .880 .864 .885 .880 .876 .878 .880 .877 .866 .875

9.9 4.9 11.5 6.7 4.7 5.0 4.3 5.1 9.4 9.0 6.2 9.6 10.1 5.7 10.8

.895 .894 .896 .890 .897 .900 .885 .906 .899 .896 .895 .899 .897 .880 .892

.42 .823 38.8 1.40 .855 31.0 0.45 .863 24.6 .28 .923 .36 .921 5.8 . 29 . 934 .21 .906 .45 .940 . 67 . 858 31.0 . 55 . 927 .45 .944 .39 .894 16.2 .61 .903 8.2 .57 .977 .43 .884 16.7 .22 .926 .20 .917 .21 .910 .55 .897 .49 .931 .43 .938 2.40 .948 3.7 0.29 .921 2.31 .936 0.35 .863 26.6 .44 .926 3.8 . 50 . 899 9.8 .18 .831 50.2 .39 .923 .45 .912 .34 .881 .25 .923

5.7

0.907

5.4

.915

.735 18.3 .812 8.4 .851 10.80.858-0.889 5.20.889-0.904 .746 10.7 .818 14.6 .854 8.4 .874- .898 7.4 .898- .916 .752 10.8 .813 14.3 .840 11.0 .858- .883 6.6 .883- .901 2.70.901-0.909 36.9 .886 14.9 .915- .933 8.4 .933- .939 14.1 .939- .948 .818 36.5 .874 16.4 .913- .933 6.0 .933- .940 17.5 .940- .965 27.0 .851 13.8 .917- .933 8.2 .933- .943 20.7 .943- .958 48.8 .878 10.4 .911- .916 13.2 .916- .923 8.0 .923- .927 28.6 .886 12.0 .918- .934 7.5 .934- .945 15.9 .945- .957 .757 5.5 .825 18.6 .854 8.0 .885- .906 4.7 .906- .912 5.9 .912- .918 33.9 .870 10.8 .894- .919 9.4 .919- .948 21.9 .948- .960 21.8 .883 11.4 .922- .937 7.6 .937- .947 18.1 .947- .968 .784 23.7 .867 12.7 .896- .909 5.9 .909- .927 11.2 .927- .960 .789 34.9 .876 11.4 .908- .920 8.2 .920- .928 8.1 .928- .939 16.8 .883 9.0 .919- .934 8.6 .934- .950 15.3 .950- .977 .765 30.6 .874 10.6 .907- .927 6.0 .927- .932 9.4 .932- .939 28.5 .887 14. .911- .926 8.3 .926- .935 15.3 .935- .952 36.0 .882 14. .914- .924 7.4 .924- .930 14.7 .930- .943 39.2 .876 13. .909- .919 7.5 .919- .928 11.2 .928- .961 51.7 .872 13. .900- .915 7.4 .915- .927 7.1 .927- .943 31.0 .886 9. .915- .926 7.3 .926- .935 18.2 .935- .956 24.8 .885 3.2 .912- .918 20.0 .918- .947 17.1 .947- .961 .823 24.9 .882 14.4 .913- .931 7.7 .931- .942 10.6 .942- .962 36.2 .880 16.4 .922- .940 5.8 .940- .946 13.8 .946- .963 28.5 .880 13.8 .910- .925 8.6 .925- .937 17.8 .937- .955 .762 27.3 .858 10.4 .886- .905 7.0 .905- .918 7.7 .918- .932 .800 22.0 .871 11.1 .901- .916 6.6 .916- .924 15.6 .924- .945 .796 45.5 .884 11.8 .924- .937 7.2 .937- .939 8.6 .939- .942 .782 9.3 .809 26.5 .850 19.5 .877 14.9 .891- .905 12.6 .905- .915 8.8 .915- .921 31.9 .869 13.6 .896- .911 9.7 .911- .926 8.0 .926- .930 27.0 .880 13.6 .901- .920 7.2 .920- .928 16.0 .928- .939 49.8 .893 14.0 .915- .931 4.5 .931- .941 14.8 .941- .969

.084 .783 45.9 .718 16.5 .794 8.4 .839 8.3 Hancock Harrison and Dodd- .20 .808 29 . 5 . 741 18.9 .795 9.0 .823 11.5 ridge Maryland Grade Harrison and others .27 .800 33.4 .735 20.4 .795 9.8 .823 12.1 Blue Creek Kanawha .11 .810 40.2 .727 18.0 .797 9.2 .829 9.1 Cabin Creek Kanawha . 19 . 797 40.5 .730 21.0 .797 8.0 .827 8.9 Kelly Creek Kanawha .11 .799 39.6 .731 18.4 .798 9.9 .829 9.8 * Eureka Grade . 10 . 805 31.3 .739 18.5 .799 12.1 .825 11.0 * Eureka Grade . 24 . 806 37.7 .734 17.7 .801 9.2 .829 9.6 * Ritchie, Wood, Wirt, Calhoun, Roan and Kanawha.

0.848 .840

4.3 7.2

0.858 .859

.843 .849 .844 .847 .844 .845

4.0 4.6 4.2 4.5 5.6 6.0

.864 .862 .856 .859 .856 .848

| I

Crude Field

County 16 5

^/ CSÖ Öd15.5'

WEST VIRGINIA (Continued) Maryland Grade Maryland Grade '. Eureka Grade Maryland Grade

* Tyler Tyler, Doddridge, and Wetzel Tyler, Doddridge, and Wetzel Wetzel and Marshall


Kerosene

% -C

% c-, % <::| % <•:

Gas oil

1

0.280.805 38.3 18.00.804 9.30.825 9.3 .095 .804 35.80.744 20.8 .795 10.6 .824 11.2 .098 .808 34.0 .748 19.4 .810 9.9 .828 10.3

Lubricating distillates I I Medium

5.2 4.8 5.3

0.872 .862 .857

.827 9.8

.839

4.8

.852

.732 19.1 .798 10.7 .827 10.0

.846

5.1

.862

.738 .747 .804 .744 .762 .772 .755 .765 .765 .779 .741 .746

17.8 13.4 18.5 14.2 15.7 14.5 16.0 14.7 19.7 22.6 20.0 15.8

.750 .838 .754 .768 .748 .754 .746

15.7 11.1 16.2 17.4 17.4 17.4 15.8

SPECIFIC GRAVITY AND THERMAL EXPANSION In this section, S will be used to represent dJÎ;îî°C = 39 > s 3 - 1 » 87 > 12°» 169). SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF CRUDE PETROLEUM FROM VARIOUS PARTS OF THE WORLD Sp. gr. > 0.95 Source | Sp. gr. AFRICA Algeria 0.79 to 0.98 Egypt 0.83 to 0.97 Gold Coast 0.87 to 0.98 Ivory Coast. 0.96 Sidi Brahim 1.02 Tunis 0.97 ASIA Assam 0.86 to 0.98 Burma 0.81 to 1.00 Japan 0.80 to 0.98 Malay Archipelago Borneo 0.86 to 0.97

Heavy

% c-.*

% C-:

0.852 .844 .844

. 094 . 803 37.1 .737 18.7 .798 10.1

.11 .804 34.6 Maryland Grade WYOMING .08 .803 38.6 Greybull Bighorn .19 .842 31.1 Ferris Carbon .11 .875 16.7 Lost Soldier Carbon .27 .843 31.4 Rock Creek Carbon .17 .863 22.2 Big Muddy Converse 2.42 .914 12.8 Dallas Fremont 2.62 .913 11.0 Lander Fremont 2 . 46 . 922 8.6 Maverick Fremont 0.22 .848 24.0 Pilot Butte Fremont . 55 . 846 21.0 Plunkett Fremont . 14 . 809 42.6 Grass Creek Hot Springs 2.09 .903 17.6 Hot Springs Hamilton Dome 0.51 .953 Pine Mountain Natrona .18 .841 29.3 Salt Creek Natrona .20 .909 3.1 Shannon Natrona . 18 . 823 33.5 Lance Creek Niobrara .14 .867 11.7 Mule Creek Niobrara . 14 . 827 40.5 Elk Basin Park .15 .840 31.6 New Castle Weston . 29 . 837 34.8 Osage Range Weston * Ritchie, Wood, Wirt, Calhoun, Roan, Kanawha and Gilmer.

Light

4.7 .858 11.0 .830 10.9 .844 6.0 .881 10.8 .847 11.7 .864 6.7 .898 18.6 .864 15.7 .875 5.4 .890 10.0 .854 10.3 .876 9.0 .860 11.1 .877 5.9 .890 10.8 .873 7.5 .897 7.0 .916 7.2 11.1 .869 15.1 .899 6.1 .921 8.0 .924 10.9 .869 13.7 .901 5.9 .884 13.2 .846 12.8 .864 6.5 .883 16.3 .852 14.0 .868 9.9 .850 9.3 .865 4.5 .881 8.7 .876 5.7 .893 12.4 .917 Decomposed when heated at atmospheric pressure .824 10.8 .847 11.1 .865 5.8 .880 .892 8.0 .905 8.4 .867 4.9 .884 19.1 .859 6.0 .876 .812 11.3 .849 10.7 7.4 .882 .821 13.1 .850 14.6 .869 .875 4.8 .890 .829 10.6 .862 9.8 5.6 .887 .826 10.3 .856 11.0 .871 .873 5.ll .893 .825 9.8 .857 10.5

.806 .823 .854 .826 .832 .827 .825 .824 .815 .827 .820 .826

0.935

.909

SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF CRUDE PETROLEUM. — (Continued) Source Java Roengkoet Persia AUSTRALIA New Zealand EUROPE Galicia (Drohobycz) Germany Greece Hungary Italy Russia (Daghestan) NORTH AMERICA Canada Cuba Haiti Mexico United States Alaska California Louisiana Oklahoma Texas Utah Wyoming SOUTH AMERICA Argentina Barbados Colombia Ecuador Peru Trinidad

|

Sp. gr. 0.81 to 0.97 0 . 97 0.78 to 1 .06 0.84 to 0.97 0.84 to 0.97 0.84 to 0.96 0.81 to 1.00 1.05 0.80 to 0.98 0. 75 to 0. 97 0.85 to 0.96 0.75 0.73 0.92 0.79

.

to to to to

0.97 0.96 0.96 1.06

0.79 to 0.77 to 0.80 to 0.79 to 0.80 to 0 . 83 to 0.80 to

0.99 1.01 0.97 0.88 0.97 0 .95 1.00

0 . 90 to 0.88 to 0 . 86 to 0 . 88 to 0.82 to 0.81 to

1 . OO 0.97 0 . 97 0 . 99 0.95 0.98

SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF CRUDE PETROLEUM. — (Continued) Source | Sp. gr. Sp. gr. < 0.75 EUROPE Italy 0. 75 to 0. 97 Russia (Caucasus) 0.65 NORTH AMERICA Canada 0.75 to 0.97 Cuba 0.73 to 0.96 United States Pennsylvania 0.70 to 0.89 STRAIGHT RUN PETROLEUM PRODUCTS (113) Approximate specific gravity range at 15.50C = 6O0F Product Paraffin-base Crude

I

Range

Cymogene (rare) Light petroleum ether • Heavy petroleum ether Natural gas gasolene Gasolene Kerosene

STRAIGHT RUN PETROLEUM PRODUCTS (113). — (Continued) Product Range Mineral seal oil (300 burning oil) 0 . 825-0 . 811 Gas oil :.. 0.845-0.816 Non-viscous neutrals 0 . 865-0 . 850 Viscous neutrals 0.882-0.865 Paraffin oils 0.904-0.876 Paraffin wax 0.947-0.871 Red oils 0.910-0.904 Filtered cylinder stock 0.896-0.887 Bright stock 0.916-0.893 Steam-refined oils 0.928-0.898 Naphthene-base Crude 0.702-0.669 Natural gas gasolene Light gasolene (if any) 0.720-0.702 Gasolene (if any) 0.76^-0.731 Kerosene (if any) 0.825-0.816 Gas oil 0.876-0.855 Low pour test machine oil (low viscosity) . . . . 0.928-0.922 Low pour test machine oil (medium viscosity) . 0 . 934-0 . 928 Low pour test machine oil (high viscosity) 0 . 940-0 . 934 Black oil 0.947-0.940 Flux 0.986-0.973

0 . 588 0.633-0.626 0.654-0.639 0 . 675-0 . 622 0.747-0.709 0.816-0.797 GASOLENE FRACTIONS (I 77 ) Sp. gr. of fraction. 15.5°/15.5°C = 60°/60°F Fractionation temperatures Kind of gasolene Up to 5O0C I 50° to 750C | 75° to 10O0C | 100° to 1250C | 125° to 15O0C | 150° to 1750C | 175° to 20O0C Eastern " straight" refinery 0.633 to 0.6390.666 to 0.6720.699 to 0.712 0.727 to 0.7360.742 to 0.7550.764 to 0.770 Mid-Continent ' ' straight ' ' 0.630 to 0.6450.672 to 0. 6960. 712 to 0. 7360. 736 to 0. 761 0.755 to 0. 7790. 773 to 0.7790.788 to 0.795 refinery California "straight" re0.639 to 0.6450.678 to 0.6930.723 to 0.7390.752 to 0.7640.773 to 0.788 finery Blended casing head (east0.624 to 0.6330.663 to 0.6750.703 to 0.7150.733 to 0.739 0.752 to 0.761 0.767 to 0.7760.782 to 0.785 ern) Cracked (Mid-Continent).. 0.636 to 0.6450.675 to 0.6840.712 to 0.721 0.736 to 0.7490.752 to 0.7670.767 to 0.7850.788 to 0.801 Blending Chart. —For use in determining % of naphtha to be added to gasolene to obtain blend of given density, v. (8). LUBRICATING OIL AT Low TEMPERATURES

This sample had the following properties: S}JJ;J = 0.9427; Fl. P., 2240C; 77 at 98.90C, 92 sec Saybolt; Pour point, -180C. The density data were d\ =0.9740, (-35° to -4O0C); and d\ = 0.9523 - 0.000665Z, (-30° to +2O0C) (76). PARAFFINS Solid.— d\l = 0.87 - 0.94; d\l = 0.84 - 0.89. R e c o r d e d data on thermal expansion very conflicting, possibly due to enclosed air (19, 158, 166, 211). Between -190° and 170C Dewar found ^ ^ = 0.000357 per deg (43). Liquid.— dll = 0.777 - 0.785; d$ = 0.755 - 0.780. d{5 = const. ( = 5 3 to 85) X 1O-6* (between ca. 50° and 10O0C) (19, 158, 166,

211).

MISCELLANEOUS Petrolatum ("Vaseline").— d*4 =0.873, 23°; 0.868, 32°; 0.862, 420C (206).

Petroleum0 Ether— Vt = V0(I + 146 X 10~5f + 16.0 X IO"7*2), -190° to O C (90). THERMAL EXPANSION dt=d,- a(t - tß) + ß(t - t*}* a = (66 ± 5) X 10~5; for S < 0.84 a = [(189.4 - 146. 5S) ± 3] X 10~s; for S > 0.84 ß = [(-15.4 + 19S) ± 2] X IO'7 dt = d\ or d/5.5 ds = $ resp. d{'6.5 when 15° < t. < 35°

S = the density or specific gravity (two decimal places sufficient) at any temperature between ca. 15° and 35°. Example: Given dft. 5 = 0.6935, to find dj°6.5 c?6o = 0.6935 - (189.4 - 146.5 X 0.69) X IO'5 X (60 - 17) + (-15.4 + 19 X 0.69) X HT7 (60 - 17)2 = 0.6551 ± ca. 0.0003. For all practical purposes, the above relations appear to be applicable to all petroleum oils, both crude and refined, between 0° and 5O0C (and probably to 10O0C) as long as they continue to remain homogeneous liquids sufficiently fluid to be measured with a hydrometer (18). For elaborate computed tables convenient for temperature conversions and based substantially on the above relations v. ( 10 > 41). Additional Literature on Thermal Expansion. —Crudes (51> 94> 148, 182, 183, 197). Derivatives (»*> 102, 117, 181). Expansion above 10O0C. — A recent investigation (225) of California petroleum products yields the equations : vt = v15.66 [1 + a(t - 15.56°) + ß(t - 15.560)2] (Range, 15° to 26O0C) and vt = ^260 [1 + ct' (t - 260°) + ßf (t -260°)2] (Range, 260° to 40O0C) a = [2.32 - 1.7S] X 10~3; for S < 0.82 a = [4.36 - 4.2S] X 10~3; for 0.82 < S < 0.75 ß = [4.8e - 4.5S] X 10~6 For S = 1.0 0.95 0.90 0.89 IO 3 «' = 0.75 0.83 1.05 1.20 ß' = [20.29 - 19.45 S] X IO"6 where Vt is the volume (cm3) at Z0C, and S is the specific gravity at 150C.

COMPRESSIBILITY The mean coefficient of compressibility between P1 and P2 is defined by the equation Vr1 - Vr1 " Fp1(P2 - F1) Kerosene and Lubricating Oils. —Within the accuracy of the measurements, all available data are correctly expressed by the equation in-6 ^- = a + bP - cP2 + dP3, ß in which ß — —yTp — is the mean coefficient between O and P.

Kerosene. —Between 1 and 11 atmospheres and 0-10O0C, ß in atm.-1 is expressed by the equation ß = (67.5 + 0.458Z) X 10~6 (161). PAKAFFIN ( 17 ) M. P. 550C

P atm. 20 100 200 300 400

Conversion Factors. — To convert a pressure, in any of the following units, into atmospheres, multiply it by the factor given. Megabarye | kg cm~2 | Lb. in. ~ 2 0.98692 I 0.96784 | 0.068047 P in atmospheres.

64° 83 83 84 solid

j

ß=

Vm

~Jp

V 20-T

IO6 ß sit t°C 100° 185° 106 103 99 94

310°

172 156 147 137

331 289 257 236

"Range" = pressure limits within which the equation may be used to calculate —^

;

Name of oil Kerosene Kerosene Kerosene Kerosene Kerosene "Paraffin oil"* Lubricating oils "F. F. F. cylinder" "MobileA" "Mobile BB" "Victory red" "Bayonne"

VPl

^C

10%

20 20 40 60 80 34

(13.05) 13.05 11.60 10.48 9.55 12.0

40 40 40 . 40 40

17.7 17.4 18.0 18.9 17. i

ÎOÏÎÔ^ 4.417s 4.2059 4.222o 4.0379 3.8079 4.631 4.3 4.3 4.3 5.0 4.3

160.24 135.94 135.39 llß.69 91.1s 280.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

ÎÔ^d

Ran

, f atmospheres 5.1U 2000-12000 3.687 0-12000 3.34s 0-12000 2.484 0-12000 1.794 0-12000 24.3 0-4300 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

1

0

__

7looo)

^ " I Lii~ F0 X 1000 5.776 (i) 5.839 (23) 6.374 (23) 6.941 (23) 7.537 (23) 6.107 (153)

0-1400 0-1400 0-1400 0-1400 O- 1 500

4.545 4.608 4.484 4.184 4.673

(95-1) (*5.i) (95.1) (95.1) (»«•!)

*d\ - 0.812; d7 = 0.788; flash point 550C.

VISCOSITY See also Lubricants and Lubrication, p. 164. Viscosity Units and Their Inter conversion. See vol. I, p. 25. Viscosity at Room Temperatures.—Typical values in poises are : (a) Gasolenes, 0.003-0.006; (6) Kerosene, 0.02; (c) Light lubricating oils, 0.025-1.5; (d) Medium lubricating oils, 1.5-3.5; (e.) Heavy lubricating oils, 3.5-20; (/) Petrolatum (M. P., 85°-95°F), 1.3 at 130°, 0.24 at 21O0F. Variation of Viscosity with Temperature.—If the viscosity of an oil is known at two temperatures, its viscosity at a third temperature may be obtained graphically with the aid of Fig. 1. When the viscosity temperature values for any oil are graphed on this chart a straight line will be obtained for all portions of the temperature range within which the oil remains a homogeneous liquid of constant composition (11J. Copies of this chart may be obtained by addressing The Texas Company, New York City. SURFACE TENSION Below are summarized the reported data on the surface tension (7, in dynes per cm) of various products. Crudes.—24-38 at 2O0C ( 6 ^, 84, 160, 176). The lower values, 24-26, are reported for crudes from Pennsylvania and California ( 176 ); the higher values, 35-38, for crudes from California fields at Montebello, Sunset, and Kern ( 84 ). Petroleum Distillates.—For distillates up to 30O0C, y = 19-29 at 20° and is approximately a linear function of the density. See Fig. 12 (p. 157). dy/dt = ca. -0.1 per 0C between 0° and 50° (63, 64, 140, 176).

Naphthas—(B. P. up to 15O0C). , 7 = 19-23 at 20° (176). Kerosenes.—(B. P. 150°-300°C). 7 = 23-32 at 20° (77, 176). Gas Oils.—y = 28-29 (175). "Gas Oil Distillates."—(150°-300°C). 7 = 21-28 (175). "Tar Oils."—y = 34-37.6 (175). "Tar Oil Distillates."—(150°-300°C). 7 = 27-36 (175). Lubricating Oils.—Oklahoma and California. 7 = 36-37.5 at 3O0C (63, 78). "Wax Distillates."—y = 34-36 at 3O0C (63). Paraffin.—y = 30.6 at 540C (162). INTERFACIAL TENSIONS Oil-Water Interface.—Dyne cm""1. Gasolenes and naphthas, 39-51: kerosene, 47-49: mineral seal, 47-50: lubricating oils, 33-54 : cylinder oils, petrolatum, paraffin at higher temperatures, 35-50, increasing after filtration. Several days' exposure to light produces decreases up to 30% ( 7 O, 99). dy/dt = ca. —0.1 between 4° and 80C. Addition of fatty acids lowers the interfacial tension against both H2O and Hg (20, 213). PENETRATIVITY (i) The penetrativity, z, of a liquid is measured by the ratio 7/2ry where rj is the viscosity (206). if z f or H2O is taken as 1 at room temperature, z for kerosene is 0.05 at 2O0C; z for paraffin is 0.092 at 65°, 0.39 at 185° and 0.45 at 2150C. z for petrolatum ,("vaseline") in absolute units is 0.063(£ — 3O)2 cm sec"1, where t is the temperature in 0C between 100 and 200.

TEMPERATURE-CENTIGRADE

©

THE TEXAS COMPANY

VISCOSITY-TEMPERATURE CHART "«°« FIG. 1.

FIG. 2.—Variation of viscosity with pressure. C

^Trve No. Ï 2 3 4 5 6

Designation of oil . Mobiloil "A" Bayonne: d\\ 0.906; Fl. P. 1910C; 77100 330 Saybolt; pour test O0C F. F. F. cylinder: d\\ 0.892; Fl. P. 260.O0C; 77100 2400 Saybolt; pour test 5.60C Mobiloil "B. B." Mobiloil "A" Mobiloil''A"

I

f, 0C 40

Lit. 95

( ) (9S)

40 40 24 100

(9S) (95) ( 85 ; ( 8S )

MELTING POINT The petroleum products of commerce are all mixtures, and consequently possess no sharp melting or freezing point; but exhibit instead a melting range. It is, of course, possible by suitable blending to obtain a product with almost any initial melting or freezing point between the extreme limits of -15O0C (0.70 specific gravity gasolene) and +6O0C (the high melting waxes). Typical Values.—The limiting values recorded below show the regions of the temperature scale within which the melting or freezing ranges of some typical commercial products may be expected to lie (For "pour test" see p. 156).

7 8 9 10 11 12

Designation of oil

t, 0C

Lit.

Texaco Texaco Veedol Veedol Victory red mineral: d\\ 0.914; Fl. P. 183.90C; 77100 1140 Saybolt; pour test 2.80C Mobiloil "B": d\\ 0.908; Fl. P. 201.70C; 77100 390 Saybolt

24 100 22 100

(8S) («) (85) (8S)

40

(9S)

40

( 9S )

Material Gasolene 0.704 sp. gr. 15.5/15.5 .719 sp. gr. 15.5/15.5 Petroleum jelly —pale Paraffin waxes : Match wax White crude scale (Pa.) Semi-refined (Pa.) Fully refined (Pa.') Fully refined (Calif.) Ceresins : General range Normal wax Pure

Typical melting or freezing range, 0C -122 to -150 -120to -147 39 to 51 40. 5 to 46 50 to 52. 2 50 to 51 49 to 50 59 to 60

60 65 79

to 80 to 66 to 80

MELTING POINT OF PARAFFINS Variation of melting point with oil content ( 221 ) Refractive Melting %of Material pressed index at point 0 C oil 250C

0.16 0.28 0.25 0.17 0.16 0.09 0.08 2.58 2.56

"Parowax" Refined wax Refined wax Refined wax Refined wax Refined wax Refined wax Scale wax Scale wax

1.4481 1.4487 1.4485 1.4481 1.4479 1.4476 1.4475 1.4570 1.4568

51.7 50.0 50.0 51.7 51.7 54.4 54.4 48.3 48.3

tp (resp. £o) = melting point of paraffin under pressure P (resp. 1 atm.). SOLUBILITY OF PARAFFIN For solubility of various kinds of paraffin in gasolenes, kerosene, lubricating oil, paraffin oil, fuel oil, benzene, alcohols, and acetic acid see (184). VAPOR PRESSURE AND BOILING POINTS

The few available data when graphed (log p against 1/T) are found empirically to give approximately straight lines, p = the vapor pressures at T0K. In the table below are given, (1) typical or limiting values of the B. P. (at 1 atm.) for the class, (or, in parentheses, the B. P. at 1 atm. as obtained by extrapolation of the Variation of Melting Point of Paraffin with Pressure vapor pressure curve) ; (2) the range covered by the available vapor tp = t0 + 0.029776 (P - 1) - 0.0000523 (P - I) 2 , between pressure data; (3) the value of d logic p/d(l/T)j the slope of the vapor pressure curve; and (4) the source of the experimental data. 1 and 200 atm.

FIG. 3.—Comparison of the physical properties of petroleum distillates from different crudes ( 176 ). SOURCE OF CRUDE PETROLEUMS USED 8. OkIa., Healdton. 1. Pa., Brandon, Pleasantville (580 ft.). 11. Calif., Piru, Ventura Co. 2. OkIa., Collinsville. 12. Calif., Santa Maria. 3. Pa., Emlinton (1050 ft.). 13. 14. Russia. 4. Pa., Emlinton (1195 ft.). 15, 16, 18. Calif., Midway, Kern Co. 5. Pa., Brandon, Pleasantville (850 ft.). 17. Mexico. 6. Calif., Piru Ventura Co. 7, 9, 10. OkIa., Collinsville. VAPOR PRESSURE DATA—PETROLEUM PRODUCTS Pressure range

ples

Normal B. P. 0 C

6

93-198

30- 2 500 1600-1700

No. of Designation of material sam-

Gasolenes

mm Hg

d logio p

Lit.

d (1/T)

(25, 35, 45, 61, 1 71, 217,

218,

219)

Kerosene 1 215-255 50- 630 1 (240) 1800-30 000 Kerosene (63) 1800-30 000 1 Gasolene 1 (315) 10- 100 Paraffin-base oil 200 300- 700 Transformer oil 1 (215) 2000-16 000 1 Vaseline 80.5 160-40 000 1 C6H6 330 1 130-8 000 n-CigH40 125 Kerosene W. W 250- 3 000 1 (48) 1000-13 000 Casinghead gasolene. . . . 1 (81) 1000- 6 400 Gasolene 1 See also (200, 215, 220).

2230 3100 1160 1240 740

2950 1670

(218,

219)

(42) (42) (222)

(33) (42) (44, 115,

3600

(217)

860 1130 1320

(33) (33) (33)

217)

Correction of B. P. for Barometric Pressure.—In the present state of our knowledge, it is necessary to know the slope of the log p, l/T curve for the particular type of product under examination (i.e., the B. P. must be determined at two pressures), in order to be able to make this correction with any degree of certainty for pressures not close to 760 mm. DEW POINTS Definitions and Abbreviations.—The temperature at which condensation begins, when a mixture of air and motor fuel is cooled, is called the dew point, ÌD- The dew-point index, //>, is the sum of the 0C boiling points at the 10, 20, 50, 70, 90, and 100 % points of the 100 cc standard Engler distillation procedure. For 0F it is one-half this sum. The 85% point, /85, is the boiling point corresponding to the 85 % point of the Engler distillation. The following generalizations have been put forward. Thirteen commercial gasolenes with ID values ranging from 612 to 1025 give, when mixed with 15 parts of air by weight, values of tD ranging from 10° to 880C, the relation being

MELTING POINT OF PARAFFINS Variation of melting point with oil content ( 221 ) Refractive Melting %of Material pressed index at point 0 C oil 250C

0.16 0.28 0.25 0.17 0.16 0.09 0.08 2.58 2.56

"Parowax" Refined wax Refined wax Refined wax Refined wax Refined wax Refined wax Scale wax Scale wax

1.4481 1.4487 1.4485 1.4481 1.4479 1.4476 1.4475 1.4570 1.4568

51.7 50.0 50.0 51.7 51.7 54.4 54.4 48.3 48.3

tp (resp. £o) = melting point of paraffin under pressure P (resp. 1 atm.). SOLUBILITY OF PARAFFIN For solubility of various kinds of paraffin in gasolenes, kerosene, lubricating oil, paraffin oil, fuel oil, benzene, alcohols, and acetic acid see (184). VAPOR PRESSURE AND BOILING POINTS

The few available data when graphed (log p against 1/T) are found empirically to give approximately straight lines, p = the vapor pressures at T0K. In the table below are given, (1) typical or limiting values of the B. P. (at 1 atm.) for the class, (or, in parentheses, the B. P. at 1 atm. as obtained by extrapolation of the Variation of Melting Point of Paraffin with Pressure vapor pressure curve) ; (2) the range covered by the available vapor tp = t0 + 0.029776 (P - 1) - 0.0000523 (P - I) 2 , between pressure data; (3) the value of d logic p/d(l/T)j the slope of the vapor pressure curve; and (4) the source of the experimental data. 1 and 200 atm.

FIG. 3.—Comparison of the physical properties of petroleum distillates from different crudes ( 176 ). SOURCE OF CRUDE PETROLEUMS USED 8. OkIa., Healdton. 1. Pa., Brandon, Pleasantville (580 ft.). 11. Calif., Piru, Ventura Co. 2. OkIa., Collinsville. 12. Calif., Santa Maria. 3. Pa., Emlinton (1050 ft.). 13. 14. Russia. 4. Pa., Emlinton (1195 ft.). 15, 16, 18. Calif., Midway, Kern Co. 5. Pa., Brandon, Pleasantville (850 ft.). 17. Mexico. 6. Calif., Piru Ventura Co. 7, 9, 10. OkIa., Collinsville. VAPOR PRESSURE DATA—PETROLEUM PRODUCTS Pressure range

ples

Normal B. P. 0 C

6

93-198

30- 2 500 1600-1700

No. of Designation of material sam-

Gasolenes

mm Hg

d logio p

Lit.

d (1/T)

(25, 35, 45, 61, 1 71, 217,

218,

219)

Kerosene 1 215-255 50- 630 1 (240) 1800-30 000 Kerosene (63) 1800-30 000 1 Gasolene 1 (315) 10- 100 Paraffin-base oil 200 300- 700 Transformer oil 1 (215) 2000-16 000 1 Vaseline 80.5 160-40 000 1 C6H6 330 1 130-8 000 n-CigH40 125 Kerosene W. W 250- 3 000 1 (48) 1000-13 000 Casinghead gasolene. . . . 1 (81) 1000- 6 400 Gasolene 1 See also (200, 215, 220).

2230 3100 1160 1240 740

2950 1670

(218,

219)

(42) (42) (222)

(33) (42) (44, 115,

3600

(217)

860 1130 1320

(33) (33) (33)

217)

Correction of B. P. for Barometric Pressure.—In the present state of our knowledge, it is necessary to know the slope of the log p, l/T curve for the particular type of product under examination (i.e., the B. P. must be determined at two pressures), in order to be able to make this correction with any degree of certainty for pressures not close to 760 mm. DEW POINTS Definitions and Abbreviations.—The temperature at which condensation begins, when a mixture of air and motor fuel is cooled, is called the dew point, ÌD- The dew-point index, //>, is the sum of the 0C boiling points at the 10, 20, 50, 70, 90, and 100 % points of the 100 cc standard Engler distillation procedure. For 0F it is one-half this sum. The 85% point, /85, is the boiling point corresponding to the 85 % point of the Engler distillation. The following generalizations have been put forward. Thirteen commercial gasolenes with ID values ranging from 612 to 1025 give, when mixed with 15 parts of air by weight, values of tD ranging from 10° to 880C, the relation being

tD = [12 + 0.187 (ID - 60O)] ± ca. 50C (79, so, 218). Thirteen commercial gasolenes with ^5 values ranging from 115° to 21O0C give values of tD ranging from 10° to 880C, the relation being tD = [10 + 0.83 (^86 - 115)] ± ca. 5° to 1O0C (79, so, 218).

Deppé end point for the particular gasolene under examination. For method of determining this end point, v. (193). For another method requiring the determination of three empirical constants of the gasolene, v. (103).

An increase in the ratio of air to fuel lowers the fo (79, so). See Fig. 4. According to Stevenson and Stark (193) the dew point of any gasolene-air mixture may be accurately (+2 0 C) obtained from the chart of Fig. 5. This chart is based upon the

FLASH POINT Definition.—The Flash point (Fl. P.) of a liquid is an arbitrary ignition temperature of its saturated vapor. Its value depends very materially upon the apparatus and experimental procedure employed, as illustrated by the following tables :

FIQ. 4.—(Courtesy Industrial and Engineering Chemistry.}

FIG. 5.—(Courtesy Industrial and Engineering Chemistry.)

The ratios for the curves are parts gasolene to parts air by weight.

COMPARISON OF FLASH TESTS BY DIFFERENT INSTRUMENTS 0

Type of oil (2)

Russian spindle Russian machine Mixture of the above Wagon oil Locomotive oil Heavy machine oil Russian cylinder

Type of oil (30)

Mexican crude oil Pechelbronn gas oil Motor petrol Diesel motor oil Dried Pechelbronn crude Motor oil Cracking gas oil Diesel motor oil Tar oil Residue Heavy oil Vaseline oil Galician Diesel motor Typical Values. — See Fig. 6.

Sp. gr.

O 890 908 896 910 912 916 916

COMPARISON OF FLASH TESTS BY DIFFERENT INSTRUMENTS Tagliabue Abel, 0 C closed, 0 C

C Material

Treumann

Albrecht

Pensky

(39)

171.5 211 180.5 181 185 236

164.5 199.6 180 173.5 182 207 265

151 193 159 160 170 202 256

Naphtha Naphtha Water-white kerosene. . . Petrolite Gas oil 300 oil Straw oil. ... Ice machine oil Engine oil. . . Cylinder oil . . Heavy cylinder oil

Pensky Martens, 0 C

Open cup, 0 C

19.0 26.2 26.5 58.0 60.0 84.0 85.0 89.0 87.0 98.5 101.0 175.0 128.0

35.0 34.0 33.5 82.0 72.0 97.5 95.0 90.0 92.5 119.5 110.0 177.0 177.0

El- Pensky Cleve- Luchaire land liot, Martens, (French), open, 0 0 0 C C C 0 C

30.0 34.4

33.3 39.4

33.3 36,7

35.0 40.6

37.8 46.1

37.8 50.0

52.8 61.1

54.4 59.4

53.3 60.0

57.2 65.6 90.6 123.9 157.2

60.0 68.3 93.3 129.4 162.8

58.9 62.2 92.2 130.0 161.1

204.4 221.1 262.8

196.1 226.7 273.9

205.6 221.1 263.9

265.6

293.3

265.5

Kerosene, 0C 5 1

Apparatus ( ^ )

Engler and Haass Tagliabue open Danish open Saybolt open Tagliabue closed Abel closed Parish closed

,

A

B

C

22 31 21 31 32 17 21

29 42 30 36

40 52 43 51

23 27

33 38

Variation with Barometric Pressure.—If the logarithm of the barometric pressure is graphed against 1/TFI where TFI is the absolute temperature of the Fl. P., a straight line is obtained, which apparently is parallel to the corresponding boiling point line for the same liquid. Few data are, however, available, v. (157). The correction of Fl. P. to standard barometric pressure is therefore made in exactly the same way as the correction for boiling point, q.v. Effects of Additions.—(a) Addition of lower boiling hydrocarbons lowers the Fl. P. ( 15 > * 7 9 > 212, 214). (fc) Addition of halogenated hydrocarbons usually raises but in some instances lowers the Fl. P. C2Cl6 and C 2 H 4 Br 2 are among the compounds producing the greatest increase in Fl. P. ( 16 > 21°). (c) Addition of water raises the Fl. P. ; 60C for 1 % H2O being given in one instance (l 46 ). Relation between Fl. P. and Other Properties.—(a) Specific gravity: For gasolenes the relation Fl. P. (0C) = 800 X (sp. gr. — 0.729) ± ca. 2°, agrees with the data of (195). See also ( 156 ). Boiling point, v. ( 48 > 49, 94). Fire Point.—The literature cited above contains a few values for fire points. Mixtures.—For method of calculating the Fl. P. of a mixture from the Fl. P. of its constituents, v. ( 83 ). Pure Liquids.—See p. 161.

Designation of material /TVT T-» (M. P. and1 sp. gr.)\ Paraffin Paraffin Paraffin Paraffin f (

Paraffin, 50.4° Paraffin, Paraffin, Paraffin Paraffin, Paraffin, Paraffin, Paraffin, Paraffin,

0~ ^

66°, 0.92 54° 84° 84° 84° 84° 84°.

.< P ,„ ffl „5,,»M.P.<- 2
.

^

-198 - 78 0.0 20 n *>°/ J-Jj

828 887 688 285 372 372

(59) (59) (59) (147) (209) ( 209 )

23 0-14 0-31 0-13 0-26 0-33 22-48 21-57

64o 571 558 608 584 564 489 470

(»*) (155) (155) (155) (155) (155) (155) (155)

«J

«

p,

81 J i

-Lit.

A

290 44o 368 403

0-29 0-34

(58) ("O) (209) (209Î

Designation of material a = dk/dt Op T. Lltm (M. P. and sp. gr:) ° per 0C Paraffin +0.0634 (?) (207, 208) Paraffin 10-45 -0.0076 (107) Kerosene +0.011 (75) k 6 2 1 Diffusivity = 7 = 10~ B cm sec" , where c = specific heat c /\ a and'd = density. For kerosene at 130C, B = 89o (75). SPECIFIC HEAT A recent critical examination (( 36 ) q.v. for bibliography) of all the available data for animal, vegetable and mineral oils together with many new determinations shows that the data for all types of oils are well represented by the following equation : Cp =

FIG. 6.—Average flash point range of petroleum oils.

IGNITION TEMPERATURES IN HIGH PRESSURE AND Low PRESSURE OXYGEN Material Sperm oil Lard oil Castor oil Glycerine Kerosene Spindle oil Turbine oils Compressor oil, A Compressor oil, B Compressor oil, C U. S. Bureau of Mines, Rep.

0

Fl. P. C 236 240 263 55 194

196 216

Ignition temperature, 0 C 1 atm. I 33 atm. 308 Ï40 273 144 325 153 412 205 255 175 248 178 253-291 309 188 273 187 286 157

THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY AND DIFFUSIVITY /C = A X 10~6 cal cm"2 see"1 (0C, cm-1)-1 = 4.18 A X 10~6 joule cm~2 sec-1 (0C, cm"1)-1 = 0.806 A X 10~6 BTU60 ft.~ 2 sec"1 (0F, in.-1)-1

^= + B(«-15)geal/g,

where d*5 is the density at 150C and A acteristic of the class to which the oil following table and Fig. 7. No. Av. of A Oil dev. sam± ples Paraffin base 15 0.425 0.002 Naphthene base. . . 7 0.405 0.002 Mixed base 8 0.415 0.002 Fatty, non-drying . 7 0.450 0.001 1 0.445 Fatty, semi-drying 1 0.440 Fatty, drying Castor 0.500 Petroleum oils. . . . Fatty oils (except castor)

and B are constants charbelongs, as shown by the

Max. dev. ±

Av. 1O3B dev. ±

0.004 0.004 0.004 0.002

0.90 0.90 0.90 0.70 0.70 0.70 0.70

Max. dev. ±

30

0.415 0.007 0.013 0.90 0.03 0.06

9

0.450 0.003 0.010 0.70 0.03 0.05

Latent Heat of Fusion Paraffin, 35-39 g cal/g (72). Latent Heat of Vaporization Recorded data mostly fragmentary. In the following summary, the values given are calories per gram: 1 cal g"1 = 1.800 BTU 60 Ib."1; 10 gasolenes, 71-81; 2 kerosenes, 60; 1 light crude, 75.6; 1 heavy crude, 86; 1 gas oil, 69; 1 light "vaseline," 63; 1 heavy 'Vaseline," 54; 1 "cleaning oil," 66.5 (73, 152, 170).

One investigation of a series of 12 petroleum fractions with boiling points (û 0 C) ranging from 67° to 300°, gives the following: I = (93.4 - 0.187£B) cal g-1 at tB (H4) cf. (152). Investigation (81) of a series of fractions of Baku petroleum gave : Sp.gr tB°C. I, cal/g

0.640 0.698 0.743 0.762 0.797 0.813 40 72.8 92.2 100.7 155.7 175.5 80.6 75.0 68.3 66.6 53.6 51.6

CALORIFIC VALUES The heats of combustion, H, (at constant volume, to produce liquid water and gaseous CC^) of petroleum products can be very

satisfactorily represented as a linear function of their specific volumes, the parameters of the equation varying slightly according to the type of product. The equation may be conveniently written in the form

ff = A + B (J-i), where H is the heat of combustion per gram, d is the density in g cm""3, and A and B are constants. From the data reported in the literature the constants A and B have been evaluated and the results are set forth below.

FIG. 7.—Specific heat of petroleum products. For the following products density data were not available and the values given are H in kg-cal g"1.

Dev. #0bs. - #calc.

Minus

Crudes («i 7,31, 39, 74, 104, 154,

183,

185, 189,

198,

223)

Distillates d from 0.67 to 0.75 d from 0.75 to 0.85. dirom 0.85 to 0.90 d from 0.90 to 0.97 (5, 22, 28, 31, 34, 39, 96, 118, 151, 154, 164, 167, 170, 177, 189, 196, 223) . "Lubricating oil" ( 19 °) . . . . Coal tar oils (32) Coal tar oils (223)

164

10.14

44 41 83 38

9.69 10.03 10.20 10.30

0.080.110.770.19

.17 .16 .07 .12

.25 .21 .10 .08

Paraffin Ozokerite Coal tar oil

Maximum

Plus

Minus

. Average

Plus

Type

H = A + 4 (l/d - 1) kg-cal per g A

No. of samples

1 kg-cal15 g-1 = 1800 BTU60 Ib.-1 = 4.185 kj g-i

.77 .95 .21 .45

.67 .83 .70 .25

REFRACTIVE INDEX The function

10.27 9.69 10 . 02

.02 .01 .02 .03 .15 .09 .24 .18 .03 .06 .06 .06

-5—> where nD is the refractive index for

the D line (approximately daylight) and d is the density, both at the same temperature, is approximately a constant for all types of petroleum products, varying between the extreme limits of 0.53 and 0.61. For a set of distillates from a given crude the value of this function for the crude and for all of its distillation fractions is apparently constant within 1 to 3%. In the table below are shown for various types of products (1) the number of samples included in the average; (2) the average and extreme values of —-i

3 8 3

11.09 and 11.17 (194). 10.65 and 10.95 ("I* 183). 9.94 and 10.22 (96, 154).

at room temperatures, or similar values of nD for samples

for which d values were not available.

No. of Designation of product samples 17 Crudes 1 Ligroin 13 Benzine " Turpentine substitute " . . 3 4 Naphtha 23 Gasolene 11 Kerosene

no — 1 d

Lit.

Low I Av. High 0.5300.5540.567 (54,62,112) 0.552

0.5310.5570.567 0.54 0.5580.57 0.5580.5600.563 0.5570.5660.577 0.5530.5560.563

(199,203)

(62,199,203) ( 199 > 203) (62, 203) (62,112,203) (62,112,199, 207)

"Gasoil" Pressure distillate Mineral oils Liquid paraffin (Ph. G.).. • Wax distillate Distillation fractions for various intervals of each of the total ranges given. 140°-310°C 40°-300°C 195°-282°C 50°- 6O0C 340°-350°C Petroleum ether Mineral oil Spindle oil Lubricating oil Machine oil Petroleum jellies— "vaseline," at 150C

4 2 4 5 3

0.5540.5560.558 ( 6 2) 0.563 0.564 (62) 0.5620.5630.564 (178) 0.5420.5430.543 (203, 68) 0.5600.5650.608 («2)

1.454 (29, 68, 168, 203). -2» = -0.00039 to -0.00043 per 0C at for paraffin; -0.00047 per 0C for ceresin (68, 221). Effect of Add Washing.—For effect of washing and filtering on nD of petroleum distillates v. (62, 132). OPTICAL ACTIVITY Most petroleum products contain optically active constituents. The reported values of the specific rotatory power [a]D (v. vol. I, p. 41) range from —1° to +9° of arc per decimeter per (g per cm3), the lower value being reported for a 134-1420C boiling point (11.5 mm Hg) fraction from a Roengkoet crude (53.1) and the higher value for a 2160C B. P. fraction from an Argentine (Mendoza) crude (57). For detailed data v. ( 52 > 53, 53.1, 56, 57, 164, 192, 224).

20 0.5430.5560.572 (SO) 50 0.5560.5590.578 ("i) 10 0.5550.5570.557 (26) 0.562 (159) 1 1 0.581 (is») Values of nD 1.375 (203) 1 2 1.478 1.498 (»i) 1.489 (168, 203) 2 1.477 1.478 1.517 (94) (203) 1.498 1 7 1.471 1.4741.498 (203)

FIG. 9. COEFFICIENT OF LIGHT ABSORPTION (204) In Figs. 8, 9, 10, 11, the coefficient of light absorption, K, of various petroleum products in solution in chloroform is graphed against the wave lengths in millimicrons. i log-^ JTK

__

T

*>_

~~cT

where J0 (resp. J) — intensity of initial (resp. emergent) radiation, C = concentration of the oil in CHCU in g/cm3, and I = absorption thickness. In the various experiments the quantity 1/Cl was varied between 50 and 4 X IO4. DESIGNATION OF OILS

FIG. 8. Paraffins and Mineral Waxes.—Recorded data on nD at various temperatures between 15° and 100° for 35 samples with melting points from 36° to 610C, range from 1.415 to 1.446, density data on the samples unfortunately not being given (29, 65, 68, 168, 203). For 3 ozokerite samples, 40°-90°, nD = 1.42 to 1.53 (68). For 16 ceresin samples, M. P. 57°-73°, t = 15° to 10O0C, nD 1.426 to

Number

Oil

Number

Oil

.1 2 3* 4 5 6 7 8 9*

Tar Dry crude petroleum oil Crude petroleum oil Crude gasolene White spirit (gasolene) Heavy gasolene Light rectified gasolene Light refined gasolene Crude petroleum oil

10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

Crude kerosene Cleaning oil Rectified kerosene Refined kerosene White spirit Dry crude petroleum oil Crude machine oil Refined machine oil Crude paraffin

* For these curves, multiply the ordinates by 330.

IODINE AND BROMINE NUMBERS ("Olefins," " unsaturation") Values reported range over wide limits and "type characteristic" values apparently do not exist. Time,- temperature, concentrations of reagents, and other test conditions influence the results obtained'. The original literature must be consulted. In the following summary I = iodine No., Br = bromine No. Crudes.—Br, 0.6 to 17 t 53 - 1 ); I, 0.0 to 15 (53.1, 98, 185, 104). Distillates— Br, 0.5 to 95 (4, 53.i, 98, 144, 202); I, o.O to 100 (53.1, 61, 69, 71, 94, 98, 163, 177),

Lubricating Oils.— Br, 0.0 to 56 (4, 144); I, 0.4 to 57 (15, 53.1, 163, 185).

Waxes and Jellies.— Br, 0.5 to 20 (4, 144) ; if 0.4 to 21 (3, 15, 46, 60, 71, 86, 98, 100, 101, 116, 163, 180, 191).

Transformer Oils. — (163). Bibliography. — ( 98 ) . Some Sample Values. —The following values are by one observer, using the Hanus method, but with CCh as the solvent for the halogen. A = "addition value," S = " substitution value " ( 98 )' IODINE AND BROMINE VALUES OF TYPICAL PETROLEUM PRODUCTS Iodine value

Grams used A

FIG. 10.

FIG. 11.

Pentane Straight run naphtha S t r a i g h t r u n naphtha (treated) Cracked naphtha Cracked naphtha (treated) . . . Straight run lamp oil distillate Straight run lamp oil distillate (treated) Cracked lamp oil distillate. . . Cracked lamp oil distillate (treated) Straight run gas oil Cracked gas oil Lubg. stock (uncracked) Lubg. stock (uncracked, filtered) Lubg. stock (from run to coke) Lubg. stock (from run to coke, treated) 26 H cylinder stock (Pa.) 26 H cylinder stock (filtered). Petrolatum stock. Petrolatum stock (filtered, U. S. P.) Refined paraffin wax (132° M. P.) Amorphous wax from petrolatum (165° M. P.) White medicinal oil 86-88 gasolene 70 gasolene Motor gasolene V. M. & P. naphtha (550Be). Varnoline (510Be)

1 1 1 1 1 1

S

0.37 0.53 1.58 0.47 14.70 10.72

A+2S 0.37 3.69

1.14 3.29 8.16 31.02 8.48 27.68

1.32 5.04 11.40

Bromine value A

S

0.390.06 0.651.55

A+2S 0.51 3.75

0.641.44 3.52 9.394.62 18.63 6.805.65 18.10 0.693.13

6.95

1 0.5

0.74 5.06 10.86 0.483.00 6.48 23.23 9.52 42.27 21.817.57 36.95

0.5 1 1 1

17.5910.63 2.56 9.62 4.5914.26 0.8312.06

38.85 16.428.57 33.56 21.80 2.443.93 10.30 33.11 4.457.22 18.8» 24.95 2.095.83 13.75

1

0.3211.48 23.28

1.555.78

1

0.8514.43 29.71

3.559.48 22.51

1 1 1 1

0.4213.32 2.2910.99 0.2111.67 11.31 7.26

13.11

27.06 24.27 23.55 25.83

1.397.17 1.76 6.43 0.646.56 6.933.10

15.75 14.62 13. 7613.13

1

1.7611.31 24.38

2.434.40

11.23

1

1.10

1.10

1.162.25

5.66

1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1.32 0.05 1,74 1.20 5.91 2.00 2.63

7.12 0.05 O 1.74 O 1.20 2.73 11.37 2.51 7.02 3.36 9.3

1.381.50 0.401.90 0.580.34 0.830.05 3.711.15 1.471.10 1.490.85

4.38 4.20 1.26 0.93 6.01 3.67 3.19

2.90

SULFURIC ACID ABSORPTION FOR GASOLENE ("Unsaturation," "olefins") The reported data are mostly not systematically obtained and methods are ill-defined. In one investigation ( 40 ), however, 43 samples of gasolene were investigated both as to iodine No. (Hanus) and % absorption by 1.84 sp. gr. H2SO4. The I numbers ranged from 47 to 293 and the acid absorption from 8 to 46, the ratio showing an average value of 6.5 with 7.5 as maximum and 5.3 as minimum. For discussion of reaction between olefins and H2SO4 see (24). GUM TEST (37, 92, 93, 106, 187) and also (*?), which contains a bibliography. COMBINED PROPERTY TABLES In this section are given, for comparison purposes, tables displaying values of several properties determined on the same sample of oil. In most instances these are expressed in the units given by the investigator.

Crude Petroleums CALIFORNIA PETROLEUMS, AVERAGE VALUES For values of all the samples examined, v. ( 6 ). Volume per cent

Open cup

15

j o»

District

ViscosBurn- ity 0at H2O Flash 2O C % ing point point Engler 0 C 0 C

Los Angeles City 0.963 107 La Brea, Salt Lake or Santa Fe 0.960 46 Fullerton 0.921 18 Brea Canyon 0.923 11 O Puente Hills 0.891 Whittier 0.939 46 Coyote Hills 0.905 27 Newhall 60 0.925 Piru 0.914 23 Bardsdale 0.918 -1 Sespe 18 0.895 Santa Paula 0.902 6 Adams Canyon 38 0.920 Wheeler Canyon 0.888 -12 Summerland 0.965 100 Santa Maria 0.905 -2 Lompoc. 0.934 -1 Arroyo Grande 0.975 109 Coalinga 70 0.939 Midway 54 0.932 Sunset 0.942 47

145 272.5 89 574.3 52 110.5 16.0 40 3.1 18 34.6 84 10.5 50 83 118.2 47.0 47 22.5 30 10.8 40 5.8 18 55 11.3 2 2.3 130 222.1 19.0 20 62.5 21 154 1322.2 80.7 93 91.7 83 79 120.5

1.7 0.9 0.2 Tr. Tr. 0.0 Tr. 0.2 0.2 4.2 0.4 0.5 Tr. O 1.2 0.1 0.7 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.5

s%

0.6 2.3 0.9 0.9 0.4 0.6 1.1 0.4 0.7 1.9 0.3 0.5 0.6 0.5 0.4 1.9 3.6 1.1 0.5 0.7 0.8

AsphalNaphGaso- Lamp LubriRe- Distum cants tha Fuel lene oil fining tilling re(comreunre- oil relosses losses mercial) fined fined fined fined

0.0 98.3 0.0 99.1 0.3 99.5 0.1 99.9 0.8 99.2 0.0 100.0 0.0 100.0 0.1 99.7 0.4 99.4 1.8 94.0 1.1 98.5 1.2 98.3 0.0 100.0 1.3 98.7 0.0 98.8 2.0 97.9 0.0 99.3 0.0 99.8 0.0 99.6 0.0 99.4 0.3 99.2

0.0 0.0 0.3 0.1 0.8 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.4 1.8 1.1 1.2 0.0 1.3 0.0 2.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3

4.5 13.0 21.7 23.1 32,3 17.1 18.2 23.0 21.7 16.7 22.0 25.4 17.7 28.6 1.2 26.1 17.0 0.0 7.6 15.9 14.6

32.1 22.3 24.1 24.5 23.1 30.1 26.4 27.7 28.1 25.7 27.5 27.2 30.6 25.4 39.8 22.5 18.4 29.1 37.2 33.5 30.3

Specific heat cal g"1

Vis- HtiblAcid- Treatcosity Waller ity as ing centi- iodine SO3 loss* poises No.

12.5 9.6 10.3 10.9 10.3 12.6 10.4 10.8 11.1 9.8 10.8 10.9 11.8 9.9 14.7 9.2 7.5 11.2 14.2 13.2 11.8

0.6 0.9 1.3 1.2 1.2 0.6 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.7 1.2 0.7 0.7 1.0 0.5 1.5 1.1 0.4 0.5 0.7 0.9

48.6 53.3 42.1 40.2 32.3 39.6 44.0 37.3 37.9 41.1 37.0 34.1 39.3 33.8 42.6 38.6 55.3 59.1 40.1 36.1 41.6

RUMANIAN PETROLEUMS

Moinesti Bustinari Campina, Campina, Filipesti Policiori Moreni Baicoi

Sp. gr. 15/15 0 C 0.869

Boiling point limits 0 C 80-150 150-300 >300 0.842 75-150 150-300 >300 rich in paraffin . 0.855 85^150 150-300 >300 poor in paraffin 0.869 87-150 150-300 >300 0.853 91-150 150-300 >300 0.829 94-150 150-300 >300 0.888 73-150 150-300 >300 0.881 56-150 150-300 >300

Source

Wt. % dist.

Sp. gr.

8.9 0.730 33.8 0.814 57.3 26.6 0.737 32.7 0.821 40.7 12.6 0.738 36.7 0.815 50.7 12.7 0.739 34.7 0.825 52.6 17.2 0.725 33.1 0.809 49.7 9.9 0.750 53.6 0.813 36.5 14.8 0.746 29.6 0.844 55.6 23.8 0.743 25.0 0.841 51.2

Elementary analysis

% paraffin Dist.

10.64

Crude

Wt. %

C J H

O

N I S

5.04 85.813.10.350.280.44

13

7.7

0.04

48.0

0.77

0.25 86.013.30.290.310.15 0.463

5.8

3.7

0.17

30.0

7.30

3.18 85.1 13.70.810.240.15 0.468

8.4

5.3

0.07

34.0

1.71

0.76 86.312.50.770.270.2

13.1

6.5

0.18

48.0

0.007

29.0

1.7

0.007

18.5

11.60

4.97 86.613.0

13.92

4.6

0.467

0.290.17

85.812.21.550.270.15 0.472

5.6 4.4

27

0.67

0.29 86,410,22.790.300.24

22

5.9

0.34

47.5

0.41

0.16 85.712.90.850.300.2

11

8.8

0.25

72.0

* Loss on shaking 4 parts 66° H2SO4 and 1 part oil for 15 minutes at 250C ( 185 )-

VARIOUS CRUDE PETROLEUMS Source California Coalinga Argentina Peru Pennsylvania. . . Mexico Texas Sumatra Rumania Wietze

Flash Viscosity point Eng0 C gler0 t°C 82 4.3 80 3.1 80 111 124 13.6 80 <15 <15 15 24 11 20 120 34

dU

0 . 962 0.958 0 . 940 0.865 0 . 805 0.934 0.944
13027O0C

21 12 7

27030O0C 32 31 24 9 13 31 12.2 4 7 8.8

29 50 38 16.8 50.5 35 11.9

20

o

Sec 41 350.6 50

Argentina ( 119 ). 0.96

to 13O0C

50 15 4.7 80

Alsace (upper layer) 0.880 <15 38 Russia 0.873 0.862 <15 Galicia

Typical Lubricating Oils

Amount of distillate, vol. %

22 7 40 13 20 45 11 to 175° 175-300° 300-360° 3.4 12 17

Residue vol. % 68 69 76 41 25 24 71 11.5 38 79.3

66 47 24

62.7

Hydrocarbon Oils (l 5*) % composition pr Designation

» ( * = dj

Fueloil Crude Light f u e l . . . . . Admiralty fuel Residuum Black oil Refined oil Rumanian crude Rumanian crude Texas solar Scottish shale oil... Gasoil Gasoil

0.921 923 900* 928 943* 928 904* 825 830 862* .855* .862 .867 1.067 1.004

C

H

b

and N 85.311.90.62.2 0.5 88.610.80.4 0.2 86.411.60.3 1.7 86.411.20.3 2.0 86.411.80.5 1.2 85.112.20.4 2.4 0.2 83.8 13.0 0.3 3.0 85.412.90.2 1.6 86.212.40.3 1.2 85.4 12.4 0.3 1.7 0.3 87.66.00.75.7 83.7 7.3|0.8 8.2

Open cup

Source

Naphtha fractions American American American Russian Russian Russian Rumanian Rumanian Rumanian Galician Galician Galician Shale Shale. Shale

d

\l

Index of réf.

§

»i

Rieke and Halphen sol. index

0.780 — to 191 1 . 4345 93 0.800 191 -227 1.4453 117 0.820 227 -266 1 . 4563 154 0.780 — to 158.5 1 . 4309 75 0.800 158.5-182 1.4419 85 0.820 182 -219.5 1 . 4533 92 0.780 — to 153 1 . 4334 73 0.800 153 -179 1 . 4458 79.5 0.820 179 -207.5 1.4572 90.5 0.780 — to 166 1.4356 74 0.800 166 -202 1 . 4466 94 0.820 202 -242 1.4586 125.5 0.780 — to 167.5 1.4373 74 0.800 167.5-198 1.4469 92.5 0.820 198 -227.5 1.4568 109 Luchaire flash 198 1 . 4888 Russian spindle. . . . 0.894 American cylinder . 0.891 255 1 . 4950

on

on

° ° 133 164 125 155 187 220 138 163 166 197 144 172 122 135 Room Room 92 97 129 158 130 150 130 148 90 109 77 86

Grit, diss. temp, in ale., 0C

50 68.5 87 36 47.5 60 Clear 30 42 31 53 72.5 31 42.5 54

150 194

S

Cleveland O. C.

Peclfic

«A

0.843 0.849 0.854 0.859 0.862 0.864 0.867 0.870 0.872 0.875 0.878

F

if r

275 285 325 330 350 375 380 395 400 410 420

Turbidity' temp, in acetic anhydride, 0C

78.5 91 104.5 66 72 79.5 53 57 63.5 60 75.5 89.5 54.5 63 71 Solidification <-15 O

3

J r

Say bolt viscosity 70*F

100°F

NEUTRAL OILS 325 45 330 50 375 70 385 65 70 405 87 85 425 105 100 435 120 110 450 130 120 455 150 140 475 185 165 485 200 180

^

Pour

N. P.A. C0l r

T

°

25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25

l l l IJ li 2 3 3 4-5 5 6

140 170 200 230 250 280

30 25 25 25 25 25

3 3 3 4 4 5

65 70 80 85 100 155 180 210 250 280 290

30 30 30 30 35 35 35 40 40 40 40

21 21 2} 2J + 2e + 3 3 4 5 6 6+

WESTERN "NEUTRALS"

Flash Fire

Hydrocarbon Oils (29) B. P. Range 0C

Average values representative of one large manufacturer. Other companies may produce products whose tests vary widely from those listed below

0.883 0.889 0.892 0.895 0.897 0.900

370 375 385 390 395 400

430 435 440 450 455 460 PARAFFIN OILS

0.870 0.875 0.878 0.881 0.886 0.892 0.897 0.900 0.903 0.909 0.912

I 325 330 345 350 355 375 395 400 410 415 420

380 385 400 405 410 430 450 460 480 485 490

0.924 0.927 0.930 0.933 0.933 0.937

I 295 320 340 350 360 385

335 365 400 410 415 440

0.921 0.927 0.933 0.940 0.943 0.946

295 310 330 350 365 380

345 350 365 390 415 430

70 80 85 90 105 180 205 250 310 350 370

NAPHTHENE BASE.

GULF COAST*

100 200 300 360 500 750

60

O 0 0 0 O O

2è 3+ 3+ 3+ 3e + 3e +

O O O O O 0

3 3 3} 4 4J 6

CALIFORNIA* 100 150 205 400 450 850

CYLINDER STOCK PENNSYLVANIA, BRIGHT, COLD-SETTLED* 0.892 0.897 0.900

535 540 545

600 605 610

* Viscosities at 100° and 21O0F.

140 152 168

45 40 40

FF FFF FFF

GAS OILS AND DERIVED TARS AND THEIR DISTILLATES ( 175 ) All data for 2O0C unless indicated otherwise. Charge for distillations 400 cc

Gas oil No. 1 0.872 28.60 2.3

J15.5 IO. 5

0

Surface tension 7 (dyne per cm) . . Viscosity (specific) Vol. Of

Temperature, 0C

,15.5 «15.5

/O

Vol.

20 WD

%

, 15>5

«\5.5

7

Gas oil No. 3 0.872 28.54 2.1 20

n»

V L

° Of0

15 5

rf ' «15.5

-V 7

Gas oil No. 4 0.890 28.91 6.8 20

77D ^

VoL Of /O

d15-5

«15.5

7

nv20

n

0.90.79022.401.416 1.30.78822.221.419 1.10.75921.591.412 0.80.77523.381.426 1.50.80024.301.434 1.10.79824.291.442 2.20.77823.791.434 3.10.79424.321.437 1.10.80925.571.441 2.00.81425.971.448 2.30.79925.221.448 4.80.81525.361.446 4.20.81826.281.454 5.60.82426.871.453 3.00.81726.231.455 6.40.83226.431.454 5.40.83627.601.464 6.20.83227.411.458 6.10.83727.181.464 6.80.84527.071.462 12.20.84928.121.472 8.00.84227.861.464 9.90.85128.061.472 9.50.85327.671.469 25.40.83727.161.463 24.20.82826.901.458 24.60.83025.771.462 31.40.83326.60 1.458

150 200 225 250 275 300 Mixed distillate Jl 5 . «15.5

7

Gas oil No. 2 0.858 28.40

Tar oil No. 1 1.071 33.83 4.04

ft

Surface tension 7 (dyne per cm) . . Viscosity (specific) Temperature, 0C

15 5 d "15.5

VoL

C7

/O

Tar oil* No. 2 1.090 34.83 11.86

-y 7

Vol.

n™ ^D

%

,15.5 «15.5

7

Tar oil* No. 3 1.122 36.55 10.9 20 ™D

VoL

Cf

/O

15 5 d«15.5 '

-v 7

v™D W

Tar oil No. 4 1.086 37.6 5.60 Vol. ,15.5 20 Of

/O

«15.5

7

W0

1.2 1.90.87027.491.491 0.8 3.10.87427.44 1.499 4.40.90329.441.520 0.90.94030.261.531 1.60.94230.281.532 7.00.91629.13 1.529 6.50.94030.951.541 1.10.95632.441.562 3.10.97733.661.557 6.90.95630.69 1.553 11.20.97532.391.569 4.20.98433.31 1.576 6.51.01235.211.572 11.40.98632.16 1.576 8.20.98332.611.572 12.30.99333.511.582 10.81.02735.691.585 10.50.99832.84 1.587 7.20.99532.951.579 6.01.01033.791.589 6.31.04736.081.594 5.81.01833.25 1.597 39.40.97031.951.562 25. 30. 983132.20 1.578 29.50.96834.10 44.70.96831.66 1.566

150 200 225 250 275 300 Mixed distillate

* Much difficulty was experienced in distilling tar oils Nos. 2 and 3, owing to the presence of water.

Typical Lubricating Oils.—(Continued) S

Pec!fic

6gOr/A

Cleveland O. C. F1 h

Jb

Saybolt viscosity

*£

100°F

Pour

210°F

N. P. A. °°10r

T

.T

MID-CONTINENT, BKIGHT, COLD-SETTLED

0.961

I 510

I 570

I

I 145

|

45

| Lt. D.

TEXAS, BRIGHT (NAPHTHENE BASE)

0.921

I 535 I 600 I

| 150 |

FILTEBED CYLINDER STOCK

0.881 0.886 0.889 0.892 0.897

450 505 520 540 550

525 570 590 625 640

30 |

6

(STEAM-REFINED)

90 100 135 140 150

75 90 80 75 60

D D E E

UNFILTERED CYLINDER STOCK (STE AM-REFINED). * = MlD-CONTINENT

0.897 0.900 0.903 0.906 0.909

550 555 560 575 590

615 620 625 645 660

140 150 160 185 200

35 35 40 40 35

0.912 0.915 0.921

600 625 645

690 710 730

240 575 290

40 50 50

FIG. 12.—Variation of surface tension of petroleum distillates with density.

*0.915 *0.915 *0.927

510 535 525

140 175 180 158

50 50 40

For comparison of the physical properties of petroleum distillates from different crudes see Fig. 3 (p. 149).

570 600 605 Continued on p.

LUBRICATING OIL FROM BLENDS OF STOCKS FROM GUSHING AND BIXBY CRUDES ( 6 2)

Typical Lubricating Oils.-— (Continued) Specific gravity 60/6O0F

Cleveland O. C. Flash Fire 0 0 F F

0.881 0.886 0.895 0.897 0.915

320 350 375 400 420

Saybolt viscosity 10O0F

21O0F

BLACK OILS 35 370 50 400 60 425 80 450 100 470

Pour point 0 F

N. P. A. color Sp. gr.

20 10 15 35 30

Various Lubricating Oils (i° 5 ) Bk = Black; Bl = Blue; Br = Brown; G = Green; O = Orange; R = Red; t = Translucent; W = White; Y = Yellow Designation

LIGHT LUBRICATING Vaseline oil Medium spindle . . Heavy spindle Thin spindle Average spindle. . MEDIUM LUBRICATING Machine Machine Machine Machine Machine Machine Arctic Arctic Turbine HEAVY LUBRICATING Machine . Machine Machine Machine Machine Machine Machine

DARK LUBRICATING Winter Summer Winter Summer BRIGHT STEAM CYLINDER Cylinder Cylinder Cylinder Cylinder Cylinder Cylinder DARK STEAM CYLINDER Cylinder Cylinder Superheated steam oil Cylinder Cylinder Cylinder Cylinder

Source

dl ö

Solidification point 0 C

Flash Viscosity point 0C Engler ° Pensky Martens 250C 5O0C closed cup

Color

Russia Russia Russia Penn. Penn.

0 . 870 <-30 0 . 890 <-30 0 . 900 <-20 0.865 - 3 0.875 _ i

150 155 180 155 185

4.5 5.3 9.0 3.0 5.0

Penn. Penn. Lima Germany Russia Texas Penn. Lima Penn.

O 0. 890 3 0.917 0.921 - 2 5 0 . 920 0 . 909 <-15 0.932 <-15 2 0.878 25 0. 907 0. 878 - 5

195 205 205 170 195 175 200 180 210

8.0 16.0 16.5 17.0 14.0 14.5 7.6 7.3 16.2

195 200 185 190 185 185 195 180 180 200 205

27.0 36.0 24.8 27.0 26.0

160 155 155 185

37.0 50.9 16.5 440

8.0 ILO 5.0 9.6

5O0C 15.0 23.0 26.0 12.0 15,0

10O0C 2.9 3.5 4.0 2.3 2.9 2.7

G-R G-R G-R Bl-R Bl-R G-R

0.910 <-15 0 . 913 <-15 0.925 <-15 0.940 - 5 0.932 0 . 936 -18 Q 0 . 946 0.932 - 8 0.940 -20 O . 946 O . 950 - 7.5 Pour point Russia 0.910 <-20 0 . 914 -12 Russia Germany 0. 927 <-20 Germany 0.952 -10 Russia Russia Germany Germany Texas Texas Texas Germany Texas Texas Texas

Cleveland open cup

W Y Y Y Y 3.2 4.6 4.9 4.2 4.4

6.3 8.0 6.3 6.1 7.0 8.7

35.4 26.5 13.6 14.3

R-Y G-R-t G-R G-RO G-R-t G-R-t G-R-t G-R-t 0-R Br-R O Bl-t Br-R G-t G-t G-t G-t G-t G-t

Bk-G Bk-G Bk-Br

Penn. Penn. Penn. Russia Russia Texas

0 . 884 0.886 0 . 890 0.913 0 . 915 0 . 955

34 30 10 -15 - 5 - 5

260 275 290 220 235 215

Penn. Penn.

0 . 895 0.903

5 3

280 295

29 . O 40.0

4.0 5.0

G-Bk G-Bk

Penn. Russia Russia Germany Texas

0.905 0 . 928 0 . 928 0. 950 0. 954

O O O 7 -11

325 280 255 270 230

60.0 30.0 50 . O 27.0

7.0 4.1 6.0 3.8 3.2

G-Bk G-Bk G-Bk G-Bk

Flash 0 F

Fire 0 F

390 395 350 400 405 410 400 395 410 400 390 400 410 405

450 440 405 430 445 465 445 445 465 445 440 460 450 465

415 420 410 405 410

470 460 460 465 460

0.889 .889 .887 .896 .895 .897 .897 .897 .899 .899 .900 .900 .897 .902 .902 .903 .903 .901 .904 .904

Viscosity 10O0F Cold seconds test oF Saybolt universal 102 25 23 100 24 95 184 26 172 26 26 185 26 189 24 180 24 185 26 198 32 178 25 196 227 26 246 28 237 28 227 28 236 26 226 28 239 30 34 250

Color N. P. A.

ny - 1 Sp. gr.

3 3 2.5 3 4.54 4.544.54.55+ 6634546454Q Q 6-

0.554 .555 .554 .555 .555 .556 .556 .556 .556 .557 .555 .555 .556 .555 .557 .557 .556 .557 .558 .558

Lubricating Oils for Internal Combustion Engines.—Oils designated by manufacturers' trade names. Sp. gr., flash and fire point, solidification temperature, viscosity at three temperatures, color. % distillation under 30O0C, oxidation oven test C 164 - 1 ).

Viscosity Engler0 2O0C

Iodine No. HiiblWaller

1

dl

5O0C

Resinification index »Ï

15O0C I 12O0C Tar I Coke | Tar

OILS OF GOOD QUALITY 8.80 9.08 9.1 9.78 10.8 13.8 19.3 22.5 31.7

2T6Ö 2.66 2.61 2.66 2.81 3.32 4.08 4.32 6.4

0.875 .876 .876 .904 .883 .900 .908 .904 .874

20.9 25.4 28.7 30.0 13.1

ÎT73 4.57 5.13 5.28 3.20

0.873 .905 .907 .905 .904

14.2 12.8 11.7 5.8 0.4 7.1 8.5 4.3 10.4

1.4828 0.44 0.50 1.4826 .37 .17 1.4814 1.5020 .68 .63 1.4795 2.10 O 1.4965 .74 .82 1.5034 .84 1.02 1.4940 .64 0.92 1.4826 .46 .57

0.13 .12 .11 .24 1.05 0.37 .39 .39 .29

OILS OF POOR QUALITY 10.4 3.9 4.6 6.1

1.4822 0.65 0.92 1.4965 1.4948 .63 .79 1.4949 .82 1.10

0.23 .38 .62 .30

A "GOOD OIL" 9-14 I

|0.870-0.905|

|

|

|

| 0.2

Petroleum Oils for Diesel Motors (3l) 15

" Flash 0C (Pensky Martens) Fire 0C Residue dist. above 40O0C, vol. % Water % Ash % Combustible % C % H % (O + N) % g % i'i... H per 1000 C Coke % Asphalt % Heat of combustion kg-cal/kg J Crude I Water-free oil Gross Engler viscosity 2O0C 350C 5O0C 750C IQQ0C

Galicia 0.86-0.89 53-155 77-170

| Germany | Rumania | Russia | N. America | Mexico | So. America) India | Japan I 0.725-0.94 | 0.89-0.95 | 0.876-0.95| 0.865-0.95| 0.86-0.97 | 0.85-0.99 | 0.89-0.95 | 0.92-0.96 < -15 to 175 87-162 53-138 82-166 32-132 -10 to 144 92-150 131-164 < -15 to 203 106-194 78-180 103-200 58-162 -6 to 199 120-174 176-211

0.0-3.9 0.0-0.8 0.0-0.4 >98.8 85.6-86.9 12.0-13.1 0.1-1.2 0.1-0.8 137-151 0.21-1.0 0.0-0.01

9.95-10.9 10.0-10.2 10.7-10.9

0.2-15.0 0.0-9.8 0.0-0.6 >90 85.1-86.8 11.6-11.4 0.0-1.2 0.1-1.2 113-169 0.5-5.6 0.0-8.5

1.0-23.0

1.5-11.5

2.2-16.5

0.3-23.0

4.0-21.0

0.0-4.9

2.5-15.0

0.0-0.8 0.0-0.2 99 86.5-87.4 11.3-12.1 0.6-1.5 0.2-0.6 127-140 1.11-3.8 0.0-1.9

0.0-0.0 0.0-0.16 99.8 86.1-87.5 11.3-12.9 0.5-0.9 0.2-0.4 128-150 0.9-3 0.0-0.8

0.0-3.3 0.0-0.4 >96 84.2-86.9 11.3-13.1 0.2-2.0 0.1-2.5 129-151 1.9-6.4 0.0-8

0.0-9.56 0.0-0.64 >89.8 83.0-85.1 12.8-13.0 0.5-1.7 1.6-4.3 130-150 0.14-10.9 0.0-19.15

Tr.-8.94 0.01-0.17 >90.9 85.5-87.0 10.8-12.8 0.9-1.8 0.2-1.3 123-148 1.9-6.7 0.17-14.9

0.0-0.12 0.0-0.03 99.8 86.5-87.7 11.1-12.5 0.2-1.0 0.2-1.2 125-143 0.0-4.7 0.38-7.90

0.0-0.15 0.0-0.19 99.8 87.0-88.0 11.0-11.7 0.2-1.0 0.2-1.0 124-134 0.8-5.4 0.09-1.46

8.93-10.4 9.78-9.99 9.80-10.2 9.29-10.1 8.49-10.1 9.0-10.1 9.81-10.0 9.74-9.97 9.87-10.4 9.78-9.99 9.81-10.2 9.6-10.1 9.37-10.1 9.72-10.1 9.81-10.0 9.74-9.97 10.5-11.1 10.4-10.6 10.4-10.8610.3-10.8 10.1-10.8 10.3-10.8 10.4-10.7 10.3-10.6

1.65-2.96

5.24-136

18.1-114

1.23-1.56

2.04-17.7

3.56-13

1.02-1.13

1.26-2.43

3-149 1.6-15

5.3-11 2.06-2.58

1.14- 2.40 1.23-1.38

1.62-317

10.4-14.8 4.1-5.5 3.0-2.45

12-302 5.0-64 2.7-27

1.22-1.37

1.3-2.5

Vertical oven retort WoodallDuckham

Chamber oven

43-205 20-42 1.03- 4.47 6.3 -13

Tar Oils for Diesel Motors (32) Oven retorts Source of tar

Distillate (ash H2O free) vol. %

d\l Flash point 0C (Pensky Martens) Fire point 0C Explosion 0C Light oil, 0-170° Medium oil, 170-230° Heavy oil, 230-270° Anthracene oil, 270-350°

Engler viscosity

Net

Pitch (residue) % Coke in pitch % C% H% O + N % S% H per 1000 C Comp. f Water % of \ Ash % Tar [ Combustible % Heat of Combustion kg-cal/kg I Experimental I Water-free oil (cale.) Gross Coke Free Carbon Naphthalene (2O0C 350C 5O0C 750C 10O0C

Coke oven

Water gas

Oil gas

Coal tar oil

1.14-1.18 90-135 108-166 ca. 600

0.97-1.13 34-91 50-ca. 155

1.05-1.07 18-69 20-89 ca. 560

1.0-1.11 66-121 84-160 ca. 550

0.0 1-17 6-14 19-27

1-12 6-23 11-24 19-51

2.5-23 11-16 11-19 18-31

50-65 16-34 89.6-92.2 5.1-5.7 2.2-4.0 0.4-1.2 52-59 0.6-6.7 0.04-0.36 93-99

18-51 25-39 89.3-93.0 5.5-9.2 0.4-1.7 0.6-1.0 58-101 0.0-36 0.0-0.67 63.1-100

31-37 33 91.4-92.2 6.3-7.2 0.5-1.1 0.4-0.9 66-77 0.3-10 0.0-0.2 89-99

8.27-8.85

ca. 5.659.57 8.99-9.59 9.39-10.1 3.1-11 0.0-4 0.3-10 1.8-4.4

8.77-8.92 9.09-9.22 7.6-17 2.2-10 0.5-10 15-103 4.9-38 2.5-4.8 1.4-1.7

Lignite

Indined

Degsau

1.15-1.23 67-92 93-129 520-630

1.12-1.16 52-78 79-107 490-520

1.06-1.12 49-75 70-102 510-530

1 . 08-1 . 10 41-52 71-90 500-510

0-12 0-59 1-36 9-66

1.0-6.6 10-14 8.5-13 9.9-22

1.5-6.7 14.7-18 4.9-14 12.9-21

1-9 16-24 8.8-18 19-24.5

3-8 13-17 11-13 19-21

2.5-10 21-24 9-12 17-24

1-34 87.4-91.4 6.0-7.8 1.4-4.9 0.4-0.9 62-83 0.0-1.8 0.0-0.04 98-100

52-66 32-47 90.4-93 4.7-5.5 1.7-3.2 0.5-1.0 1 . 8-57 0.0-8.7 0.0-0.06 91-100

47. 6-55 32-40 89.3-90.4 5.9-6.4 3.2-3.9 0.4-0.7 60-66 1-7.3 0.01-0.07 92-98

31-47 16-27 87.6-89.9 6.0-7.3 2.6-4.9 0.4-0.6 61-77 0.8-3.6 0.00-0.09 96-99

44-51 20-25 87.9-88.8 6.6-7.2 4.1-4.7 0.5-0.9 68-75 1.1-2.8 0.00-0.03 97-99

39-41 21-22 87.1-89.3 6.7-7.1 3.6-5.2 0.3-0.6 69-74 1.3-5.8 0.0 94-98

8.18-9.31

8.84-9.12

8.06-8.74

8.15-8.71

8.62-8.82

8.59-8.76

8.28-8.76

9.09-9.34 9.53-9.73 7.5-11 0.0-4 0.0-3

8.86-9.14 9.25-9.51 0.4-3.6 0.0-0.2 0.8-10.5 1.4-2

8.75-8.83 9.01-9.16 15-33 9-28 4-6 43-150 9-91 4-25

8.77-8.86 9.10-9.21 15-22 10-19 1-3 23-115 7-35 3-8.6

8.83-9.08 9.17-9.48 4-11 1-6 0.2-2.5 2.5-52 4-12 1.5-4

8.84-8.90 9.22-9.30 7-10 3-6 0.1 -1.0 32-40 7-10 2.7-3.4

8.79-8.90 9.20-9.27 7.1-7.3 2.3 -3.0 0.6 -2.1 8-13 3-5 2 . 0-2 . 5

0.95-1.07

1.5-2.4

1.5-2.2

1.0-1.4

1.2-1.4

1.18-1.22

1-1.2

Diesel Motor Oils (223) Engler Flash Fire Type of oil d\\ 0 0 C C 77,80° 1.02 Crude lignite oil . . . 0.9 98 112 • Paraffin oil 916 1.09 123 142 Soft paraffin 894 1.01 74 107 Petroleum gas oil 855 1.13 10 Rumanian crude oil 858 1.12 10

%H

%C

12.4 11.5 11.8 13.6 12.3

85.6 85.9 85.7 83.7 83.1

Horizontal

Diesel Motor Oils (223)._ (Continued) Engler Flash Fire Type of oil d\\ 0 0 77, 80° C C Rumanian gas oil 0 . 853 1.08 66 101 Solar oil 849 1.03 81 106 Tegernsee crude 868 1.01 56 81 Texas gas oil 892 0.98 114 128 Refined petroleum 879 1.03 57 72

1 . 06-1 . 09 35-71 70-93 480-510

%H

%C

12.2 85.0 13.3 85.7 11.1 86.9 12.2 86.4 14.2 85.1

Gasworks and Coke Oven Tar Distillates and "Diesel Engine Tar Oils" (150) Coal tar distillates Property Aver- Maxi- Miniage mum mum 1.02 1.09 0.95 Sp. gr 12 Water % O 1.1 89.2 87.1 Carbon % 90.0 7.3 Hydrogen % 6.5 8.0 3.9 O +N % 3.0 4.8 0.64 1.0 0.3 Sulphur % 0.005 0.10 Ash % O 164 208 Closed flash point 0F . 97 Viscosity Redwood 9 23 7 7O0F 16.4 17.9 Gross BTU X 10~3 . . 17.4 17.2 15.9 Net BTU X H T 3 . . . . 16.6 Engler distillation % at 25O0C 58 76 28 Engler distillation % 94 80 51 at300°C Retort test % at 35O0C 1 15 3 Coke yield % 0.26 5.2 O . Free carbon % Tr. 30 9.5 Tar acids % Asphaltum % Spontaneous ignition 0 480 520 415 C

|

Petroleum Aver- Maxiage mum 0.91 0.96 0.91 9.5 85.4 88.3 12.5 11.5 2.2 1.3 1.3 2.8 0.05 0.39 187 280

780 19.0 17.8

4800 19.7 18.5

oils Minimum 0.86 O 83.4 10.9 0.07 0.04 O <60 9 17.6 16.5

5

13

1

19

24

13

28.5 3

30 12

14 0.2

12.0

37

1.5

264

264

254

TERMINOLOGY AND SPECIFICATIONS FOR PETROLEUM PRODUCTS OF COMMERCE The characteristics that should be possessed by a "good" petroleum product for use under a given set of conditions may be inferred from the specifications established by law, custom, or fiat for such products. Specifications of this character for different countries can be found in the following publications : United States.—Bur. Mines, Tech. Paper 323A. See further Bur. Stands., Misc. Pub. 65: 1925; " National directory of commodity . specifications." Canada.—Canadian Engineering Standards Association, "Interim report on the manufacture, testing and use of gasoline for automotive purposes (with notes on lubrication)." Belgium, France, Holland, Italy, Japan, Poland, Rumania, Spain, and Czechoslovakia,—International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry. Reports from the Copenhagen Meeting, 1924. Czechoslovakia.—Idem. Reports from the Bucharest meeting, 1925. (These reports may be obtained from the Secretary of the Union, 49 Rue des Mathurins, Paris, at 10 fr. per copy.) France.—Commission Permanente de Standardisation, "Standard Terminology of Petroleum Oils and Their Derivatives; bituminous substances, asphalts and tarry materials." Italy.—Rass. min. met. chim., 63: 18; 25. Germany.—Verein Deutscher Eisenhüttenleute Gemeinschaftsstelle Schmiermittel "Guides for the Purchase and Testing of Lubricants," Düsseldorf, 1921. Austria.—Österr. Chem. Ztg. 28: 68; 25. England.—British Engineering Standards Association, 28 Victoria St., London. No. 209; 1924 "Standard specifications for fuels for heavy-oil engines (petroleum and shale oils)." No. 210; 1924 "Standard classification of pure mineral lubricating oils." No. 135; 1921 "Standard specification for benzol for motor fuel (commonly known as benzole)." Institution of Petroleum Technologists, "Standard methods of testing petroleum and its products."

LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) (1) Adams, Williamson and Johnston, 1, 41: 27; 19. ( 2 ) Aisinmann, 112, 294: 65; 94. (3) Akunjanz, 373, 21: 308; 97. (4) Allen, 173, 6: 177; 81. (5) Allen, 30, No. 37; 13. (6) Allen et al., 30, No. 74; 14. (7) Allen and Jacobs, 29, No. 19; 12. («) Anderson, 45, 12: 1011; 20. (10) Anon., 360, No. 154; 24. (U) Anon., 253, June 1921. (15) Archbutt and Deeley, Lubrication and Lubricants, London, 1912, p. 341 (Griffin and Co.). (15.1) Arnold, 156, No. 309: 203; 07. (16) Barrier, 45, 2: 16; 10. (17) Barus, 12, 39: 494; 90. (18) Bearce and PefEer, 32, No. 77; 16. (19) Beilby, 4, 43: 388; 83. ( 20 ) Bhatnagar and Garner, 54, 39: 185; 20. ( 21 ) Blount, 368, 3: 301; 09. ( 2 2 ) Brame, Fuels—Solid, Liquid and Gaseous. Longmans Green, 1925. (23) Bridgman, 65, 48: 357; 12. (24) Brooks and Humphreys, 1, 40: 847; 18. (25) Burrell, Siebert and Oberfell, 29, No. 88; 15. (26) Bushong, 371, 9: 303; 08. (27) Bushong, 45, 6: 888; 14. (28) Charitschkoff, 369, 1: 352; 98. (29) Chercheffsky, 34, 150: 1338; 10. (30) Constam and Schlapfer, 98, 57: 1491; 13. (31) Constam and Schlapfer, 98, 57: 1576; 13. C 31 - 1 ) Constam and Schlapfer, 98, 57: 1621; 13. (32) Constam and Schlapfer, 98, 57: 1661; 13. (33) Cooke, 313, No. 2368; 22. ( 34 ) Coste and Andrews, Examination and Thermal Values of Liquid Fuels, 1914, p. 218 (Griffin and Co.). (35) Cox, 45, 15: 592; 23. (36) Cragoe, 0. (37) Daeschner, 54, 21; 168; 02. (38) Damien, 34, 112: 785; 91. (39) Day, Handbook of the Petroleum Industry, 1922. (40) Dean and Hill, 313, No. 181; 17. (41) Delbridge, 360, 14: 41; 22. (42) Denig, 33, 25: 751; 21. (43) Dewar, 5, 70: 237; 02. (44) Dixon, 376, 45: 211; 21. (45) Dow, 313, No. 2279; 21. (46) Dreyfus, 261, Z: 394; 08. (47) Dunstan, 364, 11: 63; 24. (48) Dvorkovitz, 363, 13: 7, 24; 05. (49) Engler, 317, 8: 44; 85. (50) Engler, 372, 66: 637; 87. (51) Engler, 161, 11: 643; 92. (52) Engler, 136, 30: 711; 06. (53) Engler, 92, 21: 1592; 08. (53.1) Engler-Höfer, Das Erdöl, 1909-25 (Hirzel, Leipzig). (54) Engler-Höfer, in Bell, American Petroleum Refining, p. 39, 1923. ( 5 5 ) Engler and Otten, 112, 268: 375; 88. (56) Engler and Steinkopf, 359, 10: 181; 14. (57) Engler and Steinkopf, 25, 47: 3358; 14. (58) Ernst, 75, 111: 922; 02. (59) Euken, 8, 34: 185; 11. (6°) Faragher, Gruse and Garner, 45, 13: 1044; 21. • ( 6 I) Francis, 33, 23: 291; 20. (62) Francis and Bennett, 359, 8: 134; 21 (63; Francis and Bennett) 45, 14: 627; 22 (64) Frankenheim, 8, 72: 177; 47. (65) Freund and Palik, 861, 15: 757; 20. (66) Qane and Zilisteanu, 377, 7: 6; 25. (67) Garner, 358, 7: 98; 21. (68) Goldsmith and Kanthack, Refractive Indices, 1921 (Hilger, London). (69) Gooday, Petrol and Petroleum Spirits, 1919 (Arnold). (70) Gordon, 54, 42: 405; 23. (7l) Graefe, 92, 18: 1584; 05. (72) Graefe, 361, 2: 521; 07. (73) Graefe, 54, 29: 338; 10. (74) Graefe, 10, 2: 690; 13. (75) Graetz, 8, 25: 337; 85. (76) Griffin, 45, 17: 1157; 25. (77) Grunmach, 8, 3: 660; 00. (78) Grunmach and Schweikert, 7, 113: 432; 24. (79) Gruse, 45, 15: 796; 23. (80) Gruse, 359, 12: 20; 23. (8l) Gurwitsch, Wissenschaftliche Grundlagen der Erdöl Verarbeitung, Berlin, 1913, p. 85, (82) Guthrie, 364, 9: 731; 23. (83) Harker and Higgins, 354, 8: 19; U. ( 84 ) Harvey, 45, 17: 85; 25. (85) Hersey, 306, 35: 648; 23. (86) Hladky, 362, 16: 207; 22. (87) Höfer, Das Erdöl, 1886. (90) Holborn, 8, 6: 242; 01. (9l) Holde, 312, 8: 269; 90. (92) Holde, SlQ; 13: 174; 95. (93) Holde and Eickmann, 361, 2: 1341; 07. (94) Holde, Examination of Hydrocarbon Oils and Saponifiable Fats, 1915. Translated from the 4th edition by Müller. New York, John Wiley and Sons. (95) Hyde, 5, 97: 240; 20. (»s.i) Hyde, 5, 97: 257; 20. (96) Inchley, 355, 111: 155; 11. (97) Jakob and Erk, 243, 43: 92; 23. (98) Johansen, 45, 14: 289; 22. Bibliography of Br Nos. (99) Johansen, 45, 16: 132; 24. (ioo) Kawai, 14$, 25: 406; 22. ( i o i ) Kawai, 54, 41: 535; 22. (»02) Kazankin, 252, 13: 139; 06. (ios) Kennedy, 31, No. 500; 25. (104) Kewley, 364, 11: 49; 24. (ios) Kissling, 136, 47: 101; 23. (106) Kissling, Chemische Technologie des Erdöls, 1915 (Vieweg). (i° 7 ) Koenigsberger and Disch, 8, 23: 655; 07. (ios) Kraemer and Calkin, 30, No. 346; 25. (109) Lachowicz, 13, 220: 188; 83. (HO) Lees, 62, 191: 399; 98. ( U i ) Lengfeld and O'Neill, 11, 15: 19; 93. (H2) LeRoy, 342, 16: 12; 11. (H3) Leslie, Motor Fuels, 1923. (H4) Leslie and Geniesse, O. (US) Lewes, 856, 63: 757, 773, 792; 15. (l16) Lewkowitsch, Chemical Technology and Analysis of Oils, Fats and Waxes, p. 617, 1921 (Macmillan). (H7) Linser, 252, 3: 265; 96. (H8) Longbein, 92, 13: 1266; 00. (H9) Longobardi, 357, 2: 365; 24. 20 (i ) Lucas, C. R. Cong. Int. Pétrole. Sess., 3: 352; 07. (120.1) Mabery, 4, 72: 450; 97. (121) Mabery, 11, 19: 419; 97. (122) Mabery, 1, 23: 264; 01. (123) Mabery, 65, 36: 255; 01. (124) Mabery, 11, 28: 170; 02. (125) Mabery, 11, 33: 270; 05. (126) Mabery, 11, 33: 285; 05. (127) Mabery, 1, 28: 415; 06. (i28) Mabery, 45, 6: 101; 14. (129) Mabery, 1, 41: 1690; 19. (130) Mabery, 45, 15: 1233; 23. ( » s i ) Mabery and Buck, Jf, 22: 555; 00. (132) Mabery and Hudson, 11, 19: 482; 97. (133) Mabery and Hudson, 65, 36: 266; 01. (134) Mabery and Kittelberger, 65, 32: 185; 97. (135)

Mabery and Quayle, 65, 41: 89; 05. O36) Mabery and Quayle, 11, 35: 404; 06. (137) Mabery and Smith, 60, 25: 278; 89. ( i s s j Mabery and Takano, 66, 36: 295; 00. (139) Mabery and Wesson, 1, 42: 1014; 20. (HO) Magie, 8, 25: 421; 85. O* 1 ) Mahler, 10, 2: 717; 13. ( 1 4 2 ) Markounikov, 18, 234: 89; 86. (i* 3 ) Markounikov and Oglobin, 6, 6: 2, 372; 84. (i**) M'Arthur, 54, 7: 64; 88. (i* 5 ) Masmejean and Berehare, Le Pétrole, p. 36. (H6) Mautuschek, 367, 4: 209; 01. ( 1 ^) Melmer, 75, 120: 269; 11. I 1 4 8 ) Mendelejeff, in Rakusin, Untersuchung des Erdöls, 1906. (i*») de Metz, 8, 41: 663; 90. (150) Moore, Liquid Fuels, p. 90, 1920. (isi) Morpugo, £J0, 4: 15; 21. (l 5 2 ) Ognodzinski and Pitat, 136, 38: 1275; 14. (i 5 3 ) Parsons and Cook, 5, 85: 346; 11. (154) Patterson, 54, 32: 218; 13. ( 1 5 5 ) Peczalski, 16, 7: 185; 17. ( 156 ) Peltzer, 112, 189: 61; 68. ( 157 ) Physikalisch-Technische Reichsanstalt, Beilage zum Beglaubigungsschein für den Abelschen Petroleumprober, 1910. ( 158 ) Piotrowski, 7, 93: 596; 18. O 5 9 ) Predescu, 377, 6: 148; 19. (160) Predescu, 377, 6: 188; 19. ( i « i ) Protz, 8, Sl: 141; 10. (i«2) Quincke, 8, 138: 141; 69. (»«3) Radcliffe and Polychronis, 64, 35: 340; 16. ( 1 6 4 ) Rakusin, Die Untersuchung des Erdöls, p. 81, 179; 1906 (Vieweg). (164.1) Rathbun, 359, 9, No. 3: 98; 20. (i«5) Rathbun, 359, 10, No. 9: 39; 22. (166) Red wood, 54, 8: 162; 89. (167) Red wood, Treatise on Petroleum, 3rd ed. 1: 219; 13 (Lippincott). (i 6 8 ) Redwood, Treatise on Petroleum, p. 297, 1921 (Griffin and Co.). (169) Redwood, Treatise on Petroleum, 1922, p. 286. (170) Ricardo, Internal Combustion Engine, 2: 30; 23 (Blackie and Son). (171) Rhodes and McConnel, 45, 15: 1273; 23. ("2) Richardson, 143, 162: 57; 06. (173) Richardson and Wallace, 64, 20: 690; 01. (174) Richardson and Wallace, 54, 21: 316; 02. (175) Rittman and Egloff, 46, 7: 481; 15. (176) Rittman and Egloff, 45, 7: 578; 15. (177) Rittman, Jacobs and

Dean, 30, No. 163; 16. (178) Roberts, 374, 1904; 1328. (179) Robson and Withrow, 33, 21: 214; 19. (i»0) Roderer, 92, 33: 235s 20. ( i » i ) Rossbacher, 46, 7: 578; 15. (i") Sainte-Claire Deville, 34, 66: 442; 68. 68: 349, 485, 686; 69. (i") Sainte-Claire Deviile, 34, 72i 192; 71. (i 8 4 ) Sakhanov and Vassiliev, 861, 21: 735; 25. ( 18 S) Scheller, 861, 8: 730; 13. (i 8 6 ) Schmitt, 366, 2: 369; 14. (1S7) Schwarz, 186, 35: 1417; 11. (i 8 8 ) Schwartz and Marcusson, 92. 26: 387- 13. (i 8 9 ) Sherman and Kropff, 1, 30: 1628; 08. (190) Sherman and Snell, 1, 23: 164: 01. (i") Smith and Tuttle, 318, No. 37; 14. (192) Steinkopf, 136, 36: 653; 12. (193) Stevenson and Stark, 46, 17: 679; 25. (*94) Stohmann, 7, 6: 334; 90. (i»5) Strache, 367, 27: 19; 24. (196) strong and Stone, 29, No. 43; 13. (197) Takano, Oest. Chem. Tech. Ztg., 8: 2; 01. (198) Takano, 359, 6: 1050; 11. (199) Tausz, 92, 32: 317; 19. (200) Tizard and Marshall, 858, 8: 217; 22. (201) utz, 252, 12: 295; 05. (202) utz, 54, 25: 1140; 06. (203) utz, 361, 17: 1292; 21. (204) vies and Gex, 350, 17s 7107; 25. (205) Warren and Storrer, 370, 9: 208; 65. (206; Washburn and Bunting, 38, 4: 983; 21. (207) Weber, 242, 23: 209; 78. (208) Weber, 149, 33: 590; 95. (209) Weber, 8, 11: 1047; 03. (210) Weber and Wynne, 78, 46: 197; 24. (2U) Weinstein, 136, 12: 875; 88. (212) Weise, 375, 49: 378; 71. (213) Wells and Southcombe, 54, 39: 51; 20. (214) White, in Allen, Commercial Organic Analysis, 4th ed., 3: 220; 1914. (215) Williamson, 33, 22: 1151; 20. (216) Wilson, 364, 11: 511; 24. (217 j Wilson and Bahlke, 45, 16: 115; 24. (218) Wilson and Barnard, 45, 13: 906; 21. (219) Wilson and Barnard, 244, 12: 287; 23. (220) Wilson and Davis, 45, 15: 947; 23. (221) Wilson and Wilkins, 45, 16: 9; 24. (222) Wilson and Wylde, 45, 15: 801; 23. (223) Wimplinger, 112, 328: 539; 13. (224) Zaloziecki and Klarfeld, 136, 31: 1155; 07. (225} Zeitfuchs, Standard Oil Co. (California), O.

FLASH POINTS OF SATURATED VAPORS OF COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS E. H. LESLIE AND J. C. GENIESSE 1. Pure Substances. — The flash point of the vapor above a liquid is the temperature at which ignition will occur. The observed value is materially dependent upon the type of apparatus used (v. p. 150 for comparison of values with different types of apparatus). The lower limit of the flash point of a pure liquid is approxi. mately the temperature at which its vapor pressure is equal to B /k N where B is the barometric pressure, N is the number of moles of Ü2 required for complete combustion of one mole of the liquid, and A; is a constant varying with the type of apparatus employed cf. ( 4 ). The flash point varies with the barometric pressure at the same rate as the boiling point. In the accompanying table are shown for a number of liquids; (a) the value of N, (&) the observed flash point as recorded in the literature and (c) the flash point as calculated from the above relation, assuming k = 8. A better agreement between observed and calculated flash point might perhaps be obtained by using different values of k for different types of apparatus but the recorded flash points vary greatly and a careful and comprehensive investigation is needed. Formula CS2

Name

N

I Carbon disulfide

|

3

Flash point CalcuObserved lated, min. | -25.5 to -20 -27

Formula

Benzene Cyclohexane Hexane Toluene Heptane Ethylbenzene Xylene Octane n-Propylbenzene Naphthalene Tetralin sec.-Butylbenzene. . . . Dekalin

7.5 9 9.5 9 11 10.5 10.5 12.5 12

Flash point CalcuObserved lated, min.

Lit.

17 77 67 to 78 65 27.5 to 39

(8) (8) (5,8) (8) (5,8)

HALIDES Dichloroethylene o-Dichlorobenzene.. . . p-Dichlorobenzene Bromobenzene Chlorobenzene'.

CH4O C2H6O C3H8O CsH8O C4HioO C 4 Hi 0 O CsHi2O C6H6O C6H6O2 CeH 6 O 2 CeH 6 O 2 C6H7O C7H8O C7H8O C7H8O CioHsO

Methyl alcohol Ethyl alcohol n-Propyl alcohol Isopropyl alcohol w-Butyl alcohol Isobutyl alcohol Isoamyl alcohol Phenol Catechol Resorcinol Hydroquinol Cyclohexanol (hexalin) o-Cresol m-Cresol p-Cresol 0-Naphthol

C2H6O C3H6O C4Hi0O C 7 HeO

Methyl ether Acetone Ethyl ether Benzaldehyde

9.5 8.5 8.5

55 42 23.5

ALCOHOLS and PHENOLS

HYDRO CARBONS C6He CeHi2 CeHi4 C7H8 C 7 Hi 6 CsHio C8Hi0 CsHis CgHi 2 Ci0H8 Ci0Hi2 CioHi4 CioHis

JV

C 2 H 4 Cl 2 C6HeCIa CeH4Cl2 CeH5Br CeH6Cl

Lit.

<<)

Name

To 3 4.5

6.5 6.5

-1 to 32 9.0 to 32.0 22.5 to 45.5 11.75 to 14.5 35 to 35.5 27.5 40 to 42 79 127 152 165

160 167.5

(4, S) (4, 5) (4,5) (4) (4) (*) (4) (4) (4) (4) (4)

8.5 8.5 8.5 11.5

68 81 to 83 86 86 161

79 89.5 90.5 139

(3) (4,5) (4) (4) (5)

6 7.5

13 14 25

28 44

ALDEHYDES, KETONES AND ETHERS - 12 to 10 - 17 -18 6.5 to 30 - I t o 17 15.5 29 to 50 17 30.5 86 78 52 58

-13 -17 -26 6.5 - 5 23 25 15 40.5

(4, 5)

(4) (4, 5) (5)

4 6 8

(4)

C 7 HeQ 2

(4) (4, 5) (3) (4) (3)

-19 -43 63

(5) (2,5) (5) (5)

ACIDS

(4) (5)

—41 —18 to 2 -41 to -20 62.5

I Benzolo acid

|

7.5|

121 to 131 [ 136

| (4> 5)

ESTERS CsH6O2 CaH6O2 C 4 H 7 ClO 2

Ethyl formate Methyl acetate Chloroethyl acetate

sTo 3.5

-19.5 -15.5 to 4.6 67

-18 -15

(4) (4) (8)

Mabery and Quayle, 65, 41: 89; 05. O36) Mabery and Quayle, 11, 35: 404; 06. (137) Mabery and Smith, 60, 25: 278; 89. ( i s s j Mabery and Takano, 66, 36: 295; 00. (139) Mabery and Wesson, 1, 42: 1014; 20. (HO) Magie, 8, 25: 421; 85. O* 1 ) Mahler, 10, 2: 717; 13. ( 1 4 2 ) Markounikov, 18, 234: 89; 86. (i* 3 ) Markounikov and Oglobin, 6, 6: 2, 372; 84. (i**) M'Arthur, 54, 7: 64; 88. (i* 5 ) Masmejean and Berehare, Le Pétrole, p. 36. (H6) Mautuschek, 367, 4: 209; 01. ( 1 ^) Melmer, 75, 120: 269; 11. I 1 4 8 ) Mendelejeff, in Rakusin, Untersuchung des Erdöls, 1906. (i*») de Metz, 8, 41: 663; 90. (150) Moore, Liquid Fuels, p. 90, 1920. (isi) Morpugo, £J0, 4: 15; 21. (l 5 2 ) Ognodzinski and Pitat, 136, 38: 1275; 14. (i 5 3 ) Parsons and Cook, 5, 85: 346; 11. (154) Patterson, 54, 32: 218; 13. ( 1 5 5 ) Peczalski, 16, 7: 185; 17. ( 156 ) Peltzer, 112, 189: 61; 68. ( 157 ) Physikalisch-Technische Reichsanstalt, Beilage zum Beglaubigungsschein für den Abelschen Petroleumprober, 1910. ( 158 ) Piotrowski, 7, 93: 596; 18. O 5 9 ) Predescu, 377, 6: 148; 19. (160) Predescu, 377, 6: 188; 19. ( i « i ) Protz, 8, Sl: 141; 10. (i«2) Quincke, 8, 138: 141; 69. (»«3) Radcliffe and Polychronis, 64, 35: 340; 16. ( 1 6 4 ) Rakusin, Die Untersuchung des Erdöls, p. 81, 179; 1906 (Vieweg). (164.1) Rathbun, 359, 9, No. 3: 98; 20. (i«5) Rathbun, 359, 10, No. 9: 39; 22. (166) Red wood, 54, 8: 162; 89. (167) Red wood, Treatise on Petroleum, 3rd ed. 1: 219; 13 (Lippincott). (i 6 8 ) Redwood, Treatise on Petroleum, p. 297, 1921 (Griffin and Co.). (169) Redwood, Treatise on Petroleum, 1922, p. 286. (170) Ricardo, Internal Combustion Engine, 2: 30; 23 (Blackie and Son). (171) Rhodes and McConnel, 45, 15: 1273; 23. ("2) Richardson, 143, 162: 57; 06. (173) Richardson and Wallace, 64, 20: 690; 01. (174) Richardson and Wallace, 54, 21: 316; 02. (175) Rittman and Egloff, 46, 7: 481; 15. (176) Rittman and Egloff, 45, 7: 578; 15. (177) Rittman, Jacobs and

Dean, 30, No. 163; 16. (178) Roberts, 374, 1904; 1328. (179) Robson and Withrow, 33, 21: 214; 19. (i»0) Roderer, 92, 33: 235s 20. ( i » i ) Rossbacher, 46, 7: 578; 15. (i") Sainte-Claire Deville, 34, 66: 442; 68. 68: 349, 485, 686; 69. (i") Sainte-Claire Deviile, 34, 72i 192; 71. (i 8 4 ) Sakhanov and Vassiliev, 861, 21: 735; 25. ( 18 S) Scheller, 861, 8: 730; 13. (i 8 6 ) Schmitt, 366, 2: 369; 14. (1S7) Schwarz, 186, 35: 1417; 11. (i 8 8 ) Schwartz and Marcusson, 92. 26: 387- 13. (i 8 9 ) Sherman and Kropff, 1, 30: 1628; 08. (190) Sherman and Snell, 1, 23: 164: 01. (i") Smith and Tuttle, 318, No. 37; 14. (192) Steinkopf, 136, 36: 653; 12. (193) Stevenson and Stark, 46, 17: 679; 25. (*94) Stohmann, 7, 6: 334; 90. (i»5) Strache, 367, 27: 19; 24. (196) strong and Stone, 29, No. 43; 13. (197) Takano, Oest. Chem. Tech. Ztg., 8: 2; 01. (198) Takano, 359, 6: 1050; 11. (199) Tausz, 92, 32: 317; 19. (200) Tizard and Marshall, 858, 8: 217; 22. (201) utz, 252, 12: 295; 05. (202) utz, 54, 25: 1140; 06. (203) utz, 361, 17: 1292; 21. (204) vies and Gex, 350, 17s 7107; 25. (205) Warren and Storrer, 370, 9: 208; 65. (206; Washburn and Bunting, 38, 4: 983; 21. (207) Weber, 242, 23: 209; 78. (208) Weber, 149, 33: 590; 95. (209) Weber, 8, 11: 1047; 03. (210) Weber and Wynne, 78, 46: 197; 24. (2U) Weinstein, 136, 12: 875; 88. (212) Weise, 375, 49: 378; 71. (213) Wells and Southcombe, 54, 39: 51; 20. (214) White, in Allen, Commercial Organic Analysis, 4th ed., 3: 220; 1914. (215) Williamson, 33, 22: 1151; 20. (216) Wilson, 364, 11: 511; 24. (217 j Wilson and Bahlke, 45, 16: 115; 24. (218) Wilson and Barnard, 45, 13: 906; 21. (219) Wilson and Barnard, 244, 12: 287; 23. (220) Wilson and Davis, 45, 15: 947; 23. (221) Wilson and Wilkins, 45, 16: 9; 24. (222) Wilson and Wylde, 45, 15: 801; 23. (223) Wimplinger, 112, 328: 539; 13. (224) Zaloziecki and Klarfeld, 136, 31: 1155; 07. (225} Zeitfuchs, Standard Oil Co. (California), O.

FLASH POINTS OF SATURATED VAPORS OF COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS E. H. LESLIE AND J. C. GENIESSE 1. Pure Substances. — The flash point of the vapor above a liquid is the temperature at which ignition will occur. The observed value is materially dependent upon the type of apparatus used (v. p. 150 for comparison of values with different types of apparatus). The lower limit of the flash point of a pure liquid is approxi. mately the temperature at which its vapor pressure is equal to B /k N where B is the barometric pressure, N is the number of moles of Ü2 required for complete combustion of one mole of the liquid, and A; is a constant varying with the type of apparatus employed cf. ( 4 ). The flash point varies with the barometric pressure at the same rate as the boiling point. In the accompanying table are shown for a number of liquids; (a) the value of N, (&) the observed flash point as recorded in the literature and (c) the flash point as calculated from the above relation, assuming k = 8. A better agreement between observed and calculated flash point might perhaps be obtained by using different values of k for different types of apparatus but the recorded flash points vary greatly and a careful and comprehensive investigation is needed. Formula CS2

Name

N

I Carbon disulfide

|

3

Flash point CalcuObserved lated, min. | -25.5 to -20 -27

Formula

Benzene Cyclohexane Hexane Toluene Heptane Ethylbenzene Xylene Octane n-Propylbenzene Naphthalene Tetralin sec.-Butylbenzene. . . . Dekalin

7.5 9 9.5 9 11 10.5 10.5 12.5 12

Flash point CalcuObserved lated, min.

Lit.

17 77 67 to 78 65 27.5 to 39

(8) (8) (5,8) (8) (5,8)

HALIDES Dichloroethylene o-Dichlorobenzene.. . . p-Dichlorobenzene Bromobenzene Chlorobenzene'.

CH4O C2H6O C3H8O CsH8O C4HioO C 4 Hi 0 O CsHi2O C6H6O C6H6O2 CeH 6 O 2 CeH 6 O 2 C6H7O C7H8O C7H8O C7H8O CioHsO

Methyl alcohol Ethyl alcohol n-Propyl alcohol Isopropyl alcohol w-Butyl alcohol Isobutyl alcohol Isoamyl alcohol Phenol Catechol Resorcinol Hydroquinol Cyclohexanol (hexalin) o-Cresol m-Cresol p-Cresol 0-Naphthol

C2H6O C3H6O C4Hi0O C 7 HeO

Methyl ether Acetone Ethyl ether Benzaldehyde

9.5 8.5 8.5

55 42 23.5

ALCOHOLS and PHENOLS

HYDRO CARBONS C6He CeHi2 CeHi4 C7H8 C 7 Hi 6 CsHio C8Hi0 CsHis CgHi 2 Ci0H8 Ci0Hi2 CioHi4 CioHis

JV

C 2 H 4 Cl 2 C6HeCIa CeH4Cl2 CeH5Br CeH6Cl

Lit.

<<)

Name

To 3 4.5

6.5 6.5

-1 to 32 9.0 to 32.0 22.5 to 45.5 11.75 to 14.5 35 to 35.5 27.5 40 to 42 79 127 152 165

160 167.5

(4, S) (4, 5) (4,5) (4) (4) (*) (4) (4) (4) (4) (4)

8.5 8.5 8.5 11.5

68 81 to 83 86 86 161

79 89.5 90.5 139

(3) (4,5) (4) (4) (5)

6 7.5

13 14 25

28 44

ALDEHYDES, KETONES AND ETHERS - 12 to 10 - 17 -18 6.5 to 30 - I t o 17 15.5 29 to 50 17 30.5 86 78 52 58

-13 -17 -26 6.5 - 5 23 25 15 40.5

(4, 5)

(4) (4, 5) (5)

4 6 8

(4)

C 7 HeQ 2

(4) (4, 5) (3) (4) (3)

-19 -43 63

(5) (2,5) (5) (5)

ACIDS

(4) (5)

—41 —18 to 2 -41 to -20 62.5

I Benzolo acid

|

7.5|

121 to 131 [ 136

| (4> 5)

ESTERS CsH6O2 CaH6O2 C 4 H 7 ClO 2

Ethyl formate Methyl acetate Chloroethyl acetate

sTo 3.5

-19.5 -15.5 to 4.6 67

-18 -15

(4) (4) (8)

ESTERS. — (Continued) Formula C 4 H 7 ClOa C4HsO2 04UsOa C4H8O2 C4HsO2 CsHi0O2 CsHi0O2 CsHi0O2 CsHi0O2 CsHi0O2

Name Ethyl chloroacetate. . . Ethyl acetate Methyl propionate. .. n-Propyl formate Isopropyl formate . . . . w-Butyl formate Ethyl propionate Methyl n-butyrate . . . n-Propyl acetate Isopropyl acetate

N

5 5 5 6.5 6.5 6.5

Flash point CalcuObserved lated, min. 54 — 5.0 to 5 -5 -3 —2.0 -2 -3.0 —5.5 17.5 9 12.5 11 14 10.5 14.5 4.5

NITROGEN COMPOUNDS. — (Continued) Lit. (8) (4) (4) (4) (4) (4) (4) (4) (4) (4)

NITROGEN COMPOUNDS C6H3ClN2Ch C6H4ClNOa CeH4N 2 O4

Dinitrochlorobenzene. Nitrochlorobenzene. . . wi-Dinitrobenzene . . . .

187 127 150

(5) (5) (5)

Formula CeH5NO2 CeH 7 N CsHnN CioHgN

N

Name Nitrobenzene Aniline Dimethylaniline a-Naphthylamine

7.5 9 12 13.5

Flash point CalcuObserved lated, min. 88 to 90 89.5 71 70 61 to 76 70 157' 144

Lit. (4,5) (5) (5) (5)

2. Mixtures.—See p. 150. LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) C 1 ) Battle, Handbook of Industrial Oil Engineering, p. 262; Philadelphia, Lippincott, 1920. ( 2 ) Coste, 173, 42: 168; 17. (3) Gardner, Paint Mfgrs. Assoc. U. S., Circular 248: 62; 25. ( 4 ) Mack, Boord and Barham, 45, 15: ;963; 23. ( 5 ) Ormondy and Craven, Chem. Trade J., 70: 41; 22. ( 6 ) Schrauth, 416, 2: 184; 21. ( 7 ) Sherman, Gray and Hammerschlag, 45, 1: 13; 09. (8) Weber and Wynne, 78, 46: 197; 24.

QUANTITATIVE EFFECTS OF SOME COMPOUNDS UPON DETONATION IN INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES T. A. BOYD The detonation or "knock'' that characterizes combustion in gasoline engines under certain conditions is influenced primarily by the chemical composition or structure of the fuel, and secondarily by the compression to which the combustion mixture is subjected, by its temperature, and by the point in the cycle at which ignition occurs, as well as by some more minor factors, such as the shape of the combustion chamber and the location of the spark plug (*» 8 ). The principal types of compounds that may be used as fuels in the gasoline engine arrange themselves in the order of decreasing tendency to knock as follows ( 2 > 8 ): ethers, paraffins, olefins, naphthenes, aromatics, alcohols. The tendency of any given fuel to detonate may either be increased or decreased as desired by the addition of a suitable compound to the combustion mixture, the amount required being very small in some cases.

La détonation ou le "cognage" qui caractérise la combustion dans les moteurs à benzine sous certaines conditions, est influencée premièrement par la composition chimique ou la structure du carburant et secondairement par la compression à laquelle le mélange combustible est soumis, par sa température, et par le point du cycle auquel l'allumage se produit, de même que par quelques autres facteurs de moindre importance, tels que la forme de la chambre de combustion et la situation de la bougie d'allumage ( 1 J 8). Les principaux types de composés qui peuvent être utilisés comme carburants dans les moteurs à essence peuvent être classés dans l'ordre de leur tendance décroissante à détoner, comme suit ( 2 > 8 ): Ethers, Paraffines, Oléfines, Naphthènes, Aromatiques et Alcools. La tendance de chaque carburant à détoner peut être augmentée ou diminuée suivant le désir, par l'addition d'un composé convenable au mélange de combustion, la quantité requise pour produire l'effet étant dans certains cas très faible.

Die Detonation oder das Klopfen (knock), welche die Verbrennung in Benzinmotoren unter gewissen Bedingungen kennzeichnet, ist zunächst von der chemischen Zusammensetzung oder Struktur des Brennstoffes beeinflusst, in zweiter Linie von der Kompression, dem das Verbrennungsgemisch ausgesetzt ist, von seiner Temperatur und von der Lage des Zündpunktes im Kreisprozess. In gleicher Weise hängt es noch von kleineren Faktoren ab, wie der Form des Verbrennungsraumes und der Lage der Zündkerze (V 8 ). Die hauptsächlichsten Arten die als Motorbetriebsstoffe in Frage kommen, ordnen sich selbst in abnehmender Ordnung ihrer Fähigkeit zu klopfen, in folgender Weise ( 2 > 8 ): Äther-Arten, Paraffine, Olefine, Naphtene, Stoffe der aromatischen Reihe und Alkohole. Die Neigung irgend eines gegebenen Betriebsstoffes zu detonieren, kann nach Bedarf erhöht oder erniedrigt werden, durch Hinzufügung einer passenden Verbindung zum Betriebsstoff. Die dazu notwendige Menge ist in manchen Fällen sehr gering.

La detonazione (Knock) che, in certe condizioni, caratterizza la combustione nei motori a essenza, è influenzata anzitutto dalla composizione chimica o struttura del carburante, e in secondo luogo dal grado di compressione della miscela, dalla sua temperatura, e dal momento in cui l'accensióne avviene durante il ciclo. Essa dipende pure da altri fattori secondari, come la forma della camera di combustione e la posizione della candela ( 1 J 8). I principali tipi di composti che possono adoperarsi come carburanti nei motori a essenza si possono disporre nell'ordine seguente graduandoli secondo la tendenza decrescente a detonare ( 2 J 8 ): eteri, paraffine, olefine, nafteni, sostanze aromatiche, alcoli. La tendenza di un dato combustibile a detonare può essere accresciuta o diminuita a piacere aggiungendo alla miscela combustibile un adatto composto. La quantità di sostanza a ciò necessaria è in alcuni casi molto piccola.

ESTERS. — (Continued) Formula C 4 H 7 ClOa C4HsO2 04UsOa C4H8O2 C4HsO2 CsHi0O2 CsHi0O2 CsHi0O2 CsHi0O2 CsHi0O2

Name Ethyl chloroacetate. . . Ethyl acetate Methyl propionate. .. n-Propyl formate Isopropyl formate . . . . w-Butyl formate Ethyl propionate Methyl n-butyrate . . . n-Propyl acetate Isopropyl acetate

N

5 5 5 6.5 6.5 6.5

Flash point CalcuObserved lated, min. 54 — 5.0 to 5 -5 -3 —2.0 -2 -3.0 —5.5 17.5 9 12.5 11 14 10.5 14.5 4.5

NITROGEN COMPOUNDS. — (Continued) Lit. (8) (4) (4) (4) (4) (4) (4) (4) (4) (4)

NITROGEN COMPOUNDS C6H3ClN2Ch C6H4ClNOa CeH4N 2 O4

Dinitrochlorobenzene. Nitrochlorobenzene. . . wi-Dinitrobenzene . . . .

187 127 150

(5) (5) (5)

Formula CeH5NO2 CeH 7 N CsHnN CioHgN

N

Name Nitrobenzene Aniline Dimethylaniline a-Naphthylamine

7.5 9 12 13.5

Flash point CalcuObserved lated, min. 88 to 90 89.5 71 70 61 to 76 70 157' 144

Lit. (4,5) (5) (5) (5)

2. Mixtures.—See p. 150. LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) C 1 ) Battle, Handbook of Industrial Oil Engineering, p. 262; Philadelphia, Lippincott, 1920. ( 2 ) Coste, 173, 42: 168; 17. (3) Gardner, Paint Mfgrs. Assoc. U. S., Circular 248: 62; 25. ( 4 ) Mack, Boord and Barham, 45, 15: ;963; 23. ( 5 ) Ormondy and Craven, Chem. Trade J., 70: 41; 22. ( 6 ) Schrauth, 416, 2: 184; 21. ( 7 ) Sherman, Gray and Hammerschlag, 45, 1: 13; 09. (8) Weber and Wynne, 78, 46: 197; 24.

QUANTITATIVE EFFECTS OF SOME COMPOUNDS UPON DETONATION IN INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES T. A. BOYD The detonation or "knock'' that characterizes combustion in gasoline engines under certain conditions is influenced primarily by the chemical composition or structure of the fuel, and secondarily by the compression to which the combustion mixture is subjected, by its temperature, and by the point in the cycle at which ignition occurs, as well as by some more minor factors, such as the shape of the combustion chamber and the location of the spark plug (*» 8 ). The principal types of compounds that may be used as fuels in the gasoline engine arrange themselves in the order of decreasing tendency to knock as follows ( 2 > 8 ): ethers, paraffins, olefins, naphthenes, aromatics, alcohols. The tendency of any given fuel to detonate may either be increased or decreased as desired by the addition of a suitable compound to the combustion mixture, the amount required being very small in some cases.

La détonation ou le "cognage" qui caractérise la combustion dans les moteurs à benzine sous certaines conditions, est influencée premièrement par la composition chimique ou la structure du carburant et secondairement par la compression à laquelle le mélange combustible est soumis, par sa température, et par le point du cycle auquel l'allumage se produit, de même que par quelques autres facteurs de moindre importance, tels que la forme de la chambre de combustion et la situation de la bougie d'allumage ( 1 J 8). Les principaux types de composés qui peuvent être utilisés comme carburants dans les moteurs à essence peuvent être classés dans l'ordre de leur tendance décroissante à détoner, comme suit ( 2 > 8 ): Ethers, Paraffines, Oléfines, Naphthènes, Aromatiques et Alcools. La tendance de chaque carburant à détoner peut être augmentée ou diminuée suivant le désir, par l'addition d'un composé convenable au mélange de combustion, la quantité requise pour produire l'effet étant dans certains cas très faible.

Die Detonation oder das Klopfen (knock), welche die Verbrennung in Benzinmotoren unter gewissen Bedingungen kennzeichnet, ist zunächst von der chemischen Zusammensetzung oder Struktur des Brennstoffes beeinflusst, in zweiter Linie von der Kompression, dem das Verbrennungsgemisch ausgesetzt ist, von seiner Temperatur und von der Lage des Zündpunktes im Kreisprozess. In gleicher Weise hängt es noch von kleineren Faktoren ab, wie der Form des Verbrennungsraumes und der Lage der Zündkerze (V 8 ). Die hauptsächlichsten Arten die als Motorbetriebsstoffe in Frage kommen, ordnen sich selbst in abnehmender Ordnung ihrer Fähigkeit zu klopfen, in folgender Weise ( 2 > 8 ): Äther-Arten, Paraffine, Olefine, Naphtene, Stoffe der aromatischen Reihe und Alkohole. Die Neigung irgend eines gegebenen Betriebsstoffes zu detonieren, kann nach Bedarf erhöht oder erniedrigt werden, durch Hinzufügung einer passenden Verbindung zum Betriebsstoff. Die dazu notwendige Menge ist in manchen Fällen sehr gering.

La detonazione (Knock) che, in certe condizioni, caratterizza la combustione nei motori a essenza, è influenzata anzitutto dalla composizione chimica o struttura del carburante, e in secondo luogo dal grado di compressione della miscela, dalla sua temperatura, e dal momento in cui l'accensióne avviene durante il ciclo. Essa dipende pure da altri fattori secondari, come la forma della camera di combustione e la posizione della candela ( 1 J 8). I principali tipi di composti che possono adoperarsi come carburanti nei motori a essenza si possono disporre nell'ordine seguente graduandoli secondo la tendenza decrescente a detonare ( 2 J 8 ): eteri, paraffine, olefine, nafteni, sostanze aromatiche, alcoli. La tendenza di un dato combustibile a detonare può essere accresciuta o diminuita a piacere aggiungendo alla miscela combustibile un adatto composto. La quantità di sostanza a ciò necessaria è in alcuni casi molto piccola.

RELATIVE EFFECTS OF SOME MISCELLANEOUS COMPOUNDS FOR SUPPRESSING DETONATION IN ENGINES Aniline in concentration of 2 % of the fuel by volume taken as standard of effect. All measurements made with bouncing-pin apparatus, using kerosene as fuel (*» 3> 4). The values given below are, respectively, (a) amount in grams required to give an "anti-knock" effect equivalent to l g of aniline, and (b) reciprocal of the number of mois required to give an " anti-knock" effect equivalent to 1 mol of aniline. Compound Aniline Benzene Toluene Xylene Alcohol Ethyl iodide Diethyl selenide Diphenyl selenide Diethyl telluride Diphenyl telluride Triphenylphosphine Triphenylarsine Triphenylstibine Tetraethyl tin Tetraethyl lead Tetraphenyl lead Diphenyl diethyl lead . . .

Formula

(a) Wt. (b) ReI. for mol. Lit. given effeceffect tiveness 1 1 9.8 0.085 (') 0.112 O) 8.8 0.142 O) 8.0 0.104 ( 5 ) 4.75 1.09 ( 6 ) 1.55 0.214 6.9 (6) 5.2 0.49 (6) 26.6 0.075 (6) 22.0 0.139 (6) 0.91 ( 7 ) 3.08 2.44 1.35 (7) 2.42 1.56 (7) 0.66* 3.8* ( 7 ) 0.0295 118 (3) 69. 5f 0.08Ot (9)

C 6 H 5 NH 2 C6H6 C6H5CH3 C6H4(CH8), C2H5OH C2H5I (C2H5)2Se (C6H5)2Se (C2H5)2Te (C6H5)2Te (C6H5)SP (C6H5)3 As (C6H5)3Sb (C2H5)4Sn (C2H5)4Pb (C6H5)4Pb (C6Ho)2(C2Hs)2Pb 0.041f UOf (9) Triethylbismu thine (C2H5)3Bi 0.135f 23. 8f (9) Tr iphenylbismu thine.. . . (C6Hs)3Bi 0.22t 21. 5t ( 9 ) Nickel carbonyl Ni(CO)4 O. 053 t 35t (9) Dimethyl cadmium (CHs)2Cd 1.23t 1.25t (9) Titanium tetrachloride . . TiCl4 0.64f 3.2t (9) * Values for tetraethyl tin in doubt because of preignition induced by the compound. t These figures computed from the data of the original article, and converted to the aniline scale used for the other values in the table, on which tetraethyl lead is- 118, instead of 100 as it is in the system of comparison used by the authors. RELATIVE EFFECTS OF SOME COMPOUNDS OF NITROGEN FOR SUPPRESSING DETONATION IN ENGINES Aniline in concentrations up to 3 % of the fuel by volume taken as standard of effect. All measurements made with bouncing-pin apparatus, using kerosene as fuel ( 4 ). The values given below are, respectively, (a) amount in grams required to give an " antiknock" effect equivalent to l g of aniline, and (b) reciprocal of the number of mois required to give an "anti-knock'' effect equivalent to 1 mol of aniline. Negative values are marked ( —). (b) ReI. (a) Wt. for Compound Formula mol. effectgiven effect iveness 1 1 Aniline C 6 H 6 NH 2 Cumidine (CHg) 3 C 6 H 2 NH 2 0.96 1.51 Diphenylamine (C6Hs)2NH 1.21 1.5 m-Xylidine (CHs)2C6H3NH2 0.92 1.4 Monomethy!aniline. . . C6H5NHCH3 1.4 0.83 Toluidine CH3C6H4NH2 0.94* 1.22* Amylaminobenzene. . . C 5 HnC 6 HeNH 2 1.53 1.15 Ethylaminobenzene . . C2H5C6H4NH2 1.14 1.14 Aminodiphenyl C6H5CeH4NH2 1.6 1.14

(6) ReI. (a) Wt. for mol. effectgiven effect iveness Methyl-o-toluidine(7). CH 3 C 6 H 4 NHCH 3 1.15 1.13 1.44 7i-Butylaminobenzene C4HgC6H4NH2 1.11 1.32 n-Propylaminobenzene C 3 H 7 C 6 H 4 NH 2 1.10 1.27 1.02 Monoethylaniline C 6 H 5 NHC 2 H 6 1.95 Mono-n-propy !aniline C6H5NHC3H: 0.75 3.65 Ethyldiphenylamine. . C 2 H 5 N(C 6 Ho) 2 0.58 0.52 Mono-n-buty!aniline. . C6H5NHC4Ho 3.1 Diethylamine (C2H5)2 NH 1.59 0.495 7.15 Di-n-propylaniline . . . C6H5N (C3H7) 2 0.27 Mono-isoamylaniline. C6H5NHC5Hn 7.1 0.248 0.24 Diethylaniline C6H5N (C2H5) , 6.7 Dimethylaniline C 6 H 5 N(CHa) 2 6.2 0.21 2.4 Ethylamine C 2 H 5 NH 2 0.20 0.14 Triethylamine (C 2 Hg) 3 N 7.95 30.0 Triphenylamine (C6Ho)3N 0.09 Ammonia NH 3 2.0(-) 0.09(-) Isopropyl nitrite C 3 H 7 NO 2 0.085(-)f 11.5(-)t * Average of o-, m-, and p-values. tApprox. only. Organic nitrates and nitrites in general are inducers of detonation, the former being more effective than the latter, and the alkyl compounds much more effective than the aryl. Chlorine and bromine, as well as some of their compounds, induce detonation also. Compound

Formula

Relative effect of hydrocarbons for suppressing detonations in engines (l> 5 ). Kerosene as fuel; xylidine as standard of effect upon detonation. LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) (*) Midgley and Boyd, 45, 14: 589; 22. (2) Midgley, 244, 7: 495; 20. (3) Midgley and Boyd, 45, 14: 894; 22. (4) Boyd, 45, 16: 893; 24. («) Midgley and Boyd, 844, 10: 451; 22. (6) Midgley, 46, 15: 421; 23. (7) Boyd, O. (8) Ricardo, 381, 11: 92; 21. (») Charch, Mack and Boord, 45, 18: 334; 26.

LUBRICANTS AND LUBRICATION J. H. HYDE CONTENTS

Coefficient of kinetic friction for surfaces of cast iron and steel when lubricated with various oils

MATIÈRES Frottement des paliers à collets. Coefficient de frottement cinétique. Rupture de la couche lubrifiante d'un palier à collets pour des paliers de différents dégagements. Coefficient de frottement statique entre surfaces d'acier doux et de métaux variés lorsque graissées avec des huiles variées. Coefficient de frottement cinétique pour des surfaces de fonte et d'acier lorsque graissées avec des huiles variées.

Effects of additions of rape oil and of fatty acids to Bayonne oil.

Action des additions d'huile de colza et d'acides gras à l'huile de Bayonne.

Effect of pressure on coefficient of static friction.

Effet de la pression sur le coefficient de frottement statique. Variation du frottement statique avec le lubrifiant pour des lubrifiants variés sous pression constante.

Journal-bearing friction. Coefficient of kinetic friction. Rupture of lubricating film in a journal bearing, for bearings of different clearances. Coefficient of static friction between surfaces of mild steel and various metals when lubricated with various oils.

Variation of static friction with lubricant for various lubricants under constant pressure. Lubricating value of oils under conditions of heavy loads and temperatures up to 10O0C.

Indice de graissage des huiles dans des conditions de charges élevées et de températures allant jusqu'à 10O0C.

INHALTSVERZEICHNIS Tragzapfenreibung. Reibungskoeffizient der Bewegung. Bruch des Omîmes (Schmiermittel-Filmes) bei Traglagern mit verschiedenem Lagerspiel. Reibungskoeffizient der Ruhe zwischen Oberflächen aus Flusseisen und verschiedenen Metallen bei der Schmierung mit verschiedenen Ölen. Reibungskoeffizient der Bewegung für Oberflächen aus Gusseisen und Stahl bei Schmierung mit verschiedenen Ölen. Einfluss eines Zusatzes von Rüböl und von Fettsäuren zu Bayonne-Öl.

INDICE PAGE Attrito nei cuscinetti 164 Coefficiente di attrito cinetico 164 Rottura della pellicola di lubrificazione nei cuscinetti di diversi valori di giuoco 165 Coefficiente di attrito statico fra superficie di acciaio dolce e vari metalli nella lubrificazione con vari olii 165 Coefficiente di attrito cinetico per superficie di ghisa e acciaio nella lubrificazione con vari olii 165 Influenza dell'aggiunta di olio di ravizzone e di acidi grassi all'olio di Bayonne 165 Influenza della pressione sul coefficiente di attrito statico. 165 Variazione dell'attrito statico per lubrificazione con vari lubrificanti a pressione costante 165

Einfluss des Flächendruckes auf den Reibungskoeffizient der Ruhe. Änderung des Reibungskoeffizienten der Ruhe bei Schmierung mit verschiedenen Schmiermitteln und konstanten (Flächen-) Druck. Schmierfähigkeit von Ölen bei grosser Belastung und Temperaturen bis 10O0C.

Valore lubrificante di olii sotto forti carichi e a temperature fino a 10O 0 C... 165

For density, viscosity and other physical properties of lubricants, see p. 136. JOURNAL BEARING FRICTION In the following tables the value of the coefficient of friction of a journal bearing is given for different values of the quantity: SQr)N -_ Absolute viscosity of lubricant at bearing temperature X r. p. s.; _ . : —5— = 60 X ü ~~ where pressure on bearing° = r Jrressure on übearing Total load on bearing Length of bearing X diameter of journal

_ - ,, 6OgAT

COEFFICIENT OF KINETIC FKICTION FOR DIFFERENT VALUES OF THE RATIO -^s (4) DIAMETER v ' T U Sommerfeld , Sommerfeld , Sommerfeld . T T T Lasche ^ Lasche ^ Lasche , Lasche 1/1000 0.005 0.0115 0.018 0.024 0.030 0.036

100 250 500 750 1000 1250

I 0.006 0.012 0.024 0.036 0.048 0.060

1/500 0.0045 0.011 0.017 0.021 0.025 0.029

1/250 0.0025 0.006 0.012 0.018 0.024 0.030

0.0035 0.0095 0.016 0.019 0.020 0.021

| 0.0032 0.0035 0.0060 0.0090 0.0125 0.0158

Sommerfeld , 1/100

0.003 0.0075 0.0115 0.0135 0.0150 0.0165

0.010 0.010 0.0096 0.0092 0.0090 0.0090

COEFFICIENT OF KINETIC FRICTION ( 4 )

-^pStribeck white metal bearing 5.40 in. long Bronze bearing 9'.06 in. long Hersey full bearing,

p^meter = °-04

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000

1100

1200

0.0128 0.0190 0.0245 0.0290 0.0335 0.0370|0.0405 0.0435 0.0462 0.0482 0.0500 0.0512 0.00850.01250.01560.01820.02050.02220.02400.02550.02700.02820.02950.0305 0.00380.00550.00750.00920.01100.01300.01450.01650.01820.02000.02200.0238

RUPTURE OF LUBRICATING FILM

-p—

60 50140 35 30 25 20 15 12

11

Values of —75— for rupture of lubricating film in a journal bearClearence at ru P ture - - •26° 30° 35° 400J460J555 700 900 1200 1400

ing, for bearings of different clearances ( 4 ).

EFFECT OF VARIOUS LUBRICANTS ON STATIC FRICTION Coefficient of static friction between surfaces of mild steel and various metals when lubricated with various oils, for pressures ranging from 10 to 120 Ib./in.2 and at a temperature of 160C; "Deeley" Machine Tests (3). Coefficient of static friction Mild steel against

Lubricant White metal 0.109 0.118 0.138 0.165 0.185 0.188 0.195

Rape Lard Castor FFF cylinder Bayonne Mobiloil BB Sperm Mobil E Victory red

Axle steel 0.137 0.110 0.121 0.147 0.157 0.174 0.121

Cast iron 0.102 0.133 0.131 0.179 0.214 0.182 0.138

Wrought iron 0.136 0.125 0.136 0.159 0.185 0.174 0.146

Gun metal 0.155 0.155 0.166 0.177 0.207 0.233 0.214

"Stones" bronze 0.124 0.117 0.121 0.128 0.158 0.152 0.173

Aluminum 0.111 0.100 0.126 0.137 0.145 0.145 0.156

Hardened steel against Bronze* 0.080 0.082 0.109 0.120 0.132 0.111 0.115 0.117

* Average between 10 and 120 Ib./in.2

COEFFICIENT OF KINETIC FRICTION FOR SURFACES OF CAST IRON AND STEEL WHEN LUBRICATED WITH VARIOUS OILS Pressure 30 Ib./in.2; 22° to 240C. Variation of coefficient of kinetic friction with rubbing speed and quantity of stearic acid addition to lubricant. "Deeley" Type Machine ( 4 ). Rubbing speed, ft. per min | 0.5 | 1.0 | 1.5 [ 2.0 | 2.5 | 3.0 | 3.5 4.0 | 4.5 [ 5.0 | 5.5 | 6.0 Mineral auto oil alone 0.26 0.23 0.21 0.19 0.17 0.15s0.14 0.1250.1150.11 0.1050.105 +4% stearic acid 0.1050.0900.0800.0750.0700.0650.060 +2% stearic acid 0.0850.0750.0650.0600.0550.0530.0520.0500.0480.0470.0460.045 EFFECT OF ADDITIONS TO BAYONNE OIL Effect of additions of rape oil and of fatty acids to Bayonne oil (straight mineral). Coefficient of static friction between surfaces of hardened steel and bronze. "Deeley" Machine Tests. Pressure 10 to 120 lb./in.2 160C (2). For a neutral rape oil. No free fatty acid || For a rape oil containing 2.44 % free fatty acid Per cent of added oil O 4 8?2 20.5 41.0 I 100 O 2 4 8^2 20.5 40.9 1ÖÖ~ Coeff. of static friction 0.132 0.110 0.105 0.099 O.Q96| 0.083 0.132 0.109 0.102 0.099 0.093 0.088 0.080 EFFECT OF PRESSURE ON COEFFICIENT OF STATIC FRICTION ( 5 ) I

For additions of oleic acid

Per cent oleic acidadded... O 0.20 0.40 0.80 1.50 2 10 40 80 100 Coeff. of static friction 0.132 0.102 0.097 0.092 0.088 0.087 0.086 0.085 0.079 0.075

Pressure between surfaces, lb./in.2| Mild steel and cast iron with rape oil Mild steel and gun metal with FFF cylinder oil Mild steel and gun metal with sperm oil

VARIATION OF STATIC FRICTION WITH LUBRICANT FOR VARIOUS LUBRICANTS UNDER Mild steel Clock ~ T y p e - Victory FFF Manchester ^ A . , . /TTUS Bayonne .*. ,J ,. , . „ Castor J against oil7 (HB) writer red cylinder spindle Cast iron 0.271 0.213 0.211 0.195 0.193 0.183 0.153 Gun metal 0.275 0.234 0.294 0.246 0.236 0.262 0.169 LUBRICATING VALUE OF OILS UNDER CONDITIONS OF HEAVY LOADS AND TEMPERATURES UP TO 100° Tests made on the Daimler-Lanchester Worm Gear Testing Machine at the National Physical Laboratory, England, show that the value of a straight mineral oil as a lubricant, when the load is great, diminishes rapidly above a certain critical temperature. It has been found by a very large number of tests under the same

8.6 | 17.3 | 26.0 | 36.6 | 43.3 | 52.0 0.205 0.200 0.203 0.208 0.218 0.229 0.172 0.100 0.081 0.067 0.058 0.052 0.020 0.029 0.036 0.045 0.053 0.061

CONSTANT PRESSURE OF " Trotter ~ T Sperm ,, ,, Olive _ (hard) 0.127 0.123 0.119 0.189 0.152 0.196

10 LB./IN.2 ( 5 ) " I Valvoline Rape ,. . ^ cylinder 0.119 0.143 0.136

conditions of speed, load and supply of lubricant at a given temperature, that the efficiency of the worm gear in the testing machine remains remarkably constant at the load selected for the tests, and, as differences of efficiency could be determined to 0.1 % (absolute efficiency to 0.2%), the efficiency-temperature values obtained give a valuable indication of the quality of the lubricant.

EFFECT OF TEMPEBATUEE ON GEAR EFFICIENCY Variation of efficiency of power transmission by worm gear, with temperature of lubricant, for a straight mineral oil (Bayonne oil). This example is typical of all mineral oils (5). 0

C 15 to 421 45 Gear " efficiency, 95.0 94.7 .__% 0

C I 75 I 80 Gear efficiency, 92.8 92.7 %

50

55

60

65

94.2

93.8

93.4

93.1

85

I

90

92.6

I

92.5

95

92.5

Viscosity of Mixtures of rape and mineral oils (5J t=20°c

70

~~ 92.9 I

100

92.4

The following critical temperatures were observed: Bayonne, 42°; FFF cylinder, 71°; Victory red oil, 50°; Mobiloil "A," 56°; Mobiloil "BB," 62°; lard, rape, castor and sperm, none observed. A small addition of fatty oil, fatty acid or graphite raises the critical temperature 10 to 20°. LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) (l) Hersey, 306, 35: 648; 23. (2) Hyde, 110, 111 : 708; 21. ( 3 ) Hyde, National Physical Laboratory, England, O. ( 4 ) Wilson and Barnard, 45, 14: 682; 22. ( 5 ) Report of the Lubrications and Lubricants Enquiry Committee, Dept. of Scientific and Industrial Research, England, 1920.

TYPICAL ANALYSES AND PROPERTIES OF GASEOUS FUELS E. R. WEAVER The hydrocarbons in natural gases and the hydrogen and saturated hydrocarbons in manufactured gases are usually determined by combustion, and the actual compounds present are not determined. The properties which affect the use of the gas as a fuel (heating value, specific gravity, air required for combustion and products formed by combustion) would be the same for a mixture of the composition stated by the analysis as for the mixture analyzed. For example, a mixture of one volume of

hydrogen and one of ethane has the same values for these properties as two volumes of methane; and in an analysis of manufactured gas they would appear as methane. The "illuminants" of manufactured gas generally include all hydrocarbons present except those of the paraffin series. The first table gives the actual compositions of some typical gases; the second table gives analyses stated in the conventional manner. The same index letter in the two tables refers to the same gas.

ACTUAL COMPOSITION The last column of each series of hydrocarbons in which a number is entered includes higher homologs ;

Gas

TT

no 2

Natural gases Appalachian

R

field

p D

Constituents of gas, % by volume Saturated hydrocarbons || Illuminants || Inerts CH4 I C2H6 C3H8 I C4H10 1 C5H12 || C2H4 1 C3H6 1 C4H8 1 C2H2 C6H6| C 7 H 8 JI CO2 | O2 1 N2 90.7 3.8 3.3 0.8 0.4 1.0 84.7 9.4 3.0 1.3 1.6 80.4 .8.7 4.1 4.0 1.3 1.5 44.7 7.9 21.3 9.9 16.2 1.0 74.7 13.0 6.0 1.5 0.8 4.0 50.6 3.1 2.4 8.4 ca. l % H e 34.5

Oklahoma E Texas ("wet gas") F Gas "F" after removal of gasolene G 54.8 Coal gas H 52.5 6,8 30.0 Carburetted water gas I 32.029.8 13.1

3.3 0.8 2.9

2.6 0.8 0.12 0.02 0.3

2.0 9.8

0.3 2.8

0.1 1.7

0.01

1.1 0.9

ca. 1 % He 37.5 0.4 I 1.7 0.6 3.5 0.6 || 4.8 1.3

EFFECT OF TEMPEBATUEE ON GEAR EFFICIENCY Variation of efficiency of power transmission by worm gear, with temperature of lubricant, for a straight mineral oil (Bayonne oil). This example is typical of all mineral oils (5). 0

C 15 to 421 45 Gear " efficiency, 95.0 94.7 .__% 0

C I 75 I 80 Gear efficiency, 92.8 92.7 %

50

55

60

65

94.2

93.8

93.4

93.1

85

I

90

92.6

I

92.5

95

92.5

Viscosity of Mixtures of rape and mineral oils (5J t=20°c

70

~~ 92.9 I

100

92.4

The following critical temperatures were observed: Bayonne, 42°; FFF cylinder, 71°; Victory red oil, 50°; Mobiloil "A," 56°; Mobiloil "BB," 62°; lard, rape, castor and sperm, none observed. A small addition of fatty oil, fatty acid or graphite raises the critical temperature 10 to 20°. LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) (l) Hersey, 306, 35: 648; 23. (2) Hyde, 110, 111 : 708; 21. ( 3 ) Hyde, National Physical Laboratory, England, O. ( 4 ) Wilson and Barnard, 45, 14: 682; 22. ( 5 ) Report of the Lubrications and Lubricants Enquiry Committee, Dept. of Scientific and Industrial Research, England, 1920.

TYPICAL ANALYSES AND PROPERTIES OF GASEOUS FUELS E. R. WEAVER The hydrocarbons in natural gases and the hydrogen and saturated hydrocarbons in manufactured gases are usually determined by combustion, and the actual compounds present are not determined. The properties which affect the use of the gas as a fuel (heating value, specific gravity, air required for combustion and products formed by combustion) would be the same for a mixture of the composition stated by the analysis as for the mixture analyzed. For example, a mixture of one volume of

hydrogen and one of ethane has the same values for these properties as two volumes of methane; and in an analysis of manufactured gas they would appear as methane. The "illuminants" of manufactured gas generally include all hydrocarbons present except those of the paraffin series. The first table gives the actual compositions of some typical gases; the second table gives analyses stated in the conventional manner. The same index letter in the two tables refers to the same gas.

ACTUAL COMPOSITION The last column of each series of hydrocarbons in which a number is entered includes higher homologs ;

Gas

TT

no 2

Natural gases Appalachian

R

field

p D

Constituents of gas, % by volume Saturated hydrocarbons || Illuminants || Inerts CH4 I C2H6 C3H8 I C4H10 1 C5H12 || C2H4 1 C3H6 1 C4H8 1 C2H2 C6H6| C 7 H 8 JI CO2 | O2 1 N2 90.7 3.8 3.3 0.8 0.4 1.0 84.7 9.4 3.0 1.3 1.6 80.4 .8.7 4.1 4.0 1.3 1.5 44.7 7.9 21.3 9.9 16.2 1.0 74.7 13.0 6.0 1.5 0.8 4.0 50.6 3.1 2.4 8.4 ca. l % H e 34.5

Oklahoma E Texas ("wet gas") F Gas "F" after removal of gasolene G 54.8 Coal gas H 52.5 6,8 30.0 Carburetted water gas I 32.029.8 13.1

3.3 0.8 2.9

2.6 0.8 0.12 0.02 0.3

2.0 9.8

0.3 2.8

0.1 1.7

0.01

1.1 0.9

ca. 1 % He 37.5 0.4 I 1.7 0.6 3.5 0.6 || 4.8 1.3

Gas

A B C Natural gases D E F G Kern Co., Calif Coal gas H Carburetted water

COMPOSITION GIVEN BY CONVENTIONAL METHODS OF ANALYSIS Products of combustion Heat of Constituents of gas, % by volume Volume combustion volumes per volume Speciof gas air per kg-cal per fic volume 1 (1 atm., gravgas re- 15.50C) to ity quired form liquid IllumiCO2 O2 N 2 (air = H2 CO CH4 C2H6 C3H8 CO2 H2O N 2 Total nants for com- H2O and D bustion gaseous CO 2 at 15.50C 84.2 14.8 1.142.13 8.35 11.62 1.0 0.63 10.5 . 9.9 79.1 19.3 1.6 0.66 10.2 1.182.16 8.57 11.91 10.8 63.1 35.4 1.342.32 9.50 13.16 1.5 0.73 11.3 12.0 38.8 60.2 2.583.57 16.35 22.68 1.0 1.33 20.0 20.9 62.5 33.5 1.292.26 9.22 12.77 4.0 0.73 11.0 11.6 23.0 41.5 1.061.70 7.60 10.36 35.5 0.91 9.2 8.7 50.6 10.9 38.5 0.77 6.7 6.3 0.721.36 6.66 8.74 78.6 10.3 9.7 1.4 0.70 1.091.88 7.33 10.30 9.2 8.7 51.4 6.8 32.0 3.9 1.7 0.6 3.5 0.41 5.4 5.5 0.551.25 4.31 6.11 gas I . . 28 . 5 29 . 8 19.8 15.8 4.8 1.3 0.71 6.4 6.2 0.991.11 5.05 7.15

Coal and coke-oven gases . . ''70OBTU' 7 44.8 4.3 "600 BTU" ...48.7 7.8 "550 BTU" 49.3 9.4 "500 BTU" 51.011.0 "450 BTU" 41.5 9.6 Carburetted water gas "700 BTU" 31.228.2 "600 BTU" 34.8 30.6 40.4 32.7 "500 BTU" "400 BTU" 45.236.5 "Blue" water gas 50.540.2 Oil gas "800 BTU"... 38.1 2.8 "700 BTU" 41.5 7.0 "600 BTU" 45.8 9.6 "550 BTU" 50.3 10.6 "500 BTU" 55.212.4 Producer gas "175 BTU" 21.119.8 "150 BTU" 15.3 23.2 "125 BTU" 11.623.0 "100 BTU" 5.923.8 Blast furnace gas 1.2

41.1 33.0 28.4 23.7 22.2

6.0 4.3 3.5 3.1 3.0

1.1 1.5 2.3 2.6 4.2

0.4 2.3 0.2 4.5 0.6 6.5 0.5 8.1 0.519.0

0.42 0.41 0.43 0.44 0.54

6.3 5.3 4.8 4.3 3.9

6.2 5.3 4.9 4.5 4.0

0.611.42 0.531.25 0.491-.15 0.451.06 0.440.932

4.96 4.21 3.84 3.46 3.26

6.99 5.99 5.48 4.97 4.63

20.2 15.0 10.5 5.2 1.2

15.3 11.5 8.0 4.0 0.0

2.0 4.2 5.1 6.0 4.4

3.1 3.9 3.5 3.1 3.8

0.65 0.65 0.61 0.59 0.54

6.1 5.1 4.1 3.2 2.3

6.2 5.3 4.5 3.6 2.7

0.891.08 0.800.93 0.680.81 0.580.66 0.460.53

4.82 4.08 3.29 2.55 1.85

6.79 5.81 4.78 3.79 2.84

40.9 36.8 31.0 27.4 23.4

12.2 8.4 4.7 3.5 1.6

1.5 2.8 2.5 2.8

6.0 4.8 6.1 5.7 4.6

0.49 0.47 0.46 0.43 0.40

7.2 6.2 5.3 4.8 4.3

7.1 6.2 5.4 4.9 4.5

0.771.51 0.671.36 0.581.21 0.501.14 0.451.07

5.74 4.96 4.24 3.84 3.33

8.02 6.99 6.03 5.48 4.85

6.8 6.1 5.5 6.0 8.0

48.3 53.0 58.6 63.9 63.6

0.80 0.86 0.89 0.95 1.01

1.36 1.15 0.95 0.75 0.68

1.6 1.3 1.1 0.9 0.8

0.310.29 0.320.20 0.300.14 0.300.70 0.350.01

1.56 1.44 1.34 1.23 1.18

2.16 1.96 1.78 1.60 1.54

4.0 2.4 1.3 0.4 27.2

ASPHALTS AND MINERAL WAXES HERBERT ABRAHAM Under this heading will be considered the following groups of substances: (1) Mineral waxes; (2) native asphalts; (3) asphaltites; (4) asphaltic pyrobitumens; and (5) pyrogenous asphalts. These five groups are members of the class "Bituminous substances," the first three falling within the group "Bitumens," the fourth within the group " Pyrobitumens," and the fifth within the group " Pyrogenous residues." NOMENCLATURE The definitions which follow show the relationship between these respective groups of substances. Bituminous Substances.—A class of native and pyrogenous substances containing bitumens or pyrobitumens, or resembling them in their physical properties. [This definition includes bitumens, pyrobitumens, pyrogenous distillates (pyrogenous waxes and tars) and pyrogenous residues (pitches and pyrogenous asphalts).] Bitumen.—A generic term applied to native substances of variable color, hardness and volatility; composed of hydrocarbons substantially free from oxygenated bodies; sometimes associated with mineral matter, the non-mineral constituents being fusible and largely soluble in carbon disulfide; the distillates, fractionated between 300 and 35O0C, yield considerable sulfonation residue. [This definition includes petroleums, native asphalts, native mineral waxes and asphaltites.] Pyrobitumen.—A generic term applied to native substances of dark color; comparatively hard and non-volatile; composed of hydrocarbons, which may or may not contain oxygenated bodies; sometimes associated with mineral matter, the non-mineral constituents being infusible, and relatively insoluble in carbon disulfide. [This definition includes the asphaltic and non-asphaltic pyrobitumens and their respective shales.] Mineral Wax.—A term applied to a species of bitumen, also to certain pyrogenous substances; of variable color, viscous to solid consistency; having a characteristic luster and unctuous feel; comparatively non-volatile; composed of hydrocarbons, substantially free from oxygenated bodies; containing considerable crystallizable paraffins; sometimes associated with mineral matter, the non-mineral constituents being easily fusible and soluble in carbon disulfide. [This definition is applied to crude and refined native mineral waxes, also to pyrogenous waxes. Crude native mineral waxes include ozokerite, etc. Refined native mineral waxes include ceresine (refined ozokerite) and montan wax (extracted from lignite or pyropissite by means of solvents). Pyrogenous waxes include the solid paraffins separated from non-asphaltic and mixed-base petroleums, peat, tar, lignite tar and shale tar]. Asphalt.—A term applied to a species of bitumen, also to certain pyrogenous substances of dark color, variable hardness, comparatively non-volatile; composed of hydrocarbons, substantially free from oxygenated bodies; containing relatively little to no crystallizable paraffins; sometimes associated with mineral matter, the non-mineral constituents being fusible, and largely soluble in carbon disulfide; the distillate, fractionated between 300 and 35O0C,

yields considerable sulfonation residue. [This definition is applied to native asphalts and pyrogenous asphalts. Native asphalts include asphalts occurring naturally in a pure or fairly pure state, also asphalts associated naturally with a substantial proportion of mineral matter, sometimes termed "rock asphalts." The associated mineral matter may be sand, sandstone, limestone, clay, shale, etc. Pyrogenous asphalts include residues obtained from the distillation, blowing, etc., of petroleums (e.g., residual oil, produced by the dry distillation of non-asphaltic petroleum, the dry or steam distillation of mixed-base petroleum and the steam distillation of asphaltic petroleum, blown asphalt, produced by blowing air through heated residual oils, residual asphalts, produced by the steam distillation of mixed-base and asphaltic petroleum, sludge asphalt, produced from the acid sludge obtained in the purification of petroleum distillates with sulfuric acid, etc., also from the pyrogenous treatment of wurtzilite (e.g., wurtzilite asphalt, produced by depolymerizing wurtzilite in closed retorts).] Asphaltite.—A species of bitumen, including dark colored, comparatively hard and non-volatile solids; composed of hydrocarbons, substantially free from oxygenated bodies and crystallizable paraffins; sometimes associated with mineral matter, the nonmineral constituents being difficultly fusible and largely soluble in carbon disulfide; the distillation residue, fractionated between 300 and 35O0C, yields considerable sulfonation residue. [This definition includes gilsonite (conchoidal fracture and characteristic brown streak on porcelain), glance pitch (conchoidal to hackly fracture and black streak) and grahamite (conchoidal to hackly fracture and black streak).] Asphaltic Pyrobitumens.—A species of pyrobitumen, including dark colored, comparatively hard and non-volatile solids; composed of hydrocarbons, substantially free from oxygenated bodies; sometimes associated with mineral matter, the non-mineral constituents being infusible and largely insoluble in carbon disulfide. [This definition includes elaterite (characteristic rubbery nature and brown streak), wurtzilite (conchoidal to hackly fracture; brown streak; depolymerizes on heating, becoming fusible and soluble), albertite (conchoidal to hackly fracture; brownish black streak; depolymerizes partially on heating), impsonite (hackly fracture; black streak; does not depolymerize on heating) and the asphaltic pyrobituminous shales.] CHARACTERISTICS The distinguishing physical and chemical characteristics of the substances enumerated above are given in the following table. THERMAL PROPERTIES An asphalt of 2. !2 specific gravity gave the following values for the thermal conductivity in joule cm 2 sec"1 (0C, cm"1)"1: 0°, 0.0061; 10°, 0.0065; 20°, 0.0070; 30°, 0.0074 (Poensgen, 98, 56: 1653; 12. 60: 27; 16). According to Kinoshita (380, 39: 497; 16) the specific heat of asphalt is 0.22 g-cal per g per 0C.

Saponifiable matter^ ^

Sulfonation residue ||||

Oxygen in non-mineral matter **

Soluble in 88° naphtha1"1"

0-5 0-2

0-3 0-2

75-95 0-2 80-100 3-6

0-35015-100

15 to 165 1-25

60-98

0-10

0-5

25-95

0-2

0-5

90-100

0-2

0-15030-100

15 to 175 5-25 Tr .-9O 0-25 10-95

0-5

Tr .-85 0-2

0-5

90-100

0-2

40-60 0-2 20-50 0-2 Tr .-5O 0-2

" 0-Tr. 0-Tr. 0-Tr.

Paraffin scale§§

Carbenes**

95-100 0-1 98-100 0-2

fide^

60to 95 J-IO 75 to 95 2-10

Fixed carbon Il

8Oj 100

Fusibility 0C §

Mineral matter ^]"

Non-mineral matter insoluble in carbon disulfide^f

5-10 5

Solubility in carbon disul-

0.85-1.00 0.90-1.00

Susceptibility factor*

Member

Penetration at 250C1"

Species

Sp. gr. at 250C (of nonmineral matter)*

Genus

Petroleums Native mineral Ozokerite Montan wax waxes

Bitumens

Native asphalts

Asphaltites

Asphaltic pyrobitumens Pyrobitumens

Cont'g less than 10% mineral matter 0.95-1.12 Cont'g more than 10% mineral matter 0.95-1.15 I

Gilsonite Glance pitch Grahamite

1.05-1.10 1.10-1.15 1.15-1.20

Elaterite

0.90-1.05 Rubbery 1.05-1.07 5 1.07-1.10 O 1.10-1.25 O

Wurtzilite Albertite . Impsonite Asphaltic pyrobituminous shales 1.50-1.75

3 5 O

O

0-40

100 120to 17510-20 90-1000-1 Tr.-l 100 120to 17520-30 95-1000-1 Tr.-5 100 175 to 32030-55 45-100 0-5 Tr .-5O I Inf.

2-5

10-20 70-90 Tr.-10

Inf. Inf. Inf.

5-25 25-50 50-85

Inf.

2-25*** Tr.-3

0~i 0-1 0-80

1-5

0-Tr. 80-90

Tr .-15

5-10 80-95 Tr .-1O Tr .-2 Tr -2 2-10 85-98 Tr .-1O Tr. 2 Tr. 2 1-6 90-99 Tr.-10 Tr.-2 Tr.-2

0-2 0-3 0-3

0-Tr. 90-98 0-Tr. 90-98 0-Tr. 90-98

Tr. Tr. Tr.

0-Tr.

0-3

Tr.-3 90-98

Tr.

0-1

80-99

0-3

0-15 90-100 Tr .-5

0-10 0-30 0-15 0-2

50-90 25-85 60-95 50-80

2-5 0-2| 3-7 0-2

0-10 0-5 0-| 0-Tr.

0-Tr. I

Non-asphaltic pyrobitumens Pyrogenous distillates

- " 85-95 Tr. 85-95 Tr. 80-95 Tr.

5-10

15-70 30-85

Tr.-2

50-90 90-100 0-2 0-10 0-10 50-80

Pôgenous waxes

Tars

Pyrogenous residues

Pyrogenous asphalts

Residual oils 0.85-1.05100-350 -20 to 25 2-10 Blown p e t r o l e u m asphalts 0.90-1.07 25-200 8-40 25 to 200 5-20 Residual asphalts 1.00-1.17 0-15040-60 25 to 110 5-40 Sludge asphalts 1.05-1.20 0-150 40-60 25 to 110 5-30 Wurtzilite asphalt 1.04-1.07 5-10 30-40 65 to 150 5-25

98-100 0-J

0-J

95-100 0-5 0-| 85-1000-15 0-1 95-100 0-5 0-1 98-100 O- è Tr.-2

90-100 Tr. -2 90-100 0-2 80-95 0-2 90-95 Tr.

Pitches * Am. Soc. Testing Materials, Tentative Standards, 1922: 473, 476. f Ibid., 1921; 728. Î Abraham, 66, 11: 683; 11. § Am. Soc. Testing Materials, Standards, 1921: 739. U Ibid., 1921: 766. t Anon., 6ß, 23 I: 761; 23. **Anon., 66, 23 I: 754; 23. B68t p. 526. ft B68, p. 527. JJ Am. Soc. Testing Materials, Tentative Standards, 1921: 779. §§ B68, p. 536. \\\\ B68, p. 537. ^ B68, p. 547. *** Calculated on mineral-free basis.

BITUMINOUS MATERIALS

JOHN M. WEISS AND CHARLES R. DOWNS TARS, PITCHES AND DISTILLATES This section deals with those species of pyrogenous residues known as "tars," together with the products of tar distillation, i.e., "residuals" or "pitches," and "distillates" or "tar oils." These are highly complex materials formed by the pyrogenetic decomposition of various organic materials, so that a particular member or sub-member may vary widely in its physical characteristics. In the first section are given certain so-called constants in terms of ranges for the various materials. These give general information as to the nature of the various materials. The results are expressed in terms of arbitrary tests which depend upon rigid adherence to details of manipulation; the test methods are those generally used in the United States. The ranges given have been taken partly from the literature, but for the most part from pri-

vate communications from various commercial concerns dealing with the products ( 2 > 5> 6> 11» 16,18, i9) y and certain U. S. Government laboratories ( 4 > 10). Freak results caused by some unusual procedure in the production of a given material have been eliminated so as to make the ranges representative of the materials as they are ordinarily encountered in industry. In addition, there are reported the available more or less absolute constants that have been determined. As the materials in a given narrow class vary in ordinary tests, so they also vary in these "absolute" constants between samples in the same class; the accuracy of the figures is only moderate, but, in general, adequate to the commercial need which caused the determinations to be made. Blanks indicate that no authentic results are available. Single figures mean that the test of a single sample only could be obtained.

TABLE 1.— TARS The figures in Table 1 apply to water-free tar. In attempting to identify tars, it is advisable to distill them and test the oils (See Table 3.) Methods of testing are given by Weiss ( 22 ). 77 is Engler viscosity, sec for 100 cm3; % insol. is the % organic insoluble in C6H6 and C7H8. % % % /0 % J15.5 Sub-member Member fixed , tar Species Genus «15.5 J , ash insol. carbon acids Coke oven 1.15-1.26 30-100 3-17 Bituminous coal 14-40 0-0 . 5 1-4 Tars Coal tars 7

Wood tars

1.25-1.33

150-650

16-40

15-40

0-0.5

1-4

Inclined gas retort

1.23-1.24

300

15-20

15-40

0-0.5

4-6

Vertical gas retort

1 . 12-1 . 16

25-50

2-5Ì

15-30

0-0.5

5-11

Low temperature processes 0.95-1.12

25-50

0-7

5-15

0-1.5

10-30

Blast furnace

1.15-1.30

80

10-25

10-30

10-15

5-10

Gas producer

1 . 12-1 . 20

100-a

5-25

10-35

0-25

3-9

0.1

9.0

0.945

0.2

Lignite

0.85-1.05

0-2

5-20

Carburetted water gas

1.06-1.15

25- 50

0.2-5.0

10-20

0-0.5

O

Oil gas

0.95-1.10

25

0-2.0

10-25

0-0.5

O

Hardwood

1.10-1.21

50

0-5.0

5-20

0-1.0

5-15

Softwood (pine tars)

1.05-1.15

65

0-7.5

5-15

0-1.0

10-40

0.95-1.05

28

0-5.0

3-15

0-0.5

0.3-40

0-2.0

5-10

0-1.0

0-2

Cannel coal

Petroleum tars

Horizontal gas retort

Miscellaneous Bone tars Shale

0.85-0.95

0-1

5-20

Peat 0.90-1.05 0-3.0 5-15 I 0-1.0 5-15 d\l:l o* 235-315° fraction (A. S. T. M. distn.): Coke oven, 1.02-1.05; horizontal and inclined gas retort, 1.02-1.04; vertical gas retort, 1 . 00-1 . Ol ; bone tar, 0 . 950.

TABLE 2. — PITCHES Method of testing, Weiss ( 22 ). The M. P. range given is about the maximum in which they have been known to occur commercially Genus Tar pitches

Sub-member

Member

Species Coal tar pitches

Cube M. P.

% fixed

%

J15.B "15.5

Insol.

carbon

% ash

Coke oven

30-150

1.20-1.35

8-50

17-60

0-0.5

Horizontal gas retort

30-100

1.25-1.40

30-55

36-65

0-0.5

Inclined gas retort

30-100

1.25-1.35

28-37

37-45

0-0.5

Vertical gas retort

30-150

1.15-1.30

6-30

15-40

0-0.5

Low temperature processes

30- 90

1.00-1.26

2-15

8-22

0-3.0

Blast furnace

30-100

1.20-1.30

15-35

10-30

10-20

Gas producer

30-100

1.20-1.35

15-40

25-45

0-2

Cannel coal

55

1.067

5.3

14.2

0.2

Lignite coal

30-115

1.05-1.20

3-16

10-40

0-1.0

Bituminous coal

•9

Carburetted water gas tar

30-150

1.10-1.25

2-25

25-45

0-0.5

Oil gas tar

30-150

1.15-1.30

2-30

20-35

0-0.5

Wood tar pitches Hardwood

40-100

1.20-1.30

5-70

15-35

0-1.0

40-100

1.10-1.20

2-60

10-25

0-1.0

30-125

1.10-1.20

1-20

15-25

0-0.5

35-125

1.05-1.15

O- 5

10-30

0-1.0

0.90-1.10

O- 5

5-35

0-5

1.08-1.15

O- 2

10-20

0-1

Petroleum tar pitches

Softwood Miscellaneous tar Bone pitches Shale Peat Stearine pitch Fatty acids

50-100

Rosin pitch

TABLE 3. — DISTILLATES Method of testing: Tar acids, Weiss ( 22 ),* d, n, sulfonation residue, Bateman (3) j60 deo

235-55°

255-75°

!

275-95°

295-315°

n 60D

235-55°

255-75°

Tar acids Total 275- 295oil 95° 315° distillate 0-5 0-5 1-12 0-3 0-3 5-20 14 2-8 3-8 5-6 4-6 20-30 21 19 30 10 28 29 30-50 0-16 0-17 O 38.0 34.0 O 47 4-5 4.0 15 3.0 0.0 0.5

Sulfonation residue 275-95°

295-315°

23555°

25575°

Coke oven 1.01 -1.04 1.02-1.06 1.03-1.081.06-1.09 1.588-1.6091.590-1.6181.594-1.6281.608-1.635 0-3.5 0-5.0 Horizontal gas retort .... 1 . Ol -1 . 025 1 . 02 -1 . 04 1 . 04-1 . 07 1 . 06-1 . 09 1 . 580-1 . 596 1 . 590-1 . 602 1 . 598-1 .6141. 610-1 .0-1.5 628 0-1.5 Inclined gas retort 1 . 005-1 .0151.01 -1 . 035 1 . 03-1 . 06 1 . 04-1 . 06 1 . 574-1 . 593 1 . 577-1 . 596 1 . 586-1 . 608 1 . 594-10.5-4.5 . 623 1-7 Vertical gas retort 1 . 000-1 .01 1 . Ol -1 . 025 1 . 02-1 . 05 1 . 04-1 . 06 1 . 53 -1 . 575 1 . 579 1 . 587-1 . 594 1 . 600-1 . 612 4-6 5-7 Blastfurnace 0.94-0.95 0.95 0.94-0.960.96-0.98 1.523 1.530 1.534 1.543 21 17 Gas producer 0.95 0.98 1.50-1.52 16 Lignite 0.96 0.96 0.96-0.970.97-0.98 1.520 1.528 1.534 1.542 21 25 Carburetted water gas . . 0 . 96 -1 . Ol 0 . 965-1 .03 0 . 97-1 . 07 0 . 98-1 . 08 1 . 558-1 . 598 1 . 562-1 . 602 1 . 572-1 . 622 1 . 578- 1 . 6300-11 0-13 Oil gas 0.93 0.93 0.93 0.94-0.95 1.533 1.533 1.533 1.530-1.540 26.0 32.0 Hardwood 0.98 0.97 1.500 1.495 7 9 Softwood 0.98-0.99 0.99 0.99 0.99 1.505 1.514 1.523 1.533 2 3-4 Bone 0.92 0.94 0.95 0.94 12.0 7.4 Low temperature coke oven shows tar acids in total oil distillate 20-50.

SPECIFIC HEAT—G-CAL G-1 DEG."1 C

COEFFICIENTS OF CUBICAL EXPANSION a =

IWV2 - V1) v'ft 7T~*

v 1(1%

*i )

T

^11

,

eacn case an

. , average figure for use is

suggested, with figures showing the maximum deviation of individual samples from the average suggested. For special cases, reference to the original articles is recommended (3> 8> 13> 21 > 23 ). For effect of solids in creosote oil, see ( 8 > 13). A_

, . . Material

Range 0 , or

C

Water gas tars Vertical retort coal tars Coke oven coal tars Horizontal gas retort coal tars Low temperature coal tars Coal tar and heavy oils (when liquid).. Water gas tar and heavy oils Low temperature tar and heavy oils... Coal tar middle oils . Gas drip (holder oils) Coal tar and water gas tar pitches Low temperature tar pitches

a

Max. , . 0 , or

per C dev. ±

15-80 655 15-80 640 15-80 575 15-80 550 15-85 760 15-80 760 15-60 770 15-85 760 15-60 800 15-60 1000 15-250 460 15-85 660

25 10 25 60 15 40 20 30 20 50 40 40

FLASH POINTS These represent open cup results ( 3 > 5 » 6 >

18

).

0

1450C 2110C 70-750C 10O0C ± 1O0C

4O C M. P. Coal tar pitch 6O0C M. P. Coal tar pitch Coal tar creosotes Low temperature tars

Coal tars—from 0.35 ( + .05) at 4O0C to 0.45 (+.05) at 20O0C. Coal tar oils—0.34 (+.04) at 15°-90°C ((3) and private communications). LATENT HEAT OF VAPORIZATION Coal tar oils (24) Temperature range, 0C 1

9

9

_

2

4

9

Heat of vaporization, g/cal g"1 8 4 . 8

249-296 296-345 345-392 392-438 438-488 VISCOSITY ( 3 >

81.0 85.1 73.3 65.1 63.1 13 5

- >

15

>

20

)

LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) C 1 ) Abraham, B68. ( 2 ) Abraham, Standard Paint Co., O. ( 3 ) Bateman, 107, No. 1036; 22. (4) Bateman, E., U. S. Dept. Agriculture, O. (5) Burke, S. P., Combustion Utilities Corpn., O. ( 6 ) Church, S. R., Barrett Co., O. (7) Church and Weiss, 66, 15, II: 274; 15. («) Church and Weiss, 295, 1918: 160. ( 9 ) Dean and Bateman, U. S. Forest Service, Circ. No. 112 ; 08. (io) Fieldner, A. C., U. S. Bur. Mines, O. (") Fulweiler, W. H., U. G. I. Contracting Co., O. («) Hubbard, U. S. Dept. Agr., Public Roads Bull. No. 99; 12. (13) Huff, 40, 10: 1016; 18. (".5) Huff, 45, 15: 1026; 23. ( 14 ) Morgan and Soule, 45, 15: 587; 23. ( 1 S ) Pochettino, 59, 8: 77; 1,4. ( 16 ) Rhodes, E. O., American Tar Products Co., O. ( 1 ^) Soule, 295, 1923; 114. (18) Soule, R. P., Combustion Utilities Co., O. (l 9 ) Sperr, F. W., Koppers Co., O. (20) Trouton and Andrews, 3, 7: 347; 04. (21) Weiss, 143, 172: 277; 11. (") Weiss, 45, 10: 732, 817, 1911; 18. (23) Weiss, Am. Gas Assoc. Mo., 3: 497; 21. (24) Weiss, 45, 14: 72; 22.

EXPLOSIONS AND GASEOUS EXPLOSIVES WILLIAM A. BONE AND DONALD T. A. TOWNEND MATIÈRES

CONTENTS Ignition temperatures. Electrical ignition. Limits of inflammability.

Températures d'inflammation. Inflammation électrique. Limites d'inflammabilité.

Propagation of flame. Detonation. Explosions in closed vessels.

Propagation de la flamme. Détonation. Explosions en récipients clos.

IGNITION TEMPERATURE The ignition temperature of a gaseous mixture is the temperature at which the heat lost by conduction, etc., is more than counterbalanced by the rate at which it is developed by the reaction, the combustion thus becoming self-propellant. This temperature is a function not only of the gaseous mixture employed but also of the means used for heating it. Also, there is often a short "pre-flame" period, during which the combustion is autogenous, but without any actual appearance of flame. Experimental Methods A. Mixture passed through tube held at known temperature. B. Mixture rapidly admitted to hot bulb at known temperature. Pre-flame "lag" sometimes determined by this method. C. Bulb containing mixture heated rapidly to definite temperature. D. Mixture passed through small reservoir while temperature was raised until flame at exit tube ran back into it. E. Constituent gases heated separately in concentric tubes, gas

INHALTSVERZEICHNIS Entzündungstemperatur. Elektrische Zündung. Grenzen für die Entflammbarkeit. Fortpflanzung der Flamme. Detonation. Explosionen in geschlossenen Gefässen.

INDICE p AGE Temperatura di accensione 172 Accensione elettrica 175 Limiti di infiammabilità... 176 Propagazione della fiamma 182 Detonazione 184 Esplosione in recipienti chiusi 187

from inner tube being then passed into gas in outer tube. In most recent methods pre-flame "lag" has been controlled. F. Constituent gases heated separately and mixed in open away from surface contact. G. Mixture adiabatically compressed and temperature calculated from final volume. H. Mixture adiabatically compressed and temperature calculation based on final pressure experimentally determined. Correct temperature lies between the values calculated by methods G and H. I. Glass vessel within an iron one, each containing a constituent gas. Glass vessel broken at definite temperature. J. Small drop of inflammable liquid dropped into air or oxygen maintained at a known temperature. K. Soap bubble blown with mixture touched by hot wire at known temperature. Pressure = 1 atm. unless otherwise noted.

SPECIFIC HEAT—G-CAL G-1 DEG."1 C

COEFFICIENTS OF CUBICAL EXPANSION a =

IWV2 - V1) v'ft 7T~*

v 1(1%

*i )

T

^11

,

eacn case an

. , average figure for use is

suggested, with figures showing the maximum deviation of individual samples from the average suggested. For special cases, reference to the original articles is recommended (3> 8> 13> 21 > 23 ). For effect of solids in creosote oil, see ( 8 > 13). A_

, . . Material

Range 0 , or

C

Water gas tars Vertical retort coal tars Coke oven coal tars Horizontal gas retort coal tars Low temperature coal tars Coal tar and heavy oils (when liquid).. Water gas tar and heavy oils Low temperature tar and heavy oils... Coal tar middle oils . Gas drip (holder oils) Coal tar and water gas tar pitches Low temperature tar pitches

a

Max. , . 0 , or

per C dev. ±

15-80 655 15-80 640 15-80 575 15-80 550 15-85 760 15-80 760 15-60 770 15-85 760 15-60 800 15-60 1000 15-250 460 15-85 660

25 10 25 60 15 40 20 30 20 50 40 40

FLASH POINTS These represent open cup results ( 3 > 5 » 6 >

18

).

0

1450C 2110C 70-750C 10O0C ± 1O0C

4O C M. P. Coal tar pitch 6O0C M. P. Coal tar pitch Coal tar creosotes Low temperature tars

Coal tars—from 0.35 ( + .05) at 4O0C to 0.45 (+.05) at 20O0C. Coal tar oils—0.34 (+.04) at 15°-90°C ((3) and private communications). LATENT HEAT OF VAPORIZATION Coal tar oils (24) Temperature range, 0C 1

9

9

_

2

4

9

Heat of vaporization, g/cal g"1 8 4 . 8

249-296 296-345 345-392 392-438 438-488 VISCOSITY ( 3 >

81.0 85.1 73.3 65.1 63.1 13 5

- >

15

>

20

)

LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) C 1 ) Abraham, B68. ( 2 ) Abraham, Standard Paint Co., O. ( 3 ) Bateman, 107, No. 1036; 22. (4) Bateman, E., U. S. Dept. Agriculture, O. (5) Burke, S. P., Combustion Utilities Corpn., O. ( 6 ) Church, S. R., Barrett Co., O. (7) Church and Weiss, 66, 15, II: 274; 15. («) Church and Weiss, 295, 1918: 160. ( 9 ) Dean and Bateman, U. S. Forest Service, Circ. No. 112 ; 08. (io) Fieldner, A. C., U. S. Bur. Mines, O. (") Fulweiler, W. H., U. G. I. Contracting Co., O. («) Hubbard, U. S. Dept. Agr., Public Roads Bull. No. 99; 12. (13) Huff, 40, 10: 1016; 18. (".5) Huff, 45, 15: 1026; 23. ( 14 ) Morgan and Soule, 45, 15: 587; 23. ( 1 S ) Pochettino, 59, 8: 77; 1,4. ( 16 ) Rhodes, E. O., American Tar Products Co., O. ( 1 ^) Soule, 295, 1923; 114. (18) Soule, R. P., Combustion Utilities Co., O. (l 9 ) Sperr, F. W., Koppers Co., O. (20) Trouton and Andrews, 3, 7: 347; 04. (21) Weiss, 143, 172: 277; 11. (") Weiss, 45, 10: 732, 817, 1911; 18. (23) Weiss, Am. Gas Assoc. Mo., 3: 497; 21. (24) Weiss, 45, 14: 72; 22.

EXPLOSIONS AND GASEOUS EXPLOSIVES WILLIAM A. BONE AND DONALD T. A. TOWNEND MATIÈRES

CONTENTS Ignition temperatures. Electrical ignition. Limits of inflammability.

Températures d'inflammation. Inflammation électrique. Limites d'inflammabilité.

Propagation of flame. Detonation. Explosions in closed vessels.

Propagation de la flamme. Détonation. Explosions en récipients clos.

IGNITION TEMPERATURE The ignition temperature of a gaseous mixture is the temperature at which the heat lost by conduction, etc., is more than counterbalanced by the rate at which it is developed by the reaction, the combustion thus becoming self-propellant. This temperature is a function not only of the gaseous mixture employed but also of the means used for heating it. Also, there is often a short "pre-flame" period, during which the combustion is autogenous, but without any actual appearance of flame. Experimental Methods A. Mixture passed through tube held at known temperature. B. Mixture rapidly admitted to hot bulb at known temperature. Pre-flame "lag" sometimes determined by this method. C. Bulb containing mixture heated rapidly to definite temperature. D. Mixture passed through small reservoir while temperature was raised until flame at exit tube ran back into it. E. Constituent gases heated separately in concentric tubes, gas

INHALTSVERZEICHNIS Entzündungstemperatur. Elektrische Zündung. Grenzen für die Entflammbarkeit. Fortpflanzung der Flamme. Detonation. Explosionen in geschlossenen Gefässen.

INDICE p AGE Temperatura di accensione 172 Accensione elettrica 175 Limiti di infiammabilità... 176 Propagazione della fiamma 182 Detonazione 184 Esplosione in recipienti chiusi 187

from inner tube being then passed into gas in outer tube. In most recent methods pre-flame "lag" has been controlled. F. Constituent gases heated separately and mixed in open away from surface contact. G. Mixture adiabatically compressed and temperature calculated from final volume. H. Mixture adiabatically compressed and temperature calculation based on final pressure experimentally determined. Correct temperature lies between the values calculated by methods G and H. I. Glass vessel within an iron one, each containing a constituent gas. Glass vessel broken at definite temperature. J. Small drop of inflammable liquid dropped into air or oxygen maintained at a known temperature. K. Soap bubble blown with mixture touched by hot wire at known temperature. Pressure = 1 atm. unless otherwise noted.

H2

NH3

Method A («); c/.

Method B

(7, 9, 10, 16, 17)

Z 0 C* I 2H2 + O 2 + t°C 605 550 605 H2 552-559 611 4H2 617 7H2 560-570 604 O2 530-532 599 24O2 594 4O2 552-553 589 4JO2 560-595 584 7O2 562-592

(4) 2H2 + O2 +

By method E (21), in O2, 700°-860°. (22), in air, 780°.

(24)

CO

For 15% H2 in air, 590° in 375 cm 3 vessel and 625° in 9 cm3 vessel. For 60% H 2 in air, 620° in 375 cm 3 vessel and 712° in 9 cm 3 vessel.

H2 3H2 IJO2 4N 2 ^CO2 3CO2

Method B (4) : M = 2CO + O2 t°C I M+ [I *°C I M+ 645-650 CO 650-657 4N 2 630-650 4CO 695-715 3CO2 650-680 O2 For method A and C cf. ( 9 ); for method D (13); for method G (19); for method K (31)

Method C («); cf. ( 6 > 9 ) Method D («) Method F (42) t°C I 2H2 + Q 2 + 589 650° - 2H2 + O2 642° - 2H2 + O2 560 N2 543 2N 2 577 3N 2 609 4N 2 Method E (50, 52, 58) ; c/. (21, 43) : L = lag in sec; (a) = H2 in O2; (6) = H 2 in air (b) || L | (a) | (b) || L | (a) (b) 619 5 597 602 10 582 585 613 7 [ 589 592 15 573 [ 577

INFLUENCE OF PRESSURE ON IGNITION TEMPERATURE OF H2 IN AIR Method E ( 5 0 > 52 > 58) : £ = jag m sec; p m mm ^S^*x 75 100 200 400 LJ ^ \ ï 5Ï3 524 558 598 1 511 521 554 592 2 509 519 549 581 3 I 545 576 |

CH4 + 2O2, by method A (*»), 650°-730°; by method C (9), 606°-650°. By method D (I3) f 656°-678°. By method B (4), CH4 + 2O2 at 600°-650°; 5CH4 + 2O2 at 640°-660°; 10% CH4 by vol. in air at 730°-790°. (First observation of lags prior to explosion.) Method B* (23, 24, 40). % = % CH4 in air; Fi5 = temp, in 15 cm3 vessel, F 275 in 275 cm3 vessel and FSI in 81 cm3 vessel. % 3 6.5 8.0

Method E (43), c/. (21). For CH4 in O2, \ sec lag, 665°; 10 sec lag, 624°. For CH4 in air, J sec lag, 725°; 10 sec lag, 685°. Method E (50, 52, 58). For CH4 in air. P = mm pressure; L = lag in sec.

760 1000 1200 1520

622 614 601 592

630 620 606 595

632 623 609 600

630 621 609 600

628~ 619 608 599

Meth

°d H (37) ^ ;

t°C* I 2H2 + O2 + t°C 2H2 + O2 + 521 41Of ca. 4N 2 544 H2 581 2H2 For 53% H2 in air, 501 O2 460° t 481 3O2 459 7O2 439 15O2 540 ca. 4N 2 468 ca. 3O2 + 16N2

Meth

°d J (36) V '

*°C I 2H2 + O2 + 4Ï2 H^ 433 2H2 397.5 K>2 407 O2 Method K ( 31 > 33)

* Cale, using 7 = 1.4. t Cale, using 7 = 1.32 to allow for cooling losses during compression.

H 2 + Cl2 For Cl2 + H 2 by method A (»), 430°-440°; method C ( 9 ), 240°-270°; in dark, 190° ( 11 J. H2S For 2H2S + 3O2 by method A ( 9 ), 315°-320°; method C ( 9 ), 250°-270°. For H2S, by method E (21), in O2, 220°-235°; in air, 346°-379°.

I Fi5 I F275 Il % I F15 I F275 Il % I F81 Il % I F81 737 680 10 750 710 2 711 8.8 707 736 675 12 765 710 3 700 10 714 735 680 16 807 750 5.9 695 11.8 724 7.0 697 14.4 742

* The explosion occurs after certain definite time lags.

600

* For P = 7 atm. the ignition temp. = 611° for 0.5 sec lag. ,™et£°d^ (5°'51'58); c/. (20, 26, 28)

Method E («);
CH4 Methane

* All at P = 300 mm.

L I (a) -I (b) I L I (a) è 625 630 2 615 1 622 625 3 | 607

By method not stated

;\ -^ ^^\, OTo 0.6 1 2 3 Method lag in sec. ;\ LJ ^x 0.5 0.6 1 .2 3 JO

100 200 400 600 760

1520 228Oi 3800 5320 I 705 675 653 815 788 765 753 746 722 804 768 747 737 728 711 695 666 644 782 733 717 712 715 690 680 652 633 — 715 702 696 694 676 667 640 624 E (58). For CH4 in O2. P = mm pressure; L = 75

100

200

400

600

760

727 715 694 667

728 716 695 665 651 633

732 721 697 660 643 621

720 715 692 652 636 611

696 688 675 645 631 604

670 666 657 641 629 602

By method G (58), CH4 + 3O2j 340°; CH4 + 5O2, 345°; CH4 + 15O2, 377°; 7e % CH4 in air, 428°. C2H2 Acetylene By method E (21), in O2, 400°-440°; in air, 406°-440°. By method B (24), for 45-55% C2H2 in air, 335°; 20% in air, 400°; 10% in air, 500°. C2H4 Ethylene For C 2 H 4 H- 3O2, method C (»), 530°-606°. By method B (24), for 4.5-6.5% C2H4 in air (vol. vessel = 275 cm3), 487°. By method E (21), for C2H4 in O2, 500°-519°; in air, 542°-547°. Cf. ( 9 ), method A; (13), method D; (31), method K.

C2H6 Ethane By method B (47). % = % C 2 H 6 in air (vol. vessel = 85 cm3) % I 1.9 2.3 I 4.05 I 4.85 5.7 | 8.15 | 10.60 ^0C 594 I 571 I 560 | 555 | 550 | 540 | 534 For C2H6, method A, cf. (9); method D (13). By method C (9), for C 2 H 6 +3.5O 2 , 530°-606°. By method B (24), for 4-8% C2H6 in air (275 cm3 vessel), 560°. C3H8 Propane By method D (13), in O2, 545°-548°. By method E («), in O2, 490°-570°. Method B (47), vol. of vessel = 85 cm3 % C3H8 in air /0C

| 1.25 | 2.50 3.05 | 4.90 | 6.50 | 7.85 I 588 I 552 I 544 I 525 | 516 | 514

CiHi0 n-Butane Method B (*?), vol. of vessel = 85 cm 3 % Ti-C4H10 in air | 1.25 | 2.00 | 2.60 | 3.65 | 4.85 | 7.6^T /0C I 569 I 545 I 531 515 | 502 | 489 C 4 Hi 0 Isobutane For ZSO-C4H10 by method D (13), in Q2, 545°-550°. CoHi2 n-Pentane For 2-3% C 5 Hi 2 in air, 512° by method B (24). air, 320°-336° by method H (37). Method B (47), - 85 cm3. % C 5 Hi 2 in air | 1.5 | 2.15 | 2.75 | 3.75 | E0C I 548 I 532 I 520 j 502 |

Lit.

B I

(24)

I

(30)

I

(38)

| In O2 | 570

K I

(45)

| (31,33)

In air | 490

B

J

In air | In O2 2.2% Texas 256° 481° Borneo 269° Mexico I 274°

I

>4) I

(34)*

(27)

(31,

33)

In air | In air 387° Borneo 380° 400° 424°

C2H6O Ethyl Alcohol B (in air)

Method Lit.

K

(30)

J (30)

By method B ( 5 ), for CS2 + 10O2 at P = 750 mm, 160° with 1-2 sec lag. At P = 300 mm and with 15 sec lag, for CS2 + 5O2 + 5N2, 155°; for CS2 + |O2 + 8N2, 290°. By method F (42), in O2, 236°. By method H (39), f or 12.5% in air, 253°. C 2 N 2 Cyanogen By Method E (21), in O2, 803°-818° Miscellaneous (a) = acetone, (b) = paraffin, (c) = turpentine, (d) = creosote oil, (e) = palm oil, (f) = aldehyde, (g) = aniline, (h) = toluene, (i) = xylene, (j) = methyl alcohol, (k) = amyl alcohol, (1) = anthracene, (m) = naphthalene. Method Lit.

I (38)

(a) B* î

(b) Jf

(34)

(30)

4%, 500° 251° 8%, 500° Method

(h) Jf

Lit.

(38, 30)

(i) ?^_ (22)

(c) J (30,

45)

275°*t 240°*

(d) J*

(e) J*

(f) ?*

(27)

(27)

(22)

(g) ?* (22)

550° 400° 380° 530°

(J) Jf

(k) Jt

(1) Jt

(m) Jt

(38)

(38)

(38)

(38)

563° 500° 500° 516° I I

315°

472°

500°

I

LITERATURE

C8Hi8 n-Octane By method H, for 6.7% in air, 275° (37); 280° (39). Petroleum (24)

132 128 Î23ÎÏ8 ÎÏ4 ÏÏÔÏ07~ 156 151 145 138 130 124 120 0.5 | 1 | 2 3 5 7 10

(For a key to the periodicals see end of volume)

C 7 Hi 6 n-Heptane By method H (37), f or 6.7% in air, 285°; (39) 5% in air, 280°(39).

Lit.

InO2,0C In air, 0C Lag in sec

* In air. t In O2. Î Satd. at 15°, 505°.

CeHi4 n-Hexane By method H (37), f or 6.7% in air, 300°-306°.

Method

CS2 Method E (48)

5.30 | 7.65 486 | 476

J

In air | In O2 5%, 587° I 566°

* Giving sub-ignition temp, with incomplete combustion.

I

FOr 6.7% in vol. of vessel

C 6 H 6 Benzene Method

By method B* (34), for 4.8% in air, 178°-184°; for 4.1%, 179°185°; for 3.5%, 180.5°-188°. By method H (39), for 6.6% in air, 212°. Method K, cf. (3i, 33).

(45)

27- 2%, 515-520° 4%, 455-500° 3950J 355°t 360°f 38% 3%, 505° 5%, 480-495° 518°f 450° * Sub-ignition temp, t In air. Î In O2.

C4Hi0O Ether In air by method A (32), 190°; method B (35), 185°-193°; method J (30), 347°. In O2 by method J (30), 190°.

(i) Davy, 62, 106: 7; 1816. ( 2 ) Bunsen, B72. (3) Mitscherlich, 25, 9: 1171; 76. ( 4 ) Mallard and Le Chatelier, 34, 91: 825; 80. 6I1 1: 173; 82. 15, 4: 274; 83. 27, 39: 2; 83. ( 5 ) Turpin, 133, 1890: 776. ( 6 ) Krause and Meyer, 13, 264: 85: 91. ( 7 ) Freyer and Meyer, 25, 25: 622; 92. ( 8 ) Askenasy and Meyer, 13, 269: 49; 92. (») Freyer and Meyer, 7, 1: 28; 93. ( 1 O) Mitscherlich, 25, 26: 160; 93. O 1 ) Mitscherlich, 25, 26: 399; 93. ( 12 ) Meyer, 25, 26: 429; 93. ( 13 ) Meyer and Munch, 25, 26: 2421; 93. (* 4 ) Meyer and Raum, 25, 28: 2904; 94. ( 15 ) Gautier and Helier, 34, 122: 566; 96. ( 16 ) Helier, 6, 10: 521; 97. ( 17 ) Bodenstein, 7, 29: 665; 99. O 8 ) Emich, 57, 29: 1061; 00. ( 19 ) FaIk, 1, 28: 1517; 06. (20) FaIk, ^, 29: 1536; 07. 8, 24: 450; 07. (21) Dixon and Coward, 4, 95: 514; 09. (22) Holm, 92, 26: 273; 13. (23) Taffanel and Le Floch, 34, 156: 1544; 13. (24) Taffanel and Le Floch, 34, 157: 469; 13. (25) Dixon, Bradshaw and Campbell, 4, 100: 2027; 14. (26) Dixon and Crofts, 4, 100: 2036; 14. (27) Constam and Schläpfer, 98, 57: 39; 14. (28) Crofts, 4, 101: 290, 306; 15. (29) Cassel, 8, 51: 685; 16. (30) Moore, 54, 36: 109; 17. ( 3 I) McDavid, 4, 103: 1003; 17. (32) Alilaire, 34, 168: 729; 19. (33) White and Price, 4, 115: 1248; 19. (34) White and Price, 4, 115: 1462; 19. (35) McClelland and Gill, 117, 16: 109; 20. (36) Fiesel, 7, 97: 158; 21. (37) Tizard, 411, 37: 381; 21. (38) Wollers and Emcke, Krupp's Monatsheft, 1921. (39) Tizard and Pye, 3, 44: 79; 22. 4 ( O) Mason and Wheeler, 4, 121: 2079; 24. (41) Mitscherlich and. Reuter, 93, 121: 53; 22. ( 4 2 ) Wartenburg and Kannenberg, 7, 105: 205; 23. (43) Dixon, 398, 68: 1; 23. ( 4 4 ) Tauss and Schulte, 98, 68: 574; 24. ( 4 5 ) Jentzsch, 98, 68: 1150; 24. ( 4 6 ) Ormandy, 358, 10: 335; 24. (47) Mason and Wheeler, 4, 125: 1869; 24. ( 48 ) Dixon, 70, 44: 305; 25. (49) David, 133, 1925; 303. ( 5 O) Dixon, 133, 1925; 303. (51) Dixon and Harwood, 398, 1925. (52) Dixon and Higgins, 398, 69: 19; 25. (53) p arrf 4^ i7: 1215; 25. ( 5 4 ) Coward and Wheeler, Safety in Mines Research Board, Paper No. 8; 25. (55) Naylor and Wheeler, Ibid. No. 9; 25. (56) Tizard and Pye, 3, 1: 1094; 26. (57) Pignot, 34, 182 : 376; 26. (58) Dixon, Harwood and Higgins, 83, preprint, 1926. (59) Dixon and Russell, 4, 75: 600; 99.

ELECTRICAL IGNITION In the case of electrical ignition and probably also in contact with direct flame or with an incandescent wire, ionization of the gas is an important factor. In the case of electric spark ignition, attempts have been made to determine experimentally the minimum igniting current or spark energy. Unfortunately, however, quantitative values are not easily determined owing to experimental difficulties. Consequently, much of the experimental evidence is of a contradictory nature, so that the part played by ionization in determining the least energy required to inflame a given explosive mixture remains an unknown factor. Representative curves showing least igniting currents are given in Figs. I t o 4.

LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) C 1 ) Thornton, 80, 441:145; 12. 46II: 112; 13. (2) Thornton, 115, 94: 348; 13. 396, 120: 295; 13. 121, 70: 62; 13. (3) Thomson, 63, 14: 11; 13. (*) Thornton, ISl, 71: 1012; 13. ( 5 ) Thornton, o, 90: 272; 14. ( 6 ) Thornton, 121, 73: 822; 14. (7) Thornton, 5, 91: 17; 14. ( 8 ) Thornton, 3, 28: 734; 14. (9) Hauser, 329, 1916; 521. ( 10 ) Thornton, S, 92: 9; 16. C 1 1 ) Thornton, 5, 92: 381; 16. ( 12 ) Morgan, Ilo, 102: 427; 16. ( 13 ) Morgan, 181,7*: 536; 16. 399, 111: 66; 16. ( 14 ) Thornton, 399, 112: 504; 16. ( 15 ) Sastry, 4, 109: 523; 16. O 6 ) Wheeler, 4, 111: 130; 17. (") Wheeler, 4, 111: 411; 17. (18) Wright, 4, 111:643; 17. ( 19 ) Paterson and Campbell, 67, 31: 168; 19.

FIG. 3.—Influence of the nature of the pole on the least igniting with air, using current for mixtures of methyl or ethyl alcohol vapor break-sparks. Iron and nickel poles. 100 volts ( s ).

FIG. 1.—Least igniting currents for mixtures in air of members 5of the paraffin series, using break-sparks. Iron poles. 100 volts ( ).

FIG. 4.—Influence of current voltage on the least igniting current for methane-air mixtures, using break-sparks. Iron poles, continuous current ( s ). (20) Thornton, 3, 38: 613; 19. ( 21 ) Morgan, 4, 115: 94; 19. (22) Thornton, 3, 40: 345; 20. (23) Thornton 3, 40: 450; 20. ( 24 ) Wheeler, 4, 117: 903; 20. ( 25 ) Morgan, 3, 41: 462; 21. (26) Morgan and Wheeler, 4, 119: 239; 21. (27) Thornton, 400, 11: 524; 22. (28) Jones, Morgan and Wheeler, 3, 43: 359; 22. (29) Thornton, 133, 1923; 469. (30) Morgan, 4, 123: 1304; 23. (31) Morgan, 3, 45: 968; 23. (32) Thornton, 46, 62: 481; 24. (33) Wheeler, 4, 125: 1858; 24. (34) Wheeler, 4, 127: 14; 25. (35) Morgan, 3, 49: 323; 25. ( 3 «) Thomson, The Conduction of Electricity through Gases, London, Cambridge Univ. Press, 1903. ( 3 7 ) Morgan, Principles of Electric Spark Ignition in Internal Combustion Engines. London, Lockwood, 1923. ( 38 ) Wheeler, Safety in Mines Research Board, Paper No. 20; 26. (3») Bone and Weston, 5, 110: 615; 26.

PRE-FLAME CONDITION FIG. 2.—Least igniting currents for mixtures in air of members of the paraffin series, using impulsive electrical discharges (33).

(40) Kirkby, 3, 7: 223; 04. («) Kirkby, 3, 13: 289; 07. (*2) Kirkby, 5, 85: 151; 11. ( 43 ) Lind, 78, 21: 177; 12. ( 4 4 ) Finch and Cowln, 5, 111 : 257; 26.

LIMITS OF INFLAMMABILITY The limits are given in volume % and apply to atmospheric conditions of temperature and pressure unless otherwise stated. The first value in the limits column is the lowest lower limit, and the second the highest higher limit of the experimentally found values, which usually agree within a few tenths of 1%. Abbreviations Explosion in closed vessel of volume v, cm 3 generally stated. Fl0 Downward propagation of flame. F1H Horizontal propagation of flame. Fln Upward propagation of flame. Atm. Nature of atmosphere. Exper. condn. Experimental conditions. Tbx Tube whose diameter = x cm. Sat. x Gases saturated with H2O vapor at x°. Pxat. Pressure, x atmospheres. ^Pxmm Pressure, x mm Hg. All temperatures are in 0C. EV

Atm. O2 Air O2 Air

Air Air Air Air

Air O2 O 2 :N 2 40.1:59.9 O 2 :N 2 56.2:43.8 Air

Air

Air

H 2 .—(Continued) Limits | Exper. condn. 5.45-94.7 Sat.«-« 8.7 Ì 8.7 I ^100' * l D 9.05-68.6 P 2 _ 3a t. 9.28-68.0 P 5 _6at. E ]940 , Fl0 9.47-67.5 Pjoat. J 4.1E 1 7 0 0 0 0 , Flu, Sat.17_i8 4.1 -60.0 10 -66.0 EV -74.2 Sat. room 15 1 vessel 9.4 -65.3 E120 9.1-91.7 E120 9.2 -81.2 E120

I

9.2 -86.4 E120 9.46-64.5 Glass pipette 9.42-65.9 Glass bulb 10.78-59.8 (20°) 9.27-67.5 100° T . , 8.98-72.2 200° Iron tube 8.62-79.1 300° 4.15-75.0 Fln, Tb7.5 6.50FlH, Tb7.5 8.8-74.5 Fl0, Tb7.5 9.40-71.5 17 ± 3° } 9.2 50° 8.8 -73.5 100° 8.3 150° 7.9-76.0 200° Fl0, Tb2.5 7.5 250° 7.1 -79.0 300° I 6.7 350° 6.3 -81.5 400° J

| Lit. (28) f (34) 1 (34) ( 36 ) (36) ( 36 ) ( 39 ) (51) (52) ( 56 )

( 60 ) (6°) ( 60 ) ( 60 ) ( 7 3) ( 7 3) (73) ( 74 ) ( 74 ) ( 74 )

( 78 )

H2S

FIG. 4a.—Limits of inflammability of mixtures of gases and vapors with air.

H2 Atm. O2 Air Air C02:02 79:21 Air Air Air Air Air

I

Limits | Exper. condn. 9.4-91.0 15° 1 „. TK q , 9.0-93.3 1 0 0 ojffUTb4,Sat.i 7 .5 9.2-65.0 9.2-68.5 9.0-62.8 9.0-68.6 11.7-68.4 11.4-69.4 5.0-72.0 10.09.5-66.3 9.45-66.4 9.73-63.6

15° 1 ™ ™ « 100° / M H > Tb4' Sat'17'5 15° \ FlH, Tb4, dried by 100° / P2O5 15° \ ™ TK q 100° / MH ' Tb«' Sat'17'5 Glass, Tb7.5, Fln E2000 E110, Sat. Tb1.4, Fl0

| Lit. fl2}

(«)

(

(12. } (12] ( }

fl2. ( }

O4) (18) ( 19 ) ( 23 ) ( 25 )

•

Air Air Air

4.5 -19.0 5.9-27.2 4.30-45.5 5.30-35.0 5.85-21.3

Air O2

16.2-27.0 15 -80

Air

16.1-26.6 18.2-25.5 22.1-23.3 21.0-24.6 15.0-28.7 17.0-27.5 19.9-26.3 14.0-30.4 15.9-29.6 17.8-28.2 13.0-32.2 14.7-31.1 16.0-30.0 12.3-33.9 13.5-33.1 14.4-32.0

(51) F1H, Tb6 ( 72 ) Fl0, Tb7.5 ( 74 ) Fln, Tb7.5 ( 74 ) Fl0, Tb7.5 ( 74 ) NH 3 E500, sphere (34) Found by altering burner mix- ( 45 ) ture Fln, Tb5, 18° (65) Fln, Tb6, 18° (65) Fl0, Tb6, 70° (65) Fl0, Tb5, 90° (65) Flu, Tb6, 140° (65) HH, Tb5, 140° (65) Fl0, Tb5, 140° (65) Fln, Tb5, 250° (65) Fln, Tb5, 250° (65) Fl0, Tb6, 250° (65) Fln, Tb5, 350° (65) F1H, Tb6, 350° (65) Fl0, Tb6, 350° (65) Fln, Tb5, 450° (65) Fl11, Tb5, 450° (65) Fl0, Tb6, 450° (65)

NHg.—(Continued) Aim.

O2

O2

Air C02:02 79:21 Air Air

Air Air Air Air O2 Air

I

Limits 17.1-26.4 17.4-26.3 15.3-79.0 16.7-79.0 14.815.812.613.514.815.617.3-

Exper. condn. Fl17, Tb7.5, 18° F1H, Tb7.5, 18° Flu, Tb5, 18° F1H, Tb5, 18° Fln, Tb5, 250° F1D, Tb5, 250° Fln, Tb5, 450° Fl0, Tb5, 450° Fl 115 Tb 7 ^lS 0 Fln, Tb7.6, 18° F1D, Tb7.5, 18° CO 15.4 -94.1 15 0 I s 14.4 -94.8 100° I MH' Tb4' bat'17*5 14.1-74.8 15° j q 13.0-77.6 1 0 0 oJFl H ,Tb 4 ,Sat.i 7 . 5

\ 21.6-73.1 I" 20.0- 75.1 13.0-75.0 15.9-74.5 19.1 -61.7 38.0-57.0 16.418.6 27.914.2 9.3 7.416.0 17.3 -74.8 16.5 -75.0 14.515.7 15.9-72.9 18.4- 62.0 12.5 12.6 -70.0 15.0-73.0 -74.2 15.55-71.0 16.63-93.6

|

15° } 100° j MH> Fl11, Tb7.6 F1H, Tb4 Tbo.6 Tbo.3* P430 P130 P85 400° 470° 575°

« *> Sat'17'5

Tb

E110, Sat. 100° 1 s 100° j El00' F]D' bat'16-18 Plat., E1940 P10Bt., F1D E170 ooo, F1D, Sat.17_18

Air Air Air Sat.ro0m Air 15 !vessel Air E120 O2 Ei20 O2: N2 37.8:63.2.... 15.85-83.6 E120 50.8:49.2.... 15.85-87.7 E120 Air 15.75-68.9 Glass pipette 15.4 -71.6 Glass bulb 15.8-63.8 (20°)

Air

. Air

14.05-69.6 100° Iron tube 13.80-76.6 200° 12.8-75.0 Fln, Tb7-U 13.6Fln, Tb7.5 15.3 -70.5 F1D, Tb7.5 16.3 -70.0 17 ± 3° ] 15.7 50° 14.8-71.5 100° 14.2 150° 13.5-73.0 200° F1D, Tb2.5 12.9 250° 12.4-75.0 300° 12.0 350° 11.4-77.5 400° J

* No mixture can propagate flame through glass Tb < 0.23.

CH4 Methane | Lit. (**)~ ( 65 ) ( 65 ) (65) (65) (65) (65) (65) (65) (65) (65) I

(

(12] }

fl2.

Atm.

CO 2 :0 2 79:21 Air Air Air Air

Air O2 Air

(73) (774) ( 4) (74)

(78)

N 2 :0 2 : CO2 81:19 31:19:50 83:17 40:17:43 85:15 64:15:21 . . . . 87:14 85:13:2 O2 O 2 :N 2 80:20 60:40.. 40:60 30:70 25:75 20:80 19:81 13.4:86.6.... 13:87 Air Air

O 2 :N 2 20.9:79.1.... 19.2:80.8 18.3:81.7.... 17.0:83.0.... 15.8:84.2.... 14.9:85.1.... 13.9:86.1.... 13.5:86.6.... 13.2:86.8.... Air

8.7-11.9 8.5-12.2 5.0-13.0 6.0-11.0 6.0 - . 6.4 -12.8 6.1-12.8 6.35.6-

15°} p!H, Tb4, Sat.17.5

| Lit.

5.7 -13.2 15°}« TK q , (12. 5.5-13.2 1 0 0 °j F l H ' T b 4 > S a t - 1 7 - 0 (12) 0 5.8-12.8 15 I Fln, Tb4, dried over 1 12, 5.8 -13.6 100° J P2O5 J ( ;

(") ( 14 ) ( 17 ) ( 17 ) ( 17 ) ( 17 ) ( 17 ) ( 17 ) ( 17 ) (i 7 ) ( 18 ) ( 19 ) (23) (34) (34) ( 36 ) (36) (39) (51) ( 52 ) (56) (««) ( 60 ) ( <>) («°) ( 7 3) ( 7 3)

Exper. condn.

Air

Air

6

|

6.0-57.3 5.7-57.4

,

}

Limits

O2

(«)

(

I

100o

15 0 I 1 n _ Q . 100° i MH' Tb4' Sat'17'6 Fl^Tb 7 -S F1D, Tb7.5 E200O

12, (»)

fl2. (12)

( 14 ) ( 14 ) (18) ( 19 ) EUO, Sat. ( 23 ) F1D, Tb6.2 (23) EV, sphere 16 cm diam., cent- (30) ral ignition 100 6.0 °Ul F q«t (W 6.25(34) 100o ] Fl0, Ei00, bat.u-18 6.0 -13.0 Piat. Ì F 1 F /36, ( } 6.6-14.0 Pioat. / F l D j E l 9 4 °

5.5 -13.5 Ì 8.0 -11.3 5.7 -11.8 8.3-8.7 Limits given are for explo5.9-9.6 sion in a large steel bomb 7.3 -7.5 6.3 -7.1 6.6 -6.8 J 5.99-

5.955.905.825.775.765.785.846.416.635.3-

Ev, sphere 16 cm diam. Ev, sphere 16 cm diam.

J E170 ooo, Sat.j5_17 Ignition at : 5.6 -14.8 Center 5.4 -14.8 Top Ev, 16 cm sphere 6.0 -13.4 Bottom 5.4-14.3 Fln, Ev, Tb6

5.60-14.8 -12.9 -11.9 5.80-10.6 5.83-8.96 6.15-8.36 6.35-7.26 6.50-6.70 * 5.765.565.52-

^ ^

(38) (38)

(39) (41) (41)

^ ' J Fl0 Fln Flu

* No mixture capable of propagating flame.

(43) (43) (43)

CH4 Methane.—(Continued) Atm.

Air

Air

Air

Air Air Air

i'

Air.. O 2 :N 2 13.7:86.3.... 17.0:83.0.... 21.0:79.0.... 33.0:67.0.... 50.0:50.0.... 66.0:34.0.... O2 Air O2.... 0 2 :N 2 45.2-54.8.... 62.2-37.8.... 86.3-13.7.... Air.

Air...

Air

I

Limits 4.9 5.7 5.55.0 -13.9 -15.4 5.5-13.2 5.464.984.754.553.755.55.6 -14.8 5.5 -14.5 6.00-13.4 5.45-13.5 5.20-13.6 5.05-13.9 4.60-14.0 4.40-14.3 4.154.00-14.7 3.65-15.4 3.35-16.4 3.25-18.8 -23.6 -29.0 6.00-13.0 6.05-13.2 -13.4 6.20-13.6 6.25-13.8 6.40-14.1 -15.4

|

Exper. condn.

FÎT] Fl0 Box, 5.75 ft., cube MHJ Fln, E 23 UO Fl0, Tb30 Fln, Tb30 Fl0, EIOO 25°, E100 200°, E700 300°, EIOO 400°, EIOO 500°, EIOO Pi-sat., Eioo 20°, Fl0, Ev 100°, Fl0, Ev 150°, Fl0, Ev ' 200°, Fl0, Ev 250°, Fl0, Ev 300°, Fl0, Ev 350°, Fl0, Ev 400°, Fl0, Ev 500°, Fl0, Ev 600°, Fl0, Ev 700°, Fl0, Ev 750°, Fl0, Ev 800°, Fl0, E v P760, Fl0, Ev Pi250, Fl0, EV P 2 IO 0 , Fl0, Ev P2900, Fl0, Ev P3350, Fl0, EV P3750, Fl0, EV P4650, Fl0, Ev 15 1 vessel, Sat. ro0m

6.4-6.9 6.1-8.9 5.8-13.3 5.8-25.1 5.8-38.8 5.8-47.5 5.7-59.2 6.05-12.1 6.39-52.1

Fln, Tb2.5 F1H, Tb2.5 Fln, Tb2.5 F1H, Tb2.5 Fln, Tb2.5 Fln, Tb2.5 MH, Tb2.5 Ei 20 Ei 20

6.26-29.7 6.30-38.6 6.44-47.8 6.12-13.6 5.82-13.6 6.25-12.8 6.02-13.9 5.91-14.1 5.80-14.1 5.35-14.9 5.40-14.0 5.95-13.4 6.30-12.9 6.205.95-13.7 5.75-14.1

Ei 20 Ei 20 Ei 20 Glass pipette Glass bulb (20°) Ì 100° T , , 200° Ir ° ntube 300° Fln, Tb7.5 Fln, Tb7.5 Fl0, Tb 7 .5 17 ± 3° 50° , 100° n>,Tb,., 150°

CH4 Methane.—(Continued] Lit.

Atm.

(47) Air (47) ( 47 ) ( 47 ) ( 47 ) ( 48 ) ( 48 ) ( 48 ) ( 48 ) ( 48 ) ( 48 ) ( 51 ) ( 52 ) (55) (55) ( 55 ) (55) ( 5S ) (55) (55) (55) ( 5S ) (55) (55) (55) (55) (55) ( 55 ) ( 55 ) ( 55 ) (55) (55) (55) (56)

Air Air + 0.8% C2H2Cl2 0.8% C2H2Cl4 1.0% C2HCl5 20% C2H2Cl2. 5.5% C2HCl3. 8.5% CCl 4 ... 12.2% CCl4..

|

Exper. condn. | Lit. 200° ~~~~ 250° 300° L1 TK ,78 . 350° ^Tb1., (7*) 400° 450° J EV, Tb1.5 (75)

7.35-10.2 7.15- 9.2 5.95-10.3 * * 9.0 -9.9 *

1

(75)

J

C2H2 Acetylene Air

Air O2 Air Air Air. Air Air

Air Air Air O2 O2: N2 40.5:59.5.... 58.0:42.0.... 78.5:21.5.... Air

^ '

( 5 «) ( 60 ) ( 60 ) ^ 60 , j

( 73 ) (73)

Air

,„. (73)

, 7g , ( 78 )

Limits 5.5 -14.6 5.305.10-15.5 4.954.80-16.6 4.555.4-14.1

* No propagation of flame. See also p. 191.

(58.

(74) (74) (74)

I

Air !

Fln, Tb0.05 Fln, Tbo.08 Fln, Tbo.2 Fln, Tbo.4 MH, Tbo.6 Fln, Tb2.o Fln, Tb3.0 Fln, Tb4.0 J Continuous propagation, [large vol.

7.7-10.0 5.0-15.0 4.5-25.0 4.0-40.0 3.5 -55.0 3.1 -62.0 2.9-64.0 2.8 -65.0 2.8-93.0 3.8 -40.0 3.0-82.0 3.35-52.3 1.53-58.7 2.82-51.7 -73.0 2.982.532.873.0 -46.0 3.0-73.0 3.4-52.5 3.4-90.0

Ei20 Ei20

3.4 -74.4 3.4-82.4 3.4 -87.4 2.682.39- n J 3-12-||| 1.95-pa
Ei20 Ei 20 Ei20 Glass pipette Glass bulb (20°) i 100° Iron tube 200° J Fln, Tb7.6 Fln, Tb7.5 Fl0, Tb7.5 17 ± 3° ] 50° 100° 150° Fl0, Tb2.6 200° 250° 300° J

Fl0, Tb7.5 Ei10, Sat. M 01 TV 4 Fl0, Ei00 Fl11, E2800 Fl17-D, E2800 Mn, E,M17 Fl0, E23317

(13) (13) (13) (13) (13) (I 3 ) (13) (13) j flg. j ( } (19) (14) (23) (25) (46) (46) (46) (46) (46) (51) (52) (80) (80)

(80) (73) (73) (73) ( 74 ) (74) (74)

(78)

Atm. Air Air

I

C2H4 Ethylene Limits | Exper. condn. 4 . 0 -22.0 Fln, T b 7 . 5 4.1-14.6 EUO, Sat. 3.4F1D, Tb6.2, Sat. 5.7 -17.5 3.8 -14.2 E120 4.0 --62.0 Ei20

| Lit. 1 4 ) ( 23 ) (23) ( 5 I) ( 60 ) ( 60 )

(

Air Air O2 0 2 :N 2 40.4:59.6.... 4.0-47.7 E120 ] (60} 74.7-25.3.... 4.0-56.4 E120 J ^ ' Air 3.4-14.1 Fln, Tb2.5 (62) 3.6-13.7 F1D, Tb2.5 ( 62 ) 3.2-25.6 Fln, Tb2.5 ( 62 ) Air 3.52Glass pipette ( 73 ) 3.34Glass bulb ( 73 ) 3.69(20°) 3.22100° Iron tube ( 73 ) 3.40200° Air 3.02-34.0 Fl17, Tb7.5 ( 74 ) 3.20-23.7 Fln, Tb7.5 (74) 3.33-15.5 Fl0, Tb7.5 ( 74 ) Air 3.45-13.7 17 ± 3° ] 3.3550° 3.20-14.1 100° 3.10150° vl ™ f78, 2.95-14.9 200° ^, Tb1., (") 2.85-15.7 250° 2.75-17.9 300° 2.60350° 2.50400° J C 2 H 6 Ethane I j Center ignit. Ev, sphere 16 j (30) Air 3 1Q_ { cm diam. J Air 3.10-10.7 (51) Air 2.5 -5.0 (*2) Air 3.3 -10.6 F1H ( 58 ) Air 3.9-9.6 Tb2.5 ( 60 ) O2 3.9-46.2 Tb2.5 ( 60 )

Atm. AïrTTT Air Air Air Air Air

Air

I

C 5 Hi 2 n-Pentane Limits | Exper. condn. 1.1 1.35Ev, sphere 16 cm diam. 2.4-4.9 En0, Sat. 1.35-4.5 1.6 -5.4 FIs, Tb2.6 1.42-8.0 Fln, Tb7.5 1.44-7.45 F1H, Tb7.5 1.48-4.64 Fl0, Tb7.5 1.53-4.5 17 ± 3° | 1.5050° 1.44-4.75 100° 1.39-4.90 150° Fln, Tb2.6 1.34-5.05 200° 1.30250° 1.22-5.35 300° J

Air

Air

Air Air Air

3.80-21.9 Ei 20 3.90-33.6 Ei 20 ( 60 ) 3.80-39.7 E120 3.12-15.0 Fln, Tb7.6 ( 74 ) 3.15-12.9 Fln, Tb7.5 ( 74 ) 3.26-10.2 Fl0, Tb7.5 ( 7 4) C8H6 Propylene 2.18-9.7 Fl11, Tb7.5 ( 74 T 2.22-9.3 Fln, Tb7-S ( 74 ) 2.26-7.4 F1D, Tb7.5 ( 74 ) C 3 H 8 Propane 2 15_ [ Center ignit. Ey, sphere 16 j { cm diam. J 2.17-7.35 («) 2.4 -7.3 F1H, Tb2.5 (58) C 4 H 8 Butylène 1.70-9.0 Fln, Tb7.5 ( 74 T 1.75-9.0 Fln, Tb7.5 (74) 1.80-6.3 F1D> Tb7.5 (74) C 4 Hi 0 n-Butane

Air

j

60_

Air Air

1.55-5.7 1.9- 6.5

j Center lg1"*- Ev* SPhere 16 1

{ cm diam.

Fln, Tb2.5

J

Air

!

30_

I Center ignit. Ev, sphere 16 1 { cm diam. I

(30)

C 6 H 6 Benzene Air

1.5 -

E2000

Air Air

1.4 -4.7 2.65-6.5 1.41.5 -8.0 2.6 -7.2 2.6 -30.1

E 2000 E lio F1D; Tb6.2

V 18 )

(21) (23) (23) (51) (60) (60)

Air Air E120 O2 E120 O2: N2 40.5:59.5.... -15.5 Ei20 58.0.42.0.... 2.6-21.0 Ei20 78.5:21.5 ... -27.5 E120 Air 1.41-7.45 Fln } _ , , , 1.46-5.55 F 1 n ) Wide tube

(60) , f t .. ("^

C 6 Hi 4 Hexane Air

I 1.3-

IE2Q0Q

I (I«)

C7H8 Toluene Air Air Air

1.3 E2000 1.4 E 2000 1.27-6.75 Fl n K 17 ., , , 1.28-4.60 F l o | W l d e t u b e

(i») (21) ,.., (64)

C 7 Hi 6 Heptane Air

I 1.1-

IE 2 0 0 0

I (18)

C 8 HiS Octane Air

I 1.0-

I (18) '

IE2Q0Q Petroleum

A i r Air Air

(28)

(51) (S«)_

( 78 )

CoHi2 Isopentane

O 2 : N2

37.4:63.6.... 59.5:40.5.... 74.7:25.3.... Air

| Lit. (18) (30) (23) (51) ( 58 ) (™) ( 74 ) ( 74 )

Air Air O2

2 . 4 -4.9 1.1 2.94-8.22 1.9 -5.3 1.5-6.4 1.501.421.221.021.5 -6.0 1.8-5.15 1.9-28.8

E ^ ( Fl0, Tb6.2 Ev, 60° fraction Fl0, Ei00 FIu 1 Ei 00 23° 200° 300° 400° E2300 E120 Ei 20

2

3 ) (23) (40) ( 48 ) ( 48 ) (48) (48) (48) (48) ( 5 I) (60) (60)

Petroleum.—(Continued) Atm. I Limits O2: N 2 44.0:56.0.... 1.8 -14.1 59.5:40.5.... 2.1 -19.2 74.7:25.3.... 1.9 -28.8

Exper. condn.

C3H8O Isopropyl Alcohol Lit.

Atm. Air

Em E120 Ei 20

Air

5.5-21.0 7.8 -18.0 6.0 7.05-36.5 M n I - , , , 7.45-26.5 F1; (Wide tube

( 51 ) ( 21 ) ( 18 ) ,,.<, (^

C2H4O Acetaldehyde Air

3.97-57.0 Fln l w idetube 4.27-13.4 F1D j V V i a e t u D e

^ I }

C2H6O Ethyl Alcohol Air Air Air Air Air Air Air

3.074.0 3.95-13.7 4.0 -13.7 2.8 -9.5 3.56-18.0 3.74-11.5 5.025.185.214.24-19.0 4.32-13.8 4.44-11.5 4.164.374.23-

( 18 ) ( 21 ) ( 23 ) ( 29 ) ( 51 )

En 0 Fln Fl" Fln F1H Fl0 Fln Fln Fl0 Fl17 Fln Fl0

_., , , Wide tube

( 64 )

Tb2.5, 60°

(56)

Tb5, 60°

(56)

Tb15, 60°

(56)

Air

Air Air

2.9 2.7 5.0 -12.0 2.15-9.7 2.35- 8.5 2.3 - 7.5 2.4-6.7 2.75- 6.5 2.2 - 9.5 2.25- 9.3 2.40- 8.3 2.15- 9.7 2.20- 9.5 2.35- 8.5 2.88-12.4 2.89-12.4 3.11-10.9 2.89-13.0 2.93-8.6 3.59- 9 .6 4.03- 8.5 3.68- 8.6 3.30-10.1

Fln Fl0 Fln Fln Tb2.6 Fl0 Fln F1H Tb6 Fl0 Fln F1H Tb10 Fl0 Fln MH Tbis Fl0 Fln | . Fl0 } Wide tube Glass pipette Glass bulb (20°) i T . , 100° ) Iront " be

Air

2.26-11.4 Mn Ì _ , , u 2.33-7.1 ^ [Wide tube

I 3.04

I

Air Air Air

I 2.55-

I E200Q

-

(56)

6.2 6.2 5.9 5.5

Ei10 Fl0, Tb6.2

Fln Fln Tb2.5 Fl0 Fln Fln Tb5, 20° Fl0 Fln MH Tb5, 60° Fl0 Fln Fln Tbi5 Fl0 P770, Fln P751, Fln P600, Fln P520, MH P460, MH P450, Fln P400, MH P300, MH P200, MH P100, Fln P50, Fln

P600, P300, P200, P10O,

Fl0 Fl0 Fl0 Fl0

P50

Air

1.71-48.0 1.85-6.4 2.26-6.90 2.38-6.51 2.34-6.15 1.971.63-

(56)

Air ( 56 )

C3H5O n-Propyl Alcohol Air

1.9 1.8 - 5.2 2.75- 7.7 1.6 0.59-0.195* 2.7 - 7.7 2.35-18.5 2.38-6.2 2.34- 6.3 1.93-15.8 2.05-8.0 2.15- 6.2 1.93-17.1 2.05-13.0 2.15- 7.5 1.73-23.3 1.93-22.3 1.80- 6.5 1.87-12.9 -10.5 - 9.2 1.88- 8.2 - 7.8 1.92-7.3 2.08-6.8 2.33-6.1 2.99-5.0

(56)

I O8)""

I ( 18 )

,-.. (^

,-„ (^

C 4 Hi 0 O Ether Air Air Air

( 18 ) ( 21 ) (29) (5 2 ) (5 2 )

,Rd. ( 64 ) (73) (73) ,-,, ( 73 )

Lit. (i 8 )

C 4 H 8 O 2 Ethyl Acetate

/fi4N

C3H6O Allyl Alcohol Air.

Exper. condn.

1.97-10.1 Fln ) _., , . 2.05-7.6 M^ I Wide tube

C3H6O Acetone Air Air Air Air

| JE 2 ooo

C4H8O Ethylmethyl Ketone

( 60 )

CH4O Methyl Alcohol Air Air Air Air

I Limits I 2.65-

Fl n K 17 ., , , F1" } Wide tube Glass pipette Glass bulb (20°) 100° Iron tube 200° j

(i 8 ) (21) ( 23 ) ( 2 3) ( 25 ) ( 2 ^)

( 56 ) (56) (56) (56) (56) (56) (56) (56) (56) (56) (56) (56) ( 5 6) (56) (56)

(56) (56) (56) (56) (56)

.RA. (64) (73) (73) (73)

* Gm per 1.

Air Air Air Air Air

C4H10O Isobutyl Alcohol I 1.68|E 2 0 0 0

I (18)

CS2 1.944.1 2.5-45.0 1.06-50.0 Fln 1 _ , , , 1.91-35.0 Fl0 J W l d e t u b e

(18) (21) (Si) /fi .. ( 64 )

Atm.

I

Air

CS2.- (Continued) Limits | Exper. condri. 2.11-31.7 Glass pipette 2.22-31.2 Glass bulb 3.38-29.2 (20°) 1 T , , 1.35-33.1 100° j fro* t"be C 2 N2 Cyanogen 7.6-38.0

Air

| Lit. ( 73 ) ( 7 ^) /7,, (^ | ( 51 )

C5H5N Pyridine 1.81-12.4 Fln } „, . , 1.88-7.2 FID IWlde tube

^

Air

C2H5NO3 Ethyl Nitrate 3.01-7.5 F l n I , ^ . , , , 3.83-15.1 F1* I Wide tube

, fi4 , (^

Air Air

Water Gas (60% H2, 50% CO) 12.5-66.5 12.4-66.8 En0, Sat. 12.3F1D, Tb6.2

( ) ( 23 ) ( 23 )

Gas (49.45% H2, 47.90% CO, 2.65% air) 12.4-66.2 Ei 20 12.6-92.1 Ei 20

( 60 ) ( 60 )

Air

Water Air O2 O2: N 2 38.6:61.4.... 52.7:47.3....

Mixtures of Combustible Gases (56) EISQOO, FIn

100 75 50 25 10

: 25 : 50 : 75 : 90 100 90: 10 75 : 25 50: 50 40: 60 25: 75

25 50 75 90 33 : 55 : 48.5

100 : 75 : 50 : 25 : 10 33: 33 15: 30 : 51.5

P 53 53 45 52 54 57 72 68* 80*

I % CQ in Q2 | 66.7 50.0 40.0 37.5 35.3 33.3 25.0 20.0 18.4 17.0 16.0 15.0 14.3 14.0* 13.8*

P 50 30 26 24 27 32 74 92 106 124 135 148 340

* Incomplete combustion. 19

( 60 )

|

I

/fi/n

12.5-81.3 Ei 20 12.6-86.1 E120

Vol. compn. H^ : CO: CH4

% H2 in O2 40.0 36.7 33.3 25.0 16.7 11.8 9.1 8.8 6.7

Limits

4.1 -71.5 4.7 6.05-71.8 8.2 10.8 12.5 -73.0 11.0 9,5 7.7 -22.8 7.2 6.4 5.6 -15.1 4.7 4.6 4.1 4.1 5.7-29.9 4.7 -33.6

Relative Limiting Igniting Pressures ( 89 ) Below which, under the same sparking conditions, explosive mixtures would not ignite; P = limiting ignition pressure in mm Hg. % H 2 in O2 I P % CO in Q2 I P 92.3 285 94.0 >400 91.7 341 93.9 75 88.9 212 92.5 108 85.7 183 91.0 99 80.0 149 88.9 81 75.0 123 85.7 78 66.7 103 80.0 55 50.0 66 75.0 50

LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) O) Humboldt and Gay-Lussac, 51, 60: 129; 1804. 13, 53: 239; 1805. (2) Davy, 62, 106: 1; 1816. 107: 45; 1817. ( 3 ) Turner, 410, 11: 311; 1824. ( 4 ) Regnault and Reisit, 13, 73: 129; 50. ( 5 ) Bunsen, B72, 338; 77. ( 6 ) Mallard, 15, 7: 355; 75. ( 7 ) Coquillon, 34, 83: 709; 76. ( 8 ) Wagner, 409, 8: 186; 76. ( 9 ) Mallard and Le Chatelier, 15, 4: 347; 83. (10) Wiillner and Lehmann, Berichte der preussischen Schlagwetterkominission, B2: 193; 86. C 1 1 ) Broockmann, 897, 32: 189; 89. (*2) Roszkowski, 397, 33: 491, 524, 535, 553; 90. 7, 7: 485; 91. (13) Le Chatelier, 15, 19: 388; 91. (i«) Clowes, 5, 56: 2; 94. 57: 353; 95. 54, 15: 701; 96. Detection and Estimation of Inflammable Gas and Vapour in the Air, London, Lockwood, 1896. ( 15 ) Le Chatelier, 34, 121: 1144; 95. ( 16 ) Courier and Meunier, 34, 126: 750; 98. (") Le Chatelier and Boudouard, 34, 126: 1344; 98. O 8 ) Le Chatelier and Boudouard, 34, 126: 1510; 98. ( 19 ) Bunte, 25, 31: 19; 98. (20) Meunier, 34, 131: 727; 00. (2i) Kubierschky, 92, 14: 129; 01. (22) Bunte and Eitner, 397, 44: 835; 01. ( 23 ) Eitner, 397, 45: 2, 21 et seq.; 02. Diss., München, 1902. ( 24 ) Peler and Jomine, 27, 27: 1207; 02. ( 2 5 ) Teclu, 52, 75: 212; 07. ( 26 ) Meunier, 34, 144: 796, 1107; 07. (27) Perman, 58, 87: 416; 11. ( 28 ) Fischer and Wolf, 25, 44: 2956; 11. ( 20 ) Hartman, 395, 91: 62; 11. (30) Burgess and Wheeler, 4, 99: 2013; 11. (31) Brunswig, Explosives, p. 73. New York, Wiley, 1912. Translated by Munroe and Kibler. ( 32 ) Clement, 30, No. 43; 13. (33) Parker, 4, 103: 934; 13. (34) Schlumberger and Piotrowski, 397, 57: 941; 14. ( 3 S) Crussard, 34, 158: 125, 340; 14. ( 36 ) Terres and Plentz, 397, 57: 995, 1001, 1016, 1025; 14. ( 37 ) Somermeier, 45, 6: 191, 374; 14. ( 3S ) Parker, 4, 105: 1002; 14. ( 39 ) Coward and Brinsley, 4, 105: 1859; 14. ( 40 ) Biluchowski and Lahocinski, 136, 1: 1038; 14. 359, 9: 605; 14. ( 4l ) Burgess and Wheeler, 4, 105: 2591; 14. ( 4 2 ) Burgess and Wheeler, 4, 105: 2596; 14. ( 43 ) Le Prince Ringuet, 34, 158: 1793; 14. ( 44 ) Le Prince Ringuet, 34, 158: 1999; 14. ( 45 ) Reis, 7, 88: 518; 14. ( 46 ) Burrell and Oberfell, 30, No. 112; 15. ( 4 ?) Burrell and Oberfell, 30, No. 119; 15. ( 48 ) Burrell and Boyd, 45, 7: 414; 15. ( 4 9 ) Burrell and Robertson, 45, 7: 417; 15. ( s o ) Burrell and Oberfell, 30, No. 134; 16. ( 51 ) Thornton, 3, 33: 190; 17. ( S 2 ) Burrell and Ganger, 30, No. 150; 17. ( 53 ) Wheeler and Whitaker, 4, 111: 267; 17. ( S4 ) Payman, 54, 37: 406; 18. ( 5S ) Mason and Wheeler, 4, 113: 45; 18. ( 56 ) Coward, Carpenter and Payman, 4, 115: 27; 19. (") White and Price, 4, 115: 1426; 19. ( 58 ) Payman, 4, 115: 1436; 19. ( 5 9 ) Satterly and Burton, 69, 13: 211; 19. (6o) Terres, 397, 63: 785, 805, 820, 836; 20. ( 6l ) Jorissen, 70, 39: 715; 20. ( 6 2 ) Chapman, 4, 119: 1677; 21. (63) Katz and Smith, 313, No. 2400 i 11 ; 22. (6 4 ) White, 4, 121: 1244; 22. (65) White, 4, 121: 1688; 22. ( 66 ) White, 4, 121: 2561; 22. ( 6 ^) Jorissen, 176, 19: 193; 22. ( 68 ) Boussu, 34, 175: 30; 22. ( 69 ) Asch, 97, 4: 468; 23. ( 7 0 ) Builder, 136, 47: 435; 23. (71) Payman and Wheeler, 4, 123: 426; 23. ( 7 2 ) Jones, Yant and Berger, 45, 16: 353; 24. (73) Beri and Fischer, 9, 30: 29; 24. ( 74 ) White, 4, 125: 2387; 24. (75) Jorissen and Velisek, 70, 43: 80; 24. ( 76 ) Jorissen and Meuwissen, 70, 43: 591; 24. ( 77 ) White, 4, 127: 48; 25. ( 78 ) White, 4, 127: 672; 25. ( 7 9 ) Jorissen and Meuwissen, 70, 44: 132; 25. ( 8 0 ) Crouch and Carver, 45, 17: 641; 25. (81) Jorissen and VaIk, 70, 44: 810; 25. ( 8 2 ) Jorissen and Ongkiehong, 70, 44: 814; 25. ( 83 ) Jorissen, 70, 44: 1039; 25. ( 83a ) Burgers and Wheeler, Safety in Mines Research Board, Paper No. 15; 26. ( 83 b) Coward and Hartwell, Ibid., No. 19; 26. (83C) Jorissen and Ongkiehong, 70, 45: 162, 224, 400; 26. (83<1) Explosives in Mines Committee, 3rd Report. London, H. M. Stationery Off., 1913.

CO

LIMITING PRESSURES (84) Meyer and Seubert, 4, 45: 581; 84. ( 8S ) Dixon, 68, 175: 634; 84. (*6) De Hemptinne, 186, 761; 02. ( 8 7 ) Fischer and Wolf, 86, 44: 2956; 11. (*8) Coward, Cooper and Warburton, 4, 101: 2278; 12. ( 89 ) Coward, Cooper and Jacobs, 4, 105: 1069; 14. ( 9 0 ) Stavenhagen and Schuchard, 98, 33: 286; 20. ( 91 ) Stavenhagen and Schuchard, 98, 34: 114; 21.

23

Tb2.6 ( ) CO in air, saturated Effect of H2 and H2O on flame speeds of CO — air mixtures ( 34 ) with H2O at room temp, and t° I % CO I % H2 I % H2O I cm/sec P = I atm.

RELATIVE INFLAMMABILITIES (92) Emich, 07, 18: 6; 97. ( 93 ) Emich, 57, 19: 299; 98.

% CO cm /sec

PROPAGATION OF FLAME The "Uniform Movement" and Attendant Phenomena Given certain conditions, an initial "slow uniform flame movement" can usually be effected in a gaseous explosive medium; its velocity is, however, dependent upon (1) the composition of the mixture, (2) its temperature and pressure, (3) the nature and dimensions of the containing vessel (in case of a tube, the diameter being the important dimension) and (4) the source and character of ignition. It is usually determined experimentally by igniting each explosive mixture with the same type of flame at the open end of a tube which is closed at the other end. The flame movement so initiated usually proceeds at uniform velocity for a certain short distance, and its termination is marked by a period of accelerated vibrational flame movement, which may in some cases give rise to detonation. In other cases, however, it seems to be succeeded abruptly by detonation. Recently attempts have been made to establish a so-called "law of flame speeds" for complex combustible gaseous mixtures, e.g., coal-gas and air, on the supposition that in such cases the observed flame speed is caused by the oxygen or combustible gas (whichever of the two is in defect) dividing itself during the combustion so as to form a series of explosive mixtures (of each single component combustible gas with oxygen) giving the same flame speed. This, however, seems a fundamentally wrong view of things. Abbreviations and Units Tbx. A tube of diameter x cm was used in experiment. The values given in the tables are the velocities of propagation of flame in cm/sec for the mixtures noted. All gas percentages are in volume %. H2 Tbi (4)

(8)

H 2 in air 2H 2 +Q 2 +4N 2 % H 2 I cm/sec Tbi 350 20 200 Tb0. e 323 25 280 Tb0.3 350 30* 340 Tbo.o9 172 35 410 3H2 + Cl2 40 440 Tbi I 315 50 380 H 2 + 3Cl2 60 230 Tbi I 600

Tb1 (7)

2H 2 +O 2 +4N 2 20° 350 100° 430

Tb 2 . 5 (27)

H2JnO2 % H 2 | cm/sec 59.9 574 66.6 662 75.2 515

* Not propagated in Tbo.09 or less.

H2 in air (16). A, in Tb 0-9 ; B, in Tbi.»; C, in Tb2.5 % H2 I A [I % H 2 I B I ] % H2 I C 11.80 No 17.30 150 6.10 No 17.30 125 25.15 260 6.19 10 23.65 200 33.90 383 6.31 12 30.45 320 37.15 400 20.15 260 36.55 390 40.10 410 29.70 405 40.10 420 43.10 420 36.30 490 43.10 420 46.80 400 40.50 480 46.80 400 51.55 360 44.55 460 50.55 353 57.15 270 49.15 385 57.00 280 59.45 175 61.60 145 62.00 155 71.39 50 63.50 I No 71.51 * * Flame to open end only.

16.15 16.29 16.51 24.47 30.50 44.84 59.58 67.10 70.63 71.19 71.31

* 19.5 19.4 34.0 46.0 60.1 56.2 30.2 20.0 19.4 t

6 39.25 0.65 28 38.00 0.65 4 39.70 1.90 6 46.15 3.85 10 47.30 4.05 29 46.00 4.05 20 47.30 4.15 5 37.45 5.60 6 43.75 5.60 31 42.20 5.60 6 40.80 6.05 27 39.60 6.05 Tb1 (7) 2CO + O2, 220 cm/sec

1.90 3.70 0.80 0.90 1.20 3.95 2.30 0.85 0.90 44.0 0.90 3.50

73.5 103.5 103.5 152.0 150.0 167.0 144.0 170.0 170.5 156.0 160.5 158.0

* Flame tongue, t Flame to 15 cm.

FIG. 5.—Influence of tube diameter on speed of "uniform movement" with mixtures of hydrogen and air ( 16 ). Effect of H2O on flame-speed (33). Tb2-5. 2° = temp, of saturation with H2O t°

% w n Xi2V/

cm/sec

2* 0.70 13* 1.45 27* 3.50 34* 5.20

56 76 106 120

% w n Jl2U

t°

8.00 0.80 1.35 2.30

42* 41 12f 2Of

cm/sec ÎÏ8 56 68 86

t° 27f 34 f 39f

J^L cm/sec JdL2U 3.50 96 5.20 107 6.85 107

* = 45 % CO in air. t = 40 % CO in air.

CH4 Methane CH4 in air (I2);c/. ( 3 > 6, 7, 8). A in glass Tb2. 55; B in lead Tb 2 . 64 ; C in copper Tb2. 3; D in iron Tb2. 72 % CH4 1 5.99 6.83 7.6 7.95 8.94 10.0 10.98 11.3 11.74

A I B 21.7 19.4 33.4 32.5 45.6 43.5 48.6 48.2 63.66 58.7 69.8 65.0 61.1 53.9 53.3 45.4 36.9 35.2

I

C 18.3 32.7 42.4 45.2 59.4 63.2 54.1 47.7 34.5

I

D 21.2 34.1 43.8

63.3 67.3 57.5 50.6 36.1

CH4 in air (* 3 ) Tb5

% CH4

cm/sec

5.4 6.8 8.8 9.45 10.6 11.5 13.0 14.3

36 55 100 110 109 84 42 36

"Uniform-movement'' velocities in tubes of small diameter (20). D = internal diam. of tube in mm; % = % CH4 in air D^%| 7.6 I 8.0 I 8.25 I 8.4 | 3.6 0 0 0 0 4.5 O O (20) (18) 5.6 (25) (20) (27) 7.2 (37) (30) (30) (30) 8.1 (45) (30) (35) 36.5 9.0 (55) 32.6 34.8

8.5 | 9.0 | 9.5 | 0 0 0 (20) (20) (20) 36.3 38.4 40.8 38.0 40.5 46.8 39.3 42.4 47.7 40.4 44.4 48.9

9.95 |l0.15 O O (33) O 41.2 40.8 46.3 44.5 47.4 46.7 48.0 47.9

iT^^gl 10.5 10.65 I 10.8 I 11.0 I 11.5 I 11.6 [ 11.65 | 12.0 3 . 6 O O O 5 O O O 0~ 4.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 O O 5 . 6 38.4 0 0 0 0 0 O O 7 . 2 42.9 (60) (53) (43) O O O O 8.1 44.0 42.2 41.0 (45) (50) (60) 9.0 46.5 45.5 42.5 36.9 35.3 (69) (60) Figures in parentheses denote distance travelled before flame died out.

FIG. 7.—Influence of the direction of flame propagation on speed of "uniform movement" with mixtures of methane and air ( 28 ).

FIG. 6.—Influence of tube diameter on speed of "uniform movement" with mixtures of methane and air ( 19 ).

23

CH4 in air, Tb2.5 ( ) % CH4 I cm/sec 5.71 * 5.80 23.3 6.95 35.0 7.82 47.4 9.12 64.4 9.96 66.2 10.32 65.5 11.10 57.0 12.25 35.0 13.09 22.0 13.35 19.1 13.42 t * Flame to 15 cm. t Flame to 5 cm. Î Flame to 30 cm.

| |

27

CH4 in O2 ( ) % CH4 | cm/sec 5.59 t 5.72 20 10.52 266 15.53 722 21.63 2300 26.95 3991 33.00 5502 40.00 3020 45.61 488 53.36 82 57.67 29 59.50 î

FIG. 8.—Comparison of the speeds of "uniform movement" of mixtures of various individual gases with air ( 29 ).

FIG. 9.—Speeds of "uniform movement"23of mixtures of combustible gases with air ( ).

C 2 H2 Acetylene C 2 H 2 in air

|

Tb 4 (Q)

C 2 H 2 in air Tb..,(")

|

C 5 Hi 2 Pentane In air (23). Tb2.5

C 2 H 2 in air (22) %C 2 H 2

DÌa

£° f m tUbe

% C 2 H 2 I cm/sec | % C 2 H 2 1 cm/sec | 112.51 25 [ 50 90 2.9* 10 4 45 2.75 40 8.0 500 6 147 3.45 25 41 60 9.0-10.0 600 8 260 4.40 115 22.0 40 9 266 4.60 82 95115 64* 5 10 264 6.10 158172205 12 175 7.00 265 14 114 8.15 258270303 16 75 9.45 335 18 50 10.35 260278304 20 38 11.6 206245283 11.85 285 13.25 115145175220 16.00 60 68 72 18.20 60 70 * Limit.

FIG. 10.—Speed of "uniform movement" of mixtures of the paraffin series with air (31).

t

~ .„.

f

^5U12

/

cm/sec

1

n

1.52 * 1.61 20.2 1.98 40.1 2.35 60.2 2.63 74.3 2.92 83.0 3.00 82.1 3.13 76.0 3.35 65.9 3.49 61.5 * Flame to 6 cm.

Jl

^5U12

| C3H6O Acetone |CS 2 +3NO(7) In air (i7) »

cm/sec

3^85 4.00 4.32 4.56 4.87 5.40 5.50

C

Tb2.5

f

. (5> 8

)

48.0 %C3H6O| cm/sec 44.0 2.70 55.0 Tb3 125 33.0 3.85 69.0 Tb2 124 28.7 5.05 93.8 Tbi .75 25.8 6.40 68.5 Tb 0 . 4 20.2 7.65 39.5 t 8.20 30.5

f Flame to open end only.

LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) C 1 ) Bunsen, 8, 131: 161; 67. ( 2 ) Mallard, 15, 7: 355; 75. ( 3 ) Fonseca Benevides, 407, 7: 166; 80. ( 4 ) Mallard and Le Chatelier, 34, 93: 145; 81. ( 5 ) Mallard and Le Chatelier, 34, 95: 599; 82. (6) Mallard, 185, 15: 268; 82. ( 7 ) Mallard and Le Chatelier, 51, 1: 173; 82. 27, 39: 369, 572; 83. ( 8 ) Mallard and Le Chatelier, 15, 4: 296; 83. ( 9 ) Le Chatelier, 34, 121: 1144; 95. ( 1 0 ) Bunte, 25, 31: 19; 98. C 11 ) Sellars and Campbell, 54, 32: 730; 13. ( 1 2 ) Parker and Rhead, 4, 105: 2150; 14. ( 13 ) Wheeler, 4, 105: 2606; 14. (14) Morgan, 115, 99: 39; 15. 67, 26: 172; 14. (i*) Parker, 4, 107: 328; 15. ( 16 ) Haward and Otagawa, 4, 109: 83; 16. ( 17 ) Wheeler and Whitaker, 4, 111: 267; 17. ( 18 ) Haward and Sastry, 4, 111: 841; 17. ( 1 9 ) Mason and Wheeler, 4, 111: 1044; 17. ( 2 0 ) Payman and Wheeler, 4, 113: 656; 18. ( 21 ) Payman and Wheeler, '4, 115 : 36; 19. (22) Mason and Wheeler, 4, 115: 578; 19. (23) Payman, 4, 115: 1446, 1454; 19. (24) Morgan, 115, 108: 535; 19. (25) Nickolls, Underwriters Labs. Special Investigation No. 528; 19. ( 2 ^) Mason and Wheeler, 4, 117: 36; 20. ( 2 7 ) Payman, 4, 117: 48; 20. ( 28 ) Mason and Wheeler, 4, 117: 1227; 20. (29) Chapman, 4, 119: 1677; 21. ( 30 ) Payman and Wheeler, 4, 121: 363; 22. (31) Mason, 4, 123: 210; 23. ( 32 ) Payman, 4, 123: 412; 23. ( 33 ) Payman and Wheeler, 4, 123: 1251; 23. ( 34 ) Ellis, 4, 123: 1435; 23. ( 35 ) Campbell and Ellis, 4, 125: 1957; 24. ( 36 ) Ellis and Stubbs, 4, 125: 1960; 24. ( 37 ) Ellis and Robinson, 4, 127: 760; 25. (38) Ellis and Wheeler, 4, 127: 764; 25. (39) Gouy, 6, 18: 1; 79. (40) Bunte, 25, 31: 19; 98. (4i) Hofsass, 397, 62: 541; 19. (42) Payman and Wheeler, 83, preprint, 1926.

THEORETICAL

C2H4 Ethylenel C2H6 Ethane [C3H8 Propane | C4Hi0 Butane In air (29) | In air (23) In air (23) | In air (22)

(43) Vicaire, 6, 19: 118; 70. ( 4 4 ) Mallard and Le Chatelier, 15, 4: 296; 83. (43) Jouguet, 34, 156: 872; 13. (46) Nusselt, 98, 59: 872; 15. (47) Jouguet and Crussard, 34, 168: 820; 19.

cm/sec •

Tb2.5 % C4H10

cm/sec

Tb2.5 % C3H8

cm/sec

Tb2.6 % C2H6

cm/sec

Tb2.5 % C2H4

DETONATION The phenomenon of detonation, or " l'onde explosive" as it was originally known, in gaseous explosions was discovered by Berthelot and Vieille and by Mallard and Le Chatelier in the year 1881. It is set up when a sufficiently explosive mixture is ignited by means of 3.55 25.8 3.16 * 2.30 % 1.90 % a detonator (such as fulminate) or under circumstances such that the 4.00 41.3 3.30 18.1 2.37 20.8 1.95 20.1 burning gases are exposed to the repeated effects of reflected com6.10 108.4 3.58 25.6 2.58 26.0 2.05 23.3 pression waves. In the last named circumstance the initial uniform 6.50 129.9 4.47 52.7 2.80 31.4 2.57 slow49.1 velocity is rapidly accelerated up to the point of detonation. 7.20 142.4 4.90 65.0 3.50 48.2 3.01 When 67.9 once established its velocity is constant and within 8.10 120.6 5.57 80.5 4.28 72.8 3.4wide 0 limits 80.unaffected 2 by the material and diameter of the tube 9.45 72.6 6.08 82.5 4.39 79.1 3.6employed, 6 82being .6 solely dependent on the nature of the explosive 13 35 23.5 6.53 85.6 4.71 82.1 4 .05 and75.0 mixture on its temperature and pressure. 14 OO 22.2 7.07 81.3 4.84 80.2 4.34 In61.9 the explosion wave the explosive mixture is fired adiabatically 7.70 60.4 5.14 66.0 4.88 43.4 by compression so that the chemical reaction is more intense and 8.2'3 45.8 5.90 41.2 5.50 27.7of much shorter duration than in the case of normal combustion. 9.00 27.7 6.58 30.2 6.27 22.0 In addition the pressure in the wave is much greater than in ordi9.50 23.1 7.10 23.0 6.53 20.3nary explosions, this being the cause of its shattering effect. 10.09 20.8 7.30 20.3 6.60 || Abbreviations 10.60 19.7 7.35 § Values not otherwise designated are detonation velocities in 10.71 I t meters per second. * Flare only. § Flame to 15 cm. Composition of gas mixtures when given in percentages are t Flame to 4 cm. Il Flame to open end only. in volume %. Î Flame to 6 cm.

The initial conditions of the detonating mixture are ordinary temperature and pressure unless otherwise stated.

H2 Determinations in a lead pipe 100 m long X 6 mm diam. ( 8 ) For 2H 2 + O2, normal conditions, 2821 At 10° Il Pmm m/sec Il P mm I m/sec || 200 2627 760 2821 300 2705 1100 2856 500 2775 1500 2872

At 100° P mm | m/sec |j P mm | m/sec 390 2697 1000 2828 500 2738 1450 2842 760 2790

2CO + O 2 ; influence of H2O vapor ( 8 ); t° = saturation temp. t° I % H2O I Pmm I m/sec || t° 1264 35 Well-dried Dry 1305 35 10 1.2 1676 45 20 2.3 400 1576 45 20 2.3 760 1703 45 20 2.3 1100 1737 55 28 3.7 1713 65 35 5.6 400 1616 75

[ % H2Q | P mm | m/sec 5.6 760 1738 5.6 1100 1782 9.5 400 1570 9.5 760 1693 9.5 1100 1742 15.6 1666 24.9 1526 38.4 1266

CH4 Methane 2H2 2H2 2H2 2H2

+ O2 + 2O2 + 4O2 + 6Q2

2821 2H2 2328 4H2 + 1927 6H2 + 1707 8H2 +

+ 8O2 | 1281 2H2 O 2 3268 2H2 + O 2 3527 2H2 + O 2 3532 2H2 +

+ O2 O2 + O2 + 2O2 +

+ N 2 2426 3N2 2055 5N2 1822 2N 2 2003

H2 + N2O, at Fmm = 500, 2094; Pmm = 760, 2307; Pmm = 1000, 2302 Determinations in a lead pipe 100 m long X 9 mm diam. ( 2 4 )

(8)

I In O2 (24) i

CH4 + 2Q2 Pmm I m/sec — ^5760 2322 1000 lili PH 4. l i n Sn 9Ü.Y« 760

% H2| % Q 2 1 m/sec|| % H 2 1 % O2 [ m/sec || % H 2 | % Q2 | m/sec 1000 22.2 77.8 1600 50.0 50.0 2311 85.5 14.5 3527 25.0 75.0 1693 66.7 33.3 2817 88.9 11.1 3532

I

m/sec 1756 1961 2374 2822 3090 3137

In glass tubes (22)

H2 % O2 | % N 2 1 33.3 33.3 1990 25.0 25.0 2388 16.7 16.7 2767 12.5 12.5 2846 26.6 40.1 2016 20.0 30.0 2383 13.3 20.1 2655 11.4 17.2 I 2671

(8)

Determinations in rubber tube 40 m long X 5 mm diam. ( 3 )

* Detonation not propagated.

ClO2 64.0% ClO2, 36.0% O2, 1126 (U) CO

2CO + O2 Pmm I m/sec 570 1120 760 1089 834 1072 1560 1132 * Wave variable, t Explosive.

2CO + O 2 (13). In CO mixtures the speed may be influenced by nature 0 of igniting charge. 30% CO in air Fired by 0 . 10 g chlorate pownot detonated der 1280* 0 .05 g fulminate 190Of 0 .75 g fulminate 121Ot CO + N2O 1106

Ti '}"»»'

Î Undulatory.

2160 2510 2920 2220 2190 I

53 3

'

2388

I

C2H2 C2H2 C2H2 C2H2 C2H2 C2H2

+ + + + + +

6O2 10O2 2N 2 O 6N2O 2NO 6NO I

1950 1850 2580 2400 2850 2800|

C«)

C2H2 C2H2 C2H2 C2H2 C2H2

+ + + + +

2|O2 2391 HO2 2716 HO 2 + N 2 2414 O2 2961 ( i « ) 2|O2 2482 (3)

98% C2H2 (12). Determinations made in tube l m long X 3.5 mm diam. Since C 2 H 2 is an endothermic compound, it can be detonated under pressure. P = initial detonating pressure in kg/cm 2 .

P Speed

I 5 I 10 j 12 I 15 I 20 I 30 I 1050 | 1100 | 1280 | 1320 | 1500 | 1600 C 2 H 4 Ethylene («)

C2H4 + 2O2* C 2 H 4 + 2O2f C2H4 + 3O2 C 2 H 4 +- 4O2 -^) C2H4 + 3O2

2H2 + O2, normal conditions, 2810 | %(2H 2 + Q 2 ) % H2 in air Pmm I m/sec u Pmm l m/sec | In air 30 1439 560 2763 Ï26Ô 2776 45 1439 26.7 1201 760 2800 1580 2744 40 1251 23.3 1205 2H2 + N2O 2284 35 1205 21.7 * * 10°. 1100°. 2H2 + N 2 + P2 [I 2121 32.5 *

(3)

+2^2

C2H2 Acetylene

2C2H2 + O 2 IeC 2 H 2 + O 2 m/sêc" C2H2 + O2 C 2 H 2 + 3O2 C 2 H 2 + 4O 2

H 2 + Cl2 in Tube diam. = | 9 |l2.7| 15 dark, dry, 2H2 + O 2 2821 2828 H 2 + Cl2 1729 1795 wet, 2H2 + Cl2 1849 1770 (6) 2H2 + 4O2 1927 1921 2H2 + O2 + 3N2 2055 2089 3H2 + Cl2 1855

53.5% ClO2, 46.5% O2, 1065.

+1№

CH4 + HO 2

(3)

2146 % CH4 CH4 + 2O2 2287 1963 11.1 1678 CH 4 + 2N 2 I 20.0 1980 + 4 O 2 fiM 25 '° 2146 CH4 + 4N 2 I 1151 33.3 2337 +2O 2 J 40 -° 2465 CH4 + 7.52 N 2 + 2O2 50.0 2513 gives no detonation. 1RSO

( 13 )

|| % 33.3 50.0 66.6 75.0 33.3 50.0 66.6 Il 71 4

I

+№

CH4 + HO2

2470 2488

33.3 I 66.7 1917 80.0 20.0 3278 % H2 I % O 2 1 % N2 25.0 50.0 25.0 33.3 44.4 22.3 50.0 33.3 16.7 66.6 22.2 11.2 75.0 16.7 8.3 80.0 13.3 6.7

CH4 + 2O2 C H 4 + 4O2 CH4 + IiO,

2581 2538 2364 2247

C2H4 C2H4 C2H4 C2H4

+ + + +-

2209

;

6O2 |2118| C 2 H 4 + 2 O 2 I 8O2 1980 +- 2N 2 10O2 1856 C 2 H 4 +- 2O2 2O2 + N 2 2413 + 4N 2 C2H4+2O2 + 6N 2 C2H4 +2O 2

+ 8N2

° 1878

1734

C 2 H 6 Ethane C2H6 +- 3K>2, 2363 (3) C 2 N 2 Cyanogen

(3) I C8) I (22) C 2 N 2 + 4N2O 2035 P mm C 2 N 2 C 2 N 2 + 2O2, C 2 N 2 + O2 C 2 N 2 + 2O2 2043 +- O2 2321 " +2N2 C2N2+2N2I 500 2536 C 2 N 2 + 3O2, Diam m/S6C + 2O2 f . 7602677 2110 of tube C 2 N 2 + 4N 2 I „ 1000 2671 C 2 N 2 +- O2 ^—mm 2161 + 2O2 / t° + N 2 , 2398 g mm 2230 Pmm C 2 N 2 + 2O2 10 2728 C 2 N 2 + O2 ? mm 388 2171 100 2711 + N2, 2165 758 2195 878 I 2052 I I * Detonation not propagated.

MIXTURES OF COMBUSTIBLE GASES 23

8

( ) ( ) 2(xH2 + yCQ) + 0 2 |4(xH 2 +yCQ) +O 2 2H2 + O2 Ì ^5 x I y I m/sec I x ] y I m/sec + 2CO J 2H2 + O2 2080 0.75 99.25 1754 1 99 1747 +6CO 1.5 98.5 1758 2 98 1755 H 2 + O2 2U« 7.5 92.5 1796 5 95 1776 + 2CO 15 85 1858 25 75 1952 (3) 37.5 62.5 2020 50 50 2212 H 2 + O2 200R 50 50 2130 75 25 2614 + CO 75 25 2391 85 15 2819 3H2 + 2JO2 85 15 2507 92.5 7.5 3015 + 2CO 92.5 7.5 2643 100 O 3284 H 2 + C2H4 100 O 2810 + SfO 2 H2 + CH4 (24). M = % mixture in O2 2H2 + C2H4 i ? H 2 + CH4 I 2H2 + CH4 I H 2 + 2CH4 + 4O2 J ^579 H M I m/sec | M | m/sec | M | m/sec 2 + C2H6 Ì 225Q 13.8 Î532 TO Î449 ÏO 1728 + 4°2 J 21.0 1875 15.8 1582 25.0 2050 44.4 2464 16.7 1666 40.0 2444 2561 20.0 1764 46.1 2546 50.0 57.1 2697 33.3 2094 50.0 2605 66.7 2604 50.0 2474 54.5 2679 54.5 2572 60.0 2600 66.7 2782 LIMITING DILUTIONS OF EXPLOSIVE MIXTURES FOR THE INITIATION OF DETONATION Detonation cannot be propagated in mixtures diluted beyond the limits given I H2 and air CO

CH4 Methane

C2H2 Acetylene C 2 N 2 Cyanogen

Limits Lower Ì 23.3% H 2 Between/21.7% H 2 4CO + 2N 2 + O2 2CO + N2 + O2 CH4 + O2 Lower 11.1% CH4 Upper 53.3% CH4 CH4 + 4N 2 + 2O2 CH4 + 7.5N2 + 2O2 9.5% CH4 in air C 2 H 2 + 10O2 C2H2+6NO C 2 N 2 + 2N 2 + 2O2 C2N2+4N2+2O2 C 2 N 2 + 4N2O C 2 N 2 + 4NO

I Speed | Lit. 1205 TT * J( } * (3) * (3) 1678 Ì 2388 J( ; 1151 (3) * (3) * (3) 1850 (13) 2800 («) 1203 (3) * (3) 2035t (3) * (3)

* Detonation not propagated, t Sometimes propagated.

Mean flame velocity before a uniform detonation speed ensues (3). 2H2 + O2, in rubber tube 5 mm diam.; D — distance from initiating explosive in m; S= time in sec; V = mean vel. from origin in m/sec; Fint. = mean vel. in each interval. D 0.020 0.050 0.500 5.250 20.190 40.430

I

S 0.000275 0.000342 0.000541 0.002108 0.007620 0.015100

I

V 72.72 146.2 924.4 2491.0 2649.0 2679.0

I

Fint" 72.7 448.0 2261 3031 2710 2706

Distance in inches from spark at which detonation occurs = DO for spark at end of tube and Z)3 for spark 3 in. from end ( 16 ). Mixture 2H2 + O2 2H2 + 2|O2 6H2 + O2 C2N2 + O 2 C 2 N 2 + 2O2 2C2H2 + 3O2 C2H4 + 2Q2

|

D0 48

\

D3 12 48 192 4 10 2| 5

8i 12 4i 9

Distance before detonation wave is established = D cm (13). Glass tube, 10 mm diam. Spark at end of tube Mixture 2C2H2 + O2 C2H2 + O2 C2H2 + 6O2 C2H2 + 10O2 C2H2 + 2NO C2H2 + 6NO C2H2 + 2N2O C2H2 + 6N2O

|

D ÏOO 5 15 80 20 50 100 10

Influence of tube diameter on the distance from the firing source at which detonation occurs ( 25 ). Mixture = CS2 + 3O2. Spark at end of tube. Dcm = cm travelled by flame before detonation. Tube diam., mm 6.5-7 10 24-25 34-35 43-44 53-54

|

Dcm 48 50 58 84 103 131

Distance required for the re-establishment of detonation waves after they are damped out by passing from one tube to another of larger diameter (26). Diam. of first tube = 7 mm. Distance in cm travelled by flame in second tube prior to detonation =D. Diam. mm second tube Z) (CS 2 +3O 2 ) D (2H2 +O 2 )

| 13 | 16 | 23-24 | 33-34 | 44-45 I 8 I 10 I 15 I 50 I 100 I I 3 I 62 I

WAVE VELOCITIES ( 14 ) C 2 H 2 + O2 I C 2 H 2 -I- 2NO I 2CO + O2 L'onde explosive (détonation wave) L'onde retrograde (retonation wave) * L'onde réfléchie (reflexion wave) t L'onde prolongée (collision wave) t

2990

2850

2300

1140

2250

1900

1350

1000

2050

* A "retonation" wave is thrown back into the burnt gases when the detonation wave is set up. t The wave reflected through the burnt gases after a detonation wave has reached the walls of the vessel in which the explosion occurs. J Collision waves occur when two detonation waves meet.

REFLECTED WAVES IN A C2H2 + O2 MIXTURE Initial speed After reflection

2300 1 After first crossing 1080 1350 After second crossing. . . 980

KATIO OF WAVE VELOCITIES ( 16 ) Detonation Reflection wave wave Mixture velocity velocity 1538 2820 2H2 + O 2 1383 2305 H2 + N2O 1676 1078 2CO + O 2 1230 2728 C2N2 + O 2 2321 1129 C 2 N 2 +2O 2 1133 2391 2C 2 N 2 +5O 2

Ratio of velocities 1.83 1.67 1.56 2.22 2.06 2.11

Two equations of importance have been deduced whereby velocities of detonation agreeing closely with experimental values may be calculated ( 34 > 35). 9 7? T V* = ^F2[{(m - n)CP + mC*\CPT0 + (Cp + Cv)h] where /XOu

V R J ß n and m Cp and Cv h T0

Velocity of wave. Gas constant. Dynamical equivalent of heat (42 X IO 6 ergs). Gram equivalents of the mixture exploded. Number of molecules before and after the chemical change in the wave. Mean specific heats of the products at constant pressure and volume, respectively. Total heat generated in the wave. Initial temperature (abs.) of the mixture exploded.

(f)'=«'^('+M).-" f ~jT )

Velocity of the wave.

R M T2

Gas constant. Molecular mass of the gas taken. Temperature of the flame.

ju

-T- (ratio of the final and initial densities), «i Mean specific heat at constant volume of the explosion products. Number of molecules in the explosion products.

Cz kz

LITERATURE

Jouguet and Crussard, 34,168: 820; 19. ( 49 ) Crussard, 402,12: 243, 295; 20. (50) Jouguet, 34, 181: 546; 25. (Si) Vieille, 815, 10: 177; 89. 34, 181: 413; 00. ( 5 2 ) Jouguet, 34, 181: 658; 25. ( 53 ) Payman and Robinson, Safety in Mines and Research Board, Report No. 18; 26.

EXPLOSIONS IN CLOSED VESSELS Much of the experimental determination of explosion times and pressures using gaseous mixtures has been carried out with coal gas—air mixtures. Owing to the variable composition and heat of combustion of the samples of coal gas so employed, it has not been found possible to tabulate such data except in so far as they may have a general bearing on the subject of gaseous explosions— and more particularly where data relative to the simpler combustible gases are lacking. All maximum pressures have been expressed as a ratio, maximum pressure , . . . . . .. initial pressure ' thus gmng a better basis °f comPansonIn most cases the published figures for initial pressures refer to room temperatures. Where this has been found to be otherwise, the initial pressures have been adjusted to correspond to a temperature of 150C, and a corresponding correction applied to maximum pressures. No attempt has been made to tabulate investigators' estimates of their explosion temperatures because (a) an arbitrary correction must necessarily be applied for cooling loss during the explosion period—this being dependent on the explosion vessel employed and (b) allowances must be made for dissociation. An approximate value of the temperature attained may be calculated from the formula — ^>max- \s rp

T

-L (max.) abs. — r>. .,

f lTi.lt.

II»

where m/n represents the molecular change. Few direct determinations of explosion temperatures have been possible owing to the very high temperatures developed. In comparing explosion times, consideration must be given to the dimensions of the explosion vessels concerned—on which they are solely dependent. In the following tables all results may be considered to refer to explosions of gaseous mixtures at atmospheric pressure and temperature unless specially stated otherwise.


EXPERIMENTAL

\/ ™

X J- (init.)abs. X,

p —

Abbreviations 1

imt (i) Berthelot, 34, 93: 18; 81. ( 2 ) Mallard and Le Chatelier, 34, 93: 145; 81(3) Berthelot and Vieille, 34, 94: 101; 82. 95: 151, 199; 82. 6, 28: 289; 4 83. 87, 40: 353; 83. ( ) von Oettingen and von Gernet, 8, 33: 586; 88. Finit. ( s ) Dixon and Smith, 398, 2: 2; 89. ( 6 ) Dixon and Harker, 398, 3: 118; 90. ( 7 ) Lean and Bone, 133, 1892: 673. ( 8 ) Dixon, 68, 184: 97; 93. ( 9 ) T'init. Dixon and Cain, 398, 8: 180; 94. Fx C 1 0) Dixon, Strange and Graham, 4, 69: 759; 96. C 11 ) Dixon and Harker, 4, 69 : 12 13 789; 96. ( ) Berthelot and Le Chatelier, 34, 129: 427; 99. ( ) Le CyL Chatelier, 6, 20: 15; 00. 34, 130: 1755; 00. ( 14 ) Le Chatelier, 34, 131: 30; 00. ( 15 ) Jones and Bower, 398, 42: No. 7; 98. (16) Dixon et al., 62, Con. Sphere 200: 345; 03. ( 1 ^) Dixon and Bradshaw, 6, 79: 234; 07. ( 18 ) Bradshaw, O, 79: 236; 07. O 9 ) Dixon, 4, 99: 588; 11. Exper. condn. 20 21 ( ) Dixon, Campbell and Slater, 6, 90: 506; 14. ( ) Butcher, 8, 15: 228; Milli-sec 20. ( 2 2 ) Campbell, 4, 121: 2483; 22. (23) Dixon and Walls, 4, 123: 1025; 23. ( 2 4 ) Payman and Walls, 4, 123: 420; 23. ( 2 S ) Laffitte, 34, 176: 1392; 23. (26) Laffitte, 34, 177: 178; 23. (27) Evreinoff, Journal des Mixture Mines (Russie), No. 2; 23. (28) Audibert, 34, 178: 1275; 24. ( 29 ) Laffitte, 34, 179: 1394; 24. 2H2 (30) Wendlandt, 7, 110: 637; 24. (31) Malinowski, 48, 21: 468; 24. (32) +O 2 Wendlandt, 7, 116: 227; 25. ( 32a ) Laffitte, 16, 4: 587; 25. + O 2 + 4N 2 THEOKETICAL +O 2 34 + O2 + 2H2 (33) Berthelot, 34, 94: 149; 82. 96: 672; 83. ( ) Chapman, 3, 47: 90; 89. (35) Jouguet, 34, 134: 1418; 02. 135: 778; 02. 138: 1685; 04. 139: 121, +O 2 + 4H2 786; 04. 140: 711; 05. 142: 831, 1034; 06. 408, 1: 347; 05. 2: 5; 06. +O 2 + 6H2 (36) Zemplin, 34, 141: 710; 05. ( 3 ?) Jouguet, 34, 1*4: 415; 07. ( 3 «) Crus- + 02 + 202 + O 2 + 6O2 sard, 34, 144: 417; 07. ( 39 ) Crussard and Jouguet, 34, 144: 560; 07. ( 4 O) Jouguet, 34, 144: 632; 07. ( 4 M Crussard, 401, 6: 297; 07. ( 42 ) Jouguet, +O 2 + N 2 34, 146: 915; 08. ( 43 ) Jouguet and Crussard, 34, 146: 954; 08. ( 4 4 ) + O 2 + 2N 2 Jouguet, 34, 150: 91; 10. ( 4S ) Crussard, 34, 156: 447, 611; 13. ( 4 6 ) + O 2 + 4N 2 Jouguet, 34, 156: 872, 1058; 13. ( 47 ) Crussard, 34, 158: 125; 14. ( 4 8 ) + O 2 + 6N 2

Ratio of maximum pressure developed to initial pressure. Initial pressure in atmospheres. Initial temperature in 0C. Vessel whose capacity is x cm3, unless otherwise stated. Cylindrical. Conical. Spherical. Experimental conditions. Time in milli-seconds to attain maximum pressure. H2 Pmax. Pinit.

Muli-

_, Exper. condn.

sec

9.5 6.5 10 9.25 8.34 7.58 6.67 8.2 6.4 8.65 8.26 7.5 6.5

CyI., Fi8 CyL, V* ]

I

J

CyI., F4OOO

Lit. (2) (6)

(*)

CO.— (Continued)

H2 . — ( Continued} Mixture + 2N 2 O + 2N 2 O + 2N 2 + O2 + O2 + O2 + & H2 + O 2 + iV H 2 + O2 + I H2 + O2 + H2 + O2 + 2H2 + O2 + 2H2 + O2 + 3H2 + O2 + 4H2 + O2 + 2O2 + O2 + 6O2 + O2 + N 2 +O 2 + *N 2 +O 2 + 2N 2 + O2 + 2N 2 + O2 + 4N 2 + O 2 + 4N 2 + O2 + 6N2 + O2 + 6N2 + O2 + 8N2 + O2 +O2 + £0 2 + O2 + 3O2 + O2 + 6O2 +O 2 + 3H2 + O2 + 4N 2 + O 2 + 4N 2 +O 2 + 4N 2 + O2 + 4N 2 + O2 + 4N 2 + O2 + 2N 2 + O2 + 4 H 2 +O2 + 2H 2 +O 2 + O2 + 4O2 + O2 + 2O2 + O2 + 4CO2 + O2 + 2CO2

+ O 2 + 4N 2

+ O 2 + 4N 2

H2 + N2O + Cl2 + 3.6H2

Pmax. ^r~7~ Pinit. 12.85 10.47 7.41 9.69

Miliisec

Exper. condn. I CyI.., F40OO

1.04 2.14 2.27 2.53

CyI., F300 CyI., F4000 Ì I00 1 74000

2.41 r ^ "

8.63 7.60 7.55 7.34 6.64 6.12

2.82 1.67 4.22 5.95 9.67 8.16 16.04 2.86 3.55 6.87 2.67 11.98

J CyI., Fsoo

I -, . ,, [<*!" ^"

CyI., Vtoo CyI., F40OO CyI., FEOO 24.45 CyI., F4ooo CyI., F300 36.35 Cyl.,F 3 oo

8.48 8.37 7.94 7.0 8.02 6.8

CyL, F4000

Mixture

(9) (11, 15) (11, 15)

(11, 15)

(11, 15)

(11, 15)

(11, 15) (11, 15) (il, 15) (11, 15) (11, 15) (11, 15)

( 13 >

Cf.

(5, 7)

9.5

Con., Fus in.3, ignit. at vertex 1.15Ì f Cyl.,F* 3.0 P;nit- Finit. atm 5.5 j - ( = 54°C

8.4 7.54t 6.9 7.96f 6.1 8.14t 5.5 7.98 2.2 8.28 1.0 8.1 9.13 1.0 Finit. = 150C 0.7 J- Pinit. = 2 atm. 9.3 2.9 CyL, F* 7.7 1.5 8.8 25.5 5.65 4.6 J 7.10 5 or 3Ì 7.7 less, 10 7.8 de25 8.0 créas50 Sphere, 8.1 -j 8.33 ing 75 V Pinit. [ F24o at 100 Finit. = 170C 8.50 high- 125 8.64 er 150 8.67 8.80 Pinit. 175 J 7.7 7.84 Same as above except Pmax./ 8.05 Pinit. has been corrected: 8.16 Pmax. for cooling losses during -j 8.43 8.63 combustion period; Pinit. for deviation from Boyle's law. 8.79 8.82 8.98 6.88

Lit.

2.06 CyL, F300 CyL, F4000

(68)

(75)

+ O2 + O2 + N2 + O 2 + 2N 2 + O 2 + 5N2 + O2 + O2 + 1^CO2 +O 2 + 3CO2 +O 2 + 4|CO2 + O 2 + 1|CO +O 2 + 6CO + O2 + IJO 2 + O2 + 6O2 + O2 + 3|N2 + O 2 + 7|N2 + O2 + O2 + O2 + N2 +O 2 + 2N 2 + O2 + CO2 +O 2 + 2CO2 +O 2 +O 2 +O 2 +O 2 + 2A + O2 + 2O2 + O2 + 2CO + O2 + 2N 2 +O 2 + 4A +O 2 + 4O2 +O 2 + 4CO +O 2 + 4N 2 +O 2 + 6A + O 2 + 6CO + O2 + 6N 2

+ O2 + 4A

(75)

+O 2 + 4A (79)

+ O 2 + 4O2

+ O 2 + 4CO

(79)

+ O 2 + 4CO (11, 15)

(13)

cf.

(5, 7)

% H 2 in air 25.4 15.3 10.0

Values calculated from published temp, estimates 7.23 Ì CyI., V 30 cm 5.03 [• diam., 30 cm deep (61) 4.03 J

+O 2 + 4N 2

CO 2CO + O2 + 02 + 4N 2

10.1 7.3

* Diam. 7 in., depth 8 in. t Calculated to Timi. = 15°.

CyL 1 F 18 CyI., Fi8

(2) f*1

+O2 + 4N2

Pmax. Pinit. 9.56 8.82 8.28 6.66 9.42 7.50 6.50 4.8 8.33 7.01 8.52 6.40 7.24 5.98 9.29 9.93

Millisec

Exper. condn.

Lit.

> CyL, F4000

(9)

[ CyL, F40OO

( 1 3 )c/. (5, 7)

12.86 15.51 17.78 26.49 27.18 35.80 12.5 5.0 5.0

CyL, Faoo CyL, F40OO CyL 1 F 300 CyL, F300 CyL, F.oo CyL, F300 4.3Ì Sphere, F240 21. 4 f Pinit. 50. 0 J Finit. = 170C. Sphere, F 240 Pinit. = 3 5 . 7 Finit. = 170C

10.0 11.5 12.1 10.6 10.3 . 10.01 4Q 9.55 10.20 Sphere, F24O 9.20 Pinit. = 50 in 9.00 Tinit 190 - - 17°° 8.30 9.7 140 Sphere, F24o 7.9 130 Pinit. = 6 4 . 3 6.4 1100 Finit. = 170C 35 3.0 ' 8.5 50 10.0 8.9 10.2 25 50.0 Sphere, F240 10.53 15 75.0 > Pinit. 10.63 10 100.0 Finit. = 170C 11.2 10 125.0 10 150.0 j 11.66 8.65 9.1 Same as above except Pmax. /Pinit. 10.1 has been corrected: Pmax. for 10.3 \ cooling loss during combustion period; Pinit. for deviation from 10.33 10.84 Boyle's law. I 11.4 60 3.0 7.6 7.7 45 10.0 Sphere, F 240 8.6 10 25.0 Pinit. 9.2 5 50.0 Finit. = 170C 10.1 5 75.0 10 75.0 0 . f 9.6 5 100.0 Sphere, F240 9.8 5 125.0 £nit; l?or 10.0 5 150. O j Timi' = 17 C [ 10.13 9.48 !Same as above except Pmax. /Pinit. 9.68 corrected for combustion period 9.95 loss and deviation from Boyle's 10.16 law. 7.13 70 3.O 1 7.5 100 10.0 7.72 150 25.0 8.20 190 50.0 Sphere, F24O j 8.47 320 75.0 Pinit. 8.80 400 100.0 Finit. = 170C 470 125.0 8.88 530 150.01 9.03 560 175. O J 9.23 ' 7.80 8.00 8.30 Same as above except Pmax./ 8.65 Pinit. corrected for combustion j 9.14 loss and deviation from Boyle's 9.37 law. 9.45 9.76 10.17 Continued on p. 190.

(11, 15) (U, 15) (11, 15)

(11, 15) (11, 15) (11, 15) (73)

(69)

(69)

(69)

(79)

(79)

(73)

(79)

(79)

(79)

(79)

FIG. 14.—Time-pressure curves of 2CO + O 2 + (2N2, 4N2, 6N2)69explosions at initial pressures of 35.7, 50, and 64.3 atm. respt. ( ). FIG. 11.—Time-pressure curves of 2H2 + O 2 + 4N 2 explosions at initial pressures of 3, 75 and 175 atm. (73, 79). Spherical vessel, 2400 cc capacity.

FIG. 12.—Time-pressure curve of 2CO + Oz explosion at an initial pressure of 21.4 atm. ( 69 ). Spherical vessel, 240 cc capacity.

FIG. 16.—Time-pressure curves of 2CO + O 2 + (2A, 4A, 69 6A) explosions at initial pressures of 35.7, 50 and 64.3 atm. ( ).

FIG. 13.—Time-pressure curves of 2CO + O 2 + (2CO, 4CO, 69 6CO) explosions at initial pressures of 35.7, 50 and 64.3 atm. respt. ( ).

FIG. 17.—Time-temperature curves of 2CO + O 2 + 4O2 explosions at initial pressures of 3 and 75 atm. ( 73 ). Spherical vessel, 240 cc capacity.

FIG. 15.—Time pressure curves of 2CO + O 2 + 4A explosions at initial pressures of 3.75 (73) and 175 atm. (79). Spherical vessel, 240 cc capacity.

FIG. 18.—Time-pressure curves of 2CO + O2 explosions at initial pressures of 4 and 50 atm. (73). Spherical vessel, 240 cc capacity.

CO.— Mixture

FIG. 19.—Time-pressure curves of 2CO + 0 2 + 4N 2 explosions at initial pressures of 3 ( 79 ), 75 and 175 atm. (73). Spherical vessel, 240 cc capacity.

Pmax. Pinit.

CO + N2O 10.78 +N 2 O % CO (97.5 %) in air 20 5.77 25 7.12 30 7.86 35 8.16 40 8.27 45 8.25 50 7.65 55 7.10 60 6.05 65 4.87 6.39 7.12 7.10 25 7.22 7.39 7.24 7.47 7.86 30 \ 8.25 8.85

(Continued)

Millisec

15.40 800 385 231 211 175 170 189 251 390 920 280 385 482 550 668 990 1010 231 335 560

7.72* 7.93* 7.94* 7.94* 7.96* 7.96* 7.94* 7.89*

290.2 90.1 97.0 92.0 101.5 101.0 125.9 166.3

(9)

CyI., F4OOO Faoo

(11, 15)

Pinit. = 2 Sphere F, 16 in. diam.; silver plated interior; central ignition ; gas saturated with water vapor at room temperature lì 2 3 4 J- Pinit. 5 6

(76)

(76)

5

(76)

4 \ Pinit. 6J

Influence of the amount of water vapor present. Vol. H2O vapor + 100 of mixture O 2.56 1.68 1.67 1.24 1.21 0.60 0.30

Lit.

Exper. condn.

29.3 % CO in air

CyI. F, 7 in. diam., 8 in. deep J Finit. = 5O0C Pinit. = 5

(83)

* Calcd. to Finit. = 15°.

Mixtures of H2 and CO FIG. 20.—Influence of initial pressure on the ratio maximum pressure/initial pressure (79). Spherical bomb, capacity 240 cc. The corrected curve gives maximum pressure (corrected for cooling loss during combustion period) /initial pressure (corrected for deviation from Boyle's law).

FIG. 21.—-Influence of initial pressure on the time taken for the attainment of maximum pressure (79). Spherical bomb, capacity 240 cc.

2CO +H 2 + IJO 2 + H 2 + 4O2 +3H2 + UO2 +4H 2 + 3O2 2H2 + O 2 2CO + O 2 2H2 +CO + HO2 +CO + O2 H2 +CO + O2 +2CO + HO2 2(xH2 + yCO) + O 2 +4N 2 x y 100 O 49.7 50.3 24.8 75.2 11.9 88.1 8.0 92.0 4.1 95.9 0.2 99.8 2(xH 2 '+ yCO) + O2 + 4N2 100 O 50 50 25 75 12.5 87.5 8 92 4 96 O 100

9.28 8.3 8.92 9.08

>CyL, F4OOO

1.04 12.86

8.10* 8.10* 8.10* 8.10* 8.10* 8.05* 7.79*

7.82 7.98 8.2 8.2 8.5 8.5 8.4

* Calcd. to Finit. = 15°.

(9, 15,

CyI., Faoo CyL, Faoo

(ll)

2.57 1.39

CyL, CyL,

Fsoo Faoo

C11) 11

3.88 4.14

CyL, CyL,

Fsoo F300

7.5 15.5 29.3 46.5 56.6 75.9 245.9 5 15 15 25 25-30 30 180

(1M

C ) (11l l )

( J

CyI. F, 7 in. diam., 8 in. deep I Pinit. = 5 Finit. = 5O0C

(")

Sphere, Fz*o [ Z7UUt. = 170C Pinit. = 50

(67)

C 2 H 2 Acetylene Mixture C 2 H 2 + 2£0 2 C 2 H 2 + 2£O 2

Pmax. Pinit.

MuIisec

14.45 1.94

Exper. condn. CyL, F4ooo CyL, Fsoo

C2H6 Ethane Lit. (9,15)

C11)

C 2 H 4 Ethylene C 2 H 4 + 3O2 C 2 H 4 + 3O2 C 2 H 4 + 3O2

15.25 14.18 15.73

2.86 2.23

CyL, F4000 CyL, F300 CyL, F4000

(9, 15)

(11,

14)

(11,

14)

FIG. 22. — Time-pressure curves obtained from the explosion of 2(xHz + 2/CO) +0 O 2 + Ns mixtures. Initial pressure, 5 atm.83 Initial temperature, 5O C. Cylindrical vessels 7" in diam., 8" deep ( )

Pmax. Pinit. 15.30

Mixture C 2 H 6 + 3£O2 C 2 H 6 + 3£O2 % C 2 H 6 in air 3.05 3.3 3.6 4.05 4.8 5.6 6.7

„ , Exper. condn.

0.83 3.8 4.9 5.75 6.85 7.8 8. 3 8.75

Lit. (9) C11)

CyL, F4000 CyL, Fsoo

} i Deduced from a ptib' lished curve

l | 100 O

Curve H2 CO

CH4 Methane CH4 + 1.84O 2 14.35 +2.8O 2 + 10.5N2 7.9 + 1.92O2 + 7.24N 2 8.95 + 1.44O2 + 5.41N 2 7 . 9 8 +2O2 15.44 +2O2 13.94 +2O2 14.81 +O 2 + 4N 2 5.6

MiUisec

2 [ 50 50

3 25 75

|

4 12 88

|

5 8 92

|

6 4 96

(56)

| 7 | 8 I 2.2 0.2 I 97.8 99.8

C 2 H 6 O Methyl Ether C 2 H 6 Q + 3Q2

I 18.82 |

I CyL, F4Q00

|

(9)

|

(9)

C 4 Hi 0 O Ethyl Ether C 4 Hi 0 Q + 6Q2 CyL, F4ooo

1.24 80

% CH 4 in air 6.30 4 . 2 0 6.80 6.10 7.45 6 . 6 4 7.95 7.09 8.45 7 . 4 0 9.20 7 . 7 3 9.40 7.80 9.65 7 . 9 0 10.10 7 . 9 7 10.25 7 . 9 7 10.75 7 . 8 7 11.40 7 . 7 3 12.10 7.36 12.90 6 . 7 8 13.40 4 . 8 0 13.90 3.50 6.05 3.86 6.85 5.35 7.80 6.85 8.80 7 . 6 6 9.80 7 . 9 4 10.80 7.80 11.90 7 . 4 0 12.80 6.78 12.1 8.15* 275.9 11.0 8.56* 140.6 10.5 8.69* 119.3 9.9 8.70* 105.8 9.7 8.77* 106.5 8.5 8.19* 128.8 7.3 7.20* 225.9 * Calcd. to !Tinit. = 15°. See also

CyL, F40OO CyL, Fsoo CyL, F400O Sphere, F240; Pinit. - 50 Tiuit. = 370C

(9, 15) (11, 14)

(11,

14)

(53)

Ì

I Sphere, F4ooo; highly [ polished interior surface

(54)

I Sphere, Fisooo; highly I polished interior surface

(54)

p. 177.

| GyL, F400Q

C 2 N 2 Cyanogen C2N2 + O 2 + 4N 2 10.95 CyL, Fis +2O 2 19.80 1 + N 2 + 2O2 16.72 +2N 2 + 2O2 13.93 +4N 2 + 2O2 11.66 + O2 23.72 + 1N2 + O 2 19.52 I +2N 2 + O 2 14.42 [ ^y " K400 ° +4N 2 + O2 11.14 +4NO 16.00 + N 2 O 21.40 +2NO 22.08 +2N 2 O 24.6 J +O 2 1.06 CyL, Faoo +2O 2 1.55 CyL, Faoo +2O2 4.50 Sphere, Fisoo +2O 2 + 2N 2 15.4 CyL, Fsoo + 2O2 + N 2 6.09 CyL, Faoo +O 2 + ^N 2 18.65 3.20 CyL, Fsoo +O 2 + |N2 21.09 2.74 Sphere, Fi500 +O 2 + 3N 2 13.88 10.35 CyL, Fsoo + O 2 + 3N 2 15.56 15.12 Sphere, Fisoo + O 2 + 3N 2 23.63 Cyl.,F 30 o +O 2 + 4N 2 10.6 29.78 CyL, Fsoo +4N 2 O 4.53 CyL, Fsoo +4N 2 Q 12.02 Sphere, Fuoo _

_

_

_

_

_

Mixture Tinit. = 10O0C CyL, F, 7 in. diam., 8 in. deep Pinit. = 6.5

I 15.42 |

(13)

(83)

16.84 14.76 13.24 13.16 12.06 10.7 9.15

-

^

_

—

—

_

_

_

(2)

(9» is) Cf. C 5 » 13 )

(1M C11) (1M (1M (1M C11) C11) C11) O1) (11Y (1M C11)

C6H6 Benzene (82)

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

_________-_^—._____.

— ' Milli-sec Exper. condn. *init. 8.28 105.1 9.00 73.5 Timt. = 10O0C 9.50 59.7 Pinit. = 95 lbs./in.2 9.50 59.8 CyL, V1 7 in. diam., 9.74 55.1 8 in. deep 9.78 49.0 Loud metallic knock

(U)

C 6 Hi 4 Hexane (82)

INFLUENCE or TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE Mixture: 9.9% CH4 in air. CyI. F, 7 in. diam., 8 in. deep

T>

Mixture

^

/mit.

'

Milli-sec

Exper. condn.

T i n a . F i n i t .

16.91 14.80 13.97 13.20 10.72

8.86 91.2 9.48 69.5 9.56 64.0 9.50 58.6 Violent explosion

Ratio . air/fuel by wt. 19.2 Ì b J 14.8 13.0 10.7

p l 1%/r-iv /^max. Mllll^-„ &6C ^ mit ' 7.74 175.2 8.58 109.6 8.52 110.8 9.33 78.4 9.71 67.1 Loud metallic knock

0

Tinit. = 10O C Finit. = 95 lbs./in.2 CyI., F, 7 in. diam., 8 in. deep

Petrol (82) Exper. condn. Finit. Ibs./in.s 95.2 95.5 !Finit. = 10O0C 142.5 CyL, F, 95.5 7 in. diam., 95.7 8 in. deep 95.3 —

0

C

lb./in.«

24.7 24.7 100 100 100 200 200 200 300 300 300 400 400 400

30.3 53.0 38.1 66.7 95.0 48.2 84.4 120.6 58.2 102.3 145.9 68.5 120.1 171.5

P m a x

- F n i a x .

finit.

8.32 8.41 6.79 6.79 6.95 5.60 5.65 5.66 4.68 4.75 4.80 4.12 4.12 4.19

Muli-

finit.

sec

8.57* 99.7 8.65* 11.63 8.51* 79.8 8.52* 104.7 8.71* 109.0 8.57* 68.2 8.64* 75.0 8.69* 83.8 8.36* 49.6 8.48* 59.7 8.57* 67.1 8.30* 41.0 8.30* 47.3 8.56* 54.8

* Cal cd. to Tinit. = 150C.

*Calcd. to Titut. = 150C.

EFFECT OF INITIAL TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE Petrol, Hexane and Benzene ( 82 ) °f FIG. 23.—Time-pressure curve obtained from the explosion of 2(xHz -f- 2/CO) + 0 2 + 4N2 mixtures. Initial pressure, 50 atm., room temperature. Spherical vessel, 240 cc capacity ( 67 > *i). Curve.... Hz CO ,

I

l | 100 O

2 | 50 50

3

| 25 75

4 | 5 | 6 12.5 8 87.5 92

J

7

4 96

~ " O 100

l£/L

\ Ì 1 /

100 50 100 50

Pressure rise (lbs./in.2) ratio air/fuel by Wt^ Petrol I Hexane | Benzene _ __ _

660 321 519 250

668 324 520 250

680 327 523 248

FIG. 24.—Time-pressure curves obtained from the explosion of methane-air mixtures. Initial pressure, 95.1 lb./in.2 Initial temperature, 10O0C (»s). EFFECT OF INITIAL TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE C6H6 Benzene (82) *??' °

100 Ì 200 J

] 300 [ J

ii

/•*' - 95.0 67.0 38.0

lbS /m 2

MEASUREMENTS OF EXPLOSION TEMPERATURES

Maximum pressure rise (lbs./in.2) ratio air/fuel by wt. 12.0 I 10.7 I 9.15 ~ 645 644 447 449 242 248 241

120.5 84.5 48.2

636 438 238

646 442 240

146.0 102.0

614 420

633 434

226

237

58.0

Temperature Distribution at Moment of Maximum Pressure Ten per cent coal gas (680 BTU/ft.3) (31). Vessel (Fig. 25): Capacity 6.2ft. 3 Mean temperature (inferred from pressure) (a) Temperature at center near spark (B) (o) Temperature 10 cm within wall (C) (c) Temperature 1 cm from wall (D) (d) Temperature 1 cm from wall (at the side)

160O0C 190O0C 170O0C 1100°-1300°C 85O0C

Temperature Distribution 0.5 sec after Maximum Pressure Mean temperature throughout the gas.. . . , UOO0C Mean temperature of gas excluding a layer 1 cm thick in contact with the walls 116O0C

DIRECT MEASUREMENT OF THE TEMPERATURE-CYCLE IN A GAS ENGINE ( 47 ); c/. (is, 20, 38) Coal gas (460 BTU/ft.3); cylinder 7 in. diameter; stroke 15 in.; working volume 577 in.3; thermocouple: 10% alloys of Pt-Rh and Pt-Ir (0.0005-0.0008 in. thick).

I

No

1

I

2

3

I

4

I

5

Ratio Air/Gas..I 7.35/1 | 7.08/1 j 7.13/1 6.71/1 | 5.66/1 Jacket outlet, 0 CI 35.6 [ 37.2 | 81.4 | 40.6 | 52.8 , , Temp.. Temp.. Temp.. Temp., Temp., 4 F F Angle of crank 0(f ' OC ' 0(^ ' OC ' 0^ 360

569

568

582~

705

636

300 240 180 120 60 30

496 349 256 217 228 267

503 348 269 223 241 275

515 371 317 262 273 330

624 517 422 365 326 339

540 431 371 330 337 442

720

Same for 9.8% coal gas (575 BTU/ft.3) (45). Vessel as above Time from ignition

Mean temperature 0K, inferred from pressure

0.15 0.18 0.20 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00

Total loss of Mean radiaheat by radiation received tion, % heat per cm2 of wall of combustion

0.12 0.17 0.21 0.28 0.46 0.54 0.57

1600 1700*

1680 1600 1280 1085 950

5.0 7.0 8.7 11.6 19.0 22.3 23.6

* Maximum temperature.

2249

1947

710 709 708 705 697 690 675 660 645 630 615 600 540 480 420

1889 1848 1836 1546 1551 1423 1418 1154 1147 1159 1124 1041 1052 1022 1007 1017 975 856 843 726 708 648 646

1871

1918

1532 1579 1721 1397 1437 1586 1269 1247 1417 1139 1193 1275 1018 1098 1192 1017 1058 1124 975 982 1068 816 895 889 704 794 764 637 751 705

FIG. 26.—Direct measurement of temperature-cycle in a gas engine (47).

INFLUENCE OF DENSITY OF GAS ON RADIATION Loss Fifteen per cent coal gas (575 BTU/ft.3)—air mixture ( 45 ) Ml

Til

FIG. 25.—Explosion vessel. RADIATION LOSSES Pressure-time curves obtained from the explosion of a 15% coal gas (675 BTU/ft.3)—air mixture in an explosion vessel: (a) with a highly polished, (6) with a blackened interior surface ( 4 4 ); volume of vessel 0.788 ft. 3 ; area of interior surface 4380 cm2. Maximum pressure for initial pressure 1 atmosphere (a) 114.0 lb./in. 2 (fe) 110.8 lb./in.2

Pressure lb./in. 2 for seconds after ignition 0.15 I 0.25 I 0.35 I 0.45 98.7 84.2 73.5 64.9 89.2 73.1 61.3 53.5

Time from ignition, sec 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00

Mean temperature 0K, of gas (inferred from pressure) Pi = Pi = i at. liât. 2270 2400 2020 2210 1790 2040 1600 1890 1440 1765 1030 1350 810 1140 700 1010

Mean radiation received per cm2 of wall P — — i at. 0.061 0.2 0.29 0.35^ 0.39 0.47 0.49 0 .492

L I

P — liât. 0.14 0.425 0.615 0.75 0.843 1.065 1.143 1 . 158 L I —

Total heat loss by radiation, % heat of combustion Pi = Pi = %at. Hat. 3.3 2.5 11.0 7.7 15.9 11.3 19.2 13.6 21.4 15.3 25.7 19.3 26.8 20.7 26.9 21.0

HYDROGEN — Am MIXTURES ( 61 ) Maximum 0 Strength temperature K, develof (infermixture oped red from pressure)

25.4 15.3 10.0 15.0 13.0 9.8

Time of explosion (sec)

% heat of Total heat Total radia- combustion loss by radition relost by radiation, % ceived per ation up to heat of com2 max. cm of wall bustion pressure

0.017 0.60 0.065 0.245 0.12 0.240 Compared with coal gas 2410 0.05 0.98 2170 0.07 0.81 1700 0.18 0.57 2400 1580 1230

0.5 1.3 1.4

16.1 11.0 8.2

3.3 3.7 7.0

26.1 25.0 23.6

where O = mean absolute temperature. For a cylindrical vessel (h cm diam. X h cm deep) : RL = 0.32 X W~1404Vh. Rate of loss of heat by conduction, cm2 of wall surf ace/sec (Ri) ( 6 4 ): E0 = 4 X IO'13 (t - U 4 for temperatures above 200O0K; R0 = 7 X IO-10 (t - twy for temperatures below 200O0K where (t — tw) is the temperature difference, 0C, between the hot gases and the walls of the explosion vessel.

FIG. 27.—Pressure-time curves obtained from the explosion of a 15 % coal gas air mixture ( 44 ).

FIG. 28.—Influence of shape of explosion vessels having 68 the same initial capacity on the maximum pressure developed ( ).

HEAT Loss Mixture of 15% coal gas (570 BTU/ft.3) in air (64) Heat loss /cm2, % heat of combustion Meanf gas of the coal gas temperaSec* ture, 0K Conduction | Radiation | Total 5.1 3.8 8.9 0.05 244Ot 14.4 10.4 24.8 0.1 2220 20.3 15.0 35.3 2020 0.15 24.5 17.9 42.4 1840 0.2 27.7 20.3 48.0 1710 0.25 30.0 22.2 52.2 1600 0.3 34.4 24.3 58.7 1430 0.4 37.6 25.6 63.2 1300 0.5 * Time after ignition in seconds, t Inferred from pressure. I Maximum temperature.

Various Formulae for Approximate Estimation of Cooling Losses in Explosions of Coal Gas—Air Mixtures General formula for radiation loss in coal gas—air explosions ( 59 ) RT = 0.0001 (77max. - 700V^ X L) where RT = Total radiation registered ^max. = Maximum temperature (mean, 0K) D = Density of the gaseous mixture in atmospheres L = Length of the explosion cylinder in cm Rate of loss of heat by radiation, cm2 of wall surface/sec (RL) ( 64 ) RL = 1.75 X 10-14O4

FIG. 29.—Heat loss from 15 % mixture of coal gas and air («4» 74). R = mean loss of heat by radiator per2 cm2 of wall surface. C = mean loss of heat by conductor per cm of wall surface. H - total heat loss. R', C' and H' give the rate of heat loss by radiation, conduction and total loss, respectively. T = mean gas temperature (deduced from the pressure).

Rate of total heat loss, cm2 of wall surf ace/sec (HT) in a cylinder (h cm diam. X h cm deep) ( 64 ): HT = 4 X IO-13 (T - TV)4 + 0.32 X 10~14 T^h for temperatures above 200O0K; HT = 7 X 10~10 (T - T»)s + 0.32 X 10~14 T*\/h for temperatures below 200O0K. Total heat loss to walls of cylindrical explosion vessel (30 cm X 30 cm up to moment of maximum pressure ( 64 ) (coal gas—air explosions) at atmospheric density : flmax. = 2.15 X 10-8Cax. X t. or expressed as a proportion of the heat of combustion Hc max. = 1.43 X 10-*CL X te where te is the explosion time. Total heat loss per unit area in similar engines working under similar conditions may be given by the equation ( 74 ): H - C + BVrf where C = conduction loss per unit area R\d = radiation loss per unit area in an engine of diameter d.

INFLUENCE OF TURBULENCE Explosions of coal gas—air mixtures in conical vessel, capacity 115 in.3 (ignition at vertex) (68); cf. (7, 31, 39, 56, 75) * max.

Ratio air/coal gas 2.08 2.61 3.13 3.65 4.17 5.21 6.25 7.29 8.33

, ,.„.

Milli-sec

Pinitwith , , , turbulence 6.92 7.23 7.48 7.24 6.70 6.13 5:53 4.84 I 4.15

~ . ^ Quiescent 6.44 6.68 6.30 5.52 4.70 3.76

With , , , turbulence 70.0 28.0 39.0 38.0 51.6 49.6 81.0 136.0 I 344.0

_ . Quiescent 95.0 71.0 83.0 139.0 329.0 942.0

Ethane, C2H6, and air mixtures in spherical vessel, capacity 4000 cm3 (sparked at center) ( 56 ) % C2H6 in air 3 ~ 3.45 3.60 3.80 3.85 4.05 4.30 4.35 4.60 4.65 4.70 4.80 5.00 5.25 5.35 5.60 5.95 6.00 6.40 6.45 6.75 7.05 7.15

3

Milli-sec Quiescent | Turbulence Ô Î 7 6 96 332 152 146 45 124 36 33 94 26 73 29 70 63 24 21 54 20 52 19 46.5 19 46 46.5 19 50 20 52

Distribution of Energy at the Moment of Maximum Pressure Coal gas—air explosions ( 64 ) Internal Thermal Energy.—From 72 % of the heat of combustion in a 9.7% coal gas—air mixture to 80% in a 15% mixture. Available Chemical Energy.—About 10% in each case. Heat Loss to Walls of Vessel.—From about 10% in a 15% mixture to about 18% in a 9.7% mixture. LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) (M Him, 375, 1861: 254, 450, 847. ( 2 ) Bunsen, 8, 131: 161; 67. 3, 34: 489; 67. B72. ( 3 ) Vieille, 34, 95: 1280; 82. (4) Mallard and Le Chatelier, 34, 95: 1352; 82. ( s ) Mallard and Le Chatelier, 61,1:173-, 82. («) Clerk, 153, 69: 220; 82. (7) Mallard and Le Chatelier, 15, 4: 379; 83. («) Mallard and Le Chatelier, 27, 39: 98, 268; 83. ( 9 ) Berthelot and Vieille, 34, 98: 545; 84. ( 10 ) Berthelot and Vieille, 34, 98: 601; 84. ( 1 M Berthelot and Vieille, 34, 98: 646; 84. ( 12 ) Berthelot and Vieille, 34, 98: 705; 84. (13) Mallard and Le Chatelier, ai, 4: 59; 85. (") Berthelot, 6, 4: 13; 85. ( 15 ) Berthelot and Vieille, 6, 4: 29, 39, 48, 59; 85. ( 16 ) Clerk, 153, 85: 1; 86. 135,

53: 207; 86. (") Douglas, 365, 63: 308; 87. O 8 ) Burstall, 3, 40: 282; 59. ( 19 J Berthelot and Vieille, 34, 123: 523; 96. ( 2 0 ) Burstall, 403, 1898: 209. 1901: 1031. 1908: 5. ( 2 M Berthelot and Vieille, 34, 128: 777; 99. ( 22 ) Fenn, 404, 44: 366; 00. (") Petavel, 398, 46: 1; 01. ( 24 ) Oliver, 412, 8: 616; 01. ( 25 ) Bairstow and Horseley, 116, 74: 723; 02. (26) Petavel, 3, 3: 461; 02. ( 2 M Langen, 414, No. 8: 1; 03. ( 28 ) Petavel, 62, 205: 357; 05. ( 29 ) Bairstow and Alexander, 5, 76: 340; 05. C 3 ») Beyling, 405, 42: 130; 06. ( 3 M Hopkinson, O, Til 387; 06. ( 32 ) Clerk, J, 77: 500; 06. ( 33 ) Hopkinson, 5, 79: 138; 07. ( 34 ) Hopkinson, 3, 13: 84; 07. (35) Clerk, 163, 169: 121; 07. (36) Nagel, 4U, No. 54: 1; 08. 116, 86: 278; 08. (37) Coker, Ilo, 86: 497; 08. (3«) Dalby and Callendar, 5, 80: 57; 08. ( 39 ) Committee on gaseous explosions, 133, 1908: 308. 1909: 247. 1910: 199. 1911: 130. 1912: 192. 1913: 166. 1914: 177. 1915:158. 1916:292. (40) Pier, 9, 15: 536; 09. ( 4 M Pier, 7, 66: 759; 09. ( 42 ) Clerk, The Gas, Petrol and Oil Engine. New York, Wiley, 1909. (43) Pier, 9, 16: 897; 10. C 4 4 ) Hopkinson, O, 84: 156; 10. (45) David, 62, 211: 375; 12. (46) Bjerrum, 7, 79: 513; 12. (*?) Coker and Scrofole, 153, 196: 1; 13. ( 48 ) David, 3, 25: 256; 13. (*9) Thornton, 3, 28: 18; 14. 133, 1914: 84, 513. (SO) Siegel, 7, 87: 641; 14. (SM Flamm and Mache, 76, 126: 9; 17. (52) Thornton, 8, 30: 383; 15. (53) Bone et al., 62, 215: 278; 15. ( 54 ) Wheeler, 4, 113: 840; 18. (SS) Mackenzie and Honaman, 244, «: 119; 19. (56) Wheeler, 4, 115: 81; 19. (57) David, 115, 108: 251, 300; 19. ( 5 ») David, 3, 38: 492; 19. (59) David, 3, 39: 66, 84; 20. («O) David, 3, 40: 318; 20. (6M David, 5, 98: 183; 20. (6 2 ) Woodbury, Lewis and Canby, 244, 8: 209; 21. (63) Dixon, 244, 9: 237; 21. (64) David, 5, 98: 303; 21. (65) Womersley, 6, 100: 483; 21. (6«) David, 3, 42: 868; 21. (67) Bone and Haward, 5, 100: 76; 21. (68) Kratz and Rosecrans, 86, 17: No. 133; 22. (69) Bone, Newitt and Townend, 5, 103: 205; 23. (70) Ellis, 4, 123: 1435; 23. (*M Bone, Newitt and Townend, 4, 123: 2008; 23. ( 7 2 ) Midgley and McCarty, 244,14:182; 24. (73) Bone, Newitt and Townend, 6, 105: 406; 24. (74) David, 403, 1924: 741, 763. (75) Fenning, 299, No. 902; 24. (76) Crowe and Newey, 3, 49: 1112; 25. (77) Ellis and Wheeler, 4, 127: 761; 25. (78) Brown, Leslie and Hunn, 45, 17: 397; 25. (79) Bone, Newitt and Townend, 5, 108: 393; 25. 80 ( ) Nickolls, Underwriters Laboratories Misc. Hazard 1130, Pamphlet 95; 1925. ( 8 M David, 5, 108: 617; 25. ( 82 ) Fenning, 299, No. 979; 25. (83) Penning, 62, 225: 331; 26. ( 8 sa) Groves, Practical Treatise on Oil and Gas Engines. Manchester, 1897. (ssb) David, Richardson and Davies, Proc. Leeds Phil Soc. 1: 37; 26. ( 83 C) Bone, Newitt and Townend, 5, 110: 645; 26. (83d) Maxwell and Wheeler, Safety in Mines Research Board, Report No. 10; 25. (836) Tizard, 83, preprint, 1926. (83*) David, 83, preprint, 1926.

THEORETICAL PAPERS («i) Berthelot, 6, 12: 302; 77. (85) Mallard and Le Chatelier, 34, 93: 1014, 1076; 81. (86) Berthelot, 27, 39: 145; 83. 34, 96: 1186; 83. (*?) Berthelot and Vieille, 34, 96: 116, 1218, 1358; 83. (88) Mallard and Le Chatelier, 27, 39: 269; 83. (**) Berthelot, 34, 97: 767; 83. (90) Berthelot and Vieille, 27, 41: 561, 566; 84. (»M Berthelot and Vieille, 34, 98: 770, 852; 84. ( 92 ) Le Chatelier, 27, 48: 122; 87. 7, 1: 456; 87. (93) Le Chatelier, 34, 104: 1780; 87. (94) Bjerrum, 9, 17: 731; 11. 7; 79: 537; 12. (95) David, 3, 39: 551; 20. (»«) Le Chatelier, 34, 179: 971, 24. (97) Goodenough and Felbeck, 86, 18: No. 139; 24. (98) David, 3, 1: 334; 26. (98a) Wimperis, 355, 94: 354; 02. 96: 511; 03. (98b) Tizard, 83, preprint, 1926.

PAPERS DEALING WITH ENGINE EFFICIENCY AND "KNOCKING" OR ''DETONATION " IN ENGINES FROM THE COMBUSTION STANDPOINT (") Lucker, 412, 10: 553; 02. ( 10 °) Midgley, 244, 7: 489; 20. ( 10 M Ricardo, 381, 11: 51, 92, 130, 169, 201, 242; 21. 12: 265, 299, 329; 22. (102) Ricardo, 153, 17 I: 123; 22. (103) Tizard and Pye, 381, 11: 55, 98, 134; 21. ("4) Tizard, 411, 37: 381; 21. (105) Midgley and Boyd, 244, 10: 7; 22. (106) Midgley and Gilkey, 244, 10: 218; 22. (i«7) Midgley, 244, 10: 357; 22. (*08) Midgley and Boyd, 45, 14: 589; 22. ( 1 OS) Midgley, 45, 14: 849, 894; 22. 15: 421; 23. ( 11 O) Empire Motor Fuels Committee, 153, 18 I; 23. ( 11 M Ricardo, 244, 12: 367; 23. (112) Ricardo, 413, 28: 49; 24. ("3) Young and Holloway, 244, 14: 235, 315; 24. ("4) Midgley and McCarty, 244, 14: 182; 24. ( 11S ) Morgan, 153, 19: 254; 24. ("6) Schlesinger, 244, 16: 433; 25. ( 117 ) Dumenois, 34, 180: 1392; 25. (U8) Fieldner, Sträub and Jones, 45, 13: 51; 21. ("») Fieldner and Jones, 45, 14: 594; 22. (120) Wendt and Grimm, 45, 16: 890; 24. ( 1 2 M Clark, Brugmann and Thee, 45, 17: 1226; 25. ( 122 ) Brown, 45, 17: 1229; 26. ( 12 S) Lovell and Boyd, 45, 17: 1216; 25. ( 12 *) Clark and Thee, 45, 17: 1219; 25. ( 12 S) Church, Mack and Boord, 45, 18: 334; 26. ( 12 6) Muraour, 378, 14: 851; 25. ( 1 2 T) Denison, 244, 17: 273; 25. ( 12 S) Callendar, 115, 121; 475; 26. ( 12 9) Sims and Mardles, 83, preprint, 1926.

ANIMAL AND VEGETABLE OILS, FATS AND WAXES C. AINSWORTH MITCHELL

Pouvoir rotatoire.

INHALTSVERZEICHNIS Gebräuchliche Namen. Wissenschaftliche Namen und Eigenschaften. Chemische Zusammensetzung. Polenske Zahl. Kompressibilität. Viskosität. Viskosität unter Druck. Schmelzpunkt. Siedepunkt. Thermische Ausdehnung. Spezifische Wärme. Verbrennungswärme. Flammpunkt. Elektrische Leitfähigkeit. Dielektrizitäts Konstante. Brechungsexponent und Ablesung am Butyrorefraktometer. Optische Rotation.

Nomi comuni Nomi scientifici e proprietà comuni Composizione chimica Numero di Polenske Compressibilità Viscosità Viscosità sotto pressione Punto di fusione Punto di ebollizione Dilatazione termica Calore specifico Calore di combustione Temperatura di accensione. Conducibilità elettrica Costante dielettrica Indice di rifrazione e indicazioni del burrorefrattometro Rotazione ottica

Tables des Propriétés Spéciales des Substances Densité. Point de fusion. Point de congélation. Indice d'acétyle. Indice d'iode. Indice de saponification. Indice d'Hehner. Indice de Reichert-Meissl. Insaponifiable. Points de fusion et de solidification des acides gras (Titer test). Huiles hydrogénées.

Stoff-Eigenschafts Tafeln Dichte. Schmelzpunkt. Erstarrungspunkt. Azetylzahl. Jodzahl. Verseif ungs zahl. Hehner'sehe Zahl. Reichert-Meissl Zahl. Unverseifbares. Schmelz- und Erstarrungsder Fettsäuren punkte (Titer test). Gehärtete Öle.

Tabelle di Proprietà Speciali Densità 18 Punto di fusione 19 Punto di solidificazione 20 Numero di acetile 21 Numero di iodio 22 Numero di saponificazione.. 23 Numero di Hehner 24 Numero di Reichert-Meissl. 25 Insaponificabile 26 Punto di fusione e di solidificazione degli acidi grassi 27 (Titer test) Oli induriti p. 216

CONTENTS Common names. Scientific names and common properties. Chemical composition. Polenske values. Compressibility. Viscosity. Viscosity under pressure. Melting points. Boiling points. Thermal expansion. Specific heat. Heat of combustion. Flash point. Electrical conductivity. Dielectric constant. Refractive index and butyrorefractometer reading.

MATIÈRES Nonas usuels. Noms scientifiques et propriétés usuelles. Composition chimique. Indices de Polenske. Compressibilité. Viscosité. Viscosité sous pression. Points de fusion. Points d'ebullition. Dilatation thermique. Chaleur spécifique. Chaleur de combustion. Point d'inflammabilité. Conductibilité électrique. Constante diélectrique. Indice de réfraction et lecture au butyroréfractomètre.

Optical rotation. Special Property-Substance Tables Density. Melting point. Congelation point. Acetyl value. Iodine value. Saponification value. Hehner value. Reichert-Meissl value. Unsaponifiables. Fatty acid melting and solidification points ("Titer test"). Hydrogenated oils.

INTRODUCTION The General Property Table.— In Table 2, the oils and fats are first classified according to the Alder Wright system. Under each class, the individuals are arranged in alphabetical order of their generic names; and each individual is given a General Index No. by means of which it is identified in all subsequent tables. Where only one series of values is given, the data are usually those recorded for a single specimen of the particular oil. Table 2 serves therefore as a general finding table based upon the scientific names. If the scientific name is not known to the reader, he should first consult Table 1 and obtain the General Index No. Supplementary Tables.—Properties not covered by Table 2 are set forth in Tables 3 to 17 inclusive. Property-Substance Tables.—In these tables (Tables 18 to 27, inclusive) the individuals are arranged by index number in ascending order of the value of the property, the intervals on the scale of property values being indicated in bold-face type. These property-substance tables may be used (1) to select an individual having any desired value of a given property, or (2) to identify (in some cases at least) an individual by means of its properties. For the latter purpose, the properties cited in the following example are most useful. Example; An oil is found by test to have the following properties: Congealing point, 0°; saponification, 190; iodine, 82; acetyl,

INDICE

TABLE

l 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Il 12 13 14 15 16 17

INTRODUCTION Table des propriétés générales. — Dans la Table 2, les huiles et les graisses sont d'abord classées suivant le système d'Aider Wright. Dans chaque classe, les huiles et graisses sont rangées suivant Tordre alphabétique de leurs noms génériques et on leur a attribué un "numéro index général" au moyen duquel elles seront identifiées dans toutes les tables suivantes. Où on a donné seulement une série de valeurs, les données sont généralement ceux d'un seul échantillon de l'huile particulière. La Table 2 est donc une table de recherche générale, basée sur les noms scientifiques. Si le nom scientifique n'est pas connu du lecteur, il devra d'abord consulter la Table 1 afin d'obtenir le "numéro index général." Tables supplémentaires.—Les propriétés qui ne sont pas mentionnées dans la Table 2 sont contenues dans les Tables 3 à 17 inclusivement. Tables des propriétés des substances. —Dans ces tables (Tables 18 à 27 inclusivement), les huiles et graisses représentées par leur nombre index sont arrangées suivant l'ordre ascendant de la valeur de la propriété, les intervalles de l'échelle des valeurs de la propriété étant indiqués en caractères gras. Ces tables des propriétés des substances peuvent être utilisées: 1) pour choisir une huile ou graisse possédant une valeur désirée d'une propriété donnée, ou 2) pour identifier (au moins dans quelques cas) une huile ou graisse au moyen de ses propriétés. On se servira alors de

11; unsaponifiables, 0.6; fatty acids, M. P., 28°; "titer," 21°; ng, 1.466. From each of Tables 20, 23, 22, 21, 26, 27 and 16ß, write down a list of the General Index Nos. lying in the neighborhood of the experimental value and arrange each list in ascending order of these numbers. Determine the number of times each Index No. occurs in this set of lists. For the present example, this gives the following result: 8 times, No. 8; 7 times, No. 31; 4 times, Nos. 3, 5, 26, 47, 62, 91; 3 times, Nos. 13, 20, 29, 33, 54, 61, 67, 83, 84, 92. By turning to Table 2 and examining the properties there recorded for these oils, all but Nos. 8 and 31 are definitely eliminated. The oil under examination must, therefore, be either olive oil or neat's foot oil, or some oil closely resembling these but not included in Table 2. A further comparison of Nos. 8 and 31 results in the elimination of No. 31 on the basis of the acetyl and iodine values, but additional confirmatory tests are necessary. Definitions.—v. p. viii.

EINLEITUNG Die Haupteigenschafts Tafel.—In der Tafel 2 werden die Öle und Fette zuerst entsprechend dem Alder Wright System klassifiziert. In jeder Klasse sind die einzelnen Fette und Öle in alphabetischer Ordnung mit deren Gattungsnamen angeordnet, wobei jedem eine "General Index No." zu geordnet ist mit der es in den folgenden Tafeln erkannt werden kann. Ist nur eine Serie von Werten angegeben, so beziehen sich diese gewöhnlich auf eine einzelne Probe des bezeichneten Öles. Tafel 2 dient daher allgemein zum Nachschlagen, mit den wissenschaftlichen Namen als Grundlage. Ist dem Leser der wissenschaftliche Name nicht bekannt, so wäre zuerst die Tafel l heranzuziehen, wo die General Index No. erhalten wird. Ergänzende Tafeln.—Eigenschaften die sich nicht in der Tafel 2 vorfinden, sind in den Tafeln 3 bis einschliesslich 17 enthalten. Eigenschafts Tafeln.—In diesen (Tafel 18 bis einschliesslich 27) sind die einzelnen Öle und Fette nach ihren Index Nummern in aufsteigender Ordnung ihrer Eigenschafts werte gereiht, wobei die Intervalle an der Skale der Eigenschaftswerte durch hervorgehobene Schrift angezeigt werden. Diese Eigenschafts Tafeln wären zu benützen:!) Um ein besonderes Öl oder Fett heranzuziehen, welches ihrgend einen gewünschten Wert einer gegebenen Eigenschaft hat. 2) Zur Erkennung (wenigstens in einigen Fällen) eines besonderen Öles oder Fettes auf Grund seiner Eigenschaften. In diesem zweiten Falle ist es am nützlichsten die Eigenschaften in der Art des folgenden Beispieles festzulegen. Beispiel: Von einem Öl wurden durch Untersuchung folgende Eigenschaften gefunden: Erstarrungspunkt 0°; Verseifungszahl 190; Jodzahl 82; Azetylzahl 11; Unverseifbares 0,6; Fettsäure: Sm. P. 28°; Erstarrungs-Punkt 21°; n$ = 1,466. Aus jeder der Tafeln, 20, 23, 22, 21, 26, 27; und IQB schreibe man eine Liste der General Index Nummern heraus, welche in der Nähe der experimentell bestimmten Grosse liegen, wobei in der Liste die Nummern in aufsteigender Reihenfolge anzuordnen sind. Dann bestimmt man wie oft jede einzelne Index Nummer in der Liste anzutreffen ist. Für das vorliegende Beispiel bekommt man als Ergebnis: 8 mal No. 8, 7 mal No. 31, 4 mal No. 3, 5, 26, 47, 62, 91, 3 mal No. 13, 20, 29, 33, 54, 61, 67, 83, 84, 92. Verwendet man die Tafel 2 und prüft die für diese öle hier angegebenen Eigenschaften, so findet man, dass bis auf No. 8 und No. 31, alle anderen ausscheiden. Das gesuchte Öl ist daher entweder Olivenöl oder Klauenöl, oder ihrgend ein Öl, welches den genannten zwei sehr eng verwandt sein muss und nicht in der Tafel 2 enthalten ist. Ein weiterer Vergleich von No. 8 und No. 31 gibt, dass No. 31 auf Grund der Azetyl- und Jodzahl wegfällt. Besondere bestätigende Untersuchungen sind jedoch notwendig. Definitionen.—v. p. viii.

preference des propriétés citées dans l'exemple suivant, qui sont les plus utiles pour atteindre ce but. Exemple: On a trouvé expérimentalement qu'une huile possède les propriétés suivantes: point de congélation 0°; indice de saponification, 190; indice d'iode, 82; indice d'acétyle, 11; insaponifiable 0,6; acides gras Pt. F., 28°, Pt. S., 21°;n £5, 1,466. On consulte alors les Tables 20, 23, 22, 21, 26, 27 et IQB et on dresse pour chacune des tables la liste des "numéros index général" qui se trouvent dans le voisinage de la valeur expérimentale, en disposant dans chaque liste ces numéros dans l'ordre ascendant. Ensuite on détermine combien de fois chaque numéro index se trouve dans l'ensemble des différentes listes. Pour l'exemple indiqué, on obtient les résultats suivants: 8 fois le No. 8; 7 fois le No. 31; 4 fois les Nos. 3, 5, 26, 47, 62, 91; 3 fois les numéros 13, 20, 29, 33, 54, 61, 67, 83, 84 et 92. En se référant à la Table 2 et en examinant les propriétés qui y sont mentionnées relativement à ces huiles, on peut éliminer tous les numéros à l'exception des Nos. 8 et 31. L'huile à déterminer doit donc être ou de l'huile d'olive, ou de l'huile de pied de boeuf, ou une huile présentant une ressemblance étroite avec celles-ci, mais non mentionnée dans la Table 2. D'une comparaison ultérieure des Nos. 8 et 31, il résulte l'élimination du No. 31, sur la base les indices d'acétyle et d'iode, mais des essais supplémentaires confirmant la chose sont nécessaires. INTRODUZIONE Tabella delle proprietà principali.—Nella Tabella 2 gli olii ed i grassi sono anzitutto classificati secondo il sistema di Alder Wright. In ogni classe essi sono disposti in ordine alfabetico in base al nome comune, e ad ognuno è assegnato un numero indice che serve a riconoscerlo nelle tabell successive. Data una sola serie di valori, questi sono in generale quelli di uno solo campione del olio particolare. La Tabella 2 serve perciò come tabella generale di riscontri in base ai nomi scientifici. Se il lettore non conosce il nome scientifico, deve consultare prima la Tabella 1 dove trova il numero indice. Tabelle supplementari.—Le proprietà che non si trovano nella Tabella 2, sono contenute nelle tabelle da 3 a 17 inclusa. Tabelle delle proprietà.—In queste (da 18 a 27 inclusa) i singoli olii e grassi sono disposti nell'ordine crescente delle loro proprietà in base ai numeri indici: gli intervalli nella scala dei valori delle proprietà sono indicati con caratteri in grassetto. Queste tabelle di proprietà possono servire: 1) per scegliere una sostanza che abbia un determinato valore di una certa proprietà, oppure, 2) per identificare (in alcuni casi almeno) una sostanza in base alle sue proprietà. A questo ultimo scopo sono sopratutto utili le proprietà citate nel seguente esempio. Esempio.—Si sia trovato che un olio ha le seguenti proprietà: Punto di congelamento 0°; numero di saponificazione 190; numero di iodio 82; numero di acetile 11; insaponificabile 0,6; punto di fusione degli acidi grassi 28°, punto di solidificazione 21°; n™, 1,466. Da ognuna delle Tabelle 20, 23, 22, 21, 26, 27 e IQB si ricava allora una lista di numeri indici con valori delle proprietà vicini a quelli sperimentali e si dispone ogni lista con questi valori in ordine crescente. Si osserva quindi quante volte ogni numero indice figura in questa serie di elenchi. Nel caso presente si ha: 8 volte il numero 8; 7 volte il numero 31; 4 volte i numeri 3, 5, 26, 47, 62, 91; 3 volte i numeri 13, 20, 29, 33, 54, 61, 67, 83, 84, 92. Se ora si considera la Tabella 2 e si esaminano le proprietà ivi riportate per questi olii, essi vengono ad essere tutti scartati tranne i numeri 8 e 31. L'olio in esame perciò deve essere olio di oliva, oppure olio di piede di bue. o un olio che rassomiglia molto a questi due, ma che non è compreso nella Tabella 2. Confrontando ancora i numeri 8 e 31, si scarta pure il 31 in base ai numeri di acetile e di iodio. E' necessario però confermare ulteriormente questo risultato.

1. INDEX OF COMMON NAMES English (In the following index the word "oil" has been omitted. Aburachan seed, 127 Acorn, 46 Akebia, 97 Akee, 109 Akoon fat, 112 Almond, 13 Anaja, 133 Apricot kernel, 14 Arctic sperm, 162 Argemone, 57 Asclepia, 112 Awara, 100 Babassu, 102 Baobab, 99 Bay tree, 126 Beechnut, 40 Beef tallow, 151 Beeswax, 169 Ben, 7 Bicuhybao, 138 Black mustard seed, 25 Black walnut, 64 Bone fat, 160 Borneo tallow, 125 Bottlenose, 162 Brazil nut, 33 "Brown oil" (California), 76 Butter fat, 161 Cacao, 147 Cameline, 34 Canari, 114 Candellila wax, 165 Candlenut, 54, 56 Cantaloup seed, 37.5 Cardamom, 42 Carnauba wax, 164 Carthamus, 59 Cashew nut, 2 Castor, 27 Cedar nut, 74 Chaulmoogra, 49 Cherry kernel, 15 Chicken fat, 157 China wood, 53, 55 Chinese insect wax, 171 Chinese vegetable tallow, 146 Chironji fat, 110 Chrysalis, 95 Coal fish, 90 Coconut, 117 Cod liver, 91 Cohune nut, 101 Colza, 20

The various entries are oils unless specifically classified as "fats," "waxes," etc.)

Corn, 51 Cotton, 124 Cottonseed, 41 Coumu, 139 Crab, 4 Croton, 37 Cupu, 148 Curcas, 26 Curüa palm, 103 Dame's violet, 62.5 Date kernel, 11 Deer fat, 155 Dika fat, 132 Dj ave butter, 108 Dodder, 34 Doegling, 162 Dogfish liver, 94 Dolphin, 88 Earthnut, 3 Garden cress, 43 Garden rocket, 62.5 Gerard's pine (Himalayas), 75 German sesame, 34 Ghee, 161 Goa butter, 123 Goat's butter, 154 Goose fat, 153 Grape seed, 28 Grey pine (California), 76 Hazelnut, 5 Hemp seed, 58 Herring, 85 Horse fat, 156 Illipe butter, 105 Indian beeswax, 168 Indian mustard seed, 19 Indian rape, 22 Japan wax, 144 Japanese sardine, 87 Java almond, 114 Kapok, 39 Karite butter, 111 Katio, 107 Kokum butter, 123 Kuromoji, 128 Laliemantia, 65 Lard, 29, 150 Lard oleine, 29 Laurel butter, 126 Lemon pip, 36 Linseed, 67 Luffa seed, 43.5 Lumbang, 54

Mabula panza, 141 Macassar, 145 Mace butter, 136 Madia, 45 Mafura, 131 Mahua butter, 105 Maize, 51 Malabar, 149 Mangosa, 134 Mangosteen, 123 Manihot, 68 Manketti nut, 81 Maripa fat, 140 Marotti fat, 42 Menhaden, 83 Mexican poppy seed, 57 M'kani fat, 98 Mocaya, 96 Montan wax, 166 Montanin wax, 166 Mowrah butter, 106 Mutton fat, 152 Myrtle wax, 135 Neat's foot, 31 Neem, 134 Niam fat, 130 Niger seed, 61 Nj ave butter, 108 Nutmeg, 136 Oats, 32 Oiticica, 60 Olive, 8 Olive kernel, 9 Orange pip, 35.5 Otoba butter, 137 Owala, 141 Palm, 119 Palm kernel, 120, 122 Palm pulp oil, 121 Paradise nut, 6 Para rubber seed, 63 Peach kernel, 1 Peanut, 3 Pecan, 64 Perula, 71 Phulwa butter, 104 Physic nut, 26 Pilchard, 86 Pili nut, 115 Pimento seed, 72 Piney tallow, 149 Piririma, 118 Pistachio nut, 12

"Pitch tree," 78 Plum kernel, 16 Pongam, 143 Poona fat, 113 Poppy seed, 69 Porpoise, 89 Pumpkin seed, 38 Rabbit's fat, 158 Radish seed, 23 Ranga butter, 142 Rape seed, 20 Ravison rape, 21 Red pine seed, 73 Rice, 10 Sacha Almendras, 116 Safflower, 59 Sardine, 86 Sawari nut, 116 Scotch pine, 80 Seal, 92 Sedge, 5.5 Sesame, 47 Shark, 93, 94.5 Shea butter, 111 Shiromoji, 129 Silver fir (Mid. Europe), 78 Soya, 48 Sperm, 163 Spermaceti, 172 Spruce, European, 73 Stearine, 124 Stillingia, 82, 146 Stillingia tallow, 146 Stone pine (S. Europe, S. Africa), 78 Strophantus seed, 16.6 Sunflower, 62 Swiss pine, 74 Tallow, 30, 159 Tallow oleine, 30 Tama fat, 142 Tea seed, 17 Teglam fat, 125 Tomato, 44 Tung, 52, 53, 55, 70 Ucuhuba fat, 138 Ungnadia, 18 Veppam fat, 134 Walnut, 65 Whale, 84 Wheat, 50 White mustard seed, 24 Wild mango, 132 Wool fat, 167

French (Dans Ia table suivante, le mot "huile" n'est pas mentionné. Les diverses références sont des huiles à moins qu'elles ne soient spécifiées comm "graisses" "cires," etc.) Abeille chinoise, 170 Abeille commune, 169 Abeille des Indes, 168 Aiguillât, 94 Akébie, 97 Alose, 83 Amande, 13 Andiroba, 4 Anthelmintique, 42 Arachide, 3 Argémone du Mexique, 57 Arolle, 74 Avoine, 32 Azédarac, 134 Babassu, 102

Baleine, 84 Bancoulier, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56 Baobab, 99 Ben, 7 Beurre, 161 Beurre de Galam, 111 Beurre de lait de chèvre, 154 Beurre de Tama, 142 Cacao, 147 Cameline, 34 Canarium de Java, 114 Carapa, 4 Carthame, 59 Cerf commun, 155 Chaulmoogra, 49

Chènevis, 58 Chrysalide du bombyx, 95 Cire de montagne, 166 Girier, 135 Cocotier, 118 Colza, 20 Coton, 41, 124 Cresson alénois, 43 Croton, 37 Dauphin, 88 Epicéa, 73 Euphorbe antisyphilitique, 165 Faîne, 40 Foie de morue, 91 Froment, 50

Ghé, 161 Gland, 46 Graisse de boeuf, 30, 151 Graisse de cheval, 156 Graisse de laine, 167 Graisse de lapin, 158 Graisse de mouton, 152 Graisse d'oie, 153 Graisse d'os, 160 Graisse de poulet, 157 Grand requin, 94 Hareng, 85 Hevea, 63 Hyperodon à rostre, 162 Julienne, 62.5

Kapock, 39 Lard, 29 Laureile, 126 Lin, 67 Madar, 112 Maïs, 51 Mangue, 132 Manihot, 68 Manioc, 68 Marsouin, 89 Merlan, 90 Moutarde indienne, 19 Moutarde noire, 25 Mudar, 112 Muscade, 136, 137, 138 Navette, 21 Noisette, 5 Noix, 65 Noix d'acajou, 2

Noix d'Amérique, 64 Noix du Brésil, 33 Noix de coco, 117 Noyaux d'abricot, 14 Noyaux de cerises, 15 Noyaux de datte, 11 Noyaux d'olive, 9 Noyaux de pêches, 1 Noyaux de prunes, 16 Oeillette, 69 Olive, 8 Palme, 120, 121, 122 Palmier africain, 119 Palmier américain, 164 Passerage, 43 Paulonia, 70 Pavot, 69 Pépins de citron, 36 Pépins de courge, 38

Pépins de melon, 37.5 Pépins d'orange, 35.5 Pépins de raisin, 28 Perula, 71 Phoques divers, 92 Pied de boeuf, 31 Pignon, 79 Piment, 72 Pin de montagne, 77 Pin silvestre, 80 Pistache, 12 Puceron, 171 Radis, 23 Requin de Japon, 94.5 Requin petit, 93 Ricin, 27 Ricin infernal, 26 Riz, 10 Riz de veau végétal, 109

Roquette, 22 Saindoux, 150 Sapin blanc, 78 Sapin rouge, 73 Sardine, 86 Sardine japonaise, 87 Sénevé blanc, 24 Sénevé noir, 25 Sésame, 47 Souchet, 5.5 Soya, 48 Spermaceti, 172 Sperme du cachalot, 163 Strophante, 16.6 Suif, 159 Suif végétal, 82 Sumac, 144 Tomate, 44 Tournesol, 62

German (In dem folgenden Index wird das Wort "Öl" meistens ausgelassen. Die verschiedenen Bezeichnungen gelten Ölen, wenn sie nicht besonders mit den Namen "Fette," "Wachse," etc. bezeichnet sind) Afrikanischer Butterbaum, 142 Afrikanischer Ölbaum, 119 Akebia, 97 Ahorn, 46 Amerikanische NUSS, 64 Aprikosenkern, 14 Arachis, 3 Asnaröl, 100 Bankulnuss, 54, 56 Baobab, 99 Baumwolle, 124 Baumwollsamen, 41 Becuhybafett, 138 Behenöl, 7 Bienen wachs, 169 Bongoschmalz, 130 Buchnuss, 40 Butter, 161 Candlennuss, 54, 56 Carapa, 4 Cedernuss, 74 Chaulmoogra, 49 Chaulnegraöl, 42 Chinesischer Talg, 82 Chinesisches Wachs, 170 Citronenkern, 36 Cohune, 101 Colza, 20 Coumöl, 139 Curcas, 26 Dattelkern, 11 Dintennuss, 2 Dolphin, 88 Dorsch, 91 Dorschleber, 94 Erdmandel, 5.5 Erdnuss, 3 Feldkohl, 20 Fulwabutter, 161

Gänsefett, 153 Gartenkresse, 43 Goabutter, 123 Häring, 85 Hafer, 32 Haifisch, 93, 94.5 Hanf, 58 Haselnuss, 5 Haushuhnfett, 157 Indischer-Butterbaum, 104 Indisches Wachs, 168 Jamaika-Pfeffer, 72 Japanwachs, 144 Java Mandel, 114 Kakao, 147 Randellila Wachs, 165 Kaninchenfett, 158 Kapok, 39 Karnauba Wachs, 164 Kirschenkern, 15 Knochenfett, 160 Kohl, 21 Kokosnuss, 117 Kongo Akazie, 141 Kopalbaum, 149 Korungöl, 143 Kroton, 37 Kürbis, 38 Kuromoji, 128 Legföhre, 77 Leindotter, 34 Leinsamen, 67 Lorbeer, 126 Macaja, 96 Macasar, 145 Madinöl, 45 Mafura Talg, 131 Mahuabutter, 105 Mais, 51

Mandel, 13 Mankettinuss, 81 Meerschwein, 89 Melone, 37.5 Menhaden, 83 Mexikanischer Mohnsamen, 57 Mohn, 69 Montanwachs, 166 Muskatnuss, 136 Muskatnuss von Santa Fe, 137 Myrthe, 135 Ölfirnisbaum, 52, 53, 55 Ölpalme, 121 Olive, 8 Olivenkern, 9 Orangensamen, 35.5 Otobafett, 137 Palmkern, 120, 122 Paradisnuss, 6 Parakautschuk, 68 Parakautschukbaumsamen, 63 Paranuss, 33 Paulownia, 70 Peki, 116 Perula, 71 Pferdefett, 156 Pfirsichkern, 1 Pflaumenkern, 16 Pistazi, 12 Pottwal, 163 Puppe, 95 Radischen, 23 Reis, 10 Ricinus, 27 Rinder klauen, 31 Rindertalg, 151 Rosfichtensamen, 73 Rotföhre, 80

Rotraps, 62.5 Rübe, 20 Rucka, 22 Safflor, 59 Sardine, 86 Sardine japanische, 87 Schaffsfett, 152 Schwarmkürbiskern, 43.5 Schweinefett, 29, 150 Seal, 92 Senf, 19 Senf, weiss, 24 Senf, schwarz, 25 Sesam, 47 Shiromoji, 129 Silberföhre, 78 Sonnenblume, 62 Soyabohne, 48 Steinfichte, 79 Stillingiatalg, 146 Strophantus, 16.6 Talg, 30, 159 Teglamfett, 125 Tomaten, 44 Tuajapalme, 133 Traubensamen, 28 Ungnadia, 18 Wachsbaum, 144 Walfisch, 84 Walnuss, 64 Walrat, 172 Weizen, 50 Wildfett, 155 Wollfett, 167 Yercum, 112 Zedrach, 134 Ziegenbutter, 154

Italian (Nell'indice seguente è stata omessa la parola "olio." I diversi prodotti sono olii, tranne che non sia esplicitamente dichiarato che si tratta di "grassi," "cere," ecc.) Abete, 73 Abete rosso, 78 Agretto, 43 Akebia, 97 Akee, 109 Akoon, 112 Albero da burro indiano, 104 Albero di caucciù, 63 Albero della cera, 135

Albero del sego, 82 Albicocche, 14 Alloro, 126 Ape chinese, 170 Ape indiana, 168 Arachide, 3 Aringa, 85 Asclepia, 112 Astrocario, 100

Avena, 32 Balena, 84 Bangu, 35 Baobab, 99 Basilico della China, 71 Bene, 7 Bombice del gelso, 95 Burro, 161 Burro di Diave, 108

Burro di Ghee, 161 Burro di Illipè, 105 Burro di Karité, 111 Burro di Niave, 108 Cacao, 147, 148 Camellina, 34 Canapa, 58 Capodoglio, 163 Carapa, 4

Cardamomo, 42 Cembro, 74 Cera carnauba, 164 Cera gialla, 169 Cera del Giappone, 144 Cera di mirica, 135 Cera montana, 166 Cipero commestible, 5.5 Chaulmagra, 49 Chiura, 104 Cocciniglia della cera, 171 Colza, 20 Comore, 139 Cotone, 41, 124 Crescione inglese, 43 Crotontiglio, 37 Delfino dal rostro, 162 Dorella, 34 Essenza di Kuromoji, 128 Faggiola, 40 Fegato di merluzzo, 91 Fibre di Piassava, 102 Focena, 89 Frumento, 50 Garcinia, 123 Girasole, 62 Globicefalo, 88 Gomma elastica ceara, 68 Grano, 50 Granone, 51 Granoturco, 51 Grasso di anitra domestica, 153 Grasso di Bonantjo, 98 Grasso di Borneo, 125 Grasso di bue, 30 Grasso di capra, 154 Grasso di cavallo, 156 Grasso di cervo, 155 Grasso di Chironj i, 110 Grasso di Cohune, 101 Grasso di cokkerite, 133 Grasso di coniglio, 158 Grasso di Katian, 107

Grasso di Kobi, 4 Grasso di lana, 167 Grasso di Mafura, 131 Grasso di Maratty, 42 Grasso di Mené, 130 Grasso di montone, 152 Grasso di Morrah, 106 Grasso di Niam, 130 Grasso di ossa, 160 Grasso di pollo, 157 Grasso di Pongamia, 143 Grasso di Sawari, 116 Grasso di Taccamaca, 113 Grasso di Tama, 142 Grasso di Teglam, 125 Grasso di Teomaica, 113 Hesperide, 62.5 Iperodonte, 162 Jatrofa, 26 Kapok, 39 Lallemanzia, 66 Lana vegetale, 39 Lardo, 29, 150 Lauro, 126 Lauro greco, 134 Legno della China, 53, 55 Legno del Giappone, 52 Lino, 67 Luffa, 43.5 Macassar, 145 Madia, 45 Mandorle, 13 Mandorle di Giava, 114 Mandorle di pesco, 1 Mango, 132 Manihot, 68 Maripa, 103, 140 Melia, 134 Mellone, 37.5 Merlango, 90 Miagro falso, 34 Mocaja, 96 Nasturzio, 43

Noccioli di acagiù, 2 Noccioli di cilegia, 15 Noccioli di dattero, 11 Noccioli d'oliva, 9 Noccioli di palma, 120, 122 Noccioli di prugne, 16 Nocciuola americana, 3 Nocciuole, 5 Noce americana, 64 Noce di Bankul, 54, 56 Noce del Brasile, 33 Noce di cocco, 117 Noce moscata, 136 Noce moscata di Santa Fé, 137 Noce nostrale, 65 Noce di Para, 33 Noci di Maringa, 7 Noci del Paradiso, 6 Noci di Sapucaia, 6 Noci di Soccari, 116 Oliva, 8 Owala, 141 Palma da olio, 119, 121 Papavero messicano, 57 Paulonia, 70 Patava, 139 Pepe della Giamaica, 72 Pescecane, 93, 94.5 Pianta del sego, 146 Piede di bove, 31 Pimento, 72 Pino di California, 76 Pino cembro, 74 Pino domestico, 79 Pino dell' Imalaia, 75 Pino montano, 77 Pino ad ombrello, 79 Pino da pinoli, 79 Pino di Scozia, 80 Pino selvatico, 80 Pistacchio, 12 Pomodoro, 44 Popone, 37.5

Porco marino, 89 Quercia, 46 Rafano, 23 Ravizzone, 20, 21 Ricino, 27 Ricinodendro, 81 Riso, 10 Ruchetta, 22 Sardina comune, 8 Sardina giapponese, 87 Sego, 159 Sego di palma, 103 Sego di Ucuhuba, 138 Semi di Aburacan, 127 Semi di arancia, 35.5 Semi di Guizotia, 61 Semi di limone, 36 'Semi del Niger, 61 Semi di papavero, 69 Semi di strofanto, 16.6 Senapa bianca, 24 Senapa indiana, 19 Senapa nera, 25 Sesamo, 47 Sevo di bue, 151 Sevo di Malabar, 149 Sevo di Piney, 149 Shiromoji, 129 Sicomoro falso, 134 Soja, 48 Spermaceti, 172 Spinarolo imperiale, 94 Stillingia, 82 Strutto, 29 Sugna, 29 Ungnadia, 18 Vinaccioli, 28 Vitello marino, 92 Zafferano falso, 59 Zafferanone, 59 Zucca, 38

2. SCIENTIFIC NAMES AND COMMON PROPERTIES Non-drying Vegetable Oils of the Olive Oil Type F = fruit pulp; G = whole grain; Gm = germ; K = kernel; N = nut; S = seed; R = rhizome; n = refractive index General Index No.

0.5 1 2 3 3.5 4 5 5.5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

Density ^15 »15

Scientific name and source Abelmoschus moschatus (S) Amygdalus Persica (S) Anacardium occidentale (S) Arachis hypogaea (S) Camellia oleifera (S) Carapa Guianensis (S) Corylus avellana (S) Cyperus esculentus (R) Lecythis zabucajo (S) Moringa oleifera (S) Olea Europaea sativa (F)

16.5 16.6 16.7 17 18

Olea Europaea sativa (S) Oriza sativa (S) Phoenix dactylifera (S ) Pistacia vera (S) Prunus amygdalus (S) Prunus Armeniaca (S) Prunus cerasus (S) Prunus domestica and P. damascena (S) Sterculia foetida (F, S) Strophanthus hispidus (S) Terminalia catappa (S) Thea sasanqua (S) Ungnadia speciosa (S)

19 20 21 22 23 24 25 25. 1

Brassica juncea (S) Brassica campestris (S) Brassica (varieties of) (S) Eruca sativa (S) Raphanus sativa (S) Sinapis alba (S) Sinapis nigra (S) . '. Sinapis nigra (Russian)

0.917-0.918 0.918-0.925 0.918 0.917-0.926 0.916-0.9227 0.912-0.923 0.917 0.924 0.895 0.912-0.920 0.915-0.920 Cf. Table 10 0.918-0.919 0.920-0.927 0.913-0.919 0.914-0.921 0.915-0.926 0.918-0.929 0.912-0.913 0.926 0.9249-0.9254 0.917-0.920 0.920 0.912

Congelation temperature 0C

Saponification value v. p. viii

Iodine value v. p. viii

195 191-193 194-200 186-194 180-196 188-195.6 191-197 225 173.6 185-189

95 92-99.7 79.5 88-98 80-90 58-65 87 62-76 76.6 109-112.6

0.3-1.0

185-196

79-88

1-1.8 43-77.2

182-186 192-195.8 • 211 191 183.3-207.6 191.4-198.2 193.3-195

88 96.4-99.9 52.3 83-87 93-103.4 100-108.7 110-114.3

191-193 188-199 188-195 175-196 190-194 191-192

100-103.6 76-83 96-102 84-89 91 81-82

Acid value v. p. viii

1-1.5 1.45 0.8

-20 3 -12 4.5 -17 to -18 below O 4 7-8 J +2 turbid \ 1 — 6 deposit /

3.19

-10 18.1 -5 to -10 -15 to -20 -17 -19 to -20

0.5-3.5 3.5 1.1

-5 to -8

0.55

-6 3-4 -5 to -12 -12

Acetyl value v. p. viii

Hehner value v. p. viii

6.5

96 94-96

3.5

3.2

ReichertFatty UnsaponMeissl acids value ifiables % M. P. 0C v. p. viii 0.3

9.6 12.2

n Finding No. v. p. 212

30.5-39

69 61 66

19-20

43 52

37.8

77 60

13-13.5

95 93-96 92-93.7 95.5

0.6 0.4 0.8-1 2.5-3.3 0.99

95

0.5

9.5

0.6-1.5

1.5 0.5-0.9

21-30 38.8 22-25

0.5

37.6

44.8 10.5

"Titer" test 0C v. p. viii

0.4-1.0

16.9-26.4

26-30

63

13-15

65 85 37 57 58 70 38

31-32

68 81.5

3

95.2 95.2 96 96.0

0.88 17-20 13-14 2.3-4.5 19-21

0.75

0.5 0.2

13-14 9.5-11.8

12.4-18 95-96 92-95 91-92 91.5 94

1.0 0.5-0.9

32.2 42-44

48.5 54,55

0.1 10

19

Non-drying Vegetable Oils of the Rape Oil Type 0 . 916-0 . 921 3.7-7.2 172-180 102-108 95 . 5 0 . 33-0 . 89 78 0.913-0.917 -10 0.36-1.0 168-179 94-105 14.75 94.5-96.3 0-0.79 1.48 18.5-20 11.7-13.6 0.916-0.919 -8 177-181 109-122 1.4-1.7 13.5-16.5 94 0.916-0.919 2.5-3.7 169-174 97.5-102 95.5 0.75 80 0.916-0.918 -10 to -18 ' 174-178 95.9 0.33 20 13-15 71 0.912-0.916 -8 to -16 5.4 171-174 94-98.4 96-97 15-16 75 0.915-0.919 5.7-7.3 173-175 99-110 96 3.3 16-17 13.4-13.7 88 0.920 181-182 115-120

82

Non-drying Vegetable Oils of the Castor Oil Type 26

Jatropha curcas (S)

27

Ricinus communis (S)

28

Vues vinifera (S)

0.919-0.924 { 2*8 ^Q^l'd }

0.5-5.0

192.5-210

98-110

0.960-0.967 { ~ 1J? turblf ) 0.12-0.8 175-183 84 I — 17 to— 18 solid I -10 to -17 0.75 171-191 94.3-135

0.917-0.933

9-25.3

146-150.5

95.2

0.28-0.48

1.4 0.6

13.5-14.5 92

0.46

24-30

67

13

110

1.6

23-25

89

Non-drying Animal Oils L = lard; T = tallow; F = foot 29

Oleum adipis (L)

30 31

Oleum adipis bovis (T) . Oleum pedis bovis (F)

0.913-0.915 0 . 914-0 .919 0.913-0918

-2 to +4 2 to 7 . 5 -2 to +10

{ *'' 5^ _. } 193-198 62.5-79 1 (U. 1— z . 5 JU 0 . 2-0 . 25 193 . 5-199 56-60 . 5 0.1-0.6 193-199 57.5-75

97

°- 6

33-38.4

27-33

45

35-37 . 5 7.7-9.3 94.8-95.9 0.9-1.2 0.12-0.65 29-41

Vegetable Semi-drying Oils F = fruit pulp; G = whole grain; Gm = germ; K = kernel; N = nut; S = seed 32 Avena sativa (G) 0.925 34.7-35.3 189.8-192.4 33 Bertholletia excelsis (K) 0.917-0.918 O to 3 1.4 34 Camelina sativa (Myagrum sativa) (S) , 0.923-0.927 -18

114.2 193 188

94.9 90-106 132-152

1.30-2.65

27.5

114 28-30 31 . 1-32 . 2 13-14

17-18

56 107

16-26.5

47

Vegetable Semi -drying Oils. — (Continued) Density

General Index No.

Scientific name and source

35 35.5 36 37 37.5 38 39 40 41 41.5 42 42.1 42.2 42.3 42.4 42.5 43 43.5 44

Ceratotheca sesamoides (S) Citrus aurantium (S) Citrus limonum (S) Croton tiglium (S) Cucumis melo (S) Cucurbita pepo (S) Eriodendron anfractuosum (S) Fagus sylvatica F. Americana (K). . . Gossypium species (S) Hydnocarpus alcalae Hydnocarpus anthelmintica (S) Hydnocarpus Hutchinsonii (S) Hydnocarpus subfalcata (S) Hydnocarpus venenata (S) Hydnocarpus Wightiana (S) Hydnocarpus Woodii (S) Lepidium sativum (S) Luffa JËgyptica (S) Lycopersicum esculentum (S)

45 45.1 46 47 48

Madia saliva (S) Pangium edule (S) Quercus agri/olia (S) Sesamum indicum (S) Soja hispida (Dolichos hispida) (S)

0.921-0.933 0.92512 0.916 0.919ÌU 0.924-0.927

Taraktogenos Kur zii (S) Triticum sativum (Gm) Zea mais (S)

0.943-0.954 0.924-0.929 0.921-0.928

52 53 54 55 56 56.5 57 58 59 60

Aleurites cordata (S) Aleurites Fordii (S) Aleurites moluccana (S) Aleurites montana (S) Aleurites triloba (S) Amoora rohituka (S) Argemone Mexicana (S) Cannabis saliva (S) Carthamus tinctorius (S) Conepia grandifolia (S)

0.934-0.940 0.939-0.949 0.925 0.939-0.949 0.927 0.931-0.939 0.925 0.928-0.934 0.925-0.928 0.969

61 62 62.5 63 64 65 66 67 68 68.5

Guìzotià oleifera (S) Helianthus annuus (S) Hesperis matronalis (S) Hevea Braziliensis (S) Juglans nigra (N) Juglans regia (N) Lallemantia iberica (S) Linum usitatissìmum (S) Manihot glaziovic and M. ceara (S) .. Oncoba spinosa (S) I

49* 50 51

d

ll

0.916 0.918-0.919 0.916-0.918 0.942-0.944 0.92111 0.923-0.925 0.923-0.933 0.922 0.917-0.918^1 0.94S33S 0.949Ì" 0.94330 0.95I33S 0.94712 0.94750o

0.920-0.924 0.9254 0.922


Acid value v. p. viii 0.63

-6 % -8 to -18

27-30.9 0.43

-15

3-15 -17 + 12 to -13 24 23 21 20 11 18 -15

0.6-0.9 6.7 0.6 5.3 6.6 1.2 6.7 5.9 28.8

- 10 to - 12 7 -10 -4 to -6 -10 to -16

20-25 O Viscous - 10 to - 20

6.9 9.8 0.3-1.8

0.79-21.5 1.37-2.02

Saponification value ». p. viii

Iodine value v. p. viii

190.2 194-197 188.3 193-215 192.3 188-193 189-194.5 191-196 194-196 202 206-209.8 199 206 191 207 192 180-183 188 187-192

110.6 97-104 107.3 108-109 125.9 121-130 78-93 97-111 103-111.3 94.0 84.5-90.8 83.5 89.0 90.7 97.0 68.5 102-118 108.5 107-125

193-194 200 199.3 188-193 189-193.5

121-129 78.5 100.0 103-117 122-134

196-213 183-190 187-193

97.6-110.4 115 111-128


13.6 19. 8-38. 6 15.8


Reichert"Titer" Fatty Meissl Unsaponacids test 0C value ifiables % 0 M. P. C v. p. viii v. p. viii

95-96 95.6

0.5-0.8 0.55

95.1 96

0.33 4.45

21-25

95-96 95.7

0.95

21.8

95.5

1.02

95.5 95 L l . 4-20. 5 95-96.6 95.5

4.9

7.5-11.5

95 93-94.5

93-95

19.7-21.0 17-19

n Finding No. v. p. 212 83 70.5 115

1.1

26-28

1.1

0.2-0.4 1.4 0.1-0.3

38 23-24 34.5 55 46 43 41 47 40 43 16-18

95 64 73 143 122

140, 142 145 144

86.5 97

21.7 18 25 25-35 1.1-1.2 0.5-2.8 1 . 27-1 . 54 26.227.5

22-26 137

23-32

2-3 4.3

2.4-2.6 1.5-2.8

39-40 17-20

14-16

0.39 1.10 1.2 0.35

0.4-0.8 0.4-0.8 0.5-0.9 0.4-0.8

30-49

36-39

87 96 130 100 86

Vegetable Drying Oils

,

0.925-0.927 0.924-0.926 0.931-0.934 0.924-0.930 0.918-0.921 0.925-0.927 0.93320 0.930-0.938 0.924-0.932 0.930

3 2 2 2

-15 to -28

-8 -17 -22

— 12 turbid -25 -19 to -27 -17

17.0 6.0 0.45 0.6 5.7

0.95-2.94

8.6-9.0 2.5 1-3.5

12.1

194-197 190-197 189-195 190-197 202-204 190-192 188-190 190-195 188-203 188.6

189-192 188-193 192 190-200 190.1-191.5 190.1-197 185 188-195 188-192 192.2

150-158 163-171 163-164 163-171 139-143.8 135 120-122.5 145-161.7 122-141 179.5

9.8

16.1

126.4-133.8 129-136 155 117-140 141-142.7 139-150 162 175-202 117-139 177.0

*Okum Chaulmoograe (Ü.S.P.X.): d 25» co. 0.950; congeals below ca. 25°; sapon. value, 196-213; I value; 98-104; [a]fj 48-60°.

95-96 93.2 95.1

1.6 0.0

95

0-0.2

1.14 1.08

95.4 0.5 28

21

0.31

95.3 0.27-0.3 95.8 0.92 93.4-95.4 93.3 1.55 0.95 0.4-1.2 94.5-95.5 94-96 0.4-3.0 1.3

20-22 22.8 17-21 11-17 21.5 (begins) 65.0 (ends) 25.4 22-24 O 15-20 22.2 20-24 23-26

17.8 16-14

15.6-16.6 7-12

22.6 18-19.8

149 149 111 149 111 105.5 91 126 102 148

108

15-20

93

14.3

113

16-20.6 20-24

127, 128 90 125

Vegetable Drying Oils.— (Continued) General Index No. 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82

Density


jlS dl5



-16 to -18 below -17

2.5

0.924-0.926 0.935-0.940 0.930-0.937 0.92312 0.931 0.930-0.932 0.931 0.933 0.932 0.921 0.928-0.933 0.932 0.928-0.930 0.940-0.946

Papaver somniferum (S) Paulownia imperialis (S) Perilla ocimoides (S) Pimento officinialis (S) Pinus abies (S) Pinus cembra (S) Pinus Gerardiana (S) Pinus monophylla (S) Pinus montana (S) Pinus picea (S) Pinus pinea (S) Pinus syhestris (S) Ricinodendron Rautannenii (S) Stillingia sebi fer a (S)

0.03 -26 -20 -17

1.5

-25 -18 to -20 -27 -28 to -29 -12 to -22

1.24

Saponification value v. p. viii

Iodine value ?'. p. viii

193-195 193.4-196.3 188-194 171.4 192 191.8 191-192 189-192.8 180-190 191 191-193 189.8 190-195 209-210.4

128-141 149-158 185-206 134.4 120.5 150-159.2 118-119 101.3-108 145-146 119-120 120-121 147.1 124-135 145-161


' Reicher tFatty UnsaponMeissl acids value ifiables % M. P. 0C v. p. viii 0.43 20.5 0.6


95.4 95.8

17-19

-5

n Finding No. v. p. 212 106 150 133 10! 116

1.3

2.0

93.27

O 19 O 16-19

92

91-92

28.7

"Titer" test 0C v. p. viii

94-98 0.75 94.4-95.2 0.93-0.99

72

10-16 10-15

146 98 105 147 135

30-40 14.5

1.45

Fish and Marine Animal Oils F = wholefish;B — blubber; L = liver 83 84 85 •86 87 88 89

90 91 92 93 94 94 . 5

Alosa menhaden (Brevortia tyrannus) (F) O 923-0 933 -5 189-192.9 148-185 1.2 0.6-1.43 123 Balaena mysticetus and other species (B) 0917-0924 O to -2 1.9 160-202 90-146 11-23 93-95 14 1-4 14-27 10-24 103 Clupea harengus (F) 0.920-0.939 170-194 102-149 95-96 1-2 30-32 112 Clupea pilchardus, C. scombrinus (F) O 9^0-0 934 20-22 187.7-196 150-193 21-22 93.3-96 0.5-1 0.98 30-34.8 28.2 134 Clupanodon melanostica (F) 0.928-0.935 2.2 189-192.1 121.5-124.5 94.5-97 0.5-3 35-36 27.6-28.2 76 Delphinus globiceps (B) 0.908-0.930 +5 to -3 187.3 99.5 93.1 5.6 2 26,49 290 (Jaw) 32.8 (J) 65.9 (J) 65.9 (J) Delphinus phocaena (B) 0.926 203.4 (Body) 126.9 (Bo) 68.446.9 (Bo) 16-17 32 253.7-272.3 30.9-49.6(J) 72.0 (J) 132 (J) (J) (J) Gadus merlangus (L) 0.925-0.930 177-189 123-181 95 0.4-0.7 0.7-7 31 Gadus morrhua (L) 0.922-0.931 -3 5.6 171-189 137-166 1.15 95.3 0.2 0.54-2.6821.8-38 17.5-24.3 118 Phoca species (B) 0.915-0.926 3 187.5-196.2 130-152 93-96 0.2 0.3-1.0 22-23 109 Selache (cetorhinus) maxima et al. (L) 0.916-0.919 157-164 115-139 11.9 87-97 2.8-15.2 21-22 119,121 Squalus acanthias (L) 0.918 169.7 126.4 8.4 92 Various species Japanese sharks (L)* O 864-0 932 0.0-4.3 23-186 91-345 1-90 25-35

*Extremes for 36 species C 188 ). Japanese salmon and trout oils: see Toyama, 142, 26: 273; 23. Liver oil of palm-crab, Kobayashi, Ibid., 585.

Insect Oil 95 I Bombyx mori (from pupae)

|

0.928

|

O

|

18.6-27.5 |

190-194 | 116.3-131.9 |

19.7 |

94.5 |

3.4 |

2.61

|

36.5 |

27-28

|

99

Vegetable Fats F = fruit pulp; G = whole grain; Gm = germ; K — kernel; N = nut; S = seed 96

Acrocomia sclerocarpa (F & K)

97 98

Akebia quinata (S) Allanblackia (Stearodendron) mannii (S)

99 100

Adansonia digitata (S) Astrocaryum vulgäre (S)

101 102 103

Attalea cohune (S) Attalea funifera (S) Attalea spectabilis (S)

0.866*00 (K)

0.934 Stuhl. .. 0.856-0 861 "»o 0.930 0.915-0.920 0. 867™° (K)

0. 868-0^87 1«» 0. 868100 22.7 0.869">û 24.6 1.2

25.4 30.4-38 +3 to -3 28.6(K)

2.8 246.9 259.5

55.8 (F) 189 (F) 77.2(F) 5.7-7.2 0.4-4.7 (K) 237-255 (K) 16-30 (K) 246.4 78.38 85.8 39.76 11.6-23

186.6-191.7

20.5-21 (K) 31

10 (K) 22

38.7-41.9

190-192 56-79 43.8 (F) 220.2(F) 46.4(F) 0.54-1.69(K) 240-250 (K) 12.2-13.9(K) 254 11-13.7 15.6-16.3 5.8 8.9 6.3 0.36

59

61.4-61.6

35-38 19, 39 3. 8 (K) 0.75 (F) 27 (K) 8 23.6

27-28

6 3

7

17

Vegetable Fats. — (Continued) General Index No.


Density d\l


0.862100 0.858-0.862100 0.864100 0.917 0.858100 0.916 0.858100 0.85810O 0.85910o 0.917

19-22 36

104 105 106 107

Bassia Bassia Bassia Bassia

108

Bassia toxisperma (S)

109 110 111

Blighia sapida (S) Buchanania lati/ olia (S) Butyrospermum Parkii (S)

112 113 114 115 116 117

Calotropis gigantea (S) Calophyllum inophyllum (S) Canarium commune (S) Canarium ovatum (S) Caryocarpus tomentosum, etc. (S). .. Cocos butyracea, C. nucifera (K)

118 119

Cocos syagras (S) Elaeis guineensis (W. Africa) (F). . .

120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130

Elaeis guineensis (W. Africa) (S)... Elaeis guineensis (S. America) (F). . Elaeis guineensis (S. America) (S) .. 0.853100 Garcinia indica (S) 0.867-0.868100 Gossypium species (S) Isoptera borneensis (S) 0.85610° 0.880100 Laurus nobilis (F) Lindera praecox (S) 0.935 Lindera serica (S) 0.940 Lindera triloba (S) 0.936 Lophira alata; L. procera (S) 0.9011° 0.859100 0.857100 Mafureira oleifera (S) Mangifera Jabonensis (Irvingia 0.860100 Barteri) (S) Maximiliana regia (S) 0.867100 M dia azadirachta (S) 0.925 Myrica cerifera (M. Carolinensis) (F) 0.995 0.875100 Myristica officinalis (S) 0.945-0.996 Myristica otoba (S) 0.892 Myristica becuhyba (S) 0.912 Oenocarpus baiava (F) 0.898100 Oncoba echinata Palma Maripa (K) 0.86810° Pentaclethra macrophylla (S) 0.912-0.921 Pentadesma butyracea (S) 0.869100 Pongamia glabra (S) 0.924-0.93540 Rhus succedaneum (F) 0.970-0.980 0.875100

131 132 133 134 135

136 137 138 139 139.5 140 141 142 143 144

butyracea (S) lati/olia (S) longifolia (S) Mottleyana (S)

0.915 0.90540 0. 907 4° 0.898ÏU 0.926 0.864-0.868100

0.924-0.942 0.918-0.922

147

Theobroma cacao (S)

148 149

Theobroma grandiflora (S). .. Valeria indica (S)

0.964-0.974 0.858100 0.852100 0.915

.

Iodine value r. p. viii

11.3 21

9.27

180-188.6

20

20.1 15 2.8

194.6 191.8-195.4 178-190

49.1 54.7-59.9 54-63

196-197 194 193-200 197.4 199.5 253.4-262

84-85 95.5 59-66 55.9 49.5 6.2-10

25-30

1.42 23-29 14-22

26.8

Schleichera trijuga (S) Stillingia schiferà (S)

Saponification value v. p. viii 188-190.8 192.2-199.9 188.4-189.8 189-192

0.924 0.858100 0.866-0.873100

145 146


21.9 27.4

2.5-10.0 2.9-3.2 10

29.8-20.5 O . 55-0 . 33 14.5-21.0 4-10 11.3

252.5 200-205 243-255 197 220.2-231.4 186.8-191.3

192.1 198-199 274 255 282 180-194.6

42.1-42.6 53.4-67.8 60.4-62.4 31.5 57-65

12.5-13.4 49.2-58.9 10.5-17.5 78.1-88.3 25.5-31.6 25-34 . 2 88 . 7—93 . 6 31.5 68-80 20.5 65.3 11.6 60-78

Acetyl Hehner , value value v. p. viii v. p. viii

ReichertUnsapon- Fatty Meissl ifiables acids value M. P. 0C % v. p. viii

94.8-95.6 0.4-1.31 94.7-94.9 0.44-0.88 94-95 1-2 95.7 0.6-0.8

94 . 5-95

1.1-2.5

93 0.9 94.8-95.8 0.33 93.8-95.8 1.25-1.4

15-16

95-96 93.6 95-96

1.36

0.5

3.86

5-9

0.5 0.38 0.1

58.4 39-45

"Titer" test 0C v. p. viii 38-40 38-41

56

20 41, 46 50

49-52.8

47

42-46

38-49

52-53

53

81

33-34 40-42

n Finding No. w. p. 212

28-29 37-40

62 132

0.19 6.6 96.6 0.65 2.3-6.9 82.3-90.5 6.6-7.5

15.7

94 . 5-97

0.9-1.9

7.6

91-91.5

5-6.8

94.6-95.6 0.11-1.54 96.5 0.22 95.7 1.1 1.6 89.2 1.39 86.2 2.53 85.7 2.0 0.8-0.9

48.3-50 46-47 24-27 21.2-25.2

50

42.5-45.5

25-28.5 20-25.5

0.5

60-61 27-45 56

39.9-51

13 9-10 14

31 1 5 59 12

29 79 23 124 2

42-49

199-221

40-47

93

1-4

51-55

29-31 13-16 72.9

94

0.2-0.4 3.0 8.27

35 24.2

35

241-245 240.9-253 185.6

4 9 51

39-43

205.5-211.7

3.9-9.5

92-94

0.5

47-18

8

20-54 9-10 78.2 99.7 17.3 87-101 45-49 78-94 4.9-12.8

25-37 27-35

4-10 0.33

8 40.5-46

11-12

154-178 185-199 219-220 191.8 192.4 270.5 182-186 186-197 178-185 206.6-237.5

10 24-34

2.4

215-230 179-206

48-55 23-40.5

1.1-1.9

192.8-195

32.8-41.7

44.0 5.8-15.3

187.8 188.7-192

17.2 16.8 32-32 . 5 7.0

0.48 4.5

25.5-26 14

48-52

1.1-4.2

44.8 37.8-39.1

37.2

20.4 93-94

42.5-46

1.1 1.6

21-37

17.2526.5

1.97

89 94-96 95

4-5 0.6 0.3 1

90-91

1.1-1.6

91-91.5 95.3

9 0.2-0.9

94-95

0.3-1

0.08 95.1-95.2 0.2-0.4

3.1

27-28 50-57 57-60 44-45 53-56.5

52-55 39-57 48-53

0.91

36-42

49.7-50.7 45.2-47.2 50.9-52.5 47.2-49.2

117 40 48

74 25 131 34

42 13 21

48.1 56 . 6-57

35

Animal Fats AT = Adipose tissue General j ,, Index No. T

«.,./, {scientific name and source

Density d\l

150

Adeps (AT)

151

Adeps bovis

152

Adeps ovis

153 154 155 156

Anser cinereus Capellae lactis adeps Cervus elephus, etc Equus caballus

157

Gallus domesticus (AT)

158

Lepus cuniculus

159 160 161

Sevum Sevum assis Vaccae lactis adeps

162

Hyperoodon rostratus

0.880-0.881

163

Phy seter macrocephalus

0.878-0.884

r* ixA - value J I Congelation Acid .SaponificaIodine valueT , . temperature 0C v. p. viii 1On va ue v. p. viii v. p. VHI

0.934-0.938 0.86lJ 0 5 ° 5 0.895 0.862?* 0.937-0.953 0.8581°,% 0.923-0.930 0. 917-0. 935*77; \ 0.962-0.967 0.919-0.933

27.1-29.9

0.924 0.9063?;? 0.934-0.936 0.86I11J0 0.925-0.950

21-27

31-38

0.5-0.8 0.25

195-203

196-200

47-66.5

35.4-42.3 195-196

22-24

,


Hehner value r. p. viii

2.6

93-95

2.7-8.6

96-96.5

58~67 233-236 25-37 0.8-5.3 194 . 5-200 26-36 195-200 75-86

0.907-0.912Î5

37-46 . 6

66-71 . 5

94 . 5-95 . 3 0.2-0.98 20.8-27.7 95.8 0.68 95-98 45

"Titer" n Finding test 0C No. ». p. viii v. p. 212 36-42 . 4

24

42.5-44 37.9-46.2

48-61

191-193

193-204 . 6

ReichertUnsapon- Fatty Meissl ifiables acids value M. P. 0C % v. p. viii

94.6

1.8

0.7-2.8

199-203

70-99.8

99.5

193-198 190-196 210-230

35-45 50-55 26-28 (Extremes 19.5-49.5)

95-96 0.5-1.0 11.3 94-95 0.2-1.7 1.9-8.6 87.6-89.6 17.0-34.5

123-134

80.4-82.0

4.1-6.4

120-137

80-84

4.5-6.4

0.52

33 . 5-49

40-48.5

28

36 . 6-40

31-34

44 14

50-64 31.353.4 . 38-40

46-50

39-50

35-41

84

32-34

36

40-50 42.5-44 38-41

33-39

15, 27, 30

Sperm Oil 0.4-0.5

36-41

10.310.8 13.4

8.3-8.6

11 16

Vegetable Non-glyceridic Waxes 164 165 166

Corypha cerifera (exudation from leaves) Euphorbia anti-syphilitica Montan wax (lignite tar, lignite peat)

0.995-0.999

4-8 17.0 73

79-84 51 74

13.5

55.2

16

54-55

104 33

47

Animal Waxes 167 168 169

Adeps lanae (sheep's wool) Apis indica (bees) Apis mellifera (bees)

170 171

Apis (Chinese bees) Coccus cerifera (insect on leaves of Fraxinus chinensis) Spermaceti (oils of Cetacea)

172

0.970-0.973 0.961-0.968 0.822-0.827J^5

60.5-62

59.8 6-6.1 16.8-20.6 5.3-9.7

0.809-0.811 0. 905-0. 945 J59 5 0. 806-0. 8 12^6

80-81

63 0.5-2.8

82-130 82-83 88-96

17-29 10 8.8-10.7

23

39-44

15.2

90.2-120.2

126-135

41.8

141 18 18 18

2.6

51.5

3. COMPOSITION TABLE (In weight %)

GENERAL INDEX NUMBER

Class 1. Non-drying Oils of Almond and Olive Oil Type Glycerides principally of oleic acid. Linolic acid present in small proportion 0.5.

V. (9 8 -5).

1. Similar to No. 13. 2. Oil from kernels is non-drying. Olein, 80.4; stearin, 17.3 ( 48 ). The oil from the pericarp is black and has high iodine value (294) (202). 3. Palmitin, stearin, arachidin, lignocerin, olein, linolin and possibly hypogaein. The mixed lignoceric and arachidic acids (Renard's "arachidic acid") vary from 4.3 to 5.4 (av. 4.8); stearic acid ca. 5. Unsaturated acids ca. 30, of which ca. 60% is linolic (63). Hypogaeic acid not-found ( 164 ) but occurrence considered probable ( 78 ). For variations in constants v. ( 10 °). " Unsaturated" fatty acids 75-79.5, with iodine value, 109-126 (10°). 3.5. Similar to No. 17 (185). 4. Non-drying glycerides. 5. Oleic acid, 85; palmitic, 9.4; stearic, 1; glycerol, 10.4; phytosterol, 0.5 (™). 5.5.

V. ( 1 9 > 28.5,

150).

7. Glycerides of oleic, stearic and palmitic acids, and, according to Völker, behenic acid. 8. Ca. 25 solid and 75 liquid glycerides, mainly olein. Linolic acid, 7; oleic, 93 ( 80 ). No stearic acid (83 ). A mixed glyceride (1-2%, M. P. 53-55°), probably stearic, palmitic and oleic, has been isolated ( 92 ). Ultimate composition: C, 77.2; H, 11.3; O, 11.5 (163). Highly unsaturated acids, 78-93.5, with iodine value, 89-98 (10°). 9. Similar to No. 8. Solid acids, 9.7 (of which stearic, 40; palmitic, 60); liquid acids, oleic and linolic; no arachidic (110). 10. Oil from commercial rice meal contains free fatty acids, 43—77 (168). Impure fat from polishings v. ( 68 ). 11. The constants indicate presence of oleic and volatile insoluble fatty acids. On the border-line between oils and solid fats. 12. Largely oleic glycerides. 13. Fatty acids, mainly oleic, with ca. 6 linolic (63). No linolenic. Little, if any, stearic ( 84 ). 14. Similar to No. 13 cf. ("O). 15. Resembles No. 13, but has higher iodine value (110-114), indicating larger amount linolic acid. HCN present (141). 16. Similar to No. 13, but contains more linolic acid. 16.5.

V. (32,

200).

16.6. v. (21.1). 16.7. v. ( 7 2). 17. Very similar to No. 8. 88-93 liquid acids with iodine value 99.6-104.4 (U 8). This commercial oil is distinct from tea oil (Thea sinensis) v. ( i84 ). Class SL Non-drying Oils of Rape Oil Class 19. Greater proportion unsaturated fatty acids than No. 20. 20. Mainly glycerides of rapic and erucic acids (159.5)- Hnolenic acid present ( 63 ); arachidic and lignoceric acids ca. 1.43 (U). Yields ca. 1% insoluble bromide of mixed glyceride ( 84 ). "Unsaturated'' acids 94-95, with iodine value, 100.5-105 (100).

21. 22. 23. 24.

Larger amount less saturated glycerides than No. 20. Similar to No. 24. Resembles No. 20, but has less drying capacity. Resembles No. 20. Contains ca. 1.3 arachidic and lignoceric acids (U). Yields ca. 1.5 insoluble bromide ( 84 ).

25. Similar to No. 24. " Unsaturated " acids, 91.5-94.5, with iodine value, 103-120 (10°). Class 3. Non-drying Oils : Castor Ou Type 26. Glycerides of hydroxylated fatty acid, not identical with ricinoleic. Liquid fatty acids, consist of equal proportions oleic and linolic (in). Solid fatty acids, ca. 10, of which palmitic, 80, and stearic, 20. No linolenic. 27. Largely glycerides of ricinoleic and isoricinoleic acids ( 79 ), with small amount saturated acids. 28. Palmitic, stearic, oleic and linolic acids, and hydroxy acids (ca. 25), not identical with ricinoleic (5). Class 4. Animal Oils Largely Glycerides of Oleic Acid 29. Mainly olein, with small amount linolin, palmitin, and stearin. Practically free from volatile fatty acids. 30. Glycerides of oleic with very little solid acids. 31. Resembles No. 30, but contains more saturated glycerides. Stearic 2-3; palmitic, 17-18; oleic, 74.5-76.5; glycerol, 5-10; unsaponifiables, 0.1-0.5 ( 54 ).

32. 33. 34. 35. 35.5.

Class 5. Semi-drying Oils Glycerides of linolic acid are characteristic constituents Resembles No. 51 (l 4 «*). N Glycerides of oleic and linolic acids. Does not yield insoluble bromide. Glycerides of oleic, linolic and palmitic acids, with small amount of erucic acid ( 141 ). Similar to No. 47, but does not give Baudouin reaction ( 27 ). V. (52, 91.5).

37. Glycerides of stearic, palmitic, myristic, lauric, caproic, butyric, and acetic acids; also tiglic and higher homologues of oleic acid, but no oleic (163). 38. Glycerides of oleic and linolic acids. 39. Glycerides of oleic and linolic acids. Slight reaction in Becchi's test and Halphen's test. 40. Olein, linolin, with small amount palmitin and stearin. 41. C, 76.4; H, 11.4; O, 12.2 (163). Glycerides of oleic and linolic acid in approx. proportion 3 to 4.5 ( 224 ). Linolic acid, 17-18 ( 63 ). Stearic acid present. Fatty acids liberated by hydrolysis in practically same proportion as in original oil (101). Unsaturated acids, 69.7-73.9, with iodine value, 144.2-148 (ioo). 42. Contains hydnocarpic acid, a cyclic fatty acid of general formula CnH271-^ ( 154 ); with neutralization value, 222.7; specific rotation +67.70°; iodine value, 100 (33). Method of separation from chaulmoogric acid, v. ( 5 I). 43.5. v. ( 48 ). 44. Glycerides of oleic, linolic, stearic and myristic acids, with 2.3 lecithin (16). Arachidic acid at least 0.4 (223). 45. Glycerides of oleic, linolic, stearic and palmitic acids. 45.2. V. (59-5). 47. C, 75.22; H, 11.13; O, 13.65 (163). Glycerides of oleic, and linolic acids, with small amount stearic, palmitic and myristic acids. Solid fatty acids, 12-14; linolic acid, ca. 16 (63). Glycerides of oleic, 48.1; linolic, 36.8; palmitic, 7.7; stearic, 4.6; arachidic, 0.4; unsaponifiables, 1.7. Unsaturated acids, 80.6%, with iodine value, 129.7 (i<> 4 ). . 48. Saturated acids, ca. 12 (mainly stearic and palmitic) ; unsaturated, ca. 80 (linolic and oleic, with ca. 50 of isomer of linolic ( 109 )). Insoluble fatty acids: palmitic, 10; stearic, 2; arachidic, 1; lignoceric, linolenic, linolic and oleic, 88 ( î 9 9 ); cf. ("). 49. Glycerides of chaulmoogric, hydnocarpic, linolic and myristic acids ( 45 ). Chaulmoogric acid: neutralization value, 200202; specific rotation, +58° to +59°; iodine value, 89.590.7 (33); For constants of oils from 8 authentic species of

seeds allied to chaulmoogra, v. ( 147 ). Also v. references for No. 42. 50. Contains glycerides of oleic and linolic acids. 51. Mainly glycerides of oleic and linolic acids, with small amounts palmitic, stearic, and arachidic acids ( 195 ). Saturated acids, 4.5; olein, 44.8; linolin, 48. 2 ( 95 ). Unsaturated acids, 84.6-86.4, with iodine value, 140.8-142.9 ( 10 2). Class 6. Drying Oils Usually characterized by linolenic and isolinolenic acids and linolic and isomerie acids 52. Glycerides of oleic (ca. 25) and elaeostearic acids (isomer of linolic acid). For constants of oils from different species v. (138 ). 53. Glycerides of a-elaeostearic and oleic acids [C 1 ), p. 207]. 54. Glycerides of oleic (56.9), linolic (33.4), stearic, palmitic, myristic and linolenic acids (6.5) ( 204 ). Yields ca. 8% insoluble bromide. 55. Glycerides of /3-elaeostearic, oleic, and probably linolic acids (144).

56. Oleic, 57; linolic, 33.5; linolenic, 6.5; oxidised glycerides, 2.8 (203).

57. For general characteristics, v. ( 10 ). 58. Glycerides of linolic, 70; linolenic and isolinolenic, 15; oleic acid, 15 (224). 59. Glycerides of solid fatty acids (palmitic and stearic) ca. 10; liquid acids (oleic and linolic) ca. 90 ( 122 ). 60. For characteristics, v. ( 30 ). 61. Yields only small amount insoluble bromide ( 84 ). 62. Glycerides of oleic acid, 33.4; linolic, 57.5; palmitic, 3.5; stearic, 2.9; arachidic, 0.6; and lignoceric, 0.4 ("). 63. For characteristics, v. (29). 64. For characteristics, v. (10S). Cross between J. nigra and J. cinere contains ca. 70 linolic acid glycerides, with those of stearic, oleic, and linolenic acids (65). 65. Glycerides of myristic, lauric, oleic, linolic, and linolenic acids. Liquid acids: linolic, 80; linolenic, and isolinolenic, 13; oleic, 7 (224). 66. Elaidin test indicates large proportion olein. 67. C, 78.11; H, 10.96; O, 10.93 ("S). Glycerides of solid fatty acids, 10-15. Liquid acids: oleic, 15-20; linolic, 30; linolenic, 38 ( 62 ). Saturated acids: stearic, 64.4; palmitic, 20 (14°). On bromination, liquid acids yield 20-25 linolenic hexabromide ( 84 ). Yields 2 insoluble mixed glycerides on bromination: (1) linolic-dilinolenic bromoglyceride, 22-25; (2) trilinolic bromoglyceride, or oleic-linolic-linolenic bromoglyceride ( 182 ). Oil contained: a-linolenic acid, 21.1; isomerie linolenic, 2.7; a-linolic, 17.0; hydoxy-acids, 0.5; saturated acids, 8.0; glyceryl radical, 4.1; phytosterol, 1.0; undetermined, 46.2 ( 55 ). 69. Glycerides of oleic (20); linolic (65); linolenic acids (5) (224). 70. v. Nos. 52, 53, 55. 71. Glycerides of oleic, linolic, linolenic, palmitic and stearic acids. Fatty acids yield 45-51 linolenic hexabromide ( 66 ). Linolenic acid yields hexabromide identical with that from No. 67 (17). 72. Unsaturated acids, 82.8, with iodine value, 157.9 (53). 73-80. For characteristics v. ( 73 ). 81. v. ( 7 4 > 170).

82. For characteristics v. (52). Class 7. Fish and Marine Animal Oils Characterized by presence of highly Unsaturated glycerides. These oils yield insoluble bromoglycerides, which blacken when heated 83. Glycerides of palmitic, 22.7; myristic, 9.2; stearic, 1.8; unsaturated acids with 18 carbon atoms, 24.9; 20 carbon atoms, 22.2; 22 carbon atoms, 20.2 (l 90 ).

84. Glycerides of fatty acids with: Ci4, 4.5; Ci 6 (palmitic), 11.5; palmitoleïc, 17; Ci8 (stearic), 2.5; Unsaturated (mainly oleic), 36.5; C20 (unsaturated), 16; C22 (unsaturated), 10; C 2 4 (unsaturated), 1.5; unsaponifiables, 1.7 ( 136 ). Oil yields ca. 25% insoluble bromoglyceride ( 84 ). Clupanodonic octobromide (8.39%) from fatty acids. 85. Glycerides of highly unsaturated fatty acids (iodine value, 296-317) ( 40 ). Yieldsclupanodonic octobromide (3.8-6.5%) (183).

86. Glycerides of highly unsaturated acids. Jecoric acid, CisH30O2 (isomerie with linolenic) and palmitic (13.6) ( 6 I). For characteristics of pilchard oil v. (l19). 87. Glycerides of highly unsaturated acids 13% with iodine value 319.5 ( 40 ). From 13-14 of clupanodonic acid, Ci8H28O2 (iodine value 344.4) in mixed fatty acids (183). Glycerides yielded 23.6 insoluble bromide (183). 88. High proportion glycerides of volatile fatty acids (l 39 ). Also esters of other alcohols. Deposits spermaceti. Isopropylacetic acid (ChevreuPs "phocoenic" acid ) in volatile acids ( 6 ). 89. Glycerides of highly unsaturated acids (14.3 with iodine value 285.4) (40). Valeric acid, 19.9-24 in jaw oil; 2.71 in body oil (l 39 ). 90. For characteristics v. (180J I 8 I). 91. Glycerides of myristic, palmitic, stearic, oleic, erucic and unsaturated acids Ci6H30O2 and C20H38O2 ( 39 > 40 > 4 I). From 17-21 of highly unsaturated acids with iodine value, 324 (189). Clupanodonic acid present (189). Acid of general formula CnH2n-8O2 (clupanodonic acid) isolated. Oil yields ca. 34-42 insoluble bromide (84). 92. Glycerides of saturated acids, 17; liquid acids (oleic and physetoleic) 83 ( 128 ); linolic ( 225 ); highly unsaturated acids (iodine value 330), 11.96 ( 4 <>). Mixed fatty acids yield 13.914 insoluble bromides. 93. Glycerides of highly unsaturated acids (8.57 with iodine value 312.5) (40). Yields ca. 22 insoluble bromide (83). Oil from certain species contains large proportion of C30H50, spinacene ( 43 ) and squalene (186). For characteristics of liver oils (Jap. sharks) v. ( 187 > 188). The liver of Cetorhìnus maximuSj 41.9—55.5 unsaponifiables, mainly squalene. 94. For characteristics v. ( 18 °). A shark oil. Class 8. Insect Oil 95. Glycerides of oleic, linolic (4.38), solid fatty acids (mainly palmitic), phytosterol (not cholesterol); glycerol, 9.42 ( 185 ). Also v. (i 2 7 ). Class 9. Vegetable Fats 96. v. (2S). 97. v. (131). 98. Much stearic, little palmitic acid. Mixed glyceride, oleodistearin, isolated ( 86 > 89). 99. v. ( 1? 9). 100. v. (2S). 101. V. (2 9 ). 102. V. (28).

103. v. ( 9 ). 104-106. v. (31). 107. v. ( 31 > 34). 108. v. (Si). 109. v. ( 94 ). 110. v. ( 48 ). 111. v. (31). 112. V. (52).

113. v. ( 6 4 > 72). The crude oil contains ca. 3.5% resin, on removal of which a semi-drying oil containing a large amount of linolic acid is obtained. Cong. pt. ca. —2°, iodine value, 96.8 ( 169 ).

114. v. ( 145 ). 115. Glycerides of oleic acid, 59.6; palmitic, 38.2; and stearic, 1.8; unsaponifiables, 0.2 (201 ). 116. Solid fatty acids, mainly palmitic; liquid acids, oleic ( 124 ); v. (28). 117. Glycerides of fatty acids in approximately proportions given: caproic, 2; caprylic, 9; capric, XO; lauric, 45; myristic, 20; palmitic, 7; stearic, 5; oleic, 2 ( 57 ). For criticisms on method of alcoholysis, v. ( 59 > 174). Glycerides of kernel oil: caprylic, 9.5; capric, 4.5; lauric, 51; myristic, 18.5; palmitic, 7.5; stearic, 3 (?); oleic, 5; linolic acid glycerides, 1.0 (13). Mixed glycerides isolated ( 24 ). 118.

V. (28).

119. Palmitin, free palmitic acid, olein and small amount linolin ( 84 ). 120. Glycerides of caproic acid, 2; caprylic, 9; capric, 10; lauric, 45; myristic, 20; palmitic, 7; stearic, 5; oleic, 2 (58). v. No. 117. Mixed glycerides (5) isolated (26). 121-122. v. (28). 123. Mainly oleo-distearin (87); v. (48). 124. Mainly palmitin, with glycerides of oleic and linolic acids. Stearic acid, 3.3 (83). 125. Glycerides of stearic, palmitic and oleic acids. Oleo-distearin and oleo-dipalmitin isolated (115). For characteristics of fats from different varieties of pontianak nuts, v. ( 7 I). For relationship of constants, v. (178). 126. Largely laurin with glycerides of oleic and probably linolic acid; v. (60). 127-129. v. (192). 131. Solid acids, 71.4; liquid acid (oleic), 23 (1*1). 132. Glycerides of lauric, myristic and palmitic acids ( 12 I). 133. v. (28). .

134.

V. (126).

135. Glycerides of myristic, palmitic, stearic, and oleic acids. Glycerol, 13.4 (l). 136. Glycerides of myristic acid, 73-74; oleic, 20; butyric, 1; essential oil, 2-3 (i). 137. Glycerides of lauric acid, 15.1; myristic, 52.2; palmitic, 0.2; oleic, 3.9. Unsaponifiables, 20.4 (20). 138. Glycerides of myristic and oleic acids and an essential oil. 139. v. (28). 140. 141.

V. (72). V. (196,

200).

142. v. (i 97 ). 143. v. (126). 144. Largely palmitic acid and its glycerides. Mixed glyceride isolated (69). 145. Insoluble fatty acids, including lauric and arachidic, 91 (163). Volatile acids contain butyric and acetic acids. Liquid acids, 55; unsaponifiables, 3.12 (207). 146. Glycerides of palmitic and oleic acids. No stearic acid (83). Oleo-dipalmitin isolated (U 4 ). 147. Glycerides of stearic, palmitic, oleic, and linolic acids. Stearic acid in fatty acids, 40 (83). Saturated acids, 59.7; oleic, 31.2; other acids, 6.3 .(63). Mixed glycerides (H3, 116). Oleic, 43-45; palmitic, 23-25; stearic, 31-33. Five mixed glycerides isolated ( 3 ). 149. Ca. 75 solid (palmitic) and 25 liquid acids (oleic) (121). Class 10. Animal Fats 150. Mainly glycerides of palmitic, stearic and oleic acids, with small amounts linolic. Palmito-distearin and stearo-dipalmitin isolated (23). Stearic acid, 7-13 (83). 151. Mainly glycerides of palmitic, stearic, and oleic acids, with traces of linolic and linolenic acids (63). Mixed glycerides isolated include oleo-dipalmitin, stearo-dipalmitin, oleo-

152. 153.

154. 155. 156.

159. 160. 161.

162. 163.

164. 165. 166.

palmito-stearin and palmito-distearin ( 23 ). These crystallize in different form from lard glycerides. Glycerides of palmitic, stearic and oleic acids. Stearic, 0-36 ( 83 ). Mainly triolein, with small amounts stearo-dipalmitin, palmito-diolein, and oleo-dipalmitin ( 4 ). Fatty acids contain stearic, 3.8; palmitic, 21.2; and oleic, 72.3 (25.5). For characteristics, v. (117). Glycerides of palmitic, stearic and oleic acids. Glycerides of oleic and linolic acids, 9.9 ( 63 ). Stearic acid sometimes present (i). No linolenic (63). v. Nos. 151, 152. Glycerides of stearic acid, 19-21; palmitic, 20-21; oleic, 53-59; glycerol, 5-10; unsaponifiables, ca. 0.5 ( 54 ). Glycerides of butyric, caproic, caprylic, and capric acids, 8.35; oleic, 32.5; stearic, 1.83; palmitic, 38.61; myristic, 9.89; and lauric, 2.59, with 1.83 dihydroxystearic acid ( 35 ). Stearic acid, 0-22 (l 37 ). Mixed glycerides include butyro-diolein, butyro-palmito-olein and oleo-dipalmitin ( 2 ). For particulars of ghee, v. (29.1, 29.2, 109.5, 193.5). Class 11. Liquid Animal Waxes Mainly various alcohols (iodine value, 64.8-65.2) in combination with fatty acids of oleic series (l). Mainly alcohols, chiefly of ethylene series, in combination with fatty acids of oleic series. Iodine value of alcohols, 63.9-74.1 (22). Class 12. Vegetable Non-glyceridic Waxes Contains a hydrocarbon (M. P. 59°), an alcohol, C 2 TH 56 O; myricyl alcohol, carnaubic acid, cerotic acid, and a hydroxy acid (I 7 S). From 50-52 hydrocarbons ( 37 ). Esters of montarne acid and unsaponifiable matter (157, 162,

212).

Class 13. Animal Non-glyceridic Waxes 167. Complex mixture of esters of higher alcohols; also glycerides (50, 112,

165).

168. Free cerotic acid and esters of alcohols (36). 169. Free cerotic acid, my ricin, with smaller amounts free melissic acid, unsaturated fatty acids, and ceryl and other alcohols (81, 96). Free hydrocarbons, 11.0-17.5 (38). 170. v. (36). 171. Chiefly ceryl cerotate with small amounts of other esters. 172. Mainly cetin or cetyl palmitate with very small amounts of similar esters or glycerides. 4. POLENSKE VALUES General index No. 148 134 36 81 104 161 154 100

Polenske value 0.12 0.25 0.3 0.4 0.5-0.65 1.5-3.0 4.9-8.7 5.9

General index No. Ï33 120 116 102 96 103 117

Polenske value 770 9-10 9-12 10.2 10.2-12.6 15.6 16.8-17.8

5. COMPRESSIBILITY 1 megabarye"1 = 10~6 cm2 dyne"1 = 1.0133A"1 = 0.0690 in.2 Ib.-1 = 0.9807 cm2 kg-1. t = 14.80C. AP = 1 to 10 atm (134) General index N o . . . . .

-^F fp =

| 27 | 67

47

52

13 | 91 |

53

53

8

56

6. COMPRESSIBILITY.—(Continued) IO6 dF t = 40°. d = density, g cm~3. C = -^ -^p per megabarye ( 96 ) P cm~ 2

O 157.5 315.0 472.5 630.0 787.5 945.0 1102.5 1260.0 1417.5 1575.0

General index General index General index No. 27 No. 20 No. 163 Castor oil | Rape oil | Sperm oil d I C d I C d C 0.9414 0.8980 0.8660 0.9488 50.5 0.9058 55.7 0.8746 60.8 0.9558 48.6 0.9129 52.1 0.8820 58.2 0.9625 47.0 0.9199 51.1 0.8898 56.3 0.9686 45.3 0.9270 50.5 0.8958 53.4 0.9748 44.5 0.9330 48.2 0.9124 51.5 0.9808 43.2 0.9381 46.0 0.9088 50.5 0.9858 41.5 0.9440 44.8 0.9136 48.1 0.9906 40.1 0.9496 43.6 0.9196 46.9 0.9958 39.4 0.9547 42.7 0.9249 45.7 1.0010 38.3 6. VISCOSITY

Conversion factors for different viscometer degrees, v. vol. I, p. 32. Change of viscosity of oils with temperature ( 91 ). Fish oils (205). Solutions of camphor, of ethyl alcohol and of chloroform in olive oil ( 35 - 5 ). Lubricating oils (12). 77 in Poises OILS (12,

171)

t = 6O0F = 15.50C General index No. 163 AtIOO 0 F At 15O0F At 2120F 67 58 61 84 92 62 69 51 47 48 14 41

General index No. 26 13 1 21 3 8 At 10O0F AtIoO 0 F At 2120F 31 20 At 10O0F AtISO 0 F At 2120F 27

^ 15 ' 5 0.42-0.44 0.185 0.085 0.046 0.55 0.697 0.697 0.711 0.724 0.776 0.789 0.789 0.797 0.797 0.857 0.82-0.994

^715'5 0.858-0.878 0.860 0.869 0.935 0.942-0.950 0.950-1.01 0.377 0.154 0.070 0.987-1.13 1.08-1.18 0.42-0.45 0.18-0.19 0.08-0.09 v. infra

FATS (12, 171) t = 5O0C General index No. 117 120 147 105 119 160

^50 0.154 0.171 0.171 0.175 0.198 0.256

General index No. 150 159 167 AtISO 0 F At 2120F

^ 750 0.258 0.274 1.672 0.314

I

Kinematic Viscosity R = Redwood; degrees at 7O0F = sec per 50 cc. 1770 = (0.0026R - 1.715/R) X d ( ± 5 % approx.)

RjO0F General RrO0F General index No. cf. (48) index No. cf. (48) Ï67 2Ï2 29 84 188 At 6O0F 356- 534 At 120° 71.3 52 853-1433 65 232 At 6O0F 1230-2178 69 255-259 57 59 249-294 At 10O0F 1160-1190 61 263-292 117 57 269-272 At 14O0F 63.9 8 312 123 3 350 At 14O0F 101.1 22 371 106-104 23 385 At 14O0F 110.4 20 372-465 149 24 402 At 14O0F 104.0 25 425 DENSITY AND VISCOSITY OF CASTOR OIL (No. 27) ( 1 2 > ios) t, 0C d, g cm"3 I??, poises || / , 0 C d, g cm~ 3 | ry, poises 5 0 . 9 7 0 7 3 7 . 6 0 2 5 0 . 9 5 6 9 ( T o I 6 .9700 34.475 26 .9562 6.04 7 .9693 31.56 27 .9555 5.61 8 .9686 28.90 28 .9548 5.21 9 .9679 26.45 29 .9541 4.85 10 .9672 24.18 30 .9534 4.51 11 .9665 22.075 31 .9527 4.21 12 .9659 20.075 32 .9520 3.94 13 .9652 18.25 33 .9513 3.65 14 .9645 16.61 34 .9506 3.40 15 .9638 15.14 35 .9499 3.16 16 .9631 13.805 36 .9492 2.94 17 .9624 12.65 37 .9485 *2.74 18 .9617 11.625 38 .9478 2.58 19 .9610 10.71 39 .9471 2.44 20 .9603 9.86 40 .9464 2.31 21 .9596 9.06 37.8 .9473 2.729 22 .9589 8.34 65.6 .9284 0.605 23 .9583 7.67 100.0 .9050 0.169 24 .9576 7.06 7. VISCOSITY UNDER PRESSURE VALUES OF ^/T70 at 4O0C ( 9 S) p General index General index p General index , , No. 20 No. 163 , , No. 27 kg cm 2 -r, -i oSperm oil -i kg cm ^Castor ± oil -i Rape oil O TOO TOO O TOO 157.5 1.125 1.23 23.94 1.03 315.0 1.44 1.535 227.6 1.365 472.5 1.875 1.94 550.5 2.295 630.0 2.345 2.39 864.6 3.625 787.5 3.905 1164.0 5.255 866.2 3.135 945.0 3.495 1102.5 4.21 4.02 1260.0 (v. also Fig.l.) Influence of Temperature on Viscosity under Pressure 400 kg cm"2 (6000 Ib. in."2) produces approx. the following % increase in viscosity: Lard (No. 150) 75% at 25°, 34% at 100°; sperm (No. 163) 72% at 25°, 29% at 100°. For lard oil (No. 150) the solidifying pressure at 21° is ca. 155 kg cm"2 (22 800 Ib. in."2) and at 100° the viscosity is increased 240% by 1500 kg cm"2 and 600% by 3000 kg cm-2 (44 000 Ib. in."2) [Report of Research Sub-committee on Lubrication, Amer. Soc. Median. Engineers, No. 1833 (Dec. 1921)].

d'i VALUES OP —

8. MELTING POINT

General index No. 4 11 20 23 32 52 54 65 96 97 98 100 101 102 103 105 106 107 109 110 111 113 114 116

M. P., 0 C 16 22.4 -2 to -6 -4 ca. 8 Below -17 Below -18 -12 to -28 24.9 (pulp) 19.4-24 (kernel) 38-39 40-41 35 (pulp) 30.6-32.5 (kernel) 22-24 26.1 23.6 23-29 42 28-31 25-35 32 37-42 37 15-30 29.5-35.5

GenGenM. P., eral eral 0 index index C No. No. 148 20-28 117 149 29 118 150 27-43 119 23-30 151 120 152 121 30-30.5 153 122 30.2-31 41-42 155 123 156 29-33 124 157 28-31 125 32-36 158 126 10-24 159 130 35-40 160 131 38-42 161 132 164 133 27-28.5 40-48 165 135 38-51 136 166 37.8 137 39-43 167 138 168 140 26.5-27 141 169 4-18 32 170 142 171 144 53-56 172 22-28 145 36-46 146 147 26.6-34.5

Of~i

32 37.5-42 29.8-45.5 42-50 47-49 27.5-32.5 48-54 18-39 33-40 35-46 41-51 44-45 28-36 83-91 68-70 76 I1 95-97* 39-42 65-66 62-66 62-66 81-83 42-49

UNDER PRESSURE No. 172 ( 49 )

Pv atm. I M. P., °C|| P., atm. M. P., °C|| P., atm. | M. P., 0C JJ'5* 48:64

56

49 36

141

50 90

96

5

182

51 38

' °-10

— X 1000. tz = 98° or 99° (i)

^2 — ^l

M. P.,

* Montan wax.

* 20

s*

-

Values uncorrected for expansion of glass plummet of Westphal balance General index No. 117 119 120 144 147 150

tl

O

40 50 40 60 50 40

Difference for I0C 642 717 657 692 717 650

General index No. 159 161 164 169 172

O

«1

50 40 90 80 60

Difference for I0C 673 617 97s 75o 716

CORRECTION IN DENSITY, dl^l, FOR I 0 C

A = -IO 3 ^ at 150C CU

General index A No. 3 0.655 8 .629 20 .620 27 .653 29 .658 31 I .625

General index No. 41 47 61 67 83 84

A 0.629 .624 .637 .648 .654 .697

General index N
A 0.722 .654 .615 .646 .643 .648

Empirical Equations Vt = V0(I +a X 10^6t + O X 10~6r- + e X IQ-W) General index No. 169 8 8 8

Name

a

c Range ' 738e 1.752 -8.27 0-100 798 -0.77s 8.27 9-106 682i5 1.14053 5.39 d24° = 0.91268, d\* = 0.90590

Beeswax Oliveoil Oliveoil Oliveoil

b

Lit. (132) (214) (215) (216)

11. SPECIFIC HEAT Mean cp between 20° and 30°. 1 joule g-1/0^ = 0.2389 CaIi5 g-V°C or BTU60 lb.-V°F ("O). General index No | 8 | 12 | 20 | 26 | 31 C^jOuIeSg-V 0 C I 1.98s j 2.05i | 1.96s | 2.084 | 1.913 General index No [ 40 j 47 j 52, 53 | 67 cp, joules g-y°C i 1.984 | 2.0Oo 1.83s | 1.84e General index No | 91 | 117 | 150 | 163 | 169 (221) CP, joules g-y°C |l.89i|2.139|2.02i|l.938 2.0 For thermal conductivity of beeswax v. p. 311. 12. HEAT OF COMBUSTION Hv = heat of combustion, at constant volume, in kilojoules per gram. 1 kj g"1 = 238.9 calu g-1 = 430.1 BTU60 Ib.-1

FIQ. 1.—Effect of pressure on relative viscosity of oils. 9. BOILING POINT OF OILS No. 27, castor, ca. 2650C. No. 67, linseed, ca. 2870C. varies with time owing to decomposition.

B. P.

10. THERMAL EXPANSION The value of ^f 5 . 5 for any oil for temperatures between 10° and 25° may be approximately calculated from the expression dÎ5.5 = dÎ6.«(l - 0.0007 t) = (approx.)d}Jì;S - 0.0006e(î - 15)(2iO).

General index XT No. 3 8 13 20 27 47 51 51 67

Oil Arachis Olive Almond Rape Castor Sesame Maize Maize (crude) Linseed (fresh)

,. , value

10

105.9 85.1 98.1 107.4 84.1 105.3 120.3 122.4 182.4

Free acids Hv (166) , . ^ as oleic 0.16 39.39 2.51 39.58 5.13 39.56 0.82 39.71 0.26 37.09 1.65 39.32 3.32 39.39 1.68 39.42 4.30 39.19

General index XT JNo. 69 83 84 91 93 150 163

Free acids .. as oleic 2.66 0.36

e

Oil

°, value

Poppy Menhaden Whale Cod liver Shark Lard Sperm

129.6

General index Fat No. Ï50 Lard _ Oleomargarine. i«i r> +4. t * 161 Butter fat 153 Goose fat 172 Spermaceti

165.6

0.56

74.3 78.7

0.74 0.78

H9 (i 66) 39.26 39.17 39.64 39.49 39.22 39.55 41.62

Hv

Lit.

39.77-40.40 40.18 / 39.00-39.18\ \38.47-38.63/ 39.77 I 41.62

~~ ,. ,. (1?3) ("3) (1^6)

H9 X d\\ = 36-37. For Hv of fatty acids v. ( 17 S). 13. FLASH POINTS OF OILS AND FATS See also (12, 158) 1. Closed Test (42) General index No. 8 162 163 20 31 84 20 41

Average value Extreme ~~ ~values, 0 * ° F Olive 437.5 225.2 410-465 Arctic sperm 446.2 230 390-485 Southern sperm 457.5 236.3 420-485 Rape, Black Sea refined.... 464.4 240.2 430-490 Neat's foot 470.3 243.5 410-540 White whale 476.0 246.4 430-530 Rape oil, E. Indian refined. 478.6 248.1 410-510 Cottonseed 523.0 | 272.7 [ 500-540 Oil or fat

RELATIVE VALUES ON AN ABBITBARY SCALE (15) . OILS General index _ 8 8 47 69 21 No or,

index No. 67 67 150 163 31 8 27 51 163 150 41

Oil or fat

General index No. 0

C

O 20

0

Linseed Linseed, boiled Lard, No. 2 Sperm, No. 1 Neat's foot Olive Castor Maize (corn) Sperm, No. 2 Prime lard Cottonseed

F 378 419 419 428 439 451 459 480 486 530 582

K = A X IO"5 mhos (cf. vol. 1, p. 35) ( 90 ) A ( = KX 10s) at 180C

~ 7~, ^ General index ISo. Î6Ï 41 3 47 8

Butter Margarine Cottonseed oil Arachis oii Sesame oil Olive oil

646-701 822-863 863 872 878 993

150

Chicken Lard fat 1.7 2.2 (liquid) 3.3

88

117

Dolphin oil

Coconut oil

172

7.8

24.0

100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 300

11.0 14.1 17.6 21.5 25.4 30.0 35.1 40.5 46.8 54.0 63.5

28.5 38.0 61 101 126 60 60.5 99 158 230 339

6.6

30.9

7.80

58.0 14.0 87.5 22.4 33.7 157.4 280.0 48.0 369 102 470 625 880

169

164

CarSper- Beeswax maceti (yellow) nauba wax 0.0 0.0 14.5 0.02 0.10 28.0

80

0

14. ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY

157

60

Fire point

C I 0F I 0C Î92572 300 215 468 242 215 468 242 220 518 270 226 523 273 233 541 283 237 249 635 237 252 574 302 277 644 340 305.6 644 340

Peach son , , kernel rape Ö~2 0.48I 7?9 42* 0.9 3.2 19.4 132 1.7 7.0 45 252 2.3 17.0 108 501 8.6 34.9 168 1024 18.0 60.5 236 174s 28.8 115 340 2974 47.0 218 480 44Oo 107 670 623o 182.5 10Oo 87Oo 275 145o 116oo 400 203o 147oo 660 284o 182so 12Oo 40Oo 222s o 227o 60Oo 277so

5.8 0.48 (liquid) 8.8 9.4 1.25 1.3 (liquid) (liquid) (liquid) 2.9 5.02 5.3 18.5 14.8

40

Flash point

Olive 0 _, Sesame Poppy T FW II

O (TOO (TOO 20 0.00 0.00 40 0.00 0.06 60 0.00 0.14 80 0.00 0.70 100 0.00 120 0.01 140 0.06 160 0.51 180 1.62 7.62 200 3.38 10.7 220 6.08 15.0 240 10.4 21.6 260 16.5 33.0 280 23.7 52.5 300 31.7o 83.0 Drying oils heated in contact with air acquire greater conductivity; also oils that have become rancid. If a definite temperature has not been reached (about 260°) the original conductivity is restored on cooling. Of the oils tested, linseed oil showed the greatest conductivity. FATS WAXES

2. Methods Not Stated («) General

Olive T I

C

1

4.5 8.6 13.6 19.0 24.2 30.8

144

Japan wax 0.0 0.0

1.0

55.6

0.0

7.1

85.5

0.0 (liquid) 19.0

100 29.0 (liquid) 175 36.0 316 64.0 121 520 260 109o 600

27 50 90 155 236 343 641

15. DIELECTRIC CONSTANTS Mixtures of Castor Oil (No. 27) and Toluene (167,107,193); c/. (7) Per cent castor oil || O | 10 J 20 | 30 | 40 eat 12.5° 2.655 2.820 3.102 3.264 3.452 e at 20.0° 2.541 2.748 2.920 3.150 3.352 -~

0.0141 0.0158 0.01740.0190 0.0206

Per cent castor oil || 50 | 60 | 70 [ 80 | 90 | 100 « at 12.5° 3.746 3.952 4.152 4.308 4.564 4.798 e at 20.0° 3.536 3.684 3.950 4.182 4.334 4.578 -~f

^t

y 0.0223I0.0239 0.0255 0.02720.0288 0.0304

For castor, olive, and linseed oils see ( 222 ).

16. REFRACTIVE INDEX AND BUTYROREFRACTOMETER READING

In the case of hydrogenated cottonseed, linseed, arachis, sesame and sardine oils, and bassia tallow,

In preparing Table IQB below, butyrorefractometer values have first been converted into values of UD by means of the conversion factors given in Table IQA. Values of HD below 25° and above 4O0C have then been converted to 25° and 40°, respectively, by means of the convenient approximate relation,

wS>° = [1.4468 + 1.03 X IO"4 (7) + 7.3 X 10~3(/2)] ± 0.0005. The refractive indices of hydrogenated castor oil are lower than those of other oils with similar iodine values, owing to reduction of the hydroxyl groups by the catalyst (178). IQB. REFRACTIVE INDICES T^. j. AT General index ,„ 2R Finding No. n% n4^ NQ

^T = -0.00037(106). At

WA. TABLE FOR CONVERTING BUTYROREFRACTOMETER READINGS INTO REFRACTIVE INDICES Scale Scale diviHD divisions I sions ( T O 1 . 4 2 2 0 19.5 0.5 1.4224 20.0 1.0 1.4228 20.4 1.2 1.4230 21.1 1.5 1.4232 21.7 2.0 1.4236 22.5 2.5 1.4240 23.0 3.0 1.4244 23.5 3.5 1.4248 24.3 3.7 1.4250 25.0 4.0 1.4254 25.6 4.5 1.4256 26.3 5.0 1.4260 27.0 5.5 1.4264 28.3 6.0 1.4268 29.0 6.2 1.4270 29.7 7.0 1.4276 30.0 7.5 1.4280 31.0 8.0 1.4284 31.8 8.7 1.4290 32.5 9.0 1.4292 33.0 9.5 1.4296 33.9 10.0 1.4300 34.6 10.5 1.4304 35.3 11.0 1.4308 36.0 11.3 1.4310 36.7 12.0 1.4316 38.1 12.5 1.4320 38.7 13.8 1.4330 39.5 15.0 1.4340 40.0 15.5 1.4343 40.9 16.4 1.4350 41.5 17.0 1.4354 42.3 17.8 1.4360 43.0 18.5 1.4366 43.7 19.1 1.4370 44.4

n& 1.4373 1.4377 1.4380 1.4385 1.4390 1.4396 1.4400 1.4404 1.4410 1.4415 1.4420 1.4425 1.4430 1.4440 1.4445 1.4450 1.4452 1.4460 1.4465 1.4470 1.4474 1.4480 1.4485 1.4490 1.4495 1.4500 1.4510 1.4515 1.4520 1.4524 1.4530 1.4535 1.4540 1.4545 1.4550 1.4555

Scale divisions 45.2 46.0 46.6 47.3 48.0 48.8 49.5 50.2 51.0 51.7 52.5 53.3 54.0 54.8 55.6 56.3 57.1 57.9 58.6 59.4 60.2 60.9 61.7 62.5 63.2 64.0 64.8 65.6 66.4 67.2 68.0 68.7 69.5 70.3 71.1 71.9

Scale divi| sions 1.4560 72.7 1.4566 73.5 1.4570 74.3 1.4575 75.1 1.4580 76.0 1.4585 76.8 1.4590 77.7 1.4595 78.6 1.4600 79.4 1.4607 80.3 1.4610 81.2 1.4615 82.0 1.4620 82.9 1.4625 83.8 1.4630 84.6 1.4635 85.5 1.4640 86.4 1.4645 87.3 1.4650 88.2 1.4655| 89.1 1.4660l 90.0 1.4665 90.9 1.4670 91.8 1.4675 92.7 1.4680 93.6 1.4685 94.0 1.4690 94.5 1.4695 95.4 1.4700 96.0 1.4705 96.3 1.4710 97.2 1.4715 98.1 1.4720 99.1 1.4725 100.0 1.4730 1.4735 HD

HD 1.4740 1.4745 1.4750 1.4755 1.4760 1.4765 1.4770 1.4775 1.4780 .4785 .4790 .4795 .4800 .4805 1.4810 1.4815 1.4820 1.4825 1.4830 1.4835 1.4840 1.4845 1.4850 1.4855 1.4860 1.4862 1.4865 1.4870 1.4873 1.4875 1.4880 1.4885 1.4890 1.4895

For more extensive data v. ( 106 ). For specific refraction (Lorenz) v. (156). The following empirical relations have been proposed: x = 33 07 + 00075(7) 01375

^T~2 ^T

'

°-

~ °-

W+

0.0020 - 15) where d = density, S = saponification value, and 7 = iodine value, all at Z0C. When hydroxy acids are present, the first constant of the equation is lower ( 14 ). ni>° = 1.4643 - 0.000046 (S) - 0.0096 (g\ + 0.0001171 (7), where A = acid value. An observed refractive index higher than that calculated from this formula indicates oxidation of the oil ( 149 ).

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 43.1 44 45 46 47 48 48.5 49 50 51 * Indian cow. t Japanese. Î Indian buffalo.

117 127 101 132 118 100 103 135 133 96 162 120 146 154 161* 163 98 168-170 99 104 147 97 125 150 142 88t 16IJ. 152 123 161 116 89 165 144 149 157 11 15 99 138 105 145 4 131 153 29 105 31 139 16.7 88 107 134

1.453 1.4543

1A567-71

1.4573

1.4477-5*5 1.4490-£ 1.4499 1.4496^505 1.4497-006 1.4503 1.4511 1.4512 1.4502-25 1.4511-6 1.449B-543 1.4470-679 1A499-Ö51 1.4528 1.4488-581 1.4540 1A538-66 1.4521-55 1.465^-656 1.4537-80

1.4605 1.4603-20 1.4617 1.4517-717

1.4628

1.4622-5

1.4535-633 1.4635

1A559-66 1.4542-51 l A559-66 1A534-89 1.4545-55 1.4566 1.4555-75 1.4567 1.4568 1.4569 1.4500-01 1.4575 1.4580 1.4581 1.4521-55 1A688-600 1.4678-614 1.4597 1A593-613 1A593-624 1A583-626 1.4607 1.4006-13

1.4645-55 1.4610 1.4664 1.4665 1.4009-16 1.4607-20

IQB. REFRACTIVE INDICES.—(Continued) v -,. AT General index Finding No. ri£25 NQ 5 2 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 70.5 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 81.5 82 83 84 85 86 86.5 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 105.5 106 107 108

5

I

* U. S. A. Standard.

1

. 4 108 17 17 33 12 13 119 7 2 112 8 39 9 3 26 16 1 14 35.5 23 76 40 141 24 87 6 19 124 22 111 16.5 20 35 156 10 51 43.5 47 25 28 68 57 94 63 21 38 48 44 79 95 50 73 59 84 164 80 56.5 69 34 62

6

6

vjAT Finding No. u%

7 1.4084-649

1.4868-89 1.4618 1.4671 1.4672

1.4678 1.4657-07

1.4593-646 1.4605-50 1.4593-652 1.4623 1.4623 1.4605-50 1.4600-57

1.4682-5 1.41081-91 1.4679-702 IA682-701 1.4636-705 1.4640-0 1.4698 1.4698

1.4600-55 1.4636 1.4650-40 1.4035-49 1.4641 1.4642 1.4643 1.4637-64 1.4649 1.4633-00

1.4705 1.4710 1.4700-05*

1.4055-700 1.4711 1.4733 1.4704-17f 1.4718 1.4713-05 1.4724 1.4730 1.4710-74 1.4724-50 1.4703-50 1.4715-50 1.4751-45 1.4751 1.4756 1.4769 1.4070-704

1.4755-40 1.4743

t U. S. A. limits.

General index

25 u%

4n n&

40

1.4650 1.4640-54 1.4653 1.46^0-04 1.4654 1.4640-50 1.4656 1.4615-00 1.4650-00 1.4660 l.4I049-7Ö

1 0 9 9 2 1 . 4 7 4 2 - 0 0 1 . 4 6 8 5 - 7 0 2 110 27 1.4771 1.46'5'9-7'3O 111 54, 56 1.4760-90 1.4696 112 85 1.4005-720 113 65 1.4770 1.4000-710 114 32 1.4701 115 37 1.4710 116 74 1.4710 117 137 1.4710 118 91 1.4755-55 1.4702-55 119 94.5 1.4701-552 121 93 1.4825 1.4055-770 122 42 1.4775-01 1.4721-50 123 83 1.4787 1.4731-0 124 126 1.4783 1.4735 125 68.5 1.474 126 58 1.47'40-5 127 67 1.4807-15* 1.4750-45 128 67 1.4707-500f 130 49 1.4777-0 1.4720-74 131 143 1.4770 1.4725-72 132 113 1.4757-00 133 71 1.4753 134 86 1.4705-552 135 82 1.4818 1.4705-72 137 45.3 1.474 138 45.5 1.475 140 42.2 1.4750 141 167 1.4754-522 142 42.2 1.4778 143 41.5 1.4780 144 42.4 1.4780 145 42.3 1.4786 146 78 1.4861 147 81 1.4857 148 60 1.4953 149 52,53,55 1.515-20J 1.5050-125 150 70 1.5000-150 * Russian. t American. J Am. Soc. Testing Materials limits.

1.4650-75 1.4671-5 1.4675 1.4675 1.4600-55

16C. OPTICAL DISPERSION O) =

No

1.4670-01 1.4659-713 1.4070-701 1.4685 1.4688 1.4670-05 1.4050-701

r-

no — 1 Fryer and Weston (67) at 40°

General index 1.4675-50 1.4679 1.4675-55

UF — nc

nD

nP-nc

, I/«

Ï 1 . 4 6 4 3 9 0 . 0 0 9 1 0 5 1 . 0 3 1.46431 0.00878 52.9 8 1.46184 0.00862 53.6 13 1.46403 0.00890 52.1 20 1.46770 0.00936 50.0 27 1.47194 0.00897 52.7 41 1.46535 0.00910 51.1 47 1.46650 0.00908 51.3 51 1.46711 0.00938 49.8 52 1.51256 0.01904 26.9 58 1.47404 0.00980 48.4 61 .1.46968 0.00935 50.2 62 1.47211 0.00973 48.5 65 1.47054 0.00985 47.8 67 1.47379 0.01032 45.8

16(7. OPTICAL DISPERSION.—(Continued) General index nD HF ftc N

. 1/w

6 9 1 . 4 6 9 8 4 0 . 0 0 9 7 8 4 8 ^ 0 71 1.47527 0.00984 48.3 83 1.47361 0.00979 48.4 84 1.46630 0.00918 50.8 92 1.47018 0.00918 50.8 93 1.46849 0.00955 49.0 117 1.44924 0.00751 59.8 120 1.45034 0.00812 55.4 147 1.45724 0.00853 53.6 150 1.45928 0.00851 53.8 161 1.45427 0.00830 54.7 163 1.45814 0.00864 53.0 172 1.44066* 0.00740 59.5 SZALAGYI (*77) AT 45° 3 1.46444 0.00949 48.9 8 1.46040 0.00877 52.5 20 1.46553 0.00933 49.9 27 1.47027 0.00904 52.0 41 1.46394 0.00917 48.7 47 1.46398 0.00917 50.6 58 1.46889 0.00962 48.7 67 1.47224 0.01018 45.1 91 1.46984 0.00988 47.5 117 1.44746 0.00739 60.5 150 1.45716 0.00818 55.9 150 1.45753 0.00882 51.9 161 1.45213 0.00830 54.4 161 1.45296 0.00784 57.6 * At 56°.

(93) describes a method based on the inversion of the spectrum colors shown by tung oil. 17. OPTICAL ROTATION OF OILS Values expressed in reading on Laurent's saccharimeter (200 mm at 20°) unless otherwise stated ( 148 ) General index Oil or fat Optical rotation No. 69 Poppy oil 0.0 3 Arachis oil -0.1 to -0.4 14 Apricot kernel oil —0.2 65 Walnut oil -0.3 13 Almond oil -0.7 20 Rape oil -1.6 to -2.1 82 Stillingia oil -18.6 8 Olive oil +0.2 to +0.6 47 Sesame oil +0.8 to +2.4 27 Castor oil +7.6 to +9 37 Croton oil +14.5 to +16.4 42 Hydnocarpus oil ofë +49.50 to +51.5 49 Chaulmoogra oil ap +50.8 to +58.2 PROPERTY-SUBSTANCE TABLES The bold-faced numbers are intervals on the scale of property values. The other numbers are General Index Numbers in the order of the value of the property. 18. DENSITY Oils.—15/15:0.861:163,162, 6, 88, 94.5. 0.91: 88, and all others except 60. 0.95: 49, 27, 60, 42.2. 0.97. Fats.—100/15.5: 0.862: 148, 138, 141, 149, 125, 116, 119, 147, 131, 108, 115, 109, 111, 99, 130, 146, 117. 0.86: 141, 146, 117, and all others except 155. 0.90: 155. 0.91. Waxes.—100/15.5:0.806:172, 171, 169, 167, 164. 0.85.

№$.—4°: 141.

19. MELTING POINT 10°: 141, 130, 114, 156, 96. 20°: 130, 114, 156,

117, 145, 101, 103, 105, 120, 96. 25°: 114, 156, 117, 145, 105, 109, 102, 140, 147, 119, 133, 153, 125, 107, 161, 100, 118, 116, 150. 30°: 156, 109, 147, 119, 153, 125, 107, 161, 116, 124, 150, 148, 142, 126, 110, 157. 35°: 156, 119, 161, 116, 150, 126, 157, 131, 146, 113, 111, 149, 137, 97, 132, 136, 167, 138. 40°: 119, 158, 146, 111, 149, 132, 136, 167, 138, 98, 135, 123, 159, 106, 151, 160. 45°: 150, 158, 146, 136, 135, 159, 172, 151, 152, 155, 50°: 136, 159, 155, 144. 60°: 169, 170, 168, 165. 70°: 80° : 171, 164. 90° : 166, 164.

120, 124, 121, 158, 150, 172, 144. 166.

20. CONGELATION TEMPERATURE OUs. 30°: 66, 59, 51, 80, 65, 79, 58, 73, 67, 77, 13. -20°: 51, 65, 58, 77, 13, 81, 54, 66, 59, 51, 80, 65, 79, 58, 73, 67, 77, 13, 81, 54, 52, 53, 15, 74, 14, 1, 45, 34, 69, 5, 27, 37, 28, 75, 40, 25, 68, 62, 24, 88, 38. -15°: 51, 65, 77, 13, 14, 45, 27, 37, 28, 48, 23, 43, 41, 61, 64, 17. -10°: 37, 39, 12, 16, 10, 46, 20, 21, 3, 36, 8. -6°: 20, 3, 8, 47, 83, 99, 91, 84, 29, 31, 30, 92, 82. 0° : 41, 99, 29, 31, 53, 30, 7, 95, 33, 26, 6. 5°: 41, 31, 30, 4, 45.3. 10°: 41, 30, 4, 11, 42.4, 42.5. 20°: 30, 42.3, 42.2, 42.1, 41.5. 75°.

21. ACETYL VALUE O: 91, 161, 117, 172, 150, 147, 3. 3:3, 5, 163, 13. 5: 163, 13, 51, 116, 26, 120, 58, 31, 159, 54. 10: 51, 26, 54, 8, 65, 125, 84, 44, 69, 160, 36, 20, 41, 28. 15: 26, 84, 37.5, 44, 41, 169, 92, 119, 59, 153, 28, 144, 37. 20: 26, 84, 44, 41, 144, 68, 141, 63, 82, 28. 30: 141, 37, 28, 113. 40: 28, 2. 50: 164. 55. 149: 27. 150.

22. IODINE VALUE Oils.—50: 11, 30, 31, 4. 60: 30, 31, 4, 29, 42.5. 70: 31, 29, 16.5, 6, 5.5, 39, 2, 8, 45.3. 80: 16.5, 39, 8, 42.1, 18, 12, 27, 42, 5, 9, 3, 42.2. 90: 42.3, 39, 42, 3, 33, 17, 1, 13, 24, 20, 41.5, 28, 10, 22, 49, 113,1 40, 42.4, 26, 88, 25. 100: 33, 13, 20, 28, 22, 49, 40, 26,

25, 16, 46, 14, 73-80, 19, 35.5, 41, 47, 36, 44, 37, 7, 21. 110: 28, 49, 40, 73-80, 41, 47, 44, 7, 21, 35, 15, 51, 93, 84. 120:44, 21, 51, 93, 84, 57, 87, 45, 38, 48, 59, 61, 37.5, 89, 62, 81. 130: 93, 48, 59, 61, 56.5, 62, 63, 34, 72, 68, 91, 56, 65. 140: 59, 34, 72, 68, 82, 91, 56, 65, 58, 83, 82, 55, 70. 150: 34, 52, 91, 58, 83, 52, 53, 55, 70, 74, 82. 160: 53, 55, 91, 58, 83, 54. 170: 83, 86, 67, 60, 68.5. 180: 83, 86, 67, 71. 190: 86, 67, 71. 200: 67, 71. 205: 71. 260: 92. 344.

Fats and Waxes—4: 135, 167, 144, 172, 103, 168-170, 117, 138. 10: 167, 144, 168-170, 120, 101, 129, 100, 118, 133, 164, 102, 166, 96, 167, 140, 161. 20: 30: 167, 137, 146, 155, 98. 40: 167, 137, 146, 150, 152, 145, 109, 116. 110, 115, 99, 108, 153. 107, 128, 157, 126, 158, 96, 139, 121, 97. 80:

139.5.

100.

96, 167, 137, 127, 146, 155, 161, 122, 161, 122, 132, 125, 147, 123, 159, 151, 161, 147, 159, 151, 98, 104, 131, 142, 50: 167, 137, 150, 152, 145, 160, 105, 60: 150, 152, 105, 111, 99, 108, 153, 130. 70: 99, 157, 126, 158, 130, 134, 158, 156, 121, 124. 90: 158, 124,

132. 148, 100, 111, 106, 156, 113,

23. SAPONIFICATION VALUE 50: 165, 166, 164, 167, 168, 169, 170. 100: 167, 168, 170, 163, 162, 172. 150: 136, 93, 84, 20, 94, 85, 72, 91, 24, 28, 19, 25, 6,

23, 27, 21, 90, 146, 143, 111.

180: 84, 85, 91, 28, 19, 27,,21, 90, 143,

111, 146, 43, 108, 76, 16.7, 130, 9, 141, 50, 13, 66, 134, 7, 8, 137, 142, 51, 3, 88, 60, 123, 98, 44, 92, 34, 36, 148, 68, 106, 104, 38, 47, 62, 71, 4, 67, 86, 59, 96, 61, 87, 107, 149, 48, 83, 39, 54, 49. 190:

84, 85, 28, 146, 130, 13, 8, 42.3, 68.5, 137, 142, 51, 139.5, 3, 123, 98, 44, 42.5, 92, 68, 104, 38, 47, 62, 71, 4, 67, 86, 59, 61, 87, 107, 149, 37.5, 48, 83, 39, 54, 49, 35, 80, 32, 99, 64, 17, 95, 81, 58, 160, 65, 63, 12, 78, 75, 18, 1, 16, 79, 153, 40, 5, 14, 73, 74, 125, 139, 110, 10, 26, 33, 57, 45, 69, 147, 15, 70, 29, 159, 30, 31, 105, 114, 157, 37, 113, 41. 52, 53, 55, 2. 195: 84, 13, 8, 137, 142, 92, 86, 59, 49, 160, 65, 63, 40, 5, 14, 10, 26, 70, 29, 159, 30, 31, 105, 114, 157, 37, 41,

52, 53, 55, 2, 109, 152, 155, 156, 150, 112,151, 115, 121, 126, 46, 116, 158, 131, 119, 56, 89, 135, 42, 144, 82, 42, 45.3, 41.5, 42.2, 1

v. Table 3.

42.4. 210: 37, 131, 135, 144, 161, 11, 145, 138, 100, 122, 154, 96, 100. 240: 96, 100, 132, 133, 190, 97, 102. 250: 89, 96, 133, 190, 118, 117, 101, 128, 103. 260: 117, 140, 127, 89. 280: 129, 85 290. 24. HEHNER VALUE 65: 88, 89. 82:97, 117, 127, 128, 129, 140, 161, 93, 17. 90: 117, 93, 17, 120, 16.7, 144, 145. 92: 3.5, 4, 16.6, 18, 28, 48, 51, 65, 66, 74, 77, 79, 84, 88, 95, 106, 108, 109, 111, 113, 119, 131, 132, 135, 138, 141, 142, 147, 149, 150, 153, 157, 160, 81, 87. 95: 93, 119, 141, and all others for which data are available. 96: 0.5, 12, 93, 119, 141, 86, 151. 97: 29, 81, 87, 156, 158. 25. REICHERT-MEISSL VALUES ReichertGeneral index General index ReichertMeissl value Meissl value No. No.

57 59 20 17 114 44 123 91, 92 14 124 132 43 149 153 146 160 26 142 147 110 37.5 19 55 113 52 3 90 104 69 105 28 7, 13 62, 138 112 48 86 159 36 2, 69 141 107 8 116 155 158 23 22 81 130 11

0.0 O -1.2 O -0.79 0.1 0.1 0.1 -1.3 0.11-1.54 0.2 0.2 0.22 0.2 -0.4 0.2 -0.4 0.2 -0.4 0.2 -0.8 0.2 -0.9 0.2 -1.7 0.28-0.48 0.3 0.3 -1.0 0.33 0.33 0.33-0.89 0.35 0.38 0.39 0.4 0.4 -0.7 0.4 -1.31 0.4 -3.0 0.44-0.88 0.46 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 -2.8 0.5 -1 0.5 -1 0.55 0.6 0.6 0.6 -0.5 0.6 -1.8 0.65 0.68 0.7 -2.8 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.8 -0.9 0.88

65 31 119 41 82 67 5 143 106 131 42 53 125 47 108 136 54 83 111 127 27 66 126 157 74 129 50 4 128 133 95 100 51 140 38 120 88 96 102 103 117 101 134 145 84 161 154 89 (Body) 88 (Jaw) 89 (Jaw)

0.92 0.9 -1.2 0.9 -1.9 0.95 0.93-0.99 0.95 0.99 1 1 -2 1 -4 1.02 1.1 1.1 1.1 -1.2 1.1 -2.5 1.1 -4.2 1.2 1.2 1.25-1.4 1,39 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.0 2 -3 2.5 -3.3 2.53 3.0 3.4 3.8 4.2 -9.9 4.5 4.45 5 -6.8 5.6 5.7 -7.2 5.8 6.3 6.6 -7.5 8 8.27 9 14 17.0-34.5 20.8-27.7 64.9 65.9 132

26. UNSAPONIFIABLE MATTER General index No. 31 115 134 92 103 52 8 67 69 5 54 107 3 87 125 62 155 91 53 29 83 90 13 100 86 55 85 58 37.5 41

_, % 0.12-0.65 0.19 0.25 0.3 -1.0 0.36 0.41 0.4-1.0 0.4-1.2 0.43 0.5 0.5-0.9 0.5 0.5-0.9 0.5-3.0 0.5 0.51 0.52 0.54-2.68 0.59 0.6 0.6-1.45 0.7 -7.0 0.75 0.75 0.98 0.99 1 -2 1.08 1.1 1.1

General index No._ 84 139 144 57 51 48 74 68.5 32 104 82 139.5 88 50 95 10 25 108 93 111 133 94 89 137 162 167 166 172 164 ' 94.5

_ %

1 -4 1.1 1.1 -1.6 1.14 1.25-1.60 1.27-1.54 1.3 1.3 1.30-2.65 1.36 1.45 1.6 2 2.4-2.6 2.61 3 3.3 3.86 2.8 -15.2 5 -9 7.0 8.4 16 -17 20.4 36 -41 39 -44 47 51.5 54 -55 1 -90

27. MELTING AND SOLIDIFICATION POINTS OF FATTY ACIDS SolidifiGenGenMelting cation point, eral eral point, fatty fatty acids, index index 0 " titer " acids, C No. No. test, 0C 71 -5 51 64 O 45.3 75 O 20 77 O 18 14 76 2.3- 4.5 162 10.3-10.8 8.3- 8.6 15 23 9 -10 128 7 -12 21 11 -17 59 13.4 63 163 13 -14 13 69 9.5-11.8 34 13 -14 56 16 13.4-18 67 84 14 -27 10 -24 96 82 14.5 60 13 127 65 14.3 15 -20 16 -17 13.4-13.7 25 16 -18 37 43 16 -19 45 10 -16 78 10 -15 93 79 17 -21 58 15.6-16.6 91 12 5 17 -20

SolidifiMelting cation point, point, fatty fatty acids, acids, 0C "titer" test, 0C 17 -22 19 18 18.5-20 11.7-13.6 19 10 19 19 -21 13 -15 20 13 -15 13.5-16.5 15 -20 20.5 17 -19 17.6 20 -24 16 -21 20.5-21 21.5 (begins) 65.0 (complete) 17 -19 21.7 22 -26 21 -22 21.8-38 17.5-24.3 22 -25 19 -20

27. MELTING AND SOLIDIFICATION POINTS OF FATTY ACIDS.—(Continued) SolidifiGenGenMelting cation point, eral eral point, fatty fatty acids, index index 0 acids, C "titer" No. No. test, 0C 39 92 22 -^23 4 22 -24 18 -19.8 62 157 22.2 66 161 22.8 57 50 46 23 30 23 -25 28 158 23 -24 40 19.7-21.0 36 146 20 -24 23 -26 68 105 23.6 103 42.4 24 -30 26 106 24.2 133 21.2-25.2 114 24 -27 117 42.2 25 -28.5 20 -25.5 120 167 25.4 22.6 61 109 94.5 25 -35 23 -32 130 25 -35 47 16.9-26.4 151 26 -30 8 138 26.2-27.5 48 42.1 27 100 42.5 27 -28 140 143 27 -28 101 42 39.9-51 27 -45 124 137 27.5 32 31.1-32.2 160 28 -30 33 16 -26.5 159 29 -41 31 42.3 30 -40 81 135 30 27 116 30 -32 85 147 26 -28 38 108 28 -29 113 119 30 -34.8 28.2 86 141 30.5-39 3 155 30 -49.4 36 -39 52 131 31 90 148 31 97 111 31.3-53.4 156 145 33 -34 112 144 33 -38.4 29 41.5 40 -48.5 33.5-49 152 125 34.5 41 107 35 132 27.5-28.2 149 35 -36 87 142 35 -38 99 104 31 -34 36.6-40 153 98 27 -28 36.5 95 37 -46.6 36 -42.4 123 150 37.6 6

SolidifiMelting cation point, point, fatty fatty acids, "titer" acids, 0C test, 0C 38 38.8 32 -34 38 -40 33 -39 38 -41 39 -40 35 -37 35 -41 39 -50 45.2-47.2 39 -57 I 50.9-52.5 39 -45 38 -40 40 38 -41 40 -42 37 -40 41 41.8 38 -40 42 -46 42 -49 37.9-46.2 42.5-44 42.5-46 43 43 36 -42 44 -45 46 37.2 42.5-44 40 -50 47 47 -48 46 -47 48.3-50 47.2-49.2 48 -53 49 -52.8 47 42.5-45.5 50 50 -57 46 -50 50 -64 48 -52 51 -55 48.1 52 -53 52 -55 49.7-50.7 53 -56.5 55 56 56 56 -57 57 -60 58.4 61.4-61.5 59 60 -61

HYDROGENATED OILS Hydrogénation reduces the iodine value, and refractive index, (56) but has little influence upon the acid value, saponification value and unsaponifiable matter. In oils, such as castor oil, containing hydroxyl groups, the hydroxyl value is lowered ( 143 ). The amount of insoluble bromides is reduced. The stearic acid formed on hydrogénation is identical with normal stearic acid ( 12 °).

A method of differentiating hydrogenated and natural oils has been based on the ratio between the amounts of stearic acid and palmitic acid (135). Hydrogenated oil may be recognized by a determination of the iso-oleic acid formed in the process ( 208 ). PARTLY HYDROGENATED OILS ( 218 ) General index No. 117 47 84 3 47 41

Con- ButyroreSaponiM. P., gelation fractometer Acid fication Iodine 0 reading value value point, C value 0 (40°) C 1.0 Coconut 44.5 0.4 254.1 27.7 35.9 Sesame (techn.). . 62.1 25.4 38.4 45.3 4.7 188.9 45.2 Whale 1.2 192.3 45.1 33.9 49.1 47.4 Arachis 50.1 51.2 36.5 1.0 188.7 Sesame 51.5 33.4 0.5 190.6 54.8 47.8 38.5 25.4 Cottonseed 53.8 0.6 195.7 69.7 Oil

WHALE OIL (GEN. IND. No. 84) AT DIFFERENT STAGES OF HYDROGENATION ( 219 ) ConMolecular M. P., gelation Acid SaponiIodine equivafication 0 C lence of point, value value value 0 C fatty acida Original oil Fluid Fluid 9.50 192.2 144.8 287.7 Artificial tallow 296.4 47.5 38.1 9.88 183.7 56.9 Artificial stearine 47.3 7.80 187.7 11.7 297.0 54.3 Hydrogenated whale oil. . 41.9 31.9 5.30 190.9 57.8 282.9

COMPLETELY HYDROGENATED OILS ( 22 °) General index No.

159 150 147 3 91 67 47 8 69 13

Hydrogenated oil or fat Tallow Lard Cacao butter Arachis Cod liver Linseed Sesame Olive Poppy Almond

Fatty SaponiM. P., Iodine acid, fication 0 C value M. P., value 0 C 62 0.1 197.7 64 64 1,0 196.8 62 63.5^64 0.0 193.9 65.5 64^-64.5 0.0 191.6 67 1.2 65 186.2 59 0.2 68 189.6 70.5 68.5 0.7 190.6 69.5 0.2 70 190.9 71 70.5 0.3 191.3 71 72 0.0 191.8 71

LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) C 1 ) Allen, Commercial Organic Analysis, II: 1924. London and Philadelphia. (2) Amberger, 279, 35: 313; 18. (3) Amberger and Bauch, 279, 48: 371; 24. (4) Amberger and Bromig, 279, 42: 193; 21. (5) André, 34, 172: 1413; 21. ( 6 ) André, 27, 35: 857; 24. (7) Angervo and Liiri, 60, 56A: No. 9; 13. (8) Anon., 212, 4: 433; 23. (9) Anon., 257, 18: 172; 20. (10) Anon., 257, 20: 292; 22. (U) Archbutt, 54, 17: 1009; 98. (12) Archbutt and Deeley, Lubrication and Lubricants, 1912. (l 3 ) Armstrong, Allen and Moore, 54, 44: 63T; 25. (U) Backer, 176, 13: 954; 16. (15) Bartoli, 59, 28: 25; 90. (16) Battaglia, 342, 6: 434; 01. (17) Bauer, 252t 31: 33; 24. (18) Baughman and Jamieson, 1, 44: 2947; 22. (19) Baughman and Jamieson, 341, 26: 77; 23. (20) Baughman, Jamieson and Brauns, 1, 43: 199; 21. (21) Benedikt and Ulzer, 57, 8: 41; 87. (2i-i) Bjalobreski, 252, 8: 123; 01. (22) Blakely and Reilly, 45, 9: 1099; 17. (23) Borner, 279, 25: 321; 13. (24) Borner and Bauman, 279, 40: 97; 20. (25.5) Bonier and Merten, 279, 43: 101; 22. (26) Borner and Schneider, 279, 47: 61; 24. (27) Bolton, 173, 44: 233; 19. (28) Bolton and Hewer, 173, 42: 35; 17. (28.5) Bolton and Jesson, 173, 40: 3; 15. (29) Bolton and Revis, Fatty Foods. London, 1912. (29.1) Bolton and Revis, 173, 35: 343; 10. (29.2) Bolton and Revis, 173, 36: 392; 11. (30) Bolton and Revis, 173, 43: 251; 18. (31) Bolton and Revis, in Allen's Commercial Analysis, II: 241; 24. (32) Brill and Agcaoili, 267, 10: 105; 15. (33) Brill and Williams, 267, 12: 207; 17. (34) Brooks, 173, 34: 205; 09. (35) Browne, 1, 21: 807; 99. (3S.S) Bubanovic, 03, 10: 178; 12. (36)

Buchner, 185, 691: 151; 98. (37) Buchner, 136, 42: 373; 18. (38) Buisine, 343, 5: 91; 99. (39) Bull, 136, 23: 996; 99. (40) Bull, 136, 23: 1043; 99. (*i) Bull, 25, 39: 3570; 06. (42) Carpenter and Leask, in ( 123 ), 3rd ed., p. 208. (43) Chapman, 4, 111: 56; 17. ( 4 4 ) Chapman, 173, 42: 161; 17. (45) Chattopadhyay, 184, 87: 473; 15. ( 4 6 ) Crismer, 28, 9: 71, 145, 359; 95. (47) Crismer, 188, 10: 312, 453; 97. (48) Crossley and Le Sueur, 54, 17: 989; 98. (49) Damien, 34» 112: 785; 91. (50) Darmstaedter and Lifschütz, 25, 29: 2890; 96. (51) Dean and Wrenshall, l, 42: 2626; 20. («•!) Deiler and Fraps, 11, 43: 90; 10. (52) Diedrichs, £70, 27: 132; 14. (53) Ebert and Bailey, 348, 7, No. 12: 35; 24. ( 5 4) Eckart, 279, 44: 1; 22. (55) Eibner and Schmidinger, 352, 30: 293; 23. (56) Ellis, 45, 6: 117; 14. (57) Eisdon, 173, 38: 8; 13. (58) Eisdon, 173, 39: 78; 14. (*«) Eisdon, 173, 49: 275; 24. (59.5) Fabris, OZn e grassi, 1923: 247. (60) Fabris and Settimj, Atti del VI Cong. Chim. Roma, 5: 749; 07. («i) Fahrion, 136, 17: 434; 93. (62) Fahrion, 92, 23: 1106; 10. (63) Farnsteiner, 279, 2: 1; 99. (64) Fendler, 344, 20: 6; 05. (65) Fouchet, 345, 18: 529; 12. (66) Fox, 45, 4: 229; 12. (67) Fryer and Weston, 173, 43: 311; 18. (68) Garelli, 816, 8: 109; 17. ( 6 9 ) Geitel and van der Want, 52, 61: 151; 00. (70) Georgi, 346, 12: 77; 24. (72) Grimme, 252, 17: 156; 10. (73) Grimme, 136, 35: 925; 11. (74) Grimme, 252, 20: 1; 13. (75) Grün, Oel-Fett. Industrie, 1: 339, 364; 19. (76) Hanus, 279, 2: 617; 99. (77) Hanus, £75», 4: 913; 01. (78) Hazura and Grüssner, 57, 10: 242; 89. (79) Hazura and Grüssner, 57, 9: 475; 89. (80) Hazura and Grüssner, 57, 9: 944; 89. («) Hehner, 173, 8: 16; 83. (82) Hehner and Mitchell, 173, 20: 146; 95. (83) Hehner and Mitchell, 173, 21: 316; 96. (84) Hehner and Mitchell, 173, 23: 310; 98. (86) Heise, 291, 12: 540; 96. (87) Reise, 291, 13: 302; 97. (88) Henriques, 92, 8: 721; 95. 9: 221; 96. (89) Henriques and Künne, 25, 32: 387; 99. (90) Herlant, 28, 10: 48; 96. (9l) Herschel, 45, 14: 715; 22. (91.5) Hewer, 173, 42: 271; 17. (92) Holde and Stange, 25, 34: 2402; 01. (93) Holley, Analysis of Paint Vehicles, Japans and Varnishes, 1920. (94) Holmes, 347, 65: 691; 00. (95) Hopkins, 1, 20: 948; 98. (96) Hubl, 118, 249: 338; 83. (97) Hubl, 112, 253: 281; 84. (98) Hyde, 5, 97A: 249; 20. (98.5) Jamieson and Baughman, 1, 42: 166; 20. (99) Jamieson and Baughman, 1, 44: 2952; 22. (10°) Jamieson and Baughman, 348, 6, No. 1: 34; 22. ( 101 ) Jamieson and Baughman, 348, 7, No. 2: 35; 23. (102) Jamieson and Baughman, 348, 7, No. 12: 34; 24. (104) Jamieson and Baughman, 1, 46: 775; 24. (105) Kahlbaum and Raber, 353, 84: 201; 05. (I06) Kanthack, Tables of Refractive Indices, II. Oils, Fats and Waxes. 1921. (Hilger, London). (107) Karhi and Suikkanen, 60, 54A: No. 19; 11. (108) Kebler, 143, 151: 394; 01. ( l °9) Keimatsu, 136, 35: 839; 11. (109.B) Kesava-Menon, 54, 29: 1428; 10. (HO) Klein, 92, 37: 847; 98. (Hi) Klein, 92, 37: 1012; 98. ("*) Kleinbusch, Das Wollfett, p. 92; 01. ( 113 ) Klimont, 57, 23: 51; 02. (H4) Klimont, 57, 24: 408; 03, (U*) Klimont, 57, 25: 929; 04. ("6) Klimont, 57, 26: 563; 05. ( H 7 ) Knowles and Urquhart, 173, 49: 509; 24. (H8) Lane, 54, 20: 1083; 01. (U 9 ) Langton, 54, 42: 47T; 23. (120) Leimdörfer, 349, 40: 1317; 13. (121) Lemarie, 257, 1: 206; 03. (122) Le Sueur, 54, 19: 104; 00. (123) Lewkowitsch, Technology of Oils, Fats, and Waxes. London, 1914. (124) Lewkowitsch, 54, 9: 842; 90. (««) Lewkowitsch, 173, 24: 319; 99. ( 12 6) Lewkowitsch, 173, 28: 342; 03. (127) Lewkowitsch, 279, 12: 659; 06. (128) Ljubarsky, 52, 57: 19; 98. (128.1) Mahle, 136, 19: 1786; 95. («») Marden, 45, 8: 121; 16.

(130) Marden and Dover, 45, 9: 858; 17. ("i)' Matthes and Streicher, 293, 251: 438; 13. (132) Mattioli, 84, 75, 2: 358; 15. (133) Meissl, 118, 233: 229; 79. (134) de Metz, 8, 41: 663; 90. (135) Mihâly, Akatalysises uton Hydrogennel telitett Zsirok Vizsgâlata, p. 17-19. Budapest. ( 13 6) Milligan, Knuth and Richardson, I , 46: 157; 24. (137) Mitchell, 173, 49: 515; 24. (138) Miura, 148, 26: 316; 23. (139) Moore, 54, 9: 331; 90. (140) Morrell, 54, 32: 1091; 13. (i«) de Negri and Fabris, 91, 33: 547; 94. (143) Norman and Hugel, 136, 37: 815; 13. (144) Parker, Rau, Robertson and Simonsen, 860, 10: 11; 23. ( 1 ^ 5 ) Pastrovich, 136, 31: 781; 07. (146) Paul, 173, 4e: 238; 21. (147) Perkins and Cruz, 867, 23: 543; 23. (148) Peter, 27, 48: 483; 87. (H») Pickering and Cowlishaw, 54, 41: 74T; 22. (150) Pieraerts, 350, 16: 6674; 24. (152) Polenske, 279, 7: 273; 04. (154) Power and Barrowcliffe, 4, 87: 884; 05. (156) Proctor, 54, 17: 1021; 98. (is?) Pschorr and Pfaff, 85, 53: 2147; 20. (is«) Redwood, Treatise on Petroleum, 3: 785; 22. (159) Reichert, 91, 18: 68; 79. (159.5) Reimer and Will, 85, 20: 2385; 87. (160) ROSS and Race, 173, 36: 263; 11. (162) R ya n and Dillon, 117, 12: 202; 13. ( 163 ) Schaedler, Die Technologie der Fette und Oele des Pflanzen- und Thier-reichs. 2nd ed. Berlin, 1892. (164) Schoen, 85, 21: 878; 88. (i«S) Schulze, 25, 31: 1200; 98. (166) Sherman and Snell, I , 23: 164; 01. (167) Siivola, 138, l, No. 18; 22. (168) Smetham, 173, 18: 191; 93. (169) SoIiven, 340, 13: 65; 24. (170) Sprinkmeyer and Diedrichs, 279, 27: 113; 14. ("I) Strevens, 54, 33: 109; 14. (172) Stewart, 351, 26: 312; 18. (173) Stohmann et al, 52, 49: 99; 94. (174) Stokes, 173, 49: 577; 24. ("S) Stürcke, 13, 233: 283; 86. (176) Sudborough, Watson and Athawall, 54, 42: 103A; 23. (177) Szalagyi, 205, 66: 149; 14. (178) Täte and Pooley, 173, 46: 229; 21. (179) Thomas and Boiry, 27, 13: 827; 13. (180) Thomson and Dunlop, 54, 25: 272; 06. («M Tolman, 45, 1: 340; 09(182) Toms, 173, 49: 71; 24. (183) Tsujimoto, 43, 4: 11; 06. (184) Tsuji, moto, 252, 15: 224; 08. (185) Tsujimoto, 43, 4: 63; 06. (186) Tsujimoto. 45, 8: 889; 16. (187) Tsujimoto, 148, 21: 1015; 19. (188) Tsujimoto, 45, 12: 63; 20. (*«») Tsujimoto and Kimura, 148, 26: 1162; 23. (190) Twitchell, 45, 9: 581; 17. (191) Ubbelohde, Handbuch der Chemie und Technologie der Öle und Fette. 3 vol. 1908-20. (Leipzig, Heizel). (192) Uchida, 54, 35: 1089; 16. (193) Väisälä, 60, 54A: No. 14; 11. (193.5) Vakil, 54, 34: 320; 15. (i»*) Valenta, 112, 252: 296; 84. (195) Vulté and Gibson, l, 23: 1; 01. (196) Wagner and Muesmann, 279, 27: 124; 14. (197) Wagner, Muesmann and Lampart, 279, 28: 244; 14. (198) Waller, 136, 19: 1831; 95. (199) Wallis and Burrows, I , 46: 1949; 24. (200) Wedemeyer, 279, 13: 210; 06. (20l) West and Balce, 867, 23: 269; 23. (202) West and Cruz, 867, 23: 337; 23. (203) West and de Leon, 867, 24: 123; 24. (204) West and Montes, 867, 18: 619; 21. (205) White, 45, 4: 106; 12. (206) wijs, 85, 31: 750; 98. (207) Wijs, 185, 71 I: 374; 00. (208) Williams and Bolton, 170, 49: 460; 24. (209) Wollner, 173, 12: 203; 87. 352, 16: 609; 87. (210) Wright, 54, 26: 513; 07. (2U) Wright and Mitchell, Oils, Fats and Waxes. London, 1921. (212) Zaloziecki and Hausmann, 92, 20: 1141; 07. (213) Special Research Committee on Lubrication, 3rd report, 56, 45: 23. (214) Kopp, 13, 93: 129; 55. (215) Spring, 186, 3: 331; 82. (216) u. S. Bureau of Standards, O. (218) Borner and Leschly-Hansen, 252, 19: 218, 247; 12. (219) Sandelin, 54/33: 1097; 14. (220) Mannich and Thiele, 273, 26: 36; 16. (221) Person, 34, 29: 300; 49. (222) Bell and Poynton, 3, 49: 1065; 25. (223) Jamieson and Bailey, 54, 38: 781A; 19. 45, 11: 850; 19. (224) Hazura, 57, 9: 180; 88. 10: 190; 89. (225) Kurbatoff, in ( 2 U) 1 p. 596.

ADHESIVES AND GELATINS JEROME ALEXANDER INTRODUCTION Most practical adhesives are mixtures of several ingredients, with or without some kind of salt, and may be classified as : (A) Animal adhesives: e.g., glues, gelatins, casein, albumin; (B) Vegetable adhesives: e.g., flours, starches, dextrins, gums, gum resins, oils, and proteins; (C) Mineral adhesives: e.g., silicate of soda, cements, limes, plasters, clays, pitches, tars, artificial resins, solders, and such mixtures as iron + sulfur and litharge + glycerin. In using an adhesive to join two surfaces, the surfaces concerned are the ultimate exterior ones and the adhesive must either take hold of these exterior surfaces or must remove them and take hold on the surface below. Thus, if the articles .to be joined are not cleaned, the exterior surface is frequently a layer of grease.

Setting and drying are promoted by any agency which increases the concentration of the adhesive; for example, by removing the solvent. Joint strength is influenced by quantity of adhesive used, by speed of set and drying, and by the application of pressure. Animal Glues Use.—(1) Keep dry and from excessive heat; (2) use definite weights of glue and water; (3) soak glue in cold water until softened; (4) melt on water bath and keep temperature as low as work permits (usually below 650C); melt small batches successively to avoid prolonged heating which injures strength; (5) supply evaporation losses; (6) use clean vessels, and, if necessary, a preservative.

Buchner, 185, 691: 151; 98. (37) Buchner, 136, 42: 373; 18. (38) Buisine, 343, 5: 91; 99. (39) Bull, 136, 23: 996; 99. (40) Bull, 136, 23: 1043; 99. (*i) Bull, 25, 39: 3570; 06. (42) Carpenter and Leask, in ( 123 ), 3rd ed., p. 208. (43) Chapman, 4, 111: 56; 17. ( 4 4 ) Chapman, 173, 42: 161; 17. (45) Chattopadhyay, 184, 87: 473; 15. ( 4 6 ) Crismer, 28, 9: 71, 145, 359; 95. (47) Crismer, 188, 10: 312, 453; 97. (48) Crossley and Le Sueur, 54, 17: 989; 98. (49) Damien, 34» 112: 785; 91. (50) Darmstaedter and Lifschütz, 25, 29: 2890; 96. (51) Dean and Wrenshall, l, 42: 2626; 20. («•!) Deiler and Fraps, 11, 43: 90; 10. (52) Diedrichs, £70, 27: 132; 14. (53) Ebert and Bailey, 348, 7, No. 12: 35; 24. ( 5 4) Eckart, 279, 44: 1; 22. (55) Eibner and Schmidinger, 352, 30: 293; 23. (56) Ellis, 45, 6: 117; 14. (57) Eisdon, 173, 38: 8; 13. (58) Eisdon, 173, 39: 78; 14. (*«) Eisdon, 173, 49: 275; 24. (59.5) Fabris, OZn e grassi, 1923: 247. (60) Fabris and Settimj, Atti del VI Cong. Chim. Roma, 5: 749; 07. («i) Fahrion, 136, 17: 434; 93. (62) Fahrion, 92, 23: 1106; 10. (63) Farnsteiner, 279, 2: 1; 99. (64) Fendler, 344, 20: 6; 05. (65) Fouchet, 345, 18: 529; 12. (66) Fox, 45, 4: 229; 12. (67) Fryer and Weston, 173, 43: 311; 18. (68) Garelli, 816, 8: 109; 17. ( 6 9 ) Geitel and van der Want, 52, 61: 151; 00. (70) Georgi, 346, 12: 77; 24. (72) Grimme, 252, 17: 156; 10. (73) Grimme, 136, 35: 925; 11. (74) Grimme, 252, 20: 1; 13. (75) Grün, Oel-Fett. Industrie, 1: 339, 364; 19. (76) Hanus, 279, 2: 617; 99. (77) Hanus, £75», 4: 913; 01. (78) Hazura and Grüssner, 57, 10: 242; 89. (79) Hazura and Grüssner, 57, 9: 475; 89. (80) Hazura and Grüssner, 57, 9: 944; 89. («) Hehner, 173, 8: 16; 83. (82) Hehner and Mitchell, 173, 20: 146; 95. (83) Hehner and Mitchell, 173, 21: 316; 96. (84) Hehner and Mitchell, 173, 23: 310; 98. (86) Heise, 291, 12: 540; 96. (87) Reise, 291, 13: 302; 97. (88) Henriques, 92, 8: 721; 95. 9: 221; 96. (89) Henriques and Künne, 25, 32: 387; 99. (90) Herlant, 28, 10: 48; 96. (9l) Herschel, 45, 14: 715; 22. (91.5) Hewer, 173, 42: 271; 17. (92) Holde and Stange, 25, 34: 2402; 01. (93) Holley, Analysis of Paint Vehicles, Japans and Varnishes, 1920. (94) Holmes, 347, 65: 691; 00. (95) Hopkins, 1, 20: 948; 98. (96) Hubl, 118, 249: 338; 83. (97) Hubl, 112, 253: 281; 84. (98) Hyde, 5, 97A: 249; 20. (98.5) Jamieson and Baughman, 1, 42: 166; 20. (99) Jamieson and Baughman, 1, 44: 2952; 22. (10°) Jamieson and Baughman, 348, 6, No. 1: 34; 22. ( 101 ) Jamieson and Baughman, 348, 7, No. 2: 35; 23. (102) Jamieson and Baughman, 348, 7, No. 12: 34; 24. (104) Jamieson and Baughman, 1, 46: 775; 24. (105) Kahlbaum and Raber, 353, 84: 201; 05. (I06) Kanthack, Tables of Refractive Indices, II. Oils, Fats and Waxes. 1921. (Hilger, London). (107) Karhi and Suikkanen, 60, 54A: No. 19; 11. (108) Kebler, 143, 151: 394; 01. ( l °9) Keimatsu, 136, 35: 839; 11. (109.B) Kesava-Menon, 54, 29: 1428; 10. (HO) Klein, 92, 37: 847; 98. (Hi) Klein, 92, 37: 1012; 98. ("*) Kleinbusch, Das Wollfett, p. 92; 01. ( 113 ) Klimont, 57, 23: 51; 02. (H4) Klimont, 57, 24: 408; 03, (U*) Klimont, 57, 25: 929; 04. ("6) Klimont, 57, 26: 563; 05. ( H 7 ) Knowles and Urquhart, 173, 49: 509; 24. (H8) Lane, 54, 20: 1083; 01. (U 9 ) Langton, 54, 42: 47T; 23. (120) Leimdörfer, 349, 40: 1317; 13. (121) Lemarie, 257, 1: 206; 03. (122) Le Sueur, 54, 19: 104; 00. (123) Lewkowitsch, Technology of Oils, Fats, and Waxes. London, 1914. (124) Lewkowitsch, 54, 9: 842; 90. (««) Lewkowitsch, 173, 24: 319; 99. ( 12 6) Lewkowitsch, 173, 28: 342; 03. (127) Lewkowitsch, 279, 12: 659; 06. (128) Ljubarsky, 52, 57: 19; 98. (128.1) Mahle, 136, 19: 1786; 95. («») Marden, 45, 8: 121; 16.

(130) Marden and Dover, 45, 9: 858; 17. ("i)' Matthes and Streicher, 293, 251: 438; 13. (132) Mattioli, 84, 75, 2: 358; 15. (133) Meissl, 118, 233: 229; 79. (134) de Metz, 8, 41: 663; 90. (135) Mihâly, Akatalysises uton Hydrogennel telitett Zsirok Vizsgâlata, p. 17-19. Budapest. ( 13 6) Milligan, Knuth and Richardson, I , 46: 157; 24. (137) Mitchell, 173, 49: 515; 24. (138) Miura, 148, 26: 316; 23. (139) Moore, 54, 9: 331; 90. (140) Morrell, 54, 32: 1091; 13. (i«) de Negri and Fabris, 91, 33: 547; 94. (143) Norman and Hugel, 136, 37: 815; 13. (144) Parker, Rau, Robertson and Simonsen, 860, 10: 11; 23. ( 1 ^ 5 ) Pastrovich, 136, 31: 781; 07. (146) Paul, 173, 4e: 238; 21. (147) Perkins and Cruz, 867, 23: 543; 23. (148) Peter, 27, 48: 483; 87. (H») Pickering and Cowlishaw, 54, 41: 74T; 22. (150) Pieraerts, 350, 16: 6674; 24. (152) Polenske, 279, 7: 273; 04. (154) Power and Barrowcliffe, 4, 87: 884; 05. (156) Proctor, 54, 17: 1021; 98. (is?) Pschorr and Pfaff, 85, 53: 2147; 20. (is«) Redwood, Treatise on Petroleum, 3: 785; 22. (159) Reichert, 91, 18: 68; 79. (159.5) Reimer and Will, 85, 20: 2385; 87. (160) ROSS and Race, 173, 36: 263; 11. (162) R ya n and Dillon, 117, 12: 202; 13. ( 163 ) Schaedler, Die Technologie der Fette und Oele des Pflanzen- und Thier-reichs. 2nd ed. Berlin, 1892. (164) Schoen, 85, 21: 878; 88. (i«S) Schulze, 25, 31: 1200; 98. (166) Sherman and Snell, I , 23: 164; 01. (167) Siivola, 138, l, No. 18; 22. (168) Smetham, 173, 18: 191; 93. (169) SoIiven, 340, 13: 65; 24. (170) Sprinkmeyer and Diedrichs, 279, 27: 113; 14. ("I) Strevens, 54, 33: 109; 14. (172) Stewart, 351, 26: 312; 18. (173) Stohmann et al, 52, 49: 99; 94. (174) Stokes, 173, 49: 577; 24. ("S) Stürcke, 13, 233: 283; 86. (176) Sudborough, Watson and Athawall, 54, 42: 103A; 23. (177) Szalagyi, 205, 66: 149; 14. (178) Täte and Pooley, 173, 46: 229; 21. (179) Thomas and Boiry, 27, 13: 827; 13. (180) Thomson and Dunlop, 54, 25: 272; 06. («M Tolman, 45, 1: 340; 09(182) Toms, 173, 49: 71; 24. (183) Tsujimoto, 43, 4: 11; 06. (184) Tsuji, moto, 252, 15: 224; 08. (185) Tsujimoto, 43, 4: 63; 06. (186) Tsujimoto. 45, 8: 889; 16. (187) Tsujimoto, 148, 21: 1015; 19. (188) Tsujimoto, 45, 12: 63; 20. (*«») Tsujimoto and Kimura, 148, 26: 1162; 23. (190) Twitchell, 45, 9: 581; 17. (191) Ubbelohde, Handbuch der Chemie und Technologie der Öle und Fette. 3 vol. 1908-20. (Leipzig, Heizel). (192) Uchida, 54, 35: 1089; 16. (193) Väisälä, 60, 54A: No. 14; 11. (193.5) Vakil, 54, 34: 320; 15. (i»*) Valenta, 112, 252: 296; 84. (195) Vulté and Gibson, l, 23: 1; 01. (196) Wagner and Muesmann, 279, 27: 124; 14. (197) Wagner, Muesmann and Lampart, 279, 28: 244; 14. (198) Waller, 136, 19: 1831; 95. (199) Wallis and Burrows, I , 46: 1949; 24. (200) Wedemeyer, 279, 13: 210; 06. (20l) West and Balce, 867, 23: 269; 23. (202) West and Cruz, 867, 23: 337; 23. (203) West and de Leon, 867, 24: 123; 24. (204) West and Montes, 867, 18: 619; 21. (205) White, 45, 4: 106; 12. (206) wijs, 85, 31: 750; 98. (207) Wijs, 185, 71 I: 374; 00. (208) Williams and Bolton, 170, 49: 460; 24. (209) Wollner, 173, 12: 203; 87. 352, 16: 609; 87. (210) Wright, 54, 26: 513; 07. (2U) Wright and Mitchell, Oils, Fats and Waxes. London, 1921. (212) Zaloziecki and Hausmann, 92, 20: 1141; 07. (213) Special Research Committee on Lubrication, 3rd report, 56, 45: 23. (214) Kopp, 13, 93: 129; 55. (215) Spring, 186, 3: 331; 82. (216) u. S. Bureau of Standards, O. (218) Borner and Leschly-Hansen, 252, 19: 218, 247; 12. (219) Sandelin, 54/33: 1097; 14. (220) Mannich and Thiele, 273, 26: 36; 16. (221) Person, 34, 29: 300; 49. (222) Bell and Poynton, 3, 49: 1065; 25. (223) Jamieson and Bailey, 54, 38: 781A; 19. 45, 11: 850; 19. (224) Hazura, 57, 9: 180; 88. 10: 190; 89. (225) Kurbatoff, in ( 2 U) 1 p. 596.

ADHESIVES AND GELATINS JEROME ALEXANDER INTRODUCTION Most practical adhesives are mixtures of several ingredients, with or without some kind of salt, and may be classified as : (A) Animal adhesives: e.g., glues, gelatins, casein, albumin; (B) Vegetable adhesives: e.g., flours, starches, dextrins, gums, gum resins, oils, and proteins; (C) Mineral adhesives: e.g., silicate of soda, cements, limes, plasters, clays, pitches, tars, artificial resins, solders, and such mixtures as iron + sulfur and litharge + glycerin. In using an adhesive to join two surfaces, the surfaces concerned are the ultimate exterior ones and the adhesive must either take hold of these exterior surfaces or must remove them and take hold on the surface below. Thus, if the articles .to be joined are not cleaned, the exterior surface is frequently a layer of grease.

Setting and drying are promoted by any agency which increases the concentration of the adhesive; for example, by removing the solvent. Joint strength is influenced by quantity of adhesive used, by speed of set and drying, and by the application of pressure. Animal Glues Use.—(1) Keep dry and from excessive heat; (2) use definite weights of glue and water; (3) soak glue in cold water until softened; (4) melt on water bath and keep temperature as low as work permits (usually below 650C); melt small batches successively to avoid prolonged heating which injures strength; (5) supply evaporation losses; (6) use clean vessels, and, if necessary, a preservative.

Cooper Grade

2 IJ If If Ie If IJ IX 1 1 Extra A Extra

Alexander Grade 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160

Bogue

| S*

r?t Grade 15.5 ± 0.25 16 ± 0.25 1 16.5 ± 0.25 2 1701 1 7 + 0 . 2 5 3 2324 1 8 + 0 . 5 4 2948 1 9 + 0 . 5 5 3572 2 0 + 0 . 5 6 4196 21 ± 0.5 7 4820 22 ± 0.75 8 5443 23 + 0 . 7 5 9 6067 24 + 0 . 7 5 10 6691 25 + 1 11 7314 2 6 + 3 12 2 8 + 5 3 4 + 8 40. + 12

[_

National Assn. Glue Mfrs. (U. S. A.) Grade [ Sj \ 77§ 1 10 20 2 27 24 3 47 28 4 70 32 5 95 37 6 122 42 7 150 47 8 178 53 9 207 60 10 237 67 11 267 75 12 299 83 13 331 92 14 363 102 15 395 113 16 428 125 17 461 138 18 495 152 19 530 167 20 565 183 21 600 200

* Jelly "strength" in grams, Alexander tester. t Viscosity in seconds (water = 15). Î Lower limit of jelly "strength" in grams, Bloom gelometer. § Viscosity in millipoises, lower limit.

SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF GLUE SOLUTIONS ( 40 ) Wt. % glue

dll

7 1 . 0 0 1 8 1.003 9 1.006 10 1.009 1

0

Be, 54.40C

0

Be, 320C

0

Be, 15.60C

NITROGEN CONTENT OF GLUES, WT. % (10) H = hide glue; B = bone glue; F = fish glue; P = protein; I = isinglass Form Ammonia... Melanin Cystine Arginine Histidinc Lysine Aminot Non-aminot

3J

4.0

The "grades" here referred to are the Alexander grades listed in Table 1.

H* I 2.9 0.6 O 13.9 2.2 8.0 56.8 15.6

B* I 4.6 0.9 O 13.2 1.8 8.3 56.3 15.3

F I 5.2 1.1 tr 13.8 2.0 8.6 60.2 9.7

P | I 1.3-3.6 4.0 0.7 0.7 tr O 11-12.6 14.2: 0.8-2.2 2.3 8.3-8.6 6.1 58-60 58.7 15.5 13.6

* Av. of 6 samples. !Soluble.

Joint Strength The strength of joints made with an adhesive depends upon the kind of material joined and the condition of its surface, upon the thickness of the adhesive film, and upon such conditions as temperature, humidity, time of drying, and pressure used in forming the joint. TENSILE STRENGTH (DEF. 4): OAK TO OAK (32) Unit: kg/cm 2 Effect of air humidity and temperature AtS 0 C Air humidity ^ A * "B 8 B g'S c t DJ '

15° 50% 49.6 45.7 31.7 42.7

|

I |

20° 75% 45.8 44.1 31.3 41.2

I j

25° 90% 35.4 39.1 31.1 39.4

I j

25° 95% 26.4 29.0 30.3 r 37.7

* Very hygroscopic. t Slightly hygroscopic.

TENSILE (TS) AND SHEARING (SS) STRENGTH OF METAL TO METAL JOINTS (21) A = High grade commercial gelatin. B = Silicate of soda. C = Commercial nitrocellulose cement "A." D = Molten shellac (pure). E = American commercial cement (hard). F = American commercial cement (medium). G = A wax. H = Fish glue. I = Liquid commercial glue "C." J = Rubber solution. K = Marine glue. L = Commercial glue "B." M = Gum arabic. T = Drying or setting time in days. StL = Mild steel. Fe = cast iron. Bra. = Brass. Unit: kg/cm2.

A 2.2

d]l I0Be, 54.40C | 0Be, 320C | 0Be, 15.60C 1.023 4.2 5.1 6.0 1.037 6.1 7.0 7.9 1.051 8.0 9.0 9.8 1.065 9.8 10.7 11.6 1.079 11.5 12.4 13.3 1.093 13.2 14.1 15.0 1.107 14.9 15.7 16.5 1.121 16.5 17.4 18.3

B C*

^Metal

(1, 5, 22)

Wt. % glue I 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50

Days

Gelatins Photographic Gelatin (*).—Jelly strength, 130 or above. pH, 5-6 (limit 4-7). Ash <3%. Fe and Cu < 50-60, Pb <50, parts per million. Al2O3 <0.2%, SO2 <0.1%, of dry gelatin. Mucin, grease, and ammonia > traces. Traces of thiocarbimides are essential(55). Food Gelatin.—U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, Bureau of Chemistry, tolerance limits (parts per million): As2O3, 1.4; Zn, 100; Cu, 30; Pb, 20; SO2 must be declared on label. 1. ADHESIVES COMPARISON OF AMERICAN GRADES OF GLUE AND GELATIN

SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF GLUE SOLUTIONS ( 40 ).—(Continued)

Adhesive

SELECTION Wood Joints.—Hide-stock glues, grades 70-130.1 Joining pressure before setting increases joint strength rapidly up to 200, and then more slowly up to 1000 Ib./in.2. Surfaces must be well joined, dry, and preferably warm. Good joints are stronger than the wood, and may show shearing strength of 2000 to 3000 Ib./in.2 Veneers.—Bone and hide stock mixtures between 50 and 70. Avoid foam. Paper Boxes.—For hand setting-up, 70 to 90 test; for machine, 100 to 160 test. For covering or stripping, 30 to 60 test. Book Binding.—For rounding and backing, grades above 90 are best (usually mixed with some glycerin). For hand pasting, grades about 50. For case-making machines, grades 60 to 100. Leather Belting, Printer's Rollers, Plaster Molds.—Hide glues above 120; usually with addition of glycerin, etc.

Ni

17 TS 63 20 SS 20 TS 35 14-21 TS 112 21 SS

StI.

Fe

Cu

Bra. Al

70 70 49 1 112 49

77 49 49 98 56

84 49 56 77 56 J 70 140 105 35 35

Sn

Pb

(21) 56 35 49 35 119 70 56 42

56 21 35 28

D E F G H I§

J K L M

1-5 1-3 1-2 1-3 1 1 1-2 1 16 16 18 18 16 4-5 4-5 77 77 77 77

TS SS TS SS TS SS TS SS TS SS TS SS TS TS SS TS SS TS SS

246 225 239 295 337 295 84 35 84 35

260 70 56 98 35

77 120 42 84 88 133 88 112 84 63 (98) 88

211 211 309 288

232 232 281 288 309 225 239 98 70 35 84 98 84 77 21 28 35 21 63 56 42 112 112 106 105 77 112 70 (112)

Rg. 2

5

P

GG

fe

td ?

O

£

GO er+-

g

^Metal

Days

Adhesive

TENSILE (TS) AND SHEARING (SS) STRENGTH OF METAL TO METAL JOINTS ( 21 ). — (Continued)

176 197 77 42 232 155 204 162 105 35 267 218 77 42 169 246 147 77 70 56 35 42 42 42 35 49 70 98 (14) 28 28 21 21 105

98 63 140 70 84 91 112 49 56 105

56 63 77

FIG. 2.—Effect of moisture content on joint strength ( 2 ). A, B = bone glues. C, D, E, F = hide glues. G = gelatin.

56 56

* TS = 28 with amalgamated Cu and 77 with platinized Cu. t When rough = 21, oxidized = 35. Î Amalgamated Cu. I TS = 28 with platinized Cu.

Fig.5

Fig. I

Fig.4

FIG.

1.—Shearing strength of water-glass joints between walnut surfaces ( 21 ). FIG. 4.—Effect of joining pressure O 1 ). Shearing strength of wood to wood joints with a hide glue Hs and a bone glue B4.

Fig.3

FIG. 3.—Effect of film thickness ( 2 ). TS = tearing strength, in kg/cm 2 , of glue.

FIG. 5.—Effect of heat C 11 ). Shearing strength of wood-to-wood joints made under constant joining pressure of 14 kg/cm 2 using a glue heated to 8O0C.

SHEARING STRENGTH, WALNUT TO WALNUT (21) Unit: kg/cm2 Adhesive Fish glue Liquid commercial glue "C" High grade gelatin Fish glue + bone gelatin Casein + borax cement Gum arabic Commercial glue "B" Casein and silicate cement Commercial nitrocellulose cement "A" Starch

, . , kg/cm 2 dried 7 98 7 84 6 84* 7 49 6 42 6 28 12 28 8 21 30 21 9 21f

* Reduced to about 30 if the joint be heated to 100° for 4 days while clamped. t Film not complete. Three coatings raise value to 112; values have been measured as high as 600. Additional data are given in Figs. 1-5.

TENSILE STRENGTH OF SOME COMMON ADHESIVES Unit: kg/cm 2 Glue (calculated) 700-2000 Collagen 1300 Gelatin 960 Viscose 2100

drying such glues exhibit increased TJ on re-solution or become insoluble with increasing HCHO content ( 7 ). The amount of protein precipitated by 24-30 % MgSOi solution from liquid glue varies directly as T/ for glue solutions having the same jelly strength (9). The amount of material absorbable from glue solutions decreases as y decreases ( 34 ).

Jelly Strength The jelly strength of a glue is usually measured by the force required to cause a definite compression of the jelly. The addition of formaldehyde to glues decreases the jelly strength in direct proportion to the amount of HCHO added, until the glue becomes insoluble. Figure 6 shows the number of cm3 of 10% HCHO required to produce insolubility in various glues, the numbers on the curve giving the grams of glue to 180 g total weight of solution ( 7 ).

Fie.8

Fig. 6

Rg. 9

IBJJ Figure 7 shows the effect of added substances upon the jelly strength. 1 H2SO4; 2 NaOH; 3 MgCl2; 4 Acetic acid; 5 Chloral hydrate; 6 KI. 1 and 2 in cm3 of 0.5AT soin, added instead of wt. % ( 7 ). The relation between the nitrogenous constituents and the jelly strengths of hide (H) and bone (B) glues is shown in Figs. 8 and 9 ( 9 ). Viscosity; 17 The viscosity of 20 % solutions of hide and bone glues at 15.50C (6O0F) is constant for at least 90 minutes after preparation. Vigorous agitation lowers t] slightly (2 % after 2 minutes beating)

Figure 10 shows the effect of time on rj (in seconds, H2O = 42) of HCHO treated glues and Fig. 11 the effect of temperature. (Numbers on curve = cm3; 10% HCHO added.) (7). Figure 12 shows the effect of alums on 77 of glue solutions; Fig. 13 the effect of time, and Fig. 14 the effect of temperature on the rj of alum-treated glues ( 7 ). 7 Figure 15 shows the variation of rj (in seconds, H2O = 42) The increase in 77 produced in dilute solutions of glues by formal- of glue solutions with temperature, the melting point of the glue dehyde is slight, but rises rapidly with increasing glue content. solution being taken as temperature at which the slope of the curve Agitation increases y of HCHO treated glues slightly and after approaches infinity ( 8 ).

( ).

Chrome alum (anhydrous salt = 0.8 % wt. of dry glue) raises the Figure 16 shows the effect of temperature on the 77 of hide glues, and Fig. 17 on the 77 of bone glues (77 in Mac Michael degrees) setting or gelling point ca. 20C with 20% glue solutions and ca. 10° with 50 % glue solutions. The gelling points (in 0F on curves) ( 8 ). of glue solutions as affected by addition of chrome alum are shown Figure 18 shows the relation of TJ to jelly strength of hide glues in Fig. 21 (33). ("). Drying Behavior The flow of starch pastes, under pressure, through a capillary tube is shown in Fig. 19 and of dextrin pastes in Fig. 20. The High grade liquid glues lose water much more slowly than low numbers on the curves give the wt. % of dry solids in the pastes grade glues when dried at room temperatures ( 2 ). ( 16 ).

Rg. IO

Fig. 12

Fig. 13 Fig. 11

2. GELATINS Jelly Strength The 77 of 10% hide and glue solutions, measured at 35 C, is Alcohol up to ca. 25 vol. % tends to increase the rigidity of 10 % decreased considerably by heating under pressure up to 5 atm. gelatin gels; larger amounts cause a decrease. Acetone acts for 1 to 5hr. (23). Addition of anhydrous chrome alum in small percentages has similarly (20). According to Bogue (15) the maximum jelly strength occurs little or no effect on the 07 of glue solutions (33). at pH = ca. 4, and minimum at pH = ca. 5, near the isoelectric Gelling point point. Sheppard and Sweet (27) find the maximum at the isoThe gelling point of a glue is the temperature at which appreci- electric point, pH = 4.7, with a minimum at pH = ca. 5.5 and a second maximum at pH = 7.8. able flow under the action of gravity ceases. 0

Ré. 15

Fié

Fig. 16

14

Fig. 17

Fig. 18

Fig.20 Fig. 19

Figure 22 shows the influence of traces of Al salts on the rigidity of a 7% gelatin jelly (28). For the effect of sulfuric, phosphoric and lactic acids on jelly strength, see ( 4 ).

Figgi

a range rather than at a point. At 350C, time rate of change of 77 varies with the pH of the solution, the concentration and nature of inorganic ions, and the amount of hydrolyzed protein present ( 3 ). Figure 23 shows the variation of 77 at 350C (in arbitrary units) with time for a 5% purified photographic gelatin, pH = 4.9 (18). The 77 at 250C of solutions of gelatin in aqueous acetic acid is given in Fig. 24. Curve (1) is for the two liquids alone, (2) for 0.2 g gelatin per 100 cm3 of solution, (3) for 0.6 g, (4) for 5 g, (5) for 10 g, (6) for 15 g, (7) for 20 g per 100 cm3 (20). The T] at 250C of solutions of gelatin (10 g per 100 cm3) in formamide + water and formamide + acetic acid is given in Fig. 25. The dotted curves are the 77 of the mixtures without the gelatin (20).

Fig.25 Fig.23

Fie.24

Fie.22 Adhesive Strength Slight hydrolysis increases the adhesive strength of high-grade gelatin, while continued hydrolysis decreases it (13). Viscosity Gelatin in aqueous solution, as measured by the Mac Michael viscometer, follows the laws of viscous flow at temperatures above ca. 4O0C, but exhibits the properties of plastic flow below the solidification point. The sol-gel transformation occurs over

Figure 26 shows the 77 at 280C of solutions of gelatin (5 g per 100 cm3) in methyl alcohol-water mixtures. A = 77 of fresh solution; B = T ? after 30 min (20). Figure 27 shows 77 at 3O0C of solutions of gelatin (15 g per 100 cm3) in methyl alcohol-water mixtures. A = freshly prepared; B = after 15 min (20). Figure 28 gives 77 at 250C of solutions of gelatin (2 g per 100 cm3) in ethyl alcohol-water mixtures. A = freshly prepared; B = after 30 min (20).

Fig.27

Fig.26

Fig.28

Rg.3l

Fig.29

Fig.30 Fig.3lc

Fig.3la

Fi|.3ld Figure 31 gives t\ at 30° of solutions of gelatin (15 g per 100 cm3) in acetone-water mixtures. A = freshly prepared; B = after 15 min (20). The addition of pyridine to solutions of gelatin in water increases rjj while addition of dimethylamine and diethylamine up to ca. 25 wt. % of solution decreases, and over 30% again increases 77 (20) cf_ (45, 46, 47). 0

Figure 29 gives t\ at 3O C of solutions of gelatin (10 g per 100 cm3) in ethyl alcohol-water mixtures. A = freshly prepared; B = after 30 min (20). Figure 30 gives 17 at 350C of solutions of gelatin (10 g per 100 cm3) in acetone-water mixtures ( 20 ).

Plasticity and Elasticity The temperature at which plasticity appears in gelatin solutions depends both on the concentration and on the way in which the solution is prepared ( 49 ).

Figure 3 la gives the change with time of the elastic resistance to shear of dilute gelatin solutions (0.2-0.6%) at 80C ( 5 O). Figures 310 arid 31c show the behavior of gelatin jellies under torsion and stretch, respectively. The gelatin content of the jellies is given in wt. % (51).

Figure 33 shows the variation of drop weight of gelatin-water solutions with temperature, and Fig. 34 with pH ( 13 ). Figure 35 shows the effect of pH on the drop weight of various gelatin-water solutions containing 0.5% gelatin (13).

Fig-32

Rg.3lb

Rg.33

Fig.3le

Figure 3ld shows the behavior of gelatin jellies (3.4-4.5 wt. % gelatin) which have been under a load of 500 g at 16.50F. The portion of the load removed in order to keep the deformation constant is given as a function of time ( 52 ). Figure 3 Ie shows the relation between the elastic limit of gelatin solutions and the concentration of the gelatin in the solution. A = purified gelatin; B = a commercial gelatin. Surface Tension ; y Figure 32 shows the variation in the drop-weight of water solutions of ossein gelatin with varying concentrations of gelatin (13).

Fig.34

Figure 36 shows the effect of pH on a hide gelatin (0.5 and 1 wt. % of gelatin) solution in water at 25° and 4O0C (13). Figure 37-gives the variation in drop weight of 1 and 2% gelatin in water solutions with time (13).

Figure 38 ( 20 ) shows thé variation of 7 with temperature for various gelatin solutions. Ai = pure H2O. A2 = 5 g gelatin per 100 cc water solution. B = pure formamide (same for 5 g gelatin per 100 cc formamide solution). C = phenol-acetic acid mixture (dotted line gives values of 7 after addition of gelatin, 5 g per 100 cm 3 of mixture). D = o-cresol-acetic acid mixture (dotted line

after addition of 5 g gelatin per 100 cm3 of mixture). EI = pure acetic acid. E2 = pure acetic acid + 5 g. gelatin per 100 cm3. The inset gives 7 for water-alcohol solutions of gelatin against temperature. Solid curve for mixtures of alcohol-water. Dotted curve for mixtures with 10 g gelatin per 100 cm3 solution. Two per cent gelatin solutions at 3O0C by stalagmometer show a rise in 7 to a maximum at pH = 8-9, falling to a minimum at pH = 4.5 and rising to a lower maximum at pH = 3 ( 12 ).

Fig.35

Fie.37

Fig.40 Fig.36

Fig.39

Fig.38 Fig.38a

THERMAL EXPANSION Aqueous solutions of gelatin ( 37 ) Wt. % gelatin

0.02.025.04 8.910.416.524.8

~-6 ^y (15°-32°C)

241 249 267 289 300 341 386

Wt. % gelatin Temp, of max, density

Fig.4l

OTO +4.0°

5760 +2.5°

770513.00 +1.3° -1.2°

Osmotic Pressure Figure 39 gives the osmotic pressure at 1O0C of 0.5 g gelatin per 100 cm3 water solution against solutions of acids and bases of pH value indicated ( 29 ). Swelling and Contractility Figure 40 shows the swelling behavior of dry gelatins when immersed in pure H2O for the times indicated. The 10% gel was prepared by drying a solution made from 90 g H2O + 1Og gelatin and the 40% gel from a solution of 60 g H2O + 4 O g gelatin, the dried pieces being of the same area and thickness ( ls ).

Fie.45 Fig-42

Fig.43

Fig.46

Figure 41 shows the influence of temperature, S/G = grams H2O imbibed per gram gelatin ( 25 ). Figures 42, 43, 44, and 45. Silver bromide emulsion gelatin on plates when immersed in the solutions indicated for varying times ( 2S ). The following table and Fig. 46 show the contractility of gelatin films as measured by the curvature produced in thin Al discs coated on one side with 10% gelatin solution and dried under uniform conditions. In Fig. 46, the gelatin films were prepared from de-ashed material, in solutions of the p H indicated ( 26 ). CONTRACTILITY

Fie.44

See (54) for 7 between toluene and gelatin solutions. Figure 38a shows the relation between pH and foam on aqueous gelatin solutions, y for the solution being smallest at the isoelectric point where the foam is most stable.

Gelatin

Radius in cm

Commercial hard A. . Commercial hard B. . Ossein gelatin Hide gelatin No. 6902 Same, de-ashed Sizing gelatin

24 24.5 26 31 31 34

Curvature 1/R 0.041 0.0405 0.038 0.032 0.032 0.029

Remarks f Good grade { photographic gelatins Photographic quality Good grade hide gelatin Ash less than 0.01% Poor grade

There is no definite relation between the contractility of gelatins and their swelling on immersion in H2O, indicating that there are individual structural differences in gelatins, depending not simply on physico-chemical conditions but on origin and previous history ( 26 ).

Fig.47

Fig.48 Fig.49

Fig.50

Fig.5l

Fig.52

Fig.53

Gelatin shows two points of minimum swelling with change in pH, one at pH = 4.7 and the other at pH = 7.7 ( 41 ). For the swelling of gelatin in solutions of polybasic acids and their salts, see ( 42 ). Figure 47 shows the contraction in mm 3 per g of gelatin on dissolving in 100 cm3 of H2O as a function of the H2O content of the gelatin before dissolving, and Fig. 48 shows the contraction on dissolving a gelatin of constant H2O content in 100 cm3 of acid or alkali of varying normality (31).

Fig.54

The swelling of gelatin gels shows a maximum at pH = 3-3.5 and a minimum at pH = 5 ( 4 ). For effects of certain solutes in increasing swelling v. ( 36 ). Gelatin gels show a minimum resistance to stretch at pH = 4.7 and a maximum at pH = 3 and 11 ( 24 ).

Melting Point Figure 49 shows the "M. P." of gelatins, prepared with different pH values, as determined after immersion for a constant time in alum solutions of the concentrations indicated ( 25 ). Figure 50 shows the "M. P." of gelatins, prepared with different pH values, as determined after immersion for a constant time in alum solutions with 0.5 and 1.0% of citric acid ( 25 ).

Fig. 57. On the jelly strength of the product at 1O0C. Fig. 58. On total N recovered in the solution after hydrolyzing at temperatures indicated. Fig. 59. On amino acid N in the solution after hydrolyzing at temperatures indicated. Fig. 60. On the total N recovered and Fig. 61 on the amino acid N, in the solution after hydrolyzing at SO0C for times indicated.

Fig.55

Fig.57

Fig.58 Fig.56

<0.01 wt. % at room temp. ( 1 ^, is.). Parts %0. 220C, 1; 18.3°, 0.7; 15-17°, 0.5; 0°, 0.2 (35). Solvent Power Numbers The solvent power number is the relative volume of a liquid required to start the precipitation of gelatin from a solution containing 15 g gelatin per 100 cm3, upon mixing at 250C. Figure 51 shows the solvent power numbers for acetone on solutions of gelatin in acetic acid mixtures and Fig. 52 the same values for xylene ( 20 ). Hydrolysis of Collagen to Gelatin (6) The experiments covered by the following figs, were carried out on well limed hide pieces for periods of 8 hr unless otherwise indicated and exhibit the effect of the pH during hydrolyzing on the factors named: Fig. 53. On the % of total N recovered in the solution. Fig. 54. On the % of N evolved as NH3. Fig. 55. On the % of amino acid N recovered in the solution. Fig. 56. On the viscosity (in arbitrary units) of the product at 350C.

Fig.59

Mutarotation The change in specific rotation (mutarotation) of gelatin solutions of constant concentration, upon reducing the temperature from 35° to 150C, decreases very rapidly with decreasing jelly consistency of the gelatin or glue ( 4 ), See also ( 17 > 35 > 48 ). Electrical Conductivity The conductivity of gelatin solutions in water is a useful criterion of the purity of the gelatin. The purest solutions which have been prepared have the same conductivity as pure water ( 38 ). See ( 39 ) for the conductivity of some gelatin and glu tin solutions.

LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) C 1 ) Alexander, Glue and Gelatin, New York, Chem. Cat. Co., 1923. (2) Bechhold and Neumann, 92, 37: 534; 24. (3) Bogue, î, 44: 1313; 22. (4) Bogue, l, 44: 1343; 22. ( 5 ) Bogue, Chemistry and Technology of Gelatine and Glue. New York and London, McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., 1923. ( 6 ) Bogue, First Colloid Symposium Monograph. New York, Chem. Cat. Co., 1923. (7) Bogue, 33, 23: 5; 20. («) Bogue, 33, 23: 61; 20. (9) Bogue, 33, 23: 105; 20. (io) Bogue, 33, 23: 154; 20. (") Bogue, 33, 23: 197; 20. («) de Caro, 22, 1: 729; 25. («) Davis, Salisbury and Harvey, 45, 16: 161; 24. (U) Gerngross and Brecht, 92, 37: 847; 24. (15) Gortner and Hoffman, 227, 19: 257; 22. (16) Herschel and Bergquist, 45, 18: 703; 21. (") Knaggs; Manning and Schryver, 230, 17: 473; 23. ( 18 ) Manning, 230, 18: 1085, 24. (19) Manning and Schryver, 230, 15: 523; 21. (20) Mardles, 880, 18: 215; 24. (2l) McBain and Hopkins, 50, 29: 188; 25, (22) National Assoc. of Glue Mfrs., 46, 16: 310; 24. (23) Sauer, 136; 83: 473; 24. (24) Scarth, 50, 29: 1009; 25. (25) Sheppard, 45, 14: 1025. 22. (26) Sheppard, Elliott and Sweet, 83, 19 II: 1; 23. (27) Sheppard and Sweet, 45, 16: 593; 24. (28) Sheppard, Sweet and Benedict, 1, 44: 1857; 22. (29) Smith, 1, 43: 1350; 21.

Fig.62

Fig60

Fig.61

Miscellaneous For the extraction of gelatin from bones as a function of temperature and time, see ( 19 ). Figure 62 shows the influence of pH on the alcohol number, turbidity, and foam of gelatin solutions ( 4 ). A method of determining the gelling power of gelatins is given in (43). For the liquefaction of gelatins by salt solutions, see ( 44 ).

(30) Stiasny, 55, 35: 353; 24. (31) Svedberg, I1 46: 2673; 24. (32) Tressler, 45, 16: 943; 24. (33) Wilson and Ross, 45, 15: 367; 22. (34) Wislicenus and Lorenz, 55, 34: 207; 24. (35) Fairbrother and Swan, 4, 122: 1239; 22. (36) Popoff and Seioff, 205, 156: 97; 25. (37) Taffel, 4, 121: 1971; 22. (38) Rockefeller Institute, New York City, O. (39) Wintgen and Vogel, 55, 30: 45; 22. (40) Thiele, Leim und Gelatin. 2nd ed. Leipzig, Jaenecke, 1914. (41) Wilson and Kern, 1, 44: 2633; 22. ( 4 2 ) Fischer and Hooker, 1, 40: 857; 18. ' (43) Smith, 45, 12: 878; 20. (44) Briggs and McHieber, 50, 24: 74; 20. (45) Oakes and Davis, 45, 14: 706; 22. (46) Davis, Oakes and Browne, 1, 43: 1526; 21. (47) Bogue, 1, 43: 1764; 21. («) Smith, I1 41: 135; 19. (49) Sheppard, 50, 29: 1224; 25. (50) Rohloff and Shinjo, 63, 8: 442; 07. (51) Sheppard and Sweet, 1, 43: 540; 21. (52) Rankine, 3, 11: 447; 06. (53) Freundlich and Seifriz, 7, 104: 233; 23. (54) Sheppard and Sweet, 1, 44: 2797; 22. (55) Sheppard, Third Colloid Symposium Monograph. New York, Chem. Cat. Co., 1925. ( 5 6 ) Second Report of the Adhesives Research Committee (Dept. of Sei. Ind. Research, London, 1926) contains valuable information on adhesive action, glue, gelatin, etc.

TEXTILE FIBERS

J. MERRITT MATTHEWS CONTENTS Botanical classification. Microscopical characteristics. Cotton. Physical properties. Silk. Rayon. Wool. Cordage fibers. Minor hair fibers. Fur fibers. Comparative breaking strengths. Specific gravity. Specific heat. Hygroscopic moisture. Effect of humidity. Regain relations. Thermal conductivity. Fireproofing of cotton.

MATIÈRES Classification botanique. Caractéristiques microscopique. Coton. Propriétés physiques. Soie. . Soie artificielle. Laine. Fibre de corde. Cheveux. Poils. Résistances à la traction comparatives. Poids spécifique. Chaleur spécifique. Hygroscopicité Action de l'humidité. Relations de recouvrement. Conductibilité thermique. Rendrant le coton incombustible.

BOTANICAL CLASSIFICATION OF IMPORTANT VEGETABLE FIBERS (A) Vegetable hairs. 1. Cotton (seed-hairs of Gossypium sp.). 2. Bombax cotton (fruit-hairs of Bombaceœ). 3. Vegetable silks (seed-hairs of various Asclepiadaceœ and Apocynaceœ). (B) Bast fibers from the stalks and stems of dicotyledonous plants. (a) Flax-like fibers. 4. Flax (Linum usitatissimum). 5. Hemp (Cannabis saliva). 6. Gambo hemp (Hibiscus cannabinus). 7. Sunn hemp (Crotalaria juncea). 8. Queensland hemp (Sida retusa). 9. Yercum fiber (Calotropis gigantea). (b) Bcehmeria fibers. 10. Ramie or China grass (Bœhmeria nivea). (c) Jute-like fibers. 11. Jute (Corchorus capsularis and C. olitorius). 12. Raibhenda (Abelmoschus tetraphyllos). 13. Pseudo-jute (Urena sinuata}. (d) Coarse bast fibers. 14. Bast fibers from Bauhinia racemosa. 15. Bast fibers from Thespesia lampas. 16. Bast fibers from Cordia lati/olia. (e) Basts. 17. Linden bast (Tilia sp.). 18. Bast from Sterculia villosa. 19. Bast from Holoptelea integri/olia. 20. Bast from Kydia calycina. 21. Bast from Lasiosyphon speciosus. 22. Bast from Sponia Wightii.

INHALTSVERZEICHNIS Einteilung (bot.). Mikroskopisches Verhalten.

INDICE p AGE Classificazione botanica. . . 231 Caratteri microscopici 232

Baumwolle. Physikalische Eigenschaften. Seide. Kunstseide. Wolle. Seilfasern. Haare. Pelzhaare. Vergleichende Bruchfestigkeit.

Cotone Proprietà fisiche Seta Seta artificiale Lana Fibre da cordame Peli Fibre da pelliccia Resistenza relativa alla trazione Peso specifico Calore specifico Umidità igroscopica Effetto dell'umidità Relazioni di riacquisto . . . .

Spezifisches Gewicht. Spezifische Wärme. Hygroskopizität. Einfluss der Feuchtigkeit. Wiederherstellungs-Beziehungen. Wärmeleitfähigkeit. Unbrennbarmachung der Baumwolle.

233 233 234 234 235 235 235 236 236 237 237 237 237 238

Conduttività termica 238 II rendere incombustible il cotone 239

(C) Vascular bundles from monocotyledonous plants. (a) Leaf fibers. 23. Manila hemp or abaca (Musa textilis and others of this kind). 24. Pita (Agave americana and A. mexicana). 25. Sisal (Agave rigida). 26. Mauritius hemp (Agave fœtida). 27. New Zealand flax (Phormium tenax). 28. Aloe fibers (Aloè sp.). 29. Bromelia fibers (Bromelia sp.). 30. Pandanus fibers (Pandanus sp.). 31. Sansevieria fibers (Sansevieria sp.). 32. Esparto fibers (Stipa tenacissima). 33. Piassave (Attalea funi/era, Raphia vinifera, etc.), (b) Stem fibers. 34. Tillandsia fibers, southern moss (Tillandsia usneoides). (c) Fruit fibers. 35. Coir or coconut fiber (Cocos nudfera). 36. Peat fibers. (d) Paper fibers. 37. Straw fibers (rye, wheat, oat, rice). 38. Esparto fibers (leaf fibers of Stipa tenacissima). 39. Bamboo fibers (Bambusa sp.). 40. Wood fiber (pine, fir, aspen, etc.). 41. Bast fiber from paper mulberry (Broussonetia papyrifera). 42. Bast fiber from Edgeworthia papyrifera. 43. Peat fibers. (Wiesner, Die Rohstoffe des Pflanzenreiches)

MICROSCOPICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF IMPORTANT VEGETABLE FIBERS Fiber Cotton

Flax

Hemp

Jute

Manila hemp (abaca) Manila hemp, sisal or Domingo hemp.

Straw

Esparto

Ramie

New Zealand flax.

Pitaf i b e r .. . .

I

Microscopical appearance Appears as a flat, ribbon-like band, more or less twisted on its longitudinal axis. Twist of fiber not continuous in one direction; cell-walls thick; lumen breadth much thicker than cell-wall; between thickened edges fiber shows finely granulated surface. Diameter uniform for % length, then tapers to a point where it is cylindrical and solid Cylindrical tapering to sharp point; cell-wall so thick that lumen appears as thread; fine crosslines at intervals give appearance of joints or nodes, sometimes intersecting like letter X Lumen is broad, equaling or exceeding the thickness of the walls. Pronounced longitudinal striations. Ends of fibers blunt and thickwalled, often with lateral branches. Dislocations or folds; also swellings and crossfissures. Fibers less transparent than flax and canal more difficult to distinguish Lumen irregular, at times as wide as or wider than cell-wall; at ends of fiber lumen broadens out; end round. Longitudinal striations, no transverse markings, no jointed ridges Lumen broad, distinct and uniform ; cell-wall thin ; ends narrow and sharp; no markings; diameter uniform Fibers usually very stiff, and become very broad toward middle; have broad lumen, broad, blunt, thick ends, which are seldom forked. Short thick-walled cells are abundant, and show a narrow lumen and distinct surface pores. Peculiar spiral and parenchyma cells are often present Bast cells are long thin fibers of regular structure with small canal; very slender and taper to fine point. Epidermal cells are thick-walled, short, broad, serrated. Parenchyma cells thin-walled and shaped like coffee bean Cells smaller than, but very similar to, straw cellulose. Esparto does not have the thin-walled bean-shaped cells, but has very small characteristic pear-shaped cells. 'Bast cells have numerous cross-markings Bast cells very long and broad, diameter very irregular; base very irregular; lumen, sometimes quite distinct, and sometimes disappearing entirely; fibers show numerous joints and transverse fissures; ends of fibers form a thick-walled, rounded point, and the lumen is reduced to a line Fiber elements, or cells, are usually very regular and uniform, surface is smooth in general. Lumen is usually narrower than cell-wall and very uniform in width. Ends are sharply pointed, and not divided. Fragments of parenchyma and epidermis can often be seen on the fibers Fiber is stiff and short, has a rather thin wall. Fiber has a distinctive wavy appearance and is very elastic. Very similar to sisal hemp in microscopical appearance

Fiber Microscopical appearance Pineapple leaf Fiber very fine and has great durability. Lumen fiber. narrow and appears like a line. This fiber is distinguished from all other leaf fibers by its extreme fineness C o n i f e r o u s Fibers from coniferous trees have a characteristic wood fibers. flat ribbon-like appearance, and numerous circular spots or pores are to be seen on many of them. The circular markings are more prominent in hard, strong sulfites or sulfates, but are often less distinct in well-boiled pulps. Occasionally the cells are twisted something like cotton fibers. The shape and distribution of the pores in the fibers give some indication of the tree used B r o a d - l e a f The fibers from broad-leaf trees are shorter and h a r d w o o d more cylindrical in shape, and are always pointed at each end, and occasionally exhibit crossfibers. markings. In addition to the true fibers, there are always a number of vessels, tubular in shape, short and of very large diameter, which show numerous pits; these establish the presence of fibers from broad-leaf trees DIMENSIONS OF FIBER ELEMENTS Length, mm j Breadth, microns Min. I Max. |Mean| Min. [Max. |Mean Abelmoschus tetraphyllos 0.1 1.6 8 29 13 Agave americana (pita) 1.0 2.2 16 21 17 1.5 4 2.5 20 32 24 1.3 3.7 15 24 Aloe perfoliata 10 30 20 44 Asclepias (vegetable silk) Bauhinia racemosa 1.5 4.0 8 20 Beaumontia (vegetable silk) 30 45 33 50 Boehmeria nivea (China grass) . . . 22.0 40 80 50 Boehmeria tenacissima (ramie) . . . 8.0 16 12.6 Bombax heptaphyllum (cotton 20 30 19 29 wool) Br omelia karatas (silk grass) 1.4 6.7 27 42 2.5 10 5 20 32 24 Bromelia pinguin (wild pineapple) 0.8 2.5 2 8 16 13 Calotropis gigantea (bast) 0.7 3.0 18 25 Calotropis gigantea (vegetable silk) 20 30 12 42 38 Cannabis saliva (hemp) 0.8 4.1 16 32 20 5 55 20 16 50 22 Cocos nucifera (coir fiber) 0.4 0.9 12 20 16 0.4 1 0.7 12 24 20 C or chorus capsularis (jute) 0.8 4.1 10 21 16 1.5 5 2 20 25 22.5 C or chorus olitorius (jute) 0.8 4.1 16 32 20 Cordia latifolia 0.1 1.6 14.7 16.8 15 Corypha umbraculifera (talipot palm) 1.5 5 3 16 28 24 Crotalaria juncea (sunn hemp). . . 0.5 6.9 20 42 4 12 8 25 50 30 Elaeis guineensis 1.5 3.5 2.5 10 13 11 Esparto grass 1.5 1.9 9 15 0.5 3.5 1.5 7 18 12 Gossypium acuminatum (cotton) . 28.4 20.1 29.9 29.4 Gossypium arboreum (cotton). . . . 25.0 20 37.8 29.9 Gossypium barbadense (cotton). . . 40.5 19.2 27.9 25.2 Gossypium conglomeratum (cotton) 35.1 17 27.1 25.9 Gossypium herbaceum (cotton). 18.2 11.9 22 18.5 See also following table Hibiscus cannabinus (gambo hemp) 2 6 5 14 33 21 4.0 12.0 20 41 Holoptelea integrifolia 0.9 2.1 9 14 12 Humulus lupulus (hop) 4 19 10 12 26 16 Ky dia calycina 1 2 17 24 Lagetta lintearia (lace bark) 3 6 5 10 20 Lasiosyphon speciosus 0.4 5.1 8 29 Linen 4 66 25 15 37 20 Linum usitatissimum (flax) 2.0 4.0 12 25 16 Lygaeum spartum 1.3 4.5 2.5 12 20 15 Name

W W V W W W W W W W W V V W W W V W V W V W W V W V V W V W W W W W V W W V W V W V W V

DIMENSIONS OF FIBER ELEMENTS. — (Continued) Length, mm Name

j

;

| Breadth, microns j

:

:

Min. I Max. j Mean | Min. |Max. |Mean

Marsdenia (vegetable silk) Manritta flexuosa (ita palm) . . . . Melilotus alba (sweet clover) . . . . Musa paradisaica (banana) Musa textilis (Manila) Pandanus odoratissimus Paper mulberry Phoenix dactylifera (date palm) . . Phormium tenax (New Zealand flax) Pineapple Raphia toedigera Salix alba (willow) Sansevieria Sarothamnus vulgaris (broomgrass) Sida retusa Spartium junceum (feather-grass) Sponia Wightii Sterculia villosa Strophanthus (vegetable silk) . . . . Thespesia lampas Tilia europaea (linden-bast)

10 1 5

25 3 18 12 4.2 25 6

1.5 10 5 6

19 10 20 20 16

33 16 36 40 32

3 1.0

10 3

16

1.5

5.6 15 9 3 3 6

9 5 2.5 2 3

2 0.8 5

9 2.3 16

2 2.5 5 3 1.5

24

12 30 28 24 20 30 20

W V V V V W V V

8 10 4 12 17 15

29 20 8 20 30 26

13 16 6 16 22 20

W V V V V V

10 15

25 25

15

V W V W W W W V ,W W W V V

10 4 17 49 12 14

25 92 21 20

6 Tillandsia 9 U rena sinuata 20 Urtica dioica (nettle) Urtica nivea (ramie) See also Boehmeria 0.5 6 4 10 Yucca V = Vétillard, Études sur les fibres végétales textiles. Rohstoffe des Pflanzenreiches.

15 24 70 80

African Algerian Brazilian Ceara Maceo Maranham Paraiba Fernambuco Surinam American Georgia Louisiana Mississippi Mobile Orleans.. Tennessee Texas Upland Chinese Egyptian Brown Gallini Smyrna White Indian Bengal Broach Comptah Dharwar Dhollerah Hingunghat

1.5 10 0.9 1.2 1.1 0.2 1.1 4 60

5

3.5 56 4.7 5 2 2.6 0.5 3.2 57 27 250 120

22.1

30.2

23.9

34.8

28.4

20 21 20 16 16 15 15 50 50

20 15 V W = Wiesner, Die

COTTON DIMENSIONS OF COTTON FIBERS Length, mm Max. I Min. | Av. 30^2 22.1 26^2 37.5 30.2

Source

Diameter, microns 20Ts

26.2 29.3 26.9 29.7 31.8 30.2

20.1

25.4 25.0 24.2 22.1 26.2 25.1 25.4 23.9 21.4

10.3 13.4 19.4 19.2 15.0 19.4 19.4 24.1

20.1 20.1

25.4 28.4

19.1 23.9

28.4 26.9

22.1 20.6

38.1 42.4 28.4 34.8

28.4 31.7 22.1 28.4

33.3 36.3 25.4 31.7

18.7 17.1 22.8 19.5

25.4 25.4 25.4 22.6 26.9 30.2

19.1 17.5 19.1 17.5 21.3 22.1

22.1 21.3 22.1 22.1 22.6 26.2

22.1 21.1 21.5 21.1 21.5 21.1

DIMENSIONS OF COTTON FIBERS.—(Continued) Length, mm Diameter, Max. I Min. | Av. microns Madras 25.4 19~1 22~I21.1 Oomrawutte 26.9 19.1 21.9 21.5 Scinde 22.1 12.7 16.5 21.3 Tinnevelly 26.9 17.5 22.1 21.1 Peruvian Rough 36.6 23.5 32.5 19.8 Smooth 36.6 23.5 32.5 19.5 Sea Island 41.9 9.65 Edisto Fiji 53.8 42.4 46.6 16.2 Fitschi 48.7 16.7 Florida 45.9 38.1 41.9 16.2 John Isle 39.3 Peruvian 44.5 34.8 39.6 17.1 Tahiti 44.5 31.7 38.1 16.3 Wodomalam 39.0 West Indian 34.8 26.9 31.0 22.8 Physical Properties of Individual Cotton Fibers Rigidity, Weight, V a r i e t v L e n g t h , cm dynes cm 2 10~6 g Sea-island 4.2-5 0.010-0.021 5.9-6.7 Egyptian nubarri 3.6 0.024 6.3 Egyptian affifi 3.1 0.032 5.6 Peruvian hybrid 2.9 0.063 7.7 Trinidad native 2.6 0.045 4.9 Upland Memphis 2.6 0.039 5.3 American FGM 2.4 0.061 5.6 Upland cross 2.3 0.045 5.0 Pernams 2.2 0.071 6.7 Indian Bharat 1.7 0.111 5.8 The rigidity of the fiber is the torque, or twisting force, in the fiber when 1 cm is given one complete twist. Pierce1 furnishes the following physical factors for the cotton fiber, that may be calculated approximately from the staple length : Staple length L (in cm) Fiber mass 5 . 8 X 10~6 g Mass per centimeter (5.8/L) X 10~6 g Wall cross section (3.9/L) X 10~6 cm 2 Rigidity 0.3/L 2 dynes cm 2 Breaking load 20/L g Fibers in yarn section 1000L/AT or (L"/4AT) X IO 4 Initial couple in yarn 3QQt/LN = 30Op/L VF The density of the cotton fiber is assumed as 1.51; N is the count of the yarn, L" is the staple length in inches, t is the twist, and p the sninning factor t/-\/N. BREAKING STRENGTHS OF DIFFERENT VARIETIES OF COTTON _ Cotton Sea-island (Edisto) Queensland Egyptian Maranham Bengal Fernambuco New Orleans Upland Surat (Dhollerah) Surat (Comptah) 1

W, 14: 7; 23.

Mean breaking strain ———: ; Grains | Grams 83.9 5.45 147.6 9.59 127.2 7.26 107.1 6.96 100.6 6.53 140.2 9.11 147.7 9.61 104.5 6.79 141.9 9.22 163.7 10.64

ABSORPTION OF SODIUM HYDROXIDE BY CoTTON1

Mercer- Mercerized and ized and Bleached, bleached, bleached, chloride sodium electroof lime lytic hypobleach chlorite 5.00 3.06 3.03 Loss in weight, %. . . 2.04 1.14 1.11 Loss in length, % . . . 17.02 17.35 17.02 Mean count 85.94 17.66 Lea break, in Ib . . . . 87.12 Double thread 24.14 27.58 break, in oz 28.08 Double thread 10.78 13.76 stretch, in ^ in . . . 11.09 20.07 20.25 Mean turns per in . . 20.20 Moisture, % as re5:28 7.59 7.55 gain

Bleached, sodium hypochlorite

4.91 1.73 17.45 79.97 23.93

5.46

Size of cocoon, in.

China 0.000520.00071 1.3 Italy 0.000530.00068 .2 Japan 0.000570.00069 .2

1.9 1.9 1.4

1.6 1.9 2.0

2.6 1.1X0.5 2.6 1.2X0.6 3.1 1.1X0.6

Bengal India India India India India India India

.8 .5 .9 .7 2.6 2.4 2.0 1.9

2.3 1.9 2.7 2.0 2.9 2.9 2.8 2.8

1.6 1.4 6.6 1.5 2.4 2.8 2.4 2.1

2.8 2.6 7.8 3.0 3.5 4.8 4.0 4.1

Japan 0.000880.00096 2.0

4.0

6.8

7.5 1.5X0.8

India 0.00120 China 0.001180.00138 2.0 1 Murphy, Textile Industries, p. 6.

2.7

3.2

2.0X0.8 5.8 1.6X0.8

Bombyx mori Bombyx mori Bombyx morì Bombyx fortunatus Bombyx textor. . . . Antherœa mylitta Attacus ricini. . . . Attacus cynthia.. Antherœa, assama. Attacus selene. . . . Attacus atlas Antherœa yamamai Cricula trifenestrata Antherœa pernyi. .

0.000450.00051 0.000420.00047 0.00161 0.00172 0.000850.00093 0.000830.00097 0.001280.00125 0.001000.00109 0.001020.00111

1.2X0.5 1.2X1.5 1.5X0.8 1.5X0.8 1.8X0.8 1.8X1.0 3.0X1.2 1 3.5X0.8

TENSILE STRENGTH

13.97 20.11

Bleached, Bleached, Bleached, sodium Bleached, chloride of electrolytic hypoelectrobleach and lime and chlorite lytic mercermercerand merbleach ized ized cerized 3.40 3.37 3.37 4.88 Loss in weight, % 0.17 0.63 0. 10 gain Loss in length, %. 1.97 17.24 17.58 17.40 17.40 Mean count 80.28 80.47 78.28 79.78 Lea break, in Ib . . Double t h r e a d 26.52 26.14 23.65 25.85 break, in oz . . . . Double t h r e a d 9.08 9.23 8.90 13.78 stretch, in TV in . 19.32 19.91 19.59 19.89 Mean turns per in. Moisture, % as 7.69 8.19 7.63 5.42 regain ) 290, 27; 178; 11.

Country

Name of silk

Tensile strength, dr fibers

10.25 19.99 7.34

Elasticity, in. in 1 ft.

Diameter, in.

fibers

11.08 19.57 7.18

COMPARISON OF DIFFERENT VARIETIES OF SILK FiBERs1

Inner

14.22 19.88 5.07

Report Lyon's Conditioning House.

The single silk filament in the double cocoon thread, therefore, is about 1 y± to 1 Vz deniers in size.

fibers

20.57 20.18 5.86

1

Outer

4.61 1.00 17.42 82.19 26.12

Mercerized

fibers

Loss in weight, % Loss in length, % Mean count Lea break, in Ib Double thread break, in oz . . . Double thread stretch, in re in Mean turns per in Moisture, % as regain

Boiled

Inner

5.53 1.95 17.66 72.41 23.26

Gray

Outer

O O 16.46 97.0 27.68

Mercerized and bleached, chloride of lime 3.02 0.37 17.35 86.41 27.55

fibers

Thorns1 obtained the following results on the effect of mercerizing and bleaching on cotton yarns :

Inner

Effect of Mercerizing on the Physical Properties of Cotton Yarns

| Size in deniers 3.06 3.03 2.87 2.84 2.81 2.73 2.61 2.64 2.68 2.12 1.96

fibers

i Vieweg, 8o, 40: 3876; 07.

Source Yellow Piedmont Yellow Cevennes White Persians Yellow Adrianople Yellow Tuscan Yellow Salonika Yellow Greece Yellow Hungarian White Turkestan White Japanese White Chinese

Outer

Concn. NaOH, g per 100 cc H 2 O. . 0 . 4 2 06.08.0 12 16 2024 28 33 35 40 g NaOH fixed per 100 g cotton. . . .0.40.92.74.48.412.6131315.420.422.522-.5

SILK SIZES OF COCOON THREADS FROM DIFFERENT SOURCES1

Chinese silk French raw silk French silk, boiled off French silk, dyed red and weighted French silk, blue-black, weighted 110 % French silk, black, weighted 140% French silk, black, weighted 500 %

kg/mm 2 Dry I Wet 53.2 46.7 50.4 40.9 25.5 13.6 20.0 15.6 12.1 8.0 7.9 6.3 2.2

RAYONS OR ARTIFICIAL SILKS PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Type Natural silk Chardonnet Lehner Cuprammonium Gelatin Viscose

Breaking strain per denier in g 2.50 0.93 1.43 1.64 0.63 1.40

Elasticity, % 21.6 8.0 7.5 12.5 3.8 9.5

BREAKING STRENGTH1

BREAKING STRENGTH kg/mm ype

Chardonnet's collodion, undyed Lenher's collodion, undyed Strehlenert's collodion, undyed Cuprammonium, undyed Viscose early samples Viscose latest samples Cotton yarn (for comparison) "

~~~ Type

Dry

I Wet

14.7 17.1 15.9 19.1 11.4 21.5 11.5

1.7 4.3 3.6 3.2 3.5

Tensile strength per denier "Li Dry I Wet

Viscose Acetate Cuprammonium

1.3-1.8 1.3-1.4 1.4

2

18.6 Elasticity, %

0.4-0.8 1.5 0.55

15 20 16

WOOL EFFECT OF MOISTURE CONTENT ON STRENGTH1 Average strength of warp strips, Ib. 160.0 130.7 123.6 156.3

Treatment Before treatment After wetting Damp Air-dry

Average elongation before rupture, in. 2.26 4.53 4.46 2.67

Moisture content, % 10.04 53.0 33.0 10.54

i T ^. , , Kind of wool

—-— High 44.54 30.00 36.72 21.29 45.15 11.92

Cotswold Leicester Lincoln.... Southdown Oxford Merino.... 1

Strength in g — r— Low I Average 16.10 30.44 15.50 23.70 15.79 25.66 6.48 12.78 19.15 30.43 3.86 7.35

McMurtie, Reports on the examination of wool fibers.

ACTION OF CAUSTIC SODA ON BREAKING STRENGTH NaOH solution, 0Be Untreated wool 4 8 12 16 20 24 28

Breaking strength, g 610 510 475 250 180 95 200 240

NaOH solution, 0Be 32 36 40 42 44 48 50

Breaking strength, g 420 580 770 815 740 720 620

i Woodmansey, 290, 1918, 227.

ABSORPTION OP VARIOUS AciDs1

% acid used

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Hydrochloric acid | Sulfuric PermaAbsorbed, Absorbed, nently retained, % % % 0.97 0.97 0.63 1.90 1.51 0.58 1.97 2.67 0.71 2.32 3.58 0.78 3.48 0.61 2.25 2.40 0.72 3.86 3.72 2.47 0.63 2.71 3.80 0.76 3.62 2.40 0.51 0.61 2.58 3.79 0.74 2.81 4.17 2.69 0.61 4.06

acid | Oxalic acid | Acetic acid | Formic acid PermaPermaPermaPermanently nently Absorbed, Absorbed, nently Absorbed, nently retained, retained, retained, retained, % % % % % % % 0.78 0.94 0.72 0.33 0.73 0.63 0.15 1.48 1.72 0.94 0.34 0.71 0.73 0.95 1.76 2.46 0.94 0.72 0.54 0.95 0.97 2.12 3.16 0.83 1.33 0.35 1.35 1.06 1.97 3.62 1.51 1.27 0.91 1.51 0.86 1.90 4.06 1.31 1.19 1.78 1.16 0.83 2.09 4.67 1.09 1.53 0.64 1.58 0.68 2.04 5.16 1.25 1.78 0.65 0.70 1.55 1.92 5.03 1.30 1.53 0.68 0.71 1.71 2.00 5.16 1.39 1.39 0.55 0.73 1.48 2.23 5.61 1.41 1.71 0.65 0.78 1.81 2.03 5.77 1.54 1.47 0.64 1.40 0.56

i Fort and Lloyd, 290, 1914, 5.

Fiber

Sisal Sansevieria Manila (abaca) Hedychium Cotton fiber Cellulose mono fil Strong paper

CORDAGE FIBERS RELATIVE STRENGTHS BreakCalcu- Break- Breaking Breaking ing lated strain ing cross strain, strain, of length, section g per tons thread km in mm 2 mm 2 per in.2 in g 1375 0.0240 57 300 36.2 38.2 1289 0.0224 57 540 36.6 38.4 1655 0.0181 91 430 58.0 60.9 828 0.0093 89 300 56.7 59.1 8.2 0.00026 31 458 20.0 22.8 294 0.0140 21 000 13.3 14.0 10.0

MINOR HAIR FIBERS1 j Length, in Strength Luster Color Fineness, in Handle Form of staple . . . . Uniformity Uses

Mohair 9 Very strong Very high White

1/700 Fairly soft Straight Uniform Dress fabrics, linings, upholsteries 1 Barker, Textile Mfr.

|

Alpaca

| Camel-hair

12 Fairly strong High Vari-colored

5 Fairly strong Good Brownish

1/800 Soft Straight Uniform Dress fabrics, linings

1/800 Soft Fairly curly Fair Dress fabrics

J Cashmere 3 Fairly strong Good Brown and white 1/12 000 Very soft Fairly curly Fair Shawls and hosiery

The "breaking length" refers to a length of fiber or thread that will break of its own weight. PHYSICAL PROPERTIESI BreakBreaking Weight ing strain per yd., Fiber length per gr strand, in yd. g Abaca (Manila hemp), Musa textilis: 82.2 46.6 0.567 Highest 32.2 0.962 31.0 Lowest 34.8 0.772 45.0 Average Henequen (Yucatan sisal), Agave four21.8 0.765 16.7 croya Sisal (Hawaii and East Africa), Agave 38.4 22.7 sisalana 0.616 Cantala (Manila maguey), Agave cantala 0.429 9.6 22.3 Phormium (New Zealand hemp), Phor28.5 0.659 18.8 mium tenax 21.5 Zapupe Vincent (Agave lespinassei) 0.722 29.7 Cabuya (from Costa Rica), Furcraea 0.574 32.2 20.0 cabw/a 1 Bureau of Plant Industry, Washington, D. C. Comparative Strengths The following results were from tests made on ropes of the same size and 1.2 m in length1: COMPARATIVE STRENGTHS, DRY AND WET Fiber I Dry, kg | Wet, kg Hemp from Calcutta 72 86 Sunn hemp (fresh retted) 51 72 Sunn hemp (retted after drying).' 27 35 Jute (Corchorus capsularis) 65 66 Jute (Corchorus olitorius) 51 56 Jute (Corchorus strictus) 47 52 Gambo hemp (Hibiscus cannabinus).... 52 60 Roselle hemp (Hibiscus sabdariffa) 41 53 Hibiscus abelmoschus 49 49 Ramie (Bœhmeria tenacissima) 110 126 i Royle, Fibrous Plants of India.

COMPARATIVE STRENGTHS OF PREPARED ROPES, AND OF ROPES AFTER STEEPING IN WATER 116 DAYS WaterPrepared ropes soaked, Fiber Natural | Tanned | Tarred natural Hemp, English 47 Rotted Hemp, Calcutta 34 63 20 Rotted 24 Coir 39 Rotted Sunn hemp 31 31 27 Jute... 31 31 28 18 Rotted Linen, Calcutta 17 Rotted Agave americana 50 36 35 Sansevieria zeylanica 54 33 22 13 OKRA, JUTE AND OTHER CORDAGE FIBERS Breaking strain, Ib. Dry I Wet Indian okra 79 95 Jute 113 125 Hemp (Bengal) 158 190 Hibiscus cannabinus 115 133 Hibiscus sabdariffa 95 117 Hibiscus strictus 104 115 Hibiscus furcatus 89 92

FUR FIBERS1 RELATIVE DURABILITY . a Species _

Durability , ,, ^r n . (otter = 100)

Beaver Bear, black or brown Chinchilla Ermine Fox, natural Fox, dyed Goat Hare Kolinsky Leopard Lynx Marten (skunk) Mink, natural Mink, dyed Mole Muskrat Nutria (Coypu rat), plucked Otter, sea Otter, inland Opossum Rabbit Raccoon, natural Racoon, dyed Sable.. Seal, hair Seal, fur Squirrel, gray Wolf Wolverene : 1

90 94 15 25 40 20-25 15 5 25 75 25 70 70 35 7 45 25 100 100 37 5 65 50 60 80 80 20-25 50 100

Peterson, The Fur Trade and Fur Bearing Animals.

COMPARATIVE BREAKING STRENGTHS Breaking length in km 25.0 8.3 33.0 24.0 20.0 20.0 30.0 31.8 17.8 24.5

Fiber Cotton Wool Raw silk Flax Jute Ramie Hemp Manila hemp Coconut Vegetable silk

Tensile strength Elasticity Torsion

fibers

fiber

Ramie ÏOO 100 100

Hemp 36 75 95

Breaking strength, kg per mm 2 37.6 10.9 44.8 35.2 28.7 28.7 45.0 47.7 29.2 35.9

Flax | Silk 25~ 13 66 400 80 600

| Cotton 12 100 400

TENSILE STRENGTHS OF FIBERS FOR EQUAL CROSS SECTIONS T ^ - J of£ û Kind fiber Human hair Lincoln wool Leicester Northumberland Southdown Australian merino

_____

Relative strength 100 96.4 119.9 130.9 62.3 122.8

TENSILE STRENGTHS OF FIBERS FOR EQUAL CROSS SECTIONS.— (Continued) TKind ^ - J ofr û Relative fiber , ,, strength Saxony merino 224.6 Mohair 136.2 Alpaca 358.5 Cotton, Egyptian 201.8 COMPARATIVE STRENGTHS OF EQUIVALENT YARNS Breaking strain, in oz. : i——— 1-m. test I 27-in. test Tram silk 45.0 40.0 Ramie 34.5 24.5 Linen 29.5 18.0 American cotton, 17.0 13.5 Viscose rayon 11.0 11.0 Luster worsted 9.0 5.0 Botany worsted 7.5 3.5 SPECIFIC GRAVITIES Determined in benzene (Vignon) Silk, raw 1.30 to 1.37 Silk, boiled-off 1.25 Wool 1.28 to 1.33 Cotton 1.50 to 1.55 Mohair 1.30 Hemp 1.48 Ramie 1.51 to 1.52 Linen 1.50 Jute 1.48 SPECIFIC HEAT The specific heat of all vegetable textile fibers thus far tested is practically that of cellulose, 0.32,-1 wool, 0.325; silk, 0.33; asbestos, 0.25; glass wool, 0.157. Kind of varn

!Limits observed by Dietz, Leipzig Monatsch. Textilind., 1912: 85, 0.3190.327.

HYGROSCOPIC MOISTURE VEGETABLE FIBERS1 —, Fiber

Air-dry ,.,. ^ condition, %

Cotton Flax (Belgian) Jute China-grass Manila hemp (abaca) Sunn hemp Hibiscus cannabinus Abelmoschus tetraphyllos Esparto Vrena sinuata Piassave Sida retusa Aloe per/oliata Bromelia karatas Thespesia lampas Cardia lati/olia Bauhinia racemosa Tillandsia fiber Pita Calotropis gigantea (bast) 1

Wiesner, Die Rohstoffe des Pflanzenreiches.

6.66 5.70 6.00 6.52 12.50 5.31 7.38 6.80 6.95 7.02 9.26 7.49 6.95 6.82 10.83 8.93 7.84 9. OO 12.30 5.67

Maximum amount 1 hygroscopic water, % 20.99 13.90 23.30 18.15 50. OO 10.87 14.61 13.00 13.32 15.20 16.98 17.11 18.03 18.19 18.19 18.22 19.12 20.50 30.00 13.13

COTTON AND MERCERIZED CoTTON1

I Ordinary cotton, unbleached Ordinary cotton, bleached Mercerized without tension, unbleached Mercerized without tension, bleached Mercerized with tension, unbleached Mercerized with tension, bleached

% 6.52 6.25 9.33 9.12 8.28 8.05

iHiggins, 64, 28: 188; 09.

MOISTURE FIXED BY VARIOUS FIBERS AT 10O0C IN AN ATMOSPHERE SATURATED WITH STEAM Fiber, previously dried at IQO0C Bleached white cotton Unbleached linen Unbleached jute Bleached silk Bleached and mordanted wool

| Water fixed, % 23.0 27.7 28.4 36.5 50.0

(Scheurer, Bull. Soc. Ind. MuIh., 1900: 89.)

MOISTURE ABSORBED BY VARIOUS FIBERS AT 750F UNDER DIFFERENT CONDITIONS OF HUMIDITY Moisture, Relative humidCot- Silk ity, % ton 5 1.8 1.4 3.2 10 2.4 4.4 15 3.0 5.4 20 3.6 25 6.1 3.9 6.7 30 4.3 7.3 35 4.6 7.8 40 5.0 8.4 45 5.3 50 8.8 5.7 See also pp. 316, 323. .

% Wool

2.2 4.0 5.7 7.1 8.3 9.4 10.4 11.0 11.8 12.6

Relative humidity, % 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95

Moisture, % CotSilk Wool ton 9.4 13.4 6.3 9.9 14.2 6.7 7.3 10.5 15.0 7.9 11.4 16.0 8.8 12.5 17.1 9.9 14.0 18.6 11.4 15.9 20.5 13.6 18.4 23.2 17.5 22.7 27.0

EFFECT OF HUMIDITY EFFECT OF HUMIDITY ON THE TENSILE STRENGTH OF FABRICS OF COTTON, LINEN AND WOOL Humidity, % 44 44 47 56 56 57 59 60 62 65

Cotton 236 237 244 240 246 248 245.5 241 250 251

Tensile strength in kg I Linen | 272 278 284 296 297 295 295 295 303 310

Wool 84.5 82.7 82.2 81.8 79.5 78.6 79.0 79.5 79.5 77.0

66

256

312

78.6

68

250.5

300.5

78.6

70

260

319

72.5

71

257.5

324

78.6

72 72 75

252 258 265

310.5 312.5 323

77.0 76.2 76.2

77

264.5

323

75.0

82

268

330

75.8

' 82

269

330.5

72.7

(Marschik and Breiner, Leipz. Monatsch. Textilind., 1913: 219.)

TENSILE STRENGTHS OF WORSTED YARNS AT DIFFERENT RELATIVE HUMIDITIES Relative humidityJ at 7O0F, ^ ., A x, ' Tensile strength, g % 45 234 55 231 65 220 75 216 85 191 EFFECT OF MOISTURE ON STRENGTH OF LINEN SAIL CLOTH1 Moisture, Strength, Moisture, Strength, % kg % kg

0.0 2.2 5.5 9.0 1

180 190 232 288

12.0 15.0 19.1 35.0

REGAIN IN WORSTED TOPS AT 7O0F AT DIFFERENT RELATIVE HUMIDITIES OF THE AIR

350 402 417 425

_

Relative humidity, % _

1

Scheurer, Bull. Soc. Ind. MuIh., 1893.

EFFECT OF MOISTURE ON COTTON YARN IN FINISHING Moisture in yarn, % | Breaking strain 2.89 (dry) 39?9 8.93 (usual) 64.0 17.36 (moist) 69.2 REGAIN REGAINS IN CONDITIONING VARIOUS FIBERS FIXED BY THE INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS AT TURIN I

Silk Wool (tops) Wool (yarn) Cotton Linen Hemp Jute New Zealand hemp

% 11 18Î 17 8i 12 12 13J 13J

PERCENTAGE OF MOISTURE IN TEXTILE MATERIALS CORRESPONDING TO PERCENTAGE OF REGAIN Regain, Moisture, Regain, Moisture, % % % % 5 4.76 12.5 11.11 6 5.66 13 11.50 7 6.54 14 12.28 7.5 6.98 15 13.04 8 7.41 16 13.79 8.5 7.83 17 14.53 9 8.26 18 15.25 10 9.09 19 15.97 11 9.91 20 16.67 12 10.71

|

Regain, % 13 33 14.51 15.37 16.38 18.92

55 65 75 85

Brun, Chem. Zeit., 1893.

EFFECT OF STEAMING ON TENSILE STRENGTH OF WOOLEN CLOTH Steaming at Relative strength IQO0C, hr Warp | Filling Mean Original cloth 100 100 100 3 86 78 82 6 80 75 77 12 75 69 72 24 68 53 60 36 62 37 50 48 40 32 36 60 29 23 26 1

TABLE OF REGAIN FOR COTTON AT VARIOUS TEMPERATURES AND PERCENTAGES OF HUMIDITY 0 Humidity, F % 50 j 60 I 70 80 90 | 100 " 40 5.90 5.79 5.65 5.47 5.25 5.05 50 6.89 6.78 6.63 6.45 6.18 5.86 60 8.00 7.87 7.69 7.44 7.13 6.80 70 9.14 9.00 8.79 8.58 8.32 8.05 80 10.58 10.42 10.23 9.95 9.70 9.60 90 12.28 12.10 11.85 11.56 11.43 11.85 100 14.12 14.00 13.80 13.65 13.70 14.50

HEAT CONDUCTIVITY HEAT CONDUCTING POWERS OF TEXTILE MATERIALS I Relative values 100 117 122 126 280

Slag wool Hair felt Cotton felt Sheep's wool Air space

Comparative Values of Fibers as Non-Conductors of Heat1 A mass of the non-conducting material 1 in. thick was placed on a flat surface of iron kept heated to 31O0F; the amount of heat transmitted per hr through the non-conductor was measured in Ib. of water heated 1O0F, the unit of area being 1 sq. ft. of covering: Substance Loose wool Goose feathers Carded cotton Hair felt Fine asbestos Air alone 1

Lb. water heated 1O0F 8.1 9.6 10.4 10.3 49.0 48.0

Solid matter in 1 sq. ft., 1 in. thick, parts in 1000 56 50 20 185 81 O

Air occluded, parts in 1000 944 950 980 815 919 1000

Ordway, Eng. Min. J., 1890, 650.

Heat Retaining Value of Clothing Materials Count Rumford heated a large thermometer to 7O0R and then ascertained the length of time required for the thermometer to fall to 1O0R when surrounded with various textile materials, as follows : Air Raw silk Sheep's wool Cotton Fine lint (linen?) Beaver's fur Hare's fur. Eiderdown

Sec 576 1284 118 1046 1032 1296 1315 1305

In another series of experiments, however, using the same materials differently arranged, different results were obtained, as follows :

I

Sheep's wool, loosely arranged Woolen thread, wound round bulb Cotton, loose Cotton thread, wound round bulb Lint, loose Linen thread, wound round bulb Linen cloth, wound round bulb

Sec 1118 934 1046 852 1032 873 786

From .these experiments, Rumford showed that the heat-retaining value of clothing depends more on its texture than on its actual material. FIREPROOFING MINIMUM QUANTITY OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES REQUIRED TO RENDER 100 PARTS OF COTTON NON-INFLAMMABLE (Duhem) Reagent | Parts by weight 12 Tungstate of ammonium Sulfate of ammonium 4} Phosphate of sodium 30 Chloride of sodium (common salt) 35 Phosphate of calcium 30 Phosphate of magnesium 30

FIREPROOFING.—(Continued) Reagent Chloride of magnesium Phosphate of zinc Sulfate of zinc Borate of aluminum Aluminum hydrate Chloride of ammonium... Phosphate of ammonium Silicate of sodium Borax Chloride of calcium Sulfate of magnesium Chloride of potassium Borate of zinc Phosphate of aluminium Boric acid Silicic acid

| Parts by weight 4-5 20 4i 24 3 4f 4J 50 8| 4J 15 45 20 30 10 30

LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) For much additional material on textile fibers and a fairly complete bibliography, see Matthews, The Textile Fibers. 4th ed., New York, Wiley, 1924.

TANNINS AND VEGETABLE TANNING MATERIALS

JOHN ARTHUR WILSON AND ARTHUR W. THOMAS The tabulation of the properties of tanning substances of vegetable origin is complicated by the facts that the chemistry of these exceedingly complex substances is still in its infancy, the literature is not always clear, due to confusion in terminology, and the authenticity of the specimen studied is often uncertain. Formulas, especially those reported in the literature before 1910, are of little value, except as they indicate the relative percentages of C, H and O. CLASSIFICATION The earlier classification, based upon color reactions with ferric salts, is of no present value. Two systems are now used: Perkin (34) and Freudenberg (13). Perkin's classification: a, Gallotannins (Depsides); ft Ellagitannins (Diphenylmethylolids) ; y, Catecholtannins (Phlobatannins). These are characterized by the following reactions: FeCIz: a, blue; 7, green. Boiling dilute H2SO*: a, gallic acid is formed; ft ellagic acid ppts.; y, phlobaphenes or "reds" ppt. Br: y give a ppt. HCl and pine wood: y give phloroglucinol reaction, while a and ß do not. C&H&N: NCl: y give a ppt., indicating the presence of phloroglucinol or resorcinol groups, while a and ß do not. Fusion with alkali: a. yield gallic acid and a little pyrogallol; y yield protocatechuic acid. Heating in glycerol: a. form pyrogallol; y form catechol. HCHO and HCl: y give complete precipitation, the others do not. Lead acetate in CH&CO^H: a are pptd., y are not. Freudenberg's classification : A. Hydrolyzable tannins in which the benzene nucleus is united to a larger complex through the O atoms. Al. Mutual esters of phenolcarboxylic acids or with other hydroxy-acids (Depsides). A2. Esters of phenolcarboxylic acids with polyatomic alcohols and sugars. A3. Glucosides. In this group gallic acid predominates as the phenolic component. There is also the extraordinary distribution of combined caffeic acid and the presence of a new phenolcarboxylic acid in chebulinic

acid. The ellagic acid glucosides also belong here. The most important criterion for the inclusion in this group is the splitting into simple components by hydrolyzing enzymes, especially tannase and emulsin. B. Condensed tannins in which C linkages hold the nuclei together. These are not decomposed into simple components by enzymes. They are generally, not always, precipitated by bromine and under the influence of oxidizing agents or strong acids condense to high molecular weight tannins or "reds." By drastic treatment, preferably by alkalis, the C skeleton is broken up and phloroglucinol, if present, is dissolved out while the remainder of the molecule is transformed mainly into phenolcarboxylic acids. Bl. Simple ketones such as hydroxybenzophenones and hydroxyphenylstyryl ketones. The phloroglucinol and benzene nuclei are present in equimolecular proportions. B2. This group is more complicated. The phloroglucinol and benzene nuclei are present in equimolecular proportions. This class embraces the catechols with their corresponding tannins and "reds." This is the most important class of technically used tannins. B3. There is practically nothing that can be said about this class of condensed tannins. It is even impossible to state whether they are really jointly condensed systems. In common with the first class of the condensed tannin group, they are precipitated by bromine and are transformed into "reds." On the other hand, they contain no phloroglucinol nucleus. It is possible that the hydroxycinnamic acids are characteristic components of this class; caffeic acid itself is readily transformed into condensation products of the nature of "reds." In the following tables, the information is given in the following order: Name; classification (Perkin's being indicated by Greek letters, Freudenberg's by the above combinations of letters and figures); (1), source; (2) color and form in which it is isolated; (3) formula; (4) solvents; (5) specific rotatory power; (6) color with ferric salts; (7) remarks as to constitution, etc.

I

Sheep's wool, loosely arranged Woolen thread, wound round bulb Cotton, loose Cotton thread, wound round bulb Lint, loose Linen thread, wound round bulb Linen cloth, wound round bulb

Sec 1118 934 1046 852 1032 873 786

From .these experiments, Rumford showed that the heat-retaining value of clothing depends more on its texture than on its actual material. FIREPROOFING MINIMUM QUANTITY OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES REQUIRED TO RENDER 100 PARTS OF COTTON NON-INFLAMMABLE (Duhem) Reagent | Parts by weight 12 Tungstate of ammonium Sulfate of ammonium 4} Phosphate of sodium 30 Chloride of sodium (common salt) 35 Phosphate of calcium 30 Phosphate of magnesium 30

FIREPROOFING.—(Continued) Reagent Chloride of magnesium Phosphate of zinc Sulfate of zinc Borate of aluminum Aluminum hydrate Chloride of ammonium... Phosphate of ammonium Silicate of sodium Borax Chloride of calcium Sulfate of magnesium Chloride of potassium Borate of zinc Phosphate of aluminium Boric acid Silicic acid

| Parts by weight 4-5 20 4i 24 3 4f 4J 50 8| 4J 15 45 20 30 10 30

LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) For much additional material on textile fibers and a fairly complete bibliography, see Matthews, The Textile Fibers. 4th ed., New York, Wiley, 1924.

TANNINS AND VEGETABLE TANNING MATERIALS

JOHN ARTHUR WILSON AND ARTHUR W. THOMAS The tabulation of the properties of tanning substances of vegetable origin is complicated by the facts that the chemistry of these exceedingly complex substances is still in its infancy, the literature is not always clear, due to confusion in terminology, and the authenticity of the specimen studied is often uncertain. Formulas, especially those reported in the literature before 1910, are of little value, except as they indicate the relative percentages of C, H and O. CLASSIFICATION The earlier classification, based upon color reactions with ferric salts, is of no present value. Two systems are now used: Perkin (34) and Freudenberg (13). Perkin's classification: a, Gallotannins (Depsides); ft Ellagitannins (Diphenylmethylolids) ; y, Catecholtannins (Phlobatannins). These are characterized by the following reactions: FeCIz: a, blue; 7, green. Boiling dilute H2SO*: a, gallic acid is formed; ft ellagic acid ppts.; y, phlobaphenes or "reds" ppt. Br: y give a ppt. HCl and pine wood: y give phloroglucinol reaction, while a and ß do not. C&H&N: NCl: y give a ppt., indicating the presence of phloroglucinol or resorcinol groups, while a and ß do not. Fusion with alkali: a. yield gallic acid and a little pyrogallol; y yield protocatechuic acid. Heating in glycerol: a. form pyrogallol; y form catechol. HCHO and HCl: y give complete precipitation, the others do not. Lead acetate in CH&CO^H: a are pptd., y are not. Freudenberg's classification : A. Hydrolyzable tannins in which the benzene nucleus is united to a larger complex through the O atoms. Al. Mutual esters of phenolcarboxylic acids or with other hydroxy-acids (Depsides). A2. Esters of phenolcarboxylic acids with polyatomic alcohols and sugars. A3. Glucosides. In this group gallic acid predominates as the phenolic component. There is also the extraordinary distribution of combined caffeic acid and the presence of a new phenolcarboxylic acid in chebulinic

acid. The ellagic acid glucosides also belong here. The most important criterion for the inclusion in this group is the splitting into simple components by hydrolyzing enzymes, especially tannase and emulsin. B. Condensed tannins in which C linkages hold the nuclei together. These are not decomposed into simple components by enzymes. They are generally, not always, precipitated by bromine and under the influence of oxidizing agents or strong acids condense to high molecular weight tannins or "reds." By drastic treatment, preferably by alkalis, the C skeleton is broken up and phloroglucinol, if present, is dissolved out while the remainder of the molecule is transformed mainly into phenolcarboxylic acids. Bl. Simple ketones such as hydroxybenzophenones and hydroxyphenylstyryl ketones. The phloroglucinol and benzene nuclei are present in equimolecular proportions. B2. This group is more complicated. The phloroglucinol and benzene nuclei are present in equimolecular proportions. This class embraces the catechols with their corresponding tannins and "reds." This is the most important class of technically used tannins. B3. There is practically nothing that can be said about this class of condensed tannins. It is even impossible to state whether they are really jointly condensed systems. In common with the first class of the condensed tannin group, they are precipitated by bromine and are transformed into "reds." On the other hand, they contain no phloroglucinol nucleus. It is possible that the hydroxycinnamic acids are characteristic components of this class; caffeic acid itself is readily transformed into condensation products of the nature of "reds." In the following tables, the information is given in the following order: Name; classification (Perkin's being indicated by Greek letters, Freudenberg's by the above combinations of letters and figures); (1), source; (2) color and form in which it is isolated; (3) formula; (4) solvents; (5) specific rotatory power; (6) color with ferric salts; (7) remarks as to constitution, etc.

I. NATURAL TANNINS Beech tannin. 7. (1) Bark of red beech. (3) C 20 H 22 O 9 (34). Caffetannic acid. 7. (1) Coffee berries as Ca and Mg salts; cainia root, Chiococca brachiata; Nux vomica; St. Ignatius beans; Paraguay tea, Ilex paraguensis. (2) Amorphous powder. (4) H2O, C2H5OH. (6) Dark green (34). Callutannic acid. 7. (1) Heather, Calluna vulgaris. (2) Amber colored powder. (6) Dark green (34). C an aigre tannin. 7. B3. (1) Tuberous roots of the sorrel, Rumex hymenosepalus. (2) Bright yellow powder. (3) C, 58.10; H, 5.33 (34). (4) H2O, C2H5OH. (6) Green (13, 34). Catechol. 7- B2. (6) Green. See Table 3. Chebulinic acid, Eutannin. a. A2. (1) Myrobalans, fruit of the Terminalia chebula. (2) Rhombic prisms, also colorless needles (34). (3) C, 50.60; H, 3.65. Probably C34H30O23 (16). Airdry substance contains 16.5 % H2O of crystn., which is lost at 100° (2). MoI. wt. by titration and by boiling point elevation in acetone, 806 (16). (4) Hot H2O, C2H5OH, acetone, ethyl acetate (13). (5) aj>, +61.7° to 66.9° (H2O) (5). «i8, +85° ±4° (abs. C2H5OH) ("); «|>2, -60 (acetone, 1%) (2). aD +59° to 67° (C2H5OH, 1-2 %)(«). (6) Blue-black. (7) Apparently union between di-gallolyl-glucose and the dibasic acid, C14Hi4On with elimination of 2H2O (»> 16). D. at 234° (34). Cherry bark tannin. 7. (1) Bark of Prunus cerasus. (3) C2iH20Oi0.0.5H2O. (6) Green (34). Chestnut tannin, a. A3. (1) Leaves, bark and wood of Spanish chestnut, Castanea vesca. (3) Purified tannin, C, 50.79; H, 3.32. MoI. wt. 400 or multiple as detd. by titration (24). (4) H2O. (6) Dark green to blue. (7) Tannin from leaves, wood and bark identical. Raw tannin is mixture containing quercetin, sugar, ellagic and gallic acids. Contains no phloroglucinol. Probably similar to tannin of German native oak (24). Chinese tannin. See Gallotannin. Chlorogenic acid. Al. (1) Monopotassium salt combined with one molecule of caffein in coffee beans. (2) Cryst. (3) Ci6Hi8O9.0.5H2O. (4) Hot H2O, C2H5OH, acetone, ethyl acetate. (5) aD, -33.1° (H2O, 1-3%). (6) Green ppt. (7) 3, 4-Dihydroxy-cinnamoyl-quinic acid (13). Cinchona tannin, quinotannic acid. 7. B3. (1) Cinchona bark. (2) Light yellow powder. (3) C14H16O9(?) (34). (4) H2O, C2H5OH (13). (6) Green ppt. (7) Very hygroscopic. Cocatannic acid. 7. (1) Leaves of Erythroxylon coca. (2) Yellow micro, cryst. (3) Ci7H22Oi0.2H2O(?) (6) Green (34). Colatein. 7. B2. (1) Cola nuts, Cola acuminata. (4) Hot H2O, C2H5OH, acetone. (6) Green. (7) M. P. 257°-288° (13). Colatin, Colatannin. 7. B2. (1) Cola nuts, CoZa acuminata. (2) Cryst. (13). Light red amorphous powder (34). (3) CV H20Os (34). (4) C2H5OH, acetone, ethyl acetate. (5) Inactive. (6) Green. (7) M. P. 148° (13). Cortepinitannic acid. 7. (1) Bark of Scotch fir, Pinus sylvestris. (2) Bright red powder. (3) C32H34Oi7. (6) Intense green (34). Cyanomaclurin. B2. (1) Wood of Artocarpus integri/olia. (2) Cryst. (3) C15H12O6. (6) Violet. (7) M. P. above 290° (13). m-Digallic acid. a. Al. (1) Esterified with glucose in Chinese tannin; also synthetic. See Table 2. Ellagic acid. ß. (1) From many tannins containing ellagitannin by boiling with dilute H2SO4. Divi-divi, myrobalans and valonia best sources; also synthetic. See Table 2. Filitannin. 7. B2. (1) Fern-root, Aspidium filix-mas. (2) Redbrown powder (34). (3) C4iH36NOi8(?) (29» 34). (4) C2H5OH, H2O (29). (5) Inactive (13). (6) Olive-green. (7) Heated at 125°, loses water and becomes insoluble (13). Fraxitannic acid. 7. (1) Leaves of ash tree, Fraxinus excelsior. (2) Brownish-yellow deliquescent powder. (3) C26H32Oi4 (?)

(29, 34). (4) H2O, C2H5OH (29, 34). (6) Dark green ppt. (7) Heated at 100°, loses water and becomes practically insoluble. Yields quinone upon oxidation by permanganate (29, 34). Galitannic acid. 7. (1) Bark of Galium verum. (3) Ci4Hi6Oi0.H2O. (6) Green (34). Gallotannin, Gallotannic acid, Tannin, Tannic acid. a. A2. (1) From galls on leaves and buds of various species of oak, especially Quercus infectoria and Q. lusitania ("Turkish tannin") due to puncture by insects of the genus Cynips. From galls on leaves and buds of a species of sumach, Rhus semialata (" Chinese tannin") due to puncture of insect, Aphis chinensis. (2) Light yellow-brown powder. (3) Average of several specimens, C, 52.59 to 53.70; H, 3.24 to 3.40 (6). C76H52O46 (E. Fischer). MoI. wt., 1247-1636 by boiling point elevation in acetone. (4) H2O, C2H5OH, ethyl acetate. (5) o&°, +58° to +70° (different specimens, H2O); a£°, +18° (one specimen, C2H5OH) (i> 6 ); c&, +12.9° (acetone); o£2, +17.6° (purified specimen, C2H5OH) (i, 3). (6) Bluish-black. (7) Hydrolysis of purified specimen by dil. H2SO4 yields 93.6% gallic acid and 6.8% glucose (i> 3). Undoubtedly a mixture of at least two individuals (34). The tannin, according to E. Fischer, is penta-m-digalloylglucose. Nierenstein objects, asserting that gallotannin is probably a glucoside of polydigalloyl-leucodigallic acid anhydride or of its free acid ( 3 I). Gallotannin, Chinese Tannin, a. A2. (I) See Gallotannin above. (2) Amorphous yellow to light brown powder. (3) Penta-mdigallolyglucose. MoI wt., 1700 (13). (4) See Gallotannin above. (5) c$, +73° (purified specimen, H2O, l % ) ( 1 t 7 ) ; CLD, +45° to +53° (H2O, 20 %), rising rapidly on dilution to + 135° to +140° (H2O, 1.2%) (13); aD in formamide, +13°; acetone, +14°; C2H5OH, +18°, glacial acetic acid, +25°; pyridine, +40°. These all showed high and low aD fractions in water; were alike in organic solvents. Colloidal forms and impurities markedly affect aD in water (23). Two fractions— (a) aD, +30° to +40° (H2O); +40° to +41° (pyridine); (b) aD, + 150° to +158° (H2O); +50° to +51° (pyridine) (27). Purified tannin, after removing part difficultly soluble in water, aDl + 13.9° (C2H5OH, 3%); +14.9° (C2H5OH, 10%); +13.1° (acetone, 10%) (1»4). Potassium salt, containing 10.2% K, «i8, +46.3° (H2O, !%)(!» 4). (6) Bluish-black. (7) Upon hydrolysis with dil. H2SO4 there is produced 88.6 % gallic acid and 11.4% glucose (13). This tannin is a mixture of deka-, nona-, and octa-gallolyl-glucoses averaging 8 to 9 gallic acid radicals to 1 molecule glucose. The fractions of lower a^ contain more depside-like gallic acid ( 27 ). See also gallotannin above. Gallotannin, Turkish Tannin, a. A2. (1) See Gallotannin above. Aleppo galls. (2) Amorphous yellow to light brown powder. (3) C, 52.5; H, 3.5 (13). (4) See Gallotannin above. (5) «#, 2.5° (H2O, 7%); 8). Hydrolysis and fractionation give a series of fractions of increasing aD in alcohol from 15.7° to 43.7°. Concomitantly there is a decrease in ellagic and increase in gallic acid content. The ellagic acid is a part of the tannin molecule. At least 25% of the gallic acid is in depside form, partly directly bound in ester form to the sugar hydroxyl groups ( 28 ). Gallnut Tannin, a. A2. (1) Galls on acorn cups of Quercus robur and Q. pedunculata. (3) C, 52.0; H, 3.3 (13). (7) Undoubtedly identical with gallotannin. Hamamelitannin. a. A2. (1) Bark of Hamamelis virginica. (2) Fine white needles (13). (3) C, 49.9; H, 4.0; H2O of crystn. 17.9%, approximating C20H20Oi4-OH2O (!<>» 18). (4) Hot H2O, C2H5OH, acetone, ethyl acetate («). (5) a™} +29° (H2O,

2.35%); <$, +33° (H2O, 1.24%); <$, +35.6° (another specimen, H2O, 1.2%) ( 10 ). (7) Contains no free carboxyl group. Acidity, equal to that of pyrogallol, is due to phenolic hydroxyls ( 10 > 18). Upon hydrolysis with dil. H2SO.*: gallic acid, 70%; sugar, 30%. Upon hydrolysis with tannase: gallic acid, 66%; sugar, 34% (13). M. P., 115°-117° (air-dry); 203° (dried at 100°) (34). Hemlock tannin. 7. (1) Hemlock bark, Tsuga (A bies) canadensis. (3) C2oHisOio (?). (7) Probably related to quercitannic acid of the oak (29, 34). Horsechestnut tannin. 7. (1) Nearly all parts of the Aesculus hippocastanum and in root bark of apple tree. (2) Nearly colorless powder. (3) C26H24Oi2. (6) Green (34). Ipecacuanhic acid. 7. (1) Roots of Psychotria ipecacuanha. (2) Reddish-brown hygroscopic substance. (3) Ci4Hi8O7. (6) Green (34). Larch tannin. 7. (1) Bark of the larch, Larix europea. (6) Green (34). Maclurin. Bl. (1) Wood of "old fustic," Chlorophora tinctoria; also synthetic. (2) Yellow crystals (13). Colorless needles when pure (34). (3) Ci3Hi0O6. (4) 14°, 1 part in 190 parts H2O (13). (6) Green. (7) 2, 4, 6, 3', 4'-Pentahydroxybenzophenone, M. P. 200° (anhydrous form) (34). Maletto tannin. 7. B2. Bark of Eucalyptus occidentalis and other species of Eucalyptus. (2) Brown powder. (3) (Ci9H2OO9)« (29» 34). (4) H2O, abs. C2H5OH (from which it is precipitated by ether) (13). (7) Similar to quebracho tannin (13» 34). Mangrove tannin. 7. B2. (1) Rhizophora mangle, R. mucronata, Ceriops candolleana, C. roxburghiana. (2) Amorphous red powder. (3) C24H26Oi2 ( 29 ). (6) Green. (7) Closely resembles catechutannic acid (34). Mimosa tannin. 7. (1) Various species of Mimoseae such as Acacia arabica of Egypt and the "wattles" of Australia. (6) Bluish-violet. (7) With the exception of the reaction with ferric salts, gives all the ordinary reactions of the phlobatannins (34). Oak tannin. B3 (36). (1) Leaves and buds of German oak, Quercus pedunculata. (2) Amorphous reddish-yellow powder (22). (3) C, 49.9; H, 4.2. (4) H2O, C2H5OH, acetone (22, 36 ). (4) «Hgyellow, -39° ±10° (H2O); -30° ± 4° (CH3OH) (21). (7) Tannin from leaves of Quercus sessiflora identical (21 ). Molecule contains 18-25% bound ellagic acid; 3-7% bound glucose; and the rest is an amorphous acid, "Quercus acid," C, 50.2; H, 3.6. Titration equivalent about 400 (21, 22). Oak tannin, Quercitannic acid. 7. B2. (1) Bark of various species of Quercus ( 34 ); Bark of Quercus robur (13). (2) Reddish-white powder (34). Light brown powder (13). (3) C20H20O4 (?): C, 59.79; H, 5.0 (34). C, 56.8; H, 4.4. C, 55.4; H, 4.1 (13). (6) Green (34). Black-blue (13). Oak tannin, Quercin, Quercic acid, Quercinic acid. 7. B2. (1) Wood of various species of Quercus. (2) Light brownishyellow (34). (3) Ci5Hi2O9.2H2O (29, 34). C, 48.3; H, 4.5 (13). (6) Blue. Paullinio tannin, Guaranà tannin. 7. B 2. (1) "Guaranà paste" from seeds of Paullinia cupana. (2) Small colorless crystals (34). Gray needles (30). (3) C37H35Oi8-COOH^H2O (30). (4) H2O, C2H5OH, ethyl acetate, glacial acetic acid (30). (5) «g, -74.4° (H2O, 10%); «g, -39.1° (C2H5OH, 8%); —48.1° (acetone, 6%); a#, —56.8° (initial rotation in pyridine, 8%. By mutarotation falls to constant value of —8.6°) (30). (7) M. P. 199°-201° with evolution of CO2. Loses two mol. H2O of crystn. at 130°. M. P. of anhydrous form 259°-261° with evolution of CO2 (30). Paullinia catechol isolated from paullinia tannin is identical with " acacatechin " in crystal form and chemical properties. Chemically it is identical with gambier-catechin (13).

Pinicortannic acid. 7. (1) Bark of Scotch fir, Pin us sylvestris. (2) Reddish-brown powder. (3) (Ci 6 Hi 8 On) 2 -H 2 O. (6) Green (34). Pistachio tannin. 7. B 2. (1) Leaves of mastic tree, Pistachio, lentiscus. (2) Pale brown brittle mass (34). (4) H2O, C2H5OH, ethyl acetate (13). (6) Blue-black. (7) Often sold for sumach (34). Pomegranate tannin, Ellagitannin. ß. A3. (1) Root bark of Punica granatum. (2) Amorphous greenish-yellow powder. (3) C20H16Oi3 (34). Two fractions: A (sol. in H2O), C, 50.9; H, 3.4. B (insol. in H2O), C, 52.4; H, 3.4 (13). (4) Fraction A: H2O, C2H5OH, ethyl acetate. (13). (6) Blue-black. (7) Glucoside of ellagic acid and hexose (13). Quebracho tannin. 7. B2. (1) Wood of Quebracho colorado% Schinopsis lorentzii and Balsanae. (2) Red powder. (3) C, 62.5; H, 5.4. (4) Hot H2O, C2H5OH, ethyl acetate, acetone (13). (6) Green. (7) Tannin is mixture of products insol. in H2O and sparingly sol. in cold H2O. A benzoyl derivative, C, 73.0; H, 4.2, showed a mol. wt. in benzene of about 2300. Rhatany tannin. 7. Bark of root of rhatany, Krameria triandra. (2) Light yellow powder. (4) H2O. (6) Green (34). Rheotannic acid, Rhubarb tannin. 7. B2. (1) Rhubarb. (2) Yellowish-brown powder. (3) C26H26Oi4 (34). (4) H2O. (6) Black-green ppt. (7) Contains two glucosides, glucogallin (Ci3Hi6Oi0) and tetrarin (C32H32Oi0) ( 34 ). Catechin also present which is probably identical with gambier-catechin (13). Rubitannic acid. 7. (1) Leaves of Rubia tinctorum. (3) C14H22O12.0.5H2O. (6) Green (34). Sequiatannic acid. 7. (1) Cones of Sequoia gigantea. (2) Reddish-brown powder. (3) C2iH20Oio (29» 34). (4) H2O, C2H5OH. (6) Brown-black ppt. Spruce bark tannin. 7. (1) Bark of spruce. (3) C2iH20Oio (?) (34). Sumach tannin, ex. A2. (1) From leaves of many species of Rhus. Also Coriaria myrtifolia (French), Colpoon compressum (Cape), Arctostaphylos (Russian). (2) Yellow powder. (3) C, 52.3; H, 3.5. (Rhus coriaria) (13). (4) H2O, C2H5OH, ethyl acetate. (7) Similar to Turkish tannin. Tannecortepinic acid. 7. (1) Bark of young Scotch firs in spring time. (3) C28H26Oi2. (6) Green (34). Tannic acid. See Gallotannin. Tea tannin. 7. A2. (1) Leaves of black tea. (4) H2O, ethyl acetate. (5) «/>, -177.3° (29). (7) Probably identical with quercitannic acid (29, 34). A gallotannin (13). Tormentilla tannin. 7. (1) Root of Potentilla tormentilla. (2) Amorphous reddish powder. (3) C26H22On. (6) Bluegreen (34). Turkish tannin. See Gallotannin. Willow bark tannin. 7. (1) Bark of Salix triandra. (6) Green. (7) Glucoside tannin (34). II. SYNTHESIZED TANNINS m-Digallic acid. a. Al. (2) Fine needles. (3) I (13). (4) CH3OH, C2H5OH, C5HnOH. 23°, 1 part in 950 parts H2O; 1 part in 350 parts ethyl acetate; 1 part in 2000 parts ether (i> 5). 25°, 1 part in 1900 parts H2O. 100°, 1 part in 50-60 parts H2O (13). (5) Inactive. (6) Blue-black. (7) Found esterified with glucose in Chinese tannin. When hot aq. solution is chilled, it jellifies (13). M. P., 275° (282° corr.) with foaming and decomposition (i> 5). Digalloyl-levoglucosan. A2. (2) Micro-needles. (3) C20Hi8Oi3. (4) H2O, C2H5OH, acetone. (5) a]>8, -27.9° (C2H5OH, 1.8%). (6) FeCl3 gives blue-black ppt. in C2H5OH solution. (7) Decomposes 220°, carbonizes 270° (26). Digentisic acid. a. (2) Fine needles. (3) II. (4) 0°, 1 part in 900 parts H2O. (5) Inactive. (6) Fugitive blue and ppt. (i> *). (7) Dry form melts 204°-205° (208°-209° corr.) with sintering.

Diprotocatechuic acid. a. (2) Fine needles. (3) (OH)2C6H300.0.C6H3(OH)COOH. (4) Acetone, CH3OH. 1 part in 2500 parts H2O. (5) Inactive. (6) Blue-green. (7) M. P., 237°-239° (corr.) (l, 5).

OH

O

cooH<^>oH

v

y\

H

\

Xc

°

I. ra-Digallic acid O

HoI\AOOH

COOH

] YI

HO/\

\/\

JoaUoH II. Digentisic acid

/ C °-OVOH

O^ -s«^-

H H III. Di-0-resorcylic acid

IV. Ellagic acid

Di-g-resorcylic acid. a. (2) Micro-needles. (3)111. Isomerie with digentisic acid. (4) C2H5OH, acetone, ethyl acetate, hot H2O, ether. (5) Inactive. (6) Violet red. (7) Foams and .. decomposes at about 210° (215° corr.) ( 1 J 5). Ellagic acid. ß. (2) Cryst. from pyridine in prismatic needles which are converted by C2H5OH to a pale yellow cryst. powder. (3) Ci4H6O8.2H2O. IV. (5) Inactive. (7) Above 360° sublimes with carbonization ( 34 ). Not a true tannin. See Table 1. Hexagalloyl mannite. A2. (2) Amorphous brown powder. (3) C6H8O6[CO-C6H2(OH)3J6. (4) H2O, C2H5OH, acetone, ethyl acetate. (5) «£, +27.0° (C2H6OH, 2%). (6) Dark blue 0» 4). Maclurin. Bl. See Table 1. Penta-ra-digalloyl-a-glucose. A2. (2) Light brown amorphous mass. (3) C76H52O46. (4) 18°, 1 part in 200 parts H2O. (5) Prepared by alkaline hydrolysis of acetates: a£, +36°(C2H5OH, 10%); +40° to 41° (acetone, 10%); 43.8° (H2O, 1 %) (l, 3). Prepared from acetates by CH3OH and HCl: «}>8, +41.3° (C2H5OH, 5%); +44.6° (acetone, 5%); +51° (H2O, 0.5%) (l, 4). (6) Blue-black. (7) Potassium salt containing 10.3 % K, «1? +56.6° (H2O, 5%) (I.*). Penta-ra-digalloyl-(3-glucose. A2. (2) Light brown amorphous mass. (3) C76H52O46. (4) 20°, 1 part in 1000 parts H2O. (5) Prepared by alkaline hydrolysis of acetates: ai>s, +14.9° (C2H5OH, 10%); +13.1° (acetone, 10%); +42.3° (H2O, 1%) (l, 3). Prepared from acetates by CH3OH and HCl: c$, 4-10.8° (C2H5OH, 5%); +10.8° (acetone, 5%); +21° (H2O, 0.1%) (l» 4). (6) Blue-black. (7) Apparently identical with Chinese tannin. Potassium salt containing 10.3% K, a])8, 4-33.7° (H2O, 0.5%) (i, *). Pentagalloyl-a-glucose. A2. (2) Yellow mass. (3) [(OH)3C6H2CO]5C6H7O6. (4) H2O, C2H5OH, ether (l, 3). (5) a", +66.5° (H2O, 1%). CL^ 65.4° (H2O, 1%). o&°, +77.0° (C2H5OH, 3%). ea8, 76.4° (C2H5OH, 2%) (1,3). «}•, +60° (H2O, 1%); +81.5° (C2H5OH, 2%) (i, 4). (6) Blueblack. Pentagalloyl-(3-glucose. A2. (2) Yellow mass. (3) [(OH)3C6H2CO]5C6H7O6. (4) H2O, C2H5OH (1,3). (5) «», +13.1° (H2O, 1%); +13.6° (H2O, 10%); +23.3° (C2H5OH, 2%) (i, 3). 48, +15° (H2O, 1%); +24° (C2H5OH, 2%). (6) Blue-black. (7) Potassium salt contains 10.1% K. Pentapyrogallol-carboyl-glucose. A2. (2) Amorphous powder. (3) [(OH)3C6H2CO]5C6H7O6. (4) Hot H2O, C2H5OH, acetone. (5) ai>8, +69° (H2O, 2.5%). (6) Dark blue (*» »). (7) Sinters at 160° and melts at about 200° with decomposition.

Tetragalloyl-erythrite. A2. (2) Cryst. (3) [(OH)3C6H2CO]4C4H6O4. (4) Hot H2O, C2H5OH, acetone, mixtures of H2O and C2H5OH. (7) Decomposes at about 308° (i, 4). Tetragalloyl-a-methylglucoside. A2. (3) C35H30O22. (4) Identical with pentagalloyl-glucoses. (5) c^0, +26.4° (H2O, 4%). (6) Identical with pentagalloyl-glucoses in reactions. (7) M. P. 130°-140° with decomposition (l, 6). Trigalloyl-acetone-glucose. A2. (2) Amorphous light brown mass. (3) [C6H2(OH)3CO]3C6H7O6(C3H6). (4) Warm H2O, CH3OH, C2H5OH, acetone, ethyl acetate. (5) a^°, -93° (dry acetone, 4%). (6) Blue-violet (l, 2). Trigalloyl-glucose. A2. (2) Amorphous yellowish brown mass. (3) [C6H2(OH)3CO]2C6H9O6. (4) Cold H2O, CH3OH, C2H5OH, acetone, ethyl acetate, pyridine. (5) a^0, —118° (dry acetone, 2.5%). (6) Deep violet (l, 2). Trigalloyl-glycerol. A2. (2) Amorphous yellowish brown mass. (3) [(OH)3C6H2CO]3C3H5O3. (4) H2O, acetone, ethyl acetate, warm ether. (6) Deep blue (l, 4). a-Trigalloyl-levoglucosan. A2. (2) Micro, hexagonal crystals. (3) C27H22Oi7. (4) Hot acetone. (5) «£, -18.0° (C2H5OH, 19%). (6) FeCl3 gives blue-black ppt. in C2H5OH solution. (7) Decomposes 250°-300°, carbonizes 320° (26). (3-Trigalloyl-levoglucosan. A2. (2) Micro-needles. (3) C27H22Oi7. (5) o^8, -21.0° (C2H5OH, 1%). (6) FeCl3 gives blueviolet ppt. in C2H5OH solution. (7) Decomposes 270°, carbonizes 320° (26). ÏII. CATECHOLS OR CATECHINS c?-Catechol. (1) Acacia and gambier catechus. (2) Thin needles. (3) C15H1406.4H20 (20). (4) C2H5OH, ethyl acetate, pure ether. Anhydrous form almost insoluble in latter two. (5) «578, +17° (50% acetone, 9%) (14, is, 19, 20). ag78> ±0° (C2H5OH) (20). aDi -2° (C2H5OH) (20). a£ -0.47° ±0.03° (C2H5OH, 9%); +3.7° ± 0.5° (50% C2H5OH, 9%). o?£, -f-18.40 ±0.9° (H2O, 0.9%, increasing markedly with temperature decrease) (14). (7) For discussion of structural formula see (20, 29, 33). M. P. 93°-95°; anhyd., 174-5°. Z-Catechol. (1) Isolated from acacia and gambier catechus. (2) Thin needles. (3) C15Hi4O6.4H2O. (5) <*578, ±0° (C2H5OH); «578, -16.8° (50% acetone, 3%) (20). (7) M. P. 93°-95°; anhyd., 174°-175° (19, 20). dZ-Catechol. (1) Principal constituent of catechol separated from acacia catechu. (2) Thin needles. (3) Ci5H14O6.3H2O. (7) Is "acacatechin" («). Sinters at 100°, melts 214°-216° with decomposition (i 9 , 20). Catechol-a. (1) Acacia catechu (33, 35). (3) Ci5Hi4O6-SH2O (35). (7) Is dZ-catechol (14). Methylated "acacatechin" has same melting point and crystal form as synthetic methyl compound (14). M. P. 204°-205° (35). Catechol-b, Gambier catechol. (1) Gambier catechu (33, 35). (7) Identical with d-catechol in crystal form, melting point, solubility, and constitution. Catechol-c. (1) Gambier catechu. (2) Small pale yellow prisms (35). (3) Ci5Hi4O6. (7) Identified as d-epicatechol (20). M. P. 235°-237° (35). Chinese rhubarb catechol. (5) «578, +18° (50% acetone) (15). Mahogany catechol. (5) aD, +23° (50% acetone). a578, +16° (50% acetone); +15° (C2H5OH) («). Paullinia catechol. (5) Inactive in C2H5OH. aD, +3.7° (50% acetone) (i 5 ). d-Epicatechol. (2) Thick prisms. (3) Ci5Hi4O6.4H2O. (5) «578, +68.9° (C2H5OH, 7%); +59.9° (50% acetone, 4%). (7) M. P. 245° (20). Z-Epicatechol. (1) Gambier and acacia catechus (19). (2) Thick prisms. (3) Ci5H14O6.4H2O (19, 20). (5) a&78> _68.2° (C2H5OH, 6%): -59.0° (50% acetone, 4%) (i», 20). (7) M. P. 245°.

dZ-Epicatechol. (1) Gambier and acacia catechus (19). (2) Exists both as prisms and needles. (3) Ci5Hi4O6.4H20. (7) M. P. of prisms, 224°-226° (20). d-(5-Gambier catechol-carboxylic acid. (2) Micro-needles. (3) Ci6Hi4O8. (5) <$, +12.6° (H2O, 5%); +17.6° (C2H5OH, 7%). (7) M. P. 249°-251° with evolution of CO2 (30). Z-(3-Gambier catechol-carboxylic acid. (2) Large needles. (3) C16H14O8. (5) oi8, -22.4° (H2O, 5%). c#, -31.6° (C2H5OH, 6%). (7) M. P. 258°-261° with evolution of CO2 (30). <&-(3-Gambier catechol-carboxylic acid. (3) C16H14O8. (7) M. P. 252°-253° with evolution of CO2 (30). The relationship between the catechols and epicatechols is shown as follows: M = mixing; Ra = racemizing; Re = rearrangement ( 20 ).

I

:

J

d-catechol

I Re d-epicatechol

[_

M

'

I

—» dZ-catechol < Ra

^__^^ â

IIRe c^-epicatechol

Z-catechol Ra

*-___^ Re

I T Re

"^6 Z-epicatechol

|M

I

LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) f 1 ) Fischer, Untersuchungen über Depside und Gerbstoffe, 1919. (2) Fischer and Bergmann, 25, 51: 298; 18. (3) Idem., 25, öl : 1760; 18. («) Idem., 25, 82: 829; 19. ( 5 ) Fischer and Freudenberg, 8, 384: 225; 11. (6) Idem., 26, 45: 915; 12. (?) Idem., 25, 45: 2709; 12. («) Idem., 25, 47: 2485; 14. (») Fischer and Rapaport, 25, 46: 2389; 13. (10) Freudenberg, 25, 52B: 177; 19. («) Idem.,25, 52B: 1238; 19. (12) Idem, 25, 53B: 1416; 20. (l 3 ) Idem., Die Chemie der natürlichen Gerbstoffe, 1920. (i*) Freudenberg, Böhme and Beckendorf, 25, 54B: 1204; 21. («) Freudenberg, Böhme and Purrmann, 25, 55B: 1734; 22. (16) Freudenberg and Fick, 25, 53B: 1728; 20. ( 17 ) Freudenberg, Orthner and Fekentscher, 8, 436: 286; 24. (i *) Freudenberg and Peters, 25, 53B : 953; 20. (i 9 ) Freudenberg and Purrmann, 25, 56B: 1185; 23. (20) Freudenberg and Purrmann, 8, 437: 274; 24. (2l) Freudenberg and Vollbrecht, 8, 429: 284; 22. (22) Idem., 25, 55B: 2420; 22. (23) Freudenberg and Scilasi, 25, 55B: 2813; 22. (24) Freudenberg and Walpuski, 25, 54B: 1695; 21. (25) Hjin, 52, 82: 422; 10. (26) Karrer and Salomon, 37, 5: 108; 22. (27) Karrer, Salomon and Peyer, 37, 6: 3; 23. (28) Karrer, Widmer and Staub, 8, 433: 288; 23. (29) Nierenstein, Abderhalden's Biochemisches Handlexikon, vol. 7, 1912. (30) Nierenstein, 4, 121: 23; 22. (3l) Idem., 64, 41: 29; 22. (32) idem., I , 46: 2793; 24. (33) Perkin, 4, 87: 398; 05. (34) perkin and Everest, The Natural Organic Coloring Matters, 1918. ( 3 S ) Perkin and Yoshitake, 4, 81: 1160; 02. (36) Vollbrecht, 259, 1921: 1.

SOURCE AND TANNIN CONTENT OF VEGETABLE TANNING MATERIALS . The names and tannin contents listed were taken from the literature at large for what they may be worth; in some cases the information given may be considerably in error. The place grown may indicate either the place where the sample analyzed was grown or the place where the material grows in abundance. In

the majority of cases, at least, the tannin contents are supposedly those of the air-dried material. In using the tannin figures, it should be recognized that they are not true tannin contents, but merely figures obtained by methods open to very serious question. A number of slightly different methods were used, but all conformed roughly to the following general scheme. A solution of the tanning material of concentration confined to certain limits was treated with lightly chrome-tanned hide powder until no tannin was left in solution; i.e., the solution no longer gave a precipitate with gelatin solution. The decrease in concentration of all matters in solution was then taken as the measure of the tannin content. Obviously all substances of a slightly acid nature would be removed to some extent by the hide powder and hence all figures must be high where these are present. The probable magnitude of the error was shown by Wilson and Kern for a number of the commoner tanning extracts. By first freeing the tannin solution of tannin by shaking with hide powder and then freeing the hide powder from nontannin by washing, they were able to estimate the tannin by the increase in weight of the dried hide powder. The tannin contents so obtained differed in many cases by startling amounts from those obtained by the methods generally accepted as official. The comparison is with the official method of the American Leather Chemists' Association, which is similar in principle to the methods employed in other countries.1 Tanning material Chestnut wood extract Gambier extract Hemlock bark Hemlock bark extract Oak bark extract Osage orange extract Quebracho extract Spruce bark extract Sumac extract Sumac leaves Wattle bark extract.

Per cent tannin found A. L. C. A. Wilson-Kern method method 25.80 11.90 24.95 7.79 10.06 6.17 26.68 23.38 24.20 12.88 39.87 13.37 68.01 47.41 22.14 11.71 25.51 16.29 25.56 9.61 33.55 24.16

Many of the tanning materials are leached on a large scale by extract manufacturers and the concentrated extracts are available on the market showing a tannin content by the A. L. C. A. and similar methods of from 20 to 35 % for liquid extracts and from 45 to 70% for solid extracts. It may be assumed that nearly every form of plant life contains some tannin. The following list is not complete but is intended to serve as a guide to those whose interests might be directed into these fields of work. 1 For a detailed comparison of the methods and their interpretation, see J. A Wilson, The Chemistry of Leather Manufacture, p. 215-31 (The Chemical Cata^ log Co., New York, 1923).

SOURCE AND TANNIN CONTENT OF VEGETABLE TANNING MATERIALS Botanical name Abies alba Abies canadensis. Abies dumosa Abies excelsa Abies grandis Abies pedinata Acacia acuminata Acacia angica Acacia anema , . arabica ,. Acacia

Common name White spruce Hemlock fir Hemlock spruce Norway spruce Lowland fir Silver fir Raspberry jam wood Angica Mulga u u i Babul

Place grown Northern America Northern America Northern America Northern Europe California Europe Australia Brazil New South Wales TJIndia

Acacia binervata Acacia catechu

Black wattle Cutch

Australia India

Acacia cavenia

Espinillo

South America

\ _ . _ 1 Bark 6

Acacia cebil

Red cebil

Argentina &

I ?ark 1Vj5 i Leaves 6-7 Bark 9 Bark 18 Bark 17-23 Bark 18-51 Bark 12 Bark 9 Bark 8-18 Bark 18 Bark 10 Bark 15

Acacia Acacia Acacia Acacia Acacia Acacia Acacia Acacia Acacia Acacia

cunninghamii curupi dealbata decurrens granulosa , homalophylla horrida koa leptocarpa longifolia

Curupy Wattle Wattle Yarran Doornbosch Koa tree

|

Per cent tannin Bark 7-13 Bark 8-15 Bark 10 Bark 7-13 Bark 9 Bark 6-15 Bark 7-15 Bark 20-25 Bark 5-9 Bark 11 „ , _.12-20 ._ i Pods 20-42 Bark 30 Wood ext. 60

Queensland South America Africa and Asia Australia New Caledonia New South Wales Cape Good Hope Hawaii Queensland Cyprus

Acacia melanoxylon

Blackwood

New South Wales

J _ ar [ Leaves 3

Acacia microbotrya

Manna wattle

Australia

Acacia moltissima Acacia neriifolia Acacia oswaldi Acacia penninervia Acacia podalyriaefolia Acacia polystachya Acacia pycnantha Acacia salicina Acacia sentis Acacia seyal Acacia sp Acacia spiralis Acer campbellii Acer campestre Alchornea triplinervia Allophylus edulis Alnus firma Alnus glutinosa Alnus incana Alnus maritima Alnus oregona Anacardium occidentale Anogeissus acuminata

Green wattle

TaIh Gallol Guaic Himalayan maple Field maple Tapia gwazu-ih Koku Minibari Alder Grey alder Hannoki Red alder Kashew nut Yon

Australia Australia Australia Europe Queensland Queensland Australia Australia New South Wales Sudan Somaliland New Caledonia India Europe Paraguay Paraguay Japan Europe Europe Japan Pacific states India India

Anogeissus lati/olia

Dhawa

India

Anogeissus penduta. . Apuleia praecox Arctostaphylos uva-ursi Areca catechu Aspidiosperma polyneuron

Yhvihra-pere Bearberry Betelnut palm Palo rosa

India Paraguay Russia India Paraguay

J _ar . I Leaves and twigs 20 Bark 12-47 Bark 14 Bark 10 Bark 14r-38 Bark 12 Bark 18 Bark 40-50 Bark 6-8 Bark 6 Bark 18 Bark 24 Bark 17 Bark 3 Bark 4 Bark 12 Bark 10 Fruits 25 Bark 16-20 Bark 10 Fruits 25 Bark 9 Bark 9 Bark 10 Bark 16 Leaves 10-18 Shoots 20-30 Red tips 54 Bark 9 Bark 11 Leaves and twigs 14 Fruits 10-15 Bark 3

Miljie Hickory Golden wattle

.

.

SOURCE AND TANNIN CONTENT OF VEGETABLE TANNING MATERIALS.—-(Continued) Botanical name

Common name

|

Place grown

Aspidiosperma quebracho-bianco

White quebracho

Argentina

Banksia integrifolia Banksia serrata Bauhinia vahlii Betula alba Betula lenta Boswellia serrata Bruguiera gymnorrhiza. Bruguiera parvi

Coast honeysuckle Heath honeysuckle Muhurain bark White birch Black birch Salai bark Mangrove Hagalay

Queensland Australia India Northern Europe Northern America India East Africa Philippines

Bruguiera rhumphii

Mangrove

New Caledonia

Bumelia obtusifolia Byrsonima cydoniaefolia Byrsonima spicata Cabralea sp Caesalpinia brevi/olia Caesalpinia cacolaco Caesalpinia coriaria Caesalpinia digyna ^ , . . Caesalpima melanocarpa

Pihkasurembiu Mureci Tamwood Cancharana Algarobilla Cascalote Divi-divi Tari ^ Guyacan

Paraguay Bolivia South America Paraguay Chile Mexico Central America India and Burma A X Argentina

Caesalpinia tinctoria Calliiris calcarata Callitris glauca Camellia thea Carissa spinarum Cassia auriculata _ . _ 1 Cassia J

Celavinia Australian Australian Tea

flora

| Per cent tannin Leaves 27-28 Bark 4 Wood 3 Bark 11 Bark 11-23 Bark 9 Bark 2-18 Bark 3-18 Bark 13 Bark 22-52 Bark 7-13 Bark 27-42 Root bark 6 Root wood 9 Bark 8 Bark 20 Bark 44 Bark 5 Pods 43-67 Pods 40-55 Pods 30-50 Pod cases 40-60 J Pods 15-23 I W H8

Tarwar . ,, Amaltas

Central America Australia Australia Asia and Africa India India a ' J.T. T jSouth India

Pods 30-32 Bark 17-31 Bark 12-15 Leaves 5-10 Leaves 8-12 Bark 16-22 I Bark 11-15 j T, , , , t ( Pod husk 17

Castanea pubinervis

Japanese chestnut

Japan

I W

~ . Castanea cesva

« ., ' , , , bpanish chestnut * Western chinquapin Gie-gay Ironwood Casagha pine Bull oak Snow bush Bahau Goran Tangal Rodarsi Pindo Kupaih French sumac

fistula

Castanopsis chrysophylla Castanopsis sinensis Casuarina Casuarina equiseti/olia Casuarina glauca Ceanothus velutina Ceriops candolleana Ceriops roxburghiana Ceriops tagal Cleistanthus collinus Cocos romanzoffiana Copaifera lansdorfii Coriaria myrtifolia Coriaria nepalensis Coriaria ruscifolia Corylus avellana Coulteria tinctoria Crossostylis multiflora Cryptomeria japonica Cupania sp Cupania uraguensis Cupania vernalis Dalbergia sp Dioscorea atropurpurea Elaeocarpus grandis Elephantorrhiza burchellii Enterolobium timbouva

fir fir

J Southern Europe 1 a , ( SouthernTTU.QS. Pacific states Indo-China New Caledonia Southern Asia New South Wales Western U. S. India and Africa India Philippines

Tutu Hazel Tara

Paraguay Paraguay France India New Zealand Europe Algeria and Peru

Bush mangrove

N e w Caledonia

Japanese cedar Cedrillo Kambuata Yaguarataih . Yhsapih-ih Cu-nao Blue fig bark Elephant roots Timbo

Japan Paraguay Paraguay Paraguay Paraguay Indo-China New South Wales Africa Paraguay

rl 7

J Bark 6-8 1 TTT , 1 Wood 7-11 Bark 8 Bark 12 Bark 10 Bark 11-18 Bark 12 Leaves 17 Bark 24-42 Bark 13 Bark 24-37 Bark 33 Bark 7 Bark 17 Leaves 15 Leaves 20 Bark 16-17 Bark 5 Pods 43-51 I U I Q ( JoarK o Bark 6 Bark 16 Bark 18 Bark 15 Bark 6 Tubers 20 Bark 10 Root 6-22 Bark 22

SOURCE AND TANNIN CONTENT OF VEGETABLE TANNING MATERIALS.—(Continued) Botanical name

|

Common name

Place grown

Eremophila longifolia

Emu bush

New South Wales

Eucalyptus accedens Eucalyptus alba Eucalyptus amygdalina

Spotted gum Mountain gum Ribbon gum

Australia Australia New South Wales

Eucalyptus corymbosa

Bloodwood

New South Wales


Karri White mallet Silver mallet Eucalyptus

Australia Australia Australia Australia

diversicolor erythronema falcata globulus

Eucalyptus gunnii

Red gum

Eucalyptus longifolia

Woolly-butt

Australia

Eucalyptus maculata

Spotted gum

New South Wales

Eucalyptus Eucalyptus Eucalyptus Eucalyptus Eucalyptus

York gum Stringy bark Black mallet Red mallet White box

Australia New South Wales Australia Australia New South Wales

Eucalyptus piperita

Messmate

New South Wales

Eucalyptus Eucalyptus Eucalyptus Eucalyptus Eucalyptus Eucalyptus Eucalyptus

Round leaf moort Wandoo Blue leaf mallet Mahogany Blue gum Salmon gum Gimlet

Australia Australia Australia Florida Australia Australia Australia

Eucalyptus siderophloia

Red iron bark

New South Wales

Eucalyptus sieberiana Eucalyptus spathulata

Cabbage gum Swamp mallet

New South Wales Australia

Eucalyptus stellulata

Black gum

New South Wales

Eucalyptus stuartiana

Apple

New South Wales

Eucalyptus torquata

Flowering gum

Australia

Eucalyptus viminalis

Manna gum

New South Wales

Eugenia braziliensis

Yhva-poroitih

Paraguay

Eugenia jambolana Eugenia jambos Eugenia maire Eugenia michellii Eugenia pungens Eugenia smithii Eugenia sp Exocarpus cupressiformis Fiscus sp Fusanus acuminatus Garicinia mangostana Grevillia striata Guarea sp Hakea glabella Hakea leucoptera Heritiera fomes

Java plum

India Brazil New Zealand Paraguay Paraguay Australia Paraguay Australia Sudan Australia Cochin-China Australia Paraguay Australia New South Wales India

loxophleba obliqua occidentalis occidentalis astringens odorata

platypus redunca redunca oxymitra robusta rostrata salmonophloia salubris

Nangapirih gwazu Yhva viyu Yhvajhay puihta gwazu Native cherry KiIi bark Quandony Mangoustan Beef wood Guare Needle bark Sundri bark

New South Wales

|

Per cent tannin

I Bark 5 I Leaves 10 Bark 18 Bark 30-32 JGum 58-65 Gum 28 Leaves 18 Bark 6 Bark 16-20 Bark 30 Bark 5-32 Sap 28 | -R68T6Ii \ oari£ JL L Bark 8 Gum 45 • Bark 10 Leaves 5 Bark 5-10 Bark 17 Bark 20-26 Bark 40-50 Leaves 7 j ûm 32~62 I Leaves 13 Bark 25 Bark 16-20 Bark 22-30 Leaves 12-17 Bark 16 Bark 8-13 Bark 16-19 Gum 35-73 Bark 10 Leaves 6 Bark 37 Bark 26 Bark 13

1 Leaves 17 1 T ar I Leaves 10 Bark 17 i T ar i Leaves 4 Bark 43 Leaves 17 Wood 12 Bark 19 Bark 12 Bark 16-17 Bark 29 Bark 11 Bark 17 Bark 16-29 Bark 15-16 Bark 19 Bark 19 Fruit shells 14 Bark 18 Bark 10 Bark 18 Bark 11 Bark 7

SOURCE AND TANNIN CONTENT OF VEGETABLE TANNING MATERIALS.—(Continued) __

Botanical name

j

Common name '

Hopea odorata

j

Place grown India

Hopea parviflora Hydnora longicollis Inga affinis Inga feuillei Juniperus recurva Krameria triandria Larix dahurica Larix europaea

Ironwood Ganib Inga gwazu Paypay Weeping blue Rhatany Larch Larch

India Africa Paraguay Peru Japan Peru Japan Europe

Larix occidentalis

Western larch

N. W. United States

Laurus lingue Leuceadendron argenteum Leucospermum conocarpum Ludwigia caparossa Lysiloma candida Madura pomifera Malpighia faginea Malpighia punici/olia Mimosa farinosa Mimosa pudica Mimosa sp

Silver tree Knotted tree Caparossa Palo bianco Osage orange Nance Mangrutta Mimosa Mimosa Yukeri gwazu

Chile Cape Good Hope Cape Good Hope Brazil Lower California Texas Mexico " Nicaragua Argentina India Paraguay

Myrica asplenifolia

Sweet fern

Michigan

Myrica nagi Nauclea gambir Ocotea buttata Ocotea sp Osyris dbyssinica Osyris arborea Osyris compressa Oxalis gigantea Paullinia sorbilis Peltophorium dubium

Box myrtle Gambier

India East Indies South Africa Paraguay Transvaal Northern India Cape Good Hope Chile Brazil Paraguay

f Yhva-iha Cape sumac . Guarà Yhvihra puihta

Pentacme suavis

India

Phyllanthus emblica

Amia

India

Phyllocladus asplenifolia Phyllocladus rhomboidalis Phyllocladus trichomanoides Picea glehni Picea sitchensis Pinus cembra Pinus densiflora Pinus halepensis Pinus Khasya Pinus longifolia Pinus muricata Pinus radiata Pinus sylvestris Pinus thunbergii Piptadenia cebil Piptadenia rigida Pistacia lentiscus Pistacia orientalis Pithecolobium dulce „ , , amphibium . , . Polygonum ™ r Polygonum bistorta

Celery-topped pine

Tasmania Tasmania New Zealand Japan Pacific states Alpine Europe Japan Mediterranean coasts Burma India California California Northern Europe Japan Argentina Paraguay Mediterranean India Mexico TV/T Missouri•

Red yezomatsu Sitka spruce Pine Red pine Aleppo pine Pine Long-leaved pine Swamp pine Monterey pine Scotch fir Black pine Kurupaih-ra puihta Pistacio Pistacio Camanchile Snakeweed

England

| Per cent tannin f Bark 14-15 \ Leaves 11 [ Wood 10 Bark 17-22 Roots 32 Bark 26 Pods 12-15 Bark 8 Root bark 20 Bark 9 Bark &-10 j „T , ^ I Wood 7 Bark 17-19 Bark 9-16 Bark 10-22 . Bark 20-25 Bark 26 Wood 11 Bark 26 Bark 20-30 Bark 4 Roots 10 Bark 11 1 I

[ •

\I [

A

rtOOtS 4—O

Bark 13-27 Leaves and twigs 5-6 Bark 6 Bark 11 Leaves and twigs 13-25 Leaves 20 Leaves 17-23 Bark 25 Fruit 43-55 Bark 31 Leaves 12-24 Bark 7-13 Wood 4 Stoned fruit 26-35 Leaves 23-28 Bark 15-24 Bark 23 Bark 21 Bark 28-30 Bark 19 Bark 12-18 Bark 3-5 Bark 6 Bark 10-15 Bark 7-10 Bark 11-14 Bark 13 Bark 14 Bark 4-5 Bark 6 Bark 15 Bark 28 Leaves 12-19 Galls 30-40 Bark 15-25 Roots 2 2 Branches 17 Roots 16-21

SOURCE AND TANNIN CONTENT OF VEGETABLE TANNING MATERIALS.—(Continued) Botanical name Populus tremula Prosopis oblonga Protea grandiflora Protea mellifera Pseudotsuga taxifolia Punica granatum

Pomegranate

India

^ t 7 . lorentzii 7 , •• Quebrachia

^ i_ T. Quebracho

O ^ T America _ A South

Per cent tannin Bark 3 Bark 14 Bark 15-16 Bark 18-25 Bark 7 Fruit rind 27-30 Kernel 32 Bark 18-22 j ßWood , 20-30 »

Quercus aegilops Quercus agri/olia Quercus alba Quercus californica Quercus cerris Quercus chrysolepis Quercus cocci/era Quercus coccinea Quercus densiflora ^ j Quercus dentata

Valonia Live oak White oak Black oak Turkey oak Maul oak Kermes oak Scarlet oak Tanbark oak T I Japanese oak

Mediterranean California Northern America California Southern Europe Pacific states Mediterranean United States California T Japan

Acorns 17-40 Bark 19 Bark 7 Bark 10 Galls 35 Bark 7-12 Bark 10-18 Bark 8 Bark 10-29 Bark 1 ! W d17 1

Quercus fenestrata Quercus garryana

Pacific post oak

Northern India Pacific states

Quercus grosseserrata

Water oak

Japan

Quercus Quercus Quercus Quercus Quercus Quercus Quercus

Evergreen oak

Southern Europe India Turkey Northern India Northern India California Algeria

ilex incana. infectoria lamellosa lineata lobata mirbechi

j

Common name Poplar Abu-surug Sugarbush Douglas

Aleppo

White oak

fir

j

Place grown Europe Sudan Cape Good Hope Cape Good Hope Pacific states

|

Bark 10-16 Bark 6-7 |

ar

Bark 5-11 Bark 22 Galls 24r-60 Bark 8-10 Bark 11 Bark 12 Bark 8 Acorn cups 13-15 Bark 12-13 Leaves 10 Bark 9-12 Bark 16

Quercus pachyphylla

Sungra katus

Northern India

Quercus prinus Quercus pseudocornea

Chestnut oak Gie-quang

United States Indo-China

Quercus robur

Common oak

Europe and U. S.

\ TTT , _ . I Wood 2-4

Quercus rubra

Red oak

Northern America

Quercus spp Quercus suber Quercus tozae Quercus velutina Quercus wislizeni Rheedia braziliensis Rhizophora conjugata

Gie-bob Cork oak Black oak Highland oak Pakuri Mangrove

Indo-China Europe Southern France United States California Paraguay Philippines

1 ^ ^ I Bark Bark Bark Bark Bark Bark Bark Bark

Rhizophora mangle

Mangrove

Tropical coasts

Rhizophora mucronata Rhus copallina Rhus coriaria Rhus cotinus Rhus cotinoides Rhus glabra Rhus metopium Rhus mysorensis

Mangrove Sumac Sicilian sumac Venetian sumac Sumac White sumac Sumac

Asia and Africa United States Sicily Italy United States United States United States Southern India

Rhus pentaphylla

Tizra sumac

Morocco

Rhus rhodanthema

Deep yellow wood

New South Wales

Rhus semialata

Sumac

America and Asia

?a _ S 4-6 11 12-19 14 6-12 7-8 22 26-32

1 T ar I Leaves 22 Bark 21-48 Leaves 17-38 Leaves 25-32 Leaves 17 Leaves 21 Leaves 15-25 Leaves 8 Bark 20 | °° ^ I Wood 23 Bark 23 1 ~^ves „ _ I Chinese galls 70

SOURCE AND TANNIN CONTENT OF VEGETABLE TANNING MATERIALS.—(Continued) Botanical name Rhus succedanea Rhus thunbergii Rhus typhina

j

Common name

Virginian sumac

Place grown India Cape Good Hope Virginia

Robinia pseudacacia

Black locust

Europe

j ^r ,

Rollinia sp Rumex hymenosepalum Rumex maritima Sabal palmetto Sabal serrulata Salix alba Salix arenaria Salix caproea Salix fragilis Salix lasiandra Salix purpurea Salix viminalis Schinus molle

Aratiku gwazu Canaigre Docks Cabbage palmetto Saw palmetto White willow Willow Willow Willow Yellow willow Willow Willow Molle

Paraguay Mexico Europe Florida Florida

California Japan Russia Argentina

Sequoia sempervirens

Redwood

Pacific states

Bark 4 Roots 25-30 Roots 22 Roots 10-18 Leaves 13 Bark 9 Bark 13 Bark 8-12 Bark 9-12 Bark 2 Bark 8 Bark 7-10 Leaves 19 f Heartwood 4-12 • Sapwood 1-2 Bark 1-3

Sumac

Shorea obtusa

j

Russia Japan

India

Shorea robusta Sonneratia pagatpat

Sai bark Pagatpat

India Philippines

Statice coriaria.. . . Stryphnodendron barbatimao

Marsh rosemary Barbatimao

Southern Russia Brazil

Tamarix africana

Tamarisk

Mediterranean

Tamarix articulata Tamarix dioica Taxus cuspidata Terminalia arjuna Terminalia belerica Terminalia calappa Terminalia chebula Terminalia glabra Terminalia mauritiana

Tamarisk Jhao Yew Kahua Bedda Badamier Myrobalan Kumbuk Jamrosa

Morocco India Japan India India India India Ceylon India

Terminalia oliveri

Thann

Malay

j

Per cent tannin Leaves 20 Bark 28 Leaves 10-18

j _Tr , Wood 6-7 Bark 6-15 Bark 11-12 Bark 17 T> • 4o—oO en JcCesin Roots 20-22 Bark 18-27 Galls 26-56 Twigs 9 Leaves 9 Galls 43-56 Bark 10 Bark 10 Bark 18-24 Nuts 12 Bark 12-25 Nuts 30-40 Bark 27-32 Bark 30

{

Tormentala erecta Trichilia catigua Trichilia hieronymi Tsuga canadensis Tsuga heterophylla Umbellularia calif arnica Valeria indica Weimannia glabra

Curtidor

Europe Paraguay Paraguay Northern America Pacific states California India Venezuela

Woodfordia

Itcha

India

Ximenia americana

floribunda

Kaatigua puihta Kaatigua moroti Hemlock Western hemlock California laurel

Alimu

,

Sudan

| _ ar I Leaves 14 Roots 20-46 Bark 21 Bark 23 Bark 7-12 Bark 9-16 Bark 16 Fruit 25 Bark 10-13 i _ I Leaves 15 Bark 17

( Xylocarpus granatum Xylocarpus obovatus Zizyphus nummularia Zizyphus xylopyra

Piagao Tabique Ber Gothar

Africa and Asia Philippines India India

Bark 9—19 TTT 1 A

Wood 4 Bark 21-48 Bark 22-25 Bark 10 Fruit flesh 23

LITERATURE

2. EFFECT OF REMOVAL OF NONTANNIN BY DIALYSIS Initial Final concn. concn. The following periodicals, reports and books were used in the above compilaHours P. D. g dry g dry Extract of tion: 45; 54; 167; 867 \ 258; 259; 260; 261; 262; 263; 264; 265; Reports. Freiberg (volts) dialyzed solids solids Experiment Station; Reports, Australian Institute of Science and Industry; U. S. Department of Commerce, Reports; H. R. Procter, Principles of Leather per 1 per 1 Manufacture, New York, 1922; J. Dekker, Die Gerbstoffe, Berlin, 1913; A. 24 Gambier 21.0 -0.029 32.8 Harvey, Tanning Materials, London, 1921; J. A. Wilson, The Chemistry of Leather 24 -0.024 Hemlock bark Manufacture, New York, 1923. 24 Sumac leaves -0.026 16.0 8.6 24 -0.024 16.0 Osage orange 10.9 60 9.6 -0.033 16.0 Electrical Potential Difference (P. D.) between Tannin Particles Quebracho wood and Solutions of Tanning Extracts 3. EFFECT OF CONCENTRATION OF QUEBRACHO EXTRACT Concn. g dry solids per 1 P. D. (volts) 1. EXTRACTS FROM DIFFERENT SOURCES 4.0 -0.030 Extractof Concn. g dry PD 8.0 -0.029 solids per 1 (volts) 16.0 -0.028 Gambier ,. 18.7 -0.005 32.0 -0.024 Oak bark 17.0 -0.009 4. EFFECT OF ADDITION OF ACID Chestnut wood 17.8 -0.009 Hemlock bark 16.7 -0.010 (16 g solid quebracho extract per 1) Sumac leaves 19.6 -0.014 O. IAT HCl added per 1 | P. D. (volts) Spruce bark 19.5 -0.018 0.0 -0.024 Osage orange wood 13.7 -0.018 (?) 10.0 -0.014 Quebracho wood 11.0 , -0.028 15.0 -0.010 20.0 approx. zero (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume)

LITERATURE Thomas and Foster, 45, 14: 191; 22. 15: 707; 23.

LEATHER

JOHN ARTHUR WILSON INHALTSVERZEICHNIS Die untersuchten Lederarten. Zusammensetzung. Reissfestigkeit, Dehnbarkeit, Nähfestigkeit.

INDICE PAGE: Tipi studiati 250» Composizione 251 Prova di resistenza, allungamento e resistenza 251 nella cucitura

Absorption of water from moist air. Swelling by water. Permeability to water vapor and to air. Resilience.

MATIÈRES Genres de cuirs étudiés. Composition. Résistance à la traction, allongement et résistance au déchirement du point de couture. Absorption de l'eau à partir de l'air humide. Gonflement à l'eau. Perméabilité à la vapeur d'eau et à l'air. Rejaillessement.

Wasseraufnahme aus feuchter Luft. Quellung in Wasser. Durchlässigkeit für Wasserdampf und Luft. Elastische Nachwirkung.

Assorbimento di acqua dall'aria umida Rigonfiamento nell'acqua.. Permeabilità al vapor d'acqua e all'aria Rimbalzo

TYPE

GENRES DE CUIRS

DlE UNTERSUCHTEN

CONTENTS Types studied. Composition. Tensile strength, elongation and resistance to stitch tear.

IND. No.

1. Colored, vegetable-tanned calf. 2. Colored, chrome-tanned calf. 3. Black, c h r o m e - t a n n e d , glazed kid. 4. Black, c h r o m e - t a n n e d kangaroo. 5. Black, vegetable-tanned horse butt (Cordovan). 6. Colored, chrome-tanned, buffed and split cow hide (buck). 7. Colored, chrome-tanned side (split cow hide).

253 253 253 254

TlPI DI PELLE

Veau teint, tanné au végétal.

LEDERARTEN Farbiges lohgares Kalbleder.

Vitello al tannino, colorato.

Veau teint, tanné au chrome.

Farbiges Chromkalbleder.

Vitello al cromo, colorato.

Chevreau verni, noir, tanné au chrome. Kangourou noir, tanné au chrome. Croupon de cheval, tanné au végétal (Cordovan). Cuir de vache teint, tanné au chrome, refendu et effleuré (façon daim). Bande entière de vache (refendue) teinte, tannée au chrome.

Schwarzes Chromchevreaux.

Cuoio morbido di montone;; glacé tinto in nero al cromo. Pelle di canguro al cromo, tinta in nero. Culatta di cavallo al tanninotinta in nero (Cordovano). Pelle di vacca al cromo, spaccata, scamosciata, colorata.

Schwarzes chromgares Känguruhleder. Schwarzer lohgare Rosspiegel (Cordovan). Farbige chromgare, gebuffte Rindernarbenspalte (bück). Farbige chromgare Rindspalte.

Fianco di vacca (spaccata)al cromo, colorato.

LITERATURE

2. EFFECT OF REMOVAL OF NONTANNIN BY DIALYSIS Initial Final concn. concn. The following periodicals, reports and books were used in the above compilaHours P. D. g dry g dry Extract of tion: 45; 54; 167; 867 \ 258; 259; 260; 261; 262; 263; 264; 265; Reports. Freiberg (volts) dialyzed solids solids Experiment Station; Reports, Australian Institute of Science and Industry; U. S. Department of Commerce, Reports; H. R. Procter, Principles of Leather per 1 per 1 Manufacture, New York, 1922; J. Dekker, Die Gerbstoffe, Berlin, 1913; A. 24 Gambier 21.0 -0.029 32.8 Harvey, Tanning Materials, London, 1921; J. A. Wilson, The Chemistry of Leather 24 -0.024 Hemlock bark Manufacture, New York, 1923. 24 Sumac leaves -0.026 16.0 8.6 24 -0.024 16.0 Osage orange 10.9 60 9.6 -0.033 16.0 Electrical Potential Difference (P. D.) between Tannin Particles Quebracho wood and Solutions of Tanning Extracts 3. EFFECT OF CONCENTRATION OF QUEBRACHO EXTRACT Concn. g dry solids per 1 P. D. (volts) 1. EXTRACTS FROM DIFFERENT SOURCES 4.0 -0.030 Extractof Concn. g dry PD 8.0 -0.029 solids per 1 (volts) 16.0 -0.028 Gambier ,. 18.7 -0.005 32.0 -0.024 Oak bark 17.0 -0.009 4. EFFECT OF ADDITION OF ACID Chestnut wood 17.8 -0.009 Hemlock bark 16.7 -0.010 (16 g solid quebracho extract per 1) Sumac leaves 19.6 -0.014 O. IAT HCl added per 1 | P. D. (volts) Spruce bark 19.5 -0.018 0.0 -0.024 Osage orange wood 13.7 -0.018 (?) 10.0 -0.014 Quebracho wood 11.0 , -0.028 15.0 -0.010 20.0 approx. zero (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume)

LITERATURE Thomas and Foster, 45, 14: 191; 22. 15: 707; 23.

LEATHER

JOHN ARTHUR WILSON INHALTSVERZEICHNIS Die untersuchten Lederarten. Zusammensetzung. Reissfestigkeit, Dehnbarkeit, Nähfestigkeit.

INDICE PAGE: Tipi studiati 250» Composizione 251 Prova di resistenza, allungamento e resistenza 251 nella cucitura

Absorption of water from moist air. Swelling by water. Permeability to water vapor and to air. Resilience.

MATIÈRES Genres de cuirs étudiés. Composition. Résistance à la traction, allongement et résistance au déchirement du point de couture. Absorption de l'eau à partir de l'air humide. Gonflement à l'eau. Perméabilité à la vapeur d'eau et à l'air. Rejaillessement.

Wasseraufnahme aus feuchter Luft. Quellung in Wasser. Durchlässigkeit für Wasserdampf und Luft. Elastische Nachwirkung.

Assorbimento di acqua dall'aria umida Rigonfiamento nell'acqua.. Permeabilità al vapor d'acqua e all'aria Rimbalzo

TYPE

GENRES DE CUIRS

DlE UNTERSUCHTEN

CONTENTS Types studied. Composition. Tensile strength, elongation and resistance to stitch tear.

IND. No.

1. Colored, vegetable-tanned calf. 2. Colored, chrome-tanned calf. 3. Black, c h r o m e - t a n n e d , glazed kid. 4. Black, c h r o m e - t a n n e d kangaroo. 5. Black, vegetable-tanned horse butt (Cordovan). 6. Colored, chrome-tanned, buffed and split cow hide (buck). 7. Colored, chrome-tanned side (split cow hide).

253 253 253 254

TlPI DI PELLE

Veau teint, tanné au végétal.

LEDERARTEN Farbiges lohgares Kalbleder.

Vitello al tannino, colorato.

Veau teint, tanné au chrome.

Farbiges Chromkalbleder.

Vitello al cromo, colorato.

Chevreau verni, noir, tanné au chrome. Kangourou noir, tanné au chrome. Croupon de cheval, tanné au végétal (Cordovan). Cuir de vache teint, tanné au chrome, refendu et effleuré (façon daim). Bande entière de vache (refendue) teinte, tannée au chrome.

Schwarzes Chromchevreaux.

Cuoio morbido di montone;; glacé tinto in nero al cromo. Pelle di canguro al cromo, tinta in nero. Culatta di cavallo al tanninotinta in nero (Cordovano). Pelle di vacca al cromo, spaccata, scamosciata, colorata.

Schwarzes chromgares Känguruhleder. Schwarzer lohgare Rosspiegel (Cordovan). Farbige chromgare, gebuffte Rindernarbenspalte (bück). Farbige chromgare Rindspalte.

Fianco di vacca (spaccata)al cromo, colorato.

8. Black, chrome-tanned slink calf (suede). 9. Uncolored, v e g e t a b l e tanned calf (shoe lining).

Veau mort-né noir, tanné au chrome (façon suède). Veau naturel, tanné au végétal (doublure de chaussure).

Schwarzes chromgare Kalbleder (suède). Ungefärbtes lohgare Kalbleder (Schuhfutterleder).

10. Uncolored, v e g e t a b l e tanned sheep (shoe lining).

Mouton naturel, tanné au végétal (doublure de chaussure).

Ungefärbtes lohgare Schafleder (Schuhfutterleder).

11. B l a c k , vegetable-tanned shark. 12. Patent, chrome-tanned side (split cow hide).

Requin noir, tanné au végétal.

Schwarz es lohgare Haifischleder.

Bande entière de vache (refendue), vernie, tannée au chrome. Chevreau verni, tanné au chrome. Poulain verni, tanné au chrome.

Chromgares leder.

13. Patent, chrome-tanned kid. 14. P a t e n t , chrome-tanned colt. 15. Heavy, black, c h r o m e tanned cow hide. 16. Chrome-re-tan, army upper leather (split cow hide). 17. Vegetable-tanned steer hide (sole leather). 18. Chrome-tanned steer hide (sole leather). Each analysis was made on one representative skin of each type. The same 18 skins were used to make all measurements listed in this section, thus making all properties of any one type directly comparable and related to chemical composition.

Cuir de vache, fort, noir, tanné au chrome. Cuir d'empeigne pour l'armée, semi-chrome (peau de vache refendue chromé, puis retanné au végétal). Cuir de génisse, tanné au végétal (cuir de semelles). Cuir de génisse, tanné au chrome (cuir de semelles). Chaque analyse a été effectuée sur une peau représentative de chaque genre de cuir. On a utilisé les mêmes 18 peaux pour faire toutes les mesures mentionnées dans cette section. De la sorte, toutes les propriétés de chaque genre de cuir sont directement comparables et en relation avec la composition chimique.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

13.641.012.00.3 0.40.1 9.1 23.5 16. 3 62. 6 4. 63. 4 0. 4 0 . 30. 5 1.20.35.4 13.765.3 6.61.0 0 . 9 0 . 5 0 . 2 0 . 2 0.20.34.5 12.062.711.31.8 0 . 2 0 . 3 0 . 1 0 . 3 0.10.16.0 10.040.118.60.6 0.1 0.1 8.7 21.8 14.169.6 2.13.2 0.3 .. 0.2 1.00.65.3 16.366.8 5.83.6 1.0 0.30.1 0.20.23.6 12.755.1 7.10.8 0 . 4 0 . 2 0 . 1 0 . 2 1.01.25.4 11.946.0 7.60.1 0.2 0.1 12.3 21.8 10.950.0 6.11.7 0.6 0.1 0.10.1 13.0 17.4 12.245.4 6.91.5 0.1 0.1 5.4 28.4 10.150.510.01.8 0.60.1 0.1 0.10.42.9 9.0 11.854.0 6 . 6 2 . 1 0.3 0.2 0.20.63.6 8.4 12.060.4 5.12.3 0.50.10.10.3 0.10.33.6 6.1 14.457.014.24.4 0 . 4 0 . 1 0 . 4 ^ 0.75.5 15.144.620.41.1 0.3 0.4Qg 0.30.22.4 14.629.7 3.20.8 U 0.8 0.7 35.6 14.6 16.329.425.45.912.30.80.92.30.52.60.51.7

Other organic matter by diff.

Collodion

Combined tannin by diff.

Cr2O3

Organic water soluble

Fe2O3

Al2O3

MgSO4

CaO

NaCl

HCl

Na2SO4

H2SO4

Fat

Skin protein

H2O

Ind. No.

COMPOSITION, % AT 50% RELATIVE HUMIDITY (*)

5.0 6.6 5.1 3.6 2.1 15.8

14.4 12.2 9.1 2.9 15.2 1.4

TENSILE STRENGTH, STRETCH AND STITCH TEAR (*) Each value recorded is the average of 3 determinations. The strips for strength and stretch were cut with a die 2.54 X 15.24 cm and the jaws of the testing machine were initially 10.16 cm apart. The 3 strips from each skin were cut with their lengths parallel to the backbone and spaced equally between head and tail end along a

Rindspaltlack-

Chromchevreauxlackleder. Chromgares Rosslackleder. Schweres schwarzes Chromrindleder. Nachchromiertes Müitäroberleder (Rindspalte).

Pelle di vitello (feto) al cromo, tinta in nero (tipo svedese). Vitello al tannino in color naturale (fodera da calzature). Montone al tannino in color naturale (fodera da calzature). Pelle di squalo al tannino, tinta in nero. Fianco di vacca (spaccata) al cromo, brevettato. Cuoio morbido di montone al cromo, brevettato. Puledro al cromo, brevettato. Pelle di vacca al cromo tinta in nero, pesante. Cuoio di vacca (spaccata) superiore per l'esercito, riconciato al cromo. -4L

Lohgares Rindleder (Sohlenleder). Chromgares Rindleder (Sohlenleder). Jede Analyse wurde an einem besonderem Vertreter einer Hauttype gemacht. Dieselben 18 Häute sind für alle Messungen die in diesem Abschnitt angeführt werden, verwendet worden. Es werden dadurch alle Eigenschaften jeder einzelnen Type direkt vergleichbar und in Beziehung zur chemischen Zusammensetzung gebracht.

Pelle di giovenco al tannino (cuoio da suola). Pelle di giovenco al cromo (cuoio da suola). Ogni analisi fu fatta sopra un campione rappresentante ciascun tipo di pelle. Gli stessi 18 campioni furono usati per eseguire tutte le misure indicate in questa sezione, risultando così tutte le proprietà di ogni singolo tipo direttamente paragonabili ed in rapporto alla composizione chimica.

line midway between backbone and belly edge. The leather was in equilibrium with an atmosphere of 50% relative humidity. The stitch tear was made with Irish flax shoe thread No. 6 slipped through a hole 2 mm from the leather edge. I = average thickness; TS — tensile strength in kg per cm2 of original cross section; S = stretch (a) at 13.6 kg per 2.54 cm width, (6) at 225 kg per cm2; ST = stitch tear.

ImI No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

I TS mm kg/cm2 1.19 422 1.00 327 0.76 409 0.52 508 1.12 113 0.92 201 1.22 213 0.63 156 0.93 310 0.87 200 0.80 118 1.09 90 0.96 217 1.43 228 2.94 182 2.48 346 6.28 191 4.80 100

%S (a) | (b) 5 17 7 22 20 34 16 24 14 53 9 34 11 36 19 36 11 27 13 35 35 84 10 69 17 42 13 46 8 54 6 29 1 23 1 70

IST kg 13 10 8 9 7 5 10 1 8 6 5 3 7 8 27 28 38 21

AREA CHANGE WITH RELATIVE HUMIDITY 0

Measurements were made after 30 days contact at 25 C. The samples were kept in desiccators over sulfuric acid solutions of 37.5, 17.6, 13.6, 11.8, 10.2, 6.6, and 0.0 normalities to maintain the relative humidities at O, 20, 40, 50, 60, 80 and 100% respectively.

N

% increase in area with increasing relative humidity Relative humidity 20 I 40 I 50 I 60 I 80 I 10Q~ sTë 4.2 4.5 4.8 5.5 5.7 7.7 10.0 10.3 11.5 12.4 16.0 3.4 4.6 4.8 5.5 7.5 15.6 5.7 6.9 6.9 7.5 10.9 19.0 2.0 3.0 3.0 3.2 3.4 4.0 6.7 7.5 7.7 8.8 10.5 14.7 6.7 7.7 8.0 9.2 10.5 15.8 8.0 10.7 10.9 11.7 11.9 13.8 5.3 6.5 6.7 6.9 7.5 9.2 4.2 5.5 5.5 5.9 8.2 9.4 4.0 4.9 5.1 5.3 5.7 8.0 5.5 6.3 6.3 6.9 8.6 10.5 5.3 5.9 6.1 6.5 7.1 9.6 4.5 6.3 6.3 6.5 8.2 13.0 7.1 8.0 8.0 9.2 10.9 16.9 6.5 7.7 8.0 8.4 9.0 11.5 1.0 1.4 2.7 3.0 30 5.5 3.8 4.5 5.9 6.3 7.7 13.0

'

°' ï 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

WATER CONTENT AT DIFFERENT RELATIVE HUMIDITIES ( 1 J 2 ).— (Continued) *nd< ' 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 NQ

g water per 100 g dry leather after relative humidity of % O I 20 40 I 50 I 60 I 0.9 8.8 12.1 13.5 16.1 1.1 8.2 11.3 12.2 14.6 2.4 10.2 12.7 1.3.9 14.3 0.7 8.5 10.4 11.2 12.6 1.9 10.5 12.7 13.4 14.6 2.0 9.6 12.4 13.6 15.1 1.2 12.9 15.1 16.8 17.7 4.4 12.5 16.4 17.8 18.4 3.4 12.2 17.0 17.1 18.3 8.6 14.9 18.1 19.5 20.6

30 days at

_^^^__^^______^___^_______^______^______________^________

80 • I 19.6 19.6 17.1 18.5 20.7 22.7 21.9 21.1 21.7 24.5

100 32.0 48.4 38.1 36.9 39.5 57.5 49.6 37.8 43.6 50.4

FIG. 2.—Effect of oil content ( 4 ).

FIG. 1.—Variations in strength and resistance to 3stretch for calf leather from different parts of the skin ( ). Tensile strength given in kg per cm2. Percentage stretch measured under load of 225 kg per cm2. Tensile strength less thanlTO k g . T e n s i l e strength 260 to 350 kg. Stretch greater than 60 % . S t r e t c h 26 to 20 %. Tensile strength 170 to 260 k g . T e n s i l e strength greater than Stretch 6 0 t o 2 6 % . 3 5 0kg. Stretch less than 20 %. WATER CONTENT AT DIFFERENT RELATIVE HUMIDITIES ( 1 J 2 ) ^ °' 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

g water per 100 g dry leather after 30 days at relative humidity of % O I 20 I 40 I 50 I 60 I 80 | 100 1.4 10.8 14.0 15.7 17.9 21.2 39.6 2.1 12.4 18.1 19.5 21.0 27.9 53.4 2.9 10.6 14.2 15.9 18.1 27.3 62.2 0.4 9.3 12.6 13.6 15.4 22.8 51.7 1.8 7.0 9.8 11.1 11.8 15.6 22.9 2.2 11.7 15.4 16.4 17.4 25.1 47.8 1.8 12.1 17.2 19.5 20.8 25.9 54.5 0.3 9.4 13.4 14.5 15.8 20.9 59.5

FIG. 3.—Relative strengths of splits of vegetable-tanned calf leather compared with unsplit leather. Average tensile strength of skin 324 kg/cm 2 ; average thickness 0.91 mm. Strengths in chart are given per unit width, not cross section ( 5 ).

VENTILATING PROPERTIES Effect of kind of skin and tannage (* )

Ind. No. 1 mm Pw*, % PAf Ind. No.

1 mm PW*, % PA t

I 1 I 2 [ 3 4 | 5 I 6 | 7 | 8 9 1.081.000.730.531.150.881.220.600.88 : 70 70 70 "65 54 95 74 97 79 197 67 249 185J 4l|ll83| 369|1820| 246 I 10 I 11

12

13 I 14 I 15 I 16

17 pUT

0.880.891.010.991.372.592.316.284.80 78 89 6 9 5 38 49 34 4 251 1416 0| O I O I 45 179 43 | O

•* Pw, % permeability to water vapor, is defined as 100 times the ratio of the rate of passage of water from an atmosphere of 100% relative humidity to one of zero humidity through a given area of the leather sample, of thickness, 1, to the rate of a similar passage of water through an equal area of free space at the same temperature. In these measurements, the area chosen was 1.267 cm2 and the temperature 250C. t PA, permeability to air, is defined as the rate of flow of air (cm8/min per cm2 of leather) through thickness 1, under the pressure difference, atmospheric to 35 mm Hg.

Effect of temperature, Fig. 6; effect of relative humidity, Fig. 5. FIG. 4.—Percentage gain or loss in strength per unit cross section of chrome calf leather with change of relative humidity. The difference between the two curves reflects the volume change in the leather with relative humidity. Leather with high fat content shows much less change in strength with relative humidity ( 8 ).

FIG. 5.—Effect of relative humidity of 1 atmosphere upon passage of water into it from an atmosphere kept at 100 % relative humidity through vegetable-tanned calf leather and through free space ( 6 ).

FIG. 7. — Effect of oil content of leather (6).

FIG. 6.—Effect of temperature upon passage of water from an atmosphere of 100 % relative humidity to one of zero relative humidity through vegetable-tanned calf leather and through free space (6).

FIG. 8. —Effect of quantity of 6casein used as finishing material ( ).

FIG. 9.— Effect of quantity of collodion used as finishing material ( 6 ).

Relative resilience is defined as the percentage rebound of a brass plunger (weighing 48.5 g and having a contact area of 0.70 cm2) when dropped from a height of 60 cm upon a thickness of 3 mm of leather backed by a solid maple block. Relative humidity 50%. The relative resilience is decreased by an increasing content of either water or oil.

RESILIENCE ( 1 J 7) Ind. No ReI. resilience

I l| 2| 3 4 5 6 7 8 910|ll 12|l314|l5 16|l7J18 |22|26(28|24|l6|23|2l|2l|22|2l|23|l9|22|23|l7|ll|39|l7 LITERATURE

(For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) (M Wilson et. al., 261, 21: 193, 198, 241; 26. (2) Wilson and Gallun, 45, 16: 268; 24. (3) Wilson, 45, 17: 829; 25. (*) Wilson and Gallun, 45, 16: 1147; 24. (5) Wilson and Kern, 45, 18 : 312; 26. (6) Wilson and Lines, 45, 17: 570; 25. (7) Wilson, 261, 20: 576; 25. («) Wilson and Kern, »61, 21; 250; 26.

RUBBER, GUTTA-PERCHA AND BALATA G. STAFFORD WHITBY CONTENTS

MATIEKES

INHALTSVERZEICHNIS

Latex. Chemical composition of raw rubber. Physical properties of raw rubber. Viscosity. Tensile properties.

Latex. Composition chimique de caoutchouc cru. Propriétés physiques de caoutchouc cru. Viscosité. Résistance à la traction.

Latex. Chemische Eigenschaften des Rohgummi. Physikalische Eigenschaften des Rohgummi. Viskosität. Dehnbarkeit.

Various types of Hevea. Factors in preparation.

Hevea des types diverses. Facteurs de la préparation.

Verschiedene Arten von Hevea, Herstellung.

Non-Hevea rubber. Vulcanized rubber. Physical properties. Tensile properties.

Caoutchouc non-Hevea. Caoutchouc vulcanisé. Propriétés physiques. Résistance à la traction.

Andere Gummiarten. Vulkanisierter Kautschuk. Physikalische Eigenschaften. Dehnbarkeit.

Mechanical hysteresis. Hardness. Resistance to tearing.

Hystérésis mécanique. Dureté. Résistance au déchirement

Compressibility. Thermal properties. Absorption. Imbibition of liquids.

Compressibilité. Propriétés thermiques. Absorption. Imbibition des liquides.

Solubility of solids in rubber. Permeability. Electrical properties. Milling. Softeners. Accelerators. Compounding ingredients. Aging. Hard rubber. Gutta-Percha and balata.

Solubilité des solides caoutchouc. Perméabilité. Propriétés électriques. Moulage. Amollissants. Accélérateurs. Additions diverses. Viellissement. Caoutchouc durci. Gutta-percha et balata.

Hysteresis. Härte. Reissfestigkeit.

en

ABBREVIATIONS TB EB Tx

ET

Breaking load expressed unless otherwise stated as kg per cm 2 unstrained cross section Ultimate elongation (percentage of unstrained length) Stiffness, expressed as the load (kg/cm 2 unstrained cross section) required to produce an increase in length x times the unstrained length Stiffness, expressed as the percentage elongation produced by a load T kg/cm 2 unstrained cross section

Kompressibilität. Thermische Eigenschaften. Absorption. Aufsaugbarkeit für Flüssigkeiten. Löslichkeit fester Stoffe im Kautschuk. Permeabilität. Elektrische Eigenschaften. Einfluss des Mahlens. Erweichungsstoffe. Beschleuniger. Füllmassen. Altern. Hartgummi. Gutta-Percha und Balata. V. C. D3O

AD Cure 77

INDICE Latex Composizione chimica di caucciù crudo Proprietà fisiche di caucciù crudo Viscosità Comportamento alla trazione Hevea di tipi diversi Fattori nella preparazione.... Caucciù non-Hevea Caucciù vulcanizzata Proprietà fisiche Comportamento alla trazione Isteresi meccanica Durezza.. Resistenza allo squarciamento Compressibilità Proprietà termiche Assorbimento Imbibizione di liquidi...

pAaH 255 258 259 259 261 262 263 264 264

266 267 269 269 269 269 269 271

Solubilità di solidi nel caucciù 272 Permeabilità 272 Proprietà elettriche 272 Getto 276 Rammollitori 277 Acceleratori 278 Aggiunte diverse 286 Invecchiamento 290 Caucciù duro 292 Guttaperca e balata 294

Vulcanization coefficient Plasticity expressed as the thickness of a disc (0.4 g) after 30 min in a Williams' plastometer at 100° under a load of 5 kg Plasticity expressed as D2O-Ds5 Unless otherwise indicated, the period of vulcanization required to give an optimum or standard "cure." Viscosity, expressed unless otherwise indicated as the time of flow of a 1 % solution in benzene relative to the time of flow of the pure solvent .

Relative resilience is defined as the percentage rebound of a brass plunger (weighing 48.5 g and having a contact area of 0.70 cm2) when dropped from a height of 60 cm upon a thickness of 3 mm of leather backed by a solid maple block. Relative humidity 50%. The relative resilience is decreased by an increasing content of either water or oil.

RESILIENCE ( 1 J 7) Ind. No ReI. resilience

I l| 2| 3 4 5 6 7 8 910|ll 12|l314|l5 16|l7J18 |22|26(28|24|l6|23|2l|2l|22|2l|23|l9|22|23|l7|ll|39|l7 LITERATURE

(For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) (M Wilson et. al., 261, 21: 193, 198, 241; 26. (2) Wilson and Gallun, 45, 16: 268; 24. (3) Wilson, 45, 17: 829; 25. (*) Wilson and Gallun, 45, 16: 1147; 24. (5) Wilson and Kern, 45, 18 : 312; 26. (6) Wilson and Lines, 45, 17: 570; 25. (7) Wilson, 261, 20: 576; 25. («) Wilson and Kern, »61, 21; 250; 26.

RUBBER, GUTTA-PERCHA AND BALATA G. STAFFORD WHITBY CONTENTS

MATIEKES

INHALTSVERZEICHNIS

Latex. Chemical composition of raw rubber. Physical properties of raw rubber. Viscosity. Tensile properties.

Latex. Composition chimique de caoutchouc cru. Propriétés physiques de caoutchouc cru. Viscosité. Résistance à la traction.

Latex. Chemische Eigenschaften des Rohgummi. Physikalische Eigenschaften des Rohgummi. Viskosität. Dehnbarkeit.

Various types of Hevea. Factors in preparation.

Hevea des types diverses. Facteurs de la préparation.

Verschiedene Arten von Hevea, Herstellung.

Non-Hevea rubber. Vulcanized rubber. Physical properties. Tensile properties.

Caoutchouc non-Hevea. Caoutchouc vulcanisé. Propriétés physiques. Résistance à la traction.

Andere Gummiarten. Vulkanisierter Kautschuk. Physikalische Eigenschaften. Dehnbarkeit.

Mechanical hysteresis. Hardness. Resistance to tearing.

Hystérésis mécanique. Dureté. Résistance au déchirement

Compressibility. Thermal properties. Absorption. Imbibition of liquids.

Compressibilité. Propriétés thermiques. Absorption. Imbibition des liquides.

Solubility of solids in rubber. Permeability. Electrical properties. Milling. Softeners. Accelerators. Compounding ingredients. Aging. Hard rubber. Gutta-Percha and balata.

Solubilité des solides caoutchouc. Perméabilité. Propriétés électriques. Moulage. Amollissants. Accélérateurs. Additions diverses. Viellissement. Caoutchouc durci. Gutta-percha et balata.

Hysteresis. Härte. Reissfestigkeit.

en

ABBREVIATIONS TB EB Tx

ET

Breaking load expressed unless otherwise stated as kg per cm 2 unstrained cross section Ultimate elongation (percentage of unstrained length) Stiffness, expressed as the load (kg/cm 2 unstrained cross section) required to produce an increase in length x times the unstrained length Stiffness, expressed as the percentage elongation produced by a load T kg/cm 2 unstrained cross section

Kompressibilität. Thermische Eigenschaften. Absorption. Aufsaugbarkeit für Flüssigkeiten. Löslichkeit fester Stoffe im Kautschuk. Permeabilität. Elektrische Eigenschaften. Einfluss des Mahlens. Erweichungsstoffe. Beschleuniger. Füllmassen. Altern. Hartgummi. Gutta-Percha und Balata. V. C. D3O

AD Cure 77

INDICE Latex Composizione chimica di caucciù crudo Proprietà fisiche di caucciù crudo Viscosità Comportamento alla trazione Hevea di tipi diversi Fattori nella preparazione.... Caucciù non-Hevea Caucciù vulcanizzata Proprietà fisiche Comportamento alla trazione Isteresi meccanica Durezza.. Resistenza allo squarciamento Compressibilità Proprietà termiche Assorbimento Imbibizione di liquidi...

pAaH 255 258 259 259 261 262 263 264 264

266 267 269 269 269 269 269 271

Solubilità di solidi nel caucciù 272 Permeabilità 272 Proprietà elettriche 272 Getto 276 Rammollitori 277 Acceleratori 278 Aggiunte diverse 286 Invecchiamento 290 Caucciù duro 292 Guttaperca e balata 294

Vulcanization coefficient Plasticity expressed as the thickness of a disc (0.4 g) after 30 min in a Williams' plastometer at 100° under a load of 5 kg Plasticity expressed as D2O-Ds5 Unless otherwise indicated, the period of vulcanization required to give an optimum or standard "cure." Viscosity, expressed unless otherwise indicated as the time of flow of a 1 % solution in benzene relative to the time of flow of the pure solvent .

LATEX Specific Gravity Average Undiluted Latex.—-0.97 to 0.98 ( 1 ^ 7 ). Serum from Normal Latex.—1.016 to 1.025 ( 197 ). Globules in Latex.—0.914 (i"). TABLE 1.—VARIATION WITH RUBBER CONTENT OF ORIGINAL UNDILUTED LATEX ( 197 ) g rubber/100 cm3 || 50 45 | 40 35 | 30 4 Il 0.9620 I 0.9678 |0.9736 | 0.9794 | 0.9852 g rubber/100 cm3 d\

|| 25 | 20 | 17 | 15 | 10 Il 0.9910 I 0.9968 j 1.0003 | 1.0026 [ 1.0084

TABLE 2.—TEMPERATURE COEFFICIENT OF SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF LATEX (81) Sp.gr Il 0.9950 | 0.9900 | 0.9850 0.9800 | 0.9750 Corr. 1° H 0.00030 j 0.00034 | 0.00038 | 0.00042 0.00046 Viscosity TABLE 3.—VISCOSITY OF ORIGINAL LATEX NH 3 (191) % rubber content || 35 | 30 | ^0 Without NH3 H 12-15 I 8 I I/*, at 30 WithNH3 *_|| |4_5j5|

WITH AND WITHOUT

TABLE 6 i^^T-^^

b(7)

c(7) d(»Q)|e(7i)

Total solids 30.0 22.0 25.8 32.4 Rubber by coagulation 29.0 37.0 Solids in serum 3.4 2.91 Solids in dialysate 2.6 1.65 1.54 3.2 Protein (non-diffusible, N X 6.25) 1.26 0.87 1.04 Diffusible N: Total 0.048 0.054 0.043 0.072 Ammoniacal 0.0096 Total N (mean of 3 samples) : 0.29 for f (U). Dialysates from samples a, b, c (mean values) I Sugars* I Ash| SO3 | P2O5 |CaO| MgO| K2O % latex 0.18 |0.3l|0.008| 0.090.0l|0.016 0.17 % ash I I |2.6 129.1 |3.2 |5.2 | 54.8 * After inversion.

Serum solids from sample e, NHs also present . , Protein Quebraa Ash (N X 6.25) SugarS chitol g/100 cm3 1 0.53 I 0.34 0.25 | 1.45 * Viscosity falls on keeping. Deposit Which Forms in'Ammoniated Latex TABLE 4.—INFLUENCE OF DILUTION ON VISCOSITY OF AMMONIATED Composition of deposit (ca. O to 7% of the latex) ( 37 ), %: Of LATEX (94) this deposit ca. 30% is volatile in steam in the presence of T~ 200 cm 3 in Engler MgO. & . . , Ratio % viscosimeter 20 I Sample 3* | Sample 5* 4 TLatex X TTT i. solids Deg. a Rubber ca. 30 ca. 30 Water Sec „ f Engler Acetone extract 11.6 6.4 Ninsol. in Me2CO 2.4 1.6 5 O 48~50.963 ÏÏO 2ÏÏ 4 1 37.5 0.972 75 1.42 Fe2O3 9.0 15.1 2.5 2.5 24.25 0.981 65 1.23 MgO 16.0 13.1 2 3 18.7 0.983 60 1.15 P2O5 28.0 23.6 1 4 9.4 0.992 50 1.0 K2SQ4 Tr. Tr. 10 * See Table 9. Surface Tension ( ) Deposit consisting of NH4MgPO4, 0.3 to 1.1 g/1 (i 90 ). Drop No.—(a) water, 31; (b) latex diluted with equal volume Oxidases of water, 37 to 40; (c) 2% NH3, 37 to 38; (d) c after 2 months, 49 to 50. Present.—Peroxidase (the chief oxidase; fatal temperature, 80 Miscellaneous to 85°); oxidase; catalase; tyrosinase (fatal temperature, 70°). Fresh Latex.—pH: 5.8 to 6.4 (K>) ? 6.2 to 6.6 (20); acidity: 0.02 to Optimum pH, 4.65 to 4.95, using citrate buffer solution; 8.13 to 0.04N (phenolphthalein) (190); alkalinity: 0.002 to 0.008N 8.28, using borax buffer solution. Inhibitory pH, 1.03; very (methyl red) (i»o). sensitive to alkali ( 21 ). Activators.—Ca and Mg salts (21, 207). Potential Difference between Surface of Particles and Surrounding Liquid (Ammoniated Latex).— —35 millivolts ( 145 ). TABLE 7.—RUBBER CONTENT OF LATEX AND SOLID CONTENT OF Size and Shape of Globules (19, 66, 225). SERUM UNDER DIFFERENT TAPPING SYSTEMS (203) Rubber Content ™ . , 1 cut 2 cuts 2 cuts 2 cuts 2 cuts 1 1 1 * 1 Tapping system TABLE 5.—DISTRIBUTION OF RUBBER CONTENT IN LATEX FROM 245 on i on i on J on f on | 7-YR OLD TREES (211) Rubber content* 34.2 31.65 28.2 22.75 22.4 Mean: 36.58 + 0.25% 3 Solid content t ~8?8~ 9.5 10.1 8.6 11.6 g/100 cm 1 23 |24-5|26-7|28-9|30-l|32-3|34-5|36-7 * g/100 cm3 by coagulation, f Expressed on rubber %. Number of trees | 4 | 2 | 7 | 11 | 16 | 27 | 44 | 35 TABLE 8.—INFLUENCE OF RESTING TREES ON RUBBER CONTENT OF 3 g/100 cm |38-9|40-l|42-3|44-5|46-7|48-9|50-l|52-3|54-5 LATEX AND SOLID CONTENT OF SERUM (6) Number of trees.... I 23 | 12 | 17 | 12 | 5 | 1 | 4 | 3 | 2 Days after tapping began ~ ' 12 18 I 22 33 Influence of severity of tapping (181) and of resting trees following long rest (179, 181) on rubber content of latex; cf. Tables 7, 8. Rubber content by coagulation (%) 43.0 39.3 31.5 35.8 21.8 14.8 Chemical Composition Serum solids (% of rubber) 4.9 7.110.1513.213.816.9 9 Acetaldehyde in Latex.—0.006 g/1 ( ^). Trace of NH 3 present Ammoniated Latex (91). Heat-Coagulable Protein in Serum.—After coagulation by acetic 0.33% NH 3 will preserve latex in liquid condition, while 0.5%, acid, 0.15% (rubber content of latex, 40%) (U); 0.115% (203) ; giving an alkalinity of 0.25Af (methyl red), is absolutely reliable (190). after coagulation by alcohol, 0.19% (203). 25 | 20 | 15 5-6 I 4 I 3_4 | 2 5 | 2

TABLE 9.—COAGULATION OF AMMONIATED LATEX IN EUROPE ( 37 ) Rubber NH 3 content (% rubber) Found QJJ QQ jj* Sample content, Added % (in Ceylon) (In Europe) Ï 33^2 (K89 0782 4~A 2 33.0 1.19 1.00 4.46 3 32.5 1.80 1.57 8.75 4 31.8 2.40 2.17 12.2 5 32.6 2.92 2.73 15.8 * Per cent of acetic acid necessary for coagulation in excess of the acid equivalent to the NH 3 present.

TABLE 10.—VULCANIZING PROPERTIES OF RUBBER BY CHsCO2H COAGULATION FROM LATEX PRESERVED WITH DIFFERENT PROPORTIONS OF NH 3 ( 37 ) Pure gum mixture (ring-shaped test pieces) Sample, cf. Table 9 1 2 3 4 5

Cure, min 115 130 126 125 125

T

* 164 157 144 147 164

EB

855 859 842 840 874

° 35 36 37 36 36

TABLE 11.—INFLUENCE OF «AGE OF AMMONIATED LATEX ON VULCANIZING PROPERTIES OF RUBBER ( 201 ) Undiluted latex containing 0.72% NH3; coagulated by CH3CO2H; stock: rubber, 92.5; S, 7.5%; vulcanized at 148° Aqueous Acetone extract, extract, „ „ % % Control Ammoniated: Same day Next day After 1 mo After 3 mo

. ' nun

TB

Orig.

2 _ g> After in acid 14 mo ^ T1 V>6±l6

0.44

sTO

ÏÏÔ

Ï28

31

29

16

0.37 0.54 0.23 0.22

2.9 3.2 3.2 3.9

90 70 105 100

135 143 143 124

31 27 53 56

30 30 22.5 28

15.5 17 19 18

TABLE 12.—AMMONIATED LATEX CREAMED BY CENTRIFUGATION (129)

Stock: rubber, 92.5; S, 7.5; vulcanized for 90 min at 147°; coagulated by CH3CO2H Composition of rubber by evaporation, % _. , . TT ^ Acetone . , -n . • Aqueous S* Rubber H2Û Ash Protein A A extract extract Orig. latex ITJo 2^0 2~3Ï7Ô 4JÔ 3?4 4.7 Cream 48.0 0.6 1.8 0.4 1.8 0.4 3.9 Skimmedlatex 9.7 4.1 2.9 2.0 7.4 13.1 5.2 * Per cent combined S.

Latex with NaOH 0.5 to 1% NaOH will preserve latex in a liquid condition; 1.3% or more causes the separation of a paste or coagulation, the resulting rubber being of poor quality and becoming tacky on keeping ( 198 ). TABLE 13.—INFLUENCE OF AGE OF NAOH LATEX ON RUBBER (CREPE) BY CH3CO2H COAGULATION (^8) Stock: rubber, 92.5; S, 7.5; vulcanized at 148° (ring-shaped test pieces) Aqueous Acetone p ' extract, extract, ' . ' % % Control* 0.40 Î7ÏÏ 2~6 0.55 <35 Same day 0.31 0.37 3.0 0.52 <45 Next day 0.29 0.21 3.1 0.43 80 1.5 mo 0.40 0.28 3.7 0.42 60 3.5 mo 0.46 0.30 2.9 0.38 50 6 mo . 0.34 0.38 3.4 0.50 110 *Same day, no NaOH. Period after addition

% rubber content % H20 %ash %N Cure, min TB Slope T? (ordin.) T, (acid) Plasticity :

Cream , , , Residue layer layer layer 62.8 50.0 45.8 26.8 4.4 0.67 0.95 1.72 1.66 1.68 0.55 0.58 0.65 0.73 1.22 0.09 0.10 0.13 0.18 0.48 55 45 >25 35 130 135 130 120 34 34 34 34 13 30 41 48 78 ,. 7 15 17.5 18.5 26

0.88 1.15 1.36 1.29 1.16 0.085 0.11 0.08 0.10 0.11 Vulcanization of Latex TABLE 15.—INFLUENCE OF PERIOD OF VULCANIZATION AND OF CHARACTER OF THE S ON THE COMBINED S ( 43 ) Composition of mixture: 100 cm 3 latex; 50 cm3 H2O; 2 g S (rubber coagulated by acetone). Latex No. 1: rubber, 32.9%; NH3, 0.6%. Latex No. 2: rubber, 30.15%; NH3, 0.43%. Vulcanizing conditions: rise to 141°, 10 min; blow-off, 20 min. Combined sulfur, % Tiniest 141°, Latex No> t Latex No. 2 D30 AD

q S1 pe

^104 . 777 781 786 771 784

TABLE 14.—RUBBER FROM CREAMED NAOH LATEX ( 198 ) Latex containing 1.1% NaOH allowed to stand 2 yr; layers coagulated by CH3CO2H; crepe; stock: rubber, 92.5; S, 7.5; _ _ _ _ vulcanized at 148°.

TB

Slope

rj

133 145 122 122 137 132

39.5 40 36.5 37 33 38.5

24.5 33 40.5 36 31 33

O 20 30 60 120

Flowers ÔTÏ8 0.59

Flowers | 07Ï3 0.46 0.55

0.91 1.07

Pptd. (T23 0.85 1.04 1.47

| Colloidal 0747 1.56 1.87 2.44 2.64

TABLE 16.—INFLUENCE OF CONCENTRATION OF S ( 43 ) Composition of mixture: 100 cm3 latex (30.7% rubber; 0.43% NH 3 ); 50 cm 3 H2O; 1% S (calculated on rubber -f S). Vulcanizing conditions: 10 min rise; 30 min at 141°; 20 min at blow-off. i Comb. S, % ^60 g I % on rubber (films) Ï 3T26 0^64 ÎÔÔO 2 6.51 1.02 954 4 13.02 1.42 951 6 19.53 1.65 886 TABLE 17.—VULCANIZATION WITH SODIUM POLYSULFIDE ( 43 ) Composition of mixture: 120 cm3 latex (32.9% rubber, 0.6% NH 3 ); 10 cm3 sodium polysulfide (21.0% S on pptn.). Vulcanizing conditions: 10 min rise to 141°; 20 min blow-off. Period at 141°, min O 20 30 60 120 Combined S, % 0.31 0.85 1.02 1.42 1.88 Coagulation Acidity Necessary for Coagulation.—By addition of acid, p H = 4.3 to 4.8 ( 10 > 20). By addition of acid to ammoniated latex (dialyzed or undialyzed), pH ca. 5.5 (103). For spontaneous coagulation, pH = 4.8 to 5.6 (20). CH3CO2H, ACETIC ACID TABLE 18.—PROPORTION OF CH3CO2H USED IN PLANTATION PRACTICE (189) Rubber -r-, , ,. on For coagulation CH3C02H(g/l)

|

15% | 25% Same Next Same Next , , , _ day day day day 11-1.25 0.75 1.5 1

TABLE 19.—CONCENTRATION OF CH3CO2H REQUIRED TO COAGULATE LATEX DILUTED TO DIFFERENT EXTENTS (189), cf. (188) % rubber Ratio, % rubber Ratio, content acid'.rubber content acid: rubber 3 0 1 : 3 0 3 6 1 : 8 3 . 5 24 1:190 3 1:91 18 1:115 1.5 1U25 15 1:100 0.75 1:83.5 12 1:89

TABLE 20.—VULCANIZING PROPERTIES OF CREPE RUBBER PREPARED BY H2SO4 (182) Stock: rubber, 92.5; S, 7.5; vulcanized at 148° (ring-shaped test pieces) Normal proportion "^ mm 125

TB _ 140

|| Double the normal proportion

SlO^\ ^ ' I 38 I 35

5

||

^ T B mm 150 I 136

SlO^r~ ^ I 38.5 I 27

ALUM Minimum Effective Proportions.—3 to 4 g/1. Influence of excess CH3CO2H on properties of crepe: Double TABLE 21.—EFFECT OF ALUM (COMPARED WITH CH3CO2H) ON the minimum quantity increases time of cure O to 5 min; decreases PROPERTIES OF CREPE (182) viscosity O to 4. Four times minimum quantity increases time of Alum (g/1) I 3-4 I 10 I 20 cure 5 to 10 min for the stock: rubber, 92.5; S, 7.5, at 148°; 176 Increase in time of cure, min | <15 | <30 | <85 decreases viscosity 2 to 7 ( ). Decrease in viscosity | 4-7 | 7-12 | 10-12 HCO2H, FORMIC ACID The proportion of HCO2H necessary for coagulation is about half the quantity of CH3CO2H (130); cf. Tables 18, 19. TABLE 22.—COMPARISON OF HCO2H AND CH3CO2H (ioi) Stock: rubber, 92.5; S, 7.5 %; vulcanized at 150° (ring-shaped test pieces, 11 samples) T-X • ,• Description

FIG. 1.—Concentrations of hydrochloric acid producing coagulation in latex (31.8% rubber, ca. 35% total solids) diluted to different extents ( 188 ).

Smoked sheet: CH3CO2H HCO2H Pale crepe: CH 3 CO 2 H.... HCO2H

Cure, .

,,, TB

^11 Slope

77

105 109

143 36.7 31 141.5 36.7 35.5

110 113

143.5 35.6 143 35.5

33 33

Stock: rubber, 100; S, 3; ZnO, 30; (CH 2 ) 6 N 4 , hexamethylenetetramine, 1; vulcanized at 150° (ring-shaped test pieces) Vulcanization time in min 40 50 60 70 80

FIQ. 2.—Concentrations of nitric acid producing coagulation in latex (28% rubber) diluted to different extents ( 188 ).

40 50 60 70 80

„

IB

Al3 *B ° [Smoked sheet, CH3CO2HJI 185 784 693 173 751 678 176 763 688 146 738 712 146 772 748 I Pale crepe, CH3CO2H || Ï65 803 750 182 785 712 176 778 714 167 765 714 157 779 738

' * *B ^130 Smoked sheet, HCO2H 173 784 714 173 766 695 174 769 693 167 763 698 131 764 762 Pale crepe, HCO2H Ï68 8ÏÎ 752 179 776 708 179 782 714 168 771 717 151 776 743 £

Stock: rubber, 100; S, 5; PbO, 10; vulcanized at 150° (ring-shaped test pieces) Vulcanization time in min

FIG. 3.—Concentrations of sulfuric acid producing coagulation in latex (28% rubber) diluted to different extents ( 188 ). H2SO4, SULFURIC ACID Proportion H2SO4, Used in Practice.—0.45 to 0.6 g/1 latex (15% rubber).

30 60 90 120 30 60 90 120

T

Eß EWO TB EB Elo * ° [Smoked sheet, CH3CQ2H[I Smoked sheet, HCQ2H 106 895 883 102 905 900 106 944 932 100 935 935 97 989 997 87 977 1000 79 1000 1056 84 1014 1060 I Pale crepe, CH3CQ2H j| Pale crepe, HCQ2H 125 931 887 118 923 891 124 977 933 119 964 929 105 1014 1003 105 1006 995 94 1027 1042 99 1039 1040

TABLE 23.— CHEMICAL COMPOSITION, % TT r\ H2O

A U Ash

Water Acetone AT , , , , N extract extract Smokedsheet, CH3CO2H 0.75 0.35 0.75 3.4 0.49 Smoked sheet, HCO2H . 0.72 0.30 0.58 3.4 0.47 Pale crepe, CH3CO2H... 0.33 0.23 0.16 3.0 0.36 Pale crepe, HCO2H 0.37 0.17 0.21 3.0 0.36 TABLE 24. —AGING Raw crepe rubber 77 Cure

'

Initial, CH3CO2H. 110 Initial, HCO2H . . . < 120 After 1 yr, CH3CO2H 120 After 1 yr, HCO2H > 120

Tti

Slope

141 134

34 35

32 31

Plasticity P + D3, AD C6H6 17 1.520.065 16 . 5 1 . 41 0 . 07

141 145

35 35

27 26

16.5 1.580.07 16 . 5 1 . 58 0 . 06

TABLE 24. —AGING. — (Continued) Vulcanized rubber; stock: rubber, 92.5; S, 7.5; vulcanized at 150° (ring-shaped test pieces) ~ . Cure, mm 75, 75, 120, 120,

CH3CO2H HCO2H CH3CO2H HCO2H

TB : I After 1 yr 119 118 17 16

Change in #i 30 ca. 170 ca. 170

OTHER COAGULANTS

11 1 rw CsH6

Initial 86 86 133 140

57

Hydrofluoric ( ), citric ( 57 ), oxalic ( 57 ), tartaric ( 57 ), lactic (202) ? sulfurous acids ( 178 ); calcium chloride (208) ; alcohol (40); pyroligneous acid ( 58 ); freezing ( 58 ); electrolysis ( 187 ).

CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF RAW RUBBER TABLE 25.—COMPOSITION OF HEVEA RUBBERS N

7ber

samples Latex crepe Smokedsheet Unsmoked sheet Fine hard Para

Ï02 35 25

H

>°' %

**•*

Mean Limits 0.61 0.30-1.08 0.420.18-0.90 0.58 0.32-1.30*

Latex sprayed 1.2

, , UK Kerbosch rubber v

^

2.5-4.5

Aeeto n eext r act, %

— ——: — i ——: Mean Limits Mean | Limits 0^30 0.15-0.87 2^88 2.26-3.45 0.38 0.25-0.85 2.89 1.52-3.50 0.23 0.15-0.31 2.88 2.30-3.47 0.3 3 1.10 4.25 1.5 4.7 1.5 5.1 1.6-2.2 2.2 l.Q 2.5

^*

^

~ ;—^~.— Mean | Limits 2^82 2.17-3.76 2.82 2.18-3.50 2.31 2.04-2.68 2.3 4.2 4.2 4.3 5.0 ^5

%

Li,

(13°) ( 13 O) (35) 0.5 t1»3) 6.50 (86) 7.1 ( 1 SS) 7.7 (128) 1.5 (1^) 4.1 (128)

* % loss on washing.

TABLE 26.—MOISTURE CONTENT OF RAW RUBBER Number of samples In the tropics ( 177 ) Latex crepe 54 Smokedsheet 96 Lump crepe 17 Scum or skimmings crepe 3 Washings crepe 6 Scrap crepe 15 Dark crepe 3 Earth crepe 2 In Europe ( 1 SQ) Latex crepe Ï02 Smokedsheet 35 Fine hard Para, washed and airdried Caucho

Moisture content,

%

Mean |

Limits

0.67 0.76 1.05 0.43 0.55 1.16 1.07 0.70

0.34-1.01 0.43-1.16 0.65-1.80 0.35-4) .53 0.27-0.78 0.68-1.64 0.90-1.33 0.60-0.81

0.42 0.18-0.90 0.61 0.30-1.08 0.56 0.31

TABLE 27.—RESIN CONTENT Hevea.—v. Table 29. Castilloa, %.—16.7, 18.9 (130); 5.4-52 (17 samples) (26). Ceara (Manicoba), %.—3.4, 6.8 ( 1 SO); 2.0 (206). Congo, %.—2.0, 4.4, 5.2 ( 1 SO). Kassai, Red.—3.8 (206). Kassai, Black.—4.0 (206). Jelutong.— 76-81 (3 samples) ( 5S ).

TABLE 28.—OPTICAL ACTIVITY OF RESIN FROM VARIOUS RUBBERS (ff) Source | [<*]2D° || Source | H2D° Upper Congo 12-13° Padang 28-30° Manaos 16-18° Guayule 11-15° Peruvian 29-31° Kassai 29-30° Jelutong 49-50° TABLE 29.—SAPONIFIABILITY ( 13 °) . Unsaponifiable, % e n> Rubber ^ Of the Of the rubber resin sTO . 0.8 25^4 Fine hard Para. . Hevea sheet 1.8 0.9 48.3 Hevea crepe 3.2 0.7 22.0 Castilloa 18.9 14.0 73.7 Congo 4.4 3.0 68.3 Jelutong 38.1 31.7 83.2 Jelutong crepe 7.2 5.6 77.8 TABLE 30.—NITROGENOUS CONSTITUENTS Average N content of crepe and sheet, 0.45%; of slab, 0.210.30% (57). A sample of crepe contained 0.40% N, representing 61.5% of the total N (0.11%) of the latex (57). Properties of Rubber Proteins.—v. ( 11 J 12, ISO). Nitrogen in Acetone Extract.—Crepe (2 samples), 0.04; sheet, 0.014; fine hard Para, 0.053; Manicoba, 0.069; Manihot, 0.041; Castilloa, 0.027; hard Congo, 0.013; soft Congo, 0.15% (13°).

TABLE 31.—CONSTITUENTS IDENTIFIED IN THE RESIN OF HEVEA RUBBER .,, p Approximate " *' MD % of the raw Constituent rubber Smoked sheet and latex crepe (21 S)* Phytosterol ester 83 -11.0° (24°) 0.075 Sitosterol d-glucoside. 285-90 d -41.7° (23°) 0.175 Phytosterol 125 -24.6° (23.5°) 0.225 d-Valine ca. 260 d 26.5° (16°) 0.015 Quebrachitol 190 -80.3° (20°) Tr. Stearic acid 0.15 Oleic '+ linoleic acids. 1.25 * In slab (matured) rubber ( 2 8 ) acetic and valeric acids have been identified (probably as the NH 4 salt or amide); also valeramide, M. P. 102-3°, and palmitic and stearic acids (0.5-0.7 %).

TABLE 32.—ACID CONTENT Water-soluble acids* by cold extraction for 24 hr (13°) Sheet 11 Crepe NumNumMaxi- MiniMaxi- Miniber of Mean ber of Mean mum mum mum mum samples samples 35 I 0.03 I 0.078 I 0.006 u 102 |0.006 0.024 0.006 * Results expressed as % acetic acid.

By extraction with boiling water (8, 50 > 0.1%; smoked sheet, 0.055-0.25%.

136

[j

I

b (")

Acid number* NumNumKind of rubber ber of ber of Maxi- MiniMiniMaxisam- Mean sam- Mean mum mum mum mum ples ples 284 300 234 292 314 Hevea smoked sheet . . 19 275 272 Hevea latex crepe .... 12 282 296 100 12 384 215 Fine hard Para 218 Hevea scrap (brown) 92 223 crepe 3 151 2 534 301 273.5 3 453 Latex sprayed Slab (matured rubber): 851 896 818 3 Unwashed Outside 1 256 Interior 1 459 1 224 2 237.5 240 235 Washed Palembang " p l a i n 366 336 3 sheet" 1 Caucho 57 1 75 Kassai 182 2 182 166 Massai

c ( 34 ). Acid number:* Fine hard Para, 294; Kassai, 32; Guayule, 240; Ceara, 172; Upper Congo, 43; Benguella, 60; Peruvian, 18; Accra lumps, 75.5. * Acid number = mg KÖH required to neutralize the acid in the acetone or alcohol extract from 100 g rubber.

TABLE 33.—MANGANESE CONTENT (29) Number g Mn/100 kg of . samples Mean | Limits Sound rubber (fine hard Para, sheet, crepe, slab) 11 0.16 0.125-0.625 Very tacky rubber (sheet, brown crepe) 5 20.0

73.8 88.23

I

n£

M0

1.521920 22.46 1.520820 22.44 1.52515 1.52520 27.03

RUBBER TABLE 344 20 Unmilled.—ça. 10 poise at 15.5° (1). values for solutions.) Milled (77). Period of milling, min 10- 7 T7atl00 0

| 10 1 9.3

(By extrapolation from

| 22 I 5.0

| 32 | 3.2

| 39 | 2.4

Heavily Milled—-TJ = 22A X IO5 at 10°; 2.29 X IO5 at 60° O). UNMILLED RUBBER SOLUTIONS Ostwald viscosimeter used unless otherwise indicated TABLE 35.—CASTILLOA RUBBER ( 65 )

13

Relative viscosity in benzene j — j — • • — '° Mean | Limits | Mean | Limits | Mean | Limits 118.9-37.01 3.0 12.0-3.5] 6.7 13.5-9.01 26.0 J9.2-36.5

Resjn

^^

For viscosity of 1 % solution in benzene of typical samples of Hevea rubber ». Tables 49, 57, 58.

FIG. 4.—Viscosity of plantation rubber in various solvents ( 6 7 ).

FIG. 5.—Viscosity of fine hard Para rubber in various solvents ( 6 7 ).

TABLE 36.—CONCENTRATED SOLUTIONS IN BENZENE (!) Falling sphere method Concentration, % jj at 15°, poise

|

2 3 | 4 I 5 | 6 | 5.04 | 35.63 | 162.8 | 464.4 | 1577

TABLE 37.—ONE PER CENT SOLUTION IN CHLOROFORM ( 113 )

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF RAW RUBBER IO6 dV Coefficient of cubical expansion: under no load, -y- -n- = at 10°, 657; 20°, 665; 30°, 670 (133). At constant length practically the same values hold as those for no load ("> 105» 133).

I VM

Viscosity of Raw Rubber and Its Solutions

Number o f samples

Acid number*

ay

Purified rubber (i 06) 0.9237 Smoked sheet (!06) 0.9217 Pale crepe (164), c/. ( 42 ) Synthetic methyl rubber (106) 0.9292

). Pale crepe, O-

Acetone-soluble acids a (213,214, 222)

TABLE 34

Pale crepe Smoked sheet

Number of samples ,. 5 12

rj/rio at 25°, centipoise Mean | Limits 32.7 22.5-41.6 22.9 16.3-26.6

TABLE 38.—COMPARISON OF VISCOSITY IN C6H6, C7H8 AND CCl1

Xylene solutions heated 2 hr at 100°

' .(130) Extreme samples in a series of 5 samples

Number Time of efflux, sec of After T .^. , , Initial , ,. Sample No. 1 || Sample No. 5 samples heating ° Vent C6H6 I C7H8 I CCl4 II C 6 H 6 I C7H8 | CCl4 3 111-103 48-46 Fine hard Para Concn 0.998 0.998 0.997 0.993 0.991 0.993 Plantation Hevea 3 115-108 72-65 »7/770 2 0 . 2 6 2 0 . 9 4 2 9 . 9 5 53.5 68.1 119.5 Fine hard Para (45 min in cold).. 1 118 81 Funtumia 3 104-100 81-70 1 /^c6H6 soin. 1.00 1.04 1.48 1.29 2.24 Castilloa 2 111,107 80.5,78 TABLE 39.—VISCOSITY IN VARIOUS SOLVENTS AT VARIOUS CON- Ceara 1 | 118 90 CENTRATIONS ( 92 ) Law of diminution of viscosity with time of heating: x = a + b """•^^^^ g/100 cm3 log t, where x = diminution in time /; a = diminution in first ^^^^__solvent 0.5 1 2 3 unit of time; b = increment of diminution with time ( 67 ). Solvent ^^^-^^ Benzine 1.9 4.3 94.0 Benzene 2.1 4.7 23.5 97.3 FIG. 7.—Viscosities at 18° of Carbon tetrachloride 2.6 7.5 211.3 0.5 % solutions in xylene of two Tetrachloroethane 2.5 6.9 168 samples of plantation rubber Pentachloroethane 3.0 8.7 -46.0 213.5 heated for two1S hours at various x temperatures ( ). Variations of viscosity with concentration: (1) t\x = k , where Tjx = the viscosity at concentration x; k = a constant ( 67 ). (2) Log rç/rço = BCj where 77 = viscosity of solution, 770 = viscosity of solvent, C = concentration ( 147 ). TABLE 41.—INFLUENCE OF ULTRA-VIOLET LIGHT* (13) Rubber

I Min exposed Viscosityt

Plantation || Fine Para O 15 30 45 60 O 15 30 45 60 90 57 30 25 15 180 109 32 25 15

* Three per cent solution in xylene exposed at distance of 12 cm from quartz lamp (110 volts, 2.5 amp.). t Frank-Mackwald viscosimeter.

FIQ. 6.—Influence of water on viscosity of benzene solutions ( 9 2 ). TABLE 40.—INFLUENCE OF HEATING ON VISCOSITY ( 67 ) Toluene solution at 40° Period of heating, days Time of efflux, sec

O j 6 i I 260 I 150 |

Ï2 129

Period \^^ of heating ^^ 0 30 min Ihr 2hr 3hr

Time of efflux, sec Q 73

TABLE 42.—INFLUENCE OF MILLING.

Q 82

2% SOLUTION

IN C 6 H 6 (13)

Milling period, min Time of flow, sec

Xylene solutions at 80° \^g/100 cm3

FIG. 8.—Influence of diethylamine on the viscosity of a benzene solution of rubber ( 218 ). MILLED RUBBER SOLUTIONS

| 25| 5| 10| 15| 20| 30| 40| 50| 60 | 190Q| 54Q| 150| IQOl 90| 701 65| 60| 59

TABLE 43.—EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON VISCOSITY AND DENSITY Falling sphere method; heavily milled smoked sheet (10 g/100 cm3 solution in C6H6) (*)

61.5 73.0 87.0 104.5 138.0 187.0 0 20.0 I 30.0 | 42.0 | 50.0 | 62.0 53.0 62.0 74.0 89.5 120.0 161.0C I 11.3 I 14.6 dj I 0.890 I 0.887 | 0.881 | 0.871 | 0.859 | 0.851 | 0.840 51.0 60.0 70.0 81.5 111.5 148.0 46.5 57.0 64.0 73.5 105.0 132.0 y* j 3.97 I 3.77 I 3.42 | 2.92 | 2.57 | 2.32 | 1.95 44.0 56.0 62.0 69.0 98.0 124.5 * Expressed in poises.

TABLE 44.—VISCOSITY OF BENZENE SOLUTIONS OF HEAVILY MILLED RUBBER AT Low CONCENTRATIONS (1) Same sample as in Table 43 and Fig. 12 Concn 77, poises

|0 10.5 | 1.0 | 2.0 | 3.0 I 0.0063 | 0.0124 0.021 | 0.055 | 0.131

Relation between viscosity and concentration C 1 ):^ = Kekv\ for c = 1 — 40, where c = concn.; K and k are constants; e = base Naperian logs. TABLE 45.—INFLUENCE OF LIGHT (123) Solutions- of milled rubber in benzene exposed to light through a screen of benzene: (a) 3 g/97 cm3 benzene, (b) a + 0.06 g Sudan HI/100 cm3.

Fio. 9.—Influence of acetic and the chloroacetic acids on the viscosity of a benzene solution of resin-free rubber ( 218 ); cf. ( 60 » 150,

192).

Initial viscosity After 30 days After 60 d a y s . . . . . .

I (a) exposed | (b) exposed | (b) protected 548.7 548.7 548.7 52.5 457.0 473.2 30.2 339.0 393.2

FIG. 10.—Influence of KOH on the viscosity of a benzene solution of a resin-free rubber (0.4961 g per 100 cm3) (218).

FIG. 12. — Viscosity of rubber solutions in CeHe; variation with temperature and concentration (falling sphere method) (*). FIG. 11.—Influence of milling raw rubber on the viscosity of solutions of rubber (3 g in 97 cm 3 /CS 2 ) O 2 3 ).

FIG. 13.— Ultra-violet absorption spectrum curve of ether solution of caoutchouc calculated on a 3 % solution in a 1 cm cell ( 102 ).

Tensile Properties TABLE 46 At room temperature: unmilled sheet (16 samples from a single sheet), TB: 10.4 (limits: 7.8-18.1); EB: 527 (limits: 423-616) ( 1 SO). At low temperature: rubber calendered and then allowed to age before testing (cross section of test pieces not stated) (101). I Crepe || Fine hard Para C -13 -21 -34 -50 -55 -13 -23 -37 -51 E5 425 320 275 120 50 290 250 Breaking load, kg . 8 20 40 40 20 3 4 40 20 EB 530 610 670 710 570 360 280 650 705 I Fine weak Para || Congo 0 C -14 -23 -40 -53 -15 -26 -42 -55 E5 510 460 440 120 520 440 20 Breaking load, kg . 5 20 30 16 2 5 25 20 EB 510 700 790 610 500 520 850 640 0

TABLE 46.—(Continued] At optimum temperature; E (%) for (a) crepe and (b) fine hard Para (IQ*) Load, kg I 1 I 2 I 3| 4| 5| 6| 7| 8| 9 (a) at -34° | O | O | 50| 20Q| 275J 32Q| 370| 400| 430 (b) at -37° I O 10 I 110| 220| 290| 350| 400| 440 460 Load, kg (a) at -34° (b) at -37°

I 10| 12| 14| 16| 18| 20| 25| 30J 40 460| 490| 510| 540J 560J 580| 610| 640| 670 I 470| 490| 520| 540| 560| 570J 610| 630| 650 VARIOUS TYPES OF HEVEA Vulcanizing Properties, Etc., of Various Types and Grades of Hevea Rubber LATEX CREPE AND SMOKED SHEET TABLE 47 Stock: rubber, 92.5; S, 7.5; vulcanized at 150° (ring-shaped test pieces) . Number T y ^ of Cure, min TB Slope T?/T70I Lit. rubber , samples Ï293 108.7± 7.6142.4 35.4 33,5 ( 195 ) Pale crepe* Smoked sheet*. 853 105.9±12.5 143.5 36.7 33.9 O 9 *) Pale crepe*f... 101 109.2± 7.2140.8 36.0 34.7 ("S) Smoked sheet*t 149 104.6 + 11.7142.7 37.9 33.5 ( 195 ) PalecrepeJ 1668 110.5 140.3 35.2 32.3 ( 192 ) Smoked sheet t 1647 97.5 140.7 36.4 32.6 (* ^) * Prepared 1921-23. f Ca. 100 plantations sampled. Î Prepared 1917-23. § One per cent in CeH6.

Distribution as regards time of cure ( 195 ) Number Variation from medium value of > % Type of rubber samples < 10 | < 20 | > 20 Pale crepe 1293 83.5 99.5 0.5 Smoked sheet 853 60.5 91 9 Pale crepe 101 86 99 1 Smoked sheet 149 64.5 90 10 Stock: rubber, 90; S, 10; vulcanized at 140°. Mean for latex crepe: (cure = 195 min) TB = 130. Mean for smoked sheet: (cure = 165 min) TB = 146 (57). TABLE 48.—VULCANIZATION COEFFICIENTS ( 110 ) Data refer to a "standard" cure, i.e. T880 = 136 in the stock: rubber, 90; S, 10; vulcanized at 148° Age of tree I 10 year old trees* || 20 year old trees* Cure, Cure, v c y c min * * min Latex crepe 107 5.20 + 0.16 126 5.00 + 0.07 . 61 5.47 + 0.19 72 5.38 + 0.10 Sheet * Six samples.

FINE HARD PARA Mean Values.—Rubber, 92.5; S, 7.5,-vulcanizedat 150°. (Ringshaped test pieces.) Cure (min), 100; TBì 145; slope, 35.39; TJ, (1% in C 6 H 6 ), 33 (i"). TABLE 50.—COMPARISON WITH SMOKED SHEET FROM SAME LATEX (209) Stock: rubber, 90; S, 10; vulcanized at 141° (ring-shaped test pieces) Type Brazilian from young trees... Smoked sheet from young trees Brazilian from old trees Smoked sheet from old trees.

0

^6'

TB

2.25 1.75 2.25 2.25

EB

Slope

Ï68

929

40

158.5 153 149.5

928 919 944

38 38 36

CEYLON BLANKET CREPE TABLE 49 ( 154 ) Stock: rubber, 92.5; S, 7.5; vulcanized at 150° (ring-shaped test pieces) Air Heat Average Thin crepe (for dried dried (17 samples) comparison) mean* meanf Mean| Limits Mean| Limits Thickness, m m . . . 11 4-22 Moisture, % 0.40.24-0.62 0.60.35-1.0 Ash, % 0.20.12-0.33 Vulcanization time in min.... 124 132 129 115-140 109 TB 146 140 142 142 Slope 34 35.5 35 34-36 35.5 17, 1 % in C 6 H 6 J... 37 23 29 21-44 34 r/, l % in acid C6H6J: 20 15 17 14.5-21.5 * 6 samples, solvent.

t 9 samples.

Î Rate of flow compared with rate of flow of the

SLAB (MATURED RUBBER) TABLE 51 (zos) Stock: rubber, 92.5; S, 7.5; vulcanized at 150° (ring-shaped test pieces) Thickness 3 cm 1-1.5 cm

Number % loss of on wash, . samples mg ÏÎ 22.0 4 21.6

~ . ' mm

TB

Slope ^

35 36

Ï55 157

32.2 31.5

For stock: rubber, 90; S, 10; vulcanized at 141° (ring-shaped test pieces); cure, 75 min; TB = 151 (mean values) (57). TABLE 52.—VARIATION IN TIME OF CURE (COMPARED WITH CREPE AND SHEET) (205) Stock: rubber, 92.5; S, 7.5; vulcanized at 150° Cure, min % deviation . Maxi- A , Type Mean Limits Mean mum Slab (193 samples)* 35.5 15-57 1Î8 18.8 1920-1924 samples of: Pale crepe 108.2 80-135 51 6.66 Smoked sheet 103.9 65-150 78 11.62 * By CHsCChH and natural coagulation.

LATEX SPRAYED RUBBER Comparison with sheet and crepe TABLE 53 («6) Stock: rubber, 100; S, 10; at 141° T^ Number of Cure, samples min Latex sprayed 20 127 Smoked sheet 20 165 Latex crepe 20 183

~ 251 230 227

TABLE 54 (38) Stock: rubber, 90; S, 10; at 148° (ring-shaped test pieces); cure giving load-strain curve passing approx. through ^775 = 104 Number p Type of ™*' TB EB Slope samples Latex sprayed 6 60 157.5 863 39 Smoked sheet 5 107 171 867 40 Latex crepe 5 136 155.5 854 37

TABLE 55 (38) Stock: rubber, 90; ZnO, 90; S, 10; hexamethylenetetramine, 1 Cure giving Type and number of Load-strain curve Maximum samples through E48 o = 104 breaking load Min I TB I EB Min T 3 \ E8 Latex sprayed, 3 23 Î84607 4 7 Ï 9 3 392~ Smoked sheet, 5 37 175 604 45 193 458 Latex crepe, 5 42 184 624 45 187 478

TABLE 56.—PLASTICITY OF UNMILLED LATEX SPRAYED RUBBER Number of samples 6 I

v D30

AD

1.94

0.08

I

1 % in HCl Lit. +C6H6 I 17 I (196)

1 % in C6H6 co. 40

I

OTHER TYPES LATEX RUBBER Unsmoked Sheet.—Differs from smoked sheet only in vulcanizing in about 10% less time ( 183 ). Evaporated Latex.—Time of cure, 70 to 75 % that of crepe (203) ; 75 min in stock: rubber, 90; S, 10; at 141° (56). Kerbosch Rubber.—Time of cure, 50 to 60 min in stock : rubber, 92.5; S, 7.5; at 150° (194). Deteriorates on aging.

TABLE 57.—LOWER PLANTATION GRADES (183) Stock: rubber, 92.5; S, 7.5; vulcanized at 150° (ring-shaped test pieces) Cure, min

Samples washed crepe

Mean

Limits

90 30 25 90 25 28

104.5 112.5 118 105 111 97.5

7-130 85-135 95-145 70-185 90-140 70-130

Lump (naturally coagulated clots) Scum or skimmings (from tanks, etc.) bashings (diluted latex from cups, etc.) Tree scrap Bark scrap Earth rubber

TB i Mean Limits Ï33107-150 134 124-142 127 106-145 125 104-146 108 82-136 126 106-138

I

Slope

U, 1 % in C 6 H 6

Mean

Limits

37\3 36.8 39.1 38.8 42.9 37.6

33.5-40 34 -40 35.5-46 35.5-44.5 38 -47.5 34 -40

Mean Limits 30~5 28.5 22.6 25.7 19.5 20.1

10-58 20-59 15-31 13-48 11-33 15-28

TABLE 58.—NATIVE RUBBER ( 1 ^s) Stock: rubber, 92.5; S, 7.5; vulcanized at 150° (ring-shaped test pieces) Number % ash of samples Mean Limits Crepe prepared in laboratory from native slab * Amber crepe prepared in native factoriesf Amber crepe prepared from native rubber in Singapore First quality plantation latex crepe (for comparison) * Per cent washing loss = 10-50 (limits),

253

f°^fLHC + ê-H 6 Mean | Limits | Mean | Limits | Mean | Limits | Mean | Limits Cure, min

T8

96

40-160

138

T7, 1 % in C6H6 **'

24.5

l

12.5

14

1.01

0.2-1.8

114

100-130

130

110-153

20

11-64

20

0.82

0.5-1.2

93

70-140

140

125-157

20

5-48

0.2-0.4

107

80-130

143

11

7-25

33

t Plasticity: Z)30 = 1.30 (mean), 1.0-1.72 (limits); AZ) = 0.07 (mean), 0.04-0.13 (limits).

FACTORS IN THE PREPARATION OF HEVEA RUBBER TABLE 59. — INFLUENCE OF DILUTION OF LATEX ON THE PROPERTIES OF RUBBER (192) Ring-shaped test pieces J211 * Cure, m TB Slope m . m' v 77* i Undiluted latex Crepe milled same day 103.5 140 Crepe milled next day 84.5 142.5 Smoked sheet rolled next day 69 149 Diluted to 15 % rubber content Crepe milled same day 113.5 138.5 Crepe milled next day 100.5 140.5 Smoked sheet rolled next day 80 144.5 * One per cent in CeHe.

TABLE 60. — INFLUENCE OF AGE OF TREES ON PROPERTIES ( 192 ) Ring-shaped test pieces Crepe | Sheet y"'' 3 4.5 7.5 4.5

> min 77 82 97 77

g

%

First group of trees 37.2 23.9 36.7 27.2 37.8 28 . 6 37.7 25.4 38.0 23.6 37.1 31.0

a , ,. Second group of trees

Time

Age, yr (184) Vulcanization of crepe, min. . . . T7, 1% in C 6 H 6

35

145 50

TB 123 129 138 125 ^

Thne

> min 59 58 64 58

ßg

19

18

130 39

135 41

TB 127 134 145 132.5 ^5 g

110 28

TABLE 61.—INFLUENCE OF RESTING TBEES ( 203 ) Change in rubber content of latex, vulcanizing properties, viscosity (1% in CeHe), after a period of rest Rubber Days* content,

Cure, mint Crepe | Sheet

|| ||

At I B§ I Aj I B§ I At

%

51.3 <125 160 115 160 49.3 125 150 < 105 < 160 43.2 125 150 95 145 40.9 110 140 <95 125 38.5 <105 130 90 130 35.0 95 130 80 < 110 32.4 95 < 120 100 30.1 <85 115 <80 <100 29.0 90 115 75 90 28.4 89 104 69 81

1-2 3 7 10 14 18 23 28 35 39-56

Crepe

5 |

TABLE 67.—VULCANIZATION OF Ficus RUBBER WITH THE AID OF AN ACCELERATOR ( 217 ) Stock: rubber, 100; S, 5; ZnO, 5; zinc pentamethylenedithiocarbamate, 0.5; vulcanized at 115° (ring-shaped test pieces) Min !T7 TB EB

Sheet

I B§ I Af I B§

36.5 31.5 42.5 38 36.5 34 44.5 38.5 36.5 30.5 42 37 32 28 40.5 30 31.5 29 33 31 28 23 30.525.5 23 23 32 27.5 28 25 29.532.5 26.5 21.5 32 31.5 26.9 23.4 30.3 29.5

I

60 77.5 187 853

I

90 96 163 794

VULCANIZED RUBBER Hot Vulcanization with Sulfur

* Days after tapping started again, t Stock: rubber, 92.5; S, 7.5; vulcanized at 148°. J A, undiluted latex. § B, latex diluted to 15% rubber content.

TABLE 62.—INFLUENCE OF LENGTH OF REST ON RATE OF CURE (204)

Period of rest, mo I e Increased time of cure, min*.| 2

| 1 | 2 3 | 4 | 10 | 20 | 20 | 40

* For early tappings (2—6 expts.).

TABLE 63.—INFLUENCE OF ANTICOAGULANTS ON THE PROPERTIES OF RUBBER I Lit

NaHSQ3* (l««)

I

I Na2SO3.7H2O

l (l««) l

g/1 latex I 0.5-1 [ 2 | Increase in T8 O -5 0-5 Decrease in min of cure 5 -10 10-15 Decrease in slope 1 -1.5 1-1.5 Increase in q (1% in C 6 H 6 ) . . . 1.5-10 3-10

("S)

1.2 0-3 5-10 1-1.5 1- 2

* Proportion necessary to inhibit action of latex oxidase: 1 part in 400 to 2400 parts latex ( 9 ).

NON-HEVEA RUBBERS TABLE 64.—VULCANIZATION OF CAUCHO BALL WITH S ONLY ( 217 ) Stock: rubber, 90; S, 10; vulcanized at 141° (ring-shaped test pieces) Min I 150 I 180__ I 210 240 _ __ __ _____ | TB EB

34 1082

46 1045

57 1010

62 968

TABLE 65.—VULCANIZATION OF CAUCHO BALL WITH THE AID OF AN ACCELERATOR ( 217 ) Stock: rubber, 100; S, 5; ZnO, 5; zinc pentamethylenedithiocarbamate, 0.5; vulcanized at 115° (ring-shaped test pieces) Min T7 TB EB

I

30 53.2 130 861

I

60 ÏÏ4 152 769

I

90 Ï20 138 737

120 27

TABLE 66.—VULCANIZATION OF Ficus RUBBER WITH S ONLY ( 217 ) Stock: rubber, 90; S, 10; vulcanized at 141° (ring-shaped test pieces) Min T7 TB EB

I

150 8.5 49 1112

I

180 11.3 68 1102

I

210 13.6 83 1074

FIG. S, 10) tensile tensile

14. — Vulcanization of simple rubber-S mixture (rubber, 90; ( 16S ). Influence of temperature on rate of cure, ultimate strength, stiffness, rate of combination of S and sharpness of peak (ring-shaped test pieces).

LOAD-STRAIN RELATIONS OF VULCANIZED RUBBER TABLE 68. —PROGRESSIVE CHANGE ON VULCANIZING A SIMPLE RUBBER-S MIXTURE Stock: rubber, 92.5; S, 7.5, vulcanized at 148° (ring-shaped test pieces) ( 165 ) Period Number vulcanTB of EB Ew V. C. ized, min samples 75 75 ±1.5 20 991+3.9 1110? 2.86 80 90 ±1.4 23 999+2.2 1063? 85 102 +1.4 29 990 + 2.6 1040? 3.58 90 114.5+0.8 58 992 + 1.4 1018 3.77 95 122 +0.9 52 985 + 1.8 994 100 131.5+0.9 39 969 + 1.8 966.5 4.24 105 134.5+0.8 38 957 + 1.9 950 4.27 110 139 +0.8 58 944 + 1.6 932 4.65 115 140.5 + 0.7 50 928 + 1.5 913 4.85 120 142 +0.6 60 916 + 1.0 898 5.07 125 141 +0.8 34 901+1.5 885.5 5.30 130 139 +0.9 28 885±1.0 771 5.49 140 137 4 150 130 4

TABLE 69.—MOST PROBABLE VALUES ON VULCANIZING 341 SAMPLES OF RUBBER-S MIXTURE (RUBBER, 92.5; S, 7.5) AT

Vulcanized at 148° (*»») I 5 I 7 I 7.5 I 1200 1000 965 58 105 107 1124 1016 984

8 I 9 I 10 #50 925 870 790 V. C. I 2.0 I 2.5 I 3.0 I 3.5 | 4.0 | 4.5 I 5.0 I 5.5 [ 6.0 TB 122 126 126 964 911 840 ZY....7! 12.4 13.9 15.4 16.9 18.4 19.9 21.4 22.9 EB 7V5 34.6 47.4 60.2 73.0 85.7 98.5111.3132.4148.0 TABLE 72.—INFLUENCE OF % OF S ON TIME OF CURE AT 148° TB 64.3 77.6 91.0104.4119.0128.4138.2137.3115.5 AND ON TENSILE PROPERTIES AT OPTIMUM CURE (199) EB 965 950 930 915 910 |895 890 855 800 148°

•

("O), g/. (54, 152, 165, 175)

TABLE 70.—TEMPERATURE COEFFICIENT OF HOT VULCANIZATION WITH S (165), Cf. (54, 130, 152, 175)

Temperature range Temperature coefficient based on : Combination of S Extensibility of vulcanizate Tensile strength of vulcanizate

I Mixture A* | Mixture Bf | 128-168° | 108-148° 2.3 2.3 2.4

S, %

2.3 2.5 2.4

f,'

Min

/o

7.5 6 5 3

I

75 105 120 120

TB

Tu.«

Î 3 135 135

3

9

&

Ï

40

Î

8 946 1024 >1125

^120

1 924 1001

V.C.

9

4.41 2.81

Vulcanization by Other Means

* Unaccelerated mixture: rubber, 90; S, 10. t Accelerated mixture: rubber, 90; S, 10; aldehyde ammonia 0.125-1.0.

FIG. 15.—Temperature lag in vulcanization of a tire, vulcanized on air bags in steam autoclave for 2 hr at 146.3° ( 121 ). Temperatures at the following points in a 4-ply cord: (1) between second and third plies; (2) between second and third plies, under edge of the breaker; (3) same, under the center of the tread; (5) near the edge and on the top of the breaker.

FIG. 17.—Vulcanization in solution. Rate of combination of S with (A) crepe, (B) crepe plus an accelerator and (C) crepe deprived of 52 % of its protein, on heating a 5 % solution in dichlorobenzene With 1000% S (219); Cf. (23, 84, 100,

157).

FIG. 16.—Vulcanized as in Fig. 15. Temperatures at following points in an 8-ply cover: (1) in the side between sixth and seventh plies; (2) between the sixth and seventh plies, under the edge of the breaker; (3) same, under the center of the tread; (4) same, under the edge of the breaker; (5) near the edge and on the top of the breaker. TABLE 71.—INFLUENCE OF % OF S ON SIMPLE RUBBER-S MIXTURES Mixtures vulcanized 90 min at 148° (13°) ^ %

2.5

5

7.5

10

12.5

15

17.5

20

TB.... 29 63 99 Ï24 57 23 25 62? #B.... 900 894 894 766 431 198 183 384 V. C.. 1.05 2.33 2.92 3.92 6.24 7.45 8.12 9.41

FIG. 18.—Comparison of the tensile properties (load-strain curve and stiffness) of rubber vulcanized by dipping in S^Ch solution and by heating with S (ring-shaped test pieces) ( 2 3o).

SULFUR MONOCHLORIDE (iso, 230) Sheets of calendered latex crepe, 1 mm thick, dipped in solutions of S2Cl2 (1 - 5% in CS2) for not more than 120 sec: TBi 84 to 127; EBi 800 to 1000 (ring-shaped test pieces) (230).

NITRO COMPOUNDS AND ORGANIC PEROXIDES w-Dinitrobenzene. Stock: rubber, 100; PbO, 8; w-dinitrobenzene, 4; vulcanized 10 min at 147°: TB, 103; EB, 798 (30). Other nitro compounds and organic peroxides, v. (30). TABLE 73.—MIXTURES OP SE AND S (228) Composition of stock | Cure giving stiffest vulcanizate S I Se Time at 143°, min | T 500 Crepe 94 6.00 0.00 270 375 94 5.11 2.19 180 430 94 4.51 3.69 210 370 94 3.73 5.6 240 315 94 O. OQ 14.80 No cure in 300 min ULTRA-VIOLET RAYS (83) NITROGEN SULFIDE («6) PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Tensile Properties FACTORS INFLUENCING TENSILE PROPERTIES TABLE 74.—INFLUENCE OF SHAPE OF TEST PIECE AND DIRECTION OF ITS Axis WITH REFERENCE TO THE CALENDER DIRECTION ( 32 )

TB \ EB Il TB \ EB \\ TB \ EB~ Sample No Rings Straight pieces: Longitudinal Transverse

| 1 || 2 Jl 3 151 635 119 675 74.5525

Sample No •Rings Straight pieces: Longitudina Transverse

|

192.5 630 146 640 181.5 640 143.5 670 4

||

5

84.5 480 88.5 555 ||

107

435

36

285

6 51.5320

130 120

410 460

48.5 320 36 280

62 315 48.5315

TABLE 76.—INFLUENCE OF WIDTH OF RING TEST PIECES ( 112 ) Diameter, 44.6 mm; thickness, 4 mm I Higher-grade rubber || Lower-grade rubber Sample N o . . . I 1 || 2 || 3 || 4 Width, mm...I TB \ EB \\ TB \ EB \\ TB \ EB \\ TB \ EB 2 158.9 808 105.8 611 18.9 182 25.2 187 4 117.7 806 97.1 624 18.8 193 27.3 203 6 97.4 809 87.5 628 17.2 183 26.0 199 TABLE 77.—INFLUENCE OF RATE OF STRETCHING ( 32 ) Straight test pieces Rate of jaw separation (cm/min) | 12.5 60 115 12.5 60 115 I Higher-grade rubber Sample No ...| 5 | 2 TB 175 188.5190.5133 136 138 EB 605 635 635 465 500 490 I Lower-grade rubber Sample No | 3 | 4 TB 26.3 30.1 32.5 23.8 27.3 30.1 EB 340 360 375 105 115 120 TABLE 78.—INFLUENCE OF TEMPERATURE ON THE STIFFNESS OF AN ACCELERATED STOCK ( 47 ) Stock: smoked sheet, 100; S, 3; ZnO, 6; hexamethylenetetramine,. 0.9; vulcanized 60 min at 141° t, 0C 21 I 24 I 27 I 30 T7 1 85 I 80 I 74 I 67 TABLE 79.—INFLUENCE OF HIGH TEMPERATURES (131) Stock: rubber, 92.5; S, 7.5; vulcanized to various extents at Time of heating II 0C prior to test, TB EB min 24 63 991 70 15 o

i

XT

i

/

i

•

j

Sample No. 1 (vulcanized f*r\ ' TT /"î -t \ 60 mm; V. C. =r»2.1)

a i No^ XT 2a (vulcanized / •i • j Sample 90 mm; V. C. =3.2)

FIG. 19.—Load-strain curves of Samples 1 and 2 (Table 74) as determined by (a) ring test pieces,32(6) straight test pieces cut longitudinally and (c) transversely ( ). TABLE 75.—INFLUENCE OF WIDTH OF STRAIGHT TEST PIECES (32)

Sample | Cover | Tube | Tube | Cover | Tube Width, mm |6.35|l2.7|6.35|l2.7|6.35|l2.7| 6.35 | 12.7 |6.35|12.7 TB 110 102 151 137 72 67 51.5 48.5175 144 EB 525 515 5801 570 350 340 335 350 615 575

100

1

147°* 2Ys 31 22

^

_

20

1Q -LOU

xO

JLtT1

^

147 147 26 70 100 ^

147 147 23 70 70 Sample No. 3 (vulcanized 100 120 min; V. C. = 4.2) 100 130 130 147

^

2

5 15 15 15 ß

1 5 1 5 1 5 1 5 1

13 700 14 678 107 990 49 104 1049 37 18 .595 ^ ^ 12 14 118 15 17 14 13 12 12 13

465 512 914 79 453 491 423 395 381 379 384

Load-Strain Curves for Vulcanized Rubber Independently of state of cure, the load-strain curve for mbber-S stock is a conchoid expressed by y = a — b sin a (1) x = n (a cot a — b cos a)

where x = load; y = strain; a = distance between pole and asymptote; b = distance between origin and asymptote; and n =

a constant fraction of corresponding abscissae of parent conchoid (137). y = ex + a sin2 bx (2) where y = strain; x = load; c, a, b = constants for the rubber ,specimen in question, characterizing respectively the initial, the middle, and the ultimate elongations ( 39 ).

S = A(I-J-M^'-''' I

*

oJ

(3)

Extension, sub-permanent set, energy absorption, energy of hysteresis in succession of cycles of various amplitudes ( 80 ). Extension in a series of cycles. Extension = a + b log (No. of cycle) where a = extension in second cycle; b = increment of extension in subsequent cycles ( 14 °). Influence of amount of extension on amount of hysteresis. In general, the shorter the cycle, the smaller the energy of hysteresis (cf. Fig. 23).

where x = load; I = length; b = breadth f taken as —r. i; h, p = constants for the rubber specimen in question (118).

FIG. 21.—Load-strain curve for cycles Nos. 1 and 8 and part of cycle No. 2 (Table 80) (2*).

FIG. 22.—Relation between cycle number and max. (solid lines) and min. (dotted lines) extension for cycles between various loads. Stock: rubber (smoked sheet), 94 vols.; S, 3 vols.; MgO, 1 vol.; carbon black, 2 vols.; vulcanized 60 min at 149°. Load expressed in kg/cm 2 ( 80 ).

FIG. 2t).—Influence of temperature on the tensile strength and ultimate elongation of five samples ( 32 ). Stress-Strain Curve for Vulcanized Rubber ax

v=b^x

W

where y = strain; x — load referred to unstrained cross section; a = distance of asymptote from axis; b = intercept cut off by tangent at origin on the asymptote. The curve is a rectangular hyperbola, with asymptotes parallel to the axes, with the equations y = a, x = -b. Ma-king the asymptotes the axes x'y' = -ab (82) I Stress = Ee + e/Bk (2) where e = elongation; / = original length; E = Young's modulus; Bandk = constants ( 146 ). Mechanical Hysteresis TABLE 80 Extension and sub-permanent set in a succession of cycles of êxtension and retraction ( 2 4 ). Pure gum rubber, sp. gr. 0.985, loaded at rate of 0.8 kg/cm 2 per 27 sec. Cycle No ;.| 1| 2| 3| 4| 5| 6| 7| 8 Extension produced, % |516|568|590|604|617|627|636|643 Sub-permanent set, % | 20| 23| 25| 28| 28| 28| 28| 28

FIG. 23.—Relation between the cycle number and energy absorption (solid lines) and energy of hysteresis (dotted2lines) for cycles between various loads. Load expressed in kg/cm ( 80 ). TABLE 81 Pure gum rubber subjected to a succession of cycles of different lengths, each cycle being repeated until the course of the loadstrain curves was constant ( 24 ). Difference between elongation at Amplitude Cycle same load during extension and kg/cm 2 No. retraction, % 61 0-4 1 167 0-8 2 286 0-12 3 533 0-16 4 Influence of rate of loading and unloading. The higher the rate of loading and of unloading, the smaller the extension and the greater the hysteresis ( 24 ). Influence of state of cure and of the presence of a filler on energy absorption (Figs. 26 and 27) and energy of hysteresis (Figs. 28 and 29) in a succession of cycles of extension and retraction ( 80 ). Stock A (by volume): rubber, 94; S, 3; MgO, 1 ; carbon black, 2. Stock B (by volume): rubber, 63; S, 2; MgO, 1; carbon black, 2; whiting, 32.

FIG. 28. — Stock A vulcanized for periods from 0.25 to 2 hr at 149° (so).

FIG. 29. — Stock B vulcanized for periods from 0.25 to 1 hr at 149° (»o).

FIG. 24.—Pure gum rubber subjected to hysteresis cycles of different lengths (i*»).

FIG. 25.—Influence of temperature on extension ( 2 *). Pure gum rubber, sp. gr. 0.985, loaded to 18.4 kg/cm 2 at 0° and 60°.

FIG. 30.—Increase in volume produced by straining to 100 % elongation stocks containing various volumes of barytes, china clay, lampblack, whiting and ZnO. Basal stock: rubber, 100; S, 5; litharge, 30 ( 139 ).

FIG. 26. — Stock A vulcanized for periods from 0.25 to 2 hr at 149° (8°).

FIG. 27. — Stock B vulcanized for periods from 0.25 to 1 hr at 149° (so).

Influence of compounding ingredients on Poisson's ratio for rubber ( 174 ). (PVJ Pt, Pw : Poisson's ratio from measurements of volume, thickness, width, respectively.) 1. Pt = Pw = Pv at elongations up to 200: carbon black, ZnO. 2. Pt does not equal Pw] Pv = 0.5.

3. Pw = Pt; Pv < 0.5 at 300%: barytes, lithopone. 4. Pw does not equal Pt; Pv < 0.5: tripoli at high elongations (cf. Fig. 32). At 25 % elongation Pt

Magnesium carbonate. Clay Tripoli

0.72 0.69 0.61

I

Pw

0.31 0.32 0.39

I

P.

0.51 0.505 0.50

Fio. 31.—Effect of strain on the ratio thickness: width as influenced by various compounding ingredients (20 vols, per 100 vols, rubber) O? 4 ).

FIG. 34.—Load-compression curves for the stock: rubber, 100; china clay, 20; S, 10; ZnO, 5;17 diphenylguanidine, 1; using clay of different degrees of fineness ( ). Hardness Definitions.—Plastometer number: the depression in hundredths mm produced by a steel sphere when the force against a surface of the rubber is increased from 85 to 1085 g, and then maintained for 60 sec ( 79 ). Modulus of hardness : the force in dynes producing a depression of 1 cm 3 (79). See p. 270 for Figs. 35-39, giving illustrative values. Resistance to Tearing TABLE 82.—INFLUENCE OF STATE OF CUKE ON RESISTANCE TO TEAR (231) Stock: rubber, 92.5; S, 7.5; vulcanized at 145° Time of cure, min | 30 | 45 | 60 | 75 I 90 | 105 | 120 | 135 | 150 Resistance to tear, kg/ cm2 5.67.79.811.613.316.813.311.911.2

FIG. 32.—Effect of tripoli on Poisson's ratio and on increase in volume at various extensions ( 174 ). Stock contains 20 vols, tripoli per 100 vols, rubber. Load-Compression Relations. Pure Gum Rubber

Fio. 33.—Load-compression curves for the stock: rubber, 100; S, 10; in various states of cure ( 17 ).

Compressibility Compressibility.—92.95 X 10~6 of the original volume per kg/cm2 (40). Equal to that of bronze (2), cf. ( los ). Volume Elasticity (107).—Soft, gray rubber (sp. gr., 1.289; TB, 58; EB, 890): 14 000 kg/cm2. Red rubber (sp. gr., 1.407; TBi ça: 58; EB, 630): 8000 kg/cm2. Gray rubber (sp. gr., 2.340; TBt 58;' EB, 340): 66 000 kg/cm2. Thermal Properties Expansion.—Coefficient of cubical expansion of: (a) Sample of vulcanized rubber (sp. gr., 0.996), 2.25° above to 2.25° below its maximum density: 0.000526 (88). (6) Sample of black vulcanized rubber (sp. gr., 0.90166 at 17.4°; S content, 2.5 to 3 %} at 0-60.7°: 0.000763 (ios). (c) Gray rubber: 0.000562 (ios). Specific Heat.—Above mentioned sample (a): 0.415 (88). Conductivity.—Vulcanized rubber, crepe, smoked sheet, etc. (45-100°): 0.00032 cal/sec/cm3 (227). Absorption ABSORPTION OF ORGANIC VAPORS TABLE 84.—ABSORPTION (g/g RUBBER) BY RAW RUBBER AND A RUBBER STOCK (RUBBER, 100; S, 12.5) VULCANIZED TO VARIOUS DEGREES (93) V. C. | O . Q 1.2 |2.Q I 3.5| 4 . 4 | 6 . 4 Carbon tetrachloride ]0.99 0.975 0.99 0.98 0.99 1.05 Benzene 0.980.8950.870.860.860.85 Carbon disulfide 0.64 0.650.630.640.67

FIG. 35. — Force-volume depression curves for 2 samples of vulcanized rubber (steel balls 3.175 and 6.35 mm in diameter) (79).

FIG. 36. — Relation between plastometer number and modulus of hardness ( 79 ).

FIG. 38. — Influence of thickness of thin specimens on apparent hardness as determined by the plastometer (6 samples) ( 79 ).

TZ

FIG. 37.—Change of modulus of hardness with temperature (4 samples) ( 79 ).

FIG. 39.—Modulus of hardness and degree of vulcanization (vulcanizing unit = (time of vulcanization at t°) X l.l150-* 79 ( ). ABSORPTION OF WATER TABLE 85.—ABSORPTION BY RAW RUBBER OF WATER FROM MOIST AlR (13O) 1 cf.

(210)

Relative humidity, % | 100 | 89 | 79 49 | 100 | 89 | 79 | 49 Resin % absorption at % absorption at T lype % 16^ 30^ Hevea sheet... 3.32 1.850.880.310.23 2.880.760.440.21 Hevea crepe.. . 3.43 2.800.890.39 4.541.060.37 Castilloa 5.2 0.620.28 1.570.230.16 Congo 16.7 6.022.120.9 15.8 2.581.260.42 Vulcanized rubber shows the same absorption from water vapor as from liquid water ( 22 ).

FIG. 40.—Various types of raw rubber in distilled water at 80-90° (a*). FIG. 41 (Insert).—Water absorption by cut sheet. Effect of temperature on (A) raw rubber, (B) cold vulcanized ( 94 ),

TABLE 86.—WATER ABSORPTION BY VARIOUS TYPES OF RUBBER g/cm 2 surface of sheets 0.35 mm thick (22) rp Type

. ~ t, 0C

~

Immersion. , '

., Absorption

24 70 70 ; 70 j 70 / 2 4 j ^

2ÖÖ 50 50 50 50 50 ^

0.0356 0.072 0.103 0.087 0.33 0.0070-0.0097 0.035-0.045

70 70 24

100 100 200

0.0137 0.0110 0.0122

J I

PaleCrepe

Smoked sheet Fine Para Latex sprayed. . . ,, „ Tr . Vulcanized rubber* Hardrubberf Hardrubbert Gutta-Percha

TABLE 87.—ABSORPTION BY SAMPLES IMMERSED 18 WEEKS AT 15-25° (117) | % absorption Medium Distilled water 31.77 Sea water 2.80 ' Distilled water 1.13-1.44f

*4 samples; resin content: 20.3-46.3 %. t Calculated on the gutta.

TABLE 88.—INFLUENCE OF DEGREE OF VULCANIZATION ON WATER ABSORPTION ( 94 ), cf. ( 22 ) Stock: crepe, 100; S, 7; MgO, 5 Time of cure at 143°, min Combined S, % Immersed 6 hr at 70-80° Immersed 24 hr at 70-80° After 48 hr more at 20°

| 15 | 30 | 60 | 120 I 0.62 | 1.17| 2.37 | 4.12 I % water absorbed 4.45 3.6 2.8 2.3 5.32 4.74 3.9 2.9 13.2 10.5 7.8 5.9

Temperature coefficient for absorption of water by vulcanized rubber: 1.32-1.44 fold for each 10° rise in temperature ( 22 ). Influence of pressure : water absorption is unaffected by increase of pressure from 1 to 5 atmospheres ( 22 ).

Imbibition of Liquids TABLE 89.—IMBIBITION BY RAW RUBBER cm 3 liquid by 1 cm 3 fine Para in 10 days at room temperature ( 151 ) Carbon tetrachloride.. 12.05 Chloroform 11.30 Carbon disulfide 10.07 Toluene 9.52

Benzene Xylene Ethyl ether Methyl alcohol

9.05 8.89 4.82 0.13

g liquid by 1 g fine Para under pressure of 1.12 kg/cm2 ( 124 ) Carbon tetrachloride.. 11.06 Chloroform 9.31 syw.-Dichloroethylene 7.35 Thiophene 5.32 Toluene 4.65

Benzene Cymene Cumene Ethylene chloride Ether

Chloroform Carbon disulfide Toluene Xylene Benzene Turpentine Benzyl chloride Petroleum ether Kerosene Ethyl ether

9.64 8.11 7.40 6.35 5.86 5.52 4.39 4.38 3.67 3.43

Nitrobenzene Ethyl acetate Acetone Acetic acid Amyl acetate Ethyl alcohol Methyl alcohol Ethyl alcohol (96 % ) . . . . Water

1.36 0.33 0.15 0.12 0.085 0.025 0.02 0.011 0.005

cm3 liquid by 1 cm 3 "black rubber tubing," sp. gr., 1.06 ( 16 O)

* Stock: rubber, 24; ZnO, 18; whiting, 12; litharge, 3; S, 1.5; cured 60 min at 135°. Crepe, smoked sheet and fine Para used. t Stock: rubber, 30; S, 17.5; p-nitrosodimethylaniline, 0.3; cured 120 min at 148°. Î Stock: rubber, 60; S, 35; cured 240 min at 148°.

Type Para rubber Para rubber Gutta-Percha*

TABLE 90.—IMBIBITION BY VULCANIZED RUBBER cm3 liquid by 1 cm3 rubber (sp. gr., 0.997; ash, 2; total S, 12.54; combined S, 1.28%) in 24 hr at 17° (65)

4.41 4.38 4.13 2.71 2.40

Chloroform Carbon disulfide Benzene

7.37 Ethyl ether 6.52 Ethyl acetate 5.87 Acetone

I 3.09 0.71 0.21

g liquid by l g rubber, (stock: rubber, 90; S, 10; vulcanized 75 min at 148°) in48hr (214) Benzene Toluene m-Xylene c?-Pinene Tetrahydronaphthalene . w-Pentane Carbon tetrachloride.... Chloroform Trichloroethylene Tetrachloroethane Tetrachloroethylene Pentachloroethane Bromobenzene Benzyl chloride Phenyl mustard oil Nitrobenzene Benzonitrile

3.63 3.84 3.01 2.57 5.22 0.72 8.50 6.51 8.10 8.19 6.47 8.02 6.17 3.01 3.21 1.46 2.20

Aniline Methylaniline Dimethylaniline o-Toluidine Diethylamine Piperidine Acetic acid n-Butyric acid Dichloroacetic acid Acetyl chloride Ethyl acetate Propyl acetate n-Butyl acetate Isoamyl acetate Ethyl benzoate Cyclohexanol

0.13~ 1.49 3.02 0.69 6.24 17.75 0.16 1.57 14.20 5.96 0.49 1.27 1.43 1.73 2.26 0.58

TABLE 91.—FACTORS INFLUENCING IMBIBITION Degree of vulcanization: cm3 CCl4 imbibed by l g rubber (stock: rubber, 100; S, 12.5; vulcanized to various degrees) ( 93 )

^^-^^

vTcx

^^^-^^^ 1.20 2.0 3.6 Hours immersed^^"^^^ Ï 8~09 S786 502 6 24.10 14.30 9.82 24 29.00 16.10 10.40

4.4

6.4

4~04 3.40 7.74 5.12 7.87 5.40

Temperature: cm3 C6H6 imbibed in 10 hr by l g rubber (stock: rubber, 100; S, 12.5; vulcanized to various degrees) ( 93 ) __~ V. C.

^»^

1.2

2.0

3.6

4.4

6.4

6.30 6.55 7.56

5.16 5.37 5.85

4.33 4.60 5.20

3.30 3.60 4.00

rc""^, 40 50 80

8.73 9.00 10.70

Pressure: g C6H6 imbibed by l g raw fine Para ( 124 ) kg/cm 2 Imbibition

1 0.72 I 1.12 | 2.12 | 3.12 | 5.12 | 5.14 | 4.41 | 3.28 | 2.71 | 2.09

For similar data for toluene, eumene, cymene, ether, chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, ethylene chloride, syra.-tetrachloroethane, si/m.-dichloroethylene and thiophene, v. ( 124 J.

TABLE 92.—VELOCITY OF IMBIBITION Velocity of swelling (under a pressure of 1.12 kg/cm2) 1 . CO co k = - loge ^Z CO oo — W

where k = a constant, z = time in minutes, Co 00 = imbibition at equilibrium, co = imbibition at time z, t = 17-18° ( 124 ). Liquid 11 Benzene | Cumene | Chloroform | Thiophene k |l 0.0019 I 0.0021 I 0.00057 | 0.00083 Solubility of Solids in Rubber TABLE 93.—SULFUR ( 9 O) In raw rubber: at 33°, 1.01; at 55°, 1.96 g/100 g raw rubber In vulcanized rubber: _. , Solubility Rubber: S hr cured ' ratio at 141° I i stock 40 100:10 Ï Oe I 1.48 2 2.98 1.45 3 4.34 1.53 4 6.54 1.61 5 7.95 1.69 55 100:10 1 1.46 2.13 2 2.98 2.24 3 4.34 2.39 4 6.54 2.56 55 100:30 3 5.47 2.36 4 8.72 2.94 5 13.92 3.00 75 100:30 3 5.47 3.22 4 8.72 4.25 5 13.92 5.42 6 16.91 5.90 SELENIUM (228) In raw rubber: <0.05 % at 8O0C.

Carbon Dioxide.—(-5.084 + 2.9280 X 10~6, range 9 to 33° (sp. gr., 0.9455 at 18 to 20°) (89). TABLE 94.—PERMEABILITY RELATIVE TO HYDROGEN AT SAME TEMPERATURE In ( 59 ) samples are vulcanized rubber on balloon fabric. In (44) samples are vulcanized, probably by sulfur chloride Gas

Hydrogen

f
Oxygen

Nitrogen Argon Helium Air

j

Carbon dioxide Nitrous oxide

'

Ammonia

<

Water vapor Liquid water Methyl chloride Ethyl chloride

Relative permeability 1 0.445 0.337 0.500 0.45 0.160 0.12 0.18 0.23 0.26 0.65 0.230 0.194 2.91 2.76 2.8 2.48 2.47 4.54 8 11.4 55 105 18.5 198

t°, C

Lit.

25 20 25

(59) (44) (45) (72)

25

(59)

20

(45) (72)

25

(45) (125)

25

(59)

25

(59)

17

(44)

25

(59)

17

(44) (45) (89) (72)

17 25

(44) '(59)

17

(44)

25

(59)

25

(59)

25

(59)

25

(59)

FIG. 43.—Variation of conductivity for raw india rubber with temperature and frequency ( 6 2 ).

Electrical Properties RAW RUBBER, GUTTA-PERCHA AND BALATA TABLE 95.—ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES OF RAW RUBBER (42) FIG. 42.—Solubility of naphthalene, azobenzene and p-toluidine in raw rubber ( 2 7 ).

Permeability to Gases and Vapors Permeability is proportional to the partial pressure of the gas and to the thickness of the rubber (44, 59, 89, 229). SPECIFIC PERMEABILITY Unit.—cm3 gas/min/cm2 area/cm thickness. Hydrogen.—20.4 X 10~6 at 25° (vulcanized rubber on balloon fabric) (59). (5.520 + 0.8760 X 10~6, range 12.8 to 30.7° tep. gr., 0.9455 at 18 to 20°) («»).

Type Fine Para Pale crepe Pale crepe* Smoked sheet . . . . Smoked sheet. . . . Smoked sheet*. . . Cameta Guayule

Age, mo

3 15 12

Number Dielectric Power Resistivity of constant factor, (IO8 megsamples at 1000 ~ ohm-cm) % 13 0.14 2.43 35 6 2.43 0.16 50 3 2.36 0.29 40 6 2.53 0.19 3 3 2.38 0.16 10 3 2.35 0.29 60 5 2.56 0.28 10 2 0.51 2.69 60

* Thoroughly washed and dried.

TABLE 99.—INFLUENCE OF FREQUENCY AND TEMPERATURE ON CONDUCTANCE OF GUTTA-PERCHA ( 62 ) FreConductance (K) in bi-mhos (IO12 mhos) per cm3 quency J _ f, 0C -75| -53| -34| -26| -14| O 15| 19| 27 50 920 K IJ 2| 10| 15| 22| 33| 30| 20| 10| 4 t,»C -75| -54| ~35| -25| -14| Q| 15| 19| 27| 50 K 3| 9| 14| 35| 53| 9l| 97 87| 46| 14 f, 0C I -56| -36| ~25|. -14| p| 15 19J 27| 50 H 3| 13 49| 80| 146 177J 163J 97 32

1. Gutta-Percha refined by acetone extraction 2. Gutta-Percha (Tjipetir plantation) 3. No. 2 after drying 4. Gutta-Percha, refined. .. 5. Gutta-Percha, commercial 6. No. 5 after drying 7. Resin from Gutta-Percha 8. Balata, commercial sheet

99.0

Resistivity (IO 8 megohmcm)

Power factor % at 1000 ~

H2O, %

Mechanical impurities

Resin

Gutta

% composition*

Dielectric constant at 1000 ~

TABLE 96.—ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES OF GUTTA-PERCHA AND BALATA (42)

1.0

O 2.56 0.09

370

89.2 9.3 1.5 89.2 9.3 1.5 79.9 19.3 0.8

>0 2.60 1.1 O 2.61 0.23 2.78 0.35

65 45 60

57.3 39.2 3.5 2.5 4.13 3.1 57.3 39.2 3.5 O 3.01 1.8 0.0100.0 3.27 44.81 39.8 15.4 3.48 2.3

25 25 <

* On dry weight.

TABLE 97.—INFLUENCE OF FREQUENCY ON ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES OF RAW RUBBER AND GUTTA-PERCHA ( 42 ) Dielectric constant Alternating current

1000 ~ Pale crepe Gutta-Percha* Gutta-Perchat * Tjipetir.

2.38 2.62 2.82

60 ~

2.40 2.63 2.84

Direct current 0.6 sec charge, discharge 0.1 sec

1.0 sec

Power factor At 1000—, %

Resistivity At (10s meg60 ~, ohm-cm) %

30 0.3 0.5 2.65 2.70 50 0.2 0.3 2.81 2.87 60 3.01 3.07 0.4 0.5 t Refined commercial.

FIG. 46.—Dielectric constant at 1000 cycles; pure gum mixture (smoked sheet, 96; S, 4 and smoked sheet, 92; S, 8) vulcanized for various periods of time at various temperatures ( 4 2 ). FIG. 44.—Variation of S/cp (power factor) with temperature and frequency for raw india rubber condenser ( 6 2 ).

FIG. 47.—Power factor for samples described in Fig. 46 ( 4 2 )„ FIG. 45.—Variation of S/cp (power factor) with temperature and frequency for Gutta-Percha from -75 to 5O0C ( 6 2 ).

TABLE 98.—INFLUENCE OF TEMPERATURE AND FREQUENCY ON ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES ( 62 )

Resistivity: ranges from 10 X IO8 to 150 X IO8 megohm-cm irregularly ( 42 ) TABLE 100 (42)

I Raw rubber | Gutta-Percha Frequency | 920 | 2 760 | 4 600 | 920 | 2 760 | 4 60^T . Temperature, 0C 18 18 18 15 15 15 Dielectric constant for alternating current 2.60 2.60 2.60 2.86 2.86 2.86 Temperature coef- f per 0C -0.062 -0.062 -0.062 0.105 0.124 0.133 ficient \range O to O to O to -14 to -14 to -14 to 43° 44° 44° 50° 50° 50° Resistivity, alternating current, megohm-cm 145 000 54 500 35 400 33 700 10 200 5 600 Power factor, % 0.005 0.005 0.004 0.020 0.023 0.025 Specific conductance for frequency n, micromicrohm-cm 1.53 +0.005Sn — 16.9 + 0.04n (at 19°)

Cure Dielectric . ' constant mm Rubber | Accel.* | ZnO | S ' at 1000 ~ Without free sulfur 98 1 1 Ô Ï5545 2.42 90 2.40 92 3 5 0 126 15 2.49 40 2.48 88 5 10 O 155 4 2.60 12 2.59 85 5 10 O 126 20 2.66 40 2.62 80 10 10 O 126 20 2.84 Composition

t, 0C

Power

factor, % 0.87 0.81 0.42 0.41 0.90 0.80 0.47 0.45 0.50

Resistivity (10« megohm-cm) 185 195 20 24 200 220 20 20 5

TABLE 100 ( 4 2 ).— (Continued) Composition Rubber | Accel.* | ZnO | S 91.75

3

5

92.5

2

5

92.75

0.75

5

90.75

0.25

5

* Tetramethylthiuram t Extremes of range.

Dielectric constant at 1000 ~

~ Cure, t, 0 O min*t

With free sulfur 0.25 126 20 35 0.5 126 10 40 1.5 126 10 25 4 126 15 30 disulfide.

2.48 2.45 2.51 2.48 2.49 2.49 2.60 2.78

INFLUENCE OF COMPOUNDING INGREDIENTS Power factor, %

0.40 0.26 0.23 0.35 0.35 0.34 0.23 0.41

Resistivity (IO8 megohm-cm) 27 45 150 80 150 210 90 10

TABLE 101.—INFLUENCE OF FREQUENCY ( 42 )

Composition

1. Rubber, 96; S, 4 2. Rubber, 90.75; S, 4; ZnO, 5; tetramethylthiuram disulfide, 0.25. . 3. (2) + ZnO, 75 4. (2) + carbon black, 20.

Dielectric constant Power factor Direct curResisAlternating rent 0.6 sec tivity At At charge, current (IO» megdischarge 1000 ~, 60 ~, % % ohm-cm) 0.1 1.0 1000 ~ 60 ~ sec sec 1.2 20 2.89 2.90 3.25 3.32 0.35

2.67 2.67 2.86 2.94 9.76 10.3 11.9 13.1 6.12 8.61 10.3 12.4

0.20 0.2 1.9 4.8 7.5 10.5

80 0.5 0.4

TABLE 102.—INFLUENCE OF TEMPERATURE AND FREQUENCY ( 62 ) Frequency 920 ] 2 760 I 4 600 Temperature, 0C 17 17 17 Dielectric constant for alternating current 2.73 2.71 2.71 Temperature coefficient range (-14 to 83°) -0.150 -0.130 -0.140 Resistivity, alternating current, megohm-cm 342 300 103 000 38 100 Power factor, % 0.2 0.2 0.4 Specific conductance for frequency n, micro-microhm-cm. . 2.0 + 1180 X 10~12n2.

FIG. 49. — Influence of carbon black, ZnO, 42litharge, Se and quartz on dielectric strength ( ). In the case of ZnO, quartz, and Se, " % of filler" means the parts of filler by weight added to the following basal mixtures: TetramethylRubber S ZnO P^m thiuram disulfide 0.25 Zinc oxide l 93 . 75 2 | 4 0.25 Quartz 92 . 75 2 1 4 0.25 Selenium ! 90. 75 4 5 In the case of litharge " % filler" means the percentage present in the following series of mixtures: Litharge O 4 10 20 40 66 88 Rubber 96 88 82 74 52 22 9 Sulfur 4 4 4 6 8 11 1 Ozokerite 4 4 Palm oil 1 2

TABLE 103.—INFLUENCE OF TEMPERATURE AND FREQUENCY ON THE CONDUCTANCE OF SOFT VULCANIZED RUBBER (62) Frequency | Conductance (K) in bi-mhos (IO12 mhos) per cm3 ~ t,0C |-76|-63|-42|-32|-23|-14| 0|17|41|60|83 K I 2| 4| 32| 50| 26| 19| 7| 3| 8|12|16 /, 0 C |-76|-63|-42|-33|-23|-14| 0|l7|42J61|83 2760 K I 4| 8| 53| 141| 102| 76|31|10|18|29|41 4600

*' °° i"76 ~6B| ~421 ~321 ~241 ~ M| °l17N60I84 K I 3| . 9| 62| 220| 2Q5| 158|57i26|26|43l57

FIG. 48.—Variation of S/cp (power factor) with temperature and frequency for soft vulcanized0 rubber from — 90 to o 10O C (62). a

FIG. 50. — Influence of filler on the FIG. 51. — Influence of power factor at optimum cure ( 42 ) ; cf. carbon 42black on the resisnote to Fig. 49. tivity ( ).

No. 1 No. 1 + barytes, 45 No. 1 + titanox,* 50 No. 1 + iron oxide, 46 No. 1 + tellurium, 25 No. 2 No. 2-f china clay, 49 Rubber, 41; S, 2; ozokerite, 5.4; tetramethylthiuram disulfide, 0.1; asbestine, 50 ..

4.24

2.1

14

* Approximate composition: titanium dioxide, 25; barium sulfate, 75 %.

INFLUENCE OF SOFTENERS In a stock cured by the aid of tetramethylthiuram disulfide, the following softeners have little effect on the dielectric constant: ozokerite, 10; vaseline, 10; beeswax, 10; stearic acid, 10; palm oil, 5 parts. The following increased the dielectric constant from 2.67 to the figures noted: p-coumarone resin, 10, to 2.80; mineral rubber, 33, to 2.88 (42).

Specific gravity Tensile strength, kg/cm 2 . . . . Compressive strength, (kg/ cm2) II to laminations, 0.5 in. cube Compressive strength (kg/ cm2) _L to laminations . . . . Elongation, % . . . Electric strength (v/mm) alternating current Resistivity (megohm-cm) X IO6 Dielectric constant at radio frequencies Water absorption (%) (24 hr at 50°)

^, . , Thickness,1 mm 1. Rubber with 35 % S* 2. Medium quality

OTo 0.5

18

o Medium ™ Jv. 3. quality

lg 2

A ™ j4. Medium

r* quality

5. Switch handle quality.... * Sp. gr., 1.201.

'°

11

1 n 1.0

45

0.5

26

^2

60

io_20 60 10 20

-

1QQ

10-20

338

282

245

Radio panels and parts*

Rods and tubes i 265

359 300 249 6.8 4.5 4.5 367

351

26.6

30.2

325

220

5.1

237 3.3

370

322

32.9 628

100 4.3

0.03

0.04

0.05

0.04

0.08

TABLE 107 (42) Dielectric Power • & • • • + Vj constant, factor, me .hm cm Rubber, 71.4; S, 28.6

Electric , ,, . ~ strength, t. 0 C , ., * ' ' kilovolt-mm Ï5Ô 10-20 36 10-20 25 10-20

1.22 1.20 1.19 1.18 1.46 635 530 440 480 395

* Mean of 3 samples. t Mean of 4 samples. J Mean of 5 samples.

HARD RUBBER TABLE 105.—ELECTRIC STRENGTH (63, 63.5)

Sheet t

Dielectric Power Resistivity constant, factor, (IO8 1000 ~ % megohm-cm) 2 / T Ô 0 ~ 3 2 9 0 3.37 1.1 20 3.77 1.1 13 3.61 1.39 30 3.20 0.50 85 2.62 0.75 190 3.27 1.13 170

G. P. O. sheet* (U. S.)

Rubber mixture, %

TABLE 106. — ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES OF VARIOUS GRADES OP HARD RUBBER (3) Admiralty sheet (U. S.)

TABLE 104.—INFLUENCE OF BARYTES, "TITANOX," IRON OXIDE, TELLURIUM, CHINA CLAY AND ASBESTINE ( 42 ) Stock No. 1: smoked sheet, 90.75; S, 5; ZnO, 4; tetramethylthiuram disillude, 0.25%. Stock No. 2: smoked sheet, 90.75; S, 5; ZnO, 4; diphenylguanidine, 1 %

iooo ~

%

| 3.50

| 0.4

g° -

110 X IQ8

TABLE 108.—INFLUENCE OF TEMPERATURE AND FREQUENCY (62) Frequency 920 I 2 760 I 4 600 Dielectric constant for alternating current 3.17 3.15 3.14 Temperature coefficient range (O to 84°) 0.360 0.310 0.290 Resistivity, alternating current, megohm-cm 148 500 38 500 23 100 Power factor, % 0.5 0.5 0.5 Specific conductance for frequency n, micro-microhm-cm . . O + O.Oln

TABLE 109. —INFLUENCE OF HEAT AND IMMERSION ON THE ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES OF A MEDIUM GRADE OF HARD RUBBER (63.5) Volume resistivity, Electric strength, Surface resistivity, megohm-cm kv/mm at 10-20° megohm Sample Sample ImImSample Sample Sample ImSample No. 8 No. 8 mersed No. 6 mersed mersed No. 6 No. 6 No. 8 6 8 8 45 29 16 X IO Normal 4 X IO 5 X IO 44 X IO3 8 8 6 32 1 wk 1 wk 29 Water 24 hr 5 X IO 5 X IO 1.8 X IO 0.8 X 10« 1 wk 1 wk 37 35 5 X IO8 5 X IO8 Brine 24 hr 1.7 X IO6 27 X IO3 1 wk 1 wk 5 X IO6 5 X IO8 15 X IO6 1.2 X IO6 H2SO4* 1 wk 3.5 X IO8 at 100° 5 X W a t 50° 1 wk 26 X IO6 at 100° 5 X IO6 at 50° 30 Ou 24 hr 6hr 1 X IO8 at 100° 5 X IO8 at 50° 6 h r Air 4 X IO8 at 100° 4 X IO8 at 50° * Specific gravity, 1.21.

TABLE 110.—INFLUENCE OF COMPOUNDING INGREDIENTS (12°) Stock: fine Para, 65; S, 35 Sp. gr. of mixture 1.201 1.298 1.185 1.192 1.224 1.199 1.171 1.187 1.335

Ingredient added None Talc Soft palm pitch Waste, soft grade Hard palm pitch Waste, hard grade Caramba wax Factice (vulcanized oil) Zinc oxide

Electric strength, kv/mm Ï5Ô 128 118 115 108 92 78 72 69

TABLE 114.—TIME IN MIN REQUIRED TO PRODUCE A GIVEN DEGREE OF PLASTICITY Influence of (a) distance between the rolls ("nip") and (6) the size of the batch of rubber on the time required to reduce rubber to a given degree of plasticity and the temperature acquired during milling in the case of a 214 cm mill, with a friction ratio of 1:1.5 and a surface speed of the front roll of 25.4 m per min ( 78 ). I Extrusion time, mm Nip, mm 4.3 3.57 2.78 1.98 1.19 0.40

^2

11 13 9 ca. 9 ca. 13

j Extrusion time, mm Nip, mm 4.3 3.57 2.78 1.98 1.19

45.4 kg batch [J ^ ^ ^2

28.5 25 17.5 15.5 16.5 13.5

33 28 20.5 18 18.5 15.5

36 31 23 30 29

^ ^

79 kg batch ^ 1 3 ^2

36.5 19 46.5 53 31 21.5 42.5 50 22.5 15.5 34.5 39.5 20 16 32.5 39 20 17 34 39 17 16.5 29

113 kg batch 2 2

g 2

|j ^2

60 51 58 63 51 57.5 62 46.5 51 54

57.5 53.5 43 44.5 42

147 kg batch ^2

^ ^3

49 41 35.5 63 35 59 35.5 53

^2

57.5 60

FIG. 53. — Variation of S/cp FIG. 52. — Variation of conductivity of ebonite with62 tem- (power factor) for an ebonite condenser with temperature and perature and frequency ( ). frequency. Black dots denote 920, crosses 2760, and2 small circles 24 600 p. p. s. (6 ). MILLING TABLE 111.—INFLUENCE OF TIME OF MILLING ON PLASTICITY (78) 79 kg rubber (half sheet, half crepe) milled on a 214 cm fast mill. Extrusion time is the time in min required to extrude a length of 2 cm through the orifice of a Griffiths' plastometer at 85°. Time, min Extrusion time

12.5 18 25 32.5 45 60 2.77 2.05 1.72 1.47 1.23 0.97

TABLE 112.—INFLUENCE OF TIME AND TEMPERATURE OF MILLING ON PLASTICITY ( 172 ) k = plasticity determined by a Williams' plastometer Milling conditions Time, Temp., min ^C 13 100 25 100 55 100

k 4.7 3.7 S1O

Milling conditions Time, Temp., min ^C 30 40 60 40 120 40

k 2.0 1.6 1.3

TABLE 113.—INFLUENCE OF TIME OF MILLING ON VISCOSITY OF RUBBER SOLUTIONS ( 25 > 13°) Time of milling, min ,r. ., , / Fine hard Para.. Viscosity number < T , _ \Latexcrepe

O 72.1 Af. „ 49.6

10 24.8 nr. . 20.4

15 15.2 .,_ . 16.4

2?5 5 10 15 20|30 40 50:60 Time of milling, min Relative viscosity of 2% soin... 1900 540 150 11090,7065 60 59

FIG. 54. Recovery from Milling Figure 54 shows the recovery from milling (expressed as maturing t ime /plasticity) of the same batch of typical pale crepe rubber milled to different degrees of plasticity and then allowed to remain at room temp, in the form of rolls 25 cm long X 7.5 cm diam. ( 78 ); the plasticity is expressed as the extrusion time in a Griffiths' plastometer (cf. Table 111). Figure 55 shows the recovery of rubber (2 samples) from milling as shown by the viscosity of solutions (2 g in 97 cm3 CS2) after storage for various periods ( 123 ).

TABLE 110.—INFLUENCE OF COMPOUNDING INGREDIENTS (12°) Stock: fine Para, 65; S, 35 Sp. gr. of mixture 1.201 1.298 1.185 1.192 1.224 1.199 1.171 1.187 1.335

Ingredient added None Talc Soft palm pitch Waste, soft grade Hard palm pitch Waste, hard grade Caramba wax Factice (vulcanized oil) Zinc oxide

Electric strength, kv/mm Ï5Ô 128 118 115 108 92 78 72 69

TABLE 114.—TIME IN MIN REQUIRED TO PRODUCE A GIVEN DEGREE OF PLASTICITY Influence of (a) distance between the rolls ("nip") and (6) the size of the batch of rubber on the time required to reduce rubber to a given degree of plasticity and the temperature acquired during milling in the case of a 214 cm mill, with a friction ratio of 1:1.5 and a surface speed of the front roll of 25.4 m per min ( 78 ). I Extrusion time, mm Nip, mm 4.3 3.57 2.78 1.98 1.19 0.40

^2

11 13 9 ca. 9 ca. 13

j Extrusion time, mm Nip, mm 4.3 3.57 2.78 1.98 1.19

45.4 kg batch [J ^ ^ ^2

28.5 25 17.5 15.5 16.5 13.5

33 28 20.5 18 18.5 15.5

36 31 23 30 29

^ ^

79 kg batch ^ 1 3 ^2

36.5 19 46.5 53 31 21.5 42.5 50 22.5 15.5 34.5 39.5 20 16 32.5 39 20 17 34 39 17 16.5 29

113 kg batch 2 2

g 2

|j ^2

60 51 58 63 51 57.5 62 46.5 51 54

57.5 53.5 43 44.5 42

147 kg batch ^2

^ ^3

49 41 35.5 63 35 59 35.5 53

^2

57.5 60

FIG. 53. — Variation of S/cp FIG. 52. — Variation of conductivity of ebonite with62 tem- (power factor) for an ebonite condenser with temperature and perature and frequency ( ). frequency. Black dots denote 920, crosses 2760, and2 small circles 24 600 p. p. s. (6 ). MILLING TABLE 111.—INFLUENCE OF TIME OF MILLING ON PLASTICITY (78) 79 kg rubber (half sheet, half crepe) milled on a 214 cm fast mill. Extrusion time is the time in min required to extrude a length of 2 cm through the orifice of a Griffiths' plastometer at 85°. Time, min Extrusion time

12.5 18 25 32.5 45 60 2.77 2.05 1.72 1.47 1.23 0.97

TABLE 112.—INFLUENCE OF TIME AND TEMPERATURE OF MILLING ON PLASTICITY ( 172 ) k = plasticity determined by a Williams' plastometer Milling conditions Time, Temp., min ^C 13 100 25 100 55 100

k 4.7 3.7 S1O

Milling conditions Time, Temp., min ^C 30 40 60 40 120 40

k 2.0 1.6 1.3

TABLE 113.—INFLUENCE OF TIME OF MILLING ON VISCOSITY OF RUBBER SOLUTIONS ( 25 > 13°) Time of milling, min ,r. ., , / Fine hard Para.. Viscosity number < T , _ \Latexcrepe

O 72.1 Af. „ 49.6

10 24.8 nr. . 20.4

15 15.2 .,_ . 16.4

2?5 5 10 15 20|30 40 50:60 Time of milling, min Relative viscosity of 2% soin... 1900 540 150 11090,7065 60 59

FIG. 54. Recovery from Milling Figure 54 shows the recovery from milling (expressed as maturing t ime /plasticity) of the same batch of typical pale crepe rubber milled to different degrees of plasticity and then allowed to remain at room temp, in the form of rolls 25 cm long X 7.5 cm diam. ( 78 ); the plasticity is expressed as the extrusion time in a Griffiths' plastometer (cf. Table 111). Figure 55 shows the recovery of rubber (2 samples) from milling as shown by the viscosity of solutions (2 g in 97 cm3 CS2) after storage for various periods ( 123 ).

Figure 56 shows the influence of temperature of storage on recovery from milling (3 samples). "Hot" storage: 22.75 kg held at 42° in the form of a roll 25.5 cm long; "cold" storage: slices 6.3 cm thick cooled in water immediately after milling and held at room temp. ( 78 ).

•Stock a

(X Z X Z

I

1 9 10 12 30

I

2 5 12 5 8

3 21 30 15 25

I

4 27 45 23 50

I

5 18 40 11 35

Comparison of grain in calendered and in extruded rubber after vulcanization. Stock No. 3 (above) a: calendered, X, 21; Z1 30; extruded, X, 11; Z, 10 (224).

SOFTENERS

FIG. 55.

FIG. 56. Calender Grain Difference in tensile properties in the direction of calendering and at right angles to it (cf. Poisson's ratio). Raw Rubber.—Sheet calendered on cloth : longitudinal direction, TB, 7.1; EB, 95. Transverse direction, TB, 1.4; E8, 533 (127). TABLE 115 Vulcanized Rubber.—Stock calendered on cloth or on a cold calender roll (224). X = rotation of the load-strain curve from the strain axis expressed as excess energy of resilience shown by test pieces cut along the calendar direction compared with pieces cut transversely to the calender direction, i.e., [ J^1 ATdE/ J^* T (with grain) dE\ X 100, the upper limit of integration being taken at 90 % of the mean EB. Z = displacement of the load-strain curve expressed as the extent to which the curve for test pieces in the calender direction has to be shifted along the strain axis to coincide with the curve for test pieces cut transversely to the calender direction. a, vulcanized, wrapped, on mandrel; 6, vulcanized in mold with no overflow.

Composition of stocks: (1) rubber, 97; S, 3 (by volumes); (2) rubber, 92; S, 4; ZnO, 4; (3) rubber, 90; antimony sulfide containing 40% CaSO4, 10; (4) rubber, 73; S, 3.5; litharge, 3; whiting, 18; gas black, 2.5; (5) rubber, 52; S, 8; litharge, 2; whiting, 35; gas black, 3.

TABLE 116.—EFFECT OF SOFTENERS ON PROPERTIES OF CURED AND UNCURED STOCK (RING-SHAPED TEST PIECES) (31) Stock: rubber, 100; S, 5; ZnO, 1; diphenylguanidine, 0.25; vulcanized 90 min at 148° Uncured stock Cured stock Softener % SoftPlasEQQ TB EB ticity* ness t None I 6.05 1.18 797 I 144 I 936 784 152 921 1.31 5.32 0.125 794 152 933 1.33 0.25 5.95 1.38 5.75 Mineral oil, sp. gr., 0 . 5 800 150 948 787 124 924 1.40 6.45 0.905;i?, 951 190 1 797 121 912 1.42 2 6.75 1.45 6.84 817 111 909 5 0.125 783 113 870 1.31 6.30 0.25 801 145 900 1.31 6.35 5 1.32 807 133 940 6.35 T7 r Vaseline .°817 131 941 1.36 6.27 2 821 133 968 6.48 1.45 5 826 116 935 1.48 6.60 1.34 0.125 785 147 902 6.45 0.25 794 135 917 6.45 1.36 1.37 6.50 795 129 920 Naphthalene 1' 6.69 1.38 800 127 922 2 1.39 6.80 798 123 936 6.85 1.39 5 814 107 920 1.31 0.125 6.20 819 144 960 6.35 1.30 0.25 810 126 940 6.35 1.30 806 110 910 Mineral rubber 1.29 6.29 783 102 867 2 1.31 6.55 772 98 894 1.42 5 7.05 834 88 953 1.29 0.125 6.40 800 147 893 0.25 1.33 6.47 807 128 925 1.37 6.47 814 110 942 Pine tar °'5 6.55 1.37 831 110 947 2 7.72 1.39 837 93 909 5 1.42 7.83 902 93 972 0.125 6.63 1.33 813 136 940 0.25 6.63 1.35 810 135 937 O 5 6.63 1.36 804 134 932 Pine tar pitch 6.25 1.39 815 114 922 2 6.21 1.51 857 107 955 5 6.21 1.64 933 84 1003 0.125 6.20 1.42 845 115 940 0.25 1.42 5.90 824 104 926 1.42 5.70 815 116 915 Rosin (colophony) 6.20 852 114 954 1.50 2 6.45 1.47 883 114 992 7.10 1.56 930 82 948 I5

TABLE 116. —EFFECT OF SOFTENERS ON PROPERTIES OF CURED AND UNCURED STOCK (RING-SHAPED TEST PIECES) (31). — (Continued) Cured stock Uncured stock Softener % SoftPlas$60 TB EB ticity* ness t 825 119 936 5.80 1.47 0.125 832 115 940 5.80 1.47 0.25 859 108 957 6.12 1.48 Rubber resin 869 109 974 1.51 6.60 916 84 975 1.58 6.65 2 962 81 1020 6.72 1.61 5 6.05 1.39. 782 147 934 0.125 775 146 920 6.11 0.25 1.40 6.21 770 146 911 1.40 Rosin oil 775 136 902 1.39 6.30 843 119 962 1.48 6.35 2 896 92 968 1.67 6.43 5 747 147 887 6.22 0.125 1.30 751 146 892 1.30 0.25 6.26 758 144 907 1.30 6.35 TD -i 0-5 Rape oil 768 102 846 1.39 6.35 808 125 926 1.47 6.55 2 834 99 911 6.67 5 1-.51 785 132 910 0.125 1.30 5.12 784 130 908 5.64 0.25 1.31 780 139 905 1.30 6.15 Linseed oil (raw) ' 826 116 935 6.22 1.37 1.42 789 115 898 2 6.55 845 102 933 6.57 1.51 5 811 118 911 0.125 6.45 1.30 828 113 922 1.33 0.25 6.70 851 103 939 1.40 6.80 5 Olive oil °1.44 853 123 972 7.10 854 110 953 2 1.51 6.96 868 104 962 1.60 6.60 5 732 126 855 1.40 0.125 5.57 739 131 865 0.25 1.40 5.57 750 145 894 1.40 5.57 Stearin 770 144 930 1.43 5.60 755 131 890 1.41 5.85 2 7.02 790 130 930 1.40 5 798 142 939 1.42 6.25 0.125 815 131 940 1.44 6.20 0.25 824 128 949 1.44 6.23 5 Palm oil °' 784 140 924 6.35 1.47 815 107 906 1.51 6.66 2 863 113 970 1.66 6.70 5 865 119 963 1.38 6.35 0.125 843 112 950 1.40 6.35 0.25 846 108 943 1.44 6.40 ™ ., 0.5 Oleic acid 872 106 940 6.44 1.46 827 98 1017 1.56 6.95 2 84 1080 1.82 1020 8.12 5 824 123 941 1.40 5.25 0.125 827 126 950 1.44 5.35 0.25 833 117 958 1.46 5.50 Stearic acid 858 126 989 1.53 6.30 902 118 1030 1.55 6.73 2 954 111 997 1.56 7.60 5

TABLE 116. —EFFECT OF SOFTENERS ON PROPERTIES OF CURED AND UNCURED STOCK (RING-SHAPED TEST PIECES) (31). — (Continued) Uncured stock Cured stock Softener % SoftPlasEô TB EB ticity* ness t 1.40 0.125 6.45 783 129 910 1.44 790 131 924 0.25 6.50 1.48 6.55 800 137 930 Palmitic acid 1.50 842 137 982 6.55 1.58 2 6.60 919 104 1030 1.63 6.70 5 954 105 1070 5.94 0.125 1.39 811 144 951 1.40 6.07 802 144 940 0.25 1.41 6.05 ^ . 0.5 794 146 936 ueresm wax 1.46 6.27 815 142 952 1.48 6.55 2 813 130 942 1.44 7.08 5 820 118 933 0.125 1.46 5.17 864 117 977 1.48 4.25 0.25 859 114 914 4.44 1.51 830 114 977 ^ u 0-5 Carnauba wax 1.40 4.18 866 133 993 2 1.48 3.80 855 114 977 3.66 1.33 5 855 110 969 * Depression (mm) in 3 min in Williams' plastometer at 70° with a load of 5 kg on a disc 5 cm2 in area and 1 cm thick, t Depression (mm) with 3 mm steel ball under 0.5 kg load at room temperature.

TABLE 117. — INFLUENCE OF FATTY OILS ON TENSILE PROPERTIES OF PURE GUM VULCANIZATE ( 122 ) Stock: rubber, 90; S, 10; vulcanized at 143.3° Time of cure, hr Cottonseed ou ^ ( ^ |2S| 3 |35 f without oil 3.7 5.25 6.5 8.5 10.9 (with 2% oil 3.15 4.2 6.1 7.6 9.7 withoutoil TB ((V N/ 19-1 25.1 25.8 30.0 33.8 gj \ with 2 % oil 9.6 18.8 24.2 20.4 18.0 f without oil 936 877 820 769 726 B \ with 2 % oil. 857 896 831 730 619 Similar results with rape-seed oil, palm oil and mineral oil. 5 ( g)

ACCELERATORS OF VULCANIZATION Index of Accelerators Aldehyde ammonia, Fig. 59 («1, K>9, 143, 144, 226) Aniline, Figs. 57, 58 («1, »«) Arsenic, Table 118 Benzidine ( 98 ) Cadmium diethyldithiocarbamate ( 169 ) Calcium hydroxide, Fig. 73 ( 95 ) Cinchonine ( 51 ) Diacetoneamine, Figs. 57, 58 Di(dimethylaminophenyl)guanidine (l 14 ) Diethylammonium diethyldithiocarbamate (138) Dimethylammonium dimethyldithiocarbamate ( 41 » 138) Dimethylaniline (61) Dimethyl thiuram disulfide ( 166 ) Diphenylguanidine, Figs. 57, 58, 64, 65, 66, 67, 69; Table 124 (143) Di-w-propylamine (143) Dithiobenzoyl disulfide (126) Di-a-thionaphthoyl disulfide (220) Di-o-tolylguanidine, Figs. 67, 68, 69 (142) Di-o-tolylthiourea (1^) Di-p-tolylguanidine, Fig. 69 (142) Di-p-tolylthiourea (i ß 2) Dixanthogen, Fig. 62

Di-m-xylylguanidine (114) Ethylammonium ethyldithiocarbamate (166) Ethylideneaniline, Table 123 (»«) Formaldehydeaniline, Figs. 57, 58 (226) Furfuramide, Fig. 63 Hexamethylenetetramine, Figs. 71, 72; Table 125 (41, 109, 132, 143, 144, 162, 167, 169)

Hydrazobenzene ( 98 ) Litharge, Fig. 74; Table 126 Magnesium oxide, Fig. 75; Table 127 ( 96 ) Mercaptobenzothiazole ( 143 ) Mercuric oxide, Fig. 74 Methylene-p-toluidine ( 143 ) Nitrogen sulfide (126) p-Nitrosodimethylaniline, Figs. 57, 58; Table 128 ( 4 >

61

,

120 5

- »

143, 144, 156, 161)

m-Phenylenediamine, Fig. 76 (98, i° 9 ) p-Phenylenediamine, Fig. 76 (61, 109) Phenylisothiocyanate (i 6 2 ) Piperidine ( 143 ) Piperidinium pentamethylenedithiocarbamate, Fig. 61; Table 119, 120, 121, 122 (1<> 9 , 134, 135, 166, 212, 221)

Potassium hydroxide, Fig. 77 Quinine ( 5 I) Quinoidine, Figs. 57, 58 ( 51 ) Selenium (228) Sodium phenoxide, Fig. 73 Tetraethylthiuram disulfide ( l 66 ) Tetramethylthiuram disulfide, Fig. 79; Table 129 Thiocarbanilide, Fig. 78 («i, 97, io 9 , 143, 144, ies, iee, 167, 221) Thiocarbamide, Figs. 57, 58 o-Toluidine, Figs. 57, 58 (61) p-Toluidine («1, **> 143, i 6 2 ) Triphenylguanidine, Fig. 70 Zinc n-butylxanthate, Table 132 Zinc dimethyldithiocarbamate, Fig. 60 Zinc ethylxanthate, Tables 130, 131, 132 Zinc mercaptobenzothiazole, Table 123 (i 43 ) Zinc methylxanthate, Table 132 Zinc pentamethylenedithiocarbamate, Table 122 Zinc phenylmethyldithiocarbamate, Table 122 Zinc isopropylxanthate, Fig. 80; Table 132 Zinc n-propylxanthate, Table 132 Zinc sulfate-ammonia, Fig. 73 ( 143 )

ARSENIC TABLE 118.—EFFECT OF DIFFERENT AMOUNTS OF THE ACCELERATOR (EXPRESSED AS % OF THE TOTAL MLXTURE) UPON THE TIME OF OPTIMUM CURE FOR SLAB AND CREPE ( 52 ) Stock: rubber, 90; S, 10; vulcanized at 140° (ring-shaped test pieces) Cure, min ~ I Cure, min " "" Cure, min As2O3 -^r-:—~ As2O3 01 . „ As2O3 , Slab Crepe Slab Crepe Slab | Crepe O 45 120 O 75 150 O 45 120 0.0002 40 105 0.4 37 60 0.0021 35 95 0.0096 40 95 0.8 35 77 0.1050 34 75 0.0192 45 95 3.2 40 105 0.315 40 115 6.4 90 165 0.660 80 180

FIG. 57.—Various accelerators in the absence of ZnO. Basal stock: rubber, 90; S, 10.' Tensile strength and stiffness (ringshaped test pieces) ( 17 °).

FIG. 58.—Various accelerators in the presence of ZnO. Basal stock: rubber, 90; S, 10; 17ZnO, 5. Tensile strength and stiffness (ring-shaped test pieces) ( °). For key to numbers see Fig. 57.

FIG. 61.—Piperidinium pentamethylenedithiocarbamate (0.25 part) with and without ZnO (ring-shaped test pieces) ( 162 ). O— rubber, 90; S, 10. D—rubber, 90; S, 10; ZnO, 1. A—rubber, 90; S, 10; ZnO, 5. Vulcanization coefficients insert for curves O and D.

FIG. 59.—Influence of various proportions of aldehyde ammonia at 138° on rate of vulcanization, ultimate tensile strength, stiffness, vulcanization coefficient and flatness of curve. Basal stock: rubber, 90; S, 10 (ring-shaped test pieces) ( 16S ). Data are also given for vulcanization of the same mixture at 98°, 108°, 118°, and 148°. Temperature coefficient for these mixtures, see Table 70. ZnO has little or no effect on the activity of aldehyde ammonia ( 16S ).

FIG. 60.—Zinc dimethyl di thiocarbamate (0.25 part) when employed with and without ZnO (ring-shaped test pieces) ( 166 ). O—rubber, 90; S, 10. D—rubber, 90; S, 10; ZnO, 1. A—rubber, 90; S, 10; ZnO, 5.

FIG. 62.—Dixanthogen (thiocarbethoxydisulfide)—influence of temof ZnO. Tensile strength and stiffness perature and of proportion (ring-shaped test pieces) ( 17 °). (1) 2.5% dixanthogen, 1 % ZnO, 5% S, 128°. (2) 2.5% dixanthogen, 25% ZnO, 5% S, 98°. (3) 2.5% dixanthogen, 25 % ZnO, 5 % S, 128°. Zinc methylxanthate—influence of temperature. (4-5). 3% zinc methylxanthate, 1% ZnO, 10 % S at 98° and 138° ("«).

PIPERIDINIUM

PENTAMETHYLENEDITHIOCARBAMATE TABLE 119.—EFFECT OF CONCENTRATION OF ACCELERATOR IN A Low SULFUR MIXTURE (135) Stock: rubber, 100; S, 2; ZnO, 2.5; vulcanized at 141° (ring-shaped test pieces) Accelerator added in admixture with 3 parts of colloidal clay. These periods for vulcanization include those giving the maximum tensile strength. Acceler5 min cure 7.5 min cure I IO min cure ator ff6Q \ TB \ EB ~E^> \ TB \ EB EGO \ TB \EB 0.25 773 128 1040 775 109 1008 743 98 934 0.50 600 172 870 585 144 817 534 115 800 0.75 612 176 902 583 186 870 579 217 894 1.0 516 510 256 | 8301 523 182 794 TABLE 120.—EFFECT OF CONCENTRATION OF ACCELERATOR IN A HIGH SULFUR MIXTURE (220) Stock: rubber, 100; S, 7.5; ZnO, 5; vulcanized at 115° (straight FIG. 63.—Furfuramide (ring-shaped test pieces) ( 162 ). O—rubber, test pieces) 90; S, 10; furfuramide, 1. D—rubber, 90; S, 10; furfuramide, 1; ZnO, Accel- 20 min cure 30 min cure 40 min cure I 60 min cure 1. A—rubber, 90; S, 10; furfuramide, 1; ZnO, 5. erator T 6 \ TB E3 \ T6 \ TB \ EB \ T, \ TB \ EB T6\TB\ EB 0.25 57 215 805 133 307 740 137 302 745 0.33 66 234 815 134 324 760 164 335 730 0.50 159 325 715 247 336 650 280 298 615 0.66 230 321 660 267 590 215 515 194 370 TABLE 121.—EFFECT OF CONCENTRATION OF ZNO ON THE ACTIVITY OF PIPERIDINIUM PENTAMETHYLENEDITHIOCARBAMATE ( 166 ) Stock: rubber, 90; S, 10; accelerator, 0.25 (ring-shaped test pieces) • ZnO VulcanCure giving maximum tensile strength parts ized at Time, min| E5Q \ TB \ V. C. Î 118° 60 487 172 2^3 5 118° 10 587 214 20 504 210 1.6 FIG. 64.—Diphenylguanidine with various proportions of S— maximum tensile strength attained. Basal stock: rubber, 100; ZnO, 20 118° 20 453 223 1.7 5; vulcanized at 135° (ring-shaped test pieces) ( 4 ). 20 108° 30 454 219 TABLE 122.—COMPARISON OF THE EFFECTS OF PIPERIDINIUM PENTAMETHYLENEDITHIOCARBAMATE (A) WITH ZINC PENTAMETHYLENEDITHIOCARBAMATE (B) AND ZlNC PHENYLMETHYLDITHIOCARBAMATE (C) (220)

Stock: rubber, 100; S, 10; ZnO, 5; accelerator, 0.50 A or equivalent amounts B and C (straight test pieces) With accelerators; vulcanized at 115° Control; vulcanA B C ized at 141° m T& I TB\ EB Tt\TB\ EB T,\TB\ EB Min I T6 TB \ EB 10 93272750 47 180 825 44 172 810 60 16 37 820 20 198326700 96 254 755 71 226 765 90 22 74 865 30 244289610 120 28 101 830 40 262 256 595 144 274 715 121 276 735 150 32 114 800 60 199500168 253 670131 260 720 180 41 131 790 90 64285180 205 615129 252 710 240 61 560 120 134 247 700 300 17 300 ETHYLIDINEANILINE AND ZINC MERCAPTOBENZOTHIAZOLE TABLE 123 (123) A = ethylidineaniline; B = zinc mercaptobenzothiazole; cure giving maximum tensile strength; vulcanized at 141.7° (straight test pieces). Stock, parts | Accelerator Cure, 7 B Rubber] S | ZnO | A | B min 100 3 5 0.5 40 ca. 95 ca. 200 100 4 5 0.6 30 ca. 90 ca. 200

FIG. 65.—Diphenylguanidine with various proportions of S—maximum stiffness attained. Basal stock: rubber, 100; ZnO, 5; vulcanized at 135° (ring-shaped test pieces) ( 4 ).

FIG. 66.—Diphenylguanidine with various proportions of S—rate of cure. Basal stock: rubber, 100; ZnO, 5; vulcanized at 135° (ringshaped test pieces) ( 4 ).

DIPHENYLGUANIDINE TABLE 124.—EFFECT OF ZNU AND "LIGHT" MaCO3 ON THE ACTION OF DIPHENYLGUANIDINE ( 4 ) Cure showing maximum tensile strength ; vulcanized at 135° (ring-shaped test pieces) Accelerator , parts

n ZnO

Î 1 1 0.125 0.125 0.125

5 30 5 5 30 5

1 1 1 0.125 0.125 0.125

5 30 5 5 30 5

MO-PA MgCOs &

Cure

T2 B •' mm Stock: rubber, 100; S1 7.5 90 2Ï3 105 190 15 75 210 180 106 270 97 15 195 160 Stock: rubber, 100; S, 3 75 I 176 150 175 120 206 15 480 66 540 89 15 420 51

V ÜB

T17

687 677 594 823 761 762

131 138 216 36 44 81

822 735 665 890 792 704

48 93 159 16 23 31

FIG. 68.—Di-o-tolylguanidine—influence of various proportions of ZnO on accelerating power. Basal stock: rubber, 100; S,1423; di-otolylguanidine, 0.5; vulcanized at 141° (straight test pieces) ( ). HEXAMETHYLENETETRAMINE TABLE 125.—EFFECT OF THE ACCELERATOR IN THE PRESENCE OF GREAT QUANTITIES OF ZNO (226) Stock: rubber, 100; ZnO, 100; S, 7 (straight test pieces) % hexamethylenetetramine Cure, min O | 0.5 | 0.75 | 1.0 | 1.5 TB \EB\TB \EB\TB \EB\TB\EB\TB\ EB Vulcanized at 141.7°

45 60 90 120 150 180 210

82 87 88 87

102 140 148 680 146 550 500 500

510 140 540 550 163 520 152 520 490 188 480 480 197 470 183 460 140 340 205 460

147 158 198 119

480 420 410 300

119 540 152 510 180 500 186 520 176 500 180 480 163 420 103 410

500 450 440 270

Vulcanized at 147.8°

FIG. 67.—Diphenylguanidine (DPG) and Di-o-tolylguanidine (Do-TG)—influence of temperature. Basal stock: rubber, 100; S, 4; ZnO, 3 (straight test pieces) ( 142 ).

30 45 60 90 120 150 180

154 82 500 160 93 500 188 159 122 540 116 530

520 500 490 470

154 172 188 159

Vulcanized at 152.8°

FIG. 70.—Triphenylguanidine —rate of cure as indicated by (A) tensile strength and (B) stiffness. Basal stock: rubber, 90; S, 10; vulcanized at 148° (ringshaped test pieces) ( 167 ).

20 30 45 60 90 120 150

134 172 480 182 480 192 99 480 200 500 191 470 186 113 500 113 330 103 300 160 122 540 88 470

172 510 520 188 520 490 180 420 480 152 380 240

LITHARGE TABLE 126.—INFLUENCE OF SMALLQUANTITIES OFLITHARGE (156) Stock: rubber, 90; S, 10; vulcanized 60 min at 138° (ring-shaped test pieces) %PbO.... O I 0.1 0.25 I 0.5 0.8 T8 1 23.7 I 24.4 j 24.8 | 28.2 I 37.0 V. C . . . ! 1 26 I 1.25 I 1.27 I 1.37 I 1.75

MAGNESIUM OXIDE TABLE 127.—INFLUENCE OF SMALL QUANTITIES OF MAGNESIUM OXIDE (156) Stock: rubber, 90; S, 10; vulcanized 60 min at 138° (ring-shaped test pieces) %MgO O I 0.1 I 0.25 I 0.4 I 0.75" Ts I 15.2 I 39.0 I 75.5 | 112.0 | 132.0 V. C I 1.40 I 2.66 I 3.31 | 3.68 j 4.08

FIG. 72.—Hexamethylenetetramine (HMT) and zinc oxide. Tensile strength and stiffness (ring-shaped test pieces) ( 162 ). O—rubber, 90; S, 10; ZnO, 0.5; HMT, 1. D—rubber, 90; S, 10; ZnO, 2; HMT, 1. A—rubber, 90; S, 10; ZnO, 5; HMT, 1. V—rubber, 90; S, 10; ZnO, 5; HMT, 2.5.

FIG. 69.—Comparison of the activity of equimolecular amounts of diphenyl-, di-o-tolyl- and di-p-tolylguanidine. Basal stock: rubber, 100; S, 4; ZnO, 1; vulcanized at 141° (straight test pieces) ( 142 ).

FIG. 73.—Basal stock: rubber, 90; S, 10. Tensile strength and stiffness (ring-shaped test pieces) ( 17 °). (1) Sodium phenoxide (1 %) at 138°. (2) Zinc sulfate ammonia (ZnSO4-SNH3) (Sulzin) (1 %) at 138°. (3) Lime (5%) at 138°. (4) Rubber, 90; S, 10 at 148°. p-NITROSODIMETHYLANILINE TABLE 128.—INFLUENCE OF ZNO AND MaO ON THE ACTION OF p-NlTROSODIMETHYLANILINE ( 4 ); cf. FlGS. 57, 58

FIG. 71.—Hexamethylenetetramine (HMT) with and without zinc oxide. Basal stock: rubber, 90; S, 10 (ring-shaped test pieces) ( 165 ).

Stock: rubber, 100; S, 10; accelerator, 0.5; ZnO or MgO, 5; vulcanized at 142° (ring-shaped test pieces) ZnQ || MgO Cure, Cure, TB EB T TB EB min ^6 min « 20 31 133 875 15 24 90 886 30 35 103 804 25 41 166 890 50 24 465 35 44 135 834

TETRAMETHYLTHIURAM BISULFIDE TABLE 129.—VULCANIZATION WITH TETRAMETHYLTHIURAM DISULFIDE; No SULFUR ADDED ( 166 ) Stock: rubber, 90; ZnO, 5; accelerator, 5 (ring-shaped test pieces) I, 0C I Cure, min | EbQ \ T8 148 15 580 112 138 15 695 106

FIG. 74.—Basal stock: rubber, 90; S, 10. Tensile strength and stiffness (ring-shaped test pieces) ( 17 °). (1) Litharge (PbO) (20 %) at 128°. (2) PbO (10 %), ZnO (5 %) at 128°. (3) Mercuric oxide (HgO) (10 %) at 128°. (4) Rubber, 90; S, 10 at 148°.

FIG. 75.—Magnesium oxide. Basal stock:167rubber, 90; S, 10 (ringshaped test pieces) ( ). ZINC XANTHATES TABLE 130.—EFFECT OF ZINC ETHYLXANTHATE AND ZNU ON THE PROPERTIES OF THE VULCANIZATES AT OPTIMUM CURE (169) Ring-shaped test pieces , op I1 O

108 108 108

Parts of

fj, -^50

T lß —Accelerator :| ZnO 7T~7\ Stock: rubber, 90; S, 10 1 O 71 0.5 1 85 0.5 5 120 Stock: rubber, 95; S,-5

1 3 5 5 5 10 10 10

108 98 98 98 98 98* 98* 98*

.

1 1 1 5 20 1 5 20

852 761 665

130 169 219 214 156 177 189 163

641 523 486 443 403 441 364 292

* Badly over-vulcanized.

TABLE 131.—EFFECT OF ZINC ETHYLXANTHATE AND S ON THE PROPERTIES OF THE VULCANIZATES AT OPTIMUM CURE (VULCANIZATION TEMPERATURE, 108°) (169) Ring-shaped test pieces

FIG. 77.—Potassium hydroxide. Tensile strength and stiffness (ring-shaped test pieces) (vulcanization coefficients inserted) ( 167 ). Basal stock: rubber, 90; S, 10. ZnO has little or no influence on the accelerating activity of KOH in rubber mixtures ( 22 °).

Rubber

S

1ÖÖ 100 100 100 100 100

TTO 3.1 5.3 11.1 3.1 5.3

Parts/100 parts rubber + S Accelerator ZnO 3 Ï 3 1 3 1 3 1 1 1 1 1

# 50

TB

V. C.

727 612 531 486 753 652

Ï22 140 171 173 97 136

0.5 1.6 2.5 3.5 0.7 1.6

FIG. 76.—m- and p-Phenylenediamines (ring-shaped test pieces) ( 165 ). Basal stock: rubber, 90; S, 10. FIG. 79.—Tetramethylthiuram disulfide with and without ZnO. Tensile strength and stiffness (ring-shaped test pieces) ( 166 ). O— rubber, 90; S, 10, tetramethylthiuram disulfide, 0.25. D—same -f ZnO, 1. A—same + ZnO, 5.

FIG. 78.—Thiocarbanilide (ring-shaped test pieces) ( 165 ). Basal stock: rubber, 90; S, 10. 2 The "elongation" shown is the extension under a load of 0.5 kg/cm .

FIG. 80.—Zinc isopropylxanthate—influence of temperature and flat or static curing qualities. Tensile strength and stiffness. Basal stock: rubber, 90; S, 10. Figures inserted show vulcanization coefficients (ring-shaped test pieces) ( 169 ).

TABLE 132.—COMPARISON OF THE EFFECT OF VARIOUS ZINC XANTHATES AND INFLUENCE OF TEMPERATURE ON THEIR ACTIVITY ( 1TO ) Stock: rubber, 90; S, 10; ZnO, 1; data for optimum cures (ringshaped test pieces) Accelerator Zinc isopropylxanthate Zinc n-butylxanthate Zinc n-propylxanthate . , , Zinc methylxanthate

Parts

Vulcanizing temperatures 138° | 128° | 118° | 98°

ffso1 TB I 1.1 577 168 1.2 631 154 1.1 706 92 / 1 . 0 | 3Q gl3

ffso1 558 600 666

TB I £50I TB I Ew \ TB 167 536 190 508 200 168 580 175 543 199 134 642 141 606 174 960 59 932 65 ^ m WQ ^ W3 ^ m

Zinc ethylxanthate, at 88°: #6o = 555; TB = 205 ( 169 ). At 108° (!part): #60 = 635; TB = 185 (i? 0 ).

COMPOUNDING INGREDIENTS TABLE 133.—AVERAGE SIZE OF THE PARTICLES ( 74 ) Ingredient | Microns || Ingredient | Microns Carbon black ca. 0.15 ZnO Lampblack 0.3-0.4 American process. . 0.4-0.6 Lithopone 0.3-0.4 French process 0.3-0.4 Sublimed white lead., ca. 0.65 Barytes, silica, asbesWhite lead 0.75-2 tine, whiting ca. 5-10

FIG. 82.

FIG. 83.

FIG. TABLE 134.—THERMAL For conductivity of ~ ,. Conductivity Compounding (cal/sec/cm3) ingredient ^ppo) Antimony sulfide (15.6 % free S) .. Blanc fixe Clay (Dixie) Gas black Litharge Lithopone * Approximately.

0.00021 0.00078 0.00058 0.00067 0.00051 0.00094

81.

FIG. 84.

CONDUCTIVITY ( 227 ) rubber, v. p. 269 ~ ,. Conductivity Compounding (cal/gec/cm3) ingredient ^ppo) MgCO3 Red oxide S Whiting ZnO Cord fabric

0.00103 0.00132 0.00012 0.00084 0.00166 0.00082 *

FIG. 85.

Figures 81, 82, Effect on the tensile strength, stiffness and rate of cure of an unaccelerated rubber-sulfur mixture (100:10) of 10 vols, of each of the following ingredients: (a) acetylene black; (b) pptd. barytes; (c) china clay; (d) colloidal clay; (e) gas black (carbon black); (/) lampblack; (g) lithopone; (h) MgCO3; (Ï) mineral rubber (bitumen); (j) thermatomic carbon; (fc) whiting; (I) ZnO (the figures in the upper set of the curves show the number of results of which each curve represents the mean. Ringshaped test pieces used) (168).

Zinc Oxide

FIG. 90.

Glue Compound

FIG. 86.

Red Oxide

FIG. 87.

Tripoli Flour

FIG. 91.

FIG. 88.

Whiting

FIG. 92.

FIG. 89. Figures 83-90. Effects on load-strain relations of various volumes of barytes (83), carbon black (84), china clay (85), glue (86), red oxide (87), tripoli flour (88), whiting (89), ZnO (90), added to the basal stock (rubber, 100; PbO, 30; S, 5. Stocks were vulcanized at 141° to approx. max. tensile strength) ( 223 ). Figure 91. Effect on the load-strain relations of adding 5 vols, of barytes, carbon black, china clay, lithopone, titanium white, whiting or ZnO to the basal stock (rubber, 77.5; S, 5 vols.), vulcanized 175 min at 141° (ring-shaped test pieces) (104). Figure 92. Influence on load-strain relations of various proportions of "light" MgCO3 added to the basal stock (rubber, 100; PbO, 30; S, 5; vulcanized 45 min at 143°) (straight test pieces used) (75).

FIG. 93.

The influence of various proportions of carbon black, "light" MgCO3, magnesite and ZnO added to the basal stock (rubber, 100; PbO, 30; S, 5; vulcanized 49 min at 143°) on the hardness of rubber is shown in Fig. 93; on the sub-permanent set in Fig. 94 (75).

used). The resistance to abrasion is expressed as the percentage loss in weight of disks 5.625 cm diameter by 0.2 cm thick when rotated for 100 000 revolutions (10 hr) in loose granular carborundum ( 76 ).

FIG. 97. FIG. 94.

FIG. 98. FIG. 95.

FIG. 96. The effect of adding various proportions of BaSO4 (colloidal), carbon black, china clay, MgCOs (light), lithopone, and ZnO to the basal stock (rubber, 100; ZnO, 5; S, 5; hexamethylenetetramine, 1; basal stock cured 80 min at 148°; other stocks given a slight undercure) upon the ultimate tensile strength is shown in Fig. 95; stiffness, Fig. 96; resilient energy, Fig. 97; resistance to abrasion, Fig. 98; and hardness, Fig. 99 (straight test pieces

FIG. 99. Figures 100-102 illustrate the influence on the load-strain relations, ultimate tensile strength and energy of resilience of various proportions of MR (mineral rubber, prepared from blown asphalt and gilsonite) (solid lines), and of carbon black (dotted lines) added to the basal stock (rubber, 100; S, 10) ("S). Figs. 100, 102: cured at 141° for 165 min; Fig. 101: cures giving maximum tensile strength.

Figure 103 illustrates the influence on the sub-permanent set of various proportions of barytes, carbon black, MR and ZnO added to the basal stock (rubber, 100; S, 10) (115).

BROWN FACTICE Rubber substitute, vulcanized oil TABLE 135.—EFFECT ON VULCANIZED RUBBER ( 4 ) Stock: rubber, 100; S, 7.5; ZnO, 5; diphenylguanidine, 0.5; vulcanized 45 min at 135° Brown factice, „, , iB ÜB LI parts 0 180 748 147 1 171 746 136 5 170 738 124 10 162 791 106 40 102 698 • 103 40* 60 571 * Also contained 9 parts "light" MgCOs; vulcanized 60 min at 142°.

FIG. 100.

FIG. 101.

BROWN FACTICE, "GOLDEN" ANTIMONY SULFIDE AND IRON OXIDE TABLE 136.—EFFECT OF BROWN FACTICE WHEN USED WITH ANTIMONY SULFIDE OB IBON OXIDE (5) Composition of stocks -, Antimony T , -D , , Brown Iron 0, a lfi , Stock Rubber S . ,. sulfide ., factice X 0 ~ as oxide (3 % free S) A 76.5 STO ïôTs B 76.5 8.5 15.5 C 59.5 8.0 17.0 15.5 D 59.5 8.5 17.0 15.0 Tensile properties after vulcanization at 141° Stock I A I B I C I D Cure, min | T8 \ EB \ TB \ EB \ T8 I EB \ T3 \ E8 75 89 738 90 113 733 104 724 88 734 120 121 707 90 640 109 700 150 123 706 124 777 106 600 165 134 752 175 136 768 180 132 654 4 301 190 134 731 64 514 205 134 709 210 83 510 CLAY Effect of adsorptive power (defined as 2 g of clay from 50 cm 3 of 0.1 % malachite properties of rubber. TABLE 137 (l™) Stock: rubber, 48.375; clay, 21; ZnO, 2; diphenylguanidine, 0.625; vulcanized maximum tensile strength)

FIG. 102.

FIG. 103.

% of dye adsorbed by green solution) on the 11; lithopone, 17; S, at 145° (cure giving

Sample No. | 1 | 2 | 34 | 5 | 6 | 7 Adsorptive power,. % I 40.14J 47.6[ 56.2 89.7| 89.9J 99.2 99.5 20 20 20 20 20 50 40 Cure, min TB 174.3 170.1167.3140.6140.6106.8 87.9 TABLE 138 (159) Stock: rubber, 63.496; clay, 26; ZnO, 5.5; MgO, 2.0; S, 2.5; diphenylguanidine, 0.504; vulcanized at 153° (cure giving maximum tensile strength) Sample No. Ï 3 2 3

Mean size, microns 7 s 4 3.3 3.3

Adsorptive power, % 0 1 5 59 75

Cure, min 2 3 20 20

_

B

2

7 7 232 225

TABLE 138 (l59).—(Continued) Sample No. 4 5 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

Mean size, Adsorptive microns power, % J Ö 7 5 3.2 77 3.2 81 3.9 82 3.3 82 2.9 85 3.7 100 414 100

Cure, min 2 0 20 25 20 30 25 40 40

TABLE 141.—COMPOSITION OF STOCKS CONTAINING RECLAIMED RUBBER, SHOWING POSSIBLE VARIATIONS IN THE AMOUNTS OF ZN-O AND CARBON BLACK USED For load-strain curves and resistance to abrasion, v. Figs. 104-107

~ 214.4 228.2 208.1 224.3 220 200.3 161 117.4

(I«)

Orig- Reclaimed rubber content increased, with inal decrease: stock* OfZnO I Of carbon black

CARBON BLACK TABLE 139.—EFFECT OF DIFFERENCES IN SAMPLES OF CARBON BLACK ON THE PROPERTIES OF RUBBER* ( 149 ) Stock A: rubber, 73.5; carbon black, 19.06; ZnO, 4.33; S, 1.84; diphenylguanidine, 1.27. Stock B: rubber, 72.83; carbon black, 18.80; ZnO, 4.25; S, 3.60; hexamethylenetetramine, 1.12. Cure giving maximum TB Stock A I Stock B Mean | Max. | Min. | Mean | Max. | Min. 36 55 25 ôsTo75 60" Cure, min T5 165 244 97 154 238 85 TB 346 379 310 298 320 278 EB 703 790 604 673 737 590 * 18 samples of carbon black were used with stock A, and 7 with stock B. details as to their properties, v. ( 1 4 9 ).

For

RECLAIMED RUBBER AS A COMPOUNDING INGREDIENT

a Sample Rubber 60 Reclaim t O ZnO 12 Carbon black. 24.1

b [ c | d 57 54 51 6 12 18 8 4 O 25.1 26.1 27.1

e | f | g 57 54 5Ï 6 12 18 13 14 15 20.1 16.1 12.1

* Contained also: S, 2.4; ethylidineaniline, 0.45; diphenylguanidine, 0.45; stearic acid, 0.3; mineral oil, 0.3. f For properties of the reclaimed rubber, v. Table 140.

AGING TABLE 142.—EFFECT OF AGE ON THE VULCANIZATION OF RAW RUBBER Stored in the tropics (53); cf. Tables 24, 144; stock: rubber, 90; S, 10 Mean time of Mean tensile Number Mean cure (min) at product (TB X Type of age, 141° ffj/1000) samples mo After T ... , After Initial . Initial aging aging Slab crepe.. .. 23 34 76.3 106.3 129.8 100.5 35 34.5 172 138 118.1 105.7 Crepe Sheet 27 34.5 135 120 129.1 110.8 TABLE 143.—AGING OF CEYLON BLANKET CREPE ( 154 ) Air-dried* | Heat-dried* ... , After T ... , After Initial Initial 0 2rty r 2yr 127 116 135 130 145 141 140 132 34.5 35 35.5 36.5 39.5 26.5 23.5 17.5 15 12 T

FIQ. 104.

FIG. 105.

Cure, min TB Slope r?, 1% in C 6 KUf y, 1 % in C6H6 + HCIf * Two samples,

FIG. 106.

FIG. 107.

TABLE 140.—VULCANIZATION OF RECLAIMED RUBBER (16) Whole black tire reclaim (alkali process): sp. gr., 1.18; acetone extract, 7.5%; ash, 20% Composition | Vulcanized at 142° Rubber | S | ZnO | Diphenylguanidine [ Cure, min \ TB \ EB 100 5 Ö Ö 20 54.8 41(T 100 5 O O 30 59.8 450 100 3 3 0.5 20 93.5 400 100 3 3 0_5 30 I 80.9 320

t Viscosity relative to that of solvent.

TABLE 144.—AGING OF SLAB CREPE (2o5) Stock: rubber, 92.5; S, 7.5; vulcanized at 150°; aged 4 yr in tropics Latex crepe 01 , Slab crepe , , .f (control) Number of samples 6 3 % H20 0.41 0.34 %ash 0.34 0.20 % aqueous extract 0.45 0.28 . /initial 39.5 107 0 Cure, mm < , __ . __ ' (aged... 57 105 f initial 146 146 B \aged 133 148 /initial 34 36 Q1 Slope \aged 34 36 , ,. [initial 102 39 „,relative I aged ^ 31

TABLE 145.—AGING OF PURE GUM STOCK AT ROOM TEMPERATURE * Influence of % of S (200) Stock A: rubber, 90; S, 10; vulcanized 80 min at 148°

\

Age, da 3 111 181 380 495 619

\

TB 129 142 136 135 149 137

\

EB 906 873 851 821 821 795

EW 907 853 842 816 790 784

Stock B: rubber, 92.5; S, 7.5; vulcanized 105 min at 148°

\

Age, da 3 113 181 376 495 619

\

TB 134 144 144 136 137 U5

\

EB 930 900 886 836 810 769

#130 923 877 863 827 800 793

FIG. 108.—Accelerated aging of pure gum vulcanized rubber. Influence of degree of vulcanization on the tensile product of the stock. Basal stock: rubber, 100; S, 8; vulcanized at 143° ( ll1 ). The figures on the curves denote the time (in min) of vulcanization at 143°.

Stock C: rubber, 95; S, 5; vulcanized at 148° Cure, 140 min A

\\

Cure, 200 min

\\

^

TB

EB Bw0

^fae'

TB

E3

En0

3 111 216 430 550 673

ÏÏO 126 129 121 116 93

987 1023 960 967 953 954 889 905 869 895 899 856

3 111 181 376 457 567

Ï3Ï 143 139 51 14 13

952 918 898 581 380 314

950 898 883

Cure, 300 min A

^'

TB

EB

Ei30

3 108

Ï05 116

969 944

1019 970

423 532

12 10

381 333

* Ca. 27° (in tropics).

TABLE 146.—ACCELERATED AGING OF PURE GUM STOCK AT 65° ( 18 <>) Influence of degree of vulcanization; stock: rubber, 92.5; S, 7.5; vulcanized at 148° Cure, 70 min :

Age, da TB -

0 1 2 3 4 6 9 16

ge>

0 1 2 3 4 5 7 12

86.5 75 85 92 93 94.5 95 98

I

; \

&B

1053 1009 998 982 965 952 926 903

Cure, 90 min TB I EB I #1,0 I V. C. 91 984 1060 2.82 103 949 998 110 937 973 106 914 956 3.24 119 907 925 129 912 924 2.96 125.5 900 907 104.5 833 878 3.74

TB 128.5 134 137 139.5 136.5 141.5 143 104

-& 90

1115 1052 1010 976 958 943 912 885

;

—;

i

V. C.

FIG. 109.—Comparison of aging of some compounded stocks in the dark at room temperature with aging accelerated by heating at 60° in oxygen at a pressure of 21 kg/cm 2 (straight test pieces) (1S). Stock A: rubber, 100; S, 4; diphenylguanidine, 0.5; pptd. whiting, 50; ZnO, 4; vulcanized 30 min at 142°. Stock B: rubber, 100; S, 6; PbO, 10; pptd. whiting, 50; vulcanized 25 min at 142°.

1.98

2.42 2.30 2.70

Cure, 110 min EB \ E^ \ V. C. 943 950 3.89 919 915 901 889 888 872 4.07 858 848 853 835 4.02 848 825 722 4.27

FIG. 110. FIQ. 111. FIG. 110.—Same as Fig. 109. Stock: rubber, 100; S, 1 ; tetramethylthiuram disulfide, 1; ZnO, 100; vulcanized 10 min at 134° (1S). FIG. 111.—Comparison of aging in the dark at room temperature, accelerated aging at 60° in oxygen at 21 kg/cm2, and accelerated aging at 70° in a current of air at atm. pressure in the case of a tire tread stock vulcanized for various periods ( 15 ). Stock: rubber, 60; S, 3; diphenylguanidine, 0.5; ethylideneaniline, 0.375; pine tar, 1; ZnO, 17.125; carbon black, 18. For further data on the aging of compounded stocks, especially low-grade stocks, see ( 32 ).

FIG. 112.—Influence of compounding ingredients on accelerated aging. Basal stock: rubber, 100; ZnO, 5; S, 4; diphenylguanidine, 0.75. Other stocks prepared by adding 20 vols, of the following to 100 vols, of rubber: (1) barytes; (2) carbon black; (3) clay; (4) MgCO3; (5) thermatonic carbon; (6) whiting; (7) ZnO (i"). (A) Effect on the tensile product of heating the best technical cure (30-45 min at 141° for all stocks except 4 (15 min) and 2 (60 min)) for 6 days in a current of air at atmospheric pressure and 70°. (B) Effect on the tensile product of heating the best technical cure for 16 hr in oxygen at 28 kg/cm 2 and 60°. (C) Increase in weight as in (B) of the vulcanizates obtained by various periods of cure (mins denote period of vulcanization at 141°). FIG. 113.—Change in tensile strength on accelerated aging at 70° in a current of air at atmospheric pressure of stocks containing (A) Fe2O3, (B) Sb2S5. Stock A: rubber, 76.5; S, 8.5; Fe2O3, 15. Stock B: rubber, 76.5; S, 8; "golden" Sb2S5 (3 % free S), 15.5. Vulcanized at 141° (a), 2 hr; (b) and (d) 2.25 hr; (c) and (f), 2.5 hr; (e) 2.75 hr («).

FIG. 115.—Influence of light on aging at room temperature. Curve marked "light" is for rubber behind glass in a very light room (is). Stock (left-hand curves) : rubber, 100; S, 4; ZnO, 4; diphenylguanidine, 0.5; pptd. whiting, 50; (right-hand curves): rubber, 100; S, 6; litharge, 10; pptd. whiting, 50 (cf. Fig. 109).

HARD RUBBER

FIG. 114.—Change of ultimate elongation on aging as in Fig. 113 ( 5 ).

Commercial Samples.—TB = 105-700; EB = 2-75; compressive strength = 210-1400 kg/cm 2 ; sp. gr. = ca. 1.20 (mean) (33). Electrical Properties.—v. Tables 105-110. Coefficient of Thermal Expansion.—SQ X 10~6 (20-60°) (148). Specific Gravity.—v. commercial samples and Tables 105,106,110.

TABLE 147.—INFLUENCE OF DEGREE OF VULCANIZATION ON SP. GR. (70) Stock A: rubber, 70; S, 30. Stock B: rubber, 70; S, 30; diphenylguanidine, 1.4. Both vulcanized at 170° o Sp. gr. Cure mm ' StockA I StockB 15 1.076 1.163 45 1.162 1.174 75 1.167 1.176

FIG. 116.—Vulcanization of pure gum hard rubber stocks. Influence of 69 the proportions of S on the progressive change in tensile properties ( ). Stocks containing rubber and S in the ratios indicated vulcanized at 170°.

FIG. 117.—Tensile strength and vulcanization coefficients of pure gum hard rubber stocks vulcanized for various periods at 170°. Stock A: rubber, 70; S, 30. Stock B: rubber, 70; S, 30; diphenylguanidine, 1.4 ( 70 ). Data are also given in this article for other accelerators.

FIG. 118.—Influence of various proportions of MR (mineral rubber) FIG. 119.—Influence of various proportions of tire reclaim on the and resin on tensile properties of hard rubber (basal stock: rubber, 70; S, 30 by wt.) vulcanized 40 and 45 min at 170° (straight test pieces) tensile properties of hard rubber (basal stock: rubber, 70; S, 30) 9 vulcanized 40 and 45 min at 170°. C ). TABLE 148.—EFFECT OF HEATING ON THE SOFTENING TEMPERATURE, IMPACT STRENGTH AND TRANSVERSE STRENGTH AND THE INFLUENCE OF VULCANIZATION CONDITIONS ON THE IMPACT STRENGTH ( 46 ) Stock A: rubber, 71.43; S, 28.57; vulcanized 12 hr at 149° (3 hr rise). Stock B: rubber, 70.42; S, 28.17; diphenylguanidine, 1.41; vulcanized 12 hr at 149° (3 hr rise). Stock C: rubber, 70.42; S, 28.17; diphenylguanidine, 1.41; vulcanized 2 hr at 149° (1 hr rise). Test bars: 7.5 X 1.25 X (4.75-6.25) cm. After heating in air Stock Initial At 70° | At 149° 7 da I 14 da I 5 hr | 10 hr* | 15 hr* 25 hr*| 40hr*| 60hr*| GOhrf . i , A 77.8 91.7 91.1 78.3 82.8 0 .A r(. Softening temperature, o CJ ^ § ^ 2 §2 2 ^ 2 ?3 g ^2 B g() g7 g go ^ n , .,. Transverse strength (kg/cm*) § Impact strength (kg cm/cm 2 )Il

A ß

A B C

857.8 1040.4 1047.5 984.3 991.2 485.1 ^ 4 ^ 3 ^ 3 1019.2 1064.4 998.2 984.1 534.2 400.7 41.1 41.26 25.72 19.13 6.40 2.32 5.71 47.70 21.61 30.37 10.90 19.4913.40 7.14 3.99 2 . 3 2 3 . 5 7 71.64 25.37 25.01 9.47 5.36| | 1.43 2.32

* Heating intermittent: 5 hr daily on successive days. t Heating continuously. Î Under the load at which excessive flow begins; 5 cm between supports.

§ Dead load producing rupture; 5 cm between supports, || 6.25 cm between supports.

GUTTA-PERCHA AND BALATA TABLE 149. — CHEMICAL COMPOSITION, SOFTENING POINT, TENSILE PROPERTIES AND ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES OF GUTTA-PERCHA ( 116 ) Number

78.1 67.0 68.6 57.5 55.2 56.2 52.2 49.8 51.8 54.7

19.2 30.2 29.0 40.9 42.9 42.4 45.4 47.4 44.1 39.4

1.5 1.5 1.4 1.0 1.2 0.9 1.5 1.1 1.8 2.7

1.2 1.3 1.0 0.6 0.7 0.5 0.9 1.7 2.3 3.2

47.7 43.8 45.5 40.0 39.4 40.5 41.1 42.7 42.2 37.7

65.5 66.1 63.3 61.6 60.5 60.5 67.7 76.1 73.3 58.8

3.33 6.75 8 9.5 20 15.75 23.5 21.5 28.5 17

322 252 250 172 148 167 172 179 204 112

427 384 419 379 372 391 426 364 409 360

InducInsulative tion at capacity 24°, micromegohm farad 2 408 0.0535 6 400 0.0559 7 643 0.0552 5 728 0.0524 3 739 0.0563 33 590 0.0537 44 220 0.0570 67 800 0.0606 50 060 0.0624 34 970 0.0613

93.0

2.8

2.5

1.7

57.2

91.1

0.75

399

285

27 410

Chemical composition, %

of samples Gutta Resin Dirt

I

40 70 22 21 48 31 7 8 9

Pahang Banjer red Bulongan red f Bagan ;.. Soondie < Kotaringin Goolie red . . . . [ Serapong f Bulongan White] Mixed [ Banjer Medium quality cleaned Medium quality hardened by extracting resin

Water

Softening Begins

Pliable

at t, 0C at t, 0C*

Hardening time,

TB

EB

min

0.0575

* Temperature at which a strip 70 mm X 25 mm X 2 mm tears under a load of 14.2 g.

TABLE 150.—CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF BALATA ( 87 ) Chemical composition, % Gutta| Resin | Dirt | Water Brazilian block 46.7 38/7 3~4 11.2 ~ . , Prime Amazonian 45.9 35.9 2.8 15.4 Commercial T ., ^ . ~ A Aa 0 Iquitos 46.2 AG 46.0 n 0.4 7.4 Demerara 42.6 48.0 3.7 5.7 Cleaned balata 52.6 45.3 0.54 1.57

Physical Properties of Gutta-Percha and Balata Refractive index, 1.52 (i<>8). Specific heat at 4.5°, 0.402 g-cal/g (»8). Linear expansion (2.4 to 5.8°), 0.0001575 cm per 0C (88). Specific gravity ( 116 ). GuttaGutta- Gutta- GuttaPercha Balata Percha Percha Percha (leaf) Number of samples. . . . 1 3 3 3 Gutta /resin ratio 1.37 1.37 5.19 3.8 Sp. gr., mean 0.9625 0.9879 0.9735 1.0063 0.9731 TABLE 152.—SOFTENING POINT AND VISCOSITY OF GUTTA-PERCHA

W

% composition

FIG. 120.—Influence of various proportions of lime and magnesia on the tensile properties of hard rubber (basal stock: rubber, 70;69S, 30 by wt.) vulcanized 40 and 45 min at 170° (straight test pieces) ( ). TABLE 151.—PROPERTIES OF LEAF GUTTA-PERCHA (171 ) Chemical composition, % Number of samples Gutta Resin Dirt Water Tjipetir

I

2

77.2 I 6.85 |ll.55|

4.3

Surface resistivity* Dielectric at 5 000 - strength, 10 000 volt, kv-cm ohm O. 5 to 14 X IO13 210 to 310

* Tests with 6 sheets of different thicknesses.

For further data on electrical properties, v. Tables 96-99. Chemical Character of the Resin of Gutta-Percha Saponification No. (4 samples), 79.8 to 77.3; acid No. (4 samples), 5.0 ( 14 ). Contains: Fluavile, amorphous, molten at 100°, C 20 H 32 O (119), or C 40 H 64 O 3 (116), soluble in cold alcohol. Albane, M. P. ca. 160°, C 20 H 32 O 2 C 119 ), soluble in boiling alcohol, insoluble in cold alcohol. Nitrogen content of Gutta-Percha, 0.83 % (15°).

Tjipetir White Salai prima Gulai Sekunda Akassa Siak Penang

Gutta 74.98 49.10 33.76 29.54 12.83 14.34 20.41

Softenin

I Resin 11.09 48.65 48.58 55.39 73.19 69.50 65.12

g point, 0 C 60 50 47 37 42 35 40

Viscosity (2 % soin. in CCl4) 1.60 1.44 1.59 l. 33 1.41 1.02 1.12

TABLE 153.—EFFECT OF COMPOUNDING INGREDIENTS ON THE SOFTENING TEMPERATURE OF GUTTA-PERCHA ( 4 9 ) Sample of Gutta-Percha contained 55.39 % resin Ingredient | None | Kieselguhr| Barytes | MgO % ingredient O 100 70 100 140 Softening temperature 38° 55° 44° ~65°~ 84° Water Absorption by Gutta-Percha TABLE 154.—OSMOTIC PRESSURE AND MOLECULAR WEIGHT OF GUTTA-PERCHA ( 36 ) C6H6 soin, of washed and de-resinified Gutta-Percha M , ,. % concentration

Osmotic pressure, ^ '

6^03 3.04 2.04 1.26

0.0500 0.0238 0.0146 0.0086

,, , , ., Molecular weight 29 31 34 35

500 100 000 600

TABLE 155.—RATE OF COMBINATION OF S (153) Combined S, % ' Gutta-Percha | Balata 2 3.12 5 9.43 8 14.12 13.27 15 25.61 25 31.95 31.89 30 31.97 31.85 TABLE 156.—VULCANIZATION OF MIXTURES OF RUBBER AND GUTTA-PERCHA ( 8 7 )

90 88 86 80

Composition GuttaPercha O 2 4 10

| S

10 10 10 10

45 min TB\E* 74 885 49 72 900 60 893

Vulcanization at 148° 60 min 75 min 90 min 120 min TB \ E50 T3 \ EM TB I E50 TB \ E50 120 813 143 766 157 715 170 715 93 915 111 830 135 788 100 865 112 817 170 750 133 865 159 810 158 748

FIG. 121.—Water absorption (in mg) of different classes of GuttaPercha and of balata. Thickness of sheet 2.2 mm, area 100 cm2, wt. 10 g (ne). LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) (1) Abernethy, 441, 70: 775; 25. (2) Amagat, 34, 99: 130; 84. (3) American Hard Rubber Co., 9 Mercer St., N. Y. C., O. ( 4 ) Ames, 54, 43: 117T; 24. (5) Anderson and Ames, 54, 42: 136; 23. (6) Arisz, 443, 4: 30; 20. (7) Beadle and Stevens, 55, 13: 207; 13. ( 8 ) Beadle and Stevens, 441, 46: 161; 13. ( 9 ) Beadle, Stevens and Morgan, 4411 46: 222; 13. (io) Belgrave, 346, 11: 348; 23. (U) Belgrave, 346, 11: 371; 23. (12) Belgrave, 346, 13: 154, 367; 25. (i 3) Bernstein, 65, 12: 193; 13. (14) Berry, 54, 23: 529; 04. (is) Bierer and Davis, 45, 17: 860; 25. (i f i ) Bierer and Davis, 45, 18: 348; 26. (") Birkitt, 450, 1: 368; 26. (i 8 ) Bishop, 346, 11: 310; 23. O 9 ) Bobilioff, 443, 3: 374; 19.

( 2 0 ) Bobilioff, 443, 8: 609; 24. (21) Bobilioff, 443, 8: 817; 24. (22) Boggs and Blake, 45, 18: 224; 26. ( 23 ) Boiry, 34, 175: 102; 22. (24) Bonasse and Carrière, Annales de la faculté des sciences de Toulouse, 5: 257; 03. ( 2 5 ) Boufaric, 449, 8: 4965; 11. ( 26 ) Brown, Rubber, Its Sources, Cultivation and Preparation, p. 226. London, Murray, 1914. (27) Bruni, 216, 3: 51; 21. ( 28 ) Bruni and Levi, 216, 7: 447; 25. < 29 ) Bruni and Petizzola, 216, 3: 451; 21. (30) Bunschoten, 176, 15: 257; 18. <»i) Burbridge, 460, 1: 429; 26. (32) Bureau of Standards, 365, No. 38: 6; 21. ( 33 ) Buttfield, 46, 15: 474; 23. (34) Bysow, 441, 71: 99; 26. ( 3S ) Campbell, Dept. Agri. Ceylon, Bulletin, No. 27; 1916. (36) Caspari, 4, 105: 2139; 14. (37) Ceylon Rubber Research Scheme, Bulletin, No. 32; 24. ( 38 ) Ceylon Rubber Research Scheme, Bulletin of the Rubber Grower's Association, 6: 93; 24. (39) Cheneveau and Heim, 34, 152: 320; 11. ( 4 O) Clapeyron, 34, 46: 208; 58. (4l) Cranor, 447, 61: 137; 19. (42) Curtis and McPherson, 32, No. 299; 25. (43) Davey, 64, 42: 473T; 23. (44) Daynes, 6, 97: 286; 20. , (45) Dewar, 325, 21: 543, 786; 15. (46) Dieterich and Gray, 45, 18: 428; 26. (47) Dinsmore, 45, 17: 540; 25. (48) Ditmar, 55, 10: 233; 12. (49) Ditmar, 456, 27: 384; 12. (50) Eaton, 346, No. 17; 12. (Si) Eaton and Bishop, 54, 41: 374T; 22. (52) Eaton and Bishop, 54, 42: 303T; 23. ( 53 ) Eaton and Bishop, 54, 42: 389; 23. (54) Eaton and Day, 54, 36: 16, 1116; 17. (SS) Eaton and Dennett, • 346, 11: 219; 23. ( 56 ) Eaton and Grantham, 64, 35: 715; 16. ( 57 ) Eaton, Grantham and Day, 346, No. 27; 18. ( 5 S) Eaton and Whitby, 346, 5: 124; 17. (59) Edwards and Pickering, 31, No. 387; 20. (60) Eggink, 70, 42: 317; 23. (61) Endres, 449, 18: 11089; 21. (62) Fleming and Dyke, 46, 49: 323; 12. (63) Flight, 46, 60: 218; 22. (63.5) Flight, 441, 65: 967, 1007; 23. (64) Flusin, 6, 13: 480; 08. 34, 126: 1479; 98. (65) FoI, 178, 9: 71; 12. (66) Freundlich and Hauser, 55, 36: 15; 24. (67) Gaunt, 54, 33: 446; 14. (68) Geer and Evans, 447, 64: 887; 21. (69) Glancy, 45, 16: 359; 24. (70) Glancy, Wright and Oon, 45, 18: 73; 26. (71) Gorter, 443, 1: 375; 17. (72) Graham, 3, 32: 401; 66. (73) Green, 143, 192: 637; 21. (74) Green, 33, 28: 53; 23. (75) Greider, 45, 14: 385; 22. (76) Greider, 45, 15: 504; 23. (77) Griffiths, 450, 1: 327; 25. (78) Griffiths, 450, 1: 308; 26. (79) Gurney, 46, 13: 707; 21. 80 ( ) Gurney and Tavener, 45, 14: 134; 22. (81) Hartjens, 443, 2: 261; 18. (82) Hatschek, 54, 40: 251T; 21. (83) Helbronner and Bernstein, 34, 158: 1343; 14. (84) Hinrichsen and Kindscher, 25, 46: 1291; 13. ( 8 S) Hinrichsen and Marcusson, 92, 23: 49; 10. 24: 725; 11. *(86) Hopkinson, 46, 15: 1267; 23. (87) Howson, 450, 1: 36; 25. (88) Joule, 62, 149: 91; 59. (89) Kayser, 8, 43: 544; 91. (90) Kelly and Ayers, 45, 16: 148; 24. (91) Kerbosch, 70, 34: 235; 15. (**) Kirchhof, 55, 15: 30; 14. (93) Kirchhof, 287, 6: 1; 14. (94) Kirchhof, 55, 35: 367; 24. (95) Kratz and Flower, 33, 20: 417; 19. (96) Kratz and Flower, 45, 12: 971; 20. (97) Kratz, Flower and Shapiro, 45, 13: 128; 21. (98) Kratz, Flower and Shapiro, 54,13: 67; 21. (") Lebedev, 53,13: 246; 81 1 ( OO) Le Blanc and Kroger, 55, 33: 348; 23. (loi) Le Blanc and Kroger, 55, 37: 205; 25. (102) Lewis and Porritt, 54, 40: 18T; 21. (103) Loomis and Stump, 441, 66: 330; 23. (104) Luff, The Chemistry of Rubber, p. 157. London, Ernest Benn, 1923. ( 105 ) Lundal, 8, 66: 741 ; 98. (i ° 6 ) Macallum and Whitby, 69, 18 III: 191; 24. (107) Mallock, 5, 46: 233; 89. (i° 8 ) Mallock, 58, 113: 643; 24. (109) Martin and Davey, 54, 43: 31T; 24. (UO) Martin and Elliott, 54, 41: 225T; 22. (Hi) Marzetti, 216, 5: 122; 23. (U 2 ) Memmler and Schob, 312, 29: 185; 11. (H3) Munro, 447, 63: 169; 20. (114) Naunton, 54, 44: 243T; 25. (i 15) North, 33, 26: 253; 22. (i 16) Obach, 356, 46: 97, 114, 117, 133, 137, 164, 169, 196; 97. (H7) Obach, Die Guttapercha, p. 66, 105. Dresden, 1899. Getah-pertja, Amsterdam, de Bussy, 1898. (U 8 ) Ono, 219, 7: 36; 13. (H9) Oudemans, Reperì. Gen. Chini., 1: 455; 58. ( 12 °) Paterson, Rayner and Kinnes, 46, 50: 254; 13. (120.5) Peachey, 64, 34: 368; 15. English Patent, No. 4263, Feb. 19, 1914. (121) Perks and Griffiths, 441, 67: 25; 24. (I 22 ) Pickles and Turner, International Rubber Conference, Brussels, p. 194. London, Cranleighs, 1924. ( 12 3) Porritt» Physical and Chemical Colloids. London, H. M. Stationery Office, 1921. (!24) Posnjak, 287, 3: 417; 12. («») Rayleigh, 3, 49: 220; .00. (126) Romani, 449, 19: 11626; 22. (127) van Rossem, 441, 62: 343; 21. (128) van Rossem, 176, 20: 106, 124; 23. (129)van Rossem, 54, 44: 33T; 25. (130) van Rossem, Dekker, FoI, Hellendoorn, van Heurn and van der Leur, 287, 10: 1; 18; cf. van Rossem, 287, 12: 103; 20. (l 3 I) van Rossem and van der Meijden, 54, 45: 67T; 26. (132) Ruby and Depew, 45, 12: 1155; 20. O 33 ) Russner, 428, 18: 152; 82. (134) Schidrowitz and Bean, 54, 41: 324T; 22. ( 135 ) Schidrowitz and Burnand, 54, 40: 268T; 21. (136) Schidrowitz and Goldsborough, 441, 44: 1147; 12. (137) Schidrowitz and Goldsborough, 54, 38: 347T; 19. O 3 8 ) Schidrowitz, Gouvea and Osborne, 441, 64: 75; 22. ( 139 ) Schippel, 45, 12: 33; 20. (140) Schwartz, 46, 44: 693; 10. (141) Scoble, 441, 60: 723; 20. (142) Scott, 45, 15: 286; 23. (143) Sebrell and Vogt, 45, 16: 792; 24. (144) Shepard and Krall, 45, 14: 951; 22. (145) Sheppard and Eberlin, 45, 17: 711; 25. (146) Shields, Rubber Age (N. Y.), 10: 88; 21. (147) Shimada, 148, 26: 705; 23. (148) Souder and Hidnert, 31 A, 15: 387; 19. (»«») Spear and Moore, 45, 18: 418; 26.

(150) Spence and Kratz, 6S9 14: 262; 14. (isi) Spence and Kratz, 55, 15: 217; 14. (152) Spence and Young, 55, 11: 28; 12. (153) Spence and Young, 55, 13: 265; 14. (154) Spoon, 443, 8: 869; 24. (is*) Spoon, 443, 9: 574; 25. 10: 29; 26. (156) Stevens, 64, 37: 156T; 18. (i") Stevens, 54, 40: 186; 21. (158) Stevens, Rubber Age (London), 4: 215; 23. (159) Thies, 45, 17: 1165; 25. (160) Tompkins, in Physics and Chemistry of Colloids, p. 162. London, H. M. Stationery Office, 1921. ("I) Twiss, 54, 36: 782; 17. (i 62 ) Twiss, 54, 40: 242T; 21. (I 63 ) Twiss, 441, 65: 607; 23. ( 164 ) Twiss, 58, 113: 822; 24. (i« s ) Twiss and Brazier, 54, 39: 125T; 20. (166) Twiss, Brazier and Thomas, 54, 41: 81T; 22. (167) Twissand Howson, 54, 39: 287T; 20. (^ 8 ) Twiss and Murphy, 54, 45: 121T; 26. O 6 9 ) Twiss and Thomas, 54, 42: 499T; 23. (170) Twiss and Thomas, 64, 44: 10OT; 25. (171) Van Lennap, 441, 65: 367; 23. (172) Vogt, 46, 17: 535; 25. O 73 ) Vogt, 45, 17: 870; 25. (i 7 4 ) Vogt and Evans, 45,. 15: 1015; 23. (i 75 ) de Vries, Meded. van het Centraal Rubberstation, No. 1; 1916. (i™) de Vries, 443, 1: 36; 17. (i 7 7 ) de Vries, 443, 2: 45; 18. (i™) de Vries, 443, 2: 67, 112; 18. (i™) de Vries, 443, 2: 453; 18. (180) de Vries, 443, 2: 792; 18.
8: 145, 177; 24. (i 9 S) de Vries, 443, 8: 587, 601; 24. (i 9 «) de Vries, 443, 9: 446; 25. (i 9 7 ) de Vries, 443, 10: 1; 26. (i 98 ) de Vries and BeuméeNieuwland, 443, 9: 694; 25. (i") de Vries and Hellendoorn, 443, 2: 769; 18. (200) de Vries and Hellendoorn, 443, 4: 429; 20. (™i) de Vries, Riebl and Beumée-Nieuwland, 443, 9: 345; 25. ( 202 J de Vries and Spoon, 443, 4: 163; 20. ( 203 ) de Vries and Spoon, 443, 7: 311, 342; 23. ( 2 0 4 ) de Vries and Spoon, 443, 8: 689; 24. ( 205 ) de Vries and Spoon, 443, 9: 849; 25. (206) Weber, The Chemistry of India Rubber, p. 119. London, Griffin, 1903. Philadelphia, Lippincott, 1903. ( 207 ) Whitby, 65, 12: 147; 13. ( 208 ) Whitby, 55, 12: 154; 13. ( 209 ) Whitby, 54, 35: 493; 16. (210) Whitby, 54, 37: 278T; 18. ( 2 U) Whitby, 442, 33: 313; 19. ( 2 I 2 ) Whitby, 45, 15: 1005; 23. ( 2 I 3 ) Whitby, 450, 1: 12; 25. ( 2 I 4 ) Whitby, McGiIl University, Montreal, O. ( 21S ) Whitby, Dolid and Yorston, 4, 1926: 1448. ( 2 I 6 ) Whitby, Evans and Pasternack, McGiIl University, Montreal, O. (21 7 ) Whitby and Greenberg, 45, 18 : 1168; 26. ( 2 I 8 ) Whitby and Jane, Second Colloid Symposium, Monograph, p. 16. New York, Chem. Catalog Co., 1925. ( 2 I 9 ) Whitby and Jane, 69, 20 III: 121; 26. (220) Whitby and Simmons, 46, 17: 931; 25. ( 22 M Whitby and Walker, 46, 13: 816; 21. ( 2 2 2 ) Whitby and Winn, 64, 42: 336T; 23. ( 223 ) Wiegand) 324, 4: 160; 20. ( 2 2 4 ) Wiegand and Braendle, 46, 15: 259; 23. ( 22 S) Wightman and Trivelli, 45, 17: 164; 25. ( 226 ) Williams, 447, 65: 101; 21, (227) Williams, 46, 15: 154; 23. ( 22 S) Williams, 45, 15: 1019; 23. (229) Wroblewski, 8, 8: 29; 79. ( 2 3 O) Zeitlin, 450, 1: 255; 25. ( 23 M Zimmerman, Rubber Age (N. Y.), 12: 130; , 22.

FACTITIOUS PLASTICS MATIÈRES

CONTENTS A. Nitrocellulose plastics.

Plastiques de nitrocellulose.

B. Phenol resins and their products. C. Comparison of properties of hard rubber, vulcanized fiber, laminated and molded phenolic insulating materials.

Résines phénoliques et leurs produits. Comparaison des propriétés du caoutchouc dur, de la fibre vulcanisée, des matières isolantes phénoliques laminées et moulées.

A. NITROCELLULOSE ("PYROXYLIN") PLASTICS1 Made by the application of heat and pressure to colloidal mixtures of pyroxylin with relatively non-volatile solvent (camphor or substitute for camphor) and volatile solvent (usually ethyl alcohol), followed by evaporation of the volatile solvent; ordinarily containing sufficient non-volatile solvent to insure " plasticity" at 75-9O0C—e.g., celluloid, fiberloid, pyralin, pyradiolin, viscoloid, xylonite. Except as otherwise noted, the data given are for the freshly manufactured, commercial type of camphor product. Photographic film is not covered. 1. Composition.—Varies according to manufacturer. The following are illustrations: PYRALIN ( 7 ) Pyroxylin 11% N

Camphor

Stabilizer

68-75%

23-27%

0.5-1%

Residual volatile solvent 1-5%

Additions : dyes, pigments, etc. 0-14%

VARIOUS FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC SAMPLES ( 21 ) Nitrocellulose 58-78%

| Camphor + solvent | I 17-31% I

Ash 0.7-28%

!Acknowledgment is made to Mr. A. F. Randolph, du Pont Viscoloid Company, for a critical examination of this section.

INHALTSVERZEICHNIS

INDICE

Plastische Massen aus Nitrocellulose. Phenolharze und deren Produkte. Vergleich der Eigenschaften von Hartgummi, Vulkanfiber geblättertes und geformtes (gegossenes) phenolisches Isoliermaterial.

Materie plastiche a base di nitrocellulosà 295 Resine a base di fenoli e loro prodotti 298 Confronto fra le proprietà della gomma indurita, fibra vulcanizzata, materiali isolanti a base di fenoli laminati e fusi 299

PAGE

Mechanical 2. Density.—g cm"3. 1.35 (transparent) to 1.60 (commercial pigmented material) (7). d = 1.37 + 0.0125p, where p = % ZnO between 1 and 15 (* 4). For influence of stretching v. (l 6 ). 3. Permeability.—Transparent material of thickness 0.030 in., exposed on one surface to atmosphere dried by CaCl2 and on other side to summer atmosphere, transmitted moisture at rate of 0.013 g .per in.2 per week (7). Pyralin, from saturated air to air dried by CaCU, 0.0046 resp. 0.063 in. thick, transmitted moisture at the rate of 0.029 resp. 0.004 g in.-2 day-1 in three days ( 7 ). 4. Modulus of Elasticity (Def. 1Oa).—Young's modulus = (2.0 to 3.9) X IO5 Ib. in.-2 (5, 7, il, 12, 16, 17). Exhibits hysteresis (13). 5. Elastic lÄmit.—Yield point = (3.9 to 7.4) X IO3 Ib. in.~2. Varies with thickness and pigment content (5» 7, 12, 16). 6. Poisson's Ratio.—-0.36 to 0.43 (5, 11). 7. Tensile Strength (Def. 4).—Varies with thickness, nature of nitrocellulose, camphor content, and pigment content. (4.9 to 8.5) X IO3 Ib. in.~2 ( 7 > "» 12); 6 kg mm"2 (5). Variation with temp. 0C; 20°, 7.5; 70°, 4.5; 90°, 1.0; X IO3 Ib. in.-2 (7). 8. Ultimate Elongation at Failure.—From 10% for 0.005 in. thick up to 40% for 0.2 in. thick; for 0.015 in. thick, from 20 to 30% for O pigment, to 15 to 25% for 16% pigment (7), cf. (4, 5). 9. Resistance to Bending.—Schopper's folding endurance tester. Sample 0.5 X 4.0 X 0.015 in., double bends of 100° required to break (Bo) = 8 to 22. BD = k X (thickness)-1-35 ( 7 ).

(150) Spence and Kratz, 6S9 14: 262; 14. (isi) Spence and Kratz, 55, 15: 217; 14. (152) Spence and Young, 55, 11: 28; 12. (153) Spence and Young, 55, 13: 265; 14. (154) Spoon, 443, 8: 869; 24. (is*) Spoon, 443, 9: 574; 25. 10: 29; 26. (156) Stevens, 64, 37: 156T; 18. (i") Stevens, 54, 40: 186; 21. (158) Stevens, Rubber Age (London), 4: 215; 23. (159) Thies, 45, 17: 1165; 25. (160) Tompkins, in Physics and Chemistry of Colloids, p. 162. London, H. M. Stationery Office, 1921. ("I) Twiss, 54, 36: 782; 17. (i 62 ) Twiss, 54, 40: 242T; 21. (I 63 ) Twiss, 441, 65: 607; 23. ( 164 ) Twiss, 58, 113: 822; 24. (i« s ) Twiss and Brazier, 54, 39: 125T; 20. (166) Twiss, Brazier and Thomas, 54, 41: 81T; 22. (167) Twissand Howson, 54, 39: 287T; 20. (^ 8 ) Twiss and Murphy, 54, 45: 121T; 26. O 6 9 ) Twiss and Thomas, 54, 42: 499T; 23. (170) Twiss and Thomas, 64, 44: 10OT; 25. (171) Van Lennap, 441, 65: 367; 23. (172) Vogt, 46, 17: 535; 25. O 73 ) Vogt, 45, 17: 870; 25. (i 7 4 ) Vogt and Evans, 45,. 15: 1015; 23. (i 75 ) de Vries, Meded. van het Centraal Rubberstation, No. 1; 1916. (i™) de Vries, 443, 1: 36; 17. (i 7 7 ) de Vries, 443, 2: 45; 18. (i™) de Vries, 443, 2: 67, 112; 18. (i™) de Vries, 443, 2: 453; 18. (180) de Vries, 443, 2: 792; 18.
8: 145, 177; 24. (i 9 S) de Vries, 443, 8: 587, 601; 24. (i 9 «) de Vries, 443, 9: 446; 25. (i 9 7 ) de Vries, 443, 10: 1; 26. (i 98 ) de Vries and BeuméeNieuwland, 443, 9: 694; 25. (i") de Vries and Hellendoorn, 443, 2: 769; 18. (200) de Vries and Hellendoorn, 443, 4: 429; 20. (™i) de Vries, Riebl and Beumée-Nieuwland, 443, 9: 345; 25. ( 202 J de Vries and Spoon, 443, 4: 163; 20. ( 203 ) de Vries and Spoon, 443, 7: 311, 342; 23. ( 2 0 4 ) de Vries and Spoon, 443, 8: 689; 24. ( 205 ) de Vries and Spoon, 443, 9: 849; 25. (206) Weber, The Chemistry of India Rubber, p. 119. London, Griffin, 1903. Philadelphia, Lippincott, 1903. ( 207 ) Whitby, 65, 12: 147; 13. ( 208 ) Whitby, 55, 12: 154; 13. ( 209 ) Whitby, 54, 35: 493; 16. (210) Whitby, 54, 37: 278T; 18. ( 2 U) Whitby, 442, 33: 313; 19. ( 2 I 2 ) Whitby, 45, 15: 1005; 23. ( 2 I 3 ) Whitby, 450, 1: 12; 25. ( 2 I 4 ) Whitby, McGiIl University, Montreal, O. ( 21S ) Whitby, Dolid and Yorston, 4, 1926: 1448. ( 2 I 6 ) Whitby, Evans and Pasternack, McGiIl University, Montreal, O. (21 7 ) Whitby and Greenberg, 45, 18 : 1168; 26. ( 2 I 8 ) Whitby and Jane, Second Colloid Symposium, Monograph, p. 16. New York, Chem. Catalog Co., 1925. ( 2 I 9 ) Whitby and Jane, 69, 20 III: 121; 26. (220) Whitby and Simmons, 46, 17: 931; 25. ( 22 M Whitby and Walker, 46, 13: 816; 21. ( 2 2 2 ) Whitby and Winn, 64, 42: 336T; 23. ( 223 ) Wiegand) 324, 4: 160; 20. ( 2 2 4 ) Wiegand and Braendle, 46, 15: 259; 23. ( 22 S) Wightman and Trivelli, 45, 17: 164; 25. ( 226 ) Williams, 447, 65: 101; 21, (227) Williams, 46, 15: 154; 23. ( 22 S) Williams, 45, 15: 1019; 23. (229) Wroblewski, 8, 8: 29; 79. ( 2 3 O) Zeitlin, 450, 1: 255; 25. ( 23 M Zimmerman, Rubber Age (N. Y.), 12: 130; , 22.

FACTITIOUS PLASTICS MATIÈRES

CONTENTS A. Nitrocellulose plastics.

Plastiques de nitrocellulose.

B. Phenol resins and their products. C. Comparison of properties of hard rubber, vulcanized fiber, laminated and molded phenolic insulating materials.

Résines phénoliques et leurs produits. Comparaison des propriétés du caoutchouc dur, de la fibre vulcanisée, des matières isolantes phénoliques laminées et moulées.

A. NITROCELLULOSE ("PYROXYLIN") PLASTICS1 Made by the application of heat and pressure to colloidal mixtures of pyroxylin with relatively non-volatile solvent (camphor or substitute for camphor) and volatile solvent (usually ethyl alcohol), followed by evaporation of the volatile solvent; ordinarily containing sufficient non-volatile solvent to insure " plasticity" at 75-9O0C—e.g., celluloid, fiberloid, pyralin, pyradiolin, viscoloid, xylonite. Except as otherwise noted, the data given are for the freshly manufactured, commercial type of camphor product. Photographic film is not covered. 1. Composition.—Varies according to manufacturer. The following are illustrations: PYRALIN ( 7 ) Pyroxylin 11% N

Camphor

Stabilizer

68-75%

23-27%

0.5-1%

Residual volatile solvent 1-5%

Additions : dyes, pigments, etc. 0-14%

VARIOUS FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC SAMPLES ( 21 ) Nitrocellulose 58-78%

| Camphor + solvent | I 17-31% I

Ash 0.7-28%

!Acknowledgment is made to Mr. A. F. Randolph, du Pont Viscoloid Company, for a critical examination of this section.

INHALTSVERZEICHNIS

INDICE

Plastische Massen aus Nitrocellulose. Phenolharze und deren Produkte. Vergleich der Eigenschaften von Hartgummi, Vulkanfiber geblättertes und geformtes (gegossenes) phenolisches Isoliermaterial.

Materie plastiche a base di nitrocellulosà 295 Resine a base di fenoli e loro prodotti 298 Confronto fra le proprietà della gomma indurita, fibra vulcanizzata, materiali isolanti a base di fenoli laminati e fusi 299

PAGE

Mechanical 2. Density.—g cm"3. 1.35 (transparent) to 1.60 (commercial pigmented material) (7). d = 1.37 + 0.0125p, where p = % ZnO between 1 and 15 (* 4). For influence of stretching v. (l 6 ). 3. Permeability.—Transparent material of thickness 0.030 in., exposed on one surface to atmosphere dried by CaCl2 and on other side to summer atmosphere, transmitted moisture at rate of 0.013 g .per in.2 per week (7). Pyralin, from saturated air to air dried by CaCU, 0.0046 resp. 0.063 in. thick, transmitted moisture at the rate of 0.029 resp. 0.004 g in.-2 day-1 in three days ( 7 ). 4. Modulus of Elasticity (Def. 1Oa).—Young's modulus = (2.0 to 3.9) X IO5 Ib. in.-2 (5, 7, il, 12, 16, 17). Exhibits hysteresis (13). 5. Elastic lÄmit.—Yield point = (3.9 to 7.4) X IO3 Ib. in.~2. Varies with thickness and pigment content (5» 7, 12, 16). 6. Poisson's Ratio.—-0.36 to 0.43 (5, 11). 7. Tensile Strength (Def. 4).—Varies with thickness, nature of nitrocellulose, camphor content, and pigment content. (4.9 to 8.5) X IO3 Ib. in.~2 ( 7 > "» 12); 6 kg mm"2 (5). Variation with temp. 0C; 20°, 7.5; 70°, 4.5; 90°, 1.0; X IO3 Ib. in.-2 (7). 8. Ultimate Elongation at Failure.—From 10% for 0.005 in. thick up to 40% for 0.2 in. thick; for 0.015 in. thick, from 20 to 30% for O pigment, to 15 to 25% for 16% pigment (7), cf. (4, 5). 9. Resistance to Bending.—Schopper's folding endurance tester. Sample 0.5 X 4.0 X 0.015 in., double bends of 100° required to break (Bo) = 8 to 22. BD = k X (thickness)-1-35 ( 7 ).

10. Hardness.—Brinell, 10.7 to 11.7 (20). H = const. (0.05 X % ZnO), approx. between 1 and 15 %. Method of penetration by loaded sphere ( 14 ). 11. Coefficient of Friction.—Static, of polished material on self, glass, paper, or planed wood, 0.25 to 0.35 ( 7 ). 12. Viscosity.—Solutions in camphor-alcohol (15). Thermal 13. Thermal Expansion.—•* gj (20-5O0C) = (12 to 16) X 10~5 (19,

20).

14. Heat Capacity (Specific Heat).—0.34 to 0.38 cal g-1 0C'1 20 ( ). 15. Thermal Conductivity.—CaI cm"2 sec"1 (0C, cm-1)-1. 3.1 X IO-4 (20). 5.U X 10~4 (22, 27). 16. Working Range for Molding—85 to 12O0C ( 7 ). 17. Permanent Shrinkage on Heating.—1.4% after two heatings to 100° in air ( 18 ); 0.5-1% ( 7 ). Variable, depends on amount of internal strain. 18. Flash Point.—141 to 1850C for 0.3 g of powder heated 3° per min ( 1 S). 160 to 200°, for material of good quality ( 7 > 9). 550 to 640° for edge contact with hot porcelain rod (21). 19. Loss in Weight at 110°.—Very variable ( 7 > 9), cf. (21).

20. Explosion Times. — ( 2 ^). v. (24). Time in seconds (A) to the start, (B) to the finish, of fuming-off or burning of 0.5 X 0.5 X 0.06 in. samples thrown on surface of7 molten metal

( ).

For improved method of test,

Temperature of metal, 0C 215 225 235 250 275 300 350

Transparent pyralin A B 63 65 59 61 39 42 22 24 10 15 4 13 3.5 9

Pyradiolin

A I 300 58 50 36 12 15 8

B 330 85 65 47 30 27 20

21. Rate of Combustion. —For thin strips, 5 to 10 times that of thin paper or wood shavings of same dimensions ( 21 ). For composition of gases produced see (2i> 25). Pyradiolin, vertically upward about J£ that of pyralin; horizontally or vertically downward, O if flame is removed after ignition ( 7 ).

FIG. 2.—Behavior of celluloid at various temperatures. Electrical 22. Electrical Resistivity.—Volume resistivity, Rv = (2 to 30) X IO10 ohm-cm. Surface resistivity, R81- at 50% humidity, ca. 3RV; at 85% humidity, ca. Q.2RV (3)CO

I A. in lOio ohm-cm I I At 500 v 11 50% i Water| 2O0C || humidity I soaked

Mnf Arial iviateriai

Transparent pyralin 98 Pyradiolin 235o Source E. T. L.

Kilocycles sec-1 = Transparent pyralin Pyradiolin Source * = at 50 % humidity. | = water-soaked.

I

6.6 >104 36 84o > IO 4 6Oo Cruft Lab., Harvard

23. Phase Difference (Power Factor).—In circular degrees, 3.0 to 4.6° at 6 X IO5, 2.5 to 5.3° at IO5 cycles sec"1 (3).

FIG. 1.—Average explosion times. (7)

7.2 22oo

I A8 in IQi" ohr^ I 400 v I 50% WaterI humidity soaked

P. F. ^0.06 n nl"^ 2.5% 4.0% E. T. L.

I

Phase angle, circular degree 1

0.0301 0.0365

5

0.026 0.041

20

0.0273 0.0402

10

°

50

°

0.0305 0.0350 0.0340 0.0289 Cruft Lab., Harvard

2

OOO 0.043 0.025

1 0.034* 0.036*

0.034f 0.038f .

24. Dielectric Constant.—6.9-8.8 at 6 X IO5 cycles 7.2-9.8 at IO5 cycles sec'1 ( 3 ); 12 at 40 cycles C 1 ).

sec'1;

30. Absorption of Water.— ( 7 ). TESTS ON STANDARD TRANSPARENT MATERIAL , , Thickness Thickness ,7) (2k ) * = at 50% humidity, t = water0 ( Symb01 J__ soaked 0.015 in. 0.860 in. Kilocycles-sec-1 = | 0.06 | 1 | 5 | 20 | 100 | 50012000| 1 Net gain in weight of seasoned Transparent pyralin 6.3 7.006.78.6.59 6.38 6.19 5.98 7.2*|7.2t material, resulting from imPyradiolin 5.6 5.65 5.42|5.23 4.97 4.79 4.58 5.7*|5.8t mersion in water, * % A 1.3to 2.1 1.6 to 2.3 Source E. T. L. Cruft Lab. Harvard Hours required to reach ap25. Dielectric Strength.—Averages of 10 determinations using proximately maximum wt. blunt needle-point electrodes under oil. Source: E. T. L. ( 7 ). and length 24 100 to 200 Net increase in length of sea,.. , . . Thickness. Volts per Material ., ' ., soned material, resulting mils mi] from immersion in water, * % M 0.4to 0.7 0.5to 0.7 Pyralin : Loss of weight due to extracBlack 60 780 tion of camphor in 2 Black 215 230 B 0.6to 1.0 0.5 to 2.1 months,t % Transparent 23.4 900 Total water absorbed by seaTransparent 63.6 475 A+B 2.3to 2.6 2.8 to 3.2 soned material, f % Transparent 91 270 Loss in weight of seasoned maWhite 211 210 terial in atmosphere dried by Green transparent 200 225 CaCl2, ultimate, % C l . l t o 1.2 1.4 to 1.6 Yellow transparent 64 635 Hours required to reach apPyradiolin 59 780 proximately minimum wt. Pyradiolin 60 750 and length 100 to 200 700 to 1000 Decrease in length over CaCl2, N 0.5 0.5to0.7 Optical % Maximum capacity for moist7 26. Refractive Index—n0 = 1.46 ± 0.03 ( > A+B+C 3 . 4 t o 3 . 8 4 t o 4 . 1 ure, % 27. Birefringence.—Celluloid under tension exhibits bireChange in length between exfringence. The specific birefringence, —^j=J—; for Na light M+N 1 to 1.2 1.2 tremes, % * I.e., net effect of absorption of water; extraction of camphor; replacement (where E is the elongation and NE-, resp. No, the refractive indices by water (probably negligible). for the extraordinary and ordinary ray resp.), is 0.046 for O % of alcohol t Neglecting replacement of alcohol by water. camphor and decreases to 0.005 for 50 % camphor. For constant 31. Molecular Complexity.—" Films of celluloid have been made tension it increases with time. Data in re the after effects of tension on birefringence, density, and dispersion are also given on water by evaporation of a dilute solution. The thinnest stable films are 10 A thick, indicating that the molecular comin (5, 10, 11, 16). 2 28. Coefficient of Absorption.—7 = I<>l~kt = 1.81 and 1.95, two plex of celluloid is not over 10 A in diameter" ( ). samples (Na light) (11). Cellulose acetate transmits the ultraLITERATURE violet down to 230/iAi (13). Chemical 29. Chemical and Solvent Action of Various Reagents.—A, Little or no effect at room temperature. B, Superficial attack, blistering or softening. C, Gelatinization. D, Solution with decomposition. E, Good solvent. F, Not solvent, but becomes good solvent on addition of small amounts of camphor. G, Not solvent, but becomes good solvent on addition of large amounts of camphor. H, Can be used as diluent for E. I, Causes precipitation if used as diluent. Not solvent and does not become solvent on addition of camphor (*» 7, 23, 26). H2SO4. <40 %, A; 45 %, B; 60 %, D. HNO3. 14%, A; 25%, B; cone. D. HCl. 13 %, A; 25 %, B after several days; 35 %, B and D. Acetic acid (CH3COOH). Dilute, B; glacial, E. Alkaline solutions. Weak at room temp., B; with increasing strength or temp., D. Ketones, diacetone alcohol, wood spirit, methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl or amyl acetate, nitrobenzene, E. The lower aliphatic alcohols, C, F. The ethers and the lower aromatic hydrocarbons, G, H. CHCl3, C2H2C14, CCh, gasolene, turpentine, water, I. Oils and fats, A, except for castor oil which has slight solvent action. SeOCl2, E. Pyridine, D.

(For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) C 1 ) Addenbrooke, 181, 66: 629; 11. (2) Barton and Hunt, 58, 114: 861; 24. 3 ( ) U. S. Bureau of Standards, O. ( 4 ) Clement and Riviere, La Cellulose. Paris, 1920, p. 308-315. (5) Coker and Chakko, 62A, 221: 139; 20. (6) Curtis, SlA, 11: 359; 14. (7) du Pont Viscoloid Co., O. («) Electrical Testing Laboratories, New York City, O. ( 9 ) The Fiberloid Corporation, O. C 1 ») Filon and Jessup, 5, 101: 165; 22. («) Heymans and Allis, 285, 2: 217; 23. (!2) Heymans and Calingaert, 45, 16: 939; 24. («) Martin, 848, 6: 323; 22. ( 1 ^) Nishida, 896, 4: 287; 14. ( 1 B) Nishida, 45, 8: 1096; 16. (16) Ramspech, 8, 74: 722; 24. (") Rossi, 71, 16: 206; 10. ( 1 S) Souder and Hidnert, SlA, 15: 408; 19. ( 19 ) Souder and Hidnert, U. S. Bureau of Standards, O. (20) Stifler, Columbia University, New York City, O. («) Stokes and Weber, 32, No. 98; 17. (22) Tesche, 97, 5: 233; 24. (23) Ullmann, B61, III: 303; 15. (24) Weber, 31, No. 192; 12. (25) Will, 98, 19: 1382; 06. (26) Worden, Nitrocellulose Industry, I, Chap. IV (New York, Van Nostrand, 1911). Technology of Cellulose Esters, I, 2655-2759 (New York, Van Nostrand, 1921). (27) Dickinson and Van Dusen, 382, 3: 5; 16.

B. PHENOL RESINS AND THEIR PRODUCTS ("Bakelite," "Redmanol," "Condensite," Etc.) L. V. REDMAN Commercial Phenol Resins are phenol-formaldehyde condensation products, prepared under conditions that produce a resin capable of becoming hard, strong, insoluble and infusible with application of heat and pressure. Phenol Resin Products include: (1) Pure Resin; (2) Molded Products (employing as fillers wood flour, asbestos or other fibrous materials); and (3) Laminated

Products (prepared from paper or cloth which has been previously impregnated with the uncured resin). The information given below is based upon data from (1J 2). TYPE OF MATERIAL Molded, and filled Laminated and filled with with Pure Type Wood Asbes- A/r . ^ ~ ~, x, resin , Mica Paper Canvas Cloth a flour tos Symbol I M w | M A | M M | LP | Lc j Lcl | P Tensile Strength.—One-half inch figure-8 shaped test pieces for M and P materials (A. S. T. M. [D-48-24]). For L materials, values are parallel to laminations; v. (3) for shape of test piece. Tensile strength = A X IO3 Ib. in."2 = A' X IO7 dyne cm~2. Type A A'

I MM, M w and M A I 3.5-6.0 24 -40

LP | 8.7-25 60 -175

L0 | 8.5-12 62 -80

P 5-11 35-75

Compressive Strength.—Inch-cube test-piece. (A. S. T. M. [D-48-24].) Compressive strength = A X IO3 Ib. in.~2 = A' X IO7 dyne cm"2; at 20° unless otherwise noted; parallel or perpendicular to laminations as indicated. Type| Mw |MW,100° M A | Lp 11 [ L 0 I l | L0. -L | P A. . . 25- 36 12 18- 36 20- 45 20- 25 35- 47 26- 33 A 7 . . 175-250 80 125-250 140-275 140-175 245-330 180-230 Modulus of Elasticity in Tension, Young's Modulus.—M = 1.5-2.5 X IO6 Ib. in.-2 = 1.1-1.75 X 10U dyne cm~2 for the Lp material parallel to laminations; v. (3) for sample used. Modulus of Elasticity in Bending.—Samples 12 in. long by 1 in. wide, with 10 in. span. M = load X span3 -T- 4 X width X thickness3 X deflection at center = 1.1-2.1 X IO6 Ib. in.~2 = 75-175 X IO9 dyne cm~~2 for the LP material _L to laminations. Modulus of Rupture.—Samples 12 in. by 1 in. by 0.25 in.; 10 in. span. M = 3 X load X span -?• 2 X width X thickness2 .=, for Lp material, 15 000-30 000, and for P material, 12 500 -20 000 Ib. in.~2 = for LP, 1.05-2.10 X IO9 and for P, 0.85-1.40 X IO9 dyne cm~2. Impact Behavior.—(a) Olsen impact machine. Test piece 2J^ in. X 1 in. X H in- with edges and corners rounded, 2 in. span. Drop increments of % in. between blows, from zero up to the breaking point. The values given below are the sums of the corresponding mass-height products. ,

Type I Mw I M A I Lp I L 0 J- I P Ib. in. 500-1200 200-540 400-2000 3500-5300 500-1750 kg cm 575-1380 230-620 460-2300 4000-6000 575-2000

(b) Pendulum method. Energy of blow to break a H in. square sample. LP, Ii 0.3-1.5 Ib. ft.; 0.04-0.20 kg m; L0, I! 2-3 Ib. ft.; 0.25-0.40 kg m. Bulk Density and Hardness.—Brinell test by application of 500 kg wt. for 30 sec. Scleroscope test with hard hammer. Type I Mw I MA I Lp I L0 P d, gem" 3 |1.33-1.40|l.78-2.00|l.32-1.40|l.36-1.40|l.20-1.29 -O g Brin... 30-38 38-42 35-45 33-38 I 30-45 tgfl Scler... 78-92 75-95 84-94 60-67 75-110 Water Absorption.—Per cent gain in weight of sample (5 X 10 X IM cm) after 24 hr immersion in water at 20°. Type Per cent gain

I

Mw

|

MA

[

LP

|

L01

|

P

0.05-0.200.05-0.10 0.20-1.0 0.20-2.00.05-0.07

Softening Point Under Load.—A. S. T. M. method [D-17-T-1919], Mw, 125-130; MA, 130-150; LP, 125-150; P, 75-100; deg. C. Do not flow under pressure of screw heads and similar forces at ordinary temperatures. Thermal Expansion and Specific Heat.—Mean coefficient of linear expansion = A X IO"6 per 0C between 20 and 70°. Specific heat, Ci in joules g"1 per 0C, C 2 in cal g"1 per 0C or BTU Ib.~l per 0F. Type I Mw I MA I LP | L0 | P A 25-45 20-45 20-30 20-30 50-110 •g ci, joules.... 1.2-1.5 1.5-1.7 1.2-1.7 1.4-1.5 . C2, cai or CP BTU 0.30-0.360.35-0.400.30-0.40 0.33-0.37 Electrical Resistivity.—At 2O0C and 50 % atmospheric humidity the total resistivity (in ohm) is of the order of 1010-10n for most types, that for the M A material being somewhat lower, 108109, and that for the pure resin sometimes higher, 1010-1012. The surface resistivity for LP (in IO9 ohm) is 10-90 000 for 24%, 0.9-660 for 50% and 0.1-15 for 84% relative humidity. Exposure to light, especially ultra-violet, decreases surface resistivity. Dielectric Constant (e) and Power Factor.—At radio frequencies. Phase difference = power factor (P. F.) X 0.57. I Mw j MM I Lp I L01 I P Type e 4.5-7.5 4-5 4.5-6.0 4.5-6.0 4.5-7.0 P. F., %.. 1.5-7 0.5-1.5 1.5-5 2-7 0.2-3 Dielectric Strength.—A. S. T. M. low frequency test. L and P materials in J^ 2 m- sheets. Type Volts mil"1 Kilovolts cmr1

I Mw I MA I LP | L0 | P 250-700 150-500 750-1300 250-500 250-700 100-280 60-200 300- 500 100-200 100-280

Flash-over Voltage.—Between two 2 cm skirted brass studs 2 cm apart. Radio frequencies, LP, 18-28; Lc, 18-25 kilo volts. Optical Properties.—For the pure resins, n2D° = 1.62-1.70. Quite transparent in the infra-red. Darkening occurs on long exposure to sunlight. Miscellaneous Effects.—Exposure to (1) steam, does not affect mechanical properties but increases water absorption; (2) weak acids, no effect; (3) strong acids, charring of the organic fillers; (4) strong oxidizing acids, disintegration of the resin; (5) mild alkalis, softening; (6) strong alkalis, disintegration; (7) organic solvents, no effect; (8) aging, no effect. LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) C1) Bakelite Corporation, Research Lab., O. ( 2 ) Dellinger and Preston, 31, No. 216; 22. (3) Dellinger and Preston, 32, No. 471; 23. (*) A. S. T. M., American Society for Testing Materials.

C. COMPARISON OF PROPERTIES OF HARD RUBBER, VULCANIZED FIBER, LAMINATED AND MOLDED PHENOLIC INSULATING MATERIALS * Hard rubber is composed of crude rubber, sulfur, and usually some mineral filling compound. The relatively high cost of crude rubber had induced some makers of hard rubber to use reclaimed rubber or else load the new rubber with a high percentage of mineral filler. The lack of a proper understanding of this fact between the maker and the user has often resulted in unjust censure of hard rubber as an insulator. The better grades of hard rubber are made of new rubber containing no mineral filler !Bellinger and Preston, 32, 216: 619; 22.

and are free from excess sulfur. With these points in mind it is evident that the values assigned to a particular property or the effect of a certain test must necessarily be broad. Neither the best nor the poorest grade of hard rubber is considered in the data and opinions given in the following table. Vulcanized fiber is made of parchmentized paper. For the better grades of fiber, rag base paper is used. The paper is run slowly through a warm concentrated solution of sulfuric acid or zinc chloride, the one solution being used in making fiber sheets one-eighth inch thick or less, the other solution being used for thicknesses greater than one-eighth inch. The purpose of the acid or zinc chloride is to soften the walls of the cellulose (cotton) fibers, so that when several sheets of treated paper are pressed together the fibers tend to mat and cohere. The treated paper is wound on a drum until the cylindrical tube of the desired thickness is obtained, the cylindrical tube being then cut so as to form a sheet whose width is equal to the width of the paper and whose length is equal to the circumference of the drum. The composite sheet of treated paper is then soaked in water to remove the acid or zinc chloride, dried, and pressed. The term "vulcanized" is somewhat misleading. Fiber does not depend upon heat and pressure to cure it as does hard rubber. Vulcanized fiber varies much in both mechanical and electrical properties. The properties depend somewhat on the quality of rags used, the amount of residual sulfuric acid or zinc chloride, and upon the density of the finished product. Since the various processes of fiber making are difficult to control, the following statements relative to fiber must be taken as general and the recorded numerical data as average data.

The several makes and many grades of laminated phenolic insulating material are discussed quite fully in the paper. Any numerical value or statement given in the following summary table is an approximation. The molded phenolic insulating materials are subject to as many variations as hard rubber. There is probably not as much variation in the phenolic resin binder in the molded phenolic materials as there is in the crude or reclaimed rubber binder of hard rubber. There are many other chances for variation in the press pressure and temperature, length of curing in the presses, and kind and quality of filler. Some of the fillers used are wood flour, pulverized mica, and asbestos. The kind and amount of filler will affect both the mechanical and electrical properties. All these possible variations make the data only approximate and require rather general statements in the summary table. Most of the numerical data given in the table below are from tests made at the Bureau of Standards. The statements concerning the effects of various things on the different insulating materials are based on the experience of various members of the Bureau of Standards staff and upon the experience of the manufacturers of these materials. The manufacturers7 experience on hard rubber and vulcanized fiber extends over many years, while the experience on the phenolic insulating materials is much more limited. While it is possible to make up insulating materials which would give results different from those recorded for any particular property, yet it is believed that this table gives information in a condensed form which will serve to show some of the limitations as well as some of the possibilities of these various materials as now obtainable commercially.

COMPARISON OF PROPERTIES OF HARD RUBBER, VULCANIZED FIBER, LAMINATED AND MOLDED PHENOLIC INSULATING MATERIALS Properties Surface resistivity at 50% relative humidity, ohm Phase differences (^) at radio frequencies, deg Dielectric constant (e) at radio frequencies Dielectric strength, volt /mm. . . Tensile strength, Ib. /in.2 Water absorbed in 24 hr, percentage by weight Density, g/cm 3 Thermal expansivity (at 20 to 6O0C)

Phenolic insulating materials Laminated Molded

Vulcanized fiber

Hard rubber 1012to >1015

IO11

IO11

0.5*

3.Of

1.5 to 4.0

1.5 to 4.0

3.0* 10 000 to 38 000 J§ 3 500 to 6 500

5.Ot 9 000 to 16 OOOÎ§ 9 000 to 20 000

4.5 to 6.0 27 000 to 45 000 J§ 10 000 to 25 000

5.0 to 7.5 9 000 to 40 000 1§ 3 500 to 7 000

0.02 1.12 to 1.40ft

26 to 45 II 1.3 to 1.5

0.2 to LOU 1.3 to 1.4

0.05 to 0.2** 1.3 to 1.4

60 to 80 X IO'6

27 X 10~6

20 to 30 X 10~6

25 to 45 X IO-6

Effects of various agents Age

Heat

Deteriorates slowly, but Improves in quality by Improves §§ No depreciation in physif properly vulcanized seasoning Jt ical or chemical properand protected from the ties; slight increase in light it is not affected hardness § § At 65.50C (15O0F) pure Will not melt under any Not readily inflammable; See statement for lamihard rubber softens c i r c u m s t a n c e s ; not will withstand contin- nated materials for celperceptibly; at 10O0C readily inflammable; at uously a temperature lulose-filled m o l d e d (2120F) it is so soft it very high temperature of 1490C (30O0F); heat materials. Asbe s t o s may be bent easily; at chars and becomes brit- tends to complete the filled and mica-filled 115.50C (24O0F) it be- tle; active combustion reaction and volatile materials a r e m u c h comes leathery and begins at about 3430C substances are driven more r e s i s t a n t to may readily be cut with (65O0F) off. H e n c e , when heat U U a knife; melts at 20O0C cooled it shrinks con(3920F) t siderably and may split; shrinks and loses in weight above 6O0C || ||

COMPARISON OF PROPERTIES OF HARD RUBBER, VULCANIZED FIBER, LAMINATED AND MOLDED PHENOLIC INSULATING MATERIALS. — (Continued) Hard rubber Sunlight

Ultra-violet light for 20 h r

Moist air

Steam

Solvents : Acetone Alcohol Ammonia Aniline Benzene Carbon bisulfide Ether Naphtha Oil of turpentine

Discolors and disintegrates after a few months; the sulfur of the hard rubber is oxidized, f o r m i n g the equivalent of sulfuric acid; this may take up ammonia from the air or may attack the filling materials and form various sulfates upon the surface; the surface resistivity is greatly reduced*** Discolors and disintegrates; the action is as pronounced for a few hours' exposure to ultra-violet light as for many months' exposure to sunlight ; the surface resistivity is greatly reduced*** Hard-rubber compounds excepting those containing organic substances other than rubber are p r a c t i c a l l y moisture proof The only effect is that due to the high temperature

Vulcanized fiber No effect J

No data

Appreciable lowering of Appreciable lowering of surface resistivity surface resistivity***

Absorbs water freely, Absorbs slight amount oj Absorbs slight amount of but without permanent water, reducing dielec- water, reducing dielecinjury; while saturated tric properties}} Î tric properties it becomes soft and flexible and swells;warps and twists upon drying Same as above, except Best grades not affected Absorbs a slight amount absorption is more beyond slight absorp- of moisture; if steam is tion of moisture; after superheated, the high rapid a few days in steam the temperature will cause cheaper grades w i l l decomposition of celluswell appreciably and lose-filled materials. split; s u p e r h e a t e d The m i n e r a l - f i l l e d steam tends to warp materials a r e m u c h and blister all grades of more r e s i s t a n t to the material heat

Attacks, dissolving oils No permanent effect t and free sulfur} Attacks to a slight No permanent effect} degree } No effect} No permanent effect J Softens at ordinary tempera ture t Softens at ordinary temperature! Dissolves small amount of hard rubber and any free sulfur} Dissolves small amount of hard rubber and any free sulfur J Softens and swells to slight extent} Dissolves in boiling oil }

Phenolic insulating materials Lamina-ted I Molded After two and one-half No visible effectftt years some materials show a slight change, such as discoloration or very fine cracks; other materials show no such change} ff t

Noeffect}§§§

No effect} §§§

Noeffect}§§§

No effect}§§§

Not known

Strong solutions may No effect other than cause material to swell} slight absorption of moisture} Probably no effect} Probably no effect}

No permanent effect J

Probably no effect }§§§

Probably no effect}§§§

No permanent effect}




No effect}

Probably no effect} §§§


Probably no effect}

Probably no effect} §§§


Probably no effect}

Probably no effect}§§§

COMPARISON OF PROPERTIES OF HARD RUBBER, VULCANIZED FIBER, LAMINATED AND MOLDED PHENOLIC INSULATING MATERIALS. — (Continued) Hard rubber

Oil: Mineral Organic Weak acids

Slight softening t Unaffected % Unaffected %

Weak caustic alkalis

Unaffected t

Vulcanized fiber Slight absorption t Slight absorption^ Swells due to absorbed water; may be attacked after some time! Swells due to absorbed water; may be attacked after some time t

Phenolic insulating materials I Molded Laminated Practically impervious J Practically impervious! Practically impervious J Practically impervious J Practically unaffected P r a c t i c a l l y u n except for absorption affected TfTf U of water H u u Does not successfully Does not successfully resist the action of resist the action of alkali unless very dilute alkali unless very dilute

Stronger acids (HNO3, HCl, Not attacked by con- Cellulose fiber attacked; Decomposes; rapidity Cellulose-filled materials H2SO4) depends on s p e c i f i c decompose; r a p i d i t y centrated hydrochloric, soon decomposes gravity and tempera- depends on specific hydrofluoric, a c e t i c gravity and temperature of acid acids; not attacked by ture of acid. Molding sulfuric acid of less than materials made with 1.50 specific gravity or nitric acid of less than acid-resistant fi 1 1 e r s, such as mica, o f f e r 1.12 specific gravity t much greater r e s istance**** Cellulose fiber attacked; Binder and filler decom- Completely destroyed ; Stronger caustic alkalis No effect speed of the reaction pose If f f soon decomposes depends on the strength of the solution Ozone Not known Oxidizes and soon ruins No effect t Not known for electrical purposes Rapidly deteriorated by No effect î No effect Metallic inserts No effect contact with iron or copper, the metals themselves being corroded; the i n s e r t s should be coated with tin, paper, unvulcanized rubber, or other mutually p r o t e c t i n g medium Miscellaneous Machining qualities

Cost (1922)

Admits of a high polish; Admits of a fine finish; Admits of a good polish; Admits of a fine lasting machines less accur- may be s a w e d , can be sawed, punched, polish; can be maately than would be punched, d r i l l e d , drilled, s t a m p e d , chined, cut, filed, sawed supposed, due to great stamped, e m b o s s e d , turned, p l a n e d , with difficulty; can be resiliency; the better turned, planed, bent, k n u r l e d , embossed, molded accurately to the grade the more tapped; tough, resists milled, tapped either size; quite brittle readily it is machined; shock; can not be with or against the quality may be judged moldedtttt grain, though not as roughly by color and easily as hard rubber and vulcanized fiber; texture, t o u g h n e s s , color, and grain of a tough, resists shock; shaving; has tendency cannot be molded 1 1 1 1 to warp; can be molded but not accurately to size About $2 per pound in 50-80 cents per pound up About $1 per pound Cost varies with comsheet form plexity of steel molds to 1 inch in thickness; about $5 per pound for 2 inches in thickness

* These values were obtained at frequencies between 750 000 and 75 000 cycles per second (400 to 4000 meters wave length), there being very little change throughout this range. The grade of the sample tested is unknown, so values differing somewhat from these might be expected on other samples using different quantities and kinds of filler, t Values of ^ and K may be somewhat lower or much higher, depending on amount of moisture present in the fiber.

t Information obtained from sources other than the Bureau of Standards. § Values vary with the thickness of sample, kind of filler, shape of electrodes used, rate of increase of voltage, as well as atmospheric conditions under which tests are made. Il The Railway Signal Association specifications require an absorption when immersed in water at 7O0F for 24 hours, not to exceed 45% by weight for one-eighth inch fiber, 30% for three-sixteenth inch fiber, and 26% for one-fourth inch fiber. *([ Dependent upon nature of surface, surface area, and kind and amount of filler. ** Varies with polish of mold, press pressure, and temperature, length of curing, ratio of resin to filler, kind of filler, and size of sample. ft The density depends on the amount of sulfur present and increases with the increase in amount of filler. Pure hard rubber ranges from 1.12 to 1.25. A fair commercial quality ranges from 1.25 to 1.40. tt This means seasoning or aging in a protected place, such as a storage house. §§ These materials are of comparatively recent development, and hence no information has been gained covering very long periods. Theoretically, under certain conditions the chemical reactions would tend to continue, which would age and improve the material. One manufacturer claims a slight improvement in dielectric properties and a marked improvement in machining qualities when the aging takes place under ordinary atmospheric and temperature conditions. If the aging takes place in a moist atmosphere, the dielectric properties are subject to deterioration. U K See pages 580 to 583 of Technologic Paper, U. S. Bureau of Standards, No. 216. IFIT When subjected to temperatures above 6O0C (14O0F) some of the volatile matter is driven off, resulting in the shrinking and loss in weight of the material. This can be carried out many times with the same result, the material becoming more brittle. Tests made on these materials show that they are very erratic in behavior and do not expand or contract in a uniform way. It seems altogether probable that a point would be reached after all volatile matters had been driven off, when further subjection to a moderate temperature and subsequent cooling would not result in further shrinkage. This has not been proved experimentally. High temperature will produce decomposition. Further information regarding these tests will be found in Scientific Paper of the Bureau of Standards No. 352. (See also pages 580 to 583 of Technologic Paper, U. S. Bureau of Standards, No. 216.) *** A further discussion of the tests at the Bureau of Standards may be found in Scientific Paper of the Bureau of Standards, No. 234. ttt See effect of ultra-violet light. ÎÎÎ See discussion on pages 599 and 600 of Technologic Paper, U. S. Bureau of Standards, No. 216. §§§ Strong solvents affect the phenolic binder of the material to a limited extent unless the chemical reaction has been carried to the point where it is in the insoluble state. This condition would render the sheet material too brittle for general use. When water is present, the material will absorb it in various amounts. Il Jl II The effects vary with the materials, different molding mixtures, and acids. Nitric acid is harmful. In general weak acids will mar the surface and attack the edge of a sample soon after they come in contact with the sample, but there is little or no further change. UfI See page 608 of Technologic Paper No. 216. **** The action differs for various materials and grades. Some materials resist the action of a 30% solution of H2SO4 for several months and will withstand hydrochloric acid without any visible sign of attack. On other materials of this class sulfuric and nitric acids attack the surface of the sample and form a protective coating. This ruins the sample as far as further electrical use is concerned, but on removing the sample from the acid and cutting it open it is found that the acid has not penetrated more than one-sixteenth inch after several months' exposure to the acid. t f t t Thin sheets can be pressed to simple shapes when warm.

COMMERCIAL CARBONS FOR ELECTRICAL USES N. K. CHANEY Manufactured carbon articles in the form of rods, plates, blocks, tubes, etc. in a wide variety of shapes are made by molding or extruding specially prepared mixtures of pulverized carbon "flours" with binding materials of tar or pitch, and subsequently carbonizing the binder at high temperatures. The resulting products always consist of a porous mass of carbon particles knit together by the residual carbon resulting from the decomposition of the binding materials. Because of the variations inherent in all manufacturing processes the physical properties of commercial carbons are subject to characteristic variations, the allowable range of which is determined by the service and cost requirements of the consumer. A high degree of precision in the individual determinations is therefore valueless, the typical range of variation being alone significant. Individual values where given must be regarded merely as representative. CHARACTERISTIC RANGE IN PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF TYPICAL GRADES OF COMMERCIAL CARBONS ( 5 ) Resistance milliohmCoke electrodes Coal electrodes Brushes : Electrographitic A . . Electrographitic B . . Artificial graphite. . . Natural graphite Arc light carbons . . .

Density, g/cm 3 True*

Bulk

cm 3.5 -5.0 2.00-2.101.53-1.64 3.3 -6.3 1.95-2.101.50-1.67 4.0 -5.0 2.03-2.071.50-1.60 0.8 -1.8 2.16-2.191.41-1.61 2.3 -3.8 2.08-2.101.45-1.60 0.25-0.50 2.23-2.271.85-2.00 7.0 -8.0 1.85-1.901.30-1.40

* By immersion in kerosene.

Scleroscope hardness

TEMPERATURE COEFFICIENT OF RESISTANCE ( 3 ) % resistance

% resistance

Carbon | Graphite

Carbon | Graphite

2 5 Î Ô Ô 400 800 1200 91.6 1600 87.0

ÎÔÔ 94 81.5 66.0 65.0

2000 2200 2400 2800 3500

77.6

68.0 69.0

65.9 50.9 22.4

THERMAL EXPANSION

Electrodes : Coal Coke Graphite Graphite Arc carbon: Lampblack Coke Coke Coke Coke.

A1-C

Jg"

|H~

220-1820 180-1920 440-1720

11.0 7.2 10 0.55 + 0.0032*

(5) (5) (5) (2)

25-1000

...

6.0 0.32 1.5 2.05 S1O

(5) (4) (4) (4) (4)

MEAN SPECIFIC HEAT, g-cal/g per 0C ( 1 J 0

49-61

At

20-36 30-45

26- 76 26-282 20-538 30-752 40-892

10-20 70-80

C

I Carbon | Graphite || 0.168 .200 .199 .314

0.165 .195 .234 .290

At 0C 36- 902 47-1193 48-1180 56^1450

I

| Carbon | Graphite 0.324 .350 0.351 .387

.390

t Information obtained from sources other than the Bureau of Standards. § Values vary with the thickness of sample, kind of filler, shape of electrodes used, rate of increase of voltage, as well as atmospheric conditions under which tests are made. Il The Railway Signal Association specifications require an absorption when immersed in water at 7O0F for 24 hours, not to exceed 45% by weight for one-eighth inch fiber, 30% for three-sixteenth inch fiber, and 26% for one-fourth inch fiber. *([ Dependent upon nature of surface, surface area, and kind and amount of filler. ** Varies with polish of mold, press pressure, and temperature, length of curing, ratio of resin to filler, kind of filler, and size of sample. ft The density depends on the amount of sulfur present and increases with the increase in amount of filler. Pure hard rubber ranges from 1.12 to 1.25. A fair commercial quality ranges from 1.25 to 1.40. tt This means seasoning or aging in a protected place, such as a storage house. §§ These materials are of comparatively recent development, and hence no information has been gained covering very long periods. Theoretically, under certain conditions the chemical reactions would tend to continue, which would age and improve the material. One manufacturer claims a slight improvement in dielectric properties and a marked improvement in machining qualities when the aging takes place under ordinary atmospheric and temperature conditions. If the aging takes place in a moist atmosphere, the dielectric properties are subject to deterioration. U K See pages 580 to 583 of Technologic Paper, U. S. Bureau of Standards, No. 216. IFIT When subjected to temperatures above 6O0C (14O0F) some of the volatile matter is driven off, resulting in the shrinking and loss in weight of the material. This can be carried out many times with the same result, the material becoming more brittle. Tests made on these materials show that they are very erratic in behavior and do not expand or contract in a uniform way. It seems altogether probable that a point would be reached after all volatile matters had been driven off, when further subjection to a moderate temperature and subsequent cooling would not result in further shrinkage. This has not been proved experimentally. High temperature will produce decomposition. Further information regarding these tests will be found in Scientific Paper of the Bureau of Standards No. 352. (See also pages 580 to 583 of Technologic Paper, U. S. Bureau of Standards, No. 216.) *** A further discussion of the tests at the Bureau of Standards may be found in Scientific Paper of the Bureau of Standards, No. 234. ttt See effect of ultra-violet light. ÎÎÎ See discussion on pages 599 and 600 of Technologic Paper, U. S. Bureau of Standards, No. 216. §§§ Strong solvents affect the phenolic binder of the material to a limited extent unless the chemical reaction has been carried to the point where it is in the insoluble state. This condition would render the sheet material too brittle for general use. When water is present, the material will absorb it in various amounts. Il Jl II The effects vary with the materials, different molding mixtures, and acids. Nitric acid is harmful. In general weak acids will mar the surface and attack the edge of a sample soon after they come in contact with the sample, but there is little or no further change. UfI See page 608 of Technologic Paper No. 216. **** The action differs for various materials and grades. Some materials resist the action of a 30% solution of H2SO4 for several months and will withstand hydrochloric acid without any visible sign of attack. On other materials of this class sulfuric and nitric acids attack the surface of the sample and form a protective coating. This ruins the sample as far as further electrical use is concerned, but on removing the sample from the acid and cutting it open it is found that the acid has not penetrated more than one-sixteenth inch after several months' exposure to the acid. t f t t Thin sheets can be pressed to simple shapes when warm.

COMMERCIAL CARBONS FOR ELECTRICAL USES N. K. CHANEY Manufactured carbon articles in the form of rods, plates, blocks, tubes, etc. in a wide variety of shapes are made by molding or extruding specially prepared mixtures of pulverized carbon "flours" with binding materials of tar or pitch, and subsequently carbonizing the binder at high temperatures. The resulting products always consist of a porous mass of carbon particles knit together by the residual carbon resulting from the decomposition of the binding materials. Because of the variations inherent in all manufacturing processes the physical properties of commercial carbons are subject to characteristic variations, the allowable range of which is determined by the service and cost requirements of the consumer. A high degree of precision in the individual determinations is therefore valueless, the typical range of variation being alone significant. Individual values where given must be regarded merely as representative. CHARACTERISTIC RANGE IN PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF TYPICAL GRADES OF COMMERCIAL CARBONS ( 5 ) Resistance milliohmCoke electrodes Coal electrodes Brushes : Electrographitic A . . Electrographitic B . . Artificial graphite. . . Natural graphite Arc light carbons . . .

Density, g/cm 3 True*

Bulk

cm 3.5 -5.0 2.00-2.101.53-1.64 3.3 -6.3 1.95-2.101.50-1.67 4.0 -5.0 2.03-2.071.50-1.60 0.8 -1.8 2.16-2.191.41-1.61 2.3 -3.8 2.08-2.101.45-1.60 0.25-0.50 2.23-2.271.85-2.00 7.0 -8.0 1.85-1.901.30-1.40

* By immersion in kerosene.

Scleroscope hardness

TEMPERATURE COEFFICIENT OF RESISTANCE ( 3 ) % resistance

% resistance

Carbon | Graphite

Carbon | Graphite

2 5 Î Ô Ô 400 800 1200 91.6 1600 87.0

ÎÔÔ 94 81.5 66.0 65.0

2000 2200 2400 2800 3500

77.6

68.0 69.0

65.9 50.9 22.4

THERMAL EXPANSION

Electrodes : Coal Coke Graphite Graphite Arc carbon: Lampblack Coke Coke Coke Coke.

A1-C

Jg"

|H~

220-1820 180-1920 440-1720

11.0 7.2 10 0.55 + 0.0032*

(5) (5) (5) (2)

25-1000

...

6.0 0.32 1.5 2.05 S1O

(5) (4) (4) (4) (4)

MEAN SPECIFIC HEAT, g-cal/g per 0C ( 1 J 0

49-61

At

20-36 30-45

26- 76 26-282 20-538 30-752 40-892

10-20 70-80

C

I Carbon | Graphite || 0.168 .200 .199 .314

0.165 .195 .234 .290

At 0C 36- 902 47-1193 48-1180 56^1450

I

| Carbon | Graphite 0.324 .350 0.351 .387

.390

THERMAL C ONDUCTIVITY . — (Continued)

THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY K = g-cal cm~ 2 sec"1 (0C, cm-1)-1 2

0

10 # I Range, C || Electrographitic brush A (5) 2.9 I 20-43 Natural graphite brush A (5) 3.9 20- 43 Graphite electrode ( 3 > 5) 5.7 20-43 50 90- 110

2

1O K 39 35 31 29 27 0.019

|

W2K I Range, 0C Coke electrode (3, 5) 0.79 20-40 1.6 37-163 1.7 105-225 1.1 160-325 1.6 170-330

0

Range, C 180- 220 260- 340 350- 450 440- 560 500- 700 2800-3200

1O2K 1.7 1.2 1.2 1.2 0.019

||

|

Range, 0C 200-340 240-523 263-543 283-597 3000

LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) (M Acheson Graphite Co., O. ( 2 ) Day and Sosman, 45, 4: 490; 12. (3) Hansen, 78, 16 : 329; 09. (<) Muraoka, 8, 13 : 307; 81. (5) National Carbon Company, O.

INDUSTRIAL ELECTRICAL INSULATORS CONTENTS 1. Pure chemical substances.1

MATIÈRES Substances chimiques pures.1

INHALTSVERZEICHNIS Reine chemische Stoffe.1

INDICE PAGB Sostanze chimicamente pure.1

2. Air.1 3. Insulating oils. (a) General properties.

Air.1 Huiles isolantes. (a) Propriétés générales.

Aria.1 Olii isolanti 305 (a) Proprietà generali... 305

Effect of cleaning and drying.

Action de la purification et du séchage.

Luft.1 Isolierende Öle. (a) Allgemeine Eigenschaften. (b) Dielektrische Festigkeit. Einfluss der Feuchtigkeit. Einfluss der Reinigung und der Trocknung.

Effect of temperture. (c) Resistivity. 4. Insulating solids. (a) Description of materials. (o) Electrical properties, (c) Mechanical and thermal properties. 1 Consult the desired property in the index of I. C. T.

Action de la température. (c) Résistivité. Isolants solides. (a) D e s c r i p t i o n des matériaux. (6) Propriétés électriques. (c) Propriétés mécaniques et thermiques.

Einfluss der Temperatur. Widerstand. Isolatoren. Beschreibung des Materials. Elektrische Eigenshaften. Mechanische und thermische Eigenschaften.

(6) Dielectric strength. Effect of moisture.

(b) Pouvoir diélectrique. Action de l'humidité.

i Consulter la propriété désirée dans l'index des I. C. T,

(c) Feste (a) (6) (c) 1

Siehe die entsprechenden Eigenschaften im Index der I. C. T.

Abbreviations B. D. B. T. D d E. F. T. G

Complete breakdown Burning temperature Diameter Specific gravity, room temperature, water = 1 Engler viscometer; data given in Engler degrees Flash point Spark gap = minimum distance between surfaces of electrodes Max. Maximum P. D. Potential difference between electrodes P. F. Power factor P. Sp. Preliminary sparking S. T. Solidifying temperature S. U. Saybolt Universal viscometer; data given are times of efflux, seconds V Viscometer value. For interconversion of E. and S. U. data, and for conversion of either to kinematic viscosity, see Vol. I, p. 33 %A Per cent deviation from mean € Dielectric constant P Volume resistivity

(o) Rigidità dielettrica.. Influenza dell' umidità Influenza del grado di limpidezza e di secchezza... . Influenza della temperatura— (c) Resistività Isolanti solidi (a) Descrizione dei materiali (6) Proprietà elettriche. (c) Proprietà meccaniche e termiche....

305 306

307 307 307 307 308 310 311

1

Consultarne le proprietà nell'indice delle f. C. I.

Abréviations B. D. B. T. D d E. F. T. G

Rupture diélectrique complète Température de combustion Diamètre Poids spécifique, à la température de la chambre, eau = 1 Viscosimètre d'Engler; données en degrés Engler Point d'inflammabilité Distance explosive = distance minimum entre les surfaces des électrodes Max. Maximum P. D. Différence de potentiel entre électrodes P. F. Facteur de puissance P. Sp. Lueur préliminaire S. T. Température de solidification S. U. Viscosimètre universel de Saybolt; les valeurs données sont les durées de l'écoulement en secondes V Constante du Viscosimètre. Pour l'interconversion des valeurs de E. et S. U., et pour la conversion de ces deux valeurs en viscosité cinématique, voir Vol. I, p. 33 % A Pourcentage d'écart de la moyenne e Constante diélectrique p Résistivité

THERMAL C ONDUCTIVITY . — (Continued)

THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY K = g-cal cm~ 2 sec"1 (0C, cm-1)-1 2

0

10 # I Range, C || Electrographitic brush A (5) 2.9 I 20-43 Natural graphite brush A (5) 3.9 20- 43 Graphite electrode ( 3 > 5) 5.7 20-43 50 90- 110

2

1O K 39 35 31 29 27 0.019

|

W2K I Range, 0C Coke electrode (3, 5) 0.79 20-40 1.6 37-163 1.7 105-225 1.1 160-325 1.6 170-330

0

Range, C 180- 220 260- 340 350- 450 440- 560 500- 700 2800-3200

1O2K 1.7 1.2 1.2 1.2 0.019

||

|

Range, 0C 200-340 240-523 263-543 283-597 3000

LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) (M Acheson Graphite Co., O. ( 2 ) Day and Sosman, 45, 4: 490; 12. (3) Hansen, 78, 16 : 329; 09. (<) Muraoka, 8, 13 : 307; 81. (5) National Carbon Company, O.

INDUSTRIAL ELECTRICAL INSULATORS CONTENTS 1. Pure chemical substances.1

MATIÈRES Substances chimiques pures.1

INHALTSVERZEICHNIS Reine chemische Stoffe.1

INDICE PAGB Sostanze chimicamente pure.1

2. Air.1 3. Insulating oils. (a) General properties.

Air.1 Huiles isolantes. (a) Propriétés générales.

Aria.1 Olii isolanti 305 (a) Proprietà generali... 305

Effect of cleaning and drying.

Action de la purification et du séchage.

Luft.1 Isolierende Öle. (a) Allgemeine Eigenschaften. (b) Dielektrische Festigkeit. Einfluss der Feuchtigkeit. Einfluss der Reinigung und der Trocknung.

Effect of temperture. (c) Resistivity. 4. Insulating solids. (a) Description of materials. (o) Electrical properties, (c) Mechanical and thermal properties. 1 Consult the desired property in the index of I. C. T.

Action de la température. (c) Résistivité. Isolants solides. (a) D e s c r i p t i o n des matériaux. (6) Propriétés électriques. (c) Propriétés mécaniques et thermiques.

Einfluss der Temperatur. Widerstand. Isolatoren. Beschreibung des Materials. Elektrische Eigenshaften. Mechanische und thermische Eigenschaften.

(6) Dielectric strength. Effect of moisture.

(b) Pouvoir diélectrique. Action de l'humidité.

i Consulter la propriété désirée dans l'index des I. C. T,

(c) Feste (a) (6) (c) 1

Siehe die entsprechenden Eigenschaften im Index der I. C. T.

Abbreviations B. D. B. T. D d E. F. T. G

Complete breakdown Burning temperature Diameter Specific gravity, room temperature, water = 1 Engler viscometer; data given in Engler degrees Flash point Spark gap = minimum distance between surfaces of electrodes Max. Maximum P. D. Potential difference between electrodes P. F. Power factor P. Sp. Preliminary sparking S. T. Solidifying temperature S. U. Saybolt Universal viscometer; data given are times of efflux, seconds V Viscometer value. For interconversion of E. and S. U. data, and for conversion of either to kinematic viscosity, see Vol. I, p. 33 %A Per cent deviation from mean € Dielectric constant P Volume resistivity

(o) Rigidità dielettrica.. Influenza dell' umidità Influenza del grado di limpidezza e di secchezza... . Influenza della temperatura— (c) Resistività Isolanti solidi (a) Descrizione dei materiali (6) Proprietà elettriche. (c) Proprietà meccaniche e termiche....

305 306

307 307 307 307 308 310 311

1

Consultarne le proprietà nell'indice delle f. C. I.

Abréviations B. D. B. T. D d E. F. T. G

Rupture diélectrique complète Température de combustion Diamètre Poids spécifique, à la température de la chambre, eau = 1 Viscosimètre d'Engler; données en degrés Engler Point d'inflammabilité Distance explosive = distance minimum entre les surfaces des électrodes Max. Maximum P. D. Différence de potentiel entre électrodes P. F. Facteur de puissance P. Sp. Lueur préliminaire S. T. Température de solidification S. U. Viscosimètre universel de Saybolt; les valeurs données sont les durées de l'écoulement en secondes V Constante du Viscosimètre. Pour l'interconversion des valeurs de E. et S. U., et pour la conversion de ces deux valeurs en viscosité cinématique, voir Vol. I, p. 33 % A Pourcentage d'écart de la moyenne e Constante diélectrique p Résistivité

Abbreviazioni

Abkürzungen

INSULATING OILS J. B. WHITEHEAD AND J. H. LAMPE Only oils commonly used in industrial electrical apparatus are considered in this section. For data on other oils which might possibly meet industrial requirements, reference must be made to other sections of this volume. Among the following data are some for 7 distinct samples of domestic (U. S. A.) oil; these oils are here designated by the letters A to F, inclusive. On n'utilise dans les appareils électriques que les huiles minérales de paraffine; on n'a considéré que de telles huiles dans cette section. Pour les données relatives à, d'autres huiles qui peuvent présenter, éventuellement, une utilisation industrielle, il faut s'adresser a d'autres sections de ce volume. Parmi les données suivantes, il s'en trouve pour 7 échantillons distincts d'huiles indigènes (U. S. A.); ces huiles sont désignées par les lettres A a F , inclusivement. Es werden nur Mineralöle paraffinischen Ursprunges in den elektrischen Apparaten benützt, nur solche sind deshalb Gegenstand des Abschnittes. Für Zahlenwerte weiterer Öle, welche vielleicht industrielle Beachtung verdienen, muss an anderer Stelle dieses Bandes nachgesehen werden. Unter den folgenden Werten sind 7 von heimischen (U. S. A.) Ölproben vorhanden. Diese Öle sind hier vom Buchstaben A bis einschliesslich F angeführt. Solo gli olii minerali di paraffina sono adoperati negli apparecchi elettrici, e solo essi perciò sono qui presi in considerazione. Per le caratteristiche di altri olii che potrebbero eventualmente soddisfare alle richieste vedi altri capitoli di questo stesso volume. Tra i valori che seguono sono riportati quelli di 7 campioni di olii degli S. U. A. Questi olii sono indicati con le lettere da A a F inclusa. TABLE I.—GENEBAL PROPERTIES OF VARIOUS INSULATING OILS For dielectric strength, see Table 2. Bracketed numbers indicate the range of variation; e.g., first entry indicates that d varies from 0.846 to 0.915. Unit of p = IO12 ohm-cm; of e = 1 cgse; of P. F. = 1%; of temperature = I0C.

B. D. B. T. D d E. F. T. G

Interruzione continua Temperatura di combustione Diametro Peso specifico, temperatura ordinaria, acqua = 1 Viscosimetro di Engler, valori in gradi Engler Punto di infiammabilità Lunghezza di scintilla = distanza minima tra le superficie degli elettrodi MSLX. Massimo P. D. Differenza di potenziale tra gli elettrodi P. F. Fattore di potenza P. Sp. Preliminare scintillamento S. T. Temperatura di solidificazione S. U. Viscosimetro universale Saybolt; i valori riportati rappresentano tempi di efflusso in secondi V Valore viscosimetrico. Per la conversione dei valori E. in S. U. e viceversa, e per la conversione degli uni e degli altri in viscosità cinematica, vedi Vol. I, p. 33 % A Deviazione percentuale della media e Costante dielettrica p Resistività di volume X^ Oil

Dielektrische Festigkeit Brenntemperatur Durchmesser Spezifisches Gewicht, Zimmertemperatur, Wasser = l Engler Viskosimeter, Werte in Englergraden Entflammungspunkt Funkenstrecke = minimal Entfernung der Oberflächen der Elektroden Max. Maximum P. D. Potentialdifferenz zwischen den Elektroden P. F. Kraftfaktor P. Sp. Glimmentladung S. T. Erstarrungstemperatur S. U. Saybolt Universalviskosimeter, die angegebenen Daten sind Ausflusszeiten in Sekunden V Viskosimeterwert. Für die gegenseitige Abmessung von E und S. U. Werte, für die Umrechnung auf die kinematische Viskosität siehe Vol. I, p. 33 % A Prozentuelle Abweichung vom Mittel € Dielektrizitätskonstante p Widerstand im Inneren

Prop^/

B. D. B. T. D d E. F. T. G

v

U. S. A.

W. E. & M. G. E. (20)

f 0.846 \ 0.915 50 100 S. U. 40°

(10)

0.83 0.93 40 120 S. U. 40°

Germany * France Japan CrusSehen- ~± Hirobe , ., Stern Tobey 8 sard dell (23) 1 4 (18) ^ > ( ) 0.845 0.85 j 0.85/ 0.85 0.827 0.870 0.92 \ 0 . 9 5 \ 0 . 9 2 0.861 40 8° 1.43° 110 10° 2.96° S. U. E. E. E. E. 40° 20° 20° 20° 30°

()

- »•» U t

QT T S

' -

„T F T '-

2.5

-

2

-34

140 170

2.15

°

~10

X.

~5

-40 -15

130 130 190 190 IT5

160 170

16

°

Ì

-1

/ 125 ° \152

16

IS

*>• ^ (US

* Heat conductivity of a German oil is given as 0.0003.1 cal/(cm deg sec) ( 24 ).

TABLE 2.—DIELECTRIC STRENGTH OF VARIOUS TRANSFORMER OILS Average effective breakdown voltage Unit of voltage = 1000 effective (r. m. s.) volt; of D and G = 1 in. = 2.54 cm. Sphere Disk Needle Disk Disk 0.5 0.5 points point 1 Lit. Diameter (D) Gap (G) 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.1 Tobey 18.0 16.5 (23) Digby& Mills 11.5 17.5 11.0 (3) N. E. L. A 40.0 29.0 (12) Peek .. 64.0 31.0 22.0 (13, 14) Hirobe.... 92.0 62.0 15.0 (8) Schroter 92.0 (19) Everest 20.0 20.0 22.0 18.5 (5) W. E. & M 61.5 48.0 36.2 (i) Vac. OiICo 51.7 37.1 24.0 (l) B. S 61.3 49.9 28.2 (l)

TABLE 3.—DIELECTKIC STRENGTH OP INSULATING OIL E ( 5 > 25 ) Breakdown voltage: Effective (r.m.s.) kilovolt Units of D = 1 in.; of G = 0.001 in.; 1 in. = 2.54 cm. G

25 50 75 100 150 175 200 250

Sphere, D = 0.5 Disk, D = 0.5 Needle points Point, disk B. D.|P.Sp.| % A B. P.!?. Sp.I % A B. D. P. Sp.| % A B. D. P. Sp.| % A 3.6 2.9 40 8.4 7.1 10 5.7 4.3 30 6.5 4.7 15 1.2 8.1 15 12.2 8.2 15 8.9 6.2 30 13.2 7.6 40 14.5 7.4 40 17.8 13.5 10 16.0 11.8 8 19.5 11.1 30 19.1 11.1 40 22.1 16.3 8 19.7 14.7 5 27.2 15.3 15 27.9 22.1 20 24.4 18.7 6 26.7 20.4 8 23.3 17.4 6

TABLE 5.—RELATIVE BREAKDOWN VOLTAGES FOK THREE COMMERCIAL TEST GAPS (i) (Voltage, gap Ei)/(voltage, gap E2) Unit of D and G = 1 in. = 2.54 cm. ^\^^
A

B

C

A B C

TOO 0.55 0.50

TTsO 1.00 0.85

2705 1.20 1.00

D G

Disk I 0_1

Disk 0.5 0_2

Sphere 0.5 0.15

TABLE 6.—ERROR IN THE AVERAGE OF n TESTS OF DIELECTRIC STRENGTH OF AN OIL Based on 3000 tests (6> 7) Unit of error = 1 %, ^ Sphere Sphere Point, n Error i * f x* ^ long* short* sphere TABLE 4.—DIELECTRIC STRENGTHS OF FOUR U. S. A. TRANSFORMER OILS (!) Parallel tests by Vacuum Oil Co. (Vac.), Westinghouse Electric and Manufacturing Co. (W), and National Bureau of Standards (B. S.). Most accurate data available. Each number is average of 15 observations; individual deviation from mean = 10%, the same in all cases. Unit of D and G = 1 in. = 2.54 cm. 7 = 1 sec by S. U. at O0C. Breakdown values, effective (r. m. s.) kilovolt, 60 EleeGap . cycles, 250C trodes G B. S. | Vac. | W |Mean||B.S. | Vac. | W |Mean A (d = 0.854, V = 55) [|B (d = 0.867, V = 100) Disks 0.05 15.2 11.7 18.0 15.0 15.2 8.9 14.3 12.8 D = 1 0.10* 23.6 23.2 35.8 27.5 26.5 22.3 30.5 26.4 0.15 33.6 32.9 39.3 35.3 36.3 32.2 42.8 37.1 0.20 40.6 39.1 53.8 44.5 42.8 37.6 55.7 45.4 Disks 0.05 D = 0 . 5 0.10 0.15 0.20

21.2 37.9 48.7 49.3

15.3 29.4 38.9 45.2

22.2 38.9 47.5 51.0

19.6 35.4 45.0 48.5

21.5 37.1 47.9 49.8

13.2 24.8 33.4 46.1

20.9 38.7 42.8 54.9

18.5 33.5 41.4 50.3

Spheres 0.05 23.6 23.6 29.5 25.6 22.6 D = 0 . 5 0.10 44.2 45.5 51.1 46.9 38.5 0.15 61.1 67.1 64.1 56.0 0.20 68.9 68.9 70.5 I j C (d = 0.829, V = 34) Il D (d Disks 0.05 16.5 8.8 18.5 14.6 16.8 D = I 0.10* 33.5 25.9 40.7 33.4 29.1 0.15 39.5 32.5 53.7 42.0 38.5 0.20 50.8 39.8 64.8 51.8 41.2

20.7 25.3 22.9 35.2 48.6 40.8 51.1 60.6 55.9 70.5 = 0.860, V = 74) 11.0 17.8 15.2 24.6 37.8 30.5 30.9 48.7 39.4 37.9 59.8 46.3

Disks 0.05 D = 0 . 5 0.10 0.15 0.20

27.1 48.4 48.8 60.0

14.0 26.9 33.7 42.5

Spheres 0.05 D = 0 . 5 0.10 0.15 0.20

33.4 26.3 32.9 30.8 49.1 50.2 55.3 51.5 67.1 67.1 I

20.0 34.6 42.3 50.6

24.9 42.9 57.9 67.4

24.0 42.0 49.7 59.3

25.8 41.0 54.3 55.5

19.4 40.7 47.0 52.8

19.7 36.2 45.0 50.3

26.2 22.5 30.0 26.2 50.1 43.8 56.4 50.1 61.1 52.4 56.7 56.7 72.5| 72.5

* This is the standard gap recommended by American Society for Testing Materials (*)—1 in. flat disks with square shoulders, spaced 0.1 in. apart. For this gap, the B. D. value for transformer oils should lie in the range 26.4 to 33.4 kilovolt.

~~ î

Iv!

T T s ï \ s

Max. Av. Max. Av. Max.

1 3 3 6 6

48.5 5.2 22.4 2.7 17.5

sTi '

34.1 4.9 19.7 3.5 15.0

44.8 4.9 19.1 4.1 14.3

* Average: Long = 27 mm; short = 2 mm.

TABLE 7.—SPARKOVER VOLTAGE BETWEEN CONCENTRIC CYLINDERS ( 14 ) For — > 3.5 corona appears in transformer oils before sparkover r>

occurs; for — < 3.5, the sparkover and corona voltages are the I 2\ 1 H '-p ) • g = maximum Vr/ voltage gradient at surface of electrode, in kilo volt/cm; R1 r = radius of outer, inner, cylinder in cm; g0j gc = gx observed, g computed. The * denotes where R/r becomes less than 3.5. Unit of r = 1 cm; of P. D. = 1000 volt; of g = 1000 volt/cm (R = 3.81 cm).

(

r

0.238 0.317 0.635 0.794 0.952 1.111* 1.270 1.587 1.905 2.540

j

P. P., max.

84.0 85.5 98.3 106.1 103.2 108.5 107.5 104.3 93,7 64.3

|

g^

127.7 108.1 86.3 85.5 78.1 79.4 77.0 75.1 70,7 62.4

j

gc

.

123.8 112.7 90.3 84.6 80.2 76.9 74.3 70.4 67.2 63.1

TABLE 8.—INFLUENCE OF MOISTURE ON DIELECTRIC STRENGTH Kilovolt (kv) for breakdown; disks, D = 0.5 in., G = 0.2 in.; temp. 250C; U. S. A. Oil F (13, 14) Water, volume in 10 000 O 0.5 1.0 2.0 5.010.0 Kv, 60 cycles, maximum 62.333.533.431.727.325.4 Kv, constant voltage 61.534/734.330.224.723.0 Ryan (17), Tobey (23), peek (13, 14, 15), and others (il, 16, 2 ) show that moisture in very small quantities decreases the dielectric strength of insulating oil. Hirobe («), McLaughlin (9), Stern (22), Spath (21), and Schroter ( î 9 ) agree experimentally that moisture has little effect on the dielectric strength of the purest oils. The potent causes of low dielectric strength are fibers and dust particles in the oil.

Their effect is increased by the presence of moisture (cf. Table 9). For methods and effect of cleaning electrodes, see (8). TABLE 9.—DIELECTRIC STRENGTH: EFFECT OF CLEANING AND DRYING THE OIL (19) F = effective field strength at which breakdown occurs Unit of F1 = 1000 volt/cm; of %A « 1 %. Condition of oil* | F | %A As delivered 48.5 75 Filtered through 4 mm clay wall 115.0 50 Centrifuged 124.0 30 Filtered through ordinary filter paper 163.0 35 After prolonged drying by heat 184.0 40 Prolonged drying by heat and filtered once through celloid filter 232.0 8 As in preceding, but filtered twice 332.0 7 * Each line of the table is complete in itself; tests were not successive.

Par suite des variations inhérentes à la composition et aux conditions physiques des produits manufacturés et naturels, il n'est possible d'assigner une valeur unique à aucune des propriétés variées des isolants électriques solides. De plus, les valeurs obtenues par les mesures de plusieurs propriétés électriques dépendent de la méthode employée et des conditions dans lesquelles l'essai a été effectué. Par exemple, dans les déterminations de la résistivité du volume et de la résistivité superficielle, le résultat dépend du voltage employé, de la durée de l'application, de la température, de l'humidité, etc. Aucune procédure type n'a encore été établie pour déterminer les quantités variées. Les données disponibles ont été obtenues suivant une grande variété de conditions et avec des procédures différentes (qui, dans la plupart des cas, ne sont pas complètement spécifiées); de sorte que la sélection des valeurs pour ces tables a été une question de jugement, l'objectif étant de choisir celles des valeurs qui étaient présumées les plus typiques et par conséquent les plus dignes de confiance pour l'application générale. Quelques unes des sources principales dont ont été tirées les valeurs sont indiquées à la page 311. On trouvera les discussions relatives à quelques uns des facteurs variables à ( 1 J 3> 9) ; en ce qui concerne la bibliographie,

TABLE 10.—RESISTIVITY (R) AND DIELECTRIC STRENGTH (S) OF DRY OIL: VARIATION WITH TEMPERATURE (23) R is expressed in terms of the resistance between disks, D = 4 in., G — 0.44 in. ; S in terms of the effective breakdown P. D. between MM- (2, 18, 19). spheres, D — 0.5 in., G = 0.15 in. Approximately S = $20 — 0.13 (t - 25°) kilovolt C 1 ); t = temperature, 0C; S25 = value of S Entsprechend der eigenartigen Änderung in der Zusammenat 250C. setzung und des physikalischen Zustandes der festen Isolatoren, Unit of S = 1000 volt; of R = IQ 6 ohm; of t = I0C. man sowohl den künstlichen als auch den natürlichen ProTemperature (Q | 30 | 40 | 50 | 60 | 70 | 80 | 9Q0kann C dukten keinen einzelnen Wert ihrgend welcher der verschiedenen Strength (S) 33 35 36 37 38 39 ÏT Eigenschaften zu ordnen. Es hängt ferner der gemessene Wert Resistivity (R) 1225 960 570 360 250 vieler elektrischer Eigenschaften von der angewandten Methode LITERATURE und den Bedingungen unter welchen die Probe ausgeführt worden (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) ist, ab. Z. B. bei der Bestimmung des Oberflächen Widerstandes (i) Silsbee, 66, 21: 397; 21. (2) Armstrong, 107, 62: 1322; 13. (3) Digby wird das Ergebnis von der angewandten Volt-Zahl, der Dauer and Mills, 46, 28: 769; 09. («) Crussard, 106, 13: 443; 23. (5) Everest, der Einwirkung, der Temperatur, der Feuchtigkeit u. s. w. 121, 87: 702; 21. (6) Hayden and Eddy, 129, 41: 102; 22. (7) Hayden abhängen. Bis jetzt ist keine diesbezügliche Standardmethode zur and Eddy, 129, 41: 394; 22. ( 8 ) Hirobe, Elect. Technical Laboratory Report, No. 25: Sect. 3 (Japan). (») McLaughlin, 181, 86: 325; 21. Messung der verschiedenen Grossen aufgestellt. Die erreichbaren (10) Moody, W. S., General Electric Co., Schenectady, New York, O. C 11 ) Daten sind unter den verschiedenen Bedingungen und sehr 12 Moody and Faccioli, 129, 28: 769; 09. ( ) National Electric Light Assoverschiedenen Prüfungsvorgängen (die in vielen Fällen auch nicht ciation, Bulletin, June, 1910. (*3) Peek, 129, 35 II: 783; 16. (i*) Peek, ganz angegeben sind) erhalten. Es ist deshalb diese Auswahl nach 120, 18: 821; 15. (* 5 ) Peek, Dielectric Phenomena in High Voltage Engibesonderem Urteil gemacht worden, mit dem Ziel im Auge, neering, Chap. IV. New York, McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., 1915. (16) Rodman, 114, 20: 51; 23. (") Ryan, 129, 30: 1; 11. (") Schendell, diejenigen Werte herauszugreifen, die man als die typischesten 101, 37: 242; 18. (>») Schroter, 125, 12: 67; 23. und demzufolge allgemein am zuverlässlichsten sein ansieht (20) Skinner, C. E., Westinghouse Electric and Manufacturing Co., East Pittsburgh, O. (21) Spatù, 125, 12: 331; 23. (22) Stern, 101, 43: 140; 22. werden. Einige der hauptsächlichsten Quellen aus denen die (23) Tobey, 129, 29 II: 1189; 10. (24) Tesene, 97, 5: 233; 24. (25) WedWerte geschöpft wurden sind Seite 311 angegeben. Zur Dismore, 121, 87: 702; 21. kussion einiger der veränderlichen Faktoren, ( 1 I 3, 9)t Literatur dazu, siehe (2, 18, 19). INSULATING SOLIDS F. MALCOLM FARMER Because of inherent variations in composition and physical A causa di alterazioni nella composizione e nello stato fisico condition of both manufactured and natural products, no single sia dei prodotti artificiali che naturali, non si può assegnare un value can be assigned to any of the various properties of solid valore determinato alle varie proprietà degli isolanti elettrici electrical insulators. Furthermore, the value obtained in the solidi. Inoltre, il valore ottenuto nella misura di molte proprietà measurement of many electrical properties depends upon the elettriche dipende dal metodo impiegato e dalle condizioni nelle method employed and the conditions under which the test was quali la prova è stata fatta. Per espempio, quando si determina la made. For example, in determinations of either the volume or the resistività di volume o di superficie, il risultato dipende dal volsurface resistivity, the result will depend upon the voltage taggio adoperato, dalla durata di applicazione, dalla temperatura, employed, the duration of its application, temperature, humidity, dalla umidità, ecc. Non è stata ancora stabilita una procedura etc. No standard procedure has yet been established for deter- uniforme per determinare le varie grandezze. mining the various quantities. The available data have been I dati disponibili sono stati ottenuti in condizioni molto diverse obtained under a great variety of conditions and with many differ- e con metodi differenti (il più delle volte neppure completamente ent procedures (which, in most cases, are not fully stated) so that indicati); per modo che la scelta dei valori per queste tabelle è the selection of values for these tables has been a matter of judg- stata fatta con un certo arbitrio e con lo scopo di raccogliere i ment, the aim being to select those values which it is believed are valori ritenuti più tipici e quindi suscettibili di una più generale most typical and, consequently, the most reliable for general applicazione. application. Some of the principal sources from which data have Alcune delle fonti principali dalle quali i dati sono stati tratti been obtained are named on p. 311. Discussions of some of these sono indicate a pag. 311. Per la discussione di alcuni dei fattori 1 3 9 variable factors will be found in ( J i ); for bibliographies, see variabili si veda ( 1 J 3 > 9) e per le indicazioni bibliografiche si veda (2, 18, 19).

(2,18,19).

Ml M2 M3 M4 M5 M6 M7 M8 M9 MlO Mil M12 M13 M14 M15 M16

Manufacturers Mentioned in this Section Alberane Stone Company, New York, N. Y. Chicago Mica Company, Chicago, 111. Continental Fibre Company, Newark, Del. Electrose Manufacturing Co., Brooklyn, N. Y. Garfield Manufacturing Co., Garfield, N. J. General Electric Co., Schenectady, N. Y. General Insulate Co., Brooklyn, N. Y. Hemming Manufacturing Co., Garfield, N. J. Irvington Varnish and Insulator Co., Irvington, N. J. Mica Insulator Co., Schenectady, N. Y. Minerallac Electric Co., Chicago, 111. Mitchell-Rand Mfg. Co., New York, N. Y. National Vulcanized Fibre Co., Wilmington, Del. Spaulding Fibre Co., Inc., Tonawanda, N. Y. D. M. Stewart Manufacturing Co., Chattanooga, Tenn. Westinghouse Electric and Manufacturing Co., East Pittsburgh, Pa.

TABLE 1.—INDEX AND DESCRIPTION OF MATERIALS Glass, v. p. 87, porcelain, v. p. 66, rubber and rubber products, v. p. 254, phenol condensation products, v. p. 296 I. Bituminous, Wax and Molded Materials INDEX No.

1. Ambrion.—A molded product (German). Asbestos, impregnated with a pitch or rosin binder. Several grades—some fireproof, some limited to 80 to 10O0C. 2. Asphalt.—Various grades known as bitumen, byerlite, elaterite, gilsonite, manjak, and mineral pitch. A black, natural product found in various parts of the world. Used extensively as base for insulating varnishes, for impregnating insulating materials, and (in Europe) for insulating wires and cables (instead of rubber). Hard at ordinary temperatures, plastic at 40-6O0C, melts at 100-20O0C, depending upon purity. 3. Beeswax.—The secreted substances of which the bee's honeycomb is constructed; yellow; agreeable odor and taste. Solid at ordinary temperatures, plastic when warm, melts at 62-640C. 4. Ceresin.—A yellow or white wax made by purifying and bleaching ozokerite (see 10). Used extensively in manufacture of insulating compounds. 6. Electrose.—Trade name for a product manufactured and molded by M4; working temperature limit, about 9O0C. 6. Gummon.—Trade name for a coal tar and asbestos product manufactured and molded in desired shape by M 5. Black, hard, dense, not easily drilled or sawed, can be highly polished, and will withstand 20O0C indefinitely. 7. Hemit.—Trade name for a coal tar and asbestos product manufactured and molded in desired shape by M5. Hard, dense, not easily drilled or sawed; withstands temperature of 600 to 80O0C. Grade '"B" is gray and hygroscopic; grade "A" is impregnated, making it black and more nearly waterproof. 8. Insulate.—Trade name for a mineral product manufactured and molded in desired shape by M7. Non-hygroscopic; maximum working temperature, 7O0C. 9. Minerallac.—Trade name for asphaltic base insulating material manufactured by Mil in various grades for different applications (principally cable joints, cable terminals, etc.). Some grades semi-liquid, others semi-solid at 250C. Moisture-proof. 10. Ozokerite (See Ceresin).—A natural, mineral wax material, usually associated with rock salt or gypsum; found throughout the world, but principally in Galicia. Is probably

paraffin resulting from natural decomposition of petroleum. Natural color brown or black, but white when purified; melts at UO0C. 11. Paraffin.—Translucent, more or less colorless wax material obtained in the distillation of petroleum. Various commercial grades; melts at 45 to 8O0C, depending upon grade; unaffected by ordinary acids and alkalies. 11 (a). Petrolatum.—A neutral and purified residue derived by distillation of petroleum. Three forms—liquid, soft, and hard. The soft form is a grease similar to vaseline and is used extensively as an impregnating material for paper insulated cables; melts about 50-550C; electrical properties vary greatly with the purity. 12. Rosin.—A variety of resin. Product of distillation of oil of turpentine from crude turpentine. 13. Tegit.—Trade name for a coal tar and asbestos product manufactured and molded in desired shape by M8. Uses limited to 20O0C. II. Fibrous Materials and Fiber Products 14. Cellulak.—Trade name for laminated paper insulation manufactured by M9. Processed under heat and pressure. Hard, tough, readily machined. 15. Cellulose.—A carbohydrate similar in chemical composition to starch. When pure, is amorphous and white; is basis of practically all fibrous insulating materials. Unsized, well bleached linen paper is practically pure cellulose. 16. Conite.—(See 18.) Trade name for a thin, hard, vulcanized fiber prepared by M3 with special care to insure its freedom from acid. 17. Empire Cloth.—Trade name of MlO for various varnished cloths having coatings of linseed-oil base (see 29). 18. Fiber, Vulcanized.—Also known as fiber, horn fiber, hard fiber, indurated fiber, leatheroid, etc. Made by treating layers of paper stock made from pure cotton cellulose (old cotton rags free from dirt, oil, and grease) with concentrated acids or zinc chloride. Compressed under great pressure to desired thickness; soaked and washed in water for long periods to remove acid or chloride; air dried, pressed in steam-heated presses and calendered to final thickness. Hard, tough, bone-like, hygroscopic, absorbs water readily, disintegrates with strong acids, unaffected by organic solvents and oils, becomes brittle at 80 to 10O0C sustained temperature, readily machined, various colors. Manufactured by M3, M13, M14, and others. 19. Fish Paper.—Also known as tarpon paper, leather paper, leatheroid, and fiberoid. Prepared in similar manner to vulcanized fiber using cotton rag stock. Flexible; dark gray; thickness about 0.1 to 1.2 mm. 20. Kobak Cloth.—Trade name (MlO) for black varnished cambric (see 28). 21. Kraft Paper (For cables).—Unsized paper made from wood pulp stock by sulfate process (2Ia). Hygroscopic. Used extensively in Europe in high tension power cables where it is impregnated with an insulating material (216) after application to conductors. 22. Manila Paper (For cables) (See 26).—Unsized paper made from old manila rope (22a). Used extensively in America on high tension power cables where it is impregnated with an insulating material (220) after application to conductors. 23. Paraffined Paper.—Bond paper coated or saturated with hot paraffin. Used extensively in low voltage electric condensers. 24. Pressboard.—Also known as fullerboard and presspan (in Europe). A high grade cardboard paper made from cotton rag and paper clipping stock. Hygroscopic.

25. Pressboard, Treated.—Pressboard dried (sometimes in vacuum) and varnished (25o) or boiled in mineral oil (256) to make it moisture-proof and to increase dielectric strength. 26. Rope Paper (See 22).—Paper made from old rope stock (hemp and jute). Compressed but unsized. Hygroscopic. 27. Varnished Cloth (See 17, 20, 28, 29, 30, 31 and 33).—Also known as treated cloth. Thin cotton, linen, or silk cloth dried and coated with various thicknesses of various kinds of liquid insulating materials so applied and treated as to produce a smooth, sheet insulating material which is flexible, tough, and uniform in thickness. Great variety manufactured (some under trade names) by M6, M9, MlO, M12, M16, and others. 28. Varnished Cambric, Black (See 27).—Coated with an asphaltic material and an oxidizing oil. Black, oil-proof, but not moisture-proof; is more flexible, and remains flexible longer, than the yellow cambric; is, also, more resistant to action of corona discharge (i.e., ozone and nitric acid). Thickness, 0.1 to 0.4 mm. 29. Varnished Cambric, Yellow (See 27).—Also known as varnished muslin, oiled cambric and oiled muslin. Coated with linseed oil and a resin; filler is yellow and translucent; absorbs moisture, but is oil-proof. Thickness, 0.1 to 0.4 mm. 30. Varnished Duck or Canvas, Black.—Same as black varnished cambric except that the base is duck or canvas. Thickness, 0.4 to 0.8 mm. 31. Varnished Duck or Canvas, Yellow.—Same as yellow varnished cambric except that the base is duck or canvas. Thickness, 0.4 to 0.8 mm. 32. Varnished Paper.—Paper [cotton (bond), linen, and hemp (manila) stock papers, also fish paper] treated like varnished cloth. Treatment greatly increases resistance to moisture absorption and increases dielectric strength (ca. 25%). 33. Varnished Silk.—Same as yellow varnished cambric except that base is silk. Thickness, 0.05 to 0.2 mm. 34. Woods, Hard.—Maple, hickory, cherry, ash, and yellow pine principally used. Dried (34a) and impregnated with oil (346), paraffin (34c) or rosin, either by boiling until evolution of gas ceases or by impregnation under pressure after drying in vacuo. III. Mineral Materials 35. Alberene (See soapstone, 47).—A fine grade of natural soapstone uniformly gray in color, free from metallic veins. Marketed by Ml. Does not split or shale under intense local heating, such as electric arc. Stated to be capable of withstanding 1300 to 160O0C. Soft, easily machined, sawed, and drilled. 36. Asbestos Paper.—Soft, flexible sheet material made from fibrous asbestos with 15 to 20 % cotton. Very hygroscopic. 37. "Lava."—A form of talc (hydrated magnesium silicate), similar to pumice, which, while in its natural state, is formed or machined to desired shape and then baked at UOO0C, making it very hard. It is then not affected by any lower temperature; very porous, but dimensions not affected by absorption of water; slightly affected by HCl, but not by other ordinary acids and alkalis; very light yellow. 38. Lavite.—Trade name for patented product manufactured by M15. Similar to * lava. ' ' Compares with glass in hardness ; unaffected by temperatures up to 100O0C, or by ordinary acids or alkalis; porous; very light yellow. 39. Marble.—Crystalline limestone which takes a high polish. Pure marble is white; colored marbles contain impurities, such as iron oxide. Much used for electrical switchboards where, because of porosity, it is frequently impregnated

40.

41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46.

47.

48.

49. 50.

51.

with insulating material to increase dielectric strength; often stained black (called marine finish) to prevent discoloration due to oil staining, etc. Mica.—A laminated mineral composed of crystallized anhydrous silicate of aluminum and potash, or soda. Pure mica is transparent, but frequently colored by salts deposited between laminations. Laminations easily separated so that mica can be split down to 0.005 mm. In natural state it is not uniform in quality, is not flexible,' and largest pieces are relatively small; hence it is reconstructed, by splitting into thin laminations and cementing together the small pieces, with suitable binders, to form continuous sheets of various thicknesses, which are marketed under trade names (see 41 to 45 inc.). Powdered and flaked mica is used in conjunction with suitable binders to make molded insulations (a substitute for hard rubber, etc.). Properties vary considerably with impurity content, and with sources from which obtained, the principal of which are India, Africa, Canada, and United States. The clear variety has highest dielectric strength. Mica Cloth.—Reconstructed mica (see 40) with special binder and backed with cloth. Flexible (to various degrees); thickness, 0.1 to 3 mm. Mica Bond.—Trade name for mica cloth, mica paper, and mica plate products manufactured by M2 (see 41, 43 and 44). Mica Paper.—Reconstructed mica (see 40) with special binder and backed with Japanese paper. Flexible; thickness, 0.25 to 0.5 mm. Mica Plate.—Reconstructed mica (see 40) with shellac binder. Not flexible; thickness, 0.25 to 3 mm. Micanite.—Trade name for mica cloth, mica paper, and mica plate products manufactured by MlO (see 41, 43, 44). Slate.—Natural rock of clay or mica composition with natural cleavage. Formed by geological processes involving high temperature and pressure. Principal components are silica and alumina with some iron oxides, lime, magnesia, potash, and soda. Slate for electrical purposes is principally the mica variety from Vermont (purple to green), Maine, and Pennsylvania; the last two are dark gray (called black slate). Is hygroscopic and contains relatively large amount of water of composition, hence thorough drying followed by oil treatment or coating with insulating varnish or enamel greatly improves insulating value. Easily machined; takes good polish. Soapstone (See Alberene, 35).—A natural, soft stone; a variety of talc. (Also called steatite.) Slightly soapy or oily to touch. Easily machined, drilled, and sawed. Hygroscopic. Withstands temperatures of the order of 150O0C. IV. Gum Materials Amberite.—(Ambroid.) Compressed scrap amber (fossilized vegetable resin). Equal to native amber in volume resistivity, but surface must be kept clean for high surface resistivity. Copal.—A resinous substance which, when dissolved in alcohol, oil of turpentine, or linseed oil, makes a colorless varnish. Very inflammable; brittle when cold. Shellac.—A crude form of lac, a resinous gum exuded by an East Indian insect, also obtained from sap of certain trees. Shellac dissolved in alcohol is extensively used as an insulating varnish which on drying forms hard, protective coating. Brittle, brown, hygroscopic. V. Miscellaneous Materials Enamel.—A hard, smooth, and flexible coating baked on magnet wire as substitute for cotton and silk, or in addition thereto. Composition more or less a manufacturing secret.

but stated in some cases to be stearin pitch, cellulose acetate, or cellulose nitrate. Applied by running wire through thin bath and rapidly drying each coat by passing through hot oven. Occupies less space than cotton and silk, has greater thermal conductivity; moisture-proof and mineral oil-proof, but more or less soluble in vegetable oil, animal oil, alcohol, turpentine, and coal tar solvents; withstands 10O0C indefinitely; breaks down electrically at 30O0C.

52. Galalith.—German product manufactured from skim-milk heated with caustic soda and precipitated with acid. The precipitate, in sheet and plate form, is dried, saturated with formaldehyde, and again dried and pressed. Used as substitute for ivory. Translucent and yellowish white; readily shaped, after softening in hot water; rather hygroscopic. 53. Ivory.—Tusks of the elephant, walrus, etc. Hard and white.

TABLE 2.—ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES Volume resistivity (see Vol. I, p. 41) = Rv X 10n. Surface resistivity (see Vol. I, p. 41) = R8 X 10n. Power factor = cos
R9

35

Alberene

48 1 36 2 3 14 15 4 16 49 5 51 18

Amberite (ambroid) Ambrion Asbestos paper Asphalt Beeswax Cellulak Cellulose Ceresin Conite Copal Electrose Enamel Fiber, vulcanized

19 52 6 7 8 53 21a 210 37 38 22a 226 346 34c 39

Fish paper Galalith Gummon Hemit Insulate (No. 2) Ivory Kraft paper Kraft paper "Lava" Lavite Manila paper Manila paper Maple, oiled Maple, paraffined Marble

40

Mica

Resistivity I n I Rs

(See Soapstone) 5 2 2

16 13 5

2

5 to 2Of

14

8

I n

Dielectric constant Frequency | Constant

15

Dielectric strength Thickness | Kv/mm

2.8* 2.7 1.85

14§

0.8 1.0 2.0 to 3.0 3.0

1 5

'.

9 18

8

16

14 14 9

1 to 1000

12

1

10

1 3 1 8 2

10 12 10 15 8

6 3 1 4 6

10 12 10 14 9

90 to 650 Î .

2

1

11

3 1 to 100

10 9

8 6

11 9

1 to 200

15

1 to 3000

10

41, 43 Mica, cloth and paper 44 Mica plate 9 Minerallac 10 Ozokerite 5 11 Paraffin 1 to 500 23 Paraffined paper Uo Petrolatum 2 to 10 24 Pressboard 1 25a Pressboard 256 Pressboard 12 Rosin 5 50 Shellac 1 46 Slate 1 47 Soapstone 6 13 Tegit 2 28 Varnished cambric b 29 Varnished cambric y 30 Varnished canvas b 31 Varnished canvas y 32 Varnished paper 33 Varnished silk 34a Woods, hard, dried. 1 to 4000 * Amber. t Has very large negative temperature coefficient, t Kilocycles. § Fresh surface. Deteriorates rapidly.

14 16

It

16 16 8 8 12

60 90 to 65Ot

7 7 1

14 13 8

7

11

2.0 3.5 4.1 8.3 9.5 to 11.5 4.5 to 7.5

60

2.7 2.2 1.9 to 2.3

60

2.2

16

12 9

3.5

2.9 4.5 2.5 2.7 to 3.7 6.0 to 7.5

3.5 to 5.5

10

0.15 to 0.2 0.15 to 0.2

. 920 to 4600 60

9

5.0 to 7.5

0.12 3.0 3.0 0.02 1.0 3.0 6.0 12.0 O . I t o 1.2

10 60

8

6 4 1 to 2 10 16

3.9 to 7.5

1 to 15 1 5 to 20

5 to 25

Power factor Frequency | cos
90 to 65Ot

3.0

A1, at 30° being about He of that at 9O0C.

0.15 to 0.2 0.15 to 0.2 25 15 25 0.05 0.3 0.6 0.1 to 3 0.1 to 3 0.5 0.6 2.5 0.2 to 3.0 0.5 to 3.0 0.5 to 3.0

25 25 0.1 to 0.1 to 0.4 to 0.4 to

0.4 0.4 0.8 0.8

0.05 to 0.2 25

15 3 25 20 to 25 8 to 18 5 to 12 4 to 9 3 to 6 10 to 15 6 to 8.5 3 2 1.5 to 2 4 to 6 30 to 40 3 to 10 8 to 10 3 to 5 20to 30 3.0 4.5 2 to 4 80 to 200 40 to 120 25 to 75 40 to 15 50 to 25 40 45 15 to 50 40 to 60 20 12 to 5 15 to 10 30 to 20

0.2 to 0.4 1.0 2 70 to 50 60 to 45 12 to 30 25 to 10 10 to 25 70 to 45 0.4 to 0.6

90 to 650Î

0.045

60

0.005

920 to 4600 60

0.007 to 0.008 0.005

90 to 650

0.003 to 0.05

800

0.001 to 0.07

60

0.005

950

0.086

90 to 65Ot

0.025

TABLE 3.—MECHANICAL AND THERMAL PROPERTIES 18 TO 250C Unit of: density = 1 g/cm3; strength = 1 kg/cm2 (for Nos. 21, 22, 28 to 33 = 1 kg per cm width); expansivity = 10~4 per 0C; thermal conductivity = 1 milliwatt per (cm 0C). Index Strength Cubic Thermal Matemi No. density " Tensile* [ Compressive" expansivity conductivity 1 36 2 3 4 16 18 52 6 7 53 21a 216 37 38 22a 226 39 40 41, 43 9 11 25a 50 46 47 13 28, 29 30, 31 33 34

Ambrion Asbestos paper Asphalt Beeswax Ceresin Conite Fiber, vulcanized Galalith Gummon Hemit Ivory Kraft paper Kraft paper "Lava" Lavite Manila paper Manila paper Marble Mica Mica, cloth and paper Minerallac Paraffin Pressboard Shellac Slate Soapstone Tegit Varnished cambric Varnished canvas Varnished silk Woods, hard, dried

1.4 to 1:8 3.2 1.04 to 1.40 0.96 0.75 1.2 to 1.5 1.3 :. 1.9 0.8 2.5 to 2.7 2.5 to 2.7 0.8 2.5 to 2.8 2.7 to 3.1

150

190 2.5 5 to 7 0.35

550 to 1100 625 to 1050

1800 to 3200

40 140

40 110

500 to 70Of 400 to 50Of 400 to 80OJ 70Of 50OJ 100 to 200J

1400 to 2100 1400 to 2100 600 to 1500

1.0 0.87 to 0.94 2.7to2.9 2.6 to 2.8

0.6 to 0.9

0.27

Negligible

8

0.3 to 0.6

1.2 1.7 30 3.6 1.0 to 1.6

7 3 to 6 550 to 70OJ 85 8 to 10§ 10 to 20§ 2 to 3§ 500 to 1000

700 to 1000 550 80

0.15to0.3

2.6 1.4 2.5 20.0 2.5

250 to 550

0.1 to 2.0

1.5 to 2.5

* For Nos. 38, 39, 46 data are for transverse strength, as noted. t In machine direction (i.e., lengthwise of majority of fibers). Strength crosswise about half as great. Î Modulus of rupture (transverse strength)—probably somewhat higher than tensile strength, § Kg per cm of width. Stress in direction of warp. About half as strong when stress is in direction of filler.

LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) (i) Barringer, 120, 27: 736; 24. ( 2 ) Bureau of Standards, Letter Circular, LC-50, Nov. 4, 1922. (3) Committee Report, 66, 24: 642; 24. («) Curtis, SlAt 11: 359; 15. ( 5 ) Drysdale and Jolly, Electrical Measuring Instruments. London, Benn, 1924. («) Dye and Hartshorne, 67, 37: 42; 24. ( 7 ) Fleming and Dyke, 46, 49: 323; 12. ( 8 ) Flight, Electrical Insulators. London, Pitman, 1923. ( 9 ) Fowle, Standard Handbook for Electrical Engineers. New York, McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., 5th ed., 1922.

( 1 O) Harvey and Keyes, 66, 23: 535; 23. (U) Hemming, Plastics and Moulded Electrical Insulation. New York, Chem. Cat. Co., 1923. ( 12 ) Hendricks, 189, 30: 167; 11. (i») Jackson, 114, ^: 326; 19. (i«) Langmuir, 129, 32: 303 ; 13. ( 1 S) Monasch, 8, 22: 905 ; 07. O • ) Peek, Dielectric Phenomena in High Voltage Engineering. New York, McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., 1915. ( 17 ) Pender, Handbook for Electrical Engineers. New York, Wiley, 1914. (1S; Rayner, 46, 49: 53; 12. (i») Simons, 189t 41: 601; 22. (20) Taylor, 114t 16: 526; 19. ( 21 ) Turner and Hobart, Insulation of Electric Machines. London, Pitman, 1918. ( 2 2 ) Walker and Symonds, 46, 48: 674; 11.

THERMAL INSULATING MATERIALS FOR MODERATE AND LOW TEMPERATURES F. H. SCHOFIELD AND J. A. HALL This section covers the various types of commercial insulating materials, associated structural materials and some miscellaneous materials. For the second group of materials reference should also be made to the sections of I. C. T. dealing with these classes of materials. In the tables below the various materials are assembled in groups which are arranged approximately in the ascending order of the lowest thermal conductivity of any material of the group. The thermal conductivity, k, is given in 10~3 joule cm~2 sec"1 0 ( C, cm-1)"1, one unit of which = 0.239 X 10~3 g-cal cm~2 sec"1 (0C, cm-1)'1, = 0.192 X IO'3 BTU ft.~ 2 sec'1 (0F, in."1)-1. See also vol. I, p. 25 for other conversion factors.

Cette section comprend les types variés des matières isolantes du commerce, les matériaux de construction associés, et, quelques matières diverses. En ce qui concerne le deuxième groupe de matières, il faut aussi consulter les sections des I. C. T. qui traitent de ces classes de matières. Dans les tables ci dessous, les matières variées sont arrangés en groupes approximativement dans l'ordre ascendant de la conductibilité thermique la plus basse du groupe. La conductibilité thermique, k, est donnée en IO"3 joule cm"2 SeC-K0C, cm-1)-1, une unité de celle-ci = 0,239 X 10~3 g-cal cm-2 SeC-H0C, cm-1)"1, = 0,192 X IQ-3 BTU ft.~2 SeC-1C0F, in.-1)"1. Voir vol. I, p. 25 pour d'autres facteurs de conversion.

Dieser Abschnitt behandelt die verschiedenen Typen von handelsüblichen Isoliermaterial, damit zusammenhängendem Material und einigem verschiedenen anderen. Für die zweite Gruppe der Materialien soll auch in dem Teil der I. C. T. nachgeschlagen werden, die diese Klasse von Materialien behandeln. In der unteren Tafel sind die verschiedenen Materialien in Gruppen angeordnet und zwar ansteigend von dem kleinsten Wert der Gruppe für die thermische Leitfähigkeit. Die thermische Leitfähigkeit, /c, ist gegeben in IO"3 Joule cm~2 86C-H0C cm-1)-1, deren Einheit = 0,239 X 10~3 g-cal cm~2 SCc-H0C, cm-1)-1, = 0,192 X ICT3 BTU ft.'2 sec"1 (0F, in.-1)-1. Umrechnungsfaktoren, Bd. I, p. 25.

Questa sezione comprende i diversi tipi di materiali isolanti che si trovano in commercio, i prodotti analoghi per costruzioni e materiali varii. Per il secondo gruppo di materiali, si consultino anche le sezioni della I. C. T., che trattano di queste classe di materiali. Nelle tabelle seguenti, i diversi materiali sono disposti in gruppi approssimativamente secondo l'ordine della conduttività termica, crescente dalla più bassa del gruppo in su. La conduttività termica, k, e data in IO"3 joule cm"2 sec"1 0 ( C, cm-1)"1, di cui una unità = 0,239 X IO"3 g-cal cm~2 sec"1 (0C, cm-1)"1, = 0,192 X IO-3 BTU ft.~ 2 sec"1 (0F, in.-1)-1. Vedi inoltre tomo I, p. 25, per altri fattori di conversione.

THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY __ Material

density, t°C k g/cm3 Air ~ 0.00129 O 0.23 Silk 0.40 Scrap from spinning mill 0.1Oi O 0.442 50 0.524 100 0.59s Braided 0.147 O 0.45s 50 0.547 100 0.60s Scrap from spinning mill 0.1Oo -200 0.232 -150 0.314 -100 0.372 - 50 0.437 O 0.49s 50 0.559 Fabric 40 0.46 "Calorox" (fluffy mineral matter) 0.064 30 0.31s 0.15 30 0.42 Slag wool (mineral wool) 0.20 30 0.45 0.25 30 0.48 0.30 30 0.52 With binder, waterprf. Rock cork. . 0.25 30 0.50 Cork v. infra p. 315. Ashes (soft wood) 20 0.32 25 0.34 Rubber, hard sponge, rigid 0.087 0.090 25 0.40 0.16 35 0.42 Cellular (expanded after vulcanizing under very high gas pressure, cells unbroken) 0.09 20 0.36 Sponge (vulcanizing rubber mixed with ammonium carbonate, cells broken) 0.22 20 0.54 Ebonite 1.19 -190 1.3s - 78 1.57 O 1.6o Soft, vulcanized 1.1 30 1.7e Commercial, 40 % pure rubber 25 2.84 50 % pure rubber 2.2i 67 % pure rubber 1.7s 92 % pure rubber 1. 6s 100 % pure rubber 1.34 (Plantation crepe).. . 20 0.35 Kapok, loosely packed 0.015 Tightly packed 0.50 Wool 0.09 O 0.372

Lit. (*»» 22^ (30) ( 36 ) (36)

l

(59) (52) 1 I

0.09 0.04 0.14

Blankets Cotton, tightly packed

0.08 0.08 0.08

Fabric Cotton wool, tightly packed Glass wool

0.08 0.22

Wood fiber, shredded, soft, flexible . . . . 0.09 Rice paper Blotting paper Corrugated cardboard 5 layers per in. .

30 30 O 50 100 75 30 -150 O 150 40 30 50 100 200 300 35 40 20 20

0.364 0.42s 0.384 0.48s 0.582 0.77 0.43 0.37s 0.55s 0.75s 0.80 0.42 0.41s 0.5Oo 0.65l 0.818 0.42 0.46 0.63 0.63

... _ '

2i (14 52)

J (52) (32) 1 J

( ' (55)

(14) (14) 1 (29, so, is, \ 20, 10, 11, J 59) (S2, 20) (59) (59) (59) (59) (59) i /

4

(

(

60 0.497

Pure Pure, very loose packing Slightly greasy

'

' ' '

( )

(36)

(8) (42) Ì [ (36, 15) J (59) (52, 23) 1 r J

( v

'

(««) (59) (30) (4)

}

THEKMAL CONDUCTIVITY. — (Continued) Material

Bulk density, g/cm3 0.69

Pasteboard Cardboard, various Skeleton cardboard bricks (E wing's). . . 0.18 Feltedflaxfibers Flax and paper lining for steel railway cars Felt, asphalt-impregnated Wood felt, flexible paper stock Felted vegetable fibers Wool felt Hair felt Balsa wood, across grain Balsa wood, waterproofed Balsa wood, medium Balsa wood, heavy Pseudo balsa wood ( _L grain) Pseudo balsa wood ( |j grain) Cottonseed hull fiber, loose pack Eucalyptus bark fiber Saragossa grass Straw fibers, pressed

Peat blocks Charcoal

30 50 20 30 30

0.88 0.33 0.18 0.15 0.33 0.27 0.113 0.12s 0.143 0.33 0.25

30 30 30 40 30 30 30 30 30 O

0.071

30 O 30 30 O 20 30 30 35 35 30

0.15 0.22 0.14

0.25 Eelgrass 0.11 Ceiba wood, J. grain, untreated 0.088 Curled cattle hair, loose, soft, flex 0.25 Sugar cane fiber (bagasse) board 0.19 Pressed wood pulp board Waterproof lith board (slag wool, veg. 0.20 fiber, waterprf. binder) 0.14 Bulrush in cloth Kingia australis (shredded fiber from 0.13 outside layer of trunk) Solid from outside Solid from inside 0.172 Horsehair, compressed Diatomite Peat, dry Peat boards

t°C

v., p. 315. 0.19 0.23 0.37 0.73 0.84 0.18

THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY. — (Continued)

k

Lit.

0.71 1.7-3.4 0.99 0.47 0.45 1 to i0.65 J 1.01 0.52 0.47 0.63 0.52 0.36 0.45 } 0.52 / 0.55s 0.839 0.67 1.21 0.45 0.45 0.45 1 0.49 j 0.454 Ì 0.466 J 0.46 0.47 0.48 0.54 0.43

(52) (59) (14) (52)

Asbestos, wool

(")

(52) (52) (52) (50) (52) (52) v

;

(32) (52) (59) (59) (52) (14)

v

(52) (52) f55) (5S) (52)

30 0.49 Ì 30 0.76 [ ( 1 4 ) 30 l.Oe J 20 0.509 \ 65 0.547 J ( '

(36)

30 20 20 20 20 20

0.52 0.58l 1 0.87s [ 1.16 J 1.74 0.55

( 18 ) ( 4 » 14 » 25,

30

0.60

( 1 2 > 52, 36,

(18)

36, 38)

Sawdust, various

0.20

Shavings, various Leather, chamois Leather, cowhide Leather, sole Jongdala wood ( _L grain) Jongdala wood ( || grain) Asbestos, cork, straw and diatomite steam-pipe covering, dry, loose

0.14

8

1.0

0.41

Idem., molded with water to solid

0.69

Asbestos-diatomite, loose

0.550 0.609 0.62s 0.66s 0.609 0.609 0.609 0.609

30 85 85 30 30 30 O 50 100 150 200 150 220 50 50 50 50 50 100 200 300

0.60 0.63 1.7« 1.59 0.67 1.2o 0.698 0.81s 0.884 0.91s 0.94s 1.1« 1.4o 0.94l 0.91s 0.860 l.Oe 0.91s 0.930 0.95s 0.96s

)

(52) ( 30 ) (30) (52) 1 J

Asbestos, slate Wood (asbestos and cement compressed) Pipe coverings of asbestos felt cor-\ rugated asbestos paper, etc / Paper, thin layers with organic binder Paper Corrugated Asbestos car lining Asbestos-and-plaster blocks Fire felt, flexible (asbestos sheet) Fire felt, rigid (asbestos sheet, cement coated) Asbestos-diatomite-cork (loose)

14

(

^

'

( 36 )

Magnesia-asbestos (85 % MgO) Cork linoleum Linoleum (dry) Steel wool

Linen Kiri wood ( _L grain) Pumice gravel

Cypress wood ( _L grain) Coffee husks Fuller's earth Blast furnace slag 2 to 5 mm grain size No. 1 3 cm grain size No. 2 Nos. 1 and 2 mixed Spruce ( _L grain) Spruce ( (I grain) Coal dust White pine ( JL grain) ( H grain) Cedar ( JL grain) Virginia pine ( JL grain) Pitch pine ( _L grain) Cement paper, plain (14 layers each 0.38 mm) Cement paper, treated (12 layers, each 0.46 mm) Cement wood (sawdust and Portland cement) Snow

r36 ,

(

J

41

Bulk density, g/cm3 0.40 0.50 0.60

t°C

Mahogany ( J. grain) (U grain) Oak ( J_ grain)

k O 0.90 O 1.36 O 1.7s

0.70

(52) (32)

30 0.55 30 0.49

Material

O 1.97

0.40 0.40 0.40 1.8

0.68 O 0.90 100 1.Oi 50 2.2

Lit. 1 [

J

(15) (52)

2.0

50 3.9

0.3 tO

500.8 tO 1.0

0.5 0.50

30 20 30 30 30 30 30

0.14 0.43 0.29 0.47 0.42 0.68 0.33 0.33 0.33 0.3 0.54 1.18

30 50 100 200 30 20 O 20 55 55 55 20

0.152 0.1Oi 0.076

0.3 0.6

0.46 0.53 0.79 0.36 0.36 0.30 0.41

(15,36,4)

-100

.

20 O 20 30 30 30 20 20 20 20

(52,

0.71 (52) 1.6 ( 30 » 50) 0.66 (52) 0.68 (52) 0.815 Ì 1.3o / ( ; 0.86 (52) 0.92 0.81s 0.84s 0.890 0.75 0.80 1.75 1.86 0.80s 0.875 0.904 0.86 0.88 0.92 1.75 1.8e 0.96 0.98 1.Oi .86 .Os .51 .28 .1

(52) ] [• ( 41 ) J (31, 52) (i 5 ) } J V ' 1 [ (40) J (32) (59) (15) Ì J ^ ' (52) (i 4 ) (52) 1 I lg [ ( } J (59) (59)

.2

0.73 0.50 0.45 0.48

30 .li 90 .2s 30 l.ls 60 1.07 60 2.57 l.ls

0.55

30

0.62

30 1.49 20 1.27 50

1.02

0.61

30

0.82

O 1.98 15 2.Io

0.82 0.50 0.11 0.45 0.24 0.25 0.27 0.55

(52) Ì /

v

' (59) (52,

59)

(i 4 )

I'35

0.70

0.71

Ì J

1.38

1.56 1.6s 1.2s 1.39 1.74 l.s 1.07 0.49 1.67 1.8s 1.34 1.3o 1.7 20 1.6 20 50 O 20 20 O O O O O O 30

54, 31)

(50)

*• '

( 3 «) (22) ^

'

(37) (52) (SS) (59)

3.1

(59)

1.37

(52,

Ì /

<•

;

59)

THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY. — (Continued) Material Oak (U grain)

Bulk density, g/cm3 0.82

Soil, dry wet normal, including stones 2 to 7 cm 2.04 Garden mold, dry Teak ( _L grain)

t°C

k

12 3.49 20

3.6!

50 20 20 O 20 70

4.3i 1.38 6.7o 5.Oo 5.2s 5.82

0.64

O 1.63

0.72 0.60

1.75

50 1.98 20 1.4 12 3.72 18 3.84

50 3.94

Fir

( JL grain) (Il grain) Walnut ( J_ grain) (U grain) Baobab wood ((J grain) Fuller board, treated 11 layers each 0.51 mm

0.54

20

0.55 0.65

20 3.5 20 1.4 3.3 30 1.4i

1.39

16 layers each 0.76 mm

1.15


1.09


0.95

Fuller board soaked in transformer oil 3 layers each 3.18 mm

1.Oi

Fuller board, untreated 15 layers each 0.38 mm

1.38


1.26


1.2s


1.39


1.15


1.15


1.Oi

Facing cement (Mg oxychloride) Boxwood

0.90

Coke dust 1.Oo Concrete, pumice gravel and cement. . . 0.60 Pumice pebbles 9, fine sand 2, Ì Portland cement 1 / 1: 12, air-dried 2 weeks

1.17 2.05

20 50 20 50 20 60 20 50

]

k

' 15

( ) (35)

i (38)

V

J

(59) Ì \

20 50 20 50 20 50 20 50 20 50 20 50 20 50 O 20 100 20 20 30

1.62

(38,

(38) \ S

54, 59)

Bricks, machine-made Moisture 0.8 % volume Moisture 1.2 % volume Old brick masonry

1.85

(i*)

1.6i 1 1.7s 6.1* 6.9* 1.49 1.66 1.42 1.46

(50)

(i*) 1 J

( 18 ) 1 J ^ ; (8)

O 7.66

1

8.15

>

(38)

J

1.27

85 2.5s

(8)

1.52 1.75 1.72 1.89

85 90 90 90

2.9e 3.5i 3.3e 5.3s

(8) (8) (8) (8)

0.55 1.6 2.3

50 2.2i O 8.36 O 12.1

2.12

90 5.77

(8)

1.97

90 5.97

(8)

1.99

90 6.4o

(8)

(36) Ì /

^

;

Lit.

20 7.65 60 3.0 20 1.7 3.1 20 1.74 20 1.9s

(l5) (36, 30) (59) (59)

20 1.69 20 2.44 20 3.9e O 3.8s 05.12 40 5.3s 80 5.4e 4.99 9.5e 3.82 4.07 4.42 1.7o 4.3s

/2g.

20 50 20 50 20 50 20

1.72 1 1.8i 4.80* 5.0s* > (50) 2.Oi 2.16 2.37 J 1.92 2.02 2.17 2.19 2.07

(50)

Ì > (50) J

6 layers each 1.4 mm Paraffined fish paper 30 layers each 0.18 mm

1.Oi 1.06


l.ls

8 layers each 0.97 mm Powdered graphite 100 mesh 40 mesh 20 mesh on 40 mesh Cement paper and mica No. 226, 5.7 mm thick

l.ls

20 50 20 50 20

0.48 0.42 0.70

40 1.8s 40 3.8s 40 11.9

1.2

Micanite Varnished cambric, tacky 30 layers each 0.23 mm

1.1?


1.17

Varnished cambric, dry 30 layers each 0.23 mm Kraft paper and mica, No. 312, 13.2 mm thick

1.24

Idem., 5.6 mm thick Paraffin wax 0.89 Micarta folium, No. 249, 5.9 mm thick. 14.5 mm thick Cellulose, compressed 1.42 * Longitudinally.

(38) Ì \ (38) J

50 50 O 20 47 30 30

1.0s

1.4

(

(25 )


Fish paper and mica Celluloid, white Fiber, vulcanized Fiber, white

^

4.8l

1.06

No. 227, 13 mm thick

(18

50


1. Oe

.

k

0.72 0.72

No. 247, 5.7 mm thick

J

t°C

Maple ( ± grain) (U grain) Fish paper 21 layers each 0.25 mm

No. 227, 5.05 mm thick

85 2.3

30 8.3e

density, g/cm3

(38)

J

1.4

2.6s 2.6s 2.5s 2.6s 6.2s* 6.62* 2.6o 2.89 1.95 2.1s 6.37* 6.9o* 1.45 1.62 1.46 1.5i 1.72 1.5i 1.51 1.63

Material

Concrete, gravel 9, fine sand 2, cementi 1, air-dried six months 2.18 Portland cement 2.0 Ash (J. grain) 0.74 ([[grain) Bricks, very porous, dry 0.71 0.81 Bricks, very porous, moisture 1.2 % volume 0.74 Moisture 5.8 % volume O. 79 Moisture 21.5 % volume 0.94 Bricks, hand-made, dry 1.54 Bricks, machine-made, dry 1.67

(38)

[

J

20 2.12 50 2.2? 50 5.15*

20

Granulated cork 3, fine sand 2, 1 Portland cement 1 / Slag 9, fine sand 2, Portland cement 1 Lime mortar, "Beffes No. 3" Cement mortar, Portland No. 1 Portland No. 2 Concrete, blast furnace slag 9 pts vol., cement 1 pt. vol Concrete Concrete plus moisture 10 % by volume Cement mortar 10.5 mm thick, including 4 mm reinforcing metal 12.0 mm thick, including 3 mm reinforcing metal Concrete, gravel 9, fine sand 2, cement 1 * Longitudinally.

Lit.

2.Ol

15

(U grain)

THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY.—(Continued) __

(15) {52, 50) (SO)

20 50 20 50 20 50 20 50 60 30 50 20 50 30

1. 8s 1 1.93 1. 9s 2.08 2. Io [ 2.18 9.32* 9.8s* J 2.0 (so) 2.1o (52) 2.1-3.3 ( S 9 ) 2.7e (50) 2.9i (50) 2.1-4.2 (5&)

20 50 20 50 20 50

2.17 2.2s 4.3o* 4.3s* 2.1e 2.2s

, 50

(

)

2011.2* Ì 5011.8* [ (50) 50 2.2s J 30 2.3o (52) 50 2.3i Ì 5Q 5011.3* J ( 15 2.44 (4)

THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF DIATOMITE

THERMAL CONDTJCTIVITY.—(Continued) _. Material

density, g/cm3

Presspan

t°C

k

Lit.

54 2.49

(*»)

Black bias cloth, 22 layers each 0.23

mm 80 layers each 0.23 mm

1.26

50 2.5i

1.26

20 3.82* J- (5°) 50 4.2e* J

Irignum-vitae

1.16

Mica tape, 30 layers each 0.15 mm. . . . 30 layers each 0.20 mm 120 layers each 0.15 mm Plaster of paris, powder Plaster of paris, cast Fine river sand, dried

1.Oe 1.12 1.06

Fine river sand with normal moisture content (ca.6.9 % by weight) Gypsum plaster Plaster Mica Mica, various Gravel Bitumen Flooring composition Greenhart Water Glass, lead Glass, soda

1.64 0.74 1.69

1.8s

1.0s 1.0 2.59

Limestone, Villers-Adam, soft Lerouville, hard Fine-grained, dry

Coarse-grained, dry

1.52

1.8i 2.5s 1.6e

,

1.99

Caen stone Limestone

Asphalt composition

Alumina (compressed powder) Chalk Porcelain Slate, J_ cleavage

2. !2

1.84

20 2.52 1 100 3.02 J 50 2.6s Ì 50 2.6s [• 50 14.5* J 20 10.9 20 3.0 O 3.02 20 3.2s 160 3.84 2011.3 Ì 50 11.5 / 30 3.3s 20 7.9 41 3.6 50 4.2-5.9 20 3.7 30 4.2 to 6.3 30 8.5 20 4.69 \ 100 4.6i / 20 5.9 15 6.0 207.2 Ì 100 7.6 j 90 6.Oi 9012.9 O 6.29 25 6.86 40 7.2i 08.3s 25 9.3o 40 9.9o 18. o O 19 to 24 Ì 100 16 to 21 [ 350 13 to 15 J O 6.05 10 6.52 20 6.9s 30 7.44 47 6.7? 9.2 9010.4 95 15. o 13.2 to Ì 15

Slate, Il cleavage Sandstone, grey, natural, freshly cut... 2.2e Sandstone, air-dried six months

2.2s

Basalt

]

-*

23. o to j 27.2 J 1015.5 2016.7 4018.4 O 12. 2 20 12.9 3013.2 20 20

0.92 ~2.S

022 22

O0C 100° 200° 300° 400°

0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50

0.52 0.61 0.73 0.86

0.62 0.74 0.88 1.0s

0.73 0.86 1.0s 1.2i

0.83 0.98 l.ls 1.39

0.94 l.li 1.34 1.57

Remarks Average values. The use of binding materials will increase the conductivity by amounts varying up to 100% (5, 14, 18, 36, 38, 44, 52)

3

THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF CORK (50) 30

(15) 15.

C* 2 ) C15) (^) (59) (is) (M) ( 14 ) 3 ( J

(2^) (33) f 3 3 3 5 0

,

^ (8) (8)

(38)

(38) 2

( O)

(39)

^

'

(27) ( 2 Q) ( 3 ») ( 3 O) (20)

(53, 46, 17, 39)

Ice Granite

\J

( 2 2 » 34, 48) (™}

Hollow Tile Ceiling (4). k at 1O0C.-Sample A: Top tile 1, air 2.5, tile 1, air 11, tile 1, air 2.5, tile 1 cm, k = 6.8e. Sample B: Top tile 0.85, air 0.8, tile 0.85, air 13, tile 0.85, air 0.8, tile 0.85, concrete 3 cm, k = 6.7e. Sample C: Same as B but with the 13 cm air space filled with concrete, k = 11.9. Heat flow up.

0

^\f

OC

20°

40°

60°

80°

100°

Remarks

0.05 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.35

0.32 0.37 0.46 0.56 0.61

0.34 0.39 0.49 0.60 0.65

0.36 0.41 0.52 0.63 0.68

0.37 0.43 0.54 0.66 0.72

0.39 0.45 0.57 0.69 0.75

0.41 0.47 0.60 0.73 0.79

Average values. Use of binding materials gives increases up to 30 % (4, 8, 14, 15, 26, 36, 38, 44, 52, 57, 58)

THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF POWDERS UNDER REDUCED AIR PRESSURES For granular powders, Smoluchowski gives the following formula connecting the thermal conductivity k with the pressure p of the gas in the interstices : k = A log (1+ ep) where, for a given gas A is a constant depending on the arrangement of the grains and e on the material of which they are composed. For spongy powders this law does not hold. In the following table the conductivity of various powders (having the indicated average grain diameters in mm) is given in hectoerg ( = 10~5 joule) per cm2 per sec per (deg. Cper cm). Smoluchowski, Acad. Sci. Crac. Bull. 5b: 129; 10 and 8a: 548; 11. Pressure mm Hg

0.05 0.10 0.20 0.50 1.0 2.0 5.0 10 20 50 100 200 400 700 Solid

LycoIron Zinc Quartz Emery Quartz podium 0.028 0.025 0.11 0.26 0.09 0.03 mm mm mm mm mm mm 1.4 0.6 2.8 1.1 2.1 5.6 2.0 1.0 0.9 1.1 2.4 5.0 4.8 2.2 11.7 1.9 4.4 20.1 8.8 8.8 4.1 3.4 15.1 33.5 15.1 7.5 5.9 6.9 15.1 12.2 28.5 29.7 61 13.1 88 20.5 25.1 20.5 43.9 48.1 66 71 40.1 33.5 28. 67 88 38. 59 88 77 105 43. 113 46. 109 1Oo 12i 12i 48. 126 132 128 50 136 U l O O O 6Oi o o

Rice Dia- Lamp0.003 tomite black mm

0.6 1.3 2.3 3.7 7.1 10.9 16.3

24.7 31.8

38.5 43.9 48.1

1.3 2.1 3.9 5.9 8.8 13.4 17.6 21.3 26.8 30.1 33.1 34.8 35.6

1.0 2.0 3.0 4.2 6.6 8.4 10.5 13.8 16.3 18.8 21.3

23.4

THERMAL DIFFUSWITY Thermal diffusivity, AZ = k/dc, where k = thermal conductivity, d = bulk density, c = specific heat. AJ = 10~3 X A cm2 sec"1 Material | A \ Lit. 0.48e(45) Gutta-Percha, 4 3 ° Ebonite 0.92s (47) Coal l.ls ( 17 > 34) Rubber, 26° 1.42 (45) Water, 20° 1 As (22) Snow (d = 0.19), 0° 2.5o (1) (d = 0.33), 0° 4.6o (i) (densely packed), 0° 4.1 (2i) Gypsum 3.0 (17) 3.1 (22) Soil, very dry. Garden sand . 3.6 («) Sandy clay 5.1 («) Coarse sand 7.6 (6) Garden sand 8.7 (6)

LITERATURE

THERMAL DIFFUSIVITY.—(Continued) Material Frozen mold Gravel Sandy loam Porphyritic trachyte Trap rock. Sandstone Marble Ice, 0° Basalt Granite

|

A 9.2 12.5 13.6 5.9 7.8e 10.7 11. i 11.4 11.5 13. i

Lit. ( 56 ) (5*) (6) (2) 51 ( ) ( 51 ) (",46) (34) (46) (34, 46)

ADSORBED MOISTURE IN EQUILIBRIUM WITH AIR OF VARIOUS HUMIDITIES ( 60 ) Moisture content (per cent of dry weight) ReI. humidity, % j 15 [ 30 | 50 70 | 90 Absorbent cotton (cottonwool).... 8.9 10. i 20. 6 22. 2 25.8 Cotton cloth 2.99 4.5e 6.7 9.6 13.5 Raw silk 5.0 7.1 9.0 13.3 19.o Paper pulp (pine) 4.5s 6.3 7.9 9.5 12.o Kraft paper 2.5o 3.8s 5.4 7.0 9.2 Sole leather 7.0 11.i 16.0 2 0 . 6 . 2 9 . 2 Feathers 5.0 6.4 8.1 10.4 12.7 Rubber (solid tire) 0.17 0.28 0.60 0.74 0.99 Fuller's earth 4.54 7.5 15.6 Asbestos fiber 0.22 0.26 0.40 0.62 0.84 Diatomite 0.50 0.88 1.4o 2.Oo 3.19 Kaolin 0.30 0.60 0.92 1.Oe 1.2? Glass wool... 0.09 0.09 0.17 0.23 0.40 Lampblack 2.4s 3.42 3.8s 4.3i 6.0

(For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) (!) Abels, Wild's Repertorium für Meteorologie, 16, No. 1; 92. ( 2 ) Ayrton and Perry, 3, 5: 241; 78. ( 3 ) Barratt, quoted by Herter, 382, 10: 256; 24. ( 4 ) Biquard, 383, 2: 116; 09. 4: 232; 12. Proceedings of the II Cong. Refrigeration, Vienna, 1910. 384, 61: 502; 12. ( 5 ) Boeck, 33, 12: 109; 14. ( 6 ) Callendar, Encyclopedia Britannica, VI: 894; 10. (7) Cammerer, quoted by Herter, 382, 10: 256; 24. ( 8 ) Desvignes, Proceedings oj the I Int. Cong. Refrig., Paris, 1908. ( 9 ) Dickinson and Van Dusen, 382, 3: 5; 16. (io) Dina, 78, 32: 205; 99. (") Eucken, 8, 34: 185; 11. (i*) Forbes, 68, 8: 62; 74. (") Giacomini, 88, 20: 94; 18. ( 1 ^) Griffiths, Report on Heat Insulators. Food Investigation Board, Special Report No. 5, 1921. Heat Transmission through Watts, Concrete and Plaster. Building Research Board, Special Report No. 7, 1923. 5, 104: 71; 23. 83, 18 II: 252; 22. Proceedings of the IV Int. Cong. Refrig., London, 1924. ( 1 S) Groeber, 148, 16: 84; 09. 98, 54: 1319; 10. (i«) Hartl, 814, 25: 1157; 01. (i7) Hecht, Thesis, Koenigsberg, 1903. ( 18 ) Hencky, quoted by Herter, 382, 10: 256; 24. O») Hercus and Laby, 5, 95: 190; 18. ( 2 0 ) Herschel, Lebour and Dunn, 133, 49: 58; 79. ( 21 ) Ingersoll and KoeppJ 2, 24: 92; 24. (22) Ingersoll and Zobel, An Introduction to the Mathematica, Theory of Heat Conduction. Boston, Ginn and Co., 1913. (23) Jaeger and Diesselhorst, 89, 3: 269; 00. (2*) Jansson, 388, 58: 207; 01. (2 5) Knoblauch, 380, 38: 172; 15. (26) Knoblauch, Raisch and Reiher, 380, 43: 607; 20. (27) Kresta, 75, 122: 1923; 13. (28) Lamb and Wilson, O, 65: 285; 99. ( 29 ) Lees, 62, 204: 433; 05. British Fire Prevention Committee Red Book, No. 251; 21. (30) Lees and Chorlton, 3, 41: 495; 96. (**) McMillan, 66, 37: 921; 15. 385, 27: 387; 20. 56, 40: 970; 18. (32) Melmer, 75, 120: 269; 11. (33) Meyer, 8, 34: 596; 88. (34) Neumann, 3, 25: 63; 63. (35) Niven, 5, 76: 34; 05. (36) Nusselt, 98, 52: 1006; 08. 148, 15: 193; 08. 115, 87: 1; 09. 382, 1: 33; 15. (37) Okada, Abe and Yamada, Tokyo Sugaku-Buturigahkwi Kizi, 4: 385; 08. (3») Poensgen, 98, 56: 1653; 12. 60: 27; 16. (39) Poole, 3, 24: 45; 12. 27: 58; 14. (40) Randolph, 78, 21: 545; 12. (41) Saborsky, 38, 6: 674; 23. (42) Sale and Hedrick, 32, No. 266; 24. (43) Zinger and Schtscheglajew, 63, 27: 30; 95. (44) Skinner, quoted by Herter, 382, 10: 256; 24. (45) Smith and Knott, 68, 8: 623; 74. (46) Stadler, Thesis, Berne, 1889. (47) Stefan, 7J1 74: 438; 76. (48) Straneo, 22, 6: 262; 97. (49) Symons and Walker, 46, 48: 682; 12. (so) Taylor, 56, 41: 605; 19. (S1) Thomson, 174, 22:405; 61. (52) Van Dusen, 382, 7: 202; 20. (53) Weber, 149, 33: 590; 95. ( 54 ) Willard and Lichty, 86, No. 102; 17. (55) U. S. Bureau of Standards, O. (56) Everett, Units and Physical Constants, p. 101. New York, Macmillan, 1879. ( S 7 ) Maura, II Politecnico, 63 II : 695; 10. 10, 1: 668; 10. (58) Noell, quoted by Herter, 382, 10: 256; 24. (59) Griffiths and Kaye, 5, 104: 71; 23. (60) Wilson and Fuwa, 45, 14: 913; 22.

THERMAL INSULATING MATERIALS FOR HIGH TEMPERATURE GORDON B. WILKES

Insulating blocks composed chiefly of 1. Diatomaceous earth and asbestos 2. Rock and slag wool mixtures Insulating bricks 1. Diatomaceous earth (natural) 2. Clay, diatomaceous earth and cork (fired) 3. Diatomaceous earth and clay (fired)

:

Bulk density, g/cm~3

Max. safe temperature for continuous use, 0C

Mean coefficient of thermal conductivity* 600 to 250G

0.32-0.40 0.26-0.40

700- 900 700- 900

0.00072-0.00096 0.00090-0.00120

0.48 0.43 0.64-0.96

850-1000 850-1000 1100-1300

0.00066-0.00108 0.00096-0.00120 0.00150-0.00360

* Joule, cm-2 sec-1 (0C, cm-1). Values taken from U. S. Bur. Stand., trade catalogs of The Celite Products Co., Armstrong Cork and Insulation Co., and mainly from determinations in Heat Measurement Laboratory, Mass. Inst. Tech.

LITERATURE

THERMAL DIFFUSIVITY.—(Continued) Material Frozen mold Gravel Sandy loam Porphyritic trachyte Trap rock. Sandstone Marble Ice, 0° Basalt Granite

|

A 9.2 12.5 13.6 5.9 7.8e 10.7 11. i 11.4 11.5 13. i

Lit. ( 56 ) (5*) (6) (2) 51 ( ) ( 51 ) (",46) (34) (46) (34, 46)

ADSORBED MOISTURE IN EQUILIBRIUM WITH AIR OF VARIOUS HUMIDITIES ( 60 ) Moisture content (per cent of dry weight) ReI. humidity, % j 15 [ 30 | 50 70 | 90 Absorbent cotton (cottonwool).... 8.9 10. i 20. 6 22. 2 25.8 Cotton cloth 2.99 4.5e 6.7 9.6 13.5 Raw silk 5.0 7.1 9.0 13.3 19.o Paper pulp (pine) 4.5s 6.3 7.9 9.5 12.o Kraft paper 2.5o 3.8s 5.4 7.0 9.2 Sole leather 7.0 11.i 16.0 2 0 . 6 . 2 9 . 2 Feathers 5.0 6.4 8.1 10.4 12.7 Rubber (solid tire) 0.17 0.28 0.60 0.74 0.99 Fuller's earth 4.54 7.5 15.6 Asbestos fiber 0.22 0.26 0.40 0.62 0.84 Diatomite 0.50 0.88 1.4o 2.Oo 3.19 Kaolin 0.30 0.60 0.92 1.Oe 1.2? Glass wool... 0.09 0.09 0.17 0.23 0.40 Lampblack 2.4s 3.42 3.8s 4.3i 6.0

(For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) (!) Abels, Wild's Repertorium für Meteorologie, 16, No. 1; 92. ( 2 ) Ayrton and Perry, 3, 5: 241; 78. ( 3 ) Barratt, quoted by Herter, 382, 10: 256; 24. ( 4 ) Biquard, 383, 2: 116; 09. 4: 232; 12. Proceedings of the II Cong. Refrigeration, Vienna, 1910. 384, 61: 502; 12. ( 5 ) Boeck, 33, 12: 109; 14. ( 6 ) Callendar, Encyclopedia Britannica, VI: 894; 10. (7) Cammerer, quoted by Herter, 382, 10: 256; 24. ( 8 ) Desvignes, Proceedings oj the I Int. Cong. Refrig., Paris, 1908. ( 9 ) Dickinson and Van Dusen, 382, 3: 5; 16. (io) Dina, 78, 32: 205; 99. (") Eucken, 8, 34: 185; 11. (i*) Forbes, 68, 8: 62; 74. (") Giacomini, 88, 20: 94; 18. ( 1 ^) Griffiths, Report on Heat Insulators. Food Investigation Board, Special Report No. 5, 1921. Heat Transmission through Watts, Concrete and Plaster. Building Research Board, Special Report No. 7, 1923. 5, 104: 71; 23. 83, 18 II: 252; 22. Proceedings of the IV Int. Cong. Refrig., London, 1924. ( 1 S) Groeber, 148, 16: 84; 09. 98, 54: 1319; 10. (i«) Hartl, 814, 25: 1157; 01. (i7) Hecht, Thesis, Koenigsberg, 1903. ( 18 ) Hencky, quoted by Herter, 382, 10: 256; 24. O») Hercus and Laby, 5, 95: 190; 18. ( 2 0 ) Herschel, Lebour and Dunn, 133, 49: 58; 79. ( 21 ) Ingersoll and KoeppJ 2, 24: 92; 24. (22) Ingersoll and Zobel, An Introduction to the Mathematica, Theory of Heat Conduction. Boston, Ginn and Co., 1913. (23) Jaeger and Diesselhorst, 89, 3: 269; 00. (2*) Jansson, 388, 58: 207; 01. (2 5) Knoblauch, 380, 38: 172; 15. (26) Knoblauch, Raisch and Reiher, 380, 43: 607; 20. (27) Kresta, 75, 122: 1923; 13. (28) Lamb and Wilson, O, 65: 285; 99. ( 29 ) Lees, 62, 204: 433; 05. British Fire Prevention Committee Red Book, No. 251; 21. (30) Lees and Chorlton, 3, 41: 495; 96. (**) McMillan, 66, 37: 921; 15. 385, 27: 387; 20. 56, 40: 970; 18. (32) Melmer, 75, 120: 269; 11. (33) Meyer, 8, 34: 596; 88. (34) Neumann, 3, 25: 63; 63. (35) Niven, 5, 76: 34; 05. (36) Nusselt, 98, 52: 1006; 08. 148, 15: 193; 08. 115, 87: 1; 09. 382, 1: 33; 15. (37) Okada, Abe and Yamada, Tokyo Sugaku-Buturigahkwi Kizi, 4: 385; 08. (3») Poensgen, 98, 56: 1653; 12. 60: 27; 16. (39) Poole, 3, 24: 45; 12. 27: 58; 14. (40) Randolph, 78, 21: 545; 12. (41) Saborsky, 38, 6: 674; 23. (42) Sale and Hedrick, 32, No. 266; 24. (43) Zinger and Schtscheglajew, 63, 27: 30; 95. (44) Skinner, quoted by Herter, 382, 10: 256; 24. (45) Smith and Knott, 68, 8: 623; 74. (46) Stadler, Thesis, Berne, 1889. (47) Stefan, 7J1 74: 438; 76. (48) Straneo, 22, 6: 262; 97. (49) Symons and Walker, 46, 48: 682; 12. (so) Taylor, 56, 41: 605; 19. (S1) Thomson, 174, 22:405; 61. (52) Van Dusen, 382, 7: 202; 20. (53) Weber, 149, 33: 590; 95. ( 54 ) Willard and Lichty, 86, No. 102; 17. (55) U. S. Bureau of Standards, O. (56) Everett, Units and Physical Constants, p. 101. New York, Macmillan, 1879. ( S 7 ) Maura, II Politecnico, 63 II : 695; 10. 10, 1: 668; 10. (58) Noell, quoted by Herter, 382, 10: 256; 24. (59) Griffiths and Kaye, 5, 104: 71; 23. (60) Wilson and Fuwa, 45, 14: 913; 22.

THERMAL INSULATING MATERIALS FOR HIGH TEMPERATURE GORDON B. WILKES

Insulating blocks composed chiefly of 1. Diatomaceous earth and asbestos 2. Rock and slag wool mixtures Insulating bricks 1. Diatomaceous earth (natural) 2. Clay, diatomaceous earth and cork (fired) 3. Diatomaceous earth and clay (fired)

:

Bulk density, g/cm~3

Max. safe temperature for continuous use, 0C

Mean coefficient of thermal conductivity* 600 to 250G

0.32-0.40 0.26-0.40

700- 900 700- 900

0.00072-0.00096 0.00090-0.00120

0.48 0.43 0.64-0.96

850-1000 850-1000 1100-1300

0.00066-0.00108 0.00096-0.00120 0.00150-0.00360

* Joule, cm-2 sec-1 (0C, cm-1). Values taken from U. S. Bur. Stand., trade catalogs of The Celite Products Co., Armstrong Cork and Insulation Co., and mainly from determinations in Heat Measurement Laboratory, Mass. Inst. Tech.

.A Q Speci c

Basic carbonate white lead Basic sulfate white lead Zinc oxide Zinc oxide, leaded (contains 35% basic lead sulfate) Lithopone (ca. 28 % ZnS, 72 % BaSO4) Titanox (25 % TiO2, 75 % BaSO4) Talc (contains ca. 5 % CaCOa) Barytes China clay Silica Whiting (CaCO3) Venetian red (20% Fe2O3)* Red oxide (40% Fe2O3) Red oxide (95 % Fe2O3) Indian red (90 % Fe2O3) Ferric oxide (98 % Fe2O3) Tuscan red Ochre Sienna, raw Sienna, burnt Umber, raw Umber, burnt Brown oxide (50 % Fe2O3) Mineral brown (45 % Fe2O3)

Wt. per f solid gal., raVlt S ^ Ib 6.81 56.73 6.41 53.40 5.66 47.15

5.95 4.30 4.30 2.85 4.45 2.62 2.65 2.71 3.05 3.45 4.95 4.92 5.15 3.95 2.80 3.27 3.95 2.68 3.80 3.35 3.34

1 Ib. bulks, gal. 0.01763 0.01873 0.02121

49.56 0.02018 35.82 0.02792 35.82 0.02792 23.74 0.04212 37.07 0.02698 21.82 0.04583 22.07 0.04531 22.57 0.04431 25.41 0.03935 28.74 0.03479 41.23 0.02425 40.98 0.02440 42.90 0.02331 32.90 0.03040 23.32 0.04288 27.24 0.03671 32.90 0.03040 22.32 0.04480 31.65 0.03160 27.91 0.03583 27.82 0.03595

Chromium oxide Litharge .. Orange mineral Red lead Pure paranitraniline toner Para red 10% (on lime and barium base) Pure toluidine red toner Chrome green, C. P

.fi Wt. per Q Specific ,. , , ., solid gal., 8"™* Ib 4.95 41.23 9.40 78.30 8.80 73.30 8.80 73.30 1.50 12.50

<

2.65 1.49 3.90* 5.08* 1.85 2.35 6.00* 1.78 1.81 2.64 2.36

American blue (iron cyanide blue).. . Ultramarine blue Chrome yellow, C. P* Lampblack Carbon black Drop black Graphite Mineral black filler (clay base with from 15 to 30 % carbon) 2.71 7.06 Zinc dust Aluminum dust 2.64 Lead dust 11.09

1 Ib. , ,, bulks, gal. 0.02425 0.01277 0.01364 0.01364 0.08000

22.07 12.41

0.04531 0.08058

15.41 19.58

0.06489 0.05107

14.83 15.08 21.99 19.66

0.05743 0.06631 0.04548 0.05086

22.57 58.81 21.99 92.38

0.04431 0.01700 0.04548 0.01082

* These will vary widely according to composition required for shade or tone and character of base. Red and brown oxides of variable composition. Matter other than iron oxide may be clay, silica, etc.

AVERAGE CONSTANTS OF OILS USED IN PAINT AND VARNISH INDUSTRY HENRY A. GARDNER AND L. L. STEELE Oil

Species

Specific gravity 15.50C 15.50C

Iodine (Hanus) No.

Saponification No.

196 125 112 149 119 172 133 102 186 180 97 200 134 133 69 137 110 129 125

192 190 194 191 196 187 189 199 191 189 193 188 192 193 36 193 190 189 189

Acid No.

Refractive index 250C

Vegetable and seed oils Chia Corn Cottonseed Hempseed Kapok seed Linseed (boiled) Linseed (heavy bodied) Linseed (lithographic) Linseed (raw) Oticia Palo maria Perula Poppyseed Raisinseed (grapeseed) Rosin oil Rubberseed Sesame Soya bean Sunflower

Salvia hispanica Zea mays Gossypium herbaceum Cannabis saliva Eriodendron anfractuosum Linum usitatissimum Linum usitatissimum Linum usitatissimum Linum usitatissimum Conepia grandifolia Calophyllum inophyllum Perilla ocimoides Papaver somniferum VUeS1 spp. Pinus palustris Hevea brasiliensis Sesamum orientale & indicum Soja hispida Helianthus annuus

0.934 0.921 0.924 0.927 0.924 0.941 0.968 0.970 0.934 0.969 0.934 0.934 0.926 0.926 0.964 0.924 0.924 0.924 0.924

0.6 4.0 0.9 4.0

1.486 1.480 1.472 1.482

2.7 2.8 2.7 2.0 8.0 46.0 2.0

1.490 1.497 1.498 1.480

4.5 32 57 1.5 2.3 7.5

1.471

1.474 1.487

1.481 1.480

Oil


Species

Iodine (Hanus) No.

Saponification No.

Acid No.


Nut oils Aleurites moluccana Aleurites trisperma Arachis hypogaea Aleurites /ordii Aleurites /ordii Juglans regia Aleurites cordata

Lumbang (candlenut) Lumbang (soft) Peanut Tung (American) Tung (Chinese) Walnut Wood (Japanese)

0.927 0.938 0.941 0.944 0.926 0.934

152 164 102 166 165 143 154

192 194 193 195 192 193 193

1.0 4.4 2.2 0.2 4.8

0.923 0.925 0.916 0.932 0.927 0.919 0.910 0.922 0.932 0.933 0.924 0.932

123 132 135 158 159 135 133 136 152 184 148 180

192 182 180 187 183 177 160 62 180 190

ÏÏ 9 2 4 10 10 5 1.5 2 0.5 9 (U>

0.9

1.477 1.493 1.479 1.517 1.517 1.477 1.508

Marine animal oils Channel catfish Fur seal Crayfish Menhaden Salmon Sardine Shark Shark liver Skate liver Tuna Whale Yellow tail

Phoca vitulina, etc. A Iosa menhaden (Brevoortia tyrannis) Salmo salar Clupea sardinus

fish

Borealis scymnus Squatina vulgaris fish Balœna Seriola dorsalis

190

1.474 1.477 1.470 1.485 l.479 l .480 1.482 1.471 1.471 1.482

TOXICOLOGY OF GASES AND VAPORS R. R. SAYERS Aniline, C6H5NH2.-!. 184.4°. 4. 0.00004-0.00006 (3). 6. Colorless oil acquiring tint on exposure to air and light. 7. Absorption through skin, directly or by saturation of clothing; In the following paragraphs the numbers in bold face have the absorption through respiratory organs as volatile particles and following significance: impalpable dust; through digestive organs. 8. Pallor of skin, 1. Boiling point. vertigo, unsteady gait, loss of appetite, increased frequency of 2. Percentage fatal in 30 minutes or less. 3. Percentage causing dangerous illness in 0.5 to 1 hour. respiration, anemia, slowing of the pulse, eczematous eruptions, bloody urine, spasmodic muscular pains, cyanosis. 9. 4. Percentage that can be borne without severe effects for 0.5 Manufacture of aniline, artificial leather, calico, explosives, coalto 1 hour. 6. Maximum safe concentration. tar products, dyes, paint, colored pencils; vulcanizing, tanning, printing, typesetting, photography, painting, lithography; 6. Properties C 1 ). work with feathers; compounding, mixing, reclaiming rubber, 7. Portal of entry (1). and work in press rooms. 8. Symptoms (*). Arsine, AsH3.-!. -54.8°. 2. 0.05 (2). 5. 0.001 (2). 6. Color9. Occupations (*). less, extremely offensive gas, with the odor of garlic. 7. As Acrolein, CH2:CHCHO — 1. 52°. 2. 0.001 (2). 5. 0.00033 (2). gas, through respiratory organs, generally mixed with hydrogen. 6. Colorless, pungent fluid, of fiery taste. 7. As vapor, through 8. General malaise, difficult breathing, fainting fits, gastric disorgans of respiration and mucous membranes. 8. Itching in turbances, jaundice, bluish discoloration of the mucous memthe throat; irritation of eyes, exciting lachrymation; conjuncbrane, pain in the region of spleen and kidney, darkened urine, tivitis, irritation of the air passages, bronchial catarrh. 9. Manufacture of lard, linoleum, stearic acid; bone and fat renfetor of the mouth resembling garlic. 9. Manufacture of dry dering, galvanizing, tallow refining, tinsmithing, varnish batteries, dimethyl sulfate, dyes, fertilizer, nitroglycerin, shoddy, zinc chloride; acid dipping, filling toy balloons, bronzing, enamelboiling. Ammonia, NH3.-1. -35.5°. 3. 0.25-0.45 (3). 4. 0.03 (3). 6. ling, galvanizing, lead and lime burning, pickling, metal refinColorless gas of sharply penetrating odor. 7. As gas, through ing, tinsmithing; work with aniline, sulfuric acid, submarine storage batteries; ferro-silicon work. organs of respiration. Seldom pure, mostly in combination with other gases. Immediate effects on the conjunctiva and Benzene,"C6H6.—1. 80.2°. 4. 0.001-0.0015 (3). 5. 0.0005 (3). 6. the cornea. 8. Acute inflammation of the respiratory organs, Unstable, extremely volatile, colorless fluid, burning with a cough, edema of the lungs, chronic bronchial catarrh, redness bright sooty flame. A coal tar product. 7. As vapor, through of the eyes, increased secretion of saliva, retention of urine. the respiratory organs; re-absorption through the skin. 8. 9. Manufacture of acetylene, ammonium salts, artificial ice, Headache, vertigo, anemia, muscular tremor, scarlet lips, spots artificial silk, bone-black, dyes, shellac, soda, varnish; work of extravasated blood in the skin, irritant cough, fatty degenaround coke-ovens, refrigerating plants, sewers; bronzing, dyeeration of liver, kidneys and heart. 9. Manufacture of aniline, ing, galvanizing, gas purifying, mercerizing, shoe finishing, sugar artificial leather, dry batteries, carbolic acid, colors, dyes, explorefining, tinsmithing; work with glue, illuminating gas. sives, fertilizer, lacquer, paint, rubber tires, shellac, shoes, EFFECTIVE CONCENTRATIONS AND PROPERTIES

Oil


Species

Iodine (Hanus) No.

Saponification No.

Acid No.


Nut oils Aleurites moluccana Aleurites trisperma Arachis hypogaea Aleurites /ordii Aleurites /ordii Juglans regia Aleurites cordata

Lumbang (candlenut) Lumbang (soft) Peanut Tung (American) Tung (Chinese) Walnut Wood (Japanese)

0.927 0.938 0.941 0.944 0.926 0.934

152 164 102 166 165 143 154

192 194 193 195 192 193 193

1.0 4.4 2.2 0.2 4.8

0.923 0.925 0.916 0.932 0.927 0.919 0.910 0.922 0.932 0.933 0.924 0.932

123 132 135 158 159 135 133 136 152 184 148 180

192 182 180 187 183 177 160 62 180 190

ÏÏ 9 2 4 10 10 5 1.5 2 0.5 9 (U>

0.9

1.477 1.493 1.479 1.517 1.517 1.477 1.508

Marine animal oils Channel catfish Fur seal Crayfish Menhaden Salmon Sardine Shark Shark liver Skate liver Tuna Whale Yellow tail

Phoca vitulina, etc. A Iosa menhaden (Brevoortia tyrannis) Salmo salar Clupea sardinus

fish

Borealis scymnus Squatina vulgaris fish Balœna Seriola dorsalis

190

1.474 1.477 1.470 1.485 l.479 l .480 1.482 1.471 1.471 1.482

TOXICOLOGY OF GASES AND VAPORS R. R. SAYERS Aniline, C6H5NH2.-!. 184.4°. 4. 0.00004-0.00006 (3). 6. Colorless oil acquiring tint on exposure to air and light. 7. Absorption through skin, directly or by saturation of clothing; In the following paragraphs the numbers in bold face have the absorption through respiratory organs as volatile particles and following significance: impalpable dust; through digestive organs. 8. Pallor of skin, 1. Boiling point. vertigo, unsteady gait, loss of appetite, increased frequency of 2. Percentage fatal in 30 minutes or less. 3. Percentage causing dangerous illness in 0.5 to 1 hour. respiration, anemia, slowing of the pulse, eczematous eruptions, bloody urine, spasmodic muscular pains, cyanosis. 9. 4. Percentage that can be borne without severe effects for 0.5 Manufacture of aniline, artificial leather, calico, explosives, coalto 1 hour. 6. Maximum safe concentration. tar products, dyes, paint, colored pencils; vulcanizing, tanning, printing, typesetting, photography, painting, lithography; 6. Properties C 1 ). work with feathers; compounding, mixing, reclaiming rubber, 7. Portal of entry (1). and work in press rooms. 8. Symptoms (*). Arsine, AsH3.-!. -54.8°. 2. 0.05 (2). 5. 0.001 (2). 6. Color9. Occupations (*). less, extremely offensive gas, with the odor of garlic. 7. As Acrolein, CH2:CHCHO — 1. 52°. 2. 0.001 (2). 5. 0.00033 (2). gas, through respiratory organs, generally mixed with hydrogen. 6. Colorless, pungent fluid, of fiery taste. 7. As vapor, through 8. General malaise, difficult breathing, fainting fits, gastric disorgans of respiration and mucous membranes. 8. Itching in turbances, jaundice, bluish discoloration of the mucous memthe throat; irritation of eyes, exciting lachrymation; conjuncbrane, pain in the region of spleen and kidney, darkened urine, tivitis, irritation of the air passages, bronchial catarrh. 9. Manufacture of lard, linoleum, stearic acid; bone and fat renfetor of the mouth resembling garlic. 9. Manufacture of dry dering, galvanizing, tallow refining, tinsmithing, varnish batteries, dimethyl sulfate, dyes, fertilizer, nitroglycerin, shoddy, zinc chloride; acid dipping, filling toy balloons, bronzing, enamelboiling. Ammonia, NH3.-1. -35.5°. 3. 0.25-0.45 (3). 4. 0.03 (3). 6. ling, galvanizing, lead and lime burning, pickling, metal refinColorless gas of sharply penetrating odor. 7. As gas, through ing, tinsmithing; work with aniline, sulfuric acid, submarine storage batteries; ferro-silicon work. organs of respiration. Seldom pure, mostly in combination with other gases. Immediate effects on the conjunctiva and Benzene,"C6H6.—1. 80.2°. 4. 0.001-0.0015 (3). 5. 0.0005 (3). 6. the cornea. 8. Acute inflammation of the respiratory organs, Unstable, extremely volatile, colorless fluid, burning with a cough, edema of the lungs, chronic bronchial catarrh, redness bright sooty flame. A coal tar product. 7. As vapor, through of the eyes, increased secretion of saliva, retention of urine. the respiratory organs; re-absorption through the skin. 8. 9. Manufacture of acetylene, ammonium salts, artificial ice, Headache, vertigo, anemia, muscular tremor, scarlet lips, spots artificial silk, bone-black, dyes, shellac, soda, varnish; work of extravasated blood in the skin, irritant cough, fatty degenaround coke-ovens, refrigerating plants, sewers; bronzing, dyeeration of liver, kidneys and heart. 9. Manufacture of aniline, ing, galvanizing, gas purifying, mercerizing, shoe finishing, sugar artificial leather, dry batteries, carbolic acid, colors, dyes, explorefining, tinsmithing; work with glue, illuminating gas. sives, fertilizer, lacquer, paint, rubber tires, shellac, shoes, EFFECTIVE CONCENTRATIONS AND PROPERTIES

smokeless powder, varnish; vulcanizing, coal-tar still cleaning, photography, photoengraving, painting, lithography, gilding, electroplating, dry cleaning, leather and fertilizer degreasing, pottery decorating, case scrubbing, bronzing; compounding, drying, mixing, washing, reclaiming, treading rubber; mixing rubber cement, cementing rubber shoes; work with benzol stills, coke ovens, coal tar, feathers, illuminating gas, glue, mordants. Bromine, Br2-I. 58.6°. 2. 0.1 (3). 3. 0.004-0.006 (3). 4. 0.0004 (3). 5. 0.0001 (3). 6. Fuming liquid with an extremely disagreeable odor. 7. As gas, through the respiratory organs. 8. Pallid countenance, emaciation, decayed teeth, bronchial irritation and asthma, gastric disturbances, irritation of the skin. 9. Manufacture of dyes; chemical and pharmaceutical industries. Carbon Bisulfide, CS2.--1. 46.2°. 3. 0.001 (3). 4. 0.00020.0003 (3). 5. 0.0001 (3). 6. When pure, a limpid, highly refractive, volatile fluid, having an odor like chloroform; imperfectly refined, it is pale yellow, with an offensive odor. 7. As vapor, through respiration; as fluid, through the skin. 8. Headache, pain in the extremities, trembling, deafness, reduction of the reflexes, accelerated heart action, nausea, digestive trouble, emaciation, disturbance of sense of vision, excitement and violent temper followed by depression, hyperstimulation of the sexual instinct, later its abnormal decline, chronic dementia. 9. Manufacture of ammonium salt, artificial silk, carbon disulfide, celluloid, insecticide, matches, paint, putty, smokeless powder; asphalt testing, cementing rubber shoes, rubber cement mixing, dry cleaning, enamelling, oil extracting, tallow refining, sulfur extracting, vulcanizing, rubber drying and reclaiming, work with paraffin and glue. Carbon Dioxide, CO2.-1. -78.2°. 2. 30.0 (3). 3. 6.0-8.0 (3). 4. 4.0-6.0 (3). 6. 2.0-3.0 (3). 6. Specifically dense, odorless, colorless gas, collecting near the ground or floor. 7. As gas, by inhalation. 8. Anemia, cyanosis, headache, drowsiness, vertigo, tinnitus, and general nervousness. 9. Manufacture of alkali salts, carbon dioxide, fertilizer, pottery, soda, starch, wine, white lead, yeast; blacksmithing, brass founding, brewing, brick, charcoal and lime burning, lime kiln charging, mining, sugar refining; work in boiler rooms, caissons, drying rooms, silos; I j work around furnaces, sewers. Carbon Monoxide, CO.—1. -190°. 2. 0.5-1.0 (7). 3. 0.20.3 (3). 4. 0.05-0.10 (3). 5. 0.04 (7). 6. Colorless, tasteless gas, odorless in diffused state, burning with a blue flame in air. 7. As gas, through the respiratory organs. 8. Stage 1 ( 7 ): Tightness across forehead, dilatation of cutaneous vessels, headache (frontal and basal), throbbing in temples, weariness, weakness, dizziness, nausea and vomiting, loss of strength and muscular control, increased pulse and respiration rates, collapse. Stage 2: Increased pulse and respiration, fall of blood pressure, loss of muscular control, especially sphincters, loss of reflexes, coma usually with intermittent convulsions, Cheyne-Stokes' respiration, slowing of pulse, respiration slow and shallow, cessation of respiration, death. 9. Manufacture of acetylene, carbide, celluloid, cores (founding), felt hats, incandescent lamp filaments ; baking, blacksmithing, brass founding, cable splicing, calico printing, charcoal burning, charging (zinc smelting), chimney sweeping, copper smelting, enamelling, incandescent lamp finishing; work with bisque kilns, coke ovens, coal tar; work in drying and boiler rooms. Carbon Tetrachloride, CCl4.-!. 76.74°. 2. 0.03-0.04 (3). 3. 0.015-0.02 (3). 4. 0.0025-0.004 (3). 5. 0.001 (3). 6. Colorless liquid with pleasant odor, having a narcotic action somewhat similar to chloroform (* ï ). 7. As vapor, through the respiratory organs. 8. Nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, stupor deepening into coma, absence of reflexes, clonic convulsions,

weak pulse, increased temperature and death (11). 9. Used in industry as a rubber solvent, an ingredient of certain types of paint, a fire extinguisher, and a shampooing agent. Chlorine, Cl2.-1. -33.6°. 2. 0.10 (3). 3. 0.004-0.006 (3). 4. 0.0004 (3). 5. 0.0001 (3). 6. Yellowish-green, suffocating gas of penetrating odor, whose water solution is a greenish-yellow. 7. As gas, through the respiratory organs. 8. Pallid countenance, emaciation, decayed teeth, bronchial irritation and asthma, gastric disturbances, irritation of the skin, chloracne. 9. Manufacture of alkali salts, brooms, chloride of lime, chlorine, disinfectants, dyes, phosgene, sulfur and zinc chloride; pulp beating, bleaching, calico printing, laundry work, photography. Chloroform, CHCl3-I. 61.2°. 2. 0.03-0.04 (3). 3. 0.007 (3). 4. 0.0025-0.003 (3). 5. 0.001 (3). 6. Heavy colorless liquid, with characteristic odor and sweet taste; used as an anesthetic (11 ). 7. As vapor, through the respiratory organs. 8. In anesthesia the untoward symptoms are shallow or irregular respiration, sudden cessation of respiration, pulse either very slow or very rapid, dilatation of the pupils, cyanosis, asphyxia leading to dilatation of the heart, vagus stimulation, and finally failure of heart due to asphyxiai condition. In delayed poisoning there is great prostration, delirium, coma, death (11J. 9. Chloroform manufacture, but the principal hazard is in its use as an anesthetic. Chloropicrin, CCl3NO2-I. 112°. 2. 0.05 (2). 3. 0.002 (2). 4. 0.0001 (2). 6. Colorless oil, insoluble in water. Sufficiently volatile to keep the strata of air above it thoroughly poisonous, and persistent enough to be dangerous after 5 or 6 hours. 7. As gas, through the respiratory organs. 8. Lachrymatory and respiratory irritant, with specific action on the vomiting center. Causes coughing, nausea, vomiting, and in large quantities unconsciousness. Secondary effects are bronchitis, shortness of breath. 9. Warfare. Dichlorodiethyl Sulfide, (CH2ClCH2)2S.—1. 215-217°. 5. 0.002 (2). 6. Oily fluid with sharp odor. Its peculiar property of blistering the skin, combined with its high persistency, makes it the most valuable war gas known. 7. As vapor, through the respiratory passages, and through the skin. 8. Conjunctivitis and superficial necrosis of the cornea; hyperemia, edema and, later, necrosis of the skin, leading to skin lesion of great chronicity; congestion and necrosis of the epithelial lining of the trachea and bronchi. Systemic effects due to the absorption of the substance into the blood stream and its distribution to the various tissues of the body ( 4 ). 9. Warfare. Hydrogen Chloride, HCL-1. -82.9°. 2.0.5(2). 3.0.15-0.2(3). 4. 0.005-0.01 (3). 5. 0.005 (2). 6. Pure HCl is a colorless gas that fumes when open to the air, forming a dense, acid, white mist. The crude commercial acid is, for the most part, impure, containing arsenic among other mixtures. 7. Action on skin and nasal mucous membrane; seldom as vapor affecting the respiratory organs. 8. Irritation of mucous membranes, conjunctivitis, coryza; pharyngeal, laryngeal, and bronchial catarrh; dental caries. 9. Manufacture of alkali salts, ammonium salts, aniline, dry batteries, camphor, carbolic acid, dyes; dipping, mixing, recovering, transporting acid; cartridge dipping, shoddy carbonizing, calico printing, acid finishing (glass). Hydrogen Cyanide, HCN.-1. 26.5°. 2. 0.048 ( 9 ). 3. 0.0120.024 (9). 4. 0.005-0.006 (3). 5. 0.002-0.004 (3) 6. Colorless, highly volatile fluid, of penetrating, pungent, and irritating odor. 7. As gas, through the respiratory organs; also through the epidermis. 8. Headache, vertigo, unsteadiness of gait, nausea, loss of appetite, disturbance of gastric and intestinal functions, slowing of the pulse, albuminuria. 9. Manufacture of ammonium salts, celluloid, dyes; acid dipping, blacksmithing, browning (gun barrels), calico printing, case hardening, electroplating, fulminate mixing, gas purifying, gold refining, photog-

raphy, pickling, silver refining, tanning, tempering; work around blast furnaces, and with illuminating gas. Hydrogen Sulfide, H2S (10).—1. -60.2°. 2. 0.06-0.1 (10). 3. 0.05-0.07 (3). 4. 0.02-0.03 (3). 5. 0.01-0.02 (10). 6. Colorless gas with odor of rotten eggs in low concentration; burns with bluish flame forming SO 2 and water; mixed with 7 parts air, explodes with violence when ignited. 7. As gas, through the respiratory organs. 8. Poisoning is of two types—acute and subacute—causing asphyxiation and irritation (conjunctivitis, bronchitis, pharyngitis, and depression of the central nervous system), respectively. In low concentration the symptoms are headache, sleeplessness, dullness, dizziness, and weariness; pain in the eyes, followed by conjunctivitis, is fairly constant; bronchitis and pains in the chest are frequent. Further poisoning produces depression, stupor, unconsciousness and death. Spasms—clonic and tonic—are present. Death from asphyxia is caused by paralysis of respiratory center, while death from subacute poisoning is associated with edema of the lungs. 9. Manufacture of alkali salts, celluloid, dyes, fertilizer, matches, soda, sodium sulfide, starch, artificial silk; bronzing, cable splicing, flax retting, gas purifying, petroleum refining, pyrites burning, sugar refining, tanning; work around blast furnaces; work with glue, illuminating gas, sewers. Iodine, I2 (u).—1.184.35°. 4. 0.0003 (3). 5. 0.00005-0.0001 (3). 6. At ordinary temperatures gives off invisible vapor very irritating to the nose and eyes (*). 7. As vapor. 8. Inflammation of the lungs and pulmonary edema. 9. Manufacture of iodine. Mercury, Hg.—1. 357.33°. 5. Less than 0.000125 causes symptoms of poisoning after daily exposure for 2 or 3 months ( 5 ). 6. Silver-white, shining metal, unchangeable in air, but evaporating at house temperature ( 6 ). 7. Through the uninjured skin, and the respiratory organs in the form of vapor and dust (amalgam dust, dust of the compounds of mercury) (6). 8. Industrial mercurial poisoning is a chronic poisoning occasioned by work in this metal for a long period. The first symptom is generally increased ptyalism, with swelling and inflammation of the gums and of the buccal mucous membrane, often with the formation of rodent ulcers; frequently disturbances of digestion, lassitude and pallor. With further absorption of the metal, "erethism" supervenes—a peculiar psychic excitability (timorousness, bewilderment, irritability), tremor. Death may result in the worst cases in consequence of the violent tremor and spasms affecting the entire body; in other cases increasing weakness ( 6 ). 9. Mining and smelting of quicksilver; mirror plating, amalgam gilding and silvering; manufacture of thermometers, barometers, manometers, incandescent electric lamps, Roentgen and Hittorf tubes, mercurial vapor lamps, salts of mercury, amalgams, colors, pharmaceutic products, antiseptic dyes, inflammable materials, explosives; use of mercury salts, especially in the hare's fur business and felt hat manufacture; photography, steel engraving ( 6 ). Nitrogen Oxides (Expressed in Percentages as Nitric Acid) NO.— 1. -153°. 2. 0.07 (12). 3. 0.01 («). 4. 0.007 («). 5. 0.0033 ( 12 ). 6. NO is colorless gas readily transformed into brown NO 2 by atmospheric oxygen. 7. As gas, through respiratory organs. 8. Local cauterization of the respiratory tract, leading to laryngitis, bronchitis, hyperemia, hemorrhages and severe edema in addition to vicarious emphysema of the lungs. In men the real illness generally appears only 4 to 6 hours or more after inhalation of the gas; in animals lung edema and a condition threatening to be dangerous ensue promptly ( 12 ). 9. Manufacture of aniline, artificial leather, celluloid, dimethyl sulfate, explosives, felt hats, fertilizer, imitation pearls, incandescent lamps, picric acid, soda; dipping, mixing, recovering, transporting acid; bleaching, cartridge dipping, dipping and wringing gun-cotton, enamelling, etching, fur preparing, galva-

nizing, lithography, mining, nitrating, photo-engraving, pickling, metal refining, steel engraving; work with glue, jewelry, mordants, nitric acid, nitroglycerin, sulfuric acid. Nitrobenzene, C6H6NO2.-!. 210.9°. 4. 0.0001 (3). 6. 0.00002 (3). 6. Colorless, highly refractive fluid having an odor like that of bitter almonds. (All nitro-compounds of benzene have similar properties). 7. As gas, through the respiratory organs. 8. Methemoglobin formation, general debility, anemia, presence of free hematoporphyrin, albumin, and sometimes free poison in the urine; jaundice, gradually becoming cyanosis; skin eruptions, visual disturbances, dyspnea, odor of bitter almonds in breath. 9. Manufacture of aniline, dyes, explosives, perfumes, smokeless powder, soap. Phosgene, COCl2.-Ii 8.2°. 2. 0.02-0.05 (2). 3. 0.0025 (2). 5. 0.0001 ( 2 ). 6. Colorless gas of suffocating odor. 7. As vapor, through the respiratory organs. 8. Destruction of lung tissue, emphysema and edema, myocardial insufficiency due to the emphysema, pleural thickening and adhesions, chronic bronchitis, mild diffuse bronchiectasis, nocturnal dyspnea, polycythemia. 9. Manufacture of dyes, phosgene. Phosphorus Trichloride, PCl3.-!. 76°. 2. 0.00035 (3). 3. 0.000030.00005 (3). 4. 0.000001-0.000002 (3). 6. 0.0000004 (3). 6. Liquid with sharp smell, fuming in air, and decomposing into phosphorous acid and hydrochloric acid (13). 7. As vapor, through the respiratory organs. 8. Sensation of suffocation, difficulty of breathing, lachrymation, bronchitis, edema and inflammation of the lungs, with frothy, blood-stained expectoration. 9. Manufacture of phosphorus trichloride and organic compounds; use of phosphorus trichloride as chlorinating agent and as solvent of phosphorus. Phosphine, PH3.-!. -85°. 2. 0.2 (14). 3. 0.04-0.06 (3). 4. 0.01-0.02 (3). 6. Colorless gas of nauseating odor. 7. As gas, through the respiratory organs. 8. Oppressed feeling in the chest, headache, vertigo, tinnitus aurium, general debility, loss of appetite, great thirst. 9. Manufacture of acetylene, red phosphorus; phosphorus extracting, work with ferro-silicon. Sulfur Dioxide, SO2.-1. -10°. 2. 0.2 (2). 5. 0.01 (2) 6. Gas with pungent odor and suffocating effect. 7. As gas, through the respiratory organs. 8. Irritation of the mucous membrane of the respiratory organs and eyes, spasmodic cough, bronchial catarrh, digestive disturbances, blood-tinged mucus. 9. Manufacture of alkali salts, bricks, brooms, carbolic acid; work around blast furnaces, brass foundries, sulfuric acid towers; bleaching, zinc charging. Sulfur Trioxide, SO3.-2. 0.001 (2). 5. 0.0002 (2). 6. White solid, which evolves dense white fumes on exposure to the air. 7. As gas, through the respiratory organs. 8. Irritation of the respiratory organs, bronchitis. 9. Manufacture of sulfuric acid. Toluidine, CH3C6H4NH2.-!. 200°. 4. 0.00025 (3). 5. 0.00010.00025 (3). 6. Reddish brown liquid. 7. As vapor, through the respiratory organs. 8. Headache, weakness, difficulty in breathing, cyanosis, convulsions, psychical disturbances, air hunger, marked irritation of the renal organs (13). 9. Manufacture of aniline, coal-tar dyes; tank and still work (13). LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) (!) D. G. Robertson, Service Publication No. 22, Commonwealth of Australia. Dept. of Health, 1922. ( 2 ) Chemical Warfare Service, American University Experiment Station, Washington, D. C., O. ( 3 ) K. B. Lehmann, in Robert's Kompendium der praktischen To • kologie zum Gebrauche für Aerzte, Studierende und Medizinalbeamte, 5th Edition. Stuttgart, 1912, ( 4 ) Fries and West, Chemical Warfare, 1921. ( 5 ) J. A. Turner, 231, 39: No. 8; 24. ( 6 ) Kober and Hayhurst, Industrial Health, 1924. '(7) Sayers and Yant, 313, No. 2476; 23. ( 8 ) Chemical Warfare Service, O. ( 9 ) S. B. Grubbs, 231, 32: No. 16; 17.

( 10 ) Sayers, Mitchell and Yant, 313, No. 2491; 23. Also 189, 231: 59; 25C 11 ) F. P. Underbill, Toxicology, or the Effects of Poisons, 1924. ( 12 ) Leh. mann and Hasegawa, Arch. Hyg., 77: 323; 12. ( 13 ) J. Rambousek, Industrial Poisoning. London, 1913. ( 1 4 ) Sollmann, Manual of Pharmacology and Its Application to Therapeutics and Toxicology. Philadelphia, Saunders, 1924.

PREVENTION AND EMERGENCY TREATMENT OF GAS POISONING I. Prevention of poisoning A. For all gases 1. Prevention of escape of vapor or fumes into the air of working places. 2. Good ventilation. 3. Testing before entering air suspected of containing poisonous gases. 4. Never entering or working alone in places where the air is known to be contaminated by poisonous gases. 5. Wearing of respirators, gas masks, hose masks, or oxygen breathing apparatus—the latter especially if the air is low in oxygen. 6. Education of workmen regarding the danger of poisoning and methods of prevention. B. For special gases 1. Protection of the skin by suitable clothing and by the application of oils, etc. In the case of dichlorodiethyl sulfide (mustard gas), ordinary clothing affords no protection, but cloth painted with linseed oil is adequate. Oiling the skin gives some protection from short exposure to low concentrations of this gas and in high concentrations increases the efficiency of removal-treatment; for long exposure, oils give practically no protection. 2. Abstinence from alcohol, at least during and immediately after labor, especially when exposed to such gases as aniline, toluidine, and nitrobenzene. 3. Scrupulous cleanliness of working places and personally on the part of the workmen. 4. Physical examination of prospective employees to see that they are not suffering from any disease that would make them more susceptible to certain poisonous gases; reexamination of employees at stated intervals (every 30 days for workers in aniline) to detect beginning of poisoning, especially where exposed to fumes of aniline, mercury, and other gases, the action of which is cumulative and danger of acute poisoning is not so great.

II. Emergency treatment A. For all gases 1. Immediate removal from poisonous atmosphere to fresh air. 2. Immediate administration of artificial respiration (preferably by the Schaefer prone pressure method) if breathing has ceased. 3. Calling a physician. 4. Keeping the patient at rest, lying down (very important) . 5. Keeping the patient warm and stimulating circulation by rubbing limbs of patient. B. For special gases 1. Administration of pure oxygen, especially in case of carbon monoxide poisoning.1 2. Administration of stimulants: Black coffee, caff ein, camphor, or ether in case of poisoning by aniline, hydrogen cyanide, hydrogen sulfide, phosphine, and toluidine; subcutaneous administration of atropine in poisoning by hydrogen chloride, hydrogen sulfide, and phosphine; hypodermic administration of morphine in poisoning by hydrogen cyanide; inhalation of chloroform in poisoning by phosgene; inhalation of ammonia vapor or soda spray in poisoning by hydrogen chloride, phosgene, phosphorus trichloride, and chloropicrin; infusion of alkaline solution in poisoning by arsine, bromine, iodine, and sulfur dioxide. 3. Venesection is recommended in treatment of poisoning by bromine, chlorine, iodine, nitrogen oxides, phosgene, and chloropicrin, but must not be used after collapse has started. 4. In the case of dichlorodiethyl sulfide (mustard gas) prevention is especially important as palliative measures are not very successful. The respiratory lesions may be treated by frequent spraying or instillation of a few drops of 1 % sodium bicarbonate, followed by liquid petrolatum and gargling of the throat with a weak Dakin's solution. The eyes should be kept clean by frequent irrigation with a saturated solution of boric acid or with 1 % sodium bicarbonate, followed by a few drops of oil. All clothing should be removed to the skin. Burns of the skin from the vapor should be treated with antiseptics and protected from any irritation. Irritant drugs, such as picric acid or mercuric chloride solutions, should not be applied. 1

Five per cent carbon dioxide in oxygen, if available, maybe administered in carbon monoxide poisoning.

AIR CONDITIONING A. HYGROSCOPIC PROPERTIES OF INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS D. C. LINDSAY Hygroscopic Moisture. — The moisture contained in a hygroscopic material in equilibrium with the relative humidity of the surrounding atmosphere. The moisture content of a hygroscopic material when in equilibrium depends upon the relative humidity of the surrounding atmosphere but varies widely with different materials. The moisture content also varies to a slight extent with different temperatures at the same humidity. Hygroscopic moisture in materials is in most industries termed "regain," and is expreésed in parts of water per 100 parts of dry material. Hygroscopic Properties of Materials. — The hygroscopic properties of materials vary widely from one another and even in the same material a wide variation is frequently observed, and is dependent upon the prior history of the material. The curves given below

are based upon a critical study of available data. Qualitatively, they are correct and can be used where extreme accuracy is not required. Consistency in form will be noted in all cases. For the accurate determination of hygroscopic characteristics of materials, the use of insulated cabinets provided with air circulation and automatic instruments ( 10 ) for controlling temperature and humidity are recommended as being superior to the taking of such data, within a stagnant atmosphere, the moisture equilibrium of which is maintained by hygroscopic solutions such as sulfuric acid. Electrostatic Condition of the Atmosphere —Electrical charges are dissipated at normal temperatures (18 to 3O0C) at a relative humidity of 50% or above.

( 10 ) Sayers, Mitchell and Yant, 313, No. 2491; 23. Also 189, 231: 59; 25C 11 ) F. P. Underbill, Toxicology, or the Effects of Poisons, 1924. ( 12 ) Leh. mann and Hasegawa, Arch. Hyg., 77: 323; 12. ( 13 ) J. Rambousek, Industrial Poisoning. London, 1913. ( 1 4 ) Sollmann, Manual of Pharmacology and Its Application to Therapeutics and Toxicology. Philadelphia, Saunders, 1924.

PREVENTION AND EMERGENCY TREATMENT OF GAS POISONING I. Prevention of poisoning A. For all gases 1. Prevention of escape of vapor or fumes into the air of working places. 2. Good ventilation. 3. Testing before entering air suspected of containing poisonous gases. 4. Never entering or working alone in places where the air is known to be contaminated by poisonous gases. 5. Wearing of respirators, gas masks, hose masks, or oxygen breathing apparatus—the latter especially if the air is low in oxygen. 6. Education of workmen regarding the danger of poisoning and methods of prevention. B. For special gases 1. Protection of the skin by suitable clothing and by the application of oils, etc. In the case of dichlorodiethyl sulfide (mustard gas), ordinary clothing affords no protection, but cloth painted with linseed oil is adequate. Oiling the skin gives some protection from short exposure to low concentrations of this gas and in high concentrations increases the efficiency of removal-treatment; for long exposure, oils give practically no protection. 2. Abstinence from alcohol, at least during and immediately after labor, especially when exposed to such gases as aniline, toluidine, and nitrobenzene. 3. Scrupulous cleanliness of working places and personally on the part of the workmen. 4. Physical examination of prospective employees to see that they are not suffering from any disease that would make them more susceptible to certain poisonous gases; reexamination of employees at stated intervals (every 30 days for workers in aniline) to detect beginning of poisoning, especially where exposed to fumes of aniline, mercury, and other gases, the action of which is cumulative and danger of acute poisoning is not so great.

II. Emergency treatment A. For all gases 1. Immediate removal from poisonous atmosphere to fresh air. 2. Immediate administration of artificial respiration (preferably by the Schaefer prone pressure method) if breathing has ceased. 3. Calling a physician. 4. Keeping the patient at rest, lying down (very important) . 5. Keeping the patient warm and stimulating circulation by rubbing limbs of patient. B. For special gases 1. Administration of pure oxygen, especially in case of carbon monoxide poisoning.1 2. Administration of stimulants: Black coffee, caff ein, camphor, or ether in case of poisoning by aniline, hydrogen cyanide, hydrogen sulfide, phosphine, and toluidine; subcutaneous administration of atropine in poisoning by hydrogen chloride, hydrogen sulfide, and phosphine; hypodermic administration of morphine in poisoning by hydrogen cyanide; inhalation of chloroform in poisoning by phosgene; inhalation of ammonia vapor or soda spray in poisoning by hydrogen chloride, phosgene, phosphorus trichloride, and chloropicrin; infusion of alkaline solution in poisoning by arsine, bromine, iodine, and sulfur dioxide. 3. Venesection is recommended in treatment of poisoning by bromine, chlorine, iodine, nitrogen oxides, phosgene, and chloropicrin, but must not be used after collapse has started. 4. In the case of dichlorodiethyl sulfide (mustard gas) prevention is especially important as palliative measures are not very successful. The respiratory lesions may be treated by frequent spraying or instillation of a few drops of 1 % sodium bicarbonate, followed by liquid petrolatum and gargling of the throat with a weak Dakin's solution. The eyes should be kept clean by frequent irrigation with a saturated solution of boric acid or with 1 % sodium bicarbonate, followed by a few drops of oil. All clothing should be removed to the skin. Burns of the skin from the vapor should be treated with antiseptics and protected from any irritation. Irritant drugs, such as picric acid or mercuric chloride solutions, should not be applied. 1

Five per cent carbon dioxide in oxygen, if available, maybe administered in carbon monoxide poisoning.

AIR CONDITIONING A. HYGROSCOPIC PROPERTIES OF INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS D. C. LINDSAY Hygroscopic Moisture. — The moisture contained in a hygroscopic material in equilibrium with the relative humidity of the surrounding atmosphere. The moisture content of a hygroscopic material when in equilibrium depends upon the relative humidity of the surrounding atmosphere but varies widely with different materials. The moisture content also varies to a slight extent with different temperatures at the same humidity. Hygroscopic moisture in materials is in most industries termed "regain," and is expreésed in parts of water per 100 parts of dry material. Hygroscopic Properties of Materials. — The hygroscopic properties of materials vary widely from one another and even in the same material a wide variation is frequently observed, and is dependent upon the prior history of the material. The curves given below

are based upon a critical study of available data. Qualitatively, they are correct and can be used where extreme accuracy is not required. Consistency in form will be noted in all cases. For the accurate determination of hygroscopic characteristics of materials, the use of insulated cabinets provided with air circulation and automatic instruments ( 10 ) for controlling temperature and humidity are recommended as being superior to the taking of such data, within a stagnant atmosphere, the moisture equilibrium of which is maintained by hygroscopic solutions such as sulfuric acid. Electrostatic Condition of the Atmosphere —Electrical charges are dissipated at normal temperatures (18 to 3O0C) at a relative humidity of 50% or above.

This is of extreme importance in textile mills and printing plants where the charged atmosphere prevalent during the winter causes bristling of the fibers and hampers operations. The elimination of static by humidification has been successfully applied to reduce explosion hazards in munition plants and other explosive atmospheres. Mildew Fungi.—These will thrive in relatively still atmosphere only at relative humidities above 75 %.

Sulfite cellulose pulp News print Writing Fine white writing White bond Fine white bond Commercial ledger White ledger Index bristol Kraft wrapping Rope manila

100 100 100 75 100 50

100 100

25 50

100 25 75

Lit.

Manila and jute, %

Coniferous, %

1.0 2.2 1.2 1.0 1.0 1.7 1.2 1.7 1.3 1.5

Chemical wood bleached, %

24.4 2.9 0.8 1.0 0.2 0.6 0.9 1.0 0.3 1.6

Rag, %

Rosin, %

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 It

Description

Ash, %

FIG. 1. — Hygroscopic moisture of various papers (cf. ( 2 » 3» 6 » 7 » n )).

Curve No.

FAVORABLE CONDITIONS OF TEMPERATURE AND HUMIDITY ARTIFICIALLY CREATED AND MAINTAINED IN MANUFACTURING PROCESSES Relative Industry and Temp., Process humid0 product C ity, % Carding 20 to 23 50 Combing 60-65 20 to 23 50-60 Roving 20 to 23 60-65 Spinning Cotton 20 to 23 Spooling, twisting 20 to 23 65 Warping 20 to 23 65 20 to 23 75-80 Weaving 65-70 Carding 23 to 25 55-60 Spinning 23 to 25 Wool ; 50-55 Weaving 20 to 23 Storage for shipping 20 to 23 55-60 Dressing 60-65 21 to 25 Spinning 21 to 25 65-70 Silk Throwing 21 to 25 65-70 Weaving 21 to 25 60-70 18 Chocolate enrobing >55 21 >50 Hard candy making Confectionery -1 >70 Storage < + 15* >55 Softening 29 85 Tobacco j Cigar and cigarette making 21 to 23 55-70 21 Lithographing 45 Relief and offset 25 45 Printing Folding 25 65 Binding 21 45 Dough fermentation 27 65 Baking | Proofing 80-90 32 to 35 Loaf cooling 21 65 Electrical cable Winding insulation >40 > 5 Cellulose 24 lacquers Application >20 Munitions, 21 | Fuse loading 55 Cereals Seal packing prepared, crisp cereals 23 45-50

(3, 611 J ( ) («) (6, 7 ) («) (6) (6) (6) («) («Ì (6)

* Divergence in practice.

LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) O) Bailey, 45, 12: 1102; 20. (2) Campbell, 45, 9: 658; 17. (3) Carrier Engineering Corporation Laboratory, O. ( 4 ) Forest Products Laboratory, O. ( 5 ) Hartshorne, 122, 39: 905; 17. (6) Houston, Carson and Kirkwood, Paper Trade J., 76, No. 15: 237; 23. (7) Kress and McNaughton, Paper, 22, No. 24: 11; 18. ( 8 ) Kujirai and Akahira, 210, 1: 95; 23. ( 9 ) Kujirai, Kobayashi and Toriyama, 210, 1: 79; 23. ( 10 ) Lindsay and Wadleigh, 38, 8: 677; 25. (U) Müller and Haussner, Herstellung und Prüfung des Papiers, p. 1642. (!2) Schloesing, 34, 116: 808; 93. (»3) Selvig and Kaplan, 45, 12: 783; 20. (U) Wilson and Fuwa, 45, 14: 913; 22.

FIG. 2.—Composite curves for all papers in Fig. 1. Variation in. dimensions with variation in relative humidity.

FIG. 3.—Hygroscopic moisture of natural fiber textile materials 3» 5» 12» Curve No. | Material Î Absorbent cotton 2 Wool, worsted 3 Silk, new yellow

|| Curve No. | Material IJ 7 Indian cotton 8 Cotton cloth H 9 Egyptian cotton

Curve No. j Material 4 Jute 5 Manila hemp 6 Sisal hemp All observations at approx. 250C.

). J j Curve No. 10 11 12

| Material American cotton Linen Flax

FIG. 6.—Hygroscopic moisture of various fibrous materials prepared for electrical insulation (8» 9 ).

FIG. 4.—Hygroscopic moisture of artificial textile fibers compared with crude constituents and natural silk (3, 14). Curve No. I Material 1 Viscose rayon (artificial silk) 2 Natural silk, new yellow 3 Nitrocellulose 4 Cellulose acetate All observations at approx. 250C.

14

(

Curve No. | 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Material Manila paper Red rope paper Press board Leatheroid paper Silk Red rope paper (varnished) Empire cloth Asbestos paper

FIG. 7.—-Hygroscopic moisture of cereal foods 0» 3, 14). Curve No. 1 2 3 4

FIG. 5.—Hygroscopic moisture of leather and rubber ( 3 ). Curve No. I Material 1 2 3 4 5 6

Material Macaroni Flour (patent) Bread Crackers

~"

Leather (sole oak tanned) Sheepskin Gold beater skin Latex, dipped cord Reclaimed rubber Smoked, crepe sheet

FIG. 11.—Effect of varying temperature on equilibrium water content at constant relative humidity of 50 % ( 14 ). Curve No. | Material ""* 1 2 3 4_

j

Wood Silk Wool Cotton

FIG. 8.—Hygroscopic moisture of some inorganic substances < 1 0 » ^ 4 '. Curve No. | 1 2 3 4 5 6

Material English ball clay Kieselguhr Kaolin Asbestos fiber Zinc oxide Glass wool

FIG. 10.—Hygroscopic moisture of carbon products ( 13 » 14 ). Curve No. J 1 2 3 4 5

Material Carbon black for rubber trade By-product furnace coke (Franklin Co., 111., coal) By-product coke, domestic size (Pittsburgh bed coal) By-product coke (domestic size) Connellsville, 7*2 hour bee-hive foundry coke

FIG. 9.—Hygroscopic moisture of some organic substances. Curve No. | Material | Lit.""

1 North Carolina leaf tobacco (3) 2 Cigarette tobacco (Fatima) ( l34 ) 3 Sole leather (oak tanned) ( ) 4 Catgut ( 14 ) 5 Soap (Ivory) ( 14^) 6 Lumber* (14) • 7 Glue (hide, first grade) ( ) * All species of timber have been found to have approximately the same values at given relative humidities. Rate of absorption or evaporation from timbers varies according to the density of the species.

B. SPACES OCCUPIED BY HUMAN BEINGS R. R. SAYERS EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE AND HUMIDITY ON HUMAN BEINGS IN STILL AIR Temperature of air, relative Pulse humidity rate 100% 0 F G r e a t l y in98 creased 95 M a r k e d increase Increased 90 85 No change 75-80 Slight decrease

Effects when at rest Body temperature M a r k e d increase Increased Increased No change Slight decrease

65-70

Decrease

Slight decrease

55-60

Decrease

Slight decrease

45-50

Decrease

Slight decrease

Metabolism Marked increase

Effects when at moderate work Remarks

Very hot, even with little clothing Increased Hot, even when little clothing worn Very warm Increased Slight increase Warm Minimum metab- Comfortable olism Slight increase Slightly c o o l t o comfortable Slight increase Cool, clothing needed for comfort Cool, clothing needIncreased ed for comfort

Pulse rate Very rapid

Body temperature

M a r k e d increase Very rapid M a r k e d increase Rapid Increased Increased Slight increase Slight increase Slight increase

Remarks Very hot Very hot

Hot Very warm Comfortable or warm Slight increase Slight increase Comfortable

Slight increase Slight increase Comfortable to cool Slight increase Slight increase Cool

*Jour. Am. Soc. of Heat, and Vent. Eng., 31: 66; 25.

EXAMPLE IN THE USEOFCHART GIVEN DRY BULB 7«? WCT BULB 62* VELOCITY OP AIR IOOFT. PER MIN., OETCRMlNEs I. EFFCCTIVE TEMPERATURE OF THE CONDITION. 2. EFFECTIVE TEMPERATURE WITH STILL AIR. 3. COOLING PRODUCED BY THC MOVEMENT OF THE AlR, 4. VELOCITY NECESSARY TO REDUCE THE CONDITION TO 66° EFFECTIVE TEMPERATUR ft. I. DRAW UNE A~B THROUGH GIVEN DRY AND WCT BULB TEMPERATURES. ITS INTERSECTION WITH THE IOOFT. VELOCITY CURVE GIVES 69.O0FOR THE EFFECTIVE TEMPERATURE OFTHE CONDITION. 2. FOLLOW LINE A-B TO THE RIGHT TO ITS INTERSECTION WITH THE O VELOCITY LINE4AND READ 70.4? FOR THE EFFECTIVE TEMPERATURE WITH STILL AIR. a THE COOUNC PRODUCED BY THE MOVEMENT OFTHE AIR IS 7O,4?-«*O°-I.4.° CFFCOTIVC TEMPERATURE. 4. FOLLOW LINE A-B TO THE LEFT UNTIL IT CROSSCS THE 6«° CFF. TCHP. LINC. INTERPOLATE VELOCITY VALUE OF 34O FT. PER MINnTO WHICH TMC MOVEMENT OF THC AIR MUSTBCINCRCASED FOR MAXIMUM COMFORT.

DRY BULB TEMPERATURE

THERMOMETRIC CHART*

FOR

HUMANBEINCSATREST âm NORMALLY CLOTHED

REFRIGERATING BRINES R. S. JESSUP Aqueous Solutions.—All data are based upon weight in vacuo. p = wt. % anhyd. salt, t — 0C, d — gram per milliliter, t\ = viscosity in centipoise, c = heat capacity under atmos. pressure. For other data see sections of I. C. T. on the properties of salt solutions. DENSITY AND SPECIFIC GRAVITY Conversion Factors l g ml"1 = 0.999973 g cm~ 3 = 0.036126 Ib. in.-3 = 62.426 Ib. ft.-3 = 8.34523 Ib. gal.-1 (U. S.) = 10.0221 Ib. gal.-1 (Brit.). SODIUM CHLORIDE, NAUL dj5 = sp. gr. = [(0.99707 + 0.0070033p + 14.059 X 10"V + 330.9 X 10-9p3) ± 0.005%] g ml-1. Range, 5-25% (3, *> 15, 20, 25).

l/dt = I/do (1 + aZ + to2 - c*3) ± 0.005 % (20) whose values check those of (14, 27, 29, 30). d\± < 0.01 % . p [ I -2O 0 CI -10°C| O0C I IQ0C I 2O0C | 3Q0C || aX IQ 4 JbX 106| cX IQ9 5 .038201.036591.034051.03074 1.06855.142521.750 6 .04590 1.04403 1.04131 1.03786 1.3380 4.7100 19.000 7 .05361 1.05150 1.04860 1.04503 1.5879 4.3162 16.547 8 .06133 1.05900 1.05594 1.05225 1.8235 3.9350 14.000 9 .06909 1.06654 1.06332 1.05951 2.0394 3.6062 12.047 10 .07686 1.07411 1.07074 1.06682 2.2409 3.3037 10.297 11 .08467 1.08173 1.07821 1.07417 2.4272 3.0362 8.875 12 .09251 1.08939 1.08572 1.08158 2.6001 2.7962 7.703 13 .100391.09709 .093291.089042.76132.5725 6.578 14 .108301.10483 .100901.096562.92602.2575 3.750 15 1.11945 .116261.11262 .108571.104133.06292.0937 3.297 16 1.12765 .124271.12047 .116301.111773.19361.9187 2.453 17 1.13588 .132321.12838 .124091.119463.31271.7725 1.922 18 1.14415 .140411.13634 .131931.127223.42531.6300 1.328 19 1.15246 .148571.14436 .139841.135043.52901.5100 1.000 20 1.16082 .156781.15244 .147821.142933.62371.4125 0.922 21 1.16923 .165051.16058 .155861.150893.71291.3187 0.797 22 1.17770 .173371.168801.163971.158913.79501.2375 0.750 23 1.190441.18622 .181761.177071.172151.167023.87171.1337 24 1.19480 .190221.185421.180401.175193.94251.0675 25 I 1.19874 1.19383 1.18873 1.18344 4.0090 1.0050

MAGNESIUM CHLORIDE, MoCL2 dl = sp. gr. = [(0.99987 + 0.008652p -f 16.26 X IO'6?2 + 487.7p3) X 10~9± 0.03%] g ml"1 (6). dt = (d0 -at - b*2) ± 0.05% (23.5). "p u -3QO ~5~|! 6 i 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 1.1995 22 1.2099 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

0° I 10° I 20° I 30° || aX106|bX10« 1.0436 1.0426 1.0404 1.0372 50 5.5 1.0525 1.0513 1.0491 1.0459 70 5.0 1.0614 1.0600 1.0577 1.0545 95 4.5 1.0704 1.0689 1.0665 1.0633 105 4.5 1.0794 1.0778 1.0753 1.0719 115 4.5 1.0885 1.0867 1.0842 1.0807 145 3.5 .0977 1.0958 1.0932 1.0899 155 3.5 1.1083 .1069 1.1049 1.1022 1.0989 172 3.1 1.1177 .1162 1.1141 1.1114 1.1081 180 3.0 1.1272 .1255 1.1233 1.1205 1.1173 197 2.6 1.1368 .1350 1.1327 1.1299 1.1266 205 2.5 1.1465 .1445 1.1421 1.1392 1.1360 222 2.1 1.1561 .1540 1.1515 1.1486 1.1453 230 2.0 1.1659 .1637 .1611 1.1582 1.1549 238 1.8 1.1758 .1735 .1709 1.1679 1.1647 247 1.6 1.1857 .1833 .1806 !!1776 1.1743 255 1.5 1.1956 .1932 .1905 1.1874 1.1840 258 1.6 1.2058 .2033 .2005 1.1974 1.1940 264 1.5 .2161 .2134 1.2105 1.2074 1.2041 280 1.0 .2263 .2236 1.2206 1.2175 1.2142 285 1.0 .2367 .2339 1.2310 1.2278 1.2245 288 0.8 .2473 1.2444 1.2413 1.2381 1.2347 298 0.8 .2578 1.2549 1.2518 1.2486 1.2452 298 0.8 1.2686 1.2656 1.2625 1.2592 1.2558 307 0.7 1.2794 1.2763 1.2731 1.2698 1.2664 315 0.5 1.2903 1.2872 1.2840 1.2807 1.2773 315 0.5

-20° I -10°

1.1677 1.1778 1.1878 1.1977 1.2080 1.2186 1.2289 1.2393 1.2500

CALCIUM CHLORIDE, CAÜL2 dl = sp. gr. = [(0.99987 + 0.0086417p + 29.17 X IQ-6P2 .+ 321.3 X 10~9p3) ± 0.03%] g ml-1 (6). dt = (d0 -at - bt2) ± 0.05% (23.5). p II -30° I -20° j 5 I 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 1.2046 22 1.2150 23 1.2260 24 1.2369 25 1.2481 26 .2634 1.2590 27 .2749 1.2703 28 .2868 1.2818 29 .2981 1.2930 30 .3098 1.3045

-10° I

0° I 1.0438 1.0528 1.0619 1.0710 1.0802 1.0895 1.0989 1.1083 1.1178 1.1274 1.1396 1.1371 1.1496 1.1469 1.1597 1.1568 1.1698 1.1667 1.1801 .1768 1.1904 .1869 .2010 .1972 .2114 .2075 .2221 .2180 .2328 .2285 .2437 .2392 .2545 .2499 .2656 .2608 .2768 .2718 .2879 .2828 .2993 .2940

10° I 20° I 30° || aX IQ6JbX ÏÔë 1.0425 1.0402 1.0369 80 5.0 1.0513 1.0489 1.0456 105 4.5 1.0602 1.0577 1.0544 130 4.0 1.0691 1.0664 1.0629 150 4.0 1.0781 1.0753 1.0718 175 3.5 .0872 .0843 1.0808 200 3.0 .0964 .0934 1.0899 225 2.5 .1056 .1025 1.0993 250 2.0 .1150 .1117 .1079 255 2.5 .1244 .1210 .1172 280 2.0 .1340 .1304 .1261 278 2.8 .1438 .1399 .1357 297 2.6 .1534 .1495 .1451 315 2.5 .1632 .1592 .1548 332 2.2 .1731 .1690 .1645 350 2.0 .1831 .1788 .1742 368 1.8 .1932 .1889 .1844 392 1.2 .2033 .1989 .1942 403 1.3 .2137 .2092 .2045 420 1.0 .2240 .2194 .2146 438 0.8 .2346 .2299 .2251 455 0.5 .2452 .2403 .2354 467 0.6 .2559 .2510 .2460 483 0.4 .2668 .2617 .2567 502 0.1 .2777 .2725 .2674 512 0.1 .2888 .2835 .2783 525 O

Refrigerating Brines Phase-Equilibrium Diagrams

MAGNESIUM CHLORIDE, MaCL2.—(Continued)

HEAT CAPACITY (SPECIFIC HEAT) Conversion Factors 1 joule g-1 per 0C =0.2389 g-cal,6 g"1 per 0C or BTU60 Ib.-1 per 0F = 2.778 X 10~7 kw-hr g"1 per 0C I joule cm~ 3 per 0C = 1.994 BTU60 gal.'1 per 0F (U. S.) = 2.394 BTU60 gal."1 per 0F (Brit.) SODIUM CHLORIDE, NACL C 20 = [0.6516 + (0.3475)(0.96285)?] cal« g'1 per [C20 + &(t - 20) - b(t - 2O)2] cal» g"1 per 0C (2) Joule per gram per 0C I 0° 10° 3.911 3.921 3.862 3.874 3.816 3.830 3.771 3.787 3.730 3.747 3.689 3.708 3.651 3.670 3.615 3.635 3.580 3.600 3.547 3.567 3.491 3.516 3.536 3.463 3.487 3:506 3.435 3.458 3.477 3.409 3.432 3.450 3.384 3.406 3.423 3.361 3.382 3.398 3.338 3.358 3.374 3.318 3.337 3.351 3.298 3.315 3.328 3.279 3.295 3.306 3.261 3.276 3.286 p = 23; c = 3.277 at -20°. -10°

5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23* 24 25 * For

± 0.1 % 20° I 3.931 3.886 3.843 3.801 3.761 3.723 3.686 3.650 3.615 3.583 3.551 3.520 3.491 3.463 3.435 3.409 3.384 3.359 3.336 3.313 3.292

I 30° 3.940 3.896 3.854 3.813 3.772 3.734 3.697 3.661 3.627 3.593 3.561 3.530 3.500 3.471 3.443 3.415 3.389 3.363 3.340 3.316 3.293

0

C; ct =

aX1

°4 2.3 2.6 2.8 3.0 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.1 3.0 2.8 2.7 2.5 2.3 2.0 1.8 1.5 1.5 1.2 0.9

bX1

°° O -1 -2 -3 -4 -5 -5 -5 -5 -6 -6 -6 -6 -6 -6 -6 -6 -6 -5 -5 -5

CALCIUM CHLORIDE, CACL2 C0 = [(1.0138 - 0.018091p + 197.34 X 10~6p2) + 0.002] ca!15 g-1 per 0C (10). 2 1 0 Ct = (c0 -f at + b* ) ± 0.002 calis g" per C. Joule per gram per 0C -40° I -30° I -20° I -IQQ I O- I 10°

* 8 9 10 II 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

2.745 2.716 2.662 2.687 2.653 2.674 2.641 2.657

C0 = [(1.0007O g-1 per 0C (23). P

5 6 7 8

-30° I

Joule per gram per 0C ^ -30° I -20° I -10° I 0° I 10° I 20° I 30° 3.633 3.649 3.662 3.679 3.7 3.574 3.591 3.607 3.624 4.1 3.515 3.536 3.553 3.573 4.5 3.440 3.461 3.482 3.503 3.520 4.8 3.386 3.407 3.428 3.448 3.474 5.2 3.327 3.352 3.373 3.398 3.419 5.5 3.273 3.297 3.323 3.348 3.369 5.8 3.197 3.222 3.248 3.273 3.297 3.323 6.0 3.147 3.172 3.197 3.222 3.248 3.277 6.2 3.093 3.122 3.147 3.172 3.202 3.227 6.3 3.047 3.076 3.101 3.126 3.155 3.181 6.4 2.976 3.001 3.030 3.055 3.084 3.109 3.139 6.5 2.930 2.955 2.984 3.009 3.038 3.063 3.093 6.5 ' 2.912 2.938 2.967 2.992 3.022 3.047 6.5 2.871 2.896 2.921 2.950 2.976 3.005 6.5 2.829 2.854 2.883 2.909 2.938 2.963 6.5 2.787 2.817 2.842 2.867 2.896 2.921 6.4 2.750 2.779 2.804 2.829 2.858 2.883 6.4 2.708 2.737 2.762 2.787 2.817 2.842 6.3 2.699 2.729 2.754 2.779 2.808 6.2 2.666 2.691 2.716 2.741 2.766 6.1 2.632 2.657 2.683 2.708 2.733 6.0

P

20° T^"

a

X

104bXlQ6

9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

VISCOSITY Data for low temperatures, very meager. The information available is expressed by the following equations and tables: (cf. I. C. T. sections on viscosity of H2O and salt solutions). NaCl, T7 = [(i)w + SLP -f bp2) ± 0.5%]. Range, 0-30° and 5-20% (18f 19» 32, 37).

CaCl2, log T7 = [(log r}w + ap + bp2) ± 3%]. Range 10-30°, 5-30% (37). For p = 30.89%, 97 = [(0.1392 + 0.0048IsJ + 47.2? X 10~6£2) ± 5-10%?]. Range, -50 to 30° (39). MgCl2, 7725° = 0.895 + 0.0339p + 900 X l(T6p2 + 82.14 X 10~ 6 p*. Range 0-22%. Precision ±0.5%. Accuracy ? (l*> 41). I

CaCl2

I 0°

aXlO 3 = bXlO 3 = CX106= T7 =

I

5°

I

10°

I

15°

I

20°

I

25°

I

30°

113.94 54.61 O -47.69 -95.83 6.0996 6.4427 6.8451 7.0553 7.6747 380.50 381.31 375.85 370.27 352.68 17 17 3.113( ) 2.729( ) 2.412(17)

3.691 3.712 3.733 3.754 5.0 O 21.56% 3.628 3.649 3.670 3.691 5.0 O 3.570 3.591 3.612 3.633 5.2 O NaCl aXlO 3 = 4.90 9.20 10.65 10.90 10.70 10.20 9.75 3.511 3.532 3.553 3.578 5.4 O bXlO 3 = 1.9301.410 1.125 0.930 0.790 0.690 0.605 3.453 3.478 3.500 3.524 5.5 O 3.398 3.423 3.444 3.469 5.7 O 0% 77«,= 1.7941.519 1.310 1.145 1.009 0.895 0.800 3.344 3.369 3.393 3.419 5.9 O 2Q% 77= 2.6632.269 1.973 1.733 1.538 1.376 1.240 3.294 3.319 3.344 3.369 6.0 O 3.214 3.243 3.268 3.294 3.315 6.8 -4 3.164 3.193 3.222 3.243 3.264 6.9 -4 LITERATURE 3.118 3.147 3.176 3.197 3.218 7.0 -4 3.072 3.101 3.130 3.155 3.176 7.1 -4 (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) 3.026 3.059 3.089 3.114 3.135 7.1 -4 (M Barnes and Scott, SO1 2: 536; 98. (2) Barott and Taylor, U. S. Bur. 2.984 3.017 3.047 3.068 3.093 7.2 -4 Standards, O. ( 3 ) Baxter and Wallace, 1, 38: 70; 16. (4) Bousfield and 2.909 2.946 2.976 3.005 3.030 3.051 7.3 -4 Bousfield, 5, 103: 429; 23. (5) Buchanan, 174, 49: 1; 12. (6) Charpy, 6, 2.871 2.904 2.938 2.967 2.992 3.017 7.4 -4 29: 5; 93. (7) Cheveneau, 6, 12: 267; 07. (*) de Coppet, 6, 25: 511; 72. 2.837 2.871 2.900 2.930 2.955 2.980 7.2 -3 30: 411; 83. (») Despretz, 34, 5: 19; 37. 2.804 2.837 2.867 2.896 2.921 2.946 7.0 -2 ( 1 O) Dickinson, Mueller and George, 81A1 6: 379; 09. (U) Drecker, 8, 34: 2.775 2.804 2.833 2.858 2.888 2.912 6.7 -1 952; 88. (12) Erman, 8, 101: 577; 57. (13) Guthrie, 3, 1: 354; 76. (14) 2.745 2.775 2.800 2.829 2.854 2.883 6.6 O Haigh, I1 34: 1137; 12. O 5 ) Hall, 128, 14: 167; 24. ("..) Hammerl, 75, 2.716 2.745 2.770 2.800 2.825 2.854 6.'5 O 78: 59; 78. (") Herschel, U. S. Bur. Standards, O. («) Herz, 93, 89: 2.695 2.716 2.741 2.770 2.796 2.825 6.0 2 393; 14. (i») Hosking, 3, 49: 274; 00. 2.670 2.691 2.716 2.741 2.766 2.796 5.7 3 (20) Jessup, Peffer and Taylor, U. S. Bur. Standards, O. ( 21 ) Jones and Chambers, 11, 23: 89; 00. (22) jOnes and Getman, 11, 27: 430; 02. (23) MAGNESIUM CHLORIDE, MoCL2 Koch, 148, 29: 37; 22. (23.5) idem., 31: 105; 24. (24) Loomis, 8, 51: 500; 6 2 - 0.016746p + 144.9 X 10~ p ) ± 1%] ca!15 94. (25) Kohlrausch and Hall wachs, 8, 53: 14; 94. ( 26 ) Kohlrausch, 8, 1 0 6: 1; 79. (27) Marignac, 149, 39: 273; 70. 13, 8: 364; 70 (Suppl.). (28) Ct = fa + ap cal» g" per C (23). Möller, 8, 117: 386; 62. (29) Nicol, 3, 23: 385; 87. Joule per gram per 0C (30) Ostwald, 8, 2: 429; 77. (31) Poggiale, 6, 8: 463; 43. (32) Pulvermacher, aXl 4 -20° I -10° I 0° 10° I 20° I 30° ° 98, 113: 141; 20. (33) Rodebush, l, 40: 1204; 18. (34) Rüdorff, g, 114: 3.879 3.888 3.896 3.905 1.9 63; 61. (38) Schiff, 13, 108: 325: 58. (36) Simeon, S1 27: 95; 14. (37) 3.817 3.825 3.838 3.846 2.4 Sprung, 8, 159: 1; 76. (38) Tschernaj, 03, 20: 430,486; 88. 21: 73,176; 89. 3.754 3.767 3.779 3.787 2.8 (39) Tucker, 67, 25: 111; 13. 3.691 3.704 3.720 3.733 3.3 (40) van't Hoff and Meyerhoffer, 7, 27: 75; 98. ( 4 l ) Wagner, 7, 5: 31; 90.

SIEVES AND SCREENS LEWIS V. JUDSON CONTENTS Woven sieves. Tolerances for U. S. Standard sieves.

MATIÈRES Tamis tissés. Tolérances pour les tamis standards des États Unis.

Pharmaceutical sieves. Bolting cloth. Sieves for sand, cement, pebbles, etc. Gages for broken stone, slag, etc.

Tamis pharmaceutiques. Étamines. Tamis pour sable, ciment, cailloux, etc. Jauges pour pierres cassées, scories, etc.

INTRODUCTION The accuracy of woven metal sieves is often very high. An idea of the accuracy which may reasonably be expected in precision testing sieves may be obtained from the data in Table 2. For many purposes, such a narrow tolerance is not necessary and should not be required. An abnormally wide separation between two adjacent parallel wires may cause a serious error, especially in sieves with narrow openings. In bolting cloth, the diameters of the threads and the widths of the openings vary, not only from brand to brand, but even from bolt to bolt of the same brand. When accuracy is required, it is necessary to select particular portions of selected bolts of the cloth. Sieves are commonly designated either by the mesh per unit of length, or by the mesh per unit of area. Several different units of length (and of area) are employed. For U. S. A. grain sieves, see following publications of the U. S. Department of Agriculture: Handbook of Official Grain Standards for Wheat, Shelled Corn, Oats, and Rye (U. S. G. S. A. Form No. 90); Handbook of United States Grades for Grain Sorghum (U. S. G. S. A.-GI-Form No. 142); United States Grades for Milled Rice (Dept. Agriculture Circular 291); Proposed Revision of United States Grades for Rough Rice (Mimeograph

INTRODUCTION La précision des tamis métalliques tissés est souvent très grande. On peut se faire une idée de la précision qui peut être raisonablement attendue des tamis pour essais de précision, en consultant les données de la Table 2. Pour beaucoup de buts, une tolérance aussi étroite n'est pas nécessaire et ne doit pas être exigée. Une séparation anormalement large entre deux fils adjacents parallèles peut occasionner une sérieuse erreur spécialement dans les tamis à réseaux fins. Dans les étamines, les diamètres des fils et la largeur des ouvertures varient, non seulement de marques à marques, mais aussi souvent d'étamines à étamines de la même marque. Lorsqu'on exige de la précision, il est nécessaire de choisir des portions particulières d'étamines choisies. Les tamis sont communément désignés ou par le nombre de mailles par unité de longueur, ou par le nombre de mailles par unité de surface. On emploie plusieurs unités de longueur (et de surface) différentes. Pour les tamis de grains des États Unis, voir les publications suivantes du Département d'Agriculture des États Unis: Handbook of Official Grain Standards for Wheat, Shelled Corn, Oats, and Rye (U. S. G. S. A. Form No. 90) Handbook of United States Grades for Grain Sorghum (U. S. G. S. A.-Form No. 142); United States Grades for Milled Rice (Dept. Agriculture Circular 291) Proposed Revision of United States Grades for Rough Rice (Mimeograph U. S. G. S. A.-GI-No. 26).

u. s. G. s. A.-GI-NO. 26).

INHALTSVERZEICHNIS Gewebte Siebe. Tolerierung für die Standard Siebe der Vereinigten Staaten. Pharmazeutische Siebe. Siebtücher. Siebe für Sand, Zement, Kiesel, etc. Abmessung für Bruchsteine, Schlag, etc. EINLEITUNG Gewebte Metallsiebe haben häufig einen hohen Grad von Genauigkeit. Eine Vorstellung davon, wieweit sich diese bei der Präzision der Prüfung treiben lässt, erhält man aus den Angaben der Tafel 2. Für viele Zwecke ist eine so kleine Toleranz nicht notwendig und soll auch nicht gefordert werden. Eine abnormal grosse Entfernung zwischen zwei benachbarten parallelen Drähten, kann Ursache grösserer Fehler werden, besonders bei Sieben mit engen Öffnungen. Bei Siebtüchern ändert sich der Durchmesser der Fäden und die Öffnungsweite nicht nur von Marke zu Marke, sondern sogar in den Tüchern derselben Marke. Ist hier Genauigkeit gefordert, so ist es notwendig, gewisse Teile der gewählten Tücher auszusondern. Siebe sind im allgemeinen entweder durch die Zahl der Maschen pro Längen- oder pro Flächeneinheit gekennzeichnet. Es sind einige verschiedene Längenund Flächenmasse üblich. Für die Siebe (Korn, etc.) der Vereinigten Staaten siehe die folgenden Abhandlungen des U. S. Department of Agriculture: Handbook of Official Grain Standards for Wheat, Shelled Corn, Oats, and Rye (U. S. G. S. A. Form No. 90) (Korn Standard); Handbook of United States Grades for Grain Sorghum (U. S. G. S. A.-GINo. 142) (Sandzucker); United States Grades for Milled Rice (Dept. Agriculture Circular 291) (Mühlen Reis); Proposed Revision of United States Grades for Rough Rice (Mimeograph

u. s. G. s. A.-GI-NO. 26).

INDICE PAGE Stacci tessuti 330 Tolleranze per gli stacci tipo degli S. U 331 Stacci farmaceutici 331 Tele da buratti 332 Stacci per sabbia, cemento, 332 ciottoli, ecc Misure per pietrame, scorie, ecc 333 INTRODUZIONE Gli stacci di tessuto metallico hanno spesso un alto grado di esattezza. Una idea della approssimazione che può ragionevolmente attendersi con stacci per saggi di precisione, può dedursi dai dati della Tabella 2. Per molti scopi una tolleranza così stretta non è necessaria, e non potrebbe pretendersi. Una distanza anormalmente grande fra due fili paralleli adiacenti può essere causa di gravi errori, specialmente negli stacci a fori piccoli. Nelle tele da buratti, il diametro dei fili e l'ampiezza dei fori variano non solo da marca a marca, ma anche nei tessuti di una stessa marca. Se si richiede grande esattezza è necessario scegliere particolari porzioni di tessuti scelti. Gli stacci sono in genere designati in base al numero di maglie per unità di lunghezza o di superficie. Le unità adoperate sono differenti. Per gli stacci da granaglie degli S. U. A- vedi le pubblicazioni seguenti del U. S. Department of Agriculture: Handbook °f Official Grain Standards for Wheat, Shelled Corn, Oats, and Rye (U. S. G. S. A. Form No. 90); Handbook of United States Grades for Grain Sorghum (U. S. G. S. A.-GI-Form No. 142); United States Grades for Milled Rice (Dept. Agriculture Circular 291); Proposed Revision of United States Grades for Rough Rice (Mimeograph U. S.

G. s. A.-GI-NO. 26).

TABLE 1.—SERIES OF WOVEN SIEVES For pharmaceutical sieves, see Table 3 D — diameter of wire (mm) ; O = width of opening (mm). Sieve designation0

N

d

Tyler". Standard screen scale

U. S. Standard*

D

I

O

I

o *26.67 22.43 *18.85 15.85 *13.33 11.20 * 9.423 7.925 * 6.680 5.613 * 4.699 3.962 * 3.327 2.794 * 2.362 1.981 * 1.651

I

Howard0"» e and Morse sieve series (old)

Newark«"» e "Market Grade" testing sieves

o

o

I Great Britain I Institute«*» / Mining and SuterMetallurgy; Strehler? Standard sieve series screens O O

France Weiller

Franck

and Cie.

and Cie.

Designated by number of meshes per 27.777 mm; cf. preceding column. Sieves of the same designation are woven with wires of various sizes, and O varies accordingly: for example, the catalogue lists No. 20 sieve in 14 different sizes of wire.

United States of America

Switz erland Market*1 Grade testing sieve cloth O

Designated by number of meshes per 27 mm; for approximate size of openings, see following column.

2 12 12.1 9.5 21 9.5 7.8 3 8.1 3e 4 1.27 4.76 5.8 5.11 5.94 1.12 4.00 5 4.5 2.540 4.66 1.02 3.36 3.7 6 3.33 3.83 0.92 2.83 7 3.2 3.27 0.84 2.38 8 1.574 2.7 2.43 2.77 9 2.4 0.76 2.00 10 2.1 1.270 1.86 2.18 11 1.9 12 1.397 1.75 0.69 1.68 1.056 1.49 1.81 1.45 0,61 1.41 14 * 1.168 1.54 1.23 15 1.35 1.30 0.54 1.19 0.991 16 0.792 1.34 1.07 0.48 1.00 18 1.10 1.14 0.93 0.42 O . 84 0.95 * 0.833 0.864 0.635 20 1.03 0.85 0.87 22e 24 0.701 0.71 0.76 0.37 0.71 25 0.75 0.66 27e 28 * 0.589 0.62 0.516 0.421 30 O . 33 O . 59 0.54 0.65 32 0.495 0.53 0.29 0.50 35 * 0.417 0.44 0.55 0.47 0.25 0.42 0.381 40 0.317 0.38 0.494 42 0.351 0.22 0.35 45 48 * 0.295 0.254 50 0.279 0.188 0.297 0.28 0.376 0.246 0.211 60 0.234 0.162 0.250 0.23 0.30 * 0.208 65 0.180 70 0.140 0.210 0.20 0.185 0.26 0.175 80 0.174 0.157 0.119 0.177 0.173 0.227 0.139 90 0.155 0.209 0.155 * 0.147 0.142 0.127 0.102 0.149 100 0.178 0.140 0.127 110 0.130 0.124 115 0.107 0.117 0.117 120 0.151 0.086 0.125 0.104 0.109 0.134 130 0.100 0.107 140 0.128 0.074 0.105 * 0.104 0.084 0.091 0.104 150 0.125 0.088 0.097 160 0.088 0.083 0.089 170 0.088 0.063 0.079 0.084 0.094 180 0.079 0.079 190 * 0.074 0.071 0.074 0.063 0.089 200 0.053 0.074 0.065 0.046 0.062 230 0.061 0.061 250 0.053 0.053 0.053 0.041 270 0.046 300 0.043 0.043 0.036 0.044 325 a Sieve designation is number of meshes per linear unit. For U. S. and Great Britain the unit is the inch ( = 25.4 mm), excepting for the U. S. Standard, for which the unit varies slightly but always approximates closely to the inch; for the Suter-Strehler series it is 27.8 mm: and for Switzerland it is 27 mm. b Specifications require a frame 8 in. in diameter (3 in. for paint pigments), and either 5 cm or 2.5 cm high (above cloth). For tolerances, see Table 2. This series has been tentatively adopted, as standard, by the American Society for Testing Materials, using a preferred designation of width of opening in microns. Sieves of this series now used by most A. S. T. M. committees, and specifications requiring other series, are in process of revision. «Widths of openings in successive sieves are related as 1 to -^2 ( = 1.189): those starred (*), as 1 to \/2( = 1.414). The scale is based upon the No. 200 sieve with openings 0.0029 in. wide. Successive sieves finer than No. 4 nominally correspond, within limits of tolerance, with successive sieves of the U. S. Standard series, but there are notable differences in the designations of the two series. rf D -f- O = 25A/N. « U. S, Standard is now regular with Howard and Morse, Inc., but the Old Howard and Morse Standard is obtainable. / This series is the standard of British Engineering Standards Committee. 9 D + O = 27.8/N. * D + O = 27/N.

TABLE 2.—TOLERANCES FOR U. S. STANDARD SIEVES* D - diameter of wire; O = width of opening; min. = minimum; max. = maximum; av. = average. Unit: 1% of specified value. ~

O

sieves

; I

Av. ±3 ±5 ±6

4 to 18 20to 45 50 to 120

I

— Max. ÏO 25 40

— Mm. ^15 -15 -15

Day.

; |

TABLE 2.—TOLERANCES FOR U. S. STANDARD SIEVES. *—(Continued] D = diameter of wire; O = width of opening; min. = minimum; max. = maximum; av. — average. Unit: 1 % of specified value. I(S]P VgS

— Max. +30 +30 +35

I

O

Av. ±8 ±8

140 to 2ÖÖ 230 to 325

I

Max. 60 90

I

A.V.

Min. ^Ts -15

•

Max. +35 +35

|

* See Table 1. Example: For sieve No. 30 of U. S. Standard, the average diameter of the wire must be not more than 15 % smaller or 30 % greater than 0.33 mm (Table 1); the width of the average opening must not differ from 0.59 mm by more than ±5 % ( = ±0.01 mm), and the width of the largest opening must not exceed 0.59 mm by more than 25 % ( = 0.15 mm).

5

I

8

II

II III

*

III

25

IV

*

0.75

4

IV 40

V

* V *

*

0.30

60

VI

70

VII

80

VIII

V

37 40 45

5 100

IX

120

X

*

U. S. A. •

No. 10

Switzerland 3

Norway

1

2

III

2 3

2 3

3

4

4

IV

*

4

IV *

5

No. 20

6

No. 30

V 5 V

II

5

VI

*

6

* 6

140

*

III

}« 0.15

7

I

No. 40 J VI

*

1 VII«

XI

VI

6

70 Grading5

Netherlands3-

1

Table 1

16

Commercial sieves not specifically designated

IV

II

*

1.5

51 52

Mexico

Japan

Italy2

Hungary

I

*

II III *

S

Great Britain

Germany

Finland

*

Selected from U. S. Standard.

*

5 6

15 18 20 22 25 26 27 30 32

Sweden6

*

9 10

IV

1 I

4 3 2

Denmark

I

2 3

Old1 New

Russia

8 6 5

Belgium

France Austria

Width (mm)

4

Meshes per cm

TABLE 3. — PHARMACEUTICAL SIEVES In the body of the table are indicated the sieves composing a complete set, and the customary designations of the several sieves : * indicates that the sieve is designated by the number of meshes per cm as given in first column (Italy is an exception: see note). " Width" = width of opening.

7 a

b

c

a

d

d

e

h

a

a

1 Numbers in this column are the number of meshes per "pouce" ( = 2.7 cm), and are the 2 Sieves designated by number of openings per cm2 = square of number of meshes per cm. 3 Also sieves with round holes; diameters, 1.5 mm, 3 mm, and 5 mm. 4

c

d

d

f

g

d

i

customary commercial designations of the sieves.

Manufacturers commonly designate sieves by meshes per 26 mm. Material which passes a sieve of 9 or 10 meshes per cm is considered a "powder," and powders are graded, depending upon the country, in accordance with one of the following systems: (a) Coarse, fine, very fine; (o) "farines," medium fine, fine, very fine; (c) coarse, medium, fine; (d) coarse, medium fine, fine, very fine; (e) coarse, medium fine, fine; (/) coarse, -medium, fine, very fine; (g) coarse, medium coarse, medium fine, fine; (h) 20 to 30 mesh = coarse powder, 40 to 60 = powder, 80 to 120 = fine powder; (t) No. 12 = very coarse, No. 20 = coarse, No. 40 = moderately coarse, No. 50 = moderately fine; No. 60 = fine, No. 80 = very fine; No. 6, No. 30, and No. 100 also used, e Silk sieves. 5

18 23 28 38 48 54 58 62 66 74 82 86 97 109 116

18 23 29 38 48 54 58 62 66 74 82 86 97 109 116

France

Designated by number of meshes per pouce ( = 27 mm)

No. 0000 000 OO O 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

TABLE 4. — BOLTING CLOTH. — (Continued) Switzerland,* mesh per linear Designation inch ( = 25.4 mm) France Bodmer | Wydler 12 124 125 13 130 129 14 139 140 15 148 149 16 157 157 17 165 163 18 170 166 19 175 169 20 180 175 21 185 185 25 200 197

Designated by number of meshes per pouce (=27 mm)

Designation

TABLE 4. — BOLTING CLOTH Switzerland, * mesh per linear inch ( = 25.4 mm) Bodmer | Wydler

* The "quality" of the cloth is determined by the coarseness of the thread used. The figures given apply to the Standard, the Extra (X), and the Double Extra (XX) qualities. For the Triple Extra Heavy (XXX) quality the number of meshes per inch is in each case one less than the number given in the table. Diameter of threads is not specified. Grit gauze is designated by number of meshes per inch ( = 25.4 mm) and is obtainable from No. 14 to No. 86.

TABLE 5.—WOVEN SIEVES FOR SPECIAL PURPOSES (METRIC DESIGNATION) Sand and cement sieves, except as indicated for pharmaceutical sieves, see Table 3 In the body of the table are given the widths of the openings (O) in mm. If D = diameter of wire (mm) and JV = number of meshes per cm, D = 10/N — O. Sieves are woven, except as noted. * indicates that neither D nor O is specified. Meshes per cm 2 Meshes per cm = N = Austria Argentina Belgium Brazil China Denmark Finland France Germany Germany (for coal dust, etc.)fc Great Britain Hungary Italy Japan Mexico Netherlands Norway Portugal Rumania Russia Spain Sweden Switzerland United States of America Uraguay a

64 8

Ï44 12

225 324 9ÖÖ 2500 4900 5000 6400 15 18 30 50 70 70.71 80 Millimeters 0.85 0.53 0.23 0.09 0.18 0.09 0.85 0.53 0.18 * British sieves used to some extent. See Table 6 0.222 0.13 0.09 * * 0.36 0.18 0.09 ft 0.222 Designation is N] O = 6/N; D = 4/N See Table 6 0.85 0.53 0.23 0.09 0.18 0.09 0.85 0.53 0.47 0.23 See Table 6 0.23 0.09 0.23 0.09 * * * * 0.85 0.53 0.47 0.23 0.09 0.36 0.18 0.09 0.222 0.85 0.53 0.23 0.09 See Table 6 1 * *

b c

>

d

*

/ o * ». »' >

Also copper plates with round holes 1.5 mm and 1.0 mm in diameter. Also, for cement sand, plate 0.25 mm thick with round holes 1.350 mm and 0.775 mm in diameter. For sand and pebbles, plates with round holes 60, 30, 15, 10, 5, 2, and 0.5 mm in diameter. d Also plates with round holes 2, 1.5, 1, and 0.5 mm in diameter. For other woven sieves see Table 1. « Commercial designations recognized: meshes per inch (25.4 mm), meshes per old French inch ( = pouce = 27 mm), meshes per Rhenish in. ( = Zoll = 26.15 mm) and meshes per cm, as well as meshes per cm2. t Sieves commonly designated by meshes per inch of 26 mm. o French sieves are used in flour industry: British sieves, in mining industry. h Sieves in common use are designated by meshes per linear inch, meshes per linear verchoc (44.45 mm), and meshes per cm2. *' Tidbeck sieves are designated by meshes per inch of 25 mm. > For other woven sieves, see Tables 1, 3, 4. For Grit Gauze see Table 4, footnote. k Tolerance in mean value of O = ±5 %; max. deviation for N = 1 to 7 is ±10 %, 8 to 20 is ±20 %; 20 to 100 is ±30 %. Tolerance in mean value of D for AT" = 1 to 4 is ±3 %, 5 to 70 is ±4 %, 80 to 100 is ±5 %; max. deviation for same limits of N are ±6 %, ±8 %, ±10 %, respectively. Series consists of N — 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 11, 12, 14, 16, 20, 24, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 100. 0

c

TABLE 6.—WOVEN WIRE SIEVES FOR SPECIAL PURPOSES* (!NCH DESIGNATION) American and British; for pharmaceutical sieves, see Table 3 D = diameter of wire; oD = amount by which the average D of all the wires in one direction may depart ( ± ) from value specified for D: On = allowable variation ( ±) in n per whole cm; max. [min.] = maximum [minimum] allowable value; N = approximate number of meshes per in.; n = number of meshes per cm; O = width of opening; S = specified value.

Canada§

Mexico§

0

0

0.85 0.85 0.57 0.57

0.14

Great Britain 1 1 —

O S

0.85 0.57

I n — L— — j Max. Mm. Max. |

S

D§ . . Mm. | Ayr Max.

1.02 0.69

7.5 11.4

8.3 12.2

0.42 0.27

0.41 0.27

0.43 0.28

0.224 0.28

29.1

30.7

0.112 0.107 0.117

0.14 0.097 0.127 69.3

72.4

O

n

2TÖÖ 0.85 0.50 0.36 0.29

3.90.040.56 8 0.2 0.40 12 0.4 0.33 16 0.6 0.26 20 0.8 0.21

0.17 0.14

31 1 39 1

0.046 0.041 0.051

10.074[0.074[0.066

D

on

0.074 79 3

Aggreg. til U.S. Stone** G. B.

U.S.J5 0

Sand and fine highway material (cement concrete excepted). U. S. A. J

Sieve designation]

Sieve designation t

N 10 20 30 40 50 76 80 100 180 200

Unit of O1 D = 1 mm

Unit of O, D, OD = 1 mm Cement and sand

OD

O

0.05 0.015 0.012 0.010 0.010

76.0 50.8 38.0 25.4 19.0 12.7 9.5 6.4 3.2 1.6

3 2 If 1 f J 0.15 0.008 f 0.1160.008 i J 0.053|0.005 A

D

D

6.3 4.88 4.50 4.12 3.7 3.42 3.7 3.0 2.33 2.6 2.3 1.8 1.4

* Sieves selected from the series given in Table 1 are not separately considered here. 1 Designation is meshes per inch, or meshes per inch 2 in the form " 10 X 10," etc. J Sieves specified by American Society for Testing Materials; also wire sieves of 400 meshes per cm 2 are specified for certain chemical analyses of metals; for coke, sieves with openings, 2.5, 1.75, 1.25, 0.75, and 0.5 in. wide are used. See also Table 1. § D + O = 25A/N. 11 Designation is width of opening in inches; British use the form 3 X 3 , etc. TT Concrete aggregates. Tolerance: average opening, ±3 %; max. O, ±10 %; Z), ±10 %. ** Stone chippings. For broken stone, see Table 7. tt British Engineering Standards Committee's sieves. Frames 203.20 mm square, at least 69.85 cm deep; cloth woven (not twilled).

TABLE 7.—GAGES FOB BROKEN STONE AND SLAG, ETC. American and British U. S. A.*

u

Diameter

Diameter

Diameter

in. I mm 4 101.6 3.5 88.9 3 76.2 2.5 63.5

in. I mm 2 50.8 1.5 38.1 1.25 31.8 1 25.4

in. I mm 0.75 19.0 0.5 12.7 0.25 6.4

Great Britainf Size Diamof eter of stone hole mm 3-in. 76.2 2.5-in. 63.5 2-in. 50.8 1.5-in. 38.1

* Round holes, specified by their diameters in inches. For sizing gypsum rings 76, 38, and 25 mm in diameter are used. t Gages are of sheet metal at least 5 mm thick and contain both circular holes and slots.

SACCHARIMETRY, THE PROPERTIES OF COMMERCIAL SUGARS AND THEIR SOLUTIONS

FREDERICK BATES, F. P. PHELPS, C. F. SNTDER CONTENTS Introduction Saccharimetric methods and standards. Specific rotatory power, definition. Saccharimetric n o r m a l weights. Mutarotation. International sugar scale. Standardization. Conversion factors. Quartz control plates. Optical rotation for different wave lengths. Comparison with sucrose solutions. Properties.—Under each sugar the various properties of the sugar and its solutions are given in the following order: optical rotation, refractive index, density, solubility, mutarotation, hydrolysis and decomposition.

MATIÈRES Introduction Méthodes saccharimétriques et standards. Pouvoir rotatoire spécifique, définition. Poids normaux saccharimétriques. Mutarotation. E c h e l l e saccharimétrique internationale. Standardisation. Facteurs de conversion. Plaques de quartz pour le contrôle. Rotation optique pour différentes longueurs d'onde. Comparaison avec des solutions de saccharose. Propriétés.—Sous c h a q u e sucre on trouvera les propriétés variées du sucre et de ses solutions disposées dans l'ordre suivant: rotation optique, indice de réfraction, densité, solubilité, mutarotation, hydrolyse et décomposition.

INHALTSVERZEICHNIS Einleitung Saccharimetrische Methoden und Standards. Spezifisches Drehungsvermögen, Definition. Normalgewichte der Saccharimetrie. Multirotation. Internationale Zuckerskale. Normalisierung. Umrechnungsfaktoren. Quarz-Kontroll Platten. Rotation für verschiedene Wellenlängen. Vergleich mit SaccharoseLösungen. Eigenschaften.—Unter jedem Zucker werden die verschiedenen Eigenschaften und die seiner Lösungen in folgender Ordung angegeben : Rotation, Refraktions-index, Dichte, Löslichkeit, Multirotation, Hydrolyse und Zersetzung.

PAGE

336 345 346

C6Hi2O6, dextrose 347 C6H12O6, lévulose 349 C6Hi2O6, invert sugar . . . . 350

C6Hi2O6, mannose C6Hi2O6, galactose C5Hi0Oo, arabinose

Systems containing more than one sugar Solubilities in mixtures. Solutions of invert sugar.

Systèmes contenant plus d'un sucre

Systeme mit mehr als einem Zucker

Clerget analysis for sucrose.

Analyse Clerget pour le saccharose. Pouvoirs réducteurs dans les mélanges. Rotations optiques et points de fusion des dérivés des sucres

Reducing powers in mixtures. Optical rotations and melting points of sugar derivatives

Solubilités dans les mélanges. Solutions de sucre interverti.

INTRODUCTION Saccharimetric Methods and Standards Specific Rotation. — The specific rotation [a] of any substance in the dissolved state is represented and defined by the equation ô a a Wx ~ 1C ~ lpd where t designates the temperature of measurement, X is a character used to identify the wave length of the light source used, a is the observed rotation in circ. deg., I the length of the solution in dm, C its concentration in g per ml at t°y p its concentration in wt. %, and d its density in g/ml at t°. [a] varies with X, and to a less extent with t and C (or p). Wherever possible the values of the specific rotations of the more important sugars are given at

Standardizzazione.... Fattori di conversione. Lastre di controllo di quarzo Rotazione ottica per diverse lunghezze di onda

350 351 351

Löslichkeit in Mischungen. Lösungen von Invertzucker. Analyse nach Clerget. in Reduktionsvermögen Mischungen. Rotation und Schmelzpunkte von Zuckerderivaten

335 336 336 336

Confronto con soluzioni di saccarosio. . 336 Proprietà.—Per ogni zucchero, le sue proprietà e quelle delle soluzioni sono riportate nell'ordine seguente : rotazione ottica, indice di rifrazione, densità, solubilità, mutarotazione idrolisi e scomposizione.

PAGE

PAGE

Ci2H22On, sucrose Ci2H22On, lactose Ci 2 H 22 On, maltose

INDICE Introduzione PAGE Metodi saccarimetrici e standards 334 Potere rotatorio specifico, definizione 334 Pesi normali saccarimetrici 335 Mutarotazione 335 Scala internazionale . . . . 335

PAGE

C5Hi0O5, xylose Ci8H32Oi6, raffinose

352 352

Sistemi con più diu uno zucchero 352 Solubilità in miscugli.. . Soluzioni di zucchero invertito Analisi Clerget per il saccarosio Potere riducente in miscugli Rotazioni ottiche e punti di fusione di derivati dello zucchero

352 352 353 353 353

definite intervals of concentration, [a] for all intermediate concentrations may be found by interpolation. Saccharimetric Method. —Since monochromatic light sources are difficult to obtain, it is frequently more convenient to use a whitelight source and a quartz-wedge saccharimeter. This saccharimeter is particularly applicable to the sugar group because the rotatory dispersions of quartz and the common sugars are very similar. The conditions for accurate observing are improved if the violet end of the spectrum is absorbed by the potassium bichromate cell. The Saccharimetric scale is defined by the rotation of sucrose, its hundred point being the rotation of 26 g (in air, d = 0.0012, brass weights) in 100 ml of solution. Therefore in order to determine a sugar having a different rotatory power, the weight used must be adjusted to the sucro'se scale, i.e., the sac-

charimetric normal weight of the sugar in question is that weight which, dissolved in 100 ml of solution, will give a rotation of 100° on the sucrose scale. To compute this weight use, whenever the data are available, the results of direct determinations of the values of the rotations on the sucrose scale. In the case of the first four sugars of the following table, determinations have been made of the relation between the rotation in sucrose deg. (0S) and circ. deg. of sodium light for the same solution. If this relation is known, the saccharimetric normal weight for the saccharimeter can be computed from the known specific rotation. In the case of many sugars no direct determinations of the relative values of the sugar deg. and circ. deg. are available, and in these instances the saccharimetric normal weight must be computed from the relative specific rotations of sucrose and of the sugar in question on the assumption that the rotation dispersion of all the sugars is the same as that of sucrose, which is not strictly true. Saccharimetric normal weights so computed must therefore be considered only as the nearest approximation at present available. The computation depends upon the assumption that the saccharimetric normal weights of the sugars vary inversely as their specific rotations. SACCHARIMETRIC NORMAL WEIGHTS, WN In air, d = 0.0012, brass weights Sugar Dextrose Lactose Maltose Raffinose (5H2O) Lévulose Invert sugar

I

I0S= 0.3448 .3452 .3449 .3450 cale. cale.

I

WN 32.24s 32.85? 12.474 10.50? 18.592 86.45o

Thus in the determination of these sugars it is merely necessary to weigh out the appropriate normal weight of the sugar and proceed exactly as in the analysis of sucrose. The specific rotation is in general not exactly proportional to the concentration of the sugar, and for accurate work a correction should be applied for readings which vary much from the 100° point. Many experimenters advise using a variable saccharimetric normal weight according to the concentration of the sugar taken, but this requires a previous knowledge of the quantity of sugar present or a preliminary assay of the material. It is more convenient to use a uniform saccharimetric normal weight and to apply a correction for the various parts of the sugar scale. Mutarotation.—In a very large class of sugars a considerable lapse of time is required for the dissolved sugar to exhibit a stable rotatory power. The rotation of the freshly prepared solution in general steadily changes according to the laws of unimolecular reactions, to a steady state, where no further change occurs. This phenomenon is called "mutarotation." The specific rotation of the sugar is commonly expressed in terms of this equilibrium condition. Mutarotation has been satisfactorily explained by the discovery of two modifications of each of the sugars in which the phenomenon exists. These two modifications have been designated the a- and /3-forms. When the sugar crystallizes, but one of these forms separates from solution, usually on account of a considerable difference in solubility, and, consequently, when a fresh solution is prepared the rotatory power of this form is exhibited. The most plausible explanation of the isomerism of the a- and /3-forms is connected with the end carbon atom which is capable of changing its relation to the rest of the molecule. For example, in the case of dextrose the mutarotation reaction is regarded as a balanced reaction between the two forms:—

H OH \ C/ HCOH

OH H V C I

1

HCOH I

HOCH

l

HOCH

HC

1

HC

HCOH

HCOH

CH2OH

CH2OH

a-d-Glucose Mb0 = 113.4°

/M-Glucose MD = +19.0°

The steady state is, under this hypothesis, a state in which the reaction velocities a —> ß and ß —* a are equal. As the change of one form into the other obeys the laws of mass action and appears to be a unimolecular reaction, the mutarotation constant is expressed by the formula T

r

7 I 7 ! 1 ° ~ 0° ki+k.=t loglo 77^777

TQ and r O0 being the initial and final rotations, and rt the rotation at the time, t, from the start. International Sugar Scale.—The Ventzke sugar scale, although in general use for many years, has never been fully understood by polariscopists generally. This has led to much confusion and to the use of 100 ml flasks on instruments standardized for use with the Mohr flask. In addition, 17.50C is well below the temperature of the average laboratory. Because of these and other considerations the International Sugar Commission at the Paris meeting in 1900 recommended the use of a new definition of the 100° point based upon true ml and a standard temperature of 2O0C. In order to divorce it as completely as possible from confusion with the Ventzke scale, the new scale is referred to as the international sugar scale because of its origin. The change to 2O0C necessitated a change in the saccharimetric normal weight in order to keep the new scale comparable with the Ventzke. Correcting for the change in the specific rotation (—0.000184), the expansion of a glass tube (+0.000008), quartz wedge (-0.000130), and metal scale (-0.000018), the new weight becomes 26.000+ g. The international sugar scale was then defined at the Paris meeting as follows: The graduation of the saccharimeter and all readings shall be made at 2O0C; 26 g (in air, d = 0.0012, brass weights) of sucrose are dissolved in water and the volume made up to 100 ml at 2O0C. This will determine the 100° point. Standardization of International Sugar Scale.—The 100°$ point on the international sugar scale was determined by Herzfeld and Schönrock in 1900-1904 (33, 82), with the result that 10O0S = 34.657° (X = 589.25m/*). In 1916 Bates and Jackson ( 9 ) of the Bureau of Standards, as the result of an elaborate investigation, found that 10O0A = 34.620 (X = 589.25m/x). They found that the saccharimetric normal sucrose solution as defined by the International Sugar Commission did not read 100°$ on saccharimeters standardized on the Herzfeld-Schönrock basis. Subsequently additional investigations were carried out at the Institut für Zucker-Industrie ( 52 ) and at the Research Institute for the Czechoslovakian Sugar Industry ( 87 ). The readings of the saccharimetric normal sucrose solution on the original HerzfeldSchönrock scale are given in the following table: Original Herzfeld-Schönrock determination 1900-1904 100.0O0A (33, 82) Bates and Jackson 1916 99.895 (99.870-99.91) (9) Stanek 1921 (99.81-99.90) (87) Kraisy and Traegel 1924 99.834 (99.775-99.895) ( 52 )

Saccharimetric Scale Conversion Factors.—Comparisons may be made between the readings of different scales by means of the following conversion factors: 1° International sugar scale = 0.34620° angular rotation D; 1° French sugar scale = 0.21666° angular rotation D; 1° Wild sugar scale = 0.13284° angular rotation D. (Saccharimetric normal weight = 26.00 g International scale = 16.29 g French scale = 10.00 g Wild scale.) Quartz Control Plates.—The accuracy of the readings on the quartz wedge saccharimeter is checked by means of quartz control plates accurately standardized for the mercury line, X = 546. Im/*. In order to obtain a quartz rotation for X = 589.25, use the equation 6

^=^- = 0.85085 («, 9) 0\=546.1

where is the rotation in circ. deg. By this method the errors due to the character of the sodium source of light are eliminated and the measurements of. one observer may be readily compared with those of another. The rotation of quartz in circ. deg. at a temperature t is given by : t = ^0 (i + 0.0001440, between 4 and 5O0C THICKNESS OF THE NORMAL QUARTZ PLATE ( 9 ) Wave length

Rotatlon of

Rotation of 1 mm of Thickness of

oflight o source, A

Tß^tesand a S T f ^ Jackson) 34.620° 34.620° 40.690°

quartz at 2

5892.5 5892.5 5461

21.7182° (Gumlich) 21.7283° (Lowry) 25 .5371° (Lowry)

,20 <« n

T-,

,

o

0A=5892.5A

—=

4>X =5461A

,20

o

2"

689

X, niM 589 500 450 400 350 300 250 ^"^ ^^

Optical Rotation IN H2O ^p = wt. % sucrose; C = g sucrose per 100 ml solution). [a]2o = 66.386° + 0.01503sp - 0.000398ep2 [Tollens (««)]. [<*]!$ = 66.438° + 0.010312p - 0.000354sp2 [Nasini and Villa-

j

1100 1000 900 800 700 600

Based on weights in vacuo

Li, Cd, Zn, Na, Cu, Hg, Cu,

r 1

/gQN

670.8 643.8 636.2 589.3 578.2 578.0 570.0

126 5

' ' 128 49 ' 128 5 ' 129 8 ' 130 7 133.6

Fe,

134.9 I 40 .0 144.2 166*7 171.8 173.i

127 2

Fe; 427 2

50.51 55.04 56.51 66.45 69.10 69.22 71.24

[a]20 (5 9 ) "~ 78.16 86.21 88.68 90.46 91.16 103.07 103.62 107.38 109.49 109.69

> 438'4 > 437'6 H £> 435'8 Fe > 435'3 Fe > 433'7 Fe > 431'5 Fe, 428.2 Fe

Jq] 2Q (59)

I

X, niM I Hg, 546.1 Cu, 521.8 Cu, 515.3 Cu, 510.6 Cd, 508.6 Zn, 481.1 Cd, 480.0 Zn, 472.2 Zn 468 ' -° Cd, 467.8 Fe

17Ì02 20 76 26^32 33.93 44.68 62.48

X, mM

m>2

426.1 F6j 419.1 jre 414.4 Fe' 388i9 Fe> 333.3 Fe? 382.6

VALUES OF [a]^° FOR SUCROSE IN WATER AND IN PYRIDINE ( 30 ) C = moles sucrose per liter of solution ^~^--^^^

C

Water

x, (mTr^^-^ i i A i -h 656 589 535 508 479 447

— = 0.84922.

Ci 2 H 22 On, SUCROSE (Composition: Lévulose < > Dextrose)

H18 (™) ~~ 66.8 99.8 • 122.2 149.9 192.9 297.7 543.0 W 22 (46) ïî~93 u ' 21

I

1200

=54611

Rotatory Dispersion Curves of Quartz and of Sucrose Solution ( 9 ).— The difference between the rotations of the normal quartz plate and the Saccharimetric normal sucrose solution for X = 589.25niAt is 0.003° and for X = 546.ImM, 0.073°. The values indicate that the rotatory dispersion curves of plate and solution cross at about X = 58Sm1U. The reading of the Saccharimetric normal solution on the true saccharimeter scale with the source X = 589.25m/* has been calculated to be 99.990S. Rotation Difference, in Sucrose Degrees, for Saccharimetric Normal Sucrose Solution between X = 5461 A and X = 5892.5 A.—Saccharimeter reading (X = 5461 A) — saccharimeter reading (X = 5892.5 A) = 0.1920S ( 9 ).

589.25 (D) 546.1 66.53 66.50 78.34 78.29 (9) ( 84 ) ~( 9 ) ( 84 )~

SPECIFIC ROTATION OF SUCROSE IN H2O FOR DIFFERENT WAVE LENGTHS

1.5940 1.5934 1.5934

for two wave lengths are as follows: For quartz ——

0

X, (mM) [a]{° Lit.

°°C; light normal Plate> parallel to optic axis mm

Rotation of Normal Quartz Plate (9). Normal quartz plate = 10O0A = 34.620° (X = 5892.5 A) at 2O0C; 1° (X = 5892.5 A) = 2.88850S. Normal quartz plate = 100°>S = 40.690° (X = 5461 A) at 2O0C; 1° (X = 5461 A) = 2.45760S. Absolute Rotation of Saccharimetric Normal Sucrose Solutions (9).—The rotation of the Saccharimetric normal sucrose solution for X = 5461 A by direct measurement is: 100° sucrose = 40.763° of arc. Since the rotation ratio for the Saccharimetric normal solution for X = 5892.5 A and X = 5461 A is 0.84922° the rotation of the Saccharimetric normal solution for X = 5892.5 A is 34.617°. Rotation Ratios for Quartz and for Sucrose Solutions ( 9 ).—The ratios of the rotations in circ. deg. of quartz and of sucrose solutions

0.85085 and for sucrose

vecchia ( 67 )]. Landolt ( 55 ) has combined the above giving: [a]% = 66.435° + 0.00870C - 0.00023C2, (C from O to 65) or, ta]î>° = 66.412° H- 0.012673p - 0.000376sp2 between p = O and 50 wt. %; all weights in vacuo.

Pyridine

ii A i A

53.18 53.32 53.48 64.86 65.44 65.98 66.5 66.71 66.81 84.37 85.10 85.89 82.25 82.76 82.93 99.22100.87101.86 91.53 91.79 92.59114.37116.15118.01 104.24104.67105.42133.67135.5 137.23 121.63 122.80 123.80 152.25 154.38 156.57 SUCROSE IN PYRIDINE ( 96 )

% S. df [q]2^ *, 0C dj Ia]I)

O 0.9735

1 2 4 6.25 0.9805 0.9829 0.9912 1.0010 86.7 85.9 ~ 84.7 83.6

-10 O +10 25 45 65 85 105 1.0341.02481.05101.00050.98110.96190.94200.9220 88.7 87.3 85.6 83.8 82.0 80.3 I T ^ . 5 77.0

EFFECT OF SALTS PN THE ROTATION OF SUCROSE IN H2O AT 20°C The rotation in deg. S of a Saccharimetric normal sucrose solution containing m grams of salt per 100 ml of solution is' expressed by the equation R = 100 — am, where a has the following values:

Salt a mmax

I NaCl | NH4Cl | K 2 C 2 O 4 JCaCl 2 ]| Pb (C 2 H 3 O 2 ) 2 ; v. Fig. 1 0.265 0.169 0.234 0.339 m 1.0 2.05.0 3.7 6.8 4.0 3.3 R - 100 0.03 0.040.11

[a]jy for a 9.60% sucrose solution containing NaCl is expressed by the equation [a]" = 66.410 — 1.456r for values of r up to 1.3; r = ratio, g NaCl to g sugar ( 91 > 92 > 93 ).

FIG. 1.

Refractive Index REFRACTIVE INDEX OF AQUEOUS SUCROSE SOLUTIONS AT 2O0C ( 83 ) Schonroek's table for determining water in sucrose solutions by means of the Abbe refractometer ( 8 3) nf? 1.3330 1.3331 1.3333 1.3334 1.3336

|%H20 100.0 99.9 99.8 99.7 99.6

1.3337 1.3338 1.3340 1.3341 1.3342

99.5 99.4 99.3 99.2 99.1

1.3344 1.3345 1.3347 1.3348 1.3350

99.0 98.9 98.8 98.7 98.6

1.3351 1.3353 1.3355 1.3356 1.3357

ng 1.3464 1.3465 1.3467 1.3469 1.3470

|%H20 91.0 90.9 90.8 90.7 90.6

ng 1.3549 1.3551 1.3552 1.3554 1.3555

|%H 2 O 85.5 85.4 85.3 85.2 85.1

ng 1.3639 1.3641 1.3642 1.3644 1.3645

|%H 2 O 80.0 79.9 79.8, 79.7 79.6

1.3471 1.3473 1.3475 1.3476 1.3477

90.5 90.4 90.3 90.2 90.1

1.3557 1.3559 1.3560 1.3562 1.3563

85.0 84.9 84.8 84.7 84.6

1.3647 1.3649 1.3650 1.3652 1.3653

79.5 79.4 79.3 79.2 79.1

1.3479 1.3481 1.3482 1.3483 1.3485

90.0 89.9 89.8 89.7 89.6

1.3565 1.3567 1.3568 1.3570 1.3571

84.5 84.4 84.3 84.2 84.1

1.3655 79.0 1.3657 78.9 1.3658 78.8 1.3660 78.7 1.3662 78.6

1.3487 1.3488 1.3489 1.3491 1.3493

89.5 89.4 89.3 89.2 89.1

1.3573 1.3575 1.3576 1.3578 1.3580

84.0 83.9 83.8 83.7 83.6

1.3663 78.5 1.3665 78.4 1.3667 78.3 1.3669 78.2 1.3670 78.1

1.3494 1.3496 1.3497 1.3499 1.3500

89.0 88.9 88.8 88.7 88.6

1.3582 83.5 1.3583 83.4 1.3585 83.3 1.3587 83.2 1.3588 83.1

1.3672 1.3674 1.3675 1.3677 1.3679

78.0 77.9 77.8 77.7 77.6

1.3502 1.3504 1.3505 1.3507 1.3508

88.5 88.4 88.3 88.2 88.1

1.3590 1.3592 1.3593 1.3595 1.3596

83.0 82.9 82.8 82.7 82.6

1.3681 1.3682 1.3684 1.3686 1.3687

77.5 77.4 77.3 77.2 77.1

nL° |%H 2 01.3374 97.0 1.3375 96.9 1.3377 96.8 1.3378 96.7 1.3380 96.6

rig |%H2O 1.3418 94.0 1.3419 93.9 1.3421 93.8 1.3423 93.7 1.3424 93.6

1.3381 1.3382 1.3384 1.3385 1.3387

96.5 96.4 96.3 96.2 96.1

1.3425 1.3427 1.3429 1.3430 1.3431

93.5 93.4 93.3 93.2 93.1

1.3510 1.3512 1.3513 1.3515 1.3516

88.0 87.9 87.8 87.7 87.6

1.3598 .1.3600 1.3601 1.3603 1.3604

82.5 82.4 82.3 82.2 82.1

1.3689 1.3691 1.3692 1.3694 1.3696

77.0 76.9 76.8 76.7 76.6

1.3388 1.3389 1.3391 1.3393 1.3394

96.0 95.9 95.8 95.7 95.6

1.3433 1.3435 1.3436 1.3437 1.3439

93.0 92.9 92.8 92.7 92.6

1.3518 1.3520 1.3521 1.3523 1.3524

87.5 87.4 87.3 87.2 87.1

1.3606 1.3608 1.3609 1.3611 1.3612

82.0 81.9 81.8 81.7 81.6

1.3698 1.3699 1.3701 1.3703 1.3704

76.5 76.4 76.3 76.2 76.1

98.5 98.4 98.3 98.2 98.1

1.3395 95.5 1.3397 95.4 1.3399 95.3 1.3400 95.2 1.3401 95.1

1.3441 1.3442 1.3443 1.3445 1.3447

92.5 92.4 92.3 92.2 92.1

1.3526 1.3527 1.3529 1.3531 1.3532

87.0 86.9 86.8 86.7 86.6

1.3614 1.3616 1.3617 1.3619 1.3620

81.5 81.4 81.3 81.2 81.1

1.3706 1.3708 1.3709 1.3711 1.3713

76.0 75.9 75.8 75.7 75.6

1.3359 1.3361 1.3362 1.3363 1.3365

98.0 97.9 97.8 97.7 976

1.3403 1.3405 1.3406 1.3407 1.3409

95.0 94.9 94.8 94.7 94.6

1.3448 1.3450 1.3451 1.3453 1.3454

92.0 91.9 91.8 91.7 91.6

1.3533 1.3535 1.3537 1.3538 1.3539

86.5 86.4 86.3 86.2 86.1

1.3622 1.3624 1.3625 1.3627 1.3629

81.0 80.9 80.8 80.7 80.6

1.3715 1.3716 1.3718 1.3720 1.3721

75.5 75.4 75.3 75.2 75.1

1.3367 1.3368 1.3369 1.3371 1.3373

97.5 97.4 97.3 97.2 97.1

1.3411 1.3412 1.3413 1.3415 1.3417

94.5 94.4 94.3 94.2 94.1

1.3456 1.3458 1.3459 1.3461 1.3462

91.5 91.4 91.3 91.2 91.1

1.3541 1.3543 1.3544 1.3546 1.3547

86.0 85.9 85.8 85.7 85.6

1.3631 1.3632 1.3634 1.3636 1.3637

80.5 80.4 80.3 80.2 80.1

1.3723 1.3725 1.3726 1.3728 1.3730

75.0 74.9 74.8 74.7 74.6

,

ftp |%H 2 Q 1.3731 74.5 1.3733 74.4 1.3735 74.3 1.3737 74.2 1.3738 74.1

KD |%H 2 0 1.3829 69.0 1.3831 68.9 1.3833 68.8 1.3834 68.7 1.3836 68.6

rff |%H 2 0 1.3929 63.5 1.3931 63.4 1.3933 63.3 1.3935 63.2 1.3937 63.1

nl° |%H 2 0 1.4036 58.0 1.4038 57.9 1.4040 57.8 1.4042 57.7 1.4044 57.6

n*D° [%H 2 Q 1.4147 52.5 1.4150 52.4 1.4152 52.3 1.4154 52.2 1.4156 52.1

ng 1.4264 1.4266 1.4268 1.4270 1.4272

|%H2O 47.0 46.9 46.8 46.7 46.6

1.3740 1.3742 1.3744 1.3745 1.3747

74.0 73.9 73.8 73.7 73.6

1.3838 1.3840 1.3842 1.3843 1.3845

68.5 68.4 68.3 68.2 68.1

1.3939 63.0 1.3941 62.9 1.3943 62.8 1.3945 62.7 1.3947 62.6

1.4046 1.4048 1.4050 1.4052 1.4054

57.5 57.4 57.3 57.2 57.1

1.4158 1.4160 1.4162 1.4164 1.4166

52.0 51.9 51.8 51.7 51.6

1.4275 1.4277 1.4279 1.4281 1.4283

46.5 46.4 46.3 46.2 46.1

1.3749 1.3751 1.3753 1.3754 1.3756

73.5 73.4 73.3 73.2 73.1

1.3847 1.3849 1.3851 1.3852 1.3854

68.0 67.9 67.8 67.7 67.6

1.3949 1.3950 1.3952 1.3954 1.3956

62.5 62.4 62.3 62.2 62.1

1.4056 1.4058 1.4060 1.4062 1.4064

57.0 56.9 56.8 56.7 56.6

1.4169 51.5 1.4171 51.4 1.4173 51.3 1.4175 51.2 1.4177 51.1

1.4285 1.4287 1.4289 1.4292 1.4294

46.0 45.9 45.8 45.7 45.6

1.3758 1.3760 1.3761 1.3763 1.3765

73.0 72.9 72.8 72.7 72.6

1.3856 1.3858 1.3860 1.3861 1.3863

67.5 67.4 67.3 67.2 67.1

1.3958 62.0 1.3960 61.9 1.3962 61.8 1.3964 61.7 1.3966 61.6

1.4066 1.4068 1.4070 1.4072 1.4074

56.5 56.4 56.3 56.2 56.1

1.4179 1.4181 1.4183 1.4185 1.4187

51.0 50.9 50.8 50.7 50.6

1.4296 1.4298 1.4300 1.4303 1.4305

45.5 45.4 45.3 45.2 45.1

1.3767 1.3768 1.3770 1.3772 1.3773

72.5 72.4 72.3 72.2 72.1

1.3865 1.3867 1.3869 1.3870 1.3872

67.0 66.9 66.8 66.7 66.6

1.3968 1.3970 1.3972 1.3974 1.3976

61.5 61.4 61.3 61.2 61.1

1.4076 1.4078 1.4080 1.4082 1.4084

56.0 55.9 55.8 55.7 55.6

1.4189 1.4192 1.4194 1.4196 1.4198

50.5 50.4 50.3 50.2 50.1

1.4307 45.0 1.4309 44.9 1.4311 44 8 1.4313 44.7 1.4316 44.6

1.3775 1.3777 1.3779 1.3780 1.3782

72.0 71.9 71.8 71.7 71.6

1.3874 1.3876 1.3878 1.3879 1.3881

66.5 66.4 66.3 66.2 66.1

1.3978 1.3980 1.3982 1.3984 1.3986

61.0 60.9 60.8 60.7 60.6

1.4086 1.4088 1.4090 1.4092 1.4094

55.5 55.4 55.3 55.2 55.1

1.4200 1.4202 1.4204 1.4206 1.4208

50.0 49.9 49.8 49.7 49.6

1.4318 44.5 1.4320 44.4 1.4322 44.3 1.4325 44.2 l'.4327 44.1

1.3784 1.3786 1.3788 1.3789 1.3791

71.5 71.4 71.3 71.2 71.1

1.3883 1.3885 1.3887 1.3889 1.3891

66.0 65.9 65.8 65.7 65.6

1.3987 60.5 1.3989 60.4 1.3991 60.3 1.3993 60.2 1.3995 60.1

1.4096 1.4098 1.4100 1.4102 1.4104

55.0 54.9 54.8 54.7 54.6

1.4211 1.4213 1.4215 1.4217 1.4219

49.5 49.4 49.3 49.2 49.1

1.4329 1.4331 1.4333 1.4336 1.4338

44.0 43.9 43.8 43.7 43.6

1.3793 1.3795 1.3797 1.3798 1.3800

71.0 70.9 70.8 70.7 70.6

1.3893 1.3894 1.3896 1.3898 1.3900

65.5 65.4 65.3 65.2 65.1

1.3997 1.3999 1.4001 1.4003 1.4005

60.0 59.9 59.8 59.7 "59.6

1.4107 1.4109 1.4111 1.4113 1.4115

54.5 54.4 54.3 54.2 54.1

1.4221 1.4223 1.4225 1.4227 1.4229

49.0 48.9 48.8 48.7 48.6

1.4340 1.4342 1.4344 1.4347 1.4349

43.5 43.4 43.3 43.2 43.1

1.3802 1.3804 1.3806 1.3807 1.3809

70.5 70.4 70.3 70.2 70.1

1.3902 1.3904 1.3906 1.3907 1.3909

65.0 64.9 64.8 64.7 64.6

1.4007 1.4008 1.4010 1.4012 1.4014

59.5 59.4 59.3 59.2 59.1

1.4117 1.4119 1.4121 1.4123 1.4125

54.0 53.9 53.8 53.7 53.6

1.4231 1.4234 1.4236 1.4238 1.4240

48.5 48.4 48.3 48.2 48.1

1.4351 43.0 1.4353 42.9 1.4355 42.8 1.4358 42.7 1.4360 42.6

1.3811 1.3813 1.3815 1.3816 1.3818

70.0 69.9 69.8 69.7 69.6

1.3911 1.3913 1.3915 1.3916 1.3918

64.5 64.4 64.3 64.2 64.1

1.4016 1.4018 1.4020 1.4022 1.4024

59.0 58.9 58.8 58.7 58.6

1.4127 1.4129 1.4131 1.4133 1.4135

53.5 53.4 53.3 53.2 53.1

1.4242 48.0 1.4244 47.9 1.4246 47.8 1.4249 47.7 1.4251 47.6

1.4362 42.5 1.4364 42.4 1.4366 42.3 1.4369 42.2 1.4371 42.1

1.3820 1.3822 1.3824 1.3825 1.3827

69.5 69.4 69.3 69.2 69.1

1.3920 1.3922 1.3924 1.3926 1.3928

64.0 63.9 63.8 63.7 63.6

1.4026 1.4028 1.4030 1.4032 1.4034

58.5 58.4 58.3 58.2 58.1

1.4137 1.4139 1.4141 1.4143 1.4145

53.0 52.9 52.8 52.7 52.6

1.4253 47.5 1.4255 47.4 1.4257 47.3 1.4260 47.2 1.4262 47.1

1.4373 1.4375 1.4378 1.4380 1.4382

.

42.0 41.9 41.8 41.7 41.6

wg |%H 2 Q 1.4509 36.0 1.4511 35.9 1.4514 35.8 1.4516 35.7 1.4518 35.6

yff |%H 2 O 1.4637 30.6 1.4639 30.5 1.4642 30.4 1.4644 30.3 1.4646 30.2

ng |%H20 1.4772 25.1 1.4774 25.0 1.4777 24.9 1.4779 24.8 1.4782 24.7

n2D° 1.4860 1.4863 1.4865 1.4868 1.4871

41.0 40.9 40.8 40.7 40.6

1.4521 1.4523 1.4525 1.4527 1.4530

35.5 35.4 35.3 35.2 35.1

1.4649 30.1 1.4651 30.0 1.4653 29.9 1.4656 29.8 1.4658 29.7

1.4784 1.4787 1.4789 1.4792 1.4794

24.6 24.5 24.4 24.3 24.2

1.4873 21.1 1.4876 21.0 1.4878 20.9 1.4881 20.8 1.4883 20.7

1.4964 1.4967 1.4970 1.4972 1.4975

17.6 17.5 17.4 17.3 17.2

1.4407 40.5 1.4409 40.4 1.4411 40.3 1.4414 40.2 1.4416 40.1

1.4532 1.4534 1.4537 1.4539 1.4541

35.0 34.9 34.8 34.Y 34.6

1.4661 1.4663 1.4666 1.4668 1.4671

29.6 29.5 29.4 29.3 29.2

1.4797 1.4799 1.4802 1.4804 1.4807

24.1 24.0 23.9 23.8 23.7

1.4886 1,4888 1.4891 1.4893 1.4896

20.6 20.5 20.4 20.3 20.2

1.4978 1.4980 1.4983 1.4985 1.4988

17.1 17.0 16.9 16.8 16.7

1.4418 40.0 1.4420 39.9 1.4423 39.8 1.4425 39.7 1.4427 39.6

1.4544 1.4546 1.4548 1.4550 1.4553

34.5 34.4 34.3 34.2 34.1

1.4673 1.4676 1.4678 1.4681 1.4683

29.1 29.0 28.9 28.8 28.7

1.4810 1.4812 1.4815 1.4817 1.4820

23.6 23.5 23.4 23.3 23.2

1.4898 20.1 1.4901 20.0 1.4904 19.9 1.4906 19.8 1.4909 19.7

1.4991 1.4993 1.4996 1.4999 1.5001

16.6 16.5 16.4 16.3 16.2

1.4429 39.5 1.4432 39.4 1.4434 39.3 1.4436 39.2 1.4439 39.1

1.4555 1.4558 1.4561 1.4563 1.4565

34.0* 34.0 33.9 33.8 33.7

1.4685 28.6 1.4688 28.5 1.4690 28.4 1.4693 28.3 1.4695 28.2

1.4822 1.4825 1.4827 1.4830 1.4832

23.1 23.0 22.9 22.8 22.7

1.4912 1.4914 1.4917 1.4919 1.4922

19.6 19.5 19.4 19.3 19.2

1.5004 1.5007 1.5009 1.5012 1.5015

16.1 16.0 15.9 15.8 15.7

1.4441 1.4443 '1.4446 1.4448 1.4450

39.0 38.9 38.8 38.7 38.6

1.4567 1.4570 1.4572 1.4574 1.4577

33.6 33.5 33.4 33.3 33.2

1.4698 1.4700 1.4703 1.4705 1.4708

28.1 28.0 27.9 27.8 27.7

1.4835 22.6 1.4838 22.5 1.4840 22.4 1.4843 22.3 1.4845 22.2

1.4925 1.4927 1.4930 1.4933 1.4935

19.1 19.0 18.9 18.8 18.7

1.5017 1.5020 1.5022 1.5025 1.5028

15.6 15.5 15.4 15.3 15.2

1.4453 38.5 1.4455 38.4 1.4457 38.3 1.4459 38.2 1.4462 38.1

1.4579 1.4581 1.4584 1.4586 1.4588

33.1 33.0 32.9 32.8 32.7

1.4710 1.4713 1.4715 1.4717 1.4720

27.6 27.5 27.4 27.3 27.2

1.4848 22.1 1.4850 22.0 1.4853 21.9 1.4855 21.8 1.4858 21.7

1.4938 1.4941 1.4943 1.4946 1.4949

18.6 18.5 18.4 18.3 18.2

1.5030 1.5033

15.1 15.0

1.4464 1.4466 1.4468 1.4471 1.4473

38.0 37.9 37.8 37.7 37.6

1.4591 1.4593 1.4595 1.4598 1.4600

32.6 32.5 32.4 32.3 32.2

1.4722 1.4725 1.4727 1.4730 1.4732

27.1 27.0 26.9 26.8 26.7

1.4475 1.4477 1.4479 1.4482 1.4484

37.5 37.4 37.3 37.2 37.1

1.4602 1.4605 1.4607 1.4609 1.4612

32.1 32.0 31.9 31.8 31.7

1.4735 1.4737 1.4740 1.4742 1.4744

26.6 26.5 26 4 26.3 26.2

1.4486 1.4488 1.4491 1.4493 1.4495

37.0 36.9 36.8 36.7 36.6

1.4614 1.4616 1.4619 1.4621 1.4623

31.6 31.5 31.4 31.3 31.2

1.4747 1.4749 1.4752 1.4754 1.4757

26.1 26.0 25.9 25.8 25.7

1.4497 1.4500 1.4502 1.4504 1.4507

36.5 36.4 36.3 36.2 36.1

1.4625 31.1 1.4628 31.0 1.4630 30.9 1.4632 30.8 1.4635 30.7

1.4759 1.4762 1.4764 1.4767 1.4769

25.6 25.5 25.4 25.3 25.2

rff 1.4385 1.4387 1.4389 1.4391 1.4394

|%H20 41.5 41.4 41.3 41.2 41.1

1.4396 1.4398 1.4400 1.4403 1.4405

I %H2Q 21.6 21.5 21.4 21.3 21.2

/

n2D° %H2Q 1.4951 18.1 1.4954 18.0 1.4956 17.9 1.4959 17.8 1.4962 17.7

* The values of the refractive index from 34 to 15% are taken from Main's table ( 61 - 5 ).

REFRACTIVE INDEX CORRECTION TABLE FOR READINGS AT TEMPERATURES OTHER THAN 2O0C ( 86 ) ^^%H 2 O 95 I 90 I 85 I 80 I 70 | 60 | 50 [ 40 | 30 [ 25 °C^^^ To be added to % water 15 0.250.270.310.310.340.350.360.37 0.360.36 16 0.210.230.260.270.290.310.310.32 0.310.29 17 0.160.180.200.200.220.230.230.23 0.200.17 18 0.110.120.140.140.150.160.160.15 0.120.09 19 0.060.070.080.080.080.090.090.08 0.070.05 To be subtracted from % water 21 0.060.070.070.070.070.070.070.07 0.07J0.07 22 0.120.140.140.140.140.140.150.14 0.140.14 23 0.180.200.200.210.210.210.230.21 0.220.22 24 0.240.260.260.270.280.280.300.28 0.290.29 25 0.300.320.320.340.360.360.380.36 0.360.37 26 0.360.390.390.410.430.430.460.44 0.430.44 27 0.430.460.460.480.500.510.550.52*0.500.51 28 0.500.530.530.550.580.590.630.60*0.570.59 29 0.570.600.610.620.660.670.710.68*0.650.67 30 0.640.670.700.710.740.750.800.76*0.730.75 % H2O 95 90 85 80 70 60 50 40 30 25 * These are corrected values. Stanek's original table gives values 0.10 higher.

-1.J-U J JJJt^m j-i i i \ i m r^. i j

V>»Xl
X XilJXJXuQ

TABLE FOR USE WITH ZEISS IMMERSION REFRACTOMETER (57.5) # = scaie reading; % S = % sucrose

R I %S

R \ %S

R I %S

R \%S

15.0 0.00 .1 .03 .2 .05 .3 .08 .4 .11 .5 .13 .6 .16 .7 .19 .8 .21 .9 .24

21.0 1.58 .1 .61 .2 .64 .3 .66 .4 .69 .5 .71 .6 .74 .7 .77 .8 .79 .9 .82

27.0 3.16 .1 .19 .2 .21 .3 .24 .4 .26 .5 .29 .6 .32 .7 .34 .8 .37 .9 .40

33.0 .1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8 .9

4.74 .77 .79 .82 .84 .87 .90 .92 .95 .98

16.0 .1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8 .9

.26 .29 .32 .34 .37 .40 .42 .45 .48 .50

22.0 .84 .1 .87 .2 .90 .3 .92 .4 .95 .5 .98 .6 2.00 .7 .03 .8 .05 .9 .08

28.0 .1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8 .9

.42 .45 .48 .50 .53 .56 .58 .61 .64 .66

34.0 .1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8 .9

5.00 40.0 .03 .1 .05 .2 .08 .3 .11 .4 .13 .5 .16 .6 .19 .7 .21 .8 .24 .9

17.0 .1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8 .9

.53 .56 .58 .61 .64 .66 .69 .71 .74 .77

23.0 .1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8 .9

.11 .13 .16 .19 .21 .24 .26 .29 .32 .34

29.0 .1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8 .9

.69 .71 .74 .77 .79 .82 .84 .87 .90 .92

35.0 .1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8 .9

.26 .29 .32 .34 .37 .40 .42 .45 .48 .50

18.0 .79 .1 .82 .2 .84 .3 .87 .4 .90 .5 .92 .6 .95 .7 .98 .8 1.00 .9 .03

24.0 .1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8 .9

.37 .40 .42 .45 .48 .50 .53 .56 .58 .61

30.0 .95 .1 .98 .2 4.00 .3 .03 .4 .05 .5 .08 .6 .11 .7 .13 .8 .16 .9 .19

36.0 .1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8 .9

19.0 .1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8 .9

.05 .08 .11 .13 .16 .19 .21 .24 .26 .29

25.0 .1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8 .9

.64 .66 .69 .71 .74 .77 .79 .82 .84 .87

31.0 .1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8 .9

20.0 .1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8 .9

.32 .34 .37 .40 .42 .45 .48 .50 .53 .56

26.0 .90 .1 .92 .2 .95 .3 .98 .4 3.00 .5 .03 .6 .05 .7 .08 .8 .11 .9 .13

32.0 .1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8 .9

R I %S

R

45.0 7.84 .1 .87 .2 .90 .3 .92 .4 .95 .5 .97 .6 8.00 .7 .03 .8 .05 .9 .07

51.0 9.32 .1 .34 .2 .36 .3 .39 .4 .41 .5 .44 .6 .46 .7 .49 .8 .51 .9 .53

57.010.78 .1 .80 .2 .83 .3 .85 .4 .88 .5 .90 .6 .92 .7 .95 .8 .97 .911.00

46.0 .1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8 .9

.10 .12 .15 .17 .19 .22 .24 .27 .29 .32

52.0 .1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8 .9

.56 .58 .60 .63 .66 .68 .70 .73 .75 ,78

58.0 .1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8 .9

.03 .05 .07 .10 .12 .15 .17 .19 .22 .24

41.0 .82 .1 .84 .2 .87 .3 .90 .4 .92 .5 .95 .6 .97 .7 7.00 .8 .03 .9 .05

47.0 .1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8 .9

.34 .36 .39 .41 .44 .46 .49 .51 .53 .56

53.0 .80 .1 .83 .2 .85 .3 .88 .4 .90 .5 .92 .6 .95 .7 .97 .810.00 .9 .03

59.0 .1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 ,8 .9

.27 .29 .32 .34 .36 .39 .41 .44 .46 .49

.53 .56 .58 .61 .64 .66 .69 .71 .74 .77

42.0 .1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8 .9

.08 .10 .13 .15 .18 .20 .23 .26 .28 .31

48.0 .1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8 .9

.58 .60 .63 .66 .68 .70 .73 .75 .78 .80

54.0 .1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8 .9

.05 .07 .10 .12 .15 .17 .19 .22 .24 .27

60.0 .1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8 .9

.51 .53 .56 .58 .60 .63 .66 .68 .70 .73

.21 .24 .26 .29 .32 .34 .37 .39 .42 .45

37.0 .79 .1 .82 .2 .84 .3 .87 .4 .90 .5 .92 .6 .95 .7 .98 .8 6.00 .9 .03

43.0 .1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8 .9

.33 .36 .39 .41 .43 .46 .49 .51 .54 .56

49.0 .83 .1 .85 .2 .88 .3 .90 .4 .92 .5 .95 .6 .97 .7 9.00 .8 .03 .9 .05

55.0 .1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8 .9

.29 .32 .34 .36 .39 .41 .44 .46 .49 .51

61.0 .1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8 .9

.75 .78 .80 .83 .85 .88 .90 .92 .95 .97

.48 .50 .53 .56 .58 .61 .64 .66 .69 .71

38.0 .1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8 .9

44.0 .1 .2 •3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8 .9

.59 .61 .64 .66 .69 .72 .74 .77 .79 .82

50.0 .1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8 .9

56.0 .1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8 .9

.53 .56 .58 .60 .63 .66 .68 .70 .73 .75

62.012.00 .1 .03 .2 .05 .3 .07 .4 .09 .5 .12 .6 .14 .7 .16 .8 .18 .9 .21

.05 .08 .10 .13 .15 .17 .20 .23 .26 .28

R

%S

39.0 6.31 .1 .33 .2 .36 .3 .39 .4 .41 .5 .43 .6 .46 .7 .49 .8 .51 .9 .54 .56 .59 .61 .64 .66 .69 .72 .74 .77 .79

.07 .10 .12 .15 .17 .19 .22 .24 .27 .29

%S

R I %S

R

I %S

R

I %S

R

I %S

R

I %S

R

%S

R

I%S

R

I %S

R

I %S

63.012.23 .1 .25 .2 .28 .3 .30 .4 .32 .5 .35 .6 .37 .7 .39 .8 .42 .9 .44

69.013.61 .1 .63 .2 .66 .3 .68 .4 .70 .5 .73 .6 .75 .7 .77 .8 .79 .9 .82

75.014.98 .115.00 .2 .03 .3 .05 .4 .07 .5 .09 .6 .11 .7 .13 .8 .16 .9 .18

81.016.31 .1 33 .2 .35 .3 .38 .4 .40 .5 .42 .6 .44 .7 .47 .8 .49 .9 .51

87 ..017.66 .1 .68 .2 .71 .3 .73 .4 .75 .5 .77 .6 .79 .7 .82 .8 .84 .9 .86

92.018.74 .1 .76 .2 .78 .3 .80 .4 .82 .5 .85 .6 .87 .7 .89 .8 .91 .9 .93

97.019.80 .1 .82 .2 .85 .3 .87 .4 .89 .5 .91 .6 .93 .7 .95 .8 .97 .920.00

102.020^87 .1 .89 .2 .91 .3 .93 .4 .95 .5 .97 .621.00 .7 .02 .8 .04 .9 .06

64.0 .1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8 .9

.46 .49 .51 .53 .56 .58 .60 .63 .65 .67

70.0 .84 .1 .87 .2 .89 .3 .92 .4 .94 .5 .96 .6 .98 .714.00 .8 .03 .9 .05

76.0 .1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8 .9

.20 .22 .24 .26 .28 .30 .32 .34 .36 .38

82.0 .1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8 .9

.54 .56 .59 .61 .63 .65 .68 .70 .72 .74

88.0 .89 .1 .91 .2 .93 .3 .95 .4 .98 .518.00 .6 .02 .7 .04 .8 .06 .9 .08

93.0 .95 .1 .97 .219.00 .3 .02 .4 .04 .5 .06 .6 .08 .7 .10 .8 .13 .9 .15

98.0 .1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8 .9

.02 .04 .06 .08 .10 .13 .15 .17 .19 .21

103.0 .1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8 .9

.08 .10 .13 .15 .17 .19 .21 .23 .25 .27

65.0 .1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8 .9

.69 .72 .74 .76 .79 .81 .83 .86 .88 .90

71.0 .1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8 .9

.07 .09 .11 .14 .16 .18 .20 .23 .25 .27

77.0 .1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8 .9

.40 .42 .44 .47 .49 .51 .54 .56 .59 .61

83.0 .1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8 .9

.76 .79 .81 .83 .85 .88 .90 .92 .95 .97

89.0 .1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8 .9

.10 .13 .15 .17 .19 .21 .23 .25 .27 .29

94.0 .1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8 .9

.17 .19 .21 .23 .25 .27 .29 .31 .34 .36

99.0 .1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8 - .9

.23 .25 .27 .29 .31 .34 .36 .38 .40 .42

104.0 .1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8 .9

.29 .31 .34 .36 .38 .40 .42 .44 .47 .49

66.0 .93 .1 .95 .2 .97 .313.00 .4 .03 .5 .05 .6 .07 .7 .09 .8 .11 .9 .14

72.0 .1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8 .9

.29 .32 .34 .36 .38 .40 .43 .45 .48 .50

78.0 .1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8 .9

.63 .65 .68 .70 .72 .74 .76 .79 .81 .83

84.017.00 .1 .02 .2 .04 .3 .07 .4 .09 .5 .11 .6 .13 .7 .15 .8 .18 .9 .20

90.0 .1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8 .9

.31 .34 .36 .38 .40 .42 .44 .47 .49 .51

95.0 .1 2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8 .9

.38 .40 .42 .44 .47 .49 .51 .53 .55 .57

100.0 .1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8 .9

.44 .47 .49 .51 .53 .55 .57 .59 .61 .63

105.0 .1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8 .9

.51 .53 .55 .57 .59 .61 .63 .66 .68 .70

67.0 .1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8 .9

.16 .18 .20 .23 .25 .27 .29 .32 .34 .36

73.0 .1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8 .9

.52 .54 .57 .59 .61 .63 .66 .68 .70 .73

79.0 .85 .1 .88 .2 .90 .3 .92 .4 .95 .5 .97 .616.00 .7 .03 .8 .05 .9 .07

85.0 .1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8 .9

.22 .24 .27 .29 .31 .33 .35 .38 .40 .42

91.0 .1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8 .9

.53 .55 .57 .59 .61 .63 .66 .68 .70 .72

96.0 .1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8 .9

.59 .61 .63 .66 .68 .70 .72 .74 .76 .78

101.0 .1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8 .9

.66 .68 .70 .72 .74 .76 .78 .80 .82 .85

106.0

.71

68.0 .1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8 .9

.38 .40 .43 .45 .48 .50 .52 .54 .57 .59

74.0 .1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8 .9

.75 .77 .79 .82 .84 .87 .89 .92 .94 .96

80.0 .1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8 .9

86.0 .1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8 .9

.44 .47 .49 .51 .53 .55 .58 .60 .62 .64

.09 .11 .13 .16 .18 .20 .22 .24 .27 .29

.

DRY SUBSTANCE (D) IN SUGAR-HOUSE PRODUCTS AT 280C ( 76 ) ng I % D I Decimals 1.3335 1 0.0001=0.05 0.0010=0.75 1.3349 2 0.0002=0.1 0.0011=0.8 3 0.0003=0.2 0.0012=0.8 1.3364 1.3379 4 0.0004 = 0.25 0.0013=0.85 1.3394 5 0.0005=0.3 0.0014=0.9 1.3409 6 0.0006=0.4 0.0015 = 1.0 1.3424 7 0.0007=0.5 1.3439 8 0.0008=0.6 1.3454 9 0.0009=0.7 1.3469 10 1.3484 ÏÏ 0.0001=0.05 1.3500 12 0.0002=0.1 1.3516 13 0.0003=0.2 1.3530 14 0.0004=0.25 1.3546 15 0.0005=0.3 1.3562 16 0.0006=0.4 1.3578 17 0.0007=0.45 1.3594 18 0.0008=0.5 1.3611 19 0.0009=0.6 1.3627 20 0.0010=0.65 1.3644 21 0.0011=0.7 1.3661 22 0.0012=0.75 1.3678 23 0.0013=0.8 1.3695 24 0.0014=0.85 1.3712 25 0.0015=0.9 1.3729 26 0.0016=0.95 __ __ 1.3764 1.3782 1.3800 1.3818 1.3836 1.3854 1.3872 1.3890 1.3909 1.3928 1.3947 1.3966 1.3984 1.4003 1.4023 1.4043 1.4063 1.4083 1.4104 1.4124 1.4145 1.4166 1.4186 1.4207 1.4228 1.4249 1 4270 1.4292 1.4314 1.4337 1.4359 1.4382 1.4405 1.4428 1.4451 1.4474

28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63

0.0001=0.05 0.0002=0.1 0.0003=0.15 0.0004=0.2 0.0005=0.25 0.0006=0.3 0.0007=0.35 0.0008=0.4 0.0009 = 0.45 0.0010 = 0.5 0.0011=0.55

0.0012=0.6 0.0013=0.65 0.0014=0.7 0.0015=0.75 0.0016=0.8 0.0017=0.85 0.0018=0.9 0.0019=0.95 0.0020 = 1.0 0.0021=1.0

0.0001=0.05 0.0002=0.1 0.0003=0.15 0.0004=0.2 0.0005=0.25 0.0006=0.3 0.0007=0.35 0.0008=0.4 0.0009=0.45 0.0010=0.5 0.0011=0.55

0.0012=0.6 0.0013=0.65 0.0014=0.7 0.0015=0.75 0.0016=0.8 0.0017=0.85 0.0018=0.9 0.0019=0.95 0.0020 = 1.0 0.0021=1.0

0.0001=0.05 0.0002=0.1 0.0003=0.1 0.0004=0.15 0.0005=0.2 0.0006=0.25 0.0007=0.3 0.0008=0.35 0.0009=0.4

0.0013=0.55 0.0014=0.6 0.0015=0.65 0.0016=0.7 0.0017=0.75 0.0018=0.8 0.0019=0.85 0.0020=0.9 0.0021=0.9

DRY SUBSTANCE (D) IN SUGAR-HOUSE PRODUCTS AT 280C ( 76 ).— (Continued) ng I % D \ Decimals 1.4497 64 0.0010=0.45 0.0022=0.95 1.4520 65 0.0011=0.5 0.0023 = 1.0 1.4543 66 0.0012=0.5 0.0024 = 1.0 1.4567 67 1.4591 68 1.4615 69 1.4639 70 1.4663 71 1.4687 72 1.4711 73 1.4736 74 1.4761 75 0.0001=0.0 0.0015=0.55 1.4786 76 0.0002=0.05 0.0016=0.6 1.4811 77 0.0003=0.1 0.0017=0.65 1.4836 78 0.0004=0.15 0.0018=0.65 1.4862 79 0.0005=0.2 0.0019=0.7 1.4888 80 0.0006=0.2 0.0020=0.75 1.4914 81 0.0007=0.25 0.0021=0.8 1.4940 82 0.0008=0.3 0.0022=0.8 1.4966 83 0.0009=0.35 0.0023=0.85 1.4992 84 0.0010=0.35 0.0024=0.9 1.5019 85 0.0011=0.4 0.0025=0.9 1.5046 86 0.0012=0.45 0.0026=0.95 1.5073 87 0.0013=0.5 0.0027 = 1.0 1.5100 88 0.0014=0.5 0.0028 = 1.0 1.5127 89 1.5155 90

CORRECTIONS FOR THE TEMPERATURE ( 76 ) \v

%D Dry substance X. O I 5 I 10 I 15 I 20 I 25 I 30 I 40 I 50 I 60 I 70 I 80 I 90" 0 C ^\ Subtract 20 0.530.540.550.560.570.580.600.620.640.620.610.600.58 21 22 23 24 25

0.46 0.47 0.48 0.49 0.50 0.51 0.52 0.54 0.56 0.54 0.53 0.52 0.50 0.40 0.41 0.42 0.42 0.43 0.44 0.45 0.47 0.48 0.47 0.46 0.45 0.44 0.330.330.340.350.360.370.380.390.400.390.380.380.38 0.260.260.270.280.280.290.300.310.320.310.310.300.30 0.200.200.210.210.220.220.230.230.240.230.230.230.22

26 27

0.12 0.12 0.13 0.14 0.14 0.14 0.15 0.15 0.16 0.16 0.16 0.15 0.14 0.070.0710.070.070.070.070.080.080.080.080.080.080.07 Add 0.070.070.070.070.070.070.080.080.080.080.080.080.07 0.120.120.130.140.140.140.150.150.160.160.160.150.14 0.200.200.21 0.21 0.220.22 0.230.230.240.230.230.230.22 0.260.260.270.280.280.290.300.31 0.320.31 0.31 0.300.30 0.33 0.33 0.34 0.35 0.36 0.37 0.38 0.39 0.40 0.39 0.38 0.38 0.38 0.400.41 0.420.420.430.44 0.450.470.48 0.470.460.450.44 0.460.470.480.490.500.5l|o.520.540.56|o.54|0.530.520.5e

29 30 31 32 33 34 35

Density of Aqueous Sucrose Solutions at 2O0C, g/ml All weights in vacuo. For hydrometer conversion formulae see vol. I1 p. 31 and for computed conversion tables and temperature corrections v. (I 7 . 5 , 6 1 « 5 » 7 5 ). For conversion table giving deg. .Brix, dj°, d\l and deg. Baume, based upon the formula, 0Be = 145 - 145/sp. gr., d™ v. (7).

DENSITT OP AQUEOUS SUOBOSE SOLUTIONS AT 2O0C, g/mî.

_

v sucrose

0.7 | 1.000952 1.004844 1.008755 1.012694 1.016659

0.8 | 1.001342 1.005234 1.009148 1.013089 1.017058

0.9 1.001731 1.005624 1.009541 1.013485 1.017456

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

1.017854 1.021855 1.025885 1.029942 1.034029

1.018253 1.022257 1.026289 1.030349 1.034439

1.018652 1.022659 1.026694 1.030757 1.034850

1.019052 1.023061 1.027099 1.031165 1.035260

1 019451 1.019851 1.023463 1.023867 1.027504 1.027910 1.031573 1.031982 1.035671 1.036082

1.020251 1.024270 1.028316 1.032391 1.036494

1.020651 1.024673 1.028722 1.032800 1.036906

1.021053 1.025077 1.029128 1.033209 1.037318

1.021454 1.025481 1.029535 1.033619 1.037730

10 11 12 13 14

1.038143 1.042288 1.046462 1.050665 1.054900

1.038556 1.042704 1.046881 1.051087 1.055325

1.038970 1.043121 1.047300 1.051510 1.055751

1.039383 1.043537 1.047720 1.051933 1.056176

1.039797 1.043954 1.048140 1.052356 1.056602

1.040212 1.044370 1.048559 1.052778 1.057029

1.040626 1.044788 1.048980 1.053202 1.057455

1.041041 1.045206 1.049401 1.053626 1.057882

1.041456 1.045625 1.049822 1.054050 1.058310

1.041872 1.046043 1.050243 1.054475 1.058737

15 16 17 18 19

1.059165 1.063460 1.067789 1.072147 1.076537

1.059593 1.063892 1.068223 1.072585 1.076978

1.060022 1.064324 1.068658 1.073023 1.077419

1.060451 1.064756 1.069093 1.073461 1.077860

1.060880 1.065188 1.069529 1.073900 1.078302

1.061308 1.065621 1.069964 1.074338 1.078744

1.061738 1.066054 1.070400 1.074777 1.079187

1.062168 1.062598 1.063029 1.066487 1.066921 1.067355 1.070836 1.071273 1.071710 1.075217 1.075657 1.076097 1.079629 1.080072 1.080515

20 21 22 23 24

1.080959 1.085414 1.089900 1.094420 1.098971

1.081403 1.085861 1.090351 1.094874 1.099428

1.081848 1.086309 1.090802 1.095328 1.099886

1.082292 1.082737 1.086757 1.087205 1.091253 1.091704 1.095782 1.096236 1.100344 1.100802

1.083182 1.087652 1.092155 1.096691 1.101259

1.083628 1.088101 1.092607 1.097147 1.101718

1.084074 1.088550 1.093060 1.097603 1.102177

1.084520 1.089000 1.093513 1.098058 1.102637

25 26 27 28 29

1.103557 1.108175 1.112828 1.117512 1.122231

1.104017 1.108639 1.113295 1.117982 1.122705

1.104478 1.109103 1.113763 1.118453 1.123179

1.104938 1.109568 1.114229 1.118923 1.123653

1.105400 1.110033 1.114697 1.119395 1.124128

1.105862 1.110497 1.115166 1.119867 1.124603

1.106324 .1.110963 1.115635 1.120339 1.125079

1.106786 1.111429 1.116104 1.120812 1.125555

1.107248 1.107711 1.111895 1.112361 1.116572 1.117042 1.121284 1.121757 1.126030 1.126507

30 31 32 33 34

1.126984 1.131773 1.136596 1.141453 1.146345

1.127461 1.132254 1.137080 1.141941 1.146836

1.127939 1.132735 1.137565 1.142429 1.147328

1.128417 1.133216 1.138049 1.142916 1.147820

1.128896 1.133698 1.138534 1.143405 1.148313

1.129374 1.134180 1.139020 1.143894 1.148805

1.129853 1.134663 1.139506 1.144384 1.149298

1.130332 1.135146 1.139993 1.144874 1.149792

1.130812 1.131292 1.135628 1.136112 1.140479 1.140966 1.145363 1.145854 1.150286 1.150780

35 36 37 38 39

1.151275 1.156238 1.161236 1.166269 1.171340

1.151770 1.156736 1.161738 1.166775 1.171849

1.152265 1.157235 1.162240 1.167281 1.172359

1.152760 1.157733 1.162742 1.167786 1.172869

1.153256 1.158233 1.163245 1.168293 1.173379

1.153752 1.158733 1.163748 1.168880 1.173889

1.154249 1.159233. 1.164252 1.169307 1.174400

1.154746 1.159733 1.164756 1.169815 1.174911

1.155242 1.155740 1.160233 1.160734 1.165259 1.165764 1.170322 1.170831 1.175423 1.175935

40 41 42 43 44

1.176447 1.181592 1.186773 1.191993 1.197247

1.176960 1.182108 1.187293 1.192517 1.197775

1.177473 1.177987 1.182625 1.183142 1.187814 1.188335 1.193041 1.193565 1.198303 1.198832

1.178501 1.183660 1.188856 1.194090 1.199360

1.179014 1.184178 1.189379 1.194616 1.199890

1.179527 1.184696 1.189901 1.195141 1.200420

1.180044 1.185215 1.190423 1.195667 1.200950

1.180560 1.181076 1.185734 1.186253 1.190946 1.191469 1.196193 1.196720 1.201480 1.202010

45 46 47 48 49

1.202540 1.207870 1.213238 1.218643 1.224086

1.203071 1.208405 1.213777 1.219185 1.224632

1.203603 1.208940 1.214317 1.219729 1.225180

1.204668 1.210013 1.215395 1.220815 1.226274

1.205200 1.210549 1.215936 1.221360 1.226823

1.205733 1.211086 1.216476 1.221904 1.227371

1.206266 1.211623 1.217017 1.222449 1.227919

1.206801 1.212162 1.217559 1.222995 1.228469

1.204136 1.209477 1.214856 1.220272 1.225727

0.5 | 1.000174 1.004064 1.007972 1.011904 1.015864

0.6 | 1.000563 1.004453 1.008363 1.012298 1.016261

0.0 I 0.1 I 02 I 0.3 I 0.4 I 0.998234 0.998622 0.999010 0.999398 0.999786 1.002120 1.002509 1.002897 1.003286 1.003675 1.006015 1.006405 1.006796 1.007188 1.007580 1.009934 1.010327 1.010721 1.011115 1.011510 1.013881 1.014277 1.014673 1.015070 1.015467

1.084967 1.089450 1.093966 1.098514 1.103097

1.207335 1.212700 1.218101 1.223540 1.229018

•

M

%sucrose 50 51 52 53 54

Q()

(

1.229567 1.235085 1.240641 1.246234 1.251866

DENSITY OF AQUEOUS SUCROSE SOLUTIONS AT 2O0C, g/ml. — (Continued) . dlQ ^ ^ ( Q^ ! ^ ( ^ ! Qß ^ ( Q§ ! ^ Q^ 1.230117 1.230668 1.231219 1.231770 1.232322 1.232874 1.233426 1.233979 1.234532 1.235639 1.236194 1.236748 1.237303 1.237859 1.238414 1.238970 1.239527 1.240084 1.241198 1.241757 1.242315 1.242873 1.243433 1.243992 1.244552 1.245113 1.245673 1.246795 1.247358 1.247920 1.248482 1.249046 1.249609 1.250172 1.250737 1.251301 1.252431 1.252997 1.253563 1.254129 1.254697 1.255264 1.255831 1.256400 1.256967

55 56 57 58 59

1.257535 1.263243 1.268989 1.274774 1.280595

1.258104 1.263816 1.269565 1.275354 1.281179

1.258674 1.264390 1.270143 1.275936 1.281764

1.259244 1.259815 1.264963 1.265537 1.270720 1.271299 1.276517 1.277098 1.282349 1.282935

60 61 62 63 64

1.286456 1.292354 1.298291 1.304267 1.310282

1.287044 1.292946 1.298886 1.304867 1.310885

1.287633 1.293539 1.299483 1.305467 1.311489

65 66 67 68 69

1.316334 1.322425 1.328554 1.334722 1.340928

70 71 72 73 74

1.260955 1.266686 1.272455 1.278262 1.284107

1.261527 1.267261 1.273035 1.278844 1.284694

1.262099 1.262671 1.267837 1.268413 1.273614 1.274194 1.279428 1.280011 1.285281 1.285869

1.288222 1.294131 1.300079 1.306068 1.312093

1.288811 1.289401 1.289991 1.294725 1.295318 1.295911 1.300677 1.301274 1.301871 1.306669 1.307271 1.307872 1.312699 1.313304 1.313909

1.290581 1.296506 1.302470 1.308475 1.314515

1.291172 1.291763 1.297100 1.297696 1.303068 1.303668 1.309077 1.309680 1.315121 1.315728

1.316941 1.317549 1.323036 1.323648 1.329170 1.329785 1.335342 1.335961 1.341551 1.342174

1.318157 1.324259 1.330401 1.336581 1.342798

1.318766 1.324872 1.331017 1.337200 1.343421

1.319374 1.325484 1.331633 1.337821 1.344046

1.319983 1.320593 1.326097 1.326711 1.332250 1.332868 1.338441 1.339063 1.344671 1.345296

1.321203 1.321814 1.327325 1.327940 1.333485 1.334103 1.339684 1.340306 1.345922 1.346547

1.347174 1.353456 1.359778 1.366139 1.372536

1.347801 1.354087 1.360413 1.366777 1.373178

1.348427 1.354717 1.361047 1.367415 1.373820

1.349055 1.355349 1.361682 1.368054 1.374463

1.349682 1.355980 1.362317 1.368693 1.375105

1.350311 1.356612 1.362953 1.369333 1.375749

1.350939 1.357245 1.363590 1.369973 1.376392

1.352197 1.352827 1.358511 1.359144 1.364864 1.365501 1.371254 1.371894 1.377680 1.378326

75 76 77 78 79

1.378971 1.385446 1.391956 1.398505 1.405091

1.379617 1.386096 1.392610 1.399162 1.405752

1.380262 1.386745 1.393263 1.399819 1.406412

1.380909 1.387396 1.393917 1.400477 1.407074

1.381555 1.388045 1.394571 1.401134 1.407735

1.382203 1.388696 1.395226 1.401793 1.408398

1.382851 1.383499 1.389347 1.389999 1.395881 1.396536 1.403452 1.403111 1.409061 1.409723

1.384148 1.390651 1.397192 1.403771 1.410387

1,384796 1.391303 1.397848 1.404430 1.411051

80 81 82 83 84

1.411715 1.418374 1.425072 1.431807 1.438579

1.412380 1.419043 1.425744 1.432483 1.439259

1.413044 1.419711 1.426416 1.433158 1.439938

1.413709 1.420380 1.427089 1.433835 1.440619

1.414374 1.421049 1.427761 1.434511 1.441299

1.415040 1.421719 1.428435 1.435188 1.441980

1.415706 1.422390 1.429109 1.435866 1.442661

1.416373 1.423059 1.429782 1.436543 1.443342

1.417039 1.423730 1.430457 1.437222 1.444024

1.417707 1.424400 1.431131 1.437900 1.444705

85 86 87 88 89

1.445388 1.452232 1.459114 1.466032 1.472986

1.446071 1.452919 1.459805 1.466726 1.473684

1.446754 1.453605 1.460495 1.467420 1.474381

1.447438 1.454292 1.461186 1.468115 1.475080

1.448121 1.448806 1.454980 1.455668 1.461877 1.462568 1.468810 1.469504 1.475779 1.476477

1.449491 1.456357 1.463260 1.470200 1.477176

1.450175 1.457045 1.463953 1.470896 1.477876-

1.450860 1.451545 1.457735 1.458424 1.464645 1.465338 1.471592 1.472289 1.478575 1.479275

Solubility SOLUBILITY OF SUCROSE IN WATER (32) 0 C I % wt. Il 0C I % wt. (I 0C I % wt. H 0C I % wt. O 64.18 10 65.58 19 66.93 28 68.37 1 64.31 li 6~.73 20 67.09 29 68.53 2 64.45 67.25 30 68.70 12 65 88 21 4 5

6 7 8 9

64 73

64'87

13

14

65.01 15 65.15 16 65.29 17 65.43 18

66< 3 22 ° 66.18 23 66 33

66.48 66.63 66.78

24

25 26 27

67 41

' 67.57

67 73

31

32

68 87

' 69.04

33 69 21 67.89 34 69.38 68.05 35 69.55 68.21 36 69.72

1.260385 1.266112 1.271877 1.277680 1.283521

1.351568 1.357877 1.364226 1.370613 1.377036

SOLUBILITY OF SUCROSE IN WATER C %wt. H 0C I % wt. Il 0C 37 69.89 49 72.06 61 38 70.06 50 72.25 62 39 70.24 51 72.44 63 40 70.42 52 72.63 64 41 70.60 53 72.82 65 42 70.78 54 73.01 66 43 70.96 55 73.20 67 44 71.14 56 73.39 68 45 71.32 57 73.58 69 46 71.50 58 73.78 70 47 71.68 59 73.98 71 48 71.87 60 74.18 72 0

(32). — (Continued) %wt. Il 0C I %wt. 74.38 73 76.85 74.58 74 77.06 74.78 75 77.27 74.98 76 77.48 75.18 77 77.70 75.38 78 77.92 75.59 79 78.14 75.80 80 78.36 76.01 81 78.58 76.22 82 78.80 76.43 83 79.02 76.64 84 79.24

SOLUBILITY OF SUCROSE IN WATER ( 32 ).—(Continued) 0

G 85 86 87 88

I % wt. Il 79.46 79.69 79.92 80.15

0

G 89 90 91 92

I % wt. H 80.38 80.61 80.84 81.07

0

0

C I % wt. H C I % wt. 93 81.30 97 82.25 94 81.53 98 82.49 95 81.77 99 82.73 96 82.01 100 82.97

FREEZING POINT-SOLUBILITY DATA ( 64 ) System Ci2H22Ou-H2O, E = eutectic, m = metastable 0

I g/100 g H2O II Ice [I ± 0.0 0.0 - 4.03 60.0 -10.42 130.0 -12.68 150.0 -13.68 164.0 -17.08m 200.0 C

C I g/100 g H2O Ice + Ci 2 H 22 OiI -13.9 E I 166.0 C12H22O11 + 0.9 180.5 +15.8 196.0 +25.6 210.5 +30.5 218.0

Hydrolysis HYDROLYSIS (INVERSION) OF SUCROSE 0 Sucrose | Acid | C | k \ Lit. 17.1% I 0.0997V HCl | 35 | 0.00161 | (72) 1000 g H2O + 0.25 g-mole of sucrose + 1 g-mole of acid, 250C HNO 3 I HCl H2SO4 Lit, fc =0.00464 I 0.00500 | 0.00549 | (i)

TIME NECESSARY FOR VARYING PERCENTAGES OF HYDROLYSIS (INVERSION) OF SUCROSE WITH HCL (0.01N at 2O0C) AS THE CATALYZER ( 50 ) ~

5

% inver- 90 % inver- 99.9% inversion, min sion, min sion, hr 5 0 0 . 0 0 1 1 4 5 2 6 2 . 9 8 7 3 . 4 4 3 7 5 ' 60 0.003806 79.1 262.9 13.1 70 0.01182 25.5 84.6 4.2 80 0.03303 9.11 30.3 1.5 90 0.08922 3.37 11.21 33.4* 100 0.26797 1.12 3.73 11.2*

0

* Minutes.

The reaction velocities for lower acidities may be computed without appreciable error by considering the velocity proportional to the concentration of acid. Thus, the velocities at 0.005AT HCl will be very closely half those at O.OIN and the time of reaction twice as great. REACTION VELOCITIES AT VARIOUS TEMPERATURES _ I1 ro — r K=-t logio Tf, — T J t in mm Q

^r 2 =fcrie*,where x = ^ Sucrose, 50%; HCl, O.IJV at 2O0C. 0

C O 15.098 30.000 39.916 49.840

I

k 0.0000077 0.000092 (0.0008732) 0.00334 (0.01206)

H

Sucrose, 60%; 20 30.117 30.093

HCl, 0.7925^ at 2O0C. Q/R = 13 087.6 (48) 0.002156 35.072 0.01882 0.00983 40.078 0.03780 0.01001 40.088 0.03791

0

SOLUBILITY OF SUCROSE IN AQUEOUS METHYL ALCOHOL AT 150C W Vol. %CH3OH in solvent | 100 90 | 80 g sucrose per 100 cm3 solution 0.3| 1.6 3.8

~

Sucrose, 50%; HCl, 0.01 N at 2O0C. Q/R = 12 940.05 (**) 0 0 C k || C k 30.00 0.0008148 69.97 0.01194 49.85 0.001122 80.10 0.03429 59.90 0.003766 90.30 0.0939

1

1

P

P

yT Q/R = 12 925.2 (48)

0

C 59.903 69.974 80.130 90.292 90.316

I

k 0.04003 0.1236 0.3687 1.033 1.020

INVERSION OF SUCROSE WITH INVERTASE ( 69 ) t = - logio 77»

*°°

J.VJU — p

+

0.002642p

~

0.000008860p2 -

0.0000001034 p3; t = minutes; p = % inversion; n is proportional to the amount of active inver tase and depends upon the temperature. Range of invertase concentration from 12 to 1; temperature from 15 to 35°; H-ion concentration 4 X 10~5 to 3.2 X 10~7. At any given temperature n may be used to measure the activity of an invertase solution. LENGTH OF TIME REQUIRED TO FORM CARAMEL EQUIVALENT TO 0.01 % INVERT SUGAR (») The time, in hours, required to form caramel equivalent to 0.01% invert sugar at any temperature t (0C) between 39 and 100° may be computed from the equation: logio hr = 5.0026 - 0.0595«. LACTOSE Ci 2 H 22 On (Galactose < Dextrose <) TRANSITION TEMPERATURES AND MELTING POINTS ( 85 ) a-hydrate —» ß-anhydrous, 93.5°. «-anhydrous —> liquid, 222.8°. /3-anhydrous —> liquid, 252.2°. «-anhydrous is metastable below its melting point, a-hydrate —> liquid, 201.6°. Optical Rotation INH 2 O [«]{> = 52.42 + 0.072 (20° - O; 5g/100ml (4); W 5 4 6 , = 61.94 + 0.085 (20° -*); 5 g/100 ml (4); [ag° = 52.53 (21 j; [^]52J6 = 61.36; MU = 51.90 (78). ROTATION DISPERSION AT EQUILIBRIUM (30) Values of [gft°; C = g hydrate/100 ml H2O, Pyridine, Formic acid, A C =2 C = 0.5 C = 5.9 656 39.82 31.00 78.64 589 52.42 41.33 97.76 535 62.09 49.66 117.92 508 72.25 60.00 134.38 479 83.25 73.66 160.79 447 98.17 91.66 180.92 [a]D IN VARIOUS SOLVENTS AnhyWi drous 0 Solvent C 103№i + A 2 ) Lit. lactose, a ot<=Zß ß g/100 ml 14 84.455.25 3.78 («O) H2O 2.316 Formamide. . 2.27 15 82.451.2 0.387 (60) H2O 17 55.2335.97 2.97 (60) 2.75 Formamide. . 1.85 17 51.2229.11 0.4 (60) 20 86. 34.5 (38) H2O H2O 20 90.055.3 35.0 4.65 (44) 40%, C 2 H 5 OH.. 20 81.055.3 33.0 (44) O 0.5 (35) H2O d[a]D/d£ = -0.08 between t = 10 - 250C (60).

EFFECTOFH 2 SO 4 ( n )

JV, H2SO4 [g]g

N = normality I O I 10 1 12 I 14 I 16 I 18 | 20 | 22 | 24 | 26 |52.5|56.7l59.0|61.5l63.5l65.5*|68.5|72.5|76.0|99.0

* Noticeable inversion begins.

Refractive Index and Density of Aqueous Solutions ( 77 ) % anhydrous lactose 23.38 17.06 11.66 5.80 2.78 1.28 cff 1.0969 1.0681 1.04481.02041.00921.0018 ng 1.3716 1.3605 1.35171.34231.33801.3350

Mutarotation MUTAROTATION IN H2O 0 C 0.0 15.0 25.0 O 14.0 17.0 20.0 IQ3 (ki + ft,). 0.51 2.97 7.92 3.78 2.97 6.2 IQ3î 0.29 1.55 4.65 0.24 103fc2 0.21 1.08 3.08 Lit

kH = -,I log™ Tt —

Anhydrous lactose, g/1 50 50 0 C I 0.0|15.0|25.0[39.0 I 49.0 I 64.0 I 74.0 I 89.0 80 S00 347849/7 63^4 92..7 124.0 193.0 253.0 407.0 80 SQ Ï4T82ÔT925T337.Q* 52.0* 77.0*101.0*163.0* 80 80 (6) Solid phase: ^-anhydrous. Final solubility: at 0°, 42.9; at 100°, 80 61.2 wt. % anhydrous 80 (c) Solid phase: /3-anhydrous 40 0 C 0.0 0.0 100 120 200 S0 132 ") (Ï24) 7 227 80 S00 220 J (extrap.) \ 461 * Calculated from final solubility and equilibrium ratio.

39 49 64 74 89 14.0 18.0 24.0. 27.0 35.0

Per cent hydrate at equilibrium in solution saturated with the ^-anhydrous = 17 at O0C; = 24 at 10O0C (38).

(60)

(11)

— / co

t in min

... ^

. * 4.4 7.7 1.1 2.1 4.3 8.2 17.1 35.2 5.1 3.4 1.5 24.2 50.0

1Q3fe

227VH 2 SO 4 24JVH 2 SO 4 HCl, d = 1.185 HCl, d = 1.185 HCl, d = 1.185 HCl, d = 1.185 HCl, d = 1.185 HCl, d = 1.185 HCl, d = 1.185 HCl, d = 1.185 HCl, d = 1.185 HClO4, d = 1.67 HClO4, d = 1.67

n _. °C 20 20 15 20 25 30 35 40 25 25 25 20 25

Ci 2 H 22 On, MALTOSE

PER CENT /S-ANHYDROUS AT EQUILIBRIUM IN A SOLUTION SATURATED WITH THE HYDRATE ( 38 ) 25 9.6

(38) ~(60)~

Hydrolysis (io)

So = initial, $co = final solubility in millimoles of anhydrous lactose per 100 g H2O (a) Solid phase: the hydrate

15 7.7

(35)

COMPOSITION OF AN AQUEOUS SOLUTION AT EQUILIBRIUM ( 27 ) C O 25 50 75 92 I 100 %ß/%<* 1.65 I 1.58 1.51 1.45 1.39 1.33

SOLUBILITY IN WATER ( 38 )

C I Q % 5.8

(35)

0

Solubility

0

(35)

Composition: (Glucose < Glucose <) Optical Rotation IN H2O (21) [aß? = 138.475 - 0.01837p for values of p from 5 to 35 wt. % in vacuo. «]JÎ, = 153.75. [«]|J9 = 131.25 (78).

IN VARIOUS SOLVENTS AT 2O0C Maltose, fain g anhydrous lactose in 100 cm3 40% C2H5OH at 2O0C = 1.1 MTOrt g/100ml « I J J d ß 108(*1+fc2) ^ initial; =2.4 final. H20 168*136.0118.0 7.2 (44) 60% C 2 H 5 OH... 158*128.1111.0 (44) SOLUBILITY AND FREEZING POINT LOWERING H 0 2.52 136.2123 5.03 (61) 2 Solubility in H-X). Solid phase: lactose hydrate Formamide 2.12 ' 130.3113 1.63 (61) 0 0 0 H20 137 119 (39) C ,% Lit. C ,% Lit. C , % Lit. lac. lac. lac. H20 137 (81) Pyridine 122.0 (81) ~~~0 10.6 ( 3 9 ) 5 7 . 1 34.9 ( 2 8 ) Ï Ô Ô 60.5 (39) 15 14.4 (39) 63.9 39.1 (28) 107.0 63.9 (28) H20 137 (30) 124 (30) 21.5 16.7 ( 7 9) 64.0 39.7 (39) 121.5 69.4 (28) Pyridine Formic acid 175 (30) 25 17.8 (39) 73.5 45.8 (28) 133.6 73.2 (28) 28 19.4 (79) 74.0 46.2 (39) 133.8 75.2 (28) * Calculated. 38 23.5 (79) 79.1 49.6 (28) 158.8 81.1 (28) EFFECT OF PYRIDINE 39 24.0 (39) 87.2 55.1 (28) 178.8 86.7 (28) Two g maltose in 200 cm3 of a 5% aqueous pyridine solution (34) 49 29.7 (39) 88.2 56.0 (28) 200 92.5 (27) After, days... |0 I 1 | 2 || After heating for, hr.. .|0 |0.5 1.5 38 fi, °arc |6.75|6.70j| R, °arc |6.7|5.6|4.8 FREEZING POINT LOWERING ( , 58) SOLUBILITY IN AQUEOUS C2H5OH ( 44 )

Between 1 and 30 millimoles lactose per 100 g H2O the molai lowering is 1.86°/mole and at 48 millimoles 1.89°/mole. Cryohydrate Points.—Initial, —0.279° and 14.8 millimoles per 100 g H2O; final for hydrate, —0.65°; initial for ^-anhydrous, -2.3°; final for /3-anhydrous, -4.1°.

ATQfH 2 SO 4 [«]p6

EFFECT OF H2SOe Maltose 5 g/100 ml (") ' 1 O I 10 I 12 I 18 I 22 1 135.5 I 129.0 I 127.5 | 129.5 | 132.0

EQUILIBRIUM ROTATION IN VARIOUS SOLVENTS AT 2O0C Values of [a]*0 for a ^± ß in various solvents; maltose < 5 g/100 ml , Dextrose, [a]D° IO3 0 , T., Solvent . ; ; Lit. (W) g/100 ml a. I a«=*/3 I ß (ki + E8) X, mM I 656 I 589 I 535 | 508 | 479 | 447 H2O S T Ï 1 0 8 . 5 52.2 6.27 (60) H2O I 111 I 137 I 167 I 180 I 229 I 236 Formamide 2.5 122.7 57.27 1.09 (60) 2.3 52.0220.76 6.9 («) Pyridine | 100 | 124 | 152 | 180 I 212 | H 231 20 Formamide 1.7 56.2815.74 0.996 (61) Formic acid | 140 | 175 | 210 | 248 I 292 | 320 H2O 113.4 52.2 19.7 (44) Refractive Index and Density of Aqueous Solutions ( 77 ) 80%C2H5OH 115.2 59.0 20.3 (44) % anhydrous maltose i 19.40 |9.60 [4.77 |2.32 |l.!6 C2H5OH 121.5 70.4516.5 (44) df 1.077711.0362] 1.016Ol 1.0064] 1.0017 Pyridine 75.56 (30) 122.8 (30) ng I 1.3639] 1.3482] 1.3406] 1.3368] 1.3354 Formic a c i d . . . . . . Solubility IN H2O (29) 0 C I 0.6 I 21.0 I 29.6 I 34.4 | 43.5 | 49.4 % M. I 36.1 I 44.1 I 48.0 | 49.6 I 55.3 | 58.3

EFFECT OF PROPYL ALCOHOL Alcohol used had d\g = 0.810. Dextrose concn. < 50 g/1 (26) AIc., g/1 100 200 300 I 400 500 I 600 TOO" [afe9 52.2052.8153.2253.4855.3555.4456.81

0

C I 54.2 I 59.8 I 66.3 [ 74.2 I 87.0 | 96.5 % M. I 60.2 I 63.7 I 66.7 | 72.3 | 79.3 | 85.1 IN 60% C2H5OH AT 2O0C (44) Initial, 3.0; final 4.75, g/100 cm3 of solution. Equilibrium mixture contains 64% ß and 36% a. FREEZING POINT LOWERING ( 29 ) % anhydrous maltose....124.0 [16.7 112.4 | 7.16(5 8 ) In H2 Afr, 0C I 1.871 1.16l 0.79| 0.395 In O.IN NH4OH % anhydrous maltose 125.1 |18.3 |28.9 |16.9 aq. soin. AtF, 0C | 1.94| 1.25|2.44| 1.17

C6Hi2O6, DEXTROSE (d-Glucose) Optical Rotation The saccharimetric normal weight for dextrose is 32.231 g (in air, d = 0.0012, brass weights) (47). ROTATIONS FOR X = 546.1 MÛ, 2O0C; 200 MM TUBE; AQUEOUS SOLUTION Saccharimetric normality...I 1 | I I I I f I à R, °arc |40.897|32.5745|24.328|16.142Ì 8.042 CORRECTIONS TO BE ADDED TO SACCHARIMETRIC READINGS OF DEXTROSE SOLUTIONS ( 47 ) 0 0 0 S I Corr. || S \ COTT. \\ S \ COTT. ~ 100 O 65 0.50 30 0.46 95 0.10 60 0.52 25 0.41 90 0.20 55 0.54 20 0.35 85 0.28 50 O 55 15 0.28 80 0.35 45 0.54 10 0.20 75 0.41 40 0.53 5 0.10 70 0.46 35 0.50 2 0.05 SPECIFIC ROTATORY POWER IN H2O Wïïe.i = 62-032 + 0.04257 C; = 62.032 + 0.0422 p + 0.0001897 pz. Valid from C = 6 to 32 g/100 ml soin, p = wt. %. All weights in vacuo (47). [a]g = 52.50 + 0.0188p + 0.000517p2. Valid from p = O to 35 wt. %. All weights in vacuo ( 21 > 89). «]25546 = 62.02; M25859 = 52.48 (78). IN WATER, IN PYRIDINE AND IN FORMIC ACID Values of Mf (30) In H O, i to In pyridine, T £ . . 2 X JN In formic acid AN 656 589 535 508 479 447

41.47 52.52 64.90 73.03 83.05 95.79

60.87 75.64 93.55 104.00 118.02 136.90

96.0 122.8 150.0 176 203 224

EFFECT OF SALTs(66) Salt

Nil 4NKI 4NKBr 4AT KCl 4NNH 4 NO 3 2N KNO3 4ATNH 4 Cl 2AT KCl ATK 2 SO 4 2N(NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 2N CH3COOK 4NNaNO 3 2N Na2SO4

%HC1... [«fiT17 % HCl C MD 0

I [a!]2D0 H

62.8 47.4 48.5 49.6 50.6 50.6 51.2 51.2 51.2 51.7 51.7 52.3 52.3

[q]2B°

Salt

2ATNH 4 Cl 2NCH 3 COONH 4 NCH 3 COOK 4ATMgCl 2 NMgCl 2 2N MgSO4 2ATCH 3 COONa ATCH 3 COONa ATCH 3 COONH 4 2NBaCl 2 3N BaCl2 2NCaCl 2 4N CaCl2

52.3" 52.3 52.3 52.8 52.8 52.8 52.8 52.8 52.8 54.7 55.5 56.0 61.2

EFFECT OF HCL (9 7) Dextrose concn., 5 g/100 ml I 3.65|19.25)30.434.437.639.9 41.4 44.5 +54.5 57.2 61.067.082.597.5106.0164.6 O 8 52.2

42.0 8 113.3

46.6 -12 200.0

46~7~ -12 202.0

EFFECT OF H2SO4 ( l l ) Dextrose concn. = 50 g/1 at 25°. The table gives values of [a]D5 in acid of the normality stated. In acid above 22N, mutarotation is found. At 20°, 50 g/1 in 24N acid gives k = 0.0020. O ION I 16N 18N 2ON 22N I 24N I 26N 28N 52.8 ~56lT 62.5 65.0 67.5 72.5 80.0 91.0 107.0 Refractive Index and Density of Aqueous Solutions (77) %wt.. 24.03 20.14 15.72 10.20 4.36 2.11 1.00 d? 1.0962 1.0795 1.0604 1.03701701461.00511.0007 rig 1.3710 1.364611.35751.3486IT340Ï 1.3366 1.3351 DENSITY OF AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS (47) df = 0.99840 + 0.003788 p + 0.00001412p2. Range of p, 4 to 30, wt. % dextrose. All weights in vacuo. Solubility SYSTEM: DEXTROSE-WATER ( 49 ); v. FIG. 2 The solid curves show the final equilibria with respect to the solid phases, ice, dextrose hydrate, and anhydrous dextrose. The dotted curve shows the instantaneous solubility before mutarotation. All data are expressed in terms of anhydrous dextrose.

SYSTEM: DEXTROSE-ETHYL ALCOHOL-(WATER), 2O0C /So (resp, S00) = initial (resp. final) solubility, g aiihyd. dextrose per liter of solution ( 44 ) % wt., «-anhydrous a-hydrate /3-anhydrous C2H5OH S0 \ Sœ S0 \ S ~S0 \ Sœ 80 20 45 13 30 49 91 100 8.5 16

FIG. 2. Mutarotation MUTAROTATION AT 2O0C ( 2 4 ) B = moles buffer per 1 solution P

T T Ï O *

P

4.88 4.28 4.08 3.44

TT

ÏÔ*

№i + /C2) B =0.1 [I 3.08 7.7 2.66 8.1 2.04 9.5 1.02 20.0

(fa + /C2) B =0.1 || 13.0 9.0 8.7 7.8

P

TT

Î Ô * P±1 T T

1()3

(Ic1 + fa) (/C1 + fa) B =0.01 IJ B =0.05 4.96 7.28 4.87| 10.7 3.43 6.74 B = 0.2 2.54 7.20 4.80l 17.9 1.75 8.72 B=Q 4.93| 7.22"

VARIATION OF pH WITH TEMPERATURE AND CONCENTRATION OF DEXTROSE ( 68 ) [a]D = -flll.2 for a-form; = -f 17.5 for /3-form; = 52.5 for equilibrium mixture: at all temperatures and concentrations used TT P

Ï (fa +

Ô

*

fa)

«-form, 0.15 0 C 1.33 2.42 2.38 0.91 3.05 0.79 3.98 0.79 5.07 0.77 5.35 0.77 6.84 0.92 7.51 2.2

T P±±

Î

Ï

Ô

(fa +

* fa)

T P±±

T

Ï

Ô

(fa +

* fa)

T

T

P

370C 1 6.50 34.3 T7Ö 118.6 6.55 33.0 1.72 50.0 6.75 51.7 2.06 37.6 7.27 86.7 2.53 32.6 7.55 118.1 2.73 32.0 8.50 220.5 3.36 30.0 ß-form, 0.150C 3.99 29.9 1.33 2.10 5.58 30.5 2.02 0.93 5.95 29.8 4.80 0.78 6.37 32.2 6.00 0.76

103

ki + fa = 0.0096 + 0.258[H+] + 9750[OH-] at 25° (36) HCl, m / L . . . I l 0.0|0.001| Q.005| 0.0l| Q.03| Q.06| 0.10|| t, 0C 10 3 (fci +fa).||l0.6|9.8 |11.2 [12.1 J16.9 [25.3 J35.4 || 24.7 fa 4- k* = 0.0167 + 0.44[H+] at 30° in HCl solutions (37) HCl, m / 1 . . . . . . .|| 0.0 |0.0 + invertasel 0 . 5 | Q . 1 Q | 0.20 IQ3 (ki + f a ) . . . . I l 16.7 | 16.7 | 38.3 | 62.0 | 10.5 MUTAROTATION AT 5.40C ( 25 ) Minimum rate occurs at pH = 5.0 which corresponds to a dissociation constant for dextrose of 5 X 10~18. An average value for Q is 17 500 Form I Reagent | pH | IQ3 (/C1 + fa) a 1.32V HCl... -0.08 108.6 ß 1.3AT HCl -0.06 107.2 a 0.3^VHCl +0.54 14.38 Œ O. INHCl 1.05 4.35 ß O.IAT HCl 1.06 4.14 a 0.03AT HCl 1.52 2.26 a 0.01ATHC1 1.98 1.61 ß 0.01A 7- HCl 1.99 1.55 OL 0.002NHC1 2.74 1.38 ß 0.045AT HCl 5.13 1.19 OL 0.001ATNaHCO 3 7.34 1.33 ß 0,003ATNaHCO 3 7.84 1.46 a 0.01A^NaHCO 3 8.14 1.56 ß 0.01ATNaHCO 3 8.25 1.90 ß 0.0015ATNa 2 CO 3 9.13 7.82 OL 0.003ATNa 2 CO 3 9.41 12.48 a 0.01ATNa 2 CO 3 10.07 41.10 ß O.QlAT Na2CO3 10.11 41.75 OL 0.003ATNaOH 10.41 83.76 VARIATION WITH CONCENTRATION AND TEMPERATURE. AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS ( 42 ) 3 g/10Q ml I IQ (fci + fc2)25°C | Dextrose < 100 g/1 0 3 10.50 C IQ3 (fei + fa) 3 10.57 OL I ß 3 10.68 0.7 0.74 0.74 6 10.48 5 1.29 1.50 9.6 10.59 10 2.25 2.23 16 11.04 15 3.99 3.79 25 11.35 20 6.35 6.54 32 10.68 25 10.50 10.57 37 10.60 30 1.75 1.68 52 10.08 40 4.37 3.95 64 9.31 . logio (fci + A;2) = 11.0198 - 3873/r. MUTAROTATION IN METHYL ALCOHOL ( 5 ) Concentration dextrose ca. 12.3 g/1

6.43 0.78 6.70 0.80 7.51 1.86 8.00 3.30 370C 1.72 48.6 2.60 31.3 2.92 30.0 4.82 30.0 5.90 30.4 6.30 32.5

CH3OH + CH3OH + 1% CH3OH + 2% 0.5% H2O H2O H2O Time, , ,44.8 Time, . 44.8 Time, . 144.8 r -.44.8 [ajp [ajp MD Np hr hr hr 111.2 0.28 111.5 0.28 109.6 I 0.28 110.9 110.0 .72 105.2 .53 106.9 .52 107.5 106.3 1.32 102.4 .88 104.3 .77 105.2 104.8 1.63 98.5 1.47 99.2 1.13 99.9 97.7 2.22 96.9 1.92 95.9 1.82 90.1 88.4 3.22 91.0 3.22 85.8 2.33 85.9 83.2 4.00 86.9 4.33 81.7 3.42 79.5 79.5 5.85 80.5 5.88 74.8 4.22 76.9 6.92 76.8 8.08 69.7 5.38 72.6 8.38 73.1 11.42 66.7 6.75 69.7

OTTrm CH3UH

(/Cl + fa)

Time, hr 0.25 .43 .83 1.38 2.63 4.05 5.53 6.83

MUTAROTATION IN METHYL ALCOHOL ( 5 ).—(Continued) CH3OH CH3OH + CH3OH + 1% CH3OH + 2% 0.5% H2O H2O H2O Time, ,44.8 Time, . Time, . Time, 44 8 44 8 44 .8 Mp MD MD MD hr hr hr hf

12.05 23.18

69.9 24.0 64.5

25.08

64.5

64.0 8.93 66.1 11.58 64.1 24.25

64.1

MUTAROTATION IN ETHYL ALCOHOL OF VARYING CONCENTRATIONS AT 20°C (44)

% C8H6QH IQMfci+fco)

O 6.5

20 4.8

40 3.0

60 1.82

70 I 80 1.56 1.14

C 6 H 12 O 6 , LEVULOSE Optical Rotation IN WATER (90) [a]g = -(88.5O + 0.145p); = -(88.5O + 0.150 C 2 ), from p = 2.6 to 18.6 wt. % and from C = 2.6 ml. [«]«, = [«]« + (0.566 +0.0028C) (t° - 25°); 370C. [a]25809/[«)254°6 = 0.8467. Wb° = -(88.16 ( 21 ). MÌ466 = -105.30; WJJ 9 = -89.40 (78).

IN VARIOUS SOLVENTS. — (Continued) Lévulose, IO3 WL0 Solvent g/100 (fci + /C2) a* I a±=>ß l ß ml 80% C 2 H 5 OH.... 9.1t H2O ÌN - 90.5 Pyridine - 35.5 W Formic acid - 53.0 5 to 8 t,°C WL6 H2O 14.3 9.942 -115.7 -161 65 H2O 0.0 4.9 -123.6 -155 17 Aq., C2H5OH - 96.4 -156 22 dj4 = 0.930 15.3 10.06 dl45 = 0.876 0.0 4.9 1 - 96.1 -154 * Computed from solubilities and [CK]D for /3-form.

X

656 589 535 508 479 447

In pyridine

~JN I ÌN I ^N I &N 1F| ÌN I A#| AAr" 76.39 75.30 74.86 74.04 26.4425.8125.3924.77 90.46 89.96 88.36 87.4935.4835.2634.9634.51 107.21106.66105.70104.84 42.5942.2241.7141.24 136.85135.8 133.35130.1249.1048.7748.3647.62 151.11149.27147.20146.2056.0 55.3754.7854.07 166.55163.88160.49158.10 63.9362.7062.1161.33

Formic acid, ^8 x 656 58g 535 47g 44? C = 8.6 g/100 ml _J<*g ~37\25 46.77 52.83 64.66 75.54 85.84 0

Pyridine, C = 1.8 g/100 ml

C [g]*66

22 26.38

35 24.44

% HCl C [q1j>

O 9.28 24.65 54.9 167.0 1724.0

578

(HgY)

-93.73 -87.08 -80.13 -73.50 -64.22 -49.7

546

(HgG)

-106.03 - 98.55 - 90.69 - 83.17 - 72.52 - 55.7

O 9 -95.1

0

( 71 ) ( 71 ) ( 71 ) ( 71 )

f fci = 0.0047.

436

£

0

C

20

-175.29 -162.65 -149.62 -137.48 -120.59 -93.7

IN VARIOUS SOLVENTS Lévulose, IO3 MIS Solvent Lit. g/100 №1 + fc2) ml a* I a <=± ß l . ß (60) Formamide 2.26 -109.51 -151.76 8.39 (44) H2O 10 - 92.0 -133.5 (44) 80% C 2 H 5 OH.... 10 -7 - 68.6 -133.5 (44) 95% C 2 H 5 OH.... O - 52.5 -122 (44) CH3OH -8 - 61.4 -122

40.0 8 -154

42.0 8 -180

25

30

35

40

45

50

55

q W ö HH

% lévulose 78.94 80.29 81.64 82.98 84.34 85.64 86.90 88.10

~~ Solvent

g/100 ml solution Composition, at equilibLit. Initial I Final riunì 13^4 27.4 48% ft 51%« (44) 1.8 4.2 43%/3, 57% a (44) 5.2 11.1 47% ft 53% a (44)

80% C2H5OH 95% C2H5OH CH3OH.

Mutarotation WITH HCL AT 3O0C (37) HCl, mole/1 IQ3 (fei + ft»)

O 186

0.0005 140

0.0010 128

0.0040 130

0.0100 196

EFFECT OF pH AND TEMPERATURE ( 68 ) 0

(HgB)

37.6 8 ~ -133

25 8 -116 Solubility

45 | 22.77

IN AQUEOUS ETHYL ALCOHOL ( 2 ) Composition: 2 moles lévulose + 100 moles H2O -j- x moles C 2 H 5 OH. Values of [<*}{* ^^^^1

(44) (30) (30) (30)

EFFECT OF HCL IN H 2 O (97) C - 0.00086 to 20 g/100 from 15 to + 0.258p)

IN WATER, IN PYRIDINE AND IN FORMIC ACID AT 20° Values of — [a]x° for different concentrations (C) of lévulose ( 30 ) In H 2 O

Lit.

0.15 C IO3 p (fei + fo) 1.33 101.0 2.48 16.2 3.17 8.5 5.07 8.7 6.00 10.4 6.28 17.8 0

C [afe initial [afe final

H P

2.5 3.3 5.1 5.8 6.3

150G IO3 (fci + fo) 64.7 36.8 41.5 53.5 64.7

250C IO3 H p (fci + fa) 2.5 118.9 3.4 86.0 5.1 99.2 5.7 107.6 6.4 156.1

370G „ IO3 p (fei + fea) 1.70 460 2.06 350 3.36 195 4.62 205 5.10 236 6.10 275 7.67 741

0.15 15 25 -130.8 -130.8 -130.8 -100 ~ 94 ~ 88

37 -130.8 - 81

EFFECT OF BORIC ACID ( 12 ) Lévulose, !molai, O 0 C

H3BO3, m/1 0.22 molai IO3 (fei + fa) "~ 40

0.11 molai O 39 ~ 12.4

VELOCITY OF CONVERSION OF ARTICHOKE JUICES UNDER VARYING CONDITIONS OF ACIDITY AND TEMPERATURE ( 51 ) 1 7 I flo -ßoo * = t logl° Rt -A 0 0 /?o, initial rotation; /?oo, rotation at completion of conversion Acidity (apparent) normality 0.1OH 2 SO 4 -2OH 2 SO 4 . IQ HCl

i oc> 1

_ nns p I _ o« IQ rto, J0.4Ò

( 79.8 79 8

[^

p ° I _ 9*»« ^00 25.ÜX :

R0 = - 1.29, ^00 = -34.48

78-2

^ 0.0137 .0788 .0381

( 99.0 Ì 99 -° [99.0

0.0294 HCl -0516HC1 .0667HCl

0.00327 .02737 .1371

[ 99.0 99.0 I 99.0 I 99.0 99.0 [ 99.0

0.0240 HCl .0462HCl .0571 HCl .0676HCl .0773HCl . 1041 HCl

0.0010 .00593 .0163 .0353 .0707 .3172

The "apparent" acidities are those which would have been produced in pure water. A portion of the acid in each instance was rendered ineffective by inorganic impurities.

Optical Rotation IN H2O [«go = -19.447 - 0.06068p + 0.000221p2 between p = 9 and 68 wt. %. All weights in vacuo (21). [a]JJ6 = -21.50. Ia]U9 = -18.39 (78).

EFFECT OF VARIOUS SUBSTANCES ON THE ROTATION R (in0S) = -42.00° — 10~3 am, where m = g anhyd. reagent per 100 ml of solution and R is twice the rotation (in0A) observed with 13 g of inverted sucrose per 100 ml. Ac = C 2 H 3 O 2 ( 48 ). Reagent | HCl | NaCl)NH 4 Cl] CaCl21 K2C2O4IHAc| H3PO4 a 540.7540 563 710 510 82.377.6 For m > 9.3 3.7 3.7 7.5 1 2 . 9 4 1 5.5

Velocity constant, k

.

Q 01^

~

SQOC

0.00641

| ^jlÊ^y = 0.0184

0.0199

.0394

0.0545 0.1034

.1022 .2057

[ ^ "^ = 0.0212 C Jf (4 — o") I ^ -2T = °- 0199

Mean

0.020

By taking the differences in velocity at the higher acidities the neutralizing action of inorganic impurities is arithmetically eliminated. DECOMPOSITION OF LEVULOSE IN THE PRESENCE OF SULFURIC ACID( SI ) Time in min

Acidity normality

100 100 100 100

15 30 15 30

0.0304 .0304 .0584 .0584

70 70 70 70

15 30 15 30

.0474 .0474 .0891 .0891

t ,0C

Polarization in saccharimeter deg. 86.25* 83.70 82.90 83.30 81.16 85.89* 85.87 85.63 85.79 85.26

N

âAc* o ac|. 189 12.85

Decomposition in the Presence of HCl, 0.7925N ( 4 8 ) ZI Min I O I 38 I 78 I 128 | 235 0 S I 33.25 I 33.04 | 32.95 | 32.80 | 32.44

-p™

0.0095

-1430 2.57

a Atw=..

VELOCITY OF CONVERSION OF INULIN IN THE PRESENCE OF VARYING CONCENTRATIONS OF HYDROCHLORIC ACID AT 10O0C Normality of HCl

^HPO*LZ/ ac|. 20 399 486 161 3.03 2.68 11.8 12.26

Reagent xPbAcryPbO PbAc NH 4 NO 2 KCl

Min 0 S

I O I 8 I 18 I 33 I 48 I 63 I ~93~ |33.25|33.1l|32.93|32.76|32.60|32.3l| 32.02

Min 0 S

I O I 4 I 8 I 12 I 17 I 22 | ~32~ |33.25|33.00|32.62|32.46]32.26|31.89]31.45

Min I O I 3 I 6 I 10 I 14 I 19 0 S 33.25 I 32.61 | 32.00 | 31.30 30.82 [ 30.07 C6H12O6, MANNOSE

Optical Rotation INH2O C — g anhyd. mannose per 100 cm 3 solution at 2O0C ( 4 4 ) C I 3.25 I 4.53 I 10.2 | 16.9 | 20.5s Hg 1 1 4 . 6 I 14.5 I 14.1 I 13.6 13.4

C fcfe0

I 30.1s I 39.7 I 50 I 60 [70 80 I 13.1 I 12.8 I 12.3 I 11.9 I 11.4 j 10.9

. a ! Solvent H2O Formamide H20 80% C2H5OH CH3OH H20 80% C2H6OH

IN VARIOUS SOLVENTS Mannose, 0 ~ Mi> , . _ _ ,' C j g/100 ml g ß a^±ß l 2.8 19 +14.40-19.9 2.0 20 11.84-26.9 20 +34* 14.6 -17. 20 +34* 25.7 -14.9 20 39* 30.1 -16.5 20 30 20 35

_. Lit. (61) («») ( 44 ) ( 44 ) ( 44 ) (56) (56)

* Computed from initial and final solubilities and rotations of the /3-f orni.

EFFECT OF HCL ON ^-MANNOSE Ca. 5 g anhyd. mannose per 100 ml solution ( 97 ) % HCl 0 . 8 25 31 37.6 40.0 42.0 0 C 13 10 10 10 ~Ï5~ 10 ~10 [afe +14.1+10.5+4.0 +3.0 +13.3 +31.3 +54.6

* Control solution.

INVERT SUGAR Mixture of equal parts of dextrose and lévulose obtained by hydrolysis of sucrose.

EFFECT OF H2SO4 1.25 g anhyd. mannose in 25 cm3; H2SO4 = 24JV; 250C (") t, min 5 10 20 30 60 120 240 360 a, °arc -8.3-8.3-7.5 -6.7^570 -1.8+0.0 +2.5

Solubility Solid phase: /3-mannose; 2O0C; g/100 cm3 solution (44) a. <=± ß mix. Solvent Initial | Final || 100% CH3OH

0.78

80% C2H5OH

2.4

EQUILIBRIUM ROTATION In Aqueous C2H5OH (13) % C2H5QH

4.4

%«

%ß

13.0

82

18

Mutarotation

I

30 60 80

I

[g]S

\a№

71.2 63.3 57.0

66.4 60.5 51.0

[*iS

63.3 57.4 41.6 13

IN H2O

C = g mannose per 100 cm 3 of solution; 19.70C (43) C I 5.13 I 8.0 I 10.0 I 10.2 I 19.1 | 24.7 IQ3 (fei + /C2) '17.7 I 17.9 I 17.5 I 17.8 18.1 I 19.1

In Aqueous n-Propyl Alcohol ( , 26) C3H7OH, g/1 1()0 20() 30() 4()0 5()0 6()0 solution Mf? I 79.66 76.13 ! 74.04 | 71.56 | 68.97 | 64.96

IN DILUTE (>10%) SOLUTION (43) Between O and 450C, fci + ^2 may be computed with, an accuracy of ca. 5% by means of the equation: logio IO3 (ki + ^2) = 13.132 - 3472/r where T is the absolute temperature. EFFECT OF HCL AT 19.70C (43) HCl, N I O |0.00l|0.010|0.0125|0.0166|0.025|0.05i0.10 lQ8( f c l + / c 2 ) . . . . | l 7 . 7 | 19.0 I 39.6 I 46.0 | 55.8 | 7 0 . 8 | 125 238

In Various Solvents 2 Values of [a] x° (30) Galactose, g/100 ml | 1 | 1 | 2.98 X, m/j. I In H2O | Pyridine | Formic acid 6 5 6 6 0 . 5 0 4 6 . 5 0 1 0 1 . 4 2 589 80.17 59.83 127.30 535 96.66 76.66 155.30 508 117.50 85.33 175.80 479 131.00 98.66 221.10 447 150.66 115.33 250.80

IN VARIOUS SOLVENTS

Index of Refraction and Density of Aqueous Solution ( 7 7 )

C IQ3 (fei +

I 27.1 I 36.8 I 45.0 | 50.0 52.0 56.0 I 19.2 I 19.7 I 20.0 | 19.2 | 18.9 | 17.9

fcg)

0

Solvent

C

^11 +

10

a

I

fe

ß

° 103^1

10'fc2 Lit.

% anhydrous galactose .

1.5 2.9 25 5.4 15.0 20.0 18.0 19.0 20.0

o i x Solvent

Galactose, g/100 ml

0

WiJ

IO

C a

a+± ß

ß

0

3

(/C1 + /C2)

H2O 2.18 12.5 +139.3 +79.3 Formamide. . . . 2.01 18.0 154.5 85.45 2.25 20.0 139.4 79.25 H2O Formamide. . . . 1.75 20.0 155.3 87.77 79.01+56.51 1.87 20.0 H2O 87.19 62.30 Formamide. . . . 1.81 20.0 144.0 80.05 47.0* H2O 60% C 2 H 5 OH.. 20.0 140.6 72.8 33* 80% C 2 H 6 OH.. 20.0 127.2 73.1 34* 20.0 52 H2O 80.2 H2O 1.0 20.0 * Calculated from initial and final solubilities and rotations.

4.79 0.84 9.60 1.98 7.22 1.57

Lit. (60) (60) (61) (61) (61) (61) (44) (44) (44) (44) (30)

0

•^jjp = -0.23 at 12.5 C = -0.34 at 18 C («o).

%HC1 C [a]rj

JV of H2SQ4 Hf)5

~

1.15

2.9 5.75

IN VARIOUS SOLVENTS

0

~ ~

45 1 1.0730 I 1.0335 I 1.0150 | 1.0058 | 1.0012 ( 57 ) n^ I 1.3620 I 1.3470 | 1.3400 | 1.3366 1.3349 ( 57 ) 0.41 1.93 ( ^ 7 ) Solubility 3.63 .77 2.86 ( 4 4 ) g a-galactose per 100 cm3 solution 17. (U) Solvent I Initial | Final | Lit. 27.3 ( 61 ) 80% C2H5OH 0.27 | 0.65 (38) 3.26 ( 61 ) 60% C2H5OH I 1.1 I 3.1 I (38) C 6 Hi 2 O 6 , GALACTOSE 1 Mutarotation ( Z) Optical Rotation

H20 80% C2H5OH 80% C 2 H 5 OH 80% C2H5OH H20 H20 Formamide

Solvent

~

EFFECT 1 O I I 8 I I 83.3

OF HUL IN H2Q (*>?) 25 I 37.6 | 40.0 42.0 6 I 6 I 6 6 94.2 I 113.8 133.6 160.4

EFFECT OF H2SO4 IN H2O Ç 11 ) | 0 I 10 I 16 I 18 20 I 24 I 26 1 79.0 I 88.0 I 95.0 | 99.5 |102.5|110.0|122.Q

Galactose, g/iooml'

Conductivity H20 0.5N-H3BQ3

C

9.0 9.0

1Q3

^ + *«)

25.0 25.0

1.41 1.45

C 5 Hi 0 O 5 , ARABINOSE Optical Rotation and Mutarotation IN VARIOUS SOLVENTS Solvent

Arabinose, g/100 ml

. tD

[al 0

C

103 (ki + *,)

a

ß

*~ H-20 2.61 12 +105.9(1-) +186(Z-) H20 20 -54* (d-) -105.0(d-) -175(d-) 80% C 2 H 5 OH... 20 -28*0*-) -81.7(d-) -I73(d-) Formamide 2.40 13 +116.3(Z-) +189(Z-) * Calculated from initial and final solubilities and rotations.

EFFECT OF HCL IN AQUEOUS SOLUTION Arabinose, ca. 5 g/100 ml (9?) %HC1.... O 25 37.6 40 0 C 9 8 8 8 [afe 7+105.1 117.6 142.0 166.2

TTP1 °

%

*» min [cjp0

6 +166.3

Li r,

ß

18 48 167.0 ~67.0

13.4 («<>) 31 (44) (*«) 1.54 ( 6 P)

42 8 202.9

64 167.0

Solubility ( 44 ) In 80% aqueous C2H5OH: Initial Sß = 0.74, final Sp = 1.94 g per 100 cm3 solution. Equilibrium mixture = 38 % ß, 62% a.

C 5 Hi 0 O 6 , XYLOSE Optical Rotation and Mutarotation IN VARIOUS SOLVENTS I Xylose, 0 ~ [ a f a I O 3 ~ Solvent / ' C — ; /7 7 N Lit. g/100 ml OL a *± ß l ß (Jc1 + fc2) H20 20 + 9 2 . 0 + 1 9 . 0 -20* ( 44 ) 80%C2H6OH 20 + 9 4 . 5 + 3 2 . 1 -20* (44) H20 1 2.8 (44) H20 10 7.5 (44) H20 20 20.7 (44) H20 30 53.2 (44) H20 40 133 (44) H20 2.72 20 +90.3+19.13 18.8 (60) Formamide.. 4.04 20 +109.4+25.12 3.06 (60) H20 20 +18.2 (30) Pyridine 20 +40.5 (30) 20 +66.6 (30) Formic acid. * Calculated from initial and final solubilities and rotations of the a-form.

EFFECT OF HCL IN AQUEOUS SOLUTION (ca. 5 g/100 ml) ( 9 7 ) % HCl O 8 25 37.6 40.0 42.0 0 C 13 9 9 9 9 9 [a]fD + 1 7 . 6 2 1 . 3 27.4 46.4 68.7 96.6 ROTATION AT EQUILIBRIUM ( 3 O) Values of [gfi° for a *± ß Xylose, g/100 ml Q.866 1.28 5.48 X, m p In H2O Pyridine Formic acid 656 +13.28 32.04 55.74 589 18.19 40.64 66.60 535 21.08 48.64 82.66 508 24.50 59.90 95.80 479 27.70 68.34 116.13 447 31.94 72.47 125.95 Solubility In 80% C2H5OH at 2O0C: Initial 2.7 g, final 6.2 g per 100 cm3 solution. Equilibrium mixture, 44% a, 56% ß ( 44 ). Ci 8 H 32 Oi 6 + 5H2O, RAFFINOSE (MELITRIOSE, GOSSYPOSE) (Composition: d-Galactose < ^-Glucose < > d-Fructose) Raffinose may be hydrolyzed to (1) fructose and melibiose; (2) galactose and sucrose; (3) fructose, glucose, and galactose. It is nonreducing. Optical Rotation INH 2 O Form Lit. R-5H 2 O [<*]£? = 104.5 (16,54) Anhyd [«]îî>.25 = 123.00 " (62,91,93) Anhyd [«]&.! = 144.55 (94)

EFFECT OF SALTS IN H2O ( 91 > 92 > 93 > ^ 4 ).—(Continued) Salt I Moles/1000 g H2O | M2689.25 LiCl 1.30 123.24

MLVi 0.0 1_2

CsCl

I

Density of Aqueous Solution d\l of aqueous solution containing 28.4% raffinose = 1.12474. Since this corresponds to 29.10° sucrose Brix, 1% raffinose = 1.025° sucrose Brix (80). C = formula weights of raffinose • 5H2O per liter of solution at f°C, all weights in vacuo ( 95 ). °in ^

0.038083 .037973 .037615 .058632 .058466 .057925 .102676

0.00 24.94 49.87 0.00 24.94 49.87 0.00

li

dAtt IuI C/n Ii 1.00796 0.102297 1.00483 .131202 .130727 .99556 1.01218 .129787 .176625 1.00897 .99964 .175818 1.02147 .174336

O^T ^ iI

24.94 0.00 24.96 50.12 0.00 24.00 49.84

Solubility IN H2O. PER CENT ANHYD. RAFFINOSE Q 10 16 6.5 10.0 14.5

0

C %

Lit

(1S)~

(15)

(15)

1

a"T

t 1.01179 1.02752 1.02378 1.01407 1.03645 1.03172 1.02302

24 28.4 (80)

IN AQUEOUS CH3OH AT 150C S in g anhyd. raffinose per 100 cm3 solution (3l) Vol. % CH3OH 100 95 90 85 80 60 20 S ~ÏÔT2 7.5 2.4 1.8 1.8 2.8 5.0 Hydrolysis of Raffinose by Acids at 250C (*) 100 g H2O + 0.25 mole of anhyd. raffinose + 1 mole of acid Acid &=lloglo_^L_ c a — x

HNO 3 I 0.00390

HCl 0.00419

I H2SQ4 0.00446

SYSTEMS CONTAINING MORE THAN ONE SUGAR Solubilities SYSTEM: SUCROSE, DEXTROSE, WATER, 3O0C ( 5a ) Solid phase _ C12H22O11

^^ = ca. 0.0 between 3° and 2O0C (23). IN VARIOUS SOLVENTS (30) C = 3.7125 g anhyd. raffinose per 100 ml solution. Values of MU0 X, m/i = 656 I 589 535 | 508 | 479 | 447 InH 2 0 79.63 105.20 131.71 150.75 163.77 188.55 Pyridine.... 94.22 117.17 142.76 "Ï67.00 188.52" 218.26 EFFECT OF SALTS IN H2O (91, 92, 93, 94) 0.1 formula weight Ci 8 H 32 Qi 6 in 1000 g H2O Salt Moles/1000 g H2O | IaISi9.u 0.0 123.00 KCl 1.3 123.08 NaCl 1.71 123.12

144.55 144.64

Ci2H22Q11 + C6H12O6.H2Q C6H12O6-H2O

%

sucrose 68.11 64.22 60.40 53.19 48.60 47.10 TTT 33.79 19.66 7.35 O

, f° dextrose O 4.89 9.70 18.58 24.61 26.59 33.88 41.97 50.00 54.64

d™ 4 1.3301 1.3356 1.3411 1.3507 1.3588 • 1.3227 1.2867 1.2592 1.2434

SOLUBILITY OF SUCROSE, DEXTROSE, AND LEVULOSE IN THE PRESENCE OF ONE ANOTHER Solid phase sucrose ( 50 ) Qf '

% invert sugar % sucrose

| O | 11.90 | 25.39 | 36.90 | 67.59 | 57.84 | 47.31 | 38.66

At 3O0C % invert sugar

% sucrose

%

80

d;u

O68.111.330124 14.94 56.32 1.3485 21.86 50.97 1.3571 23.21 49.91 1.3587 24.46 48.95 1.3608

I. invert sugar .5248 28.01 37.48 47.02*

%

% . invert sucrose sugar .9347.62* 46.36 56.37 39.23 63.68 32.06 64.47

% sucrose 31.85 26.03 21.18 20.59

*dl° = 1.3957.

At 5O0C % invert sugar] O | 11.42 | 22.65 | 32.32 | 46.05 | 57.06 % sucrose....I 72.25 | 62.81 | 53.80 | 46.20 | 35.75 | 28.18 Both sugars present as solid phases ( 50 ) 0 C I O I 10 I 15 I 23.151 30 | 40 | 50 % sucrose 43.7 40.9 39.1 36.3 33.6 31.1 27.7 % invert sugar 27.2 31.8 34.8 39.9 45.4 50.7 58.0 SYSTEM: DEXTROSE, LEVULOSE, WATER, 3O0C Solid phase dextrose monohydrate ( 50 ) % anhyd. % levu,30 % anhyd. % levu4 dextrose lose dextrose lose 5 4 . 6 4 0 . 0 0 3 5 . 7 6 3 3 . 0 9 1 . 3 49.34 8.94 1.2639 34.48 35.69 49.32 8.94 1.2650 33.67 37.10 45.97 14.50 1.2779 32.55 39.39 41 Ol 23.23 1.3000

^30 4

2 8 6 1.3359 1.3408 1.3480

SYSTEM: DEXTROSE, LEVULOSE, WATER Solid phase, dextrose. A = % dextrose, in water alone. B = % dextrose in solution containing an equivalent amount of lévulose. Saturation with crystalline dextrose in both cases ( 50 ). 0

C* U

O 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0

II

AA

35.0 40.8 44.0 47.2 50.80

jI

"D rS

50.8 56.6 59.8 62.6 66.2

IIl)

0

^ (^

30.0 35.0 40.0 45.0 50.0

I\

AA

54.64 58.02 61.87 65.71 70.91

II

"R r*

69.7 72.2 74.8 78.0 81.9

Clerget Analysis for Sucrose ( 48 ) The estimation of sucrose in the presence of other optically active substances by the Clerget Method depends upon the change of rotation which the sugar undergoes upon inversion. The difference in saccharimeter deg. between the rotation of 26 g of pure

sucrose in 100 ml of solution observed in a 200 mm column and the rotation of invert sugar calculated to a concentration of 26 g of inverted sucrose in 100 ml is known as the Clerget Divisor. Two general methods of inversion are employed: (a) Inversion by the enzyme, invertase.1 (6) Inversion by hydrochloric acid.2 VALUES OF CLERGET DIVISOR (ws, resp. WA, resp. WN, resp. WN& = g inverted sucrose, resp. HCl, resp. NH4Cl, resp. NaCl in 100 ml of solution, t = 0C.) (a) Invertase inversion. | Negative constituent Positive constituent + 100 I -42.1 - 0.0676 (ws - 13) + t/2 (b) HCl inversion, 2.312 g anhyd. HCl in 100 ml of inverted solution, equivalent to 10 ml of HCl (dj0 =1.1029). Positive constituent Negative constituent + 100 -43.25 - 0.0676 (m. - 13) + t/2 (c) HCl inversion and subsequent neutralization with NH 4 OH equivalent to 10 ml HCl (d? = 1.1029) in 100 ml of inverted solution. Positive constituent | Negative constituent + 100 I --43.91 - 0.0676 (m, - 13) + t/2 (d) HCl inversion with 10 ml of HCl (df = 1.1029) in 100 ml of inverted solution; 2.315 g NaCl contained in 100 ml of solution for direct polarization (in order to equalize the effect of HCl upon invert sugar when present as an impurity). Positive constituent | Negative constituent +99.38 I -42.1 - 0.0676 (ws - 13) + t/2 (e) HCl inversion with 10 ml HCl (dj° = 1.1029) in 100 ml of inverted solution and subsequent neutralization with NH 4 OH; 3.392 g NH4Cl contained in 100 ml of solution for direct polarization. Positive constituent Negative constituent +99.43 I -43.91 - 0.0676 (m. - 13) + t/2 GENERALIZED FORMULAE Positive constituent: R = 100 - 0.265 wNa = 100 - 0.169wN. Negative constituent: AHCI = -41.12 - 0.5407wA - 0.0676 ms + 0.5 t. ANH4Ci = -41.12 - 0.563WN - 0.0676ws + 0.5«. Reducing Powers toward Fehling's Solution For Munson and Walker's table for calculating dextrose, invert sugar, in mixtures containing sucrose, lactose and maltose v. ( 18 > 65). For Alfflm's tables v. (14, 20). 1 2

For detailed description of methods of inversion by invertase, v. ( 3 ). For detailed description of methods of inversion by hydrochloric acid, r. ( 48 ).

POTATIONS AND MELTING POINTS OF PURE SUGARS AND SUGAR DERIVATIVES (40*5) Formula 0-d-Arabinose a-Z-Arabinose tetraacetate 0-Z-Arabinose tetraacetate Z-Arabonic amide c?-Arabonic phenylhydrazide /3-Bromoacetyl d-arabinose ß-Bromoacetyl Z-arabinose a-Bromoacetyl lactose a-Bromoacetyl d-xylose (0-Cellobiose a-Cellobiose octaacetate ß-Cellobiose octaacetate a-Chondrosamine pentaacetate 0-Chondrosamine pentaacetate 0-Chloroacetyl d-arabinose

C5H10O5 Ci3Hi8O9 Ci3H18O9 C 5 HnO 5 N CnH16O5N2 CnHi5O7Br CnH15O7Br C26H35Oi7Br C11H15O7Br Ci 2 H 22 On C28H38Oi9 C28H38Oi9 CuH 23 Oi 0 N Ci 6 H 23 Oi 0 N CnHi5O7Cl

^1' Ï50 318 318 165 256 339 339 699 339 342 678 678 389 389 295

M. P. 97 86 136

145 102 229 202 183 220 d

[ag> -175 +42.5 +147.2 +37.5 - 14.5 -288 +288 +109 +212 +16.0 +41 - 14.6 +101.3 + 10.5 -244

[M]^ - 26 300 + 13 500 + 46 800 + 6 190 - 3 710 - 97 600 + 97 600 + 76 200 + 71 900 + 5 470 + 2 7 800 - 9 900 + 3 9 400 + 4 080 - 72 000

Solvent HÔ CHCl3 CHCl3 H2O H2O CHCl3 CHCl3 CHCl3 CHCl3 H2O CHCl3 CHCl3 CHCl3 CHCl3 CHCl3

ROTATIONS AND MELTING POINTS OF PURE SUGARS AND SUGAR DERIVATIVES (*<>•*).—(Continued) Formula 0-Chloroacetyl Z-arabinose Chloroacetyl celtrobiose(40) Chloroacetyl d-galactose (second) «-Chloroacetyl lactose a-Chloroacetyl neolactose (53) 0-d-Fructose a-d-Fructose pentaacetate /3-d-Fructose pentaacetate. ß-d-Fructose tetraacetate : d-Galactonic amide a-d-Galactose /3-d-Galactose d-Galactose pentaacetate (first) d-Galactose pentaacetate (second) d-Galactose pentaacetate (third) d-Galactose pentaacetate (fourth) d-Galactose tetraacetate (third) d-Galactose phenylhydrazone d-a-Galaheptonic amide d-a-Galaheptonic phenylhydrazide a-Gentiobiose octaacetate /3-Gentiobiose octaacetate d-a-Glucoheptonic amide d-0-Glucoheptonic amide d-a-Glucoheptonic phenylhydrazide ß-d-a-Glucoheptose a-d-a-Glucoheptose hexaacetate /3-d-a-Glucoheptose hexaacetate d-Gluconic amide.. a-d-Glucosamine pentaacetate ß-d-Glucosamine pentaacetate a-d-Glucose /3-d-Glucose a-d-Glucose pentaacetate ß-d-Glucose pentaacetate d-Gulonic amide a-Iodoacetyl lactose a-Lactose , 0-Lactose a-Lactose octaacetate 0-Lactose octaacetate a-d-Lyxose /S-Maltose 0-Maltose heptaacetate a-Maltose octaacetate /3-Maltose octaacetate d-Mannitol hexaacetate d-a-Mannoheptonic amide d-a-Mannoheptonic phenylhydrazide d-a-Mannoheptose hexaacetate (first) d-a-Mannoheptose hexaacetate (second) d-Mannonic amide d-Mannonic phenylhydrazide d-Mannosaccharic diamide /3-d-Mannose a-d-Mannose pentaacetate ß-d-Mannose pentaacetate Melezitose Melezitose hendekaacetate /3-Melibiose ß-Melibiose octaacetate

C11H15O7Cl C26H35O17Cl C14H19O9Cl C26H35O17Cl C26H35Oi7Cl C6H12O6 C16H22On . C16H22O11 C14H20O10 C6H13O6N C6H12O6 C6H12O6 C 16 H 22 O n C16H22On C16H22On C16H22O11 Ci4H20Oi0 C 20 H 26 O 9 N 2 C7H15O7N C13H20O7N2 C28H38O19 C28H38O19 C7H15O7N C7H15O7N C 13 H 20 O 7 N 2 C7H14O7 C19H26O13 Ci9H26O13 C6H13O6N C16H23O10N C16H23O10N C6H12O6 C6H12O6 C16H22On C16H22On C 6 Hi 3 O 6 N C26H35OnI Ci 2 H 22 O n Ci 2 H 22 O n C28H38Oi9 C28H38Oi9 C5Hi0O5 C6Hi2O6 C 26 H 36 Oi 8 C28H38Oi9 C28H38Oi9 Ci 8 H 26 Oi 2 C7Hi5O7N Ci 3 H 20 O 7 N Ci 9 H 26 Oi 3 Ci 9 H 26 Oi 3 C6Hi3O6N Ci 2 Hi 8 O 6 N 2 C 6 Hi 2 O 6 N 2 C 6 Hi 2 O 6 Ci6H22O11 Ci 6 H 22 O n Ci8H32Oi6 C 40 H 54 O 27 Ci 2 H 22 On C 28 H 38 Oi 9

M( L

? WT/. 295 655 367 655 655 180 390 390 348 195 180 180 390 390 390 390 348 438 225 316 678 678 225 225 316 210 462 462 195 389 389 180 180 390 390 195 746 342 342 678 678 150 342 636 678 678 434 225 316 462 462 195 286 208 180 390 390 504 966 342 678

M. P.

[afi>°

138 67 121 182 70 . 172

142 96 98 87 73 95 206 189 193 134 158

164 135 144 140 189

113 132 123 145

152 90

181 125 160 120 194 106 140 173 189 64 118 148 117 177

+244 +59.2 - 78 +84 + 71.2 -133.5 +34.7 -120.9 — 91.6 + 30.2 +144 +52 +23 +107 - 42 +61 - 17.8 +15.5 +14.3 + 8.5* +52.4 - 5.3 +10.6 - 30.2 + 9.3 - 28.4 +87.0 +4.8 +31.2 +93.5 +1.2 +113 +19 +101.6 + 3.8 +15.2 +137 +90 +35 +53.9 - 4.3 +5.5 +118 + 67.8 +122.4 + 62.7 +26 +28 +21 +24.2 — 31 - 17.3 — 8.1* — 24.5 - 17 +55.0 - 25.2 +88.2 +103.8 + 12.4 +102.5

[M]^ + 72 000 + 38 800 - 28 600 + 55 000 + 46 700 - 24 000 + 1 3 500 - 47 200 - 31 900 + 5 890 + 25 900 + 9 360 + 8 970 + 41 700 - 16 400 + 23 800 - 6 190 + 6 790 + 3 220 + 2 700* + 35 500 - 3 590 + 2 390 - 6 790 + 2 940 - 5 960 + 40 200 + 2 220 + 6080 + 3 6 400 + 467 + 20 300 + 3 420 + 39 600 + 1 480 + 2 960 +102 000 + 3 0 800 + 1 2 000 + 3 6 500 - 2 920 + 825 + 40 400 + 43 100 + 83 000 + 42 500 + 1 1 300 + 6 300 + 6 640 + 1 1 200 — 14 300 - 3 370 — 2 320* — 5 100 - 3 060 - 21 500 - 9 830 + 44 500 +100 000 + 42 400 + 6 9 500

Solvent CHCl3 CHCl3 CHCl3 CHCl3 CHCl3 H2O CHCl3 CHCl3 CHCl3 H2O H2O H2O CHCl3 CHCl3 CHCl3 CHCl3 CHCl3 CHCl3 H2O H2O CHCl3 CHCl3 H2O H2O H2O H2O CHCl3 CHCl3 H2O CHCl3 CHCl3 H2O H2O CHCl3 CHCl3 H2O CHCl3 H2O H2O CHCl3 CHCl3 H2O H2O CHCl3 CHCl3 CHCl3 CHCl3 H2O H2O CHCl3 CHCl3 H2O H2O H2O H2O CHCl3 CHCl3 H2O CHCl3 H2O CHCl3

ROTATION AND MELTING POINTS OF PURE SUGARS AND SUGAR DERIVATIVES (**.*)—(Continued)

«-Methyl J-arabinoside /3-Methyl Z-arabinoside /3-Methyl Z-arabinoside triacetate /3-Methyl cellobioside heptaacetate 0-Methyl d-f ructoside. /3-Methyl d-fructoside tetraacetate «-Methyl d-galactoside tetraacetate /3-Methyl d-galactoside tetraacetate /3-Methyl gentiobioside /3-Methyl gentiobioside heptaacetate «-Methyl d-glucoside tetraacetate /3-Methyl d-glucoside tetraacetate «-Methyl d-lyxoside ( 73 ) /3-Methyl maltoside heptaacetate «-Methyl d-xyloside /3-Methyl d-xyloside «-Methyl d-xyloside triacetate /3-Methyl d-xyloside triacetate a-Neolactose octaacetate (53) /3-Neolactose octaacetate ( 53 ) Z-Rhamnomethyltetronic amide Z-Rhamnomethyltetronic lactone Z-Rhamnonic phenylhydrazide a-Z-Rhamnose Z-Ribonic amide d-Sacchario diamide Sedoheptose (anhydro-) Sucrose octaacetate Trehalose octaacetate a-d-Xylose <*-d-Xylose tetraacetate /3-d-Xylose tetraacetate d-Xylose triacetate * At 8O0C.

Formula

^1'

M. P.

C6H12O5 . C6H12O5 C12H18O8 C27H38O18 C7H14O6 C15H22O10 C15H22O10 C15H22O10 C13H24O11 C27H38O18 C15H22O10 C15H22O10 C6H12O5 C27H38O18 C6H12O5 C0H12O5 C12H18O8 C12H18O8 C28H38O19 C28H38O19 C5H11O4N C5H8O4 C12H18O5N2 C6H12O5 C5H11O5N C 6 H 12 O 6 N 2 C7H12O6 C28H38O19 C28H38O19 C5H10O5 . C13H18O9 C13H18O9 C11H16O8

164 164 290 650 194 362 362 362 356 650 362 362 164 650 164 164 290 290 678 678 149 132 270 164 165 208 210 678 678 150 318 318 276

131 169 85 187 120 76 98 82 101 105 109 125 157 86 115 178 148 135 123 138 173 69 98 59 128 141

[agj

[M]2D°

+ 17.3 +245.5 +182.Of - 25.4 -172.1 -124.6 +133.0 - 13.0 - 36.0 - 18.9 +130.6 - 18.3 + 59.4 +53.7 +153.9 - 65.5 +119.6 - 60.7 + 53.4 -7.1 +54.8 - 44.7 +17.2 -7.7 - 16.4 +13.3 -146.3 +59.6 +162.3 +92 +89.1 - 24.9 + 7Of

+ 2 840 + 40 300 + 52 80Of - 16 500 - 33 400 - 45 100 + 4 8 100 - 4 710 - 12 800 - 12 300 + 47 300 - 6 620 + 34 900 + 2 5 200 - 10 700 + 34 700 - 17 600 + 36 200 - 4 810 + 8 170 - 5 900 + 4 640 - 1 260 - 2 710 + 2 770 - 30 720 + 40 400 +110 000 + 13 800 + 28 300 - 7 920 + 19 30Of

Solvent H2O H2O CHCl3 CHCl3 H2O CHCl3 CHCl3 CHCl3 H2O CHCl3 CHCl3 CHCl3 H2O CHCl3 H2O H2O CHCl3 CHCl3 CHCl3 CHCl3 H2O H2O H2O H2O H2O H2O H2O CHCl3 CHCl3 H2O CHCl3 CHCl3 CHCl3

t At 230C.

31 A, 13: 633; 16. ( 48 ) Jackson and Gillis, 31, No. 375: 20. 31 A, 16: 125; 20. ( 4 9 ) Jackson and Silsbee, 31, No. 437: 22. 31 A, 17: 715; 22. (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) ( 5 °) Jackson and Silsbee, 32, No. 259. SlA, 18: 277; 24. ( 51 ) Jackson, SilsC 1 ) Armstrong and Glover, 5B, 80: 312; 08. ( 2 ) Armstrong and Walker, 5, bee and Proffitt, 31, No. 519; 26. 31 A, 20: 587; 26. ( 5 2 ) Kraisy and 88: 388; 13. ( 3 ) Association of official agricultural chemists, Official and Traegel, 445, 74: 193; 24. (") Kunz and Hudson, 1, 48: 1978; 26. ( 5 4 ) Tentative Methods of Analysis, 2nd ed., p. 183. Washington, D. C., 1925. Landolt, 445, 38: 29; 88. ( 5S ) Landolt, Das optische Drehungsvermögen (4) Bacharach, 173, 48: 521; 23. ( 5 ) Baker, Ingold and Thorpe, 4, 125: organischer Substanzen und dessen praktische Anwendungen, p. 420; 2nd ed. 268; 24. ( 6 ) Bates, 31, No. 34: 06. SlA, 2:239:06. ( 7 ) Bates and Braunschweig, Vieweg und Sohn, 1898. ( 56 ) Levene, 141, 57: 329; 23. 8 9 Bearce, SlB9 No. 115; 18. ( ) Bates and Blake, 31 A, 3: 105; 07. ( ) ( 5 7 ) Levene, 141, 59: 129; 24. ( 57 -5) Lippman, 460, 33: 106; 08. ( 58 ) Bates and Jackson, 31, 268; 16. 31 A, 13: 67; 16. Loomis, 7, 37: 407; 01. ( 59 ) Lowry and Richards, 4, 125: 2511; 24. ( 1 O ) Bleyer and Schmidt, SOa, 135: 546; 23. ( > » ) Bleyer and Schmidt, 205, ( 6 O) Mackenzie and Ghosh, 68, 35: 22; 15. ( 6 1 ) Mackenzie and Ghosh, 68, 138: 119; 23. ( 12 ) Böeseken, Kerstjens, and Klamer, 64P, 18: 1654; 16. 36: 204; 16. («i.S) Main, 275, 9: 481; 07. ( 6 2 ) Meyer, 7, 62: 59; 08. (i3)Bourquelot, .74, 7:153; 17. ( 1 4 ) Browne, 1, 28: 439; 06. ( 15 ) Browne, ( 63 ) Meyer, 7, 72: 117; 10. ( 64 ) Mondain-Monval, 84, 181: 37; 25. ( 6 5 ) Handbook of Sugar Analysis, p. 735. New York, Wiley, 1912. ( 16 ) Browne Munson and Walker, l, 28: 663; 06. 29: 541; 07. ( 6 6 ) Murschhauser, and Gamble,^, 13 : 793; 21. O7 ) Bureau of Standards,365, No. 44:128; 18. 205, 136: 66; 23. ( 6 7 ) Nasini and Villavecchia, Publie de lab. chim. delle (17.5) Bureau of Standards, 365, No. 44: 134; 18. ( 18 ) Bureau of Standgabelle Roma, 1891: 47. ( 68 ) Nelson and Beegle, l, 41: 559; 19. ( 6 9 ) ards, 365, No. 44: 139; 18. O 9 ) Bureau of Standards, 866, No. 44: 147; 18. Nelson and Hitchcock, Î , 43: 2632; 21. <20) Bureau of Standards, 365, No. 44: 148; 18. ( 2 1 ) Bureau of Standards, ( 7 O) Nutting, 2, 17: 1; 03. ( 71 ) Patterson, 4, 109: 1204; 16. ( 7 2 ) Pennycuick, 22 365, No. 44: 149; 18. ( ) Bureau of Standards, 865, No. 295: 3; 26. (23) 4, 125: 2049; 24. ( 7 3) Phelps and Hudson, l, 48: 503; 26. ( 7 4 ) Pionchon, Creydt, 445, 37: 153; 87. ( 24 ) Euhler and Hedelius, 205, 107: 150; 20. 34, 124: 1523; 97. ( 7 S ) Plato, Kaiserlichen Normal-Eichungs-Kommission, ( 2 5 ) Euler, Ölander and Rudberg, 93, 146: 45; 25. ( 2 6 ) Foulkes, 49, 14: Wiss. Abh., 2: 153; 00. ( 7 6 ) Prinsen-Geerligs, 275, 10: 68; 08. ( 7 7 ) Pulver364; 16. ( 2 7 ) Gillis, 70, 39: 88; 20. ( 2 8 ) Gillis, 70, 39: 677; 20. ( 2 9 ) macher, 93, 113: 141; 20. ( 7 8 ) Quisumbing and Thomas, l, 43: 1503; 21. Gillis, 70, 43: 135; 24. ( 7 9 ) Saillard, 378, 2: 1035; 19. (30) Grossman and Block, 445, 62 II: 19; 12. ( 31 ) Gunning, 446, 39: 363; 89. ( 8 O) Schecker, 445, 74: 82; 24. ( 81 ) Schliephacke, 13, 377: 164; 10, ( 8 2 ) (3 2 ) Herzfeld, 445, 42: 147; 92. (33) Herzfeld, 445, 50 II: 826; 00. ( 3 *) Schönrock, 445, 54 II: 521; 04. ( 8 3 ) Schönrock, 445, 61 II: 421; 11. ( 8 4 ) Hoop and van Laer, 205, 155: 235; 25. (35) Hudson, 1, 26: 1065; 04. (36) Schönrock, 243, .43: 69; 23. ( 85 ) Smits and Gillis, 64P, 20: 520; 18. Hudson, 1, 29: 1571; 07. (37) Hudson, 1, 30: 1564; 08. (38) Hudson, I1 (««) Stanëk, 446, 35: 57; 10. ( 8 7 ) Stanëk, 446, 45: 417; 21. ( 88 ) Tollens, 30: 1767; 08. (39) Hudson, 1, 31: 66; 09. 25, 10: 1403; 77. ( 8 9 ) Tollens, 25, 17: 2234; 84. ( 4 O) Hudson, 1, 48: 2002; 26. (40.5) Hudson, 3Jf, No. 533; 26. («) Hudson ( 9 0 ) Vosburgh, l, 42: 1696; 20. ( 91 ) Washburn, l, 31: 322; 09. ( 9 2 ) Washand Brown, 1, 30: 960; 08. ( 4 2 ) Hudson and Dale, 1, 39: 320; 17. ( 4 3 ) burn, 7, 66: 513; 09. ( 93 ) Washburn, 446, 60 II: 381; 10. ( 9 4 ) Washburn Hudson and Sawyer, 1, 39: 470; 17. ( 4 4 ) Hudson and Yanovsky, 1, 39: and Millard, l, 37: 694; 15. ( 9 5 ) Washburn and Williams, l, 35: 750; 13. 1013; 17. ( 4 «) Ingersoll, 2, 9: 257; 17. ( 4 7 ) Jackson, 31, No. 293: 16. ( 9 6 ) Wilcox, 50, 5: 587; 01. ( 97 ) Zechmeister, 7, 103: 316; 22.

LITERATURE

X-RAY DIFFRACTION DATAMISCELLANEOUS NATURAL AND INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS RALPH W. G. WYCKOFF The following bibliography contains references to qualitative and quantitative studies by means of X-rays on various natural and industrial materials, and supplements the quantitative data on pure metals, alloys, soaps, etc., presented in vol. I, p. 338-353. The following classes of materials are covered: I. Structure of Alloys. II. Non-ferrous Metals and Alloys. III. Iron and Steel. IV. Worked Metals and Alloys. V. Orientation of Crystals in Electrodeposited Metals. VI. Fibrous or Deformed Substances. VII. Cellulose and Related Compounds. VIII. Rubber and Related Compounds. IX. Ceramic Materials and Products. X. Glass and Silica. XI. Catalysts. XII. Amorphous and Colloidal Materials. XIII. Application to the Identification of Compounds. I. STKUCTURE OF ALLOYS O) Hadfield, Main and Brooksbank, 83, 15 II: 72; 20 (steels). ( 2 ) Bain, 33, 25: 657; 21 (crystal structure). ( 3 ) Bain, 80, 68: 625; 23 (crystal structure of solid solutions). ( 4 ) Wever, Bericht No. 24 des Werkstoffausschusses der Ver. deutscher Eisenhüttenleute, Oct. 5, 1922 (structure of metals). ( 5 ) Jeffries and Archer, 33, 29: 923, 966; 23 (solid solutions). ( 6 ) Rosenhain, 58, 112 : 832; 23 (solid solutions and inter-metallic compounds). ( 7 ) Rosenhain, 115, 115: 591; 23 (inner structure of alloys). ( 8 ) St. John, 430, 112: 890, 908; 23 (X-rays in the steel industry). ( 9 ) Bain, 45,16: 692; 24 (X-ray crystal analysis in metallurgy). (1°) Becker, Metallbörse, 14: 297, 346, 395, 442; 24 (X-rays in chemical .research). ( 1 M Andrew, J. Roy. Tech. Coll. Glasgow, No. 2: 63; 25 (crystalline structure of metals). ( 1 2 ) Czochralski, 1818, 13: 425, 455; 25. 95, 17: 1; 25 (metallography and physical research). ( 13 ) Glocker, 95, 16: 180; 24 (testing of materials). ( 1 4 ) Jeffries, 66, 25 I: 444; 25 (X-ray metallography). ( 15 ) Rosenhain, 325, 24: 361; 25 (inner structure of alloys). ( 16 ) Weiss, 198, 36: 397; 25. 74, 22: 333, 450; 25 (X-ray spectrography and the study of metals). ( 17 ) Weiss, 5,108: 643; 25 (X-rays and the study of alloys). (l 8 ) Westgren and Phragmen, 55, Special No., April 1, 1925, p. 86 (structure of alloys). ( 19 ) Westgren, Sartryck ur Teknisk Tidsk., 1925, haft 22 (solid solutions). ( 20 ) Aborn and Burgmann, The Tech Engineering News, April, 1926, p. 2 (ultimate structure of metals). ( 2 1 ) Rinne, 95, 18: 37, 81; 26 (models for the mechanics of metals). ( 2 2 ) Tammann, 8, 79: 81; 26 (distribution of two kinds of atoms in mixed crystals). ( 2 3 ) Westgren and Phragmen, 95, 18: 279; 26 (metallic systems). ( 2 4 ) Westgren and Phragmen, 20. 19B: No. 12; 26 (structure analogies of alloys).

II. STRUCTURES OF NON-FERROUS METALS AND ALLOYS O) Imai, 159, 11: 313; 22 (Cu-Zn). ( 2 ) McKeehan, Ann. Postes, Télég. Télêph, 12: 1303; 23. 47, 32: 564; 24 (K, Be, BeO, and Ag-Pd and Au-Ag alloys), i.3) Davey, 2, 26: 736; 25 (,W). ( 4 ) Johansson and Linde, 8, 78: 439; 25 (Au-Cu and Pd-Cu). ( 5 ) Krüger and Sacklowski, 8, 78: 72; 25 (Pd-Ag alloys containing H). ( 6 ) Anderson, 143, 201: 465; 26 (duralumin and its crystal structure). ( 7 ) Bradley and Ollard, 58, 117: 122; 26 (Cr). (8) Freeman and Brandt, 31 A, 20: 661, 695; 26 (Zn). ( 9 ) Friauf, 1, 48: 1906; 26 (magnesium plumbide). (10) Harang, 63, 27: 204; 26 (Heusler alloys). ( 1 M Holgersson, 8, 79: 35; 26 (Au-Ag and Ni-Cu). C 1 2 ) Sillers, 31 A, 20: 686; 26. Cf. Pierce, Anderson and Van Dyck, 143, 200: 363; 25 (Zn). O 3 ) Westgren and Phragmen, 468, 2; 1926 (Cr-C). ( 14 ) Westgren and Phragmen, 93, 156: 27; 26 (W-C and Mo-C).

III. CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF IRON AND STEEL Cf. vol. I, p. 349 O) Iokibe, 159, 9: 275; 20 (graphite and temper-carbon from cast iron). ( 2 ) Westgren, 820, 105: 401; 21 (steel). ( 3 ) Westgren, 140, 103: 303; 21. 115, 111: 727, 757; 21 (iron and steel). ( 4 ) Westgren and Lindh, 7, 98: 181; 21 (iron and steel). ( 5 ) Wever, 226, 3: 45; 21 (arrangement of iron atoms in austenitic steel). ( 6 ) Bain, 33, 26: 543; 22 (martensite formed spontaneously from austenite). ( 7 ) Tammann, 77, 42: 772; 22 (transformation of cementite at 210°). ( 8 ) Westgren and Phragmen, 140, 105: 241; 22 (steel). < 9 ) Westgren and Phragmen, 7, 102: 1; 22 (iron and steel). (10) Wever, 226, 4: 67; 22 (iron carbide). 0 1 J Wever, 286, 4: 81 ; 22 (graphite and temper-carbon). O 2 ) Bain and Jeffries, 430, 112 : 805; 23 (red hardness in high-speed steel). ( 13 ) Heaps, 2, 22: 486; 23 (crystal structure and

magnéto-striction). O 4 ) Okoehi, Jß9, 2: 13; 23 (brittleness in electrolytic iron). (15) Westgren and Phragmen, 280, 1923: 449 (steel). ( 16 ) Zorning, 471, 4: 77; 23 (examination of steel by X-ray spectrometer). ( 1 7 ) Bain, 80, advance copy, Feb., 1924 (martensite). ( 18 ) Greene, 430, 114: 615, 670; 24 (troostite and sorbite). ( 19 ) Heindlhofer, 8, 24: 426; 24 tmartensite). ( 2 0 ) Heindlhofer and Wright, 812, 7: 34; 24 (hardened ballsteel). ( 2 I ) Honda, 212, 6: 187; 24 (transformation in pure Fe). ( 2 2 ) Lucas, 212, 6: 669; 24 (austenite and martensite). ( 23 ) Westgren and Phragmen, 58, 114: 94; 24. 140, 109: 159; 24 (steel). ( 2 4 ) Wever, 9, 30: 376; 24 (technical iron). (25) Wever and Rütten, 226, 6: 1 ; 24 (solid solution -y-Fe-C). ( 2 6 ) Williams, 417, 13: 175; 24 (hardened steel). ( 2 7 ) Benedicks, 58, 115: 230; 25 (hardness of Mn-steel). ( 28 ) Foley, 80, 73: 850; 26 (amorphous cement and the formation of ferrite). ( 2 9 ) Honda, 159, 14: 165; 25 (formation of martensite in C-steels). (30) Wever, 77, 45: 1208; 25 (Fe). ( 31 ) Davey, 120, 29: 440; 26 (iron and steel). ( 32 ) Fink and Campbell, 212, 9: 717; 26 (influence of heat treatment and carbon content on pure Fe-C alloys). ( 33 ) Osawa, 140, 113: 447; 26 (lattice-constant and density of Fe-Ni alloys). ( 34 ) Phragmen, 140, 1926, advance paper (Fé-Si alloys).

IV. X-RAY DIFFRACTION OF WORKED METALS AND ALLOYS O) Owen and Blake, 58, 92: 686; 14 (metallic crystals). ( 2 ) Schmidt, 63, 17: 554; 16 (metals). ( 3 ) Gross and Blassmann, 190B, 42: 728; 19 (wireforming W crystals). ( 4 ) Nishikawa and Asahara, 2, 15: 38; 20 (metals). ( 5 ) Bain and Jeffries, 33, 25: 775; 21 (mixed orientation in crystals of ductile metals). ( 6 ) Ettisch, Polanyi and Weissenberg, 63, 22: 646; 21 (metals). ( 7 ) Ettisch, Polanyi and Weissenberg, 96, 7: 181; 21 (fibre-structure of Cu and W-wires). ( 8 ) Ettisch, Polanyi and Weissenberg, 7, 99: 332; 21 (.fibrous structure of hard-drawn metals). ( 9 ) Kirchner, 8, 69: 59; 22 (experiments on structure). ( 10 ) Mark, Polanyi and Schmid, 96, 12: 58, 78, 111; 22 (drawing Zn crystals). ( 1 M Niwa and Matura, 338, 122: 1; 22 (cold rolling of sheet steel). O 2 ) Ono, 470, 2: 261; 22 (inner structure of strained metals). ( 13 ) Ono, 470, 2: 241; 22 (inner structure of strained Cu-wire). < 1 4 ) Polanyi, 218, 10: 411; 22 (crystal arrangement). O 5 ) Polanyi, 9, 28: 16; 22 (fixing single crystals). O 6 ) van Arkel, 208, 3: 76; 23 (uni-crystalline W). O 7 ) Bain, 33, 28: 65; 23 (cored crystals and metallic compounds). ( 18 ) Czochralski, 95, 15: 60, 126; 23 (structure hypotheses). ( 19 ) Kakinuma, 219, 5 90; 23 (atomistic mechanism of metal rolling). ( 20 ) Mark and Polanyi, 96, 18: 75; 23 (space-lattice, gliding directions and gliding planes in white Sn). ( 2 *) Mark, Polanyi and Schmid, 218, 11: 256; 23 (uni-crystalline Sn-wires). ( 2 2 ) Mark and Weissenberg, 96, 16: 314; 23 (rolled metal foils). ( 23 ) Mark and Weissenberg, 96, 14: 328; 23 (rolled metal foils). ( 2 4 ) Müller, 5, 105: 500; 24 (crystal axes in "single-crystal" Al-bars). ( 2S ; Polanyi, 96, 17: 42; 23 (structure changes through cold working). ( 2 «) Polanyi and Weissenberg, 97, 4: 199; 23 (worked metals). ( 2 7 ) Thomassen, 95, 15: 306; 23 (surface layer of worked metals). ( 28 ) Bragg, 58, 113: 639; 24 (metal film). ( 2 9 ) Research Staff of General Electric Co., 3, 48: 800; 24 (deformation of W single crystals). ( 30 ) Glocker and Kaupp, 95, 16: 377; 24 (recrystallization of Ag). ( 3 ^) Gross, 95, 16: 18; 24. 47, 31: 385; 24 (deformed crystals and the process of workhardening). ( 32 ) Kakinuma, 219, 5: 150; 24 (atomistic mechanism of metal rolling). ( 33 ) Lester, 471, 5: 455; 24 (crystal deformation in coldworked steel). ( 3 4 ) Polanyi, 97, 5: 580; 24 (worked metals). ( 3S ) Schiebold, 95, 16: 417, 462; 24 (hardening phenomena in metals). ( 36 ) Wever, 96, 28: 69; 24 (cubically crystallizing metals after rolling). ( 37 ) Anderson and Norton, 80, 71: 720; 25 (evidence versus the amorphous-metal hypothesis). ( 3 8 ) van Arkel, 208, 5: 208; 25. 218, 13: 662; 25 (deformation of lattice of metals). ( 39 ) Clark, Brugmann and Heath, 45, 17: 1142; 25 (ultimate structures of commercial metals). ( 40 ) Davey, 50, 29: 1211; 25 (plasticity of single crystals). ( 41 ) Elam, 115, 120: 368; 25 (orientation of crystals produced by heating strained Fe). ( 42 ) Fujiwara, 429, 8A: 339; 25 (arrangement of micro-crystals in Al-wire). ( 43 ) Glocker, 96, Sl: 386; 25 (deformation and recrystallization structures). ( 44 ) Glocker, Kaupp and Widmann, 95, 17: 353; 25 (recrystallization of rolled plate Ag). < 4 5 ) Leonhardt, 94, 61: 100; 25 (Laue diagrams of deformed crystals). ( 4 6 J Lester and Abron, 471, 6:120, 200; 25 (Fe-crystals in steel under stress). ( 4 7 ) Mark, 94, 61: 75; 25 (growth and deformation structures). ( 4 8 ) Norton and Anderson, 2, 25: 582; 25 (cold-worked and burnished metals). ( 4 9 ) Ono, 470, 3: 195; 25 (Cu and Al under extension, compression and torsion). ( s o ) Ono, 470, 3: 267; 25 (a-Fe plastically strained in extension, compression and torsion). (51) Ono, 470, 3: 287; 25 (crystal rearrangement and the cause of strain-hardening). (52) Polanyi, 95,17: 94; 25 (crystal deformation

and hardening). ( 5 3 ) Polanyi, 94, 61: 49; 25 (deformation of single crystals). ( 54 ) Polanyi and Schmid, 96, 32: 684; 25 (solidification and melting of Sn). (55) Sachs and Schiebold, 98, 69: 1557, 1601; 25 (volume compression of Al). (5o) Sachs and Schiebold, 218, 13: 964; 25 (lattice lengths of deformed single crystals and crystal aggregates). ( 5 7 ) Seidl and Schiebold, 95, 17: 221, 320, 365; 25 (inhomogeneous Al-castings on cold rolling). ( 58 ) Tanaka, 429, 8A: 319; 25 (rolled Pt-plate). ( 59 ) Taylor and Elam, o, 108: 28; 25 (plastic extension and fracture of Al-crystals). (80) Carpenter, 440, 28: 543, 575; 26. 29: 31, 26 (single crystals). ( 61 ) Elam, 0,112: 289; 26 (tensile tests of large Au, Ag and Cu-crystals). ( 62 ) Frolich, Clark and Aborn, Mass. Inst. Tech. Publications, 61: 239; 26. 78, 49: preprint; 26 (lead deposits). ( 63 ) Owen and Preston, 67, 38: 132; 26 (effect of rolling on crystal structure of Al). ( 64 ) Schiebold and Sachs, 94, 63: 34; 26 (growth of Al-crystals during recrystallization). ( 6 5 ) Smithells, Rooksby and Pitkin, 47, 1926: advance paper (deformation of Wcrystals).

V. ORIENTATION OF CRYSTALS IN ELECTRODEPOSITED METALS O) Glöcker and Kaupp, 96, 24: 121; 24 (fibrous structure). ( 2 ) Clark and Frolich, 9, 31: 655; 25 (electrolytic Ni). ( 3 ) Bozorth, 2, 26: 390; 25 (orientation of crystals in electrodeposited metals).

VI. FIBROUS OR DEFORMED SUBSTANCES C 1 ) Friedrich, 63, 14: 317; 13 (X-ray interference in non-crystalline bodies). ( 2 ) Nishikawa and Ono, 219, 7: 131; 13 (transmission of X-rays through fibrous, lamellar and granular substances). ( 3 ) Nishikawa, 819, 7: 296; 14 (spectrum of X-rays obtained by lamellar or fibrous substances). ( 4 ) Becker, Herzog, Jancke and Polanyi, 96, 5: 61; 21 (arrangement of crystal elements). ( 5 ) Herzog, 218, 12: 955; 24 (fine structure of fibrous materials). ( 6 ) Rinne, 94, 59: 230; 24 (rearrangement and decomposition of crystal structures). ( 7 ) Rinne, 189, No. 17: 513; 24 (permanent structural deformation of graphite). ( 8 ) Schmid, 96, 22: 328; 24 (plastic deformation of crystals). ( 9 ) Rinne, 189, 1925: 225 (optical anomalies). ( 10 ) Rinne, 218, 13: 690; 25 (paracrystalline and stressed substances). O 1 ) Rinne, 94, 61: 389; 25 (flow of natural salts). ( 12 ) Sachs and Schiebold, 95, 17: 400; 25 (melting and recrystallization). O 3 ) Herzog, 472, 24: 137; 26 (fibrous substances). ( 1 4 ) Levitskii, 96, 35: 850; 26 (bending of rock-salt in air and water). O 5 ) Ranzi, 59, 3, No. 3: 135; 26 (changes in reticular distances of rock-salt and calcite).

VII. CELLULOSE AND RELATED COMPOUNDS (i) Herzog and Jancke, 96, 3: 196; 20 (cellulose). ( 2 ) Herzog, Jancke and Polanyi, 96, 3: 343; 20 (cellulose). t 3 ).Herzog, 473, 2: 101; 21 (cellulose). ( 4 ) Herzog and Jancke, 92, 34: 385; 21 (cellulose). ( 5 ) Herzog, 472, 21: 388; 23 (deformation of cellulose). ( 6 ) Hess, Weltzien and Messmer, 13, 435: 1; 23 (cellulose). ( 7 ) Sponsler, 223, 5: 757; 23 (structural units of starch). ( 8 ) Gonell, 96, 25: 118; 24 (cellulose). (») Katz, 63, 25: 659; 24 (X-ray spectroscopy and swelling). O 0T Katz, 63, 25: 321 ; 24 (swelling of substances giving fibrous diagram). (11 ) Katz, 63, 25: 659; 24 (X-ray methods and imbibition). O 2 ) Katz and Mark, 64V, 33: 294; 24 (swelling). ( 13 ) Sponsler, 2, 23: 662; 24 (X-ray reflection from very thin crystals). C1 *) Vieweg, 25, 57B : 1917; 24 (aqueous and dilute alcoholic NaOH and cellulose). 0 s ) Herzog, 473, 6: 39; 25 (constitution of cellulose). O 6 ) Herzog, 472, 23 î 121; 25 (significance of fine structure of cellulose fiber in purification process). ( 1 7 ) Katz, 473, 6: 37; 25 (celluloses of different degrees of polymerization), 0 s ) Katz, 473, 6: 35; 25 (X-ray data and alkali adsorption of cellulose). ( 19 ) Katz and Mark, 9, 31: 105; 25 (X-ray diffraction patterns of cellulose hydrate and its reversion products). 20 ( ) Katz and Mark, 7, 115: 385; 25 (changes in powder pattern of cellulose due to swelling). ( 2 1 ) Katz and Vieweg, 9, 31: 157; 25 (X-ray diffraction patterns and the alkali content during swelling of cellulose). ( 2 2 ) Herzog, 37, 9: 631; 26 (acetyl- and nitro-cellulose). ( 23 ) Herzog, Pulp Paper Mag. Can., 24: 699; 26 (colloidal characters of cellulose). ( 2 4 ) Herzog, 55, 39: 98; 26 (swelling of cellulose). ( 2 5 ) Herzog, Pulp Paper Mag. Can., 24: 694; 26. Paper Trade J., 83, No. 1: 51; 26 (cellulose). < 26 ) Herzog, 50, 30: 457; 26 (significance of structure of cellulose in chemical transforrnation). ( 2 7 ) Herzog and Gonell, 92, 39: 380; 26 (weighting of silk). ( 28 ) Katz, 9, 32: 269; 26 (inflation and mercerization of cellulose). ( 29 ) Ott, 37, 9: 378; 26 (crystalline character of acetyl-cellulose).

VIII. RUBBER AND RELATED COMPOUNDS O) Davey, 2, 21: 719; 23 (ZnO in vulcanized rubber). ( 2 ) Pummerer, Koch and Gross, 13, 438: 294; 24 (crystalline rubber and hydrorubber). ( 3 ) Hauser and Mark, Kautschuk, Dec., 1925 (elongated samples of rubber). ( 4 ) Katz, 55, 36: 300: 25. 37: 19; 25. 218, 30: 410; 25 (changing of X-ray spectrum of rubber on stretching). ( 5 ) Katz, 136, 49: 353; 25 (rubber under different degrees of elongation). («) Katz and Bing, 92, 38: 439; 25 (Is raw rubber partially crystallized?). ( 7 ) Katz and Bing, 92, 38: 545; 25 (rubbers containing inorganic ingredients). ( 8 ) Clark, 45, 18: 1131; 26 (rubber and allied materials). ( 9 ) Hauser, 456, 40: 2090; 26 (origin of interference in stretching of rubber).

( 10 ) Hauser and Mark, 287, Ambronn-Festschrift: 64: 26 (stretched rubber). 0 1 ) Hauser and Mark, 287, 22: 63; 26 (stretched rubber). O 2 ) Ott, 218. 14: 320; 26 (size of rubber and gutta-percha molecules).

IX. CERAMIC MATERIALS AND PRODUCTS O) Hadding, Lunds Universitets Arsskrift, 14: No. 23; 18. Mineral. Abstr., 2: 205 (feldspar). ( 2 ) Hadding, Lunds Universitets Arsskrift, 17: No. 6; 20 (feldspar). ( 3 ) Kozu and Endö, 159, 1 III: 1; 21 (andularia and moonstone). ( 4 ) Bragg, Shearer and Mellor, 82, 22: 105; 23 (china clays). ( 5 ) Schwarz and Brenner, 25, 56B: 1433; 23 (synthetic aluminum silicate). ( 6 ) Rinne, 218, 12: 244; 24 (lead-pencil marks). ( 7 ) Schwarz, 105, 8: 298; 24. 103, 32: 538; 24 (formation of kaolin). («) Shearer, 82, 23: 314; 24 (china clays). ( 9 ) Sielakov, 74E, 21: 527; 24 (clays). ( 10 ) Hadding, 82, 24: 27; 25 (clays). ( 11 J Research Staff of General Electric Co., 82, 24: 402; 25 (constitutional changes occurring in clays on heating). 0 2 ) Navias, 38, 8: 296; 25 (development of mullite in fired clays). < 1 3 ) Navias and Davey, 38, 8: 640; 25 (mullite and sillimanite). ( 14 ) Norton, 38, 8: 401; 25 (natural and artificial sillimanite). ( 15 ) Norton, 38, 8: 636; 25 (cyanite and andalusite). ( 16 ) Rinne, 103, 33: 427, 459, 525; 25 (X-ray and ceramics). ( 1 7 ) Rinne, 94, 61: 113; 25 (calcined calcite, dolomite, kaolinite and mica). ( 1 8 ) Bowen and Wyckoff, 128, 16: 178; 26 (thermal dissociation of dumortierite). ( 1 9 ) Greig, 38, 8: 465; 25. 12, 11: 1; 26 (mullite from cyanite, andalusite and sillimanite). ( 2 O) Mark and Rosbaud, 19OB, 54: 127; 26 (Al2SiO5 and pseudobrookite). ( 2 I ) Rosbaud, 9, 32: 317; 26 (aluminum silicate). ( 22 ) Wyckoff, Greig and Bowen, 12, 11: 459; 26 (mullite and sillimanite).

X. GLASS AND SILICA (i) Kyropoulos, 93, 99: 197, 249; 17 (various kinds of silica). ( 2 ) Miller, 5, 101: 515; 22 (vitreous silica). ( 3 ) Washburn and Navias, 197, 8: 1; 22 (chalcedony and other forms of silica). ( 4 ) Selyakov and Strutinskii, Mitt, wiss.-tech. Arbeiten in der Republik (Russ.), 13: 18; 24 (structure of glass). ( 5 ) Selyakov, Strutinskii and Krasnikov, 96, 33: 53; 25 (structure of glass). ( 6 ) Wyckoff and Morey, 105, 9: 256; 25 (soda-lime-silica glasses).

XI. X-RAY DATA APPLIED TO PROBLEMS OP CATALYSIS O) Clark, Asbury and Wick, 1, 47: 2661; 25 (structure of nickel catalysts). ( 2 ) Levi, 22, 2: 419; 25 (thorium oxide and the dehydration of alcohol). ( 3 ) Wyckoff and Crittenden, 1, 47: 2866; 25 (ammonia catalysts). ( 4 ) Levi and Haardt, 36, 56: 424; 26 (catalytic action considered as that of surfaces). ( 5 ) Levi and Haardt, 22, 3: 91; 26 (catalytic action of metals of the Pt group). ( 6 ) Levi and Haardt, 22, 3: 215; 26 (catalytic action of metals of the Pt group).

XII. AMORPHOUS AND COLLOIDAL MATERIALS O) Asahara, 210, 1: 23; 22. 209, 1: 35; 22 (graphite and amorphous C). ( 2 ) Haber, 25, 55B: 1717; 22 (amorphous precipitates and crystallized sols). ( 3 ) Kustner, 96, 10: 41; 22 (decomposition and rebuilding of gadolinites). ( 4 ) Mulligan, 50, 26: 247; 22 (dehydration of crystalline aluminum hydroxide). ( 5 ) Böhm and Niclassen, 93, 132: 1; 23 (amorphous precipitates and crystallized sols;. ( 6 ) Fricke and Wever, 93, 136: 321; 24 (aging of precipitated metal hydroxides). ( 7 ) Rinne, 94, 60: 55; 24 (finely divided mineralsi artificial products and dense rocks). ( 8 ) Baudisch and WeIo, 141, 64: 753; 25 (aging of ferrous hydroxide and ferrous carbonate), ( 9 ) Böhm, 93, 149: 203; 25 (aluminum hydroxide and iron hydroxide). O °) Böhm, 93, 149: 217; 25 (glowing of oxides of certain metals). O ! ) Herzog, 55, 37: 355; 25 (colloid systems). ( 12 ) Herzog and Gonell, 25, 58B: 2228; 25 (collagen). ( 13 ) Katz and Gerngross, 218, 13: 900; 25 (gelatin and collagen), O 4 ) Levi, 216, 7: 410; 25 (new chemical studies), O 5 ) Ruff, Schmidt and Olbrich, 93, 148: 313; 25 (amorphous C and graphite). ( 16 ) WeIo and Baudisch, 141, 65: 215; 25 (catalytically active and inactive forms of Fe2O3). ( 17 ) WeIo and Baudisch, 166, 62: 311; 25 (oxides of iron in new catalytic actions). ( 18 ) Gutbier, Hüttig and Dobling, 25, 59B: 1232; 26 (stannic oxide-water). ( 19 ) Herzog and Krüger, 218, 14: 599; 26 (dispersibility of organic colloids). ( 2 °) Posnjak, 50, 30: 1073; 26 (stannic acids).

XIII. APPLICATION TO THE IDENTIFICATION OF COMPOUNDS (i) Posnjak and Merwin, 1, 44: 1965; 22 (Fe2O3-SO3-H2O). ( 2 ) Schleede and Gruhl, 9, 29: 411; 23 (luminescent sine silicate). ( 3 ) Kohlschütter and Scherrer, 37, 7: 337; 24 (polymorphism in lead oxide). ( 4 ) Levi and Quilico, 36, 54: 598; 24 (non-existence of Ag suboxide). (5) Shaxby, 34, 179: 1602; 24 (monochromatic X-rays in production of Laue diagrams and structure of mother-of-pearl). (6) Volmer, 13, 440: 200; 24 (HC1O4.H2O and NH4C1O4). ( 7 ) Jung, 93, 142: 73; 25 (dehydration products of gypsum). ( 8 ) Levi, 216, 7: 410; 25 (new chemical studies). ( 9 ) Levi and Tacchini, 36, 55: 28; 25 (non-existence of Ni suboxide). ( 10 ) Linck and Jung, 93, 147: 288; 25 (black metallic P). O 1 ) Shaxby, 3, 49: 1201; 25 (monochromatic X-rays in production of Laue diagrams and structure of mother-of-pearl), O 2 ) Sosman and Posnjak, 128, 15: 329; 25 (ferromagnetic ferric oxide). O 3 ) Ewles, Proc. Leeds Phil. Lit. Soc., 1: 6; 26 (luminescence of solids). ( 1 4 ) Frebold, 187, 23: 115; 26 (iron hydroxide ores).

PROPERTIES OF METALS AND ALLOYS

W. ROSENHAIN, SPECIAL EDITOR F. P. UPTON, EDITORIAL ASSISTANT CONTENTS Introduction and explanation of use of finding index. Finding index of trade names of alloys. Abbreviations, symbols, signs and conventions. Equilibrium Diagrams Aluminium alloys. Lead alloys and tin alloys. Other non-ferrous alloys. Ferrous alloys. Physical Properties Melting points of pure metals. Vapor pressures and boiling points. Densities of pure metals. of pure Compressibilities metals. Surface tensions of pure metals. Viscosities of pure metals. Latent heat of phase changes.

MATIÈRES Introduction et explication pour l'usage de l'index de recherches. Index de recherches et noms usuels des alliages. Abréviations, symboles, signes et conventions. Diagrammes d'équilibre Alliages d'aluminium. Alliages de plomb et d'étain. Autres alliages non-ferreux. Alliages ferreux. Propriétés physiques Points de fusion des métaux purs. Tensions de vapeur et points d'ebullition. Densités des métaux purs. Compressibilités des métaux purs. Tensions de surface des métaux purs. Viscosités des métaux purs.

Permeability to gases. Crystal structure (X-rays).

Chaleur latente des changements de phases. Capacités calorifiques (chaleurs spécifiques). Conductibilités thermiques. Dilatation thermique et variation de volume accompagnant un changement de phase. Diffusion dans les systèmes métalliques. Perméabilité aux gaz. Structure cristalline (rayons X).

Optical properties. Electrical and magnetic properties. Acoustic data.

Propriétés optiques. Propriétés électriques et magnétiques. Données acoustiques.

Heat capacities (specific heats). Thermal conductivities. Thermal expansion and volume changes accompanying change of phase. Diffusion in metallic systems.

INTRODUCTION The very condensed form in which it has been necessary to present the metallurgical data in the tables, requires some explanation in regard to their use. The abbreviations and special symbols used are explained on p. 392 and some examples illustrating their interpretation in particular cases are given below. A table of " Critical Values" of the mechanical properties of metals and alloys necessarily differs in certain important respects from the " Critical Values" given in other connections. The reason is that metallurgical products, particularly of the more complex sort, are subject to certain unavoidable variations even when produced under the best conditions. In regard to

INHALTSVERZEICHNIS Einführung und Anweisung zum Gebrauch des Verzeichnisses der Legierungen. Nachschlage-Index der Legierungen nach ihren gebräuchlichen Namen. Abkürzungen, Symbole, Zeichen und Festlegungen.

INDICE PAGE Introduzione e spiegazione per l'uso dell'indice. . . . 358

Gleichgewichtsdiagrame Aluminium Legierungen. Blei und Zinn Legierungen. Andere eisenfreie Legierungen. Eisen Legierungen.

Diagrammi di equilibrio Leghe di alluminio 400 Leghe di piombo e stagno. 413 Altre leghe esenti di ferro. 419 Leghe di ferro 449

Physikalische Eigenschaften Schmelzpunkte der reinen Metalle. Dampf drucke und Siedepunkte.

Proprietà fisiche Punti di fusione dei metalli puri vol. I, p. 103 Tensioni di vapore e punti di ebollizione voi. Ili Densità dei metalli puri. . . 456 Compressibilità dei metalli puri voi. Ili Tensione superficiale dei metalli puri voi. Ili Viscosità dei metalli puri voi. Ili Calori latenti dei cambia458 menti di fase Calori specifici vol. IV

Dichte reiner Metalle. Kompressibilität reiner Metalle. Oberflächenspannung reiner Metalle. Viskosität reiner Metalle. Latente Wärme der Phasenänderung. Spezifische Wärme. Wärmeleitfähigkeit. Ausdehnung durch die Wärme und Volumänderung bei der Phasenänderung. Diffusion in Metall-Systemen. Gasdurchlässigkeit. Krystallbau (Röntgendiagrame). Optische Eigenschaften. Elektrische und magnetische Eigenschaften. Akustische Daten.

Elenco delle leghe secondo i loro nomi usuali 370 Abbreviazioni, simboli, 392 segni e convenzione

Conducibilità termica, vol. IV Dilatabilità con il calore e variazione di volume che accompagnano i cambia459 menti di fase Diffusione in sistemi v. Index metallici Permeabilità ai gas.. . v. Index Struttura cristallina (raggi X) vol. I, p. 338 Proprietà ottiche v. Index Proprietà elettriche e magnetiche v. Index Dati acustici v. Index

INTRODUCTION Etant donné la forme très condensée dans laquelle il a été nécessaire de présenter les données métallurgiques dans les tables, il est indispensable de donner quelques explications pour leur emploi. Les abréviations et les symboles spéciaux utilisés sont expliqués à la p. 392, et quelques exemples illustrant leur interprétation dans des cas particuliers sont donnés ci-dessous. Une table de " valeurs critiques" des propriétés mécaniques des métaux et alliages diffère nécessairement sous certains rapports importants des "valeurs critiques" données pour d'autres sujets. La raison en est que les produits métallurgiques, et plus particulièrement ceux qui sont les plus complexes, sont sujets à certaines varia-

Mechanical Properties: Iron and Its Alloys Fe, Fe-Co, Fe-Ti, and Ti-, and U-steels. Fe-Ni and Ni-steels. C, Cr, Cr-V, Cu, Ni-Cr, Ni-Cu, Ni-V, and V-steels and cast iron. Mn, Mn-Si, and Si-steels and cast iron. Al, As, B, Ce, Sb, Ta, and Zr-steels. Other Metals and Their Alloys

Propriétés mécaniques: Fer et ses alliages Fe, Fe-Co, Fe-Ti et aciers au Ti et à FU. Fe-Ni et aciers au Ni. Aciers au C, Cr, Cr-V, Cu, Ni-Cr, Ni-Cu, Ni-V, et V et fonte. Aciers au Mn, Mn-Si et Si et fonte. Aciers à l'Ai, As, B, Ce, Sb, Ta et Zr. Autres métaux et leurs alliages

Al and its alloys with Cu, Mg, Mn, and Zn containing over 50% Al and also Ni, Si, and Sn in smaller amounts than the other elements.

Al et ses alliages avec Cu, Mg, Mn et Zn contenant plus de 50% d'Aï et aussi Ni, Si et Sn en plus petites quantités que les autres éléments.

Alloys of Al with Fe, Mg, Mn, Ni and Si containing over 50 % Al and also Cu in smaller amounts than the other elements. Mg and its alloys containing over 50 % Mg. Zn and its alloys containing over 50 % Zn. Cd and its alloys. Cu and its alloys with Ag, As, Bi, Cd, Fe, Mn, O, P, Sb, and Si containing over 50 % Cu. Pb, Sb, Sn and brasses. Sn-bronzes : Cu-Sn ; Cu-Sn-P ; Cu-Sn-Pb; Cu-Sn-Zn.

Alliages d'Aï avec Fe, Mg, Mn, Ni et Si contenant plus de 50 % d'Aï et aussi Cu en plus petites quantités que les autres éléments. Mg et ses alliages contenant plus de 50 % de Mg. Zn et ses alliages contenant plus de 50 % de Zn. Cd et ses alliages. Cu et ses alliages avec Ag, As, Bi, Cd, Fe, Mn, O, P, Sb et 51 contenant plus de 50 % de Cu. Pb, Sb, Sn et laitons. Bronzes de Sn: Cu-Sn; Cu-SnP; Cu-Sn-Pb; Cu-Sn-Zn.

Al-bronzes: Cu-Al; Cu-Al-Fe; Cu-Al-Mn; Cu-Al-Ni. Ag, Au, Hg, Ir, Os, Pd, Pt, Rh, Ru, and their alloys. Graphite. Ni and its alloys not included in the foregoing. Other metals and alloys.

Bronzes d'Aï: Cu-Al; Cu-Al-Fe; Cu-Al-Mn; Cu-Al-Ni. Ag, Au, Hg, Ir, Os, Pd, Pt, Rh, Ru, et leurs alliages. Graphite. Ni et ses alliages autres que ceux déjà mentionnés cidessus. Autres métaux et alliages.

All Metals and Alloys Fatigue of metals and alloys.

Tous les métaux et alliages Fatigue des métaux et alliages.

EINLEITUNG Die äusserst knappe Form in welcher die Metallurgie notwendigerweise in den Tafeln dargelegt ist, erfordert für ihren Gebrauch einige Erklärungen. Die vorkommenden Abkürzungen und besondere Symbole sind Seite 392 erklärt. Einige Beispiele zu ihrer Verständnis in besonderen Fällen sind weiter unten angegeben. Eine Tafel der " Kritischen Werte" der mechanischen Eigenschaften von Metallen und Legierungen, weicht in gewissen wichtigen Beziehungen von den "Kritischen Werten" anderer Arten ab. Dies ruht daher dass metallurgische Produkte, besonders solche komplexerer Art, gewissen unvermeidlichen Eigenschaftsschwank -

Mechanische Eigenschaften : Eisen und seine Legierungen Fe, Fe-Co, Fe-Ti, Ti- und UStähle, Fe-Ni, und Ni-Stähle. C, Cr, Cr-V, Cu, Ni-Cr, Ni-Cu, Ni-V und V-Stähle und Gusseisen. Mn, Mn-Si, und Si-Stähle und Gusseisen. Al, As, B, Ce, Sb, Ta, und ZrStähle. Andere Metalle und ihre Legierungen Al und seine Legierungen mit Cu, Mg, Mn und Zn mit mehr als 50 % Al, auch Ni, Si und Sn in geringeren Mengen als die der anderen Elemente enthaltend. Legierungen des Al mit Fe, Mg, Mn, Ni und Si mit mehr als 50% Al, auch Cu in geringeren Mengen als die der anderen Elemente enthaltend. Mg und seine Legierungen mit mehr als 50 % Mg. Zn und seine Legierungen mit mehr als 50 % Zn. Cd und seine Legierungen. Cu und seine Legierungen mit Ag, As, Bi, Cd, Fe, Mn, O, P, Sb und Si mit mehr als 50 % Cu. Pb, Sb, Sn und Messing. Sn-Bronzen: Cu-Sn; Cu-Sn-P; Cu-Sn-Pb; Cu-Sn-Zn. AI-Bronzen: Cu-Al; Cu-Al-Fe; Cu-Al-Mn; Cu-Al-Ni. Ag, Au, Hg, Ir, Os, Pd, Pt, Rh, Ru und deren Legierungen. Graphit. Ni und seine Legierungen, die im vorhergehenden nicht enthalten sind. Andere Metalle und Legierungen. Alle Metalle und Legierungen Ermüdung der Metalle und der Legierungen.

Proprietà meccaniche: Ferro e sue leghe Fe, Fé-Co, Fe-Ti, ed acciai al Tied all'U 478 Fe-Ni ed acciai al Ni. 479, 528 Acciai al C, Cr, Cr-V, Cu, Ni-Cr, Ni-Cu, Ni-V e Ve ghise 483 Acciai al Mn, Mn-Si, e Si e ghise 519 Acciai all'Ai, As, B, Ce, Sb, Ta ed allo Zr 528 Altri metalli e loro leghe Al e sue leghe con Cu, Mg, Mn, Zn contenenti più del 50 % di Al, e Ni, Si e Sn in quantità più piccole degli altri elementi 532 Leghe di Al con Fe, Mg, Mn, Ni e Si contenenti più del 50 % di Al e Cu in quantità più piccole degli altri elementi Mg e sue leghe con più del 50% di Mg Zn e sue leghe con più del 50% di Zn Cd e sue leghe Cu e sue leghe con Ag, As, Bi, Cd, Fe, Mn, O, P, Sb e Si contenenti più del 50% di Cu Pb, Sb, Sn ed ottone Bronzi allo Sn: Cu-Sn; Cu-Sn-P; Cu-Sn-Pb; CuSn-Zn Bronzi all'Ai: Cu-Al; Cu-AlFe; Cu-Al-Mn; Cu-Al-Ni Ag, Au, Hg, Ir, Os, Pd, Pt, Rh, Ru e loro leghe Grafite Ni e sue leghe che non comprese tra quelle che precedono Altri metalli e leghe

542 544 545 548

552 555

558 572 584 592 479 592

Tutti i metalli e leghe Resistenza alla fatica dei metalli e delle leghe 595

INTRODUZIONE La forma molto condensata in cui è stato necessario esporre i dati metallurgici richiede alcune spiegazioni circa l'uso delle tabelle. A pag. 392 sono spiegate le abbreviazioni e i simboli speciali adoperati, e più avanti sono riportati alcuni esempi illustranti la loro interpretazione in casi particolari. Una tabella di "valori critici" delle proprietà meccaniche di metalli e leghe differisce necessariamente sotto alcuni punti di vista importanti dai " valori critici" di altre proprietà, e ciò per il fatto che i prodotti metallurgici, specie quelli più complessi, sono soggetti a variazioni inevitabili, anche se ottenuti nelle migliori condizioni. Per molti metalli e leghe i valori riportati

many of the metals and alloys mentioned in the tables the origin of the data varies widely, some being derived from numerous tests on industrial products, while others represent the results of laboratory investigation. In making use of the tables, therefore, it is necessary to ascertain the nature of the data given. This can always be done by reference to the literature quoted. While laboratory results are generally accurately determined, it must be borne in mind that they may be either higher or lower than the figures to be anticipated from a corresponding industrial product. In some instances large-scale production makes it possible to secure better results than can be obtained in relatively small laboratory experiments, while in other cases the special conditions which can be used in laboratory work cannot readily be reproduced in industrial production. If it is desired to form an opinion of the value of a given material for constructional purposes the nature of the material must be considered. In the case of castings, wide variations in mechanical properties occur as between different parts of the same casting, as between a large and small casting, and as between actual castings and test bars prepared either at the same time or otherwise. Even in a casting of given shape and material, variations in casting conditions, such as pouring temperature, rate of pouring and mold temperature, may cause considerable differences in mechanical properties. The figures quoted in the tables must therefore be regarded as indicating the values found for cast materials under conditions specified in the corresponding literature, and cannot be used, without further consideration, for the purpose of calculating the reliable strength of a particular casting. In wrought material, variations are likely to be much smaller than in cast. However, complete uniformity cannot be relied upon, particularly as between the products of different makers. In regard to some materials which are extensively produced industrially, the data given in the tables sometimes represent the values obtained from very numerous tests. In other cases the data may represent only isolated experiments. In compiling the tables, care has been taken to incorporate as far as possible only the most reliable data of both kinds. Another cause of considerable variation in the mechanical properties of metals and alloys, in the wrought state, arises from the effect of mass. Material in large sections is in almost every case weaker than the same material produced in small sections. This is particularly marked where heat treatment of any kind has been given. Where the data in the tables include values corresponding to materials of different sections, it will obviously be desirable to attach the greatest importance to those figures relating to materials which have a cross section similar to that which it is proposed to use, or whose properties it is desired to ascertain. It should also be borne in mind that there is a steady improvement in foundry, rolling mill, forging and heat-treating practice, so that, as a rule, the more modern methods yield values superior to those of older materials. In the use of the tables three possibilities will arise: (I) The properties of an alloy whose composition is known are desired. (II) The properties of some commercial alloy whose composition is not known are desired. (Ill) An alloy having certain properties is desired. I. Composition of Alloy Known. Properties Desired 1. Turn to the Table of Contents (p. 358), and ascertain the section in which this type of alloy is treated. 2. Turn to the section at the page number given. 3. With the aid of the Table of Contents at the beginning of the section, ascertain the table containing the desired type of information and turn to it. 4. In each table (unless otherwise indicated) the alloys are arranged in the order of their "type formulae." The type formula

tions inévitables, même lorsqu'ils ont été fabriqués dans les meilleures conditions. L'origine des données se rapportant a plusieurs des métaux et alliages mentionnées dans les tables varie dans une large mesure; certaines données proviennent de nombreux essais sur des produits industriels alors que les autres représentent les résultats d'expériences de laboratoire. C'est pourquoi il est nécessaire pour l'emploi des tables de s'assurer de la nature des valeurs données. Ceci peut toujours être réalisé en se référant à la source bibliographique citée. Les résultats de laboratoire sont généralement déterminée avec précision; il ne faut pas cependant perdre de vue qu'ils peuvent être ou supérieurs ou inférieurs aux chiffres qu'on peut attendre d'un produit industriel correspondant. Dans certains cas une production sur une large échelle permet l'obtention de meilleurs résultats que ceux qui peuvent être obtenus dans des expériences effectuées dans le laboratoire, alors que dans d'autres cas, les conditions spéciales qui peuvent être utilisées dans le travail de laboratoire ne sont pas reproductibles facilement dans une production industrielle. Si l'on désire se faire une opinion de la valeur d'une matière donnée et cela pour des buts de construction, il faut considérer la nature de la matière. Dans le cas des pièces fondues, il existe de grandes variations dans les propriétés mécaniques aussi bien entre les différentes parties d'une pièce donnée qu'entre une grande ou une petite pièce ou qu'entre une pièce donnée et des éprouvettes préparées au même moment ou plus tard. Même pour une pièce de dimension et d'une matière données, les variations dans les conditions de coulée, telle que la température de coulée, la vitesse de coulée et la température du moule, peuvent occasionner des différences considérables dans les propriétés mécaniques. Les chiffres cités dans les tables doivent donc être regardés comme indiquant les valeurs trouvées pour des matières coulées dans des conditions spécifiées dans la littérature correspondante, et ils ne peuvent être utilisés sans autres considérations, dans le but de calculer une valeur de résistance* digne de confiance d'une pièce coulée particulière. Dans les matières travaillées, les variations sont ordinairement plus petites que dans les matières fondues. Cependant, on ne peut pas tabler sur une complète uniformité, surtout entre des produits de différents fabricants. En ce qui concerne certaines matières qui sont produites industriellement en grand, les valeurs données dans les tables représentent quelquefois les valeurs obtenues dans de très nombreux essais. Dans d'autres cas, les valeurs peuvent ne représenter que des expériences isolées. En établissant les tables, il a été pris soin de n'incorporer autant que possible que les valeurs des deux sortes les plus dignes de confiance. Une autre cause, occasionnant une variation considérable dans les propriétés mécaniques des métaux et alliages à l'état travaillé, est produite par l'effet de la masse. Une matière de grande section est dans presque chaque cas plus faible que la même matière produite en petites sections. Ce fait est particulièrement marqué lorsqu'un traitement thermique quel qu'il soit a été effectué. Lorsque les données dans les tables comportent des valeurs correspondant à des matières de différentes sections, il sera évidemment préférable d'attacher la plus grande importance aux chiffres se rapportant aux matières ayant une section similaire à celle qu'on se propose d'utiliser, ou dont on désire connaître les propriétés, II ne faut pas oublier non plus qu'il se produit une amélioration certaine dans les opérations de fonderie, de laminage, de forgeage et par les traitements thermiques de sorte qu'en règle générale, les méthodes les plus modernes conduisent à des valeurs supérieures à celles obtenues avec des matières fabriquées moins récemment. Trois possibilités se présentent dans l'usage des tables: (I) On désire connaître les propriétés d'un alliage, dont la composition est connue. (II) On désire connaître les propriétés d'un alliage commercial dont la composition n'est pas connue. (Ill) On

ungen unterworfen sind, selbst wenn die Herstellungsbedin- provengono da fonti notevolmente diverse: alcuni sono ricavati gungen die besten waren. Bezüglich der vielen in den Tabellen da numerosi saggi su prodotti industriali, mentre altri sono dedotti angeführten Metallen und Legierungen, sind die Quellen aus da ricerche di laboratorio. Nel servirsi delle tabelle è perciò welchen die Daten entnommen worden sind, sehr verschieden. necessario tener conto della natura dei dati, cosa che può sempre Einige Daten sind von vielen Materialsprüfungen an Industrie- farsi riferendosi alla letteratura citata. I risultati di prove di produkten abgeleitet, andere wieder, stellen das Ergebnis von laboratorio sono in genere accurati, e perciò essi possono essere più Laboratoriumsuntersuchungen dar. Beim Gebrauche der Tafeln bassi o più alti dei valori prevedibili per un prodotto industriale ist daher die Feststellung der Natur der Daten notwendig, was corrispondente. In alcuni casi la produzione su larga scala rende immer an Hand der angegebenen Literatur geschehen kann. Wäh- possibile migliori risultati di quelli ottenibili in piccole prove di rend im allgemeinen die Laboratoriumsergebnisse genau sind, muss laboratorio, mentre in altri casi le condizioni speciali che si man bedenken, das die Zahlenwerte bald höher bald niedriger possono realizzare in laboratorio non si possono facilmente sein können als die, welche an einem Industrie-Produkt zu riprodurre nell'industria. erwarten sind. In mancher Hinsicht gestattet die Herstellung Per farsi una idea di un dato materiale a scopi costruttivi, se im Grossen, ein besseres Ergebnis als es in dem verhältnismässig ne deve prendere in considerazione la natura. Nel caso di getti, kleinem Masstab des Laboratoriums möglich ist. In anderen ad es., si hanno ampie oscillazioni nelle proprietà meccaniche tra Fällen wieder können die Bedingungen im Laboratorium nicht le diverse parti di uno stesso getto, come pure tra un getto grande leicht bei der industriellen Herstellung eingehalten werden. e uno piccolo ed anche tra getti e provini, sia che questi vengano Ist es wünschenswert, dass man sich ein Bild über die Zahlen- preparati assieme al getto sia che vengano ottenuti diversamente. werte eines gegebenen Materials für Konstruktionszwecke macht, Anche in un getto di forma e materiale determinati, eventuali so ist es notwendig die Natur des Materials zu berücksichtigen. differenze nelle condizioni di colata, come temperatura e velocità Beim GUSS weichen die mechanischen Eigenschaften sehr weitge- di colata, e temperatura della forma, possono produrre differenze hend an verschiedenen Stellen desselben Gusstückes von einan- notevoli nelle proprietà meccaniche. Perciò i valori delle tabelle der ab. Unterschiede sind sowohl zwischen einem in grossen indicano le proprietà del materiale quando questo sia ottenuto oder kleinem Gusstuck als auch zwischen dem Hauptguss und nelle condizioni specificate nella letteratura corrispondente ed dem Probestück vorhanden, wenn beide zugleich oder auf andere essi non possono servire per calcolare senz'altro la resistenza Weise hergestellt wurden. Sogar beim Giessen einer gegebenen probabile di un particolare getto. Nei materiali lavorati le Form und gegebenen Material, zeigen sich bemerkenswerte variazioni sono spesso molto più piccole che in quelli ottenuti di Differenzen der mechanischen Eigenschaften, wenn die Bedin- getto; tuttavia non si può fare affidamento sopra una completa gungen beim Gusse, wie Gusstemperatur, Gussgeschwindigkeit, . uniformità specie se si tratta di prodotti che hanno provenienza die Temperatur der Form, u. s. w., verändert werden. Es gelten diversa. Per certi materiali che sono prodotti largamente nell' daher die in den Tafeln angegebenen Zahlenwerte für ein gegossen industria, i valori delle tabelle sono alcune volte ricavati da numehergestelltes Material nur unter den Bedingungen, welche in der rosissimi saggi; in altri casi invece essi rappresentano soltanto entsprechenden Literatur angegeben sind. Die Zahlenwerte esperienze isolate. Nel compilare le tabelle si è avuto cura di können jedoch nicht ohne weiteres zu dem Zwecke benützt werden, servirsi il più che possibile solo dei valori dei due tipi che più sono um einen zuverlässlichen Eigenschaftswert eines bestimmten degni di fiducia. Gusses zu berechnen. In bearbeitetem Material sind die UnterConsiderevoli differenze nelle proprietà meccaniche dei metalli schiede häufiger viel kleiner als im gegossenen. Auf eine voll- o leghe allo stato lavorato possono essere prodotti da effetto di kommene Gleichheit ist nie zu rechnen, ganz besonders bei massa. Un materiale in sezioni grandi è quasi sempre più debole Materialien verschiedenen Ursprunges. In Bezug auf gewisse che in sezioni piccole, e questo è particolarmente evidente nei Materialien, welche ausgedehnt industriell hergestellt werden, casi in cui si è ricorso ad un trattamento termico qualunque. stellen die angegebenen Werte manchmal die Ergebnisse sehr Quando nelle tabelle sono riportati valori corrispondenti a sezioni zahlreicher Prüfungen dar. In manchen anderen Fällen beziehen differenti, bisogna evidentemente attribuire la massima importanza sich die Daten nur auf einzelne Untersuchungen. Bei der ai numeri che si riferiscono a materiali con sezione simile a quella Zusammenstellung der Tafeln wurden soweit als möglich che si ha in animo di usare o di cui si vogliono stabilire le proprietà. sorgfältig nur die verlässlichsten Daten, beider Typen Deve pure tenersi presente che vi è un continuo miglioramento nella pratica di fonderia di laminatoio, di fucina, e dei trattamenti aufgenommen. Ein anderer Grund zur Änderung der mechanischen Eigen- termici per modo che, di regola, i metodi più moderni danno schaften von Metall und Legierung im bearbeiteten Zustand, valori superiori a quelli dei materiali più antichi. kommt vom Einfluss der Masse her. Ein Material in grossen Nel servirsi delle tabelle tre casi si possono presentare: (I) Si Stücken ist fast in allen Fällen weicher, als wenn- dasselbe può desiderare di conoscere le proprietà di una lega di cui è nota in kleineren Stücken hergestellt wird. Dies ist besonders bei la composizione. (II) Si può desiderare di conoscere le proprietà einer Wärmebehandlung irgend welcher Art hervortretend. Wo di una lega commerciale di cui non è nota la composizione. (Ili) in den Tafeln Werte vorhanden sind die sich auf Material-Stücke Si può desiderare di conoscere una lega che abbia determinate verschiedener Grosse beziehen, so wird es natürlich wünschens- proprietà. wert sein die grösste Wichtigkeit den Zahlen beizulegen, die sich auf ein herausgearbeitetes Stück beziehen, welches gleich dem I. La composizione della lega è nota e si desidera conoscerne le proprietà Stück ist, welches benützt werden soll, oder dem Stück dessen Eigenschaften man kennen lernen will. 1. Si consulta l'indice a p. 358 e si vede quale è il capitolo in Man bedenke, dass in den Giessereien, Walzwerken, bei der cui si parla di questo tipo di leghe. Schmiedung und Wärmebehandlung ständig Fortschritte zu 2. Si consulta il capitolo alla pagina indicata. verzeichnen sind, so dass in der Regel die modernere Methoden 3. Dall'indice che si trova al principio del capitolo si ricava la ein Material liefern, dessen Eigenschafts-Werte den nach älteren tabella che contiene il tipo di informazione che si desidera. Methoden hergestellten überlegen sind. 4. In ogni tabella (tranne che non sia indicato diversamente) le Beim Gebrauch der Tabellen können drei Möglichkeiten vor- leghe sono disposte nell'ordine delle loro formule tipo. La formula liegen: (I) Man sucht Eigenschaften einer Legierung bekann- tipo di una lega è costituita da dei simboli chimici dei suoi costiter Zusammensetzung. (II) Man sucht Eigenschaften einer tuenti essenziali scritti in ordine decrescente della proporzione

of an alloy consists of the chemical symbols of its essential constituents written in descending order of their amounts in the alloy except in the case of steels, where C is written last. (N. B.— An element once thought merely incidental or an impurity in an alloy may later be found to have an important effect on its properties; cf. the case of silicon in duralumin.) Thus Pb-Sb-Cu is , the type formula of alloys whose largest constituent (by weight) is Pb, the next largest Sb, and the next Cu; while a vanadium steel has the type formula Fe-V-C, although C is generally present in larger amounts than V. The different alloys are arranged in alphabetical order according to their type formulae. Under a given type formula the alloys are arranged in descending order of the amounts of the principal constituent in the alloy, where this is given by analysis, and, where it is not given, then in ascending order of amounts of the second largest constituent in the alloy. Under each composition the data follow approximately in order of the extent of treatment given the alloy. Thus the properties of castings (symbol = G) appear first, then those of hot-worked material, and finally those of cold-worked material. The properties of heat-treated material follow immediately after those of the material before heat treatment. Example 1 : It is desired to compare the mechanical properties of a sand-cast 10% aluminum bronze with those of the same alloy in which 3 % of the Al is replaced by Fe. It is desired to ascertain the properties of the alloys at high temperatures. The first alloy, call it "A," has the type formula Cu-Al; the second, call it "B/' has the type formula Cu-Al-Fe. Turning to the Table of Contents (p. 359), we find that the section containing the mechanical properties of Al bronzes, begins on p. 572. Turning here we find a Table of Contents for the section in which are listed 15 tables of properties of the type Cu-Al and 6 tables of properties of the type Cu-Al-Fe. Let us first consider the Ultimate Tensile Strength (UTS) in kg/mm 2 , % Elongation (El) and Brinell Hardness Number (BHN) of our alloy "A" in the sand-cast (G8) condition. From the tables we find as follows : ^^ , on Tabïe^^ 1 2 3 4 13 13

UTS I El I BHN 20 | 500 | 20 | 500 | 20 I 500 46-53 20 90-100 49.9 21.7 29.1 18.2 9.4 3.1 76.7 <50 42.2 28.5 118 52.0 19.5 100

i |

ltj

(13) (3) (2,15) (12) (26) (7)

The values in Table 1 represent the average properties of alloy "A" and agree fairly well with those in the other tables excepting those in Table 3, which probably are for material cast under unsatisfactory conditions, a thing easily possible with aluminum bronze. Considering alloy "B" in the same manner we have:

^^^

f

oJ

UTS

El

T a b l e d , 20 i 500 20 500 17 52.4 I I 38.0 I 20 (Contains 7.6% Al, 2% Fe)

BHN 20 | 500 80 125 70

~ ^' (io) (12)

Although fewer data are available, alloy "B" seems to be as strong as and more ductile than "A" at 2O0C, while the presence of 2% Fe has increased the hardness of the alloy at 50O0C. Hardness figures of ( 12 ), however, are inconsistent with those from other sources. On the basis of the tables then, alloy "B" is somewhat the better alloy. The index (p. 370) shows whether any commercial alloys of the composition of "B" are included. Index numbers of aluminum bronzes are listed in one of the tables of Alloy Classes following

désire un alliage ayant certaines propriétés. considérés dans l'ordre indiqué. I. Composition de l'alliage connue.

Les trois cas seront

Propriétés désirées

1. Consulter la table des matières p. 358 et s'informer de la section dans laquelle il est traité de ce type d'alliage. 2. Consulter cette section à la page indiquée. 3. Au moyen de la table des matières se trouvant au commencement de la section, s'informer qu'elle est la table contenant le type d'information désiré et s'y porter. 4. Dans chaque table (à moins d'une autre indication) les alliages sont arrangés dans l'ordre de leur "formule type." La formule type d'un alliage se compose des symboles chimiques de ses constituants essentiels écrits dans l'ordre descendant de leurs proportions dans l'alliage, excepté pour le cas des aciers, où C est écrit en dernier. (N. B. Il peut se trouver qu'un élément dont la présence peut être considérée accidentelle ou une impureté dans un alliage peuvent avoir un effet important sur ses propriétés: par ex. cas du silicium dans duralumin). Ainsi Pb-Sb-Cu est la formule type des alliages dont le constituant le plus important (en poids) est Pb, celui qui vient ensuite dans le même ordre d'idée est Sb, et finalement vient Cu; un acier au vanadium aura la formule type Fe-V-C, quoique C soit généralement présent en plus grande quantité que V. Les différents alliages sont arrangés dans l'ordre alphabétique en accord avec leurs formules types. Sous une formule type donnée, les alliages sont arrangés, lorsque ce résultat est fourni par l'analyse, dans Tordre descendant des proportions de leur constituant principal dans l'alliage; lorsque l'analyse n'a pas été effectué, dans l'ordre ascendant des proportions du deuxième constituant en importance de l'alliage. Sous chaque composition, les données suivent approximativement dans Tordre de la succession des traitements subis par l'alliage. Ainsi les propriétés des pièces fondues (symbole = G), sont mentionnées en premier. Ensuite viennent les propriétés de la matière travaillée à chaud et finalement celles de la matière travaillée à froid. Les propriétés de la matière traitée thermiquement suivent immédiatement celles de la matière avant le traitement thermique. Exemple 1: On désire comparer les propriétés mécaniques d'un bronze d'aluminium à 10 % Al coulé en sable avec celles du même alliage dans lequel 3% de l'Ai ont été remplacés par Fe. On désire connaître les propriétés des alliages à hautes températures. Le premier alliage, désignons-le par "A," a la formule type Cu-Al; le second, désignons-le par "B" a la formule type Cu-Al-Fe. Consultant la table des matières (p. 359) on trouve que la section contenant les propriétés mécaniques des bronzes d'Aï commence à p. 572. À cette page nous trouvons une table des matières pour la section, dans laquelle sont disposées en liste 15 tables des propriétés du type d'alliage Cu-Al et 6 tables des propriétés du type d'alliage Cu-Al-Fe. Considérons d'abord: la charge de rupture (UTS) en kg/mm 2 , l'allongement en % (El) et le nombre de dureté Brinell (BHN) de notre alliage "A" dans la condition "coulé en sable" (G8). Des tables, on trouve :

\~

I

UTS

|

El

\

BHN

\/ C ™ , . X. 20 500 20 500 20 500 Table \ î 4 6 - 5 3 2 0 9 0 - 1 0 0 ( Î 3 ) 2 49,9 21,7 (3) 3 29,1 18,2 9,4 3,1 (2, 15) 4 76,7 <50 (12) 13 42,2 28,5 118 (26) 13 52,0 I 19,5 100 (7)

Les valeurs dans la Table 1 représentent les propriétés moyennes de l'alliage " A;" elles s'accordent assez bien avec celles des autres

Legierung des Handels, unbekannter Zusammensetzung. Man sucht eine Legierung von bestimmten Eigenschaften.

(III)

I. Die Zusammensetzung der Legierung ist bekannt. Eigenschaften gesucht 1. Man sehe im Inhaltsverzeichnis (S- 358) nach und stelle den Abschnitt fest in welchem diese Legierungstype behandelt wird. 2. Man schlage den Abschnitt an der gegebenen Seitenzahl auf. 3. Mit Hilfe des Inhaltsverzeichnisses am Anfang dieses Abschnittes, stelle man die Tafel fest, welche die gewünschte Type der Eigenschaften enthält und schlage diese Tafel dann auf. 4. In jeder Tafel (wenn nichts anderes angegeben ist) sind die Legierungen in der Reihenfolge ihrer "Typen-Formel" angeordnet. Diese "Typen-Formel" einer Legierung besteht in der Nebeneinandersetzung der chemischen Zeichen ihrer wesentlichen Bestandteile in absteigender Ordnung ihrer Prozentgehalte Eine Ausnahme ist bei den Stählen vorhanden, wo am Ende C steht. (N. B.—Ein Element, das zuweilen nur zufällig oder als Verunreinigung in den Legierungen vorhanden angesehen wurde, kann später als ein solches von besonderem Einfluss auf die Eigenschaft derselben erkannt werden, z. B. Si in Duralumin.) So ist Pb-Sb-Cu die Typenformel von Legierungen, in welchen Pb den höchsten Prozentgehalt darstellt, den nächst niedrigeren Sb, dann folgt Cu. Ein Vanadium-Stahl hat hingegen die Typenformel Fe-V-C, obwohl im allgemeinen C in grösserer Menge als V vorhanden ist. Die verschiedenen Legierungen sind in alphabetischer Reihenfolge ihrer Typenformeln angeordnet. Unter einer gegebenen Typenformel sind die Legierungen in absteigender Ordnung des analytisch bekannten Hauptbestandteiles in der Legierung angeordnet. Ist dieser Gehalt nicht bekannt, so sind die Legierungen in aufsteigender Ordnung des Prozentgehaltes des zweiten grössten Bestandteiles angeordnet. Unter jeder Zusammensetzung folgen die Daten ungefähr nach der Zahl der verschiedenen Behandlungen, welchen die Legierung unterworfen wurde. So erscheinen die Eigenschaften des Gusses (Zeichen = G) zuerst, dann jene des heiss bearbeiteten und zum Schluss des kalt bearbeiteten Materials. Die Eigenschaften des wärmebehandelten Materials folgen unmittelbar nach denen des Materials vor der Wärmebehandlung. Beispiel 1: Es sollen die mechanischen Eigenschaften einer in Sandform gegossenen 10% Aluminiumbronze mit einer gleichen Legierung verglichen werden, in welcher 3% des Aluminiumgehaltes durch Fe ersetzt sind. Die Kenntnis der Eigenschaften bei hoher Temperatur ist notwendig. Die erste Legierung, wir bezeichnen sie mit "A," hat die Typenformel Cu-Al, die zweite, " B " bezeichnet, hat die Typenformel Cu-Al-Fe. Aus dem Inhaltsverzeichnis (S. 359) finden wir, dass der Abschnitt, welcher die mechanischen Eigenschaften der AI-Bronzen enthält, auf S. 572 beginnt. Hier finden wir ein Inhaltsverzeichnis für diesen Abschnitt in welchem 15 Eigenschafts-Tafeln der Type Cu-Al und 6 Eigenschafts-Tafeln für die Type Cu-Al-Fe, vorhanden sind. Wir wollen zuerst von der Legierung " A" (in Sandform gegossen} die Zugfestigkeit (UTS] in kg/mm 2 , Prozent Dehnung (El) und die Brinell-Härtezahl (BHN) berücksichtigen. Aus den Tafeln finden wir: 0

•^^ t, C Tabelle"^ 1 2 3 4 13 13

UTS | El | BHN 20 [ 500 | 20 | 500 20 | 500 46-53 20 90-100 49,9 21,7 29,1 18,2 9,4 3,1 76,7 <50 42,2 28,5 118 52,0 19,5 100

(13) (3) (2, 15) (12) (26). (7)

in cui sono contenuti, eccetto nel caso degli acciai, dove C è scritto per ultimo. (N. B. Un elemento ritenuto solo accidentale oppure giudicato come impurezza può in seguito trovarsi che ha un effetto importante sulle proprietà di una lega: vedi, ad es. il caso del silicio nel duralluminio.) Così Pb-Sb-Cu è la formula tipo delle leghe nelle quali la proporzione maggiore in peso è di Pb, quella intermedia è di Sb e quella minore è di Cu; mentre un acciaio al vanadio ha la formula Fe-V-C, sebbene C, in genere, è presente in proporzione maggiore di V. Le diverse leghe sono disposte in ordine alfabetico secondo le loro formule tipo. Sotto una certa formula tipo le leghe sono disposte in ordine decrescente della proporzione del costituente principale quando questa è nota. Se questa non è nota esse sono disposte nelF ordine crescente del contenuto del secondo componente più abbondante. Sotto ogni composizione i dati sono disposti approssimativamente nell'ordine della complessità del trattamento. Così le proprietà dei getti (simbolo = G) vengono per prime, poi quelle del materiale lavorato a caldo, e infine quelle del materiale lavorato a freddo. Le proprietà del materiale trattato a caldo seguono subito dopo quelle del materiale prima del trattamento a caldo. Esempio 1: Si desideri confrontare le proprietà meccaniche di un bronzo d'alluminio al 10% colato in sabbia, con quelle della stessa lega nella quale 3% di alluminio è stato sostituito con ferro, e precisamente si desideri conoscere le proprietà della lega a temperature elevate. La prima lega, che indicheremo con "A," ha la formula tipo Cu-Al; la seconda, che indicheremo con "B," ha la formula tipo Cu-Al-Fe. Se si consulta l'indice (p. 359) si trova che il capitolo contenente le proprietà meccaniche dei bronzi di alluminio comincia a p. 572. Qui si trova un indice in cui sono riportate 15 tabelle di proprietà per il tipo Cu-Al e 6 tabelle di proprietà per il tipo Cu-Al-Fe. Consideriamo dapprima il carico di rottura (UTS) in kg/mm 2 , l'allungamento per cento (El) e il numero di durezza Brinell (BHN) della lega "A" colata in sabbia (G3). Dalle tabelle si trova : X oC -UTS El I BHN rp , labe aNVXx 20 Ï 4 6 - 5 2 49,9 3 29,1 4 13 42,2 13 52,0

500

20

500

20

500

^*

3 2 0 9 0 - 1 0 0 ( Ï 3 ) . 21,7 (3) 18,2 9,4 3,1 (2,15) 76,7 —50 (12) 28,5 118 (26) 19,5 100 (7)

I valori della Tabella 1 rappresentano le proprietà medie della lega "A" e si accordano bene con quelli delle altre tabelle; si eccettuano solo i valori della Tabella 3, che probabilmente si riferiscono ad un materiale gettato in condizioni non soddisfacenti, cosa questa è facilmente possibile con i bronzi d'alluminio. Se si considera le lega "B" allo stesso modo si ha: X UTS I El BHN oc rp , |^\ 20 500 20 500 1 abella x^ 17 52,4 I I 38,0 I 20 (7,6% Al, 2% Fe)

20

300

80 125

70

Llt

*

(io) (12)

Sebbene si disponga di pochi dati, la lega "B" sembra sia resistente quanto la "A" e persino più duttile della "A" a 2O0C, mentre la presenza del 2% di ferro ha accresciuto la durezza a 50O0C. I numeri di durezza riportati nella (12) non si accordano però con quelli di altre fonti. In base alle tabelle tuttavia la lega "B" è un po' migliore. Dall'indice (p. 370) si può sapere se nelle tabelle sono riportate leghe commerciali della composizione di "B. " I numeri indici dei

the Finding Index. Turning to these numbers in the Finding Index, we find No. 45, "Alcumite:" Cu; Al, 7.5; Fe, 5.5; Ni, Mn, No. 141, "Ampco bronze:" Cu; Al, 7-11; Fe, 1-5. If the alloys thus shown in the Finding Table are commercially available at the present time, reference to the firms producing them can no doubt be obtained from the advertising pages of metallurgical magazines or otherwise. It must, however, be borne in mind that other alloys, possibly of the type desired, are manufactured in various countries, without necessarily being known by a name which could be included in the Finding Index, while there are numerous manufacturers in every country having a well-developed metallurgical industry, who will be prepared to make up alloys to any desired specification, provided that patent rights do not interfere. In some instances, it may be noted that the properties of the materials as represented by data given in the corresponding table, can only be obtained by definitely stated methods of manufacture and treatment and these are, sometimes, available only at the hands of an individual manufacturing firm. Further, where alloys having trade names are given in the list, and if no definite data for these alloys as such are included, the inference that the alloy bearing the trade name will have the same properties as the alloy of similar composition listed in the detailed table, must be regarded as subject to the limitations just indicated. Example 2: Given a Ni-Cr steel containing 3.5% Ni, 0.8% Cr and 0.25% C, to find the heat treatment giving the optimum combinations of tensile and notched-bar impact properties. From the Table of Contents, it is found that Ni-Cr steels are treated in the section beginning on p. 483. The first numbered table of this section is a table of compositions, in which No. 262 is found to correspond to the above composition. The table of contents at the beginning of the section (p. 483) shows that mechanical properties are given in Table 7, p. 510. Turning to this table, v/e locate alloy No. 262 (p. 511) and find that values of properties are given for 42 different conditions of this steel. Notched-bar impact test results are given under the following designations: IS11 (Izod machine using B. E. S. A. standard specimen), ISV (Charpy machine using 45° V notch specimen), ISx (Guillery machine, Mesnager notch). The energy absorbed in fracture is given in each case as there is no satisfactory basis for comparison of results as between the different types of specimen. The largest Izod values of No. 262 are for treatments h, j, k, and z, being respectively 8.85, 9.15, 9.0, and 9.0. Of these, "h" gives a material somewhat stronger and considerably more ductile than do the others. Meanings of symbols and abbreviations used in describing treatments are given in the table on p. 392. Treatment "h" reads as it stands "Same, Tp 650° Qw." The "Same" refers to the previous treatment, i.e., condition before tempering, which is N 820°. The whole treatment interpreted is: Normalized at 820° (i.e.j cooled in still air from 82O0C), then tempered at 65O0C and quenched in water. The other treatments which give high impact strengths, are: "1000° Q0 Tp 670°/120 Q w " (i.e., quenched in oil from 100O0C, tempered at 670° for 120 min, and quenched in water); " 1000° Q0 Tp 650°/120 C8 650° Q w "'(i.e., quenched in oil from 100O0C, tempered at 650° for 120 min, cooled slowly, retempered at 65O0C and quenched in water); and "850° Q0 Tp 675°/495 Qw" (i.e., quenched in oil from 85O0C, tempered at 675° for 495 min, and quenched in water). These treatments give nearly as good properties, thus showing the necessity of a final water quench from 650-6750C. Consideration of some of the other treatments shows that cooling slowly from this temperature gives decidedly inferior notched-bar impact figures while not greatly- affecting the tensile values. Quenching from lower temperatures gives better tensile properties, but inferior notched-bar impact figures. Inspection of values obtained on the other machines for these treatments and for others

tables excepté celles de la Table 3, qui se rapportent probablement à un matériel fondu dans les conditions non satisfactoires, une circonstance qui est très possible avec le bronze d'aluminium. Considérant l'alliage "B" de la même manière, nous avons: X , QÛTS El | BHN X: C Lit, rplabié ,X.^x 20 500 20 500 20 300 17 5 2 ~ 4 3 8 , 0 | 80 (ïï) 20 (7.6% Al, 2% Fe) 125 70 (12) Quoiqu'il y ait peu de données disponibles, l'alliage "B" paraît être aussi résistant et plus ductible que " A" à 2O0C, alors que la présence de 2 % de Fe a augmenté la dureté de l'alliage à 50O0C. Les chiffres de dureté de (*2) cependant, ne sont pas en accord avec ceux d'autres sources. On peut déduire sur la base des tables que l'alliage "B" est sensiblement le meilleur alliage. L'index (p. 370) montre s'il y existe un alliage commercial de la composition de " B." Les nombres index des bronzes d'aluminium sont disposés en liste dans l'une des tables des alliages types qui se trouvent à la suite de l'index de recherche. En se reportant à ces nombres dans l'index de recherche, on trouve № 45, " Aleumite:" Cu; Al, 7,5; Fe, 5,5; Ni; Mn, et № 141, "Ampco bronze:" Cu; Al, 7-11; Fe, 1-5. Si les alliages ainsi mentionnés dans la table de recherche sont disponibles dans le commerce actuellement, on trouvera sans doute les références des firmes qui les produisent dans les annonces des magazines métallurgiques ou autre part. Il ne faut pas oublier cependant que d'autres alliages, qui peuvent être du type désiré sont fabriqués dans des pays divers, sans être nécessairement connus par un nom qui pourrait se trouver dans l'index de recherche; il existe en effet de nombreux fabricants dans chaque pays possédant une industrie métallurgique bien développée qui peuvent fabriquer des alliages suivant les spécifications variées, à condition que les droits de patente ne s'y opposent pas. Dans certains cas, il faut remarquer que les propriétés des matières ainsi qu'elles sont représentées par les valeurs données dans les tables correspondantes, ne peuvent être obtenues que par des méthodes de fabrication et des traitements établis d'une façon définie, qui quelquefois ne sont réalisés que chez un seul fabricant. Lorsqu'il s'agit d'alliages portant des noms commerciaux mentionnés dans la liste, il n'a pas été indiqué de données définies pour ces alliages considérés comme tels, et, déduire que les alliages portant un nom commercial ont les mêmes propriétés que l'alliage de composition similaire mentionné dans la table détaillée, doit être regardé comme étant sujet aux limitations indiquées ci-dessus. Exemple 2: Etant donné un acier au Ni-Cr contenant 3,5 % Ni, 0,8% Cr et 0,25% C, trouver le traitement thermique donnant la combinaison optimum relativement aux propriétés de traction et à l'essai de choc sur éprouvette entaillée. De la table des matières, on trouve que les aciers au Ni-Cr sont traités dans la section commençant à p. 483. La première table de cette section est une table de compositions, dans laquelle le № 262 correspond à la composition donnée ci-dessus. La table des matières au commencement de la section (p. 483) montre que les propriétés mécaniques sont données dans la Table 7, p. 510; à cette table nous trouvons l'alliage № 262 (p. 511) et constatons que les valeurs des propriétés sont données pour 42 différentes conditions de cet acier. Les résultats concernant l'essai de choc sur éprouvette entaillée sont donnés sous les désignations suivantes: /$u (Machine d'Izod, utilisant des éprouvettes types B. E. S. A.), ISV (Machine de Charpy utilisant une éprouvette avec entaille 450V), ISx (Machine de Guillery, éprouvette avec entaille Mesnager). L'énergie absorbée dans la rupture est donnée dans chaque cas, car il n'existe pas de base convenable pour la comparaison des résultats entre les différents types d'éprouvettes. Les valeurs Izod les plus fortes concernant le № 262 sont obtenues avec les traitements

Der Wert in der Tabelle l stellt die Durchschnittseigenschaften der Legierung " A" dar, und stimmt ziemlich gut mit jenen in den anderen Tabellen überein. Ausgenommen jedoch die Werte der Tabelle 3, welche wahrscheinlich für ein Material gelten, das unter nicht befriedigenden Bedingungen gegossen worden ist. Bei Aluminiumbronzen ist ein solcher Fall sehr möglich. Nehmen wir die Legierung "B," so hat man in gleicher Weise:

bronzi di alluminio sono elencati in una delle tabelle dei tipi di leghe che seguono l'indice. Andando a cercare questi numeri nell'indice, si trova No. 45, "Alcumite:" Cu; Al, 7,5; Fe, 5,5; Ni; Mn; e No. 141, "Ampco Bronze:" Cu; Al, 7-11; Fe, 1-5. SeIe leghe così indicate si trovano in commercio, si può sapere il nome delle ditte che le producono dalla réclame delle riviste metallurgiche o in qualche altro modo. Può darsi però che nei diversi paesi vengano fabbricate altre leghe, e che esse non siano conosciute con un nome che potrebbe essere incluso nell'indice. In ogni ^^ t, 0C UTS | El | BHN I nazione con una industria metallurgica bene sviluppata, vi è un Tabelìe^-^, 20 | 500 | 20 | 500 | 20 | 500 **" gran numero di produttori i quali sono in grado di fabbricare leghe 1 17 52,4 | | 38,0 I 80 ( O) con qualsiasi requisito purché non esistano diritti di brevetti. 20 (7.6% Al, 2% Fe) 125 70 (*2) Deve ancora osservarsi che le proprietà, quali sono rappresentate dai valori contenuti nelle tabelle, in alcuni casi possono solo otObgleich weniger Daten vorliegen, scheint die Legierung "B" tenersi con processi di fabbricazione e trattamento ben definiti, e bezüglich der Zugfestigkeit ebenso gut wie "A," bezüglich der che questi talvolta sono a conoscenza esclusiva di una singola Duktilität bei 20° besser zu sein, während die Anwesenheit von 2 % ditta fabbricante. Inoltre, quando nell'elenco sono contenute Fe die Härte bei 50O0C erhöht. Die Härtezahlen von (12)aber leghe con nomi commerciali, nessun valore definito è riportato stimmen mit denen aus anderen Quellen stammenden nicht per esse, e la deduzione che la lega con quel certo nome avrà überein. Auf Grund der Tafeln ist "B" eine etwas bessere Legie- le stesse proprietà di quella di composizione simile elencata rung als "A." nella tabella deve considerarsi sottoposta alle limitazioni Der Index (S. 370) zeigt an, ob irgend eine Handelslegierung sopraindicate. von der "U" Zusammensetzung gegeben ist. Die Indexzahlen Esempio 2: Dato un acciaio al Ni-Cr contenente 3,5% Ni, der Aluminiumbronzen sind in einer der Tafeln für Legierungs- 0,8% Cr e 0,25% C, trovare qual'è il trattamento termico che typen eingetragen, die dem Nachschlage-Index folgen. Sehen da l'optimum di carico di rottura e di resilienza. Nell'indice si wir diese Zahlen im Nachschlage-Index nach, so finden wir No. 45, trova che gli acciai al Ni-Cr sono trattati nel capitolo che comincia "Alcumite:" Cu; Al, 7,5; Fe, 5,5; Ni, Mn; No. 141, "Ampco a p. 483. La prima tabella di questo da le composizioni, e in bronze:" Cu; Al, 7-11; Fe, 1-5. Sind diese Legierungen essa si trova che il numero 262 corrisponde alla composizione di gegenwärtig handelsüblich, so kann vermutlich die Erzeuger- sopra. Dall'indice all'inizio del capitolo (p. 483) si ricava che firma in dem Inseratenteil der Fachzeitschriften und auch sonst, le proprietà meccaniche sono esposte nella Tabella 7 (p. 510). gefunden werden. Es muss jedoch berücksichtigt werden, dass Consultando questa si vede che a p. 511 sono riportati valori andere Legierungen, möglicherweise gerade von der gewünschten delle proprietà per 42 condizioni differenti dell'acciaio No. 262. Type, in den verschiedenen Ländern erzeugt werden können, die I risultati delle prove di resilienza sono riportati sotto le seguenti vielleicht keinen Namen tragen, der in dem Nachschlage-Index designazioni: ISn (macchina Izod con provino B.E.S.A.), /£v angegeben werden konnte. Es gibt in jedem Lande mit einer (macchina Charpy con provino munito di intaglio V a 45°), gut entwickelten Metallindustrie, eine Anzahl von Fabriken LSx (macchina Guillery con barretta Mesnager). L'energia assordie imstande sind, soweit nicht Patentrechte vorliegen, jede bita nella rottura è data per ogni caso, giacché non vi son elementi Legierung von besonderer Zusammensetzung herzustellen. sufficienti per confrontare i risultati ottenuti con i diversi tipi di Es möge noch bemerkt werden, dass in mancher Beziehung, die prove. I più grandi valori Izod del numero 262 sono per i tratin den entsprechenden Tabellen angegebenen Eigenschaften nur tamenti h, j, k, e z, e sono rispettivamente 8,85; 9,15; 9,0 e 9,0. durch bestimmte Fabrikations-Methoden und Behandlungen Fra essi, "h" da un materiale un po' più resistente e notevolmente erreicht werden können, die zuweilen nur den einzelnen Erzeuger- più duttile che gli altri. I significati dei simboli e le abbreviazioni firmen zur Verfügung stehen. Ferner, wo in den Tabellen adoperate nel descrivere i trattamenti sono indicati nella tabella Legierungen mit Handelsmarken angegeben sind und keine a p. 392. Il trattamento "h" è indicato con "Same, Tp 650° definitive Werte für solche in den Tafeln angeführt sind, ist eine Qw." Il "Same" (lo stesso) si riferisce al trattamento precedente, Schlussfolgerung, wie aus dem Vorhergegangenen folgt, dass eine e cioè alla condizione prima del rinvenimento, che è N 820°. Legierung mit Handelsmarke dieselben Eigenschaften habe L'intero trattamento perciò è normalizzato a 820° (e cioè raffredals eine ähnlich zusammengesetzte Legierung die sich in der dato in aria calma a partire da 82O0C), quindi rinvenuto a 650° e Tabelle vorfindet, sehr einzuschränken. temprato in acqua. Gli altri trattamenti che danno resilienza Beispiel 2: Gegeben ist ein Ni-Cr-Stahl mit 3,5% Ni, 0,8% Cr, elevata sono "1000° Q0 Tp 670°/120 Qw" (e cioè temprato in olio und 0,25% C. Es ist die Wärmebehandlung zu finden, die ein a partire da 100O0C, rinvenuto a 670° per 120 min, e temprato in Optimum an Zugfestigkeit und Schlagfestigkeit an einem gekerb- acqua; " 1000° Q0 Tp 650°/120 C8 650° Qw" (cioè temprato in olio a ten Probestück gibt. Aus dem Inhaltsverzeichnis findet man, partire da 100O0C, rinvenuto a 650° per 120 min, raffreddato lentadass .Ni-Cr-Stähle in dem S. 483 beginnenden Abschnitt be- mente, rinvenuto di nuovo a 65O0C e temprato in acqua; e "850° handelt werden. Die erste Zahlentafel dieses Abschnittes gibt Q0 Tp 675°/495 Q w " (cioè temprato in olio a partire da 85O0C, die Zusammensetzungen an worunter No. 262, der angegebenen rinvenuto a 675° per 495 min, e temprato in acqua). Questi Zusammensetzung entspricht. Das Inhaltsverzeichnis zu Beginn trattamenti danno tutti quasi le stesse buone proprietà e mostrano des Abschnittes (S. 483) gibt an, dass die mechanischen Eigen- così la necessità di una tempra finale in acqua a partire da 650schaften in der Tafel 7, S. 510, zu finden sind. Hier findet man die 6750C. Se si considerano alcuni altri trattamenti, si vede che il Legierung No. 262 (S. 511) und sieht, dass die Eigenschaften für raffreddamento lento a partire da questa temperatura da valori di 42 verschiedene Behandlungen für diese Stahlsorte vorliegen. Die resilienza decisamente inferiori, anche se non influenza molto i Schlagfestigkeit (Kerbeneinschnitt) ist unter der folgenden valori del carico di rottura. La tempra a partire da temperature Bezeichnung angegeben: ISn (Izod Machine, B. E. S. A. standard più basse da proprietà tensorie migliori, ma valori di resilienza Probe), ISV (Charpy-Machine, mit 45° V-Kerbe), ISx (Guillery più bassi. L'esame dei valori ottenuti per questi trattamenti e Machine, Kerbenformstück nach Mesnager). Die beim Bruch per altri per i. quali non sono dati valori Izod, mostra che il tratabsorbierte Energie ist in jedem Falle angegeben, da keine befriedi- tamento "h" da l'optimum dei valori desiderati.

for which no Izod values are given, show that treatment "h" gives the optimum desired values. II. Name of Alloy Is Known, Its Composition and Properties Are Desired Refer to the Finding Index, p. 370. The first column of this index contains the Index Numbers by which commercial alloys are identified when their properties occur in the tables. The second column contains 1510 trade names of alloys included in the following classes : (a) Trade mark names of patented alloys, as " Alpax." (o) Trade mark names of alloys no longer protected by patent (cf. Duralumin in France, where name "Aldal" is used for an alloy of approximately the same composition, the name Duralumin being protected). (c) Names of inventor or manufacturer given to alloys, the names or compositions not necessarily being protected, as Babbitt metal. (d) Names generally applied to certain types of alloys, as Cartridge Brass. (e) Names of types of alloys including a wide range of compositions, as Chrome Nickel steel. In this case, particular alloys of this type may be found from Tables of Alloy Classes, p. 388. (/) Designations of standard or tentative standard alloys, and certain government-specification alloys. These will be found under the alloy type as: Brass ingots, A. S. T. M. Spec. B30-22 or Government Bronze, Spec. G. No distinction is made in the Finding Index among the first four classes, except that in some cases it has been necessary to identify an alloy, known usually by a number, by adding the manufacturer's name, as in the case of alloy No. 193 of the Driver Harris Co. This is listed under Ferronickel, but cross-reference is given to this and similar alloys under " Numbered Alloys." In other cases the manufacturer is not mentioned. In class (d) no attempt has been made to include all alloys to which usage has given a name, as Spring Steel, Dynamo Sheets, etc., although such alloys are useful for the purpose indicated. With regard to class (/) it should be mentioned that specifications may be drawn up regardless of existing patents and, of course, in ignorance of pending ones. The names of alloys are arranged alphabetically regardless of type, excepting in the case of: (1) Alloys known by a manufacturer's number. (2) Specification alloys known by number or letter. (3) Alloys, the first part of whose name is descriptive of condition (e.g., hard solder), where there are several such included in one type. Such alloys are listed under the name of the type and where commonly used, cross-references are also given under first part of name. The third column of the Finding Index gives the compositions of the alloys. In stating the composition, the elements together with their weights % are given in descending order of amounts in the alloy. Where the % of the first, i.e., largest constituent, is not given, it has not been determined by analysis. Where the amounts of the last constituents are not given, they are only incidental or impurities. Where no percentages are given, the information has not been available. Where the composition of an alloy varies over a range of values, the limits have been stated, as Index No. 915, MS steel: Fe; Cr, 0.8-1.1; Mo, 0.3-0.4; Mn, 0.6-0.9; C, 0.4-0.6. The fourth column of the Finding Index contains the page numbers where values of properties of the alloy may be found; the page numbers where the values of properties of a similar alloy may be found are indicated by italic type. The electrical, magnetic and optical properties of metals and alloys will be found in a succeeding volume of I. C. T.; no page reference to such data can therefore be given in the Finding Index.

h, j, k et z, et sont respectivement 8,85, 9,15,9,0 et 9,0. Parmi ceux-ci, "h" donne une matière un peu plus résistante et considérablement plus ductile que les autres. La signification des symboles et les abréviations utilisées pour spécifier les traitements sont données dans la table à la p. 392. Le traitement "h" représente "Same, Tp 650° Q w ," "Same" (c'est-à-dire le même) se rapporte au traitement antérieur, c'est-à-dire, à la condition avant le revenu, qui est N 820°. L'interprétation de tout le traitement est la suivante: Normalisé à 820° (c'est à dire refroidi dans Fair calme à partir de 82O0C), ensuite revenu à 650° puis trempé à l'eau. Les autres traitements qui donnent une grande résistance au choc sont: " 1000° Q0 Tp 670°/120 Q w " (c'est adiré, trempé à l'huile à partir de 100O0C, revenu à 670° pendant 120 minutes, refroidi doucement, de nouveau revenu à 65O0C et trempé à l'eau); et "850° Q0 Tp 675°/495 Q w " (c'est-à-dire trempé à l'huile à partir de 85O0C, revenu à 6750C pendant 495 min. et trempé à l'eau). Ces traitements donnent tous à peu près d'aussi bonnes propriétés montrant ainsi la nécessité d'une trempe à l'eau finale à partir de 650-6750C. L'examen de quelques autres traitements montre que le refroidissement lent à partir de cette température donne décidément des chiffres inférieurs à l'essai de choc sur éprouvette entaillée tout en n'affectant pas beaucoup les valeurs de traction. Une trempe à partir de températures plus basses donne des meilleures propriétés à la traction, mais des chiffres inférieurs à l'essai de choc sur éprouvette entaillée. L'examen des valeurs obtenues sur les autres machines pour ces traitements et pour d'autres pour lesquels il n'a pas été donné de valeurs Izod montre que le traitement "h" donne l'optimum désiré. II. Le nom de l'alliage est connu; on désire connaître sa composition et ses propriétés Consulter l'index de recherche, p. 370. La première colonne de cet index contient les nombres index au moyen desquels les alliages commerciaux sont identifiés lorsque leurs propriétés sont mentionnées dans les tables. La deuxième colonne contient 1510 noms commerciaux des alliages compris dans les classes suivantes: (a) Noms commerciaux d'alliages brevetés, comme "Alpax." (o) Noms commerciaux d'alliages dont le brevet est expiré; (par exemple: Duralumin en France, où le nom "Aidai" est utilisé pour un alliage ayant approximativement la même composition, le nom Duralumin étant déposé). (c) Noms de l'inventeur ou du fabricant donnés aux alliages, les noms ou les compositions n'étant pas nécessairement déposés, comme métal "Babbitt." (d) Noms généralement employés pour désigner certains types d'alliages, comme "Cartridge brass," laiton pour cartouches. (e) Noms de types d'alliages comportant un large intervalle de composition, comme acier en chrome nickel. Dans ce cas on peut trouver des alliages particuliers de ce type dans les "Tables of Alloy Classes," p. 388. (/) Désignation d'alliages standards ou alliages standards tentatifs et certains alliages suivant spécifications gouvernementales. Ceux-ci seront trouvés sous le type d'alliage comme par exemple: Brass ingots (laiton en lingots), A. S. T. M. Spec. B30-22 ou Bronze du Gouvernement, Spec. G. Il n'a pas été fait de distinction dans l'index de recherche pour les quatre premières classes, excepté dans quelques cas où il a été nécessaire pour identifier un alliage connu ordinairement par un nombre, d'ajouter le nom du fabricant comme dans le cas de l'alliage № 193 de la Driver Harris Co. Celui-ci est inscrit sous ferronickel, mais il y a une référence pour cet alliage et pour les alliages similaires sous "Numbered Alloys." Dans d'autres cas le fabricant n'est pas mentionné. Dans la classe (d) on n'a pas cherché à inclure tous les alliages auxquels l'usage a donné un nom, tels que acier à ressorts, tôles

gende Basis zum Vergleich der Ergebnisse bei verschiedenen Typen der Proben vorhanden sind. Der höchste Izod-Wert für No. 262 ergibt sich für die Behandlung h, j, k und z, und beträgt der Reihe nach 8,85, 9,15, 9,0 und 9,0. Von diesen gibt "h" ein Material höherer Zugfestigkeit und ein deutlich duktileres Material als die anderen. Erklärungen der Zeichen und die Behandlung betreffenden Abkürzungen sind in der Tabelle S. 392 angegeben. Die Behandlung "h" ist durch "Same, Tp 650° Qw" in den Tafeln ausgedrückt. "Same" zeigt vorhergegangene Behandlung an, d. h. Zustand vor der Anlassung, welche "N 820°" ist. Die ganze Behandlung ist angezeigt: Normalisiert bei 820° (d. h. gekühlt in ruhender Luft von 820° herunter), dann bei 65O0C angelassen und in Wasser abgeschreckt. Die anderen Behandlungen, welche eine sehr grosse Schlagfestigkeit geben, sind: 1000° Q0 Tp 670°/ 120 Qw (d. h. bei 1000° in Öl abgeschreckt bei 670°, 120 Minuten lang angelassen und in Wasser abgeschreckt); "1000° Q0 Tp 650V120 C8 650° Qw" (bei 1000° in Öl abgeschreckt, für 120 Minuten lang bei 650° angelassen, langsam gekühlt, nochmals bei 650° angelassen und in Wasser abgeschreckt); ferner "850° Q0 Tp 675°/495 Qw" (d. h. bei 850° in Öl abgeschreckt, 495 Minuten lang bei 675° angelassen, und in Wasser abgeschreckt). Diese Behandlungen geben ungefähr gleich gute Eigenschaften und zeigen die Notwendigkeit einer am Schlüsse vorgenommen Wasserabschreckung von 650-675°. Die Betrachtung einiger anderer Behandlungen zeigt, dass eine langsame Kühlung von dieser Temperatur herunter entschieden niedrigere Werte für die Schlagfestigkeit gibt, während die Zugfestigkeit und Duktilität nicht stark beeinflusst wird. Abschreckung bei tieferen Temperaturen gibt bessere Zugfestigkeit und Duktilität, aber niedrigere Werte für die Schlagfestigkeit. Eine Durchsicht der Werte die mit anderen Maschinen erhalten werden, zeigt für diese Behandlungen und andere, für welche keine Izod-Werte gegeben sind, dass die "h" Behandlung das Optimum der gewünschten Eigenschaft gibt. II. Der Name der Legierung ist bekannt, es sind ihre Zusammensetzung und Eigenschaften zu ermitteln Siehe im Nachschlage-Index S. 370 nach. Die erste Kolonne in diesem enthält die Index-Zahl, durch welche Handelslegierungen bezeichnet sind, wenn ihre Eigenschaften in den Tabellen vorkommen. Die zweite Kolonne enthält 1510 Handelsnamen von Legierungen die in folgende Klassen eingeteilt sind. (a) Handelsmarken patentierter Legierungen, wie z. B. "Alpax." (6) Handelsmarken von Legierungen, nicht mehr unter Patentschutz stehend (vgl. Duralumin in Frankreich, wo der Name "Aldal" für eine Legierung von ungefähr derselben Zusammensetzung benützt wird, da der Name Duralumin geschützt ist). (c) Die Legierung trägt den Namen des Erfinders oder des Erzeugers. Der Name selbst braucht nicht notwendig geschützt zu sein; z. B. Babbitt-Metall. (d) Namen die im allgemeinen gewissen Legierungstypen gegeben werden; z. B. "Cartridge brass," Patronen-Messing. (e) Namen von Legierungen deren Zusammensetzung in weitem Ausmasse varieren kann, z. B. Chrom-Nickel Stahl. In solchem Fall, die besondere Legierung dieser Type in "Tables of Alloy Classes," S. 388 zu finden ist. (/) Als Standards bestimmte Legierungen oder solche als Prüfungs-Standard geltende, ferner gewisse staatlich vorgeschriebene Legierungen. Diese werden unter folgenden Legierungstypen gefunden: Brass ingots, A. S. T. M. Spec. B30-22 Government Bronze, Spec. G. Es ist in den ersten vier Klassen kein Unterschied im Nachschlage-Index gemacht, ausgenommen, dass es in manchen Fällen notwendig war eine, sonst nur durch eine Zahl bekannte Legierung durch Hinzufügung des Namens des Fabrikants näher zu bezeichnen, z. B. bei der Legierung No. 193 der Driver

IL Si suppone noto il nome della lega e si desidera conoscerne la composizione e le proprietà Si consulti l'indice di ricerca a pag. 370. La prima colonna contiene i numeri indici con cui sono indicate le leghe commerciali, e la seconda 1510 nomi commerciali di leghe suddivisi nelle classi seguenti : (a) Nomi commerciali di leghe brevettate, come "Alpax." (b) Nomi commerciali di leghe non più protette da brevetti (ad es. in Francia si usa il nome "Aldal" per una lega che ha approssimativamente la stessa composizione del duralluminio, essendo il nome duralluminio protetto da brevetto). (c) Nomi di inventori o fabbricanti dati alle leghe. I nomi o le composizioni non sempre sono protette da brevetti, come ad es. nel caso del metallo "Babbitt." (d) Nomi generalmente applicati a certi tipi di leghe, come ad es. "Cartridge brass," ottone per cartucce. (e) Nomi di tipi di leghe che possono avere composizioni oscillanti entro limiti larghi, come ad es. acciai al cromo-nichel. In questi casi, si possono trovare leghe particolari di detto tipo nelle "Tables of Alloy Classes," p. 388. (J) Indicazioni di leghe standard, o tentativi standard, e di certe leghe con le caratteristiche richieste da amministrazioni governative. Queste si troveranno riportate sotto i tipi di leghe come: Brass ingots (lingotti di ottone), A. S. T. M. Spec. B30-22, oppure bronzo secondo le prescrizioni governative, Spec. 9. Nessuna distinzione è fatta nell'indice tra le prime quattro classi eccetto che in alcuni casi è stato necessario aggiungere, al numero che ordinariamente contradistingue una lega, il nome del fabbricante, come nel caso della lega № 193 della Driver Harris Co. Questa è elencata tra i ferro-nichel, ma sotto "Numbered Alloys" vi è un rapporto a questa ed a leghe simili al №. 193. In altri caso non è fatta menzione del fabbricante. Nella classe (d) non si è tentato di comprendervi tutte le leghe alle quali Fuso ha dato un nome, come acciaio per molle, lamierini per dinamo, ecc., sebbene dette leghe siano utili per gli scopi indicati. Riguardo alla classe (/) deve ricordarsi che determinate caratteristiche possono ottenerdi indipendentemente dal brevetti esistenti e, naturalmente, nell'ignoranza di eventuali in corso. I nomi delle leghe sono disposti per ordine alfabetico senza tener conto del loro tipo tranne il caso di: (1) Leghe indicate con il numero di un fabbricante. (2) Leghe speciali note con un numero o una lettera. (3) Leghe di cui la prima parte del nome ne descrive la natura (per es. "hard solder," saldatura forte) quando ve ne sono parecchie comprese in uno stesso tipo. Tali leghe sono elencate sotto il nome del tipo, e, quando esse sono comunemente adoperate, si trovano riportate indicazioni anche sotto la prima parte del nome. La terza colonna dell'indice da le composizioni delle leghe. Nell'indicare la composizione, gli elementi e le rispettive percentuali sono date in ordine decrescente del contenuto nella lega. Quando il percento del primo costituente, e cioè quello più abbondante, non è indicato, significa che esso non è stato determinato con l'analisi. Quando le proporzioni degli ultimi componenti non sono indicate, essi sono soltanto costituenti accidentali o impurezze. Se le percentuali non sono riportate, significa che non si è potuto avere l'informazione relativa. Quando la composizione di una lega può assumere tutta una serie di valori, sono stati indicati i limiti entro i quali i valori possono oscillare, come per es. per Index No. 915, MS steel: Fe; Cr, 0,8-1,1; Mo, 0,3-0, 4; Mn, 0,6-0,9; C, 0,4-0,6. Nella quarta colonna dell'indice sono indicate le pagine dove si possono trovare valori delle proprietà della lega (in caratteri romani) oppure dove si possono trovare i valori delle proprietà di una lega simile (in corsivo).

No data on resistance to corrosion are included in these tables. In the opinion of the most competent experts on the subject, it is not possible to give quantitative data for the corrosion resistance of metals and alloys. No page references can therefore be given in regard even to certain alloys which are chiefly valued on account of their resistance to corrosion. These, however, are listed in the tables of alloy types. The sources of information for the Finding Index have been as follows : William Campbell's List of Names of Alloys, prepared for Committee B-2 of the A. S. T. M.; names and compositions given by the co-operating experts; and current metallurgical and technological literature. HI. It Is Desired to Find an Alloy Having Certain Desired Properties For this purpose consult the Table of Properties on p. 610, directions being given there.

de dynamo, etc., quoique de tels alliages soient utiles pour le but indiqué. En ce qui concerne la classe (/), il faut mentionner que des spécifications peuvent être rédigées sans tenir compte des patentes existantes et naturellement aussi dans l'ignorance des brevets demandés. Les noms des alliages sont disposés dans Tordre alphabétique sans tenir compte de leur type, excepté dans les cas suivants: (1) Alliages connus par un numéro de fabrique. (2) Certains alliages connus par un nombre ou une lettre. (3) Alliages dont la première partie de leurs noms est descriptive de la condition (par ex. "hard solder," soudure dure) et où il existe plusieurs variétés incluses dans un type. De tels alliages sont inscrits sous le nom du type et lorsqu'ils sont d'un usage commun, sont aussi mentionnés dans l'index par la première partie de leur nom. La troisième colonne de l'index de recherche donne les compositions des alliages. En établissant la composition, on a inscrit les éléments avec leurs poids en % successivement dans l'ordre des proportions décroissantes dans l'alliage. Lorsque le pourcent du premier, c'est-à-dire le constituant principal, n'est pas donné, c'est qu'il n'a pas été déterminé par l'analyse. Lorsque les proportions des derniers constituants ne sont pas mentionnés, ceux-ci ne sont qu'accessoires ou bien sont des impuretés. Lorsqu'aucun pourcentage n'est donné, c'est que l'information n'a pas été disponible. Lorsque la composition d'un alliage varie suivant un intervalle de valeurs, les limites ont été fixées: par ex. Index No. 915, MS steel: Fe; Cr, 0,8-1,1; Mo, 0,3-0,4; Mn, 0,6-0,9; C, 0,4-0,6. La quatrième colonne de l'index de recherche contient en caractères romains les numéros des pages où l'on peut trouver les propriétés de l'alliage, ou en italique les numéros des pages, où l'on peut trouver les valeurs des propriétés d'un alliage similaire. On trouvera les propriétés électriques, magnétiques et optiques des métaux et alliages dans un volume suivant des T. C. I. ; on ne peut donc donner aucune page de référence pour de telles données dans l'index de recherche. On ne trouvera dans ces tables aucune donnée relative à la résistance à la corrosion. D'après l'opinion des experts les plus compétents sur ce sujet, il n'est pas possible de donner des valeurs quantitatives pour la . résistance à la corrosion des métaux et alliages. On ne peut donc donner aucune référence en ce qui concerne même certains alliages dont la valeur est surtout due à leur résistance à la corrosion. Ceux-ci, cependant sont mentionnés dans les tables des types d'alliages. Les sources d'information pour l'index de recherche ont été les suivantes: List of Names of Alloys établie par William Campbell préparée pour le Comité B-2 de l'A. S. T. M.; noms et compositions données par les experts coopérants; et la littérature métallurgique et technologique courante. III. On désire trouver un alliage ayant certaines propriétés désirées Pour cela, consulter la Table des Propriétés à la p. 610, où les instructions sont données.

Harris Co. Sie ist unter Ferronickel mit einem entsprechenden Hinweis angeführt, der dieser und ähnlichen Legierungen unter "Numbered Alloys" beigefügt wird. Zu (d). Es ist nicht die Absicht gewesen, alle solche Legierungen hier zu vereinigen denen der Gebrauch besondere Namen, wie Feder-Stahl, Dynamo-Lamellen, u. s. w., beigelegt hat, obgleich diese Legierungen für die angezeigte Verwendung nützlich sind. Hinsichtlich (J) wäre zu bemerken, dass die Vorschriften ohne Rücksicht auf vorhandene und in Unkenntnis angemeldeter Patente, niedergeschrieben werden können. Die Namen der Legierungen sind in alphabetischer Reihenfolge ohne Rücksicht auf die Type angeordnet. Ausgenommen: (1) Die Legierung hat die Nummer eines Erzeugers. (2) Besondere Legierungen die durch eine Zahl oder Buchstaben kenntlich gemacht sind. (3) Legierungen in deren Namen der erste Teil ihre Natur beschreibt (z. B. "hard solder," hart Lot). Es sind dann mehrere in einer Type vereinigt. Solche Legierungen sind unter dem Namen der Type angeführt unter welcher sie gewöhnlich gebraucht werden. Unter dem ersten Teil der Namen sind Hinweisdaten gegeben. Die dritte Kolonne des Nachschlage-Index enthält die Zusammensetzung der Legierungen. Die Elemente, welche die Zusammensetzung ausdrücken sind zusammen mit ihrem Prozentgehalt absteigend nach diesem, angeordnet. Ist der Prozentgehalt des Hauptbestandteiles nicht angegeben, so ist er analytisch nicht bestimmt. Sind die Mengen des letzten Bestandteiles nicht angegeben, so ist dieser nur zufällig vorhanden oder nur Verunreinigung. Fehlen der Prozent zahlen bedeutet, dass keine diesbezügliche Angaben erreichbar waren. Ändert sich die Zusammensetzung einer Legierung innerhalb einer Grenze, so werden nur die Grenzwerte angegeben, z. B. Index No. 915, MS steel: Fe; Cr, 0,8-1,1; Mo, 0,3-0,4; Mn, 0,60,9; C, 0,4-0,6. Die vierte Kolonne des Nachschlage-Index enthält die Seitenzahlen, wo die Werte für die Eigenschaften gefunden werden können. Die Eigenschaften ähnlicher Legierungen sind auf den kursiv gedruckten Seitenzahlen zu finden. Die elektrischen, magnetischen und optischen Eigenschaften der Metalle und Legierungen sind Gegenstand späterer Bände der I. C. T. Aus diesem Grunde sind keine diesbezügliche Hinweise im Nachschlage-Index angegeben. In den Tafeln finden sich keine Angaben über Korrosion. Nach der Meinung massgebender Fachleute ist es nicht möglich quantitative Angaben über den Widerstand gegen Korrosion zu machen. Es sind daher diesbezüglich keine Angaben vorhanden, selbst in Hinblick auf gewisse Legierungen die gerade wegen ihres Widerstandes gegen Korrosion besonders geschätzt werden. Sie sind aber unter den Legierungstypen zu finden. Für den Nachschlage-Index sind folgende Quellen massgebend gewesen: William Campbell's List of Names of Alloys, prepared for Committee B-2 of the A. S. T. M.; Namen und Zusammensetzung wie sie von den Mitarbeitern (Experten) angegeben worden sind; die vorhandene metallurgische und technologische Literatur. III. Es ist eine Legierung mit gewünschten Eigenschaften aufzufinden Zu diesem Zwecke benütze man die S. 610 vorhandenen Eigenschaftstafeln, wo weitere Richtlinien gegeben sind.

Le proprietà elettriche, magnetiche e ottiche dei metalli e delle leghe si troveranno in un volume successivo delle I. C. T.; none possibile perciò fare richiami a questi valori nell'indice. Dati sulla resistenza alla corrosione non sono inclusi nelle tabelle, giacché, secondo i maggiori conoscitori dell'argomento, non è possibile indicare con dati quantitativi la resistenza alla corrosione. Valori numerici non sono perciò riportati neppure per certe leghe che sono sopratutto apprezzate per la loro resistenza alla corrosione. Esse tuttavia sono elencate nelle tabelle dei tipi di leghe. Le fonti per la compilazione dell'indice sono state: William Campbell's List of Names of Alloys, preparato per il Comitato B-2 della A. S. T. M.; nomi e composizioni fornite dai collaboratori; la letteratura tecnologica e metallurgica corrente. III. Si desideri trovare una lega che abbia certe proprietà A questo scopo si consulti la tabella delle proprietà a p. 610 dove si troveranno indicazioni in proposito.

FINDING INDEX OF ALLOYS Index No. 1 2

I I

-_

Name

A alloy (forging) Abyssinian gold

3 Accumulator metal 4 Acid bessemer pig 5

Acid bronze

6

Acid bronze Acid resisting alloys:

7 8 9 10 11

12

.• U. S. patent 1 333 706 U. S. patent 1 375 081 Can. patent 206 645

13

Acid resisting steel (U. S. patent 1 391 450) Acieral (cast)

14

Acieral (sheet)

15 Acme nickel steel 16

Admiralty, A (Admiralty condenser tube, Admiralty metal) 17 Admiralty brass 18 Admiralty gun metal (Admiralty bronze) 19 Admiralty gun metal f 20 21 22

Admiralty white metal Adnic (Admiralty nickel) Advance

23

Aerolite

24 25

Aerolite pistons Aero metal (cast)

26

Aero metal (sheet)

27 Aeromin 28 Aeron (Scleron II) 29 Agrilite (No. 5) 30 Aich metal 31 Air hardening steel (Key No. 267, p. 512) 32 Ajax metal 33 Ajax phosphor bronze 34 Ajax plastic bronze 35 Ajax plastic bronze 36

Akrit

37

Aladar

38 Alargan 39 Albata (Albatra?) 40 Albidur-aluminium 41 Albin 42 Alco bronze 43 Al-Cu 44 Al-Cu, strongest 45 Alcumite 46 Al-Cu-Mg (casting) 47 Al-Cu-Ni 48 Al-Cu-Zn, strong (ingots) 49 Al-Cu-Zn, strong (cast) * Resists acid mine water. t Modified.

Composition

Page

Al, 77; Zn, 20; Cu, 3 538, 608 Cu, 88; Zn, 11.5; Au, 0.5 (v. also Index No. 1371) Pb, 90; Sn, 9.2; Sb, 0.8 467, 557 Fe; C, 3.5-4; Si, 1-1.5; Mn, 0.5; P, >0.1; S, > 0.05 Cu, 88-82; Sn, 8-10; Pb, 2-8; 561, 562, Zn, 2-0; P, 0-0.2 567 Cu, 74: Pb, 17; Sn, 8; Zn, 1.5 561, 562 For list, v. p. 391 Pb, 52; Sn, 35; Sb, 8; Cu, 5 557 Cu, 83; Sn, 11; Zn, 6; Pb* 569 Cr, 60; Fe, 39; C, 0,3-0.8 Fe, 56; Cr, 40; Mo, 4; C, 1.5 Ni, 46-38; Cu, 31-38; Fe, 16-20; Cr, 7-5; Mn, 0.3-0.8 Fe, 86; Cr, 13; C, 0.3; Mn; 471,472, Si; P; S 008, 603 Al; Cu, 6; Ni, 1; Si, 0.4; Fe; Mg; Zn Al; Cu, 2.3-3.8; Mn, 1-1.5; 534 Fe, 0.7-1.4; Mg Fe; Ni, 30.5; Cr, 1.4-1.6; C, 0.3; Mn; Si; P; S 469, 556, Cu, 70; Zn, 29; Sn, 1 600 Cu, 62; Zn, 37; Sn, 1.4 470, 556 476, 565 Cu, 88; Sn, 10; Zn, 2 Cu, 88-86; Sn, 10; Zn, 1.1- 566, 567, 1.5; Pb, 0.2-1.7; As, 0.5; Fe, 570-572 0.06-0.08 Sn; Sb, 8-9; Cu, 2-7 476, 557 Cu, 70; Ni, 29; Sn, 1 601 Cu, 54-55; Ni, 44-46; Mn, 480,601, 0.8-1.2; Fe, 0.5 606 Al, 97; Cu, 1.2; Fe, 1; Si, 0.5; 533 Mg, 0.4; Zn Al, 86; Cu, 12; Mn, 2 467, 534 Al, 67; Zn, 28; Cu, 4.2; Fe, 537 0.5; Si, 0.5 Al, 96; Mg, 2.1-2.9; Cu, 0.2- 464, 542 0.6; Fe; Mn; Si Al; Mg, 6.2; Fe, 0.8; Si, 0.3 542, 608 Al; etc., v. Scleron Cu, 70.5; Pb, 24; Sn, 5.4; Ni, 561, 562, 0.1; P, 0.005 567 Cu, 60; Zn, 38; Fe, 1.5 556 Fe; Ni, 3.7-4.3; Cr, 1.4-1.6; 512, 513, Mn, 0.4; C, 0.3; Si; P; S 604 Fe, 70-30; Ni, 25-50; Cu, 5-20 Cu, 79; Sn, 10; Pb, 10; P, 0.7 562 Cu, 64; Pb, 30; Sn, 5; Ni, 1 562 Cu: Sn < 91:9; Pb, <20 561,562, (U. S. reissue patent 12 880) 567 Co, 38; Cr, 30; W, 16; Ni, 10; 593 Mo, 4; C, 2-5 Name used in France for Alpax Ag; Al Cu, 58; Zn, 23; Ni, 19; Pb, 1.3 Al; etc. v. White brass Cu; Ni Al; Cu, 7-7.6; Fe, 0.4-0.9; Ì 467, Si; Mn; Zn \ 534, Al; Cu, 3.8 J 601 Cu; Al, 7.5; Fe, 3.5; Ni; Mn 578, 600 Al; Cu, 3.4-4; Mg, 0.5; Fe; 468, 534, Mn; Si 601 Al; Cu, 2-4; Ni, 1.1-5.3 543 Al, 83; Zn, 10-13; Cu, 3-5.5; 537 Mn, 0.2-0.4; Fe, Pb; Si; Sn Al, 80-84; Zn, 11-17; Cu, 537,601 3-5; Fe; Mn; Si

Index x. No. 50 51 52 53 54 55 56

-_ Name Al-Cu-Zn, strong (forged) Alfénide Alférium Algiers (Alger's) metal Alkali-resisting metal Allan red bronze Allan red metal Alloy cast iron Alloy No

Alloy steels 57 Al-Ni-Ti 58 Al-Ni-Zn 59 Alpakka

eoi > Alpax (Pacz patents) 62

Aludur

63 Aluman 64 Alumel

Composition

Page

Al, 75; Zn, 22; Cu, 3 037, 601 Nickel silver Similar to Duriron Sn, 95-75; Sb, 0.5-25; Cu, 5-0 476, 557 Fe, 95; Ni, 5 481,604 Cu. 70-55; Pb, 20-40; Sn, 10- 562 5; S, 1 Cu, 50; Pb, 50; S 562 v. Index Nos. 870 and 974 For certain alloys known by numbers, v. p. 381 For list, v. p. 390 Al, 98; Ni, 2; Ti, 0.4 543 Al, 85; Ni, 10; Zn, 5 Cu, 64; Zn, 19; Ni, 15; Ag, 2; 475, 480 Fe; Sn; Pb T Al; Si, 12-14; Fe, > 0.8; K, or 468, 543, Na, 0.05 599, 601 < Al; Si, 5-6; Fe, > 1.0; K, or 468, 543, Na, 0.05 601 Al; Si, 0.7; Mg, 0.5; Fe, 0.45; 459, 475, Cu 536,601 Al, 88; Zn, 10; Cu, 2 468, 537

65 Aluminite (cast)

Ni, 94; Mn, 2.5; Al, 2; Si, 1; Fe, 0.5 Al, 73; Zn, 23; Cu, 2.7; Fe, 537, 601 0.4; Si, 0.2

Aluminium alloys* known by letter or number: Aluminum Co. of America, casting alloys:

66

No. 12f

67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74

No. 31 No. 43 No. 45 No. 47Î No. 100 No. 106 No. 109 No. 112

75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86

87 88 89

No. 145 No. 195

Al; Cu, 8; Fe, 0.5-1.75; Si, ' 0.3-0.5 Al, 82; Zn, 15; Cu, 3 4 Al; Si, 5; Fe, >1 ™>

Al; Si, 10 Al; Si, 12.5 A1

'<"

Al; Mn, 2 Al; Cu, 12.5 Al; Cu, 6-8; Zn, >2.5; Fe, > 1.5 Al; Zn, 10; Cu, 2.5; Fe, 1.25 Al; Cu, 4

%7' ™'

4

\53A 6S

£

637

*'

601

Aluminum Co. of America, wrought alloys: No. 3S Al, 99; Mn, 1.5 468, 542 ' No. 5S Al, 95; Cu, 2; Zn, 2; Mn, 1.5 No. 8 Al, 95; Cu, 4; Si, > 0.5; Fe, 467,534, > 0.5 601 No. 8S Al, 67; Zn, 33 468, 537 No. 15S Al; Cu; Zn No. 17S§ Al, <92; Cu, 3.5-4.5; Mn, 468,534, 0.4-1.0; Mg, 0.2-0.75 601, 608 No. A 17S§ Al; Cu, 2.5; Mg, 0.3; Mn, O 534 No. B 17S§ Al; Cu, 3.5; Mg, 0.3; Mn, O 534 No. 25S Al, 92; Cu, 3.9-5; Mn, 0.5- 534,601 1.1; Si, 0.5-1 No. 51S Al; Si, 0.6-1.2; Mg, 0.45-0.8 536,601 The above alloys often contain Fe, Mn, Ni, Si, Sn, Zn in subordinate amounts. A. S. T. M. casting alloys, Spec. B26-21: A|i Al ; Cu, 7-8.5; impurities, > 1.7 467, B Al; Cu, 8.5-11; impurities, 534, > 1.7 537, C Al; Cu, 9-14; impurities, 600, >1.7 J 601

* Many of the recently developed aluminium alloys, although having very varied mechanical properties, have not yet acquired specific names, nor universally used designations. Accordingly, a list of alloys bearing manufacturers' numbers and society specification numbers is included in this table. Some consistent nomenclature is needed, as for instance, there are three alloys labeled "A," two labeled "No. 31," etc. t Generally known and manufactured in America under this name/ t Modified. § Duralumin. U "No. 12 "alloy.

Index I No. I 90

D

91

E

XT Name

Composition

Page

Al; Zn, 12.5-14.5; Cu1 2.5- \6S7-641, 3.0; impurities, > 1.7, Pb, 601 >0.1 Al; Cu, 2-2.5; Mn, 0.75-1.25; 684, 601 impurities, > 1.0

A. S. T. M. casting alloys, Spec. B26-25T: Al, <96.5; Cu, 1-1.5; Mn, 534 92 A 0.7-2; Fe, >0.5; Si, >0.5; Mg; Zn Al, <92.5; Si, 4.5-6; Fe, 468,643, 93 B > 1.0; Cu, > 0.6; Mn, > 0.2: 601 Zn, >0.2; Mg Al, <90; Cu, 7.0-8.5; Zn, 467,534, 94 C* >0.2; (Fe + Si + Mn + 537-541, Zn + Sn), > 1.7 601 Al, 88-92; Cu, 6.0-8.0; Zn, 467,63795 D > 2.5; Fe, > 1.5; (Si + Mn 641, 601 + Sn), > 10 This specification will supersede B26-21, above, when adopted. For the more important of N. P. L. alloys these, v. Index Nos. 1, 184, 520, 611, 1490, 1491 S. A. E. casting alloys: Same as Index No. 94 96 No. 30* Al, <81; Zn, 12.5-14.5; Cu, 637-641, 97 No. 31 2.25-3.25; (Si -f Fe + Mn 601 + Sn), > 1.7 Al, <85.5; Cu, 11-13.5; Zn, 467, 534, 98 No. 32 >0.2; (Si + Fe + Zn + 539-541, Mn -f Sn), > 1.7 601 Same as Index No. 95 99 No. 33 Al, <87; Cu, 9.25-10.75; Fe, 467, 533 100 No. 34 0.9-1.5; Mg, 0.15-0.35; other elements, > 0.75 101 No. 35.. , Same as Index No. 93 For B. E. S. A. Specifications v. p. 386 Cu, 71-55; Zn, 26-42; Al, 1-6 556 102 Aluminum brass Cu, 99-89; Al, 1-11 (name 464,475, 103 Aluminum bronze also used where other eie- 477, 573ments are present in smaller 578, 600, amounts than Al) 601, 606 104 Aluminum iron bronze Cu, 89-85; Al, 6-9.5; Fe, 3.5- 578, 579 7.5; Mn; Pb; P 105 Aluminum magnesium bronze Cu, 95-90; Al, 5-10; Mg, 0.5 579, 600 106 Aluminum manganese bronze. . Cu, 89; Al, 9.6; Mn, 1.2 Ni, 94; Al, 6 107 Aluminum nickel Ni, 76.4; Al, 23.6 108 Aluminum nickel Cu, 85; Al, 5-10; Ni, 10-5 581, 600 109 Aluminum nickel bronze 110 Aluminum silver Al, 95; Cu, 5 534, 601 111 Aluminum silver Cu, 57; Ni1 20; Zn, 20; Al, 3 Aluminum solders: 112 Bates Al, 70; Zn, 30 468,536 Bureau of Standards: 113 SNl Sn, 78; Al, 9; Zn, 8; Cd, 5 114 SN2 Sn, 69; Zn, 26; Al, 2.4; P, 2.4 Sn, 86; Zn, 9; Al, 5; P, 0.25 115 SN3 116 SN4 Sn, 86; Zn, 9; Al, 5 117 ZNl Zn, 75; Cd, 20; Al, 5 118 Geophysical Laboratory, Car546 negie Institution Zn, 90; Al, 6; Cu, 4 119 Roesch Zn, 50; Sn, 49; Sb, 0.7; Cu, 0.2 Sn, 73; Zn, 21; Pb, 5; P-Sn, 1 120 Seifert 121 So-luminum Sn, 55; Zn, 33; Al, 11; Cu, 1 122 Sterling Sn, 62; Zn, 15; Al, 11; Pb, 8.3; Cu, 2.5; Sb, 1.2 123 U. S. patent 1 332 899 Sn, 41; Zn, 28; Cu, 3; Mn, 0.6; Al, 0.1 124 U. S. patent 1 333 666 Pb, 92; Cd, 8 551 There are a host of Al solder patents, many of doubtful value or worthless. 125 Wüst Zn, 50; Al, 30; Cu, 20 546 126 Wüst No. 2 Zn, 65; Al, 20; Cu, 15 646 127 Aluminum steel Steel deoxidized with Al (Al 529 usually less than 0.2 %). 128 Aluminum steel Fe; Al, > 15; C, > 0.9 529 * "No. 12" alloy.

Index XT Name XT No. 129 Aluminum tin bronze 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174

Composition

Page

Cu, 86; Sn, 10; Al, 2.5; Zn, 2 Aluminum titanium bronze.... Cu, 90-89; Al, 9-10; Fe, 1; 577,601 Ti, Tr. Al, 66.6; Zn, 33.3 468, 536 Alzen (Alzene) v. Sibley casting alloy Alzine Ni; Cr; W Amaloy Cu, 81; Sn, 11; Pb, 7.4; P1 0.3 562 Amax metal Cu, 65; Ni, 30; Zn, 5 480 Ambrac (30 %) Cu, 75; Ni, 20; Zn, 5; Mn, 480, 601, Ambrac 0.5 606 American alloy (so-called in Al, 95; Cu, 3; Mg, 1; Mn, 1 468, 634, 601 Europe) Cu, 58-49; Zn, 21-24; Ni, 475,480 American silver (cast) 15-24; Mn, < 4 ; Sn; Fe; Pb; Al Cu, 59; Zn, 23; Ni, 11; P-Sn, American silver (cast) 5; Pb, 3; Al, 1.5 Fe, 63.5; V, 35 Amervan Cu; Al, 7-11; Fe, 1-3 678, 601 Ampco (bronze) Cu, 90; Sn, 10 559, 601 Anaconda bronze Anatomical alloy (Fusible). . .. Bi, 54; Sn, 19; Pb, 17; Hg, 11; Cd Antifriction alloys (v. also p. Pb, 88-79; Sb, 12-20; Sn, 557 0-10; Cu; Zn 372) Pb, 100-75; Sb, 0-25 475, 557 Antimonial lead Fe; Ni Apex v. Sillman bronze Apex bronze Cu, 75-70; Ni, 20-21; Zn, 480,601 Aphtit 2.4-5.5; Cd, 1.8-4.5 Cu, 85; Sn, 10; Co, 5 Argentai Al, 75-60; Ag, 15-16; Zn, Argentai 7.5-20; Cu, 3.5-5 Al; Ag, < 5; Mg, 0.1-1 Argentalium Nickel silver Argentan: Cu, 56; Zn, 29; Ni, 16 480 Berlin Cu, 48; Ni, 24; Zn, 24; Fe, Berlin castings 3.6 Cu, 4a; Ni, 32; Zn, 25; Fe, Chinese 2.6 Cu, 50; Zn, 31; Ni, 18 480 French Cu, 56; Ni, 26; Zn, 18; Resistance Fe, 1 Cu, 64; Ni, 18; Zn, 18; Fe, 480 Russian 0.3; Pb, 0.3 Cu, 58; Ni, 20; Zn, 19; Fe, Russian (cast) 3.2 Cu, 65-40; Zn, 17-32; Ni, 476,480 Sheet.. 15-20; Fe Zn, 57; Cu, 35; NI, 8 Argentan solder v. also Mousset's silver Argent français Cu, 43; Ag, 33; Zn, 16; Ni, Odessa 8.5 Roulz Cu, 35-50; Ni, 25-30; Ag, 20-40 Sn, 85; Sb, 14.5; Cu, 0.5 475 Argentin Al, 90; Cu, 6; Si, 2; Bi, 2 Arguite Cu, 54; Zn, 28; Ni, 14; Sn, Argozoil (Argozie) 2; Pb, 2 Arguzoid Cu, 49-56; Zn, 23-31; Ni, 21-13; Sn, 0-4; Pb, 0-35 Nickel silver Argyroid (Argiroide) Nickel silver Argyrolith Nickel silver Argyrophan Cu, 80; Zn, 20 555, 601 Arko Armco iron Fe, 99.80-99.94; (P + S + 470, 600, Si + C + Mn), < 0.14 602, 606 Armstrong (heat resisting stainless steel) Fe; Cr, 12; Si, 5; C, 0.5 Cu, 80; Sn, 10; Pb, 9.5; As, 562 Arsenic bronze 0.8 Fe; Cr, 14 508, 600 Ascoloy Ashberry metal (Ashberrium).. Sn, 78-80; Sb, 14-19; Cu, 557 0-3; Zn, 0-2.8 A. S. T. M. alloys: The American Society tor Testing Materials publishes standard specifications for engineering materials every three years, viz., 1924, 1927, etc. Tentative standards, not yet adopted, but under consideration are published yearly on Oct. 1.

Index J1,

175 176 177 178 179 180

181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199

200 201 202 203 204 205

... Name

_. .. Composition

_ Page

Many of these specifications do not define composition completely, but specify limits for tensile properties, weight per unit area, microstructure, etc. Specification numbers preceded by "A" are for ferrous materials and by "B" for non-ferrous materials. The first part of number is the serial number of the specification, and the second part denotes the year of adoption. Numbers followed by "T" denote tentative standards. Aterite (cast) Cu, 67; Zn, 17; Ni, 14; Fe, 1.6; Pb; Mn; Al Aterite (cast) Cu, 55-36; Ni, 35-44; Zn, 5-0; Fe, 5-20 Aterite (rolled) Cu, 82-65; Zn, 20-23; Ni, 10-12; Fe, 15-8; Mn; Pb Aterite (rolled) Cu, 47; Zn, 38; Ni, 11; Mn, 2.2; Fe, 1.9 Atha's 2600 (v. also Résistai) Fe; Ni, 22; Cr, 8; Si, 1.75; Cu, 1.0; C, >0.5; Mn, 0.7 ATG alloy Ni, 60; Fe, 26; Cr, 10; W, 4 Automotive steels: The Society of Automotive Engineers (U. S. A.) has the following system of numbering steels: The first figure indicates the class of steel (v. below); the second figure in the case of alloy steels gives the approximate percentage of the predominant alloying element; the last two or three figures indicate the carbon content in hundredths of 1%. The class numbers are as follows: 1. C steels 5. Cr steels 2. Ni steels 6. Cr-V steels 3. Ni-Cr steels 7. W steels 4. Mo steels 9. Si-Mn steels Thus SAE2340 is a Ni steel of ca. 3 % Ni and from 0.350.45 % C. SAE71360 is a W steel of ca. 13 % W and ca. 0.60C Auer metal (Pyrophoric) Fe, 35; Ce, 35; La, 24; Yb, 3; Er, 2 Auer metal, cheap Fe, 53; Mn, 30; Sb, 10; Misch metal, 7 v. Spandau alloy Austrian alloy Awaruite (natural) Ni, 75; Fe, 25 "B" alloy Al; Zn, 25; Cu, 3 537,601 Sn, 89; Sb, 7.3; Cu, 3.7 476, 557 Babbitt (genuine) Pb and Sn base bearing alloys Babbitt metals Pb; Ca, 0.7; Na, 0.6; Bi, 0.04 556 Bahn Metall Ni, 90; Cr, 4.3; W, 1.2; Si, Bario (sheet) 0.3; Co; Cu; Fe Cr, 30; Co, 30; W, 25; Mn, Bario-metal (hard) 10; Ti, 5 Bario-metal (soft) Co, 60; Cr, 20; W, 20 Baros Ni, 90; Cr, 10 467 Basic bessemer pig Fe; C, 3.5-4; P, 2-3; Si, > 1; 476 Mn, >0.5; S, > 0.05 Basic low phosphorous pig Fe; C, 3.5-4; Mn, 1-2.5; Si, 476 >1.25; P, 0.1-1; S, > 0.05 Bath metal Cu, 83; Zn, 17 475,555 Bath metal Cu, 55; Zn, 45 470, 555 Battery copper Cu, 94; Zn, 6 469, 555 Battery plates Pb, 94; Sb, 6 557 Zn, 63; Sn, 21; Pb, 12; Cu, Battery plates 3.2 Baudrin's (Baudoin's?) alloy... Cu, 72; Ni, 17; Zn, 7.1; Sn, 2.5; Co, 1.8; Al, 0-0.5 B. E. 4 alloy (Bureau of Engi- Al; Cu, 4; Mg, 0.25; Fe, 467, 534, neering, U. S. N.) > 0.5; Si, >0.1 601 Bearing alloys: For a list of index numbers of bearing alloys, v. p. 391. The ranges of compositions of the different types are given here, and also some A. S. T. M. and S. A. E. bearing alloy specifications. Bronzes: Cu-Pb-(S) Cu, 70-30; Pb, 30-70; S, > 1 561, 562 Cu-Pb-Sn-(S) Cu, 84-50; Pb, 8-40; Sn, 561, 562 6-10; S Cu-Sn-Pb-Sb Cu, 80; Sn, 16; Pb, 2; Sb, 2 Cu-Sn Cu; Sn, > 20 475, 559 Cu-Sn-P Cu; Sn, > 20; P, > 1 560, 601 Cu-Sn-Zn Cu, 86-83; Sn, 8.8-15; Zn, 476,563 1-7.5

Index No. 206

Cu-Sn-Zn-Mn

207

Cu-Sn-Zn-Pb

208

Cu-Sn-Zn-Pb-P

209 210

Cu-Zn-Sn Cu-Zn-Sn-Pb

211 212 213 214 215 216

A. S. T. M. Spec. B31-21 Grade: 1 2 3 4 5 6

217 218 219 220 221 222 223

224 225 226 227 228 229 230 231

232

233 234 235 236 237 238 239 240 241 242 243 244

__ Name

Composition

Page

Cu, 86; Sn, 6; Zn, 5; Mn, 2.7 Cu, 88-75; Sn, 7-14; Zn, 2-9; 566 Pb, 1-9 Cu, 82; Sn, 14; Zn, 2; Pb, 1; 566 P, 1 Cu, 77-75; Zn, 14-21; Sn, 4-9 Cu, 67; Zn, 28; Sn, 4.3; Pb, 1.4 Max. total Max. impurCuSn Pb Zn P ities 85 10 5 0.27 <0.7 0.50 562 80 10 10 0.50 <0.7 0.75 562 80 10 10 2.00 >0.05 2.50 562 77 8 15 0.50 >0.25 0.75 562 73 7 20 0.50 >O.05 1.00 562 70 5 25 0.50 0.00 1.00 562 Fe, >0.25; Sb, >0.50; ÀI, O for all; S, > 0.05 for 1-4 and > 0.25 for 5 and 6

A. S. T. M. Spec. B22-21: A Cu; Sn, >20;1 475,559, P, > 1.0 I Impurities, 560, 601 B Cu; Sn, > 17; f >0.50 476, 559, P, > 1.0 J 560, 601 White metals, lead base: Pb-Sb Pb, 100-80; Sb, 0-20 475, 557 Pb-Sb-Sn Pb, 86-60; Sb, 10-20; Sn, 557 1-20 Pb, 78-68; Sb, 17-21; Sn, 557 Pb-Sb-Sn-Cu 7.3-9.6; Cu, 0.4-2 Pb-Sn-Sb Pb, 80-40; Sn, 10-45; Sb, 557 10-20 Pb, 83-46; Sn, 7.7-40; Sb, 557 Pb-Sn-Sb-Cu 7r7-17; Cu, 0.5-8 (For lead hardened with other elements, v. Index Nos. 186, 390, 602, 867, 1433) A. S. T. M. Spec. B23-18T* Max. Grade: Pb Sb Sn Cu As 63.5 15 20 1.5 0.15 557 6 7 75 15 10 0.5t 0.20 8 80 15 5 0.5t 0.20 557 .9 85 10 5 0.5f 0.20 10 83 15 2 0.5f 0.20 11 85 15 0.5f 0.25 557 12 90 10 0.5f 0.25 557 Pb, > 86; Sb, 9.25-10.75; Sn, 557 S. A. E. Spec. 13* 4.5-5.5; Cu, > 0.5; As, > 0.2 S. A. E. Spec. 14* Pb, >76; Sb, 14-16; Sn, 557 9.25-10.75; Cu, >0.5; As, >0.2 War Service Assn. of Mfrs. of Solder and Bearing Metals* Grade B Pb, 46; Sn, 45; Sb, 7.5; Cu, 1.5Î Grade C Pb, 60; Sn, 30.5; Sb, 8.5; Cu, U White metals, tin base: Sn-Pb-Sb-Cu Sn, 74-42; Pb, 12-40; Sb, 557 9.5-16; Cu, 1-4.7 Sn-Sb-Cu Sn, 91-72; Sb, 6-26; Cu, 2-9 476, 557 Sn-Sb-Pb Sn, 75; Sb, 15; Pb, 10 Sn-Sb-Pb-Cu Sn, 75-70; Sb, 12-15; Pb, 476,557 9-11; Cu, 3-11; Fe; Zn Sn-Zn-Cu Sn, 72; Zn, 27; Cu, 1.3 Max. A. S. T. M. Spec. B23-18T Grade*: Sn Sb Pb Cu As 1 91 4.5 >0.35 4.5 0.10 557 2 89 7.5 >0.35 3.5 0.10 557 3 83.3 8.3 >0.35 8.3 0.10 557 4 75 12 10 3 0.15 557 5 65 15 18 2 0.15 657

* Zn and Al, O. t Maximum. ÎFe, >0.08; As, >0.15.

Index No.

Name

245

S. A. E. Spec. 10*t

246

S.A. E. Spec. ll*f

247

S. A. E. Spec. 12*f

248 249 250 251 252 253 254 255 256

257 258 259 260 261 262 263 264 265 266 267 268 269 270 271 272 273 274 275 276 277 278 279 280 281 282 283 284 285 286 287 288 289 290 291

Composition

Sn1 <90; Cu, 4-5; Sb, 4-5; 557 Pb, >0.35 Sn, <86; Cu, 5-6.5; Sb, 67.5; Pb, >0.35 Sn, <59.5; Pb, >26; Sb, 9.5-11.5; Cu, 2.25-3.75

War Service Assn. of Mfrs. of Solder and Bearing Metals Sn, 61.5; Pb, 25; Sb, 10.5; Grade A* Cu, 3; As, >0.15 White metals, zinc base: Zn, 88; Cu, 8; Sn, 2; Sb, 2 Zn-Cu-Sn-Sb Zn, 55; Sn, 23; Al, 20; Pb, Zn-Sn-Al-Pb-Cu 1.3; Cu, 0.6 Zn, 85-^67; Sn, 10-30; Cu, Zn-Sn-Cu 4.2-7.4 Fe; Cr, 25-30; Si, 3; C, 1,5-3 Becket alloy Cu, 64; Zn, 35; Sn, 0.8 Bell brass Bell metals: Al, 83; Mn, 10; Cd, 7 Cu, 75-80; Sn, 25-20 Cu, 71-60; Sn, 26-35; Zn, Herbohn 2.7-5.0 Cu, 72-61; Sn, 14-25; Pb, Japanese kara kane 0-14; Zn, 0-9.4; Fe, 0-3.0 Cu, 84; Sn, 16 Musical Cu, 70; Zn, 29; P, 0.45; Fe, Bemal 0.15 Cu, 86-84; Ni, 14-16; C, Benedict metal <0.04 Cu, 79; Ni, 20; Fe, 0.36 Benedict nickel Cu, 57; Zn, 28; Ni, 15 Benedict plate Cu, 63-52; Zn, 31-26; Ni, Berlin alloy 6-22 Bernda metal ^ A high tensile brass Al, 93; Ni, 7 Bersch bearing alloy Cu, 68; Ni, 32 Berthier's alloy Cu, 72; Zn, 25; Pb, 2; Sn, 1.2 Berthier's alloy British Engineering StandB. E. S. A. alloys ards Assn. Spec. v. p. 386 Cu, 90; Zn, 10 Best bronze Zn, 90-84; Cu, 6.3-11; Pb, Biddery 2.5-3; Sn, 0.8-1.4 Cu, 95; Sn, 3.4; W, 1.6 Bierman tungsten bronze Cu, 97; Sn, 1.9; Fe, 0.5; Pb, Bilgen-bronze 0.2 Zn, 79-53; Cu, 20-47; Fe, 0.3 Birmingham platinum Cu, 52; Ni, 30; Zn, 12; Pb, Bismuth brass 5; Bi, 1 Cu, 47; Ni, 31; Zn, 21; Sn, 1; Bismuth brass Bi, 1 Cu, 45; Ni, 33; Zn, 22; Sn, Bismuth bronze 16; Bi, 1 Cu, 53; Zn, 20; Sn, 15; Ni, Bismuth bronze 10; Bi, 1; Al, 0.1 v. Index No. 836 Black heart Cu, 80; Ni, 20 Blanko-blech Cu, 77; Zn, 23 Blatt gold Sn, 91; Zn, 8.3; Pb, 0.4; Fe, 0.2 Blatt-silver Co, 54; Ni, 45; Si, 0.9; C, Bloch's alloy 0.3; Mn; P; S Au, 75; Fe, 25 Blue gold Cu, 66-58; Zn, 34-42 Bobierre metal Fe; W, 6.3; C, 0.7; Mn; P; Bohler magnet steel S; Si Fe; W, 14; Cr, 3.9; C, 0.7 Böhler rapid steel Fe; W, 15; Cr, 3.7; C, 0.8; V, Böhler super rapid steel 0.2; Mo, 0.2; Mn; P; S; Si ( Cr, 65; Fe, 35 Co, 35; Ni, 35; Cr, 30 Co, 34; Ni, 34; Cr, 30; Ag, 2 -^ , ,s non-corrosive Borcher Co, 35; Ni1 35; Cr, 30; Mo, i, alloys 0.5-5 Fe, 60; Cr, 36; Mo, 4 Cu deoxidized with B, no Boronized copper excess present

*Zn and Al, O; Fe, >0.08. t As, > 0.1; Bi, >0.08.

Page

557

Index Name XT No. 292 Boron steel 293 Bourbonnes

294 295 296 297 298 299 300

301

Brass Brass ingots, A. S. T. M. Spec. B30-22*: No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 For B. E. S. A. Specifications Brazing brass

556 559, 561

475, 559 469, 555

302 Bridge bronze A 303 Bridge bronze B 304 Bridge bronze C 305 306 307 308

Bridge bronze D Bright cap gilding Brightray Bristol brass Brittania metal: 309 Cast

480

480, 601 480 480,601 ô43 601

310

Cast

311

English

312

German

313 314 315

Plate (Ludenscheidt) Plate Spoons

316 Brix

469, 555 317

559 465, 546

Brolunick Bronze 318 Bronze powder 319 Bronze wire 320 B. T. G. steel 321 Burr metal 322 Butt brass 323 Button alloy

480, 601 555, 601

324 Button brass Cadmium silver 325 Caedit 326 Calido, Elalco 327 Calido, Elalco 328 Calite A 329 Calite B 330 Calorite. 331 Camelia metal

555, 601 472 472 472

558

332 Can-metall (German) 333 Cap gilding 334 Capsule metal 335 Carbon bronze Carbon steels 336 Carbondale silver 337 Carburite (recarburizer) 338 Careco 339 Cartridge brass 340 Cartridge gilding

Composition

Page

Fe; B, 0.06-0.4; C, 0.45-0.16; 530 Al; Si; Mn Sn, 51; Al, 49; Fe, 0.3; Cu, 0.3. For list of brasses, v. p. 389

Max. Cu Zn Sn Pb Fe 87 3 8 > 2 0.25 85 5 5 5 0.35 83 7 4 6 0.35 77 10 3 10 0.40 76 16 2 6 0.40 65 33 >1 2 0.50 60 37 > 1.5 3 1.00 ». p. 386 Cu, 80-75; Zn, 20-25; Pb; Fe Cu, 80; Sn, 20; P, 0.1 Cu, 85; Sn, 15; P, 0-1 Cu, 80; Sn, 10; Pb, 10; P, 0.7-1 Cu, 88; Sn, 10; Zn, 2; P, 0.3 Cu, 90; Zn, 9.9; Pb, 0.4 Similar to Chromel A Cu, 76-61; Zn, 24-39 Zn, 48; Sn, 48; Cu, 3; Pb, 1; Sb, 1 Sn, 91-85; Sb, 9-11; Zn, 0-3; Cu, 0.2-1 Sn, 90-85; Sb, 5-10; Cu, 1-3; Zn, 0-3; Bi, 0-2 Sn, 94-70; Sb, 3.7-15; Cu, 1.8-5; Pb, 0-9; Zn, 0-5 Sn, 72; Sb, 24; Cu, 3.9 Sn, 91-90; Sb, 7-8; Cu, 1.4 Sn, 88-85; Sb, 5.6-15; Bi, 1-5; Cu, 0.1-3.7; Zn, 0-1.5 Ni, 75-60; Cr, 15-20; Cu, 5; Si, 4; Ti, 3; Al, 2; W, 1-4; B, 1; Mn Cu; Al; Ni For list of bronzes, v. p. 389 Cu, 84; Zn, 16 Cu, 99; Sn, 1.2; P, 0.05 Ni, 60; Fe, 25; Cr, 12; Mn, 2; C, 0.5 Cu, 90; Zn, 10 Cu, 64; Zn, 36; Pb, 1 Cu, 60-50; Zn, 30-45; Sn, 0-10 Cu, 90; Zn, 10; Sn, 0.5 v. Index No. 1330 Similar to Stellite Ni, 60; Fe, 24; Cr, 16 Ni, 64; Fe, 25; Cr, 8; Mn, 3 Fe; Ni, 35; Cr, 15; C, 0.8 Fe; Cr, 18; Ni, 6; C, 1.5 Ni, 65; Fe, 15-23; Cr, 12; Mn, 0-8 Cu, 70; Pb, 15; Zn, 10; Sn, 4.2; Fe, 0.5 Pb, 95; Ca, 1.75; Cu, 1.35; Sr, 1; Ba, 1 Cu, 90; Zn, 10 Pb, 92; Sn, 8 Cu, 75; Pb, 15; Sn, 9.7 For list, v. p. 390 Cu, 66; Ni, 18; Zn, 16 C, 47-48; Fe, 28; S, 0.3; P, 0.2; binder A white bearing alloy Cu, 67-70; Zn, 33-30; Pb; Fe Cu, 93; Zn. 7

561 561 561

460,555

475, 559 475, 560 562 476, 566 469, 555 555,601 476 476, 557 557 557 557

565 467,480

469, 555 555, 602 555,556, 601 465, 555 467 512 512 561 550

469, 555 467,557 561 480

469, 555 469, 555

* S, >0.05; Al, O except 0.3 % allowable in 6 and 7; Sb, >0.25 in 1-3, and 5. > 0.35 in 4, and > 0.20 in 6 and 7; P, > 0.05 in 1-5 and > 0.02 in 6 and 7. «. also p. 372.

Index XT Name XT No. 341 Case-hardening steel Cast iron Cast steel

342

Ceco

343 344

Celsit Cerium steel

345 346

Chain bronze Chain iron (A. S. T. M. Spec. A56-24)

347

Chain steel (A. S. T. M. Spec. A56-24) Chamet bronze Charcoal pig iron (Lake Superior) Charpy phosphor bronze Checo (dental) Chemical lead

348 349 350 351 352 353 354 355

Chilled cast iron wheels (A. S. T. M. Spec. A46-24) (Key No. 117, p. 497) China silver Chinese bronze

356

Chinese silver

357 358 359

Chinese speculum Chinese speculum (Eisner's)... Christofle metal

360

Chromai steel

361 362 363

Chromaluminium Chromax (Kromax?) Chromax bronze

364 365 366 367 368 369 370 371

Chrome iron Chromel No. 502 Chromel A Chromel B Chromel C Chromel D Chromel P Chrome-molybdenum steel. . . .

372

Chrome-nickel steel (ordinary range)

373

374

Chrome-nickel steel armor plate (heavy) (Key No. 268, p. 512) Chrome-tungsten steel Chrome-uranium steel

375

Chrome-vanadium steel

376 377 378 379 380 381 382 383

Chromium steel (commercial pearlitic) Chrysite (dental) Chrysokalk Chrysokalk Chrysorin Cimet Chrome-silicon steel Clark's patent

384

Clebrium

385

Clebrium

Composition

Page

Fe; C, >0.20; Mn; Si; P; S 470,488, (or low carbon alloy steel) 600, 606 For list, v. p. 390 v. Index No. 1335. (The name is also applied to crucible steel) Cu, 62.5; Pb, 32; Sn, 4.6; Ni, 562 0.9; Fe, < 0.03 Similar to Stellite Fe; Ce, 0.2-0.6; C, 0.4; Mn, 531, 605 0.7; Si, 0.4-0.8 Cu, 95; Sn, 4.9; P, 0.1 560, 601 Grade AA: Mn, >0.10; Grade A: Mn, > 0 2 (strength specified) Grade BBB: P, >0.04; S, >0.04 (strength specified) Cu, 62; Zn, 38 555, 601 Fe; C, 3-4; Si, 0-2.6; P, 0.150.25; Mn, 0.3-07; S, > 0.02 Cu, 85; Sn, 12-13; P, 0.4-0.5 560 Ag, 89; Sn, 10; Pt, 1 Pb; Cu, 0.04-0.08; Ag, 0.005- 461, 475, 0.015; Bi, > 0.005 556 TotalC, <3.25; combined C, 470, 476, >0.85; Si, 0.45-0.75; Mn, 497 0.5-0.75; P, > 0.4; S, > 0.15 Nickel silver Cu, 83-72; Pb, 10-20; Zn, 661 0.7-14; Sn1 1-13; Fe (v. also Index No. 912) Cu, 58; Zn, 17.5; Ni, 11.5; Co, 11; Ag, 2 Cu, 81; Sn, 11; Sb, 8.5 Cu, 81; Pb, 9; Sb, 8 Silver-plated German silver (Ag, 2) Fe; Cr, 0.8; Mn, 0.8; Mo, 472,605 0.8; C, 0.3 Al; Cr Ni, 75; Cr, 25 Cu, 67; Ni, 15; Zn, 12; Al, 3; Cr, 3 Similar to Duraloy Fe, 55; Ni, 25; Cr, 20 Ni, 80; Cr, 20 480, 608 Ni, 85; Cr, 15 467, 480 Ni, 65; Fe, 24; Cr, 11 467, 480 Fe, 66; Ni, 26; Cr1 8 Ni, 90; Cr, 10 467 Fe; Cr, 0.5-1; Mo, 0.1-1.0; 472, 604, C, 0.1-0.5; Mn; Si; P; S 605 Fe; Ni, 1.25-3.5; Cr, 0.6-1.5; 472, 510, C, 0.2-0.6; Mn, >0.7; P, 518, 600, > 0.04; S, > 0.05; Si, low 604-608 Fe; Ni, 4; Cr, 2; C, 0.33; Mn, 472, 512 0.32; Si, 0.06; S, 0.03; P, 0.14 (-0. also Projectile steel) v. High-speed steel Fe; Cr, 0.8; U, 0.17-0.3; C, 478 0.3-0.4; Mn; Si Fe; Cr, 0.7-1.4; C, 0.15- 472, 509, 0.6; V, 0.12-0.3; Mn, 0.3- 517, 600, 0.9; Si, 0.2; P, >0.01; S, 604,605 >0.04 Fe; Cr, 2-5; C, 0.2-0.8; Mn; 507-509, Si; P; S (v. also p. 390) 517, 605 Cu, 63; Zn, 37; Pb, 0.24 555, 602 Cu, 59; Zn, 40; Pb, 1 602 Cu, 91; Zn, 7.9; Pb, 1.6 469 Cu, 72-63; Zn, 28-37 555, 601 Fe; Cr, 25 v. Index No. 1235 Cu, 75; Ni, 14; Zn, 7.2; Sn, 1.9; Co, 1.9 Fe; Cr, 13; Mo, 3.6; C, 2.6; Ni, 2; Si, 1.5; Mn, 0.8 Fe; Cr, 19; Ni, 4.6; Mn, 2.8; C, 2; Cu, 2

Index __ Name No. 386 Clichier metal 387 Clichier metal 388 Clichier metal 389 Climax 390 C. M. A. bearing metal 391 Cobaltcrome 392

Cobaltcrome

393 Cobalt steel Coinage alloys 394 395 396 397

Coinage bronze Collet brass Colorado metal Comet

398 399

Commercial bar steel Commercial brass, B-r Commercial brass, B-C

400 401 402

Commercial brass wire Commercial bronze Commercial bronze rod

403 404

Common high brass Complex English metal

405

Condenser foil Constantan

406 407 408

Cook's alloy Cooperite Cooper's gold

409

Cooper's mirror

410 Cooper's pen metal 411 Cooper's pen metal 412 Copel Copper (commercial): 413 Arsenical lake 414 Best select 415 Electrolytic 416 Lake 417 Oxygenated Copper-manganese Copper-nickel 418 Copper steel 419 420 421

Cornish bronze Corronil Corrosion-resisting alloy

Composition

Page

Pb, 40-50; Sn, 33-36; Cd, 21-14 Sn, 80; Bi, 15; Pb, 5 Sn, 48; Pb, 33; Sb, 11; Bi, 9 Fe, 73; Ni, 24; Mn, 2.6 488 Pb; alkaline earth metals ô56 Fe, 80; Cr, 14; Co, 3.7; C, 1.5; Mo, 0.8; Si, 0.8 Fe, 70-60; Cr, 30-25; Co, 5-10 Fe; Co, 0.5-17; C1 0.15-0.9;

Mn; P; S ». Index Nos. 975,1249,1250, 1326, 1327, 1329, 1330 Cu, 95; Sn, 4; Zn, 1 561 Cu, 61; Zn, 37; Pb, 2.5 602 Cu, 57; Ni, 25; Zn, 18 470, 480 Fe, 70; Ni, 30; Cr, 2.2; Mn, 0.8; Cu, 0.4 î). Index Nos. 1336-1341 Cu, 63; Zn, 37 (rolled) Cu, 62; Zn, 30; Sn, 6; Pb1 2 (cast) Cu, 64; Zn, 36; Pb, 0.2; Fe Cu, 90; Zn, 10; Pb; Fe Cu, 86; Zn1 12.75; Pb, 0.75; Sn, 0.5 Cu, 65; Zn, 35 Sn, 87; Sb, 6; Ni, 2; Cu, 2; W, 1.5; Zn, 1; Bi, 0.5 v. Accumulator metal Cu, 60-45; Ni, 40-55; Mn, 0-1.4; C, 0.1; Fe Sb, 57-69; Zn, 32-43 Ni, 80; W, 14; Zr, 6 Cu, 81-67; Pt, 19-30; Zn, 0-4 Cu, 58; Sn, 28; Pt, 9.5; Zn, 3.5; As, 1.5 Cu, 50; Au, 25; Ag, 25 Pt, 50; Ag, 38; Cu, 12 Cu, 55; Ni, 45 Cu, 99.4; As, 0.3; O, 0.2 Cu, 99.5 Cu, 99.90-99.993 Cu, 99.9 Cu; O, 0.04-0.2 0. Cupromanganese v. Cupronickel Fe; Cu, >4; C, >1.1; Mn; Si; P; S Cu, 78; Sn, 9.6; P, 0.8 Ni, 70; Cu, 26; Mn, 4 Pb, 91; Cu, 4.5; Ni, 4.5 (for list v. p. 391)

555, 601

469, 601 469, 555 469,555 55a, QOl

464, 480, 601,606

586 480, 601

460,552 553, 601 552, 601 652, 601 554, 601

509

560, 601 480, 604

470, 608 Corrosion-resistant steel (CarFe; Cr, 9.5; C, 0.45 penter) Fe, 85.5; Si, 13.5 473 423 Corrosiron Cu; Ni; Si 424 Corsonite* A Cu; Co; Si 425 Corsonite B Cu; Fe; Si 426 Corsonite C Cu; Cr; Si 427 Corsonite D Cu; Cr 428 Corsonite E Cu; Co 429 Corsonite F Cu, 80-67; Mn, 15-18; Zn, 430 Cowles high Mn brass 5-13; Al, 0-1; Si Cu, 80; Ni, 10; Zn, 10 431 Craig gold Al, 91-90; Cu, 7-8; Fe, 1-1.8; 467, 534, 432 Crank case alloy Zn, 0-1.8 601 Fe; W, 6.7; Mn, 2.7; C, 2.1; 433 Crescent steel Si, 0.1 Cr alloy plating 434 Crodon Ni, 60; Cr, 40 435 Cronite Cu. 70; Mn, 30; Fe, 2 436 Crotorite

422

* Name given by Mr. Corson to these alloys which were developed at the Union Carbide and Carbon Research Laboratories, Inc. v. Metal Industry (N. Y.) Sept., 1926.

Index No. 437

438 439 440 441

442 443 444 445 446 447 448 449 450 451 452 453 454 455 456 457 458 459 460 461 462 463 464 465 466 467 468

469 470 471 472 473

474 475 476 477

478 479 480 481 482 483 484 485 486 487 488 489 490 491 492

__

Composition

Name

Crucible ßteel (also called cast Fe; C, 0.65-1.55; Mn; Si; P; S. (Graded according steel) to "temper," one temper unit generally meaning 0.1 % C. Designation varies with manufacturer.) Cu, 72; Ni, 22; Fe, 6 Cufenium Cu, 70; Zn, 30 Cuivre poli Ni, 65; Mn, 35; Cu, 25; Pb, 1 Cuniloy Fe; C, 3.0; combined C, Tr.; Cupola malleable iron Si, 0.9; Mn, 0.8; P, 0.2; S, 0.15 v. Aluminum bronze Cupro-aluminium Cu, 90; Mg, 10 Cupromagnesium Cu, 90; Mn, 10 Cupromanganese Cu, 96; Mn, 4 Cupromanganese tubes Cupronickel: Cu, 85; Ni, 15; C, <0.04 Bullet jackets Cu, 98-60; Ni, 2-40 Commercial Cu, 97.5-95; Ni, 2.5-5 Driving bands Cu, 50; Ni, 50 Ingots Cu, 97; Ni, 3 Locomotive tubes Cu, 89; Ni, 11 No. 300 alloy Cu, 81-79; Ni, 19-21 Sheet Cu; Si, > 55 Cuprosilicon Cu, 94; Al, 5.8 Cupror Fe; Ni, 20; Cr, 7.5; Si, 1.00; Cyclops No. 17 metal Mn, 0.75; C, 0.45 Cu, 78; Zn, 22 Cymbal metal Cu, 65; Pb, 30; Sn, 5 Cyprus bronze Cu, 76; Zn, 20; Sn, 3; Pb, 1 Daimler bearing Cu, 76; Pb, 13; Sn, 11 Damar Cu, 77; Pb, 13; Sn, 10 Damascus bronze Pb, 72; Sb, 18; Sn, 10 Dandelion metal Bi, 50; Pb, 25; Sn, 25 D'Arcet Au, 50; Cu, 50 Dark red gold Cu, 67; Ni, 29; Fe, 2; Mn, Davis metal 1.5; (C + Si), 0.5 Cu, 66; Zn, 34; Fe Degussa alloy Cu, 80; Zn, 18; Mn, 2 Delatot's metal Fe; Cr, 17; Si, 1.5; C, 1.2 Delhi hard iron Fe; Cr, 17; Si, 1.25; Mn, 0.3; Delhi tough iron C, 0.07 Cu, 56-54; Zn, 40-44; Fe, Delta metal 0.9-1.3; Mn, 0.8-1.4; Pb, 0.4-1.8; P Cu, 61; Pb1 33; Sn, 4-6; Ni, Demo bronze 2-1 Sb, 45; Sn, 33; Cu, 22 Dewrance metal Cu, 88; Al, 10; Si, 2 Diamond bronze Cu, 95; Sn, 3; Zn, 2 Diaphragm brass Die-casting alloys: Al, 92-82; Cu, 8-18; Fe, 0-3; Mg; Mn; Si; Zn Sn, 91-84; Sb, 2-9; Cu, 4.5-8 High grade bearings Pb, 90-80; Sb, 10-17; Sn, 10Light duty bearings O; Cu, 0-1 ] f Sn, 80; Pb, 10; Sb, 10 f Light duty bearings •( Sn, 61.5; Pb, 25; Sb, 10.5; Cu, 3 Zn, 74; Sn, 15; Al, 6; Cu, 5 Soft work Zn, 85; Sn, 8; Cu, 4; Al, 3 Standard Zn, 82.75; Al, 13.75; Cu, 3 Hard Zn, 46; Sn, 31; Cu, 20; Hard Sb, 3 Strong, hard Zn, 86.5; Cu, 10.75; Al, 2.75 Zn, 90-83; Cu, 5-11; Al, 2-5; Sn, 1-5 (v. also Index No. 955, and white metals) Cu, 51; Zn, 32; Pb, 9.5; Ni, Dienett's German silver 6.4; Sn, 1.6 Diesel bearings Sn, 80; Sb, 15; Cu, 5 Dilver v. Platinite Cu, 67; Zn, 33 Dipping brass Cu; Al, 10: Ni, 2 Dirigold Doctor metal Cu, 88; Zn, 9.5; Sn, 2.5 Dowmetal A Mg, 92; Al, 8 Mg, 88; Al1 12 Dowmetal B Mg, 85; Al, 15 Dowmetal C

J

Page 470, 477, 492-497, 516—518, 600, 602, 603, 605608

Index No.

Dowmetal D

494 495 496

Dowmetal E Dowmetal R Dowmetal T

497

Drawing brass

498 499 500

Dudley's antifriction alloy Dudley's bearing metals Dudley's phosphor bronze

555,601 476, 497, 525, 526

501 Duke's metal 502 Duke's metal 554 054,600 480 4SO, 601 480 480 480 480 480, 601 554, 594 574,601 604

556, 601 562

503 504 505 506

507

508 509 510

562 562

511 512

586

513 514

556, 601 515

516 4&4, 556, 602

517

562

518 519 520

534, 601

521

476, 557 475, 557 522 523 524 525

1

546

526

546

527 528

529 530 531

555, 601 582

544, 604 544 544

532 533 534 535

Composition

Name

493

Mg, 88; Al, 8.3; Cu, 2.0; Cd, 1.0; Zn, 0.5; Mn, 0.2 Mg, 94; Al, 5.8; Mn, 0.2 Mg, 90; Al, 8; Cu, 1; Cd, 1 Mg, 92; Cu, 3.8; Cd, 2; Mn, 0.2 Cu, 70-67; Zn, 33-30 (v. also Index Nos. 1409, 1486) Sn, 98; Cu, 1.6; Pb, 0.3 v. Index Nos. 553, 556 Cu, 80; Sn, 10; Pb, 9.6; P, 0.8 Ni, 40; Cu, 30; Fe, 30 Fe, 81; Cr, 12; C, 1.5; Co, 4; Si, 0.6; W, 0.4; Mn, 0.2 Fe, 54; Ni, 46; (Cu, plated)

Page 544

544, 604 544 544 469, 555, 601

562

467, 481 Dumet Dunnlevic and Jones antifricPb, 60; Sb, 20; Zn, 20 tion Dunnlevic and Jones antifricZn, 85-80; Sb, 10; Sn, 5-8 tion 476 Dunnlevic and Jones antifriction Zn, 52; Sn, 46; Cu, 1.6; Sb, 0.4 Duraloy(Key No. 191, p. 508) Fe; Cr, 25-30; Mn, 0.6; Si, 508 0.5; P (sometimes only 20 % Cr) Al; Cu, 3.5-5.5; Mg, 0.5-0.8; 468, 534, Duralumin Mn, 0.5-0.8; Fe; Si 601, 608 Al, 79; Mg, 11; Cu, 10; P, Duralumin (imitation) 0.05 Duralumin, special ("Y" alloy) Al, 92.5; Cu, 4; Ni, 2; Mg, 534, 601, 1.5 608 Cu, 65; Zn, 30; Pb, 2; AI, 666 Durana metal 1.5; Fe, 1.5 Cu, 59; Zn, 40; Sn, 1; Pb, 470,556 Durana metal 0.4; Fe, 0.3 Al, 67; Zn, 33 468, 636 Durand's alloy Durex Cu, 83; Sn, 10; Graphite, 4.4-4.7 Duriron Fe; Si, 14-15; Mn, 2-2.5; C, 473 0.8-1.3; S, 0.05-0.2; P, 0.05-1 Duriron Fe; Si, 14-15; Mn, 0.3-0.4; 473 C, 0.2-0.6; P, 0.2; S, 0.05 665, 601 Dutch metal (Dutch leaf, Cu, 76; Zn, 24 Dutch gold) Dynamo sheets Fe; Si, 3-4; C, <0.1; Mn, 4^2,624 <0.3; (P + S), <0.03 Dysoid Cu, 62; Pb, 18; Sn, 10; Zn, 10 "E" alloy (rolling) Al; Zn, 20; Cu, 2.5-3; Si, 538, 601, 0.2-1; Mg, 0.5; Mn, 0.5; Fe 608 E. B. D. bearing. Cu, 90-88; Sn, 10; P-Sn, 5; Zn, 2 Edelmessing High tensile brass Edelstahl Alloy steel Edwards speculum Cu, 70-63; Sn, 25-32; As, 2.4-1.6; Zn, 2.6-0 Ehrhardt's metal Zn, 89; Cu, 4; Sn, 4; Pb, 3 Ehrhardt's type metal Zn, 89; Sn, 6; Cu, 3; Pb, 2 Einheitsmetall Pb, 79; Sb, 14; Sn, 5.3; Cu, 1.5 667 Eisenbronze v. Iron bronze Eislers (bronze) Cu, 94; Sn, 5.9 659, 601 Elalco alloys v. Index Nos. 326, 717, 830 Electrical brass, B. E Cu, 84; Zn, 13; Sn, 3 Electrometall Al; Mg; v. Electron Electron Generic name of some Mg base alloys containing up to 12 % Al, as: Electron Mg, 90; Al, 3-7; Zn, 2-5; 545 Mn, 0.5 Electron Mg, 95; Zn, 4-5; Cu, 0-0.6 545, 604 Electroplate Cu, 50-70; Ni, 10-20; Zn, 475, 480, 5-30 601,606 Electrotype (standard) Pb, 93; Sb, 4; Sn, 3 Electrum Cu, 52; Ni, 26; Zn, 23 475, 480 Electrum Au, 85-55; Ag, 15-45 586 Elephant bronze Cu, 95.5; Sn, 3.9; P, 0.3; Fe, 464, 660, 0.16

600

Index ,, -, Name Composition Page No. Similar to Duriron 536 Elianite 537 Elinvar (Key No. 277, p. 512) Fe; Ni, 36; Cr, 12; C, 0.8; 512 Mn; Si, 1-2; P; S Cu, 60; Al, 20; Zn, 20 538 Emperor brass Sn, 53; Pb, 33; Sb, 11; Cu, 539 English alloy 2.4; Zn, 1 Cu, 70; Zn, 29; Pb, 0.3; Sn, 469, 555, 540 English brass 0.2 601 Cu, 79; Sn, 10; Pb, 9.6; P, 562 541 English phosphor bronze 1.0 Cu, 70; Zn, 29; Pb, 0.3; Sn, 469, 555, 542 English nickel silver 0.2 601 Cu, 67; Sn, 33 561 543 English speculum Cu, 66; Zn, 33; Pb, 1 469 544 Engraver's brass v. Manganin 545 Eureka v. also p. 391 Eutectic (fusible alloys) Bi, 50; Pb, 27; Sn, 13; Cd, 10 546 M. P. 70-740C 0 Bi, 52; Pb, 40; Cd, 8 547, M. P. 91.5 C 0 Bi, 53; Pb, 32; Sn, 15 548 M. P. 96 C Bi, 54; Sn, 26; Cd, 20 549 M. P. 1030C 0 Sn, 50; Pb, 32; Cd, 18 550 M. P. 145 C Cu, 60-58; Ni, 35 551 Everbrite Cu, 94.5; Si, 4.5; Mn, 1 554 552 Everdur No. 50 metal Cu, 77; Pb, 15; Sn, 8; P 562 553 Ex. B metal Ni, 85; Cr, 14; Fe, 0.5; Mn, 467, 480 554 Excello (resistance) 0.5 Cu, 53; Ni, 45; Fe, 0.3 480, 601 555 Excelsior Cu, 77; Pb, 12.5; Sn, 10.5; P 562 556 Ex. K metal Pb, 67; Sn, 25; Bi, 8.3 557 Expanding alloy Fe; C, 0.2; Si, 1.3; Mn, 0.2; 470,488 558 Extra soft steel P; S 559 Fahlun brilliants (Faluner Sn, 60; Pb, 40 467, 557 Diamanten) Sn, 90; Cu, 10 561 560 Fahrig antifriction Fe; Cr, 25; C 508 561 Fahrite, C-5 Fe; Ni, 35; Cr, 17 562 Fahrite, N-I Zn, 80; Sn, 15; Cu, 5 563 Fenton's alloy Fe; Ni, 18; Cr, 4; Mn, 2.2; 564 Fermet W, 0.5-1; C, 0.4; Cu, 0.3 Fe; Ti, <15; C, 1.5; Si, 1.4; 565 Ferro-carbon-titanium Al, 0.8; Mn; P; S Ferrochromium Grade %C 566 1 ( 567 1 A. S. T. M. Spec. AlOl- 1 ? \™ Si; S*; 568 [ 25T I I 0.3; Si, 0.5-1; P, > 0.1-1 572 Ferromanganese (A. S. T. M. Mn, <78; Fe, balance; C, >7.5; Si, >1.0; P, >0.35; Spec. A99-25T) S, > 0.05; v. also Index Nos. 1312-1314 Ferromolybdenum : t Fe: Mo, 50-60; C, 2.0 573 Regular Fe; Mo, 50-60; C, 0.5 574 Special Ferronickel: 575 No. 193 alloy (Driver Harris) Fe; Ni, 30; Cr, 2 (v. also p. 391) Grade % Si A 47-53 474 5 ™ \ Ferrosilicon (A. S. T. M. j B 72-78 474 SpeC 10 25T) C 85-95 474 578 J ' °I 579 Ferrosilicon pig (silvery pig Fe; Si, 6-16; v. also Index No. 1238 iron) v. Index No. 565 Ferrotitanium Fe; W, 70-85; C, 0.5; Mn; 580 Ferrotungsten Si; P; S Fe; U, 30-40; Si, 2.5-4; C, 1; 581 Ferro-uranium Ca; Mn; Cu; Al; P; S Ferro-vanadi urn (A. S. T. M. Spec. 102-25T) Max. Max. Si C P S Grade V 3-6 0.25 0.3 582 A 30-4() 8-15

6 75

B tTrV' *- '

* As specified by purchaser, t Climax Molybdenum Co.

^,

583 584 585

586 587 588 589 590 591 592 593 594 595 596 597 598 599 600 601 602 603 604 605 606 607 608 609 610 611 612 613 614 615 616 617 618 619 620 621 622 623 624 625 626 627 628

Name

Composition

Page

Max. Max. V Si C P S 30-40 5-8 1.5-30.25 0.3 35-45 > 2 >1.5 0.15 0.2 35-45 > 2 >0.75 0.10 0.1 Grades A-C, Al, >2; D, Al, >1 Fe; Ni; C (Ni steel) Ferrozoid Cu; Ni; Zn (Ni silver) Ferry alloy Fe, 55; Co, 23; Cr, 21; C, 0.7 464 Festel metal Cu, 73-51; Sn, 18-31; Pb, 561,562 File metal (file bronze) 8.5-7; Zn, 0-10 Ni, 61; Fe, 20.5; Cr, 18.5 Fire armor Fe; Cr, 14; Ni, 9.7; Mn, 0.8; Flame resisting alloy Si, 0.2; C, 0.2 Cu, 94; Sn, 5.6; Pb, 0.05 559, 601 Flange metal (French) Cu, 92; Zn, 5; Sn, 2.5 Flange metal (German) Fletcher and Emperer bearing. Al, 92; Cu, 7.5; Sn, 0.3 536, 601 Al, 96; Cu, 3; Sn, 1; Sb, 0.5; Fletcher's alloy P-Sn, 5 Fe, 83; Cr, 12.5; Si, 0.5; C, 508, 603 Flint alloy 0.3 Zn, 99-90; Cu, 0-8; Fe, 0-1; 465, 546 Fontainmoreau's bronze Pb, 1-0 Forbes metal Zn, 54; Cu, 46 465,546 Cu, 60-53; Zn, 40-43; Mn, 555, 556 Forging brass 0-4.5 602 Cu, 85-80; Zn, 15-20; Sn, 469, 555, Fourdrinier wire 0-0.4 Fe; C, 3-4; Si, 1.5-3; Mn, Foundry pig iron* >1; P, 0.5-1; S, >0.040.06 Pb; Ba, < 2; Ca, < 1; Hg, 0.3 556 Frary metal Cu, 89; Zn, 10; Pb, 1.5 469 Free cutting bronze Cu, 62; Zn, 35; Pb, 2.6; Fe 469 Free-turning rod brass French alloy Cu, 58-50; Zn, 25-30; Ni, 480 17-20 French aluminium bronze (v. Cu, 82; Al, 7; Ni, 5.5; Fe, 4; Mn, 2 also Brolunick) Fe; Si, 0.7-1.3; Mn, 0.3-0.6; 472, 523 Freund steel C, 0.1-0.15; Cr Cu, 69-50; Zn, 18-39; Ni, 475,480, Frick's alloys 5.5-31 601 Pb, 50; Sn, 40; Sb, 10 557 Friction alloy (standard) v. p. 391 Fusible alloys Bi, 45; Sn, 17; Pb, 30; Hg, Fusible tea spoons 5-10 Al; Zn, 18; Cu, 3; Si, 0.8; Mn 538 "G" alloy (N.P.L) 0.4; Mg, 0.3; Fe, 0.2 Cu, 91-78; Sn, 8.5-13; Zn, 560,00.7 Gear bronze 0-3; Pb, 0-2; P, 0-2 (*. also Index No. 1359) Fe; Ni, 3.5; Cr, 1.5; C, 0.45- 472, 512 Gear steel (high duty) 0.5 Cu, 60; Zn, 39; Fe, 1.5 556, 60S Gedges (Geages?) metal Cu; Pb; Sn; graphite, < 40 Genelite German silver: Cu, 60-50; Zn, 20-25; Ni, 475,480 Austrian (Gersdorf) 20-25 Cu, 46; Zn, 34; Ni, 20 480 Best Cu, 62-50; Zn, 32-20; Ni, 480,601 Birmingham 12-30 Cu, 55; Zn, 25; Ni, 20 475, 480 Common formula Cu, 95; Zn, 5; Pb; Fe 469, 555 Gilding Sn, 98; Cu, 2.2; Fe, 0.1 561 Gilding foil Cu, 72-64; Zn, 23-34; Sn, 469,555, Gilding metal 0.3-2.5; Pb, Q.3(v. also Index 601 Nos. 306, 333 and 1134) Glass mold alloy (U. S. patent Cu, 65-55; Ni, 12-18; Zn, 11-17; Fe, 8-12; Si, 0.5-1 1 360 773) Pb, 77; Sb, 14; Sn, 8; Fe, 1.5 476 Glievor bearing Zn, 74; Sb, 9; Sn, 6.7; Pb, 5; Glievor bearing Cu, 4.4; Cd, 1.4 Similar to Chromel C Glowray Pb, 81; Sb, 15; Sn, 4.5; As, 0.5 557 Glyco Zn, 85.5; Sn, 5; Pb, 4.7; Cu, Glyco metal 2.4; Al, 2

Grade B... C D

* Graded by Si content, S increases as Si decreases.

Index XT Name XT No. 629 Glyco turbo Gold: 630 22 carat 631 22 carat dental, dark 632 20 carat 633 18 carat 634 16 carat 635 15 carat 636 14 carat 637 14 carat dental 638 10 carat 639 8 carat Gold solder: 640 18 carat 641 642 643 644 645 646 647 648 649 650 651 652 653 654 655 656

657 658 659 660 661

662 663 664 665 666

667 668 669 670 671 672 673 674 675 676 677 678 679

680 681

Composition

Page

Pb, 70; Sb, 22; Sn, 8 Au, 92; Ag, 4.2; Cu, 4.2 Au, 92; Ag, 4.9; Cu, 3.4 Au, 84; Ag, 8.3-11; Cu, 6-8.3 Au, 75; Ag, 10-20; Cu, 5-15 Au, 67; Cu, 8-27; Ag, 6.6-26 Au, 62; Cu, 13; Ag, 11 Au, 58; Cu, 14-28; Ag, 4-28 Au, 58; Ag, 30; Cu, 12 Au, 42; Cu, 38-46; Ag, 12-20 Cu, 47; Au, 33; Ag, 20

Index Name AT No. 682 Hard sheet aluminum 683 Hardware bronze 684 685

586 686 586 586 586

Au, 75-63; Ag, 13-31; Cu, 6.3-12 Au, 75; Ag, 17; Cu, 8.3 16 carat Au, 50; Ag, 33; Cu, 17 14 carat Au, 50; Cu, 35; Ag, 15 586 12 carat Au, 41 ; Ag, 37; Cu, 21 ; Brass, 10 carat 0.6 Au, 40; Ag, 37; Cu, 23 586 8 carat Au, 63; Ag, 23; Cu, 15 Best Au, 55; Ag, 32; Cu, 14 Easy melt Ag, 55; Cu, 29; Au, 12; Zn, Very easy melt 5.5 A dental alloy Goldal Gold imitation (DRP 47 380). Cu, 97.8; Al, 2; Au, 0.2 Cu, 84-66; Zn, 16-34; Pb, 469,555 Gold leaf metal 0-0.4 Government (U. S.) bronze: Cu, 88; Sn, 10; Zn, 2 565, 572 Spec. G _ Cu, 83; Sn, 14; Zn, 3; Pb, 0.8 Spec. H Cu, 90; Sn, 6.5; Zn, 3; Pb, 563 Substitute 0.5 v. Gurney's bronze Graney bronze Fe; C, 2.2-2.6; Graphite, 497,527, Granfin (cast iron) 1.7-2.1; Si1 2.3-2.5; Mn, 600,608 0.7-1; P, 0.45-0.6; S, 0.3 Graphite bearing-metal Graphalloy Pb, 80; Sb, 20 475, 557 Graphite metal Pb, 68; Sb, 17; Sn, 15 557 Graphite metal Au, 75; Ag, 11-25; Cd, 13-0 Green gold Fe; C, 2.5-4; Si, 1.3-2; Mn; 464,476, Grey cast iron P; S (fracture is gray due to 497, 526, free graphite) 600, 608 Au, 86; Fe, 5.7-17; Ag, 0-8.6 Grey gold Cu, 64.3; Bi, 35.7 (name also Guillaume's metal applied to Invar type) v. Shibu-ichi Guishibuichi Cu, 95-71; Sn, 0-11; Pb, 476,559Gun metal 0-13; Zn, 0-5; Fe, 0-1.4 572, 601 Cu, 80; Zn, 17; Sn, 3 Gun mount bronze Gurley's metal Cu, 86.5; Zn, 5.4; Sn, 5.4; Pb, 2.7 For B. E. S. A. Specifications r. p. 386 Gurney's bronze (Graney?)... . Cu, 76; Zn, 15; Sn, 9 Bi, 47; Sn, 20; Pb, 19; Cd, 13 Guthrie's alloy Cu, 87; Zn, 13 469, 555 Halberland alloy Half hard steel (Key No. 30, Fe; C, 0.49; Si, 0.44; Mn, 470,491, 0.34; P, 0.06; S, 0.04 495 p. 495) Similar to Stellite H. A. L. H. steel Zn, 93; Cu, 3.5; Pb, 3.1; Sb, Hamilton metal 1.5; P-Sn, 5 (name also applied to Chrysorin) Sn, 65; Zn, 32; Cu, 3.3 Hammonia metal Al, 77; Zn, 12; Mg, 4.5 (v. Hard aluminum also Index No. 682) Sn, 83; Cu, 8.4; Sb, 8.3 Hard babbitt Pb, 98.7; Mg, 1.3 (U. S. 556 Hard bearing patent 803 920) Cu, 62-59; Zn, 38; Pb, 0.06- 469, 555, Hard drawing brass 3.4 601 Hard head Sn, 90; Sb, 8; Cu, 2 476, 556 Bardite Ni, 45; Cr, 15; Fe, 13; Sb, 10.6; Cu, 6; Zr, 4; Mo, 3.5; Mn, 2; Al, 0.9 Pb-Sb; Pb-As; Pb-alkali 475,476, Hard lead metal or Pb-alkaline earth 556, 557 metal Cu, 93; Sn, 7; P, 0.2 560, 601 Hard phosphor bronze

687 688 689

690 691 692 693 694 695 696 697 698

699 700 701

702

703

704

705 706 707 708 709 710 711

712 713 714 715 716 717 718 719 720 721 722 723 724 725 726 727 728 729

Composition

Page

Al, 99-98; Mn, 1-2 468, 542 Cu, 88; Zn, 9.5-12; Sn, 0-1.5; 469, 555 Pb, 0-1 Hard zinc (Hartzink) Zn, 92; Fe, 5.3; Pb, 2.4; Cu, 0.1 Harlington (Harrington?) Cu, 56; Zn, 43; Sn, 0.9; Fe, 470,556 0.6 bronze Cu, 57-55; Zn, 40-41; Fe, 556 Harmonia bronze 1.3-1.8; Pb, 0.4; Al; Sn Co, 62; W, 28; Cr, 10 Haynes metal, soft Co, 45; W, 40; Cr, 15 Haynes metal, hard Haynes metal Fe, 75-70; Cr, 20-30; Co, 5-25 For list, v. p. 391 Heat resistant alloys Heat resistant steel (U. S. pat- Fe, 70; Cr, 15; Co, 14; Mn, 0.5; Si, 0.5; C, 0.5 ent 1 357 549) Heavy axle bearing Zn, 47; Sn, 38; Sb, 6; Pb, 4; Cu, 1 Heavy bearing Sn, 85; Cu, 7.5; Sb, 7.5 555, 601 Helmet metal (helmet bronze). Cu, 72-70; Zn, 28-30 Hercules bronze Cu, 86; Sn, 10; Al, 2.5; Zn, 2 Cu, 54; Zn, 36; Fe, 7.5; Al, 2.5 Hercules metal Heusler's magnetic alloys Cu, 70-61; Mn, 18-30; Al, 8-15; Pb, 4-0 Most magnetic Cu, 61; Mn, 26; Al, 13 High carbon steel Fe; C, 0.65-1.55; Mn; Si; 492, 493, P; S 600-608 v. Index Nos. 430, 842 High manganese bronze Ni, 98-94; Mn, 2-6 473, 482 High manganese nickel High speed steel: Brit, patent 139 837 Fe; Mo, 6; Co, 6; Cr, 4; C, 0.6 Brit, patent 144 326 Fe; Mo, 6-10; Cr, 3-6; Co, 0.5-2; U, 0.2-1; Mn, 0.20.4; Si, 0.2-0.4; C, 0.5-0.8 U. S. patent 1 337 209 Fe; Mo, 6-10; Cr, 3-6; Mn, 0.2-0.4; Si, 0.2-0.4; C, 0.50.8 U. S. patent 1 337 210 Fe; Mo, 3-10; Co, 1-5; V, 0.2; Mn, 1-2; Si, 0.1-0.3; C, 0.6-1.2 High temperature bronze Cu, 91; Zn, 6.3; Sn, 2.7; Pb, 1.3 For list, v. p. 389 High tensile brasses Hohenzollern brass A high tensile brass Hooker brass Cu, 61; Zn, 37; Pb, 2 469, 602 Hopkinson's alloy Fe, 75; Ni, 24.5; Si; etc. 48! Hot rolling brass v. Tube brass Hoyle's metal Sn, 46; Pb, 42; Sb, 12 557 Hoyt metal Pb, 94-90; Sb, 6-10 557 Huron metal, cast Al; Cu, 6.6; Ni, 1.3; Mg, 0.5; 536 Co, 0.3; (Mn + Sn + Cd), 0.5 Huron metal, rolled Al; Cu, 3.5-4; Mg, 0.5; Mn, 534 0-0.6; Cr, 0.1-0.6 Husmann metal Sn, 74; Sb, 11; Pb, 11; Cu, 4; Fe, 0.2; Zn, 0.2 Hydraulic bronze Cu, 83; Sn, 11; Zn, 6; Pb, 0.1 476,565 Hydrone Pb, 67; Sb, 33 Ia-Ia Cu, 60; Ni, 40 464, 480 Ideal, Elalco Cu, 58-53; Ni, 40-45; Fe, 464,480, 0.6-1; Mn, 0.5-1; Al 601, 606 Ignition pin alloy Ce, 61; Fe, 37 Ignition pin alloy Ce, 73-70; Zn, 17-24; Fe, 1.6-6; Al, 0-2.4; Mn Illium Ni, 63; Cr, 21; Cu, 6.5; Mo, 5; W, 2; Fe, 1; Mn, 1; Al, 1 Immadium bronze Manganese bronze with Al Imperial Cu, 80; Ni, 20 480 Imperial steel Fe; W, 6.4; Mn, 2.1; C, 1.6; Si Ingot iron Fe, 99.9; C, 0.02; Mn; Si; P; 470, 487, S; v. also Armco iron 602, 606 Injector bronze Cu, 84; Sn, 8.5; Zn, 5; Pb, 2.5 569 Instrument bronze Cu, 82; Sn, 13; Zn, 5 Invar Fe, 64; Ni, 36; C, 0.15-0.2 471, 482 Iridosmine x. Osmiridium Iron For lists of ferrous alloys v. pp. 390, 391 Iron, electrolytic Fe; C, <0.03; other impuri- 472, 478 ties, < 0.05

Index Name No. 730 Ironac 731 Iron bronze

Composition

732 Ironier's bronze 733 Iserlohn (cast) 734 735 736 737 738

Iserlohn (sheet) Jacana métal Jacoby métal Jalcase steel Jewelers metal

739 Kalchoids _

1

!

741

J

[

> Kamarsch bearing alloys... <

742 Karma 743 Keene's alloy 744 Kienmayer's amalgam 745 Keimet 746 747 748 749

Kemlet Kern's hydraulic bronze K. L. steel (Böhler) Kneiss metal

750 Kochlin's bearing 751 Koltchak (Koultchoog) aluminium 752 Kosmos 753 Kromax 754 Kromore 755 Krupp (Grosmann) bearing 756 Kruppin 757 Krupp type metal 758 Krupp VlM steel 759 Krupp V2A steel 760 K. S. magnet steel 761

Kuhne's phosphor bronze

762

Kunheim metal

763 L-5 alloy 764 L-8 alloy 765 L-IO alloy 766 L-Il alloy 767 Laderig's speculum 768 Lafond's axle bearing 769 Laf ond's heavy bearing 770 771 772 773 774 775

Laf ond's malleable bronze Laf ond's pump bronze Lancashire brass Latten (Laiton) Lautal Law's phosphor bronze

776 Lead alloy (for small castings). Lead bronzes 777 Leaded brass 778 Leaded bronze 779 Leaded gun metal 780 Leaded low brass 781 Leaded monel metal 782 Leaded screw wire brass 783 Lead foil 784 Lead foil (Calin) * Includes 2 % H.

Page

Fe; Si, 13; C, 1.1; Mn; P; S 473 Cu, 82.5; Sn, 8.6; Zn, 4.4; Fe, 4 Cu; Sn; Hg, 1 Cu, 64; Zn, 34; Sn1 2.5; Pb, 556 0.3 Cu, 70; Zn, 30 555, 601 Pb, 70; Sb, 20; Sn, 10 Sn, 85; Sb, 10; Cu, 5 476, 557 A case hardening steel Cu, 91.5-83; Zn, 6.5-17; Sn, 469, 555 0-2 Cu; Sn; Zn, alloy system Sn, 85; Sb, 5; Cu, 3.6; Bi, 1.6; Zn, 1.4 Sn, 71; Cu, 21; Sb, 7.2 Sn, 71; Sb, 20; Cu, 9.5 Ni, 80; Cr, 20 480,608 Cu, 75; Ni, 16; Sn, 2.8; Zn, 2.3; Co, 2; Fe, 1.5; Al, 0.5 Hg, 50; Sn, 25; Zn, 25 Cu, 70.5-68; Pb, 22.5-25.5; 562 Sn, 6.4-6.6; S, 0.03; Zn, 0.03-0.04; Ni; Fe Zn, 67; Al, 15; Cu, 9 546 Cu, 78; Sn, 12; Zn, 10 570, 572 Fe; W, 1.2; Cr, 1.0; C, 0.47 472 Zn, 50-40; Pb, 25-42; Sn, 2515; Cu, 0-3 Cu, 90; Sn, 10 475, 559 A Russian alloy similar to duralumin A dental alloy Ni, 80; Cr, 20 480, 608 Ni, 85; Cr, 15 467, 480 Al, 87; Cu, 8; Sn, 5 Fe; Ni, 28; C 471,482 Pb, 60; Sb, 18; Sn, 12; Cu, 4.7; Ni, 4.7; Bi, 1 Fe; Cr, 14; Ni, 2.3; C, 0.1 Fe; Cr, 23; Ni, 9.5; C, 0.4 Fe; Co, 30-40; W, 5-9; Cr, 1.5-3; C, 0.4-0.8 Cu, 78; Sn, 11; Pb, 10; P, 562,570 0.6; Ni, 0.3 Rare earth metals, 86*; Mg, 12; Al, 2 Al, 85; Zn, 13-15; Cu, 2.5-3; 539-542, Fe; Si 537, 601 Al, 88; Cu, 12; Fe; Si 534, 601 Al, 89; Cu, 10; Sn, 1; Fe; Si Al; Cu, 6-8; Sn, 0-2; Zn,>l; 467, 534, Fe; Si 601 Cu, 69; Sn, 29 475, 559 Cu, 80; Sn, 18; Zn, 2 476, 561 Cu, 83; Sn, 15; Zn, 1.5; Pb, 475,561 0.5 Cu, 98; Sn, 1.9 559 Cu, 88; Sn, 10; Zn, 2 565, 572 Cu, 73; Zn, 25; Pb, 2 469 Yellow brass Al; Cu, 4; Si, 2; Fe Cu, 89-88; Sn, 9.5-11; P, 560,565, 0.7-1.0 570-572 Sn, 75; Sb, 20; Pb, 5 For list, v. p. 389 Cu, 88-62; Zn, 10-35; Pb, 469 1.7-2.6; Fe Cu, 88; 2n, 10; Pb, 1.5-1.7; 469 Fe Gun metal + 1 % Pb 566, 569 Cu, 78; Zn, 20; Pb, 1.7; Fe 469 Ni, 60; Cu, 32; Pb, 2.2; Fe, 469 2.2; Mn, 2.0; Si, 0.9; C, 0.2; S Cu, 69; Zn, 30; Pb, 1.7; Fe 469 Pb, 86; Fe, 6.9; Al, 5.5; Sn, 1.9 Pb, 87; Sn, 13; Cu. 1

Index __ ,, Name Composition Page No. 785 Lead shot Pb, 99.8; As, 0.2 786 Lead tape Pb, 95; Sb, 4.5; Sn, 0.5 557 787 Lechesne (two patents, name Cu, 90-60; Ni, 10-40; Al, 480 usually applied to first com- 0.2-0.05 position) Zn, 85; Sb, 10; Cu, 5 > Ledebur's bearing alloys... s /»y j I^ Zn, 77; Sn, 18; Cu, 5.5 790 Lemarquand's non-oxidizable Cu, 39; Zn, 37; Sn, 9; Co, 8; Ni, 7 alloy Le Mat's metal v. Lutecin Al, 77; Zn, 21; Cu, 1.1; Fe, 538 791 Liberty pistons 0.5; Pb; Sn Bi, 50; Pb, 30; Sn, 20 792 Lichtenberg's alloy Zn, 90-88; Cu, 6.5-5; Al, 546 793 Liddel's alloys 6-5 Pb, 85; Sb, 11; Sn, 3.5 557 794 Linotype, cheap 557 795 Linotype, standard (English). . Pb, 83; Sb, 12; Sn, 5 Bi, 50; Pb, 27; Sn, 13; Cd, 10 796 Lipowitz alloy Al, 65; Sn, 31; Zn, 2.3; As, 797 Little's speculum 1.9 798 L M Steel (United Alloy Steel Fe; Ni, 2.8-3.3; Cr, 0.7-0.9; 472,605 Mo, 0.3-0.5; C, 0.2-0.4; Corp.) Mn; Si; P; S Cu, 80; Zn, 20; Pb; Fe 555, 601 799 Low brass Fe; C, > 0.25; Mn; Si; P; S 487-491 800 Low carbon steel 801 1 f Cu, 70; Pb, 16; Sn, 13; P, 1 562 y Lowroff phosphor bronze.. < oU2 J ^ Cu, 90; Pb, 5.5; Sn, 4; P, 0.5 661 Ni, 68; Cu, 28; Fe, 2.4; Mn, 469,480, 803 Lucerne 2.2 600,608 804 Lucero Ni, 65; Cu, 30; Mn, 5 604 805 Ludlum Fe; Cr, 13-17; Si, 1; Mo, 1; C, 0.4 Zn, 86-85; Cu, 10; Al, 4-5 546 806 Lumen (bronze) Pb, 96.5; Ba, 2.8; Ca, 0.4; 556 807 Lurgimetall Na, 0.3 808 Lutecin (Le Mat's Paris metal) Cu, 80; Ni, 16; Zn, 5; Fe, 5; Sn, 2; Co, 1 Al, 89; Cu, 12-14; other eie- 467,534, 809 Lynite, 109 ments, >1 601 Al, 92; Cu, 9.3-11; other eie- 467, 534, 810 Lynite, 122 ments, >2 601 Al, 93; Cu, 7-8.5; other eie- 467,534, 811 Lynite, 146 ments, >1.7 601 Al, 95; Cu, 5 534, 601 812 Lynite, body alloy Al, 90; Cu, 7.8; Zn, 1.5; Fe, 536 813 Lynite, crank case 1.3 Al, 95; Cu, 2; Mg, 1.5; Fe, 814 Lynite, piston 0.8; Si, 0.2; Mn, 0.01 Al, 89; Cu, 11; Mg, 0.5 534 815 Lynite, piston Cu, 89; Fe, 7.2; Al, 3.8 816 Lynux bronze v. Tombac Lyons gold Cu, 50; Ni, 25; Sn, 25 817 Machine bronze 818 Machinery brass Cu, 83; Zn, 16; Sn, 1 555 v. Low-carbon steel Machine steel 819 Mach's alloy Al, 98; Mg, 2-10 464, 542 820 Mach's speculum . Al, 69; Mg, 31 Cu, 57; Zn, 43 555, 602 821 Macht's yellow metal 822 Mackenzie metal Pb, 70-68; Sb, 17-16; Sn, 13-16 Al; Cu, 2-2.6; Mg, 1.2-2; Ni, 601, 608 823 Magnalite 0.7-2; Fe; Si; Sn; Zn Al, 95-70; Mg, 5-30 464, 642 824 Magnalium (original) 825 Magnalium, cast Al, 85; Mg, 15 464 Al, 95; Cu, 1.8; Mg, 1.6; Ni, 601,608 826 Magnalium, cast x 1.2 827 Magnalium, cast y Al, 97; Cu, 1.8; Mg, 1.5; Sn and Pb 828 Magnalium, cast z Al, 95; Sn, 3.2; Mg, 1.6; Cu, 0.2; Pb, 0.7 Al, 95; Mg, 5 542,601 829 Magnalium, sheet Same as Electron Magna metal 830 Magno, Elalco Ni, 95; Mn, 5 473,482 Pb, 84-78; Sb, 15-16; Sn, 557 831 Magnolia metal 0.6; Bi, 0-0.3 Ni; Mn, 2-6 473,482 832 Magno-nickel 833 Major metal Al; Cu, 3; Fe, 2; Zn, 0.4; Ni, 0.4, Si; Mg; Mn 834 Maillechort* Cu, 67-65; Zn, 13.5; Ni, 13- 480 19; Fe, 0.5-3.2: Sn; Pb * French generic name.

Index Name No. I 835 Malleable casting pig

836

•837

838 •839 &40

841 842

843 844 845

846 847 848 849 850 851 852 853

854 855 856 857 858 859 860 861 862 863 864 865 866 867 868 869 870 871 872 873

Composition

Page

Fe; C, 3-4; Si, 0.75-1.5; Mn, >1; P, 0.2; S, >0.05

Malleable cast iron: American "Black Heart"... Pe; C, 2.8-3.5; graphite, Tr. ; 476, 4^7, Si, 0.6-0.8; Mn, <0.4; P1 497,525, <0.2; S, <0.07 686 Fe; C, 2.8-3.5; graphite, Tr.; 476, 477, European " Reamur " Si, 0.6-0.8; Mn, <0.2; P, 497,525, <0.2; S, <0.4 526 Mallet alloy Zn, 75; Cu, 25 466,646 Cu, 60; Ni, 23; Zn, 13; Fe, 480 Malloydium 0.9 Maluminum Al, 87; Cu, 6.4; Zn, 4.8; Fe, 1.4; Si, 0.2; Mn, 0.1; Pb, 0.2 Mangaloy Ni; Fe; Mn Cu, 85-54; Zn, 2-40; Mn, 556 Manganese brass 1-25; Fe, 0-2.4; Ni, 0-2.5; Al; Pb Cu, 86-82; Sn, 6-17; Mn, Manganese bronze 0.2-2.7; Zn, 0-5; Pb, 0-3 Cu, 58; Zn, 40; Mn, 2 556 Mn-Bronze Mn-c (cast) Cu, 59; Zn, 31; Sn, 1; Mn, 556 Mn-Bronze Mn-r (rolled) 0.3. (The last two, like most alloys called Mn bronzes are really Mn brasses.) Manganese copper Cu, 90-56; Mn, 8.7-41; Fe, 0-2.7; Zn, 0-2; Sn; Si; Pb Manganese copper Mn, 52; Cu, 29; Fe, 9.7; Al, 6.3 Manganese nickel Ni, 98.5-95; Mn, 1.5-5; Fe 473, 482 No. 473 alloy Ni, 96; Mn, 4 (Driver 473,482 Harris) No. 484 alloy Ni, 98.5; Mn, 1.5 (Hoskins) 473, 482 Manganese nickel Cu, 82-52; Mn, 14-31; Ni, 3-16 Manganese nickel brass Cu, 65-51; Zn, 5-40; Ni, 2-18; Mn, 1.5-20; Al; Fe; Sn; Pb Manganese nickel silver Cu, 73-60; Mn, 2.4-20; Ni, 10-17; Sn, 0-10; Zn, 0-8.8 Manganese steel: Brit, patent 131 980 (pear- Fe; Mn, 1.4-3.5; Si, 0.2-0.3; 471,520C, 0.2-0.6; P; S 523 litic) Fe; Mn, 11-14; C, 1-1.3; Si, 471,520Hadfield's (austenitic) 0.3-0.8; P, 0.05-0.08; S, 523 very low Manganin Cu, 53; Zn, 39; Sn, 2.7; Ni, 2.5; Mn, 1.7; Al, 0.2 Manganin Cu, 70; Mn, 25; Ni, 5 Manganin Cu, 86-82; Mn, 4-15; Ni, 2-12; Fe Mangan-Neusilber Cu, 73-59; Ni, 10-18; Mn, 2.4-20; Zn, 5-20 Manhardts alloy Al, 83; Sn, 10; Cu, 6.2; P; Mg, 0.1 Mannheim gold Cu, 89-80; Zn, 7-12; Sn, 556,561, 0-9.3; P-Sn, 0-5 563, 565 Marine babbitt Pb, 72; Sn, 21; Sb, 7 Markus alloy Cu; Ni; Zn Marsh's patent Ni, 75; Cr, 25 Marties' non-oxidizable alloy.. Ni, 35; Zn, 18; Cu, 17; Fe, 10; Sn, 10 Martin steel (hard) (Key No. Fe; C, 0.73; Si, 0.4; Mn; P; 492, 523, 48, p. 492) S ' 602 Mathesius metal (U. S. P. Pb; Ca, 3; other alkaline 556 1 549 137) earth metals, 1-2 Matrix brass Cu, 62; Zn, 37; Pb, 1.5 469, 602 Matrix metal v. Index Nos. 794, 795, 910, 1351-1353, 1426-1429 Mayan cast iron Mayari pig recast by itself or added to gray cast iron Mayari pig Fe; Cr, 2.5-3; Ni, 1.3-1.5; O Mayari steel Fe; Ni, 1-1.5; Cr, 0.2-0.7; 510,605P, low 607 McAdamite Al; Zn, 12-18; Cu, 3.1; Mg, 537,601 0.2

Index I No. I 874 875

I™ o77 878 879 880 881

882 883 884 885

886 887 888 889 890 891 892 893 894 895

896 897 898 899 900

901

902 903 904 905

906 907 908 909 910 911 912 913 914 915 916 917 918 919 920

XT Name

Composition

Page

Al, 82; Cu, 12; Cd, 5; Ag, 1 Al, 80; Sn, 8; Cd, 8; Ag, 4 Al, 70; Zn, 22; Sb, 5; Cu, 3 McAdams, W. A., alloys.. Al, 70; Zn, 26; Cu, 3; Ag, 1 Al, 69; Zn, 23; Cu, 7.7; Ni, 0.6 Al, 60; Zn, 20; Ag, 17; Cu, 5 McFarland and Harder alloys Ni, 59-29; Cu, 11-55; Cr, 10-43 McKechnie's bronze Cu, 57; Sn, 41; Zn, 1; Fe, 1; Pb, 0.5 McKinney alloys: Cast Al, 96; Cu, 2; Mn, 1.5 534 Hard forging Al, 95; Cu, 3; Mn, 2 634 Soft forging Al, 97; Cu, 2; Mn, 1 034 Al, 85; Cu, 8.2; Sn, 5-6; Fe, McLure alloy 0.9; Si, 0.3; Mn, 0.2; Mg; Ni; Zn Meco Cu, 50; Ni, 25; Zn, 20; ?, 5 Cu, 97-92; Sn, 1-8; Zn, 0-2 559, 601 Medal bronze Cu, 84; Zn, 16 555 Medal metal Medium steel Fe; C, 0.30-0.60 489-491 Metalline Co, 35; Cu, 30; Al, 25; Fe, 10 Al, 98-94; P, 1-4; Zn, 1-2 Meteorite Meteor steel A nickel steel Mild steel v. Low carbon steel Minargent Cu, 57-46; Ni, 40-32; Pb1 0-22; W, 2.8-0; Al Minofor Sn, 69-66; Sb, 18-20; Zn, 9-10; Cu, 3-4 Mira metal Cu, 75; Pb, 16; Sb, 6.8; Sn, 0.9; Zn, 0.6; Fe, 0.4; Co; Ni, 0.2 Misch metal Ce, 60-50; La, 25; (Dy, Sa, etc.), 15; Fe, 1-2 Misco metal Fe, 57.5; Ni, 25; Cr, 15; Si, 604 1.5; Mn, 0.5; C, 0.5 Mitis iron* Fe; C; Al, 0.06-0.27 529 M-M-M (modified monel Ni, 65-60; Cu, 24-27; Sn, metal) 9-11; (Fe + Mn + Si), 1-3 Fe; Cr, 0.7-1; Mo, 0.25-1; 472,605 Mo-I Steelf C, 0.15-0.23; Mn, 0.4-0.7; Si, 0.1-0.2 Fe; Cr, 0.8-1.1; Mo, 0.25-1; 472,605 Mo-2 Steelt ..C, 0.23-0.3; Mn, 0.5-0.8; Si, 0.1-0.2 Fe; Cr, 0.8-1.1; Mo, 0.25-1; 472, 605 Mo-3 Steelt C, 0.3-0.4; Mn, 0.5-0.8; Si, 0.1-0.2 Mock gold Cu, 80-67; Pt, 20-29; Zn, 0-4 Mock gold Ni, 6; Pt, 1; Ag, 1; Brass, 1 Mock silver Al, 84; Sn, 10; Cu, 5.5; P, 0.1 Modified Monel metal D, M-M-M Modified "Y" alloy v. Index No. 1491 Molybdenum steel Fe; Mo, 0.3-3; C, 0.1-0.45; 472,605 Mn, 0.6-1.3; Si, 0.3-0.5 Mond 70 Ni, 70: Cu, 26; Mn, 4 480, 604 Monel metal (cast) Ni, 68; Cu, 28; Fe, 1.9; Si, 408, 469 1.1; Mn, 0.3; C, 0.18; S Mpnel metal (rods) Ni, 68; Cu, 28; Fe, 2.0; Si, 408,469, 0.2; Mn, 1.8; C, 0.26; S 604, 606 Monotype, standard Pb, 74; Sb, 18; Sn, 8 Montanium ; . . Al; Cu, 2.5-3.5; Mg, 0.5 53-4, 601 Morin's Chinese bronze Cu, 83; Pb, 10; Sn, 5; Zn, 2 561 Mosaic gold (Ormulu) Cu, 63; Zn, 35 555, 601 Mousset's silver Cu1 60; Ag, 28; Zn, 10; Ni, 3.5 MS Steel (Climax Molybde- Fe; Cr, 0.8-1.1; Mo, 0.3-0.4; 472, 605 num Co.). Mn, 0.6-0.9; C, 0.4-0.6 Mudge's speculum Cu, 69; Sn, 31 550, 661 Mumetal Ni, 74; Fe, 20; Cu, 5.3; Mn, 0.7 Muntz metal Cu, 60; Zn, 40 555, 600 Muntz patents Cu, 63-56; Zn, 37-42; Pb, 555,602 0-4 Murman's alloy Al, 72; Zn, 15; Mg. 14

* Wrought iron, melted, deoxidized with Al and cast with or without adding C. t Climax Molybdenum Co. Made in three Mo-range classes: A: Mo, 0.250.4; B: Mo, 0.5-0.75; C: Mo, 0.75-1.

Index Name No. 921 Murman's alloy 922 Mushet steel 923 924 925

M. W. metal Mystic metal Naval aluminum

926

Naval brass

927 928 929 930 931 932 933 934 935 936 937 938 939 940 941 942 943 944 945 946 947

948 949 950 951 952 953 954 955

956 957 958 959 960 961 962

963 964 965 966 967 968

Naval brass, N-C Naval bronze, No. 4 Naval journal bearing: Spec. H Spec. HX Naval phosphor bronze: P-C (cast)

i

Composition

Page

Al, 92; Zn, 4.4; Mg, 3.6 Fe; W, 6-8.2; Mn, 0.2-2.6; Si, 0.1-1.6; C, 2.0-2.3 Similar to Electron Pb, 89; Sn, 11; Bi, 0.1 Al; Cu, 1.5; Mn, 0.9; Ni, 0.4; Fe; Si Cu, 66-59; Zn, 32-40; Sn, 470, 556, 1.2-0.5; Fe; Pb (v. also 602 Tobin bronze) Cu, 61; Zn, 38; Sn, 1 056, 602 PJo, 44; Sn, 36; Sb, 16; Cu, 4 Cu, 83; Sn, 14; Zn, 3.5 Cu, 83; Sn, 14; Pb, 3.5

Cu, 88; Sn, 8; Zn, 2.5; P, 0.5 P-r (rolled) Cu, 95; Sn, 4.5; P, 0.5 Cu, 87; Sn, 7; Zn, 6 Naval valve bronze, M Navy aluminum b r o n z e . . . . . . . Cu, 87-85; Al, 7-9; Fe, 2.54.5 Sn, 91-80; Sb, 4.5-15; Cu, Navy bearing 3.7-5 Cu, 85; Sn, 8; Zn, 5.3; Pb, Needle metal 1.7 Cu, 58; Zn, 27; Ni, 12; Sn, 2; Neogen Al, 0.5; Bi, 0.5 Cu, 70; Zn, 28; Pb, 2 Nergandin Nickel silver Neusilber Nevada silver Nickel silver Fe; Cr, 9.5; Si, 3.8; C, 0.4 Nèvastain Fe; W, 14; Cr, 3.7; V, 0.1; New capital steel C, 0.6; Mn; Si; P; S Cu, 64; Ni, 35; Sn, 1 Newloy Bi, 50; Sn, 19; Pb, 31 Newton's alloy (fusible) N. G. F. alloy (U. S. Naval gun Al; Cu, 1-1.5; Mn, 0.75-2; factory). Fe, >0.5; Si, >0.1 Ni, 75; Cr, 16; Fe, 8; Mn, 3 Nichroloy I Fe, 50; Ni, 40; Cr, 7; Mn, 3 Nichroloy II (Index Nos. 946 and 947 for wire or ribbon) Fe, 50; Ni, 23; Cr, 20; Mn, Nichroloy (cast) 1; C, 1; V, 1; Si; Al Ni, 80-54; Cr, 10-22; Fe, 4.8Nichrome 27; Cu, 0-11; Mn, 0-2; C; Si; Ti; Mo Ni, 60; Fe, 25; Cr, 11; Mn, 4 Nichrome I Nichrome II (wire or ribbon). . Ni, 75; Fe, 12; Cr, 11; Mn, 2 Ni, 67-65; Cr, 20-22; Fe, Nichrome II (cast) 12-14; Mn, 1.5-2 Ni, 85; Cr, 15 Nichrome III Ni, 80; Cr, 20 Nichrome IV A die-casting alloy Ni-chro-zink % Hundredths of % Nickel (commercial): Ni + Co Cu C Fe Si S Electrolytic 99.80 4 Tr. 15 O Tr. Ingot or pig 99.20 30 3 45 3 3.5 •\ IT Mn Malleable (INCO) 99.00 15 15 55 10 2.5 Malleable B ( I N C O ) . . . . 98.75 175 15 50 20 2.5 Malleable C ( I N C O ) . . . . 96.75 175 15 75 20 3 Cu Reduced Ni (INCO).. .. 97.80 26 Shot: X (alloying) 99.15 18 12 38 10 2.5 A (for anodes) 98.75 18 45 38 22 2.5 F 91.75 20 30185575 2.5 D nickel v. Magno-nickel Nickel-aluminum v. Aluminum-nickel Nickel-aluminum bronze Cu, 88; Ni, 10; Al, 2 Nickel-aluminum bronze Ni, 40; Al, 30; Sn, 20; Cu, 10 Nickel bearing Cu, 50; Ni, 25; Sn, 25 Nickel brass Cu, 50-54; Zn, 35-44; Ni, 1.5-15; Al; Fe Nickel boron steel Fe; Ni, 2.8-3.6; B, 0.1-0.5; C, 0.15-0.7; Mn; Si; Al Nickel bronze Cu, 62-47; Ni, 12-31; Zn, 11-21; Pb, 0-18; Sn, 1-8; Bi, 0-0.1

Index AT No. 969 970 971 972 973 974 975 976

561 977 563 978

560, 601 565 578, 601, 606 557

979 980

565

981

469

982 983 984

985 472 986 987

534 988 989 990 991 992

993 467 994 995 480 996 467,480 480, 608

997 998 999 1000

.*'

4oU,

\

' II"' ^

1001 1002 1003 1004 1005 1006 1007 1008 1009 1010

530

1011

VT

Name

Composition

Page

Cu, 47; Sn1 10; Ni, 3; P-Sn, 1.0 Fe; Ni, 2.2-3; Ce, 0.1-0.9; 531,605 Nickel cerium steel C, 0.4-0.75; Mn; Si Ni; Cr, 19.5; Fe, 0.5; Mn, 2; 480 ( superior C, 0.2 Ni; Cr, 16.5; Fe, 3.0; Mn1 2; 480 Nickel-chrome ] peerless C, 0.1 Ni; Fe, 25; Cr, 11; Mn, 3 480 [premier v. Chrome-nickel steel Nickel-chromium steel Fe; C, 3-4; Ni, 0.4-5; Cr, ONickel-chromium cast iron 0.5; Si; Mn; P; S Cu, 75; Ni, 25 480 Nickel coinage* (U. S. A.) Fe; Ni, 1-25; Cu, 0.4-10; C, 513 Nickel-copper steel 0.15-0.8; Mn; Si; P; S Cu, 55; Zn, 21; Ni, 13; Pb, Nickelene 10; Sn, 2 Cu, 75-55; Ni, 18-32; Zn, O- 475, 480, Nickeline 20; Fe; Pb 601, 606 Nickel-manganese bronze...... Cu1 53; Zn, 39; Sn, 2.6; Ni, 556 2.5; Mn, 1.7; Al; Pb (v. also Index No. 842) Fe; Ni, 1.5-3; Mo, 0.1-0.7; 604, 605 Nickel-molybdenum steel C, 0.4; Mn; Si; P; S Cu, 63-66; Zn, 31-33; Ni, Nickel oreide 2-6 Cu, 87; Ni, 6.7; Zn, 6.7 Nickel oreide Al, 94; Cu, 4.2; Ni, 1.4 534 Nickeloy Fe; Ni, 2.8-3.3; Si, 0.5-2.2; 472,605 Nickel-silicon steel C, 0.35-0.5; Mn; P; S; Al Nickel silver: Cu, 65-56; Zn, 25-34; Ni, 480,601 10 % 10 Cu, 60-56; Zn1 26-28; Ni, 480 14 % 14 Cu, 64-57; Zn, 21-28; Ni, 475,480 15% 15 Cu, 65-55; Zn, 17-27; Ni, 18 475, 480 18% Cu, 64-53; Zn, 16-27; Ni, 20 475, 480 20 % Cu, 55; Ni, 25; Zn, 20 475, 480 25% Cu, 65-47; Zn, 5-23; Ni, 30 475,480 30 % Cu, 70-56; Ni, 13-20; Zn, 475, 480, Casting 5.6-24; Sn, 0-4; Pb, 0-3.5 601 Cupping, drawing, milling, Cu, 59-54; Zn, 22-31; Ni, 480 12-20; Pb, 0-1 spinning Cu, 49; Zn, 39; Ni, 12 480 Rolling Cu, 65-59; Zn, 22-29; Ni, 12; 480 Turning Pb, 0-5 Nickel steel: Ni, 29; C, O to Ni, O; C, 1.65 471, Austenitic, above Ni, 29; C, O to Ni, O; C, 1.65 481, Martensitic, between < Ni, 13; C, O to Ni, O; C, 1.65 482, Ni, 13; C, O to Ni1 O; C, 1.65 600Pearlitic, between < Ni, O; C, O to Ni, O; C, 1.65 608 C, > 1.65 Cementitic Fe; Ni, 2.8; Mn, 0.9; Cr, 0.4; Brit, patent 133 069 Mo, 0.3; Si, 0.3; Ti, 0.1; C, 0.2 Fe; Ni, 23-30 471,482 Carpenter high Ni W, 75-50; Ni, 25-50 Nickel-tungsten Fe; Ni, 0.3-0.4; U, 0.2-0.4; 478 Nickel-uranium steel C, 0.2-0.8 Fe; Ni, 3-3.3; V, 0.1-0.45; 513,605 Nickel-vanadium steel C, O, 36; Si, 2.4; Mn; P; S Ni, 86; Si, 6; Zr, 1.5; C, 0.1 Nickel-zirconium Fe; Ni, 3; Zr, 0.24; C, 0.4; Si, 532, 605 Nickel-zirconium steel 2.4; Mn; P; S Ni, 88; Al, 12; Cr, 8 Ni-Cr-Al Ni, 85-80; Cr, 20-25; Cu, Ni-Cr-Cu 15-20 Fe; Ni, 2.2; Mn, 0.6; Cu, 0.5; 513 Nicu steel C, 0.3 Fe; Ni, 3-5; Mo, 0.3-0.7; C, 605 NM steelf 0.2-0.4; Mn, 0.3-0.5; Si, 0.1-0.2 Pb, 98; Na, 1.4; Sb, 0.11; Sn, 556 Noheet. 0.1

Nickel bronze

* Certain European coins are made of commercially pure Ni.' t Carbon Steel Co. and Climax Molybdenum Co.

Index i No. I 1012 1013 1014 1015 1016 1017

XT Name

Nongran Non-oxidizable (U. S. patent 1 333 151) Non-pareil Novo steel N. P. L. alloy ( 44 Y" alloy) .... Non-shrinking (patent) Numbered alloys

1018 1019

Nürnberger gold Oil hardening steel

1020

Oker (cast)

1021 1022 1023 1024 1025 1026 1027 1028 1029 1030

Oker (sheet) Oker I (sheet) Onion's alloy Optical bronze Optical wire Oranium bronze H Oranium bronze M Oranium bronze MH Oranium bronze S Oreide (French gold)

1031 1032 1033 1034

Oreide, Brunswick Ormulu* (Or moulu) Ormulu, large Ormulu, small Osmiridium (natural): Nevy anskite

1035 1036 1037 1038 1039 1040 1041 1042 1043 1044 1045 1046 1047 1048 1049 1050 1051 1052 1053 1054 1055 1056 1057 1058

1059

1060 1061 1062 1063

I I

Composition

Cu, 87; Sn, 11; Zn, 2-3; P ~565 Fe, 62; Cr, 25; Mn, 10; C, 1.1; Si, 0.95 Pb, 78; Sb, 17; Sn, 5 557 Fe; W, 19; Cr, 2.9; C, 0.6 472 Al, 93; Ni, 2; Mg, 1.5 534, 601 Pb, 87; Sb, 6; Sn, 6; Cd, 1.3. For the following alloys known by a number (No. 12, No. 193, No. 300, No. 473, No. 484), v. Index Nos. 66, 450, 575, 849, 850, respt. Cu; Al, 2-7.5; Au, 0.2-2.5 Fe; Mn, 1.3-1.8; C, 0.8-1; 471, 521, Si, 0.3-0.4 622 Cu, 72; Zn, 24; Fe, 2.3; Pb, 1.1 Cu, 55; Zn, 45; Sn, 0.5 470, 506 Cu, 69; Zn, 30; Pb, 0.97 469 Bi, 50; Pb, 30; Sn, 20 Cu, 89; Zn, 6.5; Sn, 4.5 476 Cu, 54; Zn, 28; Ni, 18 480 Cu, 90; Al, 10 575,601 Cu, 95; Al, 5 574, 600 Cu, 92; Al, 8 574,600 Cu, 97; Al, 3 574, 600 Cu, 90-81; Zn, 10-15; Sn, 555 0-4.9; Pb Cu, 68; Zn, 32; Sn, 0.5 556 Cu, 58; Zn, 23; Sn, 17 Cu, 91; Sn, 6.5; Zn, 3 476, 663 Cu, 94; Sn, 5.9 559,601

Ir, 58-44; Os, 27-49; Pt, O10; Ru, 0-6; Rh, 1.5-3; Pd; Fe; Cu Siserskite Os, 57; (Rh + Ir), 34; Ru, 8; Pt; Pd; Au; Fe; Cu Otto's speculum Cu, 69; Sn, 32 Ounce metal Cu, 85; Pb, 5; Sn, 5; Zn, 5 "P" alloy Al; Fe, 0.11; Si, 0.11 Packf ong v. Paktong Pb, 82; Sn, 4.8 (v. also Index Packing No. 56) Packing, piston Pb, 73-76; Sn, 12-14; Sb, 10-15 Packing, valve Sn, 71; Sb, 24; Cu, 5 Packing, valve rod Sn, 82; Sb, 10; Cu, 8 Packing (.Russian) Zn, 99; Sn, 0.9; Pb, 0.3; Fe, 0.2 Paktong (Pai t'ung or white Ni, 41-32; Cu, 26-40; Zn, copper) 16-37; Fe, 0-2.6 Palau Au, 80; Pd, 20 Ni, 60; Pt, 20; Pd, 10; V, 10 Palau Palau Au; Ir Pale yellow gold Au, 92; Ag, 0-8.3; Fe, 8.3-0 Palladium alloy Pd, 90; Rh, 10 Palladium alloy Pd, 67; Ag, 33 Palladium gold Au, 90; Pd, 10 Palladium gold Cu, 40; Au, 31; Ag, 19; Pd, 10 Parisian alloy Cu, 69; Ni, 19.5; Zn, 6.5; Cd, 5 Paris metal v. Lutecin Parker's chrome alloy Cu, 60; Zn, 20; Ni, 10; Cr, 10 Parr Ni, 80; Cr, 15; Cu, 5 Parr Ni, 67; Cr, 18; Cu, 8.5; W, 3.3; Al, 2; Mn, 1; Ti, 0.2; B, 0.2 Parson's manganese bronze Cu, 60; Zn, 35; Mn, 2-3; Fe, 1.2; Sn, 0.9; Pb, 0.4; Al, 0.2 j r Sn, 81-76; Sb, 6-11; Cu, > Parson's white brass j 4.5-5; Pb, 3.5-13 J ( Sn, 65-60; Zn, 30-35; Cu, 5 Al, 96; Sb, 2.4; W, 0.8; Cu, Partinium 0.6; Sn, 0.2 Partinium Al, 89; Cu, 7.4; Zn, 1.7; Fe, 1.3; Si, 1.1

* Also gilded bronze, brass or copper.

Page

Index x, ,, Name No. 1064 Pattern alloy 1065 Pattern alloy Pearlitic cast iron 1066 Pen metal 1067 1068 1069 1070 1071 1072 1073

1074 1075 1076 1077 1078 1079 1080 1081 1082 1083 1084

1085 559,561 561 583, 599 467, 557

1086 1087 1088 1089 1090

462, 545, 546 480

1091 1092 1093

1094 585

1095 1096 1097 1098 1099 1100 1101 1102 1103

656

11Uo 1106 1107 1108 1109

Composition

Page

Al, 90; Cu, 8; Sn, 2 ~536 Pb, 87; Sb, 13 475, 567 v. Index Nos. 1071, 1072 Au, 67; Cu, 25; Ag, 8; a. also 586 Index Nos. 410, 411, 1317 Cu, 85; Zn, 13; Sn, 2 565 Pen metal Similar to Stellite Percit Cu, 95; Zn, 5 469, 555 Percussion cap brass Cu, 90-86; Al, 7.5-13; Pb, Percy Al bronze 0-2; Mn, 0-1.5 Perlit cast iron (Perlitguss). . . Fe; ( C + Si), 3.4-4.6; Mn; P; S* Fe; C, 1.7-3; Si, < 1; Ni; Perlit nickel cast iron Mn; P; St Ni, 78; Fe, 21; Co, 0.4; Mn, Permalloy 0.2; Cu, 0.1; C, 0.04; S, 0.04; Si, 0.03 A cobalt steel Permanite Sn, 89-74; Pb, 0-20; Sb, O- 557 Pewter 7.6; Cu, 0-3.5; Zn Pewter (v. also Berthier's alloy) Sn, 85; Cu, 6.8; Bi, 6; Sb, 1.7 Cu, 65-64; Zn, 32-34; Pb, 556,600 Pewter, cast gilt 0.3-2.9; Sn, 0.2-2.5 Cu, 61-60; Zn, 31-37; Sn, 556,602 Pewter, for clock work 1.4; Pb, 0.7-0.9 Fe, 75; Ni, 25 471,481 Phénix Cu, 98.55; Sn, 1.40; Si, 0.05 559 Phono-electric wire Phosphor bronze: Cu, 96; Sn, 4.5; P, 0.1 Ì 464, Rolling Cu, 95; Sn, 4-5; P, 0.5-1.0 1 560, Sheet Cu, 99; Sn, 1.2; P, 0.05 (v. | 565, Wire also p. 389) J 601 For B. E. S. A. Specifications v. p. 386 Phosphor copper A. S. T. M. P + Cu, <99.75; P, <14 (grade A) or <10 (grade B) ; Spec. B52-24T Fe, >0.15 Phosphor tin A. S. T. M. Spec. Sn, 90-95; P, 5-10; P + Sn, <99.50; P, <3.5 B51-24T Zn, 83; Cu, 8.3; Sn, 7.6; Sb, Pierrot metal, Beugnot 3.5; Pb, 3 Cu, 83-94; Zn, 6.4-17 469, 555 Pinchbeck Cu, 61; Zn, 39 555,601 Pin wire brass Fe; Ni, 35; Cu, 25; Mo, <5; Pioneer metal C, 0.2-0.5 Pirsch's German silver (v. also Cu, 80-71; Ni, 16-17; Zn, 1-7.5; Sb, 1-2.8; Co, 1-2; Index No. 198) Fe, 1-1.5; Al, 0-0.5 Cu, 89; Zn, 9; Sn, 2 555 Piston rings, Seraing Cu, 84; Zn, 8.3; Pb, 4.3; Sn, Piston rings, Stephenson 2.9; Fe, 0.4 Ni, 60; Fe, 20; Cr, 15; Mn, 5 Placet ». Ajax plastic bronze (name Plastic bronze also generally applied to Cu; Pb; Sn alloys) Sn, 81; Cu, 9.5; Sb, 8.6; Fe, Plastic metal 1.4 Pt; Al; Ag Platalargan Zn, 57; Cu, 43 465, 546 Platine Ag, 83-65; Pt, 17-35 474, 588 Platine-au-titre Pt, 55; Ir, 28; Rh, 7; Cu, 3; Platiniridium (natural) Fe, 4; Pd; As Fe, 54-58; Ni, 46-42; C, 0.15 465, 482 Platinite Cu, 60; Zn, 24; Ni, 14; W, 1-2 Platinoid Cu, 54; Ni, 25; Zn, 20; Fe, 475,480 Platinoid 0.5; Mn, 0.2 Cu, 45; Pt, 18; Brass, 18; Ag, Platinor 9; Ni, 9 Ag, 2-5 parts; Pt, 1 part; Platinum alloy Cu, > 1 part Au, 70; Pt, 30 585 r Platinum gold, almost white-\ J ^ Pt, 58; Ag, 25; Au, 17 Platinum gold, white Au, 60; Pt, 40 585 Platinum-iridium Pt, 100-80; Ir, 0-20 467, 588 Platinum lead v. Birmingham platinum Platinum-rhodium for thermo467, 588 Pt, 100-80; Rh, 0-20 couples

* Pearlitic structure produced by using preheated molds according to U. S. P. 1 544 562. t Sufficient Ni to precipitate graphite according to U. S. P. 1 564 284.

Index XT Name xr No. 1110 Platinum silver 1111 Platinum solder 1112 Platinum substitute (v. also Index Nos. 1046-1048, 1177) Platinum substitutes: 1113 Cooper's 1114 Cooper's 1115 Electrical 1116 Electrical 1117 Platnam 1118 1119

Platnik Plow steel

1120 1121

Plumber's white, No. 1 Plumber's white, No. 2

1122

Plumber's white, No. 3

1123

Plumbic bronze

1124

Ponsard's high Mn brass

1125 1126 1127 1128 1129

Popes Island metal* Poro-bronze Poterie d'étain Potingris Potinjaune (French yellow brass) /.Pot metal Potosi silver Presto steel (Carpenter) Preuss' alloy /

1130 1131 1132 1133 1134 1135 1136 1137 1138 1139 1140 1141 1142 1143 1144 1145 1146 1147 1148

1149 1150

1151 1152 1153 1154 1155 1156 1157 1158 1159 1160 1161

.

Composition

Page

Ag, 66.7; Pt, 33.3 474, 588 Ag, 73; Pt, 27 Bi, 72; Al, 24; Bi, 3.7; Au, 0.7 Ag, 70; Pd, 25; Co, 5 Ag, 70; Pt, 25; Ni, 5 Au, 70; Ag, 25; Ni or Pt, 5 Au, 68; Ag, 25; Pt, 7.5 Ni, 54; Cu, 33; Sn, 13; Fe, 0.5; Al, 0.3 Pt; Ni Fe; C, 0.6-0.9; S, 0.03; P, 0.02-0.03; Mn, 0.4-0.5; Si, 0.15-0.17 Cu, 54; Zn, 27; Ni, 17; Pb, 2 Cu, 54; Zn, 25; Ni, 13; Pb, 7; Sn, 1 Cu, 58; Zn, 25; Ni, 15; Fe, 1; Pb, 1; Mn, 0.3 Cu, 69; Pb, 26; Mn, 1.7; Sn, 1.5; Fe, 1.2 Cu, 75-50; Mn, 20-25; Zn, 2-15; Fe, 0-16 Cu, 70; Zn, 15; Ni, 14; ?, 1 Sn, 80; Sb, 13; Cu, 7 Sn, 90; Sb, 9; Cu, 1 Potinjaune plus Pb and Sn

470,491, 492,516, 600,602 '

480 476 476

Cu, 72; Zn, 25; Pb, 2; Sn, 1.2 Cu, 80-67; Pb, 20-33 567 Nickel silver Fe; Cr, 1.4; C, 1.1 Fe; Co, 34; Si, 0.2-1.5; C, 0.04-0.06 Cu, 97; Zn, 3; Pb; Fe 469, 555 Primer gilding Cu, 83-61; Zn, 17-39 555, 601 Prince's metal Sn, 85; Sb, 15 557 Prince's metal Projectile steel (v. also Index Fe; Cr, 2.4; C, 0.8; Mn, 0.4; 507 Si, 0.2; P; S No. 1142) Cu, 67.5-67; Zn, 30; Al, 2.5-3 556 Promethium Propeller bushing Zn, 69; Sn, 19; Sb, 7; Cu, 5 Bronze + Hg Propeller bushing Proplatinum Ni, 72; Ag, 24; Bi, 3.7; Au, 0.7 Protective deck plate Fe; Ni, 3.5; Cr, 1.5; C, 0.2-0.3 472, 512 Protective (torpedo defense) 471,482 Fe; Ni, 27.8; C, 0.4 netting A heat resisting alloy Pyros Q-alloy (cast, grade K-I) Ni, 68; Cr, 20; Si, 2; Al, 1; (Fe, etc.), 10 Sn, 73-51; Pb, 8.8-17; Sb, Queen's metal 9-17; Zn, 8.9-13 Sn, 89; Sb, 7; Cr, 3.5; Bi, 1 Queen's metal Queen's metal Sn, 89-87; Sb, 7-8.5; Cu, 3.5; Zn, 1 Rail steel (carbon) A. S. T. M. Spec. A1-24: Bessemer C(0.37-0.55)f; Mn, 0.8-1.1; 470,491, P, > 0.1; Si, > 0.2 516,600 Open hearth C(0.5-0.75)t; Mn, 0.6-0.9; 470,491, P, > 0.04; Si, > 0.2 492, 600 v. Index No. 855 Rail steel (manganese) Rakel's metal Cu, 88; Ni, 11; Mn, 1; Zn, 1 A dental alloy Randolf metal Raymur Cu; Ni Rayo. Ni, 85; Cr, 15 467, 480 Ni; Cr Reactal Reamur v. Malleable cast iron Red brass (v. Tombac) Cu, 89-83; Zn, 5-12; Pb, 310; Sn, 2-5 Red bronze (Rotguss) Cu, 93-82; Sn, 4-10; (Zn + 569 Pb), 3-10 Red gold Au, 75; Cu, 25 586 Red metal (v.also Index No. 56) Cu, 70; Zn, 20; Pb, 6; Sn, 4 Similar to Chromel B Red ray Regel-metall Sn, 83.3; Sb, 11.1; Cu, 5.6 557

* Generic name for a series of French alloys, t Content increases with weight per unit length.

Index i __ XT Name No. I 1162 Regulus of Venus 1163 Reichs bronze 1164

Reith's alloy

1165 1166 1167 1168 1169 1170

Reostene Resistance Resistance Resistance Resistance, high, non-magnetic Resistance, Lunge

1171 1172

Resistin (resistance) Rezistal

1173

Rezistal (U. S. patents 1 420 707 and 1 420 708)

1174

Rheotan

1175 1176 1177 1178 1179

Rheotan Rheotan II.. Rhotanium Richards alloy Richards bronze

1180

Richardson's speculum

1181 1182 1183 1184 1185

Rich gold metal Rich low brass Roberts-Austen (purple gold). . Rod brass Romanium

1186

Roma bronze

1187 1188 1189

1193 1194

Ronia metal Rosein Rosenhain and Archbutt alloy (forging) Rose's alloy Rose's alloy Ross' alloy Rotguss Rotoxit Rubel bronze (Rubel metal)...

1195 1196

Rubel bronze Rubel bronze

1197 1198 1199 1200 1201

Ruolz alloys. (Ruolz silver).... Rupert's metal Rustless sheets Rustless steel (Carpenter) . Salge metal (antifriction) Sallit's speculum Samlegierung

1202

Sceptre brass

1203 1204

Schomberg alloy Schomberg bearing

1205 1206

Schulz alloy Scleron (Aeron)

1207

Screw brass

1208 1209 1210 1211 1212

Screw bronze Screw-nut bronze Screw wire brass Sea water alloy Sea water alloy

1213

Sea water bronze

1214

Secretan

1190 1191 1192

Composition

Page

Cu, 50; Sb, 50 464 Cu, 85; Fe, 7.5; Al, 0.6; Mn, 0.5 Cu, 74.5; Sn, 11.6; Pb, 9; Sb, 4.9 Ni; Fe Cu, 57; Zn, 26; Ni, 18 480 Cu, 85; Mn, 12; Fe, 3 Ag, 67; Pt, 33 474, 588 Cr, 70; Ni, 30 Cu, 87-84; Mn1 12-14; Fe, 1.8-1.9 (for list of resistance alloys v. p. 391) Cu, 87-85; Mn, 12; Fe, 1.8-3 Fe; Ni, 22; Cr, 5.5; Si, 1.25 C, 0.15 Fe; Ni, 36; Cr, 27.5; Si, 3.25; C, 0.7 (v. also Index No. 179) Cu, 84; Fe, 12; Zn. 4; Mn, 2 Cu, 84; Mn, 12; Zn, 4 Cu, 53; Ni, 25; Zn, 18; Fe, 5 Au, 90-60; Pd, 10-40 Zn, 96; Al, 4 465,546 Cu, 55; Zn, 42-43; Fe, 1; 556 Al, 2-1 Cu, 65; Sn, 30; As, 2; Si, 2; Zn, 0.7 Cu, 90; Zn, 10 555 Cu, 85; Zn, 15; Pb; Fe 555 Au, 79; Al, 21 v. Index Nos. 603, 604 Al, 97; Ni, 1.8; Cu, 0.3; Sb, 0.3; W, 0.2; Sn, 0.2 Cu, 59; Zn, 41; Pb, 0.4; Al, 556 0.2; Fe Brass + Co; Mn; P Ni, 40; Al, 30; Sn, 20; Ag, 10 537 Al, 72; Zn, 25; Cu, 3 Bi, 50; Pb, 28; Sn, 22 Bi, 35; Pb, 35; Sn, 30 Cu, 68; Sn, 32 555 v. red bronze Cu; Si (non-corrosive) Cu, 57-55; Zn, 39-40; Fe, 556 1.5-2; Ni, 1-3; Al, 0^5 Cu, 39; Fe, 34; Ni, 18; Al, 8.4 Cu, 80; Al, 10; Fe, 4.5; Ni, 4.5; Mn, 1 TJ. Argent français v. Prince's metal Fe; Cu, >0.2; C 470, 509 Fe; Cr, 20; Cu, 1; C, 0.3 604, 606 Zn, 86; Sn, 9.9; Cu, 4; Pb, 1.1 Cu, 65; Sn, 31; Ni, 4 Fe; Mn, 13; Si, 10.2; Al, 5.8; C, 2.5; Cu, 0.3 Cu, 62; Zn, 36; Fe, 1.4; Al, 556 1.1; Pb, 0.07 Zn, 87; Sn, 10; Cu, 3 Zn, 59; Sn, 40; Cu, 0.4; Pb, 476 0.2; Fe, 0.2 Zn, 91; Cu, 6; Al, 3 546 Al, 98-85; Cu; Ni; Zn; Li; Si; 468, 534, Mn 601,608 Cu, 78; Zn, 16; Sn, 4.5; Pb, 1.5 Cu, 94; Zn, 5; Sn, 1; Pb, 0.5 555 Cu, 86; Sn, 11; Zn, 2.3 665 Cu, 62; Zn, 38 655, 602 Fe; Ni, 17; Mn, 5; C, 0.7; Si Fe; Ni, 24; Cr, 1.2; Mn, 0.6; 512 C, 0.5; Si, 0.4; Co; Cu Cu, 45; Ni, 33; Sn, 16; Zn, 5.5; Bi, 1 Cu, 95-91; Al, 9-5; Mg, 1.5; P, 0.5

Index i XT Name No. I 1215 Selva metal 1216 Semiplastic bronze 1217 1218 1219 1220 1221 1222 1223 1224 1225 1226 1227 1228 1229 1230 1231 1232 1233 1234 1235 1236 1237 1238 1239 1240

1241 1242 1243 1244 1245 1246 1247 1248 1249 1250 1251 1252 1253 1254 1255 1256 1257 1258 1259 1260 1261 1262 1263 1264 1265

I I

Composition

Page

A high tensile brass Cu, 79-75; Pb, 13.5-16.5; 562,567 Sn, 7-9; P; Fe; Sb; Al Fe; total C, 3.0-3.5; com- 464,476, Semi steel bined C, 0.5-0.81; Si, 1.4- 497 1.8; Mn; P; S Cu, 96-94; Au, 3.7-4.2; Ag, Shaku-do (Shakdo) 1.6-0.1; Pb; Fe; As Cu, 45; Ni, 32.5; Sn, 16; Zn, Sheathing bronze 5.5; Bi, 1.5 Cu, 72-55; Zn, 27-45; Pb, 469,550 Sheet brass 0-2; Sn, 0-3.3; Fe Cu, 100-90; Zn, 0-10 469, 555 Sheet bronze Cu, 63-55; Zn, 17-37; Ni, 480,601 Sheffield (Ni silver) 11-19; Pb, 0-3 Cu, 46; Ni, 31; Zn, 20 475, 480 Sheffield, hard alloy Cu, 75; Zn, 25 555, 601 Shell head brass Cu, 67-51; Ag, 32-49; Au; Shibu-ichi Fe Ship nail alloy Sn, 50; Pb, 33; Sb, 17 Cu, 64; Zn, 25; Pb, 8.5; Sn, Ship nail brass 2.5 Al, 67; Zn, 33 468,536 Sibley alloy Al, 80; Zn, 20 468, 536 Sibley casting alloy Fe, 63; Ni, 23; Al, 5; Cu, 5; Sideraphite W, 4 Zn, 48; Cd, 47; Sb, 5 Siemens Halske Fe, 64; Ni, 21; Cr, 6.2; Si, Silchrome 6.1; Mn, 0.8; C, 0.14 Fe; Cr, 18; Si, 3; W, 3; C, 0.3 Silchrome wire Fe; Cr, 3.2-8.3; Si, 3.5; C, 0.4 Silcrome Fe; Cr,9-12;Si,>5;C, >1.2 Silico-chromium steel Cu; Zn, 40; Mn, 1-2; Fe, 556 Silico-manganese brass 0.2-0.3; Si, 0.05-1 Fe; Mn, 0.45-15; Si, 0.4-1.9; 472, 525 Silico-manganese steel C, 0.1-1.0; P; S Fe; Mn, 15-20; Si, 8-15; P, Silico-spiegel 0.15; S, 0.01; C Cu, 98-91; Sn, 1.5-9; Si, 0.05 559 Silicon bronze Silicon-copper A. S. T. M. Spec. Cu; Si, 10-12; Fe, > 0.75; Al, 4&4 Sn, Zn, each >0.25; Cu + B53-24T Fe + Si, <99.4 (r. also Cuprosilicon) Cr, 55-45; Fe, 30-50; Si, 1-17; 473 Silicon-ferro-chrome C, 2.5-7 Cu, 86.4; Al, 9.7; Fe, 3.9 575 Sillman bronze Ni, 80-40; Si, 16-18; Fe, 2.5- 473 Silicon-nickel 30 Mn, 68; Si, 20; Fe, 11.6; C, 0.7 473 Silicon-manganese Silicon-steel Fe; Si, > 6; C, > 0.25; Mn; 472, 524, P; S (v. also p. 390) 525 Silumin* Al; Si, 5-14 543, 601 Silvel Cu, 73; Mn, 12; Sn, 12; Fe, 1.8; Pb, 0.5; Al, 0.3 Silvel Cu, 68; Zn, 16; Mn, 6.8; Ni, 6.5; Fe, 2.2; Pb, 0.5; Al, 0.1 Silver (Rupee) Ag, 92; Cu, 8 584,587 Silver (U. S. coins) Ag, 90; Cu, 10 584, 587 Silver bronze Cu, 58; Zn, 23; Ni, 16; Pb, 2; Sn, 1 Silver bronze Cu, 68; Mn, 18; Zn, 13; Al, 1.3; Si, 0.3 Silver bronze Ag, 77; Cu, 23 464, 585 Silver foil . Sn, 90; Zn, 10 Silver foil Sn, 98; Cu, 2.5 561 Silver foil Sn, 91; Zn, 8.3; Pb, 0.4 Silverine Cu1 80-71; Ni, 16-17; Zn, 1-8; Sn, 1-2.8; Co, 1-2; Fe, 1-1.5 Silverite Nickel silver Silver metal Zn, 67; Ag, 33 Silveroid Nickel silver Silver solder: Bureau of Standards Ag, 40; Sn, 40; Cu, 14; Zn, 6 Common Ag, 63; Cu, 30; Zn, 7.5 French Ag, 66; Cu, 23; Zn, 10 Hard Ag, 80; Cu, 13; Zn, 6.8 Medium Ag, 75-70; Cu, 20-23; Zn, 5-7.5

* A German alloy similar to alpax.

Index ,T No. 1266 1267 1268 1269 1270 1271 1272 1273 1274 1275 1276

1277 1278 1279 1280 1281 1282 1283 1284 1285 1286 1287

... Name

Composition

Page

Pure silver Quick

Ag, 72; Cu, 28 Ag, 63-57; Cu, 21-28; Zn, 10-12; Sn, 3.8-6.2 Ag, 80; Zn, 18; Cu, 2.5 Sterling Nickel silver Sirnilargent Cu, 89-80; Zn, 9-20; Sn, 0-7 555 Similor Cu, 66.5; Zn, 33.4; Fe, 0.1 469, 555 Sin-chu (Japanese brass) Fe; Cr, 13; C, 0.3 608, 60S S-less steel (Brearly) Smitter Lenian Cu, 72; Ni, 13; Zn, 9.8; Sn, 2.3; Fe, 2; Bi, 1 Ni, 68; Cu, 28; Fe, 2.5; Mn, 469, 480. S. M. L. alloy (Monel) 1.5 604,606 S. M. steel (Carpenter) Fe; Si, 2; Mn, 0.8; C, 0.5-0.6 525,604 Soft gun metal (No. 11 alloy) Cu, 90; Sn, 6.5; Zn, 2; Pb, 566 1.5 Solder (A. S. T. M. Spec. B32Approx. Max. Max. 31): Sn Pb Sb Cu Class A, Grade O 63 37 0.12 0.08 1 50 50 .12 .08 2 45 55 .12 .08 467, 3 40 60 .12 .08 557 4 37.5 62.5 .12 .08 5 33 67 .12 .08 Class B, Grade 1 49.25 50 0.75 0.15 557 2 43.5 55 1.5 .15 3 38 60 2 .15 4 35.5 62.5 2 .15 5 31 67 2 .15 All grades: Zn + Al = 0 ; other impurities, >0.1

1288 ) r 1289 \ Solder, S. A. E. Specs. 1, 2, 3 < Practically same as 1, 2, 3, 1290 J ^ above. 1291 Solder, S. A. E. Spec. 4 Pb, 75; Sn, 24.5-25.5; Sb, 467 >0.12; Cu, >0.08 Class A Zn + Al = O; other impurities, >0.1 Solder: For B. E. S. A. Spécifications v. p. 386 1292 Bismuth Sn, 50-20; Pb, 25-40; Bi, 25-40 1293 Brazing Zn, 57-45; Cu, 35-45; Ni, 1294 1295 1296

Half and half Hard Hard yellow....

1297 1298 1299 1300

Plumber's Readily fusible Refractory Soft, nearly white

1301 1302 1303 1304

8-10 Pb, 50; Sn, 50 467,557 Cu, 57-50; Zn, 43-50 470,555 Cu, 53; Zn, 43; Sn, 1.3; Pb, 470,555 0.3 Pb, 67; Sn, 33 467,557 Zn, 67; Cu, 33 405 Cu, 50; Zn, 50 465, 555 Zn, 50; Cu, 44; Sn, 3.3; Pb, 1.2 Sn, 67; Pb, 33 467,557 Cu, 58; Zn, 42 465,555 Cu, 57; Zn, 28; Sn, 15 Zn, 60; Cu, 40 465

Tinman's Very refractory Very soft, white White Solders for various metals and alloys, v. under their names Sondermessing Special (alloy or high tensile) brass 1305 Sorel's alloy Zn, 80; Cu, 10; Fe, 10 1307 Spandau alloy (Austrian alloy) Zn; Cu, 4-6; Al, 2-3.5 1308 Speculum Cu, 69-67; Sn, 31-33 (i.e., alloys of the approximate composition CusSn and known by various names. For other speculum alloys, v. p. 391. Other intermetallic compounds as MgaAh are often suitable (v. equilibrium diagrams). 1309 Spark plug wire Ni; Mn, 2-6; Fe; Cu 1310 Spelter wire Cu, 64; Zn, 36; Pb, 0.4; Fe, 0.2 1311 Spiauter (hard zinc) Zn, 90; Sb, 8; Cu, 2 1312 Spiegeleisen Fe; Mn, 15-30; C, 5-6; Si, (A. S. T. M. Spec. A98-25T): 1; P, 0.15; S, 0.05

546 561

473, 482 555

Index I No. I 1313

.T Name Grade A

1314

Grade B

1315 1316 1317

Spoon metal Spring brass Spring gold

Composition

Page

Fe; Mn, 19-21; C, 6.5; P, 0.15; S, 0.04; Si; S* Fe; Mn, 16-19; C, 6.5; P, 0.25; S, 0.05; Si; S* Nickel silver Cu, 72-67; Zn, 28-33; Pb, Fe 555, 601 Cu, 50; Au1 25; Ag, 25 (v. 086 also Index Nos. 410, 1066)

Spring steel: A. S. T. M. Spec. Carbon, A14-16, grade A . . . . Fe; C, 0.9-1.1; Mn, >0.5; 470, 492, P, > 0.05; S, > 0.05 602, 608 Same, but Si, 0.25-0.50 492, 493 1320 Special carbon, A68-18 Fe; Cr, 0.8-1.1; V, 0.15; C, 472, 509, 1321 Cr-V, A60-16, grade A 0.45-0.55; Mn, 0.5-0.8; P, 603, 606 > O.OSf or 0.04 ;î S, > 0.05 1322 Si-Mn, A59-16, grade A Fe; C, 0.45-0.55; Mn, 0.6- 472, 523, 0.8; P, > 0.05t or 0.045;î 525,604 S, > 0.045; Si, 1.8-2.1 For B. E. S. A. Specifications ». p. 386 Fe; Cr, 12-14; Mn, 0.1; C, 508, 603, 1323 Stainless iron 0.1; Si; P; S 606 Fe; Cr, 11-14; Mn, 0-0.5; C, 471, 508, 1324 Stainless steel 0.3-0.5; Si; P; S 600, 603 Fe; Si, ca. 2.5; C 1325 Stalloy Standard gold: 1326 Great Britain àu, 92; Cu, 8 586, 589 Au, 90; Cu, 10 586, 590 1327 U. S 1328 Standard phosphor bronze "S" Cu, 79.7; Sn, 10; Pb, 9.5; P, 562 >0.8 (Pa. R. R.) Ag, 92.5; Cu, 7.5 584, 589 1329 Standard silver 1330 Standard (cadmium) silver.. .. Ag, 92.5; Cu, 5.75; Cd, 1.75 584 Sn, 96; Pb, 2.4; Cu, 1; Ni, 1331 Stanniol 0.3; Fe, 0.1 Cu, 95-88; Sn, 1.4-10; Zn, 475, 476, 1332 Statuary bronze 0-9.5; Pb, 0-6; P; Ni 559-572 Cu, 88; Sn, 8.1; Pb, 2; Zn, 2 567 1333 Steam bronze For a list of steels, v. p. 390 Steel: v. pp. 372, 387 Automotive steels 1334 Billets, ingots, etc., of open Classified into types as folhearth or electric steel for lows: forging (A. S. T. M. Spec. A: C steel A17-21) B: Ni steel (Ni, >3) C: Cr-Ni steel (Ni, 1-1.5; Cr, 0.45-0.75) D: Cr-Ni steel (Ni, 1.5-2; Cr, 0.9-1.25) E: Cr-Ni steel (Ni, 2.753.25; Cr, 0.6-0.95) F: Cr-Ni steel (Ni, >3; Cr, >D G: Cr steel (Cr, 0.6-0.9) H: Cr-V steel (Cr, 0.8-1.1; V, 0.15) Specifications also limit impurities in each type Each type subdivided into grades according to carbon content For C steel; grade I = C , 0.05-0.15; grade 8 = C, 0.45-0.60 For alloy steels, same range is covered by grades 11 to 17. For B. E. S. A. Specifications v. p. 386 1335 Castings (A. S. T. M. Spec. C, >0.45; P, >0.07t or 470,487A27-24) Grade A 0.06Î 491 Commercial bars (A. S. T. M. Spec. A80-24): Fe; C, 0.05-0.12; Mn, >0.55; 470, 487, 1336 Dead soft (O. H.)§ P, > 0.05; S, > 0.06 488, 600 Screw (B)§ 1337 Fe; C, 0.08-0.16; Mn, 0.6- 470, 487, 0.8; P, 0.09-0.13; S, 0.075- 488, 602 0.15 Screw (O. H.)§ 1338 Fe; C, 0.15-0.25; Mn, 0.6- 488, 489, 0.9; P, > 0.06; S, 0.075-0.15 600, 602

Index ,_ No. 1339 1340 1341

1319

* As specified. t Acid. Î Basic. § B = Bessemer; O. H. = Open hearth.

1342 1343 1344 1345 1346 1347 1348 1349 1350 1351 1352 1353 1354 1355 1356 1357 1358 1359 1360

1361 1362 1363 1364 1365 1366 1367 1368 1369 1370 1371 1372 1373 1374 1375 1376

XT Name

Soft (B)*

Composition

Page

Fe; C, >0.15; Mn, >0.7; P, 470, 487, >0.115 600,602 Fe; C, 0.08-0.18; Mn, >0.55; 470, 487, Soft (O. H.)* P, > 0.05; S, > 0.06 600, 602 Fe; C, >0.12; Mn, >0.6; P, 470,487, Welding (B)* > 0.115; S, > 0.08 600, 602 Other grades specified by points of carbon, thus: O. H. 25-40 carbon (1 point = 0.01 %) For B. E. S. A. Specifications v. p. 386 Cu; Al, 8.5; Pb, 1-2 Steel bronze Steel bronze (Stahl bronze) Cu, 59-52; Zn, 36-43; Mn, 556 name also applied to Uchatius 2.5-3; Fe, 1; Al, 1 bronze Co, 80-55; Cr1 20-35; W, 468,093 Stellite 0-10 Co, 56; Cr, 34-40; W, 9.2; C, 468, 593 Stellite (No. 2) 1.5-2; Fe, 0-1 Co, 55; Cr, 20-23; W, 20-15; 593 Stellite (No. 3) Fe, 5-3; C, 1.5-4 Co, 35; Cr, 26; W, 13; Fe, 593 Stellite 10; Mo, 10; C, 1.8 Co, 61-45; Mo, 24-40; Cr, 593 Stellite 13-15; Fe Co, 60-55; W, 25; Cr, 15; Stellite Mo, 0-5 . Sn, 31; Fe, 31; Cu, 19; Zn, 19 Stephenson's alloy Pb, 82-70; Sb, 12-23; Sn, Stereotype metal 3.2-17 Sn, 60; Pb, 35; Sb, 5 Stereotype metal 557 Stereotype, standard (English) Pb, 83; Sb, 13; Sn, 4.5 Cu, 69; Ni, 18; Zn, 13; Pb, 480 Sterlin 0.8 Cu, 68; Ni, 18; Zn, 13; Fe, 480 Sterline 0.8 Cu, 60-55; Zn, 38-42; Fe, 556 Sterro metal 1.8-4.7; Sn Cu, 66; Zn, 33-27; Fe, 0.7; 556 Sterling metal Sn; Pb, 0-2 Cu, 58; Zn, 39; Fe, 1.5; Al, 556 Stone bronze 0.8; Mn, 0.5; Sn Cu, 89; Sn, 11; P 560,601 Stone's English gear bronze Structural steel t (for bridges) Fe; C; P, >0.06Ì or 0.04;§ S, > 0.05 (tensile properties A. S. T. M. A7-24 specified) For B. E. S. A. Specifications v. p. 386 Structural nickelt steel A. S. Fe; Ni, <3.25; C, >0.45; ] 472, Mn, > 0.7; P,> 0.05; S,> 0.05 481, T. M. A8-24 Structural nickelt steel rivets, Fe; Ni, <3.25; C, >0.30; [600, Mn, >0.6; P, >0.04Î or | 602, same spec. 0.03 ;§ S, >0.05 J 607 Structural silicon steel, A. S. Fe; C, >0.40; Si, <0.2; P, 487-491, >0.06Î or 0.04;§ S, > 0.05 523, 600, T. M. A94-25T (ladle analysis) 602, 606 Cu, 61.5; Ni, 15.5; Zn, 11; Stuffing box alloy Pb, 10; Sn, 2 Cu, 40; Ni, 32; Zn, 25; Pb, Suhler white copper 2.6 Co, 60-40; Cu, 30-50; Al, 10 Sun bronze. Cu, 95; Al, 5 574, 600 Sun bronze Cu, 57-69; Zn, 21-38; Mn, 556 Superb.ronze 3-3.2; Fe, 1.3-2; Al, 1.2-5 Al; Cu, 1.5-4.5; Mn, 1-8; Zn, 534 Susini 0.5-1.5 Al, 95; Mg, 3.8; Fe, 0.5; Si, 464,542 T. metal 0.5; Cu, 0.1 Cu, 90; Zn, 8.9; Au, 0.9 (Au Talmi gold welded on by rolling) Cu,86; Zn, 12; Sn, 1. 1; Fe, 0.3 556 Talmi gold Pb, 78; Sb, 17; Sn, 5.9 557 Tandem Tantiron Fe, 83.5; Si, 15; C, 1 473 v. Manganin Tarnac Fe; W, 8.5; Cr, 3; C, 0.75-1 Taylor white Tungsten steels For list v. p. 390

*B = Bessemer; O. H. = Open hearth, t Must be open hearth. Î Acid. § Basic.

Index No. 1377 1378 1379

1380 1381 1382 1383 1384 1385 1386 1387 1388 1389 1390 1391 1392 1393 1394 1395 1396 1397 1398 1399 1400

1401

1402 1403 1404 1405 1406 1407 1408 1409 1410 1411 1412 1413 1414 1415

1416 1417

1418 1419 1420 1421 1422 1423

Name

Composition

Page

I Cu, 80; Pb, 7.5; Zn, 7.5; Sn, 5 661 Zn; Al, 4.2-4.6; Cu, 2.2-3; 546 Pb, >1.2; Fe, >0.35 Cu, 67-64; Zn, 24-29; Al, 556 Tensilite 3.1-4.4; Mn, 2.5-3.8; Fe, 0-1.2; Sn Pb, 88; Sn, 18; Sb, 1.8 Terne métal Cu, 93-86; Al, 4.6-10; Si, Tetmajer, Al bronze 1-2.7; Fe, 0.7-1 Cu, 85; Mn, 13; Al, 2 Therlo Fe, 72; Cr, 25; Mn, 2; Ni, Thermalloy 0.1; C, 0.1 Pb; Sb, 15; Sn; Ni Thermit (bearing) Thoran W; W2C Al, 77; Zn, 20; Cu, 3 538, 601 Three-twenty (3/20) Cu, 55; Zn, 44.5; Sn, 0.5 47O1 556 Thurston's brass Fe, 67; Ni, 30; Mn, 1.1; Cu, 482 Tico 1.1 Al, 66; Ag, 33 Tiers argent For list v. p. 389 Tin brass Sn, 88; Pb, 8; Cu, 4; Sb, 0.5 Tinfoil Sn, 60; Pb, 40 Tinsel Cu, 97; Zn, 2; As, 0-1; Sn, Tissier's brass 0.5-0 Cu, 56; Zn, 46; Fe, 0.3; Al, 556 Titan bronze 0.2 Fe; Ti, 0.3-9; C, 0.1-0.8; 478 Titanium steel Mn; Si; P; S v. Promethium Titan metal Tobin bronze (American Brass Cu, 60-59; Zn, 38-39; Sn, 2; 556 Co.) Pb; Fe Cu, 92-82; Zn, 8-18 469, 555 Tombac Cu, 72; Zn, 28 555, 600 Tombac (common) Cu, 80; Zn, 17-20; Sn, 0-3 555, 556 Tombac (French) Cu, 98; Zn, 2 469, 555 Tombac (red Vienna) Tool steel: v. High carbon steel Carbon Fe; W, 12-14; Cr, 3-4; V, High speed 1.5-2; C, 0.6-0.8 (v. also p. 390) Ni, 61; Fe, 26; Cr, 10; Mn, 3 480 Tophet Cu, 62-59; Zn, bal.; Sn, 0.5- 470, 556, Torpedo bronze 1.5; Pb; Fe 602 Cu, 36; Ni, 29; Fe, Pb, Sn, Toucas (Toncas?) Sb, Zn, each 7.1 Cu, 82.5; Zn, 17.5 469, 555 Tournay's metal Sn, 90; Cu, 10 561 Tourun Leonard's metal Sn, 88; Ni, 5.5; Sb, 5; Bi, 2 Trabuk metal Fe; Ni, 2; Cr, 1; C as desired 472, 510 Trojan steel (Carpenter) Cu, 70-60; Zn, 30-40; Pb; 469, 555, Tube brass Fe 600, 602 Cu, 61-59; Zn, 21-29; Ni, 13- 475, 480 Tuc-Tur 18; Fe, 0.3 Ag with a small amount of Tula Cu and Pb Cu, 60; Zn, 34; Al, 2.8; W, 2; Tungsten brass Ni, 0.75; Mn, 0.7; Sn, 0.2 Cu, 60; Zn, 22; Ni, 14; W, 4 Tungsten brass W; ThO2, 0.5-0.75 462, 592 Tungsten filaments Tungsten powder (A. S. T. M. W, <95; maximum amounts Spec. A97-25T) of other elements; O, 1.0; Si, 0.75; C, 0.5; P, 0.05; S, 0.05; As; Bi; Cu; Sb; Sn, each 0.03 Fe; W, 1.7-2.2; C, 0.3-0.45; 472 Tungsten steel Mn; Si; P; S Cu, 48; Zn, 46; Al, 2; Ni, 2; 556 Turbadium bronze Mn, 1-8; Fe, 1; Sn, 0.5; Pb, 0.1 Cu, 76-67; Zn, 24-32; Pb; Fe 555,601 Turbine brass Cu, 81-79; Ni, 19-21; Fe, 480,601 Turbine material 0.8 max. Cu, 55; Zn, 41; Ni, 2; Al, 1; 556 Turbiston's brass Fe, 0.8; Mn, 0.2 Sn, 92; Sb, 4.7; Cu, 2.5; Pb, 557 Tutania (cast) 0.3 Sn, 91-90; Pb, 8-6; Cu, 0.7- 057 Tutania (cast, plate) 2.7; Zn, 0.3-1.3 Sn, 80; Sb, 16; Cu, 2.7; Zn, Tutania (English) 1.3

Telegraph bronze Tenax metal

Index XT No. 1424 Tutenag

1425 1426

Two to one Type metal

Name

Composition

Page

Commercial Zn, incorrectly applied to Paktong, i.e., Ni silver Cu, 66.7; Zn, 33.3 650, 602 Pb, 70; Sb, 18; Sn, 10; Cu, 2

Pb, 60-56; Sn, 10-40; Sb, 4.5-30 1428 (English, French, German).. . Pb, 78-55; Sb, 5-30; Sn, 2-35; Cu, 0-1 Pb, 58; Sn, 26; Sb, 15; Cu, 1 557 1429 (Standard) Cu, 57; Ni, 20; Zn, 20; Al, 3 1430 Typewriter metal 1431 Uchatius (Uchatins?) bronze. . Cu, 92; Sn, 8 559,601 Cd plating 1432 Udylite Pb; (Ba + Ca), 1-2 556 1433 Ulcometal (Frary) 1434 Ulcony Cu, 65; Pb, 35 567 Fe; W, 17; Cr, 3.4; V, 0.1; 472 1435 Ultra capital steel C, 0.7; Mn; Si; P; S 1436 Unmagnetizable watch wheels Pt, 62.75; Ni, 18; Cu, 18; Cd, 1.25 Fe; U, >3; C, 0.2-0.7; Mn; 479 1437 Uranium steel Si; V Cu, 80-78; Zn, 13-16; Sn, 4; 1438 U. S. N. brass Pb, 3; Fe v. Index Nos. 652-654 U. S. N. gun bronze 1439 U. S. N. valve bronze Cu, 87; Sn, 7; Zn, 5; Pb, 1 567 1440 Va alloy Al, 80; Zn, 14; Cu, 5; Fe, 0.7; V, 0.2 Cu, 89-85; Sn, 2.5-10; Zn, 563,565 1441 Valve bronze 0-9; Pb, 0-6; P Valve steel: 1442 Brit, patent 131 492 Fe; Si, 5.8; Ti, 1.5; V, 1.5 1443 Chrome Fe; Cr, 11-14; C, 0.4-1.2; 470, 508, Si, 0.1-0.2; S; P 603,606 1444 Chrome Fe; Cr, 6.3; C, 0.5-1; Si, 470,508 0.1-0.3; Mn, 0-0.1; S; P 1445 Tungsten Fe; W, 14; Cr, 3; C, 0.6 472 1446 Very hard (Brit, patent W, 60; Fe, 26; Ti, 5; Cr, 4; 320 996) C, 3; Ce, 2 • For B. E. S. A. Specifications v. p. 386 Cu, 70; Zn, 30; V, 0.5 1447 Vanadium brass Cu, 61; Zn, 39; V, 0.5 1448 Vanadium bronze 1449 Vanadium steel* Fe; V, 0.1-14; C, 0.1-1.3; 472, 514, Mn; Si; P; S 604-607 Al; V 1450 Vanalium 1451 Vaucher's alloy Zn, 75; Sn, 18; Pb, 4.5; Sb, 2.5 1452 Verilite Al, 96; Ni, 1.5; Cr, 1.5; Cu, 464 1-0; Mn, 0.1 1453 Verilite Al, 96; Cu, 2.5; Fe, 0.7; Si, 533,601 0.4; Mn, 0.3 1454 Vestalin Fe; Ni, 28; C 471,482 Cu, 59; Zn, 39; Al, 1.5; Fe, 556 1455 Victor bronze 1.0; V, 0.03 v. Partinium Victoria aluminium 1456 Victor metal Cu, 50; Zn, 34; Ni, 15; Fe, 480 0.3; Al, 0.1 1457 Virginia silver Nickel silver 1458 VM steel (Crucible Steel Co. Fe; Cr, 0.7-1; Mo, 0.35-0.85; 472,605 V, >0.17; Mn, 0.4-0.6 of America) Similar to Stellite 1459 Volomit Ni; etc. (». aZso Index No. 1460 Vulcan-hardite 679) 1461 "W" Alloy Al, 82; Cu, 12; Zn, 4.5; W, 1 1462 W. 0.33 Al, 85; Cu, 14; Mn, 1 534 1463 Wagner's formula Cu, 51; Zn, 19; Ni, 13 480 1464 Warne's metal Sn, 37; Ni, 26; Bi, 26; Co, 11 1465 Watch alloy , Cu, 50; Ni, 47.2; Cd, 2.8 1466 Watch alloy Au, 37.5; Cu, 27; Ag, 23; Pd, 12.5 1467 Watch alloy Pd, 70 ; Cu, 25; Ag, 4; Ni, 1 1468 Watchmakers' alloy Cu, 59; Zn, 40; Pb, 1.2 1469 Wegner and Guhr's aluminum. Sn, 80; Zn, 20 Sn, 52; Ag, 48 585 1470 Welch's alloy (dental) 1471 Weasel's silver Cu, 66-51; Ni, 19-32; Zn, 480 12.5-17; Fe. 0-0.5; Ag. 0-2 * Amount of V is usually under 0.4 %. t C all in combined form. 1427

(Common)

Index XT Name No. 1472 White alloy 1473 White alloy 1474 1475 1476 1477 1478 1479 1480 1481 1482

1483

1484 1485 1486 1487 1488 1489 1490 1491 Ì492 1493 1494 1495 1496 1497 1498

1499 1500 1501 1502 1503 1504 1505 1506 1507 1508 1509 1510

Composition

British Engineering Standards Association Specifications

Page

Cu, 64.5; Sn, 32; As, 3.5 Cu, 53-49; Zn, 23-25; Ni, 480 22-25; Fe, 2-2.4 Zn, 66; Cu, 34 465, 546 White brass Sn, 65; Zn, 32-33; Cu, 3-2; White brass Fe; Pb Cu, 54; Zn, 42; Ni, 4; (Fe + White bronze Al), 0.3 Fe; C, > 4; Si, 0.5-0.9; Mn, 476, 477, White cast iron > 0.8; P, > 0.8; S, 0.1-0.25 497,527 Cu, 70; Zn, 18; Ni, 12 (v. 480 White copper also Index No. 1045) Au, 90; Pd, 10 White gold Au, 85-75; Ni, 10-8; Zn, 2-9 White gold..... Sn, 53-49; Pb, 33-34; Sb, 557 White metal 11-14; Cu, 2.4-3.3; Zn, 1-0 Pb, 77; Sb, 15; Sn, 5; Cu. 2.3 567 White metal Generic name for various White metals Pb-, Sn-, and Zn- base alloys as babbitts, Brittania, etc. Also applied to Al- or Mg- light alloys and nickel silver. White nickel brass (ß. A. E.. . Cu, 64-55; Zn, bal.; Ni, <18; 4&0, 601 Spec. No. 42) Fe, >0.35; Al, O; other impurities, 3" 0.25 Wiegold (dental) Cu, 68; Zn, 32; Al, 0.3; Pb, 469, 556 0.3-0.5 Wilmott's aluminium Sn, 86; Bi, 14 Wire brass Cu, 72-65; Zn, 27-35; Sn; 469,555, Pb 601 Wolframium Al, 98; Sb, 1.4; Sn, 1-0; Cu, 0.4; Fe, 0-0.2; W, 0.04-0.05 Wood's alloy Bi, 50; Pb, 25; Sn, 13; Cd, 13 Fe; C, 0.03-0.2; Mn; Si; P; S 600, 602 Wrought iron Al, 92.5; Cu, 4; Ni, 2; Mg, 534-542, " Y " alloy (casting) 1.5 601, 608 Same, plus Mn, 0.5; Si, 0.2- 536, 601, "Y" alloy, modified 0.8 608 Cu, 92.5-90; Zn, 7.5-8; Sn, 556 Yale bronze 0.5-1.5; Pb, 0.7-1.5 Yellow brass (Latten, Laiton) Cu, 70-60; Zn, 27-40; Pb, 469, 470, 5.3-0; Sn, 0-1; Fe 555, 556 Au, 53; Ag, 25; Cu, 22 586 Yellow gold v. Index Nos. 918, 919 Yellow metal Zn, 73; Al, 15; Cu, 2 546 Zelco Zeppelin alloys: Al, 90; Zn, 7.8; Cu, 0.7; Fe, 468, 536, (Angles) 0.5; Si, 0.4; Mn, 0.3; Sn, 0.1 600 Al, 99; Fe, 0.4; Si, 0.4; Zn, 459,533, (Braces) 0.1; Cu, 0.06 599 (Channels) Al, 89; Zn, 9; Cu, 0.7; Si, 0.5; 468, 636, Mn, 0.5; Fe, 0.4; Sn, 0.2 600 Al, 95; Cu, 4.2; Mn, 0-6; Si, 634,635, (Rod) 0.5; Fe, 0.4 601 Al, 94-89; Mg, 3.7-7.1; Zn, Zimalium 2.8-4.5 Al, 74; Zn, 15; Mg, 11 Zimalium Zinc, commercial Max. Max. Max. Max. (spelter) Pb Fe Cd Pb + Fe + Cd 1 468, High grade 0.07 0.03 0.07 0.10 \ 645, Intermediate 0.20 0.03 0.50 0.50 J 546 Prime Western 1 . 60 0 . 08 For B. E. S. A. Specifications v. p. 386 Zn, 69; Sn, 26; Cu, 5; Sb, 3 Zinc babbitt For a list v. p. 389 Zinc bronze Zinc duralumin ("E" alloy). . . Al; Zn, 20; Cu, 2.5; Mg, 0.5; 538-542 MII, 0.5 Al; Mg, 0.8-8.3; Zn, 0.8-8.3 Zinkalium Fe; Zr, 0.1-0.6; C, 0.2-0.6; 532 Zirconium steel Mn; Si; P; S Al, 83-82; Zn, 15; Cu, 1-3; 537,601 Zisium Sn, 0-1 Ziskon Zn, 75-67; Al, 25-33 468, 5 4&

T>

O

Q

*N' '

Description

Composition

Page

ALUMINIUM ALLOYS 2T4 2L1 2L4 2 L5 2L8 3 L 11 L 24

Wrought light Al Al; Cu, 3.5-4.5; Mn, 0.4- 468, alloy tubes (dura- 0.7; Mg, 0.4-0.7; Fe, 534, lumin) >0.5 601 468, Wrought light Al 534, alloy bar (duralumin) Same as 2 T 4 above 601 Al, <98; Fe, >1.0; Si, 459, Hard Al sheets >1.0; other impurities, 533, 601 >0.25 Al alloy castings . . Al; Zn, 12.5-14.5; Cu, 2.5- 537, 3.0; Fe, >0.8; Si, >0.7; 601 Pb, >0.1 12% Cu-Al alloy Al; Cu, 11.0-13.0; Fe, 467, >0.8; Si, >0.7; Zn, 534, castings >0.1; Pb, >0.1 601 7/1 Al alloy cast- Al; Cu, 6.0-8.0; Sn, >1.0; 534, Fe, >0.8; Si, >0.7; Zn, 536, ings >0.1; Pb, >0.1 601 " Y" Al alloy cast- Al; Cu, 3.5-4.5; Ni, 1.8- 534, 2.3; Mg, 1.2-1.7; Zn, 0.1; 536, ings Sn, 0.1; Fe, >0.8; Si, 601, >0.7; Pb, >0.1 608 BBASS

207

218

249 250 264 265 266 267

Special brass ingots for castings: Zn; Cu, <54; Pb, >0.5; Class 1 other metals, >5.0 Zn; Cu, <54; Pb, >0.5; Class 2 other metals, >5.0 Zn; Cu, <54; Pb, >0.5; Class 3 other metals, >8.0 Zn; Cu, <50; Pb, >0.5; Class 4 other metals, > 10.0 Zn; Cu, <50; Pb, >0.5; Class 5 other metals, >13.0 Brass bars and Zn; Cu, 58; Pb, >2.0; 470, sections suitable total impurities, >0.75 555, 602 for forgings and drop forgings High speed, screw- Zn; Cu, 56-60; Pb, 1.75- 602 ing and turning 3.0; total impurities, >0.75 brass bars High tensile brass Zn; Cu, 54-62; other met- 470, 556 bars and sections, als, >5.0 grades A and B Hot rolled yellow Zn; Cu, <59; total im- 555, 601, metal p l a t e s , purities, >1.0 sheet and strip 602 Brass sheet and Zn; Cu, <61; Pb, >0.6; 555, strip total impurities, >1.0 601 Best brass sheet Zn; Cu, <65; Pb, >0.35; 555, and strip Fe, >0.15; total impuri- 601 ties, >0.75 Cartridge b r a s s Zn; Cu, 68-74; Ni, >0.1; 469, sheet and strip Pb, >0.07; Fe, >0.05; 555, Bi, >0.006; Sn, O; Sb, O; 601 other metals, >0.005

TD

O

Q

V, ' '

263

T>

Description

Grade A

Grade B

206

Grade A Grade B

219

Grade A Grade B Grade C Grade D Grade E Grade F Grade G Grade H Grade J

Composition

Page

BRAZING SOLDER Zn; Cu, 53-55; Pb, >0.3; 470, Fe, >0.15; Bi, >0.05; 555 Sn, >0.05; As, >0.05; Sb, >0.05; total impurities, >0.5 Zn; Cu, 49-51; impurities 46S1 as in grade A above 555 SILVER SOLDER Ag, 60.0-62.0; Cu, 27.529.5; Zn, 9.0-11.0; impurities, >0.5 Ag, 42.0-44.0; Cu, 36.038.0; Zn, 18.5-20.5; impurities, >0.5 SOFT SOLDER* Pb; Sn, 64.0-66.0; >1.0; As, >0.05; >0.02 Pb; Sn, 49.0-51.0; 2.5-3.0; As, >0.05; >0.02 Pb; Sn, 39.0-41.0; 2.0-2.4; As, >0.05; >0.02 Pb; Sn, 29.0-31.0; 1.0-1.7; As, >0.05; >0.02 Pb; Sn, 94.5-95.5; >0.50 Pb; Sn, 49.0-51.0; >0.50; As, >0.05; >0.02 Pb; Sn, 41.0-43.0; >0.40; As, >0.05; >0.02 Pb; Sn, 34.0-36.0; >0.30; As, >0.05; >0.02 Pb; Sn, 29.0-31.0; >0.30; As, >0.05; >0.02

B8

O

S2 S6 SIl

S 14 S 15 S 28

S 61

Sb, 467, Fe, 557 Sb, 557 Fe, Sb, Fe, Sb, Fe,

S 62 S 65

S 67 S 68 S 69

Sb, 467 Sb, 467, Fe, 557 Sb, 467 Fe, Sb, 467, Fe, 557 Sb, 467 Fe,

* All grades contain: ZnO1 O; Al, O; total impurities, including As and Fe, >0.25.

B2

Q

'N' '

GUNMETAL Gunmetal castings Cu, <86; Sn, 10-12; Zn, 476, >2.5; Pb must be O 565 PHOSPHOR BRONZE Phosphor bronze castings for bearings :f For castings . . . . Cu, 85-89; Sn, 10-13; P, 560 0.5-1.0 For ingots for Cu, 85-89; Sn, 10-13; P, 560 making c a s t- 0.8-1.2 ings

t Impurities in both classes are: Zn, >0.25; Pb, >0.25; total impuri ties, > 0. 75; P to be added in the form of P-Sn or P-Cu.

S 70 S 71 S 76

Description

Composition

Page

AIRCRAFT STEELS J Fe 600 Fe; Mn, 0.40-0.80; C, 471, 0.35-0.45 491 Fe; Ni, 3.0-3.75; Cr, 0.50- 472, 1.00; Mn, 0.45-0.70; C, oil, 0.25-0.35; W, >1.0; Mo, 604 >0.65; V, >0.25 Fe; Mn, 0.60-0.90; C, 471, 0.10-0.18 488 Fe; Ni, 2.75-3.5; Mn, 472, 0.20-0.60; C, 0.10-0.15; 481, Cr, >0.30 603 Fe; Ni, 3.75-4.50; Cr, 472, 1.00-1.50; Mn, 0.35-0.60; 512, C, 0.25-0.32; W, >1.0; 604 Mo, >0.65;V, >0.25 Fe; Cr, <12.0; Si, 0.50; 471, Ni, >1.00; C, >0.15 603 Fe; Cr, <12.0; Si, 0.50; 471, C, 0.15-0.35; Ni, > 1.00 508 Fe; Ni, 2.75-3.5; Cr, 1.0- 472, 1.4; Mn, 0.35-0.65; C, 508, 0.22-0.28; W, >1.0; Mo, 604 >0.65; V, >0.25 Fe; Ni, 4.6-5.2; C, 0.08- 481, 0.14;Mn,>0.35;Cr,>0.1 604 Fe; W, <14.0; Cr, <3.5; 472 G, 0.55-0.70; Mn, >0.40 Fe; Ni, 3.25-3.75; Mn, 472, 0.50-0.80; C, 0.35-0.45; 481 Cr, 0.30 Fe; C, 0.50-0.60; Mn, 470, 0.40-0.75 491 Fe; Mn, 0.40-0.80; C, 471, 0.25-0.35 489 Fe; Mn, 0.50-0.80; C, 471, 0.30-0.45; Ni, >1.0; Cr, 489>0.5 491

t All steels except S 61, S 62 and S 68 contain Si, 0.30; S, 0.05; P, 0.05.

5005/101 5005/102

5005/103

5005/104

5005/201 5005/202

AUTOMOTIVE STEELS Wrought steels for Fe; Mn, 0.40-1.00; Si, 471, forging >0.30; C, >0.20; S, 488, >0.07;P, >0.07 602 Fe; Ni, 1.50-2.25; Mn, 480, >0.60; Cr, >0.30; Si, 481 >0.30; C, >0.15; S, >0.05;P, >0.05 Fe; Ni, 2.50-3.5; Mn, 472, 0.20-0.60; Cr, >0.30; 480, Si, >0.30; C, >0.15; S, 481, >0.05;P, >0.05 603 Fe; Ni, 4.50-6.0; Mn, 471, >0.40; Cr, >0.30; Si, 481, >0.30; C, >0.15; S, 604 >0.05;P, >0.05 Fe; Mn, 0.40-0.80; C, 488, 0.15-0.25; Si, >0.30; S, 489, >0.06; P, >0.06 602 Fe; Mn, 0.40-0.80; C, 4890.25-0.35; Si, >0.30; S, 491, >0.06; P, >0.06 602

-D

No 0 '0

Jj. b. o.

U

Description

Composition

Page

AUTOMOTIVE STEELS.—(Continued) 5005/203 Fe; Mn, 0.40-0.80; C, 471, 0.35-0.45; Ni, >1.0; Si, 491, >0.30; S, >0.06; P, 600, >0.06 602 5005/204 Fe; Mn, 0.40-0.80; Ni, 481 0.30-1.0; 0,0.35-0.45; Si, >0.30;S, >0.06;P,>0.06 5005/301 Fe; S, >0.05; P, >0.05 5005/302 Fe; S, >0.05; P, >0.05 5005/401 Fe; Ni, 2.75-3.50; Mn, 472, 0.35-0.75; C, 0.25-0.35; 481, Cr, >0.30; Si, >0.30; S, 600, >0.05;P, >0.05 60S 5005/402 Fe; Ni, 3.25-3.75; Mn, 472, 0.50-0.80; C, 0.35-0.45; 481, Cr, >0.30; Si, >0.30; 600, S, >0.05; P, >0.05 603 5005/501 Fe; Ni, 3.00-3.75; Cr, 472, 0.50-1.00; Mn, 0.45-0.70; òli, C, 0.28-0.34; Si, >0.30; 512, S, >0.05; P, >0.05 604 5005/502 Fe; Ni, 3.75-4.75; Cr, 472, 1.00-1.50; Mn, 0.35-0.60; 512, C, 0.25-0.35; Si, >0.30; 600, S, >0.05;P, >0.05 604 5005/503 Fe; Ni, 1.25-1.75; Cr, 472, 0.75-1.25; Mn, 0.45-0.65; 510, C, 0.35-0.42; Si, >0.30; 600, S, >0.05;P, >0.05 604 5005/601 Fe; Cr, 1.00-1.50; Mn, 472, 0.50-0.80; C, 0.35-0.45; 509, Si, >0.30; V, >0.25; S, 600, > 0.05; P, >0.05 603 5028 Castings: 487Grade 1 Fe; Mn, <0.4; S, 0.06; P, 490 0.05; C, >0.30 Grade 2 Fe; Mn, <0.6; S, 0.08; P, 0.07 For cold working: 5006/105 1 Bars and strip... Fe; Mn, 0.40-0.80; Si, 488, 0.30; C, 0.15-0.20; S, 489 5006/205-9 \ J 0.04-0.06; P, 0.04-0.06 5006/210 Wire Fe; Mn, 0.5-0.9; C, 0.40- 491 0.60; Si, >0.20;S, >0.05; P, >0.05 SPRING STEELS§ 5010/218 Laminated springs Fe; Mn, 0.60-1.0; C, 0.50- 491, 0.65; Si, >0.50 602 5010/219 Fe; C, 0.75-0.90; Mn, 492, 0.35-0.70; Si, >0.40 602 5010/603 Fe; C, 0.55-0.65; Mn, 506 0.50-0.80; Cr, 0.45-0.70; Si, >0.50 Fe; Cr, 1.00-1.40; Mn, 506, 5010/604 0.50-0.80; C, 0.45-0.55; 605 Si, >0.50 5010/605 Fe; Cr, 0.80-1.20; Mn, 509, 0.50-0.80; C, 0.45-0.55; 605 V, <0.15;Si, >0.50 5010/801 Fe; Si, 1.50-2.0; Mn, 0.60- 523, 1.00; C, 0.50-0.60 604 § All these steels contain: S, >0.05; P, >0.05.

Q

Q

^r ' '

15 114/K10

114/S19 5008/403

Description

I

Composition

STRUCTURAL STEEL FOR BRIDGES Fe; P, >0.08; S, >0.06 VALVE STEELS Fe; Ni, 2.75-3.50; Mn, 481, 0.35-0.75; C, 0.25-0.35; 600, Cr, >0.3; Si, >0.30; S, 603 >0.05; P, >0.05 Fe; Cr, 8.0-12.0; C, 0.40- 008, 0.70; Si, 0.30-0.60; Ni, 600, >1.00 603 Fe; Ni, 2.75-3.50; Mn, 472, 0.35-0.75; C, 0.25-0.35; 481, Cr, >0.30; Si, >0.30; S, 600,

>0.05;P, >0.05 5008/602 5008/603 5008/701

220

221

222

Page

603

Fe; Cr, 10.0-14.0; Mn, 471, 0.30-0.60; C, 0.30-0.50; 508, Ni, >1.00 603 Fe; Cr, 6.5-8.5; C, 0.50- 470, 0.70; Mn, 0.30-0.60; Ni, 508 >1.00 Fe; W, <14.0; Cr, <3.5; 472 C, 0.55-0.70; Mn, >0.40 ZINC ALLOYS F i n e zinc (or spelter) : Grade A Zn, <99.95; Cd, >0.02; ' Pb, >0.02; Fe, >0.01; As, O; Sb, O; Al, O; Sn, O Grade B Zn, <99.90; Pb, >0.08; Cd, >0.03; Fe, >0.01; As, O; Sb, O; Al, O; Sn, O Special zinc (or Zn, <99.50; Cd, >0.25; VT ' spelter) Pb, >0.20; Fe, >0.05; \6*~' As + Sb, >0.02; Al, O; 5^ Sn, O Foundry zinc (or Zn, <98.50; Pb, >1.25; spelter) Cd, >0.25; Fe, >0.07; Sn, >0.02; As + Sb, >0.02; Al, O TABLES OF ALLOY CLASSES

In these tables most of the alloys listed in the finding index above, are classified according to composition and according to some of their more important uses. If the alloy class contains many alloys it is broken up into sub-classes according to the type formulae of the alloys comprised in it. Thus the class ^ Cast Light Alloys" is divided into the sub-classes: Al-Cu; Al-Mg; etc., each containing alloys, the first two symbols of whose type formulae are the same. In these tables the alloys are identified by their index numbers in the finding index. Light Alloys (Al- or Mg-base alloys) CAST LIGHT ALLOYS Al-Ag: 149, 1389; Al-Cr: 361; Al-Cu: 13, 24, 28, 43, 44, 46, 47, 66, 73, 74, 76, 87, 88, 89, 91, 92, 94, 95, 96, 98,99, 100, 110, 163, 199, 432, 473, 594, 595, 711, 755, 764, 765, 766, 774, 809, 810, 811, 813, 814, 815, 823, 826, 827, 833, 840, 874, 882, 885, 945, 983, 1063, 1064, 1206, 1453, 1461, 1462, 1490, 1491; Al-Mg: 27, 819,820,824,

825, 1370, 1500; Al-Mn: 72, 254; Al-Ni: 57, 58, 265, 1185, 1452, MANGANESE BRASSES (SO-CALLED MANGANESE BRONZES) Al-Sb: 1062, 1487; Ai-Si: 37, 60, 61, 68, 69, 70, 93, 101, 1246; Low manganese (type formula: Cu-Zn-Mn): 465, 599, 721, 842, Al-Sn: 797, 828, 860, 875, 905; Al-V: 1450; Al-Zn: 25, 48, 844, 845, 852, 979, 1059, 1187, 1343, 1368, 1379. High man49, 63, 65, 67, 75, 90, 97, 112, 131, 132, 513, 674, 763, 791, 876, 877, 878, 879, 891, 920, 921, 1228, 1229, 1440, 1501, 1509, Mg-Al: ganese (type formula: Cu-Mn-Zn): 430, 842, 846, 852, 1124, 1248, 490, 491, 492, 493, 494, 495, 528, 529, 923; Mg-Cu: 496; Mg-Zn: 1252. 530. TIN (ORDINARY) BRONZES Type formula : Cu-Sn WKOUGHT LIGHT ALLOYS Al-Ag: 150; Al-Cu: 14, 23, 40, 44, 78, 79, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 110, 137, 508, 510, 712, 751, 774, 812, 833, 883, 884, 911, 925, 1369, 1499; Al-Mg: 26, 509, 824, 829, 1507; Al-Mn: 77, 682; Al-Ni: 57, 1016; Al-Si: 62, 86, 1039, 1497; Al-Zn: 1, 50, 80, 184, 520, 611, 873, 1189, 1386, 1496, 1498, 1506, 1507; Mg-Al: 528, 529, 923; Mg-Zn : 530. Copper Alloys SIMPLE BRASSES Type formula: Cu-Zn

Sn, 1-10%: 142, 526, 592, 612, 664, 750, 770, 843, 887, 1034, 1332, 1431; Sn, 11-20%: 203, 257, 258, 612, 664, 843, 1359; Sn, 21-30%: 255, 257, 767; Sn, 31-40%: 543, 916, 1037, 1192, 1308. PHOSPHOR BRONZES Type formula: Cu-Sn-P Sn, 1-10%: 319, 345, 419, 535, 612, 681, 775, 932, 1081, 1082, 1083, 1332, 1441; Sn, 11-20%: 204, 217, 218, 302, 303, 350, 612, 775.

ZINC BRONZES Zn, 1-10%: 195, 268, 321, 333, 340, 401, 620,683, 738, 861,1069, 1087, 1134, 1181, 1221, 1270, 1371, 1392, 1397, 1400; Zn, 11-20%: Type formula: Cu-Sn-Zn-(P) 169, 193, 318, 600, 651, 669, 683, 738, 799, 861, 888, 1030, 1087, Sn, 1-10%: 18, 129, 205, 206, 305, 394, 472, 612, 652, 664, 694, 1182, 1270, 1397, 1399, 1405; Zn, 21-30%: 259, 278, 301, 308, 380, 439, 455, 517, 651, 693, 734, 773, 1220, 1224, 1316, 1398, 1418, 731, 771, 843, 887, 931, 933, 1033, 1332, 1441. Sn, 11-20%: 8, 1486, 1493; Zn, 31-40%: 282, 308, 323, 339, 380, 398, 400, 403, 205, 257, 521, 612, 664, 726, 747, 768, 843, 929, 1012, 1209. Sn, 464, 487, 497, 651, 773, 913, 918, 919, 1088, 1135, 1210, 1220, 1271, 21-30 % : 256, 257. Sn, 31-40 % : 256. 1316, 1409, 1418, 1425, 1486, 1493; Zn, 41-50%: 194, 282, 599, LEADED ZINC BRONZES 821, 919, 1220, 1295, 1299, 1302. Type formula: Cu-Sn-Zn-Pb LEADED BRASSES Sn, 1-10%: 19, 207, 294, 295, 612, 654, 664, 725, 779, 843, 936, Type formula: Cu-Zn-Pb 1157, 1276, 1332, 1333, 1439, 1441. Sn, 11-20%: 207, 208, 257, Zn, 1-10%: 306, 379, 603, 683, 778; Zn, 11-20%: 651, 683, 777, 589, 612, 653, 664, 714, 767, 843. Sn, 21-30%: 257, 589. Sn, 780; Zn, 21-30%: 651, 772, 773, 777, 782, 938, 1022, 1220, 1493; 31-40%: 589. Sn, 41-50%: 881. Zn, 31-40%: 322, 377, 378, 395, 604, 651, 677, 683, 706, 773, 777, 868, 919, 1220, 1310, 1468, 1493; Zn, 40-50%: 919, 1220. LEAD BRONZES Type formula: Cu-Sn-Pb-(Zn), Pb < 15% TIN BRASSES, INCLUDING NAVAL BRASS Sn, 1-10%: 5, 172, 211, 212, 271, 304, 500, 541, 664, 843, 1157, Type formula: Cu-Zn-Sn 1328, 1441; Sn, 11-20%: 134, 202, 257, 589, 664, 761, 843, 930; Sn, <4%: Zn, 1-10%: 489, 593, 683, 738, 861, 1091, 1270, Sn, 21-30%: 257, 589; Sn, 31-40%: 589. 1392; Zn, 11-20%: 2, 324, 527, 600, 665, 683, 738, 818, 861, 1030, Type formula: Cu-Pb-Sn-(Zn), Sn < 15% 1067, 1270, 1372, 1399; Zn, 21-30%: 16, 622, 773, 1220, 1303, Pb, 1-10%: 201, 212, 213, 355, 664, 802, 912, 1038, 1332, 1377, 1493; Zn, 31-40%: 17, 253, 323, 622, 773, 926, 927, 1031, 1220, 1441; Pb, 11-20%: 6, 35, 55, 201, 214, 215, 331, 335, 458,459, 519, 1396, 1403, 1493; Zn, 41-50%: 1021, 1220, 1387. Sn, >4%: Zn, 1-10%: 861, 1270; Zn, 11-20%: 209, 667, 861, 553, 556, 801, 1216; Pb, 21-30%: 29, 34, 35, 55, 216, 456, 745, 1123; Pb, 31-40%: 55, 342, 469. 1024, 1030, 1270; Zn, 21-30%: 209, 1032. LEADED TIN BRASSES Type Formula: Cu-Zn-Sn-Pb Sn, <4%: Zn, 1-10%: 297, 683, 704, 1092, 1156, 1208, 1492; Zn, 11-20%: 298, 402, 457, 683, 1156, 1159, 1207; Zn, 21-30%: 267, 540, 542, 622, 773, 1128, 1129, 1220, 1227, 1493; Zn, 31-40%: 299, 300, 622, 733, 773, 1077, 1078, 1220, 1493; Zn, 41-50%: 1220, 1296. Sn, >4%: Zn, 1-10%: 295, 296, 666, 1156; Zn, 11-20%: 1156, 1159, 1207, 1438; Zn, 21-30%: 210, 399, 1493; Zn, 31-40%: 1493. HIGH TENSILE BRASSES (EXCLUDING MANGANESE BRONZES) Type formulae: Cu-Zn-Al; Cu-Zn-Fe; etc. 30, 102, 264, 468, 511, 512, 538, 614, 685, 686, 695, 705, 966, 979, 1020, 1138, 1179, 1186, 1187, 1194, 1202, 1215, 1236, 1356, 1357, 1358, 1368, 1379, 1393, 1395, 1412, 1417, 1420, 1447, 1448, 1455, 1484.

SPECIAL BRONZES Type formula: Cu-Sn-X 148, 270, 337, 514, 615, 694, 732, 1080, 1238.

ALUMINUM BRONZES Cu-AI: 103, 453, 488, 1026, 1027, 1028, 1029, 1070, 1367; Cu-Al-Au: 650, 1018; Cu-Al-Fe: 45, 104, 130, 141, 570, 934, 1242; Cu-Al-Mg: 105, 1214; Cu-Al-Mn: 106, 1070; Cu-Al-Ni: 109, 317, 488; Cu-Al-Ni-Fe: 606, 1196; Cu-Al-Pb: 1070, 1342; Cu-Al-Si: 471, 1381. Nickel Silvers Type formulae, Cu-Ni-Zn and Cu-Zn-Ni Generic names: 51, 166, 167, 168, 354, 834, 939, 940, 1125,1131, 1258, 1260, 1269, 1315, 1457.

Ni, 1-10%: 263, 431, 531, 608, 966, 981, 982, 985, 1476; Ni,642, 643, 644; Au, 51-60%: 534, 636, 637, 647, 1106, 462, 638, 11-20%: 151, 154, 156, 158, 165, 263, 336, 396, 531, 605, 608,617, 1494; Au, 61-70%: 534, 634, 635, 640, 646, 1066, 1104, 1115, 618, 619, 834, 853, 966, 978, 986, 987, 988, 989, 992, 993,1116, 994,995, 1177; Au, 71-80%: 281, 534, 633, 640, 641, 660, 1046, 1158, 1025, 1166, 1222, 1410, 1456, 1463, 1478, 1483; Ni, 21-30%:1177, 135, 1183, 1480; Au, 81-90%: 534, 632, 662, 1052, 1177, 1327, 165, 262, 263, 533, 608, 616, 618, 978, 990, 991, 1101; Ni,1479, 1480; Au, 91-100%: 630, 631, 1049, 1326. 31-40%: 978, 1045, 1223; Ni, 41-60%: 1045. ALLOYS CONTAINING METALS OF THE PLATINUM GROUP SPECIAL NICKEL SILVERS Pt, < 20%: 351, 408, 409, 904, 1035, 1102, 1103, 1116; Pt, Nickel silver plus additional elements: this class is divided into 20-30%: 408, 903, 1047, 1097, 1103, 1104, 1111, 1114; Pt, 31-40%: sub-classes according to added elements 1097, 1106, 1110, 1168; Pt, 41-60%: 411; Pt, 51-60%: 1098, Ag: 59, 1471; Al: 111, 1430; Al-Cr: 363; Cd: 147, 1054; Co-Ag:1105; Pt, 91-100%: 1107, 1109. 356; Cr: 1056; Fe: 152, 153, 155, 157, 175, 176, 177, 178, 839,1045, Pd, < 20%: 1047, 1052, 1177, 1466, 1479; Pd, 20-30%: 1046, 1176, 1355, 1473; Fe-Pb: 1122, 1404; Fe-Si: 623; Fe-Sn-Co: 808, 1113, 1177; Pd, 31-40%: 1177; Pd, 61-70%: 1051, 1436, 1467; 1055; Mn: 136, 138, 852, 859, 1248; Mn-Sn: 853, 979; Pb: Pd, 39, 81-90%: 1050, 1107, 1109. 993, 995, 1120, 1222, 1354, 1365; Pb-Sn: 139, 164, 165, 484, 968, Ir: 1035, 1036, 1098, 1107. 977, 992, 1121, 1251, 1364; Sb-Co-Fe: 1090; Sn-Bi: 274, 275, 276,Rh: 1035, 1036, 1109. 937, 968; Sn-Co: 198, 382, 1257; Sn-Fe-Bi: 1273; W: 1100, 1413. Os: 1035, 1036. Ru: 1035, 1036. Lead Base Alloys Irons As : 785; Ba : 602, 807; Ca : 186, 332, 390, 867,1433; Cd : 124; Cu: CAST IRONS AND PIG IRONS 50, 421; Fe: 783; Mg: 676; Na: 1011; Sb: 144, 145, 196,219-221, 225-232, 460, 475, 525, 532, 624, 627, 629, 657, 658, 659, 4, 710, 715, 191, 192, 349, 353, 441, 536, 579, 601, 656, 661, 835-837, 1071, 735, 757, 786, 794, 795, 822, 831, 910, 1014, 1017, 1065, 1351,1353, 1217, 1477. 1373, 1384, 1426, 1427, 1428, 1482; Sn: 3, 7, 222, 223, 224, 233, 334, 386, 557, 609, 784, 862, 924, 928, 1040, 1041, 1278-1287, 1291, HIGH SILICON CAST IRONS 1294, 1297, 1380, 1427, 1428, 1429. 52, 423, 515, 516, 730, 1374. Tin Base Alloys ALLOY CAST IRONS Al: 113, 293; Bi: 387, 1485; Cu: 498, 560, 621, 675, 692, 740, 870, 871, 974. 1076, 1094, 1255, 1406; Fe: 1350; Ni: 1407, 1464; P: 1085; Pb: 235, 247, 248, 388, 476, 477, 539, 550, 559, 709, 869, 1045, 1075, RECARBURIZERS AND STEEL MILL ALLOYS 1146, 1226, 1277, 1278, 1292, 1294, 1301, 1331, 1352, 1390, 1391, 1422, 1481; Sb: 20, 53, 162, 174, 185, 236, 237, 238, 240, 241, 242, 337, 565-569, 571-574, 576-585, 1238, 1239, 1241, 1244, 1312243, 244, 245, 246, 310, 311, 312, 313, 314, 315, 404, 474, 485, 678,1314. 713, 736, 739, 741, 776, 894, 935, 1042, 1043, 1060, 1126, 1127, 1136, 1147, 1148, 1161, 1421, 1423; Zn: 41, 114, 115, 116, 120, COMMERCIALLY PURE, INGOT AND WROUGHT IRONS 121, 122, 123, 239, 279, 673, 1061, 1254, 1256, 1469, 1475. 170, 346, 724, 729, 1489. Zinc Base Alloys Steels Ag: 1259; Al: 118, 125, 126, 480, 746, 1178, 1378, 1495, 1510; CARBON STEELS Cd: 117, 1231; Cu: 41, 159, 249, 269, 272, 482, 483, 523, 597, 598, 672, 793, 806, 838, 1086, 1096, 1108, 1205, 1293, 1298, 1300, 1304, 341, 347, 437, 558, 607, 670, 698, 737, 800, 866, 889, 898, 1019, 1305, 1306, 1307, 1474; Fe: 684; Pb: 749; Sb: 505, 625, 788, 1311; 1119, 1149, 1150, 1319, 1320, 1334-1341, 1360. Sn: 119, 197, 250, 251, 309, 478, 479, 481, 506, 524, 563, 628, 691, 789, 1044, 1139, 1199, 1203, 1204, 1451, 1505. ALLOY STEELS Alloys Containing the Precious Metals SILVER ALLOYS

Classified by alloying elements

Al: 127, 128; B: 292; Ce: 344; Co: 393, 1074, 1133; Co-W-Cr: Ag, < 20%: 149, 288, 534, 630-636, 638-641, 643, 660, 662, 874760; , Cr: 12, 376, 422, 596, 1132, 1137, 1272, 1323,1324,1443,1444; Cr-Co : 502, 690; Cr-Cu : 1198; Cr-Mo : 360, 371,805,900,901,902, 875, 877, 879, 904, 1049, 1053, 1066, 1188, 1467, 1471; Ag, 20-30%: 915; Cr-Ni: 160, 161, 410, 534, 634, 636, 637, 640, 646, 660, 914, 1105, 1116, 329, 591, 758, 759; Cr-Si: 171, 466, 467, 941, 1235; Cr-Si-W: 1233; Cr-U: 374; Cr-V: 375, 1321; Cu: 418, 1197; Mn: 1141, 1317, 1466, 1494; Ag, 31-40%: 161, 411, 534, 640, 642, 6 44, 855, 1019; Mn-Si : 1236; Mo : 906; Mo-Co-Cr : 700; Mo-Co-V : 645, 647, 1051, 1225, 1259, 1261, 1389; Ag, 41-50%: 534,854,1225, 703; Mo-Cr: 702; Mo-Cr-Co-U: 701; Mo-V: 1458; Ni: 586, 727, 1470; Ag, 61-60%: 648, 1103, 1267; Ag, 61-70%: 1097, 1103, 756,1097, 892, 996-1001, 1099, 1143,1361,1362,1454; Ni-B : 967; Ni-Ce : 1110, 1113, 1114, 1168, 1262, 1263, 1267; Ag, 71-80%: 1103, 1111, 1253, 1264, 1265, 1266, 1268; Ag, 81-90%: 351, 1097,970; Ni-Cr: 31, 328, 372, 373, 564, 613, 872, 1142, 1212, 1408; Ni-Cr-Mo: 798; Ni-Cr-Si: 179, 454, 897, 1172, 1173,1232; Ni-Cu: 1250, 1329; Ag, 91-100%: 1249, 1330, 1411. 976, 1009, 1388; Ni-Mn: 1211; Ni-Mo: 980, 1010; Ni-Si: 984; Ni-U: 1003; Ni-V: 1004; Ni-Zr: 1006; Si: 518, 607, 1245, 1325, GOLD ALLOYS 1363; Si-Mn: 1237, 1275, 1322; Si-Ti-V: 1442; Ti: 1394; U: 1437; Au, < 20%: 648, 650, 1018, 1105, 1112, 1141, 1218; Au, 21-30%: V: 1449; W: 283, 433, 723, 922, 1416; W-Cr: 284, 748, 1045, 1375, 410, 660, 1317; Au, 31-40%: 639, 645, 1053, 1466; Au, 41-60%: 1445; W-Cr-V: 285, 942, 1401, 1435; Zr: 1508.

Other Ferrous Alloys With or without carbon and including some of the high alloy steels Cr-Fe: 286; Cu-Fe: 570, 1174, 1195; Fe-AI: 128; Fe-Co: 1133; Fe-Co-Cr: 588; Fe-Cr: 9, 173, 364, 381, 507, 561, 596; Fe-Cr-Co: 391, 392, 502, 689, 690; Fe-Cr-Mn: 1013, 1383; Fe-Cr-Mo: 10, 290, 384; Fe-Cr-Ni: 329, 385, 591; Fe-Cr-Si: 252, 466, 467, 1233, 1234; Fe-Cu-Al: 570; Fe-Mn-Si: 1201; Fe-Ni: 54, 146, 486, 503, 707, 727, 756, 1079, 1099, 1454; Fe-Ni-Al: 1230; Fe-Ni-Cr: 307, 328, 365, 369, 454, 537, 562, 564, 575, 897, 947, 948, 1172, 1173, 1212, 1232; Fe-Ni-Cu: 32, 917, 1089; Fe-Ni-Mn: 389, 1211, 1388; Fe-Si: 9(t>. high Si cast iron); Fe-V: 140; Ni-Cr-Fe: 679, 946, 952, 949, 973; Ni-Cu-Fe: 501; Ni-Fe: 183, 1072, 1165; Ni-Fe-Co: 1073; Ni-Fe-Cr: 180, 320, 326, 327, 330, 368, 590, 626, 950, 951, 1093; Ni-Si-Fe: 1243; Sn-Fe-Cu: 1350.

187, 190, 307, 316, 362, 366, 367, 370, 435, 554, 679, 720, 742, 753, 754, 864, 946, 949, 952, 953, 954, 971, 972, 1008, 1057, 1058, 1145, 1154, 1155, 1160; Ni-Cu: 880, 899, 908, 909; Ni-Fe: 180, 183, 326, 327, 330, 368, 626, 841, 950, 951, 973, 1093, 1402; Ni-Mn: 64, 699, 848, 849, 850, 1309.

Fusible Alloys 143, 461, 546-550, 610, 668, 792, 796, 944, 1023, 1190-1191, 1488. Pyrophoric Alloys 181, 182, 718, 719, 762, 896.

Stellite and Similar Alloys

Electrical Alloys Alloys having high resistance, or low temperature coefficient of resistance, v. also heat resisting alloys

36, 325, 343, 407, 588, 671, 687, 688, 689, 1068, 1344-1349, 1459.

Co-Ni: 287, 288, 289; Co-Cr: 189; Co-W: 687, 688; Cr-Co: 188; Cr-Fe: 9, 286; Cu-Al: 45, 104, 141; Cu-Ni: 136, 176, 260, 261, 266, 280, 438, 463, 551, 787, 1213; Cu-Pb: 6, 895; Cu-Si: 552; Cu-Sn: 5, 8, 732; Cu-Zn: 175, 259, 790, 1227; Fe-Cu: 1197; Fe-Cr: 10, 12, 15, 171, 252, 290, 364, 381, 391, 392, 422, 502, 507, 689, 758, 759, 941, 1013, 1198, 1272, 1323, 1324; Fe-Ni: 32, 54, 179, 328, 365, 397, 454, 756, 897, 1089, 1172, 1173, 1211, 1212, 1230; Fe-Si: 52, 423, 515, 516, 536, 730, 1374; Ni-Cr: 187, 316, 720, 953, 954, 1155; Ni-Cu: 11, 420, 501, 781, 880, 899, 907, 908, 909, 1057, 1058; Ni-Fe: 368; Ni-Mn: 440; Ni-Zn: 865; Pb-Cu: 421; Pb-Sn: 7; Sn-Pb: 1226.

469, 500, 514, 519, 521, 541, 553, 556, 615, 745, 761, 768, 769, 965, 1123, 1130, 1328, 1434.

Spéculums Ag-Pt: 1168; Cr-Ni: 1169; Cu-Fe: 1174; Cu-Mn: 857,1 858,1 357, 358, 409, 522, 543, 767, 797, 820, 916, 1037, 1180, 1201, 1167, 1170, 1171, 1174, 1175; Cu-Ni: 22,1 405,1 412,1 555,1 716,1 1308. 717, ! 722, 1176; Cu-Zn: 545, 856, 1166; Fe-Cr: 173, 1013, 1233, 1383; Fe-Ni: 146, 389, 397, 486,2 503,2 564, 575, 707, 947, 948, Dental Alloys 1079, 1232, 1388; Ni-Al: 1007; Ni-Cr: 307, 362, 366, 367, 370, 554, 351, 377, 464, 649, 752, 1152, 1470, 1484. 742, 753, 754, 864, 946, 949, 952, 953, 954, 971, 972, 1008, 1145, 1154, 1160; Ni-Cu: 803, 804: Ni-Fe: 180, 326, 327, 368, 626, 841, Bearing Alloys 950, 951, 973, 1093, 1165, 1402; Ni-Mn: 64, 699, 830, 832, 848, 849, 850, 1309. COPPER BASE Corrosion Resisting Alloys 29, 34, 35, 55, 56, 141, 200-218, 331, 335, 342, 456, 457, 458, 459,

Heat Resisting Alloys Co-Ni: 287, 288, 289; Co-W: 687, 688; Cr-Co: 188, 189; Cr-Fe: 286; Cu-Al: 45, 104; Cu-Mn: 436, 545, 851, 857, 858; Cu-Ni: 20, 22, 405, 412, 463, 551, 555, 623, 716, 717, 880; Cu-Si: 552; Cu-Zn: 704, 852, 856; Fe-Cr: 171, 173, 252, 290, 329, 364, 381, 384, 385, 466, 467, 507, 561, 591, 689, 690, 805, 1013, 1233, 1234, 1383; Fe-Ni: 146, 179, 328, 365, 369, 397, 454, 562, 564, 707, 756, 947, 948, 1079, 1172, 1173, 1232, 1384, 1454; Ni-Cr: 133, 1 2

Low temperature coefficient of resistance. Low thermal expansion coefficient.

WHITE METALS Aluminum base Cu: 594; Ni: 265.

Lead base

Ba: 602, 807; Ca: 186, 332, 390, 867, 1433; Mg: 676; Na: 1011; Sb: 144, 145, 219-221, 225-232, 460, 475, 525, 624, 627, 629, 657, 658, 659, 831, 1482; Sn: 222, 223, 224, 233, 234, 862, 928 1040, 1041, 1384. Tin base Cu: 498, 560, 675, 692, 740, 1094; Pb: 235, 247, 248, 476,477; Sb: 20, 174, 185, 236, 238, 240-246, 474, 485, 739, 935, 1060, 1126; Zn: 239. Zinc base Cu: 249, 806; Sb: 625, 788; Sn: 250, 251, 691, 789, 1139,1204, 1505.

MEANINGS OF SYMBOLS DENOTING TREATMENTS NOTE : Treatments are denoted by capital letters, with subscripts to indicate modifications. Thus "R 0 " means "cold rolled." A commonly occurring abbreviation is t°/m, where t° is the temperature at which a particular specimen is held for m units of time (minutes unless otherwise specified). Care must be used in interpreting some of the data. The effect of heat treatment on properties often varies with the size of the specimen; and although sizes of the test specimens are usually given, it is not always clear whether these have been machined before or after the heat treatment. Where known, dimensions of specimens when heat treated are given in the "Treatment" column. If symbol is enclosed in a square bracket, [ ], treatment is done in mass, i.e., before machining, but dimensions are not specified. A A Ab Ac ANZ AV A2 B C Ca Ccao Cf Cf 0 Cgm Cm C0 Cq Cr C8 Ct Ck°/m C2 CR Crys. D DC Dd Dh DA Do Dp DR E F Fm G Gc Ggt Ghm Gm G m /2 Gphm Ga Gr Grw H Ha H0 Uy2

Annealed Annealed drastically Box annealed Close annealed Annealed in nitrogen Annealed in vacuo Re-annealed Blued Cooled Cooled in air Cooled in lime Cooled in furnace Cooled in furnace with door open Cooled in gas muffle Cooled in muffle Cooled in oil Cooled quickly Cooled at moderate rate Cooled slowly Cooled in fireclay tube Cooled through critical range at rate of t° per min Cooled in sand Cherry re,d heat Single crystal Drawn Drawn, cold Drawn, hard Drawn, hot Drawn, with annealing The same As deposited Dark red heat Extruded Forged Forged on mandrel Cast, or as cast Cast, centrifugal Cast in glass tube Cast in preheated mold Cast, chill Cast, semi-chill Pressure cast in preheated mold Cast, sand Ground Ground, wet Hardened Hardened, air Hardened in oil Half-hard

SIGNIFICATION DES SYMBOLES INDIQUANT LES TRAITEMENTS NOTE: Les traitements sont mentionnés par des lettres majuscules, avec des indices pour indiquer les modifications. Ainsi "R0" signifie "laminé à froid." Une abréviation qui se présente souvent est t°/m où t° est la température à laquelle une éprouvette particulière est maintenue pendant m unités de temps (minutes, à moins d'une indication). Une certaine attention est nécessaire dans l'interprétation de quelques-unes des données. L'effect du traitement thermique sur les propriétés varie souvent avec les dimensions de l'éprouvette; et quoique les dimensions des éprouvettes essayées soient ordinairement données, il n'est pas toujours évident si celles-ci ont été fabriquées avant ou après le traitement thermique. Les dimensions des éprouvettes traitées thermiquement sont données, lorsqu'elles sont connues, dans la colonne "Treatment." Si le symbole est compris entre crochets [ ], le traitement est fait en masse, c'est-à-dire avant l'usinage, mais les dimensions ne sont pas spécifiées. A A Ab AC ANS AV A2 B C Ca Ccao Cf Cf 0 Cgm Cm C0 Cq Cr C8 Ct Q°/m Cz CR Crys. D Dc Dd Dh DA Do Dp DR E F Fm G GC Ggt Ghm Gm Gm/2 Gphm G8 Gr Grw H

Recuit Recuit brutalement Recuit en boîte Recuit en vase clos Recuit dans l'azote Recuit dans le vide Double recuit Bleui Refroidi Refroidi dans l'air Refroidi dans la chaux Refroidi dans le four Refroidi dans le four, la porte étant ouverte Refroidi dans le moufle à gaz Refroidi dans le moufle Refroidi dans l'huile Refroidi rapidement Refroidi d'une façon modérée Refroidi lentement Refroidi dans un tube d'argile réfractaire Refroidi dans l'intervalle critique à raison de t° par minute Refroidi dans le sable Chaleur rouge cerise Cristal unique Étiré Étiré à froid Étiré dur Étiré à chaud Étiré avec recuit Le même Comme déposé Chaleur rouge sombre Matrice Forgé Forgé sur mandrin Coulé, ou comme coulé Coulé, centrifugé Coulé en tube de verre Coulé en coquille préalablement chauffé Coulé, en coquille Coulé, demi-coquille Coulé sous pression en coquille préalablement chauffé Coulé en sable Broyé Broyé, humide Durci

BEDEUTUNG DER DIE BEHANDLUNG ANGEBENDEN ZEICHEN BEMERKUNG: Die Behandlungen sind durch grosse Buchstaben gekennzeichnet, der Index zeigt dann ihre Modifikation an. Es bedeutet z.B. "R0" kalt gewalzt. Eine häufig vorkommende Abkürzung ist t°/m, in welcher t° die Temperatur bedeutet bei welcher ein bestimmtes Materialstück m Zeiteinheiten gehalten wurde (Zeit in Minuten, wenn nichts anderes angegeben). Die Bedeutung einiger Zahlen muss mit Vorsicht gewertet werden. Der Einfmss der Erwärmung auf die Eigenschaft des Materials ändert sich oft mit dessen Ausmessung. Obgleich die letztere meist angegeben ist, ist es nicht immer klar ob die Prüfung vor oder nach der Wärmebehandlung ausgeführt wurde. Wo bekannt, sind die Dimensionen des Materials sobald es in der Hitze behandelt wurde, in der Kolonne unter "Treatment" angegeben. Ist das Zeichen in einer eckigen Klammer [ ] so bedeutet dies, dass die Behandlung vor der Prüfung ausgeführt wurde, aber die Ausmessung ist nicht näher angegeben. A A Ab AC ANo Ay A2 B C Ca Ccao Cf Cf 0 Cgm Cm C0 Ca Cr C3 Ct C^c0/m Cz CR Crys. D DC Dd Dh DA Do Dp DR E F Fm G Gc Ggt Ghin Gm Gm/2 Gphm G9

Ausgeglüht Gründlich ausgeglüht In Glühkiste geglüht Unter Luftabschluss geglüht In Stickstoff geglüht In Luftleere geglüht Nochmals geglüht Blau angelassen Erkaltet An Luft erkaltet In Kalk erkaltet Im Ofen erkaltet Dito bei geöffneter Tür Im Gasmuffelofen erkaltet Im Muffelofen erkaltet Im Ölbad erkaltet Rasch erkaltet Verzögert erkaltet (massig rasch) Langsam erkaltet Im Chamotterohr erkaltet Erkaltet mit einer Durchlaufgeschwindigkeit durch die kritischen Punkte von £°/min Erkaltet im Sand Kirschrotwärme Einzelkristall Gezogen Kalt gezogen Hart gezogen Heiss gezogen Gezogen mit Ausglühen Dasgl. Wie niedergeschlagen Dunkelrothitze Ausgestossen Geschmiedet Auf dem Dorn geschmiedet Gegossen oder in gegossenem Zustand Zentrifugalguss In ein Glasrohr gegossen In vorgewärmter Gussform vergossen Gegossen in Kokille Hartguss In vorgewärmter Gussform nach dem Pressverfahren vergossen In Sand vergossen

SIGNIFICATO DI SIMBOLI INDICANTI TRATTAMENTI NOTA: I trattamenti sono designati con lettere maiuscole munite di indice in basso per indicare le modificazioni. Così "Rc" significa laminato a freddo. Una abbreviazione frequente è t°/m dove t° è la temperatura alla quale un dato campione è mantenuto per m unità di tempo (minuti, quando non è diversamente specificato). Si deve fare attenzione a interpetrare alcuni dati. L'effetto del trattamento termico sulle proprietà spesso varia con le dimensioni del provino; e sebbene le dimensioni siano in genere indicate, non sempre è chiaro se i provini sono stati portati a quelle dimensioni dopo o prima il trattamento termico. In quest'ultimo caso le dimensioni del provino sono riportate nella colonna " Treatment." Quando il simbolo è racchiuso fra parentesi quadra [ ], il trattamento s'intende fatto sul pezzo prima di lavorarlo, e le dimensioni non sono indicate. A A Ab AC AN 2 AV A2 B C Ca Ccao Cf Cf 0 Cgm Cm C0 Cq Cr C8 Ct C^/m Cz CR Crys. D DC Dd Dh DA Do Dp DR E F Fm G Gc Ggt Ghm Gm Gm/2 Gphm G3 Gr Grw H Ha H0

Ricotto Ricotto a fondo Ricotto in cassetta Ricotto in ambiente chiuso Ricotto in azoto Ricotto nel vuoto Ricotto una seconda volta Rinvenuto in modo da assumere il color blu Raffreddato Raffreddato all'aria Raffreddato in calce Raffreddato in forno Raffreddato in forno con porta aperta Raffreddato in muffola a gas Raffreddato in muffola Raffreddato in olio Raffreddato rapidamente Raffreddato a velocità moderata Raffreddato lentamente Raffreddato in tubo di refrattario Raffreddato attraverso l'intervallo critico con una velocità di t° al minuto Raffreddato in sabbia Temperatura del rosso-ciliegia Cristallo singolo Trafilato Trafilato a freddo Trafilato duro Trafilato a caldo Trafilato con ricottura Lo stesso Come si deposita Temperatura del rosso-scuro Fatto passare sotto pressione attraverso a una matrice Fucinato Fucinato su mandrino Getto Getto centrifugato Colato in tubo di vetro Colato in forma preriscaldata Colato in conchiglia Colato in semiconchiglia Colato sotto pressione in forma- preriscaldata Colato in sabbia Smerigliato Smerigliato alla mola Temprato Temprato in aria Temprato in olio

HWk Hardened, work Hm Hammered J Tested (at Z0C) or (immediately) Ja Tested in air Jco2 Tested in CO2 JH à Tested in H 2 Jia Tested in liquid air Jx2 Tested in N 2 K Carburized M Modified Ml Melted Ml2 Remelted Mlv Melted in vacuo N Normalized Na Normalized in air NV Normalized in vacuo Nat Natural state O As received P Pickled Pw Pickled and washed Pl Plate Pr Pressed Q Quenched Qb Quenched in boiling water Qh Quenched in hot water Qi Quenched in iced brine Qia Quenched in liquid air Q0 Quenched in oil Qw Quenched in water Qpb Quenched in lead bath Qeait Quenched in salt bath Q2 Double quenched R Rolled R0 Rolled, cold Rd Rolled, hard Rh Rolled hot R8 Rolled, soft S Soaked Sh Soaked in hot bath Str Struck (in coin press) Sv As for service Sw Swaged Tp Tempered Tp0 Tempered in oil Tp2 Retempered Trt Heat treated U Refined V Aged W Heated to W8 f Heated in gas furnace W8 Heated slowly W2 Reheated Wt0/x Heated to t°C and held there for x min Wt0/xh Heated to J0C and held there for x hr W White heat Wk Worked (Wrought) Wkc Worked, cold Wkd Worked, hard Wkh Worked, hot Wk3 Worked, soft Y Yellow heat In addition to the above, the following signs are used to denote position of test specimen in the original ingot, casting, or rolled bar or plate : Il Longitudinal JL Transverse

Ha H0 H^ Hwk Hm J Ja Jco2 Jn2 Jia JN 2 K M Ml Ml2 Mlv N Na Ny Nat O P Pw Pl Pr Q Qb Qh Qi Qja Q0 Qw Qpb Qsait Q2 R Rc Rd Rh R8 S Sh Str Sv Sw Tp Tp0 Tp2 Trt U V W Wgf W8 W2 Wt°/x

Durci à l'air Durci à l'huile Demi dur Écroui Martelé Essayé à (/0C) ou (immédiatement) Essayé dans l'air Essayé dans CO2 Essayé dans H2 Essayé dans Fair liquide Essayé dans N 2 Carburé Modifié Fondu Refondu Fondu dans le vide Normalisé Normalisé dans l'air Normalisé dans le vide État naturel Comme reçu Décapé à l'acide Décapé et lavé Tôle Pressé Trempé Trempé dans l'eau bouillante Trempé dans l'eau chaude Trempé dans saumure glacée Trempé dans l'air liquide Trempé dans l'huile Trempé dans l'eau Trempé dans un bain de plomb Trempé dans un bain de sel Double trempe Laminé Laminé, froid Laminé, dur Laminé, chaud Laminé, mou Bien recuit Bien recuit dans un bain chaud Frappé (dans matrice à monnaies) Comme utilisé Étampé Revenu Revenu à l'huile Revenu deux fois Traité thermiquement Raffiné Vieilli Chauffé à Chauffé dans un four à gaz Chauffé lentement Rechauffé Chauffé à t°C et maintenu à cette température pendant x minutes Wt°/xh Chauffé à t°C et maintenu à cette température pendant x heures W Chaleur rouge blanc Wk Travaillé Wk0 Travaillé, froid Wkd Travaillé, dur Wkh Travaillé, chaud Wk8 Travaillé, mou Y Chaleur rouge jaune

Gr Grw H Ha H0 H^ Hwt Hm J Ja Jco2 Jn2 Jia Jx2 K M Ml Ml2 Mlv N Na NV Nat O P Pw Pl Pr Q Qb Qh Qi Qia Q0 Qw Qpb Qaait Qa R RC Rd Rh RS S Sh Str Sv Sw Tp Tp0 Tp2 Trt U V W W8f W8 W2 Wt0/x Wt0/xh W Wk Wk0 Wkd Wkh Wk3

Geschliffen Nass geschliffen Gehärtet Luftgehärtet Ölgehärtet Halb gehärtet Kalt gehärtet Gehämmert Geprüft (bei J0C) oder (gleich) Geprüft in Luft Geprüft in CC>2 Geprüft in H2 Geprüft in flüssiger Luft Geprüft in N 2 Gekohlt Geändert Geschmolzen Umgeschmolzen In Luftleere geschmolzen Normalisiert In Luft normalisiert In Luftleere normalisiert Natürlicher Zustand Wie erhalten Abgebeizt Dito und gewaschen Blech Gepresst Abgeschreckt Dito in kochendem Wasser Dito in heissem Wasser Abgelöscht in Eislake Dito in flüssiger Luft Dito in Öl Dito in Wasser Dito im Bleibad Dito im Salzbad Zweimal abgeschreckt Gewalzt Kalt gewalzt Hart gewalzt Heiss gewalzt Weich gewalzt Geweicht Geweicht in heissem Bad Ins Münzgesenk geschlagen Wie zum Gebrauch Im Gesenk nachgeschmiedet Angelassen In Öl angelassen Nochmals angelassen Wärmebehandelt Raffiniert Gealtert Erhitzt auf Im Gasofen erhitzt Langsam erhitzt Wiederholt erhitzt Erhitzt auf t° u. x Min. lang Erhitzt auf t° u. x Std. lang Weissglut Bearbeitet (geschmiedet) Kalt geschmiedet Hart geschmiedet Heiss geschmiedet Weich geschmiedet

Hi £ Hwk Hm J Ja Jco2 Jn2 Jia JiST2 K M Ml Ml2 Mlv N Na NV Nat O P PW Pl Pr Q Qb Qh Qi Qia Q0 Qw Qpb Qsait Q2 R RC Rd Rh R8 S Sh Str Sv Sw Tp Tp0 Tp2 Trt U V W W8f W3 W2 Wt°/x

Semiduro Incrudito Lavorato al maglio Provato (a I0C) oppure (immediatemente) Provato in aria Provato in CO2 Provato in H 2 Provato hi aria liquida Provato in N 2 Carbur azzato Modificato Fuso Rifuso Fuso nel vuoto Normalizzato Normalizzato all'aria Normalizzato nel vuoto Stato naturale Nelle condizioni in cui è stato ricevuto Pulito con acido Pulito e lavato Lamiera Pressato Temprato in un liquido Temprato in acqua bollente Temprato in acqua calda Temprato in acqua salata ghiacciata Temprato in aria liquida Temprato in olio Temprato in acqua Temprato in bagno di piombo Temprato in bagno di sali Doppia tempra Laminato Laminato a freddo Laminato duro Laminato a caldo Laminato dolce Ricotto a fondo Ricotto a fondo in bagno caldo Stampato con pressa a coniare Come per servizio Forgiato su stampo Rinvenuto Rinvenuto in olio Rinvenuto due volte Trattato termicamente Affinato Invecchiato Riscaldato a Riscaldato in un forno a gas Riscaldato lentemente Riscaldato due volte Riscaldato a Z0C e mantenuto a questa temperatura per x minuti Wt°/xh Riscaldato a E0C e mantenuto a questa temperatura per x ore W Temperatura del bianco Wk Lavorato (grezzo) Wk0 Lavorato a freddo Wkd Lavorato duro Wkh Lavorato a caldo Wk8 Lavorato dolce Y Temperatura del color giallo

TV /

Tangential Kadial In the case of single crystals, the following are used: Crys. Il Parallel to crystal axis Crys. J_ Perpendicular to crystal axis ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS DENOTING VARIABLES DEFINING A SYSTEM AND THEIR UNITS

a CS Ga I /o Al p P SWG Tr. V AV Fo d Ad do

Area of cross section Compressive stress Gage Length (gage length in case of tensile specimens) Original length Increment of length Pressure Load Steel wire gage Trace (in analysis) Volume Increment of volume Original volume Diameter Increment of diameter Original diameter

MEANINGS OF SYMBOLS DENOTING PROPERTIES NOTE: Some of these properties are defined on p. viii, and the definitions are here referred to by number as Def. 1, Def. 2, etc. A, B, C, D, etc. Thermal coefficients of volume expansion; v. vol. I, p. 36. a2 Capillary constant; v. vol. I, p. 35 A °1J A °2' A C3

An? Ar 2 J A rs

BHN BMR Ci? dj 0 DLc E El

EL ELC EL& EP FL0 F. P. G IHN IS

IS' K

J

i Critical temperatures or ranges of steels Brinell hardness number (Def. 12) Bending modulus of rupture, kg/mm 2 (Def. 5) Mean specific heat between t\ and ^C, joule/g Specific gravity at 20° referred to water at 4° Deformation limit in compression, kg/mm 2 Young's modulus, kg/mm 2 (Def. 10) Elongation, % (Def. 7), gage lengths indicated by subscripts as follows: a = 2 in., b = 3 in., c = 4 in., d = 100 mm, f = 180 mm, g = 200 mm, k = 20 in., 1 = 66.67 X (cross section area)1^, s = 4 X (cross section area)^ Elastic limit in tension, kg/mm 2 (Def. 2) Elastic limit in compression, kg/mm 2 (Def. 2) Elastic limit in shear (or torsion), kg/mm 2 (Def. 2) Extrusion pressure, kg/mm 2 Endurance limit to fatigue, kg/mm 2 (Def. 176) Freezing point, 0C Modulus of elasticity in shear, kg/mm 2 (Def. 11) Impact hardness number Impact strength, kg-m, machines and specimen type indicated by subscripts as follows: u = Izod, B. E. S. A. Std. specimen; v = Charpy, 450V notch; w = Charpy, keyhole notch; x = Charpy, Mesnager notch; y = Fremont Square notch; z = U. S. N. Bureau of Aeronautics specimen (Def. 16) Impact strength, kg-m/cm2, on cross section at notch Bulk modulus of elasticity, kg/mm 2

En plus des signes ci-dessus, les signes suivants sont utilisés pour indiquer la position de F éprouvette dans le lingot original, dans la gueuse, dans la barre laminée ou la tôle: II Longitudinal 7^- Tangen tiel J_ Transversal /* Radial Dans le cas des cristaux isolés, les signes suivants sont utilisés: Crys. H Parallèle à Faxe du cristal Crys. J_ Perpendiculaire à Taxe du cristal ABRÉVIATIONS ET SYMBOLES INDIQUANT LES VARIABLES DÉFINISSANT UN SYSTÈME ET LEURS UNITÉS a Surface de la section p Pression transversale P Charge CS Effort de compression SWG Jauge en fil d'acier Ga Jauge Tr. Traces (en analyse) I Longueur (longueur entre V Volume repères dans le cas AV Accroissement de volume d'éprouvettes de tracVQ Volume initial tion) d Diamètre Io Longueur initiale Ad Accroissement du diaAZ Accroissement de Ionmètre gueur do Diamètre initial SIGNIFICATION DES SYMBOLES INDIQUANT LES PROPRIÉTÉS NOTE: Quelques-unes de ces propriétés sont définies à page viii et les définitions sont référées ici par un nombre comme suit : Def. 1, Def. 2, etc. A, B, C, D, etc. Coefficients thermiques de dilatation cubique; v. vol. I, p. 36 a2 Constante capillaire; v. vol. I, p. 35 ACl> A 2 A C3 1 A A°' A \ Températures ou intervalles critiques des aciers F A ri , Ar2, Ar 3

BHN BMR C*tl dl° DLc E El

EL EIc -EXg EP FL0 F. P. G IHN IS

'

J

Nombre de dureté Brinell (Def. 12) Module de rupture à la flexion, kg/mm 2 (Def. 5) Chaleur spécifique moyenne entre t[ et t°2 C, joules/g Densité à 20° par rapport à l'eau à 4° Limite de déformation à la compression, kg/mm 2 Module de Young, kg/mm 2 (Def. 10) Allongement en pourcent (Def. 7), longueur entre repères indiquée par indices comme suit: a = 2 in.; b = 3 in., c = 4 in., d = 100 mm, f = 180 mm, g = 200 mm, k = 20 in., 1 = 66,67 X (section transversale) ^, s = 4 X (section transversale)^ Limite élastique à la traction, kg/mm 2 (Def. 2) Limite élastique à la compression, kg/mm 2 (Def. 2) Limite élastique au cisaillement (ou torsion), kg/mm 2 (Def. 2) Pression de matrice, kg/mm 2 Limite d'endurance à la fatigue, kg/mm 2 (Def. 176) Point de congélation, 0C Module d'élasticité de glissement, kg/mm 2 (Def. U) Nombre de dureté au choc Résistance au choc, kg-m. Machines et éprouvettes types indiquées par des indices comme suit: u = Izod, B. E. S. A. Std. éprouvette type; v = Charpy, entaille en V 45°; w = Charpy, entaille en trou de clé; x = Charpy, entaille Mesnager; y = entaille carrée, Fremont; z = éprouvette type du U. S. N. Bureau

Y

Gelbhitze In dem Vorangegangenen werden nach die folgenden Zeichen hinzugefügt, welche die Stellung des Originalblockes, des gegossenen oder gewalzten Stückes, oder der Platte, angegeben: Il Längs J. Quer TT Tangential /* Radial Bei Einkristallen bedeuten die Zeichen : Cry s. II Gleichgerichtet zur Kristallachse Cry s. J_ Senrecht zur Kristallachse ABKÜRZUNGEN UND ZEICHEN DER SYSTEMVARIABLEN UND DEREN EINHEITEN a Querschnitt (fläche) CS (Druck-) (Press-) Spannung Ga Lehre l Messlänge im Falle der Zerreissproben Zo Ursprüngliche Länge Al Zunahme der Länge p Druck P Belastung SWG Stahldrahtlehre Tr. Spuren (in Analyse) V Volumen AF Volumzunahme VQ Ausgangs- oder Ursprungsvolumen d Durchmesser Ad Zunahme des Durchmessers dQ Ursprünglicher Durchmesser ZEICHEN FÜR EIGENSCHAFTEN BEMERKUNG: Einige dieser Eigenschaften sind definiert p. viii. Sie sind unten noch durch die Bemerkung Def. l, Def. 2, u.s.w. näher angegeben. A, B, C, D, etc. Koeff, der Wärmeausdehnung des Volumens; siehe vol. I, p. 36 a2 Kapillaritätskonstante; siehe vol. I, p. 35 A01, A02, A03 \ Kritische Temperaturen oder UmwandlungsAn, Ar2, Ar3 / punkte der Stähle BHN Brinellhärte (Kugeldruckhärte) (Def. 12) BMR Biegefestigkeit, kg/mm2 (Def. 5) C\\ Mittlere spez. Wärme zwischen t( und /^C, Joule/g dlQ Spezifisches Gewicht DLc Elastizitätsgrenze beim Druckversuch, kg/mm 2 E Young'scher Modul, kg/mm 2 (Def. 10) El Bruchdehnung in Prozenten der Messlänge (Def. 7), Lehren sind durch Indices angegeben und zwar: a = 2 in., b = 3 in., c = 4 in., d = 100 mm, f = 180 mm, g = 200 mm, k = 20 in. l = 66,67 X Querschnitt^, s = 4 X Querschnitt^ EL Elastizitätsgrenze beim Zugversuch, kg/mm 2 (Def. 2) ELc Dito beim Druckversuch, kg/mm 2 (Def. 2) ELs Schubelastizitätsgrenze (oder Drehung), kg/mm 2 (Def. 2) EP Ausstossdruck, kg/mm 2 FL0 Dauerbruchgrenze, kg/mm2, (Def. 176) F. P. Erstarrungspunkt, 0C G Elastizitätsmodul für Scherbeanspruchung, kg/ mm 2 (Def. 11) IHN Schlaghärte JS Schlagfestigkeit, kg-m. Maschinen und Materialprobe sind durch Indices angegeben, und zwar : u = Izod, B. E. S. A. Std. Probeform; v =

Oltre a queste indicazioni sono pure adoperati i segni seguenti a indicare la posizione dei provini nel lingotto nel getto o nella barra o lamiera originarii: II Longitudinale TV Tangenziale J. Trasversale / Radiale Nel caso dei singoli cristalli si usano i seguenti: Crys. u Parallelo all'asse del cristallo Crys. J_ Perpendicolare all'asse del cristallo ABBREVIAZIONI E SIMBOLI INDICANTI VARIABILI CHE DEFINISCONO UN SISTEMA E LORO UNITÀ a CS Ga I

lo AZ p

Area della sezione trasversale Sforzo di compressione Calibro Lunghezza (calibro di lunghezza nel caso di provini di trazione) Lunghezza originaria Aumento di lunghezza Pressione

P SWG Tr. V AF VQ d Ad do

Carico Calibro per fili Traccia (in analisi) Volume Aumento di volume Volume originale Diametro Aumento di diametro Diametro originario

SIGNIFICATO DI SIMBOLI INDICANTI PROPRIETÀ NOTA: Alcune di queste proprietà sono definite nella p. viii, e alle definizioni è qui fatto riferimento con numeri: Def. 1, Def. 2, ecc. A, B, C, D, ecc. Coefficiente di temperatura della dilatazione cubica; v., vol. I, p. 36 a2 Costante di capillarità; v. vol. I, p. 35 ACI» AC2, AC3 1 Temperature critiche o intervalli critici degli An, A12, Ars J acciai BHN Numero di durezza Brinell (Def. 12) BMR Modulo di rottura alla flessione, kg /mm2 (Def. 5) Cil Calore specifico medio tra t°, e ti C, joule/g dl° Peso specifico a 20° riferito all'acqua a 4° DLc Limite di snervamento alla compressione, kg/mm 2 E Modulo di Young, kg/mm 2 (Def. 10) El Allungamento percentuale (Def. 7), i calibri sono indicati a mezzo di indici scritti di sotto a questo modo: a = 2 in., b = 3 in., c = 4 in., d = 100 mm, f = 180 mm, g = 200 mm, k = 20 in., l = 66,67 X (l'area della sezione trasversale)^, = 4 X (l'area della sezione trasversale) ^ EL Limite elastico alla trazione, kg/mm 2 (Def. 2) ELc Limite elastico alla compressione, kg/mm 2 (Def. 2) ELs Limite elastico al taglio (o torsione), kg/mm 2 (Def. 2) EP Pressione di matrice, kg /mm 2 FL0 Limite di durata alla fatica, kg/mm 2 (Def. 176) F. P. Punto di congelamento, 0C G Modulo di elasticità al taglio, kg /mm 2 (Def. 11) IHN Numero di durezza di resistenza ali' urto IS Resistenza ali' urto, kg-m. Macchina e tipo del provino sono indicati con indici scritti di sotto nella maniera che segue: u = Izod, provino B. E. S. A. Std.; v = Charpy, con intaglio V a 45°; w = Charpy, con intaglio buco della serratura; x = Charpy, con intaglio Mesnager; y = intaglio quadrato di Fremont; z = provino dello U. S. N. Bureau of Aeronautics (Def. 16) IS' Resistenza ali' urto, kg/cm2, sulla sezione utile

fri?

Mean thermal conductivity between t° and £C, joules cm-2 sec"1 (0C, cm"1)

LF LV Zv LT LCH M M. P. MS MSH No. B PL PLc

Latent heat of fusion, kilo joule/g-atom Latent heat of vaporization, kilo joule/g-atom Latent heat of vaporization, kilojoule/g Latent heat of transformation, kilo joule/g-atom Ludwik cone hardness Molecular weight Melting point, 0C Mean stress Martens scratch hardness Number of bends to fracture (Def. 15) Proportional limit in tension, kg/mm 2 (Def. 1) Proportional limit in compression, kg/mm 2 (Def.

PLs

Proportional limit in shear (or torsion), kg/mm 2 (Def. 1) Proof stress, kg/mm 2 Endurance range, kg/mm2 (Def. 17 e) Reduction in area, % (Def. 8) Rockwell hardness number Scleroscope hardness (Def. 13) Mold shrinkage, % Torsional modulus of rupture, kg/mm 2 (Def. 6) Turner scratch hardness Twist in torsion test, °/cm, unless total twist is given Ultimate bending moment Ultimate compressive strength, kg/mm2 (Def. 4) Ultimate shearing strength (measured directly), kg/mm 2 (Def. 4) Ultimate shearing strength, (computed from torsion test), kg/mm 2 (Def. 6, second equation) Ultimate tensile strength, kg/mm 2 (Def. 4) Ultimate work of bending, kg-m Specific volume, g"1 Vapor pressure Yield point in tension, kg/mm 2 (Def. 3) Yield point in compression, kg/mm 2 (Def. 3) Yield point in shear (or torsion), kg/mm2 (Def. 3) Thermal coefficients of linear expansion; v. p. 459 Surface tension; v. vol. I, p. 42. Per cent compression (under stated load) Tangential or fluid coefficient of viscosity; v. vol. I, p. 42 Normal coefficient of viscosity Poisson's ratio (Def. 9)

PS R RA RHN ScH Shr. TMR TSH Tw UBM UCS USS USSc UTS UWB v V. P. YP FPc FPs a, ß, 7, ô, etc. 7 e 77 C X fp

D

V d / (Temperature constant)

IS' K kft LF Lv Zv LT LCH M M. P. MS MSH No. B PL PLc PLs PS R RA RHN ScH Shr. TMR TSH Tw UBM UCS USS USSc UTS UWB v V. P. FP FPc FPs

11

1 /d x \ - ( " J T ) (Pressure constant)

«, /3, 7, 5, etc.

X

Compressibility (atmospheres)""1

7 e 77 £ X

of Aeronautics (Def. 16) Résistance au choc, kg-m/cm2 sur la section à l'entaille Module d'élasticité apparent, kg/mm2 Conductibilité thermique moyenne entre t\ et il C, joules cm~2 sec"1 (0C, cm"1) Chaleur latente de fusion, kilo joules/g-ato me Chaleur latente de vaporisation, kilojoules/gatome Chaleur latente de vaporisation, kilojoules/g Chaleur latente de transformation, kilojoules/gatome Dureté Ludwik cône Poids moléculaire Point de fusion, 0C Effort moyen Dureté Martens rayure Nombre de pliages jusqu'à rupture (Def. 15) Limite de proportionnalité à la traction, kg/mm 2 (Def. 1) Limite de proportionnalité à la compression, kg/mm 2 (Def. 1) Limite de proportionnalité au cisaillement (ou torsion), kg/mm 2 (Def. 1) Effort d'épreuve, kg/mm 2 Amplitude d'endurance, kg/mm 2 (Def. 17e) Striction, % (Def. 8) Nombre de dureté Rockwell Dureté au scléroscope (Def. 13) Retrait au moulage, % Module de torsion à la rupture, kg/mm 2 (Def. 6) Dureté Turner à la rayure Torsion dans l'essai de torsion °/cm, à moins que la torsion totale ne soit donnée Moment de flexion ultime Résistance à la compression, kg/mm 2 (Def. 4) Résistance au cisaillement (mesurée directement), kg/mm 2 (Def. 4) Résistance au cisaillement (déduite de l'essai de torsion), kg/mm 2 (Def. 6, deuxième équation) Résistance à la traction, kg/mm 2 (Def. 4) Travail ultime de flexion, kg-m Volume spécifique, g"1 Pression de vapeur Limite d'étirage ou d'écoulement à la traction, kg/mm 2 (Def. 3) Limite d'étirage à la compression, kg/mm 2 (Def.

.3). Limite de cisaillement (ou de torsion), kg/mm 2 (Def. 3) Coefficients thermiques de dilatation linéaire; v. p. 459 Tension de surface; v. vol. I, p. 42 Pourcent de compression (sous une charge donnée) Coefficient de viscosité, tangentiel ou fluide; v. vol. I, p. 42 Coefficient de viscosité normal Coefficient de Poisson (Def. 9)

fp

Vd-") (Température constante)

ft

V d 7 / ) (Pressi°n constante)

x

Compressibilité (atmosphères)"1

£ X

Charpy, V-Kerbe, 45°; w = Charpy, Schlüssloch-Rille; x = Charpy, Mesnager-Rille; y = Fremont-Rille mit quadratischen Querschnitt; z = Probeform des U. S. N. Bureau of Aeronautics (Def. 16) Schlagfestigkeit, kg-m/cm2 Durchschnittlicher Elastizitätsmodul, kg/mm 2 Mittlere Wärmeleitfähigkeit zwischen 2° und t\ C, Joule cm-2 sec-1 (0C, cm-1) Schmelzwärme, Kilojoule/g-atom. Verdampfungswärme, Kilojoule/g-atom. Verdampfungswärme, Kilojoule/g Umwandlungswärme, Kilojoule/g-atom. Kegelhärte nach Ludwik Molekulargewicht Schmelzpunkt, 0C Mittlerer Druck Ritzhärte nach Martens Zahl der Biegungen (Def. 15) Proportionalitätsgrenze beim Zugversuch, kg/ mm2 (Def. 1) Dito beim Druckversuch, kg/mm 2 (Def. 1) Dito beim Schubversuch (oder Drehung), kg/ mm 2 (Def. 1) Prüfspannung, kg/mm 2 Dauerbruchfestigkeit für bestimmte Spannungswechsel, kg/mm 2 (Def. 17e) Brucheinschnürung in % (Def. 8) Rockwellhärtezahl Skleroskophärte (Def. 13) Schwindung in % Drehfestigkeit, kg/mm 2 (Def. 6) Ritzhärte nach Turner Verdrehung in °/cm beim Drehversuch Biegungshöchstmoment Druckfestigkeit, kg/mm 2 (Def. 4) Scherfestigkeit, kg/mm 2 (Def. 4) Dito durch Drehversuch bestimmt, kg/mm 2 (Def. 6, zweite Gleichung) Zugfestigkeit, kg/mm 2 (Def. 4) Grösstbiegearbeit, kg-m Spez. Volumen, g"1 Dampfdruck Fliessgrenze, kg/mm 2 (Def. 3) Quetschgrenze, kg/mm 2 (Def. 3) Fliessgrenze beim Scher- (Dreh-) versuch, kg/ mm 2 (Def. .3) Linearer Wärmeausdehnungskoeffizient; siehe, p. 459 Oberflächenspannung; siehe vol. I, p. 42 Prozent Zusammenpressung unter statischer Belastung Tangential- oder Viskositäts-Koeffizient ; siehe vol. I, p. 42 Normaler Viskositätskoeffizient Verhältnis nach Poisson (Def. 9)

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Modulo di elasticità alla compressione, kg/mm 2 Conducibilità termica media tra t\ e t°2C, joule cm~~2 sec"1 (0C, cm"1) Calore latente di fusione, kilojoule/g-atomo Calore latente di evaporazione, kilojoule/gatomo Calore latente di evaporizione, kilo joule/g Calore latente di trasformazione, kilojoule/gatomo Durezza al cono Ludwik Peso molecolare Punto di fusione, 0C Sforzo medio Durezza alla scalfittura secondo Martens Numero di piegature per arrivare a frattura (Def. 15) Limite di proporzionalità alla tensione, kg /mm 2 (Def. 1) Limite di proporzionalità alla compressione, kg/mm 2 (Def. 1) Limite di proporzionalità al taglio (o torsione), kg/mm 2 (Def. 1) Carico di prova, kg/mm 2 Ampiezza di durata alla fatica, kg/mm 2 (Def. 17 e) Riduzione di area percentuale (Def. 8) Numeri di durezza Rockwell Durezza scleroscopica (Def. 13) Ritiro percentuale nella forma Modulo di rottura alla torsione, kg /mm 2 (Def. 6) Durezza alla scalfittura secondo Turner Angolo di torsione espresso in gradi per centimetro, a meno che non sia data la torsione totale Carico di rottura alla flessione Carico di rottura per compressione, kg /mm 2 (Def. 4) Carico di rottura per taglio (misura direttamente), kg/mm 2 (Def. 4) Carico di rottura per taglio (calcolato dal saggio di torsione), kg/mm 2 (Def. 6, equazione secondo) Carico di rottura alla trazione, kg/mm 2 (Def. 4) Lavoro di rottura per flessione, kg-m Volume specifico, g"1 Tensione di vapore Limite di snervamento alla trazione, kg/mm 2 (Def. 3) Limite di snervamento alla compressione, kg/ mm 2 (Def. 3) Limite di snervamento al taglio (o torsione), kg/mm 2 (Def. 3) Coefficienti di temperatura della dilatazione lineare; v. p. 459 Tensione superficiale; v. vol. I, p. 42 Compressione percentuale (sotto un carico statico) Coefficiente tangenziale o fluido di viscosità; v. vol. I, p. 42 Coefficiente normale di viscosità Rapporto di Poisson (Def. 9)

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"IrT") (Costante di temperatura)

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Compressibilità (atmosfere)"1

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EQUILIBRIUM DIAGRAMS CONTENTS Introduction Aluminium alloys. M. L. V. GAYLER Lead alloys and tin alloys. O. F. HUDSON Other non-ferrous alloys (including Cu-Fe). Ferrous alloys. C. H. DESCH

PAGE

400 400 413 J. L. HAUGHTON 419 449

INTRODUCTION The vapor phase is not considered, vapor pressure being very small with respect to atmospheric pressure with few exceptions, such as As. The liquid phase is denoted by Liq., or if more than one liquid phase exists, by Liq. I, Liq. II, etc. Crystal phases are designated as follows : A metal or intermetallic compound by its chemical formula.

A solid solution of A in B by (A, B). If A is a compound, this does not mean necessarily that molecules of A exist in solution; most X-rays data are to the contrary. Crystals of the composition A, however, do separate from the solid solution. A solid solution of A and B in all proportions by [A, B]. A solid solution of A or B in the compound AxBy by (AxBy). A series of different solid solutions by a, /3, y, O1 etc., their composition being stated if known. A mixture of A and B by A +B. A binary eutectic in a ternary system by e. A ternary eutectic by E. The eutectic temperature of binary alloys is indicated by a dot and dash line. All temperatures are in 0C, and unless otherwise indicated all compositions are in weight %.

ALUMINIUM ALLOYS M. L. V. GAYLER LITERATURE

INDEX OF SYSTEMS PAGE

Al-Ag (36) 401 Al-Au (27, 28, 29) 402 Al-Be (35) 402 Al-Bi (21) 401 Al-Ca (13) 401 Al-Cd* (22) Al-Ce (46) 401 Al-Co (22) 401 Al-Cr (30) 402 Al-Cu (6, 11, ILI, 22, 45). 401 Al-Fe (32, 40) 403 Al-Hg (43) 403 Al-K* (42) Al-Li (Li) Al-Mg (23) 403 Al-Mn (30) 403 Al-Na* (34) Al-Ni (22) 404 Al-Pb* (22) Al-Pt (10) 404 * Two immiscible liquid phases.

PAGE

Al-Sb (5) 403 Al-Se («) 403 Al-Si (", ",37) 404 Al-Sn (21) 404 Al-Te (») 404 Al-Ti (16) 405 Al-Tl* (12) Al-Zn (25, so.i, 30.2, 38, 39) 405 Al-Cd-Zn (4) 409 Al-Cu-Mg (i», 47)....405, 406 Al-Cu-Mn («) 406 Al-Cu-Ni (2, 3) 406, 407 Al-Cu-Sn (i) 408 Al-Cu-Zn (7, 26, 31, 40).407, 408 Al-Mg-Si (24) 408, 410 Al-Mg-Zn (is.i) Al-Sn-Zn (33) 410 Al-Cu-Mg-Si (is, 20).409, 410, 411, 412

(For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) O) Andrews and Edwards, 5, 82: 568; 09. O«*) Assmann, 95, 18: 51; 26. ( 2 ) Austin and Murphy, 47, 29: 327; 23. ( 3 ) Bingham and Haughton, 47, 29: 71; 23. ( 4 ) Budgen, 4, 125: 1642; 24. (5) Campbell and Matthews, 1, 24: 253; 02. ( 6 ) Carpenter and Edwards, 403, 1907 I: 204. ( 7 ) Carpenter and Edwards, 95, 2: 209; 12. ( 8 ) Chikashige and Aoki, 429, 2: 249; 17. ( 9 ) Chikashige and Nose, 429, 2: 227; 17. (i°) Chouriguine, 74, 9: 874; 12. (U) Curry, 50, 11: 425; 07. ( H « i ) Dix and Richardson, 80, Preprint 1534-E; 26. ( 12 ) Doerinckel, 93, 48: 185; 06. (i 3 ) Donski, 93, 57: 185; 08. ( 14 ) Edwards, 33, 28: 165; 23. (is) Eger, 95, 4: 29; 13. C 1 5 « 1 ) Eger, 95, 53: 545; 23. O 6 ) Erckelens, 187, 20: 206; 23. (") Fraenkel, 93, 58: 154; 08. (i*) Gayler, 47, 28: 213; 22. ( 19 ) Gayler, 47, 29: 507; 23. ( 20 ) Gayler, 47, 30: 139; 23. ( 2 I) Qwyer, 93, 49: 311; 06. (22) Gwyer, 93, 57: 113; 08. ( 23 ) Hanson and Gayler, 47, 24: 201; 20. (24) Hanson and Gayler, 47, 26: 321; 21. (25) Hanson and Gayler, 47, 27: 267; 22. ( 26 ) Haughton and Bingham, 5, 99: 47; 21. (27) Heycock and Neville, 62, 194: 201; 00. (28) Heycock and Neville, 62, 214: 267; 14. (29) Heycock and Neville, 5, 90: 560; 14. ( 30 ) Hindricks, 93, 59: 414; 08. ( 3 <>.i) Honda and Ishigaki, 159, 14: 219; 25. (30.2) lsihara, 159, 15: 209; 26. (") von Jares, 95, 10: 1; 19. ( 32 ) Kurnakov, Urasov and Grigorjev, 93, 125: 207; 22. ( 33 ) Losana and Carozzi, 36, 53: 546; 23. (34) Mathewson, 93, 48: 191; 06. ( 3 S) Oesterheld, 98, 97: 6; 16. ( 36 ) Petrenko, 93, 46: 49; 05. (37) Roberts, 4, 105: 1383; 14. C 3 «) Rosenhain and Archbutt, 62, 211 A: 315; 11. ( 3 ») Rosenham and Archbutt, 5, 85: 389; 11. ( 4 0 ) Rosenhain, Archbutt and Hanson, 403, 1921 II: 699. ( 4 1 ) Rosenhain and Lantsberry, 408, 1910 I: 119. ( 4 2 ) Smith, 93, 56: 109; 07. (43) Smits and de Gruyter, Univ. of Amsterdam, O. ( 4 4 ) Stockdale, 47, 28: 273; 22. t*S) Stockdale, 47, Sl: 275; 24. (46) Vogel, 93, 75: 41; 12. ( 4 7 ) Vogel, 93, 107: 265; 19.

Al-Bi D

AI-Ag

n

Ai-Co

n

Ca-Al C3)

Ce-Ai

r)

Al-Cu ^6,n,22,45\

/See p. 609

AI-Au (27,28.29)

AhCr

(")

Be-AI

n

AI-Fe

Mg-AI n

/32.40)

Al-Sb H

AI-Hg

n

AI-Mn H

Ai-Se (8)

Ai-Te o

AI-Ni

n

Ai-Si /M, 17, 37 \

AI-Pt

n

Al-SnI 1

p)

AI-Ti

AhZn

C6)

/25,36,39A

Mg-Al-Cu Constitution of Alloys Uptol27oMg,6%Cu

-

(W]

Mg-AI-Cu Contours of bquidus Surface Upto55%Mg,5Q%Cu

r; Mg-Al-Cu Contours of Secondary Separation Surface Upto55%Mg,50%Cu /

(47)

Mg-AI-Cu Contours of SolidusSurface Upto55%Mg,50%Cu

AI-Mn-Cu Contours of Liquidus Surface Uptoli%Al,IO%Mn J (41) 8/

P)

AI-Ni-Cu Contours of Liquidus Surface UptQlO%Nli,l2%Cu ^

S

D D

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0

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(*) AI-Ni-Cu Contours of OQCondary SeparationSurface UDto !O 0 XoNi.l?%Cu

Al-Cu-Zn \ ' Contours of LiquidusX Surface \ Up to 15%Al, 10% Cu (2T

AI-Ni-Cu Contours oFLiquidus Surface

l

(2)

AI-Cu-Zn Liquidus (7,a6,3l,40,)

AI-Cu-Sn Contours of Liquidus Surface

C)

AI-Cu-Zn Constitution of Alloys at300°C Up to 15% Al, 10% Cu

( 26 J

Mg-AI-Si Contours of Secondary Separation Surface Upto35%Mg,lt7oSi /

PT

7

Al-Cd-Zn Contours of Liquidus Surface 4

()

Mg-Ai-Cu-Si Constitution of Alloys having Cu :Mg=3 :1 Upto8%(Cu+Mg),4%Mg2Si

n

AhZn-Sn Contours of Liquidus Surface

n

Mg2Si-AI-Cu Constitution of Alloys at 25O0C and 50O0C Upto6%Mg2Si/7%Cu

P8T Al-I-Mg2Su-AI2Cu

Mg-Al-Cu-Si Typical Isotherm showing Composition of Alloys investigated upto4%Mg;4%Mg2Si;6%Cu

r

Mg-Al-Si '1 24i Constitution of Alloys at 15O0C andSOOC, ' UpTo35%Mg,ll%5i

Me-Al-Cu-Si I Const itution of AUoys having Cu:Mg=8:3 Upto7%(aM-Mg).4% Mg8Si I T)

/

NOTE:—Point J' is at 4 % Mg.

Inter-field Boundaries I QUAl2 Cu [ QUMg2Si

QC

BÏÊÎÏG'D'C'B' CÄ'F'G'D'C'

CU-AI2Cu oC+MggSi|

OCtAI2Cu-I-Me2Si KSLGDCk'

I

I

OPGDCb'

Mg-AhCu-Si Constitution of Solid Alloys at 25O0C. r)

Field Boundaries in Planes of Tetrahedron IAI-Mg2 Si-CuI Al-Cu-MgIAI-Mg1Mg^ _rt,

B'C'ATB

B'E'H'J'I'B'

A'F'j'A'T

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NOTE:—Point B should be at 4 % Cu.

Inter-field Boundaries 06+Al2Cu

01+Mg2Si cUAI2Cu+Mg2Si

0 6 B E H 6 D C B CAFGDC ~ 06+AI2Cu KSLGDCK 06+Mg2Si I I I QPGDCO

Mg-AI-Cu-Si Constitution of Solid Alloys at40O0C

r)

Field Boundaries in Planes of Tetrahedron IAI-Mg2Si-CuI AI-Cu-MgIAI-Mg-Mg2Si _OC BCAIB BEHJIB AFJAI OC-I-AI2Cu KCBTK TNHEBT 06+Mg8Si OMACO MVFAM Q6+AI2Cu+MggSi| RXOCKR | |

LEAD ALLOYS AND TIN ALLOYS O. F. HUDSON INDEX OF SYSTEMS Pb

Pb-Ag (9, 20) Pb-Al Pb-As (15) Pb-Au (43) Pb-Bi (14, 16, 20) Pb-Ca (i) Pb-Cd (3, 14, 20, 23) Pb-Co (26) Pb-Cr (19) Pb-Cu Pb-Fe Pb-Hg (20, 22) Pb-In (25, 27) Pb-K (40) Pb-Mg (12) Pb-Mn (46) Pb-Na (31) Pb-Pd (38) Pb-Pt (6) Pb-Sb (4, 8, 11) Pb-Sn (20, 37) Pb-Te (7, 24) Pb-Tl (14, 25) Pb-Zn (14, 41)

PAGE

414 400 414 414 414 414 414 414 414 434 449 414 414 415 415 415 415 415 415 415 415 4I6 4I 6 4I6

LITERATURE Sn

Sn-Ag (36) Sn-Al Sn-Au (44) Sn-Bi (23) Sn-Cd (20, 29) Sn-Ce (45) Sn-Cu Sn-Fe Sn-Hg (") Sn-K (40) Sn-Li (30) Sn-Mg (13) Sn-Pb (20) Sn-Sb (14, 46) Sn-Tl (io) Sn-Zn («) Ternary Systems Pb-Ag-Zn (2) Pb-Bi-Sn (32, 39) Pb-Cd-Tl (5) Pb-Cu-Zn (34, 35) Pb-Sb-Sn (28) Pb-Sb-Zn (42) Sn-Bi-Zri (33)

(For key to the periodicals see end of volume) PAGE

416 404 416 416 416 416 433 452 416 417 417 417 417 416 417 418 418 4I8 418 417 418

(M Baar, 93, 70: 352; 11. (2) Bogitch, 34, 159: 178; 15. ( 3 ) Budgen, Cadmium, Its Metallurgy, Properties and Uses. London, Griffin, 1924. (*) Dean, Hudson and Fogler, 45, 17: 1246; 25. ( 5 ) Di Capua, 36, 55: 280; 25. («) Doerinckel, 93, 54: 333; 07. ( 7 ) Fay and Gillson, 8O1 31: 527; 01. ( 8 ) Fischer, 97, 6: 146; 25. ( 9 ) Friedrich, 192, 3: 396; 06. (i°) Fuchs, 93, 107: 308; 19. (H) Gontermann, 93, 55: 419; 07. O 2 ) Grube, 93, 44: 117; 05. ( 13 ) Grube, 93, 46: 76; 05. ( 14 ) Guertler, Metallography. Berlin, Gebröder Borntraeger, 1910. < 15 ) Heike, 9ô, 6: 49; 14. C 1 6 ) Herold, 93, 112: 131; 20. (") Van Heteren, 93, 42: 129; 04. O 8 ) Heycock and Neville, 4, 72: 383; 97. ( 19 ) Hindricks, 93, 59: 414; 08. (20) Honda and Ishigaki, 109, 14: 219; 25. ( 2 2 ) Janecke, 7, 60: 399; 07. ( 23 ) Kapp, 8, 6: 754; 01. (24) Kimura, 429, 1: 149; 15. ( 25 ) Kurnakov and Pushin, 93, 52: 430; 07. ( 2 6 ) Lewkonja, 93, 59: 293; 08. ( 2 7 ) van Liempt, 70, 45: 203; 26. ( 28 ) Loebe, 192, 8: 7, 33; 11. ( 29 ) Lorenz and Plumbridge, 93, 85: 228; 13. (30) Masing and Tammann, 93, 67: 183; 10. ( 31 ) Mathewson, 93, 50: 171; 06. ( 32 ) Mazzetto, 95, 4: 273; 13. ( 33 ) Muzaffar, 4, 123: 2341; 23. ( 3 4 ) Niclassen, Forschungsarbeiten zur Metallkunde, 7: 9; 22. ( 35 ) Parrà vano, Mazzetti and Moretti, 36, 44 II: 475; 14. ( 36 ) Petrenko, 93, 53: 200; 07. ( 37 ) Rosenhain and Tucker, 5, 81: 331; 08. ( 38 ) Ruer, 93, 52: 345; 07. ( 39 ) Shepherd, 50, 6: 519; 02. (40) Smith, 93, 56: 109; 08. ( 4 I) Spring and Romanov, 93, 13: 29; 97. (4 2 ) Tammann and Dahl, 93, 144: 1; 25. (43) Vogel, 93, 45: 11; 05. (44) Vogel, 93, 46: 60; 05. ( 4 S ) Vogel, 93, 72: 319; 11. ( 4 6 ) Williams, 93, 55: 1 ; 07.

Ag-Pb

Pb-Bi

(•)

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Pb-As

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Ca^Pb V)

Co-PbK26)

Cr-PbH Au-Pb

H

Hg-Pb 22

()

In-Pb C5)

Cd-Pb (••"*)

Na-Pb H

K-Pb

n

Pt-Pb «

Mg-Pb n

Mn-Pb (46J

Pb-Sb (4,11)

Pb-SnI

Pd-Pb|

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Pb-Te

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Ce-Sn

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Zn-Pb (M.«l)

Hg-Sn (")

Ag-Sn H

TI-Sn

H

Zn-Sn I •D

K-Sn (40)

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Li-Sn H

Mg-Sn H

Sn-Sb ("•-")

Pb corner of diagram to larger scale.

Pb-Sn-Sb 06=(Sb,Sn) Sb OIO @- (Sn1Sb) Sn 47-50 6=(Sn,Sb) Sn 0-10

Zn-Sn-Bi * M.C.= Mixed Crystal Phase (Temperatures are Primary Freezing Points)

OTHER NON-FERROUS ALLOYS (INCLUDING CU-FE)

J. L. HAUGHTON INDEX OF SYSTEMS PAGE 428

PAGE

Bi-Ni (141)

Ag Ag-As (si) Ag-Au ( 6 l , 80.1,106) Ag-Be (90) Ag-Bi (ioo) Ag-Ca (3) Ag-Cd ( 5 8 , 1 0 2 ) Ag-Cr (53) Ag-Cu (76) Ag-Mg (146) Ag-Mn (124) Ag-Na (86) Ag-Ni (loi) Ag-Pd ( 8 0 . 1 , 1 1 l ) Ag-Pt (28) Ag-Sb (ioo) Ag-Se (98) . Ag-Si (i) Ag-Tl (ioo) Ag-Zn (15,58) As As-Au (12l) As-Cd (147) As-Co (35) As-Cu (36) As-Mn (122) As-Pt (34) As-Tl (82) As-Zn (37,50) Au Au-Bi ( 1 3 4 ) . . . . . Au-Cd (117) Au-Co (142) Au-Cr (140) Au-Cu (74)

421 421 421 42l 421 421 421 421 422 421 422 422 422 422 422 422 422 423 423 423 423 423 423 424 424 424 424 424 424 424 424 425

Au-Mg ( 1 3 0 , 1 3 1 , 1 3 6 ) . . . . 425

Au-Mn (94) Au-Na (87) Au-Ni (79) Au-Pd (80.1, 112) Au-Pt (28) Au-Sb (134) Au-Si (13) Au-Tl (78) Au-Zn (i 18 ) B B-Ni (40) Be Be-Cu (90) Bi Bi-Ca (29) Bi-Cd (33, 103) Bi-Ce (137) Bi-Co (»O) Bi-Cu (64) Bi-Hg (105) Bi-K (127) Bi-Mg (42) Bi-Mn (96) Bi-Na (»S)

425 425 425 425 425 425 426 426 426

Bi-Pb ( 5 8 )

Bi-Sb (24) Bi-Se (92) Bi-Si (143) Bi-Sn (58) Bi-Te (89) Bi-Tl (75)

428 428 428 428 428

Bi-Zn ( 2 5 , 5 8 , 8 8 )

428

Ca Ca-Cd (29) Ca-Cu (3) Ca-Hg (31) Ca-Mg (3) Ca-Sb (29) Ca-Si (144) Ca-Tl (3) Ca-Zn (29)

428 429 .-

429 428 429 429

Cd Cd-Cu (63) Cd-Hg (9,58) Cd-K (127) Cd-Li (83) Cd-Mg (3) Cd-Na (70, 85) Cd-Ni (141) Cd-Pb (58) Cd-Sb (69) Cd-Sn (58) Cd-Te (66) Cd-Tl (71) Cd-Zn (88) Ce Ce-Cu (45) Ce-Mg (138) Ce-Si (137) Co Co-Cr (80) Co-Cu (lie) Co-Mn (48, 8 0 . 1 ) . . Co-Mo (107) Co-Ni (80.1,115) Co-Sb (81) Co-Si (80) Co-Zn (80)

429 429 429 429 429 430 430 414 430 416 430 430 430 430 430 430 431 431 431 431 431 431 431 432

Cr

426 426

Cr-Cu (53) Cr-Ni (141) Cr-Sb (143)

432 432 . . . 432

Cs 426 426 427 427 427 427 427 427 428 427

Cs-Hg (73)

432

Cu Cu-Fe (113,114) Cu-Mg (116) Cu-Mn (U 6 ) Cu-Ni ( 4 3 , 5 8 , 8 0 . 1 ) Cu-P (57) Cu-Pb (55) Cu-Pd (UO) Cu-Pt (28)

432 432 432 433 433 434 434 434

PAGE PAGE 433 Na-Tl (71) 438 434 Na-Zn (84) 439 434 Ni 434 Ni-P (68) 440 Cu-Sn (5, 46, 56, 58, 60, Ni-Pd (52,80.1) 439 60.1) 433 Ni-Sb (77) 440 Cu-Te (18) 435 Ni-Si (43) 440 Cu-Tl (26) 434 Ni-Tl (141) 439 Cu-Zn (4, 47, 1 2 3 , 1 2 8 ) . . . 435 Ni-V (40) 440 Hg Ni-W (139) 439 Hg-Li (149) 435 Ni-Zn (141) 439 Hg-Mg (12) 436 Pd Hg-Na (132) 436 Pd-Pt (80.1) Hg-Pb (58) Pd-Sb (119) 439 Hg-Te (97) 435 Pt Hg-Tl (109) 436 441 Hg-Zn (105) 436 Pt-Sb (39) Sb In 441 In-Tl (72) 436 Sb-Se (20) Sb-Si (143) 441 K 441 K-Li (83) 436 Sb-Tl (143) 441 K-Na (6) 436 Sb-Zn (145) Se K-Rb (80.1) 441 K-Tl (71) 436 Se-Zn (22) K-Zn (127) 436 Te Te-S (19) 441 Li 441 Li-Na (83) 437 Te-Zn (67) Tl Mg 441 Mg-Na (84) 437 Tl-Zn (133) Mg-Ni (141) 437 V Mg-Sb (42) 437 V-Si (40) 441 Mg-Si (135,144) 437 Ternary Systems 446 Mg-Tl (41) 437 Ag-Au-Cu (61) 442 Mg-Zn (42) 437 Ag-Au-Ni (16) Au-Cu-Ni (17) 443 Mn Mn-Ni (91,148) 438 Cd-Bi-Zn (88) 447} 448 Mn-Sb (143) 438 Cd-Mg-Zn (U) 447, 448 444 Mn-Si (27) 438 Cr-Cu-Mo (125) 443 Mn-Tl (3) 438 Cr-Cu-Ni (125) Cr-Mo-Ni (126) Mo Mo-Ni (30) 438 Cu-Mn-Ni (93) 445,446 Mo-W (62,80.1) 438 Cu-Mo-Ni (30) 444 Cu-Ni-Zn (129) 445 Na Na-Sb (85) 438 Mo-Ni-Si (104) Cu-S(S) Cu-Sb (14, 55, 108) Cu-Se (38) Cu-Si (120)

LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) ( i ) Arrivaut, 34, 147: 859; 08. ( 2 ) Asahara, 210, 2: 253; 25. ( 3 J Baar, 93, 70: 352; 11. ( 4 ) Bailey and Genders, 47, 33: 191; 25. < 5 ) Bauer and Vollenbruck, 95, 15: 119, 191; 23. («) Bleiswijk, 93, 74: 152; 12. (7) Bogitch, 34, 159: 178; 15. ( 8 ) Boremann and Wagemann, 139, 11: 276, 289, 330; 14. (9) Brijl, 7, 41: 641; 02. ( i ° ) Bruni and Sandonnini, 93, 78: 275; 12. ( 1 1 J Bruni, Sandonnini and Quercigh, 93, 68: 73; 10. ( 1 2 ) Cambi and Speroni, 22, 24 I: 734; 15. O 3 ) di Capua, 22, 29 I: 111; 20. (14) Carpenter, 95, 4: 300; 13. ( 1 5 ) Carpenter and Whiteley, 95, 3: 145; 12. ( i « ) de Cesaris, 36, 43 II: 365, 609; 13. (i?) de Cesaris, 36, 44 I: 27; 14. (18) Chikashige, 93, 54: 50; 07. (™) Chikashige, 93, 72: 109; 12. (20) Chikashige and Fujita, 4&9, 2: 233; 17. ( 2 M Chikashige and Hikosaka, 429, 2: 239; 17. ( 22 ) Chikashige and Kurosawa, 429, 2: 245; 17. ( 23 I Clotofski, 93, 114: 1; 20. ( 2 *) Cook, 47, 28: 421; 22. ( 2 S ) Curry, SO, 13: 589; 09. ( 2 6) Doerinckel, 93, 48: 185; 06. ( 2 ?) Doerinckel, 93, 50: 117; 06. < 2 8 ) Doerinckel, 93, 54: 333; 07. ( 2 9 ) Donski, 93, 57: 185; 08.

( 3 O) Dreibholz, 7, 108: 1; 24. (3l) Eilert, 98, 151: 96; 25. (32) Fay and Gillson, 80, 31: 527; 01. ( 33 ) Fischer, 97, 6: 146; 25. ( 3 4 ) Friedrich, 192, 5: 148; 08. ( 35 ) Friedrich, 198, 5: 150; 08. ( 36 ) Friedrich, 192, 5: 529; 08. (37) Friedrich and Leroux, 192, 3: 477; 06. C 3 ») Friedrich and Leroux, 192, 5: 355; 08. ( 39 ) Friedrich and Leroux, 192, 6: 1; 09. ( 4 0 ) Giebelhausen, 93, 91: 250; 15. («) Grube, 93, 46: 76; 05. (42) Grube, 93, 49: 72; 06. ( 43 ) Guertler and Tammann, 93, 49: 93; 06. ( 4 4 ) Guertler and Tammann, 93, 52: 25; 07. ( 4 S ) Hanaman, 95, 7: 174; 15. ( 4 6 ) Haughton, 47, 25: 309, 326; 21. ( 4 7 ) Haughton and Bingham, 5, 99: 47; 21. (48) Hiege, 93, 83: 253; 13. ( 4 9 ) Heike, 95, 6: 209; 14. (50) Heike, 93, 118: 264; 21. ( 5 M Heike and Leroux, 93, 92: 119; 15. (52) Heinrich, 93, 83: 322; 13. ( 53 ) Hendrichs, 93, 59: 414; 08. ( 5 *) Heycock and Neville, 4, 72: 383, 1241; 97. ( 55 ) Heycock and Neville, 62, 189A: 25; 97. (56) Heycock and Neville, 62, 202A: 1; 03. ( 5 7 ) Heyn and Bauer, 93, 52: 129; 07. (58) Honda and Ishigaki, 159, 14: 219; 25. ( 5 9 ) litsuka, 429, 8: 179; 25. ( 6 0 ) Isihara, 47, Sl: 315; 24. (60.1) Isihara, 159, 15: 225; 26. ( 6 I) Janecke, 192, 8: 597; 11. (62) Jeffries, 80, 56: 600; 16. ( 63 ) Jenkins and Hanson, 47, 81: 257; 24. (64) Jeriomin, 93, 55: 412; 07. (65) Joyner, 4, 99: 195; 11. (66) Kobayashi, 93, 69: 1; 10. (67) Kobayashi, 95, 2: 65; 12. (68) Konstantinov, 93, 60: 405; 08. ( 69 ) Kurnakov and Konstantinov, 93, 58: 1;08. ( 70 ) Kurnakov and Kusnetzov, 93, 52: 173; 07. (7l) Kurnakov and Pushin, 93, 30: 86; 02. (72) Kurnakov and Pushin, 93, 52: 430; 07. (?3) Kurnakov and Shukovskii, 93, 52: 416; 07. ( 7 4 ) Kurnakov and Zhemchuzhnui, 93, 54: 149; 07. ( 7 ») Kurnakov, Zhemchuzhnui and Tararin, 93, 83: 200; 14. (76) Lepkowski, 93, 59: 285; 08. (77) Lessew, 93, 49: 58; 06. (78) Levin, 93, 45: 31; 05. ( 7 ») Levin, 93, 45: 238; 05. 80 ( ) Lewkonja, 93, 59: 293; 08. ( 8 0 -i) van Liempt, 70, 45: 203; 26. ( 81 ) Losev, 53, 43: 375; 11. (82) Mansuri, 47, 28: 453; 22. (83) Masing and Tammann, 93, 67: 183; 10. ( 8 4 ) Mathewson, 93, 48: 191; 06. (85) Mathewson, 93, 50:171; 06. («6) Mathewson, 95,1: 51; 11. ( 87 ) Mathew-

son, 95, 1: 81; 11. ( 88 ) Mathewson and Scott, 95, 5: 1; 14. ( 89 ) Mönkemeyer, 93, 46: 415; 05. ( 90 ) Oesterheld, 93, 97: 6; 16. ( 9 I) Parravano, 36, 42 H: 367; 12. ( 9 2) Parravano, 36, 43 I: 201; 13. < 93 ) Parravano, 95, 4: 171; 13. ( 94 ; Parravano, 36, 45 I: 293; 15. ( 95 ) Parravano and de Cesaris, 95, 2: 70; 12. ( 9 6) Parravano and Perret, 36, 45 I: 390; 15. ( 9 7 ) Pellini, 36, 40 II: 42; 10. (98 ) Pellini, 36, 45 1: 535; 15. (") Pellini and Quercigh, 22, 19 U : 445; 10. O 0 0 ) Petrenko, 93, 50: 133; 06. ( 101 ) Petrenko, 93, 53: 212; 07. (102) Petrenko and Fedorov, 93, 70: 156; 11. ( 103 ) Petrenko and Fedorov, 95, 6: 212; 14. (io*) Pfautsch, 95, 17: 48; 25. (i° 5 ) Pushin, 93, 36: 201; 03. O 0 6 ) Raydt, 93, 75: 59; 12.
Ag-As

Ca-Ag

5I

r;

()

Cr-Ag

Au-Ag

n

/61,106)

Ag-Bi (10°) Ag-Cu

(76J

Mn-Ag

Ag-Cd

~~n

n

Be-Ag

D

Pt-Ae Mê-Aêl

D

n

Na-Aêl

n

Ae-Sb C00)

Ag-SeI

H JNi-Ag

(101J

Pd-Ag

C")

Ag-Si C)

Au-As

Ae-TI (100J

C21)

Co-As

D IAe-Zn C»)

Cu-As Cd-As 147

( J

n

Mn-As

n

Au-Bi

n

Ti-As

n

Au-Cd

n

Zn-As (37,5OJ

Cr-Au (140)

Co-Au

n

Ni-Au

n

Au-Cu (74J .

Mg-AuI /130,131,J36\

Pd-Au 12

C)

Pt-Au

T5T" Mn-AuP

Na-AuI

n

Au-SbI

n

Au-Si

Cd-Bi C03)

H

B-Ni (40)

Au-TI D Ca-Bi (M)

Au-Zn

H

Be-CiJ

O

He-Bi|

n

Ce-Bi

n

K-Bi

n

Mg-Bi

(42J

Co-Bi n

Cu-Bi

n

Na-Bi H

Mn1Bi r)

Si-Bi 3

r)

Bi-Te

n

Ni-Bi

n

Tl-Bi (75J

Zn-Bi(2588I Bi-Sb

n

Ca-CdI

H

Bi=SJ]H

Ca-SbI 29

(J

Ca-CuI (3)

Cu-Cd

n

Ca-Mg P)

Hg-Cd (9)

Ca-TI (3)

Li-Cd H

Ca-Zn H Mg-Cd (3)

Na-Cd (70,85\

Cd-TI n

Cd-ZnP

Ni-Cd

n

t

Ce-CuI

n

Cd-Te r)

Ce-Si

(137)

Cd-Sb

n

Me-Ce O

Cr-Co

n

Ni-Co

n

Co-Cu C116)

Co-Sb H

ICo-Mn

n

ICo-Si (8OJ

IMO-CO r)

ICo-Zn]

n

Cs-He

H

Fe-Cu /113,114)

Cr-Ni

n

O^Sb

n

Mg-Cu

n

Mn-Cu n

Ni-Cu (43)

Cu-P

Ti

Cu-SnJ (5,46,56,60)

Cu_-S (8J

ICu-Se 38 C )

Cujfb <55) Pd-Cu

n

Cu-Sb /14,108)

Pt-Cu n

Cu-TI P

Cu-Sî (120)

Cu-Ie C8)

Li-Hg

n Hfffe

n

Cu-Zn (4,47,123,128)

Mê-Hé 12

Na-He

()

n

Hg-Zn

C05)

Hg-Tl

r*)

K-LiH83)

Thin

n

K-Zn

K-TI D

n

K-Na (6)

Na-Li (83)

Na-Me

n

Me-Si

Mg-Sb

n

n

Mg-Tl

n

Mg-Ni

n

Mg-Zn H

Ni-Mn

Mn-Si

/91,148)

n

W-Mo

Mn-Sb

n

n

Na-TI

n

Mn-TI (3J

Na-Sb Mo-Ni

n

D

Na-Zn (e4)

NJ-ZQ n

Ni-Pd

H

Ni-TiIn

Pd-Sb

n

W-Ni n

Ni-Sb.

Ni-P

r;

60

(J

Ni-Si (43) VHUi

n

Pt-Sb H

Sb-Se

n

TI-Sb 3

r)

Zn-Te

n

Si-SbI (143)

Zn-SdH

Zn-SbI

n

Te-S (19)

V401Si

(J

Ag-Au-Ni. Liquidas surface.

Cu-Cr-Ni. Liquidas surface.

Au-Cu-Ni. Liquidus surface.

Cr-Cu-Mo. Liquidus surface.

Cu-Mo-Ni. Liquidus surface.

Cu-Ni-Zn. Liquidus surface.

Cu-Mn-Ni. Liquidus surface.

Cu-Mn-Ni. Liquidus surface.

Ag-Au-Cu.

Cd-Mg-Zn. Liquidas surface.

Bi-Cd-Zn. Solidus surface.

Cd-Mg-Zn. Solidus surface.

Bi-Cd-Zn. Liquidus surface.

FERROUS ALLOYS C. H. DESCH INDEX OF SYSTEMS PAGE

Fe-Ag* (39) Fe-Al Fe-As ( d ) Fe-Au (21) Fe-B (5, i*, 59) Fe-Be ( 34 ) Fe-Bi* (22) Fe-C (3, 4, 6, is, si, 45, 47) Fe-Ce (57) Fe-Co (27, 46) Fe-Cr (29, 37, 56) Fe-Mn (27, 43) Fe-N (10) Fe-Ni (2, is, 16, 27, SB). .. Fe.O (50, 54) Fe-P (17, 24, 49, 52) Fe-Pb* (22) Fe-Pt (22); Fe-S (28)

403 450 450 450 450 450 451 450 451 450 451 451 451 452 452 452

PAGE

Fe-Sb (25) 452 Fe-Si (i, 12, so, 32, 40) 453 Fe-Sn (21, 60) 452 Fe-Ti (26, 41) 453 Fe-Tl* (22) Fe-V (27, 58) 453 Fe-W (36) 453 Fe-Zn (42, 55) 454 Fe-B-C (59) 454 Fe-C-Cr (28.1, 29, 33, 48) 455 Fe-C-Ni (23) Fe-C-P (U, 51) 454 Fe-C-Si (19, 20) 454 Fe-C-Ti (53) 455 Fe-C-W (33, 36) 455 Fe-Cr-Si (7) 455 Fe-Mn-Ni (38) 455 Fe-X (18)

* Two immiscible liquid phases.

LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) (M Banberger, Einerl and Nussbaum, 77, 45: 141; 25. (2) Benedicks, 55, 7: 290; 11. ( 3 ) Bureau of Standards, Washington, D. C., O. ( 4 ) Carpenter

and Keeling, 140, 65: 224; 04. ( s ) Chiyevskii and Herdt, 4SI, I: 353; 15. 430, 98: 396; 16. ^ 6 ) Chiyevskii and Schulgin, 140, 95: 189; 17. (T) Denecke, 93, 154: 180; 26. ( 8 ) Desch, O. ( 9 ) Friedrich, 192, 4: 129; 07. (io) Fry, 77f 43; i271; 23. C 1 1 ) Goerens, 192, 6: 537; 09. ( 12 ) Guertler and Tammann, 93, 47: 163; 05. O 3 ) Gutowsky, 192, 6: 731; 09. ( 14 ) Hannesen, 93, 89: 257; 14. ( 15 ) Hanson and Freeman, 140, 107: 301; 23. (*«) Hanson and Hanson, 140, 102: 39; 20. (*7) Haughton and Hanson, 140, 97: 413; 18. ( 18 ) Honda, 159, 13: 363; '25. (* 9 ) Honda and Murakami, 140, 107: 545; 23. ( 20 ) Honda and Murakami, 159, 12: 1; 24. ( 2 I) Isaac and Tammann, 98, 53: 281; 07. C 2 2 ) Isaac and Tammann, 93, 55: 58; 07. (23) Kase, 159, 14: 173; 25. ( 24 ) Konstantinov, 93, 66: 209; 09. ( 25 ) Kurnakov and Konstantinov, 93, 58: 1; 08. I2 6) Lamort, 139, 11: 225; 14. (27) van Liempt, 70, 45: 203; 26. (28) Loebe and Becker, 93, 77: 301; 12. (28.1) Meierling and Denecke, 93, 151: 113; 26. < 2 9 ) Murakami, 159, 7: 217; 18. ( 30 ) Murakami, 159, 10: 79; 21. ( 3 M National Physical Laboratory, England, O. (52) Oberhoffer, 77, 44:979; 24. ( 33 ) Oberhoffer, Daeves and Rapata, 77, 44: 432; 24. ( 34 ) Oesterheld, 93, 97: 36; 16. ( 3 S) Osmond, 74, 2: 798; 05. ( 36 ) Ozawa, 159, 11: 333; 22. ( 3 7) Pakulla and Oberhoffer, Ver. deutscher Eisenhüttenleute, Werkstoffausschuss, No. 68; 1925. ( 38 ) Parravano, 36, 42 II: 367; 12. 95, 4: 171; 13. ( 39 ) Petrenko, 93, 53: 212; 07. ( 4 0 ) Phragmén, 220, 1923: 121. ( 40 -i) Phragmen, 115, 122: 370; 26. ( 4 ^) Portevin, 74, 6:1264; 09. < 4 2 ) Raydt and Tammann, 93, 83: 257; 13. ( 43 ) Rümelin and Fick, 139, 12: 41; 15. ( 44 ) Rumelin and Maire, 139t 12: 141; 15. ( 4 S) Ruer and Biren, 93, 113: 98; 20. (") Ruer and Kaneko, 139, 11: 33; 13. ( 4 ?) Ruer and Klesper, 139, 11: 257; 14. ( 4 *) Russell, 140, 104: 247; 21. ( 49 ) Saklatwalla, 140, 77: 92; 08. ( 50 ) Schönert, 93, 154: 224; 26. ( 5 I) Stead, 140, 91: 140; 15. (52) Stead, 140, 97: 389; 18. ( 53 ) Tamaru, 159, 14: 25; 25. ( 54 ) Tritton and Hanson, 140, 110: 90; 24. (55)von Vegesack, 93, 52: 30; 07. ( 5 6) V0n Vegesack, 93, 154: 30; 26. ( 5 7 ) Vogel, 93, 99: 25; 17. ( 58 ) Vogel and Tammann, 93, 58: 73; 08. ( 5 ») Vogel and Tammann, 93, 123: 225; 22. (60) Wever and Reinecken, 226, 7: 21; 25.

IBe-Fe]

n

IFe-AsI C)

Fe-B /5,I4,59J

Influence of As on critical points i> uncertain. There are reactions of an unknown kind below the solidus.

Fe-Au D Co-Fe

n

Fe-CK"3;

Fe-Mn

H

Ce-Fe

(57)

Cr-Fe

Fe-NI

n

Ni-Fe

Fe-O /54,50\

/2,15,16,35)

Fe-P /64,49,17.5*)

Fe-S

o

Fe-Pt H

Fe-Sn

-psp

Fe-SbI —P5

Fé-Si (12,30,32.40,40.1)

W-Fe

r)

Fe-Ti /26,41)

V-Fe

n

Fe-Si-C

(11.51)

Fe-C-P

B-Fe-C

Note:- Very imperfectly surveyed. Eutectica approximately determined, transformations in solid state scarcely touched.

Fe-Zn /42,55\

Cr-Fe-Cl p.33.46)

Cr-Fe-Si (7)

Fe-Tl -rC

~n

Note. Broken lines are lsothermals of liquidus surface. In solid state, solid solution phase is continuous over whole field.

W-Fe-C /33,3«)

Ni-Fe-Mn

pêj

DENSITY OF THE METALLIC ELEMENTS S. L. ARCHBUTT (SLA); C. BENEDICKS (CB); C. H. DESCH (CHD); D. HANSON (DH); O. F. HUDSON (OFH); C. H. M. JENKINS (CHMJ); P. D. MERICA (PDM); A. PORTEVIN (AP); THOMAS K. ROSE (TKR); V. H. STOTT (VHS) For values of density deduced from X-ray diffraction data, v. vol. I, p. 340 PAKT I. —SOLID METALS. — (Continued)

PABT I. —SOLID METALS Metal

Condition

Ag*

Cast or cast and compressed Electrolytic Cast, compressed and heated to redness in vacuo. . . . Drawn, annealed Hard drawn Distilled (in vacuo] Cast disc heated to redness Same, struck Reheated red Struck again Reheated (in vacuo) Fine powder by precipitation or decomposition of Ag2O and Ag2COa Cold rolled (99.97 % Al ) . . . Cast, pig (99.75% Al) Cold rolled |-$ in Cast (99.75% Al)** Metallic Yellowî Amorphous^ Black or gray Cast or cast and compressed Distilled, compressed by IO« atm Drawn, annealed Hard drawn Precipitated from soin, by CH2O SO2 Cold rolled sheet Same, annealed

Al

As

Au

B Ba Be Bi C

Graphite

Temp., 0 C O

Ce Co Cr Cs Cu

Cast Cast, compressed (Computed value)

Impurities negligible

t *

10.50

T Llt

'

(1,54,55,59, 65, 86, 93) 94

25

10.4914

O 20 20

10.55 10.4475 10.4410

(93) (44) (44)

20

10.4923

O O O O O

10.4624 10.502s 10.4894 10.5104 10.4977 9. 945 to 10.499 2.699 2.684t 2.703t 2.703t 5.73

(43) 93

1 J 20

20 15

(17) t 18 ) (ls) ( 18 ) (49,ioo)

2.0

(21,47)

3.69 4.7

(49) (21,47)

19.30

8

( 3 » 85, 86)

20

19.2685

(43)

20 20

19.2601 19.2504

(44) (44)

20

19.3966

(5)

15

19.3587

(68)

O O 20 25 20 20 20

19.296s 19.2858 2.3 3.5 1.84 9.80 2. 25 to 2.26

(86) (,86) (73) (8) (22) (40) (4)

2.255 2.232

20

1.55

20 20 -273 20 20

8.648 8.647 9.65 6.9 8.9 7.1 1.9o

20

8.94

TKR

Ga Ge Hf Hg

Electrolytic: O2, 0.08 %; P, 0.007 %; melted in vacuo, rolled down 80 %; 20 normalized 100O0C 29.65 20 20 M.P.

7.90 5.9i 5.36 11.4 14.43§

Os Pb SLA

CHD Pd

20

7.3i

TKR

Rb Rh CHD CHD CHD OFH VHS

(50) (81) (7,52,60)

CHD

(20,43) (54) (32) (62) (14,45) (79) (31,75)

CHMJ

(26,43,64)

DH

(77)

Temp., C C O

20

d

t <

22.4

0.86

15

6.1,6

20

0.53

Filings

Coop. exp.

(58,63,89)

TKR

(31,75,76)

CHD

(48,62)

(75)

1.7429

(54,65)

CHD

CHD AP

20 20

1.7388 Ì 1.642 / v ' 7.2 (79) [CHD 10.2 (23) CHD 0.97 (28,31,75) CHD 6.9 (62) CHD

20 19.94 19.94 16.34

0.05 22.48 (42,90) 11.3475 (20) 11.337 Ì 11.289 J ^ } 11.347s Ì

8.90±

Crystals Ordinary Radioactive Ordinary From Australian uranium mineral Cast Cast, hammered

j..

Llt>

(13,25,39)

J.

16.34 O

11.296 11.87 12.1

PDM

TKR OFH

(20)

j

(55)

TKR

(54,63,65, 73, 78)

Pr Pt

Ru Sa Sb Sif Sn

(95) (74) (15,37) (33) (!«» 29, se,

Cast, hammered, slightly impure

Mn|| Mo Na Nd Ni

CHD CHD CHD CHD

DH CHD CHD Ed. Ed.

96)

In

Ir

Condition

20 650

±0.01 Fe

Metal

K La Li Mg

( ) (»3) (93) (93) (93) (46)

18

O

Coop. exp.

C )

15 20

Graphite after compression 15 to 5000 atm 16 Graphite, fused in arc Ca Cd

d

CHD

20

Cast and hammered or struck In mass Filings Annealed wire Hard drawn wire Cast Hard drawn wire Cast and forged Cast, pulverized Pressed Rhombohedral Crystalline White Gray....

Sr Ta * Th Ti Tl U V W Zn

O O

6.5 21.46 21.3351

(54,65)

21.3705

(54,65)

20

21.4408

20

21.4138

20

1.53 12.1 12.23

(75) (88) (30) (63,103)

12.2 7.7? 6.620 6.69

(41,91) (62) (43) (43)

20 20

2.4 7.30 5.85 2.6 16.6 4.5

20 20 20

to

CHD TKR

TKR CHD OFH

(53)

(79,97) (99) (99) (27) (9)

CHD OFH CHD CHD

(72)

CHD

(38)

CHD

11.849 (104) 18.7 (ioi) 5.9e (37,61) 19.3 (24) 7.139 (20) 7.138l (20,0. «ko 2, 7.1420 6.4

TKR

(44)

12.5

6.71

CHD

(44)

O 20 20

11.7

Different distillation fractions, variable isotopie proportion

(62) (58,63,78, 89, 92)

TKR CHD CHD CHD CB

12, 43, 102)

Zr 20 (98) * For effect of annealing, v. ( 56 ). t Reduced ad vacuum. Î Probably not true allotropie forms. 1 AV 0 § K = 0.000123 per C between -70° and the M. P. M. P. At U No satisfactory determination on the homogeneous metal. I" Probably the only true form. ** Corresponding to values given below for density of liquid metal.

CHD

PART II.—LIQUID METALS TV/T Ai Metal A^

Al* Bi Cd

Temp., T -A d:,t Lit. orf C * M. P. < T 4 6 ( 8 2 ) M. P. 9.51 (70,84) 1000 9.653 (34) 1025 9.633 (34) 1050 9.613 (34) 659 2.382 («) 1000 2.289 (18) 271 10.24 (69) 8.02_-^-W)) I (I-)

349 406 466 506 550 603 Cs Ga Hg K Mg

Na Pb Rb Sb Sn Zn

7.94 7.88 7.82 7.78 7.74 7.69

28 1.84 29.8 6.09 v. infra. 62.4 0.83 650 1.572 667 1.560to 1.565 97.5 0.93 B. P. 0.74 327 10.88 38.5 1.47 631 6.55 232 6.97 418 6.92 455 6.87 510 6.79 574 6.72 661 6.65 800 6.57 918 6.53

Coop. ^ exp. TKR

SLA OFH CHMJ

(3) (3) (3) (3) (3) (3) (31) (74)

CHD CHD

(31) (19) (19)

CHD AP

(28,31) (71) (66) (31) (66) (66) (67) (67) (67) (67) (67) (67) (67) I

CHD OFH CHD OFH OFH CB

* 99.75% Al. Corresponding value for d at 20°, 2.703.

LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) (i) Adams, Williamson and Johnston, I1 41: 12; 19. ( 2 ) Arnold, 93, 30: 209; 17. < 3 ) Arpi, 95, 5: 142; 14. ( 4 ) Arsem, 78, 20: 105; 11. (5) Averkieff, 93, 35: 329; 03. («) Beilby and Beilby, 5, 76: 462; 05. (?) Biltz and

Hohorst, 93, 121: 1; 22. <*) Biltz and Hüttig, 98, 114: 241; 20. ( 9 ) von Bolton, 0, 11: 45; 05. (i °) Bureau of Standards, 363, No. 100; 21. (i i ) Burger, 208, 2:114; 22. O *) Cohen and Helderman, 64P, 16: 565; 13. (i 3 ) Copaux, 6, 6: 508; 05. ^ 4 ) Copaux, 34, 140: 657; 05. ( 1S ) Dennis, Tressler and Hance, 1, 45: 2033; 23. (16) Dewar, ISO, 91: 216; 05. ( 1 7 ) Edwards, 78, 47: 287; 25. ( 1 8 ) Edwards and Moorman, 33, 24: 61; 21. ( 19 ) Edwards and Taylor, 80, 69: 1070; 23. ( 2 0 ) Egerton and Lee, 5, 103: 487; 23. ( 2 l ) Erdmann and Reppert, 13, 361: 1; 08. ( 2 2 ) Fichter and Jablczynski, 25, 46: 1604; 13. ( 23 ) Fink, 78, 17: 229; 10. ( 2 4 ) Fink, 78, 22: 499; 12. ( 2 S ) Fleming, O, 66: 50; 99. ( 2 6 ) . Gaby-Ache, 6, 30: 326; 03. ( 2 ?) Glascock, 1, 32: 1222; 10. (2*) Griffiths and Griffiths, 67, 27: 477; 15. ( 29 ) Grunmach, 63, 3: 134; 02. (30) Grüneisen, 8, 22: 801; 07. (3l) Hackspill, 34, 152: 259; 11. (32) Herz, 93, 105: 171; 19. (33) Hevesy, 137, 6, No. 7: 51; 26. ( 34 ) Hoffmann and Stahl, 187, 19: 357; 22. (35) Hoffmann and Stahl, 187, 21: 22; 24. (36) Hogness, Jf, 43: 1621; 21. (37) Hull, 2, 20: 113; 22. (3») Hunter, 1, 32: 330; 10. (39) International Nickel Co., New York, O. 40 ( ) Johnston and Adams, 1, 34: 563; 12. ( 4 M JoIy, 34, 116: 430; 93. ( 4 2 ) JoIy and Vèzes, 34, 116: 577; 93. ( 43 ) Kahlbaum, Roth and Siedler, 93, 29: 177; 02. ( 44 ) Kahlbaum and Sturm, 93, 46: 217; 05. ( 4 S ) Kalmus and Harper, 45, 7: 6; 15. ( 46 ) Kohlschütter and Eydmann, 13, 398: 1 ; 13. ( 4 ?) Kohlschütter, Frank and Ehlers, 13, 400: 268; 13. ( 4 8 ) Kremers and Stevens, 1, 45: 614; 23. ( 49 ) Lashchenko, 4, 121: 972; 22. ( 5 0 ) Le Chatelier and Wologdine, 34, 146: 49; 08. ( 5 I ) LeIy and Hamburger, 93, 87: 209; 14. (52) Lengyel, Math. Naturw. Ber. Ungarn, 14, 180; 98. (53) Linck, 93, 56: 393; 08. ( 54 ) Lowry and Parker, 4, 107: 1005; 15. (55) McKeehan, 2, 20: 424; 22. ( 5 6 ) Mallet, 3, 4: 145; 77. ( 5 ^) Manchot, 93, 124: 333; 22. (5*) Matthey, 5, 28: 463; 79. <") Matthiessen, 62, 150: 177; 60. (60) Moissan and Chavanne, 34, 140: 122; 05. (61) Muthmann and Riedelbauch, 13, 355: 59; 07. ( 6 2 ) Muthmann and Weiss, 13, 331: 1; 04. (63) Mylius and Dieta, 25, 31: 3187; 99. ( 64 ) National Physical Laboratory, England, O. ( 65 ) Parker and Lowry, 4, 107: 1160; 15. ( 66 ) Pascal and Jouniaux, 34, 158: 414; 14. (67) Pascal and Jouniaux, 74, 11: 469; 14. (68) Phelps, Royal Mint Laboratory, London, O. ( 69 ) Plüss, 93, 93: 1; 15. 70 ( ) Quincke, 8, 135: 621; 68. (71) Ramsay, 25, 13: 2145; 80. ( 7 2 ) Rentschler and Marden, Westinghouse Lamp Co., Bloomfield, N. J., O. ( 73 ) Richards, 1, 37: 1643; 15. ( 7 4 ) Richards and Boyer, 1, 43: 274; 21. (75) Richards and Brink, 1, 29: 117; 07. ( 7 6) Richards and Daniels, 1, 41: 1732; 19. ( 77> ) Richards and Sameshima, 1, 42: 49; 20. ( 7 8 ) Richards and Stull, 152, 76: 55; 07. (™) Richards, Stull and Brink, 152, 76: 29; 07. ( 80 ) Richards and Wadsworth, 1, 38: 221; 16. ( 81 ) Rishkevich and Kostermann, 9, 30: 86; 24. («2) Roberts, 5, 23: 481; 75.. ( 83 ) Roberts-Austen and Rigg, 7th Annual Report, Royal Mint, London, 44; 76. 8th Annual Report (recalculated), 44; 77. 9th Annual Report, 38; 78. ( 8 4 ) RobertsAusten and Wrightson, 3, 13: 360; 82. ( 85 ) Rose, 8, 75: 403; 48. ( 8 6 ) Rose, 47, 8: 86; 12. ( 87 ) Rose, Royal Mint Laboratory, London, O. ( 88 ) Sainte-Claire Deville and Debray, 6, 56: 385; 59. (89 ) Sainte-Claire Deville and Debray, 34, 81: 839; 75. ( 90 ) Sainte-Claire Deville and Debray, 34, 82: 1076; 76. ( 9 M Sainte-Claire Deville and Debray, 34, 83: 926; 76. ( 9 2 ) Stas, Oeuvres complètes, II: 719, 742; 94. ( 93 ) Stas, Oeuvres complètes (Oeuvres Posthumus) HI : 153; 94. (» 4 ) Timofeiev, 7, 86: 113; 13. ( 95 ) Tritton and Hanson, 140, 110: 90; 24. ( 96 ) Vicentini and Omodei, 23, 23: 38; 87. ( 9 7 ) Weiss and Engelhardt, 93, 65: 38; 10. ( 98 ) Weiss and Neumann, 93, 65: 248; 10. (") Wigand, 8, 27: 64, 99; 07. (100) Zhemchuzhnui, 95, 4: 228; 13. ( 101 ) Zimmermann, 25, 17: 2739; 84. (102) Freeman and Brandt, 31, No. 522; 26. (i° 3 ) Rose, 47, 33: 109; 25. (i° 4 ) Richards and Smith, 1, 44: 524; 22.

HG, DENSITY OF LIQUID MERCURY V. STOTT AND PHILIP H. BIGG The density of mercury at O0C given in the table below is based on the following values: 13.59547 g/ml (Guye and Batuecas, 4$, 20: 308; 23); 13.5956 g/ml (Marek, 238, 2: D; 83); 13.59545 g/ml (Thiesen and Scheel, 243, 18: 138; 98). Densities at other temperatures were calculated by means of

the formula: Vt = F0[I + 10-6{l81.456* + 0.009 205*2 + 0.000 006 60S*3 + 0.000 000 067 320*4}] (Sears, 67, 26: 95; 13). Chappuis' formula for the expansion of mercury between O and 10O0C (Chappuis, 238, 16: 17) would give the same values between these temperatures as those tabulated on p. 458.

DENSITY AND SPECIFIC VOLUME IN MILLILITERS PER GRAM t, 0C ( F . P -38.87 -30 -20 -10 ± O 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

Density | Volume || t, 0C | Density | Volume t, 0C [ Density | . ) 1 1 0 1 3 . 3 2 7 s 0 . 0 7 5 0 3 l 2 4 Ö 1 13.6919 0.07303e 45 13.485l 0.07415e 120 13.303? 13.669s 73154 50 13.4729 7422s 130 13.279? 13.6450 7328? 140 13.255s 13.6202 7342o 55 13.46Os 0.07429o 150 13.2319 13.595s 73554 60 13.448e 7435? 65 13.436s 74424 160 13.208o 13.5832 0.073620 70 13.424s 74492 170 13.184i 13.5709 7368? 75 13.4122 74559 180 13.16Os 13.558e 73754 190 13.136s 13.546s 7382l 80 13.40Oi 0.07462e 200 13.112? 13.5340 7388s 85 13.388o 74694 90 13.3759 7476l 210 13.0889 13.521s 0.07395s 95 13.3639 74829 220 13.065i 13.509e 74022 100 13.351s 7489e 230 13.04U 13.497s 74089

t, 0C | Density Volume 7 e 0 . 0 7 6 8 1 9 250 12.993s 7696o

Volume || 3 . 0 1 7516? 753Os 75439 75575 0.075712 75849 7598e 76124 76262 0.0764Oo 7654o 76679

260 270 280 290 300

12.97Oo 12.9462 12.9224 12.898e 12.874?

0.0771Oi 7724s 7738s 7752s 77672

310 320 330 340 350 357.1 (B. P.)

12.85Os 12.826s 12.802s 12.778? 12.754e 12.7374

0.0778Ie 77962 781Os 7825s 7840s 0.078509

LATENT HEAT OF PHASE CHANGES OF PURE METALS AND ALLOYS M. L. GAYLER CONTENTS Latent heat of fusion of pure metals. Latent heat of vaporization of pure metals. Latent heat of transformation of pure metals. Latent heat of fusion of alloys.

MATIÈRES Chaleur latente de fusion des métaux purs. Chaleur latente de vaporisation des métaux purs. Chaleur latente de transformation des métaux purs. Chaleur latente de fusion des alliages.

Conversion Factors: 1 kilo joule per g = 238.9 cali6 g 1 = 430.1 BTU60 Ib-1 = 9.869 1-atm. g"1 = 2.778 X 10~4 kw hr g"1. For other factors, v. vol. 1, p. 16. TABLE 1.—LATENT HEAT OF FUSION OF PURE METALS Metal

LF

kil

ule

> °Ì° per g-atom ~~A^j Ï Ï Ï Al 9.82 Au 13.1 Bi 8.9s Cd 5.2i Cs 2.09 Cu

11.1

Fe* Ga Hg K Mg Na Ni Pb Pd Pt Rb Sb Sn Tl Zn

11.5 5.Set 2.34 2.4o 7.3 2.63 17.9 4.8e 16.1 22.0 2.18 19.8 6.67 6.15Î 6.9?

A

ro

PP ^ error, % 7 5 3 5 5 3 2 3

5 2 3 2 7 1 1 3 10 10 1 3 2 5

0

M. P., C LiI _ 961 (23) ~~ 657 (6,8,17) 1064 (23) 270 ( 8 »23) 321 (8» 23) 28.5 (14) 1084

(6,15,23)

(23) 30 (i) -38.7 (io, 13) 63.5 (") 650 (8,17) 97.61 (*, 14) 1450 (22) 327 (8.23) ( 20 ) (19) 38.7 (14) 630 (8,23) 232 (6,8,23) (16) 419 (»• 23)

* Electrolytic Fe. fl/F determined on super-cooled liquid at 13 and 140C. The mean of these determinations is given and the author states that there is practically no difference in LF between O and 3O0C. $ Method not stated.

INHALTSVERZEICHNIS Schmelzwärme reiner Metalle. Verdampfungswärme Metalle. Umwandlungswärme Metalle. Schmelzwärme der rungen.

reiner reiner Legie-

INDICE PAGE Calore latente di fusione di metalli puri 458 Calore latente di evaporazione dei metalli puri... 458 Calore latente di trasfor. mazione di metalli puri. 458 Calore latente di fusione di leghe 459

TABLE 2.—1LATENT HEAT OF VAPORIZATION AT p MM HG ,, , Metal

LV, kilo joule 1 per g-atom ~ ~ B Ï Î 4 Ï Cd 84.7 Hg 53.3 Hg 57 Mg 172.7 Zn 99.8

App rox. error, m %

4

,., Lit.

TT P, mm Hg

2 X 1 0 ~ 2 X 10~3 2 X HT3 760 2 X 10~3 2 X 10~3

3

( 2 Ï ) (21) (21) (U) (21) (21)

TABLE 3.—LATENT HEAT OF TRANSFORMATION Metal Ag As

Au Fet

Mn Ni Sb Se

Sn Te

LT, kilojoule per *T,°C Lit. g-atom (12) ß (octohedral) —+a 13.7* (12) a (rhombohedral)—>/3 (amorphous gray) 4.18* 7 (amorphous brown) —» a (rhombo(12) hedral) 14.0* Amorphous — > crystalline 4.2* (3) (12) ß (dark) —> « (bright) 13.4* (12) 7 (metallic) —» a (bright) 19.6* 725-785 (23) 1.53 a->/8 919 (23) 1.56 /?->7 1404 (23) 0.45 7-+S a—>ß 1070-1130 (23) 5.55 a-*ß 0.326 320-330 (23) a (explosive) —» ordinary 9.97* (5) (12) a (amorphous) —» ß (monoclinic) 4,39* (12) a (amorphous) —» 7 (crystalline) 5.98* Amorphous —» metallic 23.7* (2) White —>• gray 2.22 O («) Crystalline (sublimed) —> amorphous. . . 101* (2) Transformation

* Difference between heats of oxidation, t Electrolytic Fe.

TABLE 4.—LATENT HEAT OF FUSION OF ALLOYS

LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) (M Berthelot, 34, 86: 786; 78. (2) Berthelot, B73, 2: 63; 97. ( 3 ) Berthelot and Engel, 14, 21: 284; 90. (*) Brönsted, 7, 88: 479; 14. (5) Cohen and Strengers, 7, 52: 129; 05. (6) Glaser, 192, 1: 103; 04. (?) Griffiths, 5, 89: 561; 14. ( 8 ) Awbery and Griffiths, 67, 38: 378; 26. (») Grüner, 15, 4: 224; 73. 112, 212: 527; 74. (i») Koref, 8, 36: 49; 11. {") Kurbatov, 7, 43: 104; 03. («) Petersen, 7, 8: 601; 91. (13) Pollitzer, 93, 17: 10; 11. 0«) Rengade, 54, 156: 1897; 13. (15) Richards, 135, 68: 82; 93. (*«) Robertson, 1*0, 18: 131; 02. (17) Roos, 93, 94: 329; 16. (i») Schmidt, JS£, 7: 164; 10. ( 19 ) Violle, 34, 85: 543; 77. (20) Violle, 34, 87: 981; 78. (21) Wehnelt and Musceleanu, 88, 14: 1032; 12. (22) White, 33, 25: 17; 21. (23) Wüst, Meuthen and Durrer, 414, No. 204: 18.

LF, kilo- .

Alloy Al2Cu MgZn2 Monel metal (Ni, 68; Cu, 28; Fe, 2; Mn, 1.5) Pig iron, 4.34 % C Gray cast iron White cast iron

joule per Appro*' M. P., 0C Lit. error, % g 0.31 7 590 (") 0.26 7 595 (") 0.284 0.246 0.09 5 0.14

1 12 12

(22) ( 18 ) 1350-1400 ( 9 ) 1050-1100 ( 9 )

THERMAL EXPANSION INCLUDING VOLUME CHANGE ON FUSION, SOLIDIFICATION AND TEMPERING J. S. CLARK CONTENTS Pure metals. Solid alloys. Liquid alloys and amalgams.

MATIÈRES Métaux purs. Alliages solides. Alliages liquides et amalgames.

Volume change on fusion and solidification. " Mold shrinkage."

Changement de volume par fusion et par solidification. • (Contraction dans le châssis de moulage.) Changement de volume par revenu.

Volume change with tempering.

INHALTSVERZEICHNIS Reine Metalle. Feste Legierungen. Flüssige Legierungen und Amalgame. Volumänderung beim Schmelzen und Festwerden (Schwindung.) Volumänderung bei der Anlassung.

INDICE pAGE Metalli puri 459 Leghe solide . . 463 Leghe liquided amalgame. 474 Variazione di volume nella fusione e nella solidificazione. (Contrazione di volume nella forma) . . . . 474 Variazione di volume nel rinvenimento 477

COEFFICIENTS OF EXPANSION OF PURE METALS Definitions LINBAB CUBICAL dl dv l — length; V = volume; t = temperature, 0C. LINEAR CUBICAL "* ~ ldt >' ' ~~ Vdt I2 _ h - h .t2_Vz-Vi (Mean It = I0(I -i- at+ ßt* + T*3 + ^ 4 + . . .); "h Ii(t2 - ti) > ^h Vi(I2 -ti) coefficients) 0

(True coefficients)

y* = y (i + A* + B*» + a» + . . .)

TABLE 1.—THERMAL COEFFICIENT OF LINEAR EXPANSION OF METALS Range, 0C

Metal Ag-.

Al

106a*

109/3

10127 and 1O15O

5.9

{ "g;%>

-200to

300

18.7

-200to O to -170to O to -200to -200 -100

O 300 O 900 O

16.1 19.6 19.5 20.5 22.65 11.55 18.2

Oto Oto Oto 20to 20to 20to Oto O to 10 to -100 to -100 to Oto 100 to 300to

600 600 600 200 400 600 100 100 90 5ÖÖ O 100 300 500

22.65 22.58 21.90 25.9 27.2 28.7 24.32 24.54 3.86 14.13 13.84 14.40 15.1 15.9

3.7 16.75

Proba

êrror of

{±0.5

99.95 99.74 99.15 Hard drawn Annealed As Au

f ] [

21.6 2.768

}$'."] l») Comp.t Comp.t (i) (*4) ^Tei) Comp.f Comp.t

-37T -36.677

±0.03, 0°

( +0 03 0°

9.5 9.89 12.0

^

( 10.8 600» ±0.2

Sublimed; mixed crystals -0.91I7 ±0.1

l

'

(37,50,80,84,91,125,

} Ì») (70) (129) (70) (70) (70) (17) (17) ( 50 ) (39, 40, so, 56, 98) Comp.f Comp.f Comp.t I Comp.t

TABLE 1.—THERMAL COEFFICIENT OF LINEAR EXPANSION OF METALS.—(Continued] Range, 0C

Metal Bi

-183 to -183 to 19 to 16 to Oto 8 to lOto 20 20to lOto 20 20 to O to

H Il Il _L J_ _L Ca C Cd

Mean Mean Mean Mean Co

H Il JL J_

-160 60 -160 60 -160 60 -170 to O to 6 to 25 to Oto - 78 to O 200 300 600 900 Oto

(cale.) (cale.) (obs.) (obs.)

Cr

98.3 (+Al, Fe, etc.)

Cs

<*

106a*

1012y and 10155

-250to -193 -193 to -183 -187 to 19 Oto 1000 25 to 300

3.9 6.8 12.3 20.0 16.7

Fe

Oto

700

11.45

100 300 500 700 20

Ga In

Oto Oto Oto Oto -190to >89Q§ Oto 10 to

12.1 13.2 14.2 15.0 9.18 co. 23 18.3 ~ 24.75

"

Probab

^^rror

of

Î 5 1 2 . 9 8 15 12.24 101 13.45 35 13.43 270 14.6 180 15.7 90 15.37 10.45 13.96 240 16.2Î ±0.1 90 10.84 15.55 10.36 240 12.Ot +0.1 21 25 Calculated from cubical coefficients ~ Graphite, v. Table 11 59.0 v. also Fig. 1 52.5 12.2 21.8 27.8 f «|| + 2a± 32.0 \ Mean (CaiC'j 3 200 29.1 17.9 315 38 120 12.08 6.4 350 18.1 500 8.11 3.23 O 7.31 6.8 9.0 9.8 12.3 14.7 26 97 Calculated from cubical coefficients

-»" « ™ • • • {-%

Cu, 99.6; Ni, 0.35..

Ir lr

10«/8

30 90

ISOto 800 -150to 800 -150to -50 - 50to 50 50to 150 150to 300 300to 800 1000 1250 1500 1750

641 b.41 5.64 6.40 6.92 7.3 7.8 9.02 9.60 10.18 10.76

Lifc

(56) (39) (56) (13») (138) (91) (50) (16) ("«) (50) (16) ("*) ( 15 ) "(") (57) (57) (57) (57) (57) (39,50) (138) (136) (io«) (36) (36) (24) (24) . (24) (24) (24) (64)

S^£3

(88) («8) (88) (84) Idem, for Cu, 99.4; As, 0.54 (69) aZsoFig. 2

3.3 7.0

( ~?'? l l • ^s

7

I J

±0.3

(41,63,74,130) Comp.f Comp.t Comp.t Comp.f (39,68) (63) (H4) (50)

Calculated from cubical coefficients 211.9 3197 d.197

i -^3S7 j 2 ^

±0.2, -150° 600°

±0 .l,

(56,137) (5,50,76) Comp.t Comp.j Comp.t Comp.t Comp.j (76) (76) (76) (76)

^

TABLE 1.—THERMAL COEFFICIENT OF LINEAR EXPANSION OF METALS.—(Continued) Metal K

Range, 0C Ötö Oto Oto Oto Oto

Li Mg

Mn Mo

W, 1.85% (v. dsol Table 34) I

QUA« fn Q Q Q f t f ??*«• -V (+Fe, Si, Cu) ^ Na

-150to -100 to Oto Oto Oto -190to O to -190to Oto 25 to 25 to 25 to 500 to 600to 500to

IO6«*

50 56 58 58 178 '. 500

25 to

O 100 300 500 20 300 20 400 100 250 500 600 700 750 10 ° 250

25tQ

50Q

25to

-191 to Oto

17 50

Oto

90

109/3

SSTS 79.7 70.4 72.0 51.2

31

25.0

15.0

69.7 51.7

23.4 26.4 28.5 29.6 23.03 21.61 5.1 5.1 5.2 ' 5.4 5.6 6.2 6.4 6.3 3.7to5.0 4.4 to 5.1 4,7 to 5.7

37.2 12.1 5.7 1.3

10127 and 1O15O P^bêrror of

(65) f n , , ,' , ,. , } ( 65 ) Calculated from cubical 1 CQefficients [_(64) Calculated from cubical coefficients ( 6 ) ( ±1.0, -100° (50,72) -11.67 \ ±0.5 from O to (56,123) ( 500° Comp.f Comp.t Comp.f Comp.f (36) (36) (36, 120) (36,120) (71) (71) (71) (71) (71) (71) (71) (71) (71)

62.2 72.1 69

64

(35) (65) .

(13,14)

87

Calculated from cubical coefficients f

Ni

-200to

350

~ . , n. . f Commercial, 94 to % [_ Os

-100 to Oto 100 to 200to 350 to 500to Oto 25 to ^^ 25 to 10 to

O 100 200 300 550 1000 1000 100 ^ 600 90

11.6 13.3 14.7 15.9 ca. 19.0 13.46 18.2 12.9 to 13.5 13.8 to 14.6 14.9 to 15.7 5.70

Pb

-200to

150

28.3

(v. also Table 35)

12.54

8.75 \

1

320

19.5 25.2 30.6 33

-200to

100

11.60

-200to -100 -100 to O Oto 100 Oto 1000

9.75 11.10 11.93 11.67

_

f

''^ ^ 00

b

\ ±0.1,0° [ ±0.4,300°

10.9 12

( "^ ^7 70

-150to -16OtO

600 -50

8.786 7.97

(30,36,74) (66,112) Comp.t Comp.t Comp.t Comp.t (66) (74) (84) (129) (!••) (129) (50) (39,40, so, 56,88,113)

J

Comp.t Comp.t Comp.t (138) 4.15

-8.67T

i rj o

-i rjno

1+010° "

'

2.19 f ± 0 . 1 , -100°

Pt

(6, 55, 64, 65) (58,63,136)

±1-01

O

f

Pd

LO, -200°

Critical region 3.31

I

-200 -100 100 O to

^

3.118 f -** \ 4.095s

"|

I ( 50> 68> 74> 121) Comp.t Comp t Comp.t (74) (5,50,68,74,103,121,

^f "4' l i T > ±0.1 fromlflft 100 to 600° Comp.t

TABLE 1. — THERMAL COEFFICIENT OF LINEAR EXPANSION OF METALS. — (Continued) Range, 0C

Metal ^—(Continued)

- 50 to 50to 150to 300to 800 1000 Oto O to

Rb Rh

-180t0

Ru Sb...

Il U J_ JL J_ JL Si Sn, 99.9% vvmw

f \

Gray a - i crystals * i /I ±Il Single Ta

Tl W 99.99

f < [

W, 99; Th, 1

Zn 99.99 Il JL _L JL

IO6«*

50 150 300 600

1670 38 10

°

-180to -100 -100 to O Oto 100 10 to 90 -190to 17 17 to 100 9 to 72 lOto 90 lOto 90 20 -18OtO 20 lOto 90 20 100 to 300 -191 to 18 O to 100 -163 to 18 10 to 90 20to 232 -163 to 18 20 20

-78 to Oto 10 to Oto -190to Oto 17 to 577 to 1377 to 20 to 27 1027 2027 -150to 30to 630to 830to -170to Oto 20to -160to -160 20 60 -220 to

O 400 90 294 O 400 577 1377 2227 675

502 630 830 2430 60 300 250 60

60

10»/3

8.76 9.26 9.6 10.0 10.98 11.51 9.75 90 8 19

'

6.5 7.65 8.59 8.51 10.22 10.88 11.77 11.29 17.3 15.56 8.2 8.28 7.96 10.0 2.5 6 . 95 16 20.9 23 to 24 5.3 30 5 15 45 5.9 6.46 25.65 33 3.8 4.46 4.5 5.71 7.27 4.56 4.44 5.19 7.26 4.28 4.67** 4.00** 4.87** 29.5 35.4 39.5 57 to 64 6.6 12.6 15.6 13.5

1012T and 1O15S

Probab

^^rror of

Lit.

Comp.f Comp.t Comp.f Comp.t ( 74 ) (15) (126) Calculated from cubical coefficients (64) ( _7 n +0 1 < — 100° CSO, 137) 4 217

'

{ Jt7,

±S:k>-ÏÏO-

14.05 .

2.9 -4.7 6.7

7.7 8.5

17,5

v. also Table 37

Ui37J

Comp.f Comp.j Comp.j (50) (56,137) (56, 137) (»I) (50) (50) (16) (39) (50) (16) (12) (137) (50) (29) (50) (29,138) (29) (16) (16)

(36) (36) (50) (102) (36) 0.73 (36) (53) (53) (53) (38) (141) (141) (141) 0.58 ^ (71.2) ] f (52) \lt = Wl + a(t - ti) + ß \ (52) 9.45 J (t - *i)2] I (52) 21.6 -4O7 (39,40,50,57) 10 (125) (Cast) (70) (16,57) v. also Fig. 1 (57) (16) (57) 2.37 (56, 57, 88)

0.9 57.0

* If only a is given and only one temperature, a = at-, if only a and a temperature range, a« a^. t Computed, using the above values of a, ß, y, ô. i Practically constant between 20 and 24O0C.

J Probable error of It = ±8 X 10~« %. ** Aged lamp filaments. § Critical temperature.

TABLE 2.—THERMAL COEFFICIENT OF CUBICAL EXPANSION OF METALS (SOLID) Vt = V0 (I +At + BP) Metal Ca Cs Ga Hg; v. p. 456

I

Range Oto 210C Q to 260G Oto 3O0C

Li

~

f Na

i

R, D

/ \

1(M

|

10"B

|

75 291 55

Oto 5O0C Oto 560C O to 580C Oto 1780C -191 to 160C Oto 780C Oto 950C Oto 8O0C 25 to IQO0C O to 380C 1.6 to 17.50C

f •( (

K

|

239 211.2 250 153.5 186.5 181.6 204 216 226 270 268.6

209 155

Lit. (is) (64) ("«Ì

280 242

Approx. M. P.,

Metal

dj

I 174 I 1.572 (380) (1.545 at 780°) Na 98 0.9287 278 275 260 39Of Pb 327 10.65 129 10.69 120 Pb, electrolytic 10.71 130 (10.47 at 500+5°) Pd i 1550 I (10.8) I I Pt j 1755 I (18.9) I I Rb I 38 I 1.472 | 339 I Sb,99.9% 630 6.55 I 41 6.49 I 104 Sn, electrolytic 99.9%. 232 6.97 105 7.01 106 Li Mg

I

185 I 650

08

Tl I Zn, electrolytic 99.9%.

Fig.l Single Crystals of Cd and Zn /16,57)

TABLE 3.—SPECIFIC GRAVITY AND THERMAL COEFFICIENT OF CUBICAL EXPANSION OF LIQUID METALS Vt = Ve I l + A(t -e) + B(Z - O) 2 + C(t - 0)* + . . .], 0C Metal

Approx. M. P.,

1O6A

di'

1O9B

Range, 0C

1O9A

1O6B

Range, 0C

Lit.

ere

(65) («) (64) (6) ' (33) (6) (65) (64) ( 5S ) (64) (34)

92

TABLE 3.—SPECIFIC GRAVITY AND THERMAL COEFFICIENT OF CUBICAL EXPANSION OF LIQUID METALS.—(Continued) Vt = V6 [1 + A(t - O) + B(t - 0)2 + CO - 0) 3 + . - •], 0C

106

286

120

I 185 to 235 | (6) 650to 800 (44) (US) ' 98 to 170 (68) 100 to 180 (64) 100 to 235 (6) 98 to 750 (no, n i ) 325 to 357 (138) 327 to 825 (33) 327 to 522 (73) (4) I I (io») I I (io») I 40 to 140 | (64) 631 to 1074 I (ios) 700 to 1040 I (IQ) 400 to 700 (U) 232 to 396 (73)

{ 1U12C =74671} 6.98 100 6.99 114 7.025 (6.95 at 320±5°) 300 I 11.032 I 150 | | 419 6.59 147 I 6.92 217 -198 |

232t

° 988 232 to 1600

(1 2)

° (33) (138) (117) (4) 302 to 351 | (i<>2) 419 to 543 (73) 419 to 918 (ios)

The values in parentheses in the d^ column are very old single determinations and are probably only approximate. * Gray pig iron, t Based on Ramsay's value of density at B. P.

Fie2

Lit.

Cu (•)

0^C

Ag <*j8-5 = 10.33 Al 99.8 99.4 98.3 99.4 98.7 to 99.2 Au Bi

Cd, electrolytic Cu 99.9

Cs

9.51 9.32 658 2.382 658 2.384 658 2.405 658 2.41 658 2.399 I 1063 I (17.1) 1 275 10.07 10.00 10.055 10.03 320 7.99 8.02

(117) Q i«) (43) (43) (43) (105) (9) I I (109) 269 to 472 (73) 270to 300 (138) (117) 360to 630 (") 318 to 351 (138) 320to 544 (73)

960

1083

8.40

26

8.22 7.99 1.836

111 114

96OtOlIOO 650 to 1100 650 to 1100 650 to 1100 658 to 1000 658 to 882

142 125

I

124 120 121 170 137 j

fC, 0.1% Ü53Ö TJ) Fe] C, 0.2-0.25% 1540 6.92±0.07 [ C. 3.3; Si. 2.76%* 1150 6.97 Hg; v. p. 457 | | j K 62 0.8298

6

^120 1^ ~^°j 1083 to 1295

(ios)

(117) (9) (42; (42) (64) (64)

1083 to 1200 27 to 40 27 to 100 28 to 50 50to 123

199 379 395 341 348

(U7) (4) (H 9 )

•

j 299 280 285 268

210

j 62 to 70to 100 to 78 to

100 100 150 235

< s

(6 ) ( 64 ) (64) (6)

COEFFICIENTS OF EXPANSION OF SOLID ALLOYS First consult Table 4, which is a complete index of the section. The arrangement is alphabetical under the chemical symbol of the major constituent, as explained above, p. 360. For definitions and symbols, v, p. 392.

TABLE 4.—GENERAL TABLE

TABLE 4.—GENERAL TABLE.—(Continued)

Ag-Au; v. Table 38. Ag-Cu % composition

"

1\O.

Range, 0C

^ composition ... %

IO6«

, n i1.

Lit.

IU ^

Ag, 77; Cu, 23 | 1253 | O to 800 | 18.0 | | (84) Ag-Hg-Zn; v. Table 32. Ag-Pt; v. Table 38. Al-Cr-Ni-Cu-Mn Al, 95.5; Ni, 1.5; Cr, 1.5; Cu, 1.0; Mn, 0.5 1452 14 to 302 21.05 14.73^ (70)

Al-Cu; v. also Table 5 and Fig. 3 ~ _ . A1 f 20to 100 22.2-24.6 20 to 20 \ r \ ' ° 23.6-26.8 » / ; u u , lò ^ 2 0 t o 300 26 4_29 2 Al, 82; Cu, 18 15 to 100 21.9 AI, 70; Cu, 30 15 to 100 20.0 Al, 67; Cu, 33 15 to 100 16.2 Al, 50-0; Cu, 50-100.. 15 to 100 15.7-16.5 Al-Cu-Mg-Si; v. also Table 6 A1 0,

AI O A A Q d « Al, y4.4-y*.8; 3.66-3.74; 0.36-1.08;

r û, Mg, (Mn,

20to 2()to

10021.9-23.8 22.9-26.0

20()

20 to 30Q 2 4.7-26.9 20 to ^ 25 7_27 3

50g

Fe> Sl)

(70} (70)

(70)

(83) (85) (85) (85) (70) (70) (70) (70)

20 to 500 25.4-27.6 Al-Mg O to 13 22.0

(70)

Al, 96; Mg, 3 (Fe, Sb) 824 Al, 85.9; Mg, 17.7 (Si, Fe, Cu) 824 32 to 39 23.8 Al-Mn-X; v. Table 7. Al-Cu-Si; Al-Mn; Al-Mn-Cu; v. Table 7. Al-Si; v. also Table 8 " TTT 20to 100 19.2-22.2 n c 0. . , 2 0 t o 20 «7 ^- A ° 20.2-23.2 87; bl> 1
5;

Zn

' "'( 20to 300 28.3-40.7 Al, 100; Zn, O to Al, ( 25 to 250 27.1-32.6 O, Zn, 100 \ 20 to 250 27.7-38.2 Al-Cu-Fe-Mn-Si; v. Table 7. Au-Ag; v. Table 38. Au-Cu; v. also Table 38 Au, 91.66; Cu, 8.33... | \ 0~k> 8 5 ~ j 1 4 . 5 7 j Bi-Pb; v. Table 38. Bi-Sn; v. Table 38. C (Graphite) ; v. Table 11. Cd-Pb; v. Table 38. Co-Cr; v. also Table 12 Co, 55-80; Cr, 20-40 + C, W 1344 20 to 600 13.6-16.5 Co. 55; Cr, 35; W, 10 1345 -94 to 19 10.2 Co-Cr-W-C (Stellite); v. Table 12. Cr-Fe-C-Si; Cr-Fe-Si-C; v. Table 13. Cu-Al; v. also Al-Cu and Fig. 3 Cu, 92.2; Al, 7.3; Zn, 0.4 (Rh) 103 20 to 300 15.57 Same, DC 20 to 300 15.79

Cu, Cu, Cu, Cu, Cu, Cu, Cu, Cu, Cu, Cu,

100; Sb, 0 95; Sb, 5 90; Sb, 10 85; Sb, 15 80; Sb, 20 57; Sb, 43 33; Sb, 67 10; Sb, 90 O; Sb, 100 100; Sb, 0

405 405

Cu^Ni -191 to 16 O to 500

Cu-Sb; v. also Fig. 25 to 100 25 to 100 25 to 100 25 to 100 25 to 100 25 to 100 25 to 100 25 to 100 25 to 100 100 to 300

("2)

(™) (70) (™)

(™)

37 2

95;

Cu, 60; Ni, 40 Cu, 60; Ni, 40

(«')

12.22 14.81 3 16.3 19.2 20.2 20.0 19.2 14.5 11.5 9.1 10.0 16.4

(70)

(70) ( 12 S) (125)

3.19^

| (5)

Ind.

Cu-Sb.—(Continued) TÏ ,«„ Range, 0n^ C 10â

100 to 300 ITJ) 100 to 300 19.1 100 to 300 20.0-20,5 100 to 300 23.3-23.8 100 to 300 23.4-24.2 100 to 300 23.3-24.2 100 to 300 23.0-23.8 100 to 300 21.6-22.5 100 to 300 20.0-21.6 100 to 300 17.4 100 to 300 11.2 100 to 300 9.3 100 to 300 10.0 100 to 300 8.3 Cu-Si; v. also Table 15. Cu-Si, 3 452 15 to 900 17.88 Cu-Si, 6 15 to 900 17.83 Cu-Si, 10 15 to 700 16.08 Cu-Si, 55 15 to 1000 I 3.87 Cu-Si-Fe; v. Table 15. Cu-Sn Cu, 95.4; Sn, 4.25; P, 0.37 1082 20 to 300 16.81 Cu, 94.9; Sn, 4.88; P, 0.12 345 20 to 300 16.63 Cu, 92.0; Sn, 7.67; P,

Cu, 96; Sb, 4 Cu, 93; Sb, 7 Cu, 85; Sb, 15 Cu, 68; Sb, 32 Cu, 61.4; Sb, 38.6 Cu, 60; Sb, 40 Cu, 55; Sb, 45 Cu, 50; Sb, 50 Cu, 45; Sb, 55 Cu, 28; Sb, 72 Cu, 3; Sb, 97 Cu, 1; Sb, 99 Cu, O; Sb, 100 cast.... Same, agglomerate

0.11

664

20 to 300

16.82

109/S and

(»*) (12) (12) (12) Cu3Sb O2) (12) (12) (12) (12) (12) O2) O2) (12) (12) (2J (2) (2) (2)

3.59/3 ( 6 9 ) 3.67/3 (69)

4.250 (69)

Cu, 89.7; Sn, 10.14 (R0) 664 20 to 300 I 17.13 3.70/3 ( 6 ^) Cu-Zn; v. also Tables 16, 17 and 38 and Fig. 6 Cu, 97-65; Zn, 3-35... 25 to 300 17.7-20.8 (69) Cu, 60; Zn, 40 918 25 to 300 20.7-21.2 (69) Cu, 88-62; Zn, 35-10; Pb, 1.65-2.57 777 25 to 300 18.3-20.4 (69) Cu, 56.39; Zn, 40.59; Sn, 1.52; Fe, 0.96; 842, Mn, 0.09; Pb, 0.09 845 (R h ) 25 to 300 21.5-22.7 (69) Cu-Zn-Pb; v. Table 16. Cu-Zn-Sn; v. Table 17. Fe-C; v. also Tables 18, 19, 20, 23, 28 and 31 and Fig. 7 F e with C , 3 - 4 661 -191 to 16 s T o C " ) Fe with C, 3.12; Si, 3.37 661 O t o 700 8.3 8.3/3 ( 83 )

25 to 100

8.4

(130)

300to 400

15.6

(130)

400 to 500

14.3

(130)

Ferc,,os;Si, 661 --- n-i •b8

(129) (129)

Fe with C, 3.04; Si, 1.65; P, 1.3; Mn, 0.2 Same, Tp, 1000°; Qw 15° Fe with<1.4 C Fe with<3.8 C

8.05« (**} 6.45^ ( 6 9 )

(68) 4.02^ ( 7 4 ) (85) (85) (85) (85) (85) (85) (85) (85) (85) (12)

Lit.

Fe with C<1.5; Mn, 0.27-0.67

661

15 to 1000

13.34

15 to 1000 14.02 -200 5.8-8.4 C 20 to 1000 13.1-19.6 \ 25 to 600 14.3-14.6 [>Crit. temp. ca. 23

15 to 75 Fe-Co-Cr-C 20 to 100 100 to 200 Fe, 55.3; Co, 22.5; 200 to 300 Cr, 21.2; C, 0.7. 300 to 400 400 to 500 . J 500 to 600 Fe-Cr-C; v. also Tables 13, 21, Fe-Cr, 13, etc 20 to 600 Fe; Cr, 3.1-7.4; Si, 0.5-2.4 15 to 900 Fe-Cr-Mo-C; v. Table 28. Fe-Cr-Si-C; v. Table 31. Fe-Cr-V-C; v. Tables 28 and 29. Fe-Cu-Cr-C; v. Table 28.

10.8-12.1

15.6 16.7 17.6 17.8 17.6 I 17.0 22, 28, 29 and 31 11.2-12.1 12.6-14.9

(»:> (2)

(2) (23) (21) (22) (22)

(20) (129) (129) (129) (129) (129) (129) (22) (2)

Fig. 3 o AI-Cu 35°-IOO°(85) * AI-Cu 20°-90° (st) • Sb-Cu 25°-IOO°(e5J

Fig.8 Ni-Steel

(22J

Fig.10 Ni-Steel

H

Fig.4 Al-Zn •25° -350° C («) o ZO°-250°C (125J A20°-a50°C( 70 )

Fig.9 Ni-Steel containing 0.1%C, 0.4%Mn f«3)

Fig5 Cr-Ni

(24)

Fig.12 Ni Steel

Fig.» Ni Steel

H

Fig.6 Cu-Zn

n

(26J

Fig.13 Effect of adding l%Cror l%Mn to N i Steel /59,6OJ

Fig.7 SOFT AND HARD STEELS (140J Hard Soft o Heated to 780°C A Quenched in oil from 850°and tempered 9T630°C JJ Treatment not stated a-Mean coeff of expansion, between t-l2.5°and t+12.5°

TABLE 4.—GENERAL TABLE.—(Continued)

TABLE 4.—GENERAL TABLE.—(Continued]

Ni-Cu-Fe-Mn.—(Continued)

Fe-Mn-C; v. also Tables 24 and 31 1

% composition

Range, 0C

^

105«

^J^

Fe Fe Fe Fe

855 800 19.6-23.8 855 O to 38 14.97 22.9^ (61) 855 O to 1000 24.5 (84) Fe-Mo-C; v. also Table 30 with Mo, > 1.58... I 906 | 100 to 700 |ll. 8-16.3| | (77) Fe-Ni; v. also Tables 25, 27 and Figs. 8-13 with Ni, < 35 . 20 to 90011.3-16.9 with Ni, 35-100.. . O to 800 10-18 f _ 7 ì with Ni, 36.1; ] -200 to -20 0.25 J ^ g J (-)

made by Société

_20Q

l

e eV r S 7 S ^( ; T T aKbìl e o27 In-'

-100 _ ^

!-06 Q 7Q

Com P'* Comp ,

0.44

Comp.*

var

'

J

- 20 OtO

Fe with Ni, 36.1; Mn, 0.39; Cu, 0.39 \ ("Invar") |

100

^

Comp>5lc

1.5

(20,127)

(127) (127) (127) (127) (127) (127) (127) (127)

100 to 200 2.8 200 to 250 4.8 250 to 300 9.6 727 [ 300 to 400 13.7 400 to 500 16.1 500 to 600 17.7 600 to 700 19.1 750 20.3

* Computed, using above values of a, ß, -y. Fe with Ni, 31.4.... Fe with Ni, 34.6.... Fe with Ni, 35.6.... Fe with Ni, 37.3.... \ Fe-Ni, 34.8; Cr, 1.5. Fe-Ni, 35.7; Cr, 1.7. Fe-Ni, 36.4; Cr, 0.9. (

Ì

727 [

J

Ö~tö O to O to O to O to O to O to

38 38 38 38 38 38 38

3.395 8.85o ( 5 8 , 6 3 ) 1.373 2.37* (58,63) 0.877 1.27« (58,63) 3.457 -6.47« (58,63) 3.580 -1.32- (58,63) 3.373 1.65- (58, 63) 4.433 -3.92^ ( 5 8 , 6 3 )

Fe-Ni-C; v. Tables 25, 26, 27, 28 and Figs. 8-13. Fe-Ni-Cr-C; v. Tables 28, 29. Fe-Ni-Cr-Mo-C; ». Table 29. Fe-Ni-Si-C; v. Table 31. Fe-Ni-V-C; v. Table 28. Fe-Si; «.Table 31. Fe-V-C; v. Table 28. Fe-X-Y-C (Alloy Steels); v. Tables 28. 29, 30. Fe-W-C; v. also Table 30 Fewith W, 1.7-2.2....| 1416 | 100 to 700 112.0-16.2|

\ (Tt)

Fe-W-Cr-C; Fe-W-Cr-Mo-C; etc. (High Speed Steels); v. Table 30. Hg-Ag-Sn-Cu-(Zn); ». Table 33. Mn-Si-Fe; ». also Table 31 Mn, 68; Si, 19.55; Fe, 11.6 Same, Tp 600° Qw 15°.

15 to 900 15 to 900

(2) (2)

18.27 16.75

Mo (Commercial); v. Table 34. Ni (Commercial); v. Table 35. Ni-Cr; v. also Fig. 5 Ni, 90; Cr, 10 Ni, < 85; Cr, > 15 Ni, 87; Cr, 9; Fe, 1.5; etc Ni, 85; Cr, 10; Fe, 3; etc..

t27)

Ï 9 0 O to 1000 12.80 O to 900 12.8-20.8

4.33/3

949

Oto

38

12.34

6.020 (61)

949

Oto

38

12.63

8.77/3

(61)

Ni-Fe-Cr Ni, 60; Fe, 26; Cr, 12; C, 0.6; Si, 0.4; Mn, 1.0 (cast).... 949 Ni, 60; Fe, 25; Cr, 12 (D0) 949 Ni-Fe-Si; v. Table 36.

laD

*

{

on« 908

^

Range, 0C

Ni, 66.58; Cu, 29.57; ( fro009' 0.09, wire,

c'ossi' S 0.03, 003 Rh R S, typical sam- j

P

O t o 600 9 9

°

Ot ° 10° 100 to 200

200 to

300

^^ ^

10*«

^Q^

Lit.

13.8

\ì'Ìl^}

C129)

"-1 14.8

15 6

c

^ „

300 to 600 17.3 * Computed, using above values of a, /3, 7. Ni-Cu-Mn; v. Table 14. Ni-Fe; v. Fe-Ni. Ni-Si; ». also Table 36 Ni, 80.6; Si, 16.2; Fe, 2.5 1243 15 to 1000 12.20 Same, Tp 1000° Qw 15° 15 to 1000 13.37 Ni, 75; Si, 17.01; Fe, 7.6 1243 15 to 1000 12.35 Same, Tp as above.... 15 to 1000 13.20 Ni, 39; Si, 17.86; Fe, 28.3 1243 15 to 1000 16.88 Same, Tp 600° Qw 15° 15 to 1000 12.39 Ni-Si-Fe; v. Table 36. Pb-Bi; ». Table 38. Pb-Cd; ». Table 38. Pb-Sn; v. also Table 38 Pb, 100; Sn, O .. 15 to 110 29.3 Pb, 90.29; Sn, 9.71.... 15 to 110 27.9 Pb, 87.5; Sn, 12.5 15 to 110 27.45 Pb, 81.64; Sn, 18.36... 15 to 110 26.6 Pb, 71.64; Sn, 28.36... 15 to 110 25.8 Pb, 61.98; Sn, 38.02... 15 to 110 24.7 Pb, 52.09; Sn, 47.91... 15 to 110 23.8 Pb, 42.07; Sn, 57.93... 15 to 110 21.7 Pb, 32.82; Sn, 67.18... 15 to 110 21.6 Pb, 30.5; Sn, 69.5 15 to 110 21.6 Pb, 22.53; Sn, 77.47... 15 to 110 21.4 Pb, 8.72; Sn, 91.28.... 15 to 110 20.6 Pb, O; Sn, 100 15 to 110 21.8 Pt-Ir

Comp>s)e

(

Pt 90- Ir 10 i-t, yu, ir, iu

/ <

Pt% 880Q > Ir I r > 20 2 * °

i \

Oto 38 OtolOOO

Comp.* „ Comp.*

(2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2)

SnPb4

Sn4Pb

8.651 1.000 8.841 1.306/3

( 11 S) ( 11 S) ( 113 ) ( 11 S) ( 11 S) ( 11 S) ( 11 S) ( 11 S) ( 11 S) ( 113 ) ( 113 ) ( 113 ) ( 113 ) (5' 58 ) (31)

7 502 (68) ~ 1 9 0 t ° 16 ' OtolOOO 8.198 1.420 Ç 7 *) Pt-Rh | O to 1500 1 8.79 | 1.610 | ( 31 )

Pt, 80; Rh, 20 | Sb-Cu; v. Cu-Sb and Fig. 3. Si-Cu; ». Cu-Si and Table 15. Si-Fe (Industrial Ferro-silicon); ». also Table 37 Si, 75; Fe 15 to 1000 5.45 Si, 50; Fe 15 to 1000 16.23 Si, 32; Fe 15 to 1000 13.97 Si, 17.02; Fe 15 to 1000 14.45 ' Sn-Au; ». Table 38. Sn-Bi; ». Table 38. Sn-Pb; ». Pb-Sn; ». also Table 38. Sn-Zn; ». Table 38. Zn-Al; ». also Tables 9 and 10, and Fig. 4

7r, a* AI * f rn U M M ' '

20to

10 ° 24.3-33.3 ° to 2°° 27-3-37.2 20 to 300 28.3-40.7

Zn 100-0-Al 0-100 0-100 Zn, 100-0.Al.

25 to

j~(*) (2) (2) (2)

(70) (70) (70)

2

25 ° 2727.7-38.2 -l- 32 - 6 20 to 250

( 1(21 82 S) )

Zn-Cu; ». Fig. 6.

TABLE 5.—AL-Cu (™) 20 to 100 20 to 100

12.1

11.6

(67) 67

( J

Ni-Cu-Fe-Mn; v. also Table 14 M- «7 r 98 ^FP f ;/ « etc.) \ M Mn Si 5; ». j

% composition

Lit.

Fe with Mn, < 10.... Fe with Mn, 11.2 Fe with Mn, 14

1

25 to 100 13.7-14.5 30 ° 14.9-15.2 ^ ^

(i") (»•)

25 to 600 15.9-16.7

-( 1 2 9 )

25to

^

to

16

18 4

(129)

. A1

Ai

% composition ~ ou

C,. fei

I

, - , , . . 20 to Je Mn 10QOC

95.4 3.750.300.360.18 93.4 5.810.360.42 91.1 7.680.390.460.33 91.1 7.870.330.450.22 89.2 9.950.390.44 87.3 11.880.390.43

1O6Ot'2 1 20to 20to 20to

20 to

2QQOC 3CQOC 40QOC 50QCC

A^ 100 T * after test

23.7 24.6 27.2 26.7 27.5 0.02 23.8 24.9 27.8 27.8 28.0 0.07 23.7 26.3 28.0 26.6 27.4 0.05 23.4 26.8 28.0 26.6 27.2 0.04 22.4 2 4 . 2 28.3 27.3 27.7 0.11 2 2 . 4 2 4 . 1 28.6 27.5 27.6 0.11

TABLE 6.—AL-Cu-Mo-Si (DURALUMIN) ( 70 ) % composition | 106«îf Treatment

AI Al

p Mg M M Pe Ou Mn i

^ bi

Sand cast 94.83.680.360.570.350.25 Rh (co. 410°) 3.5 to 0.25in. thick94.43.74 1.08 0.520.30 Rc W 520° Qw V 120°/2 d 94.43.741.08 0.520.30 Rd (contains 0.20% Ca) Ì Same, reheated f 94.63.660.520.510.370.16 Same, Tp 500°, Q i 0 Same, reheated a n d quenched., j U 4 > Ü d - D Ü U ' I

20 to 1QQOG

2ÌT4 23.8 23.7 23.1 ^3 23.2 22 2 -

q.

r

bi

1O8OtJj

| *e

20 to

20 to

20to

20 to 20 to 20 to sopoç 4GO0C 50O0C

Al

Mn Cu

10QOC 20QoC 250oC

97.8

1.050.19 0.410.57

96.7

1.800.23 0.400.84 23.1 24.3 24.9 25.6 26.1 | ^7 '9*

96.2 93.9 89.6 87.1 91.3 88.3 88.7 83.7 84.6 93.0 86.4 85.8 85.6

1.081.91 0.300.51 23.6 25.2 26.7 26.9 26.8 27.5 0.012.20 3.330.55 23.4 23.9 24.2 24.4 2.43 7.420.53 21.7 22.5 23.0 23.4 2.33 9.960.60 20.7 21.7 22.2 22.7 4.41 3.750.57 22.4 23.4 23.8 24.1 4.53 6.610.57 21.5 22.3 22.8 23.1 6.62 4.080.64 21.8 22.9 23.4 23.6 6.29 9.450.53 20.6 21.6 22.0 2 2 . 2 4.5810.280.54 20.4 21.3 21.8 22.1 0.932.40 3.120.55 22.2 23.4 23.7 23.8 0.822.32 9.970.50 20.4 21.5 22.0 2 2 . 4 0.892.4910.220.56 20.8 21.5 22.0 22.3 1.172.47 10.180.701 20.4 21.5 22.0 22.3

ty ^

„ bl

95,0 92.0 89.5

4.150.520.33 7.280.470.27 9.810.500.22

20 to IQO0C 22.2 21.8 21.1

9 4 s« s 12.550.560.08 19 « n ^ n ns /J121 - 1H! 86.8

20 to 20 to 20. to 300 to after 30O0C 40O0C 50O0C 60O0C test 24.1 -0.01 23.5 0.00 22.9 0.00

21 2 2 1-7

^

24 5 22 -g

24 4

^ -Q

24 3

^ -Q

+0 09 +QQ2

86.8t 12.550.560.08 19.5 20.5 22.2 22.9 | 23.0 24.1 -0.01 * The values in this horizontal row were obtained on a second heating. t This alloy, containing 86.81 % Al, etc., is modified by the addition, just before casting, of 0.1 % metallic sodium, in accordance with the process described by J. D. Edwards in U. S. Patent No. 1 410 461.

TABLE 9.—AL-£N ( 7 Q)

266 266

285 290 300 400

Al AI

^

1QQOC

85.83

12.171.470.210.310.01

£» fi

22.57

Cu

OSi

20t

17 TVyr Fe Mn

5.29

rj Zn

°

20 tO

20 tO

2QQOC

^0

£J

J"

77.220.050.050,1 Nil ^ ™

^

94.660.020.010.02 Nil

fef^

26.0 25.7 26.4 26.8 ^0 26.0 25 -i

20 to 5QQOC

26^7 26.3 27.3 ^9 2

^1

l j after tegt

2"TS +0.02 2 7 . 2 +0.03 27.3 -0.01 +0.06 ^7 +Q Q2 +0.03 26 6 +°- 05

O 12.5 25 37.5 50 62.5 75 87.5 100 I

.

23.623.926.126.626.526.127.126.436.4 24.524.827.027.527.627.428.529.137.6 27.6 29.6 27.6 29.7 f 27.727.728.929.329.830.430.738.2 \27.6 80.130.830.038.0 29.029.430.1 38.3 30.633.4

/ 31'5 I 36.9 27.729.030.330.730.631.538.3 30.833.936.7 38.538.0 27.829.533.331.637.332.438.5 27.730.933.836.738.6 37.9 27.8 33.636.839.038.738.5 25.225.928.030.333.736.539.0 38.6 25.927.129.1

TABLE 11.—C (GRAPHITE) The most reliable determinations of the expansion of graphite give results differing widely, probably owing Ix) the differences in physical condition of the specimens used in the determinations. Description of sample

Electric-arc carbon from H. Moissan.

Acheson graphite.

l^6aî

% composition

20 to 4QQOC

10Oy

20 to 2QO0C 23.2 22.8 21.9

2/L6

AZ

20 to 3QQOC

"^

260 264

TABLE 8.—AL-Si (70) .

2o77 25.3 25.8 26.6 ^ 25.3 24 3 -

100 200 230 240

* 20 to 600°.

106<*^

24^7 24.7 25.2 26.0 ^ Q 24.1 23 5 -

^T^T^-^J^ Zn

23.7 25.6 26.0 25.7 26.3 j^s's*

% composition

20 to 25QOC

TABLE 10.—AL-ZN; IO6«?', BETWEEN 20 AND Z0C (125) (Continued)

TABLE 7.—AL-Cu-MN; AL-Cu-Si; AL-MN; AL-MN-Cu; AL-Si-Cu; AL-SI-CU-MN ( 70 ) % composition

20 to 20QOC

^7

AZ 20 tO

3QQOC

£f

^

x after Ì test

+0.01

Earlier determinations: 10 to 90 7.5 Batongol graphite. . . Siberian graphite. . . . 98 % C, d = 1.8 20 to 300 3.8 * Partial report on research in progress (1926).

106a/2

Approximate

+£% No.*

TABLE 10.—AL-ZN; IO6«!', BETWEEN 20 AND J0C ("S) Al-Zn alloys having 37.5-87.5% Zn exhibit anomalous expansion above 25O0C. The italicized values indicate results obtained on cooling, where different from those on heating. For 100% Al, at = (23.0 + 0.0140 HT 6 I T ,. For 100% Zn, at = (35.4 + 0.0200 IQ- 6 J CJ'

5 (50) (")

TABLE 12.—Co-CR-W-C (STELLITE) (129)

^.02

* From 20 to 400°, 106« is 27.6; from 20 to 500°, 10"« is 28.6. t The values given in this horizontal row were obtained on a second heating.

Composition and Range, 0C 106« 10^jS Lit. treatment 99. 97% C -163 to -38 7.2 d\s = 2.216 a f t e r being - 38 to 18 2.7 (29) compressed to (5-1O)IO3 kg/cm 2 O to 1500 0. 55 1.6 (?3) Longitudinal O t o 400 2.4* C71-1) Transverse O to 400 3.5* (71.1)

"1 2 3 4 4

composition, % Co-Cr-W 80-20 55-40-3! 55-40-31 55-35-10 55-35-10

20

to 100 to 200 to 300 to 400 to 500 to 20 to 300 to 20 to IQQ 0 C 20O0C 30O0C 40O0C 50O0C 60O0C 30O0C 60O0C 60O0C ïïl ÏSTÏ ïôl IsTO ÜTÖ ÏSIJ Ï5~2 ÏÏTO UoT 13.4 15.2 16.0 16.3 17.5 20.2 15.0 18.0 16.5 12.2 13.1 14.0 14.3 15.4 17.9 13.2 15.8 14.6 11.0 12.3 13.6 13.8 13.3 16.9 12.4 14.7 13.6 Between -94 and +190C, a\\ = 10.2 X 10~&.

* Description: 1. Soft, malléable. hammered. 4. Stellite No. 2. t Alloy contains 2 % C.

2. Hard, malleable.

3. Hard malleable,

TABLE 13.—CR-FE-C-Si AND CR-FE-Si-C (*) Composition and treatment 1. 2. 2a. 3. 3a. 4. 4a.

Industrial Cr, 48; Fe, 30; Si, 17; C, 5 Industrial Cr, 47.6; Fe, 47.1; C, 2.84; Si, 2.2 Same Tp at 1000° in H2O at 150C Industrial Fe, 46.5; Cr, 45.9; C, 6.67; Si, 0.95 Same Tp at 1000° in H2O at 150C Cr, 53.3; Fe, 39.1; C, 6.21; Si, 0.93 Same Tp at 1000° in H2O at 150C

No "^\^ ^^^^^ 0 Range, C " ^ loto 100 100 to 200 200 to 300 300 to 400 400 to 500 500 to 600 600 to 700 700to 800 SOOto 900 90OtOlOOO 15 to 1000

Wa\l 1 | 2 [ 2a [ 3 | 3a [ 4 [ 4a 10.23 sTÖÖ 9J7 7^52 < K 2 9 7 ^ 5 2 7.17 8.89 8.49 8.68 7.79 7.88 6.49 6.28 9.58 8.38 9.18 7.68 8.58 7.29 6.88 11.17 10.07 9.87 10.37 9.87 8.18 8.38 11.85 11.36 11.95 10.06 9.46 9.37 9.37 12.43 11.94 10.94 10.55 9.75 10.46 8.96 12.91 12.82 13.42 11.83 10.74 10.94 8.16 13.49 13.30 12.90 11.92 10.42 11.43 10.24 13.18 11.80 10.31 11.21 8.93 10.12 8.63 13.46 11.58 11.78 11.89 8.82 11.10 9.82 11.75 10.62 10.86 10.12 9.39 9.32 8.41

TABLE 14.—Ni-Cu-Fs-MN (MONEL METAL) ( 1 ^ 9 ) ~~~~ Mi

" Uu

% composition ~ ~ " ~ *e Mn U bi

~ b

~ Fb

1

106ex^ 25 0to 100to 200to 300 to 400to SOOto IQQ C 20O0C 30O0C 40O0C 50O0C 60O0C

Treatment Cast

139

fiO MW 4fi9 919 0O O 1 * 0 * 7 0 fm 9 29 Heated to 900oC 60.0532.462.212.000.150.870.0352.22

14 3

ast £ / V to :'" "X ','cooled "\ 'A slowly '\ "\ Heated 900 C" and Hot rolled Same, heated to 87O0C Hot rolled Same, heated to 90O0C Hot rolled Same, heated to 87Q0C

66.1828.422.372.100.180.700.038 665829571791780150090030 66.58 29.57 1.79 1.780.150.090.OdO «7 *99A 7*1 741 ftftn < n n i o n rm 67.3228.731.741.660.310.190.035 AR K79Q m i finn i « n u n u n 097 68.8729.031.600.ISjO.130.150.027|

TABLE 15.—Cu-Si; Cu-Si-FE (2) % composition and treatment 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Cu, 93.5; Si, 3.3; Fe, 2.6 Cu, 89.6; Si, 6.17; Fe, 3.7 Same Tp at 78O0C Cu-Si with Si, 10 Cu-Si with Si, 55

15

15 0

16 8 '°15 15 ' 816 7 ' 18^17 ' 7 7 18

2

3 °'

6

l •' ]l'l *'\ \l'l 13.9 15.0 15.7 \l'l 16.6 }l'l 17.8 !«'!! 18.7 14.2 14.9 15.5 16.7 17.0 18.1 14.3 15.3 15.8 16.5 17.4 17.7 14.5 15.1 15.9 16.4 17.1 16.2 14.3 15.0 15.8 16.5 17.4 17.7 14.2 14.7 15.6 16.4 17.6 17.9 14.0 15.0 15.9 16.4 17.3 18.1

TABLE 15.—Cu-Si; Cu-Si-Fs (2).—(Continued)

% com ^^\L ^***1 P°sition and treatment \^^ «fa _ Range, 0C^ 1 | 2 3 4 | 5 Range. 0C"^ 1 | 2 | 3 I 4 | 5 60 l o t o 100 15.4110.5812.1014.94 6.58 f ° *° 700 20.7221.8820.2915.85 5.88 i. Cu, 93.5; Si, 3.3; Fe, 2.6 700 to 800 21.8620.1522.0332.94 4.18 1QQ ÌQ 20Q ^ ig 12 gg lß Q8 ^ 2g 4 4g ^ H'.SQ ^ . 4.39 2. Cu, 89.6; Si, 6.17; Fe, 3.7 SOOto 900 23.1917.5519.51 1.09 20Q to 3QQ 07 15 16 46 3. game Tp at 78O0C \ 900 to 1000 0.09 300 tQ 400 14 65 lg g3 lg 52 lß 73 4 3g 4. Cu-Si with Si, 10 15 to 1000 3.87 400 to 500 17 n 21 lg 20 77 19 3g 4 Q9 5. Cu-Si with Si, 55 15 to 900 17.88 17.83 18.49 500 to 6()0 20 46 21 83 ig 93 15 57 3 79 _^ [ 15 to 700 16.08

TABLE 16.—Cu-ZN (COLD ROLLED BRASSES) ( 69 ) _ . _ % composition Ind. No. ^ , Zn , Sn | pb

Metallurgical subdivision

I I

raSS

0

^

R

aSS

400 1409 778 780

, ,, !,eaaea orass a or «p

T

o , . . «-Brass containing

Q

1134 620 401 1182 799 301 1316 336 339

?g2

frn

604 / 6 0 0 ^ 16

Fe

„ Range, 0C

Wa

l»ß

5QO

106a« at | 10Qo | 15Qo ! 20Qo | 25Qo

97.0 2.97 0.010.02 -49 to 301 16.48 3.6316.8417.2117.5717.9318.30 94.9 5.11 .01 .01 28 to 305 16.81 3.8917.2017.5917.9818.3718.76 90.3 9.70 .01 .03 26 to 302 17.01 3.7917.3917.7718.1518.5318.90 85.2 14.76 .01 .02 -50 to 300 17.03 5.1217.5418.0518.5719.0819.59 80.0 19.89 .05 .03 28 to 302 17.22 5.9017.8118.4018.9919.5820.17 75.3 24.64 .02 .03 28 to 300 17.58 6.2418.2018.8319.4520.0820.70 72.0 27.95 .01 .02 25 to 306 17.73 6.5218.3819.0319.6920.3420.99 70.3 29.66 .03 .03 19 to 301 17.75 6.5318.4019.0619.7120.3621.02 66.5 33.43 .04 .03 -50 to 301 18.26 5.6118.8219.3819.9420.5021.06 64.8 34.92 0 . .24 .03 20 to 299 18.15 6.4518.8019.4420.0820.7321.38 63.6 36.17 § .17 .03 21 to 299 18.11 7.2518.8419.5620.2821.0121.74 62.1 37.71 g .17 .02 23 to 308 18.05 8.5518.9019.7620.6221.4722.32 88.3 10.00 S 1.68 .02 21 to 301 17.06 3.8917.4517.8418.23 18.6219.00 78.3 20.01 ^ 1.68 .03 22 to 301 17.48 5.2418.0018.5319.0519.5820.10 ßg ? 2g ^ ^ 1 65 Q3 20 to 304 17.91 6.5218.5619.2119.8720.5221.17 62.3 35.04 2.57 .06 21 to 302 18.26 6.5618.9219.5720.0320.8821.54 81.7 17.940.310.040.01 19 to 301 17.31 5.8017.8918.4719.0519.6320.21 7Q g 2S211 w Q4 Q1 2Q to 301 17.94 6.9318.6319.3320.0220.7121.40

TABLE 17.— Cu-ZN (MUNTZ METAL TYPE) ( 96 ) % composition P * 65. OA 54. SB 54. TB 65. SA 64. 6A 55.5s

7

a

pi,

^°6atl

| ^

20 to 10O0C 19.2 21.6 22.8 18.7 22.8 20.0

32.91.3 0.2 0.1 43.91.3 0.1 0.2 44.50.7 0.1 0.1 34.50.230.2 Tr. 35.40.060.04 <0. 04 44.50.070.05 <0. 04

TABLE 18. — FE-C (!NGOT IRON, CAST IRON AND C-STEEL) ( 37 )

100 to 20O0C 20.0 21.8 19.4 20.0 22.2 21.0

200to 30O0C 22.0 22.8 23.5 22.0 21.9 23.6

SOOto 40O0C 22.5 29.6 27.5 22.5 22.2 28.0

1Q6
% composition 400 to I 500 to 45G0C 60O0C 23.5 24.5 35.0 30.5 39.2 26.9 23.0 23.7 23.4 23.6 35.0 27.0

' C C

The transformation point, at which abnormal expansion of these brasses occurs, is about 46O0C. * A = «-Brass; B = 0-Brass.

Si P P Mn Mn S S Ni Ni + + Co Co Cu Cu bi

O. H 0.16 0.55 3.22 3.19 3.59

0.070.420.440.03 0.250.610.05 0.310.440.600.05 1.680.460.710.08 1.670.320.640.10 1.180.040.460.06

t*1

TnH,

0.53 0.03

0.07 0.54 0.48 0.10 0.16 0.04 0.13

Na

° to ° to0 ^ ° to0 ^ ° t00 ^ ° to0 ^ 0 ^

1341 724 889* 661 661 661

12.84 12.72 12.48 11.18 11.30 11.34

13.41 13.53 13.17 11/98 12.21 12.12

13.99 14.05 13.79 12.58 12.80 12.88 O to

14.74 14.70 13.29

14.37 13.93

13.35 14.22 8750C = 14.93

* Cast.

TABLE 19.— FE-C (C STEELS) (<") PERCENTAGE COMPOSITION OF ALLOYS Sample A B C D E F G H

C 0.05-0.06 0.09 0.22 0.33 0.40 0.56 0.65 0.81

| Mn 0.08 0.08 0.12 0.12 0.11 0.09 0.12 0.10

| Si Tr. 0.02 0.01 0.03 0.07 0.04 0.09 0.06

|

P J S I Cu || Tr. 0.023 0.03 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.03 0.04 0.01 0.03 0.03 0.01 0.03 0.03 Tr. 0.023 0.02 0.01 0.03 0.03 Tr. 0.025 0.02

Sample I J K L M N O

|

C 1.25 1.45 1.67 1.97 2.24 3.66 3.80

| Mn 0.12 0.14 0.17 0.15 0.15 0.14 0.16

| Si 0.07 0.10 0.11 0.08 0.08 0.09 0.05

I

P | S I Cu Tr. 0.019 0.02 0.01 0.013 0.04 0.01 0.013 0.04 Tr. 0.015 Tr. Tr. 0.015 Tr. 0.015 0.012 Tr. 0.015 0.01 Tr.

K

L

M

9.72 9.94 10.02 9.96 10.52 11.14 11.72 12.21 12.68 13.12

9.03 8.57 9.61 8.59 8.75 9.64 8.83 10.25 9.04 10.96 9.88 11.59 10.63 12.15 11.35 12.72 11.96 13.16 12.50 12.91 13.23 13.70 13.92

VALUES OF 106a^ ^^—^^^ Sample ^"^\^^ Range, 0C ^^--^ 20to 50 20to 100 20 to 150 20 to 200 20to 250 20to 300 20 to 350 20to 400 20to 450 20to 500 20 to 550 20 to 600 20to 650 20to 700 20to 750 20to 800 20to 900 2OtOlOOO 70OtOlOOO

A 11.49 11.66 12.06 12.32 12.56 13.02 13.34 13.65 13.98 14.22 14.33 14.64 14.85 15.01 14.84 14.67 13.14 13.35 9.50

B

C

D

E

F

G

H

11.16 11.58 12.06 12.61 12.72 13.01 13.36 13.63 13.93 14.18 14.38 14.64 14.86 15.03 14.93 14.61 12.34 13.32 9.42

11.22 11.66 11.96 12.12 12.49 12.78 13.12 13.38 13.68 13.93 14.17 14.38 14.66 14.81

10.92 11.09 11.70 11.89 12.38 12.72 13.09 13.42 13.88 14.02 14.20 14.43 14.59 14.76

10.73 11.29 11.45 11.99 12.07 12.47 12.86 13.26 13.66 13.90 14.17 14.36 14.61 14.76

10.17 10.98 11.44 11.85 12.27 12.65 13.08 13.40 13.74 14.02 14.27 14.50 14.67 14.81

10.74 11.04 11.34 11.57 11.88 12.31 12.74 13.16 13.42 13.84 13.93 14.20 14.52 14.65

10.17 11.04 11.43 11.56 11.93 12.43 12.84 13.21 13.55 13.82 14.08 14.22 14.50 14.67

10.58 10.87 11.14 11.08 11.46 11.87 12.33 12.75 13.16 13.36 13.78 1399 14.22 14.41

9.67 10.13 10.38 10.58 11.16 11.67 12.18 12.68 13.13 13.48 13.78 14.04 14.24 14.42

10.02 10.44 10.51 10.28 10.83 11.38 11.88 12.34 12.82 13.15 13.38 13.66 13.93 14.24

12.93 12.48 13.16 9.40

11.33 11.53 13.08 9.29

11.72 12.35 13.25 9.91

12.46 13.54 14.38 13.47

12.68 13.87 14.76 15.00

14.22 15.05 15.70 17.90

14.78 16.64 17.43 24.10

15.13 17.63 19.50 29.74

15.02 17.57 19.61 31.45

TABLE 20.— FE-C (C-STEEL RAILS) (i») % C, S, P, Mn, Si, Cu, Ni, Cr,

Bessemer rails composition | IO««* 0.50 -0.39 14.2 0.042-0.071 15.0 0.081-0.067 15.2 0.93-0.90 13.3 0.101-0.035 14.0 0.007-0.105 14.6 0.06 -0.12 15.1 0.00 -0.17

|| Open hearth rails | t,°C \\ % composition | 106al 500 C, 0.66 -0.70 14.4 600 S, 0.033-0.057 14.7 700 P, 0.028-0.025 14.9 800 Mn, 0.66-0.72 14.3 900 Si, 0.160-0.079 15.0 1000 Cu, 0.016-0.026 15.7 1100 Ni, 0.00 16.2 Cr, 0.01

Abnormal expansion occurs between 700 and 80O0C.

I

J

N

O 8.43 8.71 8.76 8.49 9.35 10.11 10.92 11.52 12.12 12.62

14.13 15.04 15.86 20.24

TABLE 21.— FE-CR-C (94) Containing 0.6% C \ t°C 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100

% Cr O 0.5 1 2 3 5 10 20

Transformation temp., 0C 790 785 777 787 802 830 837 845

106«ioo

11.5 11.9 11.3 11.8 12.1 11.0 10.1 10.0

106a5oo

15.9 15.6 14.8 14.3 14.8 13.9 13.1 12.0

TABLE 22.—FE-CR-C (STAINLESS STEEL) (1*9) Range, 0C 20 to 20 to 200 to 400 to 600to 20 to

—— Hard OTe 9.8 9.9 13.8 13.4 11.2

100 200 400 600 800 600

r—^ | Annealed Ï0~3 10.7 12.3 13.3 13.6 12.1

TABLE 26.—FE-Ni-C (NICKEL STEELS CONTAINING 0.9% C) (134) __ ii

Composition % Ni Cr^ Ï3~î C, 0.3 Mn, 0.18 Si, 0.11 P, 0.02 S, 0.011

Abnormal expansion occurs between 825 and 8550C. The hardened steel also exhibits irregular expansion between 200 and 40O0C. TABLE 23.—FE-MN-C (KRUPP'S CARBON STEELS) ( 77 ) % composition 75 1Q 15 C I Mn " 0.14 0.39 11.88 0.18 0.34 12.11 0.31 0.65 11.73 0.44 0.67 11.65 0.56 0.30 12.08 0.64 0.27 11.79 0.75 0.35 11.55 0.80 0.30 11.70 0.94 0.35 11.50 1.02 0.36 11.49 1.30 0.40 10.94 1.50 0.36 10.83

3

20to IQO0G 13

4 6 10 12 15 20 25 30 35

12 11 9 8 8 8 11 9 1.2

20 to 20to 3QO0C 50O0C 11.1 ÏÔT7

11.1 11.8 9.6 8.5 9.3 10.4 11.2 12.4 7.7

10.5 10.8 9.3 8.2 9.0 9.4 10.6 9.4 12.0

20 to 70O0C ÎÎ7Ï

20 to 90O0G 11.4

10.5 11.3 8.2 13.7 7.1 12.9 7.7 14.2 8.6 14.6 8.8 14.4 8.5 13.6 11.4 14.8 13.8 16.9

TABLE 27.—FE-Ni-C (!NVAR STEELS) (58,63) ^T"

Range, °C

30.4

O to 110 llOto 164 164 to 220 O to 122 122 to 182 182 to 220 O to 142 142 to 220 O to 150 150 to 220

31.4

34.6 37.3

"*" " '+ ^ a I b 4.570 0.0235 - 4.29 0.104 11.3 0.008 3.395 0.015 -10.37 0.128 6.44 0.036 1.373 0.0047 - 7.18 0.065 3.457 -0.0072 0.72 0.011

Table 28. See p. 472. TABLE 28A.—STEEL AND IRONS OF TABLE 28 ABOVE THE CRITICAL REGION (13°)

93

TABLE 24.—FE-MN-C (MN STEELS) ( )

9.8

14.7 16.2 12.0

16.8

«500

15.4 14.8 14.8 14.7 15.2 15.3 15.7 15.7 15.5 15.6 15.8

I

«800

18.0 21.9

19.9 19.6 20.1 19.6 20.4 21.0 21.2 21.9 22.6 23.5 23.5 23.4

22.0

23.8

Austenitic

I

Austenito-martensitic

«100

12.6 12.3 11.5 11.6 11.8 12.8 13.4 13.5 12.9 12.5

Pearlitic or martensitic

I

Austenito-martensitic

Mn

0.11 0.31 0.6 0.8 1.1 1.6 2.0 3.0 5.0 6.9 7.9 8.8

Pearlitic or martensitic

%

Anomalous expansion of these Mn steels begins at about 65O0C. TABLE 25.—FE-Ni-C (Ni STEELS INCLUDING INVAR) "^\^^ % Ni

t°C

^^-^ 50 100 150 200 250 300

106a
5 9.44 10.03 10.59 11.01 11.33 11.55

(87)

25 33 14.72 -0.18 15.86 - +0.09 16.75 0.80 17.40 1.93 17.81 3.50 17.98 5.50

106^ ( 8 2 )

%Ni I IQ6CX20 O 11.0 10 13.0 20 19.5 30 12.0 36 0.9 40 6.0 50 9.7 80 12.5 100 12.8

106a*2 No

„ ,. Heating&

Ï 2

23.4

3 4 5 6 7

22.7 22.8 24.0 24.1 24.0

Temp. _ . o~ Cooling range, 0C 825 to 900 22.7 22.7

Increase tength Temp. at 250C, 1 , ' 0^ range, C /i/m 900 to 725 -1202 900to 700 - 462 in

800 to 900 22.7 900 to 800 800 to 900 22.8 900 to 800 800 to 900 23.1 900 to 725 825 to 900 22.8 900 to 800 825 to 900 22.6 900 to 800

- 110 - 82 - 400 - 270 - 90

8 9 10

22.3 900to 550 21.9 900to 800 22.0 900to 805

- 680 - 198 + 343

11 12 13 14 15 16

23.0 895 to 820

- 593 + 98 + 346 -727 + 335 + 18

22.2 800 to 900

22.8 900 to 700 22.7 900to 800

- 200

18 19 20 21 22 23 24

17

22.6 800 to 900 23.0 800 to 900

21.1 900 to 600 23.0 900 to 800

22.6 23.4 34.0 23.4

800 to 900 906 to 945 750 to 875 833 to 950

23.1 23.4 28.6 21.6

-

25

37.0

815 to 900

25.0 900 to 775

27

900 to 800 945 to 917 875 to 713 950 to 760

920 148 63 366 120

-430 +9040

O

TABLE 28. — FE-U; FE-Cu-C; FE-Ni-C; FE-Si-C; FE-V-C (CARBON AND ALLOY STEELS, CAST IRON AND ELECTROLYTIC IRON) (13°) lO6«^

% composition No

'

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22* 23 24 25 26 27

~ C

„ Mn

* P

Q

S

Q.

Si

„ Cr

M,

v

V

... ,, 25 to 100 to 200 to 300 to 400 to 500 to 600 to 25 to 300 to 25 to Miscellaneous lQ(y>c 20()OC ^^ 40QOC 5Q()OC ^0 7Q()OC 30()OC 60()OC 60()OC

Ni

0.35 1.420.0130.0570.20 1.00 0.11 0.49 1.210.05 0.0500.12 0.41 0.640.0520.0610.086 0.44 0.570.0130.0330.161 0.14 0.59 0.920.0240.0330.25 0.35 0.080.0100.0270.1101.17 0.14 0.36 0.460.0110.0290.09 0.57 0.12 0.168 0.010.0100.0260.1352.50 0.39 3.94 0.410 1.110.0530.0490.115 2.00 0.144 0.100.03 0.0350.0341.15 0.21 0.252 0.060.0120.0350.007 0.168 0.080.0100.0290.0380.92 0.24 0.122 0.050.0200.0400.8460.85 0.23 0.326 0.780.0140.0350.094 3.59 0.342 0.280.01 0.0430.0940.82 0.26 0.396 0.250.0120.0230.095 0.380 1.170.0550.0670.10 0.81 0.388 1.210.0100.0431.04 3.67 0.512 0.420.0160.0211.45 0.30-0.40 13.00 0.418 0.680.0120.0250.23 0.02 Nil Nil 0.0070.006 (Co, Cu, Ni, total 0.014) 1.28 0.37 0.19 0.20 1.100.05 0.05 0.5 0.5 3.08 1.68 0.14 34.52 0.09 0.19 3.70 0.1760.005- 0.05-

12.4 11.3 11.1 11.2 11.1 11.0 11.8 10.8 11.6 11.2 11.1 11.3 11.6 10.9 11.6 11.1 11.2 11.6 10.4 10.0 9.4 12.0 11.0 12.3 8.4 3.7 11.1

Cu, 1.85 Mo,0.64 Cu, 2.70 W, 3.96 W, 1.58

12.8 12.2 12.2 12.4 12.5 12.3 12.6 11.7 11.9 12.6 12.0 11.8 12.5 11.5 12.6 12.0 12.7 12.0 12.1 10.6 12.0 13.0 11.6 12.9 11.7 8.4 12.4

14.4 14.2 14.3 14.3 14.6 14.8 14.4 13.5 14.0 13.8 14.2 13.9 13.7 13.6 14.2 14.0 14.3 13.2 13.7 12.0 14.3 14.5 13.6 14.2 14.2 14.1 13.3

15.1 16.3 15.8 15.4 15.4 15.6 15.1 14.0 16.2 15.6 15.5 15.3 14.6 15.2 16.0 15.1 15.2 14.2 15.9 12.6 15.3 15.3 15.1 15.9 15.6 16.6 14.0

15.9 17.7 15.7 16.4 16.1 15.9 16.0 14.5 15.7 15.6 15.9 15.7 15.2 15.1 15.9 15.7 16.2 15.2 15.7 13.5 16.4 15.9 16.3 16.2 14.3 18.4 15.6

15.9 16.2 15.4 16.7 16.0 16.6 16.5 16.8 16.8 16.6 16.5 16.2 16.6 16.8 14.4 16.5 16.4 16.0 16.7 16.6 16.9 16.6 16.1 16.0 15.8 15.7 16.4 16.9 16.4 16.5 16.7 16.4 15.6 16.1 13.9 13.7 17.1 16.8 16.8 17.4 16.1 17.0 16.5 16.8 Growing 18.8 19.1 16.0 16.9

13.3 12.7 12.7 12.7 12.9 12.9 13.1 12.1 12.6 12.7 12.5 12.5 12.7 12.1 12.9 12.5 12.9 12.3 12.2 11.0 12.1 13.3 12.0 13.2 11.6 9.2 12.6

15.6 14.5 16.5 14.7 15.8 14.3 16.1 14.5 16.1 14.6 16.0 14.5 15.9 14.5 14.3 13.3 16.1 14.4 15.7 14.3 16.0 14.3 15.9 14.2 15.2 14.0 15.3 13.8 16.1 14.6 15.7 14.2 16.1 14.5 15.0 13.7 15.9 14.2 13.3 12.2 16.2 14.3 15.9 14.7 15.9 14.1 16.5 14.9 Growing 18.2 13.6 15.3 14.0

* Vacuum electrolytic iron.

TABLE 29.—FE-Cs-C; FE-Cu-V-C; FE-Ni-CK-C(ALLOY STEELS) (92) IO6«*!

% composition ^1 C

0.34 0.30* 0.50 0.32t 0.35 0.43 0.43J 0.40§|| • 0.34H1T 0.44** 0.40tt

Si -a/r Mn T» P

ci-

a

S

Cr TVTNi

/^

0.100.640.0120.0230.763.43 0.110.660.0250.0050.863.05 0.150.640.0150.0310.881.90 0.230.530.0130.0151.373.53 0.0 0.650.0080.0450.803.14 0.0 0.780.0150.0270.751.87 0.180.810.0310.0320.882.55 0.140.760.0060.0121.20 0.170.720.0090.0100.96 2.070.810.0120.010 0.570.780.0110.0150.78

* Contains 0.53 % Mo. t 830° Q0 Tp 570°. J Contains 0.07 % V. § 930° Q0 Tp 650°.

C I Si I Mn 0.82 0.18 0.26 .47 .56 .16 .64 .05 .01 .66 .08 .08 .73 .69 .24 .20 .59 .22 .06 .63 .58 .22 .55 .25 .71 .33 .13 .23 .45 .15 .22 .38 .13 .24 .36 .19 .26

25 tO

25 tO ^^

11.37 11.67 11.72 11.83 11.73 12.00 11.65 11.60 11.76 12.52 12.76

12.49 12.57 12.70 12.78 12.79 12.87 12.89 13.04 13.10 13.51 13.83

moQ

II Contains 0.17 % V. f 930° Q0 Tp 620°. ** 930° Q0 Tp 590°. tt 830° Q0 Tp 590°.

% Ag 68 68 67

I

TABLE 32.—Ac-Ho-ZN (131) Ag-Zn amalgam % Zn I Wa2I H % Ag I % Zn O 25.4 67 2 1 25.9 60 5 1 26.4 54 O

|

Wall 28.0 24.5 23.4

TABLE 33.— HG-Ao-SN-Cu-(ZN), Ao-SN-Cu AMALGAMS '(54) Composition of amalgam alloys I A I B I 68 68 27 26 5 5 Zn O 1 Total.. 100 100

Ag Sn Cu

Alloy D was made composition C.

^" Alloy alloy lOW.s C I D I E ratio 70 70 54 B 2.00 25.2-26.8 27 27 30 B 1.60 24.8-25.2 3 3 16 D 2.00 27.7 O 1 O c 2.00 27.8-28.5 100 101 100 A 1.60 26.0-29.3 E 1.60 24.3-26.8 by the addition of 1 % Zn to the alloy of

TABLE 30.—FE-Mo-C; FE-W-C; FE-W-CR-C (ALLOY STEELS) (77) % composition Ind. 106at at 0 0 I P I S ! Cr I W | Mo | V No. 100°C| 20O C | 30O C | 40O0C | 0.003 0.016 3.71 14.63 0.17 0.20 285 10.0 11.6 12.5 13.2 .014 1.03 1.17 748 11.5 12.3 13.2 14.25 .015 .012 3.73 14.06 0.11 942 11.1 11.9 12.6 13.2 .018 .016 3.43 16.81 0.11 1435 10.8 11.7 12.4 3.90 13.50 284 10.7 11.75 12.75 13.5 .016 .016 6.31 283 9.8 12.65 14.5 15.5 .028 .023 2.86 18.81 1015 12.15 13.2 13.75 .009 .024 0.69 906 11.8 12.8 13.75 .036 .003 1.58 906 12.2 13.6 14.6 .038 .011 1.71 1416 12.4 13.3 14.1 .022 .011 2.20 1416 12.3 13.1 14.0 .022 .011 2.07 1416 12.35 13.1 13.8 .023 .013 1.84 1416 12.0 12.9 13.8

50O0C | 13.75 15.25 13.65 13.1 14.1 16.1 14.3 14.6 15.5 15.0 15.0 14.75 14.8

60O0C | 70O0C 14.2 14.4 16.4 17.75 13.9 14.0 13.6 14.25 16.55 14.75 15.4 16.0 16.2 15.7 16.0

17.2 17.55 16.85

TABLE 31.—FE-Cu-Si; FE-MN-Si; FE-Ni-Si; Fs-Si (STEELS CONTAINING Si, AND FERRO-SILICON) (2) (v. also Tables 36, 37) % composition

\Range, C — Fe

Cr

Mn

Ni

1O6O^ — —

\.

Si " C

P

— —

—

—

7QO

^

0 0

^ j ^

^~

0.0 0.562.66 ~ 0.0 0 . 0 2 . 3 8 1 . 6 -

Ind. No/^^ to to to to to to to to to to to to ^x 100° 200° 300° 400° 500° 600° 700° 800° 900° 1000° 900° 1000° TTTI J 10.23 10.89 13.57 14.65 16.02 15.99 15.37 10.10 23.25 27.24 14.53 Udo ^ * 9.52 8.7813.6721.03 4.5711.8316.38 8.4218.9228.9712.61 f 10.94 10.49 12.07 14.5516.02 18.1816.26 17.92 17.00 14.90 | * 9.41 IQ.29 10.68 12.56 13.24 12.63 14.90 18.64 26.53 36.53 14.40

arc* ^Tn" o QQ~n~^ QIO~A^ 85Î 0.0 V.ÓÓ 0.0 l . y i d . b d

{ 16.0011.8913.5717.6419.6019.6614.9619.4920.2511.73 16.53 \ *12.'7Q 14.28 15.26 18.42 20.38 17.16 15.35 18.59 16.78 15.66 16.54

~~~ 92.43.12 0.0 89.57.4

1 1 A n ~ n ~ ^ n ~ n ^ 7 7 n ~ ^ f 13.05Î^ll^ï^ï^îÛ^ il.D u . u os u . u i y . o U.DO ^ 113.2915.58 14.96 16.43 16.10 16.77 16.94 18.6921.33 n~n~ n n ~o~ö A 9 7 O.ü 0.0 9.9 4.^70.58

85T

^ ^^

»

~59TÖ7~Ö7^7930ôV 59Î 0.0 O.Z 22.b b . y d O . d ö O . 9 93.7ÎQ.O ~~~ 8tj ï 68f

0.2

ÜT27 16.75

/ 10.8211.9814.3617.7311.9311.9212.9920.6125.61 ^ §10.47 11.89 12.37 11.86 14.63 8.84 11.02 12.7520.30

15.41 13.29

( 11.05ÌT78Ì2^7Ì6l5Ì7lÌ19.1717.1522.2716.59 14.95 16.15 ^ §n 17 12 58 14 Q6 15 34 14 82 M 7Q 13 9g 16 Q3 2Q 37

~77 ß*^n7i 0.0 I.b53.041.d 71 _ 32

/ 8 ' 47 9.2910.8712.7612.9414.3213.9016.4619.0114.62 13.34 \ *10.00 7.39 8.5814.1614.54 3.6813.0217.4727.6523.03 14.02 f 8.8210.1911.6714.2515.7317.0916.4716.9415.3317.18 14.45 \ *10.35 10.89 12.57 14.15 14.63 15.20 15.77 18.33 14.73 17.57 14.49 12.11 11.1812.8713.45 15.0214.7014.4815.0614.2416.00 13.97

AAI bbl

* Values on this line for alloy: Tp 1000° Qw 15°. t By difference.

J Tp 600° Qw 15°.

§ Tp 900° Qw 15°.

TABLE 34.—Mo (COMMERCIALLY PURE) ( 71 ) % composition No

-

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Description

~ *e

~

~ â

106«^ (cooling)

lQ*a^ (heating)

100-y-

~~

25 to 100 to 200 to 300 to 400 to 25 to 250 to 25 to 500 to 500 to 250 to after bl w IQQ°C 20O0C 30O0C 40O0C 50O0C 25O0C 50O0C 50O0C 250C 25O0C 250C test 5.4 5.1 5.2 5.6 5.7 5.3 5.5 5.4 5.6 5.8 5.3 -0.010 0.030.03 1.85 4.9 5.1 5.4 5.7 7.4 5.1 6.3 5.8 5.8 5.9 5.6 -0.001 0.050.0140.0051.80 4.9 5.1 5.2 5.4 6.2 5.1 5.7 5.4 5.5 5.8 5.3 -0.007 4.6 4.8 5.2 5.9 6.4 4.8 6.0 5.4 5.0 5.3 4.6 +0.022 0.040.003 3.7 5.5 4.8 5.8 5.8 4.6 5.7 5.2 5.4 5.7 5.1 -0.009 5.0 5.0 5.2 5.0 3.4 5.1 4.4 4.7 5.5 6.0 4.9 -0.036 Cu 4.8 4.8 5.2 6.4 7.0 4.9 6.4 5.7 5.5 5.7 5.3 +0.009 0.110.003 0.014 4.5 4.6 5.1 5.1 6.5 4.7 5.6 5.2 4.8 5.5 4.1 0.017 0.030.004 0.006 4.5 4.3 4.4 6.1 7.2 4.4 6.2 5.3 5.1 5.3 4.8 0.012

Ingot, from fine powder No. 1 swaged to 0.25 in. diam No. 2 swaged to 0.175 in. diam No. 3 swaged to 0.1 in. diam Ingot, from coarse powder Similar ingot to No. 5 No. 6 swaged to 0.25 in. diam No. 7 swaged to 0.175 in. diam No. 8 swaged to 0.1 in. diam Ingot, ' from coarse powder and swaged to 0.25 in. diam 0.100.0170.005 No. 10 swaged to 0.175 in. diam No. 11 swaged to 0.1 in. diam 0.110.0070.0100.005

4.6 4.8 3.7

4.9 5.1 4.7

5.2 5.4 4.9

6.5 5.9 4.9

7.0 6.7 5.8

4.8 5.0 4.5

6.5 6.1 5.2

5.7 5.6 4.9

5.2 5.6 4.0

5.3 6.0 3.8

4.9 5.1 4.2

0.026 0.002 0.043

TABLE 35.—Ni (COMMERCIALLY PURE) (iso)

JNi

% composition ~ ~ ~~ ~ Iu * e Mn I

~ bi

"~~ b

106«^ 25 to 100 to 200 to 300 to 400 to 500 to 25 to 300 to 25 to IQQ0C 2OQ0C 30O0C 40O0C 50O0C 60O0C 3QO0C 60O0C 60O0C

Treatment

13 2 UA 15 3 1 2 0 3 7 0 190 120 120027/ H o t r ° l l e d ' ' ^ 0^7 ^ ^ "_ U - U ^' \Annealed I h r at 87O 0 C... 13.3 14.5 15.4

9906 O 99 Ub 0 '

9902 99 UZ -

15 5 16 9 UA ' ' ' 16.4 16.6 16.3

>W db

14 5

15 4

16 9

16 5

16 8

14 4

16 7

Hot rolled

13

14 2

15 7

15 9

15 7

14 4

14 4

15 3

Hot r lled ° Annealed ! hr at 870QC

1 1 13 5 14 8 ^ ' ' 13 5 14 3 15 8

12

Qd 91 ^.ZL

IA AR A Q9 .14 .4b4.tfz CQ

97.0*

.3

.8 1.6

,

17 2 16 6 i 6'.p I 6' .6

' ' ' 16.3 16.9

'

16.5

15

15 6

' 14.5

16.6

1

14

' -9 16.3 14.5

16.3

15

17.1 13.8 17.0 15.5 17.3 14.6 16.6 15.7

in non / Hot rolled 13.2 14.1 15.4 15.9 16.7 17.3 14.3 16.7 1 - 1 ^ -UuU j Annealed l hr at S70°C... 13.3 14.1 15.4 15.9 16.6 17.6 14.3 16.7 15.6 <4l\ 14; <*24000°, 16; «JSS, 16; a8^, 20; a28540, 17f

<1

No marked abnormality is shown between 300 and 40O0C by first 5 samples; cf. pure Ni in Table 1. * Spark plug electrodes (133).

15 4

14.5

12 9

18 22 26 020 / -• -° ' ' ' ' _ _ _ " U ^ U \Annealed I h r at 90O0C... 13.3 14.2 15.6 16.3 16.2

15~44208 09 .10 15 .UJU 029 Ii .15 .44;.US .UU

1QA

Hot r Ued

12 37 22 08 16 020 Ì ° ' ' ' ' ' - 1 ^ _ _ _ _ - U Z U \Annealed I h r at 9QQ 0 C... 13.3 14.5 15.5 16.7

QR 76 17 9 ^-/b _ 9705 97.Uo

16 8

f These values are for lO«**^-

TABLE 36.—Ni-FE-Si; Ni-Si-FE (2) 6

2

Composition -^^^ No. IO «* and ^^^^^^ k 0 treatment Range, Q 1 | Ia | 2 | 2a | 3 3a a loto 100 8.58 8.82 8.58 8.8211.29 9.17 ?. 100 to 200 9.0911.19 9.1910.2912.18 9.08 5fc«?fe? o 200to 300 9.58 9.88 9.9811.3715.46 8.18 «7V*~ S 300to 40° 11-3711.7711.5612.3617.03 9.77 «f*?S J 400to 500 13.2513.9512.7613.7417.7012.95 2gq§2 § 500to 600 14.2215.1215.1214.2219.1613.23 5 Sa I o, «-« o, o00*0 70° 14.1016.0914.6 14.0020.7116.40 o H j»Hj£oH 700 to goo 13.4916.6614.6814.0821.7516.86 SIe" 18?] 1 SOOto 900 12.4815.3413.4714.0617.6615.05 fc^fc^fc3» 900 to 1000 15.33 14.93 13.05 18.39 14.87 12.66 ^-JS^(ScOêS I 15 to 1000 12.2013.3712.3513.2016.8812.39 TABLE 37.—Si-FE-C (2) \^^ No.

Composition and treatment 1. Cast Si with ca. 2% of SiC + Tr. Fe-Si. Sudden increase in a between 700 and 805°; anomaly between 700 and 1000° 2. Industrial SiC (crystallized) 3. Industrial Fe-Si with 75% Si 4. Industrial Fe-Si with 50% Si

106a|,

Range/^^ 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 loto 100 6.006.586.94 9.17 100 to 200 5.185.394.79 8.78 200to 300 4.694.594.99 9.18 300to 400 4.294.194.8910.07 400to 500 3.894.394.9910.46 500to 600 3.994.284.9811.84 600to 700 4.884.185.6813.52 700to 800 10.464.386.6747.36 SOOto 900 3.282.985.2724.90 900to 1000 0.192.684.2715.96 15 to 1000 4.684.355.4516.23

TABLE 38.—COEFFICIENT OF CUBICAL EXPANSION OF ALLOYS IN THE RANGE O TO 10O0C Vt = F0[I + A* + B*2] (»«) 6

9

6

9

TABLE 39.—CUBICAL EXPANSION OP LIQUID ALLOYS AND AMALGAMS (Continued) Appro x. M. P., 1O6A* Range, 0C Lit.

% composition

°_C

Hg, 77.3; Sn, 22.7 Hg, 63; Sn, 37 Hg, 46; Sn, 54 Hg, 29.8; Sn, 70.2.

(

d[

103.5 125 :.. 131 121 166 117 193 113

200 to 30Oj (1^1) 200 to 300 (1^-1) 200 to 300 C19-1) 200 to 300 (* »•*)

e

Hg;Sn..j 13.3835 14.6 174.5 18 to 101 (»1) [ 13.1807 20.2 161.9 20 to 98 (91) Hg, 95.1; Tl, 4.9 179 20 to 30 (115) Hg, 83.0; Tl, 17.0 175 20 to 30 (11S) Hg, 79.0; Tl, 21.0 . 161 20 to 30 («*) Hg, 66.0; Tl, 34.0 140 20 to 30 ("«) Hg, 58.1; Tl, 42.9 157 20 to 30 (115) Hg, 86; Zn, 14 152 184 300 to 350 C19-1) Hg, 80; Zn, 20 200 181 300 to 350 C19-1) Hg, 77; Zn, 23 217 153 300 to 350 C19-1) Hg, 60.6; Zn, 39.4 288 146 300 to 350 C19-1) Hg, 50.7; Zn, 49.3 316.5 ca. 200 330 to 360 C19-1) K, 39; Na, 231 I 4.5 | 286 | 10 to 100 (6S) Pb, 90; Sb, 10 123 250 (138) Pb, 64; Sn, 36 127 262 to 356 (1SS) Pb, 13; Sn, 87 112 249 to 355 (*38) Sn, 68; Cd, 32 123 175 (138) Sn, 70; Tl, 30 118 200 to 300 (102) Tl, 80; Sb, 20 | ! 227 | 200 to 225 | (102) * If only one temperature is given, A = At; if a temperature range, A = A*2t Equal atomic weights of each.

VOLUME CHANGE ON FUSION AND SOLIDIFICATION, "MOLD SHRINKAGE" Arrangement.—No definite arrangement is strictly followed in this section. Its scope and content will be seen by inspection.

Composition IQ A | IQ B || Composition | IQ A | IQ B Ag, 4; Au 51.66 Bi, 44; Sn 37.93 27.1 Ag, 71.6; Au, 28.4... 44.13 13.0 Sn, 2; Bi 49.97 10.1 Ag; Au 49.16 Cd; Pb 90.05 13.3 TABLE 40.—FUSION OF PURE METALS (Fs = VOLUME OF SOLID Ag, 36.1; Au, 63.9... 48.84 55.2 Cu, 71; Zn, 29... 51.61 55.8 AT M. P.) Ag;Au,4.. 31.15118.5 Pb, 4; Sn 80.87 33.2 Approx. v Ag, 2; Pt 42.46 32.2 Sn, 4; Pb 62.0 98.8 Metal M. P., 100^r P. E. Lit. 0 Au, 2; Cu 40.15 64.2 Sn, 7; Au, 2 41.65 26.3 C Bi, 24; Pb 38.68 21.8 Sn, 2; Au 39.44 28.9 960 4~5 ±0.5 (45, 118) ' Pb, 2; Bi 84.62 15.9 Sn, 6; Zn 62.36 82.2 Ag Al, 99 658 6.7 (^ 43) Sn, 4; Z n . . . 63.77 80.7 Al, 99.65 6.3 (45) Au 1063 5.2 (45) COEFFICIENTS OF EXPANSION OF LIQUID ALLOYS AND Bi 270 -3.3 ± 0 . 1 (u» 45, 135, 138) AMALGAMS Cd 321 4.7 ±0.1 (45,138) See also Tables 41-45; for definitions, v. p. 459. Cs 26 2.5 ± 0 . 2 (42, 64) TABLE 30.—CUBICAL EXPANSION OF LIQUID ALLOYS AND AMALGAMS Cu 1083 4.1 ±0.1 ( 9 , i o , 4 5 ) K 62.5 2.5 ±0.3 (13,45,64,65) Approx. Li 185 1.5 (138) % composition M. P., 1O6A* Range, 0C Lit. Mg 650 4.2 (44) ^C 98 2.5 ± Q , 1 (6, 13, 14, 45. 65, 135) Bi, 50; Hg, 50 162.7 134 163 to 280 (i»-i) Na Bi, 67; Pb, 33 138 130 (138) Pb 325 3.4 ±0.1 (46) 38 2.5 ±0.2 (45,64) Bi, 57; Sn, 43 122 140 (138) Rb 630 1.4 (135) ^^ Bi, 70; Tl, 30 131 212-325 (*02) Sb. Sn 232 2.7 ±0.1 (". 45, 135, 138) Cd, 90; Zn, 10 153 | 265 | (138) (300 3.1 (135) Hg, 80; Pb, 20 102 161 250 to 300 (i9-1) \ 3.2 (45) Hg, 66; Pb, 34 125 143 250 to 300 («•!) Tl ( 4.3 (102) Hg, 40; Pb, 60 193 139 250 to 300 ("-i) 420 6.5 ± 0 . 5 (135) Hg, 25; Pb, 75 236 135 250 to 300 (19.1) Zn

TABLE 45.—SOLIDIFICATION OF Cu-Ss ( 9 > 1 0 )

TABLE 41.—SOLIDIFICATION OF PURE METALS ( 143 )

-100-$L_

1

^ ^ . % metal

Casting F. P., * temp, C oc O

IOo? = In

At F p

solid

'

* Final temperature is 15 to 2O0C.

TABLE 42.—SOLIDIFICATION OF Bi-SN ( 9 » 10) -100^K

800°

A, for liquid Range, °C

800»C to

_ _

r . r.

100 90 75 58 40 25 15 10 O

0.00012 0.00014 0.00014 0.00012 0.00011 0.00011 0.00014 0.000135 O.Ó00104

93 85 77.5 65 54 18 O

F R

^

F.F. to 20° to 2O0C

f

::' :. liquid

267.5 to 800 233 to 800 185 to 800 136.5 to 800 173 to 800 199 to 800 215 to 800 220 to 800 360 to 630

Range, 0C *'

0.00014 1070 to 1200 0.00012 1035 to 1200 0.00013 950to 1200 0.00012 725 to 1200 0.00013 585 to 1200 0.00013 543 to 1200 O.000125 657 to 1200

A

I2OO C At - P P P P to F. P. F. P. 1.73 2.04 3.24 5.43 7.6 6.7 6.5

f

FP , to

_ . , Total

0.00016 0.00012 0.00011 0.00011s 0.00012 O.OOOlls O.OQQ1Q4

940tollOO 646 to 1100 670tollOO 665 to 1100 55OtOlIOO 58OtOlIOO 630 to 1100

^

^

to F. P. 170C 2.67 10.4 5.26 11.8 4.45 12.6 4.75 13.8 4.85 10.1 4.55 7.9 4.45 7.32

TABLE 46.—SPECIFIC VOLUME OF SB, 81.6; AL, 18.4 ( 11 S) _ Temp., 0C

-~t

700 800 900 1000 1025 1100 1135 1200

0.240 0.241 0.241 0.230 0.221 0.213 0.211 0.215

^4

^ ° liquid

Cu, 83.45; Zn, 16.24

4.25 5.08 11.06 Cu, 66.6; Zn, 32.9 3.85 5.80 11.7 Cu, 63.1; Zn, 36.24 4.06 4.51 11.8 Cu, 63.93; Zn, 35.25 9.63 Cu, 94.7; Sn 5.08 11.3 Cu, 89. 65; Sn, 10.23 16.1 Cu, 80.66; Sn, 19.08 (5.8) (4.3) 16.5

p

0

I2OO C F *' rP'

0.00020 0.00015 0.00016 0.00014 0.00011 0.00011

1084 to 1018 to 920 to 780 to 724 to 600 to

1200 1200 1200 1200 1200 1200

2.19 2.57 4.25 5.53 5.58 6.18

Casting temp., 0C

Ti 0Ct commencement of solidification

TE°CÎ

1000 to 1050 950 870to 950 900 to 1000

993 902 874 881

1000 904 928 990

0.3 0.03 0.03 0.033

1032 980 835

0.085 786 1.66 0.122 706 1.44 0.01 752 1.52

1068 1049

0.045 0.039

1080 1090

0.027 0.032

At

^ *+

JFr P

t0 0

Ti0C 1 1 T20C t 1035 1050 995 to 1150 996 900 760

Cu, 61.57; Ni, 16.1; Zn, 22.16 1100 Cu, 56.2; Ni, 20.4; Zn, 23.36 1065 to 1090 Cu, 51.4; Ni, 26.22; Zn, 22.3 1150 Cu, 46.1; Ni, 35.8; Zn, 18.0.1170 to 1200

% composition

Y 1200°

0

Range, C B '

% composition

2QOC

-100^r

to to ÎÔÔ 92 82 71 62 35

85 72 61 51.5 30 10 O

^1200° 0

TABLE 44.—SOLIDIFICATION OF Cu-SN ( 9 » 10)

% Cu

Range, °C

6.2 -3.01 1.32 4.51 7.1 4.10 TABLE 47.—SOLIDIFICATION OF MISCELLANEOUS ALLOYS ( 143 ) 7.6 7.17 7.35 -1.12 1.36 7.58 ~ composition ... mnA^* % , Castingr' , Arrest ~ — 100-r 6.5 8.12 ^ temp., 0C temp., 00C I 5.95 8.32 Pb, 80.82; Sn, 18.27 650 25Ï 0.56 7.5 10.85 Pb, 29.1; Sn, 70.01 550 174 0.44 7.4 13.4 Pb, 18.39; Sn, 80.99 550 180 0.50 5.6 +2.7 1.64 9.99 Pb, 80.61; Sb, 19.2 560 to 750 239 0.54 Pb, 85.2; Sb, 14.68 450 to 500 232 0.56 Sn, 50.83; Zn, 49.04 550 2ÖÖ 0.50 TABLE 43.—SOLIDIFICATION OF Cu-AL ( 9 » 10) Sn, 85.4; Zn, 14.52 500 195 0.46 Sn, 95.15; Zn, 4.81 500 190 0.49 -,100-Â

% Cu

At

A1 for liquid

Total

state * Al, 99.2 800 to 850 683 1.78 Bi, 99.8.....T 500 261 0.29 Cu, 99.16.... 1250 1060 1.40 1.42 Pb, 98.2 500 to 600 326 0.075 0.75 0.825 Sn,99.8toTÖÖ500to550 225 CLOl to 0.15 ~ 0.44 to 0.55 Zn, 97.3. .7777 650 to 750 416 0.08 1.32 1.40

%Bi

% Cu

_ . . Total

Cu, 87.1; Sn, 2.68; Zn, 8.05; Pb, 2.28

1020

955

1060 1025 1087

890

1085

P ,. ^ng 100O0C

' - 2O C Cu, 81.06; Sn, 17.5; Zn, 1.53.. 950 to 100O0C 3.91 6^4 12.5 Cu, 88.75; Sn, 9.65; Zn, 1.6... 950 to 102O0C 5.06 5.52 12.85 4.25 4.79 13.28 Cu, 86.65; Sn, 9.84; Zn, 2.0; 100O0C 3.61 4.68 13.83 Pb, 1.44 3.28 5.88 14.76 Zn, 79.44; Sn, 14.48; Cu, 4.35; 13.35 Pb, 1.66 500 to 50O0C

Arrest points, t G 992, 895, 825, 685 873, 775, 737, 603 977, 890, 824, 745 965,840, 778, (848) 379

TE>°Cî

lOOj Tß,°C§ -10Oy* 973 2.17 870 1.98 877 1.97 879 1.9

917 2.025 924 2.05 949 2.03 1010 1.935

10Oy Tg,°C§ -lOOj*

973

0.025

840

1.76

854

.024

756

1.50

955

^05S

726

1.47

944

.075 750

TÏ7

374

1.02

TABLE 47. — SOLIDIFICATION OF MISCELLANEOUS ALLOYS ( 143 ). — (Continued) p . 7* g temp.

% composition

Arrest points, ~

TABLE 48. — SOLIDIFICATION OF Cu-SN-X (BRONZES) ( 97 ). —• (Continued)

, . TE, °C$ 100^- TS,°C§-10o4* i t

Zn, 51.22; Sn, 45.84; Cu, 1.9; Pb, 0.94 550to 56O0C 340 Pb, 78.89; Sb, 12.5; Cu, 8.45. 600 to 65O0C 250,230 Sn, 19.8; Pb, 58.84; Sb, 21.4. . 60O0C 263,238 Sn, 85.42; Sb, 9.45; Cu, 5.1 ... 500 to 55O0C 225 Sn, 90.2; Sb, 8.0; Cu, 1.85. ... 600 to 70O0C 228 Sn, 70.83; Pb, 9.21; Sb, 15.1; Cu, 4.94 550 to 60O0C 259,187

334 266 247 225 226

0.73 0.55 0.49 0.51 0 .555

228

0.425

n on Q m r/ ,n / 1060 Cu, 80; Sn, 10; Zn, 10... I ^ Pn 82, »9- qSn,in10, 7 Zn, 8 8.... / I 102°^ Cu, 106

p n R84, i . qSn,in 10; 7 Zn, fi 6.... / I Cu, rCu, 86; «ft QSn,in10; 7 Zn, A 4.... / I

TABLE 48. —SOLIDIFICATION OF Cu-SN-X (BRONZES) ( 97 ) Casting temp., 0C 990 970 980

4

Cu, 92; Sn, 8

o 09 QSn,A4; AI Al, A 4 / Cu, 92, Cu 92Cu, 92,Sn bn,7-7,BiBi,1 1

j

°^

Q«. « R. -R- 0 , / Cu,92,Sn,8,Bi,0.5....|

1020 ^

Cu, Cu, Cu, Cu, Cu,

1000 1080 1040 1030 1080

90; Sn, 8; Co, 2 90; Sn, 6; Co, 4 90; Sn, 4; Co, 6 90; Sn, 2; Co, 8 90; Co, 10 1

/

r 92, OP- qSn, fi 6, V Fe, 9 2 / Cu,

j

^ no oSn,K 5;A/r Mn, o 3.... / I Cu, 92;

3

/

113

°

Cu, 90; Sn, 5; Ni, 5 Cu, 92, on, 8, F, 2

| ;

n no oSn,n 7; TJU Pb, , 1/ Cu, 92;

1160

^

^ oo oSn,a 6; -DU Pb, o 2 / | 970 Cu, 92;

/|

102 P Q9 Sn, q 77;QK Cu, 92; Sb,i 1 / | °

102

n 92; QO Sn, Q ft6;QK o2 Cu, Sb,

/ |°

„ 90; nn aSn,Q 8; -7 Zn, o 2/ Cu, P 90, QH- qSn, fi-7n4 Cu, 6, Zn, 4

/

1

OSO | 10

°° |

rCu, 90, on-qSn,4 -4,7 Zn, nß 6 / ^

108 ° W10

M

°m

°^

25

°

20

°

-

60

m

°m

-02

25

m

970

^

500

.015

200

970^

500

250

.06

1.58

500 ^

100

^ .05

1.48 ^

m

965 ^ 98

m

50

^"° 98

^°

^° 55 ° fl?()

°m

mQ

108

°^0

500

m

60

970 ^

m

97

^° 100

°995

°^

500

5

°° 9?()

50

°50{)

m

20 ^ °

lß()

m

250

m

M

°m

-035Q2

200

2

°° ^

°m

m

.07 04

^

-05035

^ A 47

^ ^43

° 1(X)

m

^ 58

1 45

-02504

20

1QQ

1 53 ^ m

05

.02

20

20

1

Q5

-025Q2

°m

^

M

-04

-

1 54

1 685

-

m

20

°^

60

^ °

^°

°m

l 5Q

035

25

53

101

°mQ

30

°

1>4ß

Q5

m

50

°

m

m

1.71

1>52

^ l

^

L57

Q5 lt59 Lfl6

° ^

°m

°°m

°m

3 ÎM

%Mn

-10Oy*

%Mn

1.00 1.61 2.65 3.45 4.19 5.15

0.90 1.02 1.07 1.01 1.26 1.31

6.62 9.89 11.15 17.51 30.30

"100T*

1.42 1.52 1.74 1.74 1.96

Total 3.56 3.70 3.63 3.60 3.60 3.70 3.80 3.12 3.40 3.24 3.85 3.85 3.95 4.00 4.25 3.89

% composition C i Mn I Graphite 2.87 0.55 3.39 1.00 3.16 1.61 3.25 2.23 3.33 2.65 3.12 3.45 2.94 4.19 2.69 5.15 2.65 5.83 2.60 6.62 2.15 8.35 2.10 9.89 1.98 10.30 1.85 11.15 1.14 17.57 30.30

Si

100^ I

2.45 2.46 2.35 2.35 2.39 2.48 2.44 2.40 2.34 2.40 2.38 2.45 2.41 2.48 2.54 2.96

0.161 .219 .116 .152 .159 .162 .178 .155 .161 .190 .165 .257 .241 .188 .281 .097

L7fi

^49

1.56

° IQQQ

TABLE 51. —EFFECT OF MN CONTENT ON EXPANSION DURING SOLIDIFICATION OF WHITE CAST IRON ( 28 )

1<52

m

^

1 47 ^1M

1.43

Ql

°m

m

-04^

\'™

m

lAg

°

TABLE 50. — EFFECT OF MN CONTENT ON EXPANSION DURING SOLIDIFICATION OF GRAY CAST IRON ( 28 )

^f

m

-03 ^

50

m

^^

25 ° m

n

m

30

°m

50 ° m

lt?1

2

55Q

mQ

1 47

°m

^g

^

87 ° m

54

^

-03^

50

^

100

1 50 ^ 1<ß3

m

25

°m

m

^

L38

P , ,1 «80, n - qSnfi 7 Znu1 14.... /I Cu 1 6;

1M

-03 M

° m

^

°

-

°

03

1

1M 1

96

20

'°3^

1M

03

°m

50

* Total shrinkage from F. P. to 2O0C.

^ 67 ^ ^

M

m

° m

im

970

r 92; Q9 qSn,» -8,w W, n i u0.15... / I 116°mQ Cu,

20

48

° mQ

102 P o« qSn,R 5; o- Si, o 3 / | ° Cu, 92;

°^

°^

95

1 35

25

.63 .58 .70 .69 1

° ^

-°25 ^

2

°° ^

5

.47

-03^

m

93

°° ^

5

94

42

.05 .05 .03 .05 .05

°

60

104

97

rCu, 92, qo. GSn,Q.8,wW, n 19 / I 0.12...

25

50

°^

P Q9 QSn,^.5, ^ Sb, * 3 J j 101° 995 Cu, 92;

114

°

m

101

.05

W()

1.34 ^38

104

Al M

QQ

250 300 300 150 300

50

m

985

P 92; QO Sn, Q ^5,pu Q3 Cu, Pb,

150

°

-0.03 ^

Pii RO7n Zn, 12 12.... / I Cu, 80,9nSn,R- 8,

-88 ^

04

°^

92

200 ^

500 ^

TABLE 49. —EFFECT OF MN CONTENT ON SHRINKAGE OF GRAY CAST IRON (28)

.54 .56 .51

-°65 ^

m

400 400 400 300 350

°mQ

1080 101 O | m

500

101

-05

° ^

° ^

m

"°

mQ

20

20

°° ^

mQ

°^

° im

5

"°

105

107

^

°^

970

0.04 .06 .05

103

975 ^

* In all the above alloys a slight increase in length always occurred before the commencement of the shrinkage.

Shrinkage -100 y

100 f*

250 200 . 200

50

°^

980

n 92; no QSn,o 3; A/r Mn, c 5.... / I 116°^0 Cu, n UO Q -i Ui, 92; bn,e5;XT' Ni,

101

m

"° ^

j

300 500 500

98 ° m

"° mQ

Pll

r, i 7 T. Cu, „o 92;«Sn, 7; Fe,

960 960 960

117

/^

Ex ans ion P A

Final Mold " °C temp., 0C temp., 0C

RP

°^

P 88; 88 qSn, in 10; 7 Zn, 9 2.... / I102° ^ Cu,

* The total linear shrinkages given above take place during cooling from the temperatures indicated in the table to atmospheric temperature (15 to 2O0C). t Ti, Tz, arrest points. J TE expansion begins. § TB shrinkage begins.

Recomposition

Ex a ion Casting ^ 0 on Final Mold P^ Shrinkage ^ oc F. R, 0C ^ oc ^^ ^ ^. _10()AZ

% composition

1>fl4

C 3.19 3.24 3.28 3.05 3.09 3.19 3.12

I

% composition Mn I 0.43 0.82 1.48 1.67 2.37 2.82 3.50

Si 0.053 0.055 0.050

Al J 0.022 .032 .058 .068 .066 .049 .034

100

TABLE 51.—EFFECT OF MN CONTENT ON EXPANSION DURING SOLIDIFICATION OF WHITE CAST IRON ( 28 ).—(Continued) C 3.14 3.19 3.45 3.43 3.39 3.36 3.45 3.50 3.46 3.50 3.49 3.65 3.41 3.80 3.45 3.76 3.91 3.81 3.85 3.95 3.85 3.93

I

% composition Mn 4.42 5.25 5.40 6.30 7.20 9.00 9.12 10.40 10.67 12.35 13.50 13.70 14.84 16.00 16.20 17.05 18.65 19.65 23.30 30.50 34.10 38.55

AZ T 0.019 .015 .039 .058 .082 .058 .068 .058 .078 .087 .068 .053 .024 .068 .058 .339 .008 .029 .097 .097 .097 .102

0.061 0.083 0.081 0.068

0.072 0.085 0.100

0.120 0.173 0.156 0.155

CHANGES IN VOLUME DUE TO TEMPERING TABLE 52.—CHANGES IN VOLUME OF ALLOYS DUE TO TEMPERING (101)

Heated Tempered AF ^ oc 100 -y to 0(~,

[ 1ÖÖÖ \ 1000

Cu, 90.5; Al, 9.5

(

Cu, 86.5; Al, 13.5 Cu, 83.4; Al, 16.6 Cu, 74.1; Al, 25.9 Cu, 74.9; Sn, 25.1 Cu, 72.7; Sn, 28.1 Pi, 71 Q- Sn, Qn 9*28.1 i Cu, 71.9,

1000

-0.03 -0.08

IQQO

-0.16

1000 650 1000 900 1000 1000 1000 400 1000 650 1000 1000 700 700 700 ~~ 700 700 700 T| ™0 TOO 7QQ

-0.55 -0.42 -0.58 -0.06 -0.15 -0.15 0.08 ~0.10 -0.30 -0.22 6QQ

Fe with 0.58 C

Fe with 0.70 C

' Fewith0.83C

400 900

f < I f < (_ ~

1000 1000

700 750

0.46 0.46

1000

800

0.47

1000 1000 1000 1000

900 1000 TOO 750

0.47 0.46 0.67 0.73

1000

800

0.75

1000 1000 1000 1000

900 1000 650 700

0.82 0.85 0.17 0.23

100

I

° 1000 1000 1000

% composition

100

Si

% composition

TABLE 52.—CHANGES IN VOLUME OF ALLOYS DUE TO TEMPERING ( 101 ).—(Continued)

75

° 800 900 1000

°'96 0.99 1.10 1.13

Zn, 80.3; Cu, 19.7. Zn, 75.5; Cu, 24.5 Zn, 74.5; Cu, 25.5 Zn, 57.8; Cu, 42.2 Same (reheated) Zn, 47.4; Cu, 52.6 See also Table 12, p. 516.

Heated to 0C 600 600 , . . " 600 800 800 " 800

Tempered ^ AF UU at 0C ~F 600 -0.08 600 -0.32 600 ~^40" 750 0.24 750 0.40 T50 0.16

LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) C 1 ) Ayres, 2, 20: 38; 05. ( 2 ) Baraduc-Muller, 74» 7: 657; 10. ( 3 ) Bein, 88, 14: 1097; 12. (4) Benedicks, 34, 179: 389; 24. (5) Benoît, 238, 6; 1888. ( 6 ) Bernini and Cantoni, 59, 8: 241; 14. (7) Bernini and Cantoni, 72, 47: 630; 14. ( 8 ) Borelius and Johansson, 8, 75: 23; 24. ( 9 ) Bornemann and Sauerwald, 95, 14: 145; 22. ( 10 ) Bornemann and Sauerwald, 95, 14: 254; 22. ( 1 M Bornemann and Siebe, 95, 14: 329; 22. C 1 2) Braesco, 34, 170: 103; 20. ( 13 ) Bridgman, 2, Z: 153; 14. (14) Bridgman, 2, 6: 1; 15. C 1 5 ) Bridgman, 65, 56: 61; 20. ( 16 ) Bridgman, 197, 10: 411; 24. (17) Brislee, 135, 105: 3; 12. (i«) Burgess, Crowe, Rawdon, and Waltenberg, 32, No. 38; 14. (19) Cattaneo, 22, 7 I: 88; 91. (19-1) Cattaneo, 23, 25: 492; 89. (20) Charpy and Grenet, 34, 134: 540; 02. (21) Charpy and Grenet, 34, 136: 92; 03. (22) Chevenard, 34, 159: 53; 14. (23) Chevenard, 34, 164: 916; 17. (24) Chevenard, 34, 174: 109; 22. (25) Chevenard, 34, 180: 1927; 25. (26) Chevenard, 74, 11: 841; 14. (27) Chevenard, 74, 14: 610; 17. (28) Coe, 115, 90: 581; 10. (29) Cohen and Olie, 7, 71: 385; 10. ( 30 ) Colby, 2, 30: 506; 10.
( 1 1 O) Ramsay, 25, 13: 2145; 80. ( J 1 1 ) Ramsay, 427, 5: 163; 81. ( 1 1 2 ) Ran( 128 )' Smirnov, 34, 155: 351; 12. ( 12 9) Souder and Hidnert, 31, No. 426; 21. dall, 2, 20: 85; 05. ( 113 ) Rauramo and Saarialho, 60, 54A: No. 24; 12. C 11 *) Richards and Boyer, I1 43: 274; 21. ( 115 ) Richards and Daniels, 1, ( 13 °) Souder and Hidnert, 31, No. 433; 21. < 131 ) Souder and Peters, 32, 41: 1732; 19. ("«) Roberts, 5, 106: 385; 24. ( 1 1 T) Roberts and WrightNo. 157; 20. ( 132 ) Stadthagen, 486, No. 3: 21; 01. ( 133 ) Staley, 32, No. 155; 20. (13*) Sutoki, 159, 10: 93; 21. ( 13 S) Toepler, 8, 53: 343; son, 3, 11: 295; 81. 55, 24: 470; 81. (118) Sauerwald, 95, 14: 457; 22. ( 119 ) Sauerwald, Allendorf and Landschütz, 93, 135: 327; 24. 94. (136) Tutton, 5, 65: 161, 306; 99. ( 13 ?) Valentiner and Wallot, 88, ( 1 ZO) Schad and Hidnert, 2, 13: 148; 19. 31, No. 332; 19. ( 121 ) Scheel, 88, 16: 757; 14. ( 1 SS) Vincentini and Omodei, 22,31: 235, 294, 321; 87. 23, 9: 3; 07. ( 1 2 2 ) Scheel, 243, 28: 106; 08. ( 1 2 3 ) Scheel, 96, S: 167; 21. 23: 38; 87. 22, 4 II: 19, 39, 75; 88. ( 1 3 ») Voigt, 8, 49: 697; 93. ( 12 -4) Scheel and Heuse, 85, 9: 449; 07. ( 1 2 5 ) Schulze, 63, 22: 403; 21. (140) Werner, 248, 44: 315; 24. ( 141 ) Worthing, 2, 10: 638; 17. ( 142 ) Wrightson and Roberts, 1 35, 43: 81; 81. ( 143 ) Wüst, 192, 6: 769; 09. ( 1 2 6 ) Selivanov, 53, 23: 152; 91. ( 1 2 7 ) Sieglerschmidt, 818, 38: 182; 20.

MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF IRON, FE-Co, FE-Ti, AND TITANIUM AND URANIUM STEELS D. HANSON CONTENTS Electrolytic iron. Young's modulus of Fe-Co.

MATIEKES Fer électrolytique. Module Young de Fé-Co.

Brinell hardness of Fe-Ti. Titanium and uranium steels.

Dureté Brinell de Fe-Ti. Aciers au Ti et à FU.

INHALTSVERZEICHNIS Elektrolytisches Eisen. Young'scher Modulus von Fe-Co. Brinell-Härte von Fe-Ti. Titan- und Uran-Stähle.

PROPERTIES OF ELECTROLYTIC IRON I Treat- I % oomposltlon I ^ |

„ E

U U

'

I

A

^

P)

Tr ;Cu;aO 'J ^ °-08'' ^ __0.007* __ _

\

296

OU

C, 0.031; Mn, i

N

. ^

°° f 21 000 \20 700

^ 66 69

|

™ 131 146

** 39 68

I U TS \ YP \ El& | RA

'

[ 775° Qw

350°/2hC a

134 106.3 13 60.2

373

Fe-Ni-U-C, Ni-U Steel (7)

(5)

^ 239 255

Treatment

Fe; Ni, 1.63; Cr, 0.61; U, ( ££ M 200-/2 h C.... { J" ^ » »'» 0.20; C 0.36; Mn, 0.78; ^0 Q°J 20Qo/2 h c„... .l J£ ^.3 U ^l

U 500 80 ( 8 ) 70 10 ( 8 )

Composition, hundredths % Ni I U I C J M n I Si

Treatment

UTS

YP

El6. RA

775° Q0 300°/2 h Cz 172 148 2.5 4.7 775° Qw 250°/2 h Ca 134 121 11.543.4 f 790° Q0] ( 191 158 12 43.3 315 22 43 54 60 j 775° Q0 \ 250°/2 h Ca.. . I 191 162 13 44.8 4 YOUNG'S MODULUS (TENSION) OF FE-Co ( ) [775° Q0J ( 186 148 12 47 315 40 57 62 58 790° Q0 250°/2 h Cz 209 183 8.5 32.6 I % composition of comO " I T O ,o TT / 780° Q 250°/2 h C 183 159 ~97s SÏTÏ 22 0 0 a #/10 % Co #/10 ponents of alloy 322 32 3 ° 48 64 \ 780° Q0 250V2 h Cz 181 161 9.034.1 I Fe I Co f 775° Q0) f 197 187 8.532.5 2129 40 2109 C 0.09 0.24 367 36 45 72 68 \ 775° Q0 \ 250°/2 h Ca. . ] 206 170 9.031.1 0 [80O Q0J [ 209 175 9.030.8 2101 70 1873 Si .11 0.14 109

58

20

4

(«)

2071 80 1737 Mn .31 Ni, 1.1 2132 90 1973 ' P .03 Fe, 1.4 2161 100 2079 S .026 2175 Cu .288 6 HARDNESS OF FE-Ti ( ) % Ti I BHN* Il % Ti I BHN* 0.00 96 11.73 327 0.75 144 14.51 350 3.33 214 15.56 360 4.50 242 19.42 405 7.30 312 19.90 472 8.92 373 21.50 484

* Ball diam. = 5 mm; 500 kg applied î min.

TITANIUM AND URANIUM STEELS Fe-Cr-U-C, Cr-U Steel (7) Composition, hundredths % Treatment Cr I U I C I Mn I Si 78 I 17 I 36 I 53 I 25 I 835° Q0 300°/30 Ca T 850° Qw 250°/2 h Ca _ 7 ,7 875° Qw 250°/2 h Ca Ä1 q1 qo öi OL «5U o/ o/ 875° Qw 350°/2 h Ca [900° Qw 250°/2 h Ca

U TS

YP

El&

RA

i 170 |l43.4| 9.0J37.2 142.5 98.5)8.036.6 157.5107 10.542.2 130.6113.514 57.6 150.5 111.8|11 45.2

307 26 83 74 58 313 _36_ _25__46_ 20

Fe-Ti-C, Ti Steels (3) !Class

295

Low carbon Ti steel

O 5 10 15 20 30

187 ___

'>

li

, A100

0.007* Nyt 20 700 * Other elements absent or trace. t Previous treatment: Mlv Rh 80 % N.

% Co

(

» ™ «

% composition

High carbon Ti steel I

0

(

™ ™ ^ f* J» ™

Durezza Brinell del Fe-Ti . 478 Acciai al Ti e all'U 478

Fe-Ni-Cr-U-C, Ni-Cr-U Steel (7)

D U A r I 1 0 X 10 X 1OX 10 X „ , T . , BHN | VTg yp pL ^ RA L.t.

C, 0.029; Si, r Dp 0.004; S, 0.048; A 600° P 0.0O37; M, A 800«

INDICE PAGE Ferro elettrolitico 478 Modulo Young del Fé-Co.. 478

Composition, thousandths % Til C | M n | Pl S I Si 4» I»

1»

879 106

HO

,S98137

170

XS

,.

47

Trt

{k;::;;

20 ,5 163

20

15 292 {*•» ^ Qw*

640 695 240

25 24 256 { ^

720

21

11 350 ( *' " i. Qw

F 611 270 270 15 25 411 411 | 2575 611 j Q^ F ox« 346 /\ ~ ^. ^ Qw* »7i n 650 fi^n ^n i« 11 n IAQ j /F 8710 450 16 163 ^

AAQH «Q* 4630 635

Q1K 315

IQ 13

«iJ»;»»

r i«. {k::::::îïï . « : «»;i»

2570 135 135 310 310 10 10 17 140 / 2570 17 140 J^

624 230

«

RA

«

{k;::;; jj» «.;«.«•. s F

325 760 230 15

BHN UTS Yf \ El

o t18

* Quenched from 85O0C in cold water.

«

90 ^3

45.234.617.5 68 66 2 45 2 Q 5 52

*£ 455

94 154

^07 ™

'

-9

^

152 6 9

28

87.753.310

37

9

7 5 19

'

'

Oo t 212

^

90 458 810 5 12Q -3 7g -5 2 -

35 4

212

„„_ 89.857.8 9.5 34 366 248 117.562.5 8.5 30

477

132-580>3 0-Q

n

( 1 1 O) Ramsay, 25, 13: 2145; 80. ( J 1 1 ) Ramsay, 427, 5: 163; 81. ( 1 1 2 ) Ran( 128 )' Smirnov, 34, 155: 351; 12. ( 12 9) Souder and Hidnert, 31, No. 426; 21. dall, 2, 20: 85; 05. ( 113 ) Rauramo and Saarialho, 60, 54A: No. 24; 12. C 11 *) Richards and Boyer, I1 43: 274; 21. ( 115 ) Richards and Daniels, 1, ( 13 °) Souder and Hidnert, 31, No. 433; 21. < 131 ) Souder and Peters, 32, 41: 1732; 19. ("«) Roberts, 5, 106: 385; 24. ( 1 1 T) Roberts and WrightNo. 157; 20. ( 132 ) Stadthagen, 486, No. 3: 21; 01. ( 133 ) Staley, 32, No. 155; 20. (13*) Sutoki, 159, 10: 93; 21. ( 13 S) Toepler, 8, 53: 343; son, 3, 11: 295; 81. 55, 24: 470; 81. (118) Sauerwald, 95, 14: 457; 22. ( 119 ) Sauerwald, Allendorf and Landschütz, 93, 135: 327; 24. 94. (136) Tutton, 5, 65: 161, 306; 99. ( 13 ?) Valentiner and Wallot, 88, ( 1 ZO) Schad and Hidnert, 2, 13: 148; 19. 31, No. 332; 19. ( 121 ) Scheel, 88, 16: 757; 14. ( 1 SS) Vincentini and Omodei, 22,31: 235, 294, 321; 87. 23, 9: 3; 07. ( 1 2 2 ) Scheel, 243, 28: 106; 08. ( 1 2 3 ) Scheel, 96, S: 167; 21. 23: 38; 87. 22, 4 II: 19, 39, 75; 88. ( 1 3 ») Voigt, 8, 49: 697; 93. ( 12 -4) Scheel and Heuse, 85, 9: 449; 07. ( 1 2 5 ) Schulze, 63, 22: 403; 21. (140) Werner, 248, 44: 315; 24. ( 141 ) Worthing, 2, 10: 638; 17. ( 142 ) Wrightson and Roberts, 1 35, 43: 81; 81. ( 143 ) Wüst, 192, 6: 769; 09. ( 1 2 6 ) Selivanov, 53, 23: 152; 91. ( 1 2 7 ) Sieglerschmidt, 818, 38: 182; 20.

MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF IRON, FE-Co, FE-Ti, AND TITANIUM AND URANIUM STEELS D. HANSON CONTENTS Electrolytic iron. Young's modulus of Fe-Co.

MATIEKES Fer électrolytique. Module Young de Fé-Co.

Brinell hardness of Fe-Ti. Titanium and uranium steels.

Dureté Brinell de Fe-Ti. Aciers au Ti et à FU.

INHALTSVERZEICHNIS Elektrolytisches Eisen. Young'scher Modulus von Fe-Co. Brinell-Härte von Fe-Ti. Titan- und Uran-Stähle.

PROPERTIES OF ELECTROLYTIC IRON I Treat- I % oomposltlon I ^ |

„ E

U U

'

I

A

^

P)

Tr ;Cu;aO 'J ^ °-08'' ^ __0.007* __ _

\

296

OU

C, 0.031; Mn, i

N

. ^

°° f 21 000 \20 700

^ 66 69

|

™ 131 146

** 39 68

I U TS \ YP \ El& | RA

'

[ 775° Qw

350°/2hC a

134 106.3 13 60.2

373

Fe-Ni-U-C, Ni-U Steel (7)

(5)

^ 239 255

Treatment

Fe; Ni, 1.63; Cr, 0.61; U, ( ££ M 200-/2 h C.... { J" ^ » »'» 0.20; C 0.36; Mn, 0.78; ^0 Q°J 20Qo/2 h c„... .l J£ ^.3 U ^l

U 500 80 ( 8 ) 70 10 ( 8 )

Composition, hundredths % Ni I U I C J M n I Si

Treatment

UTS

YP

El6. RA

775° Q0 300°/2 h Cz 172 148 2.5 4.7 775° Qw 250°/2 h Ca 134 121 11.543.4 f 790° Q0] ( 191 158 12 43.3 315 22 43 54 60 j 775° Q0 \ 250°/2 h Ca.. . I 191 162 13 44.8 4 YOUNG'S MODULUS (TENSION) OF FE-Co ( ) [775° Q0J ( 186 148 12 47 315 40 57 62 58 790° Q0 250°/2 h Cz 209 183 8.5 32.6 I % composition of comO " I T O ,o TT / 780° Q 250°/2 h C 183 159 ~97s SÏTÏ 22 0 0 a #/10 % Co #/10 ponents of alloy 322 32 3 ° 48 64 \ 780° Q0 250V2 h Cz 181 161 9.034.1 I Fe I Co f 775° Q0) f 197 187 8.532.5 2129 40 2109 C 0.09 0.24 367 36 45 72 68 \ 775° Q0 \ 250°/2 h Ca. . ] 206 170 9.031.1 0 [80O Q0J [ 209 175 9.030.8 2101 70 1873 Si .11 0.14 109

58

20

4

(«)

2071 80 1737 Mn .31 Ni, 1.1 2132 90 1973 ' P .03 Fe, 1.4 2161 100 2079 S .026 2175 Cu .288 6 HARDNESS OF FE-Ti ( ) % Ti I BHN* Il % Ti I BHN* 0.00 96 11.73 327 0.75 144 14.51 350 3.33 214 15.56 360 4.50 242 19.42 405 7.30 312 19.90 472 8.92 373 21.50 484

* Ball diam. = 5 mm; 500 kg applied î min.

TITANIUM AND URANIUM STEELS Fe-Cr-U-C, Cr-U Steel (7) Composition, hundredths % Treatment Cr I U I C I Mn I Si 78 I 17 I 36 I 53 I 25 I 835° Q0 300°/30 Ca T 850° Qw 250°/2 h Ca _ 7 ,7 875° Qw 250°/2 h Ca Ä1 q1 qo öi OL «5U o/ o/ 875° Qw 350°/2 h Ca [900° Qw 250°/2 h Ca

U TS

YP

El&

RA

i 170 |l43.4| 9.0J37.2 142.5 98.5)8.036.6 157.5107 10.542.2 130.6113.514 57.6 150.5 111.8|11 45.2

307 26 83 74 58 313 _36_ _25__46_ 20

Fe-Ti-C, Ti Steels (3) !Class

295

Low carbon Ti steel

O 5 10 15 20 30

187 ___

'>

li

, A100

0.007* Nyt 20 700 * Other elements absent or trace. t Previous treatment: Mlv Rh 80 % N.

% Co

(

» ™ «

% composition

High carbon Ti steel I

0

(

™ ™ ^ f* J» ™

Durezza Brinell del Fe-Ti . 478 Acciai al Ti e all'U 478

Fe-Ni-Cr-U-C, Ni-Cr-U Steel (7)

D U A r I 1 0 X 10 X 1OX 10 X „ , T . , BHN | VTg yp pL ^ RA L.t.

C, 0.029; Si, r Dp 0.004; S, 0.048; A 600° P 0.0O37; M, A 800«

INDICE PAGE Ferro elettrolitico 478 Modulo Young del Fé-Co.. 478

Composition, thousandths % Til C | M n | Pl S I Si 4» I»

1»

879 106

HO

,S98137

170

XS

,.

47

Trt

{k;::;;

20 ,5 163

20

15 292 {*•» ^ Qw*

640 695 240

25 24 256 { ^

720

21

11 350 ( *' " i. Qw

F 611 270 270 15 25 411 411 | 2575 611 j Q^ F ox« 346 /\ ~ ^. ^ Qw* »7i n 650 fi^n ^n i« 11 n IAQ j /F 8710 450 16 163 ^

AAQH «Q* 4630 635

Q1K 315

IQ 13

«iJ»;»»

r i«. {k::::::îïï . « : «»;i»

2570 135 135 310 310 10 10 17 140 / 2570 17 140 J^

624 230

«

RA

«

{k;::;; jj» «.;«.«•. s F

325 760 230 15

BHN UTS Yf \ El

o t18

* Quenched from 85O0C in cold water.

«

90 ^3

45.234.617.5 68 66 2 45 2 Q 5 52

*£ 455

94 154

^07 ™

'

-9

^

152 6 9

28

87.753.310

37

9

7 5 19

'

'

Oo t 212

^

90 458 810 5 12Q -3 7g -5 2 -

35 4

212

„„_ 89.857.8 9.5 34 366 248 117.562.5 8.5 30

477

132-580>3 0-Q

n

Fe-U-C, U Steel(7*)

U

Composition, hundredths % I C . 1 Mn I Si I V Tr.

Fe-U-C, U Steel (7*).— (Continued)

Treatment

UTS

28

25

80

39

9«

fifi

47

*n ou

17 LÌ

9* to

™ T / 880° Qw 250°/1 h C» du ir. ^ 880o QW 4Q0Oy1 h Ca

850° Qw 300°/2 h Ca

130.4 114

25

2 2 2 12

5 4 . 2 3 4 . 0 3 0 61.8 ! 42.132 66.4 56.1 44

13

30

46

33

41

51 51

24 24

18 18

36

34 23

61

68

63 10

28 (2)

144.4124 160.6145 144.9125

850° Qw 400°/ 1 h Ca

9 35.4 3.0 7.3 8 31.5

Tr.

94.2 71.214 39.5 89.1 71.223 53.7 86.1 71.221 54.7

[260° 816° Qw Tp ] 316° [371°

152

43

55

56

Tr.

815° Q0 300°/2 h Ca

47

80

80

Tr.

815° Q0 400°/2 h Ca

6

63

34

64

53

72

54

875° Q0 500°/2 h C

870°-790° Q0 500°/1 h Ca 875

° 900°

190 190

63 63

77 77

75 75 Tr Tr.

^

°°

900°

802° Qw

/^

8ß()0

875°

(260° Tp I 316° [371°

O UU U 300V2hC

80

76.1 59.122.558.1

{

YP

El&

RA

176.0158.310.542.8 153 141 12.548.1 132.3 120'.5 14.054.2 66.1 45.011.544.6 130.2107 118

f 790° Q0 300°/2 h Oa f 300°/2 h Cf 870°-790° Q0 j 300°/2 h Cf (350°/2hC z 75 \ 850°-775° Q0 350°/2 h Ca 870°-790° Q0 400°/1 h Ca

1875°] r 104.0 80.3 14 35.1 8800 Ir* ^ n i o / i v r . J 104-7 75.111.532.5 825ofQw400VlhCa.. 9 8 3 78 . 117 . 551 . 7

875° Qw 400°/2 h Cf

UTS

10.534.7

83. 2 14

40. 1

233 197 1.50.7 205 184 14 13 202 181 14.519.2 167 149.517.520.6 154.5128 10 31.1 173 157 . 5 7 24 . 7

40 850° 770° Qo| O / 450 °° / 17 ° 126 10 31 '5 850-770 o \J 2 2h n C Ca..| 125. 1 109.5 12.5 33. 1

96.8 67.116.537.3

( 850° Qw 400°/1 h Ca Tr. 4 900° Qw 300°/2 h Ca [ 825° Qw 400°/ 1 h Ca

33 (2)

Treatment

312

/ 8 7 5 °\0 4 0 O V I h C / 1^. 6 67. 1 9 16 \ 825° / Qw 4°° 71 h Ca- ' \ 98.2 77.212 28.5

1204° 260° 316° 371° 54

45

94.2 83.216 53.6

( 925° Qw 250°/2 h Ca Tr. I 900° Qw i 900° Qw 250°/2 h Ca

8250J

29

30.561

31

85 Qw rr 36 Tr \ 300«/2 hO C . . ^/121-3109.512 47.2 36 - 1 875°° o Qw |300 /2 h a m 4 n2 10.547>2

65

46

13.5 54.4

56

[ 900° Qw 400°/2 h Ca 220

RA

n / 8 5 0 °Qw 3 0 0 ° / 2 h C » . . . . : . 120 90.211 53 ^ 85QO Qw 350o/2 h Cft 9 8 3 84.314.555.5

TA 21 21 65 65

El&

U

4*

85 85

YP

Composition, hundredths % I C I Mn I Si I V

4UU

/

JnC

-a

132.2116.512.530.1 189 197

174 8 14g

7

g

22 3 ' 18 j

21 6 ° 6 ' 2 6 9 > 1 8 ' 530.8 ' 130.7117.410 130 7 92 3 n 32.5

132.3120.5 9 . 5 3 0 . 2

* Except where noted.

98.3 76.218 49.5

161.7148 11.043.3 150.0132.612.051.0 136.2126.713.552.0 114.1 118.7 15.559.3 197 181 8 34.0 175 160 10 40.3 144.4131.511 43.3

LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) O) Bouchayer, 439, 1923: 557. ( 2 ) Foote, 33, 25: 789; 21, ( 3 ) Guillet, 7^ 1: 506; 04. ( 4 ) Honda, 159, 8: 51: 19. ( 5 ) Hutchins, Trans. First World Power Conference, 4: 704; 24. ( 6 ) Lamort, 139, 11: 225; 14. ( 7 ) Polushkin, 74, 17: 421; 20. ( 8 ) Tritton and Hanson, 140, 110: 90; 24.

Ni AND ITS ALLOYS WITH C, CR, Cu, FE, AND MN P. D. MERICA CONTENTS Ni. Ni-Cr-Fe. Ni-Cu-X. Cupro-nickel, nickel-silver, etc. Tensile properties and hardness of Ni-Fe alloys.1

MATIÈRES Ni. Ni-Cr-Fe. Ni-Cu-X. Cupro-nickel, maillechort, etc. Résistance à la traction et dureté des alliages Ni-Fe.

INHALTSVERZEICHNIS Ni. Ni-Cr-Fe. Ni-Cu-X. Kupfer-Nickel, Neusilber, etc. Festigkeitseigenschaften und Härte der Ni-Fe-Legierungen.

Compression tests on Ni-Fe alloys.1 Elastic properties of Ni-Fe and Ni-Fe-Cr alloys.1 Density of Ni-Fe alloys.1

Essais de compression sur des alliages Ni-Fe. Propriétés élastiques des alliages Ni-Fe et Ni-Fe-Cr. Densité des alliages Ni-Fe.

Druckproben an Ni-Fe-Legierungen. Elastizität von Ni-Fe und NiFe-Cr-Legierungen. Dichte der Ni-Fe-Legierungen.

Tensile, hardness and impact tests on Ni-steels, Ni less than 6%.1

Essais de traction, de dureté et de choc sur des aciers au Ni (Ni moins de 6%).

Festigkeits- Härte- und Kerbzähigkeitsprüfung an NiStahl, Ni unter 6 %.

Torsion tests on Ni-steel.1

Essais de torsion sur l'acier au Ni. Résistance au choc des aciers au Ni. Aciers à forte teneur en Ni. Alliages Ni-Mn. Intervalles de recuit et de forgeage. Intervalles critiques des aciers au Ni.

Drehversuche mit Ni-StahL

Impact strength of Ni-steels.1 High-Ni-steels. Ni-Mn alloys. Annealing and forging ranges. Critical ranges of Ni-steels.1 » Furnished by T. H. Wickenden.

Schlagversuche mit Ni-Stahl. Hochwertige Ni-Stahlsorten. Ni-Mn-Legierungen. Anlass- und Schmiede-Grenztemperaturen. Kritische Punkte der Ni-Stahlsorten.

INDICE PAGE Ni 480 Ni-Cr-Fe 480 Ni-Cu-X 480 Rame-nichel, argentana, ecc 480 Comportamento alla trazione e durezza della leghe di Ni-Fe 480 Prove di compressione sulle leghe di Ni-Fe 481 Elasticità delle leghe di Ni-Fe e di Ni-Fe-Cr.... 481 Densità delle leghe di NiFe481 Prove alla trazione, prove di durezza e prove ali' urto sugli acciai al Ni con meno del 6 % di Ni 481 Prove di torsione sull' acciaio al Ni 482 Resistenza all'urto degli acciaio al Ni 482 Acciai ad elevato tenore in Ni 482 Leghe di Ni-Mn 482 Temperature di ricottura e di fucinatura 482 Intervalli critici degli acciai al Ni 483

MECHANICAL AND ELASTIC PROPERTIES

UCS: Flattens, does not fracture. FP0 = 42-49 (AZ = -y2% Z 0 ). TABLE 1,—Ni PL0 = 25-32. Standard 99% commercially pure "malleable" Ni* containing BHN, 10 mm ball ~ ScH 5 8 Co, 0.40; Fe, 0.40; Cu, 0.15; Mn, 0.15; C, 0.10; Si, 0.10 ( > > d VerSal RHN 19, 29) j v% aiso references under separate items. 7^-J^ 3000kg 500kg 7 Trt . — ' hammer Shape I TrtlT | UTS YPi \ PL§ | El& \ RA A 1 1 0 - 1 3 0 9 0 - 1 1 0 1 5 - 2 0 6 5 - 75 [ Rh 46-56 18-28 11-21 40-6011 50-70 R 140-160 110-130 22-28 75-85 h Bars..... I RA|| 42-53 14-25 11-18 40-6Of t 50-70 R 130-300 110-300 20-55 90-110 0 ( R0** 53-120 25-105 18-70 40-111 50-5 G8 110-130 90-110 15-20 60-70 / " R A 42-53 14-25 ll-1830-45f 10~3 E = 16.8-18.3. bneet or strip j ^^ ^120 2&_1Q5 18_7Q 3Q_^ 10-3 G = 6.3-7.0. / D A 42-53 14-25 11-1820-4Of USS (to punch sheet or shear rod) = 35-46. Wire \ Dc** 53-120 25-105 18-70 20-lf TMR = 39-46. Castings G8 35^49^14-21 20-35ft 20-50 PL8 = 14-21. ~ f Standard Izod : Specimens merely bend over. dl° = 8.80-8.90 (11,13,22). { Standard Charpy: Specimens fracture; IS = 14-28 kg-m. Compressibility same as pure Ni (v. vol. III). Twist: TT X diam. X no. of turns = 2.5-3.0 in. (for hot rolled X. Load BHN1 10 mm ScH Elastic constants alloy). bal1 ^\ universal RHN " " I Ni, 55; Cu, 43.9; Mn, 1.00; C, 0.10 "Constantan" (7, 19) Trt X 3000kg|500kg hammer 10* kg/mm* Lit. A Rc G8

90-11070-90 110-300 90-300 90-110 70-90

8-12 35-50 E 20.4-21.8 («» is, 17,21,22) 12-50 50-110 G 7 . 2 - 7 . 7 (*<>) 8-12 X | 0.33 | (4)

* Indications of a few tests are that data apply equally well to pure Ni, but data on pure Ni are too scanty to be useful. For specific gravity v. p. 456; compressibility v. vol. Ill; viscosity v. vol. Ill; surface tension v. vol. III. t Depends on gage of metal, larger for heavier gages. Î By drop of beam or at Al — % % lo. § By extensometer. Il May be regarded as the normal or standard state. U See p. 392. ** Ranges are large and depend on amount of cold work which varies from 5-95 % reduction of section. 11 Diam. = 0.505 in.

TABLE 2.—Ni-CR-FE AND Ni-FE-Cs, "CHROMEL/' ETC. (i 9 ) % Ni

% Cr % Fe

82.5 77.5

Ï5 20

fi77 61.0

io 12

I* 1*

1

^'

366 367

Trt IUTS

YP

El&

RA

BHN

d\° '

Rh 74-88 42-56 25-45 50-65 175-210 1 Rh 77-91 49-63 25-40 50-65 180-220 )

~^H~ 3%«/ "Sh" 6^ 35=49 25^45 50^70 180-200 \8 10 8 2 6 25t ^j Q8 35_49 28-42 2-10 130-180 J ' " - °

* Alloy contains also Mn, 1; C, 0.4; Si, 0.1. t Alloy contains also Mn, 1; C, 0.5; Si, 0.5.

TABLE 3.—Ni-Cu-X No satisfactory systematic data exist on the mechanical properties of the Ni-Cu series. The available data on certain well known commercial alloys are tabulated below. There exist some data on Ni-Cu which indicate: (1) E is a linear function of % Cu. (2) Hardness is a maximum between 35 and 50% Cu, its value at the maximum being a little greater than that of pure Ni. Ni, 68.4; Cu, 29.0; Fe, 2.0; Mn, 0.3; C, 0.2; Si, 0.1 "Monel metal" (7>19) Shape I TrtT I UTS \ YPj \ PL§ | El* \ RA Rh 60- 6725- 32 18-28 35-5011 45-65 Bars RAU 46- 53 18- 28 14-21 35-50JJ R0** 53-12028-10521-7035- I f f 45-50 , , . RA 46- 53^^ 18- 2814-2130-45f Q, Sheet or strip ^ ^ ^_^ ^_ ^ R<

w-

6

Castings

20

DA 46- 53 18- 28 14-21 20-4Of De** 53-120 28-105 21-70 20- If G8 46-5621-28 25-35ft|

*tt§ll**tt For meanings v. footnotes to Table 1. d™= 8.80-8.90.

RA *™V10 ^ ScH \RHN 3000 kg I 500 kg A 42-49 14-21 40-60 50-70 100-120 80-100 12-16 55-65 R0. 49-99 21-88 40- 1 50- 5 120-300 120-300 16-50 dl° = 8.85 ± 0.05. 10~3 E = 14.8-16.2. Trt

UTS YP El»

TABLE 4.—Cu-Ni, Cu-Ni-ZN, AND Cu-ZN-Ni* (Cupro-nickel, Nickel-silver, Ambrac) ( 2 ) Condition % comH d position Ni 1 Zn UTS \YPÎ\ El& I BHN § UTS \YPl\ El& BHN § 117Of 446 49 3 32 30 8.95 21.1 15 1 20 119Of 446 60 2 35 30 25 122Ot 446 37 13 38 20 5** 1150 136 60 53 5 160 35 15 35 70 8.84 28.6 18 17 111Ot 988 67 2 158 41 33 77 8.75 30.8 30 5 1220 135 74 67 2 190 46 20 28 85 25 20 113Ot 990 77 4 208 51 30 89 8.72 43.1 30 23 114Ot 991 91 2 51 35 8.74 48.2 10 25 101Ot 985 63 3 35 45 8.68 15 21 108Ot 987 63 5 35 40 15 28 103Ot 987 67 2 39 35 18 27 1055t 988 77 1 42 40 8.68 30.9 * For annealing ranges, D. Table 14. t( 2 8 ). . Î Stress at which AZ = >£ % I0. § 10 mm, 500 kg. U Electrical resistivity, microhm-cm. t E = 8.4 X 103 kg/mm2. ** E = 13.4 X 103 kg/mm«.

°c

it

-

**

# -I

TABLE 5.—TENSILE PROPERTIES AND HARDNESS OF Ni-FE ALLOYS (9» 25) v. also Table 12 These alloys made out of 99.97% pure electrolytic Fe and electrolytic Ni. Analyses showed: C well under 0.01%, S, Si, P and Mn negligible. A charge of electrolytic Fe was melted into an ingot and forged under same conditions employed in preparation of alloys. Analysis of this gave: C, 0.047; Mn, 0.0; Si, 0.062; P, 0.016; S, 0.005. All except last three compositions were annealed at 90O0C. % Ni I UTS I YP \ El& I RA | ScH 0.25 35.4 26.7 35.0 69.7 14.5 0.50 39.0 28.5 36.5 70.2 14 1.00 42.1 30.8 33.7 68.8 14 2.00 45.3 34.3 34.2 65.4 14 3.00 49.7 38.9 27.5 67.6 14.5 4.00 49.3 36.6 28.4 66.7 14

TABLE 5.—TENSILE PROPERTIES AND HARDNESS OF Ni-FE ALLOYS (9t 25) Vm aiso Table 12.—(Continued)

%Ni 5.00 6.00 7.00 8.00 9.00 10.0 10.5 11.0 12.0 13.0 15.0 18.0 19.0 20.0 21.0 25 45 50

I

UTS 51.5 52.9 51.3 55.2 63.2 62.8 62.9 85.6 85.6 113.4 107.8 127.7 127.0 87.8 136.2 73.3 57.6 76.3

I

YP 41.0 39.7 40.9 44.5 50.7 50.5 48.6 69.7 68.7 90.0 88.8 96.8 81.7 78.0 86.2 39.6 38.4 53.2

I

El& I 31.4 29.5 26.7 30.2 25.1 22.3 24.2 11.6 14.5 6.8 10.5 10.0 10.7 21.5 4.0 45.0 32.5 26.5

RA 68.1 64.2 58.5 64.4 60.2 59.1 57.2 34.6 35.8 18.2 35.8 34.4 38.7 62.5 4.2 68.3 65.0 63.7

TABLE 6.—COMPRESSION TESTS ON Ni-FE % Ni % C I % Mn I % Si I 0.27 0.19 0.79 0.31 0.51 .14 .75 .20 0.95 .13 .72 .23 1.92 .14 .72 .21 3.82 .19 .65 .20 5.81 .18 .65 .31 7.65 .17 .68 .28 9.51 .16 .86 .20 11.39 .18 .93 .22 15.48 .23 .93 .24 19.64 .19 .93 .27 24.51 .16 1.00 .30 29.07 .14 0.86 .38

\

ScH 15.5 16 16 17 18 20 21 25 31.5 34 34 31 34.5 31 21 17

ALLOYS* ( 18 ) ELc \ cf 35 50 35 50 32 49 43 47 44 41 63 37 63 33 110 3 158 1 126 1 126 3 79 16 38 41

TABLE 9.—TENSILE, HARDNESS AND IMPACT TESTS ON NI-STEELS (Ni <6%).*— (Continued) E =^ L f I Im Treatment

P = PL Y=FP

El&

RA

BHN

56~9 56.8 66.2 66.3 62.4 64.3 59.2 64.3

34.3 Y 34.6 Y 38.7 Y 38.2 Y 45.2 Y 45.5 Y 41.IY 46.9 Y

101 21.0 21.8 23.6 25.5 26.2 24.2 24.7

2(TO 23.9 44.7 49.8 64.6 65.7 48.9 53.2

1.87V 2.34V 2.90V 2.67 V 4.36V 3.51V 2.98V 2.74 V

Ni, 2.30; C, 0.44; Mn, 0.43; Si, 0.48; S, 0.016; P, 0.017; Cu, 0.062 (23)^ GC A** tangential GC A** longitudinal

65.3 65.7

•

39.2 Y 39.7 Y

12.1 12.0

14.2 I 13.2 ]

0.69V 0.74V

Ni, 3.59; C, 0.20; Mn, 0.69; Si, 0.18; P, 0.007; S, 0.013 (27) A (0.505 in. diam.) 843°

5ôl 138 136 105 81

(100° Qo Tp (J in. I 205° diam.)] 427° [538°

39Ë 112 E 102 E 88 E 67 E

3LO64~7Ï43 12.5 41.5 354 11.0 45.6 356 15.5 68 264 20.3 73 216

(3, 6, 24, 29)

A (1-1.5 in. diam.) 788-86O0QwTp

55 '650° 76 600° 84 j 500° 96 400° 118 300° 146

-69.5 39 -81.5 59 - 91 71 -112.5 85 -134 105 -156 129

- 42JJ 31 -26.5 -67.526.5-22 - 77 23.5-20 -99 20 -17 -119 15 -12 -135 13 -12

56-55 69-60 67-60 61-57 57-50 54-48

160-170 200-225 226-248 290-302 340-360 370-444

Ni, 3.70; C, 0.36; Mn, 0.73; Si, 0.15; P, 0.007; S, 0.011 ( 2 7 ) O 43 O 0 T _ 4 2 7 o 843 Q0 T)) 427

7 Î3Ô |m

Î2Ô

Ï4~5 ^Q

m

6L2 ^g

342

m

A

50.5-59

35 - 41ft 34 -25.5 60-48 149-170 < !û ^10.Oy

650° 62 - 77

41 - 66 34 -22.5 71-66 172-217

600° 64 -82

43.5-72

70-62 180-230 j !fû

32.5-22

^lO./v

4 500° 74.5- 93 400° 91 -115 100° 121 -135

55 - 81 28 -18 72 - 93 23 -14

70-58 215-260 68-47 257-318

15 -11.5 55-38 330-365/ û

96 -112

L

I

(10, 17)

% Ni | % Cr | IQ-3E Ï272ï 19.0 16.2 2.5 19.6 16.8 l 18.3 34.8 1.5 15.5 35.7 1.7 15.7 36.4 0.9 15.7

* Non-magnetic. t Magnetic, transformation probably incomplete.

* Fairly pure Ni-Fe.

TABLE 9.—TENSILE, HARDNESS AND IMPACT TESTS ON NI-STEELS (Ni <6%)* E = EL\ P = PL El& RA BHN Y = FP Ni, 1.76; C, 0.26; Mn, 0.90; Si, 0.18; S, 0.02; P, 0.04 ( 14 ) G8 W 800°/4 h Ca l h 67J5 39.4 E Ï 5 § 1 4 5 . Same, Tp 70OVl h C 6 h 61.0 36.9 E 21 22.5 G8 W 800°/4 h Cf 18 h 64.8 36.6 E 28.5 39.8 Same, Tp 70071 h C 6 h 64.5 37.OE 33 52.8

Treatment

UTS

IS'i IJ, kg-m percm2 ~~ 1 V 7.5 V 8.2V 33V

I

4.5y

I ScH

I

Ni, 3.31-3.75; C, 0.15-0.20; Mn, 0.34-0.60; P, 0.006-0.023; S, 0.025-0.033 (3. 29) A (1-1.5 in. diam.) 802-848° Q0 Tp

'650° 600° « 500° 400° 300°

50.5-56 53 -57.5 55 - 67 65 - 86 79.5- 97 83 -115

31.5-48JJ 35 -32 33 -42.533 -28 37 - 47 32 -26 48 - 66 27 -22 60 - 82 22.5-15 60.5- 93 22 -13

65-52 76-67 73-68 68-62 65-53 59-48

126-145 150-178 170-200 187-277 190-325 192-358

22-26 26-31 29-34 38-47 43-48 46-53

Ni, 3.16-3.65; C, 0.35-0.39; Mn, 0.48-0.65; Si, 0.10-0.22; P, 0.009-0.041; S, 0.020-0.036 ( 3 > 6» 28, 29) A (1-1.5 in. diam.)

TABLE 8.—DENSITY (gm/cm 3 ) OF Ni-FE ALLOYS* ( 7 ) % Ni O 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90100 100 d 787.5 789 802 806 763? 805 829 839 852 860 886

TTIT ^

Ni, 4.6-5.3; C, 0.12-0.17; Mn, 0.30-0.62; P, 0.008-0.046; S, 0.018-0.045 (»*)

IO

% Ni |10-3ff|| % Ni |1Q-3#|| 27.9 ïsTÏ 39.4 îoTÏ 30.4 16.0 44.3 16.3 31.4 15.5 70.0 19.8 34.6 15.4 100.0 21.6 35.2 14.9 37.2 14.6

10.42U 6.78U 6.42U 9.74 U 11.46U

Ni, 3.36-3.70; C, 0.30-0.37; Mn, 0.57-0.70; P, 0.008-0.04; S, 0.020-0.045

TABLE 7.—ELASTIC PROPERTIES OF Ni-FE AND Ni-FE-CR ALLOYS

% Ni |1Q-3#|| 5.0 21.7 15.0 19.1 19.0 17.7 24.1* 19.3 24.lt 17.4 26.2 18.5

' '* "

kg m

Ni, 2.73; C, 0.37; Mn, 0.54; Si, 0.18; S, 0.02; P, 0.015; Cu, 0.042 («j^ G0 A** tangential Gc A** longitudinal GC Fm tangential G0 Fm longitudinal Gc F Trtft tangential GC F Trtft longitudinal Gc Trtft tangential Gc Trtft longitudinal

760-900° Q0 Tp

* Specimens 1 in. X 0.798 in. diam. (forged, unannealed). AZ - j - e = _ 100 -j- for 158 kg/mm2 ioa(j.

UTS

773-860° Q 0 Tp

67 -70 42-43. 5ft 650° 73 - 81 43- 68 600° 74.5-88 51- 72 500° 86.5-101 76-88 400° 109 -134 91-112 [300° 135 -165 112-151

28 28 28 20 16 13

-25 -22 -21 -17 -12.5 -11

56-48 67-62 65-62 60-54 50-17 45-43

183-200 217-230 229-244 265-296 325-349 385-420

26-35 34-41 36-42 48-52 57-62 65-67

* The average effect of Ni up to 8 % upon an Fe-C alloy in the fully annealed condition is as follows: 0.01 % Ni increases EL by 28 g/mm 2 , UTS by 29.5 g/mm 2 , RA by 0.005 %, decreases El by 0.010 % ( 1 J. t Some data not clear as to whether PL, EL1 or YP is measured. Î Subscripts to values of IS: u = Izod machine, v = Charpy machine. § Specimens 50 mm X 13.8 mm diam. Il Specimens 30 mm sq. X 160 mm long, notch 2 mm radius. f Taken from ring-casting 71.5 in. long by 10.9 in. diam. ** A = A 950°/4 h Ca, W 600°/6 h. ft Trt = 800°/1 h Qw Tp 675°. lì Data not clear as to method, lower figure generally reported as EL, higher as YP.

TABLE 10.—TOKSION TESTS ON NI-STEELS ( 27 ) Treatment (in 1 in. diam. ) Ni, 3.48; 8 4 3 0 Q 0 T p / 85.7 205° \ 90.3 843° Q0 Tp f 92.9 150° \ 88.2 f 53.2 A \ 52.2

a | C, 0.19; Mn, 0.70; 58.7 17.0 56.7 60.8 16.5 47.4 65.3 16.5 49.1 62.5 17.0 53.5 34.4 23.5 67.0 35.1 23.0 65.1

T» ™| (°/cm) UIv Si, 0.10; P, 0.009; S, 0.019 81.7 28JO 35^9\7 88.9 28.6 28.7 / 89.1 28.6 32.0 \_ 88.6 28.6 42.8 J 51.9 21.4 64.3 Ì 53.3 25.2 51.9 /

g^ &L TT"

*15°Q2) ^ oVTo i p olo

7 9 I 8 ^1 63 - 2 18'° 63 ' 7 76 ' 7 34'8 ' J96y b 55 I 83.3 63.2 17.5 63.5 79.4 34.0 8.5 f ^ j Ni, 3.66; C, 0.30; Mn, 0.70; Si, 0.18; P, 0.011; S, 0.010 54.5 i 845° Q0 Tp f 80.1 61.1 19.5 66.0 69.9 39.4 650° \ 77.3 60.4 21.0 67.5 6,9.8 43.0 63.4 / 845° Q0 Tp f 92.8 71.7 16.5 59.2 80.8 45.9 79.6 i 425° \ 93.3 72.7 18.0 58.2 81.2 46.5 76.8 J A f 65.4 36.2 18.5 50.7 60.8 17.9 39.4 \ Af \ I 64.5 [35.5| 15.0 52.7 58.9 16.2 39.6 / * Diam. = 0.505 in. t Broke near end.

TABLE 11.—EFFECT OF HEAT TREATMENT ON IMPACT STRENGTH OF NI-STEELS ( 3 ) Composition A = Ni, 2.9; C, 0.17; Mn, 0.34; Si, 0.05; P, 0.023; S, 0.033. Composition B = Ni, 3.65; C, 0.37; Mn, 0.65; Si, 0.17; P, 0.030; S, 0.020. Composition C = Ni, 6.00; C, 0.17; Mn, 0.34; Si, 0.39; P, 0.014; S, 0.014. Composition Composition Composition Treatment

is

A

is

is

B

IS

is

C

is

Izod Charpy Izod Charpy Izod Charpy N 860° 12.3 14.7 5.0 4.5 10.7 10.5 860° Qw 4.0 3.9 0.6 0.8 4.3 4.6 (300° 4.8 5.8 0.6 1.0 4.6 4.5 400° 7.5 7.2 1.1 1.3 6.6 5.9 500° 10.4 11.7 7.2 8.0 9.4 10.9 Same, Tp..] 600° 14.3 16.7 10.0 13.0 13.7 15.2 650° 15.6 20.4 11.2 14.3 14.1 15.2 700° 9.8 10.6 725° 8.6 9.8 860° Q0 8.9 10.1 0.8 1.0. 3.6 4.5 300° 10.2 12.9 0.7 0.8 400° 11.6 14.5 1.5 2.0 Same, Tp.. 500° 13.3 16.8 6.9 8.7 600° 14.5 18.2 10.1 12.3 13.8 16.2 650° 15.1 20.4 11.3 13.6 | For Ni, 3.5; C, 0.17 (845° Q0 760° Q0 Tp 232°) IS (Izod) = 4.8. For Ni, 5; C, 0.16 (845° Q0 730° Q0 Tp 232°) IS (Izod) = 10.5. TABLE 12.—HIGH NI-STEELS % c o m p o s i t i o n ^ ^ ^ yp ^ Ni I C I Mn 25-28 Ì0.30 60-65 25-35 30-35 50-60 30-35 [to 60-6728-3530-4040-60 35-38 J 0.50 70-81 45-5525-35 50 26 0.20 1.50 ~~Rh 55\2 8.4~50 vT 30 0.15 1.50 A* 59.4 19.7 47 69 32.3 0.12 2.30 A* 54.5 15.5 43 66 35.1 0.22 1.50 A* 59.7 21.1 42 67 36 0.08 0.50 A* 50.9 16.9 39 68 45 0.37 1.50 A* 66.4 24.6 44 51 50.7 0.17 1.25 Rh 69.6 34.1 39 68 * Annealed from above 79O0C.

^ (6) (<*) (6) (») (») («) (») («) («) («)

Data on hardness of Ni-Fe alloys are unsatisfactory. Approximate values are, for Ni, 10-20%: BHN = 200-350, ScH = 20-35; for Ni, 28-60%: BHN = 160-190, ScH = 16-24. For Ni, 60-100%, hardness decreases continuously to that for pure Ni. TABLE 13.—Ni-MN ALLOYS* ( 7 > 1 ^) % composition I I Mn I C I Fe I "sTT^" ^ * * ** 3.00 0.060.620.220.018 52.1 16.5 14.1 51 60 3.58 .06 .62 .23 .018 52.3 16.7 15.8 50 62 4.40 .06 .73 .27 .021 53.1 19.3 17.6 43 63 5.06 .06 .72 .28 .020 54.5 18.8 15.8 48 62 6.78 .07 .89 .34 .020 57.6 21.8 21.4 50 66 6.84 .08 .91 .35 .020 57.1 22.1 21.9 36 50 9.18 .10 .95 .42 .021 59.1 23.1 22.5 48 62 9.24 .10 .94 .41 .020 58.9 23.0 21.8 48 64 * For alloys of the typical composition: Mn, 0.3 to 10; Fe, 0.4; Co, 0.4; C, 0.1; Si, 0.1 the values of UTS, YP, and PL increase approximately 0.7 kg/mm 2 for each additional 1 % Mn, while El and RA are not changed appreciably. Although no data are available, the other properties may be accepted as substantially the same as for 99 % nickel if Mn content is not over 10 %. Alloys containing 2-6 % Mn have tensile properties practically identical with those of Ni containing 0.3 % Mn. These are commercially known as high Mn nickel, spark plug wire nickel, magno-nickel, etc.

THERMAL PROPERTIES Mold shrinkage = 2% of length for Ni, "Chromel," "Monel metal/' and "Constantan" (5, 7, 19, 29). TABLE 14.—ANNEALING AND FORGING RANGES (5» 7» 19» 29 ) ,, . , Metal Annealing range, 0C Forging range, 0C

II Ni

"Chro- "Monel "Con,„ , ,„ , , „ mei metal stantan 500-700 600- 925 500- 700 500- 700 975-1200 975-1150 975-1150 925-1100

ANNEALING RANGES OF NICKEL SILVERS (Cu-Ni-ZN) (2) ^ XTrr Ind. Annealing ... Ni Ind. Annealing AT. _ . _ % Ni ^f% Zn Jf % % Zn AT * XT No. range, 0 C No. range, 00C 15 O 446 600-800 30 5 135 650-800 20 O 446 600-800 25 20 990 550-800 25 O 446 650-800 30 23 991 600-800 20 5 136 650-800 10 25 985 550-800 18 17 988 600-800 18 27 998 550-800 Annealing range depends on time and previous treatment, especially cold work. Ranges given above for Ni and Monel metal are the active annealing (softening) ranges. For Rh or mildly Rc metal: A 800-90O0C; while for R0 over 20%: A 700800°. Neither Ni nor Monel metal is subject to heat treatment in the usual sense. LITERATURE (For key to the periodicals see end of volume) O ) Abbott, 66, 17II: 11; 17. ( 2 ) W. H. Bassett, American Brass Co., Waterbury, Conn., O. ( 3 ) Benton, 2, 12: 36; 01. ( 4 ) British Engineering Standards Assoc., (Automobile Steel Research} Rep. No. 75; 1920. ( 5 ) Browne and Thompson, 80, 64: 387; 20. ( 6 ) Bull ens, Steel and Its Heat Treatment. New York, Wiley, 1918. (7) Bureau of Standards, 866, No. 100; 21. («) Bureau of Standards, 365, No. 58: 23. (9 ) Burgess and Aston, Bull. Univ. Wisconsin, No. 346; 10. (io) Colby, 66, 3: 141; 03. (") Copaux, 6, 6: 508; 05. («) Del Regno, 22, 31 II: 105; 22. (i3) Fleming, 5, 66: 52; 99. ( 1 ^) Giolitti, 33, 24: 117; 21. ( 1S ) Grüneisen, 8, 22: 801; 07. ( 16 ) Guillaume, 149, 5: 255; 98. 07) Guillaume, Congrès international des méthodes d'essai des matériaux de construction. Paris, 1900. C 1 *) Hadfield, 153, 138: 1; 99. 0») International Nickel Co., New York City, O. (20) Roch and Dannecker, 8, 47: 197; 15. (21) Koch and Dieterle, 8, 68: 441; 22. ( 2 2 ) Quoted from Landolt-Börnstein, BS: 288; 23. (23) Langenberg, 33, 25: 910; 21. (24) Parker, 430, 99: 1380; 17. (25) Roush, 33, 8: 468; 10. (26) Scott,Si, 16:195; 20. (27)Stagg, Impact Tests. Halcomb Steel Co., Syracuse, N. Y. (2») Tafel, 192, 5: 375; 08. (29) O; from various steel and automobile companies.

TABLE 15.— CRITICAL RANGES OF NI-STEELS _% composition .^. Ni 0.00 .00 2.00 2.04 2.68 2.90 3.00 3.46 3.313.75 3.353.70 3.163.65 4.615.32

Heating rate, /sec

1 C ! Mn I Si I P 0.40 0.00 0.008 0.00 .40 .75 .22 .014 .38 .66 .16 .017 .35 .65 .17 .010 .35 .64 .24 .014 .40 .63 .28 .023 .37 .71 .22 .012 .29 .56 .28 .018 .15.34.006.20 .60 .023 .30- .57.008— .37 .70 .04 .35- .48- 0.10.009.39 .65 0.22 .041 .12- .30.008.17 .62 .046

I S • Range I Av. 0.00 0.09-0.210.15 .022 0.075-0.30 .16 .011 0.10-0.23 .15 .020 0.044-0.19 .12 .022 0.10-0.30 .19 .033 0.16-0.20 .18 .010 0.11 -0.26 .19 .028 0.052-0.16 .096 .025- \ .033 } Case (0.80 C) .020.045 .020.036 .018.045

ACI, 0C Beg. 733 726 696 699 691 686 688 684

I Max.] 736 732 710 709 704 701 703 695

Aca Max.

End 746 767 748 759 723 721 716 714 717 710 678-701 (max.)/ 722738 710677-710 (max.) I 745 699-707 (max.) !716729

Ac3, 0C Max. I End 788 809 783 802 738 758 742 758 737 758 726 743 729 750 730 750

Cooling» rate, %ec

0.16 .14 .16 .13 .18 .19 .18 .074

Ar3, 0C Beg. I Max. 767 745 743 729 691 670 697 678 672 654 670 644 668 641 677 648

An, 0C

Lit.

Beg. 1 Max.| End 708 704 694 681 672 654 642 630 599 644 634 608 621 611 576 617 606 572 616 609 567 610 598 576

(26) ( 2 «) ( 2 *) ( 26 )

J732-794(max.)

583-631 (max.)

(3,29)

i 7 10-745 (max.)

584-610 (max.) ^* ^

Wl 6-729 (max.)

588-592 (max.)

^9 *'

670-692 (max.) T 7Î3^ > 740-760 (max.) Same, for case \ 725

555-576 (max.)

(29)

MECHANICAL AND THERMAL PROPERTIES OF CAST IRON AND OF STEELS CONTAINING C, CR, CR-V, Cu, NI-CR, Ni-Cu, Ni-V AND V W. H. HATFIELD, J. WOOLMAN AND O. PRIEST CONTENTS

MATIÈRES

INHALTSVERZEICHNIS

Chemical analyses. Carbon steels. Cast iron. Cr steels. Cr-V steels. Cu steels. Ni-Cr steels. Ni-Cu steels. Ni-V steels. V steels. Elastic properties. Specific gravity. Specific heat and thermal conductivity.

Analyses chimiques. Aciers au carbone. Fonte. Aciers au Cr. Aciers au Cr-V. Aciers au Cu. Aciers au Ni-Cr. Aciers au Ni-Cu. Aciers au Ni-V. Aciers au V. Propriétés élastiques. Poids spécifique. Chaleur spécifique et conductibilité thermique.

Chemische Analysen. Kohlenstoffstähle. Eisenguss. Cr-Stähle. Cr-V-Stähle. Cu-Stähle. Ni-Cr-Stähle. Ni-Cu-Stähle. Ni-V-Stähle. V-Stähle. Elastizität. Spezifisches Gewicht. Spezifische Wärme und Wärmeleitfähigkeit.

INTRODUCTION Order of Accuracy of Results Quoted. —The term "order of accuracy" refers to the variations which are likely to arise from the method of testing per se. These variations may be due to slight changes in the apparatus, to the limits within which the observations may be read, to the sensitiveness of the apparatus, and to personal error. These do not affect the results in the same way, some giving a constant error and others a proportionate error. Variability of Results. — It has not been possible to quote results with the order of accuracy attainable for the various tests. Variations in data arise not so much from errors of observation, but rather from slight differences in composition or small differences in heat treatment. Differences in heat treatment may be due to errors in temperature measurement or to varying rates of cooling. The size of the sample treated is in many cases of utmost importance. In the data given all test pieces, except where otherwise stated or indicated, were treated in the form of bars of about 1.5

INDICE Analisi chimica Acciai al carbonio Ghisa Acciai al Cr Acciai al Cr-V Acciai al Cu Acciai al Ni-Cr Acciai al Ni-Cu Acciaiai Ni-V Acciai al V Proprietà elastic he Peso specifico Calore specifico e ducibilità termica

pAQa 484 487 497 506 509 . 509 510 513 513 514 515 516 con518

in. diameter or of square section. Other variations in the rate of cooling may be due to the following causes: In water quenching, to the temperature of the water. In oil quenching, to different oils used, to their temperature and condition. In air cooling, to the conditions of the atmosphere (temperature and nature of the draughts). In furnace or slow cooling, to differences in the lagging. In consequence of such possible variations, results by different observers on the same type of material often vary by considerable amounts, and for the same reasons in applying the results, one has to bear in mind the variations that may occur due to the above causes. The order of accuracy of the determinations and the variability of the results are tabulated below. The latter are quoted with a certain amount of reserve, but in most cases may be depended on as being of the right order. The term " Variability of Results" is not intended to apply to those cases of brittle steels where the test piece breaks prematurely.

ACCURACY AND VARIABILITY OF RESULTS Carbon Steels.—(Continued)

e = Probable order of accuracy of determination. rj = Approximate variability of results. Property UTS, UCS YP, YPc PL, EL PLc, ELc EL, RA USS TMR YP& PL8, ELs Tw #, £

|

±_e_ è% 1% 5% 2% 2 1% 1% 2% 5% 1% 2%

BHN1LCH Sf # d24° k C

j

±77 5 kg/mm 2 5 kg/mm 2 10 kg/mm 2 10 kg/mm 2 4 5 kg/mm 2 7 kg/mm 2 10 kg/mm 2 2%

1% 5%

5% 5%

0.1% 2% 2%

0.5% 4% 2%

Torsion Test Data.—The maximum shearing strength is obtained from tests on hollow specimens. In other cases, it has been calculated from results obtained on solid test pieces on the assumption that at the breaking point, the stresses are uniform across the section. Bend Tests on Cast Iron.—Owing to the nature of this material, results of tests are very erratic, and the results quoted can only be taken as typical of the corresponding analysis. Impact Tests.—In all cases, the actual energy to fracture the test piece is given. In the case of many observers, the results are quoted in energy units per unit area at the notch, but as results on different sizes of test pieces are not strictly comparable, nothing is gained by so reducing the results. The different types of test pieces are indicated by subscripts, for meaning of which see p. 396. Approximate Variability of Results.—Considerable variations are obtained, in many cases even in the same test piece, on material of similar composition and heat treatment. It is difficult, therefore, to give an estimate of the reliability of application in this case. The values quoted are, however, typical of the results to be obtained. Physical Data.—Specific Gravity.—With great care in observation, density measurements can be made to an accuracy of below 0.01 %. It would appear, however, that most of the data available have been determined with an accuracy not greater than 0.1 %. TABLE 1.—CHEMICAL ANALYSES The analysis quoted for any given material, refers in most cases to the type of that material, and the range of composition covering that type has been given. It is to be understood that the actual amounts of any element may vary within small limits from the value quoted. In many cases where little published work is available, the actual analysis of the steel has been given. Carbon Steels All these steels contain traces of S and P Key No. 1 2 3 4 5

C <0.07 0.08 0.09 0.14 0.14

I

% composition Mn I 0-0.2 0.4-0.6 0.1-0.4 0.1-0.3 0.3-0.7

Si Tr. Tr. Tr. 0-0.3 0-0.3

Ind. No.

341

Key No. 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28* 29 30 31 32* 33 34 35 36 37 38 39f 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48Î 49 50§ 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66

C O.Ì8 0.18 0.23 0.25 0.25 0.28 0.28 0.30 0.32 0.32 0.35 0.37 0.38 0.38 0.40 0.44 0.44 0.44 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.48 0.48 0.49 0.49 0.50 0.52 0.53 0.54 0.55 0.55 0.58 0.59 0.60 0.63 0.63 0.64 0.65 0.65 0.67 0.70 0.71 0.73 0.75 0.78 0.79 0.81 0.84 0.84 0.86 0.87 0.89 0.90 0.93 0.94 0.98 1.00 1.00 1.02 1.10 1.11

I

% composition Mn I 0.7-0.8 0.1-0.6 0.4-0.6 0.4-0.6 0.1-0.2 0.17-0.26 0.75-0.95 0.4-0.6 0.4-0.6 0.7-0.8 <0.4 0.71 0.2-0.25 0.4-0.6 0.43 0.1-0.3 0.46 0.49 0.7-0.9 0.7-0.8 0.35 0.4-0.6 0.8-0.9 0.1-0.2 0.70 0.43 0.5-0.7 0.48 0.1-0.2 0.8-0.9 0.44 0.1-0.3 0.4-0.6 0.7-0.8 0.8-0.9 0.4-0.65 0.18 0.26 0.48 0.66 0.12-0.26 0.67 0.74 0.1-0.35 0.71 0.2-0.4 0.87 <0.3 0.5-0.65 0.07 0.7-0.8 0.19 0.3-0.5 0.45-0.6 0.2-0.4 0.43 0.4-0.6 0.2-0.35 0.2-0.4 0.35 0.23

Si 0.1-0.2 0-0.4 0.3 Tr. Tr. 0.03-0.04 0.35 0.10-0.3 <0.3 <0.4 0.15 0.19 <0.1 <0.2 0.33 0.03-0.07 0.275 0.052 0.12 0.3-0.4 0.65 0.12-0.15 0.06-0.1 <0.10 0.34 0.24 0.2-0.3 0.12 0.03-0.08 0.2-0.3 0.86 <0.2 <0.49 0.20 0.1-0.2 <0.3 0.336 <0.06 0.08 0.07 <0.3 0.147 0.313 <0.100 0.322 <0.38 0.22 <0.3 <0.2 0.056 0.06-0.07 0.34 <0.3 <0.3 <0.3 0.158 0.5 <0.2 <0.3 0.059 0.27

Ind. No. 341

Carbon Steels.—(Continued) Key No. 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76

C 1.18 1.20 1.22 1.25 1.26 1.28 1.29 1.30 1.35 1.40

77 78 79 80 81 82 83

1.50 1.50 1.60 1.70 1.76 1.95 2.10

Chromium Steels

% composition I Mn 1 0.050 0.2-0.44 0.1-0.3 0.62

Ind. No.

Si 0.094 0.2-0.3 <0.2 0.46

0.8 0.22 0.3-0.4 0.54 0.2-0.45

0.06 0.31 <0.1 0.26 Up to 0.2

% composition KeyN

0.64 0.2-0.3 0.55 0.29 0.07 0.02 0.58

* Rails. t Tram rails.

0.1-0.2 0.085 0.08 0.058 0.034 0.078 Î R. R. tire, § Tram tire.

Cast Iron No7

Total C ~ ~ 8 4 2 3 85 24

86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110

24-25 25 26-27 27

10 X % composition Graph~ ite 9-11 20-25 13 20

9-10 19 14-16 8.5

3

27-29 16-20 27-29 16-18 29-30 4-7 29 24 5 29 29 5 30-31 2.5-4.5 29-31 17-21 30-31 26-28 6-10 31 11 20 32 15 30-32 21-24 4-8 28-35 <1.5 28-35 <4 32 Tr. 32 11 3.5 30-32 23-24 20-22 30-33 27 2-9 32-33 27-29 5-7 32-34 20-25 0-9 33-34 25-26 5-6 33.5 29-30 6

111 34-35 27-29 112 34-35 28-31 113 35 33 114 36-36.5 29-30 115 36.5 35 116 37.5 27.3 117* 35-38 30-32 118 35-38 32-33 119 45.7 J * Chilled iron car wheels.

6 6-7 6.5 6-9 5 5 6-7 8

IndT No. 18-22 29

10-16 17-20 10 Tr. 3.0 20-23 10-11 20 4.5 11-14 20-24 <1.8 12-15 <1.5 29 1.5 15 6-8 <1.0 8-19 1.1 15-23 10 13.5 0.5 13-20 1-2 6-8 <3.5 6-8 <0.7 4 Tr. 8 17-24 11-20 1-2 22-27 1.0 10-14 0.5-1.7 20-22 1-1.3 24-28 1.0

Analyses show traces of S and P in all these Cr steels excepting Nos. 146, 170, 184, 185, 189, 191.

<12 <5 1.8 Tr.

1-9 <2 <2 Tr.

837 836 1477

<15 2-8 4-8 8-11 2.0

14-15 <1.4 1-4 19-25 <1.5 1.5-5.5 22-26 <1.0 3-5 12-15 1-1.6 1-4 29 6.2 13 16 1.0 4.9 5-6 2-2.2 3.4-3.7 13-15 1.4-1.91.3-1.6 j

661

°-

Ï2Ô 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177

Cr

C

Mn

Si

(K25 0.35 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.70 0.76 0.9 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.2 1.3 1.3 1.4 1.5 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.35 2.6 2.7 3.0 3.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.5 4.6 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.4 5.8 6.3 6.3 6.3 6.3 7.3 7.8 8.1 8.1 9.1 9.4 9.5 9.5 10 10.15 10.15 10.4 10.4 11.2 11.8 12-14

(T36 1.46 0.36 0.64 0.86 0.04 0.35 0.47 0.34 0.6 0.84 0.97 0.06 0.45 0.75 0.31 0.35 0.22 0.33 0.50 0.65 0.95 0.83 0.39 0.25 0.4 0.6 0.31 0.40 1.00 0.21 0.79 0.34 0.46 0.83 1.07 0.25 0.57 0.26 0.40 0.54 1.00 0.84 0.07 0.43 1.02 0.14 0.75 0.44 1.09 0.6 0.15 0.85 0.37 1.14 0.36 1.01 0.08

ÔL34 0.2 0.32 0.10 0.03 Tr. 0.3 0.72 0.32

07Ï5 0.13 0.19 0.04 0.24 0.97 0.15

0.1 0.24 Tr. 0.72 0.34 0.75 0.25 0.2 0.2 0.24 0.2 0.2 0.35 0.18 0.2 0.2

0.06 0.22 0.7 0.12 0.16 0.14 0.1 Tr. 0.05 Tr. Tr. 0.18 0.2 0.07 0.05 0.1

0.2 0.2 0.1 Tr. Tr. 0.43 0.18 0.10 0.21 0.19 0.22 0.16 0.3

0.2 0.08 0.22 0.23 0.42 Tr. 0.11 0.08 0.19 0.19 0.12 0.20 0.25 0.14 0.3 0.41 0.12 0.43 0.37 0.34 0.88 0.24 0.45

0.14 0.06 Tr. 0.25 0.1 Tr. Tr. 0.1 Tr. <0.1 0.19 0.07

0.28 0.1

Ind. No.

0.05

0.2 0.11 0.50 0.46 0.16 0.06

1137

1444 1444

1443 1323

Chromium Steels.—(Continued) KeyN

°178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191

Key No.

192 193 194 195* 196 197 198 199 200

Cr

0.30 0.5 0.6 0.9 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.3

Copper Steels.—(Continued)

% composition I C Mn I Si 0.12 0.13 0.16 0.28 0.22 0.1 0.34 0.24 0.5 0.39 0.24 0.5 0.12 0.26 1.31 0.32 0.22 1.19 1.18 0.1 0.6 0.88 <0.1 0.03 0.47 0.64 0.24 0.85 <0.1 0.1 0.6 0.85 <0.1 0.20

Cr 12-14 12-14 12-14 12-14 12-14 12-14 12-14 15.0 15.0 16.0 19.5 20 23.7 29.5 Chrome Vanadium Steels I

V

0.11 0.15 0.16 0.17 0.17 0.17 0.19 0.17 0.19

I

% composition C I Mn I

0.20 0.72 0.23 0.35 0.22 0.37 0.44 0.30 0.38

Si

0.25

Tr.

0.36 0.78 0.29 0.74 0.84 0.39 0.47

Tr.

Ind. No. ] \ 1324 I | [> 1324 J 1443

507

I

S

I

P

Tr.

Tr.

Tr. Tr. 0.1 Tr. 0.21 Tr. 0.17 Tr. 0.06 0.06 Tr.

Tr. Tr. Tr. Tr. Tr.

Ind. No.

Tr.

201 1.2-1.4 0.16-0.200.37-0.42 0.60-0.85 <0.3 <0.05<0.05 202 1.45 0.19 0.46 0.45 0.18 203 1.5 0.33 0.46 0.64 0.19 Tr. Tr. * Connecting rod.

Copper Steels Analyses show traces of S in all these excepting Nos. 217, 219, 223, 235-237, 239, 240. Key % composition Ind. No. Cu I C I Mn Si I P No. 204 ÔTÏ 0.78 0.52 0.07 Tr. 205 0.2 0.13 0.50 0.25 Tr. 206 0.2 0.30 0.30 0.26 0.08 207 0.2 0.49 0.43 0.07 Tr. 208 0.2 0.50 0.02 0.07 0.20 209 0.2 0.50 0.79 0.27 Tr. 210 0.3 0.72 0.83 0.03 Tr. 211 0.4 0.29 0.34 0.26 0.08 212 0.4 0.49 0.46 0.08 Tr. 213 0.4 0.72 0.46 0.05 Tr. 214 0.5 0.16 0.09 0.22 Tr. 215 0.5 0.39 0.14 0.32 Tr. 216 0.5 0.42 0.93 0.06 0.07 217 0.5 0.57 0.02 0.31 218 0.5 0.97 0.49 0.18 Tr. 219 0.5 1.03 0.06 0.32 220 0.6 0.28 0.30 0.21 0.07 221 0.6 0.52 0.43 0.07 Tr. 222 0.7 0.28 0.26 0.27 Tr. 223 0.85 0.10 224 0.9 0.48 0.7 0.07 Tr. 225 1.0 0.16 0.07 0.21 Tr. 226 1.0 0.40 0.16 0.31 Tr. 227 1.0 0.54 0.32 <0.26 Tr. 228 1.0 1.00 0.30 0.29 Tr. 229 1.3 0.32 0.64 Tr. Tr. 230 1.6 0.68 0.36 Tr. Tr. 231 1.8 0.10 0.08 0.04 Tr.

Key N

- °-

Cu

232 233 234 235 236 237 238 239 240 241 242

2.0 2.0 2.0 2.1 2.5 2.9 3.0 3.7 3.7 4.0 4.0

I

C

% composition I Mn I Si

I

0.17 0.11 0.21 Tr. 0.29 0.68 0.08 0.08 0.39 0.18 0.24 Tr. 0.22 0.59 0.32 0.07 0.17 1.04 0.15 1.07 0.31 0.34 Tr. 0.04 0.16 0.38 0.16 0.11 0.19 Tr. 0.37 0.14 0.22 Tr.

Nickel Chromium Steels All these Ni-Cr steels contain traces of P and S. % composition Key No. | Cr | | Mn | Si Ni C 243 244 245 246 247 248 249 250 251 252 253 254 255 256 257 258 259 260 261 262 263 264 265 266 267 268 269 270 271 272 273 274 275 276 277

Key No. 279 280 281 282 283

Ind. No.

P

Ind. No.

0.73 0.17 0.19 0.48 1.5-1.8 0.6 0.30 0.5 0.2 1.5-1.8 0.8 0.28 0.4 0.1 1.5-1.8 1.6 0.38 0.6 0.33 1.9-2.1 0.6 0.37 0.7 0.18 1.9-2.1 1.0 0.21 0.4 0.20 1.9-2.1 1.0 0.36 0.4 0.47 1.9-2.1 1.0 0.42 0.84 0.26 1.9-2.1 2.2 0.44 0.67 0.14 2.1-2.4 0.5 0.30 0.4 0.1-0.25 2.1-2.4 1.45 0.30 0.45 0.24 2.8-3.2 0.45 0.17 0.4 0.15 2.8-3.2 0.34 0.37 0.4 0.12 2.8-3.2 0.9 0.39 0.6 0.23 2.8-3.2 1.4 0.30 0.6 0.14 2.8-3.2 1.5 0.35 0.4 0.25 2.8-3.2 2.0 0.35 0.3 0.3 2.8-3.2 1.7 0.5 0.3 0.3 3.7 0.6 0.17 0.3 0.1 3.3-3.70.6-1.00.23-0.270.4-0.60.1-0.2 3.3-3.70.7-1.00.3 -0.340.4-0.70.1-0.14 3.3-3.71.4-1.6 0.26 0.3 0.1 3.7-4.1 0.9 0.38 0.7 0.15 3.7-4.11.4-1.6 0.14 0.4 0.1 3.7-4.11.4-1.6 0.31 0.4 0.1 4.0 2.0 0.27 0.5 0.13 4.7 1.5 0.35 0.6 0.2 5 1 0.2 0.3 0.06 5 20 0.3 0.1 0.08 9.6 23 0.40 16 3 0.5 0.8 0.4 23-25 1.3-1.5 0.9-1.0 1.7-2.0 0.4 23-25 1.3-1.5 0.5 0.24 0.4 30-33 2-3 0.6 0.04 0.25 36

12

0.75

Nickel Copper Steels % composition ~Ni I Cu I C I Mn I Si I ITO ( K 4 0 . 4 5 2.26 1.7 0.7 0.43 1.8 1.7 0.63 0.30 1.9 1.35 0.45 0.84 1.10

1-2

S I P Tr. Tr. Tr. 0.06 Tr. Tr.

31

537

Ind. No.

Nickel Copper Steels.—(Continued] Key % composition Ind. No. ~Ni I Cu C I Mn I Si S l P No. 284 2.0 1.3 0.76 285 2.1 0.17 0.15 0.91 0.15 Tr. Tr. 286 2.1 1.2 0.43 287 2.3 1.0 0.56 0.48 0.37 0.07 288 2.4 0.20 0.16 0.77 0.14 Tr. Tr. 289 2.45 0.55 0.49 1.03 1.25 Tr. Tr. 290 2.45 0.6 0.58 0.90 0.23 Tr. Tr. 291 2.45 0.8 0.53 0.21 Tr. 292 2.5 0.19 0.17 1.07 0.18 Tr. Tr. 293 2.5 0.9 0.57 0.33 0.07 0.07 294 2.5 1.0 0.45 Tr. 295 2.55 0.6 0.46 0.82 1.30 Tr. Tr. 296 2.6 0.36 0.50 0.78 1.25 Tr. Tr. 297 2.7 0.6 0.57 0.44 Tr. 298 2.9 0.5 0.38 0.28 Tr. 299 2.9 0.6 0.51 1.04 1.35 Tr. Tr. 300 3.0 0.7 0.76 0.24 0.1 301 3.45 0.27 0.43 0.27 Tr. Tr. 302 3.6 0.5 0.44 0.50 0.03 Tr. Tr. 303 3.9 0.30 0.53 0.79 0.06 Tr. 304 22.0 9.0 0.22 305 25 10 0.2 Iron and Monel Metal (M. M.) Monel metal contains Ni, 67-68%; Cu, 24-26; Fe, 28-5; Mn, 1.6-2.2. % composition Key — — No. C M. M. try M. M. ^Tey M. M. No. No. 306 2 3ÏI 6 316 Ï6 307 0.15 2 312 8 317 18 308 0.10 3 313 10 318 20 309 4 314 12 310 0.67 4 315 14 Nickel Vanadium Steels All these Ni-V steels have traces of P and S except No. 323 which has 0.111% S. % composition KeyN °Ni I V I C I Mn r~§T~ 319 2.0 0.60 0.15 0.45 0.22 320 2.1 0.30 0.72 0.53 0.41 321 2.2 0.17 0.37 1.4 0.16 322 2.2 7.5 1.25 0.70 0.61 323 2.3 0.35 0.26 0.45 0.54 324 2.3 3.1 0.47 0.54 0.29 325 2.4 0.23 0.45 1.3 0.23 326 2.6 0.68 0.44 0.42 0.22 327 2.6 1.45 0.86 0.65 0.36 328 2.6 6.9 0.38 0.57 0.53 329 2.7 2.9 0.89 0.61 0.40 330 2.9 0.34 0.41 0.25 0.35 331 3.0 0.30 0.38 0.79 1.35 332 3.1 0.21 0.56 1.14 1.09 333 3.15 0.32 0.60 0.79 1.30 334 3.4 0.28 0.24 0.48 0.1 335 3.4 0.60 0.33 0.1 0.12 336 3.6 0.13 0.40 0.1 0.40 337 5.5 0.35 0.19 0.16 0.07 338 6.1 0.60 0.17 0.15 0.07 339 6.2 0.12 0.16 0.13 0.06

7

340 341 342 343 344 345 346 347 348 349 350 351 352 353 354 355 356 357 358 359 360 361 362 363 364 365 366 367 368 369 370 371 372 373 374 375 376 377 378 379 380 381 382 383

Vanadium Steels % composition V I C I Mn I Si 0.12 0.22 0.72 0.14 1.06 0.05 0.1 0.16 0.09 0.21 0.1 0.16 0.23 0.16 0.1 0.18 0.33 0.77 0.32 0.20 1.32 0.33 0.1 0.21 0.56 0.30 0.1 0.21 0.98 0.38 0.1 0.22 0.71 0.31 0.1 0.23 0.40 0.30 0.1 0.25 0.82 0.45 0.33 0.27 0.20 0.48 0.1 0.3 0.11 0.12 0.11 0.3 0.45 0.46 0.38 0.3 1.02 0.05 0.1 0.35 0.74 0.6 0.13 0.36 0.19 0.6 0.18 0.43 0.15 0.6 0.72 0.56 0.41 0.6 1.00 0.05 0.1 0.7 0.60 0.06 0.05 0.75 0.14 0.45 0.30 0.8 0.89 0.33 0.30 0.8 1.04 0.05 0.1 0.85 0.05 0.05 0.1 1.0 0.11 0.38 0.26 1.1 0.80 0.05 0.1 1.2 0.67 0.50 0.25 1.5 0.13 0.30 0.25 1.6 0.62 0.34 0.29 2.1 0.20 Tr. 0.22 2.3 0.63 0.07 0.09 2.9 0.95 0.22 0.42 3.0 0.19 0.86 0.29 3.0 0.67 0.70 0.36 5.0 1.08 0.45 0.46 5.4 0.38 0.20 0.61 5.8 0.93 0.11 0.21 7.4 0.13 Tr. 0.41 7.8 0.74 0.31 0.74 10.25 0.12 Tr. 0.54 10.25 0.86 0.56 0.99 10.25 1.07 0.12 0.32 13.5 1.10 0.12 0.47

S l P Tr. Tr. Tr. Tr. Tr. Tr. Tr. Tr. Tr. Tr. Tr. Tr. Tr. Tr. Tr. Tr. Tr. Tr. Tr. Tr. Tr. Tr. Tr. Tr. Tr. Tr. Tr.

Ind. No.

Tr.

Tr. Tr. Tr. Tr. Tr. Tr. Tr. Tr. Tr. Tr. Tr. Tr. Tr. Tr. Tr. Tr. Tr. Tr. Tr. Tr. Tr. Tr. Tr. Tr. Tr. Tr. Tr. Tr. Tr. Tr. Tr. Tr. Tr. Tr. Tr. 0.08 Tr. Tr. Tr. Tr. Tr. 0.07 Tr. Tr. Tr. 0.11 Tr 0.12 Tr. Tr. Tr. Tr. Tr. Tr. Tr. Tr.

TABLE 2, PART I.—CARBON STEELS (TENSILE PROPERTIES) ^Tey No. 1

Treatment

UTS

YP

As cast Cast, A 950° Before Dc D0 14.8% ( 100°] f ^ 200° g 300° jH450°Uomj 550° 600° 65O 0 J ( Normalized 1| in. f 920° Qw diam. \ 920° Q0

29.4 28.4 39.6 55.4 56.6 56.0 55.4 56.0 47.9 43.5 37.2 34.5 55.0 47.2

17.7 14.3 26.7 51.0 50.3 50.3 50.3 43.5 42.2 35.2 19.8 22.5

PL EL

El

20.5 31.6 34.7 33.0 39.4 36.2 34.6 17.3 11.0 11.310.1

24.5 32 36.5 17 21 20 21 26 28 30 42 37 30 35

RA 33 48 69 54 59 57 55 66 66 69 73 73 67 69

Lit. (7, is, 68, us, 122)

TABLE 2, PART I.—CARBON STEELS (TENSILE PROPERTIES).— (Continued) ?fy No. 2

3

Treatment Rh 14.3 mm diam. C 13.0 mm diam 12.0 mm I diam 0 ' 10.8 mm diam 9.7 mm [ diam Rh 5.2 mm diam. ( 3.97 mm diam 2.83 mm diam 2.37 mm diam n I 2.00 mm c | diam 1.70 mm diam 1.37 mm diam 1.18 mm ( diam A 800-900° 750° \ [ 850° [QO \ 950° J ( Rh (350° I 750° 1 850° (lOOO 0 750° Qw f350° b m * N 550° P [650° 750° Q0 80° Same, J 350° Tp \ 550° 850° Qw [350° bame, ! 55QO P

[650° 850° Q0 80° Same, J 350° Tp \ 550° 1000° Qw [350° bame, I 55()0 P

[650°

UTS

YP

PL

EL

El 29

RA

^®y

Lit. 46

38.3

27.5 25.327.1

51.0

30.032.5

9.5

59.5 ( » 88 ) 54

59.4

35.039.5

7

46

62.2

37.643.0

6

32

65.0 41.8

40.043.8 28.3 26.026.5

4 31

23 73

66.0

39.544.5

8.5

45

83.5

61.563.0

6

31

92.0

73.070.0

6

29

95.0

83.078.5

6

30

100.9

84.577.5

6

25

104.0

87.581.5

5

20

108.1 32.5 49.0 43.5 48.0

91.585.0

5 28 13 16.5 13

64

»

19.4 14.8 19.7 17.7 20.0 16.7 20.8 14.6 23.9 21.9 33.5 13.8 20.8 11.8 19.7 17.7 19.7 15.7 26.0 20.6 17.3 15.8 21.7 19.7 41.9 17.9 24.7 11.9 ^ Q 21 ?

38 73 (97,128, 141 36f-44d 75 ) 34f-42d 74 34f-41d 74 36f-43d 77 16f-20d 54 31f-39d 77 35f-43d 77 35f-44d 78 22f-28d 65 33f-41.5d 77 35f-44d 78 16f-20d 65.5 25f-32d 80 31f-40d 75

33.4 42.7 35.5 35.5 45.4 41.5

21.3 25.6 19.7 21.7 34.5 30.6

33f-42d 76 23f-29d 66 32f-41d 78 35f-43d 75 17f-25d 72 24f-31d 78 34f-36d 79

4Q ?

38.8

g() g

2J g

29.8 21.9

31f-41d

~~3

77

Treatment 0

0

UTS

YP

PL

EL

El

Lit.

39.5 37.9 37.6

31.8 21.9 31.6 28.6 33.7 29.7

4

N 900° Rh

33.7 38.6

22.1 22.1 23.6 23.1

5

Rh

42.6 30.7 25.5 32 66.5 ( 18 » 46 > 43.0 41.5 15 20 « 5 » 91 » 104 46.8 TJ. also Fig, 1 13 15 » 57.5 12 3 »>»» 123 43.0 25.2 23.4 28c-30b 72 ) 47.6 24.9 32 68 38.3 21.8 39.5 67 41.5 20.4 17.0 65 43.7 28.9 22.4 38 64 44.2 30.1 27.4 38 69 47.3 26.8 18.9 33 63 49.4 28.7 17.5 32 62 64.2 28 59 62.1 26 58 60.5 43.9 30.7 27 57 59.2 44.1 34.9 28 58 55.2 40.7 37.0 32 62 64.5 28 62 61.4 31 64 58.3 31 65 55.1 32 65.5 55.1 32 52.8 32.2 31 62~~ 50.7 32.2 30 65 48.7 30.0 32 70 50.3 39.8 34 75.5 48.2 34.5 38 75.5 48.2 37.3 36 75.5 46.4 34.5 35 75.5 45.0 32.7 38.5 79.5 51.9 !Bars 1| in. [33.5 J 67 51.9 39.4 J diam. \34.5 • [ 66

C 38.5% RcJ 64.6% [74.5% 670° 760° 866° 1010° N 900° cT (700°i f §£M 760° \Qw\ 0 V [82O J ( 900° Qw 300° 400° 500° 600° 900° H in. diam. Qw I in. diam. Tp 1| in. diam. 760° Ie in.diam. Qw 2 i in. diam. 790° [260° Q0 \ 540° Tp [ 650° 866° Q0 [375° Same, I 460° Tp I 560° (650° 900° Q0 Same, Tp 600°...

1

1

6

7

N 920° 920° Qw Same, Tp 760° Qw 920° Q0 A 925° 900° Q0 760° Q0, 260° Ca Cast Rh Rh to 0.48 in. diam Rh to 0.44 in. diam

31.5

] I Bars Ii in. | diam. J

31f-39d 30f-38d 33f-43d

RA

100O Q0SO Same, ( 350° Tp \55QP

25 80 78.5 67 61

35.9 32.2 32.9 33.9 33.3 56.4 34.0 32.5 33.4 44.3 32.8 32.3 61.8 41.5 ^ g

17.8 17.7 19.7 19.7 __ 15.8 13.8

TABLE 2, PART I.—CARBON STEELS (TENSILE PROPERTIES).— (Continued)

45 44

72 69 80 73.5 (« 5 » ^ 8 ) 68

f s s e T ~ ( 18 » 1 22 51 1 32 64 I 31 65 38 63

48.7 72.7 63.0 56.6 35.3

17.9

40.3

23.2

36

69

31.6 43.3

18.6 27.0 22.327.8

19.5 39

21 68

46.7

44.5 42.142.2

22

68

50.8

None 48.949.5

14

63

89

)

(^26» 41 » 61 » 88,104, 110 » in» 12 °»

TABLE 2, PART I.—CARBON STEELS (TENSILE PROPERTIES).— (Continued) ^Tey No. 7

8

Treatment [350° 500-540°.... 680° 750° 800-820°.... 850° Cast A 950° AlOOO 0 750° Qw f350° oame, I 55QO P [650° 750° Q0 80° Same,/350° Tp \ 550° 790° f 260° Q0 \ 540° Tp { 650° 100O0Qw [350° !,meM 550° P [650° 1000° Q0 80° Same,/350° Tp \550° D0 Do A 705° D0 A 845°

42.6 40.9 39.7 48.5 39.8 41.5 30.7 44.6 56.3 43.2 41 g

42.8 49.3 42.0 41.0 65.2 62.0 59.4 61.8 57.4 58.1 52.4 51.3 53.8 51.9 61.0 39.8 40.5

Cast (v. also Fig. 2) 38.9 /Large.. 44.4 Cast, A ^ gmall 49 4 Rh

1

~~9

UTS

52.0 49.6 47.7 49.6 53.3 58.8 49.2

YP

PL

El

25.7 24.6 22.6 21.1 27.4 27.5 22.2 26.0 21.8 14.7 33.1 26.7 33.0 12.5 25.8 16.8 2 5.7 26.6 25.6 21.1 29.5 24.6 24.5 21.1 25.8 21.1 34.0 42.2 37.6 44.5 16^3 39.1 19.8 42.2 25.9 39.6 36.6 37.8 25.3 38.6 30.7 37.1 25.7 None 36.6 20.7 18.818.2 21.1 19.718.0 v. also Fig. 2 16.2 9.0 21.6 17.1 2 5.2 21.5 27.6 27.5 26.3 27.7 34.2 36.2 28.2

20.7 25.6 23.7 20.8 30.1 15.7 15.8

350° 750° 850° 1000° 750° Qw f 350° Same, I 55QO Tp [650° 75O 0 Q 0 SO 0 Same, ( 350° Tp \ 550° 850° Qw ( 350° Same, ! 55()0 P (650° 850° Q0 80° Same,/350° Tp \550° 1000° Qw [350° S,meM 550° P [650° 100O0Q0SO0 Same,/350° Tp \ 550°

50.8 27.6 17.7 51.2 29.8 23.6 48.2 27.9 25.6 50.0 26.8 21.7 73.4 41.6 15.8 119.8 101.0 29.7 7g g 61 3 49.4 65.2 45.4 35.6 66.0 43.3 15.7 68.0 42.4 21.7 64.0 39.3 31.4 76.0 48.4 16.8 116.2 83.4 33.8 73.4 50.6 39.7 67.4 49.5 41^6 68.6 46.7 37.7 71.1 47.4 37.5 66.9 45.4 41.4

R (v. Fig. 3) 760°/30 Cf 500°/30 Ca 700°/30 Ca As received 800°/2Q 800°/20Q 800°/60 Q 950°/2Q 950°/20Q 950°/60Q

43.1 41.9 42.6 40.3 45.7 61.2 72 71.2 101.3 120.3 128.1

4g 5

EL

2? Q

23 ß

20.6 21.8 21.3 19.6 28.2 45.3 53.6 46 68.8 90 95.7

RA

30f-37d 61.5 48a-35c 63 47a-33c 66 31f-38.5d 62 46a-33c 64.5 30f-37d 60.5 31a 47 31f-38d 64 16f-19d 52 26.5f-33d 62 29f-36d 63 30.5f-37d 60.5 21.5f-26d 58 28.5f-35d 63 30f-37.5d 62 26 57 28 60.5 34 65 llf-17.5d 65.5 14f-20.5d 66 16.5f-21d 66.5 20.5f-32d 69 25f-33d 65 21f-27.5d 67.5 21.5f-29d 67.5 14a 49 41a 65.5 41a 63

12 31 35.5

Lit. 141

13.5(41,67, 49 i«i) 53

57 58 57 59 63

5 10 7?

^®y

Treatment

UTS

10

As received 800°/2Q 800°/20 Q 800°/60 Q

46.5 58 62 58.6

11

R 5 SWG Same, A 25 SWG wire

48.8 37.8 72.8

12

R (v. also Fig. 4). 750° 800° A ] 850° 950° 1000° N 900° 900° Qw [300° Same, I 400° Tp i 500° [600° 900° Q0 [300° Same, I 400° Tp 1 500° ... ( 600°

51.9 51.6 53.2 50.5 53.2 53.9 55.9

13

25f-30d 51 26f-33d- 58 28f-35d 59 27f-33d 51 26f-32d 51 20f-22d 53 25f-31d 58 27.5f-35d 59 27f-33.5d 56 21.5f-27d 58 27f-33d 59 27f-34d 57 6f-8.5d 14 4f-6d 27 10f-15d 50 15f-20d 58 14f-20d 51 16f-21d 57 17f-23d 55 Uf-ISd 49 4f-7d 36 14f-18d 62 15f-20d 65 16.5f-22d 56.5 15f-20d 52 14f-19d 55 43a-38b-32c 42a-37b-320 44a-38b-33c 45a-41b-35c 29 4.5 2.5 2 2 3.5 3?

)


N870° 870° Qw (300° 400° me * M 500° P 600° { 700° 870° Q0 Same, f 300° Tp [400°

67.7 69.3 69.3 69.3 67.7 63.0

YP

PL

EL

28.1 34.3 39 36.2

23.0

28.2

38.6

59.8 56.6 48.8

48.8 44.1

f I g .2 ^. -S ^ § « J,

." 53.5 ~ 3 J ~ Q f ~ 69.2 67.7 69.2 g 66.1 50.4 £ 63.0 45.6 . 58.2 40.8 £ 64.5 ^ 64.5 J 64.5 i

El

RA

Lit.

24 16 16.5 18.5

53 57 57 60

( 12 °)

39 37 4

58 73

(97)

15g 26g 22g 21g 2Og 19.5g 32a ÎÛ 12a 15a 23a 28a 25a 26a 26a 27a 29a

30 ( 113 » 114 51 ) 52 50 46 44 59 3ÖT" 32 44 58 64 55 57 59 60 64

34 24 24 25 27 29 33 28 28 28

~58~(*6» so. 56 ",7S) 57 58 60 64 68 60 60 61

Fig.3 H

(26)

TABLE 2, PART I.— CARBONSTEELS(TENSILEPROPERTIES).— (Continued) •?.ey No. 13

14

Treatment

UTS

Same, [500°.... Tp ^ 600°.... Cont'd. ( 700°... . Rh 15 mm diam. C 14.3 mm diam 13.8 mm diam 13.2 mm J diam D °\ 12.7mm diam 11.2 mm diam 8.2 mm I diam F, longitudinal... F, transverse

63.0 61.4 56.6 48.7

45.6 42.5 39.4 J 32.8 25.726.2

29 31 34 30

61 63 68 59.5

62.8

26.526.2

13

49

68.0

29.531.4

9

43

73.0

33.734.0

4.5

39

74.6

39.038.8

4.5

35

86.4

48.946.0

3

25

96.6 44.6 40.1

57.055.4 21.5 18.6 17.0 12.6 v. also Fig. 30

Rh

55.1 55.0 52.6 53.1 48.7 57.3 61.8 54.7 53.7 54.1 54.8 53.7 53.3

350° 750° A 850° 900° 1000° 750° Qw (350° ^ m e 'j 550° p [ 650° 750° Q0 80° 350° 550° S me * ' 65O0Cf P l°/m... 650° Q w . 850° Qw 850° Q0 80° C 350° Same, I 460° Tp i 550° [650° 870° Qw (400° bame, I ^0 P

15

YP

28.0 29.5 28.4 26.5 21.3 34.2 40.3 27.2 27.5 29.6 28.1 28.2 26.6

PL

18.7 25.6 24.6 21.8 15.7 30.1 15.7 17.7 21.6 21.7 22.3 21.7 25.6

47.7 22.2 17.3 49.6 24.5 17.3 95.2 74.5 50.2 31.5 72.8 49.5 29.5 69.6 47.1 68.9 47.0 43.3 59.0 43.2 141.0 128.3 87.3 103.9 90.0 74.1 gg ß

gß ß

Q7 Q

EL

El

RA

3 33.5 22.5

23 53 33.5

24f-30d 26f-31.5d 25f-31d 26f-32d . 33a 26f-32d 19f-23a 25f-30d 24f-30.5d 25f-31d 34a 26f-32d 24f-31d 38a 35a 8a 23.5a 22.5a 23a 26.5a 30a 3a 7.5a 17&

Lit.

53 (**, ~*î, lllj 55 141> 55 146 54 ) 51 57.5 52 55 55 52 55 55 55

lg

79.0

57.1 54.3

13a

26

55.4

32.4 25.2

33a

64

52.4

28.9 25.2

33a

65

52.1

28.9 22.1

35a

64

55.2

33.7 22.1

30a

61

49.7

28.7

18.9

38a

63

As cast A 925° Cf N 925° Ca N 850° A 816° 870° 1 A 893° Qw, I A 871° Tp f [482° J Wire 5 mm diam. A 800-900° 750° Q0 850° Qw 950° Qw 100° 200° 300° 400°

53.6 56.1 59.7 55.8 40.5

23.6 29.0 32.2 32.9 21.7

14.0 26.1 28.5 31.8

26 27 28 30.5 15

34 (6 s » «»» 39.5 9S > 46 H6) 55 27

61.7 65.2

43.5 43.1

4 12

8 15

6 18 7 O O 3 6 8.5 10

12 60 48 0_ O 12 27.5 36.5 48

1

(39)

63 62 17 62 62 62 65 71 2.5 27

I 600° 900° Q0 650°/120 Qw '... Same, but Cf l c /m 1020° Q0, Tp 650°/120 Qw 1250° Q0, Tp 650°/120 Qw-... Same, but Cf l°/m

62.8 47.9 74.4 120.7 145.3 168.6 155.6 134.4 111.2

Fig.4

Fig.5

TABLE 2, PART I.—CARBON STEELS (TENSILE PROPERTIES).— (Continued) KPV y

j^ 16

~T7

18

Treatment

I

UTS | YP

PL EL

El

I

RA

Lit.

A 675°/30 A1150°/30 A1115°/120 Rolled

40.1 41.7 40.6 46.2

21.0 15.0 13.8 27.4

19.7 11.2 11.8 26.3

62 54 55 61

A 900° 850° Qw 600° Cf. . [longitudinal. F-J transverse [radial

50.3 57.3 57.8 54.1 55.3

25.0 33.4 26.7 25.7 27.0

26 _. 26 2 2 7 Ï 2 7 20.2 18 19.6 23.5

39 (67, 89) 61 42~ 31 36

Ascast A 950°

35.4 34.0

24.2 15.2

sTo 16

6~~ (7, s i ) 21

29 32 32

64 68 69

53.2 25.5 21.1 52.7 29.7 27.4 50.6 28.1 24.4

31 30 32

49 53 50

61.4 30.8 23.6

29

50

900°, f 600°/2h Ca 60.5 38.7 34.6 Q0, ] 650°/2h Qw 55.1 37.4 28.4 Tp ( 650°/2h C8 54.1 37.2 29.9 "Ï9Rolled N 850° A 850° 900°/60 Ca, 760°/60 Q0

^06' /Qw 54.3 /120 l C f l ° / m 5 2 > 1

28.7 20.4 * ' 18'7 &

24 4

35 34

(123)

(49, 68, 72, 94, no)

36.8 26.7 ^ 32.0 25.2 »

27 30

56 56

54.3 54.0 49.6 48.0

23.9 32.3 28.5 27.8

29 32 39 40

43 57~ 63 65

20

Rh

54.8

32.2 31.6

33.5

58

(128)

21

Ascast A 950°

34.3 37.4

24.0 17.6

7.5 19

10 23

~CO

Rh f 350° I 750° I 850° ( 1000° 750° Qw [350° bame, I 5 5 0 0

65.1 69.0 64.5 64.4 65.8 55.5 65.9 ^1

30.5 33.4 32.5 35.6 36.1 35.4 32.5

P

[650° 75O 0 Q 0 SO 0 Same, ? 350° Tp \550° 850°Q W ... Sam f 3 5 0 ° Ul '^550° P [650° 850° Q0 80° Same, ? 350°..... Tp \550° 23

24

25

67.4 66.6 63.7 62.2 87.9 169 6 ' 109.6 82.3 96.5 97.5 88.5

3J g

25 ß

19f-23d 43 20f-24d 39 21f-26d 48 24t-28d 46 22f-27d 48 17.5f-21d 41 20f-24d 44 20f-25.5d 44

32.5 33.5 30.2 30.4 57.4

28.6 25.6 25.6 25.6 13.8 33 3 ' 65.2 49.4 46.3 45.3 51.1

21.5f-27d 53 18f-22d 44 20f-25d 44 22f-26.5d 57 0.3f-0.6d 2.5 3f-3.5d 17 10f-14d 55 13f-19d 59 12f-15d 39 12f-14d 46 13f-17d 49

91.0 67.2 68.9 65.0 61.0

25.6 29.5 26.6 33.7 34.1 19.7 19.7

Wire 5 mm diam. 63.1 A 800-900° 57.3 750° Q0 107.6 850° Q0 149.3 950° Q0 139.0 85O0I 80.0 950° / ^w 56.5 N 820° Tangential Longitudinal Radial N 870°

65.4 61.5 61.7 64.6

36.4 34.1 31.0 20.2 29.5 33.2 18.5

37.2 35.9 32.3 33.2

90.1 91.0 87.9 79.6 71.9 68.1

28

N A 5 SWG rod.... ISSWGwire 17 S WG w i r e . . . .

71.2 68.4 141.7 157.5

29

Ascast A 950°

28.9 42.0

30

A 840°

T 49.0

32

A 840° N 875° 790° Qw Tp 650° Ca Rh 5.37 mm diam. f 4.37 mm diam 3.60 mm diam DC •{ 3.00 mm diam 2.48 mm diam 1.98 mm diam

(

25 22 25 12

47 29 38 21

(«7, 72)

35 42 46 O

(72, no, 1")

PL

EL

61.6 61.8 60.0 55.6 52.3 48.3 47.6

El

RA 52 52 52 57 61 58

îsTô 17 2 1.5

3TTo (»7,144) 55 20 5

3 20.5

3 16

29Ti

5

6

55.2 69.4

25.4 33.7 31.4

6 25

65.5

59.3 56.4 36.9 26.025.0

22 23

98.5

45.052.5

7

19

111.3

48.054.0

6

15

119.5

57.061.5

6.5

14

133.4

68.574.5

6

14

68.092.0

6

13

3 13

3 14

(7)

34 47

(4S)

2 2

(7)

28.9 16.9

142.2

33.3 39.8

26.4 18.0

35

As received 850° Q0 Tp 710°

83.6 77.3

46.4 56.8

Ascast A 950°

29.6 25.9

ïïTë 15.5

74.5 76.5 66.5 150.5 106.4 107.4 101.8 93.1 79.4

40

FW 2 Ca f 0° 700° 730° 760° I 775° I 790° 820° 850° 900° [1000°

41

Rh 15 mm diam. f 14.3 mm diam 13.9 mm diam 13.2 mm Dc | diam 12.7 mm diam 11.2 mm [ diam

To 2

73.5 74.5 68.2 65.4 55.6

(146)

I

F Test piece! 13.5 160mm 17 L long J

39.9 45.8 42.4 35.0

(7)

4 . 5 ( 4 6 » **> 110 40 » 146 ) 57 38

(v. Fig. 32)

I

As received N 810° A 809° 809° Qw 809 Q0 [375° Same, I 460° Tp I 560° (650°

Lit.

19 20 19 24 26 23.5

Ascast A 950°

39

12 («») 60 37 O 0_ xT~ O

YP

34

~37

4.5 19 5 O Q O O

21.5 23 28.5 0.5

816-819° Q0 375° 460° 560° 650° 775° Qw 650° Cf..

(i*i)

1

63.5 68.2 57.9 141.1

UTS

33

69.4 4 2 . 5 1 27 54.5( S) Bara Ij in. diam. (v. also Figs. 4, 31, 50 and 51)

~ 2 7 A s received N A 816-819° 816-819° Qw

Treatment

58

62.4 59.6

22

^Tey No. 27

5S

ßn°0 / Q w . . . . 0 J; J*0' \ Cf r/m 60Cf 900°/60Cf 900° [600°] , f /30,
12.6 31.1 26.6 27.1


19 22 25 O 16.5 16 16 20.5 24

84.0 19 57.96 3 54.5 6 54.3 5 56.6 6 58.8 5 59.0 8 61.5 7 62.1 7 62.7 7 63.4 5 Test piece 200 mm X 20 mm diam.

27 (67, i l l ) 38 40 0_ 40 43 46 52 62 34.5 ( 112 » 3 142) 8 4 8 5 13 7 7 7 7

80.9

49.4 27.426.8

17

26

97.0

31.030.0

3

15

101.4

31.731.9

3

7

105.8

39.339.0

2

8

111.5

39.039.8

2.5

8

122.0

50.749.6

2.5

6

(46)

TABLE 2, PART I.—CARBON STEELS (TENSILE PROPERTIES).— (Continued) ^ !2

Treatment Rh f 350°.... Same, I 750°.... A ] 850°.... [lOOO 0 .... 750° Qw [350° bame, I 55()0 P

[650° 750° Q0 80° Same, f 350° Tp \550° (350°... O T I 550°... w P ^ [650°... 850° Q0 80° Same, f 350° Tp \550°

UTS YP PL EL 77.1 80.4 73.6 77.9 77.1 79.6 72.9 ?4 7

73.2 74.2 86.0 71.6 155.3 111.1 85.8 115.2 118.1 106.3

34<4

34.4 34.4 33.5 33.4 94.5 72.9 78.8 82.7 70.9

25.6 31.5 23.7 38.6 38.1 17.7 15.8 29<5

31.5 28.6 29.5 28.5 55.8 78.8 63.1 55.1 55.1 59.1

RA

13f-15.5d 22 13f-16d 20 16f-19d 27 16f-19d 31 12f-20d 30 14f-16d 26 15f-17d 22 16f-19d 27 15f-18d 17f-21d 17f-20.5d 17f-21d Of-0d 9f-13d llf-15.5d 8.Sf-IOd Sf-lld llf-16d

Lit. (1*1)

26 30 30 29 O 30 33 35 38 44

(v. Fig. 24)

_45

~47

34.4 36.4 33.6 41.7 44.1 37.4 35.4

El

As received A 800° 800° Q0 f 375° Same, I 460° Tp I 560° [650°

89.6 78.4 129.1 125.3 123.9 103.9 87.5

46.2 32.6 70.0 85.0 80.8 74.2 63.7

15 17 2 4 10 17 20

21 24 O

~48

Sandberg Trt.*... 120.2 CaW2 850° 91.7 Ca 90.1

92.8

14 13 11

16 18 10

49

,/R... 79.5 5 qwp SWG rod J A 505 25 SWG wire As cast /1950°

82.0 31.7 47.7

(i")

TABLE 2, PART I.—CARBON STEELS (TENSILE PROPERTIES).— (Continued) ^y ~54

5 2 6

29.2 21.9

58

N 850°

60

790° Cf 59.1 7on° n / 650 ° c a 80 - 3 /WJ ^°\450° Ca 128.5 Rh f 350° I 750° i 850° { 1000° 750° Qw [350° s & me ^ '^550 0 P [650° 750° Q0 80° Same, ? 350° Tp \550° 85O0Qw Same, f 550° Tp \ 650° 850° Q0 Same, f 350° Tp \550°

(5)

6()

2 5

Sandberg Trt.*... 127.9 CaW2 840° 92.8 Ca 97.8

81.6

13 20 15 23 Broke off close

~5Ï

Rh 5.3 mm diam. f 4.58 mm diam 4.22 mm diam ^ I 3.84 mm c | diam 3.43 mm diam 3.03 mm [ diam (350° 750° 850° [lOOO0 750° Qw (350° S,meM 550° P [650° 75O 0 Q 0 SO 0 Same, T 350° Tp \550° 850° f550°.... Qw Tp \ 650°.... 850° Q0 80° Same, f 350° Tp \55Q°

81.2

52.3 24.526.0

19

36

101.4

38.536.0

8

24

109.0

38.543.0

7

20

121.0

45.544.0

6

20

126.2

48.546.5

6

18

6 llf-lld 12f-15d 13f-15d 12f-15d 12f-13d llf-13d 13f-15d 13f-15d 12f-14d 12f-15d 13f~15d 7f-lld llf-14d 7f-9d 9f-12d 8f-9d

16 15 21 25 21 17 18 30 21 19 21 19 27 53 30 50 29

128.0 48.046.0 94.8 45.3 38.4 87.2 40.5 34.5 91.9 45.4 39.5 94.3 48.2 44.2 91.6 43.3 17.8 90.2 45.3 27.6 87.9 39.3 33.4 89.1 40.4 31.5 89.6 41.4 34.5 88.5 40.3 31.5 89.3 39.3 34.4 125.3 106.6 98.7 95.6 81.8 69.0 140.8 82.4 74.8 140.0 94.6 63.1 126.0 86.6 75.5

52

N 825°

95.6

51.2 32.9

13a

23

53

As received 800°/2 Q 800°/20 Q 800°/60 Q

68.4 70.2 65.3 93.2

36.8 36.1 35.1 93.2

10 13 4

25 3

(s)

(46, I 4 i ) 61

(««) ( 1 ZO)

15.0 mm diam 14.3 mm diam D I 13.9 mm c | diam 13.2 mm diam 12.7 mm diam

YP

PL EL

70.3 25.2 106.7 65.7 97.7 48.8 39.4 111.8 87.9 34.6 113.1 96.0 37.8 118.1 105.5 75.6 118.1 102.3 77.3 110.2 81.8 69.2 91.4 56.7 50.3 81.8 39.4 28.3 65.1 129.1 96.9 138.9 136.1 93.8 112.7 90.3 68.2

A 5 SWG rod.... 80.0 15 SWG wire 164.0

34 43 57

~5Ö

A 845° 800° Q0 450° Cf.. Before Dc D0 8.1 % 100° f 200° I 300° , 450° 650° 700° 795° Qw 795° Q0 [375° Same, I 460° Tp I 560° [ 650°

UTS

56

1 7 3 7 ~ (*. ^) 26

Treatment

93.5

El

RA

Lit.

13^ 12a 15a 6a 5a 5a 5a 9a 14a 24a O 4 12 14 19 19

13 (**>• m, 26 122) 22 18 17 14 14 17 29 38 (T~ 6 34 37 40 46

17a 1.5a

46 3

(97)

36.4

llrf

16

(«?)

23.5 19.717.9 -5 4 2 . 4 4 2 . 6 68.2 71.8

25a 23a 10a

37 40 29

(no, i*i)

51.0 47

98.1 46.1 34.5 102.3 47.2 43.3 94.2 43.4 31.5 91.8 45.5 40.5 107.6 56.1 48.1 ___ 99.4 49.2 31.5 96.8 45.3 23.7 100.6 43.3 33.5 96.6 51.3 33.5 98.3 45.3 35.4 92.8 43.7 38.4 92.8 43.3 39.3 96.1 35.5 132.4 96.3 62.9 100.2 84.5 76.6 146.7 106.2 72.8 147.8 100.5 71.0 135.7 90.5 51.7

7f-7.5d 8.5f-9d 10.5f-13d 13.5f-15.5d 8.5f-8.5d 6f-10d 10f-11.5d 10.5f-11.5d 10.5f-11.5d 10f-11.5d llf-12d 10f-12d Of-Od 6f-9d 10f-13d 6f-8d 6f-8d 6f-8d

8.5 10.5 15.5 23.5 11 12.5 14.5 12.5 13.5 16 15 16 O 15 35 25 28 13

^_

(46) 103.0

54.5 27.2 27.5

7

8

116.0

32.332.7

1

3

121.0

37.936.9

1

3

126.5

38.0 37.5

1

3

131.0 140.2 150.0 110.1 89.9 74.5

44.2 43.3

O

62

815° Q0 i ™ 0 825 0 Q 0 J P 815° Q0J585°. .. Tp \655°... 815° Qw Tp 700°

79.8 79.8 72.1 49.2 56.3

7 6 7 12 14

63

As cast. 51.0 35.0 A 950° 45.7 29.2 875° Qw Tp 450° 142.0 106.1 875° Q0 Tp 450° 140.6 118.7

2 4 9 8

64

N 815° 780°/30 Qw Tp 843°/30 538° Qw 15 788°/30 min Qo 788° Qsaltt 788° Qpbî 843°Qpb§

2.5 8~7**) 13 9 22 34 2 2 23 20

91.4 80.8

38.7 70.3

14^ 14.5a

22 25

98.4

61.2

7a

10

110.0

64.1

lla

16

100.5 92.1 96.0

55.9 49.4 50.1

8.5a 10a lla

20 12.5 19

(7, 65)

(44)

TABLE 2, PART I.—CARBON STEELS (TENSILE PROPERTIES).— (Continued) y

^ ^64

Treatment

UTS

110.0 125.5 131.9 124.9 82.7 63.3

>£•

71.0 78.6 83.6 82.9 56.3 44.4

TZTI , / R . . 98.8 5 SWG rod I A 626 25 SWG wire

~68

PL I EL

Lit.

R 5 SWG rod.... 25 SWG wire Asreceived A 790° 790° Qw 790° Q0 [375° Same,] 460° Tp ] 560° [650°

81.9 42.5 41.041.4 126.5 91.4 84.484.3 88.6 51.2 35.4 101.3 53.1 49.2 95.6 49.3 46.3 87.9 47.2 40.3 103.8 57.7 55.8 100.4 53.2 25.6 97.7 47.3 29.6 ^2 4J 4 Qg 5

84.7 94.5 106.0 54.2 70.0 34.3 116.2 141.0 85.7 142.1 91.7 139.5 85.7 120.0 74.2 97.6 61.6

Normalized 78.7 37.0 34.6 F 900-800° A ] 750°/300, [ 62.2 30.7 28.3 A2 670°/180 J F A AJ"o

7 3

A s cast ^950°.. f

76

Asreceived A790°. 790° Qw 790° Q0 [375° Same, I 460° Tp ] 560° [650°

}

58 3

-

?ley No. ~78

81

7

(* )

- ^17_

26 8

34.8 34.8 4 7 . 2 26.1 97.3 52.1 68.6 36.0 98.3 131.9 68.2 110.9 87.5 93.8 86.4 112.7 71.0 92.0 59.8

Sf-IOd 8.5 9f-9.5d 11 8f-9d 7.5 8.5f-10d 9.5 Qt-Od ~0~~ 6f-6.5d 11 Sf-lld 30 8f-9d 15 6f-8d 20 4f-5d 11.5 14 15 (97> 1J1 6 ) 3 24.5 40 O 2_ 9 17 8 13 8.5 13 11.5 20.5 15.5 34

25

^Tey No. 1

(")

3 4 19 20 27 32

-°O 2.5

54

60

El 4 n

RA

Lit.

15

(^ 7 )

15

25 SWG wire

94.5 v. also Fig. 6

7._5

As cast A 950°

32.0 32.0 22.2 18.4

O O

O O

(7)

2 2 C 111 ) 15.5 20.5 1 O 2.5 5.5 2.5 5.5 3.5 4 5.5 11 17

UCS YPC PLC ELC Lit-.

No.

Trea

*~ ment Before DC 25 20.5 ( » 1 Cast Dc 14.8% 48 30 122) A 950° N 22 14.513.513.5 ~~7~ ~~Cast 1 Rh 37 19.519 ( ZS) A 950° Rh 40.5 25 24.5 ( 1 ZS) 18 Cast N 815° 41.5 26.525.52O - ( 1 1 Q) A 950° Rh 57 32.529 ( 1 ZS) 21 Cast A Q ftrvO 775° Qw 650° Cf.. 54 42 39 40.5 ( 1 1 O) —— N845° ^sTo 36 33^5 34~ "(^) ™ 5^!L 790° Qw 650° Ca.. 68.5 61.5 59.5 60 °U 110

j^~~~^r

34

-100^Zo 62.5 63.5 62 62 56 58.5 51.5 e& — 5? ^ OO 0 '

^f0. ».,

ef (122> * n°° S'5363 IT ^ Cast Do 8.1% _ 63_33 9500 0 79O Cf 48.5 21 16 16.5 ("«) -—- -^0 790= f455°C a None 75 74 *» ^. Q 0 T p \ 6 5 0 ° C a 68.5 51 45.547 *OU

Io

51

55

^ 4

J5 O1

'°

Io

R 35 3 500°/30 Ca 35 9 R 70 20 Same 70 R 105 39 Same 105 * For analyses v. p. 484. t Test piece 1.12 in. X 0.584 in. diam.

3 ( 2 6) 21 39.5

TABLE 2, PART III.—TORSION TESTS ON CARBON STEELS „. ^6oy 1

(7) 3.5

Treatment

Compressive stressf7 = 157.5 kg/mm* ( )

~53~Ascast t 141 T7T" ^- A 9^ ^ 5 68/ N860° 41 37.539 (HO) -6J- A 95Q° -5J 73 Cast 33 790° Q0 460° Ca.. 78.5 72 73.5 7 A 95 82 Ascastt 156.5 ( T" °° —— . 81 Cast 17 TT ~~ 10° ~ 1°° A 950° 53 N6«" Trt- CS X ^ Treatment CS x f LU- 1Ì-A950» 58.5

s°_ O

EL

/R... 88.8 5 SWG rod J A 659

I»:*—*

3

26

PL

-, . , j j , f ., Specimen loaded to failure

8a 11.5( 1 1 O* 1 1 9a 15 ^ ) 2.5f-2.5 d 4 3.5f-4.5d 4 10f-10.5d 12.5 15f-18d 25 4f-4d 4 5f-5d 6 6f-6.5d 5 5.5f-5.5d 6

20.5h

YP

TABLE 2, PART II.—COMPRESSION TESTS ON CARBON STEELS* v. also Figs. 14, 15, 16, and 27

52

~4

UTS

As cast 20.7 20.7 O O (7) A 950° 20.2 20.2 O O * Sandberg treatment consists of cooling the tire at a certain rate through the critical range of temperature, by subjecting it as it slowly revolves, to the blast of a large quantity of moist air. t 788°/30 Qsait 538°/15 C0. J 788°/30 Qpb 538°/15 C0. § 843°/60 Qpb 538°/30 C0.

44 39 30 30 48 61

4.5h

Treatment

82

5

[650° 98.4 51.2 43.3 75O 0 Q 0 SO 0 98.3 51.1 45.2 Same, f 350° 98.5 49.2 45.3 Tp \550° 98.1 49.2 43.3 (350°... 125.4 77\8 sou ^ w I 5 5 0 O 1413 113 g 64 g P 0 J650 ... 103.6 82.1 77.3 850° Q0 80° 147.1 108.4 78.9 Same,/350°..... 143.8 92.6 70.1 Tp \550° 131.0 85.2 54.3

72

RA

15

25

94.5

N 790° Q0 Tp 460°. Rh 350° 750° 850° [lOOO0 750° Qw [350° feame, I 5500

13.5a 13» 11» 12a 19 33 ÏÔ

P

69

El

843Y30 j r 135.0 84.4 Ua 29.5 843°/300 I ,J0 I 139.0 86.5 9.5a 23 760°/30 f Jool 123.3 79.4 ll a 40 760°/300 J [ 135.2 93.8 8a 2 2 . 4 Following specimens wet ground after treatment 780°/30 113.1 96.7 12a 31 Qw Tp 843°/30 538° 116.8 89.7 10a 31 Qw 15 % w 788°/30 min 125.5 78.6 13a 39 _Qo g 788° Qsaitt 100.9 0 60.1 14.5» 35.5 788°Qpbt 105.5 -| 58.0 15» 37 76O0I 30 Q0, ( 788° I Tp 538°, 1 816° [ 20 m C0 ] 8710J [ 840° /704°/! h Q0 Tp \704°/5 h

~65

YP


4 5

6 7 8

Dimensions, inches (d = diameter) N 2 XO.5d A 12.06 X 2.95 d Rh 2X|d 5 X 1.75d Rh 2X1 d N 900° 1.75X|d N 900° 1.75Xfd [700°Q W .. 1.75X|d Same 760°QW.. 1 . 7 5 X f d [82O 0 Qw.. 1 . 7 5 X f d Sv 1.75X|d Sv 1.75Xfd G, Large 1.75X|d Same, A 1.75X|d G, Small, A 1.75Xfd Treatment

USS* TMR

32C 31C 32.5C 33C 36C 39C 41.5C 42.5C 35.5C 40 32C 33.5C 34.S0

43 41.5 43.5 44 48 52 55.5 57 47 53.5 43 44.5 46

Twist, YPS PL8 EL8 degrees Lit. (total)
TABLE 2, PART III.—TORSION TESTS ON CARBON STEELS.— (Continued) *7y

Dimensions, inches (d = diameter)

Treatment

13 FSv|| FSv _L

1.75Xfd 1.75X|d

IF A760°C a 3.5X0.33d 15 G cast G A 925° Cf G N 925° Ca.... N 850° 19 N815° 2X0.5d 845° Qw Tp 565° Ca

liÖ" Rh 24 R 77 N 820° Sv-rr Sv|| Sv / J}7_ N TTT. 32 N 845° 790° Qw Tp 650° Ca U9~~ R N 810° "58~N850° ~60~ 79O0Cf 790° J455°\ p Q 0 Tp\ 650°J a ~68~ N 860° 790° Q0 W2 460° Cf "TO" T760° Cf '

USS*

TMR

Twist, YPs PL8EL8 degrees (total)

37C 38C

50 51

14.5 15

42.5 42 44 43.5C 58

508 533

17 24.5 17 18 18 20 17 22.5 16 Ï4~~ Î4

460 840 1025 548

2X|d 1.75X!d 1.75X|d 1.75Xfd 1.75X|d 1.75Xf d 1.75X|d 1.75Xfd

42.5 36 36 42c 56 24 22 46C 61.5 21.5 46C 61.5 24.5 44C 58.5 44.5C 59.5 45.5C 60.5 47.5C' 63.5 26.5 __ 24 21 21

1.75 X |d 1.75X|d 1.75Xf d

None 36.537.5 78.5 27.5 70 _26

TABLE 2, PART IV.—HARDNESS OF CARBON STEELS.*—(Continued) ?fy No. 5

Lit. (67,72) ( 14 °) (65,95)

^ (UO)

6 (128) 518 (67,72) 434 256 346 300 300 (72) ( 1 Ô)

7

8

1.75X|d 2X0.5d f 2X0.5d \ 2X0.5d

58.5c 52.5C 56C

75.5 29.5 ~ 16 11 Ï 2 None 53 54.5 None 29.529.5

2X0.5d

28

182 (67) 320

12

184 T^) ( " O )

13 ( 110 )

25.525^5

None 56.5 58 3.5X0.33~d

(14Q)

27

* Subscript c, Calculated on assumption of uniform stress throughout cross-section.

14

Treatment 900° Q0 Same, Tp 600° 866° Qw A 866° N 900° f 700° ) I Same, Tp | 760° [ Qw ... \ [ 820° J [ As received N 920° 920° Qw Same, Tp 760° Qw 920° Q0 As received A 858° 858° Qw Large casting Same, A Small casting, A Rolled A A 80U 850° N 900° N 870° ] T 870° Qw [ Ii in. diam. ] 87O0Q0 J [ F Sv Il F Sv Jj v. Figs. 41 and 53 As received A836-9000 836° Qw 836° Q0

ro

15

16 17

TABLE 2, PART IV.—HARDNESS OF CARBON STEELS*

_^

18 ^ Ï

Treatment Before Dc D« 14.8% Hwk 71 kg/mm Normalized

BHN^ Ï Ô 178 149 69-121

ScH 5

( 37

Lit.

«

• 62, no, us, *22)

(Hin.diam.)W920°{Q :

Jg

2

As received (v. also Fig. 53)

12Oj:

21

(46)

4

N 900°

95

21

(*»)

» ;}fc*.^B....q~jg

^r-

19

BHN\ ScH I 143-156 156 (v. also 170 Figs. 107 41,52) 122 20 125 22 146 25 143 24 96-144Î 22« 137 223 183 170 118-121Î Ill (v. also 228 Fig. 41) 116 118 127 158 " ] (V als 10U 150 ' ° Fig JA 41) 159 e-^ 143 196 179 128 20-21 109 19-20 144 1 134 255 207 (v , also ,

169

900° Q0 6507120... <( T, Cf§ 1020° Q0 65O0 Qw

f«i 161 161

1250° Q0 650/120. ..{^ w s ( CfS As cast A 925° Cf N 925° Ca N 850°.. Sv A (v. Fig. 41) F Sv [1 F Sv _L F Sv / ( 600° Ca 900° Q0 Tp 2 h I 650° Qw [ 650° C8

J^ 157 141 143 163 156 163 161 147 143 143 173 161 158

N 815°

132

N 850° 156 A 850° 145 900°/60Cf 157 900°/60 Ca Ì 760°/60 Q0 J a mp Tn / 6507120 Qw ... 162 Same, Tp j 650o/120 Cf § 150 900° Q0, 65072 h..{g; §

If8

'S-

Fi

Lit. ( 18 > 65, in )

(14,18,67, 139 )

(67, ill) (67)

(is, 114)

(18,67)

(49, ill)

41

)

J ] \ (v. also J Fig. 6) 27

27 28 28

(57, 65, »*)

(103) (67)

(81)

(49,68,72, 1

IO)

TABLE 2, PART IV.—HARDNESS OF CARBON STEELS. *—(Continued) ^y 19

Treatment 900°/30 C T VT Tp5h

( 60 °° C 680 ° * [75O 0 J

BHN\ 134 160

ScH

Lit.

135 137 24 N 820° 170 29 (67,72) Sv rv 170 Sv Il 179 Sv S 174 25 N 870° (v. Figs. 42 and 52) 192 Q8) 27 As received 170 ( 110 > i l l ) A 816-819° 158 Ì (v. also 816-819° Qw 655 J Fig. 42) 816-819° Q0 261 775° Qw 650° Cf 197 30 R 228 36 (62) 32 As received 179J (92, no) N 845° 193 24 790° Qw 650° Ca 227 30 33 v. Fig. 42 39 R , 252 40 (59,62,67, N810° 223 35 ill, 139) A 809° 183 -27" 809° Qw . 578 (v. also 809° Q0 311 Fig. 42) 40 F W 2 C a ... 241 (142) 41 v. Fig. 53 ' 46 R 226 (v. also (76, ios) A 174 Figs. 6, 790° Q Tp 420° 418 29) 841° Q Tp 420° 430 887° Q Tp 420° 437 47 R 240 (v. also (Hi) A 800° 217 Fig. 42) 50 ~R 273 ~ 50 ( 6 ^) 51 As received 255{ Ì (v. also (25, 57) Annealed 230 J Fig. 42) 54 Before Dc 268 (v. also (111J 122) Dc 8.1% 293 Fig. 44) 56 A 181 (v. also (103) 717° Qw 217 Fig. 29) 58 N 850° 286 40 (67) 59 N 286 (68) 60 79O 0 Cf 162 23 (110) 790° Q0 650° Ca .. 227 31 790° Q0 450° Ca 380 51 61 v. Fig. 53 63 875° Qw Tp 450° 402 (65) 875° Q0 Tp 450° 402 64 N 815° 217 32 (44) 780°/30 Qw] T ( 258 42 843V30 Qw ?ooom 290 46 788730 Q 0 J ö * ' ö l 321 48 788° Qsait U 286 40 788° Qpb** 233 34 843° Qpbtt 263 34 843730 376 53 8437300 0 T 421 58 0 760730 ^° P '' 313 43 7607300 387 58

TABLE 2, PART IV.—HARDNESS OF CARBON STEELS. *—(Continued) ?fy Treatment BHN^ ScH Lit. No. ~ ~ 6 4 7 8 0 7 3 0 Qw ( 340 54 843730 Qw Tp538°/15J 340 48 788730 Q0 ( 329 48 7880QSaItTf 291 41 788° Qpb 266 37 760° 288 43 788° 30 min Q0 Tp 329 48 816° 538720 C0 364 52 871° 350 48 Last 9 samples wet ground after treatment (v. also Fig. 43) 65 "80O 0 Qw..: 600 ( 12 Q) 66 As received 2771 ( 92 ) 67 ~A~(v. Fig. 29) 176 (103) 68 N 224 31 (110) 790° Q0 460° Ca 369 45 69 As received 288 t111) A 790° 196 790° Qw 555 790° Q0 402 72 N 286 ( 37 ) F 900-800° A« 189 F 750-700° A§§ 179 76 As received 321 , , (25, ill) A790° 202 V1^ 790° Qw 460 *' ; 78 R (v. Fig. 6) 285 (76) * For analyses v. p. 484. t 10 mm ball; 3000 kg load. t Ludwik cone hardness (90° cone, 3000 kg load): specimens as received.

^y

2

6a

6b

7

32

LCH

130

101

Ï3Ï

Ï4Ô

195

51

66

290

330

(»2)

a, Calculated from diameter of impression, b, Calculated from depth. § Cf IVm. Il Turner Scratch Test: No. 6 (as received) = 21; No. 39 (A 809°) = 24 O 3 »). 1788°/30 Qsalt 538°/15 C0. ** 788°/30 Qpb 538°/15 C0. ft 843°/30 Qpb 538°/30 C0. ÎÎ A 750°/5 h 670°/3 h. §§A670°/4h.

TABLE 2, PART V.—IMPACT STRENGTH OF CARBON STEELS* TT

Treatment

AT

No. I N " 1

^ 920° Qwt 920° Qot

2

As received

3 A 4 N 900° 5~~ (v. Figs. 47 and 52) N 900° 900° Qwt 900° Qot Same, TpOX)O0

TQ /T

JN (Izod)

(other V.T. j N methods)

Lit.

o Q 0

f iß ß J Ì 0 -°v

f l 8 . 68. v ' '

6.9

( J?'9w

(64)

^ \ 2.7 Z 7.0 12.4

11.2 11.6 10.4 13.0 13.3

(

110,118)

*3y

8.5w (33) (65) IS* ( 18 > 65) 17.0 21.5 18.0 17.5

TABLE 2, PART V.—IMPACT STRENGTH OF CARBON STEELS.*— (Continued) TT

r c?

Treatment

AT

No. 6

7 8

12

13

14

As received N920°t 920° Qwt Same, Tp 760° Qw 920° Q01 v. also Fig. 17 A 925° 900° Q0 760°, Q0, Tp 260° Ca As received Castings (large) Same, A Small, A (v. also Fig. 47) N 900°t 900°Qwt 900° Q0f (v. also Fig. 48) N870°f 870° Qwf 870° Qot

17 18

19

24

(other V, , v methods) 4~8 ISV • 11.1 14.3 3.3 4.4 5.9 5.7 12.7 16.3 /ffw 8.5Î m -t 1 ^' 5 * 3.5 0.9 2.9 2.6 1.2 IS* 6.3 6 1.8 1-9 4.3 3.5

Lit. (67,89)

( 67 ) (67)

(18)

3.6 2.2 2.8 2.5

F Sv JL

1.8

3.1 2.5 3.2

90O Cf 900°/1 h Ca, 760°/1 h Q0

1.5 5.1

Same, 650V2h {g;";;

J;J

«;»

900°/lh Q 0 ,650°/2h Qw Same, but Cf|| 1020° Q0, 650°/2 h Qw W ioKrko Q n , 6 ß{rn° 1250 5 0/o / 2uhJ| Q

5.1 5.4 1.7 ^• 8

Q g

8.5 9.0 3.3 l •9

AS Cast

0.8

N 925° Ca A 925° Cf N 850° A A 900° (v. Fig. 18) 900° Q0 Tp: 600°/2hC a 650°/2hQ w 650°/2hC 8

2.5 1.8 4.5

N

4.3

Cf

1.8 3.3

4.0 5.9

Same, 650V2h{ g;,, ; ; ;

U

Ô

900° Q0, 65072U(^ 1 -

£}

^

900°/30 Ca : (600°i f Tp J680°[ 5 h C8. J ( 750° J [ N 820° SVTV Sv|| Sv/*

4.3 4.7 5.0 3.9 0.8 0.5 0.8

(**) (72, iio)~"

("O) ( 109 )

4.2 2_.7_ 0.7 1.1

(67)

A 845° 800° Q0 450° Cf

3.3Î 9.Ot v. also Fig. 19 0.3 0.3

~N~850° N

'"(")

(67) (68)

0

79O Cf.. f650°Ca.. 7QOo0 790Qo, TTpJ 4 5 5 0 Ca

63

87500Qw, 875 Q0

iT o / T p 450

0.3 0.5 ^

(UO)

1.5

(**)

1?

IS* 64

(*») («*)

(49,68,72)

780730 Qw, Tp 538°/15 0.3 788730 Q0, Tp 538715 0.3 If 0.5 II 0.4 843730 ) f 0.4 843°/5 h [ Q0, Tp 538° ] 0.4 760730 J ( 0.4 Above samples not wet ground 780730 Qw, Tp 538715 (Ts 788730 Q0, Tp 538715 0.3 If 0.5 II 0.4 760° 0.3

Ol 0.4 0.5 0.4 0.4

8Ï 30 Q0, Tp 538»

Q4

£.5

0.4 0.3

0.5 0.4

871° (538° 788 0O Q 1 0TD Ip

(44)

|

°'73 0

0°' g

760° (316° 538°

0.3 0.4 0.3

0.4 0.6 0.5

64QO

03

Q5

704° 316° 649 o oo ° 4 843 Q00, Tn Tp 7040

0.4 0.5 ° -5 Q6

0.4 0.5 P.6 og

760°

0.4

0.4

788 Q0,Tn Tp

(67,72)

0.4 0.4 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.4

649 ° 7040

7 ooo 0

ISW 0.4 0.4 0.4

Lit.

1X

[

60 ( )

3.3 4.4 4.0

900°/lhCf 900°/1 h Ca, 760°/1 h Q0

54

49

(33,65,95)

J&§

39

650° [ 760° J As received N 810°

/T

LSfz

l g

ISW 5J. 4.3

(other No. (Izod) V,, j N methods) ^25N870°t I 4.3 I 37^ v. Figs. 48 and 52 27 N 2.0 ISx 775° Qw 650° Cf 3J. 32 N 845 1.8 790° Qw 650° Ca 3.0 33 790° Q0 1.6 [205°] f 1.2 315° 2.0 rp I 425° I n J 1.6 a Same,Tp Ca ^1 54()0

58 59

8

°- 'y l.lw /&§ 4.7 7.4

0

{ I

*&

J O

Treatment

XT

/Aw ( 18 > 67 )

FSvII

0

15

-TT-

,, (Izod)

/T

Ì J

TABLE 2, PART V.—IMPACT STRENGTH OF CARBON STEELS.*— (Continued)

4


ey XT

Treatment

No. """64

68 72

7" C

,, (Izod)

/T

T v 704 , 7 r uI o5 /h3 0 m OQT4o 843 Q0, Tp

(other V, , v methods) 0~£ Q ^

Lit.

EFFECT OF ANNEALING ON TENSILE STRENGTH OF CAST IRON ( 27 ) A, *° G I 100 I 200 250 | 300 | 350 | 400 | 500 | 600 | 700 K. No. 90, UTS =| 26 | 25 |24.5| 25 | 26 | 27 | 25 | | K. No. 106, UTS =|16.5|16.5| | 17 | [ 17 | 17 | 15 | 13 I I K. No. 90 |K No. 100 I K. No. 106 W 25 times to 450° | UTS = \ 23.5 | 21 | 15 W 25 times to 550° | UTS = I 22 | 20.5 | 12

Above samples wet ground after treatment | N 860° OJ^ (UO) 790° Q0 460° C a . . . . . . . . Q.3Z N 0.2 (37) F 900-800°, A 750°/5 h, A 2 670°/3h 0.2 F 750-700°, A 670°/4 h 0.2

* For meaning of subscripts v. p. 396. t Bars 1î in. diam. Î Test piece 30 mm 2 , diam. of bottom of notch = 4 mm. § Tested in the Guillery machine. Il Cooled at 1° per minute. IF I - 788°/30 Qsalt 538°/15 Q0. II = 788°/30 QPb 538°/15 Q0.

TABLE 3.—MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF CAST IRON*! v. also Figs. 7, 7a, 8, and 20 ^y ~~84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 Kev y

°' 100

ScH UTS BMR% 52-58 62 54-62

17 12.5 18.5 19 40-43 9-19 63 26 48-53 26§ 40-45 20-31 , TT Hardness

28Î( 28.5i 29i 39.5m 34i 45i 34.5i 28-5Oi

Lit.

^y

32) (32) (32) (135) (32) (32) (32) (32)

92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99

m M .. Tensile properties

BHN I ScH UTS 187 37-50 24§

El

\ RA

ScH UTS BMRl 56-61 || 31 56-60 40-60 31-40 65 50

Lit.

20 43-59i ( 3 2) 26.5 41m (137) 23.5 34] (32) 18.5 42-56i (32) 14-29 38i (32) 22.5 34] (32) 26 47i (32) 21 46i (32)

Compression Bendproperties ing UCS \ PLç BMR% lOO^f 50 34-47

Fig.7H Cast Iron

Fig.7a Ef feet of Temperature on Properties of Cast Iron

Lit. (27, 32, 124, 1 3 5 )

101** 102** 101-145 103 104 105 106 160-220

30-46 6a - 2att ( 63 ) 25-41§ 15.0a - 4.5aft IS11 = 0.1 ( 63 » 68 ) 57 20.5 41.5i (32) 58 24.5 49i ( 3 2) 43 26.5 4Oi (32) 38 16-28§ ca. O JJ 63-105 36 (21, 78,124, 145)

107 108 109 110

192-200 23.5§ 203-21340-501 TSH = 36 J 207-21733-36 16.5 180 22

111 112 113

149-207 160-217 192

18 21 22.5

0.2

0.0

35m Machined 32. S0 Unmachined 45m 31 33.5m

(iso, 137) (32, 135, 139 ) (68,145) O 37)

64.5 34.5 33.Sn (21, 124) 27-47m (137) 37.5m (137)

114 131-176 16 68 27 31.5n (21, 124) 115 19§ (130) 116 27 54m (135) 117 110-15130-4016-21 44-58 ( 1 3 I) 118 [105-143 24§§ I 15 (PL = 7) 611" 32.5 3On ( 1 2 4) * For analyses v. p. 485. For effect of Mn and Si content on cast iron v. p. 525. t All specimens "as cast" except where noted. $ Meaning of subscripts to values of BMR: 1= 1 in. sq., span 12 in.; m = 1% in. diam., span 12 in.; n = 10 X 10 X 65 mm, span 30 mm; o = 0.862 in. sq., span 12 in. § For high temperature tests, v. Figs. 7, 7a, 8 and 20. Il BHN = 175. If 16 mm X 16 mm diam. ** No. 101, Trt = A 840-880°; YP = 19-28; No. 102, Trt - A 770-840°, YP = 16-31.5. 11 For both El and RA. n Torsion tests: Soft, (BHN = 92), USS = 14.51 Fine grained (BHN = 150), USS = 24 [• TMR * 24.5 (78). Hard fine grained (BHN = 217), USS = 28 J §§ TSH = 21-23.

Fig. 8

*T.C. = total carbon; G. = graphite.

Cast Iron


ey XT

Treatment

No. """64

68 72

7" C

,, (Izod)

/T

T v 704 , 7 r uI o5 /h3 0 m OQT4o 843 Q0, Tp

(other V, , v methods) 0~£ Q ^

Lit.

EFFECT OF ANNEALING ON TENSILE STRENGTH OF CAST IRON ( 27 ) A, *° G I 100 I 200 250 | 300 | 350 | 400 | 500 | 600 | 700 K. No. 90, UTS =| 26 | 25 |24.5| 25 | 26 | 27 | 25 | | K. No. 106, UTS =|16.5|16.5| | 17 | [ 17 | 17 | 15 | 13 I I K. No. 90 |K No. 100 I K. No. 106 W 25 times to 450° | UTS = \ 23.5 | 21 | 15 W 25 times to 550° | UTS = I 22 | 20.5 | 12

Above samples wet ground after treatment | N 860° OJ^ (UO) 790° Q0 460° C a . . . . . . . . Q.3Z N 0.2 (37) F 900-800°, A 750°/5 h, A 2 670°/3h 0.2 F 750-700°, A 670°/4 h 0.2

* For meaning of subscripts v. p. 396. t Bars 1î in. diam. Î Test piece 30 mm 2 , diam. of bottom of notch = 4 mm. § Tested in the Guillery machine. Il Cooled at 1° per minute. IF I - 788°/30 Qsalt 538°/15 Q0. II = 788°/30 QPb 538°/15 Q0.

TABLE 3.—MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF CAST IRON*! v. also Figs. 7, 7a, 8, and 20 ^y ~~84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 Kev y

°' 100

ScH UTS BMR% 52-58 62 54-62

17 12.5 18.5 19 40-43 9-19 63 26 48-53 26§ 40-45 20-31 , TT Hardness

28Î( 28.5i 29i 39.5m 34i 45i 34.5i 28-5Oi

Lit.

^y

32) (32) (32) (135) (32) (32) (32) (32)

92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99

m M .. Tensile properties

BHN I ScH UTS 187 37-50 24§

El

\ RA

ScH UTS BMRl 56-61 || 31 56-60 40-60 31-40 65 50

Lit.

20 43-59i ( 3 2) 26.5 41m (137) 23.5 34] (32) 18.5 42-56i (32) 14-29 38i (32) 22.5 34] (32) 26 47i (32) 21 46i (32)

Compression Bendproperties ing UCS \ PLç BMR% lOO^f 50 34-47

Fig.7H Cast Iron

Fig.7a Ef feet of Temperature on Properties of Cast Iron

Lit. (27, 32, 124, 1 3 5 )

101** 102** 101-145 103 104 105 106 160-220

30-46 6a - 2att ( 63 ) 25-41§ 15.0a - 4.5aft IS11 = 0.1 ( 63 » 68 ) 57 20.5 41.5i (32) 58 24.5 49i ( 3 2) 43 26.5 4Oi (32) 38 16-28§ ca. O JJ 63-105 36 (21, 78,124, 145)

107 108 109 110

192-200 23.5§ 203-21340-501 TSH = 36 J 207-21733-36 16.5 180 22

111 112 113

149-207 160-217 192

18 21 22.5

0.2

0.0

35m Machined 32. S0 Unmachined 45m 31 33.5m

(iso, 137) (32, 135, 139 ) (68,145) O 37)

64.5 34.5 33.Sn (21, 124) 27-47m (137) 37.5m (137)

114 131-176 16 68 27 31.5n (21, 124) 115 19§ (130) 116 27 54m (135) 117 110-15130-4016-21 44-58 ( 1 3 I) 118 [105-143 24§§ I 15 (PL = 7) 611" 32.5 3On ( 1 2 4) * For analyses v. p. 485. For effect of Mn and Si content on cast iron v. p. 525. t All specimens "as cast" except where noted. $ Meaning of subscripts to values of BMR: 1= 1 in. sq., span 12 in.; m = 1% in. diam., span 12 in.; n = 10 X 10 X 65 mm, span 30 mm; o = 0.862 in. sq., span 12 in. § For high temperature tests, v. Figs. 7, 7a, 8 and 20. Il BHN = 175. If 16 mm X 16 mm diam. ** No. 101, Trt = A 840-880°; YP = 19-28; No. 102, Trt - A 770-840°, YP = 16-31.5. 11 For both El and RA. n Torsion tests: Soft, (BHN = 92), USS = 14.51 Fine grained (BHN = 150), USS = 24 [• TMR * 24.5 (78). Hard fine grained (BHN = 217), USS = 28 J §§ TSH = 21-23.

Fig. 8

*T.C. = total carbon; G. = graphite.

Cast Iron

Fig.9

Fig.lO

Flg.ll

(")

RgJ3 Fie.l2(42)

(71)

-

•

/

\

/

\

/

21

Fig.l4 F'ê-14 (21)

\

KN 3

io \/

C 0.09%

Fig.15

\ \

KN 14

\

"0I

v Y^-

^M

0ff

"^~"X X

<
ïôS? 0

t,-»c-*1400 i

!eoo i

IO

^X \*s^~*\ ^^°^^r?)oô \ 82 -vêi^p\ RH

21) Fig.16 ((21 R8-I6 )

^°
5O4E

\\

|2QQ i

"°—1_^^^

|40Q l

1600 |

|80Q |

"|iob"
K N 60

•

140

-

•____

'^^^

C 0.94%

'

/

'

i

•

^^.

'

\

o

\

^k

^

0PL

-c^

0..J?

^r

^

\\

N^

\ % %

20

\

t ,0C-* 1200 I 1400 I

1

-^r

1

1

^^-KV

805

>»>.

i

1—

/

/

Fig.17

1

looï

\

/

^-•* FiRg. is

50*1:

sol

/ /

o •

-° io y

I

\

\

201

A 900° \ 850°0W 6007ih Cf \

\

I

-KX)V^000Ib

-

'

50 4° t

20/

oooflKjof^

Nv N^-

\

• KNê-i8 nn \ \ 17 C 0.36%

-^0

nH \. .

Fig. 17

KN 6 C 0.18% o A 925° Cf • 90O0Q0 760XihQ0260°/ihCa

^ 4 -0El ^/

co*/ /

^v

-f/

^^ ^:'^^^ rï > < ^ " ^^^^^^ |600 j |800 j " UOOO

1

\

-°1

70^ ^

\\\

t, °c.~^

i

L20

~ o ~

" ^x ^

'\v\

9O°/° 'o

90

70

0

^NX^_^^ "

N,r*^^^; iSosr—nsgfrt

ieoo i

^ --«CL.

V

CO^

\Xv

^V,

i

%A\

^ 0VXX

\\\

-

io

C 0.32%

\o \°"

t

°£

(21)

ilOO

'

|20Q

|3QO |4QQ |5QQ

Fig. i9 Fig-19

n n

K N 54 C 0.82% o A 845°Cf • 80O0Q0 450% h Cf ^ Large Charpy Test Piece

'

' "

^y

[100

1200

[300 |400

|500

.IQQoV^gO^^

jlQQ

|eOQ

'

|30Q

|4QQ

|50Q

Fig.21 KN 248

Fig.20 Cast Iron KNIO?

(89)

Ni2-Crl-C0.2

n

Fig-23

p

89

Fig.22 ( J KN 249 N Ì 2 - G - I - C 0 . 4

Fig.24 Effect of Reheating Cold Worked Carbon Steel KN45 C 0.67%p)

Fig.25 Tensile Tests (122) Effect of Annealing after Cold Drawing

Fig.26 Effect of Annealing on Rolled Cr-VSteel KN 199 CrU-V0.17-00,30%

Fig27 Compression Tests Effects of Annealing after Cold Drawing

Fig.29 Effect of Quenching Temperature on Hardness Fig.28 Effect of Quenching on Cr-V Steel

Fig.31 Effect of Tempering 0.45%C Steel

Fig.3E Effect of Tempering 0.53% C Steel

Fig.30 Effect of Tempering Carbon Sîeel Wire Fig.37 Effect of Tempering Oil Quenched l3%Cr Steels

Fig.34 Effect of Tempering Rolled Cr-Steel (&) K N128 Cr I-C 0.34-%

Fig.33 Effeet of Tempering 1.02% OSteels

Rg.35

'

Effect of Tempering Cr-Steel (2)

Fig.36 Effect of Tempering Cr -Steel (2)

Fig.39 Effect of Tempering Cr-V Steel

Fig.38 Effect of Tempering 13% Cr Steel (71) Oil Quenched from 95O0C

Fig.40

Fig.43

Effect of Heat Treatment on Properties of Cr and Ni-Cr Steels (122)

Ef feet of Tempering cn 102% C Steel KN 64 (44\

Fig.4l Effect of Tempering on Hardness of C-Steels

Fig.44 Effect of Tempering on C Steels

Fig.45 Effect of Tempering on Hardness of CrSteels Key No. Origina! Condition FiS.42 Effect of Tempering on C. Steels

Fig. 46 Effect of Tempering on Hardness of Nj-V Steels

Fig. 48 Effect of Tempering on Impact Strength

Fig.47 Effect of Tempering on Impact Strength

Fig. 50 Fig.49 Effect of Tempering on Impact Strength of Cr Steels

Effect of Size of Heat Treated Piece on Properties C-Steel KN25 C0.45%(18)

Fig.51 Effect of Size of Heat Treated Piece on Properties C-Steel KN ?5 C 0.45% (18)

TABLE 4, PART I.—CR STEELS (TENSILE, HARDNESS AND IMPACT TESTS) For compression tests v. Fig. 40 Subscript c indicates rate of cooling through critical range ^y

Treatment*

BHN UTS

120 931 C 8 0.7 c °/m... /700°\ / 143 aS \600°/ \ 161 f 735°/140Ca§. Ï39 \ 550°/20 Q w ... 184 1070° C8 4c°/m. .. 123 121 A 790° 79O 0 Qw 790° Q0 [375° Same, I 460° Tp I 560° { 650° 122

Fig'.sa

Effect of Size of Heat Treated Piece on Properties

123

931° C8 0.7c°/m .. T f 700°/60 C a §... \ 600°/60C a .... f735°/140Ca§ \ 550°/20 Qw . . 1070° C8 4 c °/m.. .

165 178 152 194 133

A 800°/1.5 d Cf 3 d

124 ^Ca" 125 Ca 126

212 627 418 387 430 375 321

~

931° C8 0.7c°/m... f 700°/60 C a §... \ 600°/60 C a ... . f735°/140C a § \ 550°/20 Q w ... 1070° C8 4 0 °/m...

52JL 58.2 64.6 54.6 67.8 51.7

127 Effect of Cold Drawing CarbonSteelWire Original State Hot RoIled

n

El&

18.5

Lit. (io*)

2 O T o ( i " )

56.0 63.0 67.1 59.0 69.4 54.5

33.4 42.4 45.3 41.8 49.8 32.7

31 35 31 37 28 34

~68.0

32.2

24.5 40.5

47 68 64 68 57 51

(ios) 12.3 10.3 12.5 7.7 4.25 (9) 119

109.1 PL =~79.1 16.5~ ~ 35.4 ~"PZ/ = 22.5~ 75 53.6 60.8 65.8 58.3 72.5 52.7

33.9 45.0 49.0 40.7 52.5 31.0

33 32 27 34 25 34

1000° Q0 Tp f Q w 198 650°/120 \ CH 192

66.6 63.9

43.0 41.7

28 28

2ÏO f 350 \ 515

931°C80.7c°/mor Vi: f700°/60 Ca§... \ 600°/60 C a .... III§ or F§ IV§ or Fa§ R (v. Figs. 34 and 45) RW815°C a ___ RW 815° Cf

ISf ISXÌ 15.9 13.2 15.0 7.5 5.5

3.5 6 3.5 2.5 4 11 13.3

167 180 157 214 126

A 850°/60 Cf 850° f 500° I Q0 Tp \ 275° /

RA

3 1 4 7 35 68 31 64 37 68 28 57 34 51

74.5 36.5 127.5 _ 141.6 86.2 137.7 93.5 138.4 97.7 125.4 77.9 112.1 67.1

66 8 QOO 0 O f 60 °a 193 ' 1 ^'J 120 Qw 194 64.1 P [ 120 C8 192 63.5 900° T 600°] f 199 67.7 Q0 J 5 5 0 ° f r \ 215 71.6 a Tp ( 500° J { 216 71.8 _ 0 f 650° ] f~Ï8563.6 Q I 600° ( l 2 0 J 193 J*0 ] 550° [C a I 210 66.8 P [50O 0 J [ 70.6

Fig.53

YP 28^0 36.3 47.6 38.5 50.3 31.8

45>2

27

~T ) _(119)"~

53.5" (51, 79, 108 70 19.0 ) 65 16.2 69 20.0 58 7.5 53.5 6.25~ ISn PL 67 6.35 28.3 67 5.5 34.6 69

7t35

42.3 42.3 45.2 50.2 49.4 41.4

30 30 27 24 23 31

70 70 65 59 59 70

42.0 46.4

28 25

65 62

S^H = 32 ScH = 54 ScH = 70

34 6 ' 7.35 31.5 6.8 34.6 öTö36.2 4.7 42.5 3.9 44.1 (Tei36.2 5.7 4.3 37.8 39.4

(»?) ISX$

128

130

A 800°/1.5 d Cf 3~d

131

Ca

132

Ca

135~

>

136

931°Cs0.7c°/mor F7§ f 70O 0 I r \6000/OUâ§\ III or F§ IV or Va§

125 167 196 151 209

54.4 63.6 70.5 61.7 74.9

28.0 48.8 55.3 47.8 57.9

32 31 27 33 26

174 162 146

67.6 64.9 57.1

40.7 39.2 32.7

24.5 54.5 28 59.5 26 50

68.2

29.6

22.5 39

132

56.5

PL =132 PL = 43

47 69 66 70 63

6.5 16.4 13.1 18.0 13.6

(87, 108)

ScH 23 23 22

(9) (H9)

7.5

(119)

58

v. Figs. 35, 36 and 49

184 189 211 163 240

54.4 63.6 70.5 61.7 74.9

28.0 48.8 55.8 47.9 57.9

32 31 27 33 26

47 69 66 70 63

5.5 18.0 12.9 18.5 12.2

(51,79, los)

TABLE 4, PART I.—CB STEELS (TENSILE, HARDNESS AND IMPACT TESTS) .—(Continued) For compression tests v. Fig. 40 ^y

Treatment*

BHN UTS

YP

El&

136 900°/30 Ca 183 100OVQo Tp f Q W 210 71.3 53.8 650°/120 \ C3 207 69.9 52.4 ( 650°/60 Ca 22511 73.5 56.4 650°/120 Qw 205 69.9 52.7 ° 650°/120 C8 200 67.7 51.5 ZI0 600°/120Ca 229 78.7 60.5 p 550°/120Ca 257 84.2 68.1 [500°/360Ca 255 84.3 67.7 820° f 650° ) f Ï 9 8 6 7 . 2 49.4 Q0 \ 600° \ * \ 223 73.8 57.0 Tp [55O 0 J a [ 244 81.4 64.3 137

138

As received 95O 0 Ca A 950° 35 h Cf.... 850° [400°] f Qw J 5 5 0 0 [ c a i 0 Tp [70O J i

150 150 115 375 305 195

As received Ï79 . , f 805° 205 As received, I 8500ig5 [960° 146 931°C80.7c°/mor VI\ 139 /700°\ ftnr f 200 0 a \600 / H 248 III§ or F§ 170 IV § or F0 § 253 950°Ca 187 A 950°/35 h C f . . . 116 850° f 400°] T 418 Qw J 5 5 0 ° l c a j 347 Tp ( 700° J [ 241

139

As received 900°C a A 95Q°/35 h Cf. .. 800° [ 400° ] f" Qw J 5 5 0 ° [ c J Tp [ 700° J [

196 242 149 454 382

As received 290 900° Ca 298 A 950°/35 h Cf. .. 226 son° f \ ( :: J 5 5 0 ° l r J 415 J™ 1 700°| a 1 265 TP I J l 141 As received 319 900° Ca 262 ~ ! 77805° 205 AB received, I 85QO 200

25 25 25 26 25 23 21 20 26 23 21

RA

64 64 69 69 69 65 58 57 70 64 61

ISi

(li, ios, 107 »

2(J 5

57.3 23.0 73.8 60.1 88.1 76.6 65.5 53.5 88.7 78.7 71.8 44.1 47.8 22.7 157.4 144.8 125.4 119.4 86.3 74.0 96.1 66.1 59.3 20.2 176.6 164.2 141.1 133.9 98.3 89.8

145

151.8 148.0 10 32.5 98.4 89.4 21 56 ===== = ====

7Q 3

42 Q

96.0 55.0 _9 Ï 3 5 7 0 6

931° C8 0.7c°/m or F/§ / T /700°l 1 IeOO0J600^t III § or V IV§ or Va

18

gl

( 960° 270

FA J_ 143

107.0 88.2 16 40 78.5 50.5 21.5 62

O 60 O 0 TD /600° 960 Q o T P - J 6 5 0 O 4 7 7 A 950°/35 h Cf. .. 205 800° [550°] r 402 Qw i 700° [ CaJ ____Tp__i J ( 142 FA II

148

C1 ° 5 » 107 X

140

112.0 81.8 H) 73.0 39.4 23

(ii, ios, 107 > 108 ' H9)

63.2 29.6 32 63.5 150.6 145.6 8.5 28 99.3 90.5 20 52 _^__^^.==. 77 33-56 18.5( 3S ) 20.5 63 30-53 13-21 (

162 212 270 172 300

1000° Q0 Tp / Qw 253 650°/120 \C 8 244

67.0 29.8 75.8 65.0 100.2 85.5 66.1 56.0 96.4 85.0 84.7 69.4 80.7 | 65.5

25 25

147

C105» 107 )

20 55.5 28 55.5 9 30 13 42.5 21 61.5

4.0 12.0 9.2 16.5 7.5 JAu

67 68

108

UTS

YP

El8.

f 209 71.1 58?! \255 85.2 70.1 246 80.8 63.8 236 77.9 61.2 [296 97.6 81.7 I 342 116.0 102.0 [391130.7 119.3 225 77.3 63.3 281 95.6 84.4 325 110.3 100.2 78.1 64.7 69.3 59.0

27 23 25 25 20 16 14 25 20 18 25 29

RA

LS11

PL

70 10.4 47.2 69 8.7 53.6 70 9.0 39.4 70 4.55 48.8 61 sTS64.5 56 1.8 7 7 . 2 47 0.7 93.0 65 12.7 52.0 60 3.9 61.5 59 77.2 68 13.6 71 15.4 ^^

IS*%

28 51 4-5 27 69 15.0 22 62 12.0 31 72 17.5 19 57 11.0 26 62.5 37 70.5 9.5 37 15 52 22.5 67

BHN

931° C8 0.7c°/m or W§ f700corT§ \600° or F O §.... f700°i p a a \600°j *"

108)

54.8 28.3 23.5

Treatment*

145 900°|'690°/120\r Q J6500/60 J a ]650°/120QW Tp [650°/120 C8.. 900°( 600°/120i 9
(ios, 107)

26.5

ni

*®y

ISU PL ~8^237.8 5.7 45.7 9.3 50.4 9.1 40.9 8.6 45.7 7.6 52.0 5.0 58.3 3.5 59.8 ~9~3 44.1 7.5 48.8 4.4 56.7

52.6 33.0 52.0 25.2 107.9 105.4 91.4 86.6 64.9 50.4 73.8 ^ 4

Lit.

TABLE 4, PART I.—CR STEELS (TENSILE, HARDNESS AND IMPACT TESTS) .—( Continued} For compression tests v. Fig. 40

162 173 287 (182 \252

As received, ( 850° A \ 960° 960° Q0 Tp 610°/60 931° C8 0.7c°/m... f700°i ( T 1 600° 1 60 1700° i Ca§ a \ 600° J II 780°/120 C8§... 1070° C8 4c°/m. . .

67.3 29.2 71.5 63.5 101.2 80.9 66.0 53.4 81.5 68.9

137 163

50.6 23.6 35 61.1 29.9 26

191 254 163 142

88.6 55.2 26.1 65.9 53.5 87.1 79.4 65.4 51.4 83.9 70.5 59.0 52.0 46.7 28.5

931° C8 0.7c°/m 166 or FJ§ f700°i T IeOO0IoO J /700° [ Ca§ I 186 a \ 600° J ^261 III§ or V Tre IV§ or Va 281

66 56 66 56 68 55

37 ^

[960° 228 960° Q0 Tp 650°. . 960° Q0 500°/60 C, Tp2 650° 311

84 Î2Ô

42

Ca Ca

850° Q0 Tp 700°..

153

931° C80.7c°/mor VI 165 T / 7 0 0 °Un r / 1 IeOO 0 / 6 0 Ca \ /700°\ ( a a \600°/ \ Ilia § or V IV§ or Va

154 155

As received I As received,

156 PL

8.15 48.8 3.7 53.6

(U)

PI/7T56.5

PL = 84.4

15

54.8 24.6 36 58 -° 93.9 83.6 71.8 55.9 88.1 76.7 68.6 50.4 100.8 89.4

28 18 25 20 31 18

7.5

62

(UQ) ISU

21 f^°2Q2 °

931° C 8 0.7c°/m... r/700°i 1 XeOO0J60^8" f 187 T f700°i 60 a \600 & / Ca§ \ 248

74 4 ßg g

"«^0 ^ g

57

9 . 2 5 (2)

73

5.1

(ios)

65 IS^ 56 66 14.0 57 5.9 68.5 15.1 55 7.1

59.4 25.4 31.5 64 805

( 960° 228 960° Q0 Tp 650°/60 960° Q0 500V60 C Tp2 650°

)

16.2 5.7 15.0 8.1

15 IO

71 7

A

(log)

22

70.3 51.3

190 270 180 278

^To

25 g

60.3 133.3

152

67 72 61.5 72 17.4 65 8.9 73.5 22.0 67 6.5

70.7 57.8 95.1 87.9 70.3 56.5 93.5 78.3 68.1 58.0 94.8 85.0

26 18 26 20 30 18

4.5 (2,51, 15.5 ™» 8.1 i«8) 17.8 5.9 (U, 108)

67

~78 ^

150

19 32 29 19 28 22 35 36

45 67 57 69 58

57.8 27.6 31

149 7 '. , f 805° 192 AB received, I 5 0 0 2 2 5

151

24 27 18 29 19

^_

26^ ^

(»)

(")

82.9 41.0 19 119.2 12.5 R 777 Vr-«uo BHN-ZW 52.8 21.3 65~7"~55^2 87.1 79.2 66.4 54.2 88.1 77.1

34 67 29~" 72 21 63 28 71 18.7 |22 63 8.1

(ios)

TABLE 4, PART I.—CR STEELS (TENSILE, HARDNESS AND IMPACT TESTS).—(Continued)

TABLE 4, PART I.—CR STEELS (TENSILE, HARDNESS AND IMPACT TESTS) .—(Continued)

For compression tests v. Fig. 40

For compression tests v. Fig. 40

?fy No. 156

Treatment* ( 780° Ì 1 2 0 J Il|740°J C8§ \ ( 550°/120 Qw.. 1070° C8 4 c °/m...

157

158

"

BHN

Î

'

YP

El&

RA

LSxJ

175

56.6 45.2 60.1 45.2 129.4 105.5 53.6 25.2

36 30 15 34

931° C8 0.7c°/m or VI&§192 ( 700° T 1 600° 60 /700° Ca§ 205 a \ 600° J [ 263 III§ or V 203 IV § or Va . 287

59.7 31.1 76.6 61.1 96.5 87.9 77.3 59.4 90.7 72.7 74.3 53.6 101.8 91.9

32 69 8.5 26 60.5 18 52 25 61.5 8.9 19 53.5 5.1 29 63 10.2 18 50 0.05

(108)

36

(io»)

51.7

^ 52'8 83.8 74.8

29

70

f 700° Ì 60 ? 187 a \600°/ Ca§ \ 240_ ( 780° Ì 120 7" 158 II \ 74O 0 J C8 \ 166 [ 550°/20 Q w ... 348 1070° C8 4c°/m. . . 136

66.9 54.4 84.7 76.0 58.0 42.6 59.0 45.5 130.0 94.0 52.7 24.2

20 28 21 34 30 14 34

64 72 66 73 72 46 65

5 9 r 500° 850° Q0 Tp I 600° ( 700° . , ( 805° 200 A As received, I 5 0 0 1 6 0

144.7 130.0 92.1 77.3 76.6 55.5 69.1 59.8 ^ Q ^^

IO 18 23 25 ^

30.5 ISU (2» 1 ^ ) 50 2.1 60.5 10.4

18.7 10.3 20.7 21.1 5.05 1.7

o

O

124.3 PL «• 60

ÏTTë"

~"(119)

163 â

15OTeT

"TTJ"

~7119)

164 ~7

64.3 56.7 30 62.1 33.0 32 ^0 ^ ^

<")

~Ï65~As (805°ì f 223 83.1 53.5 18 received, A \ 850° [• J 207 73.8 37.8 23.5 [960°J [l96 68.3 37.8 25

C11)

162 "Ot

TTT

f 805° Ï75 . , .4 850° 174 received, A |96QOm

PL = IOO

960° Q0 500°/60 Tp2 650° 255

166

Ca

167

Ca

168

[500° 875 0 Q 0 Tp \ 600° [700°

171

Ca

172

A As received As received,

.TT

143.0 ~~PL = 130.0 94.1? PL = 79

J)

I£u

149.0 132.8 9 89.3 73.1 18 72.4 52.7 22

25 50 57

4.0 11.4

ZZI 1 3 9 > 3

~58.5 54 8

PL = 102

26.0 29

56.5

^ -^

[960° 200

50.9 28.4 28.9

~ °3 Ï1 ^^ 1 32 Q

174 "T '. , ( 8 0 5 ° Ï 5 3 6 5 . 0 28.3 Aa received, 85Q0143 ^5 ß? 2 67.1

31 27

37.8 26

( 119 ) (2)

_2

805 II5 0 0 1°^~ 90

[960° 140

( 119 )

4.5

IS111

Lit.

67.7 50.4 21

48

6.8^

Q")

41 56 47

Tes 2.8 3.2

(2)

177

AlOOO 0 f 950° 143 Ì Ac \850° 143 I 1000° Q0 750°/6 h [ Cf 165 J

48.8

26.8 40 74.5 v. also Figs. 9, 37, and 49 8.85 13.85

(*o, 71)

v. Fig. 25

950° Q0 /650° Qw 217** 77.2 62.7ft 22 Tp \250° Qw 444ti 168.0 149.5 _7

184

900° Ha Tp 700°.. f 700° Same, I 800° tested at | 900° [ 1000°

186

A

.TT

C119)

(9) C 11 )

(J1)

o 7 ,o 0 Tn 0/0 0 lp

)

C1»11)

32.5 26.5 26.5 11.5 28.5

RA

93.5 72.4 19 83.6 70.3 21 78.7 57.7 24

187

" T

El0,

v

'

Figs> 37> 45>

80.1 61.4§§ 69.2 34.6 66.8 33.0 68.6 31.5

— 21 33 30 23

55 6.65 59.5 1.1

(65, 7 i )

50

(2, n, 122 )

|| ||

v. also Figs. 10 and 25

Vm Figs 182 ZZZZZZZZZ * llf 38> 45> 49 . ZZZZ! 183 975° Q0 Tp 700°. . 255 | 88.1 |~70.3tt 2TTs" 53.0 | 2.8 («»Ö v. also Figs. 11, 38, 45, 49

63.3 33.0 25 95.0 17

U

YP

900° Ha Tp 70O TT

180 ZZZZIZZZZ IZZ 181 As received, D c ... T8050 185 A l 850° 190 [960° 192

72

15.5 5

BHN UTS 0

178

6 1

103.3 93.7 26.8 11.0

Treatment*

T T O f 6 5 0 0 900°HaTp j 700° [750°

179

T\600°j / 7 0 0 ° b\ ß na §r\J

820° Q0 T p 650°.. Same, ( 700° tested at \ 900°

23.4

74.5 23.5 73 19.2 46 5.1 63 1.5

931°C80.7c°/m...'

161 As ( 805°Ì [223 78.2 42.5 received, A< 850° [• S 210 74.3 37.8 \960°J j 202 70.0 37.8 820° Q0 Tp 650°. . 122.4 114.2 Same, ( 700° 29.0 tested at \ 900° 11.80 960° Q0 Tp 650°. . 350

173

•^y

Lit.

154 173 344 135

[960° 170 960° Q0 Tp 650°. . 960° Q0 500°/60, Tp2 650° 286 160

UTS

^

188

A

190

A

191

As cast R or F..

r 500° J 600° | 700° [ 750°

^^ 91.6 64.3 15.5 30.5 1.0 20.8 2.5 12.4 3.5 11.8 5.0 6.0 6J_1

69.2 32.8 20

ISU

(»)

132.9 106.2 4 5 (2) 92.8 69.6 13.5 37.5 5.1 71.0 45.7 20 40.5 9.7 74.5 49.9 23 50 8.0 ~89.5

.TT

36

O)

76.7

16

26.5

(»)

77.3 54.8 12.0 21.5

(9)

28-63 21-56 56-91 46-78

(ä«)

2-0 3-0 26-8 50-10

* Italicized numerical values are for the alternative treatments (as indicated by footnote§). t For meaning of subscripts v. p. 396. Î Tested on the Guillery machine. § Meanings of treatments denoted by Roman numerals are: I = 950°/30 Ca 860°/30 Q0 Tp; Ia = 950°/30 Ca 870°/30 Ca Tp; II = 1065°/30 Ca 850°/60 Q0 Tp; III = 950°/60 Ca, 825°/30 Q0 735°/255 Ca 630°/120 Ca; IHa = 915°/60 Ca 820°/30 Q0 750°/255 Ca, 620°/140 Ca; IV = 950°/60 Ca 825°/30 Q0 625°/30 Ca; V = 1000°/20 Ca, 830°/30 Q0 745°/60 Ca; Va = 1000°/20 Ca 830°/30 Q0 600°/20 Qw; VI == 1020° C8 2c°/m; VIa = 1070° C8 4c°/m. II ScH = 41. f Charpy machine, type of specimen not stated. ** ScH = 35. 11 PL = 47.2. Jt ScH = 64. §§PZ/ = 14.2 on 2 in., 11.0 on 8 in., EL = 11.0 on 8 in. Ul PL = 53.2. ( I l l 900° H0 Tp 500°, ISU = 1.1. 900° H0 Tp 600°, JSU = 2.1. 900° H0 Tp 700°, IS11 = 4.15.

TABLE 4, PART II.—SHEAR AND TORSION TESTS ON CR STEELS Tests on air cooled specimens on Fremont shear machine (119) Key No USS

|124|131|132|141|144 |l5l|l62|l63 |167 |171 I 49| 57| 19| 56| 36.5| 56| 40| ^1.5| 39.5| 671»

TABLE 4, PART II.—SHEAR AND TORSION TESTS ON CR STEELS.— (Continued) Torsion tests 1

^y 127Î

128t

179§

Treatment

USSC*

TMR^

YP8 PL8

0^

Lit.

A850°/60C f .... 48 65 20" 33.8 (*7) 850° Q0 / 500°/60 70.5 94 72 17.7 Tp \ 275760 103.5 138 90 4.7 A850°/60C f .... ~ ~ 4 4 5 8 ^ 5 ~ 2 5 5 C K 4 ( 87 ) 850° [515°) f 61.5 82 63.5 26.4 Qw 570° 60 j 59 79 57 28.7 Tp [ 62O 0 J [ 56.5 75.5 54 39.4 950° J 650° Qw ~~52 69 41 107.5 (65) Q 0 Tp 1250° Qw 90 120 79.5 15.3

TABLE 6.—COPPER STEELS.—(Continued) IP No. 212

Treatment A Dc D0 D0 4 SWG D0 D0 AC > 24 h Dc D0 Dc A2D0 Dc Dc A2D0 Dc AC > 24 h D« Dc D0: A2Dc.... Dc A2Dc. A 2 De > A2D0 A D0 D0 AO 24 h Dc Dc Dc A2D0 D0 Dc A2D0 A D« D0 AO 24 h D« D0 D0 A2Dc Dc De A2D0 A2 D0

213

216

* Stress assumed uniform throughout cross-section, t TMR = 1.333 USSc. Î Size of specimen unknown. § Specimen 1% in. X % in. diam.

TABLE 5.—CR-V STEELS See also Figs. 12, 26, 28, and 39

218

•?Tey Treatment BHN ScH UTS YP El&* RA Lit. No. 192 Âs rolled 43.5 ~34~3~ 38 63 (126) 194 As rolled 56.7 37.0 28 45 <126) A 620° 56.1 35.9 30.5 55.5 195 As received 302 42 96.1 59.9 15.5 45.5 (53) 927° Q0 870° Q0 Tp 650° 300 48 101.8 94.9 18 _62 196 As rolled 76.5 57.0 24 56.5 (126) A 650°/30 79.1 60.2 23 56.4 A850°/30 61.1 44.1 26 65 198 A 800-900° 114.2 71.7 9 44 (126) Q0 Tp 126.5 84.9 12.5 46 199 S 1200°/12h f 750° 65.4 42.5 23 ~38(126) C1nW2 1950° 88.7 59.2 49.5 500° Q0 Tp 350°. . 84.6 61.3 26 51 690° Q0 Tp 350°. . 82.8 59.8 26 51 690° Q 0 Tp 600°.. 83.5 60.3 25 50 870° Q0 Tp 350°. . 93.5 78.4 23 51 900° Q0 Tp 600°.. 84.5 68.4 22 56.5 1000° Q 0 Tp 350°. 92.1 79.5 20 37.5 200 As rolled 104.2 66.9 16.5 40.5 (*26) A 800°/30 83.6 61.9 23.5 52 201 850° Q0 Tp 650°.. 93.5 70.9 18 50 (71) 202 850° Q0 Tp 420°. . 444 63 169.0 140.9 8.5 24 (65) 203 "850° Q0 Tp 650° Ca 255 41 89.0 "TêTôt 22 60.5 (65) _ . . , 4 XT i n o /(As received): USSc= 72.5, TMR= 971 .... From torsion tests: No. 193^. USSC= 51.5, TMR= 69/ <">• No. 203, (850° Q0 Tp 650° Ca): USSC = 61.5, TMR = 82, FPs == 58, Total Tw = 532° (65). Impact strength: No. 202, 7>S(Izod) = 1.9, ISW = 0.81 65 No. 203, JS(Izod) =4.8 J * For key Nos. 192, 194, 196, 199, 200 specimens are 2 in. X 0.75 in. diam. and for key No. 198 specimens are 2 in. X 0.375 in. diam. t PI/ = 60.8.

221

224

227

233

TABLE 6.—COPPER STEELS Cold drawn copper steels ( 133 > 134 > 143) "^ No. 204

207

210

Treatment Dc Dc D0 A Dc Dc D0..... Dc Dc

5

^ mm 4.37 3.23 2.34 (5 SWG) 3.25 1.93 5.59 2.95 1.83

Diam

' mm (5 SWG) 3.25 1.85 5.21 2.92 1.30 (5 SWG) 4.70 3.81 3.07 2.77 2.13 1.83 1.65 1.02 (5 SWG) 4.70 3.81 3.07 2.77 2.13 1.83 . ... 1.42 0.99 5.44 3.25 1.85 (5 SWG) 4.70 3.81 3.07 2.77 2.13 1.83 1.65 5.49 3.25 1.88 (5 SWG) 4.70 3.81 3.07 2.77 2.13 1.83 1.65 1.02

UTS 74^8 66.6 112.2 93.7 141.9 205.4 64.9 86.4 99.2 113.5 75.9 91.4 103.9 67.8 98.4 89.9 114.2 128.2 151.3 91.4 111.5 125.2 146.8 154.4 86.1 71.7 105.5 64.5 86.0 100.0 107.3 81.3 101.7 104.7 72.7 92.1 66.7 100.8 65.5 82.4 94.5 103.1 88.2 105.8 107.3 76.0 106.6

~El~ I^

3.5k 3 2 11 2 3 2.5 3 2 3.5 2 1.5 8 3 3 4 3.5 2.5 3 3 2 15k

14 3 3 4 3 2 3 2 12.5k

Ï2 2 3 3.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2 1.5

Cast, rolled and forged copper steels

UTS

~ÊÏ~

129.1 158.0 194.5 83.8 69.5 93.5 128.0 165.4 207.6

5^ 5.5k 5k 18k

5k 4.5 3.5

KPV N^

:

Treatment

205 As cast A 800° AlOOO 0 A 1200° 206 F CR Qw Tp DR CAQ 0 TpDA 208 R 209 G

I

Diam.* BHNi UTS YP A A A A B B B D ~A

EQ. RA

Torsion data §

~~

Lit.

36.8 18.3 24d 53 Specimens 100 ( 82 ) 37,4 17.9 22d 59.5 mmX 18 mm 39.0 24.728 d 67 diam. (asrolled) 38.1 20.2 28.5d 64 60.0 13d 48.5 (") 103.0 16d 45 82.5 23d 48.5 120 39.2 28.425f 42 (83) 170 61.2 31.5 17d 20 (82)

TABLE 6.—COPPER STEELS.—(Continued) Cast, rolled and forged copper steels y

?f No. 211

Treatment

Diam.* BHNi UTS YP

F Q w Tp Q 0 Tp

B B B

El%

RA

62~7)23d ï s 97.9 10.5d58 75.7 15d 56

214 R A 900° 87O0Q Same, Tp 300-350°.

B B B B

146 143 311 311

215 R A900° 87O0Q Same, Tp 300° 216 R

B B B B

202 166 627 460

"

110 mm ball, 3000 kg load. î a = 2 in., d = 100 mm, f = 200 mm, k = 20 in., b = 1 in.

§ TMR = 1.333 USSc.

Torsion data§ T

s

O

Lit. 7

T

= 39.5 = 52.5 = 31 = 77

( 17 )

65.5 48.620 d 48.5 USSc = 43 54.7 33.423.5 d 43 TMR = 57.5 76.5 76.5 1.5d YPa = 33 139.0135.1 1.5d Tw = 19.6 73.3~39^Î9~~ 20.5

( 17 )

47.1 38.725.5d 41.526.923d 67.049.716d 72.2 51.2 8.5d

66 60 53 60

USSc TMR FPs Tw

( 133 )

B B B B

255 228 817 555

83.5 62.1 12d 22.5 USSC = 68.5 ( ) 72.3 41.1 16.5d 43 TMA = 91.5 FPs = 54.5 158.0158.0 Od J) Tw = 27.2

219 R||

B

286

102.8 71.7 5.5d 4

B B B B B B B B

235 332

79.4 48.016d 34 108.0 76.0 8d 27 66.3 20d 55 103.8 lld 57 83.6 15d 55 68.2 17.5d 61 112.2 9d 66 81.5 13d 62

220

222

223 225

226

As cast R A 900° 87O0Q Same, Tp 300° R A 900° 87O0Q Same, Tp 300°

.' B B B B B B B B

227

28.8 1Ob 146 49.5 41.526.5 d 60 146 49.0 38.626d 57 311 92.8 83.3 5.5 d 26 277 69.0 52.9 11.5d 66 207 64.5 45.2 20.5d 47 196 60.6 40.9 20d 40 600 102.5102.5 1.5d 495 166.5149.0 3.5d 7.5

R A 830° 83O0Q Same, Tp 350° 228 R

B B

B

418 223 800 600 364

A825° 8250Qh 229 B~

B B

277 311

~

231 IQOO 0 Ca

C

232 R A 900° 87O0Q Same, Tp 300° 233 R A... 234 R A 900° 87O0Q Same. Tp 300° 235 As cast 238 R

B B B B

240 241

242

USSc = 76.5 TMR = 102 FPs = Sl Tw=IS

^ ^m

^5 ^

| 1.5| 8 |22 | 38.5J 49.5| (*T

TABLE 7, PART I.—NICKEL CHROMIUM STEELS* (TENSILE, HARDNESS AND IMPACT TESTS) ^y

Treatment

BHN UTS YP

El

46

37.5

USSC TMA FP 7^ USSc TMR FPs T7W

243 Rh 244

245 85O0Ca

85O0Q0

O7)

Same, Tp

302 302 291 262 223 212

101 71 97.5 69 94.5 67 85 69 72.4 58 69

444

157

f 50O Qw 410 85O0QwTpIH 600°Qw 340 [650°Qw 311 85O0QoII [300° 400° 15 T ! ' J500° Qw Pl1 600° [65O0J

246

B

W2 825° C 8250Qh As cast

B B

277 311

43 17

R A900° 87O0Q Same, Tp 300°

B B B B

84.0 63.7 14d 107.5 86.9 4d 72.0 5b

1.5 TO

USSc = 74 TMR = 98.5 FPs = 66.5 Tw = 16.2

300° 400° 500° Q 600° ^w 650° 700°

85O0CaJl 0

85O0Q0 q e>

êoy ~247

O7)

( 134 ) USSc = 55.5 TMR = 74 FPs = 49 Tw = 29.6

26Ì

85.5 76.5 13

( 17 )

(6)_ USSc = 47 TMR = 62.5 FPs = 44 Tw = 70.2

255§

~63~ 101 80 74

( 12 ) = 41.5 ( 17 ) = SS = 29 = 92.5 = 48 (") = 64 = 40.5 = 44.6

34.8 30.830.5a 62 202 174 311

As received

174 [50O0Qw 302 850°Qw Tp J600°Qw 255 [ 650° Qw 229

( 17 )

USSc = 71 ( 17 ) TMR = 94.5 FPs = 59 Tw = 24.8 110.0 69.3 6d 7 USSC = 69 ( 17 ) TMR = 92 80.0 56.5 16.5d 32 FPs = 54.5 92.5 70.0 8d 31 Tw =10.8 TUTÏIO^35~~~ ' (134) 58^5 58 25.5 34 35~ 36 31.5 40

R A 900° 87O0Q Same, Tp 300° * Diameters of tensile mm, D = 20 mm.

I ^ C o m p r e s s i v e stress No. kg/mm 2 231 I % compression

96.0 55.3 12.5d 17 75.5 42.4 8.5d 18

62.5 47.4 16d 49.5 41.325d 112.0106.0 5d 111.0102.4 6.5d 78.2 56.521.5 74.3 20 269 79.6 68.5 lld 207 61.5 45.6 18d 800 75.0 75.0 Id 495 167.0155.0 2d 57.6 Ib 375 117.0 97.5 1.5d

B B B B

COMPRESSION TEST ON CYLINDER 28.47 X 14.33 MM DIAM. (1000° Ca)

RA

LSut

/fivt|

Lit.

17

217 R A830° 83O0Qw Same. Tp 300-350°.

W2 825° C 8250Qh F CR Qw Tp DR. CAQ 0 TpDA F CR Qw Tp DR CAQ 0 TpPJU

I) Broke near head.

( 17 )

P

532 477 444 401 321 293

512 foOO 0 364 "\650°Q W 255

Treatment

BHN

0

100O Q0Tp (Qw... 241 6507120 \C8 ... 234 675°/120 Ca 238 650°/120 Qw 245 " 650°/120C8 242 r* 6507360 Ca** 227 1P 6007120 Ca 270 5507120 Ca 300 f 6507120 Ca 244 " ^01 6007120 Ca 270 P [5507120Ca 301 FA, 850° Q0 Tp 660° Ca 224

( 12 ) (* 7 )

(12)

255 77.1 69.5 13d 46.5 USSc = 58 O7T 183 50.3 46.022 d 63 TMR = 77.5 351 137.9106.0 7d 29.5 FPs = 61.5 325 100.0 85.5 lld 52 Tw = 18.3

B 302 97.1 81.8 lld 23.5 USSc = 68.5 ( 1 7 ) B 212 68.5 56.5 16d 42 TMR = 91.5 B 782 100.2100.2 ld FPs = 65 B 782 173.0157.9 1.5d 1.0 Tw =18.3 specimens: A = 10 mm, B = 13.8 mm, C = 14.33

61.5

(*28)

56

45.5 ~ 3 3 6 5 88 ~Ï8 58 71 25 66 63 27 69

T7"*)

"~

10.3 11.6 7^*) 6.9 8.1 11.6 13.3 12.9 15.0

16 16 17 21 27

34 47 54 62 68

55

29

_70

110

12

38

0.7

0.9

134 110 101

116.5 12 102.5 17 90 18

39 45 50

0.7 1.1 5.0

1.1 1.3 3.9

204.5 181 162 137 112 102

2 128 11 135 11 124.5 12 101 17 91 20

5 36 36 39 47 52

0.55 0.8 0.4 .7 .3 .6 .4 .9 1.0 1.6. 5.4 5.3

192 183 5 129 115 13 89.5 72.5 23

8 40 59

UTS YP

PL

El

80.5 63 oOTs21 79.5 63 55 20 80 63.5 53.5 21 82 67.5 53.5 19 81 65 58 19 76.5 60 52 21 91 77 63 18 99.5 86.5 69 14 81 65 58 21 90 75.5 63 18 100 86.5 71 15

75.5 56

49

20

2.4 2.3 3.2 3.0 4.4 4.8 9.7 10.0 12.5 14.0 12.9 15.5 ( 18 )

0.55 0.4 5.65 RA 51 46 45 46 46 45 39 39 47 41 37

51

LSuf

Lit.

7.05 (»O) 8.3 6.8 6.8 1.0 7.2 4.85 1.95 6.8 4.7 1.95

4.3

__ ._ __ __ __ __. __ __ ^wfî 248 A 900790 Cf TT ». also 46 28 30.5 59 61.0 7") Same, 870° Q0 760° Fig. ___ /60 Q0 260760 Ca. 21 57.3 35.5 21 _67 95.0 249

A 900790 Cf «. also Same, 825° Q0 Tp Fig. 600760 Cf 22

250 1000° Q0 Tp f Q w . . . 262 6507120 \ C 8 . . . 257

Q ÌJ° P

6757120 Ca 650°/120Qw 650°/120C8** 6507360 Ca 6007120 Ca 5507120 Ca

243 258 252 236 289 325

62.510

21

4Î

86.2 71

20

58

89~ 72.5 ~ 5 8 2 1 87.5 70.5 63 21 84 69 63 87.5 72.5 58 84.5 70 66 80 65.5 61.5 96.5 83.5 72.5 109 97 86.5

~22 20 20 22 17 13

13.6 7**) 34.2 LSu

50 50

7/75 7*0) 0.4

55 50 50 47 49 39

7^5 7.9 0.55 7.9 2.35 0.7

TABLE 7, PART I.—NICKEL CHROMIUM STEELS* (TENSILE, HARDNESS AND IMPACT TESTS).—(Continued) *fy Treatment BHN UTS YP No. 250 820° ( 6 5 0 ° ] T ~ 2 5 5 85 73.5 Q 0 ] 600° [l20 CaJ 296 96.5 84.5 0 Tp [55Q J ( 323 108 97 900° Ca 650°/2 h Qw 248 83 64 251

1000° Q0 Tp/Q w ... 263 650°/120 \C8... 255 f 6757120 Ca 243 650°/120QW 258 Q 650°/120 C8 ** 250 ,f 650°/360Ca 236 P 600°/120Ca 304 550°/120 Ca 342 820° 650°Ì T 255 Q0 600° [l20 C a j 300 0 Tp 55O J ( 338 F A 900°, 850° Q0 Tp 660°Ca 235

89 72.5 87 71 83.5 69 87 71 84 71 80 66.5 102 88 115.5 103 84.5 73 100 87 114 103 79

65

252 1200°Q0Tp/Qw ... 228 75.5 59.5 6507120 \C B ... 216 72.5 56 0 100O Q0Tp /Qw... 200 64 46 650°/120 \C8... 195 63.5 47.5 [6507120 Q w .. 205 6~7~~ ~49~~ 900° 650°/120C8** 197 65 48.5 Q0 6757120 C a .. 225 76.5 60.5 Tp 6507360 Ca** 221 72.5 55 [6007120 C a . . 256__ 84 70 F A 815°,/625° Ca 69 52.5 805°Q0Tp\680° Ca 62.5 45

PL

El

RA

ISut Lit.

54 47 23 56

7\2 2.6 1.0 8.15

56.5 18 64.5 15 64.5 13 57 20 66 6 63 20 77 10 _88 5 68 20 80 10 91 6

43 37 37 50 15 40 19 9 46 25 19

6.2 ( 80 ) 0.3 5.1 6.4 0.4 6.4 1.0 0.4 5.4 1.1 0.7

62

20

47 43 43 63 63 65 65 39 55 42 49 56

1.95 6.5 (51,80) 8.3 7.6 3.05 ITJF 4.4 6.1 6.8 3.6 3.75 5.65

253 9 0 O 0 Q 0 T p / Q w . . . . 250 6507120 \ C 8 . . . . 245 100O0Q0Tp ( Q w . . . 259 6507120 \Cs ... 250 120O 0 Q 0 Tp /Q w ... 265 6507120 \Cf ...258

83~ 66 ~53 21.5 ~55 ÌT7") 81.5 64.5 53.5 21 51 0.6 85 68.5 53.5 20 ~494~6~ 82 66 35 20 51 0.6 4.2 ISvt OA

254 82O0Ca 820° Q0

56.5 33 IJlT" 88 ~60? el 85 60? 7.2 80 61.5 9.5 72.5 56.5 13.0 64.5 50.5 15.0 60 45.5 17.3 PL

32 20 20 21 24 28 31

70~5 ~52 68.5 52 74 51 71 53 66.5 39.5

Ï9 21 22 23 22

ff16* P

~163tt 262 300° 255 400° 241 500° Qw 223 600° 192 650° 179

255 120O0Q0Tp f Q w . . . . 208 6507120 \C 8 **.. 199 90O 0 Q 0 Tp /Qw .... 227 6507120 \C 8 **... 219 F 815° Q0 Tp 650° Ca F A 815°, 815° Q0 Tp 650°Ca

47 _45 51 51 44

286 269 311 262

258 100O0Q0Tp / Q w . . . 253 6507120 \C 8 **.. 247 [6757120 Ca... 240 900° 6507120 Qw... 253 Q0 6507120C8**. 249 Tp 6507360 C a ... 239 6007120 C a ... 280 5507120 C a ... 313 850° Q0 66072 h C a .. [650°] f 258 00 m 9? j 60O 0 J-CaJ 289 P 0 [55O J { 314 F A 900°, 850° Q0, Tp 660°Ca 237

(is» 62)

6^35 7*°) 5.25 6.35 5.8

4.4 D. Fig. 13

256

257 825° f600°I 0 f Q0 Tp \ 650°/^w\ ~845°f600°l / ___ Q0 Tp \ 650° J ^ w \

34 39 36 44 31.5

65 11.8 53 5.8 60 6.9 63 8.3 67 10.25 71 13.0 72 14.1

I

Ï02 9 5 J 3 1 8 ^ 5 54 9.4 ( 28 ) 93 77.5 22 61 11.1 106.5ÎOO 16.5 ^55 JTÏT 91.5 79 23 61.5 10.5 84.5 83.5 78.5 84.5 84 82 94 104.5 80 86.5 94.5 105

67 55 19 67 61.5 17 60 ~ 4 9 1 0 67.5 56.5 18 67.5 63 10 65.5 61.5 19 80 69.5 13 93 82 13 63 55 19 72 67.5 18 83 72.5 13 94.5 85 14

43 34 ~Ï5 45 14 46 26 38 42 41 24 37

5.55 ( 80 ) 0.3 5.25 5.95 0.3 4.85 0.8 0.55 5.4 1.0 0.55 1.95

^

Treatment

BHN UTS\ YP

259 As received 95O0Ca A 950°

69 22 74 18 86.5 9 50.5 21

~ 4 Î Î 9 44 20 31.5 24 36 23 ~38 24 39.5 24 50.5 19 49 22 55 17 42.5 20 36 24

TABLE 7, PART I.—NICKEL CHROMIUM STEELS* (TENSILE, HARDNESS AND IMPACT TESTS).—(Continued)

[250°... 85O 0 Q 0 Tp •{ 300°... (350°...

PL

147.5137 141 125 67.5 33 177 170 172 166 162.5 148

262a b c d e f g h i j k I

RA

(Ts 3CÜ5 11 31 27 53 11 43.5 10 39 11 41

260 F 9 0 0 ° Q 0 T p / Q w . . . 2 9 7 9 6 ^ 5 ~76~~ ~55 6507120 \C 8 ... 282 93.1 75.5 66 261 F900°Q 0 Tp/Q w ... 209 6507120 \C8 ... 200

El

17 15

67.5 52.5 36 21 65 51 42.5 21

IS^

Lit. (7Ï)

37 31

4~85 "(sTj 2.9

56 55

5.7 7") 5.4

850° Ca N 820°

321 113 86.5 15 41 0.8 (4,18,47, 321 113 86.5 g J, 15 41 0.8 50 » sl » [200° 321 111.5 88 ^J 15 46 1.1 80» 109» 110 300° 321 111 95.5 ?^-H_ 15 48 0.4 > „ 400° I 302 105.5 89.5 J *£ 16 51 0.7 Ö me> yw * J500° | 277 94.5 80 ^g « 18 54 2.35 P 600° 255 85 71 g^-g 22 60 6.65 0 a 65O J 241 82 67.5 fr ° 23 62 8.85 0 [79O C8**.. 167**** 61.5 42 40 33 67 6.9 0 100O Q0Tp f Q w . 240 79 58.5 44 19 ~40 9.15 6707120 \ C S . . . 230 77 58 42.5 19 39 2.8

f Q w - - . 245~~ '°a...245 JC8**. .237 o (1) Tp2 650° C8** 235 p (n)Tp 2 650°Q w 235 q 900° Q0 675°/2 h Ca 234 r 90O 0 Q 0 Tp f Qw ... 245 s 6507120 \CS** . . 240 t (r) Tp2 670° Qw 226 u 900°Q065076hCa.. 226 v 900°Q060072hCa.. 264 w 900° Q 0 55072hC a .. 286 x 850°Q 0 Tp/Qw . . 2 4 5 y 650° \C S **..24Q z 850°QW Tp / Qw . . 2 3 O aa 6757495 \C8**. . 220 bb f400°Q w 388 cc 500° Qw 331 dd 550°Ca 287 00 ee T % ° J600°Q W 285 p h ff 600°Ca 270 gg 650°Ca 243 hh [65O0C8** 224 ü (hh) Tp2 650° Q0 218 Jj 820° Q0 705°,/Qw 220 kk 75 Ca 600° \CS** 217 II 820° Q0 705°, / Qw 223 mm 75 Q0 600° \CS** 214 nn 820°Q0788°Q0, f C8 247 00 Tp2 650° \Q W 246 pp 820° Q0 788 C 8 **....

~78~ ~ef~ 45.5 ~23 55 TjT 78 6 2 . 5 4 9 25 58 4.15 77 61.5 50 20 47 0.7 75 59 49 22.5 52 0.7 74 57 42.5 20 45 9.0 80 53 41 17 34 5.7 81 64 46 21 54 6.1 80 63.5 53 23 58 1.1 77~~ 53.5 31.5 16.5 ~32 6.25 76 60 47 20 43 6.4 88 76 63 18 42 1.8 94 84.5 69 15 37 1.0 76.5 61 49 21 56 8.3 76 60.5 52 22.5 56 1.25 73 49 30.5 24 48 9.0 71 48 33 25 52 5.1 135 122.5 14 50 0.8 115 105.5 18 54 2.8 94 85 69.5 4 7 1.1 97.5 89 81§§ 20 61 6.5 88 77 64.5 12 25 1.9 80.5 67.5 56.5 18 43 5.7 74 60 47 16 32 1.8 72 57.5 47 19 49 5.95 75 53.5 31.5 21 50 5.1 74 50 31.5 21 43 2.2 76.5 58 39.5 21 51 5.7 73.5 54.5 42.5 19 45 2.35 79.5 73 71.5|I|| 24 69 80 70.5 60.5UU 23 _69 ôl.olïT 40 33 67 v. also Fig. 13

263a 100O0I p T 229 e 80O0J s c /m \ 209 b c IQOO 0 Ca 296 d 900° Ca Tp/Qw... 220 e 6507120 \C a . .. 217

78.5 72.5 99.5 74 73.5

m n

f g h 1 j k l m n o p

1ft nn°n

T

6507Ï2°0

P

80O0Ca 296 100O0Q0Tp f Q w . . . 267 7007120 \Cs**. . 237 100O0Q0Tp f Q w . . . 310 5507120 \C8**. . 311 100O 0 Q 0 Tp/Qw-. . 40Î 4007120 \CS**. . 397 900° Q 0 675°/2hC a .. 242 900° Q 0 Tp/Qw . . . 247 6507120 \C8** . . 245 900° Q0 650°/6 h Ca 244

45 41.5 63.5 55.5 56

30 34.5 16 41 45.5

100 64 20.5 9Ö~~ 50.5 23.5 78 50 20.5 99 88 71 100.5 88 67.5 134 123 82 133 123 74 82^5 54.5~33 83~~ 67 ^47 82.5 _67_ _58 82 65.5 53.5

22 27 16 25 25

51 61 41 66 66

2.8 (18, **, 5.8 47, so, 1.8 5l, 65, 9.4 69,71, 9.4 »o, I09 f

18 43 2.35 110) 19 47 6.1 26 62 9.4 20 56 6.35 15 28 1.8 12 41 0.8 8 _22 0.8 24 ~ 55 6.25 25 66 10.25 25 65 3.45 25 65 9.95

TABLE 7, ey ?l No.

PART I.—NICKEL CHBOMIUM STEELS* (TENSILE, HARDNESS AND IMPACT TESTS).—(Continued)

Treatment _______^__ BHN UTS YP PL El RA 7Sut Lit.

263 q 900 0 Qo600°/2hC a 262 r [530°] ***321 s !?V*M 600° kwftt 275 P t (65O0J ÏÎÎ248 u v w x y z aa bb jîc

82O0Q0 Same, Tp

(20O 0 I 300° 400° I 500° [Q W I ] 600° 650° 70O0J { [70O0C8**..

495 469 436 388 331 285 269 240 236

264 900°QoTp/Q w . . . 247 650°/120 \CS** . . 234

90.5 77.5 _66 J53 110 100 90 18 98 88 74 21 89 78 60.5 24 182.5 168.5 152.5 126 134 118 112 102 94.5 85 89.5 75.5 85 51 25 78 50 33 81 78

66 54 62 66

26 26 4

70 _69 2

(

:

85O0Ca 82O0Ca

Same, Tp

200° 300° 400° Q 500° Qw 600° 650° 400°] 500° I 620o

A

268

Wgf 795° Ca W8ait795°Ca Wgf 825° C»

269

I 262 255

270 900° Q0 Tp/Q w . . . 245 ___ 65Q°/120 \Cf** . . 239

273

274

90 | 74

, 28, 7l)

21.5 54.5 6.9 19 47 7.5 19 54 7.3 18 49 7.2

is^

13.8 24

40 2.5 (is, so, 39 2.35 «2,65, 44 2.35 ?i) 48 1.65 52 1.95 56 4.7 65 10.4 j>7 11.5 52 2.35 56 5.1

279

~ 82

("237 \ 214 ( 203

100O0Qw

." ~^^_ 77 ~. 196

PL

I El

RA

/Swt| Lit.

95O0Qw

1

1 75 1 45 I

\ca. 160

| 30

|

C? 1 ) | 7.5 (7*) ( 20 )

Scleroscope hardness = ca. 19

* See Table of Chemical Analyses, p. 486 t For meaning of subscripts, v. p. 396. Î PL = 23.5. § ScH = 40. f Bars 3 in. diam. ** C8 = Cooled at 0.3° per min. between 600 and 400°. tt ScH = 28. ÎÎ Large size Charpy test piece. §§ScH =36; EL = 82.5. Il u ScH = 28; EL = 70. n ScH = 29; EL = 60.5. *** ScH = 50. ttt ScH = 45. Uî ScH = 38. §§§ ScH = 69. Il (I II On 75 mm diam. ff f 15 mm diam. **** ScH = 22. tttt Additional values of impact strength for steels Nos. 262 and 263.

KN 262

Trt I a I b I c | d | e | f | g | h | bb | ce | ee~ ISy I 1.3 I 1.2 I 1.3 I 0.6 I 0.8 | 2.4 | 6.1 | 10.1 | 1.1 | 2.5 | 6.9~

Trt I 1 I m I n I o | p | Trt /^v I 7.6 I 2.5 |0.55| 0.4 I 7.1 I ISx

| j | k | 1 | m | 12.0 | 5.0 | 11.0 | 5.3

T r t | n | o | p | r | s | t | x | y | z ( a a | e e J^Sx I 0.8 I 0.6 I 9.8 I 7.8 I 2 5 8.9 | 10.2 | 1.8 I 12.0 | 7.6 | 6.3 Trt I jj I kk I 11 I mm | Trt | nn | oo | pp IS* I 7.6 I 4.2 I 8.2 I 4.3 [ J£z | 7.5 | 7.8 | 6.9

Nos. 262j to 262aa tested on the Guillery Mach.

KN I Trt I u I v I w I x I y I z I aa I 263 ~LSfv I 1.6 |.2.9 | 0.7 | 1.7 | 3.5 | 8.9 | 12.8 |

TABLE 7, PART II.—COMPRESSION TESTS ON Ni-CR STEELS

57 11.9

144.5 2.4 11 38 141 2.55 13 34 143.5 2.65 12.5 39 PL

2.0 (2») 2.0 2.15 (3)

8 35

0

8JT5~49~~ 80 45.5 75 36.5

70

33 38

95O0Ca 70 29 95O0Cf 63 27 0 90O Qw _____ 74.5 JJO As f 3 0 0 ° i f 79~ 42 recei-Uo0 0 L nn J 80.5 49.5 OUyw ved, |500°[ ] 70.536.5 0 Tp [60O J { ____ 61.5 37.5 Tp 4007360 Qw 73 49.5 Tp 350°/120 Qw 74 39.5 900°QwTp400°/60.. 7L5 33

^y

Treatment

.^

D

^m.,

ucs

YPC

PLc ELC

Lit.

243 I Hot rolled | 3.5 | 0.75 | 45 |28 |26.5| | (128) 262 830° Ca A 788°/30 Cf.. 3 0.75 43 39.5 (ios, no) 83O 0 QoOOO 0 Qo 3 0.75 9 3 . 5 9 1 . 5 8 6 87 830° Q0 788° Qo/Cf 3 0.75 70.5 70 68.769 650°/60 \Q W 3 0.75 70 68.564.564.5 269 v. Fig. 40

Specimens 0.564 in. X 0.564 in. diam. Loaded to 315 kg/mm2 (28)

~ 8 Ï 5 8 ~ 36 80 55 36

1000°] HOO°[QO 120O0J

275 As received, R

3

173.5103 38 161.0109 55.5 152.0128 93.5 145.0140.5104 132.5115.5 91.5 110.0 102.5 89 95.5 75.5 _61

f 100° 200° _ J 300° Same, Tp
~27T A s forged 115O0Q0

(

(S*)

BHN UTS YP

BHN: 900° Qw = 187; 1000° Qw = 187: 1100° Qw = 293

278 As for service

ScH = 45

430~~ 183 444 186 430 183

83O0Ca

8.6 5.0

Treatment

ScH = 44

. 269

277

.

-477 180. 133 2.3 13 477§§§ Î76~ 139 2.3 10 477 174. 132 2.6 U 444 162. 128 2.0 12 418 141. 126 2.1 14 351 116. 105.5 3.7 18 277 94. 82 11.7 23 262 85 72.5 14.6 _25 f 418 143 137 2.8 13 j 364 123 112 5.8 16

> Qw I

65O0J

= =

7.9 3.6 6.8 9.0

14 37 1.5 14.5 50 2.8 14.5 53 0.55 16 54 1.1 19 56 3.9 22.5 62 8.15 24 65 10.25 18 45 5.0 20 37 9.55

67.5 53.5 64.5 56.5

ÏS~ ÏÔeTo ~ 100° 190.5121.5 52 200° 174 136 90 300° 158 129 111 400° 145 121 102 ~ ~ T /600°.... 3 Ö Ö Ï 0 5 ~ 9 0 820 Wo 1 P^ 65 QQ.... 293 104 jtf /600°.... 300 Ï05~ ~93~ MO ^0 1 P^ 650 Q 293 103 8 8 5

267

^y 276

~265~ 83O0Qo

=

TABLE 7, PART I.—NICKEL CHROMIUM STEELS* (TENSILE, HARDNESS AND IMPACT TESTS).—(Continued)

~

24 24

62 65

7 52IHIII

/^t (136) 52fff 24.5

22 37 35 42.5 47 48.5 73

_68

8.2 6.1

(28, si)

(136)

Key No | 257 | 257 | 263 | 263 | 265 Treatment [ 825° Q0 | 845° Q0 [ 824° Q0 | 845° Q0 | 824° Q0 Permanent set...I 23% | 25% 12.7% | 10.2% | 2.8%

TABLE 7, PART III.—TORSION TESTS ON Ni-CR STEELS ^.eoy

Treatment

243

Rh (2 in. X I in. diam.). Rh (2 in. X I in. outside diam. X i in. inside diam.)

257

OOKorï

T /600° 825Cj0Ip^6500

61 5

5Q 5c

7Q

5Q 5

MVQ TT,/6600 ° 845 QoTp^ 500

66 5c ' 5Qo

89 7Q

67 5 ' 5Q

ût (S2)

45 to 25 57 to 46 5.5 (71) 57 58 48.5 51 62 _59 40.5 51 35 51 29.5 43 28 44.5_ 40 52 47.5 J>2 58 54

262

830° Ca 788°/30 Cft 830° Q0 788°/30 Q0 650° Cft Same, but 650° Qwt 830° Q0 600° Q01

I USS* TMR\ FP8 PL3 EL8 ^^ Lit. 32.5C

43.519.5 17

17 - c

(ias)"

_1^

82.56ÌT5

884° 886°

(*«)

1094

° 1104°

25.5 24

( 1 OS, )

110

44 44.5 44 44 59.5 51 51.5

TABLE 7, PART III.—TORSION TESTS ON Ni-Cn STEELS.— ^ (Continued) *** 1 0 ^263

Treatment 850o-0 T P

265

USS*

[530°] I 67.5o J600°[Q W :H 62.5c ( 650° ) { 57.5C

825° Q0 Tp 650° /600° 845 Q0 T Tp|65QO s ,,o n

69.5C 70C 65 5c

TMR YP8 PL8 EL8 90.561.5 83 58.5 76.5 51 92.558.5 93 66.5 87

58

Jotf Lit. twist 310° (28, 6 440° ^) 600° 1050° 954° 886o

(28)

830° Q0 Tp 620° 61.50 82.551.5 399° ( 6 S ) 820° Hat 106C 141 88 27° * Subscript c calculated on assumption of uniform stress throughout section. t Specimen 2^ in. X H in. diam. Î Specimen 1% in. X £s in. diam.

267

TABLE 8.—Ni-Cu STEELS* ^Tey No. 279 280 281 282 283

•

284 285 286 287 288 289 290 291 292 293 294 295 296 297 298 299 300 301

302

303

304 305 306 307 308 309 310 311 312

Treatment As cast As received As cast As forged 800° Ca 80O 0 Q 0 TpJ As forged As rolled As forged As forged... As rolled 780° Ca 780° Q0 TpJ 760° C» 760° Q0 Tpî As forged 850° Qw Tp 400° As rolled As forged As cast 800° Ca 800° Q0 Tpt 780° Ca 780° Q0 Tp J As forged 777 As forged 850° Qw Tp 400° 780° Ca 780° Q0 Tpt As forged As received Annealed Tp0 As rolled Annealed /425°---R 1 - o n0 T gio ^ l p \315°.... As received Annealed Tp0 As received As received As forged Annealed As received As received As forged Annealed As received As forged Annealed As forged Annealed

TABLE 8.—Ni-Cu STEELS.*—(Continued) Key No. | Trt | ScH \ UTS \ YP \ El \ RA \ Lit. 3Î3 F 37 104.5 98ÜL13 37 (22) A 33 105.4 101.1 16 52 314 F 39 130.1 110.6 13 40.5 (22) A 33 106.4 102.5 12 39 315 F 40 117.1 101.4 7 16.5 (22) A 34 106.5 103.1 10 38 316 F 41 129.3 114.2 10 27 (22) A 33 107.5 96.8 11 40.5 317 F 41 144.0 119.5 7.5 17.5 (22) A 38 114.0 91.2 10.5 16 318 F 42 143.0 131.3 6 7 (22) A 42 108.9 I 89.0 4 1

BHN\ ScH UTS YP PL El RA Lit. I ^7 Treatment IS\\ 139 60.2 42.9 25 42.5 ( 8 *) 93 67.7 37.1 57 ( ) 283 800° QoI [ TO 149 ___ 64.5 43.0 28 47 (84) 0 289 78O Q 0.8 s 0 99.0 69.0 ÏÏTJT 18 ( <) 290 76O00 Q 0 1 1 7 5 3 1 0.5 320 37 105.5 90.1 56.2 lit 27 (23) 295 80O Q0 P / * i.i 546 57 220.3 192.2 7.5t 36.5 296 78O 0 Q 0 0.4 104.8 79.9 11 24.5 ( 5 *) 299 78O 0 QoJ [ 0.5 307 61.1 40.7 20.5 45 (58) * For analyses v. p. 486. 77.6 58.1 22 48 (54) t Dimensions of test piece = 2 in. X 0.3 in. diam. 92.9 60.5 11.5 23 ( 5 *) Ì Tp 175°/3 h. 300 54.5 36.5 25 54 (") § Broke in thread. 326 35 122.0 120.8 38.7 6| 15 (23) Il Izod machine. Specimens 0.45 in. diam. Area of notch 0.12 in.2 ( 23 ). 550 60 142.1? 105.5 TABLE 9.—NICKEL VANADIUM STEELS* (TENSILE, HARDNESS AND 279 37 98.2 92.5 49.9 11.Sf (23) IMPACT TESTS) 642 70 176.9? 98.4 2Of 1 y 79.2 56.2 19 38 ( 5 *) ^ Treatment BHN UTS YP PL El^ RA ISl Lit. § 88.6 55 58 1ÏÏ9 N 900° C ... 170 60.3 44.620 70 Z U Z ( ) 8 62.4 39.1 20 47 ( ) 850° Qw 311 115.3 96.6 9 43.5 ISy 90.1 56.0 12.5 17 ( 5 *) 320 I N 900° C8 |235 | 95.7 | 48.0| 7 | 8 |6 |(55) 166 70.3 53.8 20 33 ( 8 *) ~32Ï 850° Ca 89.5 64.4 40.015 3 2 ~ ~ ( 7 1 ) 292 38 101.0 94.4 49.2 12t 38 (23) »*n°n T /600°....282 94.2 55.6 12 21.5 555 63 230.5 196.1 130.7 4.5f 8 OQU ^Q 1 P ^ 700 Q 235 91.0 70.0 47.116 29 23 285 38 103.7 92.5 59.8 12f 45 ( ) p. Figs. 29 and 46. BHN = 600 (Qw); 532 (Q0); 269 (Ca); 255 (Cm) 578 68 209.4 183.8 If _2 322 I N 900° C8 |277 | 89.6J | 4 6 . I l l |25.5| 6 I (55) 88.9 56.7 14 2sl>~(&*) 323 N 900° C8 187 66.3 55.221.557 I 31 (SS) 54 70.7 49.5 18.5 33 ( ) 850° Qw 387 117.0 97.0 8 44 11 § 129.6 324 N 900° C8 217 72.3 64.016 48 16 (55) 396 40 108.4 49.2 If (23) 850° Qw 269 137.0 132.2 4 16.5 6 530 52 176.9 98.4 If 14 "Ì25 850° Ca 101.5 70.0 44.711.516.5 (71) 93.6 93.6 1 O (54) T /650°.... 302 104.0 61.9 38.810 21.5 0 P 62.4 41.6 30.8 16.5 29 ( 132 ) ^ \700°.... 241 97.2 77.8 52.611.520 61.6 40.5 34.5 21.5 33 p. Figs. 29 and 46. BHN = 600 (Q w ); 578 (Q0); 285 (Ca); 265 (Cm) 70.3 49.2 43.2 19.5 36 326 N 900° C 8 .. 166 77.Q(EL = 56.2) 16 61 6 I (56) 81.0 50.9 22 51 ( 1 0 1 ) 850° Qw 375 3 75.4 44.8 25 48 327 ! N 900° C8 |255 | 96.2| | 55.4J 5 | 8 . 5 | 5 | (**) 121 3 108 3 13 49 140.6 130.1 12 46 328 N 900° C8 183 60.8 44.817.538 5 («S) 850° Qw 156 54.9 40.318 40 9 85.1 60.8 35.6 3 5 ( 132 ) . 83.7 58.0 46.9 14.5 39 329 I N 900° C8 J235 | 84.8| 54.8| 7 |l2 | 5 | ( 5 S ) 60.6 59.4 O _0 330 N 950° C8 196 69.2(EL = 52.0) 20 46 6 (56) 71.0 40.3 42.5 61.5 ( 31 ) 850° Qw 460 2 31 67.5 36.4 42 54 ( ) ~331 840° Ca§ 255 102.1 61.4 35.916 47 | ISU\\ (23T 16 49.9 34.6 22.5 62.5 (") 840° Q0 Tp^ ** 202.8 91.4 9 37.5J 1.2 17_ 44.3 28.3 30 64 332 I 827° Q0 Tp 205° |512tt|205.8|l57.9|ll9.5| O | 3.5| 1.2 | ( 2 3 ) 31 53.1 44.7 28 65.5 ( ) 333 800° Ca 302JÎ 97.7 72.5 58.319.548.5 (23) 52.8 45.4 25.5 71.5 ( 31 ) 8OQ 0 Q 0 Tp^ 627§§ 241.3 194.2 5 8 0.8 18 57.8 44.7 28 65 (22» "334 Rf in. diam 107.3 79.1 17a 36 (8T" 3 21_ 61.6 50.1 24 60 ^) 800° Ca 85.6 72.9 22a 51 1Oc 106.1 84.4 8 16 (3M 22 59.0 50.9 25 54 (22) R 3 X f i n . plate 111.6 64.5 ~— (20a \ 12 r g £j±j ^ l i O y 24_ 75.5 63.9 19 49.5 ~ ^ 3 ~ 5 N 900° C8 183 73.0 57 19 "Ï4~^ 8 (56) 27 75.6 64.5 20 53 (22) 850° Qw . . . 4 6 0 129.0 129 O J 2 3 26 72.4 61.9 20 62.5

TABLE 9.—NICKEL VANADIUM STEELS* (TENSILE, HARDNESS AND TABLE 10.—VANADIUM STEELS (TENSILE, HARDNESS AND IMPACT IMPACT TESTS).—(Continued) TESTS) .—(Continued) BHN\ UTS YP

PL Eli RA ISyI

Lit.

^y

N 900° C8 850° Qw

179 402

67.8

49.021

8 3

( 56 )

348

N 900° C8 850° Qw 338 N 900° C8 850° Qw 1*39 N 900° C8 850° Qw

192 293 235 321 166 302

76.0 157.0 78.2 151.2 61.0 154.0

10 8 8 5 20 9

(56)

^ 336

Treatment

337

44

57.618 48 148 11 48 61.817.545 144 10 46.5 49.024.544 146 10 46

( 56 ) (56)

* For analyses v. p. 487. t Dimensions of test pieces; 100 mm X 13.8 mm diam. except for Nos. 331333 where they are 2 in. X 0.300 in. diam. and for Nos. 321, 325, 334, dimensions 2 in. X 0.564 in. diam. Î For meaning of subscripts v. p. 396. § ScH = 38. Il Test piece 0.35 in. diam. Area of notch = 0.074 in.2 1 Tp 175°/180. ** ScH = 43. îî ScH = 26. tfScH = 69. §§ScH = 60.

TABLE 10.—VANADIUM STEELS (TENSILE, HARDNESS AND IMPACT TESTS)

540° 595° Same, Tp- 650° 705° 760°

Hardness ScH 44 55 58 38 37 35 32 28

341

R fin.*

BHN 106.9

67.7

6.5a

7

(»)

342

As received 900° Ca A 950° Cft C 400° Ca ^50 500° C Qw Tp [ 70()0 Caa

166 104 82 116 121 116

60.0 39.5 36.2 42.6 48.5 44.2

52.8 27.7 20.8 28.9 30.5 32.1

24a 36a 39a 33a 35. 5a 35a

70 74.5 73 79 77.5 75

(i<>6, io?)

As received 900° Ca A 950° Cft [40O 0 Ca 850o *5° 50O 0 Ca QwTp Ì700oCa

143 126 94 157 159 145

63.7 50.4 40.0 59.8 61.8 56.2

46.4 33.4 19.5 40.9 41.5 39.0

23a 32a 37. 5a 31. 5a 29. 5a 31a

55 62 62 67 66 69

56.8 55.9 62.3

IS^ 26.2 15.8 23.5 29.5 0.9 28.1 22.5 27.5 43 2.1 36.9 35.5 26.4 47 2.6

Key No. 340

343

344

345

346

347

Treatment

815° Q0 870° Q0 925° Q0

As cast A 925° Cf 925° Ca As received 900° Ca A 950° Cft [400° Ca *f° 50O 0 Ca QwTp l700°Ca As received 900° Ca A 950° Cft f 400° Ca 850o ^50 SOO 0 Ca QwTp (700°Ca As received 900° Ca A 950° Cft f 400° Ca *5° 50O0Ca

QwT P [ 7 0 0 0 C a

348

156 152 162

As received 900° Ca A 950° Cft

252 202 136 286 266 212

UTS

YP

97.7 79.4 137.2 118.2 142.0 121.0 87.1 80.6 83.3 74.1 74.5 68.9 61.9 53.6 53.1 42.8

PL

El

RA

IS

Lit. (53)

3 4.5 7 14 15 15 18 20

350 N 900° Csî 850° Qw 351

352

286 600

354

10. 5a 17 23a 45.5 26a 43 16. 5a 44.5 18a 51 24. 5a 57.5

(i<> 6 » 107)

9.5a 11. 5a 18a 11. 5a 13a 19. 5a 13a 19. 5a 20a

( 1 O*)

18 20.5 27.5 33.5 35.5 44 23 32 28

ISy

18^41.5 23a 48.5 32a 39

43.8~~820 103.0 6 12

140 156

R f in.*

68.0

41.1~2Ö 41.4 20

85.9 65.9 92.3 118.2

(8)

15C

( 23 ) 1.41111

56.5 18.9

34.5 _____

7a

7.5

22a

41.5

119

)

(8)

(9)

N 900° Csî 850° Qw

217 217

57.7 73.1

43.4 15.5 58 49.2 17.5 61

19 11

362

N 900° Cat 850° Qw

332 555

96.2 130.1

56.2~119 112.2 3 10

4 O

(55, n9) (55, 119

)

(8)

7.5a _9

41. T 32.1

(8) (55,

3 O

361

132.2 ~927e

(ss, "9)

~2Ö 13

47.4~~820 105.1 9 20

134.6 102.1

R 1 in

4.3ft

8.5a 10

69 63

52.9 68.5

(55, (U 9 ) ( 23 )

52 45

356

286 512

(8> 128)

{ 31* }51'5

21 31

~Ï59 163

(55> "»)

43.8 30.2 ~24 62.530 54.6 _____ 49.2 22.5 66.5 10

120.0

N 900° C8J 850° Qw

(*<>«» 107)

3 O

69.7 53.1

N 900° C8J 850° Qw

Lit. '

R3X|in

364

R f in.*

365

N 900° Csî 850° Q w .

366

R j in.*

367

N 900° C81 850° Qw

286 532

368

N 900° C8Î 850° Qw

159 156

369

N 900° C8 850° Qw

262 321

94.9 112.2

64.1 ~ ~ 9 3 1 ~ ~ 101.1 13 13

3 3

( 5 S, l19)

370

N 900° Csî 850° Qw

159 156

50.4 55.4

39.4~Ï568 42.3 12 60

25 25

(55, U9)

286 652

91.4 105.3

2 O

( 5S , U9)

217 207

372

N 900° C8 850° Q w

373 N 900° Csî ___ 850°QW

37a

61.1 95.6

ïsTi To 61.8 12

128.4 85.0 __.

371 950°/6 h C 12 h

(106)

RA 41 39.5 50

355 780° Ca 217ÎÎ 82.0 54.5 42.1 7.5 780° Q 0 TpIf... 340§§ 106.1 77.3 2.5

( 9 S)

93.7 72.4 55.2 105.0 95.6 79.1

88.5 115.3

El I^ 16a 21a

75.4 58.9 36.9 23a 51 57.1 44.4 29.5a 59.5

363 R f i n . *

(106)

PL

R (bar) 800° Ca

360 950°/6 h C 12 h

3.5 32 44.5 9 23 35

YP

353 820° Ca§ 208Il 75.3 55.7 49.9 22 820° Q 0 TpIf... 196** 81.1 67.0 59.7 12

359

(los, 107)

UTS

131.0 103.9 125.2 90.7 88.8 64.5

349 As received ~ 2 2 8 8 4 . 5 61.4 900°C a 196 66.8 45.8 A 950° Cft 120 48.5 25.8 (400°Cal36 *5U 50O0Ca 227 Qw lp [ 700° Ca 195

358 N 900° C8J 850° Qw

4.5 a 17a 28a 4.5 a 9.5a 17a

109.9 61.4 100.8 48.8 63.2 25.2 146.4 112.0 142.2 100.8 95.0 66.1 110.8 69.3 86.1 47.2 65.2 26.7

5 ^w

BHN

( 400° Ca ] 500° Ca P [700°C a

357 R 3 X f i n . . . ..

104.5 59.8 83.1 45.3 59.4 25.2 146.4 119.6 134.4 89.8 95.9 63.0 61.4 46.0 22.7 80.2 74.0 56.7

Treatment

87.5 121.3

58.3 ~8 101.3 5

56.4 71.7?

55.1

10a

44.8~Ï9 52.1 14

22.1

~(*)~

72~

71 60

(5S,

20 12

119

26 6.5

(5S,

3 O

119

)

(5S, ** 9 )

72.5 30 67 18

(9)

24.5a 52 48.1 ~ ~ 9 3 4 75.6 11.5 18.5

)

(8)

17.5

~99

4 7 Ï Ï 2 ^ 8 ~26 45.6 29.5 21

74~ ~22 61

(ss,

374 N 900° Csî 850° Q w .

~262 321

85.2 99.7

58.2^6 67.7 3

28.5 ~ ~ 3 ( 6.5 O

5 S

375 N 900° Csî 850° Qw

255 578

98.9 95.3

55.3 TÏ 58.7 11

25 41

(55)

376

N 900° Csî 850°QW

143 121

46.5 44.3

25.5 ~Î7 61 ~ ^ 6 ( 5 5 , 26.3 26.5 58.5 3 i19)

377

950°/6 h C 12 Jb 109 99

43.8 42.5

24.8^0 25.9 30

143 105

51.7 45.8

28~9 ~2034 35.8 27.5 41

378 N 900° C8Î _____ 850° Q w 379

N 900° CSÌ 850° Q w

i.

52.6 26.8

25a

5 O

53 Q3~ 65

119

)

,

119

)

0>)__ 2 3

(55, n»)

3 2

(ss, 119)

TABLE 10.—VANADIUM STEELS (TENSILE, HARDNESS AND IMPACT TESTS) .—(Continued) ^Tey Treatment No. 380 N 900° C8Î 850° Qw

BHN 118 124

46.5 46.9

25.3 31 26.2 22

381 N 900° C8J 850° Qw

179 187

62.5 58.2

31.6 12 37.5 O 42.3 17.5 33 O

UTS

•

382 950°/6 h C 12 h

YP

PL

El

53.1 23.6

RA 53 56

23a

ISy Lit. ^ 4 (55, 2 *19) (55, "*>)

TABLE 11.—ELASTIC PROPERTIES.—(Continued) ?fy No. 7

(9)

31.5

(9)

383 Same 58.3 28.3 10a 10 Compression test on No. 351 (hot rolled): UCS = 71, YPC = 45,PLC = 38kg/mm2( 128 ). * Diameter. t A 950°/18 h Cf. Î Tensile specimen 100 mm X 13.8 mm diam. § Tensile specimen 2 in. X 0.300 in. diam. |[ ScH = 24. 1 Tp 175°/3 h. ** ScH = 27. ft ISu- Specimen 10.09 mm diam., area at notch = 52.6 mm8. JÎ ScH = 22. §§ ScH = 40. U H ISu' Specimen 11.4 mm diam., area at notch = 77.8 mm2.

350 352 358 361 55.5 23 50.5 30

Key No USS

373 24

^®y

374 376 40 24

Treatment

USS

362 52

365 29

367 43

368 24

13

369 38

372 44

14 16

Tw Lit. 9

344

As cast 40 16 11.5 697° ( S) A 925° Cf 44.5 24 21.5 694° 925° Ca 48 27 24.5 1045° 351 Hotrolled* 56cf 31.5 24 (*28) * 2 in. X ^ in. diam. t Calculated on assumption of uniform stress throughout section.

19

Treatment

W~2E

1(T2£

Lit.

83 79.5

(90,110)

Carbon Steels 1

Normalized Annealed

2~ Rh 14.3mm* 13.0mm 12.0mm n 10.8mm 9.7mm Rh 5.20mm* [3.97mm 2.83mm 2.37mm D I 2.00mm I 1.70mm 1.37mm 1.18mm [ 0.98 mm 3~~ Forged A 850° 850° Qw 850° Q0 80° 1000° Qw Same, Tp 550° 1000° Q0 5~ Rolled A670°/30

190 196 192 190 187 200 215 210 210 200 198 200 201 200 208 206 211 206 207 207 208 210 209

79f

( > > 141)

(123)

206 205 202 198 199 200 200 201 199 ~~204 218 [213 I 220 ( 204

26

Forged Annealed Hardened

226 213 211

41 34

^

198 199 197 198

36

15

Same, TpJ 6 5 0 0

Rolled [ 675° ) A] 1150° [30 [ 900° J Annealed N 815° 845° Qw 565° Ca....

Lit.

82T(29»74' 141 )

82 (141)

210

85O 0 Q 0 SO 0 Same, Tp 550° Rh 15.0mm* ( 14.3mm 13.8mm D I 13.2 mm ] 12.7mm 11.2mm ( 8.2mm 1"76O0Cf

10"2G

207

Rh A 850° 850° Qw Tp 550° 850° Q0 Tp 550°

~27 32

(46)

rr /550°

206 200 199 206 200 199

22

TABLE 11.—ELASTIC PROPERTIES ?fy No.

A 900° 850° Qw Same, Tp 550° 850° Q0 80° Same, Tp 550° 900° Q0 a

378 379 380 381 „ (N 9°0° Cs) Fremont machine 24 27 27 31 used(119) YP8 PL&

Treatment 10~2# • Carbon Steels

8~~ 850° Qw

TABLE 1(M.—SHEAR AND TORSION TESTS ON VANADIUM STEELS Key No USS

.

"775° Qw 650° Cf N 845° 790° Qw Tp 650° Rh 5.37mm* ( 4.36 mm 3.60mm D 3.00mm 2.48mm 1.98mm

205 202 193 208 199 200

Forged.. Annealed Hardened.. lth 15.0mm* 14.3mm 13.9mm D 13.2mm 12.7mm 11.2 mm 750° Qw Same, Tp 350° 750° Q0 80°

230 214 208 209 207 205 205 201 200 205 214 206

(46)

~83(*4Q) (86>123) (v. also Fig. 23) 82 82.7 83 84

(74, no)

(141)

"T^)

85.5 7"°) 82 (46» no) 85

(")

(46,141)

TABLE 11.—ELASTIC PROPERTIES.—(Continued) KevJ XT No.

1(T2#

Treatment

1(T2G

TABLE 11.—ELASTIC PROPERTIES.—(Continued) Lit.

45

A 900° 900° Q0

51

A 850° 750° Qw Tp 650° Rh 5.30mm* 4.58 mm 4.22 mm n 3.84mm 3.43 mm

.

209 204 214 204 82 78

209 200 219 212 205 197 200

~~~~~

"A 900° (v. also Fig. 23). .T F A H

211 217 203

59

A 900° 90O 0 Qo

206 193

Rh A 790° Cf A 850° 750° Qw 850° Qw

208

60

64 68

70 75

(46,141)

6

80.5

T* ) 7")

82.7 78.7

( 74 )

"

(ÏÎS 141 )

(46)

201 199 199 200 197 198

T ~

215 208 200

4 5

7 8 9

*° 86.5

202 202 199 192

10 ÏÏ 13

As cast A 770-840° As cast As cast As cast As cast

83 (124) 17.6 (63) 84.3-105.545-57.7 (21) 85 (21.124) 64.5 (124) 71 (124)

Treatment

15 16 83,8 80.0 83.5 82.0

"(74) O 5 » 74, no» 141)

18 19 20 21

80.0 84.0 82.0

"O40) (Î5)

24 26

~~79 75

Normalized 900° Qw Annealed Cold worked Same, Tp 600° Rh or 900° Qw Normalized "A or 850° Qw NlOOO 0 800-1000° Qw Annealed 850° Qw Annealed Annealed Normalized 85O0Q0...:

77

A 900° 900° Q0

201 189

78

F A

206 208

(Ï5)

29 32

80

F A

213 207

(Ï5)

33

* Diameter. t X (obs.) = 0.314. J X (obs.) = 0.265-0.275.

Lit.

dj°

Lit.

Carbon Steels

84

204 193 200 209

10~2£

TABLE 12.—SPECIFIC GRAVITY For changes in volume due to tempering, see p. 477

3

205 199 197

\650° Rh 15.0 mm* 14.3 mm 13.9mm D 13.2 mm 12.7mm 12.3mm A 900° 900° Q0 F A N 860° 750° Qw Same, Tp 650° 850° Qw Tp 650° 900° Q0 Same, Tp 460° "A760°Ct F A

"(™)

100 102 106 111 114 118

^7

83.5

450 79O 0Qo O lTD/ ° 79Q p

61

(141)

200 192

56 58

10~2#

Treatment Cast Iron

Carbon Steels ~~42Rh 750° Qw Same, Tp 350° 750° Q0 80°

?fy No.

(74)

34 36

NlOOO 0 750-1000° Qw Annealed 850-1000° Qw Annealed Annealed 850° Qw 1000° Qw ™ f 200°/4 h a Same T ' PI 450-600° NlOOO 0 700° Qw 900° Qw 1000° Qw Annealed N 1000° 750-1000° Qw F or A 800° Qw Annealed Cold worked Same, annealed N 1000° 750-1000° Qw Annealed F or A 800° Qw

7.87 7.866 7.87i 7.85s 7.85? 7.862 7.874 TT861 7.85e 7.849 7.85s 7.84l 7.86s " 7.854 7.854

(«• us) Q5) (19» 71, 103, 116) ( i5 ) (H 5 ) ( 1S ) (l 5 ) ( i5 ) (7l)

7.842

7.840 7.82l 7.86? 7.83e 7.834 7.85s 7.83l 7.840 7.850 7.860 7.839 7.83s 7.83s 7.822 7.85s 7.83? 7.789 7.81? 7.786 '. . . 7.85? 7.799 7.824 7.822 7.79? 7.860 7.8Oo 7.757

(H5) O 5 » ios) (ls) ( 15 ) (i°2) (15,96, us)

(U 5 ) (l5)

(l5) (46) (U 5 ) Q5) (15)

TABLE 12.—SPECIFIC GRAVITY.—(Continued) ^7

Treatment

dj°

TABLE 12.—SPECIFIC GRAVITY.—(Continued)

"

Carbon Steels 37 38 39 41 43 45 46

49 51 53

56 58 60

62 63 65 ~66

67

68

69 70 73 75

76

^7

Lit.

1S

Annealed "Hardened Normalized 750-1000° Qw Annealed 850° Qw Annealed 850° Qw R0 greatly Same, A 600° or N Normalized Annealed.... 750° Qw..' 900-1000° Qw Annealed Annealed Cold worked Normalized Annealed 750° Qw 1000° Qw 765° Qw 900-1000° Qw For A 800° Qw Annealed 850° Qw 1000° Qw Hardened Annealed Annealed N 1000° 750° Qw 1000° Qw Annealed... 765° Qw 900° Qw F or A 800° Qw r- /200°/4 h a Same,Tpj 60()0/lh

7.860 7.81 7.84s 7.80s 7.829 7.77? 7.854 7.789 7.83o 7.83e 7.84s 7.852 7.784 7.77e 7.85i 7.84 7.835 7.839 7.849 7.76s 7.752 7.74 7.73 7.83s 7.749 7.82 7.75 7.76 7.76 7.84o 7.83s 7.79 7.71 7.66 7.82 7.76 7.71 7.826 7.77s 7.78s

( ) (*») (115)

100O0Q0 ™ /200°/4 h a Same, Tp|6000/1}i

7.82l 7.83l ? ^

1100° Qw „ /200°/4h Q Same, Tp| 6 0 Q O / l h

7.729 7.759 y ^

Hardened Hardened Annealed For A 800° Qw Hardened* "Annealed

7.79 (19) 7.75 Q 9 ) 7.83? Q5) 7.819 (15) 7.740 7.71s 7.83i "(")

( 15 ) ( 15 ) (3. 71) (is, 103, 115 )

7 8 ~ A s forged Annealed 800° Qw 79 Annealed 80 As forged Annealed 750° Qw 1000° Qw 83 Annealed

(ios)

(15, 115) (19) ( 1S ) (1S) (115)

7.82 (15, 71) 7.82s 7.73 7.82s (i5) 7.79s (is, us) 7.80s 7.439 7.37s 7.802 (15)

101 102 103

A 840-880° A 770-840° As cast

106

As cast

7.6 7.6 7.587.73 7.037.20

(™) (™) ( 78 ) (21,78)

Chromium Steels 1 145 169 178

4 1 } ( 7.76(ï»j |- Heated to cherry red, and Qw \ 7.76 J [ 7.70 _ 1000° Q0 7.73 (71) Same, Tp 820° Qw 7.73

180

0 25 95O O lTu( °° Q w 95U Mo p \750°Qw 100O0Q0 Same, Tp 820° Q w . . . . . 1000° Q0 Same, Tp 820° Qw As received

15

( )

Lit.

Cast Iron

(1S) (15,46) (19, 102, 115 )

J420

Treatment

182 183 191

7 755 ' ^ 7.77 7.68 (") 7.70 7.72 (™) 7.74 7.60 (36)

Chrome-Vanadium Steels 203

85O 0 Q 0 Same, Tp 650° Qw

230 231 236 237 239

Hardened As rolled Hardened Hardened Hardened

7.817 7.839

(™)

Copper Steels 10

( S)

(is, 102)

7.83s (19) 7.87 (6) 7.84 (19) 7.85 (Ï9) 7.75 (19)

,

Nickel-Chromium Steels

7 g24

262

263

267

If lit I Tp 600° Qwt II Tp 600° Cf t 830° Q0 Same, Tp 600° I Qw 600° Qw, 600° Cft I Cf 600° Cf, 600° Qwt II Qw 600° Qw, 600° Cft II Cf 600° Cf, 600° Qwt 820°Ca 820° Q0 630° Qw

* From a very high temperature, t I = 1000° Q0 650°/2 h Qw. II = 1000° Q0 650°/2 h Cf.

7.84e (5Î) 7.84e 7.849 7.850 7.83 (51,71) 7.85 7.8475 7.8469 7.8470 7.8466 7.82 ~(") 7.83s

TABLE 13. — THERMAL PROPERTIES Cj00 = mean specific heat between O and 10O0C, joules g'1 kl°° = mean thermal conductivity between O and 10O0C, joules cm"2 sec-1 (0C, cm-1)

TABLE 13. — THERMAL PROPERTIES. — (Continued) ^ 51 53

^y

Treatment

Cj00

/cj00

Lit.

Carbon Steels 1 3 4 5 7 13 14 20 25 31 37 38 43 46 49

A 778° 0.59s (13,19, Hardened 0.47s 24) Normalized... 0.57? As forged 0. 47s 0. 59s (71,73) Annealed 0.47s I Normalized...! l0.46o| (13) Annealed 0.43i («• 900° Qw 0.4770.422 129) As forged 0.47? (73, Annealed 0.4720.44s 129) 900° Qw 0.44s As forged 0.48s (73) A 650° or N.. 0.48l As forged 0.35e (129) A 900° 0.39s 900° Qw 0.310 lAsforged |0.489| | (73) As forged 0.339 (129) A 900° 0.372 900° Qw 0.322 As forged 0.494 (73) Normalized. . . 0 . 48s A 650° 0.47? As forged 0.419 (24, Annealed 0.439 129) 900° Qw 0.31s As forged 0.49s (19,73) Annealed 0 . 489 Hardened 0.489 !Annealed I Io.43i| (129) As forged 0.49s (73) Normalized. . . 0 . 494 Annealed 0.489 I Annealed ]0.393) i (129)

57 60 62 64 66 68 69 70 73 74 78

109 111 113

119

123

Treatment

Cj00 fcj00 Lit.

As forged 0.422 (129) Annealed 0.422 As forged 0.5Oe (13, 19, Normalized. . . 0.43i 73) 750° Qw 0.498 As forged 0.51o (73) A 650° or N . . 0.49s As forged 0.39s (24, Annealed 0.402 129) 830° Qw, O0.. . 0.2Oi !Hardened.... 10. 51ol I (73) As forged 0.51o (73, Annealed 0.5020.38i 129) As forged 0.51s (73) A 650° 0.49s As forged 0.51s (24,73) A960°,Cf24h 0.43s 830° Qw, O 0 .. . 0.184 Normalized... 0.41o (13,19) Hardened. . . . 0.51s Normalized... 0.34s (is,i 9) Hardened. . . . 0. 51 o I Annealed I 10.35el (129) As forged 0.51s (73) A 650° 0.502 As forged 0.51o (73, 0.51o0.347 129) Annealed Cast Iron I As cast 0.54s (73) I A650°/24h..0.544 I As cast i IO. 62s! (85) • As cast 0.57s (73) . r 5 min 0 . 56o J 10 min 0.552 l 60 min 0.48s As cast 0.58l (73) A 650° /24 h.. 0.57s Chromium Steels A 900° 0.414 (ioo) H 1100° 0.372

LITERATURE (For key to the periodicals see end of volume) O) Aitchison, 368, 14: 31; 20. (2) Aitchison, 113, 112: 805; 21. (3) Aitchison, 417, 12: 113; 23. < 4 ) Andrews, Greenwood and Green, 140, 100: 231; 19. (5) Anon., 355, 132: 656; 21. (6) Arnold, 140, 47: 107; 94. (7) Arnold, 140, 59: 175; 01. ( 8 ) Arnold, 140, 91: 442; 15. (*>) Arnold and Read, 140, 83: 249; 11. (10) Arnold and Read, 140, 85: 215; 12. (U) Austin, 140, 107: 419; 23. C 12 ) Ball and Wigham, 140, 37: 123; 89. (13) Barrett, Brown and Hadfield, 434, 8: 109; 04. (14) Batson, 403, 1923: 401. (15) Benedicks, Thesis, Upsala; 1904. ( 16 ) Bregowsky and Spring, Proceedings of the International Association for Testing Materials, 7: 1; 12. (*7) Breuil, 140, 72: 1; 07. (18) British Engineering Standards Assoc. (Automobile Steel Research*), Rept. No. 75; 1920. (19) Brown, 434, 9: 59; 09. (20) Bureau of Standards, 365, No. 58; 1923. (21) Bureau of Standards, 365, No. 101; 1924. (22) Burgess and Aston, 33, 8: 452; 10. (23) Burgess and Woodward, 32, No. 207; 1922. (24) Campbell and Dowd, 140, 96: 251;

TABLE 13. — THERMAL PROPERTIES. — (Continued) ^

Treatment

Cj 00

^000

Lit.

129 A 900° 0.402 (ioo) H 1100° 0.36s 140 A 900° 0.397 (ioo) H 1100°...... 0.364 141 W C A Q w . . . . 0.540 (19) Ca

0.389

145 I W C A Q w . . . . l 0 . 5 4 o l | (i») 146 A 900° 0.372 (ioo) H 1100° 0.23s 153 A 900° 0.30s (ioo) H 1100° 0.184 169 ! W C A Q w - . . . 10.5021 1 (i») 170 A 900° 0.21s (ioo) H 1100° 0.16s 178 1000° Q0 0.184 (71) Same, Tp 820° Qw 0.48l 0.197 180 950° /250° Qw 0.167 ( 7 I) 0 Q0 1 75O Qw 0.4940.192 182 1000° Q0 0.130 (71) Same, Tp 820° Qw 0.4890.180 183 100O0Q0 0.48l 0. 13o (71) Same, Tp 820° Qw 0. 50e 0.15l Copper Steels 230 Hardened . . . . 0 . 53s (i 3, 1 9) Air cooled 0 . 494 236 Hardened. . . . 0.53s (13, 19) Air cooled 0 . 52s 237 I Hardened.... |0.53i| i (i 9 ) 239 I Hardened.... 10.489 1 I (19) Nickel Chromium Steels 266

A 718° 0.25l (24) Same, W 830° Qw, 0° 0.222 276 100O0Qw I |0.1l7|(7i) 278 I As received... IO.5l4lO.10sl (20)

17. (25) Campbell and Johnson, IJ1O, 106: 201; 22. (26) Campion, 140, 63: 378; 03. (27) Campion and Donaldson, 435, 15: 211; 22. (28) Carlisle, 140, 102: 115; 20. (29) Carrington, 115, 117: 69; 24. ( 30 ) Charpy and Grenet, 34, 174: 1273; 22. (31) Clamer, 66, 10: 267; 10. 33, 8: 527; 10. (32) Coe, 140, 87: 361; 13. (33) Cornu-Thénard, 34, 169: 272; 19. (34) Crawford, 68, 32: 348; 12. (35) Cubillo, 140, 88: 248; 13. (36) Cutler Steel Co., Pittsburgh, Pa., Bull. No. 221. (37) Desch and Roberts, 140, 107: 249; 23. (38) Devries, 66, 13 II: 554; 13. (39) Dickenson, IJ1O1 106: 103; 22. ( 40 ) Firth-Brearley Stainless Steel Syndicate. ( 41 ) Flinterman, 78, 31: 69; 17. (42) French, 212, 2: 409; 22. 32, No. 205; 21. (43) French, 33, 26: 1207; 22. 27: 211; 22. (44) French and Johnson, 32, No. 206; 22. (45) Gessner, 77, 40: 781; 20. (46) Goerens, 417, 3: 320; 11. (47) Greaves, 140, 100: 329; 19. (48) Greaves, 436, No. 45; 20. (49) Greaves and Coe, 436, No. 48; 20. (50) Greaves, Fell and Hadfield, 140, 100: 340; 19. ( 5 I) Greaves and Jones, 140, 102: 171; 20. (52) Greenwood and Sexton, Iron, Its Sources, Properties and Manufacture. London, Griffin, 1920. (53) Grotts, 33, 19: 241 ; 18. (54) Guess, in Rep. Royal Ontario Nickel Comm., 414; 1917. ( 5S ) Guillet, 140,

68: 118; 05. ( 56 ) Guillet, IJ1O, 70: 71; 06. (") Guillet and Cournot, 84, 174: 384; 22. (58) Haberkalt, Oester Woch. Off enti. Baudienst, 20: 815, 828, 843; 14. 10, 4: 1338; 22. ( 5 9 ) Hadfield, 14O1 107; 170; 23. ( 60 ) Hall, 438, 42: 160; 20. ( 61 ) Hanemann and Kühnel, 77, 33: 1686; 13. ( 62 ) Hardness Tests Research Comm., 403, 1916: 677. ( 63 ) Hatfield, Cast Iron in the Light of Recent Research. London, Griffin, 1918. 140, 96: 307; 17. (64) Hatfield, 403, 1919: 347. ( 6 S ) Hatfield, 368, 14: 503; 20. (66) Hatfield, 368, 15: 465; 21. (67) Hatfield, J&1, 28: 52; 21. <«») Hatfield, 355, 134: 639; 22. ( 69 ) Hatfield, Dictionary of Applied Physics, 5: 542; 23. (70) Hatfield, Dictionary of Applied Physics, 5: 554; 23. (7l) Hatfield, BrownFirth Research Laboratories, Sheffield; O. ( 72 ) Hatfield and Duncan, 411, 36: 321; 20. (73) Honda, 437, 1: 71; 22. (74) Honda and Hasimoto, 169, 10: 75; 21. (75) IUmer, 438, 42: 487; 20. (76) Ito, 159, 12: 137; 23. (77) Jäger and Diesselhorst, in Taschenbuch für Eisenhüttenleute; 1922. (78) Johnson, Materials of Construction, p. 688. New York, Wiley, 1918. (79) Jones, 436, No. 51; 1921. (80) Jones, 436, No. 55; 1922. ( 81 ) Jones, 436, No. 61; 1923. ( 82 ) Junkers, 77, 41: 677; 21. ( 83 ) Kaiser, 77, 41: 333; 21. (84) Kalmus, Canada Mines Branch, Summary Rep., 1912: 17. ( 85 ) Kaye and Laby, Table of Physical and Chemical Constants. New York, Longmans, 1921. (86) Kikuta, 159, 10: 139; 21. ( 8 7 ) Kottman, Central Steel Co., Masillon, Ohio; O. ( 88 ) Kühnel, 95, 3: 225; 13. ( 8 9 ) Langenburg, 417, 12: 75; 23. ( 90 ) Larard, 153, 179: 332; 10. ( 91 ) Lea, 403: 1924; 1053. ( 9 2 ) Leon, 77, 27: 1822; 07. ( 93 ) Leonard, Eng. Inst. Canada, 32: 361; 18. ( 9 4 ) Lessells, 403, 1924; 1097. ( 9 5 ) Lessells, 212, 5: 144; 24. ( 9 6 ) Levin and Dornhecker, in Taschenbuch für Eisenhüttenleute, 1922. ( 9 7 ) Longmuir, 140, 87: 93; 13. ( 9 8 ) Lynch, 212, 2: 12; 19. (") Malcolm, 212, 5: 256; 24.

( 1 0 °) Matsushita, 159, 9: 243; 20. ( 1 0 I) Matthews, 66, 10: 274; 10. ( 10 2) Maurer, 74, 5: 11; 08. ( 1 OS) M'Cance, 140, 89: 192; 14. ( 104 ) McKinney, 33, 23: 294; 20. ( 105 ) McWilliam and Barnes, 140, 81: 246; 10. ( 1 OB) McWilliam and Barnes, 140, 83: 294; 11. (io?) McWilliam and Barnes, 140, 91: 125; 15. ( 108 ) Moore, 436, No. 35; 1920. ( 109 ) Moore and Jasper, 86, No. 136; 1923. ( 110 ) Moore and Kommers, 86, No. 124; 21. (l 11 ) Nead, 80, 38: 2341; 16. ( 112 ) Oberhoffer, 77, 17: 891; 97. ( 11 S) Oberhoffer, 93, 81: 156; 13. ( 114 ) Oberhoffer and Weisgerber, 77, 40: 1433; 20. ( 115 ) Oknof, 139, 11: 1; 13. ( 116 ) Paglianti, 192, 9: 217; 12. (l17) Ferrine and Spencer, Columbia School of Mines Quarterly, 35: 194; 14. (118) Pomp, 77, 40: 1403; 20. ( 11 S) Portevin, 417, 1: 230; 09. (!2O) Portevin, 34, 159: 51; 14. 4180, 122: 206; 14. 74, 14: 9; 16. (*2i) Primrose, 307, 110: 18; 25. ( 122 ) Rees, 140, 108: 273; 23. C 1 23) Rogers, 140, 67: 484; 05. ( 124 ) Ronceray, 435, 15: 26; 21-22. ( 125 ) Roush, 33, 8: 468; 10. ( 126 ) Sankey and Smith, 4OS, 1904; 1235. ( 1 2 7 ) Schwartz, Nat. Malleable Casting Co., Cleveland, Ohio; O. ( 128 ) Seely and Putnam, 86, No. 115; 1920. ( 129 ) Simidu, 159, 6: 111; 17. ( 1 SO) Smalley, 435, 15: 688; 21-22. ( 1 Si) Snodgrass and Guldner, 86, No. 129; 1922. ( 132 ) Stansfield, in Rep. Royal Ontario Nickel Comm., 43A; 17. ( 1 SS) Stead and Evans, 140, 59: 89; 01. <134) stead and Wigham, 140, 60: 122; 01. ( 1 SS) Strand, 32, No. 172; 1920. ( 1 SB) Strauss and Maurer, Krupp pamphlet. ( 13 7) Swan, 423, 31: 82; 24. ( 1 SS) Sykes, 212, 6: 138; 24. ^39) Turner, 140, 79: 426; 09. ( 14 °) Turner, 115, 92: 115; 11. ( 141 ) Wahlberg, 140, 60: 234; 01. ( 142 ) Whiteley and Braithwaite, 140, 107: 161; 23. ( 143 ) Wigham, 140, 69: 222; 06. ( 1 4 4 ) Yaneske, 140, 107: 173; 23. ( 14S ) Young, 435, 16: 142; 18-19. ( 14 *) Young, Pease and Strand, 255, 86: 227; 14.

MN-, Si-, AND MN-SI-STEELS; FE-SI-ALLOYS; AND EFFECT OF MN AND Si ON CAST IRON ROBERT A. HADFIELD CONTENTS Tensile, hardness, and impact tests on rolled or forged Mnsteels. Effect of cooling medium on properties of Mn-steel.

MATIÈRES Résistance à la traction des aciers au Mn laminés et forgés. Effet du milieu refroidissant sur les propriétés de l'acier au Mn.

Effect of liquid air temperature on Mn-steel.

Effet de la température de l'air liquide sur l'acier au Mn.

INHALTSVERZEICHNIS Festigkeitseigenschaften von gewalzten oder geschmiedeten Mn-Stählen. Einfluss des Mediums, in dem die Erkaltung vor sich geht, auf die Eigenschaften von Mn-Stahl. Einfluss der Temperatur der flüssigen Luft auf Mn-Stahl.

Compression tests on forged Mn-steel. Tensile properties of cast Mnsteel.

Essais de compression sur l'acier au Mn forgé. Résistance à la traction de l'acier moulé au Mn.

Druckversuch mit geschmiedetem Mn-Stahl. Festigkeitseigenschaften von gegossenem Mn-Stahl.

Transverse tests on cast Mnsteel. Tensile properties of Fe-Si.

Essais de flexion transversale sur l'acier moulé au Mn. Résistance à la traction de Fe-Si. Poids spécifique de Fe-Si. Résistance à la traction des aciers au Si laminés ou forgés. Effet de la température de Fair liquide sur l'acier au Si.

Querproben bei gegossenem Mn-Stahl. Festigkeitseigenschaften von Fe-Si. Dichte von Fe-Si. Festigkeitseigenschaften von gewalzten oder geschmiedeten Si-Stählen. Einfluss der Temperatur der flüssigen Luft auf Si-Stahl.

Properties of Si-Mn-steel.

Essais de compression sur l'acier au Si forgé. Propriétés de l'acier moulé au Si. Propriétés de l'acier au Si-Mn.

Druckversuche mit geschmiedetem Si-Stahl. Eigenschaften von gegossenem Si-Stahl. Eigenschaften von Si-Mn-Stahl.

Effect of Mn content on malleable cast iron.

Effet de la teneur en Mn sur la fonte malléable.

Einfluss des Mn auf schmiedbarem GUSS.

Specific gravity of Fe-Si. Tensile properties of rolled or forged Si-steels. Effect of liquid air temperature on Si-steel. Compression tests on forged Si-steel. Properties of cast Si-steel.

PAGE INDICE Comportamento alla trazione degli acciai al Mn laminati o fucinati 520 Influenza del mezzo raffreddante sulle proprietà dell'acciaio al Mn 522 Influenza della temperatura dell'aria liquida sull' acciaio al Mn 522 Prove di compressione sull' acciaio al Mn fucinato. 522 Comportamento alla trazione dei getti di acciaio al Mn 522 Prove di traverso su getti di acciaio al Mn 522 Comportamento alla trazione del Fé-Si 523 Peso specifico del Fé-Si. . 523 Comportamento alla trazione degli acciai al Si laminati o fucinati 523 Influenza della temperatura dell'aria liquida sul!' acciaio al Si 524 Prove di compressione sull' acciaio al Si fucinato.. . . 524 Proprietà dei getti di acciaio al Si 524 Proprietà dell'acciaio al Si-Mn 525 Influenza del contenuto di Mn sulla ghisa malleabile 525

68: 118; 05. ( 56 ) Guillet, IJ1O, 70: 71; 06. (") Guillet and Cournot, 84, 174: 384; 22. (58) Haberkalt, Oester Woch. Off enti. Baudienst, 20: 815, 828, 843; 14. 10, 4: 1338; 22. ( 5 9 ) Hadfield, 14O1 107; 170; 23. ( 60 ) Hall, 438, 42: 160; 20. ( 61 ) Hanemann and Kühnel, 77, 33: 1686; 13. ( 62 ) Hardness Tests Research Comm., 403, 1916: 677. ( 63 ) Hatfield, Cast Iron in the Light of Recent Research. London, Griffin, 1918. 140, 96: 307; 17. (64) Hatfield, 403, 1919: 347. ( 6 S ) Hatfield, 368, 14: 503; 20. (66) Hatfield, 368, 15: 465; 21. (67) Hatfield, J&1, 28: 52; 21. <«») Hatfield, 355, 134: 639; 22. ( 69 ) Hatfield, Dictionary of Applied Physics, 5: 542; 23. (70) Hatfield, Dictionary of Applied Physics, 5: 554; 23. (7l) Hatfield, BrownFirth Research Laboratories, Sheffield; O. ( 72 ) Hatfield and Duncan, 411, 36: 321; 20. (73) Honda, 437, 1: 71; 22. (74) Honda and Hasimoto, 169, 10: 75; 21. (75) IUmer, 438, 42: 487; 20. (76) Ito, 159, 12: 137; 23. (77) Jäger and Diesselhorst, in Taschenbuch für Eisenhüttenleute; 1922. (78) Johnson, Materials of Construction, p. 688. New York, Wiley, 1918. (79) Jones, 436, No. 51; 1921. (80) Jones, 436, No. 55; 1922. ( 81 ) Jones, 436, No. 61; 1923. ( 82 ) Junkers, 77, 41: 677; 21. ( 83 ) Kaiser, 77, 41: 333; 21. (84) Kalmus, Canada Mines Branch, Summary Rep., 1912: 17. ( 85 ) Kaye and Laby, Table of Physical and Chemical Constants. New York, Longmans, 1921. (86) Kikuta, 159, 10: 139; 21. ( 8 7 ) Kottman, Central Steel Co., Masillon, Ohio; O. ( 88 ) Kühnel, 95, 3: 225; 13. ( 8 9 ) Langenburg, 417, 12: 75; 23. ( 90 ) Larard, 153, 179: 332; 10. ( 91 ) Lea, 403: 1924; 1053. ( 9 2 ) Leon, 77, 27: 1822; 07. ( 93 ) Leonard, Eng. Inst. Canada, 32: 361; 18. ( 9 4 ) Lessells, 403, 1924; 1097. ( 9 5 ) Lessells, 212, 5: 144; 24. ( 9 6 ) Levin and Dornhecker, in Taschenbuch für Eisenhüttenleute, 1922. ( 9 7 ) Longmuir, 140, 87: 93; 13. ( 9 8 ) Lynch, 212, 2: 12; 19. (") Malcolm, 212, 5: 256; 24.

( 1 0 °) Matsushita, 159, 9: 243; 20. ( 1 0 I) Matthews, 66, 10: 274; 10. ( 10 2) Maurer, 74, 5: 11; 08. ( 1 OS) M'Cance, 140, 89: 192; 14. ( 104 ) McKinney, 33, 23: 294; 20. ( 105 ) McWilliam and Barnes, 140, 81: 246; 10. ( 1 OB) McWilliam and Barnes, 140, 83: 294; 11. (io?) McWilliam and Barnes, 140, 91: 125; 15. ( 108 ) Moore, 436, No. 35; 1920. ( 109 ) Moore and Jasper, 86, No. 136; 1923. ( 110 ) Moore and Kommers, 86, No. 124; 21. (l 11 ) Nead, 80, 38: 2341; 16. ( 112 ) Oberhoffer, 77, 17: 891; 97. ( 11 S) Oberhoffer, 93, 81: 156; 13. ( 114 ) Oberhoffer and Weisgerber, 77, 40: 1433; 20. ( 115 ) Oknof, 139, 11: 1; 13. ( 116 ) Paglianti, 192, 9: 217; 12. (l17) Ferrine and Spencer, Columbia School of Mines Quarterly, 35: 194; 14. (118) Pomp, 77, 40: 1403; 20. ( 11 S) Portevin, 417, 1: 230; 09. (!2O) Portevin, 34, 159: 51; 14. 4180, 122: 206; 14. 74, 14: 9; 16. (*2i) Primrose, 307, 110: 18; 25. ( 122 ) Rees, 140, 108: 273; 23. C 1 23) Rogers, 140, 67: 484; 05. ( 124 ) Ronceray, 435, 15: 26; 21-22. ( 125 ) Roush, 33, 8: 468; 10. ( 126 ) Sankey and Smith, 4OS, 1904; 1235. ( 1 2 7 ) Schwartz, Nat. Malleable Casting Co., Cleveland, Ohio; O. ( 128 ) Seely and Putnam, 86, No. 115; 1920. ( 129 ) Simidu, 159, 6: 111; 17. ( 1 SO) Smalley, 435, 15: 688; 21-22. ( 1 Si) Snodgrass and Guldner, 86, No. 129; 1922. ( 132 ) Stansfield, in Rep. Royal Ontario Nickel Comm., 43A; 17. ( 1 SS) Stead and Evans, 140, 59: 89; 01. <134) stead and Wigham, 140, 60: 122; 01. ( 1 SS) Strand, 32, No. 172; 1920. ( 1 SB) Strauss and Maurer, Krupp pamphlet. ( 13 7) Swan, 423, 31: 82; 24. ( 1 SS) Sykes, 212, 6: 138; 24. ^39) Turner, 140, 79: 426; 09. ( 14 °) Turner, 115, 92: 115; 11. ( 141 ) Wahlberg, 140, 60: 234; 01. ( 142 ) Whiteley and Braithwaite, 140, 107: 161; 23. ( 143 ) Wigham, 140, 69: 222; 06. ( 1 4 4 ) Yaneske, 140, 107: 173; 23. ( 14S ) Young, 435, 16: 142; 18-19. ( 14 *) Young, Pease and Strand, 255, 86: 227; 14.

MN-, Si-, AND MN-SI-STEELS; FE-SI-ALLOYS; AND EFFECT OF MN AND Si ON CAST IRON ROBERT A. HADFIELD CONTENTS Tensile, hardness, and impact tests on rolled or forged Mnsteels. Effect of cooling medium on properties of Mn-steel.

MATIÈRES Résistance à la traction des aciers au Mn laminés et forgés. Effet du milieu refroidissant sur les propriétés de l'acier au Mn.

Effect of liquid air temperature on Mn-steel.

Effet de la température de l'air liquide sur l'acier au Mn.

INHALTSVERZEICHNIS Festigkeitseigenschaften von gewalzten oder geschmiedeten Mn-Stählen. Einfluss des Mediums, in dem die Erkaltung vor sich geht, auf die Eigenschaften von Mn-Stahl. Einfluss der Temperatur der flüssigen Luft auf Mn-Stahl.

Compression tests on forged Mn-steel. Tensile properties of cast Mnsteel.

Essais de compression sur l'acier au Mn forgé. Résistance à la traction de l'acier moulé au Mn.

Druckversuch mit geschmiedetem Mn-Stahl. Festigkeitseigenschaften von gegossenem Mn-Stahl.

Transverse tests on cast Mnsteel. Tensile properties of Fe-Si.

Essais de flexion transversale sur l'acier moulé au Mn. Résistance à la traction de Fe-Si. Poids spécifique de Fe-Si. Résistance à la traction des aciers au Si laminés ou forgés. Effet de la température de Fair liquide sur l'acier au Si.

Querproben bei gegossenem Mn-Stahl. Festigkeitseigenschaften von Fe-Si. Dichte von Fe-Si. Festigkeitseigenschaften von gewalzten oder geschmiedeten Si-Stählen. Einfluss der Temperatur der flüssigen Luft auf Si-Stahl.

Properties of Si-Mn-steel.

Essais de compression sur l'acier au Si forgé. Propriétés de l'acier moulé au Si. Propriétés de l'acier au Si-Mn.

Druckversuche mit geschmiedetem Si-Stahl. Eigenschaften von gegossenem Si-Stahl. Eigenschaften von Si-Mn-Stahl.

Effect of Mn content on malleable cast iron.

Effet de la teneur en Mn sur la fonte malléable.

Einfluss des Mn auf schmiedbarem GUSS.

Specific gravity of Fe-Si. Tensile properties of rolled or forged Si-steels. Effect of liquid air temperature on Si-steel. Compression tests on forged Si-steel. Properties of cast Si-steel.

PAGE INDICE Comportamento alla trazione degli acciai al Mn laminati o fucinati 520 Influenza del mezzo raffreddante sulle proprietà dell'acciaio al Mn 522 Influenza della temperatura dell'aria liquida sull' acciaio al Mn 522 Prove di compressione sull' acciaio al Mn fucinato. 522 Comportamento alla trazione dei getti di acciaio al Mn 522 Prove di traverso su getti di acciaio al Mn 522 Comportamento alla trazione del Fé-Si 523 Peso specifico del Fé-Si. . 523 Comportamento alla trazione degli acciai al Si laminati o fucinati 523 Influenza della temperatura dell'aria liquida sul!' acciaio al Si 524 Prove di compressione sull' acciaio al Si fucinato.. . . 524 Proprietà dei getti di acciaio al Si 524 Proprietà dell'acciaio al Si-Mn 525 Influenza del contenuto di Mn sulla ghisa malleabile 525

CONTENTS.—(Continued}


INHALTSVERZEICHNIS.— (Fortsetzung)

Effect of Si content on malleable cast iron. Effect of Mn content on properties of cast iron.

Effet de la teneur en Si sur la fonte malléable. Effet de la teneur en Mn sur les propriétés de la fonte.

Einfluss des Si auf schmiedbarem GUSS. Einfluss des Mn-Gehaltes auf die Eigenschaften des Gusses.

Effect of Mn content on hardness of cast iron.

Effet de la teneur en Mn sur la dureté de la fonte.

Einfluss des Mn-Gehaltes auf die Härte des Gusses.

Effect of Si content on properties of cast iron.

Effet de la teneur en Si sur les propriétés de la fonte.

Einfluss des Si-Gehaltes auf die Eigenschaften des Gusses.

Effect of casting temperature and annealing on cast irons of different Si content.

Effet de la température coulée et du recuit sur les fontes de différentes teneurs en Si.

Einwirkung der Giesstemperatur und des Ausglühens auf GUSS verschiedenen SiGehaltes.

INDICE.—(Continuazione) PAGE Influenza del contenuto di Si sulla ghisa malleabile. 525 Influenza del contenuto di Mn sulle proprietà della ghisa 526 Influenza del contenuto di Mn sulla durezza della ghisa 527 Influenza del contenuto di Si sulle proprietà della ghisa 527 Influenza della temperatura di colata e di ricottura su ghise a tenori diversi di Si 528

TABLE 1.—TENSILE, HARDNESS, AND IMPACT TESTS ON ROLLED AND FORGED MN-STEELS*

C < 0.3 % 39 8 0.5 1.0 3.4] ( 346 48 8 0.8 0.7 1.6 358 50 12 0.8 2.7 3.0 386 58§ 13 0.6 2.7 3.7 [ F, A 750°/3 h Cz 402 58§ 14 0.9 2.6 3.5 436 60 8 0.6 2.6 4.3 367 69§ 13 0.9 3.1 2.4 J ( 424 83§ ~2Q~ 3 "F 528 110§ <10 <21 <7 <4 R, A 860°|| 386^f 129§ 10 37 2 2 F, N 1000° 507 130 7Ü F 425 170§ 10.4 F ;.... 498 210§ 23.6 F 558 313 <10 <21 <7 <4 R, A 860°|| 652^f 410 <10 <21 <7 <4 R, A 860°|! 842T 540 15 3 7 7 F , WF Qw 622 550 <10 <21 <7 <4 R, A 860°|| I0401f 560 ~"IZ °aa 610 ~.

1050 1290

<10 <10

<21 <21

<7 <7

<4 <4

F /F, A926V15 \Same, W2 955° Q w f f . • . . "F '. / F , A 926715 \Same, W2 955° Q w f f . . .. F, A 870°/15, W2 900° Q w ft R, A 860°Il R, A 860°||

1290 1570

!uTo <10 <21

<7

<4

F F, A 86O0II

501

887

27.6 " TT" X1 * JJTi ~ ~ 10 * 81 22

lbd5

ô

1985

<10

98 230§

~T~ 77 ^0 ^ 0 <3 <5

F A9270 7" 38 <3~7<7/ ' _ * \Same, W 955° Q w t t . . .

TJT

3350

77" 77 ^0 ^ 0

ó

<ó

<ö

2

<21

<7

<4

29.6

F

| 50 | 9.4| 9.8| 8 v. also Figs, l and 2 40

. " 008 " I Z 7 4Ö *

15

R, A 860°||

Û

f F, W 659° Qw \ F, W 700° Qw F

7" <ö 77 <ö 77 / F' A 8700/15 ö ( \ Same, W2 816° Q 0 ft

I

-y __ Vp ")

V=EL\ P = PLJ

10 X JSZf

10XÄA

610 Y

365 720 360 720 330 620 320 640 300 610 350 700 320 680 315 457 435 797 350 650 IS = 39.0** /S = 36.0** IS = 28.1** 250 632 250 424 50 O 285 381

(29) (29) (29) (29) (29) (29) (29) (14. 17) (2) (i) (io) (io) (io) (2) (2) (13) (2)

720 E 458 P 617 P 843 E 618 P 696 P

IS = 3.05** 13 13 121 420 IS = 3.05** 17 26 20 33

(to) (so)

339 E 299 Y 358 E 282 E 287 E 408 E 545 Y 324 Y

720 808 1008 1183 1059 1074 651 912H 884If

298 P 485 Y 312 Y

121 10 65

650 1004T

299 E 596 Y

LS = 12** 175 206

736

198P

840 866

239 P 351 Y

614 C, 0.3-0.6% 753 878 890 865

H04

Lit4

166

400 300

202 O 46

135

495 335

342 E

IS = 28.1**

471 E 443 E

152

7177177777 438P

954 P

(io) (30)

(30) (2) (2)

(™) (2)

(3°)

(2)

(IQ)

502 85

65

70

204 170

443 466

(«) (14, 17) (30)

TABLE 1.—TENSILE, HARDNESS, AND IMPACT TESTS ON ROLLED AND FORGED MN-STEELS.*—(Continued)

389

40

~~^> * /J 1AoQ 1*0*

^ 4 * . ft w

9

F A 870

/ > °/15 900 (Same, W2 900° Q w f h . . • 520 /F, A 870°/15 710 I game; w 2 900°Q w tt.... 770 C, 0.6-0.9% 78 6 2 3 R, A 860°|| 672 87.3 F 1150 78 8 2 4~~ R, A860°|| 778 85 9 2 4 R, A860°||. 832If " ~ 77~77~ /F, A870715 906 lb <0 <0 '* \Same, W2 7880ff i t . . . 1195 80.4 F 1054 86 11 2 3 R, A 860°|[ 901 85 13 2 2~~ R, A 860°|| 9391[ 81 9_ 2 2 R, A 860°|| 753 ~^~ <* fF,A870°/15 980 7o 1R 7 1 * ^ <0 <0 \Same, W 2 788° 11 11-.. 1252 87 ~Ï8 2~ 2 R, A 860°|| 8601[ 76.2 F 866 : 70 F 566 61 30 7 7 F 514 85 37 9 6 F..... 619 82 19 5 3 R, A 860°|| 786f C > 0.9% 93.4 F 1010

41 50 83 116 ~T7I i?5b

"200 221 310 385 440 44U

498 510 720 937 1229 1511 300

T^

462 402

1JÜ

8fi8 *b* 1007§ 1121§ 1200§

127

IZ1

95 100 96

1268§ 1208

S~ 77" 77" _
598 F

^T
/F,A870'/15 <5 <5 \ Same, W 2 900° Q w f t . . . . <^ /F,A870°/15 1U <0 <ö y Same, W2 900° Q w t t - . . . 17 4 3 R, A 860°|| 19 4 3 R, A 860°|| F

» 1338§

94 94

14 <(3 <3 14

107

27

1522 1522

150 15

14 14

°

1959

93

21

4

7

I"F' A 87°°/15 \Same, W2 900° Q w f t . . . . 2 R, A 860° F F 1 WTFQ 1 T F 7 WTFCa Same 3 R, A 860°|| 77.

<5 <ö

I

-y

VP ^l

E =EL\ P = PLj

274 P 260 P 219 P 219 P

10 X JBf

10 X AA

5

17 17 163 183

Lit. J Q 4, 17)

26 20 190 226

425 Y 150 | 205 595 E IS = 3.05** 548 Y Ï50 Ï60 406 Y 105 117 3 7 8 P 1 0 8 135 1014 P 142 333 791E LS = 3.05** 476 Y 80 107 622 Y 50 52 533 Y 20 21 417 P 54 66 894 P 33 40 535 Y 20 20 602 E 414 E IS = 10** 394 E 55 440 E 35 80 441 Y 5 7

(30) (30)

(3) (i°) (3) (2) (55) (io) (3) (2) (3) (30) (2) (») (ïô) (14, 17) (14'17) (2)

827 E

IS = 3.05**

(IQ)

910 473 1234 677 665H 703 896

378 P 298 P 676 P 318 P 474 Y 547 Y 618 E

46 53 33 85 13 13 79 141 10 14 10 8 IS = 28.1**

(30)

786

24

1024 730 693 701 622 638 822Y~

°Y 318 Y 438 Y

389 Y

17

471 30 10 120 10 40 235

27

392 31

195

(30) (2) (3) (IQ) ( 30 ) (3) (H)

(2)

* t), also Tables 2-6. t Dimensions of test pieces: (l* 2 » 3 ) 2 in. X 0.564 in. diam.; ( 6 ) 8 in. X 0.5 in. diam.; (3. 1 O) not stated; ( 13 ) 2 in. X 0.798 in. diam.; ( 1 4 » 1 ^ ) 8 in. X 0.75 in. diam.; ( 2 9 ) 10 cm X 2 cm diam.; (30) 1.2 in. X 0.30 in. Î See also (16. is, 19, 27, 34). § Steels of commercial importance. Il R, A 860°/36 h C 3 days. 1 Brinell hardness number given in this table: (Treatment = 1000° Qw). Mn 110 313 410 550 1050

I

C I BHN \\ Mn | C | BHN 1| Mn I <10 143 1290 <10 302 498 <10 430 1570 <10 192 1511 <10 418 1985 <10 235 1007 <10 418 1160 85 650 1959 <10 444 310 85 600

** Impact test on Fremont machine. tt For 30 min. « Q0 W3 594°/30 Ca.

C 87 82 95 93

I BH~ 286 196 179 192

»

TABLE 2.—EFFECT OF COOLING MEDIUM ON PROPERTIES OF FORGED MN-STEEL ( 14 > 17)

TABLE 5.—TENSILE PROPERTIES AND HARDNESS OF CAST MNSTEEL (22)* Treatments: a = G; ß = G, A 900°/60; y = G, A 900°/60 Qw

Test pieces, 8 in. X Y± in. diam.

15°. ^^^^ Treatment ^•^--^^^ F F, WF Qw F, WFQ0 F, WF Ca AT ^ ^. No.andTrt Hundredths of % ' j p C1 10 X 10 X 10 X I 10 X 10 X 10 X 10 X 10 X Q. (a b Mn bl * b UTS El UTS I El UTS El UTS El 1 Iß 6 9 5 5 2 3 7 8 7 4ÖÖ Î5 365 IfT] 296 16 332 23 (y 722 47 44 432 16 387 16 392 31 421 47 790 50 28 466 70 447 78 fa 937 ôT 30 7 7 514 55 613 148 602 148 594 156 2 \ß 1060 85 28 529 39 644 172 663 188 644 172 [y 1401* 85 28 573 16 1057 444 865 266 755 141 ìa 915 ÏOÔ~ ^ 4 2 6 6 51 7 2 1011* 95 21 605 55 646 195 619 141 3t I 0 1260* 110 16 619 23 849 273 792 281 584 109 (y.. 1281* 92 _42 616 55 958 367 908 328 761 195 [a 1998 Ï9Ô~ 32 359 Nil 4t|0 2169 210 46 567 86 525 109 531 117 ~~

' ^ _ ^ ^ Treatment ' "--^^^^^ Hundredths of % ^"^-^ _ 10 X q. Mn _ UTS 1448* 110 32 620 1506 124 16 776 1840 154 16 807 1855 183 26 669 1910 160 26 I 811

F

F, WF Qw

10 X 10 X 10 X EL El UTS 509 8 999 514 23 954 509 8 838 559 4 875 558 8 922

10 X EL 353 351 367 399 558

F,WFC a

10 X 10 X El UTS 375 769 312 739 101 611 54 46 641

10 X 10 X EL El 446 47 381 23 414 8 451

8

* Steels of commercial importance.

TABLE 3.—EFFECT OF LIQUID AIR TEMPERATURE ON FORGED MN-STEELS (13) Hundredths of %

Tensile tests*

i

Treatment, ,. p. 392

Mn

C

„«j

o * 15 16 15 41 78 36 "ÎÔO~ 166

JOU

540 1008 1527 223| 381 468 700 1153

1264$

1522

Si

„ / 1 1 0 2 ° Ca 777° Cf.. ^ \Same.Qia 3.7 1102 0 C a 777°Cf.... 63 1048° Qw ^^ 1048° Qw J7 1102 0 C a 777°Cf.... 1102 0 C a 777°Cf.... 10 Same, Wa 614° Cf... 1048°QW 1048° Qw f 994° Qw 1048° Qw 123 4 620° Qia 831° Qia i 994° Qia "Ï5Ô~ 14 1048° Qw 1

M ca^0

. UTS\ El 104 7?5 109 _9 104 Nil 93 1 61 5 80 17 104 10 117 10 66 15 88 10 102 40 88 30 88 1.3 91 11 104 38 93 25

J^gg^,

At

BHN

~182 Ct UTS El 139 Nil

Jm

at m. 2Q0C

~ 10

194

20

191

96 82 72 106 118 129 84 120 101 96

Nil Nil —— 2.5 p, atm 2.5 Nil J^ Nil 20 4Q Nil 2.5 Nil 2.5

101

2.5

—_— ^ _182°C ^f" 363 BH

372

* Test bars, 2.00 in. X 0.180 in. diam. t Tests carried out in liquid air. J Steels of commercial importance.

TABLE 4.—COMPRESSION TESTS ON FORGED MN-STEELS ( 17 )* Composition, hundredths of %0 —-~ ' : -^ Mn C I Si I P S

93761 1229 85 1375 85

31 37 23

7 9 9

7 6 8

Treatment

ELC

AZf -100^1 IQ

F F, WF Qw F, WF Qw

39.5 53.5 70

20.10 17.05 16.65

* v. also (l, l»), t Reduction in length due to applied stress of 157.5 kg/mm 2 .

(y. (a St | 0 [7 [a 6f \ ß [7 [a 7t|0 [T (a 8t]0 (y (a 9tj0 [T [a 10 Iß (y fa 11 ß y XT J^Q

1 2 31 4t 5t 6t 7t 8f 91 10 11

10 X 10 X ^ yp

10 X m

10 X K1T^ RA BHN

439 400 554 457 405 580 466 418 592 454 421 594 479

325 279 535 119 304 315 700 113 302 196 610 147 335 292 625 115 307 305 668 116 324 192 620 165 350 294 639 115 312 303 700 115 342 160 622 154 347 279 659 119 317 303 701 118 350 141 561 157 362 287 642 123 430 320 308 718 123 680 350 155 530 179 503 383 279 681 132 457 328 302 726 132 758 443 152 482 230 503 380 280 677 134 463 335 298 703 135 783 465 163 478 237 580 408 259 547 156 520 340 274 723 159 ... 1090 603 90 446 274 597 4ÏÏ 260 468 162 551 347 262 667 165 1106 627 67 417 289 652 428 212 434 197 647 351 188 606 198 1158 639 49 266 326 725 446 Î88 394 211 761 367 154 531 218 1171 649 31 189 • Thousandths of % Mn I C Si I P 285 109 319 63 440 125 286 67 675 126 303 67 785 99 311 40 1020 98 316 41 1270 100 313 99 1315 101 303 102 1765 102 309 103 1835 99 324 108 2230 90 301 102 2470 92 294 110

I

S 46 50 46 52 49 45 47 56 59 58 51

* Specimens 20 cm X 2 cm diam. t Steels of commercial importance.

TABLE 6.—TRANSVERSE TESTS ON CAST MN-STEEL* ( 17 ); cf. (18) Mn 32 76 231

Composition, hundredths of % I C I Si I P I 15 1 9 23 4 9 40 15 7

S 11 7 7

-

* Test bars 2% in. square, loaded at center, bearings 2 ft. apart.

BMR

49 84 122

TABLE 6.—TRANSVERSE TESTS ON CAST MN-STEEL* ( 17 ); cf. (18) (Continued) Mn 389 643 695 830 1476 1762 2345

Composition, C I 35 34 52 62 115 140 215

hundredths of % Si I P I 9 6 30 11 37 8 35 10 25 12 91 10 65 9

oi^r» S 7 11 7 4 7 6 2

BMR

18 30 54 71 72 92.5 106.5

*Test bars 2% in. square, loaded at center, bearings 2 ft. apart.

TABLE 8.—SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF PURE FE-SI-ALLOYS ( 28 ); v. also (9, 15, 21)

Prepared from pure soft wrought Fe and pure Fe-Si, only very small amounts of impurities present. Determination by pycnometer. Si, %

I

0.2 2.0 7.5 15.0 20.0 21.9

d™

Il Si, %

7.883 7.784 7.352 7.032 6.696 6.546 I

I

24.8 27.2 29.3 40.2 46.8 51.8

dl°

||

6.432 6.248 6.198 5.378 4.876 4.406 I

Si, %

I

<

65.9 3.367 79.4 2.787 93.4 2.363 95.0 2.322 100.0 2.309

Fig. I Properties of 1% Mn, Low C Steel (6)

Fig.2 Properties of I % Mn, Low C Steel (6) .Mn 098- C 0.15-Si 0094-P0098-S 0.008

TABLE 7. — TENSILE PROPERTIES OF FE*-Si- ALLOYS ( 38 ); cf. (31) ^--^ Trt % Si ^^^^ 0.001 .001 .001 .010 .048 .068 .091 .148 .205 .230 .242 .309 .400 .472 .563 .673 .698 .822 1.71 1.741 2.73 3.40 3.55 4.39 4.44 4.92 6.57

As forged UTS I YP 31.5 25.2 32.8 31.2 28.7 26.8 31.8 29.5 32.9 30.1 30.9 25.8 30.7 25.0 31.7 27.1 35.0 29.9 33.4 29.0

35.9 40.8 39.2 53.7

Av 970° C 3O0A UTS I YP

60.6 69.8 73.9

52.5 58.6 66.2

35.3 3.6

35.3 3.6

,, . Thousandths of % Si-C-Mn-P-S mi

25.4

11.5

24.6 24.6 24.6 24.9 24.7 27.3

11.3 14.2 14.3 10.1 11.2 17.6

26.9 28.4 29.6 30.1

12.8 15.3 18.3 12.1

28.7 31.8 47.9

TABLE 9. —TENSILE PROPERTIES AND HARDNESS OF ROLLED AND FORGED SI-STEELS v. also Tables 10-12

24-44-36-14-30 180-140-140-50-80 200-140-140-51-80

59. 7f 64.5

59. 7f 51.2

9.1

9.1

* Pure electrolytic Fe, melted in vacuo, % C = ca. 0.01. Test pieces ca. 2.5 in. X 0.5 in. diam. IAN 2 1030°.

10 X UTS [R, N 1000° C a .. . 356 \ R, A 950°f 356 [F 386 F 520 F, A (180)11 394 P

10 X EL 183 313 317 346 239

10 X El 430 470 402 301 376

Hardness T. 10 X T = TSH Lit.* RA B = BHN 670 (4,5) 715 683 545 (is) 607 20 T

— -ft***;-:.:S ^

If3I

«H*™™

{^äj^y.;™ -

£»

700-180-210 730-180-210 870-180-210

F ...536 F, A (180)f 465 F, A (180)1" 449 [F 586 •! F, W 850° Qw. . . . 739 (F,W950°/4h.... 473 [R, N1000°C a ... 482 I R, A 950°f 429 (F 485

932-209-Tr.-24-20

31.8 18.7 30.2 16.2 31.8 18.4 38.1 25.2 38.8 32.1 47.7 34.8 54.5 40.2

Tensile tests

Treatment, v. p. 392

1020-38-79-19-38

394 299 299 377 416 334 334 317 427

m f t o « Wn-9i 17 1106-835-570-21-17

/jF^ w ^ Q^

1600-190-280Î 1520-190-280$

F 591 441 F, A (180)1[ 520 394 IF 566 452 F,W850°Q W .... 731 640 F, W 95074 h.... 452 303 F,W950°/8d.... 534 433

295 545 340 527 255 426

(12) ( 1 S)

20 T ( 15 ) («)

146 B 262 B 355 668 403 763 368 674

104 625 ° ^ ^

(4,5)

293B ^ß

311 .506 351 545

1940-80-110-20-2Ot

F, N ca. 1000°|| . . . . 500 321 360 624

2090-968-407-32-22 2090-968-407 32 22

F /^ ^ m<3 ^

2110-200-250-40-60$ 2130-200-250-40-60J

F F, A (18O)U

1054

^ 769 ^ 622 488 536 402

(12)

(15) 24 T 159 B 196 B

(«)

§ 2?? B ^ß

185 280 365 600

(12)

(») (

^ (15)

24 T

TABLE 9.—TENSILE PBOPEBTIES AND HABDNESS OF ROLLED AND FOBGED SI-STEELS.—(Continued) Thousandths of % QÌ r Mn P Q • Sl C Mn P S - " ""

Tensile tests 10 X 10 X EL El 337 245 312 398 440 280 504 176 378 61 432 42 345 355 462 155

2690-200-250 2670-200-250 2903-38-61-18-41 29033879-1938 2903 38 79-19 38

Treatment, ^ O09 V P m ' ' [R, NlOOO 0 Ca... JR,A950°t [F F F 5 A(ISO)IT** R, N1000° Ca /R.A950°t \F

10 X UT8 514 473 558 670 504 493 534 586

3390-210-290J 3360-210-290Î

F F, A (45)1f

748 552 614 473

2125-(C-Mn, eta 176)

[R,Niooo°c a ... J R, A 950°t [F 4180-250-36OtF 4230-250-360Î F, A (15)1f 4900-260-290-40-60 F 4800-260-290-40-60 F, A (O)U ~~ [R, N l O O O 0 C . . . . 4885-40-72-21-27 \ R, A 950°f [F ~~~ (F 5120-277-380-34-9 \y,'W850°Qw.'.'. 4026-(C, Mn, etc. 242)

"575 687 659 772 599 756 394 ~572 654 657 618 627

30 T

22 28 NU_ _Nil 709 O 2 6.4 9.8 3 7 394 4 NiT ~NU Nil Nil Nil Nil 526 528

F, A 394 394 [R, NlOOO 0 Ca... ~ 2 5 4 N 5998-(C, Mn, etc. 249) -I R, A 950°f 419 [F 315 " ~~~ [R, N1000°Ca... ~326 7470-(-)-210-19-11 -JR, A 950°f 332 [F 377

5 i l Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil

1

_.,. Lit.* (4» 5)

( 15 ) ( 4 > 5)

( 15 )

111 142 89 93

NÎT"NUT

5530-260-290

'

Hardness 10 X T = TSH RA V = BHN 288 659 454 244 66 26 T 42 600 146

(4»5) (l 5 )

33 T ( 15 ) 36 T (4»5)

248 B 311B

( 12 )

( 13 ) (4»5)

Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil

"\^% composition Si, 0.79; Mn, 0.21; Si, 2.67; Mn, 0.25; ^^\^^ G, 0.18 C, 0.20 CS_ ^"^-^ Z, in.* I d, in.t l, in.* | d, in.f O 1.0 0.798 1.009 0.798 15.8 0.996 0.799 1.009 0.798 31.5 0.992 0.800 1.008 0.800 47.3 0.947 0.822 0.992 0.808 63.0 0.853 0.890 78.8 0.814 0.894 0.901 0.850 94.5 0.731 0.950 110.3 0.658 1.002 126.0 0.598 1.056 141.8 0.547 1.115 157.5 0.503 1.153 0.622 1.035 ~"-\% composition Si, 3.46; Mn, 0.29; Si, 4.49; Mn, 0.36; ^^\^^ C, 0.21 C, 0.25 CS ^^^. I, in.* I d, in.t | I9 in.* | d, in.f O 1.009 0.799 1.008 0.799 15.8 1.009 0.799 1.008 0.799 31.5 1.009 0.799 1.008 0.799 47.3 1.005 0.800 1.005 0.800 63.0 0.990 0.806 157.5 0.646 1.012 0.683 1.003 * I = length,

t d = diameter.

(4>5)

TABLE 12.—PBOPEBTIES OF CAST SI-STEELS (25) 5

* Dimensions of test pieces: C ) 2 in. X 0.564 in. diam.; (** ) 2 in. X 0.580 in. diam.; ( 1 2 ) not stated; ( 13 » 15) 2 in. X 0.798 in. diam.; v. also (32, 34, 35). t Annealed for 40 h and cooled over 170 h. Î Steels of commercial importance.

Treatments: a = G; ß = G, A 1100°/10 h; 7 = ft C8 9001000° Qw ; ô = G, A 900°/1 h Qw. M „A THNo. andTrt

§ d™ = 7.733. il Bar 5 in. long X % in. diam. bent 180°, radius = Me in. ^f (x) = bars № i n » X M in' cross section bent cold through x°, radius = H in.

** Broke at end in bend test.

TABLE 10.—EFFECT OF LIQUID AIB TEMPEBATUBE ON FOBGED SI-STEEL (13) Tensile tests* (bars 2.00 in. X 0.18 in. diam.) ^ rr—^___ *°'C % composition —Si I C I Mn I 2.28 0.67 0.50 2.67 0.20 0.25 2.77 0.34 3.03 0.07 0.064 3.89 0.11 0.02

ca. 20

-182

UTS I El \\ UTS \ El 97.6 15 97.6 O 67.7 17 92.9 O 81.9 17 92.9 O 61.4 22 67.7 O 69.3 2.5 39.4 O

* Treatment: W 1102° Ca W 2 777° Cf.

Brinell hardness number No. I: Si, 2.28; C, 0.67; Mn, 0.5. No. II: Si, 3.05; C, 0.11; Mn, 0.08. ^ \ ^ ^ N o . ^^*-^^^ p, atm. ^*"^^ 10 20 40

15

TABLE 11.—COMPBESSION TESTS ON FOBGED SI-STEELS ( ); v. also (i)

I At ca. 2O0C 305 299 307

II At -1820C 374 396 401

At ca. 2O0C 187 197 206

At -1820G 328 305 343

a ß 7 d a ß 7 8 'a. ß 7 [5 'a ß 7 o 'a ß 7 o a j ß 7 o 'et 7t ß 7 5

Ï°~X Ô ~ * Î^ Ô, ~ X ÎRA O ~ X BHN^ Ri/Vt ^ Ï yp

--.

:

443 392 524 573 430 398 554 625 457 432 616 679 485 443 660 699 551 513 756 724 562 524 814 776 587 545 820 820

320 269 345 365 335 287 354 450 346 318 384 450 378 318 400 450 420 324 406 452 446 336 524 455 469 335 540 457

300 275 110 175 295 273 106 156 283 260 100 156 282 215 97 148 277 190 75 132 262 185 22 120 232 182 22 112

575 675 570 652 670 695 540 576 580 687 470 576 550 645 331 550 450 560 162 440 4ÖÖ 500 39 335 395 490 32 320

130 118 160 162 131 122 200 205 144 126 203 205 150 136 216 210 168 152 258 230 180 174 269 250 182 176 278 258

TABLE 12.—PROPERTIES OF CAST SI-STEELS (25).—(Continued) N

Thousandths of % C I Mn I P 120 410 33 100 300 41 110 230 44 110 360 40 150 500 43 150 560 45 120 290 40

Si I 240 370 670 950 1250 1730 2350

°1 2 3 4 5 6* 7*

I

S ~ 64 49 44 43 42 40 58

I 1 I 2 I 3 I 4 5 I 6 I 7" |7.86l|7.853|7.835|7.810|7.774|7.733'7.702

No. dj°i

* Test pieces 20 cm X 2 cm diam. t 10 mm ball, 2000 kg load. I Steels of commercial importance. § As cast (G).

104

210

224

237

240

~~ Trt

A§ i7^23ÏÔ~32~ 119402310 02 Tr" Ir. /^ N f l o o ,_ ;

520 520

A§ 11840 432 17 17 Tr 11840 4J2 Ir. /^ N90Q o

1 2007121028 12007121028

620 620 I

C

101 234 126 153 269 202 212 196 107 107 248 269 248 300

'

525184025 525184025

15 15/

21 11 15 24 16 11 10 13

JN9QQO

12 <^ / A §WT 12

Thousandths of % I Mn I Si I P I

~7W 7 200 745 762 5112 1118 840 1031 573 873 461 1351 922 10080 721 930 1972 1028 934 3084 1446 960 12096 876

A§

153 m

7 4 ° 725

40520 ° 482 190

244

725 ^

528

717

421

153

269

293

8

^ 832

27

60

6

223 25

^M^

^

m

248

19

m °m

m 175

539

6 ° 544 100

22

m 53

87

^ ^

2

6

S

Treatment ( 26 ); c/. 07)

10 X UTS

10 X EL

10 X USS \\

10 X EL8

ÏÔ 13 24 20 13 18 15 11

A 850°/180 A 850°/180 A 850°/180 A 850°/180 A 850°/180 A 850°/180 A 850°/180 A 850°/180

566 866 1183 1150 978 1054 1010 896

4Î4 602 685 595 482 791 829 618

490 608 454 430 490 460 485 482

142 460 340 298 139 309 334 156

* 10 mm ball, 3000 kg load. t Tensile specimens, 10 cm X 1.38 cm diam. Î Guillery machine, Fremont test piece 8 X 10 X 10 mm. § Forged and annealed at 950° and 1200°. Il Fremont machine, test pieces 6 mm X 8 mm cross section.

UTS*

f 41.3 36.1 32.5 T 45.1 2.600.410.0780.042 \ 36.9 [ 33.6 [ 44.6 3.180.320.0890.042 I 37.2 [ 33.2 [ 44.8 2.580.440.0750.044 I 40.8 [ 34.7 T 46.5 3.110.440.0780.054] 40.5 [ 34.5 f 46.9 2.760.470.0680.044 \ 41.6 [ 34.7 _>___

0.13 3.060.450.0710.041

0.26

0.38

0.78

10 X 10 X 10 X 10 X rc , UTS EL JCTt RA ISÎ 476 274 145 305 32 107 498 287 175 582 655 444 35 396 16 583 448 130 ^42~ ~4~ 602 465 140 572 6 1 155 1 155 0_ 0_ O 747 227 120 172 30 791 233 100 147 27 706 205 150 186 30 559 405 147 305 18 558 407 155 572 28 1 070 1 070 10 50 4 1032 6 9 5 O O O 945 498 50 60 7 1 078 925 0_ O 1

l96~~ ~698 ~1Ï3 ~Ï9~ 492 l90~ 100 1Ï6~ 125 15 m 799

A§ 4
IUK 565 •572 572

BHN

fA§ 1 728 457 32 8 | N 900° [85O0Qw * 2 072 1 352 19 8 Ì N 900° [85O 0 Qw. TA§ 14 400 911 24 Tr. \ N 900° [85O 0 Qw fA§ 2 150 781 32 10 j N 900° [85O 0 Qw fA§ 14 760 1 880 29 Tr. \ N 900° [85O0Qw

490 490

% composition (before annealing) Mn I C I Si I P I S

0.66

TABLE 13.—PROPERTIES OF FORGED SI-MN-STEELS ( 11 ) Composition, thousandths o?% C I Mn I Si I P I S

TABLE 14.—EFFECT OF MN CONTENT ON TENSILE STRENGTH AND ELONGATION OF MALLEABLE CAST IRON ( 24 )

0.80

36

0.94 2.760.390.0680.050 j [ f 1.05 2.580.510.0560.054 < [ ( 1.12 2.900.410.0870.038 j ( [ 1.32 2.820.330.0720.038 \ [ f 1.52 2.990.450.0760.044 ] g [ ( 1.74 3.300.360.0970.040 [

42.4 35.6 50.9 45.1 38.0 50.4 45.7 38.4 48.5 46.6 40.7 53.1 50.3 43.2 52.1 48.1 43.2

3.5 5.0 13.0 4.5 6.0 14.5 ~3~0 4.8 14.0 3.0 6.5 15.5 2J5 5.5 13.5 2.7 6.5 15.0 __

Annealing time, hrf 95 130 260 95 130 260 95 130 260 95 130 260 95 130 260 95 130 . 260 _

6.0 13.5 2.3 6.0 14.5 270 5.0 15.5 1.5 3.0 16.0 2.0 3.0 14.3 1.5 2.0 ll.Q

130 260 95 130 260 95 130 260 95 130 260 95 130 260 95 130 260

El*

* Test pieces 100 mm X 12 mm diam. t Annealed with forge, scale at 98O0C.

TABLE 15.—EFFECT OF Si CONTENT ON GENERAL MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF MALLEABLE CAST IRON (23) Composition, hundredths W*d™ Anneal- 10Zd*° before . after 10 X nf C7 °f% anneal- "* 1^* anneal- UTS Si I C |Mn| P I S ing ** ing 95 7786 398 130 378 17 325 11 6.5 5.2 Porous 175 7761 362 225 350 260 7770 328 95 7785 402 130 377 23 332 12 6.1 5.4 7745 175 7767 364 225 348 260 7766 331 95 7699 444 130 372 30 309 12 6.0 5.0 7746 175 7683 364 225 350 260 7676 336

10 X W

10 X 10 X Dt/X7C RA LSJ *™§

40 100 108 184 191 ~39 94 99 161 180 40 94 98 162 174

24

^ 240 260 370 415 225 245 350 380 220 240 345 355

40 80 105 24 36 75 98 ~25 36 72 79

107 90 92 84 Î2Ô~ 99 96 87 123 101 96 94 88

TABLE 15. —EFFECT OF Si CONTENT ON GENERAL MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF MALLEABLE CAST IRON ( 23 ). — (Continued) Composition, hundredths of % Si I C I Mn I P

38

44

50

55

58

67

71

75

81

81

83

94

105

108

306

316

12 5.7

12

6.2

J S

4.9

5.8

Q

№d\

HW}°

Annealbefore after 1OX 1OX 1OX 1OX ing time, BHNl annealanneal- UTS El\ RA ing

7742

7730

hr*

( 95 130 4 175 225 [ 260 ( 95 130 -I 175 225 [260 ^__ 130 \ 175 225 [ 260 f 95 130 j 175 225 [260

m

ing

7633

425 31 372 80 7614 366 88 353 140 7594 332 161 7625 ~436 ~~3Î 388 71 7607 373 84 351 140 7607 342 161 443 "31 7632 394 72 7606 377 79 358 139 7602 343 157 760!4Î3~~28 377 58 7566 372 66 353 126 7546 342 148

24 210 225 36 300 72 340 84 26 185 190 35 260 69 315 72 22 190 190 33 265 65 310 69 22 130 145 33 210 58 250 64

125 106 102 94 91 127 107 104 99 92 128 111 104 100 94 131 113 104 101 96

t Test pieces 100 mm X 12 mm diam. I Small Charpy machine (25 kg-m max. energy), specimens 80 X 10 X 10 mm ; impact length 60 mm notch, 2 mm deep X 3 mm wide. § 10 mm ball, 1000 kg load.

TABLE 16.—EFFECT OF MN ON PROPERTIES OF CAST IRON Composition, hundredths of % Mn

Graph- Com., ,. , ite bined

Total

2Ï3322

200

201

107

Ts2

24.4

49.2

25.8

46.8

TA 4 312 12 6.2 6.8 7709 23 56 71 ^ ^ 29 21 129 7484 5 79 130 385 58 130 112 93 311 13 6.1 5.9 7716 | 175 7502 369 68 150 33 129 96 225 355 123 240 55 102 171 [ 260 7460 344 149 270 58 96 ( 95 7440 432 ~ ~ 2 5 2 2 133 130 373 47 115 113 5 327 12 6.8 5.6 7705 \ 175 7384 366 57 125 32 133 17 225 344 123 220 46 97 31 [ 260 7357 339 138 240 53 93 49 f 95 7473 407 22 19 136 55 130 378 47 130 117 65 316 13 5.7 6.4 7701 \ 175 7497 377 62 135 33 111 78 225 351 118 230 47 100 80 [ 260 7435 339 134 245 57 99 84.6 98 T~95 744Ï 424~ 25 22 133 106 130 377 45 125 117 120 325 14 5.6 5.7 7700 \ 175 7463 373 58 135 33 112 134 225 355 110 230 47 101 141 { 260 7398 342 128 235 55 101 155 95 7343 432 20 19 137 193 130 364 39 110 196 317 13 6.8 5.4 7689 175 7268 366 57 135 33 108 222 225 353 108 190 46 99 260 7299 __ 339 123 213 ^ 51 ^ 96 _ _____ _

2Ï5ÏÏ3 210 92 183 138 194 69 215 65 195 79 212 78 215 64 210 88

328 302 321 263 280 274 290 279 298

324

332

334

324

319

13 5.8

14 5.3

14 5.6

14

14

6.0

6.6

6.0

6.7

5.6

5.7

5.2

7686

7687

7682

7675

7664

130 175 225 260 95 130 175 225 260 95 130 175 225 260 95 130 • 175 225 260 95 130 175 225 260

7386 7328 7384 7356 7328 7353 7339 7299 7291 7267 7257 7248 7190

372 369 353 339 409 361 361 350 337 419 374 376 355 344 429 373 373 348 336 425 356 350

40 52 111 126 22 39 56 108 127 22 39 5J 110 123 22 36 50 100 108 25 33 45

344 317

96 98

* Annealed with forge, scale temperature = 98O0C.

110 130 210 215

50 90

33

100 100 130 111 112 101 98 138 113 116 103 99 133 114 116 104 101 132 111 107

130

43 46

103 98

21 105 125 190 220 100 105 200 220 80 95 165 170

32 47 48 19 33 47 71 19 35 47 50 21

BHNi ScH

Lit.

58

07

45

CO" (37) (37)

47 43

(7)" (7) (37) (37) (37) (37) (37) (37) (37)

50

C7T (37) (37) (37) (37) (37) (37) (37)

65.5 ( 7 )

Graphite, 1.4-1.8 % 279 272 247

7727

UTS* BMR*

308 |l03

Ï73ÏÔ6 156 116 169 78

12 6.6 6.7

S

Graphite, <1.4 % ~35Ï09

ITe 9.3 16

297

Si P

2242.71.6 15.6 1573.50.3 26.0 1502.20.6 25.8

28.4 45.8 44.6

183 178

Graphite, 1.8-2.2 % 1009.0 1629.31.5 1376.21.0 1552.90.5 1533.10.3 1714.10.6 1573.00.3 1542.90.7 1496.21.0

20.0 15.9 25.7 33.1 32.8 32.5 32.0 33.1 29.3

34.7 33.7 43.2 53.4 58.0 58.2 60.1 59.6 47.3

188 215 213 214 225 221 240

45.4 38.3 50.6 48.5 53.6 60.2 59.4 60.2

175 176 175 180 200 203 202

Graphite, 2.2-2.6% 225 225 238 259 243 240 252 236

ÏÔ5330 98 323 74 312 66 325 71 314 58 298 62 314 65 301

ÏOÔ 1553.81.0 1766.11.0 1573.41.4 1306.30.8 1577.50.9 1483.61.0 1456.41.3

20.9 21.7 32.0 26.8 32.5 35.0 34.2 34.8

26.2 43.8

51.5 (7)

233

82

315

102

230 258 228

77 80 80

307 338 308

1436.10.8 34.5 1603.30.6 26.8 1396.41.4 35.6

61.0 48.0 62.4

209 187 215

(37) (37) (37)

225

72

297

155 2.6 0.5 32.0

57.1

217

C37)

233 222 259

78 70 81

311 292 340

1455.71.1 36.2 1592.90.4 26.6 1603.00.9 22.8

56.6 52.5 45.1

222 227 197

(37) (37) (37)

234 242

69 78

303 320

242 169

263 289 283 276 270 264 261 260 271 261

61 30 22 54 56 47 43 67 73 83

324 319 305 330 326 311 304 327 344 344

~32302 52 312 83 310 100 310 136 344 148 312 172 329 188 338 209 335 246 328

84 91 77 55 59 94 63 36 51 57

386 403 387 365 403 406 392 374 386 385

~37 54 61.1 63 90 102.3 103 124 146 173

24.4 40.5 28.7 40.0

43 (7) 42.5 (7)

Graphite, 2.6-3.0 % 1503.80.5 1522.7 225 1663.01.2 1623.31.0 229 150 1573.81.2 1553.41.0 1593.81.1

23.3 23.5 19.1 26.2 27.7 24.4 23.8 27.6 27.3 28.1

46.2 34.0 29.5 47.3 47.7 34.8 38.4 47Ì5 48.7 46.9

173

190 188 191

(37)" (7) (?) (37) (7) (7) (7) (37) (37) (37)

26.8 28.2 26.9 27.3 26.0 28.0 30.4 29.5 30.1 32.8

127 132 126 125 128 132 137 140 146 158

(3^7 (37) (37) (37) (37) (37) (37) (37) (37) (37)

31 31 173 184 38 40

Graphite, >3.0 % 1564.11.1 1343.01.0 1653.31.4 1823.00.9 1702.90.9 1773.81.2 1853.60.8 1883.61.4 1792.51.4 1853.01.0

12.8 13.5 12.4 13.1 12.4 13.2 13.1 12.8 14.8 15.0

* Test pieces: Tensile, 6 in. X Y± in. diam.; bending, 15 X l in. sq., tested on 12 in. span ( 7 ). Tensile, 10 cm X 2 cm diam.; bending, 60 cm X 3 cm diam. (37). 110 mm ball, 3000 kg load.

TABLE 17.—EFFECT OF MN CONTENT ON HARDNESS OF CAST IRON (8)

TABLE 18.—EFFECT OF Si CONTENT ON CAST IRON.—(Continued) C, 2.8 to 3.2% (7) Composition, hundredths of %

White cast iron

Mn 0.03 1.48 2.82 4.40 5.40 6.30 7.20 9.12 10.67 12.35 13.50 16.00 16.20 18.65 23.30 30.50 34.10 38.55

Si

% composition I Si I 0.040

SCH

C 3.15 3.28 3.19 3.14 3.45 3.43 3.39 3.45 3.46 3.50 3.49 3.80 3.45 3.91 3.85 3.95 3.85 3.93

0.083

0.081 0.072

0.100 0.120 0.173 0.156 0.155

58 60 65 70 73 80 59 58 54 52 58 67 64 60 70 70 71 72

Gray cast iron % composition

Mn

C Total I Graphite ] Combined 0 7 5 5 3 J Ô 6 2 7 8 7 CL79 1.00 3.70 3.39 0.31 1.61 3.63 3.16 0.47 2.23 3.60 3.25 0.35 2.65 3.60 3.33 0.27 3.45 3.70 3.12 0.58 4.19 3.80 2.94 0.86 5.15 3.12 2.69 0.43 5.83 3.40 2.65 0.75 6.62 3.24 2.60 0.64 8.35 3.85 2,15 1.70 9.89 3.83 2.10 1.73 10.30 3.95 1.98 1.97 11.15 4.00 1.85 2.15 17.57 4.25 1.14 3.11

~ ScH 2~A520~ 2.46 37 2.35 40 2.35 38 2.39 33 2.48 42 -2.44 53 2.40 55 2.34 56 2.40 58 2.38 63 2.45 66 2.41 67 2.48 65 2.54 87

TABLE 18.—EFFECT OF Si CONTENT ON CAST IRON

C, 1.8 to 2.2% (33) Composition, hundredths of % s.

~~19 45 96 196 251 296 392 474 733 980

C

103^0

. Mn r~ Cylin- TurnTotal I Graphite ders ings 198 38 1 4 3 2 5 7560 7719 200 10 21 33 5 7510 7670 209 24 26 33 4 7641 7630 218 162 60 28 3 7518 7350 187 119 75 26 5 7422 7388 223 143 70 34 4 7258 7279 201 181 84 33 3 7183 7218 203 166 95 30 5 7167 7170 186 148 136 29 3 7128 7138 181 112 195 21 4 6978 6924

E/W TSH UTS UCS 1814 2017 2192 1657 1791 1487 1100 1316 1036 980

72 52 42 22 22 22 27 32 42 57

15.9 118.6 19.4 144.0 20.0 144.0 24.7 96.6 23.0 121.6 19.2 90.6 17.8 75.1 16.1 72.8 8.3 78.1 7.6 53.7

Test bars 16 in. X 1№ in. diam.; cast upright, cooled in molds, tested with skin on.

,° .Total I Graphite 322 3

40

50 80 100 111 131 162 203 224

312 304 328 280 305 302 288 279

25 177 215 161 195 210 180 173

Mn

P

S

1.8

SCH

UTS

*

1.1 57

1.3 1.4

9

4 2 1.6

9.3

1.1 1.5

2.7

1.6

BMR

*

20.5

56.5 58 47 49 47 43 40.5 45

41.8

21.6 41.3 15.9 35.9 20.0 34.7 14.2 31.2 14.2 33.4 15.9 33.7 22.5 32.6 15.6 28.4

* 6 in. X % in. diam. 115 in. X l in. sq., 12 in. between supports.

C, 2.9 to 3.25%; Mn, < 0.2%; P, < 0.05%; S, < 0.05% (2Q) Hundredths of % I Hundredths of % UTS 51

Total

53 63 66 88 99 110 143 151 168 171 172 173 180 180 195

290 290 290 290 290 300 298 300 295 300 307 300 302 315 298

Gr

fh-

UTS

Total

0

^

ite ite TÎ\ 35.9 196 323 268 23.5 Tr. 22.8 197 297 147 19.5 Tr. 21.1 205 312 250 23.6 Tr. 27.4 207 325 275 13.4 Tr. 28.5 219 325 275 24.6 Tr. 25.2 231 310 255 13.2 28 17.6 236 329 280 15.4 Tr. 18.3 241 313 240 22.7 65 18.0 250 305 230 20.6 Tr. 14.8 250 325 285 14.3 247 20.0 267 290 250 16.7 10 18.9 282 306 255 12.9 11 17.3 294 307 255 12.9 260 16.9 305 307 260 13.7 120 30.9 C, 2.66 % to 4.05 %* (36)

Hundredths of % C Total I Graphite 54Jj 405 229 "

80 85 95 118 122 130 1371F 155 168 178 183 217 225

„. Sl

340 319 395 290 322 336 399 286 342 323 397 340 256

185 177 263 125 172 228 260 146 196 199 259 214 145

BHNî

UTSì

BMRl

166

12^8 29.9

206 211 116 244 216 187 114 236 201 202 111 183 246

20.2 40.6 21.3 46.5 7.2 19.8 29.9 53.4 23.5 49.0 16.2 35.8 7.7 18.0 24.7 45.8 18.6 35.1 20.3 43.0 8.2 18.4 15.1 34.0 23.5 53.4

225**

320

281

124

14.2

241

290

228

161

19.5

282tt

263

159

235

20.5

32311

263

236

130

18.0

28.4

36.7 42.5

35.3

* Mn, P, S content low except where noted. t 10 mm ball, 3000 kg load. If Mn, 12; P, 2.7; S, 1.1. J 10 cm X 2 cm diam. ** Mn, 12; P, 4.5; S, 1. § 60 cm X 3 cm diam. ft Mn, 12; P, 6.3; S, 0.7. Il Mn, 17; P, 2; S, 1.6. ÎÎ Mn, 11; P, 7; S, 0.7 (hundredths of %).

TABLE 19. — EFFECT OF CASTING TEMPERATURE AND ANNEALING ON CAST IRONS OF DIFFERENT Si CONTENT (MN, <0.2%; P, <0.03%;S, < 0.04%) (20) Hundredths of % C Total I Graphite 325 Tr. 129 328 321 325 Tr. 326 320 326 26 326 16 152 \ 326 10 327 320 331 323 323 223 333 325 170 329 219 327 321 330 180 330 324 331 251 332 261 200 < 332 326 330 250 329 320 330 257 327 321 230 329 255 335 328 330 260 334 327 g.

te:t&,°C*

UTS

1250 1250:1000 1403 1403:1000 1201 1300 1403 1300:1000 1403:1000 1180 1180:1000 1250 1250:1000 1403 1403:1000 1154 1215 1215:1000 1366 1366:1000 1135 1135:1000 1215 1215:1000 1300 1306:1000

19.4 21.4 21.1 31.0 11.8 17.0 18.6 19.4 22.1 17.8 16.1 16.9 12.6 16.9 17.8 13.2 14.5 15.8 14.3 10.6 12.0 16.7 16.2 11.0 15.6 15.1

TABLE 19. —EFFECT OF CASTING TEMPERATURE AND ANNEALING ON CAST IRONS OF DIFFERENT Si CONTENT (MN, <0.2%; P, <0.03%;S, <0.04%) (^].- (Continued] 0.

250

Hundredths of % C Total I Graphite [ 320 240 332 324 I 327 245 I 331 325 320 240 ( 329 324

tg: k, 0C*

UTS

1210 1201:1000 1243 1243:1000 1290 1290:1000

13.4 8.7 11.8 5.8 14.8 6.5

* tg = casting temperature, t& = annealing temperature.

LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) (M Arnold, 14O1 (I) : 107; 94. (2) Arnold and Knowles, 140, (H): 76; 11. ( 3 ) Arnold and Read, 140, (I): 169; 10. (*) Baker, 46, 34: 498; 05. ( 5 ) Baker, 140, (H): 312; 03. («) Campbell, 140, (H): 359; 03. (7) Coe, 140, (I): 361; 13. {*) Coe, 140, (H): 105: 10. ( 9 ) Frilley, 74, 8: 457; 11. (10) Quillet, 34, 137: 480; 03. {") Guillet, 140, (II): 1; 06. (12) Quillet, 74, 1: 46; 04. (13) Hadfield, 140, Cl): 147; 05. O*) Hadfield, 140, (H): 41; 88. (15) Hadfield, 140, (H): 222; 89. (i«) Hadfield, 153, 93: 77; 87. (17) Hadfield, 1 53, 93: 1; 88. (i») Hadfield, 80, 23: 148; 94. (19) Hanemann and Schulz, 77, 34: 399, 450; 14. (20) Hatfield, 140, (II): 157; 06. ( 21 ) Hengstenberg, 77, 44: 914; 24. (22) Lang, 192, 8: 15; 11. (23) Leuenberger, 77, 37: 513, 601; 17. (24) Leuenberger, 77, 41: 285; 21. (25) Paglianti, 192, 9: 217; 12. (26) Portevin, 417, (I): 230; 09. ( 2 7 ) Potter, 80, 50: 437; 14. (2«) von Schwarz, 139, 11 : 80; 13. ( 29 ) Stateler, 93, 81 : 61 ; 13. (30) Strauss, 212, 4: 665; 23. ( 3 I) Turner, 4, 51: 122; 87. (32) Turner, 133, 1888: 69. (33) Turner, 4, 47: 577, 902; 85. (34) Wahlberg, 140, (I): 243; 01. (35) Wahlberg, 77, 21: 460; 01. (36) Wüst and Kettenbach, 139, 11: 65; 13. (37) Wüst and Meissner, 139, 11: 97; 13. (3») Yensen, 119, 34: 2455; 15.

STEELS CONTAINING AL, As, B, CE, SB, TA, OR ZR W. ROSENHAIN AND EDITH OWER CONTENTS

MATIÈRES

INHALTSVERZEICHNIS

INDICE

Tensile properties and hardness of Al-steels.

Résistance à la traction et dureté des aciers à TAl.

Festigkeitseigenschaften und Härte der AI-Stahlsorten.

Compression tests on Al-steels.

Essais de compression sur des aciers à l'Ai. Poids spécifique des aciers à FAl. Propriétés mécaniques des aciers à FAs. Propriétés mécaniques des aciers au B. Dureté des aciers au B. Propriétés mécaniques des aciers au Ce. Propriétés mécaniques des aciers au Sb. Poids spécifique des alliages Fe-Sb. Propriétés mécaniques des aciers au Ta. Propriétés mécaniques des aciers au Zr.

Druckversuche mit AI-Stahlsorten. Spezifisches Gewicht der AIStahlsorten. Mechanische Eigenschaften der As-Stahlsorten. Mechanische Eigenschaften von B-Stählen. Härte von B-Stählen. Mechanische Eigenschaften von Ce-St ählen. Mechanische Eigenschaften von Sb-Stählen. Spezifisches Gewicht von Fe-SbLegierungen. Mechanische Eigenschaften von Ta-Stählen. Mechanische Eigenschaften von Zr-Stählen.

Comportamento alla trazione e durezza degli 529 acciai alFAl Prove di compressione 529 sugli acciai alFAl Peso specifico degli acciai alFAl 529 Proprietà meccaniche degli acciai all' As 529 Proprietà meccaniche degli 530 acciai al B Durezza degli acciai al B. 531 Proprietà meccaniche degli 531 acciai al Ce Proprietà meccaniche degli 531 acciai alFSb Peso specifico delle leghe di Fe-Sb 531 Proprietà meccaniche degli acciaiai Ta 531 Proprietà meccaniche degli acciai allo Zr 532

Specific gravity of Al-steels. Mechanical properties of Assteels. Mechanical properties of Bsteels. Hardness of B-steels. Mechanical properties of Cesteels. Mechanical properties of Sbsteels. Specific gravity of Fe-Sb-alloys. Mechanical properties of Tasteels. Mechanical properties of Zrsteels.

PAGE

TABLE 1.—TENSILE PROPERTIES AND HARDNESS OF AL-OTEELS

Trt

verirr, s- -^ ™ ™»«*H**. C, < 0.10%

™\w.*.* 13 {&;:::::: .S S:£:ÎSS:Î|(4) *- "I"h 2° » lfe:::::::: 5 S:iS:! ill (4) C, 0.10-0.15% I 1083

113 Tr.

I

70

16

I f F 14 J Q t (At

I 105 159 51

40.8|33.6| 30 165.2 (*) 51.240.8 15 20.8 39.831.5 26 60.1

^rfc^ TT 7- |g= ITES2P3^r

TABLE 2.—COMPRESSION TESTS ON AL-STEELS ( 7 ) Test pieces (as forged) subjected to compressive stress of 157.5 kg/mm2. 100 X % composition ~~ I Al " ~M 1 , AT , , . Z0* do* -100r lOO^rAl I C I Mn I Si I P I S ^ IQ «o Ï5 22 7 9 0.99700.7970 51.00 1.24 66 18 14 16 3 9 1.00250.7965 49.08 1.17 116 26 11 15 4 8 0.99850.7960 47.22 1.13 160 21 18 18 1.000 0.7972 48.10 1.14 224 24 32 18 1.00110.7969 45.40 1.11 560 22 22 20 3 8 0.99920.7966 36.57 1.04 * Io = original length, do = original diameter.

TABLE 3.—SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF AL-STEELS % composition* d\Q Llt Al I C Cast I Forged ~ * 0.72 0.17 7.755 (7) 0.61 0.20 7.781 (7) 1.60 0.21 7.6237 (7) 2.24 0.24 7.554 (7) 5.6 0.22 6.6726 (7) 0.45 0.24 7.73 7.77 (") 1.80 0 . 2 0 7.62 7.67 (") 2.75 0 . 2 0 7.44 7.58 C 11 ) 3.60 0.23 7.35 7.48 (") 4.6 0 . 2 0 7.27 7.40 (") 0.23 0.30 7.78 7.79 (") 0.95 0.28 7.70 7.72 (") 2.70 0.30 7 . 4 5 (U)

C, 0.15-0.20%

.0

». ». .0 «. U |fc-- :;:::

ae, iso u. u. SQ »o

^j^"

fc--;;;;;;

„0 ,_ 10 1A jrao^ ITo^ UIo

££«*!»_!!_

/F | AÎ

44.134.640.060.7 (?) ju 28.3 47.1 64.9

8 8

22 22

F ^/ Qf

118

U3

44-527.928 _48.9 3JJ _7J> 66.7 JL3 (4)

83 140 24

17

TF JQt [At

143 192 131

50.734.421 45.9 47.333.5 2 O 44.333.5 2 O

2045 2045

168 Tr. Tr Tr 168 Ir.

5077

168

(4)

C, 0.20-0.25% "~~~~ ~ " " ÎSoô ^To Jh,

/F |At

45.733.036.762.9 (7) JI0.4 81.5 405.8

„ <0 on JMo^ JOo jlp ô

/F |At

44.133.938.454.5 (7) JtOJ 28.3 40.5 62.0

JUL ^! JU*

{It.::::::::

^3Ii ^

- «• - * ** - {It.::::::::

ÎÎKSIKJl

^ - - o - fc::::::::: KKKKJl 5600

220220200

3o 80 |fc;

}

fc42,^

"

C, 0.20-0 25% (castings) Diam.,

mm

45o 18Oo 275o 36Oo 46Oo

24o 2Oo 2Oo 23o 2Oo

54o 45o 5Oo 47o 5Oo

12o 2Oo 23o 2Oo 18o

23 23 22 23 22

25 22 20 20 20

GA GA GA GA GA

22~955.724.719.017.0 16.3 54.326.813.017.0 16.3 51.925.210.0 0.0 14.7 51.326.8 2.5 0.0 22.9 50.525.2 3.1 0.0

(") C 11 ) C 11 ) C 11 ) (")

C, 0.25-0.30% ~ 1160 23o 95o 27Oo

TTT « ] I /F »o Ûo Jloo ^ ^ (AJ 3Oo 4Oo 1Oo 27 28o 5Oo 15o 23 3Oo 125 o I 22 o 25

znz i

22 20 23

51.936.232.151.5 (7) ^_733_034.453_0 16.3 60.824.914.013.5 C 11 ) 16.3 55.125.213.015.0 ( 1 I) 21.1 63.031.5 8.5)0.0 (")

GA GA GA C, 0.30-0 75%

zz

45 736~ ÏOÔ~l4Ô"Î5~ 8 1052 669_ ïïr J98 8 12

F F

~

~~

83.3 45.7 T" Ï?! ( 4 ) 88.8 46.6 _9__ 20_5 ( 4 )

J « « » »TTg-^JÊIflE^: 7.0 eoa UO 2 5 eao .5 fc-;;;;;;! ^ »;fe g | g " 14 24

A$ F

1000 X % composition . I C I Mn I Si I CuI P | S

~^1^ S8168 17

228 277

92.545,2 () 88.8 46^7 IT^ UTi (4)

^^« «TTfc:::::: g ^l^~^ * Test pieces ( 6 ) are 2 in. X 0.7979 in. diam. ; dimensions of others not stated. t 850° Qw. J A 900° /4 h.

YP

El

RA Lit.

{^••••••: fizi g:; fi o

M

{%•••••••• %;;.•; ™ g:;(8)w {A ;:::;;;;; 5;8'£;t5:,' g : »

277 76.4o ^ 19620 eo .Q5 7S431 57182 „ 57 549

77443

«,I

754S9

52192 18

Q22QO

16

52

{A....;...; 39.527.3 «.. ».I (.,

60 {A....;.;.; «.»».I »;« 53.0 C)

j» »« ««j^j» j^^:Sj£j_^Sj^_ II»

S1433

1425

SQ429

4919S 23

49192 26

55 I A . . . . . . . . . 44.0».. ».. «.« O 51

(^;;;;;;:;; g;^;» ™ g;» <8>

20

Ca

42.6 27.9f 28.5§ 34.1 (')

1621

S3434 4Q 18826 « ^:::::;:;; SIH:? SiTeTi (t)

2240 253.

S3429 «^«•»{t:::::::^^^,";:;" S6446 55192 » 52 {^ :;:::;;:; s:;*;; ;:jg a <"

1943 7943.

2841

4

Trt,**.p.392 UTS C, <0.3 %

2841

C, >0.75% 1094 796 208 362 13 4650 8Ï5~ Ï22~ ! 2 ! 24

TABLE 4.—MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF AS-STEELS —As

1570 _40 10 _30 J^ 30

BHN 228 212

* For complete analyses, v. Table 1.

47».«•»{^ : : : : : : : : : Si4^1;;; »i;«

84440 55 189 21 50 / A

_^ _ _2f1^ _ J^_ \Q...

36.535.5 1.88 0.0 (•) 44.1 39.2 4.14 1.1

S130 S5446 5S19317 *{£:::::::; S:I£,y ;:»7 H « 32S4

S5442

»i. 68S52

59Ì86

17

461521 s

« {^ : : : : ; ; : : 3g ; I35.I

Q^ 0.0 (.,

40 {-;;;;;;;;; »;«;• j»;» •;« «

TABLE 4.—MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF AS-STEELS.— (Continued) A8 93 178 185 193 197 208 266 272 274 278 293 301 328 334 340 367 618 672

1000 X % composition I C IMn |8i| P I S 360 360 355 405 365 360 400 360 395 425 355 365 365 356 400 395 355

T

TABLE 4.—MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF AS-STEELS.— (Continued)

i i El ''"-P- 392 V™] YP ** LitC. > 0.45 % 72.422.7 17 43 (1O) 243 495 UOo 177 63 50 R 89.332.0 12 25 ( 10 ) 1 57.5 20 ( O) 278 490 lilo 156 77 40 R 83.631.0 10 12 ( 1 O) 57.5 18.5 (10278 ) 500 109o 156 63 46 R 84.4 30.0 12 20 ( 1 O) 78.728.5 13 28 (1O) 296 500 108o 195 87 34 R 88.6 33.5 11 19 ( 1 O) 72.921.0 19 47 (10) 317 515 109o 141 91 40 R 87.235.0 11 16 ( 1 O) 58.3 19.5 (10) 329 505 117o 125 86 44 R 85.832.0 13 20 ( 1 Q) 80.227.5 13 33 (1O) *A = A 880°/90 C3 (in absence of air); Q = 910°/40 Qw; Ca = R (1 in. 72.421.5 17 41 (1O) diam.), W > 1000°, Ca; R = from head of a rail, 72.424.0 17 32 (1O) t These values are for elastic limit. 77.328.5 22 29 (1O) Î Contains 0.003 % Al. d24° = 7.8690. 60.4 14 (10) § Test pieces from rolled bars, 2 in. X 0.564 in. diam. 72.426.5 16 43 (10) 59.9 15.5 (10) COMPRESSION TEST OF 0.04% C-STEELS CONTAINING As C 1 ) 74.522.0 16 36 (10) 10 100 X % composition ^x. CS % compression 78.729.0 15 35 ( ) 80.032.0 15 27 (10) î 31 5 63<0 94 5 126 0 157>5 10 As C Mn Si Al P S T r t * \ ' ' *1 59.5 16 ( ) 62.5 20 (10771 ) " " " ~ " o /N 3.015.531.4 44.6 53.0 157 4 1 3 3 3 2 \H. 0.912.327.0 40.3 49.1 * N = normalized; H = W > 1000° Qw (test pieces 28.7 mm X 14.32 mm diam.).

*.*»-P- 392 ^S YP | El RA Lit.

C, 0.30-0.45 % 1140 115 89 26 R 102o 123 55 40 R 10Oo 122 68 36 R 117o 147 74 26 R 12Oo 109 64 34 R 10Io 125 55 40 R lilo 168 77 34 R 12Oo 103 88 36 R 112o 150 87 46 R 121o 153 83 36 R 94o 127 62 36 R 112o 94 94 40 R 10Oo 131 77 38 R 12Oo 109 97 36 R 116o 141 99 40 R UOo 141 97 34 R 10Oo 125 72 40 R 930 94 84 44 R

As

1000 X % composition " I C | M n I Si| P I S

Trt

TABLE 5.—MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF B- AND NI-B-STEELS Boron steels difficult to roll at ordinary rolling temperature (UOO0C). Ingots for ( 2 ): specimens rolled at 960°, but some plates showed cracks. B

% composition I C I Ni I Al I Mn I Si I

P

|

S

'

BHN ScH ^ ^ 1^ ,2 Lit. kg/m kg-m/cm

pL

P

B-Steels ^»^

0-0760.232

.... 0.O12 { ^0.Q,

£ £ _ j££j£j

j£ .

........ ..»..«0.24 <..«.<..«{g~Tp «:j"••• »..-î:;":;y, g ^^

oô.iea ..0.5 O....{£Q.Q.

*.*_««__,*,.* ^ <^<^ {««Z^

^^ '-""^-

..« ..« 0.1550.475 0.4060.595

S''.

ÏIÏ'ÎZÎ

^

„.„ "' Jl

,SjjSj I ? « « JS J5.

^_ TOL^

..6000.7». o.,.8 „.o» J^

,g:;

»:;»:;g;;

js_

«_

OMÔM,.

^

^ ™ ^

^

<*>

0.018

0^005 {^,.^

........ 0.33 <..M<..«.{y;^ g:;•-« 0.3700.283 0.2950.292

0.020 0.020 N 0.023 ^ 0.016 ~N^

-;:;"o:;g g

50.9 34.517.027.0 54.0 39.018.022.8 Ni-B-Steels

0.09 0,6 3.000.020.S4 L2Q <0.015 <0.035 { ^Tp§ ^ 0.30 O.ÌS 3.000.020.77 Ì.SO
^

™™™ g g;™-« Jj^g

tjs_»_ 1.94 3.0s

g *

N 82 63 7 45 7 38 710 820 8 175 O0.50 50 0.19 O W 3.05 3 05 Tr O 67 0.41 O 41 <0.015 <0 015 <0.035 <0 035 j/g2()0 °° ' ' Tr. 0.67 Qo ^^ 150.7119.3 79.4 4.3 5.9 387 52

^

(5) (5) O

^^ ^_ 2 0.99 ( )

7^^;^ ~ô^^^ U^Tp8 ârî^sTîïiîïiî'a'a'^^r^ o... o.« .,8o.-o2o.e7..» <..«.
„ 75 <"

..OS |..69 ..«..„..« O.se <0.,.5 <0.035 (y^Tpi £î "•'.Si'^^ S g

0.88

* In ( 2 ) specimens are 2 in. X 0.3 in. diam. PL by Berry strain gage. t Machine and type of specimens not stated.

'"

î Tests made on Izod machine. Spécimens: 0.35-0.45 in. diam., 45° V notch, 0.13 in. deep, bottom radius = 0.01 in. § Tp = Tp0 175°/3 h, C^

TABLE 7.—MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF CE- AND NI-CE-STEELS ( 2 ) Cef

I

% composition* C I Ni I Mn

| j

I Si

~

IS'J kg-m/cm 2

*

Ce-Steels N 84

020 U U '^

039 U > ^

06 U b 8

U075 70

\i840° °° Q0 Tp||

035 U 00

0 44 U0 U

0 6w9 u

U027 Z/

( N 82°° \820°QoTp||

001 U.Ui

0 4 5 2z.Vo 95 U.40

006 U.UO

O 41 j.su 2 80 u.7d O 7^ U.41

-

-

010 U.IU °'3lT 0.19B 55T

°' 0.35s

0 4 6 2J.9U 90 U.4b \042295 } \044300 j

1

^

'

J

°'22T

\074995

'

' 90.1

59 5 ' 132.7 Ni-Ce-Steels

098 55 0.98 1 1.55 115 ö

i N 8484Q °°o |

QQ Tp||

'°

19

50

'° 6 ' 3 59.7

'° 8 * 5 84.3 15 6

'

N780

123 9

163

0.7

418

3L1

185

10.0 248

17

32 25

128

1U 5

228.2

'

N 805

120 2

°

'

\8Q5°Q 0 Tp||

2.75

52

72 6

38

9 5

6A

10

3

'°

°203.0 52

321

7.3

17 8

217 ' 10.4 222

41

1.54

66 57

5 5

' 58.3 5.5

17 3

3 2

36

352

7 6

16

187

34

'

' ° 11.0 600

'°

81

'0

70

'3

1

^- 5

36

1

(Broke in shoulder)

3

^

58 3.73

1.54

37

2.08

51

124.8 108.6 64.0 2.5 2.1 108.4 49.2 1.0 396 176.8 98.4 1.0 14.1 530

( N 780° \ 780° Q0 Tp||

1.54

4 8 26 °' 37.2 ° 555 24 8.5

' '165.2'° ' 4.6 219.5 129.3

76 7

0 2 5 l780 l 0 QoTp|| °

54

42 2 7 6 37 6 285 3 ' '123.0 ° 7.2 555 209.3' 172.0 7.5

89 4 56 2 37 2 21 ' ' ' '° 142.3 104.7 45.7 8.6

OQl 1 3 o ( °° \ 800° Q0 Tp||

/

26

^'1 94 ' 4145.1 218.8

080 1 N 78°° \780°QoTp||

19*

'

1

N80

n 89

39 8

N 84 10 1 70 i °° °-8 1.7U | 84Qo QQTp||

0.51 2.90 1.04 ( +Cu 0.62) I

65 8

82 071 30 i^N °° U.71 1 l.dU 82 QOQ 0 TpH

Io SQ 2 65 n o n

0.66s 0.03

0.07s

' *

5.41 1.46

40 52

1.01

48

1.01

* These steels contain <0.015 % P, <0.035 % S. t Where two values are given for % Ce, subscripts T and B refer to samples taken from top and bottom of ingot respectively (in amounts over 0.30 %, Ce segregates very badly). J Tensile specimens 2 in. X 0.30 in. diam. § Izod machine used. Specimens 0.30 in. to 0.45 in. diam., 45° V notch, 0.13 in. deep, bottom radius = 0.01 in. H Tp = Tp0 175°/3 h Ca.

TABLE 8.—PROPERTIES OF SB-STEELS ( 12 )

TABLE 6.—HARDNESS or B-STEELS* ( 3 ) % B 0.4 0.73 1.21 1.93 2.41 3.26 4.32 2.3 4.27 2.76 4.32

I % Nil BHNÏ [I % B| % Ni \BHN^ \\ % B| % Ni| BHATf' 100 X % composition 108.5 0.78 4.75 242.5 2.1 10.7 435 Sb C I C u | M n | Si I P I ^" UTS YP m RA d* 175 0.85 4.72 242.5 2.5110.0 454 2 10 6 37 4 Tr. 7 35.420.033.575.0 227 1.32 4.80 341.5 3.3810.4 571.5 5 11 16 56 4 Tr. 5 34.420.530.175.0 8.2 242.5 2.18 5.0 521.5 4.2410.0 712 t Test pieces 56 mm X 5.65 mm. 214 2.52 4.7 356 (K6920.0 385.5 318 3.15 4.93 521.5 2.1719.81 400.0 TABLE 10.—MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF TA-STEELS ( 6 ) 560 4.41 4.81 521.5 1^0422.0 208? 1.3 227 2.39 7.0 418 E4225.0 ~4ÖÖ 1 571.5 0.7110.2 355 3.925 296 2.1 250 0.8410.2 370 2 712 I 1.3l|l0.25 419 O 150 170 150 IQ 1 N 42.630.431 68.8107 * Prepared from Swedish iron containing: C, 0.1; Mn, 0.14; Si, 0.014; P, 0.08; 0 150 170 150 19 - J875° Q. 20° 62.145.715 73 153 S, 0.012; ferroboron containing B, 19,56; C, 0.17; and pure Ni.

îTC°; IrtN-"-3" ™ » « » 4" ^

0^»^ {8 75.,.20. s:;g:;5..g- a

110 mm, 3000 kg. 9

TABLE 9.—SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF FE-SB-ALLOYS ( ) % Sb.. 18.80 |38.80 |44.98 |56.88 |60.80 |64.58 |74.31 [81.52 dl I 7.800| 8.120J 8.1591 8.298J 8.071J 8.300| 7.912J 7.211

0 600 180 220 24 J /N 0.600.180.220.24 8750^20,

65846613

11.050.160.280.16 n ^ n i A n 9QO i« |/ N 87go Qw ^0

70049110

* All contain traces of P and S. t Dimensions of test pieces not stated.

45.331.128 47.831.528

67.4112

74.9155

62.3 116

55.8169

TABLE 11.—PROPERTIES OF ZR- AND NI-ZR-STEELS ( 2 ) » Zr

A . , rrIl Cn T^Trffi I Ni I Mn I Si I Al I Ti

TrM. p. 3 9 2 U T S

Y~P

a

*M

«A

BW

&ff

/S .kg-m/cm" ? ,

Zr-Steels U 0 2 SJ 15O0 J M

-

-^

0 0 5 /J N 9Q °°° U6. b1l 1 l . JSOTr U ir. 0 U.05 Q0 Tp§ 900

~°o l200 oO ~37O 50Ö~73
°-

-

0 6 0 0 3 44 "•PU"-*

N860 0691 7 0 Tir.r U.07 007J U.TO 1.70 | 860 oQ°oT p§

0 030 45 U-U* 0-45

0 67050002002 0-070.500.020.02

/| 8N2852o5Q °o T p §

0 0 00130 0 449 2

O 7R1 « Tr T 761 55

^

'

0 1 0-447 7 °-1110 n , = « ,10

°'

-

65

'° 95.3

81

N81 O 7 5 0 5 4 0 0 7 0 02 0.750.540.070.02 J 8 1/0 QQ °° 0 TpI

010051 0.100.51

N840 0 8 0 1 1 5 0 0 0 0 0 4j /^ ° 0.801.15^.090.04 0 Q<> Tp§

22 5

'

22 5

'l

33

71.0

' 35.1

37.4

39 3

'

81 '° 1S4.1

206

'°

16

'° 0.5

27.4

81 5

189

39 8

' 8.5

52 3

'

22 7

' 2.2

8.0

20.3

4.5

ll 18 7 '° 0.25 0.0'

35

1.76

27

2.49

°31

2.66

241

212

2 7

° 292

27

27

29

31 28

186

25

509

54

197

27

454

43

38 6

228

29

4 -° 95.6 1.0

5 2

375

32

' 2.0

520

2.70

31

'° 1.5

' 56.2

16

185

32.0 269

1.5

35A

37 2

17

19.8 286

3

19

165.9 144.8 88.6 7 8 142.5°'

^0

M 7 2 7 ' °187 12.5 26.8

19 5

'°

21 8

' 103.6

5

5.08

25

' 30.1 228

' ' 38.0 5.0

'

179 ' 21.3 196

24 5

29 5

53 8

22 8

22

27

' '9.0 24.6

77 8

860°

0 9 0-556 6 °-0090

33 7

104.5 90.2 52.7 1.5

0 7 8 0 8 5 0 15002 |I o°° 0.780.850.150.02 Q0 Tp§ 800 ,1,, n , o n n, /

24 5

' ' 63.2 5.0

' 115.6

N80

n «n

30 2

69 6

°

0-550.440.130.01 {860o QQ Tp§

10 0 16.9 '9.5

°'8 43 '6 98.6 64.6

860

O' 150 ' 42

2L1

'

7

- °- 0 3 \860°QoTp§

N

27

35 5

75

Tr O 10 /^ Q°° Ir. 0.10 QO Tp§ 860

O Ol / N

M

'° 135.4

N 86

06315 O.M1.6

24

-8 69.9

O 77T 70 Tr n Ofi / N 8 6 0 ° 0.771.70 Tr. 0.06 J 8 6 0 OQ 0 TpI

0 5600 00-** 33 Q-

55 7 31 6 19 7 28 5 6 8 179 ' ' ' °' 69.7 43.8 16.2 23.5 55.0 187

44

Ni-Zr-Steels N 830

O 120 393 150001 0 5 0 0 1 0 0 2 J/ QQ ° Tp 0.120.393.150.901.050.010.02 830 0 1

182

2 O I S O 4S2 000 871 100 170 11 |I N 8o °° 0.130.432.000.871.100.170.11 820 Qo Tp§

98 2 ' 206.3

78 0 2 5 0 513 0 0 0 7 2 1 2 0 0 0 4 0 0 1 /J N °° 0.250.513.00^.721.200.04^.01 7 8 0 QQ 0 TpI

37 9

-° 188.0

^7'1 204.7

6

^1

42 9 19 5 ' ' 116.6 7.0 42 2

' 81.9

4

'° 3.0

-4.5

512

44 9

265 ' 24.1 477

U 6

' 4.0

255

440

39

~

31

37

2.32

20

36

* All steels contain < 0.015 % P and < 0.035 % S. t Tensile specimens, 2 in. X 0.3 in. diam. $ Izod machine specimens 0.30-0.45 in. diam., 45° V notch, depth = 0.13 in., radius of bottom = 0.01 in. § Tp = Tp 175V3 h Ca.

LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) (1) Arnold, 140, 45: 107; 94. ( 2 ) Burgess and Woodward, 32, No. 207 J 22. ( 3 ) Chiyevskii and Mikhailovskii, 74, 14: 16; 17. 4SI, 1: 547; 15.

( 4 ) Guillet, 74, 2: 312; 05. (3) Quillet, 34, 144: 1049; 07. (6) Guillet 34, 145: 327; 07. (7) Hadfield, 140, 37: 161; 90. (») Liedgens, 77, 31: 2109; 12. (9) Maey, 7, 38: 292; 01. ( 10 ) Mitinsky, 4SI, 1: 650; 13. 10, 4: 1324. ( 1 M Riley, 140, 36: 161; 90. ( 12 ) Schleicher, 77, 42: 781; 22.

PROPERTIES OF ALUMINIUM AND ITS ALLOYS WITH Cu, MG, MN, Ni, Si, SN, AND ZN CONTAINING MORE THAN 50% Al (». also p. 542) S. L. AKCHBUTT CONTENTS Tensile properties. Compression tests. Shear and torsion tests. Hardness. Impact hardness. Impact strength. Elastic properties. Specific gravity. Mold shrinkage.

MATIÈRES Résistance à la traction. Essais de compression. Essais de cisaillement et de torsion. Dureté. Dureté au choc. Résistance au choc. Propriétés élastiques. Poids spécifique. Retrait au moulage.

INHALTSVERZEICHNIS

INDICE

PAQB

Festigkeitseigenschaf ten. Druckproben. Dreh- und Scherversuche.

Proprietà alla trazione.... 533 Prove di compressione.... 538 Prove di taglio e di torsione 538

Härte. Schlaghärte. Schlagprobe. Elastische Eigenschaften. Spezifisches Gewicht. Schwindung.

Durezza Durezza all'urto Resistenza all'urto Proprietà elastiche Peso specifico Ritiro nella forma

539 539 540 540 541 542

TABLE 11.—PROPERTIES OF ZR- AND NI-ZR-STEELS ( 2 ) » Zr

A . , rrIl Cn T^Trffi I Ni I Mn I Si I Al I Ti

TrM. p. 3 9 2 U T S

Y~P

a

*M

«A

BW

&ff

/S .kg-m/cm" ? ,

Zr-Steels U 0 2 SJ 15O0 J M

-

-^

0 0 5 /J N 9Q °°° U6. b1l 1 l . JSOTr U ir. 0 U.05 Q0 Tp§ 900

~°o l200 oO ~37O 50Ö~73
°-

-

0 6 0 0 3 44 "•PU"-*

N860 0691 7 0 Tir.r U.07 007J U.TO 1.70 | 860 oQ°oT p§

0 030 45 U-U* 0-45

0 67050002002 0-070.500.020.02

/| 8N2852o5Q °o T p §

0 0 00130 0 449 2

O 7R1 « Tr T 761 55

^

'

0 1 0-447 7 °-1110 n , = « ,10

°'

-

65

'° 95.3

81

N81 O 7 5 0 5 4 0 0 7 0 02 0.750.540.070.02 J 8 1/0 QQ °° 0 TpI

010051 0.100.51

N840 0 8 0 1 1 5 0 0 0 0 0 4j /^ ° 0.801.15^.090.04 0 Q<> Tp§

22 5

'

22 5

'l

33

71.0

' 35.1

37.4

39 3

'

81 '° 1S4.1

206

'°

16

'° 0.5

27.4

81 5

189

39 8

' 8.5

52 3

'

22 7

' 2.2

8.0

20.3

4.5

ll 18 7 '° 0.25 0.0'

35

1.76

27

2.49

°31

2.66

241

212

2 7

° 292

27

27

29

31 28

186

25

509

54

197

27

454

43

38 6

228

29

4 -° 95.6 1.0

5 2

375

32

' 2.0

520

2.70

31

'° 1.5

' 56.2

16

185

32.0 269

1.5

35A

37 2

17

19.8 286

3

19

165.9 144.8 88.6 7 8 142.5°'

^0

M 7 2 7 ' °187 12.5 26.8

19 5

'°

21 8

' 103.6

5

5.08

25

' 30.1 228

' ' 38.0 5.0

'

179 ' 21.3 196

24 5

29 5

53 8

22 8

22

27

' '9.0 24.6

77 8

860°

0 9 0-556 6 °-0090

33 7

104.5 90.2 52.7 1.5

0 7 8 0 8 5 0 15002 |I o°° 0.780.850.150.02 Q0 Tp§ 800 ,1,, n , o n n, /

24 5

' ' 63.2 5.0

' 115.6

N80

n «n

30 2

69 6

°

0-550.440.130.01 {860o QQ Tp§

10 0 16.9 '9.5

°'8 43 '6 98.6 64.6

860

O' 150 ' 42

2L1

'

7

- °- 0 3 \860°QoTp§

N

27

35 5

75

Tr O 10 /^ Q°° Ir. 0.10 QO Tp§ 860

O Ol / N

M

'° 135.4

N 86

06315 O.M1.6

24

-8 69.9

O 77T 70 Tr n Ofi / N 8 6 0 ° 0.771.70 Tr. 0.06 J 8 6 0 OQ 0 TpI

0 5600 00-** 33 Q-

55 7 31 6 19 7 28 5 6 8 179 ' ' ' °' 69.7 43.8 16.2 23.5 55.0 187

44

Ni-Zr-Steels N 830

O 120 393 150001 0 5 0 0 1 0 0 2 J/ QQ ° Tp 0.120.393.150.901.050.010.02 830 0 1

182

2 O I S O 4S2 000 871 100 170 11 |I N 8o °° 0.130.432.000.871.100.170.11 820 Qo Tp§

98 2 ' 206.3

78 0 2 5 0 513 0 0 0 7 2 1 2 0 0 0 4 0 0 1 /J N °° 0.250.513.00^.721.200.04^.01 7 8 0 QQ 0 TpI

37 9

-° 188.0

^7'1 204.7

6

^1

42 9 19 5 ' ' 116.6 7.0 42 2

' 81.9

4

'° 3.0

-4.5

512

44 9

265 ' 24.1 477

U 6

' 4.0

255

440

39

~

31

37

2.32

20

36

* All steels contain < 0.015 % P and < 0.035 % S. t Tensile specimens, 2 in. X 0.3 in. diam. $ Izod machine specimens 0.30-0.45 in. diam., 45° V notch, depth = 0.13 in., radius of bottom = 0.01 in. § Tp = Tp 175V3 h Ca.

LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) (1) Arnold, 140, 45: 107; 94. ( 2 ) Burgess and Woodward, 32, No. 207 J 22. ( 3 ) Chiyevskii and Mikhailovskii, 74, 14: 16; 17. 4SI, 1: 547; 15.

( 4 ) Guillet, 74, 2: 312; 05. (3) Quillet, 34, 144: 1049; 07. (6) Guillet 34, 145: 327; 07. (7) Hadfield, 140, 37: 161; 90. (») Liedgens, 77, 31: 2109; 12. (9) Maey, 7, 38: 292; 01. ( 10 ) Mitinsky, 4SI, 1: 650; 13. 10, 4: 1324. ( 1 M Riley, 140, 36: 161; 90. ( 12 ) Schleicher, 77, 42: 781; 22.

PROPERTIES OF ALUMINIUM AND ITS ALLOYS WITH Cu, MG, MN, Ni, Si, SN, AND ZN CONTAINING MORE THAN 50% Al (». also p. 542) S. L. AKCHBUTT CONTENTS Tensile properties. Compression tests. Shear and torsion tests. Hardness. Impact hardness. Impact strength. Elastic properties. Specific gravity. Mold shrinkage.

MATIÈRES Résistance à la traction. Essais de compression. Essais de cisaillement et de torsion. Dureté. Dureté au choc. Résistance au choc. Propriétés élastiques. Poids spécifique. Retrait au moulage.

INHALTSVERZEICHNIS

INDICE

PAQB

Festigkeitseigenschaf ten. Druckproben. Dreh- und Scherversuche.

Proprietà alla trazione.... 533 Prove di compressione.... 538 Prove di taglio e di torsione 538

Härte. Schlaghärte. Schlagprobe. Elastische Eigenschaften. Spezifisches Gewicht. Schwindung.

Durezza Durezza all'urto Resistenza all'urto Proprietà elastiche Peso specifico Ritiro nella forma

539 539 540 540 541 542

The following properties of pure Al are given elsewhere: specific gravity, p. 456; compressibility, vol. Ill; viscosity, vol. Ill; surface tension, vol. III. TABLE 1.—TENSILE PKOPERTIES Al % .. * Treatment composition* Al, 99.97.... 1 Wk. A

Al, 99.6;Fe, ( R, J in. thickf 0.14; Si, j R, rod* 0.19 [ G8, 0.56 in.§ G8, 450° C8 Al, 99.54; G8, 450° Qw Fe,0.14;Si, Qm, 1 in. °*^;

Nat

|

: J Rc sheet.. i

Rh, I in.§ Rh, H i n . § DA, H in.§ D0, H in.§ J in. thick Same, A 500° & in. thick game) A 500o ,foin, thick Same, A 500° Rd sheet Rd bars Dd wire R, f in. diam.

UTS I

5.96

YP |

PL

El

|

|

3.9 3.0 3.8 3.6

10.24 6.9 11.34 10.2 11.69 11.0 13.70 13.4 13.16 12.4 9.31 4.2s 14.45 13.5 9 29 4.7 14.71 13.2 9.18 4.0 15.5-24.6 19.7-24.6 17.6-38.7 15.90

( Al, 99.30.. •{ [ Al, 99.24; Fe, 0.49; Si, 0.15[[ f G8, ein. 9.5 2.81 Al, 99.20.. J Wkd, 75% 15.8 12.7 [ Same, A 9.5 3.2 Al, 99.07 Strip, A f t 9.0-10.1 -98.46; R0, 50% 14.2 Fe,0.70-0.98; Rc, 200-300 % 15.0-18.1 0 8i, 0.23-0.56 I Same, A 40O H 10.99

60a | 95

Lit. [ (JO)

34-86b (8) 55-87b ______ 24a 39.4 (? 19.Oa 27.4 22.Oa 33.8 37. Oa 60.7

4.41-6.43 4.7-6.3

7.72 7.21 7.95 8.23

RA

~~ 35.5a 30.5a 23.Oa 19.5a 10.6b 41.Ob 6.3b 31.Ob 3.7 b 36.3b l-7a

7.92

16a

0.7 24** 7.0 13 1.4 40 4.6-3.9 40-38i 11.5-12.0 9-lli 14.2-17.6 2-1.5i 5.0 4Oi

79.4 81.2 82.1 73.3

6

20-30 ( ) 30-40 40-50 65.4 ( 2 2 )

(H)

(U)

* Al content by difference. t Single crystal, test piece 1 X H in. cross-section, t Single crystal, test piece 0.564 in. diam. § Dimensions are for diam. after indicated mechanical treatment, test piece, 0.564 in. diam. U Contains 0.12 % Cu. 1 Stress at AZ = H % lo** Gage length = 4 X diam. ft 0.5-10 mm thick from 40 mm slabs. Jt Optimum conditions for completely annealed product (Grard).

Al-Cu* (7)

Treatment

| UTS\ YP \El*j RA \\ UTS YP \El^ \ RA I Cu, 0.86% Il Cu, 1.90% G8, to shape 8.06 4.112.512.1 7.20 5.2 5.518.4 /450 C8 8.24 3.910.511.8 7.32 5.2 6.022.7 bame \450°Q w 8.95 4.413.021.5 7.89 5.7 7.0 9.1 Gm, lin, diam | 9.64J 4.9|l5.5|33.3J|l2.88| 6.l|l7.Q|26.4 f j in. diam 14.72 8.730.072.917.1610.127.561.7 h \ I in. diam 16.4912.028.573.3 22.6620.219.058.2 DA, Ü in 16.9016.119.071.7 21.7220.316.559.4 D0, Min 20.2719.214.563.3 23.6222.113.046.5 I Cu, 0.93% (sheet) || Cu, 1.57% (sheet) Rc, i in. thick 18.8 17.3 7.0 21.7220.5 5.3 Same, A 5 0 0 ° . . . . . . . . 12.9 5.828.7 15.78 7.124.7 Rc, TV in. thick 20.4 18.1 4.7 25.5 20.0 5.3 Same, A 500° 12.7 6.031.7 16.42 7.225.3 Rc, A in. thick 19.2 18.4 3.3 23.8921.7 3.3 Same, A 500° 13.4 5.429.2 16.70 6.525.7

Al-Cu* (7).—(Continued) Treatment

UTS]YP El^ \RA\\ UTS \YP El^ \RA Cu, 2.77% u Cu, 3.76% 8.22 5.8 4.511.011.80 7.7 5.0 7.3 8.76 6.8 5.0 7.311.84 7.7 4.012.0 8.41 7.2 5.0 8.011.10 9.0 4.012.2 13.54| 7.7|l0.5|24.6||l5.12 8.510.5|21.5 21.8710.626.552.226.5 14.220.038.2 26.1 19.716.044.626.8 18.321.049.8 Drewhollowt 26.6 24.4 8.021.8 28.0 |25.8| 9.5|27.6 31.5 29.1 7.520.8 I Cu, 2.36% (sheet) || Cu, 3.74% (sheet) 22.2421.1 4.3 24.5823.5 4.0 15.25 7.928.6 16.95 6.824.0 23.3718.3 5.3 27.7 26.5 4.0 18.26 7.625.3 17.32 8.021.0 26.54 24.1 4.0 29.2525.0 4.0 18.53 7.124.7 18.36 7.724.7 I Cu, 4.97% U Cu, 6.15% 10.60 8.2 4.0 5.012.16 9.6 || 3.5 12.36 8.7 4.0 1.211.4610.2 3.0 5.0 11.51 9.8 4.0 1.112.7611.0 3.5 1.5 |15.15| 9.3 6.0| 9.7||l5.62 8.3 5.0|10.6 23.1014.019.536.9 25.7814.318.033.8 23.8616.419.536.4 27.2020.615.533.6 |27.9 |25.0| 6.0|20.8|| | | | I Cu, 4.74% (sheet) | Cu, 5.34% (sheet) 25.22J23.3 2.0| ||21.36|l9.7| || | 23.8922.5 4.7 20.9019.4 || 24.9121.7 4.6 21.2219.5 2.0 26.4023.2 4.0 26.0222.5 [J 18.79 7.618.7 19.16 8.821.7 I Cu, 6.91% I] Cu, 8.08% 9.67 8.2 2.0 1.611.6510.2 || 2.0 9.18 9.1 Il 1.211.15 9.3 Jj 1.6 12.14 9.6 3.0 1.612.6512.0 3.0 1.7 14.84| 9.6| 4.0| 4.6||l6.76|ll.3| || | 1.6 24.21 14.213.511.5 23.0813.217.523.3 25.2819.214.527.6 24.11 17.317.527.6 | j [ ||25.9 [24.3J 5.5J15.0

I

G8, to shape /45O 0 C 8 e \450°Qw Gm, lin, diam / f i n . diam h \ | i n . diam DA, Jf in D0, Hin.§ Rc, i in. thick Same, A 500° Rc, A in. thick Same, A 500° Rc, A in. thick Same, A 500° G8, to shape /45O 0 C 8 s e \450°Q w Gm, lin, diam K / f i n . diam h \|in. diam Dc, tfin R0, Jin, thick Rc, rV in. thick Same, A 500° (?) R0, aV in. thick 1[ Same, A 500°

G 8 ,toshape /45O 0 C 8 s e \450°Q w Gm, lin.diam Rh, fin. diam Rh, I in. diam Dc, j-in.diam ^""^^^ % Cu** ^\^^ 10.7 16.0 19.9 29.0 31.7 Treatment ^""^\ G«, to shape g 10.51 11.52 10.61 9^92 9.45 Gm, 1 in. diam & 13.68 9.86 11.64 14.86 14.26

* Prepared from notch bar Al of analysis: Al (by diff.), 99.54; Si, 0.25; Fe, 0.14; Na, 0.07. t Test pieces, 2 in. X 0.564 in. diam. for rounds and 3 in. X 1 in. wide for sheet. Î Also true for alloys containing >3.76 % Cu. §. For 3.76 % Cu, D0 to ff in. diam. Il Broke outside gage marks. 1 Extra annealing at 0.07 in. thickness. ** El8. = 0.0 for all.

Al-Cu-Mn (27).—(Continued) Trt* % composition | UTS \ YP \ El* ' G. \ „ „,. ,, TT1 J 12.7s ÎÔTs 5 Gm ) C", 2.15; Mn, 1.91 ^ ^ 12 g fi

EFFECT OF HEAT TREATMENT AND AGING ON AL-Cu (16) % Cu* I Treatment | UTS \ El& I Gm, 1 in. diam 16.8 12 3 95

'

V20 6d W500°/24hQÌ ° W5UU/24h ^ \ VlOO0 l h

[

4.04

striptW5oo°{g

f

V5d;

24 9

'

W500V24hO/ V 2 °° 6 d [ W 5 0 0 / ^ 4 h t j \ V100° l h

4.98

14.5

/ Gm' 1in' diam* \ Same, Trt, V RW500°/lhQV

%

7.75t

L 11 (Gr. r

8.00 8.08t ~Ï2f1 nom.

No*'^ ° ' (U.'S. A.) o L 8

T

1113S L 8 11-135 L 8

12.48t L 8 '

Gs, 0.5 in. diam. G8, 0.6 in. diam. G m , 1 in. diam.

\ „ _fi I Cu, 2.89,M Mn, 1.76

f 12.0s \ip.7i

/~1 4 10 AT 1 AO I Cu, 4.13; Mn, 1.92

/

18.6

9

G8

23 4

7t

Gm

9

G

G'm

g

PL 7.0

\ El& JLiT. 7.0 ( 1 M

14 '° 26.8 25.0 35.8 (strip 0.1 in. th.)~ 25

11.5 13 ?

(16)

(i)

?

3.9 ^ 7.1* 10.2 11.3

T G8 \ t . ~ 7~~12.6 7.9 < " > 1 m. diam. < [ GmJ J^ 13.4-15.3 f T 13.5 mean G.,lin.d,am. j U.6-14.3 „ t . ,. / 19.!mean Gm. I m . diam. | 17 5_2Q g ( ^ I*"1"' \ G m J (max. IS)

(16)

3

13.4 11.6s 16.8s

3

(M

?

4.25

1.0 Î J

(") (7) 23

1 ( ) 1 1 1-1. o T" (M 2.2-3.5 1 1 2.5-4.41-2.5

î" 13.4

\ 1.5

* Proof stress, max. Al = Yi % lot Nominal Fe and Si content each 0.20 %. Î Broke outside gage marks. § Fe and Si content each > 1 %.

Al-Cu-Mg-Si and Al-Cu-Fe-Mg Treatment

| UTS \ YP \ PL \ El& \ RA \ Lit.

Al; Cu, 3.25; Mg, 0.70; Mn, Tr.; Fe, 0.28; Si, 0.28 . (495 0 Q 35.9 15.916 50 (21) K 2 m ana 4950 Q 1(X)o/2 h 35 3 13.129 48 1 in. diam. 370o/20 Cf 17 g 4 7 25 61

GB

Gm

I

Al-Cu-Mn (27) % composition | UTS \ YP

7 - Mn 90fi j1 TÌÌ Cu,1 91.27, Mn, 2.06

gL}"-.^"-^ a}
/

10 76

|' g

^

8

'9 Q 7

«

\

* G 8 = Cast to shape.

l.OÎ

27

|'

2

2

27

^'

lg

3.5 5 1Q

5

^'

3 g

\ YP \ PL \ El& \ RA \ LÏÏT 15.9 18.5 39.5 (27) 19.1 11.316.0 37.6 17.8 6.0 11.2 13.9 20.0 32.8 (2?) 20.2 11.315.0 38.0 Drew hollow 18.2 5 3 24.0* (") 41. i 23 14 22.0*

{Î!T]T~"1T [ 15.6 8.35 14.6s 6.3

^ Cjm J G m , 1 in. diam

1.0

^ (*)

* Gage length = 4 X diam. t Contains Si, 0.20; Fe, 0.20 (nominal). Î Nominal content, max. allowable Fe and Si, each 1 %.

Al-Cu-Mn-Mg-Si; Duralumin Treatment | UTS \ YP \ PS* \ El \ RA \ Lit. Al; Cu, 3.5-5.5; Mn, 0.5-0.8; Mg, 0.5
|

3.0a |

|(9)

Sheet, 10 mm thick 40.0 20.0 2Od ( 14 ) Same, A 350° 20.0 6.9 14d Same, 375° Q 2 40.0 23.0 22a Rod, 5.1-12.7 mm diam | 43-46 j 27-31 | | 14-24t | | (13)' Al; Cu, 3.5-4.5; Mn, 0.4-0.7; Mg, 0.4-0.7; Fe, 0.75; Si, 0.60 Rod < 2| in. diam 39.4 23.6 15a 20 (*)t Rod > 2f in. diam 26.8 21.3 15a 18 Sheet < 0.02 in. thick Sheet 0.02-0.048 in. thick Sheet > 0.048 in. thick j •> + Forged connecting rodsi R (rod) C(-8O XlO m) J

(i)

10.1 9.6

| UTS .25.9 26.8 28.9 24.8 26.0

14.13 o.9ot{ MU-.*«» 14.Oî

2

^5 Î

G m = l in. diam. Test piece diam. = 0.564 in.

% Cu I % Mn I Treatment f Rh, Ii in. diam 2.06 1.94] Rh, H in. diam [ DA, H in. diam f Rh, 11 in. diam 2.89 0.94-j Rh, H in. diam [ DA, ^f in. diam 4.5 0.70 Wk, A Also 0.80 % Si Wk, Trt

0

Al; Cu, 4.0; Fe, 2.0; Mg, 0.50 G8 \ - . ,. , 17.2 14.6 2.0 jf ^ Qm I I m . diam. bar 7 ^1 g 2

Trt*

5g

{^t

\ YP \ 12,7*

G8 I 1 . ,. / 10.7 Qm J l m. diam. I lg gs

4 ?9

aÌ}^3. 2 s ; M n ,o. 98

17>3

, .. ~ I T G8 I 1 . ~ J o.7t Cu. 6 % . . I G m jlin.diam.|

5Q

g

COMMERCIAL Ai1-Cu

4.5t p nom. ' 4.98t

J 10.8s 7.9 | lg Oo

'°

gj ' 22.5

Treatment 1 UTS G8 (0.5 in. diam.) 23 Trt

G8 \ r, 0 1 1 ,, ft.Gn ) Cu. 3.11; Mn, 0.57

4

{g:;; £> j:;

* Alloys prepared from notch bar Al of analysis: Al (by diff.), 99.62; Si, 0.19; Fe, 0.19. t 0.10 in. thick from 1 in. diam. cast bars. J On 1 inch. |

1Q ^

S. l^^.-Mo.q^

17

stripW 5 oo°{^ V 5 d ;;;- ; ; ; ; ; ; ; g;*

%Cu 1 Name 4.0 Cu, 4%

13 3 1 )| - 5 ^9 -

\ ^ O^ I Cu. onfi 2.06; TVT Mn, 11.94

25

f Gm, 1 in. diam '

m

26 4 ' 27.2

striptW5oo°{g f V 5 d ;;;;;; : ;;;

4 91

Gs G

g

18.4

V20 6d W50 / 2 4 h ^[ W500V24ho( ° ^ \ VlOO0° l h

4.53

18

y ; ; ; ; ; ; ; g;j

f Gm, lin. diam 4 38

13

' 25.0

39.4 39.4 39.4 / 40.8 | ^ 41.1

23.6 23. 6 23.6 33.4

30.2

Q

21.5

8a 12a 15a 16^

14"

26.5a

(23) (26)

* Stress at Al = ^ % Zo. t British Standard Specifications, minimum values. J Test pieces from web.

Al-Cu-Ni-Mg-Si \ El& 4

' 7g

{ J:i: î:î i { ;»;»; ;:; ?

Treatment | UTS \ YP \ PL \ El& \ RA \ Lit. Al, 92; Cu, 4.0; Ni, 2.0; Mg, 1.5; Fe, 0.20*; Si, 0.20* "Y" alloy G8, 1 in. diam. bars | 16.5 | | 0.5 | (23) G8, W 500-520° f Qb V 10 da.... 25.2 (6h) I Ca V 10 d a . . . . 22.8

21.3

Gm, 1 in. diam. bars 22.8 Gm, W 500-520° f Qb V 10 da... 31.5 (6h) \ C a V 1 0 d a . . . 29.9

"Î7.3 25.2 23.6

0.5 1.0 11.0

2.5 5.0 2.0

3ZU

Fig.l

Rg.Sr-26) Tensile Strength of Wrought Al Alloys Rolled %in.diam., 30min.exposure to high temperature

Tensile Strength of Pure Wrought Al (Al 99.57%) (2°)

Rg^C'5'*) Ten s i le Strength of Cast Aluminium Alloys Bars I inch dia.,chill cgst-SOmms exposure before test

Fig.4rM)

Elongation of Wrought Al Alloys Rolled % in.diam.,30 mm. exposure to high temperature

Fig. 6 Hardness of ChiJl Cast JU 99.20% pure (IOmm ball, 500kg)

D

Fig.5H

Ageing of LS Alloy-Tensile Strength of Cast Bars., Im dia. (Zn 13-Cu 2.5)

Al-Zn(25).— (Continued)

Al-Cu-Ni-Mg-Si.- (Continued) Treatment | UTS \ Rh, I in. diam 27.7 Same, Trt 530° 38.6 Rivet, f in. diam., Trt 520° 40.3 Sheet: 0.05 in. ( Trt 520° 41.0 thick \Rc, Trt 520° 42.4 44.1 0.018 in. thick, Rc, Trt 520° 25.2 0.064 in. Trt, A 350-400° Al. 90.9; Cu, 4.0; Ni, 2.12; Mg, 1.56; G8 \ , . ~ T 7 17.3 > 1 in. diam. bars < (^

Lfm J

YP \ PL \ Eï& \ RA \ LitT 18.9 20 30 (23) 24.3 12.1 25 33 24.7 25f 26 27^1 19 PSÎ 25.2 15.4 18 27.6 33.1 17 29.9 12.6 16 Fe, 0.42; Si, 1.03 "Y" alloy 7V9 Ï 7 Ô O T

Û. o

o.o

l.U

Al, 92.3; Cu, 4.04; Ni, 1.77; Mg, 1.47; Fe, 0.20; Si, 0.20 Gs \ t . ,. / 17.3 2 > I m . diam 1 91 » 9 «jrm )

G8 Qm

(^

Jl. o

~ O)

4

Al, 88; Cu, 8.02; Ni, 1.98; Mg, 1.46; Fe, 0.20; Si, 0.20 Ì . ,. / 16.85 0.5 I I m . diam.... | ^J 0.5 |

"^ (i)

* Nominal content, t On 1 in. Î Stress at AZ = ^ % IQ.

Al-Cu-Zn-Sn % composition | Trt* | UTS \ YP \ PL \ El& \ Lit." Cu, 6.79; Zn, 0.96; Sn, 0.83; Fe, 0.25; Si, f G 8 T T T O oTs Ì70 OT 0.20 "L 11 " \ Gm 9.3 6.3 2.0 Cu, 6-8;Zn f > 1.0;Sn,0.5-2.0;Fe, > 1 ; f G8 13.1 1.9 3.0 (i) Si, > 1 "L 11" \ G m 13.1 2.4 3.0 Cu, 9; Sn, 2.0; Zn, 1.5; Fe, > 1; Si, > 1 ( ^3 ( " ^ I G m I 17.3 I

.

3

0)

J

* Bars 1 in. diam.

Al-Mg-Si and Al-Mn Nominal % composition Mg, 0.60; Si, 1.0

Treatment R, 75 % reduc- f A tion \Trt R, 75%reduc-j A tion \H

Mn, 1.2

UTS

YP

10.90 3.5 34.5024.6 12.30 4.9 20.3816.2

PL

El* RA

2.130.0 11.2 18.0 2.140.0| 8.4 10.0|

Lit.

^

1

Zn, 5.21 % 8 T 2 Ï T 2 5 Î Û T O 10.4 4.4 29.0 11.8 6.8 33 14.1 11.65f 26 10.0 4.1 43 15.4 14.3t 19.5 Zn, 9.27% 13.4 7.9 9.0 12.3 6.1 11.0 14.8 7.7 36 16.3s 10.1 33 17.6 11.0 38t 17.5 15.4 19.0 25.7 23.1 T1S Zn, 11.0% 14.8 10.1 8.0 16.1 7.9 16.0 17.8s 8.2 38 21.7 14.8 33Î 29.8 26.5 13.0 Zn, 13.69% 16.85 I 777 ÎÔT5I

G8, 1 Gm, 1 Rh, Î Rh, 1 A 400° Dd, tf G8, 1 Gm, 1 Rh, 1 Rh, Ì Rh, è Dd, if Dd? /TJ G8, 1 Gm, 1 Rh, 1 Rh, i Dd, A

Gm, 1

Al-Zn(ZS) ~

I

I

I

yp

G 8 ,! Rh, Î Rh, 1 A 400° Dd, H

O1)

RA

67 66 77 65.8

70 67 68.3 56.5

64 63.7

Gm, 1

1

G8, 1 Rh, f Rh, i A 400° Rh, J Dd, M G8, l Gm, l Rh, Ì

G8, l Gm, l Rh, Î Rh, l Da, H.. Gm, l

G8, l Rh, 1 Rh, i Dd, & G8, l Gm, l Rh, 1 Rh, l A 400° Dd, M

...|

Gm, l

G8, l Rh, l Rh, è Dd, A G8, l Gm, l Rh, | Rh, l Dd, A% Zn

RA

Zn, 13.24% 13.4 9.6 11.Of 5.6 20.2f Zn, 14.29% 18.4 I 9.1 I Zn, 15.05% 17.5 15.1 25.8 10.7 26.05 13.41 21.0 6.7 28.2 18.3 26.0 17.5t Zn, 16.08% 20.0 17.3 18.0 8.3s 25.2 11.65 Zn, 16.85% 19.1 Ï6ÏÏ 21.4 9.1 31.3 20.8 28.5 17.8f 30.9 27.4 Zn, 18.39% 21.6 13.9 Zn, 19.67% 2ÖTs Ï9T5 31.9 19.5 34.4 25.6 40.4 24.8 Zn, 20.15% 2OTe 15.7s 21.7 12.3 35.7 27.3 33.7 19.5t 29.5 18.6 35.1 31.4t Zn, 22.74% 21.3 | 14.3 | Zn, 24.50% 25T7 39.0 31.2 37.8 32.0 42.4 38.1 Zn, 26.05 % 27\3 T7J6 27.9 16.7 42.7 39.4 37.6 31.8t 42.2 34.7t

16.7 21.5 22.6 17.8 23.2

(U)

* Gage length = 4 X diam.

Treatment* (diam. in.)

Treatment* (diam. in.)

|

Treatment

| UTS

4.0 35 31 37 19.0

59 52 63.7 43.5

8.5

I

2.0 33 32 37 31t 20

53 54 60.4 58.5 42.1

3.5 6.5 31

58

TO 5.0 22 25 13

36 45 24.5

7.0

|

2^5 21 30t 9^0

47 54.7

TO 4.0 20 26 22 13 3.5

36 46 27.5 26.5 [

TO 20 27t 7.0

39 46.6

2X) 4.0 16 28 20 41 8.0 \ YP

\

Ela

on oo |/ GS |ll m i -. d i7a m 30.23 Gm

/i || 26.1 ^2

Ï2T8 ^

o* no / GS l i '•

} \ 27.9

18.4

0.5

l I 27.6

21.4

0.5

36

j-

'°2 \ k r m - d i a m

1.5

3Q

Al-Zn (25).—(Continued) % Zn I

Treatment

|

M 07 / G« I il m• d,rl a m 40 27 ' ÌGm/ A* 7K / 44.75 ^

G

n •in. A' diam

* Il

0

[ IjTm J

/ {

28 8

\/

29'1

Al-Zn-Cu (^.—(Continued) }

YP

\

18 3

25.7

[

/in A« /| GS | ll m i •. d i1-a m 49.66 Gm

UTS

17.5

14 2

lu. O

I{2 0^ To

'° JL.U

2ÖT5

4.0

g Q

1Q

* Diameters after specified mechanical treatment given, test pieces 0.564 in. diam. t-P-^'s of specimens are as follows: ;i"r-2^n 1 rt ^^~--^^ R h ^ 1 in Dd, Ü in. ... Ì El on 1 in.

5.21

13.24

7 ~ 9 0 7 1 10.2 13.4

15.05

16.85

20.15

26.05

11.0 15.8

12.6

15.8 25.2

24.4

| UTS'

YP

\ El& \

RA

Zn, 9.91; Cu, 0.94

G8, 0.56 in. diam Gm, lin. diam Rh, f i n . diam Rh, I in. diam

~

16^2 16.9 20.5 21.4

9 ~ ï 7.4 9.5 12.4*

8 ~ ~ 19 29 24

59.2 50.8

ÏÔL2 6~~ 7.6 11 15.0 23 15.1* 24

39.2 42

Zn, 9.96; Cu, 2.75

G3, 0.56 in. diam Gm, lin. diam Rh, fin. diam R h ,!in.diam

18.0 20.2 26.3 26.8

Zn, 13.99; Cu, 1.64 Al-Zn (24)

% Zn 10 20 31.6 40.6 50.7

Treatment

!-O 0.5 5

'

oU . 1

Ela

I

I

Sand cast 2 cm diam. UTS \ PL 11.0 4.4 14.2 5.0 17.8 5.0 21.4 12.9 19.5 I 13.7

El 7.5 2 1 1 0.5

Forged 2 cm diam. from 5 cm diam. Gm billets As forged || Annealed 300°/1 h~ % Zn UTS PL \ El \ RA \\ UTS \ PL \ El \ RA 5.3 12.9 10.9 19 64 9.1 2.4 30 74 10.2 17.2 10.1 34 55 14.0 4.3 38 65 16 23.9 17.2 23 47 21.9 7.1 28 41 21 29.6 21.1 I 14 I 27 29.8 | 10.7 | 15 | 37

G8, 0.56 in. diam Gm, lin. diam Rh, f in. diam Rh, I in. diam

| UTS

\

...|13.7 15.0 18.9 17.3

YP

\ El& \

RA

o~3 2.8 12.0 10.4

12 23 27 29

56.8 61.6

13 25 29 22

64.0 61.6

Zn, 4.76; Cu, 0.87

G3, 0.56 in. diam Gm, 1 in. diam Rh, f i n . diam Rh, |in. diam

ÏÎTO 12.6 16.4 18.9

O 4.2s 9.9 14.2

G8, 0.56 in. diam Gm, 1 in. diam Rh, Jin. diam Rh, I in. diam

Ï3~5 16.2 20.8 18.6

3 U 7 7.4 14 11.5 25 11.5 26

:

44.8 50.8

Zn, 4.64; Cu, 3.92f G8, 0.56 in. diam Gm, 1 in. diam Rh, f i n . diam Rh> Ì in. diam

Ï2T9 18.4 22.2 20.9

7\25 4.6 11.7 13.2

4 14 23 20

39.2 42

10 19 25 30

64.0 57.2

Zn, 7.38; Cu, 1.76

G3, 0.56 in. diam Gm, 1 in. diam Rh, f i n . diam Rh, j in. diam

15.6 15.9 20.5 20.6

36.4 54.8

22.2 15.3 3 21.6 9.3 6.5 37.3 23.3 21 33.1 19.8* 20

33.6 36.4

Zn, 18.45; Cu, 0.8OJ G8, 0.56 in. diam Gm, l i n . diam Rh, f i n . diam Rh, I in. diam

7\9 5.2 12.8 12.3*

G8, 0.56 in. diam Gm, lin. diam Rh, f i n . diam Rh, I in. diam

23.1 22.4 38.9 38.1

11.7 13.1 30.1 26.0*

4~~ 2 22 24

39.2 39.2

25.4 29.1 39.9 38.1

18.3 12.8 32.9 25.8*

3 11 21 24

39.2 36.4

Zn, 23.48; Cu, 2.67 G8, 0.56 in. diam Gm, 1 in. diam Rh, f in. diam Rh, I in. diam

28.7 31.8

sTs 10.1

2 4

46.6

31.7

18

33.5

* Values of PL are: % Zn % Cu PL

Zn, 4.71; Cu, 2.67

G3, 0.56 i n . diam G01, lin. diam Rh, f i n . diam Rh, lin, diam

4~~ 16 23 24

Zn, 18.95; Cu, 1.66

Zn, 3.50; Cu, 2.31

G8, 0.56 in. diam Gm, 1 in. diam Rh,fin.diam Rh, lin, diam

9Ts 9.9 17.0 19.8

Zn, 14.74; Cu, 2.50

Al-Zn-Cu (26) Treatment

22.7 23.9 33.7 32.8

I 7.38 j 9.91 i 9.96 i I 1.76 I 0.94 I 2.75 | I 8.7 I 12.6 [ 13.7 |

14.74 j 2.50 | 18.9 |

18.45 i 0.80 | 20.6 |

18.95 1.66 1.92

t Contains also Fe, 0.10; Si, 0.14. Î Contains also Fe, 0.16; Si, 0.12.

Commercial Al-Zn-Cu % composition | Treatment | UTS \ YP \ PL \ El8. \ Lit. Al, 80.5-85; Zn, 12.5-14.5; Cu, 2.5-3, "L 5" alloy G8, 1 in. diam. 16.5 2~8 2 OT Zn, 12.5-14.5; G8 new, f in. diam. f 17.3-23.3 2-4 (*) Cu, 2.5-3; Fe, 22 tests (12 melts) \ 20.6 (mean) 3 (5) > 1; Si, > 1 (v. Gm, 1 in. diam. 19^4 4~4 4~ (») Fig. 5) Gm new, I in. diam. f 18.3-23.3 4-7 («) 24 tests (12 melts) \ 20.8 (mean) 5.0 (5) Zn, 12.58; Cu, f G8 Ì new, 1 in. diam. 19.1 5 (i) 2.69* \ G m / (for max. IS] 18.7 7 Zn, 13.5; Cu, / G8 / ,. „ \ ïëTo TTl 4.0 (23) 2.5*t \ G m ^w,lm.diam.| ^5 ?1 50

Commercial Al-Zn-Cu.—(Continued) % composition

Treatment I Al, 77; Zn, 20; Cu, 3 / Rh, Ii in. diam. Same, A 20O0C Rh, I in. diam. Rh, 0.104-0.048 in. thick Same, A 20O0C Rc, 0.104-0.048 in. Zn, 20; Cu, 3; I thick O 20 °'2°;

Sl>

I

I

D

' 0-063 in. diam. Same, A 250° D, 0.0125 in. diam. Same, A 250° E, 2| in. diam. E, li in. diam.

I

Zn 2052- Cu f Rh, 1 in. diam. 313 ' ' H(rod)C(-80'/10m)i

i

J

y

TABLE 2.—COMPRESSION TESTS.—(Continued)

UTS \ YP \ PL \ El* \ LÏÏT "A" alloy 42.5 28.4 19.5 17$ (23) 39.1 23.6 21 42.5 28.8 21 § 42.8 26.6PAlI = 19 28-33 35.0 19.4 26 46.8 41.0 ÏT 43l 32.6 43.0 32.6 43.6 28~8

8 14C 2 Ï9~

41.1

24.9

22

43.0 ^

27.1 ^

17 ^ (..,

* Contains Fe, 0.20; Si, 0.20. t Nominal composition. J RA = 30 %. § RA = 36 %. Sl AZ = M % h.

Al-Zn-Cu-Fe and Al-Zn-Cu-Mg-Mn Treatment I UTS \ YP \ PL \ El* \ RA \ Lit. Al, 86.5; Zn, 10.0; Cu, 2.0; Fe, 1.5 (nominal) G9, 2 X è in. diam | l 9 . l | 8.5*| 4.9 | 4 . 0 | | (U) Al; Zn, 18; Cu, 2.5; Mg, 0.35; Mn, 0.35f "G" alloy Rh, 0.04-0.05 in. thick 400° Q 54.5 48.2 38-39.5*19 (23) E, 4 X I in. Rh, same 52.0 40.2 17 Al; Zn, 20; Cu, 2.5; Mg, 0.5; Mn, 0.5 "E" alloyt Rh, I in. diam 46.8 37.3 15 (23j Same, 350° Q 59.6 51.8 34.8 12 13.4 E. I in., R h , Ì in., 400° Q 777. 64.1 34.0 _9 Rh, 0.04-0.05 in. thick 51.0 38.6 18 Same, A 250° 39.8 22.8 20 Same, 400° Q 60.2 46.2 44-49* 15 E, \ in., Rh, 0.04-0.05 in., 40O0Q . . . . 61.4 31.5 ^^^ 1? R (rod) C(-80°/10 m) J 69.0 55.8 13.0 ( 2 7 ) Rh, I in. diam. } „ ( 56.7 38.9 16 21.4 7^*) Rh, 0.04-0.05 in. thick f ,j ' 1 55.8 47.9 39-44* 19 E, 4 X f in., same J al o y ' [ 52.8 45.7 15 * Stress to produce set of ^ % lo. t Contains also Fe, 0.20; Si, 0.75, otherwise similar to "E" alloy. J Contains Fe, 0.20; Si, 0.20.

TABLE 2.—COMPRESSION TESTS % composition*

"

UCS

PLc

Lit.

% composition* Zn, 14.29 Zn, 15.05

Treatmentf G8, 1 in. Rh, I in. G3, 1 in. G1n, lin. Rh, I in. Gm, lin. Rh, I in. G8, 1 in. Gm, 1 in.

YPC Lit. 16.1 (25) 19.4 14.3 (25) 25.5 2Î77(25) 18.9 14.0 24.3 17.2 28.5 23.9 (25) 28.9 25.7 28.7 26.2 (25) 26.8 23.3 (25)

/ G *> l i n \ Rh, |in. Gm, 1 in. G1n, 1 in. ~ Gm, 1 in. f G8, 1 in" Zn> 55 07 ' \ Gm, lin. Zn, 10; Cu, 2; Fe, 1.5 G8 (new)

^TO 2^2 ^T 36.7 33.2 31.3 26.6 (25) 32.9 31.8 ~ (25) 38.0 ~29.8 (25)~ . 30.9 29.8 (25) 37.2 36.2 66 (U) PL0 20.811 15.0 (23) 23.0(| 18.1 19.5|| 14.2 If 14.9

f I ( ( \

Zn, 16.08

„ 7 ^n>mb7 Zn, 20.15 Zn, 22.74 2450 ^^• 5U Zn, 30.23 Zn, 40.27 Zn, 44.75 Zn

Zn, 20; Cu, 3; Fe, 0.20; Si, 0.20 "A"

[ Rh, If in. E, f,R h , Jin. E, IJ in. E, 2 in.

* % Al by difference. t Dimensions are diameters, unless marked otherwise. J W 495°/30 Qb V. §Cu, 3.5-4.5; Mn, 0.4-0.7; Mg, 0.4-0.7; Fe, 0.75, Si, 0.60. il Test pieces 2.75 in. X 0.5 in. diam. U Length > 4 X diam.

TABLE 3.—SHEAR AND TORSION TESTS % composition* Al, 99.24

M, 99.20 '

A1 ,„ = ?)' } A1(%

|

Treatment! R, fin.

Ir**!* [ Same, A

JG f

-R

R, f i n .

18.00

8.0 ( 2 2 )

USS 9.7

"TT

\ PLsI \ Lit. (22^

1

^

7.0

8^

(ÌT

11.2

\ R i_! xr

'2 ' Cu, 3.25; Mg, 0.70; «wô/ono iv/Tr, T?O n 0.28, 9« J RvV 495/30Qb Mn ^TV Tr.,. Fe, 2hy bi, 0.28 t

^w 370720 cf

Cu, 4.5; Mn, 0.70;) Wk, A Si, 0.80 \ Wk, Trt ca 16 Al QQ 90 / R 7 5 % ' FP ca. 13 (U) Cu, 3.85; Mg, 0.8; [ Gm, 3.5 mm|| Al W U > "* \ R, 75% A ca. 10 YP ca. 3 Mn, 0.4; Fe, 0.5; < Same, Trt|| Al(% = ?) G 47 (6) Si, 0.9; Zn, 0.04 [ G8, 42 mm Trt Cu, 8 " L I l " . . . . G8 49 (u) Duralumin If Wk Cu, 3.25; Mg, R, J-I, N 35.2 14.66 (21) Duralumin** D, fin. 0.7; Mn, Tr.; Same, 495° \ „ 9 19 1 , 35 2 12 15 Fe, 0.28; Si, QVÎ / ' ' Mg, 0.60; Si, 1.0... { ^ 0.28 370°/20 Cf 18.7 4.82 m A Mn 12 ' H Mn? 1 ^ \i Wk, Duralumin§ R, 1 in. sq. { ^f I1*0^ J^ Zn, 9.27 } % composition* | Treatment! | UCS \ YPC \ Lit. 11.0 Ip . Rh, lïin. Zn, 9.27 Rh, I in. 13.9s 11.5 (25) 15.05 16.08 J 12 6 (25) 7n 1U) 110 / 0 ^ 1 ln' Zn Zn, 24.50 Rh, li in. ' \ Rh, f i n . 14.5 10.2 Al, 99.24

UCS

20.5

^n A£ i« 7 18.7

i^ Q

33 2§

g g

^;40§

55

11.2 25.3 15.4 22.4 24.3 30.0 25.9 7 7 23 ;2 9

^1 10.5 16.31 19.5Î

(21)

(«)

(15) (9) (23) ^ (11)

(25)

22 8t

32.5 j 32.5J

(25)

TABLE 3.—SHEAR AND TORSION TESTS.—(Continued)

TABLE 4.—HARDNESS.—(Continued)

% composition* Treatment! | USS \ PLst | Lit. Zn, 10 ) f 6 7 0 5 (24) 20 9.0 31.6 [ G3, 2cm 10.1 40.6 10.4 50.7 J 9^9 Zn, 13.5; Cu, 2.5ft Gm, 1 in. 20.2H ( 23 ) ( Rh, If in. 34.2t 9.46 (23) Zn, 20; Cu, 3; Fe, Rh, 0.046 in.|| 34.5JÎ 0.20; Si, 0.20; \ Rh, 0.061 in.Jj 36.7Jt "A" alloy Dd, 0.063 in. 27.3 [ Same, A 250° 27.7 * % Al by difference. t Dimensions are diameters unless marked otherwise. Î From torsion test. § Torsional modulus of rupture. || Thickness. t Alloy 681 A: Cu, 3.5-5.5; Mn, 0.5-0.8; Mg, 0.5. ** Rivet wire: Cu, 3.92; Mn, 0.51; Mg, 0.37; Fe, 0.36; Si, 0.41. tt Contains Fe, 0.2; Si, 0.2. ÎÎ Punching test.

TABLE 4.—HARDNESS % composition* | Treatmentt Al, 99.97 T Wk, A Al, 99.24; Fe, 0.5; Cu; Si R, f in. f G8, ein. Al, 99.20 \ Wkd, 75% J^ Same, A A1 <9900

Ai,
/ G8 ^ Sheet, A

| BHN \ d-P% \ ScH§ \ Lit. ' 16 B (10) 45 B ( 22 ) 23 B (U) 39 B 17 25 B 6 21-24 B 22-26 B

~ 10 mmJl A Same, Wk0 150-200 % A l , 99.07-98.46; F e , ~~l mml1 A , ^ 0.70-0.98; Si, 0.23- { Same, Wk0 \™ 7° 13( % 0.56 2mmilA ^n / 50% i S a m e ' W k c \300% Cu, 4.0 (nom.) G8, $ in.

25 41

70-75

Cu, 4.5; Fe, 0.20; Si, j ^ \ 1 in. V 8 mo.

0.20 (nominal)

\

Cu. 8.00 "L 11".

BW

510» Q Tp 160*1

{

n /I GG« '.l ilin. « m

Cn 2 4 8 - TL 8 8" ft tt Cu, 1 12.48

/I

Gs lin ' ' Gm>lin.

Cu, 4.0; Mg, 0.5 (nom); Fe, 0.20 G8, 1 in.

(") ^ " — 5.5 11.5 16_

B ^

(U) *

100

B

(")

65

B

(")

G8, è in.

Pn 11 1VL8"** Cu, 11-13 L8

(6)

B B ,

0

6-9 4-6

67

~91 80-84 81

B

B

B

(1)

55

B

LCH

(1)

87,94 (i) ScH§

Cu, 3.5; Mg, 0.7; Mn,( f J0^ N Tr.;F,0.28;Si.0.28{ gg. % V

100 *»»

B g

19 g

B B

15 30

Cu, 4.5; Mn, 0.7; Si, ( Wk, A 0.8 \_ Wk. Trt

43 95

p-"*-***

"5" 1

{ LZ'"'«i"p"

"""IJl7Sg G8, 1 in. Same, Trt Cu, 4.0; Ni, 2.0; Mg, G m , 1 in. 1.5; Fe, 0.20; Si, 0.20 \ Same, Trt "Y" alloy Rh, I in., Trt in. ||, Trt G8, 1 in. C200° Cu, 4.0; Ni, 2.12; Mg, Same, J \ 300° 1.56; Fe, 0.42; Si1J [400° 1.03 "Y" alloy G m , 1 in. Q T / 200° Same J ' \300° k

P-""»

45 B 88,91 B 107 B 83, 88 B 102- B 106 96|||| B 10911H _E 70,73 60, 62 45, 47 17,17 76 65, 70 49,57

(») (U)

^ ^ (23)

M^ 0 ^ ^ (nominal)

1.0/ \

p

Mn. i.2 (nominal)

R.T5%{^ Rh, liin. Rh, lîn. Rh, Ijin. Rh, liin. Rh, l|in. Rh, lem. Rh. Ijin. G8, 20 cm G8, 20 cm G8, 20 cm G8, 20 cm G8, 20 cm

27.0~~B 96.0 B ™

C C C C C C C A A A A A

53.1 48.3 62.2 65.2 63.5 51.5 87.8 91.7 98.4 118.7 120.0 70,80 60-85

Rh, 1 i in. Rh, 1 i in. Rh, 1 i in. Rh, 1 i in. Rh, l i i n . Rh, 1 i in. Rh, 1 i in. Rh, 1 i in. Rh, 1 i in. Rh, 1 i in. Rh, 1 i in. G8, 1 in. G m> 1 in.

G m , 1 in. G., V 7 yrlf Same, Tp 350° G8 \ 1- in . new n ' Gm )C Rh, 1| in.

T 1{

G8, j in.

9~ (U) 33

g

35 56 62 88 105 162 156 40 81 85 85 78

C C C C C C C C C C C B B

68 88 64 68 A^64 114

B B B B nB B

70

B

10

Q»,

5.0 6.7 9.1

( 2S )

(2S) 15.0 18.0 25.0 10.3 ( 2 4 ) 32 30.5 34.8 36.8 6.2 (26) 6.3 9.5 7.6 6.5 7.3 10.7 12.3 16.5 18.7 19.6 (M LCH

77

(i) (23) (23) (23^

(23) (U)

* % Al by difference. f Dimensions are diameters unless otherwise indicated. Î Ball diameters and loads are as follows: A = 10 mm, 1000 kg; B = 10 mm, 500 kg; C = 9.52 mm, 1000 kg; D = 2.5 mm, 62.5 kg; E = 2 mm, 40 kg. § Magnifier hammer used. II Thickness. 1F Rh, IH in. diam., W 510°/1 da, Q V 2 d, Tp 160°/20 h. ** Contains Fe, >1; Si, >1. ft Contains Fe, 0.2; Si, 0.2. Il Cu, 3.5-5.5; Mn, 0.5-0.8; Mg, 0.5. §§ Cu, 3.5-4; Mn, 0.5-1; Mg, 0.5. || i| Treated at 520°. tH Y* in. sq. Tp = W 350°/30 C8.

TABLE 5.—IMPACT HARDNESS ( l ) % composition

IHN* 10 mm Cone , „ ball

Name Trt

P I 19 A». Fe, PO 0.20, O9n.o:i Cu, 12.48, Si, non 0.20

(i)

\BHN\ d-P% \ LCH \ Lit. 60 B 65 (i) U__5 50-55 B (*) 48-60 B ScH§

7^/A /0 ' \ Trt

Zn, 5.21 9.27 13.24 Zn, 15.05 16.85 20.15 24.50 Zn, 10 20 31.6 40.6 50.7 Zn [ Cu 3.5 2.31 4.76 0.87 4.71 2.67 4.64 3.92 7.38 1.76 9.91 0.94 9.96 2.75 14.0 1.64 14.74 2.5 18.45 0.8 18.95 1.66 Zn, 12.5-14.5; Cu, ( 2.5-3** "L 5" \

7n 19 ^s-r-n 9 RQ++ Zn 12.58, Cu, 2.69ft I [ Zn, 13.5; Cu, 3.5ft/ "TL 5*•» lI^ Zn, 20; Cu, 3 ft £*j' Zn, 10; Cu, 2; Mg, 1.5 (nom.)

B

67, 74

% composition* | Treatmentt Cu, 6.8; Zn, 1.0; Sn, ( G8, lin. 0.8ft "L 11" \ Gm, 1 in. Cu, 6-8; Zn, > 1; Sn, ( G8, lin. 1-2** "L 11" \ Gm, 1 in.

Cu, 4.0; Fe, 2.0; Mg, 1.5f | Cu, 6.79; Zn, 0.96; Sn, 0.83; 1 Fe, 0.20; Si, 0.20 j Zn, 12.58; Cu, 2.69; Fe, 0.20; \ Si, 0.20 /

T «8 L

Gs /J^

9

^-IOl 103-107 1QQ 1Q5_n8

| G8 | 113 | 117 /G 8 70-79 69-72 \G m 73 69 / G8 99 103 \ Gm 91 81

* IHN — energy of blow (kg-m) -f- volume of indentation (cm3), t Nominal.

TABLE 6.—IMPACT STRENGTH % composition*

j

Treatment!

j

—

| Lit. ^-

n 2y/ y

^

I (22)

^ ^

<"^

"'^ . 146V 0.028V .095V 0.087U .09Ou 0.012V .033V

^

Cu. 3.25; M8, 0.7; Mn, { »^ Tr,. Fe, 0.28; Si, 0.28 \ g^ff^

^ £%

<">

Cu, 2.1; Mn, 1.9 | Rh, I in. Cu, 2.9; Mn, 0.9 | Rh, I in. Cu, 14.1; Mn, 0.9; Fe, f G8, 1 in. 0.2; Si. 0.2 \ G8, 1 in.

| |

Cu, 3.5-4; Mg, 0.5; MnJ 10 mm J ^ ^ 0.5-1 -Duralumin» | thick | f^ 2

>t

—

Duralurmn

<-

*ns

<-

«9*

M

0 4 A/r

f

0 4 7 AT

f

K> f in

*

lrt J

(^T (')

0.57 U 0.76U 0.008V .016V

| (27) | (2?) (1J (14)

™

*'*' ^y'

"U

O. Uy '

[-182°

Cu, 3; Mn, 1; Mg, 0.5;/ FeI); Si, !§' I

OT

j|.2y ^

Cu, 3.6; Mg, 0.5; Mn, f ( £ 0.5; Fe, 0.6; Si, 0.6 J " ™ «

f 20° \ 150° f

5.V 0.76V-0.70W 0.67V-0.68W

(23)

20

° 0.43V-0.33W-1.78X

(2?)

^â^^^^^'lig: •:•£:% TU

07Q F ,1 s"'! lM 0.79; Fell; Si, 1.178

f R

[

»' *in' Trt J

15

2

°°

°° [ 240°

0.32 V -0.23 W -1.24 X

(23)

0.30V-0.24W 0.16V-Q.11W

Cu, 2; Ni, 1.47; Mg, ( f 20° 0.39V-0.27W-1.65X 0.95; Mn, 0.4; Fe[I; SiJ Rh, I in. Trt J j 150° 0.35V-0.25W 0.751 i (240° 0.17y-0.13w Cu, 4.0; Ni, 1.77; Mg, f G8, 1 in. 0.017V 1.47** "Y" \ Gm, 1 in. 0.042V Cu. 4; Ni. 2; Mg, 1.5**.. .. | Gm, Trt | 0.50U Cu 408- Ni 203- Me f 1 60 FeJl. Fell Si. S/ 0.25 O 25'"Y-' 1.60, Y [^

Rh

f 2°° °.26v-0.22w-1.20x 15 ' * ta' Trt J [240° °° 0.24 0.15VV-0.17 -0.11W W

Cu 4 3 5 - N i 1 7 7 - M z f f 2°° 0-24V-0.18W-1.05X R in Trt J 150 t1.59; «co Mn, ^' n0.4; i \JFe;«rî? 1 *' * 1 ° °- 190.13 v-°- 16 w ft«| [240° -0.09 V

^

cu.^.^z.i^.fg^t

g:^:

Cu, 6.8; Zn, 0.96; SnJ G8, 1 in. 0.83** "L 11" \ Gm, 1 in. Cu, 6-8; Zn, > 1; Sn, f G8, 1 in. 0.5-2 "L 11" \ Gm, 1 in. Zn,S:21 Rh,|in. 9.27 Rh, I in. 13.24 Rh, I in. 15.05 Rh, 1 in. 16.85 Rh, I in. 20.15 Rh, 1 in. 26.05. Rh, I in.

0.051V 0.082V 0.28U 0.29 U 0.56 U .60U .75U .80U .80U .80U .57U

: Zn, 15

j-

^

J - 20° i

-

80°

[-180°

n.V 11.2y/ 10.Oy'

9.3 y >

(23)

-, :-: v

| Lit. («)"

I . Sy'

Zn, 12.6; Cu, 2.7; Fe; f G8, 1 in. Si** "L 5" \ Gm. 1 in. Zn, 12.5-14.5; Cu, 2.5-f G8, 1 in. 3§§ "L 5" \ Gm, 1 in. Zn, 20.3; Cu, 2.9; Fe-/ .... _ A _ / 20° Si** "A" \ R > g i n ' Trt J1150» Zn, 20; Cu, 2.5; Mg, 0.5; } _ 7 . _ A _ / 20° Mn, 0.5 "E" \ R> ? m- Trt J 1150° f 20°

-."o,«,!..

ISl (kg-m) 2.5y 2.5y 1.9y

- 182°

(x)

0.146V 0.20Oy 0.43U|1|| 0.57U|||| 0.53V-0.47W 0.66V 0.31V-0.30W 0.44V-0.36W 10.Oy

O) (23) (23) (6)

»:j; 8.1y'

* % Al by difference. t Dimensions are diameters unless otherwise marked. Î Meaning of subscripts (C. S. = Cross section of specimens) : O L . j. Subscript

™ i.. Machine

^C., CS., i mm

X T .i. Notch

Depth, mm

u v w x y y' z

Izod Charpy Charpy Charpy Charpy Guillery Charpy

5 X 5 5 X 5 10 X 10 10 X 10 10 X 10 10 X 10

90° V 45° V 45° V Mesnager Mesnager USN

1 1 2 2 2 5

Radius, mm 2.3 0.25 0.25 1 l l

§ Duralumin type. I! Fe 0.2. IT Magnali te type. ** Fe, 0.2; Si, 0.2. 11 Fe, 0.2; Si, 0.79. ÎÎ Fe, 0.2; Si, 0.25. §§Fe, >1; Si, >1. HII Unbroken.

TABLE 7.—ELASTIC PROPERTIES % composition | Treatment* | IO"2 E \ Li~ Al, 99.24 R, | in. 71 ~^)~

07" (23) ( 23 )

M' «9.20 Al (% = ?) Cu, ll-13f "L 8"

Cu, 4.22; Ni, 2.05; Mg, { Rh ^ , f ^ ''T^V ^ 0.52; Mn, 0.4; Fe; Sift \ ** * "" ** J { ^0 g;^^

Cu. 8; N, 2; Mg, 1.46*. {^t

Zn, 30

|

-180°

13. Iy/ 32.3U

|

1 Cu,5.7;Fe,0. 2 ;Si,0. 2 ..{i S" G m , 1»' in. Cu, 7.75; Fe, 0.2; Si, 0.2 f G8,Th^ "L 11" \ G m , 1 in. Cu, 11-13; Fe, > 1; Si, f G8, 1 in. > 1 "L 8" \ G m , 1 in. Cu, 12.5; Fe, 0.2; Si, 0.2 ? G8, 1 in. "L 8" \ G m , 1 in.

1

Treatmentf 20° -20° - 80°

11.ay'

Al, 99.1-98.4; Fe, 0.7-1; f 10 mm thick,A Si. 0.2-0.56 j Same. Wk 8 (Jg*

< t T~v

|

J^ '

oU

-182° I R, f in.

Al, 99.24

IS$ (kg-m)

^ ~ ^°

Al, 99.67; Fe, 0.06; Si, 0.25 J

TABLE 6.—IMPACT STRENGTH.—(Continued) % composition*

^

([ TTT f j [

d 75 ? ' A t' Same, B or D G8, 1 in. , Same, J 250° Gm, lin.

(11) Z 70 68.9 (6) 75-83 (i) 57-64 75-84 (19)

Cu, 3.25; Mg, 0.7; MnJ f't~*' y TT--TTO i » « QSi, i n0.28 9» l^ %Jb v Tr., Fe, n0.18, 370o Cf

ÏJ'J /o.y 75.5

O)

Cu, 2.1; Mn, 1.9 TTT R,h, fin. Cu, 2.9; Mn, 0.9 Rh, I in, Cu, 4.5; Mn t 0.7;Si, O.S.... _Wk Cu-Mn-Mgt" Duralumin" Wk

73.1 ~(^T 75.6 (27J 70 (V*) 70.3 (23)

(!)

C v f ; N i > 2 ; M g , 1.5§(«:Lrts200

(23)

W

^

(25)

(®T

I Rh J G8, lin. Cu, 4; Ni, 2.1; Mg, 1.56; Same, J 250° Fe, 0.4; Si, 1.0 "Y" Gn,, 1 in. . Same, J 250° Cu, 6-8; Zn, > 1 ; Sn, 0.5- f G8, 1 in. 2.OfLIl" \ Gm, 1 in. _ .01 / R». î i n 7 Zn '5'21 \ Dc,Min.

&

(")

[75» 74.5 (») 71 76.6 74.5 68 (i) 64 6 3.7 (25) 63.7

TABLE 7.—ELASTIC PROPERTIES.—(Continued) |

Zn I 3 2 4 /n 13 24

'

Chill Castlf Commercial Alloys («t 23)

Treatment* | 10~2 E \ Lit. / B*, U n . 6 3 ^ (Sf 1 D0>tfin. 63.5

% composition '

« n u5 7n 15 Zn

/ R »'* i n \ Dc, Hin. Rh, Jin.

Zn,20.15 9 Zn, 26.05

Ìn (\ ^'L Dc, M m. Rh, j in.

7r, 7QQ. 7ß Zn, 7.38, p„ Cu, 1 1.76

R /| f c >p8 Ì n . . c> tf in

Zn /in, 991-Cu 9.91, Cu, 094 Ü.94

f| Rh, 1 ,in. DC i| Jn.

67.9 68.4

Zn 9 96-Cu 2 75 /to, IMK), Ui, 2.75

f ^, I in. j DC, i| Jn.

68.4 (26) 66.4

' -° Zn, 16.85

Zn, 12.5-14.5; Cu, 2.5-3f| G8, 1 in. "L 5" \ Gm, 1 in. Zn, 14.74; Cu, 2.50 Rh, | in.

s-, .S^c., . «o {g;: Lt. Zn, 18.95; Cu, 1.66 Zn, 20; Cu, 3f " A" Z

Mgt2t°;'ECU' 2'5§;

69 4

( 2S ) 62.1 63.1 (2»)

7 U T 63.1 61.9

68 68

(i)

TT1^ |

Cu1 3.25; Mg, 0.7; Mn, j *££ * Tr, Fe, 0.28,-Si, 0.28. | 4^0 % V

Rh, If in.

|

OTse 1.90 2.77 3.76 4.97 6.15 (26) 6.91 8.08

U Ji in. diam. ** Cu, 3.5-4.5; 0.4-0.7. ft Each 0.5 %. ÎÎ Sheet, ^ in. thick.

Treatment t Gm, 4 in. sq. AI OQAA v n i* QRc, 2-0.02 in.§ H, 99.64; Fe, 0.15; Si, Samej A 450o/14 h Dc, wire Same, A A 1 OQ 50 f Dd, No. 10 SWG A1 möü ' \ Same, A Al, 99.37; Fe, 0.28; SiJ Dc, 0.064 in. 0.35 \ Dc, A . Al, 99.33; Fe, 0.38; Si, f R0, 0.080 in. thick 0.29 \ Same, A f" ~G Al, 99.25 ] Liq., 658.70C [ Liq., IQOO0C Al, 99.11; Fe, 0.56; Si, 0.33 Gpi, 4 in. sq.

G8U

G m ïï

Rhtt

2?72 2.73 2.75 2.77 2.78 2.81 2.82 2.85

2773 2773 2.75 2.75 2.77 2.77 2.79 2.79 2.81 2.81 2.83 2.83 2.85 2.85 2.88 2.88

Al-Zn (25) 67.9 (26) -_^___^ T^t 68 (23) ^T— __ G4Î GmH Rh§§ • C /o 7^n ;—-^ 69 "^T 5.21 2.737 2.783 2.800 9.27 2.810 2.848 2.867 10~2 G Lit. 13.69 2.910 2.944 13.24 2.914 24.2 (22), 14.29 2.956 2.987 25.8 ~76)~ 15.05 2.956 2g 3.017 3.029 16.85 2.973 20.15 3.061 3.082 3.093 26.05 3.176 3.208 3.241 PT"^ 30.23 3.283 3.352 g;g. 36.02 3.325 3.424 40.27 . 3.414 3.627 26.4 (24) 44.75 3.621 3.753 3.920 49.66 3.906 Mn, 0.4-0.7; Mg,

2.06 2.89 d\ \ Lit. 2.703 (3) 2.709 2.710 2.703 2.706 2.70311 T^T 2.705|| 2.702 (3) 2.705 2.708 (3) 2.709 2.72711 (12) 2.405|| 2.31111 2.706 (3)

£>ctt 2773 2.75 2.77 2.79

} . \%S° P' J

Da ft 2.800 2.868 2.940 2.985 3.035 3.088

Al-Cu-Mn (27) %Cu

TABLE 8.—SPECIFIC GRAVITY Al (Commercial)* % composition!

^^--^^

(26)

68.4

' { ER. I in. 350° Q V

* Dimensions are diameters. t Contains Fe, >1; Si, >1. Î Cu, 3.5-5.5 ; Mn, 0.5-0.8 ; Mg, 0.5. § Contains Fe, 0.20; Si, 0.20 (nominal). . Jj 1 in. diam.

Al-Cu ( 7 )

(25)

26 69.4 < )

MP

Zn, 20; Cu, 3§ "A"

(25)

70 3

Rh, I in. Rh, If in.

% composition | Treatment* Al, 99.24 R, I in. Al (% = ?) G Cu-Mn-Mg,** « D u r a - f lumm" l

% composition | Name | dl° Cu, 11-13; Fe, > 1 ; Si, > 1 L~8 2.83-2.94 Cu, 4; Fe, 2; Mg, 0.5 (nominal) 2.80 Cu, 14; Mn, 1.0; Fe, 0.2; Si, 0.2 (nominal)... 2.98 Cu, 4; Ni, 2; Mg, 1.5; Fe, 0.2; Si, 0.2 Y 2.79 Cu, 6-8; Zn, > 1; Sn, 0.5-2** L 11 2.87-2.93 Zn, 12.5-14.5; Cu, 2.5-3** L5 3.0

^JM^\ Î794 0.94

G4Î

Gm11

Rh§§

Dctt

2.71 2.72 2.80 2.77 2.67 2.74 2.79 2.79

I

Al-Zn-Cu (26) %Zn sTöÖ 4.76 4.71 4.64 7.38 9.91 9.96 13.99 14.74 18.45 18.95 23.48

"~~~~^-^ Trt %CÌT^^-^ 273Ï 0.87 2.67 3.92 1.76 0.94 2.75 1.64 2.50 0.80 1.66 2.67

Gatì

27iÖ 2.77 2.82 2.84 2.85 2.86 2.92 2.99 3.02 3.08 3.08 3.22

Gm

Rh§§ ^ 27sî 2.83 2.79 2.80 2.83 2.85 2.84 2.87 2.86 2.88 2.88 2.90 2.94 2.96 3.00 3.02 3.03 3.06 3.09 3.11 3.10 3.12 3.21 3.26

Wrought Commercial Alloys

LITERATURE Q

% composition I Name | d\ | Lit. Cu, 3.5-4.5; Mn, 0.5-0.8; Mg, 0.5... [[Jj2.75-2.83 (i)~ Cu, 4; Ni, 2; Mg, 1.5IfU Y 2.80 (23) Zn, 20; Cu, 3IfTf A 3.10 (23) Zn, 20; Cu, 2.5; Mg, 0.5; Mn, 0.5... E 3.10 (23) Cu, 3.25; Mg, 0.70; Mn, Tr.*** 2.80 (21) * For specific gravity of pure aluminium, v. p. 456. t % Al by difference. Î Dimensions are diameters unless otherwise indicated. § Thickness. U Corrected to in vacuo. T[ G, 1 in. diam. ** Contains Fe, >1; Si, >1. ft To 1 Ke in- diam. îî G to shape (0.56 in. diam.). §§ To % in. diam. KII Duralumin. 1[1 Contains Fe, 0.2; Si, 0.2. *** Contains Fe, 0.28; Si, 0.28.

TABLE 9.—MOLD SHKINKAGE ( 26 ) % composition*

_ —100-7—

(For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) ( l ) Aeronautical Research Committee. Reports of the light alloys sub-committee. London, H. M. Stat. Off., 1921. ( 2 ) Aitchison, 868, 18: 557; 24. 44O9 24: 424, 447, 470, 494; 24. (3) Brislee, 83, 9: 162; 13. (4) British Engineering Standards Association, British Standard Specifications. ( s ) British Gov't. Airship Works, O. ( 6 ) Bureau of Standards, 365, No. 101; 24. ( 7 ) Carpenter and Edwards, 403, 1907: 57. ( 8 ) Carpenter and Elam, 5, 100: 329; 21. (») Cohn, 372, 89: 643; 10. (10) Edwards, 78, 47: 287; 25. (U) Edwards, J. D., Aluminum Co. of America, N. Y. C., O. (12) Edwards and Moorman, 33, 24: 61; 21. O3) Escard, L'Aluminium dans Vindustrie, p. 260. Paris, Dunot et Pinat, 1921. ( 14 ) Grard, Aluminium and its Alloys. New York, Van Nostrand, 1922. ( 15 ) Guillet, 74, 21: 734; 24. (16) Hanson and Gayler, 47, 29: 491; 23. (* 7 ) Ito, 159, 12: 137; 23. ( 18 ) Jenkin, Report on Materials of Construction used in Aircraft and Aircraft Engines. London, H. M. Stat. Off., 1920. ( 19 ) Merica and Karr, 32, No. 139; 19. (20) Martin, 47, 31: 121; 24. (21) Moore, 66, 23 II: 106; 23. (22) Moore, 66, 23 II : 66; 25. ( 23 ) National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, England, O. (24) Portevin, 74, 8: 721; 11. (25) Rosenhain and Archbutt, 403, 1912: 319. (26) Rosenhain, Archbutt and Hanson, 403, 1921: 699. (27) Rosenhain and Lantsberry, 403, 1910: 119.

.

*o

Cu, 12, L 8 Cu, 14; Mn, 1 Cu, 7; Zn, 1; Sn, 1, L 11 Cu, 4; Ni, 2; Mg, 1.5, "Y" alloy (23) Zn, 13.5; Cu, 2.5, L 5

1.25 1.21 1.19 1.29 1.27

* Nominal composition, all contain Fe, 0.20 and Si, 0.20 (nominal). t Bars cast in sand between faces of steel template and measured when cold.

PROPERTIES OF ALLOYS OF ALUMINIUM WITH FE, MG, MN, Ni, Ni-Cu, Si, AND Si-Cu L. AITCHISON Density. Tensile properties.

MATIÈRES Densité. Résistance à la traction.

INHALTSVERZEICHNIS Dichte. Zugfestigkeit.

Annealing temperature. Mold shrinkage.

Température de recuit. Retrait au moulage.

Anlass-Temperatur. Schwindung.

CONTENTS

Wt. % FeI 2 4 7 11

Mg 0. 5 1.0 2.0 4.0 6.0 Mg 2 4 5 10

MECHANICAL PROPERTIES I dl° I BHN I UTS I 10~2 E \ Al-Fe (R, A) (S, 13) 2.73 29 10.7 66 2.76 33 11.8 66 2.80 37 12.6 66 2.85 38 12.6 68 2.93 44 12.6 68 Al-Mg(R, A) (1-3, is, 14) 2.69 30 10.2 66 2.69 33 12.6 66 2.68 39 15.8 65 2.65 54 18.9 64.5 2.63 69 28.4 63 Al-Mg (G8) (1-3, is, 14) 2.68 34 12.6 64.5 2.65 35 12.6 63 2.63 36 14 63 2.57 40 16 61.5

INDICE PAGE Densità 542 Comportamento alla trazione 542 Temperatura di ricottura. . 543 Ritiro nella forma 543

MECHANICAL PROPERTIES.— (Continued) El

Wt. %

<

I BHN

I UTS

I IO-2 E \

El

64.5 63 63 61.5

2 2 2 2

Al-Mg (Gm) (1-3, 13, 14)

34 33 29 18 8

Mg 2 4 5 10

36 35 33 22 20

Mn 0. 5 1.0 1.5 2.5 5.0 8.0

3 3 3 3

2.68 2.65 2.63 2.57 Al-Mn 2.71 2.73 2.75 2.78 2.82 2.86

40 19 60 19.5 65 19.5 80 22 (R, A) (3, 13) 30 11 33 12.5 35 12.5 39 13.5 46 14 50 15

66 66 66 66 66 66

33 30 28 22 18 17

MECHANICAL PROPERTIES.—(Continued)

MOLD SHRINKAGE

1 2

I BHN I UTS I 10~2 E \ El \ RA Al-Ni (R, A) (3, 8, 11, 13) 2.72 34 11.8 66 32 52 2.75 38 12.5 66 30 50

3 4.5 6 8

2.77 2.80 2.82 2.85

% Ni

I

44 44 45 47

10

I 2.91 I

% Ni

I

Ï 5 8 1 5 1 5

%Si

I

Al-Mg (1-3, 13, 14)

<

53

14 15 15 15

66 66 66 66

I 16.5 I

27 25 22 16

66

|

dlQ

I BHN I UTS I YP Al-Ni* (Gm) ( 3 » 8» n» 13) 2.71 34 10 4 2.80 45 15 6.3 2.86 Al-Ni-Cu* (Gm) 1% Cu (U) 2.73 37 13.4 4.7 2.83 45 17 7 Al-Ni-Cu* (R, A) 2% Cu (") 2.77 53 16.5 6.3 2.82 60 19 7

dy

I BHN

I UTS

\

^\^V

8

j

12

\ El

\

RA

~~~~" Trt ^1 AZ / G 8 - 1 0 0 T 0 Jk

8 10 13 % Si 1 1.5 2 5 10 15

9 11

21 36

% Ni

BHN 28 30 30 35 40 47

I

-____ •

8

%Mn -~^_

UT

~ ' 21.0 19.3 l 5

.T

1

19 6

29 8

30 25

57 36

I

I

63 63 60

17.2

% Si

I

THERMAL PROPERTIES ANNEALING TEMPERATURES 25O0C for Al-Mg (R, A). 2750C for Al-Fe, Al-Mn, Al-Ni (R, A), Al-Ni-Cu (R, A). 300° for Al-Mg (G8 and Gm), Al-Ni (Gm), Al-Ni-Cu (Gm), Al-Si.

17.0

I

5

I

16 6

-

8

I

16 3

-

-

13 16

[

-0

Al-SJ (G3M) (1-3, 5-7, 9, 10, 12)

% Si

I

8

-100^

I

16.3

io

I

10

13

16.0

16.0

AI-SÌ (Gm) (1-3, 5-7, 9, 10, 12)

% Si

3

8

-100^

15.2

14.4

Io

* IO-2 E = 66.

3 16 9

-100 T to_

.

El 45 43 41 35 27 17

5

AI-SÌ (G8) (1-3, 5-7, 9, 10, 12)

El"

9 8 8

17.0

Al-Ni-Cu (Gm) 1% Cu (U) 1

% Ni

5.5 5.5 2

63 61 60

8

17.2

-100^ £o

\1Q~*E\

5

17.2

to

PL

UTS 9.5 9.9 10.3 11.8 12.6 14.2

I

-10o4

2.65 40 12.6 2.4 2.63 44 12.6 2.4 2.60 50 14.5 3.2 Al-Si (G8M) (1-3, 5-7, 9, io, 12) 2.63 47 15.7 3 2.62 50 15.9 4.7 2.60 50 18.9 4.7 Al-Si (R, A) (1-3, 5-7, 9, io, 12) I

I

Al-Ni (G m ) (3, 8, 11, 13)

Al-Si(G 8 ) ( 1 - 3 , 5 - 7 , 9 , 1 0 , 1 2 )

5 8 13

4

18.2 17.6 16.5 14.7 14jT 17.2 16.6 15.5 13.8 13.5 Al-Mn (3, 13)

AZ/ G8 I Q \ Gm

45 42 35 24

2

% Si

I

-100^-

to

Al-Si-Cu (G8) 2% Cu (*) 3 6 17.1

I

10

13.3 I

15.8

9

16.0

LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) O) Aitchison, O. ( 2 ) Alloys Research Committee, Inst. Mech. Eng., llth Report, 1921. Abstract 403, 1921: 699. ( 3 ) Anderson, 423, 30: 562; 23. (4) Dix and Lyon, 47, 32: 27; 24. (S) Edwards, 33, 27: 654; 22. ( 6 ) Fraenkel, 93, 58: 154; 08. ( 7 ) Frilley, 74, 8: 457; 11. (») Gwyer, 93, 57: 113; 08. ( 9 ) Jeffries, 33, 26: 750; 22. (10) Portevin, 74, 6: 951: 09. O 1 ) Read and Greaves, 47, 13: 100; 15. O*) Roberts, 4, 105: 1383; 14. ( 13 ) Schirmeister, 77, 35: 649; 15. ( 1 4 ) WiIm, 192, 8: 225; 11.

PROPERTIES OF MAGNESIUM AND OF ITS ALLOYS WITH MORE THAN 50% MAGNESIUM ALBERT M. PORTEVIN Mg-Al-Cu

Mg YP

Treatment F DA

| UTS \ \ El \ 23.6 18-22 8-13 8-12t / 14.1 ~~~ S8 v aZso \ 10.7 5 -ir» A under ~ 12 4 4 M-A 1 _ IQ1

r U

/^ G ™ R/83°

RA

Lit. (2) (21,22) (2) (18) TTTT (18) (16)

13

E %A1|%CU met; UTS YP * 10.71 1 I DA I 30.5 I 20 I 8.5 8 I 9 I I 28 I 20 I 5

Lit UTS Lit ' ^ " | (* 4 ) Il D0 20 % | 30 | (21, 22) I ( i » ) |l I I

Mechanical Properties of Pure Magnesium

UCS = 27.1 kg/mm 2 (3). ELc = 1.18 - 5.80 (metal WH2 600°/60)*(H). E = 4260 kg/mm 2 (28). G = 1700 kg/mm2 (19). K = 2800 kg/mm 2 (19). ScH = 18 for G8 (8). BHNÎ = 29.4BV (25); 28.6Cx (27); 22-25C(v-z) (15). Log BHNi - log BAV2 = 0.0012 (*2 - h) (U); v. also Fig. 1. From experiments at B. P. of air at 10°, 15°, 50° and 70° C,

gy= = 1.57 (IT). For specific gravity, ^. p. 456; for compressibility, v. vol. Ill; for viscosity, v. vol. Ill; for surface tension, v. vol. III. Mg-Ag I 9.8 I 36.0 I 41.5 | Lit. I 48.5 | 104.7 | 136.2 | (25)

2.5 ~ _ 4.5 5

6.12

11 11.18 15 28

Treatment "DA f FA 450°.... \Gm DA DA

10V ^7Q

10V ^p

10V El

231 133 15Oi 231 105-148 95-150 85 82 10 248 150 173i 254 142 18Oi

l

°

X PL

WX

RA

Ui

f Al, 0-5, sp. vol. = | 0.575-0.0026 Al I (23) f Al, 6-11, E = 4400 I kg/mm* (M

(21.22" (26) (26) (21. 22) (21, 22) (Ï) C1) (L S) (18) ( 18 ) (26) (26) (20)

~Ghm Gm

(L 5) (26) (21, 22, 26 )

Gm

134-146 Ï30-135 119 119 ~ 55

55

10s O

31

3?4

O" Al, 7; BHNCZ = 50

0.2

D R T

184 58 29 181 54 23 184 45 24

10 X UCS

10 X El9.

10 XPL

10 X UTS

0.2

155 98 20 299 165 67 45 302 145 98 37 239

Mg-Al-Ni

% Al j % Ni I Trt I 10 X UTS \ 10 X YP \ 10 X El | Lit. 8.6 I 0.7 I DA 295 | 165 | 13Oi | ( 20 ) Mg-Cd

(

'

D 295-309 RA 300° 290 262-270 75- 8Oi 88-129 28 46 Ghm 143-154 83-85 45- 5Oi Gm 181 50 % A I l ( Q A ) L U g Q g ) G8 100 ™_~1 69.0-71.0 fGm 235 133 5-10 8 83.0-84.8 \ FA400°/30. 200 150 20_ 15 91.0-91.8 DA 280 220 8Oi

777

2.0 1.0 0.5 1.0 1.0 3.8 2.0

_J 5.5

F R D Ghm DA DA

222 177 5O8 69 180-183 176 91 7.5-1O8 152-181 176 70 44 JL9 358 31 206 206

118 124

75i 113i

(i) (i) (i) (i)

BHN-f (27)

175 225 250 301 289 336 293 360 293 360 299 344 314 324 315 304 319 311 432, E = 4260

8.3 8.0 2.0

%Cd

14 54 35 101 44 84 56 74 56 74 63 40 77 20 91 10 112 5 31.1; BMR =

BJ№

Lit.

O 174 60 28 100 2 174 45 19 169 4 175 50 22 184 5.8 176 53 22 197 6 176 53 24 197 8 177 60 28 178 10 179 66 32 161 12 180 71 34 148 15 182 75 38 117 Al, 8 (Dowmetal A): UTS = 21.8, UCS = kg/mm2 (5). Sand cast; annealed 2 hr at 800° (»). % Al

"

Wfl

10 X RA

Tensieproprties_

i^x IPX IPX

Mn

10 X El

_

BHNczi ScH

Zn

10 X P L

dy

Cd

10 X YP

%A1

HardneS8

Cu

10 X UTS

Sand cast ( ) 100 X

Wi1

Al

ScH

Name 8

BHNczî

% composition

Mg-Al

100 X rf24°

Mg-Al-Cu-Cd, Etc., Dowm étais D, R and T (G8) (8)

Trt

I 3.4 I 40.1

%Cd

%Ag BHNBVÎ

16.1 19.6

31.9çx 34.9CX r 46cz s 23.7j j ^^

. ( 2 1 , 2 2 ) 34.1 (21, 22) 45.1

42.6CX 51.9CX

53.7

64.9ÇX

Cd, 0-6: sp. vol. = 0.575-0.0047 Cd (23). Cd, 1: JS = 4400 kg/mm 2 (*).

Mg-Mn Mn, 0-4; specific volume = 0.575-0.0043 Mn (23).

Mg, 98.8; Si, 1.2 (DA) UTS = 29 kg/mm2; YP = 22.2 kg/mm 2 ; El1 = 5 % (20). Mg-Sn (QA) Sn, 4: LCH = 57.0-60.0; Sn, 8: LCH = 68.0-70.0; Sn, 15: LCH = 79.0-79.5 (!«).

Mg-Cu %

RA 300° 171-189162 1O8 f G8 179 43 26 109 3515a 4 I QA LCH = 62.0-64.5 Cu 4 (G s )isDowmetalS 4.5 DA 209 146 45i

Lit.

composition

3.02

LCH = 77.0-80.3 234

' % Zn 2.5 3.8 5 «

I

/ \

0

Trt f

m

K Y Jl ^3

5

120

20

° 219

3

°1 2Oi ? ^

U6 31

Mg-Zn I UTS | 23.0 23.7 18 17 14.3

Trt DA DA G8 Gm G8

%Zn

246

YP 11 12

I BHNi 45cz 67CY 47CY / 41cz \

\

\

Lit. (21.22) (8) (8) (8) (8)

BHNczì

Treatment

*° * X Ela UTS Yp

4.24 0.42 179 51-48** 4.62 .20 178 51-50** 4.37 .62 179 63-59** "Electron" 181-183

283 119 19 253 189 19 289 189 13 232 13 15

IS Cbarpy Lit. 2 10 X 10 X kg-m/cm RA (13) UCS YP 352 363 377

(4) (4) (4)

95 47 132

16

(6,7)

0-1.0

* Heated in hydrogen. f Subscripts to Brinell hardness Nos.: .,, , . A Subscripts v A B C

Ball diam., mm l 5.564 10

, . . Subscripts _ U V W

a

Load, . kg 1 0 50 116

_ , • . I Load, Subscripts , I kg X 2 0 0 Y 250 Z I 500

Î Tested at 30O0C ( 8 J. § G,Q W . Il Round bars, 7-6 mm diam. ^f Cylinders, 7.85 mm X 7.85 mm diam. ** Exterior and transverse section, respectively.

LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume)

Mg-Zn, 4.3; Al, 1.6; Cu, 0.74 (D) "Electron" Metal (i)

Al

Zn

Eh

UTS

Treatment

ScH

for (QA) (16) 62.0-65.8 77.0-78.7 103-104 vol. = 0.575-0.0043 Zn

Mg-Zn-Al (21, 22)

Composition

\ 10 X El \ Lit. 17Oi (21>22) 145i (21,22) 748 (8) 30 (i«) 40 (18)

23

%Zn I LCH 4 8 15 Zn, 5-15, is "electron;" Zn, 0-5: sp. (23); Zn, 4: E = 4400 kg/mm2 (i).

( Dc 30% ^?' n I 1 Dc 10 % AJ, u. o l l DA

36

E = 4400 ( 2 1 > 2 2 ) kg/mm 2 (2 1, 22) (M (21,22)

Cu

4°

Compression^

(i) Aitchison, 47, 29: 17; 23. ( 2 ) Anon., 115, 127: 402; 19. ( 3 ) Anon., Hütte, 1: 496; 20. (*) Beckinsale, 47, 26: 375; 21. (5) Bureau of Standards, Tests Tn 1027/20. ( 6 ) Bureau of Standards, Tests Tn 1109/20. ( 7 ) Bureau of Standards, Tests Tn 0504/21. ( 8 ) Dow Chemical Co., Midland, Mich., O. ( 9 ) Edwards and Taylor, 80, 69: 1070; 23. (io) Ewald, 8, 44: 1213; 14. (U) Faust and Tammann, 7, 75: 108; 10. (12) Guillet, 74, 19: 359; 22. (13) Hanszel, 98, 65: 925; 21. (i*) Ito, 159, 12: 137; 23. («) Kurnakov and Zhemchuzhnui, 03, 45: 1004; 13. (*«) Ludwik, 157, 13: 156; 16. (i7) Mallock, 5, 95: 429; 19. .( 18 ) Maybrey, Congrès international de fonderie, Paris, Sept., 1923. ( 19 ) Recueil de constantes physiques, p. 171. Paris, Gauthier-Villars, 1913. (20) Portevin, O. (2i) Portevin, 439, 76: 486; 23. ( 2 2 ) Portevin and de Fleury, International Air Congress, London, June, 1923. (23) Portevin and Le Chatelier, O. ( 2 4 ) Schiibel, 93, 87: 81; 14. (25) Smirnov and Kurnakov, 169, 14: 678; 11. 10, 2: 750; 13. (26) Thorne, 47, 29: 26; 23. (27) Urasov, 169, 14; 11. 10, 2: 750; 13. (28) Winkelmann, B76, I: 557; 08.

RA

Cu 0-13. SD. voi. = 0.5750.0052 Cu (23)

12.7 DA 13.64 Ohm

(16)

El3

DA

^11 ^-14

PL

9

211

YP

QA

UTS

8

Zn

(i) (8) ( 16 ) (21, 22)

Tensioni!

100 X

£#ATAUt

10 X UCS

100 X RA

10 X El

10 X PL

10 X YP

10 X UTS

ScH

BHN

100 X d\°

% Cu

Treatment

'

Mg-Zn-Cu, "Electron" Metal

32 3.5 3 2 DA 45 25.3 i f 7 11.013.4 27 8 ITs ~5~ DA ~50~ to i 23 j to to to 23 17 5 2 DA 50 2 7 . 7 ; I 10 12.516.3

ZINC AND ITS ALLOYS CONTAINING MORE THAN 50% ZN C. BENEDICKS CONTENTS

MATIÈRES

INHALTSVERZEICHNIS

Mechanical properties. Elastic properties. Compressibility of Zn alloys.

Propriétés mécaniques. Propriétés élastiques. Compressibilité des alliages de Zn. Densité des alliages de Zn.

Mechanische Eigenschaften. Elastische Eigenschaften. Kompressibilität der Zn-Legierungen. Dichte der Zn-Legierungen.

Density of Zn alloys.

INDICE

TABLE I. — MECHANICAL PROPERTIES Zn Tested in liquid air Single I A 100° I A 200° I A 200° I A 300° crystal UTS 1 12-261 17 1 15-301 27 | 15* | 14f | 6-16* | 5* | 3 |2.2-2.5 rt

Lit.

I Ô) I (41)

*A 30 m.

I (38)

|A 5 m.

I

(36, 37)

| (48) |

(35)

PAGB

Proprietà meccaniche Proprietà elastiche Compressibilità delle leghe di Zn Densità delle leghe di Zn .

YP = 9 ± 3 kg/mm2 (40). Extrusion Pressure = 75 kg/mm2 ( 29 ). PL and EL: None defined (6* n» 13); cf. however O*). EL = 5-30 % on 150 mm Ì RA = 5-60 % J { ' }' For UTS and El vs. (,0C; v. Fig. 1; v. also ( 38 » 45 ).

545 546 548 548

TABLE 1.—MECHANICAL PROPERTIES.—(Continued) A at: *,°C ,45, UTS El& ~Obs. BHN rj ti 46 31* 40 61f

TABLE 1.—MECHANICAL PROPERTIES.—(Continued) For UTS, YPc, BHN of Al, 0-11; Cu, 0-10; v. Figs. 6 and 7. Zn-Cd Values of LCH (30) ; „. also Figs. 5, 6,p. 549, 550; (17) and (49)

I I 70 I 100 150 I 200 I 250 300 |350|380 |17.615.715.7|15.4|17.0|12.4|10.25.5J5.2 |30 [41 |42 J38 J13 11 9 2 J3

Red. BHN TT rz r 46 35 40 52

Ball diam. mm 10 10 10? 5

* Rate of indentation = 0.25 mm/min,

, , Load, kg

~ Lit.

500 50-100 500 500

(12) (29) (31) (7)

T

"""

^T—-JSLS^ 1 2 4 8 lrt —-—•—___ 0.25 0.5 Q |63-65|74-75|89-91 |94-95 |85~89|78^79 A 26QV2-3 h 65-73|79-85|94-100Ì98-103|96-98|85-89 For USS, v. Fig. 8, p. 550.

Zn-Cu; v. also (20, 21, 25, 26, 43)

t Rolled.

HT = BHN reduced to 10 mm, 500 kg by formula: HT =

%

8

H ^T^rV — ( )> where P = radius of ball, P = load (kg), x = 3700 x ~r *

» Po

for 140 < P < 500. Reduction to 10 mm, 3000 kg not performed as being uncertain. Concerning reduction, v. also ( 3 ). Trt BHN*

I G I Wkc|A 80°| A 100° A 125°| A 250° I 38 I 64 64 | 51 j 43 | 43

Temp.,0C BHN}....

1-50 -25| O | 25 | 50 | 75 |100| 125 88 I 78 I 69 | 61 | 54 | 47 [ 4l| 36 39

24

* 1 mm ball; 5 kg load ( ).

t Faired values ( ).

LCH = 62 ± 2 (31). ScH = 10 (31); 11 (42) ; 10.8 (9); v. also Fig. 2. For some typical hysteresis diagrams, v. Fig. 3. For: specific gravity, v. p. 456; compressibility, v. vol. Ill; viscosity, v. vol. Ill; surface tension, v. vol. III. Zn-Al; v. also (20, 21, 25, 26, 43) Zn, 94; Al, 6 (A, *,°C) t,°C I UTS I El& 23.2 66 70 27.5 60 100 2 2 . 3 54 150 22.2 49

^ ^ T r % Al^-^ IO 20 25 30

200

25.0 24

250 300 350 380

28.3 21 2 3 . 8 43 2 2 . 7 43 22.3 42 45

( ) _

35

t G 8 (**) UTS I YP \ El& 24.3 16.710.3 29.1 26.6 6.7 29.0 1 2 . 7 1 0 . 1 27.9 16.9 4.3

| Gm (44) UTS \ YP \ El& 22.3 17.8 1.9 29.3 22.5 1.5 31.7 21.3 2.2 28.3 13.5 2.7

26.5 11.8 3.5

2 6 . 3 16.0 0.6

Hot r oiled ( 4 S)

0

Temp., C IHN*

O 2 4 6 8 15

*

UTS\ El&\BHN\ 30.7 39 66 33.2 37 103 34.1 28 104 38.2 50 33.2 38 110 37.3 47 103

*

3

^""^

Tft

n

A

A (A, I9 C) % C^^ G *,°CI UTS\ El& \\ \BHN\BHN 28.8 36 O 35 35 70 28.6 34 3.5 64 56 100 27.4 35 5.0 74 61 150 27.2 38 8.7 57 65 200 29.2 35 14.3 64 73

250 300 350 380

21.5 21.7 37 22.5 40 21.7 33 (45)

19.4 102 102 25.0 189 143 44.7 188 174 49.5 93 93 (26)

Zn, 51.97; Cu, 48.03 (15) I 16 I 300 I 450 | 500 | 600 | 700 | 760 | 82 I 166 I 174 I 169 I 132 I 62 | 38 | 26 | 22

*For method, v. ( 14 ).

LUDWIK CONE HARDNESS OF ZN-MG, ZN-SB, AND ZN-SN ( 30 ) \Trt

" A |\Trt ~~] A I ^ 350°/2-3h Wt.%^^ ^ f°/2-3h * 87^90 76-79 Sb 1 47-50 51-53 Ì 92-99 87-97 2 51-52.5 54-55 J 101-103 102-103 Sn 4 42-43 40-42 Ì 111-116 128-129 8 40-41 38-39 J

U

TABLE 2.—ELASTIC PROPERTIES OF ZN E G

I 10 480| 10 300| 9 600|8 000-13 000| 8 090| | [ I 3 800 3 880J j [ 3IQOJ 160QJ 2990

Lit.

(28) (52) I (40)

(18)

I (41) (50) j (47) j (23)

| Chill cast (4 ^]" 0

^^:

^n» 9^' 0Û,

*Cold rolled alloys ( 4 5 )

Wt.%^^ 28.3 16.6 2.6 26.7 9.4 1.6 45 28.3 15.0 2.7 24.4 10.7 1.1Mg 0.25 50 29.2 20.3 4.1 34.0 8.0 1.1 0.5 A1> ^50. For IS of (GS) or (Gm)t ^ Fig> 5. 1 For BHN of (Q) or (A), v. Fig. 4; v. also Figs. 2 6 and 7.

Zn-Al-Cu; v. also (20, 21, 25, 26, 43)

RTTAf

(48) % Cu* UTS I El* 0 9.1 O 1 24.8 54 3 34.0 13

40

A1 5 Ï 2 4~ lrt LCH of Zn-Al, Q, or A Vr\IL ^"^--l| °' 360°/2-3 h (30). Q I 61-64 | 82-85 86-91 | 74-80 A 360° I 64-66 | 78-83 88-90 | 74^76

I

77TQ VP

Cu UTS 7Pu BHN O 3.4 0.0 40 1.75 4.3 22.5 60 4.1 13.9 22.5 75 6.7 18.2 23.7 82 8 21.0 23.2 85 10.5 22.7 30.0 100

I

9

I X

3

9

Temp., C G.

I 18 21 48 | 52 63 | 67 | 82 | 97 | |3110|3100|2980|2890|2810|2790|2620|2440| (SQ)*

UTS\ El&\BHN\ UTS\BHN\ UTS\ UTS\ UTS -I 1 TCT 31.5 31 83 47.3 99 8.7 11.5 20.7 -rä-jT = 0.0035 per 0C (53) (very uncertain extrapolation).! Ju QC 18.9 33.0 51 115 56.0 129 22.0 24.7 28.0 *V. also (23, 27, 51). 36.5 57 107 45.0 134 22.3 28.4 26.6 t v. also (34). 35.2 50 123 27.8 28.3 34.0 44 129 43.4 146 30.2 30.8 34.1 19

Cold rolled ||Zn, 97; Al,2; Cu, 1 (annealedat I0C) % Al I % Cu| UTSI El* [I *,°C I UTS\ El& \\ t,°C \ UTS \ El* 2 1 30.8 39 29.0 45 250 28.0 6 4 1 35.7 32 70 27.5 40 300 25.3 4 3 31.3 17 100 29.2 35 350 27.6 8 6 1 35.3 4 150 27.3 39 380 22.8 5 (45) 200 29.3 15 (45)

ELASTIC CONSTANTS OF A SINGLE CRYSTAL ( )

Fig.2 Pure Zn

Fig.» Pure Zn

(10J

10

( J

Fig.3 Hysteresis Diagrams for Pure Zn. (13)

Fig.4 Zn-AI (5)

Fig.6 Zn-AI-Cu

Fig.5 Zn-Al 4

(48J

()

Fig.8 Density of Zn-Cu

Fig.7 Zn-AI-Cu

n

TABLE 3.—COMPRESSIBILITY OF ZN ALLOYS* ( 32 ) Wt. % Al 5 25 50 CdIO 40 Cu 10 30 50 Pb 220 Fb °

I

i 1

0

Temp., C 19.0 15.4 18.0 21.5 22.5 6.0 25.2 20.5

| Range, atm. [ IQ 1-1050 1-1050 1-1050 1-1050 1-1050 1-1050 1-1050 1-1050

9

6 x

^2100 1-2100

104

LITERATURE

per atm. 1.9 2.3 1.8 1.7 2.8 1.8 1.5 1.9 1>6

3.3

* For compressibility of pure Zn, v. vol. III.

TABLE 4.—SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF ZN ALLOYS For specific gravity of pure Zn, v. p. 456 Chill % Al I 9.59 19.40 25.37 30.78 34.65 40.80 44.85 50.30

Zn-Al (44) I Zn-Cu cast I Sand cast v. Fig. 8. The low values obtained df I % Al| dlQ by many investigators in the range 6.120 9.696.182 5'3°% 0^ are due to shrinking 5.38020.035.458 'fefs «?* PoroBrty. Values of 5.008 24.98 5.043 (55) are checked by X-fay analygls4.76830.584.707 4.38335.204.487 AK-QKW^ 4.12340.374.290 ^n, 00, E>D, 00 ( ) 4.10345.023.992 *,°C I 20 [ 600 700 | 800 | 900 3.92050.383.906 d 6.56 6.20 6.14|6.07 6.01

(For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) C 1 ) Arnold, 92, 30: 209; 17. (2) Bamford, 47, 26: 155; 21. (3) Batson, 403, 2: 463; 18. < 4 ) Bauer and Heidenhain, 95, 16: 221; 24. (5) Bauer and Vogel, 95, 8: 101; 16. (6) Bauschinger, 161, 20: 1; 91. ( 7 ) Benedicks and Christiansen, 220, 108: 361; 24. («) Benedicks, Dias., Upsala, 1904. (») Benedicks and Westgren, Metallografiska Institutet, Stockholm, O. (i°) Bingham, 47, 24: 333; 20. (U) Brezina, 63, 24: 338; 23. (»*) Brinell, Tekn. Tidskrift avd. /. mek. o. elektroteknik, 30: 69; 00. ( 1 ^) Dalby, 62, 221:117; 20. (U) Edwards, 47, 20: 61; 18. (* 5 ) Edwards and Herbert, 47, 25: 183; 21. 0«) Faust and Tammann, 7, 75: 108; 11. (") Glasunov and Matveev, 95, 5: 113; 14. (18) Grüneisen, 8, 22: 801 ; 07. (19) Grüneisen and Goens, 96, 26: 235; 24. (20) Quillet and Bernard, 47, 15: 407; 18. (21) Hanson and Gayler, 47, 27: 267; 22. (22) Hoffmann and Stahl, 187, 21: 22; 24. (23) Iokibe and Sakai, 3, 42, 397; 21. 159, 10: 1; 21. (24) Ito, 159, 12: 137; 23. (25) Jaresf 95, 10: 1; 19. (26) Johnson, 47, 20: 233; 18. (27) Katzenelsohn, Diss.r Berlin, 1887. (28) Kiewit, Diss., Göttingen, 1886. ( 29 ) Kurnakov and Zhemchuzhnui, 53, 45: 1004; 13. (30) Ludwik, 93, 94: 161; 16. (31) Ludwik, 77, 40: 1547; 20. (") Lussana, 69, 19: 182; 10. (33) Maey, 7, 38: 289; 01. ( 34 ) Mallock, 5, 95: 429; 19. ( 35 ) Mark, Polanyi and Schmid, 96, 12: 58; 23. ( 36 ) Martens, Mitt, aus den kgl. techn. Versuchsanstalten zu Berlin Ergänzungsheft, 4: 1; 89. ( 37 ) Masing and Polanyi, 96, 28: 169; 24. < 38 ) Mathewson, Trewin and Finkeldey, 80, 64: 305; 21. (39) Matveev, 74, 8: 708; 11. (40) Meyer, 424, 53: 538; 05. ( 4 I) Moore, 86, No. 52; 11. (42) O'Neill, 58, 111: 430; 23. (43) Portevin, 74, 8: 720; 11. (44) Rosenhain and Archbutt, 403, 2: 319; 12. (45) Rosenhain, Haughton and Bingham, 47, 23: 261; 20. (46) Sauerwald, 95, 14: 457; 22. (47) Schaefer, 8, 5: 220; 01. (48) Schulz and Waehlert, 187, 16: 195; 19. ( 49 ) Stone, 40, 12: 11; 18. 80, 60: 303; 19. (50) Sutherland, 3, 32: 31; 91. ( s *) Tomlinson, 5, 40: 343; 86. ( 52 ) Voigt, 8, 48: 674; 93. (*3) Wahlberg, 220, 56: 79; 01. (54) Wassmuth, 75, 115: 223; 06. ( 55 ) Weber, 8, 62: 666; 20. («*) Westgren and Phragmen, 3, 50: 311; 25.

* M. P. =510°C.

CADMIUM AND ITS ALLOYS WITH AG, As, Au, Bi, Cu, HG, MG, PB, SN, TL, AND ZN C. H. M. JENKINS Cd (v. also Fig. 1) | UTS \ El \ RA \ Treatment Gm, 1 in. diam 8.5 52 80 Rc, V 12 mo 7 95 >90 R0, V 12 mo, 300°/1 d 6.1 64 85

Li~ (7.3) (7.3) (7.3)

10-« J^ = 7.0701 ,17. 10-3G = 2.45o J ( } * #o°cAEVabs. = 2.50 (by damping of wires) (13). T>TTTIT

fI AfJL 21-24 fas lÔitSljJ rastì 4rt \ditS

iI

^ .-.

-,

-.-i

fj-v/^k 1

Compound Cd-Ag: BHN = 74 (10 mm ball, 200 kg) («). Cd-As Cd-Au For hardness v. Fig. 2. Cd-Bi For hardness v. Fig. 3.

Nu

0.52 0.54 1.00

BHN = <[21 o-i (worked, / i j agedj - i1 mo) \ rJ10 mm ball, 500 ' kg. Changes in hardness occur at atmospheric temperatures. Prèsent values of BHN of worked material are unsatisfactory ( 2 » 6). Log BHNi - log BHN2 = 0.00295 (fc - *i); between -450C and +1420C (10 mm ball, 500 kg) (7). For effect of temperature on properties, v. Fig. 1. For: density, v. p. 456; compressibility v. vol. Ill; viscosity, v. vol. Ill; surface tension v. vol. III. cd _ A

For density v. Fig. 7.

^^ TTTT

1-03

i L qc -yo 2.00 2.86 2 Ô 4.83

j

Cd-Cu Cast material (7-1) ^ j J1 — — g ' 35 38 11.4 12.2 13.7

48 44 19

13.25

. b 1414

15.2 15 .45 14 9 15.5

42 fi

91 1

^ 18 3 4

j

^J — 5g

76 66 51 76

o6 13 2 3 O

O . Rolled material, aged 3 mo at room temperature (8) Nil 8.8 58 > 90 Nil 9.0 59 >90 O 54 10 4 50 >-QO ^90 Q '^ 1Q ^ 90

1-00 1 0 ^ 2 °° 2.00 2 -86

11.8 U -8

44 67 13 7 50 13.1 38 13.85 21 Continued on p. 049

>90 >90 68 64 10

Fig.1 Properties of Cadmium at high temperatures

Fig.2 Hardness of AirCd

C8)

Fig.4 Hardness of Mg-Cd (A380°C)

C6)

Fig.3 Hardness of Cd-Bi Cd-TI (3.1,4)

Fig.5 Hardness of Cd'Zn (5)

Cd-Cu.—(Continued) Annealed rolled material (annealed for 6 wk at 25O0C. tion by rolling, 70%) (7-1)

% Cu

Nil Nil 0.52 0.52 1.03 1.03 1.95 1.95 2.90 2.90

I

UTS

6.9 6.85 11.35 11.2 12.75 12.9 14.2 13.7 14.5 14.0

I

El

54 61 50 58 38 50 36 37 24 25

Continued on p. 551

I

Reduc-

RA

86 87 74 80 68 70 42 42 15 25

Fig. 9 {7.4}

Fig. 6 Hardness of Cd'Zn

(9)

Fig. IO Elongation of Cd-Zn (,4)

Fig.7 Density of Cd-As

C5)

Fig.8 Shearing Strength of Cd-Zn Solder Films Film3/8inx&in between Vs in.x 3/16 in. Mild Steel Plates tested in double shear (3J « 2 « Two observations

Fig:n

Hardness of Cd-Zn ,7.4)

Fig. 14 Hardness of Zn-Cd

n

Fig.12 ,74)

Fig. 12.—Tensile strength of Cd-Zn. Cd-Cu.-- (Continued) VOa °_

BHN

Max.

* Min.

I

|

Mean

Cast material

Fig. 13 Elongation of Zn-Cd

n

O 0.52 1.03 1.95 2.90 4.83

2 36 39 42 46 57

5

2

I

4 32 36 38 44 51

24~5 34 38 41 45 54

Material annealed for 6 wk at 25O0C O 0.54 1.00 2.00 2.86 4.81

26 33 36 39 44 52

25 32 34 38 40 49

25To 33 35 38.5 41.5 50

* 10 mm ball, 500 kg applied 3 min.

Cd-Hg For density v. Fig. 10, p. 590. Cd-Mg Compound Cd-Mg: BHN = 52 (12) (I0 v. also Fig. 4. Cd-Pb-Sn* % Pb 90 85 80 75

I % Cd I % Sn 10 O 10 5 10 10 10 I 15

I

dl° I UTS 11.09 3.51 10.67 10.35 4.03 10.26 4.14

* Solders.

Cd-Tl For hardness v. Fig. 3.

mm

I

ball, 200 kg);

El 37.5

52.3 41.7

\ Lit. (*) O) (i) (*)

LITERATURE

Cd-Zn (7.2); v. also Figs. 5, 6, 8-14. % Cd I UTS I 82.6 15.75 82.6 11.6 94.0 9.45 94.0 11.4

El 30 68 5 60

I

RA 35 90 5 90

I

(For a key to the periodicals see end of the volume)

Treatment As cast* A 250°/6 wf As cast* A250°/6wf

* Casting conditions: Poured at 27O0C into cold cast iron mold 1 in. diam. t Material reduced 70 % by cold rolling and annealed for 6 wk at 25O0C.

(M Burgess and Woodward, 88, 109: 8; 19. (2) Cook, 47, 29: 119; 23. ( 3 ) Deeley, 47, 34: 193; 25. C 3 - 1 ) di Capua, 22, 32 II: 343; 23. < 4 ) di Capua and Arnone, 22, 33 I: 28; 24. < 5 ) Glasunov and Matveev, 95, 5: 113; 14. (6) Greenwood, 83, 17: 681; 21. (7) Ito, 169, 12: 137; 23. < *• » ) Jenkins, 47, 34: 103; 25. ( 7 - 2 ) Jenkins, 47, 34: 204; 25. ( 7 - 3 ) Jenkins, National Physical Laboratory, England, O. ( 7 - 4 ) Jenkins; 47, 36: Preprint, 26. («) Ludwik, 98, 59; 657; 15. ( 9 ) Ludwik, 93, 94; 161; 16. ( 1 O) Ludwik, 7, 91; 232; 16. ( 11 J Koch and Dannecker, 8, 47; 197; 15. ( 12 ) Kurnakov and Zhemchuzhnui, 53, 45; 1004; 13. O3) Mallock, 5, 95; 429; 19. (is) Zhemchuzhnui, 95, 4; 228: 13. (16) Urasov, 169, 14; 675; 11. < 17 ) Voigt, 8, 49: 717; 40. ( 1 8 ) Soldau, 53, 46: 1011; 14.

MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF COPPER AND ITS ALLOYS WITH AG, As, Bi, CD, FE, Mw, O, P, SB, AND Si D. HANSON CONTENTS

MATIÈRES

INHALTSVERZEICHNIS

INDICE

Tensile (compressive) and elastic properties.

Résistance à la traction (compression) et propriétés élastiques. Dureté. Densité.

Druck-und Zug-Festigkeit und elastische Eigenschaften.

Comportamento alla trazione (compressione) e proprietà elastiche 552 Durezza 554 Densità 554

Hardness. Density.

Härte. Dichte.

TENSILE (COMPRESSIVE) AND ELASTIC PROPERTIES Cu (v. also Figs. 1-4 and pp. 558-560) Tensile properties of electrolytic Cu (RA 700°/30) («) Wt. % composition I t, 0C I W2UTS \ El* ~ T Room 2277 58

\

Composition, hundredths % As I O I Ag

RA 72.7

°*°-015;Sl-Tr

{ -äö- "MUT -äöT--«T-

o n n i f i Si, ^- Tr T Q2, 0.016,

om / *°-^ |

2273

^-53.6 — 76.8^-

Compression of Cu cylinder 54.07 mm X 27.73 mm diam. ( 25 ) P = Load, kg; A = cross-section area, mm2; A 0 = original cross section area, mm2. P/Ao -IQOAZ/Zo P/A

16.8 25.3 33.7 42.150.759.067.475.884.2 0.94 1.32 8.41 20763OTe39.1 46.251.655.9 16.7 24.9 30.8 33.435.035.936.236.637.1

USS = UTS9 same variations (24). Electrolytic, annealed, 10~2# = 123 - 131 («, 20, 23). E = E0 (1 + at), where a = -3.59 X 10~4 (6, 26). Pure, 10-2G = 43.2 (16). X = 0.31 - 0.34 (1, », 20). Composition, hundredths % As I O I Ag

UTS

YP

El

RA

~

2

4

2

3

53 75 94 137 180

T ë 25.2 24.9 24.4 25.7 24.4

Ï4~2 13.4 12.6 12.6 12.6 16.1

27* 29* 21* 25* 28* 20*

V aiso

'

,

5 ^ 6 4 ~ 2 6.3 9.4 5.8 17.5 4.8 29

22/7 22.9 24.0 24.1

El

Cu-As-O (4) 26 12 0.7 24.4 14.8 40 94 15 0.8 25.4 13.6 54 194 20 0.5 26.0 9.8 62 Composition, hundredths % Trmct ; — : UTS As I O I Cu-As-Bi-O (R0A DR/W Q) (13) 42 5.5 Bi 5.1 23.8 40 6.8 7.3 22.8 39 8.4 9.7 23.2 47 7.3 12.4 23.3 Cu-As-Sb (A800°/15) (14) 36 I 6.5 I Sb 20 || 23.5 | Cu-As-Si-Fe (is) 34 Fe 3.5 Si 2 24.4 36 6 20 24.6 35 7 15 25.1 39 13 22 25.7 38 13 36 25.5 35 24 80 28.8 37 5 0.0 25.5 69 43 0.0 27.0 Composition, hundredths % Cd I Fe I Q

g

!\

Cu-As-Ag-O (RcA DR/30 Q) (13) 30 42 45 42

YP

RA

79 70 80

™ El 42b 4Oh 33b 35b 48b 43 50 40 37 41 37 46 48

* Gage length = 1 in.

Cu-As (Rh to Y% in. diam., Q) (17) .~

UTS

PAGE

3 & ~ V 35b '.° 43b If8' 1 43b ^'4'

50 100 200 300 400 700 1100 1400

UTS

YP

Cu-Cd (G) (5) 17.0 2.4 20.5 2.4 22.1 1.81 22.1 2.44 21.3 2.44 15.8 2.5 11.0 3.0 7.1 3.2

El

CS*

14 13 13 11 10 5 5

17.0 20.4 22.1 22.1 21.6 16.5 11.0 7.2

LITERATURE

Cd-Zn (7.2); v. also Figs. 5, 6, 8-14. % Cd I UTS I 82.6 15.75 82.6 11.6 94.0 9.45 94.0 11.4

El 30 68 5 60

I

RA 35 90 5 90

I

(For a key to the periodicals see end of the volume)

Treatment As cast* A 250°/6 wf As cast* A250°/6wf

* Casting conditions: Poured at 27O0C into cold cast iron mold 1 in. diam. t Material reduced 70 % by cold rolling and annealed for 6 wk at 25O0C.

(M Burgess and Woodward, 88, 109: 8; 19. (2) Cook, 47, 29: 119; 23. ( 3 ) Deeley, 47, 34: 193; 25. C 3 - 1 ) di Capua, 22, 32 II: 343; 23. < 4 ) di Capua and Arnone, 22, 33 I: 28; 24. < 5 ) Glasunov and Matveev, 95, 5: 113; 14. (6) Greenwood, 83, 17: 681; 21. (7) Ito, 169, 12: 137; 23. < *• » ) Jenkins, 47, 34: 103; 25. ( 7 - 2 ) Jenkins, 47, 34: 204; 25. ( 7 - 3 ) Jenkins, National Physical Laboratory, England, O. ( 7 - 4 ) Jenkins; 47, 36: Preprint, 26. («) Ludwik, 98, 59; 657; 15. ( 9 ) Ludwik, 93, 94; 161; 16. ( 1 O) Ludwik, 7, 91; 232; 16. ( 11 J Koch and Dannecker, 8, 47; 197; 15. ( 12 ) Kurnakov and Zhemchuzhnui, 53, 45; 1004; 13. O3) Mallock, 5, 95; 429; 19. (is) Zhemchuzhnui, 95, 4; 228: 13. (16) Urasov, 169, 14; 675; 11. < 17 ) Voigt, 8, 49: 717; 40. ( 1 8 ) Soldau, 53, 46: 1011; 14.

MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF COPPER AND ITS ALLOYS WITH AG, As, Bi, CD, FE, Mw, O, P, SB, AND Si D. HANSON CONTENTS

MATIÈRES

INHALTSVERZEICHNIS

INDICE

Tensile (compressive) and elastic properties.

Résistance à la traction (compression) et propriétés élastiques. Dureté. Densité.

Druck-und Zug-Festigkeit und elastische Eigenschaften.

Comportamento alla trazione (compressione) e proprietà elastiche 552 Durezza 554 Densità 554

Hardness. Density.

Härte. Dichte.

TENSILE (COMPRESSIVE) AND ELASTIC PROPERTIES Cu (v. also Figs. 1-4 and pp. 558-560) Tensile properties of electrolytic Cu (RA 700°/30) («) Wt. % composition I t, 0C I W2UTS \ El* ~ T Room 2277 58

\

Composition, hundredths % As I O I Ag

RA 72.7

°*°-015;Sl-Tr

{ -äö- "MUT -äöT--«T-

o n n i f i Si, ^- Tr T Q2, 0.016,

om / *°-^ |

2273

^-53.6 — 76.8^-

Compression of Cu cylinder 54.07 mm X 27.73 mm diam. ( 25 ) P = Load, kg; A = cross-section area, mm2; A 0 = original cross section area, mm2. P/Ao -IQOAZ/Zo P/A

16.8 25.3 33.7 42.150.759.067.475.884.2 0.94 1.32 8.41 20763OTe39.1 46.251.655.9 16.7 24.9 30.8 33.435.035.936.236.637.1

USS = UTS9 same variations (24). Electrolytic, annealed, 10~2# = 123 - 131 («, 20, 23). E = E0 (1 + at), where a = -3.59 X 10~4 (6, 26). Pure, 10-2G = 43.2 (16). X = 0.31 - 0.34 (1, », 20). Composition, hundredths % As I O I Ag

UTS

YP

El

RA

~

2

4

2

3

53 75 94 137 180

T ë 25.2 24.9 24.4 25.7 24.4

Ï4~2 13.4 12.6 12.6 12.6 16.1

27* 29* 21* 25* 28* 20*

V aiso

'

,

5 ^ 6 4 ~ 2 6.3 9.4 5.8 17.5 4.8 29

22/7 22.9 24.0 24.1

El

Cu-As-O (4) 26 12 0.7 24.4 14.8 40 94 15 0.8 25.4 13.6 54 194 20 0.5 26.0 9.8 62 Composition, hundredths % Trmct ; — : UTS As I O I Cu-As-Bi-O (R0A DR/W Q) (13) 42 5.5 Bi 5.1 23.8 40 6.8 7.3 22.8 39 8.4 9.7 23.2 47 7.3 12.4 23.3 Cu-As-Sb (A800°/15) (14) 36 I 6.5 I Sb 20 || 23.5 | Cu-As-Si-Fe (is) 34 Fe 3.5 Si 2 24.4 36 6 20 24.6 35 7 15 25.1 39 13 22 25.7 38 13 36 25.5 35 24 80 28.8 37 5 0.0 25.5 69 43 0.0 27.0 Composition, hundredths % Cd I Fe I Q

g

!\

Cu-As-Ag-O (RcA DR/30 Q) (13) 30 42 45 42

YP

RA

79 70 80

™ El 42b 4Oh 33b 35b 48b 43 50 40 37 41 37 46 48

* Gage length = 1 in.

Cu-As (Rh to Y% in. diam., Q) (17) .~

UTS

PAGE

3 & ~ V 35b '.° 43b If8' 1 43b ^'4'

50 100 200 300 400 700 1100 1400

UTS

YP

Cu-Cd (G) (5) 17.0 2.4 20.5 2.4 22.1 1.81 22.1 2.44 21.3 2.44 15.8 2.5 11.0 3.0 7.1 3.2

El

CS*

14 13 13 11 10 5 5

17.0 20.4 22.1 22.1 21.6 16.5 11.0 7.2

Fig.l

Tensile strength of Copper at high temperatures

M

Composition hundredths % I Fe | O

UTS

El

RA

Cu-Fe (RA700°/30) (io) " 20 ~40 II 70

v. also Fig 5 Dig. o

o« 9b

*A! -

0.3

OT" T^ \16.9 IT /26.5 U 8 ' \18.1 -7 25 2 0 I ' 0.55 \19.1

138 138

O 44 °'

180

°'7

209 J 9

O8 8 U

°

/22.8 \16.5 22.4

TT

57s 51.78 6O8

^" (B) (A) (B)

6 8

° 50.8s 51.7s 51.4,

8

(A)

45s

82

(A)

2

79

(B)

I 30 ' 4 \23.2 /31.2 \25.7

(B) (A) (B)

l 34 ' 8 \27.3

'

(A) (B) (A)

(A)

(B)

73 63 73 ° 68 80 83

42.5. 88

^09 2O8 29.O9 24.6, 33 7s

279

81 79 82 79

80

-}£îo.

(A) Tested at room temp. (B) Tested at 25O0C.

Fig4

Fig.2

Effeet of Annealing Temperature

C9)

Elongation of Copper at high temperatures

Composition, hundredths % Mn I P

Trt

UTS

El

~

Cu-Mn (RA 500° C8 or Q) (21) T

1

7

15

12 1

lI 4

19 19

21 1

29

2 2 2 2

^

Fig.3 Effect of Rolling on Electrolytic Copper O^ 0.071-AsO -Ag 0.0005

~ ^

4

'*

fC. \Q /C 8 \Q

32.6 34.2 33.2 34.4

45.5 45 45 44.5

/C» \Q

33 9

33.6 44 34.7 44 34.5 44.5 34.8 44 34.7 44.5 35.5 44

34.4

44 5 44

40

20 2

'°

/C 8 \Q /C 5 \Q /C 8 \Q

61 °

24 *

/C' \Q

34 8

44 5

98

21 Z 1

(°8 \Q

36 7

-

44 5 ' 43

2^3 *ò 9 , 2 6 '

/ Ca \Q /C 8 \Q

38 6

^ 40

134 134 ÌM 149

^ '

' 35.8

' 37.8

' 43

42 5 ' 40.0 40.5 39.1 40.5 40.8 40

Cu-O (RA700°/30) (") ^C I UTS I

%O I

El8

5 ' ° 15.86 58 22.7 56

I

RA

(20 I 250 ~~~~~~ / 2 0

22 57

\ 25° /20 \ 250 /20 \25Q ~~~~ /20 U< ^ \250 ~ J 20 °'36 \250

16 27 50 8 65tl ' ' 23.2 52.5a 64.7 17.05 56.4 67.8 24.20 49.2 56.4 17.2 52 66 24.53 "US 42.5 17.0 48.8 58 26.2 34 ~~38 17.8 47.2 62.8

004

n nQ U UU

71 4 ' 69.5 70.2

HARDNESS OF Cu AND ITS ALLOYS WITH AG, CD, FE, MN, O, P AND Si.—(Continued) % composition | BHN RA 500° Q P 0.014 74 .042 74 .092 74 •173 74 .399 77 .563 77 1.06 96

|| % composition | BHN Cu-Si (22) A 800-900°/1 h si 1.7 59 2.2 71 .5 2.6 73 2.7 82 3.8 I20

Scleroscope hardness of pure Cu (A), 6-8; (R0 66%), 22-24 (4, 7). * 10 mm ball/500 kg load; others 5 rnm/500 kg. t Contains 0.12-0.2% P.

Cu-P (21)

(R) UTS I 36.1 38.6 39.5 39.6 42.7 46.4 53.4

% P

0.014 .042 .092 .173 .399 .563 1.062

El ~ 4.3 3.9 3.0 2.8 3.0 2.3 2.0

(RA 500° C8) UTS I El 23.0 46.5 23.0 46 23.5 45 24.3 42 25.4 41 26.9 40 28.7 40

(RA 500° Q) UTS \ El 24.6 45 25.1 44 25.1 43 25.7 41.5 26.2 40 28.8 40 31.8 38

HARDNESS OF Cu AND ITS ALLOYS WITH AG, CD, FE, MN, O, P AND Si % composition I BHN |l % composition | BHN Cu (electrolytic) I Cu-Mn-Pf.-(Continued) (G) (U) I 28-30* RA 500° C8 (Dp) (U) I 58^66 Mn 0.04 74 74 lg Cu-Ag (22) 29 77 A 750-770°/24 h .40 77 Ag 4.2 63 -61 81 5.5 72 -98 84 Cu-Cd(GH 5 ) 55 Cd 0.5 9'?, 14 2

~

lì

66

Cu-Fe (G) (IQ) Fe 0.06 28 .2 28.2 .4 35 .73 44 .96 45 1 38

45

1.80 49.5 2.09 49 Cu-Mn (A) (22)

-^7-2

TU

153

108

31.1

140

Cu Mn Pt (21

- > RA 500° Q Mn 0.04 77 .29 84 .40 77 .61 81 1.34 88

I '.49 88 Cu-O (G) (U) 00.015 30 no« OQ .036 33 .06 34 -08 36 -17 43 -28 53 .36 57 Cu-P (21) R P 0.014 96 042 I0I .092 112 .173 118 f693 ™ i'n? ißn L^ 1*2 RA 500° C8 PQ.014 «3 042 65 .092 68 .173 70 .399 74 .563 77 1.06 84

SPECIFIC GRAVITY* OF COPPER AND ITS ALLOYS WITH FE, MN, P AND O

Annealed high conductivity Cu, d™ = 8.86-8.92 (variable with oxygen content and soundness of ingot) ( 6 > 9> n» 12). For density of pure Cu, v. p. 456. Cu-Fe(U) %Fe

H 8.92 8.92 8.92 8.92 8.92 8.91 8.90 8.90

0.06 .2 .4 .73 .96 1.38 1.8 2.09

Cu-Mn-Pl Cu-P J1 % Mn 0.04 .19 .98 1.49

. I

T

RAf 8.90 8.92 8.92 8.91 8.91 8.91 8.91 8.90

I

dì 8.905 8.903 8.860 8.820 8.945 8.938 8.903 8.758

;

% P 0.012 .021 .021 0.026 ÖTÖ4 .173 .399 1.062

Cu-O (U) -

0.015 .016 .04 .06 .09 .17 .28 j*6

B 8.917 8.92 8.907 8.910 8.884 8.825 8.8 8.75

f

RAt 8.912 8.91 8.905 8.901 8.882 8.842 8.8 8.76

* All specific gravity values for alloys refer to rolled or worked material. Densities of castings mainly unreliable owing to irregular unsoundness. t R, A 700°/30.

LITERATURE Fig.5


Effect of Annealing Temperature on Cu-Fe RdAt°/l5

(i) Amagat, 34, 108: 1199; 89. (2) Bengough, 47, 7: 123; 12. ( 3 ) Bengough and Hanson, 47, 12: 56; 14. (*) Bengough and Hill, 47, 3: 34; 10. ( 5 ) Budgen, Cadmium and Its Alloys. London, Griffin and Co., 1924. ( 6 ) Bureau of Standards, 365, 73: 32, 38; 18. ( 7 ) Caesar and Gerner, 40,10: 208; 16. ( 8 ) Carrington, 3, 41: 206; 21. ( 9 ) Bellinger, 459, 58: 889; 11. (10) Hanson and Ford, 47, 32: 335; 24. (U) Hanson, Marryat and Ford, 47, 30: 197; 23. ( 1 2 ) International Electrotechnical Commission, Publication No. 28: 4; 14. ( 13 ) Johnson, 47, 4: 163; 10. ( 1 4 ) Johnson, 47, 7: 240; 12. (15) Johnson, 47, 10: 275; 13. ' ( 16 ) Koch and Dannecker, 8, 47: 197; 15. (17) Lewis, 135, 83: 3; 01. ( 18 ) Macnaughton, 140, 109: 409; 24. (1») Mathewson and Thalheimer, 80, 55: 446; 16. (20) Morrow, 3, 6: 417; 03. (") Hunker, 192, 9: 185; 12. (22) Norbury, 47, 29: 423; 23. ( 2 3 ) Searle, 3, 49: 193; 00. ( 2 ^) Thurston, Materials of Engineering, Part III. New York, Wiley, 1910. ( 2 5 ) Unwin, Testing of Materials of Construction. London, Longmans, Green and Co., 1910. (26) Wassmuth, 75, 115, II A: 223; 06.

(10)

PROPERTIES OF BRASSES AND OF PB, SB, SN AND THEIR ALLOYS O. F. HUDSON For specific gravities of the pure metals v. p. 456; for compressibilities, v. vol. Ill; for viscosities, v. vol. Ill; for surface tension, v. vol. III. Cu-ZN, SIMPLE BRASSES* 8

k t BHN ScH Cu \^ Lit

(1)

Trt ^"^^

90 G8 Rd R8 80 G8 Rd R8 70 G9 Rd R8 UiT G8 Rd R8 65 I 60 us§

(12,

(13)

13)

13-17)

17)

RA (13-

~ "U***" ~55~ 60

56

G8

80

52

Gm G8

95 90

Gm

16

47 _№_ J.9_

35

45

39

55

60

47

J7_ _6_

UCS I^

Shr.

^

(4)

(1»)

UT

5.5 2.1

27

6.9 1.87

42

6.2 1.79

15)

45 12 22 25 120 41 39 5 ~43~ 11 25 45_ 8.62 45 12 25 30_ 30 145 50 47 10_ 30 ~ 45 12 28 50 85 8UO 45 ~Ï2~ 28 16 35 35 __ 145 50 47 _47_ _24_ 15 50 .~ ~ 45 12 " 28 9 6 70 75 ~48~ 13 28 30 30 ~ 145 50 50 15_ 50 43 16 31 60 70 As rolled, ELs = 20; annealed, ELs = 6 (from torsion teste) 8.40 70 20 36 20 20 25

R

7JJ^ 2.29

C 13 ) 53 6.2 2.34

20

31

10

16

5

2.37 6.2 2.50

J?UL ZZ

G8 Gm

El&

8/75

Rd

50

UTS I YP PL

(5, 6, (13) (13) (6, !3-

95 8.30

77_

90

EFFECT OF ROLLING ON HARDNESS OF BRASS Cu, 66.65; Pb, 0.3; Fe, 0.08 (24) .

I 2 I 4 I 8 I 12 I 15 I 25 | 50 I 9.7 I 12.7 I 15.2 | 17.3 | 21.5 | 27.4 |.38.2

* 7 = Per cent reduction in rolling.

|k, 0 C*| [(2O) 285 Cu, 71; Zn, 28.53; Pb, 0.25; 350 Fe, 0.20; Sn, 0.02 (i in. 400 diam.)t ( 15 ) 500 725 [920 (20) 320 405 500 Cu, 69.4; Zn, 30.44; Fe, 0.15; 570 Pb, 0.005; Sn, trace (i in. \ 630 diam.)t (15) 660 702 765 808 ' [900 % composition

YP \ UTS \ Ela \ RA 33.9 39.4 35 65 32.9 40.3 35 66 28.8 39.7 38.5 53 25.5 38.7 46 53.5 9.1 32.9 67.5 74.5 6.8 29.1 80 75 5.8 28.7 78 63 49.6 49.9 19.0 65 43.1 51.8 19.5 65.5 17.8 39.5 55 75.5 19.5 36.5 72 15.1 36.9 60 77 10.2 33.1 65 75 10.1 32.3 76.5 80 8.0 31.5 76 77 6.5 31.2 79 70 5.4 29.0 81 75 5.2 27.9 83.5 70

% composition

|
19 5

40 6

38

54 4

P 7 0.08 n n «(cross-section f' ; ' n0.5 , ' \ 45° Fe, 55 in A XO n it (24) ° in. u. l iin.;? ^ ; QQQ

16 3

37 5

48

60 61 4 ^-4

[750

7.5

Pn fififi*.^ 9 S Q 7 - P K Hl.

2.50 •

Elastic properties of brass, composition not stated: 10-2JSJ = 79-92 (G8); = 92 (Rd); = 100(R3)(S); 10-2^ = 36; X = 0.327(22). * Mechanical properties of brasses vary widely with condition. Data given are typical of alloys in the indicated conditions. t For chill castings. Î Standard 120 ft. Ib. specimens with 11, 23, and 46 ft. Ib. tups. § USS = 24(G) (9); EL8 = 8.5(R8) (13).

7* ScH

EFFECT OF ANNEALING ON «-BRASS

35

'

12 8 g-5

'

34 5 g j -ß

29.7

58 ßg

'

67

56.7

a-Brass (24), composition not stated. Ra, 40%: UTS = 53.9; El = 11.1. A 200°/30: UTS = 55.1; El = 10.0. * Annealed 30 min. at «A,°C. t RdJ 50 % reduction.

ANNEALING TEMPERATURES FOR SIMPLE BRASSES For 70/30 Brass: A 650 ± 10° gives complete softening and moderate grain size (13 ). For 60/40 Brass: A 650° for final treatment but for subsequent hot working, reheat up to ca. 800° (13.). For 70/30 or 60/40 Brass: To remove dangerous internal stress, A 250° (28, 29).

EFFECT OF ANNEALING ON BHN OF Rd «-BRASS (2) Cu, 68.48; Zn, 31.47; Pb, 0.02; Fe, 0.03, annealed 30 min at tAf 0C r^r^^J* IA, O ^^^

20 200 250 275 300 325 350 375 400 425 450 500 550 600 650 700 750 800 850

20 2

36 6

50 9

59-1

110 109 106 104 103 102 102 88.3 82.6 75.2 75.0 70.4 65.9 61.7 55.8 50.6 46.0 43.9 41.3

142 148 143 140 137 106 100 88.8 74.6 71.2 70.5 66.2 61.3 55.4 51.5 48.9 45.9 43.1 41.1

158 169 166 155 130 93.3 91.2 86.4 79.6 76.5 74.1 69.1 62.0 56.8 52.1 49.7 46.4 43.1 42.0

163 172 171 154 124

-

-

-

öl, U.UO

(5T

134 27.7 8.011.7 (32) ^3 50.2 6Q g 3 1 9 1 7 > Q 2 0 0

o^^^^M^g;;;;;.::::"^ £i ailOS:;(32) Cu^Zn.aÂM.oojg::;;:;::: % %< ™».0%' ™ Cu, 57; Zn, 42; Al, 1 Cu, 55; Zn, 41; Al, 4

138

G

57 3

'

58.2

25 2 1 6

021

5

' 27.0 - 33.5 ' 18.4

40^0_ 60.0

50 16.5

(">

(5) (5)

Cu-Zn-Fe, Fe-brasses Cu, 60; Zn. 38.2; Fe, 1.8

G

Cu. 59 .3 7;Z n.3 9 .6S ;F e.0. 95 {g;; :;:::::

40.3 "Aich's metal" «

™ %™

(*T

^ ^

cu.^zn.ss.sê.^lg;;;::::;;^ a : *a : ™ g;M"'cu.^zn.ao.ê.^g;;:;;;;;: g g;g »;™ »;•(") 4

Cu, 55.04; Zn, 42.36; Fe, 0.83; Sn, 0.83; I® "Sterro metal" 1 ?! ^ D0

W

fc610;

»••

brass 39 19 Ï5 25 ( 13 ) 19* 50 39 20 30 8* 44 19 35 40 = 10 500-13 400 kg/mm 2 (2?)

Cu, 59.95; Zn, 39.38; Sn, 0.47; Fe, 0.20Jg 1 ^ Cu, 59.17; Zn, 37.63; Sn, 2.98; Fe, 0.22. .G 136 Cu. 58.9; Zn. «u ; Sn. !,..ZZ^f

^

^

g

g

(32)

33.4 26.0 1.5 3.2 (32)

»" g j Jf g" JT^

Cu, 58.82; Zn, 38.76; Sn, 2.11; Fe, 0.31. .G 114 41 19 13 15 (32) Cu, 58.7; Zn, 39.6; Sn, 10; Fe, 0.34; Pb, f 40.8 18.032 36 («) 0.4; "Durana" \ E - 7 430 kg/mm^ * These values are for PL.

PB

Treatment Cast Rolled Annealed

UTS\ Lit. \\BHN\ W~*E \ IQ- 3 Gj X | Lit" 1.25 (23) 4.2 (7)_ 2.1 (19) 1.5-1.7 0.55 (K43 (5) 1.8 ( 19 ) 1.80 (35)

»•—*{5£.i:SSi _ }^_~1EL Pr, A 100°

1.7* (5)

3.8

(7)_

ScH = 2 (ordinary hammer); ScH = 3 (magnifier hammer) ( 31 ). For CS = 1.5 kg/mm 2 , Al = -32% Z 0 i m ELC = 0.07 kg/mm 2 . J ( }' * Ela = 67%.

PB-BA-CA E

j.ff

( UTS = 9.1 kg/mm 2 ] (Ba + Ca) 1-2%; "Ulco metal" El = 5% on 1 in. [ (9). (RA = 1 % J Tio 1 Qn- n« n 70/ BHN = 31.2u; 26.5v \ ,,.,>. , 31 wllere Ba, 1.80, Ca, 0.79Âcff = 7.5; 13.Sn )( )' u = 500 kg; v = 1000 kg; m = magnifier hammer.

10 4G

~* I ~ (H u 18.9 1.186 0.387 Cu. 73.85; Zn, 25.90; Fe. 0.25 | H ^ A6100 7 1 ^ Q^

Cu. e,Q8; ZD. 32.45; Fe. 0.4.

28 25 25 ( 3 2 ) 33 36 47 27 22 20 (32) 27 28 30

(20)

^' ^ ^.5 59.8

ELc

50 55 57 58

(5)

56.2

143

52 7 (32)

~ ~~~ ~~

TO Cu, 62; Zn, 37; Sn, 1; "Naval brass"] Rd [ R8 Cu, 60; Zn, 40; Sn, 0.7-1.1 ff

cu.e9.42;Zn.24.68;A1.5.9o{g::v;:;;; î» %; £j ;:° a (>1)

P» 58.26; ^S2fi Zn, 7n 38.56; * « * « . Al, Al 2.18 2 1 Sj / ° Cu, F

Q

41.7

cu.e9.79;Zn.26.a7;M3.M{g;;;--:::;l^l^^.yofy6l^

Cu. 62.9; Zn, 33.3; AI, 3.8

,4 345

91.9 0^58.6; Zn. 38.5; Al, 1.5; Mn, 0.5; V, J Do ~^35_612 14 (20) 88. 6 83. 8 Cu, 58.15; Zn, 35.18; Mn. 4.10; Al, 2.24; f O 165 63 38 14 15 (32) 79.Fe, 00.25; P, 0.08 \ F 159 68 39 18 21 77. 457.23; Zn, 37.9: Al, 2.59; Mn, 2.08; f G Ï65 65 30 18 20 (32) Cu, 69. 10.20 Fe, \ F 159 66 31.5 24 25 62. 055.02; Zn, 41.9; Mn, 2.04; Fe, 0.75; Sn, Cu, 143 21 53.516 ( 13 ) 57.0.15; 2 Al, 0.09 52.4 Cu-Zn-Sn- (Fe ), Sn-brasses 49.2 70; Zn, 29; Sn, 1; "Admiralty condenser Mechanical properties sub- ( 13 ) 46.Cu, 4 tube brass" stantially those of 70/30

Cu-Zn-Al, Al-brasses

rCu.fio I Q 7n 9 A1 ,.Jo 69.13; Zn.9«q 26.32; Al, 4.55|F

40 g

Cu-Zn-Mn-Al, etc., High tensile brasses

44.1

50

90

J

Cu, 59.45; Zn, 35.85; Mn, 3.49; Al, f G 114 0.98; Fe, 0.22; P, 0.01 \ F 134 Cu, 93. 359.45; Zn, 36.6; Mn, 1.97; Al, 1.56; ( G Ï38 Fe, 0.40; P, 0.02 \ F 148

\BHN\ UTS \ YP \ El& \ RA \ Lit.

33.0

\BHN\ UTS \ YP \ El9. \ RA \ Lit.

Cu, 5^42; Zn. 39.8; Mn, 1.48; Fe. 0.25; Ì oi, 0.05 )

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF VARIOUS BRASSES

Cu, 70.5; Zn, 26.4; Al, 3.1

Composition and treatment

Cu. 58^42; Zn, 39.25; Mn, 2.0; Fe, 0.25; 1 G

* 7 = Per cent reduction in rolling.

Composition and treatment

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF VARIOUS BRASSES.—(Continued)

(2i)

-OfI- I^

Cu-Zn-Mn, Mn-brass Composition and treatment | BHN\ UTS j YP \ El& RA \ Lit. Cu, 59.6; Zn, 38.0; Mn, 2.1 G 41 14 50 ("J Cu. 57.6; Zn, 41.0; Mn, 1.16 G 42.5 16 50~" ___ ( 12 ) Cu, 58.95; Zn, 39.92; Mn, 1.01; Fe, 0.24; ( G 80 39.4 15.951 49.7 (32) Si, 0.05 IF 41.6 15.947 57

Pb, co. 97.5; Ba, <2; Ca, <1; Hg, 0.25 0

^, C BHN

I 25 I 50 I 100 I 150 I 29.6 I 27.2 | 20.9 | U.cT "^ ^" W

PB-SB (CAST) (U) %Sb 0.0 2.6 3.9 4.5f 5.0 6.1 7.4 8.1 9.9 12.6 14.0 19.6 24.7

I

UTS 1.25* 3.16 3.71 4.36 4.42 4.75 4.96 5.24 5.39 5.17 4.94 4.40 4.26

i

Ela

SB

I

15 19 35.5 28.5 21.8 19.3 21.5 15.5 11.0 8.8 1.8 1_3

RA

21.6 25.0 34.5 27.5 23.3 21.0 22.1 13.6 10.6 9.3 1.5 0.4

* (23).

t Density = 10.5 ( 5 ).

Thickness, 0.89 1.07 1.27

PB, 92; SB, 8,* HARD mm | UTS \ 3.89 3.82 4.16

PB (R) (5) El \ 14.8 15.2 19.0

ScH 3-4 3-4 3-4

* Density = 10.71 ( 5 ).

PB-SB-SN (33) v. also Pb-Sn-Sb-Cu Pb, 88.8; Sb, 7.5; Sn, 3.7 UTS = 5.7 83.3 9.8 6.9 8.7 78 7 15 6.23 PB-SN %Sn I Trt I UTS \ BHN \ Lit. O G 1.25* 4.2 (6) 10 10.1 (34) 20 12.2 (34) 30 14.5 (34) 33.3 7.63 (33) 40 15.8 (34) 50 TJ. 18.0 (33,34) *(23).

PB-SN-SB-CU, BEARING ALLOYS (3(n v. also Pb-Sb-Sn

P/TZr^lCu <• """"* n»"»7 80 5 15 10.04 25t 7.4 2.8 21.1 5.7 63.5 20 15 1.5 9.33 25J 8.7 0.0 19.2 6.3 48.5 I 40 10 1.5 22 7.2 0.0 17.8 5.8 * FPc at AZ = -0.2 % Zo, UCS at AZ = -0.5Z0. t BHN = 10 at 10O0C. IBHN = 11 at 10O0C.

UTS = 1.1 kg/mm 2 (wire 0.36 mm diam.) (3). E = 7950 kg/mm2, G = 2020 kg/mm 2 (from bending tests on wires) (3). SN Treatment UTS\ El9 \BHN\ CS* | ELG | LitT Rolled 2.5 ^ 19 , Annealed 1.7 _ _ Pr,A100° 1.9 ~86~ 5.0 3 . 6 \ m Cast... 5 . 2 2 . 8 / °-°8 ( > _ E = 4000 - 5500 kg/mm2. G = 1700 kg/mm 2 C* 9 ). * A Z = - 3 2 % Zo.

SN-PB (23, 33, 34) % Pb BHN

I O I 10 I 20 I 30 34 | 40 || I 5.2J13.3|15.2|15.8|16.7|14.6||

% Pb UTS

| O |~37~ J2.46|7.64

Composition \BHN\ UTS\El&\ UCS*\ YP^ Sn-Pb-Sb-Cu, bearing alloys (30) Sn, 80; Pb, 6; Sb, 11; Cu 3 32
5.7 6.3

Sn, 93; Sb, 3.5; Cu, 3.5 25 3.0 11.6 23.1 5.7 86 10.5 3.5 33 10.2 7 26.8 6.9 78 11 11 37 11.5 0.0 18.0 7.1 Sn, 91; Sb, 4.5; Cu, 4.5: d\* = 7.34; Sn, 89; Sb, 7.5; Cu, 3.5: î8 = 7.39. * FPc at AZ = -0.2

% Z0, UCS at AZ = -0.5Zo.

LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) C 1 ) Bamford, 47, 26: 155; 21. (2) Bassett and Davis, 80, 60: 428; 19. (3) Bridgman, 2, 9: 138; 17. (<) Bunting, 47, 31: 47; 24. (5) Bureau of Standards, Test Tn 0217 b22; 1922. (6) Charpy, 420, 1: 180; 96. (7) Coe, 47, 30: 309; 23. ( 8 ) Cowan, Simpkins and Hiers, 75, 40: 27; 21. (9) Frary and Temple, 33, 19: 523; 18. ( 1 0 ) Frye, C. E. Pocket Book, p. 496. N. Y., Van Nostrand, 1918. (") Gurevitch and Hromatko, 33, 25: 62; 21. (12) Harris, 47, 28: 327; 22. (i 3 ) Hudson, O. ( 14 ) Hudson and Bengough, 54, 27: 43, 654; 08. O 5 ) Hudson and Bengough, 47, 4: 92; 10. (16) Hütte, l, p. 495. Berlin, Ernst und Sohn, 1920. C 17 ) Johnson, 47, 20: 233; 18. ( 18 ) Johnson and Jones, 47, 28: 299; 22. (19) BS, 1: 81, 87. ( 2 0 ) Law, Alloys. London, Griffin, 1919. (21) Lea, Collins and Reeve, 47, 29: 217; 23. ( 2 2 ) Love, Treatise on the Mathematical Theory of Elasticity. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1892-93. (23) Marks, £77, p. 551. (24) Mathewson and Philips, 80, 54: 608; 17. (25) Matsuda, 159,13 : 401, 419; 25. (26) Matsuda and Shiba, 159, 13: 413; 25. (27) Merica and Woodward, 32, No. 82; 17. (,28) Moore and Beckinsale, 47, 23: 225; 20. 27: 149; 22. (29) Moore, Beckinsale and Mallinson, 47, 25: 35; 21. 30 ( ) Mundey, Bissett and Cartland, 47, 28: 141; 22. (31) Rolfe, 47, 25: 171; 21. (32) Smalley, 440, 21: 56, 75, 101, 124, 149, 173; 22. (33) SternerRainer, 95, 13 : 368; 21. ( 34 ) Vickers, Metals and their Alloys, p. 664. N. Y., Baird and Co., 1923. (35) Winkelmann, B76, I1 Pt. 1: 557; 08.

PROPERTIES OF COMMERCIAL COPPER, ORDINARY, PHOSPHOR, AND ZINC BRONZES AND COPPER-BASE BEARING ALLOYS S. L. HOYT CONTENTS Mechanical properties : Commercial copper. Cast tin bronzes. Phosphor bronze. Bearing alloys. Zinc bronzes. Admiralty gun metal: Effect of arsenic. Effect of lead and arsenic. Effect of antimony. Red bronze: Effect of antimony. Effect of lead. Impact strength. Other properties : Specific gravity. Elastic properties. Mold shrinkage. Thermal conductivity.

INHALTSVERZEICHNIS Mechanische Eigenschaften : Handelskupfer. Zinnbronze, gegossen. Phosphorbronze. Lagermetall-Legierungen. Zinkbronzen. Schiffsgeschützmetall :

MATIEBES Propriétés mécanique: Cuivre de commerce. Bronzes d'étain coulés. Bronze de phosphore. Alliages à coussinets. Bronzes de zinc. Bronze à canon américain:

Arsen hältig. Arsen und Blei hältig.

Influence d'arsenic. Influence d'arsenic et de plomb. Influence d'antimoine. Bronze rouge : Influence d'antimoine.

Antimon hältig. Rotguss : Einfluss des Antimongehaltes. Einfluss des Bleigehaltes. Schlagfestigkeit. Andere Eigenschaften: Spezifisches Gewicht. Elastische Eigenschaften. Schwindung. Wärmeleitfähigkeit.

Influence de plomb. Résistance au choc. Autres propriétés: Poids spécifique. Propriétés élastique. Retrait au moulage. Conductibilité thermique.

INDICE PAGE Proprietà meccaniche: Rame di commercio 558 Bronzi allo stagno colato 559 Bronzo al fosforo 560 Leghe per cuscinetti... . 561 Bronzi di zinco 563 Bronzo da cannoni (Admiralty) : Effetto di arsenico 566 Effetto di arsenico e di piombo 566 Effetto di antimonio.. 568 Bronzo rosso: Effetto di antimonio. . 568 Effetto di piombo 569 Resistenza ali' urto Altre proprietà: Peso specifico Proprietà elastiche Ritiro nella forma Conducibilità termica.. .

570 570 571 572 572

Cu, COMMERCIAL COPPER See also Figs. 1 and 2 and p. 552 % Cu 99.9

<99.5

99.6

Description and treatment Normalized* pure copper Cast / A 54071 w Qw Q bame \ WR Qw Pure sheet copper Soft, 0.13-0.79 mm thick Soft, 0.81-9.51 mm thick Hard, 1.83-9.51 mm thick Hard, >9.51 mm thick Cast Same, Rd 40% Annealed at 50O0C D0 50%; v. also (36) Cast boronized copper Fire-box copper, R, A Special stay bolt Cu, A

UTS ~21-28 14.2 16.6 18.0

El

RA

BHN

f

40-60 17.2 b 22.6 b 28. 5b

40-60

30-40

ScH

Lit. (13) (*5) ( 48 )

26.OJ 25.3 j 28.1|| 26.4JJ 17.6 35.2 24.6 35.2 17.0 23.0 27.0

* Best normalized by casting, rolling, drawing, followed by annealing at 500°.

For properties of cold drawn copper wire, v. Fig. 2. For tensile requirements of copper wire, v. Fig. 1.

PL

770 14.1 26.0 S1O

f No definite PL.

20.0|| 25.OJj 8.0|| 15.OJj 20 5 50 9 48.5 35-38 35-38 J Maximum.

60 8 60 74.5 45-50 45-50 || Minimum.

40 94 42

8

(ï*)

6 18 (5*) (33)

Fig. I Tensile Requirements of Copper Wire Note: P L averages 50% of UTS for medium hard drawn .wire, 55% of UTS for hard drawn wire over 8.25 mrn in diameter, and 60 % of UTS for smaller hard drawn wires.

Cu-SN, BRONZE Cast in graphite mold ( 4S ); v. also Figs. 3-8 % Sn I Treatment I UTS \ 2 Ghm 19.4 A 540°/1 w Qw 20.3 4 Ghm 22.9 A 540°/1 w Qw 25.2 WAQw 22.6 6 Ghm 24.1 A540°/l w Qw 23.8 WAQw 23.9 8

10

13

16

Ghm

28.8

A 540°/1 w Qw WAQw Ghm A 540°/1 w Q«r A400°/lwCf WAQw Ghm A 540°/1 w Qw A 400°/1 w Cf WAQW W 620° Qw

24.9 25.9 29.5 30.4 28.6 31.4 29.0 31.7 26.8 29.5 33.3

Ghm

27.8

A 540°/1 w Qw A 40071 w Cf WAQw W 620° Qw

35.2 28.6 41.4 38.3

Elb 21.8 31.0 20.5 23.2 18.5 15.3 21.8 20.0 11.5

25.1 20.5 12.7 36.4 24.7 21.0 5.1 32.8 lO.o 8.3 17.5 1.5

19.6 2.0 9.5 9.0

Cu-SN, BRONZE.—(Continued) Cast in graphite mold ( 45 ); v. also Figs. 3-8 % Sn I Treatment | UTS \ 19 Ghm 37.7 GC a . 26.3 Gm (cold) 23.0 A 540°/1 w Qw 38.7 A 400°/1 w Cf 28.5 WAQw 44.1 W 620° Qw 47.0 W 720745Qw 45.7 22 Ghm : 31.6 A 54071 w Qw 39.1 A 61071 h Qw 40.0 A 40071 w Cf 17.6 A 40071 h Ca Cracked W 700° Ca 12.4 WAQw 44.5 W 700° Qw 39.9 25 Ghm 9.9 A 54071 w Qw 17.7 A 40071 w Cf 11.7 W 63071 h Qw 22.2 W 60071 h Qw 25.8 W 70071 h Qw 23.6 30 Ghm ll.i* A 40071 w Cf 2.5* * Some specimens of this composition broke while being gripped. For properties of cold drawn bronze, v. Fig. 2.

Elb 2.9 0.3 0.2 0.5 6.3 6.5 5.0 0.4 5.3

0.05 1.3 1.0 Nil 0.8 0.4 1.1

Rg.2 Effect of Cold Drawing on Copper and Low Bronze

Fig.4 Crane Hard MeTaI Cu87; Sn 12.5 (Cast)

(")

Cu-SN-P, PHOSPHOR BRONZE See also Figs. 9 and 10 %Sn

%P

T

^6X

Treatment

3.77 4

( T Ï 6 D (rod) Tr. G Wk Wk, A R0, A D D, A 4.7* Tr. G8 1.2 Gm 4.9 0.1 R 6 Tr. G D D, A !Of 0.4 G8 Gm 10 Tr. G Ghm 10-12 0.1-0.3 612 G 11 0.3 1359 G 15t 0.6 G8 ^ Gm * Malleable, typical analysis: Cu, 94.0; Sn, 4.7; P, 1.17; As, 0.15; Pb, 0.11; (Sb, Fe, Al, Zn), Tr. t Typical analysis: Cu, 89.8; Sn, 9.3; P, 0.44; As, 0.39; Pb, 0.03; (Sb, Fe, Zn), Tr.; Al, O. Î Typical analysis: Cu, 84.8; Sn, 14.3; P, 0.6; Sb, 0.15; Fe, 0.1; Pb, 0.08; As, 0.06. § Minimum.

UTS

p Î p£

El

5670 41.7Y 17.5 23 11 Y " 15-20 39 31.5 32 84-112 28-35 24.3 5.7P 22 34.1 6.Op 12.7s 45.7 28.2p 30.0 23 UY 15-20 84-112 28-35 20.9 6.3p 6.0 23.8 5.Op 4.0 23 12.5-14P 15-20 30 24.6 14.1Y§ 10§ 24.6-28.4 15.8-17.3Y 6-10 17.6 8.SY 3.0 23.6 9.5Y 1.0

RA

BHN

ScH

Lit

-

( 42 )

57 50-60 80

18.2 12.4

56.8 20.4 (42) 69.1 16.2 37 (14)

8.5 4.9 10-17

70 84

7-9 80 1.8 80 1.5 94

21 20

(42) (**)

25 24

(47) (56) (42) ^

Fig.3 Hardness of Cu-Sn Alloys

MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF COPPER-BASE BEARING ALLOYS AS CAST (CAR JOURNAL BEARINGS) (16) Fig.5 Effect of Temperature on Hardness of Bronzes

Cu 95 90 85

80

75

70

% compositon I Sn I Pb I Zn 5 5 10 5 5 10 5 5 5 10 10 5 5 5 5 10 10 10 5 5 5

5 5 10 5 5 10 15 5 10 5 15 10 20 5 10 15 25 10 20

5

10 5 5 15 5 10 10 5

15 5

UTS

El

PLC

29.4 28.5 27.4 26.8 22.0 23.0 19.8 24.4 16.4 23.6 22.4 19.0 22.0 21.0 16.4 17.2 22.0 19.0 17.4 20.0 19.8

34.5 34.5 15 36 19.5 9.5 15 23 15.5 3.5 8.5 10 19 13 15.5 1.0 2.5 6 14 10 20

12.7 13.4 17.6 12.7 12.7 15.5 12.7 11.3 11.3 19.0 16.2 12.0 13.0 13.4 10.5 19.0 20.0 16.2 11.6 13.0 12.3

*

eat 70.3 kg/mm* 31 32 26 33 36 26 32 34 39 21 29 28 32

19.5 22 32 30

&J?

23 15 23 14 14 19 16 18 14 21 21 18 19 18 12 25 21 15 12 20 15

MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF COPPER-BASE BEARING ALLOYS AS CAST (CAR JOURNAL BEARINGS) ( 16 ).—(Continued) Cu

70

65

% composition I Sn I Pb I Zn

10 10 10 10 5

20 5 15 10 30

15 5 10

UTS

***

PL

19.0 19.3 19.8 21.1 13.9

6 14.8 1.5 28.1 1.5 18.3 4.7 20.4 12 10.5

°

e at 70.3 kg/mm*

WEAR AND FRICTIONAL PROPERTIES OF COPPER-BASE BEARING ALLOYS Mean values from service tests on the Pennsylvania R. R. C 21 « 1 )

M

19 28 23 22 10

17 17

Cu 89.2 87.5 79.7 79.7 79.2 77.0 77.0

Fig.6 Hardness of Well Annealed Bronzes /35)

% composition I Pb I Sn I P 10.0 12.5 9.5 10.0 0.8 9.5 10.0 7.0 10.0 12.5 10.5 15.0 8.0

Index No.

As 0.8

1326 0.8 0.8

556 553

Relative wear 1.42 1.47-1.53 1.00 1.01 1.15 0.92-0.93 0.865

LABORATORY TESTS ON THE CARPENTER MACHINE* ( 16 ) % composition Cu I Pb I Sn I Zn 95.0 4.9s 9.4s 90.7 85.8 14.9 90.8 4.8 4.6 85.1 10.6 4.6 81.3 14.1 5.2 75? 20? 5? 68.7 26.7 5.2 64.3 31.2 4.7 83.3 10.3 5.3 2.1 79.8 10.3 4.7 5.4 77.4 11.4 5.6 6.5 74.3 10.5 4.7 11.0

Friction, kg 7.3 5.9 5.9 6.4 8.4 8.4 8.4 8.2 8.2 8.4 8.4 8.4 84

Temp, rise, 0 C 29 28.5 28 29.5 31 32 32 32 35.5 38 36.5 38 38.5 |

Wear in mg

4.96 11.45 18.14 3.51 2.46 2.12 1.80 1.32 0.84 2.69 3.02 3.06 5.48

Relative wearf 0.49 1.13 1.79 0.35 .24 .21 .18 .13 .08 0.27 .30 .30 | .54

* Total number of revolutions = 100 000; speed = 525 r.p.m.; bearing 3% in. diam. X 3>3 in. long; load = 0.7 kg/mm2; lubrication, Galena coach oil fed by cotton waste. t Comparison with above results on basis of ( 3 8 «i) according to which wear of Cu-Sn is approximately proportional to Sn content, more exactly to % of 5 constituent.

CU-PB-SN, MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF BEARING BRONZES (As CAST) See also Fig. 11 Cu 85 80 80 79.7 79.7 77 77 73 70 70 67 64.75 64 62.5 60.67 58.5 55 50

% composition Pb I Sn I Zn* I P I S* 5 10 0.25 0.70J 0.05 10 10 0.50 0.70Î 0.05 10 10 2.00 0.05* 0.05 9.5 10 Tr. 9.5 10 0.8 15 8 0.50 0.25* 0.05 15 8 0.2 20 7 0.50 0.05* 0.25 20 10 ca. l 25 5 0.50 Nil 0.25 24 9 ca. l 30 5 30 5 Ni, 1 .0 30 7.5 S, ca. l 32.97 4.60 Ni, 2.1 35 6.5 S, ca. l 40 5 S, ca. l I 50 I

Index No. UT8 211 19.7 212 17.6 213 15.5 16.8 1326 21.1 214 14.1 553 16.9 215 12.7 55 216 10.5 55 456 12.2 34 15.0 55 469 12.8 55 55 L

* Maximum in the alloys of ( 6 ), also: Fe, >0.25; Sb, >0.50; Al, O. t 10 mm, 500 kg; v. also infra. Î Minimum.

M

RA

12.5a 8a 8a 2.9|| 6 10a 11 7a

RWAT+ ^ 60 55 50 55.0

BHN

nr? UCS

12.6§ 10.5§ 8.8§

48

56.8

8.4§ 14.8 7.7§ 16.2 7.0§ 21.8

53.7

13.7

45.0 31.9

10.5 9.8

45

64.6 5a

6.5|| 10.la 3.0a

40

8.20 0.35

nr DLc

41.3 40.0

Tit

* 70.3 26 70.3 29

45.3

52.0

21.8

r
39.5

Llt

(6,33) (6,33) (6) (21.1) (33) (6) (21.1,33) (6) (3.1) (6) (3.1) (33) 44 (33) (3.1) 30.4 (33) (3.1) (3-2) (33)

|j On 8 in. § Load producing £ = 0.1 % in specimen 1 in.2 cross-section by 1 in. long.

,F'g-7 Scleroscope Hardness of Cu-Sn Alloys (*)

CU-SN-ZN, ZINC BRONZE See also Fig. 12 % compositionTreatment Cu I Sn I Zn 90 6 4 Dc, 3.5-3 mm diam 400° Dc, A 600° I h C a 800° 400° D«, A 600° l h Q w 800° 90 I 9.5 I 0 . 5 J G 88 I 8 I 4 I G8 at 1100-1140° 88 I 8 4* I G

I UTS

T P P L

El

\ RA

BHN

57.3 9.5 53.1 17.3 38.4 51.8 32.7 51.3 52.3 22.0 39.3 51.3 34.0 51.0 I 22.5 | J | | [ 30.4 | | 8.4 | 36a I 28.0 | | 23-26 I 14r-17.5| [ 25-30 | | 55-75 | Continued on p. 565.

ScH I Lit. (53)

[ | (**) |(*8)

Fig.8 Impact Hardness of Bronzes (34)

Impact Hardness No.~. ,-.nei^—^—.— Y Vol. of Depression

Cu-SN-ZN, ZINC BKONZE.—(Continued) See also Fig. 12 % composition Cu Sn Zn 88 10 2

~~87

8

~86

9

86 | 13 85 5

Treatment

UTS

YP

PL

El

RA

BHN

ScH

G8 at 1200° 26.8 16.4 14.0 77 Ml2, G8 at 1200° 26.8 14.0 17.2 79 G s atl060°t 24.6 28.0 62 Gm at 1060° 23.6 4.0 86 G8 30 11-12.5 G (U. S. N. Spec. G) 24.7 13.7 7.4 22.5 23.1 G (U. S. N. Spec. Pc-2) 25.8 12.5 7.2 25.5 31.7 For effect of heat treatment on this alloy v. infra. 5 G8 at 1200° 26.5 ïiTï ïsTT 8Ö~ Ml2, G8 at 1200° 24.4 13.1 15.6 83 5 G8 16-24 ! 2.5-8 55-75 Gm 16-22 2.5-8 75-90 | 1*| G I 26 | 14-17.51 | 4-8 | 85-120 10 G8 at 1200° 25.2 12.3 25.0 69 | Ml2, G8 at 1200° 24.4 12.1 23.4 69

* Contains trace of P.

16 14

Lit. (40) (39) (46) (")

18(41) 19 (20,2l) | QS)~ 15 (4l) 15

f In dry sand.

Fig.9

Fig.lO Cast Phosphor Bronze Cu,89.5; Sn110.2; R 0.035

Cu-Sn-P Effect of Heat Treatment

n

(11J

EFFECT OF CASTING TEMPERATURE AND HEAT TREATMENT OF Cu, 88; SN, 10; ZN, 2 "Admiralty bronze/' "U. S. Government bronze Spec. G;"* v. also Fig. 12 Treatment

| UTS \ El& 1050° 29.7 20.5 1120° 30.9 20.5 ^ ^1 ^Q

n 4. . j j , Cast m dry sand at:

{

1255° 1120° 1220° 1255°

28.0 34.7 34.9 23.9

15.5 5.5 60 15.0

\

RA \ BHN IsTs 14.0 ^ 13.0 4.0 7,0 12.1

Treatment | G8 (dry sand)t at .ca. 1060° Same heated slowly f 500°} ( to JoOO0I0 I yw |700°( | ( 800° J ( G8 to sizej 495° 540° Same heated 30 min E

'

^ Qw 705° 760°

J^

\ BHN \ Lit. 62 A39) 77 65 61 74 (*6)

^

13-17.5 8-11 [ 11.7 6.5-7.5

Lit" (29)

[495°] G8, heated 30 min j 540° 1 at: ) 595° j ^0 [65O 0 J

(29)

G8, heated 30 min at:

f 495°} 540° 595° t 650° J

UTS \ El& \ RA 24.6 28.0 12.9 12.0 10.2 7.5 7.7 3.0 14.2 5.5 30.2 11-12.5 31.2 9.4 31.7 15.6

{ 1 | [ (

a

26.1 31.3 33.5 26.7

29.3 33.7 Ì 35.8 [ 30-35.5

9.4 18.8 28.0 28.0 9^4 26.5 53.0 25-50

(46>

•

"

(46)

EFFECT OF CASTING TEMPERATURE AND HEAT TREATMENT OF Cu, 88; SN, 10; ZN, 2.—(Continued) Treatment

|

UTS \ El& \ RA 27.1 '24.O 500° 23.8 26.5 600° 25.7 28.5 700° 28.4 37.5 800° 24.4 31.0 495° 26-29 12.5-15.5 540° 32.0 18.8 37.5-81 Sand cast, annealed 30 min 595° 31.0 at:(Cf>24h) 650° 29.8 28.0 705° 32.5-35 37.5-50 760° 29.5-31 32.9 Chill cast 23.6 4.0 500° 19.4 7.5 600° 30.9 25.0 700° 31.5 30.0 800° 27.1 22.5 Chill cast 25.2 6 7 [500° 24 7.5 16 27 19 i j 30 OA mm • xat:J 6°°° 19^ Same annealed I ^ ^_^ 2Q G8t

{

1

CU-SN-ZN-PB, EFFECT OF ADDING LEAD TO ZINC BRONZES ( 49 )

\ BHN \ Lit~ 63 (39) 65 61 60 60 (46)

86 80 75 74 70

(29)

(39)

[ 800° 19 17 18 * For effect of other casting conditions, v. ( 4 ). t Specimens % in. diam. X 2 in. gage length, machined before heat treatment. J Gaged portion: 0.5 in. diam. § Gradually heated to *,°C, cooled at moderate rate to 40O0C, then cooled slowly.

Cu-Sx-ZN-As, EFFECT OF ADDING As TO ADMIRALTY GUN METAL

(^)

% composition Trtt U Cu I Sn I Zn I As I Pb I F7 '" C ™ YPl £U 88.14 9.971.670.040.080.07 1220 G8 27.3 15.4 16.7 1250 Gm 22.8 18.7 4.5 88.20 10.281.34 .04 .08 .05 1240 Ml2G8 23.8 15.8 11.0 Ml2G1n 23.0 16.5 4.3 1280 87.74 10.301.39 .42 .08 TÖ5 1220 G8 26.3 'l5.0 9.0 1250 Gm 23.8 18.3 4.5 87.98 10.351.08 .42 .08 .08 1250 Ml2G8 23.9 15.1 11.0 1280 Ml2G1n 23.2 17.0 3.4 88.20 9.890.58ÏTOÏ .12 .12 1220 ~G^ 23.5 15.5 TTs" 1240 Gm 23.9 18.7 5.0 88.35 9.860.491.01 .12 .12 1240 Ml2G8 24.2 15.5 10.1 MI 2 Gm 23.6 17.6 3.8 1280 * tc = casting temperature. t Bars cast vertically 1 in. diam. X 15 in. long; sand cast ones in green sand. All molds preheated. Î By dividers. § Test piece diameter = 0.798 in. All values in this table are means from two test pieces.

% composition ^ Cu I Sn Zn I Pb 88 10.0"2 O TÏOO-1140 G8 88 8.0 4 O 1100-1140 G8 90 6.5 IT 0.5 1090-1125 G8 1170-1200 G8 1090-1200 Aj: ~9CT 6.5~$T 1.5 1080-1136 G3 1170 G8 1080-1170 A| "9(T 6.5~T 2.5 1100-1140 G* 1150-1200 G8 1100-1200 Aj: 90 5.5 4 (UT 1060-1120 G8 1160-1180 G8 1060-1180 At 90 5.5~3 1.5 1060-1140 G8 1160-1180 G8 1060-1180 At 90 5.5 2 2.5 1100-1120 G8 1160-1180 G8 1240-1260 G8 1100-1260 AÌ 90 ~ÌL5 5 0.5 1100-1140 G8 1150-1180 G8 1100-1180 Aj: 90 4.5 4 1.5 1100-1140 G8

1180 1100-1180

I

G8 Aj:

I pj.

I

30.3 9.2 30.4 8.4 28.6 9.6 26.4 9.1 25.1 9.3 28.6 8.6 25.2 7.3 29.0 9.6 27.8 9.3 23.6 8.7 24.4 9.8 26.6 8.7 26.5 8.1 26.1 9.3 25.4 7.5 21.7 6.8 25.7 8.4 25.2 7.6 23.7 7.0 20.9 6.7 23.5 7.3 24.4 6.4 23.0 6.5 22.6 6.7 23.6 6.3 20.2 5.8 22.3 I 7.2

29.7 36.0 37.6 28.1 24.9 35.3 25.5 37.2 27.2 18.6 20.1 29.3 31.6 24.2 31.4 22.8 28.5 23.9 23.3 15.5 22.2 29.4 27.4 28.8 26.5 18.3 24.2

24.3 28.0 34.1 29.7 23.2 31.8 32.5 33.6 27.7 19.7 23.5 30.4 32.4 27.3 28.4 18.6 26.7 22.6 23.4 16.6 22.8 25.3 24.4 21.9 22.9 18.8 20.6

* tc = casting temperature. t Shoulder type test piece 0.505 in. diam. X 2 in. gage length. Î W 600°/30 Cf >12 h.

VV

Cu-SN-ZN-PB-As, EFFECT OF ADDING PB TO ARSENICAL ADMIRALTY GUN METAL ( 41 )

o. i s„ i'JTTT'». i »•*••"*

87.72

9.97

1.54

0.48

0.17

0.08

88.23

10.04

0.98

.47

.18

.05

87.30

10.05

1.16

.50

.86

.07

87.84

10.00

0.72

.47

.91

.04

86.58

10.04

1.33

.48

1.46

.06

87.39

9.95

0.62

.48

1.48

.05

86.23

10/12

1.42

.47

1.68

.06

86.27

10.17

1.30

.49

1.67

.06

* All alloys contain traces of Sb and Ni. t tc — casting temperature. Î G8 in green sand, all molds preheated. Castings 1 in. diam.

1210 1210 1220 1220 1220 1220 1210 1210 1220 1220 1210 1210 1200 1200 1230 1230

Trtt

G8 Gm Ml2G8 Ml2Gm G8 Gm Ml2G8 Ml2G1n G 8 .... Gm Ml2G8 Ml2Gm G 8 ... Gm Ml2G8 Ml2G1n

""

23.3 26.9 26.8 24.7 24.7 24.7 27.6 25.0 25.0 22.5 27.6 21.9 24.9 22.5 25.5 28.3

§ By dividers (extension = 0.01 in.), || Test piece diameter, 0.798 in. U 10 mm, 500 kg.

Tri

16.4 16.7 13.7 17.5 15.2 18.0 15.9 16.8 15.4 16.0 14.6 15.4 14.8 17.2 12.9 15.1

*«l""l" 11.5 5.0 15.0 5.0 12.5 4.5 16.5 5.5 15.0 3.5 19.5 3.5 10.5 2.5 13.5 3.0

74 91.0 74 92.0 70 87.6 71 91.0 66 82.6 69 85.0 69 89.0 69 89.0

8.5 9.0 8.5 9.0 7.0 8.0 7.5 8.0 6.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.5 8.0 8.0

FI6.II BRINELL HARDNESS OF ANNEALED LEAD BRONZES

Fig.B U.S. Government Bronze

Fig.l3 U.5.N. Valve Bronze

Spec.6 (east) Cu,87.6;Sn,l0.4; Zn,l.3;Pb,0.4

Cu.87;Sn.7.7;Zn.3.6;Pb,l.2 (Cast)

("J

(")

Cu-SN-ZN-Sß, EFFECT OF ADDING SB TO ADMIRALTY GUN METAL (40) % composition* Cu I Sn I Zn Sb | Ni | Fe [ " P b " *» °Ct 87.85 10.34 1.46 0.08 0.11 0.02 0.10 1240 1280 89.44 9.55 0.55 .09 .11 .08 .11 1225 1250 88.38 9.74 1.08 J5Ö U T02~ .11 1220 1250 88.38 9.73 0.93 ^49 J^JÖ9 TOT^ 1215 1240 87.96 9.43 1.31 1.00 TÏÔ ^02 J3S~ 1240 1270 88.10 9.43 1.17 0.96 10" .07 .10 1220 1245 87.88 8.74 1.50 1.53 JÖ9 ^03^07 1270 1310 88.39 8.80 0.89 1.58 10 ^T .07 1230 I I I 1270 * All alloys contain trace of As. t tc = casting temperature. J Bars cast 1 in. diam. X 15 in., sand cast ones being in green sand. were vertical and preheated.

Trt

*

G8 Gm Ml2G8 Ml2G1n G8 Gm Ml2G8 Ml2Gm G8 Gm Ml2G8 Ml2G1n G8 Gm Ml2G8. Ml2G10

Molds

"~~ I ^ *" ^ 26.9 16.4 12.8 71 23.8 16.1 2.4 81 26.0 14.6 17.0 77 24.7 15.9 4.5 76 23.9 17.3 9.2 73 23.8 16.7 2.0 82 26.0 15.1 13.8 79 23.7 16.5 3.4 80 23.8 16^9 6?8 82 21.5 17.8 2.3 86 21.9 14.7 6^9 8Ï 21.4 19.5 2.0 85 18.9 ÌA7l sTo ~79 21.1 18.2 1.3 95 18.3 14.9 s T s 8 1 20.3 17.0 | 2.0 | 93

UTS

' ScH

** 15.4 14.8 14.7 14.9 15.6 15.5 15.8 15.8 16.5 15.8 16.5 16.2 16.7 16.6 16.6 17.1

§ By dividers. II Test piece diameter = 0.798 in. Each value mean from 2 test pieces. Tf 10 mm, 500 kg; mean of 6 determinations, ** Each value mean of 14 determinations.

Cu-SN-ZN-Ss, EFFECT OF ADDING SB TO 86:9:5 RED BRONZE ( 21 ) ^ ~ m Bff casting ( Core ïôTs 2^5 58 Shell 18.5 4.0 "86 9 5 0.1 Core 17.0 3.0 61 Shell 17.4 3.0 85.25* 8.50* 5.62* 0.4* Core f s T s § 7 0 6 3 Contains 0.2 % Pb I Cast in green sand, 30 mm diam. X 160 Shell 16.8 2.0 ~86 9 5 0.5 I mmlongll Core 19.0 2.0 71 Shell 21.0 3.0 ~86 9 5 1.0 Core Ï3JÔ 2^0 70 Shell 13.0 2.0 ~86 9 5 3.0 Core iTTo Ï70 97 j Shell 13 O 1.0 "86 9 5 O 1 [24.0 7^5 65 86 9 5 0.1 25.5 7.0 73 BaI. 11.6* 4.0* 0.2* -, ... . ,, . . , 10 23.3 4.5 78 BaL 11.3* 4.5* 0.43* ChU1 ^ Ìh™ ™*SÌ ™ ^ Sand> 18 \ Core only \ 24.3 7.0 74 BaI. 11.0* 4.7* 0.8* mm diam' X 18°mm long11 80 86 9 5 1.0 25.3 5.5 73 86 9 5 3.0 J [16.5 <2 77 86 9 5 O 1 20.5 4.0 81 86 9 5 0.1 24.5 4.5 77 86 9 5 0.3 , 10 ,. ^10n . „I „ . J 20.5 2-3 75 r,,.11 Chill cast, 18mm diam. X 180 mm long** < Core only < QA 0 n . ou y o u. o i. o oy 86 9 5 1.0 22.3 2,5 84 86 9 5 3.0 J [ [13.3 94 Cu ~86~

% composition* I Sn I Zp I Sb 9 5 O

* By analysis, other values nominal. t 10 mm, 500 kg. Ï Twist in degrees. § Energy of blow = 12.5 kg-cm.

Treatment

|| Tensile specimens 8 mm diam., torsion specimens 7 mm diam. X 140 mm long, f Tensile specimens 15 mm diam., torsion specimens 15 mm diam. X 100 mm long. ** Tensile specimens 16 mm diam., torsion specimens 16 mm diam. X 120 mm long. ft Bad break.

Number of blows § 470 505 390 235 Ï25 ~95 500 230 450 325 540 230 465 470 280 42 340 35 10 330 3227ft 350 2328ft 550 830ft !' ou f f 360 6Of f 90

CU-SN-ZN-PB, EFFECT OF ADDING PB TO 86:9:5 RED BRONZE (20). See also Figs. 13 and 14 % composition Cu I Sn Zn Pb 84.40* 8.63* 6.50* 0.17* ] 84.14

8.91 4.95 1.0

82.9*

8.65* 6.76* 1.71*

•œir*TÏT»T60-*-2ir*

Treatment

'

^ casting ( Core Shell Core Shell Core Shell

4

9

^

4

57.8 62.7 60.5 63.0 62.5 61.5

5.2

630 UO . O

Core ~~ Shell Core Shell Core [_ Shell

Remelted and chill cast as above f t

Core only

14.2 2.2 18.0 5.0 15.0 3.0 19.5 5.2 14.3 2.0 16.8 3.3 2270 7\8 20 9 2 5 ' 14 9** 2 .5 13.5** 0.7 0 <3 21 5 <3 143** < Q

Core only

16.4** 21.4 20 O '

<3 <3 <3

ZiZi .U

^Co

19.8 ^^

<3 _

21 4

<3

80

lo. U

^Co

17.1** 16.6

<3 <3

81 87

P l oore only 3

.

Melted third time and chill cast as abovef f... Core only

j) O Similar, Pb =

Î7Ô 6.0 2.7 4.0 1.5 3.0 O.O

6.23* _ 2 .

18.0 19.6 13.8 17.0 15.2 18.0 17.0

8.18* 6.35* 5.89* J "86 9 5 O Ï 84.28 8.82 4.90 2 1! 82.56 8.64 4.80 4 80.84 8.46 4.70 6 0 . 2 8 * i 2 2 22* Similar, Pb = . .. . o 44* Chill cast, 18 mm diam. X 160 mm longfj.. .

Similar, Pb =

BHN\ I Tw%

iy . &

79.5*

o. O /

~El

OLLeIi

8.55 4.75 5.0

6.23* 0.49* 2 JQ* Similar, Pb = . . . . 0 ' ._„,

~W~S

Castinsand,30mmdiam.Xl60mmlong||| ~gre

81.53* 8.54* 6.42* 3.52* 81.70

*

Chill cast, 18 mm diam. X 160 mm long«... Core only

J) * By analysis, other values nominal, t 10 mm, 500 kg. Ì Twist in degrees. § Energy of blow = 12.5 kg-cm.

IP-A**

110** 220 270 285

59.0 235 60.5 65.0 320 62.0 62.5 185 61.5 77 2ÖÖ 76 25 ° 73 295 74 390 82 260 89 325 QI 285 83 83 80

No. of blows§

3070 °

238

360 122** 160**

340

34**

o4

82 _ _

2

' 2 78** olo

295

260 53**

99 A

V>\

17'-?

^l.o

OA

ZQO

IUo

[20.0

<3

84

320

260

Tw%

Number ™ * ofblows§

**'*

^

ftQ

3

^

^

J^

|| Tensile specimens 8 mm diam., torsion specimens 8 X 5 X 40 mm. 1[ Tensile specimens 16 mm diam., torsion specimens 10 mm diam. X 80 mm long. ** Bad break. ft Tensile specimens 16 mm diam., torsion specimens 16 mm diam. X 120 mm long. ÎÎ Tensile specimens 16 mm diam., torsion specimens 16 mm diam. X 20 mm long.

CU-SN-ZN-PB-SB, EFFECT OF ADDING SB TO LEADED 86:9:5 RED BRONZE (21) % composition* Part of -^ I Q . g l T>K I QK Treatment UTS El BHN\ Cu I Sn I Zn I Pb I Sb casting 86 9 5 2.0 O Ì . f Core 20.7 13 \ _n Shell 21.0 7.5 / 6 ° 86 9 5 2.0 0.1 Core 21.5 7 Ì Shell 23.0 6.5 J 6 2 84.55*8.25*4.74*2.05*0.4* Core 21.5 13 ) I Cast in green sand, 30 mm diam. X 160J Shell 22.5 10.5 J 86 9 5 2.0 0.5 mm long|| 1 Core Ï7X) 2:5 \ Shell 19.3 4 J65 86 9 5 2.0 1.0 Core 17.5 2.5 \,_. Shell 19.0 _4 J70 82.20*8.00*4.58*2.08*2.90* Core 16.1 3.0 TTT J Shell 16.0 1.5 J 8 0

315

39Q

355 0_ 27Q

~ °

15

CU-SN-ZN-PB-SB, EFFECT OF ADDING SB TO LEADED 86:9:5 RED BRONZE (21).—(Continued) % composition*^ Cu I Sn I Zn I Pb | Sb 2.0 O 2.1* 0.2* BaI. 8.7 5 i 2 . 1 * 0 . 4 *

86

9

5 I

Treatment

^ casting

^

r, . j ' , Aw i*n CastA m dry sand, 10 18 mm dmm. X 160 mm ^6 Qnly

2.0 0.75* [ 2 . 0 3.0 (5.0 O 5.5* 0.2* ^5.5*0.42*

g11

, . , , 10 ,. „ 1ftn Cast m dry sand, 18mm diam. X 160mm

0

ng

j 5.5* 0.74* [ 5.0 3.0

* By analysis, other values nominal. t 10 mm, 500 kg. Î Twist in degrees. § Energy of blow = 12.5 kg-cm.

Core only

(16.2 19 -° kg ?

El

4

4.0 -° ^

18.7 2.0 [ 13.5 1.0 (21.7 7.6 22.2 4.7 ^ 184 18.4 [ 17.6

1.8 1.8

BHN^ \ Tw% ?umber J + of blows§ 62.5 550 35-45 67 75 620 ^ ^ 145_220 72.5 515 22 72.5 60 1 65 570 383 64 570 584 ^ ^^^ 6g 5 74 I 70

340 143 195 | 54

|| Tensile specimens 8 mm diam., torsion specimens 7 mm diam. X 40 mm long, *![ Tensile specimens 15 mm diam., torsion specimens 16 mm diam. X 160 mm long. ** Tensile specimens 16 mm diam., torsion specimens 16 mm diam. X 120 mm long.

IMPACT STRENGTH % composition ; Cu I Sn I Zn

Description and IS, treatment kg-m T 2 0 ° 20.6t i

99.9

Tested at

l~ ^0 ^ j

99.8

Fire box plates

84

i?ngitudinal Transverse A 650° or 650° Q

Machine

Guillery

TV<«t Lit. piece* A

(24)

[-182° 20.lt J

16

J0:"» ) Fremont 5.3-6. 6 J t 1240° 2.9

Iz d U470°?:95 ° <1090°1.2-1.4 Cast, test- / -80 to 375° 0.21 ^, Charpy ed at \470° 0.35 1.5 Annealed, /-80° 0.7 \ tested at \ 350-850° P.! / Charpy 2 Casting temperature Diameter

B

<•)

Fig.14, Steam Metal (Cast) Cu,86;Sn,5.7;Zn,5;Pb.3 (")

C

!

94.5 88

4 10

™° {î:5£ ?:L185Ì 1100° 1100° 1200°

2.0 in. 2.0 in. 2.0 in.

0.4-0.8 Izod 1.9-2.5 1.4-1. 7 J

D

D

C

*A = Mesnager specimen; B = bars 10 mm 2 cross-section, with saw cut, 3 mm deep; C = standard B. E. S. A. specimen; D = small Charpy test piece, t Unbroken.

SPECIFIC GRAVITY* % composition T Cu I Sn I Pb I Zn * 100 D, A 500° 99.6 G Bd, 40% A 500° 90 80 70

10 ~20 30

95 89

T9~ 11

80 88

"IO 10

88 80

8 10

~

G G G

P, 0.1 P, 0.3

R G..

IQf

"

2 4 10

G G8 Gm G G8

* v. also Fig. 2 and 16 and pp. 456, 554. t Phosphor bronze.

< ***' 8.89 ( 1 ^) 8.85 ( 1 ^) 8.89 8.90 14

~

8.78~ ( ) 8.81 "( 14 ) 8.84 (**) 8.6 8.5

"(U) (56)

9.1 8.4-8.8 8.6 8.5 8.85

(I*) (29) (14) (39.1)

Fig. 15 Effect of Temperature on the Elastic Moduli of Cu

ELASTIC PKOPERTIES See also Fig. 15 % com

Cu I Sn 100 Nominal*

P°sltlon Pb

93 88 89 88

7 12 4 5

Ni, 4 Ni, 5

88

10

2

86.5 85.4

10.2 12.6

I

Zn

10~3#

Description and treatment _ Electrolytic Cu Cast Drawn Annealed Hard drawn

12.1-12.3 10.85 12.65 3.96 13.19 13.2 9.8 4.24 9.8 3.7 10.6 4.06 10.5 12.2

Cast.. Cast

0.1 0.6

3 2

Gov. bronze specification

3.3 1.Ot

10'3G

{g . ^ JrCZ

8

10'3K

X

Lit.

( 13 ) (57) (44) (44) (7) 0.33 (30,57) (so, so) ( 57 ) (12) (12)

) |>0.60 J 12.0

(1?

^

o .o

>

31

( ) (31)

9.1 10.4

* For Cu: E = Eo (1 - 3.59 X 10-« t) at ordinary temperatures ( 5 M. G = Go (1 + 2.3 X IQ-* t) from O to 15° O 3 ). E0o&bs./EQOc = 1.37 ( 32 ). t Phosphor bronze.

Fig.16 Specific Gravity of Cu-Sn Alloys

MOLD SHRINKAGE; v. also p. 475 % composition Al —— ; j—— :— Irt —100-r Lit. Cu I Sn I Pb I Zn I 9 4 . 7 5 7 1 G Tee (58) 92 8* G 1.54 (37) 89.7 10.2 G 1.44 (58) 89 lit G 1.04 (56) 80.7 19.1 G 1.52 (58) 85-70 10-5 5.25 G3 2.08 (6) 88.8 9.7 1.6 G 1.47 (58) 88 10 2 G 1.50 (37) G3 1.08 (39.1) 80 10 10 G 1.34 (37) G8 1.03 (39.1) 86.7 9.8 1.4 2 G... 1.47 | ( 5 8 ) * Phosphor bronze. t Stone's English gear bronze, contains 0.3% P.

THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY % composition i ; Cu

I Sn

100

L 0C

Treatment

I As

Annealed (electrolytic C u ) . . . < . _

I OÔ f

99.6 ~88

88 ~i

0.39 Annealed 12

Jc

[

QA

J4^

O'co O . O.J O

14

^22

" 777 TT v 7 94.5 0.539 —— As cast (phosphor bronze).. • • 1 43^ Q 728

10 2

As cast (Gov. bronze)

Âscast

f

OQ K n ^73

{£&& Q72Q

"ULlSf

LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) C 1 ) Addicks, 80, 36: 18; 05. (2) Alkins, 47, 23: 381; 20. ( 3 ) Alkins and Cartwright, 47, 26: 203; 21. ( 3 -M Allan, JlfetoZ Ind. (N. Y.), 8: 67, 10. (3-2) Allan, Metal Ind. (N. Y.), 9: 295; 11. ( 4 ) American Society for Testing Materials, Spec. B1-15. ( 5 ) American Society for Testing Materials, Spec. B2-15. («) American Society for Testing Materials, Spec. B31-21. ( 7 ) American Steel and Wire Co., Chicago, 111., O. (.*) Arnott, 88, 17 I: 209; 22. ( 9 ) Baucke, 95, 3: 195; 12. (l°) Bauer and Vollenbruck, 95, 16: 426; 24. (U) Bregowsky and Spring, Valve World, 10: 3; 13. O 2 ) Bureau of Standards, TN 0805 f 18; 18. ( 13 ) Bureau of Standards, 365, No. 73; 22. ( 1 4 ) Bureau of Standards, 365, No. 101; 24. (16) Clamer, 4O1 9:241; 15. C 1 ?) Comstock, 33, 22:1113; 20. ( 18 ) Corse, Research Service, Inc. Washington, D. C., O. ( 19 ) Corse and Comstock, Trans. Soc. Automotive Eng., 11 II: 271; 16. (20) Czochralski, 95, 13: 171; 21. ( 21 ) Czochralski, 95, 13: 276; 21. ("•*) Dudley, 143, 133: 81, 161; 92. ( 2 2 ) Giolliti and Marantonio, 36, 40 I: 51; 10. ( 2 3 ) Guillet, 74, 21: 295; 24. (24) Guillet and Cournot, 74, 19: 215; 22. (25) Heape, 47, 29: 467; 23. ( 2 7 ) Isihara, ^55», 11: 207; 22. (28) Ito, 159, 12: 137; 23. ( 2 9 ) Karr and Rawdon, 32, No. 59; 16. (30) Koch and Dannecker, 8, 47: 197; 15. ( 3 I) Lea, 153, 209: 394; 20. ( 3 2 ) Mallock, 5, 95: 429; 19. ( 33 ) Marks, B77. (33.1) Martens, 312, 8: 236; 90. (34) Matsuda, 159, 13: 401; 25. (35) Matsuda and Shiba, 159, 13: 413; 25. ( 36 ) Matthewson and Thalheimer, 80, 55: 446; 16. (37) Von Miller, 192, 9: 63; 12. (38) Munker, 192,9: 185; 12. (38.1) Portevin and Nusbaumer, 423, 21: 517; 12. ( 39 ) Primrose and Primrose, 47, 9: 158; 13. (.39.1) Patch, 66, 17 I: 182; 17. ( 4 0 ) Rolfe, 47, 24: 233; 20. ( 4 1 ) Rolfe, 47, 26: 85; 21. («) Rolfe, 440, 20: 413, 437; 22. («) Rudeloff, 812, 16: 117; 98. (**) Searle, 3, 49: 193; 00. ( 4 5 ) Shepherd and Upton, 50, 9: 441; 05. ( 4 «) Smart, 80, 64: 293; 19. ( 4 7 ) Society of Automotive Engineers, Spec. 64; 22. ( 4 ») Society of Automotive Engineers, Spec. 68, 69; 22. < 4 9 ) Staley and Karr, 80, 64: 420; 19. ( 50 ) Thurston, Materials of Engineering, Part III, p. 342. New York, Wiley, 1907-10. (Si) Wassmuth, 75, 115: 223; 06. ( 5 2 ) Webbert, 440, 11: 189; 17. (53) Weidig, Verh. d. Vereins zur Beförderung des Gewerbfleisses, 90: 455, 525; 11. ( 54 ) Weintraub, 33, 8: 629; 10. (55) Weintraub, 40, 6: 138; 12. (56) Wilson, Foundry, 48: 915; 20, (") Winkelmann, B76. (58) Wüst, 192,*-. 769; 09.

PROPERTIES OF ALUMINUM BRONZES W. M. CORSE CONTENTS Cu-Al

Tensile properties at high temperatures. Brinell hardness at high temperatures. Brinell hardness. Torsional strength. Dynamic strength.

MATIÈRES Cu-Al Propriétés moyennes. Résistance à la traction (Al <14%). Résistance à la traction à hautes températures. Dureté Brinell à hautes températures. Dureté Brinell. Résistance à la torsion. Résistance dynamique.

Specific gravity (Al < 14 %).

Poids spécifique (Al < 14%).

Specific gravity and compressibility. Specific gravity (Al, 0-100%).

Poids spécifique et compressibilité. Poids spécifique (Al, 0-100%).

Effect of cold rolling and annealing on Cu, 93; Al, 7.

Effet du laminage à froid et du recuit sur Cu, 93; A, 7.

INHALTSVERZEICHNIS Cu-Al Durchschnittseigenschaften. Festigkeitseigenschaften (AI <14%). Festigkeitseigenschaften bei hohen Temperaturen. Brinell-Härte bei hohen Temperaturen. Brinell-Härte. Torsionsfestigkeit. Festigkeit bei dynamischer Beanspruchung. Spezifisches Gewicht (Al <14%). Spezifisches Gewicht und Kompressibilität. Spezifisches Gewicht (Al, O100%). Einfluss des Kaltwalzens und Ausglüheris auf Cu, 93; Al, 7.

Effect of heat treatment on rolled Cu, 90; Al, 10.

Effet du traitement thermique sur Cu, 90; Al, 10 laminé.

Einfluss der Wärmebehandlung auf gewalztes Cu, 90; Al, 10.

Effect of heat treatment on cast Cu, 90; Al, 10.

Effet du traitement thermique sur Cu, 90; Al, 10 coulé.

Einfluss der Wärmebehandlung auf gegossenes Cu, 90; Al, 10.

Average properties. Tensile properties (Al < 14%).

INDICE Cu-Al PAGE Proprietà medie 573 Proprietà alla trazione (Al < 14%) 574 Proprietà alla trazione a temperature elevate.... 575 Durezza Brinell a temperature elevate 576 Durezza Brinell 576 Resistenza alla torsione.. . 576 Resistenza dinamica 576 Peso specifico (Al < 14 %) 576 Peso specifico e comprimibilità 576 Peso specifico (Al, 0-100%) 576 Effetto della laminazione a freddo e della ricottura sulla lega Cu, 93; Al, 7. 576 Effetto del trattamento termico sui prodotti laminati di lega Cu, 90; Al, 10 577 Effetto del trattamento termico su getti di lega Cu, 90; Al, 10 577

MOLD SHRINKAGE; v. also p. 475 % composition Al —— ; j—— :— Irt —100-r Lit. Cu I Sn I Pb I Zn I 9 4 . 7 5 7 1 G Tee (58) 92 8* G 1.54 (37) 89.7 10.2 G 1.44 (58) 89 lit G 1.04 (56) 80.7 19.1 G 1.52 (58) 85-70 10-5 5.25 G3 2.08 (6) 88.8 9.7 1.6 G 1.47 (58) 88 10 2 G 1.50 (37) G3 1.08 (39.1) 80 10 10 G 1.34 (37) G8 1.03 (39.1) 86.7 9.8 1.4 2 G... 1.47 | ( 5 8 ) * Phosphor bronze. t Stone's English gear bronze, contains 0.3% P.

THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY % composition i ; Cu

I Sn

100

L 0C

Treatment

I As

Annealed (electrolytic C u ) . . . < . _

I OÔ f

99.6 ~88

88 ~i

0.39 Annealed 12

Jc

[

QA

J4^

O'co O . O.J O

14

^22

" 777 TT v 7 94.5 0.539 —— As cast (phosphor bronze).. • • 1 43^ Q 728

10 2

As cast (Gov. bronze)

Âscast

f

OQ K n ^73

{£&& Q72Q

"ULlSf

LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) C 1 ) Addicks, 80, 36: 18; 05. (2) Alkins, 47, 23: 381; 20. ( 3 ) Alkins and Cartwright, 47, 26: 203; 21. ( 3 -M Allan, JlfetoZ Ind. (N. Y.), 8: 67, 10. (3-2) Allan, Metal Ind. (N. Y.), 9: 295; 11. ( 4 ) American Society for Testing Materials, Spec. B1-15. ( 5 ) American Society for Testing Materials, Spec. B2-15. («) American Society for Testing Materials, Spec. B31-21. ( 7 ) American Steel and Wire Co., Chicago, 111., O. (.*) Arnott, 88, 17 I: 209; 22. ( 9 ) Baucke, 95, 3: 195; 12. (l°) Bauer and Vollenbruck, 95, 16: 426; 24. (U) Bregowsky and Spring, Valve World, 10: 3; 13. O 2 ) Bureau of Standards, TN 0805 f 18; 18. ( 13 ) Bureau of Standards, 365, No. 73; 22. ( 1 4 ) Bureau of Standards, 365, No. 101; 24. (16) Clamer, 4O1 9:241; 15. C 1 ?) Comstock, 33, 22:1113; 20. ( 18 ) Corse, Research Service, Inc. Washington, D. C., O. ( 19 ) Corse and Comstock, Trans. Soc. Automotive Eng., 11 II: 271; 16. (20) Czochralski, 95, 13: 171; 21. ( 21 ) Czochralski, 95, 13: 276; 21. ("•*) Dudley, 143, 133: 81, 161; 92. ( 2 2 ) Giolliti and Marantonio, 36, 40 I: 51; 10. ( 2 3 ) Guillet, 74, 21: 295; 24. (24) Guillet and Cournot, 74, 19: 215; 22. (25) Heape, 47, 29: 467; 23. ( 2 7 ) Isihara, ^55», 11: 207; 22. (28) Ito, 159, 12: 137; 23. ( 2 9 ) Karr and Rawdon, 32, No. 59; 16. (30) Koch and Dannecker, 8, 47: 197; 15. ( 3 I) Lea, 153, 209: 394; 20. ( 3 2 ) Mallock, 5, 95: 429; 19. ( 33 ) Marks, B77. (33.1) Martens, 312, 8: 236; 90. (34) Matsuda, 159, 13: 401; 25. (35) Matsuda and Shiba, 159, 13: 413; 25. ( 36 ) Matthewson and Thalheimer, 80, 55: 446; 16. (37) Von Miller, 192, 9: 63; 12. (38) Munker, 192,9: 185; 12. (38.1) Portevin and Nusbaumer, 423, 21: 517; 12. ( 39 ) Primrose and Primrose, 47, 9: 158; 13. (.39.1) Patch, 66, 17 I: 182; 17. ( 4 0 ) Rolfe, 47, 24: 233; 20. ( 4 1 ) Rolfe, 47, 26: 85; 21. («) Rolfe, 440, 20: 413, 437; 22. («) Rudeloff, 812, 16: 117; 98. (**) Searle, 3, 49: 193; 00. ( 4 5 ) Shepherd and Upton, 50, 9: 441; 05. ( 4 «) Smart, 80, 64: 293; 19. ( 4 7 ) Society of Automotive Engineers, Spec. 64; 22. ( 4 ») Society of Automotive Engineers, Spec. 68, 69; 22. < 4 9 ) Staley and Karr, 80, 64: 420; 19. ( 50 ) Thurston, Materials of Engineering, Part III, p. 342. New York, Wiley, 1907-10. (Si) Wassmuth, 75, 115: 223; 06. ( 5 2 ) Webbert, 440, 11: 189; 17. (53) Weidig, Verh. d. Vereins zur Beförderung des Gewerbfleisses, 90: 455, 525; 11. ( 54 ) Weintraub, 33, 8: 629; 10. (55) Weintraub, 40, 6: 138; 12. (56) Wilson, Foundry, 48: 915; 20, (") Winkelmann, B76. (58) Wüst, 192,*-. 769; 09.

PROPERTIES OF ALUMINUM BRONZES W. M. CORSE CONTENTS Cu-Al

Tensile properties at high temperatures. Brinell hardness at high temperatures. Brinell hardness. Torsional strength. Dynamic strength.

MATIÈRES Cu-Al Propriétés moyennes. Résistance à la traction (Al <14%). Résistance à la traction à hautes températures. Dureté Brinell à hautes températures. Dureté Brinell. Résistance à la torsion. Résistance dynamique.

Specific gravity (Al < 14 %).

Poids spécifique (Al < 14%).

Specific gravity and compressibility. Specific gravity (Al, 0-100%).

Poids spécifique et compressibilité. Poids spécifique (Al, 0-100%).

Effect of cold rolling and annealing on Cu, 93; Al, 7.

Effet du laminage à froid et du recuit sur Cu, 93; A, 7.

INHALTSVERZEICHNIS Cu-Al Durchschnittseigenschaften. Festigkeitseigenschaften (AI <14%). Festigkeitseigenschaften bei hohen Temperaturen. Brinell-Härte bei hohen Temperaturen. Brinell-Härte. Torsionsfestigkeit. Festigkeit bei dynamischer Beanspruchung. Spezifisches Gewicht (Al <14%). Spezifisches Gewicht und Kompressibilität. Spezifisches Gewicht (Al, O100%). Einfluss des Kaltwalzens und Ausglüheris auf Cu, 93; Al, 7.

Effect of heat treatment on rolled Cu, 90; Al, 10.

Effet du traitement thermique sur Cu, 90; Al, 10 laminé.

Einfluss der Wärmebehandlung auf gewalztes Cu, 90; Al, 10.

Effect of heat treatment on cast Cu, 90; Al, 10.

Effet du traitement thermique sur Cu, 90; Al, 10 coulé.

Einfluss der Wärmebehandlung auf gegossenes Cu, 90; Al, 10.

Average properties. Tensile properties (Al < 14%).

INDICE Cu-Al PAGE Proprietà medie 573 Proprietà alla trazione (Al < 14%) 574 Proprietà alla trazione a temperature elevate.... 575 Durezza Brinell a temperature elevate 576 Durezza Brinell 576 Resistenza alla torsione.. . 576 Resistenza dinamica 576 Peso specifico (Al < 14 %) 576 Peso specifico e comprimibilità 576 Peso specifico (Al, 0-100%) 576 Effetto della laminazione a freddo e della ricottura sulla lega Cu, 93; Al, 7. 576 Effetto del trattamento termico sui prodotti laminati di lega Cu, 90; Al, 10 577 Effetto del trattamento termico su getti di lega Cu, 90; Al, 10 577

INHALTSVERZEICHNIS.— (Fortsetzung)

CONTENTS.—(Continued) Effect of heat treatment on hardness of cast Cu, 90; Al, 10.

MATIÈRES.—(Suite) Effet du traitement thermique sur la dureté de Cu, 90; Al, 10 coulé.

Einfluss der Wärmebehandlung auf die Härte von gegossenem Cu, 90; Al, 10

Effect of heat treatment on hardness and resistance to bending of cast Cu, 90; Al, 10.

Effet du traitement thermique sur la dureté et la résistance à la flexion de Cu, 90; Al, 10 coulé.

Einfluss der Wärmebehandlung auf die Härte und Widerstand gegen Biegung von gegossenem Cu, 90; Al, 10.

Cu-Al-Fe Average properties. Tensile properties and hardness.

Tensile properties and Young's modulus. Hardness at high temperatures.

Cu-Al-Fe Propriétés moyennes. Résistance à la traction et dureté. Effet de la dimension de la pièce moulée. Résistance à la traction et module de Young. Dureté à hautes températures.

Cu-Al-Fe Durchschnittseigenschaften. Festigkeitseigenschaften und Härte. Einfluss der Ausmasse der Gusstücke. Festigkeitseigenschaften und Young'scher Modulus. Härte bei hohen Temperaturen.

Effect of heat treatment.

Effet du traitement thermique.

Einfluss der Wärmebehandlung.

Cu-Al-Mn Tensile properties. Tensile properties at high temperatures. Hardness and torsional strength. Dynamic strength.

Cu-Al-Mn Résistance à la traction. Résistance à la traction à hautes températures. Dureté et résistance à la torsion.

Cu-Al-Mn Festigkeitseigenschaften. Festigkeitseigenschaften bei hohen Temperaturen. Härte und Drehfestigkeit.

Résistance dynamique.

Elastic properties. Specific gravity. Effect of annealing cold rolled sheet. Effect of annealing cold drawn bars. Effect of heat treatment on Cu, 89; Al, 10; Mn, 1.

Propriétés élastiques. Poids spécifique. Effet du recuit sur des feuilles laminées à froid. Effet du recuit sur des barres étirées à froid. Effet du traitement thermique sur Cu, 89; Al, 10; Mn, 1.

Festigkeit bei dynamischer Beanspruchung. Elastische Eigenschaften. Spezifisches Gewicht. Einfluss des Ausglühens auf kalt gewalztes Blech. Einfluss des Ausglühens auf kalt gezogene Stangen. Einfluss der Wärmebehandlung auf Cu, 89; Al, 10; Mn, 1.

Cu-Al-Ni Mechanical properties and specific gravity. Hardness at high temperatures.

Cu-Al-Ni Propriétés mécaniques et poids spécifique. Dureté à hautes températures.

Cu-Al-Ni Mechanische Eigenschaften und spezifisches Gewicht. Härte bei hoher Temperatur.

Effect of rate of cooling on hardness.

Effet de la vitesse de refroidissement sur la dureté.

Einfluss des Kühlungsgrades auf die Härte.

Cu-Al-P Mechanical properties. Cu-Al-Si Hardness at high temperatures.

Cu-Al-P Propriétés mécaniques. Cu-Al-Si Dureté à hautes températures.

Cu-Al-P Mechanische Eigenschaften. Cu-Al-Si Härte bei hohen Temperaturen.

Effect of size of casting.

Cu-Al PROPERTIES OF Cu-AL, AL > 15% The alloys of this series between 15 and 90% Al do not appear to be of any technical value. From 15 to 18% Al they are very hard and very brittle. From 20 to 65% Al they diminish in hardness, but are so brittle they can be powdered easily in a mortar, which makes them of some use in weighing out quantities to make up alloys. This excessive brittleness ceases at about 67% Al (3).

INDICE.—(Continuazione) Effetto del trattamento termico sulla durezza di getti di lega Cu, 90; Al, 10 577 Effetto del trattamento termico sulla durezza e sulla resistenza alla piegatura di getti di lega Cu, 90; Al, 10 578 Cu-Al-Fe 578 Proprietà medie Proprietà alla trazione e durezza 578 Effetto delle dimensioni del getto 578 Proprietà alla trazione e modulo di Young 578 Durezza a temperature elevate 579 Effetto del trattamento termico 579 Cu-Al-Mn Proprietà alla trazione.... 579 Proprietà a temperature 580 elevate Durezza e resistenza alla 580 torsione Resistenza dinamica 580 Proprietà elastiche Peso specifico Effetto della ricottura su lamiere laminate a freddo Effetto della ricottura su barre tirate a freddo.... Effetto del trattamento termico sulla lega Cu, 89; Al, 10; Mn, 1 Cu-Al-Ni Proprietà meccaniche e peso specifico Durezza a temperature elevate Effetto della velocità di raffreddamento sulla durezza Cu-Al-P Proprietà meccaniche Cu-Al-Si Durezza a temperature elevate

580 580 580 581 581

581 583 583 583

583

TABLE 1. —AVERAGE PROPERTIES ( 13 ) Treatment

Cu

Al

95

5 Rd sheet. , R8 sheet 8 Rd sheet R« sheet 10 G8 Wk d rod Wk8 rod

92 90

UTS

YP EIRA BHN

70 39 91 42 46-53 14-21 88 55

10 75 4 60 20 21 90-100 5 36

dj° Ì J 1 J DLG = 13-14

TABLE 2.—TENSILE PROPERTIES* (AL < 14%) ( 3 ).—(Continued] Treatmentt

1

^

1

^* El^

RA

TABLE 2.—TENSILE PROPERTIES* (AL < 14%) (3).—(Continued) Treatmentt

1

^2* ?P*

El

*§

RA

Cu, 94.90; Al, 5.07; Si, 0.018; Fe, 0.006 G8 285 68 75J) G8, WSOO 0 C 8 296 57 65.5 G3, WSOO 0 Qw 293 79 66.5 Gm 285 112 60.5 Gm, W 800° C5 284 80 61.0 Gm, W 800° Qw 301 90 80.0 Rh Ii in. diam 387 107 79.0 77.0 Rh if in. diam 416 180 69.2 77.8 373 82 79.0 82.0 W /800°C. me> \800° Qw 371 98 83.0 78.8 Cu, 98.95; Al7 1.06; Si, 0.010; Fe(Tr.) Dc H in- diam.. 479 375 G8 211 47 52.0 0 Cu, 94.20; Al, 5.76; Si, 0.027; Fe, 0.010 G8, WSOO C 8 . 203 50 46.0 G 280 76 6770 8 Gm 186 82 53.0 G8, W 800° C8 306 60 65.0 G m , W 800° C8 203 71 57.0 G8, W SOQ 0 Qw 285 85 52.5 Gm, W SOO0Qw 199 53.5 296 95 61.0 Rh Ii in. diam 247 106 59.0 90.9 Gm Gm, W 800° C5 307 88 74.0 Rh M in. diam 250 109 61.0 88.6 Gm, W 800° Qw 323 129 49.0 ~ /800° C 240 69 67.0 91.9 w 8 frame, W | 8QQ oQ w 243 68 63.5 90.8 Rh if in. diam ~448 186 74.2 76.9 80O0C8 419 124 77.5 71.0 D0 Jf in. diam 285 273 42.0 88.8 « SOO 0 Qw 393 109 84.5 75.6 w frame, w 60()o Cf 42g 148 77 Q 75 Q Cu, 97.88; Al, 2.10; Si, 0.018; Fe, 0.004 Cu, 99.86; Al, 0.10; Si, G8 G8, WSOO 0 C 8 G8, W 90O 0 Qw Gm Gm, WSOO 0 C 8 Gm, WSOO 0 Qw Rh if in. diam W /800°C S bame> W \ 800° Qw

0.000; Fe, 0.000 181 60 46.0 179 66 40.0 168 46 40.0 182 65 46.0 174 77 44.0 178 63 47.5 228 109 65.5 90.7 223 69 62.0 92.5 221 69 65.0 91.8

G8 G8, WSOO 0 C 8 G8, WSOO 0 Qw Gm Gm, W 800° C3 Gn, WSOO 0 Q.. Rh Ii in. diam Rh M in. diam ~ w / 800° C8 frame, W I gOQO Qw Cu, 96.98; Al, 2.99; Si, G8 G8, W 800° C8 G8, W 800° Qw Gm Gm, W 800° C8 Gm, W 800° Qw Rh Ii in. diam Rh H in. diam. 800° C3 ~ 800° Qw w bame, W 600o Cf

54 53.5 55 46.5 68 47.0 71 54.5 76 56.0 68 55.0 101 61.0 90.0 136 56.5 89.7 69 66.0 90.0 ^ 5 gg g 264 6g 0.024; Fe, 0.008 229 60 60.0 233 58 60.5 233 77 58.5 217 107 60.0 230 69 73.0 235 74 53.0 299 124 67.0 88.8 312 183 57.3 86.1 284 76 73.0 90.0 285 87 69.0 88.8

90O 0 Cf D0 Jf in. diam

213 221 221 216 219 219 271 275 262

292

311 351

Cu, 95.92; Al, 4.05; Si, 0.019; G8 263 G8, W 800° C8 268 G8, W 800° Qw 260 Gm 269 Gm, W 800° C8 258 Gm, W SOO0Qw 279 Rh Ii in. diam 346 Rh H in. diam 375 800 C8 339 Q w/ ° bame > W \800° Qw 335

900° Cf 373 95 86.0 70.0 Cu, 93.23; Al, 6.73; Si, 0.026; Fe, 0.016 G8 294 76 G8, WSOO 0 C 8 297 76 64.0 G8, W 800° Qw . . . . > 313 99 51.0 Gm 315 69.0 Gm, W 800° Qw 298 82 42.0 Rh Ii in. diam 412 118 82.0 75.4 Rh M in. diam 455 164 71.0 75.0 418 112 82.5 73.5 W /800°C 8 bame? W \800° Qw 401 117 83.0 72.0 Cu, 92.61; Al, 7.35; Si, 0.027; Fe, 0.017 G8 336 104 71.0 G8, WSOO 0 C 8 317 93 81.0 G8, WSOO 0 Qw '. . 315 106 70.0 Gm 340 84.0 Gm, W 800° C3 318 95 80.0 Gm, W 800° Qw 312 115 79.0 Rh Ii in. diam 432 147 80.0 75.3 Rh it in. diam 468 167 72.5 74.3 [SOO 0 C 8 401 117 80.5 74.8 log 66 Q 89 g Same, W {800° Q w . . . . 402 126 82.0 74.8 91 82.5 83.6 [90O 0 Cf 376 112 92.0 72.0 331 44.0 86.1 Dc Jf in. diam 495 388 48.0 58.8 Fe, 0.011 Cu, 91.85; Al, 8.12; Si, 0.012; Fe, 0.012 55 83.0 G8 393 121 58.0 62 68.5 G8, WSOO 0 C 3 349 109 69.0 79 60.0 G8, WSOO 0 Qw 410 124 62.5 77 82.0 Gm 433 153 62.0 68 89.0 Gm, WSOO 0 C 8 350 115 59.0 80 81.0 Gm, WSOO 0 Qw 393 132 61.0 ÏÏ5 71.0 81.8 Rh Ii in. diam 487 154 70.0 64.5 178 67.0 83.3 Rh M in. diam 524 205 51.5 60.4 96 73 Q 430 128 80.0 70.0 w /800° C8 -° 85-7 \ 800° Qw 448 1118 74.0 69.3 101 79.0 84.8 bam6'

TABLE 2.—TENSILE PROPERTIES* (AL < 14%) ( 3 ).—(Continued) Treatmentt

J^*

1

^* EIA

Cu, 91.28; Al, 8.67; Si, 0.032; Fe, 0.021 G8 . 443 154 48.0 G8, W 800° C3 370 139 48.0 G8, W 800° Qw 484 184 35.0 Gm ~ 4 8 5 5 5 J 3 Gm, W 800° C8 427 139 63.0 Gm, W 800° Qw 470 153 54.0 Rh H in. diam 578 175 38.0 80O0C3 473 180 65.0 0 '600 Q W 596 48.0 Same, W 700° Qw 554 54.0 800°QW 551 199 51.0 900° Qw 618 40.0 Cu, 90.58; Al, 9.38; Si, 0.021; Fe, 0.019 G8 479 Ï53 3673 G3, W 900° C8 369 169 17.3 G8, W 800° Qw 601 328 9.5

Gm Gm, W 800° C8 Gm, W 800° Qw Rh Ii in. diam Rh Jl in. diam (60O0Qw J 700° Qw feame ' W I 800° Qw [90O 0 Qw Dc H in. diam Cu, 90.06; Al, 9.90; Si, G8 G8, W 800° C8 G8, W 800° Qw Gm G1n, WSOO 0 C 8 Gm, W 700° Qw

Gm, W SOO Qw Gm, W 900° Qw Rh lì in. diam Rh if in. diam 800° C8 30O0Cf 40O0Cf 500°Cf 60O0Cf w J 700° Cf bame W ' ) 800° Cf 90O 0 Cf 60O0Qw 70O0Qw SOO 0 Qw 900° Qw 600° Qw 700° Qw R w Kbl W ' 80O 0 Qw 900° Qw Dc H in.diam

536 165 43.5 433 178 27.0 561 295 28.0 589 233 40.0 599 279 34.0 614 251 38.5 607 262 35.5 615 301 32.0 668 292 25.5 612 457 32.0 0.027; Fe, 0.017 499

788 582 416 601 f 607 j 60g 709 552 600 449 600 499 537 500 502 413 346 608 585 717 854 602 626 686 812 692

178 210 353 195 260 200 217 279

577 214 233 247 230 369 323 247 238 200 210 268 246 413 659 268 285 511 627 637

TABLE 2.—TENSILE PROPERTIES* (AL < 14%) (3).—(Continued)

RA

50.7 64.9 61.2 66.7 59.6 51.7 47.2 31.9 20.0 50.0 30.5 46.3 41.4 33.6 50.8 42.9 42.7 39.3 46.3

21.7 H 3.0 30.5 5.0 25.0

32.0 22.0 28.5

22 Q

3.0 10.8 31.5 30.5 28.8 30.8 6.5 10.2 27.0 33.1 2.5 2.9 9.5 13.1 9.0 14.5 9.0 11.3 13.5 21.6 6.0 8.8 29.0 35.7 20.5 27.0 11.0 16.8 2.5 7.0 22.2 30.0 15.4 20.6 7.0 14.3 3.0 4.8 13.0 22.2

Treatmentt

1

^*

1

^* El^

Cu7 89.17; Al, 10.78; Si, 0.031; Fe7 0.015 G8 465 222 9.0 G8, W 800° C8 460 425 2.0 G8, W 800° Qw 559 468 2.5 Gm 579 266 9.0 Gm, W 800° C8 453 372 0.0 Gm, WSOO 0 Qw 510 421 3.0 Rh Ii in. diam 551 284 12.5 Rh U in. diam 609 243 14.0 479 291 1.5 q w J 800° C8 bame? ISOO 0 Qw 569 189 5.0 Cu, 88.32; Al, 11.73; Si, G3 G8, WSOO 0 C 8 G8, WSOO 0 Qw... Gm Gm, W 800° Qw Rh Ii in. diam Rh U in. diam Q

p W/80°°Cs

'

0.028; Fe, 0.010 401 221 305 305 391 265 482 233 395 197 506 299 533 199 385

\ 800° Qw 401 189 Cu, 86.92; Al, 13.02; Si, 0.043; Fe, 0.013 G8 311 311 G8, WSOO 0 C 8 249 249 G8, W 800° Qw 365 220 Gm 395 395 Gm, W 800° C8 260 260 Gm, WSOO 0 Qw 409 186 Rh H in. diam 585

RA

12.1 18.6 4.0 13.3

5.0 1.0 5.0 6.0 5.0 . 5.5 4.2 8.5 15.4 1>0

2

'7

6.0

10.6

1.0 2.0 4.5 0.0 0.0 4.0 2.0

1.9

* The alloys in this table were made up of 99.98-99.99 % pure Cu and 99.70 % pure Al. A specimen of 99.96 % pure Cu, Rh to 1 ^Ke in- an(l C8 from 80O0C had the following properties: UTS = 22.3, YP = 7.9, El = 56.0, RA = 67.8. The ductility is greatly increased by adding only 0.1 % AI. Additional properties of the commercially important Al bronzes are given in the following tables. t Treatments in detail are: G8, in small test piece size; G m , in 1 in. diam. size and machined down. The mechanically worked specimens are from a Gm 20 X 3 in. diam. ingot. This was machined to 2^K6 in. diam., W 800° R to IX in- diam. One portion Rh to 1îe i*1- diam. J By dividers. § Test piece 0.564 in. diam., 2 in. gage length except where noted. I! Broke in threads, fracture coarsely crystalline. U These specimens were machined to test piece size ($i in. diam.) before heat treatment.

TABLE 3.—TENSILE PROPERTIES AT HIGH TEMPERATURES

20 150

Cu, 95; Al, 5 Cast Cu, 90; Al, 10 Cast (2, 15) (2,15) UTS I YP I El& I RA I UTS \ El& \ RA 24.7 19.5 56.3 46.9 29.1 9.4 13.1 22.7 78.1 31.4

230 315 400 510 540

25.2 11.0 65.7 61.7 29.7 12.5 4.8 17.3 12.9 45.3 38.4 27.0 11.5 11.6 4.5 4.5 0.0 0.0 18.8 1.6 2.9 18.2 3.1 6.7 4.4 4.4 0.0 0.0

t,°C

TABLE 3*.—TENSILE PROPERTIES AT HIGH TEMPERATURES.— (Continued) *,°C

Cu, 93; Al, 6.7 (Rh)* (23; c/. 27 ) UTSj El&

20

45.5

200 250 300 350 400 450 500

37.3 32.6 30.3 28.2 21.0 17.2

Cu, 90; Al, 10 (R h )*( 2 3 )ï cf. (27) I UTSj I El* .

71.0

60.0

25.5-29.0 24.5-25.0 17.5 14.0-18.0 9.0-10.0 14.0

57.4 50 O 52.6 51.7 37.8 35.1 19.1

14.3

550

28.8 35.0-38.0 21.5 18.5-40.0 27.5-33.0 29.0-48.0 30.5-32.5 42.0-92.5

10.2

TABLE 7.—DYNAMIC TESTS ( 3 ).—(Continued) No. of bends* Condition % Al ~~. " ~ IS-\ (Izod) u?ter f in. diam. f8 in. sq. T i test ± ± H Izod 9.90 11.73 13.02

657

TABLE 8.—SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF AL-BRONZES (3)

0.10 1.06 2.10 2.99 4.05 5.07 5.76 6.73 7.35 8.12 8.67 9.38 9.90 10.78 11.73 13.02

TABLE 4.—BRINELL HARDNESS AT HIGH TEMPERATURES ( 12 ) % /c Al r^^r-US 20 250 350 450 550 650 750 850 950 Impurities 3.82 Si, 0.09 39.433.831.431.431.422.417.6Ì3T2 4.07 Si, 0.08 38.129.628.429^229 2*^417^2 6.75 Sn, 0.27 34.9 34.431.4 3ÏT43ÏT8 29?7 16^5 "8T2 9.76 Fe, 0 . 2 2 . . . . 76.77TÏ 65.1 6Ï~ 40^5 25Ï4 Î472 ~7 2~9 TABLE 5.—BRINELL HARDNESS (3)

0.10 2.99 5.07 7.35 9.90 11.73 13.02 13.50 15.38

1034

300()

78 109 113 123 180 213 332 372 411

66 102 124 134 210 269 349 437 539

UTS

~-~——___

Rh Rh Rh Rh Rh Rh Rh G8 G8

22.8 31.2 41.6 46.8 60.0 53.3 58.5

* Tests, except last two, made on 1 M 6 in. diam. hot rolled bars. = 9.516 mm.

Ball diam.

TABLE 6.—TORSIONAL STRENGTH* (3) % Al 0.00 0.10 1.06 2.10 4.05 6.73 7.35 9.90 11.73

I

"

USSc I 19.8 25.2 26.0 27.2 31.0 36.4 37.2 36.8 39.5

TMR I 26.4 33.7 34.7 36.3 41.4 48.6 49.6 49.3 52.7

UTS 22.4 24.7 27.1 34.6 41.2 43.2 55.2 50.6

| Twist, °/crn 359 681 570 506 304 213 180 31 6.7

* Specimens machined from !}£ in. bar, hot rolled to 0.624 in. diam. X 3.0 in. long, except for 2.1 % Al which is 2.8 in. long.

0.10 2.99 5.07 7.35

287 332 632 1395

443 456 814 1373

T23 1.70 1.96 2.13

G

>

8.90 8.77 8.61 8.47 8.31 8.18 8.07 7.96 7.86 7.78 7.69 7.61 7.56 7.45 7.34 7.23

*

8.92 8.78 8.62 8.47 8.31 8.18 8.07 7.95 7.85 7.78 7.69 7.61 7.56 7.45 7.35 7.23

* Rolled to 1 Me in. diam.

TABLE 9.—COMPRESSIBILITY AND SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF Cu-AL ALLOYS ( 14 ) %Alca. 5 7 13 20 43 50 63 90

I

IQ 8 X* 103 119 81 118 160 250 231 210

ÇC I 16 15 20.5 19 19 20.5 26 26

Il

*,°C I <*4*' 17.4 8.16 14.7 7.95 20.4 7.29 19 5.61 18.2 4.40 23 4.06 25.2 3.57 25.2 2.83

* Average between 1 and 1000 atm.

TABLE 10.—SPECIFIC GRAVITY (*) %A1 O 7 12.5 14.7

I

df Il 8.92 7.83 7.30 6.97

dl° Il 6.93 6.08 4.88 4.26

%A1 15.0 22.5 35 46

%A1 64 82 100

I

d? 3.68 3.09 2.69

TABLE 11.—EFFECT OF COLD ROLLING AND ANNEALING ON MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF Cu, 92.99; AL, 7.03 ( 17 ) /TT7Si

Rh 16 mm, R0 8 mm Condition Rh 20 mm, Rc 8 mm after lzod test Rh Rc A 500° Rh Rc A 600°

7^7*

.

-L'I

TT K v Unbroken

R

~

8.90 8.79 8.54 8.44 8.29 8.16 8.04 7.94 7.85 7.79 7.73 7.64 7.60 7.45 7.19 6.98

Treatment (rolled plate)

TABLE 7.—DYNAMIC TESTS (3) No. of bends* % A l ~~~ ~ ~ /Sf (Izod) t in. diam. | in, sq.

G

ÂT^-Û

* For exact composition v. Table 2. Specimens hot rolled to He in. diam. t Mean values.

1 Tii

Broken

* Tests made on Arnold machine, bars 5.5 in. long. t Tests bars 2 X % X Ke in. For both tests, bars were machined from hot rolled 1 JKe in. diam. bars.

1

% Al ""ITTT^^_Load, kg

0.62 0.54 0.12

783

I

74.0 79.6 50.5 46.0

.

I

-L'I

74.4 80.2 50.6 54.7

10 9 46 57

IT

I

BHN Ì -M

9 4 111 75

183 205 111 75

* On 50 mm. t L, T specimens taken parallel and perpendicular to direction of rolling, respectively. Î 10 mm ball, 500 kg load.

TABLE 11.—EFFECT OF COLD ROLLING AND ANNEALING ON MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF Cu, 92.99; AL, 7.03 ( 17 ).— (Continued) Ann

'cn UTS* temp., C ( R O T o T s 100 76.3 155 77.2 180 77.2 210 78.6 230 79.7 260 79.7 285 79.7

El*

+

8 7 8 7 6 6 6 5

Ann

. - _ temp., c C 305 335 360 385 410 460 510

UTS* 7970 76.9 67.4 62.7 55.4 52.3 51.1

El* 6 6 13 17 30 40 40

* Rh 16 mm, R0 8 mm (||).

Ann, temp., 0C |

BHNi

\\ Ann, temp., 0C |

(Rh) 70 120 170 195 215 240 265

205 204 206 209 210 209 216 217

290 315 340 365 390 415 465 515

BHN\

222 218 192 152 138 123 114 111

t Rh 20 mm, Rc 8 mm ( |[).

TABLE 12.—EFFECT OF HEAT TREATMENT ON ROLLED Cu, 90; AL, 10* (* 9 ) Treatment R A 750°/90 R W 500°) R W 600° „0 RW700 0 "^w RWSOQ0J R800°/10Qw|| 400° 500 Win ° bame, w i u m 60QO 700° R900°/20Q W 400° 500 <* Win ° bame, w i u m ^0 700°

| UTS | YP |ffZif| BHN\ ScH%\ /£§ 49 14 1251[ 19.23.5** f 48 13 1251Ï 18 3.2** 61 20.5121Î 27 7** 60 22 122f 2 6 . 5 8 * * 72 9 148If 46.7 6.1** 69.223.3 8 184ft 49 6.2ÎJ 73.923.4 2.5205ft 55 3.8JJ 62 29 512 162 tt 42.5 4.6JÎ 59.222.321.7144ft 38 8.6« 51.2 13.5 12Oft 32 10.5ÌÌ 67.739.7 3.5223ff 44 4JJ 64.145.5 2.2208ff 69.7 5.7» 60.634.412.0152ft 46 8.6JÎ 60.7|27.7 26.5 133ft 41.612.5« 57.6,29 22.7129ft 40.114.4«

* Cu, 89.84; Al, 9.95; Zn, 0.11; (Si, Fe), Tr. t Test pieces 10 mm square cross-section. $ Hardened steel point. § Guillery machine. Il Heated in salt bath. 1 10 mm, 1000 kg. ** Copenhagen test piece. ft 10 mm, 2000 kg. %% Mesnager test piece.

TABLE 13.—EFFECT OF HEAT TREATMENT ON CAST Cu, 90; AL, 10 (7'26) ~ ~ Z T r t A* BHN (G3) 118 370 425 121 480 540 128 595 112 650 121

T r t B* BHN

230 178 157 140 133 125

~ T r t A* ? BHN 705 133 760 163 815 205 870 240 925 240 980 200

Trt B* BHN 115 110 108

* Trt A = Wt0 Qw ; Trt B = W 870° Qw Tp t°] BHN: 10 mm, 1000 kg.

TABLE 13.—EFFECT OF HEAT TREATMENT ON CAST Cu, 90; AL, 10 (7, 26).—(Continued) Treatment G8 800° Qw 90O 0 Qw /500° frame, lp| ^0 Treatment G8 90O 0 Qw Same, Trt

|

UTS \ 42.2 68.9 66.8 60.5 ^2

EL \ 10.5 21.8 38.7 34.4 2 8.8

El 28.5 8.0 3.5 12.0 22.7

| UTS EL \ El3. RA BHN 52.0 13.9 19.5 23.7 100 74.0 28.5 1.0 0.8 262 68-64 40-27.5 5.5-14 9-18.5 158-140

TABLE 14.—EFFECT OF HEAT TREATMENT ON HARDNESS OF CAST Cu, 90; AL, 10* ( 6 ) ~ BHN] (heat A), BHN\ (heat H), ocrl at: at: Tempering temp., 0C Heat Heat 3000 1000 500 3000 1000 500 A H kg kg kg kg kg kg None 43-5446-55 248 249 206 248 244 150 48-5556-58 241 249 235 238 205 50-5552-56 241 238 241 249 260 53-5753-58 262 260 255 249 315 46-5357-61 262 260 269 260 400 49-6056-62 262 260 269 260 480 30-3234-36 170 165 179 171 565 23-2723-26 163 159 136 159 143 650 21-2222-24 133 124 138 130 760 19-2019-20 121 100 121 109 870 18-1920-21 131 113 100 134 117 109 * Disks 24 in- thick cut from tensile test stubs of cast alloy having: UTS =* 45-53; YP = 15-18; El = 17-23 %; RA = 16-26 %. Stubs W 900°/20-30 Qw Tp t° CcaOt 10 mm ball.

~ ! " ScHi B H N (3000 kg)~ Tempering temp., C* ^ ^ | ^ p -^ ^ ^ ^ None 150 205 260 315 345 370 400 425 455 480 510

55-59 58-61 54-57 55-59 54-57 56-61 55-58 59-61 52-55 57-61 54-57 58-62 48-52 55-58 48-50 50-53 36-39 42-44 25-27 38-42 21-24 29-31 20-22 26-28 _ _-, Air cooled § Tempering temp., C ^ | ^None 150 205 230 260 315 345 370 400 425

60-65 62-66

249

62-67

260

62-66 63-70 60-66 59-62 48-55

285 279 255 255 205

255 269 248 277 241 269 269 277 262 286 262 286 277 286 269 269 196 255 183 223 179 202 170 196 Cooled in CaO § ^ | ggjy[| 59-66

* Same treatment as above except where air cooled. t On flattened surface of edge of disks % in. thick. J On faces of same disks. § On flats filed on tensile test stubs. Il Load = 1000 kg.

61-63

260

60-63 65-70 60-64

244 278 272

TABLE 15.—EFFECT OF HEAT TREATMENT ON HARDNESS AND ENDURANCE TO REVERSED BENDING OF CAST Cu, 90; AL, 10 (22)

TABLE 17.—TENSILE PROPERTIES AND HARDNESS OF SAND CAST ALLOYS* ( 1 ^) % Al

I

Cu, 90.5; Al, 9.5

f

Quench temp.,0C* 900 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 Room No. bendst 230 400 Ï34Q 12ÖÖ 850 500 600 200 BHN (10 mm, 500 kg).. ~86 ~89 ~80 """74 67 65 66 63 70 * 900° C8 W t° Qw.

7

t Arnold machine.

[ [ I i [ [ I 1 [ f

Cu, 90; Al, 10

Treatment

I No. bends | 650 600 550 130 630 1050 5 7 50 300

G

300° 400° G, A 500° 650° 800° 900° Qw [400° Same, A \ 500° [eOO 0 .... 0 70 QOO O AÌ °° yuu ^w A| 80()0

•

* ° 470

800° Qw

2 2 10

400° 500° bame, A ^0 700° 700° Qw ( 400° Same, A ] 500° [600° 60O 0 Qw ./400° a Same A ' \500° 500° Qw Same, A 400°

BHN

130 123 119 100 °

^ 80 143 100

27Q

80

355 6 150

86 100 93 86 74 86 80 86 84 86

400 400 300 84 40 20

Cu-Al-Fe TABLE 16.—AVERAGE PROPERTIES ( 13 ) J° J°

\

Treatment

UTS

YP

El

RA

10

\

% Fe Ï 2 3 4 5 6 8 Ï 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 5 6 8

I UTS I 3774 44.3 52.4 53.7 51.7 54.5 52.4 40.1 44.8 57.0 57.7 48.8 55.0 57.4 58.3 54.1 58.1 60.7 62.3 56.6 60.1 60.8

FPf I PL \ ULOÏ07Î 13.3 12.2 16.4 15.0 16.6 15.5 17.4 15.2 17.8 15.1 18.0 16.6 13.7 11.5 14.5 12.8 18.3 17.0 18.5 17.4 16.4 13.0 18.1 15.7 19.9 18.0 20.0 18.6 16.9 13.9 18.8 16.0 20.2 18.3 21.1 19.3 23.2 20.7 23.5 21.8 25.2 22.4

El9. \ RA \BHN% 5670 54~2 70~ 39.0 35.6 70 38.0 32.2 80 38.5 35.7 89 29.0 26.9 31.5 27.6 27.5 27.6 45.0 43.4 70~~ 39.0 39.2 80 36.5 32.9 109 35.0 32.0 109 43.0 35.7 77 30.5 27.4 109 26.0 26.9 109 23.0 23.8 109 24.5 25.2 94 21.0 19.2 100 20.0 20.5 109 17.0 18.5 119 12.5 16.9 13.0 14.7 11.5 12.4

* All specimens J in. diam., sand cast, t By dividers. Î 10 mm ball, 500 kg load applied 30 sec.

TABLE 18.—PROPERTIES OF LARGE AND SMALL CASTINGS ( 8 ) v. also Table 21 Treatment and description UTS \ YP \ El \ RA Cu, 89.0-89.5; Al, 9.5-10.0; Fe, 1.0 G (semi-chill) 1.25 in. diam. 53.4-55.5 13.4-14.1 * 28-30 27-31 Large gear 45.1 18.1 12.0 14.7 Small bars cast with large 37.9-49.2 17.6-21.1 10-20 12-23 Machined from same large casting 36.5-40.1 16.2-18.3 12-1414-20 G i in. sq. unmachined 53.1 14.5 24 22.4 G i in. diam. unmachined (av.) 54.1 16.9 24.5 25.2 Cu, 88; Al, 9; Fe 3 49.2 I 21.1 I 20 I *PL.

DLC BHN

TABLE 19.—TENSILE PROPERTIES AND YOUNG'S MODULUS ( 5 )

Treatment and test „ YP PL EL El RA 10 10-27? UTS E method* » Cu, 89; Al, 10; Fe, 1 G8, method A 51.2 18.8 8.9 7.922.022.7 G8, method B 51.1 9.1 29.026.1 102 G8, method C 51.6 18.7 7.7 6.020.521.6 109 G8, Trt, method A 65.2 40.321.818.312.614.8 G8, Trt, method C 57.5 36.323.921.1 9.016.5 105 Cu, 86; Al, 10; Fe, 4 U. S. master spécification (No. 173) for Al-bronze ingots: Cu, G8, method A 56.7 22.612.411.218.018.6 85-89; Al, 7.0-9.0; Fe, 2.5-4.5; Sn, <0.5; other elements, <0.25. G8, method B 49.9 14.4 9.010.4 112 2 2 UTS < 52.7 kg/mm ; FP < 21.1 kg/mm ; El* < 30%. G8, Trt, method A 70.3 41.825.420.516.017.2 Proposed U. S. master specification for Al-bronze castings: * Method A: Berry strain gage used for E, EL, PL and YP1 in one position Desired: Cu, 88; Al, 9.0; Fe, 3.0; Sn, O; other elements, O. Per- only. Method B: Mean of three strain gage readings taken, gages 120° apart. missible: Composition, UTS, and El& as for ingots. Method C: Special extensometer giving mean of strains on opposite sides used. 10 1 G8 "10"T Wkd rod Wk8 rod T IT G8 ~8~ T Wkd rod Wk8 rod

46-53 14-21 24 27 13-14 92-96 91 5 _63 30 46-56 25-32 20-40 20-40 10-13 95-120 88 5 51 50

TABLE 20.—BRINELL HARDNESS NUMBER* AT HIGH TEMPERATURES ( 12 ) x

\

y0Pi

^v ' No.^x I 20 250 350 450 550 600 650 700 800 900 950 If 125 84.5~82.580~69T854 34J520" ÏÎTsÏÔJJ 2t ÎJnTs 125.2 H T J S O ^ T J T e Ï Ï T s ^ î T s * 10 mm, 500 kg. t No. 1: Al, 7.64; Fe, 2.12; Mn, 0.49.

No. 2: Al, 10.55; Fe, 4.22; Mn, 0.74.

TABLE 21.—EFFECT OF HEAT TREATMENT ON SAND CAST ALLOYS* (4'9) Treatment Sizefl C/!T£ | PL \ El \ RA BHN% G8 A 52.0 13.9 19.523.7 100 600° Qw ~A 55.9 10.8 2^022.2 850° Qw§ A 68.4 28.0 1.0 0.0 240 850° Ca 10s Qw A 73.9 2 8 ^ 5 T O "OTs 2621| 850° Ca 20s Qw A 64.3 23.3 2.0 5.7 229|| 850° Ca 30s Qw A 51.4 16.6 5.0 9.4 150 850° Ca 45s Qw A 50.9 11.0 _TO 12.2 0 Ca 85O S5U O q w> W650°/15l W b O O /15 j C f --

A A

500730Cf 575°/20 Cf 850° J610°/15Cf Qw, W 1 650°/15 Cf

A A A A

67.5 39.8 5.5 9.1 158 66.1 32.4 8.011.2 143 68.0 30.4 10.512.6 140 6 4 . 1 2 7 . 6 14.018.5 143

A

56.216.4

7

1 ^nO O C f t ° )J OOU j v-^

6 9 24 7 13 014 9 13 °' ' ' ° 143 66 Q 30.2 12.5 12.3

23.021.7

104

a

G8

"77.

600° Cf 63O 0 Cf «wo J 6 5 0OC °Cf Sou ^w, w VM 650

B D D C

1

B

650° Cf 650° Cf

B B B

~40.3 12.7 Ï2^5Î5JD~ 65.6 37.7 10.013.5 6 2 . 2 3 0 . 4 13.014.2 52 14 517 6 '° 24 ' 3 12.515.7 59 8 2 8 7

55.0 27.9 9.515.0 52.5 28.3H 9.013.5 38.8 16.0 9.011.2 109

TABLE 22.—TENSILE PROPERTIES* ( 25 ).—(Continued) Treatment! |10 X UTS\1Q X YPt\ El* \ RA Rh M in. diam.II 675 363 22.5 33.6 A550°/lh 589 340 5.0 A 80071 h 545 . 241 31.0 A900°/6h 501 203 29 550°/1 h Qw 621 321 16.0 880°/1 h Qw 717 381 11.5 Dc Jf in. diam.[I 788 662 16.0 Cu, 88.00; Al, 9.99; Mn, 2.01 and (Cu, 88.30; Al, G8 542 208 A550°/lh 507 173 A850°/lh 630 205 550°/1 h Qw 534 195 850°/1 h Qw 647 284 850°/15 Qw 646 208 Gm 583 265 Rh Ii in. diam 637 287 Rh H in. diam.|| 659 284 Rh H in. diam 642 337 A 550°/1 h 614 350 A850°/lh 559 230 A900°/6h 536 195 550°/1 h Qw 662 301 850°/1 h Qw 819 397 Dc ff in. diam ~ 820 644 G8 Gm Rh Ii in. diam Rh H in. diam

Cu, 89.91; Al, 9.16; Mn, 484 534 572 603

0.93 Ï76 205 257 335

9.82; Mn, 1.88)§ 24 ~~ 15 12 11 5 _JT 25 ~ 35.0 31.3 24 29.0 32.0 7.5 26.5 24 25.0 3.5 10.0 46.51[ 46.0 45.0 46.0 41.5 54.0

Cu, 88.99; Al, 9.06; Mn, 1.95 G8 494 167 40.01[ GSA Gm 523 223 30.0 * Cu, 88.63; Al, 10.67; Fe, 0.91. Rh Ii in. diam 585 265 43.5 47.2 t A = cast to size 0.493-0.521 in. diam., 2 in. gage length. B = Trt in Rh JHJ- in. diam 613 321 42.0 48.0 . 2 X 4 X 9 in. block size. C = Trt in 2% in. diam. size. D = Trt in 1% in. diam. size. Dc U in. diam 667 581 ~ 23.5 ~40.8 Ì 10 mm, 500 kg except those marked ||. Cu, 88.06; Al, 9.10; Mn, 2.84 and (Cu, 88.11; Al, 8.91; Mn, 2.98)§ I! 10 mm, 3000 kg. § Adopted as proper quenching temperature. G 9 JI 498 170 24** 1 This value is a YP. A 55071 h 492 204 35 Cu-Al-Mn A900°/lh 426 164 49 TABLE 22.—TENSILE PROPERTIES* ( 25 ) 55071 h Qw 501 227 31.5 v. also Table 26 900°/1 h Qw 620 271 9 900715 Qw 567 249 11.5 Treatment! 110 X UTS\W X YPt\ El* I RA Gm|| 542 233 26 ^^ Cu, 89.54; Al, 10.03; Mn, 0.43 R h l i i n . d i a m . i l 609 284 43.5 46.0 G8 517 225 24 Rh H in. diam.Jj 630 315 39^0 43.6 Gm 567 251 24 Rh 649 303 40.0 Rh Ii in. diam 635 294 24.5 A 55071 h 646 350 27.0 Rh Jf in. diam 621 309 31 29.2 A 900°/1 h 501 199 43.0 Dc H in. diam 728 662 13 18.8 A 90076 h 487 196 37.5 Cu, 89.10; Al, 9.89; Mn, 1.01 and (Cu, 89.06; Al7 10.02; Mn, 0.92)§ 55071 h Qw 492 320 39.0 G8|| 563 22Ï 22.5 90071 h Qw 689 314 23.0 A550°/lh 446 200 15.0 D0 H in. diam 693 613 22.0 40.0 A800°/lh 459 208 17.0 Cu, 86.89; Al, 9.33; Mn, 3.78 550°/1 h Qw 501 214 18.5 G8 506 Ï93 20.0 800°/1 h Qw 650 205 6.0 Gm 624 238 32.0 800°/15 Qw 599 208 __7 Rh li in. diam 6ÔÏ 265 34.0 38.4 Gm[I 629 252 25.0 Rh M in. diam 639 286 35.0 38.0 RhHin.diam.il 600 270 26.5 32.4 Dc M in. diam 689 641 21.0 34.0 Rh Ü in. diam 658 291 30

TABLE 22.—TENSILE PROPERTIES* ( 25 ).—(Continued)

G8 Gm Rh Ii Rh H Dc H G8 Gm Rh Ii Rh H D0 if

Treatment t 110 X UTS\W X YPl\ El* \ RA Cu, 88.04; Al, 8.02; Mn, 3.94 454 18011 31.5 521 208 50.0 in. diam 561 257 49.0 56.0 in. diam 590 295 45.0 54.0 in. diam ~ 624 ~ 549 35.0 55.2 Cu, 87.16; Al, 7.92; Mn, 4.92 441 177 30.0 479 195 28.0 in. diam 571 277 52^054.8 in. diam 577 304 45.0 51.2 in. diam 649 ~ 548 30.0 49.2

* Alloys contained small amounts of Fe and Si which should be deducted from .figures for Al; amounts are given for only three alloys in original paper. t For more detailed statement of treatments v. footnote to Table 2. There was no material difference between G8 to shape and G8 machined. Î By dividers. § Tests on alloy in parentheses, are indicated by IJ in column 1 of this section. If Discrepancy between two tests of ca. 13 %. ** Broke outside gage marks.

TABLE 23.—TENSILE PROPERTIES AT HIGH TEMPERATURES ( 2S ) T^* UTS

200 250 300 350 400 450

62.4 62.2 57.3 51.9 35.8 27.2

200 250 300 350 400 450

62.3 61.6 58.3 49.3 31.8 22.0

200 250 300 350 400 450 500

62.4 62.0 56.1 46.8 32.2 20.4 14.5

Al, 9.89; Mn, 1.01 I YP I

24.1 29.6 30.7 30.6 21.8 18.4 Al, 9.99; Mn, 2.01 30.3 31.6 26.3 26.8 22.1 15.6 Al, 9.10; Mn, 2.84 29.8 32.8 31.0 29.3 21.3 14.4

El3.

28.0 35.0 45.0 45.0 41.5 35.5 40.5 47.0 37.0 36.0 39.5 56.0 38.0

TABLE 24.—HARDNESS AND TORSIONAL STRENGTH OF HOT ROLLED ALLOYS* ( 5 ) UTS USS0 TMR ™*

10.03 10.02 9.82 9.16 9.06

0^3 0.92 1.88 0.93 1.95

Ï70 158 164 146 165

199 190 193 171 184

27 27 27 23 24

637~53577 60.0 34.6 63.7 37.6 57.2 34.6 58.5 37.5

4770 46.2 50.2 46.2 50.1

26.3 26.6 35.8 40.3 46.3

8.91 9.33 8.02 7.92

2.98 3.78 3.94 4.92

158 165 159 149

187 186 170 169

25 25 22 22

60.9 60.1 56.1 57.1

50.1 47.6 50.1 51.4

43.9 33.4 66.6 72.4

37.5 35.7 37.5 38.5

* From 1>£ in. diam. bars, torsion pieces 3 X 0.624 in. diam. t A = 1034 kg, B = 3000 kg, ball diam. = 9,52 mm.

Reversed bend test % Al I % Mn No. bends t 10.03 0.43 877 10.02 0.92 1104 9.82 1.88 933 9.16 0.93 741 9.06 1.95 738 8.91 2.98 680 9.33 3.78 694 8.02 3.94 441 7.92 4.92 423 Single blow impact Impact bending test T O + /T J\ % TVT Mn ISi (Izod)

/w

Al % Al

^y

i

37 / ^7 \

Wt. of ^ i Tup, kg 2779 2.14

T-,Ht.n Of Fall, cm 57Ü 2.57

-°

^2 °'92

1

9 82 9.82

1 88 1.88

2 79 1 37 | / ' 1.37 ^

5 U

8 91 8.91

2.98 2 98

1.44 1 44 j/

2 79

5 U

1002 10 2

' ^

762 12 713 6

^' ^

"' ^

i i No. blows§s 918~ 10 006

^ ^

n

1

* Test pieces taken from hot rolled bars Ke in. diam. For fatigue endurance limits v. p. 595. t Test piece % in. diam., Arnold machine. Î Notched specimen 2 X H X Ke in. § Test piece ^ in. diam., V notch, bottom diam. = 0.4 in., Bairstow machine.

36.5 43.0 47.0 40.0 57.0 51.0

* Held at this temperature 30 min before testing.

%A1 K M n 1^l gy ScH

TABLE 25.—DYNAMIC STRESS TESTS ON HOT ROLLED ALLOYS* ( 2S )

% Al

10.02 9.82 8.91 9.89 9.99 8.91

TABLE 26.—ELASTIC PROPERTIES* ( 25 ) I % Mn I 1Q~3 E \ 1 Rh7 to î e in. diam. 0.92 97o6 1.88 9.7? 2.98 10.4? DC, to 1 ê m - diam. TÔÏ 97Io 2.01 9.2s 2.98 10.40

PL

12.8 14.5 19.2 19.4 19.4 24.1

* By Ewing extensometer.

TABLE 27.—SPECIFIC GRAVITY (
^Jn^-^

G8

Gm

Rh

10.03 10.02 9.82 9.16 9.06 8.91 9.33 8.02 7.92

0.43 0.92 1.88 0.93 1.85 2.98 3.78 3.94 4.92

7.62 7.53 7.62 7.64 7.57 7.57 7.52 7.64 7.65

7.55 7.51 7.51 7.55 7.63 7.57 7.63 7.73 7.76

7.54 7.52 7.53 7.61 7.60 7.59 7.56 7.67 7.63

Dc

7.56 7.52 7.59 7.60

TABLE 28.—EFFECT OF ANNEALING ON PROPERTIES OF COLD ROLLED SHEET ( 24 ) % Al

~~

^ Mn

7

Trt*

UTS

YP

El} '

BH N % *

fR

4771

\A /R \A fR \A /R \A

35.3 42.2 27.9 42.2 31.8 43.6 33.7

5Te

9

145

16.4 41.9 9.1 41.3 15.8 43.0 16.1

45 9 55 11.5 50 12 48

83 137.5 60 141.5 72.5 140 78.5

TABLE 28.—EFFECT OF ANNEALING ON PROPEKTIES OF COLD ROLLED SHEET ( 24 ).—(Continued) Al ~~ _ ~~ _ ~ _ ~~ _

Mn I _ ~ _ T"

Trt

UTS

f R \A /R \A /R \ A T~ [ R \ A JR _ [A fR \A

?

Treatment

* R = Gphm Rh (1.5-% in.) PWRC 0.14 in. t On 2% in. J 5 mm, 300 kg.

El

UTS

YP

PL El&*

RA

BHN ScH | df

b< ^j

BHN ^ Ì Cu, 93.96; Al, 5.10; Ni, 0.94 and (Cu, 93.94; Al, 5.06; Ni, 1.00)3: 56^2 557ÏïoTs Ï82 Gm 30.3§ 8.7§ 92.1§ 69.1§ 59 10.5 42.1 17.8 55 95 R A 900°|1 35.9 8.3 94.6 76.1 64 10.5 746 36.0 10.4** 85.6 73.8 56ft U - O 862 55.3 54.0 16.5 174.5R, W 900° Qwt Rc 44.4 28.5 63.1 78.1 113 18.5 580 4 0 . 2 13.1 70 84.5 Cu, 92.68; Al, 4.94; Ni, 2.38 49.0 45?2 27 162.5 Gm ! 59 11.0 8.14 41.4 18.9 57 89.5 R A 900°|| 36.0 8.7 90.2 71.0 66 11.0 8.17 671 61.4 6CK2 Ï2 R, W 900° Qwf 39.1 11.3 77.8 71.4 6 2 f f l l . 5 8.16 738 R0 47.4 35.4 55.0 66.7 124 210 8.16 354 4 6 . 9 21.6 58 Cu, 89.84; Al, 5.32; Ni, 4.84 and (Cu, 90.04; Al, 4.91; Ni, 5.05)ì 62.7 61.0 17.5 195 29.4§ 8.8§ 86.5§ 73.4§ 60 12.0 8.15 43.3 11.0 71 75.5Gm R A 90O0 H . 4 0 . 3 14.8 70.0 60.2 80 12.5 8.18 445 55.9 53.7 28 184 R,W900°Ca 37.5 12.0 81.0 68.7 4 4 . 2 16.5 9.556 52 46.1 18.1 I 65 99.5R A 900°

*

YP

TABLE 31.—PROPERTIES OF ALLOYS CONTAINING UP TO 10% AL, 15% Ni (21).—(Continued)

R 900° ^ OwIFI . . . ^ / 3 ^1 U - 9 it, W yuu 3g 0 12 0** R0 49.0 37.0

A = A 650°/30 Ca.

86 8 ' 6 385

72 4 ' 71

61ft 12.0 8.18 400 50.0 72.3 136 23.0 8.17 229

Cu. 87.48; Al, 5.21; Ni, 7.31 and (Cu, 87.30; Al, 5.39; Ni, 7.31)ì

TABLE 29.—EFFECT OF ANNEALING ON SCLEROSCOPE HARDNESS OF COLD DRAWN BARS* (22) % A1

10.02 9.82 8.91

25 40 ^Sn^^L^ 20 ° ° 0.92 34.5 34.5 34.5 1.88 34 33.5 33 2.98 29 29 29

55

° 70° 90° 25 20 Ï6~ 25 19 18 21.5 16 15

* Specimens exposed 30 min to each temperature in succession.

TABLE 30.—EFFECT OF HEAT TREATMENT ON PROPERTIES OF ROLLED Cu, 88.80; AL, 10.02; MN, 1.11; ZN, 0.05; (Si, FE), Tr. (19) Treatment RA R W 500° R W 600° , 0 m R W 700° ^w R W 800° R 800°/10 Qw '400° 500 « Win ° bame, w i u m ^0 700° R 900°/20 Qw '400° Same W l O m 50°° bame, W l O m ^0 700°

| UTS \ YP \ El1* \ BHN | ScHt | ISi 48.5 13 120§ 37.2 3.61f 47.1 11 122§ 38 2.5H 57 13 128§ 35 6.8T 59 16 123§ 28 8H __ 64.2 2.2 187§ 53 5fl 68.7 2370 ~2^2 2221| 58.2 5** 80.123.3 l 231JI 69.5 3.8** 61.124 12 16211 41.7 6.2** 61.422.531.7 138J| 35.0 15.6** 48.421.532 124|| 35.2 16.8** 66.1 O 2031| 40.2 9.7** 65.842 1 228|| 84.6 4** 59.132.312 167|| 49.5 9.7** 45 14.9** Q2Q^ 2 1.2140|| 60 27 25.1 128|| 39.4 17.7**

* Test pieces 10 mm square. t Hardened steel point. Î Guillery machine. § 10 mm, 1000 kg.

||10 mm, 2000 kg. *[f Copenhagen test piece. ** Mesnager test piece.

Cu-Al-Ni TABLE 31.—PROPERTIES OF ALLOYS CONTAINING UP TO 10% AL, 15% Ni (21) Treatment

UTS

YP

PL

El&*

RA

BHN ScH d?

Cu, 94.98; Al, 5.02 and (Cu, 94.88; Al, 5.12)î Gm R A 900°|| R, W 900° Qwt R0

29.5§ 7.9§ 34.9 8.2 35.9 10.1** 42.8 27.4

be^sf

~~

68.0§ 58.2§ 58 9.0 82.5 78.9 61 8.5 8.18 741 78.6 73.3 52ft 11.0 8.18 1045 64.0 75.1 114 17.0 8.17 773

Gm 32.2§ 11.7§ 79§ 59§ 77 13.5 8.15 Gm A900°tî 52.5§35.9§ 10.5§ 19§ 171§ R A 900eH 61.4 37.8 25.6 26.8 167 27.0 8.19 193 R,W900°C a . 42.6 18.3 63.9 69.9 R A 90O0U 64.5 39.4 25.217 21 R W 900° O /46.917.9** 52.1 65.1 ±t, w yuu S J w . . . . ^ 4 3 2 12 9 92ft 17.0 8.18 258 6363 69

57.2 49.0

R0

28.8 41.0 156

27.5 8.18 150

Cu, 87.32; Al, 5.34; Ni, 7.34 R0 Ì in. diam A 100°/30 m A200°/30m A 0 T 30.m U \68h A420°/30 m

84.1 81.1 79.1 77.7 76.4 74.8 75.0 72.9 73.1 69.0 70.6 67.4

9.512 14.212 23.613 42.512 45.724 50.420

_38 43 41 48 58 47

[15 m 30m A 500° { I h 4h [ 6h

76.9 72.9 77.3 73.2 80.2 76.4 79.7 69.6 78.6 67.7

58.321 52.017 55.121 47.321 36.221

45 41 49 36 _35

[60O 0 I [ 68.8 55.6 37.823 A\ 700° ^3O m . . . •{ 61.9 46.5 31.534 [ 800° J ( 52.5 26.5 23.650

38 51 _64

„ T . Rgm

,. / Q w - . 41.0 12.6 ~6~~372 - d i a m - \ C s î t 65.1 39.4 26.822

69 23

-D . ,. / Q . . 4 5 . 2 13.9 6.368 R e1m . d i a m . | C w ^928 s § § 6Q g 3Q y

70 ^

900° Qw (ein. diam.) 45.2 13.9 [600°/30 61.2 36.5 600°/2 h 64.2 40.9 p' P | 700°/30h65.3 35.4 a 800°/30 51.6 20.3 [815°/30 46.8 15.1 Rc I in. diam 61.5 57.9 Rh è in. diam 69.3 63.5 R0 i in. diam 84.1 81.1

70 25 20 32 43 67 43 52 38

6.368 25.217 28.413 23.628 13.444 9.567 28.320 47.320 9.512

^

177 235 234

Cu, 85.03; Al, 5.55; Ni, 9.42 Gm

|44.5 |23.6 | |39~. 7 | 39.0 |ll5 | l 7 . 0 J 8 . 1 3 Cu, 79.90; Al, 5.20; Ni, 14.90

Gm ___^

|65.4 |55.3 | | 4.7 JlO.O |l73 Cu, 87.16; Al. 6.62; Ni. 6.22

Gm 32.0 10.1 77 70 69 G m A 900° Csîî 50.6 25.2 19.5 25 147 Gm, W 900° Qw TpI) I) 48.2 29.8 8.5 17 Cu, 87.45; Al, 6.93; Ni, 5.62 Rc è in. diam 89.0 87.2 18.9 9 32 [ 100°} r 85.2 82.8 22.112 38 A ] 200° f 30 < 84.3 83.1 31.5 9 38 [30O 0 J ( 83.3 82.2 53.612 .43 A 300°/68 h 8 2 . 7 80.0 56.714 47

|37.0|8.14|

TABLE 31.—PROPERTIES OF ALLOYS CONTAINING UP TO 10% AL, 15% Ni (21).—(Continued) BHN ScH dl° , N°' , bendst Cu, 87.45; Al, 6.93 'Ni, 5.62.—(Continued.) [420° r 81.0 78.9 48.9 14 47 500° 83.8 79.5 39.4 17 38 A J 600° 30 70.9 57.3 25.228 40 700° 63.6 44.1 23.633 53 800° 59.4 32.4 23.647 60 _, , " ~ . /Q w .7. 42.6 13.2 7.1 80.5 75 R | i n . d i a m . | C a t t 5Q ^ ^ 4 16 5 29 5 35 Treatment

,. /Q ... n i . R \ m. diam. < nw S R ( C8 §§ 900° Qw (i in. diam.) f 600°/30 Same, Tp I 600°/2 h Ca i 700°/30 [ 700°/30 Fc I in. diam Rh è in. diam Rc i in. diam RC I in. diam., W 300° Ca

UTS

YP

46.0 13.6 n _ „_ 60.5 25.7 46.0 13.6 62.5 29.0 65.2 35.4 68.1 35.8 61.0 24.3 60.0 54.5 77.3 72.6 89.0 87.2

PL Ela*

6.373 -^ 16.536 6.373 18.934 22.822 20.526 15.836 20.527 47.320 18.9 9

1ß

RA

69 „> 34 69 32 20 25 33 47 47 32

Treatment

UTS

-YP

PL

El9*

RA

BHN ScH

d24,0

N °' bendsf

L

Cu, 82.82; Al, 9.70; Ni, 7.48 Gm 179 35.0 7.60 R A 900°|| 61.3 29.6 13.1 15.1 162 26.0 7.57 54 K,W900°Ca 67.2 26.8 15.2 14.1 R, W 900° QwII 78.1 31.5** 6.3 5.5 209 4 0 . 0 7.58 RC 82.0 75.3 12.3 16.3 231 43.0 7.57 54 Cu, 79.94; Al, 9.92; Ni, 10.14 and (Cu, 80.39; Al, 9.61; Ni, 10.00)t Gm 60.6 39.5 2JS 4.6 182 35.0 7.53 ' GmA|| 58.6§30.4§ 15.0§ 17.8§ R A 900° 173 28.0 R, W 900° Qw^f 214 45.0 Cu, 75.34; Al. 10.04; Ni. 14.62 and (Cu, 74.26; Al, 9.99; Ni, 15.75)t Gm..... 46.0 26.0 3~2 5.5 182§ 32.0§,7.60 R, W 900° QwIf 205§ 45.0§| * Diam. = 0.564 in. t No. of bends, Arnold machine. Î Data for the alloy in parentheses are marked § in this section. IJ A 900°/15 Cf, (900-450°/90 m). U Trt 1 in. diam. W 900°/15 Qw. ** By extensometer, all others by autographic recorder. ft Load = 1000 kg. Jt C 900-700°/35 m. §§C 900-700°/200 m. ||i|Tp700°/30C a .

176 241 237

59.7 53.2 36.222 51 Cu, 87.58; Al, 7.39; Ni, 5.03 Gm 34.8 12.9 50 56 84 G m A 900° C 8 ÎÎ 4 7 . 6 20.8 24.5 34 132 0 G m , W 90O QwTpIIII 48.8 30.2 8 15 Cu, 85.18; Al, 7.88; Ni, 6.94 Gm 40.1 15.1 69 56 87 G m A 900° Csîî 52.9 26.2 17.5 28 150 G m , W 900° Qw Tp|[[[ 49.3 36.9 4 9 Cu, 87.45; Al, 7.91; Ni, 4.64 Rc i in. diam 85.2 82.7 9.515 36 C 100°i [ 8 4 . 3 81.1 14.2 12 36 A J 200° V 30 \ 88.7 86.6 15.8 9 29 { 30O0J ( 88.5 87.6 42.5 9 35 A 300V68 h 88.4 87.4 47.3 14 _38 ~ ' 4 2 0 ° ì 8 5 . 4 84.3 52.013 38 500° 83.2 80.0 48.815 38 A 600° 30 70.6 55.5 33.129 47 700° 67.2 4 2 . 7 31.539 47 800° J 64.1 35.5 29.9 46 _47 _, . . ~ / Q w ... 42.5 13.9 7.175 70 Rim - * a m - \ (Ut 56.3 22.7 13.433 37 _, , . ,. / Q w - . . 4 7 . 7 14.3 7.174 59 R , m . d i a m . j C s § § 5Q Q ^ ? ^ 6 3 7 3g

TABLE 31.—PROPERTIES OF ALLOYS CONTAINING UP TO 10% AL, 15% Ni (21).—(Continued)

I

900° Qw U in. diam.) 47.7 14.3 7 . 1 7 4 59 600°/30 62.2 26.2 15.836 34 600°/2h63.8 31.5 17.326 22 700°/30 67.4 31.8 17.324 25 800°/30 62.5 25.0 12.630 31 R0 1 in. diam 64.0 58.4 2 5 . 2 2 3 42 189 Rh \ in. diam 78.8 73.2 50.422 47 231 Rc I in. diam 85.2 82.7 9.515 36 249 | Cu, 89.94; AI, 10.06 and (Cu, 90.00; AI. 10.00)% Gm 47.9§18.3§ 19.4§ 27.2§135 20.0 7.54 R A 900°[| 40.5 22.7 9.0 10.4 127 20.5 7.54 38 R, W 900° QwII 84.3 55.1** 2.3 3.9 257 62.0 7.54 Rc 69.8 66.1 9.0 12.4 186 33.0 231 Cu, 89.14; AI, 9.82; Ni, 1.04 and (Cu, 89.48; Al, 9.56; Ni, 0.96)t Gm 55.9§20.2§ 20.2§ 21.5§ 150 33.0 R A 900°|I 139 22.0 R, W 900° QwII 211 56.0 Rc 214 39.0 Cu, 87.66; Al, 9.88; Ni, 2.46 Gm 176 36.5 7.55 R A 900°|| 50.2 28.5 12.3 13.0 158 27.0 7.54 57 R 900° QwIl 71.4 5.4 5.4 206 49.0 7.54 R0 80.8 58.1 13.0 11.0 207 38.0 7.56 165 Cu, 85.11; Al. 9.94; Ni, 4.95 and (Cu, 85.26; Al, 9.56; Ni, 5.18)t Gm 62.6§ 31.3§ 7.2§ 10.1§199 41.0 7.56 R A 90O 0 Il 54.5 28.4 16.2 17.4 151 25.0 7.63 147 R, W 900° Ca 65.7 28.5 12.9 10.0 R, W 900° Qwt 73.3 28.4** 4.2 5.5 251 53.0 7.63 Rc 81.0 63.3 12.1 8.4 216 40.0 7.63 145

Fig.! Brinell Hardness Tests on Cu-AI-Ni Alloys( 81 )

Ì

Ffg.2 Impact Hardness of Aluminum Bronze (16) Impact HardnessNo.» Energy Absorbed Vol.of Depression

TABLE 32.—BRINELL HARDNESS NUMBER* AT HIGH TEMPERATURES ( 12 )

Cu-Al-P TABLE 34.—Cu-AL-P ALLOYS (20)

% Al I % Nif I /,0C |20| 250 I 350 [450| 550 |600|700| 800 900 |950 7.22 4.01 |89|83.8|81.9| 79|76.5| 65| 39|21.5|l2.5| 9

'

™'\ %P 5.12 no" 5 02 ' __

* 10 m, 500 kg. t Trace of Fe present.

M

o'cP"

1054

4.970.06

5.20 0.25 4.960.25 5.14 0.52 5.30 0.75 5.28 1.02

Figure 3 Hardness of Al BronzeH

Trt

*

UTS

FPt

I *l

RA BHNi ScH

[bids

Gm /A \ Pc

29.5 7.968.058.2 38.5 9,579.179.0 77 42.9 27.4 64.0 75.1 114

8J5 9.0 741 17.0 773

(Gm \A [De

39.1 10.175.977.1 75 49.3 37.845.470.4 149

~~9^0 • 9.0 736 27.0 668

28.5 33.8 31.5 24.7

9.0 10.0 12.5 13.7 ___

1045 Gm 1042 Gm "G^ 1030 "G^ ^

1038 J A [Pc f Gm 10.070.03 JA [Pc 10.27 0.18 1025 Gm 9.95 0.40§ Gm 9.70 0.50§ 1019 G m 10.06

8.535.231.5 9.935.237.8 10.719.620.8 14.5 9.713.0

74 79 89 94

48.5 24.6 5.1 7.0 127 69.6 66.1 9.0 12.4 186 51.4 26.0 6.8 5.5 71.8 69.9 6.7 8.4 42.8 8.8 8.313.4 40.8 Jô 11.1 17.0 29.5 9.1 3.9 9.2

158 196 156 130 133

21.5 38 33.0 231 19.5 23.0 36 35.0 327 24.5 20.0 22.5

* A = A 800°/10 Cgm. t By autographic recorder. Î 10 mm, 300 kg. § Distinct smell of PH3 on turning down.

Cu-Al-Si TABLE 35.—HARDNESS (BHN) OF Cu-AL-Si ALLOYS (*2)

% AI r -\^~""-~~^ :oc /o ^ >5l^

20 25 35 45 55 65 75 85 9

2.54 5.61

59.451 48.440.232.4 2015 ÏOJ6 34.425.823.629.426.1 2817.214.56.3

2^59 1.31

° ° ° ° ° ° ° °°


TABLE 33.—BRINELL HARDNESS NUMBER OF SPECIMENS COOLED AT DIFFERENT RATES ( 21 ) % Al ^J>\" Qw 5.32 Î784 73 5.21 7.31 87 5.34 7.34 88 6.93 5.62 91 7.91 4.64 91 T = Time in minutes

2

10

35

50

95

145

71 77 97 Ï Ï 6 Ï Ï 7 Ï29 84 154 176 168 148 159 83 156 180 167 156 152 90 148 152 152 140 139 87 129 129 131 137 146 taken to cool from 900 to 700°.

20

° 12(T 145 148 137 125

(!) Bornemann and Sauerwald, 95, 14: 145; 22. ( 2 ) Bregowsky and Spring, Valve World, 10: 3; 13. ( 3 ) Carpenter and Edwards, 403, 1907: 57. ( 4 ) Comstock, Foundry, 47: 189; 19. v 5 ) Comstock, 83, 22: 1113; 20. ( 6 ) Comstock, 80, 71: 806; 25. (7) Corse, 80, 9: 194; 15. ( 8 ) Corse, O. (9) Corse and Comstock, 66, 16 II: 118; 16. ( 10 ) Corse and Comstock, 40, 10: 119; 16. C 1 1 ) Greaves and Jones, 47, 34: 85; 25. ( 1 2 ) Guillet, 74, 21: 295; 24. (^ 3 ) Kent, Mech. Eng. Handbook, 10th ed., p. 500. N. Y., Wiley, 1923. ( 1 4 ) Lussana, 59, 19: 182; 10. ( 15 ) Marks, Mech. Eng. Handbook, 2nd ed., p. 574. N. Y., McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., 1924. ( 16 ) Matsuda, 169, 13: 401; 25. ( 1 ^) Matsuda, 159, 14: 343; 25. ( 18 ) Matsuda and Shiba, 159, 13: 413; 25. ( 19 )Portevin and Arnou, 74, 13: 101; 16. (20) Read, 47, 10: 344; 13. ( 2 I) Read and Greaves, 47,11: 169; 14. 26: 57; 21. (22) Reader, 47, 29: 297; 23. (23) Rosenhain, 403, 1907: 290. ( 2 4 ) Rosenhain and Hanson, 47, 21: 253; 19. (25) Rosenhain and Lantsberry, 403, 1910: 119. (26) Seidell and Horowitz, 33, 21: 179; 19. (27) Upthegrove and White, 66, 24 II: 88; 24.

AG, Au, Ho, IR, Os, PD, PT, RH, Ru, AND THEIR ALLOYS

THOMAS K. ROSE CONTENTS Mechanical properties. Elastic properties. Effect of temperature on elastic properties.

MATIÈRES Propriétés mécaniques. Propriétés élastiques. Effet de la température sur les propriétés élastiques.

INHALTSVERZEICHNIS Mechanische Eigenschaften. Elastische Eigenschaften. Temperatureinfluss auf die elastischen Eigenschaften.

Compressibility of Ag-Au alloys. Specific volume of alloys.

Compressibilité des alliages AgAu. Volume spécifique des alliages.

Specific gravity of alloys.

Poids spécifique des alliages.

Surface tension of amalgams.

Tension superficielle des amalgames. Température de recuit et de trempe.

Kompressibilität von Ag-AuLegierungen. Spezifisches Volumen von Legierungen. Spezifisches Gewicht von Legierungen. Oberflächenspannung der Amalgame. Anlassungs- und Abschrekkungs-Temperaturen.

Annealing and quenching temperatures.

(Da) (2> 6 » 14' 18' 50' 74' 101) II (A,R) I BHN.. . I 25 | 38 |5l|68 t, 0C -252 -182 15 100 200 (24) UTS... . 8.5 10.5 1530 UTS 64 5331 2318.5 El 31 12 4 4

%Au MSH

O I 50.8

Trt G8 Gm

I UBM* \No. B*\ UWB* \ LSf | FP0 | Lit. 1.91 11.8 30.4 2.4 (") 1.99 17.1 53.9 2.74 1.9

/G8 t Gm Trt ScHi Lit.,

A at: For: ScHi (G) BHN§

5

10

5.8 6.3

20

40

MSH v . Ag-Au

*, 0C BHN§

10

20

40

19.8 25.7 37.5 27.4 33.2 41.1

(G8 I Gm

I

49.9 53.5

ScH \ BHN^ \ Lit. | (Dd) 18 60 (87) UTS = 43 21-24 63 (74)

G8 Gm

GmR (1.125 in. to b in. thick) (*7)

I 125° i 150° | 300° | 460° 105° | Lit. 30m Ih 30 m 30 m 120 h (78) 31 16 14.5 7 16.5

3

10 b ScHi BHN^

I 500 54 135

Trt

i -38 O I 40 I 80 I 140 I Lit. I 37.5 I 36.0 j 34. 6| 33.5 | 32.0 | (29) I 200 I 27.1

I Lit. I (39)

I 250 60 157

I 125 68 170

|

53

j

181

42 83 183

Ag, 92.5; Cu, 5.75; Cd, 1.75 (*7)

= 30 (24.6-42) (15> 24, 29, 39, 43, 45, 49, 87),

Ag-Al; for BHN v. Fig. 2

5

Trt^^\^

(78,87)

I 18 I 29.3

I Lit. | (44)

I 50 | 97.4

I UBM* No. B* UWB* \ /Sf | YP0 3.46 10.8 59.4 1.88 12.3 3.37 3.4 2.21 20.2 100 ^

\__

Lit.

(R, A) BHN§ = 30 (24.4-37) (i 5, 24, 42, 85). (Rd) BHN = 89.7 (24). t, 0C BHN\\

Trt Gs Gm

10.2 18.7 33.9 («7) 11.5 20.5 35.3

Gm I G8 I Rd 7-12 I 8 I 48

I 30 | 90.9

I UTS \ FP I PL I El& \ RA 22.2 12.8 7.4 41 54.6 17.2 13.4 6.2 6.75 15.8

Trt

Trt I

I 15 I 72.8

Ag-Cu ; v. also Fig. 3 for BHN Ag, 92.5; Cu, 7.5 (standard or sterling silver) ( 87)

I UTS I FP I PL I El& HA \ Lit. 10.8 2.4 0.74 41 37.7 (»7,91) G8 Gm 11.5 3.3 1.8 59.5 66.7

~TrìT\-C^\-

Tensione superficiale degli 591 amalgame Temperature di ricottura e di immerzione 591

For LCF v. Fig. 5.

(DA) t, ° C. . I 15 I 100 I 150 I 200 | 250 1 300 1 350 | 400 | 460 ( 2 , 4 8 , i o i ) UTS..\17\ 16 13.6|11.4 8 . 9 | 7 . 1 6 . 0 | 5 . 2 | 4 . 8 Trt

Peso specifico delle leghe. 589

TABLE 1. — MECHANICAL PROPERTIES. — (Continued) Ag-Au

TABLE I. — MECHANICAL PROPERTIES Ag

G8 Gm

INDICE pAQB Proprietà meccaniche 584 Proprietà elastiche 588 Influenza della temperatura sulle proprietà elastiche 588 Compressibilità delle leghe di Ag-Au , 589 Volume specifico delle leghe 589

I

G3 Gm

TrT^^-^Z^Î7 ™ f G8

vô <

—

\ Gm

(

5

ScH 22 23 10

I

BHN^ 73 74 20

17.4 22.7 37.8

18.3 23.8 35.8

40

51.7

60.1

TABLE 1.—MECHANICAL PROPERTIES.—(Continued) GmR (1.125 in. to b in. thick)

Fig.l Tensile Strength of Hard DrawnWiresof PtandPdAlloys

n

IQ3 b ScHl BHN*g

I 500 I 250 I 125 | 53 | 53 57 67 134 150 164 173

Trt

YP I PL \ Ela \ 9.9 3.6 4.0 8.9~ 2.5 9.0

I UTS I 20.7 ~13.3

Trt G» Gm

I UBM* I No. £* | UWB* \ ISj 3.25 12.1 59.4 2.40 3.58 25.1 138.3 2.74

G3 Gm

42~ 75 173 RA 49.7 21.4

\

FPc~~ 10.7 11.0

Ag-Cu (G), 10 X BHN (9.5 mm Ball); Effect of Rate of Cooling (42) CU

-T^><^ 5.2 13.0 23.0 28.2 33.0 50 Load ^"^s^ 100 kg 415 A 607 Cq 600 Cq 1169 Cq 520 C8 572 C8 56001 500 kg.... 7. 356 A 763~C^ 945 Cq 618 Cr 425 A 1005 Cq 725 Cq

Fig.3 Brinell hardness of Ag-Cu

Fig2 Bnnell hardness of Ag-Al alloys (lmm Bail,5kg Load) and of Ag-Mg alloys (5.56mm Ball.SOkg Load)

^^TT^-^^ 7.5,8.310.016.520.028.0 Lit. J. re "—-__ l C

56 71 73 75 76 77 (7«) 20 23 23.528.5 31 28.5

f Rd. { A

ì

Ag, 83.5; Cu, 16.5 (G), BHN = 68; (10 mm, 1000 kg) (24) Ag-Cd; Ag-Mg; Ag2Te

Compound Ag-Cd Ag-Mg v. also Fig. 2 Ag2-Te

|

BHN 74.1 68-76 25.8

|

Lit. (45)

Ag-Pd; for UTSv. Fig. 1 ~ « in ^ 1 1 N f P1 kg Ag3-Sn /(10 mm ball) I ^

UCS of Ag-Sn amalgams v. (19).

50 —g

100 ^6

200 ^1

Lit. (4§)

TABLE 1.—MECHANICAL PROPERTIES.—(Continued) Au, Pure

(Dd) ( 2 . 6 » 14, ioi) f, 0C UTS I~ irt

£cg*t

Trt

[I

-182 15 100 200 DA. 31.7 25 15.813.1 G

TABLE 1.—MECHANICAL PROPERTIES.—(Continued) (4, 35, 75)

I UTS\ Lit. ~ 10 (ioi) 11.0 (*> 73)

RA, RA, RA, RA, RA, ^ 107° 115° 122° 129° 150° |5|30| 24 I 17 I 8 I 7 I 6 [(79.80)

I I I [

Trt G Dd~ G

Au (impure) (Gm) ( 73 ) ; v. also Fig. 5 for LCH 100 X % 20 Ag I 19 Al I 21 Bi I 20 Cd 119 Cu I 29 In UTS 11.2 13.9 0.8 10.8 12.9 12.55 EIb 33.3 2 5 . 5 T c a . O 44.0 43.5 26.5 RA I 46 O 72 100 X % UTS Elb RA

I 20 K <0.8 ca. Q O

100 X % UTS EIb RA

I 20 Sb I 20 Sn I 19 Te 9.0 9.75 6.1 12.3 ca. O 54 O

I 20 Li I 20 Mn| 24 Pb | 20 Pd | 20Rh 13.9 12.55 6.5 11.2 12.2 21.0 29.7 4.9 32.6 25.0 60 ca. O 75

%^\\Trt

G

position Cu I 27.5 25 40

48 66 36

^v^ Ag 10 25 10

AQ ScHi 44 48

% composition Au, 50; Cu, 48; Al, 2 Au, 50; Cu, 48; Ni, 2

Rd

BHN 159 245

ScH 20 22

\

BHN 88 91

I

Trt C8 C8 C8 C8 Cr

I BHNÌÌ \\ % Ni | Trt | BHNU 13.6 23.5 Cq 235 84.0 23.5 Q,A72h 140 191.5 30 C8 183 205 40 C8 159 150 Au-Pt

For UTS v. Fig. 1.

Rd

A 250°

A 450°

41 49 47 49

41 43

7 10 10 11.5

39

Au-Ag-Cu (nuggets) ( 104 ) Cu 0.23 0.50 3.4

160 205 123

AQ

Au-Ni (42) %Ni O 9.5 20 23.5 23.5

ScH (79)

% composition Au Ag 92.46 6.82 89.25 9.30 79.3 17.3

75 73 75

|

For effect on scleroscope hardness of small amounts of Ag, Cu,

Trt

G

Au, 58; Cu, 30; Ag, 12, (Dd) UTS = 102.0 (9)

I 19 Tl 20 Zn 20 Zr 9.75 11.8 8.6 28.4 12 15 74

I O I 15 I 35 I 50 I Lit. I 44.5 I 78.1 [ 88.7 97.4 | (44)

„ A^__ % Ag ^—-^ 8.3 25.0 50.0 62.5

Rd

Au-Cu-X (G) (99)

H, V. (").

Natural 33.0 44.5 34.0

BHN | (A) | (Pr) 19.2 19.5 38-42 20.8

Cu-Au-X (8Q) ^\_ Trt p " A \~ Trt d %Comp>^ 650° %Comp>^ Au I Ag ScHl Au I Al 20 50 36 86 40 4 25 20 31 81 40 6 25 15 29 78 AU Ni 25 10 25 71 -~ g 25 9§§ 28 72 25 2 5 40 30 65 % l* 40 10 34 94 46 4Q 2 5 40

21

°

Au-Cd ~

Au-Cu %Cu.... O I 10 |20|30| 40 I 50 | 60 | 70 | 80 |90|Lit. IS** |ll.5ft 16.5| 2 I 3 | 4 . 5 | 9 . 5 J 8 |ll.5|9.5 7 | (64) I O I 15 I 35 I 44.5 I 65.5 j 93.0

84

38

40 40

5' 10

p

22 26

"

d

A~ 650°

ScHi 90

22~~66 <21 W f. f0 23

25 32

72

83 93

43 40

Hg-X (amalgams) Effect of time on hardness || || (90)

For BHN v. Fig. 2, p. 549.

%Cu MSH

(78)

Rd | A 65 23 69 29 For BHN; v. Fig. 4

Au-Cu-Ag (99)

Au-Ag

~~"—--^.

G 23

U

(Gm) EIb = 30.8 (73); for LCJET, v. Fig. 5. (RA) BHN = 25 (13.6-33) ( 1 S* 24, 42, 46, 64) ; (Rd) LCH = 61 79 ( ).

''%Ag MSH

ScH

UTS 28.3 45.8 35.1

%Cu I 8.3 10.0 " 16.6 ~

50 107.1

Lit. (44)

~ H

S

B a

mL in g" 0.25 6 24 48

H

N

I

~^ %Cd 23.9

5TÔ %Pb 12.1

31.2 31.2

13.6 13.6

U S! %Sn 15.4 21.3 22.6 23.2

TiTO%Zn 25.5 76.0 76.0

TABLE 1.—MECHANICAL PROPERTIES.—(Continued] Hardness of Tl-Hg BHN*** (68) "

^-^_Load %Hg —^

5 k

Fig. 6 Effect of Temperature on Modulus of Rigidity

100 k

*

5

TÔT

1 3 5 7 9 11

3.19 4.15 4.99 3.60 3.66 3.18

4.85 5.12 3.85 3.93 3.36

Fig.4 Brinell hardness of Au-Cu

Fig.5 Hardness,LudwikCone Effect of Annealing Temperature on \ Hard RolledGold -^\ (79)

Fig.7 Density of Ag-Cu •• cast and compressed

TABLE 1.—MECHANICAL PROPERTIES.—(Continued) I TABLE 2.—ELASTIC PROPERTIES For effect of time on hardness of other, less hard amalgams of Ag; v. also Fig. 6 Cd, Pb, Sn, Zn; also for hardness of amalgams of Cu (BHN, max. Trt...I Dd I D AI Lit. || Trt = D I Lit. at 35% Cu) and Ag-Sn amalgams (BHN1 max. at 60% Ag, 22% 0 t, C . . JL5_ 100 200 J^ (20, 21, 59, Q = 2650 (21, 27, 28, Sn), v. (90). For UCS of Ag-Sn amalgams, v. ( 19 ). E 79ÖÖ 7274 6374 73Oo 93f 95' (247o-294o) 33' 38' 41' 101) 63, 82, 89, Ir 94 ) BHN oi cast Ir = 172 (io). X = 0.37 (DA) (1. 7, 22, 34, 47, 81, 83, 93);X = 0.39 (Dd) (93). Pd 1 UTS of hard drawn wire = 38 ( ^); = 27.4 (9). Ag, 66.6; Pt, 33.3 (93,95) BHN of cast Pd = 49 (™). (Dd): E = lOOOo, G = 302s. (A): E = 1051o, G = 3699, X = For UTS of Pd-Ag, Pd-Pt, v. Fig. 1. 0.42. Pt Au; v. also Fig. 6 BHN (103) Trt..'.. I G I Dd I A I Lit. Il Trt = D I Lit.

I

~~~~~~^~r~~—-—____ôad» ^

100

200

Source or Trt ——____ Heraeus 31 Russian 40 Pure (Hm) 60 Pure (A) 24 UTS of Dd wire = 34 (9. 1«. 47, 56, ioi) ; of A wire

t, 0 C . . . " 15 100 200 (20* 21, 59, E 7580 8ÖÖÖ* 5584 5408 5482 60' 93' 96' = 0.42 (34, 47).

X

Ir

E = 52700 (Dd) (20). Pd ; v. also Fig. 6 T r t . . . . I Dd

Trt G A 300° | A 650° | Lit. BHN I 117 I 121 I 46 | QQ) Nuggets: Natural state, BHN = 105-108; annealed, BHN = 86-88 (104). Pt-Ir (BHN)

E

% Ir -^_ ^-——___^

1

5

I A I

Lit.

H

12oOOt975o ( 2 0 , 2 1 , 3 7 , 8 2 , 98, 101, 102)

G

\

Lit.

4500 (21,37,38,82, (4000-5210) 101)

X = 0.39 (33, 47).

Pd saturated with H 2 # = 13.2% (10-21%) < E for pure (10.0-16.5%) < G for pure Pd (37).

Pd. 0 = 12.7%

lOJJt 15 20 25 30 Lit.

117 170 220 280330370400 (*°) TTT 47ìtìllOttt 150 190 230 270 310

rr^!^HX) % Ir ^^^. 1 25 2.5 32

89, 96)

101)

34 46 64 26 = 24.5

(9, 47, 101).

^r~^ lrt Hwk A 1150°

G = 2 6 o o ( 2 0 , 27, 28, (2495-395o) 33, 38, 41,

200 27 35

Pt ; v. also Fig. 6 Trt I Dd I A I Lit. Il Trt = D I Lit. t, 0 C.... ca. 15 100 200 (20, 22, 55, Q = 65so (21, 27, 28, E 170ooî 152oo§ 1417s 12904 59, 82, 93, (615o-693o) 38, 41, 63,

Li^ (103)

For UTS of Pt-Ir, Pt-Pd, v. Fig. 1. Pt-Os Os has about 2.5 times the hardening effect of Ir (10). Pt-Rh Pt, 90; Rh, 10 (A); BHN = 90 (io). Rh BHN of cast Rh = 139 (io). Ru BHN of impure cast Ru = 220 (i°). * Sankey machine: Test piece, % in. diam; length between jaws = 1.75 in.; angle of bending = 45% deg. No. B = Number of bends. t Charpy machine: Standard 10 X 10 mm specimen, 40 mm span, 5 mm keyhole notch. Î Magnifier hammer. § BHN determined with 10 mm ball, 400-100 kg load, or with smaller ball and equivalent loads. In all cases loads are less than the standard P = 30 D2. Ij 10 mm; 500 kg. I 3.96 mm, 210 kg. ** Guillery machine. ft Test piece bent, no sign of fracture. IÎ 9.52 mm ball, 500 kg load. §§ Contains 1 % Ni. U H At 2O0C. II 2 mm ball, 8.7 kg load. *** 10 mm ball, BHN = load -r- area of impression, ttt 10 % Ir (G) BHN = 170. ÎJ$ A 1000°.

95, 101, 102) X = 0.38 ( 2 2 »

33

82, 94)

» 47).

Pt, 85 ; Rh, 15 G = 6600 (28)• v. also Fig. 6. Rh

E = 30000 (Dd) (20). * (778o-863o). t (100oo-143oo). Î (16080-17900). § (149oo-156oo).

TABLE 3.—EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON ELASTIC PROPERTIES See also Fig. 6 ' Metal ffoabsAEVc

G0 - <9ioo T Lit. 100 Lit. Eo Go 33 20 27 3.97 I ( ) 7 ( » » -A£ for 100° = 7.65 % 28, 33, 38) (82)

Metal 100

~Ig

Au

ir

__

I Ag I Au I Pd I Pt I Rh I Lit. I 1.37 I 1.32 I 1.27 I 1.27 I 1.18 I (55)

Eo -Ei00

3.6

(33,97,

(2.92-4.09)

101)

_

Z^ZZZZ

3

(27,28,

Xo-Xioo T ICO Lit. Xo 14 (7, 33)

25

(33)

33, 38, 82)

4 " (2°) ZZZZZ

( 3 3 , 82)

3

(82~)

Ï

(20, 37, 38,

82, 101) Pt

-A-E for 100° =

(0.14-1.78)

( 2 7 , 28, 3

8» 82)

0.73% Rh

377

(20, 2 1 , 2 2 , 82, 82)

£~£

^3~3)~

TABLE 4.—COMPKESSIBILITY OF Aa-Au ( 4 ) For compressibility of pure metals, v. vol. III. 100 X % Ag IQsx

=

* v~Q~Ap

TABLE 6.—SPECIFIC GRAVITIES OF ALLOYS.—(Continued) _ .of pure _ _ _ v. p. 456 For specific_gravities metals,

O 116 586 1415 2317 3399 4773 6771 8555 9649 Ï^Ï40ï^"m~ïïT~ÏÏ3ll3 130 134 146

where Ap = l atm

'

TABLE 5.—SPECIFIC VOLUME OF ALLOYS Rangef of obSystem 10 a* 10 b* servations, % Ag-Au 9500 -4309 0-100 Ag-Bi ~ 9550 630 0-100 Ag-Cd TT 9700 ~L034 17-46 Ag-Cu TT 9480 1760 0-100 Ag-Pb TT 9551 -760 0-10Q~ I 9533 -1386 0-40 Ag.Pd Agrcl \ 9244 -844 60-100 Au-Cu 5191 6050 0-100 Au-Pb TTT 5191 3599 0-100 Au-Sn '~ 5191 8520 O-UKT Hg-In 7385 5830 0.4-ITO" Hg-Pb TT 7368 ~Ï422 0-100~ [ 7368 6345 0-100 Hg-Sn \ 7368 6212 0-100 I . „ T1 / 7368 1238 0-43 118-11 \ 7674 772 80-100 f 7368 6556" 0-48 Hg Zn " 1 7006 7212 60-100 Ir-Pt 4461 190 0-100 s

7

In tersection t

Max. error, % +0.2 -0.4 -0.4 +0.7 +0.7 +0.7J ±0.2/ +0.7 -1.0 -1.5 ~ ± Q. 04 ' -1.0 -0.9 +0.8

Lit. (53) (53) (54) (53) (53)

°

(

^ (53) (53, 57) (53) (70)§ (53) (53) (io, 26, 40 )§ ±0.1 \ fifi/ (66,70) -0.2/ \ ( 6 8 )§ +0.5Ì /i254U +0.1/ 56 ^ )§ ±0.2 (53)

* Specific vol. = a + bx, where x = % by weight of second metal in formula of the alloy system. t Per cent of second metal. Ì Where the results are best represented by two straight lines, the point of intersection is given. § Line determined from data given in literature reference.

TABLE 6.—SPECIFIC GKAVITIES OF ALLOYS For specific gravities of pure metals, v. p. 456 ~ Treatment. , . description

. . % composition

Test Ref. temp., temp., or^ \-S

Ag-Au Ag, 67.5; Bi, 32.5.. 51 49 Ag-Cd Ag, 92.5; Cu, 7 . 5 . . .

v. Fig. 8 and Table 5 G Ì v. also Table ( Gj 5 \ v. Table 5 Ud A 700° Coin Ag, 83.5; Cu, 16.5 G (v. also Fig. 7 and A Table5). AR ARA ARAR ARARA Same, struck French coin Ag, 80.0; Cu, 20.0. Canadian coin A* 71 9- Cu 1/ Ag, 71.9, Uu, 28 28.1 I

M

15.1 15.1 13.2 13.2 15 15 13 18.5 18.5 18.5 18.5 18.5 18.5 18.5 15 15

°lten

10.323 10.197

13 13

,. Lit.

(26) (26)

4 1 0 . 3 4 8 5 (78) 4 10.2469 ( 7 8 ) 10.37 (77, 86) 18.5 9.99932 (61) 18.5 10.00206 18.5 10.20244 18.5 10.20251 18.5 10.20759 18.5 10.21648 18.5 10.21636 10.16-10.20 ( 8 6 ) 10.13 (86) 9.0554 IQ.Oll

Netherlandsgulden

Ag, 50.0; Cu, 50.0. English coin Ag, 50; Cu, 41 ; Ni, 9 English coin

,. a*

O

(") (86)

9.640-9.642 ( 8 6 ) 9.60-9.61 ( 8 6 )

~ ... % composition Ag, 67.6; Pb, 32.4.. 51.1 48.9 Ag-Pd Ag, 100; Sb, O 85.4 14.6 74.6 25.4 69.5 30.5 Ag, 78.8; Sn, 21.2.. Ag, 73.16; Sn, 26.84 (Ag3Sn) Contraction of sp. vol. = 5%(19).

Treatment, . . . description GÌ v. also Table ( Gj 5 \| v. Table 5 All alloys show expansion, max. being at 25.4 % Sb G Filings

, temp., temp., oc

.... a*

., Lit.

T

oç

13.5 13.8

10.800 | 10.925

10.49 10.017 9.682 9.356 14.8 ÛZ 9.953 25 ~~l 9.80

(57)

(54)

(26) ( 1 6 > 36, 51 ) (36) 5 ( M (Si) ( 51 ) (Si) | (53) (26) " ( 5 *)

Same, A 100° 25 4 9.89 In mass O 4 9.8690 Filings O 4 9.7772 Same, A 100°/2 h O 4 9.8033 Same, A 350°/5 h O 4 9.8441 Ag, 70.8; Sn, 29.2. . Maximum contraction of specific vol. Ag, 65; Sn, 35 Q 12.9 9.507 Ag, 54.7; Zn, 45.3.. G 8.744 Au-Ag v. Fig. 8 and Table 5 Au Ag Cu 87.5 7.5 5.0 Struck in coin press 17.14 ( 86 ) 62.5 15 carat gold wäret 13.22-14.08 (86) Au, 65.4; Bi, 34.6.. G 16 ~~Ï4.844 ~( 2 6 ) Au, 91.6; Cu, 8.3. . British coin 15 17.48 (8, 76, 86)

90 87.5

10 Scandinavian coin O 4 12.5 Egyptian coin v. also Fig. 8 and Table 5 Au-Pb and Au-Sn... v. Fig. 9 and Table 5 Hg-Ag v. Fig. 10 and Q») Hg, 67.1; Au, 31.9.. Hg, 32.5; Bi, 67.5.. ~ Hg-Cd 'v. Fig. 10 Hg-In v. Table 5 Hg-K, Hg-Li, HgNa v. Figs. 11 and Ua Hg, 98.98; Pb, 1.02. v. also Table 5 and 20 4 99.316 0.684 Fig. 12 20 4 99.603 0.397 20 4 Hg, 99.79; Sn, 0.21. v. also Table 5 20 4 99.70 0.30. 20 4 99.55 0.45. 20 4 Hg-Tl v. Table 5 Hg, 99.02; Zn, 0.980 v. also Table 5 25 4 98.544 1.456 25 4 98.083 1.917 25 4 Ir-Pt v. Pt-Ir Pd, 60.7; Pb, 39.3. . Pt1 95; Ir, 5 A, struck repeatedly O 4 90 10 0 4 85 15 A, struck AR O 4 66.6733.33 10 5 95 v. also Table 5 13 Pt, 48.5; Pb, 51.5.. Pt, 48.9; Tl, 51.1.. G, pulverized 14 14

17.17n 16.794

(8) ( 86 )

15.412 10.45

( 13 ) (13)

13.536 13.539 13.541 13.529 13.519 13.513

(67)

(7°)

13.4490 13.4054 13.3628

(12)

11.225 21.474 21.55 21.594 21.874 22.384 15.736 15.65

(3I («) (81, 8 8 ) (81) (81) («*) (3) (23)

* If test temp, only is given, d is mass-density g/cm 3 ; if réf. temp, is given also d is specific gravity, referred to HzO at this réf. temp, t See Index No. 635.

Fig.8

Fig. IO

Density of Au-Ag and Au-Cu

Density of Ag and Cd Amalgams Legend Ag-Hg

Fig.ll Density of amalgams of K,Na,Li

n

Fig.9 Density of Au-Pb 6 and Au-Sn

e« )

Fig. "2 Density of Lead Amalgams

TABLE 8.—ANNEALING AND QUENCHING TEMPERATURES Fig.lla Density of amalgams of K.Na.Li

n

TABLE 7.—SURFACE TENSION OF AMALGAMS IN SATURATED WATER VAPOR AT ca. 180C («*) For surface tensions of pure metals v. vol. Ill

Ba, i I Ca,

Cd,

Cs,

K,

Li,

|

7.

Z0* 100 230 250 230 230 230 300 300 300 80 200 150 150 275 275 300 140 175 250 300 150 4ÖÖ 450

|

£301 I Lit. 150 (78)"" 265 (S) 450 (™) 550 (78) 600 (78) 650 (78) 650 (78) 700 (78) 700 (78) Ï2Ô (78) 280 (5. 79) 200 (79) 225 (79) 450 (79) 450 (79) 450 (79) 150 (79) 300 (79) 500 (78) 700 (78) 300 ( 6 2, 79) 650 (10) 1000 ( 1 ^) 1150 (I«) 1150 (10) 1150 (IQ)

Au, 80; Cu, 20 to Au, 70; Cu, 30: Quench from 600° (46). (Au + Ag), 80; Cu, 20 to (Au + Agì, 60; Cu, 40: Quench from 500° (99). * to, 0C of beginning of softening. t *so, 0 C of completion of softening in 30 minutes. Ì Pure commercial. § Softens completely at 300° in 384 hr.

^ dyne/ W^0 a*-cm* ^ dyne/ cm ' cm LITERATURE 0.0153 0.0656 435.5 Na, 0.00015 0.0655 435.5 (For key to the periodicals see end of volume) 0.0838 .0639 424.7 0.00067 .0639 424.2 (i ) Angenheister, 8, 11: 188; 03. ( 2 ) Baudrimont, 34, 31: 115; 50. ( 3 ) Bauer, 0.122 .0639 424.7 0.00222 .0631 418.8 112, 200: 285; 71. ( 4 ) Beckmann, Diss., Upsala; 10. 10, 2: 1; 11. (5) 0.00045 .0694 461.0 0-0490 .0596 393.3 Beilby, 33, 3: 806; 04. (<*) Beilby and Beilby, 5, 76: 462; 05. (7) Bock, O 0022 .0728 483.5 0.0670 .0594 391.3 8, 52: 609; 94. ( 8 ) Broch, Norwegian NyL Mag. für Natursk, Christiana; 1876. 10th Ann. Rept. Warden of Standards, London, 1876. 433, 8: 42; 0.0074 .0742 492.3 O>1240 .0591 386.4 77. ( 9 ) Bureau of Standards, 365, No. 101: 72, 128; 24. 0.00020 .0659 436.5 Pb, 0.226 .0639 424.7 10 ( ) Carter, 78, 43: 397; 23. C 1 1 ) Grace, Calvert and Johnson, 3, 18: 354; 59. 0.00100 .0689 458.0 0.936 .0626 415.9 ( 1 2 ) Crenshaw, 50, 14: 158; 10. (13) Crookewit, 13, 68: 289; 48. (14) 0.00154 .0709 471.8 1.410 .0625 414.9 Dewar, 135, 71: 199; 95. (i«) Edwards, 47, 20: 86; 18. (i«) Fenchal, Dental Cosmos, 52: 30; 10. ( 1 ^) Frilley, Thesis, Paris, 1910. ( 18 )Geibel, 0.00274 .0713 473.7 Rb, 0.00157 .0654 434.5 93, 70: 240; 11. 0») Gray, 47, 29: 139; 23. 0.00851 .0733 490.4 0.00313 .0651 432.5 ( 2 0 ) Grüneisen, 8, 22:801; 07. ( 2 i ) Grüneisen, 8, 25: 825; 08. (22) Grüneisen, O 5 5 9 ^ 0 6 6 4 ~ 440.4 0.00778 .0555 368.8 8, 33: 1239; 10. (23) Hackspill, 34, 146: 820; 08. (24) Hanriot, 74, 10: 595; 13. (25) Hoitsema, 93, 41: 63; 04. (26) Holzmann, 6S1 150: 177; 60. 1.204 .0675 446.3 0.04660 .0504 334.5 (27) Horton, 62, 204: 1; 05. (28) lokibé and Sakai, 159, 10: 1; 21. (2») 2.376 .068 447.2 Sn, 0.176 .0656 435.5 Ito, 159, 12: 137; 23. (30) Jones, 204, 35: 164; 11. (31) Kahlbaum, Roth and Siedler, 93, 29: 177; 0.00083 .0644 427.6 0.412 .0642 425.7 02. (32) Karmarsch, 112, 226: 335, 441, 561; 77. (33) Katzenelsohn, 0.00160 .0607 403.1 0.868 .0644 425.7 Diss., Berlin, 1887. (34) Kaye and Laby, Table of Physical and Chemical 0.00280 .0577 383.5 Sr, 0.00027 .0680 452.2 Constants. Longmans, New York, 1921. (3 5 ) Kempe and Smith, Engineer" 0.01310 .0505 335.4 0.00162 .0713 470.8 ing Year Book, 31: 258; 24. (36) Knight, 4, 105: 639; 14. (37) Koch, 8, 54: 1; 17. (") Koch and Dannecker, 8, 47: 197; 15. (39) Kürth, 68, 0.00071 .0657 436.0 0.00372 .0725 481.6 8: 417; 07. 0.00184 .0610 405.1 0.0153 .0753 500.2 (.40) Kupffer, 13, 40: 285; 1829. (41) Kupffer, Mem. l'Acad. St. Petersb. 5: 0.00680 .0591 392.3 Tl, 0.0238 .0660 438.1 233; 53. (42) Kurnakov and Achnazarov, 169, 24: 129; 15. 10, 4: 1356; 22. (43) Kurnakov, Pushin and Senkovskii, 93, 68: 123; 10. (44) Kurna0.01350 .0586 388.4 0.0986 .0680 451.2 kov and Zhemchuzhnui, 93, 60: 1; 08. (45) Kurnakov and Zhemchuzhnui, 0.01500 .0577 382.5 0.490 .0683 453.1 53, 45: 1004; 13. ( 4 6 ) Kurnakov, Zhemchuzhnui and Zasedatelev, 47, 0.0002 .0657 436.0 Zn, 0.661 .0660 437.1 15: 305; 16. ( 4 7 ) Landolt-Bornstein, B3, Berlin; 23. (*«) Le Chatelier, 34, 109: 24; 89. (49) Le Grix and Broniewski, 74, 10: 1055; 13. 0.0019 .0665 441.4 1.221 .0669 440,4 ( 5 0 ) Lindemann, Nernst's Festschrift, 1912: 258. ( 5 I ) Lowry and Parker, 4, 0.0056 .0678 450.2 1.750 .0671 440.4 107:1160;15. (52) Maey, 7, 29: 119; 99. (53) Maey, 7, 38: 289; 01. («4) 0.0140 .0678 450.2 Maey, 7, 50: 200; 05. (»«) Mallock, 5, 95: 429; 19. (««) Marks, Mechan.

Wt.,? % x Au,

% composition Ag. AgJ Au, 37.5 Cu, 7.5 Cu, 8.3 Cu, 10.0 Cu, 16.5. Cu, 20.0 Cu, 28.1 Au Ag (etc.), 0.03Î Ag, 0.004 Ag, 0.25 Ag, 8.3 Ag, 25.0 Ag, 50.0 Cu, 0.01 Cu, 0.25 Cu, 8.3§ Cu, 10.0 H2, 0.002 Pt Ir, 0.1... Ir, 10 Ir, 20 Ir, 25

a'-em*

ical Engineers' Handbook. McGraw-Hill Book Company, Incj, New York, 1916. (57) Matthiessen, 62, 150: 177; 60. ( 58 ) McKeehan, 2, 20: 424; 22. (59) Mercadier, 34, 108: 344; 89. («0) Meyer, 8, 59: 668; 96. ( « i ) Pannain, 36, 40 I: 431; 10. (62) Phelps, 47, 12: 125; 14. (63) Pisati, 69, 1: 181; 77. 2: 137; 77. 4: 152; 78. 5: 34, 135; 79. < 6 4 ) Portevin and Durand, 74, 16: 150; 19. (65) Richards and Bartlett, 1, 37: 470; 15. (66) Richards and Daniells, 1, 41: 1732; 19, (67) Richards and Garrod-Thomas, 7, 72: 165; 10. ( 68 ) Richards and Smyth, 1, 44: 524; 22. (69) Richards, Stull, Brink and Bonnet, 1\52, No. 76: 56; 07. (*0) Richards and Wilson, 7, 72: 129; 10. (") Roberts, a, 23: 481; 75. ( 7 2 ) Roberts-Austen, 433, 7: 44; 76. (73) Roberts- Austen, 62, 179: 339; 88. (74) Roberts-Austen, 403, 1897: 31. (75) Roberts-Austen and Hill, 433, 16: 51; 85. (76) Roberts- A us ten and Rigg, 433, 7: 44; 76. (recalculated) 8: 44; 77. 9: 38; 78. ( 7 7 ) Rose, Precious Metals, p. 129. Constable, London, 09. (78) Rose, 47, 8: 86; 12. (79) ROse, 47, 10: 150; 13.

( 8 0 ) Rose, Royal Mint Laboratory, 1916, O. ( 81 ) St. Deville and Debray, 34, 81: 839; 75. ( 8 2 ) Schaefer, 8, 5: 220; 01. 7, 17: 153; 23. (»3) Schaefer, 8, 9: 665, 1124; 02. («4) Schmidt, Diss., Freiburg, 1911. ( 8 S ) Smirnov and Kurnakov, 169, 14: 623; 11. JfO, 2: 751; 13. ( 8 6) Smith, Royal Mint Laboratory, O. ( 8 7) Smith and Turner, 47, 22: 149; 19. ( 8 8 ) Stas, Oeuvres Complètes, 2: 719, 742; 94. ( 8 9) Sutherland, 3, 32: 31; 91. (90) Tammann and Mansuri, 93, 132: 65; 23. («) Thompson, 83, 11: 104; 15. (92) Timofeiev, 7, 78: 299; 10. (93) Tomlinson, 62, 174: 1; 84. (94) Tomlinson, O, 40: 343; 86. (95) Tomlinson, 5, 42: 362; 87. 43: 88; 88. (96) Voigt, 8, 43: 674; 93. (97) Wassmuth, 8, 13: 182; 04. (98) Wassmuth, 75, 115 IIA: 223; 06. (99) Watson, Royal Mint Laboratory, 1924, O. (ioo) Weiss, Zeit, deutsch. Geol. Ges., 34: 817; 83. ( 1 O 1 ) Wertheim, 6, 12: 385; 44. 23: 52; 49. (*°2) Winkelmann, Handbuch der Physik, 1-1 : 1908. (103) Zhemchuzhnui, 134, 13: 14; 16. 10, 4: 1357; 22. (i<>4) Zhemchuzhnui, 03, 51: 417; 19.

GRAPHITE (v. also p. 468) V. H. STOTT Ultimate tensile strength = 2 kg/mm 2 ( 4 » 5). Young's modulus = 836 kg/mm 2 ( 4 » 5).


SPECIFIC GRAVITY dl° = 2.25 to 2.26 (*). d™ = 2.255 (after compression to 5000 atm.) (3). dì6 = 2.232 (after fusion in arc) (6). M. P. = 3500° ± 10O0C (2). V. P. at triple point = 0.25 atm. (2).

(i) Arsem, 78, 20: 105; 11. (2) Fajans and Rishkevich, 218, 12:304; 24. (3) Le Chatelier and Wologdine, 34, 146: 49; 08. (*) Pirani and Alterthum, 9, 29: 4; 23. ( 5 ) Pirani and Fehse, 9, 29: 168; 23. («) Rishkevich and Kostermann, 9, 30 : 86; 24.

MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF As, B, CA, CE, Co, CR, GE, IN, K, LA, Mo, NA, PR, TA, TH, AND W AND THEIR ALLOYS, AND OF ALLOYS CONTAINING BA, GA, Li, MN, RB, Si, SR, Ti AND V C. H. DESCH For specific gravity of the pure metals, v. p. 456; surface tension, v. vol. Ill; viscosity, v. vol. Ill; compressibility, v. vol. III. TABLE 1.—TENSILE PROPERTIES OF CA, Co, Mo, TA, TH AND W Metal I Treatment | UTS \ El \ RA \ Lit. Ca Cast 6.12* 6f (19) Co CastJ 24 (34) Annealed § 26 Drawn wire. 68 5 8 Mo Drawn wire (v. also Figs. 1, 2, 3) 180-220 (15) Sheet 70Il 43 (68) Ta Hard drawrTwire 93 ( 61 ) Th 15rawn wire ~ 56.3 ( 5S ) W Hammered 150 4 28 (") Drawn wire 420 ( 3 ^) Drawn to mm diam. : ( 16 ) 0.45 186 0.18 240 0.145 256 v. also 0.10 339 Fig. 4 0.028 411 Rolled sheet 335 Single crystal wires * Probably too high due to impurity. t On 5 cm. Î UCS = 87; YPG = 30 kg/mni2. § YPC = 39 kg/mm2. 11 YP just below UTS; PL = 46.

100

TAB LE 2.—HARDNESS OF As, B, CA, CE, Co, CR, GE, IN, K, LA, Mo, NA AND PR Metal As B Ca Ce

Co

Cr Ge ___

diam. L?ad> ScH . E,P' „2 Lit. kg kg/mm mm I !Metallic. |147 | 10 [1000 | | | Q*) I Usually described as nearly as hard as diamond. | | 42* 10 500 19-20 (5)" 28.0 5 90 26 (rolled) l*ï) 9 (fresh (23) cut) Cast Ï 2 4 1 0 1600 (34) 86 10 1000 (14) Electrolytict 270-311 (44) 91 10 500 T^) I Between 6 and 6.5 on Mohs' | ___^ («) _ scale _ of hardness. __ __ Treatment

K

BHN

0.037

La Mo

37 Ï47

0.07

Na

10 10

1.6

0.25

500 12 (rod) 35 (sheet)

10

3.2

0.3 ,

Pr

Electrolytic!

*ü. also (i*). t Probably contained Ha. Î About 99.7 % pure.

25

10

500

^) 0*» ^) (36) (68) (68) (î 3 ^) (71)

ical Engineers' Handbook. McGraw-Hill Book Company, Incj, New York, 1916. (57) Matthiessen, 62, 150: 177; 60. ( 58 ) McKeehan, 2, 20: 424; 22. (59) Mercadier, 34, 108: 344; 89. («0) Meyer, 8, 59: 668; 96. ( « i ) Pannain, 36, 40 I: 431; 10. (62) Phelps, 47, 12: 125; 14. (63) Pisati, 69, 1: 181; 77. 2: 137; 77. 4: 152; 78. 5: 34, 135; 79. < 6 4 ) Portevin and Durand, 74, 16: 150; 19. (65) Richards and Bartlett, 1, 37: 470; 15. (66) Richards and Daniells, 1, 41: 1732; 19, (67) Richards and Garrod-Thomas, 7, 72: 165; 10. ( 68 ) Richards and Smyth, 1, 44: 524; 22. (69) Richards, Stull, Brink and Bonnet, 1\52, No. 76: 56; 07. (*0) Richards and Wilson, 7, 72: 129; 10. (") Roberts, a, 23: 481; 75. ( 7 2 ) Roberts-Austen, 433, 7: 44; 76. (73) Roberts- Austen, 62, 179: 339; 88. (74) Roberts-Austen, 403, 1897: 31. (75) Roberts-Austen and Hill, 433, 16: 51; 85. (76) Roberts- A us ten and Rigg, 433, 7: 44; 76. (recalculated) 8: 44; 77. 9: 38; 78. ( 7 7 ) Rose, Precious Metals, p. 129. Constable, London, 09. (78) Rose, 47, 8: 86; 12. (79) ROse, 47, 10: 150; 13.

( 8 0 ) Rose, Royal Mint Laboratory, 1916, O. ( 81 ) St. Deville and Debray, 34, 81: 839; 75. ( 8 2 ) Schaefer, 8, 5: 220; 01. 7, 17: 153; 23. (»3) Schaefer, 8, 9: 665, 1124; 02. («4) Schmidt, Diss., Freiburg, 1911. ( 8 S ) Smirnov and Kurnakov, 169, 14: 623; 11. JfO, 2: 751; 13. ( 8 6) Smith, Royal Mint Laboratory, O. ( 8 7) Smith and Turner, 47, 22: 149; 19. ( 8 8 ) Stas, Oeuvres Complètes, 2: 719, 742; 94. ( 8 9) Sutherland, 3, 32: 31; 91. (90) Tammann and Mansuri, 93, 132: 65; 23. («) Thompson, 83, 11: 104; 15. (92) Timofeiev, 7, 78: 299; 10. (93) Tomlinson, 62, 174: 1; 84. (94) Tomlinson, O, 40: 343; 86. (95) Tomlinson, 5, 42: 362; 87. 43: 88; 88. (96) Voigt, 8, 43: 674; 93. (97) Wassmuth, 8, 13: 182; 04. (98) Wassmuth, 75, 115 IIA: 223; 06. (99) Watson, Royal Mint Laboratory, 1924, O. (ioo) Weiss, Zeit, deutsch. Geol. Ges., 34: 817; 83. ( 1 O 1 ) Wertheim, 6, 12: 385; 44. 23: 52; 49. (*°2) Winkelmann, Handbuch der Physik, 1-1 : 1908. (103) Zhemchuzhnui, 134, 13: 14; 16. 10, 4: 1357; 22. (i<>4) Zhemchuzhnui, 03, 51: 417; 19.

GRAPHITE (v. also p. 468) V. H. STOTT Ultimate tensile strength = 2 kg/mm 2 ( 4 » 5). Young's modulus = 836 kg/mm 2 ( 4 » 5).


SPECIFIC GRAVITY dl° = 2.25 to 2.26 (*). d™ = 2.255 (after compression to 5000 atm.) (3). dì6 = 2.232 (after fusion in arc) (6). M. P. = 3500° ± 10O0C (2). V. P. at triple point = 0.25 atm. (2).

(i) Arsem, 78, 20: 105; 11. (2) Fajans and Rishkevich, 218, 12:304; 24. (3) Le Chatelier and Wologdine, 34, 146: 49; 08. (*) Pirani and Alterthum, 9, 29: 4; 23. ( 5 ) Pirani and Fehse, 9, 29: 168; 23. («) Rishkevich and Kostermann, 9, 30 : 86; 24.

MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF As, B, CA, CE, Co, CR, GE, IN, K, LA, Mo, NA, PR, TA, TH, AND W AND THEIR ALLOYS, AND OF ALLOYS CONTAINING BA, GA, Li, MN, RB, Si, SR, Ti AND V C. H. DESCH For specific gravity of the pure metals, v. p. 456; surface tension, v. vol. Ill; viscosity, v. vol. Ill; compressibility, v. vol. III. TABLE 1.—TENSILE PROPERTIES OF CA, Co, Mo, TA, TH AND W Metal I Treatment | UTS \ El \ RA \ Lit. Ca Cast 6.12* 6f (19) Co CastJ 24 (34) Annealed § 26 Drawn wire. 68 5 8 Mo Drawn wire (v. also Figs. 1, 2, 3) 180-220 (15) Sheet 70Il 43 (68) Ta Hard drawrTwire 93 ( 61 ) Th 15rawn wire ~ 56.3 ( 5S ) W Hammered 150 4 28 (") Drawn wire 420 ( 3 ^) Drawn to mm diam. : ( 16 ) 0.45 186 0.18 240 0.145 256 v. also 0.10 339 Fig. 4 0.028 411 Rolled sheet 335 Single crystal wires * Probably too high due to impurity. t On 5 cm. Î UCS = 87; YPG = 30 kg/mni2. § YPC = 39 kg/mm2. 11 YP just below UTS; PL = 46.

100

TAB LE 2.—HARDNESS OF As, B, CA, CE, Co, CR, GE, IN, K, LA, Mo, NA AND PR Metal As B Ca Ce

Co

Cr Ge ___

diam. L?ad> ScH . E,P' „2 Lit. kg kg/mm mm I !Metallic. |147 | 10 [1000 | | | Q*) I Usually described as nearly as hard as diamond. | | 42* 10 500 19-20 (5)" 28.0 5 90 26 (rolled) l*ï) 9 (fresh (23) cut) Cast Ï 2 4 1 0 1600 (34) 86 10 1000 (14) Electrolytict 270-311 (44) 91 10 500 T^) I Between 6 and 6.5 on Mohs' | ___^ («) _ scale _ of hardness. __ __ Treatment

K

BHN

0.037

La Mo

37 Ï47

0.07

Na

10 10

1.6

0.25

500 12 (rod) 35 (sheet)

10

3.2

0.3 ,

Pr

Electrolytic!

*ü. also (i*). t Probably contained Ha. Î About 99.7 % pure.

25

10

500

^) 0*» ^) (36) (68) (68) (î 3 ^) (71)

TABLE 3.—PKOPERTIES OF Co-CR AND STELLITE Typical compositions of stellile Fig. I Variation of Tensile strength of Mo Wire with Temperature Wires 0.625mm.diam.

n

Co I Cr I W I Mo I Fe I Si I Mn I V I C | Remarks | Lit. 34.6 26.312.7 9.410.10.780.721.01.79 (1914) (2Î) 55.6 33.6 9.1 Tr. 0.170 O 1.48 (1917) (21) 54.932.99.1 1.00.29 Stellile 2 ( 54 ) '52.923.817.6 5.20.62 Stellile 3 ( 54 ) 59.5 10.8 O 22.5 3.10.772.04 0.87 (26) 38 30 16 4 (Ni, 10) 2-5 "Akrite" (S») Brinell hardness of stellile /,0C 15 TOO 200 I 350 475 630 TOO 800 Lit. BHN*.... 512 495 430 430 387 364 351 332 (21) As Quenched Quenched ,-. received 1300° 1000° Stellile 2 545 495 564 (26) Stellile 3 590 594 Co, 75; Cr, 25: UTS = 67 kg/mm 2 ; EL = 56 kg/mm 2 ; El = 3% O 4 ). * These data apparently for second alloy in above table.

Fig. 4 Tensile Strength of Single - Crystal wires of W Wires from 0.05 to 0.19 mm diam. Different wires show discontinuities atlhe same temperatures, at which other physical properties change in the same way. All points lie close to the curve drawn.

Fig.2

(I8)

Venation of Ductility of Mo Wire with Temperature Wires 0.625mm.diam. (63)

TABLE 4.—HARDNESS OF ALLOYS .. .,. % composition

As, 57; Cd, 43 Mn, 80; Si, 20 Mn, 66; Si, 34... Mo, 88.9; C, 11.1 Si, 54; Ti, 46 Zr, 61.5; Si, 38.5 % composition Fig.3 Variation of Reduction of Area of Mo wires with Temperature Wires 0.625 mm diam.

H

Ce, 87; Cu, 13 Ce, 54; Cu, 46 Co, 90; W, 10

. 0~ t, C

Mohs> scaje

Hardness,

T .,

20 15 15 20 22 22

3.5-4 6.5 8.5 7-8 4-5 6

(73) (43) («) (51) (29) (29)

Lit,-

| BHN \ Lit. 61* (23) 152* (23) 282f (35)

* 5 mm ball, 110 kg load. t Maximum hardness for 25 % Co.

TABLE 5.—EXTRUSION PRESSURE OF IN-PB AND K-Rs In-Pb (aperture 2.81 mm diam.) (38) %In EP

O 5.8 14.1 27.0 35.8 45.2 56.4 84.3100 10.6 14.7 18.2 21.0 23.7 21.0 18.2 11.5 3.1 K-Rb (t = 220C, aperture 2.86 mm diam) (37) % R b O 9.4|12.8|26.7l31.2|55.7 67.2|85.6l 90 I 96 !IPO l Q f f P l O . 9 2 . 2 J 2 . 4 | 2.8| 2.6| 2.4| 2.1| 1.9| 1.5| l . l ] 0 . 8

TABLE 6.—ELASTIC PROPERTIES OP TA AND W Ta W

TABLE 7.—SPECIFIC GRAVITIES OF ALLOYS.—(Continued)

E = 1.9 X IQ4 kg/mm 2 (4) E = 3.62 X IO4 kg/mm 2 at 2O0C 1 dE/dt = constant = 3.31 X IO4 kg/mm 2 at 100O0C J (io) Nearly same value v. (16» 18 > 72 ). G = 1.51 X IO 4 kg/mm 2 at 2O0C dG/dt is negative, amount varying with recrystallization of the wire (*8. 31, 58, 72). K = 2.82 X IO4 kg/mm 2 at 270C 1 , ?2 , = 3.62 X IQ4 kg/mm 2 at 6420C J ( } X ==0.17 (independent of temperature) ( 18 ). TABLE 7.—SPECIFIC GRAVITIES OF ALLOYS

% composition As, 55.5; Ca, 44.5 As, 62.8; Cd, 37.2 57 43 55.7 44.3 49.5 50.5 As, 71.4; Co, 28.6 65.6 34.4 56.0 44.0 45.9 54.1 As, 68.4; Cr, 31.6 59.0 41.0 B, 62; Ca, 38 B, 57; Sr, 43 Ba, 73; As, 27 Ba, 67.7; B, 32.3 Ca, 55.3; Mg, 44.7 Co, 91.5; B, 8.5 Co, 89.27; Ni, 10.73 79.54 20.46 69.77 30.23 60.43 39.57 Co, 79.2; P, 20.8 Co, 80.8; Si, 19.2 67.6 32.4 51 49 Cr, 82.5; B, 17.5 87.7 12.3 Cr, 91.4; C, 8.6 86.7; 13.3 Cr, 50.8; W, 40.1; C, 9.1 Ga, 90; In, 10 K, 68.3; Na, 31.7 La, 85.3; C, 14.7 Mn, 97.0; C, 3.0 93.28 6.72... Mn, 77.4; Mo, 22.6 69.5 30.5 53.4 46.6 36.4 63.6 22.3 77.7 Mn, 80; Si, 20 66 34 49.3 50.7 Mo, 94.1; C, 5.9 88.9 11.1

|

t, 0C 15 20 20 20 20 O O O Q 22 16 15 15 15 15 25 20

| I

,. 15 15 25 21 22 20 4.5 20

O O O O O 15 15 13 20

d\ 2.5 5.8s 5.86 5.92 5.9? 770 7.3 7.6 T1S 6.2 6JL3 2.2 3^ 4.1 4.36 1.7 7.9 8.87 8.7s 8.77 8.72 6.6 7.3 6.3 5.3 6.1 6.7 6.9 6.6s 8.4 5.9s 0.89o 5.0 6.9s 6.89 7.3 7.8 8.4 8.6 8.7 6.2 5.9 6^2 8.9 8.4

|

Lit. (41) ( 7 S)

(U)

(»)

(53) (53) (*i) (53) (2) (") (3)

(7*) (42) ( 66 ) (12) (56) (52) («) (22) (46) (62)

% composition Mo, 77; Fe, 23 63 37 53 47 46 54 Mo, 62.8; Si, 37.2 Na, 85.78; Hg, 14.22 79.9 20.1 77.73 22.27 71.0 29.0 58.7 41.3 56.35 43.65 51.0 49.0 S i , 96.5; A l , 3 . 5 85 15 57 43 Si, 58.7; Ca, 41.3 Si, 89.1; Cr, 10.9 75.8 24.2 70 30 65.3 34.7 62 38 57.8 42.2 52.4 47.6 51 49 Si, 90.5; Cu, 9.5 69.6 30.4 68 32. 51.6 48.4 50.4 49.6 Si, 95.0; Fe, 5.0 79.4 20.6 61.5 38.5 51.8 48.2 50.1 49.9 Si, 71.8; Li, 28.2 Si, 66.8; Ni, 33.2 57.3 42.7 52.6 47.4 Si, 54; Ti, 46 Sr, 54; As, 46 Ta, 80.4; Si, 19.6 Th, 90.6; C, 9.4 Th, 80.5; Si, 19.5 V, 81; C, 19.... W, 93.88; C, 6.12 W, 73.6; Fe, 22.4; C, 4 . O . . W, 76.5; Si, 23.5 Zr, 61.5; Si, 38.5

|

/,0C O O O Q Q 17 110 17 110 110 17 110

|

d\ | Lit. 9.4 (67) 9.0 9.2 8.9 5.9 (3Q) 1.12s (6S) 1.17 1.23s 1.28 1.57 1.716 ! 1.79 2 Ä ( i 7 ) 2.4 2^5 2.5 (49) = 2J5 (I 7 ) 2.9 3.1 3.3 3.5 4.0 4.7 4.8 2To O7) 3.0 3.1 3.6 . 3.9 18 2?4 (25, 60) 18 2.7s 18 3.9 18 4.4 18 4.7 ^^^ 1.1 (48) sTs O7) 3.9 4.2 22 ~ 4.0 (29) 15 3.6 (41) O 8?8 (30) 18 970 (50) 16 7.9s (28) 5.4 (46) 18.5 15.6 (57, 69) 18 13.4 ( 7 Q) O 9.4 (7) 22 4.9 (29)

(1)

LITERATURE (For key to the periodicals see end of volume)

(43) (4 7 ) (Sl)

(i) Arrivant, 34, 143: 285, 465; 06. (2) ßiltz and Hohorst, 93, 121: 1; 22. ( 3 ) Bloch, 6, 26:5; 12. (*) van Bolton, 9, 11: 45; 05. ( 5 ) Brace, 47, 25: 153; 21. (6) Browning and Uhler, 12, 41: 351; 16. ( 7 ) Defracqz, 54, 144: 848; 07. ( 8 ) Dennis, Tressler and Hance, 1, 45: 2033; 23. (») Dieckmann and Hanf, 93, 86: 291; 14. ( 10 ) Dodge, 0, 11: 311; 18. O 1 ) Ducelliez, 84, 147: 424; 08. (") Edwards, 47, 20: 61; 18. ^ 13 ) Fink, 78,17: 229; 10. ( 14 ) Fink, 75, 22: 499; 12. ( 1S ) Frilley, 74, 8: 457; 11. 0«) Giess, 808, 3: 322; 23. O?) Goodwin, 1, 27:

1403; 05. ( 1 S) Coucher, 5, 48: 229; 24. (^) Guillet and Godfroid, 74, 15: 339; 18. (20) Hagen, 8, 19: 436; 83. ( 2 1 ) Hanaman, 95, 7: 174; 15. f 2 2 ) Haynes, 45, 2: 397; 10. ( 23 ) Hengstenberg, 77, 44: 914; 24. v 2 4 ) Hibbard, £0, No. 100: 61; 15. ( 2 S ) Hirsch, 75, 20: 57; 11. C 2 *) Hönigschmid, S^, 142: 157; 06. (27) Hönigschmid, 34, 143: 224; 06. ( 2 8 ) Hönigschmid, 57, 28: 1017; 07. C 2 *) lokibé and Sakai, S, 42 : 397; 21. (30) du Jassoneix, 34, 143: 1149; 06. ( 3 1 ) du Jassoneix, 34, 145: 240; 07. ( 32 ) Jeffries, 80, 60: 588; 19. <,33) Jones, S3, 22: 9; 20. ( 34 ) Kalmus and Harper, 45, 7: 6; 15. ( 3 5 ) Kreitz, 187, 19: 137; 22. ( 36 ) Kremers and Stevens, 1, 45: 614; 23. ( 3 ?) Kurnakov and Nikitinskii, 93, 88: 151; 14. ( 38 ) Kurnakov and Zhemchuzhnui, 93, 64: 149; 09. ( 39 ) Kurnakov and Zhemchuzhnui, 200, 11: 1; 14. (40) Lebeau, 34, 128: 95; 99. ( 41 ) Lebeau, 34, 129: 47; 99. ( 4 2 ) Lebeau, 34, 132: 556; 01. ( 4 3 ) Lebeau, 34, 136: 89, 231; 03. <, 44 ) Macnaughtan, 140, 109: 409; 24. ( 4 S ) Moissan, 34, 122: 1297; 96. ( 4 6 ) Moissan, 34,

123: 148; 96. ( 4 7 ) Moissan, 34, 125: 839; 97. ( 48 ) Moissan, 34, 134: 1083; 02. ( 4 9) Moissan and Dilthey, 34, 134: 503; 02. ( 5 0 ) Moissan and Etard, 34t. 122: 573; 96. <, 51 ) Moissan and Hoffman, 34, 138: 1558; 04. ( 5 2 ) Moissan and Kouznetzov, 34, 137: 292; 03. ( 53 ) Moissan and Williams, 84, 125: 629; 97. ( 54 ) National Physical Laboratory, England, O. ( 55 ) Rentschler and Marden, 2, 25: 589; 25. ( 56 ) Ruff and Foehr, 93, 104: 27; 18. ( 5 7 ) Ruff and Wunsch, 93, 85: 292; 14. ( 5 ») Schriever, 2, 23: 255; 24. ( 5 ») Schulz, 95, 16: 337; 24. ( 6 0 ) Schwarz, 139, 11: 80; 13. («) Siemens, 325, 19: 590; 09. (* 2 ) Stadeler, 192, 5 : 260; 08. ( 63 ) Sykes, 80, 64: 780; 20. ( 64 ) Tajime, Nagaoka Anniv. Voi, 1925: p. 413. ( 6 5 ) Vanstone, 83, 7: 42; 11. (66) Vigouroux, 34, 142: 635; 06. («?) Vigouroux, 34, 142: 889, 928; 06. (68) Western Electric. Co., O. (69) Williams, 34, 126: 1722; 98. (70) Williams, 34, 127: 410; 98. ^ 1 ) Wierda and Kremers, 78, preprint; 25. (72) Worthing, 2, 12: 199; 18. (73) Zhemchuzhnui, 95, 4: 228; 13. (*4) Zhemchuzhnui and Schepelev, 93, 64: 245; 09.

FATIGUE OF METALS AND ALLOYS H. J. GOUGH CONTENTS Composition of alloy.

MATIÈRES Composition des alliages.

Endurance limits. Reversed direct stresses.

Limites d'endurance. Efforts direct alternatifs.

Reversed bending stresses (rotating beam). Reversed plane bending stresses. Reversed torsional stresses.

Efforts de flexion alternatifs (arbre rotatif). Efforts de flexion plane alternatifs. Efforts de torsion alternatifs.

Direct stress, various mean stresses.

Effort direct, efforts moyens variés.

Torsional stress, mean stresses.

various

Effort de torsion, moyens variés.

Direct stress at temperatures.

various

Effort direct à des températures variées.

Reversed bending stress at various temperatures.

efforts

Effort de flexion plane à des températures variées.

The data on fatigue of metals and alloys are arranged according to the following scheme: 1. The chemical sj^mbols of the principal constituents of each non-ferrous alloy are arranged in order of descending magnitude of their proportions in the alloy. Thus section 3 (Al-Cu-Mg-Si) contains alloys whose largest constituent is Al; the next largest Cu and the third largest is Mg, any other elements present having minor effect on the properties (v. also Introduction, p. 358). The sections are numbered consecutively. 2. The steels are arranged in the same manner except that C is written last in the type formula. 3. The different sections, each containing alloys of the same type formula are arranged in alphabetical order. 4. The alloys within each section are arranged in descending magnitude of proportion of largest constituent if this is given by analysis, if not, in order of ascending magnitude of proportion of second constituent; they are numbered consecutively in each section. 5. In the figures, the composition number of any alloy is the combination of its section number and number within the section. Thus the Al-Cu alloy containing 12% Cu has the composition number 2:4. 6. In Tables 2-9, the alloys follow the same arrangement as in Table 1, which should be consulted for exact composition.

INHALTSVERZEICHNIS Zusammensetzung der Legierungen. Ermüdungsfestigkeit. (Zug-bezw. Druck)-Wechselspannungen. Wechselbiegespannungen. Wechselbiegespannungen (in gleicher Ebene). Wechseldrehspannungen. (Zug-bezw. Druck)-Wechselspannungen mit verschiedenen Mittelwert. Drehspannungen mit verschiedenem Mittelwert. (Zug- bezw. Druck)-Wechselspannungen bei verschiedener Temperatur. Ebenengleiche Biegespannungen bei verschiedener Temperatur.

INDICE PAQE Composizione delle leghe. . 595 Limiti di durata 599 Sforzi assiali invertiti. . . 599 Sollecitazioni per flessione rotante Sollecitazioni per piegatura invertita Sollecitazioni di torsione, invertite Sforzo assiale, valori varii medi delle sollecitazioni Sforzo di torsione, valori varii medi delle sollecitazioni Sforzi assiali a varie temperature

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

4.550.56 8.0 12.0 0.69 12.6 0.82

0.82

605 606 607 607 608

Sollecitazioni per piegamento a varie temperature 608

TABLE 1.—COMPOSITION OF ALLOYS Comp. % composition, Al + No. ~Cu I Fe Mg I Mn I Ni Si Zn 1. Al Ï 0.12|0.49| I I I 0.15| 2 (99.6% Al) Single crystals* _ _ _ 2. Al-Cu _ _ 2 3 4 5

601

0.82

0.38 0.05 0.37 Tr. 3. Al-Cu-Mg-Si 3.250.280.70 Tr. 0.28 ] f 3.61 .74 .700.60 .48 3.75 .60 .26 .69 .40 n 3.88 .45 .78 .64 .26 \ . ' \ alumms 4.0 .501.0 1.0 4.18 .66 0.19 4.28 .54 .420.62 .34 J 5.0 .75 .5 .75 6.0 .75 .5 M)

&

°

3~~ 2, 5 _ 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3,9 3 3 3,9 3, 9

TABLE 1.—COMPOSITION OF ALLOYS.—(Continued} Comp. ' % composition, Al + No. " Cu I Fe I Mg I Mn I Ni I Si I Zn * & 4. Al-Cu-Ni-Mg 1 2.0 1.0 1.5 0.6 "Magnante" 3,9 3 2 4 . 0 1.0 1.0 3 4.0 1.50 1.0 3 4 4.0 1.500.50 2.0 0.75 Ind. No. 1491 3,9 5 4.00.201.500.50 2.0 .20 Modified"Y" 3,9 alloy 6 470~ ~20ÏToO 270 ^2O " Y " 3 ,9 7 4.0 1.5 2JO alloy 3 6. Al-Cu-Zn Ï 8.7 0.57 (h33 5 ? 3 3 2 9.5 .75 .35 5.5 3 6. Al-Mg 1 I |0.8 |6.2 "Aeromin"! 0.30| 3,9 7. Al-Mg-Si 1 I 0.15|0.54|0.55|0.006 0.56| 3 8. Al-Si 1 5.0 3 2 8.0 3 3 0.30 8.5 3 4 0.45 11.04 3 5 12.65 3 6

7 8 1 2 3 4 5

Î 2 3 4 5 6 7 Comp. No. Ï 2 3 4 5 6 Comp. No. ~~~I 2 3 4

0.5

0.35

(Ca',0.05;Na,0.006) 12.7

2, 8

3 3

Comp. No.

5.21 9.26 11.0 16.85 26.0

2 2 2 2 2

Ï 2 3 4 5

7/73 11.4 12.1 15.9 20.0

3 3 3 3 3,9

1

20.3 25.0

3,9 3

I 13.0 I 13.75 9. Al-Zn

.

10. Al-Zn-Cu 3.041.23 _J>n__ 0.29 2.070.62 0.05 0.27 2.170.73 0.06 0.30 3.0 2.5 0.200.5 0.5 "E" 1.0 alloy 2.9 0.20""A" alloy 0.25 3.0 0.20 "B"alloy 0.25

TABLE 1.—COMPOSITION OP ALLOYS.—(Continued) Comp. % composition No. "Cu Al I Fe I Mn Ni | Si | Zn Table 13. Cu-Al, Al-Bronzes Î99.86 0 . 1 0 2 2 96.98 2.99 0.008 0.024 2 3 94.90 5.07 .006 .018 2 4 94.85 5.62 .065 3, 5 5 92.61 9.90 .017 .027 2 6 90.91 9.10 .002 3, 5 7 90.5210.01 .002 3,5 8 90.22 9.78 3 9 90.06 7.35 .017 .027 2 10 89.8110.06 3 11 89.0 10.0 1.0 3 12 87.1210.4 2.92 3, 5 14. Cu-Al-Mn 1 89.0610.2 0.01 0.92 0.01 2 2 88.30 9.82 .03 1.88 .34 2 3 88.11 8.91 .02 2.98 .02 2 16. Cu-Al-Ni 1 87.45 7.91 4.64 2 2 87.45 6.93 5.62 2 3 87.32 5.34 7.34 2 16. Cu-Mn 1 196.2 I I 0.18 I 3.58 | | | | 2

% composition Cu Al I Fe I Ni I Pb I Sn I Zn 11. Cu, Electrolytic or Commercially Pure 99.993 0.0052 <0.002 99.992 .0058 <0.002 99.991t .008 <0.001 99.98 .02 99.96 Tr. Tr. Tr. 99.895 % composition Cu O I Fe I Ni I S I 12. Cu, Oxygenated 99.954 0.0360.002 0.00150.0002 These also 99.94 .049 .002 .0015 .0002 contain 99.90 .094 .002 .0015 .0001 0.001 Ag, 99.75 .240 .002 .0015 .0005 0.0015As, 0.002Sb

* * 5 5 3 3 3 3

1 1 2

Ta le

3 3 3 3, 5 3 | 3,~5~ 3 3, 5 3

Comp. % composition No. ~Cu I Fe I Mn| P I Pb I Sn I Zn 21. Cu-Sn, Bronzes Ï 96.12 0732 3.54 1 Phos. 2 95.74 .048 4.20 /bronze 3 95.610.031 .056 0.002 4.66

T~2 \ 3 5

4.05(^ h ° S > { bronze 4.89 5.06

1 3 J 3 3

?h°S> bronze

1 3 J

4

95.57 .09

.39 <0.01

5 6

94.96 95.0

.026

7

89.39 .08

G

3 3 3 3

% composition Cu I Fe I Mn I Ni I C I Sn | Zn 17. Cu-Ni 80.340.270.1219.230.03 80.03 .16 19.43 78.92 .190.2620.61 Cupro-nickel 53.77 .52 1.14 44.68 .11 Constantan 53.71 .660.8944.77 .078 18. Cu-Ni-Cr |58.93|l.04|l.6l|34.15| +(Cr, 4.14; Si, 0.13) 19. Cu-Ni-Sn |69.82|0.27| |29.08|0.07 | 0.95 I 20. Cu-Ni-Zn 74.010.340.7519.750.07 i 5J7 60.08 .20 10.89J German silver 29.05

Î 2 3

4 5

0.01

.13 <0.01 10.6 I { 22. Cu-Zn, Brasses 81.0 0.05 <0.01 73.28 .135 .026 72.36 .13 (S = .13 0.035%) 71.69 .13 .017 70.08 .05 <0.01

Tab G

19.06 26.61 27.46

3 3 2

28.24 29.99

5 3

TABLE 1.—COMPOSITION OP ALLOYS.—(Continued)

~6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Ï 2 3 4 5

% composition I Fe I Mn I P I Pb I Sn Zn 22. Cu-Zn, Brasses.—(Continued) 69.850.04 | j TrI 30.11 66.3 (Navalbrass, a) 0.25 1.20 32.2 65.0 I I 34.6 61.20 (Naval brass) 0.10 0.43 38.27 60.81 .002 (Naval .002 0.85 38.32 brass) 60.25 .02 .02 39.61 59.78 .03 .08 40.11 59.65 .164 (Muntz .20 0.10 40.11 metal) 58.5 .87 (Naval brass, «, /8) 0.50 40.1 58.19 .65 (Mn 0.02 1.04 40.10 bronze) 58.0 .80 (Muntz metal) Tr. 41.2 56.851.50 0.20| (Mn bronze) 0.32 40.90 22.5. Cu-Zn-Pb, Leaded Brasses 61.600.03 0.06 38.31 61.54 .04 0.53 37.89 61.03 .03 1.58 37.89 59.58 .03 2.61 37.78 59.40 .03 3.43 37.14

TABLE 1.—COMPOSITION OF ALLOYS.—(Continued)

Comp. No. "Cu

Comp. No. 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3,5 2, 6 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3

Comp. No. ~C I 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Comp. No. "

% composition, Fe + I Mn I P I S I Si23. Fe, Commercially Pure 0.012 Armcoiron 0.070.0140.0170.0172,3,5 .02 1 T , . / .03 .005 .042 .02 2,3,4,5 .023/ In g QtirQn I .037 .002 .031 .005 3 .029 ] .07 .219 .024 .127 2 .039 w , Tr. .018 Tr. 2 .045 wrougni Q 1 7 0 2 3 4 2, 3 Q Q24 24ß lr n .06 ° .12 .25 .023 .13 3 I .195 J I .005 .054| .011 .086 2

% composition, Fe+ T KI C I Cr I Mn I Ni I P | S | Si 24. Fe-C, Carbon Steels Ï 0 . 0 6 5 ( T Ö 4 0 . 1 3 5 0.010 0 . 1 4 8 2 2 .11 0 .73 0.12 .02 .018 .10 3 3 .13 S .70 .046 .042 .18 2 , 3 , 5 4 .13 3 ~ .30 .028 .017 .028 2,6 5 .14 ^ l .68 .045 .04 .19 3 6 . .14 § "S .53 .008 .056 .17 3 7 .15 3 g> 2, 3 8 .15 IVg .30 .018 .034 .06 3 9 .16 ^ *2 2 10 .17 5 Jj! .10 .013 .012 .021 2 11 .17 . E .46 .023 .032 .12 3 12 .18 g § .37 .013 .039 .06 3 13 .19 g .60 .052 .047 .024 2 14 .19 ~ .65 .025 .049 .05 3 15 .20 .67 .025 .090 .03 3 16 .20 0.06 .58 0.18 .044 .034 .18 3 17 .21 .017 .82 .206 .06 .08 .08 3 18 .24 .83 .033 .043 .33 2, 6 19 .24 .45 .009 .051 .007 3, 5 20 .25 .65 .05 .03 .06 2 , 3 , 5 21 .25 1.18 .031 .04 .25 3,5 22 .26 0.54 .027 .031 .05 3 23 .27 .58 .055 .038| .065 2,6

24 25 26

% composition, Fe + C I Cr I Mn I Ni I P I S Si * ° 24. Fe-C, Carbon Steels.—(Continued) 0.29 0.52 0.01 0.051 0.17 3 .29 .75 .057 .046 .037 2,6 .30 .05 .04 3

27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35

.31 .31 .31 .32 .33 .34 .34 .35 .36

36

.37

37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69

.47 .67 .86 .58 .59 .68 .56

.013 .04 .078 .049 .049 .045 .026

.66

.02

.37 .58 .032 .38 .69 .025 .38 .57 .033 .40 .77 .40 .05 .41 .54 .017 .42 .62 .02 .44 1.05 .446 0.47 .067 .45 .45 .54 0.12 .017 .46 .68 .13 .015 .48 .60 .010 .49 .46 .017 .51 .59 .053 .52 .56 .037 .53 .48 .017 .57 .60 .058 .60 0.09 .77 .03 .011 .60 57 .69 .039 .62 Jl .23 .011 .63 S.£> .56 .055 .645 | | .26 .028 .65 P1S .11 .03 .71 !* .72 .11 .029 .72 ^ .26 .015 .77 7£ï 1.55 .037 .79 | | | .30 .015 .81 d?M .32 .012 .93 oJ-E .38 .017 .97 ê_E .31 .18 .019 1.02 .24 .012 1.20 .021 125 % composition, Fe +

.03 .048 .091 .052 .051 .023 .021

.16 .14

3 3 3 .22 3 .22 2 , 3 , 5 .055 2,6 .072 2 2 .041 .25 3

.035 .030 .048 .029 .08 .024 .03

.16 2,3,4,5 .066 2,6 .04 3,5 4 3 .14 5 .17 3 .30 4 .063 2 2 .15 3 .11 5,7 .19 3 .12 2-5,7,9 .083 2,6 .24 3 , 4 , 5 .12 2,3 .121 2,6 .21 3 .20 3 .186 2 , 6 .111 2,6 .062 2 .14 2,3,5,8 .44 3 .163 2,6 .18 3 .182 2,6 .16 3,5 .03 2,3,4,5 .13 3 .145 3,9 .19 2-5,7

2, 3

.044 .016 .021 .038 .029 .038 .029 .037 .034 .007 .04 .031 .038 .010 .020 .032 .032 .047 .032 .031 .045 .020 .029 .021

C mp

° - ~C' No. graphite

^ com- Mn P S bined 25. Fe-C, Cast Iron Ï Ï77Ô 0.56 0.95 0.045 0.037 2 1.97 .46 .27 1.48 .069 3 I 2.10 .47 .77 0.060 .029 Comp. % composition, Fe+ No. Ce C Mn I Ni P | S | 26. Fe-Ce-C, Ce-Steels 1 I Q'gJ" JO.38 0.68

Si

2.49 2.07 2.30

Table

2, 8 2 2

Si

0.35

4

TABLE 1.—COMPOSITION OP ALLOYS.—(Continued) Comp. % composition, Fe + T No. "C"r I C I Mn I Ni | P | S | Si 27. Fe-Cr-C, Cr-Steels Stainless steels, excepting No. 1 Ï 0.940.35 0.62 07354 2 11.71 .085 .32 0.13 0.0190.042 .594 2 3 11.78 .08 .07 Cu, 0.05 .017 .007 .11 3 4 12.33 .247 .36 .012 .075 .09 2,3 5Î 12.26 .42 .27 0.20 .016 .058 .056 3,5 6 12.9 .32 .30 .3 .026 .03 1.36 3 7 13.18 .09 .03 (Stainless iron) 0.06 3,5 8 13.34 .08 .06 0.12 0.017 .003 .08 3 9 13.31 .21 .59 .13 .017 .017 .79 3 10 14.31 .104 .447 Tr. .006 Tr. .935 2 11} 14.99 .85 .39 .26 .020 .005 .16 3,5 12 15.21 .40 .28 .18 .017 .058 .59 3,5 13j 15.81 .61 .39 .24 .018| .035 .03 | 3, 5 Comp. No. 1 Comp. No. Ï 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

% composition, Fe+ Ce | C | Mn | Ni | Si lab 28. Fe-Cr-Ce-C, Cr-Ce-Steels I 0.981 0.41-0.50 I 0.41 | 0.64 | | 0.27 | 4 Cr I

% composition, Fe + Cr I Mo I C I Mn I P I S I 29. Fe-Cr-Mo-C, Cr-Mo-Steels 0.55 0.39 0.42 Ö 7 ö 5 0 7 .73 .28 .15 .36 .76 .18 .39 .49 0.034 0.035 .79 .34 .22 .59 .85 .20 .31 .44 .034 .035 .88 .30 .40 .65 .89 .36 .41 .63 .95 .10 .40 .52 .033 .024 .95 .39 .52 .71 .95 .68 .40 .62 .95 .73 .25 .48 1.03 .19 .50 .48 .030 .039 1.04 .09 .42 .53 .032 .023

Comp. I No. I Cr j V Ï 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

0.93 .93 .95 .99 1.00 1.16 1.46 1.48 13.47J

% composition, Fe+ C I Mn I P I S I 30. Fe-Cr-V-C, Cr-V-Steels 0.16 0.41 0.67 [C. No. Ni I .20 .40 .64 5 0.20 .20 .44 .49 6 .173 .19 .55 8 .19 .16 .45 .56 0.016 0.030 .23 .24 .30 .046 .044 .23 .53 .50 .005 .038 .33 .46 .64 .31 .28 .27 .03 .04 .01

Si

0.13 .31

.13 .29 .22 .19

4 4 3 4 3 4 4 3 4 4 4 3 3 b

4 4 3 3 3,5 3 3 3 3

Comp. No. ~Mo I C Ï 2 3 4 5 6

0.34 .37 .67 .73 1.05 3.00

% composition, Fe+ I I Mn I P I S I Si ~ 31. Fe-Mo-C, Mo-Steels 0.44 1 7 2 9 0 . 3 3 .38 0.71 .35 .41 0.72 .42 .43 1.24 .46 .46 0.75 .43 .36 0.65 .30

Comp. No. 1

Si~

Î 9 .12 .195 .14 .22 .12 .28 .26 .16 .40 .19 .24 .25

TABLE 1.—COMPOSITION OF ALLOYS.—(Continued) Comp. % composition, Fe+ No. Ni I C I Cr Mn I P I S I Si 32. Fe-Ni-C, Ni-Steels 1 2.93 0.38 0.23 0.62 0.032 0.03 0.19 2,8 2 2.96 .39 .55 .031 .039 0.11 3 3 3.00 .41 .70 2.47 4 4 3.06 .39 .61 .024 .019 0.14 3,5 5 3.12 .12 .30 .022 .022 .037 2,6 6 3.25 .38 .28 .027 .024 .063 2,6 7 3.35 .31 .64 .026 .028 .13 3,5,7 8 3.41 .41 0.18 .75 .02 .02 .25 2-7 9 3.56 .1423* -50 .029 .021 .19 2,6 10 3.60 ~ . 4 2 4 ' j j j .70 .017 .016 .12 3,5 11 3.70 .291^ .66 .005 .046 .14 3 12 3.74 .28j|J .578 .014 .047 .195 5,7 13 4.70 .50 . g .32 .023 .027 .233 2,6 14 4.84 .14 g S^ .29 .009 .018 .16 3 15 5.10 .!Soll -16 -038 .038 .187 3 16 5.76 .11 0.10 I .20 .033| .03l| .18 | 3

4 4 4 4 4 4

% composition, Fe + Ce I C I Mn I S j Si 33. Fe-Ni-Ce-C, Ni-Ce-Steels I 2.86 0.33 to 0.58 I 0.43 | 0.91 | 2.54 | Ni I

Comp. No. "NT I Cr I 34. 1 0.47 1.10 2 1.23 0.65 3 1.36 .65 4 1.41 .81 5 1.45 1.10 6 1.75 0.99 7 2.49 .83 8 2.56 .83 9 2.93 .69 10 3.00 .48 11 3.15 .58 12 3.18 .96 13 3.33 .84 14 3.33 .87 15 3.33 .18 16 3.45 .76 17 3.48 .78 18 3.6 .6 19H 4.30 1.40 20 4.65 0.29 21

19.70 8.31

% composition, Fe + C I Mn I P I S I Si ' Fe-Ni-Cr-C, Ni-Cr-Steels 0.43 0.63 0.012 0.038 0.22 .47 .64 .36 .368 .681 .012 .013 .13 .46 .82 .015 .020 .41 .64 .009 .033 .20 .49 Nos. 10, 11 .37 .63 are case hard- .28 .36 .65 ening steels .33 .19 .20 .33

.45 .39 .47

.24.41 .32 .32 .30 .30 .16

.37 .65 .60 .46 .40 .56 .43

.33

.49

0.021 0.028 .022 .033 .007 .052 .019 .018 .03

.32 .28 .18

.025 .025 .03

.15 .15 .12 .23 .17 .22 .11

.02 .02 .015 .041 .033 .044 Stainless

«Q*^ s metal" J

1

^ 16

4 G

3 4 5,7 3 3 3 4 4 2 3 3 3 2 3,4,5,7 3,9 3 3 2,6 3 3 3

> 5> 9

Comp. % composition, Fe + a e No. ~Ni I Cr I C Cu I Mn I P I S I Si 35. Fe-Ni-Cr-Cu-C, Ni-Cr-Cu-Steels (Stainless Steels) Î 12.1919.01 0.80 0.05 0.860.0170.045 1.70 3 2 15.8815.95 .38 .08 .71 .020 .048 2.36 3 3 22.90 5.42 .24 .78 .80 .010 .027 1.65 3,5 4 25.2717.71 .39 .12 .66 .018 .030 1.44 3 5 25.8117.32 .70 .05 .72 .018 .060 3.08 3 6 28.20 8.38 .45 .67 .49 .012 .022 1.39| 3,5

Comp. No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

% composition, Fe + Cr I Mo I C I Mn I P I S I Si 37. Fe-Ni-Cr-Mo-C, Ni-Cr-Mo-Steels 1.27 0.67 0.83 0.41 0.64 0.41 1.28 .68 .31 .39 .66 .27 2.39 .86 .75 .50 .63 .44 2.44 .82 .37 .44 .66 .43 2.45 .88 .35 .46 .61 .32 2.49 .79 .76 .41 .60 .31 2.52 .83 .34 .53 .65 .36 2.53 .78 .75 .38 .61 .48 4.83 .96 .89 .27 .350.0150.02 .13 Ni

Comp. % composition, Fe+ No. "Ni I Cr I V I C I Mn | P | S Si 38. Fe-Ni-Cr-V-C, Ni-Cr-V-Steels Î 1 . 2 0 0.75 0.24 0.39 0.71 0.28 2 2.52 .84 .20 .40 .61 .28 3 I 3.30 .60 .10 .30 0.0340.022 .31

& e

4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3

T , a G

4 4 2,3

Comp. % composition, Fe+ rp No. ~Ni I Mo I I C I Mn I P I S I Si * * 39. Fe-Ni-Mo-C, Ni-Mo-Steels Ï 1/70 0.12 0.41 0.460.0370.020 0.22 3 2 2.95 .70 .37 .52 2.50 4 Comp. 'No. 1

% composition, Fe+ TW |. C I Mn I P S | Si * G 40. Fe-Ni-V-C, Ni-V-Steels 2.94| 0.12 I 0.36| 0.5ll I 2.42 4 Ni I V

Comp. % composition, Fe+ No. "Ni I Zr I I C Mn P | S | Si"" 41. Fe-Ni-Zr-C, Ni-Zr-Steels l 3.00l 0.24l 0.43l 0.57 I | 2.40 Comp. No. 1

% composition, Fe + Mn I C I j P I S 42. Fe-Si-Mn-C, Si-Mn-Steels I 1.97| 0.651 0.55 (Springsteel) 0.024| 0.0371

4

Si

Comp. No.

Comp. % composition No. ~Mg I Al I Cu I Zn I Fe I Mn 44. Mg, Commercial Ï 99.96 Ö7Ö2 2 99.89 Tr. 0.02 0.03

3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

Ni

* The mechanical properties depend to some extent on the relative positions of the specimen and crystallographic axes, t By difference. J 5 has 0.04 Cu, 11 has 0.03 Cu, 13 has 1.10 Cu. U" Air hardening steel. § Electron metal. 11 Contains 0.024 P.

TABLE 2.—ENDURANCE LIMITS UNDER REVERSED DIRECT STRESSES

Key No.*

3 5,7 4

G

% composition I Cu I Fe I Mn I C I S I Si 48. Ni, Commercial Ï 99.32 0^2 ÔTÏ5 0.016 0.023 2,3 2 99.070.159 .59 0.184 .044 .025 .008 3,5 3 99+ 3 4 98.95 .12 .50 .10 .25 .175 .06 3,5 5 98.70 .23 .74 .16 .099 .16 .06 3 49. Ni-Cr 1 79.7 0.13| 0.88 I | 0.09 0.012 0.10 2,8 +Cr, 19.04; Mg, 0.05 50. Ni-Cu Ï 76.6621.28 1.40 0.26 0.26 0.006 0.065 3 2 72.9123.56 1.73 1.94 .216 .007 .075 3 3 69.0828.07 1.56 1.01 .18 .005 .02 3 4 68.9527.29 2.22 1.38 .20 .019 .08 3,5 5 67.7428.64 1.75 1.62 .21 .019 .01 3 6 66.8129.65 1.53 1.79 .18 .015 .02 3 7 66.7829.54 2.10 1.44 .16 .039 .02 3,5 8 66.0 30.0 2.10 1.30 .19 .03 3 9 65.2830.53 2.12 1.53 .027 .14 2 10 55.2344.18 0.44 0.36 .016 .009 .002 3 4 has trace Al; 1 has 0.023 P; 4 has 0.19 P; 5 has 0.014 P; 7 has 0.019 P; 8 has 0.04 P; 10 has 0.006 P. 1-7 are Monel metals. 61. Ni-Cu-Mn Ï 68.7428.16 0.56 2.35 0.10 0.008 Tr. 2, 8 2|| 67.5126.23 1.39 4.31 0.20 0.028 0.40 3

Comp. No. ~V 1 2 3

% composition, Fe + Cr I C I Mn P | S | Si 43. Fe-V-C, V-Steels 0.16 0.12 0.57 0.74 0.04 0.03 .16 .504 .79 .017 .031 0.23 .20 .50 .84 .16

3

TABLE 1.—COMPOSITION OF ALLOYS.—(Continued) Comp. % composition No. "Mg I Al I Cu I Zn I Fe I Mn I "sT" 46. Mg-Al 1 95.77 4.20 0.03 2 95.31 4.40 .03 0.26 3 94.0 6.0 4 93.26 6.70 .04 5 92.90 6.80 .04 0.26 6 91.23 8.68 0.026 .041 0.023 46. Mg-Cu 1 |90.31| I 9.65 I I 0.04 | | 47. Mg-Zn 1§ |94.72| Tr. 0.41 | 4.38 1 0.25 | i 0.24 |

Treatment

Approximate composition

Endurance limit Tensile strength

Ï 2 3 4

% composition, Fe + i fini p Ni I Cr I Ce I C I Mn I P I S I Si 36. Fe-Ni-Cr-Ce-C, Ni-Cr-Ce-Steels 1.02 0.84 0.12 0.54 0.84 ( K 4 8 4 1.17 .77 .25 .41 .63 .33 4 2.46 .92 .19 .36 .66 .34 4 2.47 .95 .24| .43 .58 .35 4

Endurance limit, kg/mm2-FZ/o [Def. 17(6)]

Comp. No.

Millions of reversals, 10~%t

TABLE 1.—COMPOSITION OF ALLOYS.—(Continued)

Lit.

1. Al

I Si

Tab e

2

I A, single crystal§

|

Al, 99.6

| 6 Hj: | 2.52§| 0.38 | ( 9 - 5 )

8. Al-Si

0.02 0.06

3 3

6A G m M B G m M, 2507180 Ca C G8M

Si, 12.7

10HJ 10 HJ 10 Hj:

6.0 4.7 7.1

(h27 (22)" 0.24 (22) 0.36 (22)

TABLE 2.—ENDURANCE LIMITS UNDER REVERSED DIRECT STRESSES.—(Continued)

TABLE 2.—ENDURANCE LIMITS UNDER REVERSED DIRECT STRESSES.—(Continued) J^

Treatment

10"6W FLo y^| Lit.


Na*

Treatment

38 45 46 5OB 51 53A^ 54™~ 57 58 59 60 62 64 66 69

As received, R As received Asreceived 1)25720 Ca Asreceived 925720 Ca Asreceived Asreceived. Asreceived Asreceived N 800° Asreceived Asreceived Asreceived 795°/15 Cf, 860°/15 Gt0 . . .

Rh Rh Rh Rh Rh

"Î 2 3 5 9

Rh Rh Rh Rh Rh

Zn, 5 9 11 17 26

ï 1 1 1 1

3J9 5.3 6.8 7.9 9.4

0.28 (23)' .32 (23) .37 (23) .28 (23) .24 (23)

13. Cu-Al, Âl-Bronzes Al, 0.1 3.0 5.1 9.9 10.0

7.3 0.32 ( 4 ) 13.4 .43 (4) 16.2 .39 ( 4 ) 16.2 .35 (*) 22.3 .37 ( 4 )

Î 1 1 1 1

14. Cu-Al-Mn 1 Rh 2 Rh 3 Rh

Al, 10; Mn, 1 Al,10;Mn,2 Al. 9; Mn. 3

1 1 1

ïîTs 19.5 19.5

07:29C24) .30 (*4) .31 ( 24 )

15. Cu-Al-Ni IA B 2A B IT"

900°QW 900° Qw 700730 Ca 900°QW 900° C8 (900-700° in 200 m) 900° Qw 700°/30 Ca

HJ 17.7 Ht 19.7 HJ 16.9 H^ 20.4 Ht 23.2

(2T"

[10 Hj |11.8

| 0.42 | (27)

Al, 7.9; Ni, 4.6 Al, 6.9;Ni,5.6 Ni. 7.3; Al. 5.3

(2)_

I

Mn.3.6

21. Cu-Sn, Bronzes 1 I As received, R (P-bronze)...|

Sn. 3.5; P, 0.032

22. Cu-Zn, Brasses ~3 7 14A B IeT B

As received, R As received, R (naval brass, a) As received (naval brass,aß) A As received (Muntz metal).. A

Zn, 27.5

) Gaph

J

Zn, 41.2

2Ht 2 Ht 2Ht 2 Ht 2H|

13.8 18.9 18.5 19.7 17.3

10 H

15 6

0^53

1Q

lg ?

M

.38 (") .42 (* 2 ) .45 (* 2 ) .38 (i 2 ) .42 (* 2 )

T? QQ «7 n n mo / Fe, 99.87; C. 0.012 (

2A 4 5 6

As received. Ab (ingot iron) As received] A I „, ... F Wrought non

j

8

As received J

(

[

Fe. 99.88; C, 0.02 C, 0.03 .04 ^ .195

As received N850° ..Rh A As received, R As received, R As received, Rh Rh A 900° As received A As received, R As received, R As received, R 850°/15Ca As received F As received A As received 810715Cf0 845°/15QW) 570° Ca (sorbitic)

C, 0.07 C.0.13 .13 .15 .16 .17 0,0.19 119 C, 0.24 .24 C, 0.25 .27 .29 .33 C. 0.34 .34 .35 .37 0,0.37 .37 .37

1.70Ì f 0.56 6Ht 1 5 . 0 0 . 4 3 (") - 1.97C°mb' . 4 6 6 H t 7.9 .47
~2 4 10

Cr, 11.7; C, 0.09 Cr, 12.3; C, 0.25 Cr, 14.3; C, 0.1

N Asreceived Asreceived.R

10Ht 32.0 10Ht 36.2 IQHt 32.4

OU .46 .53

(2^T («) ( 2 ?)

32. Fe-Ni-C, Ni-Steels Asreceived Asreceived, R As received, R 830°/30Cf> 5907120Cf.. 830°/15 Q0 650°/120 Cf.. 830730/Cf, 810715 Qw \ (500°); Sh W8 590760 Cf.. j D 785760Cf ~9A~ As received, R B A750° 13 Asreceived,R

Ni, 2.93; C, 0.37 10Ht 31.2 0~43(27) Ni, 3.12; C, 0.12 1 22.8 .50 ( 25 ) Ni, 3.25; C, 0:38 J 30.9 .61 ( 2S ) „ i . J l O 3LÖ ^36~ ( 2 O) N 4 r n41 ' 0^1' ^ "-*1 \ IQ 26.0 .31 ( 2 O) ^'6 ^ 10 25.7 .36 ( 2S ) Ni, 3.56; C, 0.14 Î 27JÖ ^54~ (2.5) 1 26.5 .54 (»'*) Ni. 4.70; C, 0.50 ~2 29.8 .47 ( 2 S)

34. Fe-Ni-Cr-C, Ni-Cr-Steels î ^

-

(*)~ (27)

10

11.9 17.0 Ht 15.2 ^

.40 .45 .50 ^

( 2 Q) ( 26 ) (* 2 ) \J}

2

15.1

.37

( 26 )

10 2

24. Fe-C, Carbon Steels 1 T~ 4 7 9 10 13A B 18A B 20 23 25 31 32 33 34 36 37A B C

ï 2 10Hi 10

27. Fe-Cr-C, Cr-Steels (Stainless Steels)

23. Fe, Commercially Pure IA A 1000°/30 Cf \ . B N 950° JArmcoiron

lte

1 5 |lO Ht |l9.2 | 0.47 (27) 6 ~8A~ B 2 10 Ht 13.2 Û 3 5 ( ^ " C

32.2 Zn, 40.1

2Ï! O T U ( 2 5 Y 22.4 .32 ( 26 ) 23.3 .35 ( 2 ?) 14.1 .22 ( 20 ) 20.3 .29 ( 25 ) 10_ 16.9 (20) Î 26.8 .36 ( 2S ) 1 22.4 .31 ( 25 ) 1 28.0 .39 ( 2 S) 2 24.9 .33 ( 2 «) 10HJ 30.2 .38 (9) 1 21.2 .24 ( 25 ) 1 23.6 .38 ( 2 S) 10 24.6 .26 ( 2 O) 10 19.3 .24 ( 2 Q)

C, 0.38 .44 .45 0,0.49 .51 .53 C, 0.57 .62 .63 C, 0.64 .65 .72 .79 .93 1.20 25. Fe-C, Cast Irons

IAscast 2 Ascast 3 Ascast

(2)

16. Cu-Mn 1 |A

==~ Lit.

24. Fe-C, Carbon Steels.—(Continued)

9. Al-Zn 1 2 3 4 5

1O-6W FLa


2 10 HJ 8Ht Ht 10 HJ 2 1 1 1 1 8 Ht 1 1 IQHt 1 2 3 HJ Ht 10 10

14.9 0.43 (2<0~ 21^7 ~45~ (») 20.5 .51 O 2 ) 17.2 .50 ( 2 ») 19.7 .44 ( 2 ?) 21.1 .46 ( 2 ^) 18.5 .41 (25) 17.1 .40 22.7 .38 (25) 20.7 .36 19.4 .42 ( 9 ) 21.2 .41 ( 2 S) 21.6 .40 ( 25 ) 22.1 .27 (U) 22.8 .39 ( 2 S) 16.2 .35 ( 2 «) 27.5 .41 (12) 23.2 .41 (29) 17.6 .34 (20) 14.8 .29

10

23.2

.32

~9 13 18

Not stated Not stated... Not stated

Ni, 2.93; Cr, 0.68; C (-) Ni, 3.33; Cr, 0.84; C (-) Ni, 3.6; Cr, 0.6; C, 0.3

8 Ht 39.6 8 Ht 40.9 8 Ht 36.2

(K42 .49 .45

( 2 ^T ( 29 ) ( 1 S)

38. Fe-Ni-Cr-V-C, Ni-Cr-V-Steels 1

"Spec. S2 British Air Ministry" Ni. 3.3; Cr. 0.6; V, 0.1; C, 0.3 10 Ht 42.8

0.45 ( 22 )

48. Ni, Commercial 1 |Rh

I

Ni.99.32

|3Ht|20.5 | 0.40 | (^3)

49. Ni-Cr 1 I Rh

I

Cr, 19.04

|lOHt|23.6 | 0.29 | ( 2 ^)"

50. Ni-Cu 9

I As received, R

|

1 I As received, R

|

Cu, 30.5

|lOHt|21.2 | 0.38 | ( 27 )'

51. Ni-Cu-Mn Cu,28;Mn,2.4

|lOHt|25.1 | 0.40 | ( 22 )

* The key number is the same as the composition number where data are given for only one condition or treatment; while if data are given for more than one, the letters A, B, C, . . . are added to the composition numbers to distinguish the different treatments given. t The number given in this column denotes the maximum number of millions of reversals of stress for which the fatigue stress was investigated. It does not denote the number of reversals at which the curve Fatigue Strength vs. Number of Reversals becomes parallel to N axis, although in many cases this has occurred at a smaller number of reversals. t The H in column 4 denotes results obtained on the Haigh electromagnetic machine; in other cases the stresses are produced by inertia of unbalanced rotating weights or by calibrated springs. § Values will depend to some extent on the relative positions of the specimen and crystallographic axis.

IA B C 2 3~~ 4 5 6 7 8 9

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2

1 1 1 2 3 4 5 7 8

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 3A B 4A B 5 6A B C

I

TABLE 3.—ENDURANCE LIMITS UNDER REVERSED BENDING STRESSES (ROTATING BEAM MACHINES).*—(Continued) •i—

J* o'

Lit.

1. Al Al, 99.24 I 170 I 7.4 | 0.47 | Q 9 ) 2. Al-Cu 70O0G8 Cu, 2.0 40 3.5 0.21 (* 7 ) Tp Cu, 4.6 100 11.3 .27 ( 16 ) 70O0G8 Cu, 8.0 100 4.2 .31 (") Gm Cu, 12.0 7 4.2 .21 (is) G8 Cu, 12.6 15 5.1 .42? (*S) 3. Al-Cu-Mg-Si 505°/7.5Qb Cu, 3.25; Mg, 0.7 400 9.8 0.27 C 19 ) /495730 Qb (2 h) \ ( 400 8.4 .23 Same Tp ' \370720 Cf J .{ JOO__H__43_ F, W 500°/60 (niter) Qw 150760 (oil) Ca Cu, 3.6; Mg. 0.7 100 10.6 .31 ( 7 ) F Cu, 3.75; Mg, 0.26 10 8.5 .31 ( 7 ) F, 500°/60QW, 100°/6d.... Cu, 3.88; Mg, 0.78 10 14.0 .38 ( 7 ) Rh,t 480°/QW, V Cu, 4.0; Mg, 0.50 2 16.6 .41 (13) As received Cu, 4.18; Mg, 0.66 12 14.9 .32 (^ 4 ) Tp, "duralumin" Cu, 4.3; Mg, 0.42 200 12.0 .28 (i«) R h ,Ì480°Q w ,V Cu,5.0; Mg.0.75 3 16.6 .40 (13) Rh.t 480° Qw. V Cu, 6.0; Mg, 0.75 3 16.1 .36 (*3) 4. Al-Cu-Ni-Mg Rh,Î "magnalite" Cu, 2; Ni, 1.5; Mg, 1 4 14.2 (13) R h ,480°Q w Cu, 4; Ni, 1; Mg, 1 10 15.5 0.43 (22) Rh, 480°QW Cu, 4; Ni, 1; Mg, 1.5 10 16.0 .45 ( 2 2 ) R h ,t480°Qb,V 1 f 3 14.2 .40 (is) R h ,Ì480°Qb,V 1 Cu, 4; Ni, 2; Mg, 1.5 I 3 16.3 .45 (13) Rh,t520°Qb,V I "Y" alloy 1 10 16.0 .41 (is) 520°/360 Qb. V 5 d J { 20 11.0 .35 ( 9 ) 5. Al-Cu-Zn Gm Cu, 8.7; Zn, 5.3 6 7.1 I 0.37 (") G8 Cu, 9.5; Zn, 5.5 6 3.7 | .26 (is) 6. Al-Mg |Rh,t ("aeromin") | Mg, 6.2 | 3 10.3 | 0.30 | (") 7. Al-Mg-Si |Tp I Mg, 0.55; Si, 0.56 I 50 | 8.5 | 0.28 | (16) 8. Al-Si G8 Si, 5.0 50 4.2 0.32 (3) G8M Si, 8.0 50 5.6 .35 (3) GmM Si, 8 5 10 6.6 .34 (22) GmM Si, 11.0 10 6.7 .31 (22) G8M Si, 12.7 10 5.0 .29 (22) G 8M Si, 13.0 50 5.8 .33 (3) GmM Si, 13.8 10 7.7 .42 (22) 10. Al-Zn-Cu 705° G8 Zn, 7.7; Cu, 3 ÏO (TO ( K 2 9 ( 7 T G8 Zn, 11.4; Cu, 2 8 3.7 .19 (15) Gm Zn, 12.1; Cu, 2 8 4.7 .23 (is) G8 Zn, 16.9; Cu, 3 70 4.1 .17 (* 7 ) Rh.î 3507Q, V ("E" alloy) Zn, 20; Cu, 2.5 2 15.3 .26 (13) Rht ("A" alloy) Zn, 20.3; Cu, 3 2 13.7 .33 (13) RhJ ("B"alloy) Zn. 25; Cu, 3 2 16.5 .35 (") 11. Cu, Electrolytic or Commercially Pure As received Cu, 99.99 1ÖÖ 11.3 (Ï3Ï (Te)" R0W 650760 Cf 100 7.4 .33 As received, DC Cu, 99.98 68 8.8 .31 (16) DC 650760 Cf C§ 6.7 .31 A Cu, 99.96 30 8.2 .36 ( 9 ) EW520°/30Cf Cu, 99.90 100 7.1 .31 (20) E W 700°/30 Pw 400 7.0 .31 E W 700730 Pw D0 (0.5 in. diam.) 300 7.0 .18

1 |R 1 2 3 4 5


Endurance limit, kg/mm^Lo [Def. 17(6)]* Endurance limit Tensile strength

Key No.f

Treatment

Millions of -6 reversals, 10 nt

|

TABLE 3. — ENDURANCE LIMITS UNDER REVERSED BENDING STRESSES (ROTATING BEAM MACHINES)*

Treatment


12. Cu, Oxygenated 1 ( 0.04% O 2 I Rh, D (4 stages) inter.05 3 f mediate anneals at 60O 0 C... .09 _4j .24 13. Cu-Al, Al-Bronzes 4A As received, R Al, 5.6 B R, 650760 Cf 6A As received, R Al, 9.1 B R. 705760 Cf..... 7A Asreceived.R Al, 10.0 JB^ R, 650°/60 Ca 8ÄT G Al, 9.8 B G, 900° Qw 650730 Cf 10_ E W 900° Qw 620730 Cf.. ~ Al, 10.1 UA G8 Al, 10.0 _B_ G8, Q 850°, Tp 630° 12A~ As received, R Al, 10.4 B R. 650760 Cf 17. Cu-Ni IA R0 Ni, 19.2 B R0, 760760 Cf 2 As received, R Ni, 19.4 3 As received ("cupro-nickel") Ni, 20.6 4A As received, Rh Ni, 44.7 B 785760 Cf ("constantan")... 5A

As received/Rc B ** recelvea\Rc.790760 Cf

Ni 44 8

'

-

18. Cu-Ni-Cr Ni, 34; Cr, 4

IA As received, F B 815°/60Cf IA As received, D0 B 815760 Cf IA As received, Rh B 760760 Cf 2 As received, D0 ("German silver")

19. Cu-Ni-Sn Ni, 29; Sn, 1 20. Cu-Ni-Zn Ni, 20; Zn, 5

Ni. 11; Zn, 29 21. Cu-Sn, Bronzes J2_ As received, R(P-bronze).... Sn, 4.2 R

^ Asreceived/ ° B ^ reCelVed\Rc65Q76Q Cf 5A Pw, D (I in. diam.) 700°/30 Pw, D (I in. diam.) 700°/30 PW B Same. DC, 1 in. diam 6A As received, D 0 ... B 650760 Cf 7A

B IA B G 2A B 5A B C D E 6 8

Asreceived/ Rc \R c .590760Cf

ASreCeiVed

T D0 As received- D0 235°/60 Cf [DC 540760 Cf As received, D0 650760Cf R0 R0 230790 Cf As received R0 235°/90 Cf R0 260790 Ct R0 650790 Cf A As received, R0

9 R \Navalbrass / 10_ Rh/ NaValbraSS I 11 G, W 780°, E 700° (1 in.) W 550730 Pw, D (I m.) W 550730 Pw

^*~*

Sn, 4.9

Sn, 5.1 SM^6 22. Cu-Za, Brasses Zn, 19

Zn, 26.6 Zn, 30

Zn, 30.1 Zn, 34.6

Zn, 38.27 Zn. 38.3

Zn, 39 6

'

TfJ

10"^f FLo* ^0 Lit.

50 '50 50 50

12.9 0.49 (8) 12.3 .47 (8) 13.0 .49 (*) 11.6 .41 (8)

70 C§ 70 C§ 50 50 60 70 60 10 10 60~~ C§

Ï3~4 10.7 17.2 12.9 20.7 14.1 15.5 18.3 23.9 19.0 23.2 24.6 22.1

(K26 .26 .28 .28 .35 .32 .37 .34 .44 .35 .37 JÏ5~ .35

50 C§ 75 40 50~~ C§

12.7 11.2 16.2 16.4 24.3 24.3

0.36 .36 ]J4~ .46 ^49~ .49

(»«) (i«) (16)

(* 9 ) (* 9 ) (5) _J (»«)

( 1 ^) (2«) (9) O«)

40~ ~IoT ~42~ 1^T 10 19.7 .40 50 C§

23.9 0.35 0«) 24.6 .35

50 C§

23.6 0.38 (1S) 15.8 .38

30 C§

16.2 0.40 ( 1 ^) 14.6 .40

60

12.0

50

20.4 0.44 ( 16 )

.29

( 16 )

™~ ^^ ~~^ "<">" 30 15.9 .47 (i«>

1000 400 ~~70 C§

16.2 19.0 ÏÏTO 14.6

.50 (20) .32 !Ï3~ (»«) .43

30~ 19.0 ~3? ~(^) 30 19.0 .40 100 100 100 20 C§ 100 100 100 100 100 60 12

16.2 18.3 12.3 12.0 11.1 12.3 14.1 14.1 15.2 22.1 14.2 16.5

UO(T 1Ï1 60 13.0

400

0.29 .32 (*«) .40 .34 ( 1 ^) .34 ^24~ (16) .27 .27 .29 .33 !45~ ( 9 ) .43 (U) ^T T^9T .31 (M)

20.4 .41 (20)

TABLE 3.—ENDURANCE LIMITS UNDER REVERSED BENDING STRESSES (ROTATING BEAM MACHINES).*—(Continued) &"o" WA

Treatment


10~6nf FLo*

r-.„.-p.

UTo

Lit.

TABLE 3.—ENDURANCE LIMITS UNDER REVERSED BENDING STRESSES (ROTATING BEAM MACHINES).*—(Continued) TTT

£? 6

Wiz;

22. Cu-Zn, Brasses.— (Continued)

Treatment


10~6nf FLo*

7^^

UTS

IJt.

24. Fe-C, Carbon Steels.— (Continued) Rh 870° Qw C, 0.32 10 58.5 0.41 (i«) B ^ 5 0 0 15.5 B ^ 0.41 ^ (..) 500 200° 10 41.4 .43 1 _ W I 300° 10 39.9 .46 13A f 25O0I Zn, 40.1 60 11.3 .21 (i«) Same, Tp 400° 10 45.5 .44 B Qi Tp \ 344° [ Muntz metal 100 13.0 .23 500° 10 42.1 .42 600° 10 39.3 .50 C [4250J 100 12.7 .27 Ì5A As received, Rh ( Zn, 40.1 70 13.0 .24 (»«) 850715 Ca C. 0.33 250 27.6 .47 (") B 650°/60 Cf, (Mn bronze) \ C§ 11.6 .24 N850° C, 0.36 12 26.8 .45 ( 9 ) 17 960° G (Mn bronze) Zn. 40.9 150 12.0 .24 Q») 8507Q0. Tp 600° 12 29.9 .41 22.5. Cu-Zn-Pb, Leaded Brasses A C, 0.37 21.1 .37 ( 29 ) 810715Cf0 0,0.37 100 23.2 .46 ( 2 O) 1 Dd Zn, 38.3; Pb, 0.06 50 UA 0^35 («T 2 Dd Zn, 37.9; Pb, 0.53 50 16.2 .40 (8) 845715 Qw, 570° Ca (sorbitic) 100 40.1 .56 3 Dd Zn, 37.9; Pb, 1.58 50 16.2 .40 (») 8 4 Dd Zn, 37.8; Pb, 2.61 50 15.1 .37 ( ) 39A 845730 Cf (v. also Figs. 1 and 5 Dd Zn, 37.1; Pb, 3.43 50 13.7 .34 (*) 2) 0,0.38 10 21.4 .44 ( 2 <>) 23. Fe, Commercially Pure B 845730 Ca 10 22.5 .41 C 930712OQ0, 845730Cf.... ' 10 20.7 .41 IA A 1000°/30 Cf (Armco iron). C, 0.012 100 19.8 0.67 ( 9 ) D [670730Cf.... 10 23.6 .42 ~2K As received, A b Ì C, 0.02 100 18.3 .61 (20) E 845730 Q0 \ 540730 C f . . . . 10 23.6 .39 B A™ • 100 23.2 .66 b , W815715Qw 1—ZT l} rIngot.iron F [430730Cf.... 10 23.6 .37 16 3A Rh 0,0.023 100 16.5 .53 ( ) G 9807300 Q0, 845760 C f . . . . \ 10 20.7 .42 Ja_ 900°/60QW J 10 17.6 .54 H [670760Cf.... 10 25.0 .43 ~6~ F \_ ... 7 C, 0.045 100 16.2 .49 (20) J o 4 «o /fino J 590760 Cf.... 10 27.8 .46 7 Ww 7 As received / WrOUght ir°n-' \ C, 0.06 12 18.4 .51 (") K ( 540760 C f . . . . 10 29.2 .43 24. Fe-C, Carbon Steels L [430760Cf.... 10 27.1 .40 2A N 900° C, 0.11 10 UTi Ô~44(Ï4) 4Î~ As received 0,0.40 12 29.1 .46 ( 9 ) 43 As received .42 12 27.3 .42 (9) • B N 900°, W 760° Qw 10 27.8 .58 47ÄT N 0,0.45 12 28.8 .44 (9) ZT N 8 5 Q ° - - - - •"• C, 0.13 250 25.7 .53 ( 9 ) B H0 850°, Tp0 600° 12 34.9 .46 ~5A~ Rh 89O0Q0 C, 0.14 10 34.4 .45 (15) 49 A 870° .48 100 24.6 .43 ( 16 ) B 200° 10 33.6 .44 C 300° 10 32.7 .45 5oT 815730Ca C, 0.49 100 22.5 .42 ( 2 <>) B 925720 Ca 100 23.2 .36 D Same, Tp 400° 10 29.6 .44 E 500° 10 29.6 .45 C 925720 Ca. 775° Qw. 650° Cf 100 33.8 .50 _F_ 600° 10 25.4 .43 D 925720 Ca, 790715 Q0TT. 100 45.7 .51 T~ As received 0,0.14 100 17.4 .43 (i«) E 760730Ca 100 26.0 .43 7 A .15 18.0 .52 (29) F 650730 Ca 100 35.2 .53 4 8 N 900° .15 10 18.4 .55 (* ) G Same, Tp • 540730 Ca 100 40.0 .53 H 430730 Ca 100 45.0 .53 UT~ R 900°, H 770° 0,0.17 12 29.4 .47 (J>) J 315730Ca 100 47.8 .54 12 Rh .18 100 19.7 .46 ( 2 i ) 52T 845715 Ca C, 0.52 100 29.5 .42 ( 2 <>) 14 R 880°, H 770° J.9_ 12_ 28.0 .46 ( 9 ) JL Same. 790715 Qw. 650° Ca.. 100 38.7 .49 Î5A~ As received, DC 0,0.20 100 28.8 .47 (21) 53ÏT 760730 Ca C, 0.53 100 27.4 .44 ( 2 <>) B Dc, 845°/15Cf 100 17.6 .43 C 650730 Ca 100 37.3 .56 C DC, 700°/15Cf 100 20.4 .51^ D 925720 Ca, 540730 Ca 100 41.5 .53 leT As received 0,0.20 12 22.1 .45 (**) E 790715Q0 425730 Ca 100 45.7 .50 Ï7~ Rh 0.0.21 100 23.4 .47 (* 6 ) F 315730 Ca 100 47.1 .52 Ü9Ä~ As received 0,0.24 10 17.9 .42 (16) G 205730 Ca 100 47.8 .51 B 870°/30Cf O. a/so Figs, land H 925720 Ca> 790715 Q0 100 47.1 .52 2) 10 15.8 .41 55Ä" [400° 0,060 10 74.0 .43 (22) C 870°/30Ca 10 17.2 .40 B I 450° 10 65.4 .46 0 P D [700°/30 C f . . . . 10 17.9 .42 C ^ ' ]500° 10 59.7 .48 E 870o/300 590730Cf.... 10 17.9 .39 D [55O0 10 59.2 .50 F 8 7 0 7 3 0 ^ 0 I 480730 C f . . . . 10 20.7 .44 56~ N 810° C, 0.60 10 28.4 .37 (**) G [3700/30 C f . . . . 10 19.3 .40 60 N 800° 0,0.65 12 32.3 .41 (») H [670760Cf.... 10 21.4 .46 61 Not stated .71 10 30.2 .34 ( 1 ^) J 900760 Qw \ 540760 C f . . . . 10 22.2 .40 63 A 730° /77 100 27.4 .35 (* 6) K [430760Cf.... 10 20.7 .37 65A 790730Cf C, 0.81 10 22.2 .35 ( 16 ) 20~ As received. R .T C, 0.25 12 19.5 .43 ( 9 ) B 8007120 Ca 10 27.1 .35 16 2J~ F 0,0.25 10_ 25.0 .47 ( ) 6eT ~_ [7907Ï5CÏ C1 0.93 100 21.4 ^36~ ( 20 ) C 22A DC C, 0.26 12 30.1 .47 (*) ^P Ì7Qn°mO /650°/30Ca 100 39.4 .49 22B [B 250° C, 0.26 12 29.0 .46 C 1 ) D 15Ca[790/15Qo \455730Ca 100__68_.9__52_ C DC] B 400° 12 29.9 .48 67_ 790760Cf C, 0.97 10 22.9 .37 Q«) D [B 550° 12 28.4 .49 68_ 790730 Cf, 790730 Q C, 1.02 10_ 73.9 ( 20 ) 0 24~ A650° 0,0.29 100 21.1 .43 ( 16 ) 69Ä 795715 f 860715 Cf0 C, 1.20 100 35.2 .43 ( 2 «) 26 As received, Rh .30 12 26.3 .45 (9) B Cf \ 800° Q0,460715 Ca 100 64.7 .51 27 8307Qo, A 650° .31 100 21.1 .42 (16) 28 N 850° .31 12 20.2 .36 (»«) 29 As received, Rh .31 12 33.9 .51 (9) 12

D

^TSf '^ in (1 m.), 550/30 Dcein

3OA B C D E F 3~ 35Ä B 36~~ 37F C

TABLE 3.—ENDURANCE LIMITS UNDER REVERSED BENDINO STRESSES (ROTATING BEAM MACHINES).*—(Continued)

TABLE 3.—ENDURANCE LIMITS UNDER REVERSED BENDING STRESSES (ROTATING BEAM MACHINES).*—(Continued) _l

£o p^jz;

Treatment


10~6nf FLo*

frmci Lit. UTS

TTT

2? o W^

Treatment

J

(». also Figs. 1 and 2)

795715 Cf, 770730 Q0, 430730 Ca

100 100 100 100 100 100

73.9 0.48 (*<>) 75.2 .48 76.0 .48 71.7 .47 47.8 .49 37.6 .45

100

60.1 .47

27. Fe-Cr-C, Cr-Steels IA B

C D _J^ T~ ~5A B 6 7 ~8~ 9 1ÏÂ" B

c

[ 4807120 C a ... Cr, 12; C, 0.08 (v. also Figs. 0800/000 J 540 °/120Ca... 3and4) 7 0 ^ 1 5957120 C a ... [ 7057120 C a ... 9807120Cf As received ' Cr, 12; C, 0.25 /540760C a ,... \650760 C a .... Asieceived As received, Rh As received To PL ^ 42 r 480760 C a . . . 900760 Qw \ 565760 Ca ...

Qnno/ftnn 9üü/bü<4w

Cr, 12; C, 0.42 Cr, 13; C, 0.32 Cr, 13.2; C, O . i l l Cr, 13; C, 0.08 Cr, 13; C, 0.2 Cr, 15; C, 0.85

[ 650760 c a ...

D As received, A Ï2Â[480760Ca.... B 900760 Qw ] 565760 C a .... C [650760 C a .... D As received. A

10 10 10 10 10 12__

Cr, 15; C, 0.4

5ÌUJ0~440*7 54.1 .47 42.9 .56 30.7 .54 21.8 .49 37.8 .48 (")

10 10 12 100 12 100 10 10

61.9 43.9 33.8 34.5 21.2 33.0 73.1 63.4

.51 .51 .44 .44 .45 .48 .45 .54

10 10 10 10 10

35.1 59.4 43.9 41.8 34.8

.45 .51 (16) .51 .52 .45

io

(U) (U) (2Q) (14) ( 16 ) ( 16 )

si.o .55

10 10

80.5 0.57 ( 16 ) 38.3 .55

3A 870760Cf Cr, 0.76; Mo, 0.18; C, 0.39 10 B 870a/600 /480760Cf.... 10 87U/bU w C ^ \590760 Cf.... 10 5A 870760Cf Cr, 0.85; Mo, 0.20; C, 0.31 10 B 870o/600 /480760Cf.... 10 _C_ 87Q/6QQw \590760 C f . . . . 10 ~8~ To PL^42 Cr, 0.95; Mo. 0.1; C, 0.4 100

27.1 0.45 (16i 47.9 .56 48.1 .50 25.7 .44 (»«) 51.0 .44 44.6 .45 33.0 .51 (* 6 )

Î2Â" 870760 Cf B O 70 O 7600 /480760Cf..,. C 5 / U / D U W w \590760 Cf...

34.8 .45 61.9 .51 53.1 .49

( 16 )

47,5

( 16)

13A 900760 Qw, 480760 C a .... B As received, A

Cr, 16; C, 0.6

29. Fe-Cr-M.o-C, Cr-Mo-Steels

"J3~ToPLg77

3

Cr, 1.0; Mo, 0.2; C, 0.50

10 10 10

CM; Mo, 0.1; C, 0.4 30. Fe-Cr-V-C, Cr-V-Steels

100

Cr, 0.95; V. 0.2 ; C. 0.44

H, Tp

IA 900760 Cf B QOO'/fiOO / 480 °/60Cf.... C WU/OUWw \590760 Cf.... T~ Sv "(P ToPL^42 7 To PL g 77 ~8~ 85O0Q0, 650°Ca 9 As received, Rh

2A N 810° J^ 850° Q0, 620° Qw T" As taken from servicel

Cr, 1.0 ; V, 0.2; C, 0.55

Cr, 1.0; V, 0.16; C. 0.45 Cr, 1.2; V, 0.2; C, 0.24 Cr, 1.5; V. 0.2 ;C,0.53 Cr, 1.5; V, 0.33; C, 0.46 Cr. 13.5; V, 0.3; C, 0.03 32. Fe-Ni-C, Ni-Steels Ni, 3.0; C, 0.4 Ni. 3.1 ; C. 0.4

Fig.l Effect of Heat Treatment ON FATIGUE ENDURANCE OF CARBON STEELS (By Rotating Beam Machine)

Fig.3 Effect of H eat Treat ment ON FATIGUE ENDURANCE OF SOME ALLOY STEELS CBy Rotating Beam Machine)

i

ir-.

,.

Fig.4

i

'

Effect of Heat Treatment ON ENDURANCE RATIOOFALLOYSTEELS For Explanation v Fig.3

Rg2 Effect of Heat Treatment ONENDURANCE RATIOOF CARBON STEELS For Explanation v. Fig.l

I0~6n1 FLo* 777^ Lit. t/2o

27. Fe-Cr-C, Cr-Steels.—(Continued)

24. Fe-C, Carbon Steels.—(Continued) 69C 795720 Cf, 885°/15 Q0 D 205730 Ca E 345730 Ca F Same, Tp 495730 Ca G 650730 Ca H 760730Ca


.48

51.7 0.52 (*) .44 ( 1S ) .47 .56 .44 (*«) .45 (I«) .46 ( 16 ) W 43.3 .49 ( > < ) 200 28.2 .49 (* 9 ) 10

10 10 10 10 100 100

31.3 66.4 64.7 32.0 25.4 47.0

10 33.9 I 0.43 0*7 10_ 34.7 .44 10 31.3 .47 ( 16 )

TABLE 3.—ENDURANCE LIMITS UNDER REVERSED BENDING STRESSES (ROTATING BEAM MACHINES).*—(Continued) S^ 1 T ».o

WS5

Treatment


10~6«f FLo*

32. Fe-Ni-C, Ni-Steels.—(Continued) 7A 900°/120 Q0, 800°/30 Cf.... Ni, 3.4; C, 0.3 10 C 800760 Cf 10 D 800°/30Ca 10

TABLE 3.—ENDURANCE LIMITS UNDER REVERSED BENDING STRESSES (ROTATING BEAM MACHINES).*—(Continued)

FLo JT^ Lit. UIa

~

28.5 0.48 (i«) 34.8 .48 29.9 .47

; ««^{ÏSS:::: *-.-*.-« » ;:; 3

G H J K L M _N_ "sT B C D E F G H J K ÎÔT B C D E F ÏT~ 14 15 16

800760 Q0,590°/60 Cf /570730C f .... /* V° \510730 C f . . . . 800760 Q0 480730 Cf [650760Cf.... 800760 Q w ^ 590760 Cf.... (480760Cf.... 830730 Cf, r5907120 Cf 830715Q0 \6507120Cf 830730 Cf, 810715, C to 500°. Qw, Sh, W8 590760 Cf 785760Cf 830730 Cf, 790715 Q0 f 205730 C» 315730 Ca Same, TpJ 430730 Ca 540730Ca [650730Ca 790760 Cf 790730 Q0,620730 Cf 790760 Q0, 480760 Cf [590760Cf.... 790760Qw-! 540760Cf.... [480760Cf.... To PL ^42 N 860°, 76O 0 Qw N860° R.H730 0

O00O7300 OUU U

1 To PL ^42 4 Sv _L To PL = 7 7 6A 845760Cf

Ni, 3.4; C, 0.4

(». also Figs. 3 and 4)

Ni, 3.6; C, 0.4

. Ni, 3.7; C, 0.3 №,4.8:0,0.14 Ni, 5.10; C, 0.13 Ni. 5.76; C. 0.11

33.7 41.8 44.6 38.3 38.7 41.5 45.3 45.0 44.3

.49 .38 .41 .46 .56 .51 .45 .52 (20) .53

100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Ï0~~ 10 10 ÏÔ~~ 10 10 100 10 6 12

45.0 38.0 84.4 78.8 68.9 62.6 54.8 45.7 35.9 41.8 46.7 50.6 52.4 52.0 32.4 41.8 37.7 41.5

.55 .53 .41 .40 .43 .52 .53 .54 ^45~ .48 .56 .54 .50 .48 ^5Ô~ .44 .66 .51

34. Fe-Ni-Cr-C, Ni-Cr-Steels Ni Cr C 0.47 1.10 0.43 100 27.6 1.41 0.81 .46 10 44.6 1.45 1.10 .41 100 38.6 1.75 0.99 .49 10 35.1

B 845'/6O O Tn/59°° c 845/60.Q w Tp| 48()0

10 11 12A B 14A B C D

10 10 10 10 10 10 10 100 100

R850°,H770° R840 0 ,H770 0 To PL^ 42 ToPLg 77 A, 830° Q0, 330° Q0 • A, 830730 Q0, 790° f 650760 Cf Q 0 Tp \650760 Qw A 830730 Ca, 790730 Cf

15A

830V30C, 790°/150 /425°''30 Ca B 830/30Cf>79Q/15Qo \650730 Ca 16 850° Q0 Tp 600° 17 H, Tp UA H» (fully) * M fr .1.Fi1P. 8 % Same, Tp J» and 4) "Ai,

(i«)

(*«) (* 4 ) (2«) (*)

0.42 (i«) .45 (16) .41 (*«) ~ÎT ( 16 )

10 50 6 ' '50 ^ 59A__.51_

3.00 .48 3.15 .58 3.18 .96

.19 .20 .33

3.33 .87

.24

12 12 100 100 100 100 100 100

48.8 46.5 28.1 42.2 47.8 45.7 47.1 34.4

.47 (») .38 ( 9 ) UST ( 16 ) .45 .49 ( 20 ) .57 .59 .56

^T ~7Ï8~ "TiT ~ÏÔ~ ~53jT ~46~ "^T J
E j600°J harden™gsteel _U_ 20 R 820°, H 760° 4.65 0.29 .16 12 21A Rh (2 passes); R0 19.7 8.31 .33 10 B Same, W 940730 Cf (stainless steel, cyclops metal) 80 35. Fe-Ni-Cr-Cu-C, Ni-Cr-Cu-Steels (Stainless 1 As received, A Ni, 12; Cr, 19; C, 0.8 10 2 As received, A Ni, 16; Cr, 16; C, 0.4 10 3 As received, A Ni, 23; Cr, 5.4; C, 0.25 10 4 As received, A Ni, 25; Cr, 18; C, 0.4 10 5 As received, A Ni, 26; Cr, 17.3; C, 0.7 10 6 As received, A Ni, 28; Cr, 8.4; C, 0.45 10

E* ™

'II ;£

_55^ _.50_ 47.2 .50 ( 22 ) 38.7 .48 ( 20 ) 39 4 .50 Steels) 46.0 0.53 45.0 .49 35.2 .52 38.0 .46 39.0 .52 41.1 .53

( 16 ) ( 16 ) (i«) ( 16 ) (i6) ( 16 )

3>2l

Treatment


10~6nf FLo*

fjif^,

kit.

37. Fe-Ni-Cr-Mo-C, Ni-Cr-Mo-Steels 9 (Notstated |Ni,4.8;Cr, 1; Mo,0.9;C,0.3 | 12 | 51.2 | 0.42 | (*«) 38. Fe-Ni-Cr-V-C, Ni-Cr-V-Steels 3 To Specification S2, British Air Ministry Ni,3.3; Cr, 0.6; V, 0.1; C, 0.3 12 53.5 0.56 ( 2 2 ) 39. Fe-Ni-Mo-C, Ni-Mo-Steels IA ToPL^42 Ni, 1.70; Mo, 0.12; C, 0.4 100 32.8 0.44 (i«) B To PL g 77 100 40.1 .43 42. Fe-Si-Mn-C, Si-Mn-Steels IA ToPL^42 Si, 2.0; Mn, 0.65; C, 0.55 100 34.5 0.44 I (*«) B To PL g 77 (Spring steels) 100 43.6 .39 I 43. Fe-V-C, V-Steels IA 870760 Ca, 840745 Qw, 650760, C to 480° C a .... V, 0.16; C. 0.57 100 40.1 0.53 O 9 ) B 870760 Ca, 650730 Ca, 8707120 Qw. 700760 C a .. JLOO_ 36.6 .51 C 870760 Ca, 650760 Ca.~ ~50 43.0 .54 44. Mg, Commercial 1 IE Mg, 99.96 150 JTo 0.24 I (* 9 ) 2 I R h .Mg, 99.89 20 7.1 .30 I ( 22 ) 45. Mg-Al 1 IE Al, 4.2 600 8.4 0.34 (*») 2 E Al, 4.4 100 10.6 .39 ( 19 ) 3 Rh Al, 6.0 20 11.3 .36 (") 4 E..... Al, 6.70 600 9.2 .31 («) _5_ E Al, 6.80 80 10.6 .35 ( 19 ) ÜÄ~ F, longitudinal Al, 8.7 60 10.5 .36 ( 19 ) B F, transverse 60 9.1 .43 C As cast 60 8.8 .45 46. Mg-Cu 1 |E I Cu, 9.65 I 600 I 7.7 i 0.28 | (*9) 47. Mg-Zn 1 I As received, electron metal..| Zn, 4.38 | 200 | 12.0 | 0.47 | (*») 48. Ni, Commercial 1 Rh Ni,99.32 12 20.5 0.40 (") 2A As received, Rh Ni, 99.07 400 16.9 .40 (") J2B 760760 Cf 300 22.2 .41 ]T Dd 870° Cf Ni, 99+ 200 19.7 .41 ( 2 Q) 4A As received, R0, A 288° Ni, 98.95 100 28.1 .24 (") B 288760Cf 60 28.1 .24 C 288760Cf ' 70 28.1 .25 D R0W 595760Cf 70 34.4 .34 E 760760Cf 30 19.0 .37 F 870760Cf 50 17.9 .36 ~5A~ ~ . /D 0 Ni, 98.7 60~ 26.4 .37 (16) B AsreoeiYe(i \D e .870760Cf 60 20.4 .37 50. Ni-Cu IA As received, Rc Cu, 21.3Ì f 500 21.1 0.34 (16) • B R0,870760 Cf 50 18.3 .33 2A As received, Rc Cu, 23.6 100 23.9 .35 ( 1 ^) _B_ R0,870760 Cf C§ 20.7 .35 jT Rh. A 760° Cu, 28 70 26.4 .43 (*«) 4 As received,:—B Rh Cu,27.3 ., . . ; I 500 22.5 .36 ( 2 <>) • ! \ Monel metals < 5A (De Cu,28.6 60 24.3 .37 (16) B As received] D0,290760 Cf 60 25.3 .37 _C [Pc, 870760Cf 60 19.7 .35 JL. As received. Rh Cu. 29.7 100 29.5 .47 ("*) 7A Rh Cu, 29.5 400 26.7 .42 (i*) B 870760Cf J I C§ 22.9 .42 _8_ Rh Cu, 30 75 26.3 .42 (1S) ÏÔT As received, Rh Cu, 44.2 50 18.7 .40 ( 16 ) B Same, 815760 Cf 40 16.9 .38 51. Ni-Cu-Mn 2A . ,/Rh I Cu, 26.2; Mn, 4.3 60 i 27.4 0.43 (16) B A8reCeiVed \R b> 870760Cfl C§ I 26.6 .43 * Stresses computed by usual formulae of beam theory, t See footnotes to corresponding columns in Table 2. $ 22.5 mm diam. § C, calculated value. (Author assumes FLo/ UTS the same for the different treatments.) Il Stainless iron, f Battleship propeller shaft.

23. Fe, Commercially Pure 2A j As received, Ab (ingot iron). I 0,0.02 I 2 __ 37B 40~ 44A B 5OB C 52Ä" B

810°/15 Cf0 870° Qw, 420°/60 Ca Q /400760 Ca ^0 \450760 Ca 925720 Ca Same. 775° Qw, 650° Cf 845°/15Ca Same, 790°/15 Qw, 650° C a .

24. Fe-C, C-Steels 0,0.37 0,0.40 0,0.44 0,0.49 0,0.52

| 16.2 | 0.54 | (20)

2 2 2 2 2 2__ 2 2

21.0 0.42 ( 2 0 ) 48.0 .40 ( 8 ) 62.5 .48 (8) 60.0 .50 19.5 .31 (20) 27.5 .40 22.5 .33 ( 2 °) 31.0 .40

66B u[790°/15Cf C o- 790V15 Q /650°/30Ca D g [ 7 9 u / 5 y ° \455730Ca

0,0.93

2 2 2

20.0 .34 31.0' .38 48.5 .37

( 20 )

69A 795715 Cf, 860715 Cf0

0,1.20

2

31.5

.38

(20)

2 2

56.0 0.44 49.5 .45

(8T

2 2 2

55.0 0.40 56.0 .51 40.0 .45

(8T

IA B

U

/ 360760 Ca ^ \420760C a

26. Fe-Ce-C, Ce-Steels Ce, 0.4-0.6; C, 0.38

w

"ÏÂ f 425760 Ca B 90O 0 Qo] 525760 Ca _C [625760 Ca

27. Fe-Cr-C, Cr-Steels Cr, 0.94; C, 0.35

'

' 28. Fe-Cr-Ce-C, Cr-Ce-Steels IA [425760 Ca Cr, 0.98; Ce, 0.41-0.50; 2 0 B 90O Qo] 525760Ca 0,0.41 2 _C ( 625760 Ca 2 29. Fe-Cr-Mo-C, Cr-Mo-Steels IA f 425760 Ca Cr, 0.55; Mo, 0.39; C, 0.42 2 B 925° Q 0 ] 525760 Ca 2 C [ 630760 Ca 2 ~2A~ [425°/60Ca Cr, 0.73; Mo, 0.28; C, 0.15 2 B 925° Qw] 525760 Ca 2 __C l625°/60C!a. 2 _ [425°/60Ca Cr, 0.79; Mo, 0.34; C, 0.22 2 B 850° Qw ] 525760 Ca 2 __C [625760Ca 2 ~6A~ f 425760 Ca Cr, 0.88; Mo, 0.30; C, 0.40 2 B 82O0 Q 0 ] 525760 Ca 2 C [ 625760 Ca 2__ 7A 900° Q0, 525760 Ca Cr, 0.89; Mo, 0.36; C, 0.41 2 B 840° Ca 2 ~9A~ f 425760 Ca Cr, 0.95; Mo, 0.39; C, 0.52 2 B 815° Q0] 525760 Ca 2 C [625760Ca 2_ ÏÔT [425760 Ca Cr, 0.95; Mo, 0.68; C, 0.40 2 B 90O0Qo] 525760 Ca 2 C [625760 Ca 2 0 D 82O Ca 2 UA [425°/60Ca Cr, 0.95; Mo, 0.73; C, 0.25 2 B 925° Q0] 525760 Ca 2 __C [600760Ca 2 30. Fe-Cr-V-C, Cr-V-Steels T A f 425760 Ca Cr, 0.93; V , 0.16; C , 0.41 2 0 B 90O Qo] 525760 Ca 2 C [ 625760 Ca 2 D 900°Ca 2 Â [ 425760 Ca Cr, 0.93; V, 0.20; C, 0.40 2 B 90O0Qo] 525760 Ca 2 __C [625760Ca 2 31. Fe-Mo-C, Mo-Steels 1 875° Q0,450760 Ca Mo, 0.34; C, 0.44 2 2A Mo, 0.37; C, 0.38 ~2 0 f 360760 Ca w B ^ \420760 Ca 2 C 840°Ca 2_ 3A / 420760 Ca Mo, 0.67; C, 0.41 2~ yw B \500°/60Ca 2 C 840°Ca 2

5JTO(K39(8T 50.5 .48 41.5 .49 67.0 0.46 64.5 .53 55.5 .61 43.0 .39 48.5 .55 36.5 .54 56.2 .58 52.5 .55 40.0 .49 69.0 .48 61.1 .52 49.0 .52 60.0 .48 45.5 .50 70.5 .48 64.5 .49 42.0 .45 68.0 .44 60.0 .42 62.5 .51 47.0 .45 60.5 .46 57.0 .46 50.5 .48 62^00~42 52.0 .40 52.0 .48 46.0 .52 69.0 !oT 55.5 .48 43.5 .43

TABLE 4.—ENDURANCE LIMITS UNDER REVERSED PLANE BENDING STRESSES (UPTON-LEWIS MACHINE).*—(Continued) &a

Lit.


Endurance limit, kg/mm2-FLo [Def. 17(&)J* Endurance limit Tensile strength

Key No.f

Treatment

Millions of reversals, 10~6nf

TABLE 4. — ENDURANCE LIMITS UNDER REVERSED PLANE BENDING STRESSES (UPTON-LEWIS MACHINE)*

(8)

(8)

(8)

(8)

(8) (8)

(8)

(8)

(8T

(8)

69.0 0.50 (8)~" 67.5 .46 (8) 59.5 .45 35.0 .48 64.0 .46 ( 8 ) 64.5 .52 38.0 .45

Treatment


10-6nt FLo*

jp=^

Lit.

31. Fe-Mo-C, Mo-Steels.—(Continued) 4A /475760 Ca Mo, 0.73; C, 0.4 2 67\5 ( K 5 Ö ( 8 T B ^1550760Ca 2_ 60.0 .47 UA (425760 Ca Mo1 1.05; C, 0.46 2 69^0" .45 (8) B 900° Q0] 500760 Ca 2 67.5 .48 C [600760Ca 2 67.5 .49 D 900° Ca 2 52.0 .53 6A f425°/60 Ca Mo, 3.0; C, 0.36 2 73.0 .48 ( 8 ) B 900° Q0] 500760 Ca 2 76.0 .55 _C 1575760 Ca 2 81.0 .65 32. Fe-Ni-C, Ni-Steels Â [415760 Ca Ni, 3.0; C, 0.41 2 77^5 < h 4 3 ( 8 T B 860° Q0] 510760 Ca 2 63.5 .47 C [595760 Ca 2 60.0 .50 8A 830730Cf, f 5907120 Cf.. Ni, 3.4; C, 0.41 2 37.0 .43 ( 2 <>) B 830715 Q0\6507120 Cf.. 2 32.5 .39 D 785760 Cf 2 31.5 .44 33. Fe-Ni-Ce-C, Ni-Ce-Steels IA f 595760 Ca Ni, 2.86; Ce, 0.33-0.58; 2 53.5 0.45 (8T B 860° Q0 ] 455760 Ca C, 0.43 2 58.5 .42 _C 1425760 Ca 2 67.5 .40 34. Fe-Ni-Cr-C, Ni-Cr-Steels 2 825° Q0, 525760 Ca Ni, 1.23; Cr, 0.65; C, 0.47 2 58.5 0.52 (8)" _7_ 865° Q0, 475760 Cf ~ Ni, 2.49; Cr, 0.83; C. 0.37 2 60.0 .50 (8) 8A O 10 O 0 /525760 Ca Ni, 2.56; Cr, 0.83; C, 0.36 2 48.0 .45 (8) B 1U ^°\6250/60Ca 2 46.0 .52 14A A, 830° Q0, 330° Q0 Ni, 3.33; Cr, 0.87; C, 0.24 2 36.5 .37 ( 2 <>) B A, 83073OQ0, /Cf 2 32.5 .41 C 79O0Q0, 650760\Qw 2 35.0 .44 36. Fe-Ni-Cr-Ce-C, Ni-Cr-Ce-Steels IA sino 0 /525760 Ca For compositions ». Table 1 2 53.0 0.46 (8) B ° ^0\420760 Ca 2 68.0 .45 2 825° Q0, 525760 Ca 2 58.0 .55 (8) 3 805° Q0, 500760 Cf 2 56.5 .50 ( 8 ) 4 810° Q0, 525760 Ca 2 54.0 .50 (8) 37. Fe-Ni-Cr-Mo-C, Ni-Cr-Mo-Steels IA Q f 625760 Ca For compositions v. Table 1 2 52.0 0.41 ( 8 ) ô B ^0\425°/60 Ca 2_ 70.5 .45 _2_ 825° Q0, 525760 Ca '. 2__ 62.0 .52 (8) 3A [630760Ca 2 49.5 .43 (8) B 790° Q0 ] 525760 Ca 2 61.0 .42 _C [430760 Ca 2__ 72.0 .43 4 8650Q0, 625760Cf........ ~ 2 48.5 .43 (8) _5_ 810° Q0,625760 Ca 2 56.0 .51 ( 8 ) 6A [650760 Ca 2 50.5 .46 (8) B 625760 Ca 2 58.5 .49 C 525°/60Ca 2 70.5 .49 00 D ^ 425760 Ca 2 67.5 .44 E 325760 Ca 2 70.5 .41 _F 150760 Ca 2 95.0 .43 7 790° Q0,610760 Ca 2 47^0 10" (8) 8 790° Q0, 635760 C a ..2 50.5 .44 (8) 38. Fe-Ni-Cr-V-C, Ni-Cr-V-Steels 1 825° Q0, 525760 Ca For compositions v. Table 1 2 62.0 0.55 (*) 2A 810° Q0, 625760 Ca ~~2 5JTÖ !9" (8) B 805° Q0,560760 Cf 2 50.0 .44 C 810° Q0, 425760 Ca 2 70.5 .48 39. Fe-Ni-Mo-C, Ni-Mo-Steels 2A /620760Ca Ni, 2.95; Mo, 0.70; C, 0.37 2 65.0 0.52 (8) B *W ^595760Ca 2 65.0 .50 40. Fe-Ni-V-C, Ni-V-Steels IA [610760 Ca Ni, 2.94; V, 0.12; C, 0.36 2 67.5 0.52 (8) B 870° Q0] 510760 Ca 2 74.0 .51 _C [400760Ca 2 70.5 .38 41. Fe-Ni-Zr-C, Ni-Zr-Steels 1 I 860° Q0. 370760 Ca I Ni, 3.00; Zr, 0.24; C, 0.43 | 2 | 77.0 | 0.39 | (8) 43. Fe-V-C, V-Steels 3A 900° Ca V, 0.20; C, 0.50 2 46^0 ÖJ32 (8T B o, n o n /555760Ca 2 53.0 .51 C **" ^[475760Ca 2 56.5 .47 * See footnote to Table 3. t See footnotes to Table 2.

Lit.


Endurance limit, kg/mm2-FI/o [Def. 17(0)]* Endurance limit Tensile strength

Treatment

Millions of 6 reversals, 10" TIf

Key No.f

TABLE 5. —ENDURANCE LIMITS UNDER REVERSED TORSIONAL STRESSES*

1. Al

2 1 2

I A, single crystal}

| 15 | 1.17| 0.22 | ( 9 - 5 )

|

11. Cu, Electrolytic or Commercially Pure . . ,/Rc Cu, 99.993 30 A*™™™*^ Qu, 99.992 10

13. Cu-Al, Al-Bronzes 4A As received] Al, 5.6 6A As received J Al, 9.1 h 7A As received ] Al, 10.0 12A As received J Al, 10.4 17. Cu-Ni 4A • -^/Rh Ni,44.7(constantan) B A3rCCelVed \Rh,790760Cf 18. Cu-Ni-Cr IA ! As received. F | Ni, 34.2; Cr, 4.1 20. Cu-Ni-Zn IA . . ./Rh Ni, 20; Zn, 5

B ^ received \R h .76076QCf

3 I As received, Rc 4 As received, R0. 13A [250° B Qi, Tp^ 344° __C [425° IA 2A ~3 19A :20 21 31 37B 39A B C D E F 42 -48 .5OB C ,52AT B 60 65A

21. Cu-Sn, Bronzes | Sn, 4.66 22. Cu-Zn, Brasses (| Zn, 28.2 J Zn, 40.1 (Muntz metal)

'; 23. Fe, Commercially Pure A 1000730 Cf, Armco iron;. C, 0.012 As received, Ab, ingot iron.. C, 0.02 24. Fe-C, C-Steels N 850° f Ô 7 Ï 3 Î As received .24 As received, R .25 F .25 850°/15Ca .33 810°/15 Cf 0 .37 845°/30 Cf .38 845730 Ca 9307120 Q0, 845730 Cf.... f670°/30 Cf.... 84573OQ0] 540730Cf.... [430730Cf.... As taken from service§ .41 850760QW, 4807120Cf.... %C 1 .46 925720Ca .49 Same, 775° Qw, 650° Cf 845715 Ca .52 Same, 790715 Qw. 650° Ca.. N800° .65 790730 Cf .81

>66B & [790715Cf C -1790°/150 /650°/30Ca D o |/90/15Qio\455730Ca

.93

30 20 40 60 30 20

30

30

4.2 2.8

0.15 (16) .13 ("»)

TABLE 5.—ENDURANCE LIMITS UNDER REVERSED TORSIONAI, STRESSES. *—(Continued) JJ 3'

Treatment


Ï2Â B C D 13A B

[480760 C a .... 90076OQwI 565760 Ca.... {650760 Ca.... As received, A 900760QW, 480760 C a .... As received, A

Cr, 15; C, 0.4

5

' JSv....

9.1

0.22 ( 16 )

.25

| 70 | 8.4 | 0.21 | ( 16 ) 20 6 20 30

6.3 3.9 5.3 6.0

0.19 (") ' .07 ( 16 ) .09 .12

10 10

ÏTÔ 8.8

0^38 .30

(^T ( 2 Q)

O 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10

!(ToÔ1Ï 9.8 .23 11.0 .24 11.6 .22 15.9 .27 11.2 .22 12.7 .26 12.3 .23 11.2 .22 15.1 .26 11.6 .19 14.4 .22 10.2 .18 20.0 .22 14.1 .22 18.3 .27 15.5 .22 22.2 .28 15.2 .19 13.4 .21

(»T" ( 16 ) (9) (16) (U) (20) ( 2 O)

10 10 10

11.5 .19 (20) 20.4 .25 36.5 .28

D 1OA C D

F 12 3 14A B C D 21A

3 6 2 2A 4B F

(16) (*«) (20) (20) (») Q6)

69Ä" 795715/860715 Cf0 1.20 10 17.2 .21 (20) B Cf \ 800° Q0.460715 Ca I 10 33.7 .27 27. Fe-Cr-C, Cr-Steels (Stainless Steels) 5A ,»«o/ftn n /540760 Ca.... Cr, 12; C, 0.42 10 30.2 0.39 (16) B WU/DU ^ w \650760C a .... 10 26.0 .31 Y~ As received, RhU Cr. 13; C, 0.1 40 18.3 .23 ( 2 Q) UAT [480760 Ca~ Cr, 15; C, 0.85 10 45.7 .28 (16) B 900760 Qwj 565760 Ca.... 10 41.5 .35 C {650760 Ca.... 10 26.0 .28 D As received. A 10 15.1 .19

j4__ 7A

j

ÏÔ 10 10 10 10 10

Jj7^

Lit.

2sl (K24 21.1 .24 21.1 .26 16.9 .22 33.0 .24 15.5 .21

(16)

(1«)

30. Fe-Cr-V-C, Cr-V-Steels I Cr, 1.0; V, 0.16; C, 0.45 | 10 | 15.1 [o.21 | (16)

32. Fe-Ni-C, Ni-Steels As taken from service^ Ni, 3.05; C. 0.4 900712OQ0,800730Cf.... Ni, 3.35; C, 0.3 840760 Qw, 485760 Cf 800760Cf [620730Cf.... 880730 Q0 \ 570730 C f . . . . [510730 C f . . . . 800760 Q0. 480730 Cf 830730Cf, /5907120 Cf Ni, 3.4; C, 0.4 830715Q0 \6507120Cf 830730 Cf, 810715 Qw, C to 500°, Sh 590760 C f . . . 785760 Cf. 790760Cf Ni, 3.6; C, 0.42 790760 Q0,480760 Cf 7QOVfU)O / 59 0°/60Cf.... /W/bU ** w \480°/60Cf.... 840760 Qw, 4807120 Cf.... Ni, 3.7; C, 0.3

_4_ 7.9 0.16 ( ) 7A 16 7.0 .11 ( ) B 9.1 .16 ( 1 6 ) C 12.0 .17 ( 16 ) F H J 10.2 0.21 0«) 12.0 .24 ^K 8A 60 | 13.7 | 0.20 | ( 16 ) B C 16

9.1

Cr, 16; C, 0.6

10"6Wf FLo*

10_ 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10

ZZZZZ 16.5 JK25_ (16) 14.4 .24~ (16) 37.2 .36 19.7 .27 26.4 .33 33.7 .30 31.6 .29 24.6 .30 26.0 .30 ( 2 O) 25.3 .31

10 10 10 10 10 10 10

23.2 .28 20.4 .29 15.8 .20 26.7 .32 32.7 .35 33.0 .31 25.3 .24

O6)

O8)

34. Fe-Ni-Cr-C, Ni-Cr-Steels _^ 840760 Qw, 4807120 Cf.... Ni, 1.36; Cr, 0.65; C, 0.37 10 32.3 0.29 (16) A 830° Q0, 330° Q0 Ni, 3.3; Cr1 0.87; C, 0.24 10 26.7 ~AT ( 2 O) A 830730 Q0,/650760 Cf 10 22.1 .28 79O0Q0 \650760Qw 10 23.9 .30 A, 830730 Ca, 790730 Cf... . 10 17.6 .29 Rh (2 passes), Rc (cyclops Ni, 19.7; Cr, 8.3; C, 0.33 10 26.1 .23 ( 2 O) metal) 35. Fe-Ni-Cr-Cu-C, Ni-Cr-Cu-Steels (Stainless Steels) As received, A Ni, 23; Cr. 5.4; C, 0.24 10 14.8 0.22 (16)" As received, A Ni, 28; Cr, 8.4; C, 0.45 10 15.5 .20 (16) 43. Fe-V-C, V-Steels 795760 Qw. 4807120 Cf.... I V,0.16;C,0.5 | 10 | 30.2 | 0.30 | ('«)" 48. Ni, Commercially Pure As received, Rh Ni, 99.07 70 14.1 0.33 (*«)" R0,288760Cf Ni, 98.95 20 13.0 .11 (16) Rc, 870760 Cf 20 12.0 .24 . 50. Ni-Cu As received Cu, 27.3 10 14.0 0.22 ( 2 O) Rh Cu, 29.5 20 13.4 .21 (16)

* Stresses calculated by usual formulae of theory of elasticity, t See footnotes to Table 2. Î The mechanical properties depend to some extent on the relative positions of the specimen and crystallographic axis. § Submarine crank-shaft. Il Stainless iron. 1 Battleship propeller shaft.

24. Fe-C, C-Steels R h ....

C, 0.13

Ï8A~ As received

C, 0.24

A

C, 0.24

23

As received, R

C, 0.27

25

As received, R

C, 0.29

B

32~ Asreceived

C, 0.34

38

Asreceived, R

C, 0.38

51

Asreceived

C 1 0.51

54

Asreceived

C, 0.57

57

Asreceived

C, 0.62

58

Asreceived

C, 0.63

62

Asreceived

C, 0.72

64

Asreceived

C.0.79

~5

Asreceived, R

Ni, 3.1; C, 0.12

6

Asreceived, R

Ni, 3.25; C, 0.38

8H 8H 8H 8H 8H 8H 8H Î 1 1 1 1 1 ï 1 Î 1 1 1 1 1 Ï 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

-19.2 -14.7 - 8.2 0.0 +7.8 15.5 20.1

OTO 22.7 59.2 .765 C«) 15.1 15.1 59.2 .51 0.0 20.7 57.6 .72 (25) 14.6 14.6 57.6 .505 0.0 21.2 51.5 .825(25) 16.2 16.2 51.5 .63 ÔTÔ 21.7 54.7 .79 («) 16.7 16.7 54.7 .61 ÔTÔ 22.8 TîsTs .78 (") 17.1 17.1 58.5 .585 0.0 23.3 62.0 .75 (25) 17.6 17.6 62.0 .57 0.0 20.3 70.4 .585(25) 15.2 15.2 70.4 .43 OTO 26.8 ~73.6 .73 (25) 20.2 20.2 73.6 .55 0.0 22.4 "72Te .62 (2~5) 17.6 17.6 72.6 .485 ÒTo 28.0 81.0 .69 (25) 21.4 21.4 81.0 .53 0.0 21.2 89.0 .475(25) 18.3 18.3 89.0 .41 0.0 23.6 63.1 .75 (25) 16.7 16.7 63.1 .53

32. Fe-Ni-C, Ni-Steels

8A 8B

830V30Cf,830715Q0 590°/120 Cf 830°/30Cf,830°/15Q0 650°/120Cf

8D

785°/60Cf

9A

Asreceived, R

Ni, 3.4; C, 0.41

Ni, 3.56; C, 0.14

•_ 13

Asreceived, R

Ni, 4.7; C, 0.50

ï 1 1 1 1 1 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 1 1 1 1

J

Lit.

* See footnotes to Table 2.

TABLE 7.—ENDURANCE LIMITS UNDER CYCLES OF TORSIONAL STRESS WITH VARIOUS MEAN STRESSES

Key No*

4

46.00.955 (25) 46.0 .795 50.41.23 (25) 50.4 1.10 50.40.875 50.4 .71 87.0 .71 (20) 87.0 .70 78.6 .66 ( 2 <>) 78.6 .79 78.6 .65 71.5 .72 (20) 71 .j .605 50.01.08 (25) 50.0 0.69 63.4 .94 (25) 63.4 .825

Treat™*

^J-J

24. Fe-C, C-Steels 48

5OB

5OC 69A 69B

7B

8A 0.0 22.8 18.3 18.3 0.0 30.9 14.2 27.6 22.1 22.1 27.3 17.9 0.0 30.9 3.4 30.4 0.0 26.0 3.4 31.0 11.0 25.6 0.0 25.7 9.3 21.6 0.0 27.0 17.3 17.3 0.0 29.7 21.6 21.6

80.91.04 (15) 80.90.895 80.9 .685 80.9 .665 80.9 .495 80.9 .36 80.9 .39 80.9 .28 80.9 .15

Lit

39.70.77 |(12) 39.7 .85 39.7 .93 39.71.03 39.70.97 39.7 .85 39.7 .695

\

8 H -15.8 42.2 8H 0.0 36.2 8 H +23.8 27.6 8 H 28.3 26.8 8 H 31.5 20.0 8 H 39.4 14.6 8 H 47.3 15.7 8 H 53.9 11.3 8H 66.3 6.1

R/ÜTS

15.3 16.9 18.5 20.5 19.3 16.9 13.8

Ni, 3.6; Cr, 0.6; C, 0.30

UTS, ultimate tensile strength, kg/mm*

45.31.01 («) 45.30.955 45.3 .825 45.3 .73 45.3 .665 45.3 .61

A/2, endurance2 half range, kg/mm [Def.

22.9 21.6 18.9 16.5 15.1 13.8

Treatment not stated

JIf, mean2 unit stress, kg/mm

2 H - 9.5 2 H -5.1 2H 0.0 2 H +6.3 2H 9.8 2 H 12.2

18

Millions of reversals, 10-«n*

Cu, 58.5; Zn, 40.1

R/UTS

34. Fe-Ni-Cr-C, Ni-Cr-Steels

22. Cu-Zn, Brasses 14A As received, R Naval brass, a/3

A/2, endurance half range [Def. 17(e)l UTS, ultimate tensile strength


M, mean unit 2 stress, kg/mm

Treatment

10~6 X number of reversals*

TABLE 6. —ENDURANCE LIMITS UNDER CYCLES OP DIRECT STRESS WITH VARiouß MEAN STRESSES. — (Continued)

I Key No.*

Lit.

R/UTS

UTS, ultimate tensile strength

A/2, endurance half range [Def. 17(e)]


M, mean unit 2 stress, kg/mm

Key No.*

Treatment

IO"6 X number of reversals*

I

TABLE 6. — ENDURANCE LIMITS UNDEB CYCLES OF DIRECT STRESS WITH VARIOUS MEAN STRESSES

8B 8D

12

805°/60Qw,480°/120Cf...

C, 0.46

10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10_

0.0 14.1 20.4 925°/20Ca C, 0.49 0.0 3.4 13.0 925°/20 C», 775° QWf 650° ITO Cf (sorbitic). 17.6 795°/15Cf,860°/15Cfo.... C, 1.20 10 TO HÎT^ 795°/15 Cf, 800° Q0,4607 10 IU) 15 Ca 20 31.3 32. Fe-Ni-C, Ni-Steels 840760 Qw, 485760 Cf.... Ni, 3.35; C, 0.31 10 0.0 10 17.9 10 33.4 10 44.6 830°/30 Cf, 830°/15 Q0, Ni, 3.4; C, 0.4 10 TO 590°/120 Cf 10 24.6 830°/30 Cf, 830715 Q0, 10 TO 6507120 Cf __ 10 5.5 785760Cf 10 0.0 10 4.9 10 20.0 840760 Qw, 4807120 Cf... Ni, 3.74; C, 0.28 10 TO 10 23.9

34. Fe-Ni-Cr-C, Ni-Cr-Steels 840760 Qw, 4807120 Cf... Ni, 1.4; Cr, 0.65; 10 0.0 C, 0.37 î°_?°_i? 14D As received, A, 830730 Ca, Ni, 3.3; Cr, 0.87; 10 0.0 790730Cf C, 0.24 10 3.9 10 16.2 43. Fe-V-C, V-Steel 3

2

795760 Qw, 4807120 Cf... V, 0.16; C, 0.50


20.0 92.70.43 ( 1 6 ) 21.1 92.7 .455 20.4 92.7 .44 14.0 64.3 .435 ( 2 O) 13.5 64.3 .42 13.0 64.3 .405 18.3 ~JxTl .54 ( 2 O) 17.6 68.1 .52 17.2 82.2 .42 ( 2 O) 17.2 82.2 .42 33.7 126.5 .53 ( 2 <>) 31.3 126.5 .50 37.3 33.4 33.4 23.6 26.0 24.7 25.3 21.9 20.4 19.7 20.0 25.3 23.9

102.50.73 ( 16 ) 102.5 .65 102.5 .65 102.5 .46' 86.9 .60 ( 2 O) 86.9 .57 ~7sT8 ~M5 78.8 .555 71.4 .57 71.4 .55 71.4 .56 UOJTs "~49~ (ï«j 103.5 .46

32.3 30.6 17.6 15.8 16.2

112.60.575(16) 112.6 .545 61.4 .58 (20) 61.4 .52 61.4 .53

10 0.0 30.2 100.90.60 ( 16 ) 10 28.5 28.5 100.9 .565 10 |37.2 27.4 100.9 .545

6.0 4.4

1.00 0.735

(^T

30.7 23.5

TOO 0.765

(»)""

Î5 ÏÔH 180 IQH

N 800°

0,0.65

20 1OH 305 IQH

Rh, 35O0Q V, "E" alloy....

Zn, 20; Cu, 2.5

: 6

Rh "A" alloy

Zn, 20.3; Cu, 2.9

As cast

Graphite, 1.70; combined C, 0.56, "granfin"

20 350 500

6 H 1 5 j O TOO 6H 13.4 0.895 6 H 14.2 .945

(**ï

5OB 925°/20Ca

C, 0.49

68

C, 1.02

32. Fe-Ni-C, Ni-Steels " Ï A s received

Ni, 2.9; C, 0.4

20 370

ÏÔH IQH

3Ï77 TOO 25.9 0.82

18 200 300 400 600 700

1OH 1OH 1OH 1OH 1OH IQH

23.6 1.00 24.8 1.05 27.9 1.18 27.9 1.18 24.8 1.05 24.0 1.01

("T

49. Ni-Cr 1

As received, Rh

Ni, 80; Cr, 19

(FLo) 0/(FLo)20

Millions of reversals, 10~6/i* Endurance limit kg/mm^Lo [Def. 17(o)]t

Temp., 0C

Key No*

|

TABLE 9.—ENDURANCE LIMITS AT VARIOUS TEMPERATURES. REVERSED BENDING STRESSES (ROTATING BEAM MACHINES)

Cu, 4.0; Mg, 0.5

8

Rh, 480°Q W V

Cu, 5.0; Mg, 0.75

9

R h ,480°Q w V

Cu, 6.0; Mg, 0.75

1

Rh ("magnalite")

4

48O 0 QhV

5

48O 0 QhV

6

52O 0 QhV

1

Rh ("aeromin")

20 150 20 150 20 150

2 2_ 2 3_ 3~ 3

Lit

Ï 6 ~ 6 T O O O3) 11.3 0.68 __ 16.6 1.00 ( 13 ) 12.5 0.75 16.1 1.00 O 3 ) 7.9 0.49

4. Al-Cu-Ni-Mg Cu, 2.0; Ni, 1.5; Mg, 1.0 20 4 150 4_ f 20 3 150 3__ "Y" alloys, Cu, 4; 20 3~ Ni, 2.0; Mg1 1.5 150 3 20 ~10 150 3

14.2 11.0 14.2 10.3 16.3 12.9 16.1 13.2

1.00 ( 13 ) 0.78 1.00 O3) 0.73 1.00 (1^) 0.79 1.00 O 3 ) 0.82

6. Al-Mg Mg, 6.2

(•*)

21 290 380 425 470 540 620 ~2Ï~. 165 305 480 565

Ï8 20 10 10 10 12 15 10 10 10 10 12

25~3JOO 27.4 .08 29.5 .17 31.0 .22 29.6 .77 23.9 0.94 16.9 .67 73.8 1.00 68.4 0.93 60.5 .82 52.8 .72 38.0 .52

(20)

ÏÔ 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 80 13 20 10

53^5 57.7 52.9 47.9 40.9 52.1 52.7 47.1 43.6 38.7 39.4 36.6 32.4 26.1

(l 3)

20 150

3 3

10.3 1.00 8.6 0.84

(âô)

TOO 1.08 0.99 .90 .76 1.00 1.01 0.90 .84 .74 1.00 0.93 .82 .66

(")

(äö)

( 20 )


3. Al-Cu-Mg 1 R h , 480° QWV

Ï5~3TOO 8.0 0.52 13.7 1.00 7.1 0.52

830730 Cf, 790715 Q0, Ni,3.3;Cr,0.18;C,0.41 20 425°/30 Ca 240 345 470 ("7 540 15B 830°/30 Cf, 790715 Q0, ~20~ 650730Ca 240 345 470 540 21B Rh (2passes),Rc, 940730Cf Ni, 19.7;Cr,8.3;C,0.33 20 (" cyclopsmetal") 260 470 |565 I * See footnotes to Table 2. t See footnote to Table 3.

Ni, 69; Cu, 28; Mn, 2.4 Ï 5 1 O H 25.1 TOO 100 1OH 21.0 0.84 200 1OH 20.0 .80 300 1OH 20.0 .80 500 1OH 18.4 .73 600 IQH 14.1 .56


2 2 2 2

34. Fe-Ni-Cr-C, Ni-Cr-Steels ISA


TrpRtmpTit lreatment

790°/30 Cf, 790730 Q0 ("spring steel")

("T

51. Ni-Cu-Mn 1 As received, R

20 150 20 150

24. Fe-C, C-Steels

25. Fe-C, Cast Irons 1

Lit.

10. Al-Zn-Cu ~5

24. Fe-C, Carbon Steels 60

(FLo) to /(FLo)20


Millions of reversals, \Q~*n * Endurance limit kg/mm 2-FLo [Def. 17(6)]t

Treatment

Temp., 0C

8. Al-Si Si, 12.7

6A GmM

TABLE 9. —ENDURANCE LIMITS AT VARIOUS TEMPERATURES. REVERSED BENDING STRESSES (ROTATING BEAM MACHINES). — (Continued)

Key No.*

Lit.

(FLoW(F1Lo)20


Millions of reversals, 10-6«* Endurance limit, kg/mm2- FLo [Def. 17 (O)]

Treatment

Temp., 0C

Key No.*

TABLE 8. —ENDURANCE LIMITS AT VARIOUS TEMPERATURES, REVERSED DIRECT STRESSES

( 13 )

O) Aitchison, Engineering Steels. London, Macdonald and Evans, 1921. ( 2 ) Aitchison and Barclay, Engineering Non-ferrous Metals and Alloys. London, Frowde, Hodder and Stoughton, 1923. (3) Basch and Sayre, 423, 32 I: 350; 25. (*) Carpenter and Edwards, 403, 1: 57; 07. 115, 83: 253; 07. ( 5 ) Corse, 66, 17 I: 190; 17. ( 6 ) Elmendorf, 422, 41 II: 811; 14. (7) Gibson, 66, 20 II: 115; 21. ( 8 ) Gillett and Mack, 66, 24 II: 476, 609, 760; 24. ( 9 ) Gough, Fatigue of Metals. London, Scott, Greenwood and Son, 1924. 115, 114: 291 ; 22. 299, No. 743; 21. 299, No. 864; 25. Gough, National Physical Laboratory, England, O. ( 9 - 5 ) Gough, Hanson and Wright, 62, 226: 1; 26. 299, No. 1024; 26. ( 10 ) Gough and Hanson, 5, 104: 538; 23. (U) Gough and Tapsell, National Physical Laboratory, England, O. ( 1 Z) Haigh, 481, 23: 17; 15. 47, 18: 55; 17. Aero. Res. Comm. Kept. No. E. F., 78; 23. ( 13 ) Hankins, 299, No. 789; 21. Aero. Res. Comm. Light Alloys Subcomm. Rept., 274; 17. ( 1 ^) Hatfield, 481, 28: 52; 21. 368, 15: 465; 21. ( » » ) Lea, 413, 23: 545; 19. 403, 2: 762; 21. Lea and Budgen, 899, No. 920; 24. 0«) McAdam, 33, 25: 1081; 21. 66, 23 II: 56; 23. 818, 6: 393; 24. "66, 24 H: 273, 574; 24. 818, 7: 54, 217, 581; 25. 80, preprint, Oct., 1925; preprint, Feb., 1926. 07) Merica and Karr, 66, 19 II: 297; 19. O*) Merica, Waltenburg and McCabe, 66, 21: 922; 21. ( 1 9 ) Moore, 66, 23 H: 106; 23. 25 H: 66; 25. 24 II : 547; 24. (20) Moore and Jasper, 86, No. 136; 23. No. 142; 24. No. 152; 25. (2 » ) Moore and Kommers, 86, No. 124; 21. (22) National Physical Laboratory, England, 354, and O. (23) Rosenhain and Archbutt, 403, 2: 319; 12. (24) Rosenhain and Lantsberry, 403, 1: 119; 10. (25) Smith, 140, 2: 246; 10. (*•) Stanton and Bairstow, 153, 166: 78; 05. (27) H. J. Tapsell, National Physical Laboratory, England, O. (28) Woodvine, 417, 13: 197; 24.

AI-Cu /6,TI,22,45\

Fe-CK1-13)

Temperatures revised by comparison with (3^1)

SPECIAL PROPERTY-TABLE The following tables are arranged to facilitate the selection of a metal or alloy having an extreme (high or low) value of a given mechanical property at room temperature. The bold-face numbers represent a scale of values of the property in question. The numbers in the interval between any two scale values are page numbers by means of which the reader may locate an alloy having a value (of the property in question) which lies within this interval. ULTIMATE TENSILE STRENGTH, UTS9 kg/mm2 (DEF. 4) Ferrous: 241: 479, 513. 230: 513, 530, 531. 220:478, 479, 509, 510, 513, 531, 532. 200: 478, 479, 502, 503, 505, 509, 510, 512, 532. 180: 479, 507, 511, 512, 513, 530, 531. 175: . . . 20:488, 497, 498, 508, 526, 527. 10: 488, 490, 497, 498, 508, 523, 527. 3. Non-ferrous: 420: 592. 160: 585, 592. 112: 560, 573, 575, 576, 578, 579, 581, 582. 80: 481, 560, 575-579, 581, 582, 583, 585, 592. 70: 534, 538, 555, 556, 575-585, 592. 60: 538, 546, 554, 555, 556,560,563,574-585,592. 50: . . . 5:533,535,545,546,547, 549, 551, 553, 556, 557, 567, 570, 584, 592, 593. 1:586, 593. O. 2

YIELD POINT IN TENSION, YP9 kg/mm (DEF. 3) Ferrous: 203: 479, 513, 531. 190: 478, 479, 510, 513. 180: 478, 479, 511, 530, 531. 170: 478, 479, 503, 507, 511, 531. 160: 478, 479, 481, 510, 513. 151: . . . 2 0 : 478, 480, 482, 488, 489, 490, 491, 493, 508, 514, 523. 10: 482, 523. 3.6. Non-ferrous: 88: 581, 582. 70: 575, 579, 581-583. 60: 481, 534, 538, 555, 556, 560, 575, 577-582. 40: . . .3.9: 533, 534, 536, 537, 543, 552. 1.8.

REDUCTION IN AREA, RA, % (DEF. 8) Ferrous: 100: 488, 490, 498. 80: 478, 481, 488, 498, 523. . . . 2 . 2 : 491, 492, 493, 510, 513, 521, 529, 530, 531, 532. 479, 510, 513, 521, 524, 531. 0.0: 490, 491, 492, 493, 497, 508, 513, 520, 524, 529, 530, 532. Non-ferrous: 100: 592, 593. 95: 533, 548, 549, 553, 574. 533, 536, 548, 549, 552, 553, 555, 560, 574, 581, 583. 77: 2.0: 533, 545, 556, 557, 560, 562, 575, 579. 0.4: 575, 579, 593. 0.0. PER CENT ELONGATION, El (DEF. 7)

75: 1.0: 510, 80: ... 586,

Ferrous: 76: 488, 498, 512. 60: 478, 482, 488, 490, 498, 512. 50: . . . 1.0:491,492,493,501,503,510,513,520,521,523,524, 525, 530, 531, 532. 0.5: 478, 490, 491, 492, 493, 508, 513, 521, 522, 523, 524, 525, 529, 530, 532. 0.0. Non-ferrous: 160: 547, 576. 95: 533, 535, 548, 551, 555, 557, 573-576, 581-583. 70 : ... 1.0:480, 533, 534, 536, 537, 544, 545, 546, 551, 55&-561, 565, 567, 568, 570, 575-577, 579, 581, 586. 0.0. BRINELL HARDNESS NUMBER, BHN (DEF. 12) Ferrous: 817: 495, 510, 514, 531. 600: 495, 506, 510, 513, 514, 521, 523, 530, 531. 570: 495, 503, 510, 513, 514, 523, 530, 531. 650:513,514,531. 520:506,510,513,514,532. 509:. . . 9 9 : 478, 494, 525, 526. 90: 478, 514, 525, 529. 80: 478, 494, 529. 51. Non-ferrous: 640: 576, 588. 390: 561, 576, 588. 300: 480, 567, 576, 577, 579, 581, 582, 586-588, 592, 593. 220: 480, 556, 576, 577, 581-583, 586, 588. 190: 480, 546, 556, 576, 577, 581-584, 586. 175: 480, 539, 546, 556, 577, 580-582, 584, 585, 588. 160: 480, 10: 556, 557, 561, 576. 539, 554, 556, 577, 579-587. 154: ... 3.0.



In all literature references cited in International Critical Tables the name of the journal or publication is indicated by means of a Key Number corresponding to the list given below. The numbers which follow this key number in a literature citation are, in the order named: (1) the volume, (2) the page, and (3) the last two figures of the year. Thus 64V, 31: 253; 22, indicates Verslag Koninklijke Akademie van Wetenschappen te Amsterdam, Vol. 31, page 253, 1922. Series numbers are not given. Key Numbers referring to books and other non-serial publications are preceded by the letter B, and the volume number is given in Roman numerals. Thus, BlO, IV: 191; 18 indicates Doelter, Handbuch der Mineralchemie, page 191 of Vol. 4 of the 1918 edition. The Key Number O is used to indicate "private communication from."

Le nom du journal ou de la publication de toutes les références bibliographiques citées dans les Tables Critiques Internationales est indiqué au moyen d'un nombre-clé correspondant à la liste donnée ci-dessous. Les nombres qui suivent ce nombre-clé dans un renvoi bibliographique indiquent dans Tordre suivant: (1) le volume, (2) la page, et (3) les deux derniers chiffres de l'année. Ainsi 64 V1 31: 253; 22, indique Verslag Koninklijke Akademie van Wetenschappen te Amsterdam, vol. 31, page 253, 1922. Les numéros des séries ne sont pas donnés. Les nombres-clés se rapportant à des livres ou à des publications non périodiques sont précédés de la lettre B et le numéro du volume est donné en chiffres romains. Ainsi, BlO1 IV: 191; 18 indique Doelter, Handbuch der Mineralchemie, page 191 du volume 4 de l'édition de 1918. Le nombre-clé O est employé pour indiquer " communication privée de."

DAS LITERATURVERZEICHNIS

INDICAZIONI BIBLIOGRAFICHE

In allen Literaturstellen, die in I. C. T. verzeichnet sind, ist der Name der Zeitschrift oder der Publikation mit Hilfe einer Schlüsselnummer', entsprechend der unten folgenden Liste, angegeben. Die Zahlen,, welche diesen Schlüsselnummern bei einem Literaturzitat folgen, bedeuten der Reihe nach: (1) der Band, (2) die Seite und (3), die letzten zwei Zahlen des Jahrganges. So bedeutet .z. B. 64Vy 31: 253; 22, Verslag Koninklijke Akademie van Wetenschappen te Amsterdam, Band 31, Seite 253, ]922. SerienNummern werden nicht angegeben. Der Schlüsselzahl wird ein B vorausgesetzt, wenn sie Bücher, oder eine andre nicht periodische Veröffentlichung bezeichnet. Die Bandnummer wird durch römische Ziffern angegeben. Es bedeutet z. B. also BlO, IV: 191; 18, Doelter, Handbuch der Mineralchemie, Seite 191, des 4 Bandes, der Auflage des Jahres 1918. Die Schlüsselzahl O wird gebraucht, um anzuzeigen, dass es eine "private Mitteilung" ist.

In tutte le indicazioni bibliografiche che si incontrano nelle ''Tabelle Critiche Internazionali" il nome del giornale o della pubblicazione è espresso con un numero chiave riportato nell'elenco dato più oltre. I numeri che, nella citazione, vengono dopo il numero chiave sono disposti con l'ordine seguente: (1) il volume, (2) la pagina, e (3) le ultime due cifre del millesimo. Cosi 64V1 31: 253; 22, indica la Verslag Koninklijke Akademie van Wetenschappen te Amsterdam, Voi. 31, pagina 253, 1922. I numeri di serie non vengono dati. Quando un numero chiave è preceduto dalla lettera B si riferisce a libri o ad altre pubblicazioni non periodiche, e il numero del volume viene allora scritto in cifre romane. Cosi BlO, IV: 191; 18 indica Doelter, Handbuch der Mineralchemie, pagina 191 del IV0 volume dell'edizione 1918. Il numero chiave O indica " Comunicazione privata da , . . "

KEY TO THE PERIODICALS Data regarding the libraries which receive many of these periodicals may be found through the following sources : United States and Canada: " Periodicals Abstracted by Chemical Abstracts, 1926" (Chemical Abstracts, Ohio State Univ., •Columbus, Ohio); " Union List of Serials in the Libraries of the United States and Canada, 1925-1927" (H. W. Wilson & Co., New York City); "A Catalogue of Scientific Periodicals in Canadian Libraries, 1924" (McGiIl Univ., Montreal, Canada). Great Britain: "A World List of Scientific Periodicals Published an the Years 1900-1921 " (Oxford Univ. Press, London, 1925). Holland: " Chemisch Jaarboekje tevens Jaarboekje der Nederlandsche Chemische Vereeniging, Vol. 3." (Amsterdam, D. B. €enten, 1920.) 1. Journal of the American Chemical Society. 2. Physical Review. 3. London, Edinburgh and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science. 4. Journal of the Chemical Society, London. (Memoirs of the Chemical Society; continued as Quarterly Journal; later Journal.)

5. Proceedings of the Royal Society (London). A. Mathematical and Physical Sciences. 5B. Proceedings of the Royal Society (London). B. Biological Sciences. 6. Annales de chimie et de physique. See also Nos. 14 and 16. 7. Zeitschrift für physikalische Chemie, Stöchiometrie und Verwandtschaftslehre. 8. Annalen der Physik. [Journal der Physik, 1790-1794. Neues Journal der Physik, 1795-1796. Annalen der Physik, 1799-1819; Annalen der Physik und der physikalische Chemie, 1819-1824 (Gilbert). Annalen der Physik und Chemie, 1824-1899 (Poggendorff, Wiedemann). Annalen der Physik, 1900(Drude, Wien and Planck).] 9. Zeitschrift für Elektrochemie und angewandte physikalische Chemie. 10. Tables annuelles internationales de constantes et données numériques. 11. American Chemical Journal. (Combined with No. 1 in 1914.) 12. American Journal of Science. (American Journal of Science and Arts, 1820-79; known also as Silliman's Journal of Science.)

13. Annalen der Chemie, Justus Liebig's. 14. Annales de chimie. 15. Annales des mines ou receuil de mémoires sur l'exploitation des mines et sur les sciences et les arts qui s'y rattachent. 16. Annales de physique. 20. Arkiv for Matematik, Astronomi och Fysik. 22. Atti della reale accademia nazionale dei Lincei. (Rendiconti classe di scienze fisiche, matematiche e naturali.) 23. Atti della reale accademia delle scienze di Torino. 24. Atti del reale istituto Veneto di scienze, lettere ed arti. 25. Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft. 27. Bulletin de la société chimique de France. (Before 1908 was Bulletin de la société chimique de Paris.) 28. Bulletin de la société chimique de Belgique. (Before 1904 was Bulletin de l'association belge des chimistes.) 29. Bureau of Mines, Bulletins. 30. Bureau of Mines, Technical Papers. 31. Bureau of Standards, Scientific Papers. 31A. Bureau of Standards, Bulletin. 32. Bureau of Standards, Technologie Papers. 33. Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering. (Name changed July, 1918 from Metallurgical and Chemical Engineering.) 34. Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des séances de l'académie des sciences, de l'institut de France. 36. Gazetta chimica italiana. 37. Helvetica Chimica Acta. 38. Journal of the American Ceramic Society. (Continues No. 81.) 40. Journal of the American Institute of Metals. See No. 329. 42. Journal de chimie physique. 43. Journal of the Faculty of Engineering, Tokyo Imperial University. 45. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry. (Name changed Jan. 1923 from Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry.) 46. Journal of the Institution of Electrical Engineers (London). 47. Journal of the Institute of Metals (London). 49. Journal de pharmacie et de chimie. 50. Journal of Physical Chemistry. 51. Journal de physique et le radium. (Formed from Le radium and Journal de physique, théorique et appliquée.) 52. Journal für praktische Chemie. 53. Journal of the Russian Physico-Chemical Society. (Chemical part.) 54. Journal of the Society of Chemical Industry. 55. Kolloid-Zeitschrift. (Formerly Zeitschrift für Chemie und Industrie der Kolloide.) 56. Mechanical Engineering. (Formerly Journal of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers.) 57. Monatshefte für Chemie und verwandte Teile anderer Wissenschaften. 58. Nature, London. 59. Nuovo Cimento. 60. Översikt av Finska Vetenskaps-Societetens Förhandlingar. (Discontinued with Vol. 64, 1921-22.) 62. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Physical and Mathematical. 63. Physikalische Zeitschrift, vereinigt mit dem Jahrbuch der Radioaktivität und Elektronik. See also No. 200. 64P. Proceedings of the Royal Academy of Sciences of Amsterdam. 64V. Verslag koninklijke Akademie van Wetenschappen te Amsterdam. 65. Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. 66. Proceedings of the American Society for Testing Materials.

67. Proceedings of the Physical Society of London. 68. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. 69. Proceedings and Transactions of the Royal Society of Canada. 70. Recueil des travaux chimiques des Pays-Bas. 71. Rendiconti dell'accademia dell scienze fisiche e matematiche. (Classe della società reale di Napoli.) 72. Rendiconti reale istituto Lombardo di scienze e lettere. 74. Revue de métallurgie. 74E. Revue de métallurgie, Extraits. 75. Sitzungsberichte Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien, mathematisch-naturwissenschaftliche Klasse. 76. Sitzungsberichte der preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften. / 77. Stahl und Eisen. /\ 78. Transactions of the American Electrochemical Society. 80. Transactions of the American Institute of Mining andMetallurgical Engineers. 81. Transactions of the American Ceramic Society. (Continued in 1917 by No. 38.) 82. Transactions of the Ceramic Society (England). 83. Transactions of the Faraday Society. 85. Transactions of the Optical Society (London). 86. University of Illinois, Engineering Experiment Station, Bulletins. 88. Verhandlungen der physikalischen Gesellschaft zu Berlin. See also No. 96. 89. Wissenschaftliche Abhandlungen der physikalisch-technischen Reichsanstalt. 91. Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie. 92. Zeitschrift für angewandte Chemie. 93. Zeitschrift für anorganische und allgemeine Chemie. (Name changed in 1915 from Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie.) 94. Zeitschrift für Krystallographie. (Name changed in 1921 from Zeitschrift für Krystallographie und Mineralogie.) 95. Zeitschrift für Metallkunde. (Formerly Internationale Zeitschrift für Metallographie.) 96. Zeitschrift für Physik. (Verhandlungen der physikalischen Gesellschaft zu Berlin, 1882-1898; Verhandlungen der deutschen physikalischen Gesellschaft, 1899-1902; Berichte der deutschen physikalischen Gesellschaft, 1903-1919; Zeitschrift für Physik, 1920.) 97. Zeitschrift für technische Physik. 98. Zeitschrift des Vereines deutscher Ingenieure. 100. Sprechsaal, Zeitschrift für die keramischen, Glas- und verwandten Industrien. 101. Elektrotechnische Zeitschrift. 102. Céramique. 103. Keramische Rundschau. 104. Berichte der deutschen keramischen Gesellschaft. 105. Journal of the Society of Glass Technology. 106. Revue générale de l'électricité. 107. Electrical World. 109. National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics, Annual Reports. 112. Dinglers polytechnisches Journal. 114. Electric Journal. 115. Engineering. 117. Scientific Proceedings of the Royal Dublin Society. 119. Proceedings of the American Institution of Electrical Engineers. (Discontinued in 1919.) 120. General Electric Review. 121. Electrician. 122. Journal of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers. See No. 56.

124. 125. 128. 129. 133. 134.

135. 136. 137. 138. 139. 140. 141. 142. 143. 148. 149.

152. 153. 154. 155. 156. 157. 158. 159. 160. 161. 162. 163. 164. 166. 168. 169. 172. 173. 174. 176. 182.

Silikat-Zeitschrift. Archiv für Elektrotechnik. (Supplement to No. 101.) Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences. Transactions of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers. British Association for the Advancement of Science, Reports. Bulletin de l'académie des sciences de l'union des republiques soviétiques socialistes. (Formerly Bulletin de l'académie impérial des sciences de St. Petersburgh; name changed in 1917 to Bulletin de l'académie des sciences de Russie; présent name dates from 1925.) Chemical News and Journal of Industrial Science. (Name changed in 1921 from Chemical News and Journal of Physical Science.) Chemiker Zeitung. Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskab, Mathematiskfysiske Meddelelser. Societas scientiarum fennica. Commentationes physicomathematicae. Ferrum. Journal of the Iron and Steel Institute, London. Journal of Biological Chemistry. Journal of the Society of Chemical Industry, Japan. (Formerly Journal of Chemical Industry, Japan.) Journal of the Franklin Institute. Zeitschrift für die gesamte Kälte-Industrie. Archives des sciences physiques et naturelles. (Bibliothèque brittanique, 1796-1815; Bibliothèque universelle des sciences, belles-lettres et arts, 1816-1835; Bibliothèque universelle de Genève, 1836-1845; Supplément à la bibliothèque universelle de Genève. Archives des sciences physiques et naturelles, 1846-1847; Bibliothèque universelle de Genève. Archives des sciences physiques et naturelles, 1848-1857; Bibliothèque universelle, revue suisse et étrangère. Archives des sciences physiques et naturelles, 1858-1861; Bibliothèque universelle et revue suisse. Archives des sciences physiques et naturelles, 1862-1877; Bibliothèque universelle. Archives des sciences physiques et naturelles, 1878.) Carnegie Institution of Washington Publications. Minutes of Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers. Iowa Geological Survey, Bulletin. Missouri Bureau of Geology and Mines. U. S. Geological Survey, Bulletin. U. S. Department of Agriculture, Bulletin. New York State Museum, Bulletin. Science Reports of the Tôhoku Imperial University. Series I, Mathematics, Physics and Chemistry. Arkansas Geological Survey, Annual Reports. Mitteilungen aus dem königlichen technischen Versuchsanstalten zu Berlin. See also No. 312. Mitteilungen aus dem mech.-tech. Laboratorium der technischen Hochschule in München. Minnesota, Geological and Natural History Survey. Colorado, Biennial Report Capitol Managers. Science. Communications from the Physical Laboratory at the University of Leiden. Annales de l'Institut Polytechnique Pierre-le-Grand, Petrograd. International Congress of Applied Chemistry. Analyst, London. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. Chemisch Weekblad, Amsterdam. Proceedings of the Chemical Society, London. (Continued as No. 4.)

184. 185. 186. 187.

American Journal of Pharmacy. Chemisches Centralblatt. Bulletin de la classe des sciences, académie royale de Belgique. Metall und Erz, Zeitschrift für Metalhüttenwesen und Erzbergbau, einschl. Aufbereitung. 188. Nachrichten von der königlichen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen. Geschäftliche Mitteilungen; mathematisch-physikalische Klasse. 189. Centralblatt für Mineralogie, Geologie und Paläontologie. 19OB. Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie, Geologie und Paläontologie, Beilage Band. 192. Metallurgie. (Divided into Nos. 139 and 187.) 197. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 198. Revue générale des sciences pures et appliquées. 199. Le Radium. (Merged into No. 51 in 1920.) 200. Jahrbuch der Radioaktivität und Elektronik. (Combined with Physikalische Zeitschrift in 1924-) 201. Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society. 204. Photographic Journal. 205. Biochemische Zeitschrift. 208. Physica, Nederlandsch Tijdschrift voor Natuurkunde. 209. Japanese Journal of Chemistry. 210. Scientific Papers, Institute of Physical-Chemical Research, Tokyo. 212. Transactions of the American Society for Steel Treating. 216. Giornale di chimica industriale ed applicata. (Annali di chimica applicata, 1914; continued as Giornale di chimica applicata; combined with Giornale di chimica industriale, Mar1Ch1 192O1 to form Giornale di chimica industriale ed applicata.) 218. Naturwissenschaften. 219. Proceedings of the Physico-Mathematical Society of Japan. 220. Jern-Kontorets Annaler, Stockholm. 223. Journal of General Physiology. 226. Mitteilungen aus dem Kaiser-Wilhelm-Institut für Eisenforschung zu Düsseldorf. 227. Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine. 230. Biochemical Journal. 231. U. S. Public Health Service, Public Health Reports. 238. Travaux et mémoires du bureau international des poids et mesures. 242. Vierteljahrsschrift der naturforschenden Gesellschaft, Zürich. 243. Zeitschrift für Instrumentenkunde. 244. Journal of the Society of Automotive Engineers. 248. Proceedings of the University of Durham Philosophical Society. 251. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria, Melbourne. 252. Chemische Umschau auf dem Gebiete der Fette, OeIe, Wachse und Harze. (Before 1916 Chemische Revue über die Fett- und Harz Industrie.) 253. Lubrication. 255. Bulletin of the American Institute of Mining and Metallurgical Engineers. (Continued as No. 329.) 257. Bulletin of the Imperial Institute, London. (Before 19OS1 Imperial Institute Journal.) 258. Le cuir. Edition technique. (Name changed Nov., 1923 to Le cuir technique.) 259. Collegium. 260. Indian Forest Records. 261. Journal of the American Leather Chemists' Association. 262. Journal of the International Society of Leather Trades' Chemists. (Before Oct., 1925, Journal of the Society of Leather Trades' Chemists.) 263. Leather Trades' Review.

264. Ledertechnische Rundschau. (Technical supplement of Der Lederindustrie.) 265. Queensland Agricultural Journal. 267. Philippine Journal of Science. 273. Berichte der pharmazeutischen Gesellschaft. See No. 293. 275. International Sugar Journal. 276. Chemical Age, London. 279. Zeitschrift für Untersuchung der Nahrungs- und Genussmittel sowie der Gebrauchsgegenstande. Zeitschrift für Untersuchung der Lebensmittel. 285. Journal of Mathematics and Physics. 287. Kolloidchemische Beihefte. 290. Journal of the Society of Dyers and Colourists. 291. Arbeiten aus dem Reichsgesundheitsamte. 293. Archiv der Pharmazie. (Combined with No. 273 in 1924 to form Archiv der Pharmazie und Berichte der deutschen pharmazeutischen Gesellschaft.) 295. Proceedings of the American Wood-Preservers' Association. 296. Kunststoffe, Zeitschrift für Erzeugung und Verwendung veredelter oder chemisch hergestellter Stoffe. 299. British Aeronautical Research Committee. Reports and Memoranda. 306. Journal of the American Society of Naval Engineers. 307. Iron and Coal Trades Review. 308. Fortschritte der Mineralogie, Kristallographie und Pétrographie. 309. Bulletin of the Lewis Institute, Structural Materials Research Laboratory, Chicago. 310. Transactions of the National Lime Manufacturers' Association. 311. France-Belgique. (Revue de l'ingénieur et index technique merged with this in 1922.) 312. Mitteilungen aus dem Materialprüfungsamt und dem KaiserWilhelm-Institut für Metallforschung zu Berlin-Dahlem. (Mitteilungen aus dem königlichen technischen Versuchsanstalten zu Berlin, 1883-1903; in 1904 became Mitteilungen aus dem königlichen Materialprüfungsamt zu Gross-Lichterfelde West; later becoming Mitteilungen aus dem königlichen Materialprüfungsamt zu Berlin-Lichterfelde West; name changed in 1919 to Mitteilungen aus dem Materialprüfungsamt zu Berlin-Lichterfelde West; name changed in 1920 to Mitteilungen aus dem Materialprüfungsamt zu Berlin-Dahlem; present name dates from 1923.) 313. U. S. Bureau of Mines, Reports of Investigations. 314. Tonindustrie-Zeitung. 315. Memorial des poudres. (Formerly Memorial des poudres et salpêtres.) 317. Chemische Industrie. (Combined with No. 92 in 1921; separated again in 1923.) 324. Canadian Chemistry and Metallurgy. 325. Proceedings of the Royal Institution of Great Britain. 329. Mining and Metallurgy. (Transactions of the American Brass Founders' Association, 1908-11; Transactions of the American Institute of Metals, 1912-16; Journal of the American Institute of Metals, 1917-18; discontinued in 1918 and incorporated with Bulletin of the American Institute of Mining Engineers; with No. 148, 1919, this Bulletin became Bulletin of the American Institute of Mining and Metallurgical Engineers; with No. 154, 1919, name changed again to Mining and Metallurgy.) 338. Researches of the Electro-technical Laboratory, Tokyo. 340. Philippine Agriculturist. 341. Journal of Agricultural Research. 342. Annales de chimie analytique et de chimie appliquée et revue de chimie analytique réunies.

343. Zeitschrift für öffentliche Chemie. (Suspended at end of 1922.) 344. Apotheker Zeitung. 345. Bulletin des sciences pharmacologiques. 346. Malayan Agricultural Journal. (Formerly Bulletin of the Department of Agriculture, Federated Malay States.) 347. Pharmaceutical Journal and Pharmacist. 348. Cotton Oil Press. 349. Seifensieder-Zeitung und Rundschau über die Harz-, Fettund Ölindustrie mit dem Bleiblatt: Der chem.-techn. Fabrikant. 350. Les matières grasses. 351. Journal of State Medicine, London. 352. Milchwirtschaftliche Zentralblatt. (Name changed in 1912 from Milch-Zeitung.) 353. Academia Caesarea Leopoldino Carolina Germanica naturae curiosorum. 354. National Physical Laboratory, Collected Researches and Reports, London. 355. The Engineer, London. 356. Journal of the Royal Society of Arts. 357. Anales de la associación quìmica Argentina. (Name changed Jan., 1921 from Anales de la sociedad quìmica Argentina.) 358. Journal of the Institution of Petroleum Technologists and Record of Transactions. 359. Petroleum Age. (Petroleum; name changed to Petroleum Magazine, and then back to Petroleum; in Sept., 1921 combined with Petroleum Age to form Petroleum Age including Petroleum; name changed back to Petroleum Age, Dec., 1925.) 360. National Petroleum News. 361. Petroleum, Zeitschrift für die gesamten Interessen der Mineralöl-Industrie und des Mineralöl-Handels. (Formerly Petroleum, Zeitschrift für die gesamten Interessen der Petroleum-Industrie und des Petroleum-Handels.) 362. Chemické Listy pro vedu a prumysl. 363. Petroleum Review. (Replaced by No. 364.) 364. Petroleum Times. See No. 363. 365. Bureau of Standards, Circulars. 366. Feuerungstechnik. 367. Oesterreichische Chemiker-Zeitung. 368. Proceedings of the Institution of Automobile Engineers, London. 369. Gornyi zhurnal. 370. Memoirs of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, Boston. 371. University Geological Survey of Kansas, Reports. 372. Verein zur Beförderung des Gewerbefleisses, Verhandlungen. 373. Chemisch-technisches Repertorium. (Supplement to No. 136.) 374. Oil and Colourman's Journal. 375. Polytechnisches Centralblatt. 376. Automotive Industries. 377. Bulletin de Ia section scientifique de l'académie Roumaine. 378. Chimie et industrie. 379. Journal of the Japanese Ceramic Society. 380. Gesundheits-ingenieur. 381. Automobile Engineer and Internal Combustion Engineering. (Automobile Engineer, London, 1910 to Oct., 1912; Internal Combustion Engineering, Oct., 1912 to Jan., 1914; present name since Jan., 1914-) 382. Refrigerating Engineering. (Transactions of the American Society of Refrigerating Engineers, 1905-13; American Society of Refrigerating Engineers Journal; present name dates from Julyy 1922.)

383. Revue générale du froid et des industries frigorifiques. 384. Le génie civil, Paris. 385. Journal of the American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers. 386. Canada Department of Mines. 387. Mineral Industry. 388. Översigt av Förhandlingar kongl. Svenska VetenkapsAkademien. 389. South African Journal of Industries. (United with the Official Labour Gazette of the Union of South Africa in 1925 to form the South African Journal of Industries and Labour Gazette.) 390. Indian Forest Bulletin. 391. Indian Forester. 392. Indian Forest Pamphlet. 393. American Society for Testing Materials Standards. 394. Fuel in Science and Practice. 395. Engineering and Mining Journal-Press. (Formed in April, 1922 by the combining of Engineering and Mining Journal with Mining and Scientific Press; name changed July, 1926 to Engineering and Mining Journal.) 396. Gas Journal. (Formerly Journal of Gas Lighting and Water Supply.) 397. Gas- und Wasserfach. (Name changed Jan., 1922 from Journal für Gasbeleuchtung und verwandte Beleuchtungsarten sowie für Wasserversorgung.) 398. Memoirs and Proceedings of the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society. 399. Colliery Guardian and Journal of the Coal and Iron Trades. 400. Beama. 401. Revue de l'industrie minérale. (Bulletin de la société de l'industrie minérale; name changed Jan., 1921 to Revue de la société de l'industrie minérale; name changed to Revue de l'industrie minérale.) 402. Technique moderne. 403. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers. 404. Engineering News-Record. (Formed by the combining of Engineering News with Engineering Record.) 405. Glückauf, Berg- und Hüttenmännische Zeitschrift. 407. Jornal de Sciencias Matematicas, Physicas e Naturaes, Lisbon. 408. Journal de mathématiques pures et appliquées (Paris). (Continues Annales de mathématiques pures et appliquées; present name dates from 1836.) 409. Bayerisches Industrie- und Gewerbe-Blatt. (Kunst- und Gewerbe-Blatt, 1815—68; present name dates from 1869.) 410. Edinburgh Philosophical Journal, 1819-26; Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal, 1826-64; Quarterly Journal of Science, 1864-70; Quarterly Journal of Science and Annals of Mining, Metallurgy, Engineering, Industrial Arts, Manufactures and Technology, 1871-79; Monthly Journal of Science and Annals of Astronomy, Biology, Geology, Industrial Arts, Manufactures and Technology, 1879-85. 411. Proceedings of the North East Coast Institute of Engineers and Shipbuilders. 412. Horseless Age. (Merged into Motor Age in 1918.) 413. Journal of the Royal Aeronautical Society. (Annual Report of the Royal Aeronautical Society, 1866-96; superseded by Aeronautical Journal; later Journal of the Royal Aeronautical Society.) 414. Mitteilungen über Forschungsarbeiten auf den Gebiete des Ingenieurwesens hrsg. vom Vereine deutscher Ingenieure. 415. Journal of the Textile Industry. 416. Brennstoff-Chemie. 417. Iron and Steel Institute Carnegie Scholarship Memoirs.

418. Pottery Gazette and Glass Trade Review. 419. Ohio Journal of Science. (Name changed Nov., 1915 from Ohio Naturalist.) 420. Bulletin de la société d'encouragement pour l'industrie nationale. 421. Journal of West Scotland Iron and Steel Institute. 422. American Machinist. 423. Transactions of the American Foundrymen's Association. (Journal of the American Foundrymen's Association, 18961904.) 424. Oesterreichische Zeitschrift für Berg- und Hüttenwesen. (Merged into Montanistische Rundschau.) 425. Deutsche Mechaniker-Zeitung. (Beiblatt zur Zeitschrift für Instrumentenkunde. ) 427. Physikalische Berichte. (Beiblätter zu den Annalen der Physik und Chemie; Beiblätter united with Fortschritte der Physik and Halbmonatliches Literaturverzeichnis to form Physikalische Berichte.) 428. Repertorium für Experimental-Physik für physikalische Technik für mathematische und astronomische Instrumentenkunde. (Before 1867 was Repertorium für physikalische Technik für mathematische und astronomische Instrumentenkunde; also known as Carl's Repertorium.) 429. Memoirs of the College of Science, Kyoto Imperial University. (Before 1914 was pwt of Memoirs of the College of Science and Engineering, Kyoto Imperial University.) 430. Iron Age. 431. Revue de la société russe de métallurgie. 433. Annual Report of the Royal Mint, London. 434. Scientific Transactions of the Royal Dublin Society. 435. Proceedings of the Institution of British Foundry men. 436. Reports of the Research Department, Royal Arsenal, Woolwich. 437. Japanese Journal of Physics. 438. Transactions of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers. 439. Mémoires et compte rendu des travaux de la société ingénieurs civils de France. 440. Metal Industry and the Iron Foundry (London). 441. India Rubber Journal. 442. Annals of Botany. 443. Archief voor Rubbercultuur in Nederlandsch-Indie. 445. Zeitschrift des Vereins der deutschen Zucker-Industrie. (Before 1898 was Zeitschrift des Vereins für die Rubenzuckerindustrie.) 446. Zeitschrift für die Zuckerindustrie der Cechoslovakischen Republik. (Formerly Zeitschrift für die Zuckerindustrie in. Böhmen.) 447. India Rubber World. 449. Caoutchouc et gutta percha. 450. Transactions of the Institution of the Rubber Industry. 456. Gummi-Zeitung. 459. Electrical Review and Industrial Engineer. (Formerly Electrical Review and Western Electrician.) 460. Deutsche Zuckerindustrie, Wochenblatt für Landwirtschaft, Fabrikation und Handel. 468. Kongliga Svenska Vetenskaps-Akademien, Handlingar. 469. Bulletin of the Institute of Physical and Chemical Research (Tokyo). 470. Memoirs of the College of Engineering, Kyushu Imperial University. 471. Army Ordnance. 472. Papier-Fabrikant (Tech.-Wiss. Teil). 473. Cellulosechemie.

B3. Landolt-Börnstein, Physikalisch-chemische Tabellen. 5th ed. Berlin, Springer, 1923. B4. Singer, Die Keramik im Dienste von Industrie und Volkswirtschaft. Braunschweig, Vieweg, 1923. B5. Rieke and Gary, Die Prüfung von Porzellan, 1922. Reprinted from 104, 3: 5; 22. B6. Gilchrist and Klinefelter, High Voltage Porcelain Insulators. Westinghouse Electric and Manufacturing Company, Special Pub. 1690, 1925. B7. Peek, Dielectric Phenomena in High Voltage Engineering. New York, McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., 1915. B8. Rziha and Seidener, Starkstromtechnik. Taschenbuch für Elektrotechniker. 5th ed. Berlin, Ernst, 1922. BlO. Doelter, Handbuch der Mineralchemie. Leipzig, Steinkopff, 1912B12. Friese, Das Porzellan als Isolier- und KonstruktionsMaterial in der Elektrotechnik. Klosterlausnitz, 1904. B26. Hirschwald, Handbuch der bautechnischen Gesteinprüfung. Berlin, Borntraeger, 1912. B27. Hermann, Gesteine für Architektur und Sculptur. Berlin, Borntraeger, 1914. B28. Johnson, Comparison of Experiments on American and Foreign Building Stones. New Haven, Hamlen. Reprinted from American Journal of Science and ArIs1 11: 1; 51. B29. Merrill, Stones for Building and Decoration. 3rd ed. New York, Wiley, 1903. B30. Popplewell and Carrington, Properties of Engineering Materials. London, Methuen, 1923.

B31. Schweizerische Geotechnische Kommission, Die naturlichen Bausteine und Dachschiefer der Schweiz. Berne, 1915. B32. U. S. Ordnance Department, Tests of Metals and Other Materials. Washington, Government Printing Office, 1894. B33. U. S. Geological Survey, The Stone Industry in 1903. Washington, Government Printing Office, 1903. B61. Ullmann, Encyclopädie der techn. Chemie. Wien, Urban and Schwarzenberg, 1914-23. B68. Abraham, Asphalt and Allied Substances, Their Occurrence, Mode of Production, Uses in the Arts and Methods of Testing. New York, Van Nostrand, 1920. B71. Mellor, Treatise on Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry. London, Longmans, 1922B72. Bunsen, Gasometrische Methoden. 2nd ed. Braunschweig, 1877. B73. Berthelot, Thermochimie. Paris, Gauthier-Villars, 1897. B74. Rieke, Das Porzellan. Hannover, 1910. B75. Société d'encouragement pour l'industrie nationale, Contribution à l'étude des argiles et da la céramique. Paris, Chapuy, 1906. B76. Winkelmann, Handbuch der Physik. Leipzig, Barth, 19058. B77. Marks, Mechanical Engineers' Handbook. 2nd ed. New York, McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., 1914. B79. de Vries, Estate Rubber. Batavia, Drukkerijen Ruycrok, 1920.

IMPORTANT NOTICE ANNUAL TABLES OF CONSTANTS AND NUMERICAL DATA CHEMICAL, PHYSICAL, BIOLOGICAL, AND TECHNOLOGICAL Published by an International Committee, under the authority of the International Research Council and the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry / TVHE data given in International accessible source of reference to the JL Critical Tables are based upon de- original determinations. terminations published previous to JanThrough special arrangements made uary 1924. with the International Commission in In order to keep always up to date charge of Annual Tables, all purchasers with future progress in physical of International Critical Tables will be measurements, the purchaser of Inter- given special discounts on all purchases national Critical Tables should become of International Annual Tables, as a regular subscriber to International follows : Annual Tables, which will bring to his desk each year a volume in which he i. Volumes I, II, III, IV, V (data for 1910-1922), cloth, $52.50 (regular price, $71.00;. This reduction will find assembled and classified all of will be valid only till June joth, 1928. the data which has appeared in the world's literature, for the year covered 2- 25% discount on Volumes VI to X inclusive, coverby the volume. ing the period 1923-1929. This reduction will only be valid for each volume during the period known Thus, Annual Tables, Volume VI, as the subscription period. will contain all the data published in the literature of 1923-1924; Volume 3. 25% discount on the index to Volumes I—V, which VII will contain the data published in will be published in 1928. the literature of 1925-1926; Volume VIII, the data to be found in the liter- These discounts apply only on subscripature of 1927, etc. . . . tions addressed to —For United States The older volumes of Annual Tables and Canada, McGraw-Hill Book Comgo back to 1910 and contain all of pany, Inc., 370 Seventh Avenue, New the original determinations published York City, For all other countries, Dr. C. during that period and which served Marie, 9 rue de Bagneux, Paris VI, as all or part of the basis of selection of France. the "best" values recorded in InterAll subscriptions should be accomnational Critical Tables. These older panied by draft or money order payable volumes thus constitute a handy and at New York or Paris.

SPECIMEN SECTIONS A free copy of any one of the following specimen sections may be obtained on application to Dr. C. Marie. A : Spectroscopy. B : Electricity, Magnetism, Electrochemistry. C : Radioactivity. D: Crystallography, Mineralogy. E: Biology. F: Engineering, Metallurgy. G: Colloids. The following identification form should be filled out and transmitted with the first subscription. Name Address

Table of Contents Volume III P-V-T Relations for One-Phase Systems (Density, Specific Gravity, Thermal Expansion and Compressibility). P-V-T Relations in the Gaseous State for Substances Which Are Gases at 0° and 1 Atmosphere Part I. Standard Density A-Table: Elements and Atmospheric Air B-Table: Chemical Compounds Part II. Thermal Expansion and Compressibility A-Table: Elementary Substances and Atmospheric Air B-Table: Chemical Compounds P-V-T Relations for Gas Mixtures N2, Nitrogen Compressibility Low Pressures High Pressures Empirical Formulae Virial Coefficients Thermal Expansion

1 3 3 3 3 3 3 11 17 17 17 17 17 18 19 19

Density and Thermal Expansion of Non-metallic Elementary Substances under Atmospheric Pressure I. The Liquid State II. The Crystalline State

20 20 21

Density and Thermal Expansion of Inorganic Compounds in the Liquid (Including Vitreous) State under One Atmosphere B-Table Density and Specific Volume of Water Table 1. Density of Water in g per ml between 0°C and 40°C Table 2. Volume, in ml, of 1 g of Water between 0°C and 40°C Table 3. Density of Water in g per ml between 40°C and 100°C Table 4. Volume, in ml, of 1 g of Water between 40°C and 100°C Density and Thermal Expansion of Liquid Organic Compounds under Atmospheric Pressure Units Methyl Alcohol Ethyl Alcohol Density-Temperature Equations Table 1. Density-Temperature Equations Based on Reliable Data Table 2. Density-Temperature Equations of Unknown Reliability Density-Temperature Data for Various Complex Compounds

22 22 24 24 25 26 26 27 27 27 27 27 28 30 33

Table 3. Accurate Values for Densities of Liquid Organic Compounds at Particular Temperatures

33

The Liquid (Including Vitreous) State under Pressures Higher than Atmospheric. (Density, Thermal Expansion and Compressibility) A-Table: Non-Metallic Elements B-Table: Inorganic Compounds C-Table: Carbon Compounds The Compressibilities of Certain Liquids

35 35 35 35 40

Density and Thermal Expansion of Chemical Compounds in the Crystalline State, under Atmospheric Pressure I. Oxides II. Halogen Compounds III. Sulfides IV. Sulfates V. Nitrates VI. Carbonates VII. Metallo-Organic Compounds VIII. Various Silicates IX. Other Compounds Density and Thermal Expansion of Organic Compounds in the Crystalline State C-Table Compressibility of Crystals 1. Non-Metallic Elementary Substances Compressibility of Pure Metals Cubic Compressibility of Pure Metals Hg, Mercury Linear Compressibility of Pure Metals (Ed.) Compressibility of Crystalline Compounds, Minerals and Rocks B-Table: Standard Arrangement Crystalline Materials (More Than One Component) Rocks

43 43 43 44 44 44 44 44 44 45 45 45 46 46 46 46 47 47 49 50 50 51

Density (Specific Gravity) and Thermal Expansion (under Atmospheric Pressure) of Aqueous Solutions of Inorganic Substances and of Strong Electrolytes Introduction Systems Containing One Solute

51 52 54

H2O2 [JAB] … CdBr2 [GS]

54

CdBr2 … NaI [JAB]

66

NaBrO3 [JAB] … CsNO3 [JAB] Systems Containing More Than One Solute Density of Saturated Solutions Temperature of Maximum Density

81 95 104 107

Densities (Specific Gravities) and Thermal Expansion of Aqueous Solutions of Organic Compounds Density of Certain Aqueous Organic Solutions

111 115

A. Solutions Containing One Solute Only. Aqueous Solutions of Methyl, Ethyl, and Propyl Alcohols, Glycerol and Formic and Acetic Acids B. Solutions Containing More Than One Solute. Both Solutes Are C-Compounds

115 125

Density and Thermal Expansion of Homogeneous Non-Aqueous Mixtures in the Liquid or Crystalline State (Non-Aqueous Liquid or Solid Solutions) Introduction Sec. I. At Least One Component Is an Elementary Substance 1. Two-Component Systems 2. Systems of More Than Two Components

130 130 131 131 132

Sec. II. All Components Are Chemical Compounds None of Whose Key-Formulae Begins with 16. Standard Arrangement 1. Two-Component Systems 2. Three-Component Systems Sec. III. All Components Chemical Compounds 1. Two-Component Systems 2. Three-Component Systems Sec. IV. All Components Are Chemical Compounds Having Key Formulae Beginning with 16

133 133 135 135 135 142 143

1. Two-Component Systems; CCl4 … C2H6O2

143

1. Two-Component Systems; C2H7N … C6H5NO3

162 179

1. Two-Component Systems; C6H5NO3 … C6H6O 2. Three-Component Systems Phase Equilibrium Data Vapor Pressures of P, S, Se, Te and the Halogens The Crystalline State The Liquid State up to One Atmosphere Vapor Pressures and Orthobaric Densities above One Atmosphere Vapor Pressures of the Atmospheric Gases I. Vapor Pressures up to Two Atmospheres 1. Two-Phase, Crystal—Vapor, Sublimation Pressures 2. Two-Phase, Liquid—Vapor II. Vapor Pressures and Orthobaric Densities above One Atmosphere Vapor Pressures of the Metals Vapor Pressure of Chemical Compounds in the Crystalline State B-Table: Standard Arrangement C-Table The Vapor Pressures of Ice and Water up to 100°C

196 199 201 201 201 202 202 202 203 203 203 204 207 207 208 210

Vapor Pressures of Chemical Compounds in the Liquid State for Pressures up to Two Atmospheres

213

B-Table: Standard Arrangement Vapor Pressures of Organic Liquids C-Table Vapor Pressures and Orthobaric Densities Above One Atmosphere B-Table: Standard Arrangement Vapor Pressures and Orthobaric Volumes for H2O, NH3, CO2 and SO2 above One Atmosphere

213 215 215 228 228 233

Vapor Pressures and Orthobaric Densities above One Atmosphere, Two-Phase, Liquid—Vapor, Organic Compounds C-Table: The C-Arrangement Vapor Pressures and Orthobaric Densities of Hydrocarbons and Their Halogen Derivatives Hydrocarbons Halogen Derivatives Correction of Boiling Points to Normal Atmospheric Pressure Critical-Point Data Adsorption at Solid Surfaces and Solubility of Gases in Metals of the Platinum Group Introduction Gases on Charcoal Gases on Glass and Silicates Gases on Silica Gel Adsorption of Liquids Adsorption on Charcoal from Solutions Adsorption on Crystalline Substances Adsorption on Glass Adsorption on Gels from Solution Adsorption on Fibers Adsorption on Miscellaneous Materials Adsorption and Solubility of Gases in Metals of the Platinum Series Solubilities of Gases in Liquids Mathematical Relations and Conventions Solubilities of Gases in Water A-Table: Elementary Gases and Atmospheric Air B-Table: Chemical Compounds Solubilities of Gases in Non-Aqueous Pure Liquids A-Table: Elementary Substances and Atmospheric Air B-Table: Chemical Compounds C-Table: Solubilities of Organic Compounds The Solubility of Gases in Molten Metals and Alloys The Solubility of Gases in Solutions Table Solubility of Gases in Colloidal Solutions in Water Partial Vapor Pressures from Alloys, Amalgams and Solutions of Metals in Liquid Ammonia

237 237 244 244 245 246 248 249 250 250 251 251 251 251 252 252 252 252 253 253 254 255 255 255 258 261 261 264 265 270 271 271 281 284

Two-Phase Liquid-Vapor Systems at Constant Temperature, Two Components Volatile, Partial and Total Vapor Pressures I. Two-Component Systems II. Three-Component Systems Two-Phase Liquid-Vapor Isothermal Systems, Vapor-Pressure Lowering Aqueous Solutions Two-Component Systems Three-Component Systems Non-Aqueous Solutions The Vapor Pressures of Aqueous Solutions of Commercial Acids Partial Vapor Pressures of Aqueous Solutions of HCl Partial Vapor Pressures of Aqueous Solutions of Sulfur Dioxide

284 284 291 292 292 293 299 300 301 301 302

Vapor Pressures, Normal Boiling Points, and Latent Heats of Vaporization for Aqueous Solutions of H2SO4

302

Partial Vapor Pressures of Aqueous Solutions of HNO3, mm Hg The Vapor Pressures of Aqueous Solutions of CH3COOH, HBr and HI Vapor Pressures, Boiling Points and Vapor Compositions for the System H2O—H2SO4—HNO3 Variation of Boiling Point with Composition, for Liquid Mixtures of Volatile Constituents Two-Component Systems A-B-Table: Standard Arrangement Non-Aqueous Mixtures C-Table: C-Compounds Three-Component Systems Constant-Boiling (Azeotropic) Mixtures Two-Component Mixtures with Minimum Boiling Point Effect of Pressure upon Azeotropic Mixtures Two-Component Mixtures with Maximum Boiling Point Three-Component Mixtures Boiling-Point Elevations, Non-Volatile Solutes Introduction Two-Component Systems The Solvent Is an Elementary Substance The Solvent Is a Chemical Compound Non-Aqueous Solutions The Solvent Is an Inorganic Compound The Solvent Is an Organic Compound Three-Component Systems Four- and Five-Component Systems

304 306 306 308 309 309 311 312 314 318 318 322 323 323 324 324 324 324 325 328 328 330 347 349

P-T-X Relations for Systems of Two or More Components and Containing Two or More Phases (L-V, LI-LII-V and S-L-V Systems) Two-Component Systems—Non-Aqueous Standard Arrangement C-Table: The C-Arrangement Two-Component Systems—Aqueous Non-Aqueous Systems Containing Three or More Components Systems Containing Three or More Components—Aqueous Relative Efficiencies of Drying Agents Phase-Equilibrium Data Solubility of Liquids in Liquids. Two Component Systems Sec. 1. The A-Component is H2O Sec. 2. The Key-Formula of Neither Component Begins with 16. Standard Arrangement

351 351 351 358 361 374 376 385 386 386 387 393

Sec. 3. The A-Component Key-Formula Does Not Begin with 16; the B-Component KeyFormula Begins with 16 Sec. 4. Both A- and B-Component Key-Formulae Begin with 16

394 394

Phase Equilibria for Three-Component Systems Containing Two Liquid Phases, the Complete Composition of at Least One of which Is Known Explanation of Diagrams and Tables Metallic Systems Aqueous Systems Non-Aqueous Systems Special Tables

398 398 400 400 403 403

Phase-Equilibrium Data for Condensed Systems Containing Two Liquid Phases with a Third Component in Distribution Equilibrium Between Them, the Two Liquid Phases Being Practically Non-Miscible; Distribution Coefficients Symbols, Units and Conventions A-B-Table: Aqueous Systems C-Table: Aqueous Systems Miscellaneous Table

418 418 419 422 433

P-V-T Relations in the Gaseous State for Substances which Are Liquid or Solid at 0° and 1 Atmosphere A-Tables: Elementary Substances B-Tables: Chemical Compounds Compressibility of Solutions Aqueous Solutions Non-Aqueous Solutions Literature References

435 435 436 439 439 440 441

INTERNATIONAL CRITICAL TABLES P-V-T RELATIONS FOR ONE-PHASE SYSTEMS (DENSITY, SPECIFIC GRAVITY, THERMAL EXPANSION AND COMPRESSIBILITY) COMPLETE INDEX

INDEX COMPLET

GESAMT INDEX VERZEICHNIS

INDICE COMPLETO

One-Component Systems

Systèmes à un constituant

Einkomponenten-Systeme

Sistemi ad un componente PAGB Stato gassoso.* Tutte le sostanze che a O0C e 1 atmosfera sono gassose 3 Tutte le sostanze che a O0C e 1 atmosfera sono liquide o solide 435 Liquidi e loro vapori saturi densità ortobare).

The gaseous state. * All substances which are gases at O0C and 1 atm. All substances which are liquid or solid at O0C and 1 atm. Liquids and their saturated vapors (orthobaric densities).

Elementary substances. P, S, Se, Te and the halogens. H2, N2, O2 and the zerogroup elements. Chemical compounds. »-Table. The liquid (including vitreous state under atmospheric pressure^ (thermal expansion) . Elementary substances. Non-metallic. Metallic. Chemical compounds. »-Table. The liquid (including vitreous) state under pressures higher than atmospheric (density^ thermal expansion and compressibility). Elementary substances. Non-metallic. Metallic. Chemical compounds. »-Table. * See also Vol. I, p. 102. t This chapter covers only data showing the variation of density or volume with temperature. For additional density data at single temperatures, see Vol. I, p. 98-314 and 338-347.

Gasförmiger Zustand. * L'état gazeux. * Alle Stoffe die bei O0C und l Toutes les substances qui 0 Atmosphäre Gase sind. sont des gaz à O C et 1 atm. Toutes les substances qui sont liquides ou solides à O0C et 1 atm. Liquides et leurs vapeurs saturantes (densités orthobares).

Substances élémentaires. P, S, Se, Te et les halogènes. H2, N2, O2 et les éléments du groupe zéro (gaz nobles). Composés chimiques. Table ». L'état liquide (y compris l'état vitreux) sous la pression atmosphérique^ (dilatation thermique). Substances élémentaires. Non-métalliques. Métalliques. Composés chimiques. Table ». L'état liquide (y compris l'état vitreux) à des pressions supérieures à la pression atmosphérique (densité, dilatation thermique et compressibilité). Substances élémentaires. Non-métalliques. Métalliques. Composés chimiques. Table ». * Voir aussi Vol. I, p. 102. t Ce chapitre ne comprend que les données indiquant la variation de la densité ou du volume avec la température. Pour d'autres données de densité à une seule température, voir Vol. I, p. 98-314 et 338-347.

Alle Stoffe die bei O0C und l Atmosphäre flüssig oder fest sind. Flüssigkeiten und deren gesättigte Dämpfe (Dichte der Dämpfe und Flüssigkeiten im koexistierenden Zustand). Elementare Stoffe. P, S, Se, Te, und Halogene. H2, N2, O2 und Edelgase.

Elementi P, S, Se, Te, ed alogeni 202 H2, N2, O2 e gas nobili 203

Chemische Verbindungen. »-Tabellen. Der flüssige (einschliesslich dem glasigen) Zustand unter Atmosphären Druck^ (thermische Ausdehnung). Elementare Stoffe. Nichtmetalle. Metalle. Chemische Verbindungen. »-Tabellen. Der flüssige (einschliesslich dem glasigen) Zustand unter Drucken höher als eine Atmosphäre (Dichte, thermische Ausdehnung und Kompressibilität). Elementare Stoffe. Nichtmetalle. Metalle. Chemische Verbindungen. »-Tabellen.

Composti Tabella » 228 Liquidi (compresi i vetri) alla pressione atmosferica^ (dilatazione termica). Elementi. Non metalli 20 Metalli.... Voi. II, p. 457 Composti. . Tabella » 22 Liquidi (compresi i vetri) a pressione più elevate dell'atmosferica (densità, dilatazione termica e compressibilità).

* Siehe auch Bd. I, S. 102. t Dieser Abschnitt enthält nur Angaben über die Änderung der Dichte oder des Volumens mit der Temperatur. Weitere Angaben über Dichten bei einzelnen Temperaturen, siehe Bd. I, S. 98-314 und 338-347.

* Vedi anche Vol. I, p. 102. t Questo capitolo contiene solo notizie sulla variazione della densità e del volume in funzione della temperatura. Per ulteriori notizie sulle densità a singole temperature, vedi Vol. I, p. 98-314 e 338-347,

Elementi. Non metalli Metalli Composti. Tabella »

35 46 35

INDEX.—(Continued)


The crystalline state under atmospheric pressurei (thermal expansion). Elementary substances. Non-metallic. Metallic. Chemical compounds. »-Table. The crystalline state for pressures higher than atmospheric (density, thermal expansion and compressibility). Elementary substances. Non-metallic. Metallic. Chemical compounds. »-Table.

L'état cristallin à la pression atmosphérique^, (dilatation thermique). Substances élémentaires. Non-métalliques. Métalliques. Composés chimiques. Table ». L'état cristallin à des pressions supérieures à la pression atmosphérique (densité, dilatation thermique et compressibilité). Substances élémentaires. Non-m et alliques. Métalliques. Composés chimiques. Table ».

INHALTSVERZEICHNIS.—(Fortsetzung) Kristalliner Zustand unter Atmosphären Drucki (thermische Ausdehnung). Elementare Stoffe. Nichtmetalle. Metalle. Chemische Verbindungen. »-Tabellen. Kristalliner Zustand unter Drucken höher als eine Atmosphäre (Dichte, thermische Ausdehnung und Kompressibilität). Elementare Stoffe. Nichtmetalle. Metalle. Chemische Verbindungen. »-Tabellen.

Systems of More Than One Component The gaseous state. The liquid state under atmospheric pressure. Aqueous solutions. Solutions containing one solute only.

Systèmes de plus d'un constituant L'état gazeux. L'état liquide à la pression atmosphérique. Solutions aqueuses. Solutions ne contenant qu' un corps dissout.

Systeme mit mehr als einer Komponente Gasförmiger Zustand. Flüssiger Zustand unter Atmosphären Druck. Wässrige Lösungen. Lösungen mit nur einem gelösten Stoff.

A-»-Table. £-Table. Solutions containing more than one solute. A-»-Table. (T-Table. Non-aqueous solutions. Non-metallic liquids.

Table 2K-». Table (L. Solutions contenant plus d'un corps dissout. Table 2V-». Table (L. Solutions non-aqueuses. Liquides non-métalliques.

^-»-Tabellen. (T-Tabellen. Lösungen, mehrere gelöste Stoffe enthaltend. ^-»-Tabellen. (T-Tabellen. Nicht wässrige Lösungen. Nichtmetallische Flüssigkeiten. Legierungen und Amalgame. Flüssiger Zustand unter Drucken höher als eine Atmosphäre (Dichte, thermische Ausdehnung und Kompressibilität).

Alloys and amalgams.

Alliages et amalgames.

The liquid state under pressures higher than atmospheric (density, thermal expansion and compressibility).

L'état liquide à des pressions supérieures à la pression atmosphérique (densité, dilatation thermique et compressibilité). Liquides non .métalliques.

Non-metallic liquids. The crystalline state under atmospheric pressure. Non-metallic " solid solutions." Alloys. The crystalline state under pressures higher than atmospheric. Non-metallic " solid solutions."

L'état cristallin à la atmosphérique. "Solutions solides" talliques. Alliages. L'état cristallin à des supérieures à la atmosphérique. 11 Solutions solides" talliques.

I See also Vol. I, p. 98-314 and 338-347.

î Voir aussi Vol. I, p. 98-314 et 338-347.

pression non-mépressions pression non-mé-

INDICE.—(Continuazione) PAGE

Stato cristallino alla pressione atmosfericaì (dilatazione termica). Elementi. Non metalli Metalli. . . Voi. II, p. Composti. Tabella» Stato cristallino a pressioni all'atmosfesuperiori rica (densità, dilatazione termica e compressibilità). Elementi. Non metalli Metalli Composti. Tabella»

21 456 43

46 46 49

Sistemi con più di un componente Gas Liquidi alla pressione atmosferica. Soluzioni acquose. Soluzioni contenenti una sola sostanza disciolta. Tabella Ä-» Tabella (L Soluzioni contenenti più sostanze disciolte Tabella Ä-» Tabella (L Soluzioni non acquose. Liquidi non metallici..

17

51 Ili 95 125 130

Leghe ed amalgame... Vol. II, p. 358 Liquidi a pressioni superiori ad una atmosfera (densità, dilatazione termica e compressibilità).

Nichtmetallische Flüssigkeiten. Kristalliner Zustand unter Atmosphären Druck. Nichtmetallische feste Lösungen. Legierungen. Kristalliner Zustand unter Drucken höher als eine Atmosphäre. Nichtmetallische feste Lösungen.

Stato cristallino alla pressione atmosferica. Soluzioni solide non metalliche 130 Leghe Voi. II, p. 358 Stato cristallino a pressioni superiori ad una atmosfera. Soluzioni solide non metalliche 50

Î Siehe auch Bd. I, S. 98-314 und 338-347.

Î Vedi anche Vol. I, p. 98-314 e 338347.

Liquidi non metallici

439

P-V-T

RELATIONS IN THE GASEOUS STATE FOR SUBSTANCES WHICH ARE GASES AT 0° AND 1 ATMOSPHERE S. F. PICKERING PAGE

Density and molai volume under standard conditions Thermal expansion and compressibility Elementary gases and atmospheric air, 2\-Table Chemical compounds, Ä-Table Gas mixtures

3 3 3 11 17

PART I. STANDARD DENSITY

l1 Formula

POô(O 0 , Oatm.)

+ x " Piî(Q0, u.) ' v°,

,

Formula , ,_j weight, ^J* f . M ° ' 1An

_ M(I

Lit.

ds

+ X)

1 -f X

Lit.

DO

2\-Table.—Elements and Atmospheric Air A

39.91

1.7832

(55, 71,112, i.o009o (54, ss, ioo) 22.401

Cl2 F2 H2

70.916 3.214 ( 61 ) 38.000 1.696 ( 78 ) 2.0154 0.08988 ( 42 » 92 > 93» 0.99939 (**, ^ 9 *

124)

He

4.00

0.1785

131) 16 42 50

( »

»

131,

Kr N 2 (chem.)

82.9 28.016

» 0.99954 (* »

20.2 32.00

» 22.410

>

> 22.398

97)

140)

3.708 (91,139) 1.2505? (37,82,87, 1.00047 ( 4 9 , 5 2 , 5 4 , 22.413 88, 146)

N 2 (atm.) Ne O2

51

54, 99, 1 3 8 ) 9 54 55

74, 125,

37, 58, 60,

59, 67, 74,

69, 84, 89,

145)

90, 92, 94, 122,

145,

Rn Xe Air

9.73 5.85l 1.2929

222 130.2

134, 153)

(3*) (91, 139) ( > *** 41 » 1.0006i 34

(54, 55)

46, 68, 86, 107, 114,

136)

A-Table.—Chemical Compounds Standard arrangement (v. p. viii) Cl2O HCl HBr HI SO2 H2S H2Se H2Te NO N2O NH3

86.916 36.4657 80.9237 127.9397 64.065 34.0804 81.2154 129.5154 30.008 44.016 17.0311

3.89 1.6392 3.6445 5.789i 2.9269 1.539 3.670 4.49* 1.3402 1.977s 0.7710

NOCI PH3 PF5 POF3 AsH3 SbH3 CO CO2

65.466 34.0471 126.024 104.024 77.9831 124.7931 28.000 44.000

2.992 1.5294 5.81 4.8 3.48 5.3Of 1.2504 1.9769

16.0308 26.0154 28.0308 30.0462 44.0616 58.077 46.0462 34.0231 50.4811

0.7168 1.173 1.2604 1.3566 2.020 2.673 2.1098 1.5402 2.3076

C 33 ) (24,122) (so, 120) ( 30 > 148 ) (40, 122) ( 12 ) (23) ( 32 ) (37, 45, 122) (47, 77, H6) (48, 75, no, 122,

CH4 C2H2 C2H4 C2H6 C3H8 ISO-C4Hw (CHs)2O CH3F CH3Cl

(i") («o, 120) (^8) (U. «») (? 4 ) ( 23 )

22.411 22.411 22.432 22.414 22.369 22.391

I.OOII (5,9,59,123)22.420 1.0074 (9, 39, 117) 22.420 i.oiSi (74) 22.423

154)

O* 3 ) ( 132 ) (76) (77) ( 31 ) <127) (77, lis) 27 48 68 ( > » » 115, 13

1.0074 1.00929 1.015 l.024o 1.010 1.012

.0005 .007Oe

^0-C4H9F COS CH3NH2 (CHs)2NH (CHg)8N SiH4 Si2H6 SiF4 SiH3Cl SiH3(CH3) SiH2(CH3), SiH2Cl(CH3) SiHCl2(CH3) GeH4 (CHi)1B

Formula . Ux 1/r weight, M 92.5273 60.065 31.0465 45.0619 59.0773 32.0908 62.1662 104.06 66.5411 46.1062 60.1216 80.5565 115.0068 76.4108 55.8893

* 3°/air 3°. f 15°, 754 mm.

d8, nj

gl * .A O , IA n 2.58Î 2.72 1.396 1.966§ 2.580§ 1.44 2.85 4.684 3.03 2.08 2.73 3.64 5.3 3.420 2.5^

J 21°/air 21°.

T .,

Lit.

(^) (133) (*$) (95) (95) (128) (128) (36) (129) (129) (129) (129) (129) (26) (130)

§ 17°.

PART H. THERMAL EXPANSION AND COMPRESSIBILITY «o,* = —T-—, the coefficient of expansion at constant pressure,

146)

1.2568 (107 ) 0.9002 ( 139 ) 0.999e (53,54, loi) 22.430 15 22 34 1.42904 ( > > » 1.00094 ( 1( >> 44 » 52 > 22.4137

114,

„ . Formula

O23) (44)

22.404 22.414

Po, between 0° and tt 0C ßo.t = —T-—~) the coefficient at constant volume, V0, between 0° tpo and t, 0C 2K-Table.—Elementary Substances and Atmospheric Air A, Argon 100« (53, 55) p m Oto Oto Oto Oto Oto Oto He fe 5O0C IQO0C 15O0C 20O0C 30O0C 4OQ0C 0 0.3660 0.3660 1 0.3678 0.3676 0.3675 0.3673 0.3672 0.3671 5 0.3716 0.3711 10 0.3826 0.3804 0.3793 0.3780 0.3772 0.3761 15 0.3826 0.3811 20 0.4004 0.3955 0.3930 0.3903 0.3881 0.3860 25 0.3934 0.3908 30 0.4176 0.4104 0.4064 0.4026 0.3986 0.3955 35 0.4038 0.4001 40 0.4348 0.4251 0.4195 0.4146 0.4089 0.4047 45 0.4138 0.4091 50 0.4507 0.4390 0.4321 0.4259 0.4187 0.4135 55 0.4235 0.4177 60 0.4662 0.4525 0.4442 0.4369 0.4282 0.4218 65 0.4327 0.4259 70 0.4813 0.4656 0.4556 0.4473 0.4371 0.4298 75 0.4886 0.4720 0.4610 0.4524 0.4415 0.4336 80 0.4456 0.4372 100/3 (53, SS)

119)

( » 64 ) .0024 (64) (126, iso) (57, ISO) >010 4 9 44 ( ) .0078o (» ) (is, 12 6) 135 C ) ( 106 ) («> ll) 1.0254 (7» 9) («5) 1.018l (« 3 ) (8, 11, 144) 1.Q244 (8,n,i4,i44)

22.418 22.400 22.413

22.379 22.416 22.410

V

0 1 5 10 15

O to 5O0C

O to IQO0C

O to 15O0C

O to 20O0G

0.3676

0.3675

0.3675

0.3674

0.3801

0.3794

0.3796

0.3790

O to 30O0C

O to 40O0C

0.3660 0.3674 0.3728 0.3796 0.3863

0.3660 0.3674 0.3727 0.3794 0.3860

-

O to 5O0C ~200.3957 25 30 0.4109 35 40 0.4255 50 0.4397 60 0.4539 65 0.4609 100/3 = 0.3671,

^

i -Jf A

i 4! II fe

A, Argon.—(Continued) 100/8 ( 53 > 5S) O to O to O to IQO0C 15O0C 20O0C 0.3940 0.3937 0.3930 0.4085

0.4081

0.4070

0.4228 0.4371

0.4224 0.4360

0.4209

O to 30O0C 0.3931 0.3998 0.4066 0.4112 0.4158

O to 40O0C 0.3926 0.3991 0.4055

O to 20°, p at 0° = 0.76 m (ioo).

-

s?

g ^ A

i 4* II ö

2 000 -0.083 6 000 2 500 -0.034 7 000 3000 0.000 8000 4 000 -1-0.049 9 000 5 OOP I 0.085 10 000

«

£

I J A

0.112 11 000 0.134 12 000 0.152 13000 0.167 14 000 0.180 15 QQO

i 45 I§ a

-•§ 1-3

0.190Ì 0.201 0.209 \ (i», 20) 0.217 Q.224J |

p in atm.; v = 1.0000 at O0C and l atm.; range, O to 100 atm. (53, 54, 55) 0

-10O C - 5O0C O0C + 5O0C 10O0C 15O0C 20O0C 30O0C 4QO0C

2

4

pv = 0.6346 - 0.022872p - 0.041021p - 0.09130p pv = 0.8178 - 0.021687p + 0.0679p2 + 0.O9IOOp4 pv = 1.0010 - 0.03986p + 0.05237p2 pv = 1.1842 - 0.03492p + 0.05179p2 pv = 1.3674 - 0.03192p + 0.05161p2 pv = 1.5506 + 0.0452p + 0.05124p2 pv = 1.7338 + 0.03208p + 0.05112p2 pv = 2.1002 + 0.03501p + 0.0646p2 pv = 2.4666 + 0.03683p Leiden Temperature Scale (v. Vol. I, p. 54) v = 1.0000 at O0C and 1 atm. ( 1 OO)

P) *~' pv atm. ^ +20.390C 21.783 1.0627 27.320 1.0606 34.487 1.0582 37.673 1.0535 49.604 1.0483 61.741 1.0420 -87.050C 16.178 0.6432 21.651 0.6282 33.296 0.5965 41.094 0.5752 51.533 0.5446 61.830 0.5159

P) *_' | rpv atm. H-18.390C 37.264 1.0526 49.586 1.0471 62.489 1.0405

-102.510C 14.864 0.5813 19.790 0.5642 32.394 0.5205 40.976 0.4878 45.088 0.4706 51.398 0.4435 56.882 0.4194 62.239 0.3939

-115.860G -115.860C 31.323 0.4478 53.204 0.2957 37.788 0.4138 57.493 0.2442 41.908 0.3880 61.626 0.1929 46.648 0.3547 50.324 0.3244

P) P) f' ;' pv atm. ^pv atm. 0.0O0C " -57.720C 20.576 0.9856 17.872 0.7602 26.070 0.9808 25.228 0.7465 31.572 0.9774 35.127 0.7300 36.743 0.9725 46.209 0.7115 49.871 0.9620 62.079 0.6845 62.230 0.9526 -109.880C -113.8O0G 14.443 0.5504 31.001 0.4622 18.653 0.5359 38.005 0.4276 31.515 0.4838 42.682 0.4001 39.166 0.4493 47.655 0.3689 43.718 0.4254 51.752 0.3389 49.515 0.3944 52.188 0.3358 54.250 0.3658 55.763 0.3062 59.616 0.3297 55.991 0.3030 58.898 0.2765 -116.620C ~ -116.620C 13.863 0.5235 46.496 0.3478 17.697 0.5065 50.259 0.3147 30.681 0.4470 50.447 0.3119 37.250 0.4113 54.922 0.2615 41.943 0.3806 60.669 0.1831

f' epv atm. -119.2O0G"" 13.766 0.5123 17.378 0.4970 30.303 0.4299 34.052 0.4090 37.641 0.3887 37.923 0.3836 -121.21°C~ 13.754 0.5033 17.225 0.4882 30.122 0.4215 34.070 0.3981 37.465 0.3734 45.282 0.3040 47.094 0.2769 49.865 0.2130 50.885 0.1525

f' pv atm. ^ -119.2O0C 43.006 0.3441 47.272 0.3023 51.679 0.2321 53.044 0.1929 54.244 0.1610

f' pv atm. ^ J -120.240G 30.809 0.4242 33.776 0.4078 37.836 0.3812 41.668 0.3516 44.510 0.3265

f' pv atm. r -120.24°~ 47.705 0.2877 50.351 0.2438 52.253 0.1864 53.191 0.1569

-130.380G ^139.620G -149.6Q0CT" 12.773 0.4662 11.986 0.4262 11.150 0.3820 15.664 0.4511 14.586 0.4100 12.788 0.3691 22.861 0.4096 25.519 0.3918 28.878 0.3711

H2, Hydrogen p,

, . 2 Kg/cm

toooo 3O0C

2 000 3 000 4 000 5 000 6 000 7 000 8 000 9 000 10 000 11 000 12 000 13 OQO

19 20 ?S^*( ' ) VP^/Ot 1

- fp) cmVg I

-2.25 0.00 1.12 1.84 2.35 2.77 3.09 3.38 3.63 3.86 4.09 4.32

650G

3O0C

0.00 1.14 1.88 2.44 2.88 3.21 3.46 3.68 3.88 4.04 4.21

2.43 3.04 3.66 4.30 4.85 5.40 5.95 6.47 6.97 7.45 7.89 8.28

|

650C 3.18 3.84 4.47 5.08 5.66 6.23 6.82 7.38 7.93 8.47 9.00

* Assuming ^3000 = 11.64 and 12.17 cm3/g at 30 and 65° respectively (Amagat).

p in atm.; v = 1.0000 at O0C and 1 atm.; range O to 100 atm.* (Si, 53, 54, 138, 147) 0

-207.9 C -1830C -15O0C -10O0C - 5O0C O0C + 2O0C 5O0C 10O0C 2OQ0C

pv = 0.2388 - 0.021077p + 0.06242p2 + 0.062704p3 - 0.081785p5 pv = 0.3299s - 0.03247p -f 0.06381p2 pv = 0.4506s + 0.03132p + 0.05200p2 pv = 0.6336 + 0.03408p -J- 0.0690p2 pv = 0.8165 + 0.03540p + 0.0650p2 pv = 0.99938 + 0.03624p -f 0.0a20p2 pv = 1.0726 -f 0.03645p + 0.0612p2 pv = 1.1824 + 0.03676p pv = 1.3653 + 0.03695p pv = 1.7310 + 0.03701p

* At O and 20° ( 1 3 8 ) covers a range from O to 200 atm.

^PÌ atm.

Leiden Temperature Scale v = 1.0000 at O0G and 1 atm. (IQg) P) P) P) pv *_' pv :_ pu pv ^ atm. ^ atm. ^ atm. ^ 0 0 -182.74 G I -203.97 G

-103.570C I -139.890C 38.414 0.6376 29.8000.4954 45.000 0.6402 35.1320.4976 51.489 0.6433 40.1720.4991

20 159

' 22.995 23.010 26.255 26.281 29.530

°'3274 16.0700.2425 0.3272 19.3350.2412 0.3273 21.7640.2400 0.3271 0.3271 0.3270

Leiden Temperature Scale H2, Hydrogen.—(Continued) v = 1.0000 at O0C and 1 atm. pv = 1.0000 at O0C and 1 atm. (l 05) .—(Continued) (2 9) .—(Continued)

^ pv atm. -212.730C I 14.571 0.2074 16.539 0.2057 18.443 0.2039

-225.370C I 10.898 0.1566 12.424 0.1541 13.685 0.1520 -236 280C I

?' pv atm. -217.320C 13.2880.1889 15.0520.1871 16.8120.1851 13.1990.1890 14.8750.1872 16.5580.1853 -231.380C 9.4720.1315 10.2910.1296 11.4020.1268 -238 290C

8 663 O 1093

8.3100.0998

?' pv ^ pv atm. atm. -217.330C | -225.360cT 53.52 0.1635 43.47 JO.1185 56.52 0.1642 48.68 0.1191 55.85 0.1225 -231.4O0C | -236.310C 0.0952 17.91 0.0668 23 44 o 0889 18 62 0.0632 26 40 0.0872 21.89 0.0525 27.43 28.54 0.0856 22.45 0.0524 30.28 0.0837 23.00 0.0518 31.11 0.0831 24.11 0.0517 32.29 0.0826 24.83 0.0519

-^^^~^^^81 zz Hf2; » s S'S ^ 4 ' 04

u

Values of pv Each individual value in this table has been experimentally determined (151,152,156)

P, atm.

^ atm.

1

5

.

299.1° | 399.3°

50

1.0330

1.2182 1.4026

1.7684

1.0639 1.1336 1.2045 1.2775 1.4226 1.5665 1.7107

1.2521 1.4359 1.3272 1.5105 1.3986 1.5836 1.4720 1.6563 1.6160 1.7999 1.7582 1.9415 1.9006 2.0839

1.8030 2.1700 1.8804 2.2502 1.9556 2.3240 2.0295 2.3977 2.1726 2.5394 2.3157 2.6762 2.4568 2.8125

" P

1 500 1000 1100 1200

O0G 1.0000 1.3565 1.7260 1.8007 1.8690

1300 1400 1500 1600 1700

'

-°^1 **•*•* U.UÖ4U

39.42 0.0838 34.77 0.0607 42.37 0.0858 40.64 0.0675 43 QQ Q 0911 -238.290C | -239.910C

3

P» | 99.85° | 198.9°

100 200 300 400 600 800 1000

13.62 0.0288 13.77 0.0286 S 14 05 _243 880C 0-0286 14.25 0.0286 >0767 6.191 ° 14.45 0.0286 6.192 °-°,;6^ 14.78 0.0288 15.59 0.0294 6.392 0.0752 6.604 0.0735 23 Q5 0 0421 17 67 0.0317 6 619 ' °-0734 25.87 0.0453 20.94 0.0357 0 pv = 1.0000 at O C and 1 atm. 29 79 Q.0499 23.43 0.0388 ( 29 ) 38.08 0.0598 24.08 0.0396 p, t p, 43.47 0.0665 25.86 0.0419 PV pv atm. 45.50 0.0690 28.76 0.0455 atm. -217.330C I -225.360C - 239.920C 29-25 0.0462 3 4 . 2 4 0 . 1 6 9 5 28.75 0.1280 1 2 . 9 6 0 . 0 4 3 4 31'62 °-0491 36.98 0.1677 33.38 0.1231 13.01 0.0408 33'^ °-0509 40.21 0.1659 36.83 0.1205 13.03 0.0397 38'38 °-0576 47 94 44.09 0.1645 38.13 0.1198 ' °-0693 48.33 0.1637 39.51 0.1192 51.46 0.0735 pv

I 50°

ïi.oooo

••- '-y "'°°rr S.2 S:SS:SSS 239.90 C I 241.88 U 7.512 0.0940 6.8210.0858 7.843 0.0924 6.8200.0858 8.155 0.0910 7.1170.0840

Q°

9 0.0542 17.60 0.0401 18 00 ' °-0391 18.95 0.0390 20.07 0.0395 20.90 0.0402 22.79 0.0420

I

pv (3) 15.40G

I

2.5141 2.6054 2.6800 2.7625

47.30C

1.7780 1.8535 1.9248

1.8930 1.9635 2.0334

1.9383 2.0048 2.0700 2.1352 2.2006

1.9929 2.0608 2.1270 2.1920 2.2542

2.1027 2.1714 2.2395 2.3072 2.3732

1800 1900 2000 2100 2200

2.2644 2.3275 2.3890 2.4496 2.5102

2.3184 2.3835 2.4450 2.5074 2.5707

2.4372 2.5004 2.5614 2.6229 2.6840

2300 2400 2500 2600 2700

2.5714 2.6340 2.6950 2.7547 2.8134

2.6323 2.6940 2.7525 2.8145 2.8701

2.7473 2.8092 2.8700 2.9289 2.9889

2800 2900 3000

2.8686

2.9260 2.9812 3.0375

3.0464 3.1059

IOOCE (142)

Virial Coefficients of Hydrogen pv = A -j- B/#; Leiden temperature scale; v = 1.00000 at O0C and latm. (l)

T, 0K 90.23 69.86 20.55 20.53 18.16 16.65 15.64 14.50 18.22

I

A 0.33019 0.25562 0.07518 0.07516 0.06647 0.06094 0.05725 0.05306 0.06666

I

B -0.000120 -0.000194 -0.000470 -0.000474 -0.000505 -0.000527 -0.000553 -0.000581 -0.000506

atm •' 1 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60

Oto

+10O0C 0.3661 0.3665 0.3646 0.3637 0.3629 0.3620 0.3611 0.3602 0.3594 0.3585 0.3576 0.3567 0.3558

Oto 0

Oto

Oto

Oto

+2Q G

-770C

-1040C

-1470C

0.3655 0.3647 0.3639 0.3631 0.3623 0.3615 0.3608 0.3601 0.3593 0.3586 0.3578 0.3571

0.3658 0.3652 0.3646 0.3640 0.3635 0.3629 0.3623 0.3618 0.3613 0.3608 0.3602 0.3596

0.3661 0.3656 0.3652 0.3648 0.3644 0.3640 0.3635 0.3631 0.3626 0.3621 0.3616 0.3611

0.3666 0.3667 0.3668 0.3669 0.3670 0.3670 0.3669 O.3668 0.3666 0.3663 0.3659 0.3654

H2, Hydrogen.—(Continued) Po, atm.

1 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60

O to -1830C

QQ" ( 142 ) O to O to -19Q0C -2050C

O to -2120G

0.3674 0.3680 0.3688 0.3697 0.3704 0.3710 0.3715 0.3721 0.3724 0.3727 0.3728 0.3728

0.3678 0.3685 0.3696 0.3707 0.3716 0.3724 0.3731 0.3738 0.3742 0.3746 0.3748 0.3749

0.3691 0.3711 0.3732 0.3754 0.3774 0.3792 0.3808 0.3821 0.3830 0.3835 0.3838 0.3841

O to 15.40C Ï 0 5 0 . 200 0.345 300 0.323 400 0.300 500 0.278 600 0.260 700 0.244 800 0.231 900 0.220 1000 0.210 1200 0.190 1500 0.176 1800 0.161 2000 0.153 2400 0.141 0.138 2500 2800 0.131 0.128 3000

Po* atm.

0.3685 0.3701 0.3717 0.3734 0.3751 0.3766 0.3779 0.3789 0.3796 0.3802 0.3806 0.3808

IQQq (3) O to 99.2 to 99.20C 200.20G 3 6 0 0 . 3 0.332 0.242 0.314 0.231 0.295 0.221 0.278 0.214 0.261 0.204 0.249 0.196 0.237 0.189 0.226 0.182 0.218

100/9 (3) , O to O to O to 15.40C 47.30C 99.20C 5 7 0 . 3 7 3 0.383 0.383 0.380 0.379 0.376 0.371 0.357 0.346 0.342 0.321 0.321 0.319

0.347 0.335 0.334 0.318 0.317 0.305

0.325

-

IQQq (*9)

I

IQOff (49) ^ = QOC

|

ca. 1

I 0.36604 - 0.00012p | 0.36604 + 0.00017p

O0C 0.3660

P1 respectively IQQq I O to IQO0C I 0.3661

^ ra Hg 0 1 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50

0

O to 5Q C 0.3662 0.3660 0.3654 0.3645 0.3636 0.3626 0.3616 0.3606 0.3596 0.3585 0.3574 0.3563

p0 = 1 atm. ( 70 ) I 100)8 I O0C | 0 to IQO0G | 0.3662 | 0.3663

1QQ<* ( sl » 53) |

0

O to IQO C 0.3662 0.3660 0.3651 0.3641 0.3630 0.3619 0.3608 0.3596 0.3585 0.3573 0.3561 0.3550

O to 5O0C 0.3551 0.3539 0.3526 0.3513 0.3500 0.3498

m Hg 55 60 65 70 75 76 80

O to 5O0C 0.3662 0.3663 0.3670 0.3678 0.3685 0.3692 0.3698 0.3704 0.3709 0.3714 0.3719 0.3723 0.3726 0.3729

|

^

O to 20O0C 0.3520 0.3506 0.3493 0.3480 0.3467

I

100/3 (Si, 53) O to IQO0C I 0.3662 0.3663 0.3668 0.3674 0.3680 0.3686 0.3691 0.3696 0.3701 0.3705 0.3710 0.3714

O to 20O0C 0.3660 0.3661 0.3665 0.3669 0.3673 0.3677 0.3681 0.3684 0.3688 0.3691 0.3694

He, Helium («, 20) ^ 3 OOO — Vp,

(pv)t, p

cmvgat ' *,

*«•-;•<•> cm8/g

"•* cm3/g*

(^yf; 5°*

0.00 0.77 1.23 1.54 1.77 1.96 2.10 2.22 2.33 2.41 2.48 2.55 2.60

0.613 0.598 0.589 0.584 0.581 0.579 0.578 0.576 0.575 0.574 0.572 0.571 0.570

5.54 4.77 4.31 4.00 3.77 3.59 3.44 3.32 3.21 3.13 3.06 2.99 2.94

2.88 3.29 3.72 4.15 4.56 4.96 5.34 5.73 6.09 6.49 6.88 7.25 7.61

3 000 4 000 5 000 6 000 7 000 8 000 9 000 10 000 11 000 12 000 13 000 14 000 15 OOP

60 0

6

* Based on the value of v3000 obtained by extrapolation from an unpublished equation of Key es ( 63 * 5 ).

p in atm.; v = 1.0000 at O0C and 1 atm.; range, O to 105 atm. (52, 53, 54, 147)

-258.O0C -252.80C

|

I O to IQO0C 0.3538 0.3525 0.3513 0.3501 0.3488 0.3486

0.3453

Ï v_ 0 1 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60

,kg/cm* *> _

* PO = constant pressure for a and initial pressure for ß.

I p,mHg

IQQq (51» 53)

Pi

1

0

O to 20O C 0.3660 0.3658 0.3648 0.3635 0.3623 0.3610 0.3597 0.3584 0.3572 0.3559 0.3546 0.3532

-208.O0C -183.O0C -15O0C -10O0C - 5O0C O0C + 5O0C 10O0C 20O0C 30O0C 40O0C

pv = 0.0555s - 0.03797p + 0.045437p2 0.067513p3 + 0.083796p4 pv = 0.07460 - 0.031642p + 0.041853p2 0.O6UOSp3 pv = 0.2384? + 0.035508p + 0.05238p2 0.07141p3 pv = 0.32992 + 0.036229p + 0.06735p2 pv = 0.4507 + 0.03509p + 0.06259p2 pv = 0.6336 + 0.03531p + 0.06165p2 pv = 0.8165s + 0.03532p + 0.0794p2 pv = 0.99945 + 0.03529p pv = 1.1824s + 0.03524p pv = 1.3654 + 0.03508p pv = 1.7312 + 0.03494p pv = 2.0970 + 0.03468p pv = 2.4628s + 0.03452p

He, Helium.—(Continued) Leiden Temperature Scale pv = 1.0000 at O0C and 1 atm. (109) PÌ r>

P) ri

pV

pV

Pi ri

Virial Coefficients of Helium pv = A + E/vj Leiden temperature scale; v = 1.00000 at O0C and 1 atm. (1) PÌ ri

atm. ^ atm. ^ atm. ^ -205.310C I -212.060C | -217.410C j 43.987 0.2690 40.113 0.2421 36.351 0.2202 47.605 0.2707 42.770 0.2433 38.669 0.2213 50.301 0.2721 42.749 0.2432 41.026 0.2224 45.220 0.2444 T atm.^ ~ -258.330C 8.614 0.0513 9.168 0.0511 9.728 0.0510

PJ * pv atm. ^ 0 -70.32 C 22.82 0.7541 24.89 0.7556 28.77 0.7584 28.78 0.7584 33.92 0.7609 35.29 0.7629 41.13 0.7645 43.39 0.7667 56.27 0.7731 -142.010C 20.54 0.4911 24.58 0.4932 24.88 0.4932 24.88 0.4933 28.20 0.4954 28.76 0.4957 28.77 0.4958 34.06 0.4988 41.52 0.5027 53.06 0.5088 -201.510C 20.10 0.2716 29.69 0.2769

^Hg

J;g SS -235.910C 36.68 0.1498 40.32 0.1515 50.34 0.1562 50.35 0.1561 55.16 0.1585 -249.870C I -252.630C 0.0896 0.0902 0.0902 0.0909 0.0918 0.0925

Pi ^ pu atm. ^ 0 -258.78 C 15.43 0.0490 16.01 0.0491 16.65 0.0492 17.30 0.0493 17.78 0.0494

v = 1.0000atO0Cand 1 atm. (97) ~ ~ pv atm. PV atm. -103.570C -182.750C 20.5800.6314 13.7510.3379 24.1000.6330 16.0190.3390 29.1850.6360 18.1890.3402 33383 0 6384 :

-103.57° ™, = O 6203 + 0^337 ' I Q O 7^0 v 0.03176 pv = Q.3306+-^

22.53 0.0773 23.84 0.0777 25.31 0.0782 26.97 0.0788 28.26 0.0792

A 0.25572 0.07520 0.07516 0.07508 0.06669 0.06096

I

Oto 0

Oto 0

B +0.000100 -0.000004 -0.000009 -0.000009 -0.000024 -Q. 000024

Oto

p, ' -268.880C | 0.27090.0145 0.35510.0140 0.38000.0140 0.66240.0127 0.99280.0107 atm

0

-269.69 C | 0.23230.0113 0.26080.0110 0.35310.0104

p, -269.370G 0.15500.0129 0.16160.0129 0.24930.0125 0.27480.0123 0.27570.0123

atm

n'trmn'nîrvr U.57üdU.UlU7 -270.520G 0.03080.0091 0.04860.0087 0.06490.0086

Oto

Oto

5O C IQO C 20O0C 3OQ0C 40O0G O0.36600.36600.36600.36600.3660 1* 0.3658 0.3658 0.3658 0.3658 0.3658 10 0.3635 0.3634 0.3633 0.3632 0.3633 20 0.3609 0.3608 0.3606 0.3605 0.3605 30 0.3584 0.3582 0.3579 0.3578 0.3578 40 0.3558 0.3556 0.3552 0.3551 0.3551 50 0.3532 0.3529 0.3526 0.3524 0.3525 60 0.3506 0.3503 0.3501 0.3498 0.3499 70 0.3481 0.3477 0.3475 0.3473 0.3474 80 0.3455 0.3450 0.3450 0.3447 0.3448

* At co. p = l m Hg, 100« = 0.36604 - 0.00019p ( 4 9 ).

100/3 (52, 53)

~~î

O l* 10 20 30 40 50 60

O to 5O0C 0.3661 0.3661 0.3660 0.3658 0.3656 0.3655 0.3653 0.3652

O to IQO0G 0.3661 0.3661 0.3658 0.3656 0.3653 0.3650 0.3648 0.3645

O to 20O0G 0.3661 0.3660 0.3656 0.3652 0.3648 0.3645 0.3640

O to 30O0G 0.3660 0.3660 0.3655 0.3649 0.3643 0.3638

O to 40O0C 0.3660 0.3660 0.3654 0.3648 0.3641

* At ca. p = l m Hg, 100/3 = 0.36604 - 0.00004p (*»).

Kr, Krypton v = 1.000 at O0C and l atm. (l 13) p, atm.

. = 1.0000atO°Candlatm.(e8)

37.02 0.3482 -225.010C I 43.44 0.1952 43.47 0.1951 48.58 0.1976 55.06 0.2008

25.27 26.93 26.95 28.84 31.12 32.84

Pi *_' pv F atm. 0 -256.04 C 18.74 0.0617 19.61 0.0619 20.63 0.0622 21.70 0.0625 22.50 0.0627

:

I

IQQg (52, 53) 1

• Leiden Temperature Scale pv = 1.0000 at O0C and 1 atm. (18) ,P pu atm. ^ 0 -37.4O C I 24.46 0.8758 26.87 0.8774 26.88 0.8770 30.24 0.8791 31.35 0.8796 37.43 0.8842 37.44 0.8834 37.55 0.8834 46.55 0.8874 -103.640C I 21.34 0.6321 21.54 0.6320 24.12 0.6337 27.66 0.6362 27.69 0.6360 32.40 0.6388 32.62 0.6388 35.31 0.6403 39.52 0.6422 49.96 0.6479 -183.320C I 20.61 0.3391 23.21 0.3407 23.22 0.3407

T1 0K 69.86 20.55 20.53 20.51 18.22 16.65

„y

atm. ^ -252.65°"C~ 12.411 0.0748 13.196 0.0749 13.903 0.0750

| pv | p, atm. | pv 11.20G | 237.30C 2 5 . 8 8 1 . 0 1 2 5 0 . 9 3 1 . 8 8 2 27.91 1.008 54.82 1.880 30.31 1.000 59.36 1.874 33.15 0.993 65.12 1.868 36.60 0.980 71.20 1.862 40.89 0.968 79.25 1.859 46.29 0.953 89.53 1.856 49.58 0.940 104.09 1.877 53.72 0.937 57.81 0.918 63.07 0.901 69.46 0.884 72.10 0.863 0.841 87.39 101.74 0.821

N2, Nitrogen; v. p. 17

O2, Oxygen

Ne, Neon p in atm.; v = 1.0000 at O0C and l atm.; range, O to 95 atm. ( 53 >

^( 3 )

54, 147)

-207.90C

pv = 0.2388s - 0.021231p + 0.05177p2 + 0.09894p3 pv = 0.3318 - 0.03365p + 0.05225p2 pv = 0.4507s + 0.054p + 0.05136p2 pv = 0.6337 + 0.03288p + 0.O6SOp2 pv = 0.8166 + 0.03407p + 0.0635p2 pv = 0.9995 + 0.03530p pv = 1.3653 + 0.03584p pv = 1.7312 + 0.08609p pv = 2.0970 + 0.03631p pv = 2.4629 + 0.03607p

-182.50C -15O0C -10O0C - 5O0C O0C + 10O0C 20O0C 30O0C 40O0C

P)

atm.

n o O

Ï 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000

P" (3)

O o

O o

|P O

^ IQ

^ Ci

o Oi

*o rH

o

Oi

»o rH

P>

j. atm.

O o O

~ r^

oC3

^ IO i—I

1 . 0 0 0 0 Î 1 . 0.9265 1.0045 1.3750 0.9140 0.9945 1.4000 1.8190 0.9625 1.0420 1.4530 1.8850 1.0515 1.1250 1.5320 1.9610 1.1560 1.2270 1.6220 2.0500 1.2690 1.3370 1.7200 2.1420 1.3855 1.4515 1.8270 2.2415 1.5030 1.5660 1.9340 2.3430 1.6200 1.6820 2.0415 2.4465 1.7355 1.7980 2.1510

0 0 0 0 500 1.1570 1000 1.7360 1.8000 1200 1.9620 2.0268 1400 2.1798 2.2470 1600 2.3960 2.4640 1800 2.6073 2.6793 2000 2.8160 2.8880 2200 3.0217 3.0932 2400 3.2244 3.2976 2600 3.4229 3.4996 2800 3.6176 3.6946 3000 3.8880 p in atm.; v = 1.0000 at O0C and l atm.; range, O to 100 atm. (52, 67)

O0C 2O0C 5O0C 10O0C 0

Leiden Temperature Scale v = 1.0000 at O0C and l atm. (28, loi) P) ?

pv

atm. ^ +20.0O0C | 22.804 1.0835 25.015 1.0852 26.575 1.0863 29.090 1.0872 32.572 1.0897 34.887 1.0902 35.423 1.0917 37.812 1.0928 39.168 1.0928

P) f

pv

54.149 59.717 65.021 ^ Q 9QQ

1.10Od 79.1081.0392 1.1026 84.6621.0408 1.1059

Q-T 9Q*

1 1990

1 Ii A

0

-182.6O C | 32.067 0.3210 32.988 0.3208 36.438 0.3205 36.880 0.3205 41.371 0.3196 42.533 0.3194 49.943 0.3189

pv

Pi ^

OC

0.03994p + 0.05219p2 0.03753p + 0.05150p2 0.03491p + 0.06170p2 0.03160p + 0.05137p2

^ = 1.0010-5^+5^

pv

^ = 1.07425-5^^+5^?^ atm. ^ atm. ^ atm. ^2O0C V_ V^ 0 0 0 0.0O G -182.6O C | -200.08 C Leiden Temperature Scale 22.0641.0089 50.514 0.3186 46.5170.2394 pv = 1.0000 at O0C and 1 atm. (96) 23.5551.0103 63.320 0.3179 46.5290.2392 P) P) P) P) * pv * pv ^ pv ;' pv 25.8671.0121 47.9510.2388 atm. ^ atm. atm. atm. ^ 28.4681.0135 61.6570.2338 0 0 0 -40.01 C I -80.0O C -116.03 C | -117.010G 30.7901.0147 67.4560.2317 39.7531.0168 73.8500.2302 5.755 0.8462 6.445 0.6926 3.841 0.5616 4.493 0.5555 44.8921.0196 79.9230.2293 7.385 0.8432 7.300 0.6902 4.533 0.5596 5.385 0.5517 8.559 0.8416 7.918 0.6892 5.965 0.5496 59.7771.0265 -208.1O0C | -213.080C 6.389 0.5478 66.1041.0307 24 071 O 2151 23 086 O 1925 9.382 0.8403

« Î2 î'îïï 79'SsI-SIS Uo. ^s 1.1ZZU -103.Ql0C | 35.558 0.6304 36.697 0.6302 40.610 0.6324 42.107 0.6329 55.136 0.6369 58.583 0.6384 78.110 0.6481

PÌ f

pv = 1.0010 pv = 1.07425 pv = 1.1842 pv = 1.3674 -

28:844 :21U

^«°o:i9ii

0>2 088 26.6730.1893 ^856 Q 2041 29.3650.i862 41.798 0.2010 32.4410.1829 58.472 0.1897 37.4180.1776 64.451 0.1867 53.8960.1611

31 948

69 692

-141.220G 33.8400.4846 37.7070.4852 38.5810.4853 43.3190.4869 49.8810.4875 51.9160.4878 66.4710.4927 78.5580.4970 -200.080G 26.2140.2494 28.4020.2483 31.4170.2469 34.2680.2451 34.2850.2451 39.8430.2425 39.8910.2423

°

1844

59 7690

1565

' °' ' 74.532 0.1822 66.2710.1522 79.228 0.1804 72.8580.1503 79.6980.1491 p, atm. | pv : ' -217.520C (TÏ730 21 34Q 22 997 O 1707 ^ ^1683 2ß^ Q ^52 0.1607 30.042 32.795 0.1564 49.930 0.1393 53.528 0.1353 59.618 0.1301 64.975 0.1269 71.649 0.1253 79.417 0.1256

-102.490G I -109.990G -118.580C [ -124.950G 4.759 0.6105 5.594 0.5788 3.799 0.5520 2.882 0.5316 5.783 0.6076 6.218 0.5767 5.910 0.5433 3.715 0.5276 6.507 0.6051 6.684 0.5745 6.254 0.5421 5.160 0.5213 7.029 0.6037 5.688 0.5190 -113.940C I -116.010C 6.013 0.5171 5.470 0.5642 4.506 0.5594 -135.290C | -145.390C 6.092 0.5613 5.422 0.5557 3.550 0.4878 3.375 0.4492 6.501 0.5597 6.008 0.5534 4.838 0.4816 5.007 0.4387 6.486 0.5512 5.599 0.4773 p, atm. I pv -152.560C 3.251 0.4213 4.636 0.4117 4.854 0.4102

v = 1.0000 at O0G and p, atm. I pv \ O0C I 36.20 0.9685 38.77 0.9661 46.90 0.9590 47.15 0.9589 54.74 0.9528

1 atm. (137); Leiden temperature scale p, atm. | pv \ p, atm. | pv 15.60C I 2O0G 34.10 1.0322 35.61 1.0499 44.19 1.0252 40.49 1.0467 56.70 1.0168 46.10 1.0427 51.38 1.0392 57.04 1.0358 62.43 1.0329

Leiden Temperature Scale v = 1.0000 at O0C and 1 atm. (104) ?' pv f' pv e atm. atm. -40.050C I -80.03°~ 21.142 0.8218 21.0100.6550 28.034 0.8112 27.2950.6388 34.794 0.7992 33.4750.6221 41.818 0.7898 34.1780.6213 49.255 0.7806 39.2400.6086 55.425 0.7713 43.2470.5976 61.030 0.7642 44.6130.5949 50.4300.5772 61.8800.5464 -102.460C I -109.970G 20.118 0.5594 20.0100.5244 26.932 0.5344 25.3300.5022 31.601 0.5155 29.9770.4804 37.564 0.4910 35.4270.4544 42.513 0.4710 38.9790.4346 48.720 0.4420 45.6870.3989 54.588 0.4127 51.1300.3618 60.474 0.3811 56.2000.3220 56.6550.3174 60.8670.2770 -113.970C I -116.Ql0G 20.149 0.5044 22.3000.4835 24.462 0.4847 27.8490.4560 28.893 0.4624 32.6480.4297 33.731 0.4370 37,4680.4012

^0'

Oto 15.60C 0.538 0.561 0.528 0.450 0.388 0.341 0.301 0.270 0.248 0.233 0.212 0.190 0.174 0.165 0.148 0.145 0.137 0.134

100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1200 1500 1800 2000 2400 2500 2800 3000 P m '

0 1 5 10 15 20 25 30

ë

IQQ" (3) Oto 99.50C 0.486 0.534 0.512 0.459 0.405 0.357 0.320 0.288 0.261 0.241

1QO<* ( 52 ) Oto Oto 5O0C IQO0C 0.3660 0.3660 0.3679 0.3676 0.3752 0.3739 0.3842 0.3817 0.3932 0.3894 0.4019 0.3971 0.4107 0.4047 0.4193 0.4123

?> pv *> pv atm. | atm. ^ -113.970C | -116.Ql0CT 33.758 0.4369 43.9470.3541 37.979 0.4133 50.4450.2836 43.890 0.3739 50.5060.2816 48.304 0.3385 52.4460.2477 51.059 0.3061 53.4690.2213 52.543 0.2951 54.2000.1959 54.066 0.2672 54.3190.1638 56.761 0.2073 54.6350.1792 58.518 0.1754 55.0500.1667 p, atm. | pv -116.990C 20.264 0.4891 22^298 0.4783 26.413 0.4579 30248 0.4371 34 117 O 4144 37.210 0.3958 43.662 0.3458 48.344 0.2936 49.507 0.2790 51.297 0.2388 52.072 0.1745 52.218 0.1671 52.343 0.1989 52.649 0.1776 53.000 0.1587 1( W (3) Oto Oto 15.60C 99.50C 0.480 0.492 0.570 0.613 0.641 0.696 0.691 0.731 0.697 0.740 0.737

99.5 to 199.50C 0.300 0.297 0.280 0.264 0.245 0.226 0.212 0.198

0.705 0.679 0.668 0.657 0.602 0.580 0.538

•

Ï O 1 5 10 15 20 25 30

1

0

0 / Oto 5Q0C 0.3660 0.3677 0.3739 0.3817 0.3894 0.3970 0.4044 0.4117

100« (52) Oto Oto 5O0C IQO0C 0.4279 0.4199 0.4364 0.4274 0.4446 0.4347 0.4530 0.4420 0.4614 0.4492 0.4696 0.4563 0.4777 0.4632 0.4856 0.4701 0.4935 0.4768

P m g 6

3 ( 52 ) Oto IQO0C 0.3660 0.3676 0.3734 0.3809 0.3882 0.3956 0.4028 0.4101

35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75

100/3 (52) Oto Oto 5O0C 10O0C 0.4190 0.4174 0.4262 0.4247 0.4337 0.4322 0.4411 0.4396 0.4488 0.4472 0.4565 0.4642

l

-

35 40 45 50 55 60 65

p, respectively p0 = 1 atm. (7°)

100« I O to IQO0C I 0.3672

O0C 0.3675

I I |

O0C 0.3672

100/3 | 0 to IQQ0G | 0.3671

Xe, Xenon v = 1.000 at O0C and 1 atm. ("S) p, atm.

25.65 26.62 27.68 28.79 30.07 31.40 32.92 34.57

I

pv | p , atm. | pv \ p, atm. | pv 11.20C I 237.30C 0.697 36.39 0.628 53.53 1.397 0.691 38.42 0.612 57.97 1.389 0.685 40.69 0.598 63.21 1.377 0.677 43.24 0.576 69.62 1.375 0.670 46.22 0.552 77.54 1.359 0.659 49.39 0.522 88.15 1.354 0.650 53.20 0.437 102.55 1.357 0.640 Air pv (3)

P, 0

atm. 1

OC 1.0000

100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750 800 850 900 950 1000

0.9730 0.9840 1.0100 1.0490 1.0975 1.1540 1.2145 1.2765 1.3400 1.4040 1.4700 1.5365 1.6020 1.6690 1.7345 1.7990 1.8640 1.9280 1.9920

0

I

15.7O C 1.0389 1.0555 1.0855 1.1260 1.1740 1.2250 1.2835 1.3460 1.4110 1.4740 1.5375 1.6015 1.6670 1.7340 1.800Q 1.8655 1.9300 1.9960 2.0600

P)

1 500 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400

OC 1.0000 1.3400 1.9990 2.1329 2.2596 2.3842 2.5081

I

|

1.4030 1.4310 1.4670 1.5110 1.5585 1.6085 1.6625 1.7200 1.7815 1.8440 1.9060 1.9670 2.0300 2.0930 2.1555 2.2180 2.2830 2.3490 2.4150 pv

0

~"

99.4O0C

|

200.40C

1.8430 1.8860 1.9340 1.9865 2.0410 2.0960 2.1530 2.2110 2.2700 2.3300 2.3900 2.4515 2.5130 2.5750 2.6370 2.7000 2.7640 2.8280

(3)

15.70C

2.0615 2.1912 2.3196 2.4440 2.5676

I

45.1O0G

2.1765 2.3067 2.4360 2.5610 2.6838

Air.—(Continued) . ; Pv ( 3 ) P 0 ' ' OC I 15.70C I 45.1O0C Ï 5 Ô Ô 2 . 6 3 1 0 2 . 6 9 0 2 2 . 8 0 1600 2.7528 2.8112 2.9320 1700 2.8738 2.9325 3.0540 1800 2.9916 3.0510 3.1725 1900 3.1103 3.1692 3.2927 2000 3.2260 3.2860 3.4100 2100 3.3400 3.4209 3.5248 2200 3.4540 3.5156 3.6388 2300 3.5661 3.6294 3.7547 2400 3.6804 3.7428 3.8688 2500 3.7912 3.8550 3.9837 2600 3.9000 3.9650 4.0963 2700 4.0081 4.0770 4.2052 2800 4.1146 4.1860 4.3148 2900 4.2195 4.2934 4.4225 3000 4.3230 4.3980 4.5285 p in aim.; pv = 1.0000 at O0C and 1 atm.; range, O to 100 atm. (53) O0C pv = 1.0006 - 0.03603p + 0.05302p2 0 5O C pv = 1.1838 - 0.03141p + 0.05217p2 10O0C pv = 1.3668 + 0.03159p + 0.05179p2 15O0C pv = 1.5500 + 0.O3SSOp + 0.06135p2 0 20O C pv = 1.7328 + 0.03550p + O.OslOSp2

?*

Ötö ' 15.70C 7 2 1 0 0 0 200 0.475 300 0.436 400 0.370 500 0.327 600 0.294 700 0.265 800 0.241 900 0.223 1000 0.206 1200 0.177 1500 0.144 1800 0.124 2000 0.116 2400 0.108 2500 0.107 2800 0.110 300 ° °-110 P, 100« (S3, ss) m Hg O to 5O0C | O to 10O0C I O to 15O0G ! 0.3674 0.3673 0.3676 I0 0.3803 0.3785 0.3769 20

Leiden Temperature Scale ^0Vi i /,no N P° = 1.0000 at O G and 1 atm. (ios) p, p, PV atm. pV atm. 20.0O0C I -70.090C 28.548 1.0654 52.8100.6611 34.103 1.0637 58.8600.6533 42.747 1.0613 57.300 1.0598 61.426 1.0595 -84.08°C I -10348°C :

ISS 2:JÎ7°0:459?9 48 4000 4882 :

p, atm.

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 * p = 29 atm.

:

Ötö IQO0C 0.375 0.383 0.392 0.402 0.410 0.418 0.425 0.431 0.437 0.441 0.445 0.449

30 40

p p, atm. pv atm. P -122.030C j -129.970C 34.122 0.4232 30.9610.3864 36.736 0.4112 33.4580.3717 39.458 Q.3985 35.7290.3580 -135.0O0C I 140.0O0C 28.877 0.3627 27.0550.3374 31.113 0.3476 30.1740.3106

S-S olS SiSS'S 33'009 °'333-

50 60 70 ^

—^ J

' J Q50C PV -145.05 C 25.033 0.3126 26.721 0.2947 27.876 0.2805

^

atm

(Mo 160C 0.376 0.387 0.398 0.408 0.419 0.429 0.438 0.446 0.452 0.458 0.462 0.465 0.468

Oto -350G

0.430 0.442 0.454 0.467 0.479 0.489 0.497 0.501

100« (3) | 1000 (3) Ö t ö 9 9 . 4 to Ö t ö O to 99.40C 200.40C 15.70G 99.40C . 4 4 4 0 . 4 4 6 0 . 4 6 2 0.455 0.287 0.541 0.552 0.422 0.275 0.616 0.600 0.371 0.261 0.621 0.617 0.331 0.241 0.637 0.617 0.294 0.222 0.616 0.269 0.207 0.244 0.194 0.605 0.226 0.182 0.214 0.171 0.567 0.504 0.467 0.439 0.417 0.403

S

3

O

40

50 60 65

°-3943 0.4078 Q ^3 0.4315 0.4412 0.4502 0.4543

O to 5O0C J-JJJ

,

°'3876 0.3978

0.4224 0.4309 0.4385 0.4418

0.4156 0.4230 0.4295 0-4325 ß (

O to IQQ0C J.38TB

S:S2 *S£

0.4080 0.4216 0.4351 0.4486 0.4557

lOOa, constant pressure (141) Ötö Ötö Ötö -78.50G -103.50G -13O0G 0.401 0.420 0.438 0.457 0.476 0.494 0.512 0.527 0.537 0.545 0.550 0.551

°'3904 0.4019 Q ^

O.^ 0.4201 0.4337

Ö^ö -1350G

0.410 0.427 0.434 0.462 0.477 0.461 0.508 0.544 0.487 0.569 0.619 0.512 0.610 0.622 0.536 0.612 0.557 0.607 0.572 0.579 0.580 0.577 0.571

Q 4Q7?

O to 20O0C 0.3672 0.3760 °'3855 0.3947 Q 4(m

0.4106 0.4172 0.4230 0-4255

' ': O to 15O0C | Q to 20O0C 0.3674 0.3674

»SSI

O.™ 0.4186 0.4322

S:£2

0.4048 0.4178

0 to -14O0G

Ötö -1450C

0.440 0.492 0.632

0.450 0.519*

.

v = 39 cmVg I v= f, 0C I p, atm. I f, 0C 75.14 32.522 69.65 75.21 32.509 75.86 80.16 33.371 79.86 84.73 34.153 89.42 89.51 34.925 94.03 93.81 35.628 100.32 100.32 36.703 104.94 105.66 37.584 110.81 110.78 38.397 115.88 115.95 39.234 121.29 121.25 40.047 127.01

A -Table, Chemical Compounds Standard arrangement NH3, Ammonia (63) 44 cm3 /g | P = 49 cm3/g | v = 54 cm3/g | 0 0 I p, atm. | S, C | p, atm. | t, C | p, atm. | 28.992 62.00 25.709 61.96 23.891 29.951 69.68 26.750 69.69 24.825 30.547 75.81 27.532 75.24 25.475 31.863 79.77 28.059 79.69 25.955 32.522 84.81 28.689 84.66 26.536 33.416 89.37 29.262 84.60 26.511 34.057 94.09 29.858 89.35 27.058 34.864 100.37 30.638 94.06 27.574 35.532 105.02 31.201 100.38 28.274 36.261 111.18 31.953 104.88 28.757 37.011 115.91 32.508 111.05 29.422 121.14 33.142 115.94 29.938 126.66 33.788 121.21 30.507 131.91 34.384 126.55 31.070 132.00 31.632

t; = 59 cm3/g t, C | p, atm. 55.70 21.597 60.31 22.105 65.98 23.075 73.57 23.553 73.83 23.576 79.16 24.114 79.71 24.172 83.22 24.537 88.06 25.022 92.82 25.514 97.61 25.992 103.46 26.561 109.25 27.125 115.10 27.699 119.34 28.084 123.92 28.526 128.81 29.016 134.89 29.549 140.47 30.079 146.23 30.629 152.47 31.203 158.70 31.780 164.31 32.292 0

v is expressed in cm3/g (75) ^\^^ v t, 0 C " ^ ^ -35 -30 -20 -10 O + 5 10 15 25 30 35

p, atm.

13QQ

I 50Q I30Q I 2QQ i 15Q I 115 I85~ p (kg/cm2) 0.8935 0.9110 0.9512 2.5017 1.03052.6116 4.3267 4.4212 6.573 1.12882.87884.7000 6.866 8.905 9.10511.499 11.770

QOC

î

F. oooo

50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 275 300 350 400 450 500 550

0.1050 0.1530 0.2020 0.2490 0.2950 0.3405 0.3850 0.4305 0.4740 0.5170 0.5595 0.6445 0.7280 0.8090 0.8905 0.9700

i

1QOC

0.1145 0.1630 0.2130 0.2620 0.3090 0.3550 0.4010 0.4455 0.4900 0.5340 0.5775 0.6640 0.7475 0.8310 0.9130 0.9935

i

2QOC

0.6800 0.1800 0.2285 0.2785 0.3260 0.3725 0.4190 0.4655 0.5100 0.5545 0.5985 0.6850 0.7710 0.8550 0.9380 1.0200

i

^-\_v 1300 I 500 I 300 I 200 | 150 | 115 | 85T1T t, ° C ^ ^ p (kg/cm2) 50 1.22633.14035.1504 7.571 9.88512.56616.245 100 1.41993.65496.0256 8.91911.73015.05119.745 150 1.61284.16396.885410.23113.51017.41923.026 200 1.80504.66957.737611.52415.25719.733 26.204 250 5.17358.584712.80716.98622.01429.322 300 9.4291 14.084 18.703 24.278 p} respectively pQ — 1 atm. ( 70 ) WQa I iooa -— ,— ——— — ~ —— 0 0 0 QC I O to IQO C | OC | O to IQO0C 0.386 | 0.380 | 0.380 | 0.377

COa, Carbon dioxide Values of pv (3) i 5QOC 3QOC 4QC,G 0.7750 0.2190 0.2550 0.3000 0.3460 0.3930 0.4400 0.4875 0.5335 0.5775 0.6225 0.7090 0.7950 0.8800 0.9630 1.0465

0.8500 0.6200 0.3090 0.3350 0.3770 0.4215 0.4675 0.5130 0.5580 0.6040 0.6485 0.7365 0.8230 0.9075 0.9900 1.0740

0.9200 0.7470 0.4910 0.3950 0.4190 0.4570 0.5000 0.5425 0.5865 0.6330 0.6765 0.7650 0.8515 0.9365 1.0210 1.1035

i

6QOC

0.9840 0.8410 0.6610 0.5100 0.4850 0.5055 0.5425 0.5825 0.6250 0.6675 0.7100 0.7980 0.8840 0.9690 1.0540 1.1370

i

7QOC

1.0430 0.9180 0.7770 0.6430 0.5750 0.5730 0.5955 0.6285 0.6670 0.7070 0.7485 0.8325 0.9180 1.0035 1.0880 1.1720

i

8QOC

i

1.0960 0.9880 0.8725 0.7590 0.6805 0.6515 0.6600 0.6815 0.7135 0.7515 0.7900 0.8725 0.9560 1.0400 1.1240 1.2085

QQOC

1.1530 1.0515 0.9535 0.8580 0.7815 0.7410 0.7315 0.7460 0.7690 0.8015 0.8375 0.9135 0.9660 1.0775 1.1610 1.2430

P, atm. 600 650 700 750 800 850 900 950 IQOO

Q0(,

i

1QOC

1.0495 1.1275 1.2055 1.2815 1.3i580 1.4340 1.5090 1.5830 1.6560

1.0730 1.1530 1.2320 1.3105 1.3870 1.4625 1.5385 1.6115 1.6850

2QOC

CO2, Carbon dioxide.—(Continued) Values of pv (3) i 3QOC i 4QOC i 5QOC i

1.0995 1.1800 1.2590 1.3395 1.4170 1.4935 1.5685 1.6430 1.7160

1.1275 1.2075 1.2890 1.3700 1.4475 1.5245 1.6000 1.6740 1.7480

1.1570 1.2375 1.3190 1.4000. 1.4790 1.5570 1.6325 1.7065 1.7800

6QOC

1.1865 1.2680 1.3500 1.4315 1.5105 1.5885 1.6650 1.7395 1.8140

p, atm. I IQQ0C | 1370C | 1980C | 2580C || p, atm. _ j2 0 6 5 1 . 3 8 0 0 4 5 0 75 1.1180 1.3185 1.6150 1.8670 500 100 1.0300 1.2590 1.5820 1.8470 550 125 0.9470 1.2050 1.5530 1.8310 600 150 0.8780 1.1585 1.5295 1.8180 650 175 0.8320 1.1230 1.5100 1.8095 700 200 0.8145 1.0960 1.4960 1.8040 750 225 0.8175 1.0835 1.4890 1.8035 800 250 0.8355 1.0810 1.4870 1.8060 850 275 0.8600 1.0885 1.4875 1.8115 900 300 0.8900 1.1080 1.4935 1.8200 950 350 0.9615 1.1565 1.5210 1.8465 1000 400 1.0385 1.2175 1.5630 1.8830

7QOC

1.2190 1.3010 1.3825 1.4640 1.5435 1.6225 1.6995 1.7745 1.8475

| IQO0C 1.1190 1.2005 1.2830 1.3655 1.4475 1.5285 1.6100 1.6890 1.7680 1.8460 1.9230 1.9990

Q0Q0 -

8QOC

1.2540 1.3360 1.4170 1.4985 1.5780 1.6575 1.7345 1.8100 1.8840

[ 1370C 1.2880 1.3620 1.4400 1.5180 1.5960 1.6760 1.7565 1.8355 1.9150 1.9940 2.0720

1.2900 1.3725 1.4535 1.5335 1.6140 1.6925 1.7710 1.8470 1.9210

| 1980G 1.6160 1.6775 1.7450 1.8120 1.8835 1.9560 2.0330 2.1080 2.1860 2.2600 2.3350

1.3265 1.4085 1.4900 1.5705 1.6505 1.7285 1.8075 1.8845 1.9590 |

2580C 1.9280

COMPRESSIBILITY IN THE NEIGHBORHOOD OF SATURATION y j p} atm. | pv [j v j p, atm. | pv p in atm.; v = 1.0000 at O0C and 1 atm. (62) 31.890C [j 34.020C v I p, atm. I pv v p, atm. pv 0.010086 63.87 0.6442 0.010067 65.18 0.6562 25 5 5 ° c 2 8 1 5 0 C 0 . 0 0 9 3 1 4 65.99s 0.6147 0.009337 67.29s 0.6283 '63.12 0.5411 0.007807 66.75 0.5212~ £.008570 67.94s 0.5823 0.008560 69.49 0.5948 0.008573

••«"" «•» ••"• «s» s- JS! SS "S »:SS ISi S:S !:S5 28 15 G

0.009338 0.008565

- ° 63.44 0.5924 65.19 0.5583

S'SSS '

U UUbbM

S'X OS.du

n SS U.4öb4

BORDER CURVE IN THE NEIGHBORHOOD OP THE CRITICAL PQINT (62)

Beginning condensation t ^ C l v I p, atm ~^ 0.005594 71.47 30.82 0.004833 72.72s 0

End condensation t, 0C I v p atm. 30.11 0.003328 71.53 30.81 0.003725 72.74

Critical temperature = 30.98 C; critical pressure = 72.93 atm.; critical volume = 0.00443; v = 1.0000 at O0C and 1 atm. (62) 1 i it i 1 i — V . V . • I P' atm" » P? o I P' atm ' I ??_ 0 0 Critical isothermal (30.98 C) || Critical isothermal (30.98 C) 0.01006863.360.63790.00395972.960.2888 0.009314 65.39 0.6090 0.003656 72.99s 0.2669 0.008582 67.22 0.5769 0.003296 73.53 0.2423 0.007809 69.08s 0.5395 0.003230 73.89 0.2387 0.007031 70.73 0.4973 0.003051 75.43 0.2302 71.95 0.4515 0.002862 79.43 0.2273 0.006275 0.005483 72.74s 0.3988 0.002721 86.10 0.2343 0.005102 72.87 0.3718 0.002593 95.70 0.2482 0.004777 72.93 0.3484 0.002509 106.18 0.2664 0.3211 0.002435 119.35 0.2906 0.004403 72.94 0.004254 72.98 0.3104 0.002362 138.65 0.3275

0.006267

73.03s

0.4577

0.006255

75.34 0.4712 76.6Os 0.4236 77.57s 0.3624 78.38s 0.3113 81.11 0.2630 86.16 0.2546 95.02 0.2609 105.95 0.2770 119.53 0.3000 136.66 0.3316

73 94

0.005117 0.004742 0.004364 0.003942 0.003610 0.003228 0.002883 °. 002717 J-JgJJJ

74.24 74.44 74.56 74.69 75.00 76.20 82.02 89.90 £%

0.3799 0.3530 0.3254 0.2944 0.2707 0.2460 0.2365 0.2443 J;«g

122.79 136 71 '— 37.090C 64.56 66.90 69 20 71.73 74.11 76.40 78.58s 80.47 82.11 83.89 88.89 103.08 119.27 136.01

0.2995 O 3249 ': __ [J 41.950C 0.7013 0.011546 64.85 0.6752 0.010794s 67.28 O 6471 O 010047 69 81 0.6135 0.009211 72.78 0.5788 0.008486 75.48 0.5394 0.007640 78.57 0.4940 0.006915 81.31 0.4446 0.006181 84.04 0.3917 0.005320 87.18 0.3365 0.004530 90.13 0.2871 0.003778 94.10 0.2885 0.003087 105.01 0.3112 0.002817 117.96 0.3393 0.002642 134.85

0.002439 O 002377 —: 0.010863 0.010093 o 009339 0.008554 0.007810 0.007059 0.006287 0.005525 0.004770 0.004011 0.003230 0.002799 0.002609 0.002495

0 4087

0.005529

0 005528

0.004672 0.003971 0.003243 0.002955 0.002746 0.002614 0.002510 0.002426

0.7487 0.7262 O 7014 0.6704 0.6405 0.6003 0.5622 0.5194 0.4638 0.4082 0.3555 0.3242 0.3323 0.3563

v 0.012311 0.011572 0.010787s 0.009970 0.009232 0.008442 0.007678 0.006899 0.006118 0.005380 0.004570 0.003823 0.003129s 0.002864

I P1 atm. I pv Il v | p , atm. | pv 48.1Q0C [j 57.750C 65.20 0.8027 0.013174 66.27 0.8730 67.69 0.7833 0.012356 69.20 0.8550 70.52 0.7607 0.011586 72.18 0.8363 73.61 0.7339 0.010807 75.42 0.8151 76.61 0.7073 0.010009 78.99 0.7906 80.07 0.6760 0.009271 82.49 0.7648 83.38 0.6402 0.008482 86.62 0.7347 87.07 0.6007 0.007668 91.16 0.6990 90.90 0.5561 0.006930 95.79 0.6638 94.78 0.5099 0.006113 101.32 0.6194 99.62 0.4552 0.005372 107.06 0.5751 105.50 0.4033 0.004596 114.45 0.5260 119.38 0.3736 0.003795 126.10 0.4786 135.56 0.3883 0.003421 135.81 0.4647

m^

0.518 0.998 1.377

IQOa (25) j lOOff (25) O to Oto O to Oto Oto 4O0C IQO0C 2O0G 4Q0G IQO0G 0.3710 0.3707 0.3754 0.3741 0.3734 0.3730 0.3726 0.3791 0.3770 respectively p0 = 1 atm. (™) ^ — 10Qc 100/3 * I | O to IQO0C | O0C | O to IQO0C | 0.3722 | 0.3723 [ 0.3711

O to 2O0C 0.3713 0.3760 0.3797

Q0C 0.3750

VALUES OF pv v = 1.0000 at O0C and 1 atm. (62) - i 25.550C v \ 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 300 320 340 360 0.1806 380 0.1886 400 0.2084 420 0.2442 440 0.3118

28.150C

0.5467 0.4839

0.2058 0.2043 0.2140 0.2379 0.2780

30.980C

31.890C

34.020C

37.090C

41.950C

48.1O0C

0.6355 0.5653 0.5037 0.4499 0.4039 0.3646 0.3314 0.3041 0.2806 0.2611 0.2448 0.2333 0.2273 0.2305 0.2427 0.2690 0.3199

Q.6411 0.5715 0.5094 0.4566 0.4106 0.3716 0.3387 0.3109 0.2875 0.2680 0.2521 0.2410 0.2321 0.2401 0.2530 0.2800 0.3230

0.6538 0.5844 0.5240 0.4708 0.4254 0.3863 0.3494 0.3226 0.3021 0.2825 0.2677 0.2590 0.2554 0.2588 0.2742 0.3031

0.6719 0.6036 0.5440 0.4918 0.4466 0.4081 0.3754 0.3477 0.3243 0.3052 0.2915 0.2835 0.2863 0.2900 0.3073 0.3376

0.6997 0.6335 0.5746 0.5237 0.4796 0.4416 0.4094 0.3819 0.3597 0.3423 0.3302 0.3245 0.3255 0.3362

0.7349 0.6712 0.6135 0.5640 0.5212 0.4847 0.4536 0.4264 0.4048 0.3872 0.3763 0.3737 0.3817

Values of ( 'p, atm. 50 60 75 85 100 125 150 175 200 250 300 400 500 600 800 1000

(Fto IQ0C "' 905 800 654 637 544 522 474 423 416 337 322 268 253 224 214 175

10 to 2O0C

1259 1043 872 728 630 550 493 449 408 364 314 .274 *247 216 184

20to 3O0C Î394 2166 1425 1159 772 613 550 501 461 401 311 266 255 215 180

30 to 4O0C ÎÔ97 1557 18310 9079 2128 1666 922 728 625 459 418 352 280 261 218 183

40to 5O0C 823 1081 2048 4965 5899 1791 1114 842 695 511 432 346 313 255 223 191

57.750C 0.8583 0.7903 0.7285 0.6743 0.6273 0.5864 0.5521 0.5226 0.4991 0.4812 0.4692

7T^~~T\~ ) at various pressures (3) 50 to 6O0C 695 853 1258 1813 3462 2911 1575 1061 850 656 495 382 323 274 219 184

60 to 7O0C 600 705 916 1222 1755 2608 1855 1335 977 672 542 384 322 287 224 198

70 to 8Q0C 508 604 762 921 1229 1804 1835 1370 1083 697 554 414 330 287 228 197

80 to 9O0C 520 560 643 753 928 1304 1484 1374 1083 778 601 419 329 283 226 198

90 to IQO0C 464 521 595 696 802 1037 1247 1228 1134 865 627 426 349 293 233 204

100 to 1370C

137 to 1980G

198 to 2580G

485

369

260

601

420

279

864 945 934 794 662 466 364 302 234 234

525 565 798 616 570 465 386 317 243

313 330 343 358 364 341

NO, Nitric oxide po ( 21 ) 0 0 +9.O C | -2O C | -4O0G | -6O0C | -78.60C

Pt

atm. 1

1.000

1.000

1.000

1.000

1.000

30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160

0.962s 0.950 0.938 0.926 0.913s 0.902s 0.892 0.881s 0.862 0.862 0.854s 0.854s 0.843 0.837s

0.9475 0.931 0.913s 0.897 0.880s 0.863s 0.845s 0.849s 0.813s 0.800 0.787 0.776 0.767 0.758

0.936s 0.913s 0.889s 0.864s 0.838s 0.812s 0.789 0.768 0.747s 0.727 0.711 0.692 0.674s 0.659

0.9215 0.891 0.859s 0.824s 0.785 0.764s 0.707s 0.662 0.617 0.576 0.545 0.528 0.518 0.524

0.893 0.779 0.779 0.709s 0.642 0.573s 0.520 0.475s 0.441 0.419 0.424 0.433s 0.443s 0.452s

CH3Cl, Methyl v = 1.0000 at O0G and PJ atm. I pv I 69.90C I 15.065 1.0251 15.425 1.0190 15.76 1.0115 16.10 1.0062 16.44 0.9966 .

99.950G 17.67 18.26 19.02 19.86 20.76 21.82 23.15 25.14 25.94 26.66 27.55 30.71

CH4, Methane (64)* 3 cm"j, /g

I 35.104 30.089 25.074 20.059 15.045 10.030 9.026 8.024 I 35.104 30.089 25.074 20.059 15.045 10.030 9.026 8.024

?' P" ?' P" atm. ^ atm. ^ O0C IJ 5O0C Il 1.00 1.0000 36.37 0.9156 44.55 1.1216 41.89 0.9040 51.55 1.1124 49.21 0.8849 61.20 1.1005 59.85 0.8610 75.35 1.0840 76.47 0.8251 98.34 1.0611 107.25 0.7715 143.66 1.0334 117.08 0.7579 159.21 1.0306 129.73 0.7465 179.03 1.0303 15O0G II 2OQ0C 60.70 1.5282 68.66 1.7286 70.68 1.5252 80.09 1.7283 84.64 1.5220 96.22 1.7303 105.63 1.5196 120.42 1.7324 140.95 1.5208 161.76 1.7454 214.59 1.5436 250.03 1.7985 240.62 1.5576 280.55 1.8161 275.10 1.5831 321.92 1.8525

?' P" atm. IQO0G

52.63 1.3250 61.17 1.3200 72.96 1.3120 90.56 1.3028 119.88 1.2935 179.61 1.2920 200.51 1.2980 At 16.80G 227.58 1.3096 (*7)

O0G 0.369

p (mm) | 760 | 1200 | 1650 | 2100 | 2800 py I 1.0000| Q.9796| 0.9648| 0.9533| 0.9335 p, respectively p0 = 1 atm. ( 70 ) IQQq I IQOff I O to IQO0C I O0C | 0 to IQO0G I 0.389 I 0.392 | 0.385

O0G 0.403

C2H2, Acetylene ("Q) ,

y atm

'

* See ( 1 5 S ) for revision of this table.

p, m Hg 0.760

I 1.1519 1.1438 1.1338 1.1210 1.1108 1.0902 1.0698 1.0361 1.0220 1.0112 0.9952 0.9309

chloride 1 atm. (56, 65) PJ atm. | po 84.950G 16.19 1.0909 16.586 1.0834 17.09 1.0734 17.61 1.0665 18.13 1.0561 18.74 1.0477 19.36 1.0368 19.40 1.0367 20.00 1.0239 20.68 1.0106 21.49 0.9969 22.24 0.9813 115.O0C 18.26 1.2231 20.12 1.2000 21.57 1.1805 22.99 1.1627 28.99 1.0785 33.53 0.9499 38.30 0.9172 40.66 0.8665

O0C 1.0057 1.0000 0.9891 .9708 .9530 .9360 .9194 .9026

-

0.5 1.0 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10.0 12.0

I t \ IQQq I 100/3 I Lit. I O to IQO0C I 0.3683 | 0.3680 | (64) p, respectively pQ — 1 atm. ( 70 ) IQQq I 100/3 I O to IQO0C I O0C | 0 to IQO0G I 0.3680 0.368 | 0.3677

P» I

250G 1.0989 1.0937 1.0841 1.0684 1.0531 1.0385 1.0255 1.0139

C2H4, Ethylene / 105(z;,2 - vtl) \ Values of ( Vt T.tz TT— i at various pressures (3)

\ i( - *Q /

" P1 atm. 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 250

Ötö 100C

948 661 533 420 377 354 306

lOto 2QOC

20to 3QoG

4976 I 1714 893 696 566 468 419 346

1622 3826 1195 769 619 539 467 362

30to 40oG

40 to

50oC

1135 3500 1427 967 689 555 486 382

50 to 6QOC

902 2136 2040 1122 799 640 508 406

60 to

70oG

744 1355 1790 1252 917 679 583 439

80oG

671 1019 1407 1353 925 744 611 461

70 to QQOC

585 834 1109 1171 945 746 614 464

80 to

90 to

539 743 945 972 941 746 620 492

502 663 847 875 883 781 629 493

100oG

137 5oG

100 to 137.5 to 198 5oG 406 516 641 728 733 699 643 509

332 387 438 478 504 517 506 456

" I p, atm. 300 350 400 450 500 600 700 800 900 1000

P atm

'

' 1 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750 800 850 900 950 1000

p, atm. I 38 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 54 56 58 60 65 70 75 80 90 100

OTolOto 1QOC

267 239 212 199 195 177 152 151 148 138

2QOC

3QOC

302 265 241 231 227 177 167 154 149 142

0

0

2O C

O0C 0.5955 0.5330 0.1610 0.1570 0.1580 0.1600

50C 0.6490 0.6155

0.1755 0.1810

0.1945

0.1695

0.2050 0.2025

0.2145

0.2425 0.2565

0.2535

0.3100

g()OC

336 296 261 241 224 199 178 166 149 145

I

0.6290 0.3600 0.4850 0.6095 0.7325 0.8520 0.9690 1.0840 1.1975 1.3075 1.4165 1.5250 1.6325 1.7375 1.8420 1.9460 2.0495 2.1530 2.2535 2.3535

0.5730 0.5470 0.5150 0.4770 0.1890 0.1850 0.1855 0.1875 0.1900

0.1645

4QOC

305 273 254 234 226 200 177 159 149 142

QC I 1.0000 0.1755 0.3100 0.4405 0.5650 0.6870 0.8055 0.9229 1.0365 1.1465 1.2555 1.3640 1.4725 1.5785 1.6835 1.7865 1.8880 1.9900 2.0905 2.1900 2.2890 I

C2H4, Ethylene.—(Continued) 40 to 50 to 60 to 70 to

20 to I 30 to

0

4O C

6QOC

347 297 263 243 230 199 187 167 149 145

I

0.8140 0.4705 0.5505 0.6690 0.7880 0.9075 1.0250 1.1405 1.2550 1.3670 1.4770 1.5865 1.6930 1.7995 1.9050 2.0100 2.1140 2:2175 2.3200 2.4215 |

7.50C 0.6735 0.6425

7QOG

351 303 269 249 232 210 185 167 160 147

392 354 322 281 240 206 191 172 159 146

|

IQO0C

1.0770 0.8465 0.7760 0.8380 0.9370 1.0475 1.1580 1.2725 1.3865 1.5000 1.6115 1.7215 1.8305 1.9365 2.0420 2.1495 2.2555 2.3595 2.4635 2.5660 |

2Q0C

90 to

137 5oC

10QOC

387 335 304 266 242 207 184 173 159 146

Values of pv (3) 6O C | 8O0C

IQ0G

80 to

QQOC

0

409 358 324 284 270 216 193 174 157 150

| 137.50C

1.1920 1.0050 0.9240 0.9460 1.0315 1.1330 1.2420 1.3560 1.4660 1.5775 1.6855 1.7950 1.9035 2.0115 2.1190 2.2245 2.3300 2.4345 2.5390 2.6425 |

3O0G

100 to 0 137.5 to 198.5 C 417 352 303 271 243 212 187 172 165 157

| 198.50C

1.3736 1.2466 1.1780 1.1740 1.2284 1.3100 1.4060 1.5104 1.6150 1.7212 1.8290 1.9376 2.0450 2.1526 2.2604 2.3684 2.4762 2.5848 2.6916 2.7980 |

4O0G

397 344 303 275 251 215 188 164 145

1.6520 1.5800 1.5400 1.5368 1.5690 1.6276 1.7010 1.7900 1.8858 1.9846 2.0868 2.1910 2.2950 2.3990 2.5030 2.6060 2.7104 2.8104

|

5O0C

0.6685

0.6085

0.6370

0.5675

0.6030

0.5100 0.4670 0.3300 0.2150 • 0.2075

0.5620

0.2060 0.2090 0.2125 0.5180

376 303 274 250 234 203 184 170 157 147

0.9535 0.6680 0.6490 0.7440 0.8560 0.9720 1.0875 1.2020 1.3175 1.4310 1.5420 1.6520 1.7610 1.8670 1.9720 2.0775 2.1820 2.2865 2.3900 2.4925 |

8QOC

0.5075 0.4700 0.4200 0.2900 0.2400 0.2290 0.2270 0.2285 0.2315 0.2655 0.2785 0.3305

0.7320 0.6980 0.6840 0.8300 0.6290 0.5975 0.5610 0.5235 0.4805 0.4300 0.3310 0.3110 0.3110 0.3165 0.3370 0.3600

0.7310

0.8140

0.8865

0.6905

0.7810

0.8595

0.6195 0.5500 0.4830 0.4300 0.3990 0.3915 0.4030

0.7285 0.6805 0.6310 0.5805 0.5390 0.4875 0.4710

0.8170 0.7430 0.7045 0.6660 0.6060 0.5665

C2H4, Ethylene.—(Continued) PJ atm.

1 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60

73

I pv ( ) 24.950C 1.0000 0.9745 0.9443 0.9198 0.8818 0.8495 0.8143 0.7764 0.7364 0.6940 0.6467 0.5949 0.5360

73

py atm.

| po ( ) 24.950G 65 0.4681 70 0.4076 75 0.3666 80 0.3493 85 0.3445 90 0.3466 95 0.3524 100 0.3596 105 0.3679 110 0.3774 115 0.3875 120 0.3975 125 0.4081

Il Il

pj respectively p0 = 1 atm. ( 70 ) O0G 0.376

IQQg I O to IQO0G I 0.3734

I I |

O0C 0.373

100/3 | 0 to IQQ0G | 0.3721

COEFFICIENTS OF EXPANSION OF VAEIOUS GASES AS CALCULATED BY LEDUC ( 70 ) P1 respectively po = 1 atm.

^

I

w

Gas

°°c CO NO N20 HCl C2H2 PH3 H2S Cl2 G2N2 SO2 (CH3)20

inn°r °°c 100C

ini?r 100C

Exper mental

i

values IQOo; 100/3

°to IQO0C

°to IQO0G

0.36740.3671 0.3671 0.36720.3669* 0.3667* 0.3677 0.3673 0.3673 0.3671 0.37610.37310.37330.37180.372* 0.368* 0.3769 0.3733 0.374 0.3720 0.3771 0.37380.37400.3725 0.379 0.375 0.376 0.374 0.382 0.377 0.378 0.376 0.390 0.383 0.383 0.380 0.383f 0.381t 0.396 0.387 0.387 0.383 0.388* 0.383* 0.398 0.388 0.389 0.384 0.390* 0.384* 0.400 0.391 0.390 0.387

* Regnault, 20 to 10O0C ( 118 ). t Pier (Hi).

LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) O) van Agt and Onnes, 64P1 28: 674; 25. 168, No. 176b. ( 2 ) Amagat, 6, 19 : 345; 80. ( 3 ) Amagat, 6, 29: 68; 93. ( 4 ) Batuecas, 42, 16: 322; 18. ( 5 ) Batuecas, 132, 20: 441; 22. ( 6 ) Batuecas, 34, 179: 440; 24. ( 7 ) Batuecas, 34, 179: 565; 24. ( 8 ) Batuecas, 34, 180: 1929; 25. 181: 40; 25. 132, 23: 343; 25. ( 9 ) Batuecas, 42, 22: 101; 25. ( 10 ) Batuecas, Maverick and Schlatter, 42, 22: 131; 25. (U) Baume, -4-2, 6: 1; 08. O 2 ) Baume and Perrot, 42, 6: 610; 08. ( 13 ) Baume and Perrot, 42, 7:369; 09. 34, 148: 39; 09 ( 14 ) Baume and Wourtzel, 42, 10: 520; 12. ( l s ) Baxter and Starkweather, 197, 10: 479; 24. ( 16 ) Baxter and Starkweather, 197, 11: 231; 25. ( 17 ) Bodareu, 22, 23 I: 492; 14. ( 1 8 )Boksand Onnes, 448, 1: 81a; 24. 168, No. 17Oa, 24. (* 9 ) Bridgman, 197, 9: 370; 23. ( 2 0 ) Bridgman, 70, 42: 568; 23. ( 21 ) Briner, Biedermann and Rother, 37, 8: 923; 25. (22) Bruylants and Bytebier, 186, 1912: 856. ( 23 ) Bruylants and Dondeyne, 186, 8: 387; 22. ( 2 4 ) Burt and Gray, 135, 103: 161, 170; 11. (25) Chappuis, 238, 13; 1907. ( 26 ) Corey, Laubengayer and Dennis, 1, 47: 112; 25. ( 2 7 ) Crafts, 34, 106: 1662; 88. ( 28 ) Crommelin, Martinez and Onnes, 64P1 22: 108; 20. 168, No. 154a; 18. ( 29 ) Crommelin and Swallow, 448, 1: 53a; 24. 168, No. 172a; 24.

( 30 ) Cuthbertson and Cuthbertson, 62, 213: 1; 13. ( 3 t ) Dumas, 6, 33: 337; 1826. 44: 288; 1830. 8, 9: 293; 1827. ( 32 ) Ernyrei, 93, 25: 313; 00. ( 33 ) Garzarolli-Thurnlackh, and Schacherl, 13, 230: 273; 85. ( 34 ) Germann, 34, 157: 926; 13. 42, 12: 66; 14. 60, 19: 437; 15. ( 3S ) Germann and Booth, Bull. Western Reserve University, 19: 15; 16. ( 36 ) Germann and Booth, 60, 21: 81; 17. ( 37 ) Gray, 4, 87: 1601; 05. (38) Gray and Ramsay, 6, 84: 536; 11. ( 39 ) Guye, 42, 6: 769; 08. ( 40 ) Guye, 136, 36: 402; 12. ( 4 I) Guye, 42, 15: 561; 17. ( 42 ) Guye, 42, 16: 46; 18. ( 43 ) Guye and Batuecas, 37, 5: 532; 22. ( 4 4 ) Guye and Batuecas, 42, 20: 308; 23. ( 4S ) Guye and Davila, 34, 141: 826; 05. ( 4 «) Guye, Kovacs, and Wourtzel, 42, 10: 332; 12. ( 4 7 ) Guye and Pintza, 34, 139: 677; 04. ( 48 ) Guye and Pintza, 34, 141: 51; 05. 463, 35: 569; 08. ( 49 ) Henning and Heuse, 96, 5: 285; 21. ( 50 ) Heuse, 26, 15: 518; 13. ( 51 ) Holborn, 8, 63: 674; 20. ( 52 ) Holborn and Otto, 96, 10: 367; 22. (*3) Holborn and Otto, 96, 23: 77; 24. ( 54 ) Holborn and Otto, 96, 33: 1; 25. ( 55 ) Holborn and Schultze, 8, 47: 1089; 15. ( 56 ) Hoist, 462, 6: 48; 15. 168, No. 144: 14. ( 5 7 ) Howarth and Burt, 83, 20: 544; 25. ( 58 ) Jaquerod and Pintza, 34, 139: 129; 04. 463, 35: 589; 08. ( 59 ) Jaquerod and Scheuer, 34, 140: 1384; 05. ( 60 ) Jaquerod and Tourpaian, 149, 31: 20; 11. ( 6 Î ) Jaquerod and Tourpaian, 42, 11: 3; 13. ( 62 ) Keesom, 64V, 12: 391, 544, 616, 621; 03. 168, No. 88; 03. ( 63 ) Keyes, 382, 7: 371; 21. ( 63 - 5 ) Keyes, Mass. Inst. Tech., O. ( 64 ) Keyes, Smith and Joubert, 285, 1: 191; 22. ( 65 ) Kuenen, 18, 26: 354; 93. (««) Kuypers, 448, 1: 69a; 24. 168, No. 169b: 24. (« 7 ) Kuypera and Onnes, 18, 6: 277; 23. 168, No. 165: 23. ( 68 ) Leduc, 6, 15: 5; 98. ( 69 ) Leduc, Recherches sur les gaz. Paris, Gauthier-Villars, 1898. 238, 16; 1917. ( 7 0 ) Leduc, 8, 5: 180; 16. (™) Leduc, 34, 167: 70; 18. ( 72 ) Martinez and Onnes, 18, 6: 253; 23. 168, No. 164: 23. ( 73 ) Masson and Dolley, 5, 103: 524; 23. ( 7 4 ) Maverick, Thesis, Geneva, 1923. ( 7S ) Meyers and Jessup, Bureau of Standards, O. ( 76 ) Moissan, 34, 101: 1490; 85. ( 7 7 ) Moissan, 34, 102: 1245; 86. ( 7S ) Moissan, 34, 138: 728; 04. ( 79 ) Moissan and Meslans, 34, 107: 1155; 88. ( 80 ) Moles, 42, 14: 389; 16. («) Moles, 42, 14: 434; 16. ( 82 ) Moles, 42, 19: 283; 21. (83) Moles and Batuecas, 42, 17: 586; 19. ( 84 ) Moles and Batuecas, 132, 18: 211; 20. ( 85 ) Moles and Batuecas, 42, 18: 353; 20. ( 86 ) Moles, Batuecas and Paya, 132, 20: 34; 22. ( 87 ) Moles and Clavera, 132, 20: 550; 22. ( 88 ) Moles and Clavera, 42, 21: 10; 24. ( 89 ) Moles and Crespi, 132, 20: 190; 22. ( 90 ) Moles and Gonzalez, 42, 19: 310; 21. (91) Moore, 4, 93: 2181; 08. ( 92 ) Morley, Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge, 29: No. 980; 95. ( 93 ) Morley, 11, 17: 267; 95. ( 94 ) Morley, 7, 20: 68; 96. ( 9S ) Muller, 6t 20: 116; 10. ( 96 ) Nijhoff and Keesom, 64P, 28: 963; 25. 168, No. 179b. ( 97 ) Onnes, 64P, 10: 445; 08. 168, No. 102; 08. ( 98 ) Onnes and Boks, 448, 1: 189a; 24. 168, No. 17Ob; 24. (") Onnes and Braak, 64P, 10: 204, 413; 08. 168, No. 10Oa; 08. ( 10 °) Onnes and Crommelin, 64P, 13: 614; 11. 168, No. 118; 11. ( 1 0 I) Onnes and Crommelin, &4P, 18: 515; 15. ( 102 ) Onnes, Crommelin and Smid, 64Pt 18: 465; 15. ( 103 ) Onnes, Dorsmann and Holst, 64P, 18: 458; 15. (i<> 4 ) Onnes and Kuypers, 448, l:65a; 24. 168, No. 169a; 24. (i° 5 ) Onnes and Penning, 18, 6:277; 23. 7: 157; 23. 168, No. 165b; 23. (i°«) Ouedinoff, 28, 23: 266; 09. ( 107 ) Paya and Moles, 132, 20: 247; 22. (i<> 8 ) Penning, 18, 7: 172; 24. ( 109 ) Penning and Onnes, 18, 7: 166; 24. 168, No. 165c; 23. 01°) Perman and Davies, 5, 78: 28; 06. ( 11 M Pier, 7, 62: 385; 08. ( 112 ) Ramsay and Travers, 6, 64: 183; 98. ( l 1 3 ) Ramsay and Travers, 62', 197: 47; 01. 7, 38: 679; 01. ("*) Rayleigh, 5, 53: 134; 93. ("*) Rayleigh, 5, 62: 204; 97. ("«) Rayleigh, 5, 74: 181; 04. ( l i 7 ) Rayleigh, 62, 204: 351; 05. 0«) Regnault, 6, 5: 52; 42. ( 119 ) Regnault, 151, 21: 107; 47. O 2 0 ) Reiman, 42, 15: 293; 17. O 2 I ) Roth, 8, 11: 1; 80. O 2 2 ) Scheuer, 75, 123 II A: 931; 14. ( 12 S) Schlatter, Thesis, Geneva, 1923. (124) Schultze, 8, 48: 269; 15. ( 1 2 S) Smith and Taylor, 1, 45: 2107; 23. ( 126 ) Stahrfoss, 42, 16: 175; 18. ( 127 ) Stock and Guttman, 25, 37: 885; 04. O 2 8 ) Stock and Somieski, 25, 49: 111; 16. ( 129 ) Stock and Somieski, 25, 52: 695; 19. (i 30 ) Stock and Zeidler, 25, 54: 531; 21. ( 131 ) Taylor, 2, 10: 653; 17. ( 132 ) Ter-Gazarian, 42, 7: 337; 09. (133) Than, 6, 15: 459; 68. ( 134 ) Thomsen, 93, 12: 1; 96. ( 135 ) Timmermans, 42, 18: 133; 20. ( 136 ) Treuthardt, 34, 172: 1598; 21. ( 137 ) van Urk and Nijhoff, 448, 1: 73a; 24. 168, No. 169c; 24. ( 13 S) Verschoyle, 5, 111: 552; 26. ( 139 ) Watson, 4, 97: 810; 10. ( 14 °) Watson, 4, 97:833; 10. ( 141 ) Witkowski, 3, 41: 288; 96. (i 42 )Witkowski, 180, 1905: 305. O 4 3 ) Wourtzel, 34, 155: 152; 12. 42, 11: 29; 13. ( 144 ) Batuecas, 132, 24: 528; 26. ( 1 4 S) Baxter and Starkweather, 65, 12: 699; 26. ( 1 4 6 ) Baxter and Starkweather, 65, 12: 703; 26. ( 1 4 7 ) Holborn and Otto, 96, 38: 359; 26. ( 1 4 8 ) Moles and MiravaUes, 182, 24: 356; 26. ( 1 4 9 ) Onnes and van Urk, 168, No. 169; 24. ( 15 °) Sameshima, Bull. Chem. Soc. Japan, 1: 41; 26. O 5 I) Bartlett, 1, 49: 687; 27. (152) Bartlett, 1, 49: 1955; 27. (153) Moles, 36, 56: 915; 26. (i 5 4 ) Moles, 132, 24: 717; 26. (iss) Keyes and Burks, 1, 49: 1403; 27. ( 156 ) Bartlett, Cupples and Tremearne, Fixed Nitrogen Research Lab., O.

P-F-T7 RELATIONS FOR GAS MIXTURES Components —-—i

A. j

"A A A O2

t, range

Jo

C ^ N2 C2H4 N2

O2 O2 H2 H2

CO2 C2H4 CO2 N2

H2O H2O HCl HCl

NH 3 CO2 PH3 CO2

A t 24.950C -200 to -1830C At 24.950C At 20° and -Ulto -12O0C 9 to 250C At 24.950C 15 to 320C O and 2O0C 0-30O0C 98 to 20O0C 98 to 20O0C 24 to 540C 20 to 520C

T ., Lit.

p, range U p t o 1 2 5 atm. Up to 1200 mm Up to 125 atm. 32 to 56 atm.

(") (8) (i i ) ( 1 O)

Components ——j

t, range

HCl C2H6 SO2 CH3Cl SO2 (CHa)2O Natural gas Natural gas

p, range

0

13 to 53 C

32 to 78 atm.

56, 77, 1090C 150C 19 to 240C

6 to 37 atm. Up to 40 atm. Up to 48 atm.

Lit. (12) (3) (2) (4* 5) (7)

LITERATURE 58 to 140 atm. (») Up to 125 atm. C 11 ) 30 to 120 atm. ( 1 ^) 24 to 205 atm. ( 14 ) Up to 1000 atm. (16,I7) 1 atm. (15) 1 atm. (15) Up to 80 atm. O) 30 to 96 atm. (6)

(For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) 2 3 (*) Briner, №, 4: 476; 06. ( ) Briner and Cardoso, 34, 144: 911; 07. ( ) 4 Brinkman, Diss., Amsterdam, 1904. ( ) Burrell and Robertson, 80, No. 181: 16. (5) Burrell and Robertson, 80, No. 158; 17. («) Dorsmann, 7 8 Diss., Amsterdam, 1908. ( ) Earhart and Wyer, 188, 88:695; 16. ( ) Hoist and Hamburger, 64V, 24: 798; 15. 64P, 18: 872; 16. (») Keesom, 64P, 6: 532; 04. 168, No. 88; 03. (i°) Kuenen, Verschoyle and van Urk, 64P, 26: 49; 23. 168, No. 161: 22. (") Masson and Dolley, 6, 108: 524; 23. («) Quint Gzn, 7, 89: 14; 01. 3 14 O ) Verschaffelt, 18, 11: 403; 06. ( ) Verschoyle, 5, 111: 552; 26. O*) Maass and Mennie, 5, 110: 198; 26. 0«) Bartlett, 1, 49: 687, 1955; 27. (17) Bartlett, Fixed Nitrogen Research Lab., O.

N2, NITROGEN LOUIS DECOMBE COMPRESSIBILITY

Unit of v — v at 16° and 1 atm.

Low Pressures At 160C and between p = 76 and 152 cm Hg, —° = 1 + 3 X 10-« (p -

Po)

(13).

0

At 14.9 C and between p0 = H and p = 1 atm., ^-° pv = 1.00015 ( ). Between p = 1 and 1.4 m Hg and with unit of v = v at O0C and l m Hg, pv = 1.000571 - 0.000571p, at O0C; and pv = 1.366966 + 0.000347p, at 10O0C (4). 15

Between p = 1 and 27 atm., and 4.1 and 5.20C, —

PO "o

= 1+

A (^ - l) + B (^ - lY> where logio (-A) = 4.8389375 and logic B = 6.8476020 (!«).

High Pressures MEASUREMENTS BY AMAGAT ( 1 ); cf. ( 19 > 2°) Volume unit = v at 0° and 1 atm. pv pv P atm ' ' 0° I 16.0° 143.6° P ' atm ' 0° I 16.0° I 43.6° 1 1.0000 1600 2.8456 2.90883.0264 100 0.9910 1700 2.9665 3.03283.1509 200 1.0390 1800 3.0861 3.15363.2715 300 1.1360 1900 3.208153.27653.3962 400 1.2570 2000 3.3270 3.39803.5170 500 1.3900 2100 3.4461 3.51753.6361 600 1.5260 2200 3.5640 3.63663.7554 700 1.6625 2300 3.6823 3.75363.8720 800 1.8016 1.8648 2400 3.8004 3.87243.9924 900 1.9368 2.00162.1186 2500 3.9200 3.99004.1100 1000 2.0700 2.13402.2420 2600 4.0378 4.10544.2276 1100 2.203852.26822.3782 2700 4.1553 4.22284.3416 1200 2.3352 2.40002.5140 2800 4.2700 4.33864.4576 1300 2.465452.52852.6455 2900 4.3558 4.45444.5733 1400 2.5942 2.65582.7748 3000 4.4970 4.56754.6890 1500 2.7202s 2.7810 2.8995

PV, P, PV, P, PV, P, Pv1 16.0° atm. 16.0° atm. 16.0° atm. 16.0° 1.0000 65 0.9897 Ï301.0050 240 1.0783 0.9987 70 0.9900 135 1.0076 250 1.0867 0.9971 75 0.9904 140 1.0103 260 1.0954 0.9957 80 0.9908 145 1.0131 270 1.1048 0.9945 85 0.9914 150 1.0160 280 1.1145 0.9933 90 0.9921 160 1.0221 290 1.1243 0.9923 95 0.9930 170 1.0284 300 1.1340 0.9914 100 0.9941 180 1.0349 320 1.1552 0.9907 105 0.9953 190 1.0414 340 1.1765 0.9901 110 0.9967 200 1.0483 360 1.1990 0.9897 115 0.9984 210 1.0555 380 1.2215 0.9895 120 1.0004 220 1.0627 400 1.2445 0.9896 125 1.0026 230 l.Q7Q3| 430 1.2785 VALUES OF patm. AT CONSTANT v v, PJ atm. V1 P1 atm. const. Q° 116.0° 143.6° const. Q° |16.03° | 99.45° [ 199.5° 0.002070 1000 1088 1239 0.009910100 Ï07 Ï46 192 .001946 1200 1298 1474 .005195150 162 225 299 .0018135 1500 1613 1812 .004330200 217 307 414 .001714s 1800 1937 2168 .003786250 273 392 530 .0016635 2000 2150 2401 .003414300 328 474 644 .0015835 2400 2572 2858 .003142350 383 556 758 .001525 2800 2990 .002940400 439 637 869 .002780450 494 718 .002652500 548 797 .002543550 602 875 600 656 957 MEASUREMENTS BY BARTLETT ( 19 > 20) PJ atm. 1 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60

P, atm. 1 50 100 200 300 400 600 800 1000

P"_ Q° I 50° | 99.85° | 198.9° 1.0000 0.9846 1.1888 1.3888 1.7683 0.9846 1.2046 1.4114 1.8071 1.0362 1.2742 1.4958 1.9073 1.1335 1.3711 1.5971 2.0169 1.2557 1.4870 1.7112 2.1407 1.5214 1.7473 1.9650 2.3914 1.7959 2.0155 2.2273 2.6510 2.0641 2.2825 2.4942 2.9165

[ 299.8° | 399.3°

2.1978 2.5729 2.3119 2.6944 2.4279 2.8166 2.5498 2.9422 2.8034 3.1949 3.0615 3.4559 3.3195 3.7196

P-F-T7 RELATIONS FOR GAS MIXTURES Components —-—i

A. j

"A A A O2

t, range

Jo

C ^ N2 C2H4 N2

O2 O2 H2 H2

CO2 C2H4 CO2 N2

H2O H2O HCl HCl

NH 3 CO2 PH3 CO2

A t 24.950C -200 to -1830C At 24.950C At 20° and -Ulto -12O0C 9 to 250C At 24.950C 15 to 320C O and 2O0C 0-30O0C 98 to 20O0C 98 to 20O0C 24 to 540C 20 to 520C

T ., Lit.

p, range U p t o 1 2 5 atm. Up to 1200 mm Up to 125 atm. 32 to 56 atm.

(") (8) (i i ) ( 1 O)

Components ——j

t, range

HCl C2H6 SO2 CH3Cl SO2 (CHa)2O Natural gas Natural gas

p, range

0

13 to 53 C

32 to 78 atm.

56, 77, 1090C 150C 19 to 240C

6 to 37 atm. Up to 40 atm. Up to 48 atm.

Lit. (12) (3) (2) (4* 5) (7)

LITERATURE 58 to 140 atm. (») Up to 125 atm. C 11 ) 30 to 120 atm. ( 1 ^) 24 to 205 atm. ( 14 ) Up to 1000 atm. (16,I7) 1 atm. (15) 1 atm. (15) Up to 80 atm. O) 30 to 96 atm. (6)

(For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) 2 3 (*) Briner, №, 4: 476; 06. ( ) Briner and Cardoso, 34, 144: 911; 07. ( ) 4 Brinkman, Diss., Amsterdam, 1904. ( ) Burrell and Robertson, 80, No. 181: 16. (5) Burrell and Robertson, 80, No. 158; 17. («) Dorsmann, 7 8 Diss., Amsterdam, 1908. ( ) Earhart and Wyer, 188, 88:695; 16. ( ) Hoist and Hamburger, 64V, 24: 798; 15. 64P, 18: 872; 16. (») Keesom, 64P, 6: 532; 04. 168, No. 88; 03. (i°) Kuenen, Verschoyle and van Urk, 64P, 26: 49; 23. 168, No. 161: 22. (") Masson and Dolley, 6, 108: 524; 23. («) Quint Gzn, 7, 89: 14; 01. 3 14 O ) Verschaffelt, 18, 11: 403; 06. ( ) Verschoyle, 5, 111: 552; 26. O*) Maass and Mennie, 5, 110: 198; 26. 0«) Bartlett, 1, 49: 687, 1955; 27. (17) Bartlett, Fixed Nitrogen Research Lab., O.

N2, NITROGEN LOUIS DECOMBE COMPRESSIBILITY

Unit of v — v at 16° and 1 atm.

Low Pressures At 160C and between p = 76 and 152 cm Hg, —° = 1 + 3 X 10-« (p -

Po)

(13).

0

At 14.9 C and between p0 = H and p = 1 atm., ^-° pv = 1.00015 ( ). Between p = 1 and 1.4 m Hg and with unit of v = v at O0C and l m Hg, pv = 1.000571 - 0.000571p, at O0C; and pv = 1.366966 + 0.000347p, at 10O0C (4). 15

Between p = 1 and 27 atm., and 4.1 and 5.20C, —

PO "o

= 1+

A (^ - l) + B (^ - lY> where logio (-A) = 4.8389375 and logic B = 6.8476020 (!«).

High Pressures MEASUREMENTS BY AMAGAT ( 1 ); cf. ( 19 > 2°) Volume unit = v at 0° and 1 atm. pv pv P atm ' ' 0° I 16.0° 143.6° P ' atm ' 0° I 16.0° I 43.6° 1 1.0000 1600 2.8456 2.90883.0264 100 0.9910 1700 2.9665 3.03283.1509 200 1.0390 1800 3.0861 3.15363.2715 300 1.1360 1900 3.208153.27653.3962 400 1.2570 2000 3.3270 3.39803.5170 500 1.3900 2100 3.4461 3.51753.6361 600 1.5260 2200 3.5640 3.63663.7554 700 1.6625 2300 3.6823 3.75363.8720 800 1.8016 1.8648 2400 3.8004 3.87243.9924 900 1.9368 2.00162.1186 2500 3.9200 3.99004.1100 1000 2.0700 2.13402.2420 2600 4.0378 4.10544.2276 1100 2.203852.26822.3782 2700 4.1553 4.22284.3416 1200 2.3352 2.40002.5140 2800 4.2700 4.33864.4576 1300 2.465452.52852.6455 2900 4.3558 4.45444.5733 1400 2.5942 2.65582.7748 3000 4.4970 4.56754.6890 1500 2.7202s 2.7810 2.8995

PV, P, PV, P, PV, P, Pv1 16.0° atm. 16.0° atm. 16.0° atm. 16.0° 1.0000 65 0.9897 Ï301.0050 240 1.0783 0.9987 70 0.9900 135 1.0076 250 1.0867 0.9971 75 0.9904 140 1.0103 260 1.0954 0.9957 80 0.9908 145 1.0131 270 1.1048 0.9945 85 0.9914 150 1.0160 280 1.1145 0.9933 90 0.9921 160 1.0221 290 1.1243 0.9923 95 0.9930 170 1.0284 300 1.1340 0.9914 100 0.9941 180 1.0349 320 1.1552 0.9907 105 0.9953 190 1.0414 340 1.1765 0.9901 110 0.9967 200 1.0483 360 1.1990 0.9897 115 0.9984 210 1.0555 380 1.2215 0.9895 120 1.0004 220 1.0627 400 1.2445 0.9896 125 1.0026 230 l.Q7Q3| 430 1.2785 VALUES OF patm. AT CONSTANT v v, PJ atm. V1 P1 atm. const. Q° 116.0° 143.6° const. Q° |16.03° | 99.45° [ 199.5° 0.002070 1000 1088 1239 0.009910100 Ï07 Ï46 192 .001946 1200 1298 1474 .005195150 162 225 299 .0018135 1500 1613 1812 .004330200 217 307 414 .001714s 1800 1937 2168 .003786250 273 392 530 .0016635 2000 2150 2401 .003414300 328 474 644 .0015835 2400 2572 2858 .003142350 383 556 758 .001525 2800 2990 .002940400 439 637 869 .002780450 494 718 .002652500 548 797 .002543550 602 875 600 656 957 MEASUREMENTS BY BARTLETT ( 19 > 20) PJ atm. 1 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60

P, atm. 1 50 100 200 300 400 600 800 1000

P"_ Q° I 50° | 99.85° | 198.9° 1.0000 0.9846 1.1888 1.3888 1.7683 0.9846 1.2046 1.4114 1.8071 1.0362 1.2742 1.4958 1.9073 1.1335 1.3711 1.5971 2.0169 1.2557 1.4870 1.7112 2.1407 1.5214 1.7473 1.9650 2.3914 1.7959 2.0155 2.2273 2.6510 2.0641 2.2825 2.4942 2.9165

[ 299.8° | 399.3°

2.1978 2.5729 2.3119 2.6944 2.4279 2.8166 2.5498 2.9422 2.8034 3.1949 3.0615 3.4559 3.3195 3.7196

MEASUREMENTS BY HOLBORN AND OTTO ( 11 ) Volume unit = v at 0° and l m Hg Pi m Hg

pv

-130°

; I

-100°

-50°

i I

0°

+50°

100°

150°

200°

—— 400°

300°

"O0.524460.634340.8174?1.0006o1.1836s1.366821.5499e1.7330s2.099342.4655s 1 0.51975 .63129 .81593 l.OOOOo 1.1836? 1.3671s 1.55064 1.7339s 2.1005s 2.4669e 5 0.9976s 1.18370 1.3687o 1.5534o 1.7376s 2.10542 2.4725o 10 0.47496 .60359 .80255 .995Os 1.1839i 1.37074 1.5569s 1.7422s 2.11154 2.4794? 15 .99269 1.1843l 1.37294 1.5606o 1.7469e 2.1177o 2.4864s 20 0.41826 .57249 .7888l .9906o 1.1849o 1.37529 1.5643e 1.75174 2.12389 2.49352 25 .9887s 1.1856? 1.3778o 1.5682s 1.7566o 2.13012 2.5006i 30 0.35164 .54171 7763s .9872s 1.18664 1.3804? 1.5722o 1.76154 2.13639 2.5077s 35 .9859s 1.18780 1.3833o 1.5762s 1.7665e 2.1427o 2.5149o 40 0.2806e .5123s .7652e .98494 1.1891s 1.38629 1.5804? 1.7716e 2.1490s 2.5221i 45 .98420 1.19069 1.3894s 1.5847? 1.77684 2.1554s 2,5293e 50 0.2343e .486Oo .7558o .98374 1.1924i 1.3927s 1.5891? 1.78209 2.1618s 2.53664 55 .98354 1.1943s 1.3961s 1.5936? 1.7874s 2.1683o 2.5439? 60 .46465 .74822 .9836l 1.19644 1.3998o 1.59829 1.79284 2.1748o 2.55134 65 .9839s 1.1987s 1.4035? 1.603Oi 1.7983s 2.1813s 2.5587s 70 .45076 .7428s .9845? 1.20122 1.4075o 1.60784 1.8039o 2.1879o 2.5662o 75 .9854s 1.20390 1.41159 1.6127s 1.8095e 2.1945l 2.57369 80 .44719 .740Oo .98662 1.2067e 1.41584 1.61782 1.8152s 2.2011s 2.58152 MEASUREMENTS BY KAMERLINGH ONNES AND URK ( 14 ) Volume unit = v at 0° and 1 pressure unit. Pressure unit = 759.778 mm Hg at 0° at the pavilion of Breteuil P

+20.00° I

22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50 52 54 56 58 60 62 64

1.0682 1.0679 1.0676 1.0673 1.0670s 1.0668s 1.0667 1.0666 1.0665 1.0665 1.0665s 1.0667 1.0668 1.0670 1.0672 1.0674

0.00°

0.9890 .9883 .9876s .9870 .9864s .9859 .9853s .9848 .98435 .9839 .9835s .9832 .9829 .9826

pv I -23.62° | -50.26° | -81.10° | -102.25° | -121.19° | -131.27° | -141.53° | -144.46° ( -146.32° 0.3400 0.4225 0.3605 0.3395 I .3260 0.4700 .4135 .3470 .3247 .3090 0.5590 .4625 .4045 .3332s .3080 ; .2895 0.6523 .5540 .4550 .3945 .3180 .2892 j .2670 0.7832 .6489 .5490 .4475 .3845 .3015 .2675 .2385 0.8920 .7812 .6455 .5441 .4400 .3745 .2825 .2400 .1800 .8909 .7792 .6422 .5392 .4325 .3635 .2615 .2000 .1063 .8899 .7773 .6389 .5344 .4250 .3525 .2360 .1425 .8890 .7754 .6356 .5296 .4175 .3415 .2065 .1225 .8880 .7736 .6324 .5249 .4100 .3300 .1750 .1207 ! .8871 .7717 .6293 .5202 .4025 .3175 1 -14858° .8861 .7699 .6262 .5156 .3055 -^ i— 28 .8852 .7681 .6232 .5109 .2940 0.2625 29 .8842 .7664 .6202 .5063 .2825 ; °-2502 30 .8833 .7648 .6173 .2715 : 0*2325 30 4 .8824 .7632 .6145 .2610 ' 0.2207 .8815 .7616 .6118 .2517 30.8 0.1900 .8806 .7600 .6092 .2432 .8796

MEASUREMENTS AT 680C BY BRIDGMAN (3) P1 kg/cm I v, cmVg | pv* \\ P1 kg/cm2| v, cm3/g | pv* 2 500 1.356 4.11 9 000 1.003 10.94 3 000 1.290 4.68 10 000 0.982 11.91 4 000 1.201 5.82 11 000 .964 12.84 5 000 1.138 6.89 12 000 .948 13.78 6 000 1.093 7.95 13 000 .933 14.70 7000 1.056 8.95 14000 .920 15.60 8000 1.026 9.94 15000 | .908 16.50 2

* Volume unit = v at O0C and l kg/cm*.

•

.

Empirical Formulae FORMULAE OF HOLBORN AND OTTO (") Pressure unit = m Hg. Volume unit = v at 0° and l m Hg pz; = A + Bp + Cp2 + Dp4 + Ep6 (1) (*&)\ (2) x 10i = B X 10» = a + be + - + -3 \ ap /P • o e e t, 0C | A | IQ3B | IQ6C | IQ9D | IQ12E _i 30 I0.52446 -4.68594 -24.4699 -20.2026 8.4248 _100 0.63434-3.04600-3.0667 +1.8603 -

50

|0.81747 -1 .54934 + 5 .7092

0.2438

FORMULAE OF HOLBORN AND OTTO ( 11 J.—(Continued) t, 0C Ö + 50 100 150 200 300 400

i

A j HPB I 1.00060 -0.60716 [1.18368-0.01514 |l. 36682+0.36057 1.54996 0.67717 l. 73308 0.90133 2.09934 1.21257 2.46558 1.38086

0

Ï O « C E q u a t i o n (2) 5.4056 ä 357.46 3.7959 b 9.36 3.1510 e -1044.84 2.1389 e - 242.53 l. 5778 = t + 273 0.7510 100 0.8082

FORMULA OF R. BECKER ( 2 ) Based upon the measurements of Amagat at O and 160C and between O and 3000 atm. Holds accurately up to the highest pressures and yields correct values for tc and dc. RT

k

a

9 . %\ pss-jr(/il+v* )-*

+.

x

tf+*

I R I k \ a I x 1 1* I ^ 10.0018011 0.00250 |1.34 X 10~17| 2f I 8.31 X IQ 7 I 40.3 |1.26 X IQ12I 384 X IO17 |

0 5 5

"

* For p in atm. and volume unit = v at 0° and 1 atm. t For 1 g-mole, p in baryes and v in cm3.

FORMULA OF VERSCHOYLE (18) Pressure unit = 759.778 mm Hg at O0C at the pavilion of Breteuil. Volume unit = v at 0° and 1 pressure unit, pv = A + Bp + Cp*. For t = 0°, A = 1.00049, B = 0.4961 X 10~3, C = 3.334 X IO"6. For * = 20°, A = 1.07370, B = -0.2798 X 10~3, C = 2.800 X 10~6. For range, and deviation graph, see Fig. 1.

/, C + 20 O - 23.62 - 50.26 - 81.10 -102.25 -121.19 -131.27 -141.53 -144.46 -146.32 400 300 200 150 100 + 50 O - 50 -100 -130

Kamerlingh Onnes and Urk (17) I A I IQ3B 1.07370 -0.24448 1.00041 -0.40996 0.913901 -0.74651 .816309 -1.10626 .703330 -1.74585 .625850 -2.34448 .556465 -3.11693 .519539 -3.60025 .481953 -4.21676 .471218 -4.38627 .464395 -4.54174 Holborn and Otto (*Q) 2.46522 1.04930 2.09903 0.92142 1.73283 0.68491 1.54973 0.51457 1.36662 +0.273995 1.18368 -0.01150 1.00045 -0.46137 0.81735 -1.17733 0.63425 -2.31462 0.52438 -3.56079 Thermal Expansion

-,— at the constant pressure pi, cm Hg v it ß — L*—JiI^ a^ constant volume, the initial pressure being pit pit cm Hg 53.05 179.35 100.19100.19100.19138.68 Pl t,°C 100 100 20 ~40~ 100 100 107a = ~36 77036~75036 73236 778 107ff = 36 685 36 72036 75436 75236 744 ~7*T" At t = 100° C pi 107/3 j>l IQ6/? pi IQ7Cg ^pI 107/3 79.35 36 718 98.5 3 673 79.2 36 701 65.4 36 696 53.3 36685 74.4 3670 75.7 36699 52.9 36 681 55.0 3 668 41.5 36 659 39.2 36 677 31.4 3 665 39.5 36 656 ^

Const. press, atm.

200 300 400 500

Virial Coefficients

v-A0+?+ § +

)

Pressure unit = 759.778 mm Hg at O0C, at the pavilion of Breteuil. Volume unit = v at O0C and 1 pressure unit

2.2523 1.7599 2.0487 2.1797 2.5627 2.5954 3.3371 4.0822 4.2354 5.2703

a —

Lit. (5) Lit. (6) pi 110.5 51.1 22.0 I pi IQ7CX 36 742 36 679 36 630 107/3 MEASUREMENTS BY

FIG. 1.

IQ6C 2.3284 2.0655e 3.057 2.680 3.513 4.167 5.367 5.724s 6.455 6.911 6.664

106 A t IT AJ -

! i Const. press, atm.

0-100° I 100-200° I 433 280 600 402 267 700 358 250 800 315 235 900

Lit. (7) Lit. (12) 110.51 51.1 22.0 Lit. 36 752 36 675 36 626 («) AMAQAT (*)

IO6 Av I 105 AU ~ ^y Const. —^ press, . atm. 0-100° I 100-200° 0-16° | 0-44° 282 219 1000 193 191 256 204 1500 140 151 236 189 2000 133 131 218 179 2500 111 108 3000 98 98

IQ6 Ap P at 0°, Const. P A* (atm.) vol.* M 0-100° I 100-200° 100 0.009910 462 315 1 200 .005195 537 349 300 .003786 582 359 400 .003142 595 364 500 .002780 596 600 .002543 597 * Volume unit = v at 0° and 1 atm.

p at 0°, Const. (atm.) . vol.* 1000 1200 1500 1800 2000 2400 2800

0.0020700 .0019460 .0018135 .0017145 .0016635 .0015835 .0015250

1Q5 Ap P M Af 0-16° I 0-44° 550 548 510 524 471 477 475 469 468 460 448 437 424

Values of (j£\

fj aim.

10

25

50 100 150

at 160C

200

250 300 350 400 450

№ì 0.040.100.210.450.7351.0731.4051.732.052.352.61 MEASUREMENTS BY HOLBORN AND OTTO ( 9 > 10) Py Values of 107(^ — VQ)/vQt m Hg 400° I 300° [ 200° | 150° | 100° |+50° | -50°| O 36604366043660436604366033660236604 36604 I 1 1 36674 3668s 36699 36709 3671s 36734 36814 3687i 5 3695e 3701l 37084 37134 3718s 3729i 10 37295 374Oi 3754? 3764e 37756 37960 38692 3934i 15 37619 37776 3799s 3814o 383Os 3860? 20 37930 3813s 3841s 38614 38834 3922s 4074i 422Os 25 38225 3847e 3882e 3906s 39344 3982e 30 38504 388Oi 3921e 39502 39832 4039s 4272e 4512s 35 3876s 391Os 3958e 3991? 403Oi 4094e 40 3901? 3939? 3993? 40309 4074s 41467 4460s 47982 45 39249 3966s 4026s 40682 41174 4196o 50 39464399194057841029415754242446342 50597 55 39664 4015s 4086s 4135e 4195s 42864 60 3984e 4036s 4113? 4166i 4231s 4327s 47862 5276i 65 40012 40564 41384 4194s 42647 43657 70 40160 4074o 41609 422Os 4295e 44009 49102 5421s 75 40292 40897 4181s 42439 4324s 4433s 80 4998s 5467s

-100°| 36604 36942 402Oe 44444 49524 550Os 5859s

1* v 0 1 5 10 15 20 25 -130° 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70

Values of IQ7 (pt — PO) /p0t; const, vol. (9) 400° I 300° I 200° I 150° | 100° | 50° 36604 36604 36604 36604 366Os 36602 3672s 36729 36732 3673s 3673i 36732 3721s 37234 37249 3725s 37252 37279 3782s 3786s 37894 3791i 37904 3796o 38432 38484 38534 3856i 38554 3863s 39040 39105 3917s 39209 39207 393Os 3964s 39724 3981i 39854 3986o 3997s 40255 40330 40444 4049s 40512 4063s 40935 41072 4113i 4116i 4129e 41696 4176s 41812 4195o 42316 42390 4245s 4259s 431Os 4323s 43735 43864 44487 4509s I 45709

* Volume unit = v at 0° and l m Hg.

LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) O) Amagat, 6, 29: 68; 93. (2) Becker, 96, 4: 393; 21. ( 3 ) Bridgman, 65, 59 : 173; 24. (4) Chappuis, 238, 13: 1907. (*) Chappuis and Harker, 238, 12: 1902. ( 6 ) Day and Clement, 12, 26: 405; 08. ( 7 ) Eumorfopoulae, 5, 90: 189; 14. («) Henning and Heuse, 96, 5: 285; 21. (») Holborn and Otto, 96, 23: 77; 24. ( 1 O) Holborn and Otto, 96, 30: 320; 24. ( 1 M Holborn and Otto, 96, 33: 1; 25. O 2 ) Keyes, Townshend and Young, 285, 1: 243; 22. O 3 ) Leduc and Sacerdote, 34,125: 297; 97. O *) Onnes and van Urk, B60, p. 69. 168, No. 169d; 24. 0 s ) Rayleigh, 7, 52: 705; 05. O 6 ) Regnault, 151, 21: 329; 47. 0 7 > van Urk, B60, p. 79. 168, No. 169e; 24. O 8 ) Verschoyle, 5, 111: 552; 26. O 9 ) Bartlett, 1, 49: 687, 1955; 27. ( 20 ) Bartlett, Cupples and Tremearne, Fixed Nitrogen Research Lab., O.

DENSITY AND THERMAL EXPANSION OF NON-METALLIC ELEMENTARY SUBSTANCES UNDER ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE A. W. PORTER The values given are density in g/ml = specific gravity, Z/4 (in vacuo) and coefficients of expansion. I. THE LIQUID STATE*

H.—dlK = 0.084404 - 223 X 10~6 TK - 21.83 X 10~« T2K, where TK is the absolute temperature on the Leiden scale (Vol. I, p. 54) on which the triple point is 13.95° and 51.4 mm Hg (d =

A.—1.37396 at -183.15° (49). —* (^jj) p=latm = 4.65 ± 0.15 at -183° (3, 49) ; y. further p. 203. 0° 20° 25° 30° r 3.187s 3.1193 3.1023 3.084s

0.07709) and the B. P. is 20.35° (d = 0.07085) (58). ^w(~^\

TOo0 = Lll(1' 62' 63' 81)î cf' (18' 66) Cl,-4 = [(1.468 - 2.89 X 10'3J - 5.3 X 10~6*2) ± 1 %] between — 100 and 144°; liquid under its own vapor pressure above the B. P. (36, 41, 60) ; Vm further p. 202.

T (f24i} *> °° "^T

M, 0Cf I ~!o^ T3,? 5-10 15-2025-3035-4050-6070-80 Lit. —33.6 to O

in* AV

~~~

^f~r

1.49 1.7931.9782.0302.1902.2602.6903.460(36) -^__— *,°G H -40 I -30 I -20 I -10 I O I +10 | 20 | 30

1ft3 r\V

^^ Ut

V

0

1.53 1.58 1.65 1.75 1.87 1.99 2.12 2.26

*, G H 40

I 50

I 60

I 70

I 80

I 90

I 100 | Lit.

i^~ 2.42 2.59 2.78 3.01 3.33 3.76 4.30 («) V

at I

I

I

3

io Ay

F.—1.14 at -200° (54); 1.108 at B. P., -1870C (24). — — = ca. 3, between -210 and -1870C (24). * For orthobaric densities, v. p. 202, 203. t Atmospheric pressure.

V \ Af /P-P

= 12.6 between TK = 13.99° and TK = 20.39° (58); v. further p. 203. The above value at the B. P. is confirmed by Augustin (2). He.—0.1255 at -268.880C (56); v. further p. 203.

t, 0C

i

1Q7 ° 4.004

110 ° 3.99i

150°

Ï6Ô°

12Q ° ~3.96o

Ï7Ô°

130 ° 3.929

140

° 3.89s

180°

i 184.35° B. P. d{ 3.864 3.826 3.79e 3.73e 3.706 Kr.-2.155 at ca. -146°C (™) ; v. further p. 204. N.—0.8084 ± 0.003 at the B. P., -195.780C; d\ = 1.1604 IO3 AF 0.00455 (t -f 273) (range -182 to -210°); ^ -—• between -184 and -205° =6.0 (3, 50) ; y. further p. 204. Ne.-1.204 at B. P., -245.92° (15); y. further p. 204. in 3 AV O.—1.44? at the B. P., -182.95°C; ^- -~ between -182 and -210° = 4.0 (3, 48). t, 0C dj

t, 0C d\

-210 1.2726 -190 1.176?

-205 1.2489 -185 1.1527

-200 1.224s -182 1.138s

-195 1.20Os Lit. (3)

t, 0G d\ t, 0G

-210.4 1.2746 -129.9

-182.0 1.1415 -123.3

-154.51 0.9758 -120.4 "

-140.2 0.8742 Lit.

N.—1.026s at -252.5° (22). O.—1.4256 at -252.5° (22). P.—Much confusion in results and conclusions of different investigators; v. especially ( 8 » 13).

0.6779 0.6032 (*8) 3 Type 10 dF O8 (Ozone).—1.71 ± 0.05; -y ^ =2.0 at -183°; = 2.5 at White: octahedral rhombic B. P., -112.4°; \ = 0.512 + 456 X 10~6 (t + 273.1) + 3.93 X Pi Yellow IQ"6 (t -f 273.1)2, from -213 to -830C (73, 77). Red: Pn p (28, 32, t, 0C 44.5 100 °ß ^° 40 100 200 280 light red by heat at 280° 59. 69) :—: pyromorphic ' d\ |1.745|1.69| 1.485 ||1.7492|l.6949|l.6027|l.5287 by heating red at 360° ^~~ = 52,(50-60°) (64). dl

0.7781

Rn,-4.40 at B. P. -620C (io). S.—d\13 = 1.8114 (84); dl46 = 1.4579 to 1.5130 (mean 1.480) (68). _ t | 115.1 | 122.2 | 134.0 | 138.2 | 145.5 dj Jl .8084-1.8094|l .8028|1.7921-1.7938|l .79051l .7807-1.7846 t \ 151.5 1156.91 158.5 I 161.0 | 16JTO" d\ 11.7761-1.7794ll. 7747|l. 7710-1.7739|1.7704-1.7733|1.7724

| 278.5 | 357.0 | 445.0 | LJtT | 1.7072-1.7119 | 1.6563-1.6620 | 1.5994-1.6140 | (35) t

430

t

439

465

487

490

|156.9-158.5|158.5-161|161-165 165-171.3|171.3-178^3

~ ^

282

t

|

135 178.3-184

127 |

170

184-210

298

t

3 8

344

°

[239.5-278.5[ 278.5-357 | 357-445 [

6

366

T" ^7

366

338

'

'

0

Xe.-3.063 at B. P., -106.9 C (59); v. further p. 204. II. THE CRYSTALLINE STATE A,—1.65 ± 0.02 at 4O0K (from crystal structure) (78). Br.—Reliable data lacking; Pierre ( 62 ) finds ca. 6% decrease in volume on crystallization. C (Diamond).—d\Q varies with the specimen 3.47 to 3.56 ( 85 ). For graphite, v. Vol. II, p. 592. -163.6° 3.519(^2)

t (26)

I I

I

^j-'jg

-38° 3.510(12)

20° 0.89

I I

I

18° 3.514(12)

40° 1.18

I |

I

Room 3.518 («5)

50° 1.32

H.—0.08077 at -262.0° (58); 0.0763 at -259.9° (22); the former value implies a contraction of 4.8 % on crystallization. I.—Iodine. (40) I (4) I (71) I

(6)

4° I 19° I 20° I 40° I 50° I 60° | 70° 80° 90° 100° | 107° 4.933 4.911|4.940JJ4.918J4.903J4.886J4.87l|4.856|4.8414.830J4.825

20

(«?)• (13) (46) (9)

106 ATT

I

Type Rhombic M. P., 112.80C

XT 4.

i

Monoclinic M. P., 1190C A U Amor hous P Soluble in CS2. Insoluble in CS2

dj I t, 0G | Lit. 2.0989 -188 (21) 2.0522 17 (21) 2.06 («5) 2.07 ( 7 2) 2.135 (25) 2.01-1.99 (61) 2.0784 O (63) 2.070 Rm. (19) 2

* ir * ^ Crystalline from CS 2

(35); cf (53 61)

^ 18 20

( 26 ). ^- ~j = 11.52, -188 to 17° (21); cf. (39).

n

Lit.

18

S,—Rhombic: ~ *~ = 64.13 at 40°; mean 0-100° = 67.48

Natural

T"'^T

O O

Lit. («3) ( 83 ) (44,45) (»») (44,45) (44, 45) (32) (32) (85) (13)

Î f - V g - 125, O to 40° (64).

194

[ 210-239 .J~~

t, 0C I 13 13

See also (7, 27, 28, 37, 42, 76, 79, 82).

|115-134|l34-138.2|138.2-145.5|145.5-151.5|151.5-156.9

^6 ~

d\ \ 1.8177 1.8272 1.83 1.828 2.34 2.16 2.18 2.37 2.296 2.28-2.31

Hittorf s metallic { 2'.!5-2.33 Metallic .'. . . 2.19-2.23 Violet (by heating red at 560°) 2.36 Black (by heating metallic to 200° at 12 OOOatm.) 2.69

t | 171.3 I 178.3 | 184.0 | 210.0 | 239.5 d{ |1.7705|1.7681|1.7632-1.7651Jl .7505-1.7511J1.7307-1.7341 t dj

I

3

2-06 046

1.96 1.94 /1.87 \ 1.92-1.93 1.86 1.89

Rm

ld

-

( ) (47)

Rm.

(««) (61) (61) (19) (*») («s)

Rm. Rm. Rm.

Se.—See the literature for details. Type Soluble in CS2-metalUe

I

dj

{ ^*

Insoluble in CS2-crystalline Soluble in CS2-crystalline , A Amorphous

4.80 4,455 4.46 4.47 4.302 4.26-4.28 4 ^

4.28 Heated not higher than necessary for crystallization Melted Then heated to 125°

4.5-4.6 4.80 4.77 4.57

I -t, 0C I Lit. £ 17

Rm. 17 Rm.

£> ( 85 ) (14) («) (74) (14) (74) (61)

20

(72)

I 19

(39) (39) (39) (4)

Se.—(Continued)

T^ c

ïoâz

*'

7" Llt

-

TdI

O - 40 - 80 -120 -160 O t o 100

40

43.9 40.4 36.9 33.5 32.4 37.92

]

36.80

J

(23)

[

Te.—Varies with mode of preparation, v. (11J 16> 17). Type I d\ U 0C I Lit. Amorphous 6.022-6.150 25 (") Amorphous 5.85 -5.87 ( 16 > 17) Amorphous, ppt 5.97 -6.08 (5) Same, preheated to 430° 6.04-6.20 (5) Cast, cooled slowly 6.30 -6.39 (5) Same, preheated to 430° 6.29-6.34 (5) Pptd. from alk. soins 6.07 -6.21 (5) Pptd. from alk. soins., preheated to 430° 6.06 -6.16 (5) Cast, quickly cooled 6.10 -6.22 (S) Pptd. from alk. soins 5.95 -6.06 25 (") Crystalline needles 6.310 (16, 17) Crystalline 6.235 20 (34) 6 281 19 r« * ir / ( 4 )(67) Crystalline... | 6 246 lg 2

1 f)6 Al T dt

= 16 75 at 40 ; mean (0 100

'

°

~ °) = 17-32 LITERATURE

(26

)'

(For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) O) Andrews and Carlton, 1, 29: 688; 07. ( 2 ) Augustin, 8, 46: 419; 15. ( 3 ) BaIy and Donnan, 4, 81: 907; 02. ( 4 ) Beckmann and Faust, 93, 84: 103; 13. ( 5 ) Beljankin, 136, 25: 1002; 01. ( 6 ) Billet, 167, 8: 46; 55. ( 7 ) Boeseken, 70, 26: 289; 07. ( 8 ) Bridgman, 1, 36: 1344; 14. ( 9 ) Bridgman, 8, 3- 153; 14.

( 10 ) Chaumat, 10, 1: 265; 12. O 1 ) Cohen and Kroner, 7, 82: 587; 13. ( 12 ) Cohen and Olie, 7, 71: 385; 10. 168, No. 113; 11. (13) Cohen and Olie, 7, 74: 10; 10. (»*) Coste, 34, 149: 674; 09. ( l s ) Crommelin and Onnes, 64P, 18: 515; 15. 168, No. 147d; 15. ( 16 ) Damiens, 6, 18: 282; 22. ( 17 ) Damiens, 34, 174: 1344; 22. C18 ) Darby, Jf, 40: 347; 18. ( 19 ) Deville, 34, 25: 857; 47. C 2 «) Dewar, 5, 70: 237; 02. ( 2 *) Dewar, 325, 17: 418; 02. ( 22 ) Dewar, 5, 73: 251; 04. ( 2 3 ) Dorsey, 2, 27: 1; 08. ( 2 4 ) Drugmann and Ramsay, 4, 77: 1228; 00. ( 2 S ) Engel, 34, 112: 866; 91. ( 2 6 ) Fizeau, 34, 68: 1125; 69. ( 27 ) Gladstone and Dale, 3, 18: 30; 59. ( 28 ) Hess, 63, 6: 186; 05. ( 29 ) Hittorf, 8, 126: 193; 65. ( 3 0 ) Inglis and Coates, 4, 89: 886; 06. (31 ) Johnson and Mclntosh, 1, 31: 1138; 09. ( 32 ) Jolibois, 34, 289: 287; 09. ( 33 ) Jolibois, Thesis, Paris, 10. 10, 1: 4; 12. ( 3 4 ) Kahlbaum, Roth and Siedler, 93, 29: 177; 02. ( 35 ) Kellas, 4, 113: 903; 18. ( 36 ) Knietsch, 13, 259: 100; 90. ( 3 7 ) Kopp, 13, 93: 129; 55. ( 38 ) Kruyt, 7, 64: 513; 08. ( 39 ) Kruyt, 93, 64: 305; 09. ( 4 0 ) Ladenberg, 25, 35: 1256; 02. ( 41 ) Lange, 92, 1900: 683. ( 4 2 ) Leduc, 34, 113: 259; 91. ( 4 3 ) Lenher and Morgan, 1, 22: 28; 00. ( 4 4 ) Linck, 93, 56: 393; 08. ( 4 5 ) Linck and Möller, 25, 41: 1404; 08. ( 4 6 ) Marckwald and Helmholz, 93, 124: 81; 22. ( 4 7 ) Maquenne, 34, 100: 1499; 85. ( 4 8 ) Mathias and Onnes, 64P, 13: 939; 11. 168, No. 113; 11. ( 49 ) Mathias, Onnes, and Crommelin, 64P, 15: 667; 12. 168, No. 131a; 12. ( 50 ) Mathias, Onnes and Crommelin, 64P, 17: 953; 15. 168, No. 145c; 15. ( 51 ) Mathias, Crommelin and Onnes, 34, 175: 933; 22. 168, No. 162b; 22. ( 5 2 ) Mathias, Crommelin and Onnes, 6, 19: 231; 23. ( S3 ) Melcher, 128, 4: 431; 14. ( 54 ) Moissan and Dewar, 34, 125: 505; 97. ( 5S ) Onnes, 64P, 13: 1093; 11. 168, No. 119; 11. ( 5 «) Onnes, O. ( 57 ) Onnes and Boks, 168, No. 170: 24. B60: 215; 24. ( 58 ) Onnes and Crommelin, 168, No. 137a. 64V, 21: 214; 13. B60\ 24. ( 5 9 ) Patterson, Cripps and Whytlaw-Gray, 5, 86: 579; 12. ( 60 ) Pellaton, 42, 13: 426; 15. ( 61 ) Petersen, 7, 8: 601; 91. < 62 ) Pierre, 6, 20: 5; 47. ( 63 ) Pisati, 25, 7: 361; 74. ( 64 ) Pisati and de Franchis, 36, 4: 497; 74. ( 65 ) van der Plaats, 70, 5: 34; 86. ( 66 ) Plotnikov and Rokotyan, 7, 84: 365; 13. ( 6 7 ) Priwoznik, M on. des Museums für Geschichte der Oesterr. Arbeit., No. 2; 1893. 25, 26, Pt. 4: 580; 93. ( 68 ) Ramsay, 4, 35: 463; 79. ( 6 9 ) Ramsay and Masson, 25, 13: 2147; 80. ( 7 0 ) Ramsay and Travers, 7, 38: 641; 01. ( 7 1 ) Richards, 65, 39: 579; 04. ( 72 ) Richards, Stull and Brink, 152, No. 76; 07. ( 73 ) Riesenfeld and Schwab, 96, 11: 12; 22. ( 7 4 ) Saunders, 50, 4: 483; 00. ( 7 5 ) Schrotter, 6, 24: 406; 48. ( 7 6 ) Schrotter, 8, 81: 299; 50. ( 7 7 ) Schwab, 7, 110: 599; 24. ( 78 ) Simon and Simson, 96, 25: 160; 24. ( 7 9 ) Sinits, Meyer and Beck, 87, 26: 268; 17. ( 80 ) Stock and Gomolka, 25, 42: 4510; 09. ( 81 ) Thorpe, 4, 37: 172; 80. ( 82 ) Troost and Hautefeuille, 25, 7: 482; 74. ( 83 ) Vernon, 3, 32: 365; 91. ( 84 ) Vicentini and Omodei, 22, 4 I: 718, 805; 4 II: 19, 39, 75; 88. ( 8S ) Wigand, 8, 22: 64, 99; 07.

DENSITY AND THERMAL EXPANSION OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS IN THE LIQUID (INCLUDING VITREOUS) STATE UNDER ONE ATMOSPHERE G. P. BAXTER »-TABLE Standard arrangement (v. p. viii)

H2O H2O2

d1 = do + at + b«2 + . . . (range, 0 C) 1 Z v. p. 24 d\ = 1.4632 - 0.00117* + 0.055«2 (-12 to 20)

HCl HClO4

d\ = 0.923 - 0.00318« (-104 to -83) dl = 1.806 - 0.001927« (20 to 50)

(77) (91, 93)

HBr

dl = 1.549 - 0.00885t (-88 to -69)

77

( )

HI

d\ = 2.371 - 0.012« (-50 to -36)

(77)

Substance 2

A-T ABLE.—(Continued)

ICl

dl = 1.4350 - 0.0025« - 0.O5112«2 (-50 to -10)

503

f dl = 1.998 - 0.00466« (15 to 46) -j d\ = 1.9962 - 0.003235« - 0.04215«2 (15 to 46) ^ d\ = 1.9982 - 0.003193« - 0.04222«2 (15 to 46)

H2SO4

dl = do + a« + b« 2 + . . . (range, 0C)

{

(84) (28)

1

( 41 ) (72) (44) (8)

SO3HCl

(7V) 19

C » 49,

35

51,

37

»

»

58,

62, 73)

i1

H2Se H2Te NO

Lit.

\

df4 = 1.7094 - 0.001596« + 0.0667«2 - 0.0847«3 (O to 136) dl = 1.7055 - 0.001634« + 0.0514«2 - 0.0895«3 (12 to 111) SOCl2 dl = 1.6767 - 0.001951« + 0.0665«2 - 0.07117«3 (O to 69) ( dl = 1.7081 - 0.0021« + 0.05107«2 - 0.07181«3 SO2Cl2 I (O to 70) . ( d* = 1.7045 - 0.00160« (O to 50) d\ = 1.8585 - 0.001796« - 0.0631«2 - 0.0r225«3 (O to 100) dl = 1.872; d\° = 1.837

( 48 )

d\ = 0.866 - 0.001629« (-82 to -63) d\ = 1.854 - 0.0398« (O to 76)

Substance

^2

f d\ = 3.1822 - 0.002914« - 0.0761«2 - 0.0843«3 j (24 to 90) I dl = 3.278 - 0.00327« (24 to 100)

502

H2S

Lit.

d°4 = 1.873; dì8 = 1.839 dl = 1.7847 - 0.001615« + 0.05121«2 - 0.0s41«3 (O to 100) d-*2 = 2.12 d-*> = 2.57 d-i5o.2 = 1.269

< 84 ) (38) (84)

(**) (60) ( 84 ) (Tl)

(«4) ( 71 > 84 ) (2M ( 22 ) (l)

»-TABLE.—(Continued) d1 = do -f a« + b«2 + . . . (range, 0C)

Substance i

11 NO 2

N2O N2O3

Ä-TABLE.—(Continued)

c*4 = 1.4903 - 0.00238« - 0.0648«2 - 0.0637«3 (O to 20)

(85)

dì = 1.496 - 0.00148« (-5 to 15)

(24) ( ) (9S) (26)

dì = 1.450 - 0.0017« (-8 to 2)

24

I dì = 0.6387 - 0.001365« - 0.05163« (-50 to -33) HNO 3 / ^ = 1^5300 ~ O-0014' <° to 30) t dì = 1.5501 - 0.00203« + 0.055«2 (4 to 24) 12

PH 3

PCl3

87

)

34

( ) (57)

<89)

( 84 ) ( 82 ) ( 82 )

SiBr4 SiH3Br Si3H9N

d{ = 2.8128 - 0.00268« + 0.06445«2 -f- 0.0964«3 d^60 = 1.72
( 84 ) ( 81 ) ( 83 )

(77)

d\ = 0.693 - 0.036i (-106 to -80) dì = 1.6162 - 0.001828« + 0.06706«2 - 0.07238«3 (-36 to 75) d[ = 1.6128 - 0.001869« + 0.06184<2 _ o.08792«3 I (O to 76) d\ = 1.6128 - 0.001733« + 0.0532«2 + 0.07233«* (-SOtoO) . d\ = 1.6094 - 0.00134« + ().0612«2 (-90 to O)

!

( 61 )

POCl3

I

(84)

Hg12

f84)

16

32 AgCl

( 32 ) f66) (78) (40)

J^-5 _ o OAK

AgClO3 AgBr 1

(31)

AS

^ ; (39)

d{ = 4.438 - 0.00229« (250 to 350)

BiBr3

d\ = 5.248 - 0.0026« (272 to 330)

CO

d4 = -0.0052 - 0.0042« (-205 to -185)

(45) (67) (42) ( 32 )

(61)

SbBr3 < d 4 - 3-845 i d490 = 3.6926; dj°° = 3.6807 BiCl3

(4S)

d{ = 6.175 - 0.00145« (600 to 800) d383 = 5>625 d*° = 2.36 d[ = 5.312 - 0.00195« (214 to 290)

HgBr2

di = 2.2050 - 0.002159« - 0.07395«2 - 0.09443«3 (-15 to 130) d\ = 2.2050 - 0.002186« -f 0.06211«2 - 0.08273«3 (O to 129)

AsBr3
d[ = 5.627 - 0.00144« (522 to 740)

PbBr2 PbI2 GaCl3 TlNO 3

(4»

32

»

/ô

t>02

J d\ = 1.2927 - 0.00148« - 0.06306«2 (-111 to O) 1

.

d\ = 1.2931 - 0.001508« (O to 45)

d\ = 5.928 - 0.00338« (240 to 340)

(65)

( d\ = 6.060 - O.OÛ322« (255 to 355) I rf2oo = 5.287 / d* = 5.267 - 0.0392« (628 to 783) I d451 = 4.9X9

(65) ( 67) (46)

d\ = 4.2626 - 0.001742« (223 to 247) / d* = 6.023 - 0.00103« (681 to 819) < d427 __ 5 595

(25) (46)

f

d* = 6.139 - 0.00101« (597 to 801)

(46)

\

d 527 = 5t522

AgNO 3

90

)

(32) (7)

(61)

! VOCl3

d*

= 1.3561 - 0.002213« - 0.054«2 (O to 36)

47,

56, 61,

74,

84)

CNCl is SiO2 SiH4

d~^ -

1.24

$ = 1.222 - 0.0018« (O to 45) For other C-compounds, v. p. 27 Vm voi. iv, p. 19 rfjiM = 0.68

(79)

(50) (80)

(2)

d\ = 1.8766 - 0.00245« + 0.0528564«2 (O to 80) B2Os

C^48 = 1.7955

(18) (U)

~ ~t < 15 X 10-6 (below 240°); > 200 X 1Q-«

84, 86,

(30)

(55)

d\ = 1.9586 - 0.001908« + 0.0516«2 - 0.087«3 (-47to25) (S3, d\ = 1.9610 - 0.001880« - 0.0633«2 - 0.0977«3 (O to 116) (84) d\ = 1.8653 - 0.0018« - 0.072«2 - 0.0826«3 (O to 125) (43, 63, 6«,

(above 240°)

88, 92)

COS

(17) (54)

d_ = 1.633 - 0.03125« (900 to 1100)

(6, is, 20, 30, 33, 75,

dj186 = 1.539

(67)

(25, 32, 67)

(76, 87) 23, 27, 29,

AlCl3 .m AIrJr 3 AlI3 77 CaCl2 SrCl2

,

(6?)

dl - 4.2070 - 0.001112« (239 to 410)

Ni(CO) 4

(84) (36)

(67)

T, /™ / 4 = 1.4937 - 0.001853« (O to 60) Fe(CO)s \ 1R I d 4 = 1.4644

2

d\ = 1.2931 - 0.001475« - 0.077« - 0.07194«s (-35 to 60) d\ = 1.2922 - 0.001487« + 0.06217«2 - 0.07182«3 (O to 45) d{ = 1.2918 - 0.00139« + 0.064«2 (-110 to O)

( 4S ) (5) (65)

^ ,^, ( d{ = 3.731 - 0.0s685« (600 to 800) CdCl2 < 2nn I dj°° = 3.299 HgCl2 d\ = 5.021 - 0.002218« (280 to 335)

( ) (84)

( 84 )

PbCl2

( 61 )

84

( 61 )

(94)

SnI4

(84)

(84>

d\ = 4.145 - 0.00245« (145 to 275)

( 61 )

( 84 )

( 61 )

(32>

l = 3.674 - 0.001253« (290 to 400)

d\ = 2.2671 - 0.00257« + 0.0673«2 - 0.O 7 III« 3 (-19 to 113) d[. = 2.2788 - 0.002643« + 0.05137«2 - 0.0712«3 (O to 113)

Ì

(«M

(13) O 6) ( 16 )

d

22 SnCl2

( 36 ) (87)

i d\ = 1.7116 - 0.001839« + 0.O6166«2 - 0.0855«3 (O to 105) d\ = 2.9249 - 0.002477« + 0.0675«2 — 0.0852«3 (O to 100) PBr3 d\ = 2.9249 - 0.002415« - 0.066«2 + 0.08195«3 (100 to 175) d\ = 2.9231 - 0.002458« + O 06378«2 - 0.08281«3 (O to 158) POBrCl2 d\ = 2.1207 - 0.002128« + 0.0688«2 - 0.0857«3 (12 to 134) PSCl3 d\ = 1.6682 - 0.001681« + 0.0648«2 - 0.0s48«3 (O to 124) is AsF3 d[ = 2.6659 - 0.003839« + 0.05435«2 (O to 60)

^T142 = i-523 rf?09 - 1.98 rf7106 = 2.20

GeH4 Ge 2 H 6 Ge3H8

(84)

d

d\ = 1.7609 - 0.00166« - 0.0681«2 + 0.0S158«3 (-22 to 135) d\ = 1.7604 - 0.001729« - 0.06654«2 - 0.0S578«3 (O to 135)

(10)

dì = 1.349 - 0.00242« (-48 to O)

(*0) ( 81 )

SiH2Cl2 SiH3Cl

I

( ) (Ì4>

Lit.

= 1.5237 - 0.001975« - 0.06714«2 - 0.0749«3 (-32 to 59) d = 1.5241 - 0.002038« - 0.06408f2 - 0.07149«3 (O to 57) d7122 = 1.42 ^113 = 1.145

57

2

NOCI

l» Si2H6 Si2HeO

dì = 1.490 - 0.00209« (O to 22) d{ = 1.4905 - 0.00204« - 0.0693«2 (O - 21) d_ 8 »- 4 = ! 2257 / dì = 0.6386 - 0.00134« - 0.041365«2 (-78 to -33)

d l = do + a« + b«2 + . . . (range, 0 C) l _z d~M = 0.686 = 0.881

Substance

Lit.

^2

d* = 1.85 - 0.0027« (200 to 230) / d* == 2.87 - 0.0023« (100 to 225) < OQ K I 49'5 = 2.754 (f = 3.70 - 0.0025« (200 to 240) dl = 2.37 - 0.034« (850 to 1000) dì = 3.11 - 0.0347« (850 to 1000)

( 7 O) (9) (») (31) (9) (2) (2)

LITERATURE

»-TABLE.—(Continued) Substance

d

L

2

0

= do -{- at + b< -f . . . (range, C)

Lit.

^2

»» BaCl2 LiF

di = 3.72 - 0.036« (1000 to 1050) dl = 2.201 - 0.0s474* (887 to 1058)

(2) (32)

LiCl

di = 1.762 - 0.03432« (626 to 985)

(!2, 32)

LiBr

di = 2.93 - 0.037* (above 547)

Li2SO* LiNO3

di = 2.346 - 0.03402< (853 to 1112) ( di = 1.919 - 0.03547* (288 to 546) I d* = 1930 _ a08549j (260 to 309)

(12) (12, 32) (32) (25)

Li2CO3 NaOH NaF NaCl

d

NaBr NaI Na2SO4

d* - 2.927 - 0.03795« (785 to 954) di = 3.441 - 0.001061t (675 to 724) di = 2.495 - 0.0348* (900 to 1046) d\ = 2.114 - 0.0367< (320 to 550) t d\ = 2.134 - 0.03702< (343 to 492) d[ = 2,545 - 0.0344« (905 to 1007) d[ = 2.305 - 0.034* (893 to 1048) d[ = 3.235 - 0.0363< (804 to 1063) d\ = 4.409 - 0.03795« (917 to 1330) d* = 0.708 + 0.00152« (972 to 995) ^ = 3 543 _ 0 00133i (995 to 1083)

(59)

«3 KOH KF KCl

di = 2.25 - 0.001« (380 to 440) di = 2.477 - 0.03666* (913 to 1054) di = 1.971 - 0.0358* (785 to 958)

(52) (32) (2, 12, 32,

Carnallite KBr KI K2SO4 KNO 3 KPO3 K2CO3 K2Cr2O7 K2MoO4 K 2 WO 4 «« RbF RbCl RbBr RbI Rb2SO4 RbNO3 •« CsF CsCl CsBr CsI Cs2SO4 CsNO3

d\ di = di = di = di = di = di di = di = di = di di = di di = di = di = di = di = di = di = di = di =

(3) (12, 32, 45) (32) (32) (25, 32, 45) (32) (12) (32) (32) (32) (12) (12) (12) (12) (12) O 2) (32) (32) (32) (32) (32) (32)

82

Ì ài di di

= = = =

2.071 - 0.0334* (800 to 1000) 2.11 - 0.0363< (340 to 440) 2.506 - 0.03564< (1017 to 1214) 1.959 - 0.0352* (809 to 1010)

(12) (52) (32) (2, 12, 32, 45)

( NaNOid < \ NaPO3 Na2CO3 Na2MoO4 Na2WO4 f NaaAlFe^

(12, 32) (32) (12, 32) (32, 45) (25) (2, 32) (12) (12) (12) (59)

69)

1.945 - 0.0341« (570 to 780) 2.708 - 0.038« (751 to 945) 3.159 - 0.00104« (700 to 751) 2.472 - 0.03545« (1100 to 1300) 2.097 - 0.0870* (352 to 564) 2.455 - 0.0343« (988 to 11%6) 2.314 - 0.0346« (911 to 1036) 2.564 - 0.03698« (420 to 497) 2.964 - 0.03644« (964 to 1324) 3.871 - 0.0376« (991 to 1361) 3.707 - 0.00101t (820 to 1006) 2.701 - 0.000818« (734 to 822) 3.460 - 0.0011« (697 to 780) 3.577 - 0.00111« (700 to 800) 3.260 - 0.0s665« (1101 to 1307) 2.782 - 0.0397« (348 to 555) 3.611 - 0.00124« (720 to 824) 3.489 - 0.00108« (661 to 741) 3.997 - 0.001342« (662 to 743) 3.953 - 0.001215« (639 to 701) 3.867 - 0.038« (1040 to 1220) 3.270 - 0.001115« (445 to 575)

(For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) O) Adwentowski, 180, 1909 II: 742. ( 2 ) Arndt and Gessler, 9, 14: 665; 08. (3) Arndt and Kunze, 9, 18: 994; 12. ( 4 ) Aten, 7, 66: 641; 09. ( 5 ) Aten, 7, 73: 578; 10. ( 6 ) Aten, 7, 88: 321; 14. ( 7 ) BaIy and Donnan, 4, 81: 907; 02. ( 8 ) Berthoud, 42, 20: 77; 23. ( 9 ) Biltz and Voigt, 93, 126: 39; 23. ( 10 ) Briner and Pylkoff, 42, 10: 640; 12. ( 11 J Briscoe, Robinson and Stephenson, 4, 1926: 70. ( 12 ) Brunner, 93, 38: 350; 04. O 3 ) Corey, Laubengayer and Dennis, I1 47: 112; 25. ( 1 4 ) Cragoe and Harper, 31, No. 420: 287; 21. O 5) Dawson, 4, 97: 1041; 10. ( 16 ) Dennis, Corey and Moore, 1, 46: 657; 24. ( 17 ) Dewar and Jones, 5, 76: 558; 05. ( 18 ) Ditte, 34, 85: 1069; 77. ( 19 ) Drucker and Kassel, 7, 76: 367; 11. ( 20 ) Faust, 7, 79: 97; 12. ( 21 ) de Forcrand and Fonzes-Diacon, 34, 134; 171; 02. (22) de Forcrand and Fonzes-Diacon, 34, 134: 1209; 02. (23) Friedburg, 135, 47: 52; 83. (24) Geuther, 13, 245: 96; 88. (25) £oodwin and Mailey, 2, 25: 469; 07. ( 26 ) Grunmach, 8, 15: 401; 04. 63, 5: 677; 04; 25, 37: 1198, 04. ( 27 ) Haagen, 13, 131: 117; 64. ( 28 ) Hannay, 4, 26: 815; 73. (29) Hubbard, 7, 74: 207; 10. 2, 30: 740; 10. (30) Isnarde, 96, 9: 153; 22. ( 3 I) Izbekov and Plotnikov, 93, 71: 328; 11. (32) Jaeger, 93, 101: 16; 17. (33) Jaeger and Kahn, 64P, 18: 269; 15. (3*) Keyes, 382, 2: 20; 16. ( 3 S) Knietsch, 25, 34: 4069; 01. ( 36 ) Körber. 8, 37: 1014; 12. ( 37 ) Kohlrausch, 8, 159: 233, 240; 76. ( 38 ) Kopp, 13, 95: 307; 55. ( 3 ^) Kurnakov, Krotkov and Oksman, 53, 47: 558; 15. ( 4 0 ) Kurnakov, Perel'muter and Kanov, 169, 24: 399; 15. 10, 4: 13; 21. ( 4 1 ) Lange, 92, 12: 275; 99. ( 42 ) Lecoq de Boisbaudran, 135, 44: 166; 81. 34, 93: 294, 329, 815; 81. ( 43 ) L'Hôte, 34, 101: 1151; 85. ( 4 4 ) Lichty, 1, 34: 1440; 12. ( 4 S ) Lorenz, Frei and Jabs, 7, 61: 468; 08. ( 46 ) Lorenz and Hochberg, 93, 94: 288; 16. ( 47 ) Lowry, 4, 105: 81; 14. ( 48 ) Maass and Hatcher, 1, 42: 2548; 20. ( 49 ) Marignac, 6, 39: 184; 53. ( 50 ) Mauguin and Simon, 14, 15: 18; 21. ( 51 ) Mendelejeff, 25, 17: 2536; 84. ( 5 2) Meyer and Heck, 7, 100: 316; 22. ( 53 ) Moles and Gomez, 7, 80: 513; 12. ( 5 *) Mond and Langer, 4, 59: 1090; 91. ( 5S ) Mond and Nasini, 7, 8: 150; 91. ( 56 ) Nasini, 25, 15: 2878; 82. ( 5 7 ) Pascal and Gamier, 27, 25: 309; 19. ( 58 ) Pascal and Garnier, 315, 20: 17; 23. ( 59 ) Pascal and Jouniaux, 9, 22: 71; 16. ( 60 ) Pavlevski, 25, 30: 765; 97. ( 61 ) Pierre, 6, 15: 325; 45. (« 2 ) Pound, 4, 99: 698; 11. ( 63 ) Prandtl and Bleyer, 93, 65: 152; 10. ( 6 4 ) Prandtl and Boriniski, 93, 62: 24; 09. («s) Prideaux, 4, 97: 2032; 10. ( 66 ) Retgers, 7, 11: 328; 93. ( 67 ) Rodwell, 62, 173: 1125; 82. ( 68 ) Roscoe, 62, 158: 1; 68. ( 69 ) Sackur, 7, 83: 297; 13. ( 70 ) Samsoen, 34, 181: 354; 25. ( 71 ) Sanger and Riegel, 65, 47: 673; 11. ( 72 ) Schenck, 13, 316: 1; 01. ( 73 ) Schertel, 52, 26: 246; 82. ( 7 4 ) ScMfF, 25, 14: 2761; 81. 19: 560; 86. ( 7 5 ) Schwers, 4, 101: 1889; 12. ( 76 ) Seitz, Alterthum and Lechner, 8, 49: 85:16. (77 ) Steele, Mclntosh and Archibald, 7, 5rf: 129; 06. ( 78 ) Stock and Guttmann, 25, 37: 885; 04. ( 79 ) Stock and Kuss, 25, 50: 159; 17. ( 80 ) Stock and Somieski, 25, 49: 111; 16. ( 81 ) Stock and Somieski, 25, 50: 1739; 17. ( 82 ) Stock and Somieski, 25, 52: 695; 19. ( 83 ) Stock and Somieski, 25, 54: 740; 21. ( 84 ) Thorpe, 4, 37: 327; 80. ( 85 ) Thorpe, 4, 37: 141; 80. ( 86 ) Timmermans, 117, 13: 310; 12. ( 87 ) Timmermans, 28, 32: 299; 23. (88) Tyrer, 4, 105: 2534; 14. ( 89 ) Veley and Manley, 5, 62: 223; 97. ( 90 ) Voigt and Biltz, 93, 133: 277; 24. (") Vorländer and Schilling, 13, 310: 369; 00. ( 92 ) Wullner, 8, 133: 1; 68. ( 93 ) van Wyk, 93, 48: 1; 05. ( 94 ) Dortmann and Hildebrand, 1, 49: 737; 27. ( 9S ) Mittasch, Kuss and Schlueter, 93, 159: 1; 26.

DENSITY AND SPECIFIC VOLUME OF WATER V. STOTT AND PHILIP H. BIGG 1. DENSITY OF WATER IN G PER ML BETWEEN O0C AND 4O0C The values given below are the means of those given by P. Chappuis, $38, 13: D 40; 07, and those of M. Thiessen, K. Scheel, and H. Diesselhorst, 89, 3: 68; 00. The last column gives the average differences, expressed in units in the seventh decimal place, of the values tabulated in the preceding columns from the values of which they are the mean.

0

C 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31

32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40

I 0.0 I 0.1 I 0.2 I 0.3 I 0.4 I 0.5 | 0.6 | 0.7 | 0.8 | 0.9 | Diff. X IQ7 0.9998679 0.999874e 0.99988Ii 0.9998874 0.999893s 0.999899s 0.999905s 0.9999100 0.999916s 0.99992Ie 1 9267 9315 9363 9408 9452 9494 9534 9573 9610 9645 O 9679 9711 9741 9769 9796 9821 9844 9866 9887 9905 O 9922 9937 9951 9962 9973 9981 9988 9994 9998 *0000 O 1.0000000 *9999 *9996 *9992 *9986 *9979 *9970 *9960 *9947 *9934 O 0.9999919 0.9999902 0.999988s 0.9999864 0.9999842 0.9999819 0.999979s 0.9999769 0.999974l 0.9999712 1 968i 9649 961 e 958i 9544 95Oe 9467 942e 9384 934o 1 929s 924s , 92Oo 915o 9099 904e 8992 893e 8879 882i 2 8762 87Oi 863s 8574 8509 8442 8374 83Os 8234 8162 3 8088 801s 793e 7859 778o 7699 761? 7534 745o 7364 5 727? 7189 7099 70Os 691s 682o 6724 6627 6529 642s 6 6328 622s 612i 6017 591i 58Os 5694 558s 547s 536i 2 5247 5132 501e 489s 478o 466o 453s 441s 429i 416e O 404o 391s 3784 365s 3524 339i 325s 312s 2987 285o 1 2712 2572 2432 229o 2147 20Os 185s 171i 1564 141s 1 126s Ills 096i 0808 065s 0497 034o 0182 002s *9862 2 0.9989701 0.998953s 0.9989374 0.9989209 0.998904s 0.998887e 0.9988707 0.998853s 0.9988307 0.998819s 6 8022 784s 767s 7497 7319 714i 696i 678i 6599 641e 9 6232 6046 5861 5673 ' 54ss 5295 51os 49is 4720 4526 14 43si 4136 39ss 3740 3541 3341 3Uo 2937 27ss 2529 18 2323 21i7 1909 17oi 1490 12so lOes 08ss 0641 0426 22 02io *9993 *977s *95se *93ss *91i4 *8892 *86e9 *8444 *82i9 25 0.9977993 0.9977765 0.9977537 0.99773o8 0.9977077 0.9976846 0.99766l3 0.99763so 0.9976145 0.99759io 27 5674 5437 5198 4959 47i8 4477 4235 3991 3747 3502 29 3256 30o9 2760 25n 22ei 20io 17ss 15os 12so 0995 30 0739 0482 0225 *99ee *97oe *944s *91s4 *892i *86s7 *8393 31 0.9968128 0.9967861 0.9967594 0.9967326 0.9967057 0.9966786 0.99665is 0.9966243 0.9965970 0.9965696 30 5421 5146 4869 4591 43is 40ss 37ss 3472 3190 2907 29 2623 2338 2052 17ee 1478 1190 09oi 06io 03i9 0027 28 0.9959735 0.9959440 0.9959146 0.9958850 0.99585540.9958257 0.9957958 0.9957659 0.9957359 0.9957059 25 6756 6454 6151 5846 5541 52ss 4928 4620 43i2 4002 23 3692

0861

20

0542 0222 *99oi *95so *92ss *89ss *86i2 *82se *79ei *763s 0.9947308 0.9946980 0.9946651 0.9946321 0.9945991 0.99456eo 0.9945328 0.9944995 0.99446ei 0.9944327 3991 36ss 33i9 29si 2643 23o3 1963 !622 12so 09ss 0594 0251 *99oe *95eo *92i4 *88e7 *85is *8l70 *7820 *74?o 0.9937119 0.9936767 0.9936414 0.993606l 0.9935707 0.993535l 0.9934996 0.9934639 0.9934282 0.9933924 3565 32oe 2846 24s4 2123 17eo 1397 10s2 06es 0302 0.9929936 0.9929568 0.992920l 0.9928833 0.9928463 0.9928093 0.9927722 0.992735l 0.9926978 0.9926605 6232 5857 5482 51oe 4730 4352 3974 3595 32ie 28se I 2455 ;

3380

3068

27S5

2442

2127

18l2

1495

1178

19 17 16 16 18 ' 22 28 36 42

2. VOLUME, IN ML, OF 1 G OP WATER BETWEEN O0C AND 4O0C Computed from Table 1 0

CI 0.0 I 0.1 I 0.2 I 0.3 I 0.4 I 0.5 | 0.6 | 0.7 | 0.8 | 0.9 0 1.0001322 1.000125s 1.000119o 1.0001127 1.000106s 1.000100s 1.000094s 1.0000892 1.0000837 1.000078s 1 0734 0685 0637 0592 0548 0506 0466 0427 0390 0355 2 0320 0289 0259 0230 0204 0179 0156 0134 0113 0095 3 0078 0063 0049 0038 0027 0019 0012 0006 0003 0000 4 0000 0001 0004 0008 0014 0022 0030 0040 0053 0067 5 008i 009s 0117 0137 0159 0182 02Oe 0232 0259 028s 6 0319 035i 0384 0419 045e 0494 0533 0574 0617 066i 7 0706 075s 08Oi 085i 0902 0954 10Os 1064 112i 1179

8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

1239 13Oo 191s 198s 2724 281s 3674 377e 475s 487i 596s 609i 729s 7433 874s 889s 1.0010309 1.0010473 199s 2167 3787 3973

1362 142e 149i 2064 2142 222i 29Os 299s 308e 388i 398s 409i 4987 51Os 522s 6219 6349 648o 7574 771e 7859 9047 92Oi 935e 1.001063s 1.001080s 1.001097o 2343 2519 2697 41eo 4348 4537

155s 162e 169e 1767 1839 2302 2384 2467 255i 2637 318i 327s 3374 347s 357s 4199 43Os 4417 4529 464i 534s 546s 558s 5712 5837 661s 6747 6882 701s 715s 80Os 8149 829e 8444 8592 9512 9669 982s 9987 *0149 1.0011137 1.001130e 1.001147e 1.0011647 1.0011819 287e 305e 3237 3419 36Os 4727 4918 51io 53os 54os

2. VOLUME, IN ML, OF 1 G OF WATER BETWEEN O0C AND 4O0C.—(Continued) °C| 0.0 I 0.1 I 0.2 I 0.3 I 0.4 I 0.5 0.6 | 0.7 0.8 | 0.9 "Ï91.00156941.00158901.00160881.00162861.00164871.00166871.00168891.00170931.00172961.0017502 20 7708 79i6 8124 8333 8544 87se 8968 9182 9397 96i2 21

9830

*0048

*0266

*0486

*0708

*0930

*ll53

*1377

*1603

*1828

22

1.0022056

1.0022285

1.0022514

1.0022744

1.0022976

1.00232os

1.0023442

1.0023676

1.00239i2

1.0024148

23

4386

4624

4864

5104

5346

5589

5832

6077

6322

6569

24

68i6

7065

73i4

75es

78i7

8069

8322

8577

8833

9089

25

9346

9605

9864

*0l24

*0387

*0649

*09l2

26

1.0031974

1.0032243

1.00325i2

1.0032782

1.0033052

1.0033325

1.0033598

27

4699

4976

5255

5535

58l5

6097

28 29 30

75i7 1.0040428 3432

78o4 1.0040725 3736

8093 1.0041022 4043

83si 1.0041320 4350

8671 1.00416i9 46ss

8962 1.00419is 49ee

31

6523

7153

7469

6838

32 9704 33 1.0052972 34 6324 35 9761 36 1.0063279 37 6879 38 1.0070559 39. 43i7 _40

*0028 1.0053303 6664 *01o9 1.0063636 7244 1.0070932 4697

*03oi *0676 1.0053636 1.0053969 7005 7346 *04s7 *08o7 1.0063993 1.00643si 7609 7975 1.00713o4 1.0071678 5077 54eo

*ll76

*1442

*1708

1.0033871

1.0034Ue

1.0034422

6379

6662

6947

7232

9253 1.00422i9 5277

9546 1.0042521 5587

9839 1.0042824 5898

*0l34 1.0043127 62n

7786

8104

8422

*10oi 1.00543o3 7688 *lls8 1.00647io 8341 1.0072052 5841

*1327 1.0054637 8032 *15io 1.0065070 87o9 1.0072428 6225

*16s4 1.0054973 8376 *18e2 1.0065430 9077 1.0072804 6609

,

8741

9062

*19s3 1.00553io 87n *22is 1.0065791 9447 1.00731si 6993

9382

*23n 1.0055647 9067 *2570 1.0066153 98i7 1.0073559 7379

*264i 1.0055985 94i3 *2924 1.0066516 *01s7 1.0073938 77es

8152

3. DENSITY OF WATER IN G PER ML BETWEEN 4O0C AND 10O0C The values given are from M. Thiessen, 89, 4: 32; 18 0

CI 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

0.0 0.99224 0.98807 0.98324 0.9778l 0.97183 0.96534 O.9583s

I

1.0 I 2.0 I 3.0 I 4.0 0.99186 0.99147 0.99107 0.9906e 0.98762 0.9871s 0.98669 0.9862i 0.98272 0.9822o 0.98167 0.9811s 0.9772s 0.9766e 0.97607 0.9754s 0.9712l 0.9705? 0.96994 0.9693o 0.96467 0.96399 0.9633o 0.9626i

4. 0

CI 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

0.0 I 1.0 1.00782 1.0082l 1.01207 1.01254 1.0170s 1.0175s 1.02270 1.02330 1.02899 1.0296s 1.03590 1.03663 1.04343

I

2.0 1.0086i 1.013Oi 1.01813 1.0239o 1.03032 1.0373e

I

3.0 I 4.0 1.009Oi 1.00943 1.01349 1.0139s 1.01867 1.01923 1.02452 1.02513 1.03099 1.0316s 1.0381o 1.03884

G/ML AND ML/G

J. F. Mohler, I9 35: 236; 12 I9 G O - 1 - 2 - 3 - 4 - 5 - 6 - 7

I

5.0 | 6.0 | 7.0 0.99024 0.98982 0.9894o 0.98573 0.9852s 0.9847s 0.98059 0.9800s 0.9795o 0.97489 0.97429 0.9736s 0.9686s 0.968Oo 0.96734 0.96192 0.96122 0.9605i

|

8.0 0.9889e 0.9842s 0.97894 0.97307 0.9666s 0.9598i

|

9.0 0.98852 0.9837s 0.9783s 0.9724s 0.966Oi 0.95909

VOLUME, IN ML, OF 1 G OF WATER, BETWEEN 4O0C AND 10O0C Computed from Table 3

5. DENSITY AND SPECIFIC VOLUME OF WATER BELOW O0C,

0

I

Density 0.9999 0.9998 0.9997 0.9996 0.9994 0.9992 0.9990 0.998?

|

Volume 1.0001 1.0002 1.0003 1.0004 1.0006 1.0008 l.OOli 1.0013

5.0 . 1.0098s 1.0144s 1.01979 1.0257e 1.03237 1.03959

|

6.0 1.0102s 1.0149s 1.0203e 1.02639 1.0330e 1.0403s

|

7.0 1.01072 1.0154s 1.0209s 1.02703 1.0337e 1.041Ii

8.0 [ 9.0 l.Ollle l.Olloi 1.016Oo 1.01652 1.02154 1.0221o 1.0276s 1.0283s 1.03447 1.0351s 1.0418s 1.0426s

t, 0C I Density | Volume ^ ~ 8 0 . 9 9 8 5 1 . 0 0 1 s - 9 0.9982 1.001s -10 0.9979 1.002l -11 0.997e 1.0024 -12 0.997s 1.002? -13 0.9969 1.003l 6. EFFECT OF DISSOLVED AIR ON THE DENSITY OF WATER Between the temperatures 50C and 80C the density of water saturated with air was found to be 0.000003o g/ml less than the density of air-free water (Chappuis, 23S1 14: D 63; 10).

DENSITY AND THERMAL EXPANSION OF LIQUID ORGANIC COMPOUNDS UNDER ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE ROGER F. BRUNEI^ AND KATHARINE VAN BIBBER CONTENTS CH3OH, Methyl alcohol. C2H5OH, Ethyl alcohol. Density-temperature equations based upon reliable data. Density-temperature data of unknown reliability (Lit. réf. only).

MATIÈRES CH3OH, Alcool méthylique. C2H5OH, Alcool éthylique. Équations densité-température basées sur des données dignes de confiance. Données densité-température dont l'exactitude n'est pas connue (ref.-bibl. seulement).

INHALTSVERZEICHNIS CH3OH, Methylalkohol. C2H5OH, Äthylalkohol. Dichte-Temperatur Gleichungen auf Grund verlässlicher Beobachtungen. Dichte-Temperatur Angaben unbekannter Genauigkeit (nur Literatur).

Density-temperature data for various complex compounds (Lit. réf. only).

Données densité-température Dichte-Temperatur Angaben für verschiedene komplexe pour des composés complexes Verbindungen (nur Literavariés (réf. bibl. seulement). tur).

Accurate density data at single temperatures. For other density data at single temperatures, see Vol. I, p. 176.

Valeurs précises de la densité pour une seule température. Pour d'autres valeurs de densité à une seule température, voir Vol. I, p. 176.

UNITS d = density in g/ml = specific gravity 2/4 (in vacuo), t = 0C. Methyl Alcohol Klason and Norlin (n») give values for d{ as follows :0°, 0.80999; 10°, 0.80069; 15°, 0.79601; 20°, 0.79134; 30°, 0.78184. These values are checked by other investigators as follows: At 0° to 0.00001 by Young and Fortey (283), at 15° to 0.00001 by Gyr (86) and Doroshevskii (47) ; at 10° to 0.00004 and at 20° to 0.00001 by Loomis (137). Values of Dittmar and Fawsitt ^ 2 ), Young (281), Timmermans ( 252 ), and Tyrer (257) are higher, but do not agree with each other. The following equation reproduces the above values to 0.00002: d*4 = 0.80999 - 0.039253f - 0.0641£2. Extrapolation by this equation to 60° gives values which are probably the best available. They run nearly parallel to those of Dittmar and Fawsitt ( 42 ) but about 0.0003 lower. Timmermans gives for the range —94.5° to +15°: dì = 0.81015 - 0.0210041* - 0.051802£2 - 0.071657*3. The value at 0° is probably in error, but the values for lower temperatures are the best available.

Genaue Dichten bei einzelnen Temperaturen. Für andere Dichten bei einzelnen Temperaturen, siehe Bd. I, p. 176.

INDICE PAGB CH3OH, Alcool metilico... 27 C2H5OH, Alcool etilico.... 27 Equazioni densità-temperature basate su osservazioni attendibili 28 Dati di attendibilità sconosciuta sulla variazione della densità con la temperatura (letteratura soltanto) 30 Dati sulla relazione della densità con la temperatura, per diversi composti complessi (letteratura soltanto) 33 Dati precisi di densità a singole temperature 33 Per altri valori di densità a singole temperature, vedi Vol. I, p. 176.

Timmermans ( 253 ) gives the following equation for temperatures below 0° without specifying in the reference quoted the range for which it holds : d[ = 0.80625 - 0.03845£ + 0.0629*2. Young's value for d\ is used. DENSITY-TEMPERATURE EQUATIONS Table 1 gives the parameters of the equation: dt = [d. 4- 10~3 a(t - t9) + 10~6 ß(t - k) 2 -h IO-9 y(t - k)3]

± 10~4 A.

Except where indicated by giving ts as a subscript in Column 3, I9 = O0C. Where the density at O0C has not been determined, a value has in many cases been arrived at by extrapolation. Such. values are enclosed in parentheses and are given as a basis for calculation only. Except in the case of a few common compounds which are difficult to investigate or which have been investigated over an unusual temperature range, equations have not been calculated unless there are checks to establish their reliability. Such checks are either determinations by different investigators or determinaEthyl Alcohol tions on duplicate specimens by the same investigator. Such Osborne, McKelvy, and Bear ce ( 166 ) give the following values checks are rarely available over a wide temperature range, but for ethyl alcohol saturated with air, which supersede all earlier the extent of agreement at particular temperatures indicates at determinations: 10°, 0.79784; 15°, 0.79360; 20°, 0.78934; 25°, least the probable degree of purity of the material used. The probable limit of error indicated is based upon the degree of 0.78506; 30°, 0.78075; 35°, 0.77641; 40°, 0.77203. concordance of such checks. The values given by the equad\ = 0.78506 - 0.038591(i - 25) - 0.0656(£ - 25)2 0.085(* - 25)3. tions are likely in many cases to be more nearly correct than These values are about 0.00004 lower than those of Winkler indicated, in the neighborhood of room temperature, less reliable (275) and those of Klason and Norlin (Uo). See (166) f or an at more remote temperatures. It cannot be safely assumed that specimens of a substance differing even slightly in purity will give exhaustive review of earlier work. Riiber ( 221 ) has more recently determined the density at 20° as parallel density-temperature curves. Except where the density-temperature curve is practically 0.789334 ± 0.000003 (dj° for water taken as 0.998232). The following equation reproduces the above values to 0.0001, linear, the equations have been calculated by the method of and then follows the results of Young ( 2 «i) up to 80° to 0.0002, least squares. Many of them are based upon a composite set of although this degree of reliability at the higher temperatures can- values from different sources where these fall upon a smooth curve. Equations quoted directly from the literature are indinot be claimed for it : cated in the table. d\ = 0.80625 - 0.03846U + 0.O6IoOi2 - 0.0885*3.

The equations cannot be used with any degree of certainty for values outside of the temperature range upon which they are based. Equations covering temperatures below the melting points of the substances refer to measurements upon undercooled liquids.

As regards the method of formulating the density-temperature relationship, it may be noted that Körber (121) and Timmermans ( 253 ) have shown the possibility of basing calculations on extrapolated values for the density at absolute zero. Albertosi ( 49 ) proposes the equation d* = A — BT1, where T = absolute temperature.

TABLE 1.—DENSITY-TEMPERATURE EQUATIONS BASED ON RELIABLE DATA ,

Formula

__

Name

d»

a.

&

-0.7 -0.690 - .5309

CCl2O CCl4 CHCl3 CHN CH2O2* CH3If CH3NO CH 3 NO 2

Carbonyl chloride Carbon tetrachloride Chloroform Hydrocyanic acid Formic acid Methyl iodide Formamide Nitromethane

1.435 1.63255 1.52643 0.7205 1.2441 2.3343 (1.1517) (1.1645)

-2.377 -1.9110 -1.8563 -1.45 -1.221 -2.670 -0.8405 -1.337

C2Cl4 C2H2Br4 C2H2Cl2O2 C2H2Cl4J C2H3N C2H4Br2 C2H4Cl2 C2H4O C2H4O2§ C2H4O2 C 2 H 6 BrU C2H5It C2H5NO C2H6 C2H6N2O C2H6O2 C2H6S C2H7N C3H2N2 C3H4 C3H5ClO C3H6N

Tetrachloroethylene 1, 1, 2, 2-Tetrabromoethane Dichloroacetic acid 1, 1, 2, 2-Tetrachloroethane Acetonitrile Ethylene bromide Ethylene chloride Ethylene oxide Acetic acid Methyl formate Ethyl bromide** Ethyliodide Acetamide Ethane Dimethylnitrosamine Glycol Ethylmercaptan Ethylamine Malonic nitrile Allylene tt-Epichlorohydrin Propionitrile

(1.6475) (3.0087) (1.5919) 1.586925 0.8035 (2.2223) 1.28248 0.8968 (1.0724) 1.00319 1.50138 1.98049 0.998685 0.5612-100 1.0242 1.1257 0.8623 0.7057 (1.0850) 0.7062~5° 1.2031 0.80200** 0.8020

-1.62 -2.230 -1.375 -1.530 -1.055 -2.090 -1.4217 -1.348 -1.1229 -1.4174 -2.0644 -2.217 -0.81 -1.307 -0.867 -0.5713 -1.077 -1.112 -1.124 -1.245 -1.218 -1.017 -0.991

C3H6NO CuHeOtt

Lactonitrile Acetone

C3HeO2 C3H6O2 C3H7I C3H7I C3H7N C3H7NO C3H8 C3H8OJJ C3H8O C3HsO3§§ C3H9N C4H4N2 C4H4S C 4 H 7 NIIII C4H8Cl2S C4HsO C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4HsO2

Ethyl formate Methyl acetate n-Propyl iodide Isopropyl iodide Allylamine Propionamide Propane n-Propyl alcohol Isopropyl alcohol Glycerol n-Propylamine Succinonitrile Thiophene n-Butyronitrile** Di-(2-chloroethyl) sulfide Methyl ethyl ketone n-Butyric acid Isobutyric acid** Ethyl acetate**

C4H8O2 C4H3O3 C4Hi0 C4Hi0N2O C4HwO C4Hi0O C4HwO

Methyl propionate Methyl lactate n-Butane Nitrosodiethylamine n-Butyl alcohol Isobutyl alcohol Ether

C4Hi0O4S C4Hi0S C6H4O2 C6H5N C 6 H 7 NO 2

Diethyl sulfate Diethyl sulfide Furfural Pyridine Ethyl cyanoacetate

1.0048 0.81248** 0.81248 0.94802 0.95932 1.7844 1.7439 0.7838 0.9437100 0.6259-so 0.8201 0.8014 1.2727 (0.7344) 0.988060 1.08717 0.8092 (1.2950) 0.82551 (0.9780) 0.96820 0.92454 0.92450 0.93871 1.1160 0.601 0.9598 0.82390 0.8169 0.73629** 0.73629** 1.1717 0.8563 1.1808 1.00304 1.0817

- .8438 - .1142 - .100 - .2506 - .2710 - .845 -1.948 -0.953 - .8135 -1.156 -0.8183 - .809 - .5506 - .6133 - .80 -1.124 -0.909 -1.058 -1.022 -0.9831 - .9849 -1.168 -1.1987 -1.1891 -1.160 -1.28 -0.874 - .699 - .751 -1.1044 -1.1138 -0.9936 - .9612 -1.064 -1.000 -1.022

+ .126 -1.77 +0.075 -1.15

y

-8.81

+3.8

error

Lit.

I

Range, 0C *

0.005 -140 to +50 .00021 O to 40 .0001U -53to+55 .005 O to 15 .002 O to 40 .002 O to 40 .001 O to 75 .001 O to 100

Data "^* employed (4) (is, 279) (250, 257) (255) (77) (44) (256) (93)

Confirmatory * (6«) (45,59)

(191,266) (172) (267) (iss, 264) ; c/. (274)

-0.0889 - .78 - .138 - .20 - .933 -.32 + .0058 - .776 + .2673 -1.55

-1.83 -2.766 -2.25 -2.7 +2.66

+2.5 -6 +2.29 -2.0 -8.62 +3.0

+10.9

-12.8

-0.246 - .483 - .553

.002 O to 90 (»«) ( 229 ) .001 O to 70 (2*9) ( 1 7 2) .002 O to 100 (ios, 231) (188) .001 25 to 90 (268) (39,285) .00011 -45to+65 (56, 252, 266 } .0011 O to 30 (12, 254) .00021 O to 74 (257) (ios, 250) .001 -50to+20 (i") 0*7) .0011 9 to 100 (257) (163) .00051 O to 100 (285) (i83,250) .003 -119 to +34 (253) (182,257) .002 O to 63 (257) (44,182,189) .003 85 to 120 (256) (14, 54) .001 -108 to -74 (142) 0«) .001 O to 75 (256,264) .001 O to 136 (232) (6i, 265) .001 O to 80 (»O) (isi, 259) .00051 O to 15 (iss, 250) .001 33 to 107 (268) (24) -55 to -13 (143) .002 O to 115 (229,247) (103) -90 to O (253) .0005 O to 100 (24, 56, 253, 266)

l

- .518 - .315 - .858 -1.063 -0.405 -1.25 -0.80 -6.2 -0.42 + . 15 +1.08 -0.27 -1.016 -8.4

-0.98 -6.09

-16.5 +1.270

-0.93 - .32 - .46 - .080 +1.036 -1.95 -0.3265 + .419 — .6 - .39 - .32 - .28 - .4772 -1.237 -0.453 - .668 - .179 + .355 + .115

+20 -0.0106

-8

-0.50

.002 .0002 .0011 .0011 .001 .00051 .0011 .001 .005 .0011 .00051 .001 .001 .002 .0005 .002 .001 .00051 .001 .00051 .00005 .00011 .001 .0015 .005 .001 .00041 .00051 .0001 .00011 .002 .0011 .00051 .00051 .002

O to 60 -83 to +25 O to 50 O to 100 O to 100 O to 52 O to 25 O to 25 80 to 120 -78 to -24 O to 100 O to 25 O to 280 O to 45 60 to 110 O to 50 O to 98 15 to 90 O to 50 25 to 81 -45 to +18 O to 40 -83 to O O to 100 -75 to +125 -24 to +35 O to 75 O to 47 O to 50 -120to O O to 70 O to 75 O to 99 O to 75 -45to+18 O to 70

(256,264) (252) (183,239,252) (285) (183) (285) (218,252) (61, no, 204) (20,183,249) ( 18 S) (24) (256) (54) 0*3) (274) (25, 67, iss) (25,46,283) (i34) (80) (ioo, 169) (256) (103) ( 93 ) __ (24,53,61) ("O) (103) (56) (85,89) (273) (89) (145, 207, 250) (21,61,70,149) (252) (61) (261) (252) (285) (64, 211) (^6) (204) 12 ( 7) (222) (256) (24) (3, 26, 214) (218) (160) (25,48,67) (2*4) (252) (244) (252) (264,268) (30) 0<>) (25, i e i ) (22,235,264) (144) (252) (55,286) (264,268) | (24)

TABLE 1.—DENSITY-TEMPERATURE EQUATIONS BASED ON RELIABLE DATA.—(Continued) —

Formula

Name

d,

a -1.005 -0.85 - .940 - .923 -1.1223 -1.0704 -1.0986 -1.094 -1.126 -0.9258 - .9719 - .9714 — .9467 - .9398 -1.345 -1.0664 -1.0606 -1.164 -1.4814 -0.98721 -1.0636 -0.8188 - .86534 - .852 - .9540 -l.ls -1.145 —1.044 -0.8879 - .7587 -1.036 -0.9024 -1.031 -1.055 -0.8763 - .8486 - .826 - .8758

C5H8O2 C8H8O3 CsH10O C6H10Of f C5HwO2 C6H10O2 CsHwO2 C6Hi0O2 C6HwO3 C 6 HuN C6Hi2

Acetylacetone Levulinic acid Diethyl ketone Methyl propyl ketone Ethyl propionate Methyl n-butyrate Methyl isobutyrate.. n-Propyl acetate Ethyl lactate Piperidine 2-Methylbutane

C6Hi2

w-Pentane

CeH5Br*** C6H6CItIt

Bromobenzene Chlorobenzene

CoH6F C 6 H 6 ItJJ CeH6NO2 CeH6 CeHeO CeH7N

Fluorobenzene lodobenzene Nitrobenzene Benzene Phenol Aniline

0.9971 1.1564 0.8337 0.8261 0.9124 0.92006 0.91131 0.90835 (1.0553) (0.9791) 0.63943** 0.63930 0.64537** 0.64539 52231 12782 .12795** 0466 86059 (1.22300) (0.90005) (1.0920) 1.03893

CeHi0O C6H10Os CeHi0O4 CeHi0O4 C6HioOe§§§ CeHi2 CeHi2O CeHi2O2 CeH12O2 CeHi2O2 CeHi2O2 CeHi4 CeHi4 CeHuN C7H6N

Cyclohexanone Ethyl acetoacetate Glycol diacetate Diethyl oxalate Dimethyl d-tartrate Cyclohexane Cyclohexanol Isobutyl acetate sec.-Butyl acetate Ethyl n-butyrate Ethyl isobutyrate Diisopropyl n-Hexane Di-w-propylamine Benzonitrile

(0.9625) (1.0456) (1.1266) (1.1017) 1.2925«« 0.79707 (0.9627) 0.89200 (0.8905) 0.8997 0.89060 0.67948 0.6769 (0.7553) 1.02279

C7HeO C7H7Br C7H7NO2 C7H8

Benzaldehyde p-Bromotoluene m-Nitrotoluene Toluene

C7H8O C7H8O C7H8O C7H8O C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7Hi2O C7H12O C7Hi2O4 C7Hi4O CVHi4O2 C7Hi4O2 C7H14O2 C7Hu CsH7N C8H8O C8H9NO CsHio CsHi0O C 8 HnN

Benzyl alcohol o-Cresol m-Cresol p-Cresol Benzylamine Methylaniline o-Toluidine p-Toluidine o-Methylcyclohexanone p-Methylcyclohexanone Diethyl malonate o-Hexahydrocresol Heptylic acid Ethyl isovalerate d-sec.-Butyl propionate n-Heptane Benzyl cyanide Acetophenone Acetanilide w-Xylene Phenetole Dimethylaniline

C8H14O6 CsH14Oe CsH14O* C8H16O? C8H18 C9H7N C9H10O2 C9H12

Diethyl malate Diethyl d-tartrate Dimethyl dimethoxysuccinate d-sec.-Butyl butyrate n-Octane Quinoline(l(lU Ethyl benzoate n-Propylbenzene

ß

y

+0.40 - .662 - .766 +0.203 - .714 - .712 -0.438 +1.512 -0.408 - .695 - .4495 - .6243 - .24 - .2463 + .717 -1.074 -0.4234 - .09944 - .0376 - .670 + .0929

__ Limit of error

<>c

Data

Confirmatory employed (103,264) (69) (1^3) (23, ise) (32,61,78,233) (157) (183,248) (285) (13,146,229) <28i) (218) (285) (65) 3 (* ) (2ii) (277) (ioi) (60, 131, 185) (252) (252,281) (252) (252,281) (*3) (2so, 278) (257) (13,278) (252) (iso,278) (189) (278) (177, 189) (257) (133, 189, 250) (13, 281) (is, iss, 189) (257) (29,233,246,

- 7.08

.000311

- 7.53 + 0.76 .53

.OOOSf .0005f .0005If

+5.28

.00If .00If .0002f .OOQ2f .001 .0002f

O to 75 O to 75 O to 53 O to 54 O to 100 O to 100 O to 100 O to 40 7 to 108 O to 80 -123 to +15 -50to+100 —123 to +15 -53to+100 O to 80 O to 73 -45 to O O to 90 O to 150 O to 58 11 to 72 40 to 150 O to 99

.001 .OOOSf

8 to 92 17 to 74

.OOOSf .002 .0003f .OOOSf .0003If .002 .OOOSf .0005 .000If .000If .001 .00If

13 to 95 (233) (53,183) 60 to 135 ( 151 ) (170, 171, 202) 79 O to 65 ( ) («,219) 16 to 90 (»«) (21») 13 O to 40 ( ) (64, es, 218) 65 38 198 15 to 85 O ) ( » ) O to 69 ( 13 ) (65, 70, 130) 13 65 O to 40 ( ) ( ); cf. («*) O to 100 ( 2 Si) (34) 2 O to 100 ( Si) (2Si) O to 60 (256) (iss) O to 60 (189,250,256,

-7.31 +1.19 +0.37

-22.5

-2.213 -

1.90

0.001 .002 .001 .0005f .0005f .0002f .0002 .001 .0005 .0005If

Lit. R

252)

-

.7351

-

.416

-

.972

- .313 -2.1 -0.46 - .500 - .5010 -1.084 -0.74 - .14

+1.55

-4.59 +0.164

(9S) (233)

(6,219) (189, 245)

266)

1.0620 (1.4313) (1.1765) . . 0.88448** 0.88412 (1.0609) 1.0654 (1.0495) 1.0487 (0.9981) 1.0027** 1.0149** 0.9702*« (0.9424)** (0.9312)** 1.07593 (0.9459)** (0.9323) 0.88540 (0.8883) 0.70048 1.0325 1.026721-*** 1.026112° 0.88151 0.9852 0.9726

- .875 —1.25 -0.937 - .9159 - .92248 - .7683 - .84 - .7639 - .75 - .8207 - .803 — .833 - .8340 — .8640 - .8028 — .9948 - .8590 — .7474 - .9815 —1.070 -0.8476 - .794 — .8467 — .820 - .8515 — .9224 — .8140

-

.117

+ + — -

.368 .0152 .459 .43 .471 .3 .432 .242 .04 .410

-

.705

-1.017 -0.313 + .07 + .1880 — .37 — .596 — . 109 -

.002 .OOOSf .001 - 4.223

-

5.23

-

1.73

.216

.000Sf .001 .0005If .0003f .00051 .00If .0005f .000Sf .001 .001 .001 .001 .001 .001 .0005 .002 .0002f .001 .0002f .003 .0005f .00If .00If

O to 100 30 to 100 17 to 100 -95 to +18 O to 99 O to 100 O to 150 9 to 153 O to 100 O to 100 O to 158 11 to 158 40 to 175 15 to 90 17 to 90 O to 100 39 to 90 O to 80 O to 40 17 to 125 O to 100 O to 50 21 to 114 120 to 160 O to 100 O to 80 O to 177

( 189 ) (iss, 189) (172) (252) (257) ( 189 ) ( 16 ) (16,265) ( 19 ) ( 189 ) (57) (S7) ( 18 ) ( 9S ) < 95 ) (272) (9S) (52) ( 13 ) ( 198 ) ( 2 Si) (189,266) (56) (256) ( 2 5 7) ( 18 ) ( 19 » 57)

1 12 2) (228) (13,217,252) ( 2 ^ 8 , 266) (19, 218) (189, 218) ( 189 ) (256) ( 189 ) ( 189 ) (57, 128) («) («) (53, iss) («,225) (61, 139) (6S) ( 16S ) (35,247) (51,256) (189; (83) (189, 218) 8S ( , 112) (126, 152, 189, 246)

(1.1480) 1.2254 1.13056" (0.8861) 0.71848 1.1090 (1.0651) 0.8780

— .9227 —1.007 —1.052 -0.877 — .8239 - .7542 - .9046 — .8115

— .804

—1.09 +0.4459 - .1265 - .2423 — .366

— 5.293 — 0.80

.001 20 to 60 (154,263) .0005 -23 to +160 (169, 170) .02 60 to 153 ( 179 ) .001 13 to 126 ( 198 ) .001 O to 130 (281,284) .00If O to 200 (ie, 140) .00If 4 to 69 (126, 130) .OOOSf O to 160 (61, 189, 219, 229)

(ioo) (209) (2«2) (35, 36) (189,208) (189, 213)

TABLE 1.—DENSITY-TEMPERATURE EQUATIONS BASED ON RELIABLE DATA.—(Continued) £

" .r, . Formula

._ Name

C9Hi2 Pseudocumene C9Hi3N Dimethyl-o-toluidine C9H2O n-Nonane G»H2iN Tri-n-propylamine CioHs Naphthalene CioHu Cymenefff CwHi 4 N 2 Nicotine Ci0Hi4O S-Methyl^-hydroxyisopropylbenzene.. CioHisN Diethylaniline CioHie d-Pinene**** CioHisOs Dipropyl d-tartrate Ci0H20O J-a-Menthol CwH22 n-Decane Ci0H22 2,6-Dimethyloctane CnHi 2 O 2 fraws-Ethyl cinnamate CnH 24 n-Undecane Ci3Hi0O a-Benzophenone Ci3H28 n-Tridecane Ci4Hi6N Dibenzylamine CuH30 n-Tetradecane CuH32 n-Pentadecane Ci6H34 n-Hexadecane CnH36 n-Heptadecane CwH38 n-Octadecane C20H42 n-Eicosane

. d,

a

(0.8923) 0.9447** 0.7333 0.7730 0.977980 0.8734** (1.02385) (0.9894) 0.9508 0.862420 (1.1563) 0.8840« 0.7455 0.73880 (1.0667) 0.7563 1.0800" 0.7716 (1.0428) (0.7787) (0.7832) (0.7879) (0.7913) (0.7757*0) O. 7827"

-0.8036 - .828 - .75 - .7660 _ .7670 - .785 - .7041 - .7741 - .785 - .83 - .9391 - .765 - .7293 - .7302 - .861 - .745 - .790 - .704 - .753 - .69 - .70 - .688 - .639 - .7024 - . 666

. ß

y

-0.170 - .33 - .455 - .45 - .755 - .275 - .964 - .224 - .259 -

.245

-

.371 .515

-

.05 .12 .072 .35 .13 .025

Limit of error 0.0003 .0005 .0005f .001 .0OH .00If .00If .001 .001 .002 .001 .001 .0005 .OOOSf .001 .001 .001 .0005If .002 .001 .OOOSf .0005U .0005f .OOOSf .0005f

- .29 + .395

„ ~ Range, n0C 10 to 95 O to 151 O to 99 O to 75 82 to 177 O to 83 20 to 98 25 to 70 O to 158 20 to 93 15 to 167 40 to 80 O to 100 O to 80 10 to 100 O to 100 25 to 100 O to 99 20 to 75 O to 99 10 to 99 18 to 99 22 to 100 28 to 99 36 to 99

—

Data Confirmatory employed 1 8 9 ( ) ( 1 3 , 23) (") O89) 123 ( ) (37J (ios, 256) (57,128,228) (2) (»38) (22,189) 105 ( ) <*06) (»«4) (61, 189) (so, 57, 189) ( 151 ) (?) (173) (94, 170) (isi, 19 0) (»23) (63,133) (64,69) ( 189 ) (»° 3 ) (»23) (223) (57) (14, ios, 189) ( 123 ) (256) ( 189) ( 123 ) (124) 123 ( ) (123) ( 123 ) (123) (123)

* Vm (68, 191, 266) f or values not agreeing with this equation, but probably less reliable. t The values recorded in the literature for methyl and ethyl iodides are particularly discordant. J De Pauw ( 41 ) gives d\5 1.5891 for material purified with particular care. § The equation given, based on the values of Tyrer, although reproducing his values and those of Nasini and Bresciani ( 163 ) with an error in most cases less than 0.0001, is apparently based on values determined with impure acid. The acid of the latter authors melted at 16.1°. Bousfield and Lowry ( 17 ) obtained with very pure acid a M. P. of 16.60 ± 0.005° and a density at 18° and 20°, 0.0007 lower than the values given by the equation. These values are probably correct. The following equation: Dt = (1.0695) - 0.0210092f - 0.0e339*2 - 0.08574<3 based on the values of Ramsay and Young ( 21 °) gives a value at 20° very close to that of Bousfield and Lowry, but their values do not fall on a smooth curve, and their value at 13.11° determined by pycnometer does not fall on the curve given by the above equation. Subtraction of 0.0007 from the values given by the equation in the above table should be nearly correct in the interval 15-30°. U Tyrer ( 2 5 7 ) gives values for 0—31° running nearly parallel to those of Timmermans, but 0.003 lower. The values of the latter may be, however, more accurate than is indicated above. f See Table 3 for accurate values for the density at particular temperatures. ** Equation quoted from the literature cited. 11 The wide divergence in values given for acetone is probably due to the

failure of many investigators to realize the difficulty in drying it; v. (25, 2 5 2 ) % The two equations given agree and are probably correct to 0.0002 from 0° to 25°, Jt Young's values were used in calculating the equation, but the value of d° was so altered that the equation gives a value at 25° which is probably more reliable than Young's. This is a questionable procedure, but the equation is probably at least as accurate as indicated. §§ The equation is based on the values of Gerlach since these are the only ones covering a wide temperature range. Data to be found in ( 109 > 169) may be more reliable over narrower temperature ranges. Il I) The data in the confirming references in the table would indicate an accuracy of at least 0.0005 for this equation, but widely divergent values (256) are also to be found. ITf This equation gives a value for 101.7° differing by only 0.0014 from that given by the specific volume equation of Thorpe and Jones ( 2 4 8 ). *** Equation accurate to 0.0002 for 0° to 40°. ttt Equation accurate to 0.0001 for 0° to 40°. tîî The values of Meyer and Mylius ( 15 °) run nearly parallel to those given by the equation, but 0.0005 to 0.001 lower. §§§ The density of dimethyl racemate runs uniformly about 0.001 lower than that of the d-tartrate ( 1S1 ). Il Il IJ The accuracy of this equation at temperatures up to 40° is probably considerably greater than indicated in the table. f f f Values of Bolle and Guye ( 16 ) lie about 0.0015 below the-equation and run up to 150°. **** Densities and expansion of d-, I- and d/-pinenes are nearly the same (ISi) 1 The values of these investigators are higher than those of most others.

Table 2 gives references to data covering a considerable temperature range for which there are either no checks or checks which are not in agreement. The first reference usually indicates the data covering the widest temperature range. Subsequent references refer either to further similar data or to checks at particular temperatures, but no complete list of such checks is attempted. The checks are in all cases unsatisfactory. Following the table is a list of papers giving additional data for large classes of substances, of which only the simpler representatives have been included in the table.

TABLE 2.—DENSITY-TEMPERATURE EQUATIONS OF UNKNOWN RELIABILITY Formula CHBrCl2 CH3Cl CH4S C2HBr3O C2HCl3 C2HCl3O C2HCl3O2 C2HCIs C2H2 C2H2Cl2 C2H2Ch C2H3Br3O2 CjH3ClO2 C2H4 C2H4O C2H5BrO C2H6BrO C2H5ClO

|

Name | Range, 0C I Lit. Bromodichloromethane 25 to 70 (269, 102) Methyl chloride -40 to +40 (238,260) Methylmercaptan O to 78 O °) Bromal 25 to 100 (58) Trichloroethylene 17 to 75 (»6,258) Chloral 25 to 85 ( 58 » »*4» 2 4 7 ) Trichloroacetic acid 75 to 125 (ios, 188) Pentachloroethane 15 to 90 ( 9S » 2 4 7 ) Acetylene -82 to -55 ( 1 4 2 , 1 4 3 , 1 4 8 ) cts-1, 2-Acetylene dichloride 15 to 45 (» 7 » 1S ) trans-1, 2-Acetylene dichloride.. . 15 to 45 ( 9 7 > 1S ) Bromal hydrate 40 to 100 ( 5 *) Chloroacetic acid 40 to 125 («3, 103, iss) Ethylene -114 to -69 (142, 143) Acetaldehyde O to 50 O**) 2-Bromoethyl alcohol O to 30 (2 » 2 ) Bromomethyl methyl ether O to 20 ( * i °) 2-Chloroethyl alcohol O to 20 (»•»<>)

TABLE 2.—DENSITT-TEMPEKATUEE EQUATIONS OF UNKNOWN I Range, 0C | Formula Name Oto 20 Chloromethyl methyl ether C2HsClO -41 to +12 Methyl ether C2H6O l o t o 83 C2H6O4S Methyl sulfate OtO 6 0 C2H6S Methyl sulfide 50to 90 1, 2-Dibromopropionic acid C3H4Br2O2 -78 to +19 C3He Propylene 25 to 81 1, 2-Dibromopropane C 3 H 6 Br 2 -120to +20 Allyl alcohol C3H6O 15 to 96 Propionic acid C3H6O2 O t o 20 n-Propyl bromide C3H7Br* 25 to 70 3-Chloro-l, 2-dihydroxypropane. . C3H7ClO2 80 to 120 Lactamide C 3 H 7 NO 2 60 to 153 Urethane C 3 H 7 NO 2 Oto 51 Methylethyl ether C3H8O 25 to 80 Allyl isothiocyanate C 4 H 6 NS 12 to 68 Methyl 1, 2-dichloropropionate. . C4HeCl2O2 O t o 77 Acetic anhydride C4H6O3 11 to 57 2-Aminocrotonic acid C 4 H 7 NO 2 O tOlOO n-Propyl formate C4H8O2 OtO 20 w-Butyl bromide C4H9Br* 56 to 99 Methyl urethane C 4 H 9 NO 2 11 to 45 Butyl nitrite C 4 H 9 NOa lòto 76 d-sec. -Butyl alcohol C4H10O* 25 to 80 Diethyl sulfite C4Hi0O3S 69 to 143 dZ-Erythritol C4Hi0O4 12 to 67 Diethyl sulfate C4Hi0O4S Oto 40 n-Butylamine C 4 HuN Oto 50 Isobutylamine C 4 HuN Oto 50 terf.-Butylamine C 4 HnN 16 to 57 Ethyl 1, 2-dichloropropionate . . . . C5H8Cl2Oa 24 to 154 2, 2-Dimethylacrylic acid CsH8O2 10 to 50 n- Valer onitrile CsH9N 11 to 109 Isobutyl isothiocyanate CsH9NS 20to 70 n-Valeric acid CsHi0O2 18 to 61 Isovaleric acid CsHi0O2. 21 to 94 rf-sec.-Butyl formate CsHi0O2. O t o 40 Isobutyl formate CsHi0O2 13 to 57 Ethyl carbonate CsHioOs -16 to +130 Methyl M-methoxypropionate . CsHi0O3 10 tO 70 Glycerol acetate CsHioO« 16 to 109 Methylpropylketoxime CsHiiNO 13 to 75 Isoamyl nitrite CsHnNO2 12 to 61 d-sec.- Amyl alcohol CsHi2O* 25 to 80 tert.-Amyl alcohol CsHi2O 15 to 71 c?-Methyl isopropyl carbinol CsHi2O OtO 78 Ethyl propyl ether CsHi2O O t o 50 n-Amylamine C5Hi3N OtO 60 Isoamylamine CsHi3N Oto 30 tert.-Amylamine C5Hi3N O t o 60 Trimethyl ethyl Bilicane C6Hi4Si 75 to 125 3-dinitrobenzene . . . CeH3ClN2O4 tt-4-Chloro-l, 75 to 125 CeH3Cl2NO2 2, 4-Dichloronitrobenzene 75 to 125 C6H3ChNO2 2, 5-Dichloronitrobenzene 75 to 125 CeH3Cl2NO2 3, 4-Dichloronitrobenzene 75 to 125 2, 4, 6-Trichlorophenol CeH3Cl3O 71 to 155 p-Bromochlorobenzene CeH4BrCl 53 to 125 C6H4BrNO2 o-Bromonitrobenzene 24 to 125 CeH4BrNO2 m-Bromonitrobenzene 133 to 164 CeH4BrNO2 p-Bromonitrobenzene 100 to 140 CeH4Br2 p-Dibromobenzene 57 to 151 p-Chloroiodobenzene CeH4ClI 45 to 125 CeH4ClNOa o-Chloronitrobenzene 25 to 125 C6H4ClNO2 m-Chloronitrobenzene 85 to 135 CeH4ClNO2 p-Chloronitrobenzene 63 to 161 CeH4Cl2 p-Dichlorobenzene 25 to 75 /»-FI uoronitrobenzene CeH4FNO2 30to 75 p-Fluoronitrobenzene CeH4FNO2 75 to 125 o-Iodonitrobenzene CeH4INOa SOtolOO m-Iodonitrobenzene CeH4INO2 120 to 160 o-Dinitrobenzene CeH4N2O4. 120 to 160 ra-Dinitrobenzene CeH4N2O4 72 to 138 2, 4-Dinitrophenol CeH4N2O6 10 to 150 o-Chlorophenol CeH6ClO ca. 210 Nitrobenzene CeH6NO2* 40to 80 o-Nitrophenol CeH5NO3 100 to 150 m-Nitrophenol C0H5NOa 120 to 160 p-Nitrophenol CeH5NO8 OtO 50 Triazobenzene CeH6N3 77 to 159 ! p-Chloroaniline CeH6ClN

Lit. (UO) (141) (241) (10,248)

(158) ( 143 ) ( 61 ) ( 1 2 1 > 3) (188> 149J ( 110 ) (268) (257) (256,84)

( 10 ) ( 13 °) (75) ( 5 0 » 71) (158) (281,13) (110,136)

(228) (241) (194) (268) (83) (241) O 0 3 » 159) O 0 3 » 185 ) (103) (7S) ( 81 ) (153) ( 16 ) (52) (236) ( 2 °0) ( 13 ) (241) (176) (153,268)

(16) (24M (194) (58) (198,195) (10,43)

O03) (103,256)

( 103 ) (28) ( 103 ) (103,99) (103,99) (103,99) ( 103 ) ( 2 4 O) (103,242)

Formula CeHeN 2 O 2 CeH6S CeH7ClO4 CeH7ClO4 CeH 8 N 2 CeH8O4 CeH8O4 CeH8Oe CeHi0O CeHi 0 O 4 CeHi0O4 CeHi0O4 CeHnN CeHnN CeHi 2 O 2 CeHi2O3 CeHi 2 O 3 CeHi4 CeHi4O CeHi4O CeHi4O CeHi 4 O CeHi 5 N CeHi 5 N CeHi 5 N CeHi5O4P CeHi6Si CeHi6Si CeHi8Si2 CiHsNO CvHsNS CiH7Br CrH7I C 7 H 7 NO C 7 H 7 NO C 7 H 7 NO 2 C 7 H 7 NO 2 C 7 H 7 NO 2 C 7 H 7 NO 2 C 7 H 7 NO 3 C7H8N2O C7H8N2O2 C7H8N2O2 C7H8N2O2 C7H8N2O2 C7Hi0O4 C 7 Hi 0 O 4 CrHi2ChO2 C 7 Hi 2 O C 7 HuO C 7 Hi 4 O C 7 Hi 4 O 2 C 7 Hi 4 O 2 C7H16O C7Hi6O C7Hi6O C7H16Si

(83,103,242)

(242) ( 103 ) ( 2 4 O) (103,242) (83,103,242)

( 1Q 3) (103,107) (»03, 9) (103,9) (103) ( 103 ) ( 103 ) ( 103 ) ( 83 ) ( 19 ) ( 106 ) ( 19 ) ( 103 ) ( 103 ) (31,189)

( 2 4 O)

C 7 Hi 7 N C7H18Si C7H18Si C7H18Si C8H4Cl2O2 C8H7N C8H7N C8H7N

I

RELIABILITY.—(Continued]

Name I Range, 0C | Lit. m-Nitroaniline 120 to 160 (l03) Thiophenol 25 to 75 (268) Methyl chloromaleate 25 to 75 (268) Methyl chlorof umarate 25 to 75 (268) Phenylhydrazine 20 to 60 (256) Dimethyl f umarate 106 to 160 (243) Dimethyl maleate 20 to 135 (243) Glyceryl trif ormate 5OtOlOO ( 103 ) 5 to 90 ( 8 I* »o, 91) Mesityl oxide Dimethyl Buccinate 25 to 75 ( 103 » 183) Glycol diacetate 14 to 74 (233) Methyl Z-1-acetoxypropionate . . . -7 to +141 ( 1 7 6) Capronitrile 24 to 75 (103) Isobutylacetonitrile 20 to 60 (2S6) 25 tO 90 (52,135) Caproic acid Paraldehyde 15 to 75 ( 72 » 233 ) n- Propyl lactate 2 to 122 (204) OtO 40 (13,3-1) 2-Methylpentane (isohexane) . . . . Z-Ethylpropyl carbinol 13 to 104 (197) rf-Ethylisopropyl carbinol 18 to 63 (19S) d-Methylbutyl carbinol 17 to 133 (194) d-Pinacolyl alcohol 16 to 99 0") n-Hexylamine Oto 40 (l03) 103 2-Hexylamine O t o 50 ( ) Triethylamine O t o 50 (103) Triethyl phosphate 15 to 83 (241) Dimethyldiethylsilicane O to 91 ( 28 ) Trimethylpropylsilicane Oto 85 (28) Hexamethylsilicoethane 12 to 94 (28) Phenyl isocyanate O t o 50 ( 31 ) Phenyl thiocyanate 25 to 50 (13M o-Bromotoluene 4 to 75 O 0 3 » 189 ) p-Iodotoluene 40 to 164 ( 24 °) Benzamide 130 to 170 (256) 60 tO 105 (256,189) Formanilide o-Hydroxybenzamide 140 to 170 ( 256 ) 16 tO 101 (172,242) o-Nitrotoluene 20 to 121 (242) m-Nitrotoluene 55 tO 125 (103,189,230) p- Nitrotoluene p-Nitroanisole 75 to 125 (103) 20 to 90 ( 2 5 6 » !03) Nitrosomethylaniline 160 to 200 O03) p-Nitromethylaniline 3-Nitro-o-toluidine 100 to 140 (103) 5-Nitro-o-toluidine 140tol80 (103) 3-Nitro-p-toluidine 120 to 160 (103) Dimethyl citraconate 26 to 78 (243) Dimethyl mesaconate 20 to 80 (243) Isobutyl 1, 2-dichloropropionate. 16 to 65 (75) m-Methylcyclohexanone 17 to 90 ( 9 S » 6» 2 2 S ) 39 tO 90 (95,6,225) ra-Hexahydrocresol p-Hexahydrocresol 39 to 90 (95»6) d-jS-Amyl acetate 18 to 91 O98) 14 to 109 O« 1 ) Isoamyl acetate d-Ethylbutyl carbinol 13 to 127 (197) d-Methylamyl carbinol 20to 64 (194) 17 to 74 ( 1 9 S) d-Propylisopropyl carbinol Dimethylcyclopentamethylenesilicane Oto 80 (28> 27) Oto 40 ( 103 ) n-Heptylamine Dimethylethylpropylsilicane Oto 81 ( 28 ) Trimethylbutylsilicane Oto 85 (28) Trimethylisobutylsilicane Oto 49 ( 28 ) o-Phthalyl dichloride 33 to 181 O67) o-Tolunitrile 20to 95 ( 2 5 6 » 189 » 2 4 2 ) 18 tO 80 (256,242) w-Tolunitrile 30 tO 176 (57,189,242, p-Tolunitrile 256)

C8H7NO C8H8N2O6 C8H8O2 C8H8O2 C8H9NO CsH9NO CsH9NO C8H9NO3 CsHiof

Mandelonitrile 4, 5-Dinitro-l, 2-dimethoxybenzene p-Methoxybenzaldehyde Phenylacetic acid Phenylacetamide Benzcmto'aldoxime, O-methyl ether Benzanttaldoxime, N-m e t h y l ether p-Nitrophenetole Ethylbenzene

20 to 60

(256)

140 to 180 25 to 75

O03) (103,189)

77 tO 130

(53,230)

160tol80 14 to 72

(256) (241)

103 to 151 75 to 125 Oto 40

(241) O03) ( 13 > 189 » 2 1 5 » 220, 2 7 1 )

TABLE 2.—DENSITY-TEMPEBATURE EQUATIONS OF UNKNOWN RELIABILITY.—(Continued) Formula C8Hi0O C8Hi0O2 C8HnClO4 CsHnN CsHuBrOe CsHi4 CsHi6O2 CsHi6O2 CsHnBr CsHi8 CsHisO CsH20Si C8H20Si CsH20Si C8H20Si* C9Hi0OS C9HwS2 C 9 HuNO C 9 HnNO 2 C9Hi2J C9Hi2O C9Hi4Oe C9Hi4Si CsHnBrO2 C9Hi8O2 C9Hi8O2 C9Hi8O2 C9Hi8O2 C9H22Si Ci0H9BrO2 CwH9BrO2 CieHioO "Ci0Hi0O2 Ci0Hi0O2 CwHi2O CwHi2O Ci0Hi2O2 Ci0Hi3NO Ci0Hi4 Ci0Hi4O Ci0Hi4O Ci0Hi4O Ci0Hi4O6 CioHifl Ci0Hi6O7 Ci0Hi6Si Ci0Hi6Si Ci0Hi8Cl2O2 CioHisO CioHisOe Ci0H20O Ci0H20O2 Ci0H23N Ci0H24Si Ci0H24Si CuHioO2 CnHi 2 N 2 O CnHi2O CnHi 4 O 2 CuHi6 CiiHie CuH20 CuH26Si Ci 2 Hi 0 N 2 O Ci2HioO§ Ci 2 HuN Ci2Hi2Cl6O8 Ci 2 Hi 2 O Ci 2 Hi 6 O 2 Ci2Hi8 Ci2Hi8O6 Ci2Hi8O8 Ci2H20O2 Ci2Ha0Si Ci2H2IClQ2

Name d-Methylphenyl carbinol o-Dimethoxybenzene Ethyl chloromaleate n-Ethylaniline Diethyl bromoisosuccinate n-Hexylacetylene d-/3-Amyl propionate d-/3-Hexyl acetate Z-2-Bromooctane 2, 5-Dimethylhexane d-Methyl-n-hexyl carbinol TrimethylisoamyJ silicane Dimethylethylisobutylsilicane . . . Dimethyldi-n-propylsilicane Tetraethylsilicane Ethyl thiobenzoate Ethyl dithiobenzoate #-Methylacetanilide JV-Phenylurethane Mesitylene. J-Ethylphenyl carbinol Glycerol triacetate Trimethylphenylsilicane Z-Amyl bromobutyrate Pelargonie acid d-ß-Amyl w-butyrate d-sec.-Butyl valerate d-ß-Octy\ formate Triethyl-n-propylsilicane Methyl a (/3)-bromocinnamate . . . Methyl a (0)-bromoallocinnamate Benzylideneacetone Methyl cinnamato Methyl allocinnamate p-Anethole d-1, 2, 3, 4 - Tetrahydro - ß naphthol d-Methylbenzylcarbinyl formate. JV-Ethylacetanilide Trimethylphenylmethane d-Benzylethyl carbinol Methyl d-methylbenzylcarbinyl ether Z-Methylphenylethyl carbinol . . . . Diallyl tartrate d- (Z, dZ)-Limonene Diethyl monoacetyl-d-tartrate . . . Dimethylethylphenylsilicane Trimethylbenzylsilicane Heptyl 1, 2-dichloropropionate. . . Msopulegol Di-sec.-propyl tartrate Z-Neomenthol d-7-Nonyl formate Diisoamylamine Triethylbutylsilicane Triethylisobutylsilicane Ethyl phenylpropiolate Antipyrine Benzylidenemethyl ethyl ketone . . d-ß-Butyl benzoate Pentamethylbenzene Trimethylbenzylmethane Nonylacetylene Triethylisoamylsilicane Azoxybenzene

Range, 0C | 13 to 80 25 to

75

25 to 70 O to 158

25 to 25 to 18 to 18 to 14 to

75 70 96 125 53

O to 276. 8

25 to 46 OtO

81

Oto Oto Oto Oto Oto 105 to 60 to

80 48 91 15 25 145 105

4 to

95

14 to 25 to Oto 25 to 20 to 18 to 13 to 12 to Oto 20 to 20to

70 75 66 90 50 96 128 134 67 135 95

Lit. O94) (103,61,189)

(268) (57,189)

0<>3) (2 69 ) O98) ( 198 ) (i 9 4 ) (281,282) 94

(i ) (28) 28

( ) ( 28 ) (2 8 ) ( 213 ) (213) (256) (256) (189,57,219)

O") O03) (2 8 ) (269) ( 52 ) O98) (i 9 8 ) (200) (2S) ( 243 ) (2 43 )

60 to 200

(81,82,189)

36 to 90 20 to 80

(213) (2 4 3)

11 to

99

61 to 22 to 60 to Oto O to

155 152 105 90 142

O96) (200) (256) (27) (i")

27 to 132 O to 136 15 to 168 10 to 90 20to 71 Oto 67 Oto 90 13 to 79 18 to 172 14 to 150 Oto 30 20 to 154 Oto 50 Oto 89 Oto 70 25 to 75 66 to 140

(i 9 2 ) ( 199 ) (173) (ISi) (i 4 7 ) (2S) ( 28 ) (75) (i") (173) (201) (200) (103) (28) (2S) (268) (83)

18 to 200

18 to 128 75 to 197 Oto 92 20 to 70 Oto 79 44 to 92 5OtOlOO 30 to 100

Diphenyl ether 60 to 125 Diphenylamine Diethyl di-(trichloroacetyl) tar15 to 131 trate Z-Methyl-a-naphthyl carbinol .... 14 to 138 25 to 75 Isopropyl hydrocinnamate Z-Methyl-3-terJ.-amy !benzene . . . . -20 to +100 25 to 90 Triethyl aconitate 67 to 180 Diethyl diacetyltartrate 16 to 132 Isopulegyl acetate O t O 81 Triethyl phenylsilicane 38 to 95 Menthyl chloroacetate

(163,228)

(81,5,82) 8

(u ) (S7) (27) (269) (28) (241) (i° 3 ) ( 49 )

(18,103,256)

(175) (i") (268) ( 33 ) (269) (228,147) 93

(i ) (28)

(72)

Range, 0C | Name Lit. 17 to 132 (i 1 7 ) Z-Menthyl acetate 18 to 170 (74) Di-n-butyl d!-tartrate 75 to 98 (i 7 3 ) Diisobutyl d-tartrate 98 to 146 (173) Diisobutyl Z-tartrate -15 to +115 (234) Saccharose 5OtO 90 (52.61) Laurie acid Oto 99 (i 23 ) n-Dodecane Oto 50 (io 3 ) Triisobutylamine 2, 4, 2', 4'-Tetrachlorobenzophen145 to 185 (i° 3 ) one chloride 87 to 145 ( 2 4 I) Phenyl carbonate Ci3HwO3 54 to 210 (57) Ci3Hi2 Diphenylmethane 10 to 80 (i 8 ) Ci3Hi3N JV-Methyldiphenylamine 25 to 75 (268) Ci3HuO2 Isobutyl phenylpropiolate 60 to 200 (81) Ci3Hi6O Benzalpinacolin O t o 75 C 27 ) Ci3H20 Triethylphenylmethane 25 to 75 (268) Ci3H24O4 Di-Z-amyl malonate 40 to 137 (83) CuHi0O2 Benzil CuHi2O2* 5 to 100 (!!,ni) Benzyl benzoate Ci4Hi4 76 to 210 ( S7 ) Dibenzyl Ci 4 Hi 4 N 2 O 74 to 139 ( 24 M o-Azoxytoluene Ci4H20O2 Z-Amyl hydrocinnamate 20to 75 ( 2<58 ) 25 to 75 {«8) Di-Z-amyl chlorof umarate Ci4H23ClO4 Ci4H23N Diisobutylaniline 25 to 75 (i« 3 ) 25 to 75 C2«8) CuH24O4 Di-Z-amyl maleate 25 to 70 (268) Ci4H26O4 Di-Z-amyl Buccinate 25 to 90 <2«9) CuH26O4 Diethyl sebacate 30to 60 (IS4) Ci4H26O5 Diamyl malate Ci4H26O6 Diisoamyl tartrate 14 to 175 (17S) 25 to 75 (268) Ci6H26O4 Di-Z-amyl citraconate 25 to 75 (268) CuH26O4 Di-Z-amyl mesaconate Ci5H33N 20to 75 < 2S «) Triisoamylamine Ci6Hi6NO2 173 to 225 (i<> 3 ) Anisaldazine 36 to 93 (i 4 7 ) Diethyl phenylacetyl-d-tartrate . . Ci6H20O7 Ci6H22Cl4O8 Diisobutyl di-(dichloroacetyl) tar18 to 157 (i 75 ) trate 14 to 202 (174) Ci6H26O8 Diisobutyl diacetyl-d-tartrate . . . . 15 to 99 ("S) Ci6H30O6 Di-Z-amyl d-dimethoxysuccinate. . Ci6H32O2 Palmitic acid 60to80(?) ( 224 ) Ci6H33I 18 to 138 (61) w-Cetyl iodide 31 to 146 (U 6) d-a-Naphthyl-n-hexyl carbinol . . . Ci7H22O Ci7H34O2 Margaric acid 60to 80 ( 224 ) 48 to 82 (i«8) Ci8Hi5As Triphenylarsine Ci8HuO4P Triphenyl phosphate 58 to 89 (24M 5OtOlOO (1*8,268) Triphenylphosphine Ci8Hi5P 25 to 100 (168,268) Ci8H16Sb Triphenylstibine Ci8Hi8O6 Dibenzyl tartrate 15 to 170 (i 7 3 ) 25 to 75 (268) Ci8H26O4 Di-Z-amyl phthalate 41 to 131 ( 74 ) Ci8H34O6 Di-n-heptyltartrate 60to80(?) < 2 2 4) Ci8H36O2 Stearic acid 32 to 99 (is«) Ci9H40 w-Nondecane C20Hi6Br2O8U Dimethyl di-o-bromobenzoyltar15 to 93 (73) trate C20Hi6Cl2OSf Dimethyl di-o-chlorobenzoyltar15 to 140 <73) trate C20Hi6I2OsIf Dimethyl di-o-iodobenzoyltar15 to 140 ( 73 ) trate C20Hs8O4 25 to 90 (26«) Diisoamyl sebacate C20H38O6 54 to 135 (74) Di-n-octyl d-tartrate C20H38O6 ** Di-0-n-octyl e?-tartrate 36 to 100 O 73 ) 95 to 135 («»«) C2iH2iN Tribenzylamine C2IH23NO3 Ethyl 1-methyl-p-ethoxybenzal95 to 160 (»»3) aminocinnamate C2IH38O6 Tricaproin 50 to 100 <«03) 4 O t O 99 (123,62) C2iH44 Heneicosane 25 to 75 (267) C22H42O3 Isobutyl ricinoleate C22H46 44 to 99 (i 23 ) n-Docosane Diethyl diphenacetyl-d-tartrate . . loto 98 <î47) C24H26O8 C26H30O8 Diisobutyl dibenzoyl-d-tartrate . . 17 to 100 O 78 ) 91 to 158 C2«7) C26H54 n-Hexacosane Tricaprylin 50 to 100 (i« 3 ) C27H50O6 95 to 158 <22T) C30H62O Melissyl alcohol 50 to 65 (255) C32H64O2 Cetyl palmitate Tricaprin C33H62O6 OOtolOO O °3) C39H74O6 Trilaurin 75 to 125 <»•») 75 tO 125 (103,226,267) C5IH98O6 Tripalmitin SOtolOO (103) C57Hi04O6 Triolein 75 tO 125 (103, 22«, 267) C57Hu0O6 Tristearin CeoHi22 115 to 190 ( 2 27) Hexacontane Formula Ci2H22O2 Ci2H22O6 Ci2H22O6 Ci2H22O6 Ci 2 H 22 OuII Ci2H24O2 Ci2Hz6 Ci2H27N Ci3HeCl6

* See Table 3 for accurate values for the density at particular temperatures. t As may be seen in the articles referred to, there appear to be two sets of values for ethylbenzene differing by about 0.006. Î The values in the two references given check each other well, but most values recorded are lower. IO6 AF §

T "AI

(3 to 10 0) = 800>

°

°

Il Densities of the undercooled liquid dissolved in paraffin. If Densities of the m- and p-chloro-, bromo-, and iodo-derivatives over approximately the same temperature ranges are also given by these authors. ** Pickard and Kenyon ( 1 9 4 ) give densities at 17° for esters of d-/3-n-oetanol with d-, I-, and c?Z-tartaric acids.

DENSITY-TEMPERATURE DATA FOR VARIOUS COMPLEX COMPOUNDS The following articles contain density determinations over a considerable range of temperature for large numbers of compounds, only part of which, usually the simpler ones, have been listed in Table 2. Bygden ( 27 ). Thirty-one alkyl and aryl substituted silicanes over varying temperature ranges. Where the range exceeds 50°, they have been listed in the table. Hall ( 87 ). Esters of d-0-oetanol with dibasic acids from oxalic to undecanedicarboxylic, and a few mixed esters with one methyl or ethyl radical. Hall (88). Esters of Z-menthol with dibasic acids from malonic to decanedicarboxylic. Kenyon (113). Esters of d-y-nonanol, acetate to dodecoate, myristate, palmitate, stéarate; acetates of active y-carbinols, hexanol to octadecanol. Kenyon and Pickard (115). Esters of d-methylbenzyl carbinol, acetate to dodecoate, myristate, palmitate, stéarate. Esters of d-n-hexyl-a-naphthyl carbinol, acetate to undecoate (116). Esters of menthol with acetic, oxalic, phenylacetic, and substituted benzoic acids (117). Esters of various active alcohols with benzoic and a.- and /3-naphthoic acids (118). Kenyon and McNicol C 114 ). Ethers of d-/3-oetanol with n-alkyl radicals, methyl to nonyl. Phillips ( 192 ). Ethers of d-methylbenzyl carbinol with n-alkyl radicals, methyl to nonyl. Pickard and Kenyon (194). Alcohols CH3.CHOH.R,, R representing n-alkyl radicals from ethyl to undecyl, together with some esters and halides. Alcohols, (CH3)2CH.CHOH.R, R representing n-alkyl radicals, methyl to octyl and decyl (195). Six aliphatic esters of l-ac-tetrahydro-2-naphthol ( 196 ). Alcohols, CH3.CH2.CHOH.R, R representing n-alkyl radicals, propyl to tridecyl and pentadecyl ( 197 ). Many esters of active /3-n-alkyl alcohols with acids from acetic to stearic, but not complete series (198). Pickard, Hunter, Lewcock, and de Pennington (193). Esters of Z-isopulegol with fatty acids, acetate to dodecoate and myristate. Wood, Such, and Scarf ( 277 ). Esters of Z-lactic acid with n-primary alcohols, methyl to nonyl. TABLE 3.—ACCURATE VALUES FOR DENSITIES OF LIQUID ORGANIC COMPOUNDS AT PARTICULAR TEMPERATURES This table gives densities at particular temperatures which have a probable error of 0.0005 or less. The probable limit of error is based upon the concordance of check determinations as in Table 1. The checking values must in some cases be obtained by interpolation. In the case of some substances, values which have been determined with particular care are included, although ' not confirmed by other investigators. No limit of error is indicated in such cases. Table 3 cannot lay claim to any degree of completeness. It contains values which have been found in the course of work upon the temperature coefficients. The complete list would, however, probably not be a long one.

Formula |

Name

|

| 10
Lit.

1.6326» 1.594120 1.5264° 0.7770'S 2.18052° 1.1676« 1.28243" 1.0492520 1.00320 1. 597620 2.030220 0.7057o 0.795815

d\

Î 2 2 1 2 5* 2 1 2

5 2

(13, 250) (13,45) (250, 257) ( s «» 252, 266) (12, 254) (1*2. i»3) (250, 257) (17) (250, 289) (UO) (HO) (185,250) (183,252)

0.784425

2

(183,252)

CCh

Carbon tetrachloride

CHCl3 C2H3N C2H4Br2 C2H4Cl2 C2H4Cl2 C2H4O2 C2H4O2 C2H6BrO C2H6IO C2H7N C3H6O

Chloroform Acetonitrile Ethylene bromide 1, 1-Dichloroethane Ethylene chloride Acetic acid Methyl formate Bromomethyl methyl ether Iodomethyl methyl ether Ethylamine.... Acetone

C3HeO2 C3H7Br C3H7I C3H7I CsH8O C3H8O C3H8O3 C4H8Br2 C4HsO C4HsO2 C4H8O2 C4H9Br C4Hi0O

Ethyl formate !...0.916125 n-Propyl bromide 1.362615 n-Propyl iodide 1.747120 Isopropyl iodide 1.714915 w-Propyl alcohol 0.800125 Isopropyl alcohol 0.781Q25 Glycerol 1.264115 1, 2-Dibromo-2-methylpropane.... 1.773015 Methylethyl ketone. 0.82551° Isobutyric acid 0.948220 Ethyl acetate 0.924540 0.9005620 0.8944625 w-Butyl bromide 1.30350 n-Butyl alcohol 0.809720

C 4 HwO C4Hi0O C4H10O

0.805925 0.797925 0.8025425 0.736280

5 3

(183, 285) O i o, 189) (HO) 5 (20, 183) l (25,67,183) 2 (25) 3 (ioo, 109) (132) (250) 5 (61, 252) 0.5f ( 252 , 261) 0.5 (261) 0.5 (261) 3 (Uo, 136) 3 (i° 8 » 21*. 218^ 287)

Isobutyl alcohol sec.-Butyl alcohol Ether

C4HwS C 4 HnN C6H4O2

Ethyl sulfide Diethylamine Furfural

C5HoN

Pyridine

.'

2 1 l 0.1

(26) (25) (25) (244,252,280)

0.7193015 0.7135220

0.5 0.5

(244,252) (244,280)

0.7076725 0.837020 0.7000*5 1.159420

0.5 4 5 5

(244) (io, 25, 56) (136,185) (22,144,235)

1.154325

5

(144,235,264)

1.003040 0.978125

(252) 2%

0.82610 -0.91250 0.898320 0.856525 0.639360 0.645380 0.805Q25 1.521930 1.10632o 1.022620 1.830820 1.1229°

3 2 5 3 1

1 1 3 5 2

1.203220

5

0.878820 1.038940 1.0212625 1.072825 0.779020 0.9325« 0.871120 0.878920 1.46520 0.67950 0.67700 0.802725 1.000525

2 2 2 3 5 3 2 2

(252,286) 22

( > i g 7 » 248) (252,284,285) (2is, 281) (isi, 18S) (252,281) (252, 281) (25) (250, 278) (13, 257, 278) O 50 » i« 9 » 2 Si) (i« 9 » 278) (2so, 257)

C6Hi0O C6Hi0O2 C5Hi0O2 C 6 HnN C 6 Hi 2 . C 6 Hi 2 C6Hi2O C6H6Br C6H5Cl C6H5F C6H6I CeH 5 NO 2

Methyl propyl ketone Ethyl propionate Methyl n-butyrate Piperidine 2-Methylbutane n-Pentane sec.-Amyl alcohol Bromobenzene Chlorobenzene Fluorobenzene lodobenzene Nitrobenzene

C6H6 C6H7N CeHwO3 C6H10O4 CeHi2 CeHi2O CeHi2O2 CeH12O2 CeHi3I CeHi4 CeH14 CeH14O C7H6N

Benzene Aniline Ethyl acetoacetate Diethyl oxalate Cyclohexane Cyclohexanol Isobutyl acetate Ethyl n-butyrate n-Hexyl iodide Diisopropyl n-Hexane Methylisobutyl carbinol Benzonitrile

2 2 1 3

C7HsNO C7H7Br C7H8

Phenyl isocyanate p-Bromotoluene Toluene

1.094820 1.3813
5 ' 5 2

0.865820

2

(13,217,257)

C7H8O C7H8O C7H8O C7H8O C7H9N C7H9N

o-Cresol w-Cresol p-Cresol Phenyl methyl ether Methylaniline o-Toluidine

1.048220 1.034120 1.034520 1.01237° 0.982525 0.994025

5 5 5

(19, 218) (189, 218, 265) (i» 9 » 218) (252) (57,189) (57, 189)

(189,257)

(13,257,281) (252, 257) (233,245) (53, 183, 233) (7», 219) (95, 219) (13, 218) (13, 217) (43, HO) (34,281) (2Si, 281) (25) (2*, «1» i«9, 256)

3 3

(24, 31) (158, 189) (13, 252)

TABLE 3.—ACCURATE VALUES FOR DENSITIES OF LIQUID ORGANIC COMPOUNDS AT PARTICULAR TEMPERATURES.—(Continued) Formula |

Name

C7Hi6 C8H8O CsHio CsHio CsHioO CsHuN C8Hi6O2

n-Heptane Acetophenone m-Xylene p-Xylene Phenetole Dimethylaniline Octoic acid

C8HwN CsH20Si C9H7N C9Hi0O2 C9Hi2 C9Hi8O2

Diisobutylamine Tetraethylsilicane Quinoline Ethyl benzoate n-Propylbenzene Nonoic acid

C9H20 CwH8 CioHu CwHi 4 N 2 CwH2OO2

n-Nonane Naphthalene Cymene Nicotine Decoic acid

|

d^

0.6879' 1.0238325 0.864320 0.861120 0.962125 0.956220 0.91012o.02

| 1O4A | 5

2 1 3 2 3 5

0.886250-27

CwH22 2, 6-Dimethyloctane CuH22O2 Undecoic acid CiiH24 n-Undecane CiZHwO2 Laurie acid CuH28 CuHi2O2 Ci6H32 Ct8H34 CnH36 Ci8H38 Ca)H42

n-Tridecane Benzyl benzoate § n-Pentadecane n-Hexadecane n-Heptadecane n-Octadecane n-Eicosane

'

0.744420 0.7673419-93 1.090025 1.042025 0.861620 0.88135o-i7 0.908715 0.722115 0.9623i°o 0.857Q20 1.009320 0.8884*5-05 0.877350.17 0.723920 0.888930 0.874150.15 0.745215 0.8744«.io 0.870750.26 0.77180 1.112125 '. 0.7761io 0.775718 0.776622.5 0.77702« O. 778Q36-7

Lit.

(35, 247, 281) (56, 156) ( 81 » 218, 276) 133 ( » 189, 220) ( 7 > is, "2) O 9 » 216) (76) (57)

5 (89, 18S) 0.5 ( 1 O*) 2 (189,208,245) 5 (189,213) 3 (71, 189, 219) (76) 5 5 3 3

( 37 » 12 S) (2, 128, 228) (22, 133,189) /-105,206) (76)

2

(64,133) (76)

10

(12S, 223) (76)

3

( 123 ) (ill) ( 12 3) ( 123 ) (123) (123) (123, 124)

3 2 3 3 3

* The equation of Thorpe ( 2 4 7 ) with rfj = 1.2018 reproduces the values of Perkin ( 18S ) and Patterson and Thomson ( 182 ) and is probably accurate to 0.001 or better from O to 30°. t It is possible that the values are more accurate than here indicated. Î Hartley, Thomas and Applebey ( 92 ) give a lower value and claim that higher values arise from presence of water, but Timmermans (252) attributes the lower values of well-purified products to presence of homologues. His own values were obtained with synthetic material. § No checks are available, but the material had the highest M. P. recorded and should be pure. LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) O) Ahlström and Aschan, 25, 39: 1441; 06. ( 2 ) Alluard, 13, 113: 150; 60. ( 3 ) Atkins and Wallace, 4, 103: 1461 ; 13. ( 4 ) Atkinson, Heycock and Pope, 4, 117: 1410; 20. ( 5 ) Auwers, 25, 45: 2764; 12. (*) Auwers, 13, 410: 257; 15. ( 7 ) Baker, 4, 101: 1409; 12. («) Baker, 4, 103: 1653; 13. ( 9 )Beekman, 70, 23: 225; 04. ( 1 0 ) Berthoud and Bruns, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland, O. (li) Bingham and Sarver, 1, 42: 2011; 20. O 2 ) Biron, 53, 40: 1609; 08. (l 3 ) Biron, 53, 42: 135; 10. O 4 ) Bloch, 7, 78: 385; 12. (is) Böeseken and Bastet, 70, 32: 184; 13. (l6) Bolle and Guye, 42, 3: 38; 05. (l 7) Bousfield and Lowry, 4, 99: 1432; 11. ( 18 ) Bramley, 4, 109: 10; 16. ( l 9 ) Bramley, 4, 109: 434; 16. (20) Brown, 5, 26: 238; 77. ( 2 I) Bruhl, 13, 203: 1; 80. ( 2 2 ) Bruhl, 13, 235: 1; 86. (23) Bruhl, 52, 50: 119; 94. ( 2 4 ) Bruhl, 7, 16: 193; 95. (25) Brunei, 1, 45: 1334; 23. (26) Brunei, Crenshaw and Tobin, 1, 43: 561; 21. (27) Bygden, 25, 48: 1236; 15. ( 2 S) Bygden, Thesis, Upsala, 16. ( 29 ) Campbell, 83, 11: 91; 15. (3°) Cari us, 52, 2:262; 70. ( 31 ) Carothers, /, 45: 1734; 23. ( 32 ) Chancel, 34, 99: 1053; 84. ( 33 ) Charrier, Callotti and Zappelli, 36, 52 II : 317; 22. ( 34 ) Chavanne and van Risseghem, 28, 31: 87; 22. ( 3 S ) Chavanne and Simon, 34, 168: 1111; 19. ( 36 ) Clarke, 1, 33: 520; 11. ( 37 ) Clarke, 1, 37: 2536; 15. ( 38 ) Clough and Johns, 45, 15: 1030; 23. ( 39 ) Cohen, Meester and Moesveld, 70, 42: 779; 23. <*0) Dasannacharya, 1, 46: 1627; 24. ( 4 I) De Pauw, Diss, Utrecht, 22. ( 4 2 ) Dittmar and Fawsitt, 174, 33: 509; 88. ( 43 ) Dobriner, 13, 243 : 1; 88. ( 4 4 ) Dobriner, 13, 243: 23; 88. ( 4 S) Dobroserdov, 53, 44: 679; 12. ( 4 *) Doroehevskii, 53, 41: 958; 09. ( 4 7 ) Doroshevskii, 53, 43: 46; 11. ( 48 ) Doroshevskii and Dvirzhanchik, 53, 40: 908; 08. ( 4 9 ) Dow Chemical Co., Midland, Mich., O. (SO) Drücker and Kassel, 7, 76: 367; 11. ( 5 1 ) Drücker and Moles, 7, 75: 405; 11. ( 5 2 ) Dunstan, 4, 107: 667; 15. ( 5 3 ) Dunstan, Hilditch and Thole,

4, 103: 133; 13. ( 54 ) Dunstan and Mussell, 4, 97: 1935; 10. ( 55 ) Dunstan, Thole and Hunt, 4, 91: 1728; 07. (56) Dutoit and Friederich, 27, 19: 321; 98. ( 5 7 ) Dutoit and Friederich, 149, 9: 105; 00. ( 58 ) Efremov, 53, 50: 364; 18. ( 59 ) Egerton and Lee, 5, 103: 487; 23. (60) Eijkman, 25, 25: 3069; 92. ( 6 I) Eijkman, 70, 12: 157; 93. ( 62 ) Eijkman, 70, 15: 52; 96. ( 63 ) Eijkman, Oeuvres Posth., p. 443. ( 6 4 ) Eisenlohr, 7, 75: 585; 11. ( 65 ) Elsässer, 13, 218: 302; 83. (66) Emmerling and Lengyel, 13, Supp. 7: 101; 70. ( 6 7 ) English and Turner, 4, 105: 1656; 14. ( 6 8 ) Ewins, 4, 105: 350; 14. ( 69 ) FaIk, 1, 31: 86; 09. (70) FaIk, 1, 31: 806; 09. (71) Faust, 7, 79: 97; 12. ( 7 2 ) Frankland and Barrow, 4, 105: 990; 14. ( 73 ) Frankland, Carter and Adams, 4, 101: 2470; 12. ( 7 4 ) Frankland and Garner, 4, 115: 636; 19. ( 7 S) Frankland and Turnbull, 4, 105: 456; 14. ( 7 6 ) Garner and Ryder, 4, 127: 720; 25. ( 7 7 ) Garner, Saxton and Parker, 11, 46: 236; 11. ( 78 ) Gartenmeister, 7, 6: 524; 90. ( 7 9 ) Gay, 16, 6: 36; 16. ( 8 0 ) Gerlach, 167, 38II : 2089; 85. ( 81 ) Getman, 11, 44:145; 10. ( 8 2 ) Getman, 11, 45: 539; 11. ( 83 ) Grinakovskii, 53, 45: 1210; 13. ( 8 4 ) Guye and Baud, 34, 132: 1553; 01. ( 8S ) Guye and Mallet, 149, 13: 274; 02. ( 8 6 ) Gyr, 25, 41: 4322; 08. ( 8 ?) HaU, 4, 123: 32; 23. ( 88 ) Hall, 4, 123: 105; 23. ( 89 ) Harkins, Clark and Roberts, 1, 42: 700; 20. ( 90 ) Harries, 25, 32: 1326; 99. ( 9 I) Harries, 13, 330: 185; 04. ( 9 2 ) Hartley, Thomas and Applebey, 4, 93: 538; 08. ( 9 3 ) Henry, 186, 1906: 732. ( 9 4 ) Hernquist, Diss., Upsala; 14. ( 9S ) Herz and Bloch, 7, 110: 23; 24. ( 9 6 ) Herz and Rathmann, 136, 36: 1417; 12. ( 9 7 ) Herz and Rathmann, 136, 37: 621; 13. ( 98 ) Hofmann, 25, 22: 699; 89. (") Holleman, 70, 23: 357; 04. (i°°) Holmes, 4, 103: 2147; 13. ( 101 ) Homfray and Guye, 42, <1: 505; 04. (i° 2 ) Jacobson and Neumeister, 25, 15: 599; 82. (i° 3 ) Jaeger, 93, 101: 1; 17. (i° 4 ) Jaeger and Dijkstra, 64P, 27: 403; 24. (ios) Jephcott, 4, 115: 104; 19. (i° 6 ) Jezewski, 165, 1921A: 110. (i° 7 ) Jungfleisch, 6, 15: 186; 68. (i° 8 ) Kahlbaum, 7, 26: 577; 98. (i° 9 ) Kailan, 91, 51: 81; 12. (n°) Karvonen, 175, 3A: No. 7; 12. ( H i ) Kendall and Monroe, 1, 43: 115; 21. (u 2 ) Kendall and Wright, 1, 42: 1776; 20. O 13 ) Kenyon, 4, 105: 2226; 14. ( i 1 4 ) Kenyon and McNicol, 4, 123: 14; 23. ( 11S ) Kenyon and Pickard, 4, 105: 2262; 14. ("«) Kenyon and Pickard, 4, 105: 2644; 14. (U 7 ) Kenyon and Pickard, 4, 107: 35; 15. (U*) Kenyon and Pickard, 4, 107: 115; 15. ( 119 ) Klason and Norlin, 167, 58 II: 173; 05-8. (120) Knops, 13, 248: 175; 88. («i) Körber, 8, 37: 1014; 12. O 2 2 ) Kopp, 13, 94: 257; 55. O 23 ) Krafft, 25, 15: 1687; 82. O 2 4 ) Krafft, 25, 19: 2218; 86. ( 12 S) Krasuskii, 53, 34: 287; 02. (126) Kremann, Weingast and Gugl, 57, 35: 1235; 14. O 2 7 ) Kuenen and Wisser, 168, No. 136: 13. 64V, 21: 22; 13. O 2 8 ) Kultasev, Diss., Dorpat, 15. (l 2 9 ) Kurnakov, Krotkov and Oksman, 53, 47: 558; 15. (l 30 ) Kurnakov, Perel'muter and Kanov, 169, 24: 399; 16. ( 131 ) Kurnakov and Zhemchuzhnui, 169, 18: 125; 12. ( i 3 2 ) Lambrette, Diss., Brussels, 23. 0 33 )Landoltand Jahn, 7, 10:289;92. ( t 3 4 ) Lebo, 1, 43: 1005; 21. O 3 *) Lieben and Rossi, 13, 159: 70; 71. O 36 ) Lievens, Diss., Brussels, O. O 3 7 ) Loomis, 7, 32: 578; 00. ( 138 ) Louguinine, 6, 11: 453; 67. ( 139 ) Lumsden, 4, 87: 90; 05. (I 4 O) Lumsden, 4, 91: 24; 07. O 4 I ) Maass and Boomer, 1, 44: 1709; 22. O 4 2 ) Maass and Mclntosh, 1, 36: 737; 14. (l 4 3 ) Maass and Wright, 1, 43: 1098; 21. ( 1 4 4 ) Mains, 33, 26: 779; 22. ( 14S ) Marshall, 4, 89: 1350; 06. O 4 6 ) Mathews and Faville, 50, 22: 1; 18. ( i 4 7 ) McCrae and Patterson, 4, 77: 1096; 00. ( 148 ) Mclntosh, 50, 11: 306; 07. ( 1 4 9 ) Merry and Turner, 4, 105: 748; 14. (ISO) Meyer and Mylius, 7, 95: 349; 20. ( 1 5 I) Mitchell and Smith, 4, 103: 489; 13. (l 5 2 ) Morgan, 1, 33: 672; 11. ( 153 ) Morgan and Chazal, /, 35: 1821; 13. ( 154 ) Morgan and Cramer, 1, 35: 1834; 13. ( 15S ) Morgan and Egloff, 1, 38: 844; 16. O 5 6 ) Morgan and Lammert, 1, 46: 881; 24. (is 7 ) Morgan and Stone, 1, 35: 1505; 13. ( 158 ) Müller, 7, 86: 177; 14. (159) Mussell, Thole and Dunstan, 4, 101: 1008; 12. (160) Naccari and Pagliani, 427, 6: 87; 82. ( 1 6 I) Nasini, 25, 15: 2878; 82. (162) Nasini and Bernheimer, 36, 13: 317; 83. ( 163 ) Nasini and Bresciani, 36, 43 II: 281; 13. (164) Nasini and Bresciani, 170, 9: 341; 13. (165) Norris and Green, 11, 26: 293; 01. ( 166 ) Osborne, McKelvy and Bearce, SlA, 9: 327; 13. ( 167 ) Ott, 13, 392: 245; 12. ( 168 ) Pascal, 34, 156: 1904; 13. ( 169 ) Patterson, 4, 79: 167; 01. (i 70 ) Patterson, 4, 85: 765; 04. O 7 I ) Patterson, 4, 85: 1116; 04. ( 1 7 2 ) Patterson, 4, 93: 1836; 08. O 7 3 ) Patterson, 4, 103: 145; 13. O 7 4 ) Patterson, 4, 109: 1139; 16. ( 1 7 S ) Patterson and Davidson, 4, 101: 374; 12. ( 1 7 6 ) Patterson and Forsyth, 4, 103: 2263; 13. ( 1 7 7 ) Patterson and MacDonald, 4, 93: 936; 08. ( 178 ) Patterson and Moudgill, 68, 39: 18; 18. ( 1 7 9 ) Patterson and Patterson, 4, 107: 142; 15. (18°) Patterson and Pollock, 4, 105: 2322; 14. (lsl) Patterson and Taylor, 4, 87: 33; 05. ( 182 ) Patterson and Thomson, 4, 93: 355; 08. O 8 3 ) Perkin, 4, 45: 421; 84. O 8 4 ) Perkin, 4, 51: 808; 87. (18S) Perkin, ^, 55: 680; 89. O 8 6 ) Perkin, 4, 61: 800; 92. ( i 8 7 ) Perkin, 4, 63: 488; 93. (188) Perkin, 4, 65: 402; 94. O 8 9 ) Perkin, 4, 69: 1025; 96. (I 9 O) Perkin, 4, Bl : 292; 02. O 9 1 ) Petterson, 52, 24: 293; 81. (^ 2 ) Phillips, 4, 123: 22; 23. ( 193 ) Pickard, Hunter, Lewcock and de Pennington, 4, 117: 1248; 20. ( 1 9 4 ) Pickard and Kenyon, 4, 99: 45; 11. (I 9 S) Pickard

and Kenyon, 4, 101: 620; 12. (i 9 «) Pickard and Kenyon, 4, 101: 1427; 12. ( 197 ) Pickard and Kenyon, 4, 103: 1923; 13. ( 198 ) Pickard and Kenyon, 4, 105: 830; 14. ( 199 ) Pickard and Kenyon, 4, 105: 1115; 14. (200) Pickard, Kenyon and Hunter, 4, 123: 1; 23. ( 201 ) Pickard and Littlebury, 4, 101: 109; 12. ( 2 °2) Pictet, 167, 35: 854; 82. ( 203 ) Pierre and Puchot, 6, 22: 234; 71. ( 2 0 4 ) Pierre and Puchot, 13, 163: 253; 72. ( 2 0 5 ) Polowzow, 7, 75: 513; 11. ( 2 0 6 ) Pribram and Glücksmann, 67,18: 303; 97. (207) prjce> ^ no; IUQ- 19. (208) Prilezhaev, öS, 42: 1387; 10. ( 2 0 9 ) Purdie and Irvine, 4, 79: 957; 01. ( 21 °) Ramsay and Young, 4, 49: 790; 86. ( 211 ) Rayman, D/ss., Budapest, 06. ( 212 ) Read and Hook, 4, 117: 1214; 20. ( 213 ) Reid, 172, 25: 423; 12. ( 2 1 4 ) Reilly and Ralph, 117, 15: 597; 19. ( 215 ) Richards and Barry, I, 37: 993; 15. ( 216 ) Richards and Carver, I, 43: 827; 21. ( 2 1 7 ) Richards and Coombs, l, 3 : 1656; 15. ( 218 ) Richards and Mathews, l, 30: 8; 08. ( 219 ) Richards and Shipley, I, 38: 989; 16. ( 22 °) Richards, Stull, Mathews and Speyers, l, 34: 971; 12. ( 2 2 1 ) Riiber, 9, 29: 334; 23. ( 2 2 2 ) Ronalds, 4, 18: 54; 65. ( 2 2 3 ) Ross and Leather, 173, 31: 284; 06. ( 2 2 4 ) Ruttan, 172, 25: 431; 12. ( 2 2 5 ) Sabatier and Mailhe, 34, 140: 350; 05. ( 2 2 6 ) Scheij, 70, 18: 169; 99. ( 2 2 7 ) Schenck and Kintzinger, 70, 42: 759; 23. ( 2 2 8 ) Scheuer, 7, 72: 513; 10. ( 2 2 9 ) Schiff, 13, 220: 71; 83. (230) schiff, 13, 223: 247; 84. ( 2 3 I) Schreiner, 93, 122: 201; 22. ( 232 ) Schwere, 186, 1908: 814. ( 233 ) Schwere, 42, 9: 15; 11. ( 2 3 4 ) Schwere, 4, 99: 1478; 11. ( 23S ) Schwere, 22, 20 II: 398; 11. ( 2 3 6 ) Schwere, 4, 101: 1889; 12. ( 237 ) Seubert, 25, 22: 2519; 89. ( 2 3 8 ) Shorthose, B40. ( 239 ) Squibb, 1,17: 187; 95.

( 24 °) Sugden, 4,. 125: 1177; 24. ( 2 4 1 ) Sugden, Reed and Williams, 4, 127: 1525; 25. ( 2 4 2 ) Sugden and Wilkins, 4, 127: 2517; 25. ( 2 4 3 ) Sugden and Whittaker, 4, 127: 1868; 25. ( 2 4 4 ) Taylor and Smith, 1,44: 2450; 22. ( 2 4 5 ) Thole, 7, 74: 683; 10. ( 2 4 6 ) Thole, 4, 103: 317; 13. ( 2 4 7 ) Thorpe, 4, 37: 141; 80. ( 2 4 8 ) Thorpe and Jones, 4, 63: 273; 93. ( 2 4 9 ) Thorpe and Rodger, 62, 185A: 397; 94. (250) Timmermans, 28, 24: 244; 10. ( 251 ) Timmermans, 28, 25: 300; 11. ( 2 S 2 ) Timmermans, 117, 13: 310; 12. ( 253 ) Timmermans, 186, 32: 299; 23. ( 254 ) Timmermans and Martin, University of Brussels, Belgium, O. (255) Tromp, 70, 41: 278; 22. ( 2 5 6 ) Turner and Merry, 4, 97: 2069: 10. (257) Tyrer, 4, 105: 2534; 14. ( 258 ) Veley, 5B, 82: 217; 10. ( 259 ) Vespignani, 36, 331: 76; 03. (260) Vincent and Delachanal, 27, 31: 11; 79. ( 261 ) Wade and Merriman, 4, 101: 2429; 12. ( 262 ) Waiden 7, 20: 569; 96. 263 ) Waiden, 7, 55: 1; 06. ( 2 ^ 4 ) Waiden, 7, 65: 207; 06. ( 2 6 5 ) Waiden, 7, 59: 385; 07. ( 266 ) Waiden, 7, 65: 129; 08. ( 2 6 7 ) Waiden, 7, 75: 555; 11. ( 2 6 8 ) Waiden and Swinne, 7, 69: 700; 12. (269) Waiden and Swinne, 7, 82: 271; 13. (270) Wallace and Atkins, 4, 101: 1958; 12. ( 2 7 1 ) Weger, 13, 221: 61; 83. (272) Wiens, 13, 253: 289; 89. ( 2 7 3 ) Wilkinson and Wernland, l, 42: 1382; 20. ( 2 7 4 ) Williams, l, 47: 2644; 25. ( 2 7 5 ) Winkler, 26, 38: 3612; 05/ (276) Winther, 7, 41: 161; 02. ( 2 7 7 ) Wood, Such and Scarf 4, 123: 600; 23. ( 278 ) Young, 4, 55: 486; 89. ( 2 7 9 ) Young, 4, 59: 911; 91. (280) Young, 8, 33: 153; 92. ( 281 ) Young, 117, 12: 374; 10. ( 2 8 2 ) Young and Fortey, 4, 77: 1126; 00. ( 283 ) Young and Fortey, 4, 81: 717; 02. ( 284 ) Young and Fortey, 4, 83: 45; 03. ( 28S ) Young and Thomas, 4, 63: 1191; 93. ( 2 8 6 ) Zawidzki, 136, 30: 299; 06. ( 2 8 7 ) Zoubov, 53, 30: 926; 98.

THE LIQUID (INCLUDING VITREOUS) STATE UNDER PRESSURES HIGHER THAN ATMOSPHERIC. (DENSITY, THERMAL EXPANSION AND COMPRESSIBILITY) Louis AND JEAN DECOMBE Except as otherwise noted below, the tables in this section constitute a complete index of substances for this subject. Abbreviations and Units.—The quantity recorded in the follow— 10 6 /dV\ ing tables, except as otherwise noted, is ß = y ( — Lo r = 10« /Vi - F \

i —2 i according as a single pressure or a pressure range Vi \ p* — pi /T' is given. The pressure unit is the megabarye. (C/. Vol. I, p. 34, "barye.") To convert megabaryes || To convert "per megabarye" Multiply Multiply by 0.987 14.50 1.019?

Toatm To lb./in.2 To kg/cm 2

by To per atm 1.013 To per (lb./in.2) .. . 0.0689 To per (kg/cm 2 )... 0.9806

(T-TABLE, CARBON COMPOUNDS CCl4, Carbon tetrachloride, cf. Tables 5 and 9 Pi, P2 t, 0C megaß baryes 1-100 90 100-200 88 20° (23) 200-300 82 300-400 74 4QQ 5QQ W 29.4 99

24.6» (10)

For metallic elements, v. p. 46 VALUES OF ß AT 20° (23) Pl, p2

1 0-100 |100-2QO|200-300|300-40Q|400-5QO (62s) t 57 ~ 5 4 5 1 49 (116) (108) (100) (89) (83)

Br Cl*

* Estimated; not directly measured,

f Extrapolated.

Substance H2O H2SO4, coned NH3 HNO3, dl = 1.403. PCl3 CO2

| t, 0C | pi, p>2 \ ß \ Lit. v. page 40. 12.6 1-163 co. 33 (l) 12.6 1-224 ca. 37 (l) O 1-32 ca. 35 (9) v. page 40. v. Tables 1 and 2, p. 37, 38.

yo

98.1

oo

-« Q/% f\

294.3 392.4

79 73

('<>)

400^500 g^gg

(4 } 4°5 *

f*

300-500 100-500

41 43

* Extrapolated.

CHCl3, Chloroform, v. also Table 5 1-100 (93)* 100-200 88 20° (23) 200-300 79 300-400 72 400-500 (67)*

91.5 QO

294!3 77 ^4 72 490.5 588.6

62

CS2, v. p. 41 CHBr3, Bromoform 1-100 (5O)* 100-200 47 20° (23) 200-300 43

20° (22)

24.6°

67

CO2, v. Tables 1 and 2

VALUES OF ß BETWEEN 1 AND 14 700 MEGABARYES ( 7 ) H, ß > 31 at -260°; He, ß> 38 at -271.6°; N, ß > 15 at -205°. A-TABLE, INORGANIC COMPOUNDS

ô. i 190.2

fO-5 588 6 -

A-TABLE, NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS

CHCl 3 .—(Contd). p ^2 t, 0C megaß baryes 100-300 83~ 20° (22) 300-500 70 100-500 76 100° [B. P. 8-9 208 60°] (2) 19-36 203 25° (H) I 1-6 |1Q5 ^-^

66 61

«Extrapolated.

CH3I, Methyl iodide, ». Table 5 CH8NO2, Nitromethane (13) ^ï ^ ^ 5 24.85° 1-9.1 71 CH4O, Methyl alcohol, , p. C2C^, Tetrachloroethylene 10° 58 5

]

Ï^S

69~~

- ° (14) 1 ^-S 93 98° J 1-5.3 123 C2H4, Ethylene, v. Table 2 C2H4Br2, Ethylene bromide ( 55 10° i_5. 3 64o ( i4) 76 [ 96 100°

02U4Br2.—(Continued) t, 0C

20° (23)

Pij P* megabaryes 100-300 300-500 100-500

ß 54~ 49 52

0° (1O)

100-300 67.5 300-500 58 100-500 63 29.4 76 98.1 71 196.2 66 294.3 61.5 392.4 58 490.5 55 588.6 52.5

14.9°

C4H8O2, Propyl formate 100-300 87 20° (22) 300-500 72 100-500 79.5 C4Hi0O, n-Butyl alcohol '

I ((24) ;

17.4° j

C2H5Br, Ethyl bromide, v. p. 41

megaß baryes I 1-10.1 I 22

C4H8O2, Ethyl acetate, cf. Table 5 100-300 90 20° (22) 300-500 75 100-500 83 B. P. = 72° Ì 13.3° [(2)8.2-37.9 103 99.6 0 J 8.2-37.6 247

3 050

C2H4O2, Acetic acid, v. Table 5

i, 0C

PlJ Pi

0

t, C

C2H4Cl2, Ethylene chloride, cf. also Table 5 10°\ fl4. . - „ I 07 1-5.3 I 11Q 76 o}(") 20° (22)

CoHioO2, Valeric acid

C3H8O3, Glycerol d\l'b = 1.245 (i?)

20° (22)

I

1 1-81/ 1

82

^ - I 89 100-300 76.5 300-500 64 100-500 70

C2H6Cl, Ethyl chloride, v. p. 41

C4Hi0O, Isobutyl alcohol, v. p. 42

C2H5I, Ethyl iodide, v. p. 41

C 4 Hi 0 O, ieri.-Butyl alcohol 100-300 89 20° (22) 300-500 70 100-500 80 C 4 Hi 0 O, Ethyl ether, v. p. 42

C2H5NO3, Ethyl nitrate (») 0° I 1-24 |co. 71 C2H6O, Ethyl alcohol, v. p. 41 C2H6O2, Glycol

20° (22)

100-300 300-500 100-500

34 32 33

C3H6O, Allyl alcohol, cf. Table 3 1- 507 68 507-1013 50 9.6° (3) 1013-1520 42 1520-2026 36 2026-2533 31 C3H6O, Acetone, v. p. 42 C3H6O2, Methyl acetate, cf. also Table 5 B. P. 58° Ì 14.3° (2) 8.2-38 95.5 99.7 0 J 8.4-37.5247 100-300 87.5 20° (22) 300-500 73 100-500 80 C3H8O, n-Propyl alcohol, v. p. 42 C3H8O, Isopropyl alcohol (24) 5.65° 1-8.1 94 17.85° 1-8.1 102

C6HiQ, Isoamylene (25) 16.7° 0.4-18.2168 34.7° 0.2-18.2206.5 C5H10O, Diethyl ketone 100-300 84 20° (21) 300-500 70 100-500 77 C 5 Hi 0 O 2 , Isobutyl formate 100-30086~~ 20° (22) 300-500 72 100-500 79 C5H10O2, Ethyl propionate 100-30087^5 20° (22) 300-500 72.5 100-500 80 C 5 HiQO 2 , Methyl n-butyrate 1 0 O I (14) 62 0 J ^ j

88 1-53/ 0 ^ j 132 100-300 84 20° (22) 300-500 70 100-500 77 C6HioO2, Methyl isobutyrate 100-30089~" 20° (22) 300-500 74 100-500 81

20° (22)

Pli PÎ

megabaryes 100-300 300-500 100-500

ß 77~~ 64 70.5

C6H12, Pentane B. P. 30-35° (2) 13.1° 9-26 177 13.1° 9-37.5 170 99.4° 9-13.5 532 99.4° 9-38 522 C6Hi2, Isopentane, v. Tables 4 and 5 C5Hi2O, Amyl alcohol, v. p. 42 C6Hi2O, Isoamyl alcohol 100-30084 20° (22) 300-500 69.5 100-500 77 C6H6Br, Bromobenzene, v. Table 9 C6H5Cl, Chlorobenzene, v. also Tables 5 and 9 13.3° } ( 66 35.4° [(25) 0.4-18.2 j 76 0 100.4 J [ 126 C6H6F, Fluorobenzene 13.9°] f 87 35.4° 1(28) 0.4-18.2J 101 99.7° J [ 187 C6H5NO2, Nitrobenzene, v. Table 5 C6H6, Benzene, cf. also Table 5 0° (9) I 1-26 \ca. 72 6

°

I (24)

17.9 0 J ( ) 12.9°] 34.9° [(25) 99.9 0 J 99.3° (2)

1-8 (

82

1 90.5 0.4-18 86 2-18 99 4.5-19 187 8-38 1185 100-300 78 20° (20, 21) 300-500 66.5 100-500 72 1-51 96 1-101 94 ( } 1-253 90 1-507 77 29.4 91 98.1 85 196.2 79 24.6° (10) 294.3 73.5 392.4 68 490.5 63 588.6 60 C6H7N, Aniline, cf. also Table 5 !7-950I f 44 24.74 0 J ^ } \ 45

C6Hi0O, Cyclohexanone Pi» P« t, 0C megaß baryes 100-300 58~~ 20° (21) 300-500 51 100-500 54 C6Hi0O4, Ethyl oxalate, v. Table 5 C6Hi2, Cyclohexane, cf. also Table 5 20° (21) I 100-200 I 93 C6Hi2O, Cyclohexanol 34°16°}(21)100-30°{

Z

C6Hi2O2, Isoamyl formate 100-300 80 20° (22) 300-500 68 100-500 74 C6Hi2O2, Isobntyl acetate 100-300 8Ï~~ 20° (22) 300-500 72 100-500 I 80 C6Hi2O2, Ethyl n-butyrate 100-300 85 20° (22) 300-500 71 100-500 78 10° ) f 92 62.5° [(14) 1-5.3J 134 97° J { 182.5 C6Hi2O2, Ethyl isobutyrate 100-300 90 20° (23) 300-500 75 100-500 82 C 6 Hi 2 O 2 , Methyl n-valerate 10° ) (90 63° [(14) 1-5.3] 132 IQO 0 J ( 181 C6Hi2O2, Methyl isovalerate 100-300 i 84 20° (22) 300-500 70 100-500 I 77 C 6 Hi 2 O 3 , Paraldehyde 12.13 0 I n ,. ( 81 17.91°/(13) 1 ^- 1 J 87 C6Hi4, B. P., 66-72° 13°i, 2 v 99° JU B. P., 68° 23° (5) 20° (22) ; cf. (2» 5)

Hexane 9-38 141 8.6-38 |351

f-1 1157 100-300 117.5 300-500 91 100-500 104

C6Hi4, Isohexane 100-300 119 20° (22) 300-500 93 100-500 106

C7H8, Toluene, cf. also Tables 5 and 7 t, 0C

U F 66° [ (14) 10O0J 0° 0° (20) 20° (21)

C7Hi6, Heptane B. P. = 90-94°

Pi9 Pz megabaryes

ß

) ( 7 8 1-5.3J 113 1 148.5 100-300 66 300-500 58 100-300 74 300-500 64 100-500 69

C7UsO, Benzyl alcohol 17.850I1 f 46 25.02°/() * 9 ^ 1 I 47 100-300 43 20° (22) 300-500 38 100-500 41 C7H8O, Phenyl methyl ether, anisole 1 1 . 8 7 0 I n , , ! n i / 60 1 17.95°f ( 1 3 ) ^- 1 J 62 C7H8O, o-Cresol 100-300 20° (22) 300-500 100-500

44 42 43

C7H8O, m-Cresol 100-300 20° (22) 300-500 100-500

45.5 41.5 43.5

17 780 JC") 25.29° J ( )

1-91/ 49 1 50

C7H8O, p-Cresol 100-300 44 20° (22) 300-500 42 100-500 I 43 C7H9N, Methylaniline 100-300 i 45 20° (22) 300-500 40.5 100-500 43 C7H9N, o-Toluidine 100-300 44 20° (22) 300-500 39 100-500 41 C7H9N, w-Toluidine 100-300 45 20° (22) 300-500 41 100-500 43 C7H9N, p-Toluidine, v. Table 8 C7H12O4, Ethyl malonate, v. Table 5 C7Hi4O2, Ethyl valerate 10° 1 (94.5 62.5°} (14) 1-5.3 137 100° J [ 180

t, 0C

Pi9 P* megaß baryes ° Ì f 1 2 0 8 38 " i 266

1 3 . 8 99.5°} (2) B. P. = 93° 23° (5) I ca. 0.07-11132 C8Hi0, Ethylbenzene, v. also Table 9 100-300 71 20° (21) 300-500 61 100-500 66

17 89 - °1(13) 1i_9 1i / 81 25.28 0 J ( } ^ - I 84.5 C8Hi0, Xylene, v. Tables 5, 6J C8HnN, Dimethylaniline 100-300 52 20° (22) 300-500 45 100-500 48 C8HnN, Ethy!aniline 100-300 50 20° (22) 300-500 45 100-500 47 C8HiBO2, Butyl butyrate UFl ( 89 63° (14) 1-5.3] 128 100° J [ 168 C8Hi8, Octane 100-300 97.5 20° (22) 300-500 78 100-500 88 23° (5) co. 0.07-1J120* C8H18, 2, 5-Dimethylhexane 100-300 105 20° (22) 300-500 84.5 100-500 95 C8H18, 2-Methylheptane 100-300 101 20° (22) 300-500 82 100-500 91 C8Hi8, 3, 4-Dimethylhexane 100-30094~I 20° (22) 300-500 74 100-500 84 C8Hi8, 3-Ethylhexane 100-300 96 20° (22) 300-500 78 100-500 87 C9Hi2, n-Propylbenzene 100-300 69.7 20° (21) 300-500 60.1 100-500 64.9 C9Hi2, Isopropylbenzene 100-300 70.3 20° (21) 300-500 60.4 100-500 65.4 *B. P. = 117°.

C9Hi2, Cumene/y. Table 7

CioH2o02, Amyl valerate

C9Hi2, Pseudocumene, v. also Table 9 t, 0C

20° (21)

Pi, Pz megabaryes 100-300 300-500 ] 100-500

t, 0C • 10° ) 62.7° (14) 99° J

ß 64 56 60

C9Hi2, Mesitylene 100-300 67~~ 20° (21) 300-500 58 100-500 63 C9Hi8Og, Butyl valerate 1 0 ° Ì ( 9 1 63.5° [ (14) 1-5.3] 128.5 100° J U171 C9Hi8O 2, Amyl butyrate ""70° Ï 85~~ 63.5° [(14) 1-5.3 121 97° J 155 C9H2o, Nonane B. P. = 137° (5) 23° \ca. 0.07-1|111 C9H2Q, 2, 4-Dimethylheptane 100-300 96 20° (21) 300-500 79 100-500 87 C9H2O, 2, 5-Dimethy!heptane 100-30095~~ 20° (21) 300-500 77 100-500 86 Ci 0 Hi 4 , tert.-Buty!benzene \ 1 0 0 - 3 0 0 6 8 ~ ~ 20° (21) 300-500 59 100-500 63 Ci0Hi4O, Thymol, v. Table 8 CioHisN, Diethylaniline 100-300 54 20° (22) 300-500 47.5 100-500 51

TABLE 1.-CO2.

Pit P* megabaryes

ß

f

1-5.3

87 120 [ 154

Ci0H20O2, Capric acid, v. Table 8 Ci0H22, Decane B. P. = 160° (5) 23° ca. 0.07-1|104 CnHi 4 O 2 , Butyl benzoate 1(Fi ( 58 64° [(14) 1-5.3] 79 IQO 0 J [ 97 CnH24, Undecane B. P. = 181° (5) 23° |co. 0.07-11 96 Ci 2 HnN, Diphenylamine, v. Table 8 C12Hi6O2, Isoainyl benzoate 1 0 ° f5 7 65° (14) 1-5.3] 76.5 IQO 0 J [ 91 Ci2H2B, Dodecane B. P. = 199° (5) 23° \ca. 0.07-11 90.5 Ci3H28, Tridecane B. P. =. 219° (5) 23° ca. 0.07-1I 86 Ci4H30, Tetradecane B. P. = 238° (S)" 23° |ca. 0.05-11 82 CiOH32, Pentadecane B. P. = 260° (5) 23° \ca. 0.07-1 78 Ci6H32O2, Palmitic acid, v. Table 8 Ci6H34, Hexadecane B. P. = 280° (5) 23° ca. 0.07-1I 74

— in 6 /AV\ VALUES OF ß = -~- (—-} (16) v. also Table 2

^ \ ^ -37 -30 -20 -10

13.8220 14.5 20.7 27.6 35.9 41.4 44.8 55.2 56.55 63.45 69 75.9 82.8 89.7 96.6

O

+5

10

15

20

25

30

305 290

550 490

900

275

400

680

260

340

520

1 050 1 400 1 730 8301 1201 5002 360 4 060 245

290

400

650

5 940 900 1 190 1 740 2 900 5 070

230

260

320

540

720

215

230

290

430

570

16 500 940127019303200 7400 4 900 730 910 1 200 1 740 2 750

TABLE 2.—VALUES OF pv The volume unit is the volume of the gaseous substance at 0° and 1 atm. (4)

p, atm. 1 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 275 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 . 650 700 750 800 850 900 950 1000

I I

0° 1.0000 0.1050 0.1530 0.2020 0.2490 0.2950 0.3405 0.3850 0.4305 0.4740 0.5170 0.5595 0.6445 0.7280 0.8090 0.8905 0.9700 1.0495 1.1275 1.2055 1.2815 1.3580 1.4340 1.5090 1.5830 1.6560

CO2, v. also Table 1 10° I 20° | 30° 0.1145 0.1630 0.2130 0.2620 0.3090 0.3550 0.4010 0.4455 0.4900 0.5340 0.5775 0.6640 0.7475 0.8310 0.9130 0.9935 1.0730 1.1530 1.2320 1.3105 1.3870 1.4625 1.5385 1.6115 1.6850

0.1800 0.2285 0.2785 0.3260 0.3725 0.4190 0.4655 0.5100 0.5545 0.5985 0.6850 0.7710 0.8550 0.9380 1.0200 1.0995 1.1800 1.2590 1.3395 1.4170 1.4935 1.5685 1.6430 1.7160

0.2190 0.2550 0.3000 0.3460 0.3930 0.4400 0.4875 0.5335 0.5775 0.6225 0.7090 0.7950 0.8800 0.9630 1.0465 1.1275 1.2075 1.2890 1.3700 1.4475 1.5245 1.6000 1.6740 1.7480

|| C2H4 || 0° 1.0000 0.1755 0.2425 0.3100 0.3750 0.4405 0.5040 0.5650 0.6270 0.6870 0.8055 0.9229 1.03651.1465 1.2555 1.3640 1.4725 1.5785 1.6835 1.7865 1.8880 1.9900 2.0905 2.1900 2.2890

CO2 P1 atm. I

Ij

O5 35 37 50

C2H4, Ethylene pv

pv P>atm

'

0.0750 0.0790 0.1050

4i 42 43 44 46 47 48 49 so 52

10

°

45

0.1050 0.1145

50 20

°

57 60

0.1480 0.1520 30

°

71 72 74 75 78 80

0.2300 0.2230 0.2190 0.2190 0.2205 0.2225

Q° 0.1610 0.1570 0.1580 0.1600 0.1645 0.1695 0.1755 0.1810

56

60 75 go 100

0.2025 0.2425 0.2565 0.3100

I

5°

0.1890 0.1850 0.1855 0.1875 0.1900 0.1945 0.2050 0.2145 0.2535

TABLE 3.—CsHeO, ALLYL ALCOHOL Volume of the liquid in terms of its volume at 0° and 1 atm. taken as unity ( 4 ) p, atm. 1 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400

I 9.60° | 1.0097 1.0015 0.9941 0.9872 0.9808 0.9748 0.9692 0.9638 0.9588 0.9543 0.9499 0.9455 0.9412 0.9372 0.9334

35.45° || 1.0371

1.0031 0.9962 0.9898 0.9837 0.9779 0.9725 0.9674 0.9625 0.9579 0.9535 0.9494

p, atm. 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100 2200 2300 2400 2500 2600 2700 2800

| 9.60° | 35.45° 0.9296 0.9454 0.9260 0.9415 0.9225 0.9378 0.9192 0.9342 0.9159 0.9307 0.9128 0.9273 0.9097 0.9241 0.9068 0.9209 0.9039 0.9178 0.9011 0.9147 0.8984 0,9118 0.8957 0.9090 0.8931 0.9063 0.9036

TABLE 4.—C5Hi2, ISOPENTANE Values of the specific volume (cm3/g) at t, 0C and p megabaryes ( 27 ); v. Table 5 ^7^-\^

V

¥

16

Ï Ô 1 . 5 8 7 1 1.5854 1.5838 15.6 1.6012 1.5994 1.5976 30 1.6388 1.6366 1.6344 40 1.6681 1.6655 1.6630 50 1.6984 1.6953 1,6924 60 1.7312 1.7277 1.7244 70 1.7666 1.7625 1.7585 80 1.8038 1.7992 1.7948 90 1.8477 1.8420 1.8364 100 1.8896 1.8825 110 1.9417 1.9334 120 2.0037 1.9922 130 2.0630 140 2.1512 150 160 170 180 185 187.8 I (Critical point) |

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¥

32

1.5820 1.5959 '1.6322 1.6605 1.6896 1.7210 1.7547 1.7904 1.8309 1.8760 1.9253 1.9815 2.0485 2.1290 2.2317

1.5806 1.5941 1.6300 1.6581 1.6868 1.7179 1.7510 1.7861 1.8255 1.8695 1.9176 1.9713 2.0350 2.1105 2.2035 2.3285 2.5252

1.5790 1.5923 1.6280 1.6556 1.6841 1.7148 1.7474 1.7820 1.8203 1.8634 1.9102 1.9615 2.0230 2.0940 2.1782 2.2900 2.4485 2.7230 3.1830

H*

^

48

•*$*

H4

64

^

H4

1.5773 1.5757 1.5742 1.5726 1.5711 1.5696 1.5682 1.5667 1.5906 1.5889 1.5872 1.5856 1.5839 1.5821 1.5806 1.5791 1.6260 1.6240 1.6220 1.6202 1.6184 1.6166 1.6149 1.6131 1.6533 1.6510 1.6487 1.6465 1.6444 1.6423 1.6402 1.6382 1.6814 1.6788 1.6763 1.6739 1.6715 1.6691 1.6668 1.6645 1.7116 1.7086 1.7057 1.7027 1.6999 1.6971 1.6944 1.6916 1.7440 1.7405 1.7372 1.7339 1.7306 1.7275 1.7244 1.7212 1.7780 1.7740 1.7700 1.7663 1.7625 1.7589 1.7552 1.7516 1.8154 1.8106 1.8060 1.8014 1.7974 1.7934 1.7893 1.7749 1.8576 1.8516 1.8460 1.8406 1.8356 1.8306 1.8256 1.8008 1.9029 1.8961 1.8895 1.8830 1.8771 1.8710 1.8652 1.8596 1.9527 1.9445 1.9365 1.9287 1.9215 1.9150 1.9083 1.9015 2.0115 2.0005 1.9910 1.9810 1.9715 1.9630 1.9540 1.9463 2.0787 2.0650 2.0520 2.0405 2.0287 2.0185 2.0085 1.9987 2.1565 2.1385 2.1210 2.1050 2.0912 2.0780 2.0655 2.0537 2.2575 2.2305 2.2062 2.1852 2.1657 2.1485 2.1322 2.1180 2.3882 2.3450 2.3080 2.2777 2.2512 2.2270 2.2057 2.1872 2.5835 2.5005 2.4405 2.3985 2.3550 2.3245 2.7345 2.6050 2.5270 2.4645 2.4165 2.8585 2.6770 2.5790 2.5075 2.4550 2.4115 2.3745 2.3445

TABLE 5.—ADIABATIC COEFFICIENT In this table is recorded the mean adiabatic coefficient [a = —y— ( — Ì

between 1 and 2 megabaryes, together with the —W*/&V\ 1 ß = y ( A / thermodynamically

[

computed therefrom ( 12 > 26 ). PfM P1*4' CHCl3, C2H4Cl2, t, 26°c têt™ Chlor°- Ethylene t / -j form chloride v( J) chloride

a \ ß O 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

62 67 72 78 84 92 100 108 I

90 97 105 113 122 132 145 158

a I ß

C2H4O2, Acetic acid

<* \ ß

58 85 62 92 67 100 73 109 79.5118 86 129 93.5141

48 51 55 59 64 69 75 81 89

<* \

69 74 80 86 92.5 100 108 118 128

C4H8O2, Eth l y acetate

ß

*

\ ß

69 95 72* 87.5* 75 104 75 91 82 113 80.5 97 90 124 86 104 99 135 93 111 108 148 100 119 118.5162 107 128 132 179 115 137

*At 150C.

/°C > (26) O 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

C6H6Cl, Chloro, benzene

C6H6NO2, r _. Nitro' C
p-, Î1*8' Toluene

r TT * 0 ^?1* w-Xylene

• a \ ß

a \

a I 0

<* \ ß

49 66 52 70 55 74 59 79 63 84 67 89 72 95 77 101 82 108

36 38 40 43 45 48 50

ß 44 47 49 52 55 55

<* I ß 55 60 65 71 77 84 92 101 110

81 58 78 57 74 87 62 84 61 79.5 94.5 67 90 65 85 102 71.5 96 69 90 110 77 103 74.5 96 119 83 111 80 103 128 90 120 86 110 141 97 129.5 92 118 154.5 v. also 99 126 Table 7

* v. also Tables 6 and 7.

C6H7N, Aniline (26) I

ß

|

53 56 60 63 67

t, 0C I

«

I

ß

CH3I, Methyl iodide («)

^-J

C3H6O2, Methyl acetate (12)

n ^ ^*

JJ fi^ JjJ

„ . . 7 rp K1 . C5_ Hi2, TIsopentane, v. also Table 4.

0.4 ^ 3

C6Hi0O4, Ethyl oxalate

22 '7

49 ^

25 09 24 ' g

83 48

O 10 20 30 40

I

«

I

32.5 34 36 38 40 I

ß

t, 0C

42 45 47 50 53

*, °C

Il

41 43 45 48 50

\

O 8

C6Hi2, Cyclohexane C7Hi2O4, Ethyl malonate

"I

50 60 70 80 90

f <

a

134

lßg

AQ

^ 178

222 ß

65 74

110

5ß g

TABLE 6.—C8Hi0, XYLENE. ß AT 20° (22) v. Tables 5 and 7 m Pi, Pi I QI I 100-300 66 69.5 300-500 57 60 100-500 61 65

P72 62 67

TABLE 7.— ß = ßQ (1 + a* + bi2); O TO 10O0C; 1-4 MEGABARYES

( 18 ) Toluene Xylene Cumene

I

fr I a I b 76 0.00657 0.04174 72.4 0.00220 0.04644 71. e 0.00253 0.04521

TABLE 8.—VALUES OF ß (6) \~ f ^\^^ Pit 7>2 ^^-^ 20-101 20-203 20-304 20-405

C7H9N, p-Toluidine. M. P. =43°; B. P. = 198° 28 I 65 I 100 I 185 | 310 55 66 80 132 360 55 64 79 125 312 55 63 78 118 266 54 61 I 77 111 223

\~ ? ^"\^^ Pi, p« ^^^ 20-101 20-203 20-304 20-405

Ci0H14O, Thymol. M. P. = 53.5°; B. P. = 233° 28 I 64 I 100 I 185 | 310 65 74 95 151 402 62 70 89 142 334 59 67 84 133 295 56 64 79 125 263

\~ F ^\^^ Pi, P2 ^^^^ 20-101 20-203 20-304 20-405

C10H20O2, Capric acid. M. P. = 30°; B. P. = 269° 30 I 65 I 100 I 185 72 90 112 184 70 86 106.5 173 68.5 83 101 161 67 81 96_ 149

\~ ë ^"\^^ Pi, P2 ^"^^ 0-101 0-203 0-304 0-405 0-506.5

Ci2HnN, Diphenylamine. M. P. = 54°; B. P. = 310° ~65 I 100 I 185 I 310 61 63 108 199 60 62 102 187 58 62 97 174 57 61 91 161 56 I 60 86 148

:

^Z~ ? ^""\^^^ Pi> Pz ^"^^ 20-101 20-203 20-304 20-405

C16H32O2, Palmitic acid. M. P. = 62°; B. P. = 350° 100 I 185 98 150 94 142 90 135 87 127

TABLE 9.—COMPRESSIBILITIES ACCORDING TO BIRON ( 6 - 5 ) v = a + j—r—, at O0C. Pressure unit, the atm. Volume unit = v at O0C and zero pressure. Author estimates error <0.0001. Formula | Name | a | b | c | pi, pz CCl4 Carbon tetrachloride. . 0.80365 2264.0 444.54 0-314.3 CCl4 Carbon tetrachloride. . 0.76862 2728.3 631.10 0-595.7 C6H6Cl Chlorobenzene 0.76671 3625.5 845.78 0-486.4 C6H5Br Bromobenzene 0.84855 2494.0 377.72 0-481.8 C7H8 Toluene 0.819502268.7409.510-589.6 C8H10 Ethylbenzene 0.85745 1755.0 250.18 0-494.7 C 9 Hi 2 Pseudocumene 0.83285 2408.0 402.50[0-596.0

LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) O) Aimé, 6, 8: 257; 1843. ( 2 ) Amagat, 6, 11: 520; 77. (3) Amagat, 6, 29: 68, 505; 93. ( 4 ) Amagat, 6, 28: 5; 13. ( 5 ) Bartoli, 72, 28: 1141; 95. 36, 26 I: 466; 96. ( 6 ) Barus, 12, 39: 478; 90. ( 6 - 5 ) Biron, 63, 44: 65; 12. (7) Bridgman, 65, 59: 173; 24. («) Carnazzi, 59, 9: 161; 05. (») Colladon and Sturm, 6, 36: 113; 1827. O°) Dolezalek and Speidel, 7, 94: 72; 20. C 11 ) Drecker, 8, 20: 870; 83. O 2 )

Gay, 6, 6: 36; 16. ( 13 ) Hebeisen, 8, 77: 216; 25. ( 14 ) de Heen, 186, 9: 550; 85. ( 15 ) Hyde, 5, 97: 240; 20. ( 16 ) Jenkin, 5, 98: 170; 20. ( 1 7 ) de Metz, 8, 41: 663; 90. ( 18 ) Pagliani and Palazzo, 170, 19: 273; 84. ( 1 9 ) Protz, 5,31: 127; 10. ( 20 ) Richards, Bartlett and Hodges, 1, 43: 1538; 21. ( 21 ) Richards and Shipley, 1, 38: 989; 16. ( 2 2 ) Richards, Stull, Mathews and Speyers, 1, 34: 971; 12. ( 23 ) Richards and Stull, 1, 26: 399; 04. ( 2 4 ) Röntgen, 5, 44: 1; 91. ( 2 ^) Suchodski, 7, 74: 257; 10. ( 2 «) Tyrer, 7, 87: 182; 14. ( 2 7 ) Young, 67, 13: 602; 95.

THE COMPRESSIBILITIES OF CERTAIN LIQUIDS P. W. BRIDGMAN The values recorded below are the relative volumes in terms of the volume at 0° and 1 An. The values are nearly all taken from the papers of Bridgman, to which the reader is referred for additional literature references and for the methods by which the data of other observers have been incorporated into the final tables.

Les valeurs données ci-dessous sont les volumes relatifs par rapport au volume à 0° et sous 1 An. Les valeurs sont presque toutes tirées des mémoires de Bridgman auxquels le lecteur s'adressera pour connaître les sources bibliographiques supplémentaires et les méthodes au moyen desquelles les valeurs d'autres observateurs ont été incorporées dans les tables finales. Les données de Seitz et The low temperature data of Seitz and Lechner ( 4 ) recorded Lechner (4) relatives à de below do not join smoothly basses températures inscrites en bas ne s'accordent pas conwith those of Bridgman at 0°. venablement avec celles de Bridgman à 0°. H2O, WATER (2) P, atm. I -15° I -10° I -5° | 0° | +10° |. 20° O 1.0017 1.0006 1.0000 1.00011.0016 500 Freezes 0.9788 0.9776 0.9769 0.97780.9804 1 000 .9581 .9572 .9566 .9591 .9619 1 500 0.9386 .9399 .9391 .9286 .9424 .9456 2 000 .9215 .9223 .9233 .9223 .9277 .9712 2 500 .9073 .9083 .9096 .9080 .9147 .9183 3 000 .8949 .8962 .8975 .8954 .9028 .9065 3 500 .8840 .8852 .8865 .8842 .8919 .8956 4 000 .8742 .8751 .8763 .8739 .8818 .8855 4 500 .8658 .8670 .8648 .8725 .8762 5 000 .8573 .8585 .8565 .8639 .8675 5 500 .8509 .8491 .8558 .8593 6 000 .8438 .8423 .8481 .8517 6 500 Freezes .8373 .8361 .8409 .8444 7 000 .8340 .8374 ÎXJ 8 500

9 000 9 500 10 OQQ

I P^ atm. I -20° I 2 000 0.9208 2 50 ° '9^4 I 3 000 .8941 [

*

8274

-*j£ '8185 .8128 8076

.8027

P, atm. I 30° I 40° | 50° | 60° [ 70° | 80° O 1.0041 1.0076 1.0128 1.0168 1.0224 1.0287 500 0.9831 0.9867 0.9915 0.9967 1.0014 1.0071 1 000 .9652 .9689 .9732 .9780 0.9831 0.9884 1 500 .9492 .9529 .9571 .9617 .9667 .9717 2 000 .9347 .9386 .9428 .9472 .9521 .9568 2 500 .9200 .9257 .9300 .9343 ' .9390 .9437 3 000 .9083 .9139 .9183 .9225 .9270 .9315 3 500 .8974 .9030 .9074 .9115 .9159 .9203 4 000 .8872 .8931 .8974 .9012 .9055 .9097 4 500 .8779 .8838 .8880 .8919 .8959 .9001 5 000 .8692 .8752 .8792 .8832 .8869 .8913 5 500 .8611 .8671 .8710 .8750 .8790 .8830

Die unten angegebenen Werte sind relative Volumina, ausgedrückt in Volumen bei 0° und l An. Die Werte stammen beinahe alle aus den Arbeiten von Bridgman, wo weitere Literatur und die Methoden zu finden sind, nach welchen die Einfügung fremder Beobachtungen in die Endtabelle erfolgte.

I valori qui sotto riportati sono i volumi relativi, riferiti ai volumi a 0° e a 1 An. I valori provengono quasi tutti dai lavori di Bridgman, nei quali si trovano ulteriori notizie sulla letteratura, e la indicazione dei metodi seguiti per riunire i dati degli altri osservatori nelle tabelle finali.

Die von Seitz und Lechner (4) für tiefe Temperaturen angegebenen Zahlen fügen sich denen von Bridgman bei 0° nicht glatt an.

I dati di Seitz e Lechner ( 4 ) per le temperature basse non si recollegano bene con quelli di Bridgman a 0°.

P, atm. 6 000 6 500 7 000 7 500 8 000 8500 9 000 9 500 10 000 10 500 11 000 11 500 12 000

H2O, WATER (2).—(Continued) I 30° I 40° | 50° | 60° | 70° | 80° 0.8535 0.8595 0.8634 0.8674 0.8713 0.8752 .8464 .8523 .8562 .8602 .8641 .8679 .8395 .8456 .8494 .8534 .8572 .8610 .8331 .8391 .8430 .8469 .8507 .8545 .8270 .8330 .8369 .8408 .8446 .8481 .8232 .8273 .8312 .8351 .8389 .8425 .8177 .8219 .8258 .8297 .8335 .8371 .8125 .8168 .8207 .8245 .8282 .8318 .8077 .8119 .8158 .8196 .8233 .8268 .8030 .8071 .8110 .8148 .8185 .8220 .8023 .8062 .8101 .8137 .8172 .7977 .8016 .8055 .8091 .8126 .7931 .7970 | .8009 [ .8045 .8080

PCL3, PHOSPHORUS TRICHLORIDE (3) P, atm. I 20° 40° | 60° | 80° 1 1.0234 1.0485 1.0742 1.1039 500 0.9852 1.0029 1.0226 1.0443 1 000 .9577 0.9722 0.9880 1.0040 1 500 .9363 .9488 .9622 0.9758 2 000 .9184 .9297 .9414 .9531 2 500 .9034 .9135 .9242 .9347 3 000 .8902 .8997 .9096 .9192 3 500 .8784 .8873 .8967 .9053 4 000 .8679 .8763 .8853 .8933 4 500 .8585 .8664 .8750 .8825 5 000 .8499 .8574 .8657 .8728 6 000 .8348 .8418 .8494 .8561 7000 .8218 .8285 .8353 .8420 8 000 .8105 .8167 .8230 .8292 9 000 .7999 .8057 .8120 .8179 10 000 .7902 .7957 .8020 .8077 11 000 .7816 .7867 .7930 .7983 12 000 .7741 .7789 .7849 .7898

F, aim. 1 500 1 000 1 500 2 000 2 500 3 000 3 500 4 000 4 500 5 000 6000 7 000 8 000 9 000 10 000 11 000 12 OOP P, atm. 1 500 1 OOP ^

CS2, CARBON DISULFIDE ( 3 > 4 ) I 20° | 40° | 60° | 80° 1.0235 1.0490 1.0774 1.1092 0.9854 1.0051 1.0243 1.0458 .9567 0.9734 0.9887 1.0061 .9338 .9483 .9615 0.9762 .9151 .9277 .9397 .9525 .8994 .9105 .9215 .9327 .8852 .8953 .9055 .9154 .8730 .8820 .8916 .9003 .8620 .8702 .8790 .8870 .8521 .8596 .8679 .8754 .8429 .8501 .8578 .8649 .8265 .8337 .8405 .8468 .8119 .8196 .8258 .8316 .7990 .8070 .8130 .8188 .7875 .7954 .8014 .8071 .7774 .7844 .7906 .7962 .7686 .7741 .7802 .7857 .7609 .7646 .7706 .7758 I -IQO0I -80° | -60° | -40° [ -20° | 0° 0.8994 0.918150.937250.9571 0.978051.0000 .8830 .8992 .9155 .93225 ' . 94955 0.96725 .88345 .8980 .9125 .9273 .9425

CH8OH, METHYL ALCOHOL (3, 4) P1 atm. I 20° I 40° | 60° | 80° 1 1.0238 1.0483 1.0737 1.1005 500 0.9811 0.9987 1.0182 1.0400 1 000 .9494 .9651 0.9808 0.9993 1 500 .9256 .9393 .9526 .9672 2 000 .9064 .9189 .9306 .9429 2 500 .8906 .9019 .9124 .9231 3 000 .8763 .8870 .8966 .9065 3 500 .8636 .8733 .8824 .8915 4 000 .8523 .8613 .8700 .8782 4 500 .8420 .8505 .8587 .8663 5 000 .8325 .8407 .8487 .8559 6 000 .8163 .8240 .8314 .8381 7 000 .8023 .8099 .8163 .8231 8 000 .7907 .7973 .8039 .8102 9 000 .7797 .7859 .7920 .7981 10 000 .7696 .7756 .7816 .7875 11 000 .7605 .7664 .7728 .7785 12 OOP .7527 .7587 .7652 .7709 P, atm. I -IQO0I -80° | -60° | -40° | -20° | 0° 1 0.8939 0.914550.9352 0.9561 0.9775 1.0000 500 .8727 .8904 .9076 .92455 .9418 0.95955 1 OOP .8556 I .8713 .8865 .90115 .9159 .93085

P, atm. 1 500 1 000 1 500 2 000 2 500 3 000 3 500 4 000 4 500 5 000 6 000

"C2H6BR, ETHYL BROMIDE (3) I 20° I 40° | 60° | 80° 1.0275 1.0578 0.9776 0.9990 .9460 .9624 0.9800 0.9988 .9216 .9358 .9492 .9626 .9022 .9151 .9268 .9381 .8857 .8981 .9088 .9187 .8714 .8830 .8931 .9020 .8590 .8697 .8791 .8873 .8479 .8577 .8666 .8742 .8380 .8469 .8554 .8625 .8289 .8372 .8453 .8519 .8131 .8206 .8276 .8339

C2H6BR, ETHYL BROMIDE (3).—(Continued) P1 atm. I 20° I 40° | 60° | 7 000 0.7991 0.8064 0.8126 8 000 .7868 .7937 .7995 9 000 .7756 .7820 .7879 10 000 .7656 .7715 .7775 11 000 .7568 .7623 .7685 12 OOP I .7495 I .7546 .7606

80° 0.8189 .8056 .7935 .7825 .7730 .7648

P, atm. 500 1 000 1 500 2 000 2 500 3 000 3 500 4 000 4 500 5 000 6 000 7 000 8 000 9 000 10 000 11 000 12 OOP

C2H6CL, ETHYL CHLORIDE (3) I 20° I 40° | 60°. | 80° 0.9696 0.9931 1.0179 1.0358 .9253 .9419 0.9618 0.9797 .8964 .9107 .9268 .9411 .8749 .8874 .9010 .9128 .8569 .8680 .8800 .8904 .8415 .8515 .8623 .8715 .8283 .8375 .8475 .8557 .8167 .8253 .8346 .8422 .8061 .8143 .8230 .8302 .7965 .8045 .8125 .8194 .7796 .7870 .7944 .8008 .7654 .7726 .7795 .7856 .7533 .7602 .7666 .7728 .7423 .7488 .7549 .7611 .7320 .7382 .7442 .7501 .7228 .7283 .7344 .7397 .7148 .7192 .7255 .7301

P, atm. 1 500 1 000 1 500 2 000 2 500 3 PPP 3 5PP 4 PPP 4 5PP 5 PPP 6 PPP 7 PPP 8 PPP 9 PPP IP PPP 11 PPP 12 PPP

C2H6I, ETHYL IODIDE (3) I 20° I 40° | 60° | 80° 1.0214 1.0438 1.0677 1.0935 0.9774 0.9958 1.0156 1.0351 .9475 .9640 0.9799 0.9946 .9257 .9390 .9521 .9637 .9070 .9188 .9298 .9397 .8913 .902P .9114 .92P2 .8777 .8873 .8956 .9P34 .8659 .8744 .8819 .8886 .8555 .8632 .8698 .876P .846P .853P .8593 .8651 .837P .8439 .85PP .8551 .82P7 .8277 .8336 .8381 .8P63 .8135 .8189 .8232 .7937 .8PP7 .8P57 .8P99 .7825 .7891 .7938 .7981 .7725 .7785 .7832 .7877 .7635 .7691 .7742 .7786 .7554 .76P8 .7664 .77P6

F, atm. 1 5PP 1 000 1 500 2 000 2 500 • 3 OOP 3 5PP 4 PPP 4 5PP 5 POP 6 POP 7 PPP

C2H5OH, ETHYL ALCOHOL (3, 4) I 2P° | 4P0 | 6P° | 8P° 1.P212 1.P438 1.P679 1.P934 P.9782 P.9943 1.0121 1.0319 .9479 .9608 0.9760 0.9922 .9247 .9358 .9482 .9615 .9059 .9159 .9266 .9380 .8899 .8991 .9088 .9187 .876P .8848 .8935 .9P25 .8634 .8718 .88PP .8884 .8517 .8599 .8678 .8756 .841P .8491 .8567 .864P .8314 .8394 .8467 .8536 .8149 .8225 .8291 .8354 .8PP9 .8P8P .8139 .8196

C2H6OH, ETHYL ALCOHOL ( 3 > 4 ).—(Continued) P, atm. I 20° I 40° | 60° | 80° 8 000 0.7888 0.7953 0.8005 0.8061 9000 .7776 .7836 .7884 .7940 10000 .7671 .7726 .7776 .7830 11 000 .7574 .7626 .7682 .7734 12 OOP .7485 .7535 .7600 .7648 P, atm. 1 500 1 OOP

I -100° I -80° | -60° | -40° | -20° | 0° 0.902150.9212 0.940350.9597 0.979451.0000 .8815 .89775 .91385 .92985 .9458 0.96205 .8652 .87935 .8935 .90765 .9216 .9356

C3H7OH, n-PROPYL ALCOHOL (3)

P, atm. 1 500 1 000 1 500 2 000 2 500 3 000 3 500 4 000 4 500 5 000 6 000 7 000 8 000 9 000 10 000 11 000 12 OOP

I

20° I 40° | 60° | 80° 1.0173 1.0390 1.0612 1.0865 0.9770 0.9936 1.0108 1.0305 .9483 .9624 0.9760 0.9913 .9280 .9396 .9513 .9634 .9124 .9222 .9322 .9424 .8991 .9079 .9167 .9258 .8876 .8957 .9039 .9120 .8773 .8849 .8925 .8999 .8677 .8752 .8824 .8893 .8588 .8664 .8732 .8796 .8507 .8582 .8647 .8706 .8365 .8436 .8495 .8548 .8243 .8308 .8365 .8414 .8138 .8196 .8249 .8301 .8043 .8096 .8148 .8203 .7958 .8010 .8058 .8114 .7883 .7931 .7976 .8031 .7814 .7858 .7899 .7952

C4H9OH, ISOBUTYL ALCOHOL (3)

P1 atm. 1 500 1 000 1 500 2 000 2 500 3 000 3 500 4 000 4 500 5 000 6 000 7 000 8 000 9 000 10 000 11 000 12 OOP

I

20° I 40° | 60° | 80° 1.0195 1.0406 1.0625 1.0880 0.9740 0.9909 1.0079 1.0262 .9470 .9601 0.9740 0.9883 .9253 .9366 .9484 .9607 .9078 .9180 .9280 .9385 .8929 .9020 .9111 .9203 .8798 .8880 .8968 .9052 .8680 .8756 .8840 .8919 .8575 .8647 .8728 .8802 .8480 .8550 .8630 .8697 .8494 .8462 .8540 .8602 .8242 .8307 .8375 .8433 .8113 .8178 .8242 .8298 .8001 .8065 .8126 .8181 .7898 .7961 .8021 .8075 .7802 .7864 .7923 .7976 .7712 .7773 .7832 .7884 .7631 .7691 .775P .7799

LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) O) Bridgman, 65, 47: 345; 11. ( 2 ) Bridgman, 65, 48: 309; 12. (3) Bridgman, 65, 49: 3; 13. ( 4 ) Seitz and Lechner, 8, 49: 93; 16.

CsHuOH, AMYL ALCOHOL C3) P1 atm. I 20° I 40° | 60° | 80° 1 . 1.0181 1.0374 1.0583 1.0814 500 0.9788 0.9946 1.0108 1.0288 1 000 .9511 .9643 0.9773 0.9915 1 500 .9307 .9417 .9529 .9644 2 000 .9138 .9237 .9330 .9427 2 500 .8993 .9084 .9166 .9254 3 000 .8869 .8955 .9028 .9110 3 500 .8758 .8840 .8910 .8986 4 000 .8658 .8737 .8807 .8877 4 500 .8568 .8644 .8713 .8780 5 000 .8488 .8560 .8627 .8690 6000 .8348 .8414 .8475 .8531 7 000 .8225 .8288 .8340 .8396 8 000 .8116 .8173 .8218 .8273 9 000 .8015 .8065 .8108 .8160 10 000 .7918 .7964 .8010 .8060 11 000 .7831 .7874 .7927 .7972 12 OOP .7754 .78PP .786P .79P2 (C2Hs)2O, ETHER (3, *) P1 atm. I 2P° I 4P0 | 6P° | 8P° 1 1.P315 1.P669 5PP P.9668 P.9884 1.P123 1.P369 1 PPP .9337 .9498 P.9683 P.9874 1 5PP .9P7P .9195 .9336 .9484 2 PPP .885P .8952 .9P69 .9189 2 5PP .8663 .8756 .886P .8962 3 PPP .85P3 .8594 .8688 .8776 3 5PP .8366 .8454 .8539 .862P 4 PPP .8246 .8329 .84P7 .8481 4 5PP .8139 .8218 .8292 .836P 5 PPP .8P44 .8121 .8189 .8252 6 PPP .7883 .7953 .8P17 .8P7P 7 PPP .7743 .78P6 .7865 .7917 8 PPP .7613 .767P .7725 .7779 9 PPP .7492 .7545 .7597 .7652 IP PPP .738P .7431 .7482 .7535 11 PPP .7275 .7325 .7377 .7427 12 PPP .7178 .7225 .728P .7326 P, atm. 1 5PP 1 PPP

P1 atm. 1 5PP 1 PPP 1 5PP 2 PPP 2 5PP 3 PPP 3 5PO 4 000 4 500 5 000 6 000 7 000 8 000 9 000 10 000 11 000 12 OOP

I -IPP0I -8P° I -6P° | -4P0 | -2P° | P° P.875P P.8969 P.92P15 P.94465 P.971P5 1.0000 .85285 .87P75 .8888 .9P745 .9263 P.9464 I .83565| .85P85 866P | .8812 .8964 .9126 (CHa)2CO, ACETONE (3) I 2P° I 4P0 [ 6P° | 8P° 1.P279 1.P585 1.P925 P.9818 1.PP32 1.P282 .9526 P.97P6 P.9894 1.PP82 .9286 .9441 .0594 P.9736 .9P76 .9217 .9347 .9467 .89PP .9P28 .9141 .9253 .8748 .8868 .8968 .9P73 .8619 .8729 .8821 .8920 .8504 .8607 .8694 .8786 .8402 .8498 .8583 .8666 .8309 .8398 .8482 .8558 .8143 .8225 .8306 .8370 .7997 .8072 .8148 .8209 .7866 .7935 .8003 .8066 .7815 .7876 .7939 .7707 .7764 .7821 Freezes .7607 .7665 .7715 .7515 .7577 .7617

DENSITY AND THERMAL EXPANSION OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS IN THE CRYSTALLINE STATE, UNDER ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE J. R. CLARKE I. Inorganic Compounds (A-Table) This section includes only substances for which density values reliable to four decimal places, or values over a temperature range, are available. For less accurate values at individual temperatures, v. Vol. I, p. 106. Symbols and Abbreviations

(Zn1 Fe)O-(Al 1 Fe) 2 «40 = 5.96. A(20°-70°) = 19.4 (is» ™, 33) Os: Kreittonite I) I «'-axis I «7/-axis | «'"-axist | Lit. Al2O3-BeO: [ Chrysobery!... . \ ^4O 5.16 6,01 6.02 O4] A 12.2 10.1 22.0 (33) (Prefused) « = 11.40 + 9.2« - 120), 120° to 270° ( 2 4 ) MgO «40 = 10.43, A(20°-70°) = 26.7 (is, 16, 33) Periclase 5 MgO-Al2O3: Spinel.. «W = 5.93, A(20°-70°) = 19.5 (i » 16, 33) (Mg, Fe)O-Al2O3: «40 = 6.03, A(20°-70°) = 19.7 (is» 16, 33) Pleonaste

The quantities recorded in the table below are the following : 1

a = -j- :n at t0', or a = ^ over the range AZ0. A = IO9 — (resp. IO9 ~\ i.e., IO9 X the rate of change of a with t, at t° (resp. over A£°). d\ = the density in g/ml at t° — the specific gravity at t° referred to H2O at 40C. dj, a, b and c, = the parameters of the equation: d\ = dj(l — 10~5 at —10~7 b£2 — 10~9c£3), valid over the range indicated; b and c are zero when not given. Arrangement The compounds are arranged in groups, as follows: I. Oxides; II. Halogen compounds in the order, F, Cl, Br, I; III. Sulfides; IV. Sulfates; V. Nitrates; VI. Carbonates; VII. Metallo-organic compounds; VIII. Various silicates; IX. Other compounds. For organic compounds, v. the (T-Table, p. 45.

FIG. 1.—Curve A from Sawyer(43-5). Curve B from Andrews(2'5). II. HALOGEN COMPOUNDS

I. OXIDES H2O H 2 O 2 ..., / \ Sb2O3: Senarmontite f C 2 ° \ SiO2 TiO2: Brookite AS2Us

Anatase Rutile ZrO2 , SnO2: Cassiterite. . . PbO2 ThO2 ZnO: Zincite Cu 2 O: Cuprite

dl - 0.9168 ± 0.0005;* For « see Fig. 1 dl6 = 1.6436 (36) dl = 3.873, a = 12 (0°-50°) (5) «40 = 41.26, A(20°-70°) = 67.9 (17, is, 33) «40 = 19.63, A(20°-70°) = 5.7 (17, i 8, 33) t, 0C -80 -90 -100 -110 -120|-130|-183| I 3 5 d\ 1.565 1.581 1.594 1.607 1. 618|1.627Jl. 66s] J^ ' ' r. Vol. IV, p. 19. Values of «17.5 jj a> b and c axes (a) 14.4939, (b) 19.2029, (c) 22.0489 C 4 4 ) «<° = 8.19 ||, = 4.68 J_; and A(20°-70°) = 31.1 |[, = 29.5 ± to opt. axis C 3 3 ); cf. ( 4 4 ) «40 = 7.14 JL, = 9.19 || ; A(20°-70°) = 11.0 X, = 22.5 || to principal axis (17, is, 33 ) ; c/. (44) (36-5) «4° = 3.2 J., = 3.9 ||; A(20°-70°) = 7.6JL, = 12 || to principal axis A 17 » 18» 33 ) «(25°-93°) = 7.9 ± 0.6 C 3 9 ) (36.5) a40 = 3.2 JL, = 3.9 |J; A(20°-70°) = 7.6 _L, = 12 |] to principal axis (17, is, 33) o*0 = 0.93, A(20°-70°) = 21. dmax. at -430C ( 1 S, 16, 17, 18, 21, 22, 33) ; cfm (43)

Fe2O3: Hematite... «40 = 7.61 || = 7.71 JL; A(5°-80°) = 4.90 U, = 11.4 JL to opt. axis. C 3 ); cf. (17, 18, 33) Fe3O*: Magnetite... «« = 8.46, A = 28.9 C 1 4 » 33 ) (Fe, Zn, Mn) 0.Fe2Oa: Franklinite.... «40 = 8.1, A(20°-70°) = 9.4 O 4 , 33 ) Al2O3: Corundum. . . « 4 0 = 6.2 |[; =5.4 JL; and A(20°-70°) = 20.5 ||; = 22.5 ± to principal axis. ( 14 » is, 16, 33) ; c/. (V0I. IT, p. 87) Al2O3-ZnO: Gannite. «40 = 5.95, A(20°-70°) » 18.3 (i 4 » is, ie, 33) 5Al2O3,2FeO,4SiO2.H2O: Staurolite «4° = 7.0s, A = 31.5 ( 1 4 ) * Estimate by Howard T. Barnes on basis of critical examination of all available data. For discussion and bibliography see ( 3 > 5 ) and his forthcoming book on The Physics of Ice.

f CaF2: Fluorite (54, 55) I

T

> °K I

* - - - 1 a<525°0-6°0) = 556-734 < 4 0 )

265.7 18.53 255.6 17.5s 231.4 16.7s 209.8 16.04 186.9 14.6s 156.3 13.02 124.9 10.26 94.4 7.17

a = 19.34 ( ) «40 = 19.11 and A(20°-70°) = 28.8 (21,22,33)

NH4Cl

dl° = 1.5256 (26). «40 =, 62.55 and A(20°-70°) = 297.5

PbCl2 AgCl. PrCl3 MgCl2.6H20 CaCl2.6H2O CaCl2.2MgCl2.6H2O LiCl NaCl

(Prefused) dl = 5.899, a = 8.8 (0°-50°) (S); cf. ( 4 ?) «4o = 32.94, A(20°-70°) = 122.8 (19t 20 » 33) dl6 = 4.0203 ( 5 ) dl = 1.5907 (28) dl = 1.7182 (2») d\ = 1.6655 (28) dl° = 2.0678 (26) dl = 2.1680, a = 11.2, b =• 0.5 (-184° to 50°) (6, 7, 12,

KCl

a* =* 1.9920, a = 10.5, b = 0.4 (-184° to 70°) (27) ; cf. (19,20,33,40). dl° = 1.9786 (large crys.) = 1.9841 (small crys.) (29, so) dl = 2.8057, a = 12.6, b = -6 (0°-50°) ( 6 ) dl = 3.9887, a = 15.9, b = -4 (0°-70°) (6) 4" 2.3467, a = 18, b = -3 (0°-44°) (2) 4* = 2.4284: ( 4 2) dl = 6.676, a = 9.5, (0°-50°) (5) «40 = 34.7, A(20°-70°) = 38.3 (i»> 20, 33) 4° = 3.3535 ( 4 I ) ^ = 3.213, a = 12. b ^ 0.3 (-184° to 50°) (6, 27)

(19, 20, 33)

27,

RbCl CsCl KClOs LiClO* PbBr2 AgBr. CaBr2 NaBr

4

S ) ; c/. (19, 20, 33, 40); a (20° to 80°K) = 10.8 ( 3 4 )

t ot' along bisector of acute angle, «" along bisector of obtuse angle formed by optic axes, «"' along the normal to the plane of optic axes.

4 = 2.756, a = 11.4, b = 0.45 (-184° to 50°) («. 2 ^) 1 C/.

KBr

(19,20,33)

RbBr CsBr PbI 2 CdIa Hgl« AgI

NaI

RbI CsI

d°4 = 3.358, a = 11 (0°-50°) («) 4 = 4.449, a = 14 (0°-50°) («) a" = 33.6, A(20°-70°) » 58.4 (*»» 20) a 40 = 29.16, A(20°-70°) = 175 ( 19 > 2 0 ) «40 = 2.39, A(20°-70°) = 200 (19> 20) a*« = -3.97 ||; = 0.65 J_; and A = -42.7 ||; = 13.8 _L principal axis (is, 20, 31, 33) f 4 = 3.665, a = 13.5s (0°-50°) ( 4 » «) \ 4 = 3.6587, a = 14.1, b = 2.1 (-184° to 0°) C 2 ?); a = I 12.7 (-79° to 0°) ( 2 7) 4 = 3.133, a = 12.6, b = -2.5 (0°-50°) (6) 4 = 3.1265, a = 12.7, b = 0.4 (-184° to 20°) ( 2 ?); a = 11.5 (-79°toO°) (27) a« = 42.65, A(20°-70°) = 167.6 ( 19 > 20 » 33 ) dl = 3.560, a = 12, b = -4.5 (0°-50°) (6) 4 = 4.525, a = 14.6 (0°-50°) (6)

1

III. SULFIDES

Sb2S3: Stibnite CS2 PbS: Galena ZnS: Sphalerite

« 40 = 1.53, A(20°-70°) = 21.9 ( 1 4 ) 4116'7 = 1.5539 ( 3 2 ) « 40 = 20.14, A(20°-70°) = 5.4 (21, 22, 33) a« = 6.70, A(20°-70°) = 12.8 (»> 33) «40 « 21.511; A(20°-70°) « 15 and «4« = 17.9 J.; A = 6.3 (9,33)

HgS: Cinnabarite. | Red sublimed: d\ = 8.203, a = 42, b = -33 (16°-78°) (46)

Black sublimed: d\7 = 8.0395 (<«) 3Ag2S-Sb2S3: Pyrargyrite MnS: Alabandite... MnS2: Hauerite f FeS2: Pyrite ( 54 » \ 55) [ Pyrrhotite: Fe5S6 f to FeI6Sn \ [ CuFeS2: Chalcopyrite NiS2-NiSb2: Ullmannite (Fe, Co, Ni)S 2 (CoNi-pyrite): Kobaltnickelkies.. 5Cu2S.2(Cu, Fe)- [ 8.2Sb2O3: ^ Tetrahedrite [

«40 = 0.911|; A(20°-70°) = 105 and «*> = 20.1, _L; A = -23.1 O*» 33) « 4 o = 15.2, A(20°-70°) = 21.7 (". 33) «4Q = 11.1, A(20°-70°) = 88.9 Q 4 , 33) 0 K 2 6 8 . 7 2 3 7 . 4 2 1 4 . 8 1 5 5 . 0 I 129.7108.0 a 8 43 7 73 7 09 5 16 3 92 2 95 Also, «4o = 9.1 and A(20°-70°) = 18 ( 2 1 > 22 , 33) 1 2.35|| 31.20_L

A(20°-70°) 86.4|| -16.5J_

|

K 2 Sb 2 (SO 4 ). K 2 Zn(SO 4 ) 2 ,6H 2 0... KA1(SO4)2.12H2O... K 2 Mg(SO 4 ) 2 .6H 2 O.. f J w , Qn Kb2feU4 ] [

4 = 3.3396 (37) 4° = 2.2458 (si) Alum, di = 1.7541, a = 3.8 (13°-56°) (M 4° = 2.0337 (5i) Values of « (0° to 96°), || the three axes ( 4 8 > 4 9 ) a-axis 33.85 -f 0.0214« b-axis 31.95 + 0.0182« c-axis 35.90 + 0.0414«

Rb2Zn(SO4)2.6H2O. . Rb2Mg(SO4)2.6H2O. Cs2Zn(SO4)2.6H2O... Cs2Mg(SO4)2.6H20..

4° 4° 4° 4°

TiNO3

•

I AgNO3: Prefused... LiNO3 NaNO3 f KNO 3 { I I

RbNO 3

1

33

«4° = 11.12, A(20°-70°) = -1.5 O*, 38) «4° = 10.4, A(20°-70°) = 15.9 ('*, 33) Three samples (**» 33) : a4« =9.22 8.71 7.33 A(20°-70°) =20.7 22.5 23.4

Na2SO4-IOH2O Na 2 Sb 2 (SO 4 J 4

K2SO4

dl dl 4° dj

Form I «Tr. I c?o I a I b i Range î V ~~ r 5.5767 17.3 4.2 I 0°- 70° II f i/? KO Ì 5.5393 11.6 5.5 81°-142° 1 5 III J ' ( 5.5812 35.3 -0.48 144°-200° «(20° to 150°) = 77 ( 2 S) 4° = 2.3658 ( 2 «) 4 = 2.2663, a = 12 (0°-45°) ( 2 ) dl = 2.1126, a = 18.1, b = 2.56 tO°-50°) ( 2 ) "j 4 = 2.1106, a - 18.1, b - 2.56 (0°-122°) (») /£'** o 1 Iz/.o L/ dl = 2.1106, a = 28.06 (130°-155°) ( 8 ) J 2 4° = 3.1119 ( «) 4 = 3.1063, a = 19.3, b = 2.58, c == -0.5 (0°-158°) *Tr. = 161.40C Form II, 4= 3.0979, a = 27.5, b = 2.23 (164°-219°) (8) 4° = 3.6432 ( 2 «) 4 = 3.6524, a = 20.5, b = -2.1, c = 1.62 (0°-134°) «Tr. - 1510C Form II, 4 = 3.6479, a = 28 U51°-172°) («)

VI. CARBONATES 2CuC03.Cu(OH)2:f Azurite \ v ™ Ci-J .* / FeCO3: Sidente.. < TVT ™ n/r -x / MgC03:MagneS1te^

r rn r i •* oaous: calcite...

IV. SULFATES (NEU)2SO4 4° = 1.7637 ( 2 ») = 1.7716 (52) = 1,7681 (50) Sb2(SO4J3 dl = 3.6246 (37) (NH^) 2 Sb 2 (SO 4 )*.... dì = 3.0948 (37) ZnSO4 46'2 = 1.9661 (M CuSO4-SH20 4 = 2.2895, a = 9.6 (15°-45°) (*) MnSO4-SH2O c/ì 4 ' 5 = 2.1996 (») FeSO4.7H20 d%A = 1.8988, d f ' 6 = 1.8959 O) MgSO4.7H2O dl = 1.6812, a = 12 (14°-32°) ( 1 J 2) CaSO4.2H2O: f «}° = 41.63 with A(20°-70°) = 93.6 || b-axis Gypsum j af = 1<57> a*° = 29.33 || to the other two axes of the I thermal ellipsoid (21, 22) SrSO4 «40 = 52.62, A(20°-70°) = 34.5 ( 1 ^) f «40 = 54.18, A(20°-70°) = 28.5 ( 1 ^) BaSO4: Barite... | ^ . 4i46fl2 (10) = 1.4697, a = 14, b = -15 (0°-24°) (2) = 3.2298 (37) = 2.6563 (large crys.); = 2.6574 (small crys.) (29, 30) = 2.6673, a = 10.5, b = 0.7 (20°-60°) (i» 2) u I «(0° to 96°) (48, 49) a-axis 36.16 + 0.0144« b-axis 32.25 + 0.0141« c-axis 36.34 + 0.0413«

( 51 ) (5M (51) (si)

Values for three crystal forms ( 8 )

J

«4« = 17.1, A(20°-70°) = 17 O*)

2.5905 2.3859 2.8753 2.6760

V. NITRATES /

Lit. I »

= = = =

'

( CaCOs: Aragonite.j I CaMg(COs)2: f Dolomite \ K2CO3

a\Q = 12.59 with A(20°-70°) = 20.3 «f = 20.8; 4° = -0.98 ( 2 i» 22, 23)* «40 = 19-2 with A(20°-70°) = 25.5 ||; and «4» = 6.05 with A(2o°-70°) - 917 ± (14, 33^ «*° = 21.3 with A(20°-70°) = 33.91|; and «40 = 5.99 with A(20o_70o) „ 24<3± ( i 4 , 33) 4 = 2.7710, 4° = 2.7102 ( 12 ) «(2° to 81°) = 25.1353 + 0.0118«, || opt. axis; and =• -5.5782 + 0.00138«, J. opt. axis («) ^ 40 = 2ß 21 + Q Q160(i _ 40)f jj opt axig; and = _ 5>40+ 0.0087(« - 40), _L opt. axis ( 21 » 22 > 23 ) a(50° to 60°) = 1.447 ( 40 ) f «t° = 34.60 + 0.0337« ^j 20°-70°j «2° = 17.19 ~h 0.0368« J( 2 I, 22 , 33 )t i«3° = 10.16 + 0.0064« J «40 = 20.60 with A(20°-70°) = 36.8 || «40 = 4.15 with A(20°-70°) = 19.3 J_ (33)' 45 = 2.3296 ( 10 )

VII. METALLO-ORGANIC COMPOUNDS Sn(C6Hs)4 Sn2(CeHs)6 Sn 5 (CeH 5 )I 2 ISn(CeHo) 3 KNaC4H406.4H20: Rochelle salt

d\ = d\3'9 42'8 4°'°

1.4922, a = 20, (5°-38°) ( 11 J = 1.5147, df'1 = 1.5098 (") = 1-6088, d"'1 = 1.5967 (") = 1.7617, 4' 6 = 1.7665 ( 1 M

-10° to +20°: «i = 59.9, «2 = 38.1, « 3 = 44.8 ( 53 )

VIIL VARIOUS SILICATES T çrn . *•„« / "4° = 4-43 with A(20°-70°) » 14.1 || ZrSiO4. Zircon.... j ^40 = 2 33 with A(2Q°-700) = 19.1 _L (". 22 » »») f

I

ai

I

tx2

I

«3f

I

Lit.

(AlF)2SiO4: Topaz j I 592 4.84 4.44 ( 8 , 2 1 , 2 2 , 3 3 ) a4o I A(20°-70°) I 18.3 15.3 16.8 3MnO.Al2O3.3SiO2: Spessartite a*0 = 8.24, A(20°-70°) = 21.4 (33)

3Fe(XAl2O3-SSiO2: Almandite a«° = 8.37, A(20°-70°) = 18.0 (33) TTXT AÌ BÖ- n f 6° to 320°: || opt. axis, a = 8.624, A(20°-70°) = 5.625; 0 HNaAl 3 BSi 2 On: ^=3 ± A(20°-70 ) - 4.490 (35) Tourmaline.... ^ ^ o_ „ a40 = A(20 700) = 32 0 ( ««o = 3.79, with A(20°-70°) = 18.3 1 (33) 2B

Si

:

'°- °; PhenaClte

Be8Al2(SiOa)6: Beryl

/

^

W

\

A(20°-70°)

2.99 JL

21.311

23.01

^^

Ca6(AlOHF)Al2(Si04)S; Vesuviani te

«*° A(20°-70°) |

/ \

/


~ <33> ,„. <">

1

Jf ,gff ^g* }3 specimens | ( 33 )

7.4011 17.4 ||

8.39 _L 16.7 J_

<*«> = 3.91, A(20°-70°) = 16.9 (Uf 33) d}8'6 = 2.7320, df* e = 2.7216 (M lt = Z 0 (I + 2.118 X 10-** + 2.741 X 10~»«2) (10°-412°) ( 5 ?)

( \\ opt. axis, a« « -1.348, A(2°-80°) = 4.12 < J_ opt. axis, 0*0 = 1.002s, A(2°-80°) = 4.57 [ «40 = -1.06 ||; « 1.37 JL ( 15 » 16 > 2 1 » 2 2 » 33 )

3CaO.Al203.3Si02: , G r0 ssula ri te....{

dl5 = 2.1600 (38)

\,( 1144 ,)

IVIgAl2(SiO4)S: Pyrope a« » g.27, A(20°-70°) = 21.0 ( 33 ) 3CaO.Fe2O3.3SiO2: . Melanite } Z f ^ I 7.34 7.35 1 '. 1 A(20'-70*) 14.3 17.4 J 2 *P—»s 40 Aplome j •£ I a 7.43 7.45 I 0 . J 5 ( A(20°-70°) 7.0 17.8 | 2sPec*me"s

1 /^

33

J

HCa2(Al, Fe)3Si3Oi3:/ «I (I b-axis = 9.13, A(20°-70°) = 25.5 (21, 22, 33)* Epidote \ «j° « 3.34; «J° - 10.86 KAlSi3O8: Adularia

(NH 4 J 2 Cr 2 O 7 6MgO.MgCl2.8B2O3: Boracite... . K 2 CrO 4 SiC: Carborundum.

/ «î° - -2-01> A(20°-70°) - 13 («, 22,33) \ «2° = 19.06; aj° = -1.50

IX. OTHER COMPOUNDS CoAs2: Smaltite.... a*" =» 9.19, A(20°-70°) = 16.4 (»» 33) CoS2CoAs2: Cobaltite a*o = 9.19, A(20°-70°) = 17.0 (*>» 33 ) * ai along b-axis, «2, «3 along other two axes of the thermal ellipsoid, t ai along bisector of acute < ; a 2 along bisector of obtuse < ; as along normal to plane containing optic axes.

O) Andreae, 7, 76: 491; 11. ( 2 ) Andreae, 7, 82: 109; 13. ( 3 ) Bäckström, 388, 51: 545; 94. (3.5) Barnes, 69, 3 IH: 3; 09. ( 4 ) Baxter and Brink, J 1 30: 46; 08. ( 5 ) Baxter and Hawkins, I 1 38: 266; 16. (.6) Baxter and Wallace, 1, 38: 259; 16. (7) Bedson and Williams, 25, 14: 2556; 81. ( 8 ) Bellati and Finazzi, 24, 69 H : 1151 ; 10. ( 9 ) Benoît, 238, 6; 88. C 1 ») Berkeley, 4, 91: 56; 07. O 1 ) Böeseken and Rutgers, 70, 42: 1017; 23. O 2 ) DeFoe and Compton, 2, 25: 618; 25. O 3 ) Ditte, S4, 85: 1069; 77. O 4 ) Fizeau, Annuaire pour Van 1888 (Paris, Bureau des longitudes). 0s) Fizeau, 8, 126: 611; 65. (16) Fizeau, 34, 60: 1161; 65. O 7 ) Fizeau, 8,128: 564; 66. O 8 ) Fizeau, 34, 62: 1101, 1133; 66. < 19 ) Fizeau, 8,132: 292; 67. ( 2 0 ) Fizeau, 34, 64: 314; 771; 67. (21) Fizeau, 8, 135: 372; 68. (") Fizeau, 34, 66:1005, 1072; 68. ( 23 ) Geiss, 8, 76:403; 25. ( 24 ) Goodwin and Mailey, 78, 9: 89; 06. ( 2 S) Quinchant, 34, 149: 569; 09. (26) Haigh, 1, 34: 1137; 12. ( 2 7 ) Henglein, 7, 115: 91; 25. ( 28 ) van't Hoff, Kenrick and Dawson, 7, 39: 27; 01. ( 2 ») Johnston and Adams, I 1 34: 563; 12. 3 ( O) Johnston and Adams, 93, 76: 274; 12. ( 3 I) Jones, 1, 31: 191; 09. ( 32 ) Körber, 8, 37: 1014; 12. (33) Liebisch, Physikalische Kristallographie, p. 92 (Leipzig, Veit) 1891. C 34 ) Lindemann, 63, 13: 737; 12. ( 3S ) Lindman, 426, 46: No. 6; 16. 427, 2: 709; 21. (35.5) Maass and Barnes, 5, 111: 224; 26. (36) Maass and Hatcher, l, 42: 2548; 20. ( 3 «- s ) Merritt, 78, 50: Preprint; 26. ( 37 ) Metzl, 93, 48: 140; 06. ( 38 ) Moles and Gonzalez, 132, 21: 204; 23. ( 39 ) Palmaer, 9, 29: 415; 23. ( 4 0 ) Pulfrich, 8, 45: 609; 92. ( 41 ) Richards and Hönigschmid, I1 32: 1577; 10. ( 42 ) Richards and Willard, l, 32: 4; 10. ( 43 ) Röntgen, 213, 1912: 381. ( 4 4 ) Schrauf, 94, 9: 433; 84. ( 4 S) Spangenberg, 94, 57: 494; 23. C 46 ) Spring, 93, 7: 371; 94. ( 47 ) Timofejew, 7, 78: 299; 11. (48) Tutton, 62, 192: 455; 99. ( 4 9 ) Tutton, 94, Sl: 426; 99. ( 50 ) Tutton, 94, 38: 602; 04. (Si) Tutton, 94, 41: 321; 05. ( 52 ) Tutton, 94, 41: 381; 05. ( 53 ) Valasek, 2, 20: 639; 22. (54) Valentiner and Wallot, 88, 16: 757; 14. ( 5S ) Valentiner and Wallot, 8, 46: 837; 15. ( 5 6 ) Weidmann, 8, 38: 453; 89. (5 7 ) Weigel, 188, 1915: 309.

DENSITY AND THERMAL EXPANSION OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS IN THE CRYSTALLINE STATE J. S. CLARK This section includes only substances for which density values reliable to four decimals or values over a temperature range are available. For less accurate values at individual temperatures v. Vol. I, p. 176. (T-TABLE Formula

Name

'

^c**"

Methyl alcohol

C2H3Cl3O2

Chloral hydrate

C2H5Br C2H5I

Ethylbromide Ethyl iodide

C2H6O6

Oxalic acid dihydrate

C3H6O

Acetone

C4HeO4

Dimethyl oxalate

C4Hi0O C 6 H 6 NO 2 C6Hi2O5 C6Hi2O6

Ethyl ether Nitrobenzene Quercitol Glucose

CsHeO2

Phthalide (stable form)

l

l

' °C

Lit

-

I44;^;1?? <;> {--;- (;;

^ ^^ZZZZTI CHÔ Urea. CH4O

d

- 94.9

0.9673- 94.9 ( 3 ) { J ; ^J "1^

-125.5 -118

1.8832-125.5 2.4046-118 J J ' ^^ ~1^

-99 -117.6 8.7 225

Formula

^^

0.9686-99

(3)

<^ 1.4JoU ' AnAr\ -\-i i1/T

/i \ (l )

0.9212-117.6 (3) 1.2229 0.0 («) 1.5845 13 (7) 1.5620 18 (») f1.4084 17.5 ( 5 ) \ 1.4051 30.0 ( 5 ) [1.3990 44.1 (5)

^cf"

4

*» °C

C8H16O2

Octoicaoid

!6.2

';«»

»

C9H18O,

Nonoioaoid

!3.8

^

10

};»»;»

Lit

-

g W

C10H8

Natene

CioHuO

Thymol

51.5 0.9689

24.4 («)

Cl„HM0,

»-Capncacid

31.2 J;^

»

1.0431 CuH.0,

£ | Ci2H22On (3) (*)

Name

Undecylic acid

28.25

1

^

0.9905 1.5877

Sucrose

^

0.12 (2) % 25 18

(2) (»)

C12H41O2 Ci2H28ClN

Lauricacid «-»{îSS S g| Tetrapropylammonium I 1.0334 3 (<) chloride \ 1.0296 13 (*) The values from ( 2 ) are densities in air. Information on this point is lacking for the other values in the table.

LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) (i) Dewar, 135, 91: 216; 05. ( 2 ) Garner and Ryder, 4, 127: 720; 25. ( 3 ) Körber, 8, 37: 1014; 12. ( 4 ) M'David, 68, 30: 515; 10. ( 5 ) Müller, 7, 86: 177; 13. ( 6 ) Nasini and Bernheimer, 36, 15: 59; 85. ( 7 ) Prunier, 34, 85: 808; 77. ( 8 ) Timmermans, 64V9 13: 508; 10. ( 9 ) Varga, Diss., Budapest, 1911.

COMPRESSIBILITY OF CRYSTALS P. W. BRIDGMAN 1. NON-METALLIC ELEMENTARY SUBSTANCES Q

P

=

106 y\

V1 - F 2 P - P1 Per atm-

C, diamond, ß = 0.16, room temp., 4000-10 000 atm. (i). H, hydrogen. Density of solid at -259.9° and 14 500 atm. > 0.1301. 0.1301 X 0.58 = density of liquid at -259.9° and 1 atm. Whence, for solid hydrogen, ß > 29 ( 2 ).

I, iodine, ß = 13.2, 2O0C, 100-500 atm. (3). P, red phosphorus, ß = 9.3, 2O0C, 100-500 atm. (3). P, white phosphorus, ß = 20.8, 2O0C, 100-500 atm. (3). S, sulfur, ß = 13.1, 2O0C, 100-500 atm. (3). LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) C 1 ) Adams, 128, 11: 45; 21. ( 2 ) Bridgman, 65, 59: 173; 24. ( 3 ) Richards, 1, 37: 1643; 15.

COMPRESSIBILITY OF PURE METALS W. ROSENHAIN, SPECIAL EDITOR C. BENEDICKS (CB); C. H. DESCH (CHD); D. HANSON (DH); C. H. M. JENKINS (CHMJ); P. D. MERICA (PDM); T. K. ROSE (TKR); P. W. BRIDGMAN (PWB)* T Linear

1

"3

-u-r.
2

t, 0C

__

_ 30

g

Cubic compressibility, ß = — ^- —5 • KO or

A =irî A' =ir^n JSoLdPJp-O /3oL^Jp-o. wo P

Co

ß' = 3

^ P= JLrî P

/3'oLdPJp-o

A' -JÄH

' ~ ß'oL 3* JP-O. *-fo

_Cr Cs I

P, or AP, atm.

30

30 20 20

I = length, V = volume, P = pressure in normal atmospheres. Where a range of P is given, values are a mean over this range.

I I

10
Remarks

_ 3.692Ì 11 600 3.223/ 3y ° 0.557\ , ^ 11 600 .506/ ^ 99-493 | 0.9 | Hg standard t 99-493 | 62 Hg standardf 5 v. also Fig. 1 ( )

r

Lit. °°P'

±L.Xp.

~

I7~ " ... _ , (3) Ed " | ( 9 ) | CHD ( (9) | CHD~ ( }

Ed

CUBIC COMPRESSIBILITY OF PURE METALS w g

t, 0C

Âg

30 30 20 20 ca. 20 -191 16 134

166 30 30 20 20 ca. 20 — 191 15 125 As I 20 ___ _ 30 20 20 ca. 20 B I 20 IS 20 20 20 ca. 20 C**| 20 "Ca 30 30 20

Al

™

Ì 20 ca. 20

P, or AP, atm. O 11 600 99-493 0-9870 Ì _ _. Stresses within elastic limit

106/3 1.020Ì 0.911/ 1.02 0.98 .93 .732 ^ ^

Remarks

Lit.Exp. °°P'

Compressibi Iity of the Alkali Metals

„ ( 3 ) TKR ** ^ } 9 Hg standardf ( ) Fe standardÎ O) From E and X§ (6) Ì Mallock,s ^^ (7)

.891 J 1.384Ì „, (3) Ed 1.298/ 3
J i 1.76 J method» I 99-493 | 4.5s I Hg standardf I ( 9 ) | CHD _ o.603\ (8) TKR 11 600 ,552/3^ 99-493 .65 Hg standardf (9) 0-9870 .58 Fe standard Î I1) Stress < EL t .61 From E and X § (6) I 99-493 I 0.3 1 Hg standardf I ( 9 ) 1 CHD 99-493 JTO Hg s t a n d a r d f C 9 ) Ed. O 3.04 \ _ ^ , ,, ... 9870 2.60 / Fe standard* M Stress < EL^ 3.2 From E and X§ ( 6 ) I 99-493 | 3.0 | Hg standardf I ( 9 ) I Ed.~ O 5.885Ì , ^ Z _,, (3) Ed 11600 5.300/ 3^ ' 99-493 5.8 Hg standard t C 9 ) CHD

(5)

J

O 11 600 99-493 0-9870

99-493 Stress < EL^

;£}*-—* 2.1 Hg standard t 2-4 From E and X§

(» CHMJ (9) (.6)

* Data marked " Ed. " have been added by the editorial office.

FIG. 1.

I g

*, 0C

P, or AP, atm.

Cu

30 30 20 20 ca. 20 JQJ 17.5

O 11600 99-493 0-9870

113

165

«tresses within elastic hrnit

10^/3

Remarks

0.756Ì .689/3^* .76 Hg standardf .76 Fe standard J f .75 From E and X§ 742 Ì ^ l Mal]ock,s g43

( .856J

methodll

Lit. C,°°pExp. ...

(3)

C9) ; O) U6) ; (7)

DH

J Jg ___

t, 0C

P, or AP, atm.

_

_

30 20 20 ça. 20 -190 18 128 â

10^/3 0.606Ì

. .... Stresses w^hm elastic limit

Oi

99-493 99-493

~ G e 3 0 30

.698 J 1.6-2.4 Solid 4 Liquid

"

O 11 600

Lit. Çf°P< Exp. Z

.555/ 3* .61 Hg standardf .61 C, 0.2%J .63 From E and X§ .626Ì I Mallock,s ^ method|1

11 600 99^493 0-9870

165 20 M. P.

Remarks

1.423 j 1.255/

y

TT"

(8) 9

( ) (*) (6)

Ed

(3) v ;

In |

20

|

99-493

1 2.7

| Hg standardf

| (*) I CHD

|

O 11600 99-493

Mg I Mn|

20 20

j I

Ì V f o 3 0 30 20 NaI 20 ~NÏ

"Pb

99-493 99-493

5 11 600 99-493 Stress < ELU" O 11 600

£

Pd

"Pt

Rb I ~Rh

| Hg standardf | Hg standardf

98°70

0.542l à .491/ * .435 Hg standard! .58 From E and X§ 2.381Ì 2.077 j 3 ^* } Fe standard*

20 ça. 20

99-493 Stress < EL^

2.36 2. o

30 30 20 ca. 20 30 30 20 co. 20 Ì -189 16.8 133

O 11 600 99-493 Stress < ELl" O 11 600 99-493

0.5361 .485/ .55 .58 0.372Ì .328/ .385 .4Os .385} .405 ^ \

164 20

.... «tresses withm elasuc limit

0

J i

SbJ

30 30 20

I

Se I

20

I

Si I ~Sn

2.9 0.85

O 0.358\ , „ , 11 600 .328/ 3^ 99-493 .465 Hg standard! 99-493 | 15.8 | Hg standard! v. also Fig. l (5)

I

» 30 20 ça. 20 30 30

| |

20 I 30 30 20 20 20 ca. 20 \ -190 /

Hg standard! From E and X§ 3

3 (3)

,

| ( 9 ) | Ed. I ( 9 ) CHD ~

TT" ' ( 9 ) CHD | ( 9 ) | CHD (8)

Ed

PDM ( 3) ^ } (») Ed. («) Ed. Z IT" ( > EtL (i) (9) (6)

| Hg standard!

nwr. CHD

9

( ) | ( 9 ) I Ed.

0.303Ì .266/ 9 .27s Hg standard!

(3)

Ed.

9

CHD

! - 7 O i 1 3 , , , , . 1.45 / Fe standard1.7 . Hg standard!

,^^ ^ (9)

P, atm. I -20° I -10° |

( )

c^^

CB

0°

| +10° | 20°

1 1 000 2 000 3 000

0.99638 .99268 .98904 .98549

0.99819 .99441 .99071 .98710

1.00000 0.99614 .99237 .98871

1.00181 0.99786 .99403 .99032

1.00362 0.99959 .99569 .99194

4 000 5 000

.98204

.98361 .98024

.98517 .98177

.98675 .98332

.98833 .98486

.98003 .97688 .97387 .97101

.98154 .97836 .97534 .97246

.96831

.96974 .96718 .96476

6 7 8 9

000 000 000 000

^ ^ ^ ^ ^ .97701 .97851 ^^^--^_^ .97539 ^^^--^__ Freezes

10 000 11 000 12 000

I P1 atm I

-30° I o.99457

1 000

99095

TKR

2 OOP

.98738

TKR

(9) (6)

Solid Mercury Along the melting curve the compressibility of the solid is about 10% less than that of the liquid with which it is in equilibrium.

(7)

(7)

I 2.3

., (3)

P. W. BRIDGMAN Relative volumes (2)

(») (6)

.417 J 99-493 | 40.5 | Hg standard! | (9) v. also Fig. 1 ( 5 ) O I 0.384Ì (3) 11 600 I .318/ 3y* 99-493 | 2.43 | Hg standard! | (9) 99-493 | 12.2 | Hg standard! j (») 99-493 I 0.32s | Hg standard! | (9) O 2.017 \ ^ (3) 11 600 1.780/ 3^ O 1.91 \ „ , , ,, ... 9870 1.66 / ê rtandardj (i) 99-493 1.9 Hg standard! (9) - /1.9 From#andX§ («) «tresses < EL1F J ^ 2 Mallook,fl

0.495Ì .489/ 3** .54 Hg standard!

Lit. ^°x°P'

Hg, MERCURY

( )

(8)

Remarks

* Metal crystallizes in cubic system, test pieces assumed isotropie. ! Based on /SHg = 4.00 X 10~« at 2O0C. $ Based on /Sp6 = 0.606 X 10~« at 2O0C. § ß computed from elastic constants E and X. E from tensile test, X from tensile test and torsional vibration test. Il Mallock's method ( 8 ) gives ß directly from deformation of tube under internal pressure. ^f Stresses within elastic limit. ** Graphite.

9

3

method I)

O 9870 99-493

10*/3

nwr. CHD

( }

(3)

Mallock's ^^

TRT? TKR

| (») | CHD

* Hg standard! From E and X§

* Hg standard! From E and X§

20 20 20

( 1 0 ) CHD

I ( 9 ) I Ed.

O 8.979Ì „, 11 600 6.566/ ^ 99-493 9.1 Hg standard! v. also Fig. l ( 5 )

O 11 600 99-493 99-493 O 11 600 99-493

Zn

| Hg standard t

30 30 20

30 30 Ô 20 30 30 20

(?)

| 4.00 v. infra.

Li

Ta

W

99-493

K |

P, or AP, atm.

"TI I

|

0.277Ì | * ( .244/1* i 32.1 | Hg standard! v. also Fig. l (5)

t, 0C

Ed.

20

30 30 20

I

DH

Hg|

~ïï

TS

| CHD

TKR

| Ed. | Ed. | CHD Ed

'

LINEAR COMPRESSIBILITY OF PURE METALS (Ed.) (3, 4)

Vo^r- V —_ oo (*oj - O—_&r ap — DJT hp2 1 Vo

ô

between O and 11 600 atm., except for alkali metals where higher powers of P are needed to express results.

a ahp "--ïMFA> -JLFÎ Ap

2b

- ß'«ldpjf.0-^

A' =ir^n =if!? *

ß'ldt]p,„

a, dt

(Tables on p. 48-49)

LINEAR COMPRESSIBILITY OF PURE METALS.—(Continued) Cry SU

Metal

C

Drawn rod, annealed at bright red heat

t, 0C ' I f 30 < ,_.

C

Hard drawn „ , , , ' , Hard drawn and annealed

~301.384 3/7 3 0 1.378 3 . 7 ^7 ?5 3?

. \ system*

Ag

Al

A

al

^ ratio

Treatment

Ascast

Au

C

B.

H

( , Drawn rod, annealed at bright red heat | g r° [short rod « , , ,^~, f . , x Extruded cylinder (v.tnjra.)

{ •O

75

o °

; ^ , . ... ,, , .„ , , , ,, Cast m graphite mold, chilled at bottom

Cd

H

1.89 _ .

1 020 ' _

Extmded

Unicrystalline casting

3 n3

7o

.Z. (JoO

1.464 8.0 1.501 8.5 0.885 4. Os

Co

C

Swaged, drawn at bright red heat, annealed at red heat

<

30 ?5 30

.T>

/•«*.

* C 1

Ge 06

Ir T Ll T

r

-

^~ ° , ° C O

Mg

H

Mn M

0

TTI

C J ât Jred Uheat4 Swaged VÂA cold.. u Extruded

"I

T

-^r-

-pi

pi

. °

c\

^

p

~~~~~~"^

n DraWnWlre

2~9 ^g 2

-9

2 g 2

.758

'8

76.5 K . 5 5 7.65 ' 11.1 \ fi 7.5/ 7.3 Ï ë k 4 7 T ~ ^ 3.7 o\i

0.8s

o .4

18.4 \ 18.6 / 11.1 no 11. ^b

10.9 11.3 9.1s

>

§ .ö J

777 7

-7

7

-55

7.6s

^4K5

'

aio .ölo

O 2.2O

i o 7.2

!04.O ^ 6

23.2 l ^ 7 J

_ , 7.1

î^'îl

2.8

773 7.25 5.9 5.9

„ „ °'6

8 979

Ì30 Ì75 /30 J75

'6

g

75

^fJ?

2

' . 9.6 .

30

o.096

j?•

10.2 \ 10.3/ 10.1JÌ ^

1.423 1.409 277 O-^

3

3.2

oA 2.4

y ß

7K 7o

-^

._ '

5 6

„ , 2.1

7&

7 9K Ì

g

TT~ ' ^ K ^-^

6 Q

JJ'J | 0.3e

2.9

7

3.7 0 . 9.5

99

[ 75

:

oTss 5.3s ^

AOß

(3^

~~~

«7 . ^ 5 J

QA

{/7g

1.624 Extruded at 50O0C, annealed at 30O0C

^756 ^

'743

75

/80 \75 /J3 0

LaSt

Swaged

°

{

2i. 2i

753

30

4.»\

9 2 1 >

'

. QUO

^1

75

fPure ("Best Select')

f^

'

I /7 o

' Same, o i J annealed

11.7

1O4A',

n'

y. D

30 75 30

{JJ • J^

1O6AV

o a

5.885 50.4 6.043 56.3 2.018 11.4

Extruded (probably impure)

C ri

3Q ß

Z . Zo4

C

Cu r.

5.3 5.45 3.3 2.2 2.2 29^9

o'oo/«

Ce

~ TTI ~ Commercial drawn rod

T: . O

1.387 1.421 0.596 .589 .603 3.652

/O

, ,

47 '

1 . UO l

__

/30 \75 30

10«b

t

30 75 I 30 "' ' ' ' \ 75 30 30

Cast in graphite mold, chilled at bottom Ca Ca

10«a

^ 7.2s l-* ^

2

^'^

19.Z

0.358 O .359 1.3 .373 1.1 .374 1.1

2

12.4 J

2 2

°'6

(3^

'5*2

^2

f'1

1.2

Chill cast, forged, drawn, and annealed at bright red heat. . . . < „ K (^ 7o

' Q . ooo

' 2.2

' 7.95

2.8s

99% Ni; drawn, annealed at bright red heat

I 75

.545

2.2

8.1

Cast in graphite mold, bottom chilled

^ 7o

^^ Z.olo

Jf^ Io. y

Jf^ 15.0

Same, extruded 1.5-0.75 cm diana.,, annealed at 23O0C

^

^ 441

^3 ' i

107

Massive, annealed 2 hours at 80O0C, cooled slowly

30 75 30 ^K /o

O 536 ' . o Jo 545 ' _._ . o4y

22 ' J.I 22 ' 2.2

82 ' 7.95 81 ' o. O

( 75^n

^79 376

IQ 19

in 9 Ì 10 1 f

Drawn wire, annealed at bright red heat

5.6 56

—3.3 1.6 2A

Metal T" Pt

Cr ta f Ì system* ~ C

„, Rh

_, C

QI Sb

TT H

Q

A

âl ratio ~

*, 0C 106a 1012b ' O 0.315 ÖTÖ | 75 ^ Q

Treatment ' . ~ Drawn wire, annealed

T

s

, , ,, , a Swaged at red heat ^ x . ,. x , , , .n , , , , , Cast in graphite mold, chilled at bottom

30 /o 30 ^

n

^

CmIl cast (v. iftfra.)

30

~ x .m graphite ,. x mold, ,, a-nnealed , , at. 1Knor i Cast 150 C

~

a _^

7o Ô

rp

r, ° H?

Ta

TIj: U ^

TV

tI

.

0

Zn

H

^

^757 1.7 "4 9 017

' D. 14 If) 9

T> n j «tap *• Boiled

130 { 75

°-998

30

0.303

0.495 .508

1.09Ì 1.06/ 5 4

IQ

K Q 5 85

'

- |I -2.5 oR

1.6

.325 ^

'

18.3 1 00 | 2.2

4 8

30

6 6

iy Q

-

16

o ^3.4

10 2

2 7

305

5.2

1.Q5

'_ O.o5 10 1

235

?5

K 0

1 Q 1.8

6 3

0.27 .27

987

75

8.7 ». » 13.1 ^0 Q Q

77.4 76>g

0.0

14.8 \ ^5 |

10 6

8.454 ^

/30 • • • " \ 75

. Prawnwire....

5 52

s

Drawnwire

fr.tn/ra.)

13 g

^ 077

/30 {^

,, . - s a Swaged

1.7

10.6 ^5

, 1.5K

10.5 ^1

n „ 0.7

1.860 v. infra§

* For data on crystal structure, ». Vol. I, p. 340. C = cubic, H = hexagonal. t Said to be not cubic. Î For Tl remelted and extruded from 1.2-0.6 cm: "^\^^

——

^ ^ \ ^ < , 0C P. atm.

™

^ A , , , 0>ynor , Extruded at 27O0C

g ng 1

_

Extruded at 125°, aged at 15O0C (v. infra.)

1.517 6.6 a n i.ozy o./ 2.108 13.8

1OU',

0 . 0 Ì Q Q |

Q

.384 2.85 ^ 2 g5

/30 J75

9 2 647

10U'P

10Q

^^^--^

30 -0.978 +1.872 2.700 3.505

3000 6 000 9 000 12 OOP

y

_

y

V, I

75 -1.011 +1.908 2.724 3.554

§ For cast Zn: 10«/3' = 0.9-2.4. For cast and extruded Zn: 10«/S' = 0.861.28. For unicrystalline casting of Zn, measurements in mutually perpendicular directions gave: 10«/3'i = 0.498; 106/3'a = 1.59; 10«/3r3 = 2.14. Mean » 10«/3 = 1.41.

3 § 1 ^ Bi

Axis Diof reeréf. tion Hex. Ì ±

Sb

Trig.

3Q°C

1.592 11.1 0.6624 4.39 2 - 917

750C

!

22 43

'

1.580 0.7044

11.6 840

2.989 31.13

y 1.648 20.5 I 1.637 18.0 J. 0.5256 4.56l2'699 31'6 0.5091 3.04 2 ' 655 25'3 Sn Têt. H 0.6719 4 . 0 7 1 R 7 f i 1 „ f t 0.6956I 3.91 JL 0.6022 4.2O 1 ' 876 13"6 0.6144J 4.26 1 ^ 924 13'7 Te Trig. || -0.4137-9.6 -0.51321-13.2 I Ä X 2.748 52.75^082101'1 2.777 | 53.6T 04185 ' 6 W I Cubic I I |0.318 1.4 I j |0.318| 1.5 Zn Hex. || 1.298 5.32 1.355 7.82 J. 0.1946 l.ll 1 ' 687 8-°8 0.2025 1.47 1-760|*1-86

LITERATURE 12

VALUES FOR SINGLE CEYSTALS (Eo.) ( ) ^-aP-hP» I rp AV ~- = AP - BP2

in

kg/cm2; range, O to 12 000 kg/cm2

rO

(For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) C 1 ) Adams, Williamson and Johnston, jf, 41: 12; 19. (2) Bridgman, 65, 47: 345; 11. (3) Bridgman, 65, 08: 166; 23. (-*) Bridgman, 65, 59: 109; 23. ( 5 ) Bridgman, 2, 27: 68; 26. (6; Grüneisen, 8, 25: 825; 08. (7) Grüneisen, 8, 33: 1239; 10. (») Mallock, 5, 74: 50; 04. ( 9 ) Richards, I9 37: 1643; 15. (i o) Richards and Boyer, 1, 43: 274; 21. (ii ) Richards and Sameshima, 1, 42 : 49; 20. O 2 ) Bridgman, 65, 60: 305; 25.

COMPRESSIBILITY OF CRYSTALLINE COMPOUNDS, MINERALS AND ROCKS L. H. ADAMS The compressibility ß is here defined by the equation :

B ß

~-

1

9V

( \ FoVoFJ 1

in which (for a given temperature t) V is the volume at the pressure P1 and F0 is the volume at P = 1 and (unless otherwise specified) at the temperature t, as given in the third column. The compressibility depends upon the temperature and also on the pressure; its variation with temperature is given by the expression,

the same as given in the third column—and at a specified pressure, P = I. The unit of pressure is here the megabarye, Vol. I, p. 34, and hence the values of ß are expressed in reciprocal megabaryes. It may be noted that 104Tp f -^r J is the relative change of ß, in %, for 100° change in temperature.

Similarly, 104o~(^p)

Ap = a ~ f ^) , and with pressure by the expression, A« = o~(^p) '

is the relative change of ß, in %, for 100 megabaryes change in pressure. The change of a, the thermal expansibility, with pressure is

in which /30 is the value of ß at a specified temperature—usually

readily calculated from the values for — —> for if Po dt

i /)/•?

a

l /dV\

= nUJy

we have the mathematical identity

(*«\ \dPJt

='

fW\ . \dt JP

For most solids —( T^ ) is independent of temperature within pQ\or/1 the error of experiment. Hence it follows that ßo\ot — ( ^r /) p is independent of pressure. It also happens that for most solids the variation of — I ~^F> ) with pressure is too small to be measurable. ß(\dr J t Usually ß is measured by determining the difference between the compressibility of the given substance and that of a reference substance of known compressibility, commonly iron or mercury. The values of ß given here have, when necessary, been recalculated to the basis /?Hg = 4.0 X 1(T6, and 0pe = 0.59s X 10~6, at t = 20 and P = 1 (5» 8» 13). For Hg, 104^ ~ = -0.32 and 104^ =

18. Thus at t = 20°, P = 300, 106/3 = 3.97, and at t = 0°, P = 125,7 1060 = 3.85.

4 For Fe, 104Po ~ ^| = -0.072 and 10PQ -^ = or at 6 2.2. Thus at * = 27, P = 7000, 10 p" = 0.569. Where possible the value of ß is given at t = 25, P — 1, but in certain cases when the values of the temperature and pressure coefficients of ß are unknown and the temperature and pressure at which ß has been determined vary too widely from t = 25, P = I, it has been necessary to give ß at the particular pressure and temperature at which it was measured.

»-TABLE, STANDARD ARRANGEMENT In addition to the values recorded below, the compressibility of the solid along the P, T1 melting curve may be obtained from the compressibility of the liquid and the observed compressibility difference, for which see Vol. IV, p. 9. I

Formula H2O H2O 14 Sb2S3 Bi2S3 C6Hs C10H8 SiO2

|

Name | ï ï e l ^ Ice VI Stibnite Bismuthinite Benzene Naphthalene Quartz

6

4

t I P | 10 /3 |-10*A*| IQ Ap T 30012 10 7500 4.7 O 125 1.50 O 125 3.32 O 132.9 2.6 7o 25 118.5 1.5 17 25 1 2.7s 0.20 2

|

Lit. ( 6 '7,18) (6.7) (12) (12) C 11 . 15) (U) (3, 10,

I Formula | Name 31 CuFeS2 Chalcopyrite CoAsS Cobaltite Al2O3 Corundum 3BeO.Al2Os-6SiO2 Beryl 76 MgO CaF2 Fluorite

| t | P | 10
CaCl2 CaBr2 CaSO4 CaSO4.2H2O CaCO3

Anhydrite Gypsum Calcite

20 20 O O 25

300 300 125 125 1

4.36 4.84 1.84 2.50 1.36 0.06

4

(ls) ( 1 ^) O 2) O 2) ( 4 > »o. 12, 21)

25 1 1.55 O 125 1.22 25 7000 1.06 20 300 3.32 20 300 4.11 25 1 1.59 0.10 O 125 1.75 20 300 2.7? 20 300 3.66 O 125 1.80 O 125 2.03 25 1 1.53 0.12 25 1 3.50 0.20

2 7

(12) (i 2) (3) (1^) (i 9) (io, 12) (12) (19) O 9) ( 1 2 > 21 ) (12) (20) ( 1 ^, 19,

LiBr

25

1 4.30

8

(i 7, i».

LiI LiAl(SiOs)2 NaCl

25 25 25

1 7.2 1 0.6s 1 4.18 0.20

7

(17, 19) ( 1 O) (*. 11»

CaCO3 CaCO3-MgCO3 CaSiO3-MgSiO3 SrCl2 SrBr2 SrSO4 SrCO3 BaCl2 BaBr2 BaSO4 BaCO3 81 LiF LiCl

Aragonite Dolomite Diopside Celestite Strontianite Barite Witherite

3

20)

0.25

20)

Spodumene

12, 16, 20, 21)

NaBr NaI NaNO3 KF KCl

25 25 O 25 25

1 1 125 1 1

5.09 7.1 3.84 3.30 5.65

0.26

8

0.20 0.27

1 5

KBr KI K2O.Al2O3.6SiO2 RbCl RbBr

25 25 25 25 25

1 1 1 1 1

6.68 8.56 1.8s 7.40 7.97

0.32 0.39 0.15

6 6

25

l 9.54 0.43

(16, 20) (!6) (i2) ( 2 O) ( 12 , 16, 20)

RbI CsCl CsBr CsI

Orthoclase (Low-pressure form) (Low-pressure form)

25 (Low-pressure 25 form) 25

l 5.9 l 7.0

(16, 20) (16, 20) (3, 12) (17, 19) (17, L9, 20) (17, 19, 20) (!7, 19) (i7, 19)

l 9.3

(17, 19)

0.35 7

12,21)

TiO2 ZrO2-SiO2 SnO2 PbCl2 PbS PbSO4 PbCO3 TlCl TlBr TlI ZnO ZnS ZnS CdCl2 32 AgCl AgBr AgI Ag2S AgNO 3 MnCO3 Fe2O3 Fe3O4 FeSz

Rutile Zircon Cassiterite

Rhodochrosite Hematite Magnetite Pyrite

O O O 20 25 O O 20 20 20 O 25 25 20 20 20 20 25 O O O O 25

125 125 125 300 1 125 125 300 300 300 125 1 1 300 300 300 300 l 125 125 125 1 1

0.59 0.86 0.49 3.4 1.91 1.94 1.91 4.9 5.3 6.9 0.78 1.30 1.36 5.95 2.40 2.74 4.11 2.7 3.67 1.3 0.60 0.55 0.70

Marcasite Arsenopyrite Siderite Ilmenite

25 O O O

1 125 125 125

0.82 0.99 1.00 0.56

Galena Anglesite Cerussite

Zincite Sphalerite Wurtzite

Argenti te

0.07

0.03

0.03

0.07 0.06

(12) (12) O2) (19) 6.7 (io, 12 ) (12) (12) (»«) (i 6 ) (i 6 ) (12) -4.1 (io, 12) (12) (1 Q ) (i«) (H, 16) (16) (io, 12) (12) (i 2) (i2) -1 (io, 12) 1 (3, i°» 12)

FeS2 FeAsS FeCO3 FeTiO3

(i 2) O2) (i 2) O2)

CRYSTALLINE MATERIALS (MORE THAN ONE COMPONENT) Composition (MgSiOs)88(FeSiO3)I2 (MgSiOs)7O(FeSiOs)30 (Mg2SiO4J9O(Fe2SiO4) 10 AbI8An22* Ab48An62* Or9IAb9*.

j

Name Enstatite Hypersthene Olivine Oligoclase Labradorite Microcline Phlogopite micat ActinoliteJ Augite§ Castironl] Cast iron Tourmalinelf Topaz** Opal (Mexican)

\t | P | 10fiff j -IQ4At | Lit. 25 7000 1.00 (3) 25 7000 0.98 (3) 257000 0.81 (2) 25 1 1.74 0.12 (3) 25 1 1. 5ö 0.17 (3) 25 11.9 0.15 (3) 25 1 2.34 0.17 (3) 257000 1.29 (3) 257000 1.01 (3) 252000 0.88 0.2 (3) 25 300 1.4s C1) O 125 0.82 (12) 25 1 0.6i (21) O 125 6.1 ('»)

* An is written for CaO.Al2O3.2SiO2. Ab is written for Na2O.Al2Os.6SiO2. Or is written for K2O.Al2O3.6SiO2. t Essentially R3Mg3Al(SiO4)3 where R = H, K, Mg, F. J Essentially CaO.3(Mg, Fe)O.4SiO2. § Essentially CaSiOs-(Mg, Fe)SiO3 (diopside), with Al2O3 and Fe2O3. Il Soft gray cast iron. Density at 23°, 7.193. f Essentially H9Al3(BOH)2Si4Ow with Fe, Mg, Ca, F, Na, K. ** Essentially Al(F, OH)2SiO4-

ROCKS At high pressures the compressibilities of most rocks depend mainly on the composition; on the other hand, at pressures below 2000 megabaryes the compressibility may be abnormally high and depends on the degree of compactness of the particular sample.

1 AR

In most instances — ~p at pressures above 2000 mega-

baryes is independent of pressure (within the error of experiment), but at pressures below 2000 it may change rapidly with pressure. •I

Rock Ohio sandstone. Serpentine (talc schist) Talc

In the table here given — TT-R refers to pressures higher than the

/JO Ol

Rock I P I Westerly granite 2000 Westerly granite 300 Washington granite 2000 Stone Mt. granite 2000 Baveno granite 300 Peterhead granite 300 Lily Lake granite 300 Quincy granite 300 Stanstead granite 300 Montreal nepheline syenite.... 300 Sudbury diabase 7000 Sudbury diabase 300 Palisade diabase 2000 New Jersey basalt 2000 Basalt 1 New Glasgow gabbro 2000 New Glasgow gabbro 300 New Glasgow anorthosite 500 Mt. Johnson essexite 300 Balsam Gap dunite 7000 Colorado marble 7000 Black Belgian marble 300 Carrara marble 300 Vermont marble 300 Tennessee marble 300 Montreal limestone 300 Solenhofen limestone 6000

106<3 I - IQ4A* I IQ4Ap | Lit. 2. Oo O. Io (3) 3.2 (l) 2.2s 0.29 (3) 1.9? O. !2 (3) 3.2 C1) 3. o C1) 3.2 C1) 3.4 (1J 3.7 O) 2.3 (*) 1.2s (3) 1.36 C1) 1.8 0.3 (3) 2.4 0.4 (3) 1.59 0.1? O . o (9) 1.34 0.2 (3) 1.5 C1) 1.7 (*) 2. i (1J 0.81 (2) 1.36 (3) 1. 7 (* ) 2.4 C1) 2.7 (1J 2.4 C1) 2.3 O) 1.36 9 (9)

106ff I -IQ 4 AtIlO 4 Ap Lit. 8 (l) 1.79 0.3 (l) 1.86 0.3 (9)_

COMPRESSIBILITIES OF A SERIES OF TYPICAL PLUTONIC ROCKS (3) Average composition (by volume) T, , Rock

n/D

pressures for which ß is given. In all cases the temperature is approximately 25°.

I P I 140 2000 1

<" Granodiorite o

Svemfce

Diorite

~ , Ande^ Ortho. Quartz . sine, clase ., . Ab2Am

3

°

11

65

^-0 10« ß

«n SS l:ll OOf) 1 QO

20

52

10

nn

K

90

Lb a radonte, ... AbiAn2

Gabbro

. ,.I P, „. ... AmphiBiotite . . megabole , baryes

5

8

°

A

50

ite

40

Pyroxenite...

50

5

Hyper- Olivine A, sthene

XQ QOO l'62 2 000

_

5

15

1

^ *'•«

Metal.. . he iron

g Q00 j

2 0°° 10 000 2 000 10 000 2 000

50 10

°

Pallasite

50

Siderite

20

10000 I.'l2 2 000 1 03 10 000 O ! 96

50

Dunite

1.86

10 000 1.64

10

™ 50

Peridotite....

7

50 10

°

°-93 0.87 0.84 0.79 O 72

10 ooo o.'es

2 000 0.59 \ 10 000 0.56

LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) (i) Adams and Coker, 152, No. 46; 06. ( 2 ) Adams and Gibson, 197, 12: 275; 26. ( 3 ) Adams and Williamson, 143, 195: 475; 23. (*) Adams, Williamson and Johnston, 1,41: 12; 19. ( 5 ) Bridgman, 65, 47: 345; 11. ( 6 ) Bridgman, 65, 47:439; 12. ( 7 ) Bridgman, 65, 48: 310; 12. («) Bridgman, 65, 58: 166; 23. ( 9 ) Bridgman, 12, 7: 81; 24. O») Bridgman, 12, 10: 483; 25. (") Essex, 93, 88: 189; 14. (12) Madelung andFuchs, 8, 65:289; 21. (l3) de Metz, 8, 47: 706; 92. (U) Richards and Bartlett, 1, 37: 470; 15. ( 15 ) Richards, Bartlett and Hodges, 1, 43: 1538; 21. ( 16 ) Richards and Jones, 1, 31: 158; 09. ( 17 ) Richards and Saerens, 1, 46: 934; 24. 0») Richards and Speyers, 1, 36: 491; 14. (l») Saerens, 28, 33: 17; 24. (20) Slater, 2, 23: 488; 24. 65, 61: 135; 26. ( 2 I) Voigt, 8, 31: 474, 701; 87. 34: 981; 88. 35: 642; 88. 39: 412; 90.

DENSITY (SPECIFIC GRAVITY) AND THERMAL EXPANSION (UNDER ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE) OF AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS OF INORGANIC SUBSTANCES AND OF STRONG ELECTROLYTES L. J. GILLESPIE, SPECIAL EDITOR J. A. BEATTIE [JAB], B. T. BROOKS [BTB], L. J. GILLESPIE [LJG], GEORGE SCATCHARD [GS]7 WALTER C. SCHUMB [WCS] AND RALPH F. TEFFT [RFT]* CONTENTS

MATIÈRES

INHALTSVERZEICHNIS

Introduction. Systems containing one solute.

Introduction. Systèmes ne contenant qu'un corps dissout. Systèmes contenant plus qu'un corps dissout. Densité des solutions saturées. Température delà densité maximum.

Einleitung. Systeme mit einem gelöste Stoffe. Systeme mit mehr als einem gelöste Stoffe. Gesättigte Lösungen. Temperatur des Dichtemaximums.

Systems containing more than one solute. Density of saturated solutions. Temperature of maximum density.

* The tables for which the respective Cooperating Experts are responsible are marked with the initials indicated above, following the formula of the compound, thus, BaCh [GSl. When a different Cooperating Expert has been responsible for collecting the pertinent literature references, this is indicated in a similar manner by his initials following the list of reference numbers,

INDICE PAGE

Introduzione Sistemi contenenti un solo soluto Sistemi contenenti più di uno soluto Soluzioni sature Temperatura del massimo di densità

52 54 95 104 107

* Les tables pour lesquelles les experts coopérants respectifs sont responsables sont marquées avec les initiales indiquées ci-dessus suivant la formule du composé, ainsi, BaCh [GS]. Lorsqu'un expert coopérant autre que celui mentionné ci-dessus a été chargé de recueillir les références bibliographiques convenables, cela est indiqué d'une manière similaire par ses initiales suivant la liste des nombres de références.

ROCKS At high pressures the compressibilities of most rocks depend mainly on the composition; on the other hand, at pressures below 2000 megabaryes the compressibility may be abnormally high and depends on the degree of compactness of the particular sample.

1 AR

In most instances — ~p at pressures above 2000 mega-

baryes is independent of pressure (within the error of experiment), but at pressures below 2000 it may change rapidly with pressure. •I

Rock Ohio sandstone. Serpentine (talc schist) Talc

In the table here given — TT-R refers to pressures higher than the

/JO Ol

Rock I P I Westerly granite 2000 Westerly granite 300 Washington granite 2000 Stone Mt. granite 2000 Baveno granite 300 Peterhead granite 300 Lily Lake granite 300 Quincy granite 300 Stanstead granite 300 Montreal nepheline syenite.... 300 Sudbury diabase 7000 Sudbury diabase 300 Palisade diabase 2000 New Jersey basalt 2000 Basalt 1 New Glasgow gabbro 2000 New Glasgow gabbro 300 New Glasgow anorthosite 500 Mt. Johnson essexite 300 Balsam Gap dunite 7000 Colorado marble 7000 Black Belgian marble 300 Carrara marble 300 Vermont marble 300 Tennessee marble 300 Montreal limestone 300 Solenhofen limestone 6000

106<3 I - IQ4A* I IQ4Ap | Lit. 2. Oo O. Io (3) 3.2 (l) 2.2s 0.29 (3) 1.9? O. !2 (3) 3.2 C1) 3. o C1) 3.2 C1) 3.4 (1J 3.7 O) 2.3 (*) 1.2s (3) 1.36 C1) 1.8 0.3 (3) 2.4 0.4 (3) 1.59 0.1? O . o (9) 1.34 0.2 (3) 1.5 C1) 1.7 (*) 2. i (1J 0.81 (2) 1.36 (3) 1. 7 (* ) 2.4 C1) 2.7 (1J 2.4 C1) 2.3 O) 1.36 9 (9)

106ff I -IQ 4 AtIlO 4 Ap Lit. 8 (l) 1.79 0.3 (l) 1.86 0.3 (9)_

COMPRESSIBILITIES OF A SERIES OF TYPICAL PLUTONIC ROCKS (3) Average composition (by volume) T, , Rock

n/D

pressures for which ß is given. In all cases the temperature is approximately 25°.

I P I 140 2000 1

<" Granodiorite o

Svemfce

Diorite

~ , Ande^ Ortho. Quartz . sine, clase ., . Ab2Am

3

°

11

65

^-0 10« ß

«n SS l:ll OOf) 1 QO

20

52

10

nn

K

90

Lb a radonte, ... AbiAn2

Gabbro

. ,.I P, „. ... AmphiBiotite . . megabole , baryes

5

8

°

A

50

ite

40

Pyroxenite...

50

5

Hyper- Olivine A, sthene

XQ QOO l'62 2 000

_

5

15

1

^ *'•«

Metal.. . he iron

g Q00 j

2 0°° 10 000 2 000 10 000 2 000

50 10

°

Pallasite

50

Siderite

20

10000 I.'l2 2 000 1 03 10 000 O ! 96

50

Dunite

1.86

10 000 1.64

10

™ 50

Peridotite....

7

50 10

°

°-93 0.87 0.84 0.79 O 72

10 ooo o.'es

2 000 0.59 \ 10 000 0.56

LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) (i) Adams and Coker, 152, No. 46; 06. ( 2 ) Adams and Gibson, 197, 12: 275; 26. ( 3 ) Adams and Williamson, 143, 195: 475; 23. (*) Adams, Williamson and Johnston, 1,41: 12; 19. ( 5 ) Bridgman, 65, 47: 345; 11. ( 6 ) Bridgman, 65, 47:439; 12. ( 7 ) Bridgman, 65, 48: 310; 12. («) Bridgman, 65, 58: 166; 23. ( 9 ) Bridgman, 12, 7: 81; 24. O») Bridgman, 12, 10: 483; 25. (") Essex, 93, 88: 189; 14. (12) Madelung andFuchs, 8, 65:289; 21. (l3) de Metz, 8, 47: 706; 92. (U) Richards and Bartlett, 1, 37: 470; 15. ( 15 ) Richards, Bartlett and Hodges, 1, 43: 1538; 21. ( 16 ) Richards and Jones, 1, 31: 158; 09. ( 17 ) Richards and Saerens, 1, 46: 934; 24. 0») Richards and Speyers, 1, 36: 491; 14. (l») Saerens, 28, 33: 17; 24. (20) Slater, 2, 23: 488; 24. 65, 61: 135; 26. ( 2 I) Voigt, 8, 31: 474, 701; 87. 34: 981; 88. 35: 642; 88. 39: 412; 90.

DENSITY (SPECIFIC GRAVITY) AND THERMAL EXPANSION (UNDER ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE) OF AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS OF INORGANIC SUBSTANCES AND OF STRONG ELECTROLYTES L. J. GILLESPIE, SPECIAL EDITOR J. A. BEATTIE [JAB], B. T. BROOKS [BTB], L. J. GILLESPIE [LJG], GEORGE SCATCHARD [GS]7 WALTER C. SCHUMB [WCS] AND RALPH F. TEFFT [RFT]* CONTENTS

MATIÈRES

INHALTSVERZEICHNIS

Introduction. Systems containing one solute.

Introduction. Systèmes ne contenant qu'un corps dissout. Systèmes contenant plus qu'un corps dissout. Densité des solutions saturées. Température delà densité maximum.

Einleitung. Systeme mit einem gelöste Stoffe. Systeme mit mehr als einem gelöste Stoffe. Gesättigte Lösungen. Temperatur des Dichtemaximums.

Systems containing more than one solute. Density of saturated solutions. Temperature of maximum density.

* The tables for which the respective Cooperating Experts are responsible are marked with the initials indicated above, following the formula of the compound, thus, BaCh [GSl. When a different Cooperating Expert has been responsible for collecting the pertinent literature references, this is indicated in a similar manner by his initials following the list of reference numbers,

INDICE PAGE

Introduzione Sistemi contenenti un solo soluto Sistemi contenenti più di uno soluto Soluzioni sature Temperatura del massimo di densità

52 54 95 104 107

* Les tables pour lesquelles les experts coopérants respectifs sont responsables sont marquées avec les initiales indiquées ci-dessus suivant la formule du composé, ainsi, BaCh [GS]. Lorsqu'un expert coopérant autre que celui mentionné ci-dessus a été chargé de recueillir les références bibliographiques convenables, cela est indiqué d'une manière similaire par ses initiales suivant la liste des nombres de références.

INTRODUCTION

INTRODUCTION

Sources of Data.—Each table is the result of a critical examination of all pertinent data. The reference numbers are in some cases marked according to the weight assigned to the authors' values, thus, * some weight, ** greater weight. When such distinction is made, references not specially marked have not been utilized, or contain data of less reliability. Literature reference numbers which follow the symbol a contain thermal expansion data. Abbreviations and Units.—The quantities recorded in the tables are temperature in 0C, Wt. % of the solute, and density of the solution in g/ml (= specific gravity, E°/4°). The Wt. % refers to the formula given except when water of hydration is shown, in which case it refers to the anhydrous substance. Densities and per cents are throughout based on weights in vacuo, unless otherwise indicated. Interpolation.—In general, at least up to 20 or 30 %, linear interpolation may safely be employed throughout the tables for a given temperature. By forming the first and second tabular differences, the error introduced by linear interpolation can easily be estimated: It may reach about J£ of the second tabular difference. No general statement can be made as to whether the accuracy of the original data warrants a refinement over linear interpolation. If desired, the interpolation formula may be used, or the convenient and accurate method (a). (a) To find the density of a solution containing Wi Wt. % of solute at 00C when B is given in the table. Form the function

Sources des données.—Chaque table est le résultat d'un examen critique de toutes les données convenables. Les nombres de références sont dans certains cas marqués selon le poids assigné aux valeurs des auteurs, ainsi, * un peu de poids, ** poids plus grand. Lorsqu'une telle distinction est faite, les références qui ne sont pas spécialement marquées n'ont pas été utilisées, ou elles contiennent des données moins dignes de confiance. Les nombres de références bibliographiques qui suivent le symbole a contiennent des données de dilatation thermique. Abréviations et unités.—Les quantités mentionnées dans les tables sont : la température en 0C, le % poids du corps dissout, et la densité de la solution en g/ml ( = poids spécifique, J°/4°). Le % poids se rapporte à la formule donnée excepté lorsque l'eau d'hydratation est mise en évidence, auquel cas le % poids se rapporte à la substance anhydre. Les densités et les pour cent sont partout basés sur les poids dans le vide, à moins d'une autre indication. Interpolation.—En général, on peut employer sans danger dans les tables et pour une température donnée, l'interpolation linéaire au moins jusqu'à 20 ou 30%. On peut trouver de suite les cas où l'interpolation linéaire introduit des erreurs, en formant la première et la deuxième différence tabulaire: l'erreur due à l'interpolation linéaire peut atteindre % de la deuxième différence tabulaire. On ne peut établir d'une façon générale si la précision des données originales justifie une correction après avoir fait l'interpolation linéaire. On peut utiliser si l'on veut ou la formule d'interpolation ou la méthode précise et convenable (a). (a) Pour trouver la densité d'une solution contenant TFi % poids de corps dissout à O0C lorsque 0 est donné dans la table, il faut former la fonction

F F

ds 1 =~~W~'

where ds is the density of a solution of W Wt. % solute at 0°. Construct the graph, F against W, and interpolate F for TTi. (6) To find the Wt. % of solute, TFi, from the density, when 6 is given in the table. Construct the graph, F against ds — 1. Divide ds — 1 by the interpolated value of F. (c) To find the density of a solution of O0C, when B is not given in the table. It is better to define the function EV

b

-

ds — àw W '

where dw is the density of water (v. p. 24) at t°. Construct the graphs, F' against W1 for the two given temperatures which enclose the temperature 0, and by interpolation construct the graph for the temperature 0. Check by constructing the graphs of F' against t for the two given values of W which enclose TFi, and interpolate the graph for TFi. (d) To find the density of a solution containing C grams (resp. moles, formula wts., equiv. wts.) of solute per liter of solution at /0C. Construct for t° a graph of TF X ds against ds, and obtain by interpolation the value of ds for which TF X ds= Ko C (resp. Jfo £ X Mj where M is the mol. wt., formula wt., equiv. wt., as the case may be). This is the value sought.

"^ où ds est la densité d'une solution contenant TF % poids de corps dissout à 0°j construire le graphique, F par rapport à TF et interpoler F pour TFi. (b) Pour trouver le % poids de corps dissout, TFi, à partir de la densité, lorsque 0 est donné dans la table, il faut construire le graphique, F par rapport à ds — 1 et diviser ds — 1 par la valeur interpolée de F. (c) Pour trouver la densité d'une solution à 00C1 lorsque O n'est pas donné dans la table, il est préférable de définir la fonction w - ds ~~ dw* * TF~ où dw est la densité de Peau (v. p. 24) à t°. Construire les graphiques, F' par rapport à TF, pour les deux températures données entre lesquelles se trouve la température B, et par interpolation construire le graphique pour la température 0. Vérifier, en construisant les graphiques de F' par rapport à t pour les deux valeurs données de TF entre lesquelles se trouve TFi, et interpoler le graphique pour TFi. (d) Pour trouver la densité d'une solution contenant C grammes (resp. mol. gr., formule poids, équiv. poids) de corps dissout par litre de solution à £°C, construire pour t° un graphique de TF X ds par rapport à ds et obtenir par interpolation la valeur de ds pour laquelle TF X ds = Ko C (resp. Ko C X M1 où M est le poids mol., la formule poids, l'èqui v. poids, suivant le cas). On obtient ainsi la valeur cherchée.

EINLEITUNG

INTRODUZIONE

Quellen.—Jede Tafel ist das Ergebnis einer kritischen Prüfung aller zweckdienlicher Daten. Die Literaturzahlen sind in einigen Fällen mit Zeichen versehen, welche das Gewicht bezeichnen das den Angaben der Autoren beigelegt worden ist, z. B.* einiges Gewicht,** grösseres Gewicht. Ist eine solche Auswahl getroffen, so sind Angaben, die nicht besonders bezeichnet sind, nicht verwendet, oder enthalten Werte von geringerer Verlässlichkeit. Literaturzahlen die dem Zeichen a folgen, enthalten Daten für die thermische Ausdehnung. Abkürzungen und Einheiten.—Die Zahlenangaben der Tafeln beziehen sich auf Temperaturen in 0C, auf Gewichtsprozente (Wt. %) des gelösten Stoffes, die Dichte der Lösung in g/ml (= Spezifisches Gewicht, £°/4°). Die Gewichtsprozente (Wt. %) beziehen sich auf die angegebene Formel, ausgenommen, wenn Hydratationswasser angegeben ist, in diesem Fall beziehen sie sich auf den wasserfreien Stoff. Dichte und Prozente beziehen sich durchwegs auf das Gewicht im Vakuum, ausser es ist anders angegeben. Interpolation.—Bis mindestens zu 20 und 30 % hinauf kann man in allen Tafeln bei bestimmter Temperatur sicher linear interpolieren. Ob dies einen Fehler verursacht, kann leicht durch Bildung der ersten und zweiten Tafeldifferenz gefunden werden. Der durch die lineare Interpolation sich ergebende Fehler wird kaum % der zweiten Tafeldifferenz ausmachen. Es kann keine allgemeine Aussage darüber gemacht werden, ob die Genauigkeit der Originalwerte eine Verfeinerung über diejenige der linearen Interpolation zulässt. Wenn nötig, so kann man die Interpolationsformel verwenden oder die bequeme und genaue Methode (a). (a) Es ist die Dichte einer Lösung zu finden, die Wi Gewichtsprozente (Wt. %) des gelösten Stoffes bei 00C enthält, wenn 0 in der Tafel sich vorfindet. Ist ds die Dichte einer Lösung die W Gewichtsprozente (Wt. %) des gelösten Stoffes enthält, so berechne man F nach der Gleichung

Origine di dati.—Ogni tabella è il risultato dell'esame critico di tutti i dati relativi. In alcuni casi, per ricordare il valore attribuito ai singoli dati, si son fatti seguire i numeri di riferimento da annotazioni come queste: * alcuno valore, ** più di valore. Quando è fatta una distinzione tra le varie citazioni, quelle senza contrassegno speciale non sono state utilizzate, oppure contengono dati di minore attendibilità. I numeri di riferimento della letteratura, quando sono preceduti dal simbolo a, contengono dati di dilatazione termica. Abbreviazioni e unità.—Le quantità riportate nelle tabelle sono temperature in 0C, percentuali in peso di soluto, e densità delle soluzioni in g/ml ( = peso specifico, £°/4°). La percentuale in peso si riferisce alla formula data tranne che non sia inclusa in questa l'acqua di idrataziune, nel qual caso si riferisce alla sostanza anidra. Le densità e le percentuali sono sempre riferite a pesate nel vuoto salvo che non sia indicato diversamente. Interpolazione.—In genere, almeno fino al 20 o 30%, si può adoperare con sicurezza la interpolazione lineare in tutte le tabelle per una data temperatura. Si può vedere se la interpolazione lineare introduce errori formando le differenze prime e seconde: l'errore dovuto alla interpolazione lineare appena potrebbe eccedere % delle differenze seconde. Non si può stabilire in maniera generica se l'accuratezza dei dati originali consente una precisione superiore a quella che da la interpolazione lineare. Se si desidera, si può adoperare la formula di interpolazione oppure si può ricorrere al metodo preciso (a). (a) Si desideri la densità di una soluzione contenente Wi percento in peso di soluto a 00C, quando 0 è dato nella tabella. Si ricava allora

p = *L=± * W und trage F und W im Koordinatenpapier auf, woraus sich F für das gegebene Wi ergibt. (o) Es sind die Gewichtsprozente TTi (Wt. %) einer Lösung aus der Dichte ds zu finden, wenn 6 in der Tafel sich vorfindet. Man trage F und ds — l im Koordinatenpapier auf und dividiere ds — l durch den interpolierten Wert von F. (c) Es ist die Dichte einer Lösung bei 00C zu finden, wenn 6 sich nicht in der Tafel vorfindet. Es ist am besten die Gleichung EV _ ds — dw

* " W zu verwenden, in welcher dw die Dichte des Wassers (siehe p. 24) bei t° bedeutet. Man trägt zuerst im Koordinatenpapier F' und W für zwei B einschliessende Temperaturen auf, durch Interpolation kann man dann die Kurve für 6 konstruieren. Trägt man in gleicher Weise F' als Funktion von t für zwei Werte von W auf, welche TFi einschliessen, so erhält man durch Interpolation Wi. (d) Es ist die Dichte ds einer Lösung zu finden, welche C Gramme (bezw. Mole, Grammformelgewicht, Äquivalentgewicht) in l Liter bei J0C gelöst enthält. Man entwerfe wie oben eine Kurve mit W X ds und ds wodurch man durch Interpolation einen Wert für ds erhält. Es ist dann W X ds = Ko C (bezw. Ko C X M wo JIf gleich ist dem Molgewicht, Grammformelgewicht oder Äquivalentgewicht). Dies ist der gesuchte Wert.

F

ds

l

~ = ^r->

dove ds è la densità della soluzione con W percento in peso di soluto a 0°; si riporta in un diagramma la variazione di F rispetto a TF, e si interpola F per TFi. (b) Si desideri ricavare il percento in peso di soluto, TTi, dalla densità, quando 0 è dato nella tabella. Si riporta in un diagramma F rispetto a ds — 1, e si divide ds — 1 per il valore interpolato di F. (e) Si desideri la densità di una soluzione a 00C, quando 0 non è dato nella tabella. Si calcola il valore di „, ds — dw * = W ~ ' dove dw è la densità dell'acqua (v. p. 24) a t°, si traccia la curva che rappresenta il variare di F' rispetto a W per le due temperature che comprendono la temperatura 0, e per interpolazione si costruisce il diagramma per la temperatura 0. Si fa la riprova costruendo i diagrammi che danno i valori di F' rispetto a t per i due valori di W che comprendono Wi1 e si interpola il grafico per Wi. (d) Si desideri stabilire la densità di una soluzione contenente C g (oppure moli, pesi corrispondenti alle formule, pesi equivalenti) di soluto per litro di soluzione a 20C. Si traccia per t° un diagramma che rappresenta come varia W X ds con d§j e si ricava per interpolazione il valore di ds per il quale W ^ ds = % Q C (oppure K o C X Mj dove M è il peso molecolare, il peso corrispondente alla formula, o il peso equivalente a seconda dei casi). Questo è il valore cercato.

SYSTEMS CONTAINING ONE SOLUTE Standard arrangement

—

H 2 O 2 [JAB] (399)**; (77, 90) [LJG]

-—i %l

1 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18

=

;—-ja—ij-^-j % I d* 1.0038 1.0022| 20 1.0078 1.0058 22 1.0157 1.0131 24 1.0236 1.0204 26 1.0316 1.0277 28 1.0395 1.0351 30 1.0475 1.0425 35 1.0555 1.0499 40 1.0635 1.0574 45 1.0716 1.0649 50 dt

-j5—;

/o I

jo—i ^ 1.0797 1.0725 55 1.2322 1.0879 1.0802 60 1.2559 1.0962 1.0880 65 1.2804 1.1046 1.0959 70 1.3056 1.1131 1.1040 75 1.3314 1.1216 1.1122 80 1.3576 1.1431 1.1327 85 1.3842 1.1648 1.1536 90 1.4112 1.1868 1.1749 95 1.4385 1.2092 1.1966 100 1.4660 d<

-iü—[Tin

d<

3Ü*i— 1.2188 1.2416 1.2652 1.2897 1.3149 1.3406 1.3667 1.3931 1.4197 1.4465

%

HClO, fJABH288, HF [JAB] (148, 296, 648)**;

5 14)**.

( 1 6 S - 2 6 7 ' 6 6 °)

1

.JH

*

I

^r

u

-^

HClO4 [LJG] ("i. 514, 658)**; (521, 529) : J1 j -^ p—, -jj , j—

"4

I

«4

I

«4

Il % l

O4

I

-gj—

«4

I

«4

1 1.0050 1.0020 0.9933 26 1.1738 1.1697 1.1490 2 1.0109 1.0070 0.9986 28 1.1900 1.1851 1.1645 1.0169 O 9906 30 1.2067 1.2013 1.1800 4 x 0228 ß 1 Q34g l 027Q l 02Q5 32 ^2239 1-21g3 t 196Q ^0320 34 ^2418 ^2369 1<213Q g l ^n l Q372 L0440 36 1.2603 1.2542 1.2310 1Q IQ597 1M75 ^0680 3g ^2794 j 2732 l 249Q 12 ^0726 j Q6go 4Q ^2991 ^2927 ^2680 u ^0869 ^3460 j 31go w ^0996 1 0810 4g ^3521 lg t U36 l Q940 5Q j 41Q3 t 4Qlg l 3730 ^4636 ^'^20 2Q ^1279 l 1Q70 55 ^4733 ^1205 ^ ^6389 j 529g ^4960 22 j U2g 24 1.1581

1.1345

(529)*- (327)

65 1.6059

1.5986

1.5620

70

1.6680

1.6290

1.6736

[LJGl

%

I

<

ll%

d

.' ^5

?

%

1

75

I

80

I

82

I

84

I

86

I

88

90

j

92

|

94

|

96

I

98

| 100

io ì:S! i:ïïî S i:îS i î:SS i:ÏÏS ^....iiîiîi^n.^ I.T^H.TT«

15 20

1.060 1.053 74 1.262 1.080 1.070 76 1.262

5

l'nl

40 45 50 55 60 65

1.159 1.130 84 1.246 14 1.0856 1.178 1.143 86 1.233 16 1.0991 1.198 1.155 88 1.213 18 1.1130 1.217 90 1.178 20 1.1273 1.235 95 1.089 22 1.1419 1.248 100 1.0005 24 1.1568

ÎZ

S

Î1S

4 6

1.0222 1.0344

1.0208 1.0328

10 Î'S

^0449

iï î:!S î:îS S 1:SS S îS

^*~

<•

^7720 i-7^ ™™ "«*> 1 î 0 L7098

I^6-T^5-^7868-r7676-

Br [JAB] (325, 565)** [LJG] % 0-5 d\5'b& . . 1.0033 d\*'5 . . 0.9982

1.0 1.0074 1.0016

1.5 | 2.0 I 2.5 | 3.0 1.0113 1.0150 1.0185 1.0218 1.0051 1.0088 1.0125

HCl [JAB] ( 3 4 8 > 3 4 9 ), OL (368)**- (20, 391, 556, 5 5 7 , 6 5 3 ) * « (18, 43, 44, 98, 106, 125, 144, 167, 170, 197, 200, 204, 214, 221, 224, 239, 247, 273, 306, 312, 313, 318, 319, 321, 323, 327, 333, 340, 344, 354, 378, 385, 387, 409, 418, 451, 463, 483, 491, 514, 519, 528, 529, 551, 589, 592, 593, 596, 628, 645, 654, 6 6 0 ) ? a (151, 211, 466, 555, 609, 6 1 0 )

% 1 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30

| -50C 1.0048 1.0104 1.0213 1.0321 1.0428 1.0536 1.0645 1.0754 1.0864 1.0975 1.1087 1.1200 1.1314 1.1426 1.1537 1.1648

O0C | +1O0C | 2O0C I 250C | 3O0C | 4O0C | 5O0C | 6O0C | 8O0C | IQO0C 1.0052 1.0048 1.0032 1.0020 1.0006 0.9970 0.9929 0.9881 0.9768 0.9636 1.0106 1.0100 1.0082 1.0069 1.0055 1.0019 0.9977 0.9930 0.9819 0.9688 1.0213 1.0202 1.0181 1.0167 1.0152 1.0116 1.0073 1.0026 0.9919 0.9791 1.0319 1.0303 1.0279 1.0264 1.0248 1.0211 1.0168 1.0121 1.00.16 0.9892 1.0423 1.0403 1.0376 1.0360 1.0343 1.0305 1.0262 1.0215 1.0111 0.9992 1.0528 1.0504 1.0474 1.0457 1.0439 1.0400 1.0357 1.0310 1.0206 1.0090 1.0634 1.0607 1.0574 1.0556 1.0537 1.0497 1.0453 1.0406 1.0302 1.0188 1.0741 1.0711 1.0675 1.0656 1.0636 1.0594 1.0549 1.0502 1.0398 1.0286 1.0849 1.0815 1.0776 1.0756 1.0735 1.0692 1.0646 1.0598 1.0494 1.0383 1.0958 1.0920 1.0878 1.0856 1.0834 1.0790 1.0743 1.0694 1.0590 1.0479 1.1067 1.1025 1.0980 1.0957 1.0934 1.0888 1.0840 1.0790 1.0685 1.0574 1.1177 1.1131 1.1083 1.1059 1.1034 1.0986 1.0937 1.0886 1.0780 1.0668 1.1287 1.1238 1.1187 1.1162 1.1135 1.1085 1.1033 1.0982 1.0874 1.0761 1.1396 1.1344 1.1290 1.1264 1.1236 1.1183 1.1129 1.1076 1.0967 1.0853 1.1505 1.1449 1.1392 1.1365 1.1336 1.1280 1.1224 1.1169 1.1058 1.0942 1.1613 1.1553 1.1493 1.1465 1.1435 1.1376 1.1318 1.1260 1.1149 1.1030

32

1.1593

34

1.1691

36

1.1789

38

x 1885

40

1 1980

3.38% ( 588 )

(348, 349, 586)** ~

J17.15

0.2 °' 4 0.6 0.8 1.0

^ 0.999 802 1 000 819 ^ 1.001 830 1.002 837 1.003 842

%

Jj

^

^ 1.2 IA

1.6 1.8 2.0

i

J17.15

^ 1.004 845 1 005 846 ^ 1.006 845 1.007 842 1.008 837

^

^0.9669 0.9606 0.9537 0.9456

i

~t

i 110 120 130 140

HBr [JAB} (288, 483, 5 5 7 ) * * ; (514)* ; (12, 29, 43, 44, 244, 319, 321, 327, 340, 463, 490, 519, 520, 547, 589, 600)

—— %

% 1 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20

I

24

dj 1.0073 1.0146 1.0295 1.0448 1.0604 1.0764 1.0928 1.1097 1.1272 1.1453 1.1640

I

i:£5

26 28 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 _65

6%° 1.0068 1.0139 1.0285 1.0435 1.0589 1.0747 1.0910 1.1078 1.1251 1.1430 1.1615

I

!'.SS

1.2235 1.2446 1.2663 1.3243 1.3877 1.4564 1.5305 1.6100 1.6950 L7854

< 1.0053 1.0124 1.0269 1.0417 1.0568 1.0723 1.0883 1.1048 1.1219 1.1396 1.1579

I

î:i2ï

1.2206 1.2415 1.2630 1.3208 1.3838 1.4521 1.5257 1.6047 1.6892 1^792

5

1 2 4 6 8

% d\5-5

~

I

/O 1 2 4

3

04

i

% l 2

4 6 8

^4

1.0042 1.0114 1.0262

^

Î'SS

Î'S

!'S

1

6

8

;-062 S

a

J:S5

!S

7 i.uy/u 1 1148 T'":? 1.1331 i1.1521 1 rr»i i ITI n '925 l'ìm ÎISl 1.2«tol -, OCQI 1 9«9Q i.^ö^y 1.3460 1.4143 1.4880

LZ 14 i* 16 io 18 on 22 24 26 OC .O oö 35 40 45

J:S!

7 i.uy^/ 1 1122 ; ';^Q 1.1303 i i^rki 1.1491 l IACT ISl l'lwl 'Ï23 l.MAä l ociri 1 97SS i.j/8» 1.3416 1.4096 1.4829

^4

î:S

i.uyi» 1 1091 i1.127Ü 1970 i i ^ zo 1.1456 i 1A/1Q 1850 Ï'SS '227? 1.2277 i ocf)5 \frU i.j/d/ 1.3357 1.4029 1.4755

I

10 12 14 16 18

^4

I)

1.0944 1.1161 1.1388 1.1623 1.1865 |

%

I

20 22 24 26 28

-^

r-—j

^

^4

Il

d

%

1.2116 1.2376 1.2647 1.2931 1.3230

30 32

I

4

1.3545 1.3875

rL JAßnJ / 23 i)** ; (59i)* ; (9, 253, 254, 549, 602) [LJG] ^ } 9^ } '^ _ ! I 1 I 2 | 4 | 6 8 | 10 | 1.0040| 1.009l| 1.019l| 1.0292| 1.0393| 1.0493 " H2SO4, see p. 56-57

- >* ^

H2S2O8 [JAB] (i«») % \ d\4 \\ % I 1.059 18 l 005 0 1.011 12 1.072 20 ^022 14 1.085 22 24 1 034 16 1<0 Q9 j 046 d\4

\\

:

U

i.uyu^ 1 1074 i 19 w 1.1252 t iôrr 1.1437 i IAOO ' S 1203? l'SI 1.2254 1 9/17Q l'Wl? i.jvij 1.3329 1.3998 1.4720

5

4

8

1.0674

12

[LJG] \ d\* \\ % \ d\< 1.113 26 1.173 1.127 28 1.189 1.142 30 1.205 1.157 35 1.245

463> 663) [LJQ]

^5 [I % I 1.0858 14

ff [I % I 1.0495 10

^ Il %| 1.0072 6 1.0153

2

1.0054 1.0127 1.0277

j

125

%| 1

1.0070 1.0144 1.0296

^4

i

70

^ [JAfi] (m) „. (123>

"ÏÏO

j

1.0075 1.0150 1.0305

120

I

°

1.2134 1.2340 1.2552 1.3118 1.3736 1.4405 1.5127 1.5902 1.6731 1.7613

HI[JAB] (288, 483)**; (557)* ; (12, 43, 44, 224, 327, 340, 4 6 3 , 6 0 0 )

i

^4

HIO4 [LJG] (594) -p rp—

H2S2 6 [LJG]; with 4 05% dî = 1 0234 (529)

ì:2X

1.2161 1.2367 1.2580 1.3150 1.3772 1.4446 1.5173 1.5953 1.6787 1^7675

r-—:

1.0076 1.0165 1.0349 1.0539 1.0737 |

so

,

"Z

I

-^

1.1047

16

d\* 1.1242 1.1443

1.0321 H2SeO4 [JAB] (149)** ; (91, 663)[LJG] ^j ^ [p^j jû p^

^

1.0059

26

1.2229

52

1.549

ô

T8T^T

; 1.0291 ;••;» 30S 1.2653 i'S 56S 1.614 5'S 82S 2.174 Im

4

1.U44/ ^ l" 1.U7ÖD 1 ^ 1.09dl 14 1 1101 ^ 16 1 1276 ^ 18 1 1455 ^ ZU l • lOotf 22 1 1829 ^ ^ X 2Q26 8

1 0605

oz

i.z»/4: 0» i.b^y »4 z.zzb 86 2 278 ^3101 60 1^685 ' OO 1 . OÖO4 D^ L .7 ZZ öö Z . ÖöJ 38 1.0573 04 1.761 90 J. 386 40 1 3819 66 1 802 92 2 436 ^ ^ ' 42 1 4073 68 L844 94 2 483 ^ ' 44 1 4336 70 1 887 96 2 527 ^ ^ 40 1.40UV /Z l.»CiZ »ö /.O/U 48 1 4892 74 1 978 10 ^ ^ ° 2'611 1 5186 52 ^ 15 2^

34

1

H2TeO3 [JAB] (602) [LJG] % dl5

I l I 2 | 4 | 6 | 8 | 10 | 1.008 | 1.017 | 1.034 I 1.050 | 1.066 | 1.083

HIO3 [JAB] (245, 288, 358)**; (594)*; (327, 5 1 7 , 529) [LJG]

% 1 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16

|

dl 1.0085 1.0172 1.0352 1.0539 1.0733 1.0934 1.1141 1.1354 1.1572

|

«ff 1.0071 1.0157 1.0334 1.0517 1.0706 1.0900 1.1100 1.1306 1.1519

|

df 1.0055 1.0139 1.0314 1.0495 1.0682 1.0875 1.1073 1.1277

[l

% 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 35 40

|

dl 1.1796 1.2026 1.2263 1.2507 1.2759

| "<~ 1.1740 1.1969 1.2206 1.2450 1.2700 1.2956 1.3218 ,1.39Oo 'l.464o

N2H4, Hydrazine [JAB] (152)**; (78) %l l 2 4 6 8 10 12 14

5

4 1.0002 1.0013 1.0034 1.0056 1.0077 1.0099 1.0121 1.0143

Il % 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30

^ Il % l ^ Il % ^ 1.0164 35 1.035 75 1.043 1.0186 40 1.038 80 1.040 1.0207 45 1.042 85 1.036 1.0228 50 1.044 90 1.030 1.0248 55 1.046 95 1.022 1.0267 60 1.047 100 1.011 1.0286 65 1.047 1.0305 70 1.046

H 2 SO 4 [JAB] (156), a (370, 371)**; ( 2 0 , 2 4 7 , 2 4 8 , 335, 340, 341, 344, 348,349, 390, 392, 393)*; (47, 60, 86, 98, 104,106, 144, 197,204, 214, 221, 224, 261, 279, 286, 311, 318, 319, 320, 323, 350, 351, 353, 387, 418, 419, 451, 463, 482, 485, 489, 494, 519, 529, 547, 551, 557, 592, 593, 596)^ a (151, 203, 355, 359, 409, 466, 489, 547, 555)

% 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61

I O0C I 1.0074 1.0147 1.0219 1.0291 1.0364 1.0437 1.0511 1.0585 1.0660 1.0735 1.0810 1.0886 1.0962 1.1039 1.1116 1.1194 1.1272 1.1351 1.1430 1.1510 1.1590 1.1670 1.1751 1.1832 1.1914 1.1996 1.2078 1.2160 1.2243 1.2326 1.2409 1.2493 1.2577 1.2661 1.2746 1.2831 1.2917 1.3004 1.3091 1.3179 1.3268 1.3357 1.3447 1.3538 1.3630 1.3724 1.3819 1.3915 1.4012 1.4110 1.4209 1.4310 1.4412 1.4515 1.4619 1.4724 1.4830 1.4937 1.5045 1.5154 1.5264

IQ0C I 150C I 2O0C I 250G 1.0068 1.0060 1.0051 1.0038 1.0138 1.0129 1.0118 1.0104 1.0206 1.0197 1.0184 1.0169 1.0275 1.0264 1.0250 1.0234 1.0344 1.0332 1.0317 1.0300 1.0414 1.0400 1.0385 1.0367 1.0485 1.0469 1.0453 1.0434 1.0556 1.0539 1.0522 1.0502 1.0628 1.0610 1.0591 1.0571 1.0700 1.0681 1.0661 1.0640 1.0773 1.0753 1.0731 1.0710 1.0846 1.0825 1.0802 1.0780 1.0920 1.0898 1.0874 1.0851 1.0994 1.0971 1.0947 1.0922 1.1069 1.1045 1.1020 1.0994 1.1145 1.1120 1.1094 1.1067 1.1221 1.1195 1.1168 1.1141 1.1298 1.1271 1.1243 1.1215 1.1375 1.1347 1.1318 1.1290 1.1453 1.1424 1.1394 1.1365 1.1531 1.1501 1.1471 1.1441 1.1609 1.1579 1.1548 1.1517 1.1688 1.1657 1.1626 1.1594 1.1768 1.1736 1.1704 1.1672 1.1848 1.1816 1.1783 1.1750 1.1929 1.1896 1.1862 1.1829 1.2010 1.1976 1.1942 1.1909 1.2091 1.2057 1.2023 1.1989 1.2173 1.2138 1.2104 1.2069 1.2255 1.2220 1.2185 1.2150 1.2338 1.2302 1.2267 1.2232 1.2421 1.2385 1.2349 1.2314 1.2504 1.2468 1.2432 1.2396 1.2588 1.2552 1.2515 1.2479 1.2672 1.2636 1.2599 1.2563 1.2757 1.2720 1.2684 1.2647 1.2843 1.2805 1.2769 1.2732 1.2929 1.2891 1.2855 1.2818 1.3016 1.2978 1.2941 1.2904 1.3103 1.3065 1.3028 1.2991 1.3191 1.3153 1.3116 1.3079 1.3280 1.3242 1.3205 1.3167 1.3370 1.3332 1.3294 1.3256 1.3461 1.3423 1.3384 1.3346 1.3553 1.3515 1.3476 1.3437 1.3646 1.3608 1.3569 1.3530 1.3740 1.3702 1.3663 1.3624 1.3835 1.3797 1.3758 1.3719 1.3931 1.3893 1.3854 1.3814 1.4029 1.3990 1.3951 1.3911 1.4128 1.4088 1.4049 1.4009 1.4228 1.4188 1.4148 1.4109 1.4329 1.4289 1.4248 1.4209 1.4431 1.4391 1.4350 1.4310 1.4535 1.4494 1.4453 1.4412 1.4640 1.4598 1.4557 1.4516 1.4746 1.4703 1.4662 1.4621 1.4852 1.4809 1.4768 1.4726 1.4959 1.4916 1.4875 1.4832 1.5067 1.5024 1.4983 1.4940 1.5177 1.5133 1.5091 1.5048

3O0C | 4O0C | 5O0C | 6O0C | 8O0C | 10O0C " 1.0022 0.9986 0.9944 0.9895 0.9779 0.9645 1.0087 1.0050 1.0006 0.9956 0.9839 0.9705 1.0152 1.0113 1.0067 1.0017 0.9900 0.9766 1.0216 1.0176 1.0129 1.0078 0.9961 0.9827 1.0281 1.0240 1.0192 1.0140 1.0022 0.9888 1.0347 1.0305 1.0256 1.0203 1.0084 0.9950 1.0414 1.0371 1.0321 1.0266 1.0146 1.0013 1.0481 1.0437 1.0386 1.0330 1.0209 1.0076 1.0549 1.0503 1.0451 1.0395 1.0273 1.0140 1.0617 1.0570 1.0517 1.0460 1.0338 1.0204 1.0686 1.0637 1.0584 1.0526 1.0403 1.0269 1.0756 1.0705 1.0651 1.0593 1.0469 1.0335 1.0826 1.0774 1.0719 1.0661 1.0536 1.0402 1.0897 1.0844 1.0788 1.0729 1.0603 1.0469 1.0968 1.0914 1.0857 1.0798 1.0671 1.0537 1.1040 1.0985 1.0927 1.0868 1.0740 1.0605 1.1113 1.1057 1.0998 1.0938 1.0809 1.0674 1.1187 1.1129 1.1070 1.1009 1.0879 1.0744 1.1261 1.1202 1.1142 1.1081 1.0950 1.0814 1.1335 1.1275 1.1215 1.1153 1.1021 1.0885 1.1410 1.1349 1.1288 1.1226 1.1093 1.0957 1.1486 1.1424 1.1362 1.1299 1.1166 1.1029 1.1563 1.1500 1.1437 1.1373 1.1239 1.1102 1.1640 1.1576 1.1512 1.1448 1.1313 1.1176 1.1718 1.1653 1.1588 1.1523 1.1388 1.1250 1.1796 1.1730 1.1665 1.1599 1.1463 1.1325 1.1875 1.1808 1.1742 1.1676 1.1539 1.1400 1.1955 1.1887 1.1820 1.1753 1.1616 1.1476 1.2035 1.1966 1.1898 1.1831 1.1693 • 1.1553 1.2115 1.2046 1.1977 1.1909 1.1771 1.1630 1.2196 1.2126 1.2057 1.1988 1.1849 1.1708 1.2278 1.2207 1.2137 1.2068 1.1928 1.1787 1.2360 1.2289 1.2218 1.2148 1.2008 1.1866 1.2443 1.2371 1.2300 1.2229 1.2088 1.1946 1.2526 1.2454 1.2383 1.2311 1.2169 1.2027 1.2610 1.2538 1.2466 1.2394 1.2251 1.2109 1.2695 1.2622 1.2550 1.2477 1.2334 1.2192 1.2780 1.2707 1.2635 1.2561 1.2418 1.2276 1.2866 1.2793 1.2720 1.2646 1.2503 1.2361 1.2953 1.2880 1.2806 1.2732 1.2589 1.2446 1.3041 1.2967 1.2893 1.2819 1.2675 1.2532 1.3129 1.3055 1.2981 1.2907 1.2762 1.2619 1.3218 1.3144 1.3070 1.2996 1.2850 1.2707 1.3308 1.3234 1.3160 1.3086 1.2939 1.2796 1.3399 1.3325 1.3251 1.3177 1.3029 1.2886 1.3492 1.3417 1.3343 1.3269 1.3120 1.2976 1.3586 1.3510 1.3435 1.3362 1.3212 1.3067 1.3680 1.3604 1.3528 1.3455 1.3305 1.3159 1.3775 1.3699 1.3623 1.3549 1.3399 1.3253 1.3872 1.3795 1.3719 1.3644 1.3494 1.3348 1.3970 1.3893 1.3816 1.3740 1.3590 1.3444 1.4069 1.3991 1.3914 1.3837 1.3687 1.3540 1.4169 1.4091 1.4013 1.3936 1.3785 1.3637 1.4270 1.4191 1.4113 1.4036 1.3884 1.3735 1.4372 1.4293 1.4214 1.4137 1.3984 1.3834 1.4475 1.4396 1.4317 1.4239 1.4085 1.3934 1.4580 1.4500 1.4420 1.4342 1.4187 1.4035 1.4685 1.4604 1.4524 1.4446 1.4290 1.4137 1.4791 1.4709 1.4629 1.4551 1.4393 1.4240 1.4898 1.4816 1.4735 1.4656 1.4497 1.4344 1.5006 1.4923 1.4842 1.4762 1.4602 1.4449

H2SO 4.—(Continued) I O0C I IQ0C I 150C I 2Q0C I 250C | 3O0C | 4O0C | 5O0C | 6O0C | 8O0C | 10O0C 1.5375 1.5287 1.5243 1.5200 1.5157 1.5115 1.5031 1.4950 1.4869 1.4708 1.4554 1.5487 1.5398 1.5354 1.5310 1.5267 1.5225 1.5140 1.5058 1.4977 1.4815 1.4660 1.5600 1.5510 1.5465 1.5421 1.5378 1.5335 1.5250 1.5167 1.5086 1.4923 1.4766 1.5714 1.5623 1.5578 1.5533 1.5490 1.5446 1.5361 1.5277 1.5195 1.5031 1.4873 1.5828 1.5736 1.5691 1.5646 1.5602 1.5558 1.5472 1.5388 1.5305 1.5140 1.4981 1.5943 1.5850 1.5805 1.5760 1.5715 1.5671 1.5584 1.5499 1.5416 1.5249 1.5089 1.6059 1.5965 1.5920 1.5874 1.5829 1.5785 1.5697 1.5611 1.5528 1.5359 1.5198 1.6176 1.6081 1.6035 1.5989 1.5944 1.5899 1.5811 1.5724 1.5640 1.5470 1.5307 1.6293 1.6198 1.6151 1.6105 1.6059 1.6014 1.5925 1.5838 1.5753 1.5582 1.5417 1.6411 1.6315 1.6268 1.6221 1.6175 1.6130 1.6040 1.5952 1.5867 1.5694 1.5527 1.6529 1.6433 1.6385 1.6338 1.6292 1.6246 1.6155 1.6067 1.5981 1.5806 1.5637 1.6648 1.6551 1.6503 1.6456 1.6409 1.6363 1.6271 1.6182 1.6095 1.5919* 1.5747 1.6768 1.6670 1.6622 1.6574 1.6526 1.6480 1.6387 1.6297 1.6209 1.6031 1.5857 1.6888 1.6789 1.6740 1.6692 1.6644 1.6597 1.6503 1.6412 1.6322 1.6142 1.5966 1.7008 1.6908 1.6858 1.6810 1.6761 1.6713 1.6619 1.6526 1.6435 1.6252 1.6074 1.7128 1.7026 1.6976 1.6927 1.6878 1.6829 1.6734 1.6640 1.6547 1.6361 1.6181 1.7247 1.7144 1.7093 1.7043 1.6994 1.6944 1.6847 1.6751 1.6657 1.6469 1.6286 1.7365 1.7261 1.7209 1.7158 1.7108 1.7058 1.6959 1.6862 1.6766 1.6575 1.6390 1.7482 1.7376 1.7323 1.7272 1.7221 1.7170 1.7069 1.6971 1.6873 1.6680 1.6493 1.7597 1.7489 1.7435 1.7383 1.7331 1.7279 1.7177 1.7077 1.6978 1.6782 1.6594 1.7709 1.7599 1.7544 1.7491 1.7437 1.7385 1.7281 1.7180 1.7080 1.6882 1.6692 1.7815 1.7704 1.7649 1.7594 1.7540 1.7487 1.7382 1.7279 1.7179 1.6979 1.6787 1.7916 1.7804 1.7748 1.7693 1.7639 1.7585 1.7479 1.7375 1.7274 1.7072 1.6878 1.8009 1.7897 1.7841 1.7786 1.7732 1.7678 1.7571 1.7466 1.7364 1.7161 1.6966 1.8095 1.7983 1.7927 1.7872 1.7818 1.7763 1.7657 1.7552 1.7449 1.7245 1.7050 1.8173 1.8061 1.8006 1.7951 1.7897 1.7842 1.7736 1.7632 1.7529 1.7324 1.7129 1.8243 1.8132 1.8077 1.8022 1.7968 1.7914 1.7809 1.7705 1.7602 1.7397 1.7202 1.8306 1.8195 1.8141 1.8087 1.8033 1.7979 1.7874 1.7770 1.7669 1.7464 1.7269 1.8361 1.8252 1.8198 1.8144 1.8091 1.8038 1.7933 1.7829 1.7729 1.7525 1.7331 1.8410 1.8302 1.8248 1.8195 1.8142 1.8090 1.7986 1.7883 1.7783 1.7581 1.7388 1.8453 1.8346 1.8293 1.8240 1.8188 1.8136 1.8033 1.7932 1.7832 1.7633 1.7439 1.8490 1.8384 1.8331 1.8279 1.8227 1.8176 1.8074 1.7974 1.7876 1.7681 1.7485 1.8520 1.8415 1.8363 1.8312 1.8260 1.8210 1.8109 1.8011 1.7914 1.8544 1.8439 1.8388 l.£337 1.8286 1.8236 1.8137 1.8040 1.7944 1.8560 1.8457 1.8406 1.8355 1.8305 1.8255 1.8157 1.8060 1.7965 1.8569 1.8466 1.8414 1.8364 1.8314 1.8264 1.8166 1.8071 1.7977 1.8567 1.8463 1.8411 1.8361 1.8310 1.8261 1.8163 1.8068 1.7976 1.8551 1.8445 1.8393 1.8342 1.8292 1.8242 1.8145 1.8050 1.7958 1.8517 1.8409 1.8357 1.8305 1.8255 1.8205 1.8107 1.8013 1.7922

% 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 S9 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100

H2SO4.- (Continued) (346)

% I d\'™ 0.005 1.0000140 0.01 1.0000576 0.02 1.000 1434 0.03 1.000 2276 0.04 1.000 3104 0.05 1.000 3920 0.06 1.000 4726 0.07 1.0005523 0.08 1.000 6313 0.09 1.000 7098 0.10 1.000 7880 0.15 1.001 1732 0.20 1.0015514 0.25 1.001 9254 0.30 1.002 2961 0.35 1.002 6639 0.40 1.003 0292 0.45 1.003 3923 0.50 1.003 7534

(348,

% 0.05 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.4

I

349, 586)** 3 00

^ ' I d\*-°° 0.999810 0.999028 1.000185 0.999400 1.000 912 1.000 119 1.001 623 1.000 820 1.002 326 1.001 512 1.003 023 1.002 197 1.003 716 1.002 877 1.005090 1.004227 1.006 452 1.005 570 1.007 807 1.006 909 1.009 159 1.008 247 1.010 510 1.009 583 1.011860 1.010918 1.013 209 1.012 252 1.014 557 1.013 586 1.015 904 1.014 919

H2SO4.—(Continued) % (588) l

d\ ° ^20 ^30 <40

|

1

0.9562 0.9488 0.9408 0.9322

|

2

|

0.9616 0.9544 0.9466 0.9382

3

0.9672 0.9602 0.9526 0.9443

|

4

0.9730 0.9662 0.9588 0.9506

|

5

0.9790 0.9724 0.9653 0.9571

HNO3, see p. 58-59 NH3, see p. 59

NH OH Hydroxylamine

! 1 i_ % l
[JAB] (15)**; (79)

% I
HNO 3 [JAB] ( 6 0 > 9 8 > 6 2 1 > 6 2 3 > 6 2 4 ), a ( 2 °3, 370, 463, 555, 622)** ; (110, 394, 557)*. (44, 78, 106, 144, 197, 214, 221, 224, 247, 313, 318, 319, 321, 323, 344, 347, 352, 378, 386, 463, 483, 485, 504, 514, 519, 529, 551, 574, 592, 596, 628, 649, 660)^ a (151, 211, 372, 545, 605)

% 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63

I O0C 1.0058 1.0117 1.0176 1.0236 1.0296 1.0357 1.0418 1.0480 1.0543 1.0606 1.0669 1.0733 1.0797 1.0862 1.0927 1.0992 1.1057 1.1123 1.1189 1.1255 1.1322 1.1389 1.1457 1.1525 1.1594 1.1663 1.1733 1.1803 1.1874 1.1945 1.2016 1.2088 1.2160 1.2233 1.2306 1.2375 1.2444 1.2513 1.2581 1.2649 1.2717 1.2786 1.2854 1.2922 1.2990 1.3058 1.3126 1.3194 1.3263 1.3327 1.3391 1.3454 1.3517 1.3579 1.3640 1.3700 1.3759 1.3818 1.3875 1.3931 1.3986 1.4039 1.4091

I 50C 1.00572 1.01149 1.01730 1.02315 1.02904 1.03497 1.0410 1.0471 1.0532 1.0594 1.0656 1.0718 1.0781 1.0845 1.0909 1.0973 1.1038 1.1103 1.1168 1.1234 1.1300 1.1366 1.1433 1.1501 1.1569 1.1638 1.1707 1.1777 1.1847 1.1917 1.1988 1.2059 1.2131 1.2203 1.2275 1.2344 1.2412 1.2479 1.2546 1.2613 1.2680 1.2747 1.2814 1.2880 1.2947 1.3014 1.3080 1.3147 1.3214 1.3277 1.3339 1.3401 1.3462 1.3523 1.3583 1.3642 1.3700 1.3757 1.3813 1.3868 1.3922 1.3975 1.4027

IQ0C

I 150C I 2O0C

1.00534 1.01099 1.01668 1.02240 1.02816 1.03397 1.0399 1.0458 1.0518 1.0578 1.0639 1.0700 1.0762 1.0824 1.0887 1.0950 1.1014 1.1078 1.1142 1.1206 1.1271 1.1336 1.1402 1.1469 1.1536 1.1603 1.1670 1.1738 1.1807 1.1876 1.1945 1.2014 1.2084 1.2155 1.2227 1.2294 1.2361 1.2428 1.2494 1.2560 1.2626 1.2692 1.2758 1.2824 1.2890 1.2955 1.3021 1.3087 1.3153 1.3215 1.3277 1.3338 1.3399 1.3459 1.3518 1.3576 1.3634 1.3691 1.3747 1.3801 1.3855 1.3907 1.3958

1.00464 1.01018 1.01576 1.02137 1.02702 1.03272 1.0385 1.0443 1.0502 1.0561 1.0621 1.0681 1.0742 1.0803 1.0865 1.0927 1.0989 1.1052 1.1115 1.1178 1.1242 1.1306 1.1371 1.1437 1.1503 1.1569 1.1635 1.1702 1.1770 1.1838 1.1906 1.1974 1.2043 1.2113 1.2183 1.2249 1.2315 1.2381 1.2446 1.2511 1.2576 1.2641 1.2706 1.2771 1.2836 1.2901 1.2966 1.3031 1.3096 1.3157 1.3218 1.3278 1.3338 1.3397 1.3455 1.3512 1.3569 1.3625 1.3680 1.3734 1.3787 1.3838 1.3888

1.00364 1.00909 1.01457 1.02008 1.02563 1.03122 1.0369 1.0427 1.0485 1.0543 1.0602 1.0661 1.0721 1.0781 1.0842 1.0903 1.0964 1.1026 1.1088 1.1150 1.1213 1.1276 1.1340 1.1404 1.1469 1.1534 1.1600 1.1666 1.1733 1.1800 1.1867 1.1934 1.2002 1.2071 1.2140 1.2205 1.2270 1.2335 1.2399 1.2463 1.2527 1.2591 1.2655 1.2719 1.2783 1.2847 1.2911 1.2975 1.3040 1.3100 1.3160 1.3219 1.3278 1.3336 1.3393 1.3449 1.3505 1.3560 1.3614 1.3667 1.3719 1.3769 1.3818

| 250G

| 3O0G

1.00241 1.00778 1.01318 1.01861 1.02408 1.02958 1.0352 1.0409 1.0466 1.0523 1.0581 1.0640 1.0699 1.0758 1.0818 1.0879 1.0940 1.1001 1.1062 1.1123 1.1185 1.1247 1.1310 1.1374 1.1438 1.1502 1.1566 1.1631 1.1697 1.1763 1.1829 1.1896 1.1963 1.2030 1.2098 1.2163 1.2227 1.2291 1.2354 1.2417 1.2480 1.2543 1.2606 1.2669 1.2732 1.2795 1.2858 1.2921 1.2984 1.3043 1.3102 1.3160 1.3218 1.3275 1.3331 1.3386 1.3441 1.3495 1.3548 1.3600 1.3651 1.3700 1.3748

1.0009 1.0061 1.0114 1.0168 1.0222 1.0277 1.0333 1.0389 1.0446 1.0503 1.0560 1.0618 1.0676 1.0735 1.0794 1.0854 1.0914 1.0974 1.1034 1.1094 1.1155 1.1217 1.1280 1.1343 1.1406 1.1469 1.1533 1.1597 1.1662 1.1727 1.1792 1.1857 1.1922 1^1988 1.2055 1.2119 1.2182 1.2245 1.2308 1.2370 1.2432 1.2494 1.2556 1.2618 1.2680 1.2742 1.2804 1.2867 1.2929 1.2987 1.3045 1.3102 1.3159 1.3215 1.3270 1.3324 1.3377 1.3430 1.3482 1.3533 1.3583 1.3632 1.3679

| 4O0C 0.9973 1.0025 1.0077 1.0129 1.0182 1.0235 1.0289 1.0344 1.0399 1.0455 1.0511 1.0567 1.0624 1.0681 1.0739 1.0797 1.0855 1.0913 1.0972 1.1031 1.1090 1.1150 1.1210 1.1271 1.1332 1.1394 1.1456 1.1519 1.1582 1.1645 1.1708 1.1772 1.1836 1.1901 1.1966 1.2028 1.2089 1.2150 1.2210 1.2270 1.2330 1.2390 1.2450 1.2510 1.2570 1.2630 1.2690 1.2750 1.2811 1.2867 1.2923 1.2978 1.3033 1.3087 1.3141 1.3194 1.3246 1.3298 1.3348 1.3398 1.3447 1.3494 1.3540

| 5O0C 0.9931 0.9982 1.0033 1.0084 1.0136 1.0188 1.0241 1.0295 1.0349 1.0403 1.0458 1.0513 1.0568 1.0624 1.0680 1.0737 1.0794 1.0851 1.0908 1.0966 1.1024 1.1083 1.1142 1.1201 1.1260 1.1320 1.1381 1.1442 1.1503 1.1564 1.1625 1.1687 1.1749 1.1812 1.1876 1.1936 1.1995 1.2054 1.2112 1.2170 1.2229 1.2287 1.2345 1.2403 1.2461 1.2519 1.2577 1.2635 1.2693 1.2748 1.2802 1.2856 1.2909 1.2961 1.3013 1.3064 1.3114 1.3164 1.3213 1.3261 1.3308 1.3354 1.3398

| 6O0C 0.9882 0.9932 1.9982 1.0033 1.0084 1.0136 1.0188 1.0241 1.0294 1.0347 1.0401 1.0455 1.0509 1.0564 1.0619 1.0675 1.0731 1.0787 1.0843 1.0899 1.0956 1.1013 1.1070 1.1127 1.1185 1.1244 1.1303 1.1362 1.1422 1.1482 1.1542 1.1602 1.1662 1.1723 1.1784 1.1842 1.1899 1.1956 1.2013 1.2069 1.2126 1.2182 1.2238 1.2294 1.2350 1.2406 1.2462 1.2518 1.2575 1.2628 1.2680 1.2731 1.2782 1.2833 1.2883 1.2932 1.2981 1.3029 1.3077 1.3124 1.3169 1.3213 1.3255

| 8O0G 0.9767 0.9816 0.9865 0.9915 0.9965 1.0015 1.0066 1.0117 1.0169 1.0221 1.0273 1.0326 1.0379 1.0432 1.0485 1.0538 1.0592 1.0646 1.0700 1.0754 1.0808 1.0862 1.0917 1.0972 1.1027 1.1083 1.1139 1.1195 1.1251 1.1307 1.1363 1.1419 1.1476 1.1533 1.1591 1.1645 1.1699 1.1752 1.1805 1.1858 1.1911 1.1963 1.2015 1.2067 1.2119 1.2171 1.2223 1.2275 1.2328 Ì.2377 1.2425 1.2473 1.2521 1.2568 1.2615 1.2661 1.2706 1.2751 1.2795 1.2839 1.2881 1.2922 1.2962

\ IQO0C 0.9632 0.9681 0.9730 0.9779 0.9829 0.9879 0.9929 0.9980 1.0032 1.0083 1.0134 1.0186 1.0238 1.0289 1.0341 1.0393 1.0444 1.0496 1.0547 1.0598 1.0650 1.0701 1.0753 1.0805 1.0857 1.0910 1.0963 1.1016 1.1069 1.1122 1.1175 1.1228 1.1281 1.1335 1.1390 1.1440 1.1490 1.1540 1.1589 1.1638 1.1687 1.1735 1.1783 1.1831 1.1879 1.1927 1.1976 1.2024 1.2073 1.2118 1.2163 1.2208 1.2252 1.2296 1.2339 1.2382 1.2424 1.2466 1.2507 1.2547 1.2587 1.2625 1.2661

% 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82

I 50C I IQ0C 1.4078 1.4007 1.4128 1.4055 1.4177 1.4103 1.4224 1.4150 1.4271 1.4196 1.4317 1.4241 1.4362 1.4285 1.4406 1.4328 1.4449 1.4371 1.4491 1.4413 1.4532 1.4454 1.4573 1.4494 1.4613 1.4533 1.4652 1.4572 1.4690 1.4610 1.4727 1.4647 1.4764 1.4683 1.4800 1.4718 1.4835 1.4753

HNO 3 .—(Continued) 150C I 2O0C I 250C | 3O0C || % | 1.3936 1.3866 1.3795 1.3725 83 1.3984 1.3913 1.3841 1.3770 84 1.4031 1.3959 1.3887 1.3814 85 1.4077 1.4004 1.3932 1.3857 86 1.4122 1.4048 1.3976 1.3900 87 1.4166 1.4091 1.4019 1.3942 88 1.4210 1.4134 1.4061 1.3983 89 1.4252 1.4176 1.4102 1.4023 90 1.4294 1.4218 1.4142 1.4063 91 1.4335 1.4258 1.4182 1.4103 92 1.4376 1.4298 1.4221 1.4142 93 1.4415 1.4337 1.4259 1.4180 94 1.4454 1.4375 1.4296 1.4217 95 1.4492 1.4413 1.4333 1.4253 96 1.4529 1.4450 1.4369 1.4288 97 1.4565 1.4486 1.4404 1.4323 98 1.4601 1.4521 1.4439 1.4357 99 1.4636 1.4555 1.4473 1.4391 100 1.4670 1.4589 1.4507 1.4424

50C \ IQ0C | 150C | 2O0C | 250C | 3O0C 1.4869 1.4787 1.4704 1.4622 1.4540 1.4456 1.4903 1.4820 1.4737 1.4655 1.4572 1.4487 1.4936 1.4852 1.4769 1.4686 1.4603 1.4518 1.4968 1.4883 1.4799 1.4716 1.4633 1.4548 1.4999 1.4913 1.4829 1.4745 1.4662 1.4577 1.5029 1.4942 1.4858 1.4773 1.4690 1.4605 1.5058 1.4970 1.4885 1.4800 1.4716 1.4631 1.5085 1.4997 1.4911 1.4826 1.4741 1.4656 1.5111 1.5023 1.4936 1.4850 1.4766 1.4681 1.5136 1.5048 1.4960 1.4873 1.4789 1.4704 1.5156 1.5068 1.4979 1.4892 1.4807 1.4722 1.5177 1.5088 1.4999 1.4912 1.4826 1.4741 1.5198 1.5109 1.5019 1.4932 1.4846 1.4761 1.5220 1.5130 1.5040 1.4952 1.4867 1.4781 1.5244 1.5152 1.5062 1.4974 1.4889 1.4802 1.5278 1.5187 1.5096 1.5008 1.4922 1.4835 1.5327 1.5235 1.5144 1.5056 1.4969 1.4881 1.5402 1.5310 1.5217 1.5129 1.5040 1.4952

NH3 [LJG] (197, 503) y «(670)**. (665)*; (44, 98, 106, 167, 253, 328, 378, 395, 463, 483, 519, 529, 664, 667, 669, 670, 671), a (211,

NH 4 NO 3 [JAB] (36, 106, 449, 483, 660), a (203, 375)** ; (222, 223, 224, 225) f a (570, 608)*; (1, 190, 195, 2 1 8 , 229, 307, 328, 342,

336, 664)

385, 508, 519, 529, 530, 543, 570, 5 7 3 , 592) ; a (271)

%

1 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30

i -i5°c

0.977 0.970 0.964 0.958 0.952 0.947

% ~J 2

I 150C Q 9948 OÌ9905

4

0.9822

-IQ0C 0.9943 0.9906 0.9834 0.9766 0.9701 0.9638 0.9576 0.9517 0.9461 0.9406 0.9353 0.9300 0.9249 0.9199 0.9150 0.9101

-50G 0.9954 0.9915 0.9840 0.9769 0.9701 0.9635 0.9571 0.9510 0.9450 0.9392 0.9335 0.9280 0.9226 0.9174 0.9122 0.9070

2O0C I 250C Q 9939 Q 993 OÌ9895 0.'988 0.9811

I Q0C 0.9959 0.9919 0.9842 0.9767 0.9695 0.9627 0.9561 0.9497 0.9435 0.9375 0.9316 0.9258 0.9202 0.9148 0.9094 0.9040

45 5

n'ol^ n 0*01 n QKIQ no,*n

n'oIÜ? n Iw n oîm n o, QA

n'ol! n Q^ no!« noli

M *

n'ot^ n'olia

n'SX n'oool

n'SS

| IQ0CT" 0.9955 0.9913 0.9832 0.9753 0.9677 0.9604 0.9534 0.9467 0.9402 0.9338 0.9275 0.9214 0.9155 0.9097 0.9040 0.8983

% 1 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 35 40 45 50

Determined in a sealed tube (665) % d\*

0.980

l in 19 \A

+50C 0.9958 0.9917 0.9837 0.9760 0.9686 0.9616 0.9548 0.9483 0.9420 0.9357 0.9296 0.9237 0.9179 0.9123 0.9067 0.9012

°

55 6 ° Q5 7

° ™

0.849 0

32

^ °'815 °'796 O.77Q ,

0

^ °'733

on

n OOKQ

n oooo

8

°

°'711

99 ?! 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38

n'o?on n'o 90 0.9129 0.9069 0.9010 0.8951 0.8892 0.8832 0.8772 0.8712

n'^S n'o m 0.9101 0.9040 0.8980 0.8920

85 9

0 ^ 0 666

40

0.8651

° 95 100

^ 0.642 0.618

|

O 0 C, | IQ0C | 2O0C 250C | 3O0C [ 40°cT 1.0043 1.0039 1.0023 1.0011 0.9996 0.9961 1.0088 1.0082 1.0064 1.0051 1.0036 1.0000 1.0178 1.0168 1.0147 1.0132 1.0116 1.0079 1.0268 1.0254 1.0230 1.0214 1.0197 1.0158 1.0358 1.0340 1.0313 1.0297 1.0278 1.0238 1.0448 1.0427 1.0397 1.0380 1.0360 1.0319 1.0539 1.0515 1.0482 1.0464 1.0443 1.0400 1.0630 1.0603 1.0567 1.0548 1.0527 1.0482 1.0721 1.0691 1.0653 1.0633 1.0612 1.0565 1.0813 1.0780 1.0740 1.0719 1.0697 1.0649 1.0905 1.0870 1.0828 1.0806 1.0783 1.0734 1.0997 1.0960 1.0916 1.0894 1.0870 1.0820 1.1090 1.1051 1.1005 1.0982 1.0958 1.0907 1.1183 1.1142 1.1095 1.1071 1.1047 1.0994 1.1277 1.1234 1.1186 1.1161 1.1136 1.1082 1.1371 1.1327 1.1277 1.1252 1.1226 1.1171 1.1613 1.1565 1.1512 1.1486 1.1458 1.1402 1.1862 1.1810 1.1754 1.1727 1.1697 1.1640 1.2118 1.2062 1.2003 1.1975 1.1943 1.1885 1.2380 1.2320 1.2258 1.2229 1.2195 1.2136

5O0C | 6O0C | 8O0C | | % | 5O0C | 6O0C

~%

1 0.9919 0.9870 0.9755 °'9958 °'9908 °'9793 1 0036 ^ 0-9^ 0.9869

2 4

6

10U4

8 1(

1

>

12

1

14

^ 0352

1

^ 0433 i'0515 l 05Qo

^ 18

l 0063

0 9946

^0193 1 ^ 014222 1 ^ 0024 1-0272 1-O I 1-0102 I-0301 1

^0381 1-0*02 l ^44

1

1

^0181

^ 0261 1.0342

l 0424

20 1.0682 1.0627~T7o50^ 1 0767 1 0711 1 0589 ^ ^ ^ 24 1.0852 1.0796 1.0673 1.0882 1.0758 26 1.0938 22

28 1

^1025 1^0968 1^0844 30 1.1113 1.1055 1.0931

35

40

I« 1342

—

0

C #

I-1281

1

^154

1

^1579 1^1515 * 1385 45 1.1822 1.1757 1.1623 ^0 l 2072 , 200fì i igA«

%(iso)... d ie

8O0C

1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 i ^00314 | 1.00730 1.01145 | 1.01560 | 1.01975 ' • * • 7.769%f (256) I O I 10 I 20 I 30 I 40 50 I 1.03490 | 1.03314 | 1.03044 [ 1.02695 | 1.02308 | l.OlSÏe'

I For 3945 % NH4NOs, df = 1.01451 ( 256 ).

NH4Br [JAB] (229, 287, 483)**; (36, 166, 190, 519, 543, 573, 596)

NH4F [JAB] (288)**; (36, 190) Of I % I

1 2

/71« «4

1.0034 1.0085

II H

C/ %

I I

4 6

/71» »4

1.0178 1.0265

I! Il

07 %

^!8 ^4

8 10

1.0346 1.0420

II H

O/ %

CT 4

1.0487 1.0547

%|

I

«ff

[I % I

d\*

I

«ff

Il % I

I

df

1 1.0043 1.0027 14 1.0822 1.0799 28 1.1782 1.1753 2 1.0100 1.0084 16 1.0950 1.0927 30 1.1933 1.1901 4 1.0215 1.0198 18 1.1081 1.1058 32 1.2088 1.2053 NH4Cl [JAB] (548) ? a (219)** ; (551)*; (1, 36, 38, 45, 86, 87, 6 1.0332 1.0314 20 1.1215 1.1191 34 1.2247 1.2209 101, 105, 106, 144, 190, 199, 215, 218, 219, 221, 223, 224, 225, 229, 8 1.0451 1.0432 22 1.1352 1.1327 36 1.2369 247, 261, 278, 328, 344, 347, 378, 385, 425, 447, 449, 477, 483, 519, 10 1.0572 1.0552 24 1.1492 1.1466 38 1.2533 529, 533, 543, 573, 592, 596, 618, 644)^ a (38, 151, 211, 271, 609) 12 1.0696 1.0674 26 1.1635 1.1608 40 1.2702 % I O0C I IQ0C I 2Q0C I 250G | 3O0C NH4I [JAB] (287)**. (36, 190, 225, 229, 342, 378, 483, 511, 519, 543, 1 1.0033 1.0029 1.0013 1.0002 0.9987 618) 2 1.0067 1.0062 1.0045 1.0033 1.0018 %| d\* I] % I a? Il % I (ff » % I d\« ~ 4 1.0135 1.0126 1.0107 1.0093 1.0077 6 1.0201 1.0189 1.0168 1.0153 1.0136 1 1.0050 10 1.0652 20 1.1407 30 1.2265 8 1.0266 1.0251 1.0227 1.0212 1.0195 2 1.0114 12 1.0795 22 1.1570 35 1.2745 10 1.0329 1.0311 1.0286 1.0270 1.0253 4 1.0244 14 1.0942 24 1.1737 40 1.3264 12 1.0391 1.0370 1.0344 1.0327 1.0310 6 1.0377 16 1.1093 26 1.1908 45 1.3823 14 1.0451 1.0428 1.0401 1.0383 1.0366 8 1.0513 18 1.1248 28 1.2084 16 1.0510 1.0485 1.0457 1.0439 1.0422 NH4HSO4 [JAB]; 66.67%, d\5 = 1.4429%; tff = 1.4387% (483) 18 1.0568 1.0541 1.0512 1.0494 1.0477 (NH 4 ) 2 S0 4 [JAB] (204, 505), a (375, 587)** ; (106, 155)*; (1, 36, 20 1.0625 1.0596 1.0567 1.0549 1.0532 101, 190, 221, 223, 224, 225, 328, 342, 405, 425, 477, 483, 517, 22 1.0681 1.0651 1.0621 1.0603 1.0587 519, 529, 533, 573, 592, 615, 618, 642) 24 I 1.0736 1.0705 1.0674 1.0657 1.0641 % I Q0C I IQ0C I 2O0C I 250C [ 3O0C 0 0 0 0 0 % I 4O C I 5O C I 6O C I 8O C | IQO C 1 1.0061 1.0058 1.0041 1.0030 1.0015 1 0.9952 0.9910 0.9861 0.9749 0.9617 2 1.0124 1.0119 1.0101 1.0089 1.0074 2 0.9982 0.9940 0.9891 0.9780 0.9651 4 1.0248 1.0240 1.0220 1.0207 1.0191 4 1.0041 0.9999 0.9950 0.9842 0.9718 6 1.0372 1.0360 1.0338 1.0324 1.0308 6 1.0100 1.0058 1.0009 0.9903 0.9784 8 1.0495 1.0480 1.0456 1.0441 1.0425 8 1.0158 1.0116 1.0067 0.9963 0.9849 10 1.0618 1.0600 1.0574 1.0558 1.0542 10 1.0216 1.0174 1.0125 1.0022 0.9912 12 1.0740 1.0719 1.0691 1.0675 1.0658 12 1.0273 1.0231 1.0182 1.0081 0.9975 14 1.0861 1.0837 1.0808 1.0791 1.0774 14 1.0329 1.0287 1.0239 1.0140 1.0036 16 1.0980 1.0954 1.0924 1.0907 1.0889 16 1.0385 1.0343 1.0296 1.0198 1.0096 18 1.1098 1.1070 1.1039 1.1022 1.1003 18 1.0441 1.0399 1.0353 1.0255 1.0155 20 1.1215 1.1186 1.1154 1.1136 1.1117 20 1.0496 1.0454 1.0409 1.0312 1.0213 22 1.1332 1.1302 1.1269 1.1250 1.1231 22 1.0551 1.0509 1.0465 1.0369 1.0271 24 1.1448 1.1417 1.1383 1.1364 1.1345 24 1.0605 1.0564 1.0520 1.0426 1.0327 26 1.1563 1.1531 1.1496 1.1477 1.1458 Values of c^f- 004 (373) 28 1.1677 1.1645 1.1609 1.1589 1.1570 30 1.1791 1.1757 1.1721 1.1701 1.1681 0.01% I 0 . 0 2 % 1 0.03% I 0 . 0 4 % | Q.05~ 35 1.2072 1.2037 1.2000 1.1980 1.1960 0.998 265930.998 2998s|0.998 33343JO.998 3666s|0.998 39973 40 1.2350 1.2314 1.2277 1.2257 1.2237 5.2733 % (27) 45 1.2626 1.2589 1.2552 1.2532 1.2512 JO I ~f№ I ^2O I 326 I 3 3 0 i 340 i 350 50 1.2899 1.2862 1.2825 1.2805 1.2785 °4 I °4 I 4 I ^4 I °4 I I 4 1.01769| 1.01654| 1.01454| 1.01322] 1.01171J 1.0082l| 1.00397 0 0 0 0 % I 4Q G I 5O C 6Q G | 8O C 10O0C 150 %( ) I 0.5 I 1 I 2 I 3~ 1 0.9980 0.9939 0.9890 0.9777 0.9644 2 1.0039 0.9997 0.9948 0.9836 0.9705 d\« I 1.00063 I 1.00225 J 1.00544 1.00859 4 1.0155 1.0113 1.0064 0.9953 0.9826 N2H5Cl, Hydrazine hydrochloride [JAB]; 7.60%, df = 1.0295 (15) 6 1.0271 1.0228 1.0180 1.0070 0.9946 NH4OCl, Hydroxylamine hydrochloride [JAB] (15) 8 1.0387 1.0344 1.0296 1.0187 1.0066 ~~c71^720 [I ^ i 320 fj ^ i 320 [i ^ j 320 % I ^4 Il % I ^4 I) % I #4 Il % I «4 10 1.0503 1.0460 1.0412 1.0304 1.0185 1 1.0026 6 1.0246 12 1.0509 18 1.0770 12 1.0619 1.0576 1.0527 1.0421 1.0303 2 1.0070 8 1.0334 14 1.0596 14 1.0734 1.0691 1.0642 1.0537 1.0421 4 I 1.0158 10 1.0422 16 1.0683 16 1.0849 1.0805 1.0757 1.0653 1.0539 N2H6Cl2, Hydrazine dihydrochloride [JAB] (15) 18 1.0963 1.0919 1.0872 1.0768 1.0656 20 1.1077 1.1033 1.0986 1.0883 1.0772 % I 1 I 2 I 4 I 6 I 8 I 10 22 1.1191 1.1147 1.1100 1.0997 1.0888 df I 1.0026 I 1.0070 1.0158 1.0247 | 1.0338 | 1.0431 24 1.1304 1.1260 1.1214 1.1111 1.1003 NH4ClO3 [LJG]; with 2.54%, df = 1.00831 (529) 26 1.1417 1.1373 1.1327 1.1225 1.1118 NH 4 ClO 4 [LJG] (291, 414)**; (529)* ^ 28 1.1529 1.1485 1.1439 1.1338 1.1232 C/\\ 3 Ï 5 i 320 i 325 Il o/ I ^Ï5 i ^72O i 325 a /0\ I 4 I #4 I ^4 11 % I #4 I &4 I #4 30 1.1640 1.1597 1.1550 1.1451 1.1346 1 1.0039 1.0029 1.0018 8 1.0386 1.0370 1.0355 35 1.1919 1.1876 1.1829 1.1731 1.1629 2 1.0088 1.0077 1.0065 10 1.0489 1.0470 1.0455 40 1.2196 1.2153 1.2107 1.2011 1.1910 4 1.0186 1.0173 1.0160 12 1.0594 1.0572 1.0557 45 1.2471 1.2429 1.2384 1.2290 1.2189 6 1.0285 1.0271 1.0257 14 1.0701 1.0676 1.0660 50 1.2745 1.2704 1.2660 1.2568 1.2466 a

12 14

^1S #4

I I

a

%

(150)

(NH 4 )SO*.—(Continued) % I

Î

di«

1.00500

i.

1.01097

4

1.01689

NH4HSeO3 [LJG]; with 4.87%, df = 1.0305 (463) (NH4)2Se03 [LJG]; with 4.08%, df = 1.0255 (463)

H

1.02277 ~1^86T

HPO

(NH 4 ) 2 S 2 O 6 [LJG]; with 2.45%, df = 1.00968 (529) ___ (NH4)2S208 [JAB]; (6Q2) [LJG] % •df

1 1.0042

2 1.0093

3 1.0144

* ^W, d? = '

4 1.0195

L0141 with L954

^l 7, 602)

^ =

L1083 with 16 23

'

%

H3PO3 [LJG] (463, 660) dj0 % 1.1336 30.66

% df % 4.10 1.0179 ^6.77

^

dì 6 - 8 % 1.1609 73.69

d 2 *- 6 1.4665

H3PO4 [LJG] (338, 525) ? a (203)**. (349, 514), a (247)* ; (98, 144, 253, 254, 340, 463, 517, 526, 536, 551, 634, 635, 660) 0

G O 10 20 25 30 40

I

1% I 2% I 4% I 6% I 8% I 10% I 12% I 14% | 1.0057 1.0113 1.0226 1.0339 1.0454 1.0571 1.0690 1.0811 1.0054 1.0109 1.0219 1.0330 1.0442 1.0557 1.0673 1.0792 1.0038 1.0092 1.0200 1.0309 1.0420 1.0532 1.0647 1.0764 1.0026 1.0079 1.0187 1.0295 1.0405 1.0517 1.0631 1.0747 1.0012 1.0065 1.0172 1.0279 1.0388 1.0499 1.0612 1.0728 0.9976 1.0029 1.0135 1.0241 1.0349 1.0459 1.0571 1.0685

16% | 1.0934 1.0914 1.0884 1.0866 1.0847 1.0803

18% I 20% 1.1061 1.1192 1.1039 1.1167 1.1008 1.1134 1.0990 1.1115 1.0969 1.1094 1.0925 1.1048

0

C 10 20 25 30

I

22% I 24% I 26% I 28% | 30% | 1.1298 1.1431 1.1567 1.1705 1.1846 1.1263 1.1395 1.1529 1.1665 1.1805 1.1243 1.1374 1.1507 1.1643 1.1782 1.1222 1.1352 1.1484 1.1620 1.1758

0

I

65% I 70% I 75% I 80% I 85% I 90% | 1.481 1.533 1.475 1.526 1.579 1.633 1.689 1.746 1.471 1.522 1.575 1.629 1.685 1.743 1.468 1.519 1.572 1.626 1.682 1.738 1.730 1.723 1.715

C 10 20 25 30 40 50 60

d? (349) Il %t I

%t I

[I

%t

I fi* (349)

0.1 0.2

0,999 221 0.999 793

0.8 1.0

1.003 09s 1.004 19

2.5 3.0

1.012 33 1.015 05

0.4 0.6

1.000 900 1.002 OOP

1.5 2.0

1.006 91 1.009 61

4.0

1.020 52

t A correction of 1 % was applied to the concentrations of this table.

NH4H2PO3 [LJG]; with 3.30%, df = 1.0131 (463) (NH4)2HPO3 [LJG]; with 2.90%, df = 1.0141 (463) NH4H2PO4 [LJG]; with 2.88%, df = 1.0174 (463) (NH4)2HPO4 [LJG]; with 6.36%, df = 1.038 (H4) ; with 6.90%, df = 1.0360 (561) (NH4)3PO4 [LJG]; with 2.49%, df = 1.00971 (463) As2O3 [JAB] (112) [LJG]; df = 1.0032 with 0.5%; = 1.0073 with 1.0% H3AsO4 [JAB] (514)»*. (76, 356, 453, 463, 496, 517, 536) [LJG] C/ 1 % 1

1 2 4 6 8 10 12 14

^16 ^4

1.0057 1.0124 1.0260 1.0398 1.0538 1.0681 1.0826 1.0975

I I

J Ï 6 [ 1 O/ "4 H %

1.0037 1.0103 1.0237 1.0373 1.0512 1.0655 1.0803 1.0956

i I

16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30

^15 CE4

H 11

1.1128 1.1285 1.1447 1.1614 1.1785 1.1961 1.2143 1.2331

"Of %

35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70

ï I

'•

d*& M4

1.2829 1.3370 1.3959 1.4602 1.5304 1.6070 1.6904 1.7811

AsI3 [LJG]; with 1.90%, df = 1.0192 (76) NH4H2AsO4 [LJG]; with 4.00%, df = 1.0235 (463) (NH4)3As04 [LJG]; with 3.22%, d24° = 1.0170 (463) C12H10ClI, Diphenyliodonium chloride [JAB] (583) %...... df

1 1.0025

2 1.0067

3 1.0110

35% | 1.221 1.216 1.214 1.211

40% 1.259 1.254 1.251 1.249

45% I 1.299 1.293 1.291 1.288

50% | 1.341 1.335 1.332 1.329

55% | 60% 1.385 1.432 1.379 1.426 1.376 1.423 1.373 1.420

92%

94%

96%

98%

|

1.770 1.766 1.762 1.754 1.747 1.740

|

1.794 1.790 1.786 1.778 1.771 1.764

|

1.819 1.815 1.811 1.803 1.796 1.789

100%

|

1.844 1.840 1.836 1.828 1.821 1.815

1.870 1.866 1.862 1.854 1.846 1.841

C6Hi2SO2, Trimethylsulfonium acetate, [JAB]; with 3.41%, df = 1.0018 (529) C3H9ClS, Trimethylsulfonium chloride, [JAB]; with 2.82%, df = 1.0014 (529) C3H9BrS, Trimethylsulfonium bromide, [JAB]; with 1.00%, df = 0.9993 (35) C3H9IS, Trimethylsulfonium iodide, [JAB]; with 1.00%, df = 0.9975 (35) C24H20I2SO4, Diphenyliodonium sulfate, [JAB]; with 6.43%, < = 1.0291 (583) HCN [JAB] (238, 617)**. (88) [LJQ]; Cf. (672) Ol

%

80 82 84 86 88 90 92 94 96 98 100

5 /7 M

II

4

II

10 /7 "4

II

15 /7 ^ 4

II

20 ^7 " 4

IlH Cf I % I

,Jl 5 «4

0.759 1 0.998 0.758 0.752 2 0.996 0.757 0.751 0.745 4 0.993 0.757 0.751 0.744 0.738 6 0.989 0.751 0.744 0.738 0.731 8 0.984 0.744 0.737 0.731 0.724 10 0.978 0.738 0.731 0.724 0.717 12 0.971 0.731 0.724 0.717 0.711 14 0.964 0.725 0.717 0.711 0.704 16 0.956 0.718 0.711 0.704 0.697 0.712 0.704 0.697 0.691 NH4CHO2, Formate [JAB] (484)** ; (211, 463)

% I d?

I Jf

Il % I df

I df

Il % I df

1 1.0019 0.9998 14 1.0366 1.0339 2 1.0046 1.0025 16 1.0418 1.0389 4 1.0101 1.0078 18 1.0469 1.0439 6 1.0155 1.0131 20 1.0519 1.0488 8 1.0209 1.0184 22 1.0568 1.0536 10 1.0262 1.0236 24 1.0617 1.0584 12 1.0314 1.0288 26 1.0665 1.0631

28 30 35 40 45 50 55

I

1.0713 1.0760 1.0874 1.0984 1.1089 1.1189 1.1285

df 1.0678 1.0724 1.0836 1.0944 1.1048 1.1148 1.1245

"(NH4J2CO3" (NH 4 HCO 3 -NH 4 CO 2 NH 2 ) [JAB] (2i5)** ; (241, 242, 395, 509, 510) [LJG]

%l 1 2 4 6 8

NH 4 C 2 HO 4 , Acid oxalate [JAB]; with 3.57% df = 1.0140 (463) NH4C2H3O2, Acetate [JAB] (288, 484)**.

Ii

"jïo

fl4 J

Q4

1 1.0013 2 1.0034 4 1.0077 6 1.0119 8 1.0161 10 1.0202 12 1.0242 14 1.0282 16 1.0321 18 1.0359

Ï 8 I

«J 4O

I

1.0008 1.0030 1.0074 1.0117 1.0159 1.0200 1.0240 1.0279 1.0318 1.0356

2

II

II o/ %

0.9992 1.0013 1.0055 1.0096 1.0136 1.0176 1.0216 1.0255 1.0294 1.0331

J Ï CE 4

20 22 24 26 28 30 35 40 45

(2 11,

224, 463, 529)

5 i

«JlS4

I

1.0397 1.0434 1.0470 1.0505 1.0540 1.0573 1.0654 1.0729 1.0800

I

JÌ5 «4

I

1.0393 1.0429 1.0465 1.0500 1.0535 1.0569

1.0368 1.0404 1.0439 1.0473 1.0507 1.0540 1.0618 1.0691 1.0760

NH4C2H3O3, Glycolate [JAB]; with 4.65%, ^0 = 1.0263 (463) (NHQ 2 C 2 O 4 , Oxalate [JAB]; (463) % 1 I 2 I 3 I 4
1 2 4 6 8 10 12 14

^ ^4

\I

1.0011 1.0030 1.0069 1.0107 1.0145 1.0182 1.0218 1.0252

№ fl4

\\ |l <*T /o

0.9989 1.0008 1.0045 1.0081 1.0117 1.0153 1.0188 1.0222

16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30

\I

fìfllà4

II

1.0285 1.0318 1.0350 1.0381 1.0410 1.0438 1.0465 1.0491

25 d Q-4

II °//o II

1.0254 1.0285 1.0316 1.0345 1.0373 1.0400 1.0425 1.0450

35 40 45 50 55 60

\I

15 r7 °4

II

1.0549 1.0599 1.0642 1.0678 1.0707 1.0729

ar/

25

4

1.0506 1.0554 1.0595 1.0629 1.0657 1.0679

NH4C3H5O3, Lactate [JAB]; with 5.36%, d*° = 1.0169 (463) NH4C4H6O4, Acid succinate [JAB]; with 4.50 %, d»° = 1.0140 (463) NH4C4H5O5, Acid malate, [JAB] (463, 546)** % | d™ U % I ffl [I % I ffl II % I ffl 1 1.002 8 1.030 16 1.063 24 1.098 2 1.006 10 1.038 18 1.072 26 1.107 4 1.014 12 1.047 20 1.081 6 1.022 14 1.055 22 1.089

CH6ClN, Methylamine hydrochloride [JAB]; with 19,67%, dj° = 1.0343 ( 1 S) C2H8ClN, Dimethylamine hydrochloride [JAB] (15)

C//O II

tt Ô 4

11Ij

^ / O li

Itt24O

IlIJ

^ /O ji

^~p 4

U[j

^ /O {j

tt^20

4

" I 0 . 9 9 9 2 4 1 . 0 0 2 4 8 1 . 0 0 6 5 1 2 1 . 0 1 0 4 2 1.0003 6 I 1.0045 10 1.0085 14 1.0123 C2H8ClN, Ethylamine hydrochloride [LJG] (542) **; (483) *;

O/ I %I

~f№«4

fl fi

M i % I

(15, 328, 329) [JAB]

J2Ï "4

H ™ J 2 Ï II % ^4

îl ^ ï H % I

1 0.9992 10 1.0096 20 1.0204 2 1.0003 12 1.0118 25 1.0254 4 1.0027 14 1.0140 30 1.0300 6 1.0050 16 1.0162 35 1.0342 8 1.0073 18 1.0183 40 1.0380 C4H12ClN, Diethylamine hydrochloride [LJG] ( 15 J [JAB]

%|

dî1

II % |

dî1

«g1

II %

I2I M4

45 1.0413 50 1.0441 55 1.0464 60 1.0482 65 1.0495 (542)** ; (483)* ;

II % I

df

1 0.99835 12 1.00209 24 1.00675 45 1.0136 2 0.99869 14 1.00280 26 1.00758 50 1.0144 4 0.99936 16 1.00354 28 1.00839 55 1.0147 6 1.00004 18 1.00431 30 1.00918 60 1.0145 8 1.00072 20 1.00510 35 1.0110 10 1.00140 22 1.00592 40 1.0125 C4H12ClN, Tetramethylammonium chloride, [JAB] (*5, 529) o/ I /o I

/720 ^4

ii II

or /o

I I

,720 fl 4

il II

c/ /o

I I

,720 ^4

M H

io ^42

1 2

0.9984 4 0.999181.0003121.0015 0.9987 6 0.9997 10 1.0009 14 1.0021 C6H8ClN, Aniline hydrochloride [JAB] (*«) % |
NH4C4H7O2, n-Butyrate, [JAB]; with 5.26%, dj° = 1.0062 (463) % ft Il % I eg1 Il % I dll Il % I ft NH4C4H7O2, Isobutyrate, [JAB]; with 5.26%, dj° = 1.0064 (463) 1 0.9983 12 1.0011 24 1.0060 45 1.0199 C4Hi2N2O3, Tetramethylammonium nitrate, [JAB]; with 3.40%, 2 0.9986 14 1.0017 26 1.0072 50 1.0241 df = 1.0014 (529) 4 0.9990 16 1.0024 28 1.0084 55 1.0287 (NH4J2C4H4O4, Succinate, [JAB]; with 3.80%, dj° = 1.0126 (463) 6 0.9995 18 1.0032 30 1.0097 60 1.0337 8 1.0000 20 1.0041 35 1.0127 (NH 4 J 2 C 4 H 4 O 5 , Malate (JAB] (463, 546)** 10 1.0006 22 1.0050 40 1.0161 %|
% I O0C ~ÎS1.0003 20 1.0011 22 1.0020 24 1.0031 26 1.0044 28 1.0058

Ci2H28ClN.- (Continued) I IQ0C I 2O0C I 250C | 3O0C | 4O0C 5O0C 0.9989 0.9961 0.9941 0.9918 0.9859 0.9791 .9993 .9962 .9941 .9917 .9857 .9788 .9999 .9965 .9943 .9919 .9856 .9786 1.0007 .9970 .9947 .9922 .9858 .9787 1.0017 .9977 .9953 .9926 .9862 .9789 1.0029 .9986 .9961 .9931 .9868 .9793

NH 4 C 2 H 2 ClO 2 , Chloroacetate [JAB]; 5.58%, d™ = 1.0191 (463) NH 4 C 2 HCl 2 O 2 , Dichloroacetate [JAB]; 7.30%, df = 1.0282 (463) NH 4 C 2 Cl 3 O 2 , Trichloroacetate [JAB]; 9.02%, dj° = 1.0391(463) C3H6ClNO2, Methyl chloroaminoacetic acid [JAB] (15) 07 l /O I

1 2

320 #4

^ /O

1.0004 1.0026

i I

4 6

"T2O M4

c 7 j ~ J 2 0 T ] /O I ^4

1.0069 1.0113

^ /O

j I

J2Ö ^4

81.0156121.0242 10 1.0199 | 14 1.0284

C12Hi0INO3, Diphenyliodonium nitrate [JAB] (583)

% df

1 1.0024 NH4CNS [JAB]

0/\ /01

11 2 4 6 8 10 12 14

^18 U

4

II' Il

O/ /O

\ \

2 1.0068

(236, 288)** ; (155, a,718

4

Il Il

C/ /O

I I

3 1.0114 555) [LJQ]

,725 tt 4

Il Il

O7 /O

0

Pb(NO 3 ) 2 .—(Continued) 12% I 14% I 16% I 1.0951 1.1160 1.1377 1.1602 1.0936 1.1143 1.1357 1.1580 1.0918 1.1123 1.1336 1.1557 1.0912 1.1117 1.1329 1.1550 1.0896 1.1100 1.1311 1.1531 1.0878 1.1081 1.1291 1.1511 1.0836 1.1038 .1.1247 1.1465 1.0788 1.0988 1.1196 1.1412 1.0733 1.0932 1.1138 1.1353 1.0673 1.0870 1.1074 1.1287 20% I 22% I 24% 26% | 28% 1.2083 1.2334 1.2590 1.2848 1.3107 1.2057 1.2306 1.2559 1.2815 1.3072 1.2030 1.2277 1.2529 1.2783 1.3037 1.2022 1.2269 1.2520 1.2774 1.3028 1.2002 1.2248 1.2498 1.2750 1.3002 1.1979 1.2224 1.2473 1.2725 1.2977 1.1928 1.2171 1.2418 1.2667 1.2917

C I

O 10 181 20 25 30 40 50 60 70 0 C O 10 181 20 25 30 40

J25 ^4

l

.0009161.0356301.0645461.1007 1.0032 18 1.0402 32 1.0687 48 1.1057 1.0078 20 1.0448 34 1.0730 50 1.1108 1.0124 22 1.0495 36 1.0774 52 1.1161 1.0170 24 1.0542 38 1.0818 54 1.1214 1.0216 26 1.0589 40 1.0863 56 1.1268 1.0263 28 1.0636 42 1.0910 58 1.1322 1.0309 44 1.0958

I

I

Jl& M4

Il

Il

0.1 1.00006 0.2 1.00099 0.4 1.00285

07

%

0.6 0.8 1.0

I

I

/715

Il

»4

[I

1.00472 1.00658 1.00844 I

Cf

%

I

I

1 2 4 6 8

Il H

№ rf 4

1.0075 1.0161 1.0338 1.0523 1.0714

I I

Of %

10 12 14 16

^1O «4

1.0911 1.1115 1.1326 1.1544

360, 361, 375, 378, 384, 509, 510, 533, 534, 561, 592, 6 2 9 ) ? a (375)

C I O 10 181 20 25 30 40 50 60 70

1% 1.0089 1.0086 1.0074 1.0070 1.0058 1.0044 1.0009 0.9967 0.9917 0.9863

I

2% 1.0180 1.0175 1.0163 1.0159 1.0146 1.0132 1.0096 1.0053 1.0003 0.9948

I

30% 1.3363 1.3326 1.3289 1.3279 1.3254 1.3226 1.3164

07 I

% I

1 2 4 6 8

^18

Il

1.0061 1.0137 1.0290 1.0446 1.0605

^18

I

07

H

«4

%

I

10 12 14 16 18

^4

Il

H

1.0768 1.0936 1.1109 1.1283 1.1473

07

%

I

I

20 22 24 26 28

/718

^4

Il

Il

1.1663 1.1860 1.2063 1.2273 1.2489

07

%

^18

30 35 40

1.2711 1.3304 1.3994

Q4

SnCl2 [JAB] (221)**; (106) [LJG] %|

%

II

d\*

1 2 4 6 8 10

1.0068 12 1.0146 14 1.0306 16 1.0470 18 1.0638 20 1.0810 I 22

0/1 %|

,715 fl 4

1 2 4 6 8 10

1.007 1.015 1.031 1.047 1.064 1.081

5

I

^4

Il

1.0986 1.1167 1.1353 1.1545 1.1743 1.1948

%

d\*

24 26 28 30 35 40

1.2159 1.2377 1.2603 1.2837 1.3461 1.4145

Il

%

I

45 50 55 60 65

d4

5

1.4897 1.5729 1.6656 1.7695 1.8865

SnCl4 [JAB] (221, 291)**; (106, 272) [LJG]

Pb(NO3)2 [LJG] (250, 291)**; (46, 84, 106, 144, 205, 206, 224, 278, 0

|

Pb(C 2 H 3 0 2 ) 2 , Acetate [JAB]; (288)** ; (144, 221, 223, 426, 469, 509)

(529)

C6Hi5O2P, Tetramethylphosphonium acetate [JAB]; with 2.76%, dj6 = 0.9972 (529) C4Hi2ClP, Tetramethylphosphonium chloride [JAB]; with 3.17%, dj5 = 0.9968 (529) C4Hi2O3NP, Tetramethylphosphonium nitrate [JAB]; with 3.83 %, df = 1.0005 (529) PbCl2 [LJG] (602) [ I Pb(ClOg) 2 [JAB] (602) [LJG] 07

18% 1.1838 1.1814 1.1789 1.1782 1.1762 1.1741 1.1692

t Density data are discordant except at 180C.

I

(NH 4 ) 2 CH 2 (S0 3 ) 2 , Methanedisulfonate [JAB]; with 5.28%, dj° = 1.0108 (529) NH4C2H5SO4, Hydroxyethylsulfonate [JAB]; with 3.58%, dj° = 1.0115 ( 5 29) C3H9NO3S, Trimethylsulfonium nitrate [JAB]; with 3.48%, df = 1.0056 (529) NH4C6H5SO3, Benzenesulfonate [JAB]; with 4.38%, d\° = 1.0110

%

I

10%

4% 1.0364 1.0357 1.0344 1.0339 1.0325 1.0310 1.0273 1.0228 1.0178 1.0122

I

6% 1.0554 1.0544 1.0529 1.0524 1.0509 1.0493 1.0454 1.0409 1.0357 1.0300

I

8% 1.0749 1.0737 1.0720 1.0715 1.0699 1.0682 1.0642 1.0595 1.0542 1.0483

%| 1 2 4 6

I I

JlS M4

Ij07I H %|

1.0065 1.0145 1.0306 1.0469 1.0634 1.0802

dì8 Il 1.0080 1.0175 1.0371 1.0575 [I

J15 ^4

1 I

JlS ^4

II C7 I II /0\

1

,7 S UJ

11 C7 Il %

12 1.099 1.0974 24 1.212 14 1.117 1.1150 26 1.233 16 1.135 1.1331 28 1.255 18 1.154 1.1516 30 1.278 20 1.173 1.1706 35 1.337 22 1.192 1.1901 40 1.403 || ThCl 4 [JAB] (291) [LJG]

45 50 55 60 65 70

10

J ^4

1.475 1.555 1.644 1.742 1.851 1.971

% I dì8 Il % I d? I] 8 1.0786 16 1.1707 10 1.1005 18 1.1958 12 1.1231 20 1.2218 14 1.1465 22 | 1.2488 Th(NO 3 ) 4 [JAB] (357) [LJG]

% I dj» 24 1.2769 26 1.3063 28 1.3371

6 8 10

18

•%| dy n % i 4* Il % I 45 Il % I 45 1 2 4

07 % II 1 2 4 6 8

1.0079 1.0169 1.0354 I

3fl Î 8 M11 4 1.0070 1.0155 1.0329 1.0509 1.0695

1.0546 1.0747 1.0957 InBr3 [JAB]

^ % II 10 12 14 16 18

^JÏ8 4

1.0888 1.1088 1.1295 1.1508 1.1728

12 1.1176 14 1.1404 16 1.1640 (289) [LJG]

c% 7 jI 20 22 24 26 28

3Î8 ^4 1.1956 1.2191 1.2434 1.2687 1.2952

c% 7 iI 30 32

1.1885

^"jTi 4 1.3230 1.3523

TlOH [JAB] (16)**; (529) [LJG]

% I d? Il % I d» . Il % I d\* Il % I d? 20 1.220 I 24 1.284 28 1.347 32 1.411 22 1.252 26f 1.315 30 1.379 34 1.443 t Supersaturated above 26 % . TlF [JAB] (291)**; (602) [LJQ]

%

l I

1 2 4 6

^1S «4

Ii (I

1.0082 1.0179 1.0379 1.0587

or %

8 10 12 14

/718 «4

I I

1.0804 1.1031 1.1267 1.1512

or %

Il Il

I I

16 18 20 22

/718 »4

Il Il

1.1765 1.2026 1.2296 1.2576

C/ %

/718 #4

I I

24 26 28 30

1.2868 1.3174 1.3495 1.3833

TlClO3 [LJG]; with 2.210%, d\* = 1.01791 («02) Tl2SO4 [JAB] (291, 309, 602)**; (106, 206, 529) [LJG]

% 1 2 3 4 5

I

150C 1.0084 1.0178 1.0274 1.0370

I

2O0C 1.0076 1.0170 1.0265 1.0360 1.0456

I

250C 1.0064 1.0158 1.0253 1.0348

I

3O0C 1.0049 1.0142 1.0237 1.0333

TlNO3 [JAB] (317, 602, 629)**; (529) [LJG]

% 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

I O0C I IQ0C I 150C I 2O0C j 250C 1.0088 1.0086 1.0077 1.0067 1.0056 1.0179 1.0172 1.0164 1.0154 1.0142 1.0271 1.0263 1.0253 1.0242 1.0230 1.0344 1.0319 1.0436 1.0409 1.0501 1.0594

TlC2H3O2, Acetate [JAB]; with 2.19%, dj6 = 1.0154 (529) ZnCl2 [GS] (288, 366)**; (507, 657)* ; (23, 86, 106, 150, 203, 261, 384, 417.5, 462, 464, 466, 599, 618, 628, 629)

% 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 % 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16

I O0G I IQ0C 1.0192 1.0186 1.0384 1.0373 1.0576 1.0559 1.0769 1.0746 1.0963 1.0934 1.1159 1.1124 1.1357 1.1318 1.1558 1.1515 1.1762 1.1715 1.1970 1.1919 1.2500 1.2441 1.3062 1.2996 1.3668 1.3595 1.4329 1.4250 1.5050 1,4972 1.5860 1.5771

I 2O0C 1.0167 1.0350 1.0532 1.0715 1.0819 1.1085 1.1275 1.1468 1.1665 1.1866 1.2380 1.2928 1.3522 1.4173 1.4890 1.5681 1.655 1.749 1.851 1.962

I 5O0G I 6O0C I 7O0C 1.0055 1.0003 0.9945 1.0227 1.0172 1.0110 1.0398 1.0340 1.0274 1.0570 1.0508 1.0439 1.0744 1.0679 1.0606 1.0921 1.0853 1.0779 1.1101 1.1030 1.0955 1.1284 1.1212 1.1135

250C | 3O0C | 4O0G 1.0154 1.0138 1.0099 1.0335 1.0317 1.0274 1.0515 1.0495 1.0448 1.0696 1.0673 1.0624 1.0878 1.0853 1.0801 1.1063 1.1036 1.0980 1.1251 1.1223 1.1163 1.1442 1.1413 1.1350 1.1638 1.1607 1.1541 1.1836 1.1804 1.1736 1.2348 1.2313 1.2240 1.2894 1.2856 1.2778 1.3485 1.3445 1.3362 1.4133 1.4090 1.4003 1.4847 1.4802 1.4711 1.5636 1.5590 1.5495 1.651 1.646 1.745 1.740 1.847 1.842 1.957 1.952 2.076 I 8O0C 0.9882 1.0044 1.0206 1.0369 1.0535 1.0704 1.0877 1.1055

| 9O0C | IQO0CT 0.9812 0.9739 0.9971 0.9894 1.0130 1.0051 1.0291 1.0211 1.0456 1.0374 1.0625 1.0541 1.0798 1.0712 1.0975 1.0888

% 18 20 25 30 35 40 45 50

ZnCl2.- (Continued) I 5O0C I 6O0C I 7O0C I 8O0C 1.1472 1.1399 1.1320 1.1238 1.1665 1.1590 1.1510 1.1428 1.2163 1.2084 1.1999 1.1914 1.2696 1.2614 1.2526 1.2438 1.3276 1.3190 1.3101 1.3009 1.3913 1.3824 1.3732 1.3637 1.4617 1.4525 1.4428 1.4331 1.5399 1.5300 1.5199 1.5097

___

% 2 4 6 8

| 9Q0C 1.1137 1.1345 1.1827 1.2347 1.2915 1.3542 1.4238 1.5009

| 10O0C 1.1069 1.1255 1.1734 1.2252 1.2818 1.3441 1.4130 1.4892

Zn(ClOa) 2 [GS] (287)**; (602)*

8

dj

1.0146 1.0309 1.0476 1.0647

Il % I
1.0823 1.1004 1.1190 1.1381

Il % i di' l| % I d\* 18 20 25 30

1.1579 35 1.1783 1.2322 1.2908 |

1.3535

ZnBr2 [GS] (366, 368, 507)

I O0C I IQ0C I 2O0C I 250C | 3O0C | 4O0C 1.0188 1.0184 1.0167 1.0154 1.0139 1.0102 1.0381 1.0374 1.0354 1.0340 1.0324 1.0285 1.0578 1.0567 1.0544 1.0529 1.0512 1.0471 1.0777 1.0763 1.0738 1.0721 1.0704 1.0660 1.0980 1.0962 1.0935 1.0917 1.0899 1.0852 1.1186 1.1165 1.1135 1.1116 1.1096 1.1046 1.1396 1.1371 1.1338 1.1318 1.1296 1.1244 ,1.1609 1.1580 1.1544 1.1523 1.1500 1.1445 '1.1825 1.1792 1.1753 1.1730 1.1706 1.1649 1.2043 1.2007 1.1965 1.1941 1.1915 1.1855 1.2641 1.2594 1.2543 1.2516 1.2485 1.2418 1.3288 1.3229 1.3170 1.3139 1.3104 1.3030 1.3995 1.3926 1.3859 1.3823 1.3785 1.3703 1.477 1.470 1.462 1.458 1.454 1.445 1.564 1.556 1.547 1.543 1.538 1.529 1.661 1.652 1.643 1.638 1.633 1.623 1.770 1.760 1.750 1.745 1.739 1.728 1.891 1.880 1.869 1.864 1.858 1.845 2.026 2.013 2.002 1.995 1.989 1.976 I 5O0C I 6O0C I 7O0C I 8O0C | 9O0C | KxFcT 1.0059 1.0008 0.9952 0.9890 0.9823 0.9751 1.0240 1.0187 1.0129 1.0065 0.9995 0.9921 1.0424 1.0369 1.0308 1.0242 1.0171 1.0094 1.0611 1.0554 1.0490 1.0422 1.0348 1.0270 1.0800 1.0742 1.0676 1.0604 1.0528 1.0448 1.0992 1.0932 1.0864 1.0789 1.0712 1.0629 1.1187 1.1124 1.1055 1.0978 1.0899 1.0813 1.1385 1.1320 1.1248 1.1169 1.1088 1.1000 1.1586 1.1519 1.1445 1.1363 1.1279 1.1190 1.1790 1.1720 1.1643 1.1560 1.1474 1.1382 1.2347 1.2270 1.2188 1.2101 1.2009 1.1911 1.2952 1.2868 1.2780 1.2688 1.2591 1.2489 1.3618 1.3529 1.3435 1.3337 1.3236 1.3131 1.436 1.427 1.417 1.406 1.396 1.385 1.519 1.510 1.499 1.488 1.477 1.465 1.612 1.602 1.590 1.579 1.568 1.555 1.717 1.706 1.694 1.682 1.670 1.657 1.834 1.822 1.810 1.797 1.784 1.771 1.964 1.951 1.938 1.924 1.911 1.898 Zn(BrO3)2 [GS] (291) %| ff U % I d? Il % I d» Il % I ff 2 1.0166 10 1.0913 18 1.1774 35 1.4070 4 1.0346 12 1.1116 20 1.2007 6 1.0528 14 1.1327 25 1.2629 8 1.0716 16 1.1547 30 1.3312 % 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 % 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65

Zn(C2H302)2, Acetate [JAB] (192)**; (329)

ZnI2 [GS] (366, 369, 507) 0

% ~~2 4

0

0

0

0

0

O C I 2O C I 4O C I 1.018 Ï.016 1.010 1.036 1.034 1.028

6O C I 8O C 1.000 0.989 1.018 1.006

IQO C 0.975 0.992

6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60

1.055 1.075 1.095 1.115 1.136 1.158 1.180 1.204 1.266 1.335 1.410 1.491 1.581 1.680 1.791 1.916

1.053 1.072 1.091 1.111 1.131 1.152 1.174 1.197 1.258 1.325 1.398 1.478 1.566 1.663 1.770 1.893

1.046 1.064 1.084 1.103 1.122 1.142 1.164 1.187 1.247 1.312 1.383 1.461 1.547 1.643 1.749 1.870

1.036 1.054 1.073 1.092 1.111 1.131 1.152 1.174 1.233 1.297 1.367 1.443 1.527 1.621 1.725 1.844

1.023 1.041 1.059 1.078 1.097 1.117 1.138 1.159 1.216 1.279 1.348 1.423 1.506 1.598 1.701 1.818

1.009 1.027 1.045 1.063 1.081 1.100 1.121 1.142 1.198 1.260 1.327 1.401 1.483 1.574 1.675 1.790

65 70 75

2.061 2.230 2.424

2.036 2.202 2.393

2.010 2.173 2.361

1.982 2.143 2.328

1.954 2.113 2.296

1.925 2.082 2.263

ZnSO 4 [GS] (200, 203, 247, 342, 348, 375, 655)**; (18, 20, 89, 105, 116, 184, 192, 220, 221, 278, 322, 329, 344, 349, 401, 402, 425, 449, 462, 464, 466, 506, 533, 535, 618, 628, 629)

% 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16

I O0C I IQ0C I 2O0C I 3O0C I 4O0C | 50°~ 1.0212 1.0208 1.0190 1.0163 1.0126 1.0084 1.0431 1.0423 1.0403 1.0373 1.0335 1.0291 1.0654 1.0642 1.0620 1.0588 1.0549 1.0503 1.0882 1.0867 1.0842 1.0808 1.0769 1.0721 1.1117 1.1098 1.1071 1.1035 1.0996 1.0946 1.1360 1.1338 1.1308 1.1270 1.1230 1.1179 1.1610 1.1585 1.1553 1.1513 1.1471 1.1421 1.1867 1.1840 1.1806 1.1764 1.1721 1.1670

07/O Ii ^ /#46 0 iI 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16

% d?7.

J7Ö Q-4

1.0034 1.0240 1.0451 1.0668 1.0892 1.1124 1.1364 1.1612

Ii

0.9978 1.0183 1.0394 1.0610 1.0833 1.1063 1.1301 1.1547

a3

^ Ii 4 8 0 i Hl 70

0.9918 1.0122 1.0330 1.0545 1.0767 1.0996 1.1232 1.1477

2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16

3 Ï 8 iI fl-4J25ÏT ^4 1.0194 1.0407 1.0624 1.0847 1.1077 1.1315 1.1560 1.1813

1.0178 1.0389 1.0605 1.0825 1.1054 1.1290 1.1534 1.1786

I 18 20 I 25 I 30 I 35 I 1.2074 I 1.2343 | 1.3058 | 1.3834 | 1.4672

t With 36.28%, df

% ( 373 )

= 1.4858; with 36.69 %, df

C'004

I

0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04

0.998 0.998 0.998 0.998 0.998

= 1.4924.

% ( 373 )

II

23150Î 33798 44412 54995 65551

0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08

^ 0 ' 004

1

0.998 0.998 0.998 0.999

76084 86596 97091 075?i

J The small figures are significant only for ratios within the table. Zn(NOs) 2 [GS]

o/1 70 I 2 4 6 8

(288)**; (20,

JIB &4

n & iI |l 70

1.0154 1.0322 1.0496 1.0675

10 12 14 16

469)*; (150, 208, 322, 628, 629)

3 ï 8 n1 1 ^/O Ii ^4 1.0859 1.1048 1.1244 1.1445

18 20 25 30

3 i i nI I ^/O Ii

#4

1.1652 1.1865 1.2427 1.3029

35 40 45 50

3ï8

<%4

1.3678 1.4378 1.5134 1.5944

% I d?'* u • % 1 1.004 6 2 1.011 8 4 1.026 10

y

ff-'

1.040 1.054 1.068

% I 12 14 16

II

ff-'

1.082 1.096 1.110

% I 18 20 22 |

CdCl2 [GS] ( 4 8 > 291, 367)**; (249, 440, 507)*; (261, 312, 313, 366, 378, 417.5, 451, 459, 618, 628, 629, 641) 0 0 0 0 0

%

2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 % 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 25 30 35 40 45 50

I QG

I IQ G I 2O G I 25 C | 3O G I 40°cT"

1.0179 1.0364 1.0554 1.0750 1.0952 1.1161 1.1377 1.1598 1.1825 1.2059 1.2687 1.3370 1.4122 1.4961 1.5893 1.6921

1.0175 1.0159 1.0358 1.0339 1.0545 1.0524 1.0737 1.0715 1.0936 1.0912 1.1141 1.1115 1.1353 1.1324 1.1571 1.1540 1.1796 1.1762 1.2029 1.1992 1.2648 1.2604 1.3324 1.3273 1.4068 1.4010 1.4899 1.4833 1.5823 -1.5748 1.6845 1.6762

1.0146 1.0325 1.0509 1.0699 1.0895 1.1098 1.1307 1.1522 1.1743 1.1970 1.2580 1.3246 1.3979 1.4797 1.5706 1.6719

1.0131 1.0309 1.0492 1.0681 1^0877 1.1078 1.1286 1.1500 1.1719 1.1945 1.2551 1.3213 1.3943 1.4759 1.5668 1.6676

1.0094 1.0271 1.0453 1.0640 1.0834 1.1034 1.1239 1.1451 1.1668 1.1892 1.2492 1.3147 1.3870 1.4679 1.5582 1.6582

I 5O0C I 6O0C I 7O0C I 8O0C | 9O0C I 100"0G" 1.0051 1.0002 0.9946 0.9885 0.9819 0.9748 1.0227 1.0176 1.0119 1.0056 0.9989 0.9916 1.0407 1.0354 1.0296 1.0231 1.0163 1.0089 1.0592 1.0538 1.0478 1.0412 1.0342 1.0266 1.0783 1.0728 1.0666 1.0599 1.0527 1.0449 1.0981 1.0924 1.0860 1.0792 1.0719 1.0639 1.1185 1.1126 1.1060 1.0991 1.0916 1.0835 1.1394 1.1334 1.1266 1.1195 1.1118 1.1036 1.1610 1.1548 1.1478 1.1405 1.1326 1.1243 1.1832 1.1768 1.1697 1.1621 1.1540 1.1456 1.2427 1.2357 1.2280 1.2199 1.2114 1.2026 1.3076 1.3000 1.2918 1.2832 1.2741 1.2650 1.3793 1.3710 1.3622 1.3530 1.3434 1.3338 1.4594 1.4506 1.4411 1.4314 1.4212 1.4111 1.5490 1.5394 1.5293 1.5190 1.5082 1.4976 1.6484 1.6381 1.6273 1.6164 1.6050 1.5939 Cd(C103)2 [GS] (288)**; (602)*

%| 2 4 6 8

di8

H

1.0147 1.0313 1.0483 1.0659

% 10 12 14 16

I

djs

II

1.0839 1.1025 1.1217 1.1415

% 18 20 25 30

I

d\*

II

1.1620 1.1831 1.2394 1.301

% 35 40

I

d\* 1.368 1.441

CdBr2 [GS] (291, 368)**; (249, 313, 440)*; (204, 259, 312, 366, 378, 507, 618, 641)

% 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 25 30 35 40

I O0C

I IQ0C

1.0179 ] 1.0175 1.0364 1.0358 1.0554 1.0546 1.0749 1.0739 1.0950 1.0937 1.1158 1.1141 1.1372 1.1353 1.1594 1.1573 1.1825 1.1801 1.2064 1.2037 1.2683 1.2648 1.3377 1.3334 1.4155 1.4105

I 2O0C 1.0158 1.0339 1.0524 1.0714 1.0910 1.1112 1.1322 1.1540 1.1766 1.2000 1.2605 1.3286 1.4049 1.4902

I 250C 1.0146 1.0326 1.0510 1.0700 1.0895 1.1097 1.1306 1.1523 1.1747 1.1979 1.2583 1.3259 1.4017 1.4866

| 3O0C 1.0131 1.0310 1.0494 1.0683 1.0877 1.1077 1.1285 1.1501 1.1725 1.1955 1.2555 1.3229 1.3984 1.4829

| 4O0C 1.0094 1.0272 1.0455 1.0643 1.0836 1.1034 1.1239 1.1453 1.1675 1.1904 1.2498 1.3165 1.3913 1.4752

CdBr2.—(Continued) % 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 25 30 35 40

I OQ0C I 6O0C I 7O0G 1.0052 1.0002 0.9947 1.0228 1.0176 1.0120 1.0409 1.0355 1.0279 1.0595 1.0540 1.0479 1.0786 1.0730 1.0667 1.0983 1.0925 1.0861 1.1187 1.1127 1.1062 1.Ì399 1.1337 1.1271 1.1618 1.1656 1.1488 1.1846 1.1782 1.1712 1.2435 1.2365 1.2291 1.3096 1.3021 1.2942 1.3838 1.3758 1.3673 1.4670 1.4583 1.4491

8O0C | 9O0C | IQO0C 0.9886 0.9820 0.9749 1.0058 0.9991 0.9918 1.0234 1.0165 1.0092 1.0414 1.0344 1.0271 1.0600 1.0529 1.0455 1.0793 1.0720 1.0645 1.0993 1.0918 1.0841 1.1200 1.1124 1.1045 1.1414 1.1337 1.1256 1.1637 1.1558 1.1476 1.2212 1.2129 1.2043 1.2858 1.2771 1.2681 1.3583 1.3491 1.3396 1.4396 1.4297 1.4197

CdI2 [GS] ( 1 5 1 > 249, 312, 313, 369)**. (2, 204, 366, 440)*; (18, 378, 507, 618, 641)

% 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 25 30 35 40 45 % 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 25 30 35 40 45

I O0C 1.0173 1.0351 1.0533 1.0719 1.0911 1.1110 1.1317 1.1532 1.1755 1.1987 1.2608

I IQ0C I 2O0C I 250C 1.0169 1.0153 1.0141 1.0345 1.0328 1.0314 1.0525 1.0507 1.0492 1.0710 1.0690 1.0675 1.0900 1.0879 1.0863 1.1098 1.1075 1.1058 1.1303 1.1278 1.1261 1.1516 1.1489 1.1471 1.1737 1.1709 1.1690 1.1967 1.1937 1.1917 1.2583 1.2546 1.2524 1.3219 1.3194 1.3967 1.3938 1.4801 1.4767 1.5726 1.5689

0

0

I 5O G I 6O C 1.0048 0.9998 1.0219 1.0167 1.0393 1.0340 1.0572 1.0517 1.0756 1.0700 1.0947 1.0890 1.1146 1.1087 1.1352 1.1292 1.1567 1.1504 1.1789 1.1725 1.2384 1.2315 1.3040 1.2967 1.3769 1.3691 1.4582 1.4498 1.5485 1.5393

0

I 7O C 0.9943 1.0112 1.0285 1.0461 1.0642 1.0830 1.1026 1.1229 1.1440 1.1658 1.2243 1.2888 1.3606 1.4408 1.5298

| 3O0C | 40°~ 1.0127 1.0090 1.0300 1.0263 1.0478 1.0439 1.0660 1.0620 1.0847 1.0805 1.1042 1.0997 1.1244 1.1198 1.1454 1.1406 1.1672 1.1622 1.1898 1.1846 1.2501 1.2446 1.3167 1.3107 1.3908 1.3841 1.4734 1.4660 1.5651 1.5571

0

0

8O C | 9O C | 100°C~ 0.9882 0.9815 0.9746 1.0049 0.9981 0.9911 1.0220 1.0150 1.0079 1.0394 1.0323 1.0251 1.0574 1.0502 1.0429 1.0761 1.0687 1.0613 1.0955 1.0879 1.0805 1.1157 1.1079 1.1004 1.1366 1.1287 1.1210 1.1584 1.1502 1.1424 1.2165 1.2080 1.1997 1.2805 1.2716 1.2628 1.3518 1.3425 1.3331 1.4313 1.4214 1.4114 1.5196 1.5090 1.4983

CdSO4 [GS] (249, 313, 655)** ; (115, 440)*; (20, 116, 312, 322, 329, 378, 451, 550, 618, 629) %

2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16

I

dj8

1.0182 1.0383 1.0590 1.0803 1.1023 1.1250 1.1485 1.1729

I

d»°

1.0149 1.0348 1.0552 1.0766 1.0986 1.1213 1.1447 1.1689

Il %

18 20 25 30 35 40 45

I

d?

1.1982 1.2243 1.2940 1.3714 1.4551 1.5470

I

dl°

1.1941 1.2201 1.2897 1.3662 1.4511 1.5445 1.6477

I ] (477)**; (641)*

% 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

dj8 1.00068 1.00259 1.00454 1.00654 1.00859

Cd(NOa) 2 [GS] (249)**; (440)*; (208, 318, 322, 378, 618, 628, 629, 641)

%

d?

2 4 6 8

1.0154 1.0326 1.0502 1.0683

»

%

I

10 12 14 16

d?

»

%

1.0869 1.1061 1.1261 1.1468

I

18 20 25 30

d\*

Il

1.1682 1.1904 1.2488 1.3124

%

I

35 40 45 50

d? 1.3822 1.4590 1.5438 1.6356

Cd(CH0 2 ) 2 , Formate [JAB]; with 9.42%, dj 1 - 6 = 1.0761 (329) HgCl2 [GS] (552, 602)**; (106)*; (49, 224, 249, 378, 417.5, 511, 517, 550, 628, 629)

% 1 2 3 4 5

I

O0C I IQ0C I 2O0C I 250C | 30°C~ 1.00821 1.00806 1.00653 1.00534 1.00391 1.01676 1.01657 1.01499 1.01378 1.01232 1.02547 1.02524 1.02359 1.02234 1.02085 1.03429 1.03400 1.03229 1.03100 1.02947 1.04319 1.04282 1.04105 1.03973 1.03815

Hg(C103)2 [GS] (602)|| HgBr2 [GS] (249) || Hg2SO4 [GS] («02) c// O

Jt 15 t 4

I

I

Ï 2 3

1

Il

(I

of/ O

,7t t14S

I

I

Il

of /

iI

\

O

l

J^ tt 4

1.00800.2231.00070.0700.99985 1.0170 0.422 1.0025 1.0260

Hg(CN) 2 [GS] (76, 378, 511, 550)

% 2 4 6 8

I

>4° 1.0138 1.0298 1.0461 1.0629

Hg(C2H3O2)^2, Acetate [JAB]

Il

% 21.03

I

df 1.1656

CuCl2 [WCS] ( 1 1 0 > 2 8 8 ) * * ; (105, 192, 2 2 5 ) * ; (27, 45, 106, 162, 178, 182, 206, 208, 261, 270, 2 7 8 , 2 9 8 , 308, 319, 3 2 3 , 4 5 1 , 4 6 2 , 462.5, 548, 604, 629)

O0G I IQ0C I 2O0C I 250C | 3O0C | 4O0C 1.0095 1.0087 1.0072 1.0062 1.005 1.002 1.019l 1.019 1.017l 1.0159 1.014s 1.01Oi 1.0387 1.038 1.036 1.034e 1.033l 1.0305 1.0586 1.0579 1.0555 1.054 1.0522 1.048 1.078s 1.078 1.0754 1.073e 1.071s 1.0682 1.0996 1.098s 1.0956 1.093s 1.091s 1.0875 1.120s 1.1196 1.1165 1.1145 1.1124 1.107 1.1427 1.141s 1.1377 1.1357 1.133s 1.1285 1.1653 1.164 1.1595 1.157s 1.1552 1.151 1.1884 1.1866 1.182 1.1797 1.177e 1.173 1.212l 1.2102 1.2052 1.203 1.2004 1.195s

% 1 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 % 25 30 35

I

__ "~0f /O

1 2 4 6

% 0.2 0.4

O0C 1.2737 1.3396 1.4114

Il

% 1 2 4

I

5O0C 0.998 1.0064 1.027s

I

6O0C 0.994s 1.001 1.024s

CU(C1O3)2 [WCS] (288)**; (602) ~r№il U4 II

1.0068 1.0150 1.0318 1.0489

^ /O

8 10 12 14

i I

JÏ8 fl 4

1.0667 1.0847 1.1033 1.1224

Ti II

& j / O l

16 18 20 25

3Ï8 4

a

1.1424 1.1629 1.1840 1.2393

il II

" c ^ 3 Ï 8 /O _!___

30

1.2993

CuBr2 [WCS] (45) di II % I d° H % I di II % I di 1.004 0.6 1.011 1.0 1.018 4.0 1.072 1.007 0.8 1.014 2.0 1.036 6.0 1.113

CuSO4[WCS] (299, 313, 342, 344, 619)** ; (11, 105, 184, 2 2 0 , 2 2 1 , 224, 264, 308)*; (106, 144, 162, 175, 189, 192, 203, 2 0 6 , 2 2 5 , 2 4 6 , 270, 275, 278, 329, 377, 400, 403, 404, 406, 425, 449, 451, 462, 462.5,

506, 533, 534, 535, 572, 580, 595, 604,

I O0C 1.0104 1.021l 1.0429 1.0654 1.0887 1.112s 1.1379

% 1 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18

629)

I IQ0C I 2O0C I 250C | 3O0C | 40°~ TÖIÖ 1.0086 1.0073 1700581.0024 1.0206 1.019 1.0176 1.016i 1.0126 1.042 1.04Oi 1.038? 1.037 1.0332 1.063s 1.0616 1.0602 1.058s 1.054s 1.0866 1.084 1.082s 1.080? 1.0764 1.11Oi 1.107l 1.1054 1.103s 1.099o 1.134s 1.130s 1.1289 1.126? 1.1222 1.1590 1.1544 1.18s l.lSo 1.20s 1.2Oe

Cu(NOa) 2 [WCS] (288)** ; (323, 384, 488, 629)* ; (106, 162, 164, 208, 217, 270, 308, 319, 329, 462, 462.5)

% i dy

i < i dy

% i dy

Ii

194,

t With 0.42s %, d* 55 - 6 = 0.9160, df7-*

i d~

1 1.007s 1.006s 1.0050 14 1.128s 2 1.0159 1.015 1.012s 16 1.148s 4 1.0334 1.0320 1.029? 18 1.170 6 1.0520 1.05Oo 1.047s 20 1.192 8 1.07Oo 1.068s 1.065s 25 1.248 10 1.088s 1.087s 30 1.31o 12 1.108s 1.106s 35 1.37? 19±1 (NH 4 ) 2 Cu(S0 4 ) 2 [WCS]; 7.7s %, d = 1.024s (S06) ; Cu(CHO 2 ) 2 , Formate [WCS] (434, 563)

AgNO 3 .—(Continued] % I dl° I d» I ^001 II % I dl° I 0.2 0.9988 20.0 1.1942 0.4 1.0006 25.0 1.254s 0.6 1.0023 30.0 1.320s 0.8 1.0040 35.0 1.393l 1.0 1.0070 1.0057 0.966 40.0 1.474s 2.0 1.0154 1.014l 0.974 45.0 1.56s 4.0 1.032? 1.031s 0.990 50.0 1.66s 6.0 1.05Oe 1.049l 1.007 55.0 1.78e 8.0 1.0690 1.0674 1.02s 60.0 1.91e 10.0 1.0882 1.0866 1.043 65.0 12.0 1.1080 1.105 1.062 70.0 2.233s 14.0 1.1284 1.125 1.08 75.0 16.0 1.149s 1.146 1.10 80.0 18.0 1.171s 1.168 1.12 85.0

1.126o 1.146s 1.167s 1.189s 1.247s

df I ^ 00 I 1.191s 1.14s 1.252s 1.2Oi 1.318s 1.263 1.390s 1.333 1.469 1.41o 1.55? 1.50s 1.659 1.61i 1.779 1.724 1.912 1.852 2.06 1.992 2.228s 2.15i 2.34s 2.57o 2.83s

= 0.8481; with 0.843 %, df* =

0.7068; with 1.67ö %, dj 65 - 8 = 0.9264, ^18-1 = 0.8581 (455).

AgC2H3O2, Acetate [WCS]; with 1%, dj5 = 1.0059; df = 1.002o (295,

602)

AgC2H2ClO2, Chloroacetate [WCS]; with 1.5l %, df = 1.006e (295) AgTl (N0 3 ) 2 [WCS] (so») % | ^400 Il % dl00 y % | d4°° Il % | ^00 1 0.966 14 1.080 40 1.43e 75 2.43s 2 0.974 16 1.1Oo 45 1.533 80 2.68e 4 0.990 18 1.122 50 1.63? 85 3.00s c/. (534) 6 1.006 20 1.144 55 1.74s 90 3.42s 8 1.024 25 1.204 60 1.86? 95 3.964 Of I /7 Il (V I /7 Il C/ \ ri Il O/ I rl /O I M H /O I #4 H 70 I 4 Jl 70 I 4 10 1.042 30 1.272 65 2.03e 100 4.65s 0.21.0002OTs1.0048Ï7Ô1.02973~71.0166 12 1.060 35 1.349 70 2.224 0.4 1.0017 1.0 1.0064 AuCl3 [WCS] 0.6 1.0033 2.0 1.0142 5 602 158 % Ul ( )tl <( ) Il % K 5 ( 6 0 2 )tl ^ 7 ( 158 ) Cu(C 2 H 3 O 2 ) 2 , Acetate [WCS] (29i)** ; (563)* ; (288) 1 1.0060 1.0072 6 1.0434 1.046o O/ l 3Ï8 f] ^ I 3 Ï 8 fl ^ i 3Ï8 il & 3Ï8 /O I #4 II /O I ^ II /O I 4 11 /O _i___ 2 1.0132 1.015e 8 1.059l 0.2 0.9997 OTe 1.0020 ITO 1.0046 4LÔ1.0223 4 1.028l 1.0312 10 1.0750 0.4 1.0008 0.8 1.0032 [ 2.0 1.0106 6.0 1.0340 t Solutions contained l mole HCl per mole AuCb. Au(CN) 3 [WCS]; with 2.643%, ^ 9 ' 5 = 1.0181 (76) Cu(C 3 H 6 O 2 )2, Propionate [WCS] (563) 8 OsO4 [WCS]; with 1.316%, ^9 = 1.0061 (76) 18

18

18

30

a

a

4

a

4

il % l di

n % l dy

%| dy

0.2 0.9997 0.4 1.0007

0.6 0.8

1.0017 1.0027

1.0 2.0

il % i

1.0038 1.0089

4.0

dy

1.0192 -

AgF[WCS] (288)** ; (2Sl)*

il % i d\8 li %

%l dy 1 2 4 6 8

1.008s 1.019l 1.0399 1.0613 1.083s

IO 12 14 16 18

1.107l 1.1316 1.1572 1.183? 1.2110

20 25 30 35 40

dy

il % i

dy

1.2394 1.314e 1.40 1.48 1.58

45 50 55 60 65

1.70 1.85 2.03 2.26 2.55

AgClO3 [WCS] (602) I l I 2 I 4 I 6 I 8 .| 1.0074 l 1.015s 1.032? I 1.050s | 1.0683

% d\6 Ag2SO4 [WCS]

0.59 0.83 0.88

(262, "TÏ5 U4

i !

295)* ; (602) i I

"^25 «4

||

Ag2SeO4 [WCS]

Tj y

J^ /p

1.0048

(602) ^15 «4

j \

0.18

1.00085

1.0053 1.0076

AgNO3 [WCS] ( 6 4 > 262)**; (291, 530, 531)*; (18, 106, 189, 225, 313, 329, 342, 411, 508, 517, 555, 605, 606, 608, 609, 610,

% I IQ0C 2.0 1.0170 10.0 1.090s 70.0

I

3O0C 1.012? 1.084s 2.2234

I

4O0C 1.009l 1.080? 2.213l

I

6O0C 0.9999 1.070e 2.1924

|

224, 629)

8O0C 0.988s 1.058s 2.17Oo

PtCl4 [WCS]

(397,

433,

497)

% | cC° II % I
MnCl2 [JAB]

m

(291, 629)** ; (225, 278, 312, 384, 561) [LJQ]

% I 4s I d? » % I ^8 Il 1 1.0069 1.0055 12 1.1046 2 1.0153 1.0139 14 1.1238 4 1.0324 1.0309 16 1.1435 6 1.0498 1.0482 18 1.1638 8 1.0676 20 1.1846 10 1.0859 22 1.2061 MnBr2 [JAB] (2Qi) [LJG]

% l dy » % i dy 1 2 4 6 8

1.0071 1.0157 1.0332 1.0511 1.0695

10 12 14 16 18

1.0886 1.1083 1.1287 1.1498 1.1716

Ii % i dy 20 22 24 26 28

1.1942 1.2176 1.2419 1.2672 1.2934

% 24 26 28 30

\\ % 30 32

I

d^ 1.2283 1.2511 1.2746 1.2988

dy 1.3206 1.3489

MnSO4 [JAB] ( 1 0 5 > 225, 2 7 8 ) * * . (629)*; (144, 192, 206, 221, 312, 477,

% 1 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18

I

550, 561) [LJQ]

O0C I IQ0C I 150C ' I 1.0100 1.0098 1.0089 1.0202 1.0197 1.0188 1.0409 1.0399 1.0389 1.0620 1.0606 1.0595 1.0836 1.0819 1.0807 1.1057 1.1036 1.1025 1.1282 1.1259 1.1248 1.1511 1.1488 1.1478 1.1744 1.1723 1.1714 1.1982 1.1965 1.1956

2O0C I 250C 1.0080 1.0068 1.0178 1.0165 1.0378 1.0364 1.0583 1.0569 1.0794 1.0780 1.1012 1.0998 1.1236 1.1224 1.1467 1.1458 1.1705 1.1699 1.1950 1.1948

% I 20 I 22 I 24 I 26 I 28 I 30 150C 1.2205 1.2461 1.2725 1.2997 1.3277 1.3565 250Cf 1.2203 1.2464 1.2731 1.3004 1.3283 1.3568 t df = 1.3860 with 32 %. Mn(NO 3 ) 2 [JAB] (291)**; (225, 278, 469, 629) [LJQ]

%|

1 2 4 6 8 10

d?

%| df 1 2 4 6

% lI

Il

%

d\*

I

[I

%

d*8

I

[I

%

I

d?

1.0063 12 1.0969 24 1.2125 45 1.4662 1.0140 14 1.1149 26 1.2338 50 1.5378 1.0298 16 1.1333 28 1.2557 55 1.6146 1.0459 18 1.1522 30 1.2781 1.0624 20 1.1717 35 1.3367 1.0794 22 1.1918 40 1.3993 NH 4 MnO 4 [LJG]; with 3.43%, df = 1.0154 (529) Mn(C 2 H 3 0 2 )2, Acetate [JAB] (509) 1.0033 1.0085 1.0189 1.0293 /-72O »4

Il % I di° [I % I

Il % I df

8 1.0398 10 1.0503 12 1.0609 14 1.0717 Fe(OH)3, Dialyzed /725 U4

Il H

1 I 1.0050 I 1.0040 [I

o/ %

2

16 1.0827 24 18 1.0939 26 20 1.1053 28 22 1.1169 30 [WCS] (*98, 377) ,720 ^4

I I

J25 .»4

M H

o / l % I

1.012l j 1.0105 || 3

df 1.1288 1.1410 1.1536 1.1666 ^^ ,720 ^4

| 1.0194

FeCl2 [WCS] (27, 45, 163, 225, 291, 506) OX

I Yo II ,715-5 a4 [ ^18 a4 f][i ~~ï 1.0080 1.0075 2 1.01721.0165 4 1.03561.0348 6 1.05451.0535 8 1.073s 1.0726

^

[J % !i aJ 4l O . 5 ![ aJÏ8 |[ 4 ÏÔ 1.09401.0923 12 1.11451.1126 14 1.135s 1.1336 16 1.157s1.1551 18 1.179s 1.1771

% I| ^15.5 a4 |I a3Ï8 4 20 f. 202o 1.1996 25 1.261o 1.2596 30 1.327s 35 1.402o

FeCl3.—(Continued)

TiII

~c71 %|

"A** ^4

1 2 4 6

1.0025 1.010? 1.0272 1.044l

O/ % 8 10 12 14

% I O0C IQ0C I 150C I 2O0C I 250C | 3O0C Ï1.00861.00841.007s1.00681.005s1.004o 2 1.0174 1.0168 1.0162 1..0152 1.013? 1.0122 4 1.034? 1.034l 1.033s 1Ï0324 1.0309 1.0292 6 1.0520 1.051l 1.0502 1.0492 1.047s 1.046o 8 1.0703 1.0692 1.068l 1.0669 1.065s 1.063e 10 1.089s 1.088s 1.0867 1.085i 1.083s 1.081? 12 1.108s 1.107l 1.105e 1.1040 1.1024 1.10Oe 14 1.1280 1.125? 1.1242 1.122? 1.1212 1.119e 16 1.147s 1.1449 1.1434 1.141s 1.1402 1.138e 18 1.167o 1.1644 1.163l 1.161? 1.1602 1.158e 20 1.1870 1.184? 1.1834 1.182o 1.180s 1.178e 25 1.24Oo 1.2380 1.236o 1.234o 1.232o 1.229o 30 1.2970 1.2950 1.293s 1.291o 1.288s 1.285o 35 1.360s 1.3580 1.355s 1.353o 1.3505 1.347s 40 1.4280 1.423s 1.420s 1.417s 1.4145 1.411s 45 1.4920 1.488s 1.485o 50 1.5610 1.5560 1.551o

^ «4

TT II C/ %

1.061? 1.0799 1.0990 1.1180

Ii

16 18 20 25

J/86 »4

fiH & % jI

3S6 »4

1.1370 1.1569 1.176? 1.226o

30 35 40

1.282o 1.345o 1.4085

'

FeBr2[WCS] (291) % I d*8 II % I dì8 [I % I (J48 II % I
% I 180C I 2O0C [I 0.21.0006sl.0002 0.41.002751.0022 0.61.0046s l. 0042 0.81.0064sl.0062 If 1.0085 1.0082

% I 150C I 180C II 2 1.018s 1.0180 4 1.038o 1.037s 6 l. 058o l. 057s 8 1.079o 1.078s 10 l . l O l o l . l O O o

I 150C | 180C 1.123s 1.122o 1.146o 1.144s l. 169o l. 167s 1.192o 1.190s 1.215o1.213s

% 12 14 16 18 20

t For l %, d\5 = 1.0090. Fe 2 (SO 4 ),t [WCS] (208)*; (225, 254, 377) /0

JlS «4

J17.5 »4

(225)

(208)*

JlS 4

a

J15 4

J17.5 «4

JlS «4

(225)

(208)*

(254)

a

&

(254)

/0

Ï1.0081.0072 1.006e201.2041.181l 2 1.018 1.015? 1.015e 25 1.264 1.241o 4 1.03? 1.032? 1.034e 30 1.33o 1.307s 6 1.05e 1.049s 1.0554 35 1.4Oo 1.3764 8 1.07e 1.0670 1.0754 40 1.47e 1.448? 10 1.09s 1.0840 1.0954 45 1.56o 1.527s 12 l.lle 1.102s 1.1164 50 1.64? 1.612? 14 1.13? 1.121s 1.1382 55 1.702s 16 1.15s 1.1409 1.1602 60 1.798s 18 1.18l 1.1609 1.1822

1.206l 1.2689 1.334? 1.408s 1.487s

For data at 2O0C, ». ( 3 7 7 ).

t Discordant data.

Fe(N0 3 ) 2 [WCS] (217, 602) I 1 2 I 4 I 1.0063 I 1.0144 I 1.0309

&

FeCl3 [WCS] (291)**; (27, 208, 254, 279, 319, 328, 430, 506, 554)

iI

% dl0....

I

6 1.0480

Fe(NO 3 ) 3 [WCS] (291)** ; (208, 319, 602)

% | dì8 [I 1 1.0065 2 1.0144 4 1.0304

% 6 8 10

dj8 II % I dj8 II % 1.046s 12 1.0989 18 1.063e 14 1.1172 2p l.OSlo 16 1.1359 25

d» 1.155i 1.174s 1.228i

FeSO 4 .(NH 4 ) 2 S0 4 [WCS] (*99, 533, 534)*; (221, 506)

% dj65 df

...|

l I 2 I 4 | 6 l 8 1.007s 1.0159 1.032s 1.048s 1.0654 1.005 1.013 1.029 1.045 1.062

% d\& - 5 df

I

10 | 12 | 14 | 16 | 18 1.082? 1.1002 1.1182 1.1362 1.154? 1.080 1.098 1.116

Fe 2 (S0 4 ) 3 .(NH 4 ) 2 S0 4 [WCS] (225)* ; (188)

%

45

II % I

dj'

Il % |

dj'

» % I

dj5

1 2 4

1.0072 1.015? 1.0324

6 8 10

1.049s 1.067s 1.0856

12 14 16

1.103s 1.1224 1.1412

18 20 40

1.1609 1.1809 1.3799

Fe2(C2O4)3, Oxalate [WCS]; with 3.04%, dj 0 - 1 = 1.0126; with 23.85%, dî°'° - 1.1480 (434)

CoCl2f [WCS] (291)**; (66, 629)*; (45, 76, 162, 178, 192, 208, 225, 319, 323, 397, 433, 451, 506, 604, 640)

% dj8 df df

I

1 I 2 I 4 1.0076 1.016s 1.0356 1.0073 1.0165 1.0350 1.0060 1.0150 1.0335

% d\* d™

6 I 8 I 10 1.0549 1.074? 1.0949 1.053s 1.073s 1.094o 1.052s

12 I 14 I 16 1.1157 1.137o 1.159o 1.1150 1.136s 1.158s

18 I 20 1.1817 1.205i 1.181s 1.205o

t Data on this salt, especially at higher concentrations, are rather discordant. CO(C1O 3 ) 2 [WCS] (291)**. (421)

/718 #4

07/ O 1I

"1 2 4 6

!IH

/?418

07 S / O l

1!

a

C7 /O

H

r718 ^4

S

I

Il

07 l / P I

Il

/741S

a

1.006481.0642161.1373301.2880 1.0144 10 1.0817 18 1.1569 35 1.3503 1.0305 12 1.0996 20 1.1772 40 1.4182 1.0472 14 1.1182 25 1.2305

Ni(ClOs) 2 [WCS] (29l)** %|

dl8

1 2 4 6

1.0068 1.0150 1.0317 1.0488

dj8

1 2 4 6

1.0075 1.0165 1.0350 1.0539

Il

%

dj8

I

8 10 12 14

Il

1.0735 1.0938 1.1148 1.1367

CoSO4 [WCS] ( 1 0 5 >

% d\ df

I

t With 4%, <*20

=

% 16 18 20 25

16

dj8

I

Il

1.1592 1.1826 1.2069 1.2718

%

I

30

"l 2 4 6

1 2 4 6 8 10 12

î I

1 2 4 6 8

d» 1.3437

1.0068 1.0150 1.0317 1.048s Ì.0666 1.084s 1.1036

1.0064 1.014s 1.031s 1.048s 1.0660 1.0840 1.1030

fi II

1.0054 1.013s 1.0304 1.047s 1.064s

0 7 %

i I

14 16 18 20 25 30

JlS »4

"j20 ^4

1.1229 1.1427 1.1632 1.184l 1.239e 1.2998

1.1220 1.1420 1.1630 1.1840 1.2390 1.2990

CoSO4.(NH4)2S04 [WCS]; with 12.64%, dJ 9 ± 1 = 1.104 (506) Co(C 2 H 3 O2) 2 , Acetate [JAB] (509) % I «ff Il % | ffl » % | J40 Il % | ffl 1 1.006 3 1.020 5 1.031 7 1.040 2 1.013 4 1.026 6 1.036

d?

1.0664 1.0846 1.1033 1.1227

16 18 20 25

1.1426 1.1631 1.1842 1.2399

d 18 fl 4

I |

||

fì18 »4

I! 07 1 1 / 0

8 ] 1.0758 10 1.0969 12 1.1188 14 1.1414

30 ^4

7Î8 ^4

1.0107 1.021s 1.043s

1.009l 1.019s 1.041s 1.0630 1.0852

16 18 20 25

^20 ^4

i I

% |

30

Il H

1.1648 1.1889 1.2140 1.2815

J25 »4

j I

1.0089 1.0196 1.0413 1.062s

^8

1.2999

07 /O

/7 18 #4

30

1.3565

[l Il

^ %

1.007s 1.0177 1.0389 1.061o

j I

10 12 14 16 18

"7Ï8 "4

1.108s 1.132s 1.157s 1.182s 1.2090

(291)**; (76, 162, 192, 208, 225, 319, 323, 602, 629)

| ^48 I < I df [l 1.0070 1.006s 1.005s 1.015s 1.0150 1.014l 1.0330 1.032s 1.0316 1.050s 1.050s 1.0494 1.069s 1.0688 1.067s 1.0882 1.0877 1.0850 l. 1076 l. 107o l. 1040

% 1 2 4 6 8 10 12

2, 435, 449, 506, 629)

J25 "4

i I

o/ 70

H [l

Ni(NO 3 ) 2 t [WCS]

1 I 2 I 4f I 6 I 8 1.0107 1.021s I 1.0436 1.0662 1.089o 1.0072 1.0174 1.0380 1.058s 1.08Oo

/720 "4

8 10 12 14

1.0078 1.0170 1.0359 1.0555

i I

1.041l.

ri18 "4

[l % |

NiSO 4 [WCS] (105, 334, 406.5, 629)*; (76, 162, 192, 206, 225, 431, 449, 506)

Co(NOs) 2 [WCS] (291)**; (602, 629)*. (162, 206, 208, 217, 319, 323) l I

dl8

% |

NiBr 2 [WCS] (29l)** ,71S Q4

07 I 70 I

CoBr2[WCS] (291)**

%

[l

| ^8 | < | ffl" 1.127? 1.127o 1.12so 1.1484 1.14so 1.14so 1.169e 1.1690 1.1040 1.19U 1.19io l.lSeo 1.249s 1.2490 1.2430 1.31U l.Slio 1.3040 1.3777 1.3770 1.37oo

% 14 16 18 20 25 30 35

t The 180C values are considered more reliable than the 2O0C values, which are in the main derived from the former.

NiSO4.(NH4)2SO4 [WCS]; with 4.89%, ^ 9 ± 1 - 1.041 (506) CrO3 [JAB] (661)**; (138, 224, 463, 517) [LJG] 15 /7 ^

o /l % 1

4

1.006 1.014 1.030 1.045 1.060 1.076

1 2 4 6 8 10

IlI j

07 %

II

16 /7 ^4

IlI i

1.093 1.110 1.127 1.145 1.163 1.181

12 14 16 18 20 22

o / li %

24 26 28 30 35 40

/7415

a

1.200 1.220 1.240 1.260 1.313 1.371

Il

Ii

07

%

45 50 55 60

I

I

W 15 ^4

1.435 1.505 1.581 1.663

CrCl3 [JAB] (291) [LJG]

Co(CNS) 2 [WCS] (640) 07 %

1 2 4 6

^0-2 d*

I |

I I

,795 «4

Il Il

1.00620.969s 1.01280.9763 1.0270 0.9903 1.0420 1.0040

I I

& %

8f 10 12 14

JO. 2 »4

I I

J95 »4

H Il

1.057sl.018o 1.073s 1.032s 1.090ol.048o 1.107sl.064o

o/ %

I I

JQ. 2 »4

J95 »4

t With 8.07 %, df = 1.0552. NiCl2 [WCS] Of %

1 2 4 6 8 10 12

Î l

(291)**; (66, 629)*; (27, 45, 162, 192, 208, 225, 319, 397, 431, 433, 451, 506)

^ 7 Ï 8 i "4 I

1.0082 1.0179 1.037s 1.0577 1.078s 1.099s 1.1217

^20 ^4

1.007s 1.017s 1.0370 1.057l 1.0777 1.0990 1.1209

i I

JÜ26 #4

1.0060 1.0152 1.034s 1.054s

il Ii

Of %

14 16 18 20 25 30

i l

" A ï * j #4 I

1.1442 1.1674 1.191s 1.216s

I2O #4

1.1434 1.166s 1.190s 1.215o 1.28Oo 1.352s

^ "Green"

^f J™ ™XtUrf, violet and green" Ï 1 . 0 0 7 6 1 . 0 0 7 1 1 . 0 0 7 5 2 1.0166 1.0157 1.0165 4 1.0349 1.0332 1.0347 6 1.0535 1.0510 1.0533 8 1.0724 1.0691 1.0722 10 1.0917 1.0876 1.0915 12 1.1114 1.1065 1.1111 14 1.1316 %

16 1.125sl.081o 18 1.144ol.099o 20 1.163s 1.117s 25 1.215s1.166s

^Violet"

CrBr3 [JAB] (291) [LJG]

%| ti* Ii % i dy Ii % l d? Ii % l cff 1 2 4 6

1.0074 1.0162 1.0344 1.0532

8 10 12 14

1.0726 1.0926 1.1132 1.1345

16 18 20 22

1.1565 1.1794 1.2031 1.2277

24 26 28 30

1.2532 1.2797 1.3071 1.3355

SiQ2.12Mo03 [LJG] (13)

Cf 2 (SO 4 )S [JAB] (225)**. (76, 189, 237) [LJQ] 6

^

%| 1 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16

"Green" 1.0081 1.0172 1.0358 1.0551 1.0751 1.0958 1.1172 1.1392 1.1618

% 3.80 10.52

II

•

d?

| "Violet" || % | 1.0091 18 1.0191 20 1.0395 22 1.0604 24 1.0817 26 1.1034 28 1.1257 30 1.1486 35 1.1722 I 40

"Green" 1.1851 1.2091 1.2339 1.2594 1.2856 1.3125 1.3401 1.4123 1.4893

|

"Violet" 1.1966 1.2218 1.2479 1.2750 1.3032 1.3325

dj 1.1189 1.1707

(NH 4 ) 2 Cr 2 0 7 [JAB] (566)** ; (463) [LJG] %l d? [I % d? Il % I dj' Il % I d? 1 1.0051 6 1.0342 12 1.0715 18 1.1120 2 1.0108 8 1.0463 14 1.0846 20 1.1263 4 1.0223 10 1.0588 16 1.0981 Cr(NOs) 3 [JAB] (291, 602)** [LJG] ^ 5 %

ti*

I

4

I

dy

% fôt ^Violet" C°ôt stated stated ' Ï 1 . 0 0 7 3 1 . 0 0 6 5 1 6 1 . 1 4 0 7 1 . 1 3 9 1 2 1.0ÏB5 1.0145 18 1.1606 1.1588 4 1.0322 1.0309 20 1.1810 1.1790 6 1.0492 1.0477 22 1.2020 1.1998 8 1.0666 1.0650 24 1.2236 1.2213 10 1.0844 1.0828 26 1.2459 1.2435 12 1.1027 1.1011 28 1.2690 1.2665 14 1.1214 1.1198 30 1.2929 1.2904 (NH4)2S04.Cr2(S04)3.24H20 [JAB] (225)** ; (187, 188) [LJG]

Violet-

% Anhyd. 1 2 4 6 8

dl5 "Green" 1.082 1.100 1.118 1.137 1.156

% Anhyd. 10 12 14 16 18

dl* "Green" 1.007 1.015 1.031 1.048 1.065

(NHQ 6 Mo 7 O 24 [JAB]

(509» 510)**; (135, 517)

[LJG]

%t-...| 1 I 2 I 4 I 6 I 8 I 10 dl° 1.0055 I 1.0129 I 1.0282 | 1.0440 | 1.0603 | 1.0772 t With 23.51 %, 4° = 1.2019. WO 3 [LJG] (532) x/17.5 % II «4

1 2 4 6 8 10

1.0078 1.0170 1.0357 1.0550 1.075 1.096

Il

Il

cf

%

12 14 16 18 20 22

C/

I

^7

/O 1

1 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18

I

#4

I

1.008 1.017 1.036 1.054 1.072 1.091 1.110 1.129 1.149 1.171

C(

% ^ F % ^p Anhyd. "Green" Anhyd. "Green" 20 1.176 30 1.283 22 1.196 35 1.341 24 1.217 40 1.403 26 1.238 45 1.470 28 1.260 50 1.542 MoO3 [JAB]; with 1%, dj° = 1.0062 (517) [LJG]

Of

I

I

I

^!7-O

"4

1.118 1.141 1.166 1.191 1.217 1.244

H

Ii

c/

%

24 26 28 30 32 34

I

1 /717.5 "4 1.272 1.301 1.331 1.363 1.396 1.430

I)

H o/% 36 38 40 42 44

IQ0C I 2O0C I 3O0C I 4O0C 1.0169 1.0153 1.0126 1.0090 1.0345 1.0327 1.0299 1.0262 1.0524 1.0505 1.0476 1.0437 1.0707 1.0687 1.0657 1.0616 1.0894 1.0873 1.0841 1.0799 1.1085 1.1063 1.1029 1.0986 1.1281 1.1258 1.1223 1.1178 1.1482 1.1457 1.1421 1.1375 UO2Cl2 [LJG] (122) UONO 3 [LJG] (l", 124)

UO 2 (NOs) 2 [LJG] (226, 233, 620)**; (27, 76)

(NHQ8CrO4 [LJG] (463, 566) 0 0 C I d\ Il % I C I 20 1.0219 19.75 13.7 13 1.0627 28.04 19.6

I

% 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16

% dl°

Il

H

Cp

%

,717

I

I

^25

I

»4 •

I

11

<*4

O/

H

%

d11

I

I

/T26

I

^4

I

#4

1.0037 1.0104 1.0242 1.039 1.055 1.072 1.091 1.111 1.132 1.154

20 1.194 1.177 40 1.466 1.455 22 1.218 1.201 42 1.498 1.489 24 1.243 1.226 44 1.531 1.524 26 1.269 1.251 46 1.567 1.559 28 1.295 1.277 48 1.606 1.595 30 1.322 1.304 50 1.649 1.630 32 1.349 1.331 52 1.696 34 1.377 1.360 54 1.748 36 1.406 1.390 38 1.436 1.422 USO 4 [LJG] (119,121) (UO) 2 SO 4 [LJG] (121) U0 2 (C 2 H 3 0 2 ) 2 Acetate [JAB] (509) ..[ 1 I 2 I 3 I 4 I 1.0055 I 1.0129 I 1.0203 | 1.0278 NH4VO3 [LJG] (602)

% | «ff Il % I «ff H 0.1 0.99973 0.4 1.00154 0.2 1.00033 0.6 1.00277

% I «ff H % I iff 0.8 1.00401 1.2 1.00653 1.0 1.00526

H 3 BO 3 [JAB] (225)**; (28, 52, 101, 243) [LJG]

%

I

1

I

2

I

3

d\b.

I

1.0045

I

1.0103

I

1.0165

AlCl3 [JAB] (291)**; (106, 144, 219, 323) [LJG]

of70

II

^Gf 7 1 8 T Hi

of/O

4

![

infïs #4

TiH

o/Q f II

ITÎS O 4

Ï 1 . 0 0 7 5 6 1 . 0 5 2 6 Î 2 1 . 1 0 9 3 2 1.0164 8 1.0711 14 1.1290 4 1.0344 II 10 I 1.0900 || 16 | 1.1491 AlBr5 [JAB] (602)**; (76) [LJG]

%|
1.0057 1.0133 1.0289

6 8 10

1.0451 1.0619 1.0792

12 14 16

% i «g»

1.0969 18 1.1528 1.1150 20 1.1725 1.1336 | 22 | 1.1928

A12(SO4)3 [JAB] (225, 629)**; (76, 106, 187, 188, 189, 206, 404, 406, 513, 517, 561) [LJG]

% 1 2 4 6 8

I

1 ,717.5 "4 1.466 1.505 1.546 1.590 1.638

,725

^4

II

di'

I

1.0093 1.0195 1.0404 1.0618 1.0837

df 1.0069 1.0167 1.0370 1.0580

y

% 10 12 14 16 18

I

II

% 20 22 24 26

I

ffl 1.2272 1.2534 1.2803 1.3079

Al(NOs) 3 [JAB] (291)**; (602) [LJG]

%l 11 2 4 6 8

a? Il % I
(NHO 2 SO 4 -Al 2 (SQ 4 )S [JAB] (46)**; (225)* [LJG]

% di' II % I d» Il % 1 2 4 61

1.0079 ! 8 1.0167 10 1.0348 12 1.0533 14

1.0723 1.0919 1.1121 1.1329

d» II %

16 18 20 22

1.1541 1.1757 1.1976 1.2197

24 26 28 30

di'

% 20 25 30

1.2420 1.2644 1.2870 1.3098

% I 5O0C I 6O0C I 7O0C I 8O0C 9O0C IQO0C 2 1 . 0 0 4 3 0.9995 0.9942 0.9883 0.9820 0.9753 4 1.0207 1.0159 1.0107 1.0050 0.9988 0.9923 6 1.0372 1.0325 1.0274 1.0218 1.0158 1.0095 8 1.0539 1.0493 1.0442 1.0388 1.0330 1.0269 10 1.0708 1.0663 1.0613 1.0560 1.0504 1.0444 12 1.0880 1.0836 1.0787 1.0735 1.0680 1.0622 14 1.1055 1.1011 1.0963 1.0912 1.0859 1.0803 16 1.1232 1.1188 1.1141 1.1092 1.1041 1.0984 18 1.1412 1.1368 1.1322 1.1275 1.1225 1.1170 20 1.1595 1.1552 1.1506 1.1460 1.1412 1.1359 25 1.2072 1.2031 1.1987 1.1942 1.1896 1.1847 30 1.2575 1.2535 1.2493 1.2451 1.2406 1.2360

t Solutions above ca. 6 % are supersaturated. 8

Al(CNS)3 [LJG]; with 23.30%; ^ = 1.1582 (155) Tl2SO4-Al2(SO4)S [JAB]; with 5.39%, dj° = 1.0510 (378) [LJG] La 2 (SO 4 ) 3 [LJG]; with 1.38%, dj = 1.0131; dj- 1 = 1.0128; dj9 = 0.9923; dj9 = 0.9734 (206) La(NOa) 3 [JAB] .(291) [LJG] 07 I 70 I

^18 ^4

\\ Ij

11.0076 2 1.0167 4 1.0353 6 1.0545 8 1.0742 % 1 2 4 6

d? [I 1.0090 1.0190 1.0395 1.0606

O/ 70

10 12 14 16 18

\ I

/718 #4

Il H

1.0945 1.1153 1.1368 1.1589 1.1817

/7!» &4

0 / 1 70 I

20 22 24 26 28

H I)

1.2052 1.2295 1.2547 1.2809 1.3080

O/ /O

.

I I

30 32

Ce 2 (SO 4 )S [JAB] (67) [LJG] % I d? Il % I d? I ] 8 1.0823 16 1.1770 10 1.1047 18 1.2030 12 1.1279 20 1.2300 14 1.1520 22 1.2582

a,718

4

1.3360 1.3653

% I d]5 24 1.2876

Sa(N03)3 [JAB] (291) [LJG] dj8 Il % I dì8 » % d\* [I % I d? 1.0061 8 1.0604 16 1.1271 24 1.2005 1.0136 10 1.0766 18 1.1447 26 1.2201 1.0289 12 1.0931 20 1.1628 28 1.2403 1.0445 14 1.1099 22 1.1814 BeCl 2 [GS] (29i)** ; (84)* %f....| 2 4 6 I 8 I 10 12 dj8 1 1.0118 I 1.0251 1.0386 | 1.0523 | 1.0663 | 1.0806 t With 14 %, d\* = 1.0952. Be(C103)2 [GS] (602)

%

I

1

I

1

1.00527

I

2 1.01141

I

3

|

1.01754

BeSO4 [GS] (629)

%...

I

df

I 1.0058 I 1.0147 I 1.0237 | 1.0327 | 1.0417

1

I

2

[

3

I

4

I

5t

t df = 1.0870 with 10 %; = 1.1769 with 20 % ( 312 ).

Be(N0 3 ) 2 [GS] (291) 0/1 % [

2 4 6 8

J l S - J j <*4 Il

1.0108 1.0233 1.0361 1.0491

of %

10 12 14 16

/718 «4

1.0624 1.0761 1.0902 1.1046

Il II

p/ %

18 20 22 24

I I

/718 »4

1.1193 1.1344 1.1499 1.1657

il Il

O/ %

26 28

I I

/718 "4

1.1819 1.1985

MgCl2 [GS] (20, 70, 366)**; (221, 342, 608, 611)*; (18, 49, 105, 106, 150, 173, 177, 219, 250, 261, 278, 322, 347, 417.5, 462, 464, 466, 469, 505, 533, 539, 618, 629)

% 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18

%

I

d^5

1.0865|1.1044|l. 1225J1.1408|| dj°

10

I

12

I

14

I

16

[I %

I

35

[l.3220

Mg(ClO 3 )Z[GS] (288,602)**

% 1 2 4 6

dì8

MgCl2.- (Continued) I O0C I IQ0G I 2O0C I 250C | 3O0C | 4O0C 1.1764 1.1735 1.1706 1.1689 1.1672 1.1635 1.2246 1.2216 1.2184 1.2167 1.2149 1.2111 1.2754 1.2722 1.2688 1.2671 1.2652 1.2614

I O0C I IQ0C I 2O0C I 250C | 3O0C | 4O0C 1.0168 1.0163 1.0146 1.0134 1.0119 1.0084 1.0338 1.0330 1.0311 1.0298 1.0282 1.0248 1.0510 1.0499 1.0478 1.0463 1.0447 1.0413 1.0683 1.0669 1.0646 1.0631 1.0615 1.0580 1.0858 1.0840 1.0816 1.0801 1.0785 1.0749 1.1035 1.1014 1.0989 1.0974 1.0957 1.0921 1.1214 1.1190 1.1164 1.1149 1.1132 1.1095 1.1395 1.1369 1.1342 1.1326 1.1309 1.1272 1.1578 1.1551 1.1523 1.1506 1.1489 1.1452

%| 2 4 6 8

<*48 1.0135 1.0287 1.0441 1.0597

[I

% 10 12 14 16

d48 Il % I 48 Il % I d? 1.0758 18 1.1442 26 1.2196 1.0922 20 1.1624 28 1.2395 1.1091 22 1.1810 30 1.2598 1.1264 24 1.2001

MgBf2 [GS] (287, 367)**; (76, 318, 322, 366, 442)

% 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 25 30 35 40 45

O0C I IQ0C I 2O0C I 250C | 3O0C [ 4O0C 1.0171 1.0167 1.0151 1.0139 1.0124 1.0089 1.0347 1.0341 1.0324' 1.0311 1.0296 1.0260 1.0527 1.0519 1.0501 1.0487 1.0472 1.0435 1.0713 1.0702 1.0683 1.0668 1.0653 1.0615 1.0904 1.0891 1.0871 1.0855 1.0839 1.0800 1.1101 1.1087 1.1065 1.1049 1.1032 1.0992 1.1305 1.1289 1.1265 1.1248 1.1231 1.1191 1.1516 1.1497 1.1471 1.1455 1.1437 1.1395 1.1733 1.1711 1.1683 1.1666 1.1648 1.1605 1.1957 1.1933 1.1903 1.1885 1.1866 1.1823 1.2547 1.2517 1.2482 1.2462 1.2441 1.2396 1.3186 1.3150 1.3110 1.3089 1.3067 1.3020 1.388 1.383 1.379 1.377 1.374 1.370 1.462 1.457 1.452 1.450 1.448 1.443 1.541 1.537 1.532 1.529 1.527 1.522

% 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 25 30 35 40 45

I 5O0C I 6O0C I 7O0C I 8O0C | 9O0C | 10O0C 1.0047 0.9998 0.9944 0.9884 0.9819 0.9750 1.0218 1.0168 1.0114 1.0053 0.9988 0.9920 1.0393 1.0342 1.0288 1.0227 1.0161 1.0094 1.0572 1.0521 1.0466 1.0405 1.0340 1.0274 1.0756 1.0706 1.0650 1.0590 1.0525 1.0459 1.0946 1.0897 1.0841 1.0780 1.0716 1.0650 1.1143 1.1094 1.1038 1.0977 1.0913 1.0848 1.1347 1.1297 1.1242 1.1181 1.1117 1.1052 1.1557 1.1507 1.1452 1.1391 1.1327 1.1263 1.1775 1.1724 1.1669 1.1608 1.1544 1.1481 1.2347 1.2296 1.2241 1.2182 1.2119 1.2057 1.2970 1.2918 1.2863 1.2805 1.2743 1.2682 1.364 1.359 1.354 1.348 1.342 1.336 1.438 1.432 .1.427 1.421 1.415 1.409 1.516 1.511 1.505 1.500 1.494 1.488

Mg(Br0 3 ) 2 [GS] (29l) % 2 4 6 8

8

8

dl II % I di I 1.0157 10 ] 1.0871 1.0328 12 1.1066 1.0502 14 1.1268 1.0683 16 1.1476

.

% I dl Il % I d\* 18 1.1690 26 1.2617 20 1.1911 28 1.2869 22 1.2140 30 1.3134 24 1.2375

MgI2 [GS] (287, 368)**. (365)* ; (442) 0

% I O C I IQ0C I 2O0G I 250C | 3O0G | 4O0G 21.01691.01651.01491.01371.01221.0086 4 1.0345 1.0339 1.0321 1.0307 1.0292 1.0255 6 1.0526 1.0518 1.0498 1.0483 1.0467 1.0429 8 1.0713 1.0702 1.0680 1.0665 1.0648 1.0609 10 1.0907 1.0893 1.0869 1.0854 1.0836 1.0796 12 1.1107 1.1091 1.1065 1.1049 1.1030 1.0989 14 1.1314 1.1295 1.1268 1.1251 1.1231 1.1189 16 1.1529 1.1507 1.1478 1.1460 1.1440 1.1395 18 1.1751 1.1727 1.1695 1.1676 1.1656 1.1609 20 1.1981 1.1953 1.1920 1.1900 1.1879 1.1830 25 1.2591 1.2557 1.2519 1.2497 1.2473 1.2421 30 1.3265 1.3223 1.3180 1.3156 1.3131 1.3074 35 1.4012 1.3962 1.3914 1.3887 1.3861 1.3799 40 1.4839 1.4784 1.4730 1.4702 1.4672 1.4607 % 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 25 30 35 40

5O0G 1.0043 1.0212 1.0385 1.0564 1.0749 1.0941 1.1140 1.1346 1.1559 1.1779 1.2367 1.3017 1.3738 1.4542

I 6O0C I 7O0C 0.9994 0.9940 1.0161 1.0107 1.0333 1.0279 1.0511 1.0456 1.0696 1.0640 1.0888 1.0830 1.1086 1.1027 1.1291 1.1231 1.1503 1.1442 1.1722 1.1661 1.2307 1.2244 1.2954 1.2889 1.3673 1.3606 1.4475 1.4406

%

8

I 8O0C 0.9879 1.0045 1.0217 1.0394 1.0578 1.0768 1.0965 1.1169 1.1379 1.1597 1.2178 1.2821 1.3536 1.4334

| 9O0C 0.9814 0.9980 1.0151 1.0328 1.0511 1.0701 1.0897 1.1100 1.1311 1.1529 1.2108 1.2750 1.3464 1.4260

| IQO0C 0.9745 0.9910 1.0080 1.0257 1.0441 1.0631 1.0827 1.1029 1.1239 1.1457 1.2037 1.2679 1.3392 1.4186

0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06

% 2 4 6 8 10 12 14

I 5O0G I 6Q0G 1.0081 1.0032 1.0283 1.0234 1.0489 1.0440 1.0700 1.0650 1.0915 1.0864 1.1135 1.1083 1.1361 1.1308

I 7O0C 1 8O0C || % 0.9978 0.9916 16 1.0180 1.0118 18 1.0386 1.0324 20 1.0596 1.0534 22 1.0810 1.0748 24 1.1029 1.0968 26 1.1253 1.1193

5O0C 1.1592 1.1829 1.2072 1.2321 1.2576 1.2836

^46'29 (346)

0.999 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000

958s 0659 172s 2794 385s 492i 5982

d*o.oo«(373)

0.998 0.998 0.998 0.998 0.998 0.998 0.998

23l5of 338? 2 44553 55198 658i2 764os 86973

'

|| % |

^" (346)

0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4

1.000 7042 1.000 81Oo 1.000 9157 1.001 021s 1.002 073s 1.003 1199 1.004 164s

t The small figures are significant only for ratios within the table. Mg(NOs) 2 [GS] (H°» 287, 342)**; (606, 609)* ; (20, 106, 150, 278, 322, 462, 464, 466, 469, 533, 535, 618, 628, 629)

% O0C I IQ0C I 2O0C I 250C | 3O0C | 4O0C 21.01571.01511.01321.01191.01041.0068 4 1.0318 1.0307 1.0285 1.0271 1.0254 1.0216 6 1.0482 1.0466 1.0441 1.0426 1.0408 1.0367 8 1.0649 1.0629 1.0600 1.0584 1.0565 1.0522 10 1.0819 1.0795 1.0762 1.0745 1.0725 1.0681 12 1.0992 1.0964 1.0928 1.0910 1.0889 1.0843 14 1.1168 1.1137 1.1098 1.1079 1.1057 1.1009 16 1.1314 1.1272 1.1251 1.1229 18 1.1494 1.1449 1.1427 1.1404 20 1.1677 1.1630 1.1607 1.1582 22 1.1864 1.1815 1.1790 1.1764 24 1.2055 1.2004 1.1977 1.1949 Mg(CHO 2 ) 2 , Formate [JAB] (29i)** ; (329) % I 1 I 2 3 I 4 I 5 d\* I 1.0060 1.0134 I 1.0209 | 1.0284 j 1.0360 Mg(C 2 H 3 0 2 ) 2 , Acetate [JAB] (288)** ; (561) % I 1 I 2 I 4 I 6 8 I 10 d\8 |l.0043|l.0101|1.02161.033l| 1.0447 1.0564 % dl*

I 12 I 14 I 16 I 18 I 20 I 22 |1.0682|l.0802 1.0923J1.1045 l,1169|l. 1295 MgCrO 4 [GS] (288)**; (566) 8

di» Il % I

% 2 4 6 8

1.0185 1.0387 1.0592 1.0802

MgSO 4 [GS] (219, 221, 342, 346, 374, 375)**. (505)*; (7, 8, 18, 20, 46, 49, 105, 106, 150, 192, 204, 250, 278, 298, 318, 329, 336, 344, 348, 349, 401, 402, 403, 404, 425, 449, 469, 506, 533, 534, 550, 573, 618, 629) __

% I O0C I IQ0C I 2O0C 250C | 3O0G | 40°~ 21.02101.02041.01861.01731.01581.0123 4 1.0423 1.0413 1.0392 1.0378 1.0362 1.0326 6 1.0639 1.0625 1.0602 1.0587 1.0570 1.0532 8 1.0858 1.0841 1.0816 1.0800 1.0782 1.0743 10 1.1081 1.1061 1.1034 1.1017 1.0999 1.0958 12 1.1309 1.1286 1.1256 1.1239 1.1220 1.1179 14 1.1541 1.1516 1.1484 1.1466 1.1447 1.1405 16 1.1777 1.1750 1.1717 1.1698 1.1679 1.1637 18 1.2018 1.1989 1.1955 1.1936 1.1916 1.1874 20 1.2264 1.2233 1.2198 1.2179 1.2159 1.2117 22 1.2515 1.2483 1.2447 1.2428 1.2408 1.2365 24 1.2771 1.2738 1.2701 1.2682 1.2662 1.2619 26 1.3032 I 1.2998 1.2961 1.2942 1.2922 1.2879

MgSO4.—(Continued) I

10 12 14 16

tif

Il % I dj« Il % I dj

1.1018 1.1240 1.1469 1.1704

18 20 22 24

1.1946 1.2194 1.2446 1.2703

26

1.2965

Ca(OH)2 [GS] (98, 102, 529, 631)

% I d? I df [I 0.05 0.99979 0.99773 0.10 1.00044 0.99838

% I d» I df 0.15 1.00110 0.99904

CaCl2 [GS] (219, 221, 342, 367, 588)**; (68, 69, 84, 312, 363, 493, 606, 608, 609, 611)*; (18, 49, 50, 98, 105, 106, 139, 159, 173, 177, 189, 190, 192, 261, 318, 320, 321, 322, 347, 355, 401, 402, 407, 417.5, 506, 529, 533, 535, 550, 564, 573, 613, 618, 640)

% 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 25 30 35 40

I -50G I Q0G 1.0171 1.0346 1.0523 1.0708 1.0703 1.0894 1.0886 1.1083 1.1072 1.1275 1.1261 1.1471 1.1454 1.1670 1.1651 1.1874 1.1853 1.2376 1.2922

I +1O0G 1.0166 1.0337 1.0509 1.0684 1.0863 1.1045 1.1231 1.1421 1.1616 1.1815 1.2330 1.2869

I 2O0G 1.0148 1.0316 1.0486 1.0659 1.0835 1.1015 1.1198 1.1386 1.1578 1.1775 1.2284 1.2816 1.3373 1.3957

| 250C | 3O0C 1.0135 1.0120 1.0302 1.0286 1.0471 1.0455 1.0643 1.0626 1.0818 1.0800 1.0997 1.0978 1.1180 1.1160 1.1366 1.1345 1.1557 1.1535 1.1753 1.1730 1.2260 1.2236 1.2790 1.2764 1.3345 1.3316 1.3927 1.3895

% 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 25 30 35 40

CaCl2.—(Continued) I 4O0C I 5O0C I 6O0C I 7O0C | 8O0C | 9O0C^ 1.0084 1.0043 0.9994 0.9940 0.9881 0.9816 1.0249 1.0207 1.0158 1.0104 1.0046 0.9981 1.0416 1.0373 1.0324 1.0270 1.0213 1.0148 1.0586 1.0542 1.0492 1.0439 1.0382 1.0317 1.0760 1.0715 1.0664 1.0611 1.0554 1.0490 1.0937 1.0891 1.0840 1.0787 1.0730 1.0667 1.1117 1.1070 1.1019 1.0966 1.0909 1.0847 1.1301 1.1254 1.1202 1.1148 1.1092 1.1031 1.1490 1.1442 1.1389 1.1335 1.1279 1.1219 1.1684 1.1635 1.1581 1.1528 1.1471 1.1412 1.2186 1.2134 1.2079 1.2024 1.1965 1.1906 1.2709 1.2654 1.2597 1.2539 1.2478 1.2419 1.3255 1.3196 1.3137 1.3075 1.3013 1.2953 1.3826 1.3762 1.3700 1.3635 1.3571 1.3510

% I 10O0Ct I UQ0C I 12O0C 2 0.9748 0.9674 0.9596 4 0.9915 0.9842 0.9765 6 1.0085 1.0012 0.9937 8 1.0257 1.0185 1.0111 10 1.0432 1.0361 1.0287 12 1.0610 1.0539 1.0466 14 1.0790 1.0720 1.0649 16 1.0973 1.0905 1.0835 18 1.1160 1.1094 1.1025 20 1.1352 1.1287 1.1219 25 1.1846 30 1.2359 35 1.2893 40 1.3450

13O0C I 14O0C 0.9514 0.9428 0.9685 0.9601 0.9859 0.9776 1.0035 0.9954 1.0213 1.0134 1.0394 1.0317 1.0577 1.0503 1.0763 1.0691 1.0954 1.0883 1.1150 1.1080

t Values over 10O0C corrected to one atmosphere pressure.

CaOCl2, Bleaching powder [GS] (389) [CaOCl2, 89.51%; CaCl2, 7.31%; Ca(ClOs)2, 0.26%; Ca(OH)2, 2.92 %] % total salt. . I 2 | 4 | 6 | 8 | 10 ' | 12 d\* 1.0169 11.0345 11.0520 [1.0697 [1.0876 |l.l060 Ca(C103)2 [GS] (288)**. (602)

%l dl* Il % I ^8 Il % I dl* Il % I d\* 2 4 6 8

1.0135 1.0288 1.0444 1.0604

10 12 14 16

1.0768 1.0936 1.1109 1.1286

18 20 22 24

1.1469 1.1656 1.1848 1.2045

26 28 30

1.2247 1.2454 1.2665

CaBr2 [GS] (287, 368)**. (312, 363)*; (139, 318, 322, 618)

% O0C I IQ0C I 2O0C I 250C 3O0C 4O0C 21.01731.01691.01521.01391.01251.0089 4 1.0352 1.0345 1.0326 1.0312 1.0296 1.0260 6 1.0535 1.0525 1.0504 1.0489 1.0473 1.0435 8 1.0724 1.0711 1.0688 1.0672 1.0655 1.0616 10 1.0919 1.0903 1.0877 1.0860 1.0843 1.0802 12 1.1119 1.1099 1.1071 1.1054 1.1035 1.0994 14 1.1325 1.1302 1.1272 1.1254 1.1234 1.1192 16 1.1538 1.1512 1.1480 1.1461 1.1441 1.1396 18 1.1759 1.1730 1.1696 1.1676 1.1655 1.1608 20 1.1988 1.1955 1.1919 1.1897 1.1876 1.1827 25 1.2584 1.2542 1.2499 1.2475 1.2451 1.2397 30 1.3226 1.3175 1.3125 1.3099 1.3072 1.3014 35 1.393 1.387 1.381 1.378 1.375 1.369 40 1.469 1.463 1.457 1.453 1.450 1.443 45 1.555 1.548 1.541 1.537 1.534 1.526 50 1.650 1.642 1.635 1.631 1.627 1.619

CaBr2.—(Continued) % I 5O0C 6O0C I 7O0C I 8O0C 9Q0C | IQQ7CT 21.00470.99880.99430.98830.98170.9748 4 1.0217 1.0168 1.0112 1.0052 0.9985 0.9917 6 1.0391 1.0342 1.0285 1.0225 1.0158 1.0090 8 1.0570 1.0521 1.0464 1.0403 1.0337 1.0269 10 1.0756 1.0705 1.0648 1.0587 1.0520 1.0452 12 1.0947 1.0894 1.0837 1.0775 1.0708 1.0641 14 1.1143 1.1090 1.1032 1.0970 1.0903 1.0836 16 1.1346 1.1293 1.1234 1.1172 1.1105 1.1038 18 1.1557 1.1503 1.1443 1.1381 1.1314 1.1247 20 1.1775 1.1720 1.1660 1.1598 1.1530 1.1463 25 1.2343 1.2285 1.2224 1.2160 1.2092 1.2024 30 1.2957 1.2896 1.2833 1.2768 1.2698 1.2630 35 1.363 1.356 1.350 1.343 1.336 1.329 40 1.437 1.430 1.423 1.416 1.409 1.402 45 1.519 1.512 1.505 1.498 1.490 1.483 50 1.612 1.604 1.597 1.589 1.582 1.574 CaI2 [GS] (287, 369)** ; (322, 365, 618)

% O0C 1 IQ0C 1 2O0C I 250C | 3O0C | 4O0C 2 1 . 0 1 7 1 1 . 0 1 6 6 1.01501.01381.01231.0087 4 1.0348 1.0341 1.0323 1.0309 1.0293 1.0256 6 1.0530 1.0521 1.0500 1.0485 1.0468 1.0430 8 1.0718 1.0706 1.0683 1.0668 1.0650 1.0610 10 1.0913 1.0897 1.0873 1.0857 1.0838 1.0796 12 1.1115 1.1096 1.1069 1.1053 1.1033 1.0989 14 1.1325 1.1303 1.1273 1.1256 1.1236 1.1190 16 1.1542 1.1517 1.1485 1.1466 1.1446 1.1398 18 1.1765 1.1737 1.1703 1.1683 1.1662 1.1613 20 1.1996 1.1965 1.1928 1.1906 1.1884 1.1834 25 1.2612 1.2573 1.2530 1.2506 1.2482 1.2427 30 1.3292 1.3244 1.3195 1.3168 1.3141 1.3081 35 1.4040 1.3984 1.3928 1.3897 1.3867 1.3802 40 1.4862- 1.4798 1.4734 1.4700 1.4666 1.4596 % I 5O0C 6O0C I 7O0C I 8O0C | 9O0C | IQO0C 21.00450.99950.99400.98790.9814O.974^T 4 1.0213 1.0162 1.0107 1.0045 0.9879 0.9910 6 1.0385 1.0333 1.0278 1.0216 1.0148 1.0079 8 1.0563 1.0510 1.0454 1.0392 1.0323 1.0253 10 1.0748 1.0695 1.0637 1.0574 1.0505 1.0434 12 1.0940 1.0886 1.0827 1.0763 1.0694 1.0622 14 1.1140 1.1085 1.1025 1.0960 1.0889 1.0818 16 1.1347 1.1290 1.1229 1.1163 1.1091 1.1020 18 1.1560 1.1502 1.1440 1.1373 1.1300 1.2228 20 1.1778 1.1719 1.1656 1.1589 1.1516 1.1443 25 1.2367 1.2304 1.2238 1.2168 1.2093 1.2018 30 1.3016 1.2950 1.2880 1.2808 1.2730 1.2653 35 1.3732 1.3662 1.3588 1.3513 1.3431 1.3352 40 1.4521 1.4445 1.4368 1.4288 1.4204 1.4123 CaSO4 [GS]; df = 0.99756 with 0.05%; = 0.99805 with 0.10%

(98)

Ca(HS) 2 [GS] (154) % 32

I I

dì' 1.255

Il Il

% 37.5

I

^43-5 1.310

Ca(N0 3 ) 2 [GS] (HO)**; (137, 342, 606, 628)* ; (189, 190, 192, 208, 222, 223, 261, 322, 329, 378, 407, 529, 618, 629)

% 2 4 6 8 10

12

I 60G I 180C I 250C I 3O0G || % 1.0157 1.0137 1.0120 1.0105 30 1.0316 1.0291 1.0272 1.0256 35 1.0477 1.0448 1.0427 1.0409 40 1.0641 1.0608 1.0585 1.0565 45 1.0808 1.0771 1.0746 1.0724

1.0979

1.0937

1.0911

1.0887

| 180C 1.260 1.311 1.365 1.422

SrCl2.—(Continued)

Ca(NO 3 ) 2.—(Continued] % I 60C I 180C I 250C I 3O0C [| 14 1.1153 1.1106 1.1079 1.1055 16 1.1330 1.1279 1.1250 1.1224 18 1.1510 1.1455 1.1424 1.1397 20 1.1694 1.1636 1.1602 1.1575 25 1.2168 1.2106 1.2065 1.2032 681 1.747 1.741 1.736 t Supercooled tetrahydrate (M.P., 41.40C).

%

|

18~

CaH 4 (PO 4 )2 [GS]; with 2.506%, d\* = 1.0171 (76) Ca(CHO 2 ) 2 , Formate [JAB] (291)**. (3 29) Of I /O I

f l ttf Ï 8 4

Il II

& /O

J

Îtt 8 4

f] [!

~ ^ j /O I

3Î8 tt 4

M ||

^ /O

3Î8 tt 4

~ l 1 . 0 0 5 6 4 1 . 0 2 6 8 8 1 . 0 5 6 0 Ï 2 1 . 0 8 5 8 2 1.0126 6 1-.0413 10 1.0708

% 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 25 30 35

I 5Q0C 1.0055 1.0233 1.0417 1.0607 1.0802 1.1003 1.1209 1.1422 1.1641 1.1866 1.245 1.308 1.378

Ca(C2H3O2)2, Acetate [JAB] (288)**. (2Q8, 224, 529)

/o i

C/

i

0-4

JlS

H

II

/ o |I

C/

CT W18

4

fiII

/o

№ ^4

C/

/o \I

IIII

C*

,713 ^4

c/ I

/O 1

"i1.004361.0331121.0679Ï81.1029" 2 1.0100 8 1.0447 14 1.0795 20 1.1146 4 1.0215 10 1.0563 16 1.0912 22 1.1263 Ca(C3H5OiQ2, Propionate [JAB] (291)

%l

d?

1 2 4 6

1.0035 1.0084 1.0181 1.0279

[I

%

I

8 10 12 14

«ff

II

1.0376 1.0474 1.0571 1.0669

%

d»

I

16 18 20 22

H

1.0766 1.0864 1.0962 1.1059

%

I

24 26

dì8

.

1.1157 1.1254

Ca(CNS) 2 [GS]; with 33.79%, d\7 = 1.2182 (iSBJ Ca 2Fe(CN) 6 [GS] (*i, 42) % I

2 4 6 8

di

[I

1.01687 1.03416 1.05175 1.06963

%

10 12 14 16

I

dl

u

1.08781 1.10630 1.12513 1.14428

%

18 20 22 24

I

dj

u

1.16374 1.18353 1.20362 1.22398

%

26 28 30 32

I

1.24459 1.26546 1.28659 1.30798

CaCrO4 [GS] (2SO)

' % ! di8 II % i (ff 1 2

1.0083 1.0180 % 0.1 0.2 0.3

3 4 I

1.0278 1.0377

y % I d\* y % I (ff 5 6

1.0477 1.0578

Sr(OH)2[GS] (IQO)**; 150C I 2O0C I 1.00043 0.99948 1.00179 1.00081 1.00321 1.00225

(529) 250C 0.99827 0.99957 1.00100

7

I

1.0680

3O0C 0.99681 0.99811 0.99954

SrCl2 [GS] (221, 342, 347, 367, 548)**; (18, 105, 106, 189, 190, 192, 261, 278, 312, 363, 378, 407, 417.5, 451, 529, 573, 618, 627, €29)

% I O0C I IQ0C I 2O0C I 250C | 3O0C | 4O0CT" 21.01831.01781.01611.01491.01341.0097~ 4 1.0372 1.0364 1.0344 1.0331 1.0315 1.0277 6 1.0567 1.0554 1.0532 1.0518 1.0501 1.0462 8 1.0767 1.0750 1.0726 1.0711 1.0693 1.0653 10 1.0973 1.0952 1.0925 1.0909 1.0891 1.0849 12 1.1185 1.1160 1.1130 1.1113 1.1094 1.1051 14 1.1402 1.1374 1.1341 1.1323 1.1303 1.1259 16 1.1625 1.1593 1.1558 1.1539 1.1518 1.1472 18 1.1853 1.1819 1.1781 1.1761 1.1739 1.1691 20 1.2088 1.2051 1.2010 1.1990 1.1966 1.1917 25 1.269 1.265 1.260 1.258 1.255 1.250 30 1.325 1.322 1.319 1.314 35 1.396 1.393 1.390 1.384

2 4 6 8

^718 #4

1.0147 1.0310 1.0476 1.0647

II

H

I 6O0C I 7O0C 1.0005 0.9951 1.0183 1.0129 1.0366 1.0312 1.0555 1.0500 1.0750 1.0694 1.0950 1.0894 1.1156 1.1100 1.1368 1.1311 1.1586 1.1528 1.1810 1.1752 1.239 1.233 1.302 1.296 1.372 1.365

I 8Q0C | 9Q0C 0.9891 0.9826 1.0069 1.0004 1.0252 1.0187 1.0440 1.0375 1.0634 1.0569 1.0834 1.0768 1.1039 1.0973 1.1250 1.1184 1.1467 1.1401 1.1690 1.1625 1.227 1.220 1.289 1.282 1.358 1.351

Sr(ClOs)2 [GS] (288)** ; (602)* o/ j ,71S (I c/ I /71S H

%

10 12 14 16

I

#4

1.0825 1.1010 1.1203 1.1394

H

%

18 20 25 30

I

#4

1.1593 1.1800 1.2348 1.2935

H

e/

/O

35

| IQO0C 0.9758 0.9936 1.0119 1.0307 1.0502 1.0702 1.0907 1.1118 1.1335 1.1559 1.213 1.276 1.345

I

[

/718

a

4.

1.3563

SrBr2 [GS] (287, 367)**; (363)*; (18, 189, 190, 312, 318, 320, 322)

% 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 25 30 35 40 45 50

I O0C I IQ0C I 2O0C 250C | 3O0C | 4O0C 1.0178 1.0174 1.0157 1.0145 1.0130 1.0093 1.0363 1.0356 1.0337 1.0324 1.0308 1.0270 1.0553 1.0543 1.0522 1.0508 1.0492 1.0452 1.0748 1.0735 1.0712 1.0697 1.0680 1.0639 1.0949 1.0932 1.0907 1.0891 1.0873 1.0831 1.1156 1.1136 1.1109 1.1092 1.1072 1.1029 1.1369 1.1346 1.1317 1.1299 1.1279 1.1234 1.1591 1.1564 1.1532 1.1513 1.1493 1.1447 1.1821 1.1791 1.1757 1.1738 1.1716 1.1668 1.2060 1.2029 1.1992 1.1971 1.1949 1.1899 1.270 1.266 1.262 1.259 1.257 1.251 1.339 1.335 1.330 1.327 1.324 1.318 1.416 1.411 1.405 1.402 1.398 1.392 1.501 1.495 1.489 1.486 1.482 1.475 1.597 1.590 1.583 1.579 1.575 1.568 j 1.686

% I 5O0C I 6O0C I 7O0C I 8O0C | 9O0C | IQO0CT 21.00511.00020.99470.98870.98210.9752 4 1.0227 1.0177 1.0121 1.0060 0.9994 0.9925 6 1.0408 1.0357 1.0301 1.0238 1.0172 1.0103 8 1.0594 1.0541 1.0485 1.0422 1.0357 1.0286 10 1.0785 1.0731 1.0675 1.0611 ,1.0545 1.0473 12 1.0982 1.0927 1.0870 1.0805 1.0738 1.0667 14 1.1186 1.1130 1.1071 1.1006 1.0938 1.0868 16 1.1397 1.1340 1.1281 1.1215 1.1147 1.1077 18 1.1616 1.1559 1.1499 1.1433 1.1364 1.1293 20 1.1846 1.1788 1.1727 1.1661 1.1591 1.1519 25 1.246 1.240 1.233 1.227 1.219 1.212 30 1.312 1.306 1.299 1.293 1.285 1.278 35 1.386 1.379 1.372 1.365 1.358 1.350 40 1.468 1.461 1.454 1.446 1.439 1.431 45 1.561 1.553 1.545 1.538 | 1.530 1.522 Sr(BrQ3)2 [GS] (291)

%i eg* il % i «g8 |.|% i «y y % i «y 2 4 6

1.0157 1.0332 1.0513

8 10 12

1.0700 1.0893 1.1092

14 16 18

1.1297 1.1508 1.1725

20 22

1.1948 1.2177

Sr(C8HsOa)2, Acetate [JAB] (288)** ; (529, 561)

SrI2 [GS] (287, 369)**. (365)*; (322) 0

% I O C I IQ0C I 2O0C I 250C | 3O0C | 40°~ 21.01751.01711.01541.01421.01271.0090 4 1.0357 1.0350 1.0331 1.0318 1.0302 1.0265 6 1.0544 1.0535 1.0513 1.0499 1.0482 1.0444 8 1.0738 1.0726 1.0701 1.0686 1.0669 1.0629 10 1.0938 1.0923 1.0896. 1.0880 1.0862 1.0821 12 1.1146 1.1128 1.1099 1.1082 1.1062 1.1020 14 1.1361 1.1339 1.1308 1.1290 1.1270 1.1225 16 1.1584 1.1559 1.1526 1.1506 1.1486 1.1439 18 1.1817 1.1789 1.1753 1.1732 1.1711 1.1662 20 1.2060 1.2028 1.1990 1.1967 1.1944 1.1894 25 1.2693 1.2654 1.2608 1.2583 1.2558 1.2502 30 1.3395 1.3347 1.3295 1.3267 1.3238 1.3176 35 1.4173 1.4116 1.4058 1.4026 1.3994 1.3924 40 1.5036 1.4970 1.4904 1.4869 1.4834 1.4757 45 1.5991 1.5917 1.5844 1.5804 1.5766 1.5684 % 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 25 30 35 40 45

0

I 5O C 1.0048 1.0220 1.0398 1.0582 1.0773 1.0970 1.1174 1.1386 1.1607 1.1837 1.2440 1.3110 1.3855 1.4683 1.5603

0

0

0

6O C I 7O C I 8O C 0.9999.0.9944 0.9882 1.0170 1.0114 1.0052 1.0346 1.0289 1.0227 1.0529 1.0471 1.0408 1.0718 1.0659 1.0595 1.0914 1.0853 1.0789 1.1117 1.1055 1.0990 1.1328 1.1265 1.1198 1.1547 1.1483 1.1415 1.1775 1.1711 1.1642 1.2376 1.2309 1.2235 1.3042 1.2970 1.2893 1.3781 1.3705 1.3625 1.4605 1.4521 1.4441 1.5523 1.5436 1.5348

0

| 9O C 0.9817 0.9986 1.0160 1.0340 1.0526 1.0719 1.0918 1.1126 1.1342 1.1568 1.2161 1.2815 1.3544 1.4356 1.5259

0

| IQO C 0.9748 0.9916 1.0090 1.0269 1.0455 1.0648 1.0847 1.1054 1.1270 1.1495 1.2084 1.2737 1.3463 1.4272 1.5172

~ /O c 7 I1 J T#4 ÎS

"I 2 4 6

1.0054 1.0122 1.0260 1.0400

O

II

o/ /O

8 10 12 14

%l di II % 2 1.0175 8 4 1.0357 10 6 1.0546 12

i

I

^ ï s [ TIj

#4

1.0543 1.0688 1.0836 1.0986

c/ 70

16 18 20 22

i

I

I4/ î * [ TI )

a

Ï7Ï 138 1.1293 1.1450 1.1609

Sr 2 Fe(CN) 6 [GS] (42) d\ II % di I] 1.0738 14 1.1342 1.0935 16 1.1554 1.1136 18 1.1772

24

i

\

^Ï8

°4

1.1770

% I dì 20 1.1996

Ba(OH) 2 [GS] (342, 472)**; (529)*; (100, 252); ^f = 1.0193 WÌth

2%; = 1.0420 with 4% BaCl2 [GS] (364)**; (36, 38, 106, 110, 219, 221, 312, 342, 347, 608, 611)*; (49, 105, 128, 139, 189, 199, 261, 278, 3 1 3 , 3 4 4 , 3 6 3 , 3 7 8 , 411, 417.5, 42.5, 451, 529, 533, 534, 535, 573, 618, 629)

% 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26

I O0C 1.0181 1.0368 1.0561 1.0760 1.0965 1.1178 1.1399 1.1627 1.1862 1.2105

I IQ0C 1.0176 1.0360 1.0550 1.0746 1.0948 1.1157 1.1374 1.1599 1.1831 1.2071 1.2319 1.2575 1.2839

I 2O0C I 250C | 3O0C | 4O0C 1.0159 1.0147 1.0132 1.0096 1.0341 1.0328 1.0312 1.0275 1.0528 1.0514 1.0497 1.0459 1.0721 1.0706 1.0688 1.0648 1.0921 1.0905 1.0885 1.0844 1.1128 1.1111 1.1090 1.1047 1.1342 1.1325 1.1303 1.1259 1.1564 1.1546 1.1524 1.1478 1.1793 1.1774 1.1752 1.1704 1.2031 1'.201O 1.1987 1.1938 1.2277 1.2255 1.2230 1.2180 1.2531 1.2508 1.2482 1.2430 1.2793 | 1.2769 1.2742 1.2688

% I 5O0C I 6O0C I 7O0C I 8O0C | 9O0C | IQO0C 21.00541.00040.99500.98900.98240.9755 4 1.0232 1.0181 1.0126 1.0066 1.0000 0.9931 6 1.0415 1.0363 1.0307 1.0247 1.0181 1.0112 Sr(NOa)2 [GS] (375)'**; (192, 224, 361, 384, 629)*; (84, 189, 190, 8 1.0603 1.0551 1.0495 1.0434 1.0368 1.0299 261, 318, 329, 360, 378, 407, 451, 529, 605, 618, 628) 10 1.0798 1.0746 1.0689 1.0627 1.0561 1.0492 % I O0C I IQ0C I 2O0Ct I 3O0C I 4O0C | 5O0C 12 1.1001 1.0948 1.0890 1.0827 1.0761 1.0692 2 1.017 1.016 1.015 1.012 1.008 1.004 14 1.1211 1.1157 1.1098 1.1034 1.0968 1.0899 4 1.034 1.033 1.031 1.028 1.024 1.020 16 1.1428 1.1373 1.1313 1.1249 1.1182 1.1113 6 1.052 1.050 1.048 1.045 1.041 1.036 18 1.1653 1.1596 1.1536 1.1472 1.1404 1.1334 8 1.070 1.068 1.065 1.062 1.058 1.052 20 1.1885 1.1828 1.1767 1.1702 1.1634 1.1563 10 1.088 1.086 1.083 1.079 1.074 1.069 22 1.2125 1.2068 1.2006 1.1940 1.1872 1.1800 12 1.107 1.104 1.101 1.097 1.092 1.086 24 1.2374 1.2316 1.2253 1.2186 1.2117 1.2045 14 1.126 1.123 1.119 1.115 1.110 1.104 26 1.2631 1.2571 1.2507 1.2440 1.2370 1.2298 16 1.146 1.142 1.138 1.134 1.129 1.123 Ba(ClOs)2 [GS] (no,288)** 18 1.166 1.163 1.158 1.154 1.148 1.142 O/ I ,76 I JlS I J30 I I of I J6 I JlS I J30 % I «4 I »4 I »4 II % I «4 I »4 I «4 20 1.187 1.184 1.179 1.174 1.168 1.162 2 1.01661.01481.0117 14 1.12631.12241.1177 25 1.245 1.239 1.233 1.227 1.221 1.215 4 1.03351.03141.0280 16 1.14661.14241.1374 % I 6O0C I 7O0C I 8O0C [I % I 6O0C [ 7O0C | 8O0C 6 1.05091.04851.0449 18 1.16751.16311.1577 8 1.06881.06611.0622 20 1.18911.18431.1787 2 0.999 0.993 0.987 14 1.098 1.092 1.086 1.08741.08431.0801 22 1.21141.20621.2004 4 1.015 1.009 1.003 16 1.117 1.111 1.104 10 1.1065 1.1031 1.0986 24 1.2343 1.2287 1.2227 6 1.031 1.025 1.019 18 1.136 1.129 1.123 12 8 1.047 1.041 1.035 20 1.156 1.149 1.142BaBr2 [GS] (287, 367)**; (18, 190, 307, 312, 318, 322, 361, 378) 10 1.064 1.057 1.051 25 1.208 1.201 1.194 % I O0C I IQ0C I 2O0C I 250C | 3O0C | 4O0C 12 1.081 1.074 1.068 2 1.0176 1.0172 1.0156 1.0143 1.0129 1.0093 t d™ = 1.290 with 30 %; = 1.352 with 35 %; = 1.419 with 40 %. 4 1.0360 1.0353 1.0335 1.0321 1.0306 1.0269 6 1.0549 1.0540 1.0519 1.0505 1.0489 1.0450 8 1.0745 1.0733 1.0710 1.0695 1.0678 1.0638 Sr(CHO2)2, Formate [JAB] (288)**; (329) 10 1.0948 1.0933 1.0907 1.0892 1.0874 1.0833 %| ft Il % I d? Il % I d» Il % I (ffl 12 1.1158 1.1139 1.1111 1.1096 1.1076 1.1034 1 1.0067 4 1.0312 8 1.0647 12 1.0998 14 1.1375 1.1353 1.1323 1.1306 1.1286 1.1242 2 1.0148 6 1.0478 10 1.0820 16 1.1599 1.1575 1.1543 1.1524 | 1.1504 1.1458

BaS2O3 [GS]; d\9 = 1.0157 for 1.15%; = 1.1050 for 12.024% (76)

BaBr2.—(Continued) 0

0

0

0

0

0

% I O C I IQ C I 2O C I 25 C | 3O C | 4O C "lg1.18311.18051.17701.17501.17291.1681 20 1.2072 1.2043 1.2006 1.1985 1.1963 1.1913 25 1.2714 1.2677 1.2634 1.2610 1.2585 1.2531 30 1.3421 1.3375 1.3325 1.3299 1.3270 1.3212 35 1.4197 1.4143 1.4087 1.4057 1.4025 1.3961 40 1.5052 1.4989 1.4926 1.4893 1.4858 1.4789 % 5O0C I 6O0C I 7O0C I 8O0C | 9O0C | 100"°cT 21.00501.00010.99460.98850.98200.9750 4 1.0224 1.0175 1.0119 1.0059 0.9992 0.9921 6 1.0404 1.0354 1.0297 1.0236 1.0169 1.0098 8 1.0591 1.0540 1.0482 1.0420 1.0353 1.0282 10 1.0785 1.0733 1.0674 1.0611 1.0543 1.0472 12 1.0985 1.0931 1.0872 1.0809 1.0739 1.0668 14 1.1192 1.1137 1.1077 1.1013 1.0942 1.0871 16 1.1407 1.1351 1.1290 1.1225 1.1153 1.1082 18 1.1629 1.1572 1.1510 1.1444 1.1372 1.1300 20 1.1860 1.1801 1.1739 1.1672 1.1599 1.1526 25 1.2474 1.2413 1.2347 1.2278 1.2203 1.2129 30 1.3150 1.3086 1.3016 1.2945 1.2869 1.2792 35 1.3895 1.3826 1.3754 1.3679 1.3601 1.3522 40 1.4717 1.4643 1.4568 1.4489 1.4407 1.4327

Ba(NO 3 ) 2 [GS] (287)** ; (342)* ; (190, 224, 261, 329, 360, 361, 378, 411, 425, 451, 472, 529, 618, 628, 629)

% d\*

I 2 I 4 1 1.0151 I 1.0320

%( 84 ) 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8

I

% 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60

I 5O0C I 6O0C I 7O0C I 8O0C | 9O0C | IQO0C 1.0048 0.9998 0.9943 0.9883 0.9817 0.9747 1.0220 1.0169 1.0114 1.0053 0.9986 0.9915 1.0398 1.0345 1.0289 1.0227 1.0159 1.0087 1.0581 1.0528 1.0470 1.0406 1.0338 1.0266 1.0771 1.0717 1.0658 1.0593 1.0524 1.0452 1.0968 1.0914 1.0853 1.0788 1.0717 1.0644 1.1173 1.1117 1.1055 1.0989 1.0918 1.0844 1.1385 1.1327 1.1264 1.1197 1.1125 1.1050 1.1605 1.1545 1.1481 1.1414 1.1340 1.1264 1.1832 1.1771 1.1706 1.1637 1.1563 1.1485 1.2444 1.2378 1.2309 1.2237 1.2161 1.2081 1.3105 1.3036 1.2964 1.2887 1.2808 1.2727 1.384 1.377 1.369 1.361 1.353 1.345 1.468 1.460 1.451 1.443 1.434 1.426 1.562 1.554 1.545 1.536 1.527 1.518 1.671 1.662 1.653 1.643 1.634 1.624 1.796 1.786 1.776 1.766 1.756 1.746 1.938 1.928 1.917 1.907 1.896 1.886

dì6 I 49-5 Il 1.00078 0.99999 1.00244 1.00164 1.00410 1.00329 1.00575 1.00493

%( 84 ) 1.0 1.2 1.4 :L6

I

d\>-* 1.00658 1.00823 1.00988 1.01153

Ba(CH02)2, Formate [LJG] (29i)** ; (329) [JAB] ^8 Il % I ^8 Il % I d\* || % I d? 1.0069 6 1.0492 12 1.1039 18 1.1634 1.0152 8 1.0669 14 1.1233 20 1.1840 1.0320 10 1.0851 16 1.1431 |

% 1 2 4

Ba(C2H302)2, Acetate [LJG] (288)**; (208, 224, 329, 529) [JAB]

%i 48 i l %

<*y i % i d? i % i ^8

1 I 1.0059 Il 10 2 1.0133 12 4 1.0282 14 6 1.0433 16 8 1.0587 18

BaI2 [GS] (287, 369)**. (365)* ; (76, 322)

O0C I IQ0C I 2O0C I 250C 3O0C | 4O0C 1.0174 1.0171 1.0154 1.0142 1.0127 1.0091 1.0356 1.0350 1.0331 1.0318 1.0302 1.0265 1.0543 1.0534 1.0513 1.0499 1.0482 1.0443 1.0735 1.0724 1.0701 1.0686 1.0668 1.0628 1.0934 1.0921 1.0896 1.0880 1.0861 1.0819 1.1141 1.1126 1.1099 1.1081 1.1062 1.1018 1.1356 1.1338 1.1308 1.1290 1.1271 1.1225 1.1580 1.1558 1.1525 1.1506 1.1486 1.1439 1.1811 1.1786 1.1750 1.1730 1.1709 1.1660 1.2050 1.2021 1.1984 1.1963 1.1939 1.1889 1.2692 1.2655 1.2610 1.2587 1.2560 1.2504 1.3386 1.3340 1.3289 1.3263 1.3232 1.3171 1.416 1.410 1.404 1.401 1.398 1.391 1.503 1.496 1.490 1.486 1.483 1.475 1.602 1.594 1.587 1.583 1.579 1.571 1.715 1.706 1.698 1.694 1.689 1.680 1.844 1.834 1.825 1.820 1.815 1.805 1.970 1.965 1.959 1.949

% 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60

I

I 6 I 8 I 1.0494 | 1.0674

1.0745 1.0908 1.1075 1.1246 1.1421

20 22 24 26 28

1.1599 1.1782 1.1970 1.2161 1.2356

30 35 40

1.2554 1.3069 ' 1.3608

Ba(C3H5O2)2, Propionate [LJG] (291) [JAB] "Of /O

,7 Uj

11 2 4 6

1 8

i] H

M 70

l I

3Ï8 ^4

[J II

^ /O

i I

JÏ8 ^4

T] II

^ /O

"JÏ8 ^4

.0053I1.0538161.1136241.1791 1.0120 10 1.0683 18 1.1294 1.0257 12 1.0831 20 1.1456 1.0396 14 1.0982 22 1.1622 BaC4H4O5, Malate [LJG] (546) [JAB]

% I 1 I 2 I 4 I 6 I 8 I 10 dy I 1.0064 1.0146 I 1.0311 | 1.0475 | 1.0640 [ 1.0804 Ba(CNS) 2 [GS]; with 11.26%, df = 1.0918; d7^2 = 1.0659 (629) Ba(CN)2.2CuCN [WCS]; dj° = 1.0395 with 6%; = 1.056s with 8% (602)

LiOH [JAB] (73, 290)**; (225, 342> 519, 529)

% I O0C I IQ0C [ 2O0C I 250C | 3O0C 1 1.0122 1.0115 1.0102 1.0090 1.0075 2 1.0240 1.0230 1.0217 1.0203 1.0188 4 1.0468 1.0456 1.0437 1.0422 1.0407 6 1.0690 1.0674 1.0650 1.0636 1.0621 8 1.0908 1.0888 1.0862 1.0847 1.0830 10 1.1125 1.1102 1.1074 1.1057 1.1038 % 1 2 4 6 8 10

I

4O0C 1.0041 1.0155 1.0371 1.0582 1.0790 1.0996

I

5O0C 1.0000 1.0114 1.0331 1.0541 1.0747 1.0952

I

6O0C 0.9958 1.0072 1.0286 1.0496 1.0701 1.0906

I

8O0C 0.9860 0.9973 1.0189 1.0397 1.0600 1.0803

LiCl, Main Table, p. 77 37

% ( S) I 0.01 I 0.02 I 0.03 I 0.04 d24°-004 0.998 2908s| 0.998 34984 0.998 40875J 0.998 4676o LiClO3 [JAB] (288)**; (442) [LJG]

% | di8 II % I
% I d\* 18 1.1190

LiCl [JAB] ( 2 6 ), a. ( 3 6 4 > 367 > S70)**; (25, 150, 250, 256)*; (1, 36, 38, 45, 64, 73, 106, 125, 204, 206, 219, 221, 223, 224, 225, 239, 274, 304, 312, 313, 342, 344, 347, 363, 374, 379, 386, 486, 487, 519, 529, 530, 573, 618, 629, 633); a (38, 151, 219, 256, 448, 606, 609)

% 1 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 35 40 45

I

Q0C I IQ0C I 2O0C 1.00604 1.00574 1.00411 1.01213 1.01168 1.00993 1.02417 1.02344 1.02148 1.03606 1.03509 1.03296 1.04787 1.04670 1.04443 1.05966 1.05833 1.05594 1.07148 1.07002 1.06752 1.08337 1.08180 1.07919 1.09536 1.09369 1.09098 1.10749 1.10571 1.10292 1.11979 1.11789 1.11504 1.13228 1.13027 1.12736 1.14499 1.14287 1.13991 1.15794 1.15571 1.15271 1.17115 1.16881 1.16578 1.18464 1.18219 1.17914 I

250C | 3O0C | 4O0C | 5O0C | 6O0C | 8O0C | 10O0C 1.00292 1.00150 0.99806 0.99391 0.9891 0.9779 0.9646 1.00870 1.00726 1.00381 0.99969 0.9950 0.9838 0.9708 1.02019 1.01872 1.01527 1.01121 1.0066 0.9958 0.9831 1.03161 1.03012 1.02668 1.02269 1.0182 1.0077 0.9953 1.04303 1.04152 1.03809 1.03418 1.0298 1.0196 1.0076 1.05449 1.05296 1.04954 1.04571 1.0414 1.0315 1.0199 1.06602 1.06447 1.06107 1.05731 1.0532 1.0435 1.0322 1.07765 1.07608 1.07271 1.06901 1.0650 1.0556 1.0447 1.08941 1.08782 1.08449 1.08084 1.0769 1.0679 1.0572 1.10132 1.09972 1.09643 1.09283 1.0890 1.0802 1.0700 1.11342 1.11181 1.10855 1.10500 1.1013 1.0927 1.0829 1.12574 1.12412 1.12088 1.11738 1.1137 1.1053 1.0960 1.13831 1.13667 1.13344 1.12999 1.1264 1.1181 1.1093 1.15115 1.14949 1.14625 1.14285 1.1393 1.1310 1.1228 1.16428 1.16260 1.15933 1.15598 1.1525 1.1442 1.1367 1.17771 1.17602 1.17269 1.16940 1.1659 1.1576 1.1507 1.21274 1.21092 1.20738 1.20402 1.25002 1.24806 1.24427 1.24081 1.28980 1.28768 1.28361 1.28003

LiBr [JAB] (26),a (367)**; (25, 287)*; (45, 221, 319, 322, 366, 519, 618);a (151)

O0C I 1.00731 1.01484 1.03012 1.04574 1.06173 1.07812 1.09493 1.11219 1.12993 1.14817 1.16695 1.18631 1.20628 1.22689 1.24817 1.27017 1.32850 1.39233 1.46259

% 1 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65

IQ0C I 2O0C I 250C | 3O0C 1.00705 1.00547 1.00428 1.00285 1.01447 1.01280 1.01158 1.01013 1.02953 1.02769 1.02642 1.02492 1.04494 1.04293 1.04161 1.04006 1.06072 1.05854 1.05717 1.05557 1.07690 1.07455 1.07313 1.07148 1.09351 1.09099 1.08952 1.08782 1.11057 1.10789 1.10636 1.10461 1.12811 1.12528 1.12368 1.12188 1.14616 1.14318 1.14151 1.13965 1.16476 1.16162 1.15988 1.15795 1.18394 1.18063 1.17882 1.17682 1.20372 1.20024 1.19835 1.19629 1.22413 1.22047 1.21850 1.21639 1.24520 1.24135 1.23931 1.23716 1.26697 1.26292 1.26081 1.25862 1.32477 1.32040 1.31813 1.31582 1.38827 1.38360 1.38117 1.37871 1.45851 1.45354 1.45095 1.44829 1.52878 1.52584 1.61637 1.61302 1.71595 1.71198 1.83037 1.82547

4O0C | 0.99939 1.00663 1.02135 1.03642 1.05186 1.06770 1.08397 1.10069 1.11789 1.13560 1.15384 1.17264 1.19204 1.21207 1.23277 1.25417 1.31115 1.37376 1.44299 1.52010 1.60673 1.70499 1.81756

5O0C | 0.99519 1.00241 1.01708 1.03211 1.04752 1.06334 1.07959 1.09629 1.11347 1.13115 1.14936 1.16813 1.18750 1.20750 1.22815 1.24949 1.30629 1.36869 1.43767 1.51448 1.60074 1.69853 1.81049

6O0C | 8O0C [ IQO0C 0.9904 0.9790 0.9656 0.9976 0.9862 0.9729 1.0123 1.0009 0.9877 1.0273 1.0159 1.0029 1.0427 1.0313 1.0184 1.0585 1.0471 1.0344 1.0747 1.0634 1.0508 1.0914 1.0801 1.0676 1.1086 1.0972 1.0849 1.1262 1.1149 1.1027 1.1444 1.1331 1.1210 1.1632 1.1519 1.1399 1.1826 1.1713 1.1593 1.2026 1.1913 1.1794 1.2232 1.2119 1.2001 1.2445 1.2333 1.2215 1.3012 1.2899 1.2782 1.3635 1.3520 1.3404 1.4323 1.4207 1.4092 1.5089 1.4971 1.5948 1.5829 1.6923 1.6800 1.8038 1.7913

LiI [JAB] (26), a. (369)**; (25, 287)*; (45, 221, 225, 261, 319, 320, 322, 342, 519, 618)â (151)

% 1 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28

I

O0C I IQ0C I 2O0C I 250C | 3O0G [ 4O0C | 5O0C | 6O0C | 8O0C | 10O0C 1.00746 1.00721 1.00563 1.00443 1.00300 0.99952 0.99530 0.9905 0.9790 0.9655 1.01514 1.01479 1.01312 1.01189 1.01043 1.00690 1.00264 0.9978 0.9863 0.9728 1.03083 1.03027 1.02843 1.02712 1.02560 1.02198 1.01763 1.0127 1.0011 0.9876 1.04697 1.04620 1.04418 1.04279 1.04120 1.03749 1.03305 1.0281 1.0163 1.0028 1.06358 1.06260 1.06039 1.05892 1.05726 1.05345 1.04892 1.0439 1.0320 1.0184 1.08069 1.07949 1.07708 1.07553 1.07380 1.06988 1.06527 1.0601 1.0481 1.0345 1.09832 1.09689 1.09428 1.09265 1.09085 1.08681 1.08212 1.0769 1.0648 1.0512 1.11649 1.11483 1.11202 1.11031 1.10844 1.10427 1.09950 1.0942 1.0819 1.0683 1.13523 1.13334 1.13033 1.12854 1.12660 1.12229 1.11744 1.1121 1.0996 1.0860 1.15457 1.15245 1.14924 1.14736 1.14535 1.14091 1.13597 1.1305 1.1179 1.1042 1.17455 1.17220 1.16878 1.16680 1.16472 1.16016 1.15512 1.1496 1.1368 1.1231 1.19520 1.19263 1.18898 1.18690 1.18475 1.18007 1.17491 1.1693 1.1564 1.1427 1.21656 1.21377 1.20988 1.20770 1.20547 1.20067 1.19538 1.1896 1.1766 1.1629 1.23867 1.23566 1.23152 1.22924 1.22692 1.22199 1.21657 1.2107 1.1976 1.1838 1.26156 1.25833 1.25395 1.25157 1.24915 1.24407 1.23853 1.2326 1.2193 1.2054

% 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65

%| 1 2 4 6 8

I

d\* Il 1.0072 1.0160 1.0339 1.0525 1.0717

O0C 1.28527 1.34859 1.41839 1.49582 1.58235 1.67986 1.79074

IQ0C 1.28181 1.34444 1.41355 1.49029 1.57613 1.67295 1.78314

LiI.—(Continued) 2O0C I 250C | 3O0C 1.27720 1.27472 1.27219 1.33928 1.33656 1.33382 1.40783 1.40485 1.40188 1.48399 1.48073 1.47751 1.56922 1.56565 1.56215 1.66538 1.66145 1.65764 1.77481 1.77046 1.76631 1.89559 1.89107

LiIO3 [JAB] (288)**; (25O)* [LJG] % I î8 Il % 48 Il 10 1.0915 20 1.2023 12 1.1120 22 1.2268 14 1.1333 24 1.2520 16 1.1555 26 1.2780 18 1.1785 28 1.3049

% I d~ 30 1.3328 32 1.3619 34 1.3925 36 1.4248 38 1.4590

Li2SO4 [JAB] (250, 291), a (370)** ; (616), a (203)* ; (1, 76, 106, 150, 204, 225, 312, 342, 344, 405, 477, 519, 529, 618, 629), (

) % I 1 I 2 I 4 I O0C 1.0089 1.0179 1.0360 1O0C 1.0084 1.0173 1.0350 2O0C 1.0068 1.0155 1.0329 250C 1.0056 1.0142 1.0316 3O0C 1.0042 1.0128 1.0301 4O0C 1.0007 1.0092 1.0264 5O0C 0.9964 1.0049 1.0221 6O0C 0.9917 1.0001 1.0174 8O0C 0.9801 0.9886 1.0061

4O0C | 5Q0C | 6Q0C 1.26695 1.26130 1.2553 1.32816 1.32218 1.3159 1.39580 1.38948 1.3829 1.47099 1.46433 1.4575 1.55517 1.54816 1.5410 1.65018 1.64279 1.6352 1.75835 1.75052 1.7425 1.88259 1.87421 1.8658

|

8O0C 1.2418 1.3020 1.3686 1.4426 1.5255 1.6192 1.7260 1.8489

IQO0C 1.2279 1.2879 1.3542 1.4280 1.5105 1.6038 1.7100

|

LiNO3.-(Continued) % I 12 I 14 I 16 I 18 I 20 I 22 4O0C 1.06330 1.07591 1.08877 1.10190 1.11532 1.12904 5O0C 1.05830 1.07077 1.08349 1.09650 1.10980 1.12341 6O0C 1.0530 1.0653 1.0780 1.0908 1.1040 1.1176 8O0C 1.0411 1.0534 1.0659 1.0787 1.0918 1.1052 IQO0C 1.0278 1.0401 1.0527 1.0655 1.0786 1.0919 % I 24 I 26 I 28 I 30 | -35 | 40 1.16351 1.17866 1.19406 1.20971 1.2510 0°C ^ ^^

a

^ ^J ^ ^^

^^

0

6 1.0543 1.0528 1.0505 1.0491 1.0476 1.0439 1.0396 1.0349 1.0238

8 I 10 1.0726 1.0910 1.0709 1.0890 1.0684 1.0863 1.0669 1.0848 1.0653 1.0831 1.0615 1.0792 1.0572 1.0749 1.0526 1.0703 1.0416 1.0595

j^g^^^SS,^^^^^^^ % I 12 I 14 I 16 I 18 I 20 O0C 1.1095 1.1280 1.1465 1.1656 1O0C 1.1073 1.1256 1.1441 1.1629

I 22

I 24

2O C 1.15387 1.16857 1.18355 1.19879 1.2392 1,2837 250C 1.15128 1.16588 1.18076 1.19592 1.2361 1.2804 3O0C 1.14861 1.16311 1.17790 1.19298 1.2330 1.2771 4O0C 1.14308 1.15744 1.17209 1.18703 1.2267 1.2706 5O0C 1.13734 1.15159 1.16613 1.18097 1.2204 1.2640 6O0C 1.1314 1.1456 1.1601 1.1748 1.2139 1.2572 8O0C 1.1189 1.1330 1.1473 1.1619 1.2007 1.2436 IQO0C 1.1056 1.1196 1.1338 1.1484 1.1870 | 1.2296 Li2C2O4, Oxalate [JAB]; with 3.31 %, dj 1 - 6 = 1.0232 (329) LiCHO2, Formate [JAB] (291)**; (329) "^l -Ju Ti—~—I -jïï fl ^H -JIS [T ~\ -Jïï—

? .M85 ' * ..£» ' .2 ..£• ' J ..ir

2

4

1.0085 1.0185

8 1.0385 14 1.0690 20 10 1.0486 16 1.0793 LiC2H3O2, Acetate [JAB] (288)**; (529)

1.1000

1 17891 188 1 2188 %l d % d l! % % d ïc MSS MS 1'SSiMS ' * > ' " 0024 " 6 ' ^ 6 » 24 ' 1 <0947 a«? :SS :ÎS :SS:S j î* ;•?»? î s î-° ^ ^

40°C 50°C 6O0C 8O0C 10O0C

1.0972 1.0929 1.0882 1.0776 1.0658

1.1153 1.1109 1.1063 1.0959 1.0844

2

'0^ J -J J?—^0219

1.13351.1526 1.1291 1.1483 1.1246 1.1437 1.1143 1.1335 1.1028 1.1220

%|

-°^^^:^"

i

<

li

10 .0376 18 .0698 g 'S 22 'S 1 0535 1 803 ±1 ^ é± ^ LiC4H5O5, Acid malate [JAB] (546) |] % | df \\ % \ dl° \\ % |

i i : i

i is

dj°

i i ; i

% I O0C 1O0C 2O0C 250C 3O00C4O C 5O0C 6O0C 8O0C 10O0C —-Z j

1 I 1.00616 1.00578 1.00409 1.00287 1.00142 0.99788 0.99365 0.9888 0.9774 0.9639 T^ j

2 I 1.01253 1.01188 1.01002 1.00872 1.00721 1.00358 0.99929 0.9944 0.9829 0.9695 TT j

4 I 6 1 8 I 1.02533 1.03826 1.05135 1.02418 1.03667 1.04935 1.02198 1.03413 1.04647 1.02054 1.03255 1.04477 1.01892 1.03081 1.04291 1.01509 1.02681 1.03875 1.01068 1.02227 1.03406 1.0057 1.0172 1.0289 0.9942 1.0056 1.0173 0.9808 0.9922 1.0039 77—H — j ^ j

10 1.06461 1.06222 1.05903 1.05721 1.05524 1.05091 1.04607 1.0409 1.0291 1.0157 —

1.0288 16 1.0814 26 1.1366 45 1.2502 8 1.0391 18 1.0922 28 1.1480 50 1.2829 Li2C4H4O4, Succinate [JAB]; with 8.58%, dJ'-° = 1.0468 (329) Li2C4H4O5, Malate [JAB] (546) -^n ô fi—"Z—j ^ n—w—i ^ H—o?—i ^— ^ ^ ' ^ -£— ^ ^J ~ 1-0043 10 1.0600 20 1.1231 30 1.1880 2 1 0105 12 ^ 1-0725 22 1.1360 35 1.2210 4 1 0228 14 1 0851 24 1 1489 ^ ^ ^ ^ 1^2545 6 1 0352 16 ^ 1-0977 26 1.1619 1 0476 1 103 1 1749 J— ^ — ^ ±E ' Li2C4H4O6, Tartrate [JAB]; with 8.56%, d f ' Q •= 1.0530 (329)

1O0C 2O0C 250C 3O0C

1.07529 1.07181 1.06987 1.06780

1.08857 1.08482 1.08276 1.08059

1.10208 1.09807 1.09590 1.09363

1.14422 1.13948 1.13699 1.13442

_AJ ^* U ^£_J ï* U /0 ' ^4 '' 1 1-0025 6 1.0220 12 1.0458] 2 1.0064 8 1.0299 14 1.0538 4 1.0142 10 1.0378 16 1.0619

6

;.c ...»H ..»..e»..»». ^1965..««. ..«• 7 | f n ,n-'TTi1"^' i r i ... 1.11585 1.11159 1.10931 1.10694

1.12989 1.12539 1.12300 1.120.53

/0

18

\

a

* 1.0700

Li2CrO4 [JAB] (288) [LJG] ~~Ö7~\ %

I

JÏÏ8 «4

11

11

Ô/

/O

i

I

^ Ï 8 T i

a

4

07

I[

/O

i

I

Li2Cr2O7 [JAB] (29i) [LJG]

^ Ï S I I

^4

11

C/

/O

i

I

"AU

^4

"11.007261.0508121.1052181.1627 2 1.0158 8 1.0686 14 1.1240 20 1.1826 4 1.0332 10 1.0867 16 1.1432 22 1.2028

O/

I

/O I

1 2 4

^1S

11

Q>4

O/

/ O J

II

1.0055 1.0125 1.0267

^1S

I

6 8 10

a

11

4

C/

11

I

/O

1.0412 1.0561 1.0713

12 14 16

I

6

№

U

II

II

1.0868 1.1026 1.1188

C/

/O

18 20

\

I

a

/718

4

1.1355 1.1528

NaOH [BTB] (63)**; (12, 98, 106, 248, 279, 290, 328, 342, 378, 387, 432, 449, 451, 463, 492, 519, 529, 555, 586, 639, 646, 666)^ «(211) 0

0

0

% " ~ j O C 1 O C I 15 Cj Ì8°C2O0C 3O0C | 4O0C 5O0C 6O0C | 7O0C | 8O0C | 9O0C 10O0C 11.0124F.01151.010651.010031.00951.00691.00330.99900.99410.98840.98240.97600.969cf 2 1.0244 1.0230 1.02198 1.02127 1.0207 1.0177 1.0139 1.0095 1.0045 0.9989 0.9929 0.9865 0.9797 3 1.0364 1.0345 1.03322 1.03241 1.0318 1.0285 1.0246 1.0201 1.0150 1.0094 1.0035 0.9970 0.9903 4 1.0482 1.0459 1.04441 1.04349 1.0428 1.0393 1.0352 1.0305 1.0254 1.0198 1.0139 1.0075 1.0009 5 1.0598 1.0571 1.05554 1.05454 1.0538 1.0501 1.0458 1.0412 1.0359 1.0302 1.0243 1.0179 1.0115 6 1.0713 1.0683 1.06666 1.06559 1.0648 1.0609 1.0564 1.0517 1.0463 1.0407 1.0347 1.0284 1.0220 7 1.0828 1.0795 1.07777 1.07664 1.0758 1.0717 1.0672 1.0623* 1.0569 1.0513 1.0453 1.0390 1.0326 8 1.0943 1.0908 1.08887 1.08769 1.0869 1.0826 1.0780 1.0730 1.0676 1.0619 1.0560 1.0497 1.0432 9 1.1057 1.1020 1.09997 1.09872 1.0979 1.0934 1.0887 1.0836 1.0782 1.0725 1.0665 1.0602 1.0537 10 1.1171 1.1132 1.11107 1.10977 1.1089 1.1043 1.0995 1.0942 1.0889 1.0831 1.0771 1.0708 1.0643 12 1.1399 1.1355 1.13327 1.13188 1.1309 1.1261 1.1210 1.1157 1.1101 1.1043 1.0983 1.0920 1.0855 14 1.1624 1.1578 1.15545 1.15400 1.1530 1.1480 1.1428 1.1373 1.1316 1.1257 1.1195 1.1132 1.1066 16 1.1849 1.1801 1.17761 1.17610 1.1751 1.1699 1.1645 1.1588 1.1531 1.1471 1.1408 1.1343 1.1277 18 1.2073 1.2023 1.19973 1.19817 1.1972 1.1918 1.1963 1.1805 1.1746 1.1685 1.1621 1.1556 1.1489 20 1.2296 1.2244 1.22183 1.22022 1.2191 1.2136 1.2079 1.2020 1.1960 1.1898 1.1833 1.1768 1.1700 22 1.2519 1.2465 1.24386 1.24220 1.2411 1.2454 1.229.6 1.2236 1.2174 1.2111 1.2046 1.1980 1.1912 24 1.2741 1.2686 1.26582 1.26412 1.2629 1.2571 1.2512 1.2451 1.2388 1.2324 1.2259 1.2192 1.2124 26 1.2963 1.2906 1.2877 1.2860 1.2848 1.2789 1.2728 1.2666 1.2603 1.2538 1.2472 1.2405 1.2336 28 1.3182 1.3124 1.3094 1.3076 1.3064 1.3002 1.2942 1.2878 1.2814 1.2750 1.2682 1.2615 1.2546 30 1.340Of 1.3340 1.3309 1.3290 1.3279 1.3217 1.3154 1.3090 1.3025 1.2959 1.2892 1.2824 1.2755 32 1.3614 1.3552 1.3520 1.3502 1.3490 1.3427 1.3362 1.3298 1.3232 1.3165 1.3097 1.3029 1.2960 34 1.3823 1.3760 1.3728 1.3708 1.3696 1.3632 1.3566 1.3501 1.3434 1.3367 1.3299 1.3230 1.3161 36 1.4030 1.3965 1.3933 1.3913 1.3900 1.3835 1.3768 1.3702 1.3634 1.3567 1.3498 1.3429 1.3360 38 1.4234 1.4168 1.4135 1.4115 1.4101 1.4035 1.3967 1.3900 1.3832 1.3763 1.3695 1.3626 1.3556 40 1.4435 1.4367 1.4334 1.4314 1.4300 1.4232 1.4164 1.4095 1.4027 1.3958 1.3889 1.3820 1.3750 42 1.4632 1.4561 1.4529 1.4508 1.4494 1.4425 1.4356 1.4287 1.4217 1.4148 1.4079 1.4009 1.3940 44 1.4825 1.4755 1.4720 1.4699 1.4685 1.4615 1.4545 1.4475 1.4405 1.4335 1.4266 1.4196 1.4127 46 1.5018 1.4947t 1.4911 1.4890 1.4873 1.4805 1.4734 1.4663 1.4593 1.4523 1.4454 1.4384 1.4315 48 1.5210 1.5138 1.5102 1.5080 1.5065 1.4994 1.4922 1.4851 1.4781 1.4711 1.4641 1.4572 1.4503 50 1.5400 1.5326 1.5290 1.5268 1.5253 1.5181 1.5109 1.5038 1.4967 1.4897 1.4827 1.4759 1.4690 t Supersaturated. NaCl [JAB] (24, 258)**. (20, 25, 59, 62, 84, 110, 250, 2 5 6 ) ; a (256, 364, 367, 370)*- (1, 2, 18, 26, 27, 36, 37, 38, 45, 57, 86, 101, 105, 125, 136, 144, 145, 151, 190, 200, 206, 2 1 5 , 219, 221, 223, 224, 225, 228, 246, 255, 261, 273, 274, 278, 297, 312, 313, 331, 342, 344, 347, 360, 361, 378, 409, 418, 425, 429, 447, 448, 449, 450, 451, 452, 459, 486, 505, 514, 517, 519, 526, 529, 533, 536, 545, 547, 553, 573, 592, 618, 630, 632, 644), a (37, 38, 151, 2 1 1 , 219, 2 7 1 , 448, 466, 545, 555, 606, 609) 106,

% 1 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26

I

O0C I IQ0C I 2O0C I 250C | 3O0C | 4O0C | 5O0C | 6O0C | 8O0C 1 IQO0C 1.00747 1.00707 1.00534 1.00409 1.00261 0.99908 0.99482 0.9900 0.9785 0.9651 1.01509 1.01442 1.01246 1.01112 1.00957 1.00593 1.00161 0.9967 0.9852 0.9719 1.03038 1.02920 1.02680 1.02530 1.02361 1.01977 1.01531 1.0103 0.9988 0.9855 1.04575 1.04408 1.04127 1.03963 1.03781 1.03378 1.02919 1.0241 1.0125 0.9994 1.06121 1.05907 1.05589 1.05412 1.05219 1.04798 1.04326 1.0381 1.0264 1.0134 1.07677 1.07419 1.07068 1.06879 1.06676 1.06238 1.05753 1.0523 1.0405 1.0276 1.09244 1.08946 1.08566 1.08365 1.08153 1.07699 1.07202 1.0667 1.0549 1.0420 1.10824 1.10491 1.10085 1.09872 1.09651 1.09182 1.08674 1.0813 1.0694 1.0565 1.12419 1.12056 1.11621 1.11401 1.11171 1.10688 1.10170 1.0962 1.0842 1.0713 1.14031 1.13643 1.13190 1.12954 1.12715 1.12218 1.11691 1.1113 1.0993 1.0864 1.15663 1.15254 1.14779 1.14533 1.14285 1.13774 1.13238 1.1268 1.1146 1.1017 1.17318 1.16891 1.16395 1.16140 1.15883 1.15358 1.14812 1.1425 1.1303 1.1172 1.18999 1.18557 1.18040 1.17776 1.17511 1.16971 1.16414 1.1584 1.1463 1.1331 1.20709 1.20254 1.19717 1.19443 1.19170 1.18614 1.18045 1.1747 1.1626 1.1492 NaCl (348, 349, 586)** ~J

NaF [JAB] (288)** ; (190, 224) % djf

1 2 I I J S :.| 1.0092 I 1.0198 1.0304

— 4 I 5 1.0409 | 1.0515

I-0 1.5

I

d

1

4

'

4 1 0 02886

1.006506 1.010120

0

7

^

1

8

.

5

r5^

1.005694 1.009274

5

M

^

^ 2.5 3.0

i

^18.55

! V12856 1.016440 1.020024

'

% (588) 2.71 5.32 10.88

NaCL- (Continued] d\l° I d\20 0.9697 0.9618 0.9868 0.9791 1.Q269 1.0189

I

<30 0.9537 0.9709 1.0115

I

%( 3 7 3 ) 0.01 0.02 0.03

I

NaClO3 [JAB] (288)**. (360, 361, 378, 449, 514, 529, 561) [LJG]

%

1 2 4 6 8

8

^

1.0053 1.0121 1.0258 1.0397 1.0538

I]

%

10 12 14 16 18

^4

8

1.0681 1.0827 1.0977 1.1131 1.1288

H

%

20 22 24 26 28

I

d?

||

%

1.1449 30 1.1614 32 1.1782 34 1.1953 1.2128 [

I

8

dl

1.2307 1.2491 1.2680

NaCL- (Continued) <- 004 Il %( 3 7 3 ) 0.9983041s 0.04 0.99837629 0.05 0.9984480s 0.06

I

df' 004 0.9985202? 0.9985924e 0.998 6646e

NaClO4 [LJG] (291)**; (514, 529)

%l

1 2 4 6 8

8

^

1.0051 1.0116 1.0247 1.0381 1.0517

[I

%

10 12 14 16 18

I

^48

1.0656 1.0798 1.0943 1.1090 1.1241

Il

%

20 22 24 26 28

I

d?

1.1396 1.1554 1.1717 1.1883 1.2053

Il

%

30 32 34 36 38

I

d\*

1.2227 1.2407 1.2591 1.2779 1.2969

NaBr [JAB] (26);a (367)**^ (25, 287)*- (1, 12, 36, 106, 144, 189, 190, 221, 228, 246, 261, 307, 312, 313, 319, 320, 322, 323, 360, 361, 378, 447, 451, 459, 514, 519, 547, 573, 596, 618)^ Q, (151, 607)

% 1 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 35 40

I

Q0C j IQ0C I 2Q0C I 250C | 3O0C | 4O0C | 5O0C | 6O0C | 8O0C | IQO0C 1.00798 1.00765 1.00599 1.00476 1.00331 0.99979 0.99555 0.9907 0.9792 0.9657 1.01618 1.01566 1.01385 1.01255 1.01104 1.00743 1.00312 0.9982 0.9867 0.9731 1.03285 1.03196 1.02984 1.02840 1.02678 1.02299 1.01854 1.0135 1.0018 0.9882 1.04991 1.04866 1.04623 1.04465 1.04292 1.03895 1.03436 1.0293 1.0174 1.0037 1.06739 1.06579 1.06305 1.06133 1.05949 1.05534 1.05061 1.0454 1.0334 1.0196 1.08532 1.08338 1.08033 1.07847 1.07652 1.07219 1.06732 1.0620 1.0498 1.0359 1.10373 1.10146 1.09810 1.09610 1.09404 1.08953 1.08452 1.0791 1.0667 1.0526 1.12265 1.12005 1.11638 1.11424 1.11207 1.10738 1.10223 1.0967 1.0842 1.0699 1.14210 1.13917 1.13519 1.13292 1.13063 1.12576 1.12047 1.1148 1.1021 1.0876 1.16210 1.15885 1.15455 1.15217 1.14975 1.14470 1.13927 1.1335 1.1206 1.1059 1.18268 1.17911 1.17449 1.17207 1.16946 1.16423 1.15866 1.1527 1.1396 1.1247 1.20387 1.19997 1.19505 1.19249 1.18980 1.18439 1.17867 1.1726 1.1592 1.1442 1.22569 1.22147 1.21627 1.21360 1.21079 1.20520 1.19932 1.1931 1.1795 1.1642 1.24817 1.24364 1.23817 1.23538 1.23246 1.22669 1.22064 1.2143 1.2004 1.1849 1.27135 1.26652 1.26078 1.25786 1.25484 1.24889 1.24267 1.2362 1.2221 1.2063 1.29526 1.29014 1.28413 1.28107 1.27795 1.27182 1.26544 1.2588 1.2444 1.2284 1.35860 1.35284 1.34615 1.34277 1.33934 1.33271 1.32594 1.3190 1.3039 1.2873 1.42734 1.42124 1.41384 1.41017 1.40643 1.39928 1.39219 1.3849 1.3691 1.3520 NaBrO3, see p. 81

NaI [JAB] ( 2 6 ), a. (368)**^ (25, 287)*- (2, 12, 36, 106, 144, 189, 190, 221, 225, 246, 261, 312, 319, 322, 342, 365, 447, 487, 507, 519, 547, 596, 618) ? a (151)

% 1 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 35 40 45 50 55 60

I

O0C I IQ0C 1.00789 1.00759 1.01603 1.01557 1.03264 1.03186 1.04972 1.04862 1.06729 1.06587 1.08538 1.08364 1.10402 1.10196 1.12324 1.12086 1.14307 1.14037 1.16354 1.16052 1.18469 1.18134 1.20655 1.20287 1.22915 1.22514 1.25252 1.24819 1.27669 1.27205 1.30171 1.29674 1.36842 1.36248 1.44158 1.43476 1.52224 1.51463 1.61168 1.60336 1.71152 1.70256 1.82382 1.81428

2O0C I 250C | 3O0C | 4O0C | 5O0C | 6O0C | 1.00596 1.00474 1.00329 0.99977 0.99553 0.9906 1.01380 1.01253 1.01103 1.00742 1.00310 0.9981 1.02981 1.02843 1.02683 1.02304 1.01857 1.0135 1.04629 1.04479 1.04309 1.03912 1.03450 1.0293 1.06326 1.06164 1.05983 1.05568 1.05091 1.0455 1.08075 1.07900 1.07708 1.07275 1.06782 1.0623 1.09878 1.09690 1.09487 1.09035 1.08525 1.0795 1.11738 1.11537 1.11322 1.10851 1.10323 1.0974 1.13658 1.13444 1.13217 1.12726 1.12179 1.1158 1.15641 1.15414 1.15175 1.14663 1.14097 1.1348 1.17691 1.17450 1.17199 1.16665 1.16080 1.1545 1.19812 1.19556 1.19293 1.18736 1.18132 1.1748 1.22007 1.21736 1.21460 1.20880 1.20257 1.1959 1.24279 1.23993 1.23704 1.23101 1.22459 1.2177 1.26631 1.26331 1.26029 1.25403 1.24741 1.2403 1.29067 1.28754 1.28437 1.27789 1.27107 1.2638 1.35562 1.35217 1.34869 1.34164 1.33429 1.3265 1.42711 1.42334 1.41954 1.41189 1.40399 1.3957 1.50620 1.50211 1.49799 1.48970 1.48122 1.4723 1.59418 1.58977 1.58534 1.57636 1.57626 1.5577 1.69268 1.68795 1.68323 1.67350 1.66373 1.6536 1.80377 1.79872 1 79373 1.78319 1.77269 1.7619 [

8O0C | IQO0C 0.9791 0.9656 0.9865 0.9730 1.0016 0.9879 1.0172 1.0033 1.0332 1.0191 1.0496 1.0354 1.0666 1.0522 1.0842 1.0696 1.1023 1.0875 1.1211 1.1060 1.1405 1.1251 1.1605 1.1450 1.1813 1.1655 1.2029 1.1869 1.2252 1.2090 1.2484 1.2320 1.3103 1.2933 1.3785 1.3608 1.4541 1.4357 1.5385 1.5193 1.6331 1.6144 1.7405 1.7220

%l 1 2 4 6

NaBrO3 [JAB] (29i)** ; (360, 361, 378) [LJG]
I I

3.83

/718 ^4

Il

y

I 1.0333 Il

O/ /O

I

I

/7425

a

Il

M

4.95 I 1.0415 ||

O/ /O

I

I

19 5 /7 4

a

7.52 | 1.068

NaPO3 [LJG] (28, 206)**. (451)

1 I 2 I 4 I 6 I 8 1.0064 I 1.0145 I 1.0304 | 1.0461 I 1.0614

%... ^0...

Na3PO4 [LJG] (536)**. (206, 463, 537)

% d\5

% 1 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24

I 1 I 2 I 4 I 6 I 8 I 10 1 1.0092 I 1.0194 I 1.0405 | 1.0624 | 1.0850 | 1.1083 Na4P2O7 [LJG] (206, 4SI) I 1 I 2 I 3 I 4 I 1.0090 I 1.0190 I 1.0283 j 1.0369 NaH2PO3 [LJG]; with 3.47%, dj0 = 1.0218 (463) Na2HPO3 [LJG]; with 3.15%, < = 1.0277 (463)

% df

I

%(*»«) 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4

I 1 I 2 I 4 I 6 I 8 I 10 I 1.0045 I 1.0120 I 1.0270 | 1.0422 j 1.0575 j 1.0730

Na2HPO4 [LJG] (432)**; (533)*; (98, 241, 242, 451, 534, 561)

% I ^48......I % 1 2 4 6 8

' % 1 2 4 6 8

1 I 2 I 4 6 1.000 I 1.020 I 1.043 I 1.067 Na2S[JAB] (52) [LJG] I dj* Il % I d4* 1.0098 10 1.1146 1.0211 12 1.1388 1.0440 14 1.1634 1.0672 16 1.1885 1.0907 18 1.2140 Na2SO3 [JAB] (106) [LJG] I d? Il % I 49 1.0078 10 1.0948 1.0172 12 1.1146 1.0363 14 1.1346 1.0556 16 1.1549 1.0751 18 1.1755

Na2SO4 [JAB] (20, 229.5, 409, 603), a (370)**. (i, 2 , 14, 36, 85, 86,

I

^8'080 Il 0.999 533 1.000 455 1.001 375 1.002 292

%(586) 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8

^8'080 1.003 207 1.004 121 1.005 033 1.005 943

I

%(588) i ^10 i «g* i «g0 i d™ 1.69 3.35

NaH2PO4 [LJG] ("*)**; (432, 4SI, 463)

% df

Na2SO4.—(Continued) 4O0C I 5Q0C I 6O0C I 8O0C | 1OQ0G 1.0010 0.9969 0.9919 0.9805 0.9671 1.0098 1.0057 1.0007 0.9892 0.9758 1.0276 1.0235 1.0184 1.0068 0.9934 1.0456 1.0415 1.0363 1.0246 1.0112 1.0639 1.0598 1.0544 1.0426 1.0292 1.0825 1.0783 1.0728 1.0609 1.0475 1.1015 1.0971 1.0915 1.0795 1.0661 1.1209 1.1162 1.1105 1.0984 1.0850 1.1406 1.1356 1.1299 1.1176 1.1042 1.1608 1.1553 1.1496 1.1371 1.1813 1.1753 1.1696 1.1569 1.2023 1.2237

%

(229.5) Ï 2 , 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

d25

4

0.9654 0.9797 d30

°4

40 da

4

1.006102 1.004620 1.00104s 1.0150941.0135391.009849 1.024117 1.02249l 1.01868s 1.033195 .0315Oo 1.02758s 1.042330 .0405721.036552 .051530 .0497111.045594 1.06079s .058919 1.05470s .070134 .0682001.063899 .079547 .077557 1.073166 .08904s .0870Oo 1.082524 1.098627 .096532 1.091972 1.10830s .1061561.1015Io 1.11807l .1158721.111143 1.127929 .1256821.120873 1.13787s .1355861.130700

0.9573 0.9719 %

(229.5) 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 (29)

0.9494 0.9638 d25

I

"4

1.14791s 1.15805o 1.16827s 1.178606 1.18903e 1.19957o 1.210207 1.22094s 1.23179e 1.242754 1.253824 1.2650Oo 1.27627e (1.287664)

0.9404 0.9555

^3O

^4O

| °4

°4

1.14558s 1.140624 1.15567s 1.15064s 1.1658591.16075» 1.1761471.170979 1.1865391.181303 1.19703s 1.191734 1.20763s 1.20227i 1.21834o 1.21292o 1.229152 1.22367s 1.24007s 1.234537 1.25111s 1.245519 1.26226o 1.256607 1.27350e 1.2678Oo

Na2S2O3 [JAB] (509, SlO, S36)**; (137)*; (106, 537) [LJQ] c//O I\ ,720 Il cp I /7420 il c/ I qd420 Il11 /O o/ II <*4 J^ a &4 Ii /O I 11 /O I

1 2 4 6 8

1.0065 1.0148 1.0315 1.0483 1.0654

10 12 14 16 18

1.0827 1.1003 1.1182 1.1365 1.1551

20 22 24 26 28

1.1740 1.1932 1.2128 1.2328 1.2532

30 35 40

Na2S2O6 [LJG]; with 2.58%, dj5 = 1.0162 (529) NaHSO4 [JAB] (409)**. (4 si, 458)*. (43 2) % I O0C I IQ0C I 2O0C I 250C | 3O0C 1 1.0083 1.0077 1.0059 1.0047 1.0032 2 1.0166 1.0157 1.0137 1.0124 1.0108 4 1.0335 1.0319 1.0293 1.0279 1.0261 6 1.0505 1.0482 1.0451 1.0435 1.0415 8 1.0676 1.0647 1.0611 1.0593 1.0571 10 1.0849 1.0814 1.0773 1.0753 1.0728 12 1.1023 1.0982 1.0937 1.0915 1.0887 14 1.1199 1.1152 1.1103 1.1079 1.1049 16 1.1376 1.1324 1.1271 1.1245 1.1214 18 1.1555 1.1499 1.1441 1.1413 1.1381 20 1.1736 1.1676 1.1614 1.1583 1.1551 22 1.1919 1.1856 1.1789 1.1755 1.1724

101, 106, 144, 146, 147, 151, 155, 187, 190, 192, 204, 206, 215, 219, 221, 223, 224, 225, 246, 261, 297, 312, 342, 344, 360, 361, 378, 385, 405, 422, 425, 449, 451, 477, 485, 519, 529, 533, 540, 544, 550, 585,

598, 618, 629, 646) ? a (151, 219, 271, 466)

% 1 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24

I

O0C I IQ0C I 2O0C I 250G | 3O0C 1.0094 ] 1.0089 1.0073 1.0061 1.0046 1.0189 1.0182 1.0164 1.0151 1.0135 1.0381 1.0370 1.0348 1.0332 1.0315 1.0576 1.0560 1.0535 1.0515 1.0497 1.0773 1.0753 1.0724 1.0701 1.0682 1.0972 1.0948 1.0915 1.0890 1.0870 1.1174 1.1145 1.1109 1.1083 1.1062 1.1378 1.1345 1.1306 1.1279 1.1257 1.1585 1.1548 1.1506 1.1479 1.1456 1.1795 1.1754 1.1709 1.1683 1.1659 1.2008 1.1963 1.1915 1.1890 1.1865 1.2224 1.2175 1.2124 1.2102 1.2076 1:2443 1.2390 1.2336 1.2318 1.2292

1.2739 1.3273 1.3827

NaHSeO3 [LJG]; with 5.03%, dj° = 1.0395 (463) Na2SeOg [LJG]; with 4.32%, dj° = 1.0402 (463)

Na2SeO4 [JAB] (6Q2) [LJG]

d?

%| 1 2

Il

%

1.0081 1.0171

«ff

I

4 6

U

1.0355 1.0543

%

I

8 10

y

%

1.0735 1.0930

I

12 14

NaN 3 [LJG] (74) %

I

O0C

I IQ0C

lTÖ065 2 1.013 4 1.026 6 1.039 8 1.052

1.065 1.079 1.093 1.107 1.121 1.136 1.151 1.166 1.182 1.199 1.216

10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30

I 2O0C

I 250C

| 3O0C

|

4O0C

1.0060 1.012 1.024 1,037 1.050

1.0040 1.010 1.022 1.034 1.047

1.0030 1.009 1.021 1.033 1.045

1.0015 1.007 1.019 1.031 1.043

0.9975 1.003 1.015 1.027 1.039

1.063 1.076 1.089 1.103 1.117 1.131 1.146 1.161 1.176 1.192 1.209

1.059 1.072 1.085 1.099 1.112 1.126 1.140 1.155 1.170 1.186 1.202

1.057 1.070 1.083 1.096 1.109 1.123 1.137 1.152 1.167 1.182 1.198

1.055 1.051 1.068 1.063 1.081 1.076 1.094 1.089 1.107 1.102 1.121 1.115 1.135 1.129 1.149 1.143 1.164 1.157 1.179 1.172 1.195 1.188

% I 5O0C I 6O0G I 7O0C I 8O0C | 9O0C | IQO0C" 10.99350.98850.98350.97750.97050.9635 2 0.999 0.994 0.988 0.983 0.976 0.969 4 1.010 1.005 1.000 0.994 0.987 0.980 6 1.022 1.016 1.011 1.005 0.998 0.991 8 1.034 1.028 1.022 1.016 1.009 1.002 10 1.046 1.040 1.034 1.028 1.021 1.014 12 1.058 1.052 1.046 1,040 1.033 1.026 14 1.070 1.064 1.058 1.052 1.045 1.038 16 1.083 1.076 1.070 1.064 1.057 1.050 18 1.096 1.089 1.083 1.076 1.070 1.063 20 1.109 1.102 1.096 1.089 1.083 1.076 22 1.122 1.115 1.109 1.102 1.096 1.089 24 1.136 1.129 1.123 1.116 1.110 1.103 26 1.150 1.143 1.137 1.130 1.124 1.107 28 1.165 1.158 1.152 1.145 1.138 1.131 30 1.181 1.174 1.167 1.160 1.153 1.146 NaNO 2 [JAB] (6Q2) [LJG] %| d\> H 1 1.0058 2 1.0125 4 1.0260

% I dj* Il 6 1.0397 8 1.0535 10 1.0675

% I dj' Il 12 1.0816 14 1.0959 16 1.1103

% I cff 18 1.1248 20 1.1394

NaNO 3 [JAB] (84, HO, 250, 256) ; a (256, 3 7 0 ) * * ; (20, 448, 449, 451, 452, 646) ? a (203, 2 1 1 , 375, 466)*; (1, 36, 86, 106, 144, 190, 195, 206, 214, 215, 221, 223, 224, 225, 228, 246, 261, 312, 344, 360, 361, 378, 385, 422, 514, 519, 529, 533, 592, 5 9 3 ) ^ a (151, 446, 605)

% 1 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24

I

O0C I 1.0071 1.0144 ' 1.0290 1.0438 1.0587 1.0738 1.0891 1.1046 1.1203 1.1363 1.1526 1.1692 1.1860

IQ0C 1.0066 1.0136 1.0277 1.0420 1.0565 1.0712 1.0861 1.1012 1.1166 1.1323 1.1483 1.1645 1.1810

I

2O0C I 250C 1.0049 1.0037 1.0117 1.0104 1.0254 1.0239 1.0392 1.0376 1.0532 1.0515 1.0674 1.0656 1.0819 1.0799 1.0967 1.0945 1.1118 1.1094 1.1272 1.1246 1.1429 1.1402 1.1589 1.1561 1.1752 1.1723

|

3Q0C 1.0022 1.0088 1.0221 1.0356 1.0493 1.0632 1.0774 1.0919 1.1067 1.1219 1.1374 1.1532 1.1693

NaNO 3 .—(Continued) % I O0C IQ0C 2O0C I ^261.20311.19771.19171. 28 1.2204 1.2147 1.2085 30 1.2380 1.2320 1.2256 35 1.2834 1.2770 1.2701 40 1.3316 1.3248 1.3175 _45 1.3760 1.3683 4O0C 0.9986 1.0050 1.0180 1.0312 1.0447 1.0584 1.0724 1.0867 1.1013 1.1162 1.1314 1.1470 1.1629 1.1791 1.1955 1.2122 1.2560 1.3027 1.3528

% 1 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 35 40 45 0

C 0

I

d\ 1.04834

250C | 18881. 1.2055 1.2225 1.2668 1.3140 1.3646

3O0C 1856 1.2022 1.2191 1.2632 1.3102 1.3607

5O0C 6O0C 8O0C | IQO0C 0.9944 0.9894 0.9779 0.9644 1.0007 0.9956 0.9840 0.9704 1.0135 1.0082 0.9964 0.9826 1.0265 1.0210 1.0090 0.9951 1.0397 1.0340 1.0218 1.0078 1.0532 1.0473 1.0348 1.0208 1.0669 1.0609 1.0481 1.0340 1.0809 1.0749 1.0617 1.0475 1.0953 1.0892 1.0757 1.0614 1.1100 1.1038 1.0901 1.0756 1.1250 1.1187 1.1048 1.0901 1.1404 1.1340 1.1198 1.1049 1.1561 1.1496 1.1351 1.1200 1.1721 1.1655 1.1507 1.1355 1.1884 1.1816 1.1667 1.1513 1.2051 1.1980 1.1830 1.1674 1.2486 1.2413 1.2258 1.2100 1.2950 1.2875 1.2715 1,2555 1.3448 1.3371 1.3206 1.3044 8.066% (256) 0 [I C I dj Il 0C d[ 25 1.05580 50 | 1.06777~

10 1.05059 20 1.05386 NaH2AsO4 [JAB]

30 1.05791 40 1.06260 Na2HAsO4 [JAB]

4.141 % (256) 20 | 1.02646 Na3AsO4 [JAB]

(514)**; (463)

(536)**; (241, 242,

(536)**; (206, 463)

[LJG]

537) [LJG]

C^

/o

i

I

^25

CE4

fi

y

^

/o

i

I

QEJ 4Ï

[LJG] 4 1 1

y

w

/o

j

i

«~ÏÏ7 4

ï 1 . 0 0 5 0 î 1 . 0 0 8 3 î 1 . 0 0 9 7 2 1.0129 2 1.0175 2 1.0207 4 1.0291 4 1.0365 4 1.0431 6 1.0457 6 1.0563 6 1.0659 8 1.0626 8 1.0768 8 1.0892 10 1.0798 10 1.0980 10 1.1130 12 1.0974 12 1.1197 12 1,1373 14 1.1153 14 1.1419 16 1.1645 Na2CO3 [JAB] (219), OL (219)**; (668)*; (68, 69, 71, 98, 190, 192, 206, 261, 271, 279, 312, 328, 342, 344, 348, 349, 432, 451, 519, 632, 637, 639)

% 1 2 4 6 8 10 12 14

| O0C | IQ0C | 150C 1.0109 1.0103 1.0096 1.0219 1.0210 1.0201 1.0439 1.0423 1.0411 1.0659 1.0636 1.0622 1.0878 1.0850 1.0834 1.1097 1.1065 1.1048 1.1319 1.1284 1.1265 1.1543 1.1506 1.1485

% 16 18 20

| 3O0G II % 1.1636 1 1.1859 2 1.2086 4

I 2O0C | 250C | 3O0C 1.0086 1.0073 1.0058 1.0190 1.0176 1.0159 1.0398 1.0381 1.0363 1.0606 1.0588 1.0568 1.0816 1.0797 1.0775 1.1029 1.1008 1.0986 1.1244 1.1223 1.1200 1.1463 1.1442 1.1417

| 4O0C | 5O0C | 6O0G | 7O0C 1.0022 0.9979 0.9929 I 0.9874 1.0122 1.0078 1.0027 0.9970 1.0323 1.0278 1.0223 ( 1.0165

I 3O0C [I 1.2317 1.2552 1.2790 1.3031 1.3274

% ~~22 24 26 28 30

Na 2 CO 3 .—(Continued] % I 4Q0C I 5O0C I 6O0C | 7O0C 6 TÖ527 1.0478 1.0422 TOSoT 8 1.0732 1.0681 1.0625 1.0565 10 1.0939 1.0888 1.0830 1.0770 12 1.1150 1.1097 1.1039 1.0978 14 1.1365 1.1310 1.1251 1.1189

I 8O0C I 9O0C I IQQ0C Il 0.9814 0.9750 0.9683 0.9910 0.9847 0.9782 1.0105 1.0042 0.9980 1.0302 1.0241 1.0180 1.0503 1.0441 1.0380 1.0707 1.0644 1.0582 1.0914 1.0850 1.0787 1.1125 1.1059 1.0996

% 1 2 4 6 8 10 12 14

% (373) 0.005 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05

I

d|°-004 0.9982840 0.9983370 0.9984432 0.9985496 0.9986560 0.9987625

Na2C2O4, Qxalate [JAB] (376, 3 7 7 , 4 S I , 463, 632) **; (329)

NaC2H3O2.—(Continued) 4O0C 5Q0C I 6O0C 7O0C | 8Q0C 1.0320 1.0275 1.0224 1.0168 1.0107 1.0420 1.0375 1.0.322 1.0266 1.0205 1.0521 1.0475 1.0421 1.0364 1.0303 1.0623 1.0575 1.0521 1.0463 1.0402 1.0725 1.0676 1.0621 1.0562 1.0828 1.0778 1.0722 1.0662 1.0931 1.0880 1.0824 1.0763 1.1035 1.0983 1.0926 1.0865 1.1141 1.1087 1.1029 1.0968 1.1248 1.1192 1.1133 1.1072 1.1355 1.1298 1.1238 1.1176 NaC2H3O3, Glycolate [JAB] (376)**; (378, 463)

% 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28

%

i I

^ J Î 5 i U>4 I

~ J Ï 8 i (Z 4 I

1 1.005 1.0049 2 1.012 1.0112 4 1.025 1.0139 6 1.038 1.0368 8 1.051 1.0498 10 1.064 1.0630 12 1.077 1.0762 14 1.091 1.0895 16 I 1.104 1.1029

J25 04

fi li

1.003 1.009 1.022 1.035 1.048 1.061 1.074 1.087 1.100

w %

18 20 22 24 26 28 30 35 40

~

7

Ï 5 ^4

j I

~ Ï Ï 8 j <*4 I

325 "4

1.118 1.1164 1.114 1.132 1.1300 1.127 1.146 1.1439 1.141 1.160 1.1580 1.155 1.175 1.170 1.189 1.184 1.204 1.199 1.242 1.236 1.281 1.274

NaHCO3 [JAB] (432)**. (1 4 4, 193, 241, 2 4 2 , 509, 510) [LJG]

%| cff

II % I ^48 I! % I d\8 !I % I dy~

1 1.0059 3 1.0206 5 1.0354 7 1.0505 2 1.0132 4 1.0280 6 1.0429 8 1.0581 NaC2H3O2, Acetate [JAB] (288), « (271, 374)** ; (515, 632)*. (18, 46, 134, 192, 208, 222, 223, 224, 342, 343, 362, 376, 377, 378, 388, 449, 451, 463, 484, 509, 514, 529, 586, 592, 602)

% 1 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28

I

% 1 2 4 6

I

IQ0G I 180G I 2O0C I 250C [ 3O0C 1.0049 1.0037 1.0033 1.0021 1.0007 1.0101 1.0088 1.0084 1.0072 1.0057 1.0205 1.0191 1.0186 1.0173 1.0157 1.0310 1.0294 1.0289 1.0275 1.0258 1.0415 1.0397 1.0392 1.0377 1.0359 1.0520 1.0500 1.0495 1.0479 1.0461 1.0626 1.0604 1.0598 1.0582 1.0563 1.0733 1.0709 1.0702 1.0686 1.0666 1.0841 1.0815 1.0807 1.0790 1.0769 1.0950 1.0922 1.0913 1.0895 1.0873 1.1060 1.1030 1.1021 1.1001 1.0978 1.1171 1.1139 1.1130 1.1109 1.1085 1.1282 1.1249 1.1240 1.1218 1.1193 1.1394 1.1360 1.1351 1.1327 1.1302 1.1508 1.1472 1.1462 1.1437 1.1412 4O0C I 5O0C I 6O0C I 7O0C | 8O0C 0.9971 0.9930 0.9881 0.9826 0.9766 1.0021 0.9979 0.9930 0.9875 0.9815 1.0120 1.0077 1.0028 0.9972 0.9912 1.0220 1.0176 1.0126 1.0070 1.0009

d?

Il

%

I

di5

II

%

i

^45

1 1.0029 4 1.0206 7 1.0387 2 1.0087 5 1.0266 8 1.0448 3 1.0146 6 1.0326 9 1.0509 NaC3H5O2, Propionate [JAB] (29i)** ; (377, 378, 463, 484, 514)

% I < I (ff Il % dî° I df 1 1.0064 1.0054 3 1.0229 1.0221 i[ 2 I 1.0147 1.0137 4 1.0312 1 1 Na2C4O4, Acetylenedicarboxylate [JAB]; df = 1.0055 with 1 %; = 2 1.0143 with 2% (376) NaCHO2, Formate [JAB] (291, 484)** ; (144, 329, 377, 378, 449, 4 463, 514, 632) 6 C/ %

I

^ Ì 8 HH ^4

/O

1 2

%l 1 2 4 6 8 10

a^

47 Ï 8 i[Il

M Ii 70

3Î8 #4

IIfp ^ /O

aJÏ8

4

. 0 0 3 0 8 1 . 0 3 4 2 1 6 1 . 0 7 0 5 2 4 1 . 1 0 7 1 1.0075 10 1.0432 18 1.0796 26 1.1164 1.0164 12 1.0523 20 .1.0887 1.0253 14 1.0614 22 1.0979 NaC3H5O3, Lactate [JAB] (514)** ; (378, 463) e/

% di*

"07/O \i

/725

!

II

^4

I

II

o/

I

%

I

/725 ^4

II |l

№

o/

^4

%

1.0022 4 1.0173 8 1.037f 1.0072 6 1.0275 10 1.0478 NaC3H5O4, Glycerate [JAB] (378) I 1 I 2 I 3 I 4 I 5 j 6 I 1.0041 I 1.0102 1.0165 | 1.0229 | 1.0295 | 1.0363 NaC4H5O5, Acid malate [JAB] (376)** ; (463)

ffl

II % I

ffl

II % I

<

II % i

1.0038 1.0094 1.0207 1.0321 1.0436 1.0552

12 14 16 18 20 22

1.0670 1.0790 1.0911 1.1034 1.1159 1.1286

24 26 28 30 35 40

1.1414 1.1544 1.1676 1.1809 1.2147 1.2495

45 50 55 60

<~ 1.2854 1.3224 1.3605 1.3996

NaC4H5Q6, Acid tartrate [JAB] (Sis)** ; (432)* ; (4SI, 463, 571) %l ^48 II 1 1.0061 2 1.0115

% I di' II 3 1.0170 4 1.0225

% I dì8 » 5 1.0280 6 1.0335

% I «ff 7 1.0391

NaC4H7O2, n-Butyrate [JAB] (378, 449, 463) **; (484, 514)

% <

1 I 2 I 4 I 6 I 8 I 10 I 1.0018 j 1.0055 I 1.0130 | 1.0207 | 1.0286 j 1.0367 NaC4H7O2, Isobutyrate [JAB] (514)**. (463)

% df

I 1 I 2 I 4 I 6 I 8 I 10 I 1.0009 I 1.0046 I 1.0121 | 1.0195 | 1.0268 | 1.0341 NaC5H9O2, Isovalerate [JAB] (5**)

O/% II

3Ì5 #4

fji}

^ /O jI

~J25 ^4

fjIj

%OTi (

"725 »4

fiII

%OTj i

U~^25 4

1 1.0003 4 1.0100 8 1.0229 12 1.0358 2 1.0035 6 1.0164 10 1.0293 NaC6H7O7, Dihydrogen citrate [JAB] with 19.20%, df = 1.1063; with 5.35%, dî° = 1.0205 (463, 515)** NaC 6 HnO 2 , Isocaproate [JAB] (514)

%l «g II % 1 dy 1 2

0.9999 1.0026

4 6

1.0081 1.0136

il % | düf 8 10

1.0191 1.0245

u % | df 12 14

1.0299 1.0352

NaC7H5O2, Benzoate [JAB] (376, 514)**

%

d? li % l «ff

y % l df

1 2

1.0012 4 1.0135 8 1.0301 1.0053 6 1.0218 10 1.0385 NaC7H5O3, Hydroxybenzoates [JAB] (376, _ — -£5 • C7

**

/0

df

12 1.0469 14 1.0554 514)** -725 ^

%

Q-(Si*) I m- | po-( 5 1 4 )l m- | 1.0013 1.0015 1.0015 10 1.0396 1.0432 1.0055 1.0060 1.0060 12 1.0483 1.0528 1.0139 1.0151 1.0151 14 1.0570 1.0626 1.0224 1.0243 1.0243 16 1.0658 1.0724 1.0310 1.0337 1.0337 NaC8H7O2, Toluates [JAB] (376)

1 2 4 6 8

. C 707

^f

d

er /O

p1.0432 1.0528 1.0626 1.0724

a?

Ii

% |

«ff

ii

% i

«ff

» % i

1 2 4

r/ #4

II 11

1.0009 1.0047 1.0124

O/ 70

I |

6 8

2

^7 5 #4

H 11

1.0202 1.0280

I \

10 12

J a

25

4

M Of l 1 1 / 0 1

1.0359 1.0438

14 16

1 2

325 »4

U U

w %

%| df [l 1 1.0035 2 1.0100

j I

~ J 2 5 f i #4 Jl

M %

i I

3 2 5 T i #4 Il

^ %

i I

d™

1 2

1.0038 1.0106

% 1 2 4 6 8 10 % 1 2

1 2 4 6

0.9652 0.9651 0.9649 0.9647

8 0.9644 16 0.9637 10 0.9642 18 0.9635 12 0.9640 20 0.9633 14 0.9638 22 0.9631 NaC18H35O2, Stéarate [JAB] (134)

24 26 28 30

1 2 4

0.965 0.964 0.964

6 8

0.963 0.962

10 12

0.962 0.961

14 16 J

0.961 0.960

T

i II

& /O

325 °4

il Il

& /fr

\ I

J25 ^4

% | d» Il % |
Ii % | 3 4

ff

I! % |

1.0174 1.0243

5 6

H % l «y

df 1.0312 1.0382

7 8

1.0453 1.0524

Na2C4H4O4, Succhiate [JAB] (376, 377, 463) **; (329) I dl° | d» l] % | «ff 1.0048 1.0036 12 1.0805 1.0114 1.0102 14 1.0951 1.0247 1.0235 16 1.1100 1.0382 1.0368 18 1.1252 1.0520 1.0503 20 1.1406 1.0661

df H 1.0039 1.0107

Na2C4H4O4, Isosuccinate [JAB] (376) % | df » % | df [l % | d» 3 1.0176 5 1.0313 7 1.0451 4 1.0245 6 1.0382 8 1.0521

223, 329, 330, 432, 463, 571)

5 /O

i

1 2 4 6 8 10 12 14

J25 #4

%i
5 4

Na2C4H4O6, Tartrate [JAB] (376, 499, soo)**; (45i)* ; (210,221,

4

0.9629 0.9627 0.9626 0.9624

a

Na2C4H4O5, Malate [JAB] (376)**; (444, 463, 546) %l ^5 Il % I df » % | df H % | «g» 1 1.0038 3 1.0176 5 1.0317 7 1.0462 2 1.0106 4 1.0246 6 1.0389 8 1.0536

a/7

%i di° i % i
2

Na 2 C 4 H 2 O 4 , Maleate [JAB] (376)

%l

1.0518 1.0600

3 1.0076 5 1.0147 7 1.0219 4 1.0112 6 1.0183 8 1.0256 NaC9H9O2, Hydrocinnamate [JAB] (376) %' df u % | «ff II % | «ff Il % | «ff 1 1.0002 6 1.0161 10 1.0290 14 1.0422 2 1.0034 8 1.0225 12 1.0356 16 1.0488 4 1.0097 NaCi6H3IO2, Palmitate [JAB] (134)

3

Na 2 C 4 H 2 O 4 , Fumarate [JAB] (376)** ; (329)

25

1.0006 1.0041

& /O

1 1 . 0 0 4 4 3 1 . 0 1 9 1 5 1 . 0 3 4 1 7 1 . 0 4 9 5 2 1.0117 4 1.0266 6 1.0417

NaC9H7O2, Cinnamate [JAB] (376) W \ % I

(I Il

«ff

1.0007 6 1.0188 10 1.0338 14 1.0490 1.0043 8 1.0262 12 1.0414 16 1.0566 1.0115 I NaC8H7O3, Phenylglycolate [JAB] (376) % l d? [l % | «ff Il % | cff H % | cff 1 1.0011 6 1.0216 10 1.0382 14 1.0550 2 1.0052 8 1.0299 12 1.0466 16 1.0635 4 1.0134 NaC8H7O3, Anisate [JAB] (376) % | «ff H % | df II % | df Il % | «ff 1 1.0008 3 1.0084 5 1.0162 7 1.0242 2 1.0046 4 1.0123 6 1.0202 8 1.0282 NaC8H7O3, Phenoxyacetate [JAB] (376) 25

J25 &4

*I

1 2 4

07 l 70 I

O/ t 70 I

oI mI pmI JP1.0007 1.0007 1.0006 10 1.0342 1.0334 1.0043 1.0043 1.0041 12 1.0418 1.0408 1.0116 1.0116 1.0113 14 1.0495 1.0483 1.0190 1.0186 16 1.0573 1.0558 1.0266 1.0260 NaC8H7O2, Phenylacetate [JAB] (376)

1 2 4 6 8

%i

Na 2 C 3 H 2 O 4 , Malonate [JAB] (376)

Ii %

J^ »4

Ii

1.0052 1.0123 1.0266 1.0410 1.0555 1.0702 1.0851 l. 1002

lì**' «4

Ulì

1.0040 1.0110 1.0251 1.0393 1.0537 1.0683

Ö//O

jÎ

^2O «4

16 18 20 22 24 26 28

1.1156 1.1313 1.1471 1.1633 1.1797 1.1963 1.2132

Na2C5H4O4, Citraconate [JAB] (376) %l df Il % | dl5 H % | df Il % | df 1 1.0033 3 1.0159 5 1.0286 7 1.0414 2 1.0096 4 1.0223 6 1.0350 8 1.0479 Na2C5H4O4, Itaconate [JAB] (376)

%l

df

1 2

1.0032 1.0095

H % | df 3 4

1.0159 1.0223

|| % | df 5 6

1.0288 1.0353

Ii % | «y 7 8

1.0419 1.0485

Na2C5H4O4, Mesaconate [JAB] (376) %l df Il % |
NaC7H4BrO2, Bromobenzoates [JAB] (376)

Na2C8H4O4, Phthalates [JAB] (376)

3

%

i I m-

i I

?

I

%

326

!

3?

; I m-

; I

opopÎ 1 . 0 0 3 1 1.0027 1 . 0 0 2 4 6 1 . 0 3 3 4 1.0313 1.0299 2 1.0092 1.0083 1.0078 8 1.0456 1.0431 4 1.0213 1.0197 1.01871 10 1.0579J 1.0551

mp' m- ^\ p^\ . % Ï 1 . 0 0 2 5 1 . 0 0 2 3 6 1 . 0 3 0 1 1 . 0 2 9 8 2 1.0079 1.0077 8 1.0415 1.0413 4 1.0189 I 1.0186 I 10 I 1.0531 1.0530

%

Na2C6H8O4, Adipate [JAB] (376)

%l «ff 1 2 3

II % I d? Il % I

1.0024 1.0078 1.0131

%...| df...|

4 5

1 1.0017

1.0185 1.0239

6 7

ffl

II % I

1.0293 1.0348

8 9

3STa2C8Hi2O4, Suberate [JAB] (376) I 2 I 3 I 4 I 1.0064 I 1.0112 | 1.0160

ffl 1.0403 1.0458

I 5 | 1.0208

,725 <*4

M ||

J25 &4

C7 /O

Jl II

C7 /O

I I

J26 4

a

U IJ

NaC2H5SO4, Hydroxyethylsulfonate [JAB]; with 3.70%, df 1.0171 (529)

Na2CH2S2O6, Methanedisulfonate [JAB]; 2.75%, df = 1.0161 (529) NaC7H4NO4, Nitrobenzoates [JAB] (376, 514)**

^f

fl

%

1 1 . 0 0 1 3 4 1 . 0 1 3 8 8 1 . 0 3 0 6 1 2 1 . 0 4 7 3 2 1.0055 I 6 1.0222 10 1.0389

1 2 4 6 8

Na3C6H5O7, Citrate [JAB] (376)**. (463, sis)

% l «g* II 1 1.0047 2 1.0124

% I df H 3 1.0201 4 1.0278 [

% I d? II 5 1.0355 6 1.0432

% I d? 7 1.0510 8 1.0589 457

Na4CnH2OiO, Benzenepentacarboxylate [JAB] ( ) i 1% I 2% H I 1% I 2% I) I 1% I 2% dj.... 1.00781.0158 dj 1 ... 1.00461.0121 dj°. .. 0.9953 1.0024 dj°... 1.00741.0152 dj°... 1.00311.0106 dì 0 ... 1.00581.0134 dî°... 0.99951.0068 [ Na 5 CnHOi 0 , Benzenepentacarboxylate [JAB] ( 457 ) I 1% I 2% [I I 1% 2% II 1% I 2% dj.... 1.00831.0169 dl6... 1.00511.0133 4°... 0.995811.0038 di 0 ... 1.00791.0163 dj°... 1.00361.0118 dì 0 ... 1.00631.0145 dj°... 1.00001.0081 |

^

NaC2HCl2O2, Dichloroacetate [JAB] (377, 378, 463)** %| d™ II % I dì0 II % I dì0 II % dì0 1 1.004 4 1.022 8 1.046 12 1.070 2 1.010 6 1.034 10 1.058 14 1.083 NaC4H4Cl3O2, Trichlorobutyrate [JAB] (378) <

H

1.0033 [ 1.0084

%

3 4

I

d™

1.0135 1.0186

II

%

5 6

i

dì°

1.0238 1.0290

II

%

7 8

I

1.0015 1.0060 1.0151 1.0242 1.0334

df %

p.

1.0018 1.0065 1.0159 1.0253 1.0347

p.

10 12 14 16 18

| m -(514)|

1.0450 1.0550 1.0651 1.0754 1.0858[

p_

1.0427 1.0441 1.0522 1.0617 1.0713 1.0810

NaC8H4NO2, m-Cyanobenzoate [JAB] (376) •01 I /O' I

/725 #4

11 II

O/ /O

^25 &4

I I

I! H

P/ 70

/Tf 25 #4

I I

II II

O/ /O

I I

^25 ^4

1 1 . 0 0 1 1 3 1 . 0 0 9 2 5 I 1.017671.0260 2 1.0051 4 1.0134 6 1.0218 8 1.0302 NaCNS [JAB] (29i)** ; (155)* [LJG]

""c/l %i

Jïï^ ^4

ilH e/% iI

1 2 4 6 8

1.0038 1.0090 1.0196 1.0303 1.0411

^ì8 ^4

10 1.0520 12 1.0630 14 1.0741 16 1.0853 18 I 1.0966

TiH ~o/% iI 20 22 24 26 28

J/Ï8 ^4

ilII ^ % 1I

1.1081 1.1197 1.1314 1.1433 1.1554 |

30 35 40 45

Jïïi «4 1.1677 1.196o 1.228o 1.265o

Na2SiO3 [JAB] (288)**; (345, 5 7 7 , 602) [LJQ]

% | dì» II % I dì0 II % I ffl II % I dj° 1 1.0039 6 1.0331 10 1.0578 14 1.0837 2 1.0096 8 1.0453 12 1.0706 16 1.0971 4 1.0212 NaC2H2ClO2, Chloroacetate [JAB] (377, 378, 463, 586)** %| 0.1 I 0.2 I 0.4 I 0.6 I 0.8 I 1.0 d48|0.999 206|0.999 790| 1.000 958| 1.002 126| 1.003 296| 1.004 466 %....I LO I 2 I 4 I 6 I 8 I 10 I 12 dì0 11.0040| 1.009911.021711.033511.0454J 1.0573l 1.0693

1 2

I

k-(514)|

1.0017 1.0063 1.0157 1.0253 1.0351

NaC2Cl3O2, Trichloroacetate [JAB] (377, 378, 463)**

%|

=

NaC6H5SO3, Benzenesulfonate [JAB]; 4.50%, df = 1.0164 (529)

J25 4

C7 /O

NaC2H5SO4, Ethyl sulfate [JAB] (i 55) I ^ 2 - 4 II % I di" [I % I d? I 1.1699 || 39.89 | 1.2380 || 32.09 | 1.1689

% 32.97

Na2C9H14O4, Azelate [JAB] (376) O/ I /O \

325

C

1.0342 1.0395

NaC7H4ClO21 m-Chlorobenzoate [JAB] (376) %l di' I) % I dì' [I % I di' Jl % I di' 1 1.0015 6 1.0240 10 1.0426 14 I 1.0619 2 1.0059 8 1.0332 12 1.0522 16 1.0718 4 1.0149

%l 1 2 4 6

d\* H % I 1.0094 8 1.0203 10 1.0425 12 1.0652 14 (

x 3.90 3.36 2.40 2.06 1.69

d\8 » % I d\* [I 1.0884 16 1.1866 1.1122 18 1.2123 1.1365 20 1.2385 1.1613 22 1.2653

% I d\* " 24 1.2926 26 1.3204

Na2O^SiO2 [JAB] (578) [LJG]; values of < I 1% I 2% I 4% I 6% 8% I 1.006 1.014 1.030 1.046 1.063 1.006 1.014 1.030 1.047 1.065 1.007 1.016 1.034 1.052 1.071 1.007 1.016 1.035 1.054 1.073 1.007 1.017 1.036 1.056 1.077

x 3.90 3.36 2.40 2.06 1.69

\ 12% I 1.098 1.101 1.110 1.113 1.119 I

x 3.90 3.36 2.44 2.06 1.69

I 24% I 26% I 28% I 1.211 1.232 1.253 1.222 1.244 1.267 1.285 1.247 1.271 1.296 1.259 1.284 1.310

10% 1.080 1.083 1.090 1.093 1.098

14% 16% I 18% 20% 22% 1.116 1.134 1.153 1.172 1.191 1.120 1.139 1.159 1.179 1.200 1.130 1.151 1.134 1.156 1.178 1.200 1.223 1.141 I 1.163 1.186 | 1.210 | 1.234 30% | 1.275 1.290 1.309 1.321 1.337

32% | 34% 1.298 1.314 1.339 1.334 1.360 1.346 1.371 1.365 1.394

Na2Û .rrSiO 2.—(Continued) I 36% I 38% I 40% I 45% | 50% | 55% 1.365 1.393 1.387 1.415 1.445 1.397 1.423 1.450 1.520 1.594 1.673 1.424 1.456

x 3.36 2.44 2.06 1.69

Na2SnO3 [JAB] (6Q2)** ; (460) [LJG]

%|

u % l «g» [I % l

ffl

ffl

u % I

ffl

Na 2 Mg(SO 4 ) 2 [GS]; d\6 = 1.0665 with 7%; =1.0766 with 8%; = 1.0867 with 9% ( 55 O)

(550)

IIll

4

o70r

11.007861. 2 1.0165 8 4 1.0343 10 Na 2 CrO 4 07 i 70 I

1 2 4 6

%l 1 2 4 6 8 C/07

/718 Q4

II Il

07 70

^15

I

I

Uj

(I

[I

o / l1 70

J15

<%4

Il

U

0/O 7

\

|

15 ^ ^4

0526121.1102Ï81.1724 1.0713 14 1.1304 20 1.1943 1.0905 16 1.1511 22 1.2168 [JAB] (288)**. (4 63, 566) [LJG] ^718 ^4

I I

Ii Il

07 /O

I I

/718 ^4

II Ij

o? /O

I \

x718 ^4

1.0074 1.0163 1.0344 1.0529

8 1.0718 16 1.1518 24 1.2383 10 1.0912 18 1.1728 26 1.2611 12 1.1110 20 1.1942 14 1.1312 22 1.2160 Na 2 Cr 2 O 7 [JAB] (S75)** ; (463) [LJG] «ff Il % I dl5 Il % I d? Il % I ^6 1.006 10 1.070 20 1.140 30 1.207 1.013 12 1.084 22 1.153 35 1.244 1.027 14 1.098 24 1.166 40 1.279 1.041 16 1.112 26 1.179 45 1.312 1.056 18 1.126 28 1.193 50 1.342 Na 2 W0 4 t [LJG] (207) f1 a

lb

* (602)*

I

20 ari

* (481)*

07 /0

15 a/7

± (602)*

ad

20

± o/ (481)* | /0

15 d /7

J20 * (481)* d

* (602)*

1 1.0082 1.0074 141.1376 1.1372 281.3182 1.3146 2 1.0174 1.0166 16 1.1606 1.1598 30 1.347s 1.3444 4 1.0359 1.0354 18 1.1846 1.1833 32 1.3769 1.3756 6 1.0548 1.0546 20 1.2096 1.2076 34 1.4069 1.4084 8 1.0743 1.0742 22 1.2355 1.2328 36 1.4372 1.4428 10 1.0945 1.0944 24 1.2622 1.2590 38 1.4786 12 1.1156 1.1154 26 1.289s 1.2862 40 1.5156 t Isotherms are inconsistent. Six-point figures indicate only that uncertainty which is due to interpolation.

2Na2O.P205.24W03 [LJG] (65) % I dl° [I % I dl° [I % I < u 10 1.091 20 1.198 30 1.336 12 1.110 22 1.223 35 1.418 14 1.130 24 1.249 40 1.510 16 1.152 26 1.277 45 1.614 18 1.175 28 1.306 50 1.733 NaVO3 [LJG] (602) % l < I l % I dlQ Il % I d™ II % ~1 1.0060 4 1.0302 8 1 0640 12 2 1.0140 6 1.0469 10 1.0814

% 1 2 4 6 8

I d? [I 1.007 1.016 1.034 1.053 1.072

% I d? 55 1.871 60 2.033

[BTB] 378, I I

(492)**; (12, 98, 106, 248, 279, 290, 328, 342, 344,

387, 432, 449, 451, 463, 519, 529, 555, 6 6 6 ) > o , ( 2 1 1 ) ~r№>lì ^4 l|

07 /O

^Ï5Ti U4 u

1.0083 10 1.0918 1.0175 11 1.1013 1.0267 12 1.1108 1.0359 13 1.1203 1.0452 14 1.1299 1.0544 15 1.1396 1.0637 16 1.1493 1.0730 17 1.1590 1.0824 18 1.1688 19 1.1786

4 5 6 7 8 9

NaCu(CN) 2 [WCS]; d\° = 1.004o with 1%; = 1.009s with 2%; = 1.0212 with 4% (602) NaMnO 4 [LJG]; with 3.55%, d? = 1.0221 (529) Na2MoO4 [JAB] (6Q2) [LJG] rifl15

% I df 12 1.1327

Na 2 B 4 O 7 [JAB] (225)** ; (28, 205, 206, 241, 242) [LJG]; d\5 = 1.0084 with 1 %; = 1.0179 with 2 %; = 1.0274 with 3 %

1 1.006 6 1.051 12 1.107 18 1.166 KOH 2 1.015 8 1.069 14 1.126 20 1.187 4 1.033 10 1.088 I 16 | 1.146 07 /O 1 NaHgCl3 [GS]; d / = 1.09514 with 11.0736%; = 1.13296 with ~~1 55 14.9370% ( O) 2 Na2Cd(SO4MGS]X8 - 1.0911 with9.56%; = 1.1145with 11.80% 3

o70/ lI

NaBO2 [JAB] (602) [LJG] % I ffl Il % I df Il 4 1.0417 8 1.0866 6 1.0640 10 1.1095

%l ffl Il 1 1.0089 2 1.0198

07 70

l I

~r№ M4

îl H

C / i 70 I

20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29

1.1884 1.1984 1.2083 1.2184 1.2285 1.2387 1.2489 1.2592 1.2695 1.2800

30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39

I

51

I

^ &4

M 11

1.2905 1.3010 1.3117 1.3224 1.3331 1.3440 1.3549 1.3659 1.3769 1.3879

O/ /O

40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49

I I

^ a

4

1.3991 1.4103 1.4215 1.4329 1.4443 1.4558 1.4673 1.4790 1.4907 1.5025

%

[I

d\5

U 1.5143 I 1.5262 | 1.5355 | 1.5382

50

51.7f I

52

fSatd. soin. C 1 » 6 ). KF [JAB] (287, 548)**; (36, 45, 101, 190, 225, 246, 342)

%| 48 II % 1 2 4 6

1.0072 1.0159 1.0334 1.0512

dy y % i ^3 y % i ^8 ~

8 10 12 14

1.0693 1.0877 1.1064 1.1254

16 18 20 22

1.1448 1.1646 1.1847 1.2052

24 26

1.2260 1.2471

KCl, see p. 87 KClO 3 [JAB]

(268, 548) ; « (206)**; (287, 511)*; (84,

106,

342, 343, 344, 360, 361, 449, 509, 510, 529, 561, 583)^

a

(271)

[LJG] 0

C O

1% 1.0061

2% 1.0124

3% 1.0189

4% 1.0256

10 18 20 25 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

1.0059 1.0049 1.0045 1.0034 1.0020 0.9986 0.9944 0.9895 0.9841 0.9781 0.9716 0.9646

1.0122 1.0113 1.0109 1.0099 1.0085 1.0051 1.0008 0.9959 0.9905 0.9845 0.9780 0.9709

1.0187 1.0178 1.0174 1.0165 1.0151 1.0116 1.0073 1.0024 0.9970 0.9910 0.9845 0.9774

1.0254 1.0245 1.0241 1.0233 1.0218 1.0183 1.0140 1.0091 1.0036 0.9977 0.9912 0.9840

5%

1.0312

I

6%

1.0380

% I 45 ( 4 6 ) II

%

I ^l5 ( 46 ) II

%

I d\b (46) [I

%

I d\5 (46)

1 1.0056 2 1.0122 4 1.0253 6f 1.0385

8 10 12 14

1.0518 1.0651 1.0786 1.0923

16 18 20 22

1.1063 1.1206 1.1352 1.1502

24

1.1657

% 1.8

dj' 1.01Os

t Solutions above ca. 6 % are supersaturated. KClO 4 [LJG] (602)**; (99)

I

< 1.0991

% l dl5 ' u 0.1 0.9997 0.2 1.0004 0.4 1.0016

% 0.6 0.8 1.0

d? II % I dl5 U 1.0029 1.2 1.0067 1.0041 1.4 1.0079 1.0054 1.6 1.0092

KCl [JAB] (24, 26, 150)9a (364, 367, 370)**. (20, 21, 25, 58, 83, 84, 110, 250, 256),a (219, 256)*; (1, 2, 18, 22, 27, 36, 37, 38, 45, 101,

105,

106, 125, 144, 151, 190, 199, 201, 206, 215, 219, 221, 223, 224, 225, 228, 246, 261, 269, 277, 278, 297, 312, 313, 314, 344, 347, 360, 361

378, (37,

385, 418, 425, 447, 448, 449, 451, 452, 459, 487, 505, 511, 517, 519, 520, 529, 533, 547, 573, 583, 589, 592, 618, 629, 632, 63 38, 151, 159, 211, 271, 448, 606, 609)

% I Q0C I IQ0C I 2Q0C I 250C | 3O0C | 4O0C | 5O0C | 6O0C | 8O0C | 1OQ0C ïÏ7006611.006271.004631.003421.001980.998470.994260.98940.97800.9646 2 1.01335 1.01280 1.01103 1.00977 1.00829 1.00471 1.00046 0.9956 0.9842 0.9708 4 1.02690 1.02595 1.02391 1.02255 1.02099 1.01727 1.01294 1.0080 0.9966 0.9834 6 1.04055 1.03920 1.03690 1.03544 1.03380 1.02995 1.02554 1.0206 1.0092 0.9960 8 1.05431 1.05257 1.05003 1.04847 1.04675 1.04278 1.03829 1.0333 1.0219 1.0088 10 1.06820 1.06609 1.06332 1.06167 1.05987 1.05578 1.05122 1.0461 1.0347 1.0218 12 1.08222 1.07978 1.07679 1.07506 1.07318 1.06897 1.06435 1.0592 1.0478 1.0350 14 1.09638 1.09366 1.09046 1.08865 1.08669 1.08237 1.07770 1.0725 1.0611 1.0483 16 1.11068 1.10775 1.10434 1.10245 1.10041 1.09600 1.09128 1.0861 1.0746 1.0619 18 1.12513 1.12207 1.11845 1.11647 1.11435 1.10987 1.10510 1.0998 1.0884 1.0757 20 1.13973 1.13663 1.13280 1.13072 1.12852 1.12399 1.11917 1.1138 1.1024 1.0897 22 1.15449 1.15144 1.14740 1.14521 1.14294 1.13836 1.13349 1.1281 1.1166 1.1040 24 1.16226 1.15995 1.15762 1.15299 1.14807 1.1425 1.1311 1.1185 26 1.17495 1.17254 1.16788 1.16291 1.1573 1.1458 1.1333 28 1.18304 1.17802 1.1723 1.1609 1.1483 ~^7

/O (373)

~ 720.004 <*4

~

%

/O

( 373)

"" 720.004 *«

^C

KBrO3 L[JAB] J v(«4, 509, 510)

^ o 7Q Of 7 AK C7 1Q «9 O/

(m)o./0Lo.u%

%

0.01 0.99829644 0.050.9985555? 110 0.97330.9978 1.0388 0.02 0.99836135 0.060.99862004 120 0.96630.9899 1.0313 0.03 0.99842620 0.070.9986843s 130 0.95830.9827 1.0238 0.04 0.99849095 140 0.95020.9745 1.0159 KBr [JAB] (25, 26), a (367)** ; (83, 84, no, 287, 548) ; a (203,

1 2 3 4 5

I

Q0C

—J ' ! ' ! Î ! ' i °c I *% I 2 % I 4 % I 6 % I 8 % I 1Q% O 1.00732 1.01484 1.03016 1.04584 1.06189 1.07833 10 1.00704 1.01442 1.02945 1.04483 1.06058 1.07672 20 1.00542 1.01268 1.02747 1.04261 1.05811 1.07399 25 1.00421 1.01143 1.02612 1.04116 1.05656 1.07235 30 1.00277 1.00995 1.02456 1.03952 1.05484 1.07055 40 0.99928 1.00639 1.02087 1.03570 1.05090 1.06649 50 0.99505 1.00211 1.01648 1.03120 1.04629 1.06176 60 0.9902 0.9972 1.0115 1.0261 1.0411 1.0565 sn O QR<57 O QQQQ 1i.uiô OU^ li.u^y^ 02Q4 1i.u^ô 0446 su uO. yQ787 < s / u.yöö/ u.yyyy inn n QK^ n Q799 n QSftt i nnnq i ni^7 i mnq 100 0.9003 0.9722 0.9803 1.UUU9 1.U157 1.UJU9 0 C I 12% I 14% 16% I 18% I 20% I 22% O 1.09517 1.11243 1.13012 1.14826 1.16687 1.18597 10 1.09327 1.11025 1.12768 1.14558 1.16396 1.18285 20 1.09028 1.10701 1.12420 1.14187 1.16005 1.17876 25 1.08855 1.10518 1.12227 1.13985 1.15794 1.17655 30 1.08667 1.10323 1.12025 1.13775 1.15575 1.17427 40 1.08249 1.09892 1.11580 1.13314 1.15097 1.16931 50 1.07763 1.09392 1.11065 1.12785 1.14554 1.16374 60 1.0724 1.0886 1.1053 1.1224 1.1401 1.1582 80 1.0603 1.0765 1.0930 1.1100 1.1276 1.1456 100 1.0466 1.0627 1.0792 1.0962 1.1136 1.1316 , O0C i 24% 26% I 28% | 30% 35% | 40% ~0 1.20559 1.22576 10

20 25 30 40 50 60 80 100

2 3 4 5

1.21784 1.21541 1.21294 1.20764 1.20180 1.1961 1.1832 1.1691

1.23825 1.23570 1.23313 1.22769 1.22173 1.2160 1.2030 1.1888

1.25927 1.25660 1.25392 1.24838 1.24230 1.2365 1.2233 1.2090

1.31467 1.31173 1.30887 1.30306 1.29674 1.2907 1.2771 1.2627

1.37457 1.37149 1.36851 1.36247 1.35593 1.3496 1.3356 1.3211

60°C

I

0.9906

70°C 0.9851

1.0044 1.0030 1.0119 1.0104 1.0194 1.0179 1.0270 1.0255 1.0346 1.0332 I

80°C 0.9792

I

0.9996 1.0070 1.0145 1.0221 1.0297

90°C I 100°C ! ! 0.9728 0.9658

!

1.0028 0.9979 0.9925 0.9866 0.9803 0.9733 1.0103 1.0054 1.0000 0.9941 0.9878 0.9808 1.0178 1.0129 1.0075 1.0017 0.9954 0.9885 1.0254 1.0205 1.0151 1.0094 1.0031 0.9962

' KI, see p. 88 KIO3 [JAB] (548), a (206)** ; (84, 287)* ; (250, 360, 361, 529, 583) [LJG] OQ | ^% 2%—j—3% i l ° C f%—j—2~%—Ì 3%T~ ° i niA7 i noL. *n In QQAQ i nn*a i mis 1 1.0082 1.0167 1.0254 50 0.9969 1.0058 1.0148 10 1 00 . 1 i.uuöi i.uioo i.uz^ò t>u u.yyzi i.uuii i.uiuj 70 0.9868 0.9958 1.0050 18f i .00711 1.01572 1.02446 20 1.0068 1.0155 1.0243 80 0.9808 0.9899 0.9992 25 1.0057 1.0144 1.0232 90 0.9744 0.9835 0.9928 30 1.0043 1.0131 1.0220 100 0.9674 0.9764 0.9856 40 1.0010 1.0098 1.0188 t î8= 1.03334 with 4 %• = 1.04236 with 5%; = 1.05153 with 6 %. K2SO3 [JAB] (602)**. (519) [LJG] — J1 ., . .. ' . -^ .. . ^15 -A! ^ U /£_J ^ 1! ^_J ^ H % I ?* 1 !-007S 8 1.0667 16 1.1402 24 1.2197 2 1 0155 10 1 0844 18 1 1596 26 1 2404 ^ ^ ^ ^ 4 1 0322 12 ^ 1.1026 20 1.1793 6 1.0493 14 1.1212 22 1.1993 K S

* °*> ^P' 88

1.20227 1.22225

1.19802 1.19570 1.19333 1.18819 1.18248 .1.1769 1.1641 1.1501

ì " a v(206)** ' '; v(360, 361) ' L[LJG] IQ0C | 2Q0C | 25°C I 3O0C I 4O0C

1.0074 1.0072 1.00562 1.0150 1.0148 1.01308 1.0227 1.0224 1.02061 1.0304 1.0301 1.02821 1.0383 1.0379 1.03587

375, 609)*; (1, 12, 36, 45, 106, 144, 190, 201, 206, 221, 225, 228, —g^ 246, 261, 277, 307, 312, 313, 319, 322, 344, 360, 361, 378, 447, 451, — 1 459 519 530 547 573 589 596 618) « 151) °'9954 } a {

I

K 2 S 2 O 6 [JAB] (276)**; (529) %

[LJG]

| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 11.0049911.0117911.0186311.0255111.032441l. 03943 _ r T A R W 6 0 2 ^ n TPl Ji2S2U7 LJAJÌJ ( ; LJ^JUJ 5 5 %l ^ Il % | ^ Il % I 45 Il % I 4s 1 1.0067 6 1.0450 12 1.0926 18 1.1421 2 1.0143 8 1.0606 14 1.1089 20 1.1589 4 1.0296 10 1.0765 16 1.1254 22 1.1759

KI [JAB] (26), a (368)**; (25, 83, 84, 110, 250, 2 8 7 ) ,a (203)*; (1, 2, 12, 27, 36, 45, 57, 101, 106, 190, 201, 206, 221, 223, 224, 225, 228, 246, 261, 269, 2 7 7 , 307, 312, 315, 319, 322, 342, 344, 360, 361, 378, 447, 517,519, 530, 533, 547, 550, 573, 583, 589, 596, 618, 660),a (151,

587)

% 1 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 35 40 45 50 55

Q0C I IQ0C I 2O0C I 250C I 3O0C | 1.00742 1.00715 1.00554 1.00434 1.00290 1.01508 1.01468 1.01297 1.01172 1.01024 1.03070 1.03004 1.02811 1.02677 1.02521 1.04675 1.04582 1.04367 1.04223 1.04059 1.06324 1.06204 1.05966 1.05812 1.05640 1.08019 1.07872 1.07610 1.07446 1.07266 1.09762 1.09588 1.09302 1.09128 1.08939 1.11555 1.11354 1.11044 1.10860 1.10662 1.13401 1.13173 1.12839 1.12645 1.12438 1.15303 1.15048 1.14689 1.14485 1.14269 1.17263 1.16981 1.16597 1.16383 1.16158 1.19284 1.18975 1.18566 1.18342 1.18108 1.21369 1.21033 1.20599 1.20365 1.20121 1.23521 1.23158 1.22700 1.22455 1.22201 1.25743 1.25353 1.24872 1.24615 1.24352 1.28037 1.27622 1.27118 1.26849 1.26577 1.34120 1.33641 1.33082 1.32787 1.32490 1.40745 1.40203 1.39590 1.39269 1.38945 1.47992 1.47387 1.46721 1.46374 1.46022 1.55961 1.55294 1.54575 1.54203 1.53822 1.64772 1.64044 1.63272 1.62875 1.62464

I

K 2 SO 4 [JAB] (250, 603), a (203, 370)**; (20, 21), a (219)*; (1, 11, 22, 36, 101, 106, 144, 147, 1 5 1 , 1 5 5 , 184, 190, 206, 219, 221, 223,

224, 225, 246, 261, 297, 312, 342, 344, 360, 361, 374, 378, 385, 405, 415, 422, 425, 432, 449, 451, 505, 517, 519, 529, 573, 585, 598, 615, 618, 629), a (151) 0

C I 1% 2% I 4% I 6% I 8% I 10% O 1.0084 1.0170 1.0342 1.0516 10 1.0080 1.0163 1.0331 1.0501 1.0673 20 1.0063 1.0145 1.0310 1.0477 1.0646 1.0817 25 1.0051 1.0132 1.0296 1.0462 1.0630 1.0800 30 1.0037 1.0117 1.0280 1.0445 1.0612 1.0781 40 1.0001 1.0081 1.0242 1.0406 1.0572 1.0740 50 0.9959 1.0038 1.0198 1.0361 1.0526 1.0693 60 0.9911 0.9989 1.0148 1.0310 1.0475 1.0642 80 0.9796 0.9874 1.0033 1.0195 1.0360 1.0527 100 0.9662 0.9741 0.9901 1.0063 1.0227 1.0393 K2S2O8 [JAB] (602) [LJG]; d\* = 1.0057 with 1 %; = 1.0123 with 2% K2S3O6 [JAB] (276) [LJG] o/ /O

1 2

d™ fl 4

Il H

07 /O

I\

^ U>4

Il

l|

c/ /O

II

20

,7 ^

4

H[ I

1 2 4 6 8

,71S U4

1.0045 1.0105 1.0224 1.0343 1.0463

Il Il

KHSO4 [JAB] (225, 248, 451), 0

C O 10 15 20 25 30 40

I

10 12 14 16 18

I I

,718 «4

1.0583 1.0704 1.0826 1.0949 1.1072

Il H

0/ %

20 22 24 26 28

I I

JlS ^4

1.1196 1.1321 1.1447 1.1574 1.1701

h Il

30 35 40 45 50

(203)**. (342, 405)*; (432)

0

C I 12% I 14% I 16% I 18% I 20% I 22% O 1.0924 1.1086 1.1250 10 1.0890 1.1048 1.1208 151 1.0871 1.1027 1.1185 1.1345 1.1508 1.1673 20 1.0850 1.1004 1.1161 25 1.0827 1.0980 1.1136 30 1.0804 1.0956 1.1110 40 1.0752 1.0902 1.1055 t dì5 = 1.1841 with 24%; .- 1.2012 with 26%.

r! &4

o/ /O

QJ %

a

1% I 2% I 4% I 6% I 8% I 10% 1.0073 1.0148 1.0299 1.0452 1.0607 1.0764 1.0068 1.0139 1.0284 1.0431 1.0581 1.0734 1.0061 1.0131 1.0273 1.0418 1.0566 1.0717 1.0051 1.0120 1.0260 1.0403 1.0549 1.0698 1.0039 1.0107 1.0245 1.0386 1.0530 1.0677 1.0024 1.0091 1.0228 1.0367 1.0509 1.0655 0.9987 1.0052 1.0185 1.0321 1.0461 1.0605

4 6

O/ %

6O0C | 8O0C | 10O0C 0.9903 0.9788 0.9653 0.9975 0.9859 0.9723 1.0121 1.0003 0.9867 1.0271 1.0152 1.0014 1.0425 1.0305 1.0166 1.0584 1.0462 1.0321 1.0748 1.0623 1.0482 1.0916 1.0790 1.0647 1.1089 1.0961 1.0818 1.1268 1.1138 1.0993 1.1453 1.1321 1.1174 1.1643 1.1509 1.1361 1.1840 1.1704 1.1554 1.2044 1.1905 1.1753 1.2254 1.2113 1.1959 1.2472 1.2329 1.2173 1.3050 1.2901 1.2740 1.3682 1.3527 1.3361 1.4377 1.4215 1.4044 1.5143 1.4975 1.4799 1.5993 1.5818 1.5637

2Q

1.02443 8 1.05144 12 1.07950 1.03782 10 1.06532 K 2 S 4 O 6 [JAB] (276) [LJG] %| < Il % I < Il % I
1.00471 1.01124

20

4O0C | 5O0C | 0.99940 0.98522 1.00667 1.00236 1.02151 1.01705 1.03674 1.03216 1.05241 1.04771 1.06853 1.06371 1.08512 1.08018 1.10220 1.09714 1.11980 1.11461 1.13795 1.13262 1.15668 1.15120 1.17601 1.17038 1.19597 1.19019 1.21660 1.21066 1.23794 1.23183 1.26002 1.25373 1.31867 1.31191 1.38272 1.37548 1.45297 1.44524 1.53042 1.52222 1.61627 1.60756

I I

J18 ^4

1.1829 1.2152 1.2479 1.2810 1.3144

KOH.KHS [JAB] (52) [LJG] %| 1 2 4 6 8 10

d\* I] 1.0057 1.0129 1.0274 1.0420 1.0564 1.0714

% I d? [I 12 1.0863 14 1.1014 16 1.1167 18 1.1323 20 1.1481 22 1.1640

% I d\* H % I d? ~ 24 1.1801 45 1.3630 26 1.1964 50 1.4106 28 1.2130 55 1.4598 30 1.2297 35 1.2726 40 1.3170

KOH.3KHS [JAB] (52) [LJG] %| 1 2 4 6 8

d\* Il % I ^8 Il % I d? Il % I di' ~ 1.0047 10 1.0599 20 1.1224 30 1.1869 1.0108 12 1.0723 22 1.1351 35 1.2202 1.0230 14 1.0847 24 1.1479 40 1.2544 1.0353 16 1.0972 26 1.1608 45 1.2894 1.0476 18 1.1098 28 1.1738 50 1.3252

3KOH.KHS [JAB] (52) [LJG] Jf Il % I d\* I] % I dj8 Il 1.0061 12 1.0894 24 1.1839 1.0136 14 1.1049 26 1.2001 1.0286 16 1.1205 28 1.2165 1.0437 18 1.1362 30 1.2330 1.0588 20 1.1520 35 1.2750 1.0740 22 1.1679 40 1.3184 K2SeO3 [JAB] (6Q2)** ; (463) [LJG] % | a? Il % I d» Il % I d\* [I 1 1.007 6 1.051 12 1.106 2 1.016 8 1.069 14 1.125 4 1.034 10 1.088 16 1.145 K2SeO4 [JAB] (602, 614)** [LJG]

%| 1 2 4 6 8 10

%l

di'

Il

1 2

1.0073 1.0156

%i

ffl

%

d\*

I

4 6

Il %

1.0324 1.0494

I

8 10

î5

Il

1.0668 1.0845

Il % I dî° Ii % i

% I cff 45 1.3635 50 1.4107 55 1.4603

% 1 18 20

%

I

12 14

d\* • 1.166 1.187

"di' 1.1026 1.1212

» % i df "

ffl

36 1.3620 40 1.4140 44 1.4695 48 1.5283 38 1.3876 42 1.4413 46 1.4985 50 1.5590 KHSeO3 [LJG]; with 5.57%, dj° = 1.0415 (463) K2TeO3 [JAB] (602) [LJG] %| d4* Il % d\* I l % I d\* II % I d\* 1 2 4

1.0075 1.0160 1.0334 %

6 8 10

I O0C

1 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34

1.0059 1.0118 1.0237 1.0358 1.0480 1.0603 1.0727 1.0853 1.0982 1.1113 1.1245 1.1378 1.1512 1.1647 1.1783 1.1919 1.2055 1.2191

1.0514 12 1.1085 1.0699 14 1.1287 1.0889 16 1.1496 KN3 [LJG] (74)

I IQ0C 1.0054 1.0111 1.0226 1.0342 1.0459 1.0578 1.0700 1.0824 1.0949 1.1076 1.1204 1.1334 1.1465 1.1597 1.1731 1.1865 1.1999 1.2133

I 2O0C 1.0037 1.0093 1.0206 1.0319 1.0434 1.0550 1.0669 1.0790 1.0913 1.1036 1.1161 1.1288 1.1417 1.1547 1.1678 1.1809 1.1941 1.2074

I 250C 1.0026 1.0081 1.0192 1.0304 1.0418 1.0534 1.0651 1.0770 1.0891 1.1014 1.1138 1.1264 1.1391 1.1520 1.1650 1.1781 1.1912 1.2045

18 20 22

| 3O0C 1.0012 1.0067 1.0177 1.0289 1.0402 1.0516 1.0632 1.0750 1.0869 1.0990 1.1113 1.1238 1.1365 1.1493 1.1622 1.1752 1.1883 1.2015

1.1711 1.1932 1.2160 | 4O0C 0.9976 1.0031 1.0140 1.0250 1.0361 1.0473 1.0587 1.0702 1.0819 1.0938 1.1059 1.1183 1.1308 1.1435 1.1563 1.1692 1.1822 1.1952

% 1 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34

KN3.—(Continued) I 5O0G I 6O0G I 7O0C | 8O0C 9O0C | IQO0C 0.9934 0.9885 0.9831 0.9772 0.9708 0.9639 0.9987 0.9938 0.9884 0.9826 0.9762 0.9695 1.0094 1.0044 0.9991 0.9934 0.9872 0.9806 1.0203 1.0152 1.0099 1.0043 0.9982 0.9918 1.0313 1.0261 1.0209 1.0153 1.0093 1.0030 1.0424 1.0372 1.0319 1.0264 1.0205 1.0143 1.0536 1.0484 1.0430 1.0376 1.0318 1.0257 1.0651 1.0598 1.0543 1.0489 1.0433 1.0372 1.0767 1.0713 1.0658 1.0604 1.0548 1.0488 1.0885 1.0831 1.0775 1.0720 1.0664 1.0605 1.1006 1.0950 1.0893 1.0838 1.0782 1.0723 1.1128 1.1070 1.1012 1.0957 1.0901 1.0842 1.1251 1.1192 1.1133 1.1077 1.1020 1.0961 1.1376 1.1316 1.1256 1.1198 1.1141 1.1081 1.1503 1.1441 1.1379 1.1320 1.1262 1.1203 1.1630 1.1566 1.1503 1.1443 1.1384 1.1325 1.1758 1.1693 1.1629 1.1567 1.1507 1.1448 1.1886 1.1820 1.1755 1.1692 1.1630 1.1572 KNO 2 [JAB] (106, 468)** [LJG]

"OT] % i

/717-5TI ^4 11

C/ %

1 2 4 6 8 10 12

1.005 1.011 1.024 1.037 1.049 1.062 1.075

14 16 18 20 22 24 26

i I

,717.5 ^4

il II

^ %

1.088 1.102 1.116 1.130 1.144 1.158 1.172

i I

28 30 35 40 45 50 55

J17.5Tj "4 H

^ %

i I

1.187 1.203 1.242 1.284 1.329 1.378 1.430

60 65 70 75

J17.5 ^4

1.484 1.540 1.598 1.658

KNO3, v. infra K 3 PO 4 [LJG]

%

I

dì0 (468)

3.54

I

1.0345

(203,t 463)

%

I

d4S(203)

17.98

|

1.1805

I]

II

t For a, 0-3O0C, 9.7 and 18 %, v. (2o 3).

K2HPO3 [LJG]; with 3.96%, dj° = 1.0308 (463) KH2PO3 [LJG]; with 4.00%, dj° = 1.0238 (463) K2HPO4 [LJG]; with 8.23%, dj5 = 1.0569 (^); with 27.58%, dì8 = 1.2633 (203). For a at 0-4O0C, 8, 15 and 28%, v. (203) KH2PO4, see p. 90 K3AsO4 [LJG]; with 4.27%, dj° = 1.0390 (463) KH2AsO4 [LJG]; with 4.50%, dj° = 1.0316 (463) KSbO3 [JAB]; dj° = 1.0067 with 1%; = 1.0152 with 2% (602) [LJG] K4Sb2O7 [JAB]; dj° = 1.0068 with 1%; = 1.0155 with 2% (602) [LJG]

KNO 3 [JAB] (84, 250, 256, 448, 449, 451, 452)^ a (256, 370)**- (20); « (203, 211)*; (1, 36, 87, 101, 106, 144, 190, 206, 215, 219, 221, 223, 224, 225, 228, 246, 269, 271, 312, 342, 344, 360, 361, 385, 422, 519, 529, 533, 536, 573, 583, 592, 629, 660)â (151, 605)

% 1 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24

I

O0C 1.00654 1.01326 1.02677 1.04041 1.05419 1.06812 1.08221

I

IQ0C 1.00615 1.01262 1.02566 1.03887 1.05226 1.06584 1.07963

I 2O0C 1.00447 1.01075 1.02344 1.03632 1.04940 1.06269 1.07620 1.08994 1.10392 1.11814 1.13261 1.14734 1.16233

I 250C 1.00324 1.00946 1.02203 1.03479 1.04775 1.06093 1.07433 1.08796 1.10183 1.11595 1.13033 1.14497 1.15988

| 3O0C 1.00178 1.00794 1.02038 1.03301 1.04584 1.05889 1.07217 1.08569 1.09947 1.11351 1.12782 1.14240 1.15726

| 4O0C 0.99825 1.00430 1.01652 1.02892 1.04152 1.05434 1.06740 1.08072 1.09432 1.10821 1.12240 1.13691 1.15175

|

5O0C 0.99401 0.99999 1.01207 1.02432 1.03676 1.04941 1.06229 1.07542 1.08882 1.10251 1.11650 1.13080 1.14543

|

6O0C 0.9890 0.9949 1.0068 1.0189 1.0313 1.0439 1.0567 1.0698 1.0831 1.0967 1.1106 1.1247 1.1391

| 8O0C 0.9776 0.9834 0.9951 1.0070 1.0192 1.0316 1.0442 1.0571 1.0703 1.0837 1.0974 1.1113 1.1256

| IQQ0C 0.9641 0.9699 0.9816 0.9935 1.0056 1.0179 1.0304 1.0432 1.0562 1.0695 1.0831 1.0969 1.1110

KH2PO4 [LJG] 0

(342,

343)** ; (203,

4SI)*; (463), a

344,

(342,

509,

343),

0

a

0

(203)

KHCO 3 [JAB]

% I OC IQ C 2O C I 25 C 3O C 4O0C Ï1.00741.00701.00541.00421.00270.9992 2 1.0148 1.0142 1.0125 1.0112 1.0097 1.0061 4 1.0293 1.0284 1.0264 1.0251 1.0235 1.0198 6 1.0437 1.0425 1.0403 1.0388 1.0372 1.0334 8 1.0581 1.0567 1.0542 1.0527 1.0510 1.0471 10 1.0729 1.0711 1.0685 1.0669 1.0651 1.0611 12 1.0883 1.0863 1.0835 1.0818 1.0799 1.0758 14 1.1051 1.1028 1.0998 1.0981 1.0962 1.0919 K 2 CO 3 [JAB]

0

(219)** ; (219)* ; (144,

510, 548, 585, 632) ? a (206,

253, 254)

0

261,

312,

°C|

1%

0 10 15f 20 25 30 40

1.0066 1.0064 1.0058 1.0049 1.0038 1.0024 0.9990

% I O0C I IQ0C 2O0C I 250C [ 3O0C | 4O0C 11.00941.00891.00721.0060Ï7o045Ï.0010 2 1.0189 1.0182 1.0163 1.0149 1.0134 1.0098 4 1.0381 1.0369 1.0345 1.0330 1.0314 1.0276 6 1.0574 1.0557 1.0529 1.0513 1.0496 1.0457 8 1.0768 1.0746 1.0715 1.0699 1.0681 1.0640 10 1.0963 1.0937 1.0904 1.0887 1.0868 1.0825 12 1.1160 1.1131 1.1096 1.1078 1.1058 1.1013 14 1.1359 1.1329 1.1291 1.1272 1.1251 1.1204 16 1.1562 1.1530 1.1490 1.1470 1.1448 1.1399 18 1.1768 1.1734 1.1692 1.1672 1.1649 1.1598 20 1.1977 1.1941 1.1898 1.1877 1.1853 1.1801 22 1.2189 1.2152 1.2107 1.2085 1.2061 1.2008 24 1.2405 1.2366 1.2320 1.2297 1.2272 1.2219 26 1.2624 1.2583 1.2536 1.2512 1.2487 1.2434 28 1.2846 1.2804 1.2756 1.2731 1.2705 1.2652 30 1.3071 1.3028 1.2979 1.2953 1.2926 1.2873 35 1.3646 1.3600 1.3548 1.3522 1.3494 1.3440 40 1.4244 1.4195 1.4141 1.4114 1.4086 1.4029 45 1.4867 1.4815 1.4759 1.4731 1.4703 1.4644 50 1.5517 1.5462 1.5404 1.5374 1.5347 1.5285 % I 5O0C 6O0C I 7O0C I 8O0C | 9O0C | IQO0C "10.99680.99190.98640.98030.9739O.9670 2 1.0055 1.0005 0.9950 0.9889 0.9825 0.9756 4 1.0231 1 0180 1.0124 1.0063 0.9999 0.9931 6 1.0410 1.0358 1.0301 1.0239 1.0176 1.0110 8 1.0592 1.0538 1.0480 1.0418 1.0355 1.0291 10 1.0776 1.0720 1.0662 1.0600 1.0538 1.0475 12 1.0963 1.0906 1.0847 1.0786 1.0725 1.0663 14 1.1154 1.1096 1.1036 1.0976 1.0916 1.0854 16 1.1349 1.1290 1.1230 1.1170 1.1111 1.1049 18 1.1547 1.1488 1.1428 1.1368 1.1309 1.1248 20 1.1749 1.1690 1.1630 1.1570 1.1512 1.1451 22 1.1955 1.1896 1.1836 1.1776 1.1719 1.1658 24 1.2165 1.2106 1.2046 1.1986 1.1930 1.1869 26 1.2379 1.2320 1.2260 1.2200 1.2144 1.2083 28 1.2596 1.2538 1.2478 1.2418 1.2361 1.2301 30 1.2816 1.2759 1.2700 1.2640 1.2582 1.2522 35 1.3383 1.3324 1.3266 1.3206 1.3148 1.3089 40 1.3972 1.3913 1.3855 1.3795 1.3737 1.3678 45 1.4587 1.4528 1.4468 1.4408 1.4349 1.4290 50 1.5228 1.5169 1.5109 1.5048 1.4988 1.4928

I

343) ì

4%

(206)**. (432)* [LJQ]

a

Il °C|

1.0134 1.0270 50 1.0132 1.0268 60 1.0125 1.0260 70 1.0117 1.0252 80 1.0106 1.0241 90 1.0092 1.0228 100 1.0058 1.0195

1%

I

0.9949 0.9901 0.9847 0.9786 0.9722 0.9653

2%

I

4%

1.0017 1.0154 0.9969 1.0106 0.9915 1.0053 0.9855 0.9993 0.9791 0.9929 0.9722 0.9860

t d\* = 1.0396 with 6 %; = 1.0534 with 8 %; = 1.0674 with 10 %.

KHC2O4, Acid oxalate [JAB] (208)

328,

[LJG]

(342,

2%

%

I

dl7'5

1

I

2

I

3

I

4

1.0050 I 1.0112 I 1.0174 [ 1.0235

KC 2 H 3 O 2 , Acetate [LJG] (287, 548, 632)**; (529)*; (18, 222, 223, 224, 342, 343, 344, 362, 451, 463, 561, 660) C/ /O

l I

3 Ï 8 i ^4 I

1 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20

3 2 5 T i ^4 il

1.0038 1.0089 1.0191 1.0293 1.0395 1.0497 1.0599 1.0703 1.0808 1.0914 1.1022

^ /O

1.0022 1.0072 1.0173 1.0274 1.0375 1.0476 1.0577 1.0680 1.0784 1.0889 1.0996

i I

TÎ8 #4

22 24 26 28 30 35 40 45 50 55 60

i J

1.1131 1.1241 1.1353 1.1466 1.1579 1.1868 1.2162 1.2460 1.2761 1.3065 1.3372

144, 211, [JAB] 325 ^4

1.1104 1.1213 1.1324 1.1436 1.1549 1.1835 1.2127 1.2423 1.2723 1.3026 1.3330

KC2H3O3, Glycolate [JAB]; with 5.71%, dj° = 1.0428 (463) KC3H6O2, Propionate [JAB] (291)**. ( 46 3) 07 I W» /o I O4 jjI I O/ 7o ii ,7 g4 |jI I C/ 7o \I /718 U4 nH 0/o / 1\ rl a** ~ì1.0029 10 1.0425 20 1.0880 30 1.1349 2 1.0073 12 1.0514 22 1.0973 32 1.1443 4 1.0160 14 1.0604 24 1.1067 34 1.1537 6 1.0248 16 1.0695 26 1.1161 36 1.1632 8 1.0336 18 1.0787 28 1.1255 38 1.1727 1

18

l

KC3H5O3, Lactate [JAB]; with 6.41%, < = 1.0331 (463) KC4H3O8, Tetroxalate [JAB]; ^ 7 - 5 = 1.0041 with 1%; =1.0096 with 2% (208) KC4H5O4, Acid succinate [JAB]; with 5.21%, dj° = 1.0246 (463) KC 4 H 6 O 5 , Acid malate [JAB] (463, 546)** m I 320 n ^ i 3 i o [ i ^ i 320 Tj ^ i 350

%I

11 2 4 6

«4

li

%

I

QE4

II

%

1

#4

II

/O i

^4

.003481.0410161.0865241.1347 1.0087 10 1.0521 18 1.0983 26 1.1471 1.0193 12 1.0634 20 1.1103 1.0301 14 1.0748 22 1.1224

KC4H7O2, w-Butyrate [JAB]; with 6.31%, df = 1.0223 (463) KC4H7O2, Isobutyrate [JAB]; with 6.31%, dj° = 1.0225 (463) KC6H7O7, Dihydrogen citrate [JAB]; with 5.75%, df = 1.0287

(463)

K 2 C 4 H 4 O 4 , Succinate [JAB]; with 4.86%, < = 1.0288 (463) K2C2O4, Oxalate [JAB] (632)**; (250)*; (144, 155, 208, 224, 329, K 2 C 4 H 4 O 5 , Malate [JAB] (546)** ; (463) 342, 343, 432, 451, 463) % (ff Il % I < II % I < II % I ffl " 1 1.0047 12 1.0785 24 1.1662 45 1.338o 1 1.00611.0045 6 1.04411.0421 12 1.09121.0887 2 1.0112 14 1.0926 26 1.1816 50 1.382o 2 1.01361.0119 8 1.05961.0574 14 1.10721.1047 4 1.0244 16 1.1069 28 1.1972 55 1.427o 4 1.02881.0269 10 1.07531.0729 6 1.0377 18 1.1214 30 1.2130 60 1.473o 8 1.0511 20 1.1361 35 1.253o KHCO2, Formate [JAB]; with 4.21 %, d*° - 1.0232; with 13.67%, 10 1.0647 22 1.1510 40 1.295o ay- = 1.0786 (329, 463)

.%i ^4* i df i l % di« i df y % i 48
K2C4H4O6, Tartrate [JAB] (451, 463, 499, soo)** ; (221, 222, 223,

KCNS [JAB] — /O

329, 330, 432, 571, 632)

Il % |

%|- < 1 2 4 6 8

1.0048 1.0114 1.0248 1.0383 1.0519

10 12 14 16 18

Il % |

df 1.0657 1.0798 1.0941 1.1087 1.1236

20 22 24 26 28

df

»

1.1387 1.1540 1.1696 1.1855 1.2017

% | 30 35 40 45 50

<

T

«4

1 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16

№

l

f|

^26

I

»4

1.0054 1.0122 1.0259 1.0398 1.0538 1.0680 1.0824 1.0971 1.1120

^

H

i

%

1.0037 1.0104 1.0239 1.0377 1.0517 1.0659 1.0803 1.0949 1.1097

I

18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34

JÏ8 ^4

325 #4

1.1272 1.1427 1.1584 1.1743 1.1905 1.2070 1.2237 1.2406 1.2578

1.1247 1.1400 1.1556 1.1714 1.1875 1.2039 1.2206 1.2375 1.2547

KC2Cl3O2, Trichloroacetate [JAB]; 10.07%, df = 1.0559 (463) KC2H2ClO2, Chloroacetate [JAB]; with 6.63%, < = 1.0354 (463) KC2HCl2O2, Dichloroacetate [JAB]; with 8.35 %,dj° = 1.0447(463) K 2 CS 3 (K 2 SCS 2 ) [JAB] (143) [LJG] or I

~Ä&>

%I

^4

1.006 1.013 1.028 1.042 1.056 1.070

1 2 4 6 8 10 }

H

OT

!l

l

%

I

^715

^4

Tj

H

1.085 1.100 1.115 1.130 1.146 1.161

! 12 I 14 | 16 18 20 j 22

&

%

i

"jïl

I

^4

1.176 1.191 1.206 1.221 1.261 1.303

24 26 28 30 35 40

il

H

^

%

45 50 55 60 65 70

j

JÏ5

I

«4

1.347 1.393 1.441 1.491 1.544 1.600

3 6

KCH3SO4, Methyl sulfate [JAB]; with 45.79%, ^ - = 1.2914 (155); with 14.67%, df = 1.0794 (329) KC2H5SO4, Hydroxyethyl sulfonate [JAB]; with 4.11%, rff5 = 1.0188 (529)

KC2H5SO4, Ethyl sulfate [JAB]; with 38.60%, dj 2 = 1.2033 (iss) ; with 42.82%, d\* = 1.2315 (iss) ; 15.47%, df = 1.0737 (329) KC6H5SO3, Benzene sulfonate [JAB]; 4.91%, dj6 = 1.0181 (529) K2CH2SaO6, Methane disulfonate [JAB]; 3.15 %,df = 1.0178(529) KCNf

% dj6 df r/f % dj5 d\°

[JAB]

(378)** (2O 0 C);

(342,

343,

6 0 2 ) * * (150C);

(561)

(150C); 517** (250C) [LJG] | l | 2 4 | 6 8 | 10 1.0041 1.0092 1.0194 1.0297 1.0401 1.0506 1.0035 1.0088 1.0195 1.0301 1.0408 1.0514 1.0024 1.0078 1.0187 1.0298

|

12 1.0612 1.0620

14 | 16 | 18 | 1.0718 1.0825 1.0931 l 1.0727

t Isotherms are discordant.

% 1 2 4 6 8

dl5 Jl 1.0051 1.0111 1.0232 1.0355 1.0479

% 10 12 14 16 18

KCNO [JAB] (602) ^5 H % I 1.0603 20 1.0728 22 1.0855 24 1.0983 26 1.1112 28

[LJG] ^5 II % I d? 1.1242 30 1.1908 1.1373 32 1.2046 1.1505 34 1.2185 1.1638 1.1772

KCNSe [LJG]; with 32.77%, dj8 = 1.1514; with 43.55%, dj 2 ' 1 = 1.2455 (663) KSbOC4H4O6, Antimonyl tartrate [JAB] (224) % l 2 3 4 5 6~ dl7'5... 1.005 1.012 1.019 1.026 1.034 1.042

(236, 287, 548)**; (602, 640) [LJG]

— &4

1 2 4 6 8 10 12 14

1.2181 1.2606 1.3051 1.3516 1.4001

K3C6H5O7, Citrate [JAB] (632)** ; (463) ! |

07 %

i \

[I

— /Q

1.0035 1.0085 1.0186 1.0288 1.0391 1.0495 1.0601 1.0708

j \

16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30

— &4

~ /Q

H

1.0817 1.0927 1.1039 1.1152 1.1266 1.1382 1.1500 1.1618

! I

726 #4

35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70

1.1899 1.2200 1.2517 1.2849 1.3195 1.3554 1.3925 1.4307

K2SiO3 [JAB] (602) [LJG] ^20 C&4

O/ /O

c/ /O

Il [I

\ \

,720 4

a

Il Il

J20 4

C7 /O

Il Il

a

C7 /O

\

I

J20 '4

q

1 1.0072 8 1.0727 16 1.1533 24 1.2411 2 1.0163 10 1.0923 18 1.1745 26 1.2644 4 1.0347 12 1.1123 20 1.1962 28 1.2884 6 1.0535 14 1.1326 22 1.2184 K 2 SnO 3 [LJG];^ 0 = 1.212with 22.73%; = 1.379 with 36.53% (602) K2S04.PbSO4 [JAB] (75) [LJG] % 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 df 0.99935 1.00092 1.00252 1.00415 K 2 Zn(SO 4 ) 2 [GS]; with 10%, d\5 = 1.0938 (534) K 2 CdI 4 [GS]

~~Ö7~\ /C \ ~2 4 6 8

^ &4

HÌ1

~r№ ^4

~Öf/O Il

(249)**. (641)

lìU

Ö//O Ii

1.0143101.080818 1.0303 12 1.0988 20 1.0467 14 1.1174 25 1.0635 16 1.1366 30

a^

4,Ï 8 I Ili

C//O Ii

K2HgI4 [GS] (550) 8 10 1.0650 1.0824 2KCLCuCl2 [WCS] (3l9> 32l)

% dl6 %|

dj 6 ?

1 2 4

1.007s 1.015l 1.03Oe

|

%

d 25 ?

6 8 10

1.046s 1.0633 1.08Oo

Il

^18 ^4

1.1564351.3556 1.1766 40 1.4280 1.2310 45 1.5066 1.2903

%

I

12 14 16

12 1.1003 Il

1.096s 1.1142 1.132o

%

dl^

18 20

1.1502 1.168s

K2S04.CuS04 [WCS] (* 89 > * 9 1 > 604) —

-—

—

—

—

/O

Gk4

/o

U^

/O

0.755

" 1.0039

6.874

1.06Qe

KAg(CN)2[WCS] (BQ 2 )

720.2 ^4

14.31

1.0692~

l Wgfr ^^

dl [l % | df [l % | dl5 1.0055 6 1.0387 l 1.0068 1.0120 8 1.0526 2 1.014s 1.0252 4 1.03Oo K2IrCl6 [WCS]; with 1% dl° = 1.005 («02) K2PtCl4 [WCS] (602) %...| l i 2 | 4 | 6 | 8 <.. .[ 1.0057 | 1.0134 j 1.0295 | 1.0460 | 1.062s K2PtCl6 [WCS]; with 1%, df = 1.005 (602) K2PdCl4 [WCS] (602) %l < Il % | < Il % df Il % | df " l 1.0050 Il 2 | 1.0120 u 4 | 1.0265 || 6 1.041s

% 1 2 4

|

KMnO4 [JAB]

% dì5 dî° dft

5

(509,

510,

602,

60S)**; (144,

241,

242,

529,

561)

[LJG] I l I 2 I 3 I 4 I 5 I 6 1.0060 1.0130 1.0200 1.0271 1.0342 1.0414 1.0049 1.0117 1.0185 1.0254 1.0324 1.0037 1.0104 1.0172 1.0240 1.0309 1.0379

t<*4 5 = 1.0450 with 7 %; = 1.0457 with 7.1 % (satd. soin.).

K2MoO4 [JAB] (602) [LJG]

K2SO48Fe2(SO4)St [WCS] (i«**» 208, 225) %

I d\6 ( 2 2 5 ) I

d\ '*

1 2 4 6 8 10

1.0079 1.0167 1.034l 1.0525 1.071l 1.0904

1.0082 1.0179 1.0336 1.047s 1.0617 1.076s

7

II

I d\6 (225)

%

12 14 16 18 20

I

1.11Oo 1.1303 1.151l 1.173l 1.1960

%l

d\

1.0930 l.llOo 1.129s

1 2 4

1.0071 1.0152 1.0316

629)

_ U>4

1 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20

[

1.0047 1.010l 1.0212 1.0325 1.0438 1.0556 1.067l 1.0789 1.0910 l.lOso l.llso

—_ «4

I

— î

1.0034 1.0090 1.020l 1.03U 1.0427 1.0542 1.0656 1.0774 1.0890 l.lOio l.llso

1.0024 1.007s 1.018s 1.03Oo 1.041s 1.0526 1.064l 1.0756 1.0870 1.0990 l.llio

K4Fe(CN)6 [WCS] (291)** ; (511, 536)* ; (158, 221, 266, 506, 629) i

"Z

%

"Tu

|

I

I

#4

1 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16

" J i O i

J

^4

1.005s 1.012s 1.0264 1.0404 1.0545 1.0687 1.0835 1.098s 1.1139

^26

^4

1.005l 1.0119 1.0256 1.0395 1.0536 1.067s 1.082s 1.097l 1.1120

1.0039 1.0106 1.0242 1.0376 1.05U 1.065s 1.0795 1.0942 l. 1089

K 2 CrO 4 [JAB] (548, 602)**; (287)*. (101, 138, 144, 206, 360, 361, 463,

%

I

1 2 4 6 8 10 12 14

533, 561, 566, 629) [LJG]

dl5

\

1.0073 1.0155 1.0321 1.0489 1.0659 1.0832 1.1009

[l

d\*

%

1.0066 1.0147 1.0311 1.0477 1.0647 1.0821 1.0999 1.1181

|

16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30

dj»

1.1366 1.1555 1.1748 1.1945 1.2147 1.2354 1.2566 1.2784

K2Cr2O7 [JAB] (184, 291, 360, 509, 510)**. (361)*; (138, 144, 205, 206,

328, 463, 561, 566) [LJG]

%

I l | 2 dj° 1.0069 1.0141 di* 1.0054 1.0124 dff.... 1.0052 1.0122

| 4 | 6 | 8 | 10 1.0287 1.0435 1.0585 1.0738 1.0266 1.0412 1.0561 1.0264 1.0408 1.0554 1.0703

t With 12 %, ô = 1.0855.

K2SO4.Cr2(S04)3 [JAB] (225)** ; (187, 188) [LJG]

%|

^5

"Violet" 1 1.0086 2 1.0182 4 1.0376 6 1.0573 8 1.0773

Il % |

^46

"Green" l 1.007 2 1.016 4 1.034 6 1.052 8 1.070 10 12

1.089 1.109

Il %

I

d?

"Green" 14 1.129 16 1.150 18 1.171 20 1.193 22 1.216 24 26

1.239 1.263

H % |

d\*

"Green" 28 1.289 30 1.315 35 1.383 40 1.456 45 1.533 50

1.615

I I

1 2 4 6 8

t Discordant data.

I

l]

%

|

6 8

d?

%

[l

1.0484 1.0657

|

10 12

6

[l

dl

1.0834 1.1015

%

|

14 16

dj*

1.1200 1.1389

2K2O.SiO2.12MoO3 [LJG] (*3) O/ %

K8Fe(CN)6 [WCS] (29i)** ; (5ii)* ; (i, iss, 221, 375, soe, 536,

— %

5

p

d

^1O »4

J20 «4

1.0074 1.0152 1.0315 1.0486 1.0663

1.0058 1.0135 1.0297 1.0466 1.0641

h II

. I I

O7 %

10 12 14 16

JlO ^4

I I

J20 #4

1.0845 1.1034 1.1228 1.1429

1.0822 1.1009 1.1202 1.1401

K 2 WO 4 [LJG] (602)

% l\ 1 2 4

JU M4

Il [l

1.0077 1.0164 1.0341

o/\

/O \

rl™ #4

I I

Of %

6 8 10 Il

Il

0.5 1.00186l l 1.0055

18

-r/ M4

If 11

O/ 70

I |

Il H

№ «4

1.0523 12 1.1105 1.0711 14 1.1312 1.0905 16 1.1527 KVO 3 [LJG] (602)

o/

\

/ ö l

2 3

,720

a

4

n

o/

/O

Il

1.0128 1.0202

I

I

4 5

rI2Q

I |

18

Il

^4

07 %

Il

1.0277 1.0353

1.1750

I

or

/O

I

6 7

fJ1^ #4

,720

a

4

1.0430 1.0508

K 2 SO 4 JU 2 (SO 4 )S [JAB] (225, 342, 343, 404, 406, 509) **; (510)*; (46, 144, 205, 206, 223, 378) [LJG] !» j JTÎO i J 2 Ô n ~Z i "ÏÏ5 i "320

/O

1 2 3 4

I

#4

I

&4

Il

/O

I

&4

I

&4

1.0086 1.0078 5 1.0476 1.0469 1.0182 1.0175 6 1.0577 1.0569 1.0279 1.0272 7 1.0679 1.0377 1.0370 K2Mg(SO4), [GS]; with 15.4%, d\* = 1.1457 (536, 537) KNaC4H4O6, Tartrate [LJG] (221, eso)**; (222, 223, 432, 451)*; (509) [JAB] % | 2O0C | 250C | 3O0C | 4O0C | 5O0C 6O0C 1 ] 1.0049 1.0037 1.0022 0.9987 0.9945 0.9897 2 1.0116 1.0103 1.0088 1.0053 1.0010 0.9961 4 1.0252 1.0238 1.0222 1.0186 1.0142 1.0092 6 1.0390 1.0375 1.0358 1.0322 1.0276 1.0225 8 1.0530 1.0514 1.0496 1.0459 1.0413 1.0360 10 1.0673 1.0656 1.0637 1.0599 1.0552 1.0498 12 1.0818 1.0800 1.0781 1.0741 1.0693 1.0638 14 1.0965 1.0946 1.0926 1.0885 1.0836 1.0780 16 1.1114 1.1094 1.1073 1.1031 1.0981 1.0925 18 1.1265 1.1244 1.1222 1.1180 1.1128 1.1072 20 1.1419 1.1397 1.1374 1.1331 1.1278 1.1221 22 1.1576 1.1552 1.1529 1.1485 1.1431 1.1373 24 1.1735 1.1710 1.1687 1.1641 1.1586 1.1527 26 1.1896 1.1870 1.1847 1.1799 1.1743 1.1683 28 1.2059 1.2033 1.2009 1.1959 1.1902 1.1841 30 1.2225 1.2198 1.2173 1.2121 1.2064 1.2002 32 1.2394 1.2366 1.2340 1.2286 1.2229 1.2166 34 1.2566 1.2537 1.2510 1.2454 1.2397 1.2333 36 1.2742 1.2712 1.2684 1.2626 1.2568 1.2503 RbOH [JAB] (212, 290)** % I d\* | ff Il % | ^48 1 1.0080 1.0065 16 1.1665 2 1.0174 1.0158 18 1.1905 4 1.0368 1.0346 20 1.2152 6 1.0568 1.0535 22 1.2407 8 1.0774 1.0725 24 1.2670 10 1.0987 1.0916 26 1.2941 12 1.1206 28 1.3220 14 l. 1432

RbF [JAB] (29l) ~of I

%|

1 2 4 6 8

,718it

#4

.11

1.0074 1.0163 1.0345 1.0532 1.0723 I

or

%

10 12 14 16 18

I

I

/7*8Tj

»4

1.0920 1.1123 1.1332 1.1548 1.1771

J5r!

II %

20 22 24 26 28

I

RbI [JAB] (26)**; (83, 84, 111, 288, 548)*; (229)

JÎ8

^4

fi

^

i

Il %

1.2000 1.2236 1.2479 1.2731 1.2991

I

30 32

jïs

% 1 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65

»4

1.3259 1.3535

RbCl [JAB] (26)**. (83, 84, 111, 256, 287, 288, 548)^ a (256)*; (45, 125, 206, 224, 378, 487, 629)â (607, 609)

% 1 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 35 40 45 50

I O0C I IQ0C I 2O0C I 250C | 3O0C | 4O0C | 5O0C 1.00749 1.00722 1.00561 1.00441 1.00298 0.99950 0.99528 1.01519 1.01478 1.01307 1.01183 1.01036 1.00683 1.00257 1.03085 1.03017 1.02825 1.02693 1.02539 1.02176 1.01741 1.04686 1.04592 1.04379 1.04239 1.04078 1.03704 1.03260 1.06324 1.06205 1.05971 1.05823 1.05655 1.05269 1.04816 1.08002 1.07859 1.07604 1.07448 1.07273 1.06874 1.06412 1.09723 1.09556 1.09281 1.09117 1.08935 1.08522 1.08051 1.11488 1.11299 1.11004 1.10832 1.10643 1.10216 1.09736 1.13299 1.13090 1.12775 1.12595 1.12399 1.11959 1.11469 1.15158 1.14931 1.14596 1.14408 1.14205 1.13753 1.13252 1.17067 1.16824 1.16469 1.16273 1.16063 1.15600 1.15088 1.19030 1.18771 1.18396 1.18192 1.17975 1.17502 1.16979 1.21049 1.20774 1.20379 1.20167 1.19943 1.19461 1.18927 1.23127 1.22836 1.22421 1.22201 1.21970 1.21479 1.20934 1.25268 1.24959 1.24524 1.24296 1.24058 1.23558 1.23002 1.27475 1.27145 1.26691 1.26455 1.26210 1.25701 1.25134 1.32407 1.32151 1.31891 1.31354 1.30763 1.38599 1.38318 1.38041 1.37476 1.36861 1.45330 1.45018 1.44721 1.44127 1.43489 1.52675 1.52325 1.52005 1.51381 1.50720 RbClO3 [JAB] (84) [LJG] I 1 I 2 I 3

% d\9-6

I

4

1 1.00530 I 1.01224 | 1.01915 | 1.02602 RbBr [JAB] (26)**; (83, 84, 111, 288)*; (378)

% 1 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 35 40 45 50 55

I O0C I IQ0C I 2O0C I 250C | 3O0C | 4O0C | 5O0C 1.00776 1.00751 1.00593 1.00473 1.00329 0.99981 0.99559 1.01574 1.01539 1.01372 1.01248 1.01101 1.00747 1.00321 1.03207 1.03150 1.02965 1.02833 1.02679 1.02314 1.01878 1.04887 1.04808 1.04604 1.04464 1.04303 1.03927 1.03480 1.06616 1.06515 1.06291 1.06143 1.05975 1.05588 1.05129 1.08396 1.08272 1.08028 1.07872 1.07697 1.07298 1.06827 1.10229 1.10082 1.09817 1.09653 1.09471 1.09059 1.08576 1.12118 1.11947 1.11661 1.11489 1.11300 1.10874 1.10379 1.14065 1.13870 1.13563 1.13383 1.13186 1.12746 1.12239 1.16073 1.15854 1.15526 1.15338 1.15132 1.14678 1.14159 1.18145 1.17902 1.17554 1.17357 1.17142 1.16674 1.16143 1.20285 1.20018 1.19650 1.19443 1.19219 1.18737 1.18194 1.22497 1.22206 1.21817 1.21600 1.21367 1.20871 1.20315 1.24784 1.24470 1.24059 1.23832 1.23590 1.23080 1.22510 1.27150 1.26814 1.26380 1.26143 1.25892 1.25367 1.24783 1.29599 1.29241 1.28784 1.28536 1.28277 1.27735 1.27138 !.. 36125 1.35705 1.35191 1.34917 1.34634 1.34051 1.33416 1.42830 1.42233 1.41924 1.41616 1.40991 1.40319 1.50712 1.50010 1.49654 1.49321 1.48653 1.47945 1.58639 1.58222 1.57863 1.57151 1.56408 1.68254 1.67758 1.67372 1.66615 1.65838

%.... d\9'6...

RbBrO3 [JAB] («*) [LJG] I 0.5 I 1.0 I 1.00220 I 1.00609

I |

1.5 1.01001

% d\9'5

I O0C I IQ0C I 2Q0C I 250C | 3O0C | 4Q0C | 5Q0C 1.00776 1.00751 1.00591 1.00471 1.00327 0.99978 0.99555 1.015761.015401.013701.012461.010991.007441.00315 1.03210 1.03153 1.02963 1.02831 1.02677 1.02309 1.01868 1.04892 1.04814 1.04604 1.04464 1.04303 1.03922 1.03469 1.06624 1.06525 1.06296 1.06147 1.05979 1.05585 1.05120 1.08409 1.08289 1.08041 1.07883 1.07708 1.07300 1.06823 1.10250 1.10109 1.09842 1.09675 1.09492 1.09070 1.08580 1.12150 1.11988 1.11701 1.11525 1.11333 1.10898 1.10394 1.14112 1.13929 1.13621 1.13436 1.13235 1.12787 1.12268 1.16140 1.15935 1.15605 1.15411 1.15201 1.14739 1.14204 1.18237 1.18010 1.17657 1.17453 1.17234 1.16757 1.16206 1.20406 1.20157 1.19781 1.19566 1.19338 1.18844 1.18278 1.22651 1.22379 1.21980 1.21754 1.21516 1.21004 1.20424 1.24975 1.24680 1.24257 1.24020 1.23772 1.23241 1.22647 1.27382 1.27063 1.26616 1.26368 1.26110 1.25559 1.24951 1.29876 1.29532 1.29061 1.28801 1.28534 1.27962 1.27340 1.36537 1.36131 1.35598 1.35307 1.35014 1.34389 1.33729 1.43873 1.43403 1.42806 1.42481 1.42158 1.41480 1.40776 1.51993 1.51456 1.50792 1.50428 1.50075 1.49337 1.48582 1.61033 1.60426 1.59691 1.59281 1.58898 1.58091 1.57276 1.71156 1.70476 1.69667 1.69203 1.68790 1.67904 1.67017 1.80924 1.78004 1.93722 1.90492 RbIO3 [JAB] (84) [LJG] 0.5 I 1.0 I 1.5 1

1.0025

I

1.0068

I

1.0111

Rb 2 SO 4 [JAB] ( U l , 288, 616)**; (615)

% I O0C I IQ0C I 2O0C j 250C | 3O0C | 4O0C | 5O0C 1 1.0086 1.0082 1.0066 1.0054 1.0039 1.0003 0.9961 2 1.0173 1.0168 1.0150 1.0138 1.0122 1.0085 1.0041 4 1.0350 1.0343 1.0322 1.0309 1.0292 1.0253 1.0208 6 1.0530 1.0521 1.0499 1.0485 1.0467 1.0426 1.0382 8 1.0714 1.0703 1.0680 1.0664 1.0646 1.0603 1.0560 10 1.0903 1.0889 1.0864 1.0848 1.0829 1.0786 1.0743 12 1.1096 1.1080 1.1052 1.1036 1.1016 1.0972 1.0931 14 1.1294 1.1276 1.1246 1.1229 1.1209 1.1165 1.1123 16 1.1498 1.1477 1.1446 1.1428 1.1407 1.1364 1.1321 18 1.1708 1.1685 1.1652 1.1633 1.1611 1.1568 1.1525 20 1.1926 1.1900 1.1864 1.1844 1.1822 1.1779 1.1735 22 1.2151 1.2121 1.2083 1.2062 1.2040 1.1996 1.1951 24 1.2349 1.2309 1.2287 1.2265 26 1.2583 1.2542 1.2519 1.2498 28 1.2824 1.2782 1.2759 1.2739 30 1.3071 1.3028 1.3006 1.2985 32 1.3325 1.3281 1.3260 1.3238 Rb2SeO4 [LJG]; dj° = 1.4688 with 40.60 %; = 1.5806 with 47.07 % (614) RbNO 3 [JAB] (84, 111, 288)**; (45, 76)

% I O0C I IQ0C I 2O0C I 250C | 3O0C 1 1.0073 1.0070 1.0053 1.0042 1.0027 2 1.0147 1.0143 1.0125 1.0113 1.0098 4 1.0298 1.0292 1.0272 1.0258 1.0242 6 1.0452 1.0444 1.0422 1.0407 1.0389 8 1.0610 1.0600 1.0575 1.0559 1.0540 10 1.0772 1.0760 1.0731 1.0715 1.0695 12 1.0938 1.0923 1.0892 1.0875 1.0854 14 1.1109 1.1090 1.1057 1.1040 1.1018 16 1.1284 1.1261 1.1227 1.1209 1.1187 18 1.1464 1.1437 1.1401 1.1382 1.1360 20 1.1649 1.1618 1.1580 1.1560 1.1537 22 1.1839 1.1804 1.1763 1.1742 1.1718

RbNO3.- (Continued) % I O0C I IQ0C 2O0C I 241.20331.19951.19521. 26 1.2146 28 1.2346 30 1.2552 32 1.2764

Rb 2 SO 4 .Fe 2 (SO 4 )3 [WCS] (378)

250C | 3O0C 19291.1903 1.2121 1.2093 1.2319 1.2289 1.2523 1.2490 1.2732 | 1.2697

% c?f

I

i I

"TTO «4

j I

J2ÖI #4 T

i I

325 ^4

i I

J3Ö a 4

"UO ^4

3öÖ a 4

t With 7.023 %, df° = 1.04989.

RbCHO2, Formate; [JAB] with 7.60%, dJ°-° = 1.0494 (329) Rb2C4H4O6, Tartrate [JAB] (498, 516)** 0

1 2 4 6 8 10

1.0056 1.0130 1.0280 1.0432 1.0587 1.0745

II % I < II % I d? Il % I < 12 14 16 18 20 22

1.0907 1.1074 1.1247 1.1425 1.1608 1.1796

24 26 28 30 35 40

1.1989 1.2188 1.2393 1.2605 1.315o 1.374o

45 50 55 60 65

1.438o 1.507o 1.581o 1.661o 1.747o

Rb 2 SO 4 .Al 2 (SO 4 )3 [JAB]; with 0.32% dj = 1.0025 (206) [LJG] CsCl [JAB] (26)**; (83, 84, 110, 256, 287, 548) ? a (256)* ; (45, 206, 261, 487, 507, 508, 629)

% 1 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65

I O0C I IQ0C I 2O0C 250C | 3O0C 4O0C 1.00774 1.00751 1.00593 1.00473 1.00330 0.99982 1.015731.015401.013741.012511.011051.00752 1.03204 1.03151 1.02969 1.02839 1.02687 1.02324 1.04881 1.04808 1.04609 1.04472 1.04314 1.03941 1.06607 1.06514 1.06297 1.06153 1.05988 1.05605 1.08384 1.08271 1.08036 1.07884 1.07712 1.07319 1.10214 1.10082 1.09828 1.09668 1.09489 1.09085 1.12100 1.11949 1.11676 1.11507 1.11321 1.10906 1.14044 1.13874 1.13582 1.13404 1.13211 1.12785 1.16049 1.15860 1.15549 1.15362 1.15162 1.14724 1.18118 1.17910 1.17580 1.17385 1.17178 1.16727 1.20255 1.20028 1.19679 1.19476 1.19262 1.18798 1.22463 1.22218 1.21849 1.21638 1.21417 1.20940 1.24746 1.24482 1.24093 1.23874 1.23645 1.23156 1.27108 1.26824 1.26414 1.26187 1.25950 1.25450 1.29553 1.29248 1.28817 1.28581 1.28337 1.27826 1.36061 1.35699 1.35218 1.34960 1.34695 1.34149 1.43198 1.42777 1.42245 1.41964 1.41677 1.41094 1.51059 1.50578 1.49993 1.49688 1.49378 1.48755 1.59757 1.59215 1.58575 1.58245 1.57910 1.57244 1.69466 1.68842 1.68137 1.67776 1.67413 1.66701 1.80353 1.79644 1.78859 1.78460 1.78066 1.77304 1.90966 1.90523 1.90097 1.89278

% I 5O0C I 6O0C Î 0.995610.9908 2 1.003270.9984 4 1.018911.0140 6 1.035001.0300 8 1.051561.0465 10 1.06861 1.0635 12 1.086181.0810 14 1.104301.0991 16 1.123001.1177 18 1.142301.1369 20 1.162241.1568 22 1.182851.1773

I 8O0C II % 0.9793 24 0.9869 26 1.0023 28 1.0182 30 1.0346 35 1.0514 40 1.0688 45 1.0867 50 1.1051 551 1.1242 60 1.1439 65 1.1643

I

4 1.033s

I |

6 1.051s

I

1

49'5

I

2

I

1.00573 I 1.01322

3

I

4

I

5

1.02082 | 1.02851 | 1.03629

CsBr [JAB] (26)**; (83, 84, 291)* i I

1.10632| 1.104041 1.100841 1.09898| 1.09689| 1.09222| 1.08699

% l dì

2 1.0155

CsClO3 [JAB] (s*) [LJG] %

Values for 13.395% (256) 30 #4

1 1.007o

1 5O0C | 6O0C 1.204161.1985 1.226211.2205 1.249041.2432 1.272691.2667 1.335661.3295 1.40483 1.3984 1.481131.4744 1.565671.5586 1.659841.6524 1.765411.7576 1.884621.8763

| 8O0C 1.1853 1.2071 1.2297 1.2531 1.3154 1.3838 1.4593 1.5429 1.6361 1.7406 1.8585

t O400 = 1.616 with 55%; = 1.717 with 60%; = 1.832 with 65%; = 1.968 with 70%.

% 1 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 35 40 45 50 55

I O0C 1.00792 1.01608 1.03277 1.04996 1.06768 1.08596 1.10483 1.12432 1.14447 1.16531 1.18688 1.20922 1.23238 1.25639 1.28129 1.30712 1.37619 1.45248 1.53717

IQ0C I 2O0C I 250C | 3O0C | 4Q0C^ 1.00769 1.00612 1.00492 1.00349 1.00001 1.01577 1.01412 1.01289 1.01143 1.00790 1.03228 1.03048 1.02918 1.02766 1.02403 1.04929 1.04734 1.04597 1.04439 1.04065 1.06683 1.06472 1.06328 1.06164 1.05779 1.08493 1.08265 1.08114 1.07943 1.07547 1.10362 1.10116 1.09958 1.09779 1.09372 1.12293 1.12029 1.11863 1.11676 1.11257 1.14289 1.14007 1.13832 1.13637 1.13206 1.16354 1.16053 1.15869 1.15666 1.15222 1.18491 1.18170 1.17978 1.17767 1.17309 1.20704 1.20362 1.20162 1.19944 1.19471 1.22998 1.22634 1.22425 1.22200 1.21712 1.25377 1.24990 1.24772 1.24539 1.24037 1.27844 1.27435 1.27208 1.26966 1.26450 1.30404 1.29973 1.29737 1.29486 1.28954 1.37251 1.36764 1.36503 1.36230 1.35658 1.44819 1.44275 1.43986 1.43689 1.43074 1.53227 1.52626 1.52305 1.51981 1.51317 1.61970 1.61610 1.61253 1.60531 1.72492 1.72081 1.71679 1.70888

% I 5O0C I 6O0C I 8O0C H 1 0.99580 0.9909 0.9794 2 1.00364 0.9987 0.9872 4 1.01968 1.0147 1.0029 6 1.03621 1.0311 1.0192 8 1.05325 1.0481 1.0360 10 1.07083 1.0656 1.0533 12 1.08898 1.0836 1.0712 14 1.10772 1.1023 1.0897 16 1.12709 1.1216 1.1088 18 1.14713 1.1416 1.1286 20 1.16789 1.1622 1.1491

% I 5O0C | 6O0C | - 8O0C 22 1.18940 1.1836 1.1703 24 1.21170 1.2058 1.1923 26 1.23483 1.2288 1.2151 28 1.25883 1.2526 1.2387 30 1.28373 1.2774 1.2633 35 1.35039 1.3438 1.3290 40 1.42414 1.4171 1.4018 45 1.50613 1.4987 1.4827 50 1.59780 1.5899 1.5731 55 1.70088 1.6925 1.6749

CsBrO3 [JAB] («*) [LJG] 0.5 L.O 1.00225 1.00621

% d\9'*

1.5 1.01022

CSl[JAB] (26)**; (83,84)*

% 1 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30

0

I O G I IQ0C I 2O0C I 250C | 3O0C | 4O0C 1.00787 1.00765 1.00608 1.00487 1.00344 0.99996 1.01598 1.01568 1.01402 1.01279 1.01133 1.00779 1.03258 1.03212 1.03029 1.02899 1.02747 1.02382 1.04970 1.04907 1.04707 1.04570 1.04411 1.04035 1.06737 1.06655 1.06438 1.06294 1.06128 1.05740 1.08561 1.08459 1.08225 1.08074 1.07901 1.07500 1.10445 1.10323 1.10071 1.09912 1.09732 1.09318 1.12392 1.12250 1.11979 1.11811 1.11624 1.11196 1.14406 1.14244 1.13953 1.13775 1.13580 1.13138 1.16490 1.16308 1.15996 1.15808 1.15604 1.15148 1.18648 1.18446 1.18112 1.17915 1.17701 1.17230 1.20884 1.20661 1.20305 1.20099 1.19875 1.19388 1.23203 1.22958 1.22580 1.22364 1.22131 1.21627 1.25609 1.25342 1.24942 1.24715 1.24473 1.23952 1.28107 1.27817 1.27395 1.27157 1.26906 1.26368 1.30701 1,30388 1.29944 1.29694 1.29434 1.28878

I O0C

% 35 40 45 50 % 1 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18

CsI.—(Continued) IQ0C I 2O0C I 250C | 3O0C | 4O0C 1.36776 1.36497 1.36203 1.35593 1.44354 1.44044 1.43711 1.43037 1.52803 1.52460 1.52082 1.51332 1.62278 1.61900 1.61470 1.60627

5O0C I 6O0C I 8O0C [I 0.99573 0.9909 0.9794 1.00351 0.9986 0.9870 1.01943 1.0144 1.0026 1.03585 1.0307 1.0187 1.05279 1.0476 1.0353 1.07028 1.0650 1.0525 1.08835 1.0829 1.0702 1.10702 1.1015 1.0885 1.12633 1.1207 1.1075 1.14632 1.1406 1.1271

% d\9-*

I 1

% I 5O0C | 6O0C | 8O0C 20 1.16702 1.1611 1.1475 22 1.18847 1.1825 1.1686 24 1.21071 1.2046 1.1904 26 1.23379 1.2275 1.2131 28 1.25776 1.2513 1.2367 30 1.28267 1.2761 1.2612 35 1.34938 1.3424 1.3269 40 1.42329 1.4159 1.3996 45 1.50560 1.4976 1.4806 50 1.59778 1.5892 1.5714

CsIQ3 [JAB] (84) [LJG] 0.5 I 1.0 I 1.5 1.0025 I 1.0068 j .1.0112

|

2.0 1.0156

0

0

Both inorganic and organic solutes present. Two solutes More than two solutes Abbreviations and Symbols

% wt. %.

g Grams per liter. MoI % Formula weights per 100 formula wts. of mixture. Vol. % cm3 per 100 cm3. M g-equivalents/kg of solution. m g-equivalents/kg of solvent. N g-equivalents/liter of solution, satd. Saturated solution. ? Doubtful. In most cases no concentration is indicated for isolated points. 2\-& TABLE, STANDARD ARRANGEMENT (v. p. viii) Two Solutes

H2O P

/ op

°

*' °

H2SO4

% I 1 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 Cs2SeO4

0

0

0

IQ C 2O C I 25 C I 3O C | 4Q C 5O C 1.0080 1.0061 1.0050 1.0038 1.0006 0.9962 1.0164 1.0144 1.0132 1.0119 1.0087 1.0046 1.0338 1.0316 1.0304 1.0291 1.0259 1.0220 1.0517 1.0494 1.0480 1.0464 1.0431 1.0396 1.0703 1.0676 1.0661 1.0645 1.0613 1.0576 1.0897 1.0870 1.0856 1.0841 1.0807 1.0770 1.1099 1.1071 1.1056 1.1041 1.1009 1.0973 1.1305 1.1275 1.1260 1.1245 1.1212 1.1177 1.1514 1.1484 1.1469 1.1453 1.1419 1.1383 1.1728 1.1696 1.1680 1.1663 1.1628 1.1592 1.1944 1.1913 1.1897 1.1880 1.1842 1.1800 1.2167 1.2137 1.2122 1.2105 1.2065 1.2017 1.2408 1.2375 1.2359 1.2341 1.2302 1.2252 1.2681 1.2643 1.2623 1.2602 1.2561 1.2513 [LJG]; dj° = 1.5841 with 45.94%; =1.7432 with 53.43%

17 40 70 HNO3 NH4Cl

? O

B B = HCl

( 144 )

0-43% 0-36% 0-33%

0-90% 4-84% 2-84%

(«e) (126) (126)

4-10% 0-6 N

17-40% satd.

(257) (172, 17?)

( 463 )

(NH 4 ) 2 S0 4

20

? ? 25

(462,466)

SnCl2 SnCl4 PbCl2

O 28 O

ZnCl2

20

(462,466)

ZnSO4

20

(462,466)

CdCl2 HgCl2

25 O

? ? 0.35-6.1 m in Cl 0-7.8 N 0-11.2 AT

f d î ° « 1.07001 with 9.104% (256).

CsCHO2, Formate [JAB]; with 2.73%, d\l'Q = 1.0169 (329)

satd. satd.

0.12-1 AT 0-7.IN

0.12-1 AT satd.

0.12-1 AT

0.12-1 N

CuCl2

Cu2Cl2........

(3 78 )

18

(604)

20

( 4 6 2 > 4 66)

25

(659)

O

CuSO4

20

MnCl2 FeCl3 CoCl2

12 25 O 20

PAGE

U(SO4)2 PrCl3 MgCl2

.

0.9-6 AT

satd.

MgSO4........

20

CaCl2

101

SrCl2

? O O O 25

(I 78 ) (462,466)

0.12-1 AT 0-13.9 AT 0-10.6 AT

(506) 0.12-1 AT (328) satd. O78) constant ( 305 ) (not given) (659)

16-18 d = 1.046 16 ? ? O 0-7.6 AT

95 100 100 100

This section was compiled by Ralph F. Tefft under the direction of the Special Editor.

(328) O78)

(328) ( 659 ) 0-34 MoI % 23-49 MoI % (i° 5 ) 0-12.8 AT satd. (i 78 )

25

Contents Inorganic solutes only (i.e., key-formulae do not begin with 16).

(i 7 8 ) O78) O78)

25 25 O O

SYSTEMS CONTAINING MORE THAN ONE SOLUTE*

1

270-216Og (27) 330-130Og (27) satd. ( 456 )

20

I O0C I IQ0C I 2O0C I 250C || 17.076% (256)f 0 1.00759 1.00727 1.00566 1.00445 C | d[ 1.01539 1.01492 1.01319 1.01194 1.14091 20 1.03128 1.03055 1.02859 1.02725 30 1 13681 1.04755 1.04661 1.04443 1.04299 40 1 13191 1.06422 1.06313 1.06072 1.05918 50 1^12652 1.08013 1.07745 1.07584 1.09761 1.09463 1.09298 1.11227 1.11062

*'

C

SbCl3 BiCl3 BiOCl

(614)

Two solutes Three solutes Four solutes Sea water, Table of Densities Organic solutes only (i.e., key-formulae begin with 16). Two solutes

I

20

CsNO3 [JAB] (84, 291, 420)**; (45, 76, 633)

% 1 2 4 6 8 10 12 14

Concn. range

'

15

Cs2SO4 [JAB] (616)**. (615) 0

101 103

1-5% satd. satd.

(119, 121) ( 4 i3) (i 7 4 ) O77) (462,466)

20

(462,466)

? 0-9.5 AT 0-2.3 AT 0-5.3 N 0-9.2 m

satd. satd. satd. satd. satd.

(i 74 ) (i 77 ) (1.72) (i 77 ) (263)

I O0C

% 35 40 45 50 % 1 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18

CsI.—(Continued) IQ0C I 2O0C I 250C | 3O0C | 4O0C 1.36776 1.36497 1.36203 1.35593 1.44354 1.44044 1.43711 1.43037 1.52803 1.52460 1.52082 1.51332 1.62278 1.61900 1.61470 1.60627

5O0C I 6O0C I 8O0C [I 0.99573 0.9909 0.9794 1.00351 0.9986 0.9870 1.01943 1.0144 1.0026 1.03585 1.0307 1.0187 1.05279 1.0476 1.0353 1.07028 1.0650 1.0525 1.08835 1.0829 1.0702 1.10702 1.1015 1.0885 1.12633 1.1207 1.1075 1.14632 1.1406 1.1271

% d\9-*

I 1

% I 5O0C | 6O0C | 8O0C 20 1.16702 1.1611 1.1475 22 1.18847 1.1825 1.1686 24 1.21071 1.2046 1.1904 26 1.23379 1.2275 1.2131 28 1.25776 1.2513 1.2367 30 1.28267 1.2761 1.2612 35 1.34938 1.3424 1.3269 40 1.42329 1.4159 1.3996 45 1.50560 1.4976 1.4806 50 1.59778 1.5892 1.5714

CsIQ3 [JAB] (84) [LJG] 0.5 I 1.0 I 1.5 1.0025 I 1.0068 j .1.0112

|

2.0 1.0156

0

0

Both inorganic and organic solutes present. Two solutes More than two solutes Abbreviations and Symbols

% wt. %.

g Grams per liter. MoI % Formula weights per 100 formula wts. of mixture. Vol. % cm3 per 100 cm3. M g-equivalents/kg of solution. m g-equivalents/kg of solvent. N g-equivalents/liter of solution, satd. Saturated solution. ? Doubtful. In most cases no concentration is indicated for isolated points. 2\-& TABLE, STANDARD ARRANGEMENT (v. p. viii) Two Solutes

H2O P

/ op

°

*' °

H2SO4

% I 1 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 Cs2SeO4

0

0

0

IQ C 2O C I 25 C I 3O C | 4Q C 5O C 1.0080 1.0061 1.0050 1.0038 1.0006 0.9962 1.0164 1.0144 1.0132 1.0119 1.0087 1.0046 1.0338 1.0316 1.0304 1.0291 1.0259 1.0220 1.0517 1.0494 1.0480 1.0464 1.0431 1.0396 1.0703 1.0676 1.0661 1.0645 1.0613 1.0576 1.0897 1.0870 1.0856 1.0841 1.0807 1.0770 1.1099 1.1071 1.1056 1.1041 1.1009 1.0973 1.1305 1.1275 1.1260 1.1245 1.1212 1.1177 1.1514 1.1484 1.1469 1.1453 1.1419 1.1383 1.1728 1.1696 1.1680 1.1663 1.1628 1.1592 1.1944 1.1913 1.1897 1.1880 1.1842 1.1800 1.2167 1.2137 1.2122 1.2105 1.2065 1.2017 1.2408 1.2375 1.2359 1.2341 1.2302 1.2252 1.2681 1.2643 1.2623 1.2602 1.2561 1.2513 [LJG]; dj° = 1.5841 with 45.94%; =1.7432 with 53.43%

17 40 70 HNO3 NH4Cl

? O

B B = HCl

( 144 )

0-43% 0-36% 0-33%

0-90% 4-84% 2-84%

(«e) (126) (126)

4-10% 0-6 N

17-40% satd.

(257) (172, 17?)

( 463 )

(NH 4 ) 2 S0 4

20

? ? 25

(462,466)

SnCl2 SnCl4 PbCl2

O 28 O

ZnCl2

20

(462,466)

ZnSO4

20

(462,466)

CdCl2 HgCl2

25 O

? ? 0.35-6.1 m in Cl 0-7.8 N 0-11.2 AT

f d î ° « 1.07001 with 9.104% (256).

CsCHO2, Formate [JAB]; with 2.73%, d\l'Q = 1.0169 (329)

satd. satd.

0.12-1 AT 0-7.IN

0.12-1 AT satd.

0.12-1 AT

0.12-1 N

CuCl2

Cu2Cl2........

(3 78 )

18

(604)

20

( 4 6 2 > 4 66)

25

(659)

O

CuSO4

20

MnCl2 FeCl3 CoCl2

12 25 O 20

PAGE

U(SO4)2 PrCl3 MgCl2

.

0.9-6 AT

satd.

MgSO4........

20

CaCl2

101

SrCl2

? O O O 25

(I 78 ) (462,466)

0.12-1 AT 0-13.9 AT 0-10.6 AT

(506) 0.12-1 AT (328) satd. O78) constant ( 305 ) (not given) (659)

16-18 d = 1.046 16 ? ? O 0-7.6 AT

95 100 100 100

This section was compiled by Ralph F. Tefft under the direction of the Special Editor.

(328) O78)

(328) ( 659 ) 0-34 MoI % 23-49 MoI % (i° 5 ) 0-12.8 AT satd. (i 78 )

25

Contents Inorganic solutes only (i.e., key-formulae do not begin with 16).

(i 7 8 ) O78) O78)

25 25 O O

SYSTEMS CONTAINING MORE THAN ONE SOLUTE*

1

270-216Og (27) 330-130Og (27) satd. ( 456 )

20

I O0C I IQ0C I 2O0C I 250C || 17.076% (256)f 0 1.00759 1.00727 1.00566 1.00445 C | d[ 1.01539 1.01492 1.01319 1.01194 1.14091 20 1.03128 1.03055 1.02859 1.02725 30 1 13681 1.04755 1.04661 1.04443 1.04299 40 1 13191 1.06422 1.06313 1.06072 1.05918 50 1^12652 1.08013 1.07745 1.07584 1.09761 1.09463 1.09298 1.11227 1.11062

*'

C

SbCl3 BiCl3 BiOCl

(614)

Two solutes Three solutes Four solutes Sea water, Table of Densities Organic solutes only (i.e., key-formulae begin with 16). Two solutes

I

20

CsNO3 [JAB] (84, 291, 420)**; (45, 76, 633)

% 1 2 4 6 8 10 12 14

Concn. range

'

15

Cs2SO4 [JAB] (616)**. (615) 0

101 103

1-5% satd. satd.

(119, 121) ( 4 i3) (i 7 4 ) O77) (462,466)

20

(462,466)

? 0-9.5 AT 0-2.3 AT 0-5.3 N 0-9.2 m

satd. satd. satd. satd. satd.

(i 74 ) (i 77 ) (1.72) (i 77 ) (263)

C

«,«e

Concn range r>

BaCl2 LiCl NaOH NaCl

Na2SO4 NaC2HCl2O2, Dichloroacetate KCl K2SO4 KC2HCl2O2, Dichloroacetate NaBr KBr

^

20 O 20 20

(463) (177) (463) (462,466)

satd.

20 25

(463) B = Br2 satd.

92-408 g

(3l)

0-5 m B=HBr

satd.

(326)

d = 1.21 0-1.2 m

1-5% satd.

ZnCl2 ZnSO4 Zn(NOa) 2 CdSO4 CuCl2 CuSO4

Cu(NOs)2 Fe2(SO4)3 UO2SO4 U(SO4), UO 2 (NOs) 2 A12(SO4)3 MgCl2 MgSO4

(316)

O

20 15-17 25 20 20 20 O 7.9 25

satd. satd. satd. 0-satd.

(194) (3is) (157) (474)

NaNO3 KCl K2SO4

20 20 15 20

KNO3

20

(463) (263) (463) (463)

K2Cr2O7

25

(NH4) ,SeO 4 -... Na2SeO4 K2SeO4

20 20 20

NH4NO3 NH4Cl CuSO4 Cu(CNS)2 AgCl AgBr CaCl2 LiCl

25 O 25 25 15 25 15 15.5 25 25

Li2SO4 NaNO3 KCl

25 15 15

NH4NO3

O 20

(463) (118,124) (263) (463) (463)

20 25 20 20

HNO3 MoO3

0-60 25

H2SO4 H2SO4 CrO3 H2S2O8 N2O3 HNO3 NH4NO3 NH4Cl HSNO6 (NH4)2SO4

0-0.8 m B = HIO3 satd.

satd.

28-41 %

B=SO2 1 15 I satd. |0-96% B = SO3 15,35,45100-0% 0-100% 18 25, 45 solid phase present B = H2SO4 14 6-33% 7-35% 15 40-100% satd. 18 ? ? 20 series of mixtures 3-35 0-100% 0-100% 20 20 18 70-100% 0.1% 15 series of mixtures 18 18

(245) (517) | (353) (335) (351) (230) (169) (353) (410) (464) (475,476) (462,466) (466) (410) (300) (462, 466)

70-100% 70-100%

^ O

0.1% 0.1%

(410) (410)

23

(NH4)2SO4 Pb(NOs) 2

20 15

(462,466) (300) (462,466) (462,466) (175) (462,466) ("B) (300) (462,466) (234) (34) (*") (462,466) («0) ("i) (119,121) (120,124) (300) (410) (462,466) (30°) (410) (462,

466)

(462,466) 70-100% 0.1% («0) (462,466) 0.9-2.1 MoI% 1-2.2 MoI% (i°5) series of mixtures (300) 70-100 % 10.1 % (41°) series of mixtures (464) (462,

20

satd. 0-0.IAT 2-13 % satd.-O

20

As2O3 PbSO4

I

20

20 18 20 O 15 18 20

B=HI

NH41 SrCl2 NaI KI

Concn range

B = H2SO4.—(Continued) 20 15 series of mixtures 20 20 O ? satd. 20 O ? satd. 15 series of mixtures 20 25 0-3.7 JV satd. 25 9-75% SO3 satd. 25,40 0-25% 0-25% 20 18 70-100% 0.1% 20-22 d = 1.168 1-5% 17-19 d = 1.14 1-5% 11-12 d = 1.138 1-5 % 15 series of mixtures 18 70-100% 0.1% 20 15 series of mixtures 18 70-100% 0.1%

Mg(NO 3 ) 2 QaSO4 NaCl Na2SO4

B = I2

Pb(NOs) 2 KI

^

B

(172,177) (*") ("7) (300) ("2) ("7) (463) (464) (411) (462,466) (464)

0-6.5 N

c

C

B = HCl.—(Continued) O 0-5 N satd. 30 0-10.25 JV satd. O 0-8. IN satd. 15 series of mixtures O 0.1-5.6 N satd. O 0-5.6 N satd. 20 20 series of mixtures 30 0-7.2 N satd. 20 20 series of mixtures 1

32.4 NH4Br UO 2 (NOs) 2 SrCl2 NaBr KBr.

I

series of mixtures several points

466)

(462,466) (462,466) (300) (462,466) (462,466)

0.12-1 N 0.12-1 N B = H2SeO4

(328) (463) (463) (463)

B = NH3 O.12-1 AT 0-17 AT 0-4.75 AT 0.12-1 N 0.5-18 m 0.6-10 N 1-6 AT 0-6 TV 0-7.QN 0-6.5 N 5.4-7.5 AT B = HNO 3 ?

0.12-1 N satd. 1.05 AT 0.12-1 N

(328) (179) (so) (328) (ioi) (303) (55) (55) («0)

satd. satd. satd. 1.09A r 0.5 and 1.5 AT (50) 2.2 N (50) satd. (195) (ioi) satd.

(176) (463) (542,

543)

(462,466) (144)

C

I 1 -C B

TlCl ZnSO4 Zn(NO 3 ) 2 CuSO4 Cu(NOs) 2 AgIO3 Ag2SO4 AgNO3 Ag2C2O4, Oxalate AgC2H3O2, Acetate AgC2H2ClO2, Chloroacetate UO 2 (NOs) 2 Al(NOs) 3 MgSO 4 ... Mg(NO3)2 SrCl2 Ba(NO 3 ) 2

25

1.6-31%

satd.

(294,295)

25

0-34%

satd.

(294,295)

0-27% d = 1.153 5-75%

satd. 1-5% satd.

(294,295) (120,124) (427) (462,466) (462>466) (263) (328) (<") (652) (464)

0-1.3 m satd. 0.12-1 AT 0.12-1 AT 0-5 N satd. ? ? series of mixtures

15,22 O 15,22 20 20

NaC2HCl2O2, Dichloroacetate K2SO4 KNO3

? ? ?

series of mixtures

20 20 O 20

KC2HCl2O2, Dichloroacetate

? satd. ?

?

satd.

20

^

Q

•

(294,295) (462,466) (462,466) (462,466) (462,466) (294,295) (294,295) (*»)

20

NaHSO4 NaNO 3

^

B = HNO3.- (Continued) 25 0-22 % satd. 20 20 20 20 25 1-40 % satd. 25 0-49 % satd. 30 0-12.5 N satd.

25 11-12 0-60 20 20 25 25 30 15,22 20

Na2SO4

Conca range I C

B = NH4CL- (Continued) 25 entire range of satd. solutions 25 Q.12-1 N 10.12-1Ar 15 series of mixtures B = NH4Br 25 entire range of satd. solutions B = (NH4)2SO4 25 0.12-1 N 0.12-1 N 25 0.12-ltf 0.12-1 AT 15 25 0.12-1 N 0.12-1 AT 25 15 25 0-6 N satd. 50 0-560 g satd. ? ? ? ? ? ? 25 0-satd. satd.-O 25 0.12-1 AT 0.12-1 AT 25 B=H3PO4 20 25 1-24 % P2O5 satd.

KCl K2SO4 KBr CuSO4 MnSO4 FeSO4 A12(SO4)3 MgSO4 CaSO4 Na2CO3 Na2B4O7 K2SO4

(NH4)3PO4 FePO4

(462,466)

MoO3

25

(652) (176) (652) (463) (464)

MgHPO4

25

(463) (462,466) (176) ( 4 63) (463)

NH4Cl Ba(NOs)2 NaNO 3 NaHCO3 KNQ* MnCl2 FeCl3 BaCl2 NaCl

KCl.

I

'

15

I

°

' ' B = NH4NO3

23 25 0.12-1 AT 25 0.12-1 JV O, 15, 30 0-satd. 25 0.12-1 AT 15 23 25 0.12-1 AT B = NH4Cl 25 0-29% 60 0-33% 25 0.12-1 AT 25 0.12-1 JV 0-5 O 0-satd. 15 0-satd. 1-5 N 30 satd. 0-5

0.12-1 AT 0.12-ltf 0-satd. 0.12-1 AT 0.12-1 N 0-44% 3-50% 0.12-1 AT 0.12-1 N satd.-O satd.-O 2-4 N satd. '

1 (144)J 1

^

(542,543) (328) (328) («5) (328) (144) (542,543) (328) (H3) (113) (328) (328) (227) (193) (193) (38) (193) (227)

satd.

15 20 12-12.5 0-6 AT 2-0 AT 20 B = (NH4)2HPO4 KMnO 4 | 15 | | B = H3AsO4 (NH 4 ) 3 AsO 4 .... 20 MoO3 25 CaO 35 Na3AsO4 20 K3AsO4 20 B = Pb

I

-fb^4±l6U4,

Acetate

25

Pb(N o 3 ) 2

1

KjS()4

|

^^

|

Cu(N o 3 ) 2

Sr(NO 3 ) 2 Ba(NO 3 ) 2 NaNO 3 KNO3 BaC2H2O4, Formate NaNO 3

|

KNO 3

1

^

(202) (328) (144) (202) (328) (328) (144) (328) (517) (ioi) (262,584) (32) (I9i) (191) (202) (328) (517) (463) (93) (517)

7.3-835 g P2O5

Na2SO4 Na3PO4 KOH K3PO4

R = JMH TiTTT 4OW J3 OH

NaOH aw

Conca range B | C

(93) (144) (463) (133) (463) | (144) (463) (517) (568) (463) (463)

-

I

phase rule study (310) B = PbCl2 25 lsatd. |0.02-0.IAT | (262) B=PbSO4 ^ j | (75) 22 B = PbS2o6 |0-satd. |satd.-0 | (202) 25 B = Pb(N o 3 ) 2 20 satd. 0-satd. (194) 25 0-satd. satd.-O (202) 17 (183) 25 0-satd. satd.-O (202) 25 0.12-1 N 0.12-1 AT (328) 25 0.12-1 N 0.12-1 AT (328) B = PbC2H2O4, Formate 25 satd.-O 0-satd. B = PbC4H6O4, Acetate 15 | | B = TlNO3 25 |0-satd. [satd.-O

(202) | (144) | (202)

r

t °o

G

*>

Concn. range

c

B

|

c ~

B = ZnCl2 NaI

|

MnSO4 K2SO4

15

KCN

15 18

l

r'"',

16

B = CdSO4 | B = HgCl2

|

NaCl KCl

16 20 34, 56, 8O7 100 25 25

KI

I

16

KCl

„,,,

Kc

(550) («oi) (60l) (517) (517)

B=HgI2

* I

i K 55 °)

B = CuO CuCl2 CuSO4

18 25

*?

satd.

1.2-8.7% Cu

(604) (34)

' '°-

c

'

25 25 25 18 25 18 25

KCl

MnSO4 CaSO4

25 25 25 25 18 18 25

Na2SO4 K2SO4

AgNO3 AgC2H3O2, Acetate MgSO4 Mg(NOs) 2 CaSO4 K2SO4 KNO3

25 17 25 25 17,25 25 25

LiNO3 KCN

25 25

Na2SO4

16 25 25

0-2.3 m satd. several points

B = CuSO4 0.12-1 TV 0-225 g 0-13.5 % 0.12-1 TV 0.04-0.5m 0.12-1 TV B=Ag2SO4 satd.

satd. satd. satd. satd. B = AgNO 3

0.12-1 N satd. satd. 0.12-1 7V 0.04-0.5 m 0.12-1 7V

(659) (263) (659) (604) (659) (604) (659) (328) (33) (264) (328) (l l) (604) (328)

20 20

Na2SO4 K2SO4

25 25

La(NOs) 3 La(NOs) 3 2NH 4 NO 3 NaIO3 NaNO 3 KIO3

25 25 25 25 25

K2Cr2O7

15

CaSO4 Na2SO4 K2SO4

25 25 16 18

CaSO4 Ba(BrO3),

25 25

MgSO4

|

AlCl3

|

MgCl2 LiCl

Ca(NOs)2

25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25

NaNO 3 K2SO4 KNO3

(517) (517)

NaCl Na2SO4 KCl K2SO4

25 25 25 25

(550) (328) (328)

Sr(NO3),

25

Sr(NOs)2 NaNO 3 KCl KI KNO3

25 25 25 25 25

B = MnSO4 K2SO4

25 15 25 25

(i»3) 0.02-0.2 7V (262) 0.025-0. l 7V (262) («3) 0.025-0.2 7V (262) 0.025-0. l 7V (262)

0.12-1 TV 0.12-1 7V |0.12-1 TV 0.12-1 7V B=FeCl3 15 | | B = Fe(NH4)2(S04)2 15 | | B = CoCl2 25 25 several points

|

Ca(OCl)2 NaCl

Na 2 SO 4 ..

|(144) 1(144) (659) (^ 59 )

. Sr(NOs)2

"

Llt

'

(*04) (659) (604) ( 659 )

(463) (517) (463) (463)

25

Na2CrO4 K2CrO4

0.025-0. l 7V (262)

G

20

Mo0g

Ca(NO 3 ) 2

I

». LH,C,O.'

(NH 4 ) 2 Cr0 4 ....

B = CuCl2 MgCl2 SrCl2 LiCl NaCl

Concn. range

B

B = CoC\2.—(Continued) 18 | 25 several points 18 i 25 several points B = NiSO4

NaCl

(144) ( 604 )

1(550)

l several mixtures complete ränge

, l

c

_ r«rl

25

Na2SO4

KI KCN

1( 1 4 4 )

| | B = ZnSO4

R

Lltt

1

25

B = A12(SO4)3 0.12-1 N 0.12-1 N B=La(IOs)3 satd. 0-0.2 N satd. satd. satd. satd. B = MgCl2 | B = MgSO4 0-satd. 0-0.18 %

(328) (517) ' (265)

0-1.6 N ( 26 S) 0-0.007 ^V («s.) 0-3 JV (265) 0-0.002 AT ( 2 6 5 ) i

(144)

satd. satd.

(92) (264) (550) («5)

Q-IN Q-IN B = Mg(NO 3 ), 0-514 g satd.

(560) (262)

B = Ca(OH) 2 |satd. (30-920 g | (96) B = CaCl2 0-72 g available Cl (389) 0-satd. satd. (94) satd. 0-satd. (94) B = CaSO4 satd. 0-544 g (560) satd. 0-0.6 N (262) satd. 20-2570 g (95) satd. 0.03-3.6 7V (262) satd. 0-655 g (seo) satd. 0.06-0.35 AT (262) satd. 50-960 g (95) satd. 0-1% (264) satd. 0-260 g (560) B = CaCO3 satd. 20-300 g (94) satd. 10-240 g (94) satd. 0-26% (97) satd. 0-11% (97) B = Sr(OH) 2 |0-satd. |satd.-0 | (473) B = SrCl2 satd. 0-3.3 m (263) satd. 0-6.9 m (263) satd. 0-1.6™ (263) satd. 0-1.5m (263) satd. 0-0.5 m (263) B = SrBr2 |satd. JO-1.9 m \ ( 266 )

C

t, 'C

NaNO3 KNO3 t> / X T ^ N

Ba(NOs)2

25 25 I

1

otr

ConCn range B C B = Sr(NOs) 2 0.12-1JV 0.12-1JV 0.12-liV 0.12-1 AT B = Ba(OH) 2

In

xj

25

|0-satd.

25 15 25

0.12-1 N 1-3JV 0.12-1 JV

I X J A

|satd.-0

Lit. (328) (328)

NaC2H3Os, Acetate KCl

15 15 25

Ba(NOs)2 KBrO3 KNO 3

25 25 25

NaNO 3 KNO 3

25 17 25 30

NaCl NaCl

NaNO3 Na2CO3 NaC16H3iO2, Palmitate.... Na2SiO3 KOH NaClO3 Na2SO4 NaNO 3

NaHCO3

Na2SiO3 KCl

I

Conçu range B I C B = NaCL- (Continued) 18 0-1 JV 11-0 AT 19.5 series of mixtures 20 satd satd -

KCl

|(

25

)

0.12-1 JV

(328) (38) (328) ( 144 ) (38) (328) (262) (262) (262)

15.6 18

KNOg

15 15 6

19.5 KBr

KI

|

NaNO3 Na2CO3 KCl K2SO4 KNO3 KMnO4 NaNO 3

|

NaHCO3 K2SO4. KNO3

(134) ( 625 ) (328)

(227) (37) (470)

(59) (362) ( 45 °) (328) (517,576)

sat(L

series of mixtures B = NaBr

(470)

(362) (576 )

(144) B=NaI

Na2SO4

( 64 7) (464) (94) (54) (54) (362) (4SO) (328) (!93) (i 93 ) (i 93) ^ 93 ) (193) (193) (193) (193) ( 625 ) (ios)

satd

15

15

90 series of mixtures 17.5 25 0.12-1 JV 0.12-1 JV B = NaCl 20 5-15Og |satd. 20 series of mixtures 25 0-32Og 0-27Og 15 0-190 g satd. 15.5 satd. 0-38Og 19.5 series of measurements 20 satd. satd. 25 0.12-1 JV 0.12-1 JV O 0-6 m satd. O satd. 0-0.09 m 15 0-6 m satd. 15 satd. 0-0.12 m 30 0-6 m satd. 30 satd. 0-0.17 m 45 0-6 m satd. 45 satd. 0-0.23 m 17.5 O 2.9-6.2MoI 0.4-3.3 MoI % % 0-5 15 0.25-4 JV 0.2-3.5 JV 15.6 satd. satd.

0.12-1 JV

^

satd. satd. (470) range of concentrations (ii) o.25-120 g 0.25-120g (i44)

25

K2C2O4, Oxalate......

(328) (183) (328) (183)

B=LiCl 11-6 JV 12-4 JV | (38) B=NaOH O ? satd. ( 18 O) O 0-5JV satd. ( 179 ) 0-55 30-20Og 75-23Og ( 14 S) 20 10-32Og satd. (647) 20 0-60% 26.4-0.8% (302) 60 0-60% 27-1.5% (302) 100 0-60 % 28-3 % (302) O 0-6JV satd. ( 17 9) 11.5, 60, series of mixtures (639) 80

0.12-I]V

25

K2SO4 0.12-1 JV 1-3JV 0.12-1 JV

1-3JV 1-3JV 0.12-1 JV 0.12-1 JV B = Ba(BrOs)2 satd. 0.025-0.2 JV satd. 0.025-0. I J V satd. 0.025-0.IJV B=Ba(NOs)2 0.12-1 JV 0.12-1 JV

0.12-1 JV

*,°C

I M72\ 472

B = BaCl2

Ba(NOs)2 NaCl

C

KOH K2CO3 Na2WO4 K 4 Fe(CN) 6 KCl K2S KClO3 KBr KI K2SO4 KNO3

|

25

| | 1(576) B=Na2SO3 0.1 3-12% 1-3% (io?) 17.5 2.6-19% 2-12% (107) 25 2.5-27% 1.7-21% (io?) 37.5 2.6-28% 2-30% (io?) B = Na2SO4 16 | (422) 20 series of mixtures (464) 20 (585) 15 (297) 18 0.05-0.7 m 0.025-0.5 m (U) 25 0.12-1 JV 0.12-1 JV (328) 16 20-70 g 50-140 g ( 4 2 2 ) 25 0-22% satd. (603) B=NaNO2 18 |satd. lsatd. | (467) B=NaNO3 O, 15 0-satd. 0-satd. ("S) 15 30-10Og 30-100 g (422) 15.6 satd. satd. (470) 16 0-140 g 0-140 g (422) 20 satd. satd. (4SO) 25 0.12-1 JV 0.12-1 N (32?) B = Na 2 CO 3 15 (144) 25 0.12-1 JV 0.12-1 JV (328) B=Na4SiO4 30 | series of mixtures [ (383) B=Na 4 Fe(CN) 6 25 0-1 m satd. (266) 25 satd. 0-1 m (266) B=KOH O 0-3.5 JV satd. (179) 20 10-430 g satd. (647) 0-80 25-200 g 70-210 g (314) 8-18 4-55% MoI ratio 1:1 (52) solutes B=KCl 20 0-120 g satd. (647) 25 0-satd. satd.-O (202) 19.5 (84) 18 0.48-0.025 AT0.05-0.3 JV (22) 17.5 satd. 0-153 g (54) 20 satd. satd. (450) 20.5 0-250 g satd. (54) 25 0.12-1 JV 0.12-1 JV (328)

C

,,oc

^Concn. range^

^

^ |

c

'

K 2 Al 2 (SO 4 ),.... I

B = KCL-(Continued) 15 I I B = KBr

15

KN03

B = K2SO4

series of mixtures

1

I»

LeSe Acetate

15 10 B

I

25

~KI

I

I

B = K2S 8-18 3-52% solutes

KHS

(144) ^ ; |("7)

K2CO3 KMnO4 K2CrO4

20 25 15 25 25

K2Cr2O7 MoI ratio 1:1 (S2) K2CO3

I

15

^

(300)

15

(183)

66-73 g

42-29 g

(422)

25

PnPTTO

KCN

1("4)

KHSO4

ôncn. range^

< 183 >

(585) (603) (ioi) satd.-O (202) 0.12-1 N (328)

0-11%

satd.

0-satd. 0.12-1 AT B=K2HPO4 I j

I ( 144 )

Three or More Solutes H2O THREE SOLUTES i B

HCl I2 H2SO4 NH3 HNO3 NH 4 NO 3 NH4Cl (NH4)2S04 Tl2SO4 CaSO4 CaCO3 BaSO4 NaCl

Na2SO4 KCl Pb(NOs)2 Na2SO4 La2C6Oi2, Oxalate NaNO3 NaNO3 NaHCO3 NaHCO3

CuSO4 NaCl NaNO3 A12(SO4)3 NaCl NaCl K2SO4 NaNO3 KCl KCl KI

K2SO4 KCl KCl K2SO4 Na2SO4 Na2SO4 K2CO3 KNO3 K2SO4 KNO 3 KNO3

n

B

| % Cl 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5

° PbI2

*'° C 20 25 20 20 25 15 20 O, 15 0,15 15 15 0-5 ? 25 25 25 25 15.6 15.6 15.6 15

»

H2SO4 NaCl PbI2 HNO3 La2(SO4)3 NH4NO3 Na2SO4 NH4HCO3 NaNO 3

ttP I2

Concn. range

C

D

F

E

| Pb(NQ3), | Cu(NQs)2

|

B

l C l series of mixtures 0-4 m 0-4 m all satd. series of mixtures 4-4.6 M satd.

satd. ? 0-satd. 0.3-6 g satd. satd. satd. satd.

D 0-1.5 m satd.

series of mixtures all satd. all satd. I 1.9-3.4 N \ series of mixtures ? 0-satd. 0-310 g 0-320 g equilibrium mixtures satd. satd. satd. series of mixtures

satd. ? 0-satd. 0-260 g 0-270 g satd. satd. satd.

I % total salts | O C 0.184 1.00140 0.364 1.00287 0.545 1.00433 0.725 1.00579 0.906 1.00725 1.086 1.00871 1.267 1.01016 1.447 1.01162 1.628 1.01307 1.808 1.01452 1.989 1.01597 2.169 1.01742 2,350 1.01887 2.530 1.02032 2.711 1.02177

| 5C 1.00149 1.00293 1.00436 1.00579 1.00722 1.00865 1.01007 1.01150 1.01292 1.01434 1.01577 1.01719 1.01861 1.02003 1.02146

(464) (527) (194) (464) («si) (195) (464) (iss) (195) (195) (144) (227) (191) (202) (94) (94) (424) (470) (470) (470) (144)

FOUR SOLUTES 7 ° P C o n c n . range *' ° B | C | D 1 E . 20 | satd. | satd. | 0.14-0.8 N \ 1-3.4 AT |

SEA WATER [JAB] (339)**. a (81)*; (292, 408.5), a (153, 168, 380, 408, 445, 597) 0 0 0 0 0 0

[ IQ C 1.00120 1.00261 1.00402 1.00542 1.00683 1.00823 1.00963 1.01103 1.01243 1.01383 1.01523 1.01663 1.01803 1.01943 1.02083

| 15 C 1.00058 1.00197 l". 00335 1.00474 1.00612 1.00751 1.00889 1.01027 1.01165 1.01303 1.01441 1.01579 1.01717 1.01855 1.01993

| 2O C 0.99966 1.00104 1.00241 1.00377 1.00514 1.00651 1.00787 1.00924 1.01060 1.01196 1.01333 1.01469 1.01605 1.01742 1.01879

| 25 C 0.99849 0.99985 1.00120 1.00256 1.00391 1.00526 1.00661 1.00796 1.00931 1.01066 1.01201 1.01336 1.01472 1.01607 1.01742

| 3O0C 0.99708 0.99842 0.99976 1.00110 1.00245 1.00379 1.00513 1.00647 1.00780 1.00914 1.01048 1.01182 1.01316 1.01450 -1.01585

Lit

~~ (194)

Llt

350C 0.99545 0.99678 0.99811 0.99944 1.00077 1.00210 1.00343 1.00476 1.00608 1.00741 1.00874 1.01007 1.01140 1.01274 1.01407

SEA WATER.—(Continued) % Cl I % total salts [ O0C | 50C | IQ0C | 150C | 2O0C | 250C 3O0C | 350C O2.8911.023221.022881.022231.021311.020161.018781.017201.01541 1.7 3.072 1.02468 1.02431 1.02364 1.02270 1.02153 1.02014 1.01855 1.01675 Î.8 3.252 1.02613 1.02574 1.02504 1.02408 1.02290 1.02150 1.01989 1.01809 1.9 3.433 1.02758 1.02716 1.02644 1.02547 1.02427 1.02286 1.02124 1.01944 2.0 3.613 1.02904 1.02859 1.02785 1.02686 1.02564 1.02422 1.02260 1.02079 2.1 3.794 1.03049 1.03002 1.02926 1.02825 1.02701 1.02558 1.02395 1.02214 2.2 3.974 1.03195 1.03145 1.03067 1.02964 1.02839 1.02695 1.02531 1.02349 2.3 4.155 1.03341 1.03289 1.03208 1.03104 1.02978 1.02831 1.02667 1.02484 B = C2H4O2, Acetic acid NH 4 Acetate NH 4 Butyrate NH4 Isobutyrate B = C2H5Cl2NO2, NH4 Dichloroacetate C3H6O3 1 Lactic acid B = C2H6O, Ethyl alcohol C7H9NO2* NH 4 Benzoate C7H9NO31 NH 4 Salicylate B = C2H7NO2, NH4 Acetate C4H8O2 Butyric acid C4H8O2 Isobutyric acid B = C3H6O2, Propionic acid C3H9NO2 1 NH4 Propionate B = C3H6O3, Lactic acid C3H9NO3 I NH 4 Lactate B = C4H6O4 Succinic acid C4H12N2O4 1 NH 4 Succinate B = C4H6O5, Malic acid C4H12N2O5 [ NH 4 Malate B = C4H8O2, Butyric acid C4H11NO2 1 NH4 Butyrate B == C4H8O2, Isobutyric acid C4H11NO2 1 NH 4 Isobutyrate B = C6H8O7, Citric acid C6H17N3O7 1 NH 4 Citrate

(T-TABLE, THE (T-ARRANGEMENT

Two Solutes in H2O

C 2 H 7 NO 2 C4H11NO2 C4H11NO2

t = 20° ( 4 6 3 )

Formula

I Name B = CH2O2, Formic acid CH6NO2 NH 4 Formate C2H7NO3 NH 4 Glycolate C3H9NO2 NH 4 Propionate C3H9NO3 NH 4 Lactate C4H11NO2 NH 4 Butyrate C4HuNO2 NH 4 Isobutyrate C4H12N2O4 NH 4 Succinate C4H12N2O6 NH 4 Malate B = CHoNO 2 , Ammonium formate C2HCl3O2 Trichloroacetic acid C2H4O2 Acetic acid C3H6O3 Lactic acid C4HsO2 Butyric acid C4H8O2 Isobutyric acid B = C2HCl3O2, Trichloroacetic acid C2H4Cl3NO2 NH 4 Trichloroacetate C2H6Cl2NO2 NH 4 Dichloroacetate C2H6ClNO2. NH 4 Chloroacetate B = C2H2Cl2O2, Dichloroacetic acid C2H6Cl2NO2 NH 4 Dichloroacetate C 3 H 9 NO 3 .... NH 4 Lactate B = C2H3ClO2, Chloroacetic acid C 2 H 4 Cl 3 NO 2 .., NH 4 Trichloroacetate C2H6ClNO2 NH 4 Chloroacetate

* At 25° C, B concn. - 0-100 %, C concn. « satd. ( 559 ). t At 25° C, B concn. = entire range, C concn. = eatd. ( 559 ).

THE KEY FORMULA OP AT LEAST ONE SOLUTE (THE B-SOLUTE) DOES NOT BEGIN WITH 16 Two Solutes in H2O The B-solute in Standard Arrangement, the C-soIute in the C-arrangement C Formula

j

I Name

'

B

Concn. range j C

~ __*__

——_C2H2Cl2O3.

j Dichloroacetic

25

acld

C2H2O4 C2H4O2 C2H5Cl2NO2

J

Oxalic acid Acetic acid NH 4 Dichloro-

30 25 20

0.12-1AT

0.12-ltf

., »r 0-9.7 N 0.12-1 N

j satd. 0.12-1

. C2H2O 4 (328) ^^ tf

^t,N (««) (328) ( 4 «3)

acetate

C2HeO CeHyN CeHi2O* C8H6O4 Ci0H8O3S Ci2H22Ou

Ethyl alcohol Aniline Invert sugar Phthalic acid 0-Naphthalenesulfonicacid Sucrose

CsHsO3

I Glycerol

C3H6O

[Acetone

C 2 H 2 O* C4H6O6 C 4 Hi 8 O

Oxalic acid Malic acid Ethyl ether

25 0.3-3.2 N 100%-? 25 range of concn. 25 25 0.2-1.9 m satd. 30 0-9.9 JV satd. O, 25 B=I2 I 25 | satd. B= S i

25 | satd. B = H2SO* 25 0-8.4 N 20 2.5-11% 30 50-100%

] Formula

^^

(324) (562) ( 5 «) NH4HCO3 ( 518 ) 4l2 ( ) ( «)

| 0-100 %

| ( 283 )

| 85-100 %

i (283) ( 6S1 ) C5*6) (49S)

Concn. range ' B | C B - HNO 3 30 0-21.6 N satd. 25 0.12-1 AT 0.12-1 N

{ oc

Name Oxalic acid acid

Acetic

NH4 Dichloroacetate

20

Raffinose

25

^ ' _ C* 1 2) (328) («e») (232)

ß = NH4NOs

NH 4 HCO 3 ^^

5

satd. 6-7% entire range

C2H5Cl2NO2

C

C^Q C3H8O3 C8H6O4 CTHnOe

^0 CsHi4Oe C2H6O

Ethyl tartrate

I |

15

0-satd.

ß

_ NH4Cl O 0-5.4 m

15

25 25 25 26 B

satd. 0-0 46 m

V^td*0* 0-142 g 15 gatd. entire system Ethyl tartrate 26 B = PbC4H6O4, Acetate | Ethyl alcohol | 25 I satd. 1 0-100 % Ethyl aicohol

I ("S) (4 7t)

(i«) ( 19 3) 0_6'4 w 8atd ( 193) 0-0.81 m 0»3) gatd satd. 0-90 Vol. % (283) satd. 0-100% (283) 0.06-1.9 m satd. (si8) (479) satd

Acetone Glycerol Phthalic acid Ethyl tartrate

0-satd.

26

(53) (33) <479) | (SS9)

Formula C2H6O C 2 HeO C2H6O CH 4 O C2H6O C4H8O2 CH 4 O C2H6O C4H8O2 CH 4 O C2HeO C4H8O2

3

Si O

C4H8O2 C8H6O4 CH2O2 C2H4O2 C3H6O2 CeH 6 C2H2O4 C2H4O2 C2H4O3 C3H6O2 C3H6O3 C4H6O4 C4H6O5 C 4 HeO 6 C6H8O7 C 7 Hi 2 O 6 CsH8O2 CsHsO3 C4HeO6 C2H4O2 CH4O C2H6O C3H6O3 C3H8O C3H8O3 C 4 Hi 0 O C5Hi2O C 5 Hi 2 O CeHi4O6 C 6 Hi 4 O 6 C8HeO4 CsH6O4 C2H6O C2H6O C3H6O C8H6O4 C8HuOe

C i

Concn. range ' B j C B = ZnC 4 H 6 O 4 , Acetate I Ethyl alcohol I 25 I satd. | 0-100 % B = ZnCi 0 Hi 8 O 4 , Valerate I Ethyl alcohol | 25 | satd. | entire range B = ZnCi 2 Hi 0 O 8 S 2 , p-Phenolsulfonate [ Ethyl alcohol 1 25 J satd. | entire range f or~*

Methyl alcohol Ethyl alcohol Ethyl acetate

to'™ 20 satd. 25 satd. B = HgBr2 Methyl alcohol 25 satd. Ethyl alcohol 25 satd. Ethyl acetate 25 satd. B = HgI2 Methyl alcohol 25 satd. Ethyl alcohol 25 satd. satd. Ethyl acetate 25 satd. B = Hg(CN) 2

a

SÄST 25 : aid.

0-100% 0-100% 0-100%

C

Lit

Name

' |

(559)

Formula C8H6O4 Ci 2 H 22 Ou

I ( 559 ) C2H6O | <5S9) (»•) (280) C"°) 28

^0 CzH&

°

•

Name

0

/

C*

'

B

I ^hyl alcohol | 25 | satd. entire range B = Li3C6H5O7, Citrate | Ethyl alcohol | 25 | satd. | 0-100 % B = NaCl Ethyl alcohol 11.5-13 satd. 0-720 g Glycerol 25 satd. 0-100% Amyl alcohol 25 equil. with 0-5 N B in A Phthalic acid 25 0.1-3 m satd. Ethyl tartrate 26 Sucrose 20 ? ? B = NaC1o3 j Ethyl tartrate | 26 1 |

( °) ( 28 °) ( 2 8 O)

47-100 % 67-100% 70-100 % 0-100%

(280) (283) (280) (280)

£ss

?::; ^ \***™«*\ 2 6 ,

CsHi4O6

c

C«H6O4 C2H6O C8H6O4 C8Hi4O6 CH2O2 C2HCl3O2 C2H4O2 C3H6O3 C4H8O2 C4H8O2 NH4HCO3

C2H4O2 C2H6O C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C8Hi4O6 CH2O2 CH2O2 C3H6O2 CH2O2 C2H2Cl2O2 C3H6O3 CH2O2 C2H4O2 C4H8O2 CH2O2 C2H4O2 C4H8O2 C2H6O CH2O2 C4H6O4 CH2O2 C4H6O5 CH2O2 C4H6O6 Ci2H22On C2H6O C6HsO7

Concn. range — J C

B = LiCl Phthalic acid 25 0.1-1.7 m I satd. Sucrose 25 | B = LiC7H5O2, Benzoate | Ethyl alcohol | 25 | satd. | 0-100 % B = LiC7H5O3, Salicylate

0-100% 0-100% 0-100%

Ethyl acetate 25 satd. 0-100% (280) Phthalic acid 25 0.06-0.8 m satd. («•) B = CuC2H2O4, Formate I Formic acid | ? | I I (563) B = CuC4H6O4, Acetate I Acetic acid I ? I I I (563) B = CuC6Hi0O4, Propionate 1 Propionic acid | ? | I I ( 563 ) B = AgClO 4 ! Benzene | | complete study | (293) B = MoO3 Oxalic acid (517) Acetic acid 25 («*) Glycolicacid 25 (517) Propionic acid 25 (517) Lactic acid 25 (517) Succinic acid 25 C 5 1 *) Malic acid 25 (517) Tartaric acid 25 (517) Citric acid 25 (S17) Quinicacid 25 (517) Phenylacetic 25 (517) acid Mandelic acid 25 (517) B = (NH 4 ) 6 Mo 7 O 24 I Tartaric acid | 25 I I [(135,51?) B = UO 2 (NOs) 2 I Acetic acid | 10-17 | 1-7 % d = 1.055 | 0 2 4) B = H3BO3 Methyl alcohol 25 | satd. 12-100 MoI % ( 4 3 7 ) Ethyl alcohol 25 satd. 9-100 MoI % (437) Lactic acid 25 satd. 2-36 MoI % (437) n-Propyl 25 satd. 24-100 MoI % ( 4 3 7 ) alcohol Glycerol 25 satd. 25-91 MoI % (437) 0-100% (283) Isobutyl 25 satd. 0.7(437) alcohol 100 MoI % Amyl alcohol 25 satd. ? (437) Isoamyl alcohol 25 satd. 0.5(437) 100 MoI % Mannitol 25 satd. 0.8(437) 1.6Mol% Dulcitol 25 satd. 0.07( 4 3 7) 0.3 MoI % B = MgCl2 I Phthalic acid | 25 1 0.12-2.6 m | satd. I (5I8) B = CaCl2 I Phthalic acid I 25 I 0.08-0.6 m | satd. | (518) B = Ca(NOg) 2 I Ethyl alcohol | 25 | 0-5 N | 0-100 % | (436) B = SrCi4Hi0O6, Salicylate I Ethyl alcohol | 25 satd. 1 entire range I (559) B = Ba(OH) 2 I Acetone | 25 | satd. 0-70% | (282) B = BaCl2 Phthalic acid 25 0.1-1.4 m satd. (5iS) Ethyl tartrate 26 (479)

C2H6O C3H8O3 C 5 Hi 2 O CsH6O4 C8HuO6 Ci2H22On

|

B = Nal

,

B-Na2SO4 I Phthalic acid | 25 | 0.1-3.0 m | satd. B = NaNO 3 Ethyl alcohol 13-16.5 satd. 0-630 g Phthalic acid 25,35 0.2-3.Om satd. Ethyl tartrate 26 B = NaCHO 2 , Formate Formic acid 20 Trichloroacetic 20 acid Acetic acid 20 Lactic acid 20 Butyric acid 20 Isobutyric acid 20 B=NaHCO3 O satd.-O 0-satd. 15 satd.-O 0-satd. 0-satd. 0-satd. B = NaC2H3O2, Acetate Acetic acid 1 20 1 25 0.12-1 IV 0.12-1 JV Ethyl alcohol 25 satd. 0-100% Butyric acid 20 Isobutyric acid 20 Ethyl tartrate 26 B = NaC2H3O3, Glycolate I Formic acid | 20 | | B = NaC3H5O2, Propionate Formic acid 20 Propionic acid 20 B = NaC3H5O3, Lactate Formic acid 20 Dichloroacetic 20 acid Lactic acid 20 B = NaC4H7O2, Butyrate Formic acid 20 Acetic acid 20 Butyric acid 20 B = NaC4H7O2, Isobutyrate Formic acid 20 Acetic acid 20 Isobutyric acid 20 B = NaC7H5O2, Benzoate I Ethyl alcohol I 25 I satd. | 0-100 % B = Na2C4H4O4, Succinate Formic acid 20 Succinic acid 20 B = Na2C4H4O5, Malate I Formic acid 20 I Malic acid 20 B = Na2C4H4O6, Tartrate Formic acid 20 Tartaric acid 20 Sucrose 15 30-40 g 180-290 g B = Na3C6H5O7, Citrate Ethyl alcohol 25 I satd. 0-100% Citric acid 20 I

Tii

( 518 ) (240) |

(559) |(...).

[ (559) (53) (283) (437) ( 518 ) (479) (51) | C» 79 )

,«,., [ (518) (53) (5l*) (479) (463) (463) (463) (463) (463) (463) (i") 0 9 3) O95) (463) (328) (559) | (463) ; (463) («79) |

(463)

(463) (463) (463) (463) (463) (463) (463) (463) (463) ' (463) (463) [ (559) I I

(463) (463)

I (463) [ (463) (463) (463) (210) I (S59) [ (463)

Formula C2HCl3O2 C2H3ClO2

C2HCIsO2 C2H3ClO2

C2HCl3O2 C2H2Cl2O2 C3H0O3 C2H6O C2H0O C5H6O4 C2H6O C3H6O C3H8O3 C4H6O4 C 8 Hi 4 O 6 CsH 6 O 4 CsHi 4 O 6 C2H6O C3H6O C3H8O3 CsH6O4 CsH6O4 C2H6O C3H6O C8H6O4 C8Hi4O6 CsH6O4 C8H6O4 C2H6O CsH6O4 CsH14O6 Ci2H22On CH2O2 C2HCl3O2 C2H4O2 C3H6O3 C4HsO2 C4H8O2 C2H4O2 C2H6O C4H8O2 C4H8O2 CsHeO4 CH2O2 CH2O2 C3H6O2

C |

Concn. range t 0(, Name ' B | C B = NaC2Cl3O2, Trichloroacetate Trichloroacetic 20 acid Chloroacetic 20 acid B = NaC2H2ClO2, Chloroacetate Trichloroacetic 20 acid Chloroacetic 20 acid B = NaC 2 HCl 2 O 2 , Dichloroacetate 1 Trichloroacetic 20 acid Dichloroacetic 20 acid 1 Lactic acid 20 B — NaCeH5O48, p-Phenolsulfonate I Ethyl alcohol J 25 i satd. | entire range B = Na2Cr2O7.2H2O i Ethyl alcohol l 19.4 | 51 g | B = KF 1 Phthalic acid | 25 J O . 1-0.6 m | satd. B = KCl Ethyl alcohol 14.5 satd. 0-90% 25 O.04-0.5 ^ 50 Vol. % Acetone 25 satd. 0-100% Glycerol 25 satd. 0-100% Phthalic acid 25,35 O.1-2.7 w satd. Ethyl tartrate 26 B = KClO 3 Phthalic acid 25 I 0.03-0.6 w satd. Ethyl tartrate 26 I B = KBr 1 Ethyl alcohol 18 Ì 0.01-0.07 N 25 % and 50 % 25 0.04-1 AT 50 Vol. % Acetone 25 satd. 0-100% 25 satd. 0-9OVoI. % Glycerol 25 satd. 0-100% Phthalic acid 25 0.1-1.8 m satd. B = KBrO 3 I Phthalic acid | 25 j 0.02-0.4 m [satd. B « KI Ethyl alcohol 20 20 10-100 g 45 % 25 0.1-2 AT 50 Vol. % Acetone 25 satd. 0-100% Phthalic acid 25 0.1-2.Ow satd. Ethyl tartrate 26 B = KIO3 1 Phthalic acid | 25 | 0.02-0.4 w 1 satd. B = K 2 SO 4 j Phthalic acid | 25 I 0.06-1.2 m | satd. B = KNO 3 Ethyl alcohol 17.7-18 satd. 0-90% Phthalic acid 25 0.1-2.2 m satd. Ethyl tartrate 26 B = KH2PO4 [Sucrose | 18 | 50-170 g i? B = KCHO2, Formate Formic acid 20 Trichloroacetic 20 acid Acetic acid 20 Lactic acid 20 Butyric acid 20 Isobutyric acid 20 B = KC2H3O2, Acetate I Acetic acid 20 Ethyl alcohol 25 satd. 0-100 % Butyric acid 20 Isobutyric acid 20 Phthalic acid 25 0.1-0.6 m satd. B = KC2HsO3, Glycolate I Formic acid I 20 | I B = KC3H5O2, Propionate i Formic acid 20 I Propionic acid 20

^ ^_ (463) (

463

Formula CH2O2 C2H2Cl2O2

) C3H6O3

(463) (463)

(463) (463) (463) | (559) i C512) 1 (*i*) C53) ( 201 ) ( 2 »i) ( 283 ) ( 518 ) C479) (5l8) C479) (3i3) ( 2 <>i) (28M ( 283 ) ( 283 ) (S«) I ( 518 ) ( 137 ) ( 5 <> 9 ) (2O1) ( 281 ) ( 518 ) (479) [ ( 518 ) | ( S18 ) 53

( ) ( 518 ) ( 479 ) | ( 2 1 <>) (463) C463) ( 463 ) ( 463 ) C463) ( 463 ) (463) ( 559 ) ( 463 ) ( 463 ) ( 518 ) 1 ( 463 ) (463) C463)

C2H6O CH2O2 C2H4O2 C4H8O2 CH2O2 C2H4O2 C4H8O2 CH2O2 C4H6O4 CH2O2 C4H6O5 C2H6O C6H8O7 C2HCl3O2 C2H3ClO2

C2HCl3O2 C2H3ClO2

C2HCl3O2 C2H2Cl2O2 C3H6O3 CsHi4O6 C2H6O C2H6O

CsH6O4 CsH6Q4

C |

o

Name

'

B

Concn. range ) C

B = KC3H5O3, Lactate Formic acid 20 Dichloroacetic 20 acid Lactic acid 20 B = KC4H5O6, Acid tartrate I Ethyl alcohol | 25 | satd. | entire range B = KC 4 H 7 O 2 , Butyrate Formic acid 20 Acetic acid 20 Butyric acid 20 B = KC4H7O8, Isobutyrate Formic acid 20 Acetic acid 20 Isobutyric acid 20 B = K 2 C 4 H 4 O 4 , Buccinate Formic acid 20 | I Succinic acid 20 [ | B = K 2 C 4 H 4 O 5 , Malate I Formic acid 20 I I Malic acid 20 | B = K3C6H5O7, Citrate Ethyl alcohol 25 satd. I 0-100 % Citric acid 20 I B = KC2Cl3O2, Trichloroacetate Trichloroacetic 20 acid Chloroacetic 20 acid B = KC2H2ClO2, Chloroacetate Trichloroacetic 20 acid Chloroacetic 20 acid B = KC2HCl2O2, Dichloroacetate Trichloroacetic 20 acid Dichloroacetic 20 acid Lactic acid 20 B = KCNS 1 Ethyl tartrate J 26 | | B = KSbC4H4O7, Antimonyl tartrate I Ethyl alcohol j 25 | satd. | entire range B = KNaC4H4O6, Tartrate Ethyl alcohol 15 I 60-90 g I 210-300 g 25 I satd. 1 entire range B = RbCl I Phthalic acid [ 25 [0.1-2.1 m 1 satd. B = CsCl [ Phthalic acid | 25 ( 0.07-1.5 m | satd.

C**3) (4*3) • (4^3) | ( 559 ) (4*3) (4*3) (4*3) (4«3) (4^3) ( 463 ) (««3) (4«3) I (*6 3 ) j (463) I ( 559 ) I ( 4 63) | (4«3) («")

(4*3) C4*3)

(*63) ( 463 ) ( 463 ) | (479) | (559) I ( 2 1 °) [ (559) J ( 518 > | (518)

Three or More Solutes in H2O I 2 (0-satd.) + C2H6O, Ethyl alcohol (40 and 60%) + KI (satd.-0);at25°C (*7i). H2SO4 (5-6.4 M) +C 2 H 2 O 4 , Oxalic acid (satd.) + La2(SO4)3 (satd.); at 250C (651). H2SO4 + C2H2O4, Oxalic acid + La2(SO4)3 + La2C6Oi2, Lanthanum oxalate; at 250C (651). H2SO4 (1.2-4.8 M) + C2H2O4, Oxalic acid (satd.) + La2C6O12, Lanthanum oxalate (satd.); at 250C (651). CO2 (satd. 1 atm.) + CaSO4 (satd.) + CaCO3 (satd.) + NaCl (0-310 g) + Na2SO4 (0-260 g); at 250C (**). CO2 (satd. 1 atm.) -f- CaCO3 (satd.) + NaCl (10-360 g); at 250C (94). C4H6O6, Tartaric acid + C12H22On, Sucrose + Na2C4H4O6, Sodium tartrate; at 150C (209). C6H12O, Amyl alcohol -f H3BO3 (satd.) -f NaCl (0-4 N) at 250C (437). NH4HCO3 (satd.) + NaNO3 (0.4-1.25 N) + NaHCO3 (satd.); at 150C (195).

DENSITY OF SATURATED SOLUTIONS When H2O is written in the formula, the per cent refers to the anhydrous substance except when otherwise noted.

HCl [JAB] PHCI = l atm. (528) t % dl -20 67.7 1.276 -10 66.7 1.261 O 65.8 1.249 +10 64.9 1.239 20 64.0 1.231 25 63.6 1.228 30 63.2 1.225 40 62.4 1.221 50 61.7 1.219 HIO3 [JAB] (245) [LJG] 74.10 2.4256 13.5 18 74.55 2.4711 NH4NO3 [JAB] (438)**. (114,

580)

O 10 15 20 25 30 32 32.3 34 36 38 40

54.33 1.264 58.85 1.2909 62.51 1.3003 65.63 1.3103 68.29 1.3200 70.74 1.3303 71.72 1.3345 71.87 1.3351 72.35 1.3380 73.05 1.3411 73.85 1.3438 74.79 1.3464

NH4Cl [JAB] (537, 580)**

15 | 26.3 | 1.0750 NH4Br [JAB] (567) 15 41.72 1.29 113 61.5 1.66 137 65.4 1.71 158 67.9 1.76 NH4ClO4 [LJG] (99) O 11.0 1.061 10 15.1 1.080 20 19.1 1.098 30 23.0 1.115 40 26.8 1.131 50 30.4 1.146 60 33.8 1.160 70 37.1 1.174 80 40.3 1.188 90 43.5 1.202 100 46.6 1.215 NH 4 IO 4 [LJG] (l») 16 | 2.63 | 1.0178 (NH4)2SO4 (JAB] (642) 20 42.55 | 1.248 (NH4)2HP04 [LJG] (241, 242)

14.5 | 56.24 | 1.3427 NH4C7H6O2, Benzoate [JAB] (559)

25 | 18.6 | 1.040 NH4C7H6O3, Salicylate [JAB] (559)

25 | 50.8 | 1.145 Ammonium bismuth citrate (47.5% Bi2O3) [JAB] (559) 25 I 22.25 I 1.25

(NH4)2SiF6 [LJG] (581) t % d\ 17.5 15.67 1.0946 PbCl2

[LJG]

(382)**.

(262)*

O 0.67 1.0065 10 0.815 1.0075 20 0.98 1.0072 25 1.073 1.0069 30 1.18 1.0064 40 1.41 1.0050 50 1.665 1.0030 60 1.94 1.0006 70 2.235 0.9978 80 2.55 0.9946 90 2.885 0.9911 100 3.24 0.9873 Pb(C103)2 [JAB] (442) 18 I 60.2 i 1.944 PbBr2 [LJG] (382) O 0.45 1.0042 10 0.61 1.0050 20 0.83 1.0057 25 0.97 1.0059 30 1.12 1.0060 40 1.47 1.0060 50 1.86 1.0053 60 2,29 1.0037 70 2.75 1.0016 80 3.26 1.0001 90 3.83 0.9995 100 4.47 0.9991 PbI2 [LJG] (382) O 0.044 1.00043 10 0.054 1.00010 20 0.069 0.99893 25 0.079 0.9979 30 0.091 0.9966 40 0.121 0.9934 50 0.157 0.9894 60 0.199 0.9849 70 0.247 0.9798 80 0.301 0.9745 90 0.361 0.9694 100 0.428 0.9645 Pb(NO3)2 [LJG] 17.5(534) 34.8 1.380 20 (!94) 35.5 1.418s 25 (18S) 37.075 1.44450 25 (185) 37.035t 1.44359 t From radioactive lead.

Pb(C2H3O2K Acetate [JAB] (241, 242, 559)

15.56 26.44 1.2330 25 36.54 1.340 TlCl [JAB] (39) [LJG] O 0.17 1.0012 10 0.24 1.0018 20 0.34 1.0013 25 0.40 1.0005 30 0.47 0.9996 40 0.62 0.9976 50 0.80 0.9951

TlCl,- (Continued) t % di 60 1.02 0.9921 70 1.29 0.9889 80 1.59 0.9855 90 1.93 0.9820 100 2.38 0.9785 TlClO4 [LJG] (99)

O 5.8 1.060 10 7.4 1.077 20 11.1 1.104 25 13.5 1.122 30 16.2 1.143 40 22.1 1.194 50 28.3 1.257 60 34.4 1.332 70 40.1 1.420 80 45.2 1.521 Tl2SO4 [JAB] (39) [LJG] O 2.72 1.0247 10 3.70 1.0335 20 4.85 1.0424 25 5.48 1.0469 30 6.16 1.0514 40 7.62 1.0606 50 9.21 1.0698 60 10.91 1.0791 70 12.70 1.0884 80 14.58 1.0978 90 16.53 1.1072 100 18.53 1.1167 TlNO3 [JAB] (39) [LJG] O 3.8 1.034 10 6.0 1.055 20 8.7 1.076 25 10.4 1.093 30 12.4 1.114 40 17.3 1.161 50 23.6 1.227 60 31.6 1.330 70 41.2 1.483 80 52.9 1.722 90 66.4 2.135 100 79.6 2.787 104.5 (B. P.) 85.6 3.191 Zn(C103)2 [GS] (442) 18 I 65 I 1.914 Zn(C2H3Q2) 2, Acetate [JAB] (559)

25 I 25.73 I 1.165 Zn(C5H9O2) 2, Valerate [JAB] (559)

25 ( 1.27 I 1.001 Zn(C6H6SOs)2, p-Benzenesulfonate [JAB] (559) 25 I 29.49 I 1.182 HgCl2 [GS] (260) O 4.2 1.039 10 4.9 1.042 20 5.9 1.049 30 7.3 1.059 40 9.3 1.073

HgCI2.—(Continued} t % d[ 50 11.9 1.091 60 15.2 1.114 70 19.5 1.142 80 25.2 i 1.180 90 33.3 1.233 100 55.7 1.354 Cu(ClOa)2 [WCS] (421)* 18 I 62.17 I 1.692 CuSO4.(NH4)2SO4 [WCS] (534)

19.0 I 15.3 I 1.1316 MnCl2 [JAB] (140) JLJG] a-MnC!2.4H2O 25 43.56 1.4491 30 44.66 1.5049 40 46.97 1.5348 50 49.53 1.5744 MnCl2^H2O 57.65 51.31 1.6097 60 52.06 1.6108 70 52.52 1.6134 MnC2O4 [LJG] (103) [JAB] MnC2O4.2H2O O I 0.0198 I 1.0001 MnC2O4.3H2O O I 0.0326 I 1.0002 MnSiF6 [LJG] (582) 17.5 I 37.68 I 1.4458 FeCl3 [WCS] (430) 25 73.1 1.793 35 73.4 1.785 Fe(N03)2 [WCS] (461) 15 44.35 1.485 20 45.65 1.495 25 46.86 1.50s FeSO4.(NH4)2SO4 [WCS] (221, 533, 534)

16.5 I 19.13 I 1.165l Co(ClOs)2 [WCSl (421) 18 I 64.2 I 1.857 Co(C104)2 [WCSJ (590) O 64.03 1.5639 7.5 65.09 ; 1.5658 18 66.24 j 1.5670 26 71.76 1.5811 45 72.49 1.5878 Co(N03)2 [WCS] (217) 18 I 49.73 i 1.572 Ni(ClOs) 2 [WCS] (99, 421)

16 60.9 1.75 18 56.74 1.658 Ni(ClO4) 2 [WCSJ (590) O 66.48 1.5726 7.5 67.76 1.5755 18 69.83 1.5760 26 70.80 1.5841 45 74.42 1.5936 CrO3 [JAB] (243, 443) [LJG] 16.4 62.8 1,708 18 62.45 1.703

(WOt)4JBEsO9 Metatungstic aeid [LJG] (569)

t

%

O 24.6t 22 39.3 43.5 44.2 t Per cent WOs.

4

1.6025 2.5240 3.6500

H3PO4.12W03.21H20 [LJG] (569)

0 22 43 92

12.3 29.4 30.9 41.1

1.189 1.691 1.826 2.581

UO2Cl2 [LJG] (44l) 18 | 76.2 | 2.736 3(NH4)2O.SiO2.V2O6.zMoO3.2/H2O [LJG] (213) x y %t dl 9 20 26.4 1.2132 10 21 28.0 1.2527 11 27 29.5 1.2927 15 24 34.1 1.4376 t Per cent refers to the hydrate. Density may be 18/18 or 18/4.

AI2(SO4)3.TI2SO4.24H2O EJAB] (39) [LJG] t

%

d[

O 10 20 25 30 40 50 60

3.08 4.40 6.03 7.14 8.61 12.80 18.64 26.10

1.0294 1.0412 1.0572 1.0678 1.0812 1.1207 1.1848 1.2807

La(I03)3 [LJG]

(265, 266)

25

i 0.06853|0.998251 PrCl3[LJG] (413) 14 I 51.0 I 1.685 Mg(ClOs)2 [GS] (442)

18 i 56.3 I 1.594 Mg(I03)2.4H20 [GS] (442) 18 1 6.44 I 1.078 MgCrO4JH2O [GS] (442) 18 I 42 I 1.422 Ca(C103)2.2H20 [GS] (442) 18 [ 64 I 1.729 Ca(NO2). [GS] (468) 16 I 42.3 I 1.4198 Ca2Fe(CN)6 [LJG] (186) [GS]

25 36.50 1.3565 30 39.72 1.3670 40 40.27 1.3844 50 42.14 1.3972 60 43.75 1.4052 65 44.48 1.4076 Sr(ClOa)2 [GS] (442)

18

I 63.6 I 1.839

Sr(NO2), [GS] (468) 19 1 39.3 I 1.4454

Sr(N03)2 [GS] (40) t % d\ O 5 10 15 20 25 29.3t 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 t Transition

28.247 31.567 34.826 38.016 41.139 44.229 46.902 47.170 47.404 47.638 47.872 48.106 48.343 48.623 48.931 49.227 49.519 49.808 50.095 point.

1.28124 1.31889 1.35709 1.39600 1.43585 1.47699 1.51420 1.51352 1.51272 1.51192 1.51119 1.51074 1.51052 1.51046 1.51053 1.51071 1.51100 1.51139 1.51186

Sr(C 7 H 5 Oa) 2 Salicylate [JAB] (559)

I 4.58 I 1.019 Ba(ClOa)2 [GS] (99) O 19.2 1.195 10 23.0 1.234 20 26.6 1.274 30 30.3 1.315 40 33.9 1.355 50 37.2 1.395 60 40.2 1.433 70 42.8 1.470 80 45.3 1.508 90 47.8 1.545 100 50.1 1.580 105.6 51.5 1.600 Ba(ClO4). [GS] (99) O 67.3 1.782 20 74.3 1.912 40 78.2 2.009 60 81.2 2.070 80 83.2 2.114 100 84.9 2.155 120 86.6 2.195 140 88.3 2.230 Ba(NO2), [GS] (468) 17 I 40 I 1.4895 Ba(NOa) 2 [GS] (611) O 4.9 1.043 10 6.5 1.056 20 8.4 1.073 30 10.4 1.087 40 12.4 1.104 50 14.6 1.121 60 16.9 1.137 70 19.1 1.146 LiF [LJG] (442) 18 I 0.27 I 1.002 LiBrO3 [LJG] (442) 18 I 60.4 1 1.830 LiIO3 [JAB] (442) [LJG] 18 I 44.6 1.566

25

LiNO2 [LJG] (468) i % 4 19 48.9 1.3184 LiCHO2, Formate [JAB] (244)

18 I 27.85 I 1.140 LiC7H0O2, Benzoate [JAB] (529)

25 I 27.64 I 1.100 LiC7H6O3, Salicylate [JAB] (529)

25 I 52.70 I 1.206 Li3C6H6O7, Citrate [JAB] (559)

25

I 31.78 I 1.2124 NaF [LJG] (442) 18 I 4.3 i 1.043 NaCl [JAB] (39)**. (4, 5)*; (450, 470, 537, 580,

-10

611) 1.200

1

O 26.34 1.2093 + 10 26.35 1.2044 20 26.43 1.1999 25 26.48 1.1978 30 26.56 1.1957 40 26.71 1.1914 50 26.89 1.1872 60 27.09 1.1830 70 27.30 1.1787 80 27.53 1.1745 90 27.80 1.1703 100 28.12 1.1660 107.0 (B. P.) 28.39 1.1631 NaClO3 [JAB] (99) [LJG] -15 41.9 1.380 O 44.1 1.389 +10 47.4 1.409 20 50.2 1.430 25 51.7 1.440 30 53.1 1.451 40 55.8 1.472 50 58.2 1.493 60 60.8 1.514 70 63.1 1.536 80 65.4 1.559 90 67.6 1.581 100 69.7 1.604 110 72.0 1.625 120 73.8 1.649 122 (B. P.) 74.1 1.654 NaClO4 [LJG] (99) 15 64.6 1 1.666 50 71.3 1.731 143 79.1 1.789 Na2SO4[JAB] (39)**; (141)*; (612)

O 5 10 15 20 25 30 32.35t 35 40

4.47 5.32 8.26 11.84 16.04 21.81 29.14 33.15 32.93 32.52

1.0409 1.0577 1.0787 1.1100 1.1513 1.2081 1.2860 1.3323 1.3283 1.3206

Na2SO4.—( Continued) t % d\ 50 31.80 1.3058 60 31.15 1.2919 70 30.60 1.2789 80 30.19 1.2674 90 29.90 1.2569 100 29.69 1.2469 101.9 (B. P.) 29.67 1.2450 t Transition point. Na2SeO4 [JAB] (216) [LJG] 18 I 29.00 I 1.313 NaNO 2 [JAB] (241, 242, 468) 15.6 42.8 1.3464 20 45.8 1.3584 NaNO 3 [JAB] (39)**; (450, 470, 611)

O 42.23 I 1.3532 10 44.54 1.3683 20 46.80 1.3834 25 47.92 1.3910 30 49.02 1.3986 40 51.20 1.4139 50 53.35 1.4293 60 55.48 1.4447 70 57.59 1.4603 80 59.67 1.4759 90 61.73 1.4916 100 63.77 1.5074 110 65.80 1.5231 119.0 (B. P.) 67.62 1.5374 NaNH4SO4 [LJG] (538) 15 I 25.2 I 1.174 NaH2PO2 [LJG] (241, 242) 16 I 52.1 I 1.386 Na2HPO4 [LJG] (534) 17 I 4.2 1 1.043 Na3PO4[LJG] (537) 14 I 9.5 I 1.103 Na3P04.NaF [LJG] (72) 25 I 52.4 I 1.030 Na3AsO44NaF [LJG] (72) 25 I 50.9 1.031 NaCHO2, Formate [JAB] (244)

18 I 44.73 I 1.316 NaC2H3O2, Acetate [JAB] (559) 25 I 33.61 I 1.205 NaC6H6SO3, Benzenesulfonate [JAB]

(559)

25 I 16.37 I 1.076 NaC7H5O2, Benzoate [JAB] (559)

25 I 35.99 I 1.152 NaC7H6O3, Salicylate [JAB] (559)

25 I 53.56 I 1.248 Na3C6H6O7.6H2O, Citrate [JAB]

(559)

25 I 48.10 I 1.2723 Na4Fe(CN)6 [LJG] (186)**; (265, 266)

25 30 40

[WCS]

17.1 18.8 22.4

1.1310 1.144s 1.1720

Na4Fe(CN)6.- (Continued) t % d{ 50 26.1 1.200 60 29.7 1.228 70 33.4 1.256 8Of 37.2 1.283 85 38.1 1.292 90 38.2 1.294 95 38.0 1.291 100 37.6 1.284

KClO4

!Transition point at 81.70C.

Na2CrO4 [JAB] (443)**. (442) [LJG]

18 I 40.10 1.430 Na2Cr2O7 [JAB] (443) [LJG] 18 I 63.9 I 1.743 Na2Cr3O10-H2O [LJG] (443) 18 I 80.60 2.056 Na2Cr4013.4H20 [LJG] (443) 18 I 74.60 I 1.923 Na4CrO6.13H2O [LJG] (443) 18 I 37.50 I 1.444 Na2MoO4 [JAB] (216) [LJG] 18 I 39.40 I 1.435 Na2O.4W03.10H20 [LJG] (532)

room 1 77.7 | 3.017 (Na 2 O) 3 (WO 3 )7.16H 2 O [LJG] (532)

O I 26.7 1.316 2Na2O.P205.24W03.27H20 [LJG] (65)

20 I 59.13 2.001 KF.2H2O [LJG] (442) 18 I 48 I 1.500 KCl [JAB] (39)**; (82)*; (450, 470, 543, 580, 611)

O 21.90 1.1531 10 23.86 1.1647 20 25.65 1.1742 25 26.48 1.1783 30 27.28 1.1820 40 28.77 1.1884 50 30.14 1.1937 60 31.41 1.1981 70 32.60 1.2017 80 33.73 1.2047 90 34.82 1.2073 100 35.89 1.2097 108(B. P.) 36.75 1.2118 KClO3 [JAB] (99)**; ( 6 > 8 4 ) [LJG] O 3.21 1.021 10 5.01 1.033 20 6.96 1.045 25 8.0 1.051 30 9.3 1.058 40 12.1 1.073 50 15.6 1.092 60 19.4 1.115 70 23.4 1.139 80 27.4 1.165 90 31.6 1.192 100 35.9 1.219 104 (B. P.) 37.6 1.230

[LJG] (99)**; (439)

t

%

O 0.80 1.007 10 1.35 1.009 20 2.15 1.012 30 3.20 1.016 40 4.45 1.021 50 6.00 1.026 60 7.85 1.032 70 9.95 1.040 80 12.3 1.050 90 14.9 1.060 100 17.7 1.069 KBr [JAB] (82,277)** 23.4 40.54 1.3711 25.0 40.63 1.3797 KBrO3 [JAB] (84) [LJG] 19.2 I 6.25 i 1.0458 KI 24.3 KIO3 18.6

[JAB] (82) I 59.74 | 1.7175 [JAB] (84) [LJG] I 7.93 1.0692

KIO4 [LJG] (19) 13 0.655| 1.0051 K2SO4 [JAB] (39)**; (470, 580, 611)

O 10 20 25 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 101.1(B. P.)

6.87 1.0584 8.51 1.0706 10.08 1.0814 10.83 1.0863 11.57 1.0908 12.97 1.0987 14.28 1.1052 15.49 1.1104 16.61 1.1144 17.64 1.1174 18.59 1.1195 19.44 1.1206 19.54 1.1207

KNO3 [JAB] (39)**; (450, 470, 580, 611)

O 9.46 1.0528 10 16.88 1.1090 20 24.29 1.1652 25 28.00 1.1933 30 31.70 1.2214 40 39.11 1.2776 50 46.39 1.3338 60 52.62 1.3899 70 58.07 1.4413 80 62.79 1.4886 90 67.10 1.5325 100 71.00 1.5732 110 74.41 1.6119 114 (B. P.) 75.71 1.6269 KCHO2, Formate [JAB] (244) 18 I 76.8 I 1.571 KHCO3 [JAB] (241, 242) [LJG] 16 I 23.8 I 1.1674 KC2H3O2, Acetate [LJG] (559) [JAB]

25

KC4H5O6, Acid tartrate [JAB] (481, 559)

di

I 68.73 I 1.413

i % d\ 18 0.55 1.0018 25 0.65 0.9990 K3C6H5O7, Citrate [JAB] (559)

25 I 60.91 1.5136 KSbO3 [JAB] (337) [LJG] 18 I 2.73 I 1.0249 KSbOC4H4O6 [JAB] (559) 25 7.64 1.049 K2SnO3 [LJG] (460) 15.5 I 42.7 1.620 K4Fe(CN)6 [LJG] (186)**; (265, 266) [WCS]

25 24.0 1.1730 30 26.1 1.1880 40 29.8 1.2140 50 33.1 1.2360 60 35.9 1.2550 70 38.4 1.2720 80 40.5 1.286s 90 42.3 1.2995 100 43.8 1.3120 K 2 CrO 4 [JAB] (534) [LJG] 19.5 I 38.4 I 1.3764 K2Cr2O7 [JAB] (184, 241, 242) [LJG]

10 7.69 1.0561 15.8 9.19 1.0659 2K2O.(NH4)2O.Si02.V2O5.*Mo03.2/H20 [LJG] (213) x y %t d\* 9 20 20.5 1.1703 10 21 21.7 1.1918 11 12 23.0 1.2138 t Per cent refers to the hydrate. Density may be 18/18 or 18/4.

K2SO4-Al2(SO4) 3.24H2O [JAB] (39) [LJG]

t

%

V4

O 2.90 1.0289 10 3.80 1.0396 20 5.44 1.0525 25 6.51 1.0604 30 7.74 1.0699 40 10.66 1.0948 50 14.39 1.1289 60 19.71 1.1805 KNaCO3 [LJG] (579) 15 I 33.8 I 1.364 KNaC4H4O6.4H2O, Tartrate [LJG] (559) [JAB] 25 I 39.71 I 1.308 RbCl [JAB] (39)**; (82)* O 43.47 1.4393 10 45.70 1.4656 20 47.70 1.4893 25 48.57 1.4998 30 49.41 1.5094 40 50.90 1.5270 50 52.28 1.5421 60 53.60 1.5554 70 54.84 1.5684 80 56.01 1.5803

RbCL- (Continued) t % di 90 57.09 1.5912 100 58.11 1.6014 110 59.08 1.6110 114 (B. P.) 59.46 1.6148 RbClO3 [JAB] (84) [LJG] 16.2 I 4.73 I 1.0328 RbClO4 [LJG) (99) O 1.09 1.0070 10 1.22 1.0085 20 1.55 1.0100 30 2.21 1.0130 40 3.16 1.0170 50 4.40 1.0220 60 5.94 1.0285 70 7.73 1.0370 80 9.72 1.0480 90 11.81 1.0600 100 13.94 1.0730 RbBr [JAB] (82) 23 I 52.67 I 1.6252 RbBrO3 [JAB] (84) [LJG] 16 2.15 I 1.0159 RbI [JAB] (82) 24.3 I 63.62 | 1,8497 RbIO3 [JAB] (84) [LJG] 15.6 I 2.72 I 1.0223 RbIO4 [LJG] (i») 16f I 0.645| 1.0052 t Satd. at 130C.

Rb2SO4 [JAB] (39) O 26.65 1.2720 10 29.80 1.3097 20 32.55 1.3403 25 33.77 1.3543 30 34.90 1.3673 40 36.98 1.3908 50 38.75 1.4102 60 40.28 1.4264 70 41.66 1.4415 80 42.89 1.4545 90 44.05 1.4654 100 45.01 1.4736 102.4 (B. P.) 45.23 1.4753 RbNO 3 [JAB] (39) O 16.34 1.0766 10 26.01 1.1964 20 35.43 1.3157 25 40.05 1.3751 30 44.46 1.4348 40 53.13 1.5531 50 61.08 1.6679 60 66.80 1.7691 70 71.54 1.8589 80 75.68 1.9397 90 78.98 2.0114 100 81.72 2.0779 110 84.14 2.1394 118.3 (B. P.) 86.06 2.1867 Rb2SO4.Al2(SO4)3.24H2O [JAB] (39) [LJG] O 0.71 1.0071 10 1.05 1.0091 20 1.48 1.0123 25 1.77 1.0137

Rb2SO4-Al2(SO4) 3.24H2O .—

t 30 40 50 60 70

(Continued] % 2.13 3.17 4.66 6.88 11.07

4 1.0154 1.0215 1.0314 1.0474 1.0815

CsCl[JAB] (39)**; (82)*

O 10 20 25 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 119.4 (B. P.)

61.84 63.63 65.08 65.74 66.36 67.52 68.59 69.59 70.53 71.41 72.23 72.99 73.70 74.36

1.8431 1.8786 1.9095 1.9233 1.9362 1.9598 1.9813 2.0008 2.0185 2.0351 2.0507 2.0644 2.0761 2.0863

CsClO3 [JAB] (84) [LJG] t % dl 16 5.32 1.0391 CsClO4 [LJG] (99) 5 0.96 1.0070 25 2.01 1.0100 80 14.6 1.0840 CsBr [JAB] (82) 21.4 I 53.05 I 1.6933 CsBrO3 [JAB] (84) [LJG] 16 I 2.55 I 1.0192

Cs2SO4.—(Continued) t % d\ 25 64.48 2.0130 30 64.82 2.0193 40 65.48 2.0309 50 66.10 2.0417 60 66.67 2.0517 70 67.21 2.0611 80 67.74 2.0699 90 68.26 2.0782 100 68.76 2.0863 108.6 (B. P.) 69.18 2.0923

CsI [JAB] (82)**; (30)

Cs2SO4-Al2(SO4)3.24H2O [JAB] (39) [LJG] O 10 20 25 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 100.4 (B. P.)

CsNO3 [JAB] (39)

22.8 I 47.96 | 1.5451 CsIO3 [JAB] (84) [LJG] 15.4 I 2.17 I 1.0178 CsIO4 [LJG] (19) 15 I 2.10 i 1.0166 Cs2SO4 [JAB] (39) O 62.57 1.9754 10 63.36 1.9918 20 64.11 2.0063

TEMPERATURE

CsNO3.- (Continued) t % d{ 80 57.34 1.6388 90 62.03 1.7259 100 66.31 1.8122 106.2 (B. P.) 68.78 1.8657

O 10 20 25 30 40 50 60 70

8.57 13.09 18.71 21.94 25.34 32.28 39.08 45.56 51.80

1.0695 1.1038 1.1582 1.1874 1.2191 1.2898 1.3710 1.4574 1.5493

0.21 0.29 0.41 0.50 0.60 0.87 1.27 1.96 3.14 5.4 9.6 18.1 18.6

1.0017 1.0022 1.0019 1.0015 1.0009 0.9998 0.9991 1.0002 1.0056 1.018 1.051 1.124 1.129

OF MAXIMUM DENSITY

ONE SOLUTE Standard Arrangement HCi [JAB] (6io)** ; (656) %

% «m, °C

1 1.96 2 + 0.38 3 - 1.49 4 - 4.00 5 - 7.29 6 -11.12 7 -15.18 8 -19.23 9 -23.15 10 -26.87 HBr [JAB] (656) 1 l 3.1 2 2.2 4 0.3 HI [JAB] (656) 1 3.2 2 2.5 3 1.7 4 1.0 H2SO4 [JAB] (127, 147)**. (522, 523, 524)*; (656) 1

NH 3 [JAB] (670)

' + 1.5

2 - 1.0 3 - 3.5 4 - 6.0 5 - 8.6 6 -11.3 7 -14.0 HNO3 [JAB] (656) 1 2.0 2 0.1

«m, °C

1 2.2 2 + 0.3 4 - 3.3 6 - 7.0 8 -10.6 NH 4 NO 3 [JAB] (161)**; (375, 656)

O.ö' l 3.13 1.0 2.29 1.5 1.44 2.0 + 0.59 12 - 47 20 - 82 44 -225 NH4Cl [JAB] (los, 130, 131)**; (227, 656) 1

2.65

2 +1.26 3 -0.21 NH4Br [JAB] (131)**; (656)

2.10 | 1.62 NH4I [JAB] (131)**; (656)

5.56 | -0.54 (NH4)2SO4 [JAB] (160, 375)**

1 2 4 12 20 50

2.33 + 0.70 - 5.1 - 30.3 - 70.4 -178

NH4CHO2, Formate [JAB] (656) %

*m, °C

1 2.9 2 1.7 3 +0.5 4 -0.7 5 -2.0 6 -3.2 NH4C2H3O2, Acetate [JAB]

Tl2SO4 [JAB] (160) [LJG] % U 0C 1 3.39 2 2.82 3 2.25 ZnCl2 [GS] (161) 1 2.81 2 1.50 ZnSO4 [GS] (160, 375)

(656)

1 3.2 2 2.3 3 1.5 4 +0.6 5 -0.3 6 -1.1 7 -2.0 NH4C3H5O2, Propionate [JAB] (656)

1 3.2 2 2.5 3 1.7 4 0.9 5 +0.1 6 -0.7 7 -1.6 8 -2.5 Pb(NOa) 2 [LJG] (375)**; (397,

398)

5 10 15 20

- 3.5 -12.5 -23 I -35

1

I (( I 6 0;)

2j 2.24 5

-

60

(375)

2 56

'

+1.17 -0.56 ~

10

-°

11.19 V ' -22.2 16.78 -44.8 Zn(NO 3 ) 2 [GS] (161)

1 2.48 2 1.01 CdCl2 [GS] (161) 1 3.06 2 2.15 3 1.22 4 0.10 CdBr2 [GS] (397, 398)

1 3.24 CdSO4 [GS] (160) 1 2.96 2 1.95 Cd(NO 3 ), [GS] (161)

1 2

2.88 1.74

CuCl2 [LJG] (162) % U 0C 1 2.67 2 1.27 CuSO4 [LJG] (162)**; (147)*

0.5 3.20 1.0 2.44 1.5 1.70 2.0 1.00 2.5 +0.37 3.0 -0.17 3.5 -0.5s Cu(N0 3 ) 2 [LJG] (162)

0.5 3.20 1.0 2.42 1.5 1.64 2.0 0.86 2.5 0.08 PtCl4 [LJG] (398) 1.27 I 3.4 MnCl2 [JAB] (161) [LJG] 1 2.82 2 1.92 3 1.20 MnSO4 [JAB] (160) [LJG] 1 2.59 2 1.29 Mn(NOa) 2 [JAB] (161) [LJG] 1 2.46 2 0.91

CoCl2 [LJG] (162)**; (398) %

*m, °C

0.5 3.33 1.0 2.69 2.0 1.39 3.0 0.10 CoSO4 [LJG] (162) 0.5 3.26 1.0 2.56 1.5 1.8s 2.0 1.22 Co(NOa) 2 [LJG] (162)

0.5 3.21 1.0 2.44 1.5 1.67 2.0 0.89 NiCl2 [LJG] (162)**; (398)

0.5 3.34 1.0 2.69 2.0 1.40 NiSO4 [LJG] (162) 0.5 3.27 1.0 2.55 1.5 1.83 Ni(NOa) 2 [LJG] (162)

0.5 3.19 1.0 2.40 1.5 1.62 A12(SO4)3 [JAB] (160) [LJG] 1 2.42 2 0.87

Al(NOs) 3 [JAB]

Ba(NO 3 ) 2 [GS]

(161) [LJG]

(161)**. (397,

% (m, 0C 398) 1 2.34 % U 0C 2 0.63 l 2.67 BeSO4 [GS] (lei) 2 1.49 l | 2 . 6 5 LiCl [JAB] (129, Be(NOs) 2 [GS] 13l)**; (656) (161)

Na 2 SO 4 .-(Cont'd.) 3 - 2.97 4 5.31 5 - 7.67 6 -10.04 7 -12.43 NaHSO4 [JAB]

2.58

l

k, °C

%

(656)

1 2.69 2 +1.10 3 2 1.35 -0.46 MgCl2 [GS] (16l) * -2-07 5 1 2.54 -3'71 2 lie LiBr [JAB] (130,

i 2 4 6 8

+ i - l - 7 -13 -19

„^„.,OSH,.,

;»

;-

1

2.35

2

0.75

l 85

+ 0.13

4.84 9.61

-8.2 -20.7

14 37

46 3

->"; «17 2

2'3* °'58

4

LiI [JAB] (130, 131 )**; ( 656 )

' ~ ' Mg(NOs) 2 [GS]

\ 2

If6 2.75

(161)

4 *

Î'S L.W

l

2.23

0.40 ;

2

CaCI2[GS] (132)**. (146) ^ ' ^ > 1 I °'58 CaBr2 [GS] (132) l1 I l1 83 00 I

^

NaNO 3 [JAB] (161)**; (375, 397,

+;•;;

398, 656) l

2

Na 2 CO 3 [JAB] X

(161)**. (656)

~3'2 4 -5.6 NaCHO2, Formate [JAB] (656) l +2-0

129, 131, 396,

2

3

2

0.32

147, 219, 227, 522,

1 I 3 31 Q r f w n ï Sr(NOs)2 men [uro] (161,375)

, 2 4 0

244 r l 34 « 6 'l !/o

15 25

- 49 6 -106

l 2 3

+ 1.77 -0.57 - 3.04

4

-

5

- 8.26 -10.98

6 7

8

2 82

1 2

2.17 0.42

- 4 '° 5

-13.76

~0.1

b

~8>1 NaHC2O4, Acid oxalate [JAB] (656)

5.61

l 2o

<*

2.3 +0.5 i o !•<*

-16.60 NaC2H3O2, Acetate NaBr[JAB] [JAB] (656) (13l)**; (656) l 2.6 l 2.54 2 +1.1 2 3

+1 12 ' -°-30

' l 2.84 2 1 62 ^ 2 1.68 3 +0.42 3 0 47 4 -0.85 Na 2 SO 4 [JAB] BaBr2 [GS] (132) (I 27 , ieo);** (147,

BaI2[GS] (132) l i 2.42

0.0

—2.0

4

523, 524, 656)

Mme») ".r""' 1

- 8 .3 -°'

3

397)**; (142, 146,

398)

9 + _° -

FJABHi 60) ~ 14 5 Ll2b04 [JAÌ5J ( A b U j l 2.20 Na2C2O4, Oxalate 2 0.44 [JAB] (656) ! +1>6 LiNO3 [JAB] 2 8

2.16

1 2.62 2 1.19 SrI2 [GS] (397,

.

4

1

SrCl2 [GS] (161)

-0.58

6

CaI2[GS] (132) l 2 09 l | 2.03 2 +0;23 CaSO4 [GS] (160) _3 5 4 0.2 | 3.56 e -7.2 Ca(NOs) 2 [GS] NaCl [JAB] (127, (161)

+1 69

219, 397, 522, 523, 524, 585, 656)

l 2

+1.67 - 0.64

3 4

!

-°'3 -1'8

Ili

7 -6.9 NaC3H5O2, Propionate [JAB] (656) l 2.7 2 4

6 8

+1.4 —1.3

-4.1 -6.9

NaC4H6O4, Acid ' succinate [JAB] (656)

3

% 1 2

k, 0C 2.5 +1-1

3

-0.4

tfeÄX

?:o +-0.6

3

KOH [JAB] (147) 1 + 1 . 4 2 -1.2 4 -6.8 6

RbCl [JABl (129, 131)**

1.11

4 +0.10 5 -0.95 K2SO4 [JAB] (127, 1 6 0 ) * * ; (397)*;

4 —1.8 W« r TT n Q™;

l

KL-(CWd.) % tm, 0C

-13.0

s

4 , ö

2.26

t U °C

i 3.01 l 2.03 +1.03

4

(147,219,522,523, 524,585)

l

%

l 2 3

-0.02

5 6

—1.11 —2.24

RbB [

/ T(;3S

îî:S »« i«? (..!>

-3.02 4 84 ~4.84 6 68 6 " KNO 3 [JAB] (16l)**; (396, 398)*; (397, 656)

«? e ,J r T 1 lv Rb2SO 4 [JAB] r

i |

2

287 '77

•

RbNOs [JAB]

KCl [JAB] (127, l 2.23 (16l) 129, 13l)**; (227, 2 0.52 i I 2.77 656)' K 2 CO 3 [JAB] (147, 2 1.55 1 2.39 585) [LJG] 3 f 0.28 2 +0.82 i CsCl[JABH161) + i g l 3 -0.75 2 _ 0.*4 I 3 ' 26 2 KBr[JAB] 3 - 2 . 6 J Ij f (131)**; (375,

i

656)

2.91 81

2

i' +0.66 4 -°'54 KI [JAB] (127, 3

131)**; (656)

3.04 2.09

1 2

4 - 4 . 9

e : 9:9 7

J

j J-JJ

Cs JAB

^' i

12 7

~ K3Fe(CN)6 [LJG] ( 375 ) 5 _8

l

I

310 223 CsNO 3 (JAB] (16l) 2

IQ

-21

l

15 20

-36 -52

2 3

3.06

2.12 1.17

Two OR MORE SOLUTES Sea Water [JAB] (380, 408, 445, 522, 523, 524, 636)

wt. %ci

0.5

To

Ts

ifF

Wt. % total solids 0.91 1.81 2.71 3.61 E m ,°C 2.4 0.5 -1.3 -3.2 For other solutions, v. (i° 8 > 227, 398). LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) (i) Abegg, 7, 11: 248; 93. (2) Agerer, 75, 114 Ua: 803; 05. ( 3 ) Almén, 388, 55: 735; 98. (*) Andreae, 52, 30: 305; 84. (5) Andreae, 52t 30: 312; 84. (6) Andreae, 7, 82: 109; 13. ( 7 ) Anthon, 52, 7: 70; 36. ( 8 ) Anthon, 52, 9: 1; 37. (*>) Anthon, 185, 1860: 744. (i O) Applebey, 4, 97: 2000; 10. (* * ) Archibald, 292, 9: 335; 97. ( J 2 ) Armstrong and Wheeler, 135, 103: 133; 11. ( 1 S) Asch, 93, 28: 273; 01. (»*) Atwell andFuwa, 45, 15: 617; 23. O 5 ) Bach, 7, 9: 241; 92. 0«) Bahr, 93, 71: 79; 11. (17) Balareff, 93, 71: 70; 11. ( 18 ) Barbier and Roux, 27, 3: 424; 90. (i») Barker, 4, 93: 15; 08. (20) Barnes and Scott, 50, 2: 536; 98. (21) Barnes and Johnson, 69, 9 III : 31; 03. (22) Barnes, 292, 10: 49; 99. 35, 7: 75; 00. (23) Bateman, Wood Preserving, 3: 54; 16. ( 2 *) Baxter, Harvard University, O. ( 2 S) Baxter, Boylston, Mueller, Black and Goode, 1, 33: 901; 11. (26) Baxter and Wallace, 1, 38: 70; 16. (27) Becquerel, 6, 12: 5; 77. ( 28 ) Bedson and Williams, 25, 14: 2549; 81. (29) Beil, 498, 21: 6; 82. 185, 188«: 147. (30) Beketov, 134, 34: 197; 92. (31) Bell and Buckley, 1, 34: 14; 12. ( 3 2 ) Bell and Taber, 50, 10: 119; 06. ( 33 ) Bell and Taber, 50, 11: 637; 07. (34) Bell and Taber, 50, 12: 171; 08. (35) Bencowitz and Renshaw, 1, 47: 1904; 25. ( 36 ) Bender, 8, 20: 560; 83. (37) Bender, 8, 22: 179; 84. (38) Bender, 8, 31: 872; 87. (39) Berkeley, 62, 203: 189; 04. (40) Berkeley and Appleby, 5, 85: 489 ; 11. (*l ) Berkeley, Hartley and Burton, 62, 209: 177; 09. (42) Berkeley, Hartley and Stephenson, 62, 209: 319; 09. (43) Berthelot, 34, 76: 679; 73. 27, 19: 351; 73. (44) Berthelot, 6, 4: 445; 75. (45) ßiltz, 7, 40: 185; 02. (46) Bindel, 8, 40: 370; 90, (47)

Biron, SS, 81: 171; 99. (*«) Biron, 53, 39: 1502; 07. (49) Bischof, 499, 23: 619; 50. (50) Blanchard and Pushee, l, 34: 28; 12. ( 5 I) Blaszkowska, 27, 33: 562; 23. (52) Bock, 8, 30: 631; 87. (S3) Bodländer, 7, 7: 308; 91. (") Bodländer, 7, 7: 358; 91. (55) Bodländer, 7, 9: 730; 92. (56) de Boer, Diss., Utrecht, 1913. 10, 4: 57; 16. (57) Bolenbaugh, 284, 5: 38; 16. (58) Bousfield, 7, 53: 257; 05. (59) Bousfield, 68, 206: 101; 06. (60) Bousfield, 4,107:1405; 15. («i) Bousfield, 4,115: 45; 19. (62) Bousfield and Bousfield, 6, 103: 429; 23Ì («3 ) Bousfield and Lowry, 62, 204: 253; 05. (64) Bousfield and Lowry, 83, 6: 85; 10. (65) Brandhorst and Kraut, 13, 249: 373; 88. (66) Brant, 2, 17: 678; 21. (67) Brauner, 4, 53: 357; 88. (68) Bremer, 70, 7: 269; 88. (69) Bremer, 7, 3: 423; 89. (70) Bremer, 18, 6: 455; 01. (7l) Bremer, 70, 21: 59; 02. (72) Briegleb, 13, 97: 95; 56. (73) Briner, Tykociner and Alfimoff, 42, 18: 3; 20. (74) Briner and Winkler, 42, 20: 201; 23. (75) Brönsted, 7, 77: 315; 11. (76) Bromer, 75, 110 Ua: 929; 01. (77) ßrühl, 25, 28: 2847; 95. (78) Brühl, 7, 22: 373; 97. (7») de Brüyn, 70, 11: 18; 92. (80) de Brüyn, 70,15:174; 96. (si) Buchanan, 5, 23:301; 75. (82) Buchanan, 12, 21: 25; 06. (83) Buchanan, 68, 31: 635; 11. (84) Buchanan, 174, 49: 1; 12. (85) Buchholz, 600, 3: 275; 56. (86) Buchkremer, 7, 6: 161; 90. (87) Buliginsky, 8, 134: 440; 68. (88) Bussy and Buignet, 6, 3: 231; 64. (8») Callendar and Barnes, 6, 62: 117; 98. (90) Calvert, 8, 1: 483; 00. (9l) Cameron and Macallan, 5, 46: 13; 89. (92) Cameron and Bell, 50, 10: 210 ; 06. (93 ) Cameron and Bell, 00, 11: 364 ; 07. (94) Cameron, Bell and Robinson, 50, 11: 396; 07. (95) Cameron and Breazeale, 50, 8: 335; 04. (96) Cameron and Robinson, 50, 11: 273; 07. (97) Cameron and Robinson, 50, 11: 578; 07. (98) Cameron and Robinson, 00, 14: 569; 10. (99) Carlson, Klason Festskrift, 1911: 247. (100) Carse, 68, 25: 281; 04. (loi) Cavazzi, 36, 44 I: 448; 14. (102) Gavazzi, 36, 45 I: 529; 15. (103) Chamberlain, Hume and Topley, 4, 1926: 2620. (i°4) Chapman and Messel, 04, 4: 520; 85. ( 1 OS) Charpy, 6, 29: 5; 93. (106) Chéneveau, 6, 12: 145; 07. 250, 1908: 177. ( 1 O?) Cherbury, Rivett and Lewis, 70, 42: 954; 23. (l 08) Cinelli, 59, 3:141 ; 96. O o9) Clark, 302, 60: No. 13; 12. (HO) Clausen, 8, 37: 51; 12. ("i) Clausen, 8, 44: 1067; 14. ("2) Clayton, 135, 64: 27; 91. (H3) Clendinnen and Rivett, 4, 119: 1329; 21. ("*) Cohen and Kooij, 6Jf, 27: 65; 24. 7, 109: 81; 24. (H5) Cohen and Moesveld, 7, 95: 305; 20. (* 16) Cohen and Sinnige, 7, 67: 513; 09. ("7) de Coninck, 34, 131: 1219; 00. ("») de Coninck, 186, 1901: 222. ("9) de Coninck, 186, 1901: 483. (120) de Coninck, 34, 132: 90; 01. (121) de Coninck, 6, 28: 5; 03. (122) de Coninck, 6, 3: 500; 04. (123) de Coninck, 34, 142: 571; 06. (124) de Coninck, 27, 17: 422; 15. O 2 S) Conroy, 5, 64: 308; 99. (126) Coppadoro, 36, 39II : 616 ; 09. (i 2 7 ) de Coppet, Bull. Soc. Vaudoise Sci. Nat., 29 : l ; 93. (128) de Coppet, 34, 125: 533; 97. (129) de Coppet, 34, 128: 1559; 99. (130) de Coppet, 34, 131: 178; 00. (13l) de Coppet, 34, 132: 1218; 01. (132) de Coppet and Muller, 34, 134: 1208; 02. (133) Cornee, 6, 29: 490; 13. (134) Cornish, 7, 76: 210; 11. (i 35) Counson, 149, 5: 361; 23. (136) Dahlmann, Württemb. Naturw. Jahreshefte, 10: 275; 54. 167, 1854:323. (137) Damien, Ann. Sci. VÊcole Norm. Super., 10: 233; 81. (138) Datta and Dhar, l, 38: 1303; 16. (139) Davidts, 7, 79: 303; 12. (140) Dawson and Williams, 7, 31: 59; 99. (14l) Dawson and Williams, 50, 4: 370; 00. (142) Dekhuijzen, Neder. Tidsch. Geneeskunde, 66 I: 2304; 22. (143) Delachanal, 6, 12: 141; 77. (144) Delaite, 501, 51: 18; 95. (145) Démolis, 42, 4: 528; 06. (146) Despretz, 34, 4: 435; 37. 8, 41: 58; 37. (147) Despretz, 6, 70: 49; 39. (148) Deussen, 93, 49: 297; 06. (149) Diemer and Lenher, 50, 13: 505; 09. (ISO) Dijken, 7, 24: Cl; 97. ( i s i ) Dinkhauser, 75, 114 Ha: 1001; 05. (1S2) Dito, 64P, 4: 756; 02. (153) Dittman, BSl, I: 1889. (154) Divers and Shimidzu, 4, 45: 270; 84. (iss) Dixon and Taylor, 4, 97: 927; 10. (156) Domke and Bein, 93, 43: 125; 05. 90, 5:5; 04. (i 57) Dossios and Weith, 467, 5: 379; 69. (158) Doumer, Thesis, Paris, 1892. BS, I: 402; 23. (is») Drecker, 8, 34: 952; 88. (160) Dreyer, 169, 12: 32; 09. (I6i) Dreyer, 169, 14: 193; 10. (162) Dreyer, 169, 11: 662; 09. 10, 1: 30; 10. (163) Dünn, 54, 21: 390; 02. (164) Ebeling, 8, 30: 530; 87. O65) Eckelt, 92, 1898: 298. 136, 22: 225; 98. (166) Eder, 76, 82 II: 1284; 80. (167) Edwards, 11, 16: 625; 94. (168) Ekman, 468, 9: No. 4; 70. (169) Elbs and Schönherr, 9, 2: 245; 95. (170) Ellis, l, 38: 737; 16. (i7i) van Ernster, 93, 52: 270; 07. (172) Engel, 27, 45: 653; 86. O73) Engel, 27, 47: 318; 87. (174) Engel, 34, 104: 433; 87. (175) Engel, 34, 104: 506; 87. (176) Engel, 34, 104: 911; 87. (177) Engel, 6, 13: 370; 88. O78) Engel, 6, 17: 338; 89. (i79) Engel, 27, 6: 15; 91. (180) Engel, 34, 112: 1130; 91. (isi) Erman, 8, 101: 577; 57. (182) Etard, 6, 2: 503; 94. (183) Euler, 7, 49: 303; 04. (184) Ewing and MacGregor, 174, 27: 51; 72. (iss) Fajans and Lembert, 93, 95: 297; 16. (186) Farrow, 4, 1926: 49. O87) Favre and Valson, 34, 75: 330; 72. (188) Favre and Valson, 34, 75: 798; 72. O89) Favre and Valson, 34, 77: 577; 73. (i90) Favre and Valson, 34, 77: 802; 73. (i9l ) Favre and Valson, 34, 77: 907; 73. (192) Favre and Valson, 34, 79: 968; 74. O93) Fedotiev, 7, 49: 162; 04. (194) Fedotiev, 93, 73: 173; 11. (195) Fedotiev and Koltunov, 169, 20: 410; 13. 93, 85: 247; 14. O96) Ferchland, 93, 30: 130; 02. (197)

Ferguson, 54, 24: 781; 05. 92, 19: 342; 06. (198) Findlay and Creighton, 4, 97: 536; 10. (199) Findlay and Shen, 4, 101: 1459; 12. (200) Fink, 8, 26: 481; 85. (201) Flatt, Diss., Zürich, 1923. (202) Fock, 94, 28: 337; 97. (203) Forch, 8, 55: 100; 95. (204) Forchheimer, 7, 34: 20; 00. (205) Forster, Miti. d. Naturf. Ges. Bern, 1878: 3. (206) Fouqué, Ann. Observ. Paris, 9: 172; 68. (207) Franz, 52, 4: 238; 71. ( 2 os) Franz, 52, 5: 274; 72. (209) Fresenius and Grünhut, 91, 51: 23; 12. (210) Fresenius and Grünhut, 91, 51: 104; 12. (2") Freund, 7, 66: 555; 09. (212) Fricke, 93, 139: 419; 24. (213) Friedheim and Castendyck, 26, 33: 1611 ; 00. (214) Fuchs, 92, 1898: 745. (21 s ) Fuchs, 92, 1898: 909. (21«) Funk, 25, 33: 3696; 00. (217) Funk, Wrochem, Mylius and Dietz, 89, 3: 427; 00. ( 2 I 8 ) Geritsch, 53, 23 I: 343; 91. ( 2 19) Gerlach, Salzlösungen, Freiberg, 1859. (220) Gerlach, 112,181:129; 66. (221) Gerlach, 91, 8:245; 69. (222) Gerlach. 317, 9: 241; 86. (223) Gerlach, 91, 26: 413; 87. (224) Gerlach, 91, 27: 271; 88. (225) Gerlach, 91, 28: 466; 89. (226) Germann, l, 44: 1466; 22. (227) Cerosa and Mai, 22, 4: 134; 87. (228) Getman, 42, 5: 344; 07. (229) Getman, l, 30: 721; 08. (229.s) Gibson, Geophysical Laboratory, Washington, D. C., Ö. (230) Gilbert, Buckley and Masson, 4, 121: 1934; 22. (231) Giles and Shearer, 54, 4: 303; 85. (232) Glover, 4, 99: 371; 11. (233) Gomez, 132, 17: 21; 19. 10, 5: 34; 22. (234) Goodwin and Horsch, 33, 21: 181; 19. (235) Gore, 62, 159: 173; 68. 4, 22: 368; 69. (236) Qorke, Diss., Leipzig, 1905. (237) Graham, 11, 48: 145; 12. (238) Gray and Hulbirt, BuU. Univer. Calif., 308: 421; 19. (239) Green, 4, 93: 2023; 08. (240) Green, 4, 93: 2049; 08. (241) Greenish and Smith, 347, 66: 774; 01. (242) Greenish and Smith, 347, 66: 806; 01. (243) Greenish and Smith, 347, 68: 510; 02. (244) Groschuff, 26, 36: 1783; 03. (245) Groschuff, 9S. 47: 331; 05. (246) Groshans, 3, 18: 405; 84. (247) Grotrian, 8, 160: 238; 77. (248) Grotrian, 8, 8: 529; 79. (249) Grotrian, 8, 18: 177; 83. (250) Grüneisen, 89, 4: 237; 05. ( 2 Si) Guntz and Guntz, 6, 2: 101; 14. (252) Haff, 135, 86: 283; 02. (253) Hager, Adjumenta varia chemica et pharmaceutica, Leipzig, Günther, 1876. Quoted in (224). (254) Hager, Commentar z. Pharm. Germanica. Berlin, 1883. (255) Hahn, l, 20: 621; 98. (256) Haigh, l, 34: 1137; 12. (257) Hall, Jaques and Leslie, 54, 41: 285; 22. (258) Hall, 128, 14: 167; 24. (259) Hallwachs, 8, 68: 1; 99. (260) Hannay, 4, 26: 565; 73. (261) Happart, Mém. Soc. Roy. Sci. Liège, 4: No. 10; 02. (262) Harkins, 1, 33: 1807; 11. ( 2 6 S) Harkins and Paine, I9 38: 2709; 16. (264) Harkins and Paine, 1, 41:1155; 19. (265) Harkins and Pearce, 1, 38: 2679; 16. ( 2 66) Harkins and Pearce, 1, 38: 2714; 16. ( 2 67) Hart, 320, 3: 372; 90. 91, 29: 444; 90. ( 2ß 8) Hartley and Barrett, 4, 99: 1072; 11. ( 2 69) Hartley and Barrett, 4, 123: 398; 23. ( 2 70) Hassenfratz, 6, 28: 282; 1799. ( 2 7i) de Keen, 501, 31: 38; 81. Physique Comparée. Paris, 1888. (272) Heermann, 136, 31: 680; 07. (273) Heimbrodt, 8, 13: 1028; 04. (274) Henderson and Kellogg, 1, 35: 396, 13. (275) Hensgen, 62, 72: 345; 05. (276) Hertlein, 7, 19: 287; 96. (277) Herz, 93, 86: 338; 14. ( 2 78) Herz, 93, 89: 393; 14. ( 2 79) Herz, 93, 102: 173; 18. (280) Herz and Anders, 93, 52:165 ; 07. (281 ) Herz and Anders, 93, 55: 271 ; 07. (282) Herz and Knoch, 93, 41: 315; 04. (283) Herz and Knoch, 93, 45: 262; 05. (284) Herz and Kühn, 93, 58: 159; 08. ( 2 8 S) Herz and Martin, 9St 132: 41; 23. (286) Hess, 75, 114 Ua: 1231; 05. (287) Heydweiller, 8, 30: 873; 09. ( 2 88) Heydweiller, 8, 37: 739; 12. ( 2 89) Heydweiller, 9S9 88: 103; 14. (290) Heydweiller, 8, 48: 681; 15. ( 2 9 I) Heydweiller, 93, 116: 42; 21. (292) Hill, 68, 27: 233; 07. (293) Hill, 1, 44: 1163; 22. (294) Hill and Simmons. 1, 31: 821; 09. (295) Hill and Simmons, 7, 67: 594; 09. (296) Hill and Sirkar, 5, 83: 130; 09. (297) Hofmann, 8, 133: 575; 68. (298) Holland, 8, 50: 349; 93. (299) Holler and Peffer, 1, 38: 1021; 16. 31 A, 13: 273; 16. (300) Holmes and Sageman, 4, 91:1606; 07. ( 3 Oi ) Holt and Myers, 4,103: 533; 13. (302) Hooker, 33, 23: 961; 20. (303) Horn, 11, 37: 467; 07. (3O4) Hosking, 3, 7: 469; 04. ( 3 QS) Howell, 4, 1927: 158. ( 3 06) Hulett and Bonner, 1, 31: 390; 09. (307) Humberg, 7, 12: 401; 93. ( 3 os) Irueste, 132, 13: 462; 15. (309) Ishikawa, 41, 43: 560; 22. (310) Jackson, 4, 36: 2346; 14. (3") Jacquelain, 6, 30: 343; 50. (312) jahn, 8, 43: 280; 91. (313) jahn et al., 7, 37: 673; 01. (314) Jaquerod, 42, 7: 129; 09. (315) Jones and Hartmann, l, 37: 241; 15. (316) Jones and Hartmann, 78, 30: 295; 16. (317) Jones and Schumb, 65, 56: 199; 21. (318) Jones, 7, 55: 385; 06. (319) Jones, 162, No. 60: 07. (320) Jones and Bassett, 11, 33: 534; 05. (321) Jones and Bassett, 11, 34: 290; 05. ( 3 22) Jones and Getman, 7, 49: 385; 04. (323) Jones and Pearce, 11, 38: 683; 07. ( 3 24) Jones, Lapworth and Lingford, 4, 103: 252; 13. (325) Joseph, 4, 107: 1; 15. (326) Joseph, 4, 117: 377; 20. (327) Kaemmerer, 8, 138: 390; 69. (328) Kanitz, 7, 22: 336; 97. (329) Kanonnikoff, 62, 31: 321; 85. (330) Kantele, 138, 1: No. 6; 22. (331) Karsten, 499, 20: 3; 46. Verhalten d. Auflös, d. Kochsalzes. Berlin, Reimer, 1846. (332) Katayama and Yernada, 41, 41: 207; 20. (333) King, 50, 25: 115; 21. (334) Klein, 8, 27: 151; 86. (335) Knietsch, 25, 34: 4069; 01. (336) Knöfler, 8, 38: 136; 89. (337) Knorre and Olschewsky, 25, 20: 3043; 87. (338) Knowlton and Mounce, 46, 13: 1157; 21. (339) Knudsen, Hydrographische Tabellen. Copenhagen, 1901.

(340) Kohlrausch, 8, 169: 233; 76. ( 341 ) Kohlrausch, 8 Ergzbd., 8: 675; 78. (490) pickering, 3, 36: 111; 93. (491) Pickering, 20, 26: 277; 93. (492) Pick(342) Kohlrausch, 8, 6: 1; 79. (343) Kohlrausch, 8, 6: 145; 79. ( 3 4 4 ) ering, 3, 37:,359; 94. (493) Pickering, 25, 27: 1379; 94. ( 4 9 4 ) Pictet, Kohlrausch, 8, 26: 161; 85. (345) Kohlrausch, 7, 12: 773; 93. (346) Kohl34, 119: 642; 94. ( 4 9 5 ) Pound, 4, 121: 941; 22. ( 4 9 6 ) Pratolongo, Rie. R. Sc. Agr. Milan, 4: 3; 13. ( 4 9 7 ) Precht, 91, 18: 509; 79. ( 49 *) Pfibram and rausch, 8, 56: 185; 95. ( 3 4 7 ) Kohlrausch and Grotrian, 8, 154: 215; 75. (348) Kohlrausch and Hallwachs, 8, 50: 118; 93. 188, 1893: 350. ( 3 4 9 ) Glücksmann, 75, 106 Hb: 466; 97. ( 4 9 9 ) Pfibram and Glücksmann, 75, 107Hb: 189; 98. Kohlrausch and Hall wachs, 8, 53: 14; 94. (500) Pribram and Glücksmann, 75, 107 lib: 198; 98. ( 501 ) Pribram and (350) Kohlrausch and Nippoldt, 8, 138: 370; 69. ( 3 Si) Kohlrausch, 8, 17: 69; 82. (352) KoIb, 34, 63: 314; 66. 6, 10: 136; 67. (353) KoIb, Bull. Soc. Glücksmann, 57, 19: 161; 98. (502) Pfibram and Glücksmann, 57, 19: 171 ; 98. (503) price and Hawkins, 64, 43: 113T; 24. (*04) Pützer, 136, 29: Ind. Mulhouse, 42: 209; 72. 112, 209: 268; 73. (354) KoIb, 34, 74: 737; 72. 112, 204: 322; 72. (355) Kopp, 13, 93: 129; 55. (356) Kopp, quoted in 1221; 05. (505) Pulvermacher, 93, 113: 141; 20. ( 5 0 6 ) Quincke, 8, 24: (224). (357) Koppel and Holtkamp, 93, 67: 266; 10. (358) Kraus and 347; 85. ( 5 <>7) Rabinovich, 7, 99: 338; 21. ( 5 0 8 ) Rabinovich, 7, 99: 417; Parker, l, 44: 2429; 22. (359) Kremann and Ehrlich, 70, 116 Hb: 733; 07. 21. (509) Rakshit, 9, 31: 97; 25. (360) Kremers, S1 95: 110; 55. (361) Kremers, 8, 96: 39; 55. (362) Kremers, (SiO) Rakshit, 9, 31: 320; 25. ( 511 ) Ranken and Taylor, 174, 45: 397; 06. 363 8, 98: 58; 56. ( ) Kremers, 8, 99: 435; 56. (364) Kremers, 8, 100: 394; (512) Reinitzer, 92, 26: 456; 13. (513) Reuss, 25, 17: 2888; 84. (514) 57. (365) Kremers, 8, 103: 57; 58. (366) Kremers, 8, 104: 133; 58. (367) Reyher, 7, 2: 744 ; 88. (s i s ) Richards and Gucker, 1, 47: 1876 ; 25. (5 * 6 ) Kremers, 8, 105: 360; 58. (368) Kremers, 8, 108:115; 59. (369) Kremers, Rimbach, 7, 16: 671; 95. ( 5 17) Rimbach and Wintgen, 7, 74: 233; 10. 8, 111: 60; 60. ( 5 I 8 ) Rivett and Rosenblum, 83, 9: 297; 13. ( 519 ) Röntgen and Schneider, 8,29: 165; 86. (370) Kremers, 8, 114: 41; 61. ( 371 ) Kremers, 8, 120: 493; 63. (372) Küster and Kremann, 93, 41: 1; 04. (373) Lamb and Lee, l, 35: 1666; 13. (374) (520) Röntgen and Schneider, 8, 34: 531; 88. ("i) Roscoe, 4, 16: 82; 63. Landesen, 328, No. 14; 04. (375) de Lannoy, 7, 18: 443; 95. (376) Lauen(522) Rosetti, 24, 13: 1419; 68. (523) ROSetti, 6, 17: 370; 69. (524) stein, 7, 9: 417; 92. (377) Le Blanc, 7, 4: 553; 89. (378) Le Blanc and Rosetti, 8 Ergzbd., 5: 258; 71. ( 52S ) Ross and Jones, 45, 17: 1170; 25. Rohland, 7, 19: 261; 96. (379) Lemoine, 34, 125: 603; 97. (526) Roth, 7, 24: 114; 97. ( 5 2 7 ) Ruby and Kawai, 1, 48: 1119; 26. (528) (380) Lenz, 504, 29: No. 4; 81. ( 381 ) Lewis, Diss., Breslau, 1908. (382) Rupert, 1, 31: 851; 09. ("9J Ruppin, 7, 14: 467; 94. Lichty, l, 25: 469; 03. ( 383 ) van Liempt, 93, 122: 175; 22. (384) Long, 8, (530) Sachanov, 9, 19: 588; 13. (53i) Sachanov and Rabinovich, 53, 47: 859; 11: 37; 80. (385) Loomis, 8, 57: 495; 96. (386) Loomis, 8, 60: 523; 97. 15. (532) Scheibler, 62, 83: 273; 61. (533) Schiff, 13, 108: 326; 58. (534) (387) Loomis, 8, 60: 547; 97. (388) Lorenz and Osswald, 93, 114: 209; 20. Schiff, 13,109: 325; 59. (535) Schiff, 13, 110: 67; 59. (536) Schiff, 13, 113: (389) Lunge and Bachofen, 92, 6: 326; 93. 183; 60. (537) Schiff, 13, 113: 349; 60. (538) Schiff, 13,114: 68; 60. (539) (390) Lunge and Isler, 92,11:129; 90. 04, 9: 501; 90. X 3 9 1 ) Lunge and MarchSchiS, 13, 118: 90; 61. lewski, 92, 11: 133; 91. ( 3 9 2) Lunge and Naef, 317, 6: 37; 83. (393) Lunge (540) Schiff, 8, 129: 292; 66. (541) Schiff and Monsacchi, 7, 21: 277; 96. and Naef, 317, 6: 128; 83. (394) Lunge and Key, 92, 11: 165; 91. (395) (542) Schiff and Monsacchi, 7, 24: 513; 97. ( 5 4 S) Schiff and Monsacchi, Lunge and Smith, 317, 6: 2; 83. (396) Lussana, 69, 2: 233; 95. (397) 36, 27 I: 117; 97. (544) Schmidt, 8, 102: 122; 57. (545) Schmidt, 8, 107: Lussana and Bozzola, 24, 4: 785; 92. (398) Lussana and Bozzola, 59, 35: 244; 59. (546) Schneider, 13, 207: 257; 81. (547) Schneider, 57, 11: 166; 31; 93. (399) Maas and Hatcher, I, 42: 2548; 20. 90. (548) Schneider, Diss., Rostock, 1910. JfO, 2: 8; 11. ( 5 4 9 ) Schoenfeld, (400) MacGregor, 69, 2 HI: 70; 84. (401) MacGregor, 69, 3 III: 15; 85. ( 4 O2) 13, 95: 1; 55. MacGregor, 135, 55: 3; 87. (403) MacGregor, 292, 7: 368; 89. (404)(550) Scbönrock, 7, 11: 753; 93. ( 5 Si) Schöttner, 75, 77 H: 682; 78. (552) MacGregor, 69, 7 III: 23; 89. (405) MacGregor, 69, 8 III: 19; 90. ( 4 0 6 ) Schröder, 53, 18 I: 18; 86. (553) Schutt, 7, 5: 349; 90. ( 5 *4) Schult, MacGregor, 135, 62:'223; 90. (406.5) MacGregor, 69, 9 III: 16; 91. ( 4 0 7 ) Forhandl. Skand. Naturf., Christiana, 10: 450; 68. Quoted in (224). (sss) MacGregory, 8, 51: 126; 94. (408) Makaroff, 63, 23 II: 31; 91. (408.5) Schulze, 91, 21: 167; 82. (556) Schuncke, 7, 14: 331; 94. (557) Schwers, Manley, 68, 27: 210; 07. (409) Marignac, 149, 39: 217; 70. 0,22: 385; 71. 42, 9: 325; 11. (sss) Scott and Frazier, 50, 31: 459; 27. (559) Seidell, (410) Marshall, 54, 21: 1508; 02. (4U) Massen, 4, 99: 1132; 11. (412) 464, No. 67; 11. Masson, 4, 101: 103; 12. (413) Matignon, 6, 8: 386; 06. (4M) Mazzuc- (560) Seidell and Smith, 50, 8: 493; 04. (sei) Sentis, Ann. VUniv. Grenoble, chelli and Anselmi, 36, 52: 147; 22. (415) McKay, 35, 6: 111 ; 99. (416) 9: 1; 97. (562) Sidgwick, Pickford and Wilsdon, 4, 99: 1122; 11. (563) M'David, 68, 30: 515; 10. (417) Mendeleev, 53, 16: 184; 84. (4i?.S) Sidgwick and Tizard, 4, 97: 957; 10. (564) Simeon, 3, 27: 95; 14. (565) Mendeleev, 53, 16 1: 184 ; 84. (418) Mendeleev, 63, 16 1: 455 ; 84. 25, 17 : Slessor, 410, 7: 287; 58. (566) Slotte, 8, 14: 13; 81. (567) Smith and East2536; 84. (419) Mendeleev, 7, l : 273; 87. 25, 19: 379, 400; 86. lack, 1, 38: 1261; 16. (568) Smith, 1, 42: 259; 20. ( S 6 9 ) Sobolew, 93, (420) Merton, 4, 97: 2454; 10. (421) Meusser, 25, 35: 1414; 02. (422) Meyer, 12: 16; 96. 8, 113: 383; 61. (423) Meyer, Diss., Erlangen, 1921. (424) Meyerhoffer, (570) Somersalo, 60, 56 A: No. 10; 14. (571) Sonnenthal, 7, 9: 656; 92. (572) 7, 53: 513; 05. (425) Michel and Krafft, 6, 41: 471; 54. (426) Michel and Souminen, 138, 1: No. 8; 22. (573) Sprung, 8, 159: 1; 76. (574) Squires, Krafft, 167, 1854: 295. (427) Milligan, l, 44: 567; 22. (428) Moeller, 7, 91, 30: 609; 91. 320, 5: 52; 91. ("S) Stanley, 135, 54: 194; 86. (576) 12: 555; 93. (429) Möller, 8, 7: 256; 02. Steam, 1, 44: 670; 22. (577) steele and Mellor, 82, 14: 164; 15. (578) (430) Moles, Marquina and Santos, 132, 11: 192; 13. (431) Mond and Nasini, Stericker, Diss., Pittsburgh, 1922. (579) Stolba, 52, 94: 406; 65. 7, 8: 150; 91. (432) Moore, 2, 3: 321; 96. (433) Moretto, 59, 6: 198; 97. (580) Stolba, 52, 97: 503; 66. (581) Stolba, 185, 1877: 418. (*82) Stolba, (434) Morgan and McKirahan, l, 35: 1759; 13. (435) Morrison, 292, 7: 185, 1883:292. (583) Sullivan, 7, 28: 523; 99. (584) Sullivan, 1, 27: 529; 481; 89. (436) Muchin and Tarle, 181, 43: 54; 16. 10, 4: 57; 21. (437) 05. (585) Tammann, 7, 14: 163; 94. ( 5 86) Tammann, 7, 16: 91; 95. Mueller and Abegg, 7, 57: 513; 07. (438) Müller and Kaufmann, 7, 42: (587) Tammann, 7, 17: 620; 95. (588) Tammann and Zepernick, 7, 16: 497; 03. (439) Muir, 135, 33: 15; 76. 659 ; 95. (589) Taylor and Ranken, 68, 25 1: 231 ; 04. (440) de Muynck, 8, 53: 559; 94. (441) Mylius and Dietz, 25, 34: 2774; 01. (590) Terlikowski, Thesis, Geneva, 1911. 10, 2: 443; 11. (591) Thing and (442) Mylius and Funk, 25, 30: 1716; 97. (443) Mylius and Funk, 25, Taylor, The Brown Co., Berlin, New Hampshire, U. S. A., O. (592) Thorn33: 3686; 00. (444) Nasini and Gennari, 7, 19: 113; 96. (445) von Neu4 sen, 8, 142: 337; 71. ( 59 3) Thomsen, 8 Ergzb. Jubelbd., 1874: 135. (594) mann, 8, 113: 382; 61. ( 46) Nicol, 25, 15: 1931; 82. (447) Nicol, 68, Thomsen, 25, 7: 71; 74. (595) Thomsen, Thermochemische Untersuchungen. 11: 819; 82. (448) Nicol, 3, 15: 91; 83. (*49) Nicol, 3, 16: 121; 83. Leipzig, 1882. (596) Thomsen, 497, 26: 322; 19. (597) Thorpe and (450) Nicol, 3, 17: 537; 84. ( 4 Si) Nicol, 3, 18: 179; 84. ( 4 5 2) Nicol, 3, 23: Rücker, 62, 166: 405; 77. (598) Tigerstedt, 138, 1: No. 5; 22. (599) 385; 87. (453) Nietzki, in B82, III: 808; 00. (454) Nietzki, in B82, IV: Timofeev, 7, 86: 113; 13. 691; 11. (455) Noyes, 152, No. 63: 81; 07. (456) Noyes, Hall and Beattie, (600) Topsöe, 25, 3: 402; 70. (601) Tourneux, 6, 11: 225; 19. (602) Traube, 1, 39: 2526; 17. (457) Noyes and Lombard, 1, 33: 1423; 11. (458) Noyes 93, 8: 12; 95. (603) Trimble, 1, 44: 451; 22. (604) Trötsch, 8, 41: 259; 90. and Stewart, l, 32: 1151; 10. (459) Oppenheimer, 7, 27: 447; 98. (60S) Tschernaj, 53, 20 I: 430; 88. (606) Tschernaj, 53, 20 I: 486; 88. (460) Ordway, 12, 40: 173; 65. (461) Ordway, 12, 40: 316; 65. (462) Ostwald, (607) Tschernaj, 53, 20 I: 494; 88. (608) Tschernaj, 53, 21 I: 73; 89. 8, 2: 429; 77. (462.5) Ostwald, 52, 16: 385; 77. (463) Ostwald, 52, 18: (609) Tschernaj, 63, 21 I: 176; 89. 328; 78. (464) Ostwald, 8 Ergzbd., 8: 154; 78. (465) Ostwald, 62, 22: 305; (610) Tschernaj, 53, 40: 518; 08. (6U) Tschernaj, 53, 44: 1565; 12. (612) 80. (466) Ostwald, 52, 16: 385; 87. (467) Oswald, 34, 155: 1504; 12. Tschernaj, 63, 46: 8; 14. (613) Tucker, 67, 25: 111; 13. (614) Tutton, (468) Oswald, 6, 1: 32; 14. (469) Oudemans, 91, 7: 419; 68. 4, 71: 846 ; 97. (61 s ) Tutton, 4, 83: 1049 ; 03. (616) Tuuha, 60, 57 A : No. (470) Page and Keightley, 4, 25: 566; 72. ( 4 7i) Parsons and Corliss, 1, 32: 47 4 18; 15. (617) Ure, 503, 13: 312; 1822. (618) Valson, 34, 74: 103; 72. 1367; 10. ( 2) Parsons and Corson, 1, 32: 1383; 10. ( 73) parsOns and (619) Varga, Diss., Budapest, 1911. 10, 2: 8; 11. Perkins, 1,32: 1387; 10. ( 4 74) Parsons and Whittemore, 1, 33: 1933; 11. 47 (475) Pascal, 315, 20: 17; 23. ( 6) Pascal and Gamier, 27, 25: 142; 19. (620) Vassiliev, 53, 43: 1183; 11. 185, 1912 I: 1430. (621) Veley and Manley, 47 4 (477) Pasea, 69, 6: 27; 00. ( S) Patterson, 1, 28: 1734; 06. ( 79) Pat5, 69: 86; 01. (622) Veley and Manley, 3, 3: 118; 02. (623) Veley and terson and Anderson, 4, 101: 1833; 12. Manley, 4, 83: 1015; 03. (624) Veley and Manley, 54, 22: 1227; 03. (625) 481 (480) Paul, 9, 23: 65; 17. ( ) Pawlewski, 25, 33: 1223; 00. (482) Perkin, Vesterberg, 172, 8 II: 235; 12. 185, 1913: 777. (626) Vorländer and 4, 49: 777; 86. (483) perkin, 4, 55: 680; 89. (484) Perkin, 4, 59: 981; 91. Schilling, 13, 310: 369; 00. (627) Wade, 4, 75: 254; 99. (628) Wagner, 8, (485) Perkin, 4, 63: 57; 93. (486) perkin, 4, 65: 20; 94. (487) Perlezveich, 18: 259; 83. (629) Wagner, 7, 5: 31; 90. Thesis, Zürich, 1915. (488) Piccard and Cherbuliez, 149, 42: 324; 16. (630) Walker, 3, 27: 288; 14. (631) Wanklyn, 135, 55: 217; 87. (632) Wasast0*89) Pickering, 4, 57: 64; 90. jerna, 426, 50: No. 2; 20. (633) Washburn and Maclnnes, 1, 33: 1686; 11.

(634) Watts, 135, k2: 160; 65. (635) Watts, 4, 19: 499; 66. (636) Weber, 135, 23: 253; 71. (655) Wright and Thompson, 3, 17: 377; 84. ( 6 5 6 ) Wright, 4, 115: 119; 19. (657) Wiillner, 8, 133: 1; 68. («s«) van Wyk, 93, Ber. Untersch. deut. Meer, 3: 1; 78. 427, 2: 696; 78. (637) Wegscheider, 07, 27: 13; 06. (638) Wegscheider and Amann, 57, 36: 633; 15. (639) 48: 1; 05. (659) Yajnik and Uberoy, 1, 46: 802; 24. (660) Zecchini, 36, 35 II: 65; 05. ( 6 ei) Zettnow, 8, 143: 474; 71. ( 6 6 2 ) Wegscheider and Walter, 57, 26: 685; 05. Zöppritz, 8 Ergzbd., 5: 497; 71. (663) Zoppellari, 36, 24 II: 396; 94. (664) (640) Wernicke, Diss., Buenos Aires, 1912. 10, 3: 20; 12. ( 6 4 1 ) Wershoven, Andréef, 13, 110: 1; 59. (665) Baud and Gay, 6, 17: 398; 09. ( 6 6 6 ) 7, 5: 481; 90. ( 6 *2) Wiener, 202, 71: 120; 11. (643) Willigen, 502, 1: 74; Bertheiot, 34, 76: 1041; 73. 6, 4: 513, 526; 75. (667) Gerlach, 317, 12: 68. 18, 3: 122; 68. (644) Willigen, 502, 2: 222; 69. (6*5) Willigen, 502, 97; 89. (668) Lunge, 317, 5: 320; 82. (669) Lunge and Wiernik, 92, 2: 2: 238; 69. ( 6 *6) Willigen, 502, 3: 15; 74. (647) Winteler, 9, 7: 360; 00. 181; 89. (648) Winteler, 92, 15: 33; 02. (649) Winteler, 136, 29: 689; 05. (670) Nichols and Wheeler, 3, 11: 113; 81. ( 6 7 i ) Wachsmuth, 293, 208: (650) Winther, 7, 41: 161; 02. (651) Wirth, 93, 58: 213; 08. (652) Withrow, 510; 76. ( 6 7 2 ) Bredig and Shirado, 9, 33: 209; 27. 45, 9: 771; 17. (653) Worden and Motion, 54, 24: 178; 05. (654) Wright,

DENSITIES (SPECIFIC GRAVITIES) AND THERMAL EXPANSION OF AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS* J. L. CRENSHAW AVVERTENZA

EXPLANATORY The reader should consult only Table 1, Sec. A, and Table 2. These together constitute a complete index to the subject.

REMARQUE Le lecteur ne devra consulter que la Table 1, Sec. A, et la Table 2, dont l'ensemble constitue un index complet sur ce sujet.

BEMERKUNG Man benütze nur die Tabelle l, Abtig. A und Tabelle 2. Diese beiden zusammen bilden das vollständige Verzeichnis über diesen Abschnitt.

Si consultino solo la Tabella 1, Sezione A, e la Tabella 2. Le due tabelle costituiscono l'indice completo di questo capitolo.

TABLE 1 d (resp. dw, ds) = density of the solution [resp. water (v. p. 24), resp. the pure liquid solute] in g/ml. ps (resp. pw) = weight % of solute (resp. in the solution. water) "Range" = range of applicability of the equation. ± indicates the maximum error which will probably occur in the range given. Under "Literature" are given the sources (used) of the data upon which the equation is based and (conf.) of confirmatory determinations.

TABLE 1 (resp. dw, ds) — densité de la solution [resp. eau (v. p. 24) ou le liquide pur dissout] en g/ml. ps (resp. pw) = % poids du corps dissout (resp. de l'eau) dans la solution. "Range" = intervalle d'application de l'équation. ± indique Terreur maximum qui peut résulter dans l'intervalle donné. Sous "Literature" on a indiqué les sources (used) des valeurs au moyen desquelles on a établi l'équation et celles (conf.) des déterminations de confirmation.

TAFEL l d (beziehungsweise dw, ds) = Dichte der Lösung [bzw. Wasser (p. 24); reines Lösungsmittel] in g/ml, p«(bzw. pw) = Gewichtsprozente des gelösten Stoffes (bzw. Wasser) in der Lösung. " Range" = Gültigkeitsbereich der Gleichung. ± zeigt den maximalen Fehler an, der sich im Gültigkeitsbereich der Gleichung möglicherweise ergibt. Unter " Literature" stehen die Literaturquellen aus denen sich die Daten, die der Gleichung zugrunde liegen, ergeben haben, (used). Unter (conf.) sind diese Gleichung noch bestätigende Angaben verzeichnet.

TABELLA 1 d (oppure dw, ds) = densità della soluzione [rispettiv. dell' acqua (p. 24) o del solvente puro] in g/ml. p8 (oppure pw) = percentuale in peso della sostanza disciolta (o dell'acqua) nella soluzione. " Range" = intervallo di applicabilità dell' equazione. Il segno ± esprime l'errore massimo che può aversi nell'intervallo di applicabilità dell'equazione. Sotto la dicitura "Literature" si trovano i richiami bibliografici dei lavori dai quali sono stati estratti i dati che figurano nelle equazioni (used) e quelli dei lavori che contengono determinazioni di conferma (conf.).

d

Section A. d = dw + Aps -f Bp«2 -f Cp8* Formula

Name

CH2O CH2O2 CH3NO

Formaldehyde Formic acid Formamide

r-TT 4N2O

TTa

CH4N2S CH4O

Thiourea Methyl alcohol

C2HCl3O2

Trichloroacetic acid

„ __ ™ _ C2H2Cl2O2

_. , . .. ., Dichloroaceuc add

„ _ _ C2H2Q4

^ v -J Oxalic acid

* Id est: The solute is an organic compound whose key-formula begins with 16. Exceptions: for sugars, ». Vol. II, p. 334; for salts, v. p. 51.

t, 0C lo v. p. 122 25 14.8 1S

20 25 15 v. p. 115 12.5 20 25 20

^6' P* 0-40

A

B

C

±

+0.022518

-0.05658

+0.06542

0.001

22-96 0-12 °~ 51 O- 35 O- 10 O- 7

+ .021217 + .023213 + -°22718 -f .022702 + .022728 +.022995

+ .053199 - .044802 + .051552 + .053712 - .041817 -.0 5 374

25

O- 61 10-30 0-94 O- 30 ^ ^

/ ° |

O- 4 Q_

15

+ + + + +

.02499 .025032 .025051 .024427 ^^

+ -f + + +

.04153 .OU387 .056119 .0 537 ^5 7

+ .025898 - .033185 ^494 _ ^ 4 +

*Le corps dissout est un composé organique dont la formule clé commence par 16. Exceptions: pour les sucres, v. Vol. II, p. 334; pour les sels, v. p. 51.

+ + +

.072529 .Ool216 .072573 .072285 .051379

+ .061038 + .077534 ^34

+

+ .0441

* Der gelöste Stoff ist eine organische Verbindung, deren Schlüsselformel mit 16 beginnt. Ausnahmen: Zuckerarten, Bd. II, p. 334; Salze, p. 51.

Used (»*)

^ I

Conf. (75)

.001 .0001 .0004 .0002 .0002 .0003

(77) (45) (128) (H2) (ios) O**)

(lös) (142) (ios, 12«) (8) (126)

.0003 .001 .002 .0002 ^

(42) (^ 3 , 64) (71) (71)

(82) (82) (42,- 63, 64) (Si, 63, 64 }

.0002 .0003

(71)

(ios) (37)

(103,136)

*La sostanza disciolta è un composto organico, la cui formula chiave comincia con 16. Eccettuati: gli zuccheri, Voi. II, p. 334 ed i sali, p. 51.

(634) Watts, 135, k2: 160; 65. (635) Watts, 4, 19: 499; 66. (636) Weber, 135, 23: 253; 71. (655) Wright and Thompson, 3, 17: 377; 84. ( 6 5 6 ) Wright, 4, 115: 119; 19. (657) Wiillner, 8, 133: 1; 68. («s«) van Wyk, 93, Ber. Untersch. deut. Meer, 3: 1; 78. 427, 2: 696; 78. (637) Wegscheider, 07, 27: 13; 06. (638) Wegscheider and Amann, 57, 36: 633; 15. (639) 48: 1; 05. (659) Yajnik and Uberoy, 1, 46: 802; 24. (660) Zecchini, 36, 35 II: 65; 05. ( 6 ei) Zettnow, 8, 143: 474; 71. ( 6 6 2 ) Wegscheider and Walter, 57, 26: 685; 05. Zöppritz, 8 Ergzbd., 5: 497; 71. (663) Zoppellari, 36, 24 II: 396; 94. (664) (640) Wernicke, Diss., Buenos Aires, 1912. 10, 3: 20; 12. ( 6 4 1 ) Wershoven, Andréef, 13, 110: 1; 59. (665) Baud and Gay, 6, 17: 398; 09. ( 6 6 6 ) 7, 5: 481; 90. ( 6 *2) Wiener, 202, 71: 120; 11. (643) Willigen, 502, 1: 74; Bertheiot, 34, 76: 1041; 73. 6, 4: 513, 526; 75. (667) Gerlach, 317, 12: 68. 18, 3: 122; 68. (644) Willigen, 502, 2: 222; 69. (6*5) Willigen, 502, 97; 89. (668) Lunge, 317, 5: 320; 82. (669) Lunge and Wiernik, 92, 2: 2: 238; 69. ( 6 *6) Willigen, 502, 3: 15; 74. (647) Winteler, 9, 7: 360; 00. 181; 89. (648) Winteler, 92, 15: 33; 02. (649) Winteler, 136, 29: 689; 05. (670) Nichols and Wheeler, 3, 11: 113; 81. ( 6 7 i ) Wachsmuth, 293, 208: (650) Winther, 7, 41: 161; 02. (651) Wirth, 93, 58: 213; 08. (652) Withrow, 510; 76. ( 6 7 2 ) Bredig and Shirado, 9, 33: 209; 27. 45, 9: 771; 17. (653) Worden and Motion, 54, 24: 178; 05. (654) Wright,

DENSITIES (SPECIFIC GRAVITIES) AND THERMAL EXPANSION OF AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS* J. L. CRENSHAW AVVERTENZA

EXPLANATORY The reader should consult only Table 1, Sec. A, and Table 2. These together constitute a complete index to the subject.

REMARQUE Le lecteur ne devra consulter que la Table 1, Sec. A, et la Table 2, dont l'ensemble constitue un index complet sur ce sujet.

BEMERKUNG Man benütze nur die Tabelle l, Abtig. A und Tabelle 2. Diese beiden zusammen bilden das vollständige Verzeichnis über diesen Abschnitt.

Si consultino solo la Tabella 1, Sezione A, e la Tabella 2. Le due tabelle costituiscono l'indice completo di questo capitolo.

TABLE 1 d (resp. dw, ds) = density of the solution [resp. water (v. p. 24), resp. the pure liquid solute] in g/ml. ps (resp. pw) = weight % of solute (resp. in the solution. water) "Range" = range of applicability of the equation. ± indicates the maximum error which will probably occur in the range given. Under "Literature" are given the sources (used) of the data upon which the equation is based and (conf.) of confirmatory determinations.

TABLE 1 (resp. dw, ds) — densité de la solution [resp. eau (v. p. 24) ou le liquide pur dissout] en g/ml. ps (resp. pw) = % poids du corps dissout (resp. de l'eau) dans la solution. "Range" = intervalle d'application de l'équation. ± indique Terreur maximum qui peut résulter dans l'intervalle donné. Sous "Literature" on a indiqué les sources (used) des valeurs au moyen desquelles on a établi l'équation et celles (conf.) des déterminations de confirmation.

TAFEL l d (beziehungsweise dw, ds) = Dichte der Lösung [bzw. Wasser (p. 24); reines Lösungsmittel] in g/ml, p«(bzw. pw) = Gewichtsprozente des gelösten Stoffes (bzw. Wasser) in der Lösung. " Range" = Gültigkeitsbereich der Gleichung. ± zeigt den maximalen Fehler an, der sich im Gültigkeitsbereich der Gleichung möglicherweise ergibt. Unter " Literature" stehen die Literaturquellen aus denen sich die Daten, die der Gleichung zugrunde liegen, ergeben haben, (used). Unter (conf.) sind diese Gleichung noch bestätigende Angaben verzeichnet.

TABELLA 1 d (oppure dw, ds) = densità della soluzione [rispettiv. dell' acqua (p. 24) o del solvente puro] in g/ml. p8 (oppure pw) = percentuale in peso della sostanza disciolta (o dell'acqua) nella soluzione. " Range" = intervallo di applicabilità dell' equazione. Il segno ± esprime l'errore massimo che può aversi nell'intervallo di applicabilità dell'equazione. Sotto la dicitura "Literature" si trovano i richiami bibliografici dei lavori dai quali sono stati estratti i dati che figurano nelle equazioni (used) e quelli dei lavori che contengono determinazioni di conferma (conf.).

d

Section A. d = dw + Aps -f Bp«2 -f Cp8* Formula

Name

CH2O CH2O2 CH3NO

Formaldehyde Formic acid Formamide

r-TT 4N2O

TTa

CH4N2S CH4O

Thiourea Methyl alcohol

C2HCl3O2


„ __ ™ _ C2H2Cl2O2

_. , . .. ., Dichloroaceuc add

„ _ _ C2H2Q4

^ v -J Oxalic acid

* Id est: The solute is an organic compound whose key-formula begins with 16. Exceptions: for sugars, ». Vol. II, p. 334; for salts, v. p. 51.

t, 0C lo v. p. 122 25 14.8 1S

20 25 15 v. p. 115 12.5 20 25 20

^6' P* 0-40

A

B

C

±

+0.022518

-0.05658

+0.06542

0.001

22-96 0-12 °~ 51 O- 35 O- 10 O- 7

+ .021217 + .023213 + -°22718 -f .022702 + .022728 +.022995

+ .053199 - .044802 + .051552 + .053712 - .041817 -.0 5 374

25

O- 61 10-30 0-94 O- 30 ^ ^

/ ° |

O- 4 Q_

15

+ + + + +

.02499 .025032 .025051 .024427 ^^

+ -f + + +

.04153 .OU387 .056119 .0 537 ^5 7

+ .025898 - .033185 ^494 _ ^ 4 +

*Le corps dissout est un composé organique dont la formule clé commence par 16. Exceptions: pour les sucres, v. Vol. II, p. 334; pour les sels, v. p. 51.

+ + +

.072529 .Ool216 .072573 .072285 .051379

+ .061038 + .077534 ^34

+

+ .0441

* Der gelöste Stoff ist eine organische Verbindung, deren Schlüsselformel mit 16 beginnt. Ausnahmen: Zuckerarten, Bd. II, p. 334; Salze, p. 51.

Used (»*)

^ I

Conf. (75)

.001 .0001 .0004 .0002 .0002 .0003

(77) (45) (128) (H2) (ios) O**)

(lös) (142) (ios, 12«) (8) (126)

.0003 .001 .002 .0002 ^

(42) (^ 3 , 64) (71) (71)

(82) (82) (42,- 63, 64) (Si, 63, 64 }

.0002 .0003

(71)

(ios) (37)

(103,136)

*La sostanza disciolta è un composto organico, la cui formula chiave comincia con 16. Eccettuati: gli zuccheri, Voi. II, p. 334 ed i sali, p. 51.

Section A. d «• dw + Ap. + Bp8* + Cp.3.— (Continued) Formula

t, 0C

Name

C2H2CU

Oxalic acid, Continued

<-TT™ C2H3ClO2

m.i *• -A Chloroacetic acid

17.5 20 25 20

'

C2H3Cl3O2

Chloral hydratet

C2H3N C2H4O C2H4O2 C2H5NO C2HeO „„* C2H6O2

Acetonitrile Acetaldehyde Acetic acid Acetamide Ethyl alcohol , , Ethylene glycol

C2H8ClN C3H4O4

Ethylamine hydrochloride Malonicacid

25

O ,15 30 15 18 v. p. 123 15 v. p. 116 / O j 15 21 20 O 4 15 20 25 O 20 / 1 8 ^ 25 25 20 ». p. 119 v. p. 121 25 25 / 2 0 < 25 [ 15 17.5 20 \ 30 40 50 I 60 18

C3HeO

Acetone

C3H6O C3H6O2 ^„r, C3H6O2 C3H6O3 C3H7NO2 C3H8O C3HsO3 C4H4O4 C4HeO4 ~ „ _ C4H6O6

Allyl alcoholf Methyl acetate „ . . Propiomc acid Lactic acid Urethane Propyl alcohol Glycerol Maleicacid Succinicacid ,,r,.., Malic acid

C 4 HeOe

Tartaric acid (d-, Z-, or di-)

OTI^ C4H8O2

. D A n-Butyric acid*

C4H8O2

Isobutyric acid*

r.Ti r, C4H10O

^v i *v * Ethyl ether*

C4Hi0O ^Tir, C4H10O

n-Butyl alcohol*t T i. * i i u i* Isobutyl alcohol*

^„ ^ C4H10O

_ . A, . , . I3h Tnmethyl carbinoli

C4H12ClN r,wrk C5H4O2 C6H5N C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H12O CeH5NO3 ~wrk CeH 6O

Diethylamine hydrochloride „ . ,. Furfuralt Pyridine*t n-Valeric acid Isovaleric acid Isoamyl alcohol p-Nitrophenol «u i Phenol

25 25 25 20 15 / 1 5 j 80

CeHeO2 CeH7N CeIi7N CeHsO7 + H 2 O CeH16ClN OTT f . C7H14Oe

Resorcinol a-Picoline* /3-Picoline* Citric acid (hydrate) Triethylamine hydrochloride ., A/r ., , , a-Methyl glucoside

18 25 25 18 21 / O | 30

CsH8O3 CsH14Oe CsH20ClN C10H14N2 CnH 6 QiO

Phenylglycolic acid Ethyl tartratef Tetraethylammonium chloride Nicotine* Benzenepentacarboxylic acid

25

15 18 25 20 25

20 / .<

f ^

2Q

25

21 20 25

25 15 21 20 25

A

B

C

+0.02494 +.0 2 5264 + .O2SlOS +.0 2 3648 Q23602 +

-O.O6S -.0 3 1996 - .031607 + .05302 + .o5552

+0.04254 + .04208

O- 70 0-78 o_ go O- 16 0-30

+ .024489 +.0*4455 + .024401 - .021175 +.0 3 255

+ .042802 +.0 4 2198 + .041887 - .042024 -.0 5 16

O-

+ .03639

+ .04171

0-100 ^ 6

+ .021483 + <(W33

+ .052992 _.o5i08

-

.070248

O- 65 0-40 0-100 0-100 0-100 0-100 0-100 O- 89 0-20 O- 10 ^40 O- 9 0-56

+ .021193 +.0 2 389 - .03856 - .037648 - .021009 - .021233 - .021171 - .033729 +.0340 + .0395 + Q39245 + .02231 +.0 2 1278

- .05307 + .041066 - .05449 - .O41193 - .059682 - .053529 - .05904 - .OU232 -.0574 - .04172 _.o599 + .OJ86 -.05245

-

.0747

+ +

.O7SSS .08272 .08624 .070327 .0856 .072984

0-40 0-5.5 O- 40 Q_ 4Q O- 15 0-50 O- 50 0-50 O- 50 O- 50 O- 50 O- 10 Q_ ß2 O- 9 O- 9 O- 12 O- 5 ^6

+.0234 + .02304 + .023933 + Q23736 + .024482 + .024455 + .024432 + .024335 + .024265 + .0*4205 + .024155 + .03414 Q30135 + + .0352 + .0345 + .0337 - .02221 _ ^221

6

0-7.9 - .021651 0 - 8 - .0 146 ^ 8 _ > 0 |21 6 9

1 5

/ 2 0 |

Range. P« O- 9 0-4 O- 4 O- 32 ^86

+.0722 - .071291 +.074366 + .076549

+.0 7 361 -.0 7 3437

0.0005 .0001 .00005 .0005 .002 .0004 .0005 .0005 .001 .001

(«*) ' 0«) (1Z5) 0") (49,127,129)

.001 .0005

+ .0448 ^35

+

.0003 .0005 .0001 .0001 .0001 .0001 0(m

+ .04285

.0002 .0003

+ .056 +0438

0002

0-100 ^100

.02117 _ Q^86

.041908 + .07957 .001 _ Q ^Q + ^887 Q()1

O- 36 O- 8 o_ 8 0-60 O- 3 O- 5 0-2.5 0-1.5 0 - 5 ^65

+ + + + + + + + +

.0334 .021827 .021664 .03229 .0334 .03253 .02155 .023216 .O 2 IIl

.0676 .05366 .0*21 .05204 .0427 .04282 .043 .0455 .04283

+

Os462

+ + + _ + + + + +

.05519 .051405 .0513 .041141 .05558 .05996 ^ +

O- 52 + O- 70 0-60 O- 50 + 0-54 + 26- 51 + 2ß_ ßl O- 11 O- 95 O- 63 O- 60 0-0.6

+ + + + +

.02201 .04386 .04683 .023824 .046 .023336 ^^ +

-

.0828

Oß86

.02207 + .0423 .022367 . .+ .05358 .031884 + .056 .03642 + .05454 .025616 - .02117

.0004 .0002 .0004 .0003 .0002 .0002 .0003 .0001 .0002 001§

-

.0819 .074167

+ .0717 — .0869 + .071544 ^78 + — .076005 + .07122 — .07687

(12l) (Hi) O«)

.0005 OOT) .001 ("«) .001 < 113 ) .001 ( 117 ) .0005 ( 1 ^) .001 C 9 «) .0005 (H7) .001 O«) .0001 (»«) .0005 O") .0005 (i9,67,ioo) .0003 (97, ioo) .0002 (»»)

.0005 .0002 .001 .001 .0005 .0001 .0005

+.O6Il

Lit. ; |

—— Used (37) (103) (i<>3) (63,64) (Ti)

.0002

+.0675 + .05957 + .o4175 + .04185 + .04185 + .041837 + .OU85 + .04185 + .04185 + .04185 + .O 4 ISl _.o4166

±

.0005 .0006 .0004 .0005 .001 .0002 ^ .001 .0005 .0005 .0003 .00005

O«) ( 1 OZ) ( 1 I*) (i") (72) (59) ( 134 ) (i34) i 1 34) (i34) (i 34) (52, 120) (i».") (121) (5.2) (19,97) (98) (50)

(96) (", 121) (120)

(i«) (18) 7

(i° ) (70)
-— Con!. (94,136) (82, »4) (100) (59,82,88) (63,82) (*) {*) (7,32)

(**«) Î

O«) t t J(i2i) (S9.i, 68jj (ii3)j (74) («») («) (97,133) (35) (126)

(«») (63, 100, 121) (79,134,137) (25) (121) (134) (38,82,90,92)

( 121) <") (52) (ili)

(SO) („f 113> (120) ^ 130 ) (139) (139)

(«4) (H2) (tii) (24, so, 43, H3) (97) (113)

(36)

(12«) (54) (54) (128) (i°7) (6) Jg) (26) (48) (107) (S3) («i)

(126) (89)

(ioo) (84,143,144) (91,135)

Section B. d = da + Apw + Bp1^ -f Cpws Formula C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C 4 Hi 0 O C 4 Hi 0 O -„ _ C 4 Hi 0 O C4Hi0O C5H5N C6H7N C6H7N Ci 0 Hi 4 N 2

Name

t, 0C

d,

w-Butyric acid Isobutyric acid Ethyl ether w-Butyl alcohol T u .i i u i Isobutyl alcohol Trimethyl carbinol Pyridine a-Picoline /9-Picoline Nicotine

0.9534 0.9425 0.7077 0.8097 / 0.8170 \ 0.8055 0.7856 0.9776 0.9404 0.9515 1.0093

Range

P^

Formula

Name

PhI r 1 WHr t, Chloral hydrate

C3H6O C4Hi0O

Allyl alcohol n-Butyl alcohol

C5H4O2

Furfural

c- TT M C5H5N

V-APyndme

C8Hi4O6

Ethyl tarträte

A

2 5 0 - 3 8 26 0-80 25 0-1.1 20 0-20 O 0-14 15 0-16 20 0-20 25 0-40 25 0-30 25 0-40 20 0-40

Section C.

r TT Pl n C2H3Cl3O2

'

P

c

+ 0 . 0 2 1 8 5 4 - 0 . 0 + .O2ISOS - .042358 + .0234 + .0336 + .022103 - .O 4 IlS + .022437 - .04285 +.02224 -.0 4 129 + .022287 + .05275 + .021157 - .05536 + .022715 - .04393 + .021925 - .04352 + .02199 - .04331

4

±

Used

^ |

2 3 1 4 0 . 0 0 1 (19> 67) -f0.061253 .001 (36,123) .0001 ( 5 ° ) .0005 ( 96 ) .0002 (139) .0002 (17) .0002 (i«, 139) - .062 .001 C43) .0005 (54) + .0625 .0005 (54) + .07315 .0002 (9M

Conf. $ ( 20)j 113

( H (1H J J

(54,30)

(S3)j

dt = do + At + B«2 doil

'

2 / -°° | 10

B

a

°Cge>

ü-0094) 00

(1 0476)

76.60 80.95 4.62 5.69 6.56 9.34 21 20 '

0.9122 0.8614 (1.0125) (1.0140) (1.0155) (1.0055) (1.0115) 29 50 (1 0145) 40.40 (1.0182) 5.00 (1.0150) 10.00 (1.0270) 25.00 (1.0665)

A

B

±

Used

7-80 -0.042597 -0.054313 0.0004 _ Q47955 _ 064253 7_80 0004 0-45 - .O3S 0-43 - .037292 22-74 - .03232 22-74 - .03221 22-74 - .03211 11-73 - .03171 14-73 - .03378 12-72 - .03463 9-74 - .03605 15-80 - .032103 15-80 - .032116 15-80 - .03401

- .0527 - .Oe75 - .05254 - .05268 - .0*290 - .053615 - .05248 - .05235 - .05167 - .052544 - .052929 - .0523

.0003 .001 .0005 .0005 .0005 .0005 .0005 .0005 .001 .0005 .0005 .0005

P

(7) (7)

Conf~ (104, 125) ( io4, 125)

(74) (isi) (i) ( 9 ^) (H2) (70) (H2) (™) (U 2 ) (70) (H3) (54) (U 3 ) ( S4 ) ("S) (54) (H3) (54j (î44) ( 4 *) 144 ( ) ( 48 ) Q44) (48)

* For data on more concentrated solutions, v. Section B. t For data regarding thermal expansion, v. Section C. J The value for 100 % agrees with that given by Brunei and Van Bibber (p. 27) within the limit of error indicated. § Above 40 % the limit of error is possibly 0.002. 11 The values for do, which are enclosed in parentheses, have been obtained by extrapolation and are to be used for the purpose of calculation only.

TABLE 2.—MISCELLANEOUS AND FRAGMENTARY DATA (THE (T-ARRANGEMENT) ^, , Formula CHCl3 CH2O CH3NO

^TTx1n v,miN2U

^T Name Chloroform Formaldehyde Formamide

TT urea

_^T_ XT CH 5N CHeClN C2HBr3O C2HBr3O2 C2HCl3O

- » , i l . Methylamine Methylamine hydrochloride Bromal Tribromoacetic acid Chloral

C2HCl3O2


C2H2Cl2O2

^ „~ C12 H 2 O 4

C 2 H 3 BrO 2

Range. orf

J s

^ T - J Oxalic acid

Bromoacetic acid

PS

0-55 18 25 0-84 5 10 15 15 30 ' ^ 20 25 25 30-80 or 25 25 . 40-100 16 50-90 O

Satd. sol. 0-37 1.7-100 Satd. sol. 3-10 3-10 3-10 1.5-5.9 0_2() 3 5.9 1-46 0-11 rv o 0-3 0-6.7 45-100 20,30 2-100 21-86

O, I^ 30 20 16 20 25 15 16-30 17-20 17.5

Dichloroacetic acid

J j

Range,

L/

18 20

11-90 10-58 7.5 13 0-12 2.2 9 3.5-7 3.5-7 4 5 2 4

S

1:1

30 30 16

4.3 12.6 20,30

T. Lit.

(i<>) (2) ( 23 ) (H6) (l 03 ) (i« 3 ) (l 03 ) ( 9 S) (122)

(126) (31) (23) (61) /R ^ (55) (5S) (29) (5M (60) (U) (i^«) (I4I) (51) ( 82 ) (55) (121) (ii°) (5*) (34) (66)

_, , Formula

»

_T Name

C2H3Cl3O2

Chloral hydrate

C2H3N C2H4O

Acetonitrile Acetaldehyde

C2H4O3

Glycolic acid

C2H5I

Ethyl iodide

- TT XT^ C 2 HsNO

A . -j Acetamide

C 2 H 5 NO 2 C 2 HeNO C2H6O2S C 2 HvN

Glycocoll Methylurea Dimethyl sulfone Dimethylamine

C2H8ClN

Range, *' {s

( \ [ ( J < | (

Ethylamine hydrochloride.... /

C2H8ClN C3H4O4 C3H6O

Dimethylamine hydrochloride. . Malonic acid Allyl alcohol (

C3H6O

Acetone

^6O2

P.opionicaeid

(80)

ffi (78) (73) (")

I

^

0-47 4-45 11 20 20, 44 29 17, 18 20 20 25 15-72 0-68 25 0_ 25 25 20 25 26 25 2

^

25 15-25 15 0-60 15 15 20,25 25 O 4,15,25

Range, *'

T .A

Satd. sol. 75.4 9-47 4-33 0-80 50 % vol. 30-100 4,17 7.6 4 0.3 Satd. sol. 0-69 _ _ 5.9 34 3.7 7.4 2.5 0-3-

(H*) <**) (3) (56) 0<> 4 ) (i°5) ( 49 > 12?) (* 4 ) (»2) (100) (H3) (H6) (23) ,_.. (31) (56) (126) (31) (56) (55)

Pa

^

Lit.

<">

1-8 (55) 59 («7) 0-6 (121) 0-100 (U 3) 15-100 (3 9 ) 1-10 ( 9 3) 10-100 (5 9 -i) 10-100 ( 4 6) 17-100 (U) 80 (M)

»

^

<»« }

17 20

50-100 8-97

(21) O4M

TABLE 2.—MISCELLANEOUS AND FRAGMENTARY DATA (THE (L-ARRANGEMENT).—(Continued) „ , Formula

XT

Name f

CsHeO2

Range, 0 * C 20 20

Propionic acid, Continued. . . . '

C3H6O2

Methyl acetate

25 25 17-63

CsH6O2 CsHeO3 C3HeO3 C3H6O4 C3H7N

Ethyl formate Lactic acid ^/-Lactic acid Glyceric acid Allylamine

10-40 20 20 20 15

C3H7NO

Propionamide

C3HsN2O C3H8O2 CaH9N

Dimethylurea Methylal Propylamine

j

("O) (62)

J A

fS2\

40-100 50-100 5-10, 85-95 6,95 9 15, 34 8.5,11 0-5.7

(67) (i») (i i 3 ) (H 3 ) ( 82 ) (64) (64) ("i)

^0

<">

25 12-33 15

8.8 10,20,30 0-6

( 3 I) (U 3 ) (121)

^5

^

0

., Lit.

T

C3H9N

Trimethylamine

* ^6°°

^sV/

CaHioCIN C4H4O4 C4H4O4 C4H5Cl3O2 C4H6O2 C 4 HeO 3 C4H6O4 C4HeO4

Trimethylamine hydrochloride. . 25 1-9 Fumarie acid 15 0.3 Maleic acid... 15,20,25 44.6 Trichlorobutyric acid 20 15, 18 Crotonic acid 25 4 Acetic anhydride O, 18 50-100 Methyl oxalate 15 0-1.5 Succinic acid 20 5.9 f 15 2,4.7 15 1.7,3.3 20 8-70 Malic acid ] 20 1.7-24 20 6.7 25 16 [ 9-45 17 Diglycolic acid 20 14 f 15-20 5-50 15 3.7-33 15 4-15 18 4-45 Tartaricacid « ^

(5S) (121) (87) (64) (56) (30) (121) ( 82 ) (3S) (121) (i° 9 ) («) (82) (io°) (11-5) (56) (58) (106) (SS) (U 9 I < (M) >

20 20 25 15 20-90 20 15 15 O O 15

1-15 4 7, 18 0.4 0.5,1.9 1.2-2.8 1-4.4 1,2.2 11-71 98-100 83-100

(64) (80) (ioo) (121) (i 3 ) (5) (121) («*) (U) (140) 39 ( » 40)

J«

^^

£>

20 20 20 15 20 2Q

30-100 8.8 76-90 72-87 5-20 gg

(124) (82) (62) (48) (i 2 0 ) ,82.

20 0-40

13, 17 6.6-10,

(64) (76)

0-44

( 1 2 I)

17-63 0-84 15 20

4,7.6,96 Satd. sol. 1.3-5 0-1.4

(U 3 ) (H6) (121) (S)1

O 15-75

12,99 1.5-10% vol.

C 4 HeO 6

C4HeO5

C4HeOe

C 4 H 7 NO 4

Aspartic acid

C4H8O2 C4HsO2

Methyl propionate Propyl formate

C4H8O2

,-Butyric acid

C4HsO2

<

Range, p» 10,30,50 67-89

I [ \ [

Isobutyric acid

C4HsO2

Ethyl acetate

C 4 H 8 NO 2 C4HsO3 C4H8N2O3

Succinamide Hydroxyisobutyric acid Asparagine

C4HwO

Ethyl ether

C4H10O

Isobutyl alcohol

{ •

OK 25

1—18 87

("23 J (31) 6

O ) (138)

fQ

g^5

^

25

2-5, 82-95

(i 3 0 )

,-, , Formula

_T Name

Range, 0* C 20

C4Hi0O

sec.-Butyl alcohol

C4Hi0O C4Hi0O C 4 HnN C 4 HuN C 4 Hi 2 ClN C 4 Hi 2 ClN C4Hi2ClN C 4 Hi 3 NO

Trimethyl carbinol Erythritol Butylamine Diethylamine Diethylamine hydrochloride Butylamine hydrochloride Tetramethylammonium chloride Tetramethylammonium hydroxide Furfural Pyromucic acid f

C5H4O2 C5H4O3

0-70 19.5 20 20 25 20 25

Range, ° p» 0-17.8, 64-100 63-100 14.3 8,15,29 11, 15.8 1-7.4 5, 7, 9 1-9

(83) (56) (64) (64) (55) (64) (55)

25 22-97 25.8 O 0-70 0-100 9-74 15 15-87 25

0-4.5 96 2.2 9-100 67 33-100 66,78,90 1-36 12-87 30-60

(55) (H2) (56) (4) (74) (SO) (U 3 ) (122) (4T) (27)

C5H6N

Pyridine

]

C6H6O4

Citraconic acid

|

-TT^ C6HeO4

T. -A Itacomc acid

J j

C5H6O4 C6HsO2 C6HsO4 C6HsO4 C6Hi0O

Mesaconic acid Allyl acetate Glutaric acid Methylsuccinic acid Diethyl ketone

C6Hi0O2

n-Valeric acid

I

C 5 Hi 0 O 2

Isovaleric acid

C5Hi0O2 C5Hi0O2 C5Hi2O

Ethyl propionate Propyl acetate sec.-Amyl alcohol

CeHi2O C5Hi3N C6Hi4ClN

Dimethyl ethyl carbinol Amylamine Amylamine hydrochloride

1

CeHeO

Phenol

CeHeO2 CeH6O2 CeHeO2 CeHeO3

Catechol Hydroquinol Resorcinol Pyrogallol

CeH7N

Aniline

CeHsClN

Aniline hydrochloride

CeHsO7

Citric acid

CeHi0O3 CeHi0O4 CeHi0O4 CeHi0Oe CeHi2O2

Ethyl acetoacetate Ethylene glycol diacetate Ethyl oxalate Methyl tartrate Propyl propionate

CeHi2Os

Paraldehyde

C6Hi2O6 CeHi4O6 CeHi6ClN C7HsO

Quercitol Mannitol Triethylamine hydrochloride.... w-Cresol

1

^5

4

^4

T., Lit.

O2)

( ( *^

24, 25 ^

2.6, 4.2 ^2

(56)

(102)

28 15 4,15,25 25 10-71

3.7 1.2 42.3 1.1-3.2 2.2,4.8

(56) (Hi) (87) (i 02) (U 3 )

**

£^|

[">

15

84-100

( 39 > 40)

^

2,' 4, 100

25 15 15 20 8-74 15 15.5 20 15 20 20

89,99 0.6,1.3 1.3 89.8-100 3,94 1-2 90-96 0-3.3 1-4.4 5.8,6.6 3.8, 6.6

0") (i 9 ) (121) (121) (12) (US) (120^ (••) (22) (i 21 ) (64) (64)

{

Jj^

g^5

^

C \

20 20 0-85 20 13-97 15-80

5.5 5.5 Satd. sol. 6.3 3,95 0-3.3

(126) (126) (i 16) (126) (U 3 ) O38)

25 12 15 20 20 25 14-72 16-74 17-74 16-79 15 15 16-70

22 4-36 1.9 1-26 7 8.7 3-10 5-81 1.8,4.6 5-75 0.4 1.6-6.6 1.3,6.4, 7.7 5.7,7.7 9 1.7-13.7 2, 95

(H4) (106) ( 35 ) ( 9 4) (82) (ioo) (ii 3 ) (U 3 ) (U 3 ) (i i 3 ) (121) ("i) (U 3 )

[

f \ (

C1H12O.

Quinicacid

C8HeO4 CsHsO2 CsHi0Os CsHuOe CsH20ClN

o-Phthalic acid Phenylacetic acid Diacetyltartaric acid Ethyl tartrate Tetraethylammonium chloride..

{

19,22 20 25 11-95 «. 25 25 25 13-99 25

vol. %

'*» 0.7 0.6 0-19 50-75 2-16

(56) (126) (55) (ii 3 ) £«> (ioi) (IOO) O5) (143, 144) ( 5 S)

T-, i Formula C9H7N C9Hi3NO3S CioHsOsS

Ci0Hi6O4 CnHi 2 N 2 Q

1 !

XT Name Quinoline Trimethylsulfanilic acid /S-Naphthalenesulfonic acid

Camphoric acid Antipyrine

1

Range, 0~ O 8-95 25 30 0-40

Range, 1 2?s 82,89,95 0-2 57 7-51

_ .A Lit. ( 113 ) (57) < 73 ) C 13 5 )

20 74 21 20

33-86 69.2 1 9.3

(«V) (48) (56) Q26)

LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) O) Atkins and Wallace, 4, 103: 1461; 13. ( 2 ) Auerbach and Barschall, 291, 22: 584; 05. ( 3 ) Barbier and Roux, 27, 3: 419; 90. ( 4 ) Baud, 27, 5: 1022; 09. 34, 148: 96; 09. ( 5 ) Becker, 25, U: 1028; 81. ( 6 ) Berkeley, Hartley and Burton, 62, 218: 295; 19. ( 7 ) Bousfield and Lowry, 83, 6: 85; 10. ( 8 ) Burke, 1, 42: 2500; 20. ( 9 ) Burrows, 316, 53: 74; 19. ( 10 ) Chancel and Parmentier, S4, 100: 773; 85. ( 1 M Charpy, 6, 29: 5; 93. (11.5) Clough, 4, 107: 96; 15. ( 1 2 ) Clough and Johns, 45, 15: 1030; 23. ( 13 ) Cook, go, 30: 294; 97. ( 1 4 ) Davis, 34, 16: 502; 97. ( 1 5 ) Deakin and Rivett, 4, 101: 127; 12. ( 1 6 ) Desmaroux, 315, 19: 322; 22. ( 17 ) Doroschevskii, 03, 41: 958; 09. ( 18 ) Doroschevskii, 53, 43: 66; 11. (19) Drucker, 7, 52: 641; 05. (20) Drucker and Moles, 7, 75: 405; 11. ( 21 ) Drude, 7, 23: 267; 97. ( 2 2 ) Duclaux, 6, 13: 76; 78. ( 2 3 ) Dunstan and Mussell, 4, 97: 1935; 10. ( 2 4 ) Dunstan and Thole, 4, 93: 561; 08. ( 2 5 ) Dunstan and Thole, 4, 93: 1815; 08. ( 2 6 ) Dunstan and Thole, 4, 97: 1249; 10. ( 2 7 ) Dunstan, Thole and Hunt, 4, 91: 1728; 07. ( 2 9 ) Efremov, 53, 50: 347; 18. 10, 5: 39; 25. ( 30 ) Faust, 7, 79: 97; 12. ( 31 ) Fawsitt, 68, 25: 51; 04. ( 3 2 ) Findlay and Shen, 4, 101: 1459; 12. ( 33 ) Fontein, 7, 73: 212; 10. ( 34 ) Franz, 52, 5: 274; 72. ( 35 ) Fresenius and Grünhut, 91, 51: 23; 12. ( 36 ) Friedlander, 7, 38: 385; 01. ( 3 7 ) Gerlach, 317, 9: 241; 86. ( 38 ) Golse, Thesis, Bordeaux, 1911. 10, 2: 195; 13. ( 39 ) Graham, 13, 123: 90; 62. ( 4 0 ) Graham, 62, 151: 373; 61. ( 41 ) Grossman and Wieneke, 7, 54: 385; 06. ( 4 2 ) Hallwachs, 8, 68: 1; 99. (* 3 ) Hartley, Thomas and Applebey, 4, 93: 538; 08. ( 4 4 ) Hartwig, 8, 33: 58; 88. ( 4 S ) Heimbrodt, 8, 13: 1028; 04. ( 4 «) Herz and Knoch, 93, 45: 262; 05. ( 4 7 ) Holmes, 4, 89: 1774; 06. ( 48 ) Holmes, 4, 103: 2147; 13. ( 4 9 ) Homfray, 4, 87: 1430; 05. ( 50 ) Horiba, 41, 31: 922; 10. ( 51 ) Humburg, 7, 12: 401; 93. ( 52 ) Jahn, 7, 16: 72; 95. ( 53 ) Jephcott, 4, 115: 104; 19. < 5 4 ) Jones and Speakman, 1, 43: 1867; 21. ( 55 ) Kanitz, 7, 22: 336; 97. (56) Kanonnikoff, 52, 31: 321; 85. (57) Katayama and Yamada, 41, 41: 193; 20. ( 58 ) Kohlrausch, 8, 159: 233; 76. ( 5 9 ) Kohlrausch and Hallwachs, 8, 50: 118; 95. ( 5 9 -i) Krug and MacElroy, 320, 6: 184; 92.

(60) Kurnakov and Efremov, 7, 85: 401; 13. ( 61 ) Landesen, 882, 14; 04. B3, 462; 23. ( 6 2 ) Landolt, 8, 117: 352; 62. (63) LeBlanc, 7, 4: 553; 89. (64) LeBlanc and Rohland, 7, 19: 261; 96. ( 65 ) Levi, 24, 75 II: 465; 15. (66) Loomis, 8, 60: 547; 97. ( 6 7 ) Lüdeking, 8, 27: 72; 86. ( 68 ) MacElroy, 1,16: 618; 94. (70) Mains, 83, 26: 779; 22. ( 71 ) Mameli, 36, 41 I: 291; 11. ( 7 2 ) Marchlevskii, 26,25:1556; 92. ( 73 ) Masson, 4,101:103; 12. ( 7 4 ) Matthews and Cooke, 50, 18: 566; 95. ( 7S ) Maue, 319, 63: 197; 18. (76) Merriman, 4, 103: 1774; 13. (77) Merry and Turner, 4, 105: 748; 14. ( 78 ) Morgan and McKirahan, 1, 35: 1759; 13. ( 7 9 ) Nasini and Gennari, 7, 19: 113; 96. ( 8 0 ) Nicol, 3, 18: 179; 84. ( 81 ) Noyes and Lombard, 1, 33: 1423; 11. ( 8 2 ) Ostwald, 62, 18: 328; 78. ( 83 ) Paterno and Mieli, 36, 37 H: 330; 07. 22, 16 II: 153; 07. ( 84 ) Patterson and Anderson, 4, 101: 1833; 12. ( 8S ) Perkin, 4, 49: 777; 86. ( 86 ) Perkin, 4, 51: 808; 87. ( 8 7) Perkin, 4, 53: 561; 88. ( 88 ) Polovzov, 7, 75: 513; 11. ( 89 ) Pratolongo, 22, 20 I: 812; 11. 22 I: 86; 13. ( 90 ) Pribram, 26, 20: 1840; 87. ( 91 ) Pribram and Glucksam, 75, 106: 296; 97. ( 9 2 ) Pribram and Glucksam, 75, 107: 146; 98. ( 93 ) Pringsheim, Kühn and Fritze, 92, 32: 287; 19. ( 9 4 ) Rakshit, 9, 31: 97; 25. ( 9 5 ) Rankin and Taylor, 174, 45: 397; 06. ( 9 6) Reilly and Ralph, 117, 15: 597; 19. ( 97 ) Reyher, 7, 2: 744; 88. ( 98 ) Richards and Chadwell, 1, 47: 2283; 25. (") Richards and Palitzsch, 1, 41: 59; 19. ( 10 °) Rimbach and Wintgen, 7, 74: 233; 10. ( 101 ) Rivett and Rosenblum, 53, 9: 297; 14. ( 102 ) Rivett and Sidgwick, 4, 97: 1677; 10. ( 103 ) Roth, 7, 24: 114; 97. ( 104 ) Rudolphi, 7, 37: 426; 01. ( 105 ) Sachonov and Rabinovic, 53, 47:861; 15. 10, 4: 36; 21. ( 106 ) Schiff, 13, 113: 183; 60. ( 107 ) Schiff and Monsacchi, 7, 24: 513; 97. 36, 28 I: 161; 98. ( 108 ) Schmidt, 8t 114: 337; 61. ( 1 O 9 ) Schneider, 13, 207: 257; 81. ( 110 ) Schultze, 91, 21: 167; 82. ("») Schwers, 28, 1908: 814. 70, 28: 42; 09. ( 112 ) Schwers, 28, 1911: 641. ( 113 ) Schwers, 42, 9: 15; 11. ( 1 1 4 ) Sidgwick, Pickford and Wilsdon, 4, 99: 1122; 11. (* » 6 ) Speyers, 12, 14: 293; 02. O 1 7) Squibb, 1, 17: 187; 95. ( 118 ) Stubbs, 4, 99: 2265; 11. ( 119 ) Thornsen, Thermochemistry, p. 162. N. Y., Longmans, 1908. (120) Traube, 26, 19: 871; 86. ( 121 ) Traube, 13, 265: 27; 91. ( 122 ) Traube, 13, 290: 43; 96. ( 123 ) Tsakalotos, 7, 68: 32; 09. ( 124 ) Tsakalotos, 34, 146: 1146; 08. ( 12S ) Turbaba, Charkow Gesell, exp. Wiss., 18: 8; 90. 21: Supp. 19, 56, 69, 111; 93. Quoted from BS, 477; 23. ( 126 ) Usher, 4, 97: 66; 10. ( 127 ) Van Aubel, 61, 4: 478; 89. ( 128 ) Varga, Diss., Budapest, 1911. 10, 2: 14; 13. ( 129 ) Vaubel, 62, 59: 30; 99. (130) Wad and Gokhale, 318, 4: 17; 21. ( 131 ) Wallace and Atkins, 4, 101: 1179; 12. ( 132 ) Weiss and Downs, 1, 45: 1003; 23. ( 133 ) Wilsdon and Sidgwick, 4, 103: 1959; 13. ( 134 ) Winther, 7, 41: 161; 02. ( 135 ) Whither, 7, 60: 590 ; 07. (*36 ) Worden and Motion, 54, 24:178 ; 05. ( » 3 7 ) Woringer, 7, 36: 326; 01. ( 138 ) Worley, 4, 105: 260; 14. ( 139 ) Young and Fortey, 4, 81: 717; 02. ( 14 °) Zander, 13, 224: 56; 84. ( 141 ) Zecchini, 36, 35 II: 65; 05. ( 1 4 2 ) Zoppellari, 36, 35 I: 355; 05. ( 143 ) Patterson, 4, 79: 167; 01. ( 144 ) Patterson, 4, 85: 1116; 04.

DENSITY OF CERTAIN AQUEOUS ORGANIC SOLUTIONS H. W. BEARCE, GRACE C. MULLIGAN AND MERRIEL P. MASLIN A. SOLUTIONS CONTAINING ONE SOLUTE ONLY. AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS OF METHYL, ETHYL, AND PROPYL ALCOHOLS, GLYCEROL AND FORMIC AND ACETIC ACIDS All compositions are in Wt. % in vacuo. All density values are d4 = g/ml in vacuo. CHsOH, METHYL ALCOHOL V. also (l, 11, 1^, 19, 20, 31, 35, 42, 46, 49, 51, 65, 67, 78, 79, 80, 81, 83, 86, 88)

" ^ \

0(15) io(i5)

1

^6

20(15)

.9914 .9899 .9884 .9870

.9912 .9896 .9881 .9865

.9904 .9889 .9872 .9857

.9896 .9880 9863 .9847

0(15)

10(15)

i K Ka J-^

1

20(15)

15(17)

90.98560.98490.98410.98310.98394 10 11 12 13 14

.9842 .9829 .9816 .9804 .9792

.9834 .9820 .9805 .9791 .9778

.9826 .9811 .9796 .9781 .9766

.9815 .9799 .9784 .9768 .9754

.98241 .98093 .97945 .97802 .97660

15 16 17 18 19

.9780 .9769 .9758 .9747 .9736

.9764 .9751 .9739 .9726 .9713

.9752 .9738 .9723 .9709 .9695

.9740 .9725 .9710 .9696 .9681

.97518 .97377 .97237 .97096 .96955

20 21 22 23 24

.9725 .9714 .9702 .9690 .9678

.9700 .9687 .9673 .9660 .9646

.9680 .9666 .9652 .9638 .9624

.9666 .9651 .9636 .9622 .9607

.96814 .96673 .96533 .96392 .96251

15(17)

O0.99990.99970.99900.99820.99913 1 .9981 .9980 .9973 .9965 .99727 2 .9963 .9962 .9955 .9948 .99543 3 .9946 .9945 .9938 .9931 .99370 4 .9930 .9929 .9921 .9914 .99198 5 6 7 8

-\^ °r* \ ^

.99029 .98864 .98701 .98547

CH3OH, METHYL ALCOHOL.—(Continued) ~\\

op

-j r

\ ^ 0(15)

10(15)

1

\C^ 0(15)

prß

J^

20(15)

15(17)

250.96660.96320.96090.95920.96108 26 .9654 .9618 .9595 .9576 .95963 27 .9642 .9604 .9580 .9562 .95817 28 .9629 .9590 .9565 .9546 .95668 29 .9616 .9575 .9550 .9531 .95518 30 31 32 33 34

.9604 .9590 .9576 .9563 .9549

.9560 .9546 .9531 .9516 .9500

.9535 .9521 .9505 .9489 .9473

.9515 .9499 .9483 .9466 .9450

.95366 .95213 .95056 .94896 .94734

35 36 37 38 39

.9534 .9520 .9505 .9490 .9475

.9484 .9469 .9453 .9437 .9420

.9456 .9440 .9422 .9405 .9387

.9433 .9416 .9398 .9381 .9363

.94570 .94404 .94237 .94067 .93894

40 41 42 43 44

.9459 .9443 .9427 .9411 .9395

.9403 .9387 .9370 .9352 .9334

.9369 .9351 .9333 .9315 .9297

.9345 .9327 .9309 .9290 .9272

.93720 .93543 .93365 .93185 .93001

45 46 47 48 49

.9377 .9360 .9342 .9324 .9306

.9316 .9298 .9279 .9260 .9240

.9279 .9261 .9242 .9223 .9204

.9252 .9234 .9214 .9196 .9176

.92815 .92627 .92436 .92242 .92048

50 51 52 53 54

.9287 .9269 .9250 .9230 .9211

.9221 .9202 .9182 .9162 .9142

.9185 .9166 .9146 .9126 .9106

.9156 .9135 .9114 .9094 .9073

.91852 .91653 .91451 .91248 .91044

55 56 57 58 59

.9191 .9172 .9151 .9131 .9111

.9122 .9101 .9080 .9060 .9039

.9086 .9065 .9045 .9024 .9002

.9052 .9032 .9010 .8988 .8968

.90839 .90631 .90421 .90210 .89996

60 61 62 63 64

.9090 .9068 .9046 .9024 .9002

.9018 .8998 .8977 .8955 .8933

.8980 .8958 .8936 .8913 .8890

.8946 .8924 .8902 .8879 .8856

.89781 .89563 .89341 .89117 .88890

65 66 67 68 69

.8980 .8958 .8935 .8913 .8891

.8911 .8888 .8865 .8842 .8818

.8867 .8844 .8820 .8797 .8771

.8834 .8811 .8787 .8763 .8738

.88662 .88433 .88203 .87971 .87739

70 71 72 73 74

.8869 .8847 .8824 .8801 .8778

.8794 .8770 .8747 .8724 .8699

.8748 .8726 .8702 .8678 .8653

.8715 .8690 .8665 .8641 .8616

.87507 .87271 .87033 .86792 .86546

75 76 77

.8754 .8729 ,8705

.8676 .8651 .8626

.8629 .8604 .8579

.8592 .8567 .8542

.86300 .86051 .85801

10(15)

1

J^

20(15)

15(17)

780.86800.86020.85540.85180.85551 79 .8657 .8577 .8529 .8494 .85300 80 81 82 83 84

.8634 .8610 .8585 .8560 .8535

.8551 .8527 .8501 .8475 .8449

.8503 .8478 .8452 .8426 .8400

.8469 .8446 .8420 .8394 .8366

.85048 .84794 .84536 .84274 .84009

85 86 87 88 89

.8510 .8483 .8456 .8428 .8400

.8422 .8394 .8367 .8340 .8314

.8374 .8347 .8320 .8294 .8267

.8340 .8314 .8286 .8258 .8230

.83742 .83475 .83207 .82937 .82667

90 91 92 93 94

.8374 .8347 .8320 .8293 .8266

.8287 .8261 .8234 .8208 .8180

.8239 .8212 .8185 .8157 .8129

.8202 .8174 .8146 .8118 .8090

.82396 .82124 .81849 .81568 .81285

95 96 97 98 99

.8240 .8212 .8186 .8158 .8130

.8152 .8124 .8096 .8068 .8040

.8101 .8073 .8045 .8016 .7987

.8062 .8034 .8005 .7976 .7948

.80999 .80713 .80428 .80143 .79859

100

.8102 .8009 .7959 .7917 .79577 C2H6OH, ETHYL ALCOHOL (5) For bibliography, v. (56);Vm also (3, 6, 7, 14, 23, 31, 35, 38, 39, 49, 50, 51, 64, 67, 71, 74, 83, 87)

\^

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

0.99973 0.99913 0.99823 0.99708 0.99568 0.99406 0.99225 785 725 636 520 379 217 034 602 542 453 336 194 031 .98846 426 365 275 157 014 .98849 663 258 195 103 .98984 .98839 672 485 098 032 .98938 .98946 .98877 780 801 729 627 660 584 478 524 442 331

817 656 500 346 193

670 501 311 507 335 142 347 172 .97975 189 009 808 031 .97846 641

393 304 187 043 .97875 267 171 047 .97897 723 145 041 .97910 753 573 026 .97914 775 611 424 .97911 790 643 472 278 800 692 583 473 363

685 475 527 312 371 150 216 .96989 063 829

669 514 334 133 .96911 552 387 199 .96990 760 433 259 062 844 607 313 129 .96923 697 452 191 .96997 782 547 294

252 068 139 .96944 024 818 .96907 689 787 558

864 729 592 453 312

670 512 352 189 023

639 395 134 .95856 495 242 .95973 687 348 087 809 516 199 .95929 643 343 048 769 476 168

C2H5OH, ETHYL ALCOHOL ( 5 ).—(Continued) ^\V

10

15

20

25

30

35

^sP 40

25 26 27 28 29

0.966650.964240.961680.958950.956070.953060.94991 539 287 020 738 442 133 810 406 144 .95867 576 272 .94955 625 268 .95996 710 410 098 774 438 125 844 548 241 .94922 590 248

30 31 32 33 34

.95977 823 665 502 334

35 36 37 38 39

162 .94832 494 146 790 425 051 .94986 650 306 .93952 591 221 .92843 805 464 114 756 390 016 634 620 273 .93919 556 186 .92808 422 431 079 720 353 .92979 597 208

40 41 42 43 44

238 .93882 518 148 770 385 .91992 042 682 314 .92940 558 170 774 .93842 478 107 729 344 .91952 554 639 271 .92897 516 128 733 332 433 062 685 301 .91910 513 108

45 46 47 48 49

226 .92852 472 085 692 291 .90884 017 640 257 .91868 472 069 660 .92806 426 041 649 250 .90845 434 593 211 .91823 429 028 621 207 379 .91995 604 208 .90805 396 .89979

50 51 52 53 54

162 776 384 .90985 580 168 750 .91943 555 160 760 353 .89940 519 723 333 .90936 534 125 710 288 502 110 711 307 .89896 479 056 279 .90885 485 079 667 248 .88823

55 56 57 58 59

055 659 258 .89850 437 016 589 .90831 433 031 621 206 .88784 356 607 207 .89803 392 .88975 552 122 381 .89980 574 162 744 319 .87888 154 752 344 .88931 512 085 653

60 61 62 63 64

.89927 523 113 699 278 .87851 417 698 293 .88882 466 044 615 180 468 062 650 233 .87809 379 .86943 237 .88830 417 .87998 574 142 705 006 597 183 763 337 .86905 466

65 66 67 68 69

.88774 364 .87948 527 100 667 227 541 130 713 291 .86863 429 .85987 308 .87895 477 054 625 190 747 074 660 241 .86817 387 .85950 507 .87839 424 004 579 148 710 266

70 71 72 73 74

602 187 .86766 340 .85908 470 025 365 .86949 527 100 667 228 .84783 127 710 287 .85859 426 .84986 540 .86888 470 047 618 184 743 297 648 229 .85806 376 .84941 500 053

75 76 77

408 .85988 168 747 .85927 505

686 382 067 741 403 055 524 212 .94890 557 214 .93860 357 038 709 370 021 662 186 .94860 525 180 .93825 461 Oil 679 337 .93986 626 257

564 134 322 .84891 079 647

698 257 .83809 455 013 564 211 .83768 319

%

10

15

20

25

30

35

40 i

^v..

78 79

0.85685 0.85262 0.84835 0.84403 0.83966 0.83523 0.83074 442 018 590 158 720 277 .82827

80 81 82 83 84

197 .84772 344 .83911 473 029 578 .84950 525 096 664 224 .82780 329 702 277 .83848 415 .82974 530 079 453 028 599 164 724 279 .81828 203 .83777 348 .82913 473 027 576

85 86 87 88 89

.83951 525 095 660 220 .81774 322 697 271 .82840 405 .81965 519 067 441 014 583 148 708 262 .80811 181 .82754 323 .81888 448 003 552 .82919 492 062 626 186 .80742 291

90 91 92 93 94

654 227 .81797 362 .80922 478 028 386 .81959 529 094 655 211 .79761 114 688 257 .80823 384 .79941 491 .81839 413 .80983 549 111 669 220 561 134 705 272 .79835 393 .78947

95 96 97 98 99

278 .80852 424 .79991 555 114 670 .80991 566 138 706 271 .78831 388 698 274 .79846 415 .78981 542 100 399 .79975 547 117 684 247 .77806 094 670 243 .78814 382 .77946 507

100

.79784

360 .78934

506

075

641

203

DENSITY (G/ML) OF MIXTURES OF C2H0OH AND H2O AT 2O0C * indicates change in thefirsttwo decimal places , ^1, Tenths of % alcohol by weight O |1|2|3|4|5|6|7|8|9 0 0.99823 804 785 766 748 729 710 692 673 655 1 636 618 599 581 562 544 525 507 489 471 2 453 435 417 399 381 363 345 327 310 292 3 275 257 240 222 205 188 171 154 137 120 4 103 087 070 053 037 020 003 *987 *971 *954 5 6 7 8 9

.98938 780 627 478 331

922 765 612 463 316

906 749 597 449 301

890 734 582 434 287

874 718 567 419 273

859 703 553 404 258

843 688 538 389 244

827 673 523 374 229

811 658 508 360 215

796 642 493 345 201

10 11 12 13 14

187 047 .97910 775 643

172 033 896 761 630

158 019 883 748 617

144 130 117 103 089 075 061 006 *992 *978 *964 *951 *937 *923 869 855 842 828 815 801 788 735 722 709 696 683 670 657 604 591 578 565 552 539 526

15 16 17 18 19

514 387 259 129 .96997

501 374 246 116 984

488 361 233 103 971

475 349 220 089 957

462 336 207 076 944

450 323 194 063 931

438 310 181 050 917

425 297 168 037 904

412 284 155 024 891

400 272 142 010 877

20 21 22 23 24

864 729 592 453 312

850 716 578 439 297

837 702 564 425 283

823 688 551 411 269

810 675 537 396 254

796 661 523 382 240

783 647 509 368 225

769 634 495 354 211

756 620 481 340 196

742 606 467 326 182

DENSITY (Q/ML) OF MIXTURES OF C2H5OH AND H2O AT 2O0C. — (Continued) , %., Tenths of % alcohol by weight O | l [ 2 | 3 | 4 | 6 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 25 0.96168 153 139 124 109 094 080 065 050 035 26 020 005 *990 *975 *959 *944 *929 *914 *898 *883 27 .95867 851 836 820 805 789 773 757 742 726 28 710 694 678 662 646 630 613 597 581 565 29 548 532 516 499 483 466 450 433 416 400

30 31 32 33 34

382 212 038 .94860 679

365 195 020 842 660

349 332 315 298 281 264 247 230 178 161 143 126 108 091 074 056 003*985*967*950*932*914*896*878 824 806 788 770 752 734 715 697 642 624 605 587 568 550 531 512

35 36 37 38 39

494 306 114 .93919 720

475 287 095 899 700

456 268 075 879 680

438 249 056 859 660

419 230 036 840 640

400 382 363 344 325 211 192 172 153 134 017 *997 *978 *958 *939 820 800 780 760 740 620 599 579 559 539

40 41 42 43 44

518 314 107 .92897 685

498 294 086 876 664

478 273 065 855 642

458 253 044 834 621

437 232 023 812 600

417 396 376 356 335 212 191 170 149 129 002 *981 *960 *939 *918 791 770 749 728 707 579 557 536 515 493

45 46 47 48 49

472 257 041 .91823 604

450 429 408 386 365 343 322 300 279 236 214 193 171 150 128 106 085 063 019 *997 *976 *954 *932 *910 *889 *867 *845 801 780 758 736 714 692 670 648 626 582 560 538 516 494 472 450 428 406

50 51 52 53 54

384 160 .90936 711 485

361 138 914 689 463

339 116 891 666 440

317 093 869 644 417

295 071 846 621 395

272 049 824 598 372

250 026 801 576 349

228 206 183 004 *981 *959 779 756 734 553 531 508 327 304 281

55 56 57 58 59

258 031 .89803 574 344

236 213 190 167 145 122 099 076 054 008 *985 *962 *939 *917 *894 *871 *848 *825 780 757 734 711 688 665 643 620 597 551 528 505 482 459 436 413 390 367 321 298 275 252 229 206 183 160 137

60 61 62 63 64

113 .88882 650 417 183

090 859 626 393 160

65 66 67 68 69

.87948 925 901 878 854 831 807 784 760 737 713 689 666 642 619 595 572 548 524 501 477 454 430 406 383 359 336 312 288 265 241 218 194 170 147 123 099 075 052 028 004 *981 *957 *933 *909 *885 *862 *838 *814 *790

70 71 72 73 74

.86766 527 287 047 .85806

067 836 603 370 136

044 812 580 347 113

021 *998 *975 *951 *928 *905 789 766 743 720 696 673 557 533 510 487 463 440 323 300 277 253 230 206 089 066 042 019*995*972

742 718 694 671 647 623 599 575 551 503 479 455 431 407 383 359 335 311 263 239 215 191 167 143 119 095 071 022 *998 *974 *950 *926 *902 *878 *854 *830 781 757 733 709 685 661 636 612 588

, f°, . Tenths of % alcohol by weight O | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 75 0.85564 540 515 491 467 443 419 394 370 346 76 322 297 273 249 225 200 176 152 128 103 77 079 055 031 006*982*958*933*909*884*860 78 .84835 811 787 762 738 713 689 664 640 615 79 590 566 541 517 492 467 443 418 393 369

80 81 82 83 84

344 096 .83848 599 348

319 072 823 574 323

294 047 798 549 297

270 245 220 196 171 146 121 022*997*972*947*923*898*873 773 748 723 698 674 649 624 523 498 473 448 423 398 373 272 247 222 196 171 146 120

85 86 87 88 89

095 .82840 583 323 062

070 815 557 297 035

044 019*994*968*943*917*892*866 789 763 738 712 686 660 635 609 531 505 479 453 427 401 375 349 271 245 219 193 167 140 114 088 009*983*956*930*903*877*850*824

90 91 92 93 94

.81797 529 257 .80983 705

770 502 230 955 677

744 475 203 928 649

717 448 175 900 621

690^.664 421 394 148 120 872 844 593 565

95 96 97 98 99

424 138 .79846 547 243

395 109 816 517 213

367 080 787 487 182

338 051 757 456 151

310 281 253 224 195 166 022 *993 *963 *934 *905 *875 727 698 668 638 608 578 426 396 365 335 305 274 120 089 059 028 *997 *966

100

.78934

637 366 093 817 537

610 339 066 789 509

583 312 038 761 480

556 285 010 733 452

SPECIFIC GRAVITY AT 60/6O0F (15.56/15.560C) OF MIXTURES (BY VOLUME) OF C2H6OH AND H2O indicates change in first two decimal places. See next line, column O % alcohol b

V

!t 6oT 0 1 2 3 4

Tenths of % O

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

1.00000 *985 *970 *955 *940 *925 *910 *895 *880 *865 0.99850 835 820 806 791 776 761 747 732 717 703 688 674 659 645 630 616 602 587 573 559 545 531 516 502 488 474 460 446 432 419 405 391 378 364 350 336 323 309 296

5 6 7 8 9

282 150 022 .98899 779

10 11 12 13 14

661 544 430 319 210

649 532 419 308 200

637 521 408 297 190

625 509 396 286 179

614 498 385 275 168

602 487 374 264 157

590 475 363 254 147

579 464 352 243 136

567 452 341 232 125

556 441 330 221 115

15 16 17 18 19

104 .97998 895 794 694

093 988 885 784 684

083 977 875 774 674

072 967 864 764 664

062 956 854 754 654

051 946 844 744 645

040 936 834 734 635

030 925 824 724 625

019 915 814 714 615

009 905 804 704 605

269 255 242 228 215 202 189 176 163 137 124 111 098 085 073 060 047 035 009 *997 *984 *972 *960 *947 *935 *923 *911 887 875 863 851 838 826 814 803 791 767 755 743 731 720 708 696 684 672

SPECIFIC GRAVITY AT 60/6O0F (15.56/15.560C) OF MIXTURES (BY VOLUME) OF C2H5QH AND H2O.—(Continued) % alcohol Tenths of % by volume at 6O0F ° 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 20 21 22 23 24

0.97596 496 395 293 189

586 486 385 283 179

576 476 375 272 168

566 466 365 262 158

556 456 354 252 147

546 446 344 241 137

536 436 334 231 126

526 425 324 221 116

25 26 27 28 29

084 .96978 870 760 648

073 967 859 749 637

063 957 848 738 625

052 946 837 727 614

042 935 826 715 603

031 924 815 704 591

020 914 804 693 580

010 903 793 682 568

30 31 32 33 34

534 418 296 170 041

522 406 284 157 028

511 394 271 144 015

499 488 476 464 453 441 429 382 370 358 346 334 321 309 259 246 234 221 209 196 183 132 119 106 093 080 067 054 002*988*975*962*948*935*921

35 36 37 38 39

.95908 770 628 482 332

894 756 614 467 317

881 742 599 452 302

867 728 585 437 286

40 41 42 43 44

178 020 .94858 693 524

162 147 131 115 100 084 004 *988 *972 *956 *940 *923 842 825 809 792 776 759 676 660 643 626 609 592 507 490 473 455 438 421

45 46 47 48 49

351 174 .93993 808 619

334 156 975 789 600

50 51 52 53 54

426 230 031 .92830 626

407 387 368 348 328 309 289 270 250 210 190 171 151 131 111 091 071 051 Oil *991 *971 *951 *931 *911 *890 *870 *850 810 789 769 749 728 708 688 667 647 605 585 564 544 523 502 482 461 440

55 56 57 58 59

419 210 .91999 784 565

398 189 978 762 543

377 168 956 741 521

357 147 935 719 499

336 126 914 697 477

315 105 892 675 455

294 084 871 653 433

60 61 62 63 64

344 120 .90893 664 434

322 097 870 641 411

299 075 847 618 388

277 052 825 595 365

255 030 802 572 341

232 007 779 549 318

210 *984 756 526 295

65 66 67 68 69

202 .89967 729 489 245

179 943 705 465 220

155 920 681 441 196

132 896 657 416 171

108 872 633 392 147

085 848 609 368 122

061 825 585 343 098

70 71

316 138 956 771 581

298 120 938 752 562

854 714 570 423 271

281 102 920 733 543

840 700 556 408 256

263 084 901 714 523

826 685 541 393 240

245 066 883 695 504

812 671 526 378 225

516 415 313 210 105

506 405 303 200 095

*999 *988 892 881 782 771 671 659 557 546

798 657 512 362 209

784 643 497 347 194

068 052 *907 *891 743 726 575 558 403 386

036 *875 710 541 369

228 048 864 676 485

210 030 845 657 465

192 Oil 827 638 446

% alcohol by

atY6°oT 72 73 74

Tenths of %

«

1

2

3

7~7|T

702 439 172 902 629

676 412 145 875 601

650 386 118 847 574

80 81 82 83 84

380 100 .85817 531 240

352 072 789 502 211

324 044 760 473 181

296 269 241 213 185 157 129 015 *987 *959 *931 *902 *874 *846 732 703 674 646 617 588 560 444 415 386 357 328 299 270 152 122 093 063 033 004*974

85 86 87 88 89

.84944 914 884 854 824 794 764 734 703 673 642 612 581 551 520 490 459 428 398 367 336 305 274 243 212 181 150 119 088 056 025 *994 *962 *930 *899 *867 *835 *803 *771 *739 .83707 675 643 610 578 545 513 480 447 415

90 91 92 93 94

382 049 .82705 351 .81984

349 315 282 249 216 183 150 116 015 *981 *947 *913 *879 *845 *810 *776 670 635 600 565 529 494 458 423 315 279 243 206 170 133 096 059 947 909 871 834 796 757 719 681

95 96 97 98 99

603 206 .80792 356 .79889

564 165 750 311 841

100

389

525 125 707 265 792

486 084 664 219 743

623 359 092 820 546

446 042 620 173 693

597 332 065 793 518

571 306 038 766 491

545 518 492 279 252 226 Oil *984 *957 738 711 684 463 435 408

083 *741 387 022 642

407 367 327 287 247 001 *960 *918 *876 *834 577 533 489 445 401 127 080 033*985*937 643 593 543 492 441

For detailed interpolation tables of temperature corrections to readings of alcoholometers (standard at 6O0F) v. (5).

C3H7OH, n-PROPYL ALCOHOL ( 8 2) ^\^

O

15

30

0.99990.99910.9957 0.99820.99740.9940 0.99670.99600.9924 0.99520.99440.9908 0.99390.99290.9893

188 165 143 *962 *939 *916 733 710 687 503 480 457 272 249 225

5 6 7 8 9

0.99260.99150.9877 0.99140.99020.9862 0.99040.98900.9848 0.98940.98770.9834 0.98830.98640.9819

014*991 777 753 537 513 295 270 048 024

10 11 12 13 14

0.98740.98520.9804 0.98650.98400.9790 0.98570.98280.9775 0.98490.98170.9760 0.98410.98060.9746

.88999 974 950 925 900 875 850 825 801 776 751 725 700 675 650 625 600 574 549 524

15 16

0.98330.97930.9730 0.98250.97800.9714

038 801 561 319 073

6

728 465 199 .86929 656

0 1 2 3 4

252 041 827 610 388

5

75 76 77 78 79

231 020 806 588 366

273 062 849 631 410

4

0.88499 474 448 423 397 372 346 321 296 270 244 218 193 167 141 116 090 064 039 013 .87987 961 935 910 884 858 832 806 780 754

IT^\^

O

15

3

O

Ï7 18 19

lo.9817 0.97680.9698 0.98080.97520.9680 0.98000.97390.9661

20 21 22 23 24

0.97890.97230.9643 0.97760.97050.9622 0.97630.96880.9602 0.97480.96700.9583 0.97330.96510.9563

25 26 27 28 29

0.97170.96330.9543 0.97000.96140.9522 0.96820.95940.9501 0.96640.95760.9481 0.96460.95560.9460

30 31 32 33

0.96270.95350.9439 0.96080.95160.9418 0.95890.94950.9396 0.95700.94740.9375

C3H7OH, n-PROPYL ALCOHOL.—(Continued)

^\P /o ^\^

15

O

30

34

0.95500.94540.9354

35 36 37 38 39

0.95300.94340.9333 0.95110.94130.9312 0.94910.93920.9289 0.94710.93720.9269 0.94500.93510.9247

40 41 42 43 44

0.94300.93310.9226 0.94110.93100.9205 0.93910.92900.9184 0.93710.92690.9164 0.93520.92480.9143

45 46 47 48 49

0.93320.92280.9122 0.93110.92070.9100 0.92910.91860.9079 0.92720.91650.9057 0.92520.91450.9036

50 51 52 53 54

0.92320.91240.9015 0.92130.91040.8994 0.91920.90840.8973 0.91730.90640.8952 0.91530.90440.8931

55 56 57 58 59

0.91320.90230.8911 0.91120.90030.8890 0.90930.89830.8869 0.90730.89630.8849 0.90530.89420.8828

60 61 62 63 64

0.90330.89220.8807 0.90130.89020.8786 0.89940.88820.8766 0.89740.88610.8745 0.89540.88410.8724

65 66 67

0.89340.88200.8703 0.89130.88000.8682 10.88940.87790.8662

^\? /o ^\

30

68 69

0.88740.87590.8641 0.88540.87390.8620

70 71 72 73 74

0.88350.87190.8600 0.88150.87000.8580 0.87950.86800.8559 0.87760.86590.8539 0.87560.86390.8518

75 76 77 78 79

0.87360.86180.8497 0.87160.85980.8477 0.86950.85770.8456 0.86750.85560.8435 0.86550.85360.8414

80 81 82 83 84

0.86340.85160.8394 0.86140.84960.8373 0.85940.84750.8352 0.85740.84540.8332 0.85540.84340.8311

85 86 87 88 89

0.85340.84130.8290 0.85130.83930.8269 0.84920.83720.8248 0.84710.83510.8227 0.84500.83300.8206

90 91 92 93 94

0.84290.83080.8185 0.84080.82870.8164 0.83870.82660.8142 0.83640.82440.8120 0.83420.82210.8098

95 96 97 98 99

0.83200.81990.8077 0.82960.81760.8054 0.82720.81530.8031 0.82480.81280.8008 0.82220.81040.7984

100

0.81940.80770.7958

V. also (1, 3, 13, 19, 23, 24, 45, 49, 52, 60, 61, 80, 81, 87, 89) %

45

0.99913 11 15 0.99745 16 0.99580 17 0.99430 18 0.99283 19

0.97914 1 0.97788 0.97653 0.97509 0.97358

30 31 32 33 34

0.95318 0.95118 0.94917 0.94715 0.94513

45 46 47 48 49

0.92257 0.92053 0.91848 0.91643 0.91438

5 6 7 8 9

0.99141 0.99004 0.98874 0.98748 0.98626

20 21 22 23 24

0.97201 0.97035 0.96863 0.96684 0.96500

35 36 37 38 39

0.94312 0.94109 0.93906 0.93702 0.93497

50 0.91234 51 0.91028 52 0.90824 53 0.90619 54 0.90414

10 11 12 13 14

0.98507 0.98390 0.98273 0.98156 0.98037

25 26 27 28 29

0.96310 0.96113 0.95916 0.95717 0.95518

40 41 42 43 44

0.93290 0.93080 0.92876 0.92669 0.92463

55 56 57 58 59

% I

(ff

H % I

$

d\*

Il % I

^5

70 71 72 73 74

0.87158 0.86956 0.86754 0.86552 0.. 86351

80 81 82 83 84

0.85126 0.84921 0.84716 0.84511 0.84306

90 0.83051 91 0.82836 92 0.82618 93 0.82399 94 0.82179

65 66 67 68 69

0.88170 0.87967 0.87764 0.87562 0.87360

75 76 77 78 79

0.86148 0.85944 0.85739 0.85534 0.85330

85 86 87 88 89

0.84101 0.83896 0.83688 0.83478 0.83266

95 96 97 98 99

0.81959 0.81730 0.81490 0.81240 0.80982

100

0.80733

II %

di'

CsH7OH, ISOPROPYL ALCOHOL V. also (1, 3, 21, 24, 77, 80, 81)

DOEOSHEVSKII AND ROZHDESTVENSKII'S VALUES AT 150C ( 18 );

"~0 1 2 3 4

Il % I

0.89184 0.88980 0.88777 0.88576 0.88373

% I

15

O

di5

60 61 62 63 64

H % I

^5

H

~

0.90209 0.90003 0.89799 0.89594 0.89389

r^"\^_ °°

O (82)

15 (82)

15 (16)

20 (47)

30 (82)

0 1 2 3 4

0.9999 0.9980 0.9962 0.9946 0.9930

0.9991 0.9973 0.9956 0.9938 0.9922

0.99913 0.9972 0.9954 0.9936 0.9920

0.9982 0.9962 0.9944 0.9926 0.9909

0.9957 0.9939 0.9921 0.9904 0.9887

5 6 7 8 9

0.9916 0.9902 0.9890 0.9878 0.9866

0.9906 0.9892 0.9878 0.9864 0.9851

0.9904 0.9890 0.9875 0.9862 0.9849

0.9893 0.9871 0.9877 0.9855 0.9862 0.9839 0.9847 0.9824 0.9833 0.9809

10 11 12 13 14

0.9856 0.9846 0.9838 0.9829 0.9821

0.9838 0.9826 0.9813 0.9802 0.9790

0.98362 0.9824 0.9812 0.9800 0.9788

0.9820 0.9808 0.9797 0.9786 0.9776

15 16 17 18 19

0.9814 0.9806 0.9799 0.9792 0.9784

0.9779 0.9768 0.9756 0.9745 0.9730

0.9777 0.9765 0.9720 0.9765 0.9754 0.9705 0.9753 0.9743 0.9690 0.9741 0.9731 0.9675 0.9728 0.9717 0.9658

20 21 22 23 24

0.9777 0.9768 0.9759 0.9749 0.9739

0.9719 0.9704 0.9690 0.9675 0.9660

0.9715s 0.9703 0.9689 0.9674 0.9659

0.9703 0.9642 0.9688 0.9624 0.9669 0.9606 0.9651 0.9587 0.9634 0.9569

25 26 27 28 29

0.9727 0.9714 0.9699 0.9684 0.9669

0.9643 0.9626 0.9608 0.9590 0.9570

0.9642 0.9624 0.9605 0.9586 0.9568

0.9615 0.9597 0.9577 0.9558 0.9540

0.9549 0.9529 0.9509 0.9488 0.9467

30 31 32 33 34

0.9652 0.9634 0.9615 0.9596 0.9577

0.9551 0.95493 0.9530 0.9510 0.9489 0.9468

0.9520 0.9500 0.9481 0.9460 0.9440

0.9446 0.9426 0.9405 0.9383 0.9361

35 36 37

0.9557 0.9536 0.9514

%

—•—^.

.

0.9446 0.9424 0.9401

0.9794 0.9778 0.9764 0.9750 0.9735

0.9419 0.9338 0.9399 0.9315 0.9377 0.9292

CsHrOH, ISOPROPYL ALCOHOL.—(Continued) C

^^^-^°

%

^^"^"--"^

O (82)

15 (82)

^-^°C

15 (16)

20 (47)

30 (82)

38 39

0.9493 0.9472

0.9379 0.9356

0.9355 0.9333

0.9269 0.9246

40 41 42 43 44

0.9450 0.9428 0.9406 0.9384 0.9361

0.9333s 0.9311 0.9288 0.9266 0.9243

0.9310 0.9287 0.9264 0.9239 0.9215

0.9224 0.9201 0.9177 0.9154 0.9130

45 46 47 48 49

0.9338 0.9315 0.9292 0.9270 0.9247

0.9220 0.9197 0.9174 0.9150 0.9127

0.9191 0.9165 0.9141 0.9117 0.9093

0.9106 0.9082 0.9059 0.9036 0.9013

,

50 51 52 53 54

0.9224 0.9201 0.9178 0.9155 0.9132

0.9104.3 0.9081 0.9058 0.9035 0.9011

0.9069 O 9044 0.9020 0.8996 0.8971

0.8990 0.8966 0.8943 0.8919 0.8895

55 56 57 58 59

0.9109 0.9086 0.9063 0.9040 0.9017

0.8988 0.8964 0.8940 0.8917 0.8893

0.8946 0.8921 0.8896 0.8874 0.8850

0.8871 0.8847 0.8823 0.8800 0.8777

60 61 62 63 64

0.8994 0.8970 0.8947 0.8924 0.8901

0.8829 0.8805 0.8781

0.88690 0.8845 0.8821 0.8798 0.8775

0.8825 0.8800 0.8776 0.8751 0.8727

0.8752 0.8728 0.8704 0.8680 0.8656

65 66 67 68 69

0.8878 0.8854 0.8831 0.8807 0.8784

0.8757 0.8733 0.8710 0.8686 0.8662

0.8752 0.8728 0.8705 0.8682 0.8658

0.8702 0.8679 0.8656 0.8632 0.8609

0.8631 0.8607 0.8583 0.8559 0.8535

70 71 72 73 74

0.8761 0.8738 0.8714 0.8691 0.8668

0.8639 0.8615 0.8592 0.8568 0.8545

0.8634e 0.8611 0.8588 0.8564 0.8541

0.8584 0.8560 0.8537 0.8513 0.8489

0.8511 0.8487 0.8464 0.8440 0.8416

75 76 77 78 79

0.8644 0.8621 0.8598 0.8575 0.8551

0.8521 0.8497 0.8474 0.8450 0.8426

0.8517 0.8493 0.8470 0.8446 0.8422

0.8464 0.8439 0.8415 0.8391 0.8366

0.8392 0.8368 0.8344 0.8321 0.8297

80 81 82 83 84

0.8528 0.8503 0.8479 0.8456 0.8432

0.8403 0.8379 0.8355 0.8331 0.8307

0.83979 0.8374 0.8350 0.8326 0.8302

0.8342 0.8317 0.8292 0.8268 0.8243

0.8273 0.8248 0.8224 0.8200 0.8175

85 86 87 88 89

0.8408 0.8384 0.8360 0.8336 0.8311

0.8282 0.8259 0.8234 0.8209 0.8184

0.8278 0.8254 0.8229 0.8205 0.8180

0.8219 0.8194 0.8169 0.8145 0.8120

0.8151 0.8127 0.8102 0.8078 0.8053

/o

O (82)

15 (82)

15 (16) 20 (47) 30 (82)

^"^-~--^^

900.82870.81610.8155s 91 0.8262 0.8136 0.8130 92 0.8237 0.8110 0.8104 93 0.8212 0.8085 0.8079 94 0.8186 0.8060 0.8052

0.80960.8029 0.8072 0.8004 0.8047 0.7979 0.8023 0.7954 0.7998 0.7929

95 96 97 98 99

0.8160 0.8133 0.8106 0.8078 0.8048

0.8034 0.8008 0.7981 0.7954 0.7926

0.8026 0.7999 0.7972 0.7945 0.7918

0.7973 0.7949 0.7925 0.7901 0.7877

0.7904 0.7878 0.7852 0.7826 0.7799

100

0.8016

0.7896

0.7891s 0.7854

0.7770

C3H8Os, GLYCEROL \

0

C

15

\ (27, 29, 32, \ 34, 48, 76, % \ 90)

ToTH (90)

20

25

(27, 29, 48, 53, 54, 73, (29, 48, 90) 86, 90)

30 (32, 48)

O0.99910.99900.99820.99710.9957 1 1.0015 1.0014 1.0006 0.9994 0.9978 2 1.0040 1.0039 1.0030 1.0017 0.9999 3 1.0064 1.0063 1.0053 1.0041 1.0020 4 1.0088 1.0087 1.0077 1.0064 1.0042 5 6 7 8 9

1.0112 1.0136 1.0161 1.0185 1.0210

1.0111 1.0135 1.0159 1.0183 1.0208

1.0101 1.0125 1.0149 1.0173 1.0197

1.0088 1.0112 1.0135 1.0159 1.0183

1.0064 1.0086 1.0109 1.0133 1.0158

10 11 12 13 14

1.0234 1.0259 1.0284 1.0309 1.0334

1.0232 1.0257 1.0282 1.0307 1.0332

1.0221 1.0246 1.0271 1.0295 1.0320

1.0207 1.0232 1.0256 1.0280 1.0305

1.0183 1.0208 1.0232 1.0256 1.0281

15 16 17 18 19

1.0359 1.0384 1.0409 1.0435 1.0460

1.0357 1.0382 1.0407 1.0432 1.0458

1.0345 1.0370 1.0395 1.0420 1.0445

1.0329 1.0354 1.0379 1.0404 1.0429

1.0306 1.0331 1.0356 1.0380 1.0405

20 21 22 23 24

1.0486 1.0511 1.0536 1.0562 1.0588

1.0483 1.0509 1.0535 1.0561 1.0587

1.0470 1.0495 1.0520 1.0545 1.0571

1.0453 1.0477 1.0501 1.0525 1.0550

1.0430 1.0454 1.0479 1.0504 1.0529

25 26 27 28 29

1.0614 1.0640 1.0666 1.0692 1.0718

1.0613 1.0639 1.0665 1.0691 1.0717

1.0597 1.0622 1.0648 1.0674 1.0700

1.0575 1.0600 1.0626 1.0652 1.0679

1.0554 1.0579 1.0605 1.0631 1.0657

30 31 32 33 34

1.0744 1.0770 1.0797 1.0824 1.0851

1.0744 1.0770 1.0797 1.0824 1.0851

1.0727 1.0753 1.0780 1.0806 1.0833

1.0706 1.0732 1.0758 1.0785 1.0811

1.0683 1.0709 1.0735 1.0762 1.0788

35 36

1.0878 1.0905

1.0878 1.0905

1.0860 1.0887

1.0837 1.0864

1.0814 1.0840

CsH8Oa, GLTCEROL.—(Continued) C

^\ % \ 37 38 39

15

1.0932 1.0959 1.0986

40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49

15.5

20

25

30

1.0932 1.0959 1.0986

1.0914 1.0941 1.0968

1.0890 1.0917 1.0944

1.0867 1.0894 1.0920

1.1013 1.1040 1.1068 1.1095 1.1122

1.1013 1.1040 1.1067 1.1094 1.1122

1.0995 1.1022 1.1049 1.1075 1.1102

1.0971 1.0998 1.1025 1.1052 1.1079

1.0947 1.0974 1.1001 1.1028 1.1054

1.1149 1.1176 1.1203 1.1230 1.1257

1.1149 1.1176 1.1203 1.1230 1.1257

1.1128 1.1155 1.1182 1.1209 1.1236

1.1106 1.1133 1.1160 1.1187 1.1213

1.1081 1.1108 1.1135 1.1161 1.1188

^N°C

15

90 91 92 93 94

1.2382 1.2408 1.2434 1.2460 1.2486

95 96 97 98 99 100

/o

20

25

1.2378 1.2404 1.2430 1.2457 1.2483

1.2347 1.2374 1.2401 1.2428 1.2455

1.2320 1.2346 1.2372 1.2398 1.2424

1.2512 1.2538 1.2564 1.2590 1.2616

1.2509 1.2535 1.2561 1.2587 1.2612

1.2482 1.2508 1.2534 1.2559 1.2584

1.2451 1.2477 1.2503 1.2529 1.2555

1.2641

1.2638

1.2609

1.2580

\

15.5

30

CH2O2, FOBMIC ACID V. also (26, 37, 57, 66)

50 51 52 53 54

1.1285 1.1313 1.1341 1.1369 1.1397

1.1285 1.1312 1.1340 1.1368 1.1396

1.1263 1.1290 1.1317 1.1344 1.1371

1.1239 1.1265 1.1292 1.1319 1.1346

1.1215 1.1242 1.1269 1.1296 1.1323

55 56 57 58 59

1.1425 1.1453 1.1481 1.1509 1.1537

1.1423 1.1451 1.1478 1.1506 1.1534

1.1398 1.1425 1.1452 1.1479 1.1506

1.1374 1.1401 1.1429 1.1457 1.1484

1.1350 1.1378 1.1406 1.1433 1.1460

60 61 62 63 64

1.1564 1.1591 1.1619 1.1647 1.1675

1.1562 1.1589 1.1617 1.1644 1.1672

1.1533 1.1560 1.1587 1.1614 1.1642

1.1511 1.1538 1.1565 1.1592 1.1620

1.1487 1.1515 1.1543 1.1571 1.1598

65 66 67 68 69

1.1703 1.1731 1.1759 1.1787 1.1815

1.1700 1.1728 1.1755 1.1783 1.1811

1.1670 1.1697 1.1724 1.1752 1.1780

1.1647 1.1674 1.1702 1.1729 1.1756

1.162.5 1.1652 1.1680 1.1707 1.1734

70 71 72 73 74

1.1842 1.1870 1.1897 1.1924 1.1951

1.1838 1.1866 1.1893 1.1920 1.1948

1.1808 1.1836 1.1863 1.1890 1.1917

1.1784 1.1811 1.1838 1.1865 1.1892

1.1761 1.1788 1.1814 1.1840 1.1867

75 76 77 78 79

1.1979 1.2006 1.2033 1.2060 1.2087

1.1975 1.2003 1.2030 1.2057 1.2084

1.1944 1.1971 1.1998 1.2025 1.2052

1.1919 1.1946 1.1973 1.2000 1.2027

1.1894 1.1921 1.1948 1.1974 1.2000

80 81 82 83 84

1.2114 1.2141 1.2168 1.2195 1.2222

1.2111 1.2138 1.2165 1.2191 1.2218

1.2079 1.2106 1.2133 1.2160 1.2187

1.2054 1.2081 1.2108 1.2134 1.2161

1.2025

85 86 87 88 89

1.2249 1.2276 1.2303 1.2330 1.2356

1.2245 1.2271 1.2298 1.2325 1.2351

1.2214 1.2241 1.2268 1.2294 1.2320

1.2187 1.2214 1.2241 1.2268 1.2294

^ ^ ^ L

Q(1

°'82) («O, «I, 82)

2Q

(68)

3Q

<82>

0 1 2 3 4

0.9999 1.0028 1.0059 1.0090 1.0120

0.9991 1.0019 1.0045 1.0072 1.0100

0.9982 1.0019 1.0044 1.0070 1.0093

0.9957 (0.9980) (1.0004) (1.0028) (1.0053)

5 6 7 8 9

1.0150 1.0179 1.0207 1.0237 1.0266

1.0124 1.0151 1.0177 1.0204 1.0230

1.0115 1.0141 1.0170 1.0196 1.0221

1.0075 1.0101 1.0125 1.0149 1.0173

10 11 12 13 14

1.0295 1.0324 1.0351 1.0379 1.0407

1.0256 1.0281 1.0306 1.0330 1.0355

1.0246 1.0271 1.0296 1.0321 • 1.0345

1.0197 1.0221 1.0244 1.0267 1.0290

15 16 17 18 19

1.0435 1.0463 1.0491 1.0518 1.0545

1.0380 1.0405 1.0430 1.0455 1.0480

1.0370 1.0393 1.0417 1.0441 1.0464

1.0313 1.0336 1.0358 1.0381 1.0404

20 21 22 23 24

1.0571 1.0598 1.0625 1.0652 1.0679

1.0505 1.0532 1.0556 1.0580 1.0604

1.0488 1.0512 1.0537 1.0561 1.0585

1.0427 1.0451 1.0473 1.0496 1.0518

25 26 27 28 29

1.0706 1.0733 1.0760 1.0787 1.0813

1.0627 1.0652 1.0678 1.0702 1.0726

1.0609 1.0633 1.0656 1.0681 1.0705

1.0540 1.0564 1.0587 1.0609 1.0632

30 31 32 33 34

1.0839 1.0866 1.0891 1.0916 1.0941

1.0750 1.0774 1.0798 1.0821 1.0844

1.0729 1.0753 1.0777 1.0800 1.0823

1.0654 1.0676 1.0699 1.0721 1.0743

35 36

1.0966 1.0993

1.0867 1.0892

1.0847 1.0871

1.0766 1.0788

CH2O2, FORMIC ACID.—(Continued) 0

^T"^-^

^T^-^°C

O

15

20

30

37 38 39

1.1018 1.1043 1.1069

1.0916 1.0940 1.0964

1.0895 1.0919 1.0940

1.0810 1.0832 1.0854

40 41 42 43 44

1.1095 1.1122 1.1148 1.1174 1.1199

1.0988 1.1012 1.1036 1.1Q60 1.1084

1.0963 1.0990 1.1015 1.1038 1.1062

1.0876 1.0898 1.0920 1.0943 1.0965

45 46 47 48 49

1.1224 1.1249 1.1274 1.1299 1.1324

1.1109 1.1133 1.1156 1.1179 1.1202

1.1085 1.1108 1.1130 1.1157 1.1185

1.0987 1.1009 1.1031 1.1053 1.1076

50 51 52 53 54

1.1349 1.1374 1.1399 1.1424 1.1448

1.1225 1.1248 1.1271 1.1294 1.1318

1.1207 1.1223 1.1244 1.1269 1.1295

1.1098 1.1120 1.1142 1.1164 1.1186

/O

"

/O

1.1472 1.1497 1.1523 1.1548 1.1573

1.1341 1.1365 1.1388 1.1411 1.1434

1.1320 1.1342 1.1361 1.1381 1.1401

1.1208 1.1230 1.1253 1.1274 1.1295

60 61 62 63 64

1.1597 1.1621 1.1645 1.1669 1.1694

1.1458 1.1481 1.1504 1.1526 1.1549

1.1424 1.1448 1.1473 1.1493 1.1517

1.1317 1.1338 1.1360 1.1382 1.1403

65 66 67 68 69

1.1718 1.1742 1.1766 1.1790 1.1813

1.1572 1.1595 1.1618 1.1640 1.1663

1.1543 1.1565 1.1584 1.1604 1.1628

1.1425 1.1446 1.1467 1.1489 1.1510

.70 71 72 73 74

1.1835 1.1858 1.1882 1.1906 1.1929

1.1685 1.1707 1.1729 1.1751 1.1773

1.1655 1.1677 1.1702 1.1728 1.1752

1.1531 1.1552 1.1573 1.1595 1.1615

75 76 77 78 79

1.1953 1.1976 1.1999 1.2021 1 2043

1.1794 1.1816 1.1837 1.1859 1.1881

1.1769 1.1785 1.1801 1.1818 1.1837

1.1636 1.1656 1.1676 1,1697 1.1717

80 81 82 83 84

1 2065 1.2088 1.2110 1.2132 1.2154

1.1902 1.1924 1.1944 1.1965 1.1985

1.1860 1.1876 1.1896 1.1914 1.1929

1.1737 1.1758 1.1778 1.1798 1.1817

85 86 87 88 89

1.2176 1.2196 1.2217 1.2237 1.2258

1.2005 1.2025 1.2045 1.2064 1.2084

1.1953 1.1976 1.1994 1.2012 1.2028

1.1837 1.1856 1.1875 1.1893 1.1910

15

20

30

901.22781.21021.20441.1927 91 1.2297 1.2121 1.2059 1.1945 92 1.2316 1.2139 1.2078 1.1961 93 1.2335 1.2157 1.2099 1.1978 94 1.2354 - 1.2174 1.2117 1.1994

'——-^.

55 56 57 58 59

O >_

\

95 96 97 98 99

1.2372 1.2390 1.2408 1.2425 1.2441

1.2191 1.2208 1.2224 1.2240 1.2257

1.2140 1.2158 1.2170 1.2183 1.2202

1.2008 1.2022 1.2036 1.2048 1.2061

100

1.2456

1.2273

1.2212

1.2073

°C5

\

C2HÔ2, ACETIC ACID ÏÔ Ï5 20 25

(10, 49, (58, 59) (41, 58, (2, 4,

\

58, 59,

\

30

40

(19, 25, (19, 58, (58,

59)

59, 61, 19, 33, 49, 51, 59, 82)

82, 88)

62, 80, 43, 46, 58, 59,

\

81, 82) 55, 57, 61, 62,

\

58, 59, 66, 69,

\

61, 62, 70, 72)

\

%

80, 81,

**> 8S)

\

0 1 2 3 4

0.9999 0.9997 0.9991 0.9982 0.9971 0.9957 0.9922 1.0016 1.0013 1.0006 .9996 .9987 .9971 .9934 .0033 .0029 .0021 1.0012 1.0000 .9984 .9946 .0051 .0044 .0036 .0025 .0013 .9997 .9958 .0070 .0060 .0051 .0040 .0027 1.0011 .9970

5 6 7 8 9

0088 .0106 .0124 .0142 .0159

.0076 .0092 .0108 .0124 .0140

.0066 .0081 .0096 .0111 .0126

.0055 .0041 .0069 .0055 .0083 .0068 .0097 .0081 .0111 .0094

.0024 .9982 .0037 .9994 .0050 1.0006 .0063 .0018 .0076 .0030

10 11 12 13 14

.0177 .0194 .0211 .0228 .0245

.0156 .0171 .0187 .0202 .0217

.0141 .0155 .0170 .0184 .0199

.0125 .0139 .0154 .0168 .0182

.0107 .0120 .0133 .0146 .0159

.0089 .0102 .0115 .0127 .0139

.0042 .0054 .0065 .0077 .0088

15 16 17 18 19

.0262 .0278 .0295 .0311 .0327

.0232 .0247 .0262 .0276 .0291

.0213 .0227 .0241 .0255 .0269

.0195 .0209 .0223 .0236 .0250

.0172 .0185 .0198 .0210 .0223

.0151 .0163 .0175 .0187 .0198

.0099 .0110 .0121 .0132 .0142

20 21 22 23 24

.0343 .0358 .0374 .0389 .0404

.0305 .Q319 .0333 .0347 .0361

.0283 .0297 .0310 .0323 .0336

.0263 .0276 .0288 .0301 .0313

.0235 .0248 .0260 .0272 .0283

.0210 .0222 .0233 .0244 .0256

.0153 .0164 .0174 .0185 .0195

25 26 27

.0419 .0434 .0449

.0375 .0388 .0401

.0349 .0362 .0374

.0326 .0338 .0349

.0295 .0307 .0318

.0267 .0278 .0289

.0205 .0215 .0225

C2H4O2, ACETIC ACID.—(Continued) C

0>\ /o

\^

O

10

15

20

25

^\^ 30

40

~281.0463 1.0414 1.0386 1.0361 1.0329 1.0299 1.0234 29 .0477 .0427 .0399 .0372 .0340 .0310 .0244 30 31 32 33 34

.0491 .0505 .0519 .0532 .0545

.0440 .0453 .0465 .0477 .0489

.0411 .0384 .0423 .0395 .0435 .0406 .0446 .0417 .0458 .0428

.0350 .0361 .0372 .0382 .0392

.0320 .0330 .0341 .0351 .0361

.0253 .0262 .0272 .0281 .0289

35 36 37 38 39

.0558 .0571 .0584 .0596 .0608

.0501 .0513 .0524 .0535 .0546

.0469 .0438 .0480 .0449 .0491 .0459 .0501 .0469 .0512 .0479

.0402 .0412 .0422 .0432 .0441

.0371 .0380 .0390 .0399 .0408

.0298 .0306 .0314 .0322 .0330

40 41 42 43 44

.0621 .0633 .0644 .0656 .0667

.0557 .0568 .0578 .0588 .0598

.0522 .0488 .0532 .0498 .0542 .0507 .0551 .0516 .0561 .0525

.0450 .0460 .0469 .0477 .0486

.0416 .0338 .0425 .0346 .0433 .0353 .0441 .0361 .0449 .0368

45 46 47 48 49

.0679 .0689 .0699 .0709 .0720

.0608 .0618 .0627 .0636 .0645

.0570 .0579 .0588 .0597 .0605

.0534 .0542 .0551 .0559 .0567

.0495 .0503 .0511 .0518 .0526

.0456 .0464 .0471 .0479 .0486

.0375 .0382 .0389 .0395 .0402

50 51 52 53 54

.0729 .0738 .0748 .0757 .0765

.0654 .0663 .0671 .0679 .0687

.0613 .0622 .0629 .0637 .0644

.0575 .0582 .0590 .0597 .0604

.0534 .0542 .0549 .0555 .0562

.0492 .0499 .0506 .0512 .0518

.0408 .0414 .0421 .0427 .0432

55 56 57 58 59

.0774 .0782 .0790 .0798 .0805

.0694 .0701 .0708 .0715 .0722

.0651 .0611 .0658 .0618 .0665 .0624 .0672 .0631 .0678 .0637

.0568 .0574 .0580 .0586 .0592

.0525 .0438 .0531 .0443 .0536 .0448 .0542 .0453 .0547 .0458

60 61 62 63 64

.0813 .0820 .0826 .0833 .0838

.0728 .0734 .0740 .0746 .0752

.0684 .0690 .0696 .0701 .0706

.0642 .0648 .0653 .0658 .0662

.0597 .0602 .0607 .0612 .0616

.0552 .0557 .0562 .0566 .0571

65 66 67 68 69

.0844 .0850 .0856 .0860 .0865

.0757 .0762 .0767 .0771 .0775

.0711 .0716 .0720 .0725 .0729

.0666 .0671 .0675 .0678 .0682

.0621 .0624 .0628 .0631 .0634

.0575 .0480 .0578 .0483 .0582 .0486 .0585 .0489 .0588 .0491

70 71 72 73 74

.0869 .0874 .0877 .0881 .0884

.0779 .0783 .0786 .0789 .0792

.0732 .0736 .0738 .0741 .0743

.0685 .0687 .0690 .0693 .0694

.0637 .0640 .0642 .0644 .0645

.0590 .0592 .0594 .0595 .0596

.0493 .0495 .0496 .0497 .0498

75 76 77 78 79

.0887 .0889 .0891 .0893 .0894

.0794 .0796 .0797 .0798 .0798

.0745 .0746 .0747 .0747 .0747

.0696 .0698 .0699 .0700 .0700

.0647 .0648 .0648 .0648 .0648

.0597 .0598 .0598 .0598 ,0597

.0499 .0499 .0499 .0498 ,0497

.0462 .0466 .0470 .0473 .0477

O

10

15

20

25

30

40

801.0895 1.0798 1.0747 1.0700 1.0647 1.0596 1.0495 81 .0895 .0797 .0745 .0699 .0646 .0594 .0493 82 .0895 .0796 .0743 .0698 .0644 .0592 .0490 83 .0895 .0795 .0741 .0696 .0642 .0589 .0487 84 .0893 .0793 .0738 .0693 .0638 .0585 .0483 85 86 87 88 89

.0891 .0887 .0883 .0877 .0872

.0790 .0787 .0783 .0778 .0773

.0735 .0731 .0726 .0721 .0715

.0689 .0685 .0680 .0675 .0668

.0635 .0630 .0626 .0620 .0613

.0582 .0576 .0571 .0564 .0557

90 91 92 93 94

.0865 .0857 .0848 .0838 .0826

.0766 .0758 .0749 .0739 .0727

.0708 .0700 .0690 .0680 .0667

.0661 .0652 .0643 .0632 .0619

.0605 .0597 .0587 .0577 .0564

.0549 .0445 .0541 .0436 .0530 .0426 .0518 j .0414 .0506 .0401

95 96 97 98 99

.0813 .0798 .0780 .0759 .0730

.0714

.0652 .0632 .0611 .0590 .0567

.0605 .0588 .0570 .0549 .0524

.0551 .0535 .0516 .0495 .0468

.0491 .0473 .0454 .0431 .0407

100

.0697

.0545 .0498 .0440 LITERATURE

.0479 .0473 .0467 .0460 .0453

.0386 .0368 .0348 .0325 .0299

.0380 .0271

(For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) (i) Atkins and Wallace, 4, 103: 1461; 13. (2) Bousfield and Lowry, 4, 99: 1432; 11. ( 3 ) Brunei, Crenshaw and Tobin, 1, 43: 561; 21. 135, 122: 256, 269, 281; 21. (*) Buchkremer, Diss., Bonn, 1890. (5) Bureau of Standards, 365, No. 19; 16. ( 6 ) Burrows, 816, 53: 74; 19. ( 7 ) Bur winkle, Diss., Münster, 1914. (*) Cameron and Robinson, 50, 14: 569; 10. (9) Campbell, 83, 11: 91; 15. 1 ( O) Charpy, 6, 29: 5; 93. (") Cheneveau, Thesis, Paris, 1907. ( l 2 ) Comey and Backus, 45, 2: 11; 10. (") Crismer, 28, 18: 18; 04. (**) Denison, 83, 8: 35; 12. (15) Dittmar and Fawsitt, 174, 33: 509; 87. ( 16 ) Doroshevskii, 53, 41: 958; 09. (*7) Doroshevskii and Rozdestvenskii, 53, 41: 977; 09. ( 18 ) Doroshevskii and Rozdestvenskii, 53, 41: 1428; 09. (19) Dunstan and Thole, 4, 95: 1556; 09. (20) Dupré, 5t 20: 336; 72. (21) Eisenlohr, 7, 75: 585; 10. (22) Fales and Morrell, 1, 44: 2071; 22. (23) Frankfurter and Frary, 50, 17: 402; 13. (.24) Frankfurter and Temple, 1, 37: 2697; 15. ( 2 S) Friedländer, 7, 38: 385; 01. (26) Garner, Saxton and Parker, 11, 46: 236; 11. (27) Gerlach, 317, 7: 277; 84. (2») Heimbrodt, 8, 13: 1028; 04. (29) Henkel and Roth, 92, 18: 1936; 05. (30) Herz and Knoch, 93, 45: 262; 05. (31) Herz and Schuftan, 7, 101: 269; 22. (32) Herz and Wegner, 465, 45: 53; 25. (33) Holmes, 4, 89: 1774; 06. (34) Holmes, 4, 103: 2147; 13. (35) Hövelmann, Diss., Münster, 1914. (36) Humburg, 7, 12: 401; 93. (37) Jahn, 7, 16: 72; 95. (38) Jones, Lapworth and Lingford, 4, 103: 252; 13. (39) Joseph and Rae, 54, 33: 991; 14. (40) Kailan, 91, 51: 81; 12. (41) Kassel, Diss., Leipzig, 1910. (**) Klason and Norlin, 19, 2: No. 27; 06. (43) Kohlrausch, 8, 159: 233; 76. (44) Kohlrausch and Hallwachs, 8, 53: 14; 94. (45) Landolt and Jahn, 7, 10: 289; 92. (46) Le Blanc, 7, 4: 553; 89. (47) Lebo, 1, 43: 1005; 21. (48) Lewis, 54, 41: 97T; 22. (49) Mathews and Cooke, 50, 18: 559: 14. (50) Merriman. 4, 103: 1774, 1790; 13. (51) Merry and Turner, 4, 105: 748; 14. (52) Mueller and Abegg, 7, 57: 513; 07. (53) Nicol, 347, 18: 302; 87. (54) öholm, 147, 2: No. 26; 13. (55) Oppenheimer, 7, 27: 447; 98. (56) Osborne, McKelvy and Bearce, 31 A, 9: 327; 13. (57) Otten, Diss., München, 1887. ( 58 ) Oudemans, 18, 1: 447; 66. (59) Oudemans, 467, 2: 750; 66. (60) Pagliani, 59, 12: 229; 82. («) Perkin, 4, 45: 421; 84. (62) Perkin, 4, 49: 777; 86. (63) Pisarzevskii and Lemcke, 7, 52: 479; 05. (.64) price, 4, 107: 188; 15. (65) Reid, 11, 45: 479; 11. (66) Reyher, 7, 2: 744; 88. (67) Richards and Shipley, 1, 38: 989; 16. (68) Richardson and Allaire, 11, 19: 149; 97. (69) Rimbach and Wintgen, 7, 74: 233; 10. (70) Rivett and Sidgwick, 4, 97: 732; 10. (71) Robertson and Aeree, 11, 49: 474; 13. (72) Rudorf, 7, 43: 257; 03. (73) Scheij, 70, 18: 169; 99. (74) Schoorl and Regenboden, 64P, 20: 831; 18. (75) Schöttner, 75, 77 II: 682; 78. (76) Skalweit, 466, 5: 17; 85. (77) Thorpe, 4, 71: 920; 97. (78) Tijmstra, 7, 49: 345; 04. (79) Timmermans, 28, 24: 244; 10.

(80) Traube, 25, 19: 871; 86. <«) Traube, 13, 265: 27; 91. (82) Turbaba, 18I1 Suppl. 5: 1890-3. ( 83 ) Tyrer, 4, 105: 2534; 14. (84) Usher, 4, 97: 66; 10. (85) Wilsdon and Sidgwick, 4,103:1959; 13. (86) Winther, 7, 60: 563; 07. (87) Wroth and Reid, l, 38: 2316; 16. <*«) Young, 1171 12: 374; 10. (89) Young and Fortey, 4, 81: 717; 02. < 9 °) Bosart and Snoddy, 45, 19: 506; 27.

B. SOLUTIONS CONTAINING MORE THAN ONE SOLUTE. BOTH SOLUTES ARE C-COMPOUNDSt The (T-arrangement (p. viii) Unless otherwise indicated all compositions are given in Wt. % in the solution. All density values are d\ = g/ml in vacuo. B = CCl4, Carbon tetrachloride C = CH4O, Methyl alcohol (4) C = C2H6O, Ethyl alcohol t = 19.40C; -R = %B/%C (6); cf. (4) -J^X^ 0.05086 %Jl2(J ^ 5 0.8251 10 0.8380 15 0.8501 20 0.8616 25 0.8730 30 0.8840 35 0.8948 40 0.9052 100 0.9984

0.1096

0.2555

0.8456 0.8935 0.8581 0.9031 0.8693 0.9109 0.8801 0.9185 0.8903 0.9288 0.9000 |^\ A 0.9098 %H,O^ 0.0 I 5.3

0.4319

0.6313

0.9600

0.9423 0.9501 0.9565 0.9624

1.0087 1.0124 1.0150

1.0592 1.0601

, 2o81 \. A 2 O614 ^*1 %H2O^ 1.1093 0.0 1.2346 1.1076 4.7 1.2246

1

C = C3H8O, n-Propyl alcohol ( 4 ) B = CHCl3, Chloroform C = CH4O, Methyl alcohol (4) C = C2H6O, Ethyl alcohol (4) C = C3H6O, Acetone (4) C = C3H8O, rc-Propyl alcohol (4) B = CH2O2, Formic acid C = C2H6O, Ethyl alcohol («) C = C6H7N, Aniline, 3O0C (24) o/ B*j I \~ c/ R* T

^.

^ct\, O 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50

44>31 31 33 20 31

'

rcT\,

1.09671.06781.0432 1.0993 1.0722 1.0487 1.10171.07631.0544 1.1039 1.0797 1.0592 1.1057 1.0824 1.0625 1.1069 1.08411.0637 1.1068 1.0847 1.0631 1.1053 1.0838 1.0613 1.10181.08131.0583 1.09681.07731.0546 1.0906 1.0723| 1.0508

55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100

'

'

1.08361.06641.0472 1.0763 1.0599 1.0437 1.06871.05351.0399 1.0609 1.0476 1.0359 1.0529 1.0420 1.0320 1.0448 1.0363 1.0282 1.0365 1.0303 1.0244 1.0279 1.0242 1.0205 1.02001.01811.0166 1.0131

f wt- % in tne solution.

|29.6 115.1 I 7.6 I 3.8 |1.9 I 0.7 I 0.7 I 0.7 I 0.8 | 0.8 I 1.0377 I 1.019l I 1.0085 I 1.004s | 1.0022

J Where both solutes are sugars, see Vol. II, p. 352.

Benzene layer %B I %C I df 30.8 65.0 0.8615 4.2 95.5 0.8698 4.1 95.6 0.8700 4.0 95.7 0.8700

C = C6Hi4, Hexane (4) C = C7Hi6, Heptane (4) C = C10Hi6O, Camphor (22) %B %C <

||99.0 189.1 J79.2 |69.3 |59.4 |49.5 IJ 0.0 JlO.O |20.0 J3Q.O |40.0 |50.Q I] 0.8121 0.828 0.842l 0.858| 0.873J 0.888 B = C2H2Cl2O2, Dichloroacetic acid C = C2H4O2, Acetic acid (™) B = C2H4Cl2, 1, 1-Dichloroethane C = C2H6O, Ethyl alcohol (4) B = C2H4Cl2, Ethylene chloride C = C2H6O, Ethyl alcohol (4) B = C2H4O2, Acetic acid C = C4H7NO4, Aspartic acid (3)

%B I 1.13 2.23 3.31 4.37 | 5.40 | 7.40 | 10.25 %C j 2.50 I 2.48 I 2.45 | 2.42 j 2.40 | 2.34 | 2.27 IO4« -!)..[ 104 I 119 I 133 I 147 | 162 [ 185 [ 223

C = C6H6, Benzene (12)

44 31 31 33 20 31

B = CH4O, Methyl alcohol C = C2H6Br, Ethyl bromide (4) C = C6H5Br, Bromobenzene ( 4 )

|| Il

%B Il 1.08 I 2.12 I 5.15 I 7.06 [ 9.80 | 14.0l| 17.85 %C U 2.36 I 2.34 I 2.27 | 2.22 [ 2.15 [ 2.05J 1.96 10*(
B = CH4N2O, Urea C = C2H4O2, Acetic acid (27) %C %B d2/

%B 61.5 61.0 60.8 30.8

C = C4H8N2O3, Asparagine (3)

%B* = %Cf I O I 5 I 10 I 15 I 96.1 9.64 I dl° I 1.0186 I 1.0254 | 1.0316 | 1.0359 | 1.0146 * Wt. % in solvent, H2O.

C = C6H6, Benzene (i-5) Aqueous layer I %C I df 11.4 0.8675 10.2 0.8700 9.8 0.8718 65.0 0.8615

%B 51.98 52.48 54.53 60.14 70.51 99.85 52.70 53.97 55.66 57.49

% C I ^4'65 Il % B I 40.31 0.9673 50.97 39.88 0.9681 48.89 38.15 0.9710 43.03 33.43 0.9796 32.64 24.69 0.9955 52.97 0.0 1.0454 56.43 40.67 0.9653 64.75 41.02 0.9632 66.29 41.81 0.9587 70.08 I 42.40 | 0.9532 || 65.86 I

% G I dp*"" 42.01 0.9633 45.00 0.9570 52.97 0.9412 67.30 0.9137 39.01 0.9697 34.65 0.9788 22.99 1.0050 12.81 1.0312 4.59 1.0520 | 2.60 | 1.0521

C = C6H6O2, Hydroquinol (27)

r c - Q '7

%B dj*

!29 6 ' !15-° '7'6 !3'8 I 1.0364 I 1.02Oo I 1.0094 | 1.004i

C = C6H7N, Aniline, 30.40C (24) 10 93 82 90 36 8 ^7^\ 6.46 75.70 58.46 36.56 % ^T . ^-^ ° O 1.0373 1.0456 1.0500 1.0556 1.0565 1.0534 1.0371 5 .0514 .0578 .0609 .0655 .0650 .0592 .0427 10 .0640 .0682 .0707 .0737 .0716 .0645 .0478 15 .0732 .0754 .0770 .0792 .0756 .0683 .0515 20 .0792 .0797 .0805 .0821 .0776 .0700 .0528 25 .0826 .0816 .0819 .0828 .0777 .0696 .0522 30 .0834 .0814 .0812 .0817 .0763 .0677 .0502 35 .0818 .0796 .0790 .0791 .0735 .0650 .0477 40 .0788 .0763 .0756 .0753 .0699 .0616 .0451 45 .0746 .0720 .0712 .0714 .0656 .0574 .0424 50 .0696 .0670 .0661 .0672 .0608 .0534 .0394

:—--

C = C4H8O2, Ethyl acetate (31); cf. (4)

B = C2H^2, Acetic acid.—(Continued) C = C6H7N Aniline, 30.40C (24).—(Continued) B

^^\^ * 100 93.82 90.36 86.46 75.70 58.46 36.56 % IvT ^--^^ ^ 55 1.0640 1.0615 1.0606 1.0618 1.0557 1.0494 60 .0578 .0554 .0548 .0554 .0504 .0453 65 .0514 .0493 .0486 .0487 .0450 .0408 70 .0449 .0434 .0425 .0425 .0395 .0360 75 .0382 .0376 .0365 .0365 .0341 .0310 80 .0325 .0319 .0309 .0305 .0288 .0264 85 .0274 .0259 .0262 .0238 .0222 90 .0217 .0196 .0186 95 .0168 .0154 100 .0128 * Wt. % in solvent, H2O. t Wt. % in solution.

C = CyHyNO2, m-Aminobenzoic acid ( l ) %B ||0.00|0.06|0.6Q|6.01|14.02|26.84|46.86 %C ||0.76|0.79|Q.84|1.29| 2.66| 5.03J 7.45 104(df - 1) || 8 j 72 I 82 I 1501 800 I 507 I 806 C = C9Hi3NO3S, Trimethylsulfanilic acid (20) C = Ci0Hi4N2, Nicotine (13) %B I %C I 22.37 60.44 21.95 59.31 21.30 57.57 21.03 56.81 56.53 20.92

Q

dl I] % B I 1.0923 20.64 1.0965 20.61 1.0976 20.59 1.0993 20.56 1.0994

%C 55.75 55.69 55.64 55.54

I

<~ 1.0996 1.0999 1.1035 1.1295

B = C2H5Br, Ethyl bromide C = C2H6O, Ethyl alcohol (4) C = C3H8O, n-Propyl alcohol (4) B = C2H6O, Ethyl alcohol C = C3H7Br, Propyl bromide (4) C = C3H7NO2, Alanine (17) Vol. I Wt. ~7iVol. I Wt. I 25 V o I W t . I 25 4 4 4 % B * %Cf %B* %Cf %B* %Cf O 14.2 1.042 25 6.6 0.989 50 2.3 0.936 5 12.6 1.031 31 5.2 0.976 55 1.8 0.919 10 11.1 1.021 35. 4.7 0.967 60 1.6 0.910 15 9.5 1.010 40 3.7 0.958 70 0.84 0.884 20 7.8 [o.998 45 3.0 0.945 80 0.37 0.856 * Vol. % in solvent (H2O) at 15.50C. t Wt. % in the solution.

C = C3H8O3, Glycerol (U) %B %C d\5

|[12.8 |13.4 |25.1 39.2 |37.9 [41.0 || 5.7 I 9.4 [38.2 | 3.8 |40.7 j 6.2 || 0.9928J 1.0Q13J 1.0442J 0.9464J 1.014o| 0.9469 C = C4H6O6, Tartaric acid (29)

%B 0.0 0.0 3.8 15.5 27.1

I

%C I 0.0 57.9 56.1 51.4 46.8

df u %B I 0.997 42.2 1.317 66.0 1.300 73.1 1.242 78.3 1.177 100.0

%C I df 40.0 1.088 27.8 0.960 24.2 0.926 21.7 0.903 0.0 0.785

% CI% B O 100 10 90 10 80 10 70 10 60 10 50 10 40 10 30 10 20 10 10 10 2 20 80 20 70 20 60 20 50

I dl° [I % C I % B I < H % C I % B j < 0.789 20 40 0.911 50 20 0.920 0.799 20 30 0.933 60 40 0.852 0.828 20 20 0.954 60 30 0.880 0.854 30 70 0.819 60 20 0.907 0.878 30 60 0,848 70 30 0.863 0.900 30 50 0.874 70 20 0.892 0.923 30 40 0.898 80 20 0.874 €.945 30 30 0.921 80 10 0.904 0.965 40 60 0.830 90 10 0.887 0.981 40 50 0.859 100 O 0.900 0.991 40 40 0.885 0.809 40 30 0.909 0.838 50 50 0.841 0.864 50 40 0.870 0.888 50 30 0.896

% B (29) [I 0.0 I 7.9 I 14.7 I 18.3 | 17.7 [lOO.O %C 1 1 7 . 9 I 9.6 113.4 I 31.2 | 44.6 | 0.0 d*i [I 0.996 I O..987 I 0.966 | 0.939 | 0.924 | 0.785 C = C4H9Br, Isobutyl bromide (4) C = C4Hi0O, Isobutyl alcohol (4) C = C4Hi0O, Ethyl ether (21, 18); cf. (4, 28) % C| % B I d\* I df || % C I % B I 4» I df~ 6 O 0.987s 70 25 0.748s 4 O 0.991s 0.9890 60 25 0.7817 2 O 0.9949 0.992s 10 25 0.934? O O 0.9991 0.9971 O 25 0.9642 0.9590 6 5 0.9809 0.9772 70 30 0.747e 4 5 0.9842 0.980s 60 30 0.7812 0.77Oo 2 5 0.9872 0.9846 50 30 0.812o 0.801e O 5 0.9903 0.9882 40 30 0.842i 0.8322 90 10 0.7305 0.7174 30 30 0.872o 0.861e 6 10 0.9744 0.969s 20 30 0.9OU 0.893e 4 10 0.9774 0.973e 10 30 0.9319 0.924s 2 10 0.9802 0.977s O 30 0.9569 0.9507 O 10 0.9830 0.9804 50 35 0.7899 80 15 0.7042 40 35 0.822o 6 15 0.967s 0.9627 30 35 0.852s 4 15 0.9712 0.9663 20 35 0.883o 2 15 0.9742 0.97Oo 10 35 0.912s O 15 0.9767 0.9733 O 35 0.9483 0.9415 80 20 0.739e 0.726s 60 40 0.754s 70 20 0.7730 0.761s 50 40 0.789o 0.7759 10 20 0.951s 40 40 0.8187 0.8084 6 20 0.96Oe 0.954s 30 40 0.852o 0.8394 4 20 0.9644 0.958s 20 40 0.882i 0.871s 2 20 0.9679 0.962s 10 40 0.9097 0.9022 O 20 0.9707 0.9664 Q 40 0.9388 0.9315

% C I% B 50 50 40 50 30 50 20 50 10 50 O 50 40 60

I dï H 0.7620 0.7962 0.826e 0.856s 0.8882 0.9178 0.7694

% C I% B 30 60 20 60 10 60 O 60 30 70 20 70 10 70

I dj* Il % C I % B 0.803i O 70 0.8344 20 80 0.8652 10 80 0.8952 O 80 0.7766 10 90 0.8099 O 90 0.84Oe

I d\* 0.8719 0.783s 0.815e 0.8477 0.7892 0.8223

Miscible mixtures (8) %B 24.4 22.0 18.9 14.5 9.5 3.8 23.9 26.0

|%C| $ | 15.6 0.938 13.0 .948 ll.i .958 10.5 .967 10.5 .974 11.2 .978 15.0 .940 20.0 .922

|%B| 27.2 27.4 27.6 27.5 27.2 26.2 25.2 23.5

C = C6H6, Benzene (1-2); cf. (4)

% C | dj | 25.0 0.906 30.o .889 35.0 .874 40.0 .859 45.0 .845 50.0 .832 55.0 .820 60.o .808

| % B | % C | dl 21.5 65.0 0.798 19.2 70.o .788 16.5 75.o .778 13.4 80.o .770 10.2 85.o .762 6.8 90.o .754 3.4 95.o .745

Coexistent liquid phases at O0C (8) %B 2.7 7.5 7.7 6.7 13.4 13.8 22.0 22.0 24.8 24.3

Upper layer I %C I 96.0 89.0 88.6 90.0 80.0 79.6 64.0 63.7 56.0 56.6

|| dl || 0.743 0.755 0.755 0.754 0.770 0.771 0.800 0.801 0.818 0.816

%B I 8.4 15.5 15.5 15.5 20.1 20.0 23.4 23.5 25.2 25.0

Lower layer %C I 10.6 10.5 10.5 10.5 11.5 11.4 16.3 16.5 20.o 19.8

dl 0.975 0.965 0.965 0.965 0.955 0.956 0.934 0.934 0.922 0.923

C = C5Hi0O, Diethylketone (4) C = C6Hi0O2, Ethyl propionate ( 4 ) C = C5HnBr, Isoamyl bromide ( 4 ) C = C5Hi2O, Amyl alcohol (9) Upper layer %B %C d\b'b %B %C d\b'b

I O.o I 6.1 114.2 |20.6 |25.6 |28.i |27.7 190.7 |82.6 [70.7 J59.4 [47.4 |32.4 |25.6 Q.831| Q.834| 0.840| 0.848| 0.860| 0.888| 0.904 Lower layer I O.o I 5.9 |l3.o |17.4 121.2 124.8 |26.6 I 2.7 I 2.8 I 3.0 I 3.1 I 4.6 |10.8 117.6 I 0.995l 0.986| Q.976| 0.970| 0.96l| 0.942| 0.922

C = C5Hi2O, Isoamyl alcohol (4) C = C6H3N3O6, 1, 3, 5-Trinitrobenzene ( 17 ) Vol. %B* I 60 I 70 I 75 80 I 85 | 90 | 95 | 100 %Cf 10.23 10.38 |0.47 0.57 |0.78 |l.l |1.5 |2.3
%B I %C 0.00 0.00 0.00 100.00 10.00 0.00 10.00 89.93 10.00 90.00 18.48 81.52 0.00 20.00 20.00 77.69 20.00 80.00 30.00 0.00 30.00 63.81 30.00 65.44 30.00 67.28 30.00 67.58 30.00 70.00 32.42 60.85 38.08 52.46 40.00 0.00 40.00 0.40 48.61 40.00 40.00 54.31 40.00 59.72 40.00 60.00 43.43 44.53 49.85 0.00 49.85 1.22 4.99 49.86 50.00 0.00 5.87 50.00 8.44 50.00 50.00 30.80 50.00 35.76 50.00 39.85 44.18 50.00 50.00 50.00

% B 1 % C I 0.0 0.0 12.6 60.6 21.8 57.1

«ff Il 0.997 1.264 1.212

% B I 33.8 42.6 52.1

% C I ffl || % B I % C I ffl 51.9 1.156 61.6 38.4 1.007 47.9 1.112 100.0 0.0 0.785 43.0 1.054

C = C6Hi2O2, Ethyl butyrate (4) C = C6Hi4, Hexane (4) C = C7H6O, Benzaldehyde (4) C = C7H6O2, Benzoic acid (29) %B|%C| 0.0 j 0.0 0.0 0.37 8.7 0.58 30.4 4.7

%C I 32.58 0.00 3.90 7.05 14.06 19.16 23.21 28.60 34.47 40.00 0.00 7.46 10.72 14.68 18.09 22.45 24.31 25.64 30.00 0.00 0.00 3.58 9.23 13.75 15.89 20.01 0.00 2.42 4.99 7.53 10.13 0.00

d\* 0.8519 0.8870 0.8796 0.8739 0.8618 0.8537 0.8470 0.8380 0.8280 0.8182 0.8634 0.8501 0.8442 0.8372 0.8316 0.8239 0.8201 0.8181 0.8095 0.8551 0.8391 0.8327 0.8227 0.8142 0.8102 0.8010 0.8137 0.8092 0.8042 0.7990 0.7934 0.7851

C = C7H6O3, Salicylic acid (29)

Il % B I % GI d:b [I % B I % C I df 44.4 12.8 0.942 66.8 33.2 0.916 53.4 24.0 0.938 100.0 0.0 0.785 60.7 31.0 0.929 65.2| 32.4| 0.920 |

% B I % C I df 0.0 0.0 0.997 0.0 0.22 0.998 8.7 0.34 0.983 31.1 I 2.7 0.954

*In the aqueous solvent, 15.50C. t Wt. % in the solution.

C = C6H5Br, Bromobenzene ( 4 ) C = C6H5NO2, Nitrobenzene (4) C = C6H7N, Aniline (14) C = C6H8O7, Citric acid (29)

ffl II %B I 0.9971 51.49 0.8736 60.00 0.9804 60.00 0.8631 60.00 0.8630 60.00 0.8550 60.00 0.9664 60.00 O-.8567 60.00 0.8535 60.00 0.9507 60.00 0.8543 70.00 0.8516 70.00 0.8490 70.00 0.8482 70.00 0.8447 70.00 0.8529 70.00 0.8524 70.00 0.9315 70.00 0.9306 70.00 0.8533 73.46 0.8449 80.00 0.8360 79.98 0.8357 79.98 0.8520 79.99 0.9102 79.99 0.9079 79.99 0.9007 89.97 0.9098 89.94 0.8992 89.92 0.8946 89.90 0.8779 89.87 0.8500 100.00 0.8435 0.8361 0.8269

C = C7H6O5-H2O, Gallic acid (29) % B | % C | d» H % B| % C|
TO 5 15 20 25 31 35

%Cf

Ts 1.6 2.2 2.7 3.5 5.1 5.9

df

I %B* % C f

0.999 0.992 0.982 0.976 0.972 0.966 0.963

40 45 50 55 60 65 70

7^9 9.9 12.1 14.1 16.0 17.8 19.3

* Vol. % in the aqueous solvent, 15.50C.

df

%B* % C f

0.958 75 0.953 80 0.948 83 0.944 85 0.939 90 0.932 95 0.925 100

20^3 0.917 20.9 0.907 21.0 0.900 20.7 0.895 19.7 0.878 17.4 0.856 14.6 0.830

f Wt. % in the solution.

C = C7H7NO2, p-Nitrotoluene (4)

of

B = C2H6O, Ethyl alcohol.—(Continued) C = C7H8, Toluene (4) C = C7H8N2S, Phenylthiourea O 7 ) % B * | % C t | df Il % B* I % Cf I d\* H % B* I % Cf HEF" O 0.24 0.998 50 1.8 0.932 75 4.3 0.881 15 0.38 0.979 55 2.3 0.923 80 4.5 0.868 25 0.56 0.968 60 2.7 0.913 85 4.8 0.854 35 0.83 0.956 65 3.3 0.902 90 4.5 0.839 40 I 1.1 0.9491 70 3.8 0.892 95 4.2 0.820 * Vol. % in the aqueous solvent, 15.50C. t Wt. % in the solution.

%B %~C Jf

C = C7H8O, Benzyl alcohol (4) C = C7H9N, Methylaniline (4) C = C7H9N, o-Toluidine (4) C = C7Hi6, Heptane ( 4 ) C « C8H8O3, Methyl salicylate (29) I 0.0 I 0.0 131.4 47.7 |48.1 |17.1 |100.0 I 0.0 I 0.12 I 0.61 I 6.4 |31.6 |79.1 I 0.0 I 0.997| 0.9971 0.952| 0.92l| 0.94l| 1.087| 0.785

C = C8H9NO, Acetanilide ( 17 ) % B * | % C t l
* Vol. % in the aqueous solvent, 15.5 C. t Wt. % in the solution.

%B*|%Cfl O 0.12 5 0.13 15 0.16 20 0.23 25 0.31 35 0.66 40 0.95

C = C8Hi0, Xylenes (4) C = C8Hi0O, Phenetole (4) C = C9Hi0O2, Benzyl acetate (4) C = C9H11NO, Acettoluide (* 7 )
* Vol. % in the aqueous solvent, 15.50C. t Wt. % in the solution.

C = C9Hi2, Mesitylene (4) C = C9Hi2O, Ethyl benzyl ether (4) C = Ci0Hi6, Pinene (4) C =» Ci0Hi6O, Camphor (22) % B I % C I dl° I] % B I % C I dl° Il % B I % C "Iy" 90.0 O 0.833 99.0 O 0.793 59.4 40 0.862 81.0 10 0.846 89.1 10 0.811 49.5 50 0.878 72.0 20 0.859 79.2 20 0.826 63.0 30 0.871 69.3 30 0.844 % B I % C I 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.75 8.6 1.2 26.7 16.3

C = Ci0Hi6O4, Camphoric acid (29) «ff [I % B I % G I <%> » % B I 0.997 31.3 38.6 0.997 47.9 0.997 35.9 48.9 0.997 49.9 0.997 40.4 51.5 0.982 100.0 0.997 44.7 51.1 0.977

% C I 50.4 50.1 0.0

df 0.967 0.957 0.785

C = Ci0H22O, Isoamyl ether (4) C = Ci2H11NO, Acetnaphthalide (* 7 ) % B * | % C f | df | | % B * | % C f | ^425 | | % B * | % C t | l g r ~ 10 0.04 0.984 60 1.4 0.909 90 4.0 0.834 20 0.09 0.972 65 1.8 0.898 93 4.1 0.825 35 0.25 0.954 70 2.3 0.880 95 4.1 0.815 40 0.36 0.946 75 2.7 0.876 100 3.9 0.792 50 0.70 0.929 80 3.1 0.862 55 1.0 0.920 85 3.6 0.848 * Vol. % in the aqueous solvent, 15.50C. t Wt. % in the solution.

C = Ci2H22On, Sucrose (")
%C| 66.0 62.7 58.8 55.1

* Vol. % in aqueous solvent, 15.50C. t Wt. % in the solution.

C = Ci8H36O2, Stearic acid (29) % B I % G I d™ Il % B I % C I ffl H % B I % C I df 0.0 0.0 0.997 41.7 0.12 0.926 90.3 6.4 0.801 0.0 0.03 0.996 69.7 0.81 0.862 91.7 8.3 0.793 16.9 0.03 0.969 86.9 3.2 0.815 100.0 0.0 0.785 C = Ci9Hi7N3, Triphenylguanidine ( 17 ) % B * | % G t | df | | % B * | % C t l <*425 | | % B * | % C t |
t Wt. % in the solution.

C = C27H30N2O5-IH2O, Quinine salicylate (29) % B I % G Mf Il % B I % G I
%B

9.93 9.44 8.92 19.31 18.33 17.36 16.38 15.40 29.62 26.59 24.01 21.12

l % c i dy 0.00 4.93 10.13 0.00 5.06 10.10 15.18 20.24 0.00 10.22 18.94 28.70

0.9859 0.9790 0.9709 0.9731 0.9667 0.9584 0.9495 0.9398 0.9578 0.9426 0.9277 0.9117

II % B l % o i 40.06 34.41 22.92 71.10 63.56 56.80 49.89 42.60 35.50 79.92 63.81 47.51

30.26 40.13 60.13 0.00 10.61 20.11 29.89 40.09 50.07 0.00 20.17 40.30

df

0.8717 0.8617 0.8431 0.8723 0.8648 0.8600 0.8508 0.8438 0.8376 0.8504 0.8405 0.8313

C = C 4 Hi 0 O, n-Butyl alcohol.—(Continued) %B I %C I ffl I) % B I % C I "ffl~ 37.49 0.00 0.9451 31.95 60.03 0.8232 33.69 10.14 0.9309 15.97 80.02 0.8158 29.86 20.34 0.9143 89.58 0.00 0.8224 26.11 30.36 0.8993 80.55 10.08 0.8207 22.37 40.33 0.8851 71.75 19.90 0.8190 0.00 0.9207 62.72 29.98 0.8173 50.03 45.01 10.04 0.9076 54.11 39.59 0.8158 39.84 20.37 0.8945 44.81 49.98 0.8145 35.06 29.93 0.8828 35.85 59.98 0.8134 30.02 40.00 0.8710 18.01 79.90 0.8113 28.23 49.57 0.8603 95.10 0.00 0.8071 57.46 0.00 0.9048 30.86 69.14 0.8038 51.53 10.32 0.8935 50.00 50.00 0.8000 45.85 20.20 [ 0.8822 70.47 29.53 0.7966 Saturated solutions

%B 0.00 9.26 11.62 12.65 12.95

I

%C I 7.90 12.00 18.64 24.68 28.15

< II % B I 0.9869 13.42 0.9670 13.10 0.9485 11.65 0.934 8.28 0.9261 0.00

%C 36.91 47.02 53.86 63.68 79.94

d™ 0.9072 0.8875 0.8765 0.8635 0.8479

C = C6H6Br, Bromobenzene ( 4 ) C = Cellulose acetate (2) df » % C I % B I ffl II % C I % B I
% C I % B I 5.0 95.0 5.0 94.4 4.9 94.0 4.9 92.8 4.9 92.6

B = CsH8O, n-Propyl alcohol C = C6H5Br, Bromobenzene ( 4 ) C = C7H7Br, Bromotoluene ( 4 ) B = C3H8O3, Glycerol C = C3H8O2, Trimethyleneglycol, 2O0C (5) Ir^\5C

/C £>

90 85 80 75 70 65 60 55 50 45 40 35

* Impure.

B = C 4He O 4, Succinic acid C = C4H10O, Ethyl ether (io) B = C 4H8O 2, Butyric acid G = C6H7N, Aniline, 3O0C (24) ^\ ^R*

^ AX^ % ^S

^^

Of 5 10 15 20Î 25 30 35

^R*

10

100 96.09 83.46 ~7ì\ % ^§

\

0.94960.96520.9751 0.95870.97520.9837 0.96730.98450.9916 0.97530.99230.9986 0.98180.99811.0035 0.9872 1.0024 1.0066 0.9925 1.0054 1.0088 0.9966 1.0073 1.0102

40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75

°

96 09 83 46

-

-

^v.

0.99941.00841.0109 1.00131.00931.0114 1.00271.00971.0114 1.00381.00961.0112 1.00481.00951.0108 1.0060 1.0096 1.0107 1.0070 1.0099 1.0108 1.0080 1.0103 1.0109

* In the water-butyric acid solvent, t dj° = 0.9898 for 64.01 % B. Î d*° = 1.0120 for 64.01 % B. § In the solution.

B = C6H6O, Phenol C = C7H7NO, Benzamide (23) B = C6H7N, Aniline C = C6H8ClN, Aniline hydrochloride (30) The solvent is an aqueous solution containing Jô g-mole aniline per liter oi RII c/ ilII or ^20 M ~№ »4 TiII w% o ^ II ^725 #4 % r* ^ II ^726 «4 % r» ^ lI «4 1.4 2.6 3.8 4.7

1.000s 6.1 1.0102 1.0036 8.0 1.013s 1.005s 10.7 1.019s 1.007? 14.0 1.0267 C = C7H8,

14.9 1.027s 18.5 1.0352 25.3 1.049o 32.4 1.062e Toluène (26)

33.6 1.065s 41.8 1.0794 49.1 1.0937

LITERATURE (For

a key to the periodicals see end of volume)

(!) Barbaudy, 27, 35: 31; 24. (i' 2 ) Barbaudy, 27, 39: 371; 26. (!•«) Barbaudy, 34, 182: 1279; 26. ( 2 ) Barr and Bircumshaw, 83, 16: appendix 72; 21. (3) Becker, 25, 14: 1028; 81. ( 4 ) Bonner, 00, 14: 738; 10. (*) 1.262 Cocks and Salway, 04, 41: 17T; 22. («) Curtis and Titus, 50, 19: 738; 15. 1.249 ( 7 ) Davis and Harvey, 45, 11: 443; 19. ( 8 ) Desmaroux, 815, 19: 322; 22. 1.235 1.236 100% C, df = 1.053s ( 9 ) Fontein, 7, 73: 212; 10. (io) Forbes and Coolidge, 1, 41: 150; 19. (U) Fresenius and Grünhut, 91, 1.222 1.223 1.224 51: 23, 104; 12. O 2 ) Friedländer, 7, 38: 385; 01. < 13 ) Gennari, 7, 19: 1.208 1.210 1.211 1.213 1.214 130; 96. C1*) Gladstone and Dale, 62, 153: 317; 63. < 15 ) Hartwig, 8. 1.195 1.196 1.198 1.200 1.202 1.203 33: 58; 88. ( 1 ^) Herz and Knpch, 93, 45: 262; 05. (17) Holleman and 1.181 1.183 1.185 1.187 1.190 1.192 1.193 Antusch, 70, 13: 277; 94. (1*) Horiba, 41, 31: 922; 10. (19) Kanitz, 7, 1.168 1.169 1.171 1.174 1.177 1.179 1.181 22:336; 97. (20) Katayama and Yamada, 41, 41: 193; 20. (21) Kono, Rep. Gunpowder 1.154 1.156 1.158 1.161 1.164 1.167 1,168 Res. Dept., Japanese Navy, B. No. 29; 1923. (22) Malosse, 84, 154: 1697; 1.140 1.142 1.144 1.148 1.151 1.154 1.156 12. (23) Perkin, 4, 69: 1216; 96. (24) Pound and Russell, 4, 125: 769; 24. 1.127 1.128 1.130 1.134 1.138 1.141 1.144 (25) Reilly and Ralph, 117,15: 597; 19. (26) Riedel, 7, 56: 243; 06. (27) 1.113 1.114 1.117 1.121 1.125 1.128 1.131 Rudorf, 7, 43: 257; 03. ( 2 ») Sanfourche and Boutin, 27, 31: 546; 22. 1.099 1.100 1.103 1.107 1.111 1.116 1.119 (29) Seidell, 404, No. 67; 10. (30) Sidgwick and Wilsdon, 4, 99: 1118; 11. (31) Steffens and Chenoweth, 1.103 1.106 Brooklyn, N. Y., O.

-~>^

ÏÔÔ 95

C = C4H6O4, Succinic acid ( 16 ) %B*| % C | df | | % B * | % C | df | | % B * | % G | " d f ~ 0.0 0.8 1.0213 31.4 0.6 1.089? 68.9 0.4 1.1804 7.1 0.7 1.0407 40.7 0.6 1.112o 99.6 0.4 1.253o 20.3 0.7 1.0644 48.5 0.5 1.129s

O

2

5

10

15

20

25

DENSITY AND THERMAL EXPANSION OF HOMOGENEOUS NON-AQUEOUS MIXTURES IN THE LIQUID OR CRYSTALLINE STATE (NON-AQUEOUS LIQUID OR SOLID SOLUTIONS) MALCOLM M. HARING CONTENTS AT LEAST ONE COMPONENT AN ELEMENTARY SUBSTANCE

UN

MATIÈRES DES CONSTITUANTS AU MOINS EST UN ÉLÉMENT

INHALTSVERZEICHNIS MINDESTENS EINE KOMPONENTE IST EIN ELEMENTARER

INDICE

pAGB

ALMENO UNO DEI COMPONENTI E UN ELEMENTO

STOFF

CHIMIQUE

Two-component systems.

Systèmes à deux constituants.

Zwei-Komponenten Systeme.

Poly-component systems.

Systèmes à plusieurs constituants.

Poly-Komponenten Systeme.

COMPONENTS CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS

TOUS LES CONSTITUANTS SONT DES COMPOSÉS CHIMIQUES

ALLE KOMPONENTEN SIND CHEMISCHE VERBINDUNGEN

TUTTI I COMPONENTI SONO

1. No component has a key formula beginning with 16.

1. Aucun des constituants ne possède une formule clé commençant par 16. Systèmes à deux constituants. Systèmes à trois constituants. 2. Un constituant, et un constituant seulement, possède une formule clé ne commençant pas par 16. Systèmes à deux constituants. Systèmes à trois constituants. 3. Tous les constituants possèdent une formule clé commençant par 16. Systèmes à deux constituants. Systèmes à trois constituants.

1. Keine Komponente hat eine mit 16 beginnende Schlüsselformel.

1. Nessun componente possiede una formula chiave che comincia con 16, Sistemi a due componenti Sistemi a tre componenti 2. Uno solo dei componenti ha una formula chiave che non comincia con 16. Sistemi a due componenti Sistemi a tre componenti 3. La formula chiave di tutti i componenti comincia con 16. Sistemi a due componenti Sistemi a tre componenti

ALL

Two-component systems. Three-component systems. 2. One, and only one, component has a key formula not beginning with 16. Two-component systems. Three-component systems. 3. All components have key formulae beginning with 16. Two-component systems. Three-component systems.

INTRODUCTION Arrangement.—Arrangement is by groups as shown by the table of contents above. Scope.—For all binary systems the density data are given when the accuracy is 0.1% or better except in the case of fragmentary values and values for saturated solutions (for the latter class of values the reader is referred to SeidelFs "Solubilities" ( 297 )). Systems under pressures greater than one atmosphere and ternary systems (except a few of considerable importance) are given by literature reference only. References written 1 indicate that the reliable data cover less than three values, and 2 that data for densities of saturated solutions are included. Units.—All density values and all compositions in mass units are based upon true mass ("weight in vacuo"). Temperature Functions.—Variation of density with temperature is sometimes given by recording under "a," (resp. "103b") the two terms a, [resp. 103b(2 — /8)] of the function: d\ = a - b(t - I6)

Zwei-Komponenten Systeme. Drei-Komponenten Systeme. 2. Eine und nur eine Komponente hat eine nicht mit 16 beginnende Schlüsselformel. Zwei-Komponenten Systeme. Drei-Komponenten Systeme. 3. Die Schlüsselformeln aller Komponenten beginnen mit 16. Zwei-Komponenten Systeme. Drei-Komponenten Systeme.

Sistemi a due componenti 131 Sistemi a più componenti 132 COMPOSTI

133 135

135 142

143 196

Example: In Sec. IV, p. 144, the density of a liquid mixture of CCl4 and C6H4Cl2, containing 93.62 Wt. % of CCl4 is given by d\ = [1.5794 - 1.836 X lQ~3(t - 15°)] ± 0.075%, for the range 15 — 650C; and hence, e.g., dl* = 1.5427 ± 0.0011 g/ml. Conversion Factors.—Conversion of Wt. % to MoI % and vice versa is made by means of the relation : Wt

°7 A =

100 X MoI % A X Molecular Wt. A ~ ~—~ ' • CMoI % A X Molecular Wt. A ) + (MoI % B X Molecular Wt. B)

INTRODUCTION Arrangement.—L'arrangement est fait par groupes ainsi qu'il est indiqué dans la table des matières ci-dessus. Champ.—Pour tous les systèmes binaires, les valeurs des densités sont données lorsque la précision est de 0,1 % ou meilleure, excepté dans les cas de valeurs fragmentaires et de valeurs concernant les solutions saturées (pour cette dernière catégorie de

valeurs, le lecteur s'adressera à "Solubilities" de Seidell (297). Les systèmes se trouvant sous des pressions supérieures à une atmosphère et les systèmes ternaires (à l'exception de quelquesuns qui présentent une importance considérable) ne sont donnés que par des références bibliographiques. Les références écrites comme suit 1 indiquent que la donnée digne de confiance se rapporte à moins de trois valeurs, et 2 signifie que les données pour les densités des solutions saturées sont incluses. Unités.—Toutes les valeurs de densité et toutes les compositions exprimées en unités de masse sont basées sur les masses vraies ("poids dans le vide"). Equations de température.—La variation de la densité avec la température est donnée quelquefois en inscrivant sous "a" (resp. "I03b") les deux termes a, [(resp. 103b(£ — 4)] de la fonction: d{ = a - b(* - ta) Exemple: Dans la Section IV, p. 144, la densité d'un mélange liquide de CCl4 et de C6H4Cl2, contenant 93,62% poids de CCl4 sera donnée par la relation dl = [1,5794 - 1,836 X 10~3 (t - 15°)] ± 0,075%, pour l'intervalle 15 — 650C; de là on tire dl6 = 1,5427 ± 0,0011 g/ml. Facteurs de conversion.—La conversion des % poids en % molécules et vice-versa se fait par la relation : % Poids de A = 100 X % Mol. de A X Poids Mol. de A (% Mol. de A X Poids Mol. de A) -f ( % Mol. de B X Poids Mol. de B)

EINLEITUNG Anordnung.—Diese ist nach Gruppen durchgeführt, wie sie oben in dem Inhaltsverzeichnis angegeben ist. Umfang.—Bei allen binären Systemen ist die Dichte dann angegeben, wenn die Genauigkeit 0,1% oder grosser ist. Ausnahmen sind in Fällen mit unvollständigen Angaben und bei den gesättigten Lösungen gemacht. Für gesättigte Lösungen siehe Seidell ["Solubilities" (297)]. Systeme unter grösserem Druck als l Atmosphäre und ternäre Systeme (ausgenommen einiger weniger von grösserer Bedeutung) sind nur durch Literaturnachweise angegeben. Stellen mit der Bezeichnung l bedeuten, dass die verwendbaren Daten weniger als drei Werten entsprechen und 2 bedeutet, dass die Dichte der gesättigten Lösungen mit eingeschlossen sind. Einheiten.—Dichten und Zusammensetzungen beziehen sich immer auf die wirkliche Masse ("Gewicht im Vakuum"). Temperatur-Gleichungen.—Die Änderung der Dichte mit der Temperatur ist zuweilen durch die Angaben unter "a" (bezw. unter "lQ3b") gegeben. Es sind dies die zwei Terme a, [bezw. 103b(£ — U)] der Gleichung: d\ = a - b(t - ta). Beispiel: In Sec. IV, p. 144, ist die Dichte einer flüssigen Mischung von CCl4 und C6H4Cl2 mit 93,62 Wt. % (Gewichts %) CCl4 gegeben, durch die Gleichung d*4 = [1,5794 - 1,836 X 10~3 (t - 15°)] ± 0,075% gültig für den Temperatur-Bereich 15 — 650C. Es ist daher, z.B., df = 1,5427 ± 0,0011 g/ml. Umrechnungsfaktoren.—Die Umrechnung von Gewichts-Prozenten (Wt. %) auf Mol % und umgekehrt erfolgt nach der Gleichung: Gewichts % (Wt. %) A = 100 Mol % A X Molekulargewicht A (Mol%A X Molekulargewicht A) + (Mol %B x Molekulargewicht B)

INTRODUZIONE

Disposizione della materia.—La divisione è fatta per gruppi come risulta dall'indice. Contenuto.—Per tutti i sistemi binari la densità è riportata solo quando l'esattezza è del 0,1% o maggiore. Sono eccettuati i casi in cui si hanno dati incompleti, e le soluzioni sature. Per le soluzioni sature vedi Seidell "Solubilities" ( 297 ). Per i sistemi a pressioni maggiori di una atmosfera e per i sistemi ternari, (eccettuati pochi di considerevole importanza), sono riportate soltanto le indicazioni bibliografiche. Le citazioni contrassegnate con l indicano che i dati attendibili comprendono meno di tre valori, e quelle contrassegnate con 2 indicano che vi sono comprese le densità delle soluzioni sature. Unità.—Densità e composizione si riferiscono sempre alle masse effettive (peso nel vuoto). Variazioni in funzione della temperatura.—Sotto "a" (oppure "103b") sono riportate qualche volta le variazioni di densità con la temperatura, e precisamente sono riprodotti i due termini a, [oppure 103b(t — ta)] della equazione: di = a - b(t - 4). Esempio: Nella Sezione IV, p. 144, la densità di una miscela liquida di CCl4 e C6H4Cl2 contenente 93,62% (peso %) di CCl4 è data dall'equazione: d{ = 1,5794 - 1,836 X 10~3 (t - 15°) ± 0,075%, che è valida per le temperature tra 15 e 650C. Si avrà perciò per esempio : di5 = 1,5427 ± 0,0011 g/ml. Fattori di conversione.—La trasformazione delle percentuali in peso in percentuale in molecole e viceversa, si effettua mediante l'equazione : Peso % A = 100 X MoL % di A X Peso molecolare di A (MoI. % di A X Peso molec. di A) + (MoI. % di B X Peso mol. di B)

SEC. L AT LEAST ONE COMPONENT IS AN ELEMENTARY SUBSTANCE

Arrangement.—The elementary substance is in all cases the A-component and the systems are arranged in order of their A-components, in accordance with the Standard arrangement. If both components are elementary substances the one with the lower key number is the A-component. Under a given A-component the B-components are arranged in accordance with the Standard (resp. C) arrangement, etc. 1. Two-Component Systems

Cl2 B =Br 2 Wt. % B I df (±0.1 %) (3) 95.577 2.955 92.271 2.853 B = CCl4 (170.1) B = CHCl3 (164) ===========:^^ Bf

2 = I« (to 44.4 Wt. % B)(243) cf45 = (3.077 + 0.01161 X Wt. %B) ±0.25% B

B = ICl3 (to 29.2 Wt. % B) (244) d? = (3.077 - 0.0049 X Wt. %B) ±0.25% B = CCl4 Wt. % A | dl (±0.0075%)(143) 0.165 1.7657 0.087 1.7004 0.082 1.6964 0.073 1.6888 0.061 1.6801 Q 054

o 018 o 016

Ii6747

1 6463 1 6447

Br2.—(Continued) B = CCl4.—(Continued) (to 3.583 Wt. %A)(147) d f ' 5 = (1.5676 + 0.027535 X Wt. % A) ± 0.01 % a I 103b (40° - 75°) (±0.075%) (172) 0.00 Wt. % A 1.5555 I 1.895(Z - 40) 10.90Wt. % A 1.6379 I 1.978(* - 40) B = C3H10ClN Trimethylammonium chloride Wt. % A I d\* (±0.25%) (52) 100.00 3.131 98.16 3.070 97.12 3.057 93.81 2.953 B = C6H5NO2 Nitrobenzene (to 6.183 Wt. % A)(UT) df'5 = (1.1907 + 0.02728 X Wt. % A) ± 0.01 % I2 B = Se (16) B = Te (is) B = CCl4 Wt. % A I d\* (±0.0075%) (5 4) 0.000 1.59603 0.722 1.60276 0.728 1.60295 0.820 1.60371 0.824 I 1.60376 B = CS2 Wt. % A I d\* (±0.0075%) (54) 0.000 1.26619 1.674 1.28112 3.200 1.29496 6.300 1.32426

B — CH2I2 Méthylène iodide (260) B = CH4O Methyl alcohol (357)i Wt. % A I di8 (±0.0075%) (5 4) 0.000 0.79827 3.859 0.82401 3.871 0.82404 7.310 0.84815 B = C2H4Br2 Ethylene bromide (to 2.607 Wt. % A)(54) d\s = (2.18379 +0.01018 X Wt. % A) ± 0.0075%

B = C2H5I Ethyl iodide Wt. % A I d\* (±0.0075%) (5 4) 0.000 1.93936 0.809 1.94843 1.611 1.95762 B = C2H6O Ethyl alcohol (303) Wt. % A I d\* (±0.0075%) (5 4) 0.000 0.79152 2.670 0.80909 5.218 0.82656 10.145 0.86278 B = C3H6O2 Methyl acetate Wt. % A I d\» (±0.0075%) (5 4) 0.000 0.93583 1.701 0.94728 3.319 0.95921 3.329 0.96064 B = C3H8O3 Glycerol (H6)i.« B = C4HsO2 Ethyl acetate Wt. % A I J48 (±0.0075%) (5 4) 0.000 0.90166 2.785 0.92142 3.452 0.94128 B = C4Hi0O Ethyl ether (±0.0075%) (54) 0.000 0.71596 3.311 0.73689 6.420 0.75761 B = C5H5N Pyridine (±0.0075%) (5 4) 0.000 0.97104 3.141 0.99546 6.036 1.01896 B = C6H5Cl Chlorobenzene (±0.0075%) (5 4) 0.000 1.10786 1.122 1.11690 2.239 1.12599 4.326 1.14340 B = C6H5NO2 Nitrobenzene ( ±0.0075 %)(54) 0.000 1.20544 1.21380 1.010 2.008 1.22220 3.973 1.23890 B = C6H6 (8.35Wt. %A)(25° -75°) (±0.075%) (U 2) a 103b 0.9320 1.108(1 - 25)

B = C7H8 Toluene Wt. % A ! d}8 (±0.0075%)(54) 0.000 0.86767 2.708 0.88660 5.280 0.90536 (±0.075%) (U2) (25° - 750J a I 103b 0.00 Wt. % A 0.8599 I 0.890(2 -25) 1.16 Wt. % A 0.8690 I 0.932(* - 25) 3.92Wt. % A 0.8877 I 0.934(£ - 25) B = CyHi6

Heptane Wt. % A I dì8 (±0.0075%) (5 4) 0.000 0.73281 1.251 0.74038 1.259 0.74040 B = C8H7N Phenylacetonitrile (±0.0075%) (5 4) 0.000 1.01812 1.066 1.02617 2.127 1.03435

S (Engel) B = CS2 (to 7.92 Wt. % A) (7) df = (1.256 + 0.002526 X Wt. % A) ± 0.25 %

S^

B = CS2 (to 13.12 Wt. % A) (7) df = (1.256 + 0.00493 X Wt. % A) ± 0.25%

S B = CS2 (174, 29T)

Wt. % A

I

di6

(±0.05%) (239)

d ii

<*>* a b

O 1.2708 2 1.2802 4 1.2901 6 1.2998 8 1.3096 10 1.3195 12 1.3297 14 1.3399 16 1.3502 18 1.3604 20 1.3709 - dt( 1 + a l + b f « \ -^1 +15a+225b/ = 0.0011398 = 0.05137 B = C3H6O Acetone (H6)M STU B = CS2 (7)

B = C7H8 (7) Toluene B = C7H8 Toluene (7)

Se B = CH2I2 Méthylène iodide (258) P B = C 4 Hi 0 O Ethyl ether (45)2 B = C6H6 (45)2

2. Systems of More than Two Components I2 B = CHI3 Iodoform C = CH2I2 Méthylène iodide (260)

B = CH2I2 Méthylène iodide C = C6H6 (260)

B = CH2I2 Méthylène iodide C = C8HiO Xylene (260) B = CHI3 Iodoform C = CH2I2 Méthylène iodide D - C8H10 Xylene (260)

B =KI C = CH4O Methyl alcohol ±0.1% (35T) Wt. % A I B I G I df7^ 14.27 0.00 85.73 0.8899~ 12.61 2.06 85.33 0.8950 12.40 2.32 85.28 0.8958 12.13 2.65 85.22 0.8975 11.78 3.09 85.13 0.8976 11.31 3.70 84.99 0.8978

B = CHI3

Iodoform C = CH2I2 Méthylène iodide D = C6H6 (260)

SEC. II. ALL COMPONENTS ARE CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS NONE OF WHOSE KEY-FORMULAE BEGINS WITH 16. STANDARD ARRANGEMENT 1. Two-Component Systems

HCl B = SbCl3 ( 17 ) B = BiCl8 ( 17 ) H2SO4 B = HNO3 (±0.25%)(229)

i 103b (4°-30°) 5 Wt. % B 1.862 I 1.0770 - 4) (5° - 28°) 10 Wt. % B 1.872 I 1.0000 - 5) (3°-27°) 15 Wt. % B 1.883 I 1.0830 -3) (4°-31°) 22Wt. % B 1.873 I 1.1860 -4) (4° - 36°) 28 Wt. % B 1.864 I 0.9690 - 4) (5° - 30°) 44Wt. % B 1.814 I 1.4000 - 5) (4°-35°) 51 Wt. % B 1.761 I 1.4560 - 4) (4° - 25°) 59 Wt. % B 1.732 I 1.8570 - 4) (5° - 35°) 65Wt. % B 1.715 i 1.5340 -5) (4° - 30°) 75 Wt. % B 1.672 I 1.5770 - 4) a

B = ZrO2 (±1.0%)(42)

Wt. % A 88.89 80.00 66.67 61.55 57.20 53.30 50.00 47.00 45.45 44.40 43.50 41.70 40.00 36.35 33.33 28.57 25.00

^2-4 2.05 2.20 2.50 2.78 3.02 3.20 3.40 3.45 3.47 3.49 3.52 3.57 3.62 3.65 3.69 3.79 3.87

N2O3 B = N2O4 (±0.25%) (230) a I 10% (-5° to +5°) O Wt. % A 1.500 I 2.00+5) (-14° to +5°) 12Wt. % A 1.512 I 1.580 + 14) (-5° to +5°) 20Wt. % A 1.488 I 2.20+5) (-5°toO°) 30 Wt. % A 1.482 I 2.00+5) (-10° to -5°) 75 Wt. % A 1.470 I 2.40 + 10) 100 Wt. % A 1.453 I 2.00 + 10)

N2O4

B = HNO3 (230) (±0.05%)(26)

Wt. % B 100.00 98.78 91.98 83.12 73.91 65.07 62.40 57.99 56.29 53.30 51.34 50.04 48.63 46.90 3.07 1.51 0.00 Wt. % B 100.00 98.78 91.98 83.12 73.91 65.07 62.40 57.99 56.29 53.30 51.34 50.04 48.63 46.90 3.07 1.51 0.00

a* 1.5375 1.5417 1.5687 1.6026 1.6329 1.6536 1.6577 1.6629 1.6636 1.6634 1.6627 1.6618 1.6602 1.6564 1.4852 1.4837 1.4823 dl1 1.5228 1.5291 1.5567 1.5911 1.6212 1.6417 1.6456 1.6502 1.6509 1.6504 1.6494 1.6484 1.6463 1.6421 1.4693 1.4679 1.4663

Wt. % B 100.00 98.78 91.98 83.12 73.91 65.07 62.40 57.99 56.29 53.30 51.34 50.04 48.63 46.90 3.07 1.51 0.00

fi* 1.5120 1.5164 1.5446 1.5793 1.6093 1.6294 1.6332 1.6375 1.6379 1.6371 1.6357 1.6343 1.6320 1.6270 1.4532 1.4517 1.4500

NH 3 B = NH4Br (±0.25%)(83)

wt. % B 62.01 59.30 37.61 25.71 20.09 15.04 8.36 7.53 4.17

^4-33-5

1.001 0.987 0.852 0.792 0.764 0.742 0.727 0.710 0.697

B = Cu(NO3)2.4NH3 (±0.25%)(83) 35.94 0.908 22.17 0.806 11.53 0.741 6.49 0.715 4.28 0.700 0.692 2.37 1.14 0.686 0.62 0.684 B = AgI (±0.25%)(83) 78.25 2.299 62.60 1.573 42.35 1.113 40.30 1.077 27.94 0.918 26.45 0.899 14.49 0.786 12.08 0.768 8.38 0.738 6.98 0.727 3.49 0.696 0.694 1.91

B = AgNO3 (±0.25%)(83) 15.69 0.798 9.18 0.746 4.60 0.713 2.55 0.698

di53'5 0.692 0.687 0.684 0.682

Wt. % B 1.91 1.05 0.51 0.28

B = NaNO3 (±0.25%)(83) 36.88 0.947 20.54 0.813 12.04 0.755 8.73 0.731 5.74 0.713 3.22 0.697 1.56 0.690 0.85 I 0.686

B = KI ' (±0.25%)(*3) 56.90 1.290 36.00 0.978 22.70 0.843 0.838 21.71 12.99 0.766 6.59 0.723 3.68 0.704 (NHO2SO4 B = ZrOSO4 (±1.0%)(43)

MoI % A 20.00 33.33 39.88 50.00 60.00 66.67 75.00

dj 8 2.95 2.74 2.59 2.50 2.35 2.20 2.20

B = K2SO4 (±0.25%)(259) Wt. % B t d4 0.00 2.666 5.45 23.0 2.574 20.5 2.578 8.33 15.03 20.0 2.474 18.45 20.0 2.451 20.55 20.5 2.432 21.0 2.342 26.47 29.30 19.0 2.323 42.67 22.5 2.187 65.35 20.5 2.004 83.37 20.0 1.883 100.00 1.774

SbBr3 B = AlBr3 (±0.5%)(137)

Wt. % B 0.00 9.04 14.65 20.15 27.76 100.00

dj 9 - 6 2.754 2.736? 2.806 2.875 2.969 3.845

ZnO

SiO2 B = 3NaF.AlF3 Cryolite

B = CoO (109)

(±1.0%)(231)

df° 2.216 2.150

Wt. % B 100 97

ZrOSO4 B = Na2SO4 (±1.0%)(43) 12

df' 3.37 3.22 3.12 3.08 3.02 2.95 2.82

MoI % B 20.00 33.33 39.88 50.00 60.00 66.67 75.00

ZrSiO4 B = Li4SiO4 (±0.5%)(287)

MoI % B 100.0 90.0 80.0 75.0 70.0 66.7 65.0 60.0 50.0 40.0 35.0 30.0 0.0

dj°* 2.280 3.145 3.356 3.382 3.401 3.410 3.449 3.479 3.601 . /4.024 ^(3.905 4.124 4.510

* Approx.

PbO B = Fe2O3 (±0.5%)(154)

Wt. % B 0.00 5.00 19.26 25.00 30.00 39.78 41.72 48.52 50.68 51.47 59.88 63.60 71.74 77.66 81.61 90.29 100.00

I

d\5 9.514 9.150 8.531 8.170 7.745 7.296 7.194 6.936 6.712 6.705 6.337 6.119 5.974 5.793 5.661 5.353 5.190

PbCl2 B = ZnCl2 (26°) TlNO3 B = TlC2H3O2 Acetate (261)

HgCl2^ B = HgBr2 (±0.5%)(321)

d\° 5.45 5.61 5.92 5.96 6.06

Wt. % B 0.00 26.90 72.41 93.11 100.00

HgBr2 B = HgI2 (yellow) (±0.5%)(32l) Wt. % A d™ 100.00 6.06 80.80 6.09 76.34 6.23 66.85 6.17 58.95 6.16 48.30 6.18 30.03 6.28 29.29 6.31 0.00 6.28 HgI2 (red) 2.88 6.26 0.00 6.29 B = AlBr3 (±0.5%)(137)

Wt. % B 0.00 9.96 18.42 28.14

dj 9 - 8 2.754 2.827 3.028 3.263

I

HgS B = BaI2 (260) B = KHgI3 (260) Cu2Cl2

B = KCl (to 11,49 Wt. % A)(27i)
CuS B = Cu2S (82.68 - 100 Wt. % B) (245) d\ = (4.68 + 0.01101 X Wt. % B) ± 1.0% df = (4.70 + 0.01105 X Wt. % B) ± 1.0%

ÄS B = AgNO3 (260)

A^NO; B = NaNO3 (260) B = KNO3 (260) Fe2O3

MoI % B 10.0 15.0 17.5 22.0 27.0 30.0 33.3 37.5 41.0 50.0 51.0 56.0 64.0 100.0

dj°* 5.03 4.96 4.88 4.85 4.79 4.83 4.72 4.74 ? 4.72 4.68 4.67 4.48 4.21 3.32

Wt. % B

t

100 95 90 80 76

995 970 960 950 935

4 2.216 2.142 2.115 2.154 2.260

AlBr3 B = KBr (±0.5%)(137)

Wt. % B 0.00 11.93 19.01

d\9'* 2.754 2.803 2.830

* Approx.

FeSO4.7H2O B = MgSO4.7H2O (±0.1%)(259)

Wt. % A I t I d\ Monoclinic 100.00 20.0 1.898 94.28 19.0 1.884 86.01 20.0 1.867 83.84 19.5 1.860 78.92 20.5 1.847 78.06 21.0 1.842 68.84 20.5 1.827 66.55 21.0 1.821 58.98 20.5 1.807 56.79 20.0 1.799 45.93 21.0 1.781 0.00 20.0 1.691 Rhombic 100.00 20.0 1.875 18.78 20.0 1.711 11.84 21.0 1.697 5.84 21.0 1.687 0.00 20.0 1.677 Nb2O5 B = Ta2O5 (167,184) (±0.75%) (84) Wt. % A dj° 100 4.548 95 4.645 90 4.741 80 4.924 70 5.195 60 5.469 50 5.844 40 6.428 35 6.730 30 7.076 25 7.434 20 7.646 15 7.953 10 8.090 5 8.235 O 8.705

(NH4)6A12(C2O4)6.6H2O B = Na6Al2(C2Q4)6.9H2O (3QQ) Al2(Si03)3 B = LJ2SiO3 (U)

Al4(SiO4), B = Li4SiO4 (U) T12SO4.A12(S04)3.24H20 B = K2SO4JU2(SO4)3.24H2O (±0.25%)(259) Wt. % B t d\ 0.00 2.318 9.62 19.0 2.246 19.32 21.0 2.190 21.15 20.0 2.110 30.98 20.0 2.109 33.70 19.0 2.070 47.13 25.0 2.015 53.86 25.0 1.985 56.16 24.0 1.966 68.43 26.0 1.898 72.42 23.0 1.877 75.18 25.5 1.864 84.54 21.0 1.821 100.00 1.752 MgSiO3 B = CaSiO3 (±1.0%) (310)

voi. % B

dy

0.00 4.76 9.54 28.92 38.76 52.35 58.75 62.80 72.99 84.60 94.75 100.00

2.758 2.777 2.781 2.823 2.835 2.854 2.858 2.872 2.881 2.891 2.899 2.904

B = CaO (±1.0%)(155)

MoI % B 0.0 9.5

dj°* 5.19 5.05

Al2O3 B = 3NaF.AlF3 Cryolite (±1.0%)(231)

CaO.Al2O3.2SiO2 Anorthite B = Na2O-Al2O3-BSiO2 Albite

KCl

(±1.0%)(310)

Wt. % B

flS°* 2.382 2.483 2.533 2.591 2.648 2.700

100.00 65.39 48.50 32.20 15.90 0.00

B =KBr (±0.5%)(304)

CaF2 Fluorspar B = 3NaF.AlF3 Cryolite (±1.0%)(231)

t 995 985 1000

Wt. % A 0.0 12.0 25.4

B = KCl.MgCl2.6H2O

dl 2.216 2.310 2.474

Ca2SiO4 B = Li4SiO4 (±0.5%)(287)

Mol % A O 10 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 100

d\7* 1.994 2.213 2.236 2.386 2.518 2.649 2.667 2.744

Wt. % B 0.0 27.3 43.3 61.5 75.6 90.4 92.8 100.0

dj°* 2.280 2.400 2.423 2.436 2.424 2.478 2.591 2.636 2.847? 2.669 2.566? 2.970

(±1.0%)(6, 160)

CaO-MgO-Al2O3-SiO2 Gehlenite B = 2CaO.MgO.2SiO2 Âkermanite (±0.1%) («O) For crystals df = 3.038 - 0.0394 X Wt. % B For glasses dj* = 2.884 -f 0.0371 X Wt. % B

NaNO3 B « KNO 3 f±1.0%)(298)

(35.3 Wt. % A)(230° - 390°) a 103b 1.968 0.75(^-230) * Approx.

dj60 1.72 1.71 1.71 1.71 1.69 df 0 1.68 1.68 1.67 1.67 1.66 1.66 J4750 1.64 1.64 1.63 1.63 1.62 1.61

Wt. % A 0.5 4.8 7.7 11.5 13.8 Wt. % A 0.0 0.5 4.8 7.7 11.5 13.8 Wt. % A 0.0 0.5 4.8 7.7 11.5 13.8

KNO3 B = RbNO3 (±1.0%)(30i) Wt. % B df * 0.0 2.11 6.9 2.14 12.6 2.15 28.8 2.23 30.1 2.25 30.4 2.22 31.4 2.24 32.6 2.25 43.5 2.32 46.5 2.35 47.9 2.34 48.3 2.35 50.6 2.36 * Approx.

2. Three-Component Systems Al2O3; B = CaF2; C = 3NaFJUF3, Cryolite (±1.0%)(*3i)

wt. %

~'

d A | B | C * * 9.09 9.0981.82 9852.219 17.75 11.2571.0010102.228 7.50 25.0067.50 9852.275

wt. %

I , T "

l d A I B I C * 11.90 25.7064.3010102.305 17.70 23.0059.3010002.330 14.30 28.5057.2010002.385

SEC. III. ALL COMPONENTS CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS One component (the A-component) has a key-formula which does not begin with 16. All other components have key-formulae beginning with 16. Standard arrangement by A-components. The B (resp. C) components take the (^-arrangement. 1. Two-Component Systems B = C4Hi6O HCl Ethyl ether B = CH4O Methyl alcohol (358.5) (±0.25%)(i70-l)* 0.00 0.7084 B = C2H6O 5.00 0.7278 Ethyl alcohol 8.33 0.7423 (±0.05%)(146) c/. (358.5) 11.70 0.7564 Wt. % A dj6 14.20 0.7674 0.00 0.7851 1.27 5.22 13.47

0.7907 0.8174 0.8642 B — C4Hi oO n-Butyl alcohol (±0.1%)(337)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

0.8060 0.8130 0.8195 0.8255 0.8315 0.8370 0.8425 0.8485 0.8540 0.8590 0.8635 0.8685 0.8730 0.8770 0.8810 0.8855 0.8895 0.8935 0.8960 0.9010 0.9050

HBr B = C2H6O Ethyl alcohol (358.5)

SC^ B = CCl4 (170.1)* B = CS2 (170.1) B = CHCl3 Chloroform (170.1) B = CH4O (170.1)* Methyl alcohol B = C3H6O Acetone (±0.25%)(l70.l)* Wt. % A df 0.00 0.7850 5.34 0.8050 18.02 0.8570 22.22 0.8761 26.52 0.8972 30.62 0.9130 42.44 0.9705

B = C6H6 (±0.25%)(170.1)* 0.00 0.8714 2.72 0.8804 4.52 0.8872 7.38 0.8954 B = C7H8 Toluene (±0.25%)("o.i)* 0.00 0.8602 1.29 0.8632 3.21 0.8699 7.48 0.8812 14.00 I 0.9088 * Data are also given for these systems under pressure of liquid SOa at 25°.

B = C7Hi6 Heptane (iTQ.i) B = CsHio Xylene (±0.25%)(170.1) Wt. % A df 0.00 0.8590 3.52 0.8676 5.00 0.8744 6.72 0.8779 8.78 0.8859 10.92 0.8921 15.43 0.9029 B = C ioHi6O Camphor (to 79.49 Wt. % B) (2 77) dj° = (1.092 - 0.02381 X (Wt. % B -64.52) ±0.1% B =H^ CHCl3 Chloroform (JTO.i) H2SO4 B = C2H4O2 Acetic acid (±0.075 %)(««, 150) Wt. % B dj5 0.00 1.8405 9-93 1.7582 29.88 1.5920 50.12 1.4222 70.07 1.2708

H2SO 4.—(Continued) B = C 2 H 4 O 2 .—(Continued) Wt. % B dl5 90.01 1.1243 100.00 1.0550 Wt. % B d 7 /' 5 0.00 1.7791 9.93 1.6986 29.88 1.5290 50.12 1.3565 70.07 1.2025 90.01 1.0547 100.00 0.9853 B = C2H6O4S Dimethyl sulfate (±0.075 %)(68, 150) Wt. % A dl 100.00 1.8546 75.02 1.6955 49.85 1.5732 24.98 1.4483 0.00 1.3516 Wt. % A di6-5 100.00 1.7791 75.02 1.6146 49.85 1.4882 24.98 1.3593 0.00 1.2576 B = C 4 Hi 0 O Ethyl ether (38) (±0.05%)(246)

Wt. % A 100.00 98.68 98.00 97.39 93.18 92.97 91.55 84.86 78.09 72.04 64.90 58.34 52.14 46.21 43.04 39.16 29.62 28.54 21.80 16.79 9.84 0.00

dl° 1.8284 1.7954 1.7793 1.7686 1.6932 1.6897 1.6656 1.5595 1.4613 1.3831 1.2991 1.2170 1.1469 1.0834 1.0518 1.0131 0.9257 0.9169 0.8580 0.8188 0.7668 0.7024

S2Cl2 B = C10H16O Camphor (±0.1%)(277)

Wt. % A 100.00 96.56 90.11 79.83

d\° 1.677 1.635 1.562 1.456

NH3 B = CH4O Methyl alcohol (56) B = CH4N2O Urea (±0.25%)(83) Wt. % A dr 33 ' 5 83.21 0.752 0.751 84.28 90.43 0.721 92.09 0.714 94.60 0.700 95.28 0.700 0.692 97.41 B = C2H6O Ethyl alcohol (56, 299)2 NH 4 NO 3 B = CH3NO Formamide (±0.05%) (360) Wt. % A dl6 3.500 1.1436 1.760 1.1376 0.707 1.1330 0.000 1.1302 B = CH4O Methyl alcohol (±0.05%)(135)

Wt. % A di8 0.00 0.7941 5.68 0.8297 0.8584 13.25 B = C2H6O Ethyl alcohol (1 <>*, 303)

NH4Cl B = CH4O Methyl alcohol (US)M B = C2H6O Ethyl alcohol (1Q4, ii8)i.« B - C3H8O Propyl alcohol (118)*.« B = C3H8O3 Glycerol ("«)i (to 6.75 Wt. % A) (44) rfl8 = (1.2646 + 0.03918 X Wt. % A) ± 0.05% NH4ClO4 B = CH4O Methyl alcohol (338)i.« B = C2H6O Ethyl alcohol (338)i.» B = C3H6O Acetone (338) 1.2 B = C3H8O ra-Propyl alcohol (338) 1,2 B = C4H8O2 Ethyl acetate (338) 1.2 B = C4H10O n-Butyl alcohol (338)i.2 B = C4H10O Isobutyl alcohol (338) 1,2

NH4Br B = CH4O Methyl alcohol (H8)i.» B = C2H6O Ethyl alcohol (118,1,2303) B = C3H8O Propyl alcohol (118) 1.2

NH4I B = C2H6O Ethyl alcohol (297)2 B = C5H12O Isoamyl alcohol (to 3.23 Wt. % A)(153) df = (0.8110 + 0.00613 X Wt. % A) ± 0.1%

PCÎÛ B = CS2 (142) B = C6H6 (142) B = C10H16O Camphor (±0.1%)(277)

d4~1Q 1.6545 1.4031 1.2865 dl 1.6146 1.5865 1.5538 1.4498 1.3888 1.2753 1.1716 d\° 1.5794 1.5714 1.5678 1.5519 1.5190 1.4878 1.3601 1.2516 1.1510 < 1.5451 1.4825 1.3870 1.3311 1.2304 1.1281

Wt. % A 100.00 73.87 57.92 Wt. % A 100.00 96.93 93.27 81.70 73.87 57.92 40.89 Wt. % A 100.00 98.95 98.81 96.93 93.27 89.97 73.87 57.92 40.89 Wt. % A 100.00 93.27 81.70 73.87 57.92 40.89

AS B = CH2I2 Méthylène iodide (258)

SbCl3 B — C2H2C*4 Tetrachloroethane (to 28.81 Wt. % A)(SS) ~ = (0.62929 - 0.0226018 X (Wt.

% A) - 0.0518335(Wt. % A)«

B = C3H6O Acetone ( 1 6 3 . 1 , 1 9 6 , 2 7 9 )

(±0.05%)(164) MoI % A df 0.0 0.7868 25.0 1.4007 33.4 1.5893 50.0 1.9564 62.0 2.2670 66.7 2.3178 MoI % A d\Q 25.0 1.3619 33.4 1.5709 50.0 1.9084 66.7 2.2155 70.0 2.3081 75.0 2.3624 77.0 2.4007 80.0 2.4585 100.0 2.7302 MoI % A d™ 66.7 2.1842 70.0 2.2665 75.0 2.3397 77.0 2.3710 80.0 2.4392

B = C4H8O2 Ethyl acetate (*"» i 9 8 )^

B = C4H10O Ethyl ether (163.1) (±0.05%)(164)

MoI % A 0.0 25.0 33.4 50.0 70.0 75.0 80.0 85.0 MoI % A 0.00 25.00 33.4 50.0 70.0 75.0 80.0 85.0 Mol % A 70.0 75.0 80.0 85.0 100.0 MoI % A 70.0 75.0 80.0 85.0 100.0

df 0.7080 1.2170 1.4125 1.7694 2.1993 2.2943 2.3971 2.4882 dj2 0.6999 1.2062 1,4023 1.7619 2.1865 2.2815 2.3822 2.4735 dl° 2.1498 2.2502 2.3402 2.4344 2.7302 dl* 2.1019 2.2012 2.2897 2.3933 2.5705

B = C6H6 (163.1) Mol % A | d™ (+O.OôôX 1 ^) 0.0 0.8180 25.0 1.2907 33.4 1.4325 50.0 1.8127 66.6 2.0811 75.0 2.2279 85.0 2.4156 2.6704 100.0

B — Ci3Hi2 Diphenylmethane (163.1) (±0.05%)(163) Wt. % A d l™ 0.00 0.9444 57.38 1.4928 1.7581 71.55 80.16 1.9565 84.34 2.0702 2.1893 88.41 100.00 2.6156

B = C6H7N

Aniline (163.1) (±0.05%)(*63)

Wt. % A < 0.00 0.9554 44.76 1.4222 54.87 1.5794 66.55 1.7987 1.8866 70.86 72.88 1.9331 74.82 1.9793 82.94 2.1704 100.00 2.6267 Wt. %.A ^425 0.00 0.9285 44.76 1.3870 1.8411 70.86 72.88 1.8855 74.82 1.9299 2.5567 100.00 B = CioH8 Naphthalene (163.1) (±0.05%)(163)

Wt. % A 0.00 63.87 77.95 84.13 85.89 87.61 94.09 100.00

Wt. % A 0.00 10.00 20.00 37.08 46.26 63.87 72.62 77.95 80.94 84.13 87.61 90.92 94.09 100.00 Wt. % A 0.00 63.87 77.95 84.13 87.61 94.09 97.11 100.00

df 0.9790 1.6612 1.9477 2.1084 2.1539 2.2036 2.4325 2.6626 dj° 0.9696 1.0349 1.1047 1.2669 1.3914 1.6127 1.8138 1.9417 1.9877 2.0919 2.1924 2.2941 2.4040 2.6333 dlbo 0.9265 1.5668 1.8960 2.0019 2.0886 2.3026 2.4091 2.4936

B = Ci9H16 Triphenylmethane (163.1) (±0.05%)(163)

0.00 31.67 38.20 43.14 48.11 64.97 100.00

1.0195 1.2625 1.3316 1.3879 1.4444 1.6930 2.6156

SbBr3 B = C8H8O

Acetophenone (163.1) (±0.05%)(163) Mol % A d«6 O 1.0224 25 1.6498 40 2.0599 45 2.1938 48 2.2822 50 2.3498 51 2.3831 60 2.6179 70 2.8375 85 3.1163 Mol. % A J450 O 0.9981 25 1.6248 40 2.0266 45 2.1638 48 2.2445 50 2.2955 51 2.3227 52 2.3668 60 2.5693 70 2.7912 85 3.0874 Mol % A df O 0.9891 25 1.5974 40 1.9969 45 2.1339 48 2.2145 50 2.2571 51 2.2899 52 2.3242 54 2.3801 60 2.5065 70 2.7671 85 3.0186 100 3.6894

SnCl2

B = Ci3Hi0O Benzophenone (163.1) (±0.05%)(163) Wt. % A ^425 0.00 1.1063 49.70 1.7215 66.40 2.1172 70.72 2.2509 74.78 2.3906 79.81 2.5910 Wt. % A df 0.00 1.0496 49.70 1.6342 66.40 2.0076 74.78 2.2678 79.81 2.4525 82.18 2.5553 85.57 2.7142 3.6894 100.00

B = C2H6O Ethyl alcohol (±0.05%)(44) Wt. % A d\« 16.10 0.8956 8.53 0.8455 0.00 0.7951 B = C3H6O Acetone (196,325)2 B = C4H8O2 Ethyl acetate (in, 198)2 SnCl4 B = CS2 (±0.05%)(290)

Wt. % A 0.00 13.83 27.24 38.60 44.31 66.38 80.72 100.00

B = CigHie

Triphenylmethane (163) (±0.05%)(163.1)

Wt. % A 32.95 59.58 68.86 74.67 77.47 81.56 Wt. % A 0.00 32.95 59.58 68.86 74.67 77.47 81.56 100.00 Wt. % A 0.00 49.56 54.67 59.58 68.86 74.67 81.56 100.00

d™ 1.3536 1.8140 2.0539 2.2454 2.3451 2.5206 J495 1.0191 1.3342 1.7874 2.0248 2.2156 2.3141 2.4884 3.6894 d\™ 1.0195 1.5815 1.6773 1.7822 2.0206 2.2005 2.4068 3.6775

B = CHCl3 Chloroform (290)i

SbI3 B = CH2I2 Méthylène iodide (258) BÏCÎÙ B = C3H6O Acétone (196,279)

df 1.2560 1.3317 1.4168 1.4985 1.5438 1.7504 1.9168 2.2078

~

B = C4H8O 2 Ethyl acetate (in, 198)

BÏÏ^ B = CxI2I2

Méthylène iodide (258) For systems, all components of which are compounds of C with elements of key numbers 2 to 15, see p. 143

B = C3H6O2 Ethyl formate (163.1) (±0.05%)(164) a I 103b (30°-50°) 0.0 MoI % A 0.9083 I 1.290(Z - 30) 25.0 MoI % A 1.5216 1 1.320(i - 30) 30.0 MoI % A 1.6379 I 1.470(£ - 30) 32.0 MoI % A 1.6832 I 1.625(* -30) 33.5 MoI % A 1.7046 I 1.600(* - 30) 36.0 MoI % A 1.7323 I 1.635(* -30) 50.0 MoI % A 1.8638 I 1.740(* -30) 75.0 MoI % A 2.0540 I 2.190(£ - 30) 100.00 MoI % A 2.2042 I 2.620(J - 30) B = C4H8O2

Ethyl acetate (163.1) (±0.05%)(164)

MoI % A 0.0 25.0 32.6 33.4 34.6 35.9 50.0 70.0 100.0

df 0.8949 1.4735 1.5924 1.6031 1.6225 1.6372 1.7749 1.9469 2.2118

SnCU.—(Continued) B = C4H8O2.- (Continued) Mol % A dj° 0.0 0.8641 25.0 1.4393 32.6 1.5500 33.4 1.5613 34.6 1.5831 35.9 1.5986 50.0 1.7353 70.0 1.9177 100.0 2.1506 MoI % A dlQ 0.0 0.8355 25.0 1.4084 32.6 1.5136 33.4 1.5233 34.6 1.5427 35.9 1.5624 50.0 1.7022 70.0 1.8826 2.0949 100.0

MoI % A 33.33 35.00 40.00 50.00 60.00 75.00 90.00 100.00 JD

==

dl° 1.4163 1.4440 1.5053 1.6178 1.7202 1.8656 2.0065 2.0949 CsHiOO 2

Methyl butyrate (±0.05%) (164) Wt. % A dj6 35.5 1.5071 100.0 2.2118 Wt. % A dlQ 35.5 1.4566 2.1506 100.0 Wt. % A d™ 35.5 1.4161 100.0 2.0949 B = C6H6(163.1)

B = C4H8O2 Propy 1 formate (163.1) (±0.05%)(164)

Wt. % A 0.0 25.0 32.0 33.4 35.0 60.0 75.0 100.0 Wt. % A 0.0 25.0 32.0 33.4 35.0 50.0 75.0 100.0

I

d450 0.8644 1.3943 1.5292 1.5537 1.5736 1.7320 1.9534 2.1506 dlQ 0.8406 1.3682 1.4952 1.5194 1.5408 1.6963 1.9091 2.0949

B = CgHi 0 O 2 Ethyl propionate (163.1) (±0.05%)(i6i) MoI % A dj5 0.00 0.8831 10.00 1.0662 25.00 1.3545 30.00 1.4494 33.33 1.5054 35.00 1.5326 40.00 1.5875 50.00 1.6960 60.00 1.8026 75.00 1.9625 90.00 2.1159 100.00 2.2118 MoI % A dlQ 0.00 0.8304 10.00 1.0082 25.00 1.2807 30.00 1.3656

(±0.1%)(284)

Wt. % A dj° O 0.877 10 0.919 20 0.978 30 1.050 40 1.139 50 1.240 60 1.358 70 1.496 80 1.660 90 1.883 100 2.218 (±0.05%)(164) MoI % A dj8 O 0.8730 25 1.2715 50 1.6219 75 1.9027 100 2.2118 MoI % A dlQ O 0.8243 25 1.2012 50 1.4826 75 1.8050 100 2.0949

B = C6Hi2O2 Ethyl butyrate (163.1) (±0.05%)(164)

MoI % A

dî5

0.0 25.0 30.8 32.5 33.3 34.0 34.5 35.0 36.0 50.0 75.0 100.0

0.8737 1.2922 1.3813 1.4198 1.4337 1.4430 1.4508 1.4569 1.4684 1.6249 1.9469 2.2118

MoI % A 0.0 25.0 30.8 32.5 33.3 34.0 34.5 35.0 36.0 50.0 75.0 100.0 MoI % A

df 0.8470 1.2562 1.3512 1.3773 1.3912 1.3995 1.4075 1.4146 1.4260 1.5865 1.9177 2.1507 dl°

0.0 25.0 30.8 32.5 33.3 34.0 34.5 35.0 36.0 50.0 75.0

0.8261 1.2245 1.3140 1.3392 1.3561 1.3629 1.3690 1.3771 1.3880 1.5549 1.8826

100.0 B

2.0949 =

PbCl2 B = C5H6N Pyridine (±0.075%)(H9, 1 7 7 )

0.00 Wt. % A 4 = 1.1213(1 - 0.0377845 X (fr+273)) 0.10 Wt. % A d\ = 1.2724(1 - 0.0377802 X (t + 273))

PbC4H6O4, Acetate B - C2H6O Ethyl alcohol (296) 1.2 PbC36H66O4, Oleate B = C4H10O Ethyl ether (308) PbC36H70O4, Stéarate B = C4Hi0O Ethyl ether (308) PbC4SHg4O4, Lignocerate B = C4Hi0Q Ethyl ether (308)

CgHiQO 2

Ethyl benzoate (163.1) (±0.05%) (164) MoI % A dj* 0.0 1.0422 25.0 1.3567 33.4 1.4686 35.0 1.4852 37.5 40.0 45.0 50.0 70.0

1.5169 1.5455 1.6051 1.6606 1.8759

100.0 MoI % A 0.0 25.0 33.4 35.0 37.5 40.0 45.0 50.0 70.0 100.0 MoI % A

2.2118 dl° 1.0191 1.3156 1.4184 1.4398 1.4420 1.4994 1.5615 1.6173 1.8308 2.1506 dlQ

0.0 25.0 33.4 35.0 37.5 40.0 45.0 50.0 70.0

1.0003 1.2994 1.3995 1.4072 1.4372 1.4642 1.5237 1.5807 1.7920

100.0

2.0949

SnI4" B = CH2I2 .

Méthylène iodide (258)

ZnCl2 B = C3H6O

Acetone (193,196) B = C4Hi0O Ethyl ether (±0.05%) (44) Wt. % A df 22.02 0.8964 17.40 0.8475 12.26 0.8045 5.53 0.7521 0.00 0.7132 ZnC4H6O4, Acetate B - C2H6O Ethyl alcohol (296)1.2

ZnCi0Hi8O4.2H2O Valerate dihydrate B = C2H6O Ethyl alcohol (296)1.2

ZnCi2Hi0S2O8-SH2O p-Phenolsulfonate octahydrate B = C2H6O Ethyl alcohol (296)i.2 CdCl2 B = C2H6O Ethyl alcohol (139)

CdBr2 B = C2H6O Ethyl alcohol (±0.25%)(139)

Wt. % A 0.00 17.07 25.91

df 0.790 0.943 1.045

B = C3H6O Acetone (* 93, 196)

B = C3H6O2 Methyl acetate (21, 1972) B = C3H8O 8 1 Propyl alcohol (U ) ^

CdI2 B = CH4O Methyl alcohol (to 11.555 Wt. % A) (97) 8 dj°- = (0.7944 + 0.00714 X Wt. % A) ±0.05%

B = C4H8O2 Ethyl acetate (l, 114,11952)

B = C2H3N Acetonitrile (329)i

B = C5H6N Pyridine

B = C2H6O Ethyl alcohol (139) (±0.0075%)(264) 3 6

Wt. % A di ' 0.000 0.79596 0.240 0.79764 0.478 0.79929 0.955 0.80259 1.896 0.80924 3.718 0.82235 (to 46.412 Wt. % A) (97) df - 5 = (0.7893 + 0.00684 X Wt. % A) ±0.05% B = C3H6O Acetone (193, 196) (±0.0075%)(264) Wt. % A dj 3 ' 2 0.000 0.79946 0.237 0.80114 0.477 0.80280 0.942 0.80606 1.890 0.81279 3.696 0.82589 B = C4H8O2 Ethyl acetate (ill, 19«) HgCl2 B = C2H3N Acetonitrile (329)i B = C2H6O Ethyl alcohol (ii4,i ii7,i 118,1 303)

(±0.0075%) (264)

Wt. % A 0.000 0.355 0.566 1.407 2.769

4 20

dj ' 0.79527 0.79777 0.80028 0.80523 0.81513

(±0.01%)(33)

Wt. % A 0.000 6.789 11.719 18.676

dj° 0.78090 0.83023 0.87011 0.93307

B = C3H6O Acetone (196, 325) (±0.05%) (44) Wt. % A ^48 36.46 1.1712 15.31 0.9237 9.91 0.8753 0.00 0.8000

B = C4Hi0O Ethyl ether (303)2

(±0.075%)(119, 177)

0.00 Wt. % A d\ = 1.1216(1 - 0.0377845 X (t + 273)) 13.96 Wt. % A Cf4 = 1.4186(1 - 0.0374305 X (t + 273))

HgBr2 B = CH4O Methyl alcohol (UV 1181,2)

UV

B = C2H6O

Ethyl alcohol (H4,ni7,i 1181,2)

13 — C3H6O2 Methyl acetate (21, 1972) B = C3H8O Propyl alcohol (lis)*.« B = C4H8O2 Ethyl acetate (ii4)i.a № B = CH2I2 Méthylène iodide ( 257 )

B = CH4O Methyl alcohol («4,i H7,i 118,1,2 297) B = C2H3N Acetonitrile (329)i B = C2H6O Ethyl alcohol (U4,i H6,i Ii7,i 118,1,2 297)

B = C3H8O Propyl alcohol (118,1.« 297) B = C4H8O2

Ethyl acetate (H4)i.2 Hg(CN)2 ~ B = CH4O Methyl alcohol ("4,i H7,i 1181,2)

B = C2H6O Ethyl alcohol ("4,i H7,i 1181,2)

B = C3H8O Propyl alcohol (li8) 1.2 B = C4H8O2 Ethyl acetate (ii4)i.« B = C6H0N Pyridine (±0.075%)(H9,177) 0.00 Wt. % A

4 = 1.1216(1 - 0.0377845 X (t + 273)) 25.46 Wt. % A Jf4 = 1.5351(1 - 0.0370033 X (<+-273)). CuCl2 B = C2H6O Ethyl alcohol (±0.05%)(44) Wt. % A d44-5 7.84 0.8591 6.00 0.8440 4.06 0.8287 2.07 0.8135 0.00 0.7985

Wt. % A 1.29 1.09 0.87 0.40 0.21 0.08

d\ 0.698 0.700 0.692 0.693 0.693 0.690

B = C2H3N Acetonitrile (±0.1%)(268)

B = C3H6O Acetone (77, 196)

Wt. % A d«5 0.00 0.778 4.80 0.814 14.07 0.893 31.91 1.092 56.93 1.541 B = C2H7N Ethylamine (358)

B = C3H6O2 Methyl acetate (197, 262)

B = C3H6O Acetone (193, 1962)

B = C4H8O2 Ethyl acetate Qt 195)

B = C3H9N Propylamine (3s8)

AgClO4 B = C5H5N Pyridine (I74.l)i.»

B = C5H5N Pyridine

B = C6H6(126) i.f B = C6H7N Aniline (12 7) 1.2 AÎ B = CH5N Methylamine (±0.25%)(«3) Wt. % A dl 46.40 1.169 30.69 0.945 27.47 0.926 16.70 0.814 11.86 0.772 10.50 0.766 4.07 0.712 2.39 0.706 1.29 0.698 0.88 0.693 B = C2H7N Dimethylamine (358)

AgNO3 B = CH5N

Methylamine (±0.25%)(83) Wt. % A dl 48.20 ' 1.260 41.30 1.136 31.08 1.042 25.08 0.934 24.22 0.900 20.45 0.865 16.90 0.853 12.08 0.783 4.81 0.752 4.22 0.750 4.17 0.720 2.85 0.709 2.40 0.706

(±0.1%)(267)

Wt. % A 0.00 4.04 9.59 14.88 26.07

d4" 0.977 1.018 1.055 1.129 1.280

B = C6H6ClN m-Chloroaniline (to 7.89 Wt. % A)(268) iij* = (1.212 + 0.00109 X Wt. % A) ± 0.1% B = C6H7N Aniline (±0.1%)(250,267)

Wt. % A dì* 0.00 1.017 1.87 1.032 3.02 1.044 4.93 1.064 6.08 1.074 9.79 1.112 10.21 1.116 16.10 1.158 25.00 1.202 26.00 1.207 B = C9H7N Quinoline (to 5.92 Wt. % A)(267) dj8 = (1.091 + 0.01031 X Wt. % A) ± 0.1%

~~~

F^CU B = C2H6O Ethyl alcohol (303) B = C3H6O Acetone (196, 279)

CoCl2 B = C3H6O Acetone (196,325)

CoBr2 B = C3H6O2 Methyl acetate (197, 262)

H3BO3 B = CH4O Methyl alcohol (*9Q> i** 2 ) B = C2H6O Ethyl alcohol (190, I 9 M 293) B = C3H8O n-Propyl alcohol (190, l*"2) B = C3H8O3 Glycerol (U 6) 1.2 B = C 4 HiQO Isobutyl alcohol (*9<>> * 9 * 2 i B = C5H12O Isoamyl alcohol (190, 1 9 I 2 )

Aîcû

B = CCl2O Phosgene (±0.075%)(94.i) Wt. % A dl O 1.4275 5 1.4530 10 1.4782 15 1.5027 20 1.5270 25 1.5505 30 1.5741 35 1.5972 40 1.6194 45 1.6416 50 1.6632 Wt. % A df O 1.3685 5 1.3966 10 1.4225 15 1.4483 20 1.4740 25 1.5000 30 1.5257 35 1.5512 40 1.5765 45 1.6018 50 1.6272 55 1.6526 MgCl2 JB = C2H6O Ethyl alcohol (to 5.24 Wt. % A) (44) d 22 ' 5 = (0.7915 + 0.009155 X Wt. % A) +0.05% Mg(C104)2 B = CH4O Methyl alcohol (338) 1,2 B = C2H6O Ethyl alcohol (338) 1.2 B = C3H6O Acetone (338)i,2 ~~

B = C3H8O " n-Propyl alcohol (338) 1,2

B = C4H8O2 Ethyl acetate (338) 1.2 B = C4H10O n-Butyl alcohol (338) 1,2 B = C4H10O Isobutyl alcohol (338)i,2 B = C4H10O Ethyl ether (338) 1.2

MgBr2.2(C2H5)2O B = C4H10O Ethyl ether (181) CaCl2 B = CH4O Methyl alcohol (±0.005%) (319) Wt. % A d 4 2 ' 87 0.000 0.79950 0.996 0.80879 0.81838 2.070 6.434 0.85790 8.549 0.87725 B = C2H6O Ethyl alcohol (303) (±0.005%)(319) Wt. % A di 2 ' 87 0.000 0.79586 1.700 0.81007 3.675 0.82448 0.83145 4.618 (±0.05%)(44) Wt. % A d? 0.00 0.7903 3.97 0.8190 7.68 0.8474 9.44 0.8604 11.15 0.8730 14.42 0.8984 0.9264 17.50 Ca(C104)2 B = CH4O Methyl alcohol (338) 1.2 B = C2H6O Ethyl alcohol (338)i.2 B = C3H8O n-Propyl alcohol (338)i B = C4H8O2 Ethyl acetate (338)i.2 B = C4H10O n-Butyl alcohol (338) 1.2 B = C4H10O Isobutyl alcohol (338)i.2 B = C4H10O Ethyl ether (338)1.2

CaBr2 B = C2H6O Ethyl alcohol (±0.25%)(139) Wt. % A dj° 0.00 0.790 10.36 0.885 20.81 0.997

Ca(NOs)2 B = CH4O Methyl alcohol (144, 359)i B = C2H6O Ethyl alcohol (144, 359)i (±0.1%)("9)

Wt. % A df 0.00 0.7850 19.30 0.8500 35.89 0.9140 50.20 0.9800 62.80 1.0437 B = C3H6O Acetone (144, 359)i B = C3H6O2 Methyl acetate (21,197)

SrCl2 B = C2H6O Ethyl alcohol (to 2.74 Wt. % A) (139) dj° = (0.790 + 0.01533 X Wt. % A) ± 0.25% Sr(C104)2 B = CH4O Methyl alcohol (338) 1.2 B = C2H6O Ethyl alcohol (338) 1.2 B = C3H6O Acetone (338)i.2 B = C3H8O n-Propyl alcohol (338)i,2 B = C4H8O2 Ethyl acetate (338)1.2 B = C4H10O n-Butyl alcohol (338)i,2 B = C4H10O Isobutyl alcohol (338)i,2

SrBr2 B = C2H6O Ethyl alcohol (±0.25%)(139) Wt. % A d\° 0.00 0.790 10.08 0.882 0.964 17.98

Sr(N03)2 B = CH3NO Formamide (±0.05%) (360) Wt. % A dj6 4.528 1.1676 1.848 1.1457 0.000 1.1310

SrC14H1006.2H20 Salicylate dihydrate B = C2H6O Ethyl alcohol (294, 2961.2)

Ba(ClO4), B = CH4O Methyl alcohol (338) 1.2

B = C2H6O Ethyl alcohol (338) 1.2 B = C3H6O Acetone (338) 1.2 B = C3H8O n-Propyl alcohol (338) 1.2 B = C4H8O2 Ethyl acetate (338) 1.2 B = C4H10O n-Butyl alcohol (338)i,2 B = C4H10O Isobutyl alcohol (338)i,2 BaBr2 B = CH4O Methyl alcohol (±0.05%)(135)

Wt. % A 0.00 12.55 17.85

d]6 0.7941 0.9125 0.9701

Ba(NO3), B = CH3NO Formamide (±0.05%) (360) Wt. % A d? 5.548 1.1785 2.272 1.1504 0.000 1.1313 LÏCÏ B = CH4O Methyl alcohol (±0.05%)(44) Wt. % A d\ 4 - 5 17.49 0.9288 0.8933 13.11 9.41 0.8655 5.12 0.8348 0.00 0.7976 B = CH5N Methylamine (to 10.9 Wt. % A) (83) dl = [0.690 + 0.00841 X (Wt. % A - 0.32)] ± 0.25% B = C2H6O Ethyl alcohol (±0.05%)(44) Wt. % A dl 4 - 5 10.04 0.8693 7.69 0.8502 5.24 0.8340 0.8161 2.68 0.00 0.7966 B == C4H10O n-Butyl alcohol (337)i B = C5H12O Amyl alcohol (±0.05%) (4) Wt. % A dl* 9.32 0.8466 6.48 0.8432 5.73 0.8392 0.8298 5.11

Wt. % A 3.44 2.60 1.31 0.66 0.33 0.17 0.09 0.05 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.00

dl5 0.8244 0.8156 0.8115 0.8095 0.8081 0.8077 0.8073 0.8070 0.8070 0.8071 0.8070 0.8070

B = C8H8O Acetophenone (to 0.25 Wt. % AX1**) d? = [(1.0238 + 0.871) X Wt. % A] ±0.1% LiClO4* B = CH4O Methyl alcohol (338) 1,2 B = C2H6O Ethyl alcohol (338) 1.2 B = C3H6O Acetone (338)i.8 B = C3H8O n-Propyl alcohol (338)i.2 B = C4H8O2 Ethyl acetate (338)i.2 B = C 4 Hi 0 O n-Butyl alcohol (338)i.2 B - C4H10O Isobutyl alcohol (338) 1.2 B = C4Hi0O Ethyl ether (338)i.a * Data are also given for LiClO4.3H2O in the various solvents listed.

LiBr B - C8H8O Acetophenone (to 0.5 Wt. % A)(I««) df = (1.0238 + 0.00871 X Wt. % A) ± 0.1% LiCHO2, Formate B = CH2O2 Formic acid (±0.1%)(275)

d\* = 1.2224 + 0.0222e dj6 = 1.2142 +0.021Oc c = Mole A per 1 soin. B - CH3NO Formamide (±0.05%) (360) Wt. % A j dì6 2.279 1.1399 1.143 1.1358 0.458 1.1328 0.000 1.1314

Li3C6H5O7.4H2O Citrate tetrahydrate B = C2H6O Ethyl alcohol (2 96) 1,2 LiCyHoO2, Benzoate B = C2H6O Ethyl alcohol (296) 1.2

LiC7H5O3-^H2O Salicylate hemihydrate B = C2H6O Ethyl alcohol (294, 2961.2)

NaCl B = C3H8O3 Glycerol (116) 1.2 B = C 4 Hi 0 O n-Butyl alcohol (337)i NaClO4 B = CH4O Methyl alcohol (338) 1.2 B = C2H6O Ethyl alcohol (338)i,a B = C3H6O Acetone (338) 1,2 B = C3H8O n-Propyl alcohol (338) 1,2 B = C4H8O2 Ethyl acetate (338)i.a B = C 4 Hi 0 O n-Butyl alcohol (337,i,a 3381.2) B = C 4 H 10 O Isobutyl alcohol (338)i.«

NaBr B = CH4O

Methyl alcohol (11M 358.1) (±0.05%)(135) Wt. % A dl« 0.00 0.7941 7.36 0.8535 9.55 0.8730 B = C2H6O Ethyl alcohol (40, 1181.2) B = C3H8O Propyl alcohol (U 8)1.2

NaI B = CH4O Methyl alcohol (U 8,1,2 358.1) B = C2H6O Ethyl alcohol (40,118,1,2 153.2,1,2 303, 358.5) B = C3H6O

Acetone (174.2) (±0.025%) (179) Wt. % A dl 0.00 0.8126 6.62 0.8643 Wt. % A df 0.00 0.7875 6.62 0.8381 11.72 0.8841

Wt. % A 17.22 22.33

dì6 0.9361 0.9870

B = CH3NO Formamide (±0.05%) (360) 6

Wt. % A

df

wt. % A

dj

0.00 6.62 11.72 17.22 22.33

0.7692 0.8200 0.8671 0.9171 0.9670

2.968 1.494 0.599 0.000

1.1469 1.1393 1.1345 1.1314

B = C3H8O Propyl alcohol ( 11 S)M (±0.1%)(153)

Wt. % A 0.00 1.38 1.43 8.07 9.25 15.99

dì5 0.8043 0.8141 0.8141 0.8626 0.8715 0.9256

B = C5Hi2O Isoamyl alcohol (±0.1%)(153)

Wt. % A 0.00 3.58 8.50

dj6 0.8110 0.8346 0.8712

B = C8H8O Acetophenone (to 0.9 Wt. % A)(188) djfi = (1.0238 + 0.00871 X Wt. % A) ±0.1% NaNO 3 B = CH3NO Formamide (±0.05%) (360) Wt. % A dj5 3.680 1.1542 1.858 1.1429 0.748 1.1361 O. QQO 1.1314 B = CH5N Methylamine (±0.25%)(83) Wt. % A 1 dl 11.86 0.770 6.70 0.729 4.62 0.713 2.76 0.695 1.46 0.703 0.99 0.696 0.56 0.693 0.07 0.690 0.04 0.687 0.03 0.686 NaCHO2, Formate B = CH2O2 Formic acid dj8 = (1.2233 + 0.0335c)(275) df = (1.2142 +0.0356e) (276) c = Mole A per 1 soin. (±0.1%)

NaC2H3O2, Acetate B = C2H6O Ethyl alcohol (296)i.« Na 2 C4H4O4, Succhiate B = CH3NO Formamide (360)i

NaC6H5O3S Benzenesulfonate B = CH3NO Formamide (360)i

NaC7H3N2O6 3j 5-Dinitrobenzoate B = CH3NO Formamide (360) i NaC7H5O2, Benzoate B = CH3NO Formamide (360)i B = C2H6O Ethyl alcohol (296) 1.2 NaC7H5O3, Salicylate B = CH3NO Formamide (±0.05%) (360) Wt. % A df 3.505 1.1417 1.411 1.1345 0.000 1.1306 B ~ C2H6O Ethyl alcohol (294, 296i,2)

NaC7H6NO2 m-Aminobenzoate B = CH3NO Formamide (360) i NaCi8H33O2, Oleate B = C2H6O Ethyl alcohol (57)

NaC6H6SO4.2H2O p-Phenolsulfonate dihydrate B — C2H6O Ethyl alcohol (296)1.2 Na2CrO4.2H2O B = C2H6O Ethyl alcohol (256) KCÏ B = CH4O Methyl alcohol (Il 6,1.2 358.1)

B = C3H8O3 Glycerol (U 6) 1.2

KClO4 B = CH4O Methyl alcohol (338) 1.2 B = C2H6O Ethyl alcohol (338) 1.2 B = C3H6O Acetone (338)i,2 B = C3H8O n-Propyl alcohol (338)i.2 B = C4H8O2 Ethyl acetate (338)i.a B = C4H10O w-Butyl alcohol (338) 1,2 B = C4Hi0O Isobutyl alcohol (338) 1.2 KBr B = CH4O Methyl alcohol (iis,i.i 353.1) B == C3H8O3 Glycerol (i 16)1.2 KI B = CH3NO2 Nitromethane (330)i B = CH4O Methyl alcohol (US,1 ^V 330,1 358.1) (±0.05%)(135)

Wt. % A d\& 0.00 0.7941 0.8560 8.23 9.14 0.8633 (±0.05%) (96) Wt. % A dj5 0.00 0.7886 0.87 0.7942 2.98 0.8086 6.58 0.8354 0.8541 9.01 12.17 0.8808 B = CH5N Methylamine (±0.25%)(83) Wt. % A dl 23.26 0.866 13.70 0.786 9.61 0.753 6.79 0.733 3.44 0.710 1.87 0.699 1.27 0.694 0.99 0.693 0.53 0.693 0.36 0.691 0.12 0.677 0.07 0.688 0.04 0.687 B = C2H3N Acetonitrile (330)i B = C2H6O Ethyl alcohol ("V 303, 3301) (±0.0075%) (2 64)

Wt. % A d\4'4 0.000 0.79524 0.209 0.79671 0.417 0.79814 0.831 0.80095 1.649 0.80644 (±0.05%)(96) Wt. % A df 0.00 0.7870 0.27 0.7890 0.53 0.7906 0.75 0.7929 1.06 0.7937 0.7960 1.38

B = C2H6O2 Ethylene glycol (330)i (±0.05%)(96) Wt. % A df 0.00 1.1096 4.07 1.1410 8.43 1.1780 12.73 1.2138 15.97 1.2431 B = C3H5N Propionitrile (330)i B - C3H6O Acetone (330)i (±0.0075%) (264) Wt. % A di 4 ' 6 0.000 0.79757 0.215 0.79929 0.431 0.80096 0.854 0.80416 (±0.05%)(96) Wt. % A dl5 0.00 0.7878 0.55 0.7924 0.74 0.7942 1.10 0.7965 1.47 0.7988 B = C3H8O Propyl alcohol (i 18)1.2 B = C3H8O3 Glycerol (±0.05%)(96) Wt. % A dì5 0.00 1.2472 4.58 1.2824 7.19 1.3056 1.3164 8.94 13.75 1.3644 B = C 4 H 5 NO 2 Methyl cyanoacetate (330)i B = C6H4O2 Furfural (330)i (to 4.173 Wt. % A) (96) dj 6 = (1.1537 + 0.00915 X Wt. % A) ±0.05% B = C5H5N Pyridine (±0.05%)(»6)

Wt. % A 0.00 0.06 0.12

B = C4H8O2 Ethyl acetate (338) 1.2

dj» 0.9716 0.9729 0.9735

B = C 4 Hi 0 O tt-Butyl alcohol (338)i.2

B = C5H7NO2 Ethyl cyanoacetate (33Q)i

B = C4Hi0O Isobutyl alcohol (338) 1.2

B = C7H5N Benzonitrile (330)i

RbCHO2, Formate B = CH2O2 Formic acid

B = C7H6O Benzaldehyde (330) 1.2

(±0.25%)(275)

B = C7H6O2 Salicylaldehyde (330)i

dj8 = 1.2233 + 0.08Oc dj6 = 1.2142 + 0.085e c = Mole A per 1 soin.

B = C8H8O Acetophenone (to 1.0 Wt. % A)(188) dj» = (1.02382 + 0.871 X Wt. % A) ±0.1% B = C8H8O2 Anisaldehyde (33Q)i

B = CH3NO Formamide (±0.05%) (360) Wt. % A df 2.849 1.1462 1.149 1.1370 0.000 1.1313

KNO3 B = CH3NO Formamide (±0.05%) (360) Wt. % A dj6 2.186 1.1570 0.884 1.1444 0.000 1.1359

CsClO4 B = CH4O Methyl alcohol (338) 1.2

B = C2H6O Ethyl alcohol (338)1,2 B = C3H6O Acetone (338) 1.2

KCHO2, Formate B = CH2O2 Formic acid

B = C3H8O ^-Propyl alcohol (338)i.2

(±0.1%)(276)

B = C4Hi0O n-Butyl alcohol (338) 1,2

df = 1.2142 + 0.045e c = Mole A per 1 soin.

B = C4H10O Isobutyl alcohol (338) 1.2

KC2U3O 2, Acetate B = C2H6O Ethyl alcohol (*<>, 296,1.2 303)

KC4H5O6 Acid tartrate B = C2H6O Ethyl alcohol (296)1.2 KCiSHSsO2J Oleate B = C2H6O Ethyl alcohol (57)

K3C6H507.4H20

NH4Br B = CH4O

Citrate tetrahydrate B = C2H6O Ethyl alcohol (296)i.2

RbClO4 B = CH4O Methyl alcohol (338) 1.2 B = C2H6O Ethyl alcohol (338) 1.2 B = C3H6O Acetone (338)i.2 B — C3H8O

n-Propyl alcohol (338)i.2

2. Three-Component Systems NH4Cl B = CH4O Methyl alcohol C = C2H6O Ethyl alcohol (H«) 1 B = C2H6O Ethyl alcohol C = C3H8O Propyl alcohol (U*) 1

~

Methyl alcohol C = C2H6O Ethyl alcohol ("8)1 B = CH4O Methyl alcohol C = C3H8O Propyl alcohol (U*)* B = C2H6O Ethyl alcohol C = C3H8O Propyl alcohol ( 118 )i

B = C5H5N Pyridine C = C6H7N Aniline (267)i

HgCl2 B = CH4O C = C2H6O Ethyl alcohol (l 17) i B = CH4O C = C3H8O Propyl alcohol (" &) 1 B = C2H6O Ethyl alcohol C = C3H8O Propyl alcohol Q 18 ) 1

HgBr2 B = CH4O Methyl alcohol C = C2H6O Ethyl alcohol ("7)i B = CH4O C = C3H8O Propyl alcohol (i")1 B = C2H6O Ethyl alcohol C = C3H8O Propyl alcohol Ç"«) 1

HgI2 B = CH4O C = C2H6O Ethyl alcohol ("7)i B = CH4O C = C3H8O Propyl alcohol (H«) 1 B = C2H6O Ethyl alcohol C = C3H8O Propyl alcohol ("8)1 Hg(CN)2 B = CH4O C = C2H6O Ethyl alcohol ("7)i B = CH4O C = C3H8O Propyl alcohol (H«) 1 B = C2H6O Ethyl alcohol C = C3H8O Propyl alcohol (H8) 1

CuCl2 B = C2H6O Ethyl alcohol C = C7H8 Toluene (44)i AgNO3 B = C2H3N Acetonitrile C = C5H5N Pyridine (268) i

"

Ca(NOa) 2 B = CH3NO Formamide C = C2H6O Ethyl alcohol (360)i B = CH4O C = C3H6O Acetone (144, 359)i B = C2H6O Ethyl alcohol C = C3H6O Acetone (144, 359)i

LiNO3 B = CH3NO Formamide C = C2H6O Ethyl alcohol (360)i NaBr B = CH4O C = C2H6O Ethyl alcohol (H«) 1 B = CH4O C = C3H8O Propyl alcohol (U**)1 B = C2H6O Ethyl alcohol C = C3H8O Propyl alcohol f** 8 ) 1

NaI B = CH4O C = C2H6O Ethyl alcohol ("3)i B = CH4O C =* C3H8O Propyl alcohol (I* 8 ) 1 B = C2H6O Ethyl alcohol C = C3H8O Propyl alcohol Q* 8 ) 1 KÏ B = CH4O Methyl alcohol C = C2H6O Ethyl alcohol Ç"8)1 B = CH4O C = C3H8O Propyl alcohol Q* 8 ) 1 B = C2H6O Ethyl alcohol C = C3H8O Propyl alcohol Ç"8)1

RbI2 B = CH3NO Formamide C = C2H6O Ethyl alcohol (360)i

SEC. IV. ALL COMPONENTS ARE CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS HAVING KEY FORMULAE BEGINNING WITH 16 The systems throughout this section are numbered serially and follow the (T-arrangement. To find any given substance look for it among the A-components. The data for all systems containing this substance will be found there given or there cross-referenced by serial number. Two-Component Systems

CCl4 1 . B = CS2 (61) (±0.025%)(3i) MoI % B d\° 100.000 1.26322 90.158 1.31000 80.523 1.35148 70.320 1.39033 60.021 1.42792 50.019 1.46095 1.48898 40.834 30.217 1.51898 19.766 1.54671 11.527 1.56715 0.000 1.59372 ( ± 0.0075 %)( 171 ) Wt. % B dj« 100.000 1.25684 1.33103 71.725 42.845 1.41973 14.285 1.52371 0.000 1.58452

2 . B = CHCl3 (14,61) (±0.025%) (2 3) Wt. % A. d\° 100.000 1.5937 70.979 1.5642 46.097 1.5382 19.761 1.5093 0.000 1.4867 (±0.0075%) (171) Wt. % A dl5 0.000 1.47577 19.269 1.49373 57.277 1.53260 81.172 1.55963 100.000 1.58300 (±0.05%)(to55°)(i78) 50 Wt. % B a 103b 1.5707 1.059* 3 . B = CH3I (172)1 4 . B = CH4O (350)i 5 . B = C2Cl4 (±0.075%)(H3,120) Wt. % A d™ 100.0 1.5829 79.7 1.5868 66.4 1.5894 49.7 1.5940 33.0 1.5981 19.9 1.6003 0.0 1.6074 6 . B = C2H2Cl4 (113,120)

(0-100 Wt. % B) df = (1.5829 + 0.0446 X Wt. % B) ±0.075% 7 . B = C2H4Br2 Ethylene bromide (1^, 61) (0-100 Wt. % B) df = (0.6300 - 0.001704 X Wt. % B) ± 0.025% (285). 8 . B = C2H4O2 Acetic acid ( 14 ) " 9 . B = C2H6O Ethyl alcohol (35, 81,i 128,1 153.1) (±0.025%)(51,164)

Wt. % A 94.61 90.87 85.61 78.69 72.58 70.26 55.34 49.00 40.37 30.17 20.36 9.88 4.84

dj 9 - 4 1.5114 1.4591 1.3919 1.3118 1.2485 1.2324 1.1073 1.0576 1.0043 0.9328 0.8816 0.8327 0.8110

10. B = C3H6O, Acetone (±0.1%)(270)

MoI % B dj 0.00 1.632 11.40 1.568 36.44 1.380 51.18 1.273 73.55 1.087 86.53 0.954 96.67 0.852 0.812 100.00 11.B = C3H6O2 Methyl acetate (133) 12. B = C4H6O6 Tartaric acid (296)2 13. B = C4H8O2 Ethyl acetate (351) 14. B = C4H10O, Ether (61) 15. B = C5H5N . Pyridine (14) 16. B = C6H4Br2 p-Dibromobenzene (158) (±0.005%) (31 S) Wt. % A df 100.000 1.58426 97.452 1.59213 92.842 1.60694

B = C5H5N Pyridine C = C6H7N Aniline (267)i

HgCl2 B = CH4O C = C2H6O Ethyl alcohol (l 17) i B = CH4O C = C3H8O Propyl alcohol (" &) 1 B = C2H6O Ethyl alcohol C = C3H8O Propyl alcohol Q 18 ) 1

HgBr2 B = CH4O Methyl alcohol C = C2H6O Ethyl alcohol ("7)i B = CH4O C = C3H8O Propyl alcohol (i")1 B = C2H6O Ethyl alcohol C = C3H8O Propyl alcohol Ç"«) 1

HgI2 B = CH4O C = C2H6O Ethyl alcohol ("7)i B = CH4O C = C3H8O Propyl alcohol (H«) 1 B = C2H6O Ethyl alcohol C = C3H8O Propyl alcohol ("8)1 Hg(CN)2 B = CH4O C = C2H6O Ethyl alcohol ("7)i B = CH4O C = C3H8O Propyl alcohol (H«) 1 B = C2H6O Ethyl alcohol C = C3H8O Propyl alcohol (H8) 1

CuCl2 B = C2H6O Ethyl alcohol C = C7H8 Toluene (44)i AgNO3 B = C2H3N Acetonitrile C = C5H5N Pyridine (268) i

"

Ca(NOa) 2 B = CH3NO Formamide C = C2H6O Ethyl alcohol (360)i B = CH4O C = C3H6O Acetone (144, 359)i B = C2H6O Ethyl alcohol C = C3H6O Acetone (144, 359)i

LiNO3 B = CH3NO Formamide C = C2H6O Ethyl alcohol (360)i NaBr B = CH4O C = C2H6O Ethyl alcohol (H«) 1 B = CH4O C = C3H8O Propyl alcohol (U**)1 B = C2H6O Ethyl alcohol C = C3H8O Propyl alcohol f** 8 ) 1

NaI B = CH4O C = C2H6O Ethyl alcohol ("3)i B = CH4O C =* C3H8O Propyl alcohol (I* 8 ) 1 B = C2H6O Ethyl alcohol C = C3H8O Propyl alcohol Q* 8 ) 1 KÏ B = CH4O Methyl alcohol C = C2H6O Ethyl alcohol Ç"8)1 B = CH4O C = C3H8O Propyl alcohol Q* 8 ) 1 B = C2H6O Ethyl alcohol C = C3H8O Propyl alcohol Ç"8)1

RbI2 B = CH3NO Formamide C = C2H6O Ethyl alcohol (360)i

SEC. IV. ALL COMPONENTS ARE CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS HAVING KEY FORMULAE BEGINNING WITH 16 The systems throughout this section are numbered serially and follow the (T-arrangement. To find any given substance look for it among the A-components. The data for all systems containing this substance will be found there given or there cross-referenced by serial number. Two-Component Systems

CCl4 1 . B = CS2 (61) (±0.025%)(3i) d\° MoI % B 100.000 1.26322 1.31000 90.158 80.523 1.35148 70.320 1.39033 60.021 1.42792 50.019 1.46095 1.48898 40.834 30.217 1.51898 19.766 1.54671 11.527 1.56715 0.000 1.59372 ( ± 0.0075 %)( 171 ) Wt. % B dj« 100.000 1.25684 1.33103 71.725 42.845 1.41973 14.285 1.52371 0.000 1.58452

2 . B = CHCl3 (14,61) (±0.025%) (2 3) d\° Wt. % A. 100.000 1.5937 70.979 1.5642 46.097 1.5382 19.761 1.5093 0.000 1.4867 (±0.0075%) (171) dl5 Wt. % A 0.000 1.47577 19.269 1.49373 57.277 1.53260 81.172 1.55963 100.000 1.58300 (±0.05%)(to55°)(i78) 50 Wt. % B a 103b 1.5707 1.059* 3 . B = CH3I (172)1 4 . B = CH4O (350)i 5 . B = C2Cl4 (±0.075%)(H3,120) Wt. % A d™ 100.0 1.5829 79.7 1.5868 66.4 1.5894 49.7 1.5940 1.5981 33.0 19.9 1.6003 0.0 1.6074 6 . B = C2H2Cl4 (113,120)

(0-100 Wt. % B) df = (1.5829 + 0.0446 X Wt. % B) ±0.075% 7 . B = C2H4Br2 Ethylene bromide (1^, 61) (0-100 Wt. % B) df = (0.6300 - 0.001704 X Wt. % B) ± 0.025% (285). 8 . B = C2H4O2 Acetic acid ( 14 ) " 9 . B = C2H6O Ethyl alcohol (35, 81,i 128,1 153.1) (±0.025%)(51,164)

Wt. % A 94.61 90.87 85.61 78.69 72.58 70.26 55.34 49.00 40.37 30.17 20.36 9.88 4.84

dj 9 - 4 1.5114 1.4591 1.3919 1.3118 1.2485 1.2324 1.1073 1.0576 1.0043 0.9328 0.8816 0.8327 0.8110

10. B = C3H6O, Acetone (±0.1%)(270)

MoI % B dj 0.00 1.632 11.40 1.568 36.44 1.380 51.18 1.273 73.55 1.087 86.53 0.954 96.67 0.852 100.00 0.812 11.B = C3H6O2 Methyl acetate (133) 12. B = C4H6O6 Tartaric acid (296)2 13. B = C4H8O2 Ethyl acetate (351) 14. B = C4H10O, Ether (61) 15. B = C5H5N . Pyridine (14) 16. B = C6H4Br2 p-Dibromobenzene (158) (±0.005%) (31 S) Wt. % A df 100.000 1.58426 97.452 1.59213 92.842 1.60694

(±0.005%)(134) Wt. % B dj° 100.000 0.84680 83.127 0.91599 68.046 0.98816 56.581 1.05097 44.505 1.12677 35.296 1.19217 28.958 1.24236 20.329 1.31678 12.361 1.39445 6.496 1.45796 0.000 1.53534 (±0.025%) (to 40°) (24) a I IO3 b 0.000 Wt. % B 1.63262 I 1.941* 27.357 Wt. % B 1.44442 I 1.733* 52.362 Wt. % B 1.26473 I 1.521* 74.444 Wt. % B 1.07636 1 1.287* 100.00 Wt. % B 0.89993 I 1.066* 21. B = C6H7N Aniline (±0.05%)(107) Wt. % B dj 5 100.00 1.0175 84.54 1.0786 70.40 1.1409 58.97 1.1964 48.13 1.2540 37.92 1.3127 28.83 1.3696 20.94 1.4228 12.95 1.4806 6.49 1.5307 1.5685 1.86 0.61 1.5794 0.00 1.5847 22. B = C7H6O2 Benzoic acid (296)2 23. B = C7H6O3 Salicylic acid (296)2

CCl4.- (Continued) 17. B = C6H4Cl2 Dichlorobenzene ( 172 ) (±0.075%)(15°-65°) a I 103b 100.00 Wt. % A 1.6039 I 1.9280 - 15) 93.62 Wt. % A 1.5794 I 1.836ft - 15) 18. B = C6H5Br Bromobenzene (24) (±0.025%) (to 40°) a I 103b 100.00 Wt. % B 1.5223 I 1.348* 70.462 Wt. % B 1.5555 ] 1.500* 47.497 Wt. % B 1.5810 I 1.628* 21.826 Wt. % B 1.6092 I 1.793* 0.000 Wt. % B 1.6326 I 1.940* (±0.025%)(23) Wt. % B dj° 100.000 1.4960 73.012 1.5232 47.985 1.5481 24.028 1.5713 0.000 1.5937 19.B = C6H5Cl Chlorobenzene (23,i 35, 351) (±0.025%)(to 40°) (24) a I 103b 0.000 Wt. % A 1.1279 I 1.078* 25.598 Wt. % A 1.2532 I 1.268* 56.330 Wt. % A 1.4074 I 1.528* 75.761 Wt. % A 1.5067 I 1.700* 100.00 Wt. % A 1.6326 I 1.940*

24. B = C7H8 (31,1 133, 171,1 351)

20. B = C6H6 (23,i 31,1 59,1 66,1 171,1

81,1 99,

1 2 2 , 1 133, 158,

1 7 8 , 1 2 5 1 , 1 280,1 309,1

351, 3521)

(± 0.005%)(134) Wt. % B df 100.000 0.87372 83.127 0.94523 68.046 1.01993 56.581 1.08485 44.505 1.16321 35.296 1.23075 28.958 1.28261 20.329 1.35940 12.361 1.43947 1.50491 6.496 0.000 1.58456

(±0.025%)(285) Wt. % A df O 1.1593 10 1.1043 20 1.0530 30 1.0000 40 0.9463 50 O.8932 60 0.8420 70 0.7873 80 O.7349 90 0.6820 100 0.6300 25. B = C7Hi6O Ethyl amyl ether (61) 26. B = CgHio m-Xylene ( 61 )

27. B = C8H14O6 Ethyl tartrate (228) (±0.05%) a I 103b (19.35°-58.2°) 100.00 Wt. % A 1.5949 I 1.959(* - 19.35) (18.91°-29.60°) 91.18 Wt. % A 1.5499 I 1.844(4 - 18.91) i(18.1°-29.54°) 79.78 Wt. % A 1.4929 I 1.687(* - 18.1) (20.08°-32.76°) 51.07 Wt. % A 1.3756 I 1.397(* - 20.08) 28. B = CioHg Naphthalene (±0.075%)(172) Wt. % A d\5 100.00 1.6043 96.31 1.5741 92.49 1.5421 92.34 1.5425 86.94 1.5006 (to 1.636 Wt. % B) dj8 = (1.59605 0.008375 X Wt. % B) ±0.0075% (54) 29. B = C10Hi6O Camphor (±0.1%)(175)

Wt. % B O 10 20 30 40 50

dj° 1.5930 1.5295 1.4664 1.4033 1.3398 1.3082

30. B = Ci 4 HiO Phenanthrene (158, 318) a I 103b ±0.1% (15°-70°) 0.000 Wt. % A 1.6023 I 2.1300 - 15) (±0.01%)(15°-70°) 97.207 Wt. % A 1.5858 ] 1.8800 - 15) 95.625 Wt. % A 1.5755 I 1.0080 - 15) 31. B = CigH 36 O 2

Stearic acid (296)2 y. also 1266 CS^ 32. B = CHCl3 (35, 5 9 , 1 6 1 , 6 7 , 1

103, 122,1 240, 2511) (±0.1%)(320)

Wt. % A O 10 20 30 40 50 60

d\5 1.491 1.461 1.434 1.410 1.387 1.364 1.344

Wt. % A d\5 70 1.324 80 1.306 90 1.289 100 1.271 (±0.0075%)(171) Wt. % A dj* 100.000 1.25559 71.301 1.30461 34.440 1.37471 20.637 1.41663 6.090 1.45698 0.000 1.47579 (±0.05%)(290)

Wt. % A 100.00 80.85 65.19 49.38 41.06 24.24 0.00

df 1.2392 1.2704 1.2989 1.3316 1.3463 1.3856 1.4509

33. B = CH2I2 Méthylène iodide (353) 34. B = CH3I (±0.1%)(309)

Wt. % A 0.00 21.60 38.81 48.11 68.81 82.39 100.00

d° 2.333 1.984 1.772 1.678 1.498 1.399 1.292

35. B = C2H4Br2 Ethylene bromide (61) 36. B = C2H4Cl2 Ethylene chloride (59)* 37. B = C2H4O2 Acetic acid (±0.05%)(29l) a I 103b (12.5°-30.4°) 100.0 Wt. % B 1.0581 I 1.1280 - 12.5) (13.0°-30.1°) 80.298 Wt. % B 1.0780 I 1.2690 - 13.0) (14.7°-30.7°) 61.284 Wt. % B 1.1055 I 1.3750 - 14.7) (13.5°-30.8°) 12.076 Wt. % B 1.2281 I 1.4860 - 13.5) (13.45°-33.95°) 0.000 Wt. % B 1.2731 1.4970 - 13.45) 38. B = C 2 H 4 O 2 Methyl formate (142) 39. B = C2H5I Ethyl iodide (**2) 40. B = C 2 H 5 NO 3 Ethvl nitrate (236,i 289i)

41. B = C2H6O Ethyl alcohol (35, ST, los, 124,1 130,1 169, 240, 249,1 289,1 346,1 3531)

(±0.1%)(17.86°-35.96°) (67) a I 10% 100.000 Wt. % A 1.2657 I 1.4970 - 17.86) 89.97 Wt. % A 1.1897 I 1.4650 - 17.86) 79.86 Wt. % A 1.1238 i 1.3880 - 17.86) 70.34 Wt. % A 1.0687 I 1.3040 - 17.86) 59.40 Wt. % A 1.0121 I 1.2280 - 17.86) 50.19 Wt. % A 0.9693 I 1.1600 - 17.86) 39.93 Wt. % A 0.9263 1 1.0890 - 17.86) 28.91 Wt. % A 0.8853 I 1.0220 - 17.86) 20.02 Wt. % A 0.8552 I 0.9730 - 17.86) 11.58 Wt. % A 0.8290 I 0.9170 - 17.86) 0.00 Wt. % A 0.7960 I 0.8570 - 17.86) 42. B = C3H6O Acetone (79, "> 133 > 351) (±0.005%)(134, 289)

Wt. % B 100.000 86.755 70.674 59.671 48.239 48.201 48.098 35.267 28.863 16.717 13.108 1.000 Wt. % B 100.000 86.755 70.674 59.671 48.239 48.201 48.098 35.267 28.863 16.717 13.108 1.000

df 0.78799 0.82402 0.87475 0.91488 0.96189 0.96212 0.96296 1.02360 1.05768 1.13113 1.15539 1.25595 df'17 0.77626 0.81166 0.86177 0.90132 0.94785 0.94806 0.94887 1.00902 1.04311 1.11601 1.14011 1.24054

43. B = C3H8O n-Propyl alcohol (±0.05%)(130) Wt. % A df' 5 100.00 1.2693 90.93 1.2028 78.32 1.1229 61.43 1.0333

Wt. % A d}5'5 40.81 0.9428 18.76 0.8637 0.00 0.8074 44. B = C3H8O2 Methylal (133,351) (±0.005%)(134, 289) Wt. % A df 0.000 0.85313 12.921 0.88549 28.682 0.93050 38.408 0.96201 43.598 0.98009 45.630 0.98723 53.139 1.01566 60.034 1.04363 62.226 1.05309 62.380 1.05362 65.262 1.06613 75.141 1.11246 86.449 1.17221 100.000 1.25595 Wt. % A df'11 0.000 0.84003 12.921 0.87195 28.682 0.91652 38.408 0.94787 43.598 0.96583 45.630 0.97270 53.139 1.00095 60.034 1.02835 62.226 1.03822 62.380 1.03880 65.262 1.05137 75.141 1.09721 86.449 1.15683 100.000 1.24054 45. B = C4H8O2 Isobutyric acid (±0.05%)(29i) a i 103b (13.45°-33.95°) 100.00 Wt. % A 1.2731 I 1.4980 - 13.45) (13.35°-30.1°) 79.66 Wt. % A 1.1833 I 1.4090 - 13.35) (12.4°-31.0°) 54.72 Wt. % A 1.0961 I 1.2800 - 12.4) (13.1°-28.2°) 31.97 Wt. % A 1.0314 I 1.1520 - 13.1) (11.4°-74.4°) 0.00 Wt. % A 0.9621 I 1.0170 - 11.4) 46. B = C4H8O2 Ethyl acetate (142, 158) (±0.0075%) (171) Wt. % A dj5 100.000 1.25590 88.647 1.16620 60.764 1.06578 33.596 0.97396 0.000 0.88896

47. B = C4H10O Isobutyl alcohol (±0.05%)(291)

a

I 10% (16.25°-74.65°) 100.00 Wt. % B 0.8070 0.83000 - 16.25) (13.8°-32.4°) 70.39 Wt. % B 0.9013 I 0.95750 - 13.8) (15.5°-30.7°) 50.22 Wt. % B 0.9792 I 1.09800 - 15.5) (13.9°-34.2°) 30.01 Wt. % B 1.0769 I 1.20700 - 13.9) (11.3°-31.7°) 15.80 Wt. % B 1.1628 I 1.30000 - 11.3) (13.45°-33.95°) 0.00 Wt. % B 1.2731 I 1.49900 - 13.45)

48. B = C4H10O Ethyl ether (59,i 61, 103, 158, 2901)

(±0.0075%)(171) Wt. % A df 100.000 1.25559 86.908 1.13931 65.656 0.99091 37.258 0.84461 0.000 0.70769 49. B = C5H10 Amylene (i°3) 50. B = C5H10O2 Isovaleric acid (±0.05%)(29l) a I 103b (13.45°-33.95°) 100.00 Wt. % A 1.2731 I 1.4980 - 13.45) (12.15°-30.7°) 71.70 Wt. % A 1.1471 I 1.3210 - 12.15) (14.2°-31.2°) 54.10 Wt. % A 1.0809 I 1.2120 - 14.2) (10.2°-30.7°) 37.43 Wt. % A 1.0328 1 1.0630 - 10.2) (17.6°-60.8°) 0.00 Wt. % A 0.9333 I 0.9510 - 17.6) 51. B = C6H4Br2 p-Dibromobenzene(i58) (±0.005%)(318) Wt. % A df 100.000 1.25568 96.173 1.27299 91.993 1.29256 90.020 1.30149 52. B = C6H5Br Bromobenzene ( 59 J 1 6 I)

53. B = C6H5Cl Chlorobenzene ( 59 J 1 54. B = C6H5NO2 Nitrobenzene ( 142 ) 55. B = C6H6 (59,1 99, 103, 133, 142, 158)

(±0.025%) (30) Wt. % B d\*'B 100.000 0.8788 87.361 0.9088 75.066 0.9458 60.569 0.9918 59.027 0.9970 49.599 1.0295 38.968 1.0707 34.602 1.0894 27.526 1.1205 20.187 1.1550 17.193 1.1698 5.325 1.2325 0.000 1.2642 (±0.0075%)(i7i) Wt. % B df 0.000 1.25230 8.868 1.20550 34.847 1.08172 75.878 0.93900 100.000 0.87406 56. B = C6H7N Aniline (142)

57. B = C6Hi0O3 Ethyl acetoacetate (142) 58. B = C6H12O2 d-ß-Butyl acetate (±0.1%)(242)

Wt. % A

d\7

92.44 1.2264 78.60 1.1502 70.13 1.1078 49,85 1.0283 33.55 0.9717 59. B = C6Hi2O3 Paraldehyde (142) 60. B = C7H6NS Phenyl thiocyanate (353) 61. B = C7H6O Benzaldehyde (142) 62. B = C7H6O2 Benzoic acid (296)2 63. B = C7H6O3 Salicylic acid (296)2 64. B = C7H7NO2 o-NitrotoIuene (I36)i 65. B = C7H7NO2 p-Nitrotoluene (±0.1%)(136) Wt. % A dl° 100.0 1.265 88.6 1.248 79.1 1.236 61.6 1.215 50.7 1.203 47.0 1.198

CS2.—(Continued) 66. B = C 7 H 8 ( 6 1 > 9 9 > 133 > 158) (±0.0075%)(i7i) Wt. % A 1 df 100.000 1.25559 92.734 1.21400 62.018 1.06441 36.768 0.96939 0.000 0.86053 67. B = C7H8O6 Gallic acid monohydrate (296)2 68. B = C7Hi6 Heptane (6 *) 69. B = C9H8O Cinnamic aldehyde (289, 353) 70. B = Ci0H7Br Bromonaphthalene (353) 71. B = Ci0H8 Naphthalene (54,i 303) (±0.005%)(85) Wt. % A dì8 100.000 95.036 90.082 86.149 80.163 74.915 70.240

1.26643 1.25182 1.23768 1.22676 1.21052 1.19661 1.18452

72. B = Ci 0 Hi 2 O Anethole (289, 353) 73. B = Ci0Hi6O Camphor (±0.1%)(277)

Wt. % B 0.00 3.54 8.70 18.46 24.12 37.80 65.20

dj° 1.263 1.249 1.227 1.191 1.170 1.126 1.046

74. B = Ci0Hi6O4 Camphoric acid (296)2 75. B = C10H20O2 d-ß-Octyl acetate (±0.1%)(242)

Wt. % A 95.44 84.63 67.93 55.67 52.10 39.15 27.51

d\7 1.2144 1.1766 1.0965 1.0393 1.0255 0.9810 0.9411

76. B = Ci2Hi0 Diphenyl (iss) (±0.005%)(3i8) Wt. % A df 100.000 1.25568 96.193 1.24510 88.297 1.22320

77. B = Ci 2 H 10 N 2 Azobenzene (158) (±0.005%)(318) Wt. % B df 0.000 1.25568 1.024 1.25371 6.253 1.24262 14.121 1.22641 78. B = C18H36O2 Stearic acid (296)2 78.5 B = Turpentine (±0.025%)(123) Wt. % A dj5 0.000 0.86193 20.332 0.91810 40.485 0.98596 60.116 1.05748 1.14811 78.750 100.000 1.27006 v. also 1

87. B = C 6 H 5 NO 2 Nitrobenzene (±0.075%)(68, 150) Wt. % B d\Q 0.00 2.8887 2.4724 9.68 25.85 2.0809 1.6833 50.08 65.83 1.4987 88.39 1.2955 100.00 1.2125 Wt. % B d 4 76 ' 5 0.00 2.7167 9.68 2.3338 25.85 1.9599 50.08 1.5871 65.83 1.4135 88.39 1.2246 100.00 1.1167

CHBr3

89. B = C8H14O6 Ethyl tartrate

Bromoform 79. B = CHI3 Jodoform (20, 254) 80. B = CH2I2 Méthylène iodide (260) 81. B = CH4O Methyl alcohol (±0.1%)(200)

Wt. % B < 74.72 0.983 85.72 0.886 92.42 0.834 100.00 0.796 82. B = C2H6O Ethyl alcohol

88. B = C6H6 (200)i

(±0.05%)(228)

a

1 10% (19.07°-25.75°) 0.00 Wt. % B 2.8901 I 2.6010 - 19.07) (19.04°-30.03°) 7.08 Wt. % B 2.6181 I 2.3650 - 19.04) (12.9°-73.0°) 10.00 Wt. % B 2.5151 I 2.3110 - 12.9) (19.25°-32.17°) 30.92 Wt. % B 2.0029 I 1.8030 - 19.25)

v. also 1267, 1268

(±0.1%)(200)

Wt. % B < 100.00 0.790 92.43 0.833 0.891 85.82 74.20 I 0.979 83. B = C3H6O Acetone (2OQ)* 84. B = C3H8O Propyl alcohol (2QQ)i 85.B = C4H10O Ethyl ether (200)i (±0.05%)(64) Wt. % B d? 100.000 0.708 78.172 0.852 54.652 1.092 42.728 1.268 31.079 1.504 25.151 1.659 21.640 1.766 19.959 1.820 14.747 2.060 8.494 2.314 3.248 2.635 0.000 2.878

86. B = C6Hi2O Isoamyl alcohol (200)i

CHCl3 Chloroform 90. B = CH4O (44)i Methyl alcohol 91. B = C2H3Cl3O2 Chloral hydrate (299)i.2 92. B = C2H4Br2 Ethylene bromide (61) (±0.1%)(251)

(10.2°-131.3°) 50 Wt. % B a 103b 1.606 1.5510 - 10.2) 93. B = C2H4O2 Acetic acid (l 4 ) 94. B = C2H6O Ethyl alcohol (35, 8i,i 103, 169, 240, 3261) (±0.05%)(67, 290)

(19.46°-30.96°) I 103b 100.00 Wt. % A 1.4875 I 1.8450 - 19.46) 89.65 Wt. % A 1.3636 I 1.7300 - 19.46) 80.06 Wt. % A 1.2671 I 1.5480 - 19.46) a

I 103b 69.96 Wt. % A 1.1798 I 1.4180 - 19.46) 59.93 Wt. % A 1.1048 I 1.3400 - 19.46) 50.03 Wt. % A 1.0384 I 1.2180 - 19.46) 40.04 Wt. % A 0.9789 I 1.1050 - 19.46) 30.00 Wt. % A 0.9255 I 1.0430 - 19.46) 20.03 Wt. % A 0.8777 i 0.9730 - 19.46) 9.97 Wt. % A 0.8340 I 0.9130 - 19.46) 0.00 Wt. % A 0.7947 I 0.8580 - 19.46) a

95. B = C3H6O Acetone (59,i 62,* 79, 81,i 99, 131,1 133, 290,1 351)

(±0.005%)(134) Wt. % B d? 0.000 0.78492 16.664 0.85146 33.039 0.92905 45.832 1.00050 56.298 1,06789 64.507 1.12763 72.276 1.19082 79.884 1.25927 88.409 1.34501 1.41066 94.292 100.000 1.47993 Wt. % B dì*'17 0.000 0.77322 16.664 0,83892 33.039 0.91568 45.832 0.98641 56.298 1.05311 64.507 1.11211 72.276 1.17478 79.884 1.24250 88.409 1.32718 94.292 1.39204 100.000 1.46045 (±0.25%)(0°-40°)(312) a I 103b 100.00 MoI % B 0.814 I 1.050* 84.3 Mo! % B 0.932 I 1.30Oi 63.8 Mol % B 1.076 I 1.375* 51.7 Mol % B 1.161 I 1.450* 39.1 Mol % B 1.253 I 1.675* 17.6 Mol % B 1.392 I 1.350* 0.0 Mol % B 1.514 I 1.900* 96. B = C3H7NO

Propionamide (18°) 97. B = C3HrNO2 Urethane (299}o

98. B = C 4 H 10 O Ethyl ether (5V 6l, 94, ios,

99. B = C 4 H 12 ClN Die thy !ammonium chloride (333)1

176, 309,1 315 )

(±0.05%)(63, 280)

MoI % A 100 80 60 40 20 O

d\ 1.5159 1.3150 1.1647 1.0176 0.8548 0.7290

MoI % A 17.3 25.6

d*° 0.8219 0.8801

36.6 45.7 52.0 53.5 55.3 66.3 68.2 79.8

0.9585 1.0268 1.0746 1.0863 1.0994 1.1869 1.2012 1.2968

MoI % A

df

0.00 7.46

0.7082 0.7562

10.06 10.46 11.95 14.37 26.49 26.90 27.92 32.02 40.21 42.57

0.7732 0.7757 0.7871 0.8026 0.8848 0.8879 0.8951 0.9254 0.9849 1.0023

i

45.04 46.96 56.23 60.92 61.14 64.60 68.40 68.76 77.08 84.23 84.95 88.41 89.63 95.52 100.00

1.0210 1.0359 1.1060 1.1441 1.1460 1.1736 1.2039 1.2059 1.2766 1.3365 1.3433 1.3723 1.3837 1.4366 1.4785

MoI % A 5.4 12.3 15.2 20.5 25.0 29.1 33.6 39.6 44.3 49.5 59.2 68.9 72.8 89.6

df 0.7439 0.7896 0.8076 0.8441 0.8741 0.9021 0.9366 0.9806 1.0153 1.0550 1.1297 1.2079 1.2400 1.3834

!

100. B = C 4 Hi 2 N 2 O 3 Diethylammonium nitrate ( 333 V 101. B = C6H10 Amylene (61, 103) 102. B = C5H12 Pentane (61) 103. B = C5H12O n-Amyl alcohol (±0.01%)(131)

wt. % B

d?

0.000 11.090 19.471 26.778 42.037 59.865 69.308 100.000

1.4800 1.3541 1.2718 1.2096 1.0712 0.9886 0.9388 0.8068

104. B = C6H4Br2 p-Dibromobenzene ( 158 ) (to 9.069% B)(318) df = (1.47737 -f 0.003825 X Wt. % B) ±0.005% 105. B = C 6 H 4 N 2 O 4 w-Dinitrobenzene (* 58) (±0.01%)(3iS) Wt. % A d\* 100.000 1.4963 97.121 1.4977 93.443 1.4975 Wt. % A dj° 100.00 1.4868 97.121 1.4879 93.443 1.4885 Wt. % A dj° 100.000 1.4680 97.121 1.4693 93.443 1.4704 Wt. % A ^440 100.000 1.4489 97.121 1.4503 93.443 1.4522 Wt. % A dl° 100.000 1.4296 97.121 1.4318 93.443 1.4339 Wt. % A dj° 100.000 1.4100 97.121 1.4134 93.443 1.4162 106. B = C6H5Br Bromobenzene (0-100 MoI % B) dl= (1.526 - 0.044 X MoI % B ) ±0.1% (269) 107. B = C6H5NO3 o-Nitrophenol ( ± 0.075 %)(15°-55°) (172)

I 103b 100.00 Wt. % A 1.4898 I 1.838(£ - 15) 91.72 Wt. % A 1.4774 I 1.758ft - 15) a

115. B = C7H8 (35,1721)

116.B = C7H9N jo-Toluidine (299)i.2 117.B = C7H16 Heptane (61)

108. B = C 6 H 6 (SS, 6 1 , 9 9 , 103, 158, 1711) (±0.05%)(2SO, 282)

MoI % B d\ 0.0 1.5159 20.0 1.3761 40.0 1.2449 60.0 1.1142 80.0 0.9500 100.0 0.8907 MoI % B < 0.0 1.4754 20.0 1.3450 40.0 1.2210 60.0 1.0972 80.0 0.9823 100.0 0.8787 MoI % B df 0.0 1.4671 20.0 1.3350 40.0 1.2103 60.0 1.0834 •80.0 0.9716 100.0 0.8750 ( ±0.025%) (to 70°)(178) 50 Wt. % B a 103b 1.1282 1.3471 109. B = C6H6O Phenol (±0.005%)(319) Wt. % A 42'87 100.000 1.50180 96.127 1.48012 93.066 1.46362 87.997 1.43697 77.971 1.38685 110. B = C6H10O8 Citric acid monohydrate (296)2 111. B = C6H16ClN Triethylammonium chloride

C 333 ) 1

112. B = C7H5N3O6 Trinitrotoluene (±0.005%) (319) Wt. % A ^2'87 100.000 1.50180 98.398 1.50340 97.445 1.50448 96.897 1.50480 113. B = C7H6O2 Benzoic acid (296)i (±0.005%)(3iïT) Wt. % A dj 2 - 87 100.000 1.50180 98.469 96.470 91.569

1.49564 1.48750 1.46832

114.B= C7H6O3 Salicylic acid (296)2

118.B = C7H16O Ethyl amyl ether (61) 119.B = C8H8O Acetophenone (±0.1%)(270)

dj8 1.475 1.285 1.215 1.125 1.062 1.025

MoI % A 100.00 66.30 49.90 28.75 11.25 0.00

120. B = C8H9NO Acetanilide (299)i,2 121. B = C8H10O Phenetole (±0.1%)(269)

MoI % A 100.00 90.91 67.62 51.82 19.91 0.00

I

dl 1.5261 1.4472 1.2858 1.2113 1.0531 0.9841

122. B = C8Hj2O6 Dimethyl acetylmalate (±0.05%)(227)

I 103b (10.44°-29.2°) 95.96 Wt. % A 1.4940 I 1.892(* - 10.44) (14.3°-28.5°) 90.45 Wt. % A 1.4662 I 1.782(t - 14.3) a

123. B = C8Hi4O6 Ethyl tartrate (343,i 344i) (±0.05%)(207, 217) a I 103b (12.8°-51.0°) 98.00 Wt. % A 1.4931 I 1.882(J - 12.8) (18.0°-54.°0) 91.01 Wt. % A 1.4588 I 1.775(* - 18.0) (17.3°-60.0°) 80.88 Wt. % A 1.4267 I 1.661(« - 17.3) (14.5°-59.3°) 60.09 Wt. % A 1.3668 I 1.427(* - 14.5) (13.5°-57.3°) 39.96 Wt. % A 1.3110 I 1.248(J - 13.5) (11.3°-52.3°) 30.05 Wt. % A 1.2616 I 1.1Q8(* H- 11.3)

CHCl3.- (Continued) 124. B = C8H20BrN Tetraethylammonium bromide (±0.05%)(334)

Wt. % A 100.00 93.88 92.52 Wt. % A 100.00 93.88 92.52

df 1.4761 1.4692 1.4682 dj° 1.4268 1.4275 1.4262

125. B = C8H20ClN Tetraethylammonium chloride C 333 ) 1 126. B = C9HuNO Methylacetanilide (*8Q) 127. B = Ci0H4Cl4 Naphthalene tetrachloride 148 1

C )

128. B = Ci0Hs Naphthalene (299)i (±0.005%)(85) Wt. % A df 100.000 1.47921 95.237 1.45038 89.857 1.41826 84.213 1.38632 80.885 1.36810 74.987 1.33716 68.966 1.30650 129. B = Ci 0 Hi 4 Durene (±0.005%)(318) Wt. % A df 100.000 1.47737 98.055 1.45696 95.351 1.42978 89.859 1.37821 85.759 1.34476 130. B = Ci 0 Hi 4 N 2 Nicotine (343)i 131. B = C10H16O Camphor (±0.05%)( 3 43) Wt. % B df 0.00 1.4749 1.15 1.4664 2.19 1.4586 4.03 1.4452 5.31 1.4361 35.27 1.2476 132. B = Ci 0 HiGO 4 Camphoric acid (296)2 133. B = Ci 0 H 24 ClN Diamylammonium chloride (333)1

134. B = Ci2H10 Acenaphthene (158, 299i) (±0.005%)(3i8)

"Wt. % A 100.000 98.508 96.033 92.624 86.801

df 1.47737 1.46921 1.45677 1.43966 1.41004

135. B = Ci 2 Hi 0 Diphenyl (158) (±0.005%)(318) Wt. % A df 100.000 1.47737 98.373 1.46776 95.809 1.45224 94.683 1.44500 89.721 1.41573 86.855 1.39880 136. B = Ci 2 Hi 0 N 2 Azobenzene (±0.005%)(318) Wt. % B df 0.000 1.47737 3.116 1.46158 7.482 1.43984 10.829 1.42258 (10 Wt. % B)(±0.25%)(158) t d\ 20 1.425 30 1.405 50 1.363 60 1.335 137. B = Ci 2 Hi 0 O Diphenyl ether (±0.1%)(269)

MoI % A df 0.00 1.072 31.36 1.150 56.96 1.239 81.70 1.357 100.00 1.526 138. B = Ci4H8O2 Anthraquinone (297,1.2 3171.2) 139. B = Ci 4 Hi 0 O 2 Benzil (158) (±0.005%)( 3 18) Wt. % A df 100.000 1.47737 97.968 1.47020 96.177 1.46381 90.491 1.44321 84.679 1.42148 140. B = Ci8H36O2 Stearic acid (296)2 141. B = Ci9Hi6 Triphenylmethane (I 58 ) (±0.005%)( 3 18) Wt. % A df 100.000 1.47737 97.325 1.46327 93.168 1.44148 92.979 1.44005 90.795 1.42863 142. B = C27H46O Cholesterol (**8)i v. also 2, 32

CHI3 Iodoform v. 79, 1267, 1268, 1269, 1270 CH2Cl2 Méthylène chloride 143. B = C3H6O Acetone (±0.1%)(270)

MoI % B 0.00

dj 1.378

12.76

1.281

42.35 60.46 81.12 92.27 100.00

1.107 1.009 0.905 0.850 0.812

144. B = C8Hi4O6 Ethyl tartrate (±0.05%)(228)

I 103b (18.05°-26.23°) 0.00 Wt. % B 1.3393 i 1.847(t - 18.05) (19.34°-25.96°) 5.12 Wt. % B 1.3283 1.7840 - 19.34) (18.57°-28.13°) 9.75 Wt. % B 1.3221 I 1.7170 - 18.57) (20.37°-27.20°) 17.10 Wt. % B 1.3079 I 1.6250 - 20.37) (19.50°-27.33°) 32.90 Wt. % B 1.2866 I 1.4810 - 19.50) (18.86°-26.45°) 61.88 Wt. % B 1.2485 1.2380 - 18.86) a

CH2I2 Méthylène iodide 145. B = C6H6 (254) 146. B = C6H10O4 Ethyl oxalate (236)i 147. B = C8H10 Xylene (254) 148. B = C8Hi4O6 Ethyl tartrate (±0.05%) (228) a I 10% (19.41°-29.15°) 0.00 Wt. % B 3.3233 I 2.5790 - 19.41) (21.06°-33.48°) 1.42 Wt. % B 3.2338 I 2.6250 - 21.06) v. also 33, 80, 1269, 1270 CH2O2 Formic acid 149. B = CH3NO Formamide

(±0.075%)(183) MoI % A df 0.00 1.1315 10.00 1.1442 19.99 1.1540 30.00 1.1639 39.99 1.1783 49.98 1.1828 60.00 1.1917 69.85 1.1993 79.95 1.2060 90.00 1.2109 100.00 1.2133 MoI % A df 10.00 1.1310 19.99 1.1406 30.00 1.1500 39.99 1.1593 49.98 1.1676 60.00 1.1761 69.85 1.1828 79.95 1.1889 90.00 1.1931 100.00 1.1943 150. B = CH4O Methyl alcohol (±0.1%) (108) Wt. % B dj8 0.00 1.2190 33.13 1.0258 61.88 0.9233 75.70 0.8716 80.92 0.8544 90.19 0.8274 95.14 0.8109 100.00 0.7940

151. B = CH5NO2 Ammonium formate ( 276 ) df = (1.2142 -f- 0.001479 X g-Mole B per 1 soin.) ± 0.1 % 152. B = C2H4O2 Acetic acid (±0.05%)(157) dl = 100 MoI % B 1.0715(1 - 0.0010260 95 MoI % B 1.0806(1 - 0.0010200 75 Mol % B 1.1062(1 - 0.0010400 50 Mol % B 1.1434(1 - 0.0010300 25 Mol % B 1.1872(1 - 0.0010020 O Mol % B 1.2450(1 - 0.001001/) 153. B = C2H6O Ethyl alcohol (168, 169) 154. B = C7H6O Benzaldehyde (l6«, 169)

155. B = C7H9NO2 Phenylammonium formate

160. B = C3H8O n-Propyl alcohol

(±0.1%)(276)

Wt. % A 88.05 92.81 95.33 96.20 98.18 99.07 100.00

d? 1.213 1.214 1.215 1.215 1.215 1.214 1.214

156. B = Ci 0 Hi 6 O Camphor (323, 342) (±0.1%)(ioo) Wt. % B dj° 0.00 1.2201 1.1881 8.44 12.27 1.1579 26.56 1.1313 36.31 1.1026 46.54 1.0746 CH3I Methyl iodide 157. B ^ C2H5I Ethyl iodide (254) (±0.05%)(166) Wt. % B d? 100 1.9433 90 1.9713 80 2.0003 70 2.0301 60 2.0607 50 2.0923 40 2.1250 30 2.1585 20 2.1933 10 2.2292 O 2.2661 158. B = C2H6O Ethyl alcohol (±0.01%)(132) Wt. % B d? 0.000 2.25095 1.956 2.16755 4.916 2.09160 7.710 1.95955 14.648 1.74860 20.965 1.60897 25.418 1.51855 39.971 1.28333 _ 100.000 0.78662 159. B = C3H6O Acetone (±0.01%)(132) Wt. % B <%* 0.000 2.2509 2.590 2.1438 4.780 2.0603 9.376 1.9050 17.084 1.6936 24.015 1.5410 28.378 1.4336 45.640 1.2059 100.000 0.7853

(±0.01%)(132)

Wt. % B 0.000 2.572 4.680 4.890 9.642 19.616 24.116 29.800 45.120 100.000

d? 2.25095 2.14550 2.06785 2.06047 1.90575 1.69215 1.54487 1.45180 1.23140 0.79972

161. B = C4H8O2 Ethyl acetate (±0.01%)(132)

Wt. % B 0.000 3.768 7.456 12.906 15.552 23.708 37.268 100.000

d? 2.25095 2.11280 2.00230 1.85980 1.73610 1.63240 1.41803 0.89088

162. B = C6H6 ( 1 7 ^)I 163. B = C8Hi4O6 Ethyl tartrate (±0.05%)(228)

I 103b (18.22°-26.35°) 0.00 Wt. % B 2.2825 |2.891 (t - 18.22) (19.39°-26.62°) 5.20 Wt. % B 2.1703 |2.681 (t - 19.39) (18.86°-23,16°) 10.45 Wt. % B 2.0744 |2.512 (t - 18.86) (18.77°-25.12°) 38.09 Wt. % B 1.6884 |1.811 (t - 18.77) a

v. also 3, 34, 1271, 1272 CH3NO Formamide 164. B = CH4O Methyl alcohol (±0.075%)(183) MoI % B rff 0.00 1.1312 9.87 1.1252 1.1186 19.96 30.80 1.1112 40.03 1.1032 50.03 1.0939 60.11 1.0825 69.97 1.0686 80.02 1.0511 89.99 1.0276

MoI % B 9.87 19.96 30.80 40.03 50.03 60.11 69.97 80.02 89.99 100.00

d? 1.0906 1.0605 1.0302 0.9978 0.9638 0.9285 0.8940 0.8562 0.8172 0.7749

164.5 B = CH5NO2 Ammonium formate (±0.05%) (360) Wt. % B df 1.393 1.1324 1.1310 0.558 0.000 1.1303 165. B = C2H4O2 Acetic acid (±0.075%)("3) MoI % B df 0.00 1.1318 9.62 1.1284 20.39 1.1198 29.74 1.1146 40.56 1.1122 49.82 1.1015 59.89 1.0938 69.42 1.0847 78.95 1.0755 90.10 1.0621 100.00 1.0463 MoI % B d\Q 9.62 1.1151 20.39 1.1063 29.74 1.1011 40.56 1.0983 49.82 1.0873 59.89 1.0791 69.42 1.0687 78.95 1.0600 90.10 1.0462 100.00 1.0294 166. B = C2H6O Ethyl alcohol (±0.075%)(«3, 3601)

MoI % B df 0.00 1.1314 10.00 1.0846 18.92 1.0457 29.76 1.0042 39.07 0.9678 50.09 0.9335 59.29 0.9022 69.86 0.8701 80.09 0.8401 89.95 0.8126 100.00 0.7857 (±0.01%)(33) Wt. % B df 100.000 0.78078 98.188 0.78560 94.225 0.79628 84.329 0.82371

(±0.075%)0«3) MoI % B dj° 0.00 1.1190 10.00 1.0722 18.92 1.0332 29.76 0.9927 39.07 0.9573 50.09 0.9209 59.29 0.8896 69.86 0.8571 80.09 0.8271 89.95 0.7997 100.00 0.7727 167. B = C3H6O2 Propionic acid (±0.075%)(183) MoI % A 1 dj5 100.00 1.1327 97.60 1.1297 91.01 1.1250 81.15 1.1185 73.38 1.1083 59.87 1.0852 49.76 1.0699 39.79 1.0549 29.92 1.0391 19.49 1.0222 10.02 1.0059 0.00 0.9885 MoI % A dy 91.01 1.1130 81.15 1.1056 73.38 1.0954 59.87 1.0711 49.76 1.0566 39.79 1.0408 29.92 1.0248 19.49 1.0074 10.02 0.9906 0.00 0.9725 168. B = C3H8O w-Propyl alcohol (±0.1%)(78)

Wt. % B <%' 0.00 1.1314 11.23 1.0850 20.67 1.0472 29.94 1.0114 39.96 0.9753 49.99 0.9411 169. B = C4H8O2 Butyric acid (±0.075%)(i*3) MoI % B dj6 0.00 1.1320 4.90 1.1169 14.30 1.1100 20.10 1.0952 29.89 1.0711 40.04 1.0505 49.73 1.0324 59.69 1.0151 69.87 0.9988 79.56 0.9825 89.57 0.9677 100.00 0.9528

CH3NO.- (Continued) B = C4H8O2.- (Continued) Mol % B < 4.90 l.1044 14.30 1.0975 20.10 1.0826 29.89 1.0584 40.04 1.0375 49.73 1.0191 59.69 1.0019 69.87 0.9849 79.56 0.9684 89.57 0.9536 0.9380 100.00 170. B = C 4 Hi 0 O Isobutyl alcohol (±0.ì%)(78)

Wt. % B 0.00 10.09 19.95 30.00 39.81 49.98

dj6 1.1307 1.0854 1.0475 1.0091 0.9745 0.9398

171. B = C 6 H 6 N Py ri dine (±0.05%)(70) Wt. % B dj6 100.00 0.9746 92.23 0.9871 88.90 0.9935 1.0070 82.88 172. B = C 6 H 12 O Isoamyl alcohol (±0.075%)(68> 150)

Wt. % B 100.00 97.18 90.01 69.92 49.84 30.14 10.38 0.00

dl 0.8253 0.8315 0.8497 0.9041 0.9649 1.0335 1.1111 1.1549

(±0.1%)(78)

Wt. % B df 0.00 1.1314 10.01 1.0870 19.94 1.0485 29.98 1.0115 39.95 0.9756 50.01 0.9413 60.00 0.9108 (±0.075%)(68, 150) Wt. % B d746'5. 100.00 0.7656 97.18 0.7731 90.01 0.7908 69.92 0.8440 49.84 0.9044 30.14 0.9726 10.38 1.0479 0.00 1.0901

173. B = C8H14O6 Ethyl tartrate (±0.05%)(343)

Wt. % B dj° 74.671 1.1986 51.103 1.1806 25.687 1.1577 8.860 1.1425 5.345 1.1396 1.899 1.1365 174. B = Ci0H14N2 Nicotine (±0.05%)(343)

Wt. % A dl° 0.00 1.0100 38.46 1.0610 61.67 1.0889 1.1139 82.20 88.68 1.2203 v. also 149

CH3NO2 Nitromethane 175. B = C2H6O Ethyl alcohol (I92,i328i) 176. B = C4H12IN Tetramethylammonium iodide (330)i 177. B = C8H20IN Tetraethylammonium iodide (330,1 3311)

178. B = C12H28IN Tetrapropylammonium iodide (330)1

CH4N2O Urea 179. B = CH4O Methyl alcohol (299)* 180. B = CH5N Methylamine (±0.25%)( 83 ) Wt. % B dj 74.19 0.773 86.11 0.755 92.26 0.724 96.75 0.704 98.24 0.694 98.81 0.693 0.691 99.25 99.49 0.689 99.71 0.689 99.90 0.690 99.94 0.692 99.98 0.685 181. B = C2H6O Ethyl alcohol (299)i,2 (±0.01%)(33) Wt. % B df 100.000 0.78521 97.580 0.79419 97.249 0.79542 96.599 0.79795 94.848 0.80456

Wt. % B 100.000 97.685 95.853

dl° 0.78078 0.78939 0.79628

(±0.025%)(247)

MoI % B 100.00 88.46 76.88 65.71 54.47 MoI % B 100.00 88.42 77.00 65.37 54.38 MoI % B 100.00 88.59 77.12 65.59 54.45 MoI % B 100.00 88.39 77.00 65.42 54.27

df 0.77329 0.77865 0.78553 0.79176 0.79746 dS° 0.76329 0.77143 0.77722 0.78304 0.78845 dj° 0.75435 0.76261 0.76841 0.77417 0.77926 dlQ 0.74650 0.75220 0.75780 0.76360 0.76878

183. B = C 6 H 5 N Pyridine (70)i

CH4N2S Thiourea 184. B = CH4N2S Ammonium thiocyanate (8) 185. B = C 5 H 5 N Pyridine (±0.05%) (70) Wt. % B df 100.00 0.9746 94.48 0.9949 87.43 1.0190

CH4N2S Ammonium thiocyanate v. 184

CH4O Methyl alcohol 186. B = C2H3N Methyl cyanide (±0.5%)(322)

Wt. % A O 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

dj 0.8052 0.8063 0.8073 0.8083 0.8093 0.8102 0.8110 0.8115 0.8115 0.8109 0.8098

187. B = C2H4O2 Acetic acid (168) (±0.1%)(i08) Wt. % B di8 100.00 1.057 50.50 0.916 33.55 0.878 20.27 0.842 6.44 0.809 0.00 0.794 187.5. B = C2H6I Ethyl iodide (±0.1%) (362) Wt. % A dj° 0.0 1.9340 26.8 1.3480 68.7 0.9656 100.0 0.7932 188. B = C2H6O Ethyl alcohol (133, 35l) ; c/. (358.5)

(0-100 Wt. % A) d\* = (0.79367 + 0.04235 X Wt. % A) ±0.025% (65) (0-100 Wt. % A) df = (0.7867 + 0.0413 X Wt. % A) ±0.1% (113, 117)

189. B = C3H6O Acetone (I44)i (±0.1%) (359) Vol. % B dï O 0.8110 25 0.8160 50 0.8180 75 0.8170 100 0.8132 (±0.025%)(65) Wt. % B dì5 0.00 0.7960 8.00 0.7976 0.8005 31.63 50.29 0.8015 76.03 0.8007 88.05 0.7992 100.00 0.7900 (±0.1%) (359) Vol. % B df O 0.7875 25 0.7896 50 0.7916 75 0.7896 100 0.7856 190. B = C3H7NO2 Urethane (299)i 191. B = C3H8O n-Propyl alcohol (±0.025%)(65) Wt. % A dì6 100.00 0.79602 95.63 0.79651 90.12 0.79692 79.72 0.79788 65.37 0.79936 59.10 0.80005

Wt. % A

df

49.71 0.80104 40.38 0.80215 31.88 0.80325 21.05 0.80466 11.97 0.80582 0.00 0.80753 (±0.075%) 013, 118)

Wt. % A 100.00 88.89 76.20 34.80 8.20 6.25 3.40 0.00

df

] 4=

0.7878 O.7894 0.7907 0.7954 0.7992 0.7995 0.7999 0.8004

(±0.05%)(157)

100 MoI % A 0.8105(1 - 0.0011350 75 MoI % A 0.8137(1 - 0.0010830 50 MoI % A 0.8162(1 - 0.0010300 25 MoI % A 0.8197(1 - 0.0010540 O MoI % A 0.8210(1 - 0.001024Q 192. B = C3H8O3 Glycerol (±0.25%)(38) Wt. % A df 0.00 1.2400 2.96 1.2227 9.72 1.1853 16.76 1.1399 23.89 1.1006 31.02 1.0620 34.99 1.0418 50.61 0.9642 56.22 0.9386 66.17 0.8942 90.40 0.7963 100.00 0.7604 193. B = C 4 H 2 O 4 Acetylene dicarboxylic acid (0-100 Wt. % B) (125) df = (0.7880 + 0.00419 X Wt. % B) ±0.05% 194. B = C 4 H 4 O 4 Fumarie acid (to 8.15 Wt. % B)(i25) df = (0.7880 -h 0.00403 X Wt. % B) ±0.05% 195.B = C4H6O4 Succinic acid (to 10.08 Wt. % B) (125) df = (0.7880 + 0.00407 X Wt. % B) ±0.05% 196. B = C 4 HeO 0 Malic acid (±0.075%)(19 4 )

J420 0.8942 0.9452 1.0860

Wt. % A 84.17 75.00 47.58

197. B = C4H8O2 Butyric acid (±0.1%)(108)

Wt. % A 0.00 56.34 76.73 88.12 100.00

d\* 0.9607 0.8610 0.8334 0.8148 0.7940

198. B = C 4 Hi 0 O Isobutyl alcohol (±0.025%) (65) Wt. % B df O. OO 0.79602 5.34 0.79631 14.19 0.79679 19.72 0.79709 22.54 0.79731 39.47 0.79854 49.41 0.79943 70.93 0.80177 89.84 0.80423 100.00 0.80567 199. B = C 4 Hi 0 O Ethyl ether (io, 41) (±0.025%) (9) Wt. % B df

0.00 23.12 35.07 47.40 60.23 73.08 86.33

0.7882 0.7733 0.7650 0.7561 0.7461 0.7353 0.7230

100.00

0.7079

200. B = C4Hi2IN Tetramethylammonium iodide

(330)1 201. B = C 5 Hi 2 O Amyl alcohol (16«, 169)

(0-100 MoI % A) (82) df = (0.8722 - 0.03836 X MoI % A) ±0.1% 204. B = C6H7N Aniline (0-100 Wt. % A)(IOT, 132)

df

= (1.0175 - 0.002298 X Wt. % A) ±0.025%

205. B = C7H8O Anisole (1°) (±0.025%) (9) Wt. % A df 100.00 0.7886 84.89 0.8149 70.60 0.8413 57.09 0.8672 44.40 0.8927 32.38 0.9178 21.00 0.9427 10.27 0.9655 0.00 0.9909 206. B = C8H9NO Acetanilide (299)i 207. B = C8Hi0O Phenetole (±0.025%) (9) Wt. % A df 100.00 0.7881 85.17 0.8109 71.07 0.8333 57.76 0.8556 45.12 0.8772 33.00 0.8988 21.43 0.9213 0.00 0.9622 208. B = C8Hi2O6 Dimethyl acetylmalate (±0.05%) (22 7) a I 103b (15.4°-29.5°) 96.04 Wt. % A 0.8079 ) 0.95750 - 15.4) (16.6°-29.3°) 89.66 Wt. % A 0.8257 0.93400 - 16.6)

202. B = C 6 H 5 NO 2 Nitrobenzene (±0.1%)(82) 209. B = C8Hi4O6 Wt. % A Jf Ethyl tartrate 100 0.7860 (±0.05%)(170, 343) 75 0.8945 Wt. % B df 50 0.9984 100.00 1.2044 25 1.1010 77.46 1.0882 O 1.1980 56.65 1.0007 203. B = C6H6 (8i,i 133, 139, 39.92 0.9381 233,1 238,1 351) 26.97 0.8946 (±0.005%) (319) 15.31 0.8568 Wt. % B d\2'87 12.01 0.8324 100.000 0.88619 5.13 0.8102 98.135 0.88437 0.00 0.7938 (±0.05%)(203, 288, 344) 92.693 0.87914 85.930 0.87280 a i 103b 80.370 0.86766 (16°-48°) 78.573 0.86605 0.00 Wt. % B 61.666 0.85073 0.7955 I 0.9590 - 16)

a

I 10% (20.2°-46.7°) 5.00 Wt. % B 0.8070 I 0.9550 - 20.2) (22°-45.8°) 10.00 Wt. % B 0.8212 I 0.967(Z - 22) (14.1°-43.2°) 25.01 Wt. % B 0.8800 I 0.9760 - 14.1) (19.8°-51°) 50.00 Wt. % B 0.9707 I 1.0000 - 19.8) (18.3°-53.2°) 75.00 Wt. % B 1.0841 I 1.0150 - 18.3) (16.8°-99.4°) 100.00 Wt. % B 1.2085 I 1.016ft - 16.8) 210. B = C8H20IN Tetraethylammonium iodide (330)1

2 1 1 . B = C9H6O2 Phenylpropiolic acid (±0.05%)(125) Wt. % A df 100.00 0.7880 94.79 0.8049 89.65 0.8194 212. B = C9H8O2 Cinnamic acid (to 11.06 Wt. % B)(125) df = (0.7880 + 0.003075 X Wt. % B) ±0.05% 213. B = C9Hi0O Cinnamyl alcohol ( 148 J 1 214. B = C 9 Hi 0 O 2 /3-Phenylpropionic acid (to 9.32 Wt. % B)(125) df = (0.7880 -f 0.002825 X Wt. % B) ±0.05% 215. B = Ci0H8 Naphthalene (I48,i 2 99i) (±0.0075%)(54) Wt. % A df 100.000 0.79511 98.436 0.79914 96.131 0.80299 216. B = Ci0H8O or-Naphthol (I48)i 217. B = Ci0H8O /8-Naphthol (*48)i 218. 13 == Ci 0 Hi 2 Tetrahydronaphthalene (to 50.6 Wt. % B) (121) df = (0.7869 + 0.00157 X Wt. % B) ±0.075% 219. B = Ci 0 H 14 N 2 Nicotine (93)i (0-100 Wt. % B)(343) df = (0.7938 + 0.002162 X Wt. % B) ±0.05%

CH4O.- (Continued) 220. B = Ci 0 Hi 4 O Thymol (354) 221. B = Ci0Hi5BrO Bromocamphor ( 148 ) x 222. B = Ci0Hi6O Camphor (I48,i 170, 175, 323,

v. also 180

CH5NO2 Ammonium formate y. 151, 164.5

C2Cl4 Tetrachloroethylene

342, 354)

230. B = C8H8O

(±0.1%)(ioo) Wt. % B < 0.00 0.7912 12.34 0.8102 24.14 0.8286 35.46 0.8472 46.26 0.8649 56.66 0.8827 223. B = Ci0Hi8O Z-Borneol (S3, I48i) 224. B = Ci0H22O3 Terpine hydrate (**8)i 225. B = Ci 2 Hi 0 Acenaphthene (299)i 226. B = Ci2H28IN Tetrapropylammonium iodide

Acetophenone

( 33 Q) 1 227. B = Ci 8 H 34 O 2

Oleic acid (^ 7 ) V. also 4, 81, 90, 150, 164, 179, 1265

cïpï Methylamine 228. B = C6H5N3O4 2, 4-Dinitroaniline (±0.25%)(83) Wt. % B dl 15.67 0.776 12.24 0.763 8.82 0.737 6.09 0.719 4.16 0.709 2.25 0.701 1.52 0.691 0.81 0.689 0.55 0.687 0.20 0.686 0.07 0.685 229. B = C7H9NO3S ra-Methoxybenzenesul-

fonamide (±0.25%)(83) Wt. % B dl 52.83 1.103 33.98 0.917 24.82 0.845 23.73 0.829 13.73 0.767 9.61 0.738 7.18 0.728 3.94 0.709 2.68 0.700 1.36 0.694 0.73 0.693 0.49 0.691

(±0.1%)(270)

MoI % B df 0.00 1.612 12.55 1.528 32.15 1.407 53.97 1.275 73.29 1.168 91.42 1.071 100.00 1.025 v. also 5

C2HCl3 Trichloroethylene 231. B = C2HCl5 Pentachloroethane (±0.075%)(H3, 120) Wt. % B df 100.0 1.6712 82.1 1.6242 69.6 1.5967 53.5 1.5631 36.5 1.5290 22.3 1.5031 0.0 1.4540 C2HCl3O Chloral 232. B = C2H6O Ethyl alcohol (±0.05%) (162)

Wt. % B 100.00 73.76 63.84 55.54 48.37 42.15 31.90 29.71 27.63 25.66 24.53 23.80 20.35 17.24 11.80 9.52 7.24 3.36 0.00 Wt. % B . 100.00 73.76 63.84 55.54 48.37

df 0.7732 0.9234 0.9862 1.0225 1.1165 1.1754 1.2826 1.3083 1.3303 1.3525 1.3632 1.3703 1.3927 1.4093 1.4364 1.4490 1.4633 1.4868 1.4911 dS6 0.7690 0.9135 0.9803 1.0471 1.1117

Wt. % B 42.15 31.90 29.71 27.63 25.66 24.53 23.80 20.35 17.24 11.80 9.52 7.24 3.36 0.00 Wt. % B 100.00 73.76 63.84 55.54 48.37 42.15 31.90 29.71 27.63 25.66 24.53 23.80 20.35 17.24 11.80 9.52 7.24 3.36 0.00 Wt. % B 100.00 73.76 63.84 55.54 48.37 42.15 31.90 29.71 27.63 25.66 24.53 23.80 20.35 17.24 11.80 9.52 7.24 3.36 0.00 Wt. % B 100.00 73.76 63.84 55.54 48.37 42.15 31.90 29.71 27.63 25.66

d? 1.1693 1.2760 1.3000 1.3221 1.3441 1.3556 1.3620 1.3857 1.4026 1.4288 1.4421 1.4550 1.4783 1.4812 ^450 0.7644 0.9086 0.9725 1.0417 1.1025 1.1632 1.2696 1.2908 1.3140 1.3334 1.3460 1.3537 1.3771 1.3915 1.4212 1.4348 1.4468 1.4682 1.4724 dj° 0.7552 0.8989 0.9628 1.0310 1.0970 1.1515 1.2561 1.2787 1.3018 1.3205 1.3321 1.3380 1.3606 1.3782 1.4063 1.4196 1.4303 1.4511 1.4540 d™ 0.7462 0.8901 0.9530 1.0200 1.0811 1.1396 1.2421 1.2667 1.2853 1.3049

Wt. % B 24.53 23.80 20.35 17.24 11.80 9.52 7.24 3.36 0.00

rf70 1.3150 1.3214 1.3418 1.3586 1.3902 1.4032 1.4135 1.4346 1.4356

Wt. % B

df

73.76 0.8769 63.84 0.9426 55.54 1.0035 48.37 1.0661 42.15 1.1216 31.90 1.2221 29.71 1.2434 27.63 1.2606 25.66 1.2803 24.53 1.2904 23.80 1.2965 20.35 1.3225 17.24 1.3403 11.80 1.3692 9.52 1.3822 7.24 1.3888 0.00 1.4068 233. B = C 5 Hi 2 O Dimethylethyl carbinol (±0.05%)(75) Wt. % A dj* 0.00 0.8068 15.69 0.8879 29.51 0.9660 41.80 1.0506 52.76 1.1386 55.28 1.1676 57.81 1.1789 60.22 1.2000 62.62 1.2189 67.18 1.2572 71.51 1.2911 79.61 1.3569 83.31 1.3904 87.01 1.4225 93.77 1.4757 100.00 1.5043

Wt. % A

df

0.00 15.69 29.51 41.80 52.76 55.28 57.81 60.22 62.62 67.18 71.51 79.61 83.31 87.01 93.77 100.00

0.7922 0.8719 0.9500 1.0352 1.1204 1.1373 1.1587 1.1746 1.1984 1.2349 1.2686 1.3359 1.3671 1.3997 1.4557 1.4911

Wt. % A 0.00 15.69 29.51 41.80 52.76 55.28 57.81 60.22 62.62 67.18 71.51 79.61 83.31 87.01 93.77 100.00

Wt. % A 0.00 15.69 29.51 41.80 52.76 55.28 57.81 60.22 62.62 67.18 71.51 79.61 83.31 87.01 93.77 100.00 Wt. % A 0.00 15.69 29.51 41.80 52.76 55.28 57.81 60.22 62.62 67.18 71.51 87.01 93.77 100.00

d5° 0.7823 0.8614 0.9390 1.0204 1.1018 1.1208 1.1421 1.1550 1.1822 1.2160 1.2506 1.3171 1.3471 1.3834 1.4362 1.4724 < 0.7607 0.8377 0.9135 0.9931 1.0729 1.0907 1.1081 1.1262 1.1434 1.1794 1.2076 1.2783 1.3093 1.3427 1.4003 1.4356 df 0.7445 0.8154 0.8939 0.9689 1.0449 1.0625 1.0793 1.0974 1.1138 1.1502 1.1786 1.3133 1.3748 1.4068

C2HCl3O2 Trichloroacetic acid • 234. B - C2H4O2 Acetic acid (±0.1%)(131)

MoI % B 100.00 92.63 82.23

67.91 56.52 47.38 41.47 34.19

df 1.050 1.129 1.223 1.337 1.409 1.457 1.491 1.508

235. B = C3H6O Acetone (±0.1%)(151)

MoI % B 100.00 95.16 86.84 74.57 61.74 49.52 40.29 28.25

df 0.787 0.854 0.934 1.073 1.209 1.319 1.400 1.483

236. B = C4H8O2 Ethyl acetate (±0.1%)(151)

Wt. % B df 100.00 0.895 88.82 0.997 81.50 1.045 71.93 1.123 61.54 1.202 51.22 1.295 38.58 1.386 29.92 1.454 237. B = C4H10O Ethyl ether (±0.25%)(316) Wt. % B d48 100.00 0.717 82.37 0.812 68.82 0.899 57.24 0.893 sic 37.37 1.159 25.40 1.314 238. B = C8H8O Acetophenone (±0.1%)(151) MoI % B df 100.00 1.026 91.04 1.076 86.00 1.103 78.79 1.146 70.61 1.192 59.10 1.268 51.24 1.317 42.06 1.376 31.85 1.442 239. B = C 9 Hi 0 O 2 Ethyl benzoate (±0.05%)(i5i) MoI % B df 100.00 1.0458 91.13 1.0864 1.1466 79.04 68.75 1.1915 60.18 1.2413 50.93 1.2922 1.3501 42.05 33.42 1.4027

C2HCl5 Pentachloroethane 240. B = C3H6O Acetone (±0.1%) (2 70)

MoI % B df 0.00 1.672 14.76 1.594 31.78 1.487 51.03 1.340 70.37 1.157 90.68 0.918 100.00 I 0.787 241. B = C 4 Hi 0 O Ethyl ether (±0.1%)(270) MoI % B dl 100.00 0.736 85.76 0.906 1.031 74.73 49.68 1.293 30.47 1.467 13.03 1.609 0.00 1.708 242. B = C8H8O Acetophenone (0-100 MoI % A)(270) df = (1.0251 + 0.006471 X MoI % A) +0.1% 243. B = C8Hi0O Phenetole (±0.1%)(270)

MoI % A df 100.00 1.672 90.29 1.603 77.86 1.508 51.05 1.317 32.02 1.176 9.70 1.027 O.QQ 0.961 244. B = Ci 2 Hi 0 O Diphenyl ether (±0.1%)(270) MoI % B df 0.00 1.672 26.42 1.481 51.09 1.330 76.11 1.189 100.00 1.072 v. also 231

C/ 2H2Br2 Dibromoethylene 245. B = C6H6 (254) 246. B = C8Hi0 Xylene (254) C2H2Bf4 Acetylene tetrabromide 247. B = C2H2Cl4 Acetylene tetrachloride ( 324 ) 248. B = C2H3Br3 Vinyl tribromide (±0.1%)(5) Wt. % A di 7 ' 6 100.00 2.971 73.08 2.869 72.52 2.866. 45.57 2.769 0.00 2.619

d«1-* 2.963 2.860 2.860 2.762 2.611 249. B = C8Hi4O6 Ethyl tartrate (228) a I 103b (20.87°-31.5°) 0.00 Wt. % B 2.9595 I 2.240(J - 20.87) (19.99°-45.91°) 5.67 Wt. % B 2.7260 I 2.100(£ - 19.99) (19.82°-30.2°) 9.96 Wt. % B 2.5740 I 2.003(£ - 19.82) (17.76°-25.98°) 20.11 Wt. % B 2.2804 I 1.839(* - 17.76) Wt. % A 100.00 73.08 72.52 45.57 0.00

O2H2Cl2O2 Dichloroacetic acid 250. B = C6H6 (I35)i 251.B = C7H8 Toluene (±0.05%)( 135 ) Wt. % B d}6 100.00 0.8694 92.41 0.8980 75.30 0.9761 0.00 1.5488 C2Xl2Cl4

Tetrachloroethane 252. B = C3H6O Acetone (±0.1%)(270) MoI % B dl 0.00 1.614 15.92 1.534 58.07 1.238 73.08 1.106 81.36 1.023 97.28 0.849 100.00 I 0.812 253. B = C4H8O3 Methyl Z-lactate (±0.05%)(2H) a I 10% (-75° to +125°) 100.00 Wt. % B 1.2040 1.158(* + 75) (-7.8° to +120°) 9.94 Wt. % B 2.5806 I 2.084(£+ 7.8) 254. B = C 4 Hi 0 O Ethyl ether (±0.1%)(270) MoI % B dj 100.00 0.736 94.01 0.794 82.68 0.907 69.81 1.030 47.99 1.231 21.15 1.459 0.00 1.614

C2H2Cl4.- (Continued) 255. B = C 5 Hi 0 O 3 Methyl Z-a-methoxypropionate (211) (10.06 Wt. % B)(±0.05%) t dl 16.7 2.4842 39.8 2.4373 52.5 2.4118 77.0 2.3613 101.0 2.3124 2.2744 119.0 (-16.6° to +130.0°) 100.0 Wt. % B 4 = 1.0361 - 0.001143(£ + 16.6)

256. B = C 6 H 5 NO 2 Nitrobenzene (±0.075%)(6«> 15°) Wt. % B dl 0.00 1.6095 10.00 1.5567 30.05 1.4672 48.33 1.3915 69.26 1.3136 89.64 1.2475 100.00 1.2168 Wt. % B 46'5 0.00 1.4991 10.00 1.4537 30.05 1.3746 48.33 1.3053 69.26 1.2369 1.1476 100.00 257. B = C 6 Hi 0 O 4 Methyl Z-a-acetoxypropionate 2

( M)

(10.04 Wt. % B)(±0.05%) t à\ 17.6 2.5244 39.8 2.4799 54.7 2.4502 76.4 2.4061 91.3 2.3755 119.0 2.3204 139.3 2.2689 (-7.4° to +141.0°) 100.0 Wt. % B d{ = 1.1198 - 0.001144 (t + 7.4) . 258. B = C8H8O Aceto^henone (±0.075%)(68, 150)

Wt. % B 0.00 10.19 30.07 50.00 70.01 90.00 100.00 Wt. % B 0.00 10.02

d\° 1.5995 1.5176 1.3751 1.2590 1.1595 1.0757 1.0358 dl° 1.4932 1.4160

Wt. % B 31.20 69.93 89.74 100.00

dl° 1.2867 1.0892 1.0122 0.9758

259. B = C 8 Hi 0 O Phenetole (±0.1%)(270) Wt. % B dl 0.00 1.614 21.76 1.465 51.67 1.266 62.80 1.194 78.37 1.101 100.00 0.984 260. B = C8Hi4O6 Ethyl tartrate (±0.05%)(228) a ( 103b ( 18.2°-29.27°) 0.00 Wt. % B 1.6023 I 1.555C* - 18.2) (18.79°-27.44°) 4.96 Wt. % B 1.5744 I 1.514(£ - 18.79) (21.68°-71.2°) 9.31 Wt. % B 1.5478 1.488(2 - 21.68) (17.76°-28.27°) 38.06 Wt. % B 1.4226 1.293Ç* - 17.76) 261. B 1^ Ci 0 Hg Naphthalene (48, 49) (to 35.02 Wt. % B) — = (0.63269 + 0.003495 X dj° Wt. % B) ± 0.005% 262. B = Ci 2 H 22 O 6 Isobutyl tartrate (±0.05%)(209) a I 103b (0°-99.7°) 33.362 Wt. % B 1.4030 1.26« (24.8°-99.65°) 48.150 Wt. % B 1.2923 1.153Q - 24.8) 263. B = Ci6H26O8 Isobutyl diacetyl-d-tartrate (±0.05%)(209) a I 103b (16.03°-99.75°) 20.034 Wt. % B 1.4664 I 1.375(£ - 16.03) (-21° to +99.3°) 100.00 Wt. % B 1.1220 I Q..936(£ +21) v. also 6, 247 C 2-HsBr 3 Vinyl tribromide, v. 248 C2H3GlO2 Chloroacetic acid 264. B = C6H6 (I35)i

I

(±0.005%)(319) Wt. % B dj 2 - 87 100.000 0.88638 96.035 0.89915 91.596 0.91404 89.139 0.92255 265. B = C 7 H 8 (i35)i (±0.005%) (319) Wt. % B dl2'87 100.000 0.87233 97.452 0.88082 91.868 0.90010 89.002 I 0.91032 C2HaCIsO2 Chloral hydrate 266. B = C2H6O Ethyl alcohol (299)i (±0.025%)(265)

Wt. % B d\Q'2 100.000 0.7910 99.500 0.7933 95.004 0.8119 90.008 0.8444 80.014 0.8946 60.021 1.0208 40.021 1.1845 20.014 1.4014 Wt. % B dj4 100.000 0.7700 99.500 0.7724 95.004 0.7931 90.008 0.8227 80.014 0.8722 60.021 1.0023 1.1576 40.021 20.014 1.3705 267. B = C7H8 (299)i (±0.025%)(265)

Wt. % B 100.00 99.80 98.00 95.00 90.00 80.01 60.02

d™'2 0.86511 0.86584 0.87245 0.88413 0.90384 0.95073 1.07037

Wt. % B df 100.00 0.84288 99.80 0.84351 98.00 0.84950 95.00 0.86069 90.00 0.87932 80.01 0.92480 60.02 1.04270 40.02 1.18594 v. also 91

C2H3N Acetonitrile 268. B = C2H6O Ethyl alcohol (0-100 Wt. % B)(322) dl = (0.805 + 0.047 X Wt. % A) ±0.5%

269. B = C3H5NO Lactonitrile (±0.05%) (329) Wt. % A dl 100.00 0.8173 78.80 0.8626 0.9095 55.23 27.23 0.9589 1.0062 0.00 Wt. % A
271. B = Ci2H28IN Tetrapropylammonium iodide (330Ij 3311)

v. also 186 C2HgNS Methyl thiocyanate 272. B = C8H20IN Tetraethylammonium iodide (330)1

C2H^tBr2 Ethylene bromide 274. B = C2H4Cl2 Ethylene chloride (±0.025%)(23) Wt. % A dj° 100.000 2.1804 68.603 1.9064 42.726 1.6696 19.322 1.4455 0.000 1.2551 275. B = C2H4O2 Acetic acid (14) (±0.05%)(92) MoI % B dì5 0.00 2.1851 26.51 1.9559 36.23 1.8625 54.17 1.6736 63.21 1.5689 83.45 1.3065 100.00 1.0558 276. B = C3H8O Propyl alcohol (±0.01%) (286, 290) Wt. % A
277. B = C4H6Cl3O2 Ethyl triehloroacetate (i58) 278. B - C4H7ClO2 Ethyl chloroacetate (1SS) 279. B = C 4 Hi 0 O Ethyl ether (61)

291. B = C8Hi4O6 Ethyl tartrate (220)1 (±0.075%)(2 21 > 228 ) a I 103b (18.1°-30.55°) 100.00 Wt. % A 2.1842 ) 2.0970 - 18.1) (18.02°-27.82°) 94.41 Wt. % A 2.0828 I 1.9900 - 18.02) (16°-60°) 90.16 Wt. % A 2.0416 I 1.8030 - 16)

280. B = C 6 H 10 AmyIene ( 61 ) 281. B = C6H4Br2 p-Dibromobenzene (158) 282. B = C6H5Cl ( 122 V 283. B = C 6 H 6 NO 2 Nitrobenzene 292. B = C10H8 (±0.05%)( 22 <>) Naphthalene (1S8) Wt. % A
I 103b (17.6°-29.25°) 0.00 Wt. % B 1.1790 I 1.5610 - 17.6) (19.91°-27.87°) 4.65 Wt. % B 1.1764 I 1.5080 - 19.91) (19.27°-28.97°) 10.70 Wt. % B 1.1790 1.4940 - 19.27) (19.9°-27.71°) 34.24 Wt. % B 1.1853 I 1.3450 - 19.9) a

C2-H-4C12

Ethylene chloride 301. B = C 2 H 4 O 2 Acetic acid (92)i 302. B = C4H10O Ethyl ether

4-

(±0.0075%)(ioi) 100.00 Wt. % B 1.35729(1 -f 0.0015006/ + 0.05437*2) 85.041 Wt. % B 1.26661(1 + 0.0014410/5 -f 0.05399*2) 69.305 Wt. % B 1.17291(1 + 0.0014007« + 0.05315*2) 50.125 Wt. % B 1.06124(1 +0.0013266* -f 0.05280*2) 29.907 Wt. % B 0.94649(1 + 0.0012439* + 0.05224*2) 14.798 Wt. % B 0.86228(1 + 0.0011702* + 0.05212*2) 0.000 Wt. % B 0.78046(1 + 0.0011109* + 0.05170*2) 303. B = C6H6 (35, 99, 351) (±0.25%)(79) MoI % B dl O 1.270 30 1.159 60 1.047 100 0.884 MoI % B ^9 O 1.252 30 1.130 60 1.020 100 0.870 (+0.025^ 0 )(S 1 , Ï71) MoI % B dl° 100.000 0.8779 79.515 0.9452 59.890 1.0132 39.517 1.0881 20.470 1.1623 0.000 1.2472

(±0.025%) (23) Wt. % B dl° 0.000 1.2548 4.313 1.2360 16.154 1.1857 23.185 1.1570 38.945 1.0946 47.539 1.0618 56.776 1.0275 67.592 0.9884 78.397 0.9507 88.994 0.9149 94.882 0.8953 100.000 0.8787 (±0.25%)(79) MoI % B d\* O 1.215 30 1.092 60 0.977 100 0.845 304. B = C8H8O Acetophenone (±0.1%)( 2 70)

MoI % B

d\b

100.00 1.025 88.82 1.042 64.19 1.081 30.58 1.158 0.00 1.248 305. B = C8H14O6 Ethyl tartrate (±0.05%)( 228 ) a I 103b (18.5°-27.15°) 0.00 Wt. % B 1.2553 I 1.4680 - 18.5) (18.66°-24.05°) 5.87 Wt. % B 1.2502 I 1.4280 - 18.66) (18.76°-31.72°) 11.73 Wt. % B 1.2461 I 1.3980 - 18.76) (18.15°-30.65°) 22.04 Wt. % B 1.2406 I 1.3440 - 18.15) (18.15°-27.12°) 49.72 Wt. % B 1.2262 I 1.2160 - 18.15) v. also 36, 274

C2H4O Acetaldehyde 306. B = C2H6O Ethyl alcohol (±0.025%) (5 5) MoI % B dl 0.0 0.8050 22.6 0.8704 33.3 0.8947 40.8 0.9080 49.7 0.9061 51.1 0.9044 58.0 0.8944 68.9 0.8751 84.3 0.8413 100.0 0.8063

C 2 H 4 O.—(Continued) B = C2H6O.- (Continued) (±0.025%)(55) MoI % B d\* 0.00 0.7834 15.72 0.8277 24.92 0.8474 33.14 0.8601 46.14 0.8715 49.68 0.8719 55.44 0.8709 63.50 0.8627 70.30 0.8501 81.52 0.8296 86.98 0.8200 100.00 0.7907 (±0.0025%)(20i)

wt. % B

df

100.000 99.977 99.860 99.534

0.785101 0.785144 0.785394 0.786030

307. B = C6H6 (278) (0-100 Wt. % B) d\b = (0.797 + 0.0387 X Wt. % B) ±0.25% C2H4O2 Acetic acid 308. B = C2H5Br Ethyl bromide (±0.05%)(92) MoI % A d}5 0.00 1.4564 31.31 1.3420 50.27 1.2685 63.41 1.2154 70.26 1.1872 83.10 1.1320 100.00 1.0558 309. B = C 2 H 5 NO 3 Ethyl nitrate (92)i 310. B = C2H6O Ethyl alcohol (±0.1%)(108) Wt. % A dì8 100.00 1.057 75.70 0.978 47.06 0.903 25.00 0.851 6.29 0.807 0.00 0.793 (±0.05%)(263)

Wt. % A 100.000 84.805 69.884 49.923 30.568 15.142

dj° 1.0476 1.0036 0.9614 0.9078 0.8593 0.8236

311.B = C3H6Br2 n-Propylene bromide (±0.05%)(92)

MoI % A d\5 0.000 1.9612 47.396 1.6472 70.310 1.4349 88.255 1.2235 100.000 1.0558 312. B = C3H6O Acetone (79) (±0.05%)(i5i) MoI % A tff 0.00 0.7874 9.96 0.8091 20.35 0.8353 30.25 0.8569 40.49 0.8848 49.86 0.9065 59.73 0.9334 0.9609 69.68 80.15 0.9907 90.37 1.0255 100.00 1.0499 (±0.025%)( 178 ) 50 Wt. % A

t

di

O 0.93639 25 0.90840 40 0.89192 55 0.87518 70 0.85784 313. B = C3H6O2 Propionic acid

Wt. % A 73.97 100.00

dj° 1.0288 1.0524

316. B = C4H8O2 Ethyl acetate (±0.05%)(151) MoI % A dj6 0.00 0.8949 10.49 0.9093 20.70 0.9212 30.37 0.9309 39.90 0.9418 49.85 0.9557 59.96 0.9697 69.88 0.9850 1.0015 80.11 87.42 1.0165 100.00 1.0499 317. B = C 4 Hi 0 O Ethyl ether (14) (±0.25%)(316) Wt. % A d}8 0.00 0.717 27.09 0.796 49.36 0.867 59.63 0.902 69.04 0.935 84.85 0.995 1.011 88.45 100.00 1.055

(±0.1%)(327)

Wt. % A df 0.00 0.983 23.04 0.995 49.41 1.012 64.62 1.020 78.78 1.026 100.00 1.046 314. B = C4H6O3 Acetic anhydride (±0.075%)( 68 » 150 ) Wt. % A ' d\* 0.00 1.0850 10.05 1.0816 30.05 1.0753 50.03 1.0689 69.93 1.0631 90.03 1.0570 100.00 1.0550 Wt. % A di6-5 0.00 1.0096 10.05 1.0058 30.05 1.0021 0.9961 50.03 69.93 0.9914 90.03 0.9860 100.00 0.9853 315. B = C4H8O2 Butyric acid (168, 169) (±0.075%)(32, 289)

Wt. % A 0.00 24.11 46.76

d20 0.9723 0.9884 1.0056

318. B = C 5 H 5 N Pyridine (266) (±0.25%)(79) (18.4°-99.0°) a I 103b 0.0 MoI % A 0.988 |l.005 0 -18.4) 50.0 MoI % A 1.037 |0.966(4-18.4) 80.0 MoI % A 1.079 |1.005 0-18.4) 82.5 MoI % A 1.082 11.0120-18.4) 85.0 MoI % A 1.083 |l.073 0-18.4) 100.0 MoI % A 1.056 |1.1420- 18.4) (±0.25%)(312) MoI % A dî° 0.00 0.976 26.20 1.000 42.10 1.018 51.90 1.032 59.90 1.046 61.70 1.050 77.95 1.076 89.60 1.081 100.00 1.051 319. B = C6H5Br (»2)1 320. B = C6H5Cl (92)i 321. B = C 6 H 5 NO 2 (14)

322. B = C6H6 (14, 32, 91, 92, 99, 124, 133, 135, 233)

(±0.005%)(319) Wt. % A di2'87 0.000 0.88638 4.049 0.89071 8.016 0.89522 19.394 0.90904 23.399 0.91434 (±0.1%) (361)

Wt. % B d|° 0.000 1.0532 0.230 1.0512 0.523 1.0504 0.940 1.0496 2.620 1.0452 4.738 1.0409 13.360 1.0250 (±0.005%)(134) Wt. % A df 0.000 0.87368 11.634 0.88678 23.614 0.90153 34.008 0.91580 44.857 0.93198 54.459 0.94743 63.968 0.96439 73.819 0.98341 82.321 1.00142 91.338 1.02218 100.000 1.04390 Wt. % A dï° 0.000 0.84680 11.634 0.85939 23.614 0.87387 34.008 0.88784 44.857 0.90385 54.459 0.91935 63.968 0.93614 73.819 0.95517 82.321 0.97299 91.338 0.99377 100.000 1.01561

323. B = C6H7N Aniline (79, 266, ao?) (±0.005%)(319) Wt. % A di2'87 100.000 1.02780 96.140 1.03118 94.234 1.03280 89.853 1.03733 87.447 1.03985 (±0.1%)(250)

Wt. % A

dj1

100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 O

1.053 1.076 1.089 1.092 1.086 1.075 1.064 1.052 1.041 1.029 1.018

(±0.025%)(178) 56 Wt. % A a 103b 1.0822 1.0870 -25) 323.5. B = C6Hi2O3 Paraldehyde (±0.1%) (361)

Wt. % B

d\*

0.000 0.327 1.634 4.572 8.185 23.120 41.800 70.315 88.525 94.000 97.690 98.705 99.422 100.000 Wt. % B 0.000 0.525 0.895 2.623 4.482 8.195 13.200 22.620 41.600 70.405 88.570 94.015 97.701 98.797 99.425 100.000

1.0466 1.0465 1.0460 1.0445 1.0416 1.0315 1.0190 1.0064 0.9981 0.9958 0.9915 0.9910 0.9905 0.9905 df 1.0478 1.0476 1.0475 1.0473 1.0464 1.0416 1.0400 1.0355 1.0245 1.0100 1.0012 0.9978 0.9958 0.9953 0.9950 0.9948

324. B = C6Hi4 Hexane (**) 325. B = C7H8 (14) (±0.005%) (319) Wt. % A d1,2'87 0.000 0.87233 3.017 0.87617 7.018 0.88140 12.121 0.88820 14.429 0.89141 (±0.05%) (92) MoI % A d]f 0.000 0.8688 18.010 0.8854 28.879 0.8973 40.897 0.9127 43.583 0.9164 49.541 0.9255 58.264 0.9402 67.269 0.9578 82.Q39 0.9939 91.555 1.0234 1.0558 100.000

(±0.05%)(135)

Wt. % A d}6 9.606 0.8813 27.446 0.9072 38.492 0.9248 326. B .= C8H8O Acetophenone (±0.05%)(151) MoI % A df 0.00 1.0263 9.98 1.0272 21.07 1.0287 29.35 1.0300 42.53 1.0325 1.0338 48.85 60.03 1.0365 69.98 1.0390 80.02 1.0420 90.13 1.0453 1.0499 100.00 327. B = CsHio Xylene, (±0.05%) (92) MoI % A di5 0.000 0.8675 23.567 0.8874 32.443 0.8969 43.491 0.9106 49.624 0.9192 59.612 0.9357 70.037 0.9568 83.632 0.9924 1.0558 100.000 328. B = C9 Hi0 O 2 Ethyl benzoate ( 1 ^l) (0-100 MoI % A) ti? = (1.046 + 0.044 X MoI % A) ±0.1% 329. B = C9Hi4O6 Ethyl diacetylglycerate (active) (W) 330. B = Ci 0 Hi 3 NO 2 Phenacetine (292)2 331. B = Ci 0 Hi 4 N 2 Nicotine (»3)i 332. B = Ci0H16O Camphor (175, 323, 342) (±0.05%)(1°0> I™» 343)

Wt. % A ti? 100 1.0502 90 1.0340 80 1.0300 70 1.0204 60 1.0111 50 1.0021 40 0.9939 30 0.9862 333. B = Ci 2 Hi 0 N 2 Azobenzene (3i8)i 334. B = Ci 3 Hi 0 O 3 Salol (292)2 335. B = Ci5Hi8O7 Diethyl monobenzoyltartrate

£•)

336. B = Ci6H20O7 Diethyl mono-o-toluyltartrate

W 337. B = Ci6H20O7 Diethyl mono-ra-toluyltartrate (**) 338. B = C 16 H 20 O 7 Diethyl mono-p-toluyltartrate (I9J 339. B = Ci8Hi6O6 d-Methyl dibenzoylglycerate (W 339.5. B = Z-Turpentine (0.05%)(170, 263, 342)

Wt. % A < 100 1.0476 90 1.0120 80 0.9972 70 0.9748 60 0.9542 50 0.9351 40 0.9180 30 0.9027 20 0.8883 10 0.8756 O 0.8648 v. also 8, 37, 93, 152, 165, 187, 234, 275, 301, 1273.5, 1274 C2Ü4O2

Methyl formate 340. B = C4H5Cl3O2 Ethyl trichloroacetate (15«) 341. B = C4H7ClO2 Ethyl chloroacetate (158) 342. B = C4H8O2 Ethyl acetate (158) 343. B = C 4 Hi 0 O Ethyl ether (is«) 344. B = C6H4Br2 p-Dibromobenzene (158) 345. B = C6H6 (142,158) 346. B = C 6 Hi 0 O 3 Ethyl acetoacetate (158) 347. B = C6Hi4 Hexane (is«) 348. B = C8H8O2 Methyl benzoate (15«) 349. B = C8H20IN Tetraethy!ammonium iodide (331)1

350. B = Ci0H8 Naphthalene (iss) 351. B = Ci 4 Hi 0 Phenanthrene (158) 352. B = C20H38O2 Ethyl oleate (is 8 ) v. also 38 C2H5Br Ethyl bromide 353. B = C2H5I (103)

354. B = C 5 H 5 N Pyridine (14) 355. B = C6H4Br2 p-Dibromobenzene (158) (±0.005%) (318) Wt. % B tif 0.000 1.43841 3.565 1.45332 3.854 1.45429 356. B = C8Hi4O6 Dimethyl d-dimethoxysuccinate (±0.075%) (222) a 1 103b (65.3°-153°) 100.00 Wt. % B 1.1250 [1.0520-65.8) (15.8°-88.5°) 9.02 Wt. % B 2.0242 11.9290-15.8) 357. B = C8Hi4O6 Ethyl tartrate (±0.05%) (228) a I 103b (18.32°-22.5°) 0.00 Wt. % B 1.4631 12.0330-18.32) (18.47°-21.6°) 2.02 Wt. % B 1.4558 J2.959 0-18.47) (18.7°-20.93°) 4.98 Wt. % B 1.4460 [1.9740 -18.7) (18.95°-27.20°) 10.92 Wt. % B 1.4278 11.928 0-18.95) (18.85°-20.10°) 30.58 Wt. % B 1.3720 11.6810-18.85) (19.57°-21.20°) 65.28 Wt. % B 1.2828 11.2280-19.57) (±0.05%)(343)

Wt. % B 69.600 44.472 22.494 11.583 5.532 2.311 1.197 0.424 0.000

dlQ 1.3867 1.5899 1.8298 1.9814 2.0789 2.1362 2.1567 2.1713 2.1789

358. B = Ci 0 Hi 4 N 2 Nicotine (±0.05%)(343)

Wt. % A 0.00 41.88 63.71 82.58 89.86 100.00

df 1.0100 1.3009 1.5310 1.8096 1.9467 2.1789

C2H5Br,- (Continued) 359. B = Ci0Hi6O Camphor (±0.05%)(343)

Wt. % B 0.00 1.00 1.86 2.99 3.87 36.23

dj° 2.1789 2.1513 2.1279 2.0983 2.0759 1.4929 360. B = C10Hi8O6 Dipropyl tartrate (±0.1%)(340)

I 103b (20°-60°) 0.00 Wt. % A 1.1389 10.905 (t - 20) (20°-70°) 25.29 Wt. % A 1.2916 I 1.116 (t - 20) 55.00 Wt. % A 1.5293 (1.324 (t - 20) 84.71 Wt. % A 1.8868 I 1.698 (t - 20) 361. B = C12H28IN Tetrapropylammonium iodide a

C331)1

C2H5NO3 Ethyl nitrate 371. B = C7Hi6 Heptane (236)i 372. B = C8H20IN Tetraethylammonium iodide ( 33 Q) 1 373. B = Ci0H7Br a-Bromonaphthalene (2 3 6 ) i 374. B = Ci2H28IN Tetrapropylammonium iodide

365. B = CgHio Xylene (254) 366. B = C8Hi0O Phenetole (±0.1%)(269) MoI % A d% 100.00 1.9745 90.44 1.8026 66.02 1.5295 45.29 1.3207 26.15 1.1630 9.11 1.0366 0.9841 0.00 I 367. B = C8H14O6 Ethyl tartrate

v. also 40, 309

(±0.05%)(228)

v. also 308

I 103b (19.25°-32.35°) 0.00 Wt. % B 1.9377 (2.306 (£-19.25) (18.58°-32.9°) 5.17 Wt. % B 1.8748 [2.2070-18.58) (18.22°-26.01°) 10.63 Wt. % B 1.8143 |2.080(1-18.22) (18.07°-25.33°) 32.77 Wt. % B 1.6067 11.640ft-18.07) 368. B = C10H8 Naphthalene (54)i v. also 39, 157, 187.5, 353, 1271, 1272 a

C2H5I Ethyl iodide 362. B = C4H8O2 Ethyl acetate (is«, "U) (±0.025%) (2 3)

Wt. % B

Wt. % B dl° 50.483 1.16636 40.259 1.25981 31.471 1.35355 25.434 1.42776 17.208 1.54288 10.907 1.64612 5.030 1.75664 I 1.86491 0.000 363. B = C4Hi0O Ethyl ether (165)1 364. B = C6H6 (254)

dl°

100.000 0.9006 93.775 0.9525 87.072 1.0100 78.358 1.0868 1.1547 70.902 61.278 1.2454 52.337 1.3333 44.697 1.4114 30.202 1.5679 16.129 1.7316 0.000 1.9365 (±0.005%)(134, 290) Wt. % B dj* 100.000 0.89422 80.918 0.99263 64.993 1.09390 50.483 1.20707 40.259 1.30314 31.471 1.39950 25.434 1.47573 17.208 1.59373 10.907 1.69938 5.030 1.81215 0.000 1.92282 (±0.005%)(134, 290) Wt. % B dj° 100.000 0.86307 80.918 0.95824 64.993 1.05648

C2H6NO Acetamide 369. B = C2H6O Ethyl alcohol (299)i (±0.01%)(33) Wt. % B < 100.000 0.78090 95.837 0.78972 93.429 0.79494 0.79985 91.203 370. B = C 6 H 5 N, Pyridine (±0.05%) (70) Wt. % B dl6 100.00 0.9746 96.13 0.9794 94.35 0.9814 91.49 0.9826 83.73 0.9959

(330)1

C2H6N2O Dimethylnitrosamine 375. B = C8H20IN Tetraethylammonium iodide (330)1

C2H6O Ethyl alcohol 376. B = C3H6O Acetone (33,i 139, I44i) (±0.1%) (359)

Vol. % B O 25 50 75 100 Vol. % B O 25 50 75 100

dl 0.8082 0.8124 0.8139 0.8138 0.8132 dl6 0.7872 0.7886 0.7879 0.7872 0.7856

(±0.1%) (361)

Wt. % B ] <224° 0.000 0.7934 0.605 0.7932 0.929 0.7931 2.427 0.7928 4.655 0.7925 5.455 0.7924 12.130 0.7923 19.800 0.7921 23.290 0.7921 50 Wt. % A (±0.025%) (178) t di O 0.9363 25 0.9083 40 0.8918 55 0.8751 70 0.8577 377. B = C3H6O2 Methyl acetate (±0.025%)(to 55°)(178) 50 Wt. % A a 103b 0.88174 1.052* 378. B = C3H7NO Propionamide (l 80 ) (±0.01%)(33)

Wt. % A dj° 100.000 0.78078 96.897 0.78560 92.990 0.79628 89.705 I 0.82371 379. B = C3H7NO2 Urethane (299) 1,2 (±0.01%) (261.1) Wt. % B (fl° 0 0.7892 1 0.7915 2 0.7928 3 0.7962 4 0.7986 5 0.8010 10 0.8130 20 0.8375 30 0.8628 40 0.8895 50 0.9177 60 0.9470 381. B = C3H8O n-Propyl alcohol (0-100 Wt. % A) (65) d\* = (0.80753 0.0001386 X Wt. % A) ±0.025% (±0.1%)(113, us) Wt. % A dì5 100.0 0.7869 91.9 0.7888 82.1 0.7904 43.4 0.7928 11.4 0.7975 8.8 0,7981 4.8 0.7988 0.0 0.8006 382. B = C3H8O3 Glycerol (200)i (±0.005%)(319) Wt. % A dì2*87 100.000 0.79586 96.842 0.80659 95.393 0.81148 88.048 0.83723 73.275 0.89218 (±0.05%)(346)

I 103b 0.00 Wt. % A 1.2507 I 0.630* 20.00 Wt. % À 1.1416 I 0.66Oi 33.33 Wt. % A 1.0742 I 0.725* 50.02 Wt. % A 0.9975 I 0.750* 66.67 Wt. % A 0.9371 I 0.805* 100.00 Wt. % A 0.8128 I 0.850* 383. B = C4H5NO2 Succinimide (2 9 9) 1.2 384. B = C4H5NS Allyl isothiocyanate (192,1 a

3281)

t O 25 40 55

385. B = C4H6O4 Succinic acid (±0.0075%)(264)

Wt. % A 100.000 99.844 99.690 99.382 98.754 97.553

dj 4 - 2 0.79595 0.79654 0.79710 0.79829 0.80020 0.80509

386. B = C 4 H 6 O 5 Malic acid (i»*) 1

390. B = C4H9NO Butyramide (±0.01%)(33) Wt. % A dj° 100.000 0.78090 97.374 0.78501 94.372 0.78991 391. B = C 4 Hi 0 O Isobutyl alcohol (±0.025%) (65) Wt. % B dl5 0.00 0.79367 6.30 0.79435 12.34 0.79488 29.06 0.79670 49.49 0.79905 59.09 0.80022 68.54 0.80142 89.80 0.80430 100.00 0.80567

387. B = C4H6O6 Tartaric acid (296,i 303) (20°-50°)(±0.1%)(339) a I 103b 93.55 Wt. % A 0.8199 1 0.873(* - 20) 88.37 Wt. % A 0.8480 I 0.873(J-20) 83.82 Wt. % A 0.8736 I 0.873(£ - 20) 80.27 Wt. % A Q.893Ì I 0.880(* - 20) 388. B - C4H8O2 Butyric acid (0-100 Wt. % B)(IOS) d? = (0.7928 + 0.001683 X Wt. % B) ±0.1% 389. B * C4H8O2 Ethyl acetate (±0.005%)(i«2) Wt. % B dl 100.000 0.92455 94.897 0.91736 89.816 0.91033 84.338 0.90299 83.815 0.90227 80.080 0.89741 75.159 0.89107 69.692 0.88419 65.412 0.87889 58.900 0.87097 49.941 0.86036 39.489 0.84833 28.985 0.83662 14.250 0.82080 5.346 0.81167 0.000 1 0.80631 (±0.25%)(ioi.i) Wt. % B d\7'6 100.00 0.9060 95.63 0.9002 91.21 0.8942 86.71 0.8880 82.17 0.8817 77.75 0.8753 72.89 0.8685 68.20 0.8615 63.34 0.8572 (±0.025%) (178) 50 Wt. % B

d\ 0.86207 0.84424 0.82665 0.80860

392. B = C 4 Hi 0 O Ethyl ether (10, 32, 37, so, 103, 169,

201,1 240, 252,1 274, 289)

(±0.025%) (36) Wt. % A d\5 0.0 0.7194 9.6 0.7317 16.8 0.7404 18.0 0.7418 18.7 0.7427 20.8 0.7452 22.2 0.7468 22.7 0.7474 23.0 0.7478 24.9 0.7501 25.0 0.7502 25.4 0.7509 0.7511 25.7 25.8 0.7512 26.7 0.7524 27.4 0.7533 28.3 0.7544 29.7 0.7562 100.0 0.7934 (±0.025%) (9) Wt. % A dl5 100.00 0.7882 76.85 0.7726 52.57 0.7548 42.49 0.7468 35.52 0.7412 27.01 0.7340 21.63 0.7295 13.61 0.7222 0.7079 0.00 393. B = C4Hi2IN Tetramethylammonium iodide (330)1

394. B = C5H5N Pyridine (±0.05%)(130) Wt. % A

0.00 10.48 25.98 45.61 100.00

d}5'5

0.9873 0.9640 0.9321 0.8931 0.7934

(±0.05%)(73)

Wt. % A
403. B = C6H5ClO m-Chlorophenol (3QS)i 404. B = C6H5ClO p-Chlorophenol (3QS)i 405. B = C 6 H 5 NO 2 Nitrobenzene (34,i 192,i 328i) (±0.025%)(247)

MoI % A 100.00 97.71 95.13 92.10 88.87 85.54 82.03 77.01 70.41 60.46 48.16 MoI % A 100.00 97.63 95.11 92.04 88.75 81.99 77.11 70.31 61.51 47.86 MoI % A 100.00 97.61 95.11 92.05 88.85 81.86 77.01 70.44 62.00 47.49 MoI % A 100.00 97.58 94.94 92.12 88.93 85.42 82.08 77.13 71.32 61.96 47.86 MoI % A 100.00 97.69 95.07 92.09 88.90 85.69 82.43 77.28 70.59 61.59 47.29

dlQ 0.79110 0.80855 0.82747 0.84878 0.86987 0.89052 0.91097 0.93824 0.97144 1.01192 1.06451 d\° 0.78063 0.79848 0.81688 0.83808 0.85960 0.90090 0.92775 0.96182 1.00178 1.05549 d? 0.77329 0.79129 0.80913 0.83005 0.87075 0.89263 0.91900 0.95191 0.99072 1.04750 df 0.76329 0.78115 0.79952 0.81920 0.83988 0.86113 0.88118 0.90822 0.93802 0.98103 1.03619 dj° 0.74650 0.77210 0.79122 0.81110 0.83168 0.85235 0.87179 0.89960 0.93288 0.97346 1.02451

CaHeO.—(Continued) 406. B = C6H5NO3 o-Nitrophenol (±0.005%) (319) ' Wt. % A dl2'97 100.000 0.79586 97.570 0.80493 93.528 0.81903 89.008 0.83582 88.790 0.83660 (to 5.261 Wt. % B)(34) dj° = (0.78100 -h 0.003508 X Wt. % B) ±0.01% 407. B = C6H5NO3 p-Nitrophenol (to 1.834 Wt. % B)(34) dj° = (0.78100 + 0.00368 X Wt. % B) ±0.01% 408. B = C6H6 (35, 8i,i 95,1 103,

139, 233,1 238,1 240, 351, 3611)

(±0.075%) (32) Wt. % B < 100.00 0.7930 78.88 0.8106 47.14 0.8356 20.90 0.8604 0.00 0.8814 (±0.025%) (178) 50 Wt. % B t d\ O 0.86536 25 0.84060 40 0.82549 55 Q. 80955 409. B = C6H6BrN p-Bromoaniline (to 4.711 Wt. % B)(34) df = (0.78100 + 0.00437 X Wt. % B) ±0.01% 410. B = C6H6ClN p-Chloroaniline (±0.01%)(34) Wt. % A df 100.000 0.78100 98.781 0.78506 0.78535 98.638 4 1 1 . B = C6H6N2O2 ra-Nitroaniline

(to 2.694 Wt. % B) (34) df = (0.78100 + 0.003597 X Wt. % B) ±0.01% 412. B = C6H6N2O2 p-Nitroaniline (to 0.964 Wt. % B) (34) df = (0.78100 + 0.003696 X Wt. % B) ±0.01% 413. B = C6H6O Phénol (±0.005%)(319)

Wt. % A 100.000 96.354 94.284 91.029 85.354 79.467

12 87

d4 0.79586 0.80650 0.81160 0.81959 0.83381 0.84882

414. B = C6H6O2 Resorcinol (299)i.a

415. B = C6H7N Aniline (140) (±0.01%) (34)

Wt. % B

0.000 2.234 3.956 7.223 100.000

df

0.78081 0.78592 0.78976 0.79693 1.01300

416. B = C6H8O7 Citric acid (296) 1.2 417. B = C 6 Hi 0 O 3 Ethyl acetoacetate (±0.05%)(7i) Wt. % A cZf 100.00 0.7875 91.95 0.8025 63.72 0.8605 53.29 0.8832 35.98 0.9244 0.00 1.0222 418. B = C6Hi0O8 Citric acid hydrate (296) 1.2 418.5. B = C 6 H 12 O 3 Paraldehyde (±0.1%) (36l) Wt. % B dl° 0.000 0.7934 0.710 0.7948 1.047 0.7953 2.830 0.7972 5.200 0.8006 13.835 0.8152 25.000 0.8347 419. B = C6H13NO Caproamide (to 3.293 Wt. % B) (33) df = (0.78090 + 0.001259 X Wt. % B) ±0.01% 420. B = C7H5N Cyanobenzene (*92,i 328i) 421. B = C7H6O2 Benzoic acid (293, 296i.a) 422. B = C7H6O3 Salicylic acid (293, 294, 2 9 6 , l , 2 303)

423. B = C7H7NO Benzamide (129,12991,2) 424. B = C7H7NO2 o-Nitrotoluene (I92,i 328i) (±0.01%)(34)

Wt. % A df 100.000 0.78100 96.867 0.78972 85.787 0.82051 69.002 0.87101 48.032 0.94148 425. B = C7H7NO2 m-Nitrotoluene (192,i 328i) 426. B = C 7 H 7 NO 2 p-Nitrotoluene (34,i I92,i 328i) (0-100 Wt. % B)(149) — = [1.28035 a4 0.0043628 X Wt. % B + 0.053532 X (Wt. % B)2] ±0.025% 427. B = C7H8 (35,139) (±0.01%)(34)

Wt. % A df 100.000 0.78081 96.891 0.78322 96.014 0.78386 94.655 0-. 78488 0.78689 91.768 428. B = C7H8O o-Cresol (237)i

435. B = C8H8ClNO p-Chloroacetanilide (±0.01%)(34) Wt. % A dy 100.000 0.78100 98.717 0.78515 97.843 Q.78794 436. B = C8H9NO Acetanilide (129,1,2292,299,1,2

303) 437. B = C8Hi0 Xylene (139) 438. B = C8H10O Phenetole (±0.025%) (9) Wt. % A <%* 100.00 0.7881 85.03 0.8108 71.11 0.8331 57.68 0.8552 45.03 0.8767 32.95 0.8982 21.50 0.9195 9.75 0.9422 0.00 0.9619 439. B = C8H14O3 Ethyl ethylacetoacetate (±0.05%)(7i) Wt. % A df 100.00 0.7875 94.56 0.7953 76.20 0.8271 58.76 0.8588 28.69 0.9165 13.13 0.9495 0.00 0.9750 440. B = C8H14O6 Ethyl tartrate (I70,i 343i)

429. B = C7H8O Anisole (±0.025%) (9) Wt. % A df 100.00 0.7881 84.79 0.8149 70.38 0.8407 57.00 0.8666 44.33 0.8919 32.32 0.9168 20.95 0.9416 10.02 0.9660 0.00 0.9960 430. B = C7H8O6 Gallic acid hydrate (296)i,2 431. B = C7H9N p-Toluidine (2 99) r (to 3.952 Wt. % B)(34) df = (0.78100 + 0.00212 X Wt. % B) ± 0.01% 432. B = C7H9N 2, 6-Lutidine (±0.05%)(73) Wt. % A tf? 100.00 0.7904 90.03 0.8038 80.12 0.8197 60.23 0.8515 40.30 0.8803 20.57 0.9074 9.45 0.9210 0.00 0.9322 433. B = C7H9NO2 Ammonium benzoate (296) 1,2 434. B = C7H9NO3 Ammonium salicylate (294,

| 103b (17.6° - 58.2e) 100.00 Wt. % A 0.7934 |0.880^-17.6) (20.5°-54.4°) 95.00 Wt. % A 0.8058 |0.891(f-20.5) (17.4°-£5.8°) 89.06 Wt. % A 0.8265 |p. 902(<-17.4) (13.1°-69.0°) 80.00 \Vft. % A 0.8596 10.932(^-13.1) (16.7°-62.8°) 60.00 Wt. % A 0.9273 |0.954(i-16.7) (17.5°^59.1°) 39.99 Wt. % A 1.0079 |0.988(^-17.5) (16.8°-99.4°) 0.00 Wt. % A 1.2085 [1.016p-16.8) 441. B = C8H20IN Tetraethylammonium iodide

2961,2)

(330,1 3311)

(±0.05%)(203,288,344)

a

442. B = C9H8O Cinnamaldehyde (353) 443. B = C9H10O2 Ethyl benzoate (303) 444. B = C9HnNO pÂcettoluide (*29)i.« 445. B = C9HnNO Methylacetanilide ( 18 Q) 446. B = C10H7Br Bromonaphthalene (353) 447. B = Ci0H8 Naphthalene (299)i (to 2.711 Wt. % B)(54) d\s = (0.79250 + 0.002089 X Wt. % B) ±0.0075% 448. B = C 10 Hi 2 Tetrahydronaphthalene (10.075-20(!2I) Wt. %.A dl* 100.0 0.7847 75.4 0.8245 51.7 0.8645 24.2 0.9158 7.7 0.9465 0.0 0.9656 449. B = C 10 H 13 NO 2

Phenacetine (292, 2972) 450. B = C10H14N2 Nicotine (93)i (±0.05%)(170, 341)

Wt. % A

d\Q

0.00 9.91 25.07 40.07 54.92 69.97 85.04 100.00

1.0110 0.9884 0.9536 0.9200 0.8875 0.8554 0.8251 0.7957

(±0.05%)(343,344)

(to 30°) a 1 103b 43.27 Wt. % A 0.9283 I 0.84* 58.00 Wt. % A 0.8955 I 0.83* 74.07 Wt. % A 0.8615 I 0.84* 89.76 Wt. % A 0.8288 0.83f 451. B = C 10 H 15 BrO

Bromocamphor (±0.1%)(235)

Wt. % A 100.00 99.49 95.02 90.23 85.68 81.27

df 0.7874 0.7892 0.8040 0.8213 0.8379 0.8549

452. B = C 10 Hi 6 O Camphor ( 1 7 B , i 323, 342)

(±0.1%)(i°o,i70)

J420 0.7948 0.8094 0.8240 0.8391 0.8548 0.8715 0.8892

Wt. % B O 10 20 30 40 50 60

(±0.1%)(235)

Wt. % B 0.00 0.76 3.05 7.54

d\* 0.7874 0.7886 0.7918 0.7987

14.82 0.8094 24.28 0.8239 37.83 0.8460 50.72 0.8671 453. B = C 10 Hi 6 O 4 Camphoric acid (293, 2961.2) 454. B = C10H18O Borneol (303) ^ 455. B = C 10 Hi 8 O 3 Ethyl diethylacetoacetate (±0.05%)(7i) Wt. % A dì6 100.00 0.7875 84.34 0.8112 79.26 0.8200 71.44 0.8325 8.22 0.9491 0.9646 0.00 456. B = C10H20O Menthol (±0.05%)(228)

103b (12.0°-27.9°) 98.43 Wt. % A 0.7994 |0.8560-12.0) (12.0°-46.9°) 91.73 Wt. % A 0.8060 [0.848Q-12.0) a

457. B = C 12 Hi 0

Acenaphthene (299) 1,2 458. B = Ci 2 Hi 0 O Phenyl ether (237)i 459. B = C12H10NO «-Acetnaphthalide (129) 1.2 460. B = C12H28IN Tetrapropylammonium iodide (330)1

461. B = C13H10O Benzophenone (±0.01%)(33) Wt. % A dj° 100.000 0.78090 92.849 0.79894 89.430 0.80778 462. B = C13H10O3 Phenyl salicylate (294, 2961.2) 463. B = Ci 3 Hi 2 N 2 O

Benzoylphenylhydrazine (129)1,2

464. B = Ci 4 Hi 0 Phenanthrene Q 8 , 1 158,2991.2) 465. B = Ci6H24O3S Menthyl benzenesulfonate

483. B = C26H26N2O2 Benzoylcinchonicine (234) 484. B = C26H28N2O3S p-Toluenesulfonylcinchonicine

(212)1

(234)

466. B = Ci6H32O2 Palmitic acid (158) 467. B = Ci8H34O2 Oleic acid (57) 468. B = Ci8H36O2 Stearicacid (296) 1.2 469. B = Ci9Hi7N3 Triphenylguanidine (I29)i,2

485. B = C27H34N2O7

470. B = Ci 9 H 22 N 2 O

Cinchonicine ( 23 4)

471. B = C 20 Hi 3 N 3 O 7

Phenanthrene picrate ( 18 J 1 472. B = C20Hi6Br2O8 Methyl di-[o-bromobenzoyl]tartrate (88) 473. B = C20Hi6Br2O8

Methyl di-[ra-bromobenzoyl]tartrate (88) 474. B = C20Hi6Br2O8 Methyl di-[p-bromobenzoyl]tartrate (88) 475. B = C20Hi6Cl2O8 Methyl di-[o-chlorobenzoyl]tartrate ( 88 ) 476. B = C20Hi6Cl2O8 Methyl di-[m-chlorobenzoyl]tartrate (88) 477. B = C20Hi6Cl2O8 Methyl di-[p-chlorobenzoyl]tartrate (88) 478. B = C 20 H 20 O 6 (87) Methyl di-p-toluylglycerate 479. B = C20H26O3S Menthyl naphthalene-ß-sulfonate (212)1 480. B = C2iH22O6 Ethyl di-p-toluylgly cerate ( 87 ) 481. B = C24H42O6 Z-Menthyl Z-tartrate (±0.05%)(214) a I 103b (19.55°-29.8°) 97.58 Wt. % A 0.7964 JO. 8580-19.55) (18.25°-38.6°) 92.95 Wt. % A 0.8054 |0.860Q-18.25) 482. B = C24H42O6 Z-Menthyl d-tartrate (±0.05%)(226) 3

I 10 b (12.8°-62.7°) 93.30 Wt. % A 0.8112 |0.8630-12.8°) (9.7°-33.9°) 92.07 Wt. % A 0.8178 I0.856Q-9.7) a

Quinine salicylate dihydrate (294, 2961,2) 486. B = C28H46O8

I- Menthyl diacetyl-Z-tartrate (±0.05%)(214) a I 103b (21.0°-39.4°) 96.05 Wt. % A 0.7982 10.8700 -21.0) (19.1°-37.2°) 94.20 Wt. % A 0.8035 |0.857Q-19.1) 487. B = C28H46O8 Z-Menthyl diacetyl-dZ-tartrate f2!5)l

488. B = C28H46O3 Z-Menthyl diacetyl-d-tartrate (±0.05%)(226)

I 103b (18.7°^1.3°) 98.21 Wt. % A 0.7957 |0.8670-18.7) (13.0°-40.2°) 92.74 Wt. % A 0.8119 |0.861Q - 13) 488.1. B = d-Turpentine (0.05%) (170) Wt. % A dj° 0.00 0.9108 26.91 0.8765 53.49 0.8464 77.76 0.8186 100.00 0.7957 488.2 B = Z-Turpentine (I70,i a

3421) (0.05%) (263)

Wt. % A

d\Q

0.00 0.8648 0.8550 10.31 32.68 0.8368 49.01 0.8247 68.57 0.8108 79.90 0.8033 89.89 0.7969 100.00 0.7911 v. also 9, 41, 82, 94, 153, 158, 166, 175, 181, 188, 232, 266, 268, 306, 310, 369, 1265, 1275, 1276, 1277 C2HeO2 Glycol 489. B = C4Hi2IN Tetramethylammonium iodide ( 330 V 490. B = C8H20IN Tetraethylammoniuni iodide t 330 ) 1

C2H7N

C3H6O

Dimethylamine 490.1. B = C2H8ClN Dimethylamine hydrochloride (±0.5%) (358) Wt. % B d-f- 5 0.00 0.727 2.01 0.728 3.99 0.734 8.66 0.740

Allyl alcohol 497. B = C3H8O Propyl alcohol (335)i

C2H7N Ethylamine 490.2. B = C2H8ClN Ethylamine hydrochloride (±0.5%) (358) Wt. % B d-f'5

0.00 4.07 9.97 13.78

0.742 0.767 0.771 0.881

C3H3N3O3 Cyanuric acid 491. B = C5H5N Pyridine (70) C3H5ClO Epichlorohydrin 492.B = C8H20IN Tetraethylammonium iodide 329 1

e )

C3H6N Propionitrile 493. B = C8H20IN Tetraethylammonium iodide (330,1 3311)

494. B = C12H28IN Tetrapropylammonium iodide (330,1 3311)

C3H5NO Lactonitrile v. 269

C3H5NS Ethyl thiocyanate 495. B = C5Hi1N Piperidine (±0.05%) (165) MoI % A dj° 100 0.9672 95 0.9766 75 1.0151 55 1.0534 50 1.0633 45 1.0414 25 0.9474 5 0.8560 O 0.8338 496. B = C8H20IN Tetraethylammonium iodide (330)1

C3HeBr2 n-Propylene bromide v. 311

498. B = C6H6 (±0.05%)(335)

Wt. % B 100.00 84.19 81.23 0.00

dl 0.9001 0.8933 0.8923 0.8690

499. B = C8H14O6 Ethyl tartrate (±0.05%)(223)

103b I (8.6°-55.5°) 28.27 Wt. % B 0.941 (0.9170 - 8.6) (11.5°-53.0°) 49.81 Wt. % B 1.009 10.917(i-ll. 5) a

C3H6O Acetone 500. B = C3H7NO Propionamide (18°) 501. B = C 4 H 5 NO 2 Methyl cyanoacetate (±0.05%)(329)

Wt. % A 0.00 18.97 41.28 67.83 100.00

d\ 1.1492 1.0697 0.9862 0.9030 0.8121 Wt. % A d\* O.OQ 1.1225 18.97 1.0437 41.28 0.9607 67.83 0.8739 100.00 0.7851 502. B = C4H6O4 Succinic acid (±0.0075%)(264)

Wt. % A ^2-3 100.000 0.80009 99.847 0.80036 99.695 0.80095 99.387 0.80216 98.778 0.80458 97.571 0.80928 503. B = C 4 H 6 O 5 Malic acid (i»*) 1 504. B = C4H7ClO2 Ethyl chloroacetate (^ 58) 505. B = C4H8O Methyl ethyl ketone (0-100 Wt. % A) (±0.025%)(248)

dj° = (0.8052 - 0.03142 X Wt. % A) df = (0.7946 0.03151 X Wt. % A) < = (0.7841 o.o3i6i x wt. % A)

dj° = (0.7734 0.03172 Wt. % A) 506. B = C4H10O Ethyl ether (±0.05)(28i) dl° MoI % A O 0.7106 20 0.7191 40 0.7312 50 0.7383 60 0.7461 80 0.7645 100 0.7877 (±0.05%)(274)

MoI % A d? - 04 0.000 0.7080 10.764 0.7146 20.752 0.7209 31.186 0.7280 41.842 0.7356 45.646 0.7385 54.939 0.7456 56.104 0.7465 63.691 0.7525 72.850 0.7607 77.158 0.7640 85.858 0.7720 93.418 0.7792 100.000 0.7859 (0°-32°)(±0.25%)(79) 103b a I O MoI % A 0.736 I 1.343* 30 MoI % A 0.757 I 1.625* 70 MoI % A 0.785 I 1.5OH 100 MoI % A 0.813 I 1.312*

507. B = C5H12O Amyl alcohol (39) i 508. B = C6H5Br (±0.1%)(270)

MoI % A 0.00 15.68 26.46 49.85 71.85 82.50 93.75 100.00

d\ 1.518 1.445. 1.382 1.234 1.074 0.982 0.875 0.812

509. B = C6H5Cl (±0.1%)(270)

MoI % A 0.00 15.30 49.12 60.30 84.74 95.97 100.00

d\ 1.127 1.094 1.003 0.948 0.878 0.834 0.812

510. B = C6H5ClO o-Chlorophenol (±0.01%) (28)

Wt. % A 100.00 81.51 67.62 50.05 39.51 28.99 16.88 8.27 0.00 Wt. % A 100.00 81.51 67.62 50.05 39.51 28.99 16.88 8.27 0.00 Wt. % A 100.00 81.51 67.62 50.05 39.51 28.99 16.88 8.27 0.00 Wt. % A 100.00 81.51 67.62 50.05 39.51 28.99 16.88 8.27 0.00 Wt. % A 100.00 81.51 67.62 50.05 39.51 28.99 16.88 8.27 0.00 Wt. % A 100.00 81.51 67.62 50.05 39.51 28.99 16.88 8.27 0.00 Wt. % A 40.63 31.77 23.01 15.36 8.92 0.00

d* 0.8148 0.8800 0.9364 1.0138 1.0638 1.1175 1.1824 1.2282 1.2737 dj° 0.8032 0.8689 0.9256 1.0032 1.0532 1.1068 1.1716 1.2170 1.2622 dl° 0.7914 0.8577 0.9148 0.9924 1.0427 1.0961 1.1607 1.2058 1.2508 dj° 0.7795 0.8466 0.9040 0.9818 1.0321 1.0855 1.1499 1.1946 1.2397
Wt. % A .40.63 31.77 23.01 15.36 8.92 0.00

d\° 0.9837 1.0280 1.0735 1.1129 1.1467 1.1945

511. B - C6H5NO2 Nitrobenzene (±0.1%) (361) Wt. % A dl° 0.000 1.2048 0.372 1.2016 0.600 1.1994 1.1996 1.366 1.864 1.1993 3.031 1.1868 7.083 1.1632 9.730 1.1494 16.100 1.1176 (±0.1%)(82)

MoI % B 100 75 50 25 O

df 0.7869 0.8970 0.9980 1.1005 1.1963

512. B = CeH6(33,i 5 9 , 1 82,1 139, 141,1 149, 176, 36U) (±0.1%) (355)

Wt. % B 0.00 21.24 49.34 72.14 100.00 Wt. % B 0.00 21.24 49.34 72.14 100.00

4° 0.8042 0.8323 0.8445 0.8645 0.8893 dy 0.7926 0.8102 0.8335 0.8534 0.8784

(±0.1%)(74)

Wt. % B dl* 0.00 0.8736 9.33 0.8668 18.05 0.8565 24.70 0.8507 39.31 0.8381 43.28 0.8347 63.98 0.8179 74 ..81 0.8080 89.51 0.7948 100.00 0.7862 (±0.1%) (355) Wt. % B 0.00 21.24 49.34 72.14 100.00

d»° 0.7810 0.7999 0.8227 0.8425 0.8677

513. B = C6H6O Phenol (±0.01%)(27)

Wt. % A 100.00 85.81 73.28 61.94 50.57 42.21 34.78 26.26 21.06 14.61 7.15 0.00 Wt. % A 100.00 85.81 73.28 61.94 50.57 42.21 34.78 26.26 21.06 14.61 7.15 0.00 Wt. % A 100.00 90.43 80.47 72.30 62.58 55.33 47.21 39.76 32.81 25.75 19.24 12.02 7.19 0.00 Wt. % A 100.00 90.43 80.47 72.30 62.58 55.33 47.21 39.76 32.81 25.75 19.24 12.02 7.19 0.00 Wt. % A 100.00 90.43 80.47 72.30 62.58 55.33 47.21 39.76 32.81

d 9 ' 95 0.8033 0.8427 0.8769 0.9086 0.9407 0.9642 0.9851 1.0090 1.0237 1.0420 1.0622 1.0835 df- 05 0.7914 0.8317 0.8663 0.8984 0.9309 0.9547 0.9757 0.9998 1.0146 1.0334 1.0537 1.0751 dj 9 - 8 0.7801 0.8058 0.8338 0.8573 0.8856 0.9064 0.9331 0.9520 0.9724 0.9935 1.0115 1.0327 1.0466 1.0667 40-1 0.7678 0.7942 0.8225 0.8462 0.8744 0.8953 0.9221 0.9417 0.9625 0.9837 1.0022 1.0237 1.0378 1.0583 df'B 0.7561 0.7832 0.8118 0.8337 0.8637 0.8847 0.9116 0.9317 0.9530

Wt. % A 25.75 19.24 12.02 7.19 0.00

49'8 0.9733 0.9933 1.0150 1.0293 1.0502

514. B = C6H7N Aniline (±0.25%)(79) MoI % A dy O 1.021 30 0.978 70 0.886 100 0.810 MoI % A dl1 O 1.002 30 0.966 70 0.863 100 0.765 (±0.025%) (178) 50 Wt. % A * d\ O 0.93268 25 0.90893 40 0.89118 55 0.87720 70 0.86282

521. B = C8H10N4O2 Caffeine (292) 522. B = C8Hi4O6 Ethyl tartrate (±0.05%)(223) a I 103b 0 (13°-16 ) 89.99 Wt. % A 0.8304 |1.085(* - 13) (11.5°-36°) 74.94 Wt. % A 0.8821 1.102(1-11.5) 523. B = C8H20IN Tetraethylammonium iodide (330,1 3311)

524. B = C9HnNO

Methylacetanilide (18°) 525. B = Ci0H8 Naphthalene (354) 526. B = C10H14N2 Nicotine (no, 341) 527. B = C 10 Hi 4 O Thymol (354) 528. B = Cj0H15BrO Bromocamphor (±0.1%)(235)

515. B = C6Hi4, Hexane (±0.1%)(76) Wt. % A d\5 0.00 0.6744 22.84 0.6913 54.20 0.7272 63.94 0.7445 73.41 0.7558 82.55 0.7684 91.41 0.7836 100.00 0.7977 (±0.1%) (361)

Wt. % A 0.000 0.402 0.557 9.985 18.135

dl° 0.6872 0.6879 0.6881 0.6930 0.6990

516. B = C7H7NO2 p-Nitrotoluene (I36)i 517. B = C 7 H 8 (Z, 102) (0-100 Wt. % B)(±0.25%) dy = (0.799 + 0.03762 X Wt. % B) dì6 = (0.797 + 0.03731 X Wt. % B) df = (0.788 + 0.03727 X Wt. % B) 518. B = C7H8O6 Gallic acid monohydrate (2 96) 1,2 519. B = C 7 Hi 4 O 2 Amyl acetate (69)i 520. B = C8H9NO Acetanilide (292)2

Wt. % A

100.00 99.23 92.62 77.07 65.28 51.42

dl*

0.7874 0.7901 0.8117 0.8719 0.9219 0.9884

529. B = C 10 Hi 6 O Camphor (354) (±0.1%)(175)

Wt. % A 100 90 80 70 60

d™ 0.7970 0.8135 0.8303 0.8469 0.8635

(±0.1%)(235)

Wt. % A 100.00 99.20 96.95 94.96 90.01 75.73 62.17 49.27 33.06

dl5 0.7874 0.7887 0.7915 0.7949 0.8021 0.8241 0.8461 0.8673 0.8962

530. B = C12H10O Diphenyl ether (±0.1%)(270)

MoI % A 0.00 48.43 73.06 89.40 100.00

df 1.072 0.992 0.921 0.849 0.787

C3H6O.- (Continued) 531. B = Ci2H28IN Tetrapropylammonium iodide (330,1 3311)

(0-100 Wt. % B)(23) d\° = (0.9175 + 0.03171 X Wt. % B) ±0.025%

532. B = Ci 3 Hi 0 O 546. B = C4H8O2 Ethyl acetate Benzophenone (±0.025%)(23) (±0.01%)(33) Wt. % B dl° Wt. % A < 0.000 0.9175 100.000 0.78117 23.580 0.9125 96.446 0.79017 46.094 0.9083 92.988 0.79881 71.740 0.9042 89.305 0.80846 100.000 0.9001 533. B = CiGHa 2 O 2 Palmitic acid (158) 547. B = C6H6 (I*»*») 1 534. B = Ci8H34O2 548. B = C8Hi0 Oleic acid Xylene (I99)i (O - 100 Wt. % A) (38) v. also 1265 dl° = (0.8859 0.03756 X Wt. % A) ± 0.25% CsHeO2 535. B = Ci8H36O2 Methyl acetate Stearicacid (158, 296,1,2) 549. B = C4H7ClO2 536. B = Ci9H22N2O Ethyl chloroacetate (158) 23 Cinchonicine ( 4) 550. B = C4H8O2 537. B = C20H20O6 Ethyl acetate (133) Methyl di-p-toluylglycerate ( 87 ) 4= 538. B = C2iH22O6 (±0.05%)(157) Ethyl di-p-toluylglycerate (87) O MoI % B 539. B = C 26 H 23 N 5 O 7 0.9559(1 - 0.0012470 234 Picryl cinchonicine ( ) 25 MoI % B 540. B = C26H26N2O2 0.9500(1 - 0.0013790 Benzoyl cinchonicine ( 234 ) 50 MoI % B 541. B = C26H28N2O3S 0.9384(1 - 0.0012780 100 MoI % B p-Toluenesulfonylcinchonicine 0.9230(1 - 0.0013710 ( 234 ) (±0.025%)(23) v. also 10, 42, 83, 95, 143, 159, < 189, 235, 240, 252, 312, 376, Wt. % B 0.000 0.9346 1265, 1275, 1277.5, 1278 21.036 0.9258 C3H6O2 44.555 0.9171 Propionic acid 71.008 0.9084 542. B - C6H6 100.000 0.9001 (±0.05%) (135)

551. B = C6H4Br2 p-Dibromobenzene (158) 552. B = C 6 H 6 (SS, 158, 1991)

Wt. % B d\* 100.00 0.8842 84.97 0.8958 62.74 0.9183 0.00 0.9973 543. B = C7H8

553. B = C 6 Hi 2 O 3 Paraldehyde (158)

(±0.05%)(135)

Wt. % B d? 100.00 0.8694 84.11 0.8856 70.03 0.9020 0.00 0.9973 544. B = Ci0H16O Camphor (323, 342) (to 50.96 Wt. % B)(IOO) dl* = (0.9948 - 0.032708 X Wt. % B) ± 0.1% v. also 167, 313

C3H6O2 Ethyl formate 545. B = C3H6O2 Methyl acetate

=

554. B = C8Hi0 Xylene (I*»*») 1 555. B = Ci0H8 Naphthalene (54,i 158) 556. B = C 12 Hi 0 N 2 Azobenzene ( 15 S) 557. B = Ci 4 H 10 Phenanthrene ( 158 ) v. also 11, 377, 545, 1265

C3H7NO Methylacetamide 558. B = C 6 H 5 N Pyridine (±0.05%)(70)

Wt. % B 100.00 93.41 88.80 83.56

d»5 0.9746 0.9786 0.9819 0.9844

C3H7NO Propionamide 559. B = C6H5N Pyridine (to 23.75 Wt. % A) (70) dj6 = (0.9746 + 0.00299 X Wt. % A) ±0.05% 560. B = C6H6 (180) v. also 96, 378, 500 C3H7NO2 Urethane 561. B = C3H8O Propyl alcohol (299)i 562. B = C4H10O Ethyl ether ( ±0.01%) (261.1) Wt. % A dl° 0 0.7137 1 0.7167 2 0.7197 3 0.7227 4 0.7258 5 0.7289 10 0.7442 20 0.7754 30 0.8083 40 0.8430 563. B = C 5 H 5 N Pyridine (±0.05%) (70) Wt. % B fi* 100.00 0.9746 90.91 0.9832 85.04 0.9899 564. B = C6H6 ±0.01%(26i.ii Wt. % A dlQ 0 0.8784 1 0.8800 2 0.8815 3 0.8831 4 0.8846 5 0.8862 10 0.8942 565. B = C7H8 (299)i.2 v. also 97, 190, 379

C3H8O Propyl alcohol 566. B = C3H8O3 Glycerol (2QQ)i 567. B = C4H6O5 Malic acid (I9*)i 568. B = C4H10O Ethyl ether (±0.025%) (9) Wt. % B df 0.00 0.8012 10.93 0.7920 22.99 0.7820 34.92 0.7732

Wt. % B 47.16 59.89 72.97 86.22 100.00

dl* 0.7596 0.7477 0.7345 0.7204 0.7079

569. B = C6H6 (133, 233,1 238,1 351)

570. B = C6H7N Aniline '4 = (±0.05%)(157) 100.0 MoI % B 1.0415(1 - 0.038440 65.0 MoI % B 0.9798(1 - 0.038780 20.3 MoI % B 0.8856(1 - 0.0010140 0.0 MoI % B 0.8210(1 - 0.001024Q 571. B = C8Hi4O6 Ethyl tartrate (±0.05%)(203, 288)

I 103b (20°-69.6°) 0.00 Wt. % B 0.8041 10.840 (t - 20) (16.6°-32.5°) 2.50 Wt. % B 0.8148 10.811 (£-16.6) (16.7°-80.2°) 5.00 Wt. % B 0.8212 10.865(J-16.7) (23.5°-79.6°) 7.71 Wt. % B 0.8238 10.844(J-23.5) (17.7°-70.6°) 25.00 Wt. % B 0.8811 |0.899(£- 17.7) (19.8°-80.2°) 49.83 Wt. % B 0.9678 lO.958(J-19.8) (21°-71.2°) 74.99 Wt. % B 1.0746 [0.995 (t - 21) a

572. B = C10H8 Naphthalene (299)i 573. B = Ci0H14N2 Nicotine (UO, 341) 574. B = C10H16O Camphor (323, 342) (±0.1%)(ioo) Wt. % B dl° 0.00 0.8046 12.19 0.8210 23.90 0.8380 35.10 0.8543 45.93 0.8709 56.37 0.8874 575. B = Ci2H10 Acenaphthene (299)i v. also 43, 84, 160, 168, 191, 276, 381, 497, 561

CsHgO 2 Methylal v. 44

C3H8O3 Glycerol 576. B = C4H6O4 Succinic acid (l 16) 1,2 577. B = C 5 Hi 2 O Isoamyl alcohol (200)1 578. B = C8H14O6 Ethyl tartrate (±0.01%)(i3i) Wt. % B d\* 100.000 1.20990 86.833 1.22034 77.577 1.22674 68.038 1.23262 60.224 1.23693 54.263 1.24028 47.663 1.24376 42.513 1.24636 37.676 1.24869 0.000 1.26396 (±0.05%)(203,288, 344) 3

| 10 b (13.2°-99.5°) 0.00 Wt. % B 1.2647 10.6420 -13.2) (17.1°-99°) 4.99 Wt. % B 1.2616 10.6640-17.1) (17.3°-99.5°) 9.91 Wt. % B 1.2597 10.678(4-17.3) (8.5°-100°) 23.46 Wt. % B 1.2596 | 0.717(^ -8.5) (10°-100°) 48.13 Wt. % B 1.2478 (0.8120 - 10) (19°-100°) 69.93 Wt. % B 1.2287 10.8820 - 19) (8°-100°) 89.98 Wt. % B 1.2269 10.9720-8) (16.8°-99.4°) 100.00 Wt. % B 1.2085 ll.016 Q -16.8) a

v. also 192, 382, 566, 1274 C4H2O4 Acetylene dicarboxylic acid v. 193 C4H4O4 Fumarie acid v. 194 C4H5Cl3O2 Ethyl trichloroacetate 579. B = C4H8O2

Ethyl acetate (is«) d4 = (±0.05%) (157)

O Mol % B 1.4126(1 - 0.0010160 25 Mol % B 1.3217(1 - 0.0010590 50 Mol % B 1.2141(1 - 0.0011320 75 Mol % B 1.0839(1 - 0.0012000 100 Mol % B 0.9230(1 - 0.001371Q

M0I % A 100 55 52 50 48 45 10 O

580. B = C 4 Hi 0 O Ethyl ether (is«) 581. B = C 6 H 5 NO 2

Nitrobenzene (158)

582. B = C6H6 (is«) 583. B = C6Hi4 Hexane (158) 584. B = C8H8O2 Methyl benzoate ( 15 S) 585. B = Ci 4 Hi 0 Phenanthrene (158) v. also 277, 340 C4H6NO2 Methyl cyanoacetate 586/B = C8H20IN Tetraethylammonium iodide

("Q)1

v. also 501 C4H8NO2 Succinimide ^.383 C4H5NS Allyl thiocyanate 587. B = C5H5N Pyridine (I65)i 588. B = C 5 HnN Piperidine (±0.05%) (165) MoI % A 1 dj4 100 1.0125 90 1.0200 75 1.0692 60 1.0768 55 1.0813 52 1.0818 50 1.0804 48 1.0708 45 1.0571 40 1.0382 25 0.9728 10 0.9032 O 0.8565 MoI % A dj° 100 0.9885 55 1.0638 52 1.0666 50 1.0668 48 1.0577 45 1.0447 O 0.8338

~

dj° 0.9537 1.0450 1.0457 1.0451 1.0337 1.0249 0.8526 0.8035

589. B = C7H9N Methylaniline (±0.05%)(165) MoI % A f* 100 1.0124 90 1.0362 75 1.0586 60 1.0845 52 1.0970 50 1.0978 48 1.0929 45 1.0821 40 1.0703 25 1.0294 10 1.0282 O 0.9841 MoI % A < 100 0.9885 90 1.0170 75 1.0346 60 1.0620 52 1.0677 50 1.0770 48 1.0723 45 1.0697 40 1.0508 25 1.0093 10 0.9857 O 0.9634 v. also 384 C4H6O3 Acetic anhydride 590. B = C6Hi2O3 Paraldehyde (±0.075%) (68, 150) Wt. % A d\Q 100.00 1.0897 1.0813 90.00 70.04 1.0633 50.00 1.0474 30.01 1.0309 9.98 1.0104 0.00 1.0037 Wt. % A dl 6 ' 5 100.00 1.0096 90.00 1.0019 70.04 0.9860 50.00 0.9702 30.01 0.9533 9.98 0.9367 0.00 0.9248 v. also 314 C4H6O4 Succinic acid v. 195, 385, 502, 576

C4H6O5 Malic acid v. 196, 386, 503, 567 C4H6O6 Tartaric acid 591.B = C 4 Hi 0 O Ethyl ether (296) 1.2 592. B = C 5 H 12 O

Isoamyl alcohol (296)i.« 593. B = C6H6 (296)i.2 v. also 12, 387 C4H7ClO2 Ethyl chloroacetate 594. B = C4H8O2 Ethyl acetate (158) 595. B = C 5 Hi 0 O 2 Methyl butyrate (158) 596. B = C6H4Br2 p-Dibromobenzene (158) 597. B = C6H6 (158) 598. B = C 6 Hi 0 O 3 Ethyl acetoacetate (158) 599. B = C6Hi4 Hexane (158) 600. B = C7Hi4O2 Isoamyl acetate (158) 601. B = C7H14O2 Propyl butyrate (15S) 602. B = C8H8O2 Methyl benzoate (158) 603. B = Ci0H8 Naphthalene (iss) 604. B = Ci0Hi6O d-Camphor (14.23-54.22 Wt. % B)("0) dl° = (1.1224 - 0.0021 (Wt. % B - 14.23)) ±0.1% 605. B = C12H10N2 Azobenzene (158) 606. B = C 14 Hi 0 Phenanthrene (158) 607. B = Ci8H36O2

Stearicacid (158) v. also 278, 341, 504, 549 C4H8O Methyl ethyl ketone v. 505 C4H8O2 Butyric acid 608. B = C 5 H 5 N Pyridine (±0.25%)(312) MoI % B dj° 100.0 0.976 81.8 0.982 64.2 0.988 52.8 0.993 42.9 0.998 25.6 0.991 15.2 0.984 0.0 0.965

C 4 H 8 O 2 .—(Continued) 609. B = C6H6 (±0.05%)(135)

Wt. % B 100.0093.97 65.81 0.00

d\& 0.8842 0.8866 0.9059 0.9633

610. B = C7H8 (±0.05%)(135) Wt. % B d\* 100.00 0.8694 90.23 0.8771 64.09 0.8996 0.00 0.9633 611. B = Ci 0 Hi 6 O Camphor (323, 342) v. also 169, 197, 315, 388

C4H8O2 Isobutyric acid 612. B = C6H6 (23.3)i 1 O. also 45

C4H8O2 Ethyl acetate 613. B = C4H8O2 Propyl formate (to40°)(±0.025%)(24) a I 103b 100.00 Wt. % A 0.92425 I 1.218* 49.754 Wt. % A 0.92360 I 1.183« 0.00 Wt. % A 0.92335 I 1.153* 614. B = C5H5N Pyridine (to55°)(±0.025%)(!78) 50 Wt. % A a 103b 0.9573 1.071* 615. B = C5Hi0O2 Isobutyl formate (to 40°) (±0.025%) (24) a I 103b 100.00 Wt. % A 0.92425 I 1.218* 54.886 Wt. % A 0,91535 I 1.145* 0.00 Wt. % A 0.90660 I 1.075* 616. B = C 6 Hi 0 O 2 Ethyl propionate (351, 352i) 617. B = C6H4Br2 p-Dibromobenzene (158) (±0.005%)(318) Wt. % B dl6 0.000 0.89450 3.165 0.91100 5.302 0.92152 7.100 0.93073 12.355 0.95939 20.100 1.00447

(±0.025%) (178) 50 Wt. % B a 103b 0.9105 1.2*

618. B = C 6 H 4 N 2 O 4 ra-Dinitrobenzene (158) (±0.005%)(47, 187)

Wt. % A dj° 100.00 0.88894 74.25 0.99199 72.36 1.00014 69.15 1.01473 68.14 1.01935 67.40 1.02287 65.78 1.03021 65.56 1.03118 60.86 1.05349 56.79 1.07333 1.56563 0.00 (±0.025%) (318)

621. B = C6H6O2 Resorcinol ( 49 ) 0-100 Wt. % B ^5 = [1.12616 0.0242025 Wt. % B -f 0.0412997(Wt. % B) 2 0.07264(Wt. % B) 3I (±0.005%)

a

I 10% (15°-70°) 100.00 Wt. % A 0.90728 I 1.259(* - 15) (20°-60°) 96.411 Wt. % A 0.91366 i 1.232(* -20) (15°-60°) 93.971 Wt. % A 0.92868 I 1.226(* - 15) (20°-60°) 85.831 Wt. % A 0.95438 I 1.206(* - 20)

619. B = C 6 H 5 NO 2 Nitrobenzene (158) (±0.075%)(122) Wt. % A dl° 0.00 1.2034 1.1500 15.00 29.24 1.1023 36.57 1.0780 55.55 1.0193 79.98 0.9499 92.02 0.9191 100.00 0.8976 (±0.0075%) (171) Wt. % A

dj6

0.000 1.19824 1.11280 24.466 43.892 1.05007 77.100 0.95398 100.000 0.89415 (50 Wt. % A) (±0.025%) (178) *

O 25 40 55 70

4

1.0578 1.0303 1.0135 0.9970 0.9791

620. B = C6H6 (122, 142, 158, 176, 2631)

(±0.0075%)(i7i) Wt. % B df 0.000 0.89415 15.594 0.89036 51.404 0.88262 80.803 0.87738 100.000 0.87420

622. B = C6H7N Aniline (±0.25%) (345) MoI % B dl 100.0 1.034 93.9 1.033 88.9 1.028 85.5 1.024 84.2 1.022 77.6 1.015 74.9 1.012 67.2 1.004 50.8 0.985 42.8 0.978 22.3 0.952 15.2 0.944 0.0 0.923 MoI % B dr 9 0.0 0.932 27.0 0.966 78.0 1.210 MoI % B dr10 0.0 0.933 14.4 0.955 20.0 0.960 MoI % B dr19'5 45.1 1.012 27.0 0.976 0.0 0.941 623. B = C6Hi0O8 Citric acid monohydrate (296)1,2

624. B = C6Hi2O3 Paraldehyde (is«) 625. B = C6Hi4 Hexane (158) 626. B = C7H8 Toluene (158) ( ±0.0075%) ("i) Wt. % A df 100.000 0.88909 84.292 0.88342 54.699 0.87292 28.745 0.86401 0.000 0.85448 627. B = C7H8O6 Gallic acid monohydrate (296)1,2

628. B = C7Hi4O2 Isoamyl acetate (»9, 133)

4=

(±0.05%)(157) O MoI % B 0.9230(1 - 0.001710*) 51 Mol % B 0.9005(1 - 0.001176*) 100 Mol % B 0.8864(1 - 0.001087*) 629. B = C8H8O8 Methyl benzoate (158) 630. B = C8Hi0 Ethyl benzene (to 40°) (±0.025%) (24) a i 103b 100 Wt. % A

0.92425 I 1.218* 54.969 Wt. % A 0.90635 I 1.033* 0.00 Wt. % A

0.89130 I 0.886* 631. B = C8HnN Dimethylaniline (±0.075%) (122) Wt. % A cfl0 100.00 0.8977 0.9038 90.64 81.57 0.9097 0.9215 60.11 49.92 0.9319 22.68 0.9431 9.93 0.9503 0.00 0.9558 632. B = C8Hi4O4 Ethyl succinate d{ = (±0.05%) (157) O MoI % A 1.0607(1 - 0.03978*) 10 MoI % A 1.0534(1 - 0.03969*) 25 MoI % A 1.0301(1 - 0.021026*) 37.5 MoI % A 1.0294(1 - 0.021041*) 50 MoI % A 1.0171(1 - 0.021032*) 75 MoI % A 0.9816(1 - 0.021179*) 100 MoI % A 0.9230(1 - 0.021371*) 633. B = C9Hi0O2 Ethyl benzoate (±0.1%)(152) MoI % A <£5 100.00 0.8948 89.92 0.9204 79.77 0.9440 0.9598 69.89 59.98 0.9740 0.9866 50.44 39.73 0.9992 1.0101 31.31 20.88 1.0223 1.0320 12.16 0.00 1.0431

j i ;

4=

(±0.05%) O 57) O Mol % A 1.0648(1 - 0.0s8560 25 Mol % A 1.0458(1 - 0.038930 50 Mol % A 1.0329(1 - 0.0,9640 75 Mol % A 0.9726(1 - 0.O211040 100 Mol % A 0.9230(1 - 0.0213710 634. B = Ci0H8 Naphthalene (158) (to 2.808 Wt. % B) (54) t/}8 = (0.90299 + 0.001321 Wt. % B) ±0.0075% 635. B = CioHi4 Durene (to 12.531 Wt. % B)(318) dj5 = (0.89450 - 0.031979 Wt. % B) ±0.005% 636. B = Ci0Hi5BrO Bromocamphor (±0.1%)(235)

Wt. % A 100.00 99.54 95.61 79.24 68.11 61.10

df 0.8947 0.8959 0.9083 0.9630 1.0031 1.0286

637. B = Ci0Hi6O oJ-Camphor (to 50 Wt. % B)(I 70, 175, 263)

dj° = (0.8966 + 0.03672 Wt. % B) ±0.1% (to 51.69 Wt. % B)(235) di* = (0.8948 H- 0.0365 Wt. % B) ±0.1% 638. B = Ci0H22O Isoamyl ether (±0.05%) (l 57) dì = O Mol % A 0.8048(1 - 0.0210170 25 Mol % A 0.8210(1 - 0.0210560 50 Mol % A 0.8413(1 - 0.0210960 75 Mol % A 0.8737(1 - 0.0212020 100 Mol % A 0.9230(1 - 0.021371Q 639. B = Ci 2 Hi 0 Acenaphthene (15S) (±0.005%)(318) Wt. % A di* 100.000 0.89450 96.368 0.90103 93.439 0.90642 89.090 0.91389

640. B = Ci 2 Hi 0 Diphenyl (158) (to 17.194 Wt. % B)(3l8) df = (0.89450 + 0.021382 Wt. % B) ±0.005% 641. B = C 12 Hi 0 N 2 Azobenzene (l 58 ) 642. B = Ci2H28IN Tetrapropylammonium iodide (330)1

643. B = Ci4H8O2 Phenanthraquinone (2 9 7,1 3171,2)

644. B = Ci 4 Hi 0 Phenanthrene (158) (±0.025%)(318) a l 103b (15°-70°) 100.000 Wt. % A 0.90728 11.2590 - 15) (15°-60°) 93.526 Wt. % A 0.91550 I 1.12130 - 15) 91.616 Wt. % A 0.92353 | 1.1880 - 15) (20°-70°) 84.152 Wt. % A 0.93231 | 1.1420 - 20) 645. B = Ci 4 Hi 0 O 2 Benzil (158) (±0.005%)(318) Wt. % A fi* 100.000 0.89450 0.89911 98.006 95.775 0.90415 93.009 0.91066 84.862 0.92978 646. B = Ci 4 Hi 2 O 2 Benzylbenzoate (±0.1%) (152) Mol % A dì6 100.00 0.8948 89.80 0.9394 79.90 0.9720 0.9988 69.73 58.63 1.0247 50.00 1.0454 40.01 1.0625 30.02 1.0778 23.47 1.0867 14.26 1.0975 7.84 1.1048 0.00 1.1121 647. B = Ci6H32O2 Palmitic acid (158) 648. B = Ci8H36O2 Stearicacid (i58, 2861.2) 649. B = Ci9Hi6 Tripheny!methane (158) (±0.005%)(318) Wt. % A dj« 100.000 0.89450 98.222 0.89764 93.655 0.90481 90.506 0.90981

v. also 13, 46, 161, 236, 316, 342, 362, 389, 546, 550, 579, 594, 1265, 1279

C4H8O2 Methyl propionate 650. B = C6H4Br2 p-Dibromobenzene (158) 651. B = C6H6 (158) 652. B = Ci0H8 Naphthalene (158) 653. B = Ci 2 Hi 0 N 2 Azobenzene ( 158 )

C4H8O2 Propyl formate 654. B = C5H10O2 Isobutyl formate (0°-40°)( ±0.025 %)(24) a I 103b O Wt. % B 0.9234 I 1.153* 46.265 Wt. % B 0.9149 I 1.114* 100.00 Wt. % B 0.9066 I 1.075* v. also 613

C4H8O3 Methyl Z-lactate 655. B = C6H5NO2 Nitrobenzene (±0.05%)(2ii) a I 103b (-75° to +125°) O Wt. % B 1.2040 I 1.1580 H- 75) (16°-141°) 90.12 Wt. % B 1.1918 I 1.0000 - 16) v. also 253

C4H9NO Butyramide v. 390

C4H9NO2 Methylurethane 656. B = Ci0H20O Menthol (55.6°-99°)(±0.25%)(273) a I 103b 0.00 MoI % B 1.136 ] 1.0600-55.6) 14.12 MoI % B 1.027 10.9450-55.6) 38.72 MoI % B 0.961 10.8530-55.6) 58.13 MoI % B 0.923 (0.8290-55.6) 72.21 MoI % B 0.904 10.8980-55.6) 85.50 MoI % B 0.884 ÌO.8070-55.6) 100.00 Mol % B 0.869 10.7370-55.6)

C4Hi0O 92-Butyl alcohol 657. B = C6H6 (238)i 658. B = Ci 0 Hi 2 Tetrahydronaphthalene (±0.075%)(121) Wt. % A di* 100.00 0.8037 71.66 0.8441 0.8878 42.87 28.70 0.9105 15.10 0.9335 Q.OQ 0.9656 659. B = C10Hi8 Decahydronaphthalene (±0.075%)(i2i) Wt. % A di* 100.00 0.8037 67.62 0.8262 0.8385 50.57 32.88 0.8520 17.41 0.8640 10.20 0.8702 [ 0.8790 0.00

C4Hi0O Isobutyl alcohol 660. B = C6H5NO2 Nitrobenzene (1Q2, 328) 661. B = C6H6 (233,i 351) 662. B = C7H5N Cyanobenzene (192, 328) 663. B = C8Hi4O6 Ethyl tartrate (235,i 340,i 343i) (±0.1%)(204, 288)

a

I 10% (16.9°-83.7°) 100.00 Wt. % A 0.8053 JO.8540-16.9) (18.5°-80.1°) 95.00 Wt. % A 0.8174 10.8540-18.5) (19.7°-83.4°) 90.00 Wt. % A 0.8311 10.8630-19.7) (14.7°-77.2°) 75.00 Wt. % A 0.8812 10.8960-14.7) (16°-77.6°) 49.99 Wt. % A 0.9683 1 0.9410 - 16) (17.4°-82.8°) 37.16 Wt. % A 1.0198 10.9710-17.4) (18.4°-78.8°) 24.97 Wt. % A 1.0738 10.9860-18.4) (16.8°-99.4°) 0.00 Wt. % A 1.2085 11.0160-16.8)

664. B = C10H14N2 Nicotine (343)i

C4HioO.—(Continued) 665. B = Ci0Hi6O Camphor (323, 342) (±0.1%)(235)

Wt. % A

d?

100.00 99.02 95.06 76.02 53.85 43.35

0.7994 0.8007 0.8065 0.8330 0.8666 0.8825

666. B = C10H18O6 Dipropyl tartrate (20°-60°)(±0.1%)(340) a I 103b 0.00 Wt. % A 1.1389 |0.9050(e - 20) 21.21 Wt. % A 1.0492 |0.9125(£ - 20) 41.24 Wt. % A 0.9750 |0.8800(£ - 20) 59.15 Wt. % A 0.9172 |0.8425(2 - 20) 76.84 Wt. % A 0.8645 |0.8200(* -20) 84.69 Wt. % A 0.8449 |0.8100(1 - 20) v. also 47, 170, 198, 391

C4H10O Trimethylcarbinol 667. B = C6H6O Phenol (±0.075%)(232)

Wt. % B 79.63 49.25 29.23 24.87 0.00 Wt. % B 100.00 79.63 49.25 29.23 24.87 0.00

dl6 1.0032 0.9105 0.8571 0.8442 0.7825 dj6 1.0455 0.9852 0.8918 0.8375 0.8238 0.7561

C4Hi0O Ethyl ether 668. B = C 5 Hi 0 Amylene (103) 669. B = C6H12 Pentane (61) 670. B = C6H4Br2 p-Dibromobenzene (158) (±0.005%)(318) Wt. % B dj5 0.000 0.70803 2.712 0.72129 7.492 0.74567 7.801 0.74708 15.710 0.79138

671. B = C6H5NO2 Nitrobenzene (±0.05%)(107) Wt. % A dî° 0.00 1.2037 10.35 1.1340 20.21 1.0729 34.34 0.9946 48.85 0.9212 65.87 0.8430 84.21 0.7710 - 0.7132 100.00 672. B = C6H6 (32,i 35, 59,1 61, 95,1 103, 158, 171,1 240, 280,1 282,1 3551)

(to 40°)(±0.0075%)(loi) J1 _ 4" 0.000 Wt. % B 1.35729(1 + 0.0215006£ + 0.054370i2) 16.294 Wt. % B 1.31370(1 -f 0.0214371* + 0.053355*2) 29.813 Wt. % B 1.27993(1 + 0.0213536£ + 0.053660*2) 51.087 Wt. % B 1.22752(1 + 0.0212790i + 0.052570£2) 69.739 Wt. % B 1.18308(1 + 0.0212260£ + 0.052380*2) 84.946 Wt. % B 1.14745(1 + 0.0211965* + 0.051850f2) 100.00 Wt. % B 1.11235(1 + 0.0211715£ + 0.06155*2) 673. B = C6H7N Aniline (±0.05%) (io?) Wt. % B dj° 100.00 1.0220 85.46 0.9732 69.22 0.9210 55.55 0.8785 45.80 0.8487 44.15 0.8437 37.81 0.8247 28.23 0.7961 19.62 0.7705 O.QO 0.7131 674. B = C6H8O7 Citric acid (296)i.« 675. B = C6Hi0O8 Citric acid monohydrate (2 96) 1,2 676. B = C7H6O2 Benzoic acid (296,1.2 303) 677. B = C7H6O3 Salicylic acid (296,i,2 303) 678. B = C7H8 Toluene (15°-35°)(±0.05%)(95)

1 103b 71.30 Wt. % A 0.7628 1 l.W(t - 15) 45.25 Wt. % A 0.8012 I 0.99(£ - 15) 21.60 Wt. % A 0.8388 1.16(1-15) a

679. B = C7H8O Benzyl alcohol (IQ) 680. B = C7H8O6 Gallic acid monohydrate (2 96) 1,2 681.B= C8H8O2 Methyl benzoate (15«) 682. B = C8Hi0O Phenetole (±0.1%)(152) MoI % A df 100.00 0.7139 90.04 0.7458 83.03 0.7656 75.85 0.7891 68.82 0.8059 0.8283 60.48 55.79 0.8387 0.8488 51.06 45.01 0.8628 35.16 0.8853 30.26 0.8970 25.23 0.9083 18.55 0.9230 9.75 0.9427 0.9471 7.45 0.00 0.9618 683. B = Ci0H7Br g-Bromonaphthalene ( 6i ) 684. B = Ci0H8 Naphthalene (S4,i 158, 303) (±0.005%) (85) Wt. % A d}8 100.000 0.71640 94.759 0.73043 90.167 0.74298 84.903 0.75747 80.088 0.77094 74.490 0.78699 70.342 0.79939 685. B = Ci 0 Hi 4 N 2 Nicotine (UQ, 341) 686. B = Ci0Hi6O d-Camphor (53) 687. B = Ci0Hi6O4 Camphoric acid (296)i,2 688. B = Ci0Hi7Cl Pinene hydrochloride (53) (9.11-63.26 Wt. % B) d\* = (0.735 + 0.022825 (Wt. % B - 9.11)) ±0.5% 689. B = Ci 2 Hi 0 Acenaphthene (15S) (±0.005%) (318)

Wt. % A 100.000 96.189 93.607 92.521

df 0.70803 0.71935 0.72723 0.73034

690. B = Ci 2 Hi 0 Diphenyl (±0.005%)(318) Wt. % A <%* 100.000 0.70803 97.886 0.71351 96.350 0.71759 91.945 0.72962 88.797 0.73904 691. B = Ci 2 H 10 N 2 Azobenzene (158) (±0.005%)(318) Wt. % B dì5 0.000 0.70803 2.014 0.71366 5.831 0.72486 7.691 0.73336 0.75798 16.592 692. B = Ci 2 Hi 0 O Diphenyl ether (±0.1%)(152)

Wt. % A dj* 100.00 0.7139 90.92 0.7601 78.26 0.8213 70.88 0.8554 60.76 0.8974 51.02 0.9311 42.35 0.9583 32.97 0.9862 21.93 1.0181 13.18 1.0387 7.04 1.0542 0.00 1.0706 693. B = C14Hi0 Phenanthrene (158) 694. B = Ci4H10O2 Benzil (158) (±0.005%)(318) Wt. % A
698. B = Ci9Hi6 C4H12ClN Triphenylmethane (158) Diethylammonium chloride (±0.005%)(318) v. 99 Wt. % A <£« 100.000 0.70803 C4H12IN 98.453 0.71230 Tetramethylammonium iodide 92.160 0.73048 700. B = C7H6O2 698.5. B = Turpentine Salicylaldehyde (330)i (±0.025%)(123) Wt. % A d? v. also 176, 200, 393, 489 100.00 0.7193 80.19 0.7465 C4H12N2O3 59.88 0.7741 Diethylammonium nitrate 0.8015 40.40 v. 100 20.57 0.8313 0.00 0.8617 CoH4O2, Furfural v. also 14, 48, 85, 98, 199, 237, 701. B = C8H20IN 241, 254, 279, 302, 317, 343, iodide 363, 392, 506, 562, 568, 580, 591, Tetraethylammonium (330)1 1265, 1274

CAÌN Diethylamine 699. B = C7H6NS Phenyl thiocyanate (±0.05%)(165) MoI % A dj» 0.0 1.1287 10.0 1.1237 25.0 1.1167 40.0 1.1134 45.0 1.1113 48.0 1.1100 50.0 1.1090 52.0 1.0994 1.0874 55.0 60.0 1.0465 66.7 0.9959 75.0 0.9299 90.0 0.7888 100.0 0.7004 MoI % A df 0.0 1.1201 10.0 1.1134 25.0 1.1087 40.0 1.1051 45.0 1.1034 48.0 1.1027 50.0 1.1018 52.0 1.0925 55.0 1.0792 60.0 1.0382 66.7 0.9875 75.0 0.9208 90.0 0.7799 100.0 0.6894 MoI % A dl° 0.0 1.1060 10.0 1.1004 25.0 1.0958 40.0 1.0932 45.0 1.0921 48.0 1.0918 50.0 1.0909 52.0 1.0804 55.0 1.0677

C5H5N Pyridine 702. B = C6H5ClO o-Chlorophenol (±0.01%)(28)

Wt. % A 100.00 88.83 78.38 68.43 57.69 48.52 39.85 32.53 27.50 23.07 18.94 14.83 7.49 0.00 Wt. % A 100.00 88.83 78.38 68.43 57.69 48.52 39.85 32.53 27.50 23.07 18.94 14.83 7.49 0.00 Wt. % A 100.00 88.83 78.38 68.43 57.69 48.52 39.85 32.53 27.50

d°4 1.0013 1.0288 1.0554 1.0820 1.1122 1.1401 1.1672 1.1892 1.2038 1.2160 1.2270 1.2382 1.2558 1.2737 d\° 0.9916 1.0190 1.0459 1.0725 1.1029 1.1307 1.1578 1.1796 1.1939 1.2060 1.2169 1.2276 1.2451 1.2622 dl° 0.9819 1.0093 1.0364 1.0630 1.0936 1.1212 1.1485 1.1699 1.1841

Wt. % A

<

23.07 18.94 14.83 7.49 0.00 Wt. % A 100.00 88.83 78.38 68.43 57.69 48.52 39.85 32.53 27.50 23.07 18.94 14.83 7.49 0.00 Wt. % A 100.00 88.83 78.38 68.43 57.69 48.52 39.85 32.53 27.50 23.07 18.94 14.83 7.49 0.00 Wt. % A 100.00 88.83 78.38 68.43 57.69 48.52 39.85 32.53 27.50 23.07 18.94 14.83 7.49 0.00 Wt. % A 100.00 88.83 78.38 68.43 57.69 48.52 39.85 32.53 27.50 23.07 18.94 14.83 7.49 0.00

1.1961 1.2064 1.2175 ' 1.2342 1.2508 dj° 0.9723 0.9995 1.0267 1.0535 1.0842 1.1119 1.1391 1.1603 1.1741 1.1858 1.1959 1.2062 1.2234 1.2397 df 0.9627 0.9896 1.0171 1.0441 1.0749 1.1026 1.1296 1.1507 1.1643 1.1757 1.1855 1.1956 1.2126 1.2282 dl° 0.9425 0.9696 0.9976 1.0250 1.0560 1.0838 1.1109 1.1317 1.1446 1.1557 1.1652 1.1751 1.1913 1.2058 dl° 0.9219 0.9499 0.9783 1.0058 1.0373 1.0650 1.0920 1.1123 1.1246 1.1357 1.1449 1.1546 1.1701 1.1832

Wt. % A 100.00 88.83 78.38 68.43 57.69 48.52 39.85 32.53 27.50 23.07 18.94 14.83 7.49 0.00

d\10 0.8901 0.9199 0.9493 0.9770 1.0080 1.0357 1.0621 1.0821 1.0941 1.1047 1.1138 1.1231 1.1375 1.1489

703, B = C6H5NO3 o-Nitrophenol (±0.01%)(28) Wt. % A dl° 100.00 0.9723 88.68 1.0047 79.26 1.0331 72.42 1.0543 60.38 1.0934 47.75 1.1361 39.76 1.1643 31.68 1.1927 23.21 1.2231 13.04 1.2574 8.75 1.2726 0.00 1.3041 Wt. % A dl° 100.00 0.9627 88.68 0.9947 79.26 1.0231 72.42 1.0442 60.38 1.0830 47.75 1.1256 39.76 1.1535 31.68 1.1819 23.21 1.2123 13.04 1.2470 8.75 1.2618 0.00 1.2938 Wt. % A df-1 100.00 0.9425 88.68 0.9740 79.26 1.0022 72.42 1.0232 60.38 1.0616 1.1036 47.75 39.76 1.1316 31.68 1.1597 23.21 1.1902 13.04 1.2248 8.75 1.2398 0.00 1.2708

Wt. % A

dj°

100.00 88.68 79.26 72.42 60.38 47.75 39.76

0.9219 0.9536 0.9816 1.0025 1.0407 1.0823 1.1102

C5H5N.- (Continued) B = C6H6NO3.- (Continued) Wt. .% A dT 31.68 1.1382 23.21 1.1684 13.04 1.2033 8.75 1.2183 0.00 1.2480 704. B = C6H6 (14) (±0.05%)(73) Wt. % B dl5 100.00 0.8737 60.27 0.9144 40.65 0.9347 20.36 0.9556 10.23 0.9660 0.00 0.9783 705. B = C6H6O Phenol (±0.01%)(27) Wt. % B dl° 0.00 0.9916 1.0101 17.26 26.01 1.0196 35.14 1.0294 45.48 1.0412 51.89 1.0479 58.46 1.0543 66.99 1.0617 76.81 1.0699 82.86 1.0741 91.89 1.0786 100.00 1.0835 Wt. % B < 0.00 0.9819 8.30 0.9916 16.12 1.0005 24.36 1.0096 1.0187 32.58 38.94 1.0258 47.13 1.0349 54.96 1.0429 1.0513 63.81 70.49 1.0567 77.94 1.0619 85.17 1.0667 92.45 1.0709 100.00 1.0751 Wt. % B < 0.00 0.9723 8.30 0.9820 16.12 0.9909 24.36 1.0002 32.58 1.0096 38.94 1.0167 47.13 1.0260 54.96 1.0343 63.81 1.0426 70.49 1.0482 77.94 1.0533 85.17 1.0582 92.45 1.0624 100.00 1.0667

Wt. % B 0.00 8.30 16.12 24.36 ' 32.58 38.94 47.13 54.96 63.81 70.49 77.94 85.17 92.45 100.00 Wt. % B 0.00 8.30 16.12 24.36 32.58 38.94 47.13 54.96 63.81 70.49 77.94 85.17 92.45 100.00 Wt. % B 0.00 8.30 16.12 24.36 32.58 38.94 47.13 54.96 63.81 70.49 77.94 85.17 92.45 100.00 Wt. % B 0.00 8.30 16.12 24.36 32.58 38.94 47.13 54.96 63.81 70.49 77.94 85.17 92.45 100.00

^440 0.9627 0.9724 0.9814 0.9909 1.0005 1.0077 1.0173 1.0257 1.0341 1.0397 1.0449 1.0498 1.0539 1.0583 dj° 0.9425 0.9524 0.9620 0.9720 0.9821 0.9897 0.9995 1.0083 1.0168 1.0226 1.0279 1.0327 1.0369 1.0414 dj° 0.9219 0.9325 0.9429 0.9532 0.9639 0.9718 0.9821 0.9910 0.9995 1.0053 1.0107 1.0155 1.0198 1.0242 dl1? 0.8901 0.9015 0.9120 0.9235 0.9348 0.9431 0.9535 0.9626 0.9719 0.9779 0.9833 0.9878 0.9923 0.9967

706. B = C6H7N Aniline (267)i (0°-100°)(±0.25%)(79) a I 10% 100 MoI % B

a 103b 1.033 0.800* 50 MoI % B 1.025 I 0.885* O MoI % B 1.001 I 0.964*

707. B = C 6 Hi 0 O 3 Ethyl acetoacetate (±0.05%)( 71 ) df m Wt. % A 100.00 0.9782 82.89 0.9853 67.91 0.9916 49.00 0.9999 28.93 1.0091 0.00 1.0222 708. B = C7H6O2 Benzoic acid (±0.1%)(12)

MoI % A 100.0 60.0 50.0 44.0 38.0 33.3 28.0 25.0 18.0 MoI % A 60.0 50.0 44.0 38.0 33.3 28.0 25.0 18.0 14.0 8.0 0.0 MoI % A 50.0 44.0 38.0 33.3 28.0 25.0 18.0 14.0 8.0

dl1Q 0.8897 1.0122 1.0326 1.0455 1.0560 1.0626 1.0694 1.0713 1.0747 d]2& 0.9999 1.0189 1.0325 1.0440 1.0494 1.0560 1.0581 1.0612 1.0698 1.0740 1.0769 d}40 1.0059 1.0182 1.0304 1.0362 1.0418 1.0447 1.0495 1.0560 1.0605

709. B = C7H7NO Benzamide (to 12.46 Wt. %B)(70) dj5 = (0.9746 + 0.021087 Wt. % B) ±0.05% 710. B = C7H7NO Formanilide (to 19.14 Wt. % B) (70) âf = (0.9746 + 0.021537 Wt. % B) +0.05% 711. B = C7H8O o-Cresol (±0.01%)(28)

Wt. % B 0.00 12.05 24.55 33.60 45.83 55.91 66.83 77.73 85.72 91.85 100.00

Wt. % B 0.00 12.05 24.55 33.60 45.83 55.91 66.83 77.73 85.72 91.85 100.00 Wt. % B 0.00 12.05 24.55 33.60 45.83 55.91 66.83 77.73 85.72 91.85 100.00 Wt. % B 0.00 12.05 24.55 33.60 45.83 55.91 66.83 77.73 85.72 91.85 100.00 Wt. % B 0.00 12.05 24.55 33.60 45.83 55.91 66.83 77.73 85.72 91.85 100.00 Wt. % B 0.00 12.05 24.55 33.60 45.83

<% 1.0013 1.0100 1.0197 1.0267 1.0364 1.0438 1.0513 1.0573 1.0605 1.0628 1.0653 d}° 0.9916 1.0005 1.0104 1.0178 .0279 .0355 .0430 .0491 .0521 1.0544 1.0567 < 0.9819 0.9912 1.0012 1.0091 1.0196 1.0273 1.0348 1.0408 1.0439 1.0461 1.0483 < 0.9723 0.9818 0.9928 1.0005 1.0112 1.0190 1.0265 1.0324 1.0356 1.0376 1.0399 df 0.9627 0.9722 0.9835 0.9918 1.0026 1.0105 1.0180 1.0238 1.0270 1.0290 1.0312 4° 0.9425 0.9531 0.9653 0.9742 0.9855

Wt. % B 55.91 66.83 77.73 85.72 91.85 100.00 Wt. % B 0.00 12.05 24.55 33.60 45.83 55.91 66.83 77.73 85.72 91.85 100.00 Wt. % B 0.00 12.05 24.55 33.60 45.83 55.91 66.83 77.73 85.72 91.85 100.00

dj° 0.9937 1.0013 1.0070 1.0099 1.0117 1.0137 dj° 0.9219 0.9341 0.9473 0.9565 0.9684 0.9767 0.9846 0.9901 0.9929 0.9946 0.9963 di10 0.8901 0.9041 0.9179 0.9277 0.9404 0.9491 0.9570 0.9623 0.9649 0.9664 0.9678

712. B = C7H8O m-Cresol (±0.1%)(28) Wt. % B dl 0.00 1.0013 14.09 1.0098 27.45 1.0181 41.40 1.0264 46.92 1.0296 55.33 1.0345 61.80 1.0377 70.62 1.0418 75.90 1.0439 85.17 1.0467 91.41 1.0479 100.00 1.0493 Wt. % B d\° 0.00 0.9916 14.09 1.0003 27.45 1.0088 41.40 1.0175 46.92 1.0209 55.33 1.0260 61.80 1.0294 70.62 1.0336 75.90 1.0357 85.17 1.0385 91.41 1.0399 100.00 1.0413 Wt. % B
Wt. % B 41.40 46.92 55.33 61.80 70.62 75.90 85.17 91.41 100.00 Wt. % B 0.00 14.09 27.45 41.40 46.92 55.33 61.80 70.62 75.90 85.17 91.41 100.00 Wt. % B 0.00 14.09 27.45 41.40 46.92 55.33 61.80 70.62 75.90 85.17 91.41 100.00 Wt. % B 0.00 14.09 27.45 41.40 46.92 55.33 61.80 70.62 75.90 85.17 91.41 100.00 Wt. % B 0.00 14.47 26.75 38.43 50.72 61.52 70.94 82.33 90.88 100.00 Wt. % B 0.00 14.47 26.75 38.43 50.72

dj° 1.0086 1.0121 1.0174 1.0211 1,0254 1.0275 1.0303 1.0318 1.0333 < 0.9723 0.9813 0.9902 0.9998 1.0033 1.0089 1.0128 1.0172 1.0193 1.0221 1.0237 1.0253 dj° 0.9627 0.9718 0.9809 0.9909 0.9946 1.0003 1.0045 1.0089 1.0110 1.0139 1.0155 1.0173 dj° 0.9425 0.9527 0.9630 0.9737 0.9778 0.9839 0.9882 0.9930 0.9951 0.9981 0.9997 1.0015 dl» 0.9219 0.9344 0.9448 0.9545 0.9644 0.9721 0.9772 0.9817 0.9836 0.9853 <#10 0.8901 0.9037 0.9155 0.9265 0.9376

Wt. % B 61.52 70.94 82.33 90.88 100.00

d\1Q 0.9456 0.9511 0.9555 0.9576 0.9594

713. B = C7H8O p-Cresol (±0.01%)(28) Wt". % B dl 0.00 1.0013 21.03 1.0145 29.61 1.0200 40.04 1.0265 46.71 1.0305 54.46 1.0351 60.37 1.0385 67.82 1.0419 75.36 1.0445 83.28 1.0464 91.01 1.0477 100.00 1.0487 Wt. % B <#° 0.00 0.9916 21.03 1.0051 29.61 1.0108 40.04 1.0176 46.71 1.0219 54.46 1.0267 60.37 1.0302 67.82 1.0338 75.36 1.0365 83.28 1.0386 91.01 1.0400 100.00 1.0412 Wt. % B d\Q 0.00 0.9819 21.03 0.9957 29.61 1.0016 40.04 1.0087 46.71 1.0132 54.46 1.0182 60.37 1.0217 67.82 1.0254 75.36 1.0283 83.28 1.0306 91.01 1.0320 1.0335 100.00 Wt. % B d?. 0.00 0.9723 21.03 0.9865 29.61 0.9926 40.04 1.0000 46.71 1.0046 54.46 1.0099 60.37 1.0133 67.82 1.0170 75.36 1.0200 83.28 1.0223 91.01 1.0239. 100.00 1.0257 Wt. % B . d\Q 0.00 O 9627 21.03 0.9773 29.61 0,9836

Wt. % B

d?

40.04 46.71 54.46 60.37 67.82 75.36 83.28 91.01 100.00 Wt. % B 0.00 21.03 29.61 40.04 46.71 54.46 60.37 67.82 75.36 83.28 91.01 100.00 Wt. % B 0.00 14.06 27.48 41.10 54.03 63.11 71.88 81.72 89.95 100.00 Wt. % B 0.00 14.06 27.48 41.10 54.03 63.11 71.88 81.72 89.95 100.00

0.9913 0.9962 1.0014 1.0048 1.0086 1.0117 1.0140 1.0159 1.0177 dlQ 0.9425 0.9592 0.9661 0.9744 0.9795 0.9850 0.9888 0.9927 0.9959 0.9984 1.0005 1.0026 dj° 0.9219 0.9344 0.9463 0.9575 0.9679 0.9741 0.9792 0.9828 0.9850 0.9868 d\lQ 0.8901 0.9038 0.9166 0.9292 0.9411 0.9475 0.9527 0.9566 0.9588 0.9604

714. B = C8H5NO2 Phthalimide (to 11.93 Wt. % B)(70) df = (0.9746 + 0.02263 Wt. % B) +0.05%

715. B = C8H14O3 Ethyl ethylacetoacetate (±0.05%)(7i) Wt. % A J? 100.00 0.9742 87.30 0.9743 59.38 0.9750 36.01 0.9755 14.67 0.9751 0.00 0.9750

C5H5N.—(Continued) 716. B = C8Hi4O6 Ethyl tartrate (±0.05%)(209) 19.26 Wt. % B t d\ 0.0 1.0410 13.8 1.0277 15.7 1.0262 43.6 0.9981 58.6 0.9878 66.3 0.9742 91.6 0.9477 100.0 0.9387 717. B = Ci0H8 Naphthalene (to 3.113 Wt. % A)(54) d}8 = (0.97112 + 0.035915 Wt. % A) ±0.0075% 718. B = Ci0Hi8O3 Ethyl diethylacetoacetate (±0.05%)(7l) Wt. % A dl6 100.00 0.9782 97.17 0.9781 93.09 0.9777 78.90 0.9758 49.17 0.9719 0.9646 0.00 719. B = Ci 3 HnNO Benzanilide (to 12.75 Wt. % B)(70) d? = (0.9746 + 0.021709 Wt. % B) ± 0.05% 720. B = Ci 3 Hi 2 N 2 O Carbanilide (to 7.18 Wt. % B)(70) dj5 = (0.9746 + 0.021615 Wt. % B) + 0.05% 721. B = Ci3Hi2N2S Thiocarbanilide (±0.05%)(70) Wt. % A dj* 100.00 0.9746 92.60 0.9919 85.49 1.0050 722. B = Ci4H9NO2 Phthalanil (70)i 723. B = C20Hi6Br2O8 Methyl di-[o-bromobenzoyl]tartrate (88) v. also 15, 171, 183, 185, 318, 354, 370, 394, 491, 558, 559, 563, 587, 608, 614 C5H7NO2 Ethyl cyanoacetate 724. B = C8H20IN Tetraethylammonium iodide (330)1

C5H8O Propargyl ethyl ether

725. B = C7Hi4O2 Isoamyl acetate (0-100 Wt. % A)(125) df = (0.8664 - 0.0334 Wt. % A) + 0.05% C5HsO2 Acetylacetone 726. B = C8H20IN Tetraethylammonium iodide (329)1

C5H8O3 Methyl acetoacetato 727. B = C8Hi4O6 Ethyl tartrate (±0.05%)(223) a I 10% (15.3°-54°) 10.21 Wt. % B 1.0919 |1.033(*-15.3) (16.9°-57.3°) 25.23 Wt. % B 1.1102 ll.071(*-16.9) (15.6°-56.2°) 50.46 Wt. % B 1.1429 |1.011(/-15.6) C5H8O4 Dimethyl malonate 728. B = C8H20IN Tetraethylammonium iodide (330)1

728.5. B = Ci2H28IN Tetrapropy!ammonium iodide (330)1

C5Hi0 Amylene 729. B = C6H6 (103) 730. B = C6H7N Aniline (±0.25%)(314) Wt. % B dj° 0.0 0.658 27.8 0.743 61.1 0.857 76.0 0.913 100.0 1.022 v. also 49, 101, 280, 395, 668 C5H10O Allyl ethyl ether 731. B = C7Hi4O2 Isoamyl acetate (±0.05%)(125) Wt. % B dj 8 100.00 0.8664 94.36 0.8628 89.42 0.8591 0.00 0.7993 C5H IuO 2 Valeric acid 732. B = Ci 0 Hi 6 O Camphor (323, 342)

C5HiOO2 Isovaleric acid v. 50 C5HioO2 Isobutyl formate 733. B = C 5 Hi 0 O 2 Ethyl propionate (0°-40°)(±0.025%)(24) a I 103b 100.00 Wt. % A 0.9066 I 1.075* 49.875 Wt. % A 0.9094 I 1.106* 0.000 Wt. % A 0.9122 I 1.139* 734. B = C5Hi0O2 Propyl acetate (0°-40°)(±0.025%)(24) a I 103b 100.000 Wt. % A 0.9066 I 1.075* 50.556 Wt. % A 0.9076 I 1.094* 0.000 Wt. % A 0.9084 I 1.111* 735. B = C8Hi0 Ethylbenzene (0°-40°)(±0.025%)(24) a I 103b 0.000 Wt. % A 0.8913 I 0.8863* 51.162 Wt. % A 0.8983 I 0.9788* 100.000 Wt. % A 0.9066 I 1.0750* v. also 615, 654 C5HioO2 Ethyl propionate 736. B = C 5 Hi 0 O 2 Propyl acetate (to 40°)(±0.025%) (24) a I 103b 100.000 Wt. % A 0.91220 I 1.139* 49.776 Wt. % A 0.91020 I 1.124* 0.000 Wt. % A 0.90835 I 1.111* 7Oi. D = C 5 Hi 2 Isopentane ( 24 )i 738. B = C6H4Br2 p-Dibromobenzene (158) 739. B = C6H6 (is«) 740. B = C 9 Hi 2 1, 2, 4-Trimethy !benzene (to40°)(±0.025%)(24) a I 103b 100.000 Wt. % A 0.91220 I 1.1388* 53.579 Wt. % A 0.90180 I 0.9675* 0.000 Wt. % A 0.89260 I 0.8088*

741. B = Ci0H8 Naphthalene (is«) 742. B = Ci 2 Hi 0 N 2 Azobenzene O 58 ) v. also 616, 733 C5HioO2 Methyl butyrate 743. B = C6H4Br2 p-Dibromobenzene Q 58 ) 744. B = C6H6 ( i58 ) 745. B = Ci0H8 Naphthalene (^8) 746. B = Ci 2 Hi 0 N 2 Azobenzene (I 58 ) 747. B = C 14 Hi 0 Phenanthrene (i 58 ) v. also 595

C5HiQO2 Propyl acetate 748. B = C6Hi2O2 Amyl formate (±0.05%)(i57) 4= O MoI % B 0.9049(1 - 0.0212030 26 MoI % B 0.9029(1 - 0.O21171/) 70 MoI % B 0.8999(1 - 0.O21125/) 100 MoI % B 0.8971(1 - 0.021097/) 749. B = C6Hi4 Isohexane (2 4 ) 1 750. B = C9H12 1, 2, 4-Trimethy!benzene (to40°)(±0.025%)(24) a I 103b 100.000 Wt. % A 0.9084 ) 1.1112* 53.615 Wt. % A 0.9000 I 0.9575* 0.000 Wt. % A 0.8926 I 0.8075* v. also 734, 736 C5HioOs Methyl Z-a-methoxypropionate 751. B = C 6 H 5 NO 2 Nitrobenzene (±0.05%)(2H) (-16.6° to +130°) a I 103b 0.00 Wt. % B 1.0361 |1.143(/-fl6.6) (16.6°-119°) 90.10 Wt. % B 1.1841 |l.022(/-16.6) v. also 255 C5HuBr Z-Amyl bromide 752. B = Ci 0 Hi 7 NO d-Camphoroxime ( 145 )

753. B = C10H17NO Z-Camphoroxime ( 14S ) C5HnN, Piperidine 754. B = C6H6 C 14 *) 755. B = C7H8 Toluene (122,251) <- 6 = (0.8380 - O.OJ7 Mol % A) ±0.1% (83.33 Mol % B)(±0.1%) t d\ 14.5 0.8684 46.6 0.8377 78.4 0.8077 132.5 0.7535 v. also 495, 588

C 5 Hi 2 Pentane v. 102, 669

CoH 12 Isopentane 756. B = C6H14 n-Hexane (24)i 757. B = C9Hi2 Trimethylbenzene (24)i v. also 737

C5H12O Amyl alcohol 758. B = C6H6 (35, 39l) 759. B = C8H20IN Tetraethylammonium iodide (331)1

v. also 103, 201, 396, 507

C5Hi2O Isoamyl alcohol 760. B = C6H6NO2 Nitrobenzene (±0.075%) (68, 150)

Wt. % A dl 100.00 0.8253 90.02 0.8541 70.01 0.9166 50.00 0.9866 29.98 1.0703 9.94 1.1664 0.00 1.2206 Wt. % A d\Q 100.00 0.7636 90.02 0.7914 70.03 0.8497 49.96 0.9151 30.03 0.9943 10.06 1.0875 0.00 1.1444 760.5. B = C6H6 (35l) (±0.1%) (361)

Wt. % A 0.000 0.911 1.727 2.520 3.655 8.670

^48-4 0.8800 0.8800 0.8798 0.8792 0.8785 0.8754

Wt. % A 12.670 18.495 36.000

^48'4 0.8727 0.8686 0.8587

761. B = C6Hi0O8 Citric acid monohydrate (296)i,2 762. B = C6Hi2O3 Paraldehyde (±0.075%)(68, 150) Wt. % A d\° 100.00 0.8183 90.00 0.8327 70.00 0.8659 £0.00 0.9011 o0.05 0.9401 JO.OO 0.9822 0.00 1.0037 Wt. % A ^6'6 1(0.00 0.7656 89.98 0.7785 70.02 0.8061 50.00 0.8366 Î59.99 0.8719 9.96 0.9076 0.00 0.9248 762.5. B = C6Hu Hoxane (±0.1%) (361) Wt % A 4 8 ' 4 (?) 0 000 0.6660 1 208 0.6709 3 591 0.6778 4 770 0.6795 17 600 0.6918 23 060 0.7024 100 OOP 0.8116 763. B = C7H6O2 Benzoic acid (296)i,2 764. B = C7H6O3 Salicylic acid (296)i,2 765. B = C7H8O6 Gallic acid monohydrate (296)i,2 766. B = C8Hi0N4O2 Caffeine (292)2 757. B = Ci 0 Hi 3 NO 2 Phenacetine (292)2 768. B = CioHi&N Diethylaniline (±0.075%)(68, ISO) Wt % A dl 100.00 0.8253 90.03 0.8367 70.52 0.8586 50.08 0.8834 30.52 0.9091 10.00 0.9367 0.00 0.9504 Wt. % A dl*'6 100.00 0.7656 90.02 0.7764 70.00 0.7995 50.08 0.8218 30.15 0.8473

Wt. % A ^6-5 10.07 0.8741 0.00 0.8901 769. B = Ci 0 Hi 6 O 4 Camphoric acid (296)i,2

779. B = C6H12O3 Paraldehyde (158) 780. B = C6H14 Hexane (318) i 781. B = C7H8 Toluene (158) (±0.005%) (318) Wt. % A d? 0.000 0.86137 3.771 0.88001 7.744 0.90046 13.631 0.93323 23.644 0.99323

770. B = Ci 3 Hi 0 O 3 Salol (292)2 771. B = Ci8H34O2 Oleic acid ( 57 ) 772. B = C18H36O2 Stearic acid (2 96) 1.2 v. also 86, 172, 396.5, 577, 592 C6H12O Dimethylethyl carbinol, v. 233

782. B = C 7 Hi 4 O 2 Isoamyl acetate (158, 3i8i)

C5H12O

783. B = C 7Hi 4 O2 Propyl butyrate (158)

n-Propyl ethyl ether 773. B = C7Hi4O2 Isoamyl acetate (0-100 Wt. % A) (12 5) of = (0.8664 - 0.021052 Wt. % A) ±0.05%

784. B - C8H8O2 Methyl benzoate (158) v. also 16, 51, 104, 281, 344, 355, 399, 551, 596, 617, 650, 670, 738, 743

C6H3N3O6 1, 3, 5-Trinitrobenzene 774. B = Ci0H8 Naphthalene (163.1) (±0.05%)(163) MoI % B d}52 O 1.4769 25 1.3676 40 1.2920 50 1.2370 60 1.1159 75 1.0883 100 0.9213 775. B = Ci 2 HnN Diphenylamine (±0.5%)(3H) MoI % B d\*° 100 1.065 80 1.100 60 1.140 40 1.200 20 1.265 O 1.333 v. also 397

C6H4Br3N 2, 4, 6-Tribromoaniline 785. B = C 7 Hi 4 O 2 Isoamyl acetate (3Q6)i

C6H4ClNO2 o-Chloronitrobenzene 786. B = Ci 2 HnN Diphenylamine (±0.5%)(3ii) MoI % A dlQ O 1.060 10 1.075 20 1.100 30 1.130 40 1.145 50 1.170 60 1.200 70 1.230 80 1.260 90 1.290 100 1.335

C6H4Cl2

C6H3N3O7 Picric acid 776. B = C6H6 (I48)i v. also 398, 1276, 1277

C6H4Br2 p-Dibromobenzene 777. B = C6H6 (158) (±0.005%)(318) . Wt. % B dl6 100.000 0.87339 95.176 0.89724 91.022 0.91867 81.344 0.97381 72.520 1.02956 778. B = C6Hi2O2 Ethyl butyrate (158)

'

p-Dichlorobenzene 787. B = C6H5Cl Chlorobenzene (±0.1%)(25)

Wt. % B 97.34 94.87 92.45 90.07 84.74 82.69 80.11 74.84 69.58 67.80 66.80 0.00

dl 1.1323 1.1363 1.1402 1.1441 1.1528 1.1561 1.1605 1.1693 1.1782 1.1811 1.1830 1.1282

C6H4Cl2.- (Continued) B = C6H5Cl,- (Continued) Wt. % B dì8'* 100.00 1.1135 97.34 1.1176 94.87 1.1214 92.45 1.1253 90.07 1.1292 1.1377 84.74 82.69 1.1413 80.11 1.1415 74.84 1.1541 69.58 1.1632 67.80 1.1662 66.80 1.1679 64.98 1.1710 60.18 1.1797 l. 1800 55.36

QoHL^Clz Dichlorobenzene v. 17 C6H4Cl3N 2, 4, 6-Trichloroaniline 788. B = C7H14O2 Isoamyl acetate (3Q6)i C6H4N2O4 ra-Dinitrobenzene 789. B = C6H6 (±0.01%)(158, 318)

1 103b (15°-70°) 100.000 Wt. % B 0.88441 I 1.081 (J - 15) (15°-60°) 95.399 Wt. % B 0.90082 I 1.0650 - 15) (20°-70°) 91.795 Wt. % B 0.90893 I 1.0680 - 20) (15°-70°) 86.036 Wt. % B 0.93598 I 1.0620 - 15) a

790. B = C7H8 Toluene (158, 319i) (±0.01%)(318) a I 103b (15°-70°) 0.000 Wt. % A 0.8705 I 0.9380 - 15) (20°-70°) 3.931 Wt. % A 0.8807 I 0.9220 - 20) (15°-70°) 7.128 Wt. % A 0.8974 I 0.9400 - 15) 13.491 Wt. % A 0.9225 I 0.9400 - 15) 791. B == Ci0H8 Naphthalene (163.1) (±0.05%)(163)

MoI % A 0.0 25.0 42.5 50.0 54.0 60.0 75.0 100.0

dj° 1.3639 1.2663 1.1975 1.1706 1.1512 1.1319 1.0753 0.9696

df

795. B = C8Hi4O6 Ethyl tartrate

1.2180 1.1955 1.1751 1.1613

Wt. % A df 100.00 1.4938 95.00 1.4744 90.07 1.4567 52.03 1.3355 0.00 1.2052 a 103b (14.3°-100.6°) 100.00 Wt. % A 1.5013 ! 1.3400 - 14.3) (18.6°-100.6°) 90.07 Wt. % A 1.4585 I 1.3200 - 18.6) (19.4°-100.8°) 75.06 Wt. % A 1.4043 I 1.2630 - 19.4) (19.1°-101.0°) 52.03 Wt. % A 1.3366 I 1.1950 - 19.1) (16.8°-99.4°) 0.00 Wt. % A 1.2085 I 1.016(* - 16.8)

(±0.05%)(217)

v. also 105, 618, 1280 C6H5Br Bromobenzene 792. B = C6H5Cl

Chlorobenzene (35, 349i) (±0.025%) (2 3) Wt. % A dj° 100.000 1.4960 80.603 1.4223 68.989 1.3777 45.179 1.2854 25.320 1.2074 10.723 1.1494 0.000 1.1065 (±0.05%)(i57)

4 = 0.0 MoI % A 1.1257(1 - 0.03935*) 20.2 MoI % A 1.2114(1 - 0.03946*) 67.4 MoI % A 1.3770(1 - 0.039430 100.00 MoI % A 1.5158(1 - 0.03853*)

793. B = C6H6 (61, 186) (±0.01%)(23)

Wt. % B dj° 0.000 1.4960 36.892 1.2918 53.614 1.1910 67.696 1.1016 82.230 1.0046 100.000 0.8790 (to80°)(±0.1%)(!85) a I 103b 100.00 Wt. % B 0.9003 I 1.073* 75.26 Wt. % B 1.0001 I 1.107* 49.73 Wt. % B 1.1330 I 1.186* 25.26 Wt. % B 1.2948 I 1.251* 0.00 Wt. % B 1.5215 1.354* 794. B = C7H8

Toluene (±0.025%)(23) Wt. % A d24° 100.000 1.4960 65.796 1.2801 41.048 1.1241 22.297 1.0061 0.000 0.8661

796. B = C8H20IN Tetraethylammonium iodide (331)1

v. also 18, 52, 106, 319, 400, 508 C6H5Br2N 2, 4-Dibromoaniline 797. B = C7HuO2 Isoamyl acetate (306)i C6H5Br2N 2, 6-Dibromoaniline 798. B = C7Hi4O2 Isoamyl acetate (306)i

Wt. % A 100.00 95.07 90.22 78.27 69.57 61.10 50.10 41.85 28.59 18.55 0.00

8 0 1 . B = C7H8 Toluene (158) (±0.025%)(23) Wt. % A d*° 100.000 1.1065 71.678 1.0369 45.779 0.9744 21.516 0.9167 13.803 0.8985 7.060 0.8826 0.000 0.8661 (±0.0075%)(i7i)

wt. % A

dy

100.000 80.249 46.646 22.292 20.427 0.000

1.10026 1.04460 0.95883 0.90535 0.90148 0.86053

802. B = C7Hi6 Heptane (61) 803. B = C7H16O Ethyl amyl ether (61) 804. B = C8Hi0 m-Xylene (61)

C6H6Cl Chlorobenzene

805. B = C8Hi4O6

Ethyl tartrate

799. B = C6H6 (25,1 35, 99,186)

(±0.025%) (23) Wt. % B dj° 0.000 1.1065 31.171 1.0419 57.896 0.9820 77.462 0.9357 100.000 0.8790 (to80°)(±0.075%)(i85) a I 103b 0.00 Wt. % B 1.1283 I 1.080* 25.39 Wt. % B 1.0592 I 1.073* 49.46 Wt. % B 1.0020 I 1.081* 74.84 Wt. % B 0.9483 I 1.081* 100.000 Wt. % B 0.9002 I 1.073* 800. B = C6H6O Phenol (±0.01%)(27)

dj° 1.1050 1.1033 1.1017 1.0979 1.0953 1.0929 1.0897 1.0873 1.0835 1.0805 1.0752

(±0.05%)(217) a

I

103b

(17.05°-38.53°) 100.00 Wt. % A 1.1096 I 1.0800 - 17.05) (18.5°-31.87°) 96.19 Wt. % A 1.1106 I 1.0840 - 18.5) (15°-99°) 89.99 Wt. % A 1.1202 I 1.1010 - 15) (14.7°-99.0°) 75.00 Wt. % A 1.1342 1.1010 - 14.7) (17.9°-101.3°) 52.53 Wt. % A 1.1516 I 1.0780 - 17.9) (18.8°-49.5°) 24.65 Wt. % A 1.1795 I 1.0810 - 18.8) (16.8°-99.4°) 0.00 Wt. % A 1.2085 1.0160 - 16.8)

806. B = Ci0H8 Naphthalene (to 2.132 Wt. % B) (54) dì8 = (1.10864 - 0.03835 Wt. % B) ±0.0075% 807. B = Ci0Hi6O Camphor (±0.1%)(235)

Wt. % B 0.00 0.73 5.51 18.64 30.35 59.25

df 1.101 1.099 1.092 1.072 1.054 1.014

v. also 19, 53, 282, 320, 401, 509y 787, 792 C6H5ClO o-Chlorophenol 808.B = C6H7N Aniline (307)i C±0.01%)(28) Wt. % B dl° 100.00 1.0350 84,46 1.0643 70.06 1.0956 59.84 1.1219 53.39 1.1374 48.32 1.1495 43.13 1.1615 39.39 1.1701 34.82 1.1809 31.50 1.1891 22.20 1.2105 10.35 1.2382 0.00 1.2623 Wt. % B dlQ 100.00 1.0218 84.46 1.0554 70.06 1.0864 59.84 1.1123 53.39 1.1277 48.32 1.1396 43.13 1.1515 39.39 1.1600 34.82 1.1707 31.50 1.1788 22.20 1.2000 10.35 1.2273 0.00 1.2509 Wt. % B dj° 100.00 1.0131 84.46 1.0466 70.06 1.0772 59.84 1.1027 53.39 1.1180 48.32 1.1297 43.13 1.1416 39.39 1.1499 34.82 1.1605 31.50 1.1685 22.20 1.1895 10.35 1.2164 0.00 1.2397

Wt. % B 100.00 84.46 70.06 59.84 53.39 48.32 43.13 39.39 34.82 31.50 22.20 10.35 0.00 Wt. % B. 100.00 84.46 70.06 59.84 53.39 48.32 43.13 39.39 34.82 31.50 22.20 10.35 0.00 Wt. % B 100.00 84.46 70.06 59.84 53.39 48.32 43.13 39.39 34.82 31.50 22.20 10.35 0.00 Wt. % B 100.00 84.46 70.06 59.84 53.39 48.32 43.13 39.39 34.82 31.50 22.20 10.35 0.00 Wt. % B 100.00 84.46 70.06 59.84 53.39 48.32 43.13 39.39 34.82

d*° 1.0045 1.0377 1.0680 1.0931 1.1083 1.1198 1.1316 1.1399 1.1503 1.1582 1.1790 1.2055 1.2282 dl° 0.9872 1.0197 1.0496 1.0739 1.0888 1.1000 1.1116 1.1196 1.1300 1.1376 1.1580 1.1837 1.2058 dl° 0.9700 1.0017 1.0311 1.0547 1.0693 1.0802 1.0916 1.0993 1.1096 1.1169 1.1371 1.1619 1.1832 d\w 0.9431 0.9739 1.0019 1.0248 1.0389 1.0493 1.0603 1.0678 1.0774 1.0843 1.1038 1.1280 1.1489 dl50 0.9053 0.9355 0.9620 0.9839 0.9972 1.0069 1.0177 1.0249 1.0339

Wt. % B 31.50 22.20 10.35 0.00

d\™ 1.0404 1.0589 1.0822 1.1027

809. B = C6H8N2 Phenylhydrazine (±0.1%)(307)

Wt. % A 100.0 85.2 64.0 53.5 50.7 25.0 0.0

dj° 1.203 1.187 1.166 1.154 1.145 1.108 1.068

810. B = C7Hi4O2 Isoamyl acetate (305)i 811. B = C8HnN Dimethylaniline (to80°)(±0.025%)(28) a I 103b 0.00 Wt. % A 0.9726 I 0.8213* 14.67 Wt. % A 1.0070 I 0.870Oi 27.71 Wt. % A 1.0432 I 0.9075* 40.65 Wt. % A 1.0819 I 0.9475t 52.49 Wt. % A 1.1191 I 0.9850* 60.40 Wt. % A 1.1443 I 1.0050* 70.50 Wt. % A 1.1761 1 1.0325* 75.41 Wt. % A 1.1928 I 1.0550* 80.87 Wt. % A 1.2108 I 1.0725* 83.81 Wt. % A 1.2205 i 1.0825* 90.14 Wt. % A 1.2414 I 1.1000* 100.00 Wt. % A 1.2737 I 1.1338* 812. B = C9H7N Quinolme (±0.01%)(28)

Wt. % B 100.00 83.21 67.47 57.61 51.19 49.69 46.72 45.06 42.08 36.58 27.82 13.34 0.00

d°4 1.1077 1.1412 1.1728 1.1925 1.2045 1.2074 1.2128 1.2156 1.2203 1.2282 1.2403 1.2581 1.2737

Wt. % B 100.00 83.21 67.47 57.61 51.19 49.69 46.72 45.06 42.08 36.58 27.82 13.34 0.00 Wt. % B 100.00 83.21 67.47 57.61 51.19 49.69 46.72 45.06 42.08 36.58 27.82 13.34 0.00 Wt. % B 100.00 83.21 67.47 57.61 51.19 49.69 46.72 45.06 42.08 36.58 27.82 13.34 0.00 Wt. % B 100.00 83.21 67.47 57.61 51.19 49.69 46.72 45.06 42.08 36.58 27.82 13.34 0.00 Wt. % B 100.00 83.21 67.47 57.61 51.19 49.69 46.72 45.06

dj° 1.1001 1.1331 1.1643 1.1837 1.1956 1.1985 1.2038 1.2066 1.2112 1.2188 1.2304 1.2474 1.2622 df 1.0925 1.1250 1.1557 1.1748 1.1867 1.1895 1.1948 1.1975 1.2021 1.2095 1.2205 1.2363 1.2508
C6H5ClO.- (Continued) B = C9H7N.—(Contmu6d) Wt. % B dl° 42.08 1.1655 36.58 1.1718 27.82 1.1811 13.34 1.1941 0.00 1.2058 Wt. % B dj° 100.00 1.0458 83.21 1.0767 1.1053 67.47 57.61 1.1230 51.19 1.1333 49.69 1.1360 46.72 1.1407 45.06 1.1433 42.08 1.1473 36.58 1.1531 27.82 1.1615 13.34 1.1732 0.00 1.1832 Wt. % B dj10 100.00 1.0213 83.21 1.0517 67.47 1.0790 57.61 1.0952 51.19 1.1049 49.69 1.1072 46.72 1.1118 45.06 1.1139 42.08 1.1175 36.58 1.1232 1.1311 27.82 13.34 1.1413 0.00 1.1489 Wt. % B d\bo 100.00 0.9879 83.21 1.0178 67.47 1.0428 57.61 1.0574 51.19 1.0664 1.0681 49.69 46.72 1.0721 1.0741 45.06 42.08 1.0772 36.58 1.0822 27.82 1.0893 13.34 1.0976 0.00 1.1027

813. B = C13Hi3N Diphenylmethylamine (to80°)(±0.025%)(28) a I 103b 0.00 Wt. % A 1.0674 I 0.7888* 13.83 Wt. % A 1.0923 I 0.820Oi 25.90 Wt. % A 1.1146 I 0.8575* 38.35 Wt. % A 1.1391 I 0.8975* 50.52 Wt. % A 1.1637 I 0.9350*

I 1036 57.58 Wt. % A 1.1788 I 0.9750* 68.76 Wt. % A 1.2030 I 1.0150* 79.34 Wt. % A 1.2261 I 1.0525* 89.62 Wt. % A 1.2492 I 1.0925* 100.00 Wt. % A 1.2737 I 1.1388* a

v. also 402, 510, 702 C6H6ClO ra-Chlorophenol

814. B = C6H7N Aniline (±0.1%)(307)

Wt. % B 0.0 9.0 19.4 30.1 40.3 60.1 75.4 100.0 Wt, % B 0.0 9.0 19.4 30.1 40.3 60.1 75.4 100.0

dj5 1.268 1.238 1.207 1.181 1.153 1.104 1.071 1.022 dl° 1.237 1.210 1.180 1.153 1.126 1.077 1.045 0.992

815. B = C7H14O2 Isoamyl acetate (305)i v. also 403 C6H5ClO p-Chlorophenol 816. B = C6H7N Aniline (±0.1%)(307)

Wt. % B 7.8 15.4

fi* 1.249 1.228

22.2 29.9 37.2

1.209 1.185 1.166

41.8 50.2 70.2 90.3 100.0 Wt. % B 0.0 7.8 15.4 22.2 29.9 37.2 41.8 50.2

1.154 1.133 1.084 1.037 1.022 dj° 1.244 1.223 1.199 1.179 1.158 1.140 1.128 1.107

Wt. % B djj° 70.2 1.058 90.3 1.012 100.0 0.992 817. B = C7H14O2 Isoamyl acetate (305)i v. also 404 C6H5Cl2N 2, 4-Dichloroaniline 818. B = C7H14O2 Isoamyl acetate (3Q6)i C6H6F Fluorobenzene 818.5 B = C6H6 (to 80°)(±0.075%)O»5) a I 103b 0.00 Wt. % B 1.0468 I 1.216* 24.98 Wt. % B 1.0052 I 1.159* 50.24 Wt. % B 0.9687 I 1.159* 74.22 Wt. % B 0.9345 I 1.125* 100.00 Wt. % B 0.9002 I 1.073* C6H5I lodobenzene 819. B = C6H6 (to 80°)(±0.075%)(is5) a I 103b 0.00 Wt. % B 1.8611 I 1.520* 25.16 Wt. % B 1.4662 I 1.406* 50.05 Wt. % B 1.2133 I 1.294* 100.00 Wt. % B 0.9002 I 1.073* 820. B = C8H14O6 Ethyl tartrate (±0.05%) (217) a I 103b (19.5°-38.5°) 0.00 Wt. % B 1.8316 I 1.575(* - 19.5) (18.85°-51.6°) 9.93 Wt. % B 1.7313 I 1.4950 - 18.85) (19.5°-50.6°) 24.94 Wt. % B 1.6148 I 1.413(* - 19.5) (18.3°-53.2°) 47.97 Wt. % B 1.4502 1 1.259(* - 18.3) (19.25°-36.2°) 75.30 Wt. % B 1.3135 I 1.132(*-19.25) C6H5I2N 2, 4-Diiodoaniline 821. B = C 7 H 14 O 2 Isoamyl acetate (306)

C6H6NO2 Nitrobenzene 823. B = C6H6 (14, 122,1 142, 158, 240)

(50Wt. % B) (±0.025%) (178) * d\ O 1.03874 25 1.01248 40 0.99731 55 0.98282 70 0.96678 (±0.1%) (361) Wt. % B
827. B = C 6 Hi 0 O 6 Methyl tartrate (14°-41°)(±0.05%)(210) 95.06 Wt. % A a 103b 1.214 1.00-14) 828. B =• C6H12O3 Paraldehyde (158) (±0.1%) (361)

Wt. % B 0.000 0.443 0.685 0.906 1.778 3.442 4.555 9.000 17.630 23.650

dl° 1.2048 1.2032 1.2024 1.2020 1.2000 1.1968 1.1944 1.1852 1.1670 1.1530

829. B = C7H6O2 Benzoic acid (296) 1.2

4 = 100 MoI % A 1.2220(1 - 0.0,78040 75 MoI % A 1.1618(1 - 0.0,79300 50 MoI % A 1.1060(1 - 0.0,80400 25 MoI % A 1.0521(1 - 0.0,80600 O MoI % A 1.0028(1 - 0.0879800

834. B = C7H9N o-Toluidine (±0.05%)(157)

4= 100 MoI % A 1.2220(1 - 0.0378040 75 MoI % A 1.1677(1 - 0.0380400 50 MoI % A 1.1159(1 - 0.0.81600 O MoI % A 1.0647(1 - 0.0,81600

830. B = C7H6O3 Salicylic acid (296) 1.2

835. B - C8H8O2 Methyl benzoate (158)

831. B = C7H8 Toluene (158,348)

836. B = C8H9Cl3O7 Methyl mono (trichloroacetyl) tartrate (17°-48.7°)(±0.05%)(210) 95.25 Wt. % A a 103b 1.2163 0.039630 - 17)

(±0.0075%) ("l) Wt. % A dl* 100.000 1.19848 84.606 1.13195 62.598 1.04733 29.050 0.93966 0.89218 12.207 0.000 0.86036 (±0.075%)(122)

833. B = C7H9N Methylaniline

837. B = C8H11N Dimethylaniline (±0.05%) (157) 4 = 100 MoI % A 1.2220(1 - 0.0378040 75 MoI % A 1.1582(1 -0.0,819(M) 50 MoI % A 1.0868(1 - 0.0381900 25 MoI % A 1.0266(1 - 0.0384100 O MoI % A 0.9742(1 - 0.038680Q 838. B = C8HnN Ethylaniline (±0.05%) (15 7) 4 = 100 MoI % A 1.2220(1 - 0.0378040 75 MoI % A 1.1493(1 - 0.O3SlOOO 50 MoI % A 1.0853(1 - 0.0382200 25 MoI % A 1.0278(1 - 0.0382600 O MoI % A 0.9792(1 - 0.0,87400 839. B = C8Hi4O6 Dimethyl cZ-dimethoxysuccinate

<±0.05%)(157)

(±0.075%)(222)

Wt. % A a!? 0.00 0.8330 16.92 0.8775 31.62 0.9192 57.61 1.0019 71.48 1.0517 82.03 1.0926 91.70 . 1.1324 100.00 1.1691 (±0.075%)(H2) a I 103b (25°-75°) 0.00 Wt. % A 0.8599 I 0.8900 - 25) (25°-90°) 73.70 Wt. % A 1.0869 I 0.9440 - 25) 832. B = C7H8O o-Cresol (±0.005%) (319) Wt. % B df- 87 0.000 1.21065 3.080 1.20504 9.545 1.19320 16.221 1.18142

I 103b (65.3°-153°) 0.00 Wt. % A 1.1250 I 1.0520 - 65.3) (15.6°-150°) 90.90 Wt. % A 1.2039 I 0.9930 - 15.6) 840. B = C8H14O6 Ethyl tartrate (220) (±0.075%)(208) a I 103b (19.1°-100.0°) 0.00 Wt. % B 1.2042 I 0.9780 - 19.1) (20.0°-99.0°) 2.00 Wt. % B 1.2030 I 0.9870 -20.0) (19.0°-98.5°) 5.00 Wt. % B 1.2037 I 0.9950 - 19.0) (18.0°-100.0°) 10.00 Wt. % B 1.2041 I 0.9890 -18.0) (17.3°-100.0°) 19.94 Wt. % B 1.2042 I 0.9980 - 17.3) (18.7°-100.0°) 50.02 Wt. % B 1.2029 I 1.013(1 - 18.7) (19.3°-131.2°) 100.00 Wt. % B 1.2062 I 1.0230 - 19.3) 841.B = C8H20IN Tetraethylammonium iodide (33i)i 842. B = Ci0H8 Naphthalene (158, 163.1) (±0.0075%)(54) Wt. % B d\s 0.000 1.20538 1.032 1.20322 2.037 1.20106 a

(±0.05%) (163)

MoI % B < O 1.1439 20 1.1135 30 1.0959 50 1.0626 70 1.0300 80 1.0120 90 0.9951 100 0.9790 843. B = Ci0H8Cl6O8 Methyl di(trichloroacetyl) tartrate (±0.05%)(210) a I 103b (17°-48.7°) 95.25 Wt. % A 1.2163 I 0.9630 - 17.0) (14°-90.2°) 95.10 Wt. % A 1.2779 I 1.0060 - 14.0) 844. B = Ci 0 Hi 4 Durene

(±0.005%) (31«) Wt. % A dj5 100.000 1.19761 97.984 1.18915 94.225 1.17376 845. B = Ci 0 Hi 0 N Diethylaniline (±0.05%) (157) 4 = 100.00 MoI % A 1.2220(1 - 0.0378040 66.67 MoI % A 1.1071(1 - 0.0379100 33.33 MoI % A 1.0147(1 - 0.0377200 0.00 MoI % A 0.9508(1 - 0.0,8455p 846. B = Ci 0 Hi 6 O 4 Camphoric acid (2 96) 1,2 847. B = Ci0H20O Z-Menthol (±0.05%) (226) a I 103b (19.25°-43.2°) 98.55 Wt. % A 1.1978 I 0.9810 - 19.25) (8.5°-41.7°) 97.94 Wt. % A 1.2061 I 0.9880 -8.5) (9.8°-78.7°) 93.35 Wt. % A 1.1853 I 0.9530 -9.8) (19.1°-54.1°) 69.51 Wt. % A 1.0891 I 0.9170 - 19.1) (±0.25%)(273)

(55.6°-99.0°) 100.00 MoI % A 1.1655 I 0.9220 -55.6) 90.85 Moi % A 1.1215 I 0.9880 -55.6) 69.16 MoI % A 1.0374 1 0.9340 -55.6) 54.83 MoI % A 0.9915 I 0.8520 - 55.6) 36.73 MoI % A 0.9442 I 0.8680 - 55.6) 16.26 MoI % A 0.9011 I 0.8260 - 55.6) O.OO MoI % A 0.8690 I 0.7330 - 55.6) 848. B = Ci2Hi0 Acenaphthene (15S) (±0.005%)(318) Wt. % A df 100.000 97.166 96.135

1.19761 1.19385 1.19249

849. B = Ci 2 Hi 0 Diphenyl (158) (±0.005%)(318) Wt. % A df 100.000 1.19761 98.103 1.19389 95.751 1.18902

C6H5NO2.- (Continued) 850. B = Ci 2 H 10 N 2 Azobenzene (158) (±0.005%)(318) Wt. % B a? 0.000 1.19761 1.844 1.19490 4.479 1.19134 851. B = Ci2Hi2Cl6O8 Ethyldi(trichloroacetyl)tartrate (±0.05) (210) a I 10% (15.2°-131°) 0.00 Wt. % A 1.4764 I 1.2220 - 15.2) (12.5°-74.2°) 95.01 Wt. % A 1.2218 I 0.9980 - 12.5) 852. B = Ci2Hi8O8 Diethyl diacetyltartrate (±0.25%X273) a 103b (55.6°-99.0°) 100.00 MoI % A 1.1655 I 0.9220 - 55.6) (67.3°-99.0°) 87.73 MoI % A 1.1435 I 0.9970 -67.3) 68.13 MoI % A 1.1248 I 0.8200 -67.3) 50.12 MoI % A 1.1310 1 0.9970 - 67.3) 32.90 MoI % A 1.1198 I 1.0190 - 67.3) 15.59 MoI % A 1.1439 I 1.1330 - 67.3) 0.00 MoI % A 1.1086 I 0.8960 - 67.3) 853. B = Ci2H28IN Tetrapropylammonium iodide (330)1

854. B = Ci4Hi0 Phenanthrene (158) 855. B = Ci4H10O2 Benzil (158) (±0.005%) (318) Wt. % A d? 100.000 1.19761 98.197 1.19660 95.357 1.19529 856. B = C16H20Cl6O8 Isobutyl di (trichloroacetyl)tartrate (±0.05%) (210) a I 103b (18.2°-157°) 0.00 Wt. % A 1.3584 I 1.0440 - 18.2) (13.6°-91.9°) 94.98 Wt. % A 1.2164 I 0.9910 - 13.6)

857. B = Ci6H24O3S Menthyl benzenesulfonate (±0.05%) (212) a I 103b (15.7°-70.5°) 92.14 Wt. % A 1.1973 0.9720 - 15.7) (16.0°-78.4°) 81.23 Wt. % A 1.1863 I 0.9540 - 16.0) 858. B = Ci6H26O8 Isobutyl diacetyl-d-tartrate (±0.05%) (216) (-4.2° to +141°) 90.32 Wt. % A a 10% 1.2146 0.9770 -f 4.2) 859. B = Ci8Hi6O6 acL-Methyl dibenzoylglycerate ( 90 ) 860. B = Ci8H36O2 Stearic acid (296)i.» 861. B = C20H26O3S Menthyl naphthalene/3-sulfonate (±0.05%) (212) a |. 103b (12.5°-61.7°) 97.05 Wt. % A 1.2058 I 0.9390 - 12.5) (12.7°-61.4°) 91.36 Wt. % A 1.2028 0.9580 - 12.7) 862. B = C24H42O6 J-Menthyl d-tartrate (±0.05%)(226)

I 103b (16.7°-43.3°) 98.57 Wt. % A 1.2038 I 0.9740 - 16.7) (10.1°-56.9°) 93.51 Wt. % A 1.2012 I 0.9690 - 10.1) a

863. B = C 24 H 42 O 6 Di-Z-menthyl Z-tarti;ate (±0.05%) (214) a I 103b (17.85°-29.30°) 98.02 Wt. % A 1.2006 I 1.0040 - 17.85) (17.50°-43.50°) 94.65 Wt. % A 1.1932 I 0.9810 - 17.50) 864. B = C28H46O8 Z-Menthyl diacetyl-Z-tartrate (±0.05%)(214) a I 103b (15°-142°) 0.00 Wt. % A 1.0557 I 0.8020 - 15) (16.66°-32.80°) 97.41 Wt. % A 1.2017 I 0.9910 - 16.66)

I 103b (17.75°-48.40°) 94.64 Wt. % A 1.1957 I 0.9730 - 17.75) a

865. B = C28H46O8 I-Menthyl diacetyl-dZ-tartrate a I 10% (±0.05%)(215) (19.85°-34.8°) 95.62 Wt. % A 1.1958 I 0.9630 - 19.85) v. also 54, 87, 202, 256, 283, 321, 405, 511, 581, 619, 655, 660, 671, 751, 760, 1273 C6H5NO3 o-Nitrophenol 866. B = C6H6 (±0.005%) (319) Wt. % B dì2-87 100.000 0.88619 96.908 0.89533 93.380 0.90617 88.562 0.92127 74.895 0.96695 867. B = C6H7N, Aniline (±0.01%)(28) Wt. % B < 100.00 1.0131 89.12 1.0376 77.64 1.0654 67.23 1.0923 1.1174 58.00 48.72 1.1444 39.48 1.1715 31.68 1.1966 22.89 1.2261 14.96 1.2527 8.51 1.2741 0.00 1.3041 Wt. % B
Wt. % B df° 100.00 0.9700 89.12 0.9933 77.64 1.0202 67.23 1.0460 58.00 1.0698 48.72 1.0954 39.48 1.1221 31.68 1.1461 22.89 1.1746 14.96 1.2006 8.51 1.2216 0.00 1.2480 868. B = C7H9N p-Toluidine (±0.1%)(307)

Wt. % A dl° 0.0 0.958 35.3 1.050 79.6 1.220 100.0 1.282 869. B = C7H14O2 Isoamyl acetate (305) i 870. B = C8Hi4O6 Ethyl tartrate (±0.05%)(224)

I 103b (47.7°-78.1°) 23.89 Wt, % B 1.2599 I 1.0140 - 47.7) (56.8°-97.3°) 51.12 Wt. % B 1.2321 I 1.0990 - 56.8) (12.5°-72.5°) 74.95 Wt. % B 1.2554 I 1.0810 - 12.5) 871. B = C9H7N Quinoline (±0.01)(28) Wt. % B d»° 100.00 1.0849 89.20 1.1071 1.1311 78.57 69.31 1.1518 58.39 1.1758 50.84 1.1938 41.80 1.2140 32.96 1.2339 22.44 1.2549 17.59 1.2655 13.24 1.2746 8.82 1.2842 4.46 1.2939 0.00 1.3041 Wt. % B df 100.00 1.0772 1.0988 89.20 78.57 1.1223 69.31 1.1429 58.39 1.1665 50.84 1.1842 41.80 1.2043 32.96 1.2240 22.44 1.2454 17.59 1.2557 a

Wt. % B

df

13.24 8.82 4.46 0.00

1.2647 1.2742 1.2838 1.2938

Wt. % B

100.00 89.20 78.57 69.31 58.39 50.84 41.80 32.96 22.44 17.59 13.24 8.82 4.46 0.00

1.0614 1.0822 1.1049 1.1248 1.1478 1.1649 1.1844 1.2036 1.2244 1.2346 1.2433 1.2521 1.2613 1.2708

Wt. % B

<

100.00 89.20 78.57 69.31 58.39 50.84 41.80 32.96 22.44 17.59 13.24 8.82 4.46 0.00

1.0458 1.0656 1.0878 1.1068 1.1290 1.1457 1.1647 1.1834 1.2036 1.2136 1.2218 1.2304 1.2391 l. 2480

p. also 107, 406, 703 C6H5NO3 m-Nitrophenol 872. B = C 7 Hi 4 O 2 Isoamyl acetate (305)i

C6H6NO3 p-Nitrophenol 873. B = C 7 Hi 4 O 2 Isoamyl acetate (3QS)i v. also 407

C6H5N3O4 2, 4-DinitroaniIine, v. 228

C6H6 874. B = C6H6O Phenol (±0.01%) (27) Wt. % A dj° 100.00 0.8773 93.96 0.8881 90.16 0.8950 79.99 0.9134 67.60 0.9371 57.91 0.9549 46.98 0.9766 36.35 0.9976 25.89 1.0194 17.80 1.0383 Q.OO 1.0751

875. B = C6H7N Aniline (14, 142) (±0.075%)(i22) Wt. % B < 100.00 1.0208 89.59 1.0034 66.65 0.9712 11.40 0.8934 0.00 0.8783 876. B = C6H10O3 Ethyl acetoacetate (142, 158) (±0.05%)(7i) Wt. % A df 100.00 0.8736 97.22 0.8770 89.53 0.8869 56.44 0.9324 6.12 1.0126 0.00 1.0222 877. B = C 6 Hi 0 O 4 Ethyl oxalate Q99)i 878. B = C6Hi2O2 Amy l formate (199)* 879. B = C 6 Hi 2 O 2 Butyl acetate (I99)i

Wt. %A 41.54 47.03 55.30 63.58 69.18 70.78 77.38 79.85 81.34 86.27 88.61 91.58 92.80 95.20 100.00

883. B = C7H6N3O6 Trinitrotoluene (±0.005%)(319) Wt. % A df -87 100.000 0.88619 95.959 0.90238 92.736 0.91559 88.621 0.92751 86.608 0.94176

880. B == C 6 Hi 2 O 2 Ethyl butyrate (158, i»9*) 881. B = C6H12O3 Paraldehyde (142,158) (±0.1%) (361) Wt. % A d24° 0.000 0.9948 0.442 0.9940 0.660 0.9935 1.770 0.9910 3.480 0.9892 8.915 0.9846 15.485 0.9730 81.150 0.8980 89.325 0.8892 96.160 0.8814 97.849 0.8808 99.231 0.8805 99.962 0.8803 100.000 0.8800 882. B == C6Hi4 w-Hexane (14, 35, 158, ssi) (±0.025%)(138) Wt. % A d°4 0.00 0.67743 1.24 0.67939 1.52 0.67995 9.27 0.69249 12.31 0.69759 15.07 0.70232 16.95 0.70570 21.57 0.71377 22.41 0.71535 24.22 0.71855 31.87 0.73290 33.23 0.73548 36.51 0.74197 38.38 0.74558 40.40 0.74966 0.75183 41.39

dl 0.75214 0.76355 0.78166 0.80081 0.81417 0.81819 0.83512 0.84161 0.84566 0.85933 0.86602 0.87452 0.87816 0.88527 0.90017

884. B = C7H6O Benzaldehyde (142) 885. B = C7H6O2 Benzoic acid (I48,i 296,i 303) (25°-75°)(±0.1%)(ii2) 4.81 Wt. % B a 103b 0.8818 1.0620 - 25) (to 6.785 Wt. % B) (319) di2-87 = (0.88638 + 0.0221504Wt. % B ) ±0.005%

888. B = C7H8O Benzyl alcohol (233)i 889. B = C7H8O o-Cresol (±0.005%) (319) Wt. % A d\2'87 100.000 0.88638 96.379 0.89155 94.827 0.89433 88.954 0.90245 77.725 0.91935 890. B = C7H8O m-Cresol (±0.05%)(157) d{ = O MoI % A 1.0493(1 - 0.037110 25 MoI % A 1.0180(1 - 0.039670 50 MoI % A 0.9795(1 - 0.038780 75 MoI % A 0.9382(1 - 0.039800 100 MoI % A 0.8994(1 - 0.O211921) 891. B = C7H8O6 Gallic acid monohydrate (2 96) 1.2 892. B = C7H12O4 Ethyl malonate (I99)i 893. B == C 7 Hi 4 O 2 Isoamyl acetate (158, 1991)

886. B = C7H6O3 Salicylic acid (286)1.2

894. B = C7H14O2 Ethyl valerate (I99)i

887. B = C7H8

895. B = C7H14O2 Propyl butyrate (158)

(24,195,199,105,1112,1133,158, 178,1

50 MoI % A 0.8903(1 - 0.O2IlOOO 25 MoI % A 0.8866(1 - 0.0210520 O MoI % A 0.8825(1 - 0.03982Q

186.1,1 283,1 351, 3521)

(±0.025%)(23)

Wt. % A

dl°

0.00 0.8661 28.22 0.8687 52.93 0.8715 78.16 0.8751 100.00 0.8790 (±0.0075%)(171)

dj5

Wt. % A

0.000 0.86054 10.990 0.86198 30.588 0.86400 51.920 0.86682 66.576 0.86906 91.556 0.87288 100.000 0.87420 (±0.05%)(157)

4 = 100 MoI % A 0.8995(1 - 0.021325£) 75 MoI % A 0.8957(1 - 0.0211630

896. B = C 7 Hj 6 Heptane (236)i 897. B = C7H16O Diethylisopropyl alcohol (233)i 898. B = C8H8O Acetophenone (16°-55°)(±0.1%)(29) a I 103b 100.00 Wt. % A 0.8832 I 1.060 - 16) 84.49 Wt. % A 0.9050 1 1.0370 - 16) 50.83 Wt. % A 0.9523 I 0.9540 - 16) 32.12 Wt. % A 0.9809 I 0.9080 - 16) 15.35 Wt. % A 1.0070 I 0.91250 - 16) 0.00 Wt. % A 1.0317 I 0.8670 - 16) 899. B = C8H8O2 Methyl benzoate (158)

Wt. % B

df

13.24 8.82 4.46 0.00

1.2647 1.2742 1.2838 1.2938

Wt. % B

100.00 89.20 78.57 69.31 58.39 50.84 41.80 32.96 22.44 17.59 13.24 8.82 4.46 0.00

1.0614 1.0822 1.1049 1.1248 1.1478 1.1649 1.1844 1.2036 1.2244 1.2346 1.2433 1.2521 1.2613 1.2708

Wt. % B

<

100.00 89.20 78.57 69.31 58.39 50.84 41.80 32.96 22.44 17.59 13.24 8.82 4.46 0.00

1.0458 1.0656 1.0878 1.1068 1.1290 1.1457 1.1647 1.1834 1.2036 1.2136 1.2218 1.2304 1.2391 l. 2480

p. also 107, 406, 703 C6H5NO3 m-Nitrophenol 872. B = C 7 Hi 4 O 2 Isoamyl acetate (305)i

C6H6NO3 p-Nitrophenol 873. B = C 7 Hi 4 O 2 Isoamyl acetate (3QS)i v. also 407

C6H5N3O4 2, 4-DinitroaniIine, v. 228

C6H6 874. B = C6H6O Phenol (±0.01%) (27) Wt. % A dj° 100.00 0.8773 0.8881 93.96 90.16 0.8950 79.99 0.9134 67.60 0.9371 57.91 0.9549 46.98 0.9766 36.35 0.9976 25.89 1.0194 17.80 1.0383 Q.OO 1.0751

875. B = C6H7N Aniline (14, 142) (±0.075%)(i22) Wt. % B < 100.00 1.0208 89.59 1.0034 66.65 0.9712 11.40 0.8934 0.00 0.8783 876. B = C6H10O3 Ethyl acetoacetate (142, 158) (±0.05%)(7i) Wt. % A df 100.00 0.8736 97.22 0.8770 89.53 0.8869 56.44 0.9324 6.12 1.0126 0.00 1.0222 877. B = C 6 Hi 0 O 4 Ethyl oxalate Q99)i 878. B = C6Hi2O2 Amy l formate (199)* 879. B = C 6 Hi 2 O 2 Butyl acetate (I99)i

Wt. %A 41.54 47.03 55.30 63.58 69.18 70.78 77.38 79.85 81.34 86.27 88.61 91.58 92.80 95.20 100.00

883. B = C7H6N3O6 Trinitrotoluene (±0.005%)(319) df -87 Wt. % A 100.000 0.88619 95.959 0.90238 92.736 0.91559 88.621 0.92751 86.608 0.94176

880. B == C 6 Hi 2 O 2 Ethyl butyrate (158, i»9*) 881. B = C6H12O3 Paraldehyde (142,158) (±0.1%) (361) Wt. % A d24° 0.000 0.9948 0.442 0.9940 0.660 0.9935 1.770 0.9910 3.480 0.9892 8.915 0.9846 15.485 0.9730 81.150 0.8980 89.325 0.8892 96.160 0.8814 97.849 0.8808 99.231 0.8805 99.962 0.8803 0.8800 100.000 882. B == C6Hi4 w-Hexane (14, 35, 158, ssi) (±0.025%)(138) Wt. % A d°4 0.00 0.67743 1.24 0.67939 1.52 0.67995 9.27 0.69249 12.31 0.69759 15.07 0.70232 16.95 0.70570 21.57 0.71377 22.41 0.71535 24.22 0.71855 31.87 0.73290 33.23 0.73548 36.51 0.74197 38.38 0.74558 40.40 0.74966 41.39 0.75183

dl 0.75214 0.76355 0.78166 0.80081 0.81417 0.81819 0.83512 0.84161 0.84566 0.85933 0.86602 0.87452 0.87816 0.88527 0.90017

884. B = C7H6O Benzaldehyde (142) 885. B = C7H6O2 Benzoic acid (I48,i 296,i 303) (25°-75°)(±0.1%)(ii2) 4.81 Wt. % B 103b a 0.8818 1.0620 - 25) (to 6.785 Wt. % B) (319) di2-87 = (0.88638 + 0.0221504Wt. % B ) ±0.005%

888. B = C7H8O Benzyl alcohol (233)i 889. B = C7H8O o-Cresol (±0.005%) (319) Wt. % A d\2'87 100.000 0.88638 96.379 0.89155 94.827 0.89433 88.954 0.90245 77.725 0.91935 890. B = C7H8O m-Cresol (±0.05%)(157) d{ = O MoI % A 1.0493(1 - 0.037110 25 MoI % A 1.0180(1 - 0.039670 50 MoI % A 0.9795(1 - 0.038780 75 MoI % A 0.9382(1 - 0.039800 100 MoI % A 0.8994(1 - 0.O211921) 891. B = C7H8O6 Gallic acid monohydrate (2 96) 1.2 892. B = C7H12O4 Ethyl malonate (I99)i 893. B == C 7 Hi 4 O 2 Isoamyl acetate (158, 1991)

886. B = C7H6O3 Salicylic acid (286)1.2

894. B = C7H14O2 Ethyl valerate (I99)i

887. B = C7H8

895. B = C7H14O2 Propyl butyrate (158)

(24,195,199,105,1112,1133,158, 178,1

50 MoI % A 0.8903(1 - 0.O2IlOOO 25 MoI % A 0.8866(1 - 0.0210520 O MoI % A 0.8825(1 - 0.03982Q

186.1,1 283,1 351, 3521)

(±0.025%)(23)

Wt. % A

dl°

0.00 0.8661 28.22 0.8687 52.93 0.8715 78.16 0.8751 100.00 0.8790 (±0.0075%)(171)

dj5

Wt. % A

0.000 0.86054 10.990 0.86198 30.588 0.86400 51.920 0.86682 66.576 0.86906 91.556 0.87288 100.000 0.87420 (±0.05%)(157)

4 = 100 MoI % A 0.8995(1 - 0.021325£) 75 MoI % A 0.8957(1 - 0.0211630

896. B = C 7 Hj 6 Heptane (236)i 897. B = C7H16O Diethylisopropyl alcohol (233)i 898. B = C8H8O Acetophenone (16°-55°)(±0.1%)(29) 103b a I 100.00 Wt. % A 0.8832 I 1.060 - 16) 84.49 Wt. % A 0.9050 1 1.0370 - 16) 50.83 Wt. % A 0.9523 I 0.9540 - 16) 32.12 Wt. % A 0.9809 I 0.9080 - 16) 15.35 Wt. % A 1.0070 I 0.91250 - 16) 0.00 Wt. % A 1.0317 I 0.8670 - 16) 899. B = C8H8O2 Methyl benzoate (158)

C 6 H 6 .—(Continued) 900. B = C8H9NO Acetanilide (292)2 901. B - C 8 Hi 0 Ethy !benzene (to 40°) (±0.025%)(2 4) a I 103b 100.000 Wt. % A 0.89993 I I.OQoSt 57.367 Wt. % A 0.89455 I 0.9725J 0.000 Wt. % A 0.89130 0.8863* 902. B = C 8 Hi 0 w-Xylene (±0.05%)( 157 ) 4= 100 MoI % A 0.8995(1 - 0.021325*) 75 MoI % A 0.8931(1 - 0.0211070 50 MoI % A 0.8883(1 - 0.021053f) 25 MoI % A 0.8851(1 - 0.0210160 O MoI % A 0.8828(1 - 0.03957Q 903. B = C 8 Hi 0 N 4 O 2 Caffeine (292)2 904. B = C 8 H 10 O 4 Diallyl oxalate (**8)i 905. B = C8Hi2O6 Dimethyl acetylmalate (16.5°-45.8°)(±0.05%) (227)

4.039 Wt. % B a 103b 0.8909 1.051(£ - 16.5) 906. B = C8Hi4O3 Ethyl ethylacetoacetate (is«) (±0.05%) (71) Wt. % A dl* 100.00 0.8736 82.25 0.8907 75.02 0.8974 63.87 0.9086 0.00 0.9754 907. B = C8Hi4O4 Ethyl Buccinate (*99)i 908. B = C8Hi4O6 Ethyl tartrate (340,i 343,i 3441) (±0.05%)(205)

I 103b (17.95°-58.90°) 100.000 Wt. % A 0.8812 11.085(^-17.95) (19.65°-26.53°) 98.999 Wt. % A 0.8817 11.075(^-19.65) (18.6°-24.53°) 98.647 Wt. % A 0.8835 |1.063(* - 18.6) a

I 103b (20°-24.22°) 97.955 Wt. % A 0.8836 I 1.068(Z - 20) (19.61°-45.05°) 97.479 Wt. % A 0.8851 [1.117(^-19.61) (18.1°--24.03°) 96.983 Wt. % A 0.8879 |1.079(£ - 18.1) (18.15°-45.8°) 95.003 Wt. % A 0.8924 11.074(^-18.15) (19.7°-25.63°) 92.466 Wt. % A 0.8969 1.062(*- 19.7) (17.6°-61.28°) 89.998 Wt. % A 0.9053 |1.089(* - 17.6) (16.33°-25.60°) 82.582 Wt. % A 0.9254 (1.068(^-16.33) (17.5°-60.6°) 75.022 Wt. % A 0.9443 |1.093(* - 17.5) (19.3°-62.8°) 49.996 Wt. % A 1.0165 1.079(* - 19.3) (20.7°-60.2°) 24.801 Wt. % A 1.1026 |1.061(* -20.7) (16.8°-99.4°) 0.000 Wt. % A 1.2085 |1.016(1 - 16.8) a

909. B = C8Hi8O Capryl alcohol (233)i 910. B = C9Hi0O2 Ethyl benzoate (I99)i 911. B = C 9 Hi 0 O 3 Ethyl salicylate (I99)i 912. B = C9HnNO Methylacetanilide (180) 913. B = C9Hi2 1, 2, 4-Trimethylbenzene (to 40°) (±0.025%) (24) a I 103b 100.000 Wt. % A 0.8999 I 1.0650* 61.954 Wt. % A 0.8925 I 0.9238* 0.000 Wt. % A 0.8926 I 0.8075* 914. B = C9Hi3N Dimethyl-o-toluidine (±0.075%) (122) Wt. % A d*4-6 100.00 0.8427 88.50 0.8488 76.64 0.8553 55.93 0.8667 36.81 0.8775 23.01 0.8855 10.44 0.8930 0.00 0.8992

915. B = C9Hi4O Phorone (I48)i 916. B = C9Hi4O6 Ethyl Z-diacetylglycerate (90) 917. B = Ci0H6Cl2 Dichloronaphthalene (14 8 ) i 918. B = Ci0H7NO2 Nitronaphthalene (148) i 919. B = Ci0H8 Naphthalene (106, 148,i 158, 172,1 354) (±0.005%) (319) Wt. % A

d\2-87

100.000 0.88638 97.634 0.88946 91.206 0.89805 (±0.005%) (336)

Wt. % A 100.000 92.863 83.893 80.090 72.852 65.188

d? 0.87166 0.88132 0.89378 0.89906 0.90930 0.92028

~ = (1.15338 - 0.0218196

Cf4

Wt. % B + 0.061076 (Wt. % B)2) ± 0.005% (48, 49)

920. B = Ci 0 Hi 2 O Anethole (±0.075%)(233)

Wt. % A d}9-43 100.00 0.8795 96.57 0.8826 89.66 0.8911 78.86 0.9073 0.00 0.9987 921. B = Ci 0 Hi 3 NO 2 Phenacetine (292)2 922. B = Ci 0 Hi 4 Durene (±0.005%)(318)

Wt. % A 100.000 97.405 92.962 90.439 86.366 84.068 76.732

Jf 0.87339 0.87294 0.87267 0.87233 0.87208 0.87242 0.87217

923. B = C10H14N2 Nicotine (93,1 110, 341, 3431)

924. B = Ci 0 Hi 4 O Thymol (354) (15°-65°)(± 0.075%) (172) a I 103b 100.00 Wt. % A 0.8846 I 1.036(* - 15) 87.86 Wt. % A 0.8943 I 1.022(* - 15) 925. B = C10Hi5BrO Bromocamphor O 48 ) 1 (±0.1%)(235)

ft* 0.8728 0.8743

Wt. % A 100.00 99.53

95.49 0.8871 78.79 0.9431 67.50 0.9848 53.88 1.0409 926. B = Ci0Hi6O Camphor (I48,i354) (to 54.20 Wt. % B) (ioo, 170, 175, 263, 343)

4s-5 = (0.8814 + 0.037801 Wt. % B ) ±0.1% (to 50.00 Wt. % B)(ioo, 170, 175, 263, 343)

dl° = (0.8795 + 0.037980 Wt. % B) ±0.1% (to 52.37 Wt. % B)(235) df = (0.8728 + 0.038325 Wt. % B) ±0.1% 927. B = Ci0Hi6O4 Camphoric acid (296)i.2 928. B = Ci0Hi7Cl Terpine hydrochloride Q 48 ) 1 929. B = C10H18O3 Ethyl diethylacetoacetate (158)

(±0.05%) (71) Wt. % A df 100.00 0.8736 96.35 0.8766 85.84 0.8851 50.48 0.9171 31.81 0.9345 0.00 0.9646 930. B = C10H18O6 Dipropyl tartrate (±0.1%)(340)

I 103b (20°-60°) 0.00 Wt. % A 1.1389 |0.905(* -20) (20°-40°) 24.09 Wt. % A 1.0648 I 0.940 -20) 54.49 Wt. % A 0.9811 I 0.96(* - 20) 83.64 Wt. % A 0.9128 I 1.0Q(* -20) 931. B = C10H20O Menthol (I48)i (±0.05%)(226) a I 103b (9.1°-32.6°) 98.544 Wt. % A 0.8915 |1.111(* - 9 . 1 ) (7.1°-34.2°) 92.503 Wt. % A 0.8917 |0.997(* - 7.1) 932. B = C 10 H 20 O 8 Amyl valerate (I99)i 933. B = C10H20O2 d-ß-Octyl acetate (242) dy = (0.8794 - 0.032073 Wt. % B ) ±0.1% a

934. B = Ci2H10 Acenaphthene (158) (±0.005%)(318) Wt. % A dlb 100.000 0.87338 98.131 0.87678 95.807 0.88140 92.183 0.88752 87.436 0.89598 935. B = C12H10 Diphenyl (158) (±0.005%)(3is, 336) Wt. % A df 100.000 0.87253 98.036 0.87600 94.794 0.88037 92.054 0.88240 90.305 0.88678 87.051 0.89146 84.823 0.89256 84.661 0.89495 76.870 0.90578 70.205 0.91138 60.653 0.92786 936. B = C12H10N2 Azobenzene (I 58 ) (±0.005%)(318) Wt. % B dj6 0.000 0.87339 1.946 0.87673 3.819 0.88009 7.292 0.88600 13.643 0.89750 937. B = Ci 2 H 14 O 5 Ethyl monobenzoylglycerate (*°) 938. B = C12H16O2 Amyl benzoate (I99)i 939. B = C13H10O Benzophenone (±0.01%)(33)

Wt. % A dj° 100.000 0.86833 98.516 0.87119 95.899 0.87640 88.941 0.89052 940. B = C 13 H 10 O 3 Salol (292)2 941. B = C14H8O2 Anthraquinone (±0.01%)(297, 317) Wt. % A dl t 99.89 0.8900 O 99.74 0.8794 20 99.65 0.8692 30 99.51 0.8591 40 99.30 0.8439 50 99.04 0.8389 60 98.66 0.8288 70 98.25 0.8190 80 942. B = C 14 H 8 O 2 Phenanthraquinone (297,i,2 3171,2)

943. B = C14H10 Anthracene

*

i 4 25 Wt. % A 5 1.0640 15 1.0550 25 1.0454 40 1.0325 60 1.0148 75 1.0015 O Wt. % A 5 1.1134 15 1.1249 25 1.1163 40 1.0780 60 1.0870 80 1.0546 90 1.0604 100 1.0571

(±0.01%)(297, 317) Wt. % A

4

t

99.40 99.03 98.59 98.01 97.29 96.38 95.11 93.46 92.30

0.9008 0.8909 0.8812 0.8717 0.8627 0.8541 0.8460 0.8374 0.8347

O 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 75

944. B = C14H10 Phenanthrene (158) (±0.01%)(318) a I 103b (15°-70°) 100.00 Wt. % A 0.88441 I 1.081ft - 15) 95.970 Wt. % A 0.89174 I 1.058ft - 15) (15°-60°) 92.770 Wt. % A 0.89807 I 1.046(2 - 15) (20°-70°) 86. 285 Wt. % A 0.90588 1.019ft - 20)

947. B = C15H18O7

Diethyl monobenzoyltartrate (ff) 948. B = C16H11N3O7 Naphthalene picrate (I48)i 949. B = C16H22O4 d-Octyl hydrogen phthalate (±0.05%)(72) Wt. % A df 93.82 0.8836 89.29 0.8837? 88.84 0.8866 80.71 0.9046 80.56 0.9054 950. B = C16H22O4 Z-Octyl hydrogen phthalate t 72 ) 1 951. B = C16H22O4 dl-Octyl hydrogen phthalate (5.86-18.29 Wt. % B) (72) df = (0.8826 + 0.021537 (Wt. % B - 5.86)) ± 0.05% 952. B = Ci6H24O3S Menthyl benzenesulfonate t 212 ) 1 953. B = Ci6H32O2 Palmitic acid (158)

945. B = C 14 Hi 0 O 2 Benzil(i58) (±0.005%)(318) Wt. % A fi* 100.000 0.87338 98.106 0.87764 94.313 0.88646 94.052 0.88690 87.748 0.90169 82.948 0.91334 946. B = Ci 4 H 12 O 2 Benzyl benzoate (±0.01%)(22)

t

\

4

100 Wt. % A 5 0.8939 15 0.8832 25 0.8725 40 0.8565 60 0.8347 75 0.8083 75 Wt. % A 5 0.9468 15 0.9363 25 0.9263 40 0.9106 60 0.8904 75 0.8750 50 Wt. % A 5 1.0016 10 0.9980 15 0.9925 25 0.9825 40 0.9687 60 0.9560 75 0.9359

954. B = Ci8Hi6O6 Methyl d-dibenzoylglycerate

W '

955. B = Ci8H36O2 Stearic acid (158) 956. B = Ci9Hi6 Triphenylmethane (158) (±0.005%) (318) Wt. % A dl5 100.000 0.87339 98.447 0.87612 97.499 0.87774 93.205 0.88488 957. B = C20H26O3S Menthyl naphthalene-^sulfonate (212)1 958. B = C 20 H 38 O 2 Ethyl oleate (158)

959. B = C24H42O6 Di-/-menthyl /-tartrate (±0.05%) (214) a I 103b (18.5°-27.0°) 97.269 Wt. % A 0.8821 |1.012(*-18.5) (17.75°-30.15°) 94.606 Wt. % A 0.8860 11.040(1-17.75) 960. B = C24H42O6 Z-Menthyl d-tartrate (±0.05%)(226)

1 103b (10.50°-39.75°) 98.363 Wt. % A 0.8911 11.060(J-IO. 50) (9.4°-37.2°) 92.583 Wt. % A 0.8993 1.1.0040 - 9.4) a

961. B = C28H46O8 Z-Menthyl diacetyl-J-tartrate (±0.05%)(214) a { 103b (17.75°-30.50°) 97.938 Wt. % A 0.8833 11.090ft-17.75) (17.85°-30.10°) 94.781 Wt. % A 0.8878 [1.053(*-17.85) (15°-142°) 0.000 Wt. % A 1.0557 |0.802(1 - 15) 962. B = C28H46O8 Z-Menthyl diacetyl-dZ-tartrate (19°-28.8°)(±0.05%)(215) 5.204 Wt. % B a 103b 0.8865 1.041 ft -19) 963. B = C5IH98O6 Tripalmitin (±0.05%)(332)

I 103b (18.1°-41.0°) 100.00 Wt. % A 0.8799 11.057(E - 18.1) (25°-50°) 98.02 Wt. % A 0.8735 I 1.036ft -25) 95.93 Wt. % A 0.8745 I 1.048ft - 25) 92.22 Wt. % A 0.8753 I 1.036ft - 25) (70°-107.2°) 0.00 Wt. % A 0.8752 0.710ft - 70) a

964. B = C 57 Hi 10 O 6 Tristearin (±0.05%)(332)

I 103b (18.1°-41.0°) 100.00 Wt. % A 0.8799 11.057ft - 18.1) a

C6H6.—(Continued) B = C67Hn0O6.—(Continued) a I 103b (25°-50°) 97.92 Wt. % A 0.8734 |0.968(* -25) (70°-113.2°) 0.00 Wt. % A 0.8689 I 0.628(£ - 70) 964.5 B = Z-Turpentine (0.025%)(123, 124, 289)

Wt. % A 0.000 20.077 39.999' 60.027 79.573 100.000 Wt. % A 0.000 20.077 39.999 60.027 79.573 100.000

Jl 0.86723 0.86975 0.87272 0.87774 0.88390 0.89144 dj5 0.86153 0.86351 0.86625 0.87087 0.87660 0.88369

(0.05%)(60, 170, 342)

Wt. % A 0.00 10.08 22.07 34.94 48.95 63.10 77.04 90.02 100.00

Q

dl 0.8629 0.8634 0.8644 0.8656 0.8677 0.8705 0.8738 0.8771 0.8803

(0.025%)(123, 124, 289)

Wt. % A d\2 0.000 0.85590 20.077 0.85767 39.999 0.85987 60.027 0.86412 79.573 0.86944 100.000 0.87611 v. also 20, 55, 88, 108, 145, 162, 203, 245, 250, 264, 284, 303, 307, 322, 345, 364, 408, 498, 512, 542, 547, 552, 560, 564, 569, 582, 593, 597, 609, 612, 620, 651, 657, 661, 672, 704, 729, 739, 744, 754, 758, 760.5, 776, 777, 789, 793, 799, 819, 818.5, 823, 866, 1267, 1269, 1271, 1278, 1279, 1281

C6H6BrN o-Bromoaniline 965. B = C7Hi4O2 Isoamyl acetate (3Q6)i C6H6BrN p-Bromoaniline 966. B = C7Hi4O2 Isoamyl acetate (3Q6)i v. also 409

C6H6ClN o-Chloroaniline 967. B = C7Hi4O2 Isoamyl acetate (306)i C6H6ClN ra-Chloroaniline 968. B = C7Hi4O2 Isoamyl acetate (306)i C6H6ClN p-Chloroaniline 969. B = C7Hi4O2 Isoamyl acetate (3Q6)i v. also 410 C6H6IN p-Iodoaniline 970. B = C7Hi4O2 Isoamyl acetate (306)i C6H6N2O2 o-Nitroaniline 971. B = C 7 Hi 4 O 2 Isoamyl acetate (306)i C6H6N2O2 w-Nitroaniline 972. B = C 7 Hi 4 O 2 Isoamyl acetate (306)i v. also 411 C6H6N2O2 ~ p-Nitroaniline, v. 412 C6H6O, Phenol 973. B = C6H7N Aniline (156, 307i) (±0.01%)(27) Wt. % B dj° 100.00 1.0219 92.06 1.0276 84.69 1.0326 76.66 1.0380 68.72 1.0434 60.61 1.0485 52.44 1.0531 46.19 1.0568 37.50 1.0610 30.48 1.0643 22.98 1.0674 14.98 1.0703 7.72 1.0728 0.00 1.0749 Wt. % B < 100.00 1.0131 92.42 1.0185 84.04 1.0242 76.67 1.0292 68.35 1.0347 60.86 1.0394 52.83 1.0442 46.00 1.0448 38.16 1.0520 30.72 1.0556 23.14 1.0589 15.20 1.0616 7.50 1.0645

Wt. %B 0.00 Wt. % B 100.00 92.42 84.04 76.67 68.35 60.86 52.83 46.00 38.16 30.72 23.14 15.20 7.50 0.00 Wt. % B 100.00 92.42 84.04 76.67 68.35 60.86 52.83 46.00 38.16 30.72 23.14 15.20 7.50 0.00 Wt. % B 100.00 92.42 84.04 76.67 68.35 60.86 52.83 46.00 38.16 30.72 23.14 15.20 7.50 0.00 Wt. % B 100.00 92.06 84.69 76.66 68.72 60.61 52.44 46.19 37.50 30.48 22.98 14.98 7.72 0.00

d*° 1.0667 4° 1.0045 1.0099 1.0156 1.0206 1.0260 1.0307 1.0355 1.0394 1.0434 1.0470 1.0503 1.0530 1.0560 1.0583 dj° 0.9872 0.9925 0.9982 1.0032 1.0086 1.0133 1.0180 1.0220 1.0259 1.0296 1.0330 1.0358 1.0388 1.0414 dj° 0.9700 0.9752 0.9809 0.9858 0.9911 0.9959 1.0005 1.0047 1.0085 1.0122 1.0156 1.0185 1.0215 1.0242 d425 0.9289 0.9343 0.9391 0.9437 0.9483 0.9527 0.9571 0.9606 0.9648 0.9690 0.9727 0.9762 0.9795 0.9828

974. B = C6H8N2 Phenylhydrazine (±0.1%)(307)

Wt. % A 100.0 79.8 59.8 49.9 46.3 37.2 19.6 0.0

(F40 1.048 1.056 1.065 1.068 1.069 1.069 1.069 1.068

975. B » C7H8 Toluene (±0.005%)(319) Wt. % A J42-87* 0.000 0.87233 2.091 0.87603 4.257 0.87985 9.841 0.88987 18.727 0.90640 28.789 0.92552 976. B = C7H8O o-Cresol (to 45 Wt. % A)(86) d\5'5 = (1.052 + 0.032675 Wt. % A) ±0.25% 977. B = C7H8O w-Cresol (to 40 Wt. % A) (86) dì6'5 = (1.039 + 0.033625 Wt. % A) ±0.25% 978. B = C7H8O p-Cresol (to 55 Wt. % A) (86) dl5'5 = (1.039 -f 0.03372 Wt. % A) ±0.25% 979. B = C7H9N p-Toluidine (307)i (±0.01%) (27) Wt. % A dl»'9 0.00 0.9703 9.85 0.9808 20.67 0.9913 29.86 1.0004 38.57 1.0087 46.25 1.0160 55.09 1.0239 62.70 1.0305 71.11 ' 1.0372 80.19 1.0441 1.0511 89.76 100.00 1.0584

"Wt. % A

<-9

0.00 9.85 20.67 29.86 38.57 46.25 55.09 62.70 71.11 80.19 89.76 100.00

0.9534 0.9640 0.9744 0.9835 0.9919 0.9991 1.0069 1.0135 1.0201 1.0270 1.0340 1.0414

Wt. % A 0.00 9.85 20.67 29.86 38.57 46.25 55.09 62.70 71.11 80.19 89.76 100.00 Wt. % A 0.00 9.85 20.67 29.86 38.57 46.25 55.09 62.70 71.11 80.19 89.76 100.00 Wt. % A 0.00 9.85 20.67 29.86 38.57 46.25 55.09 62.70 71.11 80.19 89.76 100.00 Wt. % A 0.00 16.62 23.11 34.42 38.24 45.61 56.31 65.69 76.25 79.43 86.34 100.00 Wt. % A 0.00 16.62 23.11 34.42 38.24 45.61 56.31 65.69 76.25 79.43 86.34 100.00

^479-8 0.9366 0.9471 0.9574 0.9665 0.9750 0.9820 0.9898 0.9965 1.0031 1.0099 1.0170 1.0243 dff- 9 0.9190 0.9296 0.9399 0.9489 0.9575 0.9645 0.9723 0.9795 0.9856 0.9924 0.9995 1.0065 d\2S 0.8963 0.9069 0.9173 0.9262 0.9349 0.9419 0.9496 0.9567 0.9628 0.9696 0.9766 0.9833 dj50 0.8735 0.8899 0.8962 0.9070 0.9106 0.9173 0.9265 0.9342 0.9422 0.9444 0.9492 0.9572 dl™ 0.8503 0.8669 0.8733 0.8843 0.8879 0.8944 0.9035 0.9111 0.9189 0.9211 0.9257 0.9338

980. B = C7Hi4O2 Isoamyl acetate (305)i 981. B = C8HnN Dimethylaniline (±0.01%)(27)

Wt. % A 0.00 9.07 17.30 23.94 33.08 40.39 48.27 55.75 62.82 69.97 78.14 85.39 92.76 100.00 Wt. % A 0.00 9.07 17.30 23.94 33.08 40.39 48.27 55.75 62.82 69.97 78.14 85.39 92.76 100.00 Wt. % A 0.00 7.93 16.61 24.60 32.71 41.46 49.19 56.14 63.95 70.99 78.83 86.08 93.19 100.00

< 0.9647 0.9752 0.9851 0.9932 1.0041 1.0136 1.0236 1.0327 1.0413 1.0499 1.0594 1.0677 1.0758 1.0834 dj° 0.9564 0.9670 0.9768 0.9849 0.9959 1.0053 1.0150 1.0243 1.0330 1.0416 1.0511 1.0594 1.0675 1.0751 dl9'* 0.9483 0.9574 0.9677 0.9772 0.9872 0.9981 1.0076 1.0158 1.0252 1.0329 1.0431 1.0515 1.0593 1.0667

Wt. % A

df'2

0.00 7.93 16.61 24.60 32.71 41.46 49.19 56.14 63.95 70.99 78.83 86.08 93.19 100.00

0.9401 0.9493 0.9593 0.9688 0.9788 0.9895 0.9990 1.0073 1.0166 1.0243 1.0346 1.0431 1.0508 1.0583

Wt. % A 0.00 7.93 16.61 24.60 32.71 41.46 49.19 56.14 63.95 70.99 78.83 86.08 93.19 100.00 Wt. % A 0.00 7.93 16.61 24.60 32.71 41.46 49.19 56.14 63.95 70.99 78.83 86.08 93.19 100.00 Wt. % A 0.00 9.07 17.30 23.94 33.08 40.39 48.27 55.75 62.82 69.97 78.14 85.39 92.76 100.00 Wt. % A 0.00 9.07 17.30 23.94 33.08 40.39 48.27 55.75 62.82 69.97 78.14 85.39 92.76 100.00

dl9'9 0.9235 0.9326 0.9426 0.9520 0.9619 0.9724 0.9818 0.9899 0.9991 1.0069 1.0171 1.0256 1.0335 1.0414 d*° 0.9071 0.9160 0.9259 0.9353 0.9450 0.9553 0.9645 0.9726 0.9817 0.9895 0.9997 1.0082 1.0162 1.0242 426 0.8680 0.8777 0.8864 0.8940 0.9041 0.9128 0.9217 0.9303 0.9388 0.9472. 0.9564 0.9648 0.9734 0.9815 dl77 0.8227 0.8320 0.8405 0.8474 0.8569 0.8648 0.8734 0.8818 0.8896 0.8979 0.9070 0.9153 0.9238 0.9316

982. B = C8H14O6

Ethyl tartrate (±0.075%) (22 4)

103b (38.5°-78.8°) 14.79 Wt. % B 1.0786 I 0.883(E - 38.5) (21.4°-99.8°) 23.85 Wt. % B 1.1049 I 0.916ft -21.4) (11.9°-99.2°) 48.20 Wt. % B 1.1403 I 0.875ft - 11.9) (14.6°-83.4°) 64.78 Wt. % B 1.1663 ) 0.972ft - 14.6) (16.1°-64.7°) 74.39 Wt. % B 1.1753 I 0.969ft - 16.1) (13.5°-82.19) 79.24 Wt. % B 1.1835 I 0.963ft - 13.5) 983. B = C9H7N Quinoline (±0.01%) (2 7) Wt. % A dj' 8 0.00 1.1003 7.54 1.1020 14.56 1.1036 22.73 1.1055 29.76 1.1070 37.52 1.1077 45.08 1.1073 53.20 1.1056 60.30 1.1029 68.21 1.0993 76.88 1.0949 83.37 1.0915 92.06 1.0874 100.00 1.0835 Wt. % A «50-1 0.00 1.0924 7.54 1.0943 14.56 1.0959 22.73 1.0976 29.76 1.0991 37.52 1.0998 45.08 1.0993 53.20 1.0976 60.30 1.0949 68.21 1.0913 76.88 1.0868 83.37 1.0834 92.06 1.0790 100.00 1.0749 Wt. % A dl9'9 0.00 1.0850 7.77 1.0869 14.92 1.0885 21.96 1.0903 29.82 1.0916 37.14 1.0923 44.62 1.0916 52.31 1.0900 59.89 1.0873 67.92 1.0836 75.75 1 0794 83.49 1.0755 91.79 1.0710 100.00 1.0667 a

CeH6O.—(Continued] B = C9H7N,- (Continued) Wt. % A 0.00 7.77 14.92 21.96 29.82 37.14 44.62 52.31 59.89 67.92 75.75 83.49 91.79 100.00

dj° 1.0772 1.0791 1.0807 1.0822 1.0837 1.0842 1.0836 1.0819 1.0792 1.0754 1.0712 1.0671 1.0627 1.0583

Wt. % A 0.00 7.77 14.92 21.96 29.82 37.14 44.62 52.31 59.89 67.92 75.75 83.49 91.79 100.00

dl° 1.0614 1.0634 1.0650 1.0665 1.0678 1.0681 1.0674 1.0657 1.0628 1.0589 .0547 1.0502 1.0457 1.0414

Wt. % A 0.00 7.77 14.92 21.96 29.82 37.14 44.62 52.31 59.89 67.92 75.75 83.49 91.79 100.00

d™ 1.0458 1.0478 1.0494 1.0508 1.0517 1.0520 1.0513 1.0496 1.0465 1.0425 1.0382 1.0335 1.0288 1.0242

Wt. % A 0.00 7.54 14.56 22.73 29.76 37.52 45.08 53.20 60.30 68.21 76.88 83.37 92.06 100.00

d]26 1.0085 1.0103 1.0119 1.0133 1.0140 1.0139 1.0127 1.0099 1.0065 1.0021 0.9969 0.9927 0.9876 0.9828

Wt. % A 0.00 7.54 14.56 22.73 29.76 37.52 45.08 53.20 60.30 68.21 76.88 83.37 92.06 100.00

dl™ 0.9673 0.9687 0.9698 0.9707 0.9705 0.9696 0.9678 0.9643 0.9602 0.9550 0.9492 0.9445 0.9389 0.9337

984. B = Ci0H9N a-Naphthylamine (±0.1%)(307) Wt. % A dj° 100.0 1.067 48.0 1.094 43.5 1.097 20.9 1.106 Wt. % A < 100.0 1.048 48.0 1.075 43.5 1.076 20.9 1.092 7.5 1.102 0.0 1.108 985. B = C12HnN Diphenylamine (307)i (±0.01%)(27) dj° = (1.0799 - 0.03133 Wt. % A) dj° = (1.0721 - 0.03138 Wt. % A) 41 - (1.0542 - 0.03138 Wt. % A) dì1 - (1.0377 - 0.03144 Wt. % A) 986. B = Ci2Hi8O8 Diethyl diacetyltartrate (±0.25%)(273)

a

I 10% (55.6°-99.0°) 100.00 MoI % A 1.045 I 0.91940 87.36 MoI % A 1.070 I 0.89860 71.25 MoI % A 1.117 I 0.97010 58.80 MoI % A 1.098 I 0.96770 36.35 MoI % A 1.111 I 0.98370 15.02 MoI % A 1.121 1.04100 (67.3°-99.0°) 0.00 MoI % A 1.109 I 0.89580 -

55.6) 55.6) 55.6) 55.6) 55.6) 55.6) 67.3)

987. B - Ci3Hi3N Diphenylm ethy lamine (±0.01%)(27)

Wt. % A 0.00 4.92 9.48 17.18 27.69 36.92 48.42 56.87 67.10 78.79 89.30 100.00 Wt. % A 0.00 4.92 9.48 17.18 27.69 36.92 48.42 56.87 67.10 78.79 89.30 100.00 Wt. % A 0.00 4.98 10.21 20.04 35.34 49.87 62.12 73.58 82.22 90.05 100.00 Wt. % A 0.00 4.98 10.21 20.04 35.34 . 49.87 62.12 73.58 82.22 90.05 100.00 Wt. % A 0.00 4.98 10.21 20.04 35.34 49.87 62.12 73.58 82.22 90.05 100.00 Wt. % A 0.00 4.98 10.21

di'* 1.0594 1.0604 1.0614 1.0631 1.0656 1.0678 1.0707 1.0727 1.0752 1.0781 1.0808 1.0838 d 20 - 1 1.0514 1.0522 1.0531 1.0547 1.0571 1.0592 1.0620 1.0640 1.0664 1.0692 1.0719 1.0749 dj° 1.0438 1.0449 1.0461 1.0483 1.0518 1.0551 1.0580 1.0606 1.0626 1.0644 1.0667 < 1.0359 1.0369 1.0379 1.0401 1.0435 1.0467 1.0495 1.0520 1.0541 1.0559 1.0583 dl° 1.0198 1.0207 1.0217 1.0237 1.0269 1.0301 1.0328 1.0354 1.0373 1.0391 1.0414 ^480 1.0040 1.0048 1.0058

Wt. % A 20.04 35.34 49.87 62.12 73.58 82.22 90.05 100.00

v. also 109, 413, 513, 667, 705, 800, 824, 874, 1282, 1283 C6-H6C^ Resorcinol, v. 414, 621

C6H7N Aniline 988. B = C6H8IN Aniline hydroiodide (to 20.48 Wt. % B) (266) df = (1.018 -f 0.025225 Wt. % B) ± 0.25% 989. B = C7H6O2 Benzoic acid (±0.005%) (319) Wt. % A ^ 2 - 87 100.000 1.02780 98.222 1.03044 94.694 1.03581 91.005 1.04158 87.831 1.04665 990. B = C7H8 Toluene (±0.075%)(122) Wt. % A < 100.00 1.0208 0.9989 87.45 80.84 0.9878 60.07 0.9541 40.95 0.9241 25.43 0.9007 0.00 0.8654 (±0.075%)(H2) a ! 103b (25°-90°) 100.00 Wt. % A 1.0170 ! 0.8380 - 25) 70.28 Wt. % A 0.9658 I 0.8670 - 25) 37.14 Wt. % A 0.9133 ( 0.8980 - 25) (25°-75°) 0.00 Wt. % A 0.8599 I 0.8900 - 25) 991. B - C7H8O m-Cresol (±0.25%)(156) MoI % A dl O 1.049 25 1.050 45 1.049 50 1.048 55 1.048 75 1.044 100 1.039

(±0.25%)(312) Mol % A $f 100.0 1.018 70.0 1.022 62.6 1.024 53.9 1.026 45.1 1.029 36.9 1.030 22.2 1.030 0.0 1.031 (±0.25%)(i56) MoI % A dj 1 - 6 O 1.003 25 1.002 45 1.001 50 1.000 55 0.999 75 0.995 100 0.987 992. B = C7H8O p-Cresol (±0.1%)(307) Wt. % A df 100.0 1.020 70.0 1.022 46.4 1.027 37.3 1.028 20.5 1.028 10.0 1.029 Wt. % A dlQ

^' 9 = (1.0303 - 0.03543 Wt. % B) . d?'2 = (1.0214 - 0.03548 Wt. % B) d\9'6 = (1.0134 - 0.03554 Wt. % B) ay = (1.0045 - 0.03561 Wt. % B) df = (0.9872 - 0.03573 Wt. % B) < = (0.9700 - 0.03589 Wt. % B) 999. B = C8HuN Dimethylaniline (±0.1%)(122) Wt. % A dl4'7 100.00 0.9916 92.01 0.9858 80.41 0.9776 53.92 0.9598 35.58 0.9484 17.40 0.9377 11.76 0.9344 0.00 0.9278 1000. B = C8Hi4O6 Ethyl tartrate (±0.05%)(225)

C6H8N 2 m-Phenylenediamine 1005. B = C 7 Hi 4 O 2 Isoamyl acetate (306)i

1015. B = C 8 Hi 0 Xylene (i»*») 1

C6H8N2

CeHi0O 4 Methyl £-a-acetoxypropionate v. 257, 826

Phenylhydrazine v. 809, 974

v. also 146, 877

C 6 HioOe Methyl tartrate v. 827

C6H8O7 Citric acid 1006. B = C 7 Hi 4 O 2 Amyl acetate (296) 1,2 v. also 416, 674

C6Hi0O8 Citric acid monohydrate 1016. B = C 7 Hi 4 O 2 Amyl acetate (296) 1.2

C6H10O Mesityl oxide 1007. B = C 7 Hi 4 O 2 Isoamyl acetate (±0.05%)(6») Wt. % B df 100.00 0.8664 91.42 0.8644 86.85 0.8635 0.8549 0.00 C6Hi0Os Ethyl aceto acetate 1008. B = C6Hi4 Hexane (158) 1009. B = C7H9N 2, 6-Lutidine (±0.05%)(7i) Wt. % A fi* 0.00 0.9324 10.90 0.9413 32.63 0.9598 52.01 0.9769 88.55 1.0112 100.00 1.0222 1010. B = C8Hi4O6 Ethyl tartrate

v. also 110, 418, 623, 675, 761

103b (15.1°-25.1°) 100.0 0.992 0.00 Wt. % B 70.0 0.997 1.0262 0.86(« - 15.1) 46.4 1.001 (17.2°-70.7°) 37.3 1.004 7.66 Wt, % B 20.5 1.005 1.0373 I 0.878(* - 17.2) 10.0 1.005 (12.7°-81.8°) Q.Q 1.005 23.98 Wt. % B 1.0699 0.915(* - 12.7) 993. B = C7H9N (12.2°-86.1°) o-Toluidine 66.29 Wt. % B (0-100 Wt. % A)(122) 1.1474 I 0.959(1 - 12.2) dl* = (0.9700 H- 0.03216 1001. B = Ci 0 Hi 3 NO 2 Wt. % A) ±0.075% (±0.05%)(223) Phenacetine (292) 994. B = C 7 Hi 4 O 2 a I 103b 1002. B = Ci0Hi4N2 Isoamyl acetate (306)i (14°-71.5°) Nicotine (343)i 10.47 Wt. % B 995. B = C8H9NO 1003. B = Ci 2 HnN 1.0509 I 1.018(J - 14) Acetanilide (292)2 Diphenylamine (14°-50.5°) (±0.075%) (U 2) 996. B = C8Hi0 25.08 Wt. % B Xylene (I«) (±0.25 %)(*«) 93.55 Wt. % A 1.0749 1.013(* - 14) Wt. % A dl t d{ (15.2°-54.2°) 100.0 1.039 25 1.0212 50.19 Wt. % B 87.0 1.014 60 0.9922 1.1169 I 1.026(f - 15.2) 63.6 0.975 90 0.9644 1011. B = Ci0H8 54.4 0.960 v. also 21, 56, 204, 323, 415, Naphthalene (158) 37.4 0.938 514, 570, 622, 673, 706, 730, 1012. B = Ci Hi N 2 0 2 19.4 0.917 808, 814, 816, 825, 867, 875, Azobenzene (158) 0.0 0.909 973 1013. B = Ci 4 Hi 0 997. B = C 8 Hi 0 N 4 O 2 C Phenanthrene (I 58 ) 6H8IN Caffeine (292)2 Aniline hydroiodide 1014. B = Ci6H32O2 998. B = C8Hi0O v. 988 Palmitic acid (158) Phenetole v. also 57, 285, 346, 417, 598, C6H8JM 2 (O - 100 Wt. % B) (±0.01%) 707, 876 o-Pheny lene diamine (27) 1004. B = C Hi O 7 4 2 d\ = (1.0390 - 0.03538 C6Hi0O 4 Isoamyl acetate (306)i Wt. % B) Ethyl oxalate a

C6H12 Cyclohexane v. 286 C6Hi2O2

Caproic acid 1017. B = CioHicO Camphor (323, 342) C 6 Hi2O2

Amyl formate 1018. B = C 8 Hi 0 Xylene (199)1 v. also 748, 878 C 6 Hi2O2

Butyl acetate 1019. B - C8Hi0 Xylene (199)1 v. also 879 C 6 Hi2O2

d-ß-Butyl acetate v. 58 C 6 Hi2O2

Isobutyl acetate 1020. B = C6H12O2 Ethyl butyrate (0°-40°)(±0.025%)(24) a I 103b 100.00 Wt. % A 0.8920 I 1.049* 50.63 Wt. % A 0.8959 I 1.050; 0.00 Wt. % A 0.8997 I 1.053* 1021. B = C6Hi2O2 Ethyl isobutyrate (0°-40°X±0.025%)(24) a ] 103b 100.00 Wt. % A 0.8920 1.049* 50.711 Wt. % A 0.8914 I 1.067* 0.00 Wt. % A 0.8906 I 1.075*

C6Hi2O2.—(Continued) 1022. B = C7H14O2 Ethyl isovalerate (0°-40°)(±0.025%)(24) a I 103b 100.000 Wt. % A 0.8920 I 1.049« 53.512 Wt. % A 0.8888 I 1.023* 0.00 Wt. % A 0.8854 I 0.994* CeHi2O2 Ethyl butyrate 1023. B = C6Hi2O2 Ethyl isobutyrate a I 103b (to 40°) (±0.025%) (2 4) 0.000 Wt. % A 0.89060 I 1.075* 51.368 Wt. % A 0.89530 I 1.065* 100.000 Wt. % A 0.89970 I 1.053* 1024. B = C6Hi4 n-Hexane (to40°)(±0.025%)(24) a I 103b 100.000 Wt. % B 0.68720 I 0.9025* 49.961 Wt. % B 0.79305 I 0.9913* 0.000 Wt. % B 0.89970 I 1.0525* 1025. B = C8Hi0 Xylene (19*»)1 1026. B = Ci0H8 Naphthalene (l 58) 1027. B = Ci 2 Hi 0 N 2 Azobenzene ( 158 ) v. also 778, 880, 1020, 1265 CeHi2O2 Ethyl isobutyrate 1028. B = C6Hi4 n-Hexane (to 40°) (±0.025%) (2 4) a I 103b 100.000 Wt. % B 0.68720 I 0.9025* 50.289 Wt. % B 0.78760 I 1.0050* 0.000 Wt. % B 0.89060 I 1.0750* 1029. B = C6Hi4 Isohexane (to40°)(±0.025%)(24) a I 103b 100.000 Wt. % B 0.67790 I 0.9125* 50.405 Wt. % B 0.78250 I 1.0050* 0.000 Wt. % B 0.89060 I 1.0750*

v. also 1021, 1023 C6Hi2Os Paraldehyde 1030. B = C8Hi4O6 Ethyl tartrate (±0.05%)(223) (20°-67.5°) 49.99 Wt. % B a 103b 1.0974 I 1.189(* - 20) 1031. B = C8H20IN Tetraethylammonium iodide (331)1

1032. B = Ci0H8 Naphthalene (15«) 1033. B = Ci 2 Hi 0 N 2 Azobenzene (158) 1034. B = Ci6H32O2 Palmitic acid (158) v. also 59, 323.5, 418.5, 553, 590, 624, 762, 779, 828, 881 C6Hi3NO Caproamide v. 419 C6Hi4 Hexane 1035. B = C6Hi4 Isohexane (to40°)(±0.025%)(24) a I 103b 100.000 Wt. % A 0.68720 I 0.9025* 50.805 Wt. % A 0.68260 I 0.9075« 0.000 Wt. % A 0.67790 I 0.9125* 1036. B = C7Hi4O2 Propyl butyrate (*58) 1037. B = C8Hi8 n-Octane (351, 352i) 1038. B = Ci0H8 Naphthalene (158) 1039. B = Ci 0 Hi 4 Durene (±0.005%) (318) Wt. % A dï5 100.000 0.67207 97.435 0.67642 90.168 0.68869 86.070 0.68918 1040. B = Ci0Hi6O d-Camphor (53) 1041. B = Ci0Hi7Cl Pinene hydrochloride (31.6-70.87 Wt. % B)(53) dì5 = (0.756 + 0.02341 (Wt. % B - 31.6)) ±0.5% 1042. B = Ci2Hi0 Acenaphthene (158) (to 4.712 Wt. % B)(Si 8 ) dì' = (0.67207 + 0.022825 Wt. % B) ±0.005%

1043. B = Ci 2 Hi 0 Diphenyl (158) (to 6.434 Wt, % B) (318) df = (0.67207 + 0.022556 Wt. % B) ±0.005% 1044. B = Ci2Hi0N2 Azobenzene (158) (to 3.671 Wt. % B)(318) df = (0.67207 + 0.022711 Wt. % B) ±0.005% 1045. B = Ci6H32O2 Palmitic acid (158)

C7H6N2O4 2, 6-Dinitrotoluene 1053. B = C8Hi4O6 Ethyl tartrate (±0.05%) (2 08) a I 103b (63.3°-80.5°) 24.75 Wt. % B 1.2788 ) 1.023(* -63.3) (19.3°-131.2°) 100.00 Wt. % B 1.2062 I 1.023(* - 19.3)

1046. B = Ci8H36O2 Stearic acid (158) 1047. B = Ci9Hi6 Triphenylmethane (158) (to 3.011 Wt. % B)(318) df = (0.67207 + 0.022729 Wt. % B) ±0.005% v. also 324, 347, 515, 583, 599, 625, 756, 762.5, 780, 882, 1008, 1024, 1028 C6Hi4 Isohexane v. 749, 1029, 1035

C6H16ClN Triethylammonium iodide v. Ill

C7H5N Benzonitrile 1048. B = C8H20IN Tetraethylammonium iodide (329,1 3311)

1049. B = Ci2H28IN Tetrapropylammonium iodide (330,1 3311)

v. also 420, 662

C7H5NS Phenyl thiocyanate 1050. B = Ci0H7Br «-Bromonaphthalene (289, 353) 1051. B = Ci0Hi2O Anethole (289, 353) v. also 60, 699 C7H5N3O6 Trinitrotoluene v. 112, 883, 1281

C7H6N2O4 2, 4-Dinitrotoluene 1052. B = C8Hi4O6 Ethyl tartrate (±0.05%) (208) a I 103b (72.3°-100.0°) 24.94 Wt. % B 1.2706 I 1.000(* -72.3) (19.3°-131.2°) 100.00 Wt. % B 1.2062 I 1.023(* - 19.3)

C7H6O Benzaldehyde 1054. B = C8H9NO Acetanilide (292)2 1055. B = C8Hi0N4O2 Caffeine (292)2 1056. B = C8Hi4O6 Ethyl tartrate (209) (±0.05%)(218) a I 103b (18.5°-31.65°) 0.00 Wt. % B 1.0516 I 0.905(* - 18.5) (18.05°-42.4°) 9.97 Wt. % B 1.0649 I 0.904(* - 18.05) (17.7°-31.15°) 35.50 Wt. % B 1.1049 I 0.967(* - 17.7) 1057. B = Ci0Hi3NO2 Phenacetine (292)2

1058. B = Ci2H28IN Tetrapropylammonium iodide (330)1

v. also 61, 154, 884 C7H6O2 Salicylaldehyde 1059. B = C7Hi4O2 Isoamyl acetate (305)i 1060. B = C8Hi4O6 Ethyl tartrate (±0.05%) (2 09) a I 103b (-23° to 4-223.5°) 100.00 Wt. % B 1.2482 I 1.007(* + 23) (18.5°-100°) 20.21 Wt. % B 1.1750 I 0.987(* - 18.5) v. also 700 C7H6O2 Benzoic acid 1061. B = C7H8 Toluene (296)i.i 1062. B = C7Hi4O2 Amyl acetate (296) 1,2 1063. B = C8H10 Xylene (296) 1.2

-

1064. B = C9H7N Quinoline (±0.1 %)(«) a I 103b (99°-125°) 100.0 MoI % B 1.031 I 0.847(2 -99) 80.0 MoI % B 1.052 I 0.847(2 -99) 50.0 MoI % B 1.082 I 0.808(2 -99) 33.4 MoI % B 1.096 I 0.847(1 - 99) 1065. B = C9Hi2 Cumene (296) 1.2 1065.5. B = Turpentine (296)i v. also 22, 62, 113, 421, 676, 708, 763, 829, 885, 989 C7H6O3 Salicylic acid 1066. B = C7H8 Toluene (296) 1.2 1067. B = C 7 HuO 2 Amyl acetate (296) 1.2 1068. B = C8Hi0 Xylene (296)i.a 1069. B = C9Hi2 Cumene (296)i.« 1069.5. B = Turpentine (296)i v. also 23, 63, 114, 422, 677, 764, 830, 886 C7H7NO Benz-an*i-aldoxime 1070. B = C8Hi4O6 Ethyl tartrate (±Q.05%)(219) a I 103b (44.6°-74.0°) 79.90 Wt. % B 1.1645 I 1.017(Z - 44.6) (18°-40.0°) 49.62 Wt. % B 1.1603 I 0.937(2 - 18) (22°-77.7°) 22.82 Wt. % B 1.1312 I 0.880(2 - 22) (21.5°-44.5°) 10.37 Wt. % B 1.1197 I 0.848(2 -21.5) (18°-38.0°) 0.00 Wt. % B 1.1122 I 0.830(Z - 18) C7H7NO Ben z-sî/n-aldoxime 1071. B = C8HuO6

Ethyl tartrate (±0.05%)(219)

I 103b (21.1°-43.50°) 90.11 Wt. % B 1.1973 I l.Q23(t -21.1) a

C7H7NO Benzamide v. 423, 709

C7H7NO Formanilide v. 710 C7H7NO2 o- Nitro toluene 1072. B = C8Hi4O6 Ethyl tartrate (±0.05%) (208) a I 103b (16.0°-100.5°) 0.00 Wt. % B 1.1672 0.943(2 - 16.0) (12.0°-101.0°) 5.00 Wt. % B 1.1717 I 0.950(2 - 12.0) (14.1°-101.0°) 10.00 Wt. % B 1.1711 I 0.961(2 - 14.1) (15.0°-101.0°) 25.01 Wt. % B 1.1749 i 0.972(2 - 15.0) (19.4°-101.6°) 50.21 Wt. % B 1.1799 I 0.999(2 - 19.4) (19.3°-131.2°) 100.00 Wt. % B 1.2062 I 1.023p - 19.3) 1073. B = Ci6H26O8 Isobutyl diacetyl-d-tartrate (±0.05%)(209)

I 103b (16.6°-99.7°) 24.694 Wt. % B 1.1453 I 0.959(2 - 16.6) (16.05°-99.3°) 58.860 Wt. % B 1.1187 I 0.941(2 - 16.05) (-21° to +99°) 100.000 Wt. % B(±0.1%) 1.1220 I 0.936(2 +21) a

v. also 64, 424 C7H7NO2

I 103b (20.4°-99.4°) 51.19 Wt. % B 1.1764 I 1.000(2 -20.4) (19.3°-131.2°) 100.00 Wt. % B 1.2062 I 1.023(2 - 19.3) a

1075. B = Ci2Hi8O8 Diethyl diacetyltartrate (±0.25%)(273)

(67.3°-99.0°) I 103b 0.00 MoI % B 1.100 I 0.852(2 - 67.3) 14.18 MoI % B 1.073 0.820(2 - 67.3) 31.49 MoI % B 1.109 I 0.978(2 - 67.3) 49.80 MoI % B 1.107 I 0.915(2 - 67.3) 66.49MoI % B 1.110 I 0.978(2 - 67.3) 84.77 MoI % B 1.111 I 0.978(2 - 67.3) 100.00 MoI % B 1.109 I 0.915(2 - 67.3) a

v. also 425 C7H7NO2 p-Nitrotoluene 1076. B = C8Hi4O6 Ethyl tartrate (±0.05%)(208)

a

I 10% (53.9°-93.4°) 20.3 MoI % B 1.1297 I 0.960(2 - 53.9) (45.7°-77.0°) 48.5 MoI % B 1.1486 I 1.006(2 - 45.7) (19.3°-131.2°) 100.00 MoI % B 1.2062 I 1.023(2 - 19.3) v. also 65, 426, 516

C7H7NO3 o-Nitroanisole 1077. B = C8Hi4O6

Ethyl tartrate

ra-Nitrotoluene

1074. B = C8Hi4O6 Ethyl tartrate (±0.05%)(208)

I 103b (17.5°-99.6°) 0.00 Wt. % B 1.1598 I 0.936(2 - 17.5) (15.5°-99.0°) 5.00 Wt. % B 1.1625 I 0.942(2 - 15.5) (18.3°-99.4°) 9.99 Wt. % B 1.1612 I 0.948(2 - 18.3) (18.4°-99.6°) 25.00 Wt. % B 1.1667 I 0.970(2 - 18.4) a

(±0.05%)(224)

I 103b (17.7°-59.7°) 9.79 Wt. % B 1.2469 1.001(2 - 17.7) (14.9°-66.4°) 21.17 Wt. % B 1.2440 I 1.017(2 - 14.9) a

C7H7NO3 p-Nitroanisole 1078. B = C8Hi4O6 Ethyl tartrate (224) C7Hg 1079. B = C7H8O m-Cresol

(±0.05%) (157) dì = O Mol % B 0.8825(1 - 0.039822) 25 Mol % B 0.9272(1 - 0.039912) 50 Mol % B 0.9676(1 - 0.038812) 75 Mol % B 1.0088(1 - 0.039282) 100 Mol % B 1.0493(1 - 0.037112) 1080. B = C7H9N o-Toluidine (±0.075%)(122) Wt. % A d*4'6 0.00 0.9700 7.49 0.9588 17.69 0.9437 35.88 0.9177 58.59 0.8867 79.34 0.8592 88.84 0.8478 100.00 0.8340 1081. B = C7H9N p-Toluidine (299) 1.2 1082. B = C7Hi6 Heptane (61) 1083. B = C8H8O2 Phenylacetic acid (±0.075%) (172) (15°-100°) a I 103b 86.04 Wt. % A 0.8998 I 0.912(2 - 15) 100.00 Wt. % A 0.8706 I 0.912(2 - 15) 1084. B = C8H9NO Acetanilide (292)2 1085. B = C 8 Hi 0 Ethylbenzene (351, 3521) (±0.025%) (2 4) (to 40°) a I 103b 0.000 Wt. % A 0.89130 I 0.88632 52.670 Wt. % A 0.88805 I 0.90752 100.000 Wt. % A 0.88450 I 0.93002 1086. B = C 8 Hi 0 N 4 O 2 Caffeine (292)2 1087. B = C8HnN Dimethylaniline (±0.075%)(122) Wt. % A dlQ

0.00 12.95 20.86 39.81 59.53 79.24 86.12 100.00

0.9558 0.9436 0.9363 0.9188 0.9011 0.8836 0.8775 0.8655

C y Hg.—(Continued) 1088. B = C8Hi4O6 Ethyl tartrate (±0.05%)(205) 3

I 10 b (18.77°-28.65°) 0.00 Wt. % B 0.8663 I 0.9310 - 18.77) (20.72°-31.02°) 2.01 Wt. % B 0.8691 I 0.932(J - 20.72) (20.15°-41.65°) 5.02 Wt. % B 0.8768 I 0.9390 - 20.15) (19.80°-50.60°) 9.98 Wt. % B 0.8895 I 0.95205 - 19.80) (21.32°-48.85°) 24.99 Wt. % B 0.9284 I 0.9770 - 21.32) (18°-99°) 49.18 Wt. % B 1.0064 I 1.0020 - 18) (20.5°-82.6°) 59.91 Wt. % B 1.0409 I 0.9970 - 20.5) (19°-99°) 69.99 Wt. % B 1.0792 1.010ft - 19) a

1089. B = C 9 Hi 0 O 2 Ethyl benzoate (158) (±0.0075%) (171) Wt. % A dj* 0.000 1.04528 15.279 1.01164 47.316 0.94666 76.166 0.89419 0.85448 100.000 1090. B = C9Hi2 1, 2, 4-Trimethy!benzene (±0.025%) (2 4) (to 40°) a I 10% 0.000 Wt. % A 0.89260 I 0.8088* 55.381 Wt. % A 0.88760 I 0.8638* 100.000 Wt. % A 0.88450 I 0.9300* 1091. B = C9Hi3N Dimethyl-0-toluidine (±0.05%)(i22) Wt. % A ^4-6 100.00 0.8342 90.88 0.8400 71.56 0.8518 46.70 0.8644 39.88 0.8725 0.8858 19.78 14.06 0.8895 0.00 0.8990 1092. B = Ci0H8 Naphthalene ( 5 V 2991) (±0.005%) (319)

Wt. % B d}2-87 0.000 0.87233 1.243 0.87416 0.88968 5.064 7.257 0.88289 20.286 0.90208 (±0.075%) (172) Wt. % A dì6 100.00 0.8712 93.59 0.8802 90.80 0.8837 88.03 0.8883 77.13 0.9046 (±0.005%) (85) Wt. % B 48 0.000 0.86701 4.953 0.87416 9.090 0.88022 14.660 0.88850 20.133 0.89672 0.90424 25.093 1093. B = C 10 Hi 3 NO 2 Phenacetine (292)2 B = Ci 0 Hi 4 Durene (±0.005%)(318) Wt. % A dj6 100.000 0.86137 97.057 0.86145 93.388 0.86197 93.229 0.86213 83.597 0.86387 1094.

1095. B = Ci 0 Hi 6 O 4 Camphoric acid (2 96) 1.2 1096. B = Ci 2 Hi 0 Acenaphthene (158, 299i) (±0.005%) (318) Wt. % A df 100.000 0.86137 97.902 0.86526 94.657 0.87144 0.87858 90.754 82.571 Q.89481 1097. B = C12Hi0 Diphenyl (158) (±0.005%)(318) Wt. % A of 100.000 0.86137 97.372 0.86528 95.680 0.86777 91.063 0.87496 88.072 0.87911 75.834 0.89864 1098. B = Ci 2 Hi 0 N 2 Azobenzene (±0.005%) (318) Wt. % B fi* 0.000 0.86137 2.841 0.86680 4.462 0.86968 8.547 0.87739 10.719 0.88128

1099. B = Ci 3 Hi 0 O 3 Salol (292)2 1100. B = Ci 4 Hi 0 Phenanthrene (158, 299i) (±0.01%)(318) (to 70°) a I 103b 100.000 Wt. % A 0.87047 1 0.9380 - 15) 96.902 Wt. % A 0.87665 I 0.9290 - 15) 94.793 Wt. % A 0.88121 I 0.9260 - 15) 89.516 Wt. % A 0.89230 I 0.9120 - 15) 78.557 Wt. % A 0.91592 I 0.8840 - 15) 1101. B = Ci 4 Hi 0 O 2 Benzil (158) (±0.005%)(3i8) Wt. % A df 100.000 0.86137 97.217 0.86787 95.824 0.87124 93.451 0.87744 83.056 0.90238 0.91521 77.966 1102. B = Ci8H36O2 Stearic acid (296) 1.2 1103. B = Ci9Hi6 Tripheny!methane (I 58 ) (±0.005%)(318) Wt. % A $? 100.000 0.86137 96.147 0.86858 92.613 0.87462 88.843 0.88138 82.114 0.89433 1103.5. B = Turpentine (0.0075%) (171) Wt. % A df 0.000 0.85720 6.791 0.85698 20.654 0.85588 53.701 0.85432 75.091 0.85404 0.85430 100.000 v. also 24, 66, 115, 251, 265, 267, 287, 325, 427, 517, 543, 565, 610, 626, 678, 755, 781, 790, 794, 801, 831, 887, 975, 990, 1061, 1066, 1266, 1280 C7H8O Benzyl alcohol 1104. B = C 7 Hi 4 O 2 Isoamyl acetate (305)i 1105. B = C8H]4O6 Ethyl tartrate

I 10'b (20°-101.1°) 23.38 Wt. % B 1.0818 (0.8330 - 20) a

v. also 679, 888, 1265 CyHgO, o-Cresol 1106. B - C7H8O ra-Cresol (0-100 Wt. % A) dj5'5 = (1.039 + 0.03129 Wt. % A) ± 0.25% (86) 1107. B = C 7 Hi 4 O 2 Isoamyl acetate (3QS)i v. also 428, 711, 832, 889, 976^ 1282 C7HgO, ra-Cresol 1108. B = C7H8O p-Cresol (86) 1109. B = C7H9N o-Toluidine (312) (±0.05%)(15T) dì =

100 Moi % A 1.0493(1 - 0.037110 75 MoI % A 1.0452(1 - 0.0,782«) 50 MoI % A 1.0386(1 - 0.0i802t) 25 MoI % A 1.0276(1 - 0.0,7940 O MoI % A 1.0151(1 - 0.0,8080

1110.B = C7H14O2 Isoamyl acetate (305)i 1111. B = C8HuN Dimethylaniline (±0.05%)( 157 ) 4 = O MoI % A 0.9742(1 - 0.038680 25 Mo! % A 0.9925(1 - 0.038460 50 MoI % A 1.0113(1 - 0.0,8150 75 MoI % A 1.0313(1 - 0.0,7950 100 MoI % A 1.0493(1 - O.Q3711Q v. also 712, 890, 977, 991, 1079, 1106, 1282, 1283 CyHgO, p-Cresol 1112. B = C7Hi4O2 Isoamyl acetate (305)i v. also 713, 978, 992, 1108, 1283

(±0.05%)(225)

I 103b (17.0°-46.9°) 10.00 Wt. % B 1.0635 |0.763 0-17.0) a

CyHgO

Anisole 1113.B = C7Hi4O2 Isoamyl acetate (305)i

1114. B = C 8 Hi 4 O 6 Ethyl tartrate (±0.05%)(224)

t

I

d,

9.99 Wt. % B 17.5 1.0142 25.4 1.0064 24.62 Wt. % B 14.9 1.0424 32.5 1.0261 45.5 . 1.0130 55.5 1.0033 49.85 Wt. % B 15.8 1.0932 25.6 1.0834 v. also 205, 429, 1265

C7H8O6 Gallic acid monohydrate 1115, B - C7Hi4O2 Amyl acetate (296) 1.2 •v. also 67, 430, 518, 627, 680, 765, 891 C7H9N 2, 6-Lutidine v. 432, 1009 C7H9N Methylaniline 1116,B = C8Hi4O6 Ethyl tartrate (±0.05%) (22 5) a I 103b (14,9°-65.0°) 9.94 Wt. % B 1.0069 I 0.812(4-14.9) (15.3°-20.0°) 30.89 Wt. % B 1.0486 I 0.8720-15.3) v. also 589, 833 C7H9N o-Toluidine 1117. B = C7H9N p-Toluidine (to 50 Wt. % B)(173) 5 rfj = (1.0030 - 0.03126 Wt. % B ) ±0.1% (50-56 Wt. % B) dj° = (0.9930 - 0.03216 (Wt. % B -5O)) ±0.1% 1118, B = C7H14O2 Isoamyl acetate (3Q6)i 1119. B = C8Hi4O6 Ethyl tartrate (±0.05%)(225) 3

I 10 b (12.6°-47.4°) 10.93 Wt. % B 1.0250 |0.851(^-12.6) (15°-58°) 25.10 Wt. % B 1.0501 1 0.889(J - 15) (14.9°-50.5°) 50.30 Wt. % B 1.1006 [0.927(^-14.9) a

v. also 834, 993, 1080, 1109 C7H9N ra-Toluidine 1120. B = C 7 Hi 4 O 2 Isoamyl acetate (306)i 1121. B = C8HuO6 Ethyl tartrate (±0.05%)(225) a 103b (15.5°-43.2°) 11.66 Wt. % B 1.0154 10.845(^-15.5) (16.3°-64.3°) 24.96Wt. % B 1.0407 |0.837(1-16.3) C7H9N p-Toluidine 1122. B = C7Hi4O2 Isoamyl acetate (306)i 1123. B = C8Hi4O6 Ethyl tartrate (±0.05%)(225) a I 10% (20°-67.8°) 24.93 Wt. % B 1.0350 I 0.836(* - 20) (16.8°-58.2°) 49.98 Wt. % B 1.0919 I 0.925(^-16.8) 1124. B = Ci0H8 Naphthalene (±0.1%)(159) MoI % B rf480 O 0.9365 10 0.9399 20 0.9434 29 0.9466 40 0.9510 60 0.9592 80 0.9681 90 0.9730 100 0.9777 MoI % B dj° O 0.9283 10 0.9316 20 0.9350 29 0.9384 40 0.9428 60 0.9513 80 0.9596 90 0.9648 100 0.9701 v. also 116, 431, 868, 979, 1081, 1117 C7H9NO o-Anisidine 1125. B = C7Hi4O2 Isoamyl acetate (3Q6)i C7H9NO2 Ammonium benzoate v. 433

C 7 H 9 NO 2 Phenylammonium formate v. 155 C 7 H 9 NO 3 Ammonium salicylate v. 434 C7H9NO3S m-Methoxybenzenesulfonamide v. 229 C 7 Hi 2 Os Ethyl methylacetoacetate 1128. B = C8Hi4O6 Ethyl tartrate (±0.05%) (223) (13°-41°) (10.23 Wt. % B) a 103b 1.022.5 1.008 q - 13) C7HI2O 4 Ethyl malonate 1127. B = C8Hi0 Xylene (*99)i v. also 892 C7HHO2 Amyl acetate 1129. B = C8H9NO Acetanilide (292)2 1130. B = C8Hi0 Xylene (*99)i 1131. B = C8Hi0N4O2 Caffeine (292)2 1132. B = Ci0Hi3NO2 Phenacetine (292)2 1133. B = Ci 3 Hi 0 O 3 Salol (292)2 1134. B = Ci8H36O2 Stearic acid (296) 1,2 v. also 519, 1006, 1016, 1062, 1067, 1115, 1265 C7H i4O2 Isoamyl acetate 1136. B = C8H6 Phenylacetylene (69,H25i) 1137. B = C8H8 Phenylethylene (±0.05%)(69, 125) Wt. % A dj8 100.00 0.8664 95.30 0.8684 91.61 0.8702 0.8998 0.00 1138. B = C8H8O Acetophenone (±0.05%) (69) Wt. % A df 100.00 0.8664 95.69 0.8731 91.72 0.8744 1139. B = C8H8O2 Phenyl acetate (305)i

1140. B - C8H8O3 Z-Mandelic acid (±0.05%)(72) Wt. % A df 100.00 0.8664 95.28 0.8722 92.07 0.8823 91.45 0.8843 88.61 0.8933 1141. B = C8H8O3 dZ-Mandelic acid (±0.05%)(72) Wt. % A dj5 100.00 0.8664 93.88 0.8764 0.8813 92.36 90.14 0.8880 87.12 0.8976 1142. B = C8Hi0 Phenylethane (69,i 1251) 1143. B = C8H10O Benzyl methyl ether (3QS)i 1144. B = C8Hi0O Phenetole (3QS)i 1145. B = C8Hi0O o-Tolyl methyl ether (305)i 1146. B = C8Hi0O m-Tolyl methyl ether (3Q5)i 1147. B = C8H10O p-Tolyl methyl ether (3QS)i 1148. B = C9H6O2 Phenylpropiolic acid (to 7.16 Wt. % B) (125) df = (0.8664 + 0.022375 Wt. % B) ±0.05% 1149. B = C9H8O2 Cinnamic acid (±0.05%)(125) Wt. % A d\5 100.00 0.8664 96.11 0.8748 94.98 0.8782 1150. B = C9Hi0O2 /3-Phenylpropionic acid (±0.05%)(125) Wt. % A dj* 100.00 0.8664 95.99 0.8754 94.25 0.8776 1151. B = C9H10O2 Benzyl acetate (3Q5)i 1152. B = C9H10O3 Ethyl salicylate (3Q5)i 1153. B = C9H10O3 Ethyl ra-hy droxybenzoate (3 O 5 ) i 1154. B = C9H11NO2 Ethyl p-aminobenzoate (30 6) i 1155. B = C9H11NO2 Ethyl anthranilate (3Q6)i

CrHi4O2.—(Continued) 1156. B = C9Hi4O Phorone

(±0.05%)(69) Wt. % A df 100.00

91.26 85.10 0.00

0.8664

0.8680 0.8698 0.8964

1157. B = C10H8 Naphthalene (158) 1158. B = Ci0H8O «-Naphthol (305)i 1159. B = C10H8O ff-Naphthol (305)i 1160. B = C10H9N a-Naphthylamine (306)i 1161. B = Ci0H9N /3-Naphthylamine (3Q6)i 1162. B = C 10 Hi 0 O Benzylideneacetone (to 9.12 Wt. % B) (69) df = (0.8664 + 0.021623 Wt. % B) ±0.05% 1163. B = Ci 0 H 10 O 2 Safrole (±0.05%) (69) Wt. % A eft5 100.00 0.8664 93,46 0.8790 72.70 0.9212 0.00 1.0950 1164. B = Ci0H10O2 Isosafrole ( 69 ) x 1165. B = C10H12O Benzylacetone (±0.05%) (69) Wt. % A df 100.00 0.8664 96.35 0.8714 92.08 0.8760 1166. B = C10Hi2O2 Eugenol (±0.05%) (69) Wt. % A dj* 100.00 0.8664 87.74 0.8864 80.39 0.9019 0.00 1.0620 1167. B = Ci0H12O2 Isoeugenol (±0.05%) (69) Wt. % A df 100.00 0.8664 0.8810 92.34 85.49 0.8940 0.00 1.0791 1168. B = Ci 2 Hi 0 Diphenyl (69,i 158) (±0.05%)(318)

Wt. % A df 100.00 0.86208 93.052 0.87276 88.565 0.88972 1169. B = C12H11N Diphenylamine (306)i 1170. B = C12H10N2 Azobenzene (I 58 ) 1171. B = C12Hi2O CinnamyIi deneacetone (to 2.47 Wt. % B) (69) d? = (0.8664 + 0.021539 Wt. % B) ±0.05% 1172. B = C13H10O Benzophenone (to 6.48 Wt. % B) (69) a? = (0.8664 + 0.022127 Wt. % B ) ±0.05% 1173.5 B = Ci 3 Hi 2 O Diphenylcarbinol ( 3 o s ) i 1173. B = C13H20O2 Menthyl propiolate (l 2 5) i 1174. B = C14H10 Phenanthrene (158) 1175. B = C14H10 Diphenylacetylene (i 2 5) i 1176. B = Ci 4 Hi 2 Diphenylethylene (to 4.70 Wt. %B)(125) df = (0.8664 + 0.02149 Wt. % B) ±0.05% 1177. B = Ci4Hi4 Diphenylethane (to 5.29 Wt. % B) (125) df = (0.8664 + 0.021247 Wt. % B) ±0.05% 1178. B = Ci 5 Hi 2 O Benzylideneacetophenone (±0.05%)(69) Wt. % A d\6 100.00 0.8664 96.00 0.8768 0.8790 94.55 1179. B = C15H14O Diphenylacetone (to 4.84 Wt. %B)(69) d? = (0.8664 + 0.021838 Wt. % B) ±0.05% 1180. B = C15H14O Benzylacetophenone (to 5.10 Wt. %B)(69) df = (0.8664 + 0.021883 Wt. % B) ±0.05% 1181. B = C16H14 Dipheny!butadiene (i 25) i 1182. B = Ci6Hi8 Diphenylbutane (±0.05%)(125) Wt. % A df 100.00 0.8664 98.56 0.8698 96.60 0.8730

1183. B = C17H14O Dibenzylideneacetone (to 2.76 Wt. % B)(69) df8 = (0.8664 + 0.02239 Wt. % B) ±0.05% 1184. B = C17H14O Cinnamylideneacetophenone (±0.05%)(69) Wt. % A df 100.00 0.8664 97.90 0.8715 96.69 0.8734 1185. B = C18H36O2 Stearic acid ( i58 ) 1186. B = C19H16O Triphenylcarbinol (3o5) i 1187. B = C19H26O2 Menthyl cinnamate (±0.05%)(125) Wt. % A df 100.00 0.8664 98.80 0.8684 93.92 0.8732 0.9101 81.52 1188. B = C19H28O2 Menthyl /3-phenylpropionate

1194. B = C16H32O2 Palmitic acid (i 58 ) 1195. B = Ci8H36O2 Stearic acid (158) v. also 601, 783, 895, 1036

C7H i6 Heptane 1196. B = C10H7Br q-Bromonaphthalene (61, 236i) 1197. B = Ci0H8 Naphthalene (to 2.483 Wt. % A)(54) dj8 = (0.73383 + 0.022186 Wt. % A) ± 0.0075% v. also 68, 117, 289, 371, 802, 896, 1082 C7H16O Diethylisopropyl alcohol v. 897 Ethyl amyl ether v. 25, 118, 803 C8H5NO2 Phthalimide v. 714

(±0.05%)(125)

Wt. % A

Jf

CsK*

Phenylacetylene 100.00 0.8664 v. 1136 94.12 0.8713 90.62 0.8755 C8H7N 1189. B = C21H18O Benzyl cyanide Dicinnamylideneacetone 1198. B = C8H10O (±0.05%) (69) Phenetole (236)i Wt. % A df 1199. B = C8H20IN 100.00 0.8664 Tetraethylammonium iodide 99.11 0.8675 (329)1 98.99 0.8688 C8H8 v. also 288, 600, 628, 725, 731, 773, 782, 785, 788, 797, 798,Phenylethylene v. 1137 810, 815, 817, 818, 821, 869, 872, 873, 893, 965, 966, 967, 968, 969, 970, 971, 972, 980, C8H8ClNO 994, 1004, 1005, 1007, 1059,p-Chloroacetanilide v. 435 1104, 1107, 1110, 1112, 1113, 1118, 1120, 1122, 1125 C8H8O Acetophenone C7H14O2 1200. B = C8H20IN Ethyl valerate Tetraethylammonium iodide 1190. B = C8H10 t331)1 Xylene (i 99)i v. also 119, 230, 238, 242, 258, v. also 894 304, 326, 898, 1138 C7H14O2 C8H8O2 Ethyl isovalerate Anisaldehyde v. 1022 1201. B = Ci2H28IN C7H14O2 Tetrapropylammonium iodide Propyl butyrate ( 33 Q) 1 1191. B = Ci0H8 Naphthalene (158) C8H8O2 Phenylacetic acid 1192. B = C12H10N2 v. 1083 Azobenzene (i58) 1193. B = C14Hi0 C8H8O2 Phenanthrene (i ^ 8 ) Methyl benzoate

1202. B = C9Hi0O2 Ethyl benzoate

v. also 630, 735, 901, 1085, 1142

(±0.01%)(255)

Wt. % B df 100.00 1.04171 81.57 1.04917 64.20 1.05637 53.45 1.06081 38.71 1.06732 22.53 1.07420 0.00 1.08433 1203. B = C10H8 Naphthalene (158) 1204. B = Ci 2 Hi 0 N 2 Azobenzene (158) 1205. B = Ci 4 Hi 0 Phenanthrene (158) v. also 290, 348, 584, 602, 629, 681, 784, 835, 899 C8H8C^ Phenyl acetate v. 1139 C8H8O3 Z-Mandelic acid v. 1140 dZ-Mandelic acid v. 1141 C sH gClsO 7

Methyl mono (trichloroacetyl)tartrate v. 836

C8HiO o-Xylene 1209. B = C8Hi0 ra-Xylene (±0.05%)(157) d\ = 100.0 MoI % A 0.8975(1 - 0.039370 72.9 MoI % A 0.8941(1 - 0.039550 26.9 MoI % A 0.8862(1 - 0.039070 0.0 MoI % A 0.8828(1 - 0.0,9570" 1210. B = C8Hi0 p-Xylene (±0.05%)( 157 ) d, = 100.0 MoI % A 0.8975(1 - 0.039370 81.5 MoI % A 0.8936(1 - 0.039290 31.9 MoI % A 0.8861(1 - 0.039810 0.0 MoI % A 0.8787(1 - 0.0,989p 1211. B = C8Hi4O6 Ethyl tartrate (±0.05%)(205)

I 10% (19.12°-36.34°) 0.00 Wt. % B 0.8809 |0.842(J-19.12) C8H9NO (19.2°-31.7°) Acetanilide 2.00 Wt. % B 1206. B = C 8 Hi 0 0.8852 |0.848(<-19.2) Xylene (292)2 (19.21°-33.47°) v. also 120, 206, 436, 520, 900, 5.00 Wt. % B 995, 1054, 1084, 1129 0.8920 10.8480-19.21) ~~C8H9NO3 (19.23°-35.85°) o-Nitrophenetole 9.96 Wt. % B 1207. B = C8Hi4O6 0.9038 0.8600-19.23) Ethyl tartrate (18.97°-37.76°) (±0.05%)(224) 25.01 Wt. % B a I 103b 0.9426 [0.9100-18.97) (17.1°-54.3°) (18.86°-41.90°) 25.09 Wt. % B 49.99 Wt. % B 1.1894 I 1.0000-17.1) 1.0157 [0.9550-18.86) (14.6°-41.0°) (18.75°-45.58°) 39.43 Wt. % B 74.99 Wt. % B 1.1946 I 1.0160-14.6) 1.1023 |0.9910-18.75)

C8HiO Ethylbenzene 1208. B = C9Hi2 Trimethylbenzene (to 40°)(±0.025%) (24) a I 103b 0.000 Wt. % A 0.89260 I 0.8088* 51.999 Wt. % A 0.89100 I 0.8450* 100.000 Wt. % A 0.89130 I 0.8863*

a

C8HiO m-Xylene 1212. B = C8Hi0 p-Xylene

4=

(±0.05%)(157)

100.0 MoI % A 0.8828(1 - 0.0,9570 75.4 MoI % A 0.8819(1 - 0.0,956*) 29.2 MoI % A 0.8798(1 - 0.0,9790

0.0 MoI % A 0.8787(1 - O.Q3989Q 1213. B = C 8 Hi 0 N 4 O 2 Caffeine (292)2 1214. B = C8HnN Dimethylaniline (±0.05%)(157)

<*0.0 MoI % A 0.9742(1 - 0.0,8680 28.7 MoI % A 0.9475(1 - 0.0,8620 73.4 MoI % A 0.9095(1 - 0.0,9380 100.0 MoI % A 0.8828(1 - 0.0,957p 1215. B = C8Hi4O4 Ethyl succhiate (I99)i 1216. B = C8Hi4O6 Ethyl tartrate (±0.05%)(205) a I 103b (21.37°-42.10°) 0.00 Wt. % B 0.8630 10.8730 -21.37) (18.42°-30.42°) 2.00 Wt. % B 0.8699 lO. 8580-18.42) (18.35°-33.75°) 2.41 Wt. % B 0.8710 |0.8640-18.35) (18.4°-33.89°) 5.10 Wt. % B 0.8772 10.8720-18.4) (18.80°-31.20°) 10.00 Wt. % B 0.8890 10.8870-18.80) (18.01°-32.27°) 18.82 Wt. % B 0.9128 10.8980-18.01) (17.66°-30.26°) 33.12 Wt. % B 0.9533 10.9280-17.66) (17.8°-100°) 39.99 Wt. % B 0,9743 [0.9420-17.8) (21.6°-100°) 59.98 Wt. % B 1.0371 10.9770-21.6) (18.18°-39.12°) 74.09 Wt. % B 1.0931 |0.9950-18.18) 1217. B = C 9 Hi 0 O 2 Ethyl benzoate (I99)i 1218. B = C 9 Hi 0 O 3 Ethyl salicylate (I*»*») 1 1219. B = Ci0H8 Naphthalene (to 17.99 Wt. % A)(172) d\* = (0.8678 + 0.001401 Wt. % A) +0.075% 1220. B = Ci 0 Hi 3 NO 2 Phenacetine (292)2

1221. B = C10H16O4 Camphoric acid (296)i.2 1222. B = C 10 H 20 O 2 Amyl valerate (*99)i 1223. B = C12H16O2 Amyl benzoate (I99)i v. also 26, 147, 246, 327, 365, 437, 548, 554, 804, 902, 996, 1015, 1018, 1019, 1025, 1063, 1068, 1127, 1130, 1190, 1206, 1209, 1268, 1270, 1272

C8HiO p-Xylene 1224. B = C8H14O6 Ethyl tartrate (±0.05%)(205)

I 103b (19.50°-40.65°) 0.00 Wt. % B 0.8614 I 0.8690-19.50) (18.8°-30.33°) 2.00 Wt. % B 0.8667 10.8770 - 18.8) (18.1°-37.27°) 5.00 Wt. % B 0.8745 10.8820 - 18.1) (17.95°-42.97°) 10.10 Wt. % B 0.8874 I 0.9000-17.95) (18.42°-31.00°) 24.98 Wt. % B 0.9270 I 0.9150-18.42) (18.59°-43.21°) 50.09 Wt. % B 1.0044 10.9710-18.59) (18.43°-34.75°) 74.99 Wt. % B 1.0957 I 0.9980-18.43) v. also 1210, 1212 a

C8HioN4O2

Caffeine v. 521, 766, 903, 997, 1055, 1086, 1131, 1213 C8HioO Benzyl methyl ether v. 1143

C8H10O Phenetole 1225. B = C8H14O6 Ethyl tartrate (±0.05%)(224)

t

I

9.99 Wt. 18.6 25.8 24.96 Wt. 17.9 28.1 38.3 48.4 51.73 Wt. 17.7 26.5

d,

%B 0.9862 0.9794 %B 1.0161 1.0071 0.9969 0.9869 %B 1.0771 1.0682

C sH i oO.—(Continued)

I

1226. B = Ci 2 Hi 0 O Diphenyl ether (±0.1 %)(«*)

MoI % B 0.00 9.94 18.73 29.63 39.98 48.95 62.69 67.47 79.28 86.33 100.00

df 0.9618 0.9755 0.9870 0.9993 1.0111 1.0206 1.0346 1.0396 1.0510 1.0573 1.0706

CsHi2O4

!

v. also 121, 207, 243, 259, 366, 438, 682, 998, 1144, 1198

C8H10O o-Tolyl methyl ether v. 1145 ra-Tolyl methyl ether v. 1146 p-Tolyl methyl ether v. 1147 C8H1C)O 4

Diallyl oxalate v. 904

C8H11N Dimethylaniline 1227. B = C8HuO6 Ethyl tartrate (±0.05%) (225) a I 103b (16.4°-43.0°) 9.40 Wt. % B 0.9774 I 0.8500-16.4) (15.6°-50.9°) 24.84 Wt. % B 1.0100 I 0.8920-15.6) 1228. B = Ci0Hi6O d-Camphor (tO 60 Wt. % B ) ( 1 7 0 , 175)

dî° = (0.9576 + 0.0445 Wt. % B) ±0.025% v. also 631, 811, 837, 981, 999, 1087, 1111, 1214

C8H11N Ethylaniline v. 838 CsHj.204

Ethyl maleate 1229. B = C8Hi4O6 Ethyl tartrate (±0.05%)(213) a 1 10% (10°-44.2°) 0.00 Wt. % B 1.0789 I 1.0090 - 10)

I 103b (20.3°-44.4°) 20.68 Wt. % B 1.0942 1.017(6-20.3) a

Ethyl fumarate 1230. B = C8Hi4O6 Ethyl tartrate (±0.05%) (213) a I 10% (19.05°-48.8°) 79.98 Wt. % B 1.1716 I 1.0390-19.05) (15.95°-42.05°) 20.68 Wt. % B 1.0843 1.039^-15.95) (20.6°-33.25°) 0.00 Wt. % B 1.0518 1.0190-20.6)

C8H12O6 Dimethyl aeetylmalate v. 122, 208^ 905 C8HuOs Ethyl dimethylacetoacetate 1231. B = C8H14O6 Ethyl tartrate (±0.05%)(223) a I 10% (11.9°-35.8°) 10.28 Wt. % B 1.0350 I 0.9840-11.9) (13.2°-57.1°) 25.17 Wt. % B 1.0601 I 1.0060-13.2) (12.6°-51.0°) 50.31 Wt. % B 1.1069 I 0.9890-12.6) C8HnOs Ethyl ethylacetoacetate v. 439, 715, 906 C8H14O4

Ethyl succinate 1232. B = C8H14O6 Ethyl tartrate (±0.05%)(213) a I 10% (19°-31.75°) 0.00 Wt. % B 1.0416 I 1.0360 - 19) (19.35°-43.3°) 20.67 Wt. % B 1.0719 I 1.0400-19.35) (20.1°-42.9°) 79.93 Wt. % B 1.1682 I 1.0270-20.1) v. also 632, 907, 1215 C8H]Ôe Dimethyl d-dimethoxysuccinate, v. 356, 839

C8Hi4Oe Ethyl tartrate 1233. B = C8H18O Methylhexylcarbinol (±0.075%)(204, 288) a I 10% (18.1°-79.3°) 0.00 Wt. % A 0.8214 0.7920-18.1) (17.8°-81.0°) 5.00 Wt. % A 0.8344 I 0.8030-17.8) (18.4°-78.8°) 10.00 Wt. % A 0.8473 I 0.8100-18.4) (18.4°-80.3°) 25.00 Wt. % A 0.8896 1 0.8420-18.4) (19.1°-81.0°) 50.02 Wt. % A 0.9728 i 0.9040-19.1) (17.0°-81.6°) 75.01 Wt. % A 1.0776 I 0.9530-17.0) 1234. B = C9H7N Quinoline (±0.05%)(209, 218)

a

I 10% (14.3°-96.0°) 4.97 Wt. % A 1.1048 1 0.8200-14.3) (19.5°-99.0°) 10.05 Wt. %A 1.1089 I 0.8170-19.5) (-13° to +116°) 13.60 Wt. % A 1.1392 I 0.8250 + 13.0) (19.8°-99.0°) 25.40 Wt. % A 1.1292 1 0.8760-19.8) (20.7°-30.6°) 49.98 Wt. % A 1.1585 1 0.7780-20.7) (-23° to +223.5°) 100.00 Wt. % A 1.2482 j 1.0070 + 23) 1235. B = C9H8O Cinnamic aldehyde (9.64Wt. % A) (±0.05%) (15°-100°)(22i) a 10% 1.0684 0.810 - 15) 1236. B = C9H12 Mesitylene (±0.05%)(205)

a

I 10% (19.9°-60.05°) 0.00 Wt. % A 0.8598 I 0.8240-19.9) (19.44°-28.25°) 2.07 Wt. % A 0.8649 1 0.8180-19.44) (18.22°-62.30°) 5.00 Wt. % A 0.8727 1 0.8360-18.22)

a

I 10% (17.97°-64.32°) 10.01 Wt. % A 0.8852 I 0.8520-17.97) (19.57°-62.9°) 24.98 Wt. % A 0.9235 I 0.8950-19.57) (17.05°-39.3°) 36.23 Wt. % A 0.9586 I 0.9080-17.05) (17.6°-24.82°) 50.00 Wt. % A 1.0017 1 0.9380-17.6) 1237. B= C10H7Br

a-Bromonaphthalene (±0.05%)(217) Wt. % A d? 0.00 1,4881 2.08 1.4777 5.00 1.4710 20.26 1.4189 49.69 1.3305 1238. B = Ci0H7NO2 a-Nitronaphthalene (±0.05%)(208)

1 103b (63.9°-101°) 10.21 Wt. % A 1.2111 1 0.8360-63.9) (62.4°-98.7°) 25.15 Wt. % A 1.2021 I 0.8960-62.4) (48.9°-100°) 49.57 Wt. % A 1.1999 I 0.9480-48.9) (19.3°-131.2°) 100.00 Wt. % A 1.2062 I 1.0230-19.3) 1239. B = Ci0H8 Naphthalene (±0.05%)(206) t I 4 10.02 Wt. % A 84.1 0.9897 99.0 0.9780 25.02 Wt. % A 82.5 1.0117 99.0 0.9980 49.77 Wt. % A 73.8 1.0582 82.0 1.0508 90.0 1.0445 98.5 1.0349 74.98 Wt. % A 57.30 1.1182 70.65 1.1055 80.65 1.0955 97.70 1,0788 v. also 27, 89, 123, 144, 148, 163, 173, 209, 249, 260, 291, 300, 305, 357, 367, 440, 499, 522, 571, 578, 663, 716, 727, 795, 805, 820, 840, 870, 908, 982,1000,1010,1030,1052,1053, 1056, 1060, 1070, 1071, 1072, 1074, 1076, 1077, 1078, 1088, a

1105, 1114, 1116, 1119, 1121, C9H8O 1123, 1128, 1207, 1211, 1216, Chinami e aldehyde 1224, 1225, 1227, 1229, 1230, 1244. B = Ci 0 Hi 2 O 1231, 1232, 1273 Anethole (353)

CgHis n-Octane, v. 1037

C8Hi8O Octyl alcohol v. 909 Methylhexylcarbinol v. 1233

C8H20BrN Tetraethylammonium bromide v. 124

1245. B = C26H30O8 Isobutyl dibenzoyl-d-tartrate (0°-100°)(±0.05%)(22l) 9.458 Wt. % B a 103b 1.0737 0.763* v. also 69, 442, 1235 Cy9Xi8O2 Cinnamic acid v. 212, 1149

C9H11NO p-Acettoluide v. 444 Methylacetanilide v. 126, 445, 524, 912

C9HnNO2 Ethyl p-aminobenzoate v. 1154 Ethyl anthranilate v. 1155 C9Hi2 Cumene 1148. B = C10H16O4 Camphoric acid (296)i.» v. also 1065, 1069

C8H20ClN

C9H9BrO2

C9Hi2

Tetraethylammonium chloride v. 125

Ethyl p-bromobenzoate 1246. B = C9Hi0O2 Ethyl benzoate (±0.025%) (2 55) Wt. % B df 100.00 1.0417 1.1635 61.52 39.05 1.2485 38.28 1.2517 22.43 1.3203 0.00 1.4307

Mesitylene v. 1236 Trimethylbenzene v. 740, 750, 757, 913, 1090, 1208

C9Hi0O

C9Hi4Oe Ethyl diacetylglycerate v. 329, 916

C8H20IN Tetraethylammonium iodide 1240. B = Ci1Hi2O3 Ethyl benzoylacetate (330) i v. also 177, 210, 270, 272, 349, 372, 375, 441, 490, 492, 493, 496, 523, 586, 701, 724, 726, 728, 759, 796, 841, 1031, 1048, 1199, 1200

C9H6O2 Phenylpropiolic acid v. 211, 1148

C9H7N Quinoline 1241. B = Ci0H8 Naphthalene (*72)i 1242. B = Ci2H22O6 Isobutyl tartrate (79.93 Wt. % A)(±0.05%) (209)

t Ii4* 18.00 1.1002 39.95 1.0831 69.55 1.0579 99.55 1.0330 151.00 0.9880 1243, B = Ci6H26O8 Isobutyl diacetyl-d-tartrate

Cinnamyl alcohol v. 213

C9Hi0O2 ß-Phenylpropionic acid v. 214, 1150 Benzyl acetate v. 1151

C9Hi0O2 Ethyl benzoate 1247. B = C14Hi2O2 Benzyl benzoate (±0.1%)(152) MoI % B df 0.00 1.043 10.37 1.052 19.77 1.060 30.94 1.068 40.59 1.076 49.46 1.083 60.55 1.091 70.27 1.097 75.25 1.101 84.50 1.105 95.35 1.110 100.00 1.112

C9Hi3N Dimethyl-o-toluidine v. 914, 1091

C9Hi4O Phorone v. 915, 1156

Ci0H4Cl4 Naphthalene tetrachloride v. 127 CiOJLIeCl2 Dichloronaphthalene v. 917

Ci0HvBr Bromonaphthalene v. 70, 373, 446, 683, 1050, 1196, 1237

Ci0H7NO2

Nitronaphthalene 1249. B = C12HuN Diphenylamine (±0.25%) (13) Wt. % B dl (±0.05%)(209) 0.00 1.375 3 a I 10 b 9.10 1.348 (15.55°-100.0°) 33.33 1.278 79.52 Wt. % A 50.00 1.240 1.0969 0.8175 66.67 1.211 (t - 15.55) 75.00 1.190 (16.50°-99.6°) 89.90 1.175 25.04 Wt. % A v. also 239, 328, 443, 633, 910, 100.00 1.156 1.0926 0.9030 1089, 1202, 1217, 1246 Wt. % B dl* (t - 16.50) 0.00 1.368 (17.25°-98.9°) C9Hi0Os 9.10 1.341 0.00 Wt. % A Ethyl salicylate 33.33 1.272 1.0863 0.9290 v. 911, 1152, 1218 50.00 1.234 (t - 17.25) Ethyl w-hydroxybenzoate 66.67 1.205 v. 1153 v. al,so 812, 871, 983, 1064, 1234 75.00 1.185

d\* 1.171 1.152 Wt. % B d™ 0.00 1.223 9.10 1.202 33.33 1.157 50.00 1.139 66.67 1.105 75.00 1.084 89.90 1.071 100.00 1.057 v. also 918, 1238 Wt. % B 89.90 100.00

Ci0Hs, Naphthalene 1250. B = Ci0H9N Naphthylamine (±0.25%)(13) Wt. % A dl 100.00 1.179 88.89 1.161 50.00 1.151 33.33 1.154 25.00 1.156 11.11 1.160 5.80 1.170 0.00 1.189 Wt. % A 48 100.00 1.175 88.89 1.156 50.00 1.146 33.33 1.145 25.00 1.146 11.11 1.148 5.80 1.159 0.00 1.177 Wt. % A d*1 100.00 0.971 88.89 0.980 1.017 50.00 33.33 1.028 25.00 1.038 11.11 1.053 5.80 1.062 0.00 1.071 1251. B = Ci 0 H 20 O Z-Menthol (±0.25%)(273)

MoI % A 100.00 83.51 68.55 50.48 34.37 17.98 8.84 0.00 MoI % A 100.00 83.51 68.55 50.48 34.37 17.98 8.84 0.00

df- 2 0.9766 0.9683 0.9260 0.8958 0.8830 0.8666 0.8584 0.8498
CioHg.—(Continued) 1252. B = Ci2Hi8O8 Diethyl diacetyltartrate (±0.25%)(273)

I 103b 9.44 MoI % A 0.951 I 0.88020-55.6) 33.41 MoI % A 0.923 I 0.82710-55.6) 51.69 MoI % A 0.907 I 0.85700-55.6) 66.71 MoI % A 0.894 I 0.81790-55.6) 84.94 MoI % A 0.881 I 0.78790-55.6) 100.00 MoI % A 0.869 I 0.73260-55.6) a

Wt. % A 33.33 20.00 0.00

dll 0.974 0.916 0.829

CioH2oO

Menthol v. 456, 656, 931 I- Menthol v. 847, 1251, 1255

Mol % A dl2'2 v. also 221, 451, 528, 636, 925 100.00 0.9766 CioH2()O2 82.97 1.0142 CioHioN Amyl valerate 66.87 1.0321 Diethylaniline, v. 768, 845 v. 932, 1222 49.88 1.0593 d-ß-Octyl acetate 32.70 1.0377 CioHio v. 75, 933 1.0869 d-Pinene 16.60 0.00 1.0976 1257. B = Ci0Hi6O CioH22O Mol % A df'Q d-Camphor (**S)t Isoamyl ether 100.00 0.9635 v. also 72, 920, 1051, 1244 1258. B = Ci0Hi6O v. 638 82.97 0.9997 Z-Camphor (1*5)2 66.87 1.0217 Giolito CioH22O3 49.88 1.0433 CioHieO Benzylacetone Terpine hydrate 32.70 1.0221 v. 1165 d-Camphor v. 224 16.60 1.0705 v. 29, 73, 131, 156, 222, 332, 1.0802 0.00 Ci0H24ClN ~ CioHi2O2 359, 452, 529, 544, 574, 604, Eugenol 1253. B = C14Hi0 611, 637, 665, 686, 732, 807, Diamylammonium chloride v. 1166, 1167 v. 133 Phenanthrene (158) 926, 1017, 1040, 1228, 1257, 1279 1254. B = Ci6H32O2 CuHi2Os CioHi3NO2 Z-Camphor Palmitic acid (158) Ethyl benzoylacetate Phenacetine v. 1258 v. also 28, 71, 128, 215, 261, 292,v. 330, 449, 767, 921, 1001, 1057, v. 1240 350, 368, 447, 525, 555, 572, 603, 1093, 1132, 1220 CioHieO* CnHi5NO 634, 652, 684, 717, 741, 745, 774, Camphoric acid Acetoethyl-o-toluide 791, 806, 842, 919, 1011, 1026, CioHi4 1258.1. B = Turpentine (296)i v. 1265 1032, 1038, 1092, 1124, 1157, Durene v. also 74,132, 453, 687, 769, 846, 1191, 1197, 1203, 1219, 1239, v. 129, 635, 844, 922, 1039, 1094 927, 1095, 1221, 1248 C 12HiQ 1241, 1280, 1281 Acenaphthene Ci0Hi4N2 Ci0Hi7Cl Ci0HgCIeOg v. 134, 225, 457, 575, 639, 689, Nicotine Pinene hydrochloride Methyl di(trichloroacetyl)848, 934, 1042, 1096. v. 130, 174, 219, 331, 358, 450, v. 688, 1041 tartrate Diphenyl 526, 573, 664, 685, 923, 1002 Terpine hydrochloride v. 843 v. 76, 135, 640, 690, 849, 935, v. 928 1043, 1097, 1168 Ci0Hi4O Ci0H8O Thymol, v. 220, 527, 924 Ci0Hi7NO Ci2Hi0NO a-Naphthol d -Camphoroxime v. 216, 1158 a-Acenaphthalide CioHioBrO 1258.2. B = Turpentine 0«, v. 459 /3-Naphthol Bromocamphor 2972) v. 217, 1159 1256. B = C57Hn0O6 CI2HI0N 2 v. also 752 Tristearin Ci0HgN Azobenzene (±0.25%) (13) 1258.4. B = Ci4H12 Naphthylamine Ci0Hi7NO Wt. % A dì Stilbene (356) v. 984, 1160, 1161, 1250 Z-Camphoroxime 100.00 1.520 1258.5. B = C14H14 1258.3. B = Turpentine (us, CioHioO 88.88 1.459 Dibenzyl (356) 2972) 66.67 1.335 Benzylideneacetone 1259. B = Ci6H32O2 50.00 1.240 v. 1162 v. also 753 Palmitic acid'( 158 ) 33.33 1.156 CioHioO2 20.00 1.090 1259.5. B = Ci 3 Hi 1 N Ci0HiS Safrole 0.00 0.995 Benzalaniline (356) Decahydronaphthalene v. 1163, 1164 Wt. % A d\* p. 659 v. also 77, 136, 293, 333, 556, 100.00 1.516 CioHi2 605, 641, 653, 691, 742, 746, CioHisO 88.88 1.453 Tetrahydronaphthalene 850, 936, 1012, 1027, 1033, Borneol 66.67 1.325 v. 218, 448, 658 1044, 1098, 1170, 1192, 1204 v. 223, 454 50.00 1.228 C 12Hi0O CioHÔ 33.33 1.145 CioHisOa Diphenyl ether 20.00 1.076 Anethole Ethyl diethylacetoacetate v. 137, 244, 458, 530, 692, 1226 0.00 0.982 1255. B = Ci 0 H 20 O v. 455, 718, 929 Wt. % A d\l ^-Menthol Ci2HnN (55.6°-99.0°)(±0.25%)(273) 100.00 1.272 Diphenylaraine 3 CioHigOe 88.8& 1.222 a I 10 b v. 775, 786, 985, 1003, 1169, Dipropyl tartrate 66.67 1.123 0.00 MoI % A 1249 v. 360, 666, 930 50.00 1.044 0.961 I 0.87780-55.6)

C I2Hi2Cl6O8

Ethyl di(trichloroacetyl)tartrate v. 851 Ci2Hi2O

Cinnamylideneacetone v. 1171 Ci2Ui4O4

Ethyl phthalate v. 1265 Ethyl monobenzoylglycerate v. 937 Ci2Hi6O2 Amyl benzoate v. 938, 1223

Ci2H17NO2

~~

Ci2HiSOg Diethyl diacetyltartrate v. 294, 852, 986, 1075, 1252 Ci2H22O6

Isobutyl tartrate v. 262, 1242 Ci2H24Oz Laurie acid 1260. B = Ci6H32O2 Palmitic acid (±0.1%)(327)

Wt. % A dj6 0.00 0.8457 14.92 0.8468 27.88 0.8477 40.64 0.8484 54.28 0.8493 59.84 0.8497 72.83 0.8507 84.47 0.8514 100.00 0.8527 1261. B = Ci8H36O2 Stearic acid (±0.1%)(327)

Wt. % A 100.00 84.19 65.96 51.37 38.73 25.14 0.00

dl6 0.8527 0.8510 0.8494 0.8481 0.8470 0.8455 0.8436

C16H22O4 d-Octyl hydrogen phthalate v. 949 Z-Octyl hydrogen phthalate v. 950 dl-Octyl hydrogen phthalate v. 951

Ci3H11N Benzalaniline v. 1259.5, 1261.5, 1262.2

1262.2. B = Ci 3 HnN Benzalaniline (356)

C13H11NO

v. also 1258.4

Benzanilide v. 719

C14H12O2

Benzoylphenylhydrazine v. 463 Carbanilide v. 720

C13H12N2S

Ethyl o-tolylethylcarbamate v. 1265

C14H12 Stilbene 1262.1. B = Ci4Hi4 Dibenzyl (356)

C13H12N2O

Ci2Hi4O5

"

CisHioOa Salol v, 334, 462, 770, 940, 1099, 1133

Thiocarbanilide v. 721

C13H12O Diphenylcarbinol v. 1173.5

C13H13N Benzylaniline 1261.5. B = C13HnN Benzalaniline (356)

C13H13N Diphenylmethylamine v. 813, 987

C13H2oO2 Menthyl propiolate v. 1173

CuHgO2 Anthraquinone v. 138, 941 Phenanthraquinone v. 643, 942

C14H9NO2 Phthalanil v. 722 C14H1Q Anthracene v. 943 Diphenylacetylene v. 1175

Benzyl benzoate v. 646, 946, 1247

C14H14 Dibenzyl v. 1258.5, 1262.1 Diphenylethane v. 1177

C14Hi4N2O3 p-Azoxyanisole 1263. B = Ci6H18N2O3 p-Azoxyphenetole (O - 100 Wt. % A) (2 41) dJM == (1.100 + 0.0347 Wt. % A ) ±0.1%

C16H12O Benzylideneacetophenone v. 1178

C15H14O Benzylacetophenone v. 1180 Diphenylacetone v. 1179

C16H24O3S Menthyl benzenesulfonate v. 465, 857, 952

C16H26O8 Isobutyl diacetyl-d-tartrate v. 263, 858, 1073, 1243

C16H32O2 Palmitic acid 1264. B = Ci8H36O2 Stearic acid (O - 100 Wt. % A) (327) dl5 = (0.8436 + 0.0421 Wt. % A) +0.1% v. also 466, 533, 647, 695, 953, 1014, 1034, 1045, 1194, 1254, 1259, 1260, 1262

C17H14O Dibenzylideneacetone v. 1183 Cinnamylideneacetophenone v. 1184

C18H16O6

C15H18Oy

Methyl dibenzoylglycerate v. 296, 339, 859, 954

Diethyl monobenzoyltartrate v. 335, 947

C18H34O2

C16H11N3O7 Naphthalene picrate v. 948

C16H14 Diphenylbutadiene v. 1181

C16H18 Diphenylbutane v. 1182

C14H1Q C16H18N2O3 Phenanthrene p-Azoxyphenetole 1262. B = Ci6H32O2 v. 1263 Palmitic acid (158) C16H2oCl6O8 v. also 30, 295, 351, 464, 557, Isobutyl di(trichloroacetyl)585, 606, 644, 693, 747, 854, C12H28IN tartrate 944, 1013, 1100, 1174, 1193, v. 856 Tetrapropylammonium iodide 1205, 1253, 1276 v. 178, 226, 271, 361, 374, 460, C16H2QO7 C14H1OO2 494, 531, 642, 728.5, 853, 1049, Diethyl mono-o-toluyltartrate Benzil 1058, 1201 v. 336 v. 139, 645, 694, 855, 945, 1101 CisHioO Diethyl mono-w-toluyltartrate C14H12 Benzophenone v. 337 Diphenylethylene Diethyl mono-p-toluyltartrate v. 461, 532, 939, 1172, 1275, 1278 v. 1176 v. 338

Oleic acid v. 227, 467, 534, 696, 771

C18H36O2 Stearic acid v. 31, 78, 140, 468, 535, 607, 648, 697, 772, 860, 955, 1046, 1102, 1134, 1185, 1195, 1261, 1264 Ci9H16

Triphenylmethane v. 141, 649, 698, 956, 1047, 1103

C1QH16O Triphenyl carbinol v. Ì186

C1QH17N3 Triphenylguanidine v. 469

C1QH22N2O Cinchonicine v. 470, 536

C1QH26O2 Menthyl cinnamate v. 1187

Ci9H2sO2

C26ÎÏ3oO 8

Menthyl ß-phenylpropionate v. 1188

Isobutyl dibenzoyl-d-tartrate v. 298, 1245

C 2OHiSNaO 7

C 271134N2Oy

Phenanthrene picrate v. 471, 1277

Quinine

salicylate v. 485

C2oHieBr2O8

C27H46O

M e t h y l di (o-bromobenzoyl)tartrate v. 472, 723 Methyl di (w-bromobenzoyl)tartrate v. 473 Methyl di (p-bromobenzoyl)tartrate v. 474

Cholesterol v. 142

v. 476

Methyl di (p-chlorobenzoyl)tartate v. 477 C2oHooOe Methyl di-p-toluylgly cerate v. 478, 537 C 2(JElêOsS

Menthyl naphthalene-ß-sulfonate v. 479, 861, 957 C2oH3sO2

Ethyl oleate v. 297, 352, 958 C2iHigO Dicinnamylideneacetone v. 1189 C2lH22Oe

Ethyl di-p-toluylglycerate v. 480, 538 C24H42Û6

Z-Menthyl Z-tartrate v. 481, 863, 959 d£-Menthyl d-tartrate v. 482, 862, 960 C2oH23N5U7

Picryl cinchonicine v. 539 C26-H-26-N2O2

Benzoyl cinchonicine v. 483, 540 026-028NÔsS

j?-Toluenesulfonyl cinchonicine v. 484, 541

Acetone

dihydrate

C2sH46Os

Z-Menthyl diacetyl-Z-tartrate v. 486, 864, 961 Z-Menthyl diaeetyl-dZ-tartrate v. 487, 865, 962 Z-Menthyl diacetyl-d-tartrate v. 488

C2oHieCl2O8

Methyl di (o-chlorobenzoyl)tartrate v. 475 Methyl di (w-chlorobenzoyl)tartrate

Nitrocellulose (guncotton) (10) B = C3H6O

CsiHgsOe

Tripalmitin v. 963 Cs 7 HiIoOe Tristearin v. 964, 1256

Turpentine v. 78.5, 339.5, 488.1, 488.2, 698.5, 964.5, 1065.5, 1069.5, 1103.5, 1273.5, 1258.1, 1258.2, 1258.3

Nitrocellulose (Blasting Soluble) (10) 1265. B = (1) C3H6O Acetone (2) C3H6O2 Ethyl formate (3) C3H6O2 Methyl acetate (4) C4H8O2 Ethyl acetate (5) C6H10O2 Propyl acetate (6) C6H12O2 Ethyl butyrate (7) C7H14O2 Amyl acetate (8) C11H15NO Acetoethyl-o-toluide (9) Ci2Hi4O4 Ethyl phthalate (10) C12H17NO2 Ethyl o-toluylethylcarbamate B= C= CH4O C4H10O Methyl alcohol Ethyl ether CH4O C7H8O Methyl alcohol Anisole C2H6O C4H10O Ethyl alcohol Ethyl ether C4H10O C7H8O Ethyl ether Benzyl alcohol

Nitrocellulose (highly soluble) (10) B =

C3H6O Acetone C4H8O2 Ethyl acetate

Three-Component Systems CCl4 Carbon tetrachloride 1266. B = C2H4Br2 Ethylene bromide C = C7H8 Toluene ( ±0.025 %)(285)

Wt. % A/Wt. %C| 1/dJ* OWt. % B 0/100 1.1593 10/90 1.1043 20/80 1.0530 30/70 1.0000 40/60 0.9463 50/50 0.8932 60/40 0.8420 70/30 0.7873 80/20 0.7349 90/10 0.6820 100/0 0.6300 10 Wt. % B 0/100 1.0890 10/90 1.0405 20/80 0.9940 30/70 0.9463 40/60 0.8977 50/50 0.8502 60/40 0.8035 70/30 0.7550 0.7072 80/20 90/10 0.6599 100/0 0.6130 20 Wt. % B 0/100 1.0190 10/90 0.9765 20/80 0.9348 30/70 0.8922 40/60 0.8496 50/50 0.8067 60/40 0.7654 70/30 0.7222 80/20 0.6800 90/10 0.6378 0.5958 100/0 30 Wt. % B 0/100 0.9489 10/90 0.9124 20/80 0.8755

Wt. % A/Wt. % Cl 1/dJ« 30 Wt. % B.—(Continued) 30/70 0.8382 40/60 0.8012 50/50 0.7638 60/40 0.7278 70/30 0.6897 80/20 0.6527 90/10 0.6155 100/0 0.5789

40 Wt. % B 0/100 0.8790 10/90 0.8484 20/80 0.8164 30/70 0.7847 40/60 0.7529 50/50 0.7205 60/40 0.6893 70/30 0.6572 80/20 0.6249 90/10 0.5933 100/0 0.5620 50Wt. %B 0/100 0.8092 10/90 0.7844 20/80 0.7572 30/70 0.7309 40/60 0.7043 50/50 0.6772 60/40 0.6510 70/30 0.6246 80/20 0.5971 90/10 0.5711 100/0 0.5450 60 Wt. % B 0/100 0.7395 10/90 0.7194 20/80 0.6979 30/70 0.6770 40/60 0.6558 50/50 0.6337 60/40 0.6125 70/30 0.5918 80/20 0.5696 90/10 0.5489 100/0 0.5280 70Wt. %B 0/100 0.6701 10/90 0.6545 20/80 0.6381 30/70 0.6222 40/60 0.6065 50/50 0.5903 60/40 0.5740 70/30 0.5585 80/20 0.5421 90/10 0.5262 100/0 0.5109 80Wt. %B 0/100 0.6002 10/90 0.5896 20/80 0.5788 30/70 0.5680 40/60 0.5575

Wt.%A/Wt. %C

l/df

50/50 0.5470 60/40 0.5360 70/30 0.5257 80/20 0.5146 90/10 0.5040 100/0 0.4939 90Wt. % B 0/100 0.5305 10/90 0.5244 20/80 0.5190 30/70 0.5139 40/60 0.5086 50/50 0.5031 60/40 0.4980 70/30 0.4923 80/20 0.4870 90/10 0.4816 100/0 0.4768 100 Wt. % B O/O I 0.4596

CHBr3 Bromoform 1267. B = CHI3 Iodoform C = C6H6 (254)

1268. B = CHI3 Iodoform C = CgHio Xylene (254)

CHI3 Iodoform 1269. B = CH2I2 Méthylène iodide C = C6H6 (260) 1270. B = CH2I2 Méthylène iodide C = CsHio Xylene (26Q)

CH3I Methyl iodide 1271. B = C2H6I Ethyl iodide C = C6H6 (254)

1272. B = C2H5I Ethyl iodide C = C8Hi0 Xylene (254)

CH3NO Form&mide 1272.5. B = C2H6O Ethyl alcohol C = C8H20IN Tetraethylammonium iodide

(36°)

C2li4Br2

C6H6O

Ethylene bromide 1273. B = C6H5NO2 Nitrobenzene C = C8H14O6 Ethyl tartrate (220)1

Phenol 1282. B = C7H8O, o-Cresol C = C7H8O, m-Cresol ( + 0.25%) (86) Wt. % A B C d\5'5 O 79.9 20.1 1.0403 5 75.9 19.1 1.0421 10 71.9 18.1 1.0439 15 67.9 17.1 1.0457 20 63.9 16.1 1.0476 25 59.9 15.1 1.0494 30 55.9 14.1 1.0511 35 51.9 13.1 1.0530 40 47.9 12.1 1.0549

C2H4O2 Acetic acid 1273.5. B = C H6O Ethyl alcohol C = Turpentine (263)i 1274. B = C3H8O3 Glycerol C = C 4 Hi 0 O Ethyl ether (44)i

C2H6O Ethyl alcohol 1275. B = C3H6O Acetone O = CisHioO Benzophenone (33)1 1276. B = C6H3N3O7 Picric acid O = Ci 4 HiO Phenanthrene (* 8) * 1277. B = C6H3N3O7 Picric acid C = C 2 oHi 3 N 3 O 7 Phenanthrene picrate ( 18 ) L

C3H6O Acetone 1277.5. B = C4H10O Ethyl ether C = C6H6 (355)1

1278. B = C6H6 C = Ci3Hi0O Benzophenone (33)1 Vx4JtIgO2

Ethyl acetate 1279. B = C6H6 O = CioHieO Camphor (263)i

C6H4N2O4 w-Dinitrobenzene 1280. B = C7H8 Toluene C = Ci0Hs Naphthalene (3l9)i

C6H6 1281. B = C7H5N3O6 Trinitrotoluene yj — C i oH8

Naphthalene (319)1

1283. B = C7H8O, m-Cresol C = C7H8O, p-Cresol (±0.25%) (86) A O 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50

Wt. % B 49.3 46.8 44.4 41.9 39.4 37.0 47.5 32.1 29.6 27.1 24.6

C 50.7 48.2 45.6 43.1 40.6 38.0 35.5 32.9 30.4 27.9 25.4

di 5 ' 5 1.0384 1.0403 1.0422 1.0441 1.0460 1.0479 1.0497 1.0517 1.0537 1.0556 1.0576

LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) O ) Alexander, Diss., Giessen, 1899. (2 ) Andersin and Hirn, 60, 51 : No. 11 ; 08. (3 ) Andrews and Carlton, 1, 29: 688 ; 07. (4 ) Andrews and Ende, 7, 17: 136 ; 95. (5) Anschütz, 13, 221: 133; 83. ( 6 ) Arndt and Kunze, 9t 18: 994; 12. (7) Aten, 7, 88: 321; 14. (») Atkins and Werner, 4, 101: 1167; 12. (») Baker, 4, 101: 1409; 12. (i°) Baker, 4, 103: 1653; 13. ( 1 M Ballo and Dittler, 93, 76: 39; 12. ( 1 ^) Baskov, 53, 50: 589; 18. 10, 5: 40; 25. ( 13 ) Battelli and Martinetti, 22y 2H:247;86. ( 14 ) Baud, 27, 7:117; 10. ( 1S ) Baud, 27, 17: 329; 15. (i«) Beckmann and Faust, 93, 84: 103; 14. O 7) Becquerel, 6, 12: 5; 77. (*») Behrend, 7, 10: 265; 02. (19) Beilby, 4, 43: 388; 83. (20) Beijerinck, 136, 21: 853; 97. (21 ) Bezold, Diss., Giessen, 1906. (22) Bingham and Sarver, 1, 42: 2011 ; 20. (2 3 ) Biron, 53,41: 469 ; 09. (2 * ) Biron, 53, 42: 167; 10. (25) Bourion, 14, 14: 215; 20. (26) Bousfield, 4, 115: 45; 19. ( 2 7 ) Bramley, 4, 109: 10; 16. (28) Bramley, 4, 109: 434; 16. (29) Bregman, Thèse, Lausanne, 1914. 10, 4: 42; 21. (30) Brown, 4, 35: 547; 79. (31) Brown, 4, 39: 202, 304; 81. (32) Buchkremer, 7, 6: 161 ; 90. (33 ) Burrows, 461, 53: 74; 19. (34 ) Burrows and Eastwood, 461, 57: 118; 23. (35) Burwinkel, Diss., Münster, 1914. (36) Busnikov, 03, 33: 128; 01. (37) Bussy and Buignet, 6, 4: 5; 65. 34» S9: 673; 64. (3») Campbell, 83, 11: 91; 15. (39) Carnazzi, 59, 9: 161; 05. ( 4 0 ) Cederburg, 42, 9: 3; 11. ( 4 1 ) Centnerszwer and Zoppi, 7, 54: 689; 06. (42) Chauvenet, 14, 13: 59; 20. ( 43 ) Chauvenet and Gueylard, 34, 167: 24; 18. ( 4 4 ) Cheneveau, Sur les propriétés optiques des solutions, p. 80. Paris, Gauthier, 1913. ( 4 S ) Christomanos, 93, 45: 132; 05. ( 4 *) Clarke, 63, 6: 154; 05. ( 4 7) Cohen and Moesveld, 7, 93: 385; 19. ( 48 ) Cohen, de Meester and Moesveld, 70, 42: 779; 23. ( 4 9 ) Cohen, de Meester and Moesveld, 7, 108: 103; 24. ( 5 0 ) Cox, 173, 44: 26; 19. ( 5 I) Curtis and Titus, 50, 19: 738; 15. ( 5 2 ) Darby, 1, 40: 347; 18. ( 5 3) Darmois, 6, 22:495; 11. ( 5 4 ) Dawson, 4. 97:1041; 10. ( 55 ) DeLeeuw, 7, 77: 284; 11. (56) Delépine, ^,26: 496; 92. ( 57 )Dennhardt, 8, 67: 325; 99. Diss., Erlangen, 1899. ( 58 ) de Pauw, Diss., Utrecht, 1922. 10, 5: 39; 25. (*») Deutschmann, Diss., Berlin, 1911, p. 23, 37. (60) Deutschmann, 7, 96: 428; 20. ( 6 ») Dobroserdov, 63, 44: 679; 12. (62) Dolezalek, 7, 64: 727; 08. (63) Dolezalek and Schulze, 7, 83: 45; 13. (64) Dolezalek and Schulze, 7, 98: 395; 21. (65) Doroschewski, 53, 43: 46; 11. (66) Doroschewski, 53, 43: 655; 11. (67) Drecker, 8, 20: 870; 83. ( 6 «) Drucker and Kassel, 7, 76: 367 ; 11. (69) Dunstan and Hilditch, 9,18:185 ; 12. (70) Dunstan and Mussell, 4, 97: 1935; 10. ( 7 I) Dunstan and Stubbs, 4, 93: 1919; 08. (72) Dunstan and Thole, 4, 97: 1249; 10. (73) Dunstan, Thole and Hunt, 4, 91:1728; 07. (7*) Ebersole, 60, 5: 239; 01. (75) Efremov, 53, 50: 338; 18. (76) Ehrenhaft, 76, 111 HA: 1549; 02. (77) Eidmann, ZWw., Giessen, 1899. (78) English and Turner, 4, 105: 1656; 14. (79) Faust, 7, 79: 97; 12. («O) Ferguson and Buddington, 12, 50: 131; 20. (81) Findlay, 7, 69: 203; 09. («2) Fischler, 9, 19: 123; 13. (83) Fitzgerald, 50, 16: 621; 12. (84) Foote and Langley, 12, 30: 393; 10. (85) Forch, 8, Boltzxnann Festschrift : 696; 04. (86) Fox and Barker, 64, 36: 842 ; 17. (87) Frankland and Aston, 4, 75: 493 ; 99. (88) Frankland, Carter and Adams, 4, 101: 2470; 12. (89) Frankland and McRae, 4, 73: 307; 98. (90) Frankland and Pickard, 4, 69: 123; 96. ( 91 ) Friedländer, 7, 38: 385; 01. (92) Gay, 16, 6: 36; 16. Thèse, Paris, 1914. (93) Gennari, 7, 19: 130; 96. (94) Georgiewski, 427, 27: 516; 03. 53, 34: 565; 02. (94.1) Germann, 60, 29: 138; 25. (95) Getman, 42, 4: 386; 06. (96) Getman, I9 30: 1077; 08. (97) Getman and Gibbons, l, 37: 1990; 15. (98) Glaser, 5, 22: 694; 07. (99) Goerdt, Diss., Münster, 1911. 10 ( °) Golse, Thèse, Bordeaux, 1911. ( 10 M Götz, 7, 94: 181; 20. (loi.i) Gradenwitz, 136, 42: 221; 18. (102) Granquist, 60, 54: No. 20; 12. (i°3) Guthrie, 3, 18: 495; 84. (i°4) Haffner, 63, 2: 739; 01. (»°5) Haissig,

136, 21: 939; 97. ( i o « ) Harden, 427, 18: 695; 94. 0°7) Härtung, 83, 12: 66; 16. C 1 ° 8 ) Hartwig, 8, 33: 58; 88. (i°») Hedvall, 19, 5: No. 6; 13. 93, 86: 201; 13. ( 110 ) Hein, Diss., Berlin, 1896. ( H i ) Henninger, Diss., Giessen, 1907. (i 1 2 ) Herz, 7, 87: 63; 14. (i13) Herz, 93, 104: 47; 18. (i 1 4 ) Herz and Anders, 93, 52: 164; 07. (i15) Herz and Anders, 93, 55: 271; 07. (ii«) Herz and Knoch, 55, 45: 262; 05. (ii7) Herz and Kühn, 93, 58: 159; 08. (HS)Herz and Kühn, 93, 60 : 152; 08. (i l 9 ) Herz and Martin, 55, 132: 41 ; 24. 12 ( °) Herz and Rathmann, 9, 19: 589; 13. ( 121 ) Herz and Schuf tan, 7, 101: 269; 22. O 2 2 ) Herzen, 149, 14: 232; 02. Thèse, Lausanne, 1902. (123) Hess, 70, 114 HA: 1231; 05. O 2 *) Hess, 75, 117: 947; 08. 8, 27: 589; 08. (125) Hilditch and Dunstan, 9, 17: 929; 11. ( 126 ) Hill, I, 44: 1163; 22. O 2 ? ) HiIl and Macy, 1, 46: 1132; 24. (i 2 «) HiIl, 4, 101: 2467; 12. (129) Holleman and Antusch, 70, 13: 277; 94. ( 1 SO) Holmes, 4, 89: 1774; 06. (131) Holmes, 4, 103: 2147; 13. (132) Holmes and Sageman, 4, 95: 1919; 09. (i 33 ) Hovelman, Diss., Münster, 1914. (134) Hubbard, 7, 74: 207; 10. 2, 30: 740; 10. (i35) Humburg, 7, 12: 401; 93. O 3 6 ) Hyde, 1, 34: 1507; 12. 037) Isbekov and Plotnikov, 63, 43: 18; 11. 93, 71: 328; 11. (138) Jackson and Young, 4, 73: 922; 98. (139) Jahn, 8, 43: 280; 91. (i*°) Johst, 8, 20: 47; 83. (I4i) Jokela and Valanto, 60, 54: No. 18; 12. (142) Jones, ISO, 72: 279; 95. O* 3 ) Jones and Hartmann, 78, 30: 295; 16. (i**) Jones, Bingham and McMaster, 11, 34: 481; 05. (i45) Jones, 201, 14: 27; 08. (146) Jones, Lapworth and Lingford, 4, 103: 252; 13. (147) Joseph, 4, 107: 1; 15. O 4 ») Kanonnikov, 52, 31: 321; 85. (149) Karhi and Suikkanen, 60, 54: No. 19; 12. (ISO) Kassel, Diss., Leipzig, 1910. (isi) Kendall and Brakeley, 1, 43: 1826; 21. (152) Kendall and Wright, I1 42:1776; 20. (i 5 3 ) Keyes and Winninghoff, l, 38: 1178; 16. (i53.1) King and Smedley, 50, 28: 1265; 24. (153.2) King and Partington, 4, 129: 20; 26. (154) Kohlmeyer, 187, 10: 483; 13. (i ss) Kohlmeyer and Hilpert, 192, 7: 225; 10. (i 5 6 ) Kremann and Ehrlich, 67, 28: 831 ; 07. 75, 116 HB : 753; 07. (i 5 7 ) Kremann, Meingast and Gugl, 57, 35: 1235; 14. (i 58 ) Kröber, Diss., Leipzig, 1914. (i 5 9 ) Kultasev, Diss., Dorpat, 1915. (160) Kunze, Diss., Berlin, 1912. ( i ß i ) Kurnakov and Beketov, 53, 48: 1697; 16. 184, 9: 1381; 15. 10, 5: 39; 25. (i* 2 ) Kurnakov and Efremov, 7, 85: 401; 13. 169, 18: 386; 13. (i 6 3 ) Kurnakov, Krotkov and Oksmann, 53,, 47: 583; 15. 134, 9: 45; 15. 10, 4: 43; 21. (163.1) Kurnakov, Krotkov,' Oksmann, Beketov, Perelmutter, Kanov and Finkel, 93, 135: 81; 24. (164) Kurnakov, Perelmutter and Kanov, 53, 48: 1680; 16. 169, 24: 399; 15. 10, 5: 39; 25. (i «*) Kurnakov and Zhemchuzhnui, 7, 83: 481 ; 13. 63, 44: 1975; 12. 169, 18: 125; 13. ( I f i 6) Lam, 92, 11: 125; 98. (167) Lamme, Diss., Columbia, 1909. O 6 « ) Landolt, 8, 123: 595; 64. (169) Landolt, 13 Supp., 4: 1; 66. (170) Landolt, 13, 189: 241; 77. Optische Drehungsvermögen, p. 154. Braunschweig, F. Vieweg und Sohn, 1898. 25, 9: 914; 76. (I70.i) Lewis, 1, 47: 626; 25. ( I 7 M Linebarger, 12, 2: 226, 331; 96. 11, 18: 429; 96. (172) Lumsden, 4, 91: 24; 07. (173) Lunge, 317, 8: 74; 85. (174) Macagno, 135, 43: 192; 81. (174.1) Macy, 1, 47: 1031; 25. (174.2) Macy and Thomas, 1, 48: 1547; 26. (175) Malosse, 34, 154: 1697; 12. (176) Marden and Dover, 1, 38: 1235; 16. (177) Martin, Diss., Breslau, 1923. (178) Matthews and Cooke, 50, 18: 559; 14. ( l 7 9 ) McBain and Coleman, 83, 15: 27; 19. (180) Meldrum and Turner, 4, 97: 1605; 10. (181) Menschutkin, On Etherates and Other Molecular Combinations of Magnesium Bromide and Iodide. St. Petersburg, 1907. 93, 49: 34, 207; 06. 52: 9, 152; 07. 53: 26; 07. 61: 100, 113; 09. 62: 40, 45; 09. (i 82 ) Merriman, 4, 103: 1774; 13. O 8 3 ) Merry and Turner, 4,105: 748; 14. O 8 4 ) Metzger and Lamme, 173, 40: 204; 15. (i« 5 ) Meyer and Mylius, 7, 95: 349; 20. 0««) Michailenko, 136, 26: 135; 02. (186.1) Mitsukuri and Nakatsuchi, 148, 29: 25; 26. (i«7) Moesveld, Thèse, Utrecht, 1918. (i» 8 ) Morgan and Lammert, 1, 46: 1117; 24. (i 8 9 ) Muchinand Tarle, 181, 43: 54; 16. 10, 4: 39; 21. (190) Müller, and Abegg, 7, 57: 513; 06. (191) Müller, Diss., Breslau, 1905. (192) Mühlenbein, Diss., Cöthen, 1901. (193) Müller, Diss., Giessen, 1904. (194) Nasini and Gennari, 7, 19: 113; 96. (i95) Naumann, 25, 37: 3600; 04. (196) Naumann, 25, 37: 4328; 04. (197) Naumann, 25, 42: 3789; 09. (198) Naumann, 26, 43: 313; 10. (i99) Nicol, 4, 69: 142; 96. (200) oholm, 147, 2 : No. 26; 13. ( 2 Oi) Osborne, McKelvy and Bearce, SIA, 9 : 327; 13. ( 2 0 2 ) Otin, 198, 9: 92; 12. ( 2 <>3) Patterson, 4, 79: 167; 01. ( 2 04) Patterson, 4, 79: 477; 01. ( 20S ) Patterson, 4, 81: 1097; 02. (206) Patterson, 4, 81: 1134; 01. ( 2 0 7 ) Patterson, 4, 87: 313; 05. ( 2 <> 8 ) Patterson, 4, 93: 1836; 08. ( 2 <>9) Patterson, 4, 109: 1139; 16. (210) Patterson and Davidson, 4, 101: 374; 12. ( 2 U) Patterson and Forsyth, 4, 103:2263; 13. ( 2 I 2 ) Patterson and Frew, 4, 89: 332; 06. ( 2 i3) Patterson, Henderson and Fairlie, 4, 91: 1838; 07. ( 2 I 4 ) Patterson and Kaye, 4, 89: 1884; 06. ( 2 i s ) Patterson and Kaye, 4, 91: 705; 07. ( 2 J 6) Patterson and McArthur, 4, 107:814; 15. ( 2 I 7 ) Patterson and McDonald, 4, 93: 936; 08. ( 2 i 8 ) Patterson and McDonald, 4, 95: 321; 09. ( 2 19) Patterson and McMillan, 4, 91: 504; 07. (220) Patterson and Montgomerie, 4, 95: 1128; 09. ( 221 ) Patterson and Moudgill, 68, 39: 18; 19. ( 2 2 2 ) Patterson and Patterson, 4, 107: 142; 15. (223) Patterson and Pollack, 4, 105: 2322; 14. ( 2 2 4 ) Patterson and Steven-

son, 4, 97: 2110; 10. ( 2 2 S) Patterson and Stevenson, 4, 101: 241; 12. ( 2 2 6) Patterson and Taylor, 4, 87: 122; 05. (227) Patterson and Thomson, 86, 40: 1243; 07. ( 2 2 8 ) Patterson and Thomson, 4, 93: 355; 08. ( 2 2 9) Pascal and Garnier, 87, 25: 142; 19. (230) Pascal and Garnier, 87, 25: 309; 19. ( 2 3 I) Pascal and Jouniaux, 87, 15: 312; 14. 9, 22: 71; 16. ( 2 3 2 ) Paterno and Mieli, 88, 17 I: 396; 08. (233) Paterno and Montemartini, 36, 24 II: 179; 94. 88, 3 II: 139; 94. (234) Peacock, 188, 30: 274; 14. ( 23 S) Peacock, 4, 107: 1547; 15. ( 2 3 6) Perkin, 4, 77: 267; 00. (237) Perrakis. 34, 178: 703; 24. («8) Perrakis, 34, 178: 1482; 24. ( 23 9) Pfeiffer, 93, 15: 194; 97. (240) Philip, 7, 24:18; 97. ( 2 4i ) Pick, 7, 77:577; 11. ( 2 42) Pickard and Kenyon, 4,105: 830; 14. (243) Plotnikov and Rokotjan, 7, 84: 367; 13. 63, 45:193; 13. ( 2 44) Plotnikov and Rokotjan, 63, 47: 723; 15. 10, 4: 35; 21. ( 2 4 S) Posnjak, Allen and Merwin, Economic Geology, 10: 491; 15. ( 2 4 6 ) Pound, 4t 99: 698; 11. ( 2 47) Price, 4, 107: 188; 15. (^8) Price, 4, 115: 1116; 19. (249) Pulfrich, 7, 4: 561; 89. ( 25 °) Rabinowitsch, 7, 99: 434; 21. ( 2 5 M Ramsay and Aston, 7, 15: 89; 94. 6, 56: 182 ; 94. (25 2 ) Ramsay and Young, 4, 51: 755 ; 87. (253 ) Ramstedt, 199, 8: 253; 11. ( 2 5 4 ) Recueil de constantes physiques, p. 148. Paris, Gauthier- Villars, 1913. ( 2 SS) Reid, 11, 45: 479; 11. ( 2 56) Reinitzer, 92, 26: 456; 13. ( 257 ) Retgers, 93, 3: 252; 93. ( 2 SS) Retgers, 93, 3: 343; 93. ( 2 59) Retgers, 7, 3: 497; 89. ( 2 6 O) Retgers, 190, 1889 II: 185. (261) Retgers, 190, 1896 I: 212. (26l.i) Richards and Chadwell, 1, 47: 2283; 25. ( 2 6 2 ) RiIl, Diss., Giessen, 1907. (263) Rimbach, 7, 9: 698; 92. (264) Rohrs, 8, 37: 289; 12. Diss., Rostock, 1910. (265) Rudolphi, 7, 37: 426; 01. (266) Sachanov, 7, 83: 129; 13, ( 26 7) Sachanov and Przeborovski, 53, 47: 849; 15. 10, 4: 42; 21. (268) Sachanov and Rabinovic, 53, 47: 859; 15. 10, 4: 42; 21. (269) Sachanov and Rjachovski, 53, 46: 78; 14. 10, 4: 42; 21. (270) Sachanov and Rjachovski, 53, 47:113; 15. 10, 4: 42; 21. (271) Sackur, 7, 83: 297; 13. ( 2 7 2 ) Sameshima, 1, 40: 1482; 18. (273) geheuer, 7, 72: 513; 10. (274) Schiff, 13, 111: 373; 59. (275) Schlesinger and Coleman, l, 38: 271; 16. (276) Schlesinger and Martin, l, 36:1589; 14. (277) Schlundt, 50, 7: 194; 03. (278) Schroeder, 53, 49: 647; 17. 10, 5: 40; 25. (279) Schulz, Diss., Giessen, 1901. 28 ( O) Schulze, 9, 18: 77; 12. ( 28 M Schulze, 63, 22: 177; 21. ( 282 ) Schulze, 7, 97: 388; 21. .( 28S ) Schulze, 7, 97: 417; 21. (284) Schulze and Hock, 7, 86: 445; 14. ( 2 8 S) Schulze, l, 36: 498; 14. (286) Schutt, 7, 9: 349; 92. (287) Schwarz and Haacke, 93, 115: 87; 21. (288) Schwere, 48, 9: 15; 11. 294, 1911: 117. (289) Schwers, 186, 1912: 55. (290) Schwers, 186, 1912: 252. (291) Schwers, 4, 101: 1889; 12. (292) Seidell, l, 29: 1088; 07. (293) Seidell, 78, 13: 319; 08. (294) Seidell, l, 31: 1164; 09. (295) Seidell, 11, 48: 453; 12. (296) Seidell, 464, No. 67: 1910. ( 2 9 7 ) Seidell, Solubilities of Inorganic and Organic Compounds. New York, Van Nostrand, 1919. (298) Smith and Menzies, 68, 30: 432; 10. (299) Speyers, 12, 14: 293; 02. 3 ( OO) Stortenbeker, 70, 32: 226; 13. ( 3 Oi) Stortenbeker, 70, 33: 85; 14. (302) Swinne, 7, 84: 348; 13. (303) Tammann and Hirschberg, 7, 13: 543; 94. (304) Tammann and Krings, 93, 130: 229; 23. ( 3 O5) Thole, 4, 97: 2596; 10. (306) Thole, 4, 103: 317; 13. ( 3 0 7 ) Thole, Mussell and Dunstan, 4, 103: 1108; 13. (308) Thomas and Yu, 1,45: 113; 23. (309) Thorpe and Rodger, 4, 71: 360; 97. (310) Tillotson, 38, 1: 76; 18. (3U) Tinkler, 4, 103: 2171: 13. (312,313) Tsakalotos, 87, 3: 234 ; 08. (314) Tsakalotos, 7, 68: 32 ; 10. (3 *5 ) Tsakalotos, 7, 74: 743; 10. (316) Tsakalotos, 27, 9: 519; 11. ( 3 17) Tyrer, 4, 97: 1778; 10. (31*) Tyrer, 4, 97: 2620; 10. ( 319 ) Tyrer, 4, 99: 871; 11. (320) Van Klooster, 1, 35: 145; 13. ( 32 I) Van Nest, 94, 47: 263; 10. Diss., München, 1909. ( 3 2 2 ) Vincent andDelachanal.o, 20: 207; 80. 34,90: 747; 80. (323) Vogel, Diss., Berlin, 1892. ("4) Vogel, 98, 19: 49; 06. ( 3 2 «) Vogt, Diss., Giessen, 1903. ( 326 ) Wade and Finnemore, 4, 85: 938; 04. ( 3 2 7) Waentig and Pescheck, 7, 93: 529 ; 19. (32 8 ) Wagner, 7, 46: 867 ; 03. (3 2 9 ) Waiden, 7, 55: 207; 06. (330) Waiden, 7, 55: 683; 06. ( 33 I) Waiden, 7, 61: 633; 08. (332) Waiden, 7, 75: 555; 10. ( 333 ) Waiden, 134, 9: 789; 15. 10, 4: 42; 21. ( 3 34) Waiden, 134, 9:1021; 15. 10, 4: 42; 21. (33S) Wallace and Atkins, 4,101:1958; 12. (336) Washburn and Read, l ; 41: 729; 19. (337 ) Willard and Smith, l, 44 : 2816; 22. ( 338 ) Willard and Smith, l, 45: 286; 23. (339) Winther, 7, 41: 161; 02. (340) Winther, 7, 45:331 ; 03. (34l) Winther, 7, 55: 257; 06. (342) Winther, 7, 56: 703; 06. (343) Winther, 7, 60: 563; 07. ( 34 4) Winther, 7, 60: 590; 07. (345) Wroczynski and Guye, 48, 8: 189; 10. (346) Wüllner, 8, 133: 1; 68. (347) Yamaguchi, 41, 34:691; 13. 10, 4:42; 21. (34S) Ylönen, 138, 1: No. 7; 22. (349) Young, 4, 81: 768; 02 . (350) Young, 4, 83: 77; 03. ( 3 Si) Young, Fractional Distillation. New York, Macmillan, 2nd ed., 1922. ( 35 2) Young and Fortey, 4, 83: 45; 03. ( 353 ) Zecchini, 36, 27 I: 358; 97. (354) Zoppellari, 36, 35 I: 355; 05. (355) Binghamand Brown, Thesis,Lafayette, 1921. ( 356 ) Brinkman,Z>iss.,Leipzig, 1903. (357) Dancaster, 4, 125: 2036, 24. ( 3 SS) Elsey, 1, 42: 2454; 20. ( 3 SS-I ) Ewart and Raikes, 4, 1926: 1907. (sss.s) Goldsmith and Aarflot, 7, 122: 371; 26. (359) jones and Bingham, 11, 34: 481; 06. (360) Jones, Davis and Johnson, 152, No. 260: 71; 18. (361) Muchin, 9,19: 819; 13. ( 3 6 2 ) Tsakalotos, 7, 71: 667; 10.

PHASE EQUILIBRIUM DATA SYSTEMS CONTAINING THE VAPOR PHASE One-Component Systems Vapor pressures up to two atmospheres Elementary substances. P, S, Se, Te and halogens. H2, N2, 02, O3 and the zerogroup elements. The metallic elements. Chemical compounds. Crystal—vapor. »-Table. Liquid—vapor. »-Table. (T-Table. Vapor pressures between one atmosphere and the critical point Elementary substances. P, S, Se, Te and the halogens. H2, N2, O2, O3 and thc zerogroup elements. Hg. Chemical compounds. »-Table. (T-Table. Special tables. Factors for the correction of boiling points to normal pressure.

SYSTÈMES CONTENANT LA PHASE VAPEUR Systèmes à un constituant Pressions de vapeur jusqu'à deux atmosphères Substances élémentaires. P, S, Se, Te et les halogènes. H2, N2, O2, O3 et les éléments du groupe zéro (gas nobles). Éléments métalliques. Composés chimiques. Cristal—vapeur. Table ». Liquide—vapeur. Table ». Table £. Pressions de vapeur entre une atmosphère et le point critique Substances élémentaires. P, S, Se, Te, et les halogènes. H2, N2, O2, O3 et les gaz nobles. Hg. Composés chimiques. Table ». Table (L. Tables spéciales. Facteurs pour ramener les points d'ebullition à la pression normale.

SYSTEME MIT DAMPFPHASE Einkomponenten Système Dampfdrucke bis zu zwei Atmosphären Elementare Stoffe. P, S, Se, Te und Halogene. H2, N2, O2, O3 und Edelgase.

SISTEMI CON FASE GASSOSA Sistemi ad un componente Tensioni di vapore fino a due atmosfere pAGE Elementi. P, S, Se, Te ed alogeni.. 201 H2, N2, O2, O3 e gas nobili 202

Die metallischen Elemente. Chemische Verbindungen. Kristall—Dampf. »-Tafel. Flüssigkeit—Dampf. »-Tafel. (T-Tafel. Dampfdrucke zwischen einer Atmosphäre und dem kritischen Punkt Elementare Stoffe. P, S, Se, Te und Halogene. H2, N2, O2, O3 und Edelgase.

Elementi metallici 204 Composti. Cristallo—vapore. Tabella » 207 Liquido—vapore. Tabella » 213 Tabella d 215 Tensioni di vapore tra un'atmosfera ed il punto critico

Hg. Chemische Verbindungen. »-Tafel. C-Tafel. Besondere Tafeln. Faktoren für die Umrechnung des Siedepunktes auf den normal Druck.

Konstante am kritischen Punkt. Entzündungstemperatur für brennbare Flüssigkeiten.

Critical-point constants.

Constantes critiques.

Flash points of combustible liquids.

Point d'inflammabilité des combustibles liquides.

Two-Component Systems Two-phase systems. Solid— vapor. Adsorption and solubilities of gases in solids.

Systèmes à deux constituants Systèmes à deux phases. Solide—vapeur. Adsorption et solubilités des gaz dans les solides.

Zweikomponenten Systeme Zweiphasen Systeme. Fest— Dampf. Adsorption und Löslichkeit von Gasen in festen Stoffen.

Two-phase systems. Liquid— vapor. Solubilities of gases in liquids.

Systèmes à deux phases. Liquide—vapeur. Solubilités des gaz dans les liquides. Systèmes isothermes. Pressions partielles et totales. Abaissement de la tension de vapeur. Systèmes isobares. Les deux constituants sont volatils. Courbes d e s points d'ebullition.

Zweiphasen Systeme. Flüssigkeit—Dampf. Löslichkeiten von Gasen in Flüssigkeiten. Isothermische Systeme. Partial- und Total-Dampfdrucke. Dampfdruckerniedrigungen. Isobare Systeme. Beide Komponenten flüchtig. Siedepunktskurven.

Un constituant non-vola til. Élévation du p o i n t d'ébullition.

Eine Komponente nicht flüchtig. Siedepunktserhöhung.

Isothermal systems. Partial and total vapor pressures. Vapor-pressure lowering. Isobaric systems. Both components volatile. Boiling-point curves. One component non-volatile. Boiling-point elevation.

Elementi. P, S, Se, Te ed alogeni. . 202 H2, N2, O2, O3 e gas nobili 203 Hg 206 Composti. Tabella » 228 Tabella £ 237 Tabelle speciali. Fattori per riportare i punti di ebollizione alla pressione normale 246 Costanti critiche 248 Temperature di accensione di liquidi combustibili. Voi. II, p. 161 Sistemi a due componenti Sistemi a due fasi. Solido—vapore. Assorbimento e solubilità del gas nelle sostanze solide 249 Sistemi a due fasi. Liquido—vapore. Solubilità dei gas nei liquidi , . . . 254 Sistemi isotermi. Tensioni di vapore parziali e totali.284, 301 Abbassamento della tensione di vapore284,292 Sistemi isobari. Entrambi i componenti sono volatili. Curve dei punti di ebollizione 308 Uno dei componenti non è volatile. Innalzamento d e l punto di ebollizione. 324

Two-phase systems. Liquid— vapor.—(Continued) Orthobaric systems: P-T-X relations. Three-phase systems. Crystal—crystal—vapor. Relative efficiencies of drying agents. For other systems, v. "General Index" under Thermodynamic Chemistry.

Systèmes à deux phases. Liquide —vapeur.—(Suite) Systèmes orthobares : Relations P-T-X. Systèmes à trois phases. Cristal—cristal—vapeur. Pouvoirs relatifs des agents de séchage. Pour d'autres systèmes, voir "General Index" sous Thermodynamique chimique.

Zweiphasen Systeme. Flüssigkeit—Dampf.—(Fortsetzung) Orthobare Systeme: P-T-X Beziehungen. Dreiphasen Systeme. Kristall—Kristall—Dampf. Trocknungsfähigkeit verschiedener Stoffe. Andere Systeme, siehe "General Index" unter Kapitel " Chemische Thermodynamik."

Sistemi a due fasi. Liquido— vapore.—(Continuazione) Sistemi ortobari : Rapporti tra P-T-X 351 Sistemi a tre fasi. Cristallo—cristallo—vapore. Potere essicante di diverse sostanze 385 Per altri sistemi, vedi "General Index,'; Termodinamica.

Three-Component Systems Two-phase systems. Liquid— vapor. At least one of the components is a gas. Solubilities of gas mixtures in liquids and of gases in solutions. Isothermal systems. At least two components are volatile. Partial and total pressures.

Systèmes à trois constituants Systèmes à deux phases. Liquide—vapeur. Un des constituants au moins est un gaz. Solubilités des mélanges gazeux dans les liquides et des gaz dans les solutions. Systèmes isothermes. Deux des constituants au moins sont volatils. Pressions partielles et totales. Un des constituants seulement est volatil. Abaissement de la tension de vapeur. Systèmes isobares. Deux des constituants au moins sont volatils. Courbes des points d'ebullition. Deux des constituants ne sont pas volatils. Élévation du point d'ebullition. Systèmes orthobares : Relations P-T-X. Systèmes à trois et quatre phases. Systèmes à quatre constituants Solubilités des gaz dans les solutions. Tous les autres systèmes.

Dreikomponenten Systeme Zweiphasen Systeme. Flüssigkeit—Dampf. Mindestens eine der Komponenten ist ein Gas. Löslichkeit von Gasmischungen in Flüssigkeiten und von Gasen in Lösungen. Isothermische Systeme. Mindestens zwei Komponenten sind flüchtig. Partial- und TotalDampf drucke. Nur eine Komponente ist flüchtig. Dampfdruckerniedrigungen.

Orthobare Systeme: P-T-X Beziehungen. Drei- und Vier-Phasen Systeme.

Sistemi a tre componenti Sistemi a due fasi. Liquido—vapore. Almeno uno dei componenti è gas. Solubilità dei miscugli gasosi nei liquidi e dei gas nelle soluzioni.... 254 Sistemi isotermi. Almeno due componenti sono volatili. Pressioni parziali e pressione totale 284, 301 Uno solo dei componenti è volatile. Abbassamento della tensione di vapore.. 292 Sistemi isobari. Almeno due componenti sono volatili. Curve dei punti di ebollizione 306, 308 Uno solo dei componenti è volatile. Innalzamento d e l punto di ebollizione. 324 Sistemi ortobari : Rapporto tra P-T-X.. 306, 351 Sistemi a tre e quattro Jasi 351

Vierkomponenten Systeme

Sistemi a quattro componenti

One component only is volatile. Vapor-pressure lowering. Isobaric systems. At least two components are volatile. Boilingpoint curves. Two components are nonvolatile. Boiling-point elevation. Orthobaric systems: P-T-X relations. Three- and four-phase systems. Four-Component Systems Solubilities of gases in solutions. All other systems.

Isobare Systeme. Mindestens zwei Komponenten sind flüchtig. Siedepunktskurven. Nur eine Komponente ist flüchtig. Siedepunktserhöhung.

Gaslöslichkeit in Lösungen. Alle anderen Systeme.

Solubilità dei gas nelle soluzioni 272 Tutti gli altri sistemi 351

VAPOR PRESSURES OF P, S, SE, TE AND THE HALOGENS ALAN W. C. MENZIES THE CRYSTALLINE STATE

THE LIQUID STATE UP TO ONE ATMOSPHERE

!

logloP=^ ^^^^-B;pinmm(=^ 0 A n );în °C,T = *+273.1

0

t, C

BK, BROMINE (16» 18> 31)

t, 0C

I

p, mm ±5%

[I

/,0C

I

-45

-7.3* -5 O -f5 10 15 20 25

p, mm ±5%

(-95) -90 -85 -80 -75

(0.0022) 0.0052 0.0117 0.0251 0.0513

1.83 ±3% 2.98 4.77 7.45

-40 -35 -30

-70 -65

0.102 0.192

-25 -20

11.4 17.1

-60 -55

0.357 0.628

-15 -10

25.2 36.6

-50

1.09

- 7.3*

44.4

* M. P.

11 0C

* M. P.

CL, CHLORINE ( 16 ) A = -29293; B = 9.950; accuracy, ±10%; range, -154 to -1030C

-103* -100 -90 -80

I, IODINE (i, 2, 14, si) 0

/, C

I

-50 -40 -30 -20 -10 O + 10 20 30 *M. P.

p, mm ±5% 0.0437 0.0319 0.O3SO 0.0030 0.0099 ±1% 0.0299 0.0808 0.202 0.471

Il

t, 0C

I

40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 114.15*

BR, BROMINE (4, is, 28, 31 ) I U t, 0C I Pi mm ±2% 44.4 30 50.5 35 65.9 40 85.3 45 109 50 138 55 173 58.78t 214 (60) 302|

-70 -60 *M. P.

PJ mm ±1% 1.03 2.16 4.31 8.22 15.1 26.8 45.5 74.9 90.1

t ± 0.03°.

p, mm ±2% 264 324 392 472 564 670 760 (793) î Grit.

CL, CHLORINE (**» i*>» 2I9 29, 38) I p, mm u /, 0C I ±5% 8.9 -50 11.8 -40 27.8 58.7 -34.6 ±3% 115 -30 211 -20 I

I, IODINE (31, 32, 37) p, mm Il t, 0C I ±2% 114.15 90.1 160 115 92.9 170 120 111 180 130 157 184.35* 140 217 190 150 294 I 553.41 * ±0.1°. t ±3°crit. t, 0C

P, PHOSPHORUS ( 7 > 24 > 36) For white P r A = -63 123; B = 9.6511; range, 20 to 44.10C (M. P.); error ±<10%. For violet P: A = -108 510; B = 11.0842; range, 380 to ca. 59O0C; accuracy ±5% above 50O0C.

I

p, mm ±3% 363 594 ±1% 760 ±2% 935 1398

PJ mm ±2% 394 521 679 760 (869)

P, PHOSPHORUS (20, 24, 25, so, 36) OOQO 1

Iog10p,mm = 11.5694 --^F 1.2566 1Og10T7; range, 44.1 to 0 635 C; accuracy of p = ± 7 % except near the B. P., 279.70C, where it is ±2 % (equivalent to ± 1°). S, SULFUR (3, 5, 6, 8, 9, 12, 13, 15, 17, 26, 27, 32, 33, 34, 39)

S, SULFUR (13, 34) 0

t, C 50 60 70 80

I

p, mm 0.0002 0.0004 0.0010 I 0.0023 * M. P.

[I

t, 0C

0

t, C I 90 100 110 114.5* t ± 10 %.

p, mm 0.0049 0.010 0.021 0.028f

114.5 M. P. 120 130 140 150 160

SE, SELENIUM (i°) Hexagonal form 0

t, C

195 200 205 *M. P.

I

p, mm ±10% 0.0010 0.0015 0.0022

I]

I

0

t, C

210 215 217.4*

I

p, mm ±10% 0.0032 0.0047 0.0055

'

170 180 190 200 210 220 230 240

I

p, mm ±10% 0.028 0.040 0.074 0.13 0.22 0.37 ±7% 0.59 0.91 1.4 2.1 3.1 4.4 6.3 8.7

[I

t, 0C 250 260 270 280 290 300 310 320 330 340 350 360 370 380

I

p, mm 12 16 21 28 37 48 60 76 95 ±5% 118 146 179 218 263

S.—(Continued) t, 0C

I

390 400 410 420 430 440

p, mm ±3% 325 376 446 ±1% 525 613 ±0.3% 711

I)

CL.—(Continued)

t, 0C

I

444.60 450 460 470 480 490

p, mm ±<0.1% 760,0 ±0.3% 821 ±3% 948 109s 125? ±5% 144i

t = 444.60 + 0.0910(p - 760) - 0.0449(p - 76O)2, for p = 695 to 805 mm (±1-2 mm). Relative accuracy, ±0.1-0.2 mm ( 40 ). SE, SELENIUM (*<>» 23, so) t, 0C

I

217.4 M.P. 220 ' 225 230 235 390 400 420 440 460 0

t, C 488 578

I

p, mm [I t, 0C ±10% 0.0055 480 0.0062 500 0.0078 0.0097 620 0.0120 640 3.0 660 4.0 680 7.0 688 11 700 17 710 TE, TELLURIUM ("» 35) P1 mm U t, 0C 0.464 67Ï 3.34 1390

I

I

p, mm ±10% 28 42 ±3% 313 420 550 700 760 865 970 p, mm IO 760

VAPOR PRESSURES AND ORTHOBARIC DENSITIES ABOVE ONE ATMOSPHERE di (resp. dv) = density of saturated liquid (resp. vapor) in g per ,cm'; dm = Y2(U1 + dv). All values at the critical point are given in bold-face type. The latent heat of vaporization (I) in joules per g is given by the equation: 1013 1 10133 ^ (±- - dIV V -djpl IW dlQ LI - O 0.10133 jl. dT*£- -Q Q4343 ^ dT S"P CL, CHLORINE (16, 19, 21, 22, 29, 38) t, 0C

-34.6 -30 -20 -10 O + 10 20 30

I

P1 atm. ±1% 1.00 ±2% 1.23 1.84 2.61 3.65 4.96 6.57 8.60

di

I

dv ±0.5%

1.561 1.550 1.524 1.496 1.468 1.438 1.408 1.377

0.0128 0.0175 0.0226 0.0300

t, 0C

I

40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 144+1

p, atm. —-

I

11.1 14.1 17.6 21.6 26.2 31.5 37.6 44.4 52.4 61.4 71.4 (76.1)

di

dv

1.344 1.310 1.375 1.240 1.199 1.156 1.109 1.059 0.998 0.920 0.750

0.0384 0.0486 0.0600 0.0740 0.0910 0.1125 0.136 0.164 0.206 0.258 0.405 0.573

dm = 0.7403 - 0.0011618«. P, PHOSPHORUS (20, 24, 25, 30, 36)

For white and violet P: logio P1 mm = 11.5694 - 2898.1/77 — 1.2566 logio T; (p ± 7%) range, 44.1 to 6350C ( ± 2 % near B. P., 279.70C); t, crit. = 720.6 ± 30C; p, crit. = 100 ± 10 atm. (cale, from equation). S, SULFUR (5, 6, 8, 9, 12, 13, IS, 17, 26, 27, 32, 33, 34, 39)

t, 0C

444.6 450 460 470 480 490

I

p, mm ±<0.1% 760 ±0.3% 821 ±3% 948 109s 125? ±5% 144i

Il :

t, 0C I ± 5 500 510 520 530 540 550 560 570 1040 ± 5°

p, mm % 164? 1876 213o 241o 271s 305s 342s 3824

LITERATURE (For key to the periodicals see end of volume) O) Baxter and Grose, 1, 37: 1061; 15. (2) Baxter, Hickey and Holmes, /, 29 : 127; 07. ( 3 ) Bodenstein, 7, 30: 113; 99. ( 4 ) Bouzat and Leluan, 34, 178: 635; 24. ( 5 ) Callendar and Griffiths, 68, 182A: 119; 91. («) Callendar and Moss, ot 84: 595; 10. ( 7 ) Centnerszwer, 7, 85: 99; 13. ( 8 ) Chappuis, 238, 16; 14. (9) Day and Sosman, 12, 38: 517; 12. 1 ( O) Dodd, 1, 42: 1579; 20. ( 11 J Doolan andPartington,S3,20:342;24. (^) Eumorfopoulos, 5, 90: 189; 14. (13) Gruener, 1, 29: 1396; 07. ( 14 ) Haber and Kerschbaum, 9, 20: 296; 14. ( 15 ) Harker and Sexton, 133, 1908: 621. ( 16 ) Henglein, Rosenberg and Mtichlinski, 96,11:1; 22. (i?) Holborn and Henning, 8, 35: 761; 11. ( 18 ) Isnardi, 8, 61: 264; 20. ( 19 ) Johnson and Mclntosh, 1, 81: 1138; 09. (20) Jolibois, 34, 149: 287; 09. ( 21 ) Knietsch, 13, 259: 100; 90. (22) Lange. 92, 1900: 683. (23) LeChatelier, 34, 121: 323; 95. (2*) MacRae and Van Voorhis, 1, 43: 547; 21. (25) Marckwald and Helmholtz, 93, 124: 81; 22. (26) Matthies, 63, 7: 395; 06. (27) Mueller and Burgess, 31, No. 339; 19. (28) Nadezdin, Kiev Univ. Unters., 6: 32; 85. 9: 721; 85. (29) Pellaton, 42, 13: 426; 15. 3 ( O) Preuner and Brockmoeller, 7; 81: 129; 12. (31) Ramsay and Young, 4, 49: 453; 86. ( 32 ) Rassow, 93, 114: 117; 20. ( 33 ) Regnault, 151, 26: 339; 62. (34) Ruff and Graf, 93, 58: 209; 08. ( 3S ) Saint-Claire Deville and Troost, 34, 91: 83; 80. (3*) Smits and Bokhorst, 7, 91: 249; 16. ( 3 7) Stelzner and Niederschulte, 96, 7: 159; 05. ( 38 ) Trautz and Gerwig, 93, 134: 417; 24. (39) Waidner and Burgess, 31 A, No. 6: 149; 10.

VAPOR PRESSURES OF THE ATMOSPHERIC GASES C. A. CROMMELIN I. VAPOR PRESSURES UP TO TWO ATMOSPHERES p, in mm Hg ( = 1/760 A n ); t, in 0C (Leiden scale, v. Vol. I, p. 54); the following equation applies over the range covered by the tabulated data, except as otherwise indicated:

-

loglo pmm = ™C^ + B + CT + DT» + ET* Trp. = triple point.

1. Two^Phase, Crystal—Vapor, Sublimation Pressures T

f t° -189.19Trp. -207.62 A = -7 814.5 \ TT Arg0n (1) \ p 512.17 21.97 B = +7.5741 / f t° -169 Trp. -188.7 A = -10 065 Ì ,31, \ p 132.5 9.0 B = +7.1770 J ( } / t° -209.86 Trp. -215.20 A = -6 881.3 \ (2);c/. 2 \p 96.4 I 28.82 B = 4-7.665581/ (*o> 35) Neon (39) *, °C

I

-248.56 -248.84 -249.09 -249.62 -250.22 -250.84 -251.24 -252.62 -253.16 -253.30 t° Rn p

Pmm

Il

317 279 250 195 148 111 91 40 28.2 25.3 -70.5 Trp. 500

[| Lit.

Q»)

*, °C

I

Pmm

-253.64 -254.07 -254.63 -254.92 -255.43 -255.79 -256.46 -256.79 -257.62

20.0 14.9 9.8 7.8 5,1 3.7 2.1 1.3 0.55

-101 -127 50* 9*

-78 250* I

(34)

* These pressures probably too high, possibly on account of impurities.

2. Two-Phase, Liquid—Vapor Argon (i) A « -9377.0 t, 0C I B = 6.92387 Pmm -182.82 1026.0 N (2} -185.66 (760) -— rLLi ymm -189.19 512.17 Trp. *' ^ I 188 88 1 1 1 A = -6826.0 ~ ^ ' B = 6 9605 -193.91 938.6 ' -195.78 760.0 H2 (3, 11, 28) -248 50 21QQ 2 löö.ô obi.à ^Ô.«JU îtf».^ — 9ftA fiQ 99ft V7 9K9

^c

— ^0^.40

-252.74 -254.73 -256.61 -258.46 -259.14

coo 7

O4O . /

760.0 397.6 191.9 79.9 51.4 Trp. 49

t ï ~! 't?

c - o'So

D--004Î89 ^ °-°7 , £-= °-°*484 Helium (is» 19, 29) t, °C I ^ -268.88 760 -269.20 565 -269.57 359.5 -269.92 197 -270.85 51 -271 61 4 Is ' , o' 971 J / i /74 : ~ ' E 1 logio P = 4.7290 - 7.9780/2 2 - 0.13628/T + 4.3634/77^. Range, 5.19 to 1.4750K KrC 3 1 ) -149.9 898.20 -152.1 760.0 -160.3 386.4 -169 Trp. (132.5)

Û^.Oy

orvO

K0

4£&.ot

1ork

nrv

1

"^ JHV 96 4 Tfp "2°9'86 ' ' A = -6407.0 B = 7.5777 C = -0.00476 Neon 4 24> 39 (' ) 228 66 19797

~

'

~229'26 18472 -231.71 13 245 -233.60 10 042 -236.82 6 057.2 -240.25 3 171.5 -241.77 2264.8 l 434 9 ~243'69 ' 816 2 ~245'68 ' 791 ~245'79 '° -245'88 767'1 -246.66 605.2 -247.33 486.0 _947 4Q 451 fi _ 2 47's2 410' _ 24g ' 1Q 3?3 -248.'29 350 -248.51 325.0 A = -1615.5 B =5.69991 C = 0.0111800

O2 (2, 10, 21, 22, 35) t, 0C I Pmm -182.62 786.63 -182.95 760.00 -186.91 493.30 -192.01 263.19 -195.50 162.15 -201.38 64.01 -204.52 36.11 -210.72 9.59 -218.4 ±2 Trp.

A = -17153 B =7.12128 O3 Ozone* (**> 32, 33) t, 0C ±1 | Pmm -193.1 0.01s -183.1 0.1? -173 1 l'a ^163'.! 6'.87 _ 153>1 25.4 _143 ! 74>6 ^1331 182 8

A B C Range,

-123-1 -112-4 ""^ -182

-38.6

=-8028.1 = 8.1173 = —0.00648 -182 to -2110C

Rn R^0n (9) 2000

-61.8 -70.5 Trp.

387 7

' ° âtm* (crî^cal) 3 1.78g/cm №) 76

* Evaluated by C. S. Cragoe. cooperating expert.

(760) 500

Xenon (31) Trp. = ca. -14O0C

, l

II. VAPOR PRESSURES AND ORTHOBARIC DENSITIES ABOVE ONE ATMOSPHERE p t T di (resp. dv)

= vapor pressure in normal atmospheres. = temperature, 0C, Leiden scale (v. Vol. I, p. 54). = t +273.1°. = density of saturated liquid (resp. vapor) in grams per cm3.

dm = y2(di +dv). All values at the critical point are given in bold-face type. Argon (i»s, 6, 16) Ï^C I ^toT _12g 44 47 996 -125.49 42.457 -129.83 35.846 -134.72 29.264 , -140.80 22.185 -150.57 13.707 -161.23 7,4332 -185.66 1.0000 logio P = 4.85033 - 634.391 IT + 30 769.09/r* - 1 076 464 /T3; for p > 1. /op i T 1 -j -A-C * ! *! —122.44

0.53078

-125.17 0.77289 0.29534 -135.51 0.97385 0.15994 -150.76 1.13851 0.06785 -161.23 1.22414 0.03723* -175.39 1.32482 0.01457* -183.15 1.37396 0.00801* dm = 0.20956 - 0.0026235*. * Calculated from equation of state.

H2 (3, 11, 12, 23, 26) t, 0C I p, atm. "" -239.91 12.80 -240.49 11.752 -245.68 5.0566 -248.50 2.8937 -252.74 1.0000

T Iogi0p = -56.605 + 3.8015T 0.10458T^ + 0.003321T3 _ 0.043219T4; for p >l

' t, 0C | di \ dv -239.91 0.03102 -240.57 0.04316 0.01922 -243.03 0.05402 0.01081 -245.73 0.06050 0.00613 -249.89 0.06724 0.00264 -253.24 0.07134 0.00116* -256.75 O 07494 0.00038* -258.27 0.07631 O.OQQ2Q* dm = -0.063510 0.00039402^. * Calculated from equation ot state.

/19 20 29 3«n Helium (19, 20, 29, 36) 0 T, K | p, atm. 5.19 2.261 5.16 2.195 4.90 1.749 4 -21 1-QQQ logiQ p =

l^^2 - 7.9780/T

- 0.13628/ T2 + 4.3634/713 (from critical point to T = 1.475°). T,0K | di \ dv 5.19 0.06930 4.71 0.1139 0.02699 4.59 0.1165 0.02389 0.01637 4.23 0.1253

N2.—(Continued] t, 0C di I dv -182.51 0.7433 0.01576* -195.09 0.8043 0.00498* -208.36 0.8622 0.000868* dm = 0.022904 - 0.0019577*.

Helium.—(Continued) 0

T1 K I di 4.22 0.1255 3.90 0.1311 3.30 0.1395 2.56 0.1457 2.37 0.1466 2.30 0.1469t 2.21 0.1466 2.10 0.1464 1.92 0.1462 1.59 0.1460 1.20 0.1459 dm = -0.40263

I dv 0.01618* 0.01176* 0.006435* 0002079* 0.001368* 0.001159*

* Calculated from equation of state.

Neon (4, 8, is, 24, 25) t, 0C p, atm. -228.71 26.86 -231.71 17.428 -236.82 7.970 -241.77 2.980 -245.92 1.000

I 0.0017616*.

* Calculated from equation of state, t Maximum.

Kr (31) t, 0C I p, atm. - 6 2 . 6 5 4 . 2 4 - 70 41.12 - 90 24.27 -110 11.32 -130 4.315 -150 1.175 -151.8 1.000 diat -146° = 2.155. N 2 (2, 7, 17, 27)

I, 0C I -147.13 -152.11 -161.31 -173.58 -182.47 -195.78

p, atm. 33.490 25.889 15.949 7.3705 3.7248 1.0000

T logio P = -84.380 + 2.8191077 + 0.0111800772. \

t, 0G I -228.71

- 230.07 -234.01 -237.04 - 242.96 -247.921

di

I dv~ 0.4835

0.74866 0.23935 0.92803 0.11592 1.01750 0.06742 1.14960 0.02013 1.23824 0.00534*

dm = -1.154406 0.00716146*. * Calculated from equation of state. Q2 (2, 15, 27)

t, 0C I -118.82 -118.88 -125.28 -135.96 -149.25 -154.87 -182.95

p, atm. 49.713 49.640 38.571 24.528 12.506 9.096 1.000

logio P = 5.76381 - 853.522 IT + 54 372.3/T7* - 1 783 500 /T3; for p > 1. A new series of determinaA new series of determinations and discussion of all tions and discussion of all available data are given in ( 38 ). available data are given in (38). t, 0C I di I d *, 0C I -147.13 -148.08 -153.65 -161.20 -173.73

v

di

I dv 0.31096 0.4314 0.2000 0.5332 0.1177 0.6071 0.06987 0.6922 0.02962

-118.82 0.4299 -120.4 0.6032 0.2701 -123.3 0.6779 0.2022 -129.9 0.7781 0.1320 -140.2 0.8742 0.0805 | -154.5 0.9758 0.0385

O2.—(Continued} t, 0C I di dv -182.0 1.1415 0.00490* -210.4 1.2746 0.0000865* dm = 0.1608 - 0.002265*. * Calculated from equation of state.

Rn, Radon (9) t, 0C I p, atm. +104.4 62.44 100 59.43 70 37.67 40 13.64 + 10 11.40 - 20 5.260 - 50. 2.065 - 60 1.361 - 61.8 1.000 Xenon (3Q, 31) t, 0C I p, atm. + 16.658.22 0.0 41.24 - 20 26.73

Xenon.—(Continued) J1 0 G I p, atm. - 4 0 1 5 . 8 5 - 60 8.570 - 80 4.064 -100 -109.1

1.629 Ì.OQQ

t, 0G I di I dv +16.6 1.164 16 1.468 0.844 15 1.528 0.791 + 10 1.745 0.602 O 1.987 I 0.421 -10 2.169 ! 0.313 -20 2.292 ! 0.238 -30 2.410 I 0.180 -40 2.511 i 0.137 -50 2.605 ! 0.108 -60 2.699 j 0.079 -70 2.792 I 0.048 dm = 1.205 - 0.003055*.

LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) (M Born, 8, 69: 473; 22. ( 2 ) Cath, 64P, 21: 656; 19. 168, No. 152d. ( 3 ) Cath and Onnes, 6Jf, 20: 991, 1155; 18. 168, No. 152a. ( 4 ) Cath and Onnes, 6Jf, 20: 1160; 18. 168, No. 152b. < 5 ) Crommelin, 64P, 13: 54; 10. 168, No. 115. ( 6 ) Crommelin, 64P, 16: 477; 13. 168, No. 138c. (?) Crommelin, 64P1 17: 959; 15. 168, No. 145d. («) Crommelin, 70, 42: 814; 23. (9) Gray and Ramsay, 4, 95: 1073; 09. 10 ( ) Holst, 64P, 18: 829; 16. 168, No. 148a. < 11 ) Martinez and Onnes, 18, 6: 31; 22. 168, No. 156b. (") Mathias, Crommelin and Onnes, 64P, 23: 1175; 22. 34, 172: 261; 21. 168, No. 154b. ( 13 ) Mathias. Crommelin and Onnes, 84, 175: 933; 22. 168, No. 162b. ( 1 ^) Mathias, Crommelin. Onnes and Swallow, 64V, 34: 334; 25. 168, No. 172b. ( 1S ) Mathias and Onnes, 64P, 13: 939; 11. 168, No. 117. ( 1 S) Mathias, Onnes and Crommelin, 64P, 15: 667, 960; 13. 168, No. 131a. ( l 7 ) Mathias, Onnes and Crommelin, 64P, 17: 953; 15. 168, No. 145c. < 18 ) Onnes, 64P, 13: 1093; 11. 168, No. 119. ( 19 ) Onnes, 64P, 14: 678; 12. 168, No. 124b. ( 20 ) Onnes and Boks, B60, 215. 168, No. 17Ob. ( 21 ) Onnes and Braak, 64P, 11: 333; 08. 168, No. 107a. ( 22 ) Onnes and Crommelin, 64P, 14: 163; 11. 168, No. 121c. < 2 3 ) Onnes and Crommelin, 64P, 16: 245; 13. 168, No. 137a. ( 24 ) Onnes and Crommelin, 6Jf, 18: 515; 15. 168, No. 147d. ( 25 ) Onnes, Crommelin and Cath, 64P, 19: 1058; 17. 168, No. 151b. ( 26 ) Onnes, Crommelin and Cath, 64P, 20: 178; 17. 168, No. 151c. ( 2 ?) Onnes, Dorsman and Hoist, 6Jf, 17: 950; 15. 168, No. 145b. < 28 ) Onnes and Keesom, 6Jf, 16: 440; 13. 168, No. 137d. ( 2 ») Onnes and Weber, 6Jf, 18: 493; 15. 168, No. 147b. ( 30 ) Patterson, Cripps and Gray, 5, 86: 579; 12. C 31 ) Ramsay and Travers, 62, 197: 47; 01. ( 32 ) Riesenfeld and Beja, 147, 6: No. 7; 23. 93, 132: 179; 24. < 33 ) Riesenfeld and Schwab, 25, 55: 2088; 22. 96, 11: 12; 22. (3*) Rutherford, S, 17: 723; 09. ( 3S ) von Siemens, 8, 42: 871; 13. ( 3S ) Spangenberg, 7, 119: 419; 26. ( 37 ) Travers, Senter and Jacquerod, 62, 200: 155; 03. (3*) Dodge and Davis, 1, 49: 610; 27. ( 3 »> Crommelin and Gibson, 64V, 36: 173; 27. 168, No. 185b.

VAPOR PRESSURES OF THE METALS J. JOHNSTON, F. FENWICK AND H. G. LEOPOLD The value, for the several metals, of the coefficient A (in kilo joules) and of B (for pressures p in mm of mercury) in the equation logio P = —52.23 A/T + B, together with the values (calculated from the equation) of the temperatures corresponding to the pressures 760, 1, and 0.001 mm Hg. (1) = liquid, (s) = solid.

Substance

State

Range covered by equation, 0C

A (kilojoule) 250

Ag

(1)

1650-1950

Al As

(D (D

800- 860

(s)

440- 815

133

Au Ba Bi C

(D (D (D (D

2315-2500 930-1130 1210-1420 3880-4430

385 35o 200 54o

Caf

(D (s) (D (D

960-1110 500- 700 500- 840 320.9- 525

37o

Cd

B (for pin mm Hg) 8.762

195

99.9 111-0.0177I

8.87e 9.596

(3927)

(2666)*

(2018)*

16.240 9.697 7.897 12.107

6.949 12.344

Fe Hg

(D O)

2220-2450 400-1300

309 58.7

7.482 7.752

(D

-38.87-400

(s)

(-80H-38.87)

(1) (1) (s) (1) (1) (1) (s) (1) (1)

0.001 (837)*

(1292) (701.1)* (606.8)

73.4 468

(s)

I

(176s) (887) (904)

8.564 7.571

Pt Rb Sb Si Sn Sr W Tl Zn

1 (121s)

(261i) (1146) (147o)

9.85s 15.765

109.0 309

Ni|| Pb

I

Calculated triple point 36.0 atm., 82O0C 604.3 (370.2) (230.3)

lO.Soo

150- 320.9 2375 2200 200- 350 2100-2310

(1) (1) (1)

760 194s

6.692

(s) (D (D (D (D

(D (D (D (s)

C at which p in mm Hg equals

18oo 47.1

Col) Cr Cs Cu

K Mg Mn Mo Na

0

73.0

10.383

84.9 26o

12.993

(1174) (122i H 767 p = 10 0 C = 485 . 3 (3168)

22oo (669.3) 231o

(73i)* 529

5 454 .6 (391. 7) t

1 392 . 2 219.1

(1859)

(1254)*

278.6 (17O7)

(112.3) (132o)

(323s) p = IO4 0 C = 544.1 356.70

(1884) (1267)* 10s 5 X 10fi 84 1 122o See special table, p. 206

p = 10-9 C = -76.4 758 107o

IO-» IO"7 10~6 -65.7 -53.6 -40.4 344.2 (162.3) (772) (576.O)*

1900 (4l88)t

(1227)* (3003)t

(861)* (2293)

441.2

238.1

0

7.183

(9I7) (777)

260- 760 900-1070 1510-1900 1800-2240 180- 883

267

680 103.3

9.3oo 10.844 7.553

2360 525-1325

309 188.5

7.6oo 7.827

(3147)

(1851)

(171s)

98s

636.2

1425-1765 250- 370 1070-1325 1200-1320 1950-2270 940-1140 950-1200 2230-2770 600- 985

486 76 189

7.786 6.976 9.05l 5.950 9.64s

(49oi)t (696.0) 1327 (26 2 o) t (226o) (1154) (165o) (63s3)t 906

(2987)î 295.8 (81s) 12i9 (15Os) (899) (74s) (44so)t

(20so)J (124.8) (546.O)* (719.2) (1282) (713.4)* (412.7) (3353)

419.4- 625

170

328 36o 12o 897 118.0

127-0.017^

250- 419.4 133 (s) ( ) Extrapolated beyond experimental range.

882

16.056

6.140 9.920 8.10s

(125O)*

p = 20 10 5 1 C = (632.3) 594.1 558.9 487.7 9.2Oo I I (532.0) t I 296.3

12.184

Lit. (22, 23, 24, 2S1 54, 63, 73, 85 88, 90) (22, 25, 88) (34) (20, 21, 29, 30, 34, 38, 40, 47, 66, 68, 73, 81) (54, 73, 85, 88) ( 77 ) (22, 23, 24, 25, 54, 73, 81) (1, 14, 15, 45, 46, 55, 56, 57, 69, 84, 92) (77, 79) (64) (4, 5, 18, 32, 36, 54, 59, 73)

(9, 10,13,59) (80) (22, 25) (2, 12, 28, 45, 48, 52, 78, 82) (16, 22, 23, 24, 25, 54, 58, 73, 81,85) (22, 25, 76) (3, 6, 7, 9, 10, 12, 19, 26, 31, 32, 33, 36, 37, 41, 43, 44, 49, 60, 61, 62, 65, 67, 73, 82, 83, 86, 87, 94)

(65) (17, 28, 32, 42, 48, 78, 82) (8,22,25,77,88) (22,25,74) (39,53,54,93) (19, 27, 28, 32, 37, 50, 70, 78, 91) (75) (11, 12, 22, 23, 24, 25, 35, 54, 71, 72, 73, 88, 90) (39, 53, 54) (12, 28, 42, 78, 82) (22,25,54,73,81)

( 8 9 );C/. (*6) (22, 23, 24, 25, 54, 73, 88) (77) (20, 47, 88, 90) (39, 51, 54, 95)

(4,5,12,23,24,32,36,54,59, 71, 73)

0

* Extrapolated below freezing point. t These two curves are mutually inconsistent. Î Extrapolated above melting point. § These are the only two cases in which the accuracy of the present data seems to justify the use of a curved line. respectively : logiopcd = -Ul X 52.23/T - 1.203 logioT + 12.107 and logioPZn - -127 X 52.23/r - 1.203 logioT + 12.184 IJ Slope made equal to that of iron.

(9, 10)

The equations of these curves are

t, 0C [I -30 -20 -10 - O

+ O + 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220 230 240 250 260 270 280 290 300 310 320 330 340 350 360 370 380 390

0° I 0.05478 .O4ISl .04606 .03185

1° I 0.06415 .0459 .04540 .03166

THE VAPOR PRESSURE OF MERCURY FROM -39 Unit, mm of Hg = • K 6 o An

TO +40O0C

2° I 0.05359 .0440 .04481 .03149

6° I 0.05197 .05828 .04298 .04954

3° I 0.05309 .0423 .04428 .03133

4° I 0.05266 .0408 .04380 .03H9

5° I 0.05229 .05947 .04337 .03107

7° I 0.05169 .05723 .04263 .04853

8° I 0.05145 .06630 .04232 .04762

9° 0.05124 .05549 .04205 .04680

.03185 .03206 .03228 .03251 .03276 .03304 .03335 .03369 .03406 03446 .03490 .03537 .03588 .03644 .03706 .03773 .03846 .03925 .001009 .001101 .001201 .001309 .001426 .001553 .001691 .001840 .002000 .002173 .002359 -.002560 .002777 .003010 .003261 .003532 .003823 .004135 .004471 .004832 .005219 .005634 .006079 .006556 .007067 .007614 .008200 .008827 .009497 .01021 .01098 .01180 .01267 .01360 .01459 .01565 .01677 .01797 .01925 .02061 .02206 .02360 .02524 .02698 .02883 .03079 .03287 .03507 .03740 .03988 .04251 .04530 .04825 .05138 .05469 .05819 .06189 .06580 .06993 .07429 .07889 .08375 .08880 .09430 .1000 .1060 .1124 .1191 .1261 .1335 .1413 .1495 .1582 .1673 .1769 .1870 .1976 .2086 .2202 .2324 .2453 .2588 .2729 .2877 .3032 .3195 .3366 .3544 .3731 .3927 .4132 .4347 .4572 .4807 .5052 .5308 .5576 .5857 .6150 .6456 .6776 .7109 .7457 .7820 .8198 .8592 .9004 .9434 .9882 1.035 1.084 1.134 1.186 1.241 1.298 1.357 1.419 1.484 1.551 1.620 1.692 1.767 1.845 1.926 2.010 2.097 2.188 2.282 2.379 2.480 2.585 2.694 2.807 2.924 3.046 3.172 3.303 3.438 3.578 3.723 3.873 4.028 4.189 4.356 4.528 4.706 4.890 5.080 5.277 5.480 5.689 5.905 6.128 6.358 6.596 6.842 . 7.095 7.356 7.626 7.905 8.193 8.490 8.796 9.111 9.436 9.711 10.116 10.472 10.839 11.217 11.607 12.009 12.423 12.849 13.287 13.738 14.203 14.681 15.173 15.679 16.200 16.736 17.287 17.854 18.437 19.036 19.652 20.285 20.936 21.605 22.292 22.998 23.723 24.468 25.233 26.019 26.826 27.654 28.504 29.376 30.271 31.190 32.133 33.100 34.092 35.110 36.153 37.222 38.318 39.442 40.595 41.777 42.989 44.231 45.503 46.806 48.141 49.509 50.909 52.343 53.812 55.316 56.855 58.431 60.044 61.695 63.384 65.113 66.882 68.692 70.543 72.437 74.375 76.356 78.381 80.451 82.568 84.732 86.944 89.206 91.518 93.881 96.296 98.763 101,28 103.85 106.48 109.17 111.91 114.71 117.57 120.49 123.47 126.51 129.62 132.79 136.02 139.34 142.69 146.13 149.64 153.22 156.87 160.59 164.39 168.26 172.21 176.24 180.34 184.52 188.79 193.14 197.57 202.09 206.70 211.39 216.17 221.04 226.00 231.06 236.21 241.46 246.80 252.24 257.78 263.42 269.17 275.02 280.98 287.04 293.21 299.49 305.89 312.40 319.02 325.76 332.62 339.60 346.70 353.92 361.26 368.73 376.33 384.06 391.92 399.91 408.04 416.31 424.71 433.25 441.94 450.77 459.74 468.86 478.13 487.55 497.12 506.85 516.74 526.79 537.00 547.37 557.90 568.59 579.45 590.48 601.69 613.08 624.64 636.38 648.30 660.40 672.69 685.17 697.83 710.68 723.73 736.98 750.43 764.08 777.92 791.97 806.23 820.70 835.38 850.26 865.36 880.68 896.23 912.01 928.02 944.27 960.66 977.38 994.34 1011.5 1028.9 1046.5 1064.4 1082.5 1100.9 1119.5 1138.4 1157.6 1177.0 1196.6 1216.6 1236.8 1257.3 1278.1 1299.1 1320.3 1341.9 1363.9 1386.1 1408.6 1431.3 1454.3 1477.7 1501.3 1525.2 1549.5

400 1574.1

pro oo vx KQ n

(For continuation use the equation, logic P — —-—-—m LITERATURE

(For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) t1) Alterthum, 97, 6: 540; 25. (2) Bartels, 8, 65: 143; 21. ( 3 ) Bernhardt, 63, 26: 265; 25. ( 4 ) Berthelot, 84, 131: 380; 00. ( 5 ) Braune, 93, 111: 109; 20. (6) Cailletet, Colardeau and Rivière, 34, 130: 1585; 00. (7) Callendar and Griffiths, 62, 182: 119; 92. (*) Ditte, 34, 73: 108; 71. ( 9 ) Egerton, 3, 33: 33; 17. (1°) Egerton, S, 39: 1; 20. C 11 ) Egerton, 5, 103: 469; 23. ( 12 ) Egerton, 3, 48: 1048; 24. (13) Egerton and Raleigh, 4, 123: 3024; 23. ( 14 ) Fajans, 9, 31 : 63; 25. ( 15 ) Fajans and Rishkevich, 218, 12: 304, 578; 24. ( 1 ^) Fèry, 6, 29: 428; 03. (") Fiock and Rodebush, 1, 48: 2522; 26. ( 18 ) Fogler and Rodebush, 1, 45: 2080; 23. ( 1 9 ) Gebhardt, 26, 3: 184; 05. (*°) Gibson, Diss., Breslau, 1911. ( 21 ) Goubau, 34, 158: 121; 14. ^ 2 2 ) Greenwood, o, 82: 396; 09. ( 23 ) Greenwood, 5, 8: 483; 10. ( 2 4 ) Greenwood, 7, 76: 484; 11. ( 2 S) Greenwood, 9, 18: 319; 12. (26) Haber and Kerschbaum, 9, 20: 296; 14. ( 2 *) Haber and Zisc^, 96, 9: 302; 22. (28) Hackspill, 34, 154: 877; 12. ( 2 ») Heike, 93, 118; 254; 21.

!

—h 7.752, valid up to 130O0C)

( 30 ) Heike and Leroux, 93, 92: 119; 15. ( 31 ) Hertz, 8, 17: 193; 82. ( 32 ) Heycock and Lamplough, 182, 28: 3; 12. ( 33 ) Hill, 2, 20: 259; 22. ( 3 4 ) Horiba, 7, 106: 295; 23. ( 35 ) Ingold, 4, 121: 2419; 22. ( 3 «) Jenkins, 5, 110: 456; 26. (37) Jewett, 3, 4: 546; 02. (38) Jolibois, 34, 152: 1767; 11. ( 3 ») Jones, Langmuir, Dushman and Mackay, O. The General Electric Co., Schenectady, N. Y. ( 4 0 ) Jonker, 93, 62: 89; 09. ( 41 ) Kahlbaum, 7, 13: 14; 94. ( 42 ) Killian, 2,27: 578; 26. ( 43 ) Knudsen, 8, 29:179; 09. ( 44 ) Knudsen, 8, 32: 809; 10. ( 45 ) Kohn, 96, 3: 143; 20. ( 4 *) Kohn andGuckel, 96, 27: 305;24. ( 4 ^) Krafft and Knocke, 25, 42: 202; 09. t 4 *) Kröner, 8, 40: 438; 13. ( 4 ») Laby, 3, 16: 789; 08. ( 50 ) Ladenburg and Minkowski, 96, 6: 153; 21. ( 51 ) Langmuir, 2t 2: 329; 13. ( 52 ) Langmuir and Kingdon, o, 107: 61; 25. ( 53 ) Langmuir and Mackay, 2, 4: 377; 14. (54) van Liempt, 93, 114: 105; 20. ( 5S ) van Liempt, 93, 115: 218; 20. ( 5 6) van Liempt, 176, 21: 517; 24. (57) van Liempt, 218, 12: 578; 24. ( 5 «) Mack, Osterhof and Kraner, l, 45: 617; 23. ( 5 ^) Maier, l, 48: 356; 26.

(«O) Menzies, 1, 41: 1783; 19. (61) Morley, 3, 7: 662; 04. (62) pfaundler, B, 63: 36; 97. (63) Piersol, 2, 23: 785; 25. (64) Pilling, 2,18: 362; 21. (65) Poindexter, 2, 26: 859; 25. (66) Preuner and Brockmöller, 7, 81:129; 12. (67) Ramsay and Young, 4, 49: 37; 86. (68) Rassow, 93, 114: 117; 20; («») Rishkevich, 9, 31: 54; 25. ( 70 ) Rodebush and DeVries, I1 47: 2488; 25. (" ) Rodebush and Dixon, 1, 47 : 1036; 25. ^72) Rodebush and Dixon, IB1 26: 851; 25. (73) R u ff and Bergdahl, 93, 106: 76; 19. ( 7 4 ) Ruff and Bormann, 93, 88: 365; 14. (™) Ruff and Bormann, 93, 88: 386; 14. (76) Ruff and Bormann, 93, 88: 397; 14. (77) Ruff and Hartmann, 93, 133: 29; 24. (78) R u ff and Johannsen, 25, 38: 3601 ; 05. ( 7 » ) Ruff and Josephy, 93,103:17 ; 26.

(80) Ruff and Keilig, 93, 88: 410; 14. C*1) Ruff and Mugdan, 93, 117: 147; 21. (82) Scott, 3, 47: 32; 24. (83) Smith and Menzies, 1, 32: 1434; 10. (84) Thiel and Ritter, 93, 132: 125; 23. (» s ) Tiede and Birnbräuer, 93, 87: 129; 14. (86) Villiers, 6, 30: 588; 13. (87) Volmer and Estermann, 96, 7: 1; 21. (88) yon Wartenberg, 93, 56: 320; 07. (89) VOn Wartenber«?, 93, 79: 71; 12. ( 9 O) von Wartenberg, 9, 19: 482; 13. (91) von Wartenberg, 9, 20: 443; 14. (92) Wertenstein and Jedrzejewski, 34, 177: 316; 23. ( 93 ) Worthing, 2, 28: 190; 26. (94) Young, 4, 59: 629; 9I1, (**\ Zwikker, 208, 5: 249; 25. (96)

Ruff and Konschak, 9, 32: 515; 26.

VAPOR PRESSURE OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS IN THE CRYSTALLINE STATE A. C. EGERTON AND W. EDMONDSON This section covers the pressure-temperature relations for systems composed of a single crystalline phase in contact with its own vapor. In the case of substances which dissociate on vaporization the value given is the total pressure. The literature references given first are to data to which most weight has been given.

^y ^2

»-TABLE, STANDARD ARRANGEMENT (v. p. viii) . -0.05223A , _ logio Pmm =

Kev y N

2

Formula

Tf

Range, 0C

B

Lit.

H2O HCl*

v. p. 210 -158to-110 1958s

8.443o .(«» 32» < 5 ); cf.

HBrf

-114 t o - 86

8.734

(20, 52)

22 42o

(29, 52, 93) ;

PH4Br

cf.

(20)

HIJ

- 97 to - 51

24 16o

8.259

PH4I

(29, 52, 93) ; c/. (92)

As2O3

8

- 95 to - 75 3582? 4 crystalline forms - l l O t o - 831 20 69o

SeO2§

N2O NO

t, 0C I p, mm 72.0 13.43 112.5 21.28 180.9 39.00 213.5 50.12 236.9 66.07 109.6 259.9 289.2 316.2 319.9 849.0 317.0 760.0 -78.11 82.5 -70.27 157.3 -70.15 158.1 25 to 56 82 4Oo t, 0C I p, mm ^6O 34 -50 79 -45.4 102 -144 to -90 2359o -200 to -161 16423

9.579 10.048

(13, 14) (2«, 30) ; c/. (57,

N2O4U

-100 to -40

55160

13.400

(23); c/. (76)

-4OtO-

45440

11.214

(76); c/. (27, 74)

N2O6 NH3f

- 3 0 t o + 30 -127 t o - 78

57 18o 3121i

12.647 (17, 75) 9.9974 (is, 45, 53, 88) ; c/.

H2Se H2SeO4 10

10.59Ie («» 1 3 » 1 4 ); cf. (»2) ( 50 ) 7.880 ( 5 2) ; c/. (93)

SO2 SOa H2S

TeH2

16

CO

CO2U

p - 55.0 mm at -68.6° 100 to 400 83 486 t, C

NH4Br NHJft NH4HS

Lit.

111350

12.127

CCl4 14.130 (38) (CN) 2 NH 4 CN NH 2 COaNH 4 (NH 4 J 2 CO 3

(")

(io) 10.0164 (*<>, 41, 67, ss, se,

CNCl

CNBr

(59, 84) ; c/. ( 9 4 )

9.9404(41,85) 10.27Oo (41,85) 10.75oo (35, 109)

Cf.

(33,

107, l i e )

(-183° to -135°) -70to -50 I 34 608 8.05 (57) -36.53° at 3.52 mm -27.19° at 6.17 mm . (68) -72 to -28 32437 9.6539 (63, ios) 7 to 17 4148* 9.97s (36) Data conflicting (9, 37) j (8) t, 0C I p, mm -32.69 58.6 (68) -30.65 60.1 -24.7 101.71 -11.41 250.67 -17 to +35 47 05i 10.32s ( 5 )

For other C-compounds, see the
SiCl4 SiH3Cl

(67)

""

logio p - -127y62 + 0.00683sT + 8.307l

C 1 *)

I p, mm

3 3 8 . 0 7 6 0 427 4 560 459 8 360 490 15 200 520 26 220 250 to 400 90208 760 mm at 394.2° 300 to 400 I 95 730 760 mm at 403.5° 6 to 40 I 46 02s 760 mm at 32.7°

B

83, 9 6 ) ;

87); c/. (34, 66) 0

I

P = 760.0 at -78.52°

(7, 13, 14, 57)

NOCI NH4Cl**

I A, joule j

355.8° at 760.0 mm 50.3° at 1.1 mm (54) 59.9° at 3.4 mm 91 to 213 I 13 12s 2.681 (54) t, 0G I p, mm -220.6 4 (24,33,60) -209.1 50 -205.70 111.33 ±0.04 -135 to-56.7 26179.8 9.9082 (31, 32, 47, 62,

BiCh

61) 10

100 tO 310

SbCl3

(3«)

Range, 0C

t, 0C I p, min "" 156.1 562.3 (»S) 143.6 354.8 266.1 136.7 122.2 133.4 101.4 37.58 -78.2 10.0 (102) -63.0 39.81 -41.1 251.2 -26.8 760.0 -23.1 1 OOO.o + 0.9 5 623.0 29.9 38 900.0 -80 to +40 48 IU 10.956i (43) 760 mm at 38.1° 10 to 60 I 51854 10.950o(43,85) 760 mm at 62.5°

PCl0

PH4Cl

~ +B

A, joule

Formula

SiH3Br SnCl4 PbCl2

1.0 mm at -70° t, 0C I p, mm -125.3 OTo -119.0 1.0 -94.0 2.5 -52 to -38 46 74o 0 t, C I p, mm 400 0.00174 425 .0058 450 .0178 475 .051

' (ioo) (99) (98) 9.824 (57) (22)

'

^®y _

Formula _

HgF2 Hg2Cl2

HgCl2 HgBr2 HgI2 HgS 31

CuO CuCl2

Ag2O AuCl3§§

OsO4 FeCl2 FeCl3

Range, 0C 0

t, C

A, joule

B

Kev N *

Lit.

I p, n ï m ~ ( T T )

850 2.0 917 4.0 968 10.5 995 17.0 Data unreliable (7M 0 t, C I p, mm («*) 90 0.004 I 100 0.0089 £ 110 0.011 § 120 0.016 S 130 0.0227 S 140 0.038 150 0.07 160 0.15 170 0.27 180 0.45 60 to 130 8503o 10.888 (*2» 95 ); c/. (3) 130 to 270 78 85o 10.094 111 to 235 79 800 10.181 (42, 9S ); c/. (3) 100 to 250 82340 10.057 ( 4 2 » 9 5 ); cf. ( 3 » 1 J > ) 760 mm at 580° (2) 0 t, C I p, mm 600 1.34X10-7 (55) 800 1.15X10-4 950 6.8 XIO-« 487.6 223.9 (54) 470.5 128.8 407.2 22.39 335.2 5.0 318.6 3.55 1 435 3.4 (UO) 1 316 0.46 100 7.0 («4) 138.5 11.0 181 61.2 202 154.5 229 424.2 251 808.7 -38 to 40.1 56 5oo 10.7100 C 1 1 1 ) 700 to 930 135 200 8.33 (54) t, 0C I p, mm 245.0 19.95 (54) 256.0 35.48 292.3 316.2

49

Range, 0C

Formula Co2(CO)8 UF6 NbF5

82

A, joule

B

Lit.

15 0.072 mm (*•) O to 69 41 73o 9.521 (72) t, 0C I p, mm 184.5 303.1 (73) 191.6 329.7 194.5 358.9 -50 0.7 (") TJ. Vol. IV, p. 84 O t o 40 53 184 10.172 0«») 70 to 190 l l S o o o 16.24 ( 5 *) 2.4 mm at 746.9° (54)

BBr3 BN B(CHa) 3 NH 3 H AlCl3 NaCl

* Over the range —150 to -1140C, Karwat gives the equation: log p = -

1

^y62 - 2.3577 log T -f 14.57497,

the coefficient of log T being obtained from specific heat measurements at low temperatures. t Henglein gives the equation: 'os, = -P^° +7.5030. over the range of his measurements from —130 to -950C. Ì Henglein gives the equation: log p = - ^ 10496 + 7.5030 § The results when plotted give an unusual curve. II For amount of dissociation see ( 76 ). 1790 OO 1 Karwat gives the equation: log p = ~ 1.81630 log T + 14.97593, the coefficient of log T being obtained from specific heat measurements at low temperatures. ** Smith and Calvert give the equation: log p = -

192

^;357 -f 9.778609 log T - 21.21708.

f t Smith and Calvert give the equation: log p = -

771

y591 + 10.04345 log T + 42.69560.

îî Over the range —110 to -8O0C Henning, to express his experimental results, gives the equation: 1279 11 log p = ~ f- 1.75 log T - 0.00207575T + 5.85242. The simpler equation: log p - - ^^- + 9.8318 expresses his experimental results closely. §§ The vapor is strongly dissociated.

(T-TABLE -0.05223A , _ lOgio Pmm =

Formula | Name CPL1 Methane*. C2H2 Acetylene C2H2O4 Oxalic acid C2H4O2 Acetic acid C6H4BrCl p-Bromochlorobenzene C6H4Cl2 p-Dichlorobenzene C6H6 Benzene C 6 Hi 2 Cyclohexane C7H6O2 Benzoic acid Ci0H8 Naphthalene Ci0Hi6O Camphor Ci4H8O2 Anthraquinone Ci 4 Hi 0 Anthracene

|

,.

rf,

h B

Range, 0C | A | -194 to -184 9 896.2 -140 to -82 21914 55 to 105 90502.6 -35 to 10 41 689 23 to 63 69 75s 30 to 50 72 21s -58 to -30 42 904 -30 to +5 44 222 0.018 mm at -77.5° -5 to +5 37394 60 to 110 63 82o O to 80 71 401 O to 180 53 559 224 to 286 110 04o 100 to 160 70 39o

* Using specific heats at low temperatures, for log T coefficient, Karwat gives: - 554.518 logio Pmm = if 1.0831 logic T + 10.1840

B 7.6509 8.933 12.2229 8.502 11.629 12.48o 9.556 9.846 8.594 9.033 11.450 8.799 12.305 8.706

|

Lit. (16, 32, 45); c/. (33, ei) (13); c/. ( 106 ) ( 11 Z) (57, 79, 113, H4) ; c/. (49) (^ 1 ) ( 91 ); cf. (46, 48) (25, 57); cf, (4, 68, H4)

(11S) (59) (i» 4, 78, 104); c/. (70, 90) ( 1 ^ 65, 94, 105); ^ (is, 59) (58,94) (59)

VALUES OF p AND t CH2O2, Formic acid (44) tt 0C p, mm 1 8.8 2 9.7 3 10.6 4 11.6 5 12.8 6 14.1 7 15.5 8 17.4 C2H4Br2, Ethylene bromide* (M. R, 9.55°) (69) -28.21 1.51 -23.16 1.90 -12.30 2.65 - 7.18 3.24 O 3.47 4- 5.62 5.53 6.54 6.16

C6H4Br2, p-Dibromobenzene

LITERATURE

(46,48,91)


t, 0C 84.0 69.4 52.8 32.8 21.0

C6H4N2O5, 2, 4-Dinitrophenol (8l)

100

213.3

^ 312

202.4 186.6

187 108

C4Hi2IN, Tetramethylammönium iodide (8S) 306.2 781 303.0 698 295.8 547 287.4 421 276.6 298 260.6 166 242.6 83 C6H3N3O7, Picric acid («) 100.4 I 0.00249

I

0.228

C6H6N2O2, p-Nitroaniline (82) 100 0.0136 C6H6O2, Hydroquinol (9*) 155.0 5.9 157.6 7.1 164.3 1.0 C7H5ClO2, Chlorobenzoic acid (80)

* M. P. of pure C2HjBr2, 7.7°.

C2H9NS, NH3(C2H6)HS (109) 5.0 33 13.4 55 17.0 73 23.2 109 31.4 183 35.0 228 37.2 264 40.5 322 C3H4, Allylene (51) -110 I Io C3H4, Aliene (") -146 I Io C3H6O, Acetone (21) -94.8 I 0.017 C3H6O2, Methyl acetate (39) -135 I 0.00354 C4H10O, Ethyl ether (21) -119.8 0.0027 -117.3 0.0065 C4H12ClN, Tetramethylammonium chloride (85) 231.5 690 227.1 567 222.5 430

p, mm 7.586 2.63 0.660? .0794 I .0158

omp-

100 100.63 100

0.1803 .197 .045

C7H5NO4, p-Nitrobenzoie acid (80)

100

I

0.0096

C7H6O3, Hydroxybenzoic acid (80)

o100 0.397 w101.06 .00149 p100.91 .00030 C8H8N2O3, Nitroacetanilide (82)

m100 0.0042 p100 .0021 C8H8O2, p-Toluic acid (*0) 100 | 0.216 C8H8O3J Hydroxytoluic acid

(80)

0-3 100 0.235 0-4 100 .121 0-5 100 .182 w-4 100 .0176 p-3 100.17 .00072 C10H18O, Borneol (l 05) 154.3 I 114.8 129.1 38.9 107.1 12.88 90.5 5.012 79.0 2.455 C13Hi0O, Benzophenone (108) O 2.03X10-5 8 6.94X10-S 26 6.859 XlO-* 7.614X10-4 32 1.418X10-3 40 3.198X10-3 3.933XIQ"8

C 1 ) Allen, 4, 77: 400, 413; 00. ( 2 ) Allen and Crenshaw, 93, 79:125; 12. 12, 34: 341; 12. ( 3 ) Arctowski, 93, 12: 413; 96. ( 4 ) Barker, 7, 71: 235; 10. (5) Baxter, Bezzenberger and Wilson, I1 42: 1386; 20. ( 6 ) Bergstrom, 50, 26: 358; 22. ( 7 ) Brill, S1 21: 170; 06. ( 8 ) Briner, 34, 142: 1416; 06. (») Briner, 42, 4: 276; 06. ( 1 O) Briner and Pylkoff, 42, 10: 640; 12. (») Bruylants, 186, 1920: 472. («) Bruylants and Dondeyne, 186, 8: 387; 22. ( 13 ) Burrell and Robertson, 30, No. 142; 15. ( 14 ) Burrell and Robertson, 1, 37: 2691; 15. ( l s ) Cragoe, Meyers and Taylor, 1, 42: 206; 20. (»«) Crommelin, 64V, 21: 684; 12. ( 17 ) Daniels and Bright, 1, 42: 1131; 20. ( 18 ) Datin, 6, 5: 218; 16. ( 19 ) Ditte, 34, 140: 1162; 05. (20) Drozdowski and Pietrzak, 165, 1913: 219. ( 21 ) Drucker, Jiméno and Kangro, 7, 90: 513; 15. ( 2 2 ) Eastman and Duschak, 80, No. 220; 19. ( 23 ) Egerton, 4, 105: 647; 14. ( 2 4 > Estreicher and Bobotek, 165, 1913: 451. ( 2 S) Ferche, 8, 44: 265; 91. ( 26 ) Goldschmidt, 96, 20: 159; 23. ( 2 ?) Guye and Drouginine, 42, 8: 473; 10. ( 2 «) Ham, Churchill and Ryder, 143, 186: 15; 18. ( 2 9 ) Henglein, 96, 18: 64; 23. (30) Henglein and Krüger, 93,130: 181 ; 23. (^) Henning, 8, 43: 282; 14. (32) Henning and Stock, 96, 4: 226; 21. (33) Homfray, 7, 74: 129; 10. (34) Horstman, 25, 2: 137; 69. ( 3 S) Isambert, 34, 92: 919; 81. (36) Isambert, 34, 94: 958; 82. ( 3 7) Isambert, 34, 102: 1313; 86. (3*) Jannek and Meyer, 93, 83: 51; 13. ( 3 ») Jiméno Gii, 132, 12: 469; 14. ( 4 O) Johnson, 7, 61: 457; 08. (41) Johnson, 7, 65: 36; 09. ( 42 ) Johnson, 1, 33: 777; 11. C 43 ) Johnson, 1, 34: 877; 12. ( 4 4 ) Kahlbaum, 7, 13: 14; 94. ( 4S ) Karwat, 7, 112: 486; 24. (««) Kruyt, 7, 79: 657; 12. ( 4 ?) Kuenen and Robson, 3, 3:149; 02. ( 4 «) Küster, 7, 51: 222; 05. («) Landoli, 13 SuppL, 6: 129; 68. (SO) Le Blanc and Rühle, 221, 74: 106; 22. («) Lespieau, 6, 27: 137; 12. (52) Maass and Mclntosh, 69, 8 IV : 65; 14. ( 53 ) McKelvy and Taylor, SlA, 18 : 655; 23. ( 54 ) Maier, 30, No. 360; 25. ( 5S ) Mack, Osterhof and Kraner, 1,45: 617; 23. ( 56 ) Mond, Hirtz and Cowap, 4, 97: 798; 10. ( 5 7) Mündel, 7, 85: 435; 13. ( 58 ) Nelson and Senseman, 45, 14: 58; 22. (*») Niederschulte, Diss., Erlangen, 1903. («0) OIszewski, 34, 99: 706; 84. (*') Olszewski, 34, 100: 940; 85. (« 2 ) Onnes and Weber, 6J1P, 16: 215; 13. ( 63 ) Perry and Bardwell, 1, 47:2629; 25. ( 64 ) Petit, 27, 37: 615; 25. ( 6S ) Ramsay and Young, 62,175:37; 84. (««) Ramsay and Young, 62, 177: 71; 87. («7) Rassow, 93, 114: 117; 20. («*) Regnault, 161, 26: 339; 62. (« 9 ) Regnault, 161, 26: 462; 62. (70) Rolla, 59, 19: 318; 10. 22, 18 H: 365; 09. (^ 1 ) Ruff and Bahlau, 25, 51 : 1752; 18. (72) Ruff and Heinzelmann, 93, 72: 63; 11. (73) Ruff and Schiller, 93, 72:329; 11. (7 4 ) Russ, 7, 82: 217; 13. (75) Russand Pokorny, 67, 34: 1027; 13. ( 7 6 ) Scheffer and Treub, 7, 81: 308; 12. (77) Schenk and Albers, 93, 105: 145; 18. ( 7 «) Schlumberger, 397, 55: 1257; 12. (79) Schmidt, 7, 7:433; 91. (8°) Sidgwick, 4, 117: 396; 20. (81) Sidgwick and Aldous, 4, 119: 1001; 21. ( 82 ) Sidgwick and Rubie, 4, 119: 1013; 21. (»3) Siemens, 8, 42: 871; 13. ( 8 4 ) Smellie, 54, 42: 466T; 23. (*5) Smith and Calvert, 1, 36: 1363; 14. (»«) Smith and Lombard, 1, 37: 38; 15. ( 8 7) Smith and Menzies, 1, 32: 1448; 10. ( 88 ) Smits and Postma, 64P, 17:182; 14. («») SmitsandSchoenmaker, 4, 1926: 1108. (90) Speranski, 7, 46: 70; 03. (") Speranski, 7, 51: 45; 05. (92) Steele and Bagster, 4, 97: 2607; 10. ( 93 ) Steele, Mclntosh and Archibald, 7, 56: 129; 06. ( 94 ) Stelzner, Diss., Erlangen, 1901. (» 5 ) Stelzner and Niederschulte, 88, 7: 159; 05. (»«) Stock, Henning and Kuss, 25, 54: 1119; 21. (»7) Stock and Kuss, 25, 47: 3113; 14. ( 98 ) Stock and Somieski, 25, 50: 1739; 17. (") Stock and Somieski, 25, 52: 695; 19. (» 00) Stock, Somieski and Wintgen, 25, 50: 1754; 17. ( 1 Oi) Stock and Zeidler, 25, 54: 531; 21. ( 1 O 2 ) Tammann, B57, p. 289. ( 103 ) Terwen, 7, 91: 469; 16. (*04) Thomas, 54, 35: 506; 16. ( 1 OS) Vanstone, 4, 97: 429; 10. (1O*) Villard, &$, 120:1262; 95. ( 1 O?) VillardandJarry,S4, 120:1413;95. (!««) Volmer and Kirchhoff, 7, 115: 233; 25. ( 1 OS) Walker and Lumsden, 4, 71: 428; 97. (11O) von Wartenberg, 9, 19: 489; 13. t111) von Wartenberg, 13, 440: 97; 24. (112) Wobbe and Noyes, l, 48: 2856; 26. (113) Young, 4, 59: 903; 91. (114) Young, 117, 12: 374; 10. ( 11S ) Young and Fortey, 4, 75: 873; 99. (il«) Zeleny and Smith, 63, 7: 667; 06.

THE VAPOR PRESSURES OF ICE AND WATER UP TO 10O0C E. W. WASHBURN In the following tables, the values given are the vapor pressures for the condition that the solid or liquid phase is under its own vapor pressure. If the solid or liquid phase is in contact with the atmosphere, the corresponding vapor pressures will be somewhat higher, and can be obtained by adding to the value given in the table a small increment, Ap, computed by means of the following equations :

Dans les tables suivantes, les valeurs données sont les tensions de vapeur dans la condition de la phase solide ou liquide se trouvant sous la pression de sa propre vapeur. Si la phase liquide ou la phase solide se trouve en contact avec l'atmosphère, les tensions de vapeur correspondantes seront un peu plus élevées, et elles peuvent être obtenues en additionnant aux valeurs données dans les tables un petit accroissement, Ap, calculé au moyen des équations suivantes:

Die in den folgenden Tafeln angegebenen Werte für die Dampfdrucke gelten für den Zustand, dass die feste oder flüssige Phase unter dem eigenen Dampfdruck steht. Ist die feste oder flüssige Phase mit der Atmosphäre in Verbindung, so werden die entsprechenden Dampf drucke etwas höher sein. Man erhält sie, wenn man zu dem in der Tafel angegebenen Wert das Inkrement Ap addiert, das sich nach den Gleichungen berechnen lässt:

Nelle tabelle seguenti le tensioni riportate sono quelle del solido o del liquido a contatto col solo vapore proprio. Quando il solido o il liquido si trovano in contatto con l'atmosfera, le tensioni di vapore corrispondenti sono un po'più alte e si possono avere aggiungendo al valore della tabella, un incremento Ap, calcolato per mezzo della seguente equazione:

For ice and for water below O0C: IQOAp _

20

p~~ ~ t +273

0

For water above O C : 100 — = 0.0775 - 3.13 X 10~4J (valid up to t = 4O0C) and

100 — = 0.0652 - 8.75 X 10~5p (valid above 5O0C) THE VAPOR PRESSURE OF ICE Computed from the equation 944.K ^fVtfi logioP = _fî^^ + 8 2312 1Og10T1 - 0.01677006^ + 1.20514 X IQ-5T2 - 6.757169, mm Hg Based upon the measurements of Weber (2) and Scheel and Heuse (*); see Washburn (3). T = 273.1 + t -90° to -30°; unit, 0.001 mm Hg J9 0C j O I 1 I 2 3 I 4 I 5 6 I 7 I 8 I -90 0.07o 0.05s 0.04s 0.04o 0.03s 0.02? 0.02 2 0.01s 0.01s -80 0.40 0.34 0.29 0.24 0.20 0.17 0.14 0.12 0.10 -70 1.94 1.67 1.43 1.23 1.05 0.90 0.77 0.66 0.56 -60 8.0s 7.03 6.14 5.34 4.64 4.0s 3.4g 3.02 2.61 -50 29.55 26.1 23.0 20.3 17.8 15.7 13.8 12.1 10.6 -40 96.6 86.2 76.8 68.4 60.9 54.1 48.1 42.6 37.8 -30 285.9 257.5 231.8 208.4 187.3 168.1 150.7 135.1 120.9 -30° to 0°; mm Hg t, 0C I 0.0 I 0.3 0.2 I 0.3 I 0.4 | 0.5 | 0.6 [ 0.7 | 0.8 | -29 0.317 0.314 0.311 0.307 0.304 0.301 0.298 0.295 0.292 -28 0.351 0.348 0.344 0.341 0.337 O 334 0.330 0.327 0.324 -27 0.389 0.385 0.381 0.377 0.374 0.370 0.366 0.362 0.359 -26 0.430 0.426 0.422 0.418 0.414 0.409 0.405 0.401 0.397 -25 0.476 0.471 0.467 0.462 0.457 0.453 0.448 0.444 0.439

9 0.012 0.084 0.47 2.25 9.2s 33.4 108.1 0.9 0.289 0.320 0.355 0.393 0.435

-24 -23 -22 -21 -20

0.526 0.580 0.640 0.705 0.776

0.520 0.574 0.633 0.698 0.769

0.515 0.569 0.627 0.691 0.761

0.510 0.563 0.621 0.685 0.754

0.505 0.558 0.615 0.678 0.747

0.500 0.552 0.609 0.672 0.740

0.495 0.547 0.603 0.665 0.733

0.490 0.541 0.597 0.659 0.726

0.486 0.536 0.592 0.652 0.719

0.481 0.531 0.586 0.646 0.712

-19 -18 -17 -16 -15

0.854 0.939 1.031 1.132 1.241

0.846 0.930 1.021 1.121 1.230

0.838 0.921. 1.012 1.111 1.219

0.830 0.912 1.002 1.101 1.208

0.822 0.904 0.993 1.091 1.196

0.814 0.895 0.984 1.080 1.186

0.806 0.887 0.975 1.070 1.175

0.799 0.879 0.966 1.060 1.164

0.791 0.870 0.956 1.051 1.153

0.783 0.862 0.947 1.041 1.142

0.0 I 1.361 1.490 1.632 1.785 1.950

0.1 1.348 1.477 1.617 1.769 1.934

0.2 1.336 1.464 1.602 1.753 1.916

-30° to 0°; mm 0.3 I 1.324 1.450 1.588 1.737 1.899

-9 -8 -7 -6 -5

2.131 2.326 2.537 2.765 3.013

2.112 2.306 2.515 2.742 2.987

2.093 2.285 2.493 2.718 2.962

-4 -3 -2 -1 -Q

3.280 3.568 3.880 4.217 4.579

3.252 3.539 3.848 4.182 4.542

3.225 3.509 3.816 4.147 4.504

I10G -14 -13 -12 -11 -10

I

Hg.-(Continued) 0.4 | 0.5 1.312 1.300 1.437 1.424 1.574 1.559 1.722 1.707 1.883 1.866

0.6 [ 1.288 1.411 1.546 1.691 1.849

0.7 | 1.276 1.399 1.532 1.676 1.833

0.8 | 1.264 1.386 1.518 1.661 1.817

0.9 1.253 1.373 1.504 1.646 1.800

2.075 2.266 2.472 2.695 2.937

2.057 2.246 2.450 2.672 2.912

2.039 2.226 2.429 2.649 2.887

2.021 2.207 2.408 2.626 2.862

2.003 2.187 2.387 2.603 2.838

1.985 2.168 2.367 2.581 2.813

1.968 2.149 2.346 2.559 2.790

3.198 3.480 3.785 4.113 4.467

3.171 3.451 3.753 4.079 4.431

3.144 3.422 3.722 4.045 4.395

3,117 3.393 3.691 4.012 4.359

3.091 3.364 3.660 3.979 4.323

3.065 3.336 3.630 3.946 4.287

3.039 3.308 3.599 3.913 4.252

THE VAPOR PRESSURE OF LIQUID WATER FROM —16 TO O0C (IN MM HG) Computed from the above table with the aid of the thermodynamic equation logio^ = 2~3'\4^9* - 1.330 X 10-5*2 + 9.084 X 10^ (3)

t, 0C -15 -14 -13 -12 -11

I

0.0 I 1.436 1.560 1.691 1.834 1.987

0.1 I 1.425 1.547 1.678 1.819 1.971

0.2 I 1.414 1.534 1.665 1.804 1.955

0.3 I 1.402 1.522 1.651 1.790 1.939

0.4 I 1.390 1.511 1.637 1.776 1.924

0.5 | 1.379 1.497 1.624 1.761 1.909

0.6 | 1.368 1.485 1.611 1.748 1.893

0.7 | 1.356 1.472 1.599 1.734 1.878

0.8 | 1.345 1.460 1.585 1.720 1.863

0.9 1.334 1.449 1.572 1.705 1.848

-10 -9 -8 -7 -6

2.149 2.326 2.514 2.715 2.931

2.134 2.307 2.495 2.695 2.909

2.116 2.289 2.475 2.674 2.887

2.099 2.271 2.456 2.654 2.866

2.084 2.254 2.437 2.633 2.843

2.067 2.236 2.418 2.613 2.822

2.050 2.219 2.399 2.593 2.800

2.034 2.201 2.380 2.572 2.778

2.018 2.184 2.362 2.553 2.757

2.001 2.167 2.343 2.533 2.736

-5 -4 -3 -2 -1

3.163 3.410 3.673 3.956 4.258

3.139 3.384 3.647 3.927 4.227

3.115 3.359 3.620 3.898 4.196

3.092 3.334 3.593 3.871 4.165

3.069 3.309 3.567 3.841 4.135

3.046 3.284 3.540 3.813 4.105

3.022 3.259 3.514 3.785 4.075

3.000 3.235 3.487 3.757 4.045

2.976 3.211 3.461 3.730 4.016

2.955 3.187 3.436 3.702 3.986

-O

4.579

4.546 4.513 4.480 4.448 4.416 4.385 4.353 4.320 4.289 THE VAPOR PRESSURE OF LIQUID WATER FROM O0C TO 10O0C (IN MM HG) From the Physikalisch-Technische Reichsanstalt " Wärmetabellen," Holborn, Scheel and Henning, Vieweg und Sohn, Braunschweig, 1909. By permission t, 0C | 0.0 | 0.1 0.2 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.5 | 0.6 | 0.7 | 0.8 | 0.9 0 4.579 4.613 4.647 | 4.681 4.715 4.750 4.785 4.820 4.855 4.890 1 4.926 4.962 4.998 5.034 5.070 5.107 5.144 5.181 5.219 5.256 2 5.294 5.332 5.370 5.408 5.447 5.486 5.525 5.565 5.605 5.645 3 5.685 5.725 5.766 5.807 5.848 5.889 5.931 5.973 6.015 6.058 4 6.101 6.144 6.187 6.230 6.274 6.318 6.363 6.408 6.453 6.498 5 6 7 8 9

6.543 7.013 7.513 8.045 8.609

6.589 7.062 7.565 8.100 8.668

6.635 7.111 7.617 8.155 8.727

6.681 7.160 7.669 8.211 8.786

6.728 7.209 7.722 8.267 8.845

6.775 7.259 7.775 8.323 8.905

6.822 7.309 7.828 8.380 8.965

6.869 7.360 7.882 8.437 9.025

6.917 7.411 7.936 8.494 9.086

6.965 7.462 7.990 8.551 9.147

10 11 12 13 14

9.209 9.844 10.518 11.231 11.987

9.271 9.910 10.588 11.305 12.065

9.333 9.976 10.658 11.379 12.144

9.395 10.042 10.728 11.453 12.223

9.458 10.109 10.799 11.528 12.302

9.521 10.176 10.870 11.604 12.382

9.585 10.244 10.941 11.680 12.462

9.649 10.312 11.013 11.756 12.543

9.714 10.380 11.085 11.833 12.624

9.779 10.449 11.158 11.910 12.706

t,°C 15 16 17 18 19

THE VAPOR PRESSURE OF LIQUID WATER FROM O0C TO 10O0C (IN MM I 0.0 0.1 I 0.2 I 0.3 0.4 0.5 | 12.788 12.870 12.953 13.037 13.121 13.205 13.634 13.721 13.809 13.898 13.987 14.076 14.530 14.622 14.715 14.809 14.903 14.997 15.477 15.575 15.673 15.772 15.871 15.971 16.477 16.581 16.685 16.789 16.894 16.999

HG).—(Continued] 0.6 | 0.7 | 13.290 13.375 14.166 14.256 15.092 15.188 16.071 16.171 17.105 17.212

0.8 | 13.461 14.347 15.284 16.272 17.319

0.9 13.547 14.438 15.380 16.374 17.427

20 21 22 23 24

17.535 18.650 19.827 21.068 22.377

17.644 18.765 19.948 21.196 22.512

17.753 18.880 20.070 21.324 22.648

17.863 18.996 20.193 21.453 22.785

17.974 19.113 20.316 21.583 22.922

18.085 19.231 20.440 21.714 23.060

18.197 19.349 20.565 21.845 23.198

18.309 19.468 20.690 21.977 23.337

18.422 19.587 20.815 22.110 23.476

18.536 19.707 20.941 22.243 23.616

25 26 27 28 29

23.756 25.209 26.739 28.349 30.043

23.897 25.359 26.897 28,514 30.217

24.039 25.509 27.055 28.680 30.392

24.182 25.660 27.214 28.847 30.568

24.326 25.812 27.374 29.015 30.745

24.471 25.964 27.535 29.184 30.923

24.617 26.117 27.696 29.354 31.102

24.764 26.271 27.858 29.525 31.281

24.912 26.426 28.021 29.697 31.461

25.060 26.582 28.185 29.870 31.642

30 31 32 33 34

31.824 33.695 35.663 37.729 39.898

32.007 33.888 35.865 37.942 40.121

32.191 34.082 36.068 38.155 40.344

32.376 34.276 36.272 38.369 40.569

32.561 34.471 36.477 38.584 40.796

32.747 34.667 36.683 38.801 41.023

32.934 34.864 36.891 39.018 41.251

33.122 35.062 37.099 39.237 41.480

33.312 35.261 37.308 39.457 41.710

33.503 35.462 37.518 39.6772 41.94

35 36 37 38 39

42.175 44.563 47.067 49.692 52.442

42.409 44.808 47.324 49.961 52.725

42.644 45.054 47.582 50.231 53.009

42.880 45.301 47.841 50.502 53.294

43.117 45.549 48.102 50.774 53.580

43.355 45.799 48.364 51.048 53.867

43.595 46.050 48.627 51.323 54.156

43.836 46.302 48.891 51.600 54.446

44.078 46.556 49.157 51.879 54.737

44.320 46.811 49.424 52.160 55.030

40 41 42 43 44

55.324 58.34 61.50 64.80 68.26

55.61 58.65 61.82 65.14 68.61

55.91 58.96 62.14 65.48 68.97

56.21 59.27 62.47 65.82 69.33

56.51 59.58 62.80 66.16 69.69

56.81 59.90 63.13 66.51 70.05

57.11 60.22 63.46 66.86 70.41

57.41 60.54 63.79 67.21 70.77

57.72 60.86 64.12 67.56 71.14

58.03 61.18 64.46 67.91 71.51

45 46 47 48 49

71.88 75.65 79.60 83.71 88.02

72.25 76.04 80.00 84.13 88.46

72.62 76.43 80.41 84.56 88.90

72.99 76.82 80.82 84.99 89.34

73.36 77.21 81.23 85.42 89.79

73.74 77.60 81.64 85.85 90.24

74.12 78.00 82.05 86.28 90.69

74.50 78.40 82.46 86.71 91.14

74.88 78.80 82.87 87.14 91.59

75.26 79.20 83.29 87.58 92.05

50 60 70 80

92.51 149.38 233.7 355.1

97.20 156.43 243.9 369.7

102.09 163.77 254.6 384.9

107.20 171.38 265.7 400.6

112.51 179.31 277.2 416.8

118.04 187.54 289.1 433.6

123.80 196.09 301.4 450.9

129.82 204.96 314.1 468.7

136.08 214.17 327.3 487.1

142.60 223.73 341.0 506.1

90 91 92 93 94

525.76 546.05 566.99 588.60 610.90

527.76 548.11 569.12 590.80 613.17

529.77 550.18 571.26 593.00 615.44

531.78 552.26 573.40 595.21 617.72

533.80 554.35 575.55 597.43 620.01

535.82 556.44 577.71 599.66 622.31

537.86 558.53 579.87 601.89 624.61

539.90 560.64 582.04 604.13 626.92

541.95 562.75 584.22 606.38 629.24

544.00 564.87 586.41 608.64 631.57

95 96 97 98 99 100 101*

633.90 657.62 682.07 707.27 733.24 760.00 787.57

636.24 660.03 684.55 709.83 735.88 762.72 790.37

638.59 662.45 687.04 712.40 738.53 765.45 793.18

640.94 664.88 689.54 714.98 741.18 768.19 796.00

643.30 667.31 692.05 717.56 743.85 770.93 798.82

645.67 669.75 694.57 720.15 746.52 773.68 801.66

648.05 672.20 697.10 722.75 749.20 776.44 804.50

650.43 674.66 699.63 725.36 751.89 779.22 807.35

652.82 677.12 702.17 727.98 754.58 782.00 810.21

655.22 679.59 704.71 730.61 757.29 784.78 813.08

*For higher temperatures, D. p. 233.

LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) (») Scheel and Heuse, 16, 29: 731; 09. ( 2 ) Weber, 168, No. 150: 37; 15. (3) Washburn, 406, 52: 488; 24.

VAPOR PRESSURES OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS IN THE LIQUID STATE FOR PRESSURES UP TO TWO ATMOSPHERES OTTO MAASS In addition to the vapor-pressure data for the compounds given, the Ä-Table is a complete index to the vapor-pressure data for all pure chemical compounds in the liquid state. The literature references given first are those upon which the values given are based; confirmatory references are marked cf.

-, , Formula H 3 N...

»-TABLE, STANDARD ARRANGEMENT (v. p. viii) . -0.05223A , ., lOgio Pmm —

y

'

**

The tables contain either the values of A and B in the above equation (together with the range of applicability of the equation), tabulated values of t and p, or both. The values in the B. P. column are based on the best available direct determinations of the boiling point. These values not infrequently differ considerably from those interpolated from the vapor-pressure data, a situation which can be cleared up only by further research. _ , Formula

H2Q H2Q2 HF ClO2

77.

-T. _ Range. 0C

A, .^

T, B

T. p. 210 10 to 90 -83 to +48 —59 to -fll

48580 ~ 25180 27260

8.853 7.37o 7.89s

Normal Bfp^c

HBr HI

-85.0

P, mm 168.5 226.2 329.8 503.4 640.8 17960 21580

SO2

^_ SQ3

-10.02

t, 0C -70 -65 -60 -55 -50 -45 -40 -35 24 to 48

p, mm 19.9 30.0 42.8 61.8 86.7 119.6 162.3 217.1 43450

t, 0C -30 -25 -20 -15 -10 - 5 O

S2Ch SOBr2 H2Se H2SeO3 SeOCl2

H2Te N2Q NO N2Qs NaO4

t, C -82 -78 -74 -70 O to 138

P1 mm 172 23s 339 432 35990

-60 to -26 70 to 110

2021 o 43ooo

0

SbBr3

SbI3

"(*) -59.4

0

(32);

t, C -66 -62 -58

p, mm 53s 660 83o

7.45s

(23) l 85 ) (") (27) 176.4 "(**) p, mm 213.0 304.0 418.0 560.0

7.43i S.lso

t, 0C pt mm t, 0C 85 22.0 135 95 37.4 145 105 58.9 155 115 94.4 165 125 114.0 TT -46 to O ~ 227eo 7.26o -90.Ito -88.7 16440 7.5s5~ T". -163.7 to -148 1304o 8.440 ~ -25 to Q 39400 "10.so -8 to +43.2 3343o 8.814

PCl3 As2O3 AsCl3 SbCl3

( 7 > 25, 3 7 )

p, mm 286.0 373.0 478.0 607.0 761.0 947.0 1164.0

10.022 ~

H2S

Lit.

( a a );c/. ( 6 3 , 6 4 ) ( 3 2 ); cf. ( 6 3 )

7.42? 7.63o

cf. (63, 64)

QQ) ( 1 2 ); c/. (7* 4 6 ) (*»» 24) (22) (5, 56) ; c/. (45, 85.5)

_, B

t, 0C -77 -74 -71 -68 -65 -62 -59 -56 -53 -50 -61.5 to -"JIT tt 0C

p, mm 47.8 60.5 76.7 94.7 117.1 143.8 175.5 212.7 256.3 307.0 25500 p, mm

*, 0C -47 -44 -41 -38 -35 -32 -29 —26 -23 -20 7.870 t, 0C

8 9.0 2o

70 80 90

PH 3

T.,

(25); Cf. ( 3 2 , 6 4 )

A, .^

30 50 60 ^

(**) (<*<>) (29)

HCl

t, 0C -108 -104 -100 - 96 - 88 -86 to -66~ -50 to -34

NOCI P2O3

T-. nx-i Range. 0C

CO CO2, v. p. 235 C3Q2 .TT CCl4, see also p. 215

CCl2O

-100 to +6 t, 0C -20 O +30 -15 to +22

60 15o 3Oo

p, mm t, 0C pt mm 29.8 -109 209.9 274.6 43.0 -105 61.3 -101 354.2 - 97 450.4 85.7 117.5 - 93 564.5 158.8 - 89 699.5 31860 ~~7.6si 73.5 52120 6.51s 39Ïïô~ 7.95s~ ~~49440 8.09o p, mm 29 43 64 92 127 55Ooo 8.00s p, mm t, 0C p, mm 42 210 111 59 220 148 82 230 195 64150 7.83i p, mm t, 0C p, mm 23 295 80 35 310 115 53 325 166 6354 6.976

25460 ~7.640 p, mm t, 0C 9.9 60 33.1 90 139.5 110 25390 7.59o

p, mm 1.6 3.5 7.1 14.0 26.2 46.5 78.8 127.8 19220 p, mm l.s 13.0 73.0

tt 0C +10 20 30 40 50 60 70

7.38s

( 2 5 ) ; Cf,

(64)

(««) (ss) (6) (49)

(49)

(49)

Q 8 ); cf. ( 3 > 39)

6.3 (77) p, mm ( 16 » 8 4 ) 439.0 1112 1880 v. p. (4M 215 46.25

/, 0C -70 -60 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10 O -80 to -50 *, 0C -130 -110 - 90

T., Lit.

-33.35 (13, 25) ; c/. (7, p, mm 12,43) 365.5 432.9 510.8 598.6 699.1 812.9 941.3 1085.0 124?. o 1427.0 ( 8 0 ); c/. ( 9 ) p, mm ( 5 7 )

-87.4

t, 0C -133 -129 -125 -121 -117 -113 0-70 315 to 490 50 to 100 170 to 253 <, 0C 120 130 140 150 160 235 to 324 t, 0C 180 190 200 330 to 445 t, 0C 250 265 280 -290 to -206

CS2

COS

Normal ^ p>> „c

p, mm 198.1 297.5 432.7 616.7 854.0 1178.0 157o.o

_

( 4 > 25, 37, 5 9 ) ;

cf. ( 46 > 4 7 )

(««)

Formula CSSe

Range, °C

^

«, 0C O + 15 30 50

p, mm 2e 5s 112 24e

70

(CN) 2 HCN CNCl

B

%%£.

• n i Formula

Lit.

T^ 0n^ Range, C t, 0C

84.5 (78)

48s

-32 to - 6 23750 7.80s (79) 77. - 8 to +27 2783p 7.744e ( 42 ); cf. I 8 7 ) - 5 to +40 27100 7.840 (*«) For other C-compounds, v. thé (T-Table, p. 215 SiQ2 1860 to 2230 SOeooo 13.43 22so (52) ~ H4Si -160 to -112 12690 6.99e ( 71 ); cf. (*) H 6 Si 2 ......... -115 to -14.6 217oo 7.25s (Ti) H8Si3 77 -70 to +52 29850 7.67e (7i> 76) (SiHa)2Q _. -110 to -15 23590 7.68e (TS) SiCU -70to +5 30100 7.644 (*«> 75) Si2CIe . 40 to 103 459 o o 8.7oe 139 (33) Si3CIs 77 124 to 149 50500 8.3oo 213 (33) (SiCh)20 30 to 137 398so 7.98o (75) t, 0C p, mm O 1.5 10 3.0 20 6^0 SiH3Cl -110 to -30 21400 7.48s (73) SiH2Cl2 -100 to + 8 25500 7.61s (73) SiH3Br - 90 to + 2 244so 7.524 (Ti) SiH 2 Br 2 ... 77. - 65 to +18 310io 7.654 ^^^ (72) (SiH3)BN..."7. - 60 to +15 30620 7.88s (74) For methylsilicanes, v. p. 215 Ge2H6 .] - 98 to +30 264oo 7.444 Q«) Ge3H8 O to 111 31900 7.224 Q*) GeCl4 10.4 to 86 385oo 7.340 (38) SnH4 —148 to -49 19i40 7.4oo ( 40 ) 0 0 SnCh t, C p, mm t, C p, mm (84) -10 2.8 90 360.5 + 10 10.3 120 895.0 30 31.3 140 1497.0 60 112.0 PbF2 77 1078 to 1289 !65100 8.391 1292 (82) PbCl2 7". 500 to 950 141900 8.961 94s ( 1 7 ); cf. (82) PbBr2 735 to 918 llsooo 8.0e4 9ie (82) TlF 282 to 298 IQsooo 12.52 298 (82) TlCl . 665 to 807 105200 ~7.9?4 8Oe (82) TlBr 634 to 817 105400 7.940 81s (82) TlI 693 to 822 1054oo 7.9o2 824 (82) CdI2 385 to 450 122200 9.269 "(**) HgCl . 383(61); cf. (2» 48 ) 0 t, C p, mm 310 10s.o 330 189.2 350 329.9 370 548.9 HgCl2 77. 275 to 309 61020 8.409 2ZZZZ ( 28 » 44 » 6S ) HgBr2 238 to 331 612so 8.284 (28, 44, 65) HgI 2 .... 266 to 360 62770 8.11s (28, 44, es) Cu2Cl2 878 to 1369 80? o o 5.4 5 4 13ee (82) Cu 2 Br 2 .... 77. 997 to 1351 79900 5.4eo" 1345 (82) Cu2I2 991 to 1154 80700 5.5?o 1293 (82) AgCl 1255 to 1442 ISssoo 8.179 15s4 (82) OsFs 7". 38 to 47.3 292^0" 7.6s(7 (54) Co(CO) 3 NO... 14 to 66 3021 o 7.3ee (36) Ni(CO) 4 2 to 40 29800 7.7so 43 ( 15 ); c/. (34) CrQ2Cl2.. . 7". 79 to 116 362so 7.73s 116.7 (35) NbF 5 219 7") t, 0C p, mm 182 29o 200 42o 210 54o

. A,' joule p, mm

T» B t, 0C

Normal B. F., O p, mm (51)

TaF6

182 200

37o 4Oo

218 229

B2H6 B5Hn BCl3

-112 to -87

13050

6.5se

( 66 ) ( 86 ) +12.7 (70)

7.655 7.640

( 67 ) (<">) C 8 «)

t, 0C -80 -60 -30 -15 O -40 to +90 -80to -5

BBr3 B2H6Br B3N3H6 Al2Q3 LiF LiCl LiBr LiI NaOH NaF NaCl NaBr NaI NaCN KOH KF KCl KBr KI RbF RbCl RbBr RbI CsF CsCl CsBr CsI

TTT

7".

p, mm 4.0 Is. o lle.o 251.0 477.0 33320" 262eo

58o 75o

T Lit.

(

For B(CaHb)x. t>. p. 215 1840 to 2200 54oooo 14.22 22io 1398 to 1666 21s40o 8.7ss 1670 1045 to 1325 155900 7.9s9~ 1387 1010 to 1265 1527^00" S.Oes 12es 940 to 1140 148600 8.On llsg 1010 to 1402 !82000 7.Oso 1390 1562 to 1701 2l8200 8.640 17os 1156 to 1430 ISssoo 8.548 14s9 976 to 1155 180300 8.3297 1138 to 1394 16ieoo 7.948 139s 1063 to 1307 !65100 8.371 1297 800 to 1360 155520 7.472 1496 1170 to 1327 13eooo 7.3so 1322 1278 to 1500 2075^0" 9.Ooo~ 1498 1116 to 1418 169700 S.lso 14ie 906 to 1105 174500 8.3526 1095 to 1375 16ssoo 7.9se 13si 906 to 1063 168100 8.2470 1063 to 1333 155700 7.949 13si 843 to 1028 157600 8.0957 1142 to 1400 18s200 8.570 14o8 1142 to 1395 1986^7 9.1n 13ss 1050 to 1365 !65000 8.223 1340 1075 to 1325 ISeeoo 8.067 13o4 1033 to 1255 14o900 7.7os 12ss 986 to 1295 !63200 8.340 1289 978 to 1305 15s60o 7.990 ~1297 1052 to 1280 185700 9.124 12so

(52) ( 53 ); c/. (»3) ( so ); cf. ( 83 ) ( so ); cf. («3) ( so ); c/. (83) (8i) ( S3 ) ; cf. (83) (81); c/. (SO) (*») ( 8 M; c/. ( so ) ( 81 )î cf. ( so ) ( 26 ) (8M T S3 )î c/. ( 83 ) ( 81 ); cf. (SO) (*») ( 81 ); c/. (50) Q9) ( 81 ); c/. (50) (**>) ( S 3); c/. (S3) ( so ); c/. (83) ( 50 ); cf. (83) ( so ); cf. (83) (S3) ; c/. (83) ( so ); c/. (83) ( 50 ); c/. ( 83 ) ( s o ); c/. ( 83 )

LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) (i) Adwentowski and Drozdowski, 180, 1911 A: 330. (2) Arctowski, 93, 12: 417; 96. (3) BaIy and Donnan, 4, 81: 907; 02. (4) Battelli, Mem. della Accad. di Torino, 41: 1 ; 90. (5) Baume and Robert, 34, 168: 1201 ; 19. («) Baxter, Bezzenberger and Wilson, 1, 42: 1386; 20. (7) Bergström, 50, 26: 358, 876; 22. (8) Berthoud, 42, 20: 77; 23. (9) Briner and Pylkoff, 42,10: 640; 12. (i o) Bruylants, 186, 6: 472; 20. (U) Bruylants and Dondeyne, 186, 8: 387; 22. (12) Burrell and Robertson, 1, 37: 2482; 15. (13) Cragoe, Meyers and Taylor, 1, 42: 206 ; 20. ( 14) Dennis, Corey and Moore, 1, 46: 657 ; 24. ( » *) Dewar and Jones, 5, 71: 434; 03. (16) Drucker, Jiméno and Kangro, 7, 90: 513; 15. (17) Eastman and Duschak, 30, No. 225: 19. (18) Estreicher and Bobotek, 165, 7: 451; 13. (19) Fiock and Rodebush, l, 48: 2522; 26. (20) Germann and Taylor, 1, 48: 1154; 26. ( 2 M Goldschmidt, 96, 20: 159; 23. (22) Guye and Drouguinine, 42, 8: 473; 10. (23) Harvey and Schuette, 1, 48: 2065; 26. (24) Henglein and Krüger, 93, 130: 181; 23. (25) Henning and Stock, 96, 4: 226; 21. (26) Ingold, 4, 123: 885; 23. (27) Jannek and Meyer, 93, 83: 51; 13. (28) Johnson, 1, 33: 771; 11. (29) King and Partington, 4, 1926: 925. (30) Lenher, Smith and Town, 50, 26: 156; 22. (31) Maass and Hiebert, l, 46: 2693; 24. (32) Maass and Mclntosh, 69, 8 III: 65; 14. (33) Martin, 4, 105: 2836; 14. (34) Mittasch, 7, 40: 3; 02. (35) Moles and Gomez, 7, 80: 513; 12. (36) Mond and Wallis, 4, 121: 32; 22. (37) Mund, 186, 1919: 529. (38) Nilson and Petterson, 7, 1: 38; 87. (39) Olszewski, 34, 99: 706; 84.

and Priess, 88, 7:159; 06. (66) Stock and Friederici, 25, 46:1959; 13. («*) (40) Paneth, Haken and Rabinowitsch, 25, 57: 1891; 24. (^ 1 ) Paterno and Stock and Kuss, 25, 47: 3115; 14. (6«) Stock and Kuss, 25, 50: 159; 17. Mazzuchelli, 36, 50 1: 30; 20. ( 4 2 ) Perry and Porter, 1, 48: 299; 26. (*3) (69) Stock, Kuss and Priess, 25, 47: 3115; 14. Postma, 70, 39: 515; 20. (") Prideaux, 4, 97: 2032; 10. (45) Ramsay and Young, 62, 177: 71; 86. .( 46 ) Regnault, J5J, 26: 339; 62. (47) Rex, (70) Stock and Priess, 25, 47: 3109; 14. (™) Stock and Somieski, 25, 49 : 111; 16. (72) Stock and Somieski, 25, 50: 1739; 17. (73) stock and Somieski, 7, 06: 358; 06. ( 4 8 ) von Richter, 25, 19: 1057; 86. ( 4 9 ) Rotinyanz and 25, 52: 695; 19. (74) Stock and Somieski, 25, 54: 740; 21. (75) Stock, Suchodskii, 7,87:635; 14. Somieski and Wintgen, 25, 50: 1754; 17. (76) Stock, Stiebeler and Zeidler, (50) Ruff and Mugdan, S3, 117: 147; 21. ( 51 ) Ruff and Schiller; 93, 72: 329; 25, 56: 1695; 23. (77) Stock and Stolzenberg, 25, 50: 498; 17. (78) Stock 11. ( 5 2 ) Ruff and Schmidt, 93, 117: 172; 21. ( 53 ) Ruff, Schmidt and and Willfroth, 25, 47: 144; 14. (79) Terwen, 7, 91: 469; 16. Mugdan, 93, 123: 83; 22. (54) R u ff and Tschirch, 25, 46: 929; 13. (55) (80) Trautz and Gerwig, 93, 134: 409; 24. (81) Wartenberg and Albrecht, Rushton and Daniels, 1, 48: 384; 26. ( 56 ) Scheffer and Treub, 7, 81: 308; 13. 58 9, 27: 162; 21. (82) Wartenberg and Bosse, 9, 28: 384; 22. (83) Warten(57) Schenck, Mihr and Bauthien, 25, 39: 1506; 06. ( ) Schmidt and berg and Schulz, 9, 27: 568; 21. (84) Young, 117, 12: 428; 10. (*5) Walter, 8, 72: 565; 23. (59) Siemens, 8, 42: 871; 13. Mayes and Partington, 4,1926: 2594. (85.5) Mittasch, Kuss and Schlueter, (60) Simons, 1, 46: 2179; 24. («i) Smith and Calvert, 1, 38: 801; 16. ( 6 2 ) 93, 159:1; 26. ( 86 ) stock and Pohland, 25, 59: 2210; 26. ( 87 ) Sinozaki, Smits and Schoenmaker, 4, 1926:1108. (63) Steele and Bagster, 4, 97: 2607; Kara and Mitsukuri, 505, 6: 157; 26. 11. (64) Steele and Mclntosh, 7, 55: 136; 06. (65) Stelzner, Niederschulte

VAPOR PRESSURES OF ORGANIC LIQUIDS H. R. RAIKES AND E. J. BOWEN C-TABLE The (T-arrangement, v. p. viii i 0.05223 lOgio Pmm =

Ij,

A H- r>

The values in the B. P. column are based upon the best available direct determinations of the boiling point. These values not infrequently differ considerably from those interpolated from the vapor-pressure data, a situation which can be cleared up only by further research. Range, 0C A, joule B (for Normal (or t, 0C) (or pmm) p in mm) B. P., 0C CCl2O Carbonyl chloride (3, 76, 78); c/. (80) -90 to +25 I 24684 | 7.460 | 8.45 CCl3NO2 Chloropicrin (5, 124) -20 1.5 111.91 -10 3.0 O 5.7 -flO 10.4 20 13.8 25 18.3 30 31.1 35 40.15 CCl4 Carbon tetrachloride (2«, 44, 72, 87, 124, 126, 136) -70 to -19 36585 8.540 76.75 -19 to +20 33 914 8.004 20 91 25 114.5 30 143.0 35 176.2 40 215.8 45 262.5 50 317.1 55 379.3 60 450.8 65 530.9 70 622.3 80 843 90 1 122 100 1 463 CN4Q8 Tetranitromethane (65) 40 26.6 125.7 50 44.2 60

70 80 90

70.6

109 164 239

t,°C

?>mm

100 110 120

339 470 640

Range, 0C A, joule B (for Normal (or t, 0C) (or pmm) p in mm) B. P., 0C CHBr3 Bromoform, 9.4 mm at 25.0° (9?) CHCl3 Chloroform (?, 28, 44, 89) ; c/. (87, 126) -60 0.81 61.20 -50 2.06 -40 4.7 -30 10.0 -20 19.6 -10 34.75 t, 0C pmm O 61.0 45 439.0 +10 100.5 50 526.0 20 159.6 55 625.2 25 199.1 60 739.6 30 246.0 60.9 760.0 35 301.3 70 1 019 40 366.4 80 1 403 HCN Hydrocyanic acid (41); cf. (80, 140) O to 46 I 27875 | 7.752e j 25.7s CH2Br2 Méthylène bromide (89) O 11.5 10 20.4 20 34.7 30 56.4 CH chloride (89,116) _ _2Cl2 Méthylène _ 10 20 30

229.7 348.9 511.4

CH2O2 Formic Acid (29, 34, 53, 55, 57, 92); c/. (96)

18^9 100.5 33.1 52.2 82.6 125.9 189.7 279.6 398.1 552.1 753.4 CH3AsCl2 Methylarsine dichloride (5) -17 to +35 I 43686 | 8.6944 [ CH3Cl Methyl chloride (47, ioo) ; c/. (87) -47 to -10 I 21988 | 7 ASi I -23.47 ÏO 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

and Priess, 88, 7:159; 06. (66) Stock and Friederici, 25, 46:1959; 13. («*) (40) Paneth, Haken and Rabinowitsch, 25, 57: 1891; 24. (^ 1 ) Paterno and Stock and Kuss, 25, 47: 3115; 14. (6«) Stock and Kuss, 25, 50: 159; 17. Mazzuchelli, 36, 50 1: 30; 20. ( 4 2 ) Perry and Porter, 1, 48: 299; 26. (*3) (69) Stock, Kuss and Priess, 25, 47: 3115; 14. Postma, 70, 39: 515; 20. (") Prideaux, 4, 97: 2032; 10. (45) Ramsay and Young, 62, 177: 71; 86. .( 46 ) Regnault, J5J, 26: 339; 62. (47) Rex, (70) Stock and Priess, 25, 47: 3109; 14. (™) Stock and Somieski, 25, 49 : 111; 16. (72) Stock and Somieski, 25, 50: 1739; 17. (73) stock and Somieski, 7, 06: 358; 06. ( 4 8 ) von Richter, 25, 19: 1057; 86. ( 4 9 ) Rotinyanz and 25, 52: 695; 19. (74) Stock and Somieski, 25, 54: 740; 21. (75) Stock, Suchodskii, 7,87:635; 14. Somieski and Wintgen, 25, 50: 1754; 17. (76) Stock, Stiebeler and Zeidler, (50) Ruff and Mugdan, S3, 117: 147; 21. ( 51 ) Ruff and Schiller; 93, 72: 329; 25, 56: 1695; 23. (77) Stock and Stolzenberg, 25, 50: 498; 17. (78) Stock 11. ( 5 2 ) Ruff and Schmidt, 93, 117: 172; 21. ( 53 ) Ruff, Schmidt and and Willfroth, 25, 47: 144; 14. (79) Terwen, 7, 91: 469; 16. Mugdan, 93, 123: 83; 22. (54) R u ff and Tschirch, 25, 46: 929; 13. (55) (80) Trautz and Gerwig, 93, 134: 409; 24. (81) Wartenberg and Albrecht, Rushton and Daniels, 1, 48: 384; 26. ( 56 ) Scheffer and Treub, 7, 81: 308; 13. 58 9, 27: 162; 21. (82) Wartenberg and Bosse, 9, 28: 384; 22. (83) Warten(57) Schenck, Mihr and Bauthien, 25, 39: 1506; 06. ( ) Schmidt and berg and Schulz, 9, 27: 568; 21. (84) Young, 117, 12: 428; 10. (*5) Walter, 8, 72: 565; 23. (59) Siemens, 8, 42: 871; 13. Mayes and Partington, 4,1926: 2594. (85.5) Mittasch, Kuss and Schlueter, (60) Simons, 1, 46: 2179; 24. («i) Smith and Calvert, 1, 38: 801; 16. ( 6 2 ) 93, 159:1; 26. ( 86 ) stock and Pohland, 25, 59: 2210; 26. ( 87 ) Sinozaki, Smits and Schoenmaker, 4, 1926:1108. (63) Steele and Bagster, 4, 97: 2607; Kara and Mitsukuri, 505, 6: 157; 26. 11. (64) Steele and Mclntosh, 7, 55: 136; 06. (65) Stelzner, Niederschulte

VAPOR PRESSURES OF ORGANIC LIQUIDS H. R. RAIKES AND E. J. BOWEN C-TABLE The (T-arrangement, v. p. viii i 0.05223 lOgio Pmm =

Ij,

A H- r>

The values in the B. P. column are based upon the best available direct determinations of the boiling point. These values not infrequently differ considerably from those interpolated from the vapor-pressure data, a situation which can be cleared up only by further research. Range, 0C A, joule B (for Normal (or t, 0C) (or pmm) p in mm) B. P., 0C CCl2O Carbonyl chloride (3, 76, 78); c/. (80) -90 to +25 I 24684 | 7.460 | 8.45 CCl3NO2 Chloropicrin (5, 124) -20 1.5 111.91 -10 3.0 O 5.7 -flO 10.4 20 13.8 25 18.3 30 31.1 35 40.15 CCl4 Carbon tetrachloride (2«, 44, 72, 87, 124, 126, 136) -70 to -19 36585 8.540 76.75 -19 to +20 33 914 8.004 20 91 25 114.5 30 143.0 35 176.2 40 215.8 45 262.5 50 317.1 55 379.3 60 450.8 65 530.9 70 622.3 80 843 90 1 122 100 1 463 CN4Q8 Tetranitromethane (65) 40 26.6 125.7 50 44.2 60

70 80 90

70.6

109 164 239

t,°C

?>mm

100 110 120

339 470 640

Range, 0C A, joule B (for Normal (or t, 0C) (or pmm) p in mm) B. P., 0C CHBr3 Bromoform, 9.4 mm at 25.0° (9?) CHCl3 Chloroform (?, 28, 44, 89) ; c/. (87, 126) -60 0.81 61.20 -50 2.06 -40 4.7 -30 10.0 -20 19.6 -10 34.75 t, 0C pmm O 61.0 45 439.0 +10 100.5 50 526.0 20 159.6 55 625.2 25 199.1 60 739.6 30 246.0 60.9 760.0 35 301.3 70 1 019 40 366.4 80 1 403 HCN Hydrocyanic acid (41); cf. (80, 140) O to 46 I 27875 | 7.752e j 25.7s CH2Br2 Méthylène bromide (89) O 11.5 10 20.4 20 34.7 30 56.4 CH chloride (89,116) _ _2Cl2 Méthylène _ 10 20 30

229.7 348.9 511.4

CH2O2 Formic Acid (29, 34, 53, 55, 57, 92); c/. (96)

18^9 100.5 33.1 52.2 82.6 125.9 189.7 279.6 398.1 552.1 753.4 CH3AsCl2 Methylarsine dichloride (5) -17 to +35 I 43686 | 8.6944 [ CH3Cl Methyl chloride (47, ioo) ; c/. (87) -47 to -10 I 21988 | 7 ASi I -23.47 ÏO 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Range, 0C (or t, 0C)

A, joule B (for Normal (or pmm) p in mm) B. P., 0C CH3F Methyl fluoride (™) -102 to -76 | 17053 | 7.44s -77.96 CH3I Methyl iodide (is, 89, 93) O 141.2 42.35 10 220.2 20 331.4 30 483.4 CH3NO2 Nitromethane (i 31) 47 to 100 I 36914 | 8.033 | 101.1 CH4 Methane (25,48,113) -174 to -163 8516.9 6.862e -161.4 -176 190.5 -178 152.1 -182 94.0 -183.15 70 CH4Cl2Si Methyl dichlorosilicarìe ("*) -70 1.2 -60 3.0 -40 14.3 -20 49.0 O 140.0 +10 210.0 20 309.0 CH4O Methyl alcohol (2, 28, 72, 91, 92, 106, 112, 126, 129, 136, 137)

-62 to -44 -lOto +80

39234 38 324

8.954? 8.8017

64.6

CH4S Methylmercaptan Q 3) 595 6.8 855 1 270 CH6ClSi Methyl chlorosilicane (114) -90 2.0 -80 4.5 -60 23.2 -40 84.3 -30 146.6 -20 237.1 -10 363.0 CH5N Methylamine, 720 mm at -7.55° (*2) CH6Si Methylsilicane (***) -130 4.15 -56.9 -110 28.8 - 90 131.8 - 80 234.4 - 70 411.2 - 60 660.7 C 2 Cl 4 Tetrachloroethylene (44) 4 0 4 Ï 1 1 8 . 8 50 67 60 104 70 155.3 80 226 90 319.2 100 438.5 110 591.6 C 2 N 2 Cyanogen (21, 79); cf, (30, 123) -25 629.8 -21.2 -20 800.0 -15 1 005.0 -10 1 230.0 O 10 20


A, joule B (for Normal (or pmm) p in mm) B. P., 0G C2HCl3 Trichloroethylene (44) 25 73 87.15 30 94 40 149 50 224 60 324.5 70 453.0 80 618.0 C2HCl5 Pentachloroethane (44, 109) 70 39 161.75 90 90 100 130 110 176.2 120 236.6 130 316.2 140 421.7 150 555.9 160 724.4 170 929 180 1 183 C2H2Cl2 as-Dichloroethylene (45) 23 to 49 I 29216 | 7.624 | 48.35 C2H2Cl2tfrans-Dichloroethylene(45) 27 to 59 I 31006 | 7.752 | 60.25~ C2H2Cl4 1, 1, 2, 2-Tetrachloroethane (44) 26 to 145 I 39729 | 7.84e | 145.0 C2H2Cl4 1, 1, 1, 2-Tetrachloroethane (to») 105 to 145 I 36508 | 7.605 | 130.5 C2H3ClO Acetyl chloride, 760 mm at 50.92° (^24) C2H3CI3 l, l, 1-Trichloroethane (1Q**) 55 to 85 | 31 142 | 7.564 | 74.2 C2H3Gl3 l, l, 2-Trichloroethane (*o*>) 90 to 130 | 35371 | 7.656 | 113.7 C2H3N Acetonitrile, 760 mm at 81.60° (^26) C 2 H 4 Ethylene (17, 60, 113) -160 to -1041 14396 | 7.330 | -103.9 C2H4BrCl 1-Bromo-l-chloroethane (*o*») 75 to 95 | 33 051 | 7.732s | 82.7 C2H4Br2 Ethylene bromide (8?, * 27) 10 to 150 38 082 7.792 131.70 -10 2.5 O 3.9 C2H4Cl2 l, 1-Dichloroethane (88, *Q9) O to 30 31 706 7.909 57.65 40 to 70 30 625 7.716s C2H4Cl2 l, 2-Dichloroethane («», *Q9, 126) O to 30 35 598 8.126 83.70 64 to 86 32 996 7.705 C2H4O Acetaldehyde (35) -24.3to+27.5j 27707 | 7.820e | 19.8 C 2 H 4 O Ethylene oxide (59) __ 15 3 10.75 -40 64.1 -20 196.4 -10 316.3 O 493.1 -flO 738.0

'

^


A, joule (or pmm)

B (for p in mm)

Normal B. P., 0C

C2H4O2 AcetJC acid (53, 57, 92, 136) ; c/. (96)

11.7 118.5 20.6 34.8 56.6 88.9 136.0 202.3 293.7 417.1 580.8 794.0 1 067.6 1 414 C2H4O2 Methyl formate (126,136) -20 i 67.7 31.75 -10 117.6 O 195.0 + 10 309.4 20 476.4 30 707.9 40 1 029 50 1 451 G2H6Br Ethyl bromide (87, «*>, *><>, 126, 129) -20 59 38.40 -10 101 O 165 + 10 257 20 386 30 564 40 802 50 1 113 60 1 512 C2H6Cl Ethyl chloride (l 2, 52) -30 to +30 I 26319 | 7.691 | 12.7 C2H5I Ethyl iodide («7, 89, 93, 125, 129) O 41.5 72.5 10 68.5 20 108.5 30 167.5 40 251.5 50 364.0 60 512.0 C2H6 Ethane (57.s); cf. (i 7, 60, 115) -140 14.1 -88.63 -130 39.5 -120 94.7 -110 202.8 -100 393.8 - 90 705.2 - 80 1 182 - 75 1 499 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140

C2H6O Ethyl alcohol (16, 28, 58, 59, 67, 7l, 78, 129, 136, 137) ; c /.

(W -65 -60 -55 -50 -45 -40 -35

0.021 0.045 0.087 0.12 0.24 0.39 0.63

78.32

Range, 0C A, joule (or t, 0C) (or pmm) ~ 3 Ö 1 . 0 4 l -25 1.63 -20 2.5 -15 3.65 -10 5.6 - 5 8.3 O 12.2 + 5 17.3 10 23.6 15 32.2 20 43.9 25 59.0 30 78.8

B (for p in mm) <, 0G 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 so 85 90

Normal B. P., 0C pmm 103.7 135.3 174.0 222.2 380.6 352.7 448.8 542.5 666.1 812.6 986.3 1 187

I

C2H6O Methyl ether (59); cf. («7) -70 to -20 I 23025 | 7.720 | C2H6O2 Glycol (32) 39 62 96.8 147.9 218.8 316.2 446.2 615.9

120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190

8 to 45

I

__

34.4

1 216

C2H8Si Dimethylsilicane (U*) —

16.55 —

29.5 187.5 316.2 510.0

80 50 40 30

-73 to -13 I 40 60 80 100 120 130

|

C2H7N Ethylamine (12, 126) I 724 I I

—JIO -

C2H6S Ethylmercaptan (13) 28 210 | 7.672

35.9

C2H7_ N Dimethylamine (12)

15.6 15.45

197.0

C2H6S Methyl sulfide (13) 172 275.4 418.8 616.6 873

O 10 20 30 40

-24.6

C3H4 Allylene (60) 21372 | 7.429s

|

C3H4Br2 2, 3-Dibromopropylene ( 54 ) Î 7 \ 2 1 4 1 46.8 105.0 218.8 415.9 555.9

-27.5 .

2

C3H5Cl 3-Chloropropylene, 760 mm at 44.60° (127) C3H5ClO tt-Epichlorohydrin, 760 mm at 116.56° (124) C 3 H 6 N Propionitrile, 760 mm at 97.20° (127)

Range, 0C (or J1 0C)

A, joule B (for (or pmm) p in mm) C3H6 Propylene (",6Q) -95 to -48 19693 7.446s -127.4 3 -110.4 15 - 34.4 1 307 CsH6Br2 1, 3-Dibromopropane ( 54 ) 6 0 ï s T o 1 6 4 80 45.8 100 101.9 120 205.1 140 384.6 150 515.2 C5H6Q Acétone (6, 28, 50, 82, 91, 95, 112, 126); cff

-90 -70 ~50 ~30 -10

0.021 0.34 2A

11>2 38 7

'

5

89>1

+1 ° 15

115 6

' 147.1

<, 0C 35 40 45 50 56.30

| |

60

SI 282-.T C3H6O2 Propionic acid ( 53 > 5*> 96) 20 to 140 | 46150 | 8.715 | C3H6Q2 Ethyl formate (136) -20 22.5 -10 41.5 O 72.4 -flO 120.3 20 192.5 30 297.5 40 446.7 50 649.4 60 917.9 70 1 266 C3H6O2 Methyl acetate (136) -20 19 -10 35.1 O 62.1 + 10 104.8 20 169.8 30 265.8 40 400.4 50 588.2 60 837.5 70 l 167 C3H7Br Propyl bromide («*>, 127) O to 30 I 32 430 | 7.82i | C3H7Br Isopropyl bromide ( 89 ) O to 30 I 30 760 I 7.722 | C3H7CI Propyl chloride (12, 43, 89) O t o 50 28 894 7.59s 64.2 1 414 C3H7Cl Isopropyl chloride («») Oto 30 I 27 242 [ 7.49s | C3H7I Propyl iodide («*>) O to 30 I 35 334 | 7.826 |

Normal B. P., 0C -47.7

.

4

Range, 0C (or t, 0C) Q to 30 ÏÔ3 120 130 140 150 160 170 176.8

86Q 6

25 30

140.0

54.5

-45 to -10

'

47 274 3 44 5 04 ' 7 26 ' 10 3 '

9.518o t, 0C 65 70 75

25 30

20-.1 27.6

Il

^5

d7 4

1095

0

15

f

^ 50

47.2

54 103 146 203 283 392 551 697

-136 to -40 19 037 7.217 -44.5 -38.4 1 050 -30.85 1 368 C3H8O n-Propyl alcohol (16, 72, 136,137)

10

71.00

|

2 0 0 . 0 0 0 2 5 30 0.00083 40 0.0024 50 0.0073 60 0.0188 70 0.043 80 0.098 90 0.23 (some decomposition) C3H8 Propane (18, 60, 139)

+5

57.1

Normal B. P., 0G

C3H7NO5 Nitroglycerol (63); cf. (22)

(87, 121)

56.10 pmm 346.4 421.5 510.5 612.6 760

A, joule B (for (or pmm) p in mm) C3H7I Isopropyl iodide (89) I 32978 | 7.629 C3H7NO2 Urethane (i")

'

Sl

O^ o 87.2

°

105

no

| I

97.19 pmm 186.8 239.0 301.0

697 5 842 l

-

°97

l 206

60 îg.'o C3H8Q Isopropyl alcohol, 760 mm at 82.26° (16) C3H8Q Methyl ethyl ether (13) Q to 25 I 26 262 | 7.769 | 7.5 C3H8O2 Methylal, 760 mm at 42.30° (126) C3H9B Boron trimethyl (U 7) -118to -20 I 22 171 I 7.4595 | -20.2 C3H9N Propylamine, 726 mm at 47.05° (12) C4H2O3 Maleic anhydride (13Q) 60to 160 I 46 340 | 7.825 | C4H6O3 Acetic anhydride (», 77) 100 to 140 45585 8.688 139.55 150 1 171 C 4 H 7 N Butyronitrile, 760 mm at 117.00° (127) C4H8O Methyl ethyl ketone (79> 126) 20 77J5 79.60 30 121.4 40 188.4 50 300.0


A, joule (or pmm)

B (for p in mm)

Normal B. P., 0C

C4H8O2 Butyric acid (53, 54, 85, 96) 80 to 165 51103 9.010 162.4 20 0.75 30 1.5 40 3.0 50 5.2s 60 9.3s C4H8Q2 Isobutyric acid (53, 54, 92, 126) ; c/. (96) 30 to 155 48 498 8.819s 153.45 10 0.7 C4H8Q2 Ethyl acetate (126, 128, 136) -20 6.5 I 77.15 -10 12.9 <, 0C I pmm 0 24 2 ' 50 ' 282.3 42 8 +10 60 415.3 20 72>8 70 596.3 30 118.7 832.8 80 40 186.3 90 l 133 100

-20 -10 0

+ 10 20 30 40 50 ___ O H-IO 20 30 40 60 70 80 90 100

C4H8Q2 Methyl propionate (136) 5.6 I 11.5 t, °c I 21 9 ' 60 38.8 70 66.2 80 107.8 90 169.3 100 256.7 1 C4H8O___ 2 Propyl formate ( Se)

1 520

79.75 pmm

380.3 548 0

7710

1 048 1408

___

21.4 37.8 63.9 104.1 163.6 364.9 523.9 734.5 1 003 1 343

C4H9Br Butyl bromide, 760 mm at 101.60° (127) C4H10 Butane (1«> 139) -100 to +12 I 23 450 [ 7.39s | -0.3 C4H10 Isobutane (19, **> 139) ^^ -115 to -34 21 273 7.25 -13.4 -30 463 -25 544 -20 646 -15 745 75 to 117.5 20

25 30 4

^ 45 50

C4Hi0O n-Butyl alcohol (is, 54, 12?) 4 6774 9.1362 | 4 39 *, 0C I 6.44 S 9.52 60

117.71 Pmm

4^55Q2

*

fi^î

77 7

-1^ 24.9 33.7

70 7c

112.3 iqi o 131 3 '

75

Range, 0C A, joule B (for Normal (or t, 0C) (or pmm) p in mm) B. P., 0G C 4 Hi 0 O Isobutyl alcohol (*6> 68) ; cf, (96, 138) 60 99.1 107.89 70 158.5 80 248.9 90 384.6 100 583.5 110 845.3 120 1 197 130 1 668 C4Hi0O sec.-Butyl alcohol, 760 mm at 99.53° (16) fert.-Butyl alcohol, 760 mm at 82.55° (137) C4H10O Ethyl ether (28, 58, 72, 126, 136) I 34.60 -100 0.05 80 6 0 Ot, C I pmm 4 1 - f ^ 20 442.2

- S OU

ï'J 07.b

25

3()

^7-°3

537

112.3 OK TTK K 185 3 180. ô Q21 3 4() 233.2 45 l 090 291.7 5() l 277 l 277 360.7 _ C4Hi0O Methyl propyl ether (**) -0.5 to +40 I 28 952 | 7.729 | 38.8 C 4HioS Ethyl sulfide (13) 10 43.1 91.6 20 63.8 30 94.0 40 137.0 50 199.5 60 283.5 70 393.6 80 539.5 90 724.4 C 4 HnN Diethylamine (12) 54.0 724 75.2 1 345 C5H4O2 Furfural, 760 mm at 161.7° («*) C5H5N Pyridine, 760 mm at 115.50° (126) C 5 H 9 N Valeronitrile, 760 mm at 140.65° Q27) C5H10O2 Valeric acid (53, 54) 60 2.0? 184.4 80 9.3 100 28.2 120 70.5 130 106.9 140 159.6 150 234.5 160 336.1 170 475.3 180 660.7 C6Hi0O2 Isovaleric acid (53,96) ÏÔ 072 30 0.7s 50 2.9 70 9.4 90 27.3 110 69.8 130 159.8 150 338.3 -

10 O U + 5 10 15

Range, 0C (or t, 0C) 35 40 50 60 70 80 90 95

-10 O + 10 20 40 60 80 100 120 -10 O + 10 20 30

40 50 60

-10 0 10

+

20 30 40

50 60 ^JLO O +20 40 60 80 90 100 110 120

A, joule (or pmm)

B (for p in mm)

Normal B. P., 0C

C5Hi0O2 Isobutyl formate (64) 6 2 9 8 84 139 200 294 417 586 687

?

2

C6H10O2 Ethyl propionate (64, 1*6, 136) 4.05 99.10 8.3 15.55 27.75 77.9 188.0 403.6 785.0 1383 C5Hi0O2 Methyl rc-butyrate (136) 3.5 1 | 102.65 7.3 ï ^ c | pmm 13.8 n ^501 24.5 80 361.4 41 9 ' 90 507.0 69.2 1(X) 7007 109.6 941.0 110 167.5 j 247 120 C6Hi0O2 Methyl isobutyrate (136) 6.2 | 92.2 12 -! *, 0C | pmm 2 2- 4 7 0 3 5 5 . 2 38.9 80 5050 65.4 ^ 7070 104 7

' 162.0 243.8

100

956.0 1 269

no

C5Hi0O2 Propyl acétate (*» 136) 3?6 7.0 25.0 70.9 171.9 373.0 525.0 723.8 976.1 1 291

C5H12 n-Pentane (136) -20 to 4-50 | 27691 | 7.558 C6Hi2 Isopentane (126» 136) -30 58.55 -20 100.00 -10 164.05 O 257.35 + 10 390.4 20 572.2 30 819.0 40 1 140.5 50 1 535.7

101.7

Range, 0C (or t, 0G) O 10 20 40 60 80 100 110 120 130 10 20 40 60 80 100 110 120 130 140 150

70

80

™

27.95

137.75

132.05

O to 45 I 60 578 I 9.150 | C6H5Br Bromobenzene ( 7 2, 94, 126, 136); c/. (54) -26 to -15 42 500 8.075 | 156.15 ° 40 50 2°

36.1

Normal B. P., 0G

Ö ^ 0 10 89.1 20 143.3 30 219.8 40 326.6 50 472.1 60 666.0 C 6 H 4 N 2 O 5 2, 3-Dinitrophenol, 0.128 mm at 100° (ioi) 2, 4-Dinitrophenol, 0.294 mm at 100° ("I) 2, 5-Dinitrophenol, 0.506 mm at 100° (l°i) 2, 6-Dinitrophenol, 0.117 mm at 100° (i°i) 3, 4-Dinitrophenol, 0.00664 mm at 100° (loi) 3, 5-Dinitrophenol, 0.0098 mm at 100° (i°5) C6H5AsCl2 Phenylarsine dichloride ( 5 )

+3

|

A, joule B (for (or pmm) p in mm) G5H12Q Amyl alcohol (38, 12?) 0.6 1.3 2.8 10.6 34.1 95.1 233.3 350.3 512.3 730.8 C5H12O Isoamyl alcohol (»6, 137) 1.0 2.3 . 9.7 33.3 95.9 238.6 358.6 523.3 743.2 1 033 1 400 G6Hi2O Ethyl propyl ether (14) 5 2 7 s 6 4

5 67

' 9.99 16.96 27.61 4d 55 ' 66.22

*» °C

™?

ÎSSS

120

I

P™

274 9

130

37265

14Q

495g

150

649.05

160

846 0

C6H6Cl Chlorobenzene (72, 126, 136) -35 to -15 42 250 8.500 | +1

°

°

20 ^ tn fin 60

S

80

2 52

'

4 86

-

8-76

f

C

> °

w

132.00

P-"

iosls—

100

292.75

110

4

o«'^ Ai'oa i«'« 65.54

° 13 ° 140

IÎÏ'TS '

15 ° 160

144 75

I

iÎ 3Sl5 Ï

12

^2-55 542.80 718 95 ' 9394 1206 1 534


-20 -10 O + 10 20 30 40 50

A, joule (or pmm)

B (for p in mm)

Normal B. P., 0C

C6H5F Fluorobenzene ( 1 Se) 6.15 11.55 Î9 °ç 20.92 QQ 36.40 70 60.54 80 96.61 90 149.6 100 223 9

'

40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120

130

112 to 209 80 90 100 110

IAS

pmm 325

2.24 4.85 8.30 13.65 21.78 33.50 50.23 73.88

644 9

883

l 177

188.45

I

pmm ^^

15Q

2767

160

3673

17Q

4797

18Q

6187

200 21Q

148.3

220

7930

991.0 ! 2320 1 520.0

C6H6NO2 Nitrobenzene (54, 126) 48955 8.192 7.5 12.9 20.85 32.5

210.85

C6H6NO3 o-Nitrophenol, 2.92 mm at 100° (101) ra-Nitrophenol, 0.196 mm at 100° (101) p-Nitrophenol, 0.828 mm at 100° ( 101 ) C6H6 Benzène (2, 26, 31, 54, 62, 91, 107, 127, 136)

Oto 42 42 to 100

34 172 32 295

7.9622 7.6546

80.25 80.10 80.15 79.71* 80.12

* Known to be very pure by freezing point.

80 90 100

110 120

130 140

150

95 100 UO 120 130 140 100

C6H6ClN o-Chloroaniline (54, 1Q4) 7.7 I 208.8 13.0 t, 0C I pmm 20 7 160 199.1 32.1 269.8 170 48 4 180 358.5 71.0 190 4721 101 9

144.6

200 210

C6H6CIN rtt-Chloroaniline (54, 104) 7.0 I 9.0 I tt Q0 I4-8 180 23.1 190 35.1 200 52.1 210 75 9

150 to 260 100 265 270 275 280 285

1 542

lgo

105 4

j

4635

110

*>°C ^5

A, joule (or pmm)

B (for p in mm)

|

Normal B. R, 0G

C 6 H 6 N 2 O 2 o-Nitroaniline ("• 104)

1 85.2

C6H5I lodobenzene (2«> ™> *>4» 136) -30 to 4-18 43 000 7.500 | 30

Hange, 0O (or /, 0C)

608.2 778.0

228.5 Pmm

203.5 274 2 363 j 4764

' 220 616.6 160 107.2 230 7834 170 149.6 C6H6ClN p-Chloroaniline, 8.03 mm at 100° ( 104 )

63 881 8.8684 284.11 0.73 466.7 Ì 538.5 627.4 > (Some decomposition occurs) 743.6 922.0 J C 6 H 6 N 2 O 2ra-Nitroaniline("» ^ 4 )

170 to 260 100 265 270 280 290

65 880 0.16 265.6 304.2 433.4 653.2

8.8188

306

(Some decomposition occurs)

C6H6N2O2 p-Nitroaniline ( 1 I* 1(>4) 77 345 9.5595 19Q to 26Q 100 0.032 265 116.8 Ì 270 155.0 [ (Rapid decomposition occurs) 275 210.6 J I I C6H6N3 Phenyl azoimide (2Q) 7 5 3 3 . 8 80 41.8 85 52.0 90 63.6 95 79.1 C6H6Q Phenol (»); c/. ( 54 ) 116 to 180 I 49 644 | 8.587 | 181.2 C6H6Q2 Hydroquinol (UQ) 150 4.0 170 15.2 190 37.7 200 55.7 210 79.8 230 158.5 250 291.8 270 509.3 C6H7N Aniline (»» 42, 126); c/, (84) ^^ 145 to 185 45951.6 8.1278 184.3 50 2.4 184.07 60 5.7 70 10.6 80 18.0 90 29.2 100 45.7 110 69.2 120 96.6 130 144.5 140 204.0 C6Hi0O4 Glycol diacetate (*22) 100 24 I 190.6 UO 45 tfoC I P^ 120

70

130

106

14U

10S

160

3Ï5

180 573 ^ 190 748 C6Hi0Q6 Methyl tartrate (38) 155 to 175 I 50 670 | 7.36 | 150

Range, 0C (or t, 0C) O 10 20 30 40 50 60 65

O 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 80

90 100 110 120 130 135 70 80

100 120 140 150

A, joule B (for (or pmm) p m mm) G6H12 Butylethylene (132) 52.6 86.9 138.8 212.7 314.9 452.1 631.3 738.9 C6H12 Cyclohexane (27, 127, 136) 27.55 47.05 76.9 121.3 181.6 269.2 385.0 540.8 741.3 992 1 304 CeHi2O2 Caproic acid ( 53 ) 2J5 5.3 10.6 18.9 31.4 51.0 62.6

-°

140 to 200 40

204 2

290.4 4 7

564.9

+ 10 20 30

| |

2A

£ 80

' ' 13.6

90

21 8

121.0 ) 123.0 57.95 ^T ^Tgj.8 Û

4 8

8 2

*, °c

I

100 110 120 130

197.3

ymm 33.9 51.4 75.1 107 8

140 152.0 C7H5ClO2 o-Chlorobenzoic acid, 0.298 mm at 100° (i° 3 ) m-Chlorobenzoic acid, 0.333 mm at 100° ( 103 ) p-Chlorobenzoic acid, 0.94 mm at 100° (1°3) C7H5N Benzonitrile (54, 126) 60 6.3 | 191.30 10 70 0 -5 <, C | pmm 90 SI ~~™> ^~~ ™ **'* 160 338.8 100 42 7 ' 170 445.7

198.6 pmm ~

138

| 53 848 | 8.619 | C7H5ClO Benzoyl chloride ( 49 > 5 4 ) 45 416 7.924s x>1

50 70

190

C6H12O2 Isobutyl acétate, 25 to 115° ( CeHi2O2 Propyl propionate ( 64 ) 45 to 125 | 39221 | 8.052s |

0

12.5 39.8 104.7 236.6 331.9 455.0 C7H4Cl2Q o-Chlorobenzoyl chloride ( 49 ) 100 to 122 I 52 742 | 8.396 | C7H4Cl2O m-Chlorobenzoyl chloride ( 4 9 ) 94 to 117 | 49 870 | 8.086 [ C7H4CI2Q p-Chlorobenzoyl chloride ( 49 ) 97 to 120

C6H12O2 Ethyl butyrate (6 4 ) 45 to 121 | 39318 | 8.093 |

-10

O 20 40 60 70 80

80.75

C6H12O2 Amyl formate, 760 mm at 123.25° (135) C6Hi2O2 Isoamyl formate ( 64 ) 50 49 123.5 60 79 70 121 80 180 90 258 100 360 110 493 120 679

C6H14 Diisopropyl (136) 44.7 76 -° *, 0C 123.5 75 190.5 g 285.1 ™ g

A, joule B (for Normal (or pmm) p in mm) B. P., 0G C 6 H 14 Hexane (30, 72, 132, 136) -83 to -50 36 702 8.782 68.95 -50to -10 35 162.7 8.399 -lOto +90 31 679 7.724 C6H14O Methylisobutyl carbinol, 760 mm at 131.82° Ç 16 ) C6H14O Dipropyl ether (14) Sto 90 I 34 295 | 7.821 | 89.5 C6H15B Boron triethyl (U?)

65.9

CeHi2O2 Isocaproic acid ( 53 > 54 ) Î L 9 | 4 0 -° J1 C I 13.9 160 39.0 170 94.4 18 141


Normal B. P., 0C

110 120 130 140

~

7

65.0 180 94.2 135.5 187.3 C7H5NO Phenyl isocyanate (20) 6 ^ 3

5821 7482

5 3 80 45.3 85 55.9 90 68.2 95 83.9 C7H5NO3 o-Nitrobenzaldehyde, 0.0188 mm at 100° (i°2) m-Nitrobenzaldehyde, 0.0132 mm at 100° (i<>2) p-Nitrobenzaldehyde, 0.0090 mm at 100° (102) C7H5NO4 0-Nitrobenzoic acid, 0.0605 mm at 100° (ios) w-Nitrobenzoic acid, 0.0212 mm at 100° (i°3) y-Nitrobenzoic acid, 0.0059 mm at 100° (io 3 ) C7H5N3O6 Trinitrotoluene (66) 80 0.042 85 0.053 90 0.067 95 0.085 100 0.106

Range, 0C (or t, 0C) 30 40

A, joule B (for (or pmm) p in mm) C7H6Q Benzaldehyde (54) 1.1 2 3

50 60 70 80 QO yu 100

' 5.0 8.9 15.3 27.7 SQ S dy.s 60.5

11U

Wj/

ÎÔO 140 150 160 170 180

Iw

C

*» °

Normal B. P., 0C | I

178.3

60

P™

70

9

J;

100

110 120

60

Ui?'U 5

. 19'4 31 6 ' 49.2

188

90

14Q

263

100 110 120 130

71

! rn

ocq

160

469

25Q

249 Pmm

~

170

451 5Q7

en 8 0

io i 12>1

78

90

19 6

239 331 5

4212

_ 180 C7H8O m-Cresol (33); cf. (54) 1.76 C

566.9 202.2

'

'» °

£ ^

nl7

14

° 150

154.2 2193

170

302 7

20

48.6

180

4n2

'

190

2 1 ^ 3 7

7

6

I

549.6

' -!

O

On

17 Q 1 ?ò

90

100

27 2

110

4

120

' ^' 7 62.3

130

91>2

4 50

5^ 70 80 90

100 110 120

130 140

40 50 ™ 80

90

!S

160

72 5

I

P"" 15^0 152.1

16Q

2168

17Q

3000

lgo

190

548.3

120

130 140

15

207>1

° 160 170 180

286.0 380.9 502.6

20

843 5

°

'

C7H9N o-Toluidine ( 1 ^ 5 ); cf. ( 5 4) 1.1 I

50 60

106 9

19.05

iolo

40

100

di.o

°

0°

S

P^

no

' 31 5 '

100

70

I

202.1

C7H9N Methylaniline (74); c/. (54) 1.0 I 195.70 2.5 *, 0C I pmm 4 4 ' 140 147.6

40 50 5Jl

109 4 ' 158.1 222.9 308.3

7

-°

*» ° Ï40 150

I

C7H8O Anisole, 760 mm at 153.80° (126)

°

13 ° 140 150 160

6

C

Normal B. P., 0C

790

3 4

ld

1.7 3 3

130

70

OO

1

80

132

C7H6O3 o-Hydroxybenzoic acid, 0.862 mm at 100° ( 10 S) ra-Hydroxybenzoic acid, 0.257 mm at 100° ( 103 ) p-Hydroxybenzoic acid, 0.025 mm at 100° ( 103 ) C7H7NO2 o-Nitrotoluene ("-S); cf. ( 54 ) 50 to 225 I 48114 | 7.9728 | 220.38 C 7 H 7 NO 2 m-Nitrotoluene (**-5) 55 to 235 I 50128 j 8.0655 | 231.87 C7H7NO2 p-Nitrotoluene ("-5); cf. ( 54 ) 80 to 240 I 49950 | 7.9815 | 238.34 C7H8 Toluene (4, 28, 91, 126) ; c/. (54) -92 to +15 39 198 8.330 | 110.70 36 7 30 *, 0G I pmm 40 59.1 289.7 80 50 92 6 ' 90 404.6 60 139.5 100 557 2 70 202.4 C7H8O Benzyl alcohol (54) 100 to 135 59491 9.5152 203.9 135 to 205 53 118 8.697? 61 1 80 4.7 90 S1T C7H8Q o-Cresol (33); c/. (54) 50 1.87 I 190.5 60 3-55 *, 0C I pmm In 8 0

A, joule B (for (or pmm) p in mm) C7H^p-Cresol (33); cf, (54) ' -l 7 10 8 ' 18.3 30.1 47.4

120

180 C7H6O2 Benzolo acid (54, 103) l. 79 (Steam distillation) | 14.6 *, 0C I 23.6 21Q 36.3 22Q 55.8 230 81.6 24Q

mì

Range, 0C (or t, 0C) *

5

C

*> ° 140 150

199.84

I

ft"» 129.9 180.5

16

25

170 180 190

338.0 450.2 590.7

200

762 9

205

863.9

°

C7H9N m-Toluidine ( 1 ^ 5 ); cf. (54) T T i j 2 0 2 . 1>9 34 5 7

' ' 15 2 ' 23.9 36.7 9 4

54 8 ' 80.4 115.5

*> °C 150 160 170 180

I

°'2

8

P™ 162.6 224.9 305.9 410.6

19Q

5410

200

7067

205

6

803.4

C 7 H 9 N p-Toluidine ("-5); cf. (54) 1.1 I 200.35 2.0 ;, 0C I Pmm 3 7 ' 150 177.2 *'* 160 244.0 10 5 ' 170 330.6 16.9 lgo 4413 26 6

'

2'J

60 6 ' 88.4 126.3

190 20

580.4 753

205

854.2

°

-°

C7H14 Methylcycìohcxane, 760 mm at 101.20° (*2 7 )


A, joule B (for (or pmm) p in mm) C7H14O2 Heptylic acid (53, 54)

90 100

1.9 4.1

120

15>1

140

42 3

' 97.5 141.7 204.2

160 170 180

I tf

Normal B. P., 0G

221.0 pmm

| |

°c

190 200 210

288.4 400.9 549.6

220

7413

CyHi4Ü2 Isopropyl isobutyrate (13S) — 1 2 0 . 7 11.9 35.0 89.0 201.1 406.0 743.9 1 290

— 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

C7H16 Heptane (72,136) 37 358 8.2585 11.45 f, o c 20.5 w 35 5 90 58.35 100 92.05 110 140.9 m

-63 to -40 O +10 20

30 40 50 70

| |

5

1

^ 40

^n ou 70 80

98.42 Pmm

426^ 588.8 795 g l 047

70

C8H8O Acetophenone (*<>» 39, 54) 55117 9.1352 49 141 8.3170

198.5 (at 715 mm)

luu i"

S'zuzS

110

45

15

°

160

197.5 Pmm 136 2

190 5

-

260 9

120

° 66.7

170

351.6

180

472 1

130

96 3

190

'

O 10

QH

^0 tn AA ™

8S O O 20 1

54

C8H8O2 Methyl benzoate ( ) 3 7 9 | 6 8 J9 0C | 11.5 140

80

7

C8H8O2 Phenylacetic acid, 0.541 mm at 100° (*03)

80

30

^0 ^0

C8H8N2O3 o-Nitroacetanilide, 0.12 mm at 100° ( 104 ) 7w-Nitroacetanilide, 0.007 mm at 100° (K> 4 ) p-Nitroacetanilide, 0.008 mm at 100° (K> 4 )

70

20

40

1367

C8H8ClNO o-Chloroacetanilide, 0.94 mm at 100° (104) m-Chloroacetanilide, 0.078 mm at 100° (1O4) p-Chloroacetanilide, 0.92 mm at 100° (*<>*)

0

O 10

625^

'O8H8O3 3-Hydroxytoluene-2-carboxylic acid, 0.982 mm at 100° (103)

3-Hydroxytoluene-4-carboxylic acid, 0.507 mm at 100°

(103)

4-Hydroxytoluene-3-carboxylic acid, 0.462 mm at 100° (103) 5-Hydroxytoluene-3-carboxylic acid, 0.151 mm at 100° (103) 4-Hydroxytoluene-2-carboxylic acid, 0.0073 mm at 100° (*°3)

S !

*,0C

9>o

O

C8H4O3 Phthalic anhydride (56, 57, 70); c/. (86) 160 to 285 | 54920 | 8.022 | 284.6

6

A, joule B (for Normal (or pmm) P in mm) B. R, 0C C8H8O3 Methyl salicylate ( 84 ) 175 to 215 48670 8.008 222.89 216 645.5 218 677.2 220 710.2 222 744.3 224 779.8 225 798.1 C8H9FO p-Fluorophenetole, 762 mm at 172.70° (*2Q) ' C8Hi0 Ethylbenzene (132) O 5.9 | 133.91 20 on

302.3

SOtolOO 100 to 194


15.3 oo 7 r 5

|

^ ; ^6'1

100 110

307.0 414.15

12

7«L ° /».t>o 130 113.0 160.0 C8H10 o-Xylene (132) 4.0 6-4

tf

10 05

' 15.55

O0

5 9 ^ ' 695.95

| |

213

23 7

291.7 393.85 524.6 689.9

3

3

'45

1?'S 43

^' QI OA tn'ô rï'g

i5:5

.

*, °C

S-S fi

| I

9

Pn»n '°5

°

238.22 330.33 448.85 598.59

110 12

° 130

™ ïï

139.00 168

100

C8H10 p-Xylene ('2î »32) 8.29 11-52 ^c 16.35 S5

143.61 p^ 15^5 j

05 1(K)

' 110 ^* 120 ^2'4 130 76 15 ' 140 108.9 C8Hi0 m-Xylene (127, 132) 1.75

pmm 29Q i *Z6'1

Qn 9U

| i

138.30 Î Tû

™« 2Î:S

13 ,ÏÏ'S ° «24-9S %£ " . ~-» C8Hi0O Phenetole, 760 mm at 172.00° ("») C8HnN Dimethylaailine (74); c/. (54) 40 2.5 | 193.50 50 4.1 | tt Q0 pmm

S S

^ S 90 100 IW 110 120

130

,n'n S'! 243 37? 568 5b '8 81 8 ' 116.2

14

° ° 16 ° 17 ° 18 ° 190

I63-9 227'1 ^7'0 ^8'1 6 0 ^ 695' 4

195

7875 787 5 '

15

Range, 0C (or t, 0C) 40 50

f

A, joule B (for (or pmm) p in mm) C8H11N Ethylaniline (74); cf, (54) 1.1 | 2A

J-J

70

6<1

80 90

10.0 16.0 24 -° 36.4 54.5 79.0 112.0

100

UO 120 130 140

C

*• ° 150 160

I

Normal B. P., 0C


204.72

O !O

170 180

P™ 158.0 218.8 296.0 394 2

190

518.0

170 5

JJ

g.05

uo

23095

fn

IK o

12

°

^9'0

140

5301

867 0

80

Ö

53

-35 -30 -20

-1* 0

-H0 20 fo 50 ou

'6O 70

180 to 24Ì 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170

10

f 30

108.53

2 t y.'S OG 77.55 117.9

1 1U

l 425

° ^ {-n

°

C9H7N Quinoline (133) 49 720 7.969 3.1 5.2 8.5 13.4 20.7 31.0 45.3 65.3 91.4 127.0

-, JQr

237.2

C9H10O2 Hydratropic acid, 0.293 mm at 100° ( 103 )

407.55

150

679.7

C9Hi2 w-Propylbenzene (! 32) 6 T 2 5 I 156.28 7 7 «, 0C I pmm 10 -° ^ 5 1 1 0 . 0 5 13.55 100 1544

i».»

110

2136

26.6

12Q

2910

5J

g' 4

130

OU 80

77M //.oo

14ß

O 10

'°

^, C

'

100

9

659.1

150

C 9 Hi 2 Pseudocumene ( 13 2) 5 ^ 9 7 0 8 7

389.6 611

I

169.33

I

pmin 105.95 145 8 19g 55

AA ^

i15 L.05

110 12Q

50

20.5

130

267 6

70

d9 4

150

466.8

%

14

!3O

50

f

15

.,o, 64.35 ^

-

4U

20

C8H18 n-Octane (72, 132, 136) 0.17 | 125.8 0.28 | Î9 QÇ pmm 0.64 ^5 ^ 1 ^ 90 253.4 2 94 ' 100 353.6 5.62 no 481 Q 10.45 120 6464 1840

124 45

1(K)

210

10 20 30 40 50 70 90 100 120 130

w

154.73 pmm

ÌÌ'L

674 4

C8H18 2, 5-Dimethylhexane (124, 136) 13.0 23.0 38.5 61.8 95.9 213.3 426.6 578.8 1 020 1 319

I I

10.45

200

C8Hi6O2 n-Caprylic acid ( ) ÔL8 1.6 3.8 7.6 14.2 24.3 39.0 61.0

Normal B. P., 0C

ï OU ^ 70

95 100 110 120 130 140 150 160

A, joule B (for (or Pm1n) p in mm) C9H12 Cumene (132) 6.45 8.65 *, 0C

O

21 '

SÌ C9H12 Mesitylene (132) 15.6

10

20.45

<, °C

20

27 15

100 110

^0 40 50 ^ S S

' ^6'4 48.9 65.55

,?I'^ 008 Ì94Ì5

I I

^^ 161.94 Pnun

120

247.25 309.55 381 j

130

461 7

14

550 05

16

74

° °

105 to 185 60 70 80 90 100

C9H13N Dimethyl-o-toluidine (54) 45 260 8.043 7.0 12.3 20.2 32.1 49.4

135 to 211 80 90 100 110 120 130

C9Hi3N Dimethyl-p-toluidine (5*) 48 502 8.124 6.9 12.0 19.5 30.8 46.6 68.55

'

°'35

184.8

210.0


A, joule B (for Normal (or pmm) p in mm) B. P., 0C C9H18O2 Pelargonie acid (5S) 100 0.3 t, 0C I pmm HO 1.2 150 20.5 120 3.0 160 32.5 130 6.3 170 51.5 140 12.2 C9Hi8O2 Isobutyl valerate (6*) 90 to 170 I 44482 | 8.143 | 168.4 Ci0HrBr q-Bromonaphthalene ( 54 > 84) TÏO § 7 5 5 I 281.1 120 5.55 I ~ ti QQ pmm 130 85 230 232.6 140 12 8 ' 240 300.3 18 9 150 ' 250 381.5 160 27 4 260 482.0 180 54.95 270 604 0 200 102.4 280 7430 220 178.7 C10H7Cl q-Chloronaphthalene ( 54 ) 100 j 37s I 259.3 UO 6.5 <,°C I pmm 120 10.5 200 178 2 130 16.3 220 304 8 140 24 5 ' 230 390.4 150 35.7 240 497 7 160 51.05 250 622 0 180 98.5 C10H8 Naphthalene (9, 23, 51, 71, 73,108, ill) 120 to 200 47 362 7.927 | 218.0 85 90

9 8 ' 12t5

100

18.9

*» °G 235

I

P1 098 l 218

240

Range, 0C (or t, 0C) O 10 20 3

___ 110 120 13 J* 140

1600 1

J* 170 i»u 190 ™ 210

130 140

88?'3 25 988 ° C10H8Q q-Naphthol (i i-5) 1.7 j 0 2.8 tj C 4 6 ' 220 7A 230

8.15 10.95

XT SS 70

15 5

80 90

O 10

1179 7 9

24

° ' 250 25.8 260 o/.o 270 53.5 280 J 290 °2'9 295 G10H8Off-Naphthol(n-s) 3.6 5.8

0

t, C

S S

»:! ^S »•; ^S

ion 1 200 ^

Io 592 oy.^

s; 220

ÏÔÔ 140 160

^-9

111>5

243 2 ' 315.4

511 3

797.3 879.1 I I

IT ™

26

° 27 ° rtQp.

2

^

300 CiOUi2 Tetrahydronaphthalene ( 46 ) 267§ f, 0C I 118 200 219 207

430

848.7

'

35.85

w 50 60

S 80

7J:o5

pmm

100

87.85

no

122 85

12Q

16g 25

104.5

10°

b68 '8 10.0 16.2

110

25>1

120

38 2

30 ^

180 190 200 ÏÔO 130 150 120 130 140 150 160 __ 15 30

«n 7^ 75

120 130 140 JS

200.35 271.85 363 22 Jf 8 ;

16Q

62ri

G10Hi5N Diethylaniline (74); c/. (54) ] 1.6 I 2 7 <, 0C I

90 100

1

^ 160

216.27 Pmm

^^ 158.0

170

2

180

291 7

190 200

' 56.2 21Q 80.6 220 Gi0H16Q Camphor («3, lio) 380 490 624 CioHis Decahydronaphthalene ( 46 ) 49?5 I9 0 G I 140 irò 261 GiOH20O2 Capric acid (53) 0.5 I9 0G I 1.9 170 i 4.5 !go 8.8 190 15.4

386.9 504.0 6510

837.0 208.25

pmm 459

pmm 25.4 40.2 62.9

Gi0H22 2, 6-Dimethyloctane (136) _ I 158.6 I-9 ^

5

lì 7 AQ n 48.0

*, 0G 90

I

Pmm

87.3

105

1501

12

247

° ^

'° 453.2

Ci2H9N Carbazole (71, 99) 244 to 352 250

pmm 646 753

,

16 8 24 6

-^j^'°„

^l

ì Ì

70

Pmm

336 2

174.98

130 229.45 14 304 65 ° 150 398.0 160 519.6 62jl 170 672.7 Ci0Hi4 Isobutylbenzene (132) 2.55 I 167.41 3.65 *, 0C I pmm

60

294.85

ST" 2:!

I I

, fi. 30 '45 43 55 -

o^

4037

6396

Normal B. P., 0G

J

1487

I 288.01 I pmm 139.0 185.2

63

O ^

1

225 230

I

A, joule B (for (or pmm) p in mm) C10H14Cymene (132) 4.65 1 5.2 ti QÇ

260 2

«0

64 715 65.0 87.9 115.7 '«.7

8.280 t^G ^5 onn ™

| I

354.76 ""Î J^

242 O

S2J

Faust, 7, 89: 235; 15. ( 7 ) Beckmann and Liesche, 7, 88: 23; 14. (»> Beckmann and Liesche, 7, 88: 419; 14. ( 9 ) Beckmann and Liesche, 7, 89: 111; 15. (i O) Bergman, Thesis, Lausanne, 1914. C 1 1 ) Berliner and May, I1 47: 2350; 25. (11.5) Berliner and May, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, O. ( 12 ) Berthoud, 42t 15: 3 ; 17. (l 3 ) Berthoud and Bruni, 42, 21: 143 ; 24. (l 4 ) Bingham, 11, 43: 287; 10. ( 14 -S) Britton, The Dow Chemical Co., Midland, Mich., O. O 5 ) Brown and Aeree, l, 38: 2145; 16. ( 16 ) Brunei, Grenshaw and Tobin, l, 43: 561; 21. ( l 7 ) Burrell and Robertson, l, 37: 1883; 15. (18) Burrel and Robertson, l, 37: 2188; 15. ( 19 ) Burrell and Robertson, l, 37: 2482; 15. (20) Carothers, l, 45: 1734; 23. (2l) Chappuis and Rivière, 34, 104: 1504; 87. (22) Chiara viglio and Corbino, 221 23 I: 37; 14. (23) Crafts, 42, 11: 429; 13. (24) Crafts, 48, 13: 105; 15. (25) Crommelin, 64V, 21: 684; 12. 64P, 15: 666; 12. (26) Déjardin, 8, 11: 253; 19. (27) Dittmar and Fawsitt, 174, 33: 509; 88. (2«) Drucker, Jiméno and Kangro, 7, 90: 513; 15. (29) Ewins, 4, 105: 354; 14. (30) Faraday, 62, 135: 155; 1845. (31) Ferche, 8, 44: 265; 91. (32) de Forcrand, 34, 132: 688; 01. (33) Fox and Barker, 64, 36: 842; 17. 37:265; 18. (34) Garner, Saxton and Parker, 11, 46: 236; 11. ( 3 S) Gilmour, 64, 41: 293; 22. (36) Graebe and Zschokke, 25, 17: 1175; 84. (37) Grassi, 59, 24: 109; 88. ( 3 «) GrOh, 25, 45: 1441; 12. (39) Ham, Churchill and Ryer, 143, 186: 15; 18. (40) Hansen, 7, 74: 65; 10. ( 41 ) Kara and Sinozaki, Tohoku Imperial University, Sendai, Japan, O. (42) Harlow, 67, 24: 30; 11. (43) Hein, 7, 86: 385; 14. («*) Herz and Rathmann, 136, 36: 1417; 12. ( 4 s) Herz and Rathmann, 136, 37: 621; 13. (46) Herz and Schuftan, 7, 101: 269; 22. (47) Holst, 168, No. 144; 14. (4») Homfray, 7, 74: 129; 10. (49) Hope and Riley, 4, 121: 2510; 22. 50 ( ) Jacob, Recherches et Inventions, No. 12: 460; 24. ( 51 ) Jaquerod and Wassmer, 25, 37: 2531; 04. ( 5 2) Jenkin and Shorthose, B67. (5 3 ) Kahlbaum, 7, 13: 14; 94. (54) Kahlbaum, 7, 26: 577; 98. ( 5 S) Konovalov, 8, 14: 34; 81. ( 56 ) Küster, 7, 51: 222; 05. < 5 7 ) Landolt, 13, Supp. 6: 129; 68. ( 58 ) Louder, Briggs and Browne, 45, 16: 932; 24. ( 5 9 ) Maass and Boomer, 1, 44: 1709; 22. 287 ^ 288 | 600 (60) Maass and Wright, 1, 43: 1098; 21. (61) Mains, 33, 26: 779, 841; 22. (62) Mangold, 75, 102 Ila: 1071; 93. (63) Marshall and Peace, 4, 109: Ci 2 H 24 O 2 Laurie acid (*<>» ««) 298; 16. (64) Mathews and Faville, 50, 22: 1; 18. ( 6 5 ) Menzies, 1, 41: 164 to 205 74 386 9.768 1336; 19. (66) Menzies, 1, 42: 2218; 20. (67) Merriman, 4, 103: 628; 13. (68) Michels, 64V, 31: 53; 22. (69) Moles and Batuecas, 48, 17: 537; 19. 100 0.058 (70) Monroe, 45, 12: 969; 20. (™) Mortimer and Murphy, 45, 15: 1140; 23. Ci 3 HiQ Fluorene (?i) ( 7 2 ) Mündel, 7, 85: 435; 13. (73) Nelson and Senseman, 45, 14: 58; 22. ( 7 4 ) Nelson and Wales, 1, 47: 867; 25. ( 7 S ) Niederschultze, Diss., Erlangen, 161 to 300 I 56615 | 8.059 | 297.9 1903. (76) Nikitin, 53, 52: 247; 20. 10, 5: 234; 25. (77) Orton and Ci3Hi0O Benzophenone (51) Jones, 133, 1912: 122. (78) Paterno and Mazzucchelli, 36, 50 I: 30; 20. (79) Perry and Bard well, 1, 47: 2629; 25. 260 to 308 | 58221 | 8.137 | 305.4 (80) Perry and Porter, 1, 48: 299; 26. ( 81 ) Price, 4, 107: 188; 15. (82) price, Ci3Hi2 Diphenylmethane (2*) 4, 115: 1116; 19. (83) Ramsay and Young, 62, 175: 37; 84. (84) Ramsay and Young, 4, 47: 640; 85. ( 8 S) Ramsay and Young, 86, 19: 2107; 86. 217 to 283 | 52360 | 7.967 | 264.5 (86) Ramsay and Young, 68, 177: 123; 87. (87) Regnault, 151, 26: 339; Ci4H8O2 Anthraquinone (73); c/. (HO) 62. (88) Reilly and Hickinbottom, 117, 16: 131; 20. (89) R6x, 7, 55: 355; 06. 285 to 370 63 985 8.002 379.8 (90) Richards and Mathews, 1, 30: 8; 08. ( 9 I) Richards and Shipley, 1, 38: 380 763.4 989; 16. (92) Richardson, 4, 49: 761; 86. (93) Robertson and Aeree, 11, C 14 HiQ Anthracene (?i> 73); c/. (75) 49: 474; 13. (94) Rolla, 59, 19: 323; 09. (95) Sameshima, l, 40: 1482; 18. (96) Schmidt, 7, 7: 433; 91. ( 9 7) Schulze, 7, 97: 388; 21. (98) Seibert 100 to 160 72 0Oo 8.91 342 and Burrell, l, 37: 2683; 15. (99) Senseman and Nelson, 45, 15: 382; 23. 223 to 342 59 219 7.910 ( 1 OO) Shorthose, B40. ( 1 Oi) Sidgwick and Aldous, 4, 119: 1001; 21. (™2) Sidgwick and Dash, 4, 121: 2586; 22. ( 1 OS) Sidgwick and Ewbank, 4, 119 : C 14 HiQ Phenanthrene ( 71 > 7 ^) 979; 21. (104) Sidgwick and Rubie, 4, 119: 1013; 21. C 1 OS) Sidgwick and 203 to 347 | 57247 | 7.771 | 338.4 Taylor, 4, 121: 1853; 22. ( 1 Oe) Smith, Ballici College, Oxford, England, O. ( J 07) Smith and Menzies, l, 32: 1448; 10. ( 1 OS) Speranski, 7, 46: 70; 03. Ci4H28O2 Myristic acid (*o, 8 ^) ( 109 ) Stadel, 86, 15: 2559; 82. 190 to 224 75 783 9.541 ( 1 1 O) Stelzner, Diss., Erlangen, 1901. ( 11 M Stelzner, Diss., Erlangen, 1903. 100 0.033 ( 112 ) Stern, Jahres. Schles. Valeri. Kult., 90: 29; 13. ( 11 S) Stock, Henning and KUSS, 25, 54: 1119; 21. ( 114 ) Stock and Somieski, 86, 52: 695; 19. Ci5Hi4O Dibenzyl ketone (^ 34) ( 11 S) Stock and Somieski, 86, 54: 524; 21. ( 11 O) Stock and Stiebeier, 86, 285 to 325 62 118 8.257 j 330.6 56: 1087; 23. ( 117 ) Stock and Zeidler, 86, 54: 531; 21. ( 11 S) Stuckgold, 280 24 48, 15: 502; 17. (* i 9) Swarts, 186, 1912: 481. 5.2 t^C j p^; (!2O) Swarts, 70, 32: 58; 13. (121 ) Taylor, 50, 4: 355; CO. C 1 22) Taylor and 285 277 5 ' 3ÎF 495~2 Rinkenbach, U. S. Bureau of Mines, Pittsburgh, Pa., O. ( 12 3) Terwen, 900 ^13 ^ 7, 91: 469; 16. («4) Thorpe, 4, 37: 141; 80. (^5) Thorpe and Rodger, 551 8 31S 295 ïï? ' 62, 185: 397; 95. (i26) Timmermans, 28, 24: 244; 10. (127) Timmermans, University of Brussels, O. ( 12 S) Tyrer, 4, 101: 81; 12. ^29) Tyrer, 4, 105: 2534; 14. (130) Weiss and Downs, 1, 45: 1003; 23. ( 1 Si) Williams, 1, 47: 2644; 25. (ï32) Woringer, 7, 34: 257; 00. (l33) Young, 4, 65: 483; 89. (^4) Young, 4, 59: 621; 91. 035) Young, 4, 81: 777; 02. (136) Young, 117, 12: 374; LITERATURE 10. (!37) Young and Fortey, 4, 81: 717; 02. (1SS) paint Manufacturers (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) Association, Circ. No. 237. (l*9) Dana, Jenkins, Burdick and Timm, 382, 3 (>) Aries, $4, 168: 1188; 19. (2) Atkins and Wallace, 4, 103: 146; 13. ( ) 12: 387; 26. Atkinson, Heycock and Pope, 4, 117: 1410; 20. (*) Barker, 7, 71: 235; 10. (Ï40) Sinozaki, Kara and Mitsukuri, 505, 6: 157; 26. ( 5 ) Baxter, Bezzenberger and Wilson, I1 42: 1386; 20. ( 6 ) Beckmann and

Range, 0C (or J1 0C)

A, joule B (for Normal (or pmm) p in mm) B. P., 0C C12H9N Carbazole.—(Continued) 320 378.5 t, 0C I Pmm 330 467.7 350 695.8 340 573.0 Collie Acenaphthene ( 71 ) 147 to 288 | 54279 | 8.033 | 277.0 C12H10 Diphenyl (5l) 210 243 | | 255 220 330 t,°C \ ?mm 225 376.5 ^ ^ 230 426.6 245 6095 235 482 250 681.6 C^HioAsCl Diphenylarsine chloride ( 5 ) 25 to 75 | 62 952 | 7.8930 | C12Hi0O Phenyl ether (14.5) 153.0 42.6 | 259 158.0 51.8 | tj °ç Pmm 06 8 165 -° 168.0 I 73.3 CiaHiiN Diphenylamine ( 43 ) 278 to 284 57 35o 8.088 | 286 544 | tt QÇ pmm

™ *>*

7 SL ^.3

3If255 330

si; ™ :

VAPOR PRESSURES AND ORTHOBARIC DENSITIES ABOVE ONE ATMOSPHERE C. S. CRAGOE The available data on the compounds in this section are expressed within the experimental errors by an equation which may be written in either of the following forms : . T-TB[. ^fT- TB\ , ^fT- TBV"] IQg10 P - —y-[A - B(— r —J +C(-f^-) J Tn

CT2

T

log»? - ( A + 2 B + 3 C ) - ^ ( A + B + C)-^(B+3C)+-yT where p is the vapor pressure in normal atmospheres, T the temperature and TB the normal boiling point in 0K, and A, B and C are constants. The latent heat of vaporization in joules per g at T0K is given by

—^(a-s^-K^X^)

+ C(^)-(Sl5MV)]

t = 0C; dz(resp. dv) = density of saturated liquid (resp. vapor) in g/cm3; dm = %(di + dv). Critical-point values are in boldface type. Tc = Critical temperature, 0K. The literature references are arranged in the order of their relative importance. »-TABLE, STANDARD ARRANGEMENT

H2O, v. p. 233 HCl Hydrogen Chloride (p), (79, 46, 53, 57, 58, 51,104,107,163, 164, 21, 96, 98, 55, 179, 180, 50, 7, 8, 61, 62); (^) (107, 145, 163, 164, 7, 8, 156)

-— t, C -85.03 -80 -70 -60 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10 O -flO 20 30 40 50 51.5 T7B 188.07

i

I I

p, atm. 1.00 1.32 2.19 3.45 5.20 7.55 10.62 14.53 19.43 25.46 32.78 41.58 52.08 64.52 79.19 81.6 A | 4.630 |

g/cm3 ; di I a* 1.191 0.0025 1.178 .0032 1.151 .0052 1.122 .0083 1.093 .012 1.063 .017 1.031 .023 0.997 .032 .962 .042 .924 .054 .881 .072 .831 .097 .772 .130 .697 .180 .592 .260 0.424 B I C 0.48 | 0.50

dm = 0.424 [l -f 0.97(l - —)]•

t 70 80 90 TB 206.1

I

I I

HBr.—( Continued) P I t 59.4 -67 71.4 +10 85 20 A I B 4.540 I 0.48

I

di 2.152 1.630 1.589 I C | 0.50

HI Hydrogen Iodide (p) (1O*, 5^, 57, 58, 107, 163, 164, 162, 96, 55, 61, 62); (d) (156, 107, 163, 164, 19)

t

I

-35.5 -30 -20 -10 O +10 20 30 40 JJ ™

P

t

Il

1.00 1.26 1.86 2.66 3.70 5.01 6.65 8.65 11.1 }?'5 l7 6 ' 21 2 ' I A 4.430

70

TB 237.6

I

p

25.8 31.0 37.0 43.9 51.6 60.4 70.4 82 if, 2.798 2.270 2.230 C 0.50

80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150.5 t -35.5 +12 20 B 0.48

SO2 Sulfur Dioxide, v. p. 236 SO3 Sulfur Trioxide (p) (", is, 99, isi, 154, 155); (d) (17, is, 99, 88, 151, 115)

t

I

44.6 60 80 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 210 218.3 TB 317.7

P

I

1.00 2.0 4.3 8.0 10.4 13.3 16.7 20.6 25.1 30.3 36.4 43.4 51.5 61.1 72.5 83.6 A 6.860

di

~

I

dv

1.807 0.003 1.732 .006 1.639 .013 1.547 .025 1.506 .031 1.465 ,037 1.424 .045 1.382 .056 1.340 .069 1.296 .086 1.249 .107 1.196 .137 1.134 ! .177 1.058 .233 0.960 .313 0.630 B G 5.50 5.30

HBr Hydrogen Bromide (p) ("4, 53, 104, 57, 58, 162, 163, 164, 107, 96, 55); (dj *

-67.0 -60 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10

I

P

dm = 0.63o[l + 0.6o(l - |r) + l.s(l - U)2]«

(156, 163, 164, 56) I

1.00 1.41 I 2.20 3.31 I 4.79 6.72 9.19

t

O +10 20 30 40 50 60

I

p

12.3 16.0 20.6 26.1 32.5 40.2 49.0

H2S Hydrogen Sulfide (p) (41, 42, 147, 148, 125, 104, 57, 58, 162, 163, 164, 107, 96, 98, 50, 143); (^) (163, 164, 107, 19) t

-59.5 -50 -40 -30

I

P

1.00 1.60 2.50 3.74

Il

t

-20 -10 O +10

j

p

5.39 7.53 10.2 13.6

N2O 4.—(Continued)

H2S.—(Continued)

t 20 30 40 50

I

P 17.7 22.6 28.3 35.1

60

43

70

5

TB 213.6

I |

'° ^ A 4.820

j ! j

t 80 90 100.4 l

| |

^59^5 +18.5 B 0.83

il

l

j

| |

t i 100 110 120 130 T7B | 294.4 | Partial dissociation

p 62.6 74.5 88.9 J1 Ö!>65 .91 C 0.63

\

I I

P 1.00 1.06 1.64 2.45 3.54 4.9 6.7 8.9 11.6 A 4.725

I

| |

t 40 60 80 100 120 138 t ~ 41 - 2 B 0.83

P 15 23 34 48 67 88

I

I |

P 1.0 1.1 3.0 T1O A 5.780

U

| |

t -120 -110 -100 - 93 B 0.30

t

\

P

I

1.00 1.70 2.81 4.40 6.6 9.5 13.3 18.1 24.0 31.3 40.0 50.3 62.6 71.7 A 4.725

di

|

G 0.63

|

| |

p 14.3 27 46 66 C 0.00

\

1.226 1.199 1.170 1.140 1.108 1.075 1.040 1.001 0.958 .910 .856 .784 .679

dv 0.0031 .0050 .0080 .0122 .018 .025 .035 .048 .066 .087 .115 .161 .240

0.461 B 0.57

C 0.48

N2O4 Nitrogen Peroxide (**» 72, 142, 149, ISO) I

P 1.00 1.48 2.28 3.42

Il

t 60 70 80 90

p 62.2 80.7 99

| B J C | -0.74 | 0.00 phase (N204 —•» 2NO2).

t - 5.7 O + 10 20 30 40 TB 267.4

NOCI Nitrosyl Chloride (22, 172) I P \ di | 1.00 1.364 1.27 1.350 1.86 1.325 2.67 1.300 3.7 1.27 5Jl 1.24 A B 4.900 0.50

~

|

~

p 26 56 104 146 G 0.56

\

p 5.03 7.26 10.3 14.4

dv 0.003 .004 .006 .008 .010 .014 C 0.50

PH3 Phosphine (p) (79, 21, 97, 98, 107, 163, 164, 122, 161); (d) (161, 163, 164, 107, 19)

t -87.5 -80 -70 -60 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10 O +10 20 30 40 61 TB 185.6

\

P

|

1.00 1.46 2.30 3.47 5.0 7.1 9.7 12.9 16.8 21.6 27.4 34.2 42.3 51.9 64 A 4.225

di

|

0.746 .738 .725 .712 .698 .684 .668 .651 .633 .613 .591 .566 .537 .50

dv 0.0023 .0032 .0050 .0073 .010 .014 .019 .025 .033 .042 .053 .067 .086 .11

0.30 B 0.35

G 0.48

dm =0.3o[l +0.58^1 -JT)]'

dm = 0.45l[l + 0.89(l - £)]'

t 21.3 30 40 50

|

t 113.5 140 170 200 !TB 386.6

2 12

N 2 O NitroUS Oxide (p) (15, 42, 71, 175, 177, 174, 9l, 92, 141, 84, 132, 133, 29, 82, 34, 50, 143, 185, 61, 62); (d) (70, 175, 35, 3, 4)

-89.5 -80 -70 -60 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10 O -flO 20 30 36.6 TB 183.6

t 140 150 168

dl

NO Nitric Oxide (69, 78, l, 173, 96, 12l)

t -151.0 -150 -140 -130 TB 122.1

I

NHs Ammonia, v. p. 234 N2H4 Hydrazine (loo» l<") I P Il t 1.0 250 2.3 300 5 350 10^ I 380 A B 5.720 1.00

H2Se Hydrogen Selenide (p) (25, 64, 65, 125); (d) (64, 65)

t -41.2 -40 -30 -20 -10 O +10 20 30 TB 231.9

p 19.8 26.8 35.9 47.5 A 5.945 in vapor

t -95 -80 -60 T B 178.1

PF3 Phosphorus Trifluoride ("l» U 2) I p Il t | 1.0 -40 2.4 -20 7 -10 A B 4.970 0.00

p 15 30 40 G 0.00

PF6 Phosphorus Pentafluoride (no, 112) I P Il t I p 1.0 O 28 2.4 I +10 38 9 I 16 46 A_ B C 5.280 " 0.00 0.00 PH4Cl Phosphonium Chloride (21, 161, 169)

t -75 -60 -30 TB 198.1

* 28.5* 30 35 TB 188.1

I

I I

P 48 50 55 A 4.480

Il

'

I I

t 40 45 49 B 0.00

I

I

P 61 68 73 C Q.OQ

* Triple point. (Partial decomposition in vapor phase, PEUCl —> PHs + HCl).

PSF3 Phosphorus Sulfofluoride (*7i) t -10 O TB 228.1

I i

t

\

I

p l| t 4.6 !I +10 6.7 I 20 A . I B 5.000 I Q.OQ AsH3 Arsine (61, 62, il8) p

l

-55 1.00 -40 2.0 -30 3.0 -20 4.3 TB I A I 218.1 I 4.650 i CO Carbon Monoxide (p) (39, 40, 56,

t -192.0 -190 -180 -170 -160 -150 -140 -139 TB 81.1

I

I I

p 1.0 1.2 3.2 6.7 12.4 20.9 33.2 35 A 3.990

!

I I

t

I

| |

P 9.4 12.8 C 0.00 p

-10 6.1 O 8.4 +10 11 20 15 B I C 0.35 | 0.48 9, 120, 189, 191); (d) (9, 39) di I 0.803 .794 .748 .697 .639 .560 .420 0.303 B I 0.60 I

<4 0.0044 .0054 .013 .027 .046 .088 .190

I

I [

B 0.22

( I

C 0.30

C2H2 Acetylene (p) (43, 106, 92, 93, 176, 177, 5, 6, 96, 82, 31); (d) (105, 106, 108, 109, 5)

t -84.0* -81.of -70 -60 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10 O +10 20 30 36.0 TB 188.1

I

I I

P 1.00 1.20 2.20 3.48 5.3 7.7 10.9 14.9 20.0 26.3 33.9 43.1 54.1 61.7 A 4.675

j

I I

dt

I

dv

0.618 .601 .585 .568 .551 .532 .512 .490 .464 .435 .400 .346 0.230 B I 0.48 [

0.0021 .0036 .0056 .0085 .012 .017 .024 .033 .045 .060 .082 .122 C 0.50

* Normal sublimation point, t Triple point. C2H4 Ethylene (p) (79, 105, 28, 42, 177, 82, 173, 96, 188, 33, 32, 119, 127, 50, 183, 61, 62); ((J) (103, 105, 96, 35, 36, 19)

* -103.8 -100 - 90 - 80 - 70 - 60 - 50 - 40 - 30 - 20 - 10 O

I

P 1.00 1.24 2.10 3.35 5.07 7.38 10.4 14.2 18.9 24.8 31.9 40.6

9.6 TB

50.6 A

169.3

4.330

I

di 0.569 .564 .549 .534 .517 .500 .481 .461 .439 .414 .384 .345

I

dv 0.0022 .0026 .0041 .0063 .0093 .0133 .019 .025 .034 .046 .062 .088

0.210 B

C

0.59

0.70

dm = 0.210 [l + 0.9o(l - ^Q]-

CH4 Methane (p) (27, 87, 39, 38, 173, 96, 121, 190, 50, 82); (d) ( 2 7 , 8 7 , 3 9 , 38, 13, 123)

p 1.00 1.13 2.35 4.38 7.45 11.84 17.83 25.7 35.9 46.8

A 4.000

dm = 0.161o[l + 0.77(l - ^)J-

+ C 0.70

CO2 Carbon Dioxide, v. p. 235

I

I I

dm = 0.230 [l + 0.915(l - ^)]* \

dm = 0.303[l + 0.84 (i - JT)]•

t -161.5 -160 -150 -140 -130 -120 -110 -100 - 90 - 82.1

FB 111.6

di I dv 0.4245 0.0018 .4222 .0020 .4075 .0039 .3916 .0068 .3742 .0112 .3547 .0175 .3324 .0269 .3050 .0413 .2668 .0665 0.1615

C2H6 Ethane (p) (1°2, "8, 139, 28, 103, 45, 37,94, 91, 126, 73, 124, 127, 96, 50); (d) (138, 105, 103, 91)

t -88.62 -80 -70 -60 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10 O +10

I

P I 1.000 1.556 2.471 3.743 5.449 7.672 10.50 14.02 18.34 23.56 29.83

di 0.546 .535 .522 .509 .496 .482 .468 .453 .435 .416 .393

I

dv 0.00206 .00311 .00478 .00707 .0101 .0141 .0193 .0260 .0348 .0463 .0619

For other halogen substitution products of hydrocarbons, v. p. 245. CS2 Carbon Disulfide (p) (79, 167, 159, ieo, 144, 10,11, 66, 74, 192,

C2H6.—(Continued)

t

p

I

di

I

dv

2 0 3 7 . 2 8 0 . 3 6 3 0 . 0 8 5 30 46.1 .30 .14 32.2 48.2 0.220 TB A B C 184.48 4.325 0.45 0.52

146, 143); (d) (89, 63, 157, 54, 10, 192, 136)

t

dm = 0.220 [l + 0.43(l - ^r) + 0.48(l - ~yjFor other hydrocarbons, v. p. 244. CH3Cl Methyl Chloride (p) (»l» so, 158, 12, 68, 128, 23, 47, 76, 90, 143, 178, 179); (d) (158, 81, 80, 47, 90, 181, 182)

t

-24.0 -20. -10 O -flO 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 143.2 TB 249.1

\

p

1.00 1.18 1.74 2.50 3.49 4.75 6.35 8.33 10.7 13.6 17.1 21.2 25.9 31.4 37.8 45.0 53.2 62.6 65.8 A 4.540

|

di

0.997 .990 .973 .955 .937 .918 .898 .878 .856 .832 .809 .783 .756 .725 .690 .647 .592 .497 0.366 B 0.22

dv

0.00255 .00297 .00427 .00599 .00820 .0110 .0145 .0189 .0242 .032 .039 .049 .060 .075 .094 .120 .159 .238

C 0.30

\

P

46.25

1.00

50

1.13

60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220 230 240 250 260 270 273 TB 319.35

1.54 2.05 2.69 3.47 4.42 5.55 6.90 8.47 10.3 12.4 14.9 17.6 20.8 24.3 28.3 32.8 37.8 43.4 49.6 56.5 64.1 72.5 75 A 4.525

\

di

\

dv

1.225

^c0 ^-^ 53'53 57'08 59'95 64'4 '96 '10 7'55 78"82 85'03 99 ' 24 13Q'48 159'10 171 52 183 48 193 05 209 32 21/35 ' 46 262'8 27'6 9 7 ~' n 273 -° B 0.35

0.003559 .003709 .004064 .004452 .005000 .0,05376 .005797 .006658 .007288 .008361 .01167 .02166 .03484 .04185 .05846 .07309 -09907 .1163 .1420 .2570 .3215 .3679

C 0.48

COS Carbon Oxysulfide (165, 77, 83)

t I P Il t I p -50.2 1.0 40 18 dm = 0.365^1 + 0.92^1 - ^)J-20 3 60 27 0 6 8 0 4 0 C2H5Cl Ethyl Chloride (p) (27, 86, 16, 146, 143, 135, 134, 179,180, +20 11 105 61 52); (d) (27, 187, 59, 60, 195, 129, 140, 136) TB I A I B I C t | p | di | dv 222.9 I 4.465 | 0.65 | 0.70 12.2 1.00 0.9060 0.00285 C 2 N 2 Cyanogen (p) (130, 170, 43, 48, so, 61, 62, 26) ; (d) (61, 62) 20 1.33 .8943 .00372 30 1.86 .8790 .00513 t I P Il t I p 40 2.55 .8633 .00692 -21.17 1.000 70 18.7 50 3.42 .8472 .00917 -20 1.055 80 23.4 60 4.50 .8306 .0120 -10 1.626 90 28.9 70 5.82 .8134 .0152 O 2.414 100 35.3 80 7.41 .7958 .0190 + 10 3.47 110 42.8 90 9.31 .7770 .0236 20 4.85 120 51.5 100 11.5 .7575 .0294 30 6.61 128.3 69.7 110 14.2 .737 .035 40 8.80 . " dl 120 17.2 .715 .043 50 11.5 * 130 20.7 .691 .052 60 14.8 17 0.866 140 24.7 .665 .064 TB I A B I C 150 29.2 .636 .079 251.93 I 5.010 I 0.94 | 0.90 160 34.3 .602 .099 170 40.1 .559 .128 HCN Hydrogen Cyanide (p) («i, 20, 75, 30); c/. (196) ; (d) (20, 180 46.6 .494 .178 19, 30, 67) 187 51.6 0.331 t I p II di I d, TB A B C 25.65 1.00 0.695 0.0011 285.3 4.615 0.48 0.50 30 1.14

dm = o.33i[i +1.000(1 - ~) - 0.064(1 - !-)']•

~

40 50

1.67 2.31

* 60

p

3.15

HCN.—(Continued)

t 70 80 90 100 110 160 170 180 183.5 TB 298.75

I

i I

P 4.20 5.52 7.16 9.16 11.6 32.7 39.3 47.1 50 A 4.840

II l

i

* 120 130 140 150 di 0.420 .365 .290

[

B 0.22

I

0.20 I |

P 14.5 18.0 22.1 27.0 dv 0.050 .077 .120 C 0.70

CICN Cyanogen Chloride (143)

t I P Il 12.7 1.00 20 1.32 30 1.88 40 2.62 TB I A I 285.8 I 4.800 | For other C-compounds, v. p. 237. SiH4Silane (16«, t I P |l -112 1.00 -100 1.9 - 90 3.0 - 80 4.6 - 70 6.7 - 60 O1S TB I A I 161.1 I 4.050 I t -77* -70 -60 -50 -40 TB 185.1

t 50 60 70 80 B 0.00 2, 117) t -50 -40 -30 -20 -10 - 3.6 B 0.38

I |

I

I I

SiF4 Silicon Tetrafluoride (6*> 62 > 113) I P Il t I 2 -30 3 -20 5 -10 8 - 1.5 13 I A B 5.335 Q.OQ ~

p 3.58 4.80 6.33 8.22 C 0.00

p 13 18 24 31 40 48 C 0.82

C 0.00

GeCl4 Germanium Tetrachloride (49, 11.6, 186) t I P |lt I p 86.5 1.0 200 12 100 1.5 220 17 120 2.5 240 23 140 4.0 260 30 160 6.1 270 35 180 S1O 277 38 TB A B C 359.6 4.735 " 0.76 ~ 0.82 SnCl4 Tin Tetrachloride (p) (24, 152, 184, 193, 194); (^) (153, 193, 194)

I

p 1.00 1.18 1.53 1.96

I

di 1.978 1.963 1.935 1.907

SnCl4.—(Continued) P I di dv 2.48 1.878 0.0202 3.10 1.849 .0251 3.82 1.819 .0308 4.67 1.787 .0374 5.66 1.755 .0454 6.79 1.721 .0546 9.55 1.649 .0773 13.07 1.569 .108 17.48 1.476 .152 22.92 1.363 .216 29.56 1.21 .32 37.0 0.742 A B C 4.710 0.76 0.82

I

~

dm = 0.742[l + 0.98^1 - IT)]BF3 Boron Trifluoride (6*> 62, 113) * -101 - 90 - 80 TB 172.1 ' 12.4 20 30 40 TB 285.5

P Il * I 1.00 -70 2.0 -60 3^4 -50 A B 4.930 0.76 BCl3 Boron Trichloride (^ 37, 143, 166) I

I

'

P 1.00 1.3 1.8 2.4 A 4.480

Il

I

* 50 60 70 80 B 0.76

I

P 5.4 8.4 12 C 0.82 P " 3.2 4.2 5.4 6.8 C 0.82

LITERATURE

p 19 27 38 50

* Triple point.

t 114.1 120 130 140

t 150 160 170 180 190 200 220 240 260 280 300 318.7 TB 387.2

dv 0.0085 .0099 .0127 .0162

(For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) C 1 ) Adwentowski, 4?4, 13: 19; 10. ( 2 ) Adwentowski and Drozdowski, 160, 1911:330. (3) Andréeff, 6, 56: 317; 59. ( 4 ) Andreeff, IS, 110: 1; 59. ( 5 ) Ansdell, 5, 29: 209; 79. ( 6 ) Ansdell, 135, 40: 136; 79. (?) Ansdell, 5, 30: 117; 80. (8) Ansdell, 135, 41: 75; 80. ( 9 ) BaIy and Donnan, 4% 81: 907; 02. ( 1 0 ) Battelli, Mem. accad. sci. Torino, 41: 1; 90. ( 11 J Battelli, Mem. accad. sci. Torino, 44: 1; 93. ( 12 ) Baume, 42, 6: 1; 08. ( 13 ) Baume and Perrot, 34, 148: 39; 09. ( 14 ) Baume and Robert, 34, 168: 1199; 19. ( 1 S) Bergström, 50, 26: 876; 22. ( l6 ) Berthoud, 42, 15: 3; 17. ( 17 ) Berthoud, 37, 5: 513; 22. ( 1 S) Berthoud, 42, 20: 77; 23. ( 19 ) Bleekrode, 5, 37: 339; 84. (20) Bredig and Teichmann, 9, 31: 449; 25. ( 21 ) Briner, 42, 4: 476; 06. (") Briner and Pylkoff, 42, 10: 640; 12. ( 23 ) Brinkman, Dis*., Amsterdam, 1904. ( 2 4 ) Briscoe, 4, 107: 63; 15. ( 2 S) Bruylants and Dondeyne, 186, 8: 387; 22. ( 2 6) Bunsen, 8, 46: 97; 39. ( 2 ?) Bureau of Standards, Washington, D. C., O. ( 28 ) Burrell and Robertson, 1, 37: 1893; 15. ( 29 ) Burrell and Robertson, 1, 37: 2691; 15. ( 30 ) Bussy and Buignet, 6, 3: 231; 64. (31) Cailletet, 34, 85: 851; 77. ( 32 ) Cailletet, 34, 94: 1224; 82. (33) Cailletet, 34, 99: 213; 84. ( 34 ) Cailletet and Colardeau, 34, 106: 1489; 88. ( 3 S) Cailletet and Mathias, 51, 5: 549; 86. ( 3 «) Cailletet and Mathias, 34, 102: 1202; 86. (3*) Cardoso, 149, 30: 432; 10. ( 3 «) Cardoso, 149, 36:97; 13. ( 39 ) Cardoso, 4$, 13: 312; 15. ( 40 ) Cardoso, 149, 39: 400; 15. ( 41 ) Cardoso, 36, 511: 153; 21. ( 42 ) Cardoso and Ami, 42, 10: 504; 12. ( 43 ) Cardoso and Baume, 34,151: 141; 10. ( 4 4 ) Cardoso and Baume, 42,10: 509; 12. ( 4S ) Cardoso and Bell, 42,10:497; 12. ( 4 6 ) Cardoso and Germann, 42, 11: 632; 13. ( 4 7 ) Centnerszwer, 7, 49: 199; 04. ( 48 ) Chappuis and Riviere, 34,104: 1504; 87. ( 49 ) Dennis and Hance, 93, 122: 265; 22. (50) Dewar, 3, 18: 210; 84. ( 51 ) Dorsmann, Diss., Amsterdam, 1908. (5 2 ) Drion, 6, 56: 221; 59. ( 53 ) Drozdowski and Pietrzak, 165, 1913: 219. ( 5 4 ) Erdmann and Unruh, 93, 32: 413; 02. ( 55 ) Estreicher, 7, 20: 605; 96. ( 56 ) Estreicher and Bobotek, 165, 1913: 451. ( 5 ?) Estreicher and Schnerr, Diss., Amsterdam, 1910. ( 5 ») Estreicher and Schnerr, 474, 15: 161; 13. ( 59 ) Eversheim, 8, 8: 539; 02. (60) Eversheim, Diss., Bonn, 1902. (^ 1 ) Faraday, 62, 136: 155; 45. (*2) Faraday, 6,15: 257; 45. ( 63 ) Faust, 7, 79:97; 12. (« 4 ) de Forcrand and Fonzes-

Diacon, S4, 134: 171, 229; 02. ( 6 S ) de Forcrand and Fonzes-Diacon, 6, 26: 247; 02. (66) Galitzine, 8, 41: 588; 90. ( 6 7 ) Gay-Lussac, 8, 53: 138; 1816. («8) Gibbs, l, 27: 851; 05. (*») Goldschmidt, 96, 20: 159; 23. ( 70 ) Grunmach, 76, 1901: 914. (7l) Grunmach, 76, 1904: 1198. ( 7 2 ) Guye and Drouginine, 4S1 8: 473; 10. (73) Hainlen, 13, 282: 229; 94. (74) Hannay, 6, 33: 294; 82. (75) Hara and Shinozaki, 41, 26: 884; 23. ( 7 6 ) Hartman, 18, 5: 636; 00. 168, No. 64. (77) Hempel, 92,14: 865; 01. ( 78 ) HengJein and Krüger, 93, 130: 181; 23. ( 7 9 i Henning and Stock, 96, 4: 226; 21. (*°) Holst, Diss., Zürich, 1914. («) Holst, 475, 6: 48; 15. ( 82 ) Hunter, 00, 10: 330; 06. (83) Hosvay, 27, 37: 294; 82. (««) Janssen, 133, 1876: 211. ( 8 5 ) Janssen, Diss., Leiden, 1877. (««) Jenkin and Shorthose, B67. ( 8 7 ) Keyes, Taylor and Smith, 285, 1: 211; 22. (*») Knietsch, #5, 34: 4069; 01. ( 89 ) Körber, 8, 37: 1014; 12. 90 ( ) Kuenen, JS, 26: 354; 93. ( 9 1 ) Kuenen, 3, 40: 173; 95. 168, No. 16. ( 9 2 ) Kuenen, S, 44: 174; 97. ( 93 ) Kuenen, 7, 24: 667; 97. ( 9 4 i Kuenen and Robson, 3, 3: 149; 02. ( 9 S ) Ladenburg and Krügel, 25, 32: 1415; 99. ( 9 6 ) Ladenburg and Krügel, 25, 32: 1818; 99. ( 9 7 ) Leduc, 6, 15: 1; 98. ( 98 ) Leduc and Sacerdote, 34, 125: 397; 97. (") Lichty, l, 34: 1440; 12. ( 10 °) Lobry de Bruyn, 25, 28: 3085; 95. ( 101 ) Lobry de Bruyn, 70, 15: 174; 96. ( 102 ) Loomis and Walters, l, 48: 2051; 26. ( l 0 3 ) Maass and Mclntosh, /, 36: 737; 14. ( 10 <) Maass and Mclntosh, 69, SlIl: 65; 14. ( l o s ) Maassand Wright, J, 43: 1098; 21. ( l o«) Mclntosh, 50, 11: 306; 07. ( 107 ) Mclntosh and Steele, 5, 73: 450; 04. ( 1 O 8 ) Mathias, 34,148: 1102; 09. ( 109 ) Mathias, Recueil de Constants Physiques, 1913: 161. C 11 «) Moissan, 34, 101:1490; 85. ( 111 J Moissan, 6, 6:433; 85. ( l * 2 ) Moissan, 34,138: 789; 04. ( 113 ) Moissan, S^, 139: 711; 04. (l 14 ) Moles, 42,17: 415; 19. ( 115 ) Nasini, 25, 15: 2878; 82. ( 11 S) Nilson and Pettersson, 7, 1: 27; 87. ( 117 ) Ogier, 34, 88: 236; 79. ( 118 ) Olszewski, 57, 5: 127; 84. (119) Olszewski, 34, 99: 133; 84. ( 12 O) Olszewski, 34, 99: 706; 84. (121) Olszewski, 34, 100: 940; 85. ( 122 ) Olszewski, 67, 7: 371; 86. ( 123 ) Olszewski, 8, 31: 58; 87. ( 124 ) Olszewski, 165, 1889: No. l, xxvii. ( 125 ) Olszewski, 165, 1890: 57. ( 126 ) Olszewski, 25, 27: 3305; 94. ( 1 2 7 ) Olszewski, 3, 39: 188; 95. ( 128 ) Onnes and Zakrzewski, 64P, 7: 233, 285, 377; 04. 168, No. 92: ( 129 ) Perkin, 52, 31: 481; 85. (130) perry an
26. ( 132 ) Pictet, 149, 61: 16; 78. ( 133 ) Pictet, 6, 13: 145; 78. ( 134 ) Pictet, 34, 120: 43; 95. ( 13 S) Pictet and Altschul, 7, 16: 26; 95. ( 136 ) Pierre, 6, 15: 325; 45. ( 1 3 7 ) Podszus, 93, 99: 123; 17. (138) Porter, l, 48: 2055; 26. ( 139 ) Prins, 64P, 17: 1095; 15. ( 1 4 ( >) Ramsay, 4, 35: 463; 79. ( 141 ) Ramsay and Shields, 4, 63: 833; 93. ( 1 4 2 ) Ramsay and Young, 62,177: 71; 87. ( 143 ) Regnault, 151, 26: 1862. ( 144 ) Rex, 7, 55: 355; 06. ( 145 ) Rupert, l, 31: 851; 09. ( 146 ) Sajotschewsky, 427, 3: 741; 79. ( l 4 7 ) Scheffer, 7, 71: 671; 10. ( 148 ) Scheffer, 64P, 13: 829; 11. ( 149 ) Scheffer and Treub, 7, 81: 308; 12. ( 15 °) Scheffer and Treub, 64P, 14: 536; 12. ( 151 ) Schenck, 13, 316: 1; 01. ( 1 5 2 ) Schlundt, 50, 5; 503; 01. ( 153 ) Schulze and Hock, 7, 86: 445; 14. ( 1 5 4 ) Schultz-Sellack, 25, 3: 215; 70. ( 155 ) Schultz-Sellack, 27, 14: 154; 70. ( 156 ) Schwers, 42, 9:325; 11. ( 1 5 7 ) Schwers, 4, 101: 1889; 12. ( 1 5 8 ) Shorthose, B40. ( 159 ) von Siemens, 8, 42: 871; 13. (160) von Siemens, Diss., Berlin, 1913. ( 161 ) Skinner, 5, 42: 283; 87. ( 1 S 2 ) Steele and Bagster, 4, 97: 2607; 10. ( 163 ) Steele, Mclntosh and Archibald, 5, 205: 99; 05. ( 1 6 4 ) Steele, Mclntosh and Archibald, 7, 55: 129; 06. ( 1 6 S ) Stock and KUSS, 25, 50: 159; 17. ( 166 ) Stock and Priess, 25, 47: 3109; 14. ( 1 6 7 ) Stock and Seelig, 25, 52: 672; 19. ( 168 ) Stock and Somieski, 25, 49: 111; 16. ( 169 ) Tammann, B57. ( I 7 O ) Terwen, 7,91:469; 16. ( 171 ) Thorpe and Rodger, 4, 55: 306; 89. ( 1 7 2 ) Trautz and Gerwig, 93, 134: 409; 24. ( 173 ) Travers, The Experimental Study of Gases, p. 243. London, Macmillan, 1901. ( 1 7 4 ) Villard, 51, 3: 441; 94. ( 175 ) Villard, 34, 118: 1096; 94. ("6) Villard, 34, 120: 1262; 95. (177) Villard, 6, 10: 387; 97. ( 1 7 ») Vincent and Chappuis, 34, 100: 1216; 85. ( 1 7 9 ) Vincent and Chappuis, 51, 5: 58; 86. (180) Vincent and Chappuis, 34,103: 379 ; 86. ( 18 M Vincent and Delachanal, 6, 16: 427; 79. ( 182 ) Vincent and Delachanal, 27, 31: 11; 79. ( l83 ) van der Waals, Verslagen en Medeelingen der Koninklijke Akademie van Wetenschappen te Amsterdam, Afd. Natuurk., 15: 426; 80. ( 184 ) Waiden, 7, 70: 569; 10. (185) wills, 4, 27: 21; 74. ( 18 «) Winkler, 52, 34: 177; 86. ( 187 ) Wismer, 50, 26: 301; 22. ( 188 ) Witkowski, 3, 42: 1; 96. ( 189 ) Wroblewski, 34, 98: 982; 84. (190) Wroblewski, 34, 99: 136; 84. ( 191 ) Wroblewski, 8, 25: 371; 85. ( 192 ) Wüllner and Grotrian, 8, 11: 544 ; 80. ( 193 ) Young, 4, 59:911 ; 91. ( 194 ) Young, 3, 34: 510; 92. ( 195 ) Zuk, 53, 16: 304; 84. (» 9 *) Sinozaki, Hara and Mitsukuri, 505, 6: 157; 26.

VAPOR PRESSURES AND ORTHOBARIC VOLUMES FOR H2O, NH3, CO2 AND SO2 ABOVE ONE ATMOSPHERE

F. G. KEYES *, 0C 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220 230 240 250 260 270 280 290 300 310 320 330 340 350 360 370

H2O: VAPOR PRESSUEES OP WATER IN ATM. Reichsanstalt values corrected to I. C. T. temperature scale I O I 1 2 I 3 4 I 5 I 6 I 1.0000 1.0362 1.0735 1.1120 1.1514 1.1922 1.2341 1.4139 1.4621 1.5115 1.5624 1.6148 1.6684 1.7236 1.9594 2.0221 2.0869 2.1531 2.2208 2.2907 2.3620 2.6660 2.7466 2.8295 2.9140 3.0010 3.0885 3.1794 3.567 3.669 3.773 3.880 3.989 4.101 4.215 4.698 4.825 4.956 5.088 5.224 5.363 5.505 6.100 6.257 6.417 6.579 6.746 6.916 7.088 7.817 8.007 8.202 8.399 8.603 8.808 9.017 9.895 10.124 10.358 10.596 10.838 11.084 11.337 12.386 12.658 12.936 13.220 13.507 13.801 14.099 15.341 15.665 15.994 16.327 16.666 17.012 17.365 18.823 19.204 19.590 19.980 20.379 20.780 21.190 22.889 23.331 23.780 24.234 24.693 25.162 25.635 27.603 28.112 28.628 29.150 29.682 30.221 30.767 33.027 33.610 34.203 34.802 35.411 36.028 36.652 39.234 39.900 40.576 41.259 41.954 42.655 43.365 46.300 47.055 47.820 48.595 49.381 50.175 50.977 54.291 55.145 56.008 56.881 57.766 58.659 59.565 63.295 64.255 65.224 66.206 67.201 68.208 69.226 73.42 74.49 75.59 76.69 77.81 78.94 80.08 84.78 85.99 87.21 88.44 89.68 90.94 92.20 97.40 98.74 100.10 101.47 102.85 104.25 105.65 111.43 112.92 114.42 115.94 117.47 119.01 120.57 126.99 128.63 130.29 131.97 133.66 135.37 137.10 144.20 146.01 147.84 149.67 151.55 153.44 155.36 163.16 165.16 167.17 169.21 171.26 173.33 175.43 184.07 186.28 188.52 190.78 193.07 195.42 197.79 207.49 209.98 212.51 215.09 217.72 (crit.)

7 1.2771 1.7802 2.4353 3.2739 4.332 5.649 7.265 9.231 11.592 14.401 17.721 21.606 26.117 31.319 37.284 44.086 51.792 60.479 70.257 81.24 93.49 107.07 122.14 138.85 157.28 177.56 200.17

8 J 1.3216 1.8384 2.5103 3.3693 4.451 5.796 7.445 9.448 11.852 14.710 18.082 22.029 26.605 31.881 37.926 44.815 52.614 61.407 71.299 82.40 94.80 108.51 123.74 140.62 159.23 179.71 202.58

9 1.3670 1.8982 2.5873 3.4669 4.574 5.947 7.629 9.670 12.116 15.023 18.451 22.457 27.101 32.449 38.575 45.551 53.447 62.345 72.354 83.59 96.09 109.96 125.36 142.40 161.19 181.88 205.02

Diacon, S4, 134: 171, 229; 02. ( 6 S ) de Forcrand and Fonzes-Diacon, 6, 26: 247; 02. (66) Galitzine, 8, 41: 588; 90. ( 6 7 ) Gay-Lussac, 8, 53: 138; 1816. («8) Gibbs, l, 27: 851; 05. (*») Goldschmidt, 96, 20: 159; 23. ( 70 ) Grunmach, 76, 1901: 914. (7l) Grunmach, 76, 1904: 1198. ( 7 2 ) Guye and Drouginine, 4S1 8: 473; 10. (73) Hainlen, 13, 282: 229; 94. (74) Hannay, 6, 33: 294; 82. (75) Hara and Shinozaki, 41, 26: 884; 23. ( 7 6 ) Hartman, 18, 5: 636; 00. 168, No. 64. (77) Hempel, 92,14: 865; 01. ( 78 ) HengJein and Krüger, 93, 130: 181; 23. ( 7 9 i Henning and Stock, 96, 4: 226; 21. (*°) Holst, Diss., Zürich, 1914. («) Holst, 475, 6: 48; 15. ( 82 ) Hunter, 00, 10: 330; 06. (83) Hosvay, 27, 37: 294; 82. (««) Janssen, 133, 1876: 211. ( 8 5 ) Janssen, Diss., Leiden, 1877. (««) Jenkin and Shorthose, B67. ( 8 7 ) Keyes, Taylor and Smith, 285, 1: 211; 22. (*») Knietsch, #5, 34: 4069; 01. ( 89 ) Körber, 8, 37: 1014; 12. 90 ( ) Kuenen, JS, 26: 354; 93. ( 9 1 ) Kuenen, 3, 40: 173; 95. 168, No. 16. ( 9 2 ) Kuenen, S, 44: 174; 97. ( 93 ) Kuenen, 7, 24: 667; 97. ( 9 4 i Kuenen and Robson, 3, 3: 149; 02. ( 9 S ) Ladenburg and Krügel, 25, 32: 1415; 99. ( 9 6 ) Ladenburg and Krügel, 25, 32: 1818; 99. ( 9 7 ) Leduc, 6, 15: 1; 98. ( 98 ) Leduc and Sacerdote, 34, 125: 397; 97. (") Lichty, l, 34: 1440; 12. ( 10 °) Lobry de Bruyn, 25, 28: 3085; 95. ( 101 ) Lobry de Bruyn, 70, 15: 174; 96. ( 102 ) Loomis and Walters, l, 48: 2051; 26. ( l 0 3 ) Maass and Mclntosh, /, 36: 737; 14. ( 10 <) Maass and Mclntosh, 69, SlIl: 65; 14. ( l o s ) Maassand Wright, J, 43: 1098; 21. ( l o«) Mclntosh, 50, 11: 306; 07. ( 107 ) Mclntosh and Steele, 5, 73: 450; 04. ( 1 O 8 ) Mathias, 34,148: 1102; 09. ( 109 ) Mathias, Recueil de Constants Physiques, 1913: 161. C 11 «) Moissan, 34, 101:1490; 85. ( 111 J Moissan, 6, 6:433; 85. ( l * 2 ) Moissan, 34,138: 789; 04. ( 113 ) Moissan, S^, 139: 711; 04. (l 14 ) Moles, 42,17: 415; 19. ( 115 ) Nasini, 25, 15: 2878; 82. ( 11 S) Nilson and Pettersson, 7, 1: 27; 87. ( 117 ) Ogier, 34, 88: 236; 79. ( 118 ) Olszewski, 57, 5: 127; 84. (119) Olszewski, 34, 99: 133; 84. ( 12 O) Olszewski, 34, 99: 706; 84. (121) Olszewski, 34, 100: 940; 85. ( 122 ) Olszewski, 67, 7: 371; 86. ( 123 ) Olszewski, 8, 31: 58; 87. ( 124 ) Olszewski, 165, 1889: No. l, xxvii. ( 125 ) Olszewski, 165, 1890: 57. ( 126 ) Olszewski, 25, 27: 3305; 94. ( 1 2 7 ) Olszewski, 3, 39: 188; 95. ( 128 ) Onnes and Zakrzewski, 64P, 7: 233, 285, 377; 04. 168, No. 92: ( 129 ) Perkin, 52, 31: 481; 85. (130) perry an
26. ( 132 ) Pictet, 149, 61: 16; 78. ( 133 ) Pictet, 6, 13: 145; 78. ( 134 ) Pictet, 34, 120: 43; 95. ( 13 S) Pictet and Altschul, 7, 16: 26; 95. ( 136 ) Pierre, 6, 15: 325; 45. ( 1 3 7 ) Podszus, 93, 99: 123; 17. (138) Porter, l, 48: 2055; 26. ( 139 ) Prins, 64P, 17: 1095; 15. ( 1 4 ( >) Ramsay, 4, 35: 463; 79. ( 141 ) Ramsay and Shields, 4, 63: 833; 93. ( 1 4 2 ) Ramsay and Young, 62,177: 71; 87. ( 143 ) Regnault, 151, 26: 1862. ( 144 ) Rex, 7, 55: 355; 06. ( 145 ) Rupert, l, 31: 851; 09. ( 146 ) Sajotschewsky, 427, 3: 741; 79. ( l 4 7 ) Scheffer, 7, 71: 671; 10. ( 148 ) Scheffer, 64P, 13: 829; 11. ( 149 ) Scheffer and Treub, 7, 81: 308; 12. ( 15 °) Scheffer and Treub, 64P, 14: 536; 12. ( 151 ) Schenck, 13, 316: 1; 01. ( 1 5 2 ) Schlundt, 50, 5; 503; 01. ( 153 ) Schulze and Hock, 7, 86: 445; 14. ( 1 5 4 ) Schultz-Sellack, 25, 3: 215; 70. ( 155 ) Schultz-Sellack, 27, 14: 154; 70. ( 156 ) Schwers, 42, 9:325; 11. ( 1 5 7 ) Schwers, 4, 101: 1889; 12. ( 1 5 8 ) Shorthose, B40. ( 159 ) von Siemens, 8, 42: 871; 13. (160) von Siemens, Diss., Berlin, 1913. ( 161 ) Skinner, 5, 42: 283; 87. ( 1 S 2 ) Steele and Bagster, 4, 97: 2607; 10. ( 163 ) Steele, Mclntosh and Archibald, 5, 205: 99; 05. ( 1 6 4 ) Steele, Mclntosh and Archibald, 7, 55: 129; 06. ( 1 6 S ) Stock and KUSS, 25, 50: 159; 17. ( 166 ) Stock and Priess, 25, 47: 3109; 14. ( 1 6 7 ) Stock and Seelig, 25, 52: 672; 19. ( 168 ) Stock and Somieski, 25, 49: 111; 16. ( 169 ) Tammann, B57. ( I 7 O ) Terwen, 7,91:469; 16. ( 171 ) Thorpe and Rodger, 4, 55: 306; 89. ( 1 7 2 ) Trautz and Gerwig, 93, 134: 409; 24. ( 173 ) Travers, The Experimental Study of Gases, p. 243. London, Macmillan, 1901. ( 1 7 4 ) Villard, 51, 3: 441; 94. ( 175 ) Villard, 34, 118: 1096; 94. ("6) Villard, 34, 120: 1262; 95. (177) Villard, 6, 10: 387; 97. ( 1 7 ») Vincent and Chappuis, 34, 100: 1216; 85. ( 1 7 9 ) Vincent and Chappuis, 51, 5: 58; 86. (180) Vincent and Chappuis, 34,103: 379 ; 86. ( 18 M Vincent and Delachanal, 6, 16: 427; 79. ( 182 ) Vincent and Delachanal, 27, 31: 11; 79. ( l83 ) van der Waals, Verslagen en Medeelingen der Koninklijke Akademie van Wetenschappen te Amsterdam, Afd. Natuurk., 15: 426; 80. ( 184 ) Waiden, 7, 70: 569; 10. (185) wills, 4, 27: 21; 74. ( 18 «) Winkler, 52, 34: 177; 86. ( 187 ) Wismer, 50, 26: 301; 22. ( 188 ) Witkowski, 3, 42: 1; 96. ( 189 ) Wroblewski, 34, 98: 982; 84. (190) Wroblewski, 34, 99: 136; 84. ( 191 ) Wroblewski, 8, 25: 371; 85. ( 192 ) Wüllner and Grotrian, 8, 11: 544 ; 80. ( 193 ) Young, 4, 59:911 ; 91. ( 194 ) Young, 3, 34: 510; 92. ( 195 ) Zuk, 53, 16: 304; 84. (» 9 *) Sinozaki, Hara and Mitsukuri, 505, 6: 157; 26.

VAPOR PRESSURES AND ORTHOBARIC VOLUMES FOR H2O, NH3, CO2 AND SO2 ABOVE ONE ATMOSPHERE

F. G. KEYES *, 0C 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220 230 240 250 260 270 280 290 300 310 320 330 340 350 360 370

H2O: VAPOR PRESSUEES OP WATER IN ATM. Reichsanstalt values corrected to I. C. T. temperature scale I O I 1 2 I 3 4 I 5 I 6 I 1.0000 1.0362 1.0735 1.1120 1.1514 1.1922 1.2341 1.4139 1.4621 1.5115 1.5624 1.6148 1.6684 1.7236 1.9594 2.0221 2.0869 2.1531 2.2208 2.2907 2.3620 2.6660 2.7466 2.8295 2.9140 3.0010 3.0885 3.1794 3.567 3.669 3.773 3.880 3.989 4.101 4.215 4.698 4.825 4.956 5.088 5.224 5.363 5.505 6.100 6.257 6.417 6.579 6.746 6.916 7.088 7.817 8.007 8.202 8.399 8.603 8.808 9.017 9.895 10.124 10.358 10.596 10.838 11.084 11.337 12.386 12.658 12.936 13.220 13.507 13.801 14.099 15.341 15.665 15.994 16.327 16.666 17.012 17.365 18.823 19.204 19.590 19.980 20.379 20.780 21.190 22.889 23.331 23.780 24.234 24.693 25.162 25.635 27.603 28.112 28.628 29.150 29.682 30.221 30.767 33.027 33.610 34.203 34.802 35.411 36.028 36.652 39.234 39.900 40.576 41.259 41.954 42.655 43.365 46.300 47.055 47.820 48.595 49.381 50.175 50.977 54.291 55.145 56.008 56.881 57.766 58.659 59.565 63.295 64.255 65.224 66.206 67.201 68.208 69.226 73.42 74.49 75.59 76.69 77.81 78.94 80.08 84.78 85.99 87.21 88.44 89.68 90.94 92.20 97.40 98.74 100.10 101.47 102.85 104.25 105.65 111.43 112.92 114.42 115.94 117.47 119.01 120.57 126.99 128.63 130.29 131.97 133.66 135.37 137.10 144.20 146.01 147.84 149.67 151.55 153.44 155.36 163.16 165.16 167.17 169.21 171.26 173.33 175.43 184.07 186.28 188.52 190.78 193.07 195.42 197.79 207.49 209.98 212.51 215.09 217.72 (crit.)

7 1.2771 1.7802 2.4353 3.2739 4.332 5.649 7.265 9.231 11.592 14.401 17.721 21.606 26.117 31.319 37.284 44.086 51.792 60.479 70.257 81.24 93.49 107.07 122.14 138.85 157.28 177.56 200.17

8 J 1.3216 1.8384 2.5103 3.3693 4.451 5.796 7.445 9.448 11.852 14.710 18.082 22.029 26.605 31.881 37.926 44.815 52.614 61.407 71.299 82.40 94.80 108.51 123.74 140.62 159.23 179.71 202.58

9 1.3670 1.8982 2.5873 3.4669 4.574 5.947 7.629 9.670 12.116 15.023 18.451 22.457 27.101 32.449 38.575 45.551 53.447 62.345 72.354 83.59 96.09 109.96 125.36 142.40 161.19 181.88 205.02

Liquid water (23, 40, 50) f, 0 CI cm Vg I t, 0C I cnWeT 100 1.0434 150 1.0881 110 1.0510 160 1.0997 120 1.0592 170 1.1124 130 1.0680 180 1.1262 140 1.0776 190 1.1410

Liquid water *, 0G I cmVg | 200 1.1569 210 1.1739 220 1.1919 230 1.211 240 1.231

SATURATED SPECIFIC VOLUMES (23, 40, 50) Water vapor (32)* Water vapor (32)* t, 0C | cm Vg ~t 0C | cmVg | t, 0C | cmVg" t, 0C | cmVg | l, 0C | cmVg 250 1.252 100 1677 125 768.9 150 392.4 175 217.2 260 1.274 105 1420 130 667.1 155 346.6 180 194.9 270 1.297 110 1208 135 581.0 160 307.1 115 1034 140 508.0 165 272.8 120 889.8 145 445.8 170 243.1

* In view of the fact that the values f 2 4 ) are obtained by calculation from vapor pressure and latent heat measurements, not as much consideration was given to them as to the direct measurements ( 32 ), The values given in the table are, however, in essential agreement with those ( 2 4 ); cf, also ( 5 » 17» 38 J.

NH3 VAPOK PRESSUBE OF LIQUID AMMONIA, ATM. ± 0.05% ( 8 > 10, 16 > 19 > 22, 28, 29, so, 37, 39, 41, 48, 54) From -78 to +70° logioP = 27.376004 - 1914^f569 _ 8.4598324 \ogi0T + 2.39309 X 10"3T7 + 2.955214 X 10~6r2

or log10P = 9.584586 From +50to +132.9° . logioP = 2.050418 - Tc y ^ -70 -60 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10 - O + O 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 132.9

t, ° -70 -60 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10 - O + O 10 20 30 40

°

1648

J?068 - 1.638646 X 10'2T7 + 2.403276 X 10'5T* - 1.168708 X 10"8T73

T

[2.9771 - 1.492414 X 10-3(TC - T) + 1.36142 X lO"5^ - TY - 5.47917 X 10-8(TC - T)3] Tc = (132.9 + 273.1) = 406 C | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 " " 0.1078 0.1001 0.0929 0.0861 0.0797 0.0738 0.0683 0.0631 0.0582 0.0537 0.2161 0.2022 0.1891 0.1767 0.1651 0.1541 0.1437 0.1339 0.1246 0.1159 0.4034 0.3800 0.3578 0.3367 0.3167 0.2977 0.2796 0.2624 0.2461 0.2307 0.7083 0.6712 0.6357 0.6017 0.5693 0.5383 0.5087 0.4805 0.4536 0.4279 1.1799 1.1236 1.0695 1.0175 0.9676 0.9197 0.8738 0.8297 0.7875 0.7471 1.8774 1.7956 1.7166 1.6405 1.5671 1.4963 1.4281 1.3624 1.2992 1.2384 2.8703 2.7555 2.6443 2.5368 2.4328 2.3322 2.2349 2.1408 2.0499 1.9621 4.2380 4.0818 3.9303 3.7832 3.6405 3.5020 3.3677 3.2375 3.1112 2.9888 4.2380 4.3985 4.5640 4.7340 4.9090 5.0895 5.2750 5.4655 5.6610 5.8620 6.0685 6.2805 6.4985 6.7225 6.9520 7.1875 7.4290 7.6770 7.9310 8.1915 8.4585 8.7320 9.0125 9.3000 9.5940 9.8955 10.2040 10.5195 10.8430 11.1735 11.512 11.858 12.212 12.574 12.943 13.321 13.708 14.103 14.507 14.919 15.339 15.770 16.209 16.656 17.113 17.580 18.056 18.542 19.038 19.543 20.059 20.585 21.121 21.667 22.224 22.793 23.372 23.962 24.562 25.174 25.797 26.432 27.079 27.737 28.407 29.089 29.784 30.491 31.211 31.942 32.687 33.454 34.227 35.013 35.813 36.626 37.453 38.294 39.149 40.018 40.902 41.799 42.712 43.640 44.582 45.539 46.511 47.500 48.503 49.522 50.558 51.609 52.677 53.760 54.860 55.977 57.111 58.261 59.429 60.613 61.816 63.037 64.274 65.530 66.804 68.096 69.406 70.736 72.084 73.451 74.837 76.244 77.668 79.114 80.578 82.064 83.570 85.097 86.644 88.212 89.802 91.413 93.045 94.700 96.376 98.075 99.796 101.541 103.309 105.099 106.913 108.751 110.613 112.3 (crit.)

SPECIFIC VOLUME OF LIQUID AMMONIA UNDER SATURATION PRESSURE, CMS/G ( 7 > 15 > 18> 20, 2?, 34) 4.2830 + 0.813055(133 - QK - 0.0082861(133 - Q _ V ~ 1 + 0.424805(133 - QH + 0.015938(133 - Q ; range' 7Q to 13° ° G | 0 | l | 2 | . 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 1.3788 1.3766 1.3745 1.3724 1.3702 1.3681 1.3660 1.3639 1.3618 1.4010 1.3988 1.3965 1.3942 1.3920 1.3898 1.3876 1.3854 1.3832 1.4245 1.4221 1.4197 1.4173 1.4150 1.4126 1.4103 1.4079 1.4056 1.4493 1.4468 1.4442 1.4417 1.4392 1.4367 1.4342 1.4318 1.4293 1.4757 1.4730 1.4703 1.4676 1.4649 1.4623 1.4597 1.4571 1.4545 1.5037 1.5008 1.4980 1.4951 1.4923 1.4895 1.4867 1.4839 1.4811 1.5338 1.5307 1.5276 1.5245 1.5215 1.5185 1.5155 1.5125 1.5096 1.5660 1.5627 1.5594 1.5561 1.5528 1.5496 1.5464 1.5432 1.5400 1.5660 1.5694 1.5727 1.5761 1.5796 1.5831 1.5866 1.5901 1.5936 1.6008 1.6045 1.6081 1.6118 1.6156 1.6193 1.6231 1.6270 1.6308 1.6386 1.6426 1.6466 1.6506 1.6547 1.6588 1.6630 1.6672 1.6714 1.6800 1.6844 1.6888 1.6932 1.6977 1.7023 1.7069 1.7115 1.7162 1.7257 1.7305 1.7354 1.7404 1.7454 1.7504 1.7555 1.7607 1.7659

|

9 1.3597 1.3810 1.4033 1.4269 1.4519 1.4784 1.5066 1.5369 1.5972 1.6347 1.6757 1.7209 1.7712

*, ° 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130

SPECIFIC | 0 1.7766 1.8341 1.9000 1.9774 2.0708 2.1885 2.347s 2.594s 3.1769

C

VOLUME OF LIQUID AMMONIA UNDER SATURATION PRESSURE, CMS/G.—(Continued) [ 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 1.7820 1.7875 1.7931 1.7987 1.8044 1.8102 1.8160 1.8220 1.8403 1.8465 1.8529 1.8593 1.8658 1.8725 1.8792 1.8860 1.9072 1.9145 1.9219 1.9294 1.9370 1.9448 1.9528 1.9608 1.9859 1.9946 2.0034 2.0124 2.0217 2.0311 2.0407 2.0505 2.0813 2.0920 2.1030 2.1143 2.1258 2.1377 2.1498 2.1623 2.202l 2.2162 2.230? 2.251o 2.2612 2.277s 2.294o 2.3112 2.3674 2.387? 2.408o 2.43U 2.454s 2.479e 2.505s 2.539s 2.628s 2.665e 2.705s 2.749s 2.7979 2.852s 2.9142 2.985i 3.317s 3.531s 4.283o (crit.)

9 " 1.8280 1.8930 1.9690 2.0605 2.1752 2.3292 2.5632 3.071o

SPECIFIC VOLUME OF SATURATED NH3 VAPOR, CMS/G (7, is, 21, 25, 29, si, 55) log™* = 12?^? - 32.0661 + 10.70409 1Og10T7 + 8.62366 X 1Q-2(406.1 - T)^ + 2.667 X 10-3(406.1 - T); T = (273.1 + O; __^_ *, ° -70 -60 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10 - O + O 10 20 30 40 50

C

| 0 8 976.2 4690.3 2620.7 1 550.2 962.82 623.4s 418.46 289.62 289.62 205.79 149.5s 110.7s 83.290 63.448

| 1 9 617.9 4988.9 2770.3 1 630.0 1 007.8 650.Oe 434.84 300.10 279.5s 199.1s 144.99 107.5s 81.012

| 2 10 314 5310.0 2929.9 1 714.7 1 055.3 678.Os 452.02 311.04 269.9s 192.7s 140.6l 104.4s 78.806

range, - 70 to +5O0C | 3 | 4 | 6 | 6 11 069 11 889 12 781 13 752 5655.8 6028.3 6429.9 6863.3 3100.7 3283.4 3479.0 3688.5 1 80?4.8 1 900.5 2 002.4 2 110.8 1 105.5 1 158.7 1 214.8 1 274.4 707.4s 738.44 771.0e 805.44 470.02 488.8s 508.6s 529.4s 322,4? 334.42 346.9o 359,9s 260.7s 251.8s 243.39 235.2s 186.5s 180.6e 174.9? 169.49 136.39 132.3s 128.4o 124.61 101.5i 98.640 95.8es 93.1si 76.6?o 74.600 72.594 70.6so

| 7 | 8 | 14 809 7331.2 7837.0 3913.1 4154.0 2 226.3 2 349.4 1 337.4 1 404.2 841.69 879.92 551.2s 574.1s 373.59 387.8? 227.4s 219.92 164.22 159.U 120.96 117.4s 90.5se 88.0?4 68.7ee 66.939

9 8384.1 4412.5 2 480.7 1 475.1 920.2s 598.2o 402.82 212.7i 154.2s 114.02 85.643 65.Ie?

5OtO 100° (53, 55)

/, 0 C cmVg

I 50 I 60 I 70 I 80 I 90 | 100 I 63.49 I 48.8 | 37.7 | 29.3 | 22.8 | 17.6

CO2 VAPOR PRESSURE OF THE LIQUID IN ATM. (*» 2 » 4» 12 > 19» 31» 33» 36» 43> 45 > 46 » 48» 49 » 52)

~ r[3.QQ67 - 9.03453 X 10~*(TC - T) + 2.37353 X 10~*(TC - T)* - 3.7788 X 10~*(TC - T7)3 +3.27304 X IQ"8 (Tc - TY - 1.11383 X 1Q-10(TC - T7)5]; T0 = (273.1 + 31.1); range, - 56.6 to 31.10C C | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 5.114s 6.744e 6.475l 6.2139 5.960s 5.715e 5.4782 5.248s 9.925l 9.5650 9.214? 8.874o 8.542e 8.220? 7.907s 7.6039 7.3089 7.022s 14.099 13.631 13.176 12.733 12.299 11.877 11.466 11.065 10.675 10.295 19.437 18.845 18.267 17.702 17.150 16.611 16.084 15.569 15.067 14.577 26.129 25.393 24.673 23.967 23.277 22.601 21.940 21.293 20.661 20.042 34.379 33.478 32.595 31.728 30.879 30.046 29.231 28.431 27.648 26.881 34.379* 35.298 36.235 37.190 38.163 39.155 40.166 41.197 42.247 43.316 44.406 45.517 46.648 47.800 48.974 50.170 51.388 52.629 53.895 55.182 56.495 57.833 59.197 60.588 62.006 63.452 64.928 66.434 67.971 69.540 71.143 72.780 72.947

log10P = 1.8630096 t , ° -56.6 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10 - O +0 10 20 30 31.1

Tc

* A new determination by Bridgeman ( 9 ) gives 34.4009 ± 0.0013 atm. at 0° and this value is recommended as a fixed point for the calibration of pressure gages.

SPECIFIC VOLUME OF LIQUID CARBON DIOXIDE UNDER SATURATION PRESSURE, CMS/G: ( 1 J 6 > 13 > 26) i= 0.925 - 5.8836 X 10~3/ - 4.4189 X IO-**2 - 1.3486 X 10~6/3 - 3.64025 X IO'8*4 - 3.2475 X lO"10*5; range, -40 to +2O0C /, 0C -56.6 -50 -40 -30

I

Q I 1 I 2 I 3 I 4 I 5 I 6 I 7 I 8 I 0.8482 0.8658 0.8636 0.8606 0.8576 0.8554 0.8525 0.8496 0.8961 0.8929 0.8897 0.8865 0.8834 0.8803 0.8780 0.8749 0.8718 0.9302 0.9268 0.9226 0.9191 0.9158 0.9124 0.9091 0.9058 0.9025

9

0.8688 0.8993

SPECIFIC VOLUME OF LIQUID CAKBON DIOXIDE UNDER SATURATION PRESSURE, CM*/G.—(Continued) <, 0C I O I 1 I 2 I 3 I 4 I 5 I 6 I 7 | 8 } ^2O0.96990.96530.96150.95790.95330.94970.94520.94160.93810. -10 1.0194 1.0142 1.0091 1.0040 0.9990 0.9940 0.9892 0.9843 0.9794 - O 1.0810 1.0753 1.0683 1.0616 1.0548 1.0482 1.0428 1.0362 1.0309 +0 1.0811 1.0881 1.0953 1.1025 1.1099 1.1186 1.1261 1.1350 1.1442 10 1.1628 1.1737 1.1834 1.1947 1.2063 1.2195 1.2330 1.2469 1.2626 20 1.2953 1.3141 1.3351 1.3587 1.3831 1.4104 1.4430 1.4815 1.5267 30 1.6722 1.8692 I 2.1547 31.1

.

SPECIFIC VOLUME OF SATURATED CO2 VAPOR, CMVG C1' 3

6> 13

5

)

+ 3.640 X 10~8J4 + 3.25 X lO"10*6; range, -40 to -f 2O0C <, 0C -30 -20 -10 -O + O 10 20 30 31.1

[ 0 | 27.19 19.22 13.83 10.26 10.26 7.57 5.26 3.00 2.15

l | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 19.9120.6221.3622.1122.8923.7124.5325.4026.26 14.2714.7315.2115.7016.2316.7817.3517.9518.57 10.5710.8811.2111.5411.8912.2512.6213.0113.41 9.97 9.68 9.41 9.13 8.85 8.59 8.33 8.06 7.81 7.30 7.04 6.80 6.58 6.33 6.14 5.92 5.68 5.46 5.05 4.83 4.61 4.39 4.35 3.97 3.76 3.53 3.28 2.54

SO2 VAPOR PRESSURE OF THE LIQUID IN ATM. ( 8 > i 1 » 19 > 39 > 4 2> 44, 47, 48) TB = B. P., 0K

logloP = T ~lpTB [5.0762 - 4.03843 X 10~3(T - T8) + 1.79492 X 10-'(T1 - TB)* + 1.27073 X IQ-7CT - T8)3 - 8.50057 X K)-IO(T7 _ TsY]', TB = (273.1 + 9.99); range, - 70 to 4-4O0C t, 0C -70 -60 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10 - O + O 10 20 30 40 *At

I

O 0.02635 .05699 .11411 .2135 .3759 .6274 .9995 1.529 1.529 2.256 3.228 4.498 6.125 -72.5°.

I

2 0.02236 .04916 .09989 .1893 .3371 .5686 .9138 1.408 1.657 2.429 3.456 4.793 6.499

I

4 0.02145* .04227 .08719 .1674 .3018 .5142 .8340 1.295 1.793 2.613 3.697 5.102 6.890

I

6

I

0.03623 .07589 .1477 .2695 .4641 .7599 1.190 1.938 2.807 3.951 5.427 7.300

8

0.03095 .06586 .1300 .2401 .4181 .6911 1.091 2.092 3.012 4.217 5.768 7.729

H t, 0C I O I 5 50 8.176 9.385 60 10.72912.219 70 13.86715.684 80 17.68219.872 90 22.26824.878 100 27.71430.784 110 34.09137.641 120 41.43245.457 130 49.70554.157 140 58.78363.549 150 68.40573.296 157 75.245

SPECIFIC VOLUME OF THE LIQUID UNDER SATURATION PRESSURE (3, 13, 14, 35) 3

pr = 1.434 - 2.486 X 10" J - 2.63 X 1(T6P - 5.591 X IQrW + 8.1 X IO"11«*; range, -50 to +9O 0 C t -50 -45 -40 -35 -30 -25 -20 -15 -10 - 5 O

I cm»/g|| t I cmVg| I 20.6998 0.6423 40.7022 0.6472 60.7047 0.6523 80.7072 0.6575 100.7097 0.6627 120.7123 0.6680 140.7153 0.6739 160.7179 0.6798 180.7205 0.6859 200.7231 0.6916 220.7262 0.6974 240.7289

t I cm3/g|| 260.7315 280.7348 300.7375 320.7407 340.7440 360.7474 380.7508 400.7536 420.7570 440.7610 460.7646 480.7680

t \ cm 3 /g[| 500.7722 520.7758 540.7794 560.7837 580.7874 600.7918 620.7962 640.8000 660.8046 680.8091 700.8137 720.8183

SPECIFIC VOLUME OF THE VAPOR UNDER SATURATION PRESSURE, CM 3 /G ( 1 3 > I*)

6 3

£ = 0.09743 + 2.854 X 10' J + 4.419 X 10" ^ + 1.349 X 10~ *

t \ cmVg|| t \ cm 3 /g 740.8230 98 0.8913 760.8278 100 0.8977 780.8333 105 0.9158 800.8382 110 0.9355 820.8432 115 0.9570 840.8489 120 0.9823 860.8547 125 .0111 880.8606 130 .0449 900.8658 135 .0858 920.8718 140 .1363 940.8780 145 .2019 960.8850 150 .3038 157.2 1.9305

9 9337 0.9747 1.0256 1.1534 1.2788 1.5873

0

t, C O 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150

I

O

147.1 103.1 75.76 54.64 40.65 31.85 25.77 20.92 16.39 12.94 10.31 8.07s 6.14e 4.554 3.25e

I

2

137.0 97.09 70.92 51.02 38.61 30.49 24.81 19.96 15.60 12.32 9.833 7.669 5.8Oo 4.274 2.990

I

4

128.2 90.91 66.67 48.08 36.76 29.15 23.81 19.01 14.88 11.76 9.38l 7.26? 5.47s 4.00s 2.67o

I

6

119.0 86.21 62.50 45.25 34.84 28.01 22.88 18.15 14.20 11.25 8.93? 6.87s 5.14? 3.75s

j

8 156.3 111.1 81.30 58.14 42.74 33.33 26.88 21.93 17.24 13.51 10.79 8.503 6.502 4.84s 3.509

LITERATURE For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) (i) Amagat, 84, 114: 1093; 92. ( 2 ) Amagat, 84, 114: 1322; 92. (3) Andreeff, 13, 110: 1; 59. («) Andrews, 5, 24: 455; 76. ( 5 ) Battelli, 6, 26: 394; 92. 3: 408; 94. (6) Behn, 8, 3: 733; 00. (7) Berthoud, 37, 1: 84; 18. ( 8 ) Biumcke, 8, 34: 10; 88. (») Bridgeman, 1, 49: 1174; 27. (io) Burrell and Robertson, 1, 37: 2482; 15. C 11 ) Burrell and Robertson, 1, 37: 2691 ; 15. ( » 2 ) Cailletet, 34,112: 1170; 91. (i 3) Cailletet and Mathias, 51, 5: 549; 86. C 1 4 ) Cardoso, 149, 34: 127; 12. («) Cragoe and Harper, 31A, 17: 287; 21. (i«) Cragoe, Meyers and Taylor, 1, 42: 206; 20. (17) Dieterici, 8, 38: 1; 89. (i*) Dieterici, 148, 11: 21; 04. (i») Faraday, 62, 135: 155; 45. (2°) Fitzgerald, 50, 16: 621; 12. (21) Goodenough and Mosher, 86, 10: No. 66; 13. (22) Henning and Stock, 96, 4: 226; 21. (23) Hirn, 6, 10: 32; 67. (24) Holborn, Scheel and Henning, Wärmetabellen, Braunschweig, Vieweg, 1919. (25) Holst, 468, 6: 48; 15. (26) Jenkin, 5, 98: 170; 20. ( 2 7 ) , Keyes, 382, 1: No. l, 9; 14. (2») Keyes, 382, 7: 371; 21. ( 29 ) Keyes and Brownlee, Thermodynamic Properties of Ammonia. New York, Wiley, 1916. (30) Keyes and Brownlee, Î, 40: 25; 18. (31) Keyes and Kenney, 382, 3: No. 4, 17; 17. (32) Knoblauch, Linde and Klebe, 414, 21: 33; 05. (33) Kuenen and Robson, 3, 3: 149; 02. (34) Lange, 317, 21: 191; 98. (35) Lange, 92, 12: 275; 99. ( 36 ) Meyer and Van Düsen, 382, 13: 180; 26. (37) Mündel, 7, 85: 435; 13. (38) Perot, 6, 13: 145; 88. (3») Pictet, Nouvelles machines frigorifiques. Paris, Gauthier-Villars, 1885. (40) Ramsay and Young, 68, 183: 107; 93. («) Regnault, 151, 26: 506; 62. (42) Regnault, loi, 26: 581; 62. (43) Regnault, 151, 26: 615; 62. (44) Sajotschewski, 487, 3: 741; 79. (45) Scheffer, 64P, 21: 664; 19. (46) von Siemans, 5, 42: 871; 13. ( 4 7 ) Steele and Bagster, 4, 97: 2607; 10. (48) Stock, Henning and KUSS, 25, 54: 1119; 21. (49) Villard, 6, 10: 387; 97. (so) Waterston, 3, 26: 116; 63. (*i) Wobsa, 148, 15: 11; 08. (") Zeleny and Smith, 63, 7: 667; 06. ( 53 ) Keyes, O. ( g 4) Cragoe, Myers and Taylor, 31A, 16: 1; 20. ( 55 ) Cragoe, McKelvy and O'Connor, SlA: 18: 707; 23.

VAPOR PRESSURES AND ORTHOBARIC DENSITIES ABOVE ONE ATMOSPHERE, TWO-PHASE, LIQUID—VAPOR, ORGANIC COMPOUNDS1 ALBERT F. O. GERMANN CH4S Methylmercaptan (3)

p = vapor pressure in normal atmospheres. di (resp. dv) = density of saturated liquid (resp. vapor) in g per cm3. dm = y2(di -f dv). Accuracy, ca. ± 5 in last figure given. All values at the critical point are given in bold-face type.

J1 °C

C-TABLE, THE (T-ARRANGEMENT CCl2O Phosgene (i, io, 11, 17) *, 0C 7.95 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 182

I

?atm. 1.00 1.08 1.55 2.17 2.97 3.99 5.25 6.81 8.68 10.94 13.6 16.7 20.3 24.4 29.1 34.4 40.4 47.0 54.4 56

I

I

di I 1.409 1.405 1.381 1.357 1.332 1.306 1.280 1.252 1.224 1.195 1.165 1.134 1.100 1.062 1.017 0.966 0.903 0.826 0.685 0.620

dv 0.005 0.005 0.007 0.009 0.012 0.016 0.020 0.024 0.030 0.037 0.046 0.057 0.072 0.090 0.112 0.142 0.182 0.239 0.359

t, °C

C

64.7 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220 225 230 235 240.0

I

Patm.

1.000 1.220 1.764 2.494 3.452 4.688 6.255 8.213 10.63 13.57 17.11 21.34 26.35 32.23 39.08 47.03 56.18 61.25 66.67 72.47 78.67

I

dl

I

dv

0.7510 0.001222 .7460 .001465 .7355 .002084 .7250 .002907 .7140 .003984 .7020 .005376 .6900 .007142 .6770 .009379 .6640 .01216 .6495 .01562 .6340 .01994 .6160 .02526 .5980 .03186 .5770 .04010 .5530 .05075 .5255 .06521 .4900 .08635 .4675 .1003 .4410 .1187 .4054 .1438 O. 2722

Except hydrocarbons and their halogen derivatives for which v. p. 244.

I

dl

I

dv

0.002 .002 .003 .004 .004 .005 .005 .006 .008 .011 .015 .020 .027 .036 .048 .062 .079 .102 .131 .179

Patm.

Il

1.000 1.33 2.00 2.92 4.16 5.93 7.70 10.15 13.12

t, °C

I

Patm.

16.7 20.9 25.9 31.9 38.5 46.3 55.1 65.5 73.6

80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 166.9

C2H3N Acetonitrile (31); cf. (29, 32)

dm = 0.4050 - 447.9 X IQ-6* -f 133 X 10~9Z2 - 2376 X 10~12;3.

1

I

- 6.6 O + 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

CH4O Methyl Alcohol (25, 37) *,

Patm.

CH5N Methylamine (2)

dm = 0.715 - 1070 X IO-6*. 0

I

6.0 1.000 0.888 10 1.16 .882 20 1.68 .868 30 2.36 .854 40 3.22 .840 50, 4.33 .827 60 5.68 .813 70 7.36 .799 80 9.33 .783 90 11.7 .768 100 14.5 .752 110 17.6 .734 120 21.3 .714 130 25.5 .692 140 30.3 .669 150 35.7 .643 160 41.6 .612 170 48.6 .577 180 56.2 .535 190 65.0 .477 196.8 71.4 0.323 dm = 0.449 - 675 X 10~6^ -f 180 X 10~9*2.

'

/, °C

I

80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220 230 240 250

j

Patzn.

I

dl

0.717 .706 .694 .682 .670 .658 .646 .633 .620 .605 .590 .573 .555 .536 .514 .492 .467 .439

I

dv

0.001 002 002 .003 .004 .005 .007 .009 .011 .013 .015 .018 .022 .027 .034 .042 .053 .068

C2H3N.—(Continued) *, °C

I

I

frtm.

dl

I

260 0.399 270 .342 274.7 0.240 dm = 0.402 - 495 X 10~6* - 350 X lQ~9t*. C2H4O2 Acetic Acid (21, 22, 36, 37) t, °C

I

ffatm.

I

dl

I

dv

0.091 .139

dv

118.5 1.000 0.9380 0.003150 120 1.058 .9362 .003271 130 1.426 .9235 .004275 140 1.884 .9091 .005515 150 2.452 .8963 .00703 160 3.149 .8829 .00887 170 3.994 .8694 .01084 180 5.014 .8555 .01370 190 6.233 .8413 .01681 200 7.682 .8265 .02052 210 9.391 .8109 .02488 220 11.39 .7941 .03021 230 13.73 .7764 .03626 240 16.42 .7571 .04327 250 19.52 .7364 .05163 260 23.07 .7136 .06165 270 27.11 .6900 .07365 280 31.67 .6629 .0883 290 36.79 .6334 .1073 300 42.54 .5950 .1331 310 48.93 .5423 .1718 320 56.01 .4615 .2417 321.6 67.21 O. 3506 dm = 0.5355 - 536.6 X 10~6^ - 119.1 X 10~9*2. C2H4O2 Methyl Formate (39); cf. (37) t, °C

j

Patm.

&

dv

31.9 1.000 0.9569 0.002468 40 1.355 .9447 .003236 50 1.903 .9294 .004456 60 2.608 .9133 .006039 70 3.500 .8968 .008032 80 4.610 .8803 .01049 90 5.969 .8634 .01350 100 7.614 .8452 .01723 110 9.582 .8264 .02160 120 11.91 .8070 .02688 130 14.64 .7860 .03344 140 17.83 .7638 .04124 150 21.46 .7403 .05063 160 25.64 .7136 .06231 170 30.40 .6844 .07634 180 35.76 .6521 .09434 190 41.78 6148 .1178 200 48.50 5658 .1524 210 55.95 .4857 .2188 214.0 59.15 O. 3489 dm = 0.5020 - 701.3 X IQ'H - 66.5 X IQ-9Z2. C2H6O Ethyl Alcohol (23, 37) t, 0C

78.3 80 90 100 110 120

I

p,tm.

1.000 1.069 1.562 2.228 3.107 4.243

j

di

0.7365 .7348 .7251 .7157 .7057 .6925

I

dv

0.00165 .00174 .00250 .00351 .00486 .00658

t, 0C 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220 230 240 243.1

I

C2H6O.—(Continued) ?atm. I di I d. 5.685 0.6789 0.00877 7.486 .6631 .01152 9.700 .6489 .01488 12.39 .6329 .01916 15.61 .6165 .02446 19.44 .5984 .03115 23.94 .5782 .0397 29.20 .5568 .0508 35.31 .5291 .0655 42.38 .4958 .0854 50.53 .4550 .1135 59.92 .3825 .1715 63.11 0.2755

dm = 0.4028 - 382.7 X 10-'« - 594.0 X 10~9*2 +65.1 X 10~12*3. C2H6O Methyl Ether (p) (5, 27) ; (d) (6) t, 0C ' -23.7 -20 -10 O +10

I

p,tm. 1.000 1.17 1.74 2.54 3.59

I

4.95 6.62 8.69 11.25 14.27 17.90 22.10 26.9 32.6 39.0 42.5 46.3 50.3 62.0

20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 115 120 125 126.9

di 0.7222 .7174 .7040 .6905 .6759 .6610 .6455 .6292 .6116 .5932 .5735 .5517 .5257 .4950 .4575 .4350 .4040 .3510

I

dv 0.0024 .0027 .0039 .0055 .0076 .0104 .0142 .0188 .0241 .0306 .0385 .0484 .0623 .0810 .1060 .1222 .1465 .1930 O. 2714

dm = 0.3480 - 604.0 X 10'6J. C2H6S Methyl Sulfide (p) (3); (d) (3, 12) t, °G

35.8 40, 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220 229.9

I

flato.

1.000 1.15 1.60 2.15 2.84 3.68 4.70 5.97 7.45 9.14 11.1 13.4 16.0 19.1 22.4 26.2 30.6 35.6 41.5 47.0 64.6

dm = 0.437 - 570 X 10~6*.

I

dl

I

0.831 .826 .814 .803 .791 .777 .764 .750 .736 .721 .706 .689 .671 .652 .632 .610 .585 .559 .528 .486

dv

0.002 .003 .003 .003 .004 .006 .OQ8 .010 .013 .016 .020 .026 .032 .040 .050 .063 .076 .092 .113 .146 0.306

C3H5N.- (Continued)

C2H6S Ethylmercaptan (3) t, °C

I

34.4 40 OO 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220 225.6

Patm.

I

1.000 1.21 1.66 2.22 2.95 3.84 4.92 6.24 7.80 9.64 11.8 14.3 17.2 20.5 24.2 28.2 33.0 38.2 44.1 50.5 64.2

di

I

0.822 .815 .803 .790 .777 .762 .749 .735 .721 .706 .689 .672 .653 .634 .613 .590 .564 .534 .499 .444 |

dt,

0.002 .003 .003 .004 .006 .007 .009 .012 .015 .019 .023 .029 .036 .044 .054 .065 .079 .095 .117 .161 0.301

6

9 2

dm = 0.432 - 580 X IO" * - 50.0 X 10~ * . C2H7N Dimethylamine (2) t, °C

7.2 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 164.6

t, 0G 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220 230 240

|

Patm.

1.000 1.12 1.66 2.38 3.32 4.55 6.04 7.93 10.2 12.9 16.0 19.7 23.9 28.8 34.4 40.8 48.0 51.7

|| i

|

C2H7N Ethylamine (2) t, °C

|

16.6 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 183.2

C3H6N Propionitrile (3l); cf. (29) | patm. I di I 0.711 .700 .689 .678 .666 .654 .642 .629 .615 .602 .588 .573 .557 .541 .524 .505

patm.

1.000 1.14 1.65 2.34 3.23 4.35 5.77 7.48 9.57 12.1 15.0 18.5 22.5 27.0 32.4 38.4 44.9 52.9 66.6 d, 0.002 .002 .003 .003 .004 .005 .006 .007 .008 .010 .012 .015 .019 .025 .033 .041

t, °C

|

Patm.

|

dl

I

d„

250 0.483 260 .458 270 .428 280 .388 290 .311 291.2 0.241 dm = 0.400 - 475 X 10~6^ - 250 X IO'9*2. C 3 H 6 O Acetone (p) (**> 27) ; cf. t, °C

I

Pstm.

(32); I

(d) (12) ; cf. dt

0.051 .063 .080 .108 .171

(28, 29, 33, 35) I

d,

56.1 1.000 0.750 0.002 60 1.14 .746 .003 70 1.58 .734 .003 80 2.12 .719 .004 90 2.81 .706 .005 100 3.67 .693 .007 110 4.74 .679 .009 120 6.01 .665 .011 130 7.53 .650 .013 140 9.33 .634 .016 150 11.5 .618 .020 160 13.9 .601 .024 170 16.6 .588 .030 180 20.0 .568 .039 190 23.8 .540 .050 200 28.0 .514 .065 210 32.7 .482 .085 220 38.1 .443 .110 230 44.1 .393 .152 236 47.0 0.268 dm = 0.405 - 525 X 10"6J - 250 X 10~9*2. C3H6O2 Propionic Acid (*3) ; cf, (7, 9, 18, 19) t, °C

|

Patm.

|

d|

|

d,

140 0.860 150 .848 160 .837 170 .825 180 .813 190 .800 200 .786 210 .772 220 .757 230 .740 240 .722 250 .703 260 .683 270 .663 280 .642 290 .619 300 .595 339.6 0.316 dm = 0.508 - 530 X 10~6t - 110 X 10~9*2. C3H6O2 Ethyl Formate (39); cf, (37) t, °G

54.35 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130

I

Patm.

1.000 1.208 1.667 2.251 2.983 3.883 4.978 6.290 7.846

|

dl

0.8767 .8689 .8552 .8409 .8262 .8112 .7955 .7796 .7628

|

.

0.004 .004 .005 .006 .008 .010 .012 .015 .019 .024 .029 .035 .043 .051 .060 .071 .083

d»

0.002843 .003370 .004570 .006098 .007994 .01032 .01312 .01657 .02073

C 3H6O2.- (Continued) tj °C

I

frtm.

I

di

C3H8O Methyl Ethyl Ether (3) I

A,

140 9.674 0.7448 0.02564 150 11.80 .7257 .03164 160 14.26 .7058 .03876 170 17.07 .6843 .04739 180 20.28 .6610 .05747 190 23.91 .6355 .07018 200 28.00 .6066 .08621 210 32.59 .5724 .1073 220 37.70 .5290 .1379 225 40.47 .5014 .1587 230 43.39 .4635 .1890 236.3 46.66 O. 3232 dm = 0.4741 - 625.1 X 10~6* - 69.4 X 10~9*2. C3H6O2 Methyl Acetate (39); cf. (37) t,0C I Ptm. I di I dv 57.15 1.000 0.8840 0.002830 60 1.104 .8800 .003076 70 1.537 .8662 .004193 80 2.092 .8519 .005618 90 2.791 .8374 .007440 100 3.659 .8221 .009671 110 4.719 .8060 .01239 120 5.998 .7893 .01570 130 7.523 .7715 .01970 140 9.325 .7532 .02454 150 11.43 .7339 .03026 160 13.88 .7133 .03731 170 16.71 .6907 .04598 180 19.95 .6671 .05682 190 23.64 .6410 .06993 200 27.84 .6100 .08658 210 32.56 .5741 .1091 220 37.92 .5281 .1416 230 43.92 .4527 .2028 233.7 46.31 O. 3262 dm = 0.4799 - 628.0 X 10~6* - 146.7 X 10~9?2 C3H8O Propyl Alcohol (26, 37) *, 0C I P»tm. I dt dv 97.4 1.000 0.7351 0.00208 100 1.100 .7325 .00226 110 1.577 .7220 .00320 120 2.208 .7110 .00443 130 3.022 .6995 .00605 140 4.055 .6875 .00805 150 5.341 .6740 .01060 160 6.915 .6600 .01380 170 8.817 .6450 .01770 180 11.08 .6285 .0225 190 13.75 .6110 .0282 200 16.86 .5920 .0353 210 20.46 .5715 .0442 220 24.57 .5485 .0556 230 29.26 .5230 .0704 240 34.57 .4920 .0904 250 40.55 .4525 .1180 260 47.27 .3905 .1610 263.7 49.96 O. 2734= dm = 0.4095 - 379.0 X IO"6* - 375.0 X 1O-9*2 - 553.3 X IO-12*3.

t, °C

I

Patm.

I

7.5 1.000 10 1.10 20 1.61 30 2.29 40 3.14 50 4.24 60 5.56 70 7.21 80 9.16 90 11.4 100 14.2 110 17.3 120 20.9 130 25.0 140 29.6 150 34.7 160 40.5 164.7 43.4 dm = 0.364 - 570 X 10~6*.

«ft

I

d,

0.716 .713 .700 .687 .672 .658 .644 .628 .612 .596 .579 .560 .540 .516 .487 .450 .401

0.003 .004 .006 .008 .010 .013 .016 .019 .023 .029 .034 .040 .050 .064 .082 .109 .153 0.270

C3H9N Propylamine (2) t, °C

I

48.4 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130

Patm.

I

1.000 1.06 1.49 2.06 2.79 3.71 4.82 6.17 7.76 9.64

t, °C

I

Psttn.

11.8 14.4 17.2 20.3 24.2 28.4 32.9 38.1 43.9 46.3

140 150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220 223.8

C4H6O4 Dimethyl Oxalate (27, 34) *, °C

I

163.3 170 180 190 200 210

Patm.

|l

1.000 1.20 1.59 2.06 2.62 3.32

J9 °C

I

Pat^

4.17 5.19 6.37 7.76 9.48

220 230 240 250 260

C4H8O2 n-Butyric Acid (13); c/. (7, 8, 28, 4O) f, °C

160 170 180 190 200 210 220 230 240 250 260 270 280 290 300 366

I

Patm.

I

dl

I

0.818 .807 .796 .784 .771 .758 .744 .730 .715 .700 .685 .669 .652 .633 .612 0.302

dm = 0.487 - 450 X IO-6* - 200 X 10~9*2.

d,

0.003 .003 .004 .005 .007 .009 .012 .t!5 .018 .022 .027 .032 .038 .045 .053

C4H8(^.-- (Continued)

C4H8O2 Isobutyric Acid (*3) ; cj, (20, 28) *, °C

I

Patm.

I

150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220 230 240 250 260 270 280 290 300 336

di

dv

0.812 .801 .789 .777 .764 .751 .737 .723 .708 .692 .675 .657 .638 .617 .594 .569

0.003 .004 .005 .007 .009 .012 .015 .018 .022 .026 .032 .039 .047 .056 .067 .080 O. 304

6

9 2

dm = 0.485 - 500 X IO" * - 120 X 10~ ^ . C4H8O2 Propyl Formate (39); cf. (37) t, °C

80.9 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220 230 240 250 260 264. 86

I

Patm.

1.000 1.320 1.769 2.327 3.010 3.836 4.821 5.984 7.343 8.921 10.74 12.82 15.20 17.90 20.94 24.39 28.27 32.63 37.54 40.13

I

di

I

dv

0.8330 0.003136 .8214 .004107 .8080 .005432 .7947 .007047 .7811 .009033 .7670 .01140 .7523 .01422 .7369 .01770 .7209 .02179 .7045 .02667 .6873 .03236 .6691 .03891 .6487 .04717 .6259 .05698 .6024 .06897 .5757 .08403 .5438 .1045 .5025 .1340 .4404 .1848 O. 3093

dm = 0.4647 - 574.8 X IO'6* - 45.9 X IO"9*2. C4H8O2 Methyl Propionate (39); cf. (37) *, 0C I p»tm. I di dv 79.7 1.000 0.8412 0.003173 80 1.006 .8408 ' .003199 90 1.379 .8273 004301 100 1.851 .8137 005714 110 2.440 .7996 007446 120 3.165 .7852 .009569 130 4.043 .7705 .01214 140 5.096 .7553 .01529 150 6.345 .7390 01905 160 7.812 .7221 .02356 170 9.523 .7045 .02907 180 11.50 .6856 .03552 190 13.78 .6657 .04320 200 16.38 .6445 .05236 210 19.33 .6207 .06390 220 22.68 .5938 .07812 230 26.46 .5635 .09662 240 30.70 .5220 .1236

I1 °C

I

245 250 255 267.4

Patm.

I

33.01 35.46 38.04 39.34

di

I

d,

0.4976 0.1418 .4655 .1675 .4151 .2118 O. 3124

dm = 0.4696 - 592.1 X IO"6* - 72.9 X 10~9*2. C4H8O2 Ethyl Acetate (39); c/. (37) 0

t, C

I

p«tm.

I

dj

dv

77.15 1.000 0.8283 0.003230 80 1.093 .8245 .003495 90 1.494 .8112 .004677 100 2.000 .7972 .006158 110 2.630 .7831 .008006 120 3.404 .7683 .01030 130 4.340 .7533 .01314 140 5.461 .7378 .01650 150 6.789 .7210 .02070 160 8.349 .7033 .02577 170 10.17 .6848 .03165 180 12.27 .6653 .03883 190 14.68 .6441 .04751 200 17.45 .6210 .05797 210 20.59 .5944 .07128 220 24.15 .5648 .08905 230 28.16 .5281 .1131 240 32.68 .4778 .1499 245 35.14 .4401 .1802 250 37.74 260.1 37.80 Q. 3077 dm = 0.4624 - 599.2 X IO'6* - 76.4 X IO^2. C4Hi0O Ethyl Ether (24, 37) t, °C

I

34.6 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 185 190 193.8

Patm.

1.000 1.212 1.680 2.275 3.021 3.939 5.054 6.394 7.987 9.861 12.05 14.58 17.48 20.80 24.57 28.81 31.12 33.57 36.62

I

dt

I

dm = 0.3685 - 537.7 X 10"6J - 47.5 X 10~9*2. C4Hi0S Ethyl Sulfide (3) t, 0C I p,tm. I di I

90.3 100 110 120 130 140 150 160

1

1.000 1.32 1.75 2.26 2.90 3.66 4.58 5.68

dy

0.6962 0.003162 .6894 .003731 .6764 .005079 .6658 .006771 .6532 .00892 .6402 .01155 .6250 .01477 .6105 .01867 .5942 .02349 .5764 .02934 .5580 .03638 .5385 .04488 .5179 .05551 .4947 .06911 .4658 .08731 .4268 .1135 .4018 .1320 .3663 .1620 O. 2625

0.765 .755 .744 .732 .721 .709 .697 .684

dv

0.003 .003 .004 .005 .006 .008 .009 .011

CeHi0S.—(Continued) t, °C

I

Patm.

I

dl

C5H10O2.- (Continued) I

dv

170 6.93 0.671 0.013 180 8.36 .656 .017 190 10.00 .641 .022 200 12.0 .625 .027 210 14.2 .608 034 220 16.6 .590 .041 230 19.3 .571 .050 240 22.3 .549 .061 250 25.6 .524 .075 260 29.3 .494 .094 270 33.2 .457 .121 280 37.6 .395 .175 283.8 39.1 0.279 dm = 0.428 - 470 X IO"6* - 200 X IQ-9*2. C4Hi1N Diethylamine (p) (2); (d) (12, 16) J1 °C

I

Patm.

I

di

I

55.4 1.000 0.668 60 1.16 .663 70 1.59 .652 80 2.13 .640 90 2.82 .628 100 3.67 .616 110 4.70 .604 120 5.92 .591 130 7.39 .577 140 9.10 .562 150 11.1 .546 160 13.4 .528 170 15.9 .510 180 18.9 .489 190 22.2 .466 200 25.8 .438 210 30.0 .400 220 34.4 .339 223.6 36.2 0.246 dm = 0.364 - 515 X IO"6* - 50.0 X 10~9£2. C 5 Hi 0 O 2 Isobutyl Formate ( 15 > 30) t, °C

97.9 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180

I

Patm.

[I

t, °G

I

1.000 190 1.067 200 1.44 210 1.92 220 2.52 230 3.25 240 4.14 250 5.19 260 6.37 270 7.89 278 C6Hi0O2 Propyl Acetate (39);c/. (37) t, 0C I p.tm. I di I 101.55 1.000 0.7938 110 1.284 .7830 120 1.703 .7702 130 2.223 .7571 140 2.851 .7435 150 3.611 .7297 160 4.518 .7149 170 5.581 .6997 180 6.832 .6835 190 8.276 .6667 200 9.947 .6488

dv

0.003 .003 .004 .005 .006 .008 .011 .014 .018 .022 .028 .035 .043 .053 .065 .080 .103 .150

*, °C

I

Patm.

I

di

I

d0

210 11.86 0.6301 0.04115 220 14.05 .6087 .05025 230 16.54 .5855 .06154 240 19.36 .5586 .07576 250 22.54 .5289 .09390 260 26.13 .4908 .1205 270 30.16 .4333 .1661 275 32.36 .3769 .2169 276.2 32.91 O. 2957 dm = 0.4553 - 546.9 X 10'6J - 112.4 X IO"9*2. C6Hi0O2 Ethyl Propionate (39); cf. (37) J1 °C

I

99.0 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220 230 240 250 260 265 270 272.9

Patm.

I

1.000 1.027 1.383 1.828 2.376 3.042 3.840 4.788 5.904 7.206 8.727 10.45 12.45 14.73 17.33 20.28 23.62 27.40 29.48 31.69 33.03

dl

I

dv

0.7964 0.003489 .7951 .003580 .7823 .004748 .7692 .00620 .7548 .00800 .7413 .01024 .7267 .01292 .7115 .01615 .6958 .02004 .6795 .02469 .6625 .03012 .6443 .03676 .6243 ' .04464 .6027 .05435 .5784 .06667 .5501 .08230 .5181 .1030 .4744 .1337 .4459 .1562 .4018 .1957 0.2965

dm = 0.4564 - 564.4 X 10~6* - 78.4 X IO^2. C5Hi0O2 Methyl Butyrate (39); cf. (37)

Patm.

9.62 11.5 13.8 16.3 19.1 22.3 25.8 29.8 34.3 38 dv 0.003495 .004405 .005760 .007440 .009497 .01195 .01489 .01848 .02268 02778 .03390

t, 0C 102.75 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220 230 240 250 260 270 275 280 281.3

I

patm. 1.000 1.245 1.649 2.148 2.756 3.488 4.359 5.386 6.587 7.982 9.593 11.44 13.55 15.96 18.69 21.77 25.25 29.17 31.31 33.58 34.19

\

dl \ dv 0.8035 0.003595 .7945 .004374 .7816 .005708 .7685 .007353 .7551 .009294 .7415 .01168 .7270 .01459 .7122 .01807 .6964 .02215 .6800 .02699 .6633 .03268 .6448 .03968 .6251 .04831 .6018 .05848 .5773 .07143 .5505 ' .08696 .5166 .1091 .4721 .1416 .4386 .1691 .3812 .2201 O. 3002

dm = 0.4601 - 543.0 X 10"6^ - 90.6 X 10~9*2.

C 6 Hi 2 O 2 .—(Continued)

C6H10O2 Methyl Isobutyrate (39), cf. (37) 0

t, C 92.3 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220 230 240 250 260 265 267.55

I

p»tm. I 1.000 1.257 1.675 2.193 2.826 3.588 4.497 5.569 6.825 8.280 9.960 11.89 14.09 16.59 19.43 22.64 26.25 30.32 32.54 33.72

J10G

di I d, 0.8040 0.003617 .7945 .004472 .7815 .005882 .7680 .007628 .7539 .009718 .7396 .01224 .7248 .01533 .7095 .01903 .6933 .02345 .6767 .02869 .6593 .03490 .6411 .04228 .6200 .05141 .5961 .06289 .5690 .07722 .5386 .09615 .5021 .1218 .4495 .1623 .4036 .2033 O. 3012

170 180 190 200 210 220

dm = 0.4558 - 559.3 X IO"6* - 68.9 X IO"9*2. C6Hi2O Ethyl Propyl Ether (3) t, °C

I

61.4 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220 227.4

Patm.

\

1.000 1.30 1.73 2.27 2.94 3.76 4.72 5.89 7.28 8.89 10.7 12.9 15.2 18.0 21.2 24.8 28.8 32.1

di

dv

0.682 .672 .659 .646 .633 .620 .607 .593 .579 .564 .548 .530 .511 .491 .462 .433 .385

0.008 .010 .013 .015 .018 .021 .025 .029 .032 .036 .041 .047 .055 .067 .082 .104 .142 0.258

dm = 0.3785 - 530.0 X 10~6t. C6Hi2O2 Isobutyl Acetate (15) t, °C

|

116.4 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200

P.tm.

Il

1.000 1.12 1.48 1.93 2.50 3.16 3.94 4.96 6.12 7.43

t, °C

|

210 220 230 240 250 260 270 280 288

Patm.

9.0 10.8 12.8 15.1 17.7 20.6 23.9 27.5 31

C6Hi2O2 Ethyl Isobutyrate (15) *, 0G 110 120 130

|

ptn,.1.000 1.33 1.75

II l I

*, 0C 140 150 160

|

p»tm. 2.25 2.89 3.63

'

\

Patm.

I

*, °C

4.49 230 5.60 240 6.85 250 8.31 260 10.05 270 12.0 280 C6H16N Triethylamine (12) | Pfctm. I di 0.661

I

t, 0C | 90 100 .650 110 .638 120 .626 130 .614 140 .603 150 .591 160 .578 170 .565 180 .552 190 .538 200 .523 210 .507 220 .488 230 .466 240 .437 250 .399 260 .335 262 0.261 dm = 0.373 - 440 X IQrH - 100 X IO"9*2. C7Hi4O2 Isopropyl Isobutyrate (38) t, °C

120.76 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220 230 240

|

Patm.

I

dl

Patm.

14.2 16.7 19.5 22.6 26 30 d* 0.005 .006 .008 .010 .013 .016 .019 .022 .026 .030 .035 .040 .046 .056 .071 .090 .115 .175

dv

'

1.000 1.298 1.689 2.163 2.758 3.443 4.222 5.165 6.259 7.507 8.965 10.58

0.7377 .7264 .7140 .7014 .6683 .6751 .6610 .6468 .6311 .6145 .5965 .5770 0.0475 Begins to decompose Ci2Hi0O Diphenyl Ether (*)

logio Pmm = 7.77l - ^^; ränge 259.0 (B. P.) to 36O0C LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) (i) Atkinson, Heycock and Pope, 4,117: 1410; 20. (2) Berthoud, 42,15: 3; 17. (3) Berthoud and Bruin, 42, 21: 143; 24. (*) Britton, The Dow Chemical Co., Midland, Mich., O. (*) Cardoso and Bruno, 42, 20: 347; 23. (6) Cardoso and Coppola, 4$, 20: 337; 23. (7) Eijkman, 70, 12: 157; 93. (8) FaIk, 1, 31: 86; 09. C 9 ) Faucon, 34, 146: 691; 08. (10) Germann and Taylor, 1, 48: 1154; 26. ( 11 J Hackspill and Mathieu, 27, 25: 482; 19. ( 12 ) Herz and Neukirch, 7, 104: 433; 23. ( 13 ) von Hirsch, 8, 69: 456; 99. ( 14 ) Kuenen and Robson, 3, 4: 116; 02. (15) Nadejdine, Exner Repertorium der Physik, 23: 759; 87. ( 16 ) Oudemans, 70, 1: 56; 82. ( 17 ) Paterno and Mazzucchelli, 36, 501: 30; 20. (18) Perkin, 4, 65: 402; 94. (19) Perkin, 4, 69: 1169; 96. (20) Pierre and Puchot, 6, 28:363; 73. (21) Ramsay and Young, 62,175: 461; 85. (22) Ramsay and Young, 4, 49: 790; 86. ( 2 3) Ramsay and Young, 62, 177: 123; 87. ( 2 ^) Ramsay and Young, 62,178: 57; 88. ( 2 S) Ramsay and Young, 62, 178: 313; 88. (26) Ramsay and Young, 62, 180: 137; 90. (27) Regnault, 151, 26: 335; 62. ( 2 «) Schiff, 13, 220: 71; 83. (29) Schiff, 25, 19: 560; 86,

( 3 0 ) Schumann, 8, 12: 40; 81. ( 3 1 ) Ter-Gazarian, 42, 4: 140; 06. I, 32 ) Timmermans, £5,24:244; 10. (33) Waiden, 7, 60: 87; 07. ( 3 *) Weger, IS, 221: 61; 83. ( 3 5 ) Wüllner and Grotrian, 8, 11: 545; 80. ( 3 6 ) Young, 4, 59:

903; 91. (37) Young, 117, 12: 374; 10. (38) Young and Fortey, 4, 81: 783; 02. ( 39 ) Young and Thomas, 4, 63: 1191; 93. ( 4 0 ) Zander, 13, 224: 56; 84.

VAPOR PRESSURES AND ORTHOBARIC DENSITIES OF HYDROCARBONS AND THEIR HALOGEN DERIVATIVES JEAN TIMMERMANS p — vapor pressures in mm Hg C = HeO^n) di (resp. dv) = density of saturated liquid (resp. vapor) in g per cm8 dm = Y2 (di + d,); range, B. P. to tc Accuracy: Young's data, 0.1% for the pressures and 0.0001 for the densities. Other authors' accuracy usually less, and indicated by the number of significant figures given. All values at the critical point are given in bold-face type. HYDROCARBONS The (T-Arrangement Ci AND C2 HYDROCARBONS, v. p. 230 n-C5Hi2 (is, 2Q) CH3.CH:CH2 (3, 10, 17) 0 t, °C I Pnun I dl I d t, C I pmm I dj -47.8 760 36.15 760 40 873 0.6062 0.0034 -40 1110 0.599 50 1193 0.5957 0.0045 -30 1575 0.587 -20 2280 0.574 60 1605 0.5850 0.0060 -10 3235 0.560 70 2119 0.5739 0.0079 O 4400 0.546 80 2735 0.5624 0.0101 -flO 5800 0.531 90 3500 0.5503 0.0129 20 7700 0.516 100 4410 0.5377 0.0163 110 5485 0.5248 0.0202 30 9900 i, °c I pmm 120 6740 0.5107 0.0250 80 2740 130 8190 0.4957 0.0310 ou loouo 90 340Oo 60 189Oo 926 3450o 140 9890 0.4787 0.0386 70 228Oo 150 llSlo 0.4604 0.0476 160 14050 0.4394 0.0591 loglo p = 7.340 -^fì 170 16550 0.4162 0.0735 3 10 14 180 19350 0.3867 0.0935 C 4 Hi 0 ( » » ) 190 225Oo 0.3485 0.1269 *, °C I Pmm II *, °C I ?WT 195 24250 0.3065 0.1609 -44.5 760 +20 6690 197.2 261Oo 0.2323 -20 1980 50 1475o dm = 0.4402 - 0.0343413!F O 3800 97.5 342Oo 0.073477T2; range, M. P. to tc. OQQ 7 dm = 0.3283 - 0.034610J; logiop = 7.3402 - ^; range, 0° to tc. range, -125° to tc. JgQ-C6Hi2 ( 18 > 20) n-C4H10 (3, 7, 17, 19) 0 t, C I pmm I di I dv I °C I Pmm H t, °G I gw" 27.95 760 - 0.3 760 100 128Oo 30 819 0.6092 0.0033 +30 2550 130 206Oo 40 1140 0.5988 0.0045 70 6700 163.2* 271Oo 50 1535 0.5881 0.0060 150. 8f 285Oo 60 2036 0.5769 0.0078 70 2656 0.5656 0.0101 *(7) t( 17 ) 80 3385 0.5540 0.0129 logio? = 7.3948 ^~~; 90 4280 0.5413 0.0162 100 5345 0.5278 0.0202 range, M. P. to tc. 110 6585 0.5140 0.0251 For di up to 35°, see (8). 120 8020 0.4991 0.0311 ISO-C4Hi0 (3, 13, 17) 130 9685 0.4826 0.0383 ' t, °C I Pmm u t, °C I Pmm 140 11630 0.4642 0.0473 -11.5 760 90 129Oo 150 138Oo 0.4445 0.0583 +30 3400 120 217Oo 160 163Oo 0.4206 0.0729 60 7000 133.7 2775o 170 1911o 0.3914 0.0934 180 22270 0.3498 0.1258 1056 3 i a no logio p = 6.98 y—; range, 185 240Oo 0.3142 0.1574 187.8 260Oo 0.2343 M. P. to tc. v

» l™l

9

°

dm = 0.44806 - 0.0347586T + 0.072664r2; range, M. P. to tc. dm = 0.3202 - 0.034658* + 0.07463*2; range, 0° to tc C 6 H 6 (20) t, 0C I pmm I dt I d~ 80.2 760 90 1008 0.8041 0.0036 100 1335 0.7927 0.0047 110 1740 0.7809 0.0060 120 2230 0.7692 0.0077 130 2820 0.7568 0.0096 140 3520 0.7440 0.0118 150 4335 0.7310 0.0144 160 5300 0.7185 0.0173 170 6385 0.7043 0.0209 180 7620 0.6906 0.0249 190 9040 0.6758 0.0298 200 10650 0.6605 0.0355 210 12450 0.6432 0.0421 220 14520 0.6255 0.0502 230 16820 0.6065 0.0598 240 19350 0.5851 0.0714 250 222Oo 0.5609 0.0855 260 25350 0.5328 0.1038 270 28850 0.4984 0.1287 280 328Oo 0.4514 0.1660 288.6 364Oo 0.3046

CeHi2 which was not absolutely pure it melted at 4.7° instead of 6.5° and its density (•*£) was 0.7826 instead of 0.7832.

dm = 0.3942 range, M. P. to tc.

0.000433/;

Tl-C6H14 (20)

t, 0C I 68.95 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220 230 234.8

pmm I di I d, 760 787 0.6122 0.0034 1062 0.6022 0.0045 1407 0.5918 0.0058 1836 0.5814 0.0075 2358 0.5703 0.0096 2980 0.5588 0.0120 3720 0.5467 0.0150 4605 0.5343 0.0187 5610 0.5207 0.0230 6790 0.5063 0.0283 8120 0.4913 0.0347 9650 0.4751 0.0423 10380 0.4570 0.0516 1335o 0.4365 0.0633 15580 0.4124 0.0790 181Oo 0.3810 0.1011 20950 0.3329 0.1405 226Oo 0.2344

dm = 0.3388 - 0.034445J; range, 0° to tc.

dm = 0.4501 - 0.035248£ + 0.07693*2; range, M. P. to te. C6Hi2, CYCLOHEXANE (12, 20) t, °C

I Pmm I

dl

I

dv

(C3H7)2, DIISOPBOPYL (20) t, °C

I Pmm

I

dl

j

dv

58.1 760 80.75 760 0.71990.0029* 60 807 0.6243 0.0035 90 992* 0.70980.0038* 70 1093 0.6144 0.0046 100 1304* 0.69880.0049* 80 1444 0.6039 0.0060 110 1687* O 68830.0063* 90 1876 0.5931 0.0078 120 2140 0.67750.0080* 2410 0.5821 0.0099 130 2695 0.66670.0100* 100 110 3045 0.5708 0.0125 140 3355 0.65530.0123 120 3790 0.5589 0.0155 150 4140 0.64350.0150 130 4675 0.5464 0.0193 160 5040 0.63130.0184 140 5715 0.5334 0.0236 170 6095 150 6885 0.5199 0.0285 180 7285 0.60600.0265 160 8255 0.5049 0.0352 190 8630 0.59170.0317 170 9805 0.4885 0.0429 200 10130 0.57730.0380 180 11530 0.4705 0.0522 210 11825 0.56140.0450 190 1347s 0.4508 0.0636 220 13690 0.5443 0.0534 200 157Oo 0.4274 0.0783 230 15810 0.52570.0632 210 182Oo 0.3988 0.0986 240 18140 0.50580.0746 220 210Oo 0.3565 0.1321 250 207Oo 0.4824 0.0896 225 226Oo 0.3198 0.1649 260 23590 0.45370.1097 0.2411 270 26830 0.41540.1401 j 227.35 2335o 281.0 3083s 0.2703 dm = 0.3401 - 0.034445* + 0.07413<2; range, 0° to tc. * Values from Young, who used

C6H5CH3 (*» 6) f, °C | Patm. |

dl

\

t, °C | Pmm dv

190 0.687 0.022 200 0.672 0.026 210 0.658 0.030 220 0.644 0.035 230 0.630 0.040 240 0.614 0.048 250 0.594 0.057 260 O 574 0.066 270 0.554 0.076 280 0.534 0.085 320. 6 41. 6 dm = 0.4464 - 0.03483J; ränge, 190° to tc. Tl-C7H16 (20) t, °G | Pmm

|

dl

\

dv

98.4 760 100 795 0.6124 0.0036 110 1047 0.6027 0.0047 120 1367 0.5926 0.0061 130 1753 0.5821 0.0078 140 2229 0.5711 0.0098 150 2785 0.5598 0.0122 160 3450 0.5481 0.0151 170 4210 0.5359 0.0185 180 5090 0.5232 O 0224 190 6095 0.5066 0.0271 200 7260 0.4952 0.0330 210 8595 0.4793 0.0401 220 101Io 0.4616 0.0489 230 1181o 0.4414 0.0600 240 1379o 0.4177 0.0745 250 1598o 0.3882 0.0954 260 1847o 0.3457 0.1287 266.85 204Oo 0.2341 dm = 0.3504 - 0.034102? 0.07621£2; ränge, 0° to tc.

dl

260 270 280 dm = 0.4385 190° to k.

|

dv

0.600 0.048 0.585 0.054 0.570 0.060 0.03438£; ränge,

p-C6H4(CH3)2 (6) t, °C | frnm I

190 200 210 220 230 240 250 260 270 280 dm = 0.3902 190° to tc.

dl

|

HALOGEN DERIVATIVES dv

0.620 0.028 0.612 0.030 0.603 0.032 0.594 0.035 0.585 0.038 0.575 0.041 0.562 0.045 0.548 0.051 0.534 0.057 0.520 0.062 0.03344f; ränge,

Ti-C8H18 (20) /, °C I ?mm

|

dl

|

t, 0C I pmm I di I d, 260 14650 0.3912 0.0970 270 169Oo 0.3482 0.1321 276.8 1865o 0.2366 dm = 0.3550 - 0.034115* 0.07592£2; ränge, 0° to tc.

d,

125.8 76Ol 130 859 0.6071 0.0042 140 1114 0.5973 0.0054 150 1425 0.5875 0.0068 160 1807 0.5772 0.0085 170 2255 0.5667 0.0107 180 2775 0.5556 0.0132 190 3385 0.5441 0.0161 200 4100 0.5317 0.0196 210 4925 0.5189 0.0236 220 5875 0.5053 0.0287 230 6950 0.4901 0.0348 240 8200 0.4732 0.0424 250 9600 0.4554 0.0512 260 11180 0.4364 0.0622 270 12980 0.4123 0.0772 0-C6H4(CH3)2 (6) 280 150Oo 0.3818 0.0983 t, °C I Pmm | dl \ dv 290 1715o 0.3365 0.1346 0.2327 190 0.716 0.014 298.2 187Oo 200 0.705 0.016 dm = 0.3592 - 0.033986£ 210 0.694 0.019 0.07960*2; ränge, 0° to te. 220 0.682 0.021 (C4Hg)2, DIISOBUTYL (20) 230 0.670 0.024 240 0.656 0.028 t, °C | Pmm I dl dv 250 0.641 0.034 109.2 760 260 0.625 0.040 110 777 0.6143 0.0040 270 0.609 0.046 120 1020 0.6046 0.0052 280 0.593 0.052 130 1320 0.5945 0.0067 dm = 0.4578 - 0.0348U; 140 1685 0.5841 0.0085 ränge, 190° to tc. 150 2115 0.5732 0.0107 160 2645 0.5620 0.0132 m-C6H4(CH3)2 (6) 170 3245 0.5503 0.0161 t, °C | Pnu» | dj | dv 180 3940 0.5383 0.0196 190 0.690 0.020 190 4740 0.5255 0.0237 200 0.678 0.023 200 5670 0.5117 0.0287 210 0.666 0.026 210 6730 0.4970 0.0348 220 0.654 0.030 220 7940 0.4810 0.0420 230 0.642 0.034 230 9310 0.4633 0.0509 240 O 629 0.038 240 109Oo 0.4434 0.0622 250 0.615 0.043 250 12670 0.4199 0.0768

CH3CL AND C2H5CL, V. p.

| Pmm

-78.2 O + 10 20

t, °C

[ l t, °C |

Pmxn

760 30 3275o 147Oo 40 405Oo 2009o 44.9 471Oo 256Oo C6H5F (20)

t, °C

ffmin

|

dl

\

dv

85.2 760 90 883 0.9366 0.0038 100 1177 0.9233 0.0050 110 1542 0.9096 0.0065 120 1950 0.8955 0.0083 130 2530 0.8811 0.0105 140 3170 0.8665 0.0131 150 3930 0.8519 0.0163 160 4825 0.8363 0.0199 170 5840 0.8203 0.0241 180 7010 0.8037 0.0291 190 8375 0.7857 0.0350 200 9900 0.7671 0.0418 210 1161s 0.7480 0.0497 220 13550 0.7265 0.0591 230 1572s 0.7036 0.0704 240 18160 0.6789 0.0840 250 209Oo 0.6504 0.1008 260 23950 0.6163 0.1226 270 27350 0.5739 0.1535 280 312Oo 0.5133 0.2034 286.6 339Oo 0.3541 dm = 0.5236 - 0.036000* + 0.07293*2; ränge, 0° to tc.

I Pmm |

dl

dv

\

CHCL3 (5, 15, 20)

231

CH3F (4, H) t, °C

t, °C

260 25530 0.9409 0.2146 270 290Oo 0.8666 0.2710 280 328Oo 0.7634 0.3597 283.15 342Oo 0.5576 dm = 0.8165 - 0.039564£ -f 0.06148Z2; ränge, 0° to te.

I Pmm

i

l, °C

I Pmm

61.2 760 130 4860 90 1880 140 5950 100 2430 150 7080 110 3100 160 8800 120 3890 dm = 0.546 - 0.0009 (t 230); ränge, 230° to te. For di and dv to 4 decimals between 195° and te, see (5). dc = 0.516 at te = 262.9°. Tl-C3H7CL (2, 18) fi °C

46.65 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130

I Pmm

K

Pmm

°C

760 140 8500 859 150 102Oo 1233 160 121Oo 1680 |170 14450 2210 1180 169Oo 2870 Il90 196Oo 3670 Ì200 2265o 4600 210 25050 5700 220 297Oo 7000 230.05|3437o C6H5CL (20)

t, °C

I Pmm

I

di

I

dv

132 760 140 939.50.97230.0043 150 1206 0.95990.0054 160 1535 0.94800.0068 170 1920 0.93540.0084 180 2370 0.92240.0102 190 2900 0.90910.0125 CCL4 (20) 200 3520 0.89550.0151 t, °C | Pmm | dl \ dv 210 4230 0.88150.0181 76.75"760 229 5055 0.86720.0214 80 838 1.4765 0.0061 230 5990 0.85180.0254 90 1112 1.4554 0.0080 240 7050 0.83560.0300 100 1457 1.4343 0.0103 250 8270 0.81960.0354 110 1880 1.4124 0.0131 260 9650 0.80160.0417 120 2390 1.3902 0.0164 270 11190 0.78340.0492 130 3000 1.3680 0.0204 359.2 339Oo 0.3654 140 3725 1.3450 0.0250 dm = 0.5640 - 0.035337i + 150 4555 1.3215 0.0304 2 160 5535 1.2983 0.0365 0.07509£ ; range, 0° to tc. 170 6640 1.2734 0.0437 C2H5BR (5, 15, 20) 180 7900 1.2470 0.0525 190 9315 1.2192 0.0625 t, °C I Pmm I *, °C I Pznm 38.4 760 90 3420 200 1094o 1.1888 0.0742 40 794 100 4330 210 1276o 1.1566 0.0879 50 1110 I 110 5400 220 148Oo 1.1227 0.1040 60 1500 120 6650 230 17060 1.0857 0.1232 70 2010 130 8100 240 196Oo 1.0444 0.1464 80 2630 250 22410 0.9980 0.1754

dm = 0.521 - 0.040 (t 210); range, 210° to tc. For di and dv to 3 decimals, 195° to tc, see (5). do = 0.513 at tc = 230.9°. C6H5BR (16, 20) t, °C

I Pmm

dl

I

156.15 760 160 846 170 1077 180 1350 190 1685 200 2075 210 2525 220 3055 230 3660 240 4360 250 5160 260 6080 270 7105 397 339Oo

\

dv

1.2994 0.0052 1.2847 0.0066 1.2697 0.0081 1.2534 0.0099 1.2385 0.0121 1.2210 0.0146 1.2037 0.0174 1.1876 0.0208 1.1689 0.0248 1.1510 0.0293 1.1310 0.0343 1.1099 0.0402 0.4859

dm = 0.7609 - 0.036655* 0.07725t2; range, 0°tok. C6H5I (2Q) J1 °C

I Pmm

I

dl

I

dv

188.45 760 190 793 1.5639 0.0059 200 991 1.5470 0.0073 210 1232 1.5297 0.0089 220 1520 1.5124 0.0108 230 1855 1.4941 0.0130 240 2245 1.4764 0.0156 250 2700 1.4581 0.0185 260 3220 1.4384 0.0220 270 3815 1.4190 0.0260 448 339Oo 0.5814 dm = 0.9303 - 0.037556* + 0.07519*2; range, 0° to tc.

LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) O) Altschul, 7, 2: 577; 93. ( 2 ) Berthoud, 48, 15: 3; 17. ( 3 ) Burrell and Robertson, 1, 37: 2188; 15. 30, No. 142; 16. ( 4 ) Collie, 4, 55: 110; 89. ( s ) Herz and Neukirch, 7, 104: 433; 23. (*) von Hirsch, 8, 69: 456; 99. (7) Kuenen, 64V, 20: 725; 11. 3, 6: 637; 03. («) Kuenen and Visser, 64Vt 22: 330; 13. (») Lebeau, 84, 140: 1454; 05. 186, 1908: 300. (10) Maass and Wright, 1, 43: 1098; 21. ( J1 ) Moles and Batuecas, J&, 17: 537; 19. ( 12 ) Nagornov and Rotinjanz, Ann. Inst. Anal. phys-chim., 2: 371; 24. (13) Noyes, 1, 30:142; 08. ( 14 ) Olszewski, 25, 27: 3305; 94. ( 1S ) Regnault, 151, 26: 403; 62. (*«) Rolla, 59, 19: 327; 10. 22, 18 H: 365; 09. (") Seibert and Burrell, 1, 37: 2683; 15. 0«) Timmermans, 117, 13: 310; 12. ( 19 ) Visser, Thesis, Leiden, 1913. 168, No. 136; 13. (2°) Young, 117, 12: 374; 10. S, 50: 291; 00.

CORRECTION OF BOILING POINTS TO NORMAL ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE

C. S. CRAGOE This correction can be made most accurately and conveniently by means of the following equation :

97Q 1 [ /

M

= *'ö'£ ^ (2.8808 - logio Pmm)

(1)

(c) TB, —200 to +40O0C.—Determine the probable group by selection of compounds in Table 3 most analogous to X in constitution and obtain value of <£ for that group from Fig. 1 at approximate normal boiling point of X.

where At is the correction in degrees centigrade which must be added to the boiling point, t, determined at the pressure, p, mm of mercury, in order to obtain the normal boiling point. Equation (1) is merely another way of writing logio Pmm = -A/77 + B (2) which is known to express vapor-pressure data accurately over a considerable range. For the range near the normal boiling point, JB, equation (2) may be written in the form 1Og10^ - * ( l - £)

(3)

where <ï> in equations (1) and (3) is related to A and B in equation (2) by * u o OQHQ 0.05223 A (joule) 0.2186 A (calorie) * = B - 2.8808 = jc = yr where A is the molai heat of vaporization at the normal boiling point. For small pressure differences, equation (1) reduces to Craft's equation: Ar= C TB (760 - p); where C = — In accordance with Trouton's rule and also Craft's rule, <ï> is roughly constant for most substances and approximately constant for substances of a given class. Values of <ï> are given in Tables 1, 2 and 3 and Fig. 1 for pressures near the normal boiling point. The compounds or classes of compounds given in Table 3 have been divided, for convenience, into eight groups, the values of $ for each group being represented within about 2% by the lines indicated in Fig. 1. To obtain a value of «ï» for a substance, X, which is not listed in Tables 1, 2, or 3, proceed as follows: (a) Elementary Substances.—Graph values of <ï> given in Table 1 for elements in the column to which X belongs, against their normal boiling points (t;. Vol. I, p. 102) and interpolate or extrapolate to approximate normal boiling point of X. (b) TB, 400 to 2250 C.—Estimate <ï> as well as possible from the values given in Table 2 or by moderate extrapolation from Fig. 1 to the normal boiling point of X.

FIG. 1.—Entropy of vaporization at normal boiling point for 240 organic and inorganic compounds. (Roman numerals indicate groups listed in Table 3.)

It should be noted that the higher members of a series of compounds are usually in the same group and, almost without exception, the first (and frequently the second and third) member of the series is in a different group. Wide extrapolations can be made with moderate accuracy since $ changes only slightly over the entire range from the triple point to the critical point as is illustrated by the typical curves of Fig. 2. Example.—The vapor pressure of benzene at 2O0C is found to be 75.0 mm. What is its normal boiling point? Table 3 indicates this compound is in Group I. Figure 1 gives $> = 4.60 at 2O0C for

Group I. Substituting this value in equation (1) gives At — 64.1° or te = 84.10C as a first approximation. Figure 1 gives values of «i» for T/T* = 1.0, or 3> = 4.73 at 84° for Group I. The typical curves in Fig. 2 indicate that $ is greater at T/T* = 293.1/357.2 = 0.82 by about 3%, yielding <ï> = 4.87. Substituting this value in equation (1), AJ = 60.5° or fe = 80.50C as a second approximation.

TABLE 2.—$ FOR COMPOUNDS WITH NORMAL BOILING POINTS BETWEEN 400 AND 2250°C

2^5 3.6 4.1-4.6 4.8-5.5 5.6-6.0 6.0-6.4 10.5

Cu2Cl2; Cu2Br2; Cu2I2 As2O3 NaOH; KOH; NaCN Halides (13) of Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Pb, and Tl (except those given below) LiF; NaF; NaCl; RbF KF; CsI; RbCl; PbCl2 SiO2

TABLE 3.—COMPOUNDS WITH NORMAL BOILING POINTS BETWEEN -200 AND +40O0C Figures in parentheses denote number of compounds of that class Inorganic SiH4 S2C12 Co(CO)SNO HF; PHa H2Se; H2Te Si2H6; Si3H8 Ge2H6; Ge3Hs SnH4 HaXbY0* (17) Si2OCIe SeOCl2 CrO2CU HCl; HBr; HI ClO2; N2O AsH3 (SiHs)2O; (SiCIs)2O Si3HgN; (SiHs)3N HgCl2

FIG. 2.—Variation of & with temperature. TABLE 1.—<£ FOR ELEMENTARY SUBSTANCES Figures in parentheses denote extrapolations beyond experimental range O I I I II I III IV I V I VI I VII I H e H C N O 1.7o 2.6i (6.7) 3.96 4.08 Ne P S Cl 3.54 4.7o 4.51s 4.6o A Na Mg Mn Fe 4.Is 4.6 10.1 6.42 (4.6) K Ca Br 4.3 (13.3) 4.74 Kr Cu Zn Se 4.04 9.5 5.2s 4.8o Rb Sr (4.1) (13.1) Ag Cd Sn Sb I 5.9

Rn 4.34

5.02

Cs Ba (4.0) (12.9) Au Hg (7.0) 4.92s

(6.7)

6.17

Pb Bi (4.9) (6.0)

5.06

SO2 H2S NOCI

NHa PF3 BF3 H2O N 2 H4 PF6

|

Organic Group O Methane Butylethylene Carbon monoxide Anthracene Methylsilicane Phenanthrene Trichloroethylene Anthraquinone Group I Hydrocarbons (34) Benzonitrile CaHbXc* (30) Benzaldehyde Ethers (5) Phthalic anhydride CaHbS* (4) Methyl salicylate COS; CSSe Quinoline C3O2; COCl2 Camphor Dimethylsilicane Benzophenone o, m, p-Nitrotoluidines Methyl ethyl ketone O1 m, p-Nitrotoluenes Dibenzyl ketone Group II Esters (17) Acetone Amines (14) Methyl ether HCN; CNCl Methyl ethyl ether CH3F; CH3NO2 Nitrobenzene Tetranitromethane o, w-Chloroanilines Formic acid Methyl benzoate Ethylene oxide a, /3-Naphthols Acetaldehyde Group III Acetic acid Dimethyl oxalate Cyanogen o, m, p-Cresols Methyl formate Acetophenone Glycol diacetate Dimethylamine Ethylamine Group IV Methylamine Benzyl alcohol Propionic acid Benzoic acid Phenol Group V Acetic anhydride Isobutyric acid Group VI Methyl alcohol Isoamyl alcohol Glycol

NO; N2O4 HgCl

Butyric acid Valeric acid Isocaproic acid Heptylic acid

Group VII Ethyl alcohol n-Propyl alcohol Isobutyl alcohol n-Amyl alcohol

* a = O, 1, 2, 3, etc.; b and c = 1, 2, 3, etc.; X = Halogen; Y = P, As, Sb, Si. Ge, Sn, Hg, Os, or B.

CRITICAL-POINT DATA

A. F. O. GERMANN AND S. F. PICKERING In the following tables the values, for which no literature reference is given, have been compiled from the vapor pressure and orthobaric density sections of this volume, q. v. for the literature citations. 2V-TABLE, ELEMENTARY SUBSTANCES AND ATMOSPHERIC AIR Formula | tc, 0C | pc, atm. | dc, g/cm 3 | Lit. A - 122 48 0.531 (21) Br2 302 Cl2 144.0 76.1 0.573 (21) H2 - 239.9 12.8 0.0310 (21) He -267.9 2.26 0.0693 (21) Hg >1550 >200 4-5 I2 553 Kr - 63 54 0.78 (21) N2 -147.1 33.5 0.3110 (21) Ne -228.7 25.9 0.484 (21) O2 -118.8 49.7 0.430 (21) Rn 104 62 S... 1040 Xe 16.6 58.2 1.155 (21) Air -140.7 37.2 0.35* (21) 0.31f * Plait point. t Critical point of contact.

Formula H20 HCl HBr HI SO2 SO3 H2S H2Se N20 NO N2O4 NH3 N2H4 PH3 PH4Cl SiH4 SiF4 GeCl4 SnCl4 Formula CCIsO CCh CO COS CO2 CS2 CHCl3 HCN CH3Cl CH3F CH4 CH4O CH4S CH5N C2N2

A-TABLE, CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS | tc, 0C | pc, atm. | dci g/cm3 | Lit. 374.0 217.72 OTl 51.4 81.6 0.42 (21) 90 84 (21) 151 82 (21) 157.2 77.7 0.52 (21) 218.3 83.6 0.630 100.4 88.9 (21) 138 88 36.5 71.7 0.45 (21) -94 65 0.52 (21) 158 99 132.4 111.5 0.235 (21) 380 145 51 64 0.30 49 73 - 3.5 48 - 1.5 50 277 38 1 318.7 37.0 0.742 (T-TABLE, CARBON COMPOUNDS Name

Phosgene Carbon tetrachloride Carbon monoxide Carbon oxysulfide Carbon dioxide Carbon disulfide Chloroform Hydrogen cyanide Methyl chloride Methyl fluoride Methane Methyl alcohol Methylmercaptan Methylamine Cyanogen

tc, 0C

? * g/cm f Cf 3, Lit. atm. 182 56 0.52 (7, 9, 17) 283.1 45.0 0.558 -139 35 0.311 (21) 105 61 31.1 73.0 0.460 (21) 273 76 263 0.516 183.5 50 0.20 143.1 65.8 0.37 (21) 44.9 62.0 - 82.5 45.8 0.162 (21) 240.0 78.7 0.272 (27,33) 196.8 71.4 0.323 (2) 156.9 73.6 (1J 128 59 (21)

Formula Name I "C2H2 Acetylene C2H3N Acetonitrile C2H4 Ethylene C2H4O Acetaldehyde C2H4O Ethylene oxide C2H4O2 Acetic acid C2H4O2 Methyl formate C2H0Br Ethyl bromide C2H5Cl Ethyl chloride C2H6 Ethane C2H6O Ethyl alcohol C2H6O Methyl ether C2HeS Methyl sulfide C2H6S Ethylmercaptan C2H7N Dimethylamine C2H7N Ethylamine C3H4 Allylene CH3CiCH C3H6ClO2 Ethyl chloroformate C3H5N Propionitrile C3H6 Propylene CH3CH:CH2 C3H6O Acetone C3H6O Allyl alcohol C3H6O2 Ethyl formate C3H6O2 Methyl acetate C3H6O2 Propionic acid C3H7Cl w-Propyl chloride CsH8 w-Propane C3H8O n-Propyl alcohol C3H8O Isopropyl alcohol C3H8O Methyl ethyl ether C3H8O2 Methylal C3H8S Methyl ethyl sulfide C3H9N Trimethylamine C3H9N Propylamine C4H4S Thiophene C4HeOs Acetic anhydride C4HeO4 Methyl oxalate C4H7N Butyronitrile C4H8O2 Methyl propionatc C4H8O2 Ethyl acetate C4H8O2 Propyl formate C4H8O2 n-Butyric acid C4H8O2 Isobutyric acid C4Hi0 n-Butane C4HiO Isobutane C4HwO Ethyl ether C4HwO n-Butyl alcohol C4HwO Isobutyl alcohol C4HwO sec.-Butyl alcohol C4HwO tert.-Butyl alcohol C4HwS Ethyl sulfide C4HwS2 Ethyl disulfide C 4 HnN Diethylamine CsH6N Pyridine C6HwO Ethyl allyl ether C6HwO2 Ethyl propionate C6HwO2 Isobutyl formate C6HwO2 Methyl butyrate C 6 HwO 2 Methyl isobutyrate C6HwO2 Propyl acetate C6HwO2 n-Valeric acid C6HwO2 Isovaleric acid C6Hi2 n-Pentane C6Hi2 Isopentane C5Hi2O Ethyl propyl ether C5Hi2O Isoamyl alcohol C5Hi2O tert.-Amyl alcohol C5Hi2O2 Méthylène diethyl ether CsHi2S Isoamylmercaptan CeH5Br Bromobenzene CeH5Cl Chlorobenzene CeH5F Fluorobenzene

Lit «•• °C atm. g/cm3 ' 36 62 0.231 (2») 274.7 47.7 0.240 (»> 29) 9.7 50.9 0.22 (2i) 188 (' 3 ) 192.0 0«) 321.6 57.2 0.351 (23,24,34) 214.0 59. Is 0.349 ' (34, 35) 231 0.513 187.2 52 0.33 (21) 32.1 48.8 0.21 (2i) 243.1 63.1 0.275s (25,33) 126.9 52.0 0.271 (*» S) 229.9 54.6 0.306 (2) 225.5 54.2 0.301 ( 2 ) 164.6 51.7 O) 183.2 55.5 C1) 128 (21 ) <235 (8) 291.2 41.3 0.241 (29) 92.3 45.0 (21) 235.0 47 0.268 ( 1 M 272 ( 1 S) 235.3 46.6s 0.323 (34,35) 233.7 46.3 0.325 (34,35) 339.5 53.0 0.315 (12,19, so) 230 45.2 95.6 43 (21) 263.7 49.9s 0.273 (28,33) 235 53 ..(15) 164.7 43.4 0.270 ( 2 ) 224 (»9) 260 42 ( 3 O) 161 41 (31) 223.8 46.3 (l) 317 48 (20) 296 46 ( 30 ) 260 9.48 309 37.4 («) 257.4 39.3 0.312 (34,35) 250.1 37.8 0.308 (34, 35) 264.8s 40.1 0.309 (34,35) 355 0.302 (3, 12) 336 0.304 (3, 12) 153 36 (21) 134 37 (.21) 193.8 35.5 0.262s (26,34) 287 48.4 O 1 » 1 ^) 265 48 ( 15 ) 265 (3) 235 ( 19 ) 283.8 39.1 0.279 ( 2 ) 369 («) 223.5 36.2 0.246 O » 1 1 ) 344 60.0 (*» 1 * ) 245 (*») 272.9 33.0 0.296s (34,35) 278 38 0.288 ( 16 ) 281.3 34.2 0.300 (34, 35) 267.5s 33.7 0.301 (34, 35) 276.2 32.9 0.296 (34,35) 379 (3) 361 (3) 197.2 33.0 0.232 187.8 32.8 0.234 227.4 32.1 0.258 (2 ) 307 (19) 272 (3) 254 (19) 321 (6) 397 44.6 0.486 359 44.6 0.365 286 44.6 0.354

C6H5I

lodobenzene

448

CeHe

Benzene

288.5 47.7 0.304

44.6

0.581

Formula C6H6O C6H7N CeHioOa CeHioS CeHuN CeHi2 CeHi2O2 CeHi2O2 CeHi2O2 CeHi2O2 CeHi2O2 CeHi2O2 CeHi2O2 CeHi2O3 CeHn CeHi4 CeHi5N CeHi5N CyH5N C7H8 C7H8O C7H8O C7H8O C7H8O C7H9N C7HuO2 C7HuO2 C7HuO2 C 7 HuO 2 C7HuO2 C7HuO2 C 7 Hi 6 C7Hi6O C8H7N CsHioO CsHiiN CsHi6O2 C8Hi6O2 CsHi6O2

Name Phénol Aniline Ethyl crotonate AUylsulfide Capronitrile Cyclohexane n-Butyl acétate Ethyl butyrate Ethyl isobutyrate Isoamyl formate Isobutyl acétate Methyl valerate Propyl propionate Paraldehyde Diisopropyl n-Hexane Triethylamine Dipropylamine Benzonitrile Toluène o-Cresol w-Cresol p-Cresol Anisole Methylaniline Isoamyl acétate Isobutyl propionate Ethyl isovalerate Ethyl valerate Propyl butyrate Propyl isobutyrate n-Heptane n-Heptyl alcohol , Tolunitrile Phenetole Dimethylaniline Isoamyl propionate Isobutyl butyrate Isobutyl isobutyrate

te,0C 4 Ï 9 426 326 380 349 281.0 306 293 280 303 288 294 d 305 290 227.4 234.8 262 277 426 320.6 422 432 426 369 429 326 319 315 297 327 316 266.8 365 450 374 415 338 338 329

f c> f" , atm. g/cm3

Lit.

ë Ô T s ( « » ") 52.4 (8) ( 19 ) (6) 32.2 (8) 40.4 0.270 ( 18 ) 30 0.276 ( 16 ) 30 0.276 ( 1 S) 34 0.282 0«) 31 0.281 (*«) 32 0.279 (8,16,22) (18) (13) 30.6 0.241 29.5 0.234 30 0.251 (U, 32) 31 (32) 41.6 (8) 41.6 0.292 49.4 (8,11,22) 45.0 (8) 50.8 (8,11,22) 41.3 (8) 51.3 (8,11,22) (3) (18) (3) (io) (1«) (is) 26.8 0.234 (3) (8, 22) 33.8 (8) 35.8 (8) (3) (3) (3)

Formula CsHieO2 C8Hi8 C8Hi8 C8Hi8O CsHisO C9H7N CgHi3N C9Hi8O2 CaHi8O2 CioHuO Ci0H20O2 CwH22S CnH 22 Q 2

Name Propyl isovalerate Diisobutyl w-Octane n-Octyl alcohol sec.-Octyl alcohol Quinoline Dimethyl-o-toluidine Isoamyl butyrate Isobutyl isovalerate Thymol Ethyl caprylate Isoamyl sulfide. Ethyl nonylate

0

fc,

C

336 277 296 385 364 >520 395 346 348 425 386 391 400

2 J"' t' ,3 atm. g/cm

L

^-

3

( ) 24.5 0.237 24.6 0.234

30.8

(3) (3) (»»22) (8 ) (3) (3) (8,22) (3) (6) (S)

LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) O) Berthoud, 4$, 15: 3; 17. (2) Berthoud and Brum, 48, 21: 143; 24. (3) Brown, 4, 89: 311; 06. ( 4 ) Cardoso and Bruno, 48, 20: 347; 23. ( 5 ) Cardoso and Coppola, 48, 20: 337; 23. ( 6 ) Ferretto, 36, 30 I: 296; 00. ( 7 ) Germann and Taylor, 1, 48: 1154; 26. ( 8 ) Guy e and Mallet, 149,13:30, 129, 274, 462; 02. (9) Hackspill and Mathieu, 87, 25: 482; 19. C 1 «) de Keen, Recherches, Partie Expérimentale, p. 102. Paris, 1888. ( l l ) Herz and Neukirch, 7, 104: 433; 23. (^) von Hirsch, 8, 69: 456; 99. ( 1 3 ) Hollmann, 7, 43: 129; 03. (»*) Maass and Boomer, 1, 44: 1709; 22. ( 1 5 ) Nadejdine, 53, 14: 157, 536 ; 82. 15: 25; 83. 427, 7: 678; 83. O6 ) Nadejdine, 428, 23: 617; 87. (*?) Paterno and Mazzucchelli, 36, 50 I: 30; 20. (18) Pawlewski, 85, 15: 2460; 82. ( 19 ) Pawlewski, 85, 16: 2633; 83. (20) Pawlewski, 85, 21: 2141; 88. ( 2 I ) Pickering, Sl, No. 541; 26. (22) Radice, Thesis, Geneva, 1899. (23) Ramsay and Young, 68, 175: 461; 85. ( 2 4 > Ramsay and Young, 4, 49: 790; 86. (2 S) Ramsay and Young, 68, 177: 123; 87. (26) Ramsay and Young, 68, 178: 57; 88. (27) Ramsay and Young, 68, 178: 313; 88. (28) Ramsay and Young, 68, 180: 137; 90. (29) TerGazarian, 48, 4: 140; 06. (30) Vespignani, 36, 33 1: 73; 03. ( 3 I ) Vincent and Chappuis, 34, 101: 427; 85. (32) Vincent and Chappuis, 34, 103: 379; 86. (33) Young, 4, 59: 903; 91. (34) Young, 117, 12: 374; 10. (35) Young and Thomas, 4, 63: 1191; 93.

ADSORPTION AT SOLID SURFACES AND SOLUBILITY OF GASES IN METALS OF THE PLATINUM GROUP E. K. RIDEAL INDEX Introduction. Gas—solid adsorption equilibrium. Charcoal. Glass and silicates. Silica gel. The platinum metals.

INDEX Introduction. Équilibre d'adsorption, gaz— solide. Charbon de bois. Verre et silicates. Gel de silice. Métaux du groupe du platine.

INDEX Einleitung. Adsorptionsgleichgewicht, Gas —fest. Holzkohle. Glas und Silikate. Kieselsäuregel. Platinmetalle.

Liquid—solid adsorption equilibrium. Charcoal from solutions of:

Équilibre d'adsorption, liquide —solide. Charbon de bois pour des solutions : D'électrolytes faibles ou de non electrolytes. D'électrolytes forts. Substances cristallines. Verre. Gels. Fibres. Laine. Coton. Soie. Divers. Cellulose. Amidon. Terres.

Adsorptionsgleichgewicht, flüssig—fest. Holzkohle aus den Lösungen :

Weak or non-electrolytes. Strong electrolytes. Crystalline substances. Glass. Gels. Fibers. Wool. Cotton. SUk. Miscellaneous. Cellulose. Starch. Soils.

Schwache oder NichtElektrolyte. Starke Elektrolyte. Kristallinische Stoffe. Glas. Gele. Fasern. Schafwolle. Baumwolle. Seide. Verschiedenes. Cellulose. Stärke. Böden.

INDICE pAGB Introduzione 250 Equilibri di adsorbimento, gas—solido. Carbone di legno 250 Vetro e silicati 251 Filo di silice 251 Metalli del gruppo del platino 253 Equilibri di adsorbimento, liquido—solido. Carbone di legno da soluzioni di : Elettroliti deboli e anelettroliti 251 Elettroliti forti 252 Sostanze cristalline 252 Vetri 252 Geli 252 Fibre. Lana 252 Cotone. 252 Seta 253 Miscellanea. Cellulosa 253 Amido 253 Terreno 253

Formula C6H6O C6H7N CeHioOa CeHioS CeHuN CeHi2 CeHi2O2 CeHi2O2 CeHi2O2 CeHi2O2 CeHi2O2 CeHi2O2 CeHi2O2 CeHi2O3 CeHn CeHi4 CeHi5N CeHi5N CyH5N C7H8 C7H8O C7H8O C7H8O C7H8O C7H9N C7HuO2 C7HuO2 C7HuO2 C 7 HuO 2 C7HuO2 C7HuO2 C 7 Hi 6 C7Hi6O C8H7N CsHioO CsHiiN CsHi6O2 C8Hi6O2 CsHi6O2

Name Phénol Aniline Ethyl crotonate AUylsulfide Capronitrile Cyclohexane n-Butyl acétate Ethyl butyrate Ethyl isobutyrate Isoamyl formate Isobutyl acétate Methyl valerate Propyl propionate Paraldehyde Diisopropyl n-Hexane Triethylamine Dipropylamine Benzonitrile Toluène o-Cresol w-Cresol p-Cresol Anisole Methylaniline Isoamyl acétate Isobutyl propionate Ethyl isovalerate Ethyl valerate Propyl butyrate Propyl isobutyrate n-Heptane n-Heptyl alcohol , Tolunitrile Phenetole Dimethylaniline Isoamyl propionate Isobutyl butyrate Isobutyl isobutyrate

te,0C 4 Ï 9 426 326 380 349 281.0 306 293 280 303 288 294 d 305 290 227.4 234.8 262 277 426 320.6 422 432 426 369 429 326 319 315 297 327 316 266.8 365 450 374 415 338 338 329

f c> f" , atm. g/cm3

Lit.

ë Ô T s ( « » ") 52.4 (8) ( 19 ) (6) 32.2 (8) 40.4 0.270 ( 18 ) 30 0.276 ( 16 ) 30 0.276 ( 1 S) 34 0.282 0«) 31 0.281 (*«) 32 0.279 (8,16,22) (18) (13) 30.6 0.241 29.5 0.234 30 0.251 (U, 32) 31 (32) 41.6 (8) 41.6 0.292 49.4 (8,11,22) 45.0 (8) 50.8 (8,11,22) 41.3 (8) 51.3 (8,11,22) (3) (18) (3) (io) (1«) (is) 26.8 0.234 (3) (8, 22) 33.8 (8) 35.8 (8) (3) (3) (3)

Formula CsHieO2 C8Hi8 C8Hi8 C8Hi8O CsHisO C9H7N CgHi3N C9Hi8O2 CaHi8O2 CioHuO Ci0H20O2 CwH22S CnH 22 Q 2

Name Propyl isovalerate Diisobutyl w-Octane n-Octyl alcohol sec.-Octyl alcohol Quinoline Dimethyl-o-toluidine Isoamyl butyrate Isobutyl isovalerate Thymol Ethyl caprylate Isoamyl sulfide. Ethyl nonylate

0

fc,

C

336 277 296 385 364 >520 395 346 348 425 386 391 400

2 J"' t' ,3 atm. g/cm

L

^-

3

( ) 24.5 0.237 24.6 0.234

30.8

(3) (3) (»»22) (8 ) (3) (3) (8,22) (3) (6) (S)

LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) O) Berthoud, 4$, 15: 3; 17. (2) Berthoud and Brum, 48, 21: 143; 24. (3) Brown, 4, 89: 311; 06. ( 4 ) Cardoso and Bruno, 48, 20: 347; 23. ( 5 ) Cardoso and Coppola, 48, 20: 337; 23. ( 6 ) Ferretto, 36, 30 I: 296; 00. ( 7 ) Germann and Taylor, 1, 48: 1154; 26. ( 8 ) Guy e and Mallet, 149,13:30, 129, 274, 462; 02. (9) Hackspill and Mathieu, 87, 25: 482; 19. C 1 «) de Keen, Recherches, Partie Expérimentale, p. 102. Paris, 1888. ( l l ) Herz and Neukirch, 7, 104: 433; 23. (^) von Hirsch, 8, 69: 456; 99. ( 1 3 ) Hollmann, 7, 43: 129; 03. (»*) Maass and Boomer, 1, 44: 1709; 22. ( 1 5 ) Nadejdine, 53, 14: 157, 536 ; 82. 15: 25; 83. 427, 7: 678; 83. O6 ) Nadejdine, 428, 23: 617; 87. (*?) Paterno and Mazzucchelli, 36, 50 I: 30; 20. (18) Pawlewski, 85, 15: 2460; 82. ( 19 ) Pawlewski, 85, 16: 2633; 83. (20) Pawlewski, 85, 21: 2141; 88. ( 2 I ) Pickering, Sl, No. 541; 26. (22) Radice, Thesis, Geneva, 1899. (23) Ramsay and Young, 68, 175: 461; 85. ( 2 4 > Ramsay and Young, 4, 49: 790; 86. (2 S) Ramsay and Young, 68, 177: 123; 87. (26) Ramsay and Young, 68, 178: 57; 88. (27) Ramsay and Young, 68, 178: 313; 88. (28) Ramsay and Young, 68, 180: 137; 90. (29) TerGazarian, 48, 4: 140; 06. (30) Vespignani, 36, 33 1: 73; 03. ( 3 I ) Vincent and Chappuis, 34, 101: 427; 85. (32) Vincent and Chappuis, 34, 103: 379; 86. (33) Young, 4, 59: 903; 91. (34) Young, 117, 12: 374; 10. (35) Young and Thomas, 4, 63: 1191; 93.

ADSORPTION AT SOLID SURFACES AND SOLUBILITY OF GASES IN METALS OF THE PLATINUM GROUP E. K. RIDEAL INDEX Introduction. Gas—solid adsorption equilibrium. Charcoal. Glass and silicates. Silica gel. The platinum metals.

INDEX Introduction. Équilibre d'adsorption, gaz— solide. Charbon de bois. Verre et silicates. Gel de silice. Métaux du groupe du platine.

INDEX Einleitung. Adsorptionsgleichgewicht, Gas —fest. Holzkohle. Glas und Silikate. Kieselsäuregel. Platinmetalle.

Liquid—solid adsorption equilibrium. Charcoal from solutions of:

Équilibre d'adsorption, liquide —solide. Charbon de bois pour des solutions : D'électrolytes faibles ou de non electrolytes. D'électrolytes forts. Substances cristallines. Verre. Gels. Fibres. Laine. Coton. Soie. Divers. Cellulose. Amidon. Terres.

Adsorptionsgleichgewicht, flüssig—fest. Holzkohle aus den Lösungen :

Weak or non-electrolytes. Strong electrolytes. Crystalline substances. Glass. Gels. Fibers. Wool. Cotton. SUk. Miscellaneous. Cellulose. Starch. Soils.

Schwache oder NichtElektrolyte. Starke Elektrolyte. Kristallinische Stoffe. Glas. Gele. Fasern. Schafwolle. Baumwolle. Seide. Verschiedenes. Cellulose. Stärke. Böden.

INDICE pAGB Introduzione 250 Equilibri di adsorbimento, gas—solido. Carbone di legno 250 Vetro e silicati 251 Filo di silice 251 Metalli del gruppo del platino 253 Equilibri di adsorbimento, liquido—solido. Carbone di legno da soluzioni di : Elettroliti deboli e anelettroliti 251 Elettroliti forti 252 Sostanze cristalline 252 Vetri 252 Geli 252 Fibre. Lana 252 Cotone. 252 Seta 253 Miscellanea. Cellulosa 253 Amido 253 Terreno 253

INTRODUCTION Adsorption of gases, vapors and liquids at solid surfaces is dependent not only on the chemical natures and potentials of the adsorbents and the nature of the adsorbate but also on the physical state of the adsorbing surface. Perfectly uniform solid surfaces have as yet not been constructed. In general, the surfaces of solids are composite, consisting of areas of different chemical potentials and adsorptive powers. Equations connecting the amount adsorbed and the chemical potential of the adsorbate hold only for the particular heterogeneous solid surface under investigation and are not rigidly applicable to other preparations of the same material. The adsorption per g of adsorbing material varies not only on account of the inhomogeneity of the surface of the adsorbate but is also dependent on the specific surface of the material. The use of sieves for grading material is no guide to the specific surface. Charcoals may readily be prepared having specific surfaces varying from 20 to 200 m 2 per g although apparently similar in passage through graded sieves. Adsorption is likewise complicated by actual solution of the adsorbate in the adsorbent to form solid solutions or chemical compounds. Gel-like adsorbents may likewise change in specific surface during the process of adsorption, whilst condensation of vapor undoubtedly occurs in the micropores at pressures which vary with the mean diameters of the micropores. 1. For a great number of systems adsorption is complete when the adsorbate is completely covered with a unimolecular layer of adsorbent. For these the general equation of ( 59 ), and ( 85 ), is applicable in which the amount x adsorbed per g is related to the concentration c (or pressure p) of the adsorbent by the expression abc / a'b'p \ . , N , , .... x = —:TT~> I ora; = / , J L / ), where a (a') and b (b') are constants. 2. For a few systems discrete areas of homogeneity with different properties in the adsorbing surface have been detected. Saturation for each homogeneous fraction of the surface is not attained at identical bulk concentrations but saturation is complete when a unimolecular layer of adsorbate covers the whole surface. The modified equation of Langmuir, x = ^^r^,7 is here applicable, one such term being applicable to the area of the integrated fractions of the equally uniform parts of the non-uniform surface. 3. For a few systems,, especially for those in which, vapors are present as adsorbate and where the adsorbent is a gel-like solid, multimolecular layers are formed in the pores of the gel. Over certain ranges of concentration at least, the relationship between the amount x adsorbed per g of adsorbent and the bulk concentration c (or pressure p) may be expressed by the equation of Freundlich, x = acl/n (or a'p 1//n/) where a (a') and n (n') are constants. For these reasons it is thought desirable to give only a few typical X1 c and X1 p relationships for diverse materials in detail and to indicate in a brief manner the results for other important systems investigated. Gases on Charcoal The Specific Surface.—The specific surface varies with the nature of the charcoal and with its preparation as well as with its subsequent treatment. The surface is not uniform in adsorbing power but areas of different adsorbing powers can be differentiated. The extent of these again varies with the mode of preparation. A comparison of "norite" and blood charcoal ( 55 ). Dense charcoals (45). Activation (93). Gas mask material (58). Activity (23). Service time and influence of O2 ( 66 ). Others ( 11 J 13> 65> 82). Adsorption of Gases.—O2, N2 mixtures on coconut shell carbon (60,61). Air by various charcoals (46). H2, Ne, He, N2 (12). Others («i so, 86). Theory (8).

GASES BY WOOD CHARCOAL (50) T = Temp. K, p = pressure in cm Hg, x - cm3 adsorbed per 2.964 g at T and p reduced to 0° and 760 0

He, 830K

p 12.0 17.1 23.5 42.76 70.5

CO, 194.70K

p

x 1.00 1.38 2.40 3.46 5.45

A°n 0 4fi 47 2K !'TO IQfi'f

37:9 25:1 41.0 277.0 040 0.40 0.60 1 28 î'ï 1.34

1132 11.32 15.2 29 42 Ï'S 38.65

1 Qd.

A.7 1 A.

2*70

S'io

î'ïï

w'ïï

3.60 74.35 9.7 144.6 22.8 171.2 36.0 190.7 79.0 228.0 2360K 30.96 35 51 41.70 4270 5684 5107 81 5 65 64 ' 35l°K ' 29.16 2.55 72 24 5 70 86.80 851 • N 2 8 3°K 1.3 155.4 2.2 183.2 3.3 239.3 34.3 267.8 194.70K !•4 15.0 4-6 42.3 13.5 70.0 25.3 96.5 51.8 121.0 273 K ° 7.2 4.53 17 -3 10.7 22.9 13.0 31-2 17.6 51.0 25.4 CO 194.70K 0.6 18.5 3.0 51.26 4.0 62.0 7.2 82.0 11.7 101.0 14.8 101.7 18.7 120.0

x

22.8 138.5 44.2 157.5 239.40K 10.1 27.3 18.8 42.0 32.0 58.0 43 67 '° '° 54 76 '° '° 67 84 '° '°

273 K

18;0

73

°1675;5

3 9 5° 4' 0

25>1 38 !

o

K 1 AA

71

88 2

'

52 3 293oK '

12 3

7

' 30

'° 15 4

'°

'

495 85 6

232 35 0

c °2 2730K 6-0 62.8 8.7 78.2 12.3 95.5 l 7 -9 "4.5 24.2 113.0 0 293 K 2.0 14.4 2.9 19.5 6.3 38.0 8.5 46.4 12.8 62 3

lg 6

77 5

2g g

94 5

374

1132 131'2

500

319oR 70

192

12 x

2g 2

16>1

37 4

20 0

45 7

61'2

31 5

'

43 6

59.7 842

g 97Ì2

75

noo 351oK

7 2

9 4

n'7

13*8

17 6

18 6

25.5 27.3 36.5 36.1 47.9 44.0 72.6 58.5 3730K 6.1 9.8 12.1 9.1 18.8 13.4 27.2 18.0

CO2, 3730K

p

x

42.1 26.4 60.6 34.7 4550K 25.1 3.9 48.8 7.4 73.6 10.8 Gases adsorbed by 2.786 g charcoal CH4, Methane

P6 5 3

' 7 b ' 10 2 13 2 -

35*2i 44.64 öö öb * o4-65 73 77 -

1/ . 1

OO. &&

21.5 92.12 100 9 27 2550K

-

7 n7 l 34348 '° '* 10 3 4 1 ' ^ 15.1 54.53 19.0 63.7 24.2 72.58 31.1 81.9 39 3 90 16 ' ' 48.4 98.62 0 273 K 6.7 20.56 13-4 34.2 19-1 42.2 27.4 53.3 35.8 62.0 45>1 70.46 57.8 79.1 70.2 87.1 2930K 4.0 7.53 6.9 n.98 12.7 20.0 24.8 33.10 35.5 41.65 49.7 51.20 64.0 59.36 7 9.5 67.26 3i9oK 9.2 7.08 14.0 11.47 27.8 18.67 34.7 23.2 51.1 30.83 67.6 | 38.90 C2H4, Ethylene 2730K 7.0 110.0 9.3 119.3 16.8 139.0 31.9 157.3 61.6 179.5

C2H4 p \ x 2930K 1.5 28.9 3.2 58.0

C2H4 p I x 3330K 20.7 70.0 34.8 82.6

5.2

71.4

43.6

7.9 17.1 22.0 38.8 68.5

84.9 109.1 118.1 136.8 153.8

88,9

69.7 104.5 3730K

C2H4, 3730K P x 32.4 45.6 44.8 55.0 66.8 66.5

4050K 47.7 67.8

35.4 43.1

3.4 9.2 88.7 51.7 8.1 17.3 15.2 29.0 23.0 37.2 CO2 by blood charcoal at 2O0C. x/c — 4.4. x — millimols adsorbed, per g charcoal, c = moles CO2 per ml (51). CO2 by blood charcoal at 310C obeys the equation x = Kp1/11 where x — cm3 adsorbed (n = 1.77) ( 29 ). Volume of gases adsorbed by coconut charcoal at O0C (XI) and at -1850C (z2), reduced to S. T. P (2). Gas I He I H2 I (2H2, Q2) | A | N2 | Q2 | CQ | CO + Q2 X1 2 4 12 12 15 18 21 30 X2 15 135 150 175 155 230 190 195 Adsorption of air by charcoals from various woods (83). Adsorption of H2, CH4, C2H4, N2 ( 47 ). Adsorption of vapors on charcoal, H2O (9> 53, 84). COCl2 by beechwood charcoal (*<>). Chloropicrin and CCl4, velocity of adsorption ( 44 ). NH3 by coconut charcoal ( 22 ). CeHe by wood charcoal (3). SO2 at 1O0C (ioo). CH3COOC2H5, CHCl3, C6H6, CS2, H2O. Weights of vapors adsorbed by 100 g bone charcoal divided by the bulk density of the charcoal = constant, 32.7 to 36.6. The same for blood charcoal = 105.2 to 106:1 ( 34 ). Others (* 7 > 37). NH 3 at 0° (94) pmm 2.928.878.7161.0319.2440.0636.4746.7 x, cmVg 5.430.260.4 90.3115.7127.0132.4135.9 NH 3 at 151.50C Q>4) pmm 2.816.664.8176.2285.0432.7576.8721.8 x,cm*/g 0.3 1.0 2.1 4.0 5.5 7.2 8.9 10.5 H 2 at -1850C (15) p&tm Ï 5 10 Î5 ~20 25~ x, cmVg 92 138 156 149 145 138 Gases on Glass and Silicates H2O, molecules per cm2, 5.6 X IO16 on glass; 4.3 X IO16 on quartz (59); 20.2 X IO16 on anorthite (52); 8.7 X IO16 on glass at 3O0C in saturated air ( 7 ). MOLECULAR FILM THICKNESS ON GLASS FOR DIFFERENT WATER VAPOR PRESSURES ( 69 ) 0 '298 K, pmm 22.7322.8023.08 23.76 Number molecular layers 51.8 56.1 83 184 0

0

308 K, p. 30.6531.4734.2643.07 314 K, p.. 31.9732.9147.02 Number.. 5.9 5.5 15.5 46.3 | Number .. 1.4 0.4 24.0 CO2, 3.7 X IO16 molecules per cm2 on glass (59). N2, 5.14 to 5.94 = number molecular layers at p = 121.68 mm and 2730K (21). 6.0 X IO14 molecules per cm2 on glass (59). MOLECULAR THICKNESS AT p = 121.68 MM AND 2730K ( 18 > 21) SQ2 NH3 N2Q C2H2 32.1 39.9 4.5 3.5 Gases on Silica Gel The adsorption varies with the method of preparation. Gases: SO2 (68); butane (79); C6H6, CCl4, C2H6OH (8<>); NH3 (I4); CO2, N2O («i). Adsorption of Liquids A variation in apparent density of charcoal is noted when different immersion liquids are employed. This variation has

been ascribed to (a) the presence of a compressed liquid film on the surface or to (b) variable penetration into the micropores (13, 42, 43, 101).

Adsorption on Charcoal, from Solutions NON-OR WEAK ELECTROLYTES Values of the constants in the equation x = ac1/n are given as

follows: Aqueous Solutions— C2H6OH (16). Isoamyl alcohol (* 9) C1 mols/1 0.0125 0.0225 0.1100 x, millimols/g 2.52 2.95 4.45 CH3COCH3, acetone 2910K (72) X1 millimols/g 0.208 0.618 1.075 1.50 2.08 2.88 C1 millimols/1 2.34 14.65 41.03 88.62177.69268.97 Acetic acid, n = 2; succinic acid, n = 2; oxalic acid, n = 10 (88). Acetic acid by bone charcoal (89) X1 g/g 0.406 0.456 0.492 0.562 0.60 0.626 C1 g/10Qml 4.46 5.88 8.34 12.48 12.78 22.18 X9 g/g 0.654 0.656 0.668 0.688 0.698 0.692 c, g/100 ml 29.27 35.26 40.38 50.62 63.69 91.56 Urea, n = 3 (62). Sugars by Sugar Charcoal—Lactose f a = 1. 737; - = 0.2221 J ; saccharose fa = 1.257; - = 0.1124^ (98); glucose ( 74 ). Dyes (5) Méthylène blue by animal charcoal (n =5.0 to 8.9). Ponceau red by animal charcoal, n = 10.5 at 2880K, 6.6 at 323°, 4.9 at 343°. Ponceau red by blood charcoal, n = 21 at 2880K, 19.2 at 323°, 11.9 at 343°. Night blue on blood charcoal (5) C1 mg/1 O 2 6Ï 89 Î44 Ï 4 6 3 5 2 460 X1 mg/g I 100 I 143 I 128 I 122 112 [ 108 96 80 . Iodine (67) _. Bromine, T = 2730K (26) X1 millimols/g 2.07 3.10 4.27 5.44 6.80 C1 mols/1 X IQ4 9.2 25.9 66.9 170.8297.5 Non-aqueous Solutions.— Solvent I Solute \x, millimols/g|0.437 | 0.780 Benzene.... | Benzolo acid | c, millimols/116.18 |25.0 I I a I 1/n I Acetone 0-CeH4(OH)2 6.255 0.5762 Acetone.... W-CeH 4 (OH) 2 0.8072 0.2281 Acetone CeH5COOH 1.999 0.525 Acetone CeH4(OH)COOH 2.148 0.4173 Acetone.... W-C6H4(NO2)COOH 3.599 0.5318 Acetone.... CeH5COCH(OH)CeH5 1.944 0.3201 Acetone Picric acid 0.9867 0.2373 Alcohol.... Benzoic acid

1.04.| 1.44 [53.13117.7 Lit. ( 28 )

( 3S )

Iodine in Various Solvents.—In C2H0OH and C6H6, n = 4 ( 88 > 89

). Values of the constant k in the equation k = — logio-7?; m O v = volume of solution in ml, m = mass of charcoal in g, CQ = total weight of iodine present, C = equilibrium weight of iodine in solution ( 88 > 89). Solvent CHCl3 C2H6QH C2H6OH Charcoal sugar sugar animal k ..~38.4 ~ 35.6 26.2 I2 in CHCl3 (24). Acetic acid from toluene, on animal charcoal (90) X1 g/g +0.10 +0.13 +0.04 -0.04 -0.09 -0.13 -0.16 GJ g solute per flr, solution.... 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 Preferential adsorption of solvent.

Phenol from ethyl alcohol, on animal charcoal ( 36 ) z, g/g... +0.14+0.185 +0.205 +0.21 +0.202+0.175 +0.11 c, g solute per g solut i o n . . . . 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 STRONG ELECTROLYTES Approximate values of exponent n in the equation x = acly/n are indicated thus (n). Literature.—Méthylène blue hydrochloride ( 73 ). NaAuCU (54). K 2 Cr 2 O 7 by bone charcoal (n = 2) (63). Adsorption, positive and negative, of KCl, NH4Cl, MgSO4, BaCl2, CuSOe from aqueous solutions; 5 g charcoal at 250C ("). c = millimols/1, x = mg adsorbed c 0 ~ 4 4 2 7 6 6 6.16 20.5 39^8 5 ( f 3 6 8 . 0 Kp x -K).32 +1.25 +2.30 +2.50 +1.10 +1.70 -1.70 ~ x

72.1 101 Î28Ï7Ô -1.80 -1.20 -2.6 -7.7 c x

c

152 Î 9 Ï +4.5+3.3

M so g 4

12.2 22.9 48.999.2 ^ +1.5 +3.4 +11.9 +7.4

n JN±Ì4 1

0~43 1.23 25.7 5Ü6 52?8 +0.89+2.4 -4.4-14 - 1 6

100.1 153.8 n ~. 95 153 220 n an 67 114 „34 -39 BaUz +26+28+36 Cub°4 +33+24 Salts from solution ( 76 ) Order of Adsorption.—I~ > NO3" > Br~ > Cl" > SO4". AT solutions of the following give % adsorption, KI, 28; KNO3, 16; KBr, 14; KCl, 7; K 2 SO 4 , 5. (87) gives OH- > CNS- > I" > NO3" > Br~ > Cl-> HPO4> SO4-; H+ > Al+++ > Cu++ > Zn++ > Mg++ > Ca++ > NH4+, K+, Na+. Uranium salts ( 27 ). Cl- from KCl by blood charcoal at 21° (57); c = Cl~, millimol/1; x = millimol/1 Cl" adsorbed by l g charcoal. c 7.24 7.36 8.33 9.09 9.34 9.43 9.52 x 0.47 0.46 0.59 0.70 1.2 1.4 1.9 NH4IO3, KIO3, (NH 4 ) 2 CrO 4 in H2O, KOHaq., and H2SO4aq. (20). Adsorption on Crystalline Substances ON AoI; KI FROM AQUEOUS SOLUTION AT 25.40C ( 64 ) c, mois per x, millimols per c, mois per x, millimols per 1 X IQ4 g Agi X IO3 1 X IO4 g Agi X IO3 1.31 4.6 44.38 9.0 4.10 7.8 56.83 8.5 11.02 8.4 69.26 7.7 18.19 8.7 86.89 5.5 27.01 9.0 94.83 4.0 ON URIC ACIP (7l) Bismarck brown 11 Methyl violet c, g/100 cm3 | X1 g/100 g II c, g/100 cm3 x, g/100 g 0.005 0.0070 0.00043 0.068 .008 .0095 .00074 .093 .009 .0120 .00085 .137 .0017 .0115 .00224 .109 ON As2S3 (25) In thé équation, x/m = ac1/11, x = millimols adsorbed per g adsorbent, c = concentration in mois per I, range of equilibrium concentrations examined Ci to C2. Adsorbate | C1 | C2 | a | 1/n C6H5NH3Cl 0.0012 0.0096 0.079 0.208 P-C6H4ClNH3Cl 0016 .014 .080 .194 New fuchsin 00002 .00137 .229 .1937 NH4Cl 00053 .00204 .0484 .2034 i(NH4)2SO4 00015 .00194 .0421 .1831 UO 2 (NOa) 2 000221 .00223 .0314 .0769 Morphine-HCl 0009 .0027 .696 .3531 x

Adsorption of fatty acids on minerals, from aqueous solutions ( 9S ). Adsorption on Glass Dyes from aqueous solutions (3*5) c, g/ml X 10« Ï 5 ÏÔ 50 x, g/cm 2 X IQ8 2 8.7 14 40 Adsorption on Gels from Solution ON FERRIC OXIDE ( 7 O) Chloride ions; x = millimols Cl" adsorbed per 100 cm3 solution containing m g Fe2O3; c = millimols Cl" per cm3 solution m \ • .x I c j m I x I c 1.29601.370.002571.2071.8730.00304 0.8640 1.891(?) 0.00194 1.207 1.830 0.00230 0.6483 0.646 0.00169 1.207 1.769 0.00176 0.5190 0.508 0.00144 1.207 1.744 0.00152 0.4321 0.417 0.00127 | 1.207 1.718 0.00130 0.3245 0.299 0.00110 ! 1.207 1.693 0.00109 0.2595 0.234 0.00093 1.207 1.660 0.00095 0.2162 0.191 0.00079 1.207 1.628 0.00080 ON ALUMINIUM HYDROXIDE Order of ionic adsorption: ferrocyanide > ferricyanide > oxalate > sulfate > chromate > dithionate > dichromate ( 96 ). From solution ( 78 ) : Formic, acetic and butyric acids, and I 2 from various solvents; CeH5NO2 from kerosene; CH3COOH from CS2. Invertin on alumina ( 102 ) Dilution % adsorption I Wt. Al2O3 1 : 4 0 0 9 0 . 1 8 6 1:400 19 0.1395 1:20 OOP 93 0.1395 Adsorption on Fibers ON WOOL HCl in H2O (32) Il H2SO4 in x = g acid per c = % acid in x = g acid per 100 g wool solution 100 g wool 0 . 6 1 6 0 . 0 0 7 7 0 . 8 9 2 0 1.118 .0176 1.658 1.958 .0608 2.87 2.38 .1524 3.471 2.732 .3453 4.456 3.194 .7361 5.818 3.465 1.1306 6.97 \/c \/c Approximate relationship = 0.293; =

x

x

H2Q (32) c = % acid in solution 7 0 0 2 1 " .0068 .0426 .1305 .3107 .6838 1.0606 0.140.

Potash alum from aqueous solutions (77) % potash alum on c, millimols/1 | x, millimols/g weight of wool Al2O3 | SO3 Ì Al2O3 | SO3 5 . 1 2 0 . 1 3 7 1 . 1 2 0 0 . 3 7 7 0 . 0 6 8 10.25 0.395 2.550 0.607 0.113 15.37 0.842 4.075 0.597 0.139 20.50 1.362 5.705 0.500 0.153 25.62 1.863 7.305 0.421 0.168 30.75 2.403 9.055 0.303 0.165 ON MERCERIZED COTTON, DIAMINE BLUE ( 92 ) X, mg/g I c, mg/100 cm3 || x, mg/g | c, mg/100 cm3 6.65 12.7 18.4 91.4 8.4 19.0 20.6 125.8 10.5 26.3 25.2 157.1 12.25 42.75 30.6 241.6 14.8 58.4 36.2 | 330.6

QN COTTON FIBERS ( 9 ^) Orange G at IQO C | Oxamine blue XX | Benzoblue 4B , c, mg/300 , c, mg/300 , c, mg/300 7 X9 mg/g X9 mg/g x, mg/g ^3 cm 3 cm3 0

1.33 1.97 2.23 2.80 3.23 3.97 4.53 5.00 6.00 7.07

_ 'A ~ frfrf per 100 g .,, silk

X

0.14 0.28 1.0 2.29 3.8 5.9 *7.0o,

11 1.58 18.6 2.00 23.3 2.48 36.6 3.07 50.3 3.77 78.1 14.5 106.4 16.4 135 19.7 207 23.3 278.8 28.4 QN SILK, PICRIC

_ c? ^. acid -m , ,. solution C

Q , *• Solution

0.36Ì « pl 4 0.72 J • -, n r» • r • 1.0 Basic ferric

10.25 1.43 15.3 16.5 2.03 21.9 22.55 2.43 30.3 35.8 2.90 48.4 48.7 3.45 66.2 75.5 4.18 103.3 103.6 4.70 141.2 130.3 5.00 180.0 201.7 6.73 273.1 271.6 7.28 380.9 ACID (31» 48)

Nature .„ of silk Üäw Boiled off Raw

U M J I =offC Boiled 1.71 p p , Raw 6.19 ^3 Boiled off aw 14. l AI/PTT rnnï ^ r,o Al(UJtIsUUU)3 T*(Boiled ~l 1 HPofft 33 lf

Mole ratio, of adsorbed ., ,oxide to ad, , ., sorbed acid 155(SnO2):! 143(SnO2):! Ul(Fe2O3):! ^ /T. s\\ i 91(Fe 2O3):! 40(Cr2O3):! 44(Cr2O3):! / Al2 °31 onl 1^ ^ 1adsorbed

Adsorption on Miscellaneous Materials ON CELLULOSE, METHYLENE BLUE FROM H2O (x/m)2 = Kc (3°) ON STARCH, I2 FROM H2O (x/m)* = Kc (56) ON SOILS (97); x/m = ac1/n Adsorbent I Solute | a | 1/n Garden soil NH4Cl 0.0948 0.039 Garden sou NH4Cl . 131 .424 Nue sediment NH4Cl .489 .399 Permutite NH4Cl 2.823 .398 Sodium zeolite (Artificial).. CaCl2 2.487 .317 Zeolite LiCl 24.419 .414 "Soil" NH4OH 0.0994 .434 "Soil" NH4OH . 147 .461 "Soil" NH4OH .054 .386 For a comprehensive discussion of the adsorption behavior of soils and their constituents for gases and for dissolved substances see Anderson and Mattson ( l ) and the literature cited by them. ADSORPTION AND SOLUBILITY OF GASES IN METALS OF THE PLATINUM SERIES H2, HYDROGEN cm3 (at S. T. P.) adsorbed per 4.269 g Pt black at 250C (4) PH2, mm |1.1 J23.5 |67.8 |162.4 |393 |577 |768 cm3 6.06| 6.63 6.83 6.97| 7.12| 7.21| 7.34 cm3 (S. T. P.) adsorbed by 1 cm3 Pd black (d = 11.4) at 760 mm (40) t, 0C |-50|-21| O I+20| 40| 6Oj 80| 105 cm3 1 917| 887| 880| 661| 735| 742| 750| 754 cm8 (at S- T. P.) adsorbed by l g of reduced Pd at p, mm Hg (33) O0C O0C O0C 3 3 P1 mm cm p, mm cm p, mm cm3 0.20 0.21 4.10* 3.13 43.8 68.00 1.10 0.85 4.20 57.30 51.9 70.18 2.6 1.27 4.30 62.00 95.7 71.51 f 1.87 5.30 63.70 407.0 71.85 0 \ 2.21 9.13 65.02 496.6 72.16 4.00 2.77 12.6 66.4 640 72.55

3O0C cm3 0.92 0.98 1.31 1.97 2.44 3.15 4.00 C 3.50 18.8* \ 7.65 [49.40 24.8 60.8 27.7 62.65 29.9 63.0 43.0 65.4 52.5 66.0 109.3 68.2 8O0C 30.1 1.31 pi mm 1.58 4.0 7.4 12.5 15.6 17.8 18.6

46.2 78.6 85.2 115.4 127.9 135.6

1.75 2.43 2.98 3.41 4.79 5.23

8O0C p, mm cm3 140.1 6.15 131.6 7.43 140.1* 6.15 /12.09 15J \50.5 157.8 52.6 169.6 55.0 171.6 55.4 212.6 58.10 670.1 68.81 16O0C 488 3.43 700 4.65 888 5.87 1016 7.56 1153 8.69 1244 10.39 1313 12.82 1320* 1331 1460 1463

(21 \ 41 [49 46.77 53.50 52.80

16O0C p, mm cms 1508 53.51 1541 53.81 1577 54.67 1657 55.08 2000 58.10 2434 60.11 18O0C 101 0.97 336 2.15 919 4.52 1218 5.82 1363 6.42 1458 6.98 1695 8.45 1733 8.53 1896 11.15 1929 32.39 1955* 14.31

1960 1966 1970 2006 2130 2788

29.61 50.20 51.78 52.53 54.50 56.95

* Unstable range. 3

3

cm (at t and p) adsorbed by 1 cm Rh black (ppt. by NH4OH, d = 12.1) at p = 736 mm Hg (39) t, 0C ^ Ö +50 97 200 cm3 11 260 180 168 174 cm3 (at t and p) adsorbed by 1 cm3 Ir black (ppt. by NH4OH, d = 22.4) at p = ca. 740 mm Hg (40) 0 C I cm3 Il 0C I cm3 j| 0G | cm3 || 0C I cm3 ' -20 113 +20 140 O 48 60 67 -12 96 +49 38 +24 132 80 37 O 75 -21 69 40 103 100 O Pd alloys saturated with H2 electrolytically; cm3 (at t and atni. pressure) adsorbed by l g of alloy in which the mole fraction of Pd is apd ( 75 ) Pd-Cu || Pd-Ag cm3 cm3 Xpd Pd 25° I 100° * 25° I IQQ0"" TO 7(TT 61.4 TO 70.7 61.3 0.95 53.6 48.4 0.8 81.1 72.0 .86 38.4 32.4 0.7 78.2 70.2 .77 31.3 27.4 0.6 43.2 30.1 .73 27.7 22.1 0.52 13.5 10.9 .53 6.3 4.3 0.51 5.9 2.9 .52 3.7 2.0 0.49 O O .48 O O 0.48 O O .13 O O O 2 AND CO cm3 (at S. T. P.) adsorbed per 4.269 g Pt black at 250C (4) p, mm ~ 6 8 8 728 ~ 770.5 2 cm3 4.38 4.96 7.72 LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) (i) Anderson and Mattson, 157, No. 1452; 26. ( 2 ) Armstrong, 325, 19: 354; 08. (3) Bakr and King, 4, 119: 454; 21. (3-S) Bancelin, 34, 158: 791; 19. (4) Benton, Jf, 48: 1850; 26. ( 5 ) Biltz and Steiner, 55, 7: 113; 10. («) Bohart and Adams, 1, 42: 523; 20. (7) Briggs, 50, 9: 617; 05. ( 8 ) Briggs, 5, 100: 88; 21. (») Brown, 2, 17: 700; 21.

55, 9: 275; 12. (58) Lamb, Wilson and Chaney, 45, 11: 420; 19. (59) O O) Bunbury, 4,121: 1525; 22. (i i ) Chaney, 78, 36: 91 ; 19 (» 2) Claude, 34, 158: 861; 14. (»3) Cude and Hulett, i, 42: 391; 20. (»<) Davidheiser and Langmuir, 1, 40: 1361; 18. Patrick, 1, 44: 1 ; 22. ( 1 S) Dewar, 325, 18: 433; 06. (l «) Driver and Firth, (60) Lemon, 2, 14: 281; 19. («M Lemon and Blodgett, 2, 14: 394; 19. 197, 4, 119: 1126; 21. ( 1 ^) Driver and Firth, ^, 121: 2409; 22. (i») Drucker, 5: 289; 19. («2) Lévites, 55, 8: 129; 10. (63) Lévites, 55, 9: l, 11. (64) Lottermoser, 55, 9: 135; 11. (65) Lowry, l, 46: 824; 24. (66) Lowry and 7, 74: 567; 10. ( 1 ^) van Duin, 55, 17: 123; 15. (20) Estrup, 55, 11: 8; 12. (21) Evans and George, 5, 103: 190; 23. (22) Hulett, 1, 42: 1393; 20. (67) McBain, 83, 14: 202; 19. (68) McGavack Firth, 4,119:926; 21. (23) Firth, 54, 42: 242T; 23. (24) Firth and Watson, and Patrick, 1, 42: 946; 20. (69) McHaffie and Lehner, 4, 127: 1559; 25. 4, 123: 1219; 23. (25) Freundlich, 7, 73: 385; 10. (26) Freundlich, Kapil- (70) Maffia, 287, 3: 85; 12. (7i ) Marc, 7, 75: 710; 10 (72) Michaelis and Rona, 27 205,15: 196; 08. (73) Miller, 1, 46:1150; 24. (74) Morton, 1, 36: 1832; 14. larchemie, p. 234. Leipzig, Akadem. Verlagsges., 1923. ( ) Freundlich (75) Nowack, 93, 113: 1; 20. (76) Osaka, 451, 1: 257; 15. (77) Paddon, and Kaempfer, 7, 90: 581; 15. (28) Freundlich and Posnjak, 7, 79: 168; 50, 26: 790; 22. (78) Patrick and Jones, 50, 29: 1; 25. (79) Patrick and 12. (29) Geddes, 8, 29: 797; 09. Long, 50, 29: 336; 25. (30) Georgievics, Z. Farben-Ind., 2: 253; 03. (3l ) Georgievics, 57, 32: 1075; 11. (32) Georgievics and Pollak, 57, 32: 655; 11. (33) Gillespie and Hall, l, (80) Patrick and Opdycke, 50, 29: 601; 25. (81) Patrick, Preston and Owens, 50, 29: 421; 25. (82) Philip, Dunnill and Workman, 4, 117: 362; 20. (83) 48: 1207; 26. (34) Gurvich, 03, 47: 808; 15. (35) Gustafson, 9, 21: 459; 15. (36) Gustafson, 7, 91: 385; 16. (37) Gustafson, 19, 7: No. 22; 19. Piutti, 172, (7th), 2: 83; 09. (84) Rakovskii, 53, 49: 371; 17. 10, 5: 1265; 39 26. (85) Reichinstein, 7, 107: 119; 23. (86) Richardson, 1, 39: 1828; 17. (38) Gutbier, Gebhardt and Ottenstein, 25, 46: 1453; 13. ( ) Gutbier (87) Rona and Michaelis, 205, 94: 240; 19. (88) Schmidt, 7, 15: 56; 94. and Maisch, 25, 62: 2275; 19. 4 41 (89) Schmidt, 7, 74: 689; 10. ( O) Gutbier, Ottenstein and Weise, 25, 52:1366; 19. ( ) Halla, 7, 86: 496; 14. 43 (90) Schmidt-Walter, 55, 14: 242; 14. (»*) Sieverts, 7, 88: 103, 451; 14. (92) (42) Harkins and Ewing, 197, 6: 49; 20. ( ) Harkins and Ewing, I, 43: 4 1787; 21. (44)Harned, ^, 42: 372; 20. ( S) Hawley, 45, 13: 301; 21. (46) Sapozhnikov, 7, 78: 209; 11. (93) Sheldon, 2, 16: 165; 20. (94) Titov, Hayashi, 4I1 43: 535; 22. (47) Hempel and Vater, 9, 18: 724; 12. (48) 7, 74: 641; 10. (95) Traube and Nishizawa, 55, 32: 383; 23. (96) Weiser Heermann, Färber-Ztg., 15: 325, 345; 04. (49) Holt, Edgar and Firth, 7, and Middleton, 50, 24: 630; 20. (97) Wiegner, J. Landw., 40: 111, 197; 12. (98) Wiegner and Burmeister, 55, 8: 126; 11. (99) Williams, 83, 10: 167; 82: 513; 13. 14. (50) Homfray, 7, 74: 129; 10. ( 5 l ) Jorissen, Gedenkboek aangeboden aan J. M. (ioo) Williams, 68, 37: 161; 16. ( 1 Oi) Williams, 5, 98: 223; 20. (*°2) WiIlvan Bemmelen, 1910. (52) Katz, 64V, 21: 230; 12. (53) Katz, 64P, 26: 548; 23. (54) Koch, Thesis, Zurich, 1918. (55) Kruyt and van Duin, statter and Wasserman, 205, 16: 81; 09. 70, 39: 679; 20. (56) Küster, 13, 283: 360; 94. (57) Lacks and Michaelis,

SOLUBILITIES OF GASES IN LIQUIDS INDEX Definitions, abbreviations and symbols. Mathematical relations. Solubilities in water. Solubilities in non-aqueous pure liquids. Solubilities in liquid metals. Solubilities in solutions. Definitions, Abbreviations, Symbols and Units a. The Bunsen absorption coefficient. The volume of gas (reduced to O0C, 760 mm) which, at the temperature of the experiment, is dissolved in one volume of the solvent when the partial pressure of the gas is 760 mm.

INDEX Définitions, abréviations et symboles. Relations mathématiques. Solubilités dans l'eau. Solubilités dans les liquides purs non aqueux. Solubilités dans les métaux liquides. Solubilités dans les solutions. Définitions, Abréviations, Symboles et Unités a. Coefficient d'absorption de Bunsen. C' est le volume de gaz (réduit à O0C, 760 mm) qui est dissout à la température de l'expérience dans un volume du solvant, lorsque la pression partielle du gaz est de 760 mm.

ß

The same as a, except that the total pressure is 760 mm.

ß

7

The Kuenen absorption coefficient The same as a, except that the amount of the solvent is one g.

7

5

The Raoult absorption coefficient. The number of g of the gas dissolved by 100 cm3 of the solvent at the temperature of experiment when the

5

Le même que a, excepté que la pression totale est de 760 mm. Coefficient d'absorption de Künen. Le même que «, excepté que la quantité du solvant est un gramme. Coefficient d'absorption de Raoult. C' est le nombre de grammes du gaz dissout dans 100 cm3 du solvant à la température de l'expérience

INDEX Definitionen, Abkürzungen und Zeichen. Mathematische Beziehungen. Löslichkeit in Wasser. Löslichkeit in wasserfreien reinen Flüssigkeiten. Löslichkeit in flüssigen Metalle.

INDICE pAGE Definizioni, abbreviazioni e simboli 254 Relazioni matematiche 255. 255 Solubilità in acqua Solubilità in liquidi puri non acquosi 261 Solubilità in metalli liquidi 270

Löslichkeit in Lösungen. Definitionen, Abkürzungen, Zeichen und Einheiten a. Der Bunsen-Absorptionskoeffizient. Dieser ist das Volumen eines Gases (reduziert auf O0C und 760 mm) welches .in einem Volumteil des Lösungsmittels bei der Versuchstemperatur gelöst ist, wenn der Partialdruck des Gases 760 mm beträgt. ß So wie a nur ist der Totaldruck 760 mm.

Solubilità in soluzioni 271 Definizioni, Abbreviazioni, Simboli e Unità a Coefficiente di assorbimento di Bunsen. Volume di gas (a O0C e 760 mm) che, alla temperatura deir esperienza, si scioglie in un volume di solvente quando la pressione parziale del gas è di 760 mm.

7

7

5

Der Künen-Absorptionskoeffizient. Dieser ist gleich a. nur beträgt die Menge des Lösungsmittels l Gramm. Der Raoult-Absorptionskoeffizient. Ist die Anzahl der Gramme des Gases welche von 100 cm3 des Lösungsmittels bei der Versuchs-

ß

5

Lo stesso coefficiente a, con la differenza che la pressione totale è di 760 mm. Coefficiente di assorbimento di Künen. Lo stesso coefficiente a riferito però ad un g di solvente. Coefficiente di assorbimento di Raoult. Numero di grammi di gas disciolti da 100 cm3 di solvente alla temperatura dell'esperienza, quando

partial pressure of the gas is 760 mm.

X

The Ostwald absorption coefficient. The ratio of the concentration of the gas in the liquid to its concentration in the gas phase. Barometric pressure. Henry's law constant.

B K

lorsque la pression partielle du gaz est de 760 mm. X

Coefficient d'absorption d'Ostwald. C' est le rapport de la concentration du gaz dans le liquide à sa concentration dans la phase gazeuse. Pression barométrique. Constante de la loi de

B K

t (resp. T)

Centigrade (resp. absolute) temperature. Mole fraction of A in the solution.

XA

X

B K

Henry. K = ^

K=*±XA PA (resp. P) Partial pressure of A (resp. total pressure). S. T. P. Under standard conditions, O0C, 1 atm.

temperatur gelöst werden und wenn der Partialdruck des Gases 760 mm beträgt. Der Ostwald-Absorptions koeffizient. Dieser ist das Verhältnis der Konzentration des Gases in der Lösung zu der in der Gasphase. Barometerdruck. Konstante des Henry 'sehen Gesetzes.

la pressione parziale del gas è di 760 mm. X

Coefficiente di assorbimento di Ostwald. Rapporto tra la concentrazione del gas nel liquido e nella fase gassosa.

B K

Pressione barometrica. Costante della legge di Henry. K = ^-

K-*-

PA (resp. P) Pression partielle de A (resp. pression totale). S. T. P. Dans les conditions standard, O0C, 1 atm. t (resp. T) Température centigrade (resp. absolue). XA

Fraction moléculaire de A dans la solution.

XA PA (bezw. P) Partialdruck von A (bzw. Totaldruck).

PA (oppure P) Pressione parziale di A (oppure pressione totale). S. T. P. Condizioni normali, O0C, 1 atm.

S. T. P. Unter Normal (Standard) - Bedingungen, O0C, l Atmosphäre. t (bezw. T) Zentigrad (bzw. absolute) -Temperatur. XA

t

(oppure T) Temperatura centigrada (o assoluta). XA Frazione di grammimolecole di A nella soluzione.

Molenbruch von A in der Lösung.

MATHEMATICAL RELATIONS AND CONVENTIONS In all cases where interconversion of g of gas and cm3 at S. T. P. The quantities A and B are given in the tables. The quantity has been made, the normal molecular volume has been taken as (A) is the partial latent heat of vaporization of the gas from the 22 411.5 cm3 and the coefficient of thermal expansion as 1/273.1 solution, in joules per g mole, i.e., the heat absorbed when one per degree. g-mole of the gas is vaporized reversibly from an infinite amount _ g/cm3, liq. ^ / t \ _ 273.IX of the solution. a To compute K from a: - g/cm', gas ' V^ 273.1/ T y .-

-

_—_ d, where d is the density of the solvent.

O+ajh)

__ CA __ concentration, liq. ~ CA' ~ concentration, gas According to the Henry-Dalton laws, X is independent of the partial pressure of the gas. . „ 0.05223 (- A) , _ logio K = y '- + B.

zv =

1703240Od (1+ a) M

J

Ma.

where d is the density and M the molecular weight of the solvent; a is small in comparison with unity and is given by a

_

MpAQi 17 032 40Od

where PA is the partial pressure of the dissolving gas in mm Hg.

SOLUBILITIES OF GASES IN WATER A. G. LOOMIS INDEX Elementary substances and atmospheric air, 2V-Table. Chemical compounds, Ä-Table.

INDEX Substances élémentaires et air atmosphérique, Table A. Composés chimiques, Table &.

A-TABLE.—ELEMENTARY GASES AND ATMOSPHERIC AIR A, Argon; cf. also (46, i l l ) t, 0C O 10 2O 30 40 Lit. IQ-7XJf., IT79 2.2s 2.7o 3.14 3.4? (ioi> IPS) t, 0C O 5 10 15

[ IQ-7 XK IM, 0C I IP"7 XK 1.635 20 2.511 1.861 25 2.708 2.089 30 2.895 2.304 35 3.084

|| t, 0C I IQ-7 X K ' 40 3.26s 45 3.44? 50 3.632 Lit. («)

INDEX INDICE PAGE Elementare Stoffe und Luft, Elementi e aria atmoÄ-Tafel. sferica, Tabella 2K 255 Chemische Verbindungen, Ä- Composti, Tabella £ 258 Tafel. An, Actinon (Ac. Em.); v. (36) Br, Bromine (Br2); cf. also ( 17 > 18» 46) log 10K = Q'°^23 X (-33780) -f 10.674; range, O to 1O0C t, 0C 12 14 16 18

I

IP"4 X K 3.07 3.39 3.74 4.12

Il

t, 0C 20 22 24 26

I

IQ-4 X K 4.5i 4.94 5.39 5.8s

Br,—(Continued) I IQ" X K Il I1 0C 6.3? 60 6.8s 70 10.1 80 4

0

t, C 28 30 40 50

14.5

I

J^t.

4

IO" X K 19.1 24.4 30.7 (102,103)

Cl, Chlorine (Cl2); cf. also (2, 46, 66) J9 0C I

10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17

3.148 3.047 2.950 2.856 2.767 2.680 2.597 2.517

t, 0C ß

18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25

|! t, 0C |

ß.

2.440 2.368 2.299 2.238 2.180 2.123 2.070 2.019

ß

26 27 28 29 30 35 40 45

[l t, 0C |

1.970 50 1.923 60 1.880 70 1.839 80 1.799 90 1.608 100 1.450 ~LÎ^ 1.320

ß

1.216 1.025 0.862 0.683 0.39 0.00 (Ï06)~

O 3 6 9 12 Lit. 4.61 3.93 3.42 3.03 2.77 (3)

PH2, mm 10*q, 250C t9 0C K

H, Hydrogen, (H2); cf. also (46) 560 600 650 700 18U 180? 179s 179o 20 5.07 X IO7 ~

t, 0C 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

f Op

(97, '99, 100)

"

Il t, 0C

ß

Ö 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19

| IQ"7 X K 4.39l 4.430 4.47o 4.509 4.54s 4.587 4.62s 4.664 4.70s 4.742 4.77s 4.81s 4.854 4.89l

H

25 5.1s X IQ7 t, 0C 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 Ljtt

|

""

t Pu2, mm 900 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500

log« K = °'°y223 X (-3053) -f 8.584; ränge, 2 to 3O0C (13) t, 0C (i) IQ-7X^C

4.4Oi 4.447 4.49l 4.537 4.58o 4.623 4.669 4.71o 4.753 4.797 4.834 4.87i 4.909 4.947 4.982 5.017 5.052 5.087 5.120 5.15s

I

I/1

0

P ^

20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 35 40 45 50 60 70 80 90 100

O 10 20 30 40 50 9.78 9.54 9.50 9.39 9.19 8.7s Kr, Krypton; cf. also (46,111) | O | 10 | 20 | 30 | 40 | 50 | 60 |Lit. |0.94s|l.l7o|l.51o|1.85o|2.182|2.47i|2.649| (l)

t, 0C IQ"7 XK

N, 727 178e

Lit. (2°) Lit. (39)

IQ"7 X K 4.92s 4.964 4.99s 5.034 5.070 5.107 5.13s 5.170 5.20s 5.234 5.265 5.29e 5.325 (91)

t, 0C K

in-? Xv A/r IU 5.192 5.22s 5.264 5.302 5.340 5.374 5.40s 5.443 5.477 5.51o 5.54o 5.63s 5.709 5.76s 5.809 5.81o 5.78 5.74 5.71 5.66

Nitrogen (N 2 ); cf. also (* <*> 46) | 20 | 25 | Lit. | 5.939 X IO7 I 6.29? X IQ 7 J (39)

PN2, mm I IO3«, 250C || pNg, mm 103
10-7 Äv ^VK IU

= 19.50C (15) [I t = 230C (15) 3 3 | IQ « Il ^H2, mm IQ « || pH2, mm| IQ3« || pH2, mm| IQ3« 16.76 5000 16.4l 1100 16.Oi 5000 15.7e 16.76 5500 16.2s 1500 16.Oo 5500 15.6s 16.7s 6000 16.14 2000 16.Oo 6000 15.52 16,7s 6500 15.97 2500 15.99 6500 15.3s 16.73 7000 15.80 3000 15.9s 7000 15.23 16.7i 7500 15.59 3500 15.9e 7500 15.Oe 16.67 8000 15.3e 4000 15.92 8000 14.8e 16.6l 8250 15.23 4500 15.8s 8200 14.7s 16.52 He, Helium; cf. also (46, i l i )

t, C O 5 10

Argon-free N2, computed from the above values 10~7 X K Ut1 0CI 10"7X K H*, °C| IQ-7 X K\\t, 0C| IQ"7 X K 4.077 15 5.55o 30 6.84e 45 7.98s 4.572 20 6.004 35 7.23s 50 8.37i 5.074 25 6.43s 40 7.60s |

Atmospheric N2 ( 98 > "» 10°) t, C I IP" X K\\t, °C| IQ"7 X K\\t, 0C) IQ-7 X K\\t, °C| IQ"7 X K 0 4.016 10 5.079 20 6.109 30 I 7.022 1 4.116 11 5.184 21 6.203 35 7.483 2 4.219 12 5.29l 22 6.29s 40 7.923 3 4.323 13 5.399 23 6.394 45 8.28s 4 4.42s 14 5.497 24 6.48s 50 8.58e 5 4.53s 15 5.6Oe 25 6.574 60 9.087 6 4.64l 16 5.710 26 6.67o 70 9.462 7 4.753 17 5.81l 27 6.759 80 9.59i 8 4.86i 18 5.912 28 6.845 90 9.61 9 4.97o 19 6.013 29 6.932 100 j 9.54 Argon-free N2, computed from the above values t, 0G I 10~7 X K\\t, 0 Cj IQ-7 X K\\t, °C| 10~7 X K\\t, °C| 10~7 X K O 4.089 15 5.704 30 7.149 4 5 1 8.427 5 4.609 20 6.217 35 7.614 50 8.722 10 5.16s 25 6.686 40 8.05i 0

7

O3, Ozone; cf. also ( 46 ) t *= 19.40C (15) [l t = 24.90C (15) 0 At O C, K = 1.915 X IO6 (75); at 180C, K = 2.08o X 10« (*?) PNz, mm [ 103a || pN2, mm | 103g || pN2, mm IQ3« || ^N2, mm| IQ3« t, 0C I IP"6 X K\\t, °C| IP"6 X K\\t, °C| IP"6 X K\\t, °C| IQ"6 X K 900 15. Io 5000 14.4s 900 13.7o 5000 13.Os O 1.47s 20 2.856 40 9.11o 60 [ QQ 1000 15.Os 5500 14.3s 1000 13.69 5500 12.99 1500 15.Oi 6000 14.24 1500 13.63 6000 12.9o 5 1.660 25 3.47s 45 13.5s Lit! (55) 2000 14.9s 6500 14.1s 2000 13.5s 6500 12.8l 10 1.884 30 4.54s 50 20.85 2500 14.86 7000 14.O2 2500 13.5o 7000 12.7s 15 2.19l 35 6.220 55 36.U 3000 14.79 7500 13.9o 3000 13.42 7500 12.64 3500 14.7i 8000 13.7? 3500 13.33 8000 12.5s Rn, Radon; cf. also (46, ill) 4000 14.63 8100 13.7s 4000 13.2s 8200 12.52 4500 14.54 4500 13.16 The following data are from Meyer (60), and are based upon (io, 44, si, 52, 71, 90). They are in agreement also with (80). Ne, Neon; cf. also (46, 92, ill) t, 0G I 10~6 X K\\t, °C| IQ"6 X K\\t, °C| IQ"6 X K\\t, 0C | IQ"6 X K 0 t, C O |10 |20 |30 |40 |50 flit". O 1.85s 20 3.9? 50 7.92 80 10.6 IQ-7 X K |8.67| 7.6 9 | 6.7e| 5.7i| 4.3?| 2.94J (1) 5 2.29s 30 5.2e 60 8.94 90 11.1 10 2.80s 40 6.6s 70 9.84 100 11.6 O, Oxygen (O2); cf. also (46) Results obtained by measuring volume of O2 absorbed by H2O (98, 105) The following data are by Szeparowicz (88.5): t, 0C I IQ-7 X K\\t, °C| 20 3.043 25 21 3.100 26 22 3.157 27 23 3.215 28 24 3.273 29

IQ-7 X K\\t, °C| 3.330 30 3.386 35 3.444 40 3.500 45 3.555 | 50

10~7 X K\\t, °C| IQ"7 x"# 3.610 60 4.777 3.852 70 5.04s 4.06s 80 5.224 4.28i 90 5.3i 4.47o 100 5.33

Results obtained by titrating O2 in air-saturated water ( 96 > 99, i oo) /, 0C I 10 ~ 7 X K\\t, 0 CI 10~7 X K\\t, °C| 10~7 X K\\t, °C| 10~7 X K P 1.9336 8 2.3734 16 2.821i 24 3.259 1 1.9870 9 2.4294 17 2.8764 25 3.314 2 2.040? 10 2.4860 18 2.9322 26 3.368 3 2.095s 11 2.5420 19 2.986s 27 3.425 4 2.1502 12 2.5983 20 3.041s 28 3.481 5 2.205s 13 2.6550 21 3.095 29 3.540 6 2.261s 14 2.7103 22 3.150 30 3.599 7 2.317l 15 2.766l 23 3.205 t, 0C |1Q-7 X K\\t, 0CI IQ"7 X K\\t, °C| 10~7 X K\\t, °C| IQ"7 X K ^~0 1.9206 9 2.4056 18 2.892s I 27 3.369 1 1.974s 10 2.4602 19 2.9472 28 3.42o 2 2.0284 11 2.5142 20 3.001 29 3.47i 3 2.082s 12 2.568? 21 3.054 30 3.522 4 2.1362 13 2.622e 22 3.107 35 3.77i 5 2.19Oi 14 2.6764 23 3.160 40 4.009 6 2.2436 15 2.7310 24 3.213 45 4.234 7 2.297s 16 2.7852 25 3.265 50 4.44s 8 2.3516 17 2.8392 26 3.31? LitTj (30)

t = 230C O 5 ) [1 t = 25.90C (15) 3 3 Po2, mm I IO « ([ po2, mm| 10 cg || pp2, mm | W3
| IO3« 25.2? 25.1s 24.9? 24.81 24.63 24.4s 24.2 4 24.1s

For a graphical representation of the amount of O2, saturated with water vapor, dissolved in H2O from air, between 32 to 21O0F and O to 30 in. Hg, v. ( 84 ).

logic K = °'°y223 X (-25598) + 11.15?; range, O to 160C I1 0C 1IQ-* X K\\t, °C| IP"6 X K\\t, °C| IP"6 X K\\t, °C| IQ-* X K 17 3.53 23 4.33 29 5.13 60 9.0s 18 3.6e 24 4.4e 30 5.2? 70 10.26 19 3.79 25 4.59 35 5.92 80 10.9 20 3.9s 26 4.7s 40 6.5? 90 11.2 21 4.Oe 27 4.8? 45 7.2o 97 11.3 22 4.19 28 5.Oo 50 7.83

Tn, Thoron (Th. Em.); v. (io, 36, 42) Xe, Xenon; cf. also (46, i l l ) O 0^22S logioK = ' T X (-21384) + 10.68i; range, O to 2O0C I1 0C IQ-6X^

I 30 I 40 I 9.629 I 11.76

I 45.45 I 12.9s

| Lit. | (1)

Air (104); cf. also (46) t, 0C I 10-7 x Ki* IIQ-7 X Ki\ \\t, °C| IP"7 X K1* \ IQ-? X K^ 0 3.277 3.22o 20 5.044 4.93s 1 3.36i 3.303 21 5.130 5.019 2 3.450 3.392 22 5.21e 5.102 3 3.53e 3.477 23 5.297 5.182 4 3.624 3.564 24 5.379 5.26s 5 3.712 3.653 25 5.46s 5.35i 6 3.803 3.73s 26 5.544 5.42s 7 3.894 3.82e 27 5.62s 5.512 8 3.98s 3.913 28 5.702 5.59? 9 4.076 4.002 29 5.78i 5.68s 10 4.16s 4.08s 30 5.85s 5.76o 11 4.257 4.17e 35 6.249 12 4.347 4.262 40 6.61i 13 4.43s 4.34s 45 6.91e 14 4.52s 4.43e 50 7.18s 15 4.612 4.520 60 7.64s 16 4.7Oi 4.60s 70 7.98i 17 4.789 4.689 80 8.16e 18 4.874 4.773 90 8.22 19 4.964 4.85e 100 8.1e * Ki is calculated from the absorption coefficients of Oz and N2, taking into consideration the correction for constant argon content. See Fox ( 30 ). t Kz is calculated from the U2-content of water saturated with air, and from Oa-content of the air expelled by heating the solution.

The following table gives content of 1000 cm3 of water, saturated with air at normal barometric pressure. The air is free of CO2 and NH3 ( 107 ). . 00~

cm* at O0C and 760 mm

t. C

^ °2 10.19 9.91 9.64 9.39 9.14 8.91 8.68 8.47 8.26 8.06 7.87 7.69 7.52 7.35 7.19 7.04 6.89 6.75 6.61 6.48 6.36 6.23 6.11 6.00 5.89 5.78 5.67 5.56 5.46 5.36 5.26

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

AT A x > A> etc' 18.99 18.51 18.05 17.60 17.18 16.77 16.38 16.00 15.64 15.30 14.97 14.65 14.35 14.06 13.78 13.51 13.25 13.00 12.77 12.54 12.32 12.11 11.90 11.69 11.49 11.30 11.12 10.94 10.75 10.56 10.38

rr . i

Total

N2

29.18 28.42 27.69 26.99 26.32 25.68 25.06 24.47 23.90 23.36 22.84 22.34 • 21.87 21.41 20.97 20.55 20.14 19.75 19.38 19.02 18.68 18.34 18.01 17.69 17.38 17.08 16.79 16.50 16.21 15.92 15.64

O2-content of the dis, j . solved air, Vol. % 34.91 34.87 34.82 34.78 34.74 34.69 34.65 34.-60 34.56 34.52 34.47 34.43 34.38 34.34 34.30 34.25 34.21 34.17 34.12 34.08 34.03 33.99 33.95 33.90 33.86 33.82 33.77 33.73 33.68 33.64 33.60

A-TABLE.—STANDARD ARRANGEMENT HF, Hydrogen fluoride (59) HCl, Hydrogen chloride; cf. also (46, 110)

t, 0C I ß Il I9 0C I O 507 10 2 500 12 4 494 14 6 487 16 8 481 18

T^ c *'

474 468 461 455 448 |

iTîcr^

^H2Q

-24 -21 -18 -15

[I J9 0C I

ß

101.2 98.3 95.7 93.3

l

20 22 24 26 28

~

> °

-10 - 5 O

442 30 435 40 429 50 423 60 417 || Lit. ß

"

550.4 532.7 517.0 Lit. (4)

412 386 362 339 (74)

g HCI*

JTn2Q

89.8 86.8 84.2

*P = 1 atm. (total P of HCl).

pnci, mm at 250C (6) 0.0182 0.0530 0.140 0.348 0.844 1.93 4.20

g HCl g H2Q 0.1458 0.1823 0.2188 0.2552 [0.2917 0.3282 0.3646

cm3 HCl (S. T. P.) per cm3 H2Q 89.3s 111.73 134.Os 156.42 178.7? 201.Ii 223.4e

T^T *' ° O H- 10 25 50 75 100

I g HBr* ^g2Q 612 221.2 * 580 209.6 533 193.9 469 171.3 406 150.5 345 130.0

ß

*

* P = 1 atm.

PHBr, mm at 250C (6) 0.000151 0.00370 0.0089 0.0226 0.059 0.151

cm3 HBr (S. T. P.) per cm3 H2Q 134.Os 156.42 178.77 201.Ii ' 223.4e 245.80

g HBr JTH^) 0.4855 0.5665 0.6474 0.7283 0.8092 0.8902

HI, Hydrogen iodide; cf. also (46) PHI, mm at 250C (6) 0.00057 0.00182 0.0065 0.0295 0.132 At 1O0C, ß = 416 (8).

cm3 HI (S. T. P.) per cm3 H2Q 134.Os 156.42 178.77 201.Ii 223.46

g HI JTg2Q 0.7676 0.8956 1.0235 1.1515 1.2794

SO2, Sulfur dioxide; cf. also (46, 54) O 0^22^ 1Og10JT = y X (-24619) + 8.80s; range, 10 to 3O0C (38) t, 0C IIQ" 4 X K \\t, 0G IQ"4 X K \\t, °C| IQ"4 X K \\t, °C| IQ-* X K 30 3.64o 50 6.53 70 10.4s 90 j 15.05 35 4.259 55 7.43 75 11.60 Lit. (38) 40 4.954 60 8.39 80 12.7e 45 5.716 65 9.3s 85 13.9o

t, °C* o II ß

1IBP ^ J H2Q 255.0 247.3 240.0 233.5 227.5

~ Tü ^ r A ß *' -25 -20 -15 -10 645 - 5 629

+

Il t, 0C I

ß

HBr, Hydrogen bromide ( 5 ); cf. also (46, 69)

PQ

II 4 H t, C* u 0

ßQ

[i 4t, C* u Ii

Il

0

ß

Q

il t, Oo Ii

I I *

0

ßO

O 4 10 15 16 t =

79.79 17 43.91 22 36.59 35 22.49 69.78 18 42.35 23 35.30 40 18.78 56.65 19 40.78 24 33.94 ^t. (31) 47.28 20 39.37 25 32.76 45.57 21 37.98 30 27.18 O0C (5Q) t = 250C (5Q) t = 5O0C (so) mg SQ2 mg SQ2 mg SQ2 PsO2J mrû per cm3 psov« mm per cm3 paozi mm per cm3 solution solution solution (Ti 0.537 174 0.534 4?9 0.525 1.0 1.0Oo 5.0 1.16 10.0 0.920 5.0 3.092 10.0 2.03 50.0 3.46 25.0 10.7s 50.0 8.28 100.0 6.23 50.0 19.35 100.0 14.98 200.0 11.59 27.5s 150.0 21.03 300.0 16.77 75.0 100.0 35.27 200.0 26.4s 400.0 21.72 110.0 38.24 250.0 31.52 500.0 26.04 300.0 36.27 600.0 31.5e 313.0 37.50 700.0 36.4? t, 0G mg*

I 40 I 50 I 60 I 70 [ 80 I 90 | 95 | Lit. I 53 I 38.3 I 26.3 I 16.6 I 9 . s | 5.8 | 4.2 [ (65)

* mg SO2 per cm 3 solution at pSOa = 760 mm.

t = O0C (64)

*, 0C I yso2, mm I mg* || /,0C | pso.2, mm | mg* 10 30 50

155 455 157 457 156

33.5 89.1 13.7 45.7 4.1

50 60 80

457 157 457 457 655

20.8 0.3 13.4 3.3 8.9

* mg SOz per cm3 solution at psoz = 760 mm.

H2S, Hydrogen sulfide; cf. also (46, 79). At 250C, K = 4.16s X IQ 5 (40) 6 0 0 t, C I IP" X K II t, C I IQ"6 XK\\ t,°C I IP"6 X K 0 20.31s 14 31.276 28 44.3o 1 20.982 15 32.14 29 45.32 2 21.665 16 33.01 30 46.29 3 22.409 17 33.94 35 51.4o 4 23.13s 18 34.84 40 56.59 5 23.896 19 35.74 45 61.8s 6 24.640 20 36.6e 50 67.19 7 25.4Os 21 37.56 60 78.19 8 26.202 22 38.5s 70 90.5s 9 27.02s 23 39.5o 80 102.6 10 27.82s 24 40.4? 90 109 11 28.71s 25 41.3s 100 112 12 29.549 26 42.3e 13 30.432 27 43.35 Lit. (*06) H2Se, Hydrogen selenide; cf. also ( 46 ) loglo K = 2^?? X (-10072) + 7.46e; range, 14.6 to 350C (53) NO, Nitric oxide (K><>> ">*); cf. also (46) t, 0G I IQ-6 X K\\t, °C| IQ-6 X K\\t, °C| 10~6 X K\\t, °C| IQ"6 X K 0 12.80s 10 16.540 20 20.055 30 23.51i 1 13.160 11 16.91s 21 20.402 35 25.17o 2 13.520 12 17.284 22 20.756 40 26.75o 3 13.886 13 17.639 23 21.112 45 28.27? 4 14.24? 14 17.996 24 21.45s 50 29.63s 5 14.634 15 18.35s 25 21.8Oe 60 31.779 6 15.012 16 18.707 26 22.15s 70 33.21s 7 15.39s 17 19.030 27 22.497 80 34.03i 8 15.770 18 19.396 28 22.84i 90 34.3s 9 16.170 19 19.72s 29 23.17e 100 34.4s N2O, Nitrous oxide; cf. also (43, 46) loglo K = °'°y223 X (-23298) + 10.331s; range, 5 to 160C (32) t, 0C K

I 20 I 25 I Lit. I 1.50Oo X IQ6 1.732s X IO6 | (32)

t, 0C I IQ"6 X K*\\ t, 0C I IQ-6 X K*\\ t, 0C I IQ-6 X K* 18 1.4ßi 26 1.756 34 2.21s 20 1.5Oi 28 1.85s 36 2.36i 22 1.58l 30 1.96e Lit. (45) 24 1.664 32 2.09l * In the original the volume of dissolved gas (in cm3 at t° under atmospheric pressure) per 1 cm3 of solvent is given. Since the gas was saturated with the solvent the volume of dissolved gas is independent of the pressure (assuming Henry's Law). See Manchot ( 57 ).

PN2O, mm K, 250C

I 758-1362 | 273-1028 Lit. I 1.739 X IQ 6 I 1.76o X IQ 6 I ( 22 > 23) N 2 Oa, Nitrogen trioxide ( 78 ) NH3, Ammonia; cf. also (7, 14, 41, 46, 76, 82) Nlogio I™ A JT = 0-05223A y— + B

From O to 1O0C, A = -937e, B = 4.987. From 14 to 280C, A = -1074e, B = 5.23s. At t = 120C, K = 186s (72).

Up to C = 1.6 moles NH3 per liter of solution, PNHS (mm) = 12.9C (1 + 0.046C) at 250C (94).

PNH3, mm 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 750 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000

Ratio NH3/H2Q ^0 1 pNns, 4 g/g I cm3/cm3 mm 0.997 Ï3Ï2 0.844 1500 1.094 144o 0.839 1600 1.192 1569 0.833 1700 1.288 1695 0.828 1800 1.38s 1827 0.822 1865 1.488 1958 0.817 t = 2O0C (64) 0.497 652.9 0.883 2100 0.544 714.6 0.878 2200 0.588 772.4 0.873 2300 826.2 0.868 2400 0.629 0.669 878.8 0.863 2500 0.707 928.8 0.858 2600 0.745 978.7 0.854 2700 0.781 1025.9 0.851 2800 0.815 1070.6 0.848 2900 0.847 1112.6 0.845 3000 0.877 1152.1 0.842 3100 0.906 1190.1 0.840 3200 0.934 1226.9 0.838 3277 0.959 1259.7 0.836 t = 4O0C (64) 0.315 411.3 0.9019 2200 0.329 429.6 0.8994 2400 0.386 504.0 0.889e 2600 0.433 565.4 0.881i 2800 0.472 616.3 0.874o 3000 0.508 663.3 0.868s 3200 0.543 709.0 0.863s 3400 I 0.577 I 753.4 0.859e 3640

Ratio N H 3 / H " / ) ~ 4 g/g | cm3/cm3 1.58s 209o 0.812 1.68s 222i 0.807 1.77s 234o 0.802 1.847 243i 0.798 !.887 248s 0.795

0.984 1.007 1.029 1.052 1.074 1.096 1.117 1.140 1.162 1.185 1.207 1.230 1.249

1292.6 1322.8 1351.7 1381.8 1410.8 1439.6 1467.3 1497.4 1526.4 1556.6 1585.5 1615.7 1640.7

0.833 0.831 0.829 0.828 0.826 0.824 0.823 0.822 0.820 0.819 0.817 0.816 0.815

0.611 0.644 0.676 0.706 0.732 0.758 0.784 0.816

797.8 840.9 882.7 921.7 955.8 989.8 1023.7 1065.5

0.855e 0.851s 0.848o 0.8444 0.84O7 0.8367 0.8327 0.828o

~~~ P. * mm

Ratio NH3/H20 ~ Ratio NH3/H2O P, * mm ; • g/g I cm3/cm3 g/g I cm3/cm3 t = IQ0C (29) Il t = 2O0C (29) 300 0.414 544.6 300 0.294s 386.9 500 0.541 711.7 500 0.4124 541.7 700 0.6584 866.2 700 0.5083 667.7 900 0.7637 1004.7 900 0.591i 776.5 1100 0.8709 1145.7 1100 0.6694 879.3 1286.9 1300 0.7422 974.9 1300 0.9782 1500 1.085s 1428.0 1500 0.8149 1070.4 " P, * mm 300 500 700 900 1100 1300 1500

Ratio NH3/H2O ; g/g I cm3/cm3 0 t = 3O C (29) 0.212l 277.9 0.3080 403.5 0.3879 508.2 0.455e 596.9 0.518e 679.5 0.577s 756.4 0.6313 827.1

* Total pressure, NH 3 + HzO = approx. PNH3-

PH3, Phosphine; cf. also (46). At 170C, K = 3.63 X 10« (««) AsH3, Arsine (*3) SbH3, Stibine (**) CO, Carbon monoxide; cf. also (46) t, 0C I 20 I 25 I Lit. K I 3.916 X IO7 I 4.281X10 7 | ( 39 )

CO.—(Continued) t, 0C I (ioo, IQ-? x K t, 0C IO-7 X K t, 0C IO"7 X K t, 0C IQ-7 X K 104)

"Ö 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

27673 2.736 2.801 2.868 2.934 3.002 3.072 3.142 3.213 3.284

IO 3.35? 11 3.42s 12 3.499 13 3.57i 14 3.64s 15 3.715 16 3.78? 17 3.85s 18 3.93i 19 3.99? 3 IO « (15)

pec, mm —70Q

900 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000

26.18 26.17 26.15 26.13 26.li 26.08 26.05 26.Oi

|

1QOG

20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29

30 4.71i 35 5.00? 40 5.28s 45 5.54o 50 5.784 60 6.24? 70 6.42o 80 6.42s 90 6.43 100 6.43 IQSg(IS) """ pco, mm ^ ^ | 190C

25.4l 25.40 25.37 25.33 25.2s 25.23 25.19 25.14

4.07o 4.13? 4.18s 4.272 4.33? 4.4Oi 4.467 4.53o 4.592 4.652

4500 5000 5500 6000 6500 7000 7500 8000

25.97 25.93 25.88 25.83 25.77 25.7o 25.61 25.5o

25.09 25.04 24.9s 24.9i 24.82 24.7i 24.5s 24.4s

CO2, Carbon dioxide; cf. also (l l» 46, 68). At 250C, K = 1.247 X 106 (39)

yep,, mm K, 250C Lit 6

*(») I IP" X K\\ 0 0.5526 1 0.575l 2 0.5976 3 0.6199 4 0.6426 5 0.6663 6 0.689s 7 0.7132 8 0.738l

I I

743-1351 1.254 X IQ6

|

270-988 1.25e X IQ6

I

(22,25)

I

(24,26)

t \ IP-* X AH 9 0.7642 10 0.7915 11 0.8197 12 0.8455 13 0.8732 14 0.901s 15 0.9297 16 0.958l 17 0.9877

t I 10-« X K\\ 18 1.01s 19 1.049 20 1.079 21 l.lli 22 1.144 23 1.177 24 1.209 25 1.243 26 1.27s

t \ IQ-6 X K 27 1.309 28 1.342 29 1.379 30 1.4U 35 1.58s 40 1.77i 45 1.954 50 2.15s 60 2.59o

t, 0C (45) W~«XK*

20 22 I 24 I 26 I 1.127 I 1.174 1.229 I 1.29o

t, 0C (45)

I 28

10-6 X K*

j 1.35s

I 30

I 32

34

1.434 i 1.51s| 1.613

* In the original the volume of dissolved gas (in cm3 at £,°C under atmospheric pressure) per 1 cm 3 of solvent is given. Since the gas was saturated with the solvent the volume of dissolved gas is independent of the pressure (assuming Henry's Law). See Manchot ( 57 ).

P = total pressure in atm. cm3 = cm3 of CO2 (reduced to O0C and 1 atm.) dissolved by 1 cm3 of the solution at P and t ( 77 ).

P 25 30 35 40 45 50 53 30 35

t = 2O0C cm3 16.33 18.2l 20. Ii 22.02 23.9s 25.79 26.87 t = 350C 9.9s 11.2 11.6s 13.1

t = 35°C.—(Continued) p cms 40 13.3s 15. i 45 15.Ii 17.1 50 16.83 19. i 55 18.59 21.o 60 20.39 23.0 65 22.2s 24.9 68 23.4s 70 26.9 75 28.8 77 29.6

t = 6O0C t = 10O0C.- (Continued) 3 P cm P cm3 40 8.5 8.5 70 7.22 5.31 45 9.2 9.4 75 7.6s 6.05 50 lO.o 10.4 80 8.0s 6.76 55 10.9 11.4 85 8.5e 7.43 60 11.8 12.4 90 9.07 8.05 65 12.8 13.5 95 9.57 8.68 70 13.8 14.5 100 10.Oe 9.30 75 14.9 15.5 105 10.57 9.93 80 16.0 16.6 110 11.09 10.51 85 17.2 17.8 115 11.59 11.05 90 18.5 19.1 120 12.09 11.54 95 19.7 20.4 125 12.6o 11.94 100 21.0 21.8 130 13.10 12.28 105 22.5 23.3 135 13.61 12.53 110 23.9 24.7 140 14.10 12.72 115 25.3 26.3 145 14.61 12.87 116 25.6 26.6 150 15.12 t = 10O0C 155 15.5s 58 6.3s 160 15.9l 60 6.49 165 16.15 65 6.84 CH4, Methane (*04); cf. also (28, 46, 56) t, 0C I IP"6 XK\\t, 0C] IP"6 X K \\t, °C| IP"6 X K \t, 0Cj IQ"6 X K 0 16.994 10 22.57s 20 28.53i 30 I 34.08 1 17.504 11 23.210 21 29.069 35 36.9s 2 18.029 12 23.814 22 29.66s 40 39.4e 3 18.564 13 24.40s 23 30.239 45 41.83 4 19.116 14 25.0Oi 24 30.804 50 43.8s 5 19.689 15 25.6Oo 25 31.36 60 47.57 6 20.249 16 26.192 26 31.93 70 50.62 7 20.82s 17 26.769 27 32.48 80 51.84 8 21.422 18 27.38s 28 33.03 90 52.60 9 22.024 19 27.96l 29 33.56 100 53.3 C2H2, Acetylene (1O**); cf. also (46) 0 6 t, C IIQ- XK\\t, °C| IP"6 X K \\t, 0C |10~6 X K \\t, 0G JIO"6 X K 0 0.547 1 8 0.690 16 0.84i 24 I 0.99s 1 0.564 9 0.70s 17 0.85s 25 1.01 2 0.58l 10 0.727 18 0.87s 26 1.03 3 0.599 11 0.746 19 0.897 27 1.05 4 0.619 12 0.76s 20 0.917 28 1.07 5 0.63s 13 0.78s 21 0.93s 29 1.09 6 0.653 14 0.803 22 0.95s 30 1.11 7 0.67i 15 0.822 23 0.974 C2H4, Ethylene (*Q8); cf. also (46) t, 0G IIQ" 6 X K \\t, °C| IQ"6 X K\\t, °C| IQ"6 X K \\t, °C| IQ"6 X K 0 4.19 8 5.4s 16 6.97 24 8.4s 1 4.33 9 5.66 17 7.16 25 8.67 2 4.4s 10 5.84 18 7.3e 26 8.8e 3 4.64 11 6.03 19 7.5s 27 9.03 4 4.8o 12 6.22 20 7.74 28 9.24 5 4.96 13 6.4i 21 7.9s 29 9.42 6 5.14 14 6.59 22 8.12 30 9.62 7 5.3o 15 6.80 23 8.3i C 2 H 6 , Ethane, v. p. 261 C3H6, Propylene («»); cf. also (46) f, 0C IIQ- 6 X K \\ t, 0C 110-« X JE H J1 0C 110-« X K 2 2.305 8 3.162 14 I 3.84s 4 2.632 10 3.39o 16 4.08o 6 2.916 12 3.62o 18 4.322 C3H8, Propane (47) C4Hi0, Butane (12, 34, 48, 93) 90% CH4 + 10% C2H6, Pittsburgh natural gas; K, at 250C = 2.95 X IO7 (61)

C2H6, Ethane QQ*); cf. also (46) t, C IIQ- X K ||*, °C| IP"6 X K \\t, °C| IQ"6 X K \\t, °C| 10~6 X K 0 9.54? 1 10 14.386 20 19.97s 30 25.976 1 9.972 11 14.936 21 20.562 35 29.097 2 10.4Oo 12 15.477 22 21.157 40 32.1s 3 10.83s 13 16.032 23 21.757 45 35.15 4 11.294 14 16.593 24 22.36o 50 37.94 5 11.772 15 17.163 25 22.97o 60 42.89 6 12.264 16 17.734 26 23.579 70 47.3s 7 12.776 17 18.3Os 27 24.162 80 50.23 8 13.304 18 18.872 28 24.76s 90 52.2 9 13.849 I 19 19.432 29 25.38s 100 52.6 (CeHi4)X,Casing-head gasoline; 81° Be K, at 250C = 7.9 X IO7 (61) (C7Hi6)X, Motor gasoline; 66° Be K1 at 250C = 5.5 X IO7 (61) CH2O, Formaldehyde (33) CHF3, Fluoroform ( 5 «) C2H2F2, Acetylene difluoride (8*) C2H5F, Fluoroethane (62) C3H5F, Fluoropropylene (58) C3H7F, Propyl fluoride (58) CH3Cl, Methyl chloride; cf. also (46) 0

6

logio K =

O 0*5223 T

X (- 26382) + 10.224; range, 20 to 6O0C

K1 at 7O0C = 1.52 X IQ6; K, at 8O0C =* 1.7? X IQ6 ( 70 ) P1 a t m 1 2 3 4 5 Lit. a, 180C 777. 3.2 ~5JO~ 6.5 ~779~ 9.3 (70) COS, Carbonyl sulfide (i°6); cf. also (46) I9 0C O I 5 I 10 I 15 I 20 I 25 I JT" IQ"6 XK 0.702o|0.891i[1.12i|l.38o|l.662|l.967|2.3l4 S(CH2-CH2Cl)2, Mustard gas; 0.684 g/1 at 250C (95) CH3PH2, Methylphosphine (37) HCN, Hydrogen cyanide; for 180C, v. p. 365 K1 at 250C = 4.8i X IO3 (49) CH3NH2, Methylamine; cf. also (46) K1 at 12.50C = 1575, K1 at 250C = 173o (i o9); other amines (19) Base NH3 CH3NH2 (CH3)2NH

I IQ-6 X K \\ Base 0.739 C2H6NH2 0.692 (C2H6)2NH 0.805 C3H7NH2

| IQ"6 X K 0.76s 0.877 0.804

LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) (M Antropoff, 9, 25: 269; 19. (2) Arkadiev, 53, 50: 205; 18. (3) Bakhuis Roozeboom, 70, 3: 59; 84. (*) Bakhuis Roozeboom, 70, 3: 84; 84. («)

Bakhuis Roozeboom, 70, 4: 102; 85. («) Bates and Kirschman, 1, 41: 1991 ; 19. (7) Baume and Tykociner, 42, 12: 270; 14. («) Berthelot, 27, 19: 351; 73. ( 9 ) Bohr, 8, 68: 500; 99. (10) Boyle, Bull. Macdonald Physics Bldg., 1: 52; 10. 199, 7: 200; 10. OM Buch, 138, 2 : No. 16; 25. O2 ) Bunsen 13, 93:1 ; 55. B72. (l3) Cady, Elsey and Berger, I1 44: 1456; 22. O 4 ) Calingaert and Huggins, /, 45: 915; 23. ( 1 S) Cassuto, 63, 5: 233; 04. 0s) Coste, 50, Sl: 81; 27. ( l 7 ) Dancer, 4, 15: 477; 62. 0«) Dietze, 487, 43: 290; 98. ( 19 ) Doijer, 7, 6: 481; 90. (20) Drucker and Moles, 7, 75: 405; 11. (2M Estreicher, 7, 31: 176; 99. (22) Findlay and Oeighton, 4, 97: 536; 10. (23) Findlay and Howell, 4, 105: 291; 14. (24) Findlay and Howell, 4, 107:282; 15. (25) Findlay and Shen, 4, 101: 1459; 12. (26) Findlay and Williams, 4, 103: 636; 13. (27) Fischer and Tropsch, 25, 50: 765; 17. (28) Fischer and Zerbe, 416, 4: 17; 23. (29) Foote, 1, 43: 1031; 21. (30) Fox, 83, 5: 68; 09. (31) Freese, 136, 44: 294; 20. (32) Geffcken, 7, 49: 257; 04. (33) Hantzsch and Vagt, 7, 38: 705; 01. (34) Henrich, 7, 9: 435; 92. (35) Herz and Kurger, 9, 16: 240, 869; 10. (36) Hevesy, 63, 12: 1214; 11. 50, 16: 429; 12. (37) Hofmann, 25, 4: 605; 71. ( 38 ) Hudson, 4, 127: 1332; 25. (39) Just, 7, 37: 342; 01. ( 4 O) Kendall and Andrews, 1, 43: 1545; 21. («M Klarmann, 93, 132: 289; 24. (42) Klaus, 63, 6: 820; 05. ( 4 3) Knopp, 7, 48: 97; 04. (44) Kofler, 63, 9: 6; 08. (45) Kunerth, 2, 19: 512; 22. (46) Landolt-Börnstein, B3\ 774. (47) Lebeau, 34, 140: 1454, 1572; 05. 27, 33: 1137; 05. (48) Lebeau, 28, 1908: 300. (49) Lewis and Keyes, 1, 40: 472; 18. (50) Lindner, 57, 33: 613; 12. («) Lunge, 25, 18: 1391; 85. (52) Lurie, Diss., Grenoble, 1910. 10, 2: 401; 11. (53) McAmis and Felsing, I1 47: 2633; 25. (54) McCrae and Wilson, 93, 35: 11; 03. (ss) Mailfert, 34, 119: 951; 94. (56) Malisoff and Egloff, 50, 22: 529; 19. (57) Manchot, 93, 141: 38; 24. (58) Meslans, 6, 1: 346; 94. (59) Metzner, 34, 119: 682; 94. (60) Meyer, 75, 122 UA: 1281; 13. (6M Milligan, 50, 28: 494; 24. (62) Moissan, 6, 19: 266; 90. (63) Naumann, 9, 16: 772; 10. (64) Neuhausen and Patrick, 50, 25: 693; 21. ( 65 ) Oman, 485, UppL D., 54: 81; 24. (66) Oliveri-Mandalà, 36, 50 I: 273; 20. 50 II: 98; 20. (67) Perman, 4, 83: 1168; 03. (68) Piazza, 7, 93: 183; 18. (69) Pickering, 3, 36: 111; 93. (70) plank, Magyar Chem. Folyôirat, 27:1 ; 21. ( 7 M Ramsay, Collie and Travers, 4, 67: 684; 95. (72) Raoult, 6, 1: 262; 74. (73) R6x, 7, 55: 355; 06. (74) Roscoe and Dittmar, 13, 112: 327; 59. (75) Rothmund, B13, 391; 12. (76) Rupert, 1, 32: 748; 10. (77) Sander, 7, 78: 513; 12. (78) Sapoznikov, 53, 32: 375; 00. (79) Scheffer, 64P, 13: 829; 11. 14:195; 11. (*0) Schulze, 7, 95: 257; 20. (8 M Smith, 50, 25: 204, 605, 721; 21. (82) Smits and Postma, 64P, 17: 182; 14. («3) Soubeiran, 6, 43: 407; 1830. (84) Speller, 143, 193: 515; 22. (85) Stegmüller, 9, 16: 85; 10. (86) Stock, Böttcher and Lenger, 25, 42: 2853; 09. (87) Stock and Guttmann, 25, 37: 885; 04. (88) Swarts, 28, 1901: 383. (88.5) Szeparowicz, 75, 129: 437; 20. («9) Than, 13, 123: 187; 62. (90) Thomas, 34, 123: 943; 96. (9M Timofeev, 7, 6: 141; 90. (92) Valentiner, Preuss. Bergakad. Clausthal. Festschrift, 1925: 414. (93) Wiedemann, 8, 17: 349; 82. (9*) de Wijs, Thesis, Delft, 1923. (95) Wilson, Fuller and Schur, 1, 44: 2867; 22. (96) Winkler, 25, 22:1764; 89. (97) Winkler, 25, 24 : 89; 91. (98) Winkler, 25, 24: 3602; 91. (99) Winkler, Math. Naturw. Ber. aus Ungarn, 9: 195; 92. (loo) Winkler, 7, 9:171 ; 92. O °1 ) Winkler, Kisérleti Chemia, l : 854 ; 97. O °2 ) Winkler, Magyar Chem. Folyôirat, 4, 33; 98. ( 1 OS) Winkler, 136, 23: 687; 99. (104) Winkler, 25, 34: 1408; 01. ( 1 OS) Winkler, 7, 55: 344; 06. (106) Winkler, 144, 25: 86; 07. ( 1 O?) Winkler, in Lunge, Chemisch-technische Untersuchungsmethoden, Berlin, Springer. I: 822; 04. I: 573; 21, (108) Winkler, in BS. (^9) Würtz, 6, 30: 443; 50. ( 11 O) Yannakis, 27, 37: 389; 25. ( 11 M Valentiner, 96, 42: 253; 27.

SOLUBILITIES OF GASES IN NON-AQUEOUS PURE LIQUIDS A. G. LOOMIS CONTENTS PAGE

261 264

Heptane Silicon tetrachloride

2V-TABLE, ELEMENTARY SUBSTANCES AND ATMOSPHERIC AIR An1 Actinon (Ac. Em.). Coned. H2SO 4 and organic solvents ( 52 ). Br2. CCl4, CH3CO2H and C6H5NO2 (60, 6l). Cl2. CCl4; «i9 = 30.2 (us); a» = 49.0 (60); ai3 (loi). For pci2 = 1 atm.; g/g = g Cl2 per g solvent

Ethylene dibromide

Elementary substances and atmospheric air, 2V-table Chemical compounds, Ä-table

t, 0C g/g

I O I 10 i 20 I 30 I 40 I Lit~ I 0.196 0.140 I 0.103 I 0.081 [ 0.064 | (***)

I t, 0C O O

Solvent

{

%'

[

g/g | 0.266 0.169

Lit. (*29)

g;™

Acetic anhydride, «15 = 37.1e («<>); (CHCl2), and C2HCl5 (26); CrO2Cl2 (5); SO2Cl2 (U 5). Ha Solvent I t, 0C | 10»«, [ Lit. H2SO4(95.6%) I 20 I 10.20 |(2i) Liquid air | j [ (29) NH 3 1 -70 I I (112)

H2.—(Continued) I t, 0C 20 25 CHCl3, Chloroform | CH4O, Methyl alcohol 20 25 C2H4O2, Acetic acid 20 25 C2H6O, Ethyl alcohol (98.8%).... 20 Solvent CS2, Carbon disulfide

103^ | Lit. 31.3 (63) 34.4 | | (1) 84.0 (63) ; c/. 86.6 (l) 57.5 ( 63 );c/. 58.0 (140) 63 80.3 ( ); cf.

N 2 .—(Continued) I t, 0C 20 25 C2H4O2, Acetic acid 20 25 C2H6O, Ethyl alcohol (99.8 % ) . . . . 20 25 Solvent CH4O, Methyl alcohol

C3H6O, Acetone

103a* 125.6 129.6 109.2 109.0 130.4 131.2

Lit. (63) ; c/. (72) (63) (63); cf. (I8f20, 48 ) (63)

20 128.9 25 133.8 25 81.9 (20,48, PN2, mm| oj25.o5 I 131) C4H8O2, Isobutyric acid 300 1498 (32) C3H6O, Acetone 20 oöTö ( 6 3 ) ' 400 15Os 25 70.0 500 15Os 600 1512 C4H8O2, Ethyl acetate 20 73.4 (63) 700 1517 25 78.1 800 152i C4Hi0O, Isobutyl alcohol 20 86.6 (63) 900 1527 25 89.4 I t, 0G I 10»«« I C4Hi0O, Ethyl ether O 111.5 ( 22 ); c/. C4H8O2, Ethyl acetate 20 156.3 (63) 5 112.9 (i) 25 158.2 10 115.3 15 119.2 C4Hi0O, Ethyl ether O 258.0 (") For p up to 1200 atm., v. (24) 10 247.1 C5Hi2O, Amyl alcohol 20 32^9 (63); cf. C5Hi2O, Amyl alcohol 20 112.6 (63) 25 27.6 (4Q) 25 112.2 C6H5NO2, Nitrobenzene 20 32.9 (63) ; c/. C6H5NO2, Nitrobenzene 20 56.67 (63) 25 34.0 (i) 25 57.30 C6H6, Benzene 20 65.9 ( 63 ); c/. C6H6, Benzene 20 103.8 (63) 25 69.3 (!»30, 25 106.2 140) C6H7N, Aniline 20 27.88 (63) C6H7N, Aniline 20 28T2 (63) 25 28.16 25 26.1 C6H12O2, Isobutyl acetate. 20 158.5 (63) C7H8, Toluene 20 78.1 (63) 25 158.9 25 80.1 C7H8, Toluene 20 110.5 (63) C7Hi4O2, Amyl acetate 20 69.2 (63) 25 113.1 25 70.9 C7H14O2, Amyl acetate 20 140.9 (83) C8H10, Xylene. . 20 73.0 (63) 25 141.3 25 75.0 C8Hi0, Xylene 20 110.4 (63) Other organic solvents | (35) 25 111.5 Transformer oil* 25 51 («6) Various organic solvents | | \ (35) 80 69 Transformer oil* 25 84.8 (*8) Russian petroleum 10 65.2 (43) 80 91.6 20 58.2 Russian petroleum 10 135 (43) Kerosene | j ] (^) 20 117 Cottonseed oil | | ( 13 S) Kerosene | | | (»») Train oil (blubber) | | (135) O, He. C2H6OH and C6H6 (104) ; HCO2H, CHBr3, CH3CO2H, Solvent I t, 0C | 103«< | Lit. 41 C6HoNO2 and cyclohexane ( ). Liquid air | | | (6) H2SO4 (95.6%) I 20 I 29.45 I (21) N2 0 3 CCl , Carbon tetrachloride 25 225 (88) 4 Solvent I t, C | 10 af | Lit. 17.8 230 (36) O2, liquid ( 3 4 );tf. CHCl3, Chloroform | 16.3 | 205 | (36) ( 123 ) CH4O, Methyl alcohol | 18.8 | 175 (36) ~ H2SO4 (95.6%) I 20 I 15.55 | (21) X = 0.31864 - 0.002572t - 0.042866£2; range, 5 to 3O0C ( 7 2) CS2, Carbon disulfide 20 49.29 (63) C2H2Cl4, 1, 1, 2, 2-Tetrachloro25 53.69 ethane 18.3 100 (36) CHCl3, Chloroform 20 119.5 (63) C2H6O, Ethyl alcohol (96%) | 19.8 I 143 (36) 25 123.5 a = 0.23370 - 0.0374688* + 0.063288*2 (99.7% alco* A mineral oil of Pennsylvania base, 96 % saturated hydrocarbons and dis0 5 hol); range, Q to 240C ("i) tilling between 300 and 40O C. Commercially known as " Wemco A." rfj = (1,18)

0.840; d*° = 0.800.

* See note to H2.

Q 2 .—(Continued) Solvent I I1 0C | Wat \ Lit. C3H6O, Acetone | 19.3 | 207 (36) X = 0.2997 - 0.00318* - 0.0412*2; range, 5 to 250C (72) C4H8O2, Ethyl acetate 20 | 163 | (36) C4Hi0O, Ethyl ether 20.3 415 (36) O 423.5 (22) 10 406.6 (22) C5H5N, Pyridine | 18.5 99 | (36) C5H12O, Isoamyl alcohol | 17. 3 | 163 (36) C6H5NO2, Nitrobenzene 18.5 | 70 | (36) C6H6, Benzene ;. . . | 19 | 163 | (36) C7H8, Toluene | 18 | 168 | (36) C8H10, Xylene | 16 | 169 | (36) Ci0H12, Tetralin | 17.3 | 94 | (36) [ | ( (35) Other organic solvents (36) Petroleum ether, fraction to 650C. ïsTs | 409 d = 0.668 Benzine, fraction 65 to 10O0C 18 | 292 (36) d = 0.709 Paraffin oil 18 | 114 (36) d = 0.881 Transformer oil* 25 156.2 (*6) 80 148.5 Russian petroleum 10 229 ( 43 ) 20 202 Kerosene (commercial) 18 | 159 ( 36 ); cf. d = 0.809 (95) * See note to H2, p. 262.

O3. CCl4, P =760 mm, t = 150C, 0.0064 g O3per lof solution(37). Rn, Radon H2SO4 (16) CH2O2, Formic acid I1 0C | OL t, 0C t OL (53) (53) CS2 (116) a. 2.0 9.41 tj °C -18 53.85 19.8 4.04 15.5 6.84 -15 49.52 29.2 5.34 CH4 -10 43 Os °> Methylalc°37.8 4.85 - 5 37.69 o h *° 1(53) 766 o. * <*o (W) a O 33.3o -* '16 2 5 39 -h 5 29.4e ' ' C3H6O, Acetone 10 26.24 C2H4O2, Acetic acid (116) 15 23.13 (53) -20 11.9s 20 21.4s 12.6 4.62(?) -Io 10.79 25 19.6l 17.5 4.71 -10 9.6s 30 18.Ii 21.0 4Ì62 - 5 8.6e 40 15.79 25.8 4 31 ° ?.9o CHCl 3 (IIo) 7. 27 27 ^ 4 12 +5 10 6 66 -20 32.05 Tûii ui -15 28.04 C2H6O, Ethyl alcohol Jfi 6 lß (116) -10 24.7o 20 5.6s 12 2 - 5 22.Oo ~]l ' ° 25 5.4i 2 30

o

+ 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50

19.70 "Jx 10

17.77 16.li 14.79 13.60 12.64 11.7l 10.99 10.38 9.8? 9.4?

: Ì7

10

5.04

-° 40 4.54 '° 7 8 24 ° C3H6O2, Propionic + 10 6.69 acid (53) ™ 5.02 20.7 6 79 29 7 3 ° M8 6.15 4 12 40 ' 50 3 6 ' ° C3H8O, n-Propyl (17) alcohol (53) 14 I 6.98 13.6 | 8.69 -

5

9

I

C3H8O, Isopropyl alcohol (53) *, 0C OL 14.3 6.91 27.2 5.60

C5Hi2O, Amyl alcohoi ( 17 ) t,°C cc 14 8.86

C7Hi4O2, Amyl acetate («) t, 0C a. -20 39.5 O 21.2 _|_2Q 14 2 50 7.9 70 4.3

C5Hi2O, Isoamyl f f1'1 <"> n 33 O- 1 9 78 6 9 ' ' 1 ^ *•** C8H10, Xylene (81) ^0'1 '^ U -20 27.5 C6H6, Benzene (128) O 19.6 13 20.020 +20 -6 6 50 7 7 8 17.650 70 4 9 C4H8O2, ri-Butyric 10 15.73o acid (53) 12 14.180 ^^ . 19.8 7.86 14 1283s Other organic sol19.9 8.18 I6 ii.'750 vents> v- (89> 105» 18 10.810 133)n C4H8O2, Isobutyric 9.84s Colza oil (81) 20 acid (53) ~3 51.2 22 8 Q75 46 9 19.8 8.44 24 8 27s ° ' +1 33 9 19.9 8.56 26 7*643 ° ' 2 26>1 28 704Î ° 30 22 C4H8O2, Ethyl ace^n A\ 1 ß -2 täte (u«) JJ J-JJ; 40 19.2 16 6 5 -18 14.56 I* I'lH ° ' -15 13.12 Il I'f8 75 10.9 10 6 2 -10 11.83 to t^ftn ° ' -5 10.49 g If7I 200 3.3 C3H8O3, Glycerol (81) 3 2.9 10 2.1 20 1.4 30 0.9 50 0.1

+ 5° 10 ÎJ 20 25 30 35 40 50 60

8:4533

7 74 709 6.50 6 Oo 5.6o 5.23 4.92 4 4i 4.02

2

;-g; 6

7

2 59

' ° 73 2 523 ' C6H14, n ( ?)- Hexane (116) -18 37.6s -15 34.18 -10 29.58 - 5 26.18 O 23.40 C4H10O, Ethyl ether +5 21.02 (lie) 18.91 10 -18 31.1s 15 16.97 -10 25.12 20 15.19 - 5 22.31 25 13.56 O 19.90 30 11.9s 4. 5 17 Q7 10 SÌ C7H8, Toluene (ss, IK

-\A QO

90 25 fX 30

IQ 7 SÌ! II'Q n 98 ' C4H10O, n-Butyl alcohol (53) 11 2 I 9 40 C4H10O, Isobutyl alcohol (53) 3.4 10.29 16.3 7.94 C4Hi0O, sec.-Butyl alcohol (53) 16.7 I 7.14

°

~18 -10 - 5 O + 5 10 1 ^ 20 2 5 30 35 40 50 60 14

OHÔÜK«) 45.9

O 15 30 40 60

29.5 22.1 18.3 n 4 -

Poppy oil (81) 50 5 ~5 44 2 ° ' 10 34 + -3 20 27 8 22 9 30 19 1 40 16 50 -° 13 4 60 ' n 5 70 ' 80 9.9 90 g.4

'

28 91

'

23 36 ' 20

-78 18.50 16 49 « 14.76 13.18 11.83 10.6s 9.5s 8.62 7.8i 6.42 5.2e (17) I 13.0

Turpentine (81) 45 5 -21 ' O 23.1 +20 15.9 50 7.5 65 4.1 Petroleum ether (16) Vaseline (»1) -10 23.9 O 15.2 +15 10.7 2 5 8.9 35 7.7 50 6.6 Kerosene (55)

Tn, Thoron (Th. Em.) H2SO4, C2H6OH and petroleum ether (16); H2SO4 and organic solvents ( 52 ); kerosene ( 64 ) Xe C6H7N, Aniline (2) I9 0 C

I 10 I 20 I 30 I 40 I 0.669 I 0.500 I 0.453 | 0.428

a

50 0.406

Air Liquid chlorine: <*_3o = 0.30; a_2 = 0.32, «30 == 0.37, for p\ between 1 and 7 atm. (ios) ; 95.6% H2SO4; «20 = 0.017Oa (21 ) ; cf. (132). CHCl3, C6H6NO2, C6H6, CH3OH, C2H5OH, (CA)2O, v. (i); C6H6, v. ( 30 ); C2H5OH, C6H6, kerosene, oil of lavender, and turpentine, v. ( 107 ' 5 ). Solubility of air in Hq. C2H5Cl at 11° is about 3 times its solubility in H2O at 11° (59-5).

C4H10O, Ethyl ether (22);cf. (i) 0

t, C

I

O 10 15

0.290 0.277 0.271

A-TABLE HCl CHCl3 at 1O0C (139) g HCl/g soin.; P = 760 mm *' °°

CH3OH (75)

C2H5OH (75)

^M) - 5 O + 5

0.546 0.519

0.454 0.445

10 15 20 25

0.492

0.434 0.423 0.410 0.398

30 32

0.435

0.464

0.386 0.381

15 20 25 30 40 50 60

pso2, mm Hg 2?5 5.0 10.0 15.0 25.0 50.0

t, 0C

CHCl3

~l85Ï35 20 5.22 22 5.07 24 4.87 26 4.63 28 4.38 30 4.12 32 3.84 34 3.58 36 3.27 .

O/-H

I1 0 C

(J^

2

°2)

0.375 0.370 0.356 0.331 0.304 0.276 0.249 0.222

0.195

cm3 SQ2 (S. T. P.) per cm3 sat, soin.; P = 756-760 mm C6H6I C6H5NO2I C7H8J C7H7NO2*!! t, 0C | (CH3CO)2Of 108.94 101.73 -5 68.6 93.54 76.Os 82.5e O 52.2 79.7s 56.00 67.24 +5 46.8 44.60 66.47 43.52 56.22 10 43.o 30.02 46.1s 32.74 41.4s 15 39.9 19.95 34.5s 25.70 31.05 20 37.2 11.89 27.50 19.75 23.05 25 34.6 30 31.9

* o-Nitro toluene.

Liquid S (100); C2H5OH ( 1 8 , 2 0 , 4 8 ) ; (C2H5)2O (97); pyridine

at 22° (U3); other organic solvents ( 42 ). H2Se Liquid Se (99). N2O Values of a* (**) C 2 H 2 Br 2 CH3OH 2769 2.61 2.54 2.47 2.40 2.34 2.27 2.21 2.15 2.09

3JL7 3.10 3.03 2.96 2.88 2.79 2.69 2.58

^^ 4?69 4.52 4.35 4.18 4.01 3.85 3.70 3.56 3.41 3.31

C2H6OH

(C

^)îr

2~885.91 2.79 5.63 2.70 5.35 2.61 5.06 2.52 4.73 2.44 4.39 2.35 4.02 2.27 3.64 2.19 3.25 2.85

* As computed by Manchot ( 84 * 7 ), assuming Henry's and Dalton^s laws.

SO2 (74)

*'

Alcohols (75); cf. («> 20). Wt. % SO2 in solution, P = 760-770 mm Hg t, 0C I O I 5 I 10 15 I 20 I 25"~ CH3OH 71.1 63.5 55.8 48.3 40.8 33.2 C2H5OH , . 53.5 47.8 42.2 36.6 31.0 25.5 H2SO4 (33); SO2Cl2, formic and acetic acids and acetone ( 115 ). H2S

f Acetic anhydride.

CHCl3, Chloroform (73) g SO2/1 soin. pso2, g SO2/1 soin, 0° I 25° mm Hg 0° | 25° 0/73 100.0 3Ï76 14.2s 1.52 0.69 150.0 53.8 21.7s 3.08 1.25 200.0 74.0 29.5i 1.93 219 82.17 7.9? 3.34 300.0 45.9 16.60 6.9s 400.0 62.9 488.8 78.39

C5Hi2O, T i Isoamyl i i_ i

__

alcohol __

20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36

2.30 2.24 2.18 2.12 2.07 2.01 1.96 1.92 1.87

n TI XT v_> 5 JuL 5 iN, ^ .?. Pyridine

r« TI TVT * .,' Aniline

\_y6-tl7iN»

__ 3.34 3.24 3.14 3.05 2.95 2.86 2.77 2.69 2.60

1.38 1.34 1.31 1.28 1.24 1.21 1.18 1.16 1.13

CrHeO, -r, Benz,, , ,

CjHi 4 O 2 , . * w-Amyl , .

2.94 2.85 2.76 2.67 2.58 2.50 2.43 2.36 2.29

4.79 4.66 4.53 4.40 4.27 4.14 4.02 3.90 3.80

aldehyde __

acetate ___

Russian petroleum; «i0 = 2.49; «20 = 2.11 (43); C2H5OH (9» 18,20,48); olive oil and sesame oil (9O, 138); kerosene (95); various organic solvents (35, 42); general discussion (14). NO H2SO4 ( 7 9 , 8 0 , 8 4 . 5 , 106,132); C2H5OH (18,20,48); alcoholic

FeCl2 solution ( 85 ); general discussion ( i4 ). N2O4

HNO3; P = 762.5 mm Hg (9«) (See-also p. 304) T ^ T N 2 Q U ~ IN2UT l> ^ g HNQ3 ' g HNQ3 22 oo 55 0.121 22.8 2 layers 60 0.085 33 0.370 65 0.055 35 0.340 70 0.032 40 0.274 75 0.016 45 0.216 78.5 O 50 0.165 NH3 Alcohols: P = 760 mm Hg; Wt. % NH 3 in the CH3OH solu3 tion; g NH3 per 100 cm of the C2H5OH solution (28» 75) t, 0C I O I 5 I 10 ' I 15 I 20 ( 25 I 30 CH3OH 29.3 26.7 24.2 21.7 19.2 16.5 14.0 C2H6OH |l3.05|12.0o|l0.75| 9.24 7.5s| 5.7s 4.o (C2Hs)2O; «o = 17.13; aw = 11.91; «15 = 974 (22).

CHCIa («); C2H6OH (*> 93); C6H6 (126); C6H5CH3 (46) ; ethyl, propyl and isobutyl alcohols ( 96 ); quinoline ( 102 ). SbH3 in organic liquids ( 124 )

(T-TABLE. THE (L-ARRANGEMENT Solubilities of organic compounds CO, Carbon monoxide I J1 0C | 1O3C* | Lit. 20 21.64 (21) 20 75.58 (63) 25 76.17 (63) 25 87.9 (Ho) CHCl3, Chloroform 20 176.8 (63) 25 179.0 (63) 25 189 (Ho) CH4O, Methyl alcohol 20 170.5 (63) 25 179.1 (63) 25 180 (119) C2H4Cl2, Ethylene chloride 20 135 (H9) C2H4O2, Acetic acid 20 157.4 (63) 25 157.0 (63) 25 158 (119) C2H6O, Ethyl alcohol; cf. (i«> 2 0 ) . . . 177.1 (63) 20 25 176.0 (63) 25 176 (119) C3H6O, Acetone 20 198.3 (63) 25 203.8 (63) 25 218 (119) C3H8O3, Glycerol 25 Very small ("») C4H8O2, Ethyl acetate 20 225.4 (63) 25 230.5 (63) C4H10O, Ethyl ether O 361.8 (22) 10 370.6 For P up to 1200 atm (24) C5H12O, Amyl alcohol 20 159.0 (63) 25 157.0 (63) C6H5NO2, Nitrobenzene 20 84.84 (63) 25 85.81 (63) 25 85 (119) C6H6, Benzene 20 153.3 (63) 25 156.4 (63) 25 159 (119) C6H7N, Aniline; c/. (77) 25 49 (l 19) 20 47.10 (63) 25 49.09 (63) C6H12O2, Isobutyl acetate 20 215.6 (63) 25 216.7 (63) C7H8, Toluene 20 162.3 (63) 25 165.6 (63) 25 167 (119) C7Hi4O2, Amyl acetate 20 196.4 (63) 25 196.1 (63) C8H10, Xylene 20 162.5 (63) 25 163.2 (63) Various organic solvents, v. (35,10?) Russian petroleum 10 134 (43) 20 123 Transformer oil " Wemco A"* 25 186 (»6) 80 153 Solvent H2SO4 (95.6%) CS2, Carbon disulfide

* See note to Hz, p. 262.

CO2 95.6% H2SO4 (21); cf. ( 84 ) t, 0C a 20 0.9230 CCl4 (63)

15 20 25

2.467 2.331 2.102

CS2 (63); c/. (136)

15 0.8954 20 0.8282 25 0.7969 CHCl3; cf. (1, 30,68, 136.5)

(63)

15 20 25

3.750 3.430 3.142 (69)

C2H4Br2, Ethylene bromide (63) 0

a

*, C

15 20 25

2.298 2.137 1.976 (69)

18 2.18 20 2.12 22 2.06 24 2.00 26 1.94 28 1.85 30 1.82 32 1.76 34 1.71 36 1.65 C2H4Cl2, Ethylene chloride (63)

C2HeCL-(CWd.) t, 0C « 40 2.23 50 1.89 t = -780C; ^T78 = 0.872 (109, 122)

pco2, mm a 100 95.7s 200 97.15 300 98.6s 400 100.1 500 101.6 600 103.1 700 104.6 t - -590C; <%b9 = 0.856 100 34.7 200 34.8 300 35.1 400 35.2? 500 35.4s 600 35.6s 700 35.7s 740 35.84

18 3.59 15 3.850 20 3.47 20 3.536 22 3.34 25 3.229 24 3.22 (110) C2H4O2, Acetic acid 26 3.09 (glacial) pco2, atm. I £'* 28 2.96 (63) t = 2O0C 30 2.81 15 5.322 30 98.9 32 2.66 20 4.779 35 119.0 34 2.50 25 4.287 40 140.2 36 2.37 (69) 45 158.7 CH4O, Methyl alco18 5.07 50 176.1 hol (63) 20 4.87 t = 350C 15 4.366 22 4.69 30 69.98 20 3.918 24 4.51 35 85.4 25 3.515 26 4.32 40 100.9 (69) 28 4.15 45 114.9 18 3.41 30 3.97 50 127.9 20 3.33 32 3.80 55 140.2 22 3.25 34 3.66 60 153.8 24 3.16 36 3.53 65 169.4 26 ' 3.07 C2H6O, Ethyl alco70 189.5 28 2.97 hol (97%) t = 6O0C 30 2.87 (63) 40 61.3 32 2.76 15 2.967 45 71.3 34c/. (1) 2.64 20 2.724 50 81.2 t = -780C; dl78 = 25 2.479 55 91.0 (69) 0.884 (109, 122) 60 101.i 18 2.77 PcO2J mm a. 65 110.6 100 167.4 20 2.67 70 119.2 200 168.1 22 2.59 75 127.1 300 169.4 24 2.50 80 134.2 400 171.1 26 2.41 85 140.7 500 172.7 28 2.32 90 146.9 600 174.8 30 2.23 95 153.1 700 177 32 2.15 100 1 159.2 740 177.5 34 2.07 t = 10O0C t == -590C; ^59 = (99%) (15) 50 32.9 0.866 -65.3 39.38 55 44.6 100 54.2 -25 8.86 60 50.2 200 54.5 -20 7.67 65 58.6 300 54.7 -10 5.75 70 66.9 400 54.9 O 4.44 75 75.1 500 55.1 + 10 3.57 80 82.3 600 55.2 20 3.00 85 88.8 700 55.3 30 2.59 90 95.0

CsHeO2, Propionic CO2.- (Continued) C3H8O.acid (63) C2HeO.(Continued) t, 0C a Pco2,atm. ßf* (Continued) 15 4.538 35 46.5 t = 10O0C20 4.106 40 55.1 (Continued) Pco2,atm. /3'* 45 64.2 25 3.736 95 100.9 50 73.3 C3H6O2, Methyl ace100 106.1 55 82.6 tate (109» 122) 105 111.3 60 92.2 t = -780C; 65 102.2 110 116.5 dl78 =1.056 115 121.5 70 111.8 PcO2) mm a 120 125.5 75 121.5 50 313.8 125 128.4 80 131.3 100 313.9 130 130.7 85 141.6 200 314.1 135 I 132 90 152.7 300 314.6 95 165.1 See further (l» 9> 400 315.8 13, 18, 20, 48, 92). 100 178 500 318.2 0 t = 100 C 600 321.7 C3H6Br2, Propylene 38 17.16 650 323.6 63 bromide ( ) 40 21.74 t = -590C; «, 0C a. 45 32.28 9 22 6.26 (63) t = 2O0C 24 5.98 t, °C OL 19 51.11 26 5.68 20 52.46 25 0.0277 28 5.33 25 66.43 30 4.95 C4H6O3, Acetic an30 81.09 32 4.55 hydride (63) 35 96.76 34 4.14 15 5.894 40 115.2l 20 5.330 0 1 t = -78 C, dl * = 45 139.1l 25 4.769 0.900 (109, 122) 50 166.0 C4H8O2, tt-Butyrie pco2, nun a. acid (63) t = 350C 50 275.2 t, 0C a 19 33.55 100 277.3 15 3.871 20 35.68 200 281.9 20 3.510 25 47.1 300 286.8 30 58.3 25 3.186 400 291.6 35 70.5 C H O , Ethyl ace4 8 2 500 296.2 40 83.6 tate (109, 122) 600 300.9 45 97.3 pco2, mm a 650 303.5 50 111.9 t = -780C; 55 129.1 d;78 = 1.017 t = -590C; 60 148.5 50 247.9 d759 = 0.879 65 170.1 100 248.6 100 85.7 70 194.1 200 250.6 200 86.7 75 220.3 300 253.3 300 88.3 . 80 246 400 256.6 400 89.3 0 t = 6O C 500 260.5 500 90.6 19 19.00 600 265.1 600 93.0 20 20.58 650 267.6 700 92.9 25 29.07 *0'- cm3gas(S,T.P.) */3' = cm3gas(S.T.P.) 30 37.8 at t and p, at t and p.

C4HsO2.-(CWd.) Pco2, mm| a. t = -590C; dl59 = 0.994 100 83.3 200 83.9 300 84.2 400 85.1 500 86.2 600 87.5 700 88.9 (110)

pco2,atm.| ß'* t = 2O0C 24 141.8 25 147.9 30 174.1 35 193.7 40 209.2 t = 350C 29 124.5 30 128.5 35 148.6 40 165.1 45 177.7 50 185.0 55 187.7 60 189.1 * = 6O0C 29 85.6 30 88.5 35 102.6 40 114.3 45 124.6 50 133.9 55 142.8 60 151.0 65 158.5 70 165.5 75 172.6 78 176.6 t = 10O0C 39 57.79 40 60.0 45 71.2 50 80.9 55 89.2 60 96.4 65 102.7 70 108.3 75 113.7 80 118.6 85 123.3 90 127.9 95 132.5 97 134.2 C4H9Cl, Isobutyl chloride (63) *, 0C a 15 3.468 20 3.157 25 2.845 C4Hi0O, Isobutyl alcohol (63) 15 1.979 20 1.830 25 1.694

C4Hi0O, Ethyl ether t, °C

OL

O 10 15

7.330 5.831 5.180 (130)

g CO2 ' g Ether -78.6 0.55l -70 0.320 -60 0.192 -50 0.125 -40 0.083 -30 0.057 -20 0.039 -10 0.026 O 0.019 + 10 0.017 15.2c/.(i) O.Ole l

(110)

pco2,atm.| ß'* t = 350C 43 175.2 45 179.2 50 189.8 55 200.4 58 207.1 t = 6O0C 48 135.4 50 139.5 55 149.8 60 157.6 65 163.6 70 168.9 75 174.1 80 179.4 85 184.6 90 189.9 95 195.2 97 197.4 t = 10O0C 58 71.4 60 76.2 65 86.8 70 95.1 75 101.9 80 108.1 85 113.7 90 119.2 95 124.7 97 127 C5H0N, Pyridine (63)

t, °C

OL

15 20 25

4.068 3.598 3.349 (69)

18 20 22 24 26

C8H8N.-(CWd.)

*, °C

(22)

3.71 3.59 3.47 3.34 3.22

OL

28 3.11 30 3.00 32 2.89 34 2.78 36 2.68 C5HnBr, Amyl bromide (63) 15 2.657 20 2.458 25 2.249 C5HnCl, Amyl chloride (63) 15 I 3.188 20 2.914 25 2.666 C5Hi2O, Amyl alcohol (63) 15 1.951 20 1.809 25 1.677 (69)

20 1.78 22 1.74 24 1.70 26 1.65 28 1.60 30 1.56 32 1.51 34 1.46 C6H3Cl3, Trichlorobenzene (63) 25 | 1.505 C6H5Br, Bromobenzene (63) 15 1.983 20 1.830 25 1.688 (110)

Pco2, atm. | ß'* t = 2O0C 19 44.82 20 47.57 25 61.59 30 77.4s 35 95.4i 40 113.5s 45 131.33 50 150.2 t = 350C 19 36.6s 20 38.2s 25 46.9 30 56.2 35 67.2 40 79.5 45 92.2 50 104.7 55 117.4 60 131.1 65 147.7 70 166.6 75 188.4 78 203.4 *ß' = cm« gas (S. T. P.) at t and p.

CeHoBr.- (Cont'd.) 2>co2,atm.| ß'* t = 6O0C 19 23.7s 20 25.03 25 31.44 30 37.84 35 44.3 40 50.9 45 57.7 50 64.6 55 71.5 60 78.3 65 85.0 70 91.8 75 98.9 80 106.3 85 113.9 90 122.0 95 130.4 100 139.5 105 149.6 107 153.9 t = 10O0C 29 J 22.8 30 23.7 35 28.3 40 32.9 45 37.8 50 42.5 55 47.1 60 51.6 65 56.1 70 60.5 75 64.9 80 69.1 85 73.4 90 77.6 95 81.7 100 85.7 105 89.9 110 94.2 115 98.6 116 99.4 C6H6Cl, Chlorobenzene(HO) t = 2O0C 19 55.37 20 58.19 25 72.9l 30 89.03 35 107.9 40 129.2 45 151.8 50 177.0 t = 350C 19 39.22 20 41.33 25 52.46 30 64.62 35 77.1s 40 90.9 45 106.8 50 122.1 55 135.5 60 149.9 65 166.4 68 177.2

CeH5CL(Continued) Pco2,atm.| ß'* t = 6O0C 19 27.9 20 29.3 25 36.6 30 44.8 35 53.5 40 62.1 45 71.0 50 80.0 55 88.8 60 96.5 65 103.2 70 109.5 75 115.6 80 121.5 85 128.1 90 135.4 95 143.2 100 151.4 105 159.8 107 168.1 t = 10O0C 30 24.9 35 30.6 40 36.0 45 41.4 50 46.6 55 51.8 60 56.7 65 61.8 70 66.5 75 70.9 80 74.9 85 78.8 90 82.3 95 85.9 100 89.3 105 92.6 110 95.7 115 98.6 120 101.2 125 103.6 126 104.5

*ß' = cm »gas (S. T. P.) at t and p.

*ßf = cm 3 gas (S. T. P.) at t and p.

C 6 HoNO 2 -

(Continued) Peo2,atm. ß'* 35 97.8 40 112.6 45 128.9 48 139.1 50 146.1 t = 350C 20 39.40 25 49.66 30 60.5 35 71.7 40 82.1 45 92.2 50 102.8 55 116.0 60 129.9 65 145.4 70 161.7 75 183.8 78 197.1 t = 6O0C 20 24.5 25 28.9 30 33.3 35 37.9 40 42.6 45 47.5 50 52.1 55 56.7 60 60.8 65 63.9 70 65.9 75 67.1 78 67.6 t = 10O0C 20 18.2 25 23.6 30 28.9 35 34.1 . 40 38.6 45 42.6 50 46.0 55 49.0 60 51.9 (63) 65 54 t, 0C a 70 57 15 2.447 75 60 20 2.255 78c/.(i) 61 25 2.075 C6H6, Benzene (l l O) CeH5I, lodobenzene t = 2O0C (63) 15 44.40 15 1.365 20 67.09 20 1.277 25 91.9 25 l.192 30 118.5 C6H6NO2, Nitroben35 148.9 zene (63) 40 182.3 15 2.697 45 214.2 20 2.474 48 238.3 25 2.250 50 250.6 (110) t = 350C pco2,atm.| ß'* 15 32.4 t = 2O0C 20 48.9 15 38.85 25 66.1 20 53.20 30 84.7 25 67.8 35 104.6 30 83.1 40 124.0 *ß' = cm a gas (S. T. P.) at t and p.

CeHe.—(Continued) Pco2,atm. ß'* 45 144.8 50 166.1 55 186.7 60 207 65 22s 67 229 t 19 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 96

= 6O0C 20 23 37 51 63.6 76.4 89.7 103.1 116.3 129.0 141.2 153.1 165.1 177.5 189.9 202.0 214.3 216.8

* = 10O0C 38 29.1 40 32.1 45 39.8 50 48.5 55 58.3 60 68.1 65 78.6 70 90.0 75 102.5 80 114.0 85 125.1 90 136.3 95 147.2 100 156.6 105 165.9 110 174.3 115 181.4 116 182.7

C6Hi2O2, n-Amyl formate ( 63 ) *, 0C a 15 4.404 20 4.034 25 3.688 C6Hi2O2, Isobutyl acetate ( 63 ) 20 4.629 25 4.298 C7H6O, Benzaldehyde

(63)

3.132 2.848 2.603

15 20 25 (69)

2.88 2.78 2.67 2.58 2.49 2.41 2.33 2.26 2.19 2.11

18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36

C7H7Cl, Benzyl chloride (63) 15 2.066 20 1.931 25 1.775 C7H8, Toluene (63)

15 20 25

2.424 2.260 2.112 (110)

pco2,atm.| ß'* t = 2O0C 20 54.99 25 75.43 30 97.5 35 120.4 40 148.4 45 185.7 (63) 50 224.4 0 *, C a t = 350C 15 2.569 20 44.32 20 2.367 25 58.4l 25 c/. 2.222 30 72.1 (1,30) 35 85.9 C6H7N, Aniline (63) 40 101.3 15 1.451 45 119.1 20 1.336 50 137.8 25 1.213 55 155.1 (69) 60 170.7 20 1.48 65 185.5 22 1.27 68 194,5 24 1.21 t « 6O0C 26 1.17 30 45.22 28 1.13 35 55.34 30 l.10 40 65.5 32 1.08 45 75.9 34 1.06 50 86.0 36 c/. (76) 1.04 55 95.8 *ß' - cm» gas (S. T. P.) at t and p.

*ß' = cm3 gas (S. T. P.) at t and p.

C7H8.-- (Continued) Pco2,atm. ß'* 60 105.0 65 114.1 70 123.2 75 132.2 80 140.7 85 148.7 90 156.3 95 163.9 97 166.9 t = 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110 115 120 125 13Oc/.

10O0C 21.89 29.43 36.7 43.5 50.3 57.1 63.2 68.9 74.7 80.4 86.2 91.9 97.6 103.3 108.6 113.4 117.5 121.0 123.8 126.2 128.4

(46)

C7H9N, Toluidine *, 0C

(63) | a

Ortho 1.459 1.372 1.265 Meta 15 1.640 20 1.473 25 1.316 15 20 25

C7Hi4O2, Amyl acetate (63)

15 20 25

4.587 4.110 3.774 (69)

4.49 4.34 4.20 4.08 3.96 3.85 3.75 3.66 3.57

18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34

C8Hi0, m-Xylene (63)

15 20 25

2.224 2.065 1.915

*ß' = cm« gas (S. T. P.) at t and p.

Transformer oil*

CO2.—(Continued) C9Hi2, Cumene (63) «, 0C CL 15 1.875 20 1.751 25 1.633

(86) t, °C

25 50 80

OL

0.99 0.77 0.57

* See note to Ha, p. 262.

Ci0Hi2O2, Eugenol (63)

1.670 1.540 1.410

15 20 25

Ci0Hi4O, Carvol (63)

15 20 25

2.762 2.506 2.289

C10H16, d-Limonene

(63)

15 20 25

1.924 1.790 1.651

For general discussion, v. ( 14 ). COCl2, Phosgene Atmospheric pressure; 20-210C (7) Q 1 * Solvent

g COC1« -^ 01CCl4 0.28 CHCl3 0.59 C2H4O2 (glacial) 0.62i CH 3 CO 2 C 2 H 6 .. 0.985 CeH6 0.993 C7H8 0.666 Paraffin oil 0.0 Russian mineral oil 0.359 Gasolene 0.81 " Chlorocosane " (Chlorinated paraffin) O.Slo

C2H2Cl4, 1, 1, 2, 2Tetrachloroethane (3) C16Hi8N2O3, P-Azg COCl2 l oxyphenetole ( 56 ) ' ° 100 g sol. 16.8 149.7 25.1 89.4 For various or29.9 74.9 ganic solvents, v. (20.5, 42). C6H6Cl, Chlorobenzene (3) 12.3 422.1 Russian petroleum 17 190.8 ( 43 ); Cf. (95) 20 129.2 10 1.31 25 96.7 20 1.17 29.7 81.9

C6H6NO2, Nitrobenzene (3) g GOCl2 t oC ' 100 g sol. 16.8 106.4 C7H8, Toluene (3) 17 244.7 20 169.1 25 110.9 30 81.4 32 72.8 C8H10, Xylene (from tar) (37) 12.3 457.3 15 309.0 20 136.9 25 96.1 29.8 71.24 Ci0H7Cl, <*-Chloronaphthalene ( 3 ) 17.0 I 104.5 Kerosene B. P., 180-280° (3) 12.3 263.8 14 213.2 16 159.1 18 117.9 20 95.8 22 81.5 24 70.6 26 62.0 28 54.9 30 48.7 Heavy lubricating oil (3) 15.6 79.7 23.5 39.3 31.0 24.5 Creosote (3) 16.2 I 77.42

COS Toluene ( 125 > 137); pyridine ( 47 ); nitrobenzene ( 47 ); alcohol ( 12S ). CHF3 (87)

CH3Br, Methyl bromide Olive ou and sesame oil at 17 and 370C ( 9 <>).

CCl4 117.5 87.6 67.8 53.8 43.5 35.4

I

(CHCl)2 243.8 174.8 128.4 96.8 73.1 54.6

I CCl3CHCl2 I 171.2 125.2 96.4 76.2 61.7 50.4

CH3Cl 281.9 208.6 153.8 115.3 88.7 67.9

Ethyl alcohol and acetic acid C 11 ); olive oil and sesame oil at 17 and 370C (*><>). CH3PH2 C2H6OH and (C2H6) 2O at 0° (54).

14

0

Solvent: for general discussion v. ( ) t, C

cm3 per g solvent at 1 atm.

H2SQ4 (95.6%); CL = 0.03072 | 20 CS2 1 20 I 0.36 CHCl3 20 0.32 CH4O, Methyl alcohol | 20 | 0.46 X =0.5644 -0.0046* -0.044<2; range, 5 to 250C; v. also infra C2H6O, Ethyl alcohol; cf. (is, 20,48) ; v. also infra 21 0.60 C3H6O, Acetone | 20 | 0.61 X = 0.5906 - 0.00613f - 0.0446*2; range, 5 to 250C C3H8O, Propyl alcohol; v. infra \ C4H8O2, Ethyl acetate 20 | 0.45 C4Hi0O, Isobutyl alcohol; v. (1^) C4H10O, Ether 20 0.91 OL = 1.066 O a = 0.922 10 C6Hi2O, Amyl alcohol; cf. (40) | 20 | 0.44 C6H6NO2, Nitrobenzene | 20 | 0.16 C6H6, Benzene; v. also infra | 23 0.51 C6H7N, Aniline 20 | 0.16 C6Hi4, Hexane C7H8, Toluene v. infra C7Hi6, Heptane C8HiQ, Xylene; v. infra | 23 0.53 C10H16, «-Pinene; v. infra | | Various organic solvents, v. (35) 22 1.34 Petroleum ether; B. P. 65° 65-100° 20 0.84 100-150° 20 I 0.66 Paraffin oil | 20 | 0.44 | 20 0.55 Kerosene Russian petroleum; a = 0.144 10 a = 0.131 20 Transformer oil ("Wemco" f a = 0.381 25 A*) ' \ a. = 0.164 80 Hydrocarbons from low-temp, (primary) tar 20 0.40 Phenols from low-temp, (primary) tar I 20 | 0.27 Fraction from low-temp, (primary) tar.I 21 | 0.36 Heavy (machine) oil from brown coal.| 21 | 0.39 Creosote from brown coal | 21 | 0.22 Phenol from bituminous coal | 22 | 0.32

Lit. | (2*) I (38) I (38) 1(3«) (72) j | (38) (38) (72) j {(38) (38) (22) (22) | (38) j (38) | (38) { (38)

[ (38) | (38) ! (38) (38) | (38) ( (38) ( 43 ) (86)

(38) | (38) | (38) t ( 38 ) | (38) 1 (38)

* See note to H2, p. 262.

CH3Cl, Methyl chloride Values of a (65) t, 0C I -5 O +5 10 15 20

CH4

. op ' 21 22 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60

CH3OH (99%) 0.41Oe 0.4032 0.389l 0.371l 0.343e 0.2962 0.224?

Values of a (83) C2H5OH C3H7OH, (99.8%) Isopropyl 0.428? 0.428s 0.4196 0.419s 0.4054 0.407s 0.3910 0.395e 0.377l 0.383? 0.3724 0.3630 0.3549 0.3482

~ °6 6 0.460s 0.446e 0.4224 0.396? 0.3684 0.338? 0.3074

op ' _ 21 22 25 30 35 40 45 50 55.2 60

CH4: Values of « (83).—(Continued) C6Hi4, CyHs, C7Hi6, C8Hi0, Ci0Hi6, dln-Hexane Toluène n-Heptane ra-Xylene a-Pinene 0 . 4 5 6 s 0.4780 0.5597 0.673s • 0.4450 0.5139 0.43Oo 0.622s 0.454o 0.416s 0.417l 0.5999 0.401l 0.4647 0.408l 0.582o 0.4337 0.389s 0.4034 0.381l 0.437s 0.4015 0.420s 0.308 0.407 0.369 0.399

C 2 N 2 , Cyanogen Acetic acid and aniline ( 57 > 76). C2H2, Acetylene Q/J™«* fS9i Solvent (S*) Acetal Acetaldehyde Ethyl acetate Ethyl formate Isoamyl acetate Isoamyl formate Methyl acetate Methylal Methyl formate

R P 0P B. P., C

P (average) ft*; t0 = mm Hg -IQ C 742 744 742 738 738.5 739 736.5 735 740

20.8 77.0 54.5 139.0 123.0 57.5 45.5 32.3

28.8 60.2 44.5 42.2 29.3 17.5 52.3 54.3 48.4

(12, 25,42>.

I

Pmm

^

*

C

g0

^/1?0 g solvent 0.800 0.744 0.3107 0.737 0.5537

Aniline ? ÌTÌ j Benzene 755 4 Cyclohexane 535 3 Dimethylaniline 751 0.3 Nitrobenzene 735 3J3 * At the barometric pressure given. C2H2F2 and C2H3F, Chloroform, alcohol and acetone ( 1 2 7 ) C2H3FO, Acetyl fluoride (87) C 2 H 4 , Ethylene Solvent I t I a I Lit. H2SO4 i (Î34) CH3OH X = 3.3924 - Ö.05083J + ( 7 2 ) O.OOOOK2; range, 5 to 250C C2H6OH

(CHs)2CO

or» *- °

CH8OH (90%)

23 30 35 40 45

1.8587 1.697s 1.6124 1.5457 1.4874

)

X = 4.0652 - 0.06949J + 0.000126f2; range, 5 to 250C 20.0 2.29Oo 35.0 2.0460 C6H6 22.0 2.786s 35.0 2.3530 50.0 2.10Oo C6H14, Hexane 22.0 2.814i 35.0 2.5050 45.0 2.2190 C7H16, Heptane 22.4 3.207i 35.0 2.824s 39.0 2.721s Russian petroleum 10 0.164 20 0.142 See also (l*> **, *«> 20» 48,134).

(18,20,134)

(72) (83) («3)

(»3)

(83)

(43)

*' °

C2H6OH (99.8%)

22 25 30 35 40 45 50

2.16Ie 2.098i 1.995l 1.896s 1.8020 1.695s 1.565l

op

''

or, C

22 25 30 35 40

T?+vTri ' ^l 2.852i " 2.8179 2.7575 2.6902 2.617s

C6Hi4, . CyHi 6 , Amyl t. oro , t. on u . . TT Hexane ' Heptane acetate 2 2 . 1 3 . 1 0 3 5 2 5 4 . 1 2 2 0 2 2 . 0 3 . 3 0 8 s 30.0 2.868s 30 3.982o 30.0 3.051s 55.0 2.400s 35 3.849s 50.0 2.443s 40 3.7182 Amyl alcohol ( 40 ). Ethyl alcohol ("4). C2H6O, Methyl ether; olive and sesame oil at 17 and 370C (»<>)

t. on o

Acetone, at -8O0C (23); at O and 250C (67); H2SO4, C2H5OH and acetone ( 134 ) ; paraffin oil ( 94 ) ; olive oil (138) ; various solvents Solvent (41) v '

C2H4O; olive oil and sesame oil at 17 and 370C (90) C2H6Cl; olive oil and sesame oil at 17 and 370C (9°) C2H6F (»l) C2H6, Ethane Values of a (83)

TT

C3H4, Allylene Vois. C3H4 dissolved by 1 vol. of (C2H5)2O at 1 atm. = 100; at I0C; = 30 at 160C (™). C3H5F (87) C3H6 (10) C3H7F (87) C3H8; amyl alcohol ( 40 ); other solvents (71) C3H9N, Trimethylamine (44) Solvent Formula ( Name CHCl3 Chloroform 7. 548 CH3NO2 Nitromethane 51.8 CH4O Methyl alcohol 651 C2H3N Acetonitrile 58.4 C2H6O Ethyl alcohol 431 C3H6O Acetone 70.3 C3H8O Propyl alcohol 432 C4H8O2 Ethyl acetate 77.4 C4Hi0O Ethyl ether 48.8 C5Hi2O Amyl alcohol 353 C6H5NO2 Nitrobenzene 48.6 C6H6 Benzene 99.9 C6Hi4 Hexane 68.7 C7H7NO2 o-Nitrotoluene 50.1 C7H8O Benzyl alcohol 1198 C8H8O Acetophenone 53.0 C9Hi0O2 Ethyl benzoate 69.8 Ci0H7Br or-Bromonaphthalene 43.1 C4H8, Pseudobutylene; absolute ethyl alcohol: ai9 = 47 (121) C4H8, Isobutylene; absolute ethyl alcohol: «i9 = 42 ( 121 ) C4Hi0, Butane; C2H5OH (39); amyl alcohol (40); ethyl alcohol, ether and chloroform (71) C6Hi5N, Triethylamine Solvent (44)

I

a26

CH3NO2, Nitromethane 366 C6Hi4, Hexane 1979 For solubilities of various gases in cyclohexanol, v. Cauquil, 42, 24: 53; 27.

LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) ( l ) Angstrom, 8, 33: 223; 88. ( 2 ) Antropoff, 9, 25: 269; 19. (3) Atkinson, Heycock and Pope, 4, 117: 1410; 20. (4) Baeyer and Villiger, 26, 36: 2774; 03. ( 5 ) Bakhuis Roozeboom, 70, 4: 379; 85. ( 6 ) BaIy, 3, 49: 517; 00. (J) Baskerville and Cohen, 45, 13: 333; 21. (8) Bell and Field, 1, 33: 940; 11. (9) Bellati and Lussana, $4, 7: 1169; 89. l ( °) Berthelot, 6, 43: 276; 55. (11J Berthelot, 6, 52: 97; 58. (12) Berthelot, 6, 9: 421; 66. ( 13 ) Blümcke, 8, 23: 404; 84. 30: 243; 87. O<) Bohr, 8, 62: 644; 97. ( ls ) Bohr, 8, 1: 244; 00. (") Boyle, Bull. MacDonald Phys. ' Bldo.,l:52;W. 199, 7: 200; 10. (*7) Boyle, 3, 22: 840; 11. («) Bunsen, B72. O 9 ) Butler, 04, 40: 25T; 21. (20) Carius, 13, 94: 129; 55. 6, 47: 418; 56. ( 20 - 5 ) Christoff, 7, 53: 321; 05. (21) Christoff, 7, 55:622; 06. (22) Christoff, 7, 79: 456; 12. (23) Claude, 34, 128: 303; 99. (24) Claude, 84, 172: 974; 21. (25) Claude and Hess, 34, 124: 626; 97. ( 26 ) Consortium für elektrochemische Industrie, 136, 31: 1095; 07. (27) Dawson and McCrae, 182, 17: 5; 01. ( 28 ) Delepine, 49, 25: 496; 92. (29) Dewar, 182, 13: 186; 97. (30) Dolezalek, 7, 71: 191; 10. (Si) Drucker, 7, 49: 563; 04. (32) Drucker and Moles, 7,15: 405; 10. (33) Dunn, 135, 45: 270; 82. (34) Erdmann and Bedford, 25, 37: 1184, 2545; 04. (35) Falciola, 22, 17 U: 324; 08. 36, 39 I: 398; 09. (36) Fischer and Pfleiderer, 93, 124: 61; 22. (37) Fischer and Tropsch, 25, 50: 765; 17. (38) Fischer and Zerbe, 416, 4: 17; 23. (39) Frankland, 13, 71: 171; 49. (40) Friedel and Gorgeu, 34, 127: 590; 08. (41) Garelli, 22, 2: 120; 25. (42) Garelli and Falciola, 22, 13: 110; 04. 36, 34 U: 1; 04. (43) Gniewoszy and Walfisz, 7, 1: 70; 87. (44) Halban, 7, 84: 129; 13. (45) Hantzsch and Sebalt, 7, 30: 258; 99. (46) Hantzsch and Vagt, 7, 38: 705;01. (47)Hempel 92, 14: 865; 01. (4«) Henrich, 7, 9: 453; 92. (49) Herz, BIS, p. 190. (50) Herz and Fischer, 25, 37: 4746; 04. (51) Herz and Kurzer, 9, 16: 240, 869; 10. (52) Hevesy, 63, 12: 1214; 11. 50, 16: 429; 12. (53) Hofbauer, 75, 123 Ila: 2001; 14. (54) Hofmann, 25, 4: 605; 71. ( 5S ) Hofmann, 63, 6: 337; 05. (56) Homfray, 4, 97: 1669; 10. (57) Jacquemin, 34, 100: 1005; 85. (58) jakovkin, 7, 29: 613; 99. (59) James, 45, 5: 115; 13. (59.5) Jenkins and Shorthose, B67. (60) Jones, 4, 99: 392; 11. (61) Joseph, 4, 107: 1; 15. (62) Jüttner, 7, 38: 56; 01. (63) Just, 7, 37: 342; 01. (64) Klaus, 63, 6: 820; 05. (65) Kling, 165, 1915 A: 1. (66) Kofler, 63, 9: 6; 08. (67) Kremann and Hönel, 57, 34: 1089; 13. (6«) Kuenen, 68, 23: 312; 00. ( 6 9 ) Kunerth, 2, 19: 512; 22. (70) Lagermark, 53, 12: 287; 80. ( ? i) Lebeau, 34, 140: 1454, 1572; 05. (72) Levi, 36, 31 II: 513; 01. ( 7 3 ) Linder, 57, 33: 613; 12. ( 7 4) Lloyd, 50,

22: 300; 18. (75) Lobry de Bruyn, 7, 10: 782; 92. 70, 11: 112; 92. (76) Loeb, 4, 53: 812; 88. ( 7 7 ) Loeb, 4, 53: 805; 88. (7*) Löfmann, 93,107: 241; 19. (79) Lubarsch, Diss., Halle, 1886. 427, 42 I: 547; 86. («0) Lunge, 25, 18: 1391; 85. («*) Lurie, Thesis, Grenoble, 1910. 10, 2: 401; 11. ( 82 ) MacCrae and Wilson, 93, 35: 11; 03. (*3) McDaniel, 60, 15: 587; 11. (84) Mai, 25, 41: 3897; 08. ( 8 4.S) Manchot, 92, 23: 2113; 10.. (84.7) Manchot, 93, 141: 38; 24. ( 8 S) Manchot and Zechentmayer, 13, 350: 368; 06. ( 86 ) Maude, Westinghouse Electric and Mfg. Co., Pittsburgh, O. (87) Meslans, 6, 1: 346; 94. (88) Metschl, 50t 28: 417; 24. (89) Meyer, 75, 122 Ua: 1281; 13. (90) Meyer and Gottlieb-Billroth, 202, 112: 55; 21. (91) Moissan, 6, 19: 266; 90. (92) Müller, 8, 37: 24; 89. (93) Müller, Diss., Erlangen, 1891. (94) Müller, 52, 58: 1; 98. (95) Ostrejko, Trudy bak. otd. imp. russk. techn. obschtsch, 10: No. 6; 96. 373, 20: 196; 96. (96) Pagliani and Emo, 23, 18: 67; 82. (97) Parsons, i, 47: 1820; 25. (98) Pascal and Garnier, 27', 25: 309; 19. (99) Pélabon, 34, 116: 1292; 93. (loo; Pélabon, 54, 124: 35; 97. ( l û l ) Perkin, 4, 65: 20; 94. ("2)German, 4, 67: 868, 983; 95. C™ 3 ) Pieroni and Angeli, 22, 2: 120; 25. (*04) Ramsay, Collie and Travers, 4, 67: 684; 95. (™5) Ramstedt, 199, 8: 253; 11. (i<> 6 ) Raschig, 92, 18: 1281; 05. O« 7 ) Ritzel, 7, 60: 319; 07. (lOT.s) Robinet, 34, 58: 608 ; 64. ( i ° 8 ) Roessler and Hasslacher Chemical Co., Perth Amboy, N. J., O. (109) Sackur, S, 18:641; 12. (110) Sander, 7, 78: 513; 12. ("I) Sapoznikov, 53, 32: 375; 00. (H2) Schlubach and Ballauf, 26, 54:2825;;21. ( 113 ) Schneider, 25, 49:1638; 16. ( 114 ) Schorlemmer, 13, 132: 234; 64. 4, 2: 262; 64. (US) Schulze, 52, 24: 168; 81. (116) Schulze, 7, 95: 257; 20. (i") Schuncke, 7, 14: 331; 94. (H«) Schwab and Hanke, 7, 114: 251; 24. (i * 9 ) Skirrow, 7, 41: 139; 02. (!2O) Smith, 50, 25: 204, 605, 721; 21. (121) Sporry, Thesis, Zürich, 1922. (122) stern, 7, 81: 441; 12. (123) Stock, 25, 37: 1432; 04. (124) stock and Guttmann, 25, 37: 885; 04. (125) stock and KUSS, 25, 50: 159; 17. (126) stock and Somieski, 25, 54: 740; 21. (127) Swarts, 186, 1901: 383. (128) Szeparowicz, 75, 129 Ila: 437; 20. (129) Taylor and Hildebrand, l, 45: 682; 23. (130) Thiel and Schulte, 7, 96: 312; 20. (isi) Timofeev, 7, 6: 141; 90. (132) Tower, 93, 50: 382; 06. (133) Traubenberg, 63, 5: 130; 04. (134) Tucker and Moody, l, 23: 671; 01. (13S) Ubbelohde and Svanoe, 92, 32: 257; 19. (136) Vukolov, 34, 108: 674; 89. (136.5) Vukolov, 34, 109: 61; 89. (137) Weigert, 25, 36: 1007; 03. (138) Wieland, #77, 92: 96; 22. (139) Williams, 135, 122: 62; 21. (140) Willstätter and Waldschmidt-Leitz, 25, 54: 133; 21. (14l) Winkler, 92, 29:218; 16.

THE SOLUBILITY OF GASES IN MOLTEN METALS AND ALLOYS DAVID F. SMITH Symbols and Abbreviations v The volume of gas in cm3 (reduced to S. T. P.) dissolved at the temperature t, by 10 g of solvent when the partial pressure of the gas is 760 mm. p partial pressure of the gas in mm Hg. M. P. Melting point.

t, 0C 1020 1075

0

t, C 695 730 824 873 922 670 690 760 850 930

Ag

Cu

02_(2)

H2 (5)

Vp/v 1 P, range 1.35 751-753 1.40 39-1203

Al H2 (3) I

O) I N 2 (3)

v 0.203 0.426 1.10 1.44 1.82 0.187 1.19 1.24s 1.66 2.01

t, 0C v (1084 M. P.) 0.600 1150 0.725 1250 0.910 1350 1.094 1450 1.27s 1550 l.âS (3) 1118 1.27 1199 1.39 1285 1.56 According to ( 7 ) V P fa = 44.4 f rom p = 281 to 1046 mm at 11230C. d j = co. 8.9 N2 (3) UlO 0.287 1168 .460 1255 .570 1320 .908

SO2 (6); cf. (8)

t, 0C 1100 1150 1200 1250 1300 1350

v 14.5 16.7 18.9 21.1 23.3 25.5

According to ( 7 ) Vp/v — const, from p = 20 to 1000 mm. CO (3) 1105 2.65 1173 2.36 1256 2.06

Nl

H 2 (S) I1 0 C v (1450 M. P.) 3.8? 1500 4.03 1600 4.3s At 1500° Vp/v = const. gn H

* (3)

CO2 (3) 1105 1179 1268

N2 (4)

At 1530°, (Wt. % N2) /Vp = 0.021 for p in atm., between 3 and 200 atm. O 2 (9) 0.21 Wt. % O2 at 1530° ~

1.88 1.86 1.72

40

°-044 -058 -071 .094 .141

°

553 704

798 900

pe H 2 (S) (153OM. P.) 2.72* 1550 2.79 1650 3.10 At 1550°, VpA = const-

-147 Y 80 ° I °-042 Solubility of SO2 in Liquid Cu Alloys (6) .

* Given in the original as 2.66 at

*Cu = mole fraction of Cu in

M. P. = 1510°.

1005

m

alloy

LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) ( l ) Angstrom, 8, 33: 223; 88. ( 2 ) Antropoff, 9, 25: 269; 19. (3) Atkinson, Heycock and Pope, 4, 117: 1410; 20. (4) Baeyer and Villiger, 26, 36: 2774; 03. ( 5 ) Bakhuis Roozeboom, 70, 4: 379; 85. ( 6 ) BaIy, 3, 49: 517; 00. (J) Baskerville and Cohen, 45, 13: 333; 21. (8) Bell and Field, 1, 33: 940; 11. (9) Bellati and Lussana, $4, 7: 1169; 89. l ( °) Berthelot, 6, 43: 276; 55. (11J Berthelot, 6, 52: 97; 58. (12) Berthelot, 6, 9: 421; 66. ( 13 ) Blümcke, 8, 23: 404; 84. 30: 243; 87. O<) Bohr, 8, 62: 644; 97. ( ls ) Bohr, 8, 1: 244; 00. (") Boyle, Bull. MacDonald Phys. ' Bldo.,l:52;W. 199, 7: 200; 10. (*7) Boyle, 3, 22: 840; 11. («) Bunsen, B72. O 9 ) Butler, 04, 40: 25T; 21. (20) Carius, 13, 94: 129; 55. 6, 47: 418; 56. ( 20 - 5 ) Christoff, 7, 53: 321; 05. (21) Christoff, 7, 55:622; 06. (22) Christoff, 7, 79: 456; 12. (23) Claude, 34, 128: 303; 99. (24) Claude, 84, 172: 974; 21. (25) Claude and Hess, 34, 124: 626; 97. ( 26 ) Consortium für elektrochemische Industrie, 136, 31: 1095; 07. (27) Dawson and McCrae, 182, 17: 5; 01. ( 28 ) Delepine, 49, 25: 496; 92. (29) Dewar, 182, 13: 186; 97. (30) Dolezalek, 7, 71: 191; 10. (Si) Drucker, 7, 49: 563; 04. (32) Drucker and Moles, 7,15: 405; 10. (33) Dunn, 135, 45: 270; 82. (34) Erdmann and Bedford, 25, 37: 1184, 2545; 04. (35) Falciola, 22, 17 U: 324; 08. 36, 39 I: 398; 09. (36) Fischer and Pfleiderer, 93, 124: 61; 22. (37) Fischer and Tropsch, 25, 50: 765; 17. (38) Fischer and Zerbe, 416, 4: 17; 23. (39) Frankland, 13, 71: 171; 49. (40) Friedel and Gorgeu, 34, 127: 590; 08. (41) Garelli, 22, 2: 120; 25. (42) Garelli and Falciola, 22, 13: 110; 04. 36, 34 U: 1; 04. (43) Gniewoszy and Walfisz, 7, 1: 70; 87. (44) Halban, 7, 84: 129; 13. (45) Hantzsch and Sebalt, 7, 30: 258; 99. (46) Hantzsch and Vagt, 7, 38: 705;01. (47)Hempel 92, 14: 865; 01. (4«) Henrich, 7, 9: 453; 92. (49) Herz, BIS, p. 190. (50) Herz and Fischer, 25, 37: 4746; 04. (51) Herz and Kurzer, 9, 16: 240, 869; 10. (52) Hevesy, 63, 12: 1214; 11. 50, 16: 429; 12. (53) Hofbauer, 75, 123 Ila: 2001; 14. (54) Hofmann, 25, 4: 605; 71. ( 5S ) Hofmann, 63, 6: 337; 05. (56) Homfray, 4, 97: 1669; 10. (57) Jacquemin, 34, 100: 1005; 85. (58) jakovkin, 7, 29: 613; 99. (59) James, 45, 5: 115; 13. (59.5) Jenkins and Shorthose, B67. (60) Jones, 4, 99: 392; 11. (61) Joseph, 4, 107: 1; 15. (62) Jüttner, 7, 38: 56; 01. (63) Just, 7, 37: 342; 01. (64) Klaus, 63, 6: 820; 05. (65) Kling, 165, 1915 A: 1. (66) Kofler, 63, 9: 6; 08. (67) Kremann and Hönel, 57, 34: 1089; 13. (6«) Kuenen, 68, 23: 312; 00. ( 6 9 ) Kunerth, 2, 19: 512; 22. (70) Lagermark, 53, 12: 287; 80. ( ? i) Lebeau, 34, 140: 1454, 1572; 05. (72) Levi, 36, 31 II: 513; 01. ( 7 3 ) Linder, 57, 33: 613; 12. ( 7 4) Lloyd, 50,

22: 300; 18. (75) Lobry de Bruyn, 7, 10: 782; 92. 70, 11: 112; 92. (76) Loeb, 4, 53: 812; 88. ( 7 7 ) Loeb, 4, 53: 805; 88. (7*) Löfmann, 93,107: 241; 19. (79) Lubarsch, Diss., Halle, 1886. 427, 42 I: 547; 86. («0) Lunge, 25, 18: 1391; 85. («*) Lurie, Thesis, Grenoble, 1910. 10, 2: 401; 11. ( 82 ) MacCrae and Wilson, 93, 35: 11; 03. (*3) McDaniel, 60, 15: 587; 11. (84) Mai, 25, 41: 3897; 08. ( 8 4.S) Manchot, 92, 23: 2113; 10.. (84.7) Manchot, 93, 141: 38; 24. ( 8 S) Manchot and Zechentmayer, 13, 350: 368; 06. ( 86 ) Maude, Westinghouse Electric and Mfg. Co., Pittsburgh, O. (87) Meslans, 6, 1: 346; 94. (88) Metschl, 50t 28: 417; 24. (89) Meyer, 75, 122 Ua: 1281; 13. (90) Meyer and Gottlieb-Billroth, 202, 112: 55; 21. (91) Moissan, 6, 19: 266; 90. (92) Müller, 8, 37: 24; 89. (93) Müller, Diss., Erlangen, 1891. (94) Müller, 52, 58: 1; 98. (95) Ostrejko, Trudy bak. otd. imp. russk. techn. obschtsch, 10: No. 6; 96. 373, 20: 196; 96. (96) Pagliani and Emo, 23, 18: 67; 82. (97) Parsons, i, 47: 1820; 25. (98) Pascal and Garnier, 27', 25: 309; 19. (99) Pélabon, 34, 116: 1292; 93. (loo; Pélabon, 54, 124: 35; 97. ( l û l ) Perkin, 4, 65: 20; 94. ("2)German, 4, 67: 868, 983; 95. C™ 3 ) Pieroni and Angeli, 22, 2: 120; 25. (*04) Ramsay, Collie and Travers, 4, 67: 684; 95. (™5) Ramstedt, 199, 8: 253; 11. (i<> 6 ) Raschig, 92, 18: 1281; 05. O« 7 ) Ritzel, 7, 60: 319; 07. (lOT.s) Robinet, 34, 58: 608 ; 64. ( i ° 8 ) Roessler and Hasslacher Chemical Co., Perth Amboy, N. J., O. (109) Sackur, S, 18:641; 12. (110) Sander, 7, 78: 513; 12. ("I) Sapoznikov, 53, 32: 375; 00. (H2) Schlubach and Ballauf, 26, 54:2825;;21. ( 113 ) Schneider, 25, 49:1638; 16. ( 114 ) Schorlemmer, 13, 132: 234; 64. 4, 2: 262; 64. (US) Schulze, 52, 24: 168; 81. (116) Schulze, 7, 95: 257; 20. (i") Schuncke, 7, 14: 331; 94. (H«) Schwab and Hanke, 7, 114: 251; 24. (i * 9 ) Skirrow, 7, 41: 139; 02. (!2O) Smith, 50, 25: 204, 605, 721; 21. (121) Sporry, Thesis, Zürich, 1922. (122) stern, 7, 81: 441; 12. (123) Stock, 25, 37: 1432; 04. (124) stock and Guttmann, 25, 37: 885; 04. (125) stock and KUSS, 25, 50: 159; 17. (126) stock and Somieski, 25, 54: 740; 21. (127) Swarts, 186, 1901: 383. (128) Szeparowicz, 75, 129 Ila: 437; 20. (129) Taylor and Hildebrand, l, 45: 682; 23. (130) Thiel and Schulte, 7, 96: 312; 20. (isi) Timofeev, 7, 6: 141; 90. (132) Tower, 93, 50: 382; 06. (133) Traubenberg, 63, 5: 130; 04. (134) Tucker and Moody, l, 23: 671; 01. (13S) Ubbelohde and Svanoe, 92, 32: 257; 19. (136) Vukolov, 34, 108: 674; 89. (136.5) Vukolov, 34, 109: 61; 89. (137) Weigert, 25, 36: 1007; 03. (138) Wieland, #77, 92: 96; 22. (139) Williams, 135, 122: 62; 21. (140) Willstätter and Waldschmidt-Leitz, 25, 54: 133; 21. (14l) Winkler, 92, 29:218; 16.

THE SOLUBILITY OF GASES IN MOLTEN METALS AND ALLOYS DAVID F. SMITH Symbols and Abbreviations v The volume of gas in cm3 (reduced to S. T. P.) dissolved at the temperature t, by 10 g of solvent when the partial pressure of the gas is 760 mm. p partial pressure of the gas in mm Hg. M. P. Melting point.

t, 0C 1020 1075

0

t, C 695 730 824 873 922 670 690 760 850 930

Ag

Cu

02_(2)

H2 (5)

Vp/v 1 P, range 1.35 751-753 1.40 39-1203

Al H2 (3) I

O) I N 2 (3)

v 0.203 0.426 1.10 1.44 1.82 0.187 1.19 1.24s 1.66 2.01

t, 0C v (1084 M. P.) 0.600 1150 0.725 1250 0.910 1350 1.094 1450 1.27s 1550 l.âS (3) 1118 1.27 1199 1.39 1285 1.56 According to ( 7 ) V P fa = 44.4 f rom p = 281 to 1046 mm at 11230C. d j = co. 8.9 N2 (3) UlO 0.287 1168 .460 1255 .570 1320 .908

SO2 (6); cf. (8)

t, 0C 1100 1150 1200 1250 1300 1350

v 14.5 16.7 18.9 21.1 23.3 25.5

According to ( 7 ) Vp/v — const, from p = 20 to 1000 mm. CO (3) 1105 2.65 1173 2.36 1256 2.06

Nl

H 2 (S) I1 0 C v (1450 M. P.) 3.8? 1500 4.03 1600 4.3s At 1500° Vp/v = const. gn H

* (3)

CO2 (3) 1105 1179 1268

N2 (4)

At 1530°, (Wt. % N2) /Vp = 0.021 for p in atm., between 3 and 200 atm. O 2 (9) 0.21 Wt. % O2 at 1530° ~

1.88 1.86 1.72

40

°-044 -058 -071 .094 .141

°

553 704

798 900

pe H 2 (S) (153OM. P.) 2.72* 1550 2.79 1650 3.10 At 1550°, VpA = const-

-147 Y 80 ° I °-042 Solubility of SO2 in Liquid Cu Alloys (6) .

* Given in the original as 2.66 at

*Cu = mole fraction of Cu in

M. P. = 1510°.

1005

m

alloy

ZCu

I

0.6292 0.9654 0.8786 0.9575 0.9575 0.9842 0.955 0.970

t, °C

I

-V

XCu

With Ag I 1220 | 5.53 With Au 1220 14.13 1220 6.23 With Cu2O 1220 I 3.46 1330 5.81 1170 12.87 1270 3.60 1270 9.72

t, °C

LITERATURE

V

0.990

1270 17.9s With Cu2S* 0.975 1270 13.75 0.985 1270 13.78 0.992 1270 15.29 0.995 1270 17.49 With Pt 0.8775 [ 1330 | 4.44 * VP A = const.

(For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) (») Bircumshaw, 3, 1: 510; 26. ( 2 ) Donnan and Shaw, 64, 29: 987; 10. (3) Iwasé, 159, 15: 531; 26. (*) Sawyer, 80, 69: 798; 23. (S) Sieverts, 7, 77: 591; 11. ( 6 ) Sieverts and Bergner, 7, 82: 257; 13. ( 7 ) Sieverts and Krumbhaar, 7, 74: 277; 10. ( 8 ) Stubbs, 4, 103: 1445; 13. («>) Tritton and Hanson, 140, 110: 90; 24.

THE SOLUBILITY OF GASES IN SOLUTIONS DAVID F. SMITH INTRODUCTION Arrangement.—The A-component is the dissolving gas. The B-component is the major and the C-component the minor constituent of the solution in which the gas is dissolved. Standard arrangement by Acomponents.

INTRODUCTION Arrangement.—Le constituant A est le gaz dissout. Le constituant B et le constituant C sont respectivement le constituant le plus important et le constituant moins important de la solution dans laquelle le gaz est dissout. Arrangement type suivant les constituants A.

Abbreviations.—a. and X, v. p. 254. d the density (or sp. gr.) of the solution, before saturation with the gas except as otherwise noted. Mc Moles of C per 1000 g B.

Abréviations.—a et X, v. p. 254. d La densité (ou le p. sp.) de la solution, avant saturation par le gaz, à moins d'une autre indication. MC Molécules de C pour 1000 g de B. NC Equivalent-grammes de C par litre de (B + C). NC Molécules de C par litre de (B +-C). XC Fraction moléculaire de C dans la " solution (B + C).

Nc Gram-equivalents of C per 1 of (B 4- C). JVc Moles of C per 1 of (B + C). XC Mole fraction of C in the solution, ( B + C ) .

The data on solubilities in colloidal solutions (p. 281) are not as nearly complete as are the data on true solutions. Since these solubilities usually refer to a specifically prepared solute, typical examples only are presented. Rn, Radon t, 0C a Solution (94) 10% by wt. damar gum in oil of turpentine 18.0 16.7 5% by wt. rosin in amyl alcohol 20.0 11.2 20% by wt. rosin in amyl alcohol 20.0 11.1 v. also Vol. I, p. 364.

M0

Mole C auf 1000 g B.

Nc

Grammäquivalente von C pro l von (B + C).

NC

Mole von C pro l von (B+C). Molenbruch von C in der Lösung (B + C).

XG

^^\^° ^H2SQ4

\^^

10 3 ai5( 45 )

Il

10 3 a 2 6( 45 )

C ^^-^g 0.5 I 1.0 I 2.0 [I 0.5 I 1.0 I 2.0 HCl 32.6 31.0 28.3 27.1 26.3 24.5 IH2SO4 32.0 30.2 26.4 25.2 23.0

Abbreviazioni.—a. e X, vedi pag. 254. d Densità (o p. sp.) della soluzione, prima della saturazione col gas, salvo indicazioni contrarie. MC Grammi-molecole di C per 1000 g di B. Nc Grammi-equivalenti di C per 1 di (B + C). NC XC

Grammi-molecole di C per 1 di (B + C). Frazione di grammimolecole di C nella soluzione (B + C). 103«25 ( 4 5 )

Il

0.5 I 1.0 I 2.0 Il 0.5 I 1.0 I 2.0 33.0 31.9 29.9 27.7 27.0 26.0 27.3 21.9 14.4 22.9 18.7 12.2 29.2 24.6 17.3 24.0 20.4 14.5 27.6 22.2 23.1 18.9 27.9 22.5 23.2 19.0

3,0

4.0

5.0

3.0

4.0

5.0 Lit.

1 24.3 I 22.1 | 20.2 || 21.0 | 19.1 | 17.8 | (*s) C

NaCl NaBr NaI KCl KBr KI

Convenzioni.—II componente A è il gas disciolto. Nella soluzione in cui il gas è disciolto, B è il costituente in proporzione maggiore e C quello in proporzione minore. La disposizione è quella Standard per i componenti A.

103«25 ( 4 S )

"\^^#C

C ^^ HNO3 NaOH NaCl KOH JK2SO4

O2 B = H2O AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS OF ELECTROLYTES For pure H2Q, 103ai6 = 34.41; IQ3Ct26 = 28.22

INTRODUZIONE

EINLEITUNG Anordnung.—Die A-Komponente ist das gelöste Gas. Die B-Komponente ist der Hauptbestandteil, die C-Komponente der kleinste Bestandteil der Stoffe welche die Lösung zusammensetzen in welchen das Gas gelöst ist. Die Standard-Anordnung richtet sich nach der A-Komponente. Abkürzungen.—a. und X siehe S. 254. d Dichte der Lösung vor der Gassättigung, ausser es ist etwas anderes angegeben.

I AT0

I

1O3CX0

I

1O 3 CEiQ I 103<*20 I

IQ 3 CKSO I Lit.

" Ö 7 Ö 4 8 . 7 2 3 7 . 9 3 3 0 . 9 i 2 6 . 1 2 (67) 0.1 44.3i 34.59 28.47 24.49 1.0 29.8s 23.42 19.7s 17.84 1.0 31.5l 25.7s 21.9e 19.77 1.0 31.Os 24.9s 21.20 18.67 1.0 30.94 21.Ii 19.8s 18.1s 1.0 31.87 25.3l 21.26 18.96 I

O2 AND N2 IN SEA WATER (**)

O 2 : B = HZO.—(Continued) C = NaCl ; (for sea water v. infra) Values of W*at (15°) \. JVn orT\J Ly ^Vs^

O 5 10 15 20 25 30

0.0

1

2

48.95 42.9 38.1 34.2 31.1 28.5 26.2

31.2 22.5 27.9 20.4 25.3 18.6 23.1 17.0 21.4 15.7s 20.0 14.7 18.7 14.Os C = KCN (98) I 0.2 I 2.0 I 4.0 1 28.6 I 16.8 I 11.5

Mc 103«20

3

5.431

15A 13.6s 12.5 11.7 11.0 10.4s 10.0

ôTÏ 5.9 5.6 5.4 5.2 5.0 4.8

I I

7.0 7.5

I I

15.0 3.1

In equilibrium with the dry atmosphere at 760 mm the number (S) of cm3 of gas (S.T.P.) dissolved in 11 of sea water is /Sf02 = 10.291 - 0.2809É -f 0.006009J2 -f- 0.0000632*3 - 7rci(0.1161 - 0.003922« + 0.0000631*2) /SfNz = 18.639 - 0.4304É -f 0.007453*2 - 0.0000549*3 -TO(0.2172 - 0.007187« + 0.0000952*2) where TTCI is parts per 1000 of Cl in the sea water. Range: f, O to 28°; TTCI, O to 20.

O3 B = H2O C = H2SO4 (125)

Nc 103<*o

0.0 2.0 4.0

I

«20

H

2.84 2.70 2.55

Mc*

6.0 8.0 10.0

I

g20

I]

Mc*

2.45 2.35 2.42

I

20.0 40.0 87.0

g20

3.24 4.65 5.57

* Original results, which were given as volume % Os dissolved at 2O0C and 760 mm, were first corrected for the partial pressures of alcohol and water interpolated from data of Konovalov ( 79 - 5 ).

C = C2H3Cl3O2, Chloral hydrate (i") Mc a™ lQ3q15 Mc dll Wa20

1.8 3.0 5.0 6.3 8.5 14.0 25.5 77 1.113 1.173 1.244 1.280T334 1.426 1.521 29.6 26.1 23.8 23.4 24.1 27.0 32.7 1.2 2.8 6.8 9.5 15.1 21.4 1.076 1.161 1.294 1.354 1.441 1.46 28.03 25.Qi 23.2e 24JjT27.3i 32.7?

C = C3H8O3, Glycerol (i") Mc lQ3ai5

2.8 3.6 6.5 8.9 11.8 27.2 83.6 T 27.43 25.2s 20.17 17.44 15.69 ~9J53 8.8e 0.7 26.7e

1.5 22.2s

3.0 17.82

6.0 8.0 13.8s~ 12.4s

C = Ci 2 H 22 On, Sucrose (l") Mc. 1Q3«15

0.4 29.7s

0.9 24.3o

1.2 21.60

487

AQUEOUS SALT SOLUTIONS Values of 103ai5 for various salts; for pure H2O, 103«i6 = 18.83 (134) ^T^^\ ^ \~j —-~^_ JZnSO4 JAlCl3 JMgSO4 JCaCl2 LiCl NaCl* JNa2SO4 NaNO3* JNa2CO3 KCl* KNO3* JK2CO3

c

1

2

14.46 15.11 14.51 14.93 15.74 14.78 13.70 14.96 13.40 15.02 15.24 13.38

11.13 12.21 11.20 11.95 13.25 11.44 9.91 12.01 6.99 12.17 12.76 9.67

3

s7o2 9.93 8.56 9.58 11.21 8.80 7.10 9.84 9.96 10.76 7.00

5

4

ôTôT 8.10 6.59 7.80 9.49 6.99

5.10 6.67 4.99 6.35

8.08

6.67

6 5.50 5.10

5.73 5.42

8.20 ; 3.72 j 2.73f

5.08

* See special tables below. 12.06 for NC = 7; 1.58 for NC = 9. C = NH 4 NO 3 (75)

C = C6H12O6, Glucose (i") Mc IQ3CE20

O.IOQ

H2 B = H2O

AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS C = C2H6O, Ethyl alcohol (»i) Mc*

0.0 494 (extrap.)

2.2 16.Oi

Mc d 103a20 u Mc I d I 103a20 ÖTÖ0.998318.8s0~91.0260217.5s 0.2" 1.00485 18.6 1.2 1.0344s 17.Os 0.5 1.0141l 18.2 1.7 1.04846 16.2s

2.9 13.63

Air B = H 2 O j C = H2SO4 Mc |500.0,92.0 |40.0 |25.0 |l5.0 |lO.O | Lit. IQ3Oi8 1 16.2|10.0 j 6.44| 5.2e| 5.5s| 7.2o| (138) Values of cm3 of N 2 and O2 at S.T.P. dissolved by 1 1 of soin, in equilibrium with the normal dry atmosphere (11) Nc I I9 0 C I N2 I Q2 0.0 20.9 15.6 31.0 4.9 20.9 9.1 19.5 8.9 20.9 7.2 15.5 10.7 21.2 6.6 14.3 20.3 21.1 4.9 11.9 24.8 21.5 4.8 10.3 29.6 20.8 5.1 11.7 34.3 20.9 10.0 20.1 35.8 21.1 12.9 27.5 .

C = BaCl2 Values of 103a (14) rr\^°C MC ^-\ OTO 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.35

5

10

15

20

23^7 21.9s 20.6s 19.8l 19.4?

2Ì7Ì 20.6 19.4s 18.7s 18.43

20To 19.2 18.2 17.5 17.23

Ï97Î 17.8s 16.8s 16.2s 15.99

25

.

ÌTTo 16.3s 15.43 14.8s 14.63

C = NaCl Values of 103a (U) ^Nx^0

5

10

15

20

25

(T2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.1

22.0 20.8 19.96 19.3 18.3?

20.6s 19.7 18.96 18.34 17.4s

19.3 18.4 17.7s 17.2 16.3s

17.7s 17.0 16.4 15.9 15.29

16.3 15.5 14.9 14.4 13.8

150C

Mc

3.0 I 9.2i 5.0 6.29

:

C = NaNO 3 Values of 103ct

t = 150C Nc I 0.7 1.5 2.5 4.0 5.7

(48) y IQ3Ct Il 15.96 13.45 10.87 8.0 5.59

t = 2O0C (75) I d 1.0039 1.0094 1.0150 1.0259 1.0469 1.0873

Nc 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.5 0.9 1.75

IQ3Q; 18.5 18.0 17.6 16.7 15.1 13.0

C = KCl (75)

d I IQ3Ce20 II Mc I d I 103(*2o 1.0030 18.43 0.9 1.0388 15.35 1.01222 17.6 1.2 1.0516 14.4i 1.0257 16.45 2.1 1.0867 12.59 C = KNQ 3 ( 75 ) M0 I d I IQ3Ct20 II Mc I d I IQ3CE20 0.1 1.0043 18.6 0.9 1.0516 16.5 0.3 1.0169 18.1 1.2 1.0676 15.5 0.5 1.0287 17.6 1.6 1.0896 14.2 0.7 1.0404 17.1 AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS OF ACIDS AND BASES C = H2SO4 (19) Mc 0.0 5.69 16.37 221.5 IQ3Ct20 19.4 8.89 6.60 10.2 Values of IQSg25 (lQ3a26 f or pure H2Q = 17.65) ( 45 ) Mc 0.1 0.3 0.6

I

^^T^-

_J^__^

0.5

1.0

2.0

3.0

4.0

HCl 17.0 16.4 15.4 14.6 IH2SO4 16.9 16.2 14.9 13.7 12.9 HNO3 17.2 16.8 15.9 15.3 14.7 CH3COOH 17.6 17.5 17.2 17.0 17.0 CH2ClCOOH 17.3 17.0 16.5 NaOH 15.1 12.7 8.9 6.6 5.0 KOH 15.3 13.0 AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS OF OKGANIC COMPOUNDS C = C2H6O, Ethyl alcohol (*") Mc 0.0 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.5 11.0 22.0 44.P;
I

IQ3CtI4

j

IQ3QT2I

II

Mc

I

IQ3QTi4

I

IQ3Ct2I

Ö 7 Ö 1 9 . 2 8 1 8 . 3 8 O 1 8 . 0 0 1 7 . 0 8 0.2 19.03 18.17 1.6 17.86 16.90 0.4 18.80 17.97 1.8 17.74 16.72 0.6 18.60 17.78 2.0 17.63 16.5 0.8 18.43 17.60 2.2 16.3 1.0 18.28 17.43 2.4 16.1 1.2 18.14 17.26 Lit. (57) Mc

ÖJÖ 0.5 1.5 3.0

Mc ... d\\ IQ 3 CtI 5 ..

IQ3Ct2S Mc IQ3Ct25 Mc IQ3Ct25 17.98 770 10.7 95.0 3.7 17.12 10.0 9.2 205.0 3.2 15.7 20.0 6.6 Lit. (28) 13.9 40.0 4.9 C = C2H3CI3O2, Chloral hydrate (i 11) 0.6 3.5 6.0 9.5 14.5 23.0 1.040 1.193 1.276 1.356 1.433 1.504 17.7 14.8 13.2 12.3 12.8 13.2 "

1.0 2.5 5.0 7.0 10.0 13.0 22 O 77. 1.066~Ì.145~1.243 1.300T368 1.411 1.500 17.2 15.5 13.6 12.8 12.4 12.7 13.8 Values of 103ct for NC = 1 mole/1 (64) Urea Acetamide Alanine Glycocoll TT 20.17 20.11 20.08 20.16 17.0 18.0 15.6 15.8

M0 d\l IQ3Ct20

C 0 C IQ3Ct

C = C3H6O2, Propionic acid Values of 103ct, (14) ^7^--^°C 5 10 15 20 Mc ~^-^ 0 7 4 2 2 7 s 2Ì7s 2Ö7ÖÌsTi 0.8 21.9 21.1 19.6 18.4 1.2 21.6 20.7 19.2 18.Os 1.5 21.3 20.3 18.9 17.8 . C ~ C6H12O6, Glucose (i 11) Mc 0.8 1.5 2.5 4.5 103a2o 15.90 14.42 12.76 10.34 Ng1 mole/1 0 C IQ3Ct

25 17.2 17.0 16.5 16.0 8.0 7.79

0.0 0.230 0.485 0.966 Lit. 20.11 20.00 20.25 20.28 (64) 7. 18.1 17.6 16.6 15.2 C = Ci2H22Oi1, Sucrose (Hi) 0.2 0.5 0.7 1.3 1.9 IT^" 16.9 15.5 14.7 12.2 10.4 9.4 1 2 Lit. 12.80 7.31 (134)

Mc IQ3CtI5 M0 IQ3CtI5

Cl2 B = H2O

C = HCl ( 104 );c/. (112) Nc 0.0 0.1 0.3 1 . 0 3 . 0 4 . 0 6.0 9.0 ct2i 2.1171.48 1.405 1.61 2.16 2.41s2.9043765 C = C2H4O2, Glacial acetic acid (71) Vol. % C 99.84 90.00 75.00 65.00 0 C... 16 15 15 15 ut... 34.7 ~24.0 15.57 12.73 C = NaCl (82) et = 2.23 - 0.0550s* + 0.000025*2 for 9.97 Wt. % NaCl; and et = 2.19 - 0.1128J + 0.00328*2 - 0.0000422Z3 for 16.01 Wt. % NaCl; and et = 1.74 - 0.0672* + 0.00117l* - 0.0000097*3 for 19.66 Wt. % NaCl; range, O to 250C. 26.39 Wt. % NaCl; d =* 1.205 at 150C (78) 0 I9 C 85 70 60 30 15 Lit. et,* 0.048 0.099 0.133 0.28 0.38 ("2) * Contrary to the statement of Kumpf ( 82 ) the authors observed no precipitation of NaCl from, concentrated solutions upon passing chlorine through them. They found, however, an increase in solubility after long continued passage of Ch through the solution which they attributed to the formation of oxygenated chlorine compounds.

HCl B = H2O C = H2SO4 (23) XB

0.0 0.07 0.15 0.20 0.30

I

f*25

4.50s 2.20s 1.486 1.27 1.06

JJ

XB

0.35 0.40 0.50 0.55 0.63

j

CK25

1.02s 1.022 1.23 1.56 3.96

HCl : B = H2O.-(Continued) C = C2H6OH, Ethyl alcohol (72) The following equation reproduces the results within the experimental error which is about 2.5% for p > 2.50 mm. The percentage error for p < 2.50 mm is usually considerably greater than this. logio PA = a loglo NA + bNA + dNA + f PA — partial pressure of HCl in mm Hg NA = moles HCl per liter of solution a = 1.3171 + 1.0306ATB + 0.3907N! 10Ob = 3.847 - 12.11NB - 3.851^ 10Od = 1.2633 + 0.398ATB + 0.10798A^ f = -0.2437 - 0.2175#B - 0.1107^ NB = moles H2O per liter of solution Range, NA = 0.3 to 3.0 and NB = O to 2.5.

SO2 B = H2O AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS OF ACIDS C = H2SO4 (106) I Qt20 u Nc I QE20 Il Nc 26.1 26.0 20.3 34.0 25.8 28.0 19.0 35.0 25.1 30.0 18.0 35.5 23.7 31.3 17.5 36.0 22.0 32.0 17.9 37.0

JVC 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0

I

a2Q 19.8 21.2 23.0 24.5 26.1

C = H2SO4; dy = 1.836; N0 = 36.3 at 2O0C (2*) 0

t, C

O 10 20 25 30 40

I

4*

I

1.8232 1.822s 1.822l 1.821e 1.820s

at

[I

0

J1 C

53.0 35.0 25.0 21.0 18.0 13.0

I

50 60 70 80 90

4*

I

1.8186 1.816s 1.814o 1.8112 1.8080

at

9.5 7.0 5.5 4.5 4.0

* d of satd. soin.

AQUEOUS SALT SOLUTIONS Values of <*25 ( 41 ) ^T^-^0 O ^^~->--^„ NH 4 NO 3 NH4Cl KH4Br (NH4)2SO4.... NH4CNS CdCl2 CdBr2 CdI2 CdSO4 NaCl NaBr Na2SO4 NaCNS KCl KBr KI K2SO4 KNO3 KCNS 0 ^T^-J^ O ^^--^^ NH 4 NO 3 (NH 4 JiSO 4 .... CdCl2 CdBr2

'o.5 31.11 31.68 33.21 30.55 34.61 29.00 29.23 30.48 28.50 29.74 30.93 29.28 32.47 31.53 32.93 35.42 30.42 30.97 34.42

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

32.13 33.24 34.14 33.32 34.87 36.43 36.15 39.19 42.20 30.98 31.45 32.02 39.16 43.30 47.88 27.99 26.99 25.80 28.41 27.64 26.82 30.93 31.30 31.83 27.22 25.87 24.35 29.55 29.28 29.10 31.64 32.31 33.22 28.53 27.90 27.04 35.03 37.36 39.73 33.03 34.59 36.02 35.83 38.85 41.49 41.01 46.34 51.99 30.79 31.87 32.77 33.59 38.83 43.08 47.47 Values of ^35 ( 41 )

34.82 37.90 45.05 32.50 52.23 24.82 25.79 32.05 23.03 28.87 33.75 26.26 42.01 37.53 44.71 57.38

35.86 39.19 47.87 32.94 56.31 23.87 25.16 32.77 21.77 28.73 34.58 26.06 44.29 38.73 47.88 62.63

34.42 51.18

35.29 56.12

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

20.70 20.31 19.26 19.39

21.48 20.51 18.82 19.02

21.96 20.82 18.22 18.45

22.67 21.21 17.75 18.26

23.63 21.48 17.05 17.46

24.31 21.81 16.56 16.99

^—

TVn

i>^C \j ^"""-^•-^. CdI2 CdSO4 Na2SO4* KCl*.... KBr KI KNO3 KCNS

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

20.17 19.01 19.39 21.04 22.01 23.31 20.63 22.72

20.44 18.11 18.92 22.29 24.37 26.81 21.30 25.52

20.71 17.21 18.45 23.53 26.27 30.70 21.97 28.39

21.02 16.23 17.91 24.77 28.30 33.72 22.80 31.07

21.26 15.43 17.51 25.64 30.24 37.11 23.53 33.80

21.54 14.40 17.08 26.61 32.03 40.27 24.23 38.06

* See special tables below.

C = Na2SO4 Values of moles SO2 per 1000 g H2O* («2) r>\°C 20 30 40 50 ^\° 20 30 40 50 Mc ^x Mc x 0.0 1.66l !.18sO.8720.644 0.5 1.62e 1.20s 0.92s 0.1 1.664 1.199 0.89s 0.680 0.6 1.60s 1.2Oi 0.924 0.2 1.663 1.209 0.910 0.709 0.7 1.58s 1.192 0.92i 0.742 0.3 1.657 1.2UO. 9190.72s 1.0 1.519 0.9070.73s 0.4 1.644 1.213 0.924 0.73s 1.1 1.499 0.90i0.73e 1.4 1.433 1.096 0.880 0.72e * The partial pressure of SOa was in all except three cases within 10 mm of 760 mm. Thus the values given above are in general subject to an error of about 1 %. It will be noted that the values here given for pure water are somewhat different from those determined by the author in connection with his measurements on KCl solutions.

C = KCl (62) MA = MOA + 10-3aMc, for PA = 760 mm Hg; MA (resp. M OA ) = solubility of SO2 in moles per 1000 g H2O in the solution (resp. in pure water). Mc = moles of KCl per 1000 g H2O; range, Mc = O to 5. ° C II MZ Il a [ Ml °C l MT I j a I A

10 15 20 30 40

2.374 1.976 1.650 1.179 0.8674

A

387.3 294.9 227.9 141.7 88.03 |

50 60 70 80 90

0.652s 0.5099 0.4082 0.3343 0.2799

57.0 34.99 23.96 15.06 10.93

H2S B = H2O C = HCl (74)

AT0 0.0 0.1 0.3

I «26 H 2.266 2.256 2.24?

Nc I a25 Il 0.6 2.250 1.0 2.25e 1.5 2.264J

Nc | «25 || 2.0 2.272 2.5 2.28o 3.0 2.29o

Nc | q 25 3.5 2.30s 4.5 2.384 4.8 2.422

C = HI Total pressure = 760 mm; t = 250C ("6) 'N0 |0.Q ILO |2.0 |3.0 |4.0 |5.0 |6.0 |9.0 N^ |0.10010.11110.124[0.14010.15510.16910.187JO. 26 C = Various electrolytes (*t) C I Nc I <*25 Il C I Nc I. a25 Nu 2.292 NaCl 1.0 1.94i HCl 0.5 2.23s NaCl 0.5 2.132 H2SO4 0.5 2.074 NaBr 1.0 2.14s NH4NO3 1.0 2.269 Na 2 SO 4 .... 0.5 1.673 NH4Cl 1.0 2.2Oo Na 2 SO 4 .... 0.25 1.96o NH4Br 1.0 2.292 NaNO 3 .... 1.0 2.047 (NH4)2S04 0.5 1.879 KCl 1.0 1.95s (NH4)2SO4 0.25 2.086 KBr 1.0 2.16e CO(NH2)2 1.0 2.33s KI 1.0 2.24e NH4C2H3O2 1.0 2.49s K2SO4 0.5 1.78s C4H6O6, Tartaric acid. 1.0 2.164 K2SO4 0.25 2.04o C4H6Q6, Tartaric acid. 3.0 1.96? KNQ3 | 1.0 2.093

C = NaCl (67)

C = C2H3Cl3O2, Chloral hydrate Mc I IQSq26 H M0 I IQ3Q115 || M0 I < |103«15 0.1 4.230 3.062 2.330 1.853 0.0 16.45 0.0 17.02 1.0 1.067 16.0 1.0 3.296 2.552 2.070 1.738 1.0 14.77 0.5 16.20 2.5 1.148 14.1 13.4l 1.0 15.38 3.5 1.191 13.3 3.0 2.383 1.753 1.354 1.1382.0 4.0 11.7l 2.0 13.86 5.0 1.243 12.5 C = NaHS (46) 6.0 11.04 4.0 12.12 8.0 1.327 12.6 NC I «15 I «25 I «35 I «45 10.0 11.Oe 6.0 11.52 15.0 1.440 14.1 0.05 1.84 1.43 15.0 12.75 9.0 11.46 22.5 1.504 15.0 0.10 2.96 2.33 1.84 23.0 15.1s 14.0 12.7s Lit (m) 0.20 2.89 2.32 Li^ (sï)~ 24.0 15.83 N2 Lit. (53) B = H2O C = C3H8O3, Glycerol AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS OF ACIDS C = H2SO4 (u) MQ j 10 «15 U Mc I 10 « I ] Mc |10 «15*|| M |10 « 6* Nc I 0.0 I 5.0 I 10.0 I 20.0 I 25.0 | 34.0 | 36.0 3.6 12.6s 0.0 14.3 0.0 17.1 25.0 5.8 8.0 9.6o 2.0 9.5 1.0 15.4 45.0 5.1 IQ3Q21 15.6 9.2 I 6.5 4.7 I 5.0 | 9.7 | 13.4 12.0 7.43 4.5 6.4 I 3.0 12.9 60.0 5.0 C = C3H6O2, Propionic acid 15.0 7.03 10.0 4.5 4.0 11.8 95.0 5.0 Values of 103orf (i 4) 45.0 7.3 30.0 2.7 7.0 9.5 205.0 5.0 95.0 7.8 60.0 2.0 10.0 8.2 oo 5.0 rr"^\°C 5 10 15 20 25 MC ^^^^ 205.0 9.1 "LiJT î)~ 15.0 6.9 (pure 0.6 21.0 19.1 16.8 15.3 13.7 Lit. (Ul) glyc.) 1.0 20.8 18.6 16.5 14.8 13.5 * Argon-free N 2 ( 5 3). 1.4 20.3 18.2 16.2 14.7 13.2 C = Ci 2 H 22 On, Sucrose 1.7 19.6 17.8 16.0 14.6 13.1 Mc 0.4 0.8 1.2 2.7 LitT C = C4H8O2, Isobutyric acid 3 14.7 12.5 "lOTÏT 7.5 "Ö"7 For Mc = 6.81, «23.02 = 0.0364; «29.02 = 0.0346 between 231 and IQ OTi5 B = CH4O, Methyl alcohol 720 mm Hg (2»). C = KI (84) AQUEOUS SALT SOLUTIONS C = BaCl2 M I dî I 10 «5 u d™ 10 «15 [ I ffl I IQ CE Values of 103at (14) 0.0 0.8080 212 0.7980 184 0.7937 151 Nc

j

«o

I

«10

«20

I

«30

3

3

3

26

3

3

0

0.1324 0.8171 0.77 0.1897 0.8249 ïsTï 16.0 ïsTs 12^8 0.739s 0.8930 16.7 14.6e 12.5 11.74 C " 14.9 13.2 11.3 10. 6 M0 I d* I 13.3s 11.7s 9.8o 9.2o 0.0 0.8080 11.6 10.3 8.5 7.9 0.468s 0.8148 C = NaCl ; for sea water, v. p. 272 0.847 0.8231 Values of 10*a, (14) 1.326 0.8350 0.1 0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6 2.3

^\^^Mc 5 10 15 20 25

0.18

0.36 0.65

3

0

2

3

26

199 0.8070 19s 0.8150 16s 0.8841 = CH4N2O, Urea 1Q3«5 Il d? I 212 0.7980 199 0.8050 192 0.8122 184 0.8241

17s 0.8019 14o 16s 0.8101 134 14o 0.8801 11s (84) IQW H df I IQ3CE26 184 0.7937 151 175 0.7997 143 168 0.8080 137 162 0.8193 132

^^\_Mc \j ^~--~-~^ NH 3 B = H2O 5 2Ï7Ï VTÎ Ï575Ï3?7 12^3 10.3 80 According to Konovalov ( ) the solubility of NH 3 in aqueous 10 18.65 16.2 14.2 12.47 11.0s 9.2e 15 16.5 14.54 12.7 11.2 9.8s 8.02solutions of C == AgNO3, Cd(NOs)2, Zn(NOs)2, NiCl2, Cu(NOs)2, CuCl2, CuSO4 or Cu(C2H3O2)2 is given by 20 14.9 12.9 11.1 9.7 8.4s 6.6 PNH = K(NNH - 2N ) 25 13.1 11.1 9.4 8.0 6.9 5.2 For p in mm Hg, k = 56.58 for C = AgNO3. AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS C = Various salts 0 C (64) I N'c I C I 103«< Values of moles NH3 per 1 of saturated solution for NC = 1, Glucose 1.0 20.18 12.15at t = 6O0C and pA = 61.1 mm (8Q«g). Glucose 0.5 20.21 13.80 I Il C Glucose 0.25 20.2 14.80 C JCaCl 1.171 HCOONa 0.905 2 Alanine 1.0 20.19 12.13 1.071 CH3COONa 0.879 Glycocoll 1.0 20.16 12.12JSrCl2 JBaCl 0.998 KOH 0.787 2 Arabinose... 1.0 20.21 12.03 J(HCOO)2Ba " . . . 0.856 KCl 0.917 Lévulose 1.0 20.25 12.21 KCH COO) Ba 0.777 JK CO 0.807 3 2 2 3 Erythritol 1.0 20.25 13.21 NaOH 0.826 CH3COOK 0.836 Urea 1.0 20.18 14.77 NaCl 0.963 J(COOK)2 0.842 Acetamide 1.0 20.22 14.75 JNa2CO3 0.841 C = C2H6O, Ethyl alcohol C = NH4NO3 Vol. % C 0.0 20.0 50.0 100.0 Lit. Up to NA = 0.8, PA/NA. at 250C is the same as in pure water, 103«26 14.97 14.07 13.5s 13.12 ( 7 ^) for Nc = 0.15(146). 3

3

C

NH3 : B = H 2 O.—(Continued) Values of moles NH3 per 1 of saturated solution, at 250C; PA = 13.45 mm Hg (*» 121) ^C^^^^^^° LiOH LiCl LiBr LiI NaOH NaCl NaBr NaI Na2S KOH KF KCI KClO3 KBr.... KBrO3 KI KIO3 .K2SO4 KNO2 KNO3 K2HPO4 K2CO3 K2C2O4 HCOOK CH3COOK KCN KCNS K2CrO4 KBO2

0.5

1.0

1.5

0.863 0.980 1.001 1.030 0.876 0.938 0.965 0.995 0.887 0.852 0.839 0.930 0.927* 0.950 0.940* 0.970 0.951* 0.875 0.920 0.923 0.860 0.778 0.866 0.868 0.866 0.926 0.932 0.866 0.814

0.808 1.008 1.040 1.094 0.789 0.889 0.916 0.992 0.795 0.716 0.722 0.866

0.768 1.045 1.090 1.190 0.716 0.843 0.890 0.985 0.726 0.607 0.626 0.809

0.904

0.857

0.942

0.900

0.772 0.855 0.862 0.749 0.650 0.771 0.760 0.765 0.858 0.868 0.771 0.677

0.678 0.798 0.804 0.664 0.554 0.675 0.678 0.685 0.802 0.814 0.675 0.560

* Nc = 0.25.

N2O B =H 2 0 AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS OF ACIDS Values of 103«25 ( i 0 2 ) C I M0 I df I IQSq25 Il C I Mc ffl I HNO 3 .... 1.1391.0351 541 HIO 4 .... 2.616 1.4066 HNO 3 .... 2.428 1.0731 551 H 2 SO 4 ... 1.181 1.0680 HNO 3 .... 4.091 1.1191 562 H 2 SO 4 ... 3.079 1.1630 HCl 1.1051.0168 512 H 2 SO 4 ... 5.684 1.2687 HCl 2.2171.0335 501 H 2 SO 4 ... 8.02 1.3363 HCl 5.0491.0741 499 H3PO4... 1.239 1.0593 HCl 7.49 1.1050 521 H 3 PO 4 ... 2.088 1.0964 HIQ4 1.097 1.1740 387 H 3 PO 4 ... 6.64o 1.2557 C =» HCl (45)

Nc IQW. IQ3CX25

C

I

Il 0.896 0.966 0.932* 0.870

C KCl JK2CO3 J(COOK)2 CH3COQK

N'A 1.008 0.988 0.969 0.929 0.925 0.917

I

0

*t = 18 C.

NO B = H2O C = H2SO4 (138) Mc d\l IQ3QTi8

I 10.0 I 15.0 I 25.0 I 40.0 91.8 I 1.394| 1.498| 1.627s| 1.729 | 1.820 1 11.2 I 11.0 j 10.6 I 10.9s I 18.1

I I I

C = HNO 3 (45) 0.580 I 1.000 737 I 737 547 I 552

1 1 1

^-^^ Mc" ^"^^^^

0.357

0.505

5 10 15 20 25

Î057 883 739 625 543

Ï036 866 726 615 533

0

N'c I pA(mm) H N'j, \ N'c \ pA(mm) 0.000 13.56 0.900 1.33 6.49 0.245 11.47 0.493 0.260 4.99 0.492 9.91 0.480 0.516 4.08 0.980 7.90 0.246 0.260 2.08 1.03 7.76 0.917 1.024 5.01* 1.024 7.35

1.000 700 520

2.000 679 510

I | [

2.001 735 560

C = H3PO4 Values of 103a< (124)

0.923 0.914* 0.902 0.902

C = C6H6O, Phenol t = 250C (15)

I 1 I

C = H2SO4 (45) 1 0.500 I 1.000 I 2.000 | 3.000 1 4.000 1 696 I 663 | 611 | 571 | 533 I 519 I 497 I 466 | 442 | 424

AT0 IQSq15 IQ^q26

I

* .ZVc = 0.426.

0.500 716 529

I 1

JV0 IQSq15 IQ3CK26.

t = 350C, p = 22.1 mm, Nc = 0.5 NaOH NaCl JNa2CO3 KQH

10'q,, 238 442 387 382 399 464 438 353

C M0 = 0.0909 Mc = 0.427 Nc IQ3Ce20

AT 0 .... 103ao IQ3QfIO 103a20

0.989 988 . 830 698 593 514

C = C2H2O4, Oxalic acid Values of 103^ (124) I 5 I 10 I 15 I 1 1145 I 953 | 794 | 1 1109 I 926 | 774 | C = C3H6O2, Propionic acid ( 75 ) I 0.20461 0.816 | 2.139 | 1 632 I 637 | 650 |

1.119

1.571

964 810 683 581 505

917 771 650 556 486

20 I 25 669 | 578 654 | 564 2.385 | 4.646 653 j 722

AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS OF BASES C = NaOH (143) I 0.0 1 1.018 I 2.544 | 5.08s |114Q |823 J434.5 |185.0 I 868 |600 |302.9 |103.8 1 641 J438.0 253.3 | 78.2

| 10.18 J115.7 | 62.8 | 78.2

C = KOH (143) AT0

1

1O3Ct0 IQ3CE1O IQ3Cg2Q

|1140 1 868 I 641

0.0

I 0.713 I 1.782 | 3.565 | 7.130

|921 |694 |538

|666 |531 |419

|348.5 |274.7 |251. e

|157.2 |120.1 [251. 6

AQUEOUS SALT SOLUTIONS Values of 103<*25 ( 102 ) C

NH4NO8 NH4NO3 NH4NO3 NH4NO8 NH4Cl NH4Cl NH4Cl NH4Br NH4Br NH4Br (NH4)2SO4 (NH4)2SO4 ZnSO4 ZnSO4 Zn(NO 8 ) 2 Zn(NOs) 2 Cd(NOs) 2 Cd(NOs) 2 Cu(NOs)2 Cu(NOs) 2 MnSO4 MnSO4 FeSO4 FeSO4 Fe2(SO4)3 Fe2(SO4)3 CoSO4 CoSO4 NiSO4 NiSO4 Cr2(SO4)3 Cr2(SO4J3 A12(SO4)3 Al2(SO4)S Al(NOs)3 Al(NOs)8 MgSO4 MgSO4 Mg(NOs) 2 . Mg(NOs)2 CaCl2 CaCl2 Ca(NOs)2 Ca(NOs)2 BaCl2 BaCl2 NaCl NaCl NaCl NaBr NaBr NaBr Na2SO4 Na 2 SO 4 .. NaNO3 NaNO3 NaNO3 NaNO3 NaNO3 Na3PO4 Na2HPO4 KCl KCl KCl

I

M0

0.933 2.045 4.463 11.95 1.118 2.470 5.185 1.093 2.341 5.161 1.476 2.561 0.963 1.891 0.872 1.816 0.814s 1.701 0.709 1.459 0.958s 2.022 0.726 1.463 0.687 1.460 0.795 1.612 0.946 1.924 0.605 1.294 0.528 0.849 0.495 1.023s 0.908 1.820 1.021s 2.1485 0.953s 2.104 1.474 3.232 0.633 1.374 1.178 2.426 4.761 1.161 2.306 5.098 0.470 1.002 1.120 1.370 2.334 3.350 4 894 0.220 0.402 0.800 1.301 2.112

I

C

auf

1.0249 1.0527 1.1040 1.2116 1.0146 1.0312 1.0594 1.0535 1.1088 1.2122 1.0896 1.1393 1.1403 1.2699 1.1223 1.2433 1.1435 1.2874 1.1028 1.2049 1.1226 1.2460 1.1017 1.2011 1.2240 1.4319 1.1131 1.2218 1.1355 1.2642 1.1657 1.3280 1.1558 1.2381 1.0703 1.1414 1.0992 1.1925 1.0935 1.1846 1.0786 1.1665 1.1503 1.2927 1.1090 1.2290 1.0438 1.0874 1.1600 1.0849 1.1645 1.3338 1.0550 1.1141 1.0560 1.0677 1.1141 1.1543 1.2152 1.0348 1.0470 1.0334 1.0540 1.0850

I

103a25

498 464 409 308 466 411 347 474 423 358 271 175 299 169 397 291 350 270 356 278 306 170 340 216 259 131 275 171 246 138 318 182 224 134 361 293 295 159 392 285 339 202 322 194 374 261 390 285 172 401 309 178 365 248 423 403 335 277 216 407 376 453 410 355

I

KCl KCl KBr KBr KBr KIO4 K2SO4 KNO 3 . KNO3

Mc

I

(ff

3.570 4.632 1.160 2.339 4.992 0.0164 0.616s 1.067s 2.374

I

IQ 3 QT 25

1.1385 1.1734 1.0891 1.1752 1.3380 1.0008 1.0762 1.0586 1.1231

281 240 430 351 247 521 355 448 383

Values of Wsat (*«) C

^X. Nc ^ i 1.042 1.374 1.994 1.094 1.928 2.832 0.430 0.760 1.978 0.319 0.928 2.883 0.438 1.042 1.672 1.107 1.614 2.391 0.854 1.292 1.948 0.676 1.037 2.147 3.414 0.308 0.570

MgSO4 MgSO4 MgSO4. CaCl2 CaCl2 CaCl2 SrCl2 SrCl 2 ... SrCl2 LiCl LiCl LiCl Li2SO4 Li2SO4 Li2SO4 NaCl NaCl NaCl Na2SO4 Na2SO4 Na2SO4 KCl KCl KCl KCl K2SO4 K2SO4

C

x.

A /\

JVc ^x NH4Cl OTo N H 4 C l . . . . 1.0 LiCl 0.5 LiCl 1.0 KOH 0.5 KOH 1.0 KCl 0.5 KCl 1.0

10

15

20

766 708 569 819 668 510 928 848 644 986 878 606 934 795 646 800 713 634 808 692 559 879 799 654 544 986 918

664 586 491 697 586 441 788 709 547 831 743 512 792 665 555 682 603 532 677 574 486 751 693 574 459 831 763

561 488 417 591 509 380 671 610 463 700 629 437 670 557 477 585 510 449 584 482 417 643 591 500 390 701 637

471 414 346 500 435 328 578 550 390 594 536 382 569 474 415 509 434 386 495 416 354 555 494 430 339 605 542

Values of 103at ( 45 )

0

O

5

15

25

692 655 661 591 633 530 650 584

510 485 490 442 471 399 483 435

^x.

C

A /\

O

JVc X^ OTo 1.0 0.5 1.0 0.5 1.0 0.5

KBr KBr KI KI RbCl RbCl CsCl

__

0

15

25

66Ï 594 665 600 659 592 673

491 444 496 451 488 442 498

C = NaCl Values of IQ3C*, (124) ^^^^—--J^ 0.1694 0.309s 0.665 1.003 JVc IQ3^20

5

10

15

20

25

ÏÔ6Ï 88Ï 734 619 536 1003 838 703 596 519 913 770 650 552 478 843 709 598 509 442 C = NaNO 3 I 0.1336 I 0.3052 | 0.629 | 1.120 | Lit. 1 609 I 588 I 546 [ 493 ! (75)

N 2 O : B = H.2O.—(Continued) C = KNO 3 I 0.1061 I 0.2764 | 0.563 | 1.168 | Lit. I 617 I 600 I 571 I 520 | (75)

Nc Wa2O

AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS C = C3H8O3, Glycerol Values of IQ 3 ^C 1 2 4) ^^T^--^J^ 5 10 15 20 25 Mc

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2

I

0.389

0.784

xc 2.106 103«

1.498

26

Ï097 Ï 0 5 5 9 9 9 917 887 841 767 745 710 647 630 605 556 542 527 Values of 103af ( 57 ) 103a15

Il

733 722 711 700 690 680 669 659 649 640 632 625

Mc

103«20

I

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4

u

630 619 608 598 588 577 567 558

Mc

959 810 686 585 508 I

103<*20

1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3.0

549 541 533 527 522 517 512 508

C = CH4N2O, Urea Values of 103a« (!24)

Mc d™ IQ 3 ^ 2 6 ....

0.570 ÎÏÔ4 921 771 653 569

0.871 1.133 1.312 ÎÔ96 920 773 656 567

Î088 909 761 644 559

xc 103<*26

XB IQ3Of26 XB IQSq26

XB 1.844JO3CE25

IÏÔÏ 1069 921 901 772 761 655 651 570 569

I 1.015s I 2.139 I 4.955 | 7.99s | Lit. I 1.0134 I 1.0287 1.0619 1.0905 | ( 1Q 2) I 510 I 492 I 463 | 445 |

CO xc lQ3g2o

xc IQ3Ct26

XB IQ3CX26

I

^T^^-^10 \u -—-^_ 5 10 15 20 25

of other compositions, the original paper must be consulted. In general the solubility is proportional to the cuprous copper concentration, increases with increase in free NH3 and is not greatly dependent on total carbonate or formate. At the higher temperatures the solubility approaches simple solution and approximates to Henry's Law.

B = H2O C = H2SO4 (19) 0.0 I 0.1 I 0.25 I 0.6 I 0.8 I 23.13 I 10.2s I 9.22 | 16.1 [ 20.92

C = Cuprous ammonium carbonate and formate Moles per liter: Cu, 0.84; HCOOH, 3.04; NH3, 6.52. Values of pco (mm Hg) and of v = volumes of CO at S. T. P. dissolved by 1 vol. of solution ( 83 )

XB 103<*25

XB IQ3CE25 XB IQ3^26 XB IQ3CX25

XB..... 103a25 XB

?co,0° I ^, 0° Il PCQ1 20° I v, 20° [I pep, 40° | v, 40° 103c*26 12 4.59 62 3.85 64 1.17 33 8.29 141 6.67 128 1.91 XB 73 11.56 239 9.08 Pco, 60° | v, 60° 166 14.20 369 11.10 ~^ ^ ~ IQ3Cg25 331

1.49

The authors state that the results of this experiment are typical of all the experiments. For details of the solubilities in solutions

as 103«25

B = CHCl3, Chloroform C = CH4O, Methyl alcohol I 0.0 I 0.4 I 1.0 I Lit. 1 190 I 184.8 I 180 I ("I) B = CS2, Carbon disulfide C = C2H4Cl2, Ethylene chloride 0.0 I 0.2 0.5 I 0.8 I 1.0 I Lit. 1 76 1129.7 |146.9 |142.e |135 |( 131 ) B = CH4O, Methyl alcohol C = C3H8O3, Glycerol 0.0 I 0.3 I 0.5 I 0.7 I 1.0 | Lit. 196 I 88.7 I 48.5 I 21.8 | Very small] (131) B = C2H4O2, Acetic acid (131) C = CHCl3, Chloroform I 0.7 I 0.0 j 180.8 |189 C = C6H6NO2, Nitrobenzene I 0.9 I 0.7 I 0.0 1 145.3 I 122.3 I 85 C = C6H6, Benzene I 0.75 I 0.40 | 0.20 | 0.00 1 181.3 I 181.1 I 172.2 I 159 C = C6H7N, Aniline I 1.0 I 0.9 I 0.7 I 0.3 j 0.0 1 158 I 98 I 68 I 53 I 49 C = C7H8, Toluene I 0.85 I 0.65 | 0.30 | 0.00 1 173 I 179.2 I 174.3 I 167 B = C3H6O, Acetone ( 1 î) C = CHCl3, Chloroform I 0.8 I 0.4 I 0.0 1 206.7 I 193.5 I 190 C = CS2, Carbon disulfide ' I 0.85 I 0.60 I 0.30 | 0.20 | 0.00 1 215.8 ! 209.5 I 166 | 137.3 | 76 C = C6H5NO2, Nitrobenzene I 0.9 I 0.7 I 0.6 | 0.0 1 193.6 I 151.8 I 136.2 I 85 C = C6H7N, Aniline I 1.0 I 0.9 I 0.8 I 0.6 I 0.0 1 218 I 177.7 I 145.6 | 105.5 | 49 C = Ci0H8, Naphthalene 0.95 I 0.85 1 186 I 170 C = Ci0H8O, j8-Naphthol I 0.95 I 0.90 | 0.85 1 178.7 I 161.8 I 149.5 C = Ci4HiO, Phenanthrene I 0.95 I 0.90 1 185.8 I 166.2

B = C6H6 (13l) C = C2H6O, Ethyl alcohol

as IQW.... XK 103a25 XB IQ3Or26..,

xc IQ3Ct25 XB IQ3CX25 SB 1Q3«26 XB IQ3Or25

I

0.4

:

XB lQ3g26 XB IQSg26 XB IQ3Ct26

SB....: IQ3Q125 XB IQ3CX25

I

0.3

^^—^__^ Nc \ 103«iß 103a26 ,. C ^^^_ 3.0 I 4.0 3.0 I 4.0 **• JH2SQ4 1 825 I 785 | 639 | 611 || (*s)

0.0

I 165 I 167.3 I 176 C = C6H5NO2, Nitrobenzene I 0.8 I 0.6 I 0.5 I 0.0 1 138.5 I 119.7 I 111.7 I 85 C = C6H7N, Aniline I 0.9 I 0.8 I 0.7 0.5 I 0.2 | 0.0 I 143 I 127 I 113 I 88 I 60 I 49 C = Ci0H8, Naphthalene I 1.0 I 0.9 I 0.8 I 0.7 1 174 I 146.6 I 134 | 121.3 C = Ci0H8O, a-Naphthol I 0.98 I 0.93 1 136.5 I 126.8 C = Ci0H8O, ff-Naphthol 0.99 I 0.97 1 147 I 133 C = Ci4Hi0, Phenanthrene I 0.95 I 0.85 1 131.8 I 115 B = C7H8, Toluene (*3i) C = C6H6NO2, Nitrobenzene I 1.00 I 0.85 I 0.60 I 0.30 | 0.00" 1 167 I 146 I 121 I 99.6 [ 85 C = C6H7N, Aniline 1.0 I 0.9 I 0.8 I 0.6 I 0.4 I 0.2 CUT 1 167 I 14s I 134 112 I 9i I 7o I 49 C = Ci0H8, Naphthalene I 1.0 I 0.95 I 0.90 I 0.85 | 0.80 1 167 I 15s I 15o I 142 I l&T" C = Ci0H8O, a-Naphthol I 1.0 I 0.97 I 0.94 I 167 I 156.5 I 147 C = Ci4Hi0, Phenanthrene I 1.00 0.97 I 0.94 | 0.8~ 1 167 156 I 147.5 134

C = H2SO4 xc |0.00.093|0.2|0.3|0.60.8|Lit. || JVc |0.0|35.8|Lit. IQ3CE20... |901| 608 |656l70l|835|923|(^)||l03a2o.2....|873| 926J (**)

G = Fe(NH 4 ) 2 (S0 4 ) 2 || 3 JV C I d I 1O Qr25 \\ 0.3 1.047 604 0.4 1.062 560 0.8 1.125 419 Lit. (36) 7

Mc I^\^ U ^\

Ô 5 10 15 20 25 30

-°

103«15 ( 4 5 )

HCl JH2SO4 HNO3 KCl KBr KL. KNO3 RbCl CsCl

989 965 1022 925 935 940 953 938 954

974 948 927 869 1029 1043 850 866 875 897 873

°- 5

!-°

2

-°

732 728 705 669 781 803 641 653 666 684 658

678 577 503 442 393 352 319

35 40 45 50 55 60

1.195

3.659

462 415 37s 35o 32s 31o

288 263 239 22i 204 19o

I 0.0 I 0.3 I 0.5 I 0.8 I 1.0 I Lit. I [1.011 1.021 1.035|1.044| (36) 1 756 j 719 I 695 [ 662 [ 642 |

\dl° (112.5)1

a20

(109) Il

0.00 0.05 0.10 0.14

0.998 0.982 0.966 0.954s

0.88 0.84 0.80s 0.793

S*25

°0'99237

SIX

Lo S:S ?:S!

1O3U25 ( 4 5 )

738 727 770 695 704 710 718 705 716

Î234 1024 875 755 664 583 517

0 ^T^J^ L/ ^\^

AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS Values of 1O3Ct20 for Nc = 0.5 O**) C I '
AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS OF ELECTROLYTES For pure H2O alb = 1.014, «25 = 0.756s 2

3.659

C = KCl

XC

!-°

1.195

Nc d IQ3CE25

CO2

—-^1___ °- 5

C = BaCl2 (36) Nc \ d I IQ3OT25 0.2 1.013 732 0.6 1.043 678 0.8 1.058 646 1.0 1.073 612

C = NaCl Values of 103a< ( 1 Q)

B = H2O

cT^—

C = NH4Cl -t I 0.0 0.5 [LO 11.5 |2.0 [3.2 [Lit. I |l.006|1.014|l.02l|l.029 1.045 (36) I 756 I 720 I 692 I 668 648 [ 609 |

Nc d 103<*25

Mc IQ3QTi6

xc

|d|o (112.5)|

azQ

(IQ 9 )

0.50 0.70 0.99 #'0

0.863s 1.50 0.829 1.99 0.791 2.71 « «20 (35)

*-9

°-98355 °-7202

~^

0.9926

0.743s

C = C3H8O3, Glycerol (53) I 0.0 I 1.0 I 2.5 I 4.5 I 7.0 I 10.0 1 100s I 934 I 84? I 75s | 67e | 60s"

oo Mc IQ3^15

16.0 25.0 42.0 98.0 205.0 (pure glyc.) 1 52s I 46? I 42e I 4U | 41s | 41i

M0 0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0

CO 2 : B = H2O.—(Continued) C = C2H3Cl3O2, Chloral hydrate^) I 103ai5 [I M0 I 103ai5 11 Mc I 103ai5 10Os 4.0 77e 12.0 789 904 7.0 76s 14.0 804 84i 8.0 76s 24.0 90s 79? 9.0 77s

N'c 0.3 0.6

I

IQ3CX25 747.5 728.7

I

I

Lit. (36)

C = C6H7N, Aniline I 0.02 I 0.04 I 0.06 I 0.08 | Lit. 1 783 I 818 I 849 | 864 | (31)

AT7C IQ3CE26 #c 0.1250 0.2500 0.500 1.000 Lit.

d 1.0185 1.04Oi

I

C = Ci 2 H 22 OiI, Sucrose dH I IQSg20 [I N'c I 1.0151s 846 0.0 1.0312s 815 0.05 1.06372 756 0.10 1.12809 649 0.15 ( 142 ) 0.25 0.30 0.35

d 1.005? 1.011? 1.0179 1.0326 1.0409 1.0493

|103<*;T(3^) 756.3 749 741 732 711 698.6 685

CH4 B = H2O C = H 2 SO 4 (I**) I 0.0 I 5.70 16.40 I 221.0 1 35.Oo I 16.90 | 13.12 | 30.7e

Mc MPa20

c NH4Cl NH4Cl NH4Cl NH4Br NH4Br NH4Br (NH4)2S04 (NH4J2SO4 ZnSO4 ZnSO4 Zn(NO3)2 Zn(NOs) 2 MnSO4 MnSO4 FeCl3 FeCl3 FeSO4 FeSO4 Fe2(SO4)3 Fe2(SO4)3 CoSO4 CoSO4 NiSO4 NiSO4 Cr2(SO4J3 Cr2(SO4)3 AlCl3 AlCl3 A12(SO4)3 A12(SO4)3 Al(NOs)3

C 2 H 2 (io2) B = H2O

i M0 1.137 2.38L 5.254 1.125 2.372 5.323 1.511 2.727 0.926 1.884 0.860 1.789 1.000 2.053 0.855 L. 402 0.726 1.463 0.687 1.460 0.805 1.632 0.741 1.495 0.605 1.294 0.633 1.107 0.528 0.849 0.577

i IQ3QT25 827 747 643 844 788 686 524 363 549 319 745 597 548 314 630 516 616 411 458 227 588 371 599 380 567 324 623 471 416 254 755

C

Al(NOs)3 MgCl2 MgCl2 MgSO4 MgSO4 Mg(NOs) 2 Mg(NOs)2 CaCl2 CaCl2 Ca(NOs)2 Ca(NOs) 2 BaCl2 BaCl2 NaCl NaCl NaCl... NaBr NaBr NaBr Na2SO4 Na2SO4 NaNO3 NaNO3 NaNO3 KCl KCl KBr KBr KBr K2SO4 KNO3 KNQ3

Mc I 1.0955 1.132 2.246 0.904 1.832 0.999 2.1105 0.979 2.170s 1.474 3.232 0.645 1.376 1.147 2.372 5.012 1.157s 2.392s 5.152 0.4734 0.992s 1.1205 2.330 5.072 1.956 4.176 1.139 i . 2.381 5.272 0.611 1.129 2.376 Values of «15 ( = 1.186 for pure

^^~-^__^ IH2SO4 NH4OH JCa(OH)2 JBa(OH)2 NaOH JNa2SO4 KOH

I

0.01 0.025

0.05

1.128 1.155

1.153 1.166 1.155

1.166 1.175 1.138 1.119 1.109 1.123

0.25

0.50

1.00

2.00 3.00

1.156 1.069 1.012 1.071

1.062 1.161 0.986 0.891 1.001

0.986 I 1.166 0.839 0.683 0.865

0.853 0.739 1.171 1.175 0.569 0.351 0.322 0.626 0.436

1.147

1.149

^"-^-—__J^c^ JH2SO4 NH4OH NaOH JNa2SO4 KOH

0.10 0.15

C2H4

—-—_____

B = H2O Values of 103ai5 ( = 151 for pure H2O)' (7) A/V,

^p-

NH4OH JNa2SO4 NaOH KOH

^VC^

Q

1

145 145 146

Q

25

Î49 135 137 137

0 5()

Ï48 120 121 123

0 75

Ï47 103 108 112

1 0

146 88 96 100

CH3Cl

p(mm) X26

Methyl chloride B = H2O C = HCl Values of or, ("S)

* The authors state that the solubility is not affected by changes in the method of preparation of the starch; ». ( 34 ).

^3^--J^

0.0

1.0

2.0

6.0

12.0

UK) 30 40 50 60 70 80 * 38.50C. SOLUBILITY OF

2.86 1.95 1.40 1.05 0.76 0.61 0.52

2.44 1.68 1.26 0.96 0.75 0.61 0.56

2.60 1.97 1.55 1.20 0.94 0.78 0.67

2.44 1.87 1.40 1.00 0.72 0.53 0.43

2.39 1.17 0.19*

GASES IN COLLOIDAL SOLUTIONS IN WATER Some typical examples: B = H2O in all cases Rn, Radon C = SiO2-hydrosol (30) At N'c = 0.29, an = 0.242 to 0.280.

H2 gC/1 df lQ3q26

C = 1 0.0 I I I 1 18.0

Gelatin* 10.0 I 1.000 17.7? I

91.3 g C/l; d = 1.035(37)* I 250 | 400 | 500 | 650 | 750 1 0.751 I 0.754 I 0.756 | 0.759 | 0.761

(36) 30.0 I 50.0 I 60.0 1.006 I 1.012 1.016 17.3 I 16.8 16.5e

* The average deviation from Henry's law is about 0.8 % from p — 750 to 1400 mm.

p(mm) X25 p(mm) X26 p(mm) X25 p(mm) X25

p(mm) X26 p(mm) X 25

25.0 g C/l; d = 1.009(31) I 750 | 850 | 950 | 1050 | 1200 | 1350 1 0.796 0.797s| 0.799 | 0.801 ] 0.804 | 0.806s 50.0 g C/l; d = 1.016 (31) I 750 | 850 | 1000 | 1200 | 1300 1 0.778 I 0.7803 I 0.7837 | 0.788 | 0.79Os 75.0 g C/l; d = 1.023 (31) I 750 | 850 | 1000 | 1100 | 1200 | 1350 10.762 0.764|0.7673|0.7694|0.771s 0.7747 100 g C/l; d = 1.030 (31) I 760 | 900 | 1000 | 1100 | 1200 | 1350 1 0.750 I 0.753 | 0.755 | 0.757 | 0.759 | 0.762 C = Dextrin 50.0 g C/l; d = 1.018 (37) I 250 [ 400 | 500 | 600 1 0.816 I 0.8O7 I 0.803 I 0.801 194.0 g C/l; d = 1.065 (37) I 250 | 400 | 500 1 0.743 I 0.730 1 0.726

| 700 | 750 | 0.800 | 0.799 | 700 | 750 | 0.721 [ 0.722

35.0 g C/l; d = 1.008 (31) X20 = 0.800 ± 0.001 between p = 750 and 1260 mm. 56.0 g C/l; d = 1.015 (31) gC/1 50.0 I 90.0 p(mm) I 750 | 850 | 1000 | 1100 | 1250 «ff 1.017 I 1.031 X 25 1 0.785 I 0.785 | 0.786 0.787e| 0.791 IQSq25 17.2 I 16.6 95.0 g C/l; d = 1.034 (31) p(mm) I 750 | 850 | 950 | 1100 | 1300 gC/1 80.0 |190.0 X25 1 0.761 I 0.758 I 0.759 | 0.762 | 0.7685 df 1.0276J 1.065 130.0 g C/l; d = 1.040 (31) IQSa26 17.3 | 15.93 p(mm) I 750 | 800 | 900 | 1000 | 1150 | 1250 * Henry's law holds from p = 700 to 1400 mm. X25 1 0.744 I 0.741 I 0.743 | 0.746 | 0.749 | 0.751 CO2 189.0 g C/l; d = 1.064 (31) C = Gelatin p(mm) I 750 | 850 | 950 | 1050 | 1200 | 1350 26.0 g C/l; d = 1.006 (37) X25 1 0.7146| 0.710 I 0.7134J 0.7163J 0.72Q7| 0.7252 p(mm) I 250 [ 400 [ 500 [ 650 [ 750 206.0 g C/l; d = 1.069 (31) X26 1 0.857 0.843 | 0.836 | 0.831 [ 0.833 p(mm) . .| 750 | 850 | 900 | 1000 | 1150 | 1350 49.0 g C/l; d = 1.012 (37) 1 0.70l7| 0.6972| 0.6979| 0.699 | 0.7Oi | 0.704 p(mm) I 250 | 450 | 650 | 750 " X26 X26 1 0.871 I 0.848 I 0.839 | 0.838 C = Egg Albumen (37) __ 1.05 g C/l; d = 0.992 10.6 g C/l; d = 0.999 (31) X 25 = 0.815 between p = 740 and 1370 mm p(mm) I 268 | 389 [ 484 | 770 16.8 g C/l; d = 1.000 (31) X26 1 0.826 I 0.816 [ 0.819 | 0.819 26 = 0.817 ± 0.001 between p = 740 and 1325 mm. 2.1 g C/l; d = 0.995 • 33.6 g C/l; d = 1.003 (31) p(mm) I 269 [ 387 | 483 | 664 | 772 X25 = 0.826 at p = 740; X = 0.819 ± 0.001 between p = 825 and X 25 0.844 I 0.827 | 0.823 | 0.826 | 0.824 1390 mm. 60.9 g C/l; d = 1.008 (31) C = Serum Albumin (31) p(mm) I 750 | 850 | 950 | 1050 | 1200 | 1400 4.4 g C/l; d = 0.998 _^ X26 1 0.8345 0.8265| 0.824 0.8242J 0.825 | 0.826 p(mm) I 750 | 850 | 950 | 1100 | 1250 | 1400 C = Starch X25 1 0.804 I 0.801 I 0.802 | 0.8045| 0.806 | 0.806 46.0 g C/l; d = 1.018 (37)* 12.9 g C/l; d = 1.000 X 25 = 0.787 ± 0.002 between p = 260 and 735 mm. y(mm) I 750 | 850 | 950 | 1050 | 1250 | 1430 51.0 g C/l; d = 1.021 (37)* X 1 0.778e| 0.774e| 0.779 0.783 | 0.789 | 0.792 25 X25 = 0.783 between p = 265 and 738 mm C = Starch* (36) 1 0.0 I 20.0 I I 1.005 I 1 18.0 I 17.7 I C « Dextrin* (36) 1 0.0 I 40.0 I 60.0 I I I 1.012 I 1.02Os 1 18.0 17.7 17.5

CO 2.— (Continued} C = Glycogen (31) 3.4 g C/1; d = 0.998 I 750 | 850 | 950 | 1150 | 1400"" 1 0.820 I 0.806 I 0.810 | 0.810 | 0.810 6.8 g C/1; d = 1.000 | 750 | 850 | 950 | 1100 | 1400 1 0.817 I 0.8045 0.807 [ 0.807 [ 0.807~ C = Peptone (36)* 1 0.0 I 10.0 I 20.0 I 30.0 I I 0.999?| 1.003l 1.006s I 0.7561 0.78? I 0.810 I 0.83i

p(mm) X 26 y(mm) X 25

gC/1 d aas

* The average deviation from Henry's law from p = 750 to 1360 mm is about 1%.

C = Propeptone 0.0 I I 1 0.756

gC/1 d «26

1

(36)* 3.0 0.998 0.764

I

8.0 1.000 0.773

* The average deviation from Henry's law from p — 740 to 1360 mm is about 0.4 %.

g C/l..: d
C = Hemoglobin (36)* I 0.0 I 2.0 I 5.0 I 8.0 I I 0.998 I 0.999l | l.OOQi 0.756 I 0.762 0.780 | 0.806~

* The average deviation from Henry's law from p — 730 to 1340 mm is about 0.8 %.

^ p(mm) X25 X26

jp(mm) X 26

p(mm) X25

C =.As2S3 (31) 3.92 g C/l; d = 0.997 I 750 950 | 1050 | 1150 | 1250 I 0.816 I 0.814 I 0.816 | 0.817? | 0.8198~ 14.10 g C/l; d = 1.003 = 0.811 ± 0.001 between p = 750 and 1280 mm. 22.89 g C/l; d = 1.007 X25 = 0.806 between p = 750 and 1210 mm. C = Bone Charcoal (31) 2.36 g C/l; d = 1.000 I 750 | 800 | 900 | 1050 | 1150 | 1250 | 1372 |0.815e|0.821 0.842|0.8850.9140.940] (0.95ÔT C = Silicic acid 2.53 g SiO2/!; d = 1.000* (31) I 750 I 850 950 10501 1200 1300 [ 1400 |0.8140.8155|0.817|0.819|0.82l4|0.8230.8247

* Suspension of SiOa in water. According to Findlay and Williams ( 3 7 ) suspensions of SiOa give same values as pure water.

4.5 g SiO2/!; d = 0.996 (37) X25 = 0.816 ± 0.001 between p = 267 and 762 mm 9.5 g SiO2/!; d = 0.999 (37) p(mm) I 260 | 400 | 500 | 650 | 75(T" X26 1 0.837 0.824 I 0.820 | 0.81e 0.822 12.5 g SiO2/!; d = 1.000 (37) p(mm) I 265 | 400 | 500 | 650 | 75(T" X26 1 0.842 0.827 I 0.823 0.82i | 0.82s 14.0 g SiO2/!; d = 1.000 (31) ?(mm) 730 | 830 | 940 1355 X26 0.822 0.819 I 0.816 \ 0.816 22.0 g SiO2/!; d = 1.002 (3l) p(mm) I 730 | 830 | 940 | 1335 X25 0.828 I 0.822 [ 0.820 | 0.820

p(mm) X 25

p(mm) X 25 p(mm) X 26

p(mm) X 25 p(mm) X 26 p(mm) X 25 p(mm) X 26

gC/1 d a25

28.0 g SiO2/!; d = 1.003 (31) I 730 I 870 | 950 | 1330 1 0.831 I 0.825 I 0.824 | 0.824 C = Fe(OH)3 5.69 g C/l; d = 1.000(31) I 750 | 850 | 950 | 1050 | 1350" 1 0.848 I 0.843 | 0.841 | 0.842 | 0.845 6.3 g C/l; d = 1.003 (37) ...| 250 [ 350 | 450 | 600 | 75(T" 1 1.044 I 0.986 I 0.953 [ 0.922 [ 0.903 8.54 g C/l; d = 1.003 (31) I 750 | 850 | 950 | 1050 [ 1250 | 1350 j 0.862 I 0.858 0.856 | 0.857 \ 0.860 | 0.861s 12.6 g C/l; d = 1.006 (37) I 240 | 300 | 400 | 600 | 750 1 1.272 I 1.188 I 1.119 I 1.024 | 0.987 12.77 g C/l; d = 1.005 (31) I 750 | 850 | 1000 | 1100 | 1250 1 0.886 I 0.881 I 0.877 0.878 | 0.886 16.61 g C/l; d = 1.009 (31) I 750 | 850 | 1000 | 1150 | 1300 |,0.9Q4 I 0.901 I 0.900 | 0.90OsJ 0.903 G = Methyl Orange (36)* . . . . [ 0.0 I 3.0 I 6.0 I 9.0 I I 0.998 I 1.002 I 1.004 1 0.756 I 0.77o I 0.803 | 0.859

* The average deviation from Henry's law in these solutions is about 1.5 % from p = 730 to 1340 mm.

N2O NOTE.—The following solutions were freed from air by boiling under reduced pressure and where necessary were purified by dialysis. The maximum deviation in the values obtained from two series of experiments was usually ± 0.002, although graphs of the results sometimes indicate a maximum error somewhat greater than this. The results confirm earlier data at higher pressures by Findlay and Creighton ( 3 I).

p(mm) X 25 p(mm) X 25 p(mm) X 26

p(mm) X26 p(mm) X26

p(mm) X25

C = Gelatin (33) 14.5 g C/l; d = 1.000 I 2;60 | 370 | 550 | 600 | 750 | 1000 0.583 I 0.580 | 0.576 0.575e| 0.576 | 0.581 31.2 g C/l; d = 1.004 I 250 | 350 | 550 | 650 | 750 | 1000 0.577 I 0.573 I 0.568 0.569 0.571 | 0.576 61.0 g C/l; d = 1.008 I 260 | 350 | 550 650 | 750 | 1000 1 0.557 I 0.554 | 0.548 | 0.547 | 0.548 I 0.556 C = Soluble Starch (33) 67.0 g C/l; d = 1.023 I 260 | 400 | 500 [ 650 | 750 | 1000 1 0.560i| 0.563 | 0.56Os] 0.557 | 0.5547J 0.5487 94.0 g C/l; d = 1.029 I 290 | 400 550 650 | 750 | 1000 1 0.552 I 0.550 | 0.548 | 0.545 | 0.542s| 0.537 136.0 g C/l; d = 1.039 I 260 350 | 500 | 650 | 750 | 1000 1 0.541s| 0.5382] 0.536 | 0.5325J 0.5302J 0.5245

p(mm) X26

|

p(mm) X26

| |

p(mm).......| X26 |

C = Dextrin (33) 68.2 g C/1; d = 1.019 280 | 400 | 600 | 700 | 800 | 1000 0.557 | 0.550 | 0.541s| 0.5423| 0.545 | 0.555 124.1 g C/l; d = 1.037 280 | 400 | 600 | 700 [ 800 | 1000 0.537s| 0.532i| 0.526 | 0.525 | 0.5262J 0.535 192.4 g C/l; d = 1.060 280 | 400 | 600 | 700 | 800 | 1000 0.5159 0.5102J 0.5036J 0.501o| 0.500 | 0.5062

C = Egg Albumen (33) 3.8 g C/l; d = 0.998 From p = 250 to 1000 mm, X25 = 0.572 ± 0.0005 6.1 g C/1; d = 1.000 From p = 250 to 1000 mm, X 25 = 0.568 ± 0.001

p(mm) X 25

C = Carbon (33) 30.Og C/l 250 400 | 550 | 560 [ 750 | 1000 0.583 I 0.581 0.584 | 0.588 | 0.593 | 0.610 C = SiO2 (33)

p(mm) X26 p(mm) X26

p(mm) X2& p(mm) X26 p(mm) X26

16.2 g C/l; d = 1.000 I 250 | 400 | 550 | 700 1 0.599 I 0.596 0.594 | 0.593 35.0 g C/l; d = 1.004 I 250 | 400 | 550 700 1 0.594 I 0.591 I 0.589 | 0.588

| 750 | 1030 | 0.594 | 0.598 | 750 | 1030 | 0.588 [ 0.591

C = Fe(OH)3 (33) 4.3 g C/l; d = 1.001 I 250 | 400 [' 600 1 0.595 I 0.593 | 0.589?| 9.2 g C/l; d = 1.003 I 250 | 400 | 600 | 1 0.590 0.587 | 0.583s 38.2 g C/l; d = 1.027 I 250 | 400 | 600 0.583 I 0.580?! 0.5772

800 | 1000 0.5855J 0.580 800 1000 0.5796| 0.575 800 [ 1000 0.573 | 0.567

LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) (i) Abegg and Riesenfeld, 7, 40: 84; 02. (2) Adeney and Becker, 3, 38: 317; 19. 39: 385; 20. (3) Appell, Chaleur et Industrie, 2: 345; 21. (*) BaIy, 3, 49: 517; 00. (5) Berthelot, 34, 91: 191; 80. ( 6 ) Berthelot, 6, 43: 276; 55. (7) Billitzer, 7, 40: 535; 02. («) Bohr, Beitr. Physiol. (Ludwig Festschrift), 1887:164. (9) Bohr, 8, 62: 644; 97. (10) Bohr, 8, 68: 500; 99. (U) Bohr, 7, 71: 47; 10. (12) Boyle, Bull. Macdonald Physics BUg,, l : 52; 10. öl, 7: 200; 10. (13) Boyle, 3, 22: 840; 11. (i4) Braun, 7, 33: 721; 00. (is ) Buch, 7, 70: 66; 10. (i 6) Buchanan, 5, 22: 192, 483; 74. (i 7) Chlopin, Arch. Hygiene, 27:18; 96. (i 8 ) Christoff, 7, 53: 321 ; 05. (l 9 ) Christoff, 7, 55: 622; 06. (20) Clowes and Biggs, 54, 23: 358; 04. (2l) Coppadoro, 36, 39 H: 616; 09. C 22 ) Coste and Andrews, 50, 28: 285; 24. (23) Cupr, 70, 44: 476; 25. (24) Cupr, Spisy Vydâvané Prîrodovedeckou Fakultou Masarykovy Univ., No. 68: 5; 26. (25) Dawson and MacCrae, 4, 77: 1239; 00. 79: 493; 01. (26) Delépine, 49, 25: 496; 92. ( 2 7 ) Dittmar, B81, 1: 172; 84. (28) Drucker and Moles, 7, 75: 405; 10. (29) Dunn, 135, 45: 270; 82.

(30) Ebler and Fellner, 93, 73: 1; 12. (3l) Findlay and Creighton, 4, 97: 536; 10. (32) Findlay and Harby, 55, 3: 169; 08. (33) Findlay and Howell, 4, 105: 291; 14. (34) Findlay and Howell, 4, 107: 282; 15. (35) Findlay and Shen, 4, 99: 1313; 11. (36) Findlay and Shen, 4, 101: 1459; 12. (37) Findlay and Williams, 4,103: 636; 13. (3» ) Foerster, Burchardt and Friche. 92, 33: 113, 122, 129; 20. (39) Fonda, Diss., Karlsruhe, 1910. (40) Foote, l, 43: 1031; 21. (4l) Fox, 7, 41: 458; 02. (42) Fox, Intern, hydrograph. Ges., Publications de circonstance, 41; 07. (43) Fox, 83, 5: 68; 09. (44) Gaus, 93, 25: 236; 00. (45) Geffcken, 7, 49: 257; 04. (46) Goldschmidt and !,arisen, 7, 71: 437; 10. (4 7 ) Goodwin, 25, 15: 3039 ; 82. (4« ) Gordon, 7, 18: 1; 95. (49) Grehaut, 34, 118: 594; 94. ( 5 0 ) Hainsworth and Titus, Î, 43: 1; 21. (5i) Hamberg, Stockh., Ak. Handl. Bihang, 10: No. 13:85. 52, 33:433; 86. ( 52 ) Hamburger, 278,143:186; 11. (53) Hammel, Diss., Münster, 1914. 7, 90: 121; 15. ( 5 4) Hantzsch and Sebaldt, 7, 30: 258; 99. ( 55 ) Hantzsch and Vagt, 7, 38: 705; 01. (56) Hempel, 92, 14: 865; 01. ( 5 7) Henkel, Diss., Berlin, 1905. ( 58 ) Herz, BIS: 190; 12. (59) Herz and Kurzer, 9, 16: 240, 869; 10. (60) Hevesy, 63, 12: 1214; 11. 50, 16: 429; 12. («l) Hooker, 33, 23: 961; 20. (62) Hudson, 4, 127: 1332; 25. («3) Hüfner, 203, 1895: 209. (64) Hüfner. 7, 57: 611 ; 07. (6 s ) Hüfner, 7, 59: 416 ; 07. (6 6 ) Hüfner and Külz, 52, 28 : 256; 83. (67) frk, Magyar Chem. Folyóirat, 13: 92; 12. (68) Jakobsen, Medd. Komm. Havundersög Ser. Hydrogr., 1: 8; 05. (69) Jakovkin, 7, 29: 613; 99. (70) Jolin, 203, 1889: 265. (7l) Jones, 4, 99: 392; 11. (72) Jones, Lapworth and Lingford, 4, 103: 252; 13. (73) just, 7, 37: 342; 01. (74) Kendall and Andrews, l, 43: 1545; 21. (75) Knopp, 7, 48: 97; 04. (76) Kofler, 63, 9: 6; 08. (77) Kofler, 75, 122 Ha : 1473; 13. ( 78 ) Kohn and O'Brien, 54, 17 : 1100; 98. (79)Kolb, Bull. soc. ind. Mulhouse, 42:209; 72. (79.5)Konovalov. 8, 14: 34; 81. (80) Konovalov, 53, 30: 367; 98. («o.5) Konovalov, 53, 31: 910, 985; 99. ( 8 M Kremann and Hönel, 57, 34:1089; 13. ( 8 2) Kumpf, Diss., Graz, 1881. (83 ; Larson and Teitsworth, l, 44: 2878; 22. ( 8 4) Levi, 36, 31 Ui 513; 01. ( 8S ) Levy and Marboutin, 34, 124: 959; 97. ( 86 ) Levy and Marboutin, 27, 19: 149; 98. ( 8 7) Lobry de Bruyn, 70, 11: 18; 92. ( 88 ) Lobry de Bruyn, 7,10: 782; 92. 70, 11: 112; 92. ( 8 9) Locke and Forssall, 11, 31: 268; 04. (90) Lubarsch, Diss., Halle, 1886. (9l) Lubarsch, 8, 37: 524;89. (92)Lunge, 25,14: 2188; 81. (93) Lunge, 25, 18: 1391; 85. ( 9 4 ) Lurié, Diss., Grenoble, 1910. 10, 2: 401; 11. (95) MacArthur, 50, 20: 495; 16. (96) Mackenzie, 8, 1: 438; 77. (97) McLauchlan, 7, 44: 600; 03. ( 98 ) Maclaurin, 4, 63: 724; 93. (99) Mai, 25, 41: 3897; 08. (100) Mailfert, 34, 119: 951; 94. (loi) Manchot, 92, 23: 2113; 10. (102) Manchot, Jahrstorfer and Zepter, 93, 141: 45; 24. (i° 3 ) Manchot and Zechentmayer, 13, 350: 368; 06. (104) Mellor, 4, 79: 216; 01. (los) Meslans, 6, 1: 346; 94. (106) Miles and Fenton, 4, 117: 59; 20. (i<>7) Mitchell, 4, 123: 1887; 23. (io 8 ) Moissan, 6, 19: 266; 90. (109) Müller. 8, 37: 24; 89. (HO) Müller, 52, 58: 1; 98. ( U i ) Müller, 7, 81: 483; 12. ("*) Oliveri-Mandalà and Angenica, 36, 50 I: 273; 20. 50 II: 89, 98; 20. (H2.5) Osborne, McKelvy and Bearce, SlA, 9: 327; 13. (H3) Pascal and Garnier, 27, 25: 309; 19. (114) Philip, 4, 91: 711; 07. 182, 23: 85; 07. (i«) Plank, Magyar Chem. Folyóirat, 27: 7; 21. (l 16) Pollitzer, 93, 64: 121 ; 09. (l17) Porter, J. Roy. Tech. Coll. Glasgow, 2: 19; 25. (H«) Raoult, 6, 1: 262; 74. 34, 77: 1078; 73. (H9) Raschig, 92, 18: 1281; 05. (120) Rideal, 45, 12: 531; 20. (121) Riesenfeld, 7, 45: 461; 03. (122) Ritzel, 7, 60: 319; 07. (123) Roscoe, 13, 95: 357; 55. 4, 8: 14; 56. (124) Roth, 7, 24: 114; 97. (125) Rothmund, B12: 391; 12. (126) Ruppin, 92, 38: 117; 04. ( 12 7 ) Se cenov, 278, 8 : l ; 74. 7, 4: 117 ; 89. Mém. Acad. Sei. St. Petersburg, 22: No. 6; 76. 26: No. 13; 79. 34: No. 3; 86. 35: No. 7; 87. Nouveaux Mém. Soc. Imp. Natur. Moscou, 15: 201; 98. (12S) Secenov, 6, 25: 226; 92. (129) Siebeck, Skand. Arch. Physiol., 21: 368; 09. (130) Sieverts and Bergner, 7,82:257; 13. ( i s i ) Skirrow, 7, 41:139; 02. (132) Smith and Parkhurst, 1, 44: 1918; 22. ( 1 3 3 ) Stegmüller, 9, 16: 85; 10. (134) Steiner, 8, 52: 275; 94. (i35) Stock, Böttcher and Lenger, 25, 42: 2853; 09. (iss.S) Tammann, 93, 158: 25; 26, (i36) Thomas, 34, 123: 943; 96. (137) Tornöe, 52, 19: 401; 79. 20: 44; 79. Den. Norske Nordhaus Expedition, (1876-78) Chemie, 1880. O 3 8 ) Tower, 93, 50: 382; 06. (139) Traubenberg, 63, 5: 130; 04. (140) Tucker and Moody, I, 23: 671; 01. (14l) Usher, 7, 62: 622; 08. (142) Usher, 4, 97: 66; 10. (143) Viollier, Thesis, Geneva, 1913. (144) Weigert, 25, 43: 164; 10. (145) Whipple and Whipple, l, 33: 362; 11. (146) de Wijs, Thesis, Delft, 1923. (147) Winkler, 136, 23: 454, 541; 99. 25: 586; 01. (i 4 ») Winkler, 91, 40: 523; 01. (149) Winkler, 91, 40: 772; 01. 42: 735; 03. (150) Winkler, 92, 24: 341, 831; 11. (iso.S) Winkler, 92, 26: 134; 13. ("I) Winkler, 92, 28: 366; 15. (152) Wroblewski, 8, 4: 268; 78. 7: 11; 79. 17:103; 82. 18: 290; 83.

PARTIAL VAPOR PRESSURES FROM ALLOYS, AMALGAMS AND SOLUTIONS OF METALS IN LIQUID AMMONIA J. JOHNSTON Hg Fractional vapor pressure of mercury (p/p0 where p is pressure over the amalgam with the metal M, p0 the vapor pressure of Hg at the same temperature) in equilibrium with amalgams containing mercury at the mole fraction x. M

Bi Cd K Na Pb Sn Tl Zn

Zn Fractional vapor pressure of zinc (p/p0, where p is the pressure over the alloy, p0 that of pure zinc at the same temperature) in equilibrium with brasses containing zinc at the mole fraction x (4, 5, 10).

Temperature lOOrc (mole % Zn) x (mole fraction Hg) °° 0.9 I 0.8 I 0.7 I 0.6 I 0.5 | 0.4 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.1 Llt' range 45 | 40 | 35 | 30 | 25 [ 20 | 15 | 10 320-2 0.9310.8720.7960.7100.6140.5090.3940.2710.140 ( 3 ) 900-1350° I 0.32 I 0.27 | 0.21 |0.15 | 0.10 | 0.06 | 0.03 | 0.02 322 .890 .765 .630 .487 .340 .213 .150 .085 .012 («) ca. O .Is ( 1 ^) NH3 ca. O .65 .Is .02 10-3 IQ-S (14) Relative vapor pressure of NH3, p/p0 (where p is its vapor 8 324 .937 .895 .850 .780 .695 .587 .470 .327 .170 ( ) 324 .944 .905 .856 .778 .688 .575 .448 .312 .162 (») pressure over the solution designated, p0 that of pure liquid NH 3 324 .883 .764 .644 .535 .437 .341 .250 .165 .082 (?) at the same temperature) over solutions of metals in liquid NH3. I 300 .913 .828 .750 .667 .577 .484 (6) Solutions saturated with the metal M (i.e., solid phase is pure M). oc

x

Ag Al Au Ba Bi Ca Cd Ga K Li Mg Mn Na Pb Sb Sn Tl Zn

mole fraction H

= ca

I 20 I 10 I ±0 I -10 I -20 I -30 I ^ 10s p/PO for saturated solutions Ca* T68 1.27 0.95 OTTO Ö ~ 5 2 0 7 3 8 0.26 (") Li 1.94 1.53 1.25 1.03 0.89 0.78 0.70 (") Na 540 534 |530 527 524 521 519 (»)

0

30

( g) * " 357 C 0.99 I 0.98 I 0.97 I 0.96 I 0.94 I 0.92 I 0.90 0.9900.9800.9720.9650.951 (1, «) .993 .985 (15) * In presence of the solid phase [Ca(NHa)B], the vapor pressure of NHa, p, .991 .983 .975 .969 (*, * 5 ) i» 471.8 mm at —32.5° and 192.8 mm at —50°. .982 (15) .992 .984 .976 .969 .9540.941 0.931 (*» 3, IB) Unsaturated solutions of Li, of mole fraction x with respect to NH3 at -39.4° (12) ^ .988 .973 .955 .931 . 8 6 5 0 . 7 O f O r Z = O 1 S e ( 1 ^ i S ) ~ 1 . 0 0 0 . 9 8 0.96 |0.94 0.92 0.90 0.86 0.82 0.783 (satd.) (satd. soin.) p/Po = 1.000.9730.9730.9630.9420.9080.7570.4180.0065 .990 .979 .968 .958 .936 .914 1*90 (i, 8, is) Solutions of the complex telluride, Na2Ten; temp. 18-20° (13) 15 .990 .980 ( ) OT=1.00 0.998 0.996 0.994 I 0.992 0.990 .987 .969 .950 0» i 5 ) p/Po = 1.OOP 0.9990 0.9979 0.9968 0.9957 0.9946 .990 .980 (15) LITERATURE .988 .976 .964 .952 .928 0.39 for x = 0.64 (1, 2, 15) (satd. soin.) (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) O ) Beckmann and Liesche, 93, 89: 171 ; 14. (2 ) Cambi and Speroni, 88, 241 : .987 I (15) 734; 15. ( 3 ) Eastman and Hildebrand, 1, 36: 2020; 14. (*) Gillett, 89, .989 .977 .962 .945 .907 (*» * 5 ) No. 73; 14. (5) Guillet and Bellay, 34, 175: 1057; 22. (6) Hildebrand, .991 .983 .976 .969 .957 .947 .937 ( i f « , " ) 78, 22: 319; 13. 172, (8th), XXH: 147; 12. (7) Hildebrand and Eastman, I1 15 .992 .984 ( ) 37:2452; 15. (*) Hildebrand, Foster and Beebe, 1,42: 545; 20. ( 9 ) Joannis, 34, 110: 238; 90. .991 .983 .976 .970 .960 .951 .944 (*» »> ^ 5 ) 10 11 12 .990 .979 .969 .958 .935 .911 .883 (*» 7, is) ( ) Johnston, 40, 12: 15; 18. 13( J Kraus, 1, 30: 653; 08. ( ) Kraus and Johnson, 1, 47: 725; 25. ( ) Kraus and Zeitfuchs, 1, 44: 2714; 22. (**) .991 .981 .971 .962 .945 .928 .913 (1,6,15) Poindexter, 8, 28: 208; 26. ( 1S ) Ramsay, 4, 55: 521; 89.

TWO-PHASE LIQUID—VAPOR SYSTEMS AT CONSTANT TEMPERATURE, TWO COMPONENTS VOLATILE, PARTIAL AND TOTAL VAPOR PRESSURES* ALFONS KLEMENC CONTENTS I. Two-component systems IL Three-component systems

PAGE

284 291

P1 PJ total, resp. partial vapor pressure. X7 mole fraction. "Ideal," Each partial pressure is (within the accuracy of the data) given by the expression PA = PQXA where p0 is PA for XA = 1. Values of the vapor pressures of the pure liquids recorded in the following tables are those given by the observer. They usually differ more or less from the "best" values, q.v. p. 201, 202, 213. I. TWO-COMPONENT SYSTEMS (a) Non-Aqueous Systems 1. ONE COMPONENT A NON-METALLIC ELEMENT *See also " Vapor-Pressure Lowering," p. 292, "Solubility of Gases," p. 254 and "P-T-X Relations," p. 351.

A Argon B = O2, v. p. 351 B - N 2 (47) ; cf. p. 309, 351 -188.0° VoI % B P in mm 0.0 602.8 10.0 747.8 31.5 1005 65.3 1379 82.6 1562 100.0 1743 Let XA/XB = r (in liquid),

and XA/XB = r' (in gas) then logio r = 1.11; logip r' - 0.466. Q^ B = N 2 , v. p. 309, 351 => Cl2 B = COCl2, v. p. 353 ^ ^ ^151"2 B = I2, v. p. 354 B = CCl4 (70) At 25 °> PA(mm) = 410.7a:A, in re ion A = g * ° to °-025'

2. BOTH COMPONENTS CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS 3&-Table, standard arrangement, v. p. viii

HCl B = N 2 O ( 56 - 5 ) P in mm lOOas I -100° I -95° I -90° [I IOOSB I -100° I -95° | -^(F O 293 411 561 30 339 472 644 10 308 432 589 40 353 491 671 20 323 453 617 50 366 507 696

SO2

^°

10

15

20

25

30

^s.

^TT O +10 30 35

2 ^ 6 4 L 3 4.0 6.3 5 8.3 9.2 13.5 10.3 15.0

(Ts 8.3o 10.9 16.6 18.6

10.3o 12.5 (14.7) 13.0 15.6 (18.6) 20.2 24.0 22.3 26.3 (31.5)

B = C2H6O (U) Methyl ether P at 56.1°, 77.1°, 108.7° Not very accurate

NO2 B = N2O3 (7) P in mm \Wt. %B

<°

^\^ O ^^ ^24 -16 - 8 172 O 266 + 8 396 16 598 20 684

60

20

40

ÏÏÔ 168 262 400 590 860 1040

Î7Ô 268 460 260 409 685 398 623 1018 600 925 1475 882 1331 2072 1270 1857 2825 1520 2130 3260

100

80

865 1 1250 ^ 1785 S 2480 [• a 3360 J 4430 $ 5000 J

N2O B = Ci0H14N2 Nicotine at 59.6° Slightly > 1st crit. soin. temp. Wt. % B| P in mm | Lit. 17.22 137.5 ± 0 . 3 (104) 82.10 132.1 ± 0.7

N2O3 B = N2O4, v. p. 355 SnCl4 B = C 6 H 6 (IOS) P at 100°, 125°

For systems composed of two carbon compounds, v. Part 3. NaCl B = KCl (38) ; p m mm

Wt. % \A O t°

20

50 70 100

t° IWt. % A|pB(mm)|pA(mm) "^ ^ ^ , 0 ^

920 940

X 950 8 7 0 2 . 6 2 . 0 1 . 2 0.80.4s 890 3.5 2.8 1.861.30.67 ^ 910 4.6 3.8 2.7 2.11.1 B= 920 5.2 4.4 3.2 2.51.5 *° p 930 5.7 (4.9)3.7 2.91.9

43 69

P at O, 10, 20, 30, 60, 80° B = C2H5I Ethyl iodide (142);

5
B = CO2 (io) P in atm. ( ± 2 to 13 %) See also p. 354 5

B = CS2 (12, 13, 14, 91, 102)

B = C2H6O (33, si) Methyl ether

XWt. % B \v

3. BOTH COMPONENTS CARBON COMPOUNDS WITH KEY-FORMULAE BEGINNING WITH 16 (T-Table. The (T-arrangement in order of the components ("A") having the lowest C-formulae (v. p. viii) CCl4 B = C4H8O2 Ethyl acetate

2.6 1.5

0.9 2.0

82 0.84 2.6e ' „ pn ^ ,VoV* NaCN (49) ; P m mm 1000 ± 1 1100 ± 1 12.8xB 35.2aB

1966 OQ K 28.50 40.26 49.33

9QÜ 909

lS 07

250 79 227 111 193 154 167 184 100 —H. E£l— B = C2H6O Ethyl alcohol, v. p. 358 007

(!42); cf. (93, 94) 4

9-99°> P in mm ( ±0*8) 1 ^ ^0 C 9.65 276!S

34.4

n g?

272 Q

19 78

249 5

67 0

21

245

72 3

49

' '65

32

^'^ 42

'5°

59 84

^.38

5

' 214*1

2U 8

'

189

'6

136 5

74 81

110.4 ^1

80.64 84.88 100

70.7 56.2 O

42 ß

' '°

103

103 9

'

126

'5

175 0

196.5 213 3

228.4 239.7 280.5

B = C6H5NO2 Nitrobenzene (71); cf. (57, 67, 141) P and p B = C6H6 (102, 106, 107.5) ; p in mm IQOxA I P0 I P10 I P20 I F30 I P40 I P50* I P8ot I P85 I P95 O 26.9 44.6 74.0115.8177.3270.9 912 1184 15.78 281.0 20 29.6 50.0 80.2123.9187.8 926 1191 25 793 30.44 290.0 40 31.4 54.3 84.5130.2199.0 941 1206 50 32.3 56.4 86.3132.6196.3 816 948 1206 60 33.0 58.2 88.0134.7201.8 956 1213 61.31 302.3 75.8 831 80 34.5 61.3 90.0137.6205.5 964 1221 100 35.6 64.2 89.9138.1206.6310.2 971 1235 * P in mm (± 0.1%) («7, 68). t( 1 4 1 ).

B = CeHe.—(Continued) B = C7H8.- (Continued) P and p at 34.8° (71); cf. 100zA P0 P20 P50* (57, 67, 141). o 9.9 26.5 93.0 49.99°, p in mm (±1.5) (142);c/. 3.99 99.0 (93> 94) 10 12.8 33.5 lOOzA PA PB 20 16.0 40.3 O O 268.0 24.01 140.8 5.07 18.9 253.3 40 24.o 51.9 11.70 40.5 237.1 50 27.3 58.3 17.72 59.9 221.8 51.42 197.7 25.25 83.4 201.8 60 29.0 66.1 \ 29.47 97.0 191.3 73.98 248.5 39.59 128.9 165.0 80 35.1 79.8 56.00 176.2 124.5 90 38.6 86.2 67.74 212.2 92.8 90.99 288.8 76.58 238.9 68.0 100 41.2 93.2 310.2 100

308.0

O

B = C7H8 Toluene (ici) P in mm, also values at 10, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 75°

* p in mm (±0.1%) (67,68).

B = C7H8O, Cresol P at O and 20° (9) B = C7H8O Anisole P at 15° (135); at O and 20° ( 9 )

CCl4I— (Continued) B = C10HnCl 1-Chlorotetrahydronaphthalene;Pat 20° (123) B = CioHi2 Tetrahydronaphthalene (tetralin);Pat 20° (137)

CO2 ( 40 ) B = CH3Cl Methyl chloride At 9.5°, P (atm.) = 3.4So* + 44.3*A 100#A in vapor P (atm.) 100 3.45 80 4.75 60 6.1 50 7.2 40 9.2 30 12.8 20 19.2 10 30.0 0.0 44.3 B = C3H6O Acetone Some approx. values of P at " freezing mixture" temperatures ( 40 ); at 6.8, 15.5, 25.5° (U).

CS2 B = CHCl3 Chloroform P at O, 10, 20, 30, 40, 60, 80° (ioi, 102); at 13.8, 16.0° (37) B = CH4O, v. p. 359 B = C2H6O Ethyl alcohol (12» 13, 14) B = C3H6O Acetone P at O, 10, 20, 30, 35° ("2). lOOzA I PA I PB 24.78°, p in mm (±0.5) (75) O O 231.6 18.6 176.0 197.0 30.8 240.0 175.5 50.1 289.0 159.0 80.2 327.5 125.2 100 358.5 O 35.17°, p* in mm (±1.1) (142); c/. (93, 94)

O

6.24

O

343.8

110.7 331.0

7.11

123.1

328.7

12.12

191.7

313.5

19.91 27.61 35.02 44.74 49.74 61.24 67.13 71.97 82.80 93.50 96.20

271.9 323.3 358.3 390.4 404.1 426.9 438.0 447.5 464.9 491.9 500.8

290.6 275.2 263.9 250.2 242.1 227.0 217.0 207.1 180.2 109.4 73.4

512.3

O

100

*For application of Duhem-Margules equation, ». ( 1 4 2 ); cf. ( 9 3 > 9 ^).

B = C3H8O2 Methylal IOOSA I PA. I PB 16.53°, p in mm (±0.5) (75) O O 265.5 22.5 107.3 210.5 48.0 173.0 168.0 79.5 225.0 101.0 100 263.1 O 35.17°, p in mm (±1.1) (142); c/.

O 4.89 10.30 16.40 27.10 34.70 39.01 45.36 49.46 53.93 60.71 68.27 73.77 79.50 84.45 91.08 95.54 . 100

(93, 94)

O 54.5 109.3 159.5 234.8 277.6 297.8 324.8 340.2 357.2 381.9 407.0 424.3 442.6 458.1 481.8 501.0 514.5

587.7 558.3 529.1 500.4 451.2 419.0 402.7 378.0 360.8 342.2 313.3 277.8 250.1 217.4 184.9 124.2 65.1 O

B = CeH6.—(Continued)

WQ XB

I

PB

O

PA I 25° 361.1

O

2.11

352.7

3.5

4.68 11.53 18.24

344.1 321.4 299.1

7.1 16.0 24.0

30.02 49.86 63.02 76.63

263.6 197.4 156.6 102.5

35.1 53.7 .63.5 75.3

60.2 27.9 O 30°

83.8 89.5 94.9

87.14 94.19 100 O 8.00 22.86 37.23

434.6 398.4 343.1 287.5

O 14.7 35.8 53.3

65.16

177.5

81.6

88.45

62.2

107.3

100 O 119.3 P at O, 10, 20, 30, 40, 60, 80° 102

( ). B = C7H8 Toluene (ioi, 102)

P at O, 10, 20, 30, 40, 60, 80, 90, 100° B = C7H8Om-Cresol (136)

P at 15° B = C4H8O2 n-Butyric acid Pat 20° (123) B = C 4 Hi 0 O Ethyl ether 20.0°, p in mm (±0.5) (36); Cf. (75)

lOOzB O 5.1 15 25 40 50 65 80 90 100

PA 298 284 265 243 208 182 144 88 45 O

PB O 41 101 150 213 250 299 357 401 441

B = C 6 H 5 NO 2 Nitrobenzene Pat 20° (124) B = C6H6 p in mm (±1) (IOO); c/. (12, 13, 14, 19, 36)

lOOzB O 11.35 24.82 37.47 46.24 62.51 87.80 100

I

PA I 20° 297.4 263.8 228.1 198.4 175.8 131.6 42.5 O

PB O 13.4 25.4 34.0 39.9 50.3 68.2 75.2

B = C7H8O Anisole (135)

P at 15°

CHBr3 Bromoform B = C3H6O Acetone (125) P at 20° B = C3H6O2 Methyl acetate

B = CaHeO.- (Continued) lOOzB I PA I PB 55.10°, p in mm (±0.5) ( 8 ) O 632.8 O 11.8 548.1 54.9 23.4 469.4 110.1 36.0 359.7 202.4 50.8 257.7 322.7 193.6 405.9 58.2 64.5 161.2 454.1 72.1 120.7 521.1 90 39.0 658.2 100 O 741.8 For 40.4 and 28.15°, v. ( 8 ). P at O, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 55°, P. (ioi, 102). B = C4H8O2 n-Butyric acid • P at 20° (123) B = C4Hi0O Ethyl ether P in mm (102)* lOOZB

P0

61

O 5.0 8.0 10 20 20.3 29.5 40 50 58.8 60 69.5 80 89.8 90 95.5 100

CHCl3 Chloroform B = C3H6O Acetone lOOzA I PA I PB 35.17°, p in mm (±0.8) (l42);

cf, (93, 94)

O 5.88 12.32 18.53 26.57 29.70 36.64 42.32 49.39

O 9.2 20.4 31.9 50.7 55.4 74.3 88.9 111.8

344.5 323.2 299.3 275.4 240.9 230.3 197.9 174.3 143.6

51.43

117.8

135.0

58.72 66.35 79.97

139.9 170.2 224.4

108.5 79.0 37.5

267.1 293.1

13.0 O

91.75 100

P 33 .251

163 276 276

70 79

178 196 282 294

100 109

240 268

122

299

151

364

168

404

355 412 500 657 697 731

187 443 17° (36)

(125)

P at 20° B = C4Hi0O Ethyl ether P at 20° (125); at 25.0, 75° (25)

P2O

100#A

PA

PB

O 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

O 6 13 22 34 50 71 91 111 129 143

397 354 304 251 196 143 95 60 32 14 O

* Also values at 10 and 30°. t P in mm ( ± 2 ) («).

B = C 6 H 5 NO 2 Nitrobenzene P at 20° (124) B = C6H6 P in mm (ioi, 102) lOOZA

O 10 20 30 40 50 60

P0

P2O

26.9 77 30.9 87 33.4 96 36.8 104 40.8 112 44.2 120 47.4 128

P40

P60

185 201 216 232 249 266 289

394 425 459 493 533 567 602

70 51.2 137 307

638

CH4O

B = CeHe.—(Continued) lOOzA

80 90 IQQ

Po

P2o

P4o

Peo

54.6 145 57.9 155 61.2 165

330 353 372

677 738 754

P at 80, 100° (K*1); at 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60° (102); at 34.8° (71); cf. (57,67, 141); p

and

p

at 20 and 90° (107.5). B = C6H7N Aniline P at 20° (132) B = C6Hi0O Cyclohexanone Pat 20° (123,133) B = CeHi2O Hexahydrophenol Pat 20° (127) B = C7H8 Toluene P and p at 34.8° (71); c/. (57,67, I 4 I) B = C7H8O m-Cresol Pat 15° (136) B = C7Hi4O Hexahydrocresols Pat 15° (136) B = CgHiiN Dimethy!aniline P at 20° (125,132) B = CioHiiCl 1-Chlorotetrahydronaphthalene Pat 20° (123) B = CioHi2 Tetrahydronaphthalene (tetralin) Pat 20° (125, 133)

CH2O2 Formic acid B = C3H9N Trimethylamine

(5J

B = C6H6N Pyridine (2, 3, 34) B = C6H7N Picoline (34)

CH3NO2 Nitromethane B = C2Ha Ethyl iodide (39) P* in mm lOOofe Peo P65 O 179 (222) 8.06 312 367 16.2 386 453 24.2 433 508 37.2 470 557 73.0 524 620 87.6 537 632 92.6 531 625 100 513 607 * Calc'd. values for pA and pß at 65° also given.

A = CH 4 O;B = C 6 H 6 ; P* in mm (101,102)

Methyl alcohol B = C2H6O Ethyl alcohol (ioi) At J0C, P (in mm) = ZZA + constant t° z const. 20 50 44 40 119 135 60 244 357 80 450 813 100 763 1701 P at O, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 80, 100°, v. (102). B = C3H8O n-Propyl alcohol P in mm ± 1 (i°2) lOOZA

O 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

P0

3.5 5.6 8.2 11.6 14.9 18.2 20.7 22.8 25.3 28.0 31.9

P20

15.1 24.4 37.9 40.5 48.7 56.0 63.8 72.0 80.0 88.0 96.3

Values also given at 10, 30, 40, 50, 60°. B = C6H5NO2 Nitrobenzene P at 20° (124) B = C 6 He, v. infra B = C6H7N Aniline P at 20° (132) B = C6Hi2O Hexahydrophenol Pat 20° (127, 128) B = C6H14, v. infra B = C7H6O Benzaldehyde Pat 20° (130) B = C7H8O ra-Cresol Pat 15° (136) B = C7Hi4O Hexahydrocresols Pat 20° (130) B = C8HnN Dimethylaniline P at 20° (132)

C2HCl3 Trichloroethylene B = CeHi0O Cyclohexanone Pat 20° (131) B = Ci0Hi2 Tetrahydronaphthalene (tetralin) P at 20° (137)

IQOXA I

P0

I

P2Q

P4Q

C2HCl5 Pentachloroethane B = C3H6O Acetone Pat 20° (134) B = C3H6O2 Methyl acetate P at 20° (134) B = C4H8O2 Ethyl acetate P at 20° (134) B = C4Hi0O Ethyl ether Pat 20° (134) B = C 6 H 6 ; P at 20° (134)

C2H3N

P8Q

755 1208 1472 1581 1611 1627 1631 1622 1581 1490 1263

PlOO

1344 2150 2658 2845 2875 2889 2894 2884 2837 2723 2464

C2H4O Acetaldehyde B = C2H6O Ethyl alcohol P in mm (109)* lOOZA

t°

15.5 54.5 82 30 48 16.5 2.5

25 25 25 40 40 60 60

P

34 398 699 398 699 699 398

* q. v. for additional data.

Methyl cyanide B = C2H6O Ethyl alcohol (U 6)

C2H4O2

C2H4

Acetic acid B = C3H9N Trimethylamine (5J

Ethylene B = C2H6O Methyl ether (U) P at 33, 40, 54.5, 76° (approx.)

B = C4H8O2 Butyric acid (55, 56)

C2H4Br2 Ethylene bromide B = C3H6Br2 1, 2-Dibromopropane (1*2); cf. (93, 94) 85.05°, p in mm ( ± 1.5) lOOzB PA PB O 172.6 O 2.02 167.8 3.2 14.75 145.1 19.9 30.48 120.8 38.1 41.80 100.5 52.9 62.03 64.0 79.3 80.05 34.3 102.5 91.48 13.8 117.1 96.41 4.6 123.8 100 O 127.2 C2H4Cl2 Ethylene chloride B = C6H6 (i° 8 > 142); cf. (93, Ideal over 9 to 95°

* Slightly above critical soin. temp.

P6Q

* Error: 20, 40°, ±2%; 60°, —4 to 1.7%; 80, 100°, O to —6%.

94)

A = CH4O; B = C 6 Hi 4 Hexane; P in mm (±1.5) (IQ*) lOOzB 0| 6.84| 9.21| 14.37| 42.3| 51.0| 64.0|lOO P48.8* |306| 509 I 529 | 539 | 556 | 547 | 550 |309

I

O 26.9 77 186 394 10 36.4 107 266 622 20 44.1 128 329 742 30 48.5 140 356 802 40 48.8 144 362 811 50 49.1 146 365 816 60 49.2 145 367 827 70 48.6 145 363 824 80 48.3 142 348 782 90 44.2 123 309 718 100 31.9 94 254 601 P at 10, 20, 30, 40, 60, 80, 100°, v. (102).

Cx2H4Ol2 1, 1-Dichloroethane B = Ci0Hi2 Tetrahydronaphthalene (tetralin) P at 20° (137)

P of equimol. mixtures, 13-52° B = C6H6N Pyridine (2> 3, 34, 142); c/. (93, 94)

P and p at 80.05° B = C 6 H 6 (142);c/. (93, 94)* 49.99°, p in mm(±ca. 1.0) lOOxA PA PB 1.60 3.63 262.9 7.25 257.2 4.39 11.51 249.6 8.35 11.38 14.2 244.8 17.14 18.4 231.8 29.79 24.8 211.2 36.96 28.7 195.6 58.34 36.3 153.2 66.04 40.2 135.1 84.35 50.7 75.3 99.31 54.7 3.5 For P at 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70°, v. (102). For p and p at 20, 35°, v. (71); cf. (57,67,141). * q. v,, for o;A in gas phase; for application of Duhem-Margules equation.

B = C6Hi5N Triethylamine (3^)

C 2 H^ 2 .—(Continued) B = C7H8 Toluene (l«) ; c/. (93, 94)*

69.94°, p in mm(±ca. 1.0) IOOÂ PA. PB 4.35 17.2 193.5 9.42 30.5 186.1 17.11 46.5 176.2 24.03 57.8 167.3 23.80 69.3 155.7 40.88 78.2 154.2 46.51 83.7 137.6 51.40 88.2 130.7 59.81 95.7 117.8 68.79 103.0 101.9 76.90 110.8 84.8 87.50 120.5 54.8 At 35° (71); cf. (57,67, 141). * q. v. for icA in gas phase.

C2H6Br Ethyl bromide B = C2H5I Ethyl iodide (37, 140)

P at 16.7° approx. linear funetion of x

C2H5I (142); c/. (93, 94)

( ±0.8) PB 280.4 266.1 252.3 231.4 220.8 187.9 144.2 122.9 66.6 38.2 O

B = C 6 Hi 4 n-Hexane (39) P* in mm lOOZA

O 4.75 23.6 38.2 48.1 66.6 72.7 84.2 94.1 100

P6O

(571) 629 640 638 623 613 582 541 513

:

"wt~ %

19° 18° 10° 0° -18°

JB 10 20 40 60 _80

115 160

54 74 238 171 104 132 347 157

P6S

670 693 741 749 749 733 721 684 636 607

*PA and pB at 65°, calc'd. from Duhem-Margules equation also given.

C2H6O Ethyl alcohol B = C3H8O n-Propyl alcohol (29)

Ideal (± 0.5mm) at 25°

28 50 63

* Composition of gas phase (very inaccurate) also given.

B = C 6 H 5 NO 2 Nitrobenzene

(88)

P at 20, 30, 40, 50, 60°

C3H5N3O9 Trinitroglycerol B - C3H6O Acetone (74) v. also p. 300 18°, p in mm Wt. % B 106pA PB O 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

O 30 54 76 95 112 129 142 150 157 162

B = CeHioO Cyclohexanone P at 20° (133) B = C7H6O2 o-Salicylaldehyde Pat 20° Q22) B = C7H8 Toluene (67, 68) P in mm (±0.1%)

93.0 141.2 214.8 233.1 242.1 244.2 249.2 248.2 244.4 243.0 230.9 219.5

O 4.20 17.75 30.89 46.13 57.65 66.80 76.27 83.69 88.02 95.99 100

9

B = C7H8O Cresol ( ); cf. (126,

128)

p in mm (techn. B. P. 196 to 201°) Wt. % pA Wt. % pA A A O0C 2O0C 11.1 0.62 1.45 0.21 14.7 1.03 6.08 1.23 22.5 1.59 13.95 3.30 31.9 2.40 24.8 6.92 31.7 9.15 B = C7H8O Anisole (») p at O, 20° B = CioHiiCl 1-Chlorotetrahydronaphthalene P at 20° (123) B = Ci0Hi2 Tetrahydronaphthalene (tetralin) P at 20° (133) B = Ci0Hi2O ar-Tetrahydroß-naphthol Pat 15° (133)

135 89 35 20

6

O

C3H6O

B = C6H6, v. p. 360

IUUZA

Ethyl iodide B = C4H8O2 Ethyl acetate 49.99°, p in mm lOOzA 1 PA O O 5.79 28.0 10.95 52.7 19.18 87.7 23.53 105.4 37.18 155.4 54.78 213.3 63.49 239.1 82.53 296.9 90.93 322.5 100 353.4

B = C2H8O3 Glycerol v. p. 360 B = C4Hi0O Ethyl ether P in mm (^Q)* v. also p. 361

Acetone B = C3H8O Isopropyl alcohol (* 45 ) B = C4H8O Ethyl methyl ketone P in mm (88, 89) IOOSA! P20 I P30 I P40 I P50 O 77 121 188 300 20 116 168 246 358 30 126 184 269 390 40 138 201 294 421 60 158 234 338 485 70 163 247 359 517 80 168 257 381 553 100 186 285 425 621 B = C4H8O2 n-Butyric acid P at 20° (123) B = C4Hi0O Ethyl ether P in mm 0.0° (22) I

O

O

S

Liq. I Vap. Ö Ö 15.6 44.6 19.2 43.6 36.4 61.7 51 67 61.7 72.8 83.5 86.1 100 100

A

~

70 119 117 142 150 167 181 185

p in mm (±1) (i™); cf. (ioe,

B = C4Hi0O.—(Continued) IQQxA PA I PB 30.00° O O 646 3.87 22 632 13.27 66 571 25.1 107 510 34.5 132 464 49.6 167 390 65.1 214 266 83.8 243 166 93.4 267 71 95.3 271 55 98.0 276 21 100 283 O B = C6H5NO2 Nitrobenzene Pat 20° (124) B = C6H7N Aniline P at 20° (125,132) B = C6Hi0O Cyclohexanone P at 20° (1^3) B = C6Hi2O Hexahydrophenol Pat 20° (127,128)

B = C7H6O2 o-Salicylaldehyde Pat 20° (122) B = C7H8 Toluene (92, 93) Comp. of vapor phase B = C7H8O Cresol (*>); cf. (126, 129)

Techn. B. R 196-201°

Wt Wt r %A A

PA in mm

0° I 20° 6.7 0.76 2.39 8.3 1.20 3.31 14.8 2.71 7.56 22.4 5.30 15.45 B ^= C7H8O Anisole p at Q, 20° (9) B = C8HnN Dimethylaniline pat 15° (135); p at 20° (132) B = C10HnCl 1-Chlorotetrahydronaphthalene P at 20° (123) B = Ci0Hi2 Tetrahydronaphthalene (tetralin) P at 20° (133)

B = Ci0Hi2O ar-Tetrahydro/3-naphthol ' Pat 15° (133)

107.5)

lOOzA O 5.20 12.71 24.90 45.7 61.2 66.6 84.2 93.6 97.9 99.6 100

PA I 20.00° O 20 42 70 105 127 135 160 175 181 184 185

C3H6O2

PB 444 422 394 350 282 224 199 111 46 15 2 O

Propionic acid B = C5H5N Pyridine (2, 3, 34)

C3H6O2 Methyl acetate B = C4H8O2 ^-Butyric acid P at 20° (123) B = C4H8O2 Ethyl acetate P in mm (±1) (102) lOOZB

O 10 20

P0

25.2 28.8 32.7

P20

83.3 92.5 103.1

B == C4HsO2.- (Continued) lOOZB

Po

P2O

30 37.9 112.5 40 41.1 122.8 50 44.2 132 60 47.9 141 70 51.8 150 80 56.0 159 90 60.8 166 100 65.0 172.5 Values also given for P at 10, 30, 40, 50, 60, 80, 100°. B = C6H6, P in mm (*<") IOOSA I P0 I P2Q I P4Q I P6Q

O 26.91 77 185 394 10 32.3 94 228 473 20 40.2 107 262 542 30 46.8 122 290 606 40 50.4 134 312 662 50 54.1 144 335 713 60 57.2 154 356 752 70 58.2 162 375 787 80 60.5 166 388 814 90 61.9 168 400 840 100 64.1 171 407 854 P at 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100° (toi» 102). B = C6H7N Aniline P at 20° (132) B = C8HnN Dimethy!aniline P at 20° (132) B = CioHiiCl 1-Chlorotetrahydronaphthalene P at 20° (123)

C3H8O Propyl alcohol B = C6H6 (102) p at O, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70° C4H8O2 7i-Butyric acid B « C6H6, Pat 20° (123) C4H8O2 Ethyl acetate B = C4Hi0O Ethyl ether (102)

P at 10, 30, 40, 50°; P0 and

P2O ( ± 1 mm) ; almost linear B = C6H5NO2 Nitrobenzene P at 20° (124)

B = C6H6, P in mm ± 1 (102) 100#A Po P2o O 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

26.9 26.9 27.0 27.0 27.1 27.2 27.1 26.9 26.5 26.0 24.6

76.9 86.3 95.8 103.4 106.5 107.3 104.6 101.3 94.3 83.4 73.8

Also values at 10, 30, 40, 50,

B = C7H8O Cresol p in mm (9); cf. (126, 129) Techn. B. P. 196-201° wt.%- PA wtA% PA

60°.

B = C6HioO Cyclohexanone P at 20° (130)

B == C6Hi2O Hexahydrophenol

0°

P at 20° (127, 128)

2.31 5.86 10.8 14.5

B = C6Hi2O2 Propyl propionate (141) 100^B PBS (mm) O 968 25 857 50 733 74.6 610 100 480

B = C8H8O3 Methyl salicylate 16°( 90 );cf. (71) B = C9Hi0O2 Ethyl benzoate Pat 16° (90); cf. (71)

B = C7H14O Hexahydrocresols P at 15° (136)

B = Ci0Hi2 Tetrahydronaphthalene (tetralin) P at 20° (133) B = Ci0Hi6 Turpentine 16° (9Q); cf. (71)

B = C 7 Hi 4 O 2 Amyl acetate P in mm ± 1 mm (102) 100zA P0 P20 O 1.0 6.5 10 5.1 14.0 20 8.2 20.8 30 10.9 29.0 40 12.6 36.3 50 14.8 43.7 60 18.1 50.2 70 20.2 57.1 80 22.0 63.5 90 25.1 69.9 100 27.2 76.5 Also values at 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70°. B = Ci0Hi2 Tetrahydronaphthalene (tetralin) Pat 20° (137)

CsHi2 Pentane B = C7Hi6 rc-Heptane (i6) P and p at 25° C6H5Br Bromobenzene B = C6H5Cl Chlorobenzene Ideal at 140° (i 40) B = C6H6 (71); Cf. (57, 67, 141)

P and p at 34.8° C6H5NO2 Nitrobenzene B = C6H6; P at 20° (124) *

C4Hi0O Ethyl ether B = C6H5NO2 Nitrobenzene Pat 16° (90); cf. (71); at 20° ( 124 ) B = C6H6 (ioi) At *°C, P (in mm) = ZXB + constant t° I z I const. 20 358 76.5 40 726.5 185.5 60 1326 395 70 1758 551.5 B = C7H6O2 Salicylaldehyde Pat 20° (122)

0.37 4.18 6.08 10.4 13.3

B = C7H8O Anisole (9) p at O, 20°

B = C7H8O ra-Cresol P at 15° (136)

C4HiO Butane B = C6Hi2 Pentane (16) P and p at 25° B = C 6 H 6 ; P and p at 25° (™) B = C7Hi6 n-Heptane (16) P and p at 25°

20° 0.53 5.52 7.00 9.9 11.4

0.61 1.62 3.33 5.22

CsRe B = C6H7N Aniline (132) P at 20° B = C6Hi0O Cyclohexanone P at 20° (133) B = C6Hi2O Hexahydrophenol Pat 20° (127) B = C7H6O2 Salicylaldehyde P at 20° (122) B = C7H8 Toluene (ioi); cf. (73,

102)

lOOtfA Po O 9.7 10 10.4 20 12.2 30 14.0 40, 15.6 50 17.7 60 Ì9.6 70 21.8 80 23.7 90 25.8 100 26.9 60-120°, ideal.

P20 24 30 36 42 47 51 56 62 68 74 76

P40 64 78 94 109 122 136 148 158 168 178 186

B = C7H8O Cresol p in mm (9); c/. (126) Techn. B. P. 196-201° Wt. % A PA Wt. PA %A 0° 20° 1.15 0.85 1.70 3.82 6.40 4.75 3.00 6.93 9.20 7.00 3.58 8.05 12.4 9.84 4.60 10.30 7.30 15.20 B = C7H8O Anisole P at O and 20° (*>) B = C7Hi4O Hexahydrocresols Pat 20° (127, 128) B = C8HnN Dimethylaniline P at 20° (132) B = Ci0Hi2 Tetrahydronaphthalene (tetralin) P at 20° (133) C6H6O Phenol B = C7H8O Cresol, ideal (23) C6Hi2 Cyclohexane B = CnH20 1-Methyldecahydronaphthalene P at 20° (123) B = CnH20 2-Methyldeeahydronaphthalene P at 20° (123) B = Cj2H22 1, 6-Dimethyldecahydronaphthalene P at 20° (123) B = Ci2H22 2, 6-Dimethyldecahydronaphthalene P at 20° (123) C6Hi4 Hexane B = C8Hi8 Octane (141) WOxB PSO (mm) O 1062 23 861 50 618 75 330 100 174.8 B = Ci0Hi2 Tetrahydronaphthalene (tetralin) Pat 20° (133) C7H8 Toluene B = C7H8O w-Cresol Pat 15° (136) B = C8H10 Ethylbenzene (141) lOOofc Pus (mm) O 965 25 813 50 692 75 565 100 456.6

C?Hi2 Methylcyclohexene (Mix.) B = CnH20 1-Methyldecahydronaphthalene P at 20° (123) B = CnH20 2-Methyldecahydronaphthalene P at 20° (123) B = Ci2H22 1, 6-Dimethyldecahydronaphthalene P at 20° (i23) B = Ci2H22 2, 6-Dimethyldecahydronaphthalene P at 20° (123)

B = Ci2H22 1, 6-Dimethyldecahydronaphthalene P at 20° (123) B = Ci2H22 2, 6-Dimethyldecahydronaphthalene P at 20° (123)

CgH IB

B = CH4O.- (Continued) 100zB pA P3 47.08 84.8 335.6 55.5 76.9 373.7 69.2 57.8 439.4 78.5 43.8 486.6 85.9 30.1 526.9 100 Q 609.3

1, 3-Dimethylcyclohexane B = CnH20 2-Methyldecahydronaphthalene P at 20° (123)

B = C2H4O2 Acetic acid v. p. 306 B = C2H6O Ethyl alcohol

B = CnH20 1-Methyldecahydronaphthalene P at 20° (123)

(23, 31, 119, 139); cft (57, 60)

Log PA or log pB for any given composition is a linear function

of , o~o -| between any two values in the following table. B = Ci2H22 1, 6-DimethylWt. % B| PA I PB decahydronaphthalene 20° P at 20° (123) O 17.5 0.0 B = Ci2H22 2, 6-Dimethyl10 16.8 (6.7) decahydronaphthalene 20 15.9 (12.6) P at 20° (123) 30 15.1 (17.1) 40 14.7 20.7 in which T is the absolute tem50 14.5 23.5 perature of the solution of comB = HCl, v. p. 258, 293, 301, 361 position 100z mole % NH , 60 14.1 25.6 B 3 B = HBr, v. p. 258, 306, 361 70 13.1 28.0 and e is the absolute temperB = HI, v. p. 258, 306 80 11.3 31.2 ature at which pure liquid NH3 B = SO2, v. p. 258, 302, 361 90 7.5 35.8 (q. v.) has the same vapor presB = H2SO4, v. p. 293, 302 98 1.9 42.3 sure as the solution. 100 0.0 43.6 The partial vapor pressure 40° of H O (0-90°) may be comB = NH3 («•); cf. (144) 2 O 54.3 0.0 puted from the empirical rela10 51.6 26.9 The total vapor pressure for tions : 20 47.6 43.5 any composition and for any PA = (1 - OC)XAPO 30 46.2 54.7 temperature between O and a. = O.IZB for ZB < 0.53 40 45.5 62.5 9O0C may be computed with the a. = 0.055ZB for XB > 0.53 50 44.6 68.2 aid of the empirical equations Po = the vapor pressure of pure 60 42.9 74.8 H O at the same temperature. 2 ?L e 0 70 40.5 82.8 ~ 1+0.7036(1 -XBZ) v. also p. 259 and 362. 80 35.9 91.8 B = HNO , v. p. 304 and 309 3 and 90 2 4.7 106.4 B = H PO 4, P. p. 293 3 2 = (XB + 0.05)H (1.347 98 6.5 123.0 B = HCN, v. p. 261 and 365 2.9*B + 1.770Ì) 100 0.0 134 B = CH2O Formaldehyde (64) 55° pB in mm O 117 0.0 10 110.7 59.3 \^Wt^%B j 10 15 20 25 30 35 5 20 104.0 94.4 30 100.5 114.8 O (0.037)0.07o 0.09s 0.120 0.14l 0.162 40 98.8 130.8 20 (0.18) 0.3510.48? 0.6Oo 0.7U (0.83) 50 97.3 142.6 35 (0.13) 0.605 1.1501.58 1.96 2.28 2.57s 2.85 60 94.4 155.6 45 (1.20) 2.21 3.11 3.89 4.56 5.14 5.72 70 89.1 172.6 B = CH2O2 Formic acid, v. p. B = CH4O.—(Continued) 80 77.6 192.8 364 iotofc pA p,, 90 52.5 223.9 B= CH4O Methyl alcohol (Uo) 47.0 31.5 141.6 98 14.3 262.4 p i n m m (±ca. 0.9) 55.8 27.3 158.4 100 0.0 283 68 9 20 7 186 8 lOOafc I PA PB . 75° 399° 86.0 10.1 225.2 O 287 O O 54.7 o 100 O 260.7 10 276 144.0 14.99 39.2 66.1 59.4° 20 261 218.8 17.85 38.5 75.5 O 145.4 O 30 254 269.2 21.07 37.2 85.2 22.17 106.9 210.1 40 245 305 27.31 35.8 100.6 27.40 102.2 240.2 50 241 336 31.06 34.9 108.8 33.24 96.6 272.1 60 235 365 40.1 32.8 127.7 . 39.80 91.7 301.9 70 224 405

CyHu

Methylcyclohexane B = CnH20 1-Methyldecahydronaphthalene P at 20° (123) B = CnH20 2-Methyldecahydronaphthalene P at 20° (123) (b) Aqueous Systems

B = C2H6O.- (Continued) Wt. % B pA PB 80 191.4 454 90 130.3 527 98 34.7 625 100 0.0 667 B = C3H6O Acetone («o); cf. (103) p in mm ( ± 4) lOOzB 25° I 30° i 45° I 60° PA* 0.0 23 31 71 149 3.33 27 34 76 149 7.20 27 34 70 143 11.7 25 30 66 134 17.1 24 34 71 145 23.6 22 29 62 129 31.8 28 35 67 126 42.0 23 29 59 116 55.4 16 20 47 102 73.7 17 21 45 97 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 PB* 0.0 O O O O 3.33 38 47 101 190 7.20 77 96 192 342 11.7 105 134 253 443 17.1 125 157 293 495 23.6 146 182 329 553 31.8 152 189 346 588 42.0 164 205 369 624 55.4 182 225 400 672 73.7 192 236 423 711 100 229 281 505 860 * For data at 35, 40, 50, 55°, v. (1 *<>). B = C3HeO2 Propionic acid

P in mm (±2) (60) IQOZB I 7.48 I 19.1 I 43.2 P20 18 17 16 P40 52 51 47 P60 147 143 130 P80 353 355 315 PIOO 765 750 687 For additional data, see (60).

B = C3H6O2 Methyl acetate 56.9°, p in mm (74) ; cf. (143) v. also p. 364, 365 lOOzB PA pB 65* 121 633 75 111 654 85 96 678 90 78 698 100 O 760 * Saturated solution.

B = C3H8O n-Propyl alcohol (119); c/. (57, 60)

v. also p. 365 p in mm ( ± 1) lOOofe I PA I PB 30.3° O 32.2 0 8.66 29.3 16.3 15.77 29.8 17.2 39.02 28.5 18.5

B = C3H8O.- (Continued) 100% I PA I PB 30.3°.—(Continued) 55.5 27.2 19.8 100 O 28.5 49.9° O 92.0 ! O 9.04 87.2 49.2 15.97 87.0 51.7 30.47 84.5 54.6 41.14 83.0 57.4 55.5 78.2 60.2 73.9 60.9 68.4 82.0 49.2 72.1 100 O 90.0 65.9° O 195.6 O 8.87 187.2 105.5 15.81 187.6 108.5 30.28 180.1 119.1 47.82 171.3 128.7 55.5 162.3 135.1 73.9 124.7 153.1 82.0 99.0 162.2 100 O 198.8 79.8° O 352.6 O 8.56 342.3 187.7 15.58 339.7 199.9 30.12 324.9 222.1 47.82 306.9 238.8 55.5 290.3 251.4 73.9 218.4 288.2 171.2 308.0 82.0 100 Q 374.6 B = C3H8O3 Glycerol P in mm, at 25° (27); at 100° (35); v. also p. 310 Wt. % Wt. % B PZS B PIOO

O 15.5 25 35 50 60 75 83 92 98

23.7 23.0 22.0 20.2 17.4 14.8 10.5 8.0 4.0 0.4

O 10 25 40 65 75 80 85 90 98 100

B = C4H8O Methyl ethyl ketone 73.6°, p in mm (74) lOOofc PA PB 58.72* 263 495 65 259 501 70 252 508 80 216 532 90 146 568 100 O 619 * Saturated solution.

B = C4H8O2 n-Butyric acid P in mm (30) IOOSB

P0

Pl8.2

cf. (93, 94) 80.05°, p in mm lOOzA PA PB O O 239 10 109 201 25 201 163 58 308 124 78 333 107 89 335 103 95 336 93 100 355 O B = C6H8O2 Acetylacetone v. p. 365

B = C6H5NO2 Nitrobenzene (18) ~

t° 175.1 188.6 212.0 228.1 233.2 224.8 172.7

Wt. % A 5.60 6.95* 10.10 16.00 82.30 87.00 96.2

*P = 11.43 atm. (calc'd.).

Wt. % A (vap.) 57.87 58.64 60.05 65.37 77.90 81.70 89.70

IQO^B 0 1 2 4 17 39 50

P68.7

O 4.57 15.67 140.6 9.6 4.18 14.10 140.9 23.4 3.79 12.42 134.9 38.0 2.96 10.24 123.2 52.6 2.26 9.2 100 (0.12) 0.7 (9.5) P in mm (±2) (60) IOOSB! 6.67 | 17.3 | 32.9 P20 18 19 17 P40 49 55 46 P60 155 150 145 P80 360 356 346 P100 775 762 741 For additional data, v. ( 60 ). 37.5 Wt. % P~~~ soin. t° (mm) Isobutyric acid j 23.02 21.6 (27) \ 29.02 30.6 B = C4Hi0O Isobutyl alcohol v. p. 365 B = C5H6N Pyridine ("2);

760 740 704 657 553 450 396 326 247 107 64

B = C6H6O Phenol P in mm ( ± 1) (104) ; ut also p. 305 IQOxB I O I 2.51 I 4.70 I 7.74| 14.97| 31.65| 44.8| 85.6 P69* J223.8| 233.71 224.2| 224 | 222 | 224 |211.3| 175 * Slightly > crit. soin. temp. P iii mm (65)

IO4 Wt. IO4 Wt. A/cm 3 (vap.) B/cm*» (vap.) 44.54 32.43 54.31 38.31 88.65 58.98 117.7 62.35 146.4 41.71 133.2 29.66 66.11 73.00

I

t° 183.9 237.0 252.2 230.0 194.3

I P76 I P77 I P79 I PSI I P83 I PUT 289 314 340 369 400 433 293 318 344 373 403 436 294 319 345 374 405 438 294 319 345 374 405 438 294 319 345 374 404 438 268 289 310 336 364 397 201 223 245 267 290 311 B = C7H7NQ2 o-Nitrotoluene (18) Wt. % A IO4 Wt. IO4 Wt. Wt. % A (vap.) A/cm3 (vap.) B/cm3 (vap.) 5.20 62.97 56.07 32.97 15.5 66.59 143.8 72.15 83.0 78.71 200.0 54.09 92.1 79.06 147.7 38.69 96.2 88.26 80.08 10.61

II. THREE-COMPONENT SYSTEMS C = C7HsO.—(Continued) H2O B = CH O (60); c/. (57) 1 g-mol C/1000g equimol. mixture (A + B) Methyl alcohol C = various salts MoI C None 1 g-mol B = C2H6O Ethyl alcohol PA ~ 13.7 14.0 20° (139) PB 27.9 25.8 C = C3H8O3 Glycerol 5 g-mol C/1000g (A + B) MoI C/1000g (A + 20 MoI % lOOzB PA PB B) O 15.5 O MoI C PA PB 16.3 13.5 18.1 0 16.9 20.0 27.7 12.6 23.0 0.5 15.9 18.1 42.5 10.9 26.8 1 15.3 17.0 70.0 7.2 31.5 2 16.3 15.4 90.4 3.5 35.9 3 16.9 13.8 98.0 38.3 Wt. % A = 62, Wt. % B = 38 Wt. % A = 62, Wt. % B = 38, C Mol/1... O 0.263 p in mm pA (mm) 17.2 16.3 Mol/1 C O 0.048 pB(mm) ~201T 21.1 PA 17.2 14.0 C = C4Hi0O Ethyl ether, v. p. PB 20.2 16.6 377 C = (a) C7H9N p-Toluidine C = (a) C7H6O2 Benzole acid (o) C8H8O2 Phenylacetic (6) C7H6O3 Salicylic acid acid 1 g-mol C/1000g equimol. mix(c) C8H9NO Acetanilide ture (A + B), p in mm ( ±5%) (d) C8Hi0O Phenylethyl G None C7H6O2 C7H6O3 alcohol ~PA~ 13.7 13.9 14.4 (e) Ci2Hi6O2 Amyl PB 27.9 25.6 26.0 benzoate C = C7H8O Benzyl alcohol 1 g-mol C/1000g equimol. mixMoI C/1000g equimol. mixture ture (A + B) p in mm ( ±5%) (A -{- B), p in mm (±5 %) C PA PB MoI C pA pB None 13.7 27.9 (a) 14.2 25.0 0 13.6 27.9 (6) 13.9 26.0 1 14.0 25.8 (c) 14.0 25.3 3 14.3 22.2 (d) 13.9 25.9 6 14.1 19.7 (e) 14.5 26.5 10 14.1 I 17.8 4

B = C2HeO.- (Continued) C = Ci 2 H 22 On Sucrose

Wt. % A = 62, Wt. % B = 38, p in mm Mol/lC

PA PB

O

~

17.2 I 20.2

0.072

14.6 21.3

C = Ci0H8 Naphthalene (75)

v. p. 375 B = C4Hi0O Ethyl ether C = C6H3N3O7 Picric acid

v. p. 375 C = Ci0H8 Naphthalene

B = C3H6O2 Methyl acetate G = Ci2H22O11 Sucrose (**3)

v. p. 375 C = Ci0Hi6O Camphor

v. p. 375

B = C6H6O Phenol C = C6H7N Aniline, v. p. 379

CHCl3

ecu B = C2H4Br2 Compn. of the vapor phase C = C7H8 Toluene (97) B = C2H6O Ethyl alcohol C = C6H6 Benzene, v. p. 375

CS^

Chloroform B = C4Hi0O Ethyl ether C = C6H3N3O7 Picric acid

v. p. 375 C = C8H9NO Acetanilide

v. p. 375

B = C3H6O Acetone (75) C = C6H3N3O7 Picric acid

C = Ci0H8 Naphthalene

v. p. 375

C2H4O2 ( 55 > 56 )

C = C8H9NO Acetanilide (75)

v. p. 375 B = C3H8O2 Methylal (75) C = C 6 H 3 N 3 O 7 Picric acid

v. p. 375

v. p. 375 Acetic acid B = C4H8O2 Butyric acid C = C5HI0O 2 Valeric acid C = Ci0H20O2 Capric acid

(50) Innés, 4, 81: 682; 02. 113: 410; 18. ( 5 M Jackson and Young, 4, 73: 922; 98. (52) Jana and Gupta, ît 36: 115; 14. (53) Jones, 54, 38: 362T; 19. (54) Kablukow, Solomonow and Caline, 7, 46: 399; 03. (SS) Kahlbaum, 149, 31: 133; 94. (56) Kahlbaum, 7, 13: 14; 94. (56.6) Klemenc and Kohi, University of Vienna, O. ( S7 ) Kohnstamm, 7, 36:41 ; 01. ( 58 ) Kohnstamm and van Dalfsen, 64V, 10:167; 02. (59) Kohnstamm and Timmermans, 64P, 13: 865; 11. (60) Konowalow, 8, 14: 34; 81. ( 6 ») Kuenen, 7, 37: 485; 01. («) Le Bel, 34, 88: 912; 79. (63) Lebo, 1, 43: 1005; 21. («*) Ledbury and Blair, 4, 127: 2832; 25. (65) Van der Lee, 7, 33: 622; 00. (««) de Leeuw, 7, 77: 284; 11. (67) Lehfeldt, 3, 46: 42; 98. (6«) Lehfeldt, 7, 29: 498; 99. (6») Lewis, 64, 41: 97T; 22. (70) Lewis and Storch, ït 39: 2544; 17. (71) Linebarger, l, 17: 690; 95. (72) Magnus, 8, 38: 481; 36. (73) Mangold, 75, 102 Ila: 1071; 93. (74) Marshall, 4, 89: 1350; 06. (75) Michaud, Thesis, Paris, 1916. 16, 6: 223; 16. (76) Michels, 64V, 31: 53; 23. (77) Miller, 50, 1: 633; 97. (78) Narbutt, 7, 53: 697; 05. (79) Noyes and Warf el, 1, 23: 463; 01. (80) Olmer, 27, 29: 382, 385; 21. («) Parks and Schwenck, 50, 28: 720; 24. (82) Pascal, Dupuy, Ero and Garnier, 27, 29: 9; 21. (83) Perman and Price, 83, 8: 68; 12. (84) Pettit, 50, 3: 349; 99. (85) Pound, 4, 99: 698; 11. (86) Pratolongo, 22, 30 U: 320; 21. (87) Pratolongo, 22, 30 II: 419; 21. (88) Price, 4, 107: 188; 15. (89) Price, 4, 115: 1116; 19. (90) Raoult, 7, 2: 353; 88. (91) Regnault, 151, 26: 724; 62. (92) Rosanoff and Bacon, 1, 37: 301; 15. (93) Rosanoff, Bacon and Schulze, l, 36: 1993; 14. (94) Rosanoff, Bacon and White, 1, 36: 1803; 14. (»5) Rosanoff and Easley, 1, 31: 953; 09. (96) Rosanoff and Easley, 7, 68: 641; 10. (97) Rosanoff, Schulze and Dunphy, /, 36: 2480; 14. (98) Roscoe, IS, 125: 319; 63. (99) Ryland, 11, 22: 384; 99. (ioo) Sameshima, 1, 40: 1482, 1503; 18. ( 1 O 1 ) Schmidt, 7, 99: 71; 21. (102) Schmidt, 7, 121: 221; 26. ( 1 OS) Schreinemakers, 7, 39: 485; 02. (104) Schükarew, 7, 71: 90; 10. (ios) Schulze, l, 36: 498; 14. (106) Schulze, 7, 86: 309; 14. (i<>7) Schulze, 8, 59: 73; 19. (io?.S) Schulze, 7, 97: 388; 21. (lös) Schulze and Hock, 7, 86: 445; 14. (109) Smits and de Leeuw, 64V, 19 : 283; 10. (UO) Taylor, 50, 4: 290, 355, 675; 00. (11M Thayer, 50, 2: 382; 98. (H2) Thayer, 60, 3: 36; 99. ( 11 S) Thiel and Caspar, 7, 86: 257; 14. (H4) Thomas, 54, 41: 33; 22. ( 11 S) Tyrer, 4, 101: 81, 1104; 12. (H«) Vincent and Delachanal, 6, 20: 207; 80. ( 1 ^) Vrevskii, 53, 32: 593; 00. 0 1 S) Vrevskii, 53, 43: 1446; 11. ("») Vrevskii, 7, 81: 1; 12.

LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) O) Alluard, 6, 1: 243; 64. (2) Andre, 34, 125:1187; 97. (3) Andre, 34, 126: 1105; 98. (4) Atkins, 4, 117: 218; 20. ( 5 ) Bachmann, 93, 100: 1; 17. ( 6 ) BaIy, 3, 49: 517; 00. (7) Baume and Robert, 34, 169: 968; 19. (8) Beckmann and Faust, 7, 89: 235; 14. (») Beri and Schwebel, 92, 35: 189; 22. (120) Waentig and Pescheck, 7, 93: 529; 19. ( 1 Zi) Wanklyn, 5, 12: 534; 63. O °) Blümcke, 8, 34: 10; 88. O l ) Briner and Cardoso, 34, 144: 911 ; 07. 42, 6 : (122) Weissenberger, Henke and Bregmann, 57, 46: 471; 26. (123) Weissen641; 08. (12) Brown, 4, 35: 547; 79. ( 1 S) Brown, 4, 39: 304; 81. (i*) berger, Henke and Katschinka, 93, 153: 33, 41; 26. (124) Weissenberger, Brown, 4, 39: 517; 81. ( 15 ) Büchner, 64V, 26: 388; 17. ( 16 ) Calingaert Henke and Kawenoki, 52, 113: 171; 26. (i«) Weissenberger, Henke and and Hitchcock, 1, 49: 750; 27. (l7) Campbell, 83, 11: 91; 15. («) CamSchuster, 93, 152: 325; 26. ( 12 6) Weissenberger and Piatti, 57, 45: 187, 281 ; petti and Del Grosso, 59, 6: 379; 13. (19) Carveth, 50, 3: 193; 99. 22 25. (127) Weissenberger and Schuster, 57, 45: 413; 25. (128) Weissen(20) Chavanne, 27, 27: 205; 13. (2i) Chavanne, 34, 158: 1698; 14. ( ) berger and Schuster, 57, 45: 437; 25. ( 129 ) Weissenberger and Schuster, Cunaeus, 7, 36: 232; 01. (23) Dobson, 4, 127: 2866; 25. ( 24 ) Dolezalek 57, 46: 157; 25. and Schulze, 7, 83: 45; 13. (25) Dolezalek and Schulze, 7, 98: 395; 21. (26) Doroshevskii and Polanskii, 7, 73: 192; 10. 53, 42: 109, 1448; 10. (27) (130) Weissenberger, Schuster and Henke, 57, 46: 47; 25. (131) Weissenberger, 28 29 Drucker and Moles, 7, 75: 405; 10. ( ) Ebersole, 50, 5: 239; 01. ( ) Schuster and Henke, 57, 46: 57; 25. (132) Weissenberger, Schuster and Evans, 45, 8: 260; 16. Lielacher, 57, 46: 301; 26. O 3 3 ) Weissenberger, Schuster and Mayer, (30) Faucon, 6, 19: 70; 10. (3i) Foote and Scholes, 1, 33: 1309; .11. (32) Fox 57, 45: 449; 25. (i 34 ) Weissenberger, Schuster and Pamer, 57, 46: 281, 291 ; and Barker, 54, 36: 842; 17. (33) Friedel, 27, 24: 160, 241; 75. (34) 26. (135) Weissenberger, Schuster and Schuler, 57, 45: 425; 25. (136) 3S Gardner, 25, 23: 1587; 90. ( ) Gerlach, 91, 24: 110; 85. (36) Guglielmo, Weissenberger, Schuster and Wojnoff, 57, 46: 1; 25. (137) Weissenberger, 22, 11: 294 ; 92. 1II : 239 ; 92. (37) Guthrie, 3, 18: 495 ; 84. (3 « ) Hackspill Schuster and Zack, 92, 39: 270; 26. ( 1 ^*) Wilson, 86, No. 146: 25. O 3 9 ) and Grandadam, 14, 5: 218; 26. (39) Halban, 7, 84: 128; 13. Wright, 4, 121: 2251; 22. 123: 2493; 23. (40) Hartmann, 64V, 7: 106; 98. 168, No. 43. (41) Haywood, 1, 21: 994; 99. (140) Young, 4, 81: 768; 02. (141) Young and Fortey, 4, 83: 45; 03. (142) (42) Hay wood, 60, 3: 317; 99. (43) Hill, 4, 101: 2467; 12. (44) Holley, 1, Zawidsky, 7, 35: 129; 00. (i«) McKeown and Stowell, 4, 1927: 97. (144) 24: 448; 02. (45) Holley and Weaver, 1, 27: 1049; 05. (46) Hollmann, 7, Mittasch, Kuss and Schlueter, 93, 159: 1 ; 26. (l 45 ) Parks and Chaffee, 50, 43: 129; 03. (47) Holst and Hamburger, 7, 91: 513; 16. (48) Inglis, 67, 20: 31: 439; 27. 152; 06. (49) Ingold, 4, 123: 885; 23.

TWO-PHASE LIQUID—VAPOR ISOTHERMAL SYSTEMS, VAPOR-PRESSURE LOWERING*

J. C. W. FRAZER, R. K. TAYLOR AND A. GROLLMAN CONTENTS Aqueous solutions Non-aqueous solutions

PAGE 292 300

AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS (Standard arrangement, v. p. viii) The quantities appearing in the tables are M1 the number of gram-formula weights of solute per 1000 g H2O, and lOOß =

p — partial vapor pressure of the solvent from the solution. yi0 Ei. Within the accuracy of the data, the relation Po = its vapor pressure in the pure state at the same tembetween M and 100/2 is linear between values marked with an perature. 0.1 I For values of p0 consult the section on vapor pressures of pure A, arrow, thus 2 o I liquids, p. 201, 202, 213. * See also "Partial Vapor Pressures" p. 284, and "P-T-X Relations" p. 351.

Two-Component Systems HCl M I 100Ä M i 100Ä 100° (48) 24.95° (24) 15 3 Oo 0.05 2.80 3.0 2.98 0.10 3.00 6.0 2.92 020 320 NIÏ4Br 0.4 3.42 | 356 v. also p. 363 06 1.5, «-«I

4.13 563

21

1'S

H1. ;.."' -S 3 58

V, J-J

ooo g-g

•

'

i'? ,I —

4ÌO t „ ^7NH4NO3 ».ofcop.362 40° (37) 1.51 1.54 60° (37)

11.5 19.0

1.75 1.47 80° (37) 11.5 1.99 19.0 1.40 100° (48)

0.6 0.7 1.5 2.5 4.0

3.10 2.88 2.79 2.76 2.72

U - S5 6' 12 -

o'J? 2.61 2.27

24 24

™

i '

l'77 ^77

30 4 n î'Sl

327 QO* 5'ï

1.2 2.3 3.0 1.2 23 3

3u 3 10

-°

-

10

°°

0.8 1.8 3 '°

J-? 4 5

°°

(48)

|:S :£ 3?'S 07

' 3 09 '

5 '°

3

" ;•;

* NHJ

10

-;;

3 0 —— ^ (NH4)AO6 10

(48)

°°

4.5

3.29 3.27 3 39 ' 3 45 3.45

0.5 1.5 2 '° 3 '° 4.0

6 5

3 40

H3PO4 0° (12. 13, 14, 15) 0.1 1.80

40

10 5 14 5 -

3 19 ' 2 95 -

NH4HSO4 100° (48) j 0 ^ 04 25 309 3'5 3 ' 12 6'0

3'n

go

295 2:7 8

1 2:0

(NH4)2S04 (47, 48) ,.ai S op.363 12 1.2 2.3

1

, 1 , 30-95° (47, 48) 10 270 30 3 01 4.0 3.06 5Ol 303 9'5| 2'81 100° 20 306 4'0 3 'l2 3Ì12 5;0 7.5 2.95 115 277 : '• NH4OCl Hydroxylamine hydrochloride

''VX 3Ì2

\ 100Ä 90° 3.15 3.14 3.15 95° 3.10

\l JZ !;| J-; - :

;•£ i26-°

°'£

11.5 19.0

4 5 2 V °

M

2

o

333 3.33 3.29 60»

3.566 3.77 3 84 ' 3 93 ' | 3.98

°°(48) 3 05

2.5J

2.82 H

* t>. P. 364

" 2.3 -•3.26 ^^v 14,15,36) 3.0

3.275 70°

3.24 3.245 3.24

1.2 2.3 3.0 75° 2.3 3.0

3.21 3.22

O" 0.5 LO 2.0 6.0 10.0 20.0 4 O-O

80°

85° 1.2 2.3 3.0

1.78 1.77 1.79 1.95 1.89 1.64 1.27 70°

3.20 3.21

1.2 3.0

3.17 3.17 3.18

5 3 ' 6-5 10.0

!•« 6-0 10.0 20 O 4 O-O 80-0

LOl 1.62 1.61 1 46 1.19 0-82

C12H22O11 guerre

2 29

' 2.24 2.20

2 39

3 5

-

45 Jo

50 265 2

.^0 ^ î:S

100° (48) ^ 17 Q7 3.0 g „ 7'0 80

214 2 24

2 ' 37 2 49

rTln C6H6O2

^HT1 - 4 , «a l~* *•<*

7.0

M

\ 100Ä 100° (48) 1.6 1.58 3.7 1.505 7.5 1.527 (CH3)4NC1 100° (48) 1.5 3.10 3.32 3.0 4

3 45

'° '°

' '

6

^24 1 31 ^ 1.28 C6H8O7 Citric acid

2 4

4 -° 5.0

1Q

1

1000(48) 1-flo

6.0J

2.48

30 o (5)

1.94

2 .05

2.25 2.36 2.46

6g

2 55

1>0

^91 2.09 2.23 2.35 2.45

2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0

100° (46)

1.82 1 85 ^ 1.88 l n L94-

0.3 °- 6 0.8 1 ^ -LL

ClA20 '« ^^^ 70° (36)

- ' Dextrose

C HN Q^ CH N2

/

0

'° 3.5 6-5

2.63

20-26'(»'";^.") O-1 i- 76 0.4 1.80

C6H 0

3

KS JLC

1.0 L7 3.0 4.0 5.0

23° (6)

10

Q5

2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.5

\ 100Ä 30° 1.97 2.01 2.04 2.06 2.08 2.09 2.12

3 62

,,-<"}.„ «;<—;- ^d^ J:S 1% ;:; JJ7 ,^1I,

100° (48)

1-0 1.93 2 -0 1.98 3.0 2.02 4.5 2.05 (NH4)2SiF6

M

C4H6O6 Cartarie Acid

1 88 °' 2 ^ 60 096 0.3 1.95 ^" °-™ 8 8 0.5 2.07 - I P-8J1-0 2.2e C6H6O3 H3AsO1 Pyrogallol

HCO

o 07

C4H6O4 Succinic acid M I 100Ä 100° ( 48 ) 1-2 1.61 2.8 1.616 4-0 1-595 4.7 1.562 8.0 1.546

°

W^ ^*-' ^.0^ 1_72_ C6H14O6 ^£ 4'Q Mannitol ^45 6'Q 20» («) '0 ^43 0.1 1.775 7()o (36) 1.0 j 1.785 3 0 | \ \ ^ C 7 H 14 O 6 (S) 1.1Q W\0 [ a-Methylglucoside 90° (36) 2 O 1 30 0° 2.0 2.13 ^0 ^26 2.5 2.18 1.23 7.0 I 2.23 I 8 0 I 120 3.0 3.5 2.27 ' 60° (36) ' 4.0 2.29 ' 4.5 C2H6NO2 2.3i 5.5 Aminoacetic acid 2.34

27 ° 3.00 3.12

L^

CH3NH3Cl 1000(48)

1.0 2.0 3.5 7.0 10.0 14.5

2.63 2.85 3.06 3.03 2.87 2 .62

(CHa)3NHCl 100"(4S) 1.3 2.21 7 5 3 02 ' ' 10.0 2.99 C6H7N-HCl 100° ( 48 ) l Q

2 7Q

^Q

^

40

^ 242

50

2 34

3Q

2

120 189 (C2H^3NHCl 10

1()

°°(48) j^

2.20

1.5 3.0 4.5

2.83 3.04

-LJNH CNS 4

100» (48) 1.0 2.88 1.5 2.99 3.5 3.01 4.8 3.10 21 -OJ 2.27 Gelatin % «Bd. l 100ß „ 2S-2° <"> 17 5 76 " 90 76 J92 5 ^ 95 94 97 98 99 100

Pb(N03)2 \ 100Ä

M

0.6 1.2 2.1 2.4 3.4

100° (48) 3.23 3.15 2.96 2.88 2.69

Pb(C 2 H 3 0 2 ) 2 100° (48) 1-0 1.87 1-5 1.64 2.0 1.54 5.0 I 1.32 6.OJ 1.30 7 ri

u£?W 14 6 29 U-

0

'

g-;

< > 5 90 -

j-s

24fi»

^Q-*

n n 1 , 1305 ' 17 -°

,7« 5 '78 5 14

-

29-6° 11.0 5.93 13 5 5 72 17.0 5.09 100° (29, 48) 1.3 2.70 2.7 3.20 5.0 4.03 70 464 90 5.04 ZnSO4 0°(U) 0.5 1.0

1.19 1.34

1.5 2.0

1.57 1.84

2s

-

2 24 £n° ^47\

-

1.95°()2.15 2.8 3.60 65» (47) 1.9 2.02 2.8 3.36 80'(«) 1.9 1.82 2.8 2.98 95» (47) 1.9 1.61 2.8 2.68

1

M

\ IOOB 100° (48) 4.36 5.24 5.96 6.40 6.98 7.38

0.5 1.1 1.7 2.2 3.1 4.1

CdCl2 0"(») 1.0 2.05 1.5 2.02 2.0 2.06 3.0 2.03 4.0 2.05 100° (48) 10

2 48

' 2.39 2.45

2.0 3.0

35

-

2 51

3 8

254

5 4

2 65

-

' ' J5-6

'

:2.66

Cd(C103)2 100° W 0.5 4.58 1-0 5.30 1.5 5.68 2.0 6.15 3.0 6.80 5.4 7.48

1-0 2.0 3.0 4.0 ,

* °( 48 >

231

—

2.37 2.43 2.64

„ » (,Ü.x °

10 ft

^5.U

I lOOß 100° (48)

0.8 1.18 1.2 1.14 1.5 1.13 2.0 1.20 2.4 1.27 He(CNi 100° ((48Ï 1ÜU > °-* }•;* 0-» \'f 1 O 1-W —1± 1 i-°l_ CuCl2 23° (6) 1.5 2.22 2

fto

2.50 2.59

-^

*- 2 ^

1

1

^65

2 10

'

no 80

1 1 9

O0

^ 55 ^98

l49 1.90 100» 0.7 1.61 1.5 1.67

1-2 1.9

2 -5 3.5

1.91 2.21

'2 —^=—

2,3T-

Cd(N03)2 Oo (11)

„.S 4.13 i.o 4.62 1.5 5.06 2.o I 5.44 4 öl 650 100° (48) 0.3 4.02 0.8 4.47

M

\ 100Ä 75°

1.54 2.42 85

1-50 2 30

-° 3.3 90°

1.44

2.0 33

2 15

95° 20

1 38

1 gg

33

100o

°'

1-70 l ^ ,'o

l Q

'

^Wlo ' 'S • 35 544 to 551 53 548 2 2 -^ - ~ MnSO4 (47, 48) 40 ° 1 82 2 '° 3 20 3 3 ' '

^

2.0 2.7

1.39 1.56

T^ AgNO3 23±1«(«) L ° ' 63 2.0 1.60 5.0 1.53 8.0 1.50 f^5i I00= (48) 4 2s 0 s I C'! g'S o'«1 5Ì7 3-5 «'S ?'J «4 0 4 u b ' '4U J-J 6.56 b 34 . 7 '° ' FeSO4 (47, 48)

30

1-7-

^"

1

^7 '° , „ 1 7 ^ 3.0 3

l 7

' '°

3

2 56

2.06

fin. ßQO

1.7 3 -0

-

i-s

2;7 48

1.70 238

Zn(N0 3 ) 2 0° (U) 0.5 I 4.22 3.OJ 7.20 3.7 7.90

"|

i:S

CdSO4 OM11) 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.2 2.5 3.2

...

v..«

2.0 3.3 1.02 1.42 1.69 2.14 2.35 3.16

1.76 2.93

1.7 3.0

2.0 3.3

1.70 2.82

1.7 3.0

2.0 3.3

70° I 1.66 | 2.70

1.7 3.0

65°

CoCl2 100° (48) 0.5 3.94 4.67 1>0 2.0 5.44 2 .2 5 57 32 l 6 02 4.5J 6.17

1.88 2.06 90° 1.84 2.02 95°

1.82 1.95

0.5 1.0 1.5

CoCl3 «, C 100Ä

M =2 85(10) 20 30 40

50 60 Ô 80

O0

-

21 4

-

22'1 2 1

^ 24.6 25.6 26.0 26.0 26.3

CoSO4 M = 2.901(47,48) 30 2.70 50 2.67 2 «> -6 3 7 2 « -53 2 4 »O - » O0 2 24 ^ ^^ 612 /47, 48^ M = ,1 ^ ^ ^ ^ > 40 ^

S

1 79 \'™

:S

j:; 2.6

»"'••'

;:« •

9.00 100° (48) 4 25 O- 5 2 Î 6.05 6 45 30 6 75 35 7 00 4 -° 5.0 7.25

NiSO4 \ lOOß

0° (U) 1.22 1.27 1.39 30° (47)

l 7

1<98

'

-

, 2 - 70 40°

17

1>94

2 .9

2.62 50°

1.90

1.7 2g

2 58

^0

1.85

1.7

2.9

0

Î J'« 100i ^ ;-39 65» Co(NOa) 2 M ^" ' 100Ä 2 35 1 , ' ^ (48) 7 1 0 5 4 ° 1 96 ^ '° ^ 3.0| 6.72 2.24 4.0 7.25 75 ° 5.0 7.40 !'94 7.0 7.02 2 17 ' N - r)

... „. »...

M

2 9

2.01 2 42 -

!.o ™''T35 r„, i-s » ""'.» i.» "">.«

J-;

1.53 1.38 1.37 1.56 1.84 1 87 ^

35

°

2

3

\ 100Ä 100°

0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 3.0

80° 2.0 3.3

O.M.AAVXA2

07

M

1.61 2.58

2.0 3.3

^- i*

CuS0 4 (47,48) 50° 1.2 1.87 iq o 44 1 9 2 44 ^ ' ! 22 1 7 » l J' f X 9 ' ^ al 70

^. Zii.

Ô

229

'° 4.0 5.5

1-2 !•»

CdBr 100

M

17

^

^02.51 .O2 70»

i:2

1.79 2.44 7 ro 174 17 J'J lit 2 9 ' _ 2'35 , -7 ,l fiS ^ 'b° 2 9 2 28 85" 1 65 l 7 ^ 2 2 2 9 - 5 9 ^ l 7 1 60 ' ^ 2 17 2 9 ' " 95 ° 1.7 2.9

17

2.9 °- 7 1.3

i-7

O O

1-fi8

2.10 100o 1 33 ^ L33

i-34 1

A^

JJ

^L Ni(NO3). Oo (11) LOl 4.70 3.o| 7.20 3.8 8.10 100» (48) 440 0 5 | 2'6| 6 ' 45 35* 7;30 4.0 7.60

7

"0L; ° ^J-

0.4 4.72 5 54 1.2J, ^ . H3BO3 100° (48) 0.8 1.58 2 -0 1.65 3.5 1.67 4.5 1.67

AlCl8 M IQQR | 100Ä 1.0 3.13 100° (48) 1.5 3.39 0.5 5.90 2.0 3.80 0.7 6.55 3.0 4.50 1.2 8.50 TT; 1.5 9.85 imoVÏsi 1.8 10.90 i *• ' 2.3 12.65 J-J J-JJ 2.8 13.57 ;•"•»• 7"" 3.*j 14.05 *'J J-Jf AI fSO ï 147 48V — -^B ) " t*' 10 0(f(^ 100 M

0.3 0.6

2.600.4

3.14 5.54 6.99

0.9 1.15 50°

2.52 3.10 5.48 6.83

0.3 0.6 0.9 1.15 60°

2.45 3.04 5.38 6.70

0.3 0.6 0.9 1.15

65° 2.40 3.00 5.30 6.60

0.3 0.6 0.9 1.15 70°

2.33 2.93 5.21 6.51

0.3 0.6 0.9 1.15

0.3 0.6 0.9 1.15

75°'

2.27 2.88 5.13 6.39

80°

2.22 2.83 5.05 6.28

0.3 0.6 0.9 1.15 90°

2.12 2.67 4.71 5.84

0.3 0.6 0.9 !•15 95° 0.3 0.6 0.9 1-15

2.06 2.58 4.53 5.63

100° 0.3 3.23 0.4 3.10 0.7 3.80 1.05 4.90 1.17 I 5.77 A1NH4(SO4)2 100° (48) 0.5 | 3.10

1.35

08

5 17

1 2 ^8 2 2 25 go 3;8 44

5'87 6;90 7 55 7 ' 95 855 9;37 9 67

5'0

9 ' 70

:

:

BeBr ' 100° (48) °- 7 5.20 6 °- 9 -°° 7 30 X 5 8 15 2 -° 2 5 9 °° 10 15 3 2 4 2 10 90 -

46

n 50

BeSO 4 (47) 30° 1.5 1.86 3.0 2.96 4.3 3.83 40° 1.5 1.81 3.0 289 4.3 3.78 50° 1.5 1.76 3.0 2.75 4.3 3.62 60° 1.5 1.66 3.0 2.60 4.4 3.48 65° 1.5 1.61 3.0 2.52 4.4 3.37 70° 1.5 1.54 3.0 2.41 4.4 3.22 751.5 1.50 3.0 2 35 4.4 3.14 80° 1.5 1.46 3.0 2.28

M 4.4

IQQR 3.03 85°

1.42 2.21 2.95

1.5 3.0 4.4 95

° 1.5 1.35 3.0 2.10 4.4 2.81 100° (48) 1 55 l -° ^ 2 J'S 33 -°

6;

;

M 1.0 1.5 3.0

IQQR M IQQR 6.48 1.5 1.51 7.33 2.0 1.63 10.05 2.5 I 1.83 40° 4.3J, 2.62 1.0 6.28 Mg(HSO4)* 7 18 l- 5 ' 100° (48) 3.0 9.80 469 03 50° g.'oo 0.5 1.0 6.13 0.8 5.53 1.5 7.00 1-2 6.28 9 68 3 '° ' 1.6 7.04 10 ^ 5 9 O -^ ^-

;

;°

„,g 80° '

30

Be(NOa) 2 100° (48) 0.3 3.86 0.9 5.28 MgCl2 (47, 48) v. also p. 367 30°

2.1 3.7

7.48 9.60

2.1 3.7

7.38 9.53 50°

5.90 7.19 9.48 60°

1.0 2.0 3.7 2 2

65

5.27 7.08 9.35

°

7.30 9.22

3.7 70

°

5.16 6- 93 9.15

LO 2 -0 3 -7 75°

1.5 2.0 3 -7

90

°

Ll 2 -° 3 7 -

6.00 6.83 9.03 5 12 6 63

8 76

95

-

°

5.00 6.53 8.67 100° 0.7 4.70 LO 5.10 2 -0 6.72 4.0 9.20 4.5 9.64 5.0 10.01 5.5 10.22 1 12 6- 2 Q MgBr2 (47, 48) 30°

1-1 -0 3 7 2

7

, 5 o' 0

6 57

9 ' 13

!00° °455 '

1 0 0 4

' '

40o

1.3 2.0 3.7

'

'

' °' ' *•* "-™ 4.0 0.02 -L2 12i5L. MgSO4 (47, 48) 50° i>0 1.86 1>5 2 .01 2.0 2.24 60° 1.0 1.81 1.5 !.95 2.0 2.15 65° 1.75 1<0 1.5 1>87 2.0 2.06 70° i. 0 1.71 1.5 i.80 2.0 1.98 75° 10 1.65 15 1 76 2.0 . 1.93 80° 1.0 1.61 1.5 1.70 2.0 1.87 85° i.0 1.55 1.5 i.66 2.0 1.79 90° i.o 1.51 1.5 1>61 173 20 950 I0 1.48 1.5 i.58 2.0 1.68 10o° 1.0 | 1.59

«g^ 100° (48)

°'3 1.0 !•« 2 -°

4 39

' 5.43 6-»5 6.53 7 2 25 ' ° 3.4 I 7.88 CaCl2 ( 2 > 11J !2» 13, 14,15,34,36,39,48)

0° 2 .5

M IQQR 9.0 7.03 11.5 6.30 14.0 5.57 130° »-O I 7.10 12.5J 5.92 14 5 51 -° 140" U-O 6.15 13.0 5.71 14.0 5.44 CaB, («,«., 10 3

'° 4 .0

584 8 48

' 9.60 70° i. 0 5.77 3.0 8.33 9.42 4 .0 85° l.Q

5.71

3.0 4.0

8.12 9.27

8.23 ^0 g ^ 9.53 1.0 5.64 10.15 3.0 7.98 10.62 4.0 9.00 10.56 100° 8.10 0.5 4.71 40° 1.0 5.46 1.0 5.75 2.0 7.00 2.0 7.37 3.0 8.40 3.0 8.35 4.0 9.40 4.0 9.15 4.5 9.70 5.0 9.70 5.5 9.94 6.0 9.76 9.49 CaI2 (12, 13, 14, 15) 7.0 8.0 I 9.02 °° 4 49 12.OJ 7.14 ^ ' 5 36 2 70° '° ' l.O 5.37 ;>.0 7.21 7 39 7 3.0 7.72 ° 6.0 I 9.12 CaS2O3 (48) 12. O J 6.78 100° 90° 0.6 2.68 1.0 5.07 1.5 3.14 3.0 7.42 2.0 3.17 6.0 8.60 3.0 4.47 9.0 1 7.59 3.3 4.81 14.0 j 5.88 rîsrn s t4*\ %0' ô( } 0.5 4.38 , , 9, n 1.0 5.00 "^, *'^ 3.0 7.28 2 n *'ll 6.0 8.40 ^, Vin 9.0 I 7.40 ^n I'A* 5.71 ^'" ,'^ 14.0| 110° -^ ° Ca2Fe(CN)6 (4) 60 8 17 90 7 21 0° 1.0 3.00 n 5 6 43 14.0 5.63 1.3 3.80 120° 1-5 I 4.61 6.0 | 7.98 L 7 J 5.64 ^ 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 11.0

SrCl2 (47, 48) M \ WOR 30° 0.7 5.10 1.3 6.03 1.8 6.82 50° 0.7 4.93 1.3 5.88 1.8 6.59 70° 0.7 4.73 1.3 5.64 1.8 6.29 90° 0.7 4.60 1.3 5.47 1.8 6.06 100° 0.5 4.31 1.5 5.52 2.0 6.03 2.5 6.49 3.0 6.86 4.0 7.38 4.5 7.49 5.4 7.38 SrBr2 (47, 48) 5QO

0.8| 3.21

5.60 9.10 70°

0.8 1.6 2 4 3.2

5.45 6.62 7.75 8.80 90°

0.8 1.6 24

3:2

5.30 6.45 755

^^

Ba(OH)2 ( 48 ) M | 100Ä 100° 0.5 3.25 0.8 3.12 1.1 2.95 1.9 2.63

M 1.0 1.7 2.5 3.4 1.0 1.7

BaCl2 (4 ) 50 95 ~ 4 36 5 °' ' 5 07 1A ' 1>9 5 03 0 ' 10 ° '5 4 J-J?. ^ 5 10 l 7 ' \ ' 2 5 5 3Q - i Ba(ClO3)2 (48) 100° 03 4 09 oÌ7 4*27 il 4 41 1-5 4 53 25 477 2.7 4.81 4.79 28 BaBr2 (47) 4 0 O 1-0 5.33 1.7 6.14 2 -5 6.79 3.4 7.28 50° 1.0 5.27 1-7 6.08 2 -5 6.73

34

7 22

' eo» -

\ 100Ä 85° 5.05 5.80 6.45 6.89 90° 5.02 5.76

25

ß 41

3.4

6.86 95°

1.0 4.98 1.7 5.72 2.5 6.37 3.4 6.82 100° (48) 0.4 4.34 0.6 4.58 1.2 5.25 1-8 5.81 2.7 6.47 6 60 3.0 6 74 3.5 4.2 6.80 4.4 6.76 i> c n ^no2^ , ° ( > Q7 1.0ft 1.97

J-* i^L 1.7 2.27 _L* 2^ Ba(NOs)2 I0O0 (48) Q5 Q ?

0

3 55 3 54

9

1Q

i. 2

3 51 3 ^ 3.454

•№№

:-î, î-ï ;-ïî:ï ti?•? °:o î-s î:S i:ï ;•»

2.5 2.8 3.4 3.9 4.6

7.35 7.70 8.35 8.75 9.10

SrS2O, (48) 100° 0.6 2.00 1.0 2.27 1.8 2.86 2.0 3.14 2.4 3.44 Sr(NOa)2 100° 0.3 0.6 0.9l 3.0-1 3.7

(48) 4.23 4.10 4.09 4.34 4.37

7.15

3.4

65° 1-0 1.7 2.5 3.4

5.20 5.98 6.62 7.08 70°

5.15 5.92 6.57 7.02

1.0 1.7 2.5 3.4

75°

2 8

3.38 Ba(BF4)2 100° (48) 5.33 0 .5 5.59 1>0 !.g 5.93 2.6 6.12 3.2 6.19 ,„. LioH Ll 48 °H( ) -

luu

25

652

3.4

6.98

J-J. *•" 2 -° 2.5 2.8

5.09 5.85 6.48 6.94

LiCl 0° (50) 3.5 4.55 5.0 5.07 10.0 5.49

5.12 5.89

1.0 1.7

80° i.o 1.7 2.5 3.4

*'2J '

4 01 5

3

5.15 5.13

M

\ 100Ä 20° (25) 0.1 j 3.29 0.8J 3.50 1.0 3.57 40° (47) 2.0 3.86 5.0 4.95 6.0 5.20 60° (47) 3.0 4.13 5.0 4.85 6.0 5.10 80° (47) 2.0 3.75 3.0 4.09 5.0 4.70 6.0 4.92 100° (48) 1.0 I 3.38 4.OJ 4.35 6.0 4.82 5 14 8 -° 9 5 24 -° 10.0 5.21 12.0 5.02 15 4 69 '° I ' 23 -° + I 3.67 LiBr (47, 48) îvafcop.369 ^0 15, 507 7.0J 6.63 50° 4.65 2 .0 3.5 5.13 5.0 5.53 5.96 7.0 70-95° 2 :0 3:9 7

M

\ lOOß 65° 0.8 3.73 3.8 5.23 70° 1.0 3.78 3.8 5.13 75° 1.0 3.75 3.8 5.10 80° 1.5 3.96 3.8 5.07 85° 1.5 3.95 3.8 5.04 95° 0.8 3.61 3.8 5.01 100° 0.8 3.68 1.3 3.84 4 44 2.6 4 5 5 29 6.5 6.00 10.0 6.47 6 44 U ° ' 12.5 6.28 T i ~ o (47 48} Li2SO4 (47, 48) n e

0.5 1.0 1 ^

70

™ 1.« 1<4

,| J-J IA *

o^ 3.87 4.14 4 48 ' 0

n

80

*'™ ^.94 4 '^ , «, *'f 4 10 '

LiNO3 (47,48) M I 100Ä 30-40° 2.0 4.91 5.0 4.88 9.0 5.50 12.5 5.24 55° 2.0 4.77 5.0 4.79 9.0 5.42 12.5 5.16 70° 2.0 4.73 5.0 4.72 9.0 5.34 12.5 5.07 80° 2.0 4.68 5.0 4.68 9.0 5.29 12.5 5.02 90° 2 4 -0 -6 4 5.0 4.64 9.0 5.25 12 5 4 97 ' 100° 0.5 3.02 1Q 2

-°

33i

3.63 3 ^ 4 ^ 4.13 4.15 4.03

3 Q 50

6.0 8.0 11.0 12 Q

3%

18.5

3.57

; ; !:ï j s l4o. 5 ,3 °3.9741 î:! £&Î:S î:! 100 o. 5w o.«i- ' 3.34 _LÇ—4^ 3 .i 9 ls

g 65

2.5 3.5 5.5 6.5 g. 0 10.0 12.0 15.5

4.08 447 5.13 5.39 5.65 5.69 5.62 5.27

LiI (47, 48) „.«feop.889 40° 0.8 4.13 3g

fi

1?

50,

0.8 3.8

3.93 5.44 60°

0.8 3.8

3.80 5.32

^ 3.91 ° 3 50 °' 5 ' 3 71 1 0 ^ ' 3 88 -U ' LÌ2s2O6 100'(«) 406 05 i' 0 4^7 ^ J-« ' ' ^90 3'0 , fift -^ ^LiHSO4 100° (48) 0.8 3.44 1-5 3.61 2.0 3.79 3.5 4.19 5.5 | 4.48

T • QH?

1.4 J,

100

Li2CrO4 IjW («») 1-0 4.2o 3 5 5 48 ' ^ ' 4 5 5 92 NaOH t>. oko p. 369, 370 ^(»,",14,15) 1.0 3.00 3.0 3.55 4.0 3.90 4 31 50 4.87 7.0 9.0 5.27 IQ.O 5.42 12.0 5.52 15.0 | 5.24

M

i 100Ä M I 100Ä NaI (47, 48) 25° (34) 100° (7,48) v. aiso p. 37! 4.0 3.64 2.5 3.47 M 100Ä 5.0 4.08 3.5 3.57 30-95° 6.0 4.40 4.0 3.62 1.0 3.63 7.0 4.69 5.0 3.76 6.0 4.77 8.0 4.92 6.3 3.91 100° 9.0 5.09 6.7 3.89 0.7 3.25 1 3 62 10.0 5.21 NaClO ^ ' n 5 23 4 4 46 -° ' ,.aZ.op.369, 370 '° ' 5 4 67 12.5 5.20 40to 95°V(47) '° ' 20.0 4.33 6.0 4.82 3 28 2 5 28.0 3.31 7.0 4.91 5'0 3 26 100° (48) 9.0 5.00 12'5 2'gl 0.5 3.05 100° (7, 48) ILO 1 4.89 17 4 25 2.0 3.20 j 308 î ' 3.5 3.46 20.0 3.85 2 5 3 ' 21 3 25 on */% *'* ' Wa,S04 (7, 47, 48) 8-0 4.00 5 5 « , f0l / L n m 3 24 10.0 4.16 J-J IH "- ^P 0 - 871 12.0 4.17 n ' 5 2 ' 80 2 35 15.0 4.09 15'0 2 ' 54 3 5 3 ' 54 19.0 3.80 '0 ' q ' o ' C mR *>° tNaBr(T, * n v ^ i3.48 «, M = 25.0 (30) 47,M48J 2.5 225 1.58 ^. ^ P. 371 3.5 3.505 245

260 2?0 280 200 zyu 300 ovrv/ 320 335 ót5o 350 M = 58.3 225 255 275

300

320 am

1

^75 1 80 l'77 1.70 li.oo ßß 1 66 A.uu 1 70 175 i./o 1.80 (30) 1 02 111 l'l5

i:

9 2

0 -° 3 -° 4 ^ 5 8 '

140 3 49

' 3 73 ' 3 93 4 15 '

3 5

'

W

'Q 4^ 3.455c

75 l 5

-° '°

3 56

3

S'80

5 8

4 25

3 5

... 3.0

s» ... 3.82 2.8

4.0

4.02

5

27

à

' 3 44 ' 80

»9 J-; 6 Î-S JiI K !ir

1.19

"

NaF v. P. 369

" ,.a^p.369,370 ^ I 100Ä 0° (12, 13, 14, 15) 40 I 376 392 5'0 5'8 3 ' g9 20-25° (31,33) 01 3 29 02 3 28 0*4 s'27 0*6 327 0*8 328 10 330 20 3 42 2.8 I 3.53 5ol 387 6.0 3.99 80° (47) 4.0 -3.65 5.0 3.79 6.0 3.91

'

'

'%0-9/ 7 95 ^ 3 2 J Jl 3.0 3.86 40 4 06 ' 58

4 30

100° LO 3.35 2 3 63 '° ' 3 86 3 -° ' 4 05 4 '° ' 50 4 20 6 4 33 '° ' 4 39 7 '° ' 8 5 4 41 ' ' 12 4 18 ° ' NaBrO3 100° (48) 0.6 3.20 2.5 3.57 3.7 3.61 5.5 3.54

°

3 41

' ^

'

lOOß 2 .43

21.0

2.15

Na3PO4 100° (48) 0.6 4.41 1.0 4.05

4.00 l 5 3 71 35 4 36 2 1 3 45 ^ 4 7 4 95 ' 2.8 3.32 90° 1.5 3.96 (NaPOs)3 3.0 4.22 100° (48) 3.5 4.33 0.4 4.54 4 80 4 64 4 7 °- 7 100° 1.0 4 76 1.0 I 3.86 —— 4 5 4 60 - l Na4P2O7 5.5 4.74 100° («) 6.5 4.73 0.5 3.48 7.0 4.70 0.7 3.23 11.5 4.14 0.9 3.02 0 2 95 i' ' ^ HaAQ1 g ^ 1(X)o (48) 12 2
°-8, 1.6 3.0J

3 72 ' 4.06 4.41

NaHSO 4 IHn 0( MS^ j ^ö « Q no 2

2.97

1-3

NaH2PO4 100° (48) j 0 2.0 3.0 40

2 65

2.40 2.28 220 ^. û

3 14 '° 'Q QH QH 3.0 3.30 5Q 2 15 5.0 3.33 yo 2 n 6 ' 11.0 2.07 10 306 -° Na HPO NaNO2 * <

N

1.0

ÌA

3.39

J-J

° °3333 6 ' ? 3.37 3.38 95 ° 10 3 335 3.0 3.34 3.5 3.34s 100 ° 3 32 °5 ' 3 28 10 3 25 !-5 2 3 23 -° 3 24 2 5 3.0 3.28 Na2S2O3 (47) Vm also p. 372 30o 1.5 4.06 3.0 4.31 3.5 4.46 4.7 5.36

M!? 15.0

15 J-J 2.8 3.5

4.02 4.28 4.38 5.20 70°

4

9

M 14 0

1.5 3 -°

,.3.38 ;•;^ w

3.5

100Ä

1.5 3.0 3.5 4.7

65

3 445

Q'°f ; 3.5

\ 50o

7

^ 70 0

2

' 3 5 ' 1 ,

2

3

'

5

' 3 77 o' n T 3.97 4.20

'

65

3 52

'° 3 -° 4.0 5.8

3 485

2 8

50 2

d3 4 7 5,

30

M

3.12

5-5 ' ^ 3 2

3 22

2Ì8 2.65 g

1000

Na2CO3 ( 47 > 48) v. also p. 372 M \ 100Ä 30° 1.9 4.16 2.8 4.32 40° 1.0 3.85 l g 4 12 ' 2 8 4 28 ' ' 50° 1.0 3.80 1-9 4.01 2.8 4.16 60° 3 94 1 9 ^ ' 2.8 4.07 65° 1.0 3.72 3.99 2 .8 70° 1.0 3.69 1.9 3.86 2 8 3 93 ^0 ^ 3 ^ 1.9 28 '

2 8

10

3.18

2.0

2.83 2.63

i:!

2 .5

3

^ ^ 5.5 6.0

4

5:S

2.56 2.58 2.61 2.69

367

1-9 3.80 o ^8- ö 3 o.öl 81 QCO i ino * fi* 3.66 l g

^

^ ^ 00°

10 I9

O5 î8 ^

0.5

3.83 3 87 8 80o ^ '

;•

364 1%

î:

950

»

;•»

^? 2 ^

\'™ 3 68 100o '

0.7 10 l 9

100

3.78 3 67 g 4g

o AQ 99 3 NaNO3 ~ J'J '^ v.alsop. 372 NaH2AsO4 *" *•** o° (12, 13, 14, 15, 100° (48) _£if 1_^L_ 43,44,45) 0.6 2.95 NaCHO 2 LO 2.88 LS 2.59 . Formate 2.0 2.73 2.5 2.52 372 v 4.0 2.55 3.5 2.48 8.0 2.35 4 -5 2.45 NaC2H3O2 85° (32,47) 6.0 2.43 Acetate LO 3.40 100° (48) 3.0 3.10 Na2HAsO4 1.0 3.19 5.0 2.93 100° ( 48 ) 2.0 3.45 7.0 2.79 0.5 3.79 3.0 3.61 1.0 3.55 4.0 3.73 10 0 2 60 14.0 2.40 1-5 3.38 5.0 3.79 20 3 3a 6 100° (7» 48) -° 3.80 5.0 2.79 2.5 3.30 8.0 3.73 7.0 2.82 3.7 3.33 9.5 3.61

Na2C4H4O4 Succinale JIf I 100Ä 100° (48) 0.6 4.42 1-5 4.87 2.0 I 5.06 3.01 5.35 4.3 5.47 Na 2 C 4 H 4 O 6 Tartrate 100» W 1.0 3.83

".S

J-J

5 '° 7 K

ig 20 JJ

gjg

398 348 y[_

;£;£»

Vi

O' Q 7 2.87

3o.u<± 54

Citrate

100° («) 0.5 4.41 1.2 4.63 2.0 4.96 2.5 5.09 3.0 3.5

5.19 5.27 NaCNS 100° (48) 0.5 3.07 1.5 3.42 5.0 4.13 6.5 4.30 9.0 4.20

4 8

-°

12.0 13.0

4.02 3.94 ^T^ Na2CrO4 ion« aa\ 100 (*8) .0.5 [ 3.78 3.Oj 4.65 3.5 4.74 4.5 4.68 Na 2 MoO 4 fA) 07 438 13 4'42 Jiol IS Sol 519 33 533 !J IS ^-=T 4

iKS 100(48)

3 °' 3 f 4 2 ^J 1 ^ 4 32 LO 1.5 4.57 3.5J 5.29 Na2W4O13 100° (48) 0.2 3.50 0.5 2.94 1.0 2.77

M 8.5 12.0

lOOß 4.06 4.19

M 1.0 1.5 2.5 3.0 4.0 4.7

80°

3.55 oV

3 40

Na3C6H6O,

0

100Ä 3.72 5.08

r±,48s 1UO ( > "•;» °'" »•£ *'OT «-J J-JJ

ì:S

7.5

»•°

JIf 2.2 3.3

1O 25

4 05

o-'(i.,..,.*.•») 1.0

2.88

2.0 5.0 7.0 12.0 19.0

2.98 3.29 3.48 3.71 3.52

2.0 3.5 8.5 12 °

3.16 3.38 3.96 4 07 '

1U

" ^ L

0

3

^ ^ J'S l'Ì? 2.0 4.17 on yi QT 3.0 4.37 5.0 4.77 8.0 5.14 9.0 5.18 11.0 5.06 13.5 4.81 KF (7,47, 48) 30° 3.0 3.94 »-S 4.78 12.0 4.88 40° 3.0 3.65 8.5 4.47 12

-°

3 14

3 5

3 36

' ,J-J «.O

50°

3.0 8.5 12.0

3

^ .3.97

j-;

35

;S

5;S

«g n o

Q3.67 A7

7 10 :.2 I

':2

3.83

12 5

26.01 ~

3.19 3.41

T^-Q,. KBr

3

4

2 90

'° '

'

5 7 i n

.

3 02

«•

.

5

J-J

3.15

2.97

20° ( )

30o (20)

'-;fi6

}•;

1-5 3.16 2.0 3.168 2 5 318 ' o 04, 7 n «s.a*5 ooß 7 c — ^KClO3 (47) 65° o 7I 1 45 i.3| 1.09 So» 0.81 1.74 1.2 1 1.26 75° 0.8 I 1.88 1.2J 1.39 80° 0.8 I 1.97 2

85° '

53

2.41 1.98 90°

| J-2J

2

48

223

95° 0.8 I 2.56 1.2 J, 2.15 100° (7, 48) 0.5 | 2.87

I A l.u

ô. / ^70

4.0

3.30

L M 4T ? < > J-Jj

65

3 8

3.24

-

^V M47 7? ™ ( ) 2 2 ' ^3 3'g 3 ' 2g

, „ J'J In «•«

60°

94

^0

s\22

3 51 3w

40

5:5

5:S

(

> rf u dI u 3'? -^* . ö„ 8s d„ò„ - t) 5.8 3.20 85° (47) 3 15 2 2 3.0 3.28 3.8 3.40 5.8 3.23 ^0 C") 2.2 3.17 3.0 3.30 3.8 3.43 5.8 3.24 95° (47) 2.2 3.19 ™

3

'° 3.8

3 32

'3.44

«0° 3.00

3.28 3.55

20

s-7

3

4.0

^0 2.0 :. 40 ,5„7 -

90<.

-^

3.05 _3.33 ... 3.60 _ .3.69 100 ì"

, 2 5 3 54 J-J 3.67 f_.5 3.73 3 8 J'J J »-J 3.76 0.0 3.67 1 2 ^23*'52 23 (6) 1.0 2.77, 2.0 3.03

e'5 J-J

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3 15

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1*7 1.7

L

^^

^-

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° < 48 > 2 89 2Ì90 2 88 g g7

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100

._ 'g Vl^ ^-*^

0

s7

75» (47) ™( > ^2 J" Jj 3 ^ \'f

3 89

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J» ^

W

3 83

° ' JO1S 7 5

-

50.

Y0V '^r 1! 22

0 8

70° 2.0 3.5

0

26

0.8 I 1.2J,

4.18 4.30

KI (47) 30° 2.0 2.64

^

KC1

3.46 4.31 4.42 3 44

8.5 12.0

2

K2S2O3 | lOOß 100° (48) 0.3 3.65 0.5 3.56 1.0 3.50 2.0 3.50 3.0 3.63 4.0 3.75 JIf

;.« -L°— ^ 4:2 3Lo 22 7

!- I

60o

KC TO im%ì o.4 1 0 ° ( .86 ^ ^

'

4 58

-

KBrO3 I lOOß 100° (48) 0.5 I 2.85 2.5J 3.02 JIf

90° 20

31.0 2.80 70-95° (") »'C 4 ) 100° (7, 48) 3 4 ^ -J 4 ,.afeop.373 o-» £-f" (No apparent ,„" -a* change with temp.) JJ-J ^2 0.05 3.36 3 '° J- 4 J 0.10 3.28 5 JJ-; .™ 0.20 3.22 2 4 ^ ^J 0.50 3.175

100° W

IOGA 2.85 2.82 2.74 2.71 2.64 2.55

IK 3 -56

5.8 3.27 _L£ ?_31_ 100° (7, 48) LO 3.15 K2SO4 2.0 3.28 ». also p. 373 3.38 30° (M) 3.0 4.0 3.45 0.1 I 3.54 5.0 3.49 0.8 j 3.43 6.0 3.50 100° (7, 48) 7.5 3.49 0.4 I 3.62 9-0 3.46 1.4 J. 3.42

2 85 ' 2.80 2_77_ KN o 2 100o (48) 2.0 2.96 3.0 2.97 4.0 2.95 6.0 2.87

'° 8.0 _±*

«.o, 2.75

10.0

2.63 21.0 J. 2.03 27.0 1.80 VK r> KNO 3 1994o (49) 02

3 og

2.90 2.45 ^.29

0.5 1.5 2 Q 25

2 16

3.0 2.03 70» (32, 47) l x 2 gg 2.2 2.57 2.42 3 .0 5Q

2 16

j

IQ 0

15

go

1 57

'°80° (32,47) ^

^ ^

^1 2 2

g 6g

3.0

2.49 224 ^87

50

1Q 0

15 0 l 68 90° (32,47) 1Q 2.2 30

3 Q2

.

2.72 2 57

M 100Ä 5.0 2.30 10.0 1.92 15.0 1.67 100° ( 7 >48) 0.5 3.23 1.0 3.05 2.5 2.71 3.0 2.62 5.0 2.34 10.0 1.96 15.0 1.70 20.0 1.54 24.0 1.44

KH2PO4 100° (48) in 9 tt o« 224 I0 2 10

i:S

L 92 184 L8I-

KH2AsO4 100° (48) 08 280 1.5 2.55 2.5 2.41 3.5 2.32 4.5 2.27 K2CO3 (47, 48) 30° 1.5 4.58 3.5 5.40 6.0 6.40 8.0 6.80 40

4.52 5.36 6.30 6.72

1.5 3.5 6.0 8.0

50°

4.44 5.30 6.21 6.64

1.5 3.5 6.0 8.0

60° 1.5 3.5 6.0 8.0

4.38 5.22 6.12 6.54 7

°°4,6

ï:5

Î:S

8.0

6.34

80° 1.5 3.5 6.0 8.0

I 100Ä 90° 1.5 4.04 3.5 4.82 6.0 5.64 8.0 6.03 100° 1.5 4.16 3.5 4.78 6.0 5.59 8.0 5.76 10.6 5.2 K2C2O4 Oxalate 100» (4S) 0.5 3.67 3 74 l-« 1.5 3.84 2.0l 3.96 4.5J 4.40

KC4H7O2 Butyrate M \ 100Ä 100° (48) 1.2 3.34 2.0 3.57 4.2 3.74 6.0 3.70 7.0 3.67 11.5 3.44 Tsobiitvrate iMvSi O42 20 ,'65 3'5 -'. o' R 8 55 If ™ J^ 150 3.20 ' KC6H9O2 Valerate

KCHO2 Formate 100.(48) 1.0 3.10 2.0 3.28 3.0 3.38 4.0 3.45 5.0 3.49 6.0 I 3.50 8.0 J, 3.50 12.0 3.28 16.0 2.96 21.0 2.65

1.5 3.15 3.26 3.9 3.27 4.2 3.26 9-0 3.09 17.0 2.77 KC7H6O, ßenzoate 10o° (48) 321 15 3.19 3.0 40 3.17 5.7 3.13

, KC2H3O2 Acetate 100° (48) LO 3.32 2.0 3.56

t^!?; Remate I ^ 0 J J-JJ ;6 J-J

l:li —

5.0 70 -LP.

l,

M

4.13 4.92 5.78 6.14

?•? 4.0 5.0 7.0 9.0 10.0 H.Ol 2 O-O]. 28.0

;-2 3.90 4.01 4.13 4.10 4.04 3.96 3.16 2.60

K2C3H2O4 Malonate 100° (48) 0.75 3.77 _J_5 4_48_

U1008^1,

2 2

3.5

5.92

' ' _£-£ SiUL. K2C1H4O6 Tartrate 100° (48) 1.0 3.90 3.0W 4.05 4 -5 4.22 9.5J 3.86 TT^K cS?7 ^ ^^ Q

KC3H6O

J.O|

J5

JSTST

-0

b 7/

1

1.0 2.0 6-0 8.0 10.0 13.0

3.25 3.50 4.00 3.91 3.78 3.57

6

Ö U

'

;•»

KCNS (47) 40° 2.62 2 .0 50 2.95 2.85 8.0

JIf

| 100Ä 50° 2.0 2.77 5.0 3.09 8.0 2.98 60° 2.0 2.92 5.0 3.18 8.0 3.08 70° 2 3 3 '° ° 5 3 22 '° ' 8.0 3.13 80° 2.0 3.15 5.0 3.29 8.0 3.19 90

2.0 5.0 8.0

3.25 3.34 3 .25

100 (48)

°

0 .8 1-6

3.0

5.0

8.0

I

16 . 5 j

27.0

2.93 3 21 3.34 3.39 3.32 2 . 78 2.20

KSbOC4H4O6 Antimonyl tartrate 100" (48) 0.4 1.83 0.7 1.83 1.4 1.62 KJ6(W)6 100° (48) 4.05 0 .2 4.33 0.5 4

8

K2CrO4 (47) 40-50° g 94 13 20

4 19

2 .6 36

|

4.36 4 56

60=

!.3 2 -0 2.6 3.6 ,3

3 . 92

4.18 4.32 4.51 -3,6

î:!

î:S

3.6

4.45 80°

1.3 2.0 26 3.6

\ 100Ä RbNO3 90° M \ lOOß 1.3 3.70 100° («) 2.0 3.94 0.7 2.86 2.6 4.10 1.4 2.84 3.6 4.28 2.2 2.75 100° ( 48 ) 3.2 2.50 0.6 4.18 5.8 2.25 0.8 4.02 1.0 3.93 CsCl 1 4 3 84 C ^ ' '' ° ' 100Ä 1 8 3 82 ^ ' ^ = l-783 (47) 2.5 4.00 30 l 4.05 2.8 4.07 40 I 3.95 75 3 47 v TU n I *0™°°8t 80 3.42 o/* ' L l ~ J j " JJ 3 36 16 440 — . ~, 0 0 ,! J'!? Three-Component ^l l '% Systems

3 79 4.03 4 18 4.38

C

\L

K2WO 100° (48) 0.6 3.80 1-8 4.52 2.0 4.85 2.5 5.13 3.0 5.36 4.0 5.72 5-0 5.94 RbCl (47, 48) v. also p. 374: 50° 3 13 15 30 333 6.0 3.56 70' 1.5 3.07 3.0 3.29 6.0 3.54

3

-6 4.90 5x3

°L2 !5

M

9°°

3.03 3.26 3.51 100° 1.5 3.27 g 35 3Q 339 40 5.0 3.40 3 26 10 0 —— Rb f°^ ( 3 86 0 4 J" J J" JJ ^ g ^ 1.5 30 6.0

l.«

-7O

^L/

100° (48) 0.5 2.87 2 1-1 -89 1-7 2.88 2.4 2.85 5.2 2.73

^°»

^^ B-NaCl C=HO '" / ' *M ' Mole ratio A/B = O 0636 2.2 2.72 2 8 3 22 ' ' 5 3 48 '° ' Mole ratio A/B =0.187 5.4 3.01 7.0 2.98 Mole ratio A/B =0487 54

2 43 43

^

^ 8.0

.

2.60

Mole ratio A/B =0.588 3.2 2.06 4.4 2.46 62 2 .25 Mole^ratio A/B -0.918 2.7 2.04 4.0 2.00 Mole ratio A/B = L7(JO 3

;0

66

-

J;«

2 u

-

Mole ratio A/B =3.400 2.7 2.24 3.8 1.96 5.4 2.42 6.8 2.51

NON-AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS The quantities appearing in the tables are: 100 xi, the mole per cent of the solute: and kR = — *

-•

Within the accuracy

XlPQ

of the data the relation between XI and fc# is linear between values 13 I marked with an arrow, thus -j /» * Solvent = Br2 (53) BrI lOOzi I lOOfc« 2.55 I 99 S2 4 143 7 105 SnBr4 8.3 94 8.6 87 SbBr3 8.7 75 8.9 83 CHBr3 10.0 97 10.2 103 Solvent = Hg v. also p. 284 Bi 320-322° (16) 5 77 10 67 20 63.5 35 68.5 50 77 60 I 82.5 100 i 100

Sn 305-358° (42) 95 95 97 97

Tl 325° (21, 22) 5 105 10 116 20 121 35 118 50 113 70 107 80 104 * Zn (22) 10 93 30 84 40 82 50 83 60 87 Ag 313-320° (16) 0.25 I 101

Au 10Oz1 I lQOkR 313-320° (16) 5 55 10 51 _20 35 Solvent = NH3 NH 4 N 3 -33° ( 8 ) 13 I 181 161 246 262 •§ 17 2 18 275 I 19 285 do [20 291 0°( 8 ) 19 I 231 22 i 248

Solvent = C6H6 CioHg Naphthalene ( 38 ) 0.5 I 101.9 3 i 97.5 4 96.4 5 96.0 6 95.9 7 95.9 8 96.1 9 97.1 Ci 4 HiO Anthracene ( 40 ) Solvent = CH3OH C3H8O3 Glycerol 40° (9) 6 82.0 22 63.0 37 61.9 50 69.4 60 76.3 80 86.2 _85 89.3

C4Hi2IN Tetramethylammonium iodide 10Oz1 100fcß 0.0461 64.3 0.0616 87.6 LiCl 0.5 17o 1 17s 1.5 176 2 182 2.5 188 3 193 4 198 KI 1.0 164 1.5 165 2.0 167 2.5 169

Solvent = C2H6OH C3H8O3 Glycerol 15° (1) 20 44.0 30 45.0 40 46.3 50 48.0 60 51.0 70 56.5 80 66.8 90 80.0 C7C6O2 Benzoic acid 19.5° (54)

2.676 I 95.1 C14HioO2 Benzil 15° (51) 0.1 98.9 0.2 106.3 0.3 109.6 0.6 100.7

Ci4HiOO2

Benzil 15° (51) 0.2 84 0.4 85 0.6 86

CO(NH2), Urea 19.0° (54) 2.788 I 107.1

CH3CONH2 Acetamide 10Oz1 lOOfc/j 17.0°

C3H5N3O8 Nitroglycerine lOOzi I IOO/CB

(54)

2.811 I 100.8 LiCi 15o ( 5i) !5 118 i'g 127 2.2 162 3.8 144 4.0 139 KI 15° (51) 0.17 115.0 0.27 127.5 0.46 127.8

Solvent = (CH3)2CO Acetone C18H34O2 Oleicacid 30° (9) 40 82 60 87 90 95

18° (28)

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

130 154 148 140 131 124

117 m

—

— v- also P- 288 Solvent = (C2H5)2O Ethyl ether H2SO4 30° (9) 2 1 71 19 I 76 37 i 175 39

182

J?

Ì** For aqueous H2SO4, v. (55) C18H34O2 Oleic acid 30° (9) 14 I I 120 1001 I 100

C6H7N Aniline 100.T1 |lOO^ 20° (9)

12 125 18 96 50 87 60 86 70 87 JX? 93 Solvent = CCl4 C10H8 Naphthalene 15.5° (54) 1.92 | 107.8 Ci4H10 Phenanthrene 19.0° (54) 1.85 I 105.0 Solvent = CS2 Ci8H34O2 Olei c acid 30« W ^8 87.5 44; 105.0 60 104.8 9° IQ*- 2 Solvent = Na2CO3 NaCN v. p. 285

LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) O) Anderson, 7, 88: 191; 14. ( 2 ) Baker and Waite, 33, 25: 1174; 21. ( 3 ) Beard, Diss., Johns Hopkins Univ., 1922. ( 4 ) Berkeley, Hartley and Burton, 62, 209: 177; 09. ( 5 ) Berkeley, Hartley and Burton, 62, 218: 295; 19. (6) Boswell and Cantelo, 324, 6: 109; 22. (7) Brönsted, 7, 82: 621 ; 13. (») Brown and Houlehan, 1, 35: 649; 13. ( 9 ) Campbell, 83: 11: 91; 15. (10) Charpy, 34, 113: 794; 91. (") Dieterici, 8, 70: 617; 23. («) Dieterici, 8, 42: 513; 91. ( 13 ) Dieterici, 8, 50: 47; 93. ( 14 ) Dieterici, 8, 62: 616; 97. ( 1S ) Dieterici, 8, 67: 859; 99. ( 16 ) Eastman and Hildebrand, I1 36: 2020; 14. ( 17 ) Frazer, Lovelace and Rogers, 1, 42: 1793; 20. ( 18 ) Gerike, 55, 17: 78; 15. ( 19 ) Grollman and Frazer, 1, 47: 712; 25. (20) Härtung, 83, 15 HI: 150; 20. ( 21 ) Hildebrand, Comm. 8thInt. Cong. Appi. Chem., 22: 147; 12. (22) Hildebrand, 78, 22: 335; 13. (23)Hildebr and and Eastman, 1, 37: 2452; 15. ( 24 ) Holland, Diss., Johns Hopkins Univ., 1924. ( 2 5) Lovelace, Bahlke and Frazer, 1, 45: 2930; 23. (26) Lovelace, Frazer and Sease, 1, 43: 102; 21. (27) Marshall, 182, 29: 157; 15. ( 2 ») Marshall and Peace, 4, 109: 298; 16. ( 2 ^) Menzies and Boving, Comm. 8th Int. Cong. Appi. Chem., 22: 219; 12. ( 30 ) Murait, Diss., Zurich Tech. Hoch., 1919. (31) Negus, Diss., Johns Hopkins Univ., 1923. ( 32 ) Nicol, 3, 22: 502; 86. ( 33 ) Norris, Diss., Johns Hopkins Univ., 1922. ( 34 ) Paranjpé, 318, 2: 59; 18. ( 3S ) Parker, Diss., Johns Hopkins Univ., 1921. ( 36 ) Perman and Price, 83, 8: 68; 12. ( 3 7) Prideaux and Caven, 54, 38: 353; 19. (3S) Raoult, 271, 14: 225; 00. ( 3 ») Roozeboom, 7, 4: 31 ; 89. ( 4 O) Rosanoff and Dunphy, 1, 36: 1411; 14. ( 41 ) Schoorl, 70, 42: 790; 23. ( 42 ) Sieverts and Oehme, 25, 46: 1238; 13. ( 43 ) Smits, 18, 1: 97; 98. ( 44 ) Smits, 7, 39: 385; 02. ( 45 ) Smits, 7, 51: 33; 05. ( 46 ) Swietoslawski, 27, 37: 263; 25. ( 4 7 ) Tammann, 8, 24: 523; 85. ( 48 ) Tammann, St. Pétersb. Ac. Sd. Mem. 35: No. 9; 87. ( 4 9 ) Taylor, Diss., Johns Hopkins Univ., 1923. (5°) Tower, 1, 30: 1219; 08. ( 51 ) Tower and Germann, 1, 36: 2449; 14. ( 5 2 ) Washburn and Heuse, 1, 37: 309; 15. ( 53 ) Wright, 4, 109: 1134; 16. ( 54 ) Wright, 4, 115: 1165; 19. (55) Pound, 4, 99: 698; 11.

THE VAPOR PRESSURES OF AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS OF COMMERCIAL ACIDS

FRED C. ZEISBERG, W. B. VAN ARSDEL, FRANK C. BLAKE, C. H. GREENEWALT AND G. B. TAYLOR PARTIAL VAPOR PRESSURES OF AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS OF HCl FBED C. ZEISBERG logio pmm = A — B/T, which, however agrees only approximately with the table. The table is more nearly correct. Partial Pressure of H2O, mm Hg, 0C % HCl 6 10 14 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42

A I B I 0° I 5° I 10° I 15° 20° | 25° 30° 35° 40° | 45° | 50° 8.99156 2282 4.186.048.4511.7 15.9 21.8 29.1 39.4 50.6 66.2 86.0 8.99864 2295 3.845.527.7010.7 14.6 20.0 26.8 35.5 47.0 61.5 80.0 8.97075 2300 3.394.916.95 9.6513.1 18.0 24.1 31.9 42.1 55.3 72.0 8.98014 2323 2.874.215.92 8.2611.3 15.4 20.6 27.5 36.4 47.9 62.5 8.97877 2334 2.623.835.40 7.5010.3 14.1 19.0 25,1 33.3 43.6 57.0 9.02708 2363 2.333.404.82 6.75 9.3012.6 17.1 22.8 30.2 39.8 52.0 8.96022 2356 2.053.044.31 6.03 8.3011.4 15.4 20.4 27.1 35.7 46.7 9.01511 2390 1.762.603.71 5.21 7.21 9.9513.5 18.0 24.0 31.7 41.5 8.97611 2395 1.502.243.21 4.54 6.32 8.7511.8 15.8 21.1 27.9 36.5 9.00117 2422 1.261.902.73 3.88 5.41 7.5210.2 13.7 18.4 24.3 32.0 9.03317 2453 1.041.572.27 3.25 4.55 6.37 8.7011.7 15.7 21.0 27.7 9.07143 2487 0.851.291.87 2.70 3.81 5.35 7.32 9.9513.5 18.1 24.0 9.11815 2526 0.681.031.50 2.19 3.10 4.41 6.08 8.3311.4 15.4 20.4 9.20783 2579 0.530.811.20 1.75 2.51 3.60 5.03 6.92 9.5213.0 17.4 9.33923 2647 0.410.630.94 1.37 2.00 2.88 4.09 5.68 7.8510.7 14.5 9.44953 2709 0.310.480.72 1.06 1.56 2.30 3.28 4.60 6.45 8.9012.1

| 60 | 70° | 80° | 90° | 100° | 139 220 333 492 715 130 204 310 463 677 116 185 273 425 625 102 162 248 374 550 93.5150 230 345 510 85.6138 211 317 467 77.0124 194 290 426 69.0112 173 261 388 60.7 99.0154 234 349 53.5 87.5136 207 310 46.5 76.5120 184 275 40.5 66.5104 161 243 34.8 57.0 90.0140 212 29.6 49.1 77.5120 182 25.0 42.1 67.3105 158 21.2 35.8 57.2 89.2 135

110° 960 892 783 729 670 611 554 499 444 396 355 311 266 230 195

Partial Pressure of HCl, mm Hg, 0C %HC1| A I B I 0° I 5 ° | 10° I 15° I 20° | 25° | 30° | 35° | 40° | 45° | 50° | 60° | 70° | 80° | 90° | 100° | 110° 2 11.80374736 0.00001170.0000230.0000440.0000840.0001510.0002750.0004710.000830.0014010.003800.01000.02450.058|0.1320.280 4 11.6400Ì4471 0.000018 0.000036 0.000069 0.0001310.00024 0.00044 0.00077 0.00134 0.0023 0.003850.0064 0.0165 0.04050.095 0.21 0.46 0.93 6 11.214442020.0000660.0001250.000234 0.0004250.00076 0.00131 0.00225 0.0038 0.0062 0.0102 0.0163 0.040 0.094 0.206 0.44 0.92 1.78 8 11.040640420.0001180.0003230.000583 0.00104 0.00178 0.0031 0.00515 0.0085 0.0136 0.022 0.0344 0.081 0.183 0.39 0.82 1.64 3.10 10 10.931139080.00042 0.00075 0.00134 0.00232 0.00395 0.0067 0.0111 0.0178 0.0282 0.045 0.069 0.157 0.35 0.73 1.48. 2.9 5.4 12 10.790037650.00099 0.00175 0.00305 0.0052 0.0088 0.0145 0.0234 0.037 0.058 0.091 0.136 0.305 0.66 1.34 2.65 5.1 9.3 14 10.695436360.0024 0.00415 0.0071 0.0118 0.0196 0.0316 0.050 0.078 0.121 0.185 0.275 0.60 1.25 2.50 4.8 9.0 16.0 16 10.626135160.0056 0.0095 0.016 0.0265 0.0428 0.0685 0.106 0.163 0.247 0.375 0.55 1.17 2.40 4.66 8.8 16.1 28 18 10.495733760.0135 0.0225 0.037 0.060 0.095 0.148 0.228 0.345 0.515 0.77 1.11 2.3 4.55 8.6 15.7 28 48 20 10.383332450.0316 0.052 0.084 0.132 0.205 0.32 0.48 0.72 1.06 1.55 2.21 4.4 8.5 15.6 28.1 49 83 22 10.317231250.0734 0.119 0.187 0.294 0.45 0.68 1.02 1.50 2.18 3.14 4.42 8.6 16.3 29.3 52 90 146 24 10.218529950.175 0.277 0.43 0.66 1.00 1.49 2.17 3.14 4.5 6.4 8.9 16.9 31.0 54.5 94 157 253 26 10.130328700.41 0.64 0.98 1.47 2.17 3.20 4.56 6.50 9.2 12.7 17.5 32.5 58.5 100 169 276 436 28 10.011527321.0 1.52 2.27 3.36 4.90 7.05 9.90 13.8 19.1 26.4 35.7 64 112 188 309 493 760 30 9.876325932.4 3.57 5.23 7.60 10.6 15.1 21.0 28.6 39.4 53 71 124 208 340 542 845 32 9.752324575.7 8.3 11.8 16.8 23.5 32.5 44.5 60.0 81 107 141 238 390 623 970 34 9.6061231613.1 18.8 26.4 36.8 50.5 68.5 92 122 161 211 273 450 720 36 9.6262222929.0 41.0 56.4 78 105.5 142 188 246 322 416 535 860 38 9.4670209463.0 87.0 117 158 210 277 360 465 598 758 955 40 9.21561939130 176 233 307 399 515 627 830 42 8.99251800253 332 430 560 709 900 44 8.86211681510 655 840 46 J940 I Accuracy, ca. 2 % for solutions of 15 to 30 % HCl between O and 100°; for solutions of >30 % HCl the accuracy is ca. 5 % at the lower temperatures and ca. 15 % at the higher temperatures. Below 15 % HCl, the accuracy is ca. 5 % at the lower temperatures and higher strengths to ca. 15-20 % at the lower strengths and perhaps 15-20 % at the higher temperatures and lower strengths. The above table is practically based upon the data of ( 2 » 6 > 9 » * °» 13 > 15 ), the data of other observers being discordant. The new data by Klemenc and Nagel ( 1 M at 12.50C were not available for consideration at the time the table was prepared.

LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) (i) Allan, SO, 2: 120; 98. (2) Bates and Kirschman, 1, 41: 1991; 19. (3) Bineau, 6, 7: 257; 43. (*) Dobson and Masson, 4, 125: 668; 24. (*) Dolezalek, 7, 26: 321; 98. ( 6 ) Dunn and Rideal, 4, 125: 676; 24. (7)

Foulk and Hollingsworth, 1, 45: 1220; 23. (8) Gahl, 7, 33: 178; 00. (») Harned, 1, 44: 252; 22. ( O) Hulett and Bonner, l, 31: 390; 09. (") Klemenc and Nagel, 93t 155: 257; 26. ( 1 Z) Roscoe, 13, 116: 203; 60. ( 1 S) Roscoe and Dittmar, 13, 112: 327; 59. ( 1 ^) Vrevskii, 53, 42: 1349; 10. ( 1 S) Vrevskii, Zavarickii, and Sharlov, 53, 54: 360; 23. ( 1 ^) Yannakis, 34, 177: 174; 23 1

PARTIAL VAPOR PRESSURES OF AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS OF SULFUR DIOXIDE W. B. VAN ARSDEL Partial Pressures of H2O and SO2, mm Hg, 0C v. also p. 258 IQ0C

Grams SQ2 P

water g

H:jO

OTo

öl*

S 2

°

9.2 9.2 9.2 9.1 9.1 9.1 9.1 9.1 9.1 9.1 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 8.9 8.9 8.9

21 42 64 86 108 130 153 176 199 223 247 271 295 320 345 370 395 421 447 473 493

11.0 11 -5 12.0 12.5 *3-0 13 -^ r*'J*-^

8.9 8.9 8.9 8.9 8 8 ' 8 8 ' 8 8 ' 8 8 *

526 553 580 608 ^ ™ ?°® '}**

15

8 8

7 0

ito

'

II

H2

S 2

°

3O0C

|

°

H2

^

III

17.5 17.4 17.4 17.4 17.4 17.3 17.3 17.3 17.3 17.2 17.2 17.2 17.2 17.1 17.1 17.1 17.0 17.0 17.0 17.0 17.0

°

sTs 31.7 31.7 31.6 31.6 31.5 31.5 31.5 31.4 31.4 31.3 31.3 31.2 31.2 31.1 31.1 31.0

29 59 90 123 157 191 227 264 300 338 375 411 448 486 524 562 600 638 676 714 751

4O0C

|

S 2

°

TrTs

0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 . 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0 8.5 9.0 9.5 10.0 10.5

'°

2O0G

|

H2

°

S 2

°

HsTs 42 85 129 176 224 273 324 376 428 482 536 588 642 698 752 806

55.2 55.1 55.0 55.0 54.9 54.7 54.7 54.6 54.5 54'.4 54.4 54.3

5O0C

| H2

°

S 2

°

927s 60 120 181 245 311 378 447 518 588 661 733 804

92.3 92.2 92.0 91.9 91.8 91.6 91.5 91.4 91.2

6O0G

| H2

353

746

2 5

352

956

'

523

H2

°

83 164 247 333 421 511 603 698 793

°

234

149.2 149.0 148.8 148.6 148.3 148.1 147.9

|

S 2

°

149.5

16.9 789 Grams SO2 8O0C | 9O0C | 10O0C | UO0C per 100 g: ÏÏ2 S 2 H2 water ° ° ° S°2 H2° S°2 ÏÏ2° S°2 HiiO ÖJÖ 355 526 760 Ï074 0.5 354 182 525 225 758 274 1072 326 1.0 354 356 524 445 757 548 1071 661 1.5 353 543 523 684 756 850 1070 1032

2.0

S 2

°

7O0C

|

111 217 328 444 562 682 804

234 233 233 233 232 232

12O0C S 2

° Ï488 1486 1484

H2

°

|

144 281 426 581 739 897

13O0C

S 2

° 2026 377 2024 775 2022

420 879

940

The above table is based upon the data of the following observers, the weight assigned to each being indicated: Schoenfeld, O; Sims, 3; Smith-Parkhurst, 4; Freese, O; Oman, 3; Enckell, 3; Hudson, 5; Taylor, 2; and Taylor and Chase, 4. The partial pressure of water was calculated using Fulda's values for the ionization constant of H2SOs. LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) O) Enckell, Papp. träv. tids. Finland, No. 4: 93; 25. 472, 23: 633; 25. ( 2 ) Freese, 491, 51: 861; 20. (3) Fulda, 291, 30: 81; 09. (*) Hudson, 4,

127: 1332; 25. (5) Oman, 485, 54: 81; 24. («) Scheel and Heuse, 8, 31 715; 10. (7) Schönfeld, 13, 95: 1; 55. («) Sims, 4, 14: 1; 62. (») Smith and Parkhurst, 1, 44: 1918; 22. 1 ( O) Taylor, Research Dept., The Brown Co., Berlin, New Hampshire, O. (U) Taylor and Thing, Research Dept., The Brown Co., Berlin, New Hampshire, O. (12) Taylor and Chase, The Brown Co., Berlin, N. H., O.

VAPOR PRESSURES, NORMAL BOILING POINTS, AND LATENT HEATS OF VAPORIZATION FOR AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS OF H2SO4 FRANK C. BLAKE AND C. H. GREENEWALT % = Wt. % H2SO4 in the solution. A and B are constants in the equation logio Pmm = A — B/T I = total heat of vaporization in g-calu per g of water evaporated. B. P. = normal boiling point, 0C. For bibliography and discussion of data, v. Greenewalt, 453 17: 522; 25.

% = A= B = l = B. P. =

95 9.790 3888 987 290

90 9.255 3390 861 255

85 9.239 3175 806 225

80 9.293 3040 772 202

75 9.034 2810 713 182

C O 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110 115 120 125 130 135 140 145 150 155 160 165 170

70 65 60 55 50 45 40 35 30 25_ 20 10 9.0328.8538.8418.8278.8328.8098.8448.87387864 8.9228.925 2688 2533 2458 2400 2357 2322 2299 2286 2271 2268 2259 682 643 624 609 598 590 584 580 577 576 574~ 165 151 140 130 123 118 114 110 108 106 104 102 \ Total vapor pressure, mm Hg : 0.004180.01440.05500.1540.3770.6861.08 1.55 2.07 2.55 3.06 3.43 3.724.02 4.38 0.001180.006800.02300.08670.2350.5581.03 1.60 2.26 2.99 3.69 4.40 4.94 5.335.87 6.30 0.001960.0108 0.03580.128 0.3420.8001.46 2.26 3.19 4.19 5.22 6.23 6.91 7.468.05 8.80 0.003180.0169 0.05550.195 0.5061.15 2.05 3.19 4.50 5.85 7.27 8.65 9.65 10.511.3 12.3 0.004970.0257 0.08350.284 0.7231.61 2.87 4.43 6.20 8.10 9.95 11.8 13.2 14.315.4 16.6 0.007650.0390 0.124 0:408 1.03 2.24 3.97 6.15 8.45 10.9 13.5 15.8 17.8 19.420.8 22.4 0.0117 0.0585 0.183 0.580 1.44 3.09 5.41 8.29 11.3 14.7 18.0 21.2 23.8 26.027.8 30.0 0.001500.0179 0.0860 0.265 0.822 2.00 4.23 7.39 11.2 15.4 19.7 24.3 28.6 31.9 35.037.2 40.1 0.002350.0265 0.125 0.381 1.14 2.75 5.66 9.85 14.8 20.3 26.0 31.8 37.3 41.7 45.648.6 52.9 0.003700.0395 0.181 0.540 1.57 3.73 7.60 13.0 19.5 26.7 33.0 41.0 48.6 54.7 59.063.3 68.1 0.005800.0580 0.260 0.770 2.20 5.17 10.2 17.5 26.0 35.2 44.7 53.9 63.0 71.3 76.782.2 88.5 0.008770.0840 0.367 1.06 2.95 6.89 13.4 22.7 33.7 45.5 57.5 69.0 80.2 91.0 98.2106 113 0.0133 0.120 0.411 1.47 3.98 9.12 18.6 29.3 43.0 58.0 73.0 87.3 102 116 124 133 143 0.0196 0.169 0.707 2.00 5.30 10.2 22.7 37.7 55.1 73.7 92.3 110 127 145 156 167 178 0.0288 0.236 0.960 2.68 7.02 15.6 29.0 48.0 69.6 92.5 116 138 159 180 195 207 223 0.0415 0.327 1.31 3.60 9.26 20.3 37.0 60.2 87.0 115 144 171 198 222 240 256 274 0.0606 0.450 1.77 4.77 12.0 26.0 47.0 75.3 108 143 179 211 244 273 295 314 337 0.0879 0.618 2.37 6.35 15.6 33.4 59.7 94.3 136 178 211 261 300 333 360 385 413 0.123 0.823 3.14 8.30 20.0 42.5 74.6 117 167 217 271 319 369 404 437 468 498 0.172 1.12 4.18 10.8 25.7 53.9 92.7 144 205 268 335 390 450 493 531 580 608 0.237 1.49 5.39 13.9 32.0 67.0 114 178 253 326 405 474 540 590 637 678 720 0.321 1.93 6.95 17.6 40.0 82.3 140 213 302 393 484 568 642 702 758 812 0.437 2.52 9. OO 22.5 50.0 103 172 260 367 471 580 679 768 0.590 3.23 11.4 28.3 62.0 126 207 313 435 562 684 800 0.788 4.19 14.5 35.6 76.5 153 251 377 522 670 812 1.07 5.43 18.3 44.7 94.5 188 304 452 625 797 1.42 6.97 23.2 56.0 117 230 370 544 744 1.87 8.85 29.1 69.0 142 277 440 647 2.40 11.2 36.3 85.5 173 332 525 760 3.11 13.9 44.3 104 208 397 622 4.02 17.5 54.6 127 248 471 730 5.13 21.9 68.2 157 299 564 6.47 27.7 82.0 188 354 665 8.39 33.2 99.5 226 422 790 10.3 39.8 119 267 496

175 180 185 190 195 200 205 210 215 220 225 230 235

12.9 15.9 20.2 24.8 30.7 36.7 45.3 55.0 66.9 79.8 95.5 115 137

48.4 59.0 71.2 85.0 102 120 143 170 203 240 279 326 380

143 169 206 245 291 340 402 472 557 647 750

319 378 450 535 637 735

585 685 810

0

°C 240 245 250 255 260 265 270 275 280 285 290

| 95% | 90% 164 450 193 520 229 604 268 700 314 800 363 430 500 580 682 790

The Partial Pressure of SO3 above Fuming Sulfuric Acid, mm Hg, 0C J0O^1

% SO3

J120O4

20°

25°

(

30°

35°

40°

45°

50°

55°

60°

65°

70°

75°

80°

•

85°

90°

102% 83.265 0.4 0.6 l.o 1.6 2.5 3.8 5.7 8.5 12.5 18.2 26.3 37.5 103.0 84.081 0.5 0.9 1.3 2.1 3.2 4.8 6.8 10.5 15.3 22.0 31.4 44.4 104.0 84.897 0.2 0.3 0.5 0.8 1.3 2.0 3.0 4.5 6.7 9.8 14.2 20.4 29.o 40.8 56.8 104.5 85.305 0.3 0.4 0.7 l.i 1.7 2.6 4.0 6.0 8.9 12.9 18.8 26.7 37.9 53.5 73.9 105.0 85.714 0.4 0.7 l.i 1.7 2.6 4.o 6.0 9.0 13.i 19.o 27.2 38.6 54.1 75.2 103.7 105.5 86.122 0.8 1.2 1.9 2.9 4.4 6.6 9.8 14.3 20.7 29.5 42.1 58.1 81.5 112.6 153.1 106.0 86.530 1.4 2.1 3.2 4.9 7.3 10.8 15.7 22.6 32.i 45.2 63.0 87.0 119.0 161.5 217.2 106.5 86.938 2.4 3.6 5.5 8.2 12.o 17.4 25.0 35.4 49.8 69.0 95.5 129.3 171.2 230.1 311.9 107.0 87.346 4.o 6.0 8.9 13.o 18.8 26.9 38.i 53.4 74.o 101.6 138.2 186.4 249.2 330.5 434.9 107.5 87.754 6.9 10.o 14.6 20.7 29.2 40.7 56.4 77.1 104.6 140.2 167.3 246.5 323.7 422.2 547.7 88.163 15.9 22.4 31.4 43.4 59.4 80.6 108.3 144.2 190.4 249.4 324.2 108.0 108.5 88.571 35.1 47.8 64.8 86.9 115.7 152.3 199.4 257.9 333.6 425.1 109.0 88.979 64.5 86.6 115.3 152.1 199.0 258.3 332.5 425.0 539.5 110.0 89.795 100.5 133.7 176.1 230.1 298.2 383.5 489.5 111.0 90.612 105.2 140.5 185.7 243.4 316.3 407.9 112.0 91.428 76.1 103.2 138.5 184.0 242.4 316.5 409.9 526.6 113.0 92.244 96.9 130.9 175.1 232.1 304.9 397.1 512.9 657.4 114.0 93.060 119.1 160.7 214.9 284.5 373.3 485.8 626.9 802.8 115.0 93.877 144.2 194.3 259.2 342.6 448.8 583.0 751.2 960.4 Unpublished determinations from the Eastern Laboratory of E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Company. The Partial Pressures of H2SO4 and H2O over Sulfuric Acid Solutions t, °C

I

PH2SO4

I

PH2O

u

89.25% H2SQ4 I 183.0 0.5 78.8 197.5 1.3 116.9 216.5 2.1 233.1 230.0 3.6 306.3 241.5 5.3 414.8 9126% H2SQ4 ^T 1Q1 Q 5Q 205 O 19 84 7 222.0 4.5 158i5 242.5 6.4 271.6 252.5 11.3 385.3 258.0 13.6 448.7 262.5 16.3 411.1

t, °C

I

PH2SO4

I

PH2O

||

95.06% H2SO4 180.0 2.1 10.1 200.0 4.8 21.2 215.5 8.5 46.5 232.0 13.4 91.9 244.5 19.9 120.1 252.0 20.0 156.5 261.0 27.9 180.7 270 0 39 9 254 9 ' ' ' 280.5 52.0 310.0 282.0 52.6 350.2

t, °C

|

PH2SO4

|

PH2O

||

t, °G

|

PH2SO4

|

PH2O

98.06% H2SO4 || 99.23% H2SQ4 204.0 5.9 0.0 211.0 33.2 218,5 9.8 1.5 225.0 49.9 234.5 14.7 3.2 227.0 55.4 249.0 28.5 2.6 244.0 84.1 <0.1 261.0 38.8 5.0 261.0 163.8 273.0 61.9 5.3 270.0 229.8 285.0 91.6 11.8 281.0 272.3 295.0 132.3 14.7 290.0 381.5 Measurements by Thomas and Barker, 4, 127: 2824; 25. pin Accuracy, 5 to 15%. mm jjg%

PARTIAL VAPOR PRESSURES OF AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS OF HNO3, MM HG G. B. TAYLOR Based chiefly upon the data of Creighton and Githens, Carpenter and Babor, Burdick and Freed, Sproesser and Taylor, Pascal, and Klemenc Percentages are Wt. % HNQ3 in solution oc

O 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55

20% I 25% 30% I 35% ~ 20% [ 25% | 30% | 35% HNO3| H2O I HNO 3 I H2O | HNQ3| H2Q | HNO3| H2O HNQ3| H2O HNO3] H2O | HNO3 H2O | HNO3] H2Q 4.1 3.8 3.6 3.3 60 0.13 128 0.28 121 0.51 113 0.85 102 5.7 5.4 5.0 4.6 65 0.19 162 0.40 151 0.71 140 1.18 127 8.0 7.6 7.1 6.5 70 0.27 200 0.54 187 1.00 174 1.63 159 10.9 10.3 9.7 8.9 75 0.38 250 0.77 234 1.38 217 2.26 198 15.2 14.2 13.2 12.0 80 0.53 307 1.05 287 1.87 267* 3.07 243 20.6 19.2 17.8 16.2 85 0.74 378 1.44 352 2.53 325 4.15 297 27.6 25.7 23.8 0.09 21.7 90 1.01 458 1.95 426 3.38 393 5.50 359 36.5 33.8 31.1 0.13 28.3 95 1.37 555 2.62 517 4.53 478 7.32 436 47.5 44 0.11 41 0.20 37.7 100 1.87 675 3.50 628 6.05 580 9.7 530 62 0.09 57.5 0.17 53 0.28 48 105 2.50 800 4.65 745 7.90 690 12.7 631 80 0.13 75 0.25 69 0.42 63 110 16.5 755 0.09 100 0.18 94 0.35 87 0.59 79

HNQ8

O 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110 115 120 125 ~

O 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110 115 120 125

0.12 0.17 0.25 0.36 0.52 0.75 1.04 1.48 2.05 2.80 3.80 5.10 6.83 9.0 11.7 15.5 20.0 25.7 32.5

65%

j

40% I

HNO3 I 0.41 0.60 0.86 1.21 1.68 2.32 3.17 4.26 5.70 7.55 10.0 12.8 16.8 21.7 27.5 35.0 43.5 54.5 67.5 83.5 103 124 152 181 218 260

H2O

3.0 4.2 5.8 8.0 10.8 14.6 19.5 25.5 33.5 43 56 71 90 114 143 178 218 268 325 394 480 573 688 810

j 45% I HNQ3 |

0.10 0.15 0.23 0.33 0.48 0.68 0.96 1.35 1.83 2.54 3.47 4.65 6.20 8.15 10.7 13.7 17.8 23.0 29.2 37.0 46

j |

H2O

2.6 3.6 5.0 6.9 9.4 12.7 16.9 22.3 29.3 38.0 49.5 62.5 80 100 126 158 195 240 292 355 430 520 625 740

HNQ 3

50% |

0.12 0.18 0.27 0.39 0.56 0.80 1.13 1.57 2.18 2.95 4.05 5.46 7.25 9.6 12.5 16.3 20.9 26.8 34.2 43.0 54.5 67 84

70%

H2O I HNO3 I 1.3 0.79 1.8 1.12 2.6 1.58 3.5 2.18 4.9 3.00 6.6 4.10 8.8 5.50 11.6 7.30 15.5 9.65 20.0 12.6 26.0 16.5 33.0 21.0 43.0 27.1 54.5 34.5 68 43.3 86 54.5 106 67.5 131 83 160 103 195 125 238 152 288 183 345 221 410 262 490 312 580 \ 372

H2Q

! |

2.1 3.0 4.2 5.8 7.9 10.7 14.4 19.0 25.0 32.5 42.5 54 70 88 110 138 170 211 258 315 383 463 560 665 785

HNQ3

55% |

0.14 0.21 0.31 0.45 0.66 0.93 1.30 1.82 2.50 3.41 4.54 6.15 8.18 10.7 13.9 18.0 23.0 29.4 37.3 47 58.5 73 90 110

H2Q

1.8 . 2.5 3.5 4.9 6.7 9.1 12.2 16.1 21.3 28 36.3 46.0 60 76 95 120 148 182 223 272 331 400, 485 575 685

80%

H2O | 1.1 1.6 2.2 3.0 4.1 5.5 7.4 9.8 12.8 16.7 21.8 27.3 35.3 44.5 56 70 86 107 130 158 192 231 270 330 393 469

HNO3 | 2 3 4 6 8 10.5 14 18.5 24.5 32 41 52 67 85 106 130 158 192 230 278 330 392 465 545 640

j |

HNO3

0.19 0.28 0.41 0.59 0.84 1.21 1.66 2.28 3.10 4.20 5.68 7.45 9.9 13.0 16.8 21.8 27.5 34.8 43.7 55.0 69.5 84.5 103 126 156 187

90%

H2O 1.2 1.7 2.4 3.2 4 5.5 7 9.5 12 15 20 25 31 38 48 60 73 89 108 129 155 185 219

[ HNO3 5.5 8 11 15 20 27 36 47 62 80 103 127 157 192 232 282 338 405 480 570 675 790

LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) (M Beri and Samtleben, 92, 35: 201; 22. (2) Burdick and Freed, 1, 43: 518; 21. (3 ) Carpenter and Babor, 79,161: 111 ; 25. (* ) Creighton and Githens, 143, 179: 161; 15. (8) Klemenc and Nagel, 93, 155: 257; 26. (6) Pascal, 315, 20: 40; 23. (?) Roscoe, 4, 13: 146; 61. (8) Sapozhnikov, 7, 53: 225; 05. ( 9 ) Sproesser and Taylor, 1, 43: 1782; 21.

[

60% |

H2Q

1 1.3 1.8 2.4 3 4 5 6.5 8 10 13 16 20 24 29 35 42

H2O

1.5 2.1 3.0 4.1 5.6 7.7 10.3 13.6 18.1 23.7 31.0 39 51 64 81 102 126 156 192 233 285 345 417 495 590 700

I

100% "~

|

HNO3 11 15 22 30 42 57 77 102 133 170 215 262 320 385 460 540 625 720 820

THE VAPOR PRESSURES OF AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS OF CH3COOH, HBr AND HI C. H. GEEENEWALT TOTAL VAPOR PBESSUBE OF ACETIC ACID—WATEB MIXTURES (MM HG) % = Wt. % acetic acid in the solution. Based upon the data of Kahlbaum (2) and Konowalow (3)

^T---—-^__

25

50

75

20

îêTs

ïoTr

ïsTâ

25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100

22.1 29.6 39.4 51.7 67.0 87.2 110 141 178 223 277 342 419 510 618 743

21.4 28.8 38.3 50.2 65.0 85.0 107 138 172 216 269 331 407 497 602 725

20.8 27.8 36.6 48.1 62.0 80.1 102 130 162 203 251 310 376 458 550 666

AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS OP HBR, pmm at 250C (*) % HBr I PHBr I % HBr | PHBT || % HBr [ №Br 32 0.0016 38 0.0061 44 .048 34 .0022 40 .011 46 .10 36 .0033 42 .023 PARTIAL PRESSURES OF H2O AND HBR (MM HG) (*) % 2O0G I 250C I 5Q0C | 550C HBr HBr | H2O | HBr 48 0.09 6.2 0.13 50 0.23 4.5 0.37 52 0.71 3.3 1.1 54 2.2 2.4 3.2 56 6.8 1.7 9.3 58 21 1.3 27 60 I

| H2O | HBr | H2O | HBr | H2Q 8.2 1.3 30.2 2.0 38 6.1 3.2 24.3 4.6 31 4.5 7.2 19.3 10.2 25 3.3 17 16.0 23.0 21 2.4 40 13.3 51 18 1.9 91 10.4 115 14 260 11.4

PARTIAL PRESSURE OF HI OVER AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS OF HI, 250C %HI

JOH1

44

(MM HG) (i) 46 48

50

52 i 54

56*

0.000640.00100.00220.00500.0130.0350.10 LITERATURE

(For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) C 1 ) Bates and Kirschman, 1, 41: 1991; 19. (2) Kahlbaum, 7, 13: 14; 94. ( 3 ) Konowalow, 8, 14: 34; 81. ( 4 ) Vrevskii, Zavarickii and Sharlov, 53, 54: 360; 23.

VAPOR PRESSURES, BOILING POINTS AND VAPOR COMPOSITIONS FOR THE SYSTEM H2O-H2SO4-HNO3 F. C. ZEISBERG The available information is summarized and presented below in graphical form. The small circles on the left-hand sides of Figs. 2 and 3 are the critical values for the system H2O—HNO3 as given above (p. 304). They show that the best available data for the ternary system are inconsistent with the best data for the binary system.

LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) (M Beri and Samtleben, 92, 35: 206; 22. ( 2 ) Carpenter and Babor, 79, 16 I: 111 ; 25. (3) Creighton and Smith, 143,180: 703; 15. (*) Pascal and Gamier, 14, 15: 253; 21. (5) Sapozhnikov, 7, 49: 697; 04. 51: 609; 05. 53:225; 05. (6) Sapozhnikov, 245, 4: 441, 462; 09.

Boiling Points H2SO4-HNO3-H2O Mixtures at 760mm. Beri and Samtleben Wt. Percentages

Total Vapor Tensions of H2SO4-HNO3-H2O Mixtures at 250C Saposchnikow

FlG. 2.

FIG. 3.

FIG. 1.

Composition of Vapors from boiling H2SO4-HNO3-H2O Solutions 760mm.

0

Carpenter 8, Babor • Beri & Samtleben + Taylor o Pascal

Fio. 4.

Boiling Points of Mixtures of H2SO4-HNO3-H2O at 570mm. Pascal

FlG 5

- -

Boiling Points of Mixtures of H2SO4-HNO3-H2O at458mnt Pascal

FIG. 6.

Boiling Points of Mixtures of H2SO4-HNO3-H2O at 317mm. Pascal

Fio. 7.

Composition of Vapors from boiling H SQ ' Pasca) A$°

FIG. 8.

Composi n of Vapors fromtioboiling H8SQ4-HNO3-H2O Solutions 300mm. Pascal

VARIATION OF BOILING POINT WITH COMPOSITION, FOR LIQUID MIXTURES OF VOLATILE CONSTITUENTS D. B. KEYES, ASSISTED BY D. B. MASON AND ROGER K. TAYLOR CONTENTS Two-component systems. Three-component systems. Azeotropic mixtures. ABBREVIATIONS B. P. Boiling point. M % Mole %. (In the liquid unless otherwise indicated.) I Linear relation over the range so marked. Maximum or minimum boiling points in bold-face type.

MATIÈRES Systèmes à deux constituants. Systèmes à trois constituants. Mélanges azéotropiques. ABRÉVIATIONS B. P. Point d'ébullition. M % Pourcent moléculaire. (Dans le liquide à moins d'une autre indication.) I Relation linéaire pour tout l'intervalle ainsi désigné. Points d'ébullition maximum et minimum en caractères gras.

INHALTSVERZEICHNIS Zweikomponenten Systeme. Dreikomponenten Systeme. Azeotropische Mischungen. ABKÜRZUNGEN B. P. Siedepunkt. M % Mol-Prozente. (In der Flüssigkeit, wenn nichts anderes angegeben.) l Gibt den Bereich linearer Beziehung an. Die maximum oder minimum Siedepunkte sind durch Druck hervorgehoben.

INDICE PAGE Sistemi a due componenti. 309 Sistemi a tre componenti. 314 Miscele azeotropiche 318 ABBREVIAZIONI B. P. Punto di ebollizione. M % Grammi molecole %. (Salvo i casi in cui è indicato diversamente.) I Relazione lineare entro l'intervallo così indicato. I massimi e minimi nei punti di ebollizione sono segnati in carattere neretto.

TWO-COMPONENT SYSTEMS Ä-Ä-TABLE Standard arrangement (v. p. viii)

Argon

H2O

20

B P

B = N2 ( ) I M %A K Li Va

' " l 83.55 84.9 86.4 89.5 92.3 94.18 79.70 80.9 82.4 85.2 87.95 89.9s

«- I

1500mm O 20 40 70 90 100 i1000mm n™

Aqueous Mixtures B = HCl (7)

P-

O 8.7 20.4 45.5 75.0 100

O 20

O 8.6

S:i

»

S:°

85.25 87.25

90 100 O 20 40 70 90 100

M%B 0.0 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10.5 12 -° M0

92.0 82.7 19.0 B = Br2,

17.0 18.5 26.3 z;. (52)

—

v als

- °V' 306 B. P., C | M % B Vap. 0

73.5 100

100.0 114.7

O 7.8 17.7 41.0 70.4 100

126.0 124.3 104.3 92.0 36 26 ~~~

122

O 2

-4

6

15 25 70 80 90 95

B = HNO 3 ( 10 ) v. also p. 304

°2 B

B. P., 0K

77 ^ 78.0 79.0 80.0 81.0 82.0 83.0 84.0 85.0 86.0

87.0 88.0 89.0 89.5 «"•l

=

N

B. P., 0C !

^ )

760mm O 8.Io 21.60 33.4 43.4 52.2 59.5 66.2 72.3 77.8 82.9 88.5 93.8 96.5

™

I

M %B

760mm

M f \ T. Liq. I TVap.

O 2.2 6.8 12.0 17.7 23.6 29.9 36.9 44.3 52.2

60.3 69.6 79.8 87.0 100—

7

100.0 106 Q

O 10

114.6 120 4 121 9 A 12 4 ^'

20 30

**7 A ™

114 9

55

103 4

70

95 2

86

'

360mm . 'JJ

%

98;2

30

8Q

10Q ftQ'

0 10

„q

„ '

50

i Si! i

An

99

B. P., M % B (37) 0 C Liq. Vap. 65.5 8.20* 0.404* 72 8.28 0.495 93 8.54 0.522 100 8.28 0.638 106.5 8.36 0.627 115.5 8.78 0.462 40.2 13.9f 1.54Î 59.0 12.4 1.48 87.5 12.4 1.47 97.5 12.8 1.51 104.0 12.3 1.57 108.5 12.3 1.42

B. P., M %B 0 C Liq. Vap. 32.5 7l.5JJJ 99.5§§§ 47.5 72.7 98.6 63 74.6 98.9 75 73.7 99.2 80.3 73.9 99.2 90.5 71.6 98.4 100.0 76.3 95.4 83.7I1HH 98.9UUIf 29 43 5 84 7 99 3

Pf

mm Hg 40 116 315 458 570 760 870 40 116 458

69

760

85 5 86 2

870

84 0

90 5 85 4

99 t

99.1 ^4

S -s., si, ìli, » sisr-sr*

.£

Eï:î

t:

458 570 760 870 40 116 317 353 463

105.5 22.5 7.14 111.0 22.1 5.16 118.5 22.1 6.60 124.2 22.3 4.87 52 30.8f 22.2** 70.2 30.5 17.1 98.5 30.8 18.9 104 31.0 22.4 109.5 30.8 22.5

553 622

113.5 31.0 22.9 115.5 31.0 22.3

517 670

B = HBr («)

*nn mm 500

73.90 74.97 76.22 78.8 81.42 83.45

B. P., C 100 101.8 103.3 105.3 108.0 109.7 109 -0 1052

O 9.5 21.5 49.0 77.5 100

O 20 40 70 90 100 760mm

77.30 78.4s

..oi.ap.aoi 0

î>, mm Hg 190 237 465 566 760 870 40 116 318 458 570 680

725 763 40 116 116 324 458 465 574 760.2 870 870 1010 40 116 325 398 458 570 754 40 116 325 408 540 760 40 116 458 570 760 870 40 116 345 458 570 760

112.5 30.7

22.6

117.5 30.8

22.2

120.5 30.8 121.6 30.8 52.6 34.6ft 72.0 35.8 72.1 36.0 102 33.6 109 37.4 110.1 35.3 113.9 38.1 121.9 38.3 126.0 34.2 126.3 36.3 130.6 34.9 52.0 40.3ÎÎ 71.5 40.1 98.5 40.3 104 40.0 108 39.5 113.5 40.0 121 40.2 47.6 46.0§§ 67.0 45.7 93.0 46.0 103.0 45.8 110.0 45.1 118.0 46.5 43 53.211 56 56.2 91 56.2 98 54.9 112 53.0 120.5 54.2 38 61.2*** 52.5 63.0 78 61.2 84 61.5 92 61.5 99 61.5

19.0 16.6 34.6« 35.6 36.1 22.3 36.7 34.7 38.0 38.3 29.1 34.8 34.8 62.0» 64.3 52.2 53.8 53.5 49.3 60.2 84.3|||| 74.2 71.5 65.2 83.8 75.9 92.5H 91.8 93.1 88.8 89.1 86.0 95.3ftt 96.8 95.4 95.9 94.2 92.1

»•'

™a "

JJt 0.4-0.6 M % NO2 présent. §§§0.1-0.7 M % NO2 présent. |||||| 0.3-0.6 M % NO2 présent. TO[ 0.2-0.5 M % NO2 présent. **** 0.4 M % NO 2 présent. _ rTT ~ * ~ 1Û2

n

Formic acid, v. p. 364 u

r»TT ^ / 1 2 v ^ = CH4° <">

Methyl alcohol

B. P., 0C M % B 800mm . lftlui.t u 93.0 6 87.9 12 33 4 2Q ^n 7Q ' /y>D

700mm 97.7 89 3 ' ö *'0 79.8 76.1 73 5 ' j /U.d I 65. I J ,

62.6 *t 0.05 M % NO2 présent, î 0.04 M % NO 2 présent. §0.14 M % NO 2 present. 110.11 M % NO 2 présent. 10.16 M % NO2 present. ** 0.14 M % NO 2 present. tt 0.18 M % NO2 present. U 0.23 M % NO2 présent. §§0.3 M % NO 2 présent. II II 0.4 M % NO2 présent. 110.2 M % NO2 present. *** 0.4 M % NO2 present. I11 0.2-0.7 M % NOa present.

OU

76.9 40 73.8 | 55 68 4 1 85 AK'Û inn D 1UU °' y 760mm JQQ Q Q Ql fi A yi b ' " 86.5 12 82.0 20 73 2 30 - ' . /O>D 4U . 72.4 | 55 67. 1 j 85 «4 fi JQQ

O 6 1

^ 20 30 4/)

OO 85

100

B = C2HBr3O (13) Bromal "R P 0P I M W R M % ^ ^' ~ fin ' ** Jb(JA mm 100. O O 100.2 4 -,nn o 10 « JJJ^ JJ.8 IUU. ^ J4. Z 99.8 35. 6

B = C2HBr3O,- (Continued) B. P., 0C I M % B 759.8 mm 99.3 42.7 100.1 50.0 758.7 mm 100.2 89.3 100.4 95.8 100.6 98.4 B = C2H4O (35) Acetaldehyde B. P., 0C M %B Liq.* Vap.f 100 O O 93.5 0.5 25 82 1 50 63 4 75 43 10 89 33 20 93 29 30 25.3 50 24.6 60 23.8 75 * 760 mm ± 5. t 761 mm.

B = C2H4O2 (38) Acetic acid v. also p. 306 B. P., 0C M %B Liq. I Vap. 760mm 100.00 O O 100.50 10 6.3 101.1s 20 12.2 102.05 30 18.5 103.15 40 26.0 104.33 50 34.0 105.7s 60 43,0 108.95 75 60.0 111.85 85 73.8 118.10 100 100 763 mm (average) ( 35 ) 100 I O O 101.1 102.5 105.3

20 40 60

15 28.5 45

110.4 118.0

85 70 100 100 B = C2H6O Ethyl alcohol v. also p. 290 M %B B. P., 0C 800 mm 760 mm O 2 5 7 10 20 30 40 50 60 75 90 100

(12)

(12)

101.4 96.7 92.0 90.0 87.9 84.6 83.0 82.1 81.3 80.7 80.0 79.5 79.7

100.0 95.1 90.5 88.6 86.5 83.2 81.7 80.8 80.0 79.4 78.7 78.2 78.4

B = C2H6O.- (Continued) M %B B. P., 0C 700 mm

640 mm

(12, 39)

(39)

97.7 95.2 92.8 90.3 88.3 85.8 86.4 83.9 84.3 81.9 81.1 78.9 79.6 77.5 78.7 76.6 77.9 75.9 77.3 75.3 76.6 74.6 76.2 74.3 76.3 74.3 M % B (14)

O 2 5 7 10 20 30 40 50 60 75 90 100 B. P., 0C

Liq.

1

1 Vap.

760mm 100.0 93.9 89.2 87.2 85.3 82.2 81.0 80.3 79.6 78.9 78.3 78.2

O 2 5 7 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

B. P., 0C

I M % B (33)

O 24.0 40.8 47.3 52.4 59.8 63.0 65.2 68.6 72.0 78 80

760 mm

95.3 90.4 86.1 83.5 81.9 79.8 78.6 78.3 78.2 78.2 78.3

2 5 10 20 30 50 70 80 85 90 100

B = C3H6O (19) Acetone v. also p. 290 B. P., 0C 56.9 59.0 I 61.6 I 62.6 64.5 69.6 77.9 100.0

M %A O 30 60 70 80 90 95 100

B = C3H8O (12) n-Propyl alcohol B. P., 0C I M % B 800mm 92.8 3.2 89.9 10 89.4 20 89.1 40 89.2 . 50 90.9 75 98.5 100 760mm 91.7 3 88.5 10 88.1 20 87.75 40 87.9 55 89.7 75 97.26 100 700mm 89.0 3.2 86.3 10 85.9 20 85.6 40 85.8 55 87.5 75 95.0 100 B = C3H8O (12) Isopropyl alcohol B. P., 0C I M % B 800mm 101.45 O 3 10 20 30 40 55 67 75 100

90.5 85.0 83.6 83.1 82.6 81.9 81.7 81.8 83.7

760mm 100 O 89.8 3 83.6 10 82.0 1 25 80.5 I 56 80.4 67 80.5 75 82.4 100 700 mm 97.7 O 87.5 3 81.5 10 80.2 20 79.1 40 78.5 56 78.3 70 80.3 100

B. P., 0C

M %B

Liq. I Vap. 760mm (24) 100 O O 95 1 19 90 2 34 86.7 3 43

B = C3H8O.- (Continued) B. P., 0C

M %B Liq. I Vap.

760 mm (24).—(Continued) 83.5 81.5 81.0 80.7 80.5 81.0 82.3

6 15 30 50 70 80 90

50.5 56 58 63 70 77 83

B = C3H8O3 (6) Glycerol v. also p. 291 M % B p, mm Hg B. P., 0C 81.11 189.1 125.11 268.6 136.72 363.5 147.48 538.7 161.99 63.02 120.6 86.00 187.8 97.49 244.0 104.45 367.3 116.07 451.6 122.39 549.6 128.55 114.9 78.35 55.04 330.8 105.80 461.7 115.50 580.4 122.50 38.04 115.5 68.22 185.5 79.24 262.5 87.84 389.2 98.32 525.5 106.81 20.90 194.0 77.85 312.7 89.57 415.0 96.95 541.5 104.33 145.3 66.64 20.46 246.5 78.88 370.0 89.05 515.5 97.72 190.3 69.34 12.61 393.9 87.09 499.9 93.34 98.85 612.1 7.22 127.8 58.77 223.4 71.23 331.2 80.71 468.3 89.53 631.2 97.61 4.68 180.8 65.32 293.3 77.08 91.42 525.0 640.9 96.84 190.7 65.87 2.01 341.3 79.58 502.3 89.41 672.8 97.37

B = C3H8O3.- (Continued) B = C3H8O3.- (Continued) M %B B. P., 0C (29) B. P., 0C I M % B 760mm (16,27,29) 100 mm 40 mm O 52 34 100 O 10 54 36 103.5 10 20 57 38.5 107.5 20 30 61 42.5 113.0 30 45 69 49.5 118.0 40 65 81.5 60 125.0 50 100 227.5 210* 133.5 60 145.5 70 * At 50 mm. 162 80 B = C4H10O (12) 174 85 Trimethylcarbinol 193 90 B. P., 0C I M %B 223 95 800 mm 249 98 101.45 O 290 100 85.7 3 0 M % B B. P., C (29) 82.5 10 700 mm 650 mm 82.0 30 O 98 96 81.6 50 10 101.5 99 81.3 69 20 105.5 103 83.85 100 30 110.5 108 760mm 45 119 117 100.00 O 65 137 134 85.0 3 100 287 284.5 81.1 10 600 mm 550 mm 80.7 30 O 93.5 91 80.3 50 10 97 94.5 80,0 69 20 101 98.5 82.55 100 30 105.5 103.5 700mm 45 114.5 112 97.70 O 65 131.5 129 82.0 3 100 282 279 79.1 10 500 mm 450 mm 78.6 30 O 89 86 78.2 50 10 92 89 77.9 69 20 96 93 80.45 100 30 100.5 97.5 B = C5H4O2 (28) 45 109.5 106.5 Furfural 65 126 122.5 B. P., 0C M %B 100 276 272 Liq. I Vap. 400 mm 350 mm 760mm O 83 79.5 100.00 O O 10 86 82.5 98.56 1 5.5 20 89.5 86 98.07 2 8.0 30 94.5 91 97.90 4 9.2 45 103 99.5 97.90 9.2 9.2 65 119 115 97.90 50 9.2 100 268 264 98.7 70 9.5 300 mm 250 mm 100.6 80 11 O 76 71.5 109.5 90 19 10 79 74.5 122.5 92 32 20 82.5 78 146.0 94 64 30 87 82.5 154.8 96 81 45 95 90.5 158.8 98 90 65 110.5 105 161.7 100 100 100 259 253.5 B = C 6 H 8 N 2 (4) 200 mm 150 mm Phenylhydrazine O 66.5 60 B. P., 0C M %B 10 69 62.5 104 15 20 72.5 66 106 30 30 77 70 114 65 45 85 78 168 86 65 99 91.5 243 100 100 247 238.5

Non-Aqueous Mixtures HCl B = C6H7N (26) Aniline B. P., 0C I M %A 755 mm 183 O 186 20 190 30 205 40 244 48 246 49 220 50 206 50.2

SO3 B = H2SO4 v. p. 304 ===== T}

351

H2SO4

TVTTT /92\

B. P,B°C= NH3 (M\ B 490 50 474 52 fw 394 381 371

55 56 57 58

" S2OoCl2 B = ClSO2OH (44) N2O4 B = HNO 3 (36) B. P., 0C M %A Liq. Vap. 78.5 O O 65.0 3.5 58.0 55.0 7.8 77.0 33.0 20.3 99.9 10 10 *-° ° JNH4Cl B = ZnCl2 (17) B. P, 0C

B = CdCl2.- (Continued) B. P., 0C M %B 4 92 80 550 90 964 100 B = CuCl (V7) 338 32 340 41 346 54 360 66 382 80 415 91 954 IQQ B = LiCl (17) B p - -> °c* M % B 332 35 338 45 344 54

M %B

342 40 343 49 345 58 350 70 358 75 385 87 730 100 B = CdCl2 (17) B. P 0C M % B *338 O 340 28 342 40 363 50 399 60 442 7o

64

*Liq. phase, only between 35 and

"•""• SnBr4

- S*1' <4°) M - "° % 206 8 ' ° 209 6 10 ' B

B

P

C

B

S:?

S

230.0 240 7 253 5 268.2 288.2 312.1 346.0

40 50 60

70 80 90 100

NaCl B=KCl(IS) B P 0C M <7 A ' Liq [Vap. 3.49 mm 890 o O 20 894 903

20

914 40 927 928 60 937 946 80 950 965 100 B. P., 0C 2.44 mm 1.08 mm 870 830 873 834 891

90<3 924 945

851

869 890 920

40 60

80 100 M % A Liq. O 20 40

60 80 100

C-Compounds (T-TABLE, the (T-Arrangement CO B = C4Hi0O ( 47 ) Ethyl ether _ p op M %A *• K' ° Liq. I Vap. 750mm 34.2 O O -1-15.0 1.4 55.0 O 2.3 76.2 -24.0 6.8 94.0 -64.0 2'7.4 99.8 -78.6 47.4 100.0 =========^^ CCl4 B = CS2 ( 42 ) B. P., 0C M %A 46.4 O 48 7 15 51.5 30 56.1 50 60.5 65 64.0 75 68.3 85 70.9 90 76 7 100 1 tt - CHCl THCI3 (fl9i B = ^)

BR c

6i 5<; Sf

M

v

2Ü

65.0 40 66.3 50 67.7 60 69.3 70 71.3 80 73.8 90 76.75 100 B = C2H4Br2 (45) Ethylene bromide B. P., 0C I M %A 749 mm 13 O-2 ° 112 5 15 104 1 25 98.0 35 93 1 45 89.4 55 86.3 65 80.6 85 76.8 IQQ B = C2H6O (48) Ethyl alcohol M %A **• F-' ° Liq. i Vap. 745 mm 77.9 O O 72.8 6.4 25 70.3 11.4 35 68.0 17.6 45 65.0 33.6 55 63.8 60 60 (63.6) (63) (63) 64.3 72.8 67 75.9 100 100

B = C4H8O2 (48) Ethyl acetate B. R, 0C M %A Liq. I Vap. 745 mm 76.5 O 75.8 9.5 10 75.2 17.9 20 74.7 28.4 30 74.3 37.3 40 74 44 50 -* -° 74.1 58.o 60 74.3 68.2 70 74.9 83.9 85 75.9 100 100 B = C4Hi0O ( 48 ) Ethyl ether B. P., 0C M%A Li( lVap. 34.7s O O 44.7 10 2 50.6 20 5 56.8 32 10 60.5 40 15 656 70 2

53 67

25 40

-ZLZ

!22

™-

™ * ™ B = C6H6 («) B. P., 0C M %B 76.69 O 77.03 25, 77.32 40 77.60 50 77.9? 60 78.47 70 79. 3o 85 8 1 O- 23 QO B = c H (4S) Toluene B. P., 0C I M %A 749mm n(M

105.2 2

101

97 2

2 90.0 87.0 84.2 80.3 76.8

93

B = C3H6O2.—(Continued) B. P., 0C M %B 40.1 40 39.5 50 39.1 65 39.6 80 41.0 90 42.5 95 46.3 100 B = C6H6 (9) B. P., 0C M % B 45-75 O

£:î Sl Sl S'L ,1 o o'o

100

61 4

30

20 30

40 50 60 70

80 90 1QQ

*-£££"> B P

' -'°C

56.0| 58.61

- '° 79 8 77 ' 3 -

.L M%A V

79

_

Va

Liq. °

'

CHCl3 B = CH4O ( 4 ^) Methyl alcohol B. P., 0C M %A Liq. I Vap. 757mm 64.9 O O 63.7 3.6 10 60.8 10 23.4 59.5 13.7 30 57.7 20 39.8 55.6 30.4 50 54.4 40 54.4 53.7 50 58.4 63.4 (63) (63) 53.6 68 53 -7 71 61.4 100 I 100 B = C2H6O ( 4 6) Ethyl alcohol B. P., 0C M %B 60 95 Q 59 1 7 59 6 15 63.3 65.7 68.4 71 -° 73.6 7 ^-S 77 9 -

B R C 80 6

on

79.55

10

CS2 B = C3H6O2 ( 4 2) Methyl acetate B. P., 0C M %B 56.2 O 51.3 5 43.3 10 20 43.8 41.2 30

en AA

,a ,

0

40 50 60 70 85 100

S So iSIo

B = C8H6O.—(Continued) B. P., 0C I M %A 750 mm (42) 56.20 | O 59.4o I 20 62.76 40 63.8s 50 64.59 65 64.25 75 63.24 85 61.32 I 100 B = C6H6(4S)

-°

P°

8

10

15

20

78 2

22

29

30

76 4

36

5()

75.3 ° 71 9 '

54

70

66

Q Q 1Q Q

44

74

68 9

79

61 4

1

-

40 60

8

9

QQ B = C7H8(4M Toluene B. P., 0C M%B 61 4 0 66;0 15 71>5

30

80.3

50

85

3

90 8

60 70

96 3 80 102.2 90 108 9 100 ri=z=i=zzzzzirii=zzz=zzzz==: CH4O Methyl alcohol B = C2H60 ( i 9) Ethyl alcohol M% B B P^ oc 65.10 O 66.38 15 67.32 25 68.90 40

7010

71.48 73 9Q 7573 78.75

50

60 75 85

100

B = C 3 H 6 OC 19 )

M A f Va, Li , 750mm' O O 16 10

60 5

29

20

61.8 62.8 63.5 63.9 63.0 61.2

39 47 54 65 82 100

30 40 50 70 90 100

B., ) O C A C e t ° n e M % A ^6.65 O 16 f_°* , 25 J£-9° 56.08 35 54: 5 ™^ 57.48 60 68 68 70 «Of & 62 48 9 ' ^ 652 10 ° °

C2H4Cl2 Ethylene chloride B = C6H6 (42) B. P., 0C M%A 8024 O 80*5! 10 80*78 20 30 81'08 4o 81'39 I 82^l 70 82.74 80 83.20 90 83.66 100 ======= C2H4Br2 Ethylene bromide B ^C 7 H 8 W Toluene B. P., "C I M % A 110.1 111.5 113.0 114.6 116.3 118.0 120.8 124.5 130.2

O 10 20 30 40 50 65 85 100 =

C2H4O Acetaldehyde B = C2H6O (25) Ethyl alcohol B. P., 0C M % B Liq. I Vap. 699mm 20.1 25.7 29.5 33 7 415

O 20 30 40 55

474

65

58.1 65 8 76.2 58 n'.5 21.2 30.5

36.8 43.5 51.3 62.8 -23.9 -15.2 O + 4.6 17.0 22.7 28.0 31.2 34.3

O

B - C2H4O2 (35) Acetic acid B p M - -> °C %B Li( ï- I VaP768mm 42.0 3.5 58.2 55 5 10 73.7 69 3 82 5 20 83.7 36 90.8

B = C3H6O (46) Acetone B p M - v °C %A 55 6 ° 56.7 10 58.0 20 59 3 30 60 8 40 62.5 50 64 4 6 O 66 8 70 ' 8 69-8 O 73 4 °° 77.7 100

C2H4O2 Acetic acid B = C6H6 (42) B. P., 0C M %A 8 0.2 O 84.6 35 öö ***.« 92.0 65 988 98.8 105.8 109.5 79.576(3) 79.451 79.420 79.448 79.480 79.596 79.667 ~

S 80 90 93.5 0.0 1.0 2.6 4.0 5.0 8.0 9.4

C2H5Br B = C6H<> ( 48 ) B- P-, °C I M %A I Li(l- I VaP760mm 8

n-Propyl alcohol R P 0CO M ^BR M " %

R P

704 Il ^J g' 5 |J'J *'•» JJ'J JJ'J Hilf

7

'

761 mm VaP ' O J JJ * J J" CJ JJ i™

B = C4Hi0O (19) Ethyl ether B. P., 0C M %A 35.0 I O 43.5 | 40 46.0 50 58.5 75

O-2 79.4 78.5 77.4 76.1

O 1 2 4 6

O 10 20 30 40

123

74.7

8

50

B. P., 0C

80 90 100 398mm O 20 40 55

31.8 50.5 100

72.8 70.5 66-8 59.8 49 2 38.4

10 14 21 34 61' 100

60 70 80 90 97 100

72.1 70.2 68.4 67.4 66.9 67.1 67.6 70.5

65 75 85 100 77mm O 35 50 60 70 80 90 95 100

16.7 29.0 49.2 100

4.1

O

6.4

O 9.2 22.4 33.0 50.0 78.8 100

C2H6O Ethyl alcohol B = C2H6I ( 2 *) B. P., 0C M %B 70.9 26 68.5 35 66.2 45 64.4 55 62.4 70 61.6 80 61.3 87 61.4 90 62.2 95 72.3 100

70.0 79.0

90 100

B = C6H6 (46)

79.5 B. P., 0C

M%A 16 25 35 46 65 75 85 95

100 M%B Lic l- I VaP750mm (48) 78.1 O O 74.4 6 20 72.4 11 30 70.1 20 40 68 3 3 9 50 67.8 57? 56 ^83 72 60 70.8 89 70 75.2 96 85 79.7 100 100

C3H6O Acetone B = C4Hi0O (I») Ethyl ether B. P., 0C M %A 35.0 O 35.9 20 36.7 30 37.8 40 39.2 50 41.0 60 43.4 70 46.5 80 49.8 90 56.8 100 B = C7H8 (41) Toluene B. P., 0C M %B 56.5 O 58.7 10 60.9 20 64.7 35 69.2 50 74.8 65 88.2 85 109.4 100

C4Hi0O Ethyl ether B = C6H6 (I») B. P., 0C M%B 34.7 O 38.3 15 42.4 30 45.8 40 49.4 50 53.8 60 62.0 75 68.9 85 80.3 100

CoHi2 Isopentane B = C6H5NO2 (23) Nitrobenzene B. P., 0C M%B 28 O 29 1 30 10 30.5 20 33 60 210.8 100

C6H 4Br2 Dibromobenzene Binary mixtures of o-, ra-, and pderivs. Compn. of vap. phase given ( 32 )

C6H6NO2 B = C6Hi4 (5) n-Hexane B. P., 0C M%A 69.0 O 71.7 10 72.9 20 73.8 30 74.6 40 75.4 50 77.7 60 85.0 70 103.4 80 143.4 90 210

10

°

rTT

R = C 7HHf8 5(50) (M B Toluene BPO0 M % B

S:ï

20

89.5 92.4

40 50

lu

£

86.9

102 3

S:ï

30

80

S

""•0

CHO W*i 6U Phenol B = C7H8O (l 5 ) o-Cresol B. P., 0C M %A 191.0 O 189.91 10 185.9 I 60 185.1 70 184.1 80 183.1 90 182.2 100

B = C7H8O (15) w-Cresol B. P., 0C M %A 202.3 O 199.9 10 196.8 20 194.3 30 192.1 40 190.3 50 189.1 60 187.6 70 186.0 80 184.2 90 182.4 100

B = C7H8O (is) p-Cresol B. P-, °C M %A 201.7 O 198.8 10 195.9 20 193.6 30 191.5 40 189.6 50 188.0 60 186.5 1 70 182.3 i 100

B = C 7 H 8 O(I 5 ) Cresol* B. P., 0C M %A 197.8 j O 192.lt 30 188 9 50 187 3 i 60 1R

70

If3^

2

182 2

™

-

* 32.0 Wt. % o-, 43.4 % m-, 24.6 % p-.

c

f.fH*

v Pf» (23) Am

B. P., °CCyd0heXaM % A 80.8 O 81.2 2 86.0 35 96 4 184 '°

7 ° 100

B = C 6 Hi 4 (23) n-Hexane B. P., 0C M%A 68.9 O 70.8 10 72.2 20 73.0 30 73.4 | 40 73.4 i 60 74.1 70 78.9 80 83.4 85 184.4 100

C7H8O o-Cresol B = C7H8O (15) w-Cresol B. P., 0C M%A 202.3 O 197.3,, 40 196.2 50 192.3 j 90 191.2 100

THREE-COMPONENT SYSTEMS Standard Arrangement A = H2O, B = H2SO4, C = HNO3 (37) P,

mm Hg

B.P.,°C

300 440 570 760 300 440 550 760 760 760 300 440 570 760 3ÖÖ 400 440 760 300 400 440 550 760 300 440 550 760 300 440 550 760 300 440 550 760 300 440 550 760 300 440 550 760 300 440 550 760 300 440 550 760 300 440 550 760 300 440 550

87 95 102 110 92 103 107.5 117 121 121.2 97.0 104.5 112.5 121.5 9670 103 104 121 95 102.5 103.5 110 120.5 . 89 102 97.5 117.5 78.5 89.0 92.5 102 85.0 97.5 93.0 113.0 93.5 103.0 110.0 119.5 96.0 106.0 112.0 122.0 97.0 106.0 112.0 122.0 94.0 104.5 110.0 120.0 71.5 84.5 91.5 120.5 89.0 100.0 107.5

760

116.0

* % °1^* 9708 9.80 9.79 9.79 16.2 18.2 17.8 18.2 23.0 23.8 21.2 24.5 25.5 25.7 27^2 26.3 26.3 26.1 31.9 31.1 31.1 31.9 33.3 41.7 35.3 46.5 36.1 51.8 49.9 53.4 52.8 8.27 8.42 8.52 8.43 14.1 14.9 13.9 13.8 16.8 17.3 17.4 17.1 21.7 20.5 20.9 21.6 30.3 30.6 30.0 30.4 49.0 48.4 48.4 48.8 4.88 4.79 4.70 4.90

M % Q

"^*

2 7 5 0 T T T 98.3 2.57 1.25 98.7 2.46 1.19 98.8 2.48 1.21 98.8 2.77 6.35 93.7 2.97 6.70 93.3 2.89 5.26 94.8 2.88 4.98 95.0 3.39 13.8 86.2 3.19 15.2 84.8 2.79 15.2 84.8 3.30 20.9 79.1 3.31 22.6 77.4 3.36 22.3 77.6 3736 2775 72.5 3.38 22.4 77.6 3.38 22.4 77.6 3.34 26.7 73.3 3.60 51.8 48.2 3.55 47.5 52.5 3.55 47.6 52.4 3.63 46.6 53.4 3.98 46.2 53.8 5.36 85.0 15.0 3.36 77.9 22.1 4.32 77.1 22.9 3.07 86.2 13.8 4.78 96.5 3.5 4.53 93.9 6.09 4.87 90.8 9.19 5.16 88.8 11.2 5.36 0.94 99.0 5.53 .94 99.0 5.71 .96 99.0 5.76.90 99.0 6.36 3.0 97.0 ~ 6.49 3.0 97.0 5.98 3.0 97.0 5.90 3.0 97.0 6.30 10.9 89.1 6.40 10.8 89.2 6.68 10.4 89.6 6.30 10.3 89.7 6.78 37.8 62.2 6.99 37.3 62.7 6.85 35.7 64.3 6.76 33.9 66.1 8.03 58.2 41.8 7.98 56.6 43.4 7.68 57.9 42.1 7.82 54.2 45.8 9.83 90.9 9.13 9.70 88.8 11.2 9.70 88.8 11.2 9.92 87.8 12.2 9.00 1.2 98.8 8.98 0.88 99.1 8.58 .70 99.3 8.92

* M % A = 100 - M % (B 4- C), v. also p. 306.

.59

99.4

„ p, mm Hg

T> T> or< B. P., 0C

300 440 550 760 300 440 550 760 300 440 550 760 300 440 550 760 300 440 550

94.5 104.5 111.5 121.5 98.0 108.0 114.5 124.0 97.6 102.5 110.0 120.0 71.0 82.5 83.0 99.0 98.0 106.0 114.0

¥

% in li(

c

10.25 9.58 10.14 9.05 18.1 17.3 17.2 17.7 24.2 24.6 25.0 25.3 47.4 46.0 44.6 43.9 4.8 6.2 4.9

B

760

124.0

4.9

102.0 111.0 117.5 127.0

8.4 8.5 8.7 7.7

3Öö

105.0

440 550 760 3ÖÖ 440 550 760

112.0 118.0 128.0 100.0 105.5 110.0 119.5

300 440 550 760 300 440 550 760 300 440 550 760

71.5 82.0 102.5 110.0 104.0 114.5 120.5 130.0 106.5 116.0 122.5 133.5

23.5 24.0 24.0 23.6 6.0 5.4 5.5 5.5 9.0 9.0 8.9 8.9

300 440 550 760 300 440 550 760

106.0 116.0 122.0 130.0 80.0 89.0 100.0 110.0

300 440 550 760

66.5 80.0 86.5 97.5 116.0 127.5 135.0 145.0

C

10.05 9.53 9.56 9.80 11.6 11.5 11.4 11.0 12.3 12.4 13.1 13.0 17.2 17.2 16.3 15.4 12.2 13.8 12.8

300 440 550 760

300 440 550 760

M

*-*

|

% in vap.* | A

0.40 .42 3.8 3.0 37.4 34.7 31.8 32.8 78.4 77.9 76.7 75.5 99.3 98.5 98.3 97.1 8.0 8.3 7.5 13.2

99.6 99.6 96.2 97.0 62.6 65.3 68.2 67.2 21.6 22.1 23.3 24.5 0.69 1.5 1.7 2.9 92.0 91.6 92.4 7.2

14.7 14.7 14.3 13.1

12.9 13.4 13.4 13.6

87.1 86.6 86.6 86.4

ïITï

TTe

43.9

56. i

11.0 11.0 10.5 ïsTo 18.6 18.9 20.5

14.4 15.3 17.3 15?9 '16.O 16.1 17.2

43.8 41.2 41.0 76.7 76.3 74.7 73.2

56.2 58.8 59.0 23.3 23.7 25.3 26.8

18.3 17.8 17.7 18.0 16.4 16.3 16.6 17.6 19.8 19.0 18.4 19.0

97.4 94.5 87.3 95.0 12.4 12.1 12.1 17.2 31.4 31.4 30.0 30.0

2.6 5.5 12.7 5.0 87.6 87.9 87.9 82.8 68.6 68.6 70.0 70.0

12.3 12.7 12.8 12.8 23.5 22.3 23.2 23.1

21.0 22.0 21.9 22.0 25.7 25.0 25.4 24.5

75.9 75.7 74.3 72.0 93.3 93.4 90.5 91.8

24,1 24.3 25.7 28.0 6.7 6.6 9.5 8.2

40.6 38.1 37.5 40.3

32.5 30.5 30.0 31.2

99.0 99.3 98.6 97.2

1.0 0.7 1.4 2.8

3.8 3.1 3.0 3.1

24.4 23.3 23.2 23.5

23.0 23.0 21.7 20.9

76.9 77.0 78.3 79.1

TT P, mm Hg

r> T> or< B. R,0C

M % in liq. * — Q |

116.5 127.5 135.0 145.0 103.0 110.0 120.0 71.00 82.50 89.00 99.00 105.0 116.0 124.0 134.0 121 132.0 137.5 147.0

6.5 25.1 6.7 25.1 6.7 25.3 6.5 25.3 16.7 30.6 15.6 30.2 15.8 30.9 33.3 40.8 32.8- 39.2 33.9 39.4 31.5 37.4 14.6 29.4 13.7 29.1 14.0 30.1 13.6 29.1 7.2 30.2 7.7 32.3 8.3 31.8 7.3 30.2

300 440 550 760 440 550 760 30o 440 550 760 300 440 550 760 300 440 550 760

^

92.8

106.0 112.5 118.0

440 550 760

PJ mm Hg 300 440

550 760 300 440 760 30o 440 550

760 300 440 550

760 ^ 440 550

760 ^

B

- P-I 0 C 66.0 79.0 87.0 91 54 73 87.5 75 86 95 104 67 79.5 87 97 ^ 85 90 100 ^

440

78

550

88

760 ^KX)

98 66

440

78

550

84

760 760 760 760

94 88.5 84 92

M % invap.* Q

|

38.3 37.9 37.5 36.7 99.8 96;5 95.9 99.8 99.8 96.6 99.7 94.2 93.3 93.6 91.8 72.5 71.4 69.8 71.0

A

61.7 62.1 62.5 63.3 0.2 3.5 4.1 0.2 0.2 3.4 0.3 5.8 6.7 6.4 8.2 27.5 28.6 30.2 29.0

^ ^ i

^

^

17.9 17.7 17.6

98.6 98.6 97.1

1.4 1.4 2.9

36.2 37.4 36.5

M % liq. C | B | NO2 65.9 27.6 1.1 63.2 28.4 1.1

M % vap. C | NQ 2 | A 86.6 5.1 8.3 85.2 5.7 9.1

62.8 63.2 76.3 73.8 76.0 37.5 37.3 39.1 24.5 31.8 31.8 31.4

85.1 5.1 9.8 84.3 5.2 10.5 87.6 5.0 7.3 87.4 5.1 7.5 85.3 5.2 9.5 90.5 1.7 7.9 85.4 2.7 12.0 83.4 3.9 12.7 78.7 4.9 16.4 93.8 1.5 4.8 93 5 15 50 93.2 1.6 5.2

28.3 28.5 15.3 14.6 15.7 52.4 52.8 54.0 37.2 23.2 22 9 22.9

1.5 1.1 1.7 1.7 1.6 1.1 1.1 1.1 0.7 0.7 07 0.9

31.8 23.2 0.7 93.2 1.6 5.2 28 O 24.2 (TT 94~Ö Ts ^T 27.5 24.0 08 93.8 13 48 27.9 24.1 0.6 93.5 1.4 5.1 27.6 24.7 0.7 93.7 1.3 5.0 39.3 35.2 Ö~3 94~1*Ts 3~1T 38.0 34.8 0.4 94.2 l 5 4.3 37.9 34.5 0.4 94.2 1.6 4.2 44.5 43.7 1.4 93.8 1.6 4.5 46.7 28.9 OTo 9Ï75 f~3TT 47.8 28.8 0.4 93.4 1.6 4.9 48.3 28.9 0.3 93.4 1.4 5.1 47.0 28.3 0.8 92.0 1.7 6.3 63.6 16.5 0.8 90.2 2.3 7.6 83.5 5.5 0.2 88.3 2.8 8.8 53.9 21.4 | 1.0 91.3 1.9 6.7

* M % A = 100 - M % (B + C), v. also p. 306.

^T

A = H2O, B « H2SO4, C = CH3CO2H (35) 0

B. P., C

y, mm Hg

298 250 200 170 160 140 128 121 105 105 105 110 113 110 115 115 115 120 130 130 136 148 150 150 170 160 200 250

761 761 761 761 761 761 761 761 763 760 761 761 761 761 759 762 762 760 760 760 762 762 762 762 762 762 760 761

M %

^ ^

14.74 28.17 39.63 49.92 60.54 74.38 85.03 90.74 7.15 16.60 26.57 9.82 30.65 43.48 75.07 37,46 25.26 11.33 47.04 17.93 27.22 21.14 16.29 5.48 20.22 9.34 10.84 8.44

* M % A = 100 - M % (B + C).

%p

80.33 67.54 55.84 44.88 36.20 24.11 12.46 5.05 4.37 4.36 3.24 8.97 9.89 5.60 4.32 9.85 11.60 13.87 18.13 17.89 21.42 27.37 29.91 26.01 42.71 30.98 53.06 83.45

A = H2O, B = C2H5OH, C - C6H6 (2); cf. (51)

J*^ 23.08 58.88 61.71 74.82 78.01 80.44 91.54 93.33 7.02 18.57 23.08 11.30 43.23 54.71 72.98 54.86 41.53 23.15 72.98 41.42 63.15 54.86 41.18 11.40 39.01 23.22 24.68 22.23

The following diagram shows the boiling point relations for this system at 760 mm Hg. The lines shown are isotherms. The heavy line separates the region of homogeneous solutions (above) from that of heterogeneous (below). The small cross on this line denotes the composition of a constant boiling mixture which is, however, neither a maximum nor a minimum. The mixture with a minimum boiling point consists of two liquid layers having the compositions of the ends of the 64.85° tie-line.

2 liquid layers

t M % A = 100 - M % C.

A = H2O, B = HNO3, C = KHSO4 + H2SO4 C 11 )

B. P. at 200, 360 and 760 mm Hg A = H2O, B = CH3CHO, C = CH3CO2H (35) Liq.* Vap.* B. P., C Pl mm Hg M % p j j^"^ M % B | M % C

70 77 85 90 70 77 85 90 26.3 27 30 32 30 32 33 35 39.5 45 50 55 60 35 39.5 45 50 55 60

756 756 756 756 756 756 756 756 766 766 766 766 766 766 766 763 763 763 763 763 763 764 764 764 764 764 764

7.53 5.83 4.02 2.80 9.82 7.53 5.08 3.87 58.60 55.76 41.43 35.90 57.10 51.89 47.39 26.45 20.67 15.06 12.26 9.37 8.00 40.26 36.45 27.07 22.76 17.65 16.52

* M % A - 100 - M % (B + C).

22.51 23.07 21.88 24.35 39.37 40.52 41.80 43.22 3.83 3.87 5.44 7.39 16.87 20.32 22.86 8.55 9.38 10.07 10.62 11.06 11.02 22.63 27.96 29.98 33.16 34.58 37.27

65.76 63.22 52.45 35.77 72.71 69.46 53.87 39.88

96.91 89.78 90.26 87.07 87.04 83.83 88.74 85.17 80.69 78.73 70.66

5.52 6.45 8.04 10.09 4.79 9.89 13.63 17.24

0.79 0.76 0.59 0.80 0.89 1.73 5.92 11.18 12.01 13.94 19.75

FIG. 1.

A « H2O, B = C3H8O3 Glycerol, C = NaCl (6) ÂA^l1^11 V

"T~ -P/

g C per 1 soin.

81.10

245

55.04

225

38.08

205

31.24

184

22.76

162

16.80

143

p, mm Hg 228.5 327.4 451.9 143.3 159.5 302.9 397.0 594.9 121.2 265.8 404.9 519.7 129.9 295.4 429.2 540.6 135.7 150.4 215.5 268.9 389.0 480.9 159.4 186.6 270.5 411.4 574.0

B. P., 0C 134.48 146.95 158.98 90.43 93.22 110.79 118.87 131.58 74.75 94.23 105.77 113.16 73.37 93.67 104.04 110.81 71.27 73.63 82.28 87.80 97.60 103.51 73.12 76.69 85.83 96.90 106.23

A = H2O, B = C3H8O3 Glycerol, C = NaCl («).—(Continued)

TA + B)n

g c per l

"k-

11.60

122

7.89

111

4.75

94

2.23

81

p mm Hg

'

148.1 264.6 398.3 542.7 605.1 141.8 422.9 541.2 150.6 264.2 463.7 565.9 147.5 281.6 513.8 622.3

B R

- > °c 69.85 83.66 94.28 102.85 105.97 67.85 94.49 101.47 67.82 81.15 95.72 101.40 66.43 82.00 97.74 103.31

A = H2O, B = C6H6 Benzene, C = C7H8 Toluene (25) A = CCl4, B = C2H4Br2 Ethylene bromide, C = C7H8 Toluene (43) M%inliq.* I M%invap.* • B'P" C ~ C I B I C I B 83 25.50 O 11.6 O 83 22.02 3.31 10.1 1.5 83 13.97 10.79 6.2 3.6 83 10.20 14.44 4.3 4.9 83 6.65 17.74 3.0 5.6 83 3-25 20.94 1.3 7.0 83 O 23.88 O 7.7 91 53.32 O 31.3 O 91 52.22 0.91 30.8 0.4 91 35.03 16.05 20.0 6.2 91 20.85 29.24 11.8 11.0 91 14.77 35.11 8.5 12.9 91 9.35 40.30 5.1 14.5 91 O 49.21 O 17.2 99 75.30 O 55.0 O 99 65.56 8.27 48.2 4.0 99 48.05 23.19 34.3 10.4 99 33.80 35.85 23.9 16.2 99 22.55 45.95 16.4 20.0 99 9.53 58.12 6.9 24.6 99 O 67.21 O 28.2 107 93.83 O 86.0 O 107 71.81 17.45 65.4 10.2 107 54.25 31.83 49.1 18.4 107 40.15 43.83 36.0 24.1 107 20.59 60.93 19.0 31.9 107 8.38 71.55 8.1 36.3 107 O 74.20 O 39.6 115 67.46 32.54 77.6 22.4 115 51.25 45.34 58.6 31.1 115 38.78 55.42 43.3 37.4 115 29.59 62.82 34.9 40.4 115 16.28 73.97 19.2 47.2 115 7.92 81.00 9.9 51.0 115 I O 88.05 O 55.1 * M % A = 100 - M % (B + C).

A = CCl4, B = C2H4Br2, C = C7H8 Toluene (45) B. P., 0C (749 mm) of A = 76.87; of B = 130.23; of C = 110.11

B. P., 0C M% 749mm A | C | B 110.8 O 9 4 ~ 8 5 ^ 2 107.44 6.3 88.8 4.8 104.07 13.5 82.1 4.5 100.75 21.2 74.7 4.1 97.21 29.6 66.8 3.6 93.92 38.7 58.2 3.2 90.49 48.6 48.7 2.7 87.12 59.4 38.5 2.1 83.21 71.5 27.0 1.5 80.19 85.2 14.8 0.8 1 1 1 . 6 1 O 8 9 . 2 10.8 107.69 7.4 82.6 10.1 104.17 14.4 76.8 9.3 100.72 22.1 69.4 8.5 96.9 31.1 61.3 7.5 93.49 40.4 53.1 6.5 90.03 50.4 44.2 5.4 86.71 61.2 34.7 4.2 83.49 72.7 24.5 3.0 80.08 85.7 12.6 1.6 113.80 O 75.4 24.6 109.37 7.5 69.8 22.8 104.79 15.7 63.5 20.7 100.64 24.3 57.0 18.6 96.52 33.4 50.1 16.4 93.00 42.8 43.1 14.0 89.47 53.0 35.5 11.6 86.14 63.7 27.3 8.9 82.99 74.9 18.9 6.2 79.79 86.6 10.1 3.3 112.63 O 82^6 VTA 108.44 7.3 76.5 16.3 104.50 15.0 70.2 14.8 100.41 23.7 63.0 13.4 96.69 31.9 56.3 11.8 93.18 41.7 48.1 10.1 89.84 51.3 40.3 8.5 86.60 62.2 31.3 6.6 83.21 73.8 21.6 4.5 79.99 85.8 11.8 2.5 115.05 O 6 7 7 2 3 2 ? 8 109.87 8.1 61.7 30.2 104.60 17.0 55.6 27.3 100.63 25.5 50.0 24.6 96.33 34.7 43.8 21.5 92.51 46.6 37.2 18.2 88.68 54.6 30.5 15.0 85.62 65.2 23.4 11.5 82.61 76.2 16.0 7.8 79.70 88.0 S1I 4.0 116.68 O 57.7 42.3 110.71 8.6 52.8 38.8 105.12 17.7 47.4 34.8 100.27 26.9 42.2 31.0 95.91 36.5 36.6 26.9 92.46 46.2 30.9 22.8 88.68 56.2 25.2 18.5 85.37 66.7 19.2 14.1 82.42 77.4 13.0 9.6 79.48 88.7 6.5 4.8

A = CCl4, B = C2H4Br2, C = C7H8 Toluene (45).—(Continued)

B. R, 0C 749mm 121.04 112.51 105.33 99.55 94.79 90.95 87.69 84.51 81.61 79.33 118.54 111.39 105.32 100.01 95.42 92.00 88.03 84.99 82.12 79.49 124.33 113.49 105.04 98.98 94.31 90.23 87.05 84.21 81.49 79.17

A O 10.0 20.2 30.7 40.4 50.2 60.1 70.2 80.2 90.0 O 9.5 18.7 28.3 38.3 48.2 58.4 68.5 78.7 88.7 O 11.2 21.9 32.1 42.4 52.6 62.6 72.2 81.7 90.8

|

B-Constituent (the (L-Arrangement)

M % C 33Tr 30.4 26.9 23.4 20.1 16.8 13.5 10.1 6.6 314 46.6 42.3 37.9 33.5 28.8 24.1 19.4 14.7 9.9 5J2 18.5 16.4 14.4 12.5 10.7 8.8 6.9 5.2 3.4 I1T

|

B 6(Ti 59.5 52.8 45.9 39.5 32.9 26.4 19.7 13.0 6.7 53.4 48.3 43.4 38.3 32.8 27.6 22.2 16.8 11.3 5.96 84.2 72.3 63.7 55.3 46.8 38.6 30.5 22.8 14.9 7.5

CONSTANT-BOILING (AZEOTROPIC) MIXTURES The data in the following tables are based largely on Lecat, La tension de vapeur des mélanges de liquides. L'azéotropisme, Brussels, 1918, g. v. for literature and for further details. Only those systems are included for which both the composition and the boiling point are known. In a few cases, the system is composed of two liquid phases. Such cases are marked ' ' 2-phase. ' ' The pressure is 760 mm unless otherwise stated. "L. No." = Lecat's number. CONTENTS PAGE 1. Two-component mixtures. Minimum boiling point 318 Effect of pressure 322 Maximum boiling point 323 2. Three-component mixtures 323 Two-Component Mixtures with Minimum Boiling Point A-TABLE B-Constituent (the CD-Arrangement)

Min B. P., OQ

H2O C2H6O Ethyl alcohol (v. also p. 310, 322). . 78.15 C3H6O AUyI alcohol 88.2 C3H6O2 Propionic acid 99.98 C3H8O n-Propyl alcohol 87.72 C3H8O Isopropyl alcohol 80.37 C4H8O Methyl ethyl ketone 73.45 C4H8O2 Isobutyric acid 99.3 C4H8O2 Ethyl acetate (v. also p. 322) 70.4

Mole

L. No.

/O A

10.57 524 54.5 527 94.7 105 56.83 528 31.46 525 33 1060 94.5 106 24 1690

C4Hi0O Ethyl ether C4Hi0O n-Butyl alcohol (2-phase) C4H10O Isobutyl alcohol C4H10O sec.-Butyl alcohol C4Hi0O tert.-Butyl alcohol C6Hi2O Isoamyl alcohol (2-phase) C5H12O tert.-Amyl alcohol C6H6 Benzene (2-phase) C7H8 Toluene (2-phase) SnCl4 C7H8 Toluene

Min. ... B. P.,

o/~i

34.15 92.25 89.92 88.5 79.91 95.15 87 69.25 84.1

e

/O •"•

L. No.

5 1708 71 532 67.14 531 66 529 35.41 526 82.79 533 65 530 29.6 1700 44.4 1704

|l09.15| 28

| 1981

C-TABLE The C-Arrangement by A-Constituent (v. p. viii) B-Constituent (the C-Arrangement)

*0p*'

.

^'

CCl3NO2 Chloropicrin C3H6Q Allyl alcohol | 92 | 40 | 475 CCl4 Carbon tetrachloride CH4O Methyl alcohol 55.70 44J5 31
r> r* A-A A /AT_ /f A AN B-Constituent (the (T-Arrangement)

B- P-J ort

v>

Mole

TO AA

L.

XT JNo.

CH3I Methyl iodide CH4O Methyl alcohol 39 C2H4O2 Methyl formate 31 C2H6O Ethyl alcohol 41.5 C3H8O Isopropyl alcohol 42.3 C3H8O2 Methylal 39.35

74.4 8 89 93 42

305 1275 337 372 1501

CH3NO2 Nitromethane C3H6O Allyl alcohol 89 C3H8O n-Propyl alcohol 89.15 C4Hi0O Isobutyl alcohol 94.7 C6Hi0O Diethyl ketone 99.1 C5Hi0O Methyl propyl ketone 99.15

39 44 70 64 65

50(T 501 503 1038 1039

CH4O Methyl alcohol C2HCl3 Trichloroethylene 60.2 70 321 C2H3N Acetonitrile 63.45 84.5 764 C2H4Cl2 Ethylene chloride 59.5 62 320 C2H4Cl2 1, 1-Dichloroethane 49.05 28.5 309 C2H5Bf Ethyl bromide 34.95 14 303 C2H6ClO Chloromethyl methyl ether 56 57.5 482 C2H6I Ethyl iodide 54.7 52.5 317 C3H6O; Acetone 55.7 20 269 C3H6Oi Ethyl formate 50.95 30.5 541 C3H6O? Methyl acetate. 54.0 35 542 C3H7Br n-Propyl bromide 54.1 49 316 C3H7I n-Propyl iodide. 63.5 88 325 C3H8O2 Methylal 41.82 34.5 778 (CHa)3BO3 Trimethyl borate 59 87 543 C4H8O2 Ethyl acetate 62.3 91.7 544 C4H8O2 n-Propyl formate 63.7 97 546 C4H9Cl Isobutyl chloride 53.05 46.4 314 C6Hi0 2-Methyl-2-butene 31.75 13.5 638 C6Hi2 n-Pentane 31 13 635 C6Hi2 Isopentane 24.5 9 632 C6H6 Benzene 58.34 61.4 658 C6H8 1, 3-Cyclohexadiene 56.38 61.4 680 C6Hi0 Cyclohexene 55.9 63.0 689 C6Hi0 1, 5-Hexadiene 47.05 43.5 644 C6Hi2 Cyclohexane : 54.2 61 670 C 6 Hi 4 n-Hexane 50.6 51 647 C7Hi4 Methylcyclohexane 60 88 703 C7H16 n-Heptane 60.5 83 698 C10Hi6 <*-Pinene 64.5 98.5 731 C2Cl4 Tetrachloroethylene C2H6O Ethyl alcohol 77.95 6 367 C3H6ClO a-Epichlorohydrin 110.12 36.5 1210 C3H6O Allyl alcohol 94.0 27 399 C3H6O2 Propionic acid 118.95 81 49 C3H8O rc-Propyl alcohol 94 24 417 C3H8O Isopropyl alcohol 81.7 8 384 C4Hi0O n~Butyl alcohol .110 47 449 C4H10O Isobutyl alcohol 103.05 40 443 C6Hi0O3 Diethyl carbonate 118.55 67 1330 C6Hi2O Isoamyl alcohol 116.0 69 457 C6Hi2O2 Isobutyl acetate 116.6 35.5 1327 C6Hi2O3 Paraldehyde .118.75 63 863 C2Cl6 Hexachloroethane C2H2Cl2Q2 Dichloroacetic acid 181 | 80 | 214 C2HCl3 Trichloroethylene C3H6O Allyl alcohol 80.95 T O T " 3 9 6 ~ C3H8O n-Propyl alcohol 81.75 69 410 C3H8O Isopropyl alcohol 74 54 380

TD r^ A-A A (the /AI_ (T-Arrangement) ^ A A\ B-Constituent

B- ~,P-»' 0

Mole .

^L.

C2HCl3 Trichloroethylene.—(Continued) C4Hi0O Isobutyl alcohol 85.4 86 434~ C4Hi0O tert.-Butyl alcohol 75 74 389 C5H12O tert.-Amyl alcohol 84 83 426 C2HCl6 Pentachloroethane C4H6O4 Dimethyl oxalate 157.55 55~41361 C6H10O2 Isovaleric acid (B. P., 176.5°).... 160.0 82 82 C6H6O Phenol 160.85 81.5 1526 C6Hi2O Cyclohexanol 157.9 47 462 C8H16Q2 Isoamyl propionate... 158.7 41.7 [ 1360 C2H2Cl2 cts-1, 2-Acetylene dichloride C2H6O Ethyl alcohol | 57.7 | 81.4 | 34ÌT C2H2Cl2 trans-I, 2-Acetylene dichloride C2H6O Ethyl alcohol | 46.5 | 88.2 | 339 C2H2Cl2 Dichloroethylene C3H6O Allyl alcohol 79.6 C3H8O n-Propyl alcohol 80

76 77

C2H2Cl4 Tetrachloroethane C2H4O2 Acetic acid 107.35 C4H8Q3 Methyl lactate 143.3

36.5 36

395~ 409 42~ 1343

C2H3BrO cis-Acetyl bromide C2H6O Ethyl alcohol | 77.7

| 10.5 | 36T

C2H3BrO frems-Acetyl bromide C2H6O Ethyl alcohol 75.7

| 30.5 | 361

C2H3ClO2 Chloroacetic acid C7H7Br o-Bromotoluene 172.95 C7H7Br p-Bromotoluene 174 C7H7Cl Benzyl chloride 172 C10H14O Carvol [167.8 C2H3Cl3 1, 1, 2-Trichloroethane C2H6O Ethyl alcohol | 77.3 C6H12 Cyclohexane

C2H3Cl3O2 Chloral hydrate | 76

46 62 34 43

206 208 205 219

| 16 | 364" | 13

| 83?"

72.5 47 81.2 79 75 | 55

765~ 767 766

C2H3N Acetonitrile C2H6O Ethyl alcohol C3H8O n-Propyl alcohol C3H8O Isopropyl alcohol

C2H4BrCl l-Bromo-2-chloroethane C3H5ClO «-Epichlorohydrin |103.5 | 76 C2H4Br2 1, 1-Dibromoethane C2H6O Ethyl alcohol. | 77 | 18

1207 | 362~

C2H4Br2 Ethylene bromide C2H4O2 Acetic acid 114.35 20.7 43~ C3H6O2 Propionic acid 127.75 65 50 C4Hi0O Isobutyl alcohol 106.2 22 444 C6Hi2O Isoamyl alcohol 123.2 52 458 C8Hi0 Ethylbenzene 131.1 83.5 1457 C2H4Cl2 1, 1-Dichloroethane C2H6Q Ethyl alcohol | 54.5 | 84 342~ C 2 H 4 O 2 Acetic acid C6H6Cl Chlorobenzene 114.65 72.5 I 44~ C6H6 Benzene 80.05 97.5 127 C7H8 Toluene 105.4 62.7 132 C8H10 m-Xylene 115.38 40 136

B-Constituent (the C-Arrangement)

'''

v>

°.e

/Q A

'

IN O.

C2H4O2 Methyl formate C2H6Br Ethyl bromide 29.85 ToTo 1270 C4H10O EthyJ ether 28.25 61.5 1842 C 6 Hi 2 Isopentane 17.05 51.5 1752 C2H5Br Ethyl bromide C2H6Q Ethyl alcohol | 37.6 | 93 | 336 C2H5ClO Chloromethyl methyl ether C2H6Q Ethyl alcohol | 58.4 | 75 | 483 C2H5I Ethyl iodide C2H6O Ethyl alcohol . 63 66^3 3oT C3H8O n-Propyl alcohol 70.1 81.7 406 C4H8O2 Ethyl acetate 70.5 63 1295 C 6 Hi 4 n-Hexane 68 63 1426 C 2 H 5 NO 2 Nitroethane C4Hi0O Isobutyl alcohol |l02.5 | 36 | 505 C2H6O Ethyl alcohol C3H5Br a-cis-Bromopropylene 57.7 18.6 343 C3H5I 3-Iodopropylene 75.6 71 358 C3H6O3 Dimethyl carbonate 75.7 91 553 C3H7Br n-Propyl bromide 63 35 350 C3H7Cl n-Propyl chloride 44.9 10.5 338 C4H8O Methyl ethyl ketone 74.8 45 274 C4H8O2 Ethyl acetate (v. also p. 323) 71.8 46 550 O4H8O2 Methyl propionate 73.2 67.5 551 C4H8O2 n-Propyl formate 73.5 72 552 C4H9Br iert.-Rutyl bromide 63.8 34 352 C4H9Cl Isobutyl chloride 61.45 28 348 C4H9I Isobutyl iodide 77.65 90.5 365 C5Hi1Br Isoamyl bromide (B. P., 120°).. . 7 7 . 6 88 366 C6H6 Benzene 68.24 44.8 659 C6H8 1, 3-Cyclohexadiene 66.7 47.3 681 -C6Hi0 Cyclohexene 66.7 49.5 690 C6Hi0 1, 5-Hexadiene 53.5 21 645 -C6H12 Cyclohexane 64.9 44.5 671 -C6Hi4 n-Hexane 58.68 33.2 648 'C7H3 Toluene 76.65 81 707 C7Hi4 Methylcyclohexane 73 70 704 C7Hi6 n-Heptane 72 67 699 C2H6O2 Glycol C8H8O2 Phenyl acetate 191 48.4 615 'C9Hi8O3 Diisobutyl carbonate 187 41 613 'Ci0Hi6 Carvene (2-phase) 163 28 753 C3H5ClO a-Epichlorohydrin 'C3H6O Allyl alcohol 95.8 ïsTs 487 -C3H8O n-Propyl alcohol 96.0 16.3 488 -C4Hi0O n-Butyl alcohol 112.0 51.5 491 C4Hi0O Isobutyl alcohol 105.0 34.3 490 ^C6Hi2O Isoamyl alcohol 115.35 80.2 492 C5Hi2O tert.-Amyl alcohol 100.1 29 489 C7H8 Toluene 108.25 26 1596 C3H5Cl3 1, 2, 3-Trichloropropane (B. P., 158°) C4H8O2 Isebutyric acid 150 58 64~ C6Hi2O Cyclohexanol 155 55 460 'Ci0Hi6 a-Pinene 154.5 48 1479 C3H5I 3-Iodopropylene C3H8O n-Propyl alcohol 90.0 46.7 413^ C4Hi0O Isobutyl alcohol . 96 68 437 C5Hi0O Diethyl ketone 100.8 50 1020 C5Hi0O Methyl propyl ketone 100.9 50 1024

B-Constituent (the C-Arrangement)

I B;I>'J

I

v_/

ôlf

/o A

^*

Wo.

C3HeBr2 as-Dibromopropane C3H8O n-Propyl alcohol | 97.05 1.05| 421 C3H6Br2 £rans-Dibromopropane C3H8Q n-Propyl alcohol | 95.75 | 17.75| 418 C3H6Br2 1, 2-Dibromopropane C8Hi0 Ethylbenzene 135.95 | 2.7 | 1465 C3H6Cl2 2, 2-Dichloropropane C6Hi2O Cyclohexanol |l55.6 | 79 | 495 C3H6Cl2O 1, I'-Dichloroisopropyl alcohol C4H6O4 Methyl oxalate 162 13 831 Ci0Hi4 Cymene 165 53 838 Ci0Hi6 Camphene 154 81 837 Ci0Hi6 Carvene 165.75 58 839 C10Hi6 a-Pinene 152 86 836 C3H6Cl2O 2, 3-Dichloropropyl alcohol C7H7Br o-Bromotoluene 171.6 51 825 C7H7Cl Benzyl chloride 171 40 824 C10Hi6 Carvene 169.3 41 841 C3H6O Allyl alcohol C4H9Br Isobutyl bromide 83.9 35 398 C4H9Cl Isobutyl chloride 67 11 393 C5Hi0O2 Ethyl propionate 93.2 67 564 C5Hi0Q2 Isobutyl formate 93 65 563 C6H6 Benzene 76.75 22.2 662 C6H8 1, 3-Cyclohexadiene 75.9 26.5 684 C6Hi0 Cyclohexene 76.3 28.2 693 C6H12 Cyclohexane 74 26.6 674 C 6 Hi 4 n-Hexane 65.5 6.5 651 C7H8 Toluene 92.4 61.5 709 C3H6O Acetone C3H6O2 Methyl acetate 56.1 61 1069 C4H9Cl Isobutyl chloride 55.8 81 1001 C 4 HnN Diethylamine 51.5 43.5 909 C3H6O2 Propionic acid C6H11I Isoamyl iodide (B. P., 147.5°).... 136.5 6ÌT5 53~ C8H10 o-Xylene : 134.5 71 145 C8H10 p-Xylene 132.0 72 143 C9H12 Mesitylene 139.3 32.5 149 C10H16 «-Pinene 136.15 56.5 146 C3H6O3 Dimethyl carbonate C3H8O n-Propyl alcohol 88.2 70 j 567 C4H9Br Isobutyl bromide 87.7 60.4 | 1309 C3H7Br n-Propyl bromide C3H8O n-Propyl alcohol 69.2 82.5 1 405 C3H8O Isopropyl alcohol 65.2 72 | 376 C3H7Cl n-Propyl chloride C3H8O Isopropyl alcohol | 45.8 | 95 | 373 C3H7I n-Propyl iodide C3H8O n-Propyl alcohol 90.2 50 414 C4H10O Isobutyl alcohol 96 67 438 C5Hi0Q Diethyl ketone 100.9 48.4 | 1021 C3H8O n-Propyl alcohol C4H9Cl Isobutyl chloride 67.2 ÏÔ 404 C5Hi0O2 Ethyl propionate. 93.4 64 570 C5H10O2 Methyl butyrate 94.2 80.7 572 C5Hi0O2 Methyl isobutyrate 89.5 36 568 C5H10O2 n-Propyl acetate 94 74 571 C5HnBr Isoamyl bromide 94.5 80 416

B-Constituent (the (T-Arrangement)

Op'*

C3H8O n-Propyl alcohol.—(Continued) C6H6Cl Chlorobenzene 96.5 C6H6 Benzene 77.12 C6H8 1, 3-Cyclohexadiene 76.1 C6Hi0 Cyclohexene 76.6 C 6 Hi 2 Cyclohexane 74.3 C 6 Hi 4 rc-Hexane 65.65 C7H8 Toluene 92.6 C8H18 n-Qctane 95 C3H8O Isopropyl alcohol C4H8O2 Ethyl acetate 74.8 C4H8O2 Methyl propionate 77 C4H9Br Isobutyl bromide 75.5 C4H9Cl Isobutyl chloride 63.8 C4H9I Isobutyl iodide 81.8 C 6 H 6 Benzene 71.92 C6H8 1, 3-Cyclohexadiene 70.4 C6H10 Cyclohexene 71 C6H12 Cyclohexane 68.6 C6H14 n-Hexane 61 C7HS Toluene 80.6

~ .

-^*

87 20.9 26.2 27.8 26 6 60 84

420 663 685 694 675 652 710 718

30.5 36.5 53 24 91 39.3 42.9 43.5 40.8 29 77

556 557 382 375 383 660 682 691 672 649 708

C 4 H 6 O 4 Dimethyl oxalate C6H12O Cyclohexanol 155.6 C7H7Cl p-Chlorotoluene 157.0 C9H12 Mesitylene 154.8 C10H16 a-Pinene 144.1 C10Hi6 ff-Pinene 147.1 C4H8O Methyl ethyl ketone C 6 H 6 Benzene 78.35 C4H8O2 Butyric acid C7H7Cl o-Chlorotoluene 153 C8H10 m-Xylene 138.1 C8H10 p-Xylene 137.5 C9H12 Mesitylene 158.5 C10H16 Carvene 151.0 C4H8O2 Isobutyric acid C6H6Br Bromobenzene 148.6 C7H7Cl 29-Chlorotoluene 152.2 C8H10 Ethylbenzene 131.9 Ci 0 H 22 2, 7-Dimethyloctane 147.6 C4H8O2 Ethyl acetate C4H9Br tert.-Butyl bromide 71.5 C4H10O tert.-Butyl alcohol 75.2 C4H8O2 n-Propyl formate C6H6 Benzene | 72 C4H9Br n-Butyl bromide C4H10Q Isobutyl alcohol | 89 C4H9Cl Isobutyl chloride C4H10Otert.-Butylalcohol 65 C4H9I Isobutyl iodide C5Hi2O Isoamyl alcohol 116 C6Hi2O2 Isoamyl formate 117.5 C6H12O2 Isobutyl acetate |116.6 C4H10O n-Butyl alcohol C6Hi2 Cyclohexane 79.8 C6Hi2O2 n-Butyl acetate 113.5 C6Hi2O2 Ethyl isobutyrate 108.5 C6Hi2O2 Methyl isovalerate 113 C7H8 Toluene [105.5

3773605~ 41.7 1357 50.2 1817 37.5 1814 44 1816 | 39.4 | 1ÎÔT 26~ 94.5 95.5 73.5 | 30.5

5W 166 165 170 161

49 53 84.7 66.4

63 65 154 158

40 71.6

1298 559

| 45

| 1778"

| 80

| 436

| 83

| 387

67 455~ 59.4 1321 35.8 | 1319 11 56 28 43 37

679 593 591 592 713

_. _, ,., , ,,. „ . ,, B-Constituent (the (T-Arrangement)

B. P., OQ

Mole & A

C4HioO Isobutyl alcohol C6HnBr Isoamyl bromide 103.8 60 C6H5Cl Chlorobenzene 107.2 74 C6H6 Benzene 79.84 10 C6H8 1, 3-Cyclohexadiene 79.35 12.7 C6Hi0 Cyclohexene 80.5 15.6 C6Hi2 Cyclohexane 78.1 15.7 C6Hi4 n-Hexane 68.1 1 C7H8 Toluene 101.15 50 Ci0Hi6 tt-Pinene |107.9 | 96.5 C4H10O sec.-Butyl alcohol C5Hi0O2 Ethyl propionate 85.5 63 C5H10O2 n-Propyl acetate 96.5 60 C4H10O fert.-Butyl alcohol C6H10O2 Methyl butyrate 101 25 C0Hi0O2 n-Propyl acetate 100.8 12 C6H6 Benzene 73.95 37.7 C6H8 1, 3-Cyclohexadiene 73.4 40.5 C6H10 Cyclohexene 73.7 40.5 C 6 Hi 2 Cyclohexane 71.8 40 C6Hi2O2 Ethyl isobutyrate 105.5 63 C6Hi2O2 Methyl isovalerate 107.5 93 C6H14 n-Hexane | 63.7 | 28 C6H8O3 Methyl acetoacetate C10H16 a-Pinene 150.5 40 C10H18 Menthene 160 56 C6H8O4 Dimethyl malonate Ci0H18Q Cineole |l73.5 | 30 C6H10O Diethyl ketone C6Hi2O tert-Amyl alcohol [ 98.5 50.5 C6Hi0O Methyl propyl ketone C6H10O2 n-Propyl acetate 101.35 42 C7H14 Methylcyclohexane 100.6 43.5 C6Hi0O2 Isovaleric acid C7H7Br o-Bromotoluene 172.1 52.3 Ci0Hi6 Camphene 163.8 80 Ci0Hi6 Carvene |168.9 66 C6Hi0O2 Ethyl propionate C6H12O tert.-Amyl alcohol | 96.5 | 67 C6Hi0O2 Methyl butyrate C6Hi2Qtert.-Amylalcohol 99 | 53 C6Hi0O2 n-Propyl acetate C6Hi2Otert.-Amylalcohol. | 98.5 | 63.5 C6H10O3 Ethyl lactate C7H8O Anisole |l50.Q | 54 C6HnBr Isoamyl bromide C6Hi2O Isoamyl alcohol 116.4 70 C6H12O3 Paraldehyde 118.5 74 C6Hi2O n-Amyl alcohol C7Hi4O2 Isoamyl acetate 131.3 96.4 C7Hi4O2 Isobutyl propionate 130.5 85 C6Hi2O Isoamyl alcohol C6H6Cl Chlorobenzene 124.3 42 C8H8 Styrène 128.5 69 C8Hi0 Ethylbenzene 125.9 54 C8H10 o-Xylene 128 64 C8Hi0 m-Xylene 127.0 58 C8Hi0 p-Xylene 126.8 56 Ci0H16 a-Pinene 130 85

L. N 442~ 445 666 687 696 678 655 712 734 575~ 576 584 583 661 683 692 673 585 586 650 1149 1151 | 1861 | 283 1081 1110 85~ 180 182 | 577 | 579 | 578 | 1851 456 862 599 598 459 730 , 722 729 727 723 735

B-Constituent (the (T-Arrangement)

Op "'

\j

C6H3Cl3 1, 3, 5-TrichIorobenzene C8HnN Ethylaniline |203 C6H5Br Bromobenzene C6Hi2O Cyclohexanol 153.6 C6Hi4O2 Pinacone 152 C8Hi6O2 n-Propyl isovalerate 154 Ci0Hi6 a-Pinene 153.4 C6H5ClO p-Chlorophenol Ci0H8 Naphthalene [215.9 CeH5I lodobenzene C6H6Q Phenol |l77.7 C 6 H 5 NO 2 Nitrobenzene C7H8O Benzyl alcohol 204.3 Ci0Hi8O Borneol 207.75 C10H20O Menthol 207.9 C 6 H 6 O Phenol C7H7Br p-Bromotoluene 176.2 Ci0Hi6 Carvene. 169.0 Ci 0 Hi 6 a-Pinene -....' 152.75 C 6 H 7 N Aniline C10Hi6 Carvene |171.35 C 6 Hi 0 O 3 Ethyl acetoacetate C8H8 Styrène 145.2 Ci0Hi6 Carvene 169.05 Ci0Hi6 a-Pinene 153.35 Ci 0 Hi 6 S-I, 5-Terpinene 171 C6H10O4 Diethyl oxalate C7H7Br o-Bromotoluene 177.35 C7H7Br p-Bromotoluene 180.4 C6Hi2O Cyclohexanol C 8 Hi 0 m-Xylene 138.9 C8Hi6O2 Isoamyl propionate 157.7 C8Hi6O2 Isobutyl butyrate 155 C9Hi2 Pseudocumene 158 C9Hi2 Mesitylene 156.3 Ci 0 Hi 4 Cymene 159 Ci0Hi6 Camphene 153 Ci0Hi6 Carvene 159.25 Ci0Hi6 a-Pinene 149.9 C10Hi8 Menthene 157.5 C 6 Hi 2 O 2 Isoamyl formate C 6 Hi 2 O 3 Paraldehyde 122.5 C 6 Hi 2 O 3 n-Propyl lactate C6Hi4O2 Pinacone 168 C10H16 Carvene 166.35 C 6 Hi 4 O 2 Pinacone C8Ht0O Phenetole 169 C7H6Cl2 Benzal chloride C8Hi6O3 Isoamyl lactate |201.3 C7H6O Benzaldehyde C7H7Cl Benzyl chloride 177.9 Ci0Hi4 m-Cymene 171 C10H16 Carvene 171.2 C7H7Br o-Bromotoluene C7H8O o-Cresol 180.3 C 7 Hi 4 O 3 Isobutyl lactate 180

^?

/Q A.

M'

JL\ O •

_ | 56 | 9ÌT 55 82 50 46.3

459a 466 1350 1475

36.5 | 1606 | 34.2 | 1532 39 60 60 58 49.5 25

508~ 509 510 1531 1965 1957

48

| 974

3 44 23 50

1153 1160 1154 1161

43.8 56.6

1373 1375

5?5 77 26.5 64.5 54.5 76 42 78.5 43 69

728~ 604 603 745 742 748 740 751 736 746

| 57

| 882

35 64

607 1826

| 48

| 798

[ 45

1387

54 33 49

866 897 898

77 52

1539 1372

T, ~ ... , ,,, ~ A , , B . P.. B-Constituent (the (T-Arrangement) or,

\j

C7H7Br p-Bromotoluene |l81.7 C7H7Cl Benzyl chloride C9Hi8Q2 Isoamyl butyrate |177.1 C 7 H 7 NO 2 Nitrotoluene C10H18O Geraniol |227.5 C7H8O Benzyl alcohol C7H8O2 Guaiacol 204.4 C8Hi8O2 Isoamylmethylal 198.7 Ci0H8 Naphthalene 204.3 Ci 0 Hi 6 Carvene 176.25 C12H18 1, 3, 5-Triethylbenzene 200.2 C7H8O o-Cresol Ci0H16 Carvene J175.35 C7H8O Anisole C8H16O2 Isobutyl butyrate 151 Ci 0 Hi 6 a-Pinene 150.45 C7H9N Methy!aniline C10H16 Carvene |l74.5 C 7 Hi 4 O 2 Isoamyl acetate C8H10 m-Xylene |136 C 7 Hi 4 O 2 Isobutyl propionate C8H10 Ethylbenzene |133 C 7 Hi 4 Os Isobutyl lactate Ci0Hi6 Carvene [172.5 C8HnN Dimethy!aniline C10Hi6 Carvene |l74 C8Hi8O sec.-Octyl alcohol Ci0H16 Carvene [174.4 C9Hi0O2 Ethyl benzoate C10Hi8O Borneol |211 C9Hi8O2 Isoamyl butyrate Ci0Hi6 Carvene 174 Ci0Hi2O2 Propyl benzoate Ci0Hi8O Geraniol |228 Ci0Hi8O Borneol C12H18 1, 3, 5-Triethylbenzene |211 C7H8O o-Cresol

Mole

/Q AA.

L. M

1\ O.

| 68

| 15ÏT

| 55

| 1365

| 67

| 512

38 63 64 13 67

807~ 803 760 755 757

| 30

| 1972

73 62

1852 1945

| 16

| 978~

| 45

| 1802

| 43

| 18ÖÖ"

| 38

I 1832"

| 29 | 97T7 | 42

| 752"

[ 69

| 622

| 43

| 1828

[ 43

| 624

| 59

| 758

Effect of Pressure upon Azeotropic Mixtures A = H2O, B = C2H5OH (30, 31, 49) p, mm Hg B. P., °C| M % B || p, mm Hg |B. P., °C| M % B 100 34.2 99.6 760 78.1 90.0 150 42.0 96.2 1100 87.8 89.3 200 47.8 93.8 1450 95.3 89.0 400 62.8 91.4 A = H2O, B = C4H8O2 Ethyl acetate (30, 31, 49) p, mm Hg |B. P., °C| M % A || p, mm Hg |B. P., °C| M % A 25 - 1.9 14.7 600 64.0 28.9 50 +10.0 16.2 760 70.4 30.5 100 23.0 18.8 900 75.1 31.6 150 31.4 20.7 1050 79.6 32.6 200 37.6 22.2 1200 83.5 33.3 300 46.8 24.5 1350 87.1 34.1 400 53.7 26.1 1500 90.3 34.8 500 59.4 27.6

A = C2H6OH, B = C4H8O2 Ethyl acetate (3Q> 31, 49) p, mm Hg |B. P., °C| M % A [ I p, mm Hg |B. P., °C| M % A 25 -1.4 22.1 600 65.4 43.6 50 +10.6 24.6 760 71.8 46.4 100 23.8 28.2 900 76.5 48.5 150 32.3 31.1 1050 81.1 50.4 200 38.4 33.4 1200 85.0 52.2 300 47.8 37.0 1350 88.7 53.9 400 54.9 39.6 1500 91.8 55.4 500 60.8 41.8

Two-Component Mixtures with Maximum Boiling Point A-TABLE B-Constituent (standard arrangement)

Max. B. P., op

M

. . L. No.

/O -A-

H2O

HF HCl HClO4 HBr HI HNO3 (735mm) CH2O2 Formic acid

120 110 203 126 127 120.5 107.1

65.4 2034 88.9 2035 32 2041 83.1 2036 84.3 2037 62.2 2039 43.3 2040

HCl

C2H6O Dimethyl ether

|-1.5 | 65

| 2042

Three-Component Mixtures A-TABLE A = H2O Constituents (the (L-Arrangement) [ Mole % | B. P., 0C | L. No. CCl4 57.6 61.8 C2H5OH 23.0 2-phase CCl4 53.8 65.15 C3H6O Allyl alcohol 18.7 2-phase CCl4 54.4 65.4 C3H8O n-Propyl alcohol 18 .-O 2-phase C2Cl2 cis-Dichloroacetylene 37.8 KQ 0 00yl o J24d C2H5OH 56.2 53'8 C2Cl2 /rcms-Dichloroacetylene 86.2 .AA A ooAn 44 4 JJ4U C2H5OH 8.4 ' C2HCl3 Trichloroethylene 38.4 67.25 9 . C2H5OH 41.2 2-phase C2HCl3 Trichloroethylene 49.2 71.4 C3H6O Allyl alcohol 17.3 2-phase C2HCl3 Trichloroethylene 51.1 71.55 C3H8O n-Propyl alcohol 16.6 2-phase C2H4Cl2 Ethylene chloride 54.9 66.7 C2H5OH 25.7 2-phase C2H51 53.9 61 C2H5OH 19.1 2-phase C2H5OH 21.5 60 2247 C3H7Br n-Propyl bromide 55.6 2-phase C2H5OH 12.4 1 C4H8O2 Ethyl acetate 60.1 J / U ' ó C2H5OH 37.1 69.5 2253 C4H9Br Isobutyl bromide 32.5 2-phase C2H5OH 19.8 58.62 C4H9Cl Isobutyl chloride 62.6 2-phase C2H5OH f^

TT

T»

C6H6 Benzene C2H5OH (T-TABLE C6H8 1, 3-Cyclohexadiene C2H5OH CHCl3 C6Hi0 Cyclohexene C3H6O Acetone | 64.5 [ 65.5 | 2107 C2H5OH : CH2O2 Formic acid / • ^ T T / ^ t l l C 6 Hi 2 Cyclohexane C5Hi0O Diethyl ketone 105.4 48 2021 C3H5I 3-Iodopropylene C5Hi0Q Methyl propyl ketone 105.3 47 2022 C3H8O n-Propyl alcohol.... C6H6O Phenol C3H6O Allyl alcohol C6H6 Benzene C6Hi2O Cyclohexanol 182.45 90 2061 C 3 H 6 OAlIyIaIcOhOl C7H6O Benzaldehyde 185.6 54 2089 C6H6 Benzene C7H8O Benzyl alcohol 206 8 2066 C3H6O Allyl alcohol C8Hi8O sec.-Octyl alcohol 184.65 58 2063 C6H10 Cyclohexene C9Hi8O3 Diisobutyl carbonate 192.5 39.3 2162 C H6O Allyl alcohol 3 C6Hi0O4 Diethyl oxalate C 6 Hi 2 Cyclohexane C7H8Q o-Cresol 193.9 | 27 | 2169 C3H6O Allyl alcohol C7H8O o-Cresol C6H14 n-Hexane C8H8O Acetophenone 203.7 24 2126 C3H8O n-Propyl alcohol C8H8O2 Phenyl acetate 198.6 42.5 2171 C5Hi0O Diethyl ketone C8Hi6O Methyl hexyl ketone 191.5 97 2125 C3H8O n-Propyl alcohol C9Hi8O2 Isoamyl butyrate 192.0 80 2167 C6H6 Benzene C3H8O n-Propyl alcohol C7H8O m-Cresol C6H8 1, 3-Cyclohexadiene C8H8O Acetophenone 209 54 2133 C3H8O n-Propyl alcohol C8Hi6O3 Isoamyl lactate 207.6 60 2190 C6H10 Cyclohexene C7H8O p-Cresol C3H8O n-Propyl alcohol C7H8O Benzyl alcohol 207.0 38 2079 C6Hi2 Cyclohexane.. .* C7H9N o-Toluidine 204.5 53 2105 C3H8O Isopropyl alcohol C7H9N />-Toluidine 204.35 57 2104 C6H6 Benzene C8H8O Acetophenone 208.45 52 2129 C3H8O Isopropyl alcohol Ci0Hi6O Camphor 213.15 38 2131 C6H10 Cyclohexene

22.8

(*Aoa

OQlA

1-0

04. OO

AO14

^

53.9 25.0 52.6 25.3 51.9 22.2 1 r A n 54.3 JI 35.5 27.6 9.5 62.2 9.3 62.5 11.5 59.7 11.8 60.3 6.1 74.1 15.4 32.6 8.9 62.8 11.9 58.4 11.5 58.3 10.3 60.3 18.6 56.5 21.8 52.7

oqifi

64.05 2-phase

1 J

O<" . 1

78.15 2-phase

Ô IO

Ì J „

b8

"*

Z066

™'Zl _ Qt. b7 95 '

60 OQQ7

*661 OQQ -

Aß 1Q bbt 18

Móà

59 7

' 81.2 2-phase

2ÒÒZ

Ì J

b8 48

'

234

°' * '°

0

b

* 'Z „ _ bb 50 '

°

^

9Q Z6 6

*

OQ .t 041

^

bb 51

2322

bb l

OQOK Z6ZO

'

'

Constituents (the (T-Arrangement) | Mole % | B. P., 0C | L. No. C3H8O Isopropyl alcohol 19.2 ^% 64 3 CeHi2 Cyclohexane 54.8 C4H10Otert.-Butylalcohol 17.5 „ tftf f\ D/.OU ZOZlO C 6TT H6 T» Benzene 55.0 C4Hi0O fer«.-Butyl alcohol 18.0 ö C6H12 Cyclohexane 53.7

(T-TABLE

The (T-Arrangement Constituents | Mole% | B. P., 0C | L. No. CH3OH C2H5Br Ethyl bromide

A = CS2 2Ï7Ï 35.4

i f

óó

9

'^

A = C 2 H 4 O 2 Methyl formate C2H5Br Ethyl bromide 23^8 /~i TT T j rtl f\ -»-D . «70 C5Hi2 Isopentane 31.0 C4H10O Ethyl ether 7.2 ' C5H12 n-Pentane 48.2 ^0'4 A = C6H12O3 n-Propyl lactate C8Hi0O Phenetole 35.2 Ì Ci0Hi8 Menthene 34.1 /

^òb

OA17 Zl*±Lt

2

^0

2445

LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) (i) BaIy, University of Liverpool, O. (2) Barbaudy, 34, 180: 1924; 25. (3) Beckmann, Liesche and Gabel, 7, 92: 421 ; 17. (*) Blanksma, 176, 7: 417;'lO. (5) Büchner, 64P, 20: 322; 17. (6) Carr, Townsend and Badger, 4O1 17: 643; 25. (7) Carrière and Armand, 34, 179: 1265; 24. (») Carrière and Cerveau, 34, 177: 46; 23. (») Carveth, 50, 3: 193; 99. (io) Creighton and Githens, 143, 179: 161; 15. (U) Creighton and Smith, 143, 180: 703; 15. (12) Doroshevskii and Polianskii, 7, 73: 192; 10. (") Efremov, 53, 80: 351; 18. 10, 5: 295; 25. (14) Evans, 45, S: 260; 16. (i 5) Fox and Barker, 54, 36: 842; 17. (16) Grün and Wirth, 92, 32: 61 ; 19. (17) Hachmeister, 93, 109: 145; 19. (i») Hackspill and Grandadam, 34, 179: 464; 24. (-19) Haywood, 50, 3: 317; 99. (20) Hoist and Hamburger, 64P, 18: 872; 16. (21) Jana and Gupta, 1, 36:115; 14. (22) Jänecke, 92, 33: 278; 20. (23) Kohnstamm and Timmermans, 64P, 13: 865; 11. 64V, 19: 1022; 11. (24) Lebo, 1, 43: 1005; 21. (25) de Leeuw, 7, 77: 284; 11. (26) Leopold, 7, 71: 59; 10. (27) Lewis, 54, 41: 97; 22. (28) Mains, S3, 26: 779, 841; 22. (29) Mayer-Bugstrom, 465, 44: 417; 24. (30) Merriman, 4, 103: 1790; 13. (31) Merriman, 4, 103: 628; 13. (32) Narbutt, 7, 53: 697; 05. (33) Noyes and Warfel, 1, 23: 463; 01. (34) Parks and Schwenck, 50, 28: 720; 24. (35) Pascal, Duprey and Garnier, 27, 29: 9; 21. (36) Pascal and Gamier, 27, 25: 309; 19. (") Pascal and Garnier, 315, 20: 39; 23. (38) Povarnin and Markov, 53, 55: 381; 24. (39) Pratolongo, 22, 30: 323; 21. (40) Räder, 93, 130: 325; 23. (41) Rosanoff, Bacon and White, 1, 36:1803; 14. (42) Rosanoff and Easley, 1, 31: 953; 09. ( 43 ) Rosanoff, Schulze and Dunphy, 1, 36: 2480; 14. (44) Sanger and Reigel, 65, 47: 673; 12. (45) Schulze, 1, 36: 498; 14. (46) Thayer, 50, 2: 382; 98. (47) Thiel and Schulte, 7, 96: 312; 20. (*8) Tyrer, 4, 101: 81, 1104; 12. (49) Wade and Merriman, 4, 99: 997; 11. (so) Young, 4, 83: 68; 03. (si) Barbaudy, 42, 24: 1; 27. («) Rhodes and Baecom, 45, 19: 480; 27.

BOILING-POINT ELEVATIONS, NON-VOLATILE SOLUTES BLAIR SAXTON WITH JAMES B. AUSTIN, HAROLD G. DIETRICH, FLORENCE FENWICK, ARTHUR FLEISCHER, GEORGE L. FREAR, ELLIOTT J. ROBERTS, RODNEY P. SMITH, MYER SOLOMON AND HAROLD M. SPURLIN CONTENTS Introduction Two-component systems The solvent is an elementary substance The solvent is a chemical compound Three-component systems Four- and five-component systems

PAGE

324 324 325 347 349

INTRODUCTION This section includes systems in which one component only, the solvent, is appreciably volatile or in which the necessary correction has been made for the small vapor pressure of the solute or solutes. The data represent elevations of the boiling point at temperatures at which the vapor pressure of the solvent is equal to the constant external pressure; whenever possible the elevations have been corrected to normal atmospheric pressure. (For method, V. («4).)

In the following tables : Ate = boiling-point elevation for normal atmospheric pressure. TB = normal boiling point of solvent, absolute scale. i = the mole number, or the total number of ions and molecules per formula weight of solute in a binary system, or the corresponding number in a system of more than two components. XI = mole fraction of solute. N = formality of solute or the gram-formula-weights per kg of solvent. t = saturated solution. For binary systems : i Atß k7 B = rlim.,1-0—

For systems of more than two components: , ,. i AtB KB = lim.xô-^r The latent heat of vaporization of the pure solvent, per gramformula-weight may be computed from the relation r>m2

/772

nr>%

L0 = ~~ = 8.31sf^ in joules = 1.9869^' in cai«. KB KB KB TWO-COMPONENT SYSTEMS The solvent is an elementary substance The systems are arranged in order of the solvent following the 2\-arrangement. Under each solvent the solutes follow the Standard, resp., (T-arrangement; v. p. viii. AI2Br8 (2 4) SbBr5 ( 24 ) Br 2

TB = 331.9 kB = 33.0 S2 (32)

N N

^ X1 31.2 30.9 30.8

0.05 0.1 0.15

Se (32)

AsBr3 (24)

0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2

32.5 32.6 32.8 33.1

N

^ Xi

0.05 32.4 0.1 32.2 0.15 32.0 SnBr4 ( 24 ) 0.05 33.1 0.1 33.3 0.15 33.5 0.2 33.6 CBr4 (24) 0.05 32.4 0.08 32.1 C7H6BrO2 (24) m-Bromobenzoic acid 0.04 I 21.9

N

**

0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2

33.3 32.3 31.3 30.4

Xi

CI2 TB = 238.5 kB = 23.3 S (27, 126) SCl2 ( 27 » 41) 0.1 22.6 0.2 22.9 0.3 23.3 0.5 23.9

Constituents (the (T-Arrangement) | Mole % | B. P., 0C | L. No. C3H8O Isopropyl alcohol 19.2 ^% 64 3 CeHi2 Cyclohexane 54.8 C4H10Otert.-Butylalcohol 17.5 „ tftf f\ D/.OU ZOZlO C 6TT H6 T» Benzene 55.0 C4Hi0O fer«.-Butyl alcohol 18.0 ö C6H12 Cyclohexane 53.7

(T-TABLE

The (T-Arrangement Constituents | Mole% | B. P., 0C | L. No. CH3OH C2H5Br Ethyl bromide

A = CS2 2Ï7Ï 35.4

i f

óó

9

'^

A = C 2 H 4 O 2 Methyl formate C2H5Br Ethyl bromide 23^8 /~i TT T j rtl f\ -»-D . «70 C5Hi2 Isopentane 31.0 C4H10O Ethyl ether 7.2 ' C5H12 n-Pentane 48.2 ^0'4 A = C6H12O3 n-Propyl lactate C8Hi0O Phenetole 35.2 Ì Ci0Hi8 Menthene 34.1 /

^òb

OA17 Zl*±Lt

2

^0

2445

LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) (i) BaIy, University of Liverpool, O. (2) Barbaudy, 34, 180: 1924; 25. (3) Beckmann, Liesche and Gabel, 7, 92: 421 ; 17. (*) Blanksma, 176, 7: 417;'lO. (5) Büchner, 64P, 20: 322; 17. (6) Carr, Townsend and Badger, 4O1 17: 643; 25. (7) Carrière and Armand, 34, 179: 1265; 24. (») Carrière and Cerveau, 34, 177: 46; 23. (») Carveth, 50, 3: 193; 99. (io) Creighton and Githens, 143, 179: 161; 15. (U) Creighton and Smith, 143, 180: 703; 15. (12) Doroshevskii and Polianskii, 7, 73: 192; 10. (") Efremov, 53, 80: 351; 18. 10, 5: 295; 25. (14) Evans, 45, S: 260; 16. (i 5) Fox and Barker, 54, 36: 842; 17. (16) Grün and Wirth, 92, 32: 61 ; 19. (17) Hachmeister, 93, 109: 145; 19. (i») Hackspill and Grandadam, 34, 179: 464; 24. (-19) Haywood, 50, 3: 317; 99. (20) Hoist and Hamburger, 64P, 18: 872; 16. (21) Jana and Gupta, 1, 36:115; 14. (22) Jänecke, 92, 33: 278; 20. (23) Kohnstamm and Timmermans, 64P, 13: 865; 11. 64V, 19: 1022; 11. (24) Lebo, 1, 43: 1005; 21. (25) de Leeuw, 7, 77: 284; 11. (26) Leopold, 7, 71: 59; 10. (27) Lewis, 54, 41: 97; 22. (28) Mains, S3, 26: 779, 841; 22. (29) Mayer-Bugstrom, 465, 44: 417; 24. (30) Merriman, 4, 103: 1790; 13. (31) Merriman, 4, 103: 628; 13. (32) Narbutt, 7, 53: 697; 05. (33) Noyes and Warfel, 1, 23: 463; 01. (34) Parks and Schwenck, 50, 28: 720; 24. (35) Pascal, Duprey and Garnier, 27, 29: 9; 21. (36) Pascal and Gamier, 27, 25: 309; 19. (") Pascal and Garnier, 315, 20: 39; 23. (38) Povarnin and Markov, 53, 55: 381; 24. (39) Pratolongo, 22, 30: 323; 21. (40) Räder, 93, 130: 325; 23. (41) Rosanoff, Bacon and White, 1, 36:1803; 14. (42) Rosanoff and Easley, 1, 31: 953; 09. ( 43 ) Rosanoff, Schulze and Dunphy, 1, 36: 2480; 14. (44) Sanger and Reigel, 65, 47: 673; 12. (45) Schulze, 1, 36: 498; 14. (46) Thayer, 50, 2: 382; 98. (47) Thiel and Schulte, 7, 96: 312; 20. (*8) Tyrer, 4, 101: 81, 1104; 12. (49) Wade and Merriman, 4, 99: 997; 11. (so) Young, 4, 83: 68; 03. (si) Barbaudy, 42, 24: 1; 27. («) Rhodes and Baecom, 45, 19: 480; 27.

BOILING-POINT ELEVATIONS, NON-VOLATILE SOLUTES BLAIR SAXTON WITH JAMES B. AUSTIN, HAROLD G. DIETRICH, FLORENCE FENWICK, ARTHUR FLEISCHER, GEORGE L. FREAR, ELLIOTT J. ROBERTS, RODNEY P. SMITH, MYER SOLOMON AND HAROLD M. SPURLIN CONTENTS Introduction Two-component systems The solvent is an elementary substance The solvent is a chemical compound Three-component systems Four- and five-component systems

PAGE

324 324 325 347 349

INTRODUCTION This section includes systems in which one component only, the solvent, is appreciably volatile or in which the necessary correction has been made for the small vapor pressure of the solute or solutes. The data represent elevations of the boiling point at temperatures at which the vapor pressure of the solvent is equal to the constant external pressure; whenever possible the elevations have been corrected to normal atmospheric pressure. (For method, V. («4).)

In the following tables : Ate = boiling-point elevation for normal atmospheric pressure. TB = normal boiling point of solvent, absolute scale. i = the mole number, or the total number of ions and molecules per formula weight of solute in a binary system, or the corresponding number in a system of more than two components. XI = mole fraction of solute. N = formality of solute or the gram-formula-weights per kg of solvent. t = saturated solution. For binary systems : i Atß k7 B = rlim.,1-0—

For systems of more than two components: , ,. i AtB KB = lim.xô-^r The latent heat of vaporization of the pure solvent, per gramformula-weight may be computed from the relation r>m2

/772

nr>%

L0 = ~~ = 8.31sf^ in joules = 1.9869^' in cai«. KB KB KB TWO-COMPONENT SYSTEMS The solvent is an elementary substance The systems are arranged in order of the solvent following the 2\-arrangement. Under each solvent the solutes follow the Standard, resp., (T-arrangement; v. p. viii. AI2Br8 (2 4) SbBr5 ( 24 ) Br 2

TB = 331.9 kB = 33.0 S2 (32)

N N

^ X1 31.2 30.9 30.8

0.05 0.1 0.15

Se (32)

AsBr3 (24)

0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2

32.5 32.6 32.8 33.1

N

^ Xi

0.05 32.4 0.1 32.2 0.15 32.0 SnBr4 ( 24 ) 0.05 33.1 0.1 33.3 0.15 33.5 0.2 33.6 CBr4 (24) 0.05 32.4 0.08 32.1 C7H6BrO2 (24) m-Bromobenzoic acid 0.04 I 21.9

N

**

0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2

33.3 32.3 31.3 30.4

Xi

CI2 TB = 238.5 kB = 23.3 S (27, 126) SCl2 ( 27 » 41) 0.1 22.6 0.2 22.9 0.3 23.3 0.5 23.9

S2Cl2 (27, 41)

AT

SbI5 (36)

**

N

Xi

0.1 24.8 0.2 23.3 0.25 22.2 CCl4 (27) 0.15 23.8 02 23 8 0:25 23.'9 0.3 24.0 C2Cl6 (27, 126) 0.05 23.2 0.1 23.4 0.2 23.8 0.25 24.0

I

2

T,- 457.5 ** = 43

Xi

42.5 40.9 40.3

BiI3 (36) 43 °'01 02 41 °SnI4 (36) 0 02 39 ^ 1 0.05 39.4 o.l 39.9 o 12 40 o Fe3I6 (36) 0.015 41.4 0.02 41.3 n 09* A I'i °-025 «- 1 Al2I6 (36)

s 37

(

) Se 37 ( ) 0.05 28.4 0-1 26.3 0.2 24.9 0.3 24.1 Te (37) 0.06 30.7 0.08 29.7 0.1

0.01 0.04 0.05

^

28.7

0.12 27.9 P (red) (37) 0.05 39.2 0.1 40.1 0.12 40.5

0.05 0.1 0.15

N

^Xi

0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04

42.9 40.0 37.4 35.4 33 6 0 05 0.06 32.3 o; TB =90.1 ks = 8.2 C2H4,Ethylene(1<>4) CaH6, Ethane (104) 2.17 9.o 3.71 9.6 ~8 (partially dissociated) r, -717.7 kB = 60

38.8 36.2 33.7

KI (36) 0.02 33.0 0.04 32.3 0>05 32 ° 31 7 °-06 ' RbI (36)

0.02 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.08

CsI (36)

Se (42) 0.1 26.0 0.2 26.6 0.3 27.3 Tß (42) Q1

0.2 0.3

^9 48.9 49.9

AS (42)

35.5 32.3 31.0 30.2 29.3

0.06 6s 0.1 64 0.2 62 A S2S3 (42) Sb2S3 (42)

The solvent is a chemical compound The systems are arranged in order of the solvent following the Standard arrangement. Under each solvent, the solutes follow the Standard, resp., (^-arrangement; v. p. viii. H2O TB = 373.1 kn = 28.9 HIO3 (12, 182)

V N ~^~0.2 39.7 0.5 34.1 1.7 2e H2SO4 (70) MB Xl ~xî 0.06 87.7 0.1 108.4 0.2 160.5 0.3 212.7 NH 4 NO 3 ( 9 O) 0.1 48 0.2 51 0.3 54 0 4 • 57 0.5 61 0.6 66 0.7 74 0.8 86 0.84 94

AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS NH4Cl (»o, 108) (NEU)2SO4 (68, so, 110 N ^ ) f1 AT — O' 6

51 6

'

#1

1.0 51.7 0.6 47 1.5 52.2 1.0 4s 2.0 53.2 2.0 49 5-0 5e 3.0 52 10-0 62 4.0 54 16.3 6st 6.0 5s NH4Br (ios, 110, 8.3 6at in ) 1.0 52.9 H 3 PO 3 (ISS) 1.5 54.0 0.3 35.4 2.0 55.0 0.5 32.4 5.0 56.6 1.0 29.5 10.0 59.2 H 3 AsO 3 (SS) 15.0 61.8 0.1 28.4 18.0 63.3 0.15 27.8 NH4I (lös, no) 0.2 27.3 0.6 52.6 C-compounds For 1.0 53.7 belonging here, v. 1.5 55.0 £-Table, p. 326. 2.0 56.3 5.0 62.7 SnCl2 (53) 9.0 69 0.18 | 50.5

Pb(NO 3 ) 2 (68, 199) N

M*

0.5 l -° 2.0 3.0

55.4 52 7 ' 49.9 49a

X1

4 PMCHCn Ôi Pb(C2H3O2MSO)

X1 -~ 0.1 23 0.3 26 0-5 29 0.7 32 0.9 33 TICK")

N

^ x '

1 0

S0'"Î. ALM"

ZnCl 2 (SS) 0.17 I 49.5 ZnSO4 (»o, 122) 0.5 23.1 1.0 23.5 1.5 25.1 OK O0 40 f* IJ 1% V-O 07J CdCl 2 (IiO) 0.8 35 2.0 33 3-0 3! CdI2 (is, no) 0.3 30.4 0.5 30.4 1.0 J.i

rio nLV CdSO (122) 4

Cu(C 2 H 3 Oa) 2 ( 92 )

N

°- 5

48 4

'

45 6

2.0 42.8 Jj. O 40.7 5 37 6 '° ' 8 '° 35-1 MnCl2 (»89) 0.3 74.2 0.6 75.5 78 8 i- 0 MnSO4 (90, 122)

" ;°

-• s-

*'» ^ ' « * *2 FeSO 4 (I 2 2 ) 22 9 °' 5 ' 22 6 1 0 ^ ' 1.5 22.6 2 5 1 -° 227.3 2.3 CoCl2 («) 0.2 67.S 0.4 70.9 0.7 73.6 CoBr2 (107) 0.1 74.6 0.2 75.1 0.3 76.5 23 g 23

S"' ?°/4

1

ill „ 2.0 2.6

ll'l ,I'* 24.0 26.5

28 7 '° NiCl2 (189)' o T/« n J-? I!'

05 247 !O 22*9 I5 21 i l' 9 19'4 Hg(CN)2 (63) 0.5 28.8 1.0 29.2 1.5 29.2 1.9 29.2 CuCl2 (107) 0.2 69.2 0.25 67.9 0.3 69.7 0.4 72.1 CuSO4 (I 22 ) 0.5 21.7 1.0 21.2 2.0 24.6 3.0 32.2 4.0 42.6 4.5 47.9

^* Xi

0.5 LO 2.0 4.7

^0 !•«

-

25 3

2

°' 5 75

8

^'3 87 2

91 98 IU 167

Al2(SO4), (»o, 77) 1Q

9s

3.0 14o (NH4)jS04.A12(SO4)3 (»61) 4.38 | 145f MgCl2 (90, «2,198) «74 0 , 02 66'4

0.5

72^6

1-0

90 4

" s ••« -

MgSO4 (122) 0.5 21.7 i.o 18.4 2Q

4.0 6.0

UQ

25.5 36.6

CaC 2 ' (U, 90, in, 198) Q I ftfi » 0.1 66. J'J «'J 7 9 J-J ^ J^ ^8 ^8 7 Q 10'0 22o 275

23st

C^ 2 (IIi) 1

CoSO4 (122)

0 6

?•; }•;

W^n C122^ g 2 (

N

Xi

1.1 57.Tf Ag 2 SO 4 (ZSO) AgNQ3 (Î22, 199) S 3( „7 01 1Q

AlCl3 (53, 90)

^

2:S 3.0 5

-°

14.0

^ 590 70.3

9 * 22o

Ca(NO3), ( 13 '

141

)

°' ' 2.0 80 NiSO 4 (I 2 2 ) 5.0 IU 29 9 10 2 15 °' ' -° ° 0.5 27.2 15.0 17o 1-0 26-0 20.0 17o 28 3 22 9 175 1 5 ^ ' ' t 2 34 '° -° CaC10H4N2O8S (I 2 7) 2A 40 7 ' Naphthol yellow S CrO3 (13°) SrCl2 (I 2 , so, 141) 5.0 74 O3 68 g 10.0 8s Q5 72 2 15.0 89 10 82 25.0 8s 30 Ul H3BO3 (108, 122) 5.0 140 0.4 29.4 7.0 15o 0.8 29.7 7.41 152f 1.0 29.8 SrBr 2 (IIi) 2.0 30.2 1.0 74 4.0 31.0 2.0 9s 5.0 31.3 3.0 122 5.9 J 31.5 10.0 17o

Li2SO4 C111)

H 2 O.-(Confa) Sr(NOa)2

54

( >

68

199)

N

>

àÌB

05

-JT 66 8

V? *-° 3 '°

^9 ;2'9 I7

I« 4 >ò

St ot)T

Ba(OH) 2 ( 1 S) 70 2e S-O 36 9-0

46

10

5o -° 11-0 5i BaCl2 (122) 0.5 70.5 !O 76 7 l's 83 2 2Ìo 89.6 25

96

Ba(ClO3)2 ( 207 ) 3.66 I 861 BaBr 2 O 11 ) 1.0 85.3 2.0 117 3.0 129.3

4.0 135

5.0

139

Ba(BrO3), (207) Ba(IOs)2 (207) BaS2O6 ( 2 4 i ) Ba(NOs)2 (68, 199) 0.1

66.7

62 9 °'3 ' 60 7 °- 5 ' 57 7 °- 9 ' 1 33 54 8 ^ ' LiCl (57, 90, 110, ili) 0.5 58.3 1.0 56.2 2.0 56 5.0 80 ,n rv io 10.0 12o 15-0 «o

»S S OU.U

1/0

> 1.0 2.0 3 -°

50.2 51.3 52 6 -

5 4 -° °' 11 LiNO 3 ( O) 0.5 40.5

40 6

' 42.6 49.8 54 -° 58.

Li2CO3 (250)

LiC7H5O3 (i 92) Salicylate 52 3 °- 3 50 5 °'5 ' 49 6 1<0 ' 49 2 1>2 ' NaOH (»Oil«) «i 0.01 0.1 O 2 03

4 J-! l'I

n

~f 54.2 79 112 13ß

}!! Hi

}? ° 195 NaCl t 54 » 57 » 90, 108> 199) AJ* N -5 Q

5

1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.78 NaClO3 lo.O 15.0 200

18

53 3

54.7 58.7 63 67 72 79.et ( 7 2) 58 59 62

26.86 67f NaBr(IOS 1 IIi)

°-5

irj

56

-°

cfi-

35.0 ITo LiBr (no, ni) 0.5 60.2 1-0 59.1 2.0 65.3

Q 57'5 10.0 76 NaI (los, ili, 192) 1 53.2 0 2 0.5 55.5

10.0 158 15.0 184 17.0 19i LiI(Ui) 0.5 48.3 1.0 48.9 2.0 53.0 5.0 65 9.0 81

2.0 66.4 5.0 87.4 10.0 120.8 NaIO4 (182) 0.5 I 49 Na 2 S0 4 ( 115 ) 0.1 58.4 0.5 59.2 1.0 60.3

5.0

95

2

i.o

Na2SiF6 (262) Na2B4O7 (90)

— Xi

1.5 2.0 2 96 -

N

61.3 59.8 56 8 - t

8?

1Oi 1Oi 92 t

90,

52 x

0 .5

50. i 50.1 54 5?

1.0 5.0 10.0 15 -° 24.86

Xi

0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.66

141, 199)

01

At3

Xi

NaNOa

(54j

Xi

0.5 6s 1.0 66 2.0 62 3.0 5s 5.0 52 KOH (90)

Na 2 S 2 O 3 (SO) 1.0 64 3.0 74 5 '° 10.0 15.0 22 -°

^

KCl

(54, 90, 108)

AT

59

0.1 0.3 0.5 1.0 2.0 5.0 7.82

65.3f

Na 2 HP0 4 ( 90 ) 4? O- 1 3 4s °5o °- 5 53 0 .8

1Oo 154 22s 283 319 343 358

** Xi

57.8 52.3 52.3 54.1 55.0 63 69.6f

KClO3 (122, 141)

u

J-; ;* g'! °'8 0.9

N

Xi

4

1 0 ^ 2.0 5.0 7 -° -9-0

Na2SO4.-(CWd)

^l

Na2CO3 (us, 141) 0.1 73.3

5

6 1

1-0 2.0

53.4 50.1

3Q

4g

4<0

5s

°-

0.5 59.6 1.0 55.0 2.0 51.2 3.0 50.0 4.0 51.4 5.0 5i KBr (io»» 122) 0.5 52.7 1.0 54.1 1.5 55.7 2.0 57.9 3.0 61.6 4.0 65.4 4.3 66.7

^

NaC2H3O2 ^^ (18,90,192)

0.2 51.1 0.5 50.1 1.0 53.1 2.0 57.5 5.0 7o 10.0 82 15.0 83 2 ^- 2 801 war w n /134Ï NaCsH 5 O 2 ( 1 S 4 ) Propionate O5 53 6 ^0 56 ' 0

2

-°

61 8 9

;;. T

92

NaC7H5O3 (i ) Salicylate 0-1 49.1 ^ ^' 3 Na2O + SiO2 (71) 0.5 5i 1.0 4s

(90,

0.2 0.5 1.0 2.0 5.0 10.0 13.3

108, 122)

51.6 53.0 55.4 60.4 74.5 87 9et

KIO3 (182)

-

Na 2 C 4 H 4 O 6 ( O) Tartrate J-J J J-; * *'" ™

59.1 ;-j

KI

0.3 0.5 1.0

46.7 45.5 42.5

KH(IOs) 2 (182)

0.2 0.6

98 96

K 2 SO 4 (12, 54)

0.2 63.7 0.5 59.4 1.0 57.4 1.39 56.9f KNO 2 (172) 55.6 601 KNO 3 (54,

90,

0.5 1.0

122, 199)

50.0 48.5

KNO3.- (Cont'd)

K2Cr2O7 (i 2, 130)

N

^

N

^

2.0 5.0 10.0 25.0 36.7

47.1 44. 2 40 39 39.0

0.2 0.3 0.4 3.65

72.0 70.6 70.9 78f

Xi

K2CO3 (90, 115,141)

0.1 0.4 1.0 2.0 5.0 10.0 15.0

56.7 52.8 61.0 77.0 102 145 164

Xi

K2SO4.CuSO4 (92) K2S04.Al2(S04)s(90) 0.5 92 1.0 Ils 1.5 135 2.0 157 2.2 164 KNaC 4 H 4 O 6

K 2 C 2 O 4 (128, 131)

(90, 128)

Oxalate 0.3 65.8 4.77 79f KC2H3O2 (141) Acetate A ^ Xi

0.5 64.0 1.0 63.4 2.0 62.1 3.0 60.8 10.0 79 30.0 82 50.0 83 RbCl (54, 57) 0.1 52.3 0.3 50.8 0.5 50.7 1.0 51.6 2.0 52 5.0 62 12.17 75.it

Xi

0.02 5s 0.05 60 0.1 7s 0.2 1Oo 0.3 1Os 0.5 113 0.6 Ile KH3(C2O4), (131) Trihydrogen dioxalate

N

^ Xi

3.31 61f K2C4H4O6 (90) Tartrate 1.0 7s 2.0 77 4.0 81 6.0 85 8.0 8s 10.0 9o 10.9 9of KHC2O4 (131) Hydrogen oxalate KHC 4 H 4 O 6 (i) Hydrogen tartrate K2C2gH22N4OsS2 Chrysophenine (127)

K2C34H26N6S2O6 Benzopurpurin 4B

Rb2SO4 (54) 3.11 I 66.2f RbNO3 (54) 43.34 I 44.31 CsCl (54, 68) 0.5 53.4 1.0 50.7 2.0 52.3 3.0 55.8 4.0 59.5 5.0 63.1 17.2 84.21 Cs2SO4 (54) 6.3 I 98.21 CsNO3 (54, 110)

0.5 1.0 11.5

50.5 47.2 42.2t

Cs2SO4.Al2(SO4)3

(54)

(127)

KSbOC4H4O6 (14) 0.325| 68.9t Antimonyl tartrate 0.03 28 C-TABLE, THE C0.06 3o ARRANGEMENT 0.12 3i KCN (92) CH4N2O K 3 Fe(CN) 6 (232) Urea 2.5 I 103 (139, 152, 201, 2 3 1 ) K 2 CrO 4 (12, 130) 0.3 63.3 0.5 26.9 0.5 63.4 1.0 64.1 1.0 27.4 1.5 65.3 1.5 27.8 2.5 28.6 4.57 76t

»

£

CH6ClN (133) Methylammonium chloride

N

^

0.1 0.3 0.5 0.8 1.0 1.1

54.2 54.7 55.7 57.8 60.0 60.9

X1

C2H2O4 Oxalic acid (12, 131, 175)

35.9 34.7 35.8 39.2 46.7 54.6

0.5 1.0 2.0 5.0 10.0 15.0

C2H3ClO2 (206) Chloroacetic acid C2H3Cl2NO (152) Dichloroacetamide 0.5 23.9 0.6 24.3 0.75 25.7 C2H4ClNO (152) Chloroacetamide 0.8 25.2 1.0 26.3 1.2 27.0 1.4 27.5 1.6 27.8 (NH4)2C204 (92) Oxalate

3.3

I

6Of

C2H6NO (152) Acetamide 1.5 28.3 2.0 29.5 C2H6NO2 (154) Glycolamide 0.5 26.6 0.7 27.2 0.9 28.3 C3H4Cl3NO2 (152) Trichlorolactamide 0.6 26.2 0.7 25.6 0.8 25.4 C3H6N2O2 (152) Malonamide 1.0 28.0 1.3 30.6 C3H7NO (154) Propionamide 0.8 15.2 1.0 15.4 1.4 15.4 1.6 15.3

C3H7NO2 (154) Lactamide

N

* Xi

0.75 27.5 1.0 27.4 1.5 27.2 C 3 H 7 NO 2 (201) Urethane 0.2 14.0 0.3 14.4 0.5 14.7 0.7 14.6 C3H8O3 (89) Glycerol

MB

Xi

Xi

0.02 43 0.05 3s 0.1 3s 0.2 39 0.3 4s 0.4 47 0.5 5i 0.6 5s 0.7 69 C4H6NO2 (201) Succinimide

N

*5

0.2 0.5 0.7 1.0 1.3

26.8 27.5 27.9 28.1 27.2

Xi

C4H6O4

(12,

175)

Succinic acid 0.5 28.0 1.0 27.5 2.0 27.3 2.5 27.2 C4H6O6 (12,

90,

110, 120)

Tartaric acid 0.5 30.8 1.0 31.7 3.0 35.7 5.0 39.4 20.0 61 50.0 7s 100.0 7s 200.0 74 C4H9NO (154) n-Butyramide 0.5 25.5 0.6 25.0 0.7 24.4 0.8 23.9 C 4 H 9 NO (154) Isobutyramide 0.55 24.1 0.65 23.7 0.75 23.6 C4Hi2ClN (214) Isobutylammonium chloride 0.3 55.3 0.5 51.0 0.8 49.4

C 6 H 6 O 3 (175)

C4Hi2ClN.- (Cont'd)

Phloroglucinol

N

^

1.0 1.2

48.7 47.9

Xi

C4Hi2ClN (214) Diethylammonium chloride C 6 HnNO (154) Valeramide 0.5 23.5 0.6 23.0 0.7 22.5 0.8 22.0 0.9 21.5 C6H3N3O7 (128) Picric acid . 0.1 I 52 C 6 H 5 NO 3 (175) p-Nitrophenol 0.16 25.2 0.2 23.6 0.3 21.3 0.4 20.2 C6H6O (84) Phenol 0.2 32 0.3 32 C6H6N2O2* (175) ra-Nitroaniline

1.2 1.4 1.6 C6H6O2

22.1 22.3 22.6 (175,

185)

Catechol 0.3 24.9 0.4 24.8 0.5 24.7 1.0 22 1.5 2o 2.0 17 C6H6O2 (175, 185) Hydroquinol

0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.5 2.0

27 2s 2s 24 22 2i

C6H6O2 Resoreinol (175, 185, 201)

0.4 26.6 0.5 26.1 0.7 25.0 1.0 24 1.5 22 2.0 2i C6H6O3 (185) Hydroxyhydroquinol 0.5 27 1.0 26 1.5 2s 1.9 24

N-

^ Xi

N

^

0.4 0.6 0.8

21.7 23.2 23.2

0.5 0.6

14.8 13.4

C6H6O3

•

C7H6O2 (175) Benzoic acid

(175,

185)

Pyrogallol 0.5 26.7 0.7 26.3 1.0 25.6 1.5 24 2.0 22

C6H8O7 (12, 90, 120)

Citric 0.5 1.0 2.0 5.0 10.0 20.0 50.0 70.0

acid 31.8 32.6 34.9 42.5 5s 63 6s 6s

C6H12O6 (120) d-Glueose 0.2 30.0 0.5 30.0 1.0 30.0 2.0 30.0 3.0 30.0 C6H12O6 (120) Fructose 0.5 30.3 1.0 30.2 2.0 30.2 2.5 30.5 3.0 31.3 C 6 Hi 3 NO (154) Isobutylacetamide 0.55 19.7 0.65 18.3 C6HuO6 Mannitol (18, 139, 201)

0.2 27.9 0.5 28.1 1.0 28.6 1.2 29.1 C6H16BrN (214) Triethylammonium bromide C6H16ClN (214) Triethylammonium chloride C6H16IN (214) Triethylammonium iodide 0.25 5s 0.5 4s C7H6ClO2 (196) w-Chlorobenzoic acid C7H6NO4 (196) o-Nitrobenzoic acid 77.2 I 29.2f

Xi

C7H6O3 (175) m-Hydroxybenzoic acid 0.35 25.1 0.45 24.0 0.55 22.9 C 7 H 6 O 3 (175, 196)

p-Hydroxybenzoic acid 0.3 28.1 0.4 26.5 0.5 25.0 2.43 22f C7H6O3 (175) Salicylic acid 0.3 22.2 0.4 19.8 0.55 16.4 C 7 H 6 O 4 (175) 3,4-Dihydroxybenzoic acid 0.3 23.5 0.7 22.9 C7H6O6 (128)

Gallic acid 0.2 28.0 0.4 26.1 0.6 25.4 C7H7NO (152) Benzamide 0.75 20.8 1.0 19.8 1.25 19.2 C 7 H 7 NO (154) Formanilide 0.4 21.2 0.6 19.5 0.75 17.9 C7H7NO2 (152) Salicylamide 0.7 18.1 1.0 15.8 C7H8N2O (154) Phenylurea 0.2 27.4 0.3 25.8 0.4 24.3 C7H9N (84) Benzylamine 0.1 26.3 0.2 28.0 0.3 30.7 0.35 32.3 C8H6O4 (175) Phthalic acid 0.35 36.8 0.55 34.9 C8H8O2 (175) Phenylacetic acid 0.4 20.8 0.7 16.9

C8H8O2 (196) o-Toluic acid

N

^ Xi

0.24 24.8f ' C8H8O3 (196) 2-Hydroxytoluene4-carboxylic acid 0.35 I 27.5f C8H8O3 (175) Mandelic acidj 0.3 27.8 0.45 27.6 C8H9NO (152) Acetanilide 0.3 19.0 0.4 17.9 0.45 17.3 C8H9NO (154) Phenylacetamide 0.4 24.6 0.5 22.8 0.7 20.2 0.9 18.7 C8H9NO2 (154) Glycolanilide 0.3 24.7 0.4 23.2 0.5 22.2 C8H12ClN (214) Ethylphenylammonium chloride C8H20BrN (214) Tetraethylammonium bromide 0.13 I 51.7 C8H20ClN (214) Tetraethylammonium chloride C8H20IN (214) Tetraethylammonium iodide 0.25 44.4 0.3 42.9 0.35 43.9 C9H11NO (154) Methylacetanilide C9H11NO2 (154) Lactanilide 0.4 23.7 0.5 22.3 0.65 20.7 C10H6N2O8S (127) 2, 4-Dinitro-l-naphthol-7-sulfonic acid naphthol yellow S) C11H12IN (214) JV-Ethylquinoline iodide * Uncorrected for partial pressure of solute. Î The isomer used is not given.

H2O.- (Cont'd) C12H22O11 (120, 122) Sucrose •

N

*

0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.5

29.9 31.3 34.0 38.3 43.0 46.2 49.0 50.9 54.0

Xi

C12H28IN (214) Tetrapropylammonium iodide C12H28N2O3 (214) Tetrapropylammonium nitrate C 23 H 28 N 2 O 7 (ISO) d-Cinchonine hydrogen tartrate

N

^

0.2

40.0

Xi

C 23 H 28 N 2 O 7 (ISO) £-Cinchonine hydrogen tartrate

N

*2

0.1 0.2

42.0 40.2

Xi

C6H4Cl2 (40) p-Dichlorobenzene

N

^

0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5

23.1 22.9 22.8 22.9

C19H16 (229)

Triphenylmethane

N

Xi

C6Hi6ClN (229)

C37H29N3O9S3 (127) Triphenylpararosaniline trisulfonic acid (soluble blue)

NON-AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS The solvent is an inorganic compound Standard arrangement. Under each solvent, the solutes are in the Standard, resp., (^-arrangement; v. p. viii. SCl2.- (Cont'd) C 3 H 9 IS.—(Cont'd) HCl TB = 188.1 N ^ N *2 Xi Xi kß '= Is 0.3 10.5 0.5 2s C4H10O (149) 0.4 10.7 1.0 38 Ethyl ether S2Cl2 (40) 1.3 46.5 0.2 21.7 ' f C3H10ClN (229) 0.3 21.4 0.5 14 Trimethylammo0.4 22.1 1.0 22.4 nium chloride NH4I (219) 1.5 33.0 0.2 23.0 0.2 14.3 2.0 43.6 0.3 24.0 0.3 13.1 2.5 58 0.4 24.8 0.4 12.0 C7H8 (50) 0.5 25.8 0.5 ll.i Toluene C4H6O3 (40) 0.6 10.5 Q.276 I Is Acetic anhydride 0.7 lO.o HBr 0.1 25.1 NH4CNS (229) TB = 206.1 0.2 25.0 0.5 8.4 kB = 24 0.3 24.9 1.0 6.8 C3H6O (149) 2.0 7.5 C H BrN (229) 4 12 Acetone 3.0 12.6 Tetramethyl0.5 14.0 4.0 23.0 ammonium bromide 0.75 17.7 CH6ClN (229) 0.05 21.8 1.0 23.4 Methylammonium 0.1 22.5 1.25 30.7 chloride 0.2 24.1 C4H10O (149) 0.2 10.8 0.3 25.7 Ethyl ether 0.3 9.6 0.4 27.3 0.5 24.9 0.4 8.7 0.75 29.3 C4H12ClN (229) C2H4O2 (40) 1.0 36.0 Diethylammonium Acetic acid 1.25 44.6 chloride 0.1 16 C7H8 (50, 149) 0.2 16.8 0.2 Ie Toluene 0.3 16.8 0.4 Ie 0.075 2s 0.4 16.8 C2H8ClN (229) 0.15 2i 0.5 16.9 Dimethylammo0.5 27.4 C4H12ClN (229) nium chloride 0.75 27.5 Tetramethyl0.15 18.7 HI ammonium chloride 0.3 19.2 TB = 237.4 0.1 24.1 0.5 19.8 kB = 2e 0.2 25.0 C2H8ClN (229) C7H8 (50) 0.3 25.8 Ethylammonium Toluene 0.4 26.7 chloride 0.05 2e 0.5 27.5 0.4 11.6 0.08 2e C4H12IN (229) 0.5 ll.i Tetramethyl0.6 10.7 SO2 ammonium iodide 0.7 10.6 TB = 263.1 0.1 28.4 1.0 10.4 kB = 22.9 C3H9IS (40, 219) 0.2 28.8 SCl2 (40) 0.3 29.3 Trimethylsulfo0.1 I 10.4 0.4 29.7 nium iodide 0.2 I 10.4

Triethylammonium chloride 0.1 24.1 0.2 24.2 0.3 24.4 0.5 24.7 C7H6O2 (40) Benzoic acid 0.1 13.1 0.2 13.0 0.3 12.9 0.4 12.8 0.5 12.7 0.6 12.5 C7H8 (219)

Toluene 0.5 24.7 1.0 26.5 1.5 28.7 C7H10ClN (229) Benzylammonium chloride 0.3 12.4 0.4 11.9 0.5 11.5 0.6 11.3 C8H9NO (219) Acetanilide 0.05 23.6 0.07 24.5 C8H20IN (229) Tetraethylammonium iodide 0.05 26.9 0.1 28.2 0.15 29.6 0.2 30.8 0.25 32.1 C10H8 (219)

Naphthalene 0.3 23.8 0.5 23.9 C12H22O6 (229)

Isobutyl tartrate 0.1 24 0.2 24 0.3 30 C14H10O3 (40) Benzoic anhydride 0.05 22.5 0.1 23.6 0.15 24.7 C 16 H 11 N 3 O 8 (229)

ß-Naphthol picrate 0.035 48.5 0.065 48.3

^Xi

0.2 22 0.4 22 0.6 22.4 NaI (219) 0.27 I 13.5 KI

(40,

219,

229)

0.1 16.0 0.5 12.1 0.8 12.0 1.0 12.6 1.4 14.7 1.7 19.6 2.0 26.1 KCNS (40, 219) 0.1 16.5 0.3 12.7 0.5 11.4 1.0 10.9 2.0 15.5 3.0 28.5 RbI (229) 0.3 14.9 0.5 13.3 0.7 12.6

SO3 TB = 317.7 kB = 14.0 H2SO4 (38) 0.05 18.3 0.1 17.0 0.2 14.8 0.5 11.4 1.0 9.8 1.5 10.4 2.0 12.1 2.2 13.3

C7H16O4S2 (38) Sulfonal 0.05 15.2 0.1 16.5 0.2 19 C8H18O4S2 (38) Trional 0.05 15.6 0.1 17.2 0.15 18.8

H2S TB = 213.5 kB = 23 C7H8 (50, 149)

Toluene 0.3 22.5 0.5 22.0 1.0 22.6 1.5 19.3 2.0 17.8 C6H16ClN (149) Triethylammonium chloride 0.25 27.9 0.5 32.5

H2SO4* TB = 604 kB = 60 As4O6 (25) MO2O6 (25)

N

^

0.05 0.1 0.15

62 59 55

Xi

B4O6 (25)

0.05 56 0.1 54 0.15 52 0.2 50 Na2SO4 (25) 0.08 65 0.1 66 0.15 7o 0.19 73 Na2S2O7 (25) 0.08 55 0.1 5s 0.13 63 K2SO4 (25) 0.1 70 0.18 74 K2S2O7 (25) 0.1 64 0.15 6e 0.2 6s KHSO4 (25) 0.2 3o 0.3 3i 0.4 [ 3s * Constant boiling Ca. 98.3% H2SO4 by weight. Partially dissociated.

S2Ci2 TB = 411 kB = 36.3 S (27)

0.4 34.4 0.6 24.7 1.0 21.9 2.0 19.0 2.5 18.3 5.5 20.6 Se (27) 0.2 45.6 0.3 44.8 Ci4H10 (27)

Anthracene 0.15 37.8 0.25 38.8

SO2Cl2 TB = 342.2 kß = 34.5 I2 ( 97 ) 0.05 29 0.1 28 Al2Cl6 (38) 0.05 49.6 0.1 49.1 0.13 49.2

C7H18O4S2 (38) Sulfonal

AT

^ Xl

0.05 34.5 0.1 34.5 0.15 34.4 0.2 34.1 C8H18O4S2 (38) Trional 0.05 36.3 0.1 36.3 0.2 36.3 C10H16O (38)

Camphor 0.05 35.9 0.1 34.2 0.15 34.0 0.2 34.0 0.25 I 34.0 N2O4 TB = 294.4 kB = 14.2 C2HBr3O2 (««)

Tribromoacetic acid 0.1 I 7.6 C2H2Br4 («*) 1, 1, 2, 2-Tetrabromoethane 0.2 16.3 0.3 16.2 0.4 16.1 0.5 15.9 C2H4Br2 (86) Ethylene bromide 0.2 16.4 0.4 16.7 0.6 16.6 0.8 16.6 1.0 16.5 1.2 16.5 1.6 16.4 C 2 H 4 O 2 (Se) Acetic acid 0.46 I 7.7 C4H6Cl3O2 (86)

Trichlorobutyric acid 0.1 11.3 0.2 ll.o 0.3 I 10.8 C6H3N3O7 (86) Picric acid 0.1 15.7 0.2 15.1 0.3 14.6 0.4 14.1 C6H4N2O4 (86) m-Dinitrobenzene 0.1 14.5 0.2 14.6 0.3 14.7 0.4 14.8 0.5 14.9 0.7 15.2

C6H4N2O6 (86) 2, 4-Dinitrophenol N \ ^* X1 0.05 15.3 15 5 O' 1 ' C6H4O2 (86) Quinone 0.2 15.0 0.3 15.5 C6H6NO2 (86) Nitrobenzene O2 143 : u ie 0 4 0.8 15.3 1.0 15.6 1.5 16.4 1.8 17.0 C7H6O2 (86) Benzoic acid 0.4 8.2 0.6 8.4 0.8 8.5 C7H7Cl (86) Benzyl chloride 0.2 16.1 0.4 16.3 0.6 16.4 0.8 16.5 1.0 16.7 1.2 16.8

1.4 16.9 C 7 H 7 NO 2 (86) p-Nitrotoluene 0.1 14.3 0.2 14.6 0.3 14.9 0.4 15.1 15 4 O- 5 0-7 16.0 C7H8 (86) Toluene 0.2 15.3 15 9 O- 4 0-6 16-2 O-« 16.4 1.0 16.5

1.2 16.6 C8H8O (86) Acetophenone 15 2 O- 3 0.-4 15.5 0.5 15.7 0.6 15.9 0.8 16.3 C8H8O2 (86) 0-Toluicacid 0.2 8.9 0.4 8.U 0.6 8.8 C8H8O2 (86) m-Toluic acid 0.1 9.1 0.2 9.0 C8H8O2 (86) p-Toluic acid 0.1 10.5

NH3 TB = 239.7 kB = 20.2 H2O (87) ^s N

^ 0.5 20.6 1.0 20.7 2.0 20.9 3.0 21.1 5.0 21.5 7.0 22.3 10.0 25 NH 4 NO 3 (87) 0.5 21.0 1.0 21.9 2.0 24.3 3.0 28.2 4.0 32.8 CH4N2O (87) Urea 0.5 19.4 10 18 9 2.0 17i8 3.0 16.7 4.0 15.6 C2H6O (87) Ethyl alcohol 0.5 19.8 i.o 20.1 2.0 20.4 3.0 20.8 5.0 21.5 7.0 22.2 9.0 22.6 C3H8O (87) Propyl alcohol 0.5 20.2 1-0 19.9 2.0 19.4 3.0 19.0 5.0 18.6 7.0 18.7 9-0 18.8 C5H5N (87) Pyridine * 0.5 18.9

1.0 18.2 2.0 17.1 3.0 16.3 5.0 15.0 8.0 13.8 C6H5NO3 (87) o-Nitrophenol 0.5 20.1 i.o , 20.0 1.5 19.8 C6H6 (87) Benzene 0.6 15 0.8 15 1.0 14.8 1.3 14.5 C6H6O (87) Phenol 0.5 19.6 1.0 19.1

C 6 H 6 O.-(Cont'd) AÌB jy *i 2.0 18.1 3.0 17.4 C6H6O2 (87) Catechol 05 19

1Q

2Q 2'.5

ig'8 19'3 19'8

PCl3 TB = 346.6 kB = 33.9 AsI3 (27) SbI (27

FeCl2 (186) A # ^ Xl

O- 05 0.1

C (18 :> n °^ ^1 ' t f CaCl2 (186)

C14H10W) Anthracene AtB N ^ 0.025 34.2 0.05 34.5 SnI4 (27)

15 2

0

2e

28

« n o 2 -° 9- 1 3.0 7.7 7 5 *-° ' 4.0 7.7 4 5 8.4 Na (87) 0.5 14 1-0 13

2.0 10.0 ^5 8.7 NaNO 3 (87) 0.5 17.7 1-0 19.8 2.0 22.6 3 25 -° -° 4.0 29.2 NaC2H3O2 (87) Acetate 2

01

22

0 .3

16 0.4 13 K (i 09) KI (87) 0.5 21.4

10

23 8

2.0 3.0 3*5

28.6 34.0 36.'5

4 °-09 I-0 SnI4 (27)

BiCl3 !T* =720 fc* = 54.7 BiP0 4 (i86) PbCl2

°'°5 _JK1

fcB S

007

005

55 0

005 007

54 7 544

« Zombie) (27) 0025 39.o 0 075

01

Q Q5

5Q Q

Q Q5

55 0

Q

52 o

Q1

54 Q

016

56o

CuCl2 (186) Q Q5

60 Q

o.07 60.4 AgCl («6) 0.07 56.7 0.1 57.3 015

364

^

^0 ^1

38.0 AsI3 (27) SbI3 (27) C14H10 (27) Anthracene Q Q3 36^ 005 36 7 36.'s O.'o6 SnI4 (27) 01

57 6

PtCl2 («e) 0.02 55.o o. 05 56. o PdCl2 (i86) 0.02 57.o 0 05

36 8

^

0 x

CuCl (186)

37 8

36 s

0 125

^^ (1M)

Q Q4

56 '° ^

SnCl4 7^=387.2 = 36.1

^186) 0.04 55.3 ZnCl2 (186)

'°

0.02 51.5 0.03 51.3 SrCl2 (i86) 0.03 53.7 0 05 54^ BaCl2 (i 86) 55 3 °-04 ' 05 55 5 O' 0.07 55.9 56 8 0 1 ^ ' LiCl (186) 53 O' 07 '° 0.13 56.o NaCl (186) 0 05 53 * -° °'* ,,J?'0 KC1 18b C ) 0.07 58.o 0.16 60.o RbCl (186) 6 °-07 O- 1 60 3 1 O' ' CsCl (186)

' C6H6O2 (87) ^f0^ AsCl3 "•* f TB =395 }•; Il fcß=40.i 2Ò *•* S8 (rhombic) (27) z u zo * 0.08 38.5 C6H6O2 (87) 38.6 0.1 Resorcinol 0.15 39.o 0.5 21.i S8 (monoclinic) (27) LO 21.1 0.05 43 1.5 21.1 0.1 42.1 2.0 21.1 0.14 41.2 C6H7N (87) As2O3 (27) Aniline AsI3 (27) 0.5 20.1 SbI3 (27) LO 19.9 C14H10 (27) 2.0 19.7 Anthracene 3.0 19.5 0.03 40.2 3.5 19.4 0.06 40.4 r TT n m\ "seröse Qg 21 IQ 23

o6-0 57.0

56 0

MnCl 2 O 8 6 ) 0.03 54.o 57*0 0!o7

WU2U2 B = 449 kB = 35 CrO3 (38) 0.05 35.4 35 9 O- 1 0.15 36.5 0.2 37.i T

The solvent is an organic compound The (^-arrangement. Under each solvent, the solutes are in the Standard, resp., (T-arrangement.

CCl2O Phosgene TB = 281.4 ka = 29 I2 (40) ICl3 (40)

»

t

0.02 82 0.03 3i 0.035 3o SCl2 (40) 0.05 24 0.1 23.4 0.2 23.4 0.3 23.4 0.35 23.4 S2Cl2 (40) 0.1 3o 0.15 29.8 0.2 29.8 AsCl3 (40) 0.2 28.6 0.5 28.9 0.7 29.1 SbCl3 (40) 0.02 27.6 0.06 27.2 0.1 26.8 0.14 26.5 SbCl5 (40) 0.02 27.8 0.05 28.0 0.1 28.2 0.12 28.3 C2Cl6 (40) Hexachloroethane 0.05 30.5 0.1 30.7 0.2 31.1 0.25 31.3 C2H4O2 (40) Acetic acid 0.08 14.7 0.1 14.6 0.2 14.4 0.25 14.3 C4H6O3 (40) Acetic anhydride 0.05 29 0.08 2s 0.1 2s 0.15 27 C6H4Cl2 (40) p-Dichlorobenzene 0.05 27.5 0.1 27.8 0.2 28.2 0.3 28.6 C6H4Br2 (40) p-Dibromobenzene

C6H4Br2.- (Cont'd) N

* Xi

0.05 32.1 0.1 32.0 0.2 31.8 0.3 31.5 C7H6O2 (40) Benzoic acid 0.05 14.7 0.1 14.1 0.13 13.7 C10H8 (40) Naphthalene 0.05 3i 0.1 3i 0.15 30.6 0.2 30.5 C12H10 (40) Diphenyl 0.05 28.5 0.08 28.6 0.1 28.7 0.15 28.8 C14H10O3 (40) Benzoic anhydride 0.02 32.0 0.05 30.6 0.1 28.6 C14H14 (40) Dibenzyl 0.05 27.8 0.08 27.8 0.12 27.9 0.18 28.1

CCl4 TB = 349.9 kB = 31.4 I2 (30, 217)

0.05 0.1 0.2 0.46

32.4 32.4 32.5 3of

S8 (168)

0.05 0.1 0.15

35.0 34.2 33.3

S2Cl2 (164, 167)

31.4 31.4 31.5 31.5 N4S4 (2) 0.05 I 33 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4

POCl3 (164)

0.1 27.7 0.2 24.6 0.3 22 POBr3 (167) 0.1 34 0.15 33

PCl6 (158)

N

CrO2Cl2 (160)

C12H24O2 (281)

* Xi

0.1 33.0 0.2 33.7 0.3 34.1 SbCl5 (159) 0.05 36.7 0.07 35.9 0.1 34.7 C2H3BrO2 ( 224 ) Bromoacetic acid 0.1 18.4 0.2 18.0 0.5 17.0 C5H10O2 (224)

Isovaleric acid 0.2 17.8 0.3 17.8 0.5 17.8 C 6 H 6 O (46)

Phenol 0.05 28 0.1 27 0.2 25 0.4 22 C7H9N (224)

p-Toluidine 0.03 34.0 0.05 33.8 0.1 33.3 C9H7N (81)

Quinoline 0.1 31 0.3 31.6 0.5 32.2 0.7 32.8 C 9 H 10 O 2 (ISS) Ethyl benzoate 0.05 31.7 0.1 31.8 0.2 32.1 0.3 32.4 C9H12ClNO2 (224) p-Toluidine chloroacetate 0.05 3s 0.1 31 C10H8 (61) Naphthalene 0.05 31.6 0.1 31.7 0.2 31.9 C10H10O2 (81) Safrole 0.2 33.6 0.3 35.4 0.4 36.9 0.5 38.1 C10H16O (158) Camphor 0.15 31.7 0.25 32.1

Laurie acid

N

*5 Xi

0.1 19 C13H10O2 (49) Phenyl benzoate 0.1 32.0 0.2 32.1 0.3 32.2 C 13 H 11 N 3 O 9 (224, 228)

Dimethylpyrone picrate 0.01 56.8 0.02 51.2 C 13 H 13 NO 3 (224, 228)

Aniline salicylate 0.1 41.7 0.2 39.2 0.3 36.8 C14H10O2 (30) Benzil 0.05 32.3 0.1 32.4 0.2 32.5 0.3 32.6 C14H15NO3 (224, 228)

p-Toluidine salicylate 0.05 45.8 0.1 42.2 0.2 36.6 C16H16 (203) «, 7-Diphenyl-a, ß-butene 0.05 32.5 0.1 32.4 0.15 32.2 C16H16 (203) a, 3-Diphenyl-a, /3-butene 0.05 32.8 0.1 32.8 C16H32O2 (218) é Palmitic acid 0.03 21 0.05 21 C17H12O2 (166) 0-Naphthyl benzoate 0.05 I 31 C17H19NO3 (81) Piperine 0.1 29.2 0.2 27.0 C21H36N4O7 (224)

Triamylammonium picrate 0.05 13 0.1 11.4 ZrC20H28O8 (60) Acetylacetonate 0.03 35.1 0.05 35.3

N

C* Xi

0.1 0.2 0.3

28.9 29.3 29.7

CS2 TB = 319.4 kB = 31 I2 (18,

136, 165, 168, 188, 217)

C8H12O6.- (Cont'd) N

0.1 0.2 0.5 0.8

*5 Xi

20.3 19.3 16.7 14.2

C8H18O4S2 (83) Trional 0.05 32.0 0.1 32.3

0.2

3l

C10H8 Naphthalene

0.5

3l

(18, 139, 169, 224)

1.0 3i 1.84 3of S8 (rhombic) (4) 0.1 30.2 0.2 30.0 0.5 29.2 0.8 28.5 1.0 28.0 S6 (E) (7) 0.1 31.6 0.15 31.0 0.2 30.5 P4 (yellow) (is, 98) 0.1 31.0 0.2 30.4 0.5 28.8 1.0 26.7 1.5 25.4 POCl3 (165, 167)

0.25 0.35

29.8 30.6

0.1

31.8

0.3

31.8

0.5 1.0

31.9 32.0

C10H16O (39)

Camphor 0.1 30.0 0.2 30.0 0.5 30.0 C12H10N2 Azobenzene (76, 139, 180) 0.1

0.2 0.25

30.2

30.6 30.8

C12H11N (76, 139)

Diphenylamine 0.1 29.8 0.2 30.2 0.3 30.7

P4S3 (98)

C13H10O (18)

0.05 30.1 0.1 29.7 0.3 28.0 0.5 27.2 AsI3 (210) 0.1 32.5 0.2 31.0 SbI3 (210) 0.05 31.5 0.07 31.5

Benzophenone 0.1 31.4 0.15 31.0

C4H7Cl3O2 (65)

Chloral alcoholate 0.3 I 14.0 C6H5ClO2S (129) Benzenesulfone chloride 0.34 31.8 C7H5NS (18) Phenyl isothiocyanate 0.1 31.2 C7H6O2 Benzoic acid (18, 139, 180) 0.1

16.1

0.2 16.0 0.5 15.5 0.7 15.2 C8H12O6 (22l) Dimethyl acetylmalate

C13H10O2 (18, 83)

Phenyl benzoate 0.05 32.1 0.1 31.4 0.2 30.1 0.3 28.8 C13H10O3 (83) Phenyl salicylate 0.05 32.4 0.1 32.5 0.2 32.8 C 13 H 13 NO 3 (228)

Aniline salicylate 0.03 58.4 0.05 54.6 C14H10 (18) Anthracene 0.1 32.2 0.2 32.2 0.5 32.2 1.0 32.4 2.0 32.6 C14H10 (83)

Phenanthrene 0.05 31.7 0.1 33.0 0.15 34.4

C14Hi0O2 (39)

BeCi0H14O4.-

Benzil

(Cont'd)

N

*

N

^

0.1 0.2

3o 29

0.1 0.15

28.0 27.7

Xi

C14H12O2 (83) Benzyl benzoate 0.3 31.5 0.5 32.6 0.7 33.8 C 15 H 12 O 4 (S 3 ) Phenyl acetylsalicylate 0.05 29.8 0.07 30.8 0.08 31.2 ThC20H28O8 (58) Acetylacetonate 0.1 29.8 0.2 29.3 CrO2Cl2 (160) 0.1 30.1 0.2 29.5 0.3 28.9 0.4 28.3 Al2Br6 (129) 0.05 30.9 0.1 31.0 0.2 31.2 Al2I6 ( 129 ) 0.05 31.3 0.1 31.1 0.15 30.9 Al2Br6^C6H5ClO2S (129)

Aluminium bromide benzenesulfone chloride 0.05 31.2 0.1 31.2 Al2Br6.2C6H5NO2 (129)

Aluminium bromide nitrobenzene 0.05 30.9 0.1 30.9 AlC15H21O6 (129) Acetylacetonate 0.1 31.1 0.15 31.1 AlC18H27O9 (129) Ethyl acetoacetate 0.1 31.3 0.15 31.3 ScC15H21O6 (59) Acetylacetonate 0.1 30.7 0.15 30.0 PrC16H21O6 (58) Acetylacetonate SaC16H21O6 (58) Acetylacetonate BeC10H14O4 (59) Acetylacetonate

Xi

CHCl3 Chloroform TB = 334.3 kB = 32.0 I2 (30, 217)

0.05 30.5 0.1 30.5 0.2 30.8 0.43 34f S6 (204) 0.4 30.7 0.5 30.8 0.7 31.0 0.9 31.3 SOCl2 (164, 167) 0.1 33 0.2 28 0.3 22 POCl3 (164, 167)

0.1 0.2 0.3 0.5 SbCl3 0.3 0.4 0.5 SbCl5 0.05 0.1 0.15 SbBr3 0.15 0.2 0.3

30.6 30.7 30.8 31 (210) 29.2 28.4 27.7 (159) 46.8 40.2 35.7 (210) 30.8 30.0 28.7

CoH5NO.- (Cont'd) Xi ^ N 0.2 25.0 0.3 22.8 0.5 20.3 0.8 18 C2H7NO4S (225) Dimethylsulf oxide nitrate 0.2 43 0.3 37 0.4 30 C2H8ClN (225) Dimethylammonium chloride 0.2 7.5 0.3 7.5 0.5 7.5 C3H4Cl3NO2 (152) Trichlorolactamide 0.1 27.6 0.2 23.2 0.25 21.1 C3H7I (225)

ft-Propyl iodide 0.1 33 0.3 33 0.5 33 0.8 34 C3H7NO (153) Propionamide 0.2 24.5 0.3 23.9 0.4 22.8 C3H7NO2 (153, 201)

Urethane 0.1 29.2 0.2 28.4 0.5 26.7 0.7 24.6 C3H10ClN (210) C 2 HCl 3 O 2 (243) n-Propylammonium Trichloroacetic acid chloride 0.1 21.9 0.1 7 0.15 20.5 0.15 6 C 2 H 2 Cl 3 NO(I S 2 )

Trichloroacetamide 0.25 26.3 0.3 25.9 0.4 25.0 C2H3Cl2NO (152)

Dichloroa cetamide 0.25 25.5 0.35 24.0 C2H3BrO2 (225) Bromoacetic acid 0.1 30.9 0.2 27.0 0.3 24.8 0.4 23.4 0.5 22.5 C2H4ClNO (152) Chloroacetamide 0.1 27.3 0.2 25.8 C2H5NO (152) Acetamide

C4H4N2 (222)

Succinonitrile 0.1 28 0.2 25 0.3 23 0.5 19 0.8 16 C4H9I (225)

tert.-Butyl iodide 0.1 24.8 0.2 24.4 0.3 24.1 0.4 23.7 C4H9NO (153)

n-Butyramide 0.3 26.8 0.4 25.9 C 4 H 9 NO (153) Isobutyramide 0.2 27.7 0.3 26.7 0.4 25.6

C4H10O2S (225)

C6H15BrS (210)

Diethylsulfone

Triethylsulfonium bromide

N

^

0.2 0.4 0.7

22.0 25.6 30

Xi

JV

^ Xi

0.2 7.2 0.3 6.2 0.4 5.3 C4H12ClN (210) C6H15ClS (210) Diethylammonium Triethylsulfonium chloride chloride 0.1 14.1 0.2 8.5 0.2 13.3 0.3 8.0 0.3 12.5 0.35 7.5 0.4 11.7 C6H15IS (210) 0.5 10.8 Triethylsulfonium C4H12ClN (210) iodide Isobutyl0.25 4.4 ammonium chloride 0.3 4.2 0.3 7.2 0.4 3.5 0.4 7.2 0.5 2.8 0.5 7.1 C6H16BrN (210) C4H12IN (210) Triethylammonium Isobutylbromide ammonium iodide 0.2 19.6 0.3 6.0 0.3 18.0 0.4 5.4 0.4 16.8 0.5 4.8 0.5 15.8 C5H10O2 (225) C6H16ClN (210) Isovaleric acid Dipropyl0.5 19.0 ammonium chloride 0.7 19.7 0.2 15.9 0.9 20.3 0.3 15.6 C5H11NO (153) 0.5 14.8 Väleramide C6H16ClN (225) 0.2 25.9 Triethylammonium 0.3 25.2 chloride 0.4 24.5 0.2 24.5 C6H14ClN (225) 0.3 24.3 Amylammonium 0.4 24 chloride C6H16IN (210) 0.2 9.4 Triethylammonium 0.3 8.5 iodide 0.4 7.8 0.1 18 C6H3N3O7 (136) 0.2 14.7 Picric acid 0.3 12.1 0.05 31.6 0.35 11.2 0.1 31.0 C7H6O2 0.3 28.7 Benzoic acid C6H10O6 (221)

Dimethyl 0.2 0.3 0.5 0.7 1.0

malate 29.3 29.7 30.3 30.9 31.8

C6H10O6 (221)

Dimethyl 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5

tartrate 22.3 23.1 23.3 22.9

C 6 H 13 NO (153)

Isobutylacetamide 0.1 27.2 0.2 25.4 0.3 23.8

(18, 139, 231)

0.1 19 0.3 18 0.5 18 C7H6O3 (18) Salicylic acid 0.1 19.6 0.2 18.3 0.3 17.7 C7H7NO (152) Benzamide 0.25 25.9 0.3 25.5 0.35 24.8 C7H7NO (153) Formanilide 0.2 26 0.3 25

C7H7NO2 (!52) Salicylamide N 0.1

** Xi

28.1

C7H9BrO2 (225) Dimethylpyrone hydrobromide 0.2 21 0.3 18.7 0.4 17.2 C7H9N (201, 225)

p-Toluidine 0.1 33.5 0.2 33.5 0.3 33.6 0.4 33.6 0.5 33.7 C7H10BrN (225) Methylaniline hydrobromide 0.1 9.6 0.2 10.0 0.3 10.3 0.5 ll.o C7Hi0ClN (210)

Methylaniline hydrochloride 0.2 15.4 0.3 14.7 0.4 13.8 C8H7NO (139) Phthalimidine 0.1 I 30.8 C8H9NO (201) Acetanilide 0.1 28.3 0.2 24.8 0.5 I 21.7 C8H9NO (153) Phenylacetamide 0.15 28.1 0.2 28.1 C8H9NO2 (153) Glycolanilide 0.2 19.6 0.25 17.1 C8H10O (171)

p-Methoxymethylbenzene 0.1 34.7 0.15 34.6 C8H11N (93)

Dimethylaniline 0.1 I 31.9 C8H12BrN (225) Dimethylaniline hydrobromide 0.1

0.2 0.3 0.45

11.2

12.4 13.3 13.0

CHCl3.- (Confa) C9H8BrW.-(CWd) C8Hi2ClN (210) N ^ Xi Ethylaniline hydrochloride

N

** Xi

0.15 15.1 0.2 15.2 0.3 15.2 C8Hi2IN (210) Ethylaniline hydroiodide 0.15 16.4 0.2 15.8 0.3 14.8 C8H12O6 (221) Dimethyl acetylmalate 0.1 29.7 0.2 31.8 0.3 33.4 0.5 36.3 0.7 38.8 0.9 41.4 C8Hi3ClN2 (210) Ethylphenylhydrazine hydrochloride 0.2 13 0.3 12.6 0.4 12.0 0.5 ll.i C8H14O6 (221)

Diethyl malate 0.2 1 28.6 0.3 29.5 0.4 30.6 0.5 31.6 C8H14O6 (221) Diethyl tartrate 0.1 27.1 0.2 27.4 0.3 27.8 0.4 28.3 0.5 28.6 C8H20BrN (225) Tetraethylammonium bromide 0.1 6.9 0.2 7.4 0.3 7.9 C8H20ClN (225) Tetraethylammonium chloride 0.1 14 0.2 13.4 0.3 12.9 C8H20N2O3 (225) Tetraethylammonium nitrate 0.2 7 0.3 7 0.4 7 C9H8BrN (210) Quinoline hydrobromide

0.3 12.8 0.4 11.9 0.5 ll.i C9H8ClN (210) Quinoline hydrochloride 0.2 15.8 0.5 14.4 ' 0.7 13.5 C9H8IN (210) Quinoline hydroiodide 0.03 28.3 0.05 21.2 C9H10O2 (i») Ethyl benzoate 0.2 31.3 0.5 34.4 0.8 39.4 C9H11NO (83) o-Acetotoluide 0.1 I 30.7 C 9 H n NO (209) Methylacetanilide 0.1 34 0.2 34 C9H11NO2 (153) Lactanilide 0.15 24.8 0.2 22.8 C9HnNO2 (153) Phenylurethane 0.2 ) 31.6 C9Hi2ClNO2 (225)

p-Toluidine chloroacetate 0.05 73.6 0.1 61.6 0.2 41.6 0.25 33.5 C9H21N (225)

Tripropylamine 0.2 28.9 0.5 31.8 0.7 32.7 C10H8 (31, 201, 225)

Naphthalene 0.05 32.7 0.1 32.7 0.2 32.8 0.3 32.8 C10H9N (142) a-Naphthylamine 0.05 I 32 C10H12O (171) Metanethole (liq.) 0.02 26.8 0.05 27.3 0.07 27.5 0.1 27.9 0.12 28.1 C10H13NO (153) Ethylacetanilide

Ci0Hi3NO.- (CWd)

N

1

*• Xi

0.15 39.a 0.2 35.7 C10H16ClN (210) Diethylaniline hydrochloride 0.2 24.0 0.3 22.9 0.4 21.8 C10H16IN (210) Diethylaniline hydroiodide 0.2 17.4 0.3 16.2 0.4 15.0 Ci0H16O

Camphor (31, 39, 43, 75) 0.05

32.7

0.1 33.1 0.15 33.3 0.2 33.4 0.25 33.5 C10H24ClN (225) Diisoamylammonium chloride 0.1 19.2 0.2 20.0 0.3 I 20.7 C11H12IN (210) Quinoline ethiodide CnH14N4O7 (225) Piperidine picrate 0.02 I 29.5 C12H10 (201) Acenaphthene 0.1 33.2 0.15 33.4 0.2 33.5 0.25 33.5 C12Hi0 (209)

Diphenyl 0.1 i 32.1 0.15 32.8 0.2 33.4 C12H10N2 (125) Azobenzene 0.05 I 29 C12H11N (139, 209)

Diphenylamine 0.1 33 0.2 32 C12H28BrN (210) Tetrapropylammonium bromide 0.2 8.8 0.3 9.1 0.4 9.4 Ci2H28ClN (210) Tetrapropylammonium chloride 0.2 12 0.3 12.3 0.4 13.0 0.5 13.6

Ci2H28IN (210) Tetrapropylammonium iodide

N 0.1 0.3 0.4

^ Xi

7.8 7.8 7.7

C12H28N2O3 (225)

Tetrapropylammonium nitrate 0.1 12.9 0.2 12.8 0.3 12.8 C13H11NO (152) Benzanilide 0.2 29.8 0.25 30.3 C13HnN3O9

Dimethylpyrone picrate (225, 228)

0.05 0.1

53.3 51.9

Ci3H13NO3 Aniline salicylate (225, 228)

0.05 0.1 0.15

60.0 54.6 51.9

Ci3H20IN (235)

Allylethylmethyltolylammonium iodide 0.04 52.0 0.08 47.6 C14H10 (209)

Anthracene 0.1 34 0.15 34 Ci4H10O2 (3l) Benzil 0.05 32 0.1 32 0.2 32 0.3 33 Ci4H14OS (225)

Dibenzyl suif oxide 0.1 28.8 0.2 31.9 0.25 33.5 C14H16ClN (210) Dibenzylammonium chloride 0.3 l 16.0 C16HnN3O7 (136) Naphthalene picrate 0.05 65 0.1 61 Ci7H20IN (93) Allylbenzylmethylphenylammonium iodide 0.1 | 60

Ci 8 H 3 IN 4 O 7 (225)

Tetrapropylammonium picrate

N

*5 Xi

C 61 H 98 O 6 (222)

Tripalmitin

N 0.03 0.05 0.07

^ Xi

33 33 34.7

0.05 12 0.1 11.7 0.15 11.5 C57H110O6 (222) 0.2 11.3 Tristearin C19Hi3N (95) 0.04 30.4 Phenylacridine 0.05 30.6 0.1 | 33.3 0.06 30.8 C19H14ClN (95) 0.07 31.0 Phenylacridinium ThC20H28O8 (58) chloride Acetylacetonate 0.02 25.5 0.05 34.2 0.04 25.2 0.1 36.8 Ci9Hi4IN (95) 0.15 39.3 Phenylacridinium iodide FeCl3 (264) 0.03 23 0.036 | 32.4 0.06 24 NiC36H66O6 (225) Ricinoleate C19Hi6 (3l) Triphenylmethane 0.15 6.0 0.04 26.0 0.2 7.4 0.25 9.3 0.06 28.3 0.08 29.8 CH2Cl2 C20H16BrN (95) Dichloromethane AT-MethylphenylTB = 313.1 acridinium bromide kB « 31 0.07 | 15 C20Hi6ClN (95) C2H3BrO2 (227) ]V-MethylphenylBromoacetic acid acridinium chloride 0.2 18.3 0.03 16,7 0.4 18.1 0.05 16.0 0.6 17.6 0.08 15.0 0.8 17.2 C20H16IN (95) 1.0 16.9 A^-MethylphenylC4Hi2BrN (227) acridinium iodide Diethylammonium 0.05 6.5 bromide 0.1 6.5 0.1 j 10.7 0.25 6.4 0.2 9.3 C20H24O2 (17l) 0.3 8.0 Isoanethole C4H12ClN (227) 0.01 30.9 Diethylammonium 0.02 29.7 chloride 0.03 28.6 0.1 13.1 0.05 26.7 0.2 12.2 C20H44IN (210) 0.4 11.6 Tetraisoamyl0.6 11.3 ammonium iodide C H N O (227) 4 12 2 3 0.05 28.8 Diethylammonium 0.1 24.1 nitrate 0.15 19.3 0.15 8.1 C21H22ClN (210) 0.2 7.2 Tribenzyl0.3 6.7 ammonium chloride 0.4 6.5 0.1 27.2 0.5 6.3 0.15 26.9 C 21 H 36 N 4 O 7 (225)

Triisoamylammonium picrate 0.05 26.8 0.1 29.9 0.13 31

C 6 H 3 N 3 O 7 (227)

Picric 0.05 0.1 0.2 0.25

acid 28.0 27.3 26.3 25.9

C6H16BrN (227) Triethylammonium bromide

N

*5 Xi

0.1 22.5 0.2 23.1 C6H16ClN (227) Triethylammonium chloride 0.1 27.7 0.2 26.2 0.3 25.7 0.4 25.4 C6H16N2O3 (227) Triethylammonium nitrate 0.1 22.1 0.2 21.1 0.3 20.2 0.4 19.5 0.5 1 19.1 C7H6O3 (227)

Salicylic 0.1 0.2 0.25 j

acid 25.3 18.2 15.8

C7H8O2 (227)

Dimethylpyrone 0.2 30.6 0.3 31.3 C7H9N (227) p-Toluidine 0.1 30.5 0.2 31.4 C8H20BrN (227) Tetraethylammonium bromide 0.15 13.9 0.2 12.6 0.3 11.5 0.35 11.3 C8H20ClN (227) Tetraethylammonium chloride 0.05 17.7 0.1 15.5 0.2 14.0 0.3 13.5 0.4 13.3 C8H20N2O3 (227)

Tetraethylammonium nitrate 0.2 9.6 0.3 10.1 0.4 10.4 0.45 I 10.6 C9H12ClNO2 (227) p-Toluidine chloroacetate 0.05 49.2 0.1 38.0 O 2 ) 26.8

C10H8.- (Cont'd)

N

a*

0.05 0.1 0.2 0.25

33.3 32.5 31.0 30.2

Xi

C11H26IN (227)

Ethyltripropylammonium iodide 1.0 15.7 1.5 16.5 2.0 17.0 C12H28IN (227)

Tetrapropylammonium iodide 0.1 12.3 0.2 14.7 0.3 16.0 0.4 17.1 C 12 H 28 N 2 O 3 (227)

Tetrapropylammonium nitrate 0.05 25.8 0.1 21.9 0.15 20.7 C 13 H 11 N 3 O 9 (227, 228)

Dimethylpyrone picrate 52.8 0.025 0.05 49.4 0.1 43.3 0.15 37.2 C14H15NO3 (227, 228)

p-Tomidine salicylate 0.05 50.2 0.1 46.5 0.15 43.8 C20H4JN (227)

Tetraamylammonium iodide 0.05 14.0 0.1 17.1 0.2 19.4 0.25 20.5 C 21 H 36 N 4 O 7 (227)

Triamylammonium picrate 0.05 29.3 0.1 28.8 0.2 28.7

CH2O2

C10H8 (227)

Formic acid* TB = 373.6 kB = 53.0 C6H3N3O6 (66) 1, 3, 5-Trinitrobenzene C7H6N3O7 (66) 2, 4, 6-Trinitroanisole C7H6O2 (66) Benzoic acid

Naphthalene

* Not anhydrous.

C9H8O2 (29)

C10H16O (34)

Cinnamic acid

Camphor

N

^ Xi

0.1 51.6 0.2 50.0 0.3 48.4 , 0.4 46.5 C 9 H 9 N 3 O 6 (66) Trinitromesitylene C9H10N2O4 (66) Dinitromesitylene C10H8O (66) ß-Naphthol C13H11NO (29) Benzanilide 0.1 52.0 0.2 50.5 0.3 49.1 0.4 47.6 C14H10O2 (29) Benzil 0.1 49.7 0.2 47.8 0.3 46.0 0.4 44.1 0.5 42.2 NaCHO2 (29) Formate 0.3 92.0 0.4 93.4 0.5 94.9 0.6 96.4 K2SO4 (29) 0.15 149.8 0.2 147.7 0.3 143.4 0.35 141.1 KCHO2 (29) Formate 0.2 95.4 0.3 96.7 0.4 98.1 0.5 99.5 0.6 100.8

CH3I Methyl iodide TB = 315.7 kB = 29.6 C4H7Cl3O2 (65) Chloral alcoholate 0.1 23.2 0.2 24.2 0.3 25.2 C6H4Br2* (65) Dibromobenzene 0.05 28.8 0.1 30.5 0.15 32.2 C7H6O2 (34) Benzoic acid 0.1 16.2 0.2 15.8 0.3 15.5 * The isomer used is not given.

N

^ Xi

0.1 29.6 0.2 30.2 0.3 30.7 0.5 31.9 0.6 32.5 C12H11N (34) Diphenylamine 0.1 29.7 0.2 29.9 0.3 30.2 0.5 30.5

CH4 Methane TB = 111.7 kB = 17 C2H4 (104) Ethylene N V* 1.0

4.0 Is 6.0 I2 C2H6 (104) Ethane 5.0 I8 10.0 I5

CH4O

C14H10O2 (34)

0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4

Benzil 29.0 29.1 29.2 29.3

CH3NO2 Nitromethane TB = 375 kB = 33.7 C2H6NO (220) Acetamide 0.1 30.0 0.2 29.6 0.3 29.3 0.4 28.9 0.5 28.5 C6H4N2O4 (220) ra-Dinitrobenzene 0.1 33.0 0.2 33.0 0.3 33.1 0.4 33.1 C8H7N (220)

Benzyl cyanide 0.1 30.5 0.2 30.9 0.3 31.3 C8H20IN (220) Tetraethylammonium iodide 0.05 53 0.1 5i 0.15 49 0.2 4s C12H11N (220) Diphenylamine 0.1 33.7 0.2 33.7 0.3 33.7 0.4 33.7 C14H10O2 (220)

0.1 0.2

Benzil 30.6 31.5

C19H16 (220)

Triphenylmethane 0.1 32.8 0.2 33

Xi I6

Methyl alcohol TB = 337.6 kB = 26.8 I2 (49) 0.2 25.7 0.5 24.3 NH4ClO (124) Hydroxylamine hydrochloride 0.5 3e 1.0 3e 1.5 37 NH 4 Br(US) 0.2 39.1 0.3 39.1 NH 4 I(US) 0.1 40.0 0.2 38.6 NH 4 NO 3 (124) 0.1 3i 0.2 32 0.4 34 0.6 34 0.8 33 NH4CNS (124) 0.1 3e 0.2 3e 0.5 3s 1.0 4i 1.5 4s CH4N2O (265, 267)

0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0

Urea 24.9 23.9 22.9 22.0 21.3 20.6

C2H6NO (113,267)

Acetamide 0.5 26.0 1.0 26.1 2.0 26.3 3.0 26.5 4.0 26.7 4.5 26.8 C 3 H 7 NO 2 (201, 267)

Urethane 0.2 26.7 0.5 26.6 1.0 26.5

C3H7NO2.- (Cont'd) N *• Xi

1.5 26.4 2.0 26.3 3.0 25.7 3.5 25.7 C6H2ClN3O6 (67) Picryl chloride 0.1 46.8 0.2 45.7 C6H3Cl3 (67)

1, 3, 5-Trichlorobenzene 0.1 3o 0.2 3o 0.3 3i 0.4 32 C 6 H 3 N 3 O 7 (265)

Picric acid 0.2 25.3 0.5 24.1 1.0 22.1 C6H8ClN (124) Aniline hydrochloride 0.3 29 0.5 3o 1.0 32 1.5 32 C6H9ClN2 (124) Phenylhydrazine hydrochloride 0.1 3i 0.2 33 0.5 3e C6H10O5 (221)

Dimethyl 0.1 0.3 0.5 0.8 1.0 1.5

malate 20.3 21.6 22.6 23.5 24.0 24.5

C6H10O6 (221)

Dimethyl tartrate 0.3 24.6 0.5 25.3 0.7 26.0 C6H16IS (73) Triethylsulfonium iodide 0.1 35.0 0.2 34.1 0.3 33.2 0.4 32.2 C7H6O2 (267)

Benzoic 0,5 1.0 2.0 2.5 I

acid 26.3 26.3 26.4 26.4

C7H6O3 (267)

Salicylic 0.5 1.0 2.0

acid 26 26.5 28

CH4O.- (Conta) C8H7N3O6 (67) Trinitro-p-xylene C8H9NO (US,

N

267)

Acetanilide

N

C12H11N (113) Diphenylamine

* Xi

0.5 25.6 1.0 25.2 2.0 24.3 C8H12O6 (221) Dimethyl acetylmalate 0.2 19.4 0.5 22.1 1.0 22.7 C8H14O5 (221) Diethyl malate 0.1 23.8 0.3 24.5 0.5 25.2 0.8 26.2 C8H14O6 (221) Diethyl tartrate 0.3 24.2 0.5 25.1 0.8 26.5 C8H20IN (220) Tetraethylammonium iodide 0.1 36.6 0.2 34.7 0.3 I 32.9 C9H10N2O4 (67) Dinitromesitylene C10H8 (201, 265, 267) Naphthalene 0.1 26.2 0.3 24.9 0.5 23.8 0.8 22.2 1.0 21.4 2.0 19.5 3.0 17.6 4.0 15.7

0.2

^ Xi 26.4

C12H13NO3S (124) Aniline benzenesulfonate 0.1 29 0.2 3o 0.3 3o 0.4 3i C14H10O2 (125, 267) Benzil 0.2 23.3 0.5 22.2 1.0 20.3 1.5 18.4 C 19 H 16 (US) Triphenylmethane 0.1 26.3 0.2 25.1 HgCl2 (189) 0.05 40.0 0.1 35.8 0.2 31.6 0.4 30.5 0.8 31.7 CuCl2 (189) 0.1 35 0.2 3s 0.3 34 MnCl2 (189) 0.1 42 0.3 43 0.5 43 1.0 44 CoCl2 (189) 0.1 40.6 0.2 36.2 0.3 31.7

NiCl2 (189) 0.1 53 C10H15BrO* (267) 0.2 47 Bromocamphor 0.3 4i 0.5 24.8 0.5 42 1.0 23.4 0.8 4s C10H16O (267) Camphor NiS04.6H20 (251) 0.5 25.4 NiS04.7H20 (251) 1.0 24.4 CrCl3.6H2O (green) C11H16O3 (64) (177,248) Camphocarboxylic CrCl .6H2O (violet) 3 acid (248) 0.2 27.1 0.5 27.0 MoO(OH)2Cl2 (215) 0.6 26.9 0.3 5s C12H10 (201) 0.5 5s Acenaphthene 0.8 5e 0.1 24.8 CaCl2 (124) 0.2 24.5 0.2 2e 0.5 23.7 0.5 32 0.6 23.5 1.0 4i * The isomer used is 1.5 5i not given.

Ca(NO3), (239)

N 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.5 0.8 1.0 1.1

^ Xi

36.9 35.2 33.8 32.3 32.3 32.9 33.5

BaBr2 (124) 0.1 4s 0.2 5i 0.3 53 LiCl (US, 239) 0.1 41.7 0.2 41.0 0.3 41.4 0.5 42.8 0.8 45.2 1.0 47.2 1.5 53.0 1.7 55.5 LiBr (US) 0.1 43.5 0.2 42.2 0.3 42.0 0.5 43.0 0.8 46.3 1.0 49.2 1.2 52.4 LiNO3 (US) 0.1 36.8 0.2 37.8 0.5 40.6 0.8 43.3 1.0 45.2 NaBr (lis, 124) 0.1 40.0 0.2 41.5 0.5 46.4 0.7 5o

NaI (239) 0.1 47.1 0.2 44.5 0.3 43.6 0.5 44.3 0.8 47.0 1.0 49.2 1.5 55.5 1.8 59.7 NaCH3O (269) Methylate NaC2H3O2 (239) Acetate 0.1 39 0.2 3e 0.3 34.2 0.5 34.5 0.8 35.4 1.0 35.7 1.5 35.5

KBr (113) 0.1 39.3

KI (239)

JV

^ Xi

0.1 42 0.2 4o 0.3 39.8 0.5 40.0 0.8 41.5 KC2H3O2 (113, 239) Acetate 0.1 37.2 0.2 35.3 0.3 34.7 0.5 35.2 0.8 37.1 1.0 37.8 1.5 39.2 1.7 39.5 C2Ü2C12

1, 2-Dichloroethylene* TB = 328.6 kB = 30.7 C10H8 (157) Naphthalene 0.4 31.7 0.6 32.2 C13H10O (157) Benzophenone 0.4 I 32.0 C18H16O3 (157) 7-Ketopropionyldibenzoylmethane 0.1 27.9 0.2 28.2 0.3 28.3 * A mixture of the cis and trans forms. ÇszËLsClsOz Chloral hydrate TB = 371* kB = 14.5 C6H4Br2J (65) Dibromobenzene 0.1 14 0.2 12.6 C6H6O2 (47) Hydroquinol 0.1 11.8 0.2 12.3 0.3 12.9 C6H12O6 (47) d-Glucose 0.1 14 C10H8 (47, 65)

Naphthalene 0.1 14.5 0.2 14.3 0.3 13.9 0.4 13.1 C10H14O (47) Thymol 0.1 16.1 0.2 16.0 0.3 15.9 * With dissociation. Î The isomer used is not given.

C2H3N Acetonitrile TB = 355 kB = 3o C2H5NO (220) Acetamide

N

^Xi

0.1 35.0 0.25 33.8 0.35 33.4 0.45 33.1 C 4 H 5 NO 2 (220) Methyl cyanoacetate 0.2 32.2 0.3 31.7 C4H12ClN (214) Diethylammonium chloride 0.85 I 17.3 C4H12ClN (214) Isobutylammonium' chloride C6H2ClN3O6 (67) Picryl chloride 0.05 65.0 0.1 59.7 0.2 53.4 C6H3Cl3 (67) 1, 3, 5-Trichlorobenzene 0.2 41.5 0.3 41.9 C6H3N3O7 (67) Picric acid 0.1 49.6 0.15 46.4 C6H10O6 (221) Dimethyl tartrate 0.1 27.2 0.4 29.0 0.6 30.2 C7H5N (220) Benzonitrile 0.5 31.5 0.7 32.0 C 7 H 6 N 3 O 6 (67) 2, 4, 6-Trinitrotoluene 0.1 56.1 0.2 53 C7H8O2 (220) Dimethylpyrone 0.1 31.2 0.2 32.4 0.3 33.5 0.4 34.0 0.6 33.9 C8H7N (220) Benzyl cyanide 0.15 29.8 0.25 31.1 0.35 31.5 0.45 32.0

C8H7N3O6 (67) Trinitro-p-xylene

N

^ Xi

0.04 60.0 0.09 58.5 C8H20IN (220) Tetraethylammonium iodide 0.1 46 0.2 4e C9H9BrN2O4 (67) Bromodinitromesitylene 0.1 42.1 0.15 42.7 C9H10N2O4 (67) Dinitromesitylene C10H8 (123) Naphthalene 0.2 31.4 0.5 31.9 0.7 32.2 C12H10 (123) Diphenyl 0.2 32.1 0.3 33.0 0.5 34.8 C12H11N (220) Diphenylamine 0.2 32.0 0.3 31.6 0.4 31.2 0.5 30.8 C12H28IN (214) Tetrapropylammonium iodide C12H28N2O3 (214) Tetrapropylammonium nitrate C14H10 (220) Anthracene 0.1 I 28.4 C14H14 (67) Dibenzyl 0.1 44.0 0.2 43.1 C19H16 (220) Triphenylmethane 0.1 28.3 0.2 27.9 0.3 27.4 C19H16O (220) Triphenylcarbinol 0.2 28.1 0.35 28.6 AgNO3 (123) 0.1 44.7 0.3 43.6 0.5 42.5 C2H3NS Methyl thiocyanate TB =406 kß = 36.3

C6H10O6 (220)

Dimethyl tartrate N

^ Xi

0.05 33 0.1 32.7 0.2 32.9 0.25 33.0 C12H11N (220) Diphenylamine 0.1 36.4 0.2 36.7 0.3 36.9 0.4 37.1 C14H10 (220)

Phenanthrene 0.1 35.9 0.2 36.8 0.3 37.7 C14H10O2 (220)

0.05 0.1 0.15

Benzil 36.2 36.3 36.4

C 19 H 16 (220)

Triphenylmethane 0.05 35.8 0.1 35.3 0.15 34.6

C2H4Br2 l, 2-Dibromoethane TB = 404.8 kB = 34.3 C8H8O3 («) Phenoxyacetic acid 0.1 28 0.2 26.4 0.3 26.0 C10H16O (34)

Camphor 0.1 32.0 0.2 32.4 0.3 32.8 0.5 33.6 0.7 34.4 C12H10NO (237)

1-Benzoylpyridinium C12H11N (34) Diphenylamine 0.1 34 0.2 35.0 0.3 35.8 0.4 36.6 C13H10O2 (34) Phenyl benzoate 0.1 36.3 0.2 36.6 0.3 36.9 0.4 37.2 0.5 37.8 C14H10 (169)

Anthracene 0.01 33.3 0.02 34.0 0.03 34.3

C14H10O2 (34) Benzil

N

^ Xi

0.1 0.2 0.3 0.5 0.7

36.6 36.9 37.1 37.5 38.0

C19H16 (169)

Triphenylmethane 0.01 35 0.02 35 0.03 36 C21H23NO6* (240) Colchiceine 0.02 35 0.03 35.6 0.04 36.0 C 22 H 25 NO 6 (240) Colchicine 0.03 I 3e C80H20O2S2 (20) Desaurin 0.03 I 33.5

C2H4Cl2 1, l-Dichloroethane TB = 330.4 kB = 31.3 C2HBr3O2* (270) Tribromoacetic acid C 5 H 10 O 2 * (270)

Isovaleric acid C7H6O2 (34) Benzoic acid 0.1 18.4 0.3 17.7 0.5 17.4 0.9 17.2 1.1 17.0 C8H20BrN* (270) Tetraethylammonium bromide C10H16O (34)

Camphor 0.2 31.9 0.4 32.7 0.6 33.4 0.8 34.1 1.0 34.8 C12H11N (34) Diphenylamine 0.1 31.1 0.3 30.9 0.5 30.8 0.7 30.8 C12H28IN* (270) Tetrapropylammonium iodide C14H10O2 (34)

0.1 0.2 0.5

Benzil 31.9 33.2 37.0

* Associated.

C2Ii4Cl2

C2H4O2*

1, 2-Dichloroethane TB = 356.8 kB = 31.5 I2 ( 49 ) N ^ Xi

Acetic acid TB = 391.2 kB = 51.8 BiC6H9O6 (29) Acetate

0.1 42 0.2 42 C7H6O2 (34) Benzoic acid 0.2 21.4 0.5 20.2 0.7 19.8 C8H8O3 (34) Anisic acid 0.2 19.0 0.3 18.9 C8H9NO (34) Acetanilide 0.1 31.2 0.2 29.6 0.3 28.2 0.5 25.7 0.8 23.5 C10H16O (34)

Camphor 0.1 33.2 0.2 33.5 0.5 34.3 0.7 35.0 1.0 35.8 1.2 36.4 C12H11N (34) Diphenylamine 0.1 30.8 0.2 31.4 0.5 32.9 0.8 33.7 C14H10O2 (34)

0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4

Benzil 33.3 33.4 33.5 33.7

C2H4O Acetaldehyde TB = 293.3 kB = 27 C2H7NO (5)

Acetaldehyde ammonia 0.15 45.6 0.3 49.8 0.4 52.1 0.55 53.6 C10H18O (5) Z-Borneol 0.005 26.1 0.01 26.0 0.02 27.9 0.025 28.1 C13H10O (5) Benzophenone 0.15 27.7 0.35 27.5

N

\ * Xi

0.05 52 0.1 52 0.2 52 C 6 H 3 N 3 O 7 (29) Picric acid 0.1 51.8 0.2 51.0 0.25 50.4 C 6 H 5 NO 3 (156) p-Nitrophenol 0.4 I 42.7 C6H16BrN (214) Triethylammonium bromide C6H16IN (214) Triethylammonium iodide C7H5BrO2 (29) p-Bromobenzoic acid 0.1 47.1 0.3 46.1 0.5 45.4 C7H6O2 (18) Benzoic acid 0.06 40.4 0.15 42.9 0.25 43.0 0.45 43.1 0.65 43.3 1.0 45.0 C8H9NO (29) Acetanilide 0.1 53.3 0.2 53.1 0.3 52.2 C8H20BrN (214) Tetraethylammonium bromide C 10 H 10 N 2 O 2 (ISe) o-Phenylenesuccinamide 0.1 I 42.3 C12H10N2 (29) Azobenzene

0.1 47.9 0.2 48.1 C12H11N (33) Diphenylamine 0.05 51.4 0.1 51.2 0.2 50.9 0.3 50.5 C13H11NO (29) Benzanilide 0.05 50.7 0.1 49.*2 0.15 48.4 0.2 47.9

C14H10J (i«) Anthracene N

* Xi

0.05 0.1 0.2

42.3 43.1 44.3

C14H10O2 (29, 97)

0.1 0.15 0.25

Benzil 51.4 50.6 49.8

C 14 H 12 O 2 (29)

Benzoin 0.05 5o 0.1 5i 0.2 5i 0.25 5i C19H21NO5 (240) Trimethylcolchicinic acid 0.02 33.6 0.05 33.8 0.09 34.1 C20H12O3 (156) Fluoran 0.15 42.4 0.2 42.7 C21H23NO6 (240) Colchiceine 0.02 51.4 0.03 52.5 0.05 53.1 0.07 53.3 C22H26NO6 (240) Colchicine 0.01 47.0 0.03 45.6 0.05 44.0 PbC4H6O4 (29) Acetate 0.05 5s 0.1 54 0.2 52 PbC8H12O8 (247)

Tetraacetate 0.05 54 0.1 5s 0.2 53 CuC9H21ClN3O3S3 Cuprous trixanthamidechloride •

(257)

0.02 149 0.05 136 0.08 132 CaC4H6O4 (29) Acetate 0.04 46.5 0.1 42.2 0.15 39.4 SrC4H6O4 (29)

Acetate 0.05 51.3 0.1 48.0 0.2 42.3

BaC4H6O4 (29) Acetate N

^ Xi

0.04 48.7 0.1 49.9 0.15 50.5 0.2 50.5 0.25 50.9 LiC2H3O2 (29) Acetate 0.1 54 0.2 53 0.3 51.8 0.4 50.9 0.55 49.7 NaC2H3O2 (18, 29) Acetate 0.1 49.2 0.3 50.0 0.5 50.2 0.8 51.0 KC2H3O2 (29) Acetate 0.1 50.8 0.2 52.1 0.3 53.0 0.4 53.6 0.55 54.3 * Partially associated at TB. % Acid not anhydrous.

C2H4O2 Methyl formate TB = 304.9 kB = 25.1 C14H10O2 (34)

0.1 0.2 0.3

Benzil 25.3 25.4 25.6

C2H5Br Ethyl bromide TB = 311.1 kB = 29.4 C4H7Cl3O2 (65)

Chloral alcoholate 0.1 28.5 0.2 28.6 0.3 28.7 C6H4Br2* (65)

Dibromobenzene 0.1 32 0.18 34.6 C 7 H 6 O 2 (266)

Benzoic acid 0.1 15.3 0.5 16.0 1.0 16.9 C8H9NO (34) Acetanilide 0.2 27 0.3 24 0.5 17

C2HJBr-(COnM) C10H8 (267)

Naphthalene N

* Xi

28.4 29.0 29.5

0.2 0.5 0.7

Ci0H15BrO* (267) Bromocamphor 0.1 28.6 0.3 29.5 0.5 30.3 C10H16O (34) Camphor 0.1 30.8 0.3 31.6 0.5 32.4 0.7 33.2 0.9 34.0 C12H11N (34) Diphenylamine 0.1 29.9 0.3 30.0 0.5 30.1 0.7 30.2 C14H10O2 (34) Benzil 0.1 29.7 0.3 29.9 0.5 30.1 AlBr3 (249) 0.48 25.1 * The isomer used is not given.

C2H6Cl

Ethyl TB kB I2 0.05 0.1 0.15

chloride = 285.3 = 30 ( 40 ) 29.6 30.8 32.0

40

12

SCl2 ( > I) 0.1 26.6 0.2 26.7 0.25 26.8 S2Cl2 (40)

0.1 32.0 0.3 31.6 0.5 31.2 C6H4Br2 (40) p-Dibromobenzene 0.1 30.7 0.15 31.0 0.2 31.3

C6H4Cl2 (40) p-Dichlorobenzene 0.1 29.0 0.2 29.5 0.25 29.7

C10H8 (40) Naphthalene N

I

*? Xi

0.1 30.2 0.2 30.0 0.3 29.7 C12H10 (40) Diphenyl 0.1 32.0 0.2 32.1 0.25 32.1

C2H6I Ethyl iodide TB = 345.3 kB = 32.4 C8H9NO (34) Acetanilide 0.1 25.5 0.2 18.9 0.3 18.1 0.4 17.7 C10H16O (34) Camphor 0.1 33.0 0.2 33.3 0.4 33.9 0.6 34.5 C12H11N (34) Diphenylamine 0.1 32.5 0.2 32.7 0.4 33.1 0.6 33.5 C14H10O2 (34) Benzil 0.1 32.3 0.2 32.2 0.3 32.1 0.5 31.9 C2H6NO2 Nitroethane TB = 387.9 JCB = 37 C7H6O2 (34) Benzoic acid 0.1 34.0 0.2 31.5 0.3 30.1 C14H10O2 (34)

0.1 0.2

Benzil 35.6 34.3

C2H6O Ethyl alcohol TB = 351.6 kB = 2 6 I2 («) 0.1 26.2 0.3 27.3 0.4 27.5 0.5 27.3

SeO2 (178) N ^

C 2 H 5 NO.- (Cont'd) N ^

C4H6O6.-(CWd) N ^

0.1 24.7 0.2 24.8 0.5 25.0 1.0 25.5 2.0 26.4 3.0 27.2 4.0 28.1 5.0 29.3 6.0 32.2 NH4ClO (124) Hydroxylamine hydrochloride 0.3 19.1 0.5 19.6 1.0 20.8 1.5 22.1 NH4Br (US) 0.15 30.5 0.2 30.4 0.25 30.4 NH4I (116) 0.05 35.1 0.1 33.7 0.15 32.2 0.2 33.0 0.3 34.9 NH4NO3 (124) 0.1 23.2 0.2 24.8 0.4 25.7 0.6 25.3 NH4CNS (124) 0.2 24.0 0.3 25.7 0.5 28.2 0.7 30.0 1.0 31.8 1.2 32.9 1.6 35.3

0.1 24.7 0.2 24.7 0.4 24.7 0.6 25.3 0.8 26.2 1.0 27.0 1.2 27.4 C2H5NO2 (153) Glycolamide 0.4 24.6 0.5 24.7 0.7 24.9 0.9 25.1 C 3 H 4 Cl 3 NO 2 (152) Trichlorolactamide 0.3 27.7 0.4 27.9 0.5 28.1 0.6 28.3 C3H6N2O2 (152) Malonamide 0.15 25.3 0.2 23.4 0.25 21.6 C3H7NO (153) Propionamide 0.5 23.2 0.7 23.4 1.0 23.6 1.1 23.7 C 3 H 7 NO 2 (ISS) Lactamide 0.4 25.7 0.5 25.4 0.7 24.9 C3H7NO2 (153,

0.1 26.7 0.2 26.1 0.4 25.0 C4H9NO (153) w-Butyramide 0.4 25.9 0.6 26.5 0.8 27.1 C4H9NO (153) Isobutyramide 0.4 25.8 0.5 26.0 0.7 26.5 0.9 26.9 C4H12ClN (214) Diethylammonium chloride C4H12ClN (214) Isobutylammonium chloride C5H11NO (153) Isovaleramide 0.4 26.8 0.5 27.4 0.7 28.1 1.0 28.4 C5H12ClN (200) Piperidinium chloride C5H12N2O3 (200) Piperidinium nitrate C6H2ClN3O6 (67) Picryl chloride 0.1 26.2 0.2 24.8 C6H3N3O7 (265) Picric acid 0.1 25.0 0.5 23.1 1.0 20.7 1.2 19.8 C6H4N2O4 (175) w-Dinitrobenzene 0.3 24.3 0.5 22.8 0.7 21.3 C6H6O2 (26, 139,

Xi

CH4N2O (152, 201)

Urea 0.4 24.9 0.5 24.7 1.0 23.8 1.5 22.9 C2H2Cl3NO (152) Trichloroacetamide 0.4 27.3 0.5 27.4 0.6 27.5 C2H3Cl2NO (152) Dichloroacetamide 0.6 27.8 0.8 28.0 1.0 28.2 C2H4ClNO (152) Chloroacetamide 0.7 25.9 1.0 25.9 1.1 25.9 C2H6NO (103, 152)

Acetamide

Xi

201)

Urethane 0.3 24.6 0.5 24.7 0.7 24.9 1.0 25.1 1.2 25.3 C4H5NO2 (201) Succinimide 0.3 24.7 0.5 24.1 1.0 22.7 1.2 22.1 C4H6O4 (18) Succinic acid 0.2 24.3 0.3 25.1 0.5 26.8 C4H6O6 (i«) d-Tartaric acid 0.1 24.4 0.2 24.6 0.5 25.4 1.0 26.7 1.4 27.2 C4H6O6 (I») dZ-Tartaric acid

Xi

201)

Resorcinol 0.2 25.6 0.3 26.4 0.5 28.0 0.7 28.9 1.0 30.2 C6H6O3 (213)

Pyrogallol 0.3 25.2 0.5 25.8 0.6 26.1 C6H7N (146) Aniline 0.7 24.9 0.8 24.9 1.0 24.9

C6H8ClN (124) Aniline hydrochloride AtB N Xi

14.2 16.4 16.6 16.9 17.2

0.2 0.4 0.5 0.7 0.9

C6H9ClN2 (124) Phenylhydrazine hydrochloride 0.15 24.2 0.2 25.1 C6H13NO (153) Isobutylacetamide 0.3 25.5 0.5 26.8 0.7 28.1 C6H16IS (73) Triethylsulf onium iodide 0.1 I 22.6 C6H16BrN (214) Triethylammonium bromide C6H16ClN (214) Triethylammonium chloride C6H16IN (214) Triethylammonium iodide C7H6O2 (18, 103, 139)

Benzoic 0.1 0.2 0.5 0.7 1.0 1.1

acid 25.1 25.2 25.4 25.5 25.7 25.7

C7H6O8 (22. 139, 188,267)

Salicylic acid 0.2 24.6 0.3 25.5 0.4 26.0 0.5 26.3 0.7 26.6 1.0 26.9 1.5 28.0 C7H6O6S (200) Salicylsulfonic acid C7H7NO (152, 201)

Benzamide 0.2 I 26.1 0.5 25.6 0.7 25.2 1.0 24.8 1.3 24.4

C 7 H 7 NO (153) Fòrmanilide

N

^ Xi

0.4 26.9 0.5 26.9 0.9 26.9 C7H7NO2 (152) Salicylamide 0.3 25.8 0.4 26.1 0.5 26.4 C7H8N2O (153) Phenylurea 0.5 22.9 0.7 22.6 1.0 22.1 C 7 H 9 N (201) p-Toluidine 0.1 26.0 0.3 25.6 0.5 25.2 0.7 24.9 0.9 24.5 C 7 H 12 O 4 (269)

Diethyl malonate 0.1 25.3 0.2 24.2 0.3 23.0 C8H4O3 (231) Phthalic anhydride 0.5 24.2 1.0 24.9 1.5 I 25.7 C8H9NO Acetanilide (18,

103, 139, 152 ? 188, 200, 201)

0.1

26.1

0,2 26.0 0.4 25.7 0.6 25.5 0.8 25.2 1.0 24.9 C8H9NO (i«) Acetophenone oxime 0.1 26.1 0.2 25.3 0.3 24.6 0.5 23.4 0.7 22.4 0.9 22.0 C8H9NO (153) Phenylacetamide 0.3 25.9 0.5 26.4 0.8 26.8 C8H9NO2 (153) Glycolanilide 0.3 1 27.1 0.4 26.5 0.5 26.0 0.6 25.8 C8H11N (166) Dimethylaniline

C 8 HnN - -(CWd)

N

** Xi

0.3 23.2 0.4 22.2 C8H12ClN (214)

Ethylphenylammonium chloride C8H20BrN (214) Tetraethylammonium bromide 0.2 30.4 0.4 28.3 0.5 27.9 0.6 28.5 0.8 29.5 C8H20ClN (214) Tetraethylammonium chloride C8H20IN (214, 220)

Tetraethylammonium iodide 0.1 28.3 0.3 26 0.5 24 0.6 22 C9H10O2 (i«) Ethyl benzoate 0.1 22.1 0.4 20.9 0.5 20.7 0.7 20.4 1.0 20.0 1.3 19.6 C9H11NO (153) Methylacetanilide 0.4 26.5 0.5 26.5 0.8 26.6 1.0 26.6 C9H11NO2 (153) Lactanilide 0.4 26.6 0.5 26.5 0.7 26.3 C9H11NO2 (153) Phenylurethane 0.4 26.4 0.5 26.3 0.7 25.9 C10H8 (201) Naphthalene 0.2 23.8 0.3 23.4 0.5 22.7 0.7 21.9 1.0 21.2 1.1 21.0 C10H10IN (205) AT-Methylquinolinium iodide 0.33 25.3 C10H10IN (94) AT-Methylisoquinolinium iodide 0.17 I 26.7

C10H13NO (153) Ethylacetanilide

N

I ^ Xi

0.3 27.3 0.5 27.1 0.7 26.9 C10H16O (43, 75) Camphor 0.1 24.2 0.2 24.2 0.3 24.2 0.5 24.2 C10H18O (18) Borneol 0.1 24.5 0.2 24.2 0.5 23.5 0.7 23.1 1.0 22.3 C11H12IN (214) A-Ethylquinolinium iodide 0.1 33.2 0.2 26.6 0.3 24.2 0.5 21.4 C12H10 (201) Acenaphthene 0.2 24.8 0.4 23.8 0.6 22.8 0.8 21.8 1.0 20.8 C12H10N2 (146) Azobenzene 0.4 i 26.3 C12H10O2S (48) Phenylsulfone 0.1 24.8 0.2 23.8 0.5 20.9 C12H11N (175) Diphenylamine 0.5 22.7 0.6 23.0 0.8 23.6 C12H11N3O2 (233) o-Nitrobenzidine 0.1 I 26.4 C12H12ClN2OP Chlorophosphoxydianilide (163) 0.08 31.3 0.1 33.2 0.14 36.8 C12H13NO3S (124) Aniline benzenesulfonate 0.1 22.2 0.2 23.7 0.3 24.3 0.4 24.6 C12H28IN (214) Tetrapropylammonium iodide

C12H28IN,- (Cont'd)

N

^

0.2 0.4 0.6

27.7 25.9 25,3

Xi

C12H28N2O3 (214) Tetrapropylammonium nitrate C13H10O (146)

Benzophenone 0.5 27.6 0.6 26.6 0.7 25.5

C13H10O2 (18) Phenyl benzoate 0.2 23.2 0.3 22.7 0.5 21.7 C13H11NO (152) Benzanilide 0.2 27.0 0.3 27.5 C13H12N2O (153) Diphenylurea 0.1 I 26.9 C14H10 (201) Phenanthrene 0.1 25.2 0.2 24.5 0.5 22.4 0.8 20.3 C14H10O2 (18, 139, 175)

Benzil 0.1 24.3 0.3 22.8 0.5 21.4 0.6 20.7 C18H34O2 (138) Oleic acid 0.1 25 0.5 25 1.0 25 1.8 25 C19H16 (31) Triphenylmethane 0.1 2s 0.2 27 0.3 2e C20H13N3O7 (52) Phenanthrene picrate 0.05 48.1 0.1 46.0 0.2 41.9 0.25 39.8 C20H16BrN (94) jV-Methylphenylacridinium bromide 0.15 I 25.8 C20H16ClN (94) Af-Methylphenylacridinium chloride 0.1 29.2

C20H16IN (94) JV-Methylphenylacridinium iodide N •** Xi

0.15

27.6

C20H30O2 (216) Pinabietic acid 0.05 26.8 0.1 25.5 C 21 H 32 O 2 (216)

Methyl pinabietate 0.05 25.8 0.1 25.7 TlC5H7O2 (250.5)

Acetylacetonate ZnC10H14O4 (263.5) Acetylacetonate ZnCl2 (56) 0.1 24.6 0.2 26.2 0.3 27.5 CdI2 (ne, 135) 0.1 27.3 0.2 27.7 0.3 28.1 0.5 28.8 1.0 30.8 1.5 32.7 1.8 33.2 HgCl2 (18, 188) 0.1 25.8 0.2 25.9 0.5 26.2 1.0 26.3 HgI2 (246)

0.04

I 27.9

CuCl2 (145)

0.05 25.8 0.1 25.7 0.2 25.4 0.25 25.3 AgNO3 (239) 0.06 38.5 0.1 35.6 0.15 32.6 0.2 29.6 FeCl3 (24) 0.1 20.9 0.3 22.5 0.5 24.1 0.7 25.6 CoCl2 (74)

Co(CNS)2 (96) 0.08 25.2 0.27 25.4 CrCl3.6H2O * (green) (177,271)

0.05 30.5 0.1 28-. 9 0.25 24.0 Mo3Cl6 (253) 0.02 23.9 0.04 24.6

MoO(OH)2Cl2 (215)

*

*5 Xi

32.1 32.5 33.5 35.2 35.5

0.1 0.2 0.5 1.0 1.1

LaCl3 (58) 0.1 24.6 0.2 23.4 0.3 22.1 CeCl3 (162) 0.05 30.3 0.2 30.2 PrCl3 (242) Pr(N03)3 (140) 0.1 25.6 0.2 25.6 0.3 25.7 NdCl3 (252) 0.1 2e 0.4 27.6 MgCl2 (197) 0.5 22 1.0 33.6 1.5 45.0 1.7 49.5 MgC10H14O4 (263.5)

Acetylacetonate CaCl2 (124,

0.1

197, 239) 28

0.3 24 0.5 25.2 1.0 28.4 1.5 31.6 2.0 36.1 2.5 40.7 3.0 45.3 Ca(NO3), (113,

117, 118, 239)

0.06 29.0 0.1 27.4 0.2 25.7 0.3 24.9 0.5 24.3 0.7 24.2 0.9 24.2 LiCl (117, lis, 139, 197, 211)

0.1 29.4 0.3 31.4 0.5 33.5 1.0 38.7 1.5 47.2 2.0 56.6 4.5 69 LiBr(US) 0.1 27.7 0.2 29.3 0.5 34.1 1.0 42.1 1.2 45.4

C2H6(X-(CWd) LU (211)

N

^ Xi

0.5 35.6 0.8 35.7 LiNO3 (117, lis) 0.1 28.1 0.2 28.7 0.5 30.7 1.0 34.1 1.5 37.4 1.7 38.8 NaClO4 (i 79 ) 0.6 25.7 0.8 26.9 1.0 28.1 NaBr (i 13) 0.05 32.1 0.1 31.0 0.2 28.9 0.3 26.8 NaI (113, 116, 135)

0.1 33.3 0.3 32.2 0.5 33.4 1.0 38.4 1.5 44.3 NaC2HCl2O2 (20°) Dichloroacetate NaC2H8O2 (113, 239)

Acetate 0.05 32.6 0.1 28.2 NaC2H5O (48) Ethylate 0.2 29.6 0.5 31.6 0.7 33.0 1.0 35.0 NaC6H9O3 ( 48 ) Ethyl acetoacetate 0.1 27.6 0.2 25.9 0.3 24.2 NaC7H11O4 (48) Diethylmalonate 0.1 26.1 0.2 24.7 0.3 23.3 NaC12H23O2 (132) Laurate 0.14 I 23.5 NaC14H27O2 (132) M y ristate 0.1 I 24.8 NaC16H31O2 (132) Palmitate ' 0.07 I 24.7 NaC18H33O2 (174) Oleate 0.05 31.0 0.1 28.6 0.15 27.2 0.2 25.8

KI (113, 116)

ZnBr2 (238)

AT

N

^ Xi

0.05 32.0 0.1 32.0 0.2 31.9 0.3 31.3 0.35 31.3 KCHO2 (132) Formate 0.42 24.4 KC2H3O2 (18, 113, 239)

Acetate 0.1 29.8 0.3 26.9 0.5 26.2 0.7 25.8 1.0 25.3 1.1 25.1 KC2H5O (48) Ethylate 0.1 28.2 0.2 29.0 0.5 31.4 0.6 32.2 KC7H5O3 (244) Salicylate 0.15 26.8 0.25 26.9 KC7H13O2 (132) Heptylate 0.4 25.0 0.5 25.1 0.7 25.2 1.0 25.4 KC14H11O6 (244)

Hydrogen phydroxybenzoate 0.1 47.9 0.2 46.1 0.25 45.3 KC18H33O2 (138) Oleate 0.1 26.4 0.2 26.5 0.5 26.8 0.7 27.0 1.0 27.2 1.1 27.3 * Uncorrected for partial vapor pressure of solute. C2-H.eS

Methyl sulfide TB = 309.3 kB = 30.4 C12H11N (238) Diphenylamine 0.05 30.4 0.1 30.4 0.3 30.4 0.5 30.4 ZnCl2 (238) 0.1 32.1 0.2 31.9 0.3 31.8

^ Xi

0.1 30.9 0.2 32.2 ZnI2 (238) 0.1 30.6 0.2 30.5 CdI2 (238)

0.05 0.1 0.2

28.7 29.7 31.6

HgCl2 (238)

0.05 0.1 0.15

32 3s 3s

HgI2 (238)

0.1 0.2 0.3

29.4 29.7 29.9

HgCH3Cl (238)

0.1 0.2

29 3i

HgCH3I (238)

0.1 0.2

30.1 32.5

CuCl (238)

0.1 0.2 0.4

23 24 24

CuCl2 (238)

0.2 34.7 0.4 31.5 CuBr (238) 0.1 29.2 0.2 30.7 0.3 32.1 0.35 32.9 C2H6S (56)

Ethyl hydrogen sulfide TB = 307.8 kB = 30.6* * No experimental data given.

C3H6N Propionitrile TB = 370.2 kB = 34.4 C2H6NO (220) Acetamide 0.2 34.4 0.3 34.2 0.4 34.1 0.45 34.1 C4H5NO2 (220) Methyl cy ano a cet at e 0.1 31.3 0.2 31.6 0.3 31.8 0.35 31.9 C 7 H 6 O 2 (34)

Benzoic acid

C7H6OL-(CWd) JV *5

C2H2Br4.- (CWd)

0.25 47 0.4 44 0.5 42 C7H8O2 (220) Dimethylpyrone 0.15 34.6 0.25 34.8 0.35 35.1 0.5 35.5 0.6 35.9 C8H7N (220) Benzyl cyanide 0.15 33.2 0.2 33.8 0.25 34.4 C8H20IN (220) Tetraethylammonium iodide 0.05 51.4 0.08 49.2 0.1 48.2 0.12 47.4 0.15 46.5

0.2 29.4 0.4 29.9 0.6 30.4 C2H2Cl3NO (152) Trichloroacetamide 0.7 35.5 0.8 36.1 0.9 36.6 1.0 36.6 C2H3ClO2* (206) Chloroacetic acid 0.2 26.0 0.4 28.3 0.6 29.2 C2H3Cl3O2 (65) Chloral hydrate 0.2 30.6 0.4 31.0 0.6 31.3 C2H3Cl2NO (152) Dichloroacetamide 0.4 32.6 0.6 33.9 0.8 35.2 C2H4ClNO (152) Chloroacetamide 0.8 30.7 1.0 30.5 1.2 30.1 C2H5NO (153) Acetamide 0.4 28.5 0.6 27.3 0.8 26.2 1.0 24.9 C2H5NO2 (153) Glycolamide 0.15 30.5 0.2 29.9 C3H4Br2O2* (206) 1, 2-Dibromopropionic acid 0.1 33.4 0.2 30.5 0.3 27.5 C3H4Cl3NO2 (152) Trichlorolactamide 0.4 31.3 0.6 32.7 0.8 33.2 0.9 33.0 C3H7NO (153) Propionamide 0.4 28.5 0.6 27.5 0.8 26.5 1.0 25.5 C3H7NO2 (153) Lactamide 0.4 26.9 0.5 25.3 0.6 24.5 C3H7NO2 (153) Urethane

Xi

C10H8 (220)

Naphthalene 0.1 34 0.2 34.6 0.3 34.8 0.4 35.2 0.5 35.4 0.6 35.5 0.7 35.7 C12H11N (220) Diphenylamine 0.1 34.0 0.2 34.5 0.3 34.9 0.4 35.4 0.5 35.8 0.6 36.3 C 14 H 10 O 2 (34)

0.1 0.2

Benzil 42 42

C3H6O Acetone TB = 329.2 kB = 29.8 I2 (49) 0.1 34.0 0.2 34.9 0.3 35.6 0.4 36.3 NH 4 CNS (114) 0.2 26.5 0.4 25.0 0.6 23.5 CH4N2O (152) Urea 0.15 I 28 C2H2Br4 (222) 1, 1, 2, 2-Tetrabromoethane

N

^ Xi

C3H7NO2.- (CWd)

N

to Xi

0.3 27.3 0.5 29.3 0.7 29.1 C4H7Cl3O2 (65) Chloral alcoholate 0.1 28.4 0.2 28.6 0.3 28.7 C4H9NO (153) n-Butyramide 0.4 28.7 0.6 28.1 0.8 27.5 C4H9NO (153) Isobutyramide 0.4 29.0 0.6 28.6 0.8 28.2 1.0 27.8 C5H11NO (153) Valeramide 0.4 30.3 0.6 29.3 0.7 28.8 C6H2ClN3O6 (67) Picryl chloride 0.15 32.2 0.2 32.7 C 6 H 6 O 2 (139, 231)

Resorcinol 0.5 i 3s C6H10O5 (221) Dimethyl malate 0.2 23.1 0.4 26.4 0.6 27.9 0.8 28.7 1.0 29.2 1.2 29.6 C6H10O6 (221) Dimethyl tartrate 0.2 22.6 0.4 25.6 0.6 27.1 0.7 27.5 C6H13NO (153) Isobutylacetamide 0.4 39.8 0.6 29.3 0.8 28.7 C6H15IS (73) Triethylsulfonium« iodide 0.1 30.5 0.2 25.5 C7H6O2 (18) Benzoic acid 0.2 30.4 0.4 30.2 0.6 30.1 0.8 30.2 1.0 30.4 1.5 30.9-

C7H6O8 («i) Salicylic acid

C8H14O6.- (Confa) N * Xi

*

f

0.4 31.6 0.6 32.9 0.8 34.2 1.0 35.0 1.4 38.2 C7H7NO (152) Benzamide 0.4 30.3 0.6 30.1 0.8 29.9 1.0 29.6 1.3 29.3

C7H7NO (is») Formanilide 0.2 32.1 0.4 30.4 0.6 30.5 C7H7NO2 (152) Salicylamide 0.4 33.6 0.6 35.1 0.8 36.6 C7H8N2O (153) Phenylurea 0.2 28.6 0.4 26.2 0.6 23.8 C8H8Oa O 76 ) Z-Mandelic acid 0.2 I 29.5 C8H8O3 O 76 ) dß-Mandelic acid 0.15 22.8 0.2 30.8 C8H9NO (152) Acetanilide 0.4 32.1 0.6 33.3 0.8 34.1 C8H9NO (153) Phenylacetamide 0.4 28.3 0.6 27.6 0.7 27.3 C 8 H 9 NO 2 (ISS) Glycolanilide 0.3 29.4 0.4 29.5 0.6 29.7 C8H12O6 (221) Dimethyl acetylmalate 0.2 25.5 0.4 28.5 0.6 29.8 0.7 30.3 C8H14O6 (221) Diethyl malate 0.2 23.5 0.4 27.4 0.6 28.9

C12H10 (81) Diphenyl

N

*

C 24 H 24 N 2 (236)

Dibenzyltetrahydrodipyridyl

0.8 29.8 Xi N ^ 0.2 29.5 1.0 30.5 Xi 0.04 30.1 0.4 30.0 C8H14O6 (221) 0.06 31.6 0.6 30.4 Diethyl tartrate 0.8 30.9 0.07 32.4 0.2 23.5 1.0 31.3 0.4 27.4 C61H98O6 (222) C12H10N2 (139, 0.6 28.7 Tripalmitin 180) 0.8 29.5 0.02 3i Azobenzene C9H11NO (153) 0.04 3o 0.14 30.6 ' Methylacetanilide 0.06 3o 0.37 28.9 0.08 29 0.3 30.4 C12H11N (139) I 0.4 30.3 0.1 29 Diphenylamine 0.6 30.0 0.15 27 0.3 28.9 C9H11NO2 (153) C67H110O6 (222) 0.5 29.9 Lactanilide Tristearin C12H28IN (214) 0.4 30.6 0.02 33 Tetrapropylam0.5 30.3 j 0.04 32 monium iodide 0.6 30.1 0.06 31 ! 0.1 32.5 C9H11NO2 (153) 0.08 28 0.2 29.3 Phenylurethane CdI2 (114) 0.3 26.0 0.2 32.3 0.1 24.0 C H N O (214) 12 28 2 3 0.4 31.9 0.2 22.8 Tetrapropylam0.6 31.6 0.3 22.0 monium nitrate 0.7 31.4 0.4 21.4 0.2 30.0 C9H22BrN (270) HgCl (H 4) 0.4 25.0 2 Tripropyl0.2 30.6 0.6 23.2 ammonium bromide 0.3 30.5 0.8 22.0 C9H22ClN (270) 0.4 30.4 C13H11NO (152) Tripropylammonium chloride Benzanilide CuCl2 (144) C10H7NO2 (i«) 0.4 31.9 FeCl3 (264) 1-Nitronaphthalene 0.6 31.5 0.07 34.4 C13H12N2O (153) 0.15 28.7 0.1 33.7 0.16 28.2 l Diphenylurea 0.15 30.2 C10H8 (i«) 0.15 I 29.2 CrCl3.6H2O (green) C14H10O2 (125) Naphthalene (177) Benzil 0.4 28.6 0.02 33.0 0.6 27.7 0.1 26.8 0.04 30.5 0.8 27.2 0.2 27.6 0.06 29.0 1.0 26.8 0.3 28.4 0.08 26.5 C16H34BrN (270) 1.5 26.2 MoO(OH) 2 Cl 2 Triamylammonium 1.8 26.0 (215) C10H10O4 («i) bromide 0.2 26.4 C16H34ClN (270) Resodiaceto0.4 28.3 phenone Triamylammonium C H BO (85) 6 16 8 0.1 31.5 chloride Mannitoboric acid C16H34N2S (270) 0.3 29 0.26 22.6 C10H13NO (153) Triamylammonium LiCl (78) Ethylacetanilide thiocyanate LiNO3 (U 9) C19H21NO5 (240) 0.2 30.1 Trimethylcolchi0.1 24.2 0.4 29.8 cinic acid 0.2 20.6 0.6 31.7 C10H16N2O3 (ioo) 0.3 18.5 0.05 31.2 Bornylene nitrosite 0.4 17.4 0.1 31.1 C20H10Br4O4 (155) 0.1 17.4 0.5 16.4 I Tetrabromophenol1.0 14.2 0.2 18.6 C10H16O (18) phthalein NaI (147) C20H44IN (270) Camphor 0.1 28.7 Tetraamyl0.2 29.4 0.2 29.1 ammonium iodide 0.4 29.2 0.4 29.8 C22H42O3 (222) 0.6 28.9 0.6 30.6 Isobutyl ricinoleate 0.8 28.7 0.8 31.4 0.2 30.0 1.0 28.4 * Stable, high melting 0.4 29.5 1.5 27.8 form.

C aHeO 2 Propionic acid TB = 414.2 kB = 47.4 C6H4N2O4* (29)

Dinitrobenzene

N

*

C14H10O2 (34)

Benzil

N

^ Xi

29.4 28.9 28.5

0.1 0.2 0.3

Xi

0.1 57.9 0.2 56.2 0.3 55.2 0.4 54.3 C12H11N (29) Diphenylamine 0.1 47 0.2 4e 0.3 4e 0.4 4s 0.5 4s C13H10O (29)

Benzophenone 0.04 45.0 0.1 44.2 0.2 42.4 0.3 40.2 C13H11NO (29) Benzanilide 0.05 47 0.1 46 0.2 45 0.3 44 0.4 44 C14H10O2 (29) Benzil 0.05 47.4 0.1 46.2 0.2 44.0 0.3 41.7 0.4 39.4 NaC3H6O2 (29) Propionate 0.1 50.9 0.2 51.2 0.3 51.6 0.4 52.0 * The isomer used is not given.

C3H6O2 Ethyl formate TB = 327.4 kB = 29.9 C7H6O2 (34) Benzoic acid 0.2 28.4 0.3 28.9 0.5 29.2 0.9 29.2 C10H16O (34) Camphor 0.3 29.6 0.5 28.9 0.7 28.1 C13H10O2 (34)

Phenyl benzoate 0.1 29.6 0.3 29.2 0.5 28.7 0.7 28.3

C3H6O2 Methyl acetate TB = 330.2 kB = 27.9 BiCl3 (195,

202)

0.05 43.1 0.1 40.0 0.15 37.1 C6H3N3O7 (270) Picric acid C 7 H 6 O 2 (34)

Benzoic 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6

acid 29.6 29.7 29.8 29.8 29.9 30.0

C10H8 (202)

Naphthalene 0.1 27.9 0.2 27.6 0.3 27.5 0.4 27.3 0.5 27.1 0.6 26.9 C10H16O

(34,

202)

Camphor 0.1 27.2 0.3 27.2 0.5 27.1 0.7 27.1 1.0 27.0 C12H11N (34, 202)

Diphenylamine 0.2 27.8 0.4 27.8 0.6 27.7 0.8 27.7 1.0 27.6 1.2 27.6 1.4 27.5 C13H10O2 (34) Phenyl benzoate 0.1 27.8 0.3 27.5 0.5 27.1 0.7 26.8 C14H10O2 (34, 202)

0.05 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.5 0.6

Benzil 28.0 27.9 27.6 27.1 26.3 25.8

C8H6O2^(CWd) Co(N03)2 (195, 202) C16H34BrN* (270) Triamylammonium bromide C15H34ClN* (270) Triamylammonium chloride C16H34FN* (270) Triamylammonium fluoride C16H34N2S* (270) Triamylammonium thiocyanate C18H31N4O7* (270) Tetrapropylammonium picrate C 20 H 4 JN* (270) Tetraamylammonium iodide SnCl2 (195, 202)

N 0.05 ] 0.1 0.15 0.2

^ Xi 49.2 46.2 43.3 40.4

Zn(NO 3 ), (195, 202)

0.05 34.6 0.1 32.6 0.15 30.6 0.2 28.5 0.25 26.5 CdI2 (195, 202) 0.01 59.5 0.02 58.0 0.03 56.6 0.04 55.1 HgCl2 (195, 202)

0.05 0.1 0.3 0.5 0.7

31.7 31.4 30.7 30.4 30.3

HgBr2 (195, 202)

0.05 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5

34.4 32.9 31.6 31.3 31.0 30.8

HgI2 (195, 202) Hg(CN) 2 (195, 202)

0.04 0.05 0.06

28.1 28.4 28.7

CuCl2 (195, 202)

CuBr2 (195) CoBr2 (195, 202)

0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2

58.3 53.5 48.7 44.0

^

N 0.02 0.05 0.1 0.15

Xi

50.6 46.4 39.1 31.9

Ca(NO 3 ) 2 (19S, 202)

C10H16BrO* Bromocamphor (266, 267)

N 0.1 0.5 0.7

^ Xi

29.6 30.3 30.6

0.02 48.6 0.05 44.7 0.1 38.0 0.15 31.5 0.2 25.0 0.25 19.6 BaI2 (195) 0.02 54.3 0.05 44.5 0.08 34.7 0.1 28.0 -LiCl (195) 0.03 36.9 0.04 31.2

* The isomer used is not given.

LiBr (195, 202)

C6H3N3O7 (265)

47.3 40.3 32.5 28.8 26.7 25.5

0.1 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

LiI (195, 202)

0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25

50.2 44.3 40.7 38.3 36.4

LiCNS (195, 202)

0.02 56.7 0.05 51.6 0.08 46.4 0.1 42.8 NaCNS (195, 202) 0.02 50.8 0.05 46.6 0.08 42.3 0.1 39.3 0.12 36.6 KCNS (195, 202)

0.02 0.04 0.05

50.6 48.3 47.3

* Associated.

C3H7Br n-Propyl bromide TB = 344.0 kB = 29.5 C 7 H 6 O 2 (266, 267)

Benzoic acid 0.1 19.4 0.5 18.3 1.0 17.0 C8H8NO (266, 267)

Acetanilide 0.3 21.4 0.5 19.0 1.0 13.6

C3H8O n-Propyl alcohol TB = 370.9 kB = 27.0 C3H7NO2 (201) Urethane 0.1 25.2 0.2 25.2 0.4 25.1 0.6 25.0 0.8 24.9 1.0 24.8 1.2 24.7 Picric acid 0.3 25.1 0.5 24.1 1.0 21.5 1.5 19.0 C6H6N2O2 (34) p-Nitroaniline 0.2 25.1 0.5 25.7 0.8 26.2 1.0 26.5 C7H6O2 (34)

Benzoic acid 0.1 25.7 0.2 25.9 0.4 26.3 0.6 26.7 0.8 26.8 1.0 26.9 C7H6O3 (192) Salicylic acid 0.1 29.3 0.2 29.4 0.4 29.6 0.6 29.8 0.8 30.1 1.0 30.5 1.2 30.9 C8H8O3 (34) Anisic acid 0.2 27.7 0.3 27.5 0.6 27.1 0.8 26.9 1.0 26.8 C10H8 (201) Naphthalene 0.1 24.0 0.2 23.6 0.4 22.9 0.6 22.4 0.8 22.0 1.0 21.6 1.2 21.3

C10H16O (34) Camphor N

^ Xi

0.1 24.4 0.2 24.4 0.4 24.4 0.6 24.4 0.8 24.4 1.0 24.4 C12H10 (201) Acenaphthene 0.1 24.9 0.2 24.5 0.3 24.1 0.4 23.8 0.5 23.5 0.6 23.3 0.7 23.1 C14H10O2 (34) Benzil 0.05 29.8 0.1 29.1 0.2 27.7 0.3 26.6 0.4 25.7 0.5 25.1 0.7 24.1 LiCl (192) 0.9 24.8 1.0 26.5 1.1 28.5 1.2 30.8 LiC7H5O3 (192) Salicylate 0.1 15.9 0.2 15.9 0.4 15.8 0.7 15.3 1.0 15 NaI (192) 0.2 29.4 0.4 29.5 0.7 29.5 1.0 29.6 C3H8O (173)

Isopropyl alcohol TB = 355.4 kB = 21.5* * Calculated from the average of results obtained by using aniline, benzanilide and dimethylaniline as solutes. No experimental data given. O3Z18O2

Methylal TB = 317 kB = 27.4 I2 (30) 0.1 25.8 0.2 26.8 0.3 27.9 C 7 H 6 O 2 (34)

Benzoic acid

C7H6O2.- (Cont'd) N *° Xi

0.1 26.2 0.2 26.4 0.3 26.6 0.5 27.1 0.8 27.7 1.0 28.2 C7H7NO (34) Formanilide 0.1 24.1 0.2 23.8 0.3 23.4 0.5 22.8 0.8 21.8 C10H8 (34)

Naphthalene 0.1 27.2 0.2 27.2 0.3 27.2 0.5 27.2 C10H16O (34)

Camphor 0.1 27.5 0.2 27.5 0.5 27.5 0.6 27.5 C10H20O (34) Menthol 0.1 27.3 0.2 27.2 0.3 27.1 0.4 26.9 C14H10O2 (30) Benzil 0.1 24.7 0.2 25.7 0.3 26.7

C4H6O3 Acetic anhydride TB = 412.7 kB = 3e C14H10O2 (44) Benzil 0.02 3e 0.05 3e 0.1 3s 0.15 35 O4H8O2

n-Butyric acid TB = 436.6 kß = 44.8 C7H5BrO2 (29) p-Bromobenzoic acid 0.1 43.6 0.2 42.8 0.5 40.4 0.8 38.0 C12H11N (29) Diphenylamine 0.1 44.2 0.2 43.5 0.35 42.4 C13H11NO (29) Benzanilide

Ci3HuNO.-(Cont'd)

N

^Xi

0.1 0.2 0.3 0.5

43.1 41.6 40.0 36.9

C14H10O2 (29)

Benzil 0.2 42.0 0.3 40.4 0.5 37.1 NaC4H7O2 (29) n-Butyrate 0.1 47.1 0.2 49.3 0.3 49.4

C4H8O2

Ethyl acetate TB = 350.2 kB = 31 . I2 (30) 0.05 32.4 0.1 32.7 0.2 33.4 0.3 34.1 C6H10O6 (221) Dimethyl malate 0.1 25.5 0.2 27.7 0.3 28.7 0.5 29.9 0.7 30.4 1.0 30.5 C6H10O6 (221) Dimethyl tartrate 0.1 23.4 0.2 24.6 0.3 25.0 0.4 24.2 C7H6O2 (34) Benzoic acid 0.2 32.1 0.4 31.6 0.6 31.2 0.8 31.1 1.0 31.0 1.3 31.0 C8H12O6 (221) Dimethyl acetylmalate 0.2 27.8 0.3 28.4 0.5 29.6 0.7 30.4 1.0 30.8 1.1 30.9 C8H14O8 (221) Diethyl malate 0.2 26.8 0.3 28.2 0.5 29.3 0.7 29.9

C8Hi4O6 (221) Diethyl tartrate

N 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.5 0.7

* Xi

27.0 28.5 28.9 29.3 29.3

C10H8 (34)

Naphthalene 0.2 31.7 0.5 31.5 0.7 31.3 1.0 31.1 C10HÔ (34)

Camphor 0.1 30.9 0.2 30.7 0.4 30.3 0.6 30.0 0.8 29.6 C10H20O (34) Menthol 0.1 33.4 0.3 32.6 0.5 31.7 0.7 30.8

C4Hi0O Ethyl ether TB = 307.6 ka = 29.2 I2 (18, 103, 136)

* 0.1 0.3 0.5 1.0 1.4 1.6

f 29.0 29.0 29.0 28 27 26

POCl3 ( 167 ) 0.1 32.1 0.2 31.1 SbCl3 (!43)

0.1 0.3 0.5 0.8

28.4 27.6 26.9 25.8

BiCl3 (190) 0.15 23.9 0.2 22.3 0.3 20.1 0.4 18.7 0.5 17.4

C14H10O2 (30, 34)

CHNS (256)

Benzil 0.1 30.4 0.2 31.2 0.3 31.8 0.5 31.0 0.7 30.2 0.8 29.8 HgCl2 (254) HgBr2 (254)

Thiocyanic acid 0.2 26.3 0.5 27 C2H2Cl3NO (152) Trichloroacetamide 0.6 26.7 0.8 26.6 1.0 26.6 C2H3Cl2NO (152) Dichloroacetamide 0.2 24.0 0.3 23.6 0.5 I 22.6

HgI2 (254)

C4H9Br Isobutyl bromide TB = 364.6 kB = 27.0 C8H8NO (267)

Acetanilide 0.2 25.8 0.5 22.1 0.8 I 18.6 C10H8 (267)

Naphthalene 0.1 I 26.8 C10H15BrO* Bromocamphor (266,267)

0.24 0.4 0.6 0.8

27.6 29.0 30.7 30.9

C7H6O2 (267)

Benzoic 0.24 0.6 1.2

acid 27.1 25.0 23.8

* The isomer used not given.

C 2 H 3 ClO 2 (206)

Chloroacetic acid 0.1 30.2 0.2 30.5 0.4 30.9 0.6 31.3 C 2 H 3 Cl 3 O 2 (SS) Chloral hydrate 0.1 29.2 0.2 29.2 0.4 29.3 0.6 29.4 C2H4Cl3NO (5) Chloral ammonia 0.05 24.0 0.1 23.0 0.15 21.4 0.2 18.3 C3H4Br2O2* (206) 1, 2-Dibromopropionic acid 0.1 33.7 0.2 33.7 is 0.3 33.7

C3H4Cl3NO2 (l 5 2) Trichlorolactamide

N 0.4 0.5 0.7 0.9

I

*» Xi

19.8 19.2 17.8 16.5

C3H4O4 (I«) Malonic acid 0.2 I 27.4 C3H7NO (153) Propionamide 0.16 28.0 0.18 23.8 C3H7NO2 O 5 3 ) Urethane 0.35 26.8 0.4 26.2 0.45 25.5 C4H7Cl3O2 (65) Chloral alcoholate 0.1 2a 0.2 2s 0.4 28.7 C6H4Br2I (65) Dibromobenzene 0.1 30.3 0.3 29.9 0.5 29.5 0.7 I 29.1 C6H6O (16) Phenol 0.5 28.6 C6H6O2 (l 8 ) Catechol 0.2 I 29.9 C 6 H 6 O 2 (16) Hydroquinol 0.17 I 28.1 C 6 H 6 O 2 (21, 23)

Resorcinol 0.1 28.7 0.3 28.0 0.5 27.3 0.6 26.3 C 6 H 6 O 3 (16, 18) Pyrogallol 0.15 I 28.0 C6H7N (16) Aniline 0.2 28.6 0.25 28.7 C 6 Hi 3 NO (153) Isobutylacetamide 0.15 I 22.7 C7H6O2

Benzoic acid (16, 18, 139, 231)

0.1

29.3

0.3 0.5 1.0 1.8

28.8 28.4 27.2 26.5

C7H6O3 (17, 18, 139)

Salicylic acid

N

^ Xi

0.1 29.5 0.2 30.0 0.3 30.4 C7H7NO (153) Formanilide 0.25 26.9 0.3 25.4 C7H7NO2 (152) Salicylamide 0.15 27.3 0.2 27.4 0.25 27.5 C7H9N (231) p-Toluidine 0.7 32.4 1.0 32.1 1.5 31.5 1.8 31.2 C 7 H 11 Cl 3 O 2 (255)

C9H11NO2 (153) Phenylurethane

N

^

0.4 0.5 0.6

28.9 29.4 29.8

Xi

C 9 Hi 2 ClNO 2 (228)

p-Toluidine chloroacetate 0.07 56.1 0.1 52.3 0.12 49.8 C10H8 (18, 31, 112)

Naphthalene 0.1 29.0 0.3 29.5 0.5 29.8 1.0 29 2.0 27 C10H13NO (153) Ethylacetanilide 0.5 28.8 0.6 28.9

Amyl trichloroacetate C10Hi4O (18, 139) 0.1 34.1 Thymol 0.4 30.0 0.1 29.6 C8H9NO (152) 0.2 30.4 Acetanilide 0.3 31.2 0.15 23.1 C10H16O (103) 0.2 23.1 Camphor C8H9NO (16) 0.1 28.6 Acetophenone oxime 0.2 28.7 0.16 I 28.2 0.3 28.8 C8H9NO2 (153) 0.4 28.9 Glycolanilide C11H16O3 (64) 0.12 I 28 Camphocarboxylic C8H10O (16) acid Phenetole 0.2 23.0 0.4 I 29.3 0.5 23.0 C 8 H 14 O 4 (IS) 0.8 23.0 Tetramethylsu c cini c 1.0 21.8 acid 0.05 31.3 C12H10N2 (139, 180) 0.1 31.8 Azobenzene C8H14O4 (19) 0.25 28.2 Trimethylglutaric 0.3 29.0 acid C12H11N (139, 231) 0.08 I 28.7 Diphenylamine C9H7N (139) 0.1 30.9 Quinoline 0.3 30.8 0.2 30.1 0.5 30.7 0.3 29.8 1.0 30.4 0.5 29.2 1.3 30.3 0.7 28.6 C13H100§ (16) C 9 H 10 O 2 (16, 139) a-Ben zophenone Ethyl benzoate 0.15 i 27.6 0.3 29.1 C14H1QO2 0.4 29.1 (18, 22, 31, 139) C9H11NO (153) Benzil Methylacetanilide 0.1 29.5 0.3 29.0 0.3 29.1 0.4 28.8 0.5 I 28.7 C 9 H n NO 2 (153) C16H26O3 (64) Lactanilide 0.35 24.5 Amyl camphocarboxylate 0.4 23.5 0.45 22.5 0.32 I 28.6

C20H30O2 (6, 216)

Pinabietic acid

N

* Xi

0.1 29.4 0.2 I 28.0 C21H36N4O7 (228) Triamylammonium picrate 0.06 24.2 0.1 17.0 SnC4H10I2 (238) Diethyl iodide 0.05 26.0 0.1 27.0 0.2 27.2 SnC6H15 (258) Triethyl 0.05 20 0.1 17 ZnCl2 (l 43 ) 0.3 16.4 0.5 12.9 1.0 8.4 HgCl2 (143,263)

0.07 0.2

28.6 22

FeCl3 (24, 143)

0.2 29.2 0.3 29.0 0.5 28.5 0.8 27.9 MoO(OH) 2 Cl 2 (215) 0.05 29.4 0.1 28.5 0.2 26.9 U02(N03)2.6H20 (143) * Stable, high melting form. Î The isomei" used is not given. § /3-form gives same result.

C4H10O Isobutyl alcohol C10H20O (34)

Menthol TB = 380.4 kB =28.3 _ 0.1 28.1 0.2 28.0 0.5 27.8 0.8 27.5 C 14 H 8 O 4 (34)

Alizarin 0.047 I 28.8 C14H10O2 (34) Benzil 0.1 27.8 0.2 27.3 0.3 26.9 0.4 26.5 0.5 26.0 LiCl (211) 0.5 26.9 1.0 29.7 1.3 30.2 1.6 29.0

CiHioO.-CCW'd) LiBr (21l) N è!* * X1 0.1 0.4 0.5 0.7 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.5

27 25.4 25.7 26.3

LiI (21l) 26.5 25.0 24.9 25.7

LiNO3 (21l) 0.1 24.1 0.2 23.7 0.3 23.4 0.5 I 22.6 C4Hi0O tert.-Butyl alcohol TJB = 355.9 AB = 18* CH4N2S (8) Thiourea 0.1 17.8 0.15 18.7 C6H4Br2 (8) p-Dibromobenzene 0.1 19.5 0.2 20.7 0.3 21.9 0.5 24.2 * See ternary and f ourand five-component systems.

C 4!! ioS Ethyl sulfide TB = 364.7 kB = 35.8 C12H11N (238) Diphenylamine 0.05 36.1 0.1 36.4 0.2 37.0 SnCl2 (238) 0.1 38.9 0.2 39.3 SnBr2 (238) 0.05 35.5 0.1 41.0 0.15 43.0 CdI2 (238) 0.05 35.5 0.1 35.7 0.2 36.0 HgCl2 (238) 0.1 35.6 0.2 35.2 0.3 34.7 HgI2 (238) 0.05 35.4 0.1 36.1 0.15 36.8

HgCH3Cl (238) N

0.1 0.2 0.25

^ Xi

35.8 36.1 36.3

HgCH3I (238)

0.1 0.2 0.3

36.1 36.5 36.9

CUCI (238)

0.05 29.3 0.1 28.3 0.2 26.3 0.4 22.4 CuBr (238) 0.1 23.4 0.2 23.5 0.3 23.6 0.4 23.7

C5H6N Pyridine TB = 388.4 kB = 3et C4H6O4 (106) Succinic acid 0.1 34.7 0.2 35.8 0.4 38.2 0.7 41.6 C4H6O6 (105) Tartaric acid 0.1 34.8 0.4 35.3 0.8 35.9 C4H12ClN (214) Diethylammonium chloride 0.1 34.6 0.3 35.1 0.5 35.6 0.6 35.9 C6H3N3O7 (245)

Picric acid 0.15 47.2 0.2 47.3 0.25 47.9 0.3 49.4 C6H6O2 (105) Resorcinol 0.05 36 0.2 37.6 0.4 39.9 C6H16ClN (214) Triethylammonium chloride 0.1 34.6 0.2 34.9 0.26 35.0 C7H6O3 (105, 191)

Salicylic 0.05 0.1 0.3 0.5 0.9

acid 37.0 37.2 38.0 38.9 40.5

C7H9N (184) p-Toluidine

N

^ Xi

0.1 38.9 0.2 39.1 0.5 39.9 0.8 41.0 1.0 41.8 C8H20IN (230) Tetraethylammonium iodide 28.2 0.025 0.05 25.8 C10H8O (105) /3-Naphthol 0.1 36.6 0.2 36.9 0.35 37.5 0.5 38.3 0.7 39.5 C 12 H 5 N 7 O 12 (245)

Hexanitrodiphenylamine 0.05 49.5 0.1 58.2 0.15 63.4 C12H10 (184)

Diphenyl 0.2 42 0.3 42.3 0.4 42.5 0.6 42.8 0.8 43.1 C12H11N (230) Diphenylamine 0.1 37 0.3 37 0.6 37 C13H10O (105) Benzophenone 0.1 39.9 0.2 39.5 0.3 39.1 0.5 38.6 C14H10 (169)

Anthracene 0.01 36 0.02 35.6 0.04 34.4 C14H10 (230)

Phenanthrene 0.1 33.7 0.2 34.0 0.3 34.3 0.4 34.6 0.5 35.0 C14H10O2 (191) Benzil 0.1 33.0 0.2 33.8 0.3 34.3 0.4 34.6 0.5 35.0 0.6 35.2

C18H20N2O4 (lös) Tartaric ditoluide

N

^

0.05 0.1

3e 36

Xi

C19H16 (184)

Triphenylmethane 0.05 39 0.1 39.3 0.2 39.5 0.3 39.8 0.5 40.5 C19H18O11 (191) Euxanthie acid C20H16IN (95) AT-Methylphenylacridinium iodide 0.04 36.3 0.08 37.8 C23H24O6 (191) Mangostin 0.05 32.5 0.1 31.8 * 0.15 31.3 SnCl2 (238) 0.05 39 0.1 3s 0.2 37 SnBr2 (238) 0.02 40.2 0.05 40.1 0.08 40.0 0.1 39.8 0.15 38.6 Pb(NOa) 2 (238)

0.04 36.4 0.08 36 0.12 3s ZnCl2 (238) 0.05 42.1 0.1 41.0 0.15 39.9 0.2 39.0 ZnBr2 (238) 0.05 47.0 0.1 47.0 0.15 47.0 CdI2 (238) 0.02 ] 35.9 0.05 39.2 0.08 42.5 HgCl2 (194, 230)

0.05 34.2 0.1 34.6 0.2 35.5 0.5 38.2 0.7 40.0 0.9 41.8 HgBr2 (230) 0.05 33.2 0.1 33.5 0.2 34.2 0.3 35.0 0.4 35.9 0.5 36.9 0.6 37.9

HgI2 (230)

N

0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5

^ Xi

35.0 35.7 36.3 36.9 37.6

Hg(CN)2 (230) 0.05 34.2 0.1 34.8 0.2 36.2 0.4 38.5 0.5 39.6 0.7 41.5 HgC2H5Cl (230) 0.1 34 0.2 34.3 0.4 35.1 0.6 36.0 CuCl (238) 0.05 31.5 0.1 31.6 0.2 31.7 0.3 30.8 CuCl2* (238)

0.1 37.9 0.2 37.6 0.3 37.3 CuBr (238) 0.04 36.8 0.08 36.9 0.15 37.1 0.2 37.2 CuCN (238) 0.01 19.5 0.03 19.3 0.05 19.1 0.1 18.8 0.15 18.5 AgNO3 (194) 0.1 30.6 0.25 28.0 0.4 26.9 0.5 26.9 0.7 27.3 0.9 28.3 1.0 29.6 AgCN (194) 0.05 22.4 0.12 2s AgCNS (194) 0.02 36.3 0.05 34.9 0.1 32.8 FeCl2* (238) 0.02 43.0 0.05 4s FeCl3 (77, 238) 0.05 42.3 0.1 42.0 0.3 40.8 0.5 39.6 0.7 38.4 0.9 37.3

CoCl2 (238) N

^ Xi

0.03 38.4 0.05 39.0 0.08 39.9 0.1 40.4 CoBr2 (238) 0.02 40.2 0.05 39.7 0.08 39.3 0.1 39.1 0.15 38.7 AlCl3 (238) 0.05 40.0 0.08 40.1 0.1 40.2 0.2 40.9 BeCl2 (184) 0.1 37.7 0.2 39.2 0.3 41.0 0.4 43.4 *Schroeder (™4) failed to get any rise in boiling point. J Samples of pyridine, unless very carefully purified, show unusually marked anomalies in boiling pt. It is recommended that the constant be determined for the particular sample employed, cf. ( 191 ). Suitable solutes are anthracene, diphenyl, phenanthrene and triphenylmethane.

CsHio Cyclopentane TB = 322.6 kB = 29.5 C10H10O (81) Benzylideneacetone 0.3 27.7 0.5 25.4 1.0 21.7 C10H14O2 (81) Resorcinol diethyl ether 0.5 30.8 1.0 32.0 1.5 33.1 C12H10 (81) Diphenyl 0.3 30.8 0.5 31.5 0.7 32.1 0.9 32.8

CoHio /3-Amylene TB = 309.5 k B = 27.6

C2HCl3O2 (255) Trichloroacetic acid

» 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.45

C12H11N (238) Diphenylamine

i?

N

24.2 20.4 18.1 16.8

0.1 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.75

C2H2Cl2O2 (255)

Dichloroacetic acid 0.1 8.2 0.2 7.9 0.5 7.3 C7H6O2 (255)

Benzoic acid 0.25 13.1 0.3 13.5 0.4 14.2 C 7 H 11 Cl 3 O 2 (255)

Amyl trichloroacetate 0.05 26.5 0.1 27.6 0.2 28.5 0.6 29.5 0.9 29.5 C10H8 (255)

Naphthalene 0.1 27.8 0.2 28.0 0.3 28.2

C5H10O Diethyl ketone TB = 374.8 kB = 32 C 7 H 6 O 2 (268)

Benzoic acid 0.64 1 31.4 C10H8 (268)

Naphthalene 0.56 I 32.4 C 28 H 56 O 4 (268)

Polyheptaldehyde 0.15 67.2 0.3 64.6 0.5 60 C5Hi0O Methyl propyl ketone TB = 374.8 kB = 3s C7H6O2 (34) Benzoic acid 0.1 41.1 0.2 40.3 0.3 39.5 0.4 38.7 0.5 37.9 0.6 37.1 C14H10O2 (34) Benzil 0.1 1 3? 0.2 37.1 0.3 36.8

C5H11N Piperidine TB = 378.9 ks = 33.0

^ Xi 32.8 33.5 34.6 35.5 35.9

C6H16ClN (214) Triethylammoniuni chloride C6H16IN (214) Triethylammonium iodide C7H5NO4 (208) o-Nitrobenzoic acid

C14H10 (238)

Anthracene 0.1 33.8 0.2 34.4 0.3 35.0 ZnCl2 (238) 0.05 35 0.07 33.8 0.1 31.8 0.2 27.0 CdBr2 (238) 0.05 33.0 0.1 32.3 0.15 31.7 0.25 30.1 0.35 28.4 CdI2 (238) 0.05 36.4 0.1 35.4 0.2 33.6 0.3 32.2 0.35 31.6

Ci2H28IN (214) Tetrapropylammonium iodide Ci2H28N2O3 (214) Tetrapropylammonium nitrate C14H10O2 (34) Benzil *. N Xi

» 0.1 0.2 0.5

f 28.8 28.8 28.9

C7H6O3 (3, 208)

Salicylic 0.1 1 0.2 0.4 0.6

acid 29.9 31.0 33.0 35.1

C7H16O4S2 (208)

Sulfonal 28.6 * 28.5 28.4 C8H12ClN (214) Ethylphenylammonium chloride 0.2 15.0 0.3 18.0 AgCl (238) 0.4 18.4 0.05 14.7 0.5 18.5 0.1 14.5 0.7 18.6 0.17 13.5 C8H20BrN (214) AgBr (238) Tetraethyl0.05 14.4 ammonium bromide 0.1 14.5 0.2 1 20.2 0.2 14.7 0.3 20.2 AgI (238) 0.5 20.2 0.03 17.0 C8H20ClN (214) 0.09 16.5 TetraethylAgNO3 (238) ammonium chloride 0.05 33 0.4 22.6 0.1 27 0.6 25.1 0.15 22 0.8 28.3 0.2 20 1.0 31.4 0.3 16 0.35 15 C8H20IN (214) CoCl2 (238) Tetraethyl0.04 I 30.0 ammonium iodide 0.1 22.0 0.2 17.6 C H O (208) 9 8 2 C6Hi2O Cinnamic acid Isoamyl alcohol 0.1 30.9 TB = 403.6 0.2 30.3 kB = 30.5 0.3 29.8 C4H12ClN (214) 0.4 29.3 Diethylammonium C H IN (214) 11 12 chloride ./V-Quinoline ethC4H12ClN (214) iodide Isobutylammonium C12H11N (208) chloride C6H6O3 (211) Diphenylamine 0.2 28.5 Pyrogallol C6H16BrN (214) 0.3 28.8 Triethylammonium 0.4 29.0 bromide 0.6 29.5 0.1 0.2 0.3

0.1 0.2 0.3

30.8 30.4 29.6

Ci4H10O9 (208)

Tannin 0.02 27.2 0.05 27.4 0.1 27.8 C20H24N2O2 (208) Quinine 0.1 28.3 0.15 27.8 (C20H24N2O2) 2H2SO4 (208)

Quinine sulfate 0.01 34.2 0.02 34.9 0.05 36.8 0.07 38.1 LiCl (211) 0.1 30.5 0.5 30.9 1.3 31.7 LiBr (211) 0.2 28.8 0.3 28.1 0.5 28.9 0.7 31.1 LiI (211) 0.1 1 26.0 0.5 27.3 0.9 28.6 LiNO3 (211) 0.1 26.7 0.2 26.0 0.5 23.7 NaC5H11O (208) Isoamylate 0.2 3i 0.4 33 0.6 3s KC2H3O2 (208) Acetate 0.2 31.0 0.3 31.3 0.5 31.7

C5Hi2O tert.-Amyl alcohol TB = 374.9 kB = 25.6 C4H12ClN (214) Diethylammonium chloride 0.15 24.8 0.25 22.5 0.35 21.1

C14H10O2 (34)

Benzil N 0.15 0.2 0.25

^X1

25.7 25.9 26.4

C14H8O2 (9) Anthraquinone

N

^

0.05 0.1 0.2

42 42 41

Xi

C14H8O2 (55)

C6H5Cl Chlorobenzene TB = 405.2 kB = 42

Phenanthraquinone 0.1 42.4 0.2 42.3

C12H10NO (237)

Alizarin 0.05 39.7 0.1 40.2

1-Benzoylpyridinium 0.023 ) 42.7 C14H10O2 (237)

Benzil 0.027 I 41.7

C6H5NO2 Nitrobenzene TB = 484.0 kB = 42.6 S8 (55) 0.1 42.4 0.2 42.0 AS4O6 (55)

0.03 3e 0.05 37 C6H6N2O2(SS) m-Nitroaniline 0.1 44.6 0.2 44.5 0.3 44.4 C8H4O3 (55)

Phthalic anhydride 0.1 41.4 0.2 41.6 0.5 42.3 C8H9NO (55) Acetanilide 0.1 40.2 0.2 40.2 0.35 40.1 C10H10O4 (55)

Dimethyl terephthalate 0.2 36 0.3 37 C12H9N (9) Carbazole 0.1 42.2 0.2 42.2 0.35 42.3 0.5 42.4 C12H11N (55) Diphenylamine 0.1 I 41.4 C12H12N2 (9) Benzidine 0.1 39.6 0.2 40.3 0.35 41.6 Ci3H10O3 (55)

Phenyl salicylate 0.1 36.6 0.2 36.4

C14H8O4 (9, 55)

C14H10 (9) Anthracene 0.1 I 4o 0.2 4o 0.35 4o C14H10O2 (26, 31, 39)

Benzil 43.3 43.3 43.4

0.1 0.2 0.35

C14H10O3 (9) Benzoic anhydride 0.1 42.3 0.2 42.3 0.35 42.3 C14H12O2 (55)

Benzoin 0.1 38.1 0.2 38.0 0.35 37.7 C19H16 (39)

Triphenylmethane 0.04 49.7 0.06 46.4 0.08 45.0 0.1 44.2 C26H22 (55)

Tetraphenylethane 0.05 I 41 C36H18 (79)

Decacyclene C48H28 (»O) Fluorocyclene

C6H6 Benzene TB = 353.35 kB = 33.6 I2 (30, 136, 217)

0.05 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.5 1.0 2.0 5.07

34 34 34 34 3e 37 3e 27f

C6H6.- (Cont'd) S8 (4, 170)

N

*L

0.05 0.1 0.3 0.5 0.7 1.0 1.2

33.6 32.8 30.0 28.2 27.8 27.3 26.9

Xi

S2Cl2 (164)

31.3 32.5

0.1 0.2

N4S4 (2) 0.05 34.2 0.1 33.9 0.2 33.3 0.3 32.7 PCl3 (166) 0.21 I 3e P4N4Cl8 (103) 0.06 34.1 0.08 34.3 POCl3 (164, 166, 167)

0.1 32 0.2 32 0.4 33 0.7 33 1.0 33 1.2 34 POBr3 (164) 0.05 33.3 0.1 33.1 0.2 32.2 0.3 31.8 PSCl3 (164,

0.1 0.2 0.3

167)

25.4 26.5 27.6

P2O3Cl4 (163)

0.05 0.1

33.1 32.4

AS2I4 (259)

0.03 32.3 0.04 32.2 C2H2Br4 (223) 1, 1, 2, 2-Tetrabromoethane 0.05 33.8 0.1 33.8 0.2 33.8 0.4 33.7 C2H2Cl3NO (152) Trichloroacetamide 0.5 26.3 0.6 25.9 0.75 25.4 C2H3ClO2* (206) Chloroacetic acid 0.1 20.4 0.2 19.9 0.3 19.5 0.4 19.1 0.6 18.2

C2H4Br2 (84) 1, 2-Dibromoethane

N

^ Xi

0.1 30.6 0.15 30.4 C2H4ClNO (152) Chloroacetamide 0.1 23.5 0.15 24.3 0.2 25.0 C2HJ (166)

0.17 1 33 C3H4Br2O2* (206) 1, 2-Dibromopropionic acid 0.05 32 0.1 30.5 0.15 29.0 0.23 26.2

C3H4Cl3NO2 (152) Trichlorolactamide 0.2 25.4 0.25 24.1 0.3 23.0 C3H5ClO (166) Epichlorohydrin 0.18 30.3 0.23 31.5 C3H7I (166)

Isopropyl iodide 0.19 I 32.3 C3H7NO (153) Propionamide 0.2 22.8 0.3 21.5 0.4 20.2 0.5 18.8 0.7 16.2 C 3 H 7 NO 2 (ISS) Urethane 0.4 23.7 0.5 23.3 0.7 22.6 C 4 H 9 NO (153) n-Butyramide 0.3 21.8 0.4 20.3 0.5 19.2 0.6 18.3 C 4 H 9 NO (153) Isobutyramide 0.25 24.0 0.3 23.2 0.35 22.4 0.4 21.7 0.5 20.1 0.6 18.6 C5H11NO (i 53 ) Valeramide 0.3 23.8 0.5 21.3 0.7 18.8

C6HBr5O2 (51, 155) Pentabromoresorcinol

N

* Xi

0.04 33 0.07 34 0.1 34 0.12 3s C6H3N3O7 (137) Picric acid 0.05 1 32 0.1 31.5 0.2 31.2 0.3 31.0 0.4 30.7 0.5 30.4 C6H5Cl2O2P (163) Dichlorophosphoxyphenolate 0.09 34.9 0.18 36.2 C6H5NO3 (175) p-Nitrophenol 0.2 31.5 0.3 29.2 0.4 27.0 0.5 25.2 C6H6Cl2NOP (163) Dichlorophosphoxymonoanilide 0.04 33.5 0.1 31.2 0.15 29.5 0.25 26.5 C6H6N2O2 (175) ra-Nitroaniline 0.2 1 32.2 0.3 31.2 0.4 30.3 0.5 29.5 C6H6O (12) Phenol 0.1 30.9 0.2 30.8 0.3 30.7 0.5 30.4 C6H6O2 (175)

Catechol

0.25 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6

31.8 31.3 30.3 29.3 28.2

C6H6O2 (175)

Resorcinol 0.1 34 0.15 32.8 0.2 31.7 0.25 30.3 0.35 27.3 C6H7N (146) Aniline 0.3 ' 34.5 0.4 33.1 0.5 31.8 0.6 30.4 0.7 29.0

C6H10O5 (221)

Dimethyl malate N *** Xi

0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.8

30.4 27.7 27.2 26.7 26.4 26.1 25.7

C6Hi0O6 (106,

221)

Dimethyl tartrate 0.1 29.5 0.2 27.3 0.3 25.5 0.4 24.0 0.6 21.7 1.0 18.3 1.4 16.0 C6H13NO (153) Isobutylacetamide 0.2 27.0 0.3 25.3 0.4 23.5 0.55 20.9 C7H5BrO2 (106) o-Bromobenzoic acid 0.1 2i 0.2 2o 0.4 19 0.6 18.6 0.8 18.4 1.0 18.3 1.2 18.2 1.6 18.1 C7H6O2 (106) Benzoic acid 0.1 21.1 0.3 19.8 0.5 19.0 0.8 18.8 1.0 18.8 1.5 18.7 2.0 18.6 C7H6O3 (i«) Salicylic acid 0.1 24.9 0.2 23.5 0.4 20.8 0.46 20.0 C7H7NO (152) Benzamide 0.15 26.0 0.2 25.2 0.3 23.5 C7H7NO (153) Formanilide 0.25 29.2 0.35 27.1 0.5 25.4 C 7 H 7 NO 2 (i 52 ) Salicylamide

C7H7NO2,- (Cont'd) N

^ Xi

0.1 29.7 0.15 28.9 0.2 27.9 0.25 26.8 0.3 25.5 C7H16O4S2 (187) Sulfonal 0.18 I 33.4 C8H8O (81) Acetophenone 0.3 32.4 0.4 33.1 0.5 33.5 0.6 33.8 0.7 34.1 0.75 34.2 C8H8O2 (175)

Phenylacetic acid 0.2 22 0.3 21.5 0.5 21.1 0.65 20.6 C8H8O3 (176) d-Mandelic acid 0.07 2i 0.1 21.6 0.12 22.0 0.15 22.6 C8H8O3 (176)

Z-Mandelic acid 0.04 20.1 0.045 20.6 0.05 21.2 0.06 22.5 C8H8O3 (176)

C8H12O6 (221)

Dimethyl acetylmalate

N' 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5

^Xi

34.3 32.8 32.6 32.6 32.6

C8H14O6 (221)

Diethyl malate 0.3 28.5 0.4 28.1 0.6 27.8 0.7 27.8 0.8 27.8 C8H14O6 (221) Diethyl tartrate 0.2 26.7 0.4 25.2 0.5 24.5 0.7 23.0 C9H10O2 (18) Ethyl benzoate 0.1 31.5 0.2 31.6 0.3 31.7 0.5 31.9 0.8 32.1 1.2 I 32.4 C9H11NO (153) Methylacetanilide 0.3 33.4 0.4 33.5 0.5 33.6 0.6 33.7 C9H11NO2 (153) Lactanilide 0.15 28.0 0.2 26.5 0.3 23.6 0.4 21.1 C 9 H 11 NO 2 (ISS) Phenylurethane 0.3 32.8 0.4 33.1 0.5 33.3 0.6 33.4

dZ-Mandelic acid 0.04 21.6 0.07 21.5 C8H9NO (18) Acetanilide 0.1 29.0 0.2 26.3 0.3 23.7 0.4 21.4 0.5 19.5 0.6 18.0 0.7 16.7 C8H9NO (18) Acetophenone oxime C9H12ClNO2 0.1 29.4 (223, 228) 0.2 27.2 p-Toluidine chloro0.3 25.6 acetate 0.4 24.6 0.02 62.3 0.5 23.8 0.05 55.5 0.6 23.3 0.08 51.7 C8H9NO2 (153) 0.1 49.6 Glycolanilide 0.2 40.8 0.15 27.8 0.3 35.0 0.2 25.6 0.4 31.0 0.25 23.7 0.5 27.8 0.35 20.5 C8H11N (166) C10H7NO2 (142) Dimethylaniline a-Nitronaphthalene 0.14 33.5 0.04 33.6 0.2 34.1 0.11 34.9

C10H8 (234)

C12H10 (234)

Naphthalene

Diphenyl

JV

0.3 0.5 1.0 1.3 1.6

* Xi

35.4 35.7 36.2 36.6 36.9

N

u* Xi

0.5 34.7 1.0 35.4 1.5 36.1 2.0 36.8 3.0 38.2 4.0 39.6 C10H8O (142) 4.5 40.3 jS-Naphthol C12H11AsO2 (259) 0.35 I 35.0 Diphenylarsenic acid C10H12O («i) 0.06 34.8 Anethole C12H11N (106) 0.3 34.1 Diphenylamine 0.4 34.8 0.1 30.6 0.5 35.4 0.2 31.2 0.6 36.1 0.5 32.0 0.7 36.8 0.7 31.8 0.8 37.5 0.9 31.4 0.9 38.1 C12H14O4 (81) EthylresodiacetoC10H12O2 («i) phenone o-Methoxy-p0.2 32.8 methylaceto0.35 33.3 phenone 0.5 35.7 0.3 34.9 C12H18O3 (64) 0.5 35.1 Methyl camphocar0.7 36.0 boxylate C10H13NO (153) 0.35 32.5 Ethylacetanilide 0.4 32.8 0.2 34 C13H10O (106) 0.4 35.5 Benzophenone 0.5 36.1 0.1 30 C10H16O (39, 75) 0.2 30 Camphor 0.4 31 0.05 35.6 0.6 31 0.1 35.5 0.8 31 0.2 35.5 C13H10O2 (18) 0.3 35.4 Phenyl benzoate 0.05 33.2 C10H18O (18) 0.1 33.0 Borneol 0.2 32.7 0.08 33.3 0.3 32.4 0.1 32.8 0.5 32.1 0.2 31.5 C13H10O3 (18) 0.3 30.8 Phenyl salicylate 0.6 30.0 0.06 i 30.6 C10H21Cl2NO2 (223) 0.1 30.2 Diisobutyl0.2 29.8 ammonium dichlo0.3 29.6 roacetate 0.4 29.6 0.05 18.3 0.5 29.6 0.1 18.0 C13H11NO (152) 0.2 17.7 Benzanilide 0.3 17.3 0.15 30.8 C11H14O (146) 0.2 30.5 Propyl benzyl 0.25 30.2 ketone C 13 H 11 N 3 Og 0.15 I 34.9 (223, 228) C11H16O3 (64) Dimethylpyrone Camphocarboxylic picrate acid 0.05 58.6 0.1 21.3 0.1 56.3 0.2 21.0 0.15 53.7 0.4 20.4 0.2 50.6 1.2 18.6 0.26 46.2

C14H8O2 (155) Anthraquinone *E* N Xi

0.074

34.1

C14H10 (18) Anthracene 0.05 33.4 0.1 33.1 0.2 32.4 0.3 31.7 C14H10 (52, 106) Phenanthrene 0.05 33.0 0.1 33.1 0.2 33.1 0.7 33.2 1.0 33.3 1.2 33.3 C14H10O2 (30) Benzil 0.1 33.6 0.2 33.6 0.3 33.6 C14H10O3 (18) Benzoic anhydride 0.05 33.2 0.1 32.5 0.2 31.2 0.3 30.2 0.4 29.2 C14H11NO2(IOe) /3-Benzilmonoxime 0.1 28.3 0.2 27.5 0.3 26.8 0.4 26.1 C14H15NO3 (223, 228)

p-Toluidine salicylate 0.05 58.0 0.1 52.6 0.15 48.7 0.2 46.9 0.3 44.8 C 14 H 28 O 2 (223)

Myristic acid 0.04 31.6 0.08 29.2 0.11 28.4 C16H11N3O7 (136) Naphthalene picrate 0.1 6s 0.15 6e

C16H34N2S (223) Triamylammonium thiocyanate N

0.15 0.2 0.3 0.4

^ Xi

11.6 10.8 9.4 8.0

C 19 H 13 O (259)

Phenylxanthyl 0.05 29.8 0.07 29.1 C 19 H 15 (259)

Triphenylmethyl 0.07 20.6 0.1 20.5 C19H16 (31) Triphenylmethane 0.1 33.9 0.2 34.2 0.3 34.6 C19H16O (261)

Triphenylcarbinol C20H13N3O7 (136) Anthracene picrate 0.05 64.4 0.1 60.4 0.2 53.8 0.3 51.0 0.4 49.2 C21H36N4O7 (223)

Triamylammonium picrate 0.1 21.0 0.2 19.5 0.3 17.5 C24H20As2 (259) Tetraphenylcacodyl 0.035 32.1 C 24 H 24 N 2 (236)

Dibenzyltetrahydrodipyridyl 0.03 4e 0.064 37.2 C32H64O2 (81) Cetyl palmitate 0.15 40.0 0.3 47.2 0.5 56.9 C57H110O6 (223)

Tristearin 0.05 39.9 0.1 41.0 SnI4 (223) 0.05 34.0 0.1 33.1 0.15 32.2 0.2 31.3 * Stable, high melting form.

C16H11N3O8 (137, 223)

0-Naphthol picrate 0.1 64 0.2 64

C6H6O Phenol TB = 455 kB = 37.7

S8 (170)

N

^-

0.03 0.05 0.1 0.2 0.3

33.3 33.3 33.2 33.2 33.1

Xi

C14H8O4 (21) Alizarin 0.06 33.8 0.1 33.6 0.2 33.2 0.3 ' 32.9 0.4 32.7 C14H10O2 (31, 88)

Benzil 0.06 37.7 0.1 37.7 0.15 37.7 0.2 37.8 0.3 37.8 0.35 37.9 C16H10N2O2 (88) Indigotin C19H16 (88)

Triphenylmethane 0.05 37.5 0.1 37.4 0.15 37.3 0.2 37.2 0.25 37.1 C21H16N2 (61) Lophine 0.02 33.9 0.05 33.9 0.1 33.9 0.15 40.0 C21H21N (45) Tribenzylamine 0.05 38.1 0.1 38.7 0.16 39.2

C6H7N Aniline TB = 457.5 kB = 38.8 C12H11N (26) Diphenylamine 0.1 36.6 0.2 36.9 0.3 37.2 0.4 37.5 C12H11N3 (156) Aminoazobenzene 0.25 37.0 0.3 36.7 C13H11NO (21) Benzanilide 0.1 35.7 0.3 36.1 C14H8O2 (156)

Anthraquinone 0.2 I 38.7

C14H10O2 (31) Benzil

N 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5

*5 Xi 38.5 38.7 38.8 38.9 39.0

C16H10N2O2 (35) Indigotin 0.044 I 35.4 C19H16 (39)

Triphenylmethane 0.05 39.4 0.1 34.4 C21H21N (45) Tribenzylamine 0.04 39.7 0.07 39.9 0.1 40.0 C24H12S (79) Dinaphthalenethiophene 0.05 34.3 0.08 33.4 C36H18 (79)

Decacyclene 0.03 34.3 0.04 33.6 0.05 32.8 C 6 Hi2 Cyclohexane TB = 354.5 ka = 32.6 C 6 H 6 Cl 6 (ISi) Benzene hexachloride 0.05 I 31 0.1 31.8 0.15 32.2 0.2 32.7 C6H10O (151) Cyclohexanone 0.1 33.0 0.2 33.3 0.3 33.5 0.4 33.8 0.5 34.0 C7H12O (151) o-Methylcyclohexanone 0.1 30.2 0.2 30.5 0.3 30.8 0.4 31.2 0.5 31.4 0.6 31.5 C8H8O (151) Acetophenone 0.1 32.8 0.2 33.2 0.3 33.6 0.4 33.8 0.5 33.9

C6Hi2.- (CWd) C9H12ClNO2 (224)

p-Toluidine chloroacetate N

^ Xi

0.1 32.6 C 10 H 8 ( 1 Si) Naphthalene 0.1 33.0 0.2 33.2 0.3 33.3 0.4 33.4 0.5 33.6 0.6 33.7 C10H12O (81)

Anethole 0.1 32.2 0.3 32.8 0.5 33.4 0.7 34.0 0.9 34.6 1.0 34.9 C10H21Cl2NO2

Diisobutylammonium dichloroacetate (224) 0.05 32.8 0.1 33.0 0.2 33.2 C12H10 (151) Diphenyl 0.1 33.3 0.2 33.9 0.3 34.5 C13H10O (151)

Benzophenone 0.05 32.9 0.1 33.0 0.2 33.2 0.3 33.5 C13H10O2 (151)

Phenyl benzoate 0.15 1 32.3 0.2 32.2 0.25 32.2 C14H10O2 (151)

Benzil 0.05 34.0 0.1 35.4 0.15 36.8 0.2 38.1 0.25 39.5 C14H12 (151)

Stilbene 0.1 32.3 0.2 32.7 0.3 33.1 C 14 H 15 NO 3

p-Toluidine salicylate

C19H16 (151) Triphenylmethane N

^ Xi

0.1 33 0.2 33 0.3 3s C32H64O2 («i) Cetyl palmitate 0.1 37.0 0.2 41.7 0.3 46.6 0.4 50.1 0.5 56.0

CeHi4 Hexane TB = 342.1 kB = 34 C6H5NO2 (69) Nitrobenzene 1.0 28 2.0 23 3.0 20 4.0 18 5.0 17 6.0 15 7.0 15 8.0 14 9.0 14 . 10.0 14 15.0 13 20.0 17 C6H15N Di-n-propylamine TB = 383.8 kB = 45.5* * No experimental data given ( 56 ).

C7H6N Benzonitrile TB = 463.8 kB = 33.3 C12H11N (238)

Diphenylamine 0.04 34.3 0.05 34.7 0.07 35.3 HgCl2 (238) 0.05 31.2 0.1 34.0 0.15 I 39.2 HgI2 (238)

0.015 0.05

37.3 31.1

AgNO 3 (123, 238)

0.05 0.1 0.2

33 34 34

(224, 228)

0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4

33.0 33.3 33.6 33.9

C7H8 Toluene TB = 383.6 kB = 35

S8 (4)

N 0.05 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5

^ Xi 38.4 37.1 35.2 33.4 31.6 29.8

C3H7NO2 (201)

Urethane 0.2 13.6 0.4 13.7 0.6 13.9 0.8 14.1 1.0 14.3 C7H9N (201) p-Toluidine 0.1 31.8 0.2 32.0 0.3 32.3 0.4 32.5 0.5 32.7 0.6 32.9 0.7 33.2 C10H8 (61» i« 59 » 201) Naphthalene 0.1 35.0 0.2 35.5 0.3 35.9 0.4 36.4 0.5 36.8 0.6 37.3 C10H12O (171) Methylchavicol 0.05 33.8 0.1 33.7 0.2 33.5 0.25 33.4 C10H12O (171)

p-Anethole 0.05 36 0.1 35 0.2 3s 0.3 34 C10H14O (171) p-Methoxypropylbenzene 0.05 34.2 0.1 33.5 0.15 33.4 0.2 33.6 C10H16O (61)

Camphor 0.1 32.5 0.2 32.6 0.3 32.7 0.4 32.8 0.5 32,9 C12H10 (201) Acenaphthene 0.1 37.6 0.2 37.6 0.3 37.7 0.4 37.7 0.5 37.8 0.6 37.9

C14H10 (201) Phenanthrene N

^ Xi

0.1 36.8 0.2 36.4 0.3 36.1 0.4 35.8 C14H10O2 (61) Benzil 0.05 33.2 0.1 34.0 0.15 35.0 0.25 34.7 C14H12 (4) Stilbene 0.05 36.6 0.1 36.5 0.2 36.3 0.3 36.1 0.4 35.8

C7H8O Anisole TB = 428.9 kB = 4o C8H9NO (169)

Acetanilide 0.1 36.7 0.2 34.5 C14H10 (112, 169) Anthracene 0.1 I 37.1 C19H16 (169)

Triphenylmethane 0.05 41.8 0.1 42.1 C7H9N p-Toluidine TB = 473.6 kB =37.9 C12H11N (35) Diphenylamine 0.05 38.3 0.1 38.7 0.2 39.5 0.3 40.2

C12H11N (34) Diphenylamine N

^Xi

0.1 37.2 0.2 37.2 0.3 37.2 0.5 3s 0.8 3s C13H10O (34) Benzophenone 0.1 37.0 0.2 36.7 0.4 36.1 0.6 35.5 C14H8O4 (34)

Alizarin 0.07 I 36.0 C14H10O2 (34)

0.1 0.2 0.3 0.5 0.7

Benzil 36.6 36.1 35.7 34.9 34.2

C8HiO ra-Xylene TB = 412.1 kB = 43 S8 W 0.02 42.6 0.05 41.7 0.1 40.3 0.2 37.4 0.27 36.0 0.35 35.0

C8HiO p-Xylene TB = 410.8 kB = 39.8 C14H10O2 (61)

Benzil 0.05 39.5 0.1 39.2 0.2 38.5 0.25 38.2

C14H10O2 (35)

Benzil 0.05 0.1 0.15

3s 3s 39

C16H10N2O2 (35)

Indigotin 0.01 1 37 0.03 I 3s

C7H14O2 Isoamyl acetate TB = 415.6 kB = 37.2 C7H6O2 (34)

Benzoic acid 0.2 34.6 0.5 34.2 1.0 33.5

C8Hi0O Phenetole TB = 445 kB = 40.5 S8 (170) 0.02 39.7 0.06 38.3 0.1 37.3 0.14 36.7 0.18 36.3 0.22 35.9 C14H10 (169)

Anthracene 0.03 40.4 0.05 40.9 0.08 41.5 C19H16 (169)

Triphenylmethane

Ci9Hi6.- (Cont'd) N ^ Xi

0.03 0.05 0.08 0.1 0.12

40.4 40.4 40.3 40.3 40.2

C9H7N Quinoline TB = 510.8 kB = 43 C14H8O2 (193)

Anthraquinone 0.05 45.6 0.1 45.8 0.2 46.2 C14H8O2 (193) Phenanthraquinone 0.05 43.4 0.1 43.3 0.2 43.6 0.3 43.7 C14H9NO2 (193) 2-Aminoanthraquinone 0.05 5o 0.1 5o 0.16 5o C14H10N2O2 (193) 1, 5-Diaminoanthraquinone 0.05 4e 0.1 4e C14H10O2 (31, 88)

0.05 0.1 0.2 0.3

Benzil 42.4 42.8 43.5 44.2

C14H12O2 (88)

Benzoin 0.05 43.6 0.1 43.9 0.2 44.4 0.3 45.0 C16H10N2O2 (88)

Indigotin 0.01 44.5 0.02 44.2 0.03 43.9 0.04 43.6 C18H36O2 (88) Stearic acid 0.02 46.1 0.04 45.4 0.06 44.5 0.08 43.8 C19H16 (26)

Triphenylmethane 0.05 41.3 0.1 42.0 ZnCl2 (28) 0.1 44 0.2 44 0.3 44

ZnBr2 (28) N *5 «i

0.05 44.8 0.1 44.7 0.15 44.6 0.2 44.5 ZnI2 (28) 0.02 43.4 0.04 43.1 0.06 42.9 0.08 42.6 CdCl2 (28) 0.1 43.1 0.2 43.9 0.3 44.5 0.4 45.0 0.5 45.5 0.7 46.4 CdBr2 (28) 0.1 43.9 0.2 44.3 0.3 44.8 0.4 45.2 CdI2 (28) 0.05 43.4 0.1 44.0 0.2 45.0 0.3 45.8 0.37 46.3 CuCl (28)

0.05 43.5 0.1 40.6 0.2 36.6 0.3 34.0 0.4 32.3 0.5 31.1 0.6 30.3 0.8 29.7 CoCl2 (28) 0.03 52.7 0.06 49.1 0.1 46.4 0.2 43.7 0.3 43.0 0.4 42.8 CoBr2 (28) 0.05 41.2 0.1 41.5 0.2 42.1 0.3 42.6 NiCl2 (28) 0.05 43.2 0.1 43.2 0.2 43.2 0.3 43.2 NiBr2 (28) 0.05 41.7 0.1 41.9 0.15 42.0 0.2 42.2 C N)H g

Naphthalene TB = 491.0 kB = 46.4

S8 (4, 17°)

N

^ Xi

0.05 46.5 0.1 46.2 0.2 45.5 0.3 44.9 C19H16 (!69) Triphenylmethane 0.06 50.4 0.08 49.7 0.1 49.1 C21H16N2 (45) Lophine 0.02 46.0 0.04 45.7 0.06 45.4 0.08 45.3 0.1 45.3 CioHi2

1, 2, 3, 4-Tetrahydronaphthalene TB = 480.3 kB = 43.3 C14H10 (102) Anthracene 0.1 43.5 0.2 43.7 0.3 43.9 CioHi4

p-Cymene TB = 449 kB = 40.0 C12H11N (61) Diphenylamine 0.1 40.0 0.2 40.2 C14H10O2 (34) Benzil 0.1 40.3 0.2 40.3 0.3 I 40.3 CioHieO Camphor TB = 482.2 (48) CioHieO Fenchone TB = 468 kB = 40.4 S8 (181) 38.6 0.02 0.08 37.7 As2O3 (181) AsI3 (181) 0.02 40.4 0.07 39.3 SbI3 (181) 0.04 39.4 0.07 39.4 0.09 40.0 BiI3 (181) 0.01 39.0 0.02 38.7 C12H9N (181) Carbazole

Ci2H9N.- (Cant'd)' N ^

Menthol TB = 485 kB = 4i

Xi

0.07 42.9 0.15 42.3 0.2 41.9 C14H8O2 (181) Anthraquinone 0.05 40.3 0.1 40.2 0.2 39.5 C14H10 (181) Anthracene 0.07 40.4 0.15 40.4 0.2 40.4 C14H10O2 (181) Benzil 0.04 40.7 0.07 40.7 0.1 40.7 HgCl2 (181) 0.07 34.0 0.33 39.5 HgBr2 (181) 0.03 39.8 0.06 39.8 0.08 39.0 0.18 39.2 HgI2 (181) 0.02 39.3 0.06 39.3 0.08 39.4 0.1 39.4

CioHis Decaline TB = 466.4 kB = 41.6 C14H10 (ioi) Anthracene 0.2 42.9 0.3 43.5 CioHigO Menthone TB = 480 kB = 40.6 C12H10O2S (48) Phenylsulfone 0.05 41.1 0.1 41.5 0.2 42.4 0.3 43.4 Na2* (48) 0.1 4s 0.2 44 0.3 44 0.4 43 0.5 43 0.6 42 * Reacts with solvent to give a solute, probably a sodium ketyl, containing 2 atoms of Na per mole.

C12H10O2S (48) Phenylsulfone

N

^ Xi

-S:2 39-5(Av-)

S8 (37)

Na2* (48)

CloU2oO

N 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4

1 ^ Xi

4i 42 44 4e

* Reacts with solvent to give a solute containing two atoms of Na per mole.

N

^

0.05 0.1 0.18

37.4 39.5 42.7

Xi

C14H10O2 (37)

Benzol 0.03 38.9 0.05 38.9 0.1 38.9 C21H16N2 (45) . Lophine 0.02 45.1 0.05 46.3 0.1 48.2

C21H16N2 (48) Ci2Hio Diphenyl Lophine 0.05 .. / A N TB = 528.0 0.25 *•'(**•) kB = 44.2 THREE-COMPONENT SYSTEMS The A-component (the "solvent") is H2O. (Standard arrangement.) TB = 373.1; kB = 28.9 B = NH4Cl B = CdSO4 » i C = NaCl* (91) C = (NH4)2S04 (68) Ne/Ne = 0.5 C = KCl* (62) C = CdCl2* (62) 1.5 65.1 C = Hg(CN) 2 * (63) B = HgCl2 1.7 64.2 C = NaCl (68) C = CuCl2* (53) 2.0 64.3 TVT / AT &ÌB NC/NB — 3.0 65.8 » t 4.0 68.2 Nc/NB = LO NB = 0.183 5.0 62.6 4.5 69.5 Nc = 0.215 6.0 65.5 NB/NC = 0.8 O 32.6 7.0 68.3 1.6 62.3 1.18 29.2 8.0 70.4 1.8 61.1 oo 49.1 9.0 72.4 2.0 61.2 C = CoCl * 2 (53) 10.0 74.3 3.0 61.9 NB Nc = 0.165 1 4.0 64.2 O 33.3 C = Ba(NO ), (68) 3 B = (NH 4 ) 2 S0 4 1.0 37.2 NC/NB = 0.333, C = K2SO4 (68) QO 69.1 0.5 NB/NC = 1.0 1.0 55.8 1.4 53.7 B = Hg(CN)2 1.5 53.0 2.0 54.2 C = MgCl2* (63) 2.0 50.1 2.6 54.7 C = BaCl2* (63) 2.5 49.1 C = NaCl* (63) NC/NB = 1.67 3.0 48.5 4.2 55.8 C = KCl* (63) B = ZnCl2 5.0 58.0 C = KBr* (63) C = CoCl2* (53) 6.0 I 60.8 C = KI* (63) AT / U T NC/NB

B = (COOH) 2 Oxalic acid C = K2O* (131) Data for saturated solutions only

Afo ^ x

NBj Nc = 0.165 O 49.5 1.0 54.0 QO 69.1 B = CdCl2 C = CuCl2 (53)

B = SnCl2 C = CoCl2* (53)

NC/NB

f°

NB = 0.173 Nc = 0.165 O 50.6 0.95 51.2 QO 69.1

B = Pb(N03)2 C = Sr(NOa)2 (68)

NB = 0.167 JVc = 0.215 O 33.2 1.29 43.8 oo 49.0 C = CoCl2* (53) NCl NB = 0.165 O 33.2 1.0 43.4 oo 69.1 C = NaCl* (62) C = KCl* (62)

B = CuCl2 C - NaCl (53)

N.IN,

£

NB = 0.215 Nc = 0.339 O 49.5 0.63 51.6 QO I 49.1 B = AgI C = AgNO8* (99)

B = CoCl2 C = AlCl3 (53) NB = 0.204 Nc = 0.161 O 86.2 1.28 78.9 oo 67.8

B = CoCl2.- (Confa) C = MgCl2 (53) NB/NC MB/MI

C =Ba(NOs)2.-(Continued)

— ^x

SAT ZJ\

NB = 0.205 Nc = 0.240 O 74.9 0.85 74.9 «> 67.8 C = CaCl2 (53) NB = 0.205 • Nc = 0.176 O 43.3 1.17 57.8 oo 67.8 C = BaCl 2 (SS) NB = 0.205 tfc= 0.100 O 57.3 2.05 65.2 oo 67.8 C = NaCl (53) NB = 0.205 Nc = O 836 O *495 0.246 57.0 67 1 8 — ^ B = CrO3 C = K2O* (130) Data for saturated solutions only B = Sr(NOa)2 C = Ba(NO3). (68) 2N — Vx NC/NB= 0.264 2.0 69.9 2.5 69.2 NC/NB =0.5 1.0 65.0 2.0 65.0

C = KCL- (Corti d) ^N MB

^ ^x

NB/NG

Nc/Na =0.4 1.5 71.9 2.0 74.8 2.5 77.5 3.0 79.1 3.5 79.8 4.0 80. o

S *2 Q ^ ^

2.5 57.5 3.0 59.5 4.0 63.4 5.0 67.5 6.0 71.5 7.0 75.3 8.0 77.4 NB/NC = 3.0, 4.0 ^1 2 'ß ^ ^

B=Ba(N0 3 ) 2 C = NaCl (68) Nc/NB =2.0 2.0 58.8 3.0 60.9 4.0 62.9 NC/NB = 4.0 4.0 65.5 5.0 68.3 6.0 71.1

4 Q

64 g

ß'0

6g ' 8

ß Q

73 Q

7'0

76 ' 8

8"0

78 ' 3

•

'•

B = KC1 B

NaC1

= C = KCl (68) NB/NC -0.25,0.33, °-5 2.5 55.7 3.0 57.3 4.0 60.7 5.0 64.2 6.0 67.3 7.0 70.0 80 72 . 6 9Q

C

=

C = Ba(NOs)2 (68) tfc/tf* = 0.25 1.0 71.6 2.0 77.9 2.5 81.1 3.0 82.7

4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0

74g

°* ( ) A^ 2* NB/NC = L° 3.0 52.1 4 -0 53.3 5.0 54.5 6.0 55.5 NB/NC = 2.0 3.0 52.9 4.0 54.7 50

564

6.0 70

58.2 59

NB/NC = 3.0 56 7 '° ' 5 58 4 '° ' 6 -° o0-1 61 8 7>0 ' 4

59.0 5-;

62.4 65.8 69.1 72.4 76.0 79.5

68

SJV

NB/NC = 0.67, 1.0 0.4 54.7 0.6 53.2 0.8 52.4 1.0 52.1 1.5 53.7 2.0 55.6

5"Ti^2-3.0

KC1

9 0

JJ-;

J £- 6 C - K2SQ4 (68)

CClQXQ 4 Q

I off R CT* B = C12H24n' O2 Laurie acid

NB/NC

B = KI C = CdI2* (62)

O

C*

TI

Cl

'

}

f9lR\

4.0

"pS±i£ ^^j

CS2 TB = 319.4 fo = 31 C = S 8 (tt) Ar /AI

^B

^ "X

NB/NC

NB = 0.11 32 4 1-0 32

k

NB/NC ~YX NB = 0.045 O I 31.9

'

OO. 2

C

=S»(rhombÌC> B = S8 C=P4(OS) Nc = 0.26 °

0.5 1.0 3.0

2

^

^ "X

NB = 0.099 °° I 31 - 9 !— B=POCl3

c 4

^

A vxÂrf

-/^^ O °= 1.75 2.5 3.0

30 s 11. s 13.5 15.6

1

29.6 29.9 27.9

oo

31.8

B = C6H5NO2 Nitrobenzene C = Al2Cl6* (129) B = C7H5ClO Benzoyl chloride C = Al2Br6* (129) Nc = 0.084 O 31.4 1.0 16.2 2.0 10.7 2.8 14.4 B — CisHioO

Benzophenone C = Al2Br6* (129) Nc = 0.051 O 30.3 1.0 15.5 2.5 14.6 3.5 18.6 CHCl3 TB = 334.3 kB = 32.0 B = C2HCl3O2 Trichloroacetic acid C = C 5 HnN* (243j

The A-component (the "solvent") is an organic compound. The (T-arrangement. 71

NB/NC ^ Xi Nc = 0.078 O 31.3 1.0 31.4 2.0 31.5 3.0 31.6 B = C6H5ClO2S Benzene sulfone chloride C = Al2Br6* (129) Nc « 0.084 O 31.3 1.0 16.4 2.0 12.6 NB = 0.34 3.0 15.3 5.0 20.7 15.0 28.0

B = C6H4Br2 p-Dibromobenzene C = Al2Br6 (129)

Piperidine B = C4Hi2ClN Diethylammonium chloride C = C12H28IN Tetrapropylammonium iodide (212)

^

t

NB/NC = i.o

0.3 7.7 0.4 7.3 0.5 7.1 0.6 7.1 B = C5H11N Piperidine C = C6H3N3O7 Picric acid* (243) B = C8H20BrN Tetraethylammonium bromide

C = NiC36H66O6 Ricinoleate (226)

m

^Xi

Nc = 0.215 0.2 7.9 0.6 11.5 B = C8H20ClN Tetraethylammonium chloride C = NiC36H66O6 Ricinoleate (226) Nc = 0.061 0.06 6.8 0.2 12.9 B = C10Hs Naphthalene C = C14H10O2 Benzil (126) NB = 0.148 0.15 33.1 0.2 32.5 0.25 33.0 B = C10H16ClN Diethylaniline hydrochloride C = C10H16IN Diethylaniline hydriodide (212) Ne/Ne = 2.0 0.4 16.6 0.6 17.4 B = C10H16O Camphor O = O14Il10O2 Benzil (126) Nc = 0.11 0.1 28.7 0.15 30.5 0.2 32.3

C = Ci$Hi6 Triphenylmethane (126)

ZN

^ Xi

Nc = 0.083 0.08 25.8 0.1 27.1 0.12 28.4 CH4O Methyl alcohol TB = 337.6 ks = 26.8 B = CH4N2O Urea C = C7H6O2 (267) Benzoic acid C = C7H6O3 (267) Salicylic acid C = C10H8 (267)

Naphthalene C = C10H15BrOf Bromocamphor (267) C = C10H16O (267) Camphor

B = C2H5NO Acetamide C = C10H8 (267)

Naphthalene B = C3H7NO2 Urethane C = C10H8 (267) Naphthalene B = C7H6O2 Benzoic acid C = C7H6O3 (267) Salicylic acid C = C10H8 (267) Naphthalene C = C10H16O (267)

B = C10H24ClN Diamylammonium chloride C = CuC36H66O6 Ricinoleate (226) Nc = 0.059 0.06 12.8 0.2 18.8 0.3 20.2 0.4 21.6 J3 = C12H28IN

Tetrapropylammonium iodide C = C14H10 Anthracene (212)

NC/NB = i.o 0.2 0.3 0.4

20.1 19.2 18.3

B = C14H10O2 Benzil

Camphor B = C7H6O3 Salicylic acid C = C10H8 (267) Naphthalene C = C10H16O (267) Camphor B = C8H9NO Acetanilide C = C10H8 (267)

Naphthalene B = C10H8 Naphthalene C = C10H15BrOf Bromocamphor (267) C = C10H16O (267) Camphor C = C14H10O2 (267) Benzil

C2H6Br

Ethyl bromide TB = 311.1 kB = 29.4 B = C7H6O2 Benzole acid C=C 10 H 15 BrOt Bromocamphor

B = CoCi2

C = CaCl2 (74) N B = 0.067 sAT —BZ* ° Qf g. J-J f-\ : :

(267)

C = C8H9NO (267) Acetanilide B = C8H9NO Acetanilide C = Ci0Hi5BrOf Bromocamphor

B = NaC2H6O Ethylate C = NaC6H9O3 Ethylacetoacetate (269) C = NaC7HnO4 Diethylmalonate (269)

(267)

B = KC7H5O3 Salicylate "V

10

Tf

C

,

N

e

C= C±to t Bromocamphor (267)

= C7H6O* (244) SalÌCylÌCaCÌd

C3H6O

02UeO Ethyl alcohol TB = 351.6 kB = 26 B = C7H6O2 Benzoic acid C = Ci0H8 (267)

Naphthalene

Acetone TB = 329.2 kB = 29.8 B = C7H6O2 Benzoic acid C = Ci0H8 (267) Naphthalene B = Ci0H8 Naphthalene C = C28H56O4 (268)

Polyheptaldehyde

B = C5HuN Piperidine C = C7H6O2* (243^ Benzoic acid C = C6H3N3O7* Picric acid

C3H7Br n-Propyl bromide TB = 344.0 kß = 29.5 B = C7H6O2 Benzoic acid

(243)

C =* C8H8NO (267)

B = C7H6O3 Salicylic acid

Acetanilide C = Ci0Hi5BrOt Bromocamphor ( 267 )

C = Ci0H8 (267)

Naphthalene B = HgCl2 C = CoCl2* (74) **'N°

t

B = C8H8NO Acetanilide C = C10Hi5BrOt Bromocamphor (267) ===

Nc = 0.035 C3H8O O 22.7 n-Propyl alcohol 2.5 20.2 TB = 370.9 3.0 20.2 /Cj5 = 27.0 5.5 I 20.4 B = C7H6O2 NB = 0.195 Benzoic acid 1.0

15.9

C ^C 1 0 H 8 (267)

2.0

18.3

Naphthalene

C4H9Br Isobutyl bromide TB = 364.6 kB = 27.0 B = C7H6O2 Benzoic acid C = C8H8NO (267) Acetanilide C = Ci0Hi6BrOt Bromocamphor ( 267 ) B = C8H8NO Acetanilide C = C10H8 (267)

FOUR- AND Solvent CH4O Methyl alcohol TB = 337.6 kB = 26.8 Solutes (267) C7H6O2, Benzoic acid + C7H6O3, Salicylic acid + Ci0H8, Naphthalene Solvent C4Hi0O tert.-Butyl alcohol TB = 355.9 kB = 18

FIVE-COMPONENT Solutes (8) CH4N2O, Urea (N = 0.345) + CH4N2S, Thiourea (N = 0.155) + Ci8H36O2, Stearic acid

zu

fSx

0.155 0.5 0.6

18.8 22.0 22.9

SYSTEMS Solutes (8) CH4N2O, Urea (N = 0.345) + CH4N2S, Thiourea (N = 0.155) + Ci0H8, Naphthalene (N = 0.146) + Ci8H36O2, Stearic acid (N= 0.108) *N

^ Xi

0.754

21.5

Naphthalene LITERATURE C4Hi0O tert.-Butyl alcohol TB = 355.9 /CB = Is B = CH4N2O Urea C = CH4N2S Thiourea (8) SJV ^ SJV X1 Nc = 0.155 0.155 18.8 0.2 20.1 0.3 21.7 0.4 22.4 0.5 22.7 C4Hi0O Ethyl ether TB = 307.6 kB = 29.2 B = C 5 HnN Piperidine C = C7H6O2* (243) Benzoic acid C5Hi0O Diethyl ketone TB = 374.8 kB = 32 B = Ci0H8 Naphthalene C = C28H66O4 (268) Polyheptaldehyde C6H6 Benzene TB = 353.35 kB = 33.6 B = C6H11N Piperidine C = C7H6O2* (243)

Benzoic acid * Indicates complex or compound formation. t The isomer used is not given.

(For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) C1 ) Alluard, 34, 59: 500; 64. (2 ) Andreocci, 93, 14: 246; 97. (3) Andrews and Ende, 7, 17: 136; 95. ( 4 ) Aronstein and Meihuizen, 87, 6: No. 3: 99. ( 5 ) Aschan, 25, 48: 874; 15. («) Aschan and Ekholm, 13, 424: 133; 21. (?) Aten, 7, 88: 321; 14. (.*) Atkins, 4, 99: 10; 11. ( 9 ) Bachmann and Dziewonski, 25, 36: 971; 03. (10) Badger and France, 45, 15: 364; 23. O 1 ) Baker and Waite, 38, 25: 1174; 21. (12) Baroni, 36, 23 II: 249; 93. ( 13 ) Bassett and Taylor, 4, 101: 576; 12. (i*) Battelli and Stefanini, 59, 9: 5; 99. ( 15 ) Bauer, 98, 16: 341; 03. (16) Beckmann, 7, 3: 603; 89. (17) Beckmann, 7, 4: 532; 89. (") Beckmann, 7, 6: 437; 90. (i 9 ) Beckmann, 25, 23: 301 ; 90. (20) Beckmann, 25, 23: 1572; 90. ( 2 I) Beckmann, 7, 8, 223; 91. ( 2 2 ) Beckmann, 7, 21: 239; 96. (23) Beckmann, 7, 40: 129; 02. (24) Beckmann, 7, 46: 853; 03. (25) Beckmann, 7, 53: 129; 05. ( 2 6 ) Beckmann, 7, 53: 137; 05. (27) Beckmann, 93, 51: 96; 06. ( 2 8 ) Beckmann, 93, 61: 236; 06. (29) Beckmann, 7, 57: 129; 07. (30) Beckmann, 7, 58: 543; 07. (31) Beckmann, 7, 63: 177; 08. (32) Beckmann, 7, 70: 1; 10. (33) Beckmann, 93, 74: 291; 12. (34) Beckmann, Fuchs and Gernhardt, 7, 18: 473; 95. ( 3S ) Beckmann and Gabel, 25, 39: 2611; 06. (36) Beckmann and Hanslian, 93, 77: 275; 12. (37) Beckmann and Hanslian, 93, 80: 221; 13. C 3 ») Beckmann and Haring, 93, 77: 90; 12. (39) Beckmann and Haring, 7, 79: 177; 12. (40) Beckmann and Junker, 93, 55: 371; 07. (41) Beckmann and Klopfer, 7, 65: 289; 09. (42) Beckmann and Liesche, 93, 85: 31; 14. (43) Beckmann and Liesche, 7, 88: 23; 14. (44) Beckmann and Liesche, 7, 88: 419; 14. (45) Beckmann and Liesche, 7, 89: 111; 14. (46) Beckmann and Maxim, 7, 89: 411; 14. (47) Beckmann and Maxim, 25, 47: 2875; 14. (48) Beckmann and Schliebs, 13, 289: 71; 96. (49) Beckmann and Stock, 7, 17: 107; 95. (SO) Beckmann and Weber, 93, 74: 297; 12. (51) Beckmann and Weber, 7, 78: 725; 12. (52) Behrend, 7, 10: 265; 92. (53) Benrath, 93, 54: 328; 07. (54) Berkeley and Appleby, 6, 85: 489; 11. (55) Biltz, 7,19: 385; 96. (56) Biltz, Practical Methods for Determining Molecular Weights. Easton, 1899. (57) Biltz, 7, 40: 185; 02. (58) Biltz, 13, 331: 334; 04. (59) Biltz, 93, 82: 438; 13. (60) Biltz and Clinch, 93, 40: 218; 04. (61) von Bosse, Diss., Leipzig, 1911. (62) Bourion and Rouyer, 34, 176: 1708; 23. (63) Bourion and Rouyer, 34, 178: 1171; 24. (64) Bruhl and Schroder, 25, 37: 2512; 04. (65) Bruner, 180, 1901: 464. (66) Bruni and Berti, 36, 30 II: 317; 00. (67) Bruni and Sala, 36, 34II: 479; 04. (68) Buchanan, 174, 39 II: 529; 98. (69) Büchner, 64P, 20: 322; 17. (70) Burt, 4, 85: 1339; 04. (7i) Cann and Cheek, 45, 17: 512; 25. (72) Carlson, Klason Festschrift, 1910: 251. (73) Carrara, 36, 24 U: 504; 94. (74) Donnan, Bassett and Fox, 4, 81: 939; 02. (75) Drucker, 7, 74: 612; 10. (76) Drucker and Weissbach, 7,117: 209; 25. (77) E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Co., Wilmington, Del., O. (78) Dutoit and Friderich, 27, 19: 321; 98. (79) Dziewonski, 25, 36: 962; 03. («O) Dziewonski and Leyko, 25, 47: 1679; 14. (81) Eijkman, 176, 1: 47; 03. (82) Ephraim, 93, 58: 338; 08. (83) Erdmann and Unruh, 93, 32: 413; 02. (84) Eremie-Popa, Diss., Leipzig, 1903. ( 8 ^) Fox and Gauge, 4, 99: 1075; 11. (86) Frankland and Farmer, 4, 79: 1356; 01. (87) Franklin and Kraus, 11, 21: 8; 99. (88) Qabel, Diss., Leipzig, 1906. (89) Gerlach, 91, 24: 106; 85. ( 90 ) Gerlach, 91, 26: 413; 87. (91) Gordon, Henderson and Harrington, 7, 27: 425; 98. (92) Griffiths, 410, 18: 89; 1825. (93) von Halban, 7, 67:129; 09. (94) Hantzsch, 25, 42: 68; 09. ( 9 S) Hantzsch and Hofmann, 25, 44: 1776; 11. (96) Hantzsch and Shibata, 93, 73: 309; 12. (97) Haring, Diss., Leipzig, 1910. (98) Helff, 7, 12: 196; 93. (") Hellwig, 93, 25: 157; 00. ( 1 OO) Henderson and Heilbron, 4, 99: 1887; 11. (101-102) Herz and Schuftan, 7, 101: 269; 22. (ios) Kite, 11, 17: 507; 95. (104) Hunter, 00, 10: 330;

06. ( 1 OS) innés, 4, 79: 261; 01. ( 106 ) Innés, 4, 81: 682; 02. (ô?) Isaachsen, 7, 8: 145; 91. I 108 ) Jablczynski and Kon, 4, 123: 2953; 23. (»o») Joannis, 54, 115: 820; 92. ( 110 ) Johnston, 174, 45 I: 193; 06. O 1 1 ) Johnston, 174, 45 II: 855; 08. <" 2 ) Jones, JJ, 19: 581; 97. ("3) Jones, 7, 31: 114; 99. C 114 ) Jones, JJ, 27: 16; 02. ( l l s ) Jones and Getman, 7, 46: 244; 03. C 1 16) Jones and Getman, JJ, Sl: 303; 04. O *7 ) Jones and Getman, JJ, 32: 338; 04. ("«) Jones and McMaster, JJ, 35: 316; 06. ( 119 ) Jones and Mahin, 7, 69: 389; 09. (120) Juttner, 7, 38: 76; 01. f 1 2 1 ) Junker, Zh'ss., Leipzig, 1907. O 2 2 ) Kahlenberg, 60, 5: 339; 01. ( 123 ) Kahlenberg, 50, 6: 45; 02. ( 124 ) Kerler, Diss., Erlangen, 1894. ( 12S ) Kirchhoff, Diss., Leipzig, 1902. ( 126 ) Klopfer, Ihss., Leipzig, 1908. ( 1 2 7 ) Knecht and Batey, 290, 25: 194; 09. O 2 8 ) Knecht and Batey, 4, 101: 1189; 12. (129) Kohler, JJ, 24: 385; 00. C» 3 «) Koppel and Blumenthal, 93, 53: 228; 07. (i 3 I) Koppel and Cahn, 93, 60: 53; 08. ( 132 ) Krafft, 25, 32: 1584; 99. ( 133 ) Krafft and Strutz, 25, 29: 1328; 96. ( 134 ) Krafft and Wiglow, 25, 28: 2573; 95. O 3 5 ) Kreider and Jones, JJ, 45: 282; 10. ( 136 ) Krüss and Thiele, 93, 7: 52; 94. (i 3 7 ) Kurilov, 7, 24: 697; 97. ( 138 ) Laing, 4, 113: 435; 18. ( 139 ) Landsberger, 93, 17: 422; 98. ( 1 4 O) Langlet, 7, 56: 624 ; 06. ( l * J ) Legrand, 6, 59: 423 ; 35. Ci 4 2 ) Lehner, 25, 36: 1105; 03. ( 143 ) Lespieau, 34, 125: 1094; 97. (144-145) Ley, 7, 22: 77; 97. ( 14 6) Ludlam, 4, 81: 1193; 02. C 1 4 7 ) McBain and Coleman, 83, 15: 27; 19. f 1 4 8 ) McBain and Taylor, 7, 76: 179; 11. ( 1 4 9 ) Mclntosh and Archibald, 62, 205: 120; 05. 7, 55: 150; 06. ( i s « ) Marckwald and Chwolles, 25, 31: 791 ; 98. (l 51 ) MascareUi and Musatty, 36, 41 I: 73; 11. (^ 2 ) Meldrum and Turner, 4, 93: 876; 08. ( 153 ) Meldrum and Turner, 4, 97: 1605; 10. (*s 4 ) Meldrum and Turner, 4, 97: 1805; 10. (i 55 ) Meyer and Desamari, 25, 42: 2809; 09. C 1 56) Meyer and Jaeger, 25, 36: 1555; 03. < 1 S 7 ) Michael and Hibbert, 13, 390: 68; 12. ( 1 SS) Moles, 132, 10: 30; 12. ( 159 ) Moles, 7, 90: 70; 15. ( 161 ) Mulder, Schick. Verhandel. C 160) Moles and Gomez, 7, 90: 594; 15. Rotterdam, 1864: 90. ( 162 ) Muthmann, 25, 31: 1829; 98. (^ 3 ) Oddo, 36, 2911:330; 99. ( 1 6 4 ) Oddo, 36, 31II: 222; 01. C 1 6 5 ) Oddo, 36, 32 H: 107; 02. C 1 ««) Oddo, 36, 32 U: 123; 02. ( 1 ^ 7 ) Oddo and Serra, 36, 29 H: 318; 99. ( i 68) Oddo and Serra, 36, 29 H : 343; 99. C 1 6 9 ) Orndorff and Cameron, JJ, 17: 517; 95. ( 1 7 O) Orndorff and Terrasse, JJ, 18: 173; 96. ( 171 ) Orndorff, Terrasse and Morton, JJ, 19: 845; 97. ( 1 7 2 ) Oswald, o, 1: 32; 14. ( 173 ) Parizek and SuIc, 25, 26: 1408; 93. ( 1 7 4 ) Patrick, Hyden and Milan, 50, 29: 1004; 25. ( 1 7 «) Pfeiffer, 25, 47: 1580; 14. ( 175) Peddle and Turner, 4, 99: 685; 11. O 7 7 ) Piccini, 93, 8: 115; 95. ( 178 ) Prideaux and Green, 50, 28: 1273; 24. ( 179 ) Raoult, 6, 20: 297; 90 (iso) Riiber, 25, 34: 1060; 01. < 181 ) Rimini and Olivari, 36, 37 II: 227; 07. ( 182 ) Rosenheim and Liebknecht, 13, 308: 40; 99. ( 183 ) Rosenheim, Sehapiro and Italiener, 93, 129: 196; 23. ( 1 8 4 ) Rosenheim and Woge, 93, 15: 283; 97. ( 1 8 5 ) Rouyer, 34, 180: 1934; 25. ( 186 ) Rügheimerand Rudolfi, 13, 339: 311; 05. ( 1 8 7 ) Rupp, 7, 53: 693; 05. ( 188 ) Sakurai, 4, 61: 989; 92. ( 189 ) Salvadori, 36, 26 I: 237; 96.

(Ï90) Schaefer and Hein, 93, 100: 249; 17. ( 191 ) van Scherpenberg, 70, 36. 346; 16. < 1 9 2 ) Schlamp, 7, 14: 272; 94. O» 3 ) Scholl and Berblinger, 25, 36: 3427; 03. ( 194 ) Schroeder, 93, 44: 1; 05. ( 19 S) Schroeder and Steiner, 52, 79: 49; 09. ( 19 «) Sidgwick, 4, 117: 396; 20. ( 1 9 7 ) Skinner, 4, 61: 339; 92. ( 198 ) Sluiter, 64P, 17:1036; 15. ( 199 ) Smits, 7, 39: 385; 01. ( 2 OO) Snethlage, 7, 90: 1; 15. ( 2 Oi) Speyers, 60, 1: 766; 96. ( 2 OZ) Steiner, Diss., Giessen, 1906. ( 203 ) Stobbe and Posnjak, IS, 371: 287; 09. ^204) Timofeev, 63, 35: 644; 03. ( 2 OS) Tinkler, 4, 95: 921; 09. ( 2 o«) Tollens, 25, 48:489; 15. ( 2 O 7 ) Trautz and Anschütz, 7, 56: 236; 06. ( 2 o») Trilling, Diss., Erlangen, 1895. ( 2 o») Turner, 4, 97: 1184; 10. (210) Turner, 4, 99: 880; 11. ( 211 ) Turner and Bissett, 4, 105: 1777; 14. (212) Turner and English, 4, 105: 1786; 14. ( 213 ) Turner and Pollard, 182, 29: 349; 13. ( 214 ) Turner and Pollard, 4, 105: 1751; 14. ( 21 S) Vandenberghe, 93,10: 47; 95. ( 21 «) Virtanen, 13, 424:150; 21. ( 2 1 7 ) Waentig, 7, 68: 513; 09. ( 218 ) Waentig and Pescheck, 7, 93: 529; 19. ( 2 1 9 ) Waiden, 25, 32: 2862; 99. (220) Waiden, 7, 55: 281 ; 06. (221 ) Waiden, 26, 39: 658 ; 06. (222 ) Waiden, 7, 75: 555; 10. ( 2 2 3 ) Waiden, J34, 8: 1161; 14. ( 2 2 4 ) Waiden, 134, 9: 233; 15. ( 2 2 5 ) Waiden, 134, 9: 509; 15. C 2 2 «) Waiden, 134,9: 1021; 15. ( 2 2 7 ) Waiden, 134, 9: 1485; 15. ( 2 2 8 ) Waiden, 7, 94: 295; 20. ( 2 2 ») Waiden and Centnerszwer, 7, 39: 513; 02. (230) Waiden and Centnerszwer, 7, 55: 321 ; 06. (231 ) Walker and Lumsden, 4, 73: 502; 98. ( 2 32) Wallace, 4, 7: 77; 55. ( 233 ) Walther, 25, 37: 78; 04. (234) Washburn and Read, J, 41: 729; 19. ( 235 ) Wedekind, 7, 45: 235; 03, (236) Weitz and Nelken, 13, 425:187; 21. ( 237 ) Weitz, Roth and Nelken, 13, 425: 161; 21. ( 238 ) Werner, 93, 15: 1; 97. ("9) Woelfer, Diss., Halle, 1894. 8, 57: 91; 96. ( 24 O) Zeisel and Stocket, 57, 34: 1327; 13. ( 241 ) Baker, 135, 36: 203; 77. (242) Brauner, 182, 17: 65; 01. ( 2 4 3 ) Bredig and Joyner, 9, 24: 285; 18. (244) Farmer, 4, 83: 1440; 03. ( 24 S) Hantzsch and Caldwell, 7, 61: 227; 07. ( 2 4 6 ) Herz and Knoch, 93, 46: 460; 05. ( 2 4 7 ) Hutchinson and Pollard, 4, 69: 212; 96. ( 2 4 8 ) Jost, 25, 39: 4327; 06. ( 2 4 9 ) Konovalov and Plotnikov, 53, 31: 1020; 99. (250) Kremers, 8, 99: 25; 56. (2 s o. 5) Kurovski, 25, 43: 1078; 10. ( 2 Si) Lobry de Bruyn and Jungius, 70, 22: 421; 03. ("2) Matignon, 34, 133: 289; 01. ( 2 53) Muthmann and Nagel, 25, 31: 2009; 98. ( 2 5 4 ) Naumann, 25, 43: 313; 10. ( 2 5 S ) Nernst and Hohmann, 7, 11: 352; 93. ( 2 56) Rosenheim and Levy, 25, 40: 2166; 07. ( 2 ST) Rosenheim and Stadler, 93, 49: 1; 06. ( 2 5 9 ) Schlenk, 13, 394: 178; 12. (261) Schmidlin, 25, 45: 3171; 12. (262) Stolba, 52, 90: 193; 63. (2« 3 ) Strömholm, 7, 44: 63; 03. (263.5) Tanatar and Kurovski, 53, 40: 580; 08. (264) Timmermans, 28, 20: 16; 06. (265) Vandenberghe, 186, 1899: 657. (266) Vandenberghe, 186, 1900: 206. (267) Vandenberghe, 186, 1903: 908. (268) Vandenberghe, 186, 1904: 821. (269) Vorländer and Schilling, 25, 32: 1876; 99. (270) Waiden, Molekulargrössen von Elektrolyten in nichtwässerigen Lösungsmitteln. Dresden and Leipzig, Steinkopff, 1923. (271 ) Werner and Gubser, 25, 34: 1579; 01.

P-T-Z RELATIONS FOR SYSTEMS OF TWO OR MORE COMPONENTS AND CONTAINING TWO OR MORE PHASES (L-V, L1-Ln-V AND S-L-V SYSTEMS) F. C. KRACEK CONTENTS Two-component systems. Non-aqueous. Aqueous. Systems containing three or more components. Non-aqueous. Aqueous. ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS L (resp. Li, LII) Liquid phase.

MATIÈRES Systèmes à deux constituants. Systèmes non-aqueux. Systèmes aqueux. Systèmes ayant plus de deux constituants. Systèmes non-aqueux. Systèmes aqueux. ABRÉVIATIONS ET SYMBOLES L (resp. Li, Lu) Phase liquide.

S Solid phase. V Vapor phase. M % Mole %.

S Phase solide. V Phase vapeur. M % Pourcentage moléculaire. C g de B/100 g H2O. crit. Point critique, max. Maximum. XB Fraction moléculaire de B. m Valeurs dans les régions métastables. E Point eutectique. U Température de transformation ou point de fusion incongruent.

C crit. max. XB

gB/100gH 2 0. Critical point, Maximum. Mole fraction of B.

m Values in the metastable regions. E Eutectic point. U Transformation temperature or incongruent melting point. t Saturated solution. Bold-face values indicate triple points. The crystal phases (Bodenkörper) are indicated on the central line and apply to all the succeeding values until a new phase is indicated.

t Solution saturée. Les chiffres en caractères gras sont des points triples. Les phases cristallines (Bodenkörper) sont indiquées sur la ligne centrale et se rapportent à toutes les valeurs successives, jusqu'à ce qu'une nouvelle phase soit indiquée.

TWO-COMPONENT SYSTEMS—N ON-AQUEOUS Standard Arrangement, v. p. vii i A = Argon; B = O 2 t = 82.10K (173) M %A

Liq. O 3.3 5.6 10.2

Vap. O 5.8 9.2 16

pmm

O2 I 300 290.5 283.5 269.8

M %A

A Liq. | Vap. O 13.6 20.6 17 92.7* 97.8 28.5 100 100 51.4 |

pmm

Q2 | A 260.0 67.5 9.0 411 O 411

* Satd. soin., solid phase, Argon.

A = Argon; B = N2 (168» i69) ; c/. (128) See also p. 284, 309 85.110K, Isotherm Wt. % B pmm Wt. % B pmm in system B. P. * Dew pt. 11 in system B. P. * | Dew pt. f O 6 0 2 . 8 6 0 2 . 8 6 o 7 3 Ï 3 7 9 10.0 747.5 74.05 1242 24.3 731.8 82.6 1562 31.5 1005 100 1743 1743 52.8 968 * Vapor space estimated as less than Y$ % of total volume. \ Estimated from p-v diagram.

INHALTSVERZEICHNIS Zweikomponenten Systeme. Nichtwässrige Systeme. Systeme mit Wasser. Systeme mit mehr als zwei Komponenten. Nichtwässrige Systeme. Systeme mit Wasser. ABKÜRZUNGEN UND ZEICHEN L (bezw. Li, LU) Flüssigkeitsphase. S Bodenkörper. V Dampf phase. M % Mole %.

INDICE PAQE Sistemi a due componenti. 351 Sistemi non acquosi Sistemi acquosi 361 Sistemi a più di due componenti. Sistemi non acquosi 374 Sistemi acquosi 376 ABBREVIAZIONI E SIMBOLI L (oppure LI, Lu) Fase liquida.

C g B/100 g H2O. crit. Kritischer Punkt, max. Maximum. ZB Molenbruch B.

C g di B/100 g H2O. crit. Punto critico, max. Massimo. XB Frazione molecolare di B. m Valori nelle regioni metastabili. E Punto eutettico. U Temperatura di trasformazione oppure punto di fusione incongruente. t Soluzione satura. I numeri scritti in nero indicano i punti tripli. Le composizioni delle fasi cristalline (Bodenkörper) sono riportate nella linea centrale, e ognuna si riferisce a tutti i valore che seguono fin dove si trova indicata una fase nuova.

m

Werte im metastabilen Gebiet. E Eutektischer Punkt. U Transformationstemperatur oder inkongruenter Schmelzpunkt. t Gesättige Lösung. Fettgedruckte Zahlen bedeuten Tripelpunkte. Die Bodenkörper sind längst der Mitte angegeben und beziehen sich auf alle folgende Werte bis zur nächst angegebenen Phase.

S Fase solida. V Fase gassosa. M % Percento molecolare.

Isobars 760 I 1000 | 1500 B. P., 0K 83.45 87.26 89.93 94.1s 81.42 85.25 87.98 92.32 78.65 82.40 85.06 89.29 75.8e 79.4l 81.95 85.9? 74.82 78.30 80.76 84.7o 73.94 77.35 79.7s 83.64 73.87 77.2s 79.7i 83.5? Dew points, 0K 24.3 81.79 85.46 88.04 92.1s 52.8 79.4l 82.9? 85.4o 89.33 74.05 77.22 80.66 83.Os 86.93 A = O 2 ; B = N 2 , see also Fig. 1 and p. 309 (219, 223, 297) Critical region Liquid boundary Vapor boundary M % A t, C ——; ——: • v, cm3/g I patm. V1 cmyg | patm. O -147.13 crit. 33.49 Air -150.12 25.04 23.6s -146.32 1.91 29.85 -144.35 1.98 32.5 -144.12 33.0 30.9 Wt. % B in system O 10 31.5 65.3 82.6 99 100

pmm = 500 I

A = O 2 ; B = N2, Critical region.—(Continued) Liquid boundary Vapor boundary M %A t, C ——; ——; v, cm3/g I patm. U 7 cm 3 /g| pai,m. Air -143.3s 34.0 5.32 32.0 -143.U 32.3 -142.35 2.17 35.3 33.5 -142.0 35.7 4.61 34.1 -141.35 2.28 36.5 35.3 -141.0 2.63 36.9 3.95 36.1 -140.9 2.67 37.1 3.82 36.4 -140.8 2.76 37.2 3.78 36.6 -140.7s crit. 2.86 37.2s 3.64 36.9 -140.63 max. 3.33 37.2 60.0 -140.95 0.00203* 30.1 0.00986* 27.7 -138.02 .00225 34.2 .00842 32.0 -135.95 .00245 37.4 .00735 35.0 • -134.50 .00266 39.5 .00645 37.6

Liquid boundary Vapor boundary —- : — : • Vj cmyg I patm. V1 cmyg [ patm. -133.Oo 0.00314 41.5 0.00514 40.5 -132.66 crit. .00358 41.9 .0046 41.3 .00366 41.9 -132.64 -132.64 .00455 41.5 -132.6l .00373 41.95 .0044 41.6 -132.61 -132.5s max. .00404 41.9 -128 0.00244* 42.2 0.00609* 40.9 -125.95 .00287 45.5 .00474 44.7 -125.75 .00307 45.7 .00448 45.1 -125.65 .00321 45.8 .00433 45.3s -125.60 crit. .00336 45.9 .00419 45.5 -125. 5s max. . 00375 45.85 -118.82 crit. 49.7 tj

M % A

50.0

75.0

100

C

* Volume of system referred to O0C and 1 atm. as unity.

Values of p in atm. and of MoI % O2 in coexisting liquid and vapor phases; C = MoI % O2 in vapor ( 66 > 67 > ^

p € p C p C p C

_

P C p C p C

-IR«* ns iw.u»

14 58

13 62

OQ

564

_

24.94 23.25 o.O 6.7s 31.94 29.75 0.0 7.5s

198.08 __iQ4. M -194.03

173.19

'

1

^*-*1

_ J

M %A

12 68

'

'

n 4g

11>76 17 54

21.63 13.52 27.69 14.8s

10t86 24 l7

20.Os 20.4s 25.73 22.20

V*

31.2 crit. 17.6 0.00277 20.3 .00312 22.0 crit. . 00363 22.7 22.7 23.3 max. 20.Oa 9.6 0.00296 11.4 .00318 12.5 crit. . 00337 14.0 14.0 15.4 15.4 16.3 max. 100.0 -118.82 crit.

I

jPatm.

V*

72.9 88.3 88.3 86.8

102.7 100.9 99.7

0.00796 .00683 .00599 .00345 .00554 .00469 0.00881 .00807 .00752 .00369 .00681 .00413 .00602 .00498

I

18.59 27.82 23.88 29.81

Patm.

66.2 72.0 76.4 85.5 78.7 82.8 65.3 69.4 72. 2s 97.6 76.8 94.9 82.1 89.2

49.7

* v = Volume of system referred to 20° and 1 atm. as unity.

A = O 2 ; B = Cu (132> 164> 02/2Cu inliq.* Cu

1 1 1 1 1

083 082 075 069 064

* Mole ratio.

+Ll O 0.00036 0.00516 0.00779 0.01516

pmm

339

>

393

> 421)

02/2Cu in liq.* Cu2O + Li 1 064 0.01560 1 096 0.0209s 1 119.2 1 129 0.02817 1 050.4 1 166 0.0403? t, 0C

1 184.6

9 96 31 5s

A = O 2 ; B = CO2, see also Fig. 2 (188, i«9) Critical region Liquid boundary Vapor boundary tj C i ~ i

O 10.5s

I1 0C

); cf. ( 40 >

128

>

389

)

M % Q2 in liquid O I 10 I 20 I 30 I 40 I 50 I 60 I 70 I 80 I 90 I 95 I 100 0.702 0.652l 0.601s 0.550s 0.4994 0.4474 0.393? 0.337s 0.277s 0.21Oe 0.138o g 54 12.Q4, 16.26 21.6s 29.02 40.Oe 58.9s 74.7s 100 OQ 2 6g 54g 1.214 1.126 1.038 0.9535 0.865i 0.7777 0.687s 0.5934 0.4944 0.386s 0.2687 77.74, 100.0 0() 304 6 2j} 96a 13 6g lg 3g 24 3s 32 3s 43 9s 62 gi 3.689 3.439 3.18e 2.931 2.674 2.414 2.152 1.886 1.613 1.331 1.033 0.0 3.86 7.9s 12.50 17.61 23.60 30.9o 40.1s 52.69 70.80 83.44 100 7.634 7.131 6.630 6.127 5.624 5.12o 4.61s 4.102 3.583 3.050 , 2.496 20.84, 27.6s 35.77 45.69 58.3s 75.4i 86.4e 100 OQ 4 6a 954 14 8g

o

I

173

pmm

0.028 0.035 0.041

-

40 Oa

9 066

-

17.17 35.7s 22.10 37.9i

8 172

5Q Og

15.76 44.6s 20.35 46.79

- 62 47

7 271

14.38 54.7s 18.65 56.81

-78 4o

6 357

'88 3o

12.99 66.76 16.95 68.47

5 415

-

1(K)0

11.60 81.39 15.24 82.49

90.09 90.7i

10.15 100 13.47 100

O2/2Cu J1 0C in Hq.* pmm Cu2O + Li + Luì 1 195 0.0918 1 195 0.4695 Cu2O + Ln 1 235 0.500 0.6 „ /0.5162 Ì 1231 3 ' \ 0.5256 } °'95 1 230.1 1.03 1 233.8 1.54 1 221.8 3.5 1 211.7 9.8 1 206.0 0.5544 1 201.8 0.5616 1 200.8 16.5 1 196.9 22.2 1 185.4 33 1 183.0 0.574s 1 175.1 57.4 1 154.6 92.0 1 153.3 89.0 1 150.0 115.5 1 150.0 0.599 107 1 144.7 127.0 1 139.9 167.7 1 134.8 157.1 1 131.3 219.7 1 123.0 205.5 1 120.0 0.617 220 1 109.2 257 1 109.0 0.6271

I O2/2Cu in liq.* pmm Cu2O + Lu 1 100.3 302 1 096.5 314.5 1 091.9 344.5 1 090.1 387.5 1 088.5 353.5 1085.5 393 1 085.3 361 1 084.2 373.5 1 081.2 0.6369 Cu2O + CuO -f Ln 1 080.2EI (0.638) | 402.5 CuO +Lu 1 083.8 450 1 088.7 512 1 089.5 0.6422 1 092.6 601 1 096.4 671 1 097.2 722 1 105.7 939 1 107.8 0.6715 1 119.0 1 258 1 120.0 0.675 1 320 1 120.5 0.678 1 130.0 1 716 1 135.8 2 020 1 150.0 0.699 3 280 1 160.0 0.724s 1 171.0 6 700 1 193.0 0.734s

* Mole ratio.

* Mole ratio.

t, 0C

A - O 2 ; B = Cu.-(Continued) ! O2/2Cu O2/2Cu I1 0C I ialiq.* pmm t, 0C in liq.* pmm GmO +- LII Unsaturated solutions 1 204.4 16 090 1 080.7 0.638 406.5 1210.6 24150 1081.5 0.638 412 1 216.5 ©.7585 1 085.0 0.638 435 1 225.0 0.7705 1 120 0.649 482 1 232.5] 44 700 1 150 0.635 389 * Mole ratio. Î The composition ,of the immiscible . ,., .,, , liquids changée .but, slightly with ternpera ture, the cfcange being in direction toward iacreased mutual solubility as temp, increases. Two liquid layers persist above 1400°.

1 I50 i i en

. . . J i

Y0I %B

4.99

1 1OU

Q. 651 832 n «*7Q 1i rtl7/ /icvr -_.

U. UiO

44S

A = H 2 ; B = CO2 ( ): Critical region ~ ~ L i q u i d boundary Vapor boundary ÌJ

V*

15.3 0.00253 21.5 .00288 26.8 .00381 27.1 crit. .00404 2T.3 27.3 27.5 max. 10.06 16.9 22.8 24.2 crit. 0.00372 25.0 25.0 26.45 max. 20.1 15.35 20.9 22.2 22.8 max. 0.0 31.2 crit. 100.0 -239.9 crit.

I

Patm.

102.9 100.0 93.2 91.8s

114.3

V*

0.01105 .00851 .00582 .00560 .00425 .OJ0537 .00478 0.00940 .00686 .00623 .00410 .00563 .00468 0.00877 .00632 .00595 .00498

I

Patm.

57.2 67.9 81.7s 83.0 90.5 84.6 87.4 67.8 83.2 87.9 108.4 92.9 101 79.1 101.5 106.4 120

72.9 12.8

* v — Fraction of normal volume (O0C, 1 atm.). A = Cl2; B = I2 (38, 324, 380, 431)

L + V, values of total vapor pressure, mm Vapor composition || Liquid composition B 30 64 80 r^\T° 46.5 49.8 50.3 52.7 1 ^r> ^°° c, L^ ^-^ MTO v.. ÏÔ Î3 Ï4~ 597ë 52TÖ 20 25 24 22.5 56.7 51.8 25 43.5 31 51.1 50.7 27.5 51 36.5 50.0 49.0 47.9 30 45 42.5 40 45.4 31.2 40 72 45.3 35.2 50 119 44.2 29.8 60 191 38.6 11.4 70 299 80.3 454 90.4 660 96.6 I 808 Saturated solutions , o r , M %B M %B or, li *' L jVap. Pmm ^ L |Vap. Pmm Cl2 (crys.) ICl3 (crys.) -102 I O I O 1 100 11 710 ICl3 (crys.) 96 29.2 +30 0.1 95.4 8 HO 42.5 0.7 90.4 5 190 60.5 1.0 89 33.1 75 2.1 85.3 3550 94 7.9 78.7 2 285 101 26.0] 12 170

A = €!2; B = I 2 : Saturated cc M %B ~ *> ° L |Vap. ymm ICl3(Crys.) 73.6 37.6 10.3 70.1 1 185 64.1 773 60 39.2 12.5 571 50 296 40 42.2 19.2 147 30 44.2 29.8 72 25 49.5 22.7 45.7 36.4 42 20m 46.1 ICl3+a-ICl 22.4E| 4e 36.s| 40.5 a-ICl 25 47.4 40.8 41.5 26 41 27.2 50.0 49.0 39 27.1 36 26 31 24 27 22.5 24.5 20 54.4 21.0 t

solutions.—(Continued) ~Z M %B j *> ° L IVap.j Pmm «-Id 15 56.81 51.8 16.0 13.5 14.3 10 59.21 f 12 «-IC1 +I 2 7.9E| 60.3| 52.Ij 11 2 * ll 2 10 6 6 ^ 64 9 20 15 ' ° 25 30

20

67

-l 68.9 71.4 78.1 90.9 100.0100 I0-C1 12.Om 47.6 13.9m 50.0 7.0m 54.3 0.9m 58.1

25 43 63

40 50 70 100 114.3

j i >100 j 91 ; '

A = Cl2; B = COCl2 (303) Vapor pressures of 71.7 Wt. % B solution t, 0C Patm

-15 -10 -5 5 +5 10 Î5 20 25 30 j 35 40" 1 1.32 1.63 1.9? 2.332.72 3.U3.60 4.094.62J5.22 5.8s

A = HCl; B = C2H6, Ethane (323) Retrograde condensation of first kind takes place in region between critical point and point of max. temp, of each mixture. The form of the critical curve is analogous in all respects to that of system N2O + C2H6 (see Fig. 9). The C2H6 employed showed a condensation range of 1.4 atm. at 21.40C, owing to presence of unknown amount of impurities.

M %A

I1 L-

O 28.6

31.9 crit. 14.5 21.3 25.4 274|cnt. ( max. 14.0 21.3 25.4 27 3 lent. [ max. 14.1 21.2 25.4 30.2 30.5 crit. 30.6 max. 13.7 21.3 25.4 30.2 41.5 43.1 crit. 43.3 max. 51.3 crit.

Critical region Liquid boundary ; V*

38.3

59.6

86.8

100

0.0065 0.0034s .0038s .0043s ^8 0.0033 .00355 .0038 0()54

I

Patm.

48.9 44.5 51.1 55.2 57

Vapor boundary ; V*

0.0142 .0112 .0095 Q058

I

Patm.

42.2 49.0 53.8 57

45.5 0.0137 42.0 53.1 .0106 51.6 57.6 .0084 56.4 ^4 59 3 593

0.0028 .0031 .0034 .0042 .0048

46.9 54.0 58.9 65.1 65.4

0.0134 .0107 .0092 .0062

45.8 53.4 58.4 64.8

0.0021 .0023 .0024 .0025 .0031 .0042

42.1 50.0 54.4 59.9 75.3 77.5

0.0173 .0139 .0123 .0109 .0072

65.3 40.4 47.8 52.7 58.2 74.2

0.0039

81.6

77.3

* v = Volume referred to volume at 0° and 1 atm. as unity.

A = HCl; B = C2H6O, Methyl ether, critical phenomena (215) A = HCl; B = C 6 H 7 N, Aniline For vapor pressure of solutions saturated with the compound, AB(ISl to 190°), v. (37, 232). For L-V isotherm 200°, v. (37).[

Liquid boundary Vapor boundary ' v, cm3/g I patm. v, cmVg I patm. 78.4 1.774 89.5 7.72o 49.6 83 2.002 92 6.85l 57.2 A = Br 2 ; B = I2 ( 38 » 21 °» 438) 86crit. 2.319 93 5.91o 63.5 88 5.530 68.4 Atomic % B Atomic % B 88 2.291 93.4 *, 0C L I V t, 0C L V pmm Pmm 89.6 4.897 71.8 Unsaturated solutions 151 70 48.5 770.1 89.6 2.400 93.2 50.2 25 331 159.4 80 50.3 757.8 91.4 4.500 75.1 40 192 173.5 90 65.2 760.5 91.4 2.58l 92.1 50 8.2 86 187.5 100 100 771.7 93.4 max. 86 58 37.9 46 Solid solutions satd. with Br2 60.0 66.4 1.367 68.1 15.25 28.4 100 100 3.5 19 32.5 83 70.8 1.402 70.0 13.68 30.8 92.8 50 372 23 35.9 85.8 76.0 1.45s 76 11.53 35.8 60 18.8 206.7 25 35.9 85 81.0 l.Slo 81.4 10.Ii 40.5 70 27.7 160.5 31 43.6 79.5 92 1.653 88.6 7.4o 53.3 80 35.7 113 36 47.1 64.1 98 1.831 92 6.114 61.4 100 100 30.7 40.4 50 48.2 102 2.188 93.4 5.43e 66.6 58.7 O O 771.2 Solid solutions satd. with I 2 106.5crit. 2.509 94.2 4.794 73.6 61.2 5 771.2 40.4 50.5 48.2 108.2 4.115 79.5 72.7 20 2.08 759.3 42 51.4 45.4 108.2 2.68s 93.1 104.3 47.2 8.25 756.3 44.3 54.7 42.7 110 3.54s 85.8 126 52 27.1 750 47.9 60.4 54.6 110 3.18s 89.6 134.9 55 772.6 50 60.4 56.7 110.3 max. 87.5 145.4 60 42.9 768.8 100 92.9 >200 70.9 61.5 1.232 55.6 21.59 20.4 72.5 1.287 61.8 16.2i 26.4 A = HBr; BI = SO2; B2 = H2S L + V, O to 100% B, -30 to -8O0C (426) 81.4 1.311 68.6 12.71 32.4 92.0 1.372 77.0 10.14 39.4 A = I 2 ; B1 = S; B2 = Se; B3 = Te (175, 459) 102.8 1.511 84.0 7.514 51.2 A = HI; B = H2S 113.0 1.762 89.8 5.72e 62.8 L -f V, Q to 100% B, -30 to -8O0C (426) 119.5crit. 2.489 90.8 4.33i 73.4 A = SO 2 ;B = C0 2 ,seeaZsoFig.3andp.285(6i> 8 5> 87 > 88 » 8 ^ 90 » 91 ) 120.6 3.88s 79.2. L -h V, critical region 120.6 2.553 90.4 Wt. Liquid boundary Vapor boundary 122.5 max. 85.5 81.4 71 1.12s 48.8 19.10 21.4 % ' V, Cm /g I Patm. V Cm /g I Patm. 80 1.22i 54.5 15.30 25.5 O 31.2crit. 1 2.24 72.9 1 2.24 72.9 94 1.319 63.2 10.85 34.6 10.35 26 1.62l 61.4 8.65s 45.2 104 1.38s 70.2 8.88 42.0 32 1.88l 69.4 7.09 54.2 114 1.41s 77.4 7.05 51.2 37 2.055 74.6 5.357 63.5 124 1.68 84.8 5.34s 62.8 39crit. 2.224 75.8 - 4.74s 69.4 132crit. 2.204 86.6 3.907 75.8 40.4 max. 73.5 133.6 3.579 79.4 15.7 22 1.491 50.9 14.91 28.7 133.6 2.46e 86.0 27 1.506 56.3 12.53 33.6 134.6 max. 84 36.4 1.714 67 8.76s 45.7 91.1 81 1.12s 40.4 18.40 21.4 46 1.963 76.5 5.98s 60.4 92 1.178 46.5 13.73 27.7 48.3crit. 2.232 79.6 5.283 65.6 102 1.216 52.2 10.9s 33.8 49.8 5.034 67.4 123.5 1.365 69.0 6.81 50.8 49.8 2.461 80.7 133 1.483 75.2 4.94 62.3 52.1 max. 77 143 2.166 80.6 3.715 74.5 33.2 33.2 1.356 56.6 23.38 20.9 145.4crit. 2.192 81.4 3.20 78.0 44.5 1.45s 69.5 14.21 31.2 146.2 max. 80.4 54.4 1.613 77.8 10.19 41.6 100.0 157.2crit. 2.0? 78.2 2.07 78.2 65.3 1.982 87.8 7.02s 56.4 A = SO2; B = C2H6, Ethane, see Figs. 4 and 5 ( 282 ) 68crit. 2.247 88.6 6.167 61.9 70 5.73s 66.2 A = SO2; B = CH3Cl, Methyl chloride, see also Fig. 6 ( 86 > 88> 8V 70 2.377 90 91, 92, 216) 72 5.244 70 Critical region 72 2.509 89.8 Vol. Liquid boundary | Vapor boundary or, 74.2 4.420 78.2 % ' V, Cm /g I p . I V, Cm /g ! p t . 74.2 3.003 88 75 max. 84 O 141.5 73.0 47.1 46.2 1.3U 59.6 20.3 2 21.8 25.0 100 1.562 33.0 12.42 31.3 56.8 1.495 68.9 14.09 30.2 123 1.762 48.1 7.87 46.3 70.4 1.604 82.2 9.964 41.6 127 1.808 51.6 7.17 49.0 A

3

Wt. %A 47.1

3

9

A

3

3

atm

a m

A = SO2; B = CH8Cl: Critical region.—(Continued} Vol. Liquid boundary Vapor boundary %A [ V9 cm3/g I patm. v, cmVg | patm. 25.0 129 1.844 51.8 7.03 50.4 136.8 1.950 59.0 5.48 57.8 137.3 2.091 60.8 5.264 58.3 141.5 2.232 64.5 4.206 61.4 144.5crit. 2.443 66.2 3.854 64.5 145.8 max. 6e 37.5 123 1.682 49 8.29 45.2 135 1.760 58 5.87 54.8 140 1.903 63.4 5.12 60.8 145.5 max. 2.26 67.0 50.0 95.0 1.381 30.8 14.62 26.8 110 1.468 39.4 10.72 36.0 123.6 1.556 48.5 7.71 46.3 132* 1.676 55.6 5.71 55.6 138.8 1.820 61.2 5.25 59.6 141 1.995 62.8 4.95 60.9 144.4 2.054 66.4 4.66 64.0 146crit. 2.083 67.4 4.19 64.6 147.2 max. 66.5 62.5 115.5 1.381 40.6 9.00 38.2 128 1.481 48.5 6.93 47.4 137.5 1.615 . 56.2 5.66 54.8 145 1.782 63.2 4.52 62.2 loOcrit. 1.982 69.4 3.52 68.0 75.0 109 1.277 38.5 10.77 35.2 122 1.332 45.4 7.73 44.5 137 1.471 55.8 5.65 55 143* 1.582 61.3 4.51 61.3 146.5 1.692 66.2 3.71 65 151 1.969 70.6 3.44 69 152crit. 2.025 71.4 3.41 70.2 153 max. 71.4 87.5 112.4 1.296 40.3 9.14 36.5 132 1.390 54 6.13 50.6 144.5 1.547 64.7 4.62 61.4 148 1.610 67.2 4.08 65.8 94.5

100

155.5Ìcnt' ( max. 123 136 149 152 155.8crit. 157.2

2.49

74.2

1.274 47.8 1.375 58 1.579 69.5 1.680 71.8 2.16 78.4 78.2

2.49 74.2 7.60 5.57 3.94 3.28

44.8 55.2 68.2 70.8

A = H2S; B = NH3.—(Continued) t, °C

41.5 45.6 50.3 50.5 55 59.9 61.1 63.1 64.8 65 65.1 70.3 70.6 75 77.8 79.4 85.7

|M % NH8|

Patm.

75.4 86.2

3.4*

3.8* 4.3

103.Ot

89.7 91.9 93.9

39.7

80.6 5.7 6.3*

41.2 41.4

|M % NH 3 I

Patm.

7.42

72.7

3.7 3.3 3.4 3.45 3.5 4.6 4.3 4.4

70.9 J

16.5 20.2 23.3 26.5* 28.4 30.7crit.

4.6 4.6

18.3 18.4 19.3 23 27 34 45 52 58 72 90 98 127 172

74.2 1.55s 1.628 1.704 1.817 1.93 .2.356

55.6 . 60.1 64.3 68.7 71.7 74.5

6.45s 5.70s 5.024 4.232 3.892 3.2I 3

1.59l 1.637 1.684 1.73 1.823 1.962 2.38?

54.9 57.6 61.6 63.6 69 72.2 74.7

1.587 1.630 1.674 1.76i

51.5 53.8 57.2 63.4

6.60 53.8 6.00 56.6 5.53 60.8 5.16 62.8 4.42 68.7 3.77 72.2 3.22 74.5 74.6 7.66 50.6 6.70 52.8 6.17 56.2 5.26 62.6

30.8 max. 2.9

patnT"

* These points lie near the threephase line in Li-V region. J First critical endpoint.

30.9 max.

|M % NH3|

25 30 31.4 31.6 31.7 35.7 39.6

I9 °C

Tio^/ O 20 40 60 80 100 t, ^ ^-^. -24 70 110 170 268 460 865 -16 108 168 260 499 685 1250 - 8 172 262 398 623 1018 1785 O 266 400 600 925 1475 2480 + 8 396 590 882 1331 2075 3360 16 598 860 1270 1857 2825 4430 20 684 1040 1520 2130 3260 5000 A = N 2 O; B = CO2, see also Figs. 7 and 8 ( 88 > 9S) Critical region Wt. Liquid boundary | Vapor boundary % A [ V1 cm3/g I patm. I V9 cm3/g | p&tm. 0.0 31.2crit. 2.24 72.9 2.20 15.3 1.603 54.5 6.689 53.2 19 1.65s 58.7 5.933 57.9 23.2* 1.712 64.1 5.055 64.1 27.4 1.92l 70.3 4.055 70.1 30.8crit. 2.33 74.3 74.1

NH4HS + L n - J - V <20.0

_

17

65.6

H

~~~~^^ \X7> 07 A 0

4.0s

14.8

1.8

87.7 88.4 94.2 94.4 97.4 101.1 102.4

t, °C

Patm.

NH4HS + Lu + V 4.6 87.7 5.5 87.8 5.9 89.0 5.9 92.5 7.0 96 7.7 100 8.0 105 8.4 106.7 8.8 108.3 58.6 9 110.3 8.9 112.4 10.3 113.6 10.4 115.6 12 115.7 52.3 116.5 13.7

A - H2SO4; B = NH 3 For diagrams and tables of melting and boiling points, v. ( 177 ). A = N 2 O 3 ; B = N 2 O 4 (256) Values of pmm

A = SO2; B = Cu, System, L + V (387, 432) A = H2S; B = NH3 ( 259 > 349 > 350> 353> 4S1) NH4HS + Li + V

66.7

85

* Azeotropic indifferent point.

J9 °C

|M % NH3|

21.3

16.2 18.6 21.4 23 26.6 29* 30.7crit. 30.8 max. 13.6 15.3 18.3 23

54.7 59.6 63.6 68.7 71.5 74.3

74.4

Wt. % A

21.3

A = N 2 O; B = C2H6^ Ethane: Critical region.—(Contimted) Vol. Liquid boundary | Vapor boundary

A = N 2 O; B = CO 2 : Critical region.—(Continued] Liquid boundary | Vapor boundary I

'

V1 Cm3/g I

Patm.

%B

25 26.4 29

1.805 1.875 2.006

66.1 68.1 72.0

4.78 4.51 3.90

65.8 67.8 71.7

76

2.666

75.8

3.31

75.8

1.580 1.59s 1.74s 1.77s l.Slo 1.869 1.96s 2.13s 2.76?

51.0 54.3 59.6 64.0 66.7 69.9 72.8 75.7 76.8

7.36 6.70 5.88 5.22 4.77 4.33 3.74 3.11

1.664 1.71l 1.758 1.805 1.852 1.947 2.13s 2.89

51.9 54.4 59.8 64.1 66.8 69.8 74.1 75.8

1.578 1.647 1.667 1.769 1.884 2.038 2.268

51.0 57.4 61.0 63.9 67.1 72.0 74.5

2.39

71.9

31.2/ cnt> I max. 14.2 51.6 17.1 21.3 24.2 26 28.4 30.2 32.2 33crit. i 33.1 max. 81.1 16.4 18.8 23.4 26.4 28.5 30.8 33.4 34.4crit. 34.5 max. 91.9 16.5 22 25.1 27.5 30 33.5 35.2crit. 35.3 max. 100 36.0crit.

ffatm.

I V, Cm3/g I

49.6 53.1 58.4 62.8 65.7 69.0 71.9 75.0 76.5 76.7 7.51 49.8 6.94 52.5 5.91 58.4 5.15 63.0 4.82 65.9 4.30 69.2 3.03 73.7 75.5 75.6 7.56 48.9 6.25 55.5 5.72 59.2 5.10 62.8 4.64 65.9 3.95 71.1 3.34 73.6 74.3

O 18

25

43

55

36crit. 2.8s 11.8 19.1 23 . 29.8 max. 5.4 13.2 18.3 22.2 26.9 27.6crit. 28.2 max. 9.8 14.3 20.5 24.6

/

C

,

1 max.

patm.

I

V*

I

Pat^

A = N H 3 5 B = (NHOs(«s,244) t, 0C

-77.6

.UUoU

.0060

I Wt.

%B I

NH3 O

56.1

.0060

56.1

I

V*

I

P»tm.

32.9 0.0217 31.3 38.5 .0173 37 44.0 .0140 42.2 47.0 .0118 45.8 51.1 .0092 50.3 52.2 .0083 51.6 52.6 .0066

52.6

48.8

45.8

M % B

or f41.2 f'Ü 8.5 NH3 + (NH 2 ) 2 -8oE I 13.0 I 38.0

-75

~675 -«° -55

-Z

S:'

320

~«K ™

ìl'l fo o

Üan tu,

Values of pmm 0° 1 10° j 20°

O 3 2 2 Ï

19

54

240 lS lì '« Î? 2 9 4 ^ ^ 34.0 198

~S ~2fi

.

^

A = NH3; B = NH4NO3 (130, 158, 190, 224)

'

4612

150

2Q

13Q

21

129g

Il

S

24

104

1S91

25 26

* 975 910

27

850

> 1489 1395! 1309i

»

™

J2J* ;

30 31

32

6429

108 ° 15Sl 101 ! 1492

694 65

61°

S 140s 962

-f

SI Sì Sl S? ll'l

617

33 34

~n5 ~23 -Jf

SS'o 72'0 f-°

f £ 652

S

W

36 37

467 ^9

1126 749 7071067

-2Î

MÎ

669

n

«'S

~?n

If n

-19 -18

flSfl ÎI«

76.9 680 78.1 683 max. 7 QQ /y.o

AQQ ooo

80.5 682 81.6 679 QO Q

84.0 85.1 86.2 87.4 89.6 91.9 94.0 96.2 98.2 100.0

°

574

540

3

A = NH 3 ; B = NH4N3 (75) «, 0C I Wt. % A I pmm NH4N3.2NH3 -33 I 59.5 I 43.6 NH4N3. (?) O I 51 I 149.5

897 844

1331 1259

79

119(

S

424

6

39

40

ß32

40

377 5

^ ., J

O '

or7

4

^

5

"i

«si 5^

^ ^ KI/i

,,0

4

514

J

45

*' °° °

>

10U 959 911

«AC S TOO

If. 709

A7Q

665 655 640 620 575 510 420 320 175 3.2

58.4 36.9 0.0195 35.6 41.1 .0164 40.0 48.1 .0126 47 55.5 .0084 54.9

p.tm.

pmm

~~IU -79

71.9 — IT 17 -16 35.6 0.0205 35.3 43.9 .0143 43.6 -15 "14. 51.8 51.5 -13 .0031 56.6 .0094 56.4 -12 .0052 65.3 -11 0.0027 38.1 0.0177 37.5 .0029 45.6 .0131 45.1 -10 -8.0031 51.2 .0111 50.5 -6 .0032 55.6 .0094 55.1 -4 .0038 >61.4 .0066 <61.4 -2 .0043 >62.9 .0065 <62.9 O .0046 63.4 +1.8 0.0030 0.0150 40.6 45.6 .0130 44.1 .0035 52.3 .0096 51.8 .0041 57.0 .0073 56.7 0.0047 0.00265 .0029

26.05 ( Crit* ( max. 6.4 0.0036 11.3s .0038 18.4 .0043 25.4 26.05

I

I

27.9< Cnt* .0066 ( max. 32crit. I .0064

100

A = N 2 O; B = C2H6, Ethane, see also Fig. 9 (212, 213, 214) Critical region Vol. Liquid boundary Vapor boundary V*

V*

0.0035 .0038 .0041 .0043 .0048 .0053

* v => Volume referred to O0C and 1 atm. as unity.

* Azeotropic indifferent point.

% B

^

5.2s 12.4 18.4 22 26 27.2

I

* Pmm

NH4NO3 3 ^'8 510 5 '

I

M

%

B

«-I ^-! 4 20 706 ^' 1 A = NH3; B ^NH 4 Br (24, 31) *, 0C I pnxm i C NH4Br.3NH3 8.7m | 1140 | 192 NH4Br.NH3 -10m 405 208 -5 m 512 212 Om 635 215 +5 m 780 218 NH4Br.NH3 + NHJBr.SNHs 6.5U| 815 j 218.5 NH4Br.NH3 10 942 j 220 15 1130 226 20 1350 230 25 1590 235 10

A <= NH 3 ; B = C8HiO, m-Xylene Values of p in atm. (99» 2Q4, 329) ^>-\[°

h ^

A

O

^^-^

7.83 9.82 11.8 13.8 14.8 16.8 19.8

0.00303 0.00346 0.00397 0.00450 0.00480 0.00546 0.00663

10

15

20

25

30

40

50

2.05 2.17 2.24 2.35 2.40 2.52 2.66

2.96 3.09 3.20 3.36 3.43 3.61 3.82

3.64 3.82 3.99 4.18 4.29 4.49 4.79

4.17 4.39 4.60 4.82 4.96 5.20 5.57

4.56 4.82 5.07 5.33 5.49 5.76 6.19

5.07 5.39 5.70 6.03 6.17 6.54 7.08

5.38 5.71 6.06 6.42 6.58 6.98 7.61

.

"B

30

4

O 35 36 37 38

874911658 789 726 672 622

°

t, 0C

^

"B

30

40

39 40 41 42 43

575 533 494 457.5 425.5

°

°

30

%B

°

44 45 46 47 48

790 735 683 636

*"

395.5 368.5 344.5 322.5

593 554 518 485 456

pmm I M % B A = CO2; B = CaO.-(Cont'd) NH4CNS t, 0C I p, mHg |Wt. % B* O 105 42.3 CaCO3 10 165.2 43.3 1306.4 157.4 20 235.3 44.9 1314.0 193.8 rì>\%A 60 70 80 90 92.5 95 97.5 100 t, ^ ^^ 30 322 47.0 1324.2 449.0 7.83 5.50(56.8-93.6%)* 5.51 5.55 5.63 40 407 49.8 1325.0 426.0 9.82 5.87(60.4-92.2%)* 5.89 5.94 6.03 1334.7 798.8 6.236.26(64.5-90.4%)* 6.27 6.29 6.35 6.46 11.8 A = NH 3 ; B = Hg(CN) 2 1336.1 779.0 13.8 6.62 6.68*t 6.69 6.71 6.74 6.79 6.90 t = O0C (71) 1338.9 779.0 14.8 6.80 6.90 6.92 6.93 6.94 6.97 7.02 7.14 Wt. % NH 3 Pmm * Free CaO. 7.23 7.34 7.38 7.39 7.39 7.42 7.49 7.62 16.8 20.72* 1067 A = COCl2, Phosgene; B = AlCl3 20.93 1098 (143) 19.8 I 7.9l| 8.05 8.10 8.12 8.14 8.18 8.26 8.43 21

* Region of two liquid phases. Î 71-87.5 %.

C

Patm.

-33.5 -20 -10 O + 8 O 2 14 14.5*

I

~ Ll

j I

LlI

99.5

Io

1 1.8 2.8 4.35 5.53 5.90 6.32 6.75 6.86

-87

A

57.0 60.8 65.3 72.5 81

93.5 92.1 90.1 86.7

=

NW . R

o ftfi ft 63.66

(59)

A and B ia equimolar proportions. The pressures correspond to 2NH3 -f- C2H4(NH2.HC1)2 fc? C 2 H 4 (NH 2 )2 + 2NH4Cl + satd. soin. + V I1 0C , . . . [ -23 I -9.2 I O I 4-12.4J 16.8 pmm I 78-85 I 90-100 I 120-160 336 | 431 A - NH3; B = NH4CNS (69» 100, 129, iso, I3i) ValuesI of _ pmm

/O JJ O 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29

10°

3 221 4612 1 530 1 386 1 257 1 133 1 021 1 530 919 1 389 826 1 259 743 1 139 662 1 030 578 931 524 840 467 i 758 417.5 684 374 616 334.51 555

20°

6429

1 503 1 367 1 246 1 136 1 039 948 867

,T1-

% -P 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44

0°

10°

20°

301.5 500 793 273 452.5 728 247 410 669 224.5 372.5 613 204 342 562 186.0 315.5 516 170.2 290.5 474 156.4 260.5 435.5 144.0 240.5 401.5 132.9 222.5 369.5 123.5 206.5 341 114.7 192.1 315 106.9 179.7 291.5 168.3 270 250.5

3

T t N O ClOOi

wt % /RB ' ?* ~rC \I Wt.

A = NH3; B = C 2 H 4 (NH 2 -HCl) 2 , Ethylenediamine hydrochloride

O*

1257 1362 1445 1536 1615 322i

*Satd. with Hg(CN)2.2NH 3 .

* Critical solution point.

^1,

12Oo

22.36 23.4 24.33 25.20 26.Io 100.0

Three phase, L1 + Ln + V M %A t,

I

6366

i*Y 15.5 22.4 30.05

35 O LiNO3 -13.0 - 6.0 + 1.5 8 5 9.5

pmm

/0

^'

Pmm

*

O 5 10 15 20 25 30

A = NH 4 CI; B = PbCl2, TlCl, ZnCl2, CdCl2, CuCl, FeCl3 or LiCl(ISS)

25° 1406 1372 1335 1293 1243

462

1180

43

1107

°

35

394

1015

4()

354

897

,07 45 487.5« 627.4 JJ 818.1A—— = cocl

998 2 ' 239.3 259.9 321.9 382 9 392

0° 555 540 525 508 490

308 °

748 gj ! —

26

2i Phosgene; CaAl2Cl8 (144)

B=

Pmm

Wt. % B

°

25

555

14

5

551

139

10

547

1387

°

°5 <5

15 542.5 1377 20 537.5 1364 25 529.5 1342 30 510.0 1301 35* 469.0 1212 ^ OG m %ß CaAl2Cl8.2COCl2 (?) O 493 32 5

A ~ CO 2 ; B = CaO (62, 420) «, 0C I p, mHg [Wt. % B* CaC 3 ° 1240 30.0 9.2 1244.5 31.5

—7 -A—TT * Supersatd. solutions.

J26J;;

A = COCl. Phosgene; B =

1270.1 1275.6 1278.1

1296.0 1296.9 1304.8

gj;? 39.5 53.5 49.9 76.0 83.6 104.1 92.7 106.4 107.3 106.2 108.3

7.6 7.8 6.2 4.6 5.0

109.4

4.0

25

mo

33 ß

?S«£ t - ^5 Q Wt> % w cf B „ „Pmm t W t . /o 13 /?mm -r> 5 O 1405 35 1350 5 1404 40 1287 10 1402 45 1185 15 1400 50 1140 20 1397 55* 867 25 1391 60* 664 30 1378 * Supersatd. solutions.

A = COCl2; B = SrAl2Cl8.(Continued) *, 0C I pmm I Wt. % B 5SrAl2Cl8.9COCl2 25 I 950 I 52.3

A

™o, TO. BaAl 2 Cl 8 (I 42 )

*ÌM^°^'

t, C

I

pmm

r>

°-

I Wt. % 13

. Ll + Lu . . [ 1402 I 5o(Ln) 3BaAl2Cl8-SCOCl2 25 I 1340 I 5s

25

A = COCi2, Phosgene; B = NaAlCI4 (142) t = 25 C ° , ~ J W t . % w Wt. % B pmm pmm B O 1405 25 5 1402 30 10 1399 35 15 1396 40* 20 1391 —-^—i |W Nrirn 25 I 1285 4 |

A = Fe2O3; B = FeCl3 (48, 428, A = CO 2 ; B = C2H2, Acetylene Critical region (213, 214) 429) A = CO2; B = C2H6, Ethane, see also Fig. 10 (213, 214, 221, 222) t ±2°C| patm. \\t ±2°C|p a t m . FeCl3 + FeOa + y Critical region 253 0 045 291 0384 Vol. Liquid boundary Vapor boundary 255 0.051 292 0.408 % B I V* I ffatm. V* I Patm. 264 0.087 295 0.484 O 31.2 crit. 0.0044 I 72.9 266 0.100 299 0.603 15 10.3s 0.0028 49.45 0.0121 48.8s 273 144 30 617 16.0 .0030 56.32 .0098 55.72 275 oi63 3oi o676 23.2 crit. .0041 66.3 .0058 66.1s 283 Q 252 | 23.3s .0046 66.52 FeOCl + L + V 23.35 .0054 66.44 3 91 310 0 855 418 23.4 max. .0052 66.54 316 0 955 433 4 65 30 8.9s 0.0031 49.0? 0.0116 48.5s i 08 435 4.84 324 14.95 .0035 56.2s . 0 0 8 7 55.82 331 1.24 454 5.85 17.2s .0038 59.3 .0073 59.0 354 1.70 458 6.24 18.6s .0045 61.2 .0058 61.1 355 1>76 460 6 24 18.7s .0047 61.3 .005? 61.2 370 2l 480 7 77

1379 1354 1308 1240 ~ 40

* Supersatd. solution.

For A = other C-compounds, v. the (T-Table. A = CuS; B « CuSO4 (363)

° °-

392 2.83 492 8.88 403 3.31 493 9.1 417

3 85

FeOCl + Fe2O3 + V 436 1.42 466 3.02 439 1.66 472 3.63 443 1.73 475 3.80 444 1.83 483 4.57 456 2.32 488 5.24 458

2 56

502

7 08

4

3

5 4

733

f±2o c°3

^-+ FeOa

°

+

43

50

'

^ +y

110 I 5 X IO"8 FeCl3 + FeOCl (?) + L + V 305 | 0.81 FeOCl + Fe2O3 + L + V 525 | 11.7

(T-Table, The C-Arrangement A = CCl4, Carbon tetrachloride; boiling-point curve within each B = C2H6O, Ethyl alcohol constant total composition conValuesof pmm (377) -seealsop. 312 densation loop. The critical points (crit.) and maxim urn temWt. % A| 34.8° I 50° I 60° | 66° O 173 312 446 544 peratures (max.) are as follows: Vol. Patm. 2.57 221 413 601 741 7.02 225 428 630 780 % B *' U L I V 15.7s 226 430 637 788 O 31.2 crit. 72.9 21.3i 223 427 637 789 10.4 43 crit. 75.468 28.32 220 427 630 782 45 max. 74 41.7s 206 403 600 752 20.2 55.5 crit. 78 62 51.14 193 381 571 716 60 max. 75.5 56.13 187 369 554 700 32.2 70.7 crit. 80 62 60.94 179 355 534 677 74.5 max. 77 72.8? 156 317 487 614 40.4 80 crit. 84.563.5 79.9s 142 292 453 576 84 max. 77.5 89.7? 122 257 404 520 50.3 92.5 crit. 85 71.5 100.0 103 223 354 462 94.8 max. 79 61.8 102.3 crit. 85 69 A = CO 2 ;7 B = CH3Cl, Methyl 105 max. 80 chloride ( 2, 84, 88, 89, 91, 160, 161, 211, 214) ; see aiso p> 286 70.2 115 crit. 80 67 117.5 max. 76 This system resembles in all 80 124 crit. 75.567 particulars the system CO2—SO2 126 max. 74 (Fig. 3) and like the latter is 89.9 131 crit. 72 67 characterized by very consider133 max. 71 able pressure variation from 141.5 crit. 73 the dew-point curve to the 100

100

18.8{cnt* \ max. 8.95 0.0034 14.95 .0039 17.56 .0049

48.4s 0.0116 47.3 55.3 .0084 54.5 58.42 .0063 58.1s

17.62(cnt' [ max. 8.8 9.1 14.9s 17.5s 17.7s 17. 8s crit. 17.9 max. 32 crit.

47.5 0.0124 45.7 47.7 .0122 45.9s 54.1 .0090 52.9 57.2 .0068 56.6 57.2 .0066 56.9 57. Is . 0065 57.0 .0063 57.1 48.8

.0053

61.2s

.0058 0.0035 .0035 .0040 .0049 .0056 . 0061 0.0064

58.37

* v =• Volume referred to O0C and 1 atm. as unity.

Solutions saturated with CO2 (crys.) -80 1^TS "^ -67 I -65 -62.8 2.53 3.19 3.48 4.67 4.97 5.4 50 30

t, 0C patm M %B

A * CO2; B = C3H7NO2, Urethane (196,197, 198) Li + Ln + V Mixtures containing a suitable concentration of B (never exceeding 4%) exhibit (partial) liquid immiscibility up to the critical region. t, °C

26.0 27 28 29 30 31 32

I Patm.

H *, °C

63.1 64.5 65.8s 67.3 68.7s 70.3 71.8

I Patm.

33 73.4 34 75.0 35 76.6 36 78.2s 37 80.0 37.3* 80.5

* At this point the LI + LU + V curve intersects the critical curve of the system; critical endpoint.

A = CO2; B = C 4 Hi 0 O, Ethyl ether (348, 441, 442) L + V (critical phenomena) I Vapor Liquid Wt. % Wt. % A

Patm.

A

Patm.

0

35 C 14.6 25.9 36.6 46.6 50.2 54.2 59.2 75*

7.7 82.9 6 15.5 88.7 9 27 91.1 23 43.6 93.8 31 48.4 95.9 57 58 97.9 60 70 74 75* 74

6O0C 14.6 25.8 32.8 37.6 41.9 44.4 6s*

15.5 82.9 9 23 88.7 Is 48 91.1 46 58 68 77 85 6s* 8s

A = CO 2 ; B = C4Hi0O.— (Continued) Liquid I Vapor Wt. % Wt. % j^

Patm.

^

Patm.

0

15.1 22.0 27.1 31.2 36.6 5o*

10O C 58 69.4 67 82.9 77 88.7 £7 94 94 5o

22 4s 5s 94

* Critical point.

A = CO2 ; B = C6Hi2, Isopentane Critical phenomena (445) A= CO2; B= C6H3N3O7, Picric acid (139) A °C

Patm.

[ I *, °C

I"

Patm.

22.85

B (crys.) 59.7 31.9* 73.2

25.5 28.3 29.6 30.4 30.8 31.2 31.4 31.6

63.1 98.4 212.7 67.2 98.9 192.6 69.4 99.9 173.9 70.5 101.1 155.9 71.2 102.9 135.3 71.8 104.9 117.8 72.3 106.5 101.8 72.6 108.1 90.2

31.8

72.9 121.5t

* First critical endpoint (pure COz by same author 31.2°, 72.4 atm.); second critical endpoint unrealized. I Triple point of B.

A = CO2; B = C6H6NO2, Nitrobenzene (198) Li + Lu + V, critical region Two liquid phases exist- in this system in the neighborhood of the critical point of A under conditions satisfying van der Waals' criteria for double retrograde condensation (van der Waals-Kohnstamm "Thermodynamik," Vol. 2, p. 382/.). The phenomenon was not realized; approximate measurements are given for solutions up to 12.1 M % B. Between 9 and 12.1 M % B the threephase (Li + Lu -I- V) curve exhibits two critical points at CCL 29.9°, 67 atm. and 39.9°, 84 atm. respectively. The corresponding Lu + V curve is establishedroughlyto40°> IQlatm. A = CO 2 ; B = C6H7N, Aniline ( 359 ) t, °C

I Patm. [ I

t, °C

A = CO 2 ; B = C6H7N.(Continued) t, °C

O 0.95 2 5 7

33.3 35.7 38.1 40.8 42.5 44'.4

t, °C

15

17.5 18 Li + Lu + V

Metastable

I Patm.

Ln + V 11.6 21.7 13.5 26.7 15.5 34.6 15.9 36.4 17.1 43.8

9.7

17.6

48.3j

52

Stable

8.7 9.8s 10.0 10.9 11.5

41.8 42.8 43.2 43.9 44.8

11.8s

45.1 30.25 68.4

13.25 13.95

46.6 33.9 74.0 47.4 35.8 77.1

16.0

49.7 37.15* 79.5

19.7 54.1 20.7 55.4 21.5 56.3 25.15 61.1 * Quadruple point. ** Critical solution point. 26.3 62.7

16.95 50.8 17.8 51.8 18 52 AB + Li + Ln 18.0 I 52 [I 18.2 I 80 * Critical solution point.

A = CO 2 ; B = C7H9N, Toluidines (359) t, °C

Patm. Il t, °C

I Patm.

o-Toluidine

-7.5* -2.1 +0.3 3.9 7.3 9.5 ]1.8

Li + Lu + V 27.5 15.6 49.0 31.5 19.4 53.5 33.6 20.4 54.8 36.8 24.7 60.1 40.1 29.6 67.1 42.3 34.5 74.9 44.7 38.1** 80.8 Ttt-Toluidine

AB +Li + V -3.4 30.8 2.9 36.2 -0.2 33.4 4.7 37.7 + 1.9 35.3 5.7 38.6 AB + Ln + V -2.6 10.4 Il 2.9 23.1 +0.6 16.5 Il 5.0 31.5 Li + Ln + V 7.5 40.5 23.9 59.5 10.0

43.1 27.35 64.2

13.2 15.5

46.4 30.3 68.5 49.2 33.7 73.8

18.0 20.9

52.1 35.85 77.4 55.7 37.2** 79.6

AB + Li + Ln + V 6.3 I 39.2 u I p-Toluidine

I Patm.

12.8 46.5 13.4 47.3 14.8 48.6 15.9 49.8 16.95 50.9 18 52

[I

AB + 6 7.4 9 10.9 U

8.1

AB + Ll + V

-0.6 +2.2 4.7 7.4 9.0 10.8

I Patm.

-0.4 +5.1 9.6 13.1 17.5 19.8

A = CO 2 ; B = C7H9N.(Continued) t,°C I patm. II t, 0C I Patm. AB + Ln + V 29.7§ 44 31.3 62.2 30.2 47.7 31.4 65.0 30.8 52.5 31.5t 70.0 31.1 57.3 B + Ln + V 29.7§ 44 34.0 32.5 30.3 43 36.2 26.8 32.0 38.2 44 Il 0.0013 Li + Ln + V 31.5Î 70 35.05 75.7 32.8 72 37.75H 80.4 33.9 73.9

AB + L1 + V 33.9 23.3 59.8 39.1 25.6 62.4 43.6 27.0 64.3 47.6 29.7 67.7 52.7 30.8 69.0 55.5 31.5Î 70.0

A = CO 2 ; B = Ci0H8.(Continued} t, °C I Patm. u t, °C I

Patm.

Cio-Hg

33.2

74.4 59.9 |ll6

33.3* 74.6 61.3 103.3

58.5 58.8 59.1 59.3

201.7 184.0 164.0 146.0

59.7 |131

63.5 88.5 65.1 79.2 66.5 67.9 68.3 58.3 79.7t| 0.0053

* First critical endpoint (pure COz, 31,2°, 72.4 atm., by same author); second critical endpoint unrealized. J Triple point of B.

A = CHCl3, Chloroform; B = C 6 H 4 N 2 O 4 , m-Dinitrobenzene

Î AB + Li + LII + V. § AB + B + Ln + V. (I B, triple point. Tf LI + Ln + V, critical point.

(384.5, 423)

t. 0C

I pmm I m-C6H4N2O4

C

23.5 157 A = CO 2 ; B = Ci0H8, Naph25.0 40.9 thalene ("9) 25.5 169.4 27.9 185.3 t, 0C I Patm. Il t, 0C I pa.m. 30.0 49.3 CioHs 30.3 201.0 25.2 62.1 31.7 71.4 33.5 224.6 27.7 65.4 31.9s 71.9 35.4 239.1 29.5 68.1 32.2 72.3 38.4 262.8 30.3 69.3 32.4 72.7 40 72.5 30.9 70.3 32.8 73.7 41 284.1 31.4 70.9 I 33.0 74.1 A = CS2; B = CH4O, Methyl alcohol (79> 345) —— M% Pmm . ' Li I Ln Li + Ln + V -15 81 co. 70 O 76.8 154 +10 3.8 73.4 245 15 5.6 71.2 305 20 7.5 68.4 379 25 10.0 65.0 465 30 13.4 60.3 567 35 18.8 52.0 687 36 20.7 49 712 37 23.5 44 744 3s 32 32 77o Isotherms—L + V %B 7 O 4.7 tj ^ \s ^\^—~^_^ ^LO 78^4 - 5 99.2 O 124.5 + 5 156 10 193 15 237 20 290 373 25 353 458 30 424 557 35 510 676 40 609 813 45 723 976 50 857 1162 55 1004 1375 60 1175

72.2

90.3

100

8Ö7ö 102 18.1 128 25.5 160 35.5 199 48.9 303 246* 65.8 375 303 88.5 460 371 117 561 451 152.2 680 545 198 819 656 254 979 785 322 1168 935 406 1382 1108 506 1305 627

A = CS2; B = CH4O: Isotherms—L -f V.—(Continued) oB

r^^^J h ^ ^"^^_ 30 35 40 45 50 55

11.7

19.4

563 683 828 992 1185 1405

26.4

30.7

52.9

20 25.5 30.0 32.8 36.6 40.0 41.1

'

833 999 1193 1414

838 1002 1195 1416

t9 0 C I

I Wt. % B H

192.5 255.2 293.0 3426

838 1002 1195 1416

693 838 1002 1195 1416

C8H9NO 10.7 45.2 48.8 14.5 50 51.1 55.0 18.7 55.1 60

Pmm

I wt. % B

390.5 435.7

23.7 465.0 517.6 519.5 29.1

A = CH4O, Methyl alcohol; B = C2HCl8O, Chloral, S-L-V (325) A = CH4O, Methyl alcohol; B = C2H6, Ethane LI -j- LII ~h Vy critical vaporization-condensation region (220) A = CH4O, Methyl alcohol; B = C3H8, n-Propane LI + LII -4- V> critical vaporization-condensation region ( 217 ) A = CH4O, Methyl alcohol; B = C4H10, n-Butane Li + Ln -f- V, critical vaporization-condensation region ( 218 ) A = CH4O, Methyl alcohol; B = CgHi2, n- and î'so-Pentane Li + Lu -h V, critical vaporization-condensation region ( 217 > 218) A = CH4O, Methyl alcohol; B = C6Hi4, Hexane LI + Lu -4- V, upper critical solution point 43.80C, 550 mm, p approx. constant from 31 to 83% hexane (392), critical vaporization-condensation region ( 217 ). See also p. 287» A = C2HCl3O, Chloral; B = C2H6O, Ethyl alcohol For vapor pressure of solutions saturated with the compound AB (20 to 460C) v. (37, 225, 231). A = C2H^* Acetylene; B = C2H6, Ethane ( 2 ^ 3 , 2^), see also Fig. 11 Vol. Liquid boundary Vapor boundary % B

O 27

41

51

61

68

'

35.2 7.6 14.0 22.2 23.75 23.8crit. 23.8s max. 14.0 19.35 21 21.05crit. 21. Is max. 14.0 19.4

19.7s 19.8scrit. 19.9s max. 14.0 20.1 20.5s 20.7scrit. 20.8 max. 14.0

A = C2H2,* B = C2H6.-(Continued) Liquid boundary | Vapor boundary

% B

'

V%

I

ffatm.

I

VÏ

I

Patm.

68

A = CHa3, Chloroform; B = C8H9NO, Acetanilide (384.5, 423)

*, 0C I ymm

Vol.

Vl

I

Patm.

VÎ

Patm.

0.0032 .0035 .00425 .0052 .0056

61 39.6 45.6 54.6 56.2? 56.2s

0.0162 .0125 .0083 .0067

38.2s 44.6 53.9 56.0

0.0038 .0044 .0054 .0055

48.2 53.7 55.1 55.1

.0061 0.0117 .0091 .0074

56.2s 46.1 52.0 54.6

.0060

55.0

0.0039 .0050

50.5 55.0

0.0116 .0080

46.4 53.3

.0056 .0059

55.0 54.9

0.0041 .0053 .0057 .0065

48.4 53.7 53.7 53.5

0.0040s

45.3

.0071 .0070 .0064 0.0123 .0081 .0077 .0074 .0068 0.0146

54.1 54.2 54.6 44.6 52.1 52.6 53.1 53.4 40.3

22.2 .0051 51.8 .0096 49.2 23.0s .0055 52.35 23.15 .0056 52.4 23.4crit. .0063 52.3 .0080 51.2 .0079 51.3 23.5 23.6 .0065 52.3 23.6 .0075 51.6 23.7s max. .0071 52.1 100 32.1crit. 0.0067 48.8 * The C2H6 employed contained small amounts of unknown impurities. % v = Volume of system referred to volume at O0C and 1 atm. as unity.

A = C2H4O, Acetaldehyde; B == Paraldehyde and Metaldehyde, for p = 760 mm (34, 4io, 4ii, 412) (a) A + B (Parald.) + satd. soin. + V, ca. -123° (6) A + B (Metald.) (mix. crys.) + satd. soin, -f V, -122.8° (c) B (Parald.) + B (Metald.) (mix. crys.) + satd. soin, -f V, +12.9° A = C2H6, Ethane; B = C2H6O, Ethyl alcohol Li + JLn + V? critical vaporization-condensation region (220) A = C2H6, Ethane; B = C3H8O, w-Propyl alcohol Li -f- Lu + Vy critical vaporization-condensation region ( 22 °) A - C2H6, Ethane; B = CiHi0O, Butyl alcohol Li + LU + Vy critical vaporization-condensation region (220) A = C2H6, Ethane; B = C5Hi2O, Amyl alcohol LI -f LII + V, critical vaporization-condensation region (220) A = C2H6, Ethane; B = Ci0H8, Naphthalene (322) t, 0C I patm. Critical vaporization curve, Ci0H8 solutions rich in ethane 80.0 *, 0C I pktm. ~ 62.1 47.8 32.3{ I 48.1 58.4 59.3 37.4 51 7 55.1 70.4 39.4* 529 55.5 78.2 55.7 86.0 56.3 97.1 57.4* 124.8 * Critical endpoint.

+ Critical point of ethane.

A = C2H6O, Ethyl alcohol; B = C3H8O3, Glycerol (5f *î> 329) Wt. % A | pmm [I Wt. % A | pmm [I Wt. % A { pmm t = 15° •2 5.0 14 18.6 33.5 25.3 5 10.0 16.5 19.3 44.0 26.8 5.5 10.2 18.3 21.0 53.0 28.5 9.7 14.9 22.5 22.8 67.5 29.9 10 15.2 27.5 24.1 100 { 32.5 A = C 2 H 6 O; B = C4Hi0O, v. p. 361 A = C2H6O, Ethyl alcohol; B = C6H6, Benaene Values Of pmm (377,

Wt. A

O 2.07 3.85 9.47 17.38 25.64 32.15 50.14 64.91 79.88 93.2s 100

I

34.8°

147 174 185 195 198 198 197 190 178 155 122 103

378) ; cf. (439, 440);

50°

271 326 347 371 379 382 380 371 351 311 257 223

I

see alsO p.

60°

389 471 503 545 562 570 569 557 530 479 403 354

g!3

|

66°

f

477 578 020 677 702 711 711 697 671 609 §20 462

__

A = C2H6O, Ethyl alcohol; B = C 4 Hj 0 O, Ethyl ether Values of pmm ( 249 ); see also p. 288, 313

_

Wt/\^^

O

5

10

15

20

25

30

___

35

40

45

50

>%_B___\

O 10.04 20.0? 30.09 40 50 60.07 68.54 80.0? 90.03 100.0

12Ti 43.3 70.9 93.7 111.8 126.7 141.1 151.7 160.8 172.0 185.3

riTz 54.6 90.2 118.1 139.5 158.5 178.1 190.5 203.6 217.0 233.2

24~333^2 70.1 89.2 114.4 144.5 147.2 182.1 175.0 215.5 197.9 248 221.7 271 236.8 293.5 253.9 314.5 271.7 335.5 291.7 360.5

4Ï7459/7 112.4 140.7 174.0 214.2 224.8 274 268 324.5 302.5 368 333 405 359 436 384.5 467.5 411 499.5 442 537

A = C4Hi0O, Ethyl ether; B = Ci4H8O2, Anthraquinone Double retrograde condensation (406, 408, 417, 418) A = C4H4N2O4, m-Dinitrobenzene; B = C6H6, Benzene (384.5, 423)

TOTs 174.8 262.9 334 395.5 446 491.5 529 567 604.5 647.5

103.1 217.3 318.5 403.5 476.5 536.5 590.5 632 681.5 726 775.5

TWO-COMPONENT SYSTEMS—AQUEOUS Standard Arrangement, v. p. viii HCl, S + L + V (*7) H2S.-(Continued} HBr (17, 18, 20, 21, 22, 26, 27,

t, °C

20 25 28.1 30.0 30.2 30.3

t

I ! ?

?mm

C

I

Il

t, °C

I

ymm

C

I

m-C6H4N2O4 35.1 32.2 108.5 49.3 35.3 119.2 38.4 134.5 66.7 40 108 41 145.9

82.1 92.5

28

t, 0C

~ 25 -21.8 -!8-9 \ 100.2 -16.8 100.9 -14.6 -13.0 A = C6H6NO2, Nitrobenzene; B = C6Hi4, n-Hexane (78, 199) -12.4 LI + LU+ v -12.0 t, °C I Pmm [I J1 °C Pmm Il t, °C I Pmm -U-6 -11.3 15.55 ; 103.8 18.65 115.9 20.24 123.3 16.52 106.3 19.05 119.2 20.3 124.1-11.5 -12 17.65 111.2 19.45 119.5 20.4* 125 -12.6 18.2» I 115.0 19.85 121.8 is ^

* Critical solution point.

A = C6H6, Benzene; B = C 20 H 24 N 2 O 2 , Quinine (174) t = 25.80C Wt. % B I pmm I Phases 79.7 77 AB + satd. soin. + V

SfI fi

™l

62

AB+A2B3+V

41

A2B3 + 94 % B (mix. crys.) + V

QA <\

<^ 4

I

94.9 95.1 97.0 100,0

33 33 16 ca. 0.0

Mix. crys. + V Ture B

A = C6H6O, Phenol; B = C6H7N, Aniline, L -f V diagram (208) A = C6H7N, Aniline; B = C 6 Hi 2 , Cyclohexane (19*>) Li + L 11+V t, 0C ..[23.22 25.50 25.61 27.3 27.8 29.030.5 31.1* P m m . . . . . . ..[90.65100.4 101.1 108.0 110.5117.0124 127 * Critical solution point.

A = C6H7N, Aniline; B = C6HU, n-Hexane ( 19 2» 199) Wt. % B; see also p. 314 t, °€

I

Ll

40.0

I

13.5

LlI

I

85.4

I

Pmm

|

267

134.6 173.3 221.1 266.3 327.5 400.5 386.5 467 558 486 582 693 571 679 804.5 641.5 762 903.5 708.5 843 995 758 901 1062.5 812 965 1136 866 1026 1208.5 921.5 1090 1276.5

) ] pmm I C HBr.2H2O 1 !75.5 10

30 60 120 220 280 340 44 ° 025 760 950 1140 i^n

188.5 200.0 213.8

224.4 235.2 243.0 248.6

-16.6

1300

-14.0

1520 263.8 1900 I 275.0

-15.5 ""S0 -14.8 2090 -14.0 2280 -11.0 3040 - 8.7 3800 - 7.2 4560 -5.8 5320 -4.7 6080

^^

° '° 15 -° 1 P ™ J9J

H2S (258, 351, 352, 360, 361,

380) Li + Ln + V t, 0C I pmm II t, 0C I pmm Metastable

19.4 19.8 20.6

1? A

279 290 300 311 325 330

SO2, S + L + V (17)

13 150 20.8 13 600 13 200 21.2 13 680 13 500 21.4 13 810

2

91 9 g'jj 29 5

°°° ^

[| t, °C | pmm

2

'

0

^5

1Q Q

275

8

pmm

22.8 14 330 26.4 15 660 23.0 14 400 26.9 15 770 14 670 27..5 15 960 2 3.7 24.6 14 990 28.0 16 190 24.8 15 070 28.2 16 260 15200 28.4 16340 25.1 25.4 15 200 29.1 16 530 15 280 29.2 16 640 25>6 25.8 15390 stable 17 060 32.0 17 780 30.3 31.0 17 400 32.7 18 090 31 2 17 400 33.2 18 240 M <7 H O *, 0C pmm ^^ TT q ATT n o. T o. H S.6H 0 +Li + Vv 0 Q

" 1 HRr 2H2O O7-fI0HRr TT O MBr.2M JlBr.li 2O

-15.5EI

*, 0C |

62 ™ ° IQ 700

g JJ

8 °' 1n

J'J

1685

1 6 ° ^ ° + Ln +V 99 5 ' 99 3 ' 99 '° 403 ° J9O ^ fl

HaS 6H2

5

10

S:5 «SS 24.8

9 800

250

25.6

978

10 640

27.4 13 000 97.2 28.5 14 820 96.8 29.2 16 190 96.45 29.5 16850 96.3 H2S.6H2O -f L1 -f Ln -f V 29 5 16 850 1.6 and 96.3

H2SeO3 ( *, °C

I

22.0 32 35.4 36.1 NH3,

frmn

I

C

H

264

)

*, °C

I

frnm

I

0

H2SeO3 535.6 36.8 19.0 16.5 38.3 19.5 18.0 39.5 21 18.5 40.3 22 42 905.4 see also Fig. 12 (it *l» 99» m» «8, 151, 152, 245, 263,

277, 278, 285, 306, 307, 308, 309, 312, 315, 319, 326, 337, 343, 346, 347, 390, 415, 416, 448, 454, 456) ;v. also p. 290

L + V system, values of pmm 0 B

/T^^J *, Q __ ^,

— 60 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10 O + 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170

% B

r\^

t> O

^—„

-90 -80 -70 -60 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10 O + 10 20 30 40 50

10

15

20

25

30

___

NH3.—(Continued) 0 pmm [I t9 C

M % B I pmm (NH3).H2O -82.0 55.0 6.6 -79.2 60.0 6.4 -81.8s 45.0 2.7 -89.0 40.0 0.67 -99.9 35.0 0.09

45.8 34.4 23.3 14.3

NH3 H- (NH3)2.H2O -93E I 81.2 I 9.03 (NH3)2.H20 -91.2 80.0 10.5 -83.8s 75.0 17.7 -79.7 70.0 20.9 -78.8 66.66 20.2 -79 65 O 17 4 -83.85 60.0 8.6

(NH3).H20 + Ice -100.3EI 34.6 | 0.08s Ice 68

7

30

~ -° 1-6 -46.0 25.0 6.4 -31.25 20.0 11.4 20 1 15 1 1 - -° ^ -11.95 10.0 13.5 -5.3s 5.0 10.3 0.0 0.0 4.579

3.5s 4.65 9.1s 10.3 17.6 6.9 12.5 21.1 35.0 (NH3)2.H20 H-(NH3).H20 14.2 24.7 40.6 65. 7 -86.3sE I 58.5s | 6.5 15.40 27.2 46.2 73.8 88.0 14.61 28.79 49.5s 81.75 127.5 195.8 NH NO (68,120, 320, 321, 434), see further p. 293 4 3 27.Oe 51.42 85.95 138.8 209.5 317.5 51.7s 87.8 142.9 224.7 335.5 494.5 Pmm, p , t, °C i Pmm | C 81.0 143.9 228.7 351. 515.3 745.0 ° IQO0C ° IQQ0C NH4N03(R*IV) + NH4NO3 131.8 227.5 353.5 543. 766.9 1 143.5 O 760.00 160 469.2 . (R?nl) 207.5 348.0 530.2 783. 1 109 1 554.5 3 1 316.5 517.2 772.5 1 123. 1 566 2 163 5 745 9 180 447 e ^ ' 21>°5 ' 256'9 468.7 748.0 1 099 1 571. 2 161 2 944 10 732'.2 200 427^9 NH4NO3 (R? Ill) 676.9 1 057.7 1 527 2 154 2 920 3 928 40 29 2 293 20 706.0 300 350.6 -° 955.4 1 462.3 2 079 2 891 3 874 5 151 50 42 9s 352 40 658.9 400 296.9 ' 1 321.0 1 982 2 777 3 814 5 053 6 651 60 1 790.4 2 640 3 671 4 953 6 495 8 460 60 617.5 500 257.4 61.1 421 70 84 9 498 2 386 3 457 4 724 6 337 8 231 10 624 80 580.6 600 227.1 ' 3 129 4 465 6 028 8 000 10 300 80 115 4 58 100 548.3 700 203.1 ' ° 4 042 5 683 7 592 9 978 NH NO 120 519. i 800 183. s * * №? HI) + NH4NO3 5 151 7 142 9 446 6 487 8 881 140 492.9 89Of 169.6 (Tet.* II) 84 2 130 3 614 8 073 10 920 r

"T^M-%B i, O ^^~----^. _ ___

-80 -70 -60 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10 O +10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110

5

I M % B I NH3 -77.60 100.0 -80.5 95.0 -84.4 90.0 -89.0 85.0 t, C

"O

t °c I v

35 o3l

40

45

50

55

60

(} '

s

mm

r

i—c—

'

:? JS-1 0

'

NH4

Ni 4 NSTcE*'lV)

'

'

T43 (TetII71ß

« £• ~

90

0.9s 1.7a 3.22 7.9? 11.61 5 169 6 10 89 2.5s 4.5s 8.Oi 12.27 18.81 26.80 6.29 10.69 18.30 27.2i 43.9e 61.Os 14.06 23.12 38.3s 55.5s 80.8 110.4 1 9 ( ) Jôrthorhombio; Tet.= 3Q 242s 29.1 46.5 74.7 105.9 150.6 201.9 56.2 87.3 136.6 189.8 264.9 349.5 102.4 155.1 236.5 323.3 442.3 575.2 NH4Cl, see further p. 293 176.9 262.2 391.2 525.5 707.0 907.5 Values of pmm ( 1 2 0 > 357 > 384 - 5 > 433, 434) 292.3 425.2 619.7 819.7 1 087 1 379 463.0 660.4 947.0 1 234 1 615 2 024 ^\v£ 0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0 70.0 80.0 Ii O ^"\ I 708.5 992.6 1 401 1 801 2 328 2 887 1 050 1 448.6 2 010 2 556 3 265 4 010 O 4.579 Ï73 470(3.8) 1 513 2 055 2 810 3 538 4 472 5 446 10 9.210 8.6 8.1 7.6 2 152 2 847 3 301 4 788 5 998 7 241 20 17.539 16.4 15.5 14.5 Saturated solutions 2 195 3 319 5 143 6 353 7 882 9 454 30 31.834 29.9 28.1 26.3 24.7 3 919 5 128 6 760 8 778 10 188 40 55.34 51.9 48.9 45.8 42.9 5 170 6 703 8 737 10 616 50 92.54 86.8 81.7 76.6 71.8 67.5 6 712 8 609 11 120 60 149.46 140.2 132.0 123.6 116.0 109.0 8 580 10 899 70 233.79 219.3 206.5 193.4 181.4 170.5 160.6 10 812 80 355.47 333.5 314.0 294.1 275.9 259.3 244.2 90 526.00 493.5 464.6 435.2 408.2 383.6 361.4 341.1 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 760.00 713.0 671.2 628.7 589.8 554.3 522.1 492.9 110 1074.5 1008 949 888.9 833.8 783.7 738.2 696.8 659.2 11.7i

20

S

24.54 28.22 31.29 33.81 35.9s 36.04 45.44 54.05 61.7o 68.3o 73.55 78.12 74.68 92.64 109.3 124.1 136.4 147.0 156.3 143.3 175.9 205.8 231.9 254.4 274.0 291.6 t, °C 258.9 314.1 364.2 409.0 447.3 480.8 511.5 441.5 530.3 611.0 682.6 744.6 798.8 850.3 718.7 854.5 978.5 1 089 1 185.7 1 271 1 353 20 1 120 1 322 1 505.5 1 669 1 812 1 942 2 066 25 1 685 1 974 2 235 2 469 2 677 2 685 3 048 2 452 2 852 3 215 3 541 3 829 4 101 4 359 30 3 468 4 010 4 502 4 941 5 336 5 710 6 073 160 4 781 5 500 6 148 6 731 7 265 7 764 8 261 170 6 448 7 375 8 216 8 977 9 675 180 8 522 9 703

° (105)

S'o

ut

u.f 2 S:!

I

Pmm

I

a-NH4Cl 13.9 18.5 24.5 247i 3039 3703

C

Il

t, °C

' (*»•*> I (*»)°

I

p mm

C

U-NH4Cl H- /3-NH4Cl 37.2 845.1 | 4032 | 149.5 39.3 41.4 /3-NH4Cl 125.2 190 443i 154.0 134 9 195 4924 158.2 144.8 200 5396 162.3

NH4Br, see further p. 293 Values Of pmm ( 70 > 358, 384.5, 394, 433, 434)

JOQ

I

?\\C O 10.0 20.0 40.0 60.0 80.0100.0120.0140.0 t, 0C \ 0.0 4.579 4.4 4.3 4.0 3.7 10.0 9.210 8.9 8.6 8.0 7.4 20.0 17.539 17.0 16.4 15.3 14.2 30.0 31.834 30.8 29.8 27.7 25.7 40.0 55.34 53.6 51.7 48.2 44.7 41.5 50.0 92.54 89.6 86.5 80.5 74.8 69.4 60.0 149.46 144.7 139.7 130.o 120.8 112.1103.9 70.0 233.79 226.3 218.6 203.4188.9175.3162.4 80.0 355.47 344.1332.3 309.3 287.3 266.5 247.0 228.8 90.0 526.00 509.2491.8457.6425.1394.3365.5338.5 100.0 760.00 735.7710.5661.2614.2569.8528.i489.o452.o

!

Pmm a-NH

Q

<, °C

Br

329 7 133 °° -° 95 390.2 100 459.4 144.0 105 538.1 110 627.3 155.4 115 728.5 116.53 760.0 120 843 167.3 125 971 130 1113 179.7 135 1272

I

Pmm

I

C

a-NH4Br 4- /3-NH4Br 137.8 I 1369 189.2 /S-NH4Br 140 1450 191.8 145 1650 150 1872 202.2 155 2117 160 2385 212.8 *}72 7 log Xa = -^-4-0.31978 OQO 7

logo* = -^-+0.12727 yield values about 0.7% lower than those reported by ( 394 ).

(NH4)2SO4, see further p. 293 Values Of jPmm (120, 384.5, 433, 434)

"^^T^-J7 *» O —>_^ " O 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110

t, 0C

O 10 20 22 24 26 28 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110

I

O

5

1 C Pmm (NH4)2S04 3.8 70.7 7.5 73.0 14.2 75.45 16.0 75.95 18.1 76.4s 20.3 77.Oo 22.8 77.50 25.6 78.05 44.1 81.Os 73.0 84.40 116.7 88.Oo 180.7 91.60 271.9 95.3o 398.0 99.1s 568.5 103.3 793 108.15

19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

I

pmm

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

4.579 4.5+ 4.54^4 4~2 O 4^0 3~9 3^8 9.210 9.1 9.0 8.7 8.5 8.3 8.0 7.8 7.6 17.539 17.4 17.1 16.7 16.2 15.7 15.3 14.8 14.4 31.834 31.5 31.1 30.3 29.4 28.6 27.7 26.9 26.2 55.34 54.7 54.1 52.6 51.1 49.6 48.2 46.8 45.5 44.2 92.54 91.5 90.4 87.9 85.5 83.0 80.6 78.3 76.1 73.9 149.46 147.8 146.0 142.0 138.0 134.1 130.2 126.5 122.8 119.4 233.79 231.2 228.4 222.2 215.9 209.7 203.7 197.8 192.2 186.7 355.47 351.6 347.2 337.8 328.3 318.9 309.7 300.8 292.2 283.9 276.0 526.00 520.2 513.8 499.9 485.8 471.8 458.2 445.0 432.3 420.1 408.3 760.00 751.7 742.3 722.2 701.9 681.7 662.1 643.0 624.7 607.0 590.0 573.7 1074.5 1063 1050 1021 992.3 963.8 936.1 909 883 858 834 811

(NH 4 )H 2 PO 4 (77,120)

t

10

I

(NH4)H2PO4 15.31 16.33 17.4l 18.5l 19.66 20.82 22.09 23.47 24.88 26.3l 27.88 29.57

C

g % _f q S H PQ ^ ^ i

C6Hi4, n-Hexane, see also Fig. 13 (354, 356) Li-V region between the three-phase curve and the critical curve Boiling-point values for patm. \M%A I \^ O 2.3 5.2 8.6 11.8 • th °n U ^\ \ 170 10.69 14.4s 18.05 C 6 Hi 2 (mix. of n- and iso175 15.5s 19.2 Pentane) (356) 180 12.70 16.6s 20.3s 22.8 Two liquid phases : The three185 17.8s 21.6 24.25 phase pressure exceeds sum of 190 14.97 19.1 22.9 25.8 vapor pressures of pure com195 20.5 24.2 27.4 31.5 ponents. 200 17.56 21.8s 25.6 29.0 33.4 t, °C I Patm. Il t, °C I Patm. 205 23.3 27.0 30.7 35.3 150 22.4 180 38.8 210 20.50 24.8 28.5s 32.4 37.1 160 27.0 187.1 44.1 215 26.4 30.1 34.1 38.9 170 32.4 crit. 220 23.8 28.1 31.6s 35.8 40.5s 222 28.8 32.2s 36.3 40.8 223 41.1 224 36.95 41.25 C6H6 (356) 225 29.7s 33.2 37.2s 41.4 Two liquid phases : The three226 37.5 41.6 phase pressure exceeds the sum 227 33.7s 37.7 41.8 of the vapor pressures of the 228 34.1 37.8 41.7 pure components. 229 34.3s 37.95 41.1 t, °C I Patm. Il t, °C I Pa~ 230 31.4 34.6 37.9 231 31.8 34.7s 37.5 150 10.6 220 42.9 232 32.Os 34.8 160 13.2 230 50.9 32.2s 170 16.4 240.1 60.4 233 234.8 29.6 180 20.1 250.2 70.7 190 24.6 260.1 82.2 200 29.8 267.8 92.7 210 35.9 crit.

CO2, critical region (220, 348) C2H6, Ethane (220) Li 4- LII + V in neighborhood of critical point of B; t = 15-320C, p = 33-49 atm.

C6Hi4.—Boiling-point values for patm.—(Continued) \ M %A \. 15.3 f, 0C_^X __ 215 220 222 223 224 225 226 227 228

18.9

42.8 44.3 48.0 44.8 48.3 44.9 48.3 45.0 48.1s 45.0 47.7s 44.85 46.7 44.5 43.2

22.8

51.0 50.7 49.9

25.7 27.7

51.8 51.2

52.1

Dew-point values for patm. \M%A \,

*, 0G ^X

O

2.3

5.2

8.6

234.8 29.6 233 31.4 232 30.8 32.9 231 30.2 32.1 35.85 230 29.6 31.4 34.8 229 29.2 30.8 33.9 228 28.7 30.3 33.1s 227 28.2 29.8 32.5 225 31.2 222 220 23.8 \M%A \, 15.3 18.9 22.8 25.7 t, 0C ^x 228 40.3 227 38.7s 226 37.5 41.75 225 224 223 222 221 220 218

36.5

34.25

33.1

C6Hi4.-The critical fold M

40.2

11.8

Press, max.

% A

0.0 2.3 5.2 8.6 11.8 15.3 18.9 22.8 25.7 27.7 100.0

Temp, max.

t, °C

Patm.

t, °C

234.6 233.5 231.8 229.4 227.0 224.5 222.5 221.7

30.1s 32.3 34.8s 39.95 41.8 45.0 48.3s 51.0

234.6 233.6s 232.7 231.3 229.8 228.4 226.7 225.0 223.6 222.8

200, 226, 229, 336,

341)

% = Wt. % formic acid t, 0C |49.36%|70.49%|89.53% 5

JÎT [ 4o. o

39.Os 43.4 38.1 42.0 46.3 37.2 40.8 44.5 46.9 40.0 43.2 45.2 35.7 39.0 42.1 44.0 43.0

* t-p curve passes through a temperature maximum at 225.1°, p = 47.0 atm.

Li + LII + V

" t, °C

30.1s 32.0 33.9 37.0 39.6 41.8 44.5 47.0 49.0 50.2

| ffatm.

234.6 30.1s 233.6 1 32.2 232.6 j 34.3 231.1 j 37.4 229.5 ! 40.4 227.9 j 43.3 226.1 ! 46.5 224.2 j 49.6 2 2 2 . 9 ; 51.2 222.2 52.1 374 217.5

.

6

8

9

^1

97

n

-° 13 9 '

10

(Continued)

Max. B. P.

Valuesof??mm

27.7

Critical point

Patm.

C7H8, Toluene («) Vapor phase compositions in contact with two liquid phases at ca. 760 mm. CH2O2, Formic acid ( 98 > 1S*, CH2O2, Formic acid.— 186,

37.6 36.5s 35.6 34.0 31.95

I

12 4

t, 0C 22.66% ~71 B. P., % P™* °C ~~Ï9 15.3 79.9| 43 38~ 42 57.0 85.1 97 54 61 145.1 87.3262 77 81 346.5 89.5740 107.1 100 719.8 92.6183ol35

;j ;;:s ™-25 %•* ^0».«»% «.-QJTOU: 12

17 18 19 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 43 44 105 106.5 107.6

12.5 13.3 14.1 14.9 16.8 18.9 21.2 23.9 26.8 30.0 33.6 37.5 41.9 46.6

760

12 12 8 17 1S 12.2 18.7 '° ' 29 5 32 42 13.0 19.8 ' ' 5 O- 6 53 8 43 6 13.8 20.9 ' ^ I 122'5 55 98 4 61 14.6 22.1 ' ^128-3 70 195 5 81 294 4 16 4 24 5 ' ' 310 5 81 10 18.5 27.2 ° ^5-1 91 459 20.8 30.1 23.4 33.5 10° 641 26.3 37.2 29.5 41.1 33.9 45.2 36.7 49.7 40.8 54.3 C 2 H 2 O 4 , Oxalic acid (384.5,423) 45.3 59.1 £, 0C | pmm j C 50.5 H2C2O4.2H2O 53.2 40 52.5 21.52 56.0 50 85.9 31.4e 60 135.8 44.32 760 70 208.1 61.Os 760 80 310.7 84.5

B = Various esters and ethers Values of pmm for saturated solutions of the esters ( 328 ) B I 0° I 10° I 20° { 30° 163.8 94.8 16.7 2 Ô Ô 3 4 . 8 Methyl formate 186.7 296.3 451.7 729^T 170 19.0 205 38.2 Ethylformate 74.6 125.4 202,1 312.8 175 21.2 207.1 84.7 39.65 Propyl formate 25.6 46.0 79.8 131.9 176.4 91.4 21.7 210 41.8 Methyl acetate 61.3 104.4 169.3 264.0 180 23.5 215.25 81.1 46.0 Ethyl acetate 28.4 49.9 85.4 | 140.2 185 26.0 220 50.2 Propyl acetate 12.0 22.9 41.8 i 72.5 190 28.8 220.7s 77.2 50.9 Methyl propionate 25.5 46.2 79.3 132.0 194.0 88.2 31.1 221.6 74.3 51.7 Ethyl propionate 12.9 24.6 45.0 78.0 195 31.7 222.2* 72.3 52.1 Propyl propionate 7.3 14.2 26.9 48.5 * The (Li -f LII + V) three-phase curve and the curve of critical points 185.1 292.7 445.0 652.1 intersect at this point, i.e., critical phenomena are encountered before complete Ethyl ether Ethyl sulfide 20.6 36.9 62.9 ) 105.3 mixing takes place in mixtures containing less than 72.3 M % hexane. M % B,

f,

^

j^

Patm.

t,

r

O

M % B, -^1

Pat™.

C3H6O2, Methyl acetate ( 257 ); v. also p. 290 C4Hi 0O.—(Continued) C6H6Q.- (Continued) M ^ j 25°, pmm I 35°, Pmm W t B Wt.%B~|~ T ^CT - % n B/ P ymm H2Q I C3H6O2 I H2Q I C3H6O2 *' ° Ii I Lu I V ™ *' L1 |Ln 0.2542 24.0 22.5 42.1 38.3 40 7.3o 81.7 82 60 17.156.28.15 150 0.5084 24.1 43.7 41.9 73.9 65 21.949.2 189 45 7.15 81.15 68.5 33.533.59.20 220 50 7.05 80.5 13s 1.017 23.5 85.3 41.6 134.8 55 7.05 79.8 174 1.525 22.8 122.0 40.6 183.9 C6H6O2, Resorcinol (422) 2.033 I 23.3 149.2 40.9 226.6 60 7.Oo 79.1 219 *,°C 1 Pmm j C 65 7.Oo 78.3 >287 C3H8O, ^Propyl alcohol (222) C4Hi0O.—(Continued) C6H6O2 70 7.0s 77.5 344 Wt. % H2O 0. also p. 290 20.0 15.2? 103 75 7.2o 76.6 <437 0 t, C I Li I Ln I p»t~ 22.5 17.5s *, °G j Pat«. IM, °C I Patm. 80 7.4s 75.6 529 25.0 20.04 117 2.5Wt. %H 2 O 25 1.26 94.3 0.71085 7.8s 74.5 65i 27.5 22.84 95.1 1.04 183.1 13.5s 30 1.32 94.9 .858 90 8.3o 73.3 794 30.0 25.9s 131 34.1 1.00 98.l| 1.17 216.8 25.12 95 8.85 71.9s 962 32.5 29.3s 40 1.50 95.5 1.24 100 105. Ij 1.52 227.8 30.61 9.55 70.5 115s 35.0 33.07 116.8 2,25 245.1 40.14 45 1.43 105 10.35 68.8 137s 37.5 37.16 50 1.7 95.9 1.74 110 130.8 3.54 254.6 47.4 11.4o 67.0 163o 40.0 41.5s 161 145.41 5.5? 264.9* 55.9 60 1.8 96.3 2.38 115 12.65 64.9 1925 C 70 2.0 96.8 3.19 120 160.2] 7.99 12 H 22 On, Sucrose (252, 266, 14.25 62.3 225s 305, 384.5) 80 2.2 97.2 4.23 122 25 Wt. % H2O 15.Os 60.9 241o 0 166.91 11.2o 1241.4 48.0 90 5.51 t, C I pmm I C 124 15.90 59.2 256o 100 7.04 179.1 14.56 250.2 56.2 Ci H Ou 2 22 126 17.00 57.1 272o 8.95 182.7 15.76 261.8 67.3 110 O 4.04 t 179.2 128 18.3s 54.6 288s 120 11.25 215.7 30,67 275.9* 83.8 10 8.03 190.5 130 20.2 51.1 3055 130 14.0 224.6 35.85 20 15.1 203.9 131 21.5 48.8 150 21.0 30 26.9 219.5 * Critical point. The critical point 132 24.0 44.9 322o of pure C3HsO was 264.O0C and 155 5.47 23.05 40 45.8 238.1 132.5 26.0 40.5 51.51 atm. 160 25.3 50 74.6 260.4 132.8* 33.Oj: 329o 170 30.2 60 116.5 287.3 C4H6O4, Succinic acid (384.5, LI increases in alcoholic con175 6.63 32.9 70 174 320.4 423) tent as t decreases from 6O0C; 0 185 7.87 39,1 HCN (385) t, C 1 jw I C presumably there is a lower 190 8.44 42.4 pmm, 180C C4H6O4 critical solution point which has B Critical curve 30 31.3 10.5s * HCN H2O not been reached experimen193.9 I O 36.1 40 53.9 16.2l 0.05 167.0 15.1 tally, unless the freezing-point 194.0 0.59 37.3 50 89.2 24.42 .10 283.4 14.7 curve, which is also unknown, 194.1 1.29 3 8 . 6 60 142.7 35.83 .15 349.5 14.2 intersects the Li-Lu boundary. 194.85 3.15 41.9 70 220.9 51.0? .20 381.0 13.8 * Critical solution point. 196.4 5.47 45.3 $ Flat max. on the temperature80 ! 332.7 70.79 .25 398.5 13.5 197.6 6.63 47.1 composition curve for the two-phase .30 409.1 13.3 90 I 487.6 95.5 199.3s 7.87 48.9system extending over a range of ca. .35 417.2 13.2 6 % in composition. 200.1 8.44 49.7 C4H€O«, Tartaric acid (384.5, .40 421.3 12.9 422) 200.8 9.35 50.4 .45 425.4 12.7 201.0 9.44 50.65 /, 0 C I Pmm I C C6H8O2, Acetylacetone (392) .50 430.6 12.4 201.9 10.10 51.5s C4H6O6 Critical solution isotherm, .55 434.8 12.0 202.2* 10.3 51.8 20.0 139.4 91.20G .60 442.0 11.6 374t 100 217.8 22.7 18.4 .65 451.0 11.1 ""Wt! WL Pmm pmm 25.0 147.4 * First critical endpoint (intersec.70 462.0 10.4 % B % B tion of three-phase curve with the 26.2 22.0 .75 474.0 9.8 O 550.2 51.60 647.2 critical curve). 29.1 25.4 .80 488.0 9.0 J Second critical endpoint unknown; 11.77 637.0 59.22 649.2 30.0 156.2 must lie near critical point of JUzO. .85 503.0 7.9 19.56 638.4 74.14 648.0 31.2 28.1 . .90 521.0 6.4 24.12 642.2 80.08 646.0 34.6 i 33.3 .95 540.5 4.0 C4Hi0O, Isobutyl alcohol 39.14 648.0 100.0 186.3 38.1 ; 39.2 (200, 276) 1.00 566.2 O 40.0 j 176.0 C6H6O, Phenol (126, 227, 332, C6H7N, Aniline (3, 371) -— wt. % B 41.7 46.6 t, C — r— pmm Values of Wt. % B Li ; LU ^ 371, 392, 413), see also Fig. 15 43.2 49.9 0 and p. 291 t, C I Li I L11 I V~ ^2O 15.65 87.0 46.3 j 57.6 . O0 Wt. % B 41 3.7 94.4 13.4 -15 14.55 86.6 50.0 195.0 j ^ T ) T -\r Pmrn Li I Lu II V 49.5 3.9 94.2 16.7 -10 13.4s 86.2 C4Hi0O, Ethyl ether, see also 56.3 4.1 93.9 16.8* - 5 12.4s 85.8 15 8.872.3 11.4 Fig. 14 (220, 249, 266, 355) 64.5 4.4 93.4 17.5 O 11.55 85.4 20 8.871.45.55 15.7 Wt. % H2O 75.0 5.0 92.7s 18.3f + 5 10.7o 85.0 25 8.970.4 22.6 82.0 5.4 92.2 19.7 t, °C 1 Ll I LlI I Patm. 10 9.95 84.55 30 9.169.46.00 29.5 90.0 6.0 91.5 19.8 O Ï7Ô 88.4 I 0.247 15 9.2s 84.1 ' 35 9.468.2 39.8 100.0 6.9 90.5 5 1.05 89.8 .311 20 8.7o 83.7 2s 40 9.966.86.55 52.9 125 10.1 86.9 45 10.765.2 69.6 10 1,12 91.3 .388 25 8.2o 83.2 150 17.5 79.1 15 1.15 92.4 .477 30 7.8o 82.7s 49 50 12.063.27.25 90.9 16? 47 20 1.20 93.5 .585 35 7.5s 82.2 55 14.060.3 118 c

^_

C6H7N,- (Continued) Values of Wt. % B.—(Continued) 56.30C isotherm 75.O0C isotherm

Ll

O 1.86 2.52 3.35 3.37 3.49 3.91 3.95 4.3Î

I

V

I

Pmm

Li

O 125.7 6.84 126 8.84 10.51 11.2 11.6 12.8 15.5

I

O 1.38 2.88 3.46 3.49 4.18 4.6 4.7 4.9 5.2§

V

I

O 5.6 10.8 12.1 12.1 13.7 14.4 14.8 15.1 18.2

CgHnN : Values of Pmm-—(Continued) 0

r^^^ ^

6, L>

pmm

6

52.958.6885.7495.898.7 100

31.82 33.1 32.3 32.3 32.9 26.6 20.8 6^3 42.18 44.2 43.4 42.9 43.2 36.1 28.7 7.7 55.32 57.7 56.3 56.5 57.0 49.0 38.1 9.4 71.88 74.8 74.1 73.6 74.8 65.6 50.5 11.7 92.51 96.4 95.2 95.0 96.0 85.8 67.2 14.8 118.04122.3120.9121.9124.0111.5 87.4 18.9 149.38 23.8 187.54 Two liquid phases 31.0

30 35 40 45 50 55 60 .65

289.3 297 300 301 301 301 302 302 302 303

°

----^.

NH4HCO3 (67, 295, 437)

With negligibly small vapor space, logio Pmm = 2.55169 4* 127 mm. U 303 mm. J LU, ca. 94.5 %. § LU ca. 94 %. 0.0499125* - 851.5 X IQ"6*2 H- 10225.6 X I0~9t3. C6Hi5N, Methylamine (225, 384.5) CH4N2O, Urea (120, 384.5) I ZnCl2.-(Continued) Values of pmm *, 0C I pmm I C I10C I pmm i C CH4N2O ZnCl2 \wt. % B ^X^ O 1.35 4.40 10.95 23.34 41.69 84.84 93.83 100.0 19 13.3? 130 118 <,°C ^x 20 14.1s 79.0 140 145 6 7.01s 24.15 21 14.93 150 193 8 14.94 27.67 34.6s 22 15.7s 160 258 10 9.209 16.43 21.5s 28.07 31.69 33.2e 38.57 37.4 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50

18.25 25.05 33.25 36.3 37.9 43.4 42.8s 40.4 24 Ij'll 20.5s 29.1 38.7 41.5s 43.0 48.1s 47.6s 44.0 23.1s 33.8 45.0 47.5s 48.6s 53.5s 53.0 48.1 25 18 39 15.48 26.1 39.25 52.2s 54.2 54.9s 59.2s 58.9s 52.8 26 19*39 29.4 45.6 60.3 61.3 62.2 65.6 65.5 58.0 27 2 0 :46 19.8s 33.1s 52.9s 68.8 69.2 69.8 72.9 72.9 63.7 28 21.6l 37.4 61.5 76.9 77.8 77.8 80.8 80.5 70.0 25.21 42.2 71.3 85.7 87.2 86.5 89.3 88.9 76.8 29 22.76 47.7 81.4 95.0 96.0 98.6 98.3 84.1 30 23.93 93.0 31.82 54.0 93.9 105.2 106.2 108.6 108.5 92.1 T1 Salt3(57) 61.0 107.8 116.3 117.5 119.6 119.7 100.7 ' 39.90 68.8 123.2 128.6 129.8 131.7 131.8 109.9 Salt * f C 77.5 140.2 141.9 143.2 144.8 144.9 119.8 8 ^ 49.69 87.1 156.5 156.1 157.4 159.2 159.0 130.6 TlCl 100. Oi 2.4if 97.8 172.7 171.5 172.6 174.8 174.2 142.1 61.50 109.6 189.7 188.3 188.7 191,6 190.6 154.6 Tl2SO4 100.32 18.4s t 122.3 207.8 206.3 206.4 209.5 208.4 168.0 TlNO3 (io> 33, 384.5) 75.65 132.0 227.7 182.4 *, 0C 1 pmm I C 150.9 197.9 92.51 167.2
Li H- LU H- V, boundary curve

~C U

Wt

-%

B

I

"

Pmm *» L1 I L11 I V 18.6 51.9 20 20.9 92.9 94.1 64.6 21 14.8 94.0 93.9 67.9 22 10.3 95.0 93.6 70.1 25 7.3 95.2 30 5.8 96.6 35 4.6 96.5 40 3.7 96.5 50 2.9 -96.4 Change in critical-solution temperature with pressure /, 0G |18.3|18.45|19.63|19.95|20.0 21.2 21.3|"2T3 patm | 0 I 9.5 |63 |78 |79 140 |l44 J146 C8HnN, 2, 4, 6-Trimethylpyridine (7-Collidine)

Values Of pmm (225, 384.5)

rÌ7r^L%B O 6 52.958.6885.7495.8 98.7 100 i, \j ^^~-^^_ ÎO 9.21 (TT 97s 2?7 15 12.79 12.7| 13.0 13.1 10.4 7.9 3.3 20 17.54 18.2 17.6 17.9 17.5 14.3 10.9 4.1 25 23.75 24.6 24.21 24.1 24.4 19.3 15.1 5.2 Two liquid phases

ZnSO4 (238, 382, 384.5, 434)

*» °C

Pmm

20

15 3

C

t 85 ? *° - t Zn(NOs) 2 (240) /l °c r) L ° Pmm 9 6f 20

105

7

CdBr2 (»T, 434) t, 0C Pmm 10 6f 20 1Of 30 16| 40 4Of 68 122f 70 1881 80 279f

90

490.2

al

Ul'I

CdSO4 (82, 144.5)

S 5J 98

22, S'T b25 7

100 ini 1 ^ 1 2 ^

663.9 fi»Q „ ?83-7 3 9 ^ '

C ! P ™ CdSO,%H20 O I 3 94 I 75 6 r,KOHO CdSO4-H2O 75.87 279.3 76.3 80.03 334.4 68.7

107 108

III'6 760.o 767.4 7 89.6 812.3 835.4

110

853.9

196

760.0

irCi in! « 104.6s 105 106

200

<'°°

414

90 04

100.0

594

^-! 60.8

CuCl2 (103, 237, 384.5, 423)

t, 0C

I

pmm

I

C

CuCl2.2H2O

ZnCl2 (237, 272, 281, 434)

20

*, 0C 20

22 25 28

90 100 110 120

-

729.8

Cd(NO 3 ), (239) j, oC pmm 20 lot

* R = rhombic.

pmm <2 ZnCl2 22 35 57 86

500 3

-

7«n' ?

C

30

615.0

35

38

41

11.94

77.0

13.49 16.13 78.6 19.20 21.52 80.3 28.4 33.4 39.1 83.8

MnI2 ( 237 )

CuSO4 ( 82 » 203 > 271.5, 304, 382, 434)

I10C

t, 0C

I ft»« I C CuS04.5H2O 60 141.6 40.0 65 175.9 70 216.9 75 265.5 80 322.7 85 390.1 90 468.1 95 558.6 CuS04.3H20* 100 662.8 75.4 104.2 760.0 105 781.9 * Reported values for the transition 5H2O *> 3H2Ü vary between 55 and ca. 100°. The S-L-V curve and dissociation pressure curve intersect at 96.5°; direct determination yields 95.7 ± 0.2° for the transition, and a small heat effect at ca, 56°.

AgNO3 (33) I pmm I C AgNO 3 (R)* 133 760 1941 135 800 150 960 AgNO3 (R) + AgNO3 (trig.) 159.8 i I AgNO3 (trig.)* 160 1000 167 1015 170 1010 185 900 191 760 t, 0C

I

NiCl2 ( 103 > no, 384.5) pmm

MnI2.4H2O 20 50 60 80 100

3.5 7 Is 42.5 104 MnI2.2H2O 110 I 154 MnI2.H2O 130 I 21o

MnSO4 (238) *, 0C I Pmm MnSO4.5H2O 20 I 11.3 MnS04.4H20 60

I

162

FeCl3 (32) t = 150C Solid= C I Pmm Fe2Cl6+ 43 6.0 12H2O 116m 1.4 12H2O 99.6m 2.3 7H2O 121.Om 1.3 5H2O 1.8 12H 2 O+ 7H2O* * Sl + Sii + V. /96

10.

.845

I

Pmm

C

I

NiCl2.6H2O 19.8 9.6 64.0 24.1 12.0 30.3 17.0 31.0 17.5 69.5 35.1 21.5 36.25 22.8 NiCl2.6H20 + NiCl2.4H20 36.85 I 23.5 | NiCl2.4H20 40.6 28.9 73.6 45.2 36.7 48.3 42.6 54.1 56.4 CrCl2 (i 93

'' VCrU r / 2w m .3Ho 20 (?)

Mn(NO 3 ), (239, 467) *,°C Pmm C 20 7.4 137 70 80

n n

*, °C

«4N

CoCl2 (96, 103, 384.5, 434)

49 50 51 52

27.6 28.8 30.3 32.5 55 39 7 ' 60 56.0 55 lili H3BO3 (236,391, 434) t °c l v 1 C ' ' H3BO3 5 6 7 35 10 15 I2 103.3 76o 46.9 (NH4)2A12(S04)4 (256)

^ OQ

(

^^

MgCl2.-(Continued) C

Pmm

45 50 55 60 65 70 JOQ

O0C 2.0s 1.7s

10O0C 408 358 309 264 223 186 \ C

\ Pmm ice 4.579 O 0 _io 195 130 _20 0.77 20.0 _3o 0.29 24.7 ice + MgCl2.12H2O _33.5 I 0.20 | 26.2 MgCl2.12H2O

-_30 20

°'27

0 53

27 9

'

36 5

_lg Q 5g 3g 3 _17 059 413 _lß g Q 59 41 g -16.6 0.58 42.6 -16.4 0.66 44.05 _lß 6 ^Q Q ^ MgCl2.12H2O + a-MgC!2.8H20 -16.8E | 0.50 | 46.5 MgCl2.12H2O +/3-MgCl2.8H2O -17.4mE | 0.45 | 47.6 MgCl2.12H2O + MgCl2.6H2O -19.4mE | 0.34 50.2 a-MgC!2.8H2O ~15 °'57 47 -° -10 0.82 48.8 -

5

1.10

0-MgCl2.8H2O

51.0

*' °°n k IS1U /' ^ ° (NH4)2A12(S04)4.24H20 -15m 0.54 48.6 CoCl2.6H2O (red) ^ -10m 0.74 51.0 141 g * R = Rhombic ; trig. = trigonal. 25 15.3 52 7 ß-MgC!2.8H2O + MgCl2.6H2O 65 177 'Q 30 19.7 _ 9.6mU | 0.76 | 51.3 70 21g ' 5 35 25..O 61.3 a-MgCl 75 266 4 2.8H2O + MgCl2.6H2O MnCl2 (101, 335, 434) 31 3 40 ' 80 319 8 3.4U I 1.22 | 51.9 *, 0C I zw I C 45 38.5 MgCl2.6H20 85 376 9 a-MnCl2.4H2O 50 45.9 o 1.56 52.3 90 421 7 15.5 7.8s CoCl2.6H2O + CoCl2.2H2O I0 3.08 53.5 20.0 9.45 52.4 I 48.5 I MgCl2 (103, 165, 185, 237, 20 5.77 54.7 30.0 17.0 80.7 CoCl2.2H2O (blue) 247, 340, 384.5, 433, 434), See 30 10.3 56.1 40.0 28.7 55 55.4 further p. 295. 40 17.4 57.6 50.0 46.3 98.1 60 71.2 90.5 so 28.3 59.2 pmm 57.8 62.9 65 90.8 ° o°C 10O0C 60 44.0 61.1 a-MnC!2.4H2O + MnCl2.2H2O 70 114.8 o 4.579 760.00 . 70 65.7 63.4 58.10 I i 105.7 80 179.6 i 4.55 756.3 go 93.3 66.0 MnCl2.2H2O 90 273.6 2 4.5s 754.6 90 128.5 69.2 60 64.8 108.6 100 406.6 104.0 3 7493 165.4 73.0 4;5l i0o 70.5 110.3 4 4.4s 745.7 110 195.3 78.2 80.5 172.1 112.8 CoSO (82,384.5) 741.9 H2 197.9 79.5 4 5 4 4s 90.0 262.0 0 t, C I pmm I C 4.42 737 7 6 max. CoS04.7H20 + CoS04.6H20 114 i96.4 31.3 8 4 . 36 728 . 7 45.3 I 67.0 I 10 4.29 718.5 116 186.4 83.8 MnBf2 (237, 467) CoSO is 4.O 688 MgCl 4.6H2O 7 2.6H2O + MgCl2.4H2O *, 0C I pmm I C 50.2 84.9 55.3 3.80 652 116.7U J175.5 | 85.5 20 MnBr2.4H2O 55.3 107.7 25 3.49 609 MgCl2.4H2O 20 5 59.4 60.2 134.9 60.5 30 3.I 6 56! 120 192 86.4 60 4o 65.2 167.3 35 2.80 511 130 248 88.9 100 2Oo 69.6 70.2 207.3 65.8 2.44 460 140 316 91.8 40

MgCl2.—(Continued) t, 0C I pm» I C MgCl2.4H2O

160 175 180

459 100.1 516 112 max. 470 121

MgCl2.4H2O + MgCl2.2H20 181.5U J427 1126 MgBr2 (384.5, 434)

t, 0C IPs

Pmm

760

C 75. o t

CaCI2 (15, 16, 30, 31, 51, 52, 60, 107, 108, 119, 141, 159, 180, 181, 185, 187, 194, 234, 242, 248, 267, 268, 269, 302, 313, 317, 318, 344, 460)

364, 386, 433, 434, 444,

CaCl2.—(Continued) t, 0C I Pmm I C CaCl2.2H2O + /3-CaCl2.4H20 38.4mU I 8.19 I 127.5 CaCl2.2H2O 40m I 8.97 I 128.1 CaCl2.2H2O + a-CaC!2.4H2O 45.3U I 12.06 I 130.2 CaCl2.2H2O 50 15.5 132.2 60 25.7 136.8 70 41.2 141.6 80 63.9 146.8 90 95.2 152.6 100 138 159 120 268 172 140 467.5 191 160 719 223 170 815 255 172 825 265 max. CaCl2.2H2O + CaCl2.H2O 175.5U I 796 I 297 CaCl2.2H2O 176.7m I 771 | 308 Ca(NOa) 2

*, 0C I pmm I C Ice + CaCl2.6H2O -50.3 I 0.03 I 44.0 CaCl2.6H2O O 2.0s 60.0 + 5 2.74 63 7 (44, 45, 124, 125, 434, 436) 10 3.7i 65.7 15 4.7e 69.4 *, °C I Ptam 1 C 20 6.Oe 73.2 a-Ca(NO3)2.4H2O + Ice 25 6.9? 81.4 -28.7E I 0.32 I 75 27 7.2s 85.9 a-Ca(N03)2.4H20 O 2.7 102 28.5 7.36 90.9 max. 5 3.9 108 29 7.3s 93.2 10 5.2 115 15 6.9 122 29.5 7.22 96.1 20 9.4 129 CaCl2.6H2O + a-CaC!2.4H2O 29.93U I 6.8s I 101.2 25 12.0 138 30 14.9 151.3 CaCl2.6H2O 29.95m 1 6.7o | 102.70 35 17.7 166.7 CaCl2.6H2O + /3-CaCl2.4H2O 37 18.9 174.3 29.16mE| 5.4s | 112.9 39 19.5 183.8 40 19.7 189.7 CaCl2.6H20 -f CaCl2.2H20 max. 27.6mE I 4.27 I 123.6 a-CaC!2.4H2O 41 19.7 197.2 42 19.3 208.2 20m 4.1s 91.0 42.5 19.0 218.5 25m 5.3s 96 42.7 18.6 227.65 a-CaCl2.4H2O + CaCl2.6H2O 29.93U I 6.8s I 101.2 U-Ca(NO3)2.4H2O -f Caa-CaC!2.4H2O (N03)2.3H20 42.7E I 18.0 I 242.5 35 8.63 107.3 40 10.53 115.3 «-Ca(NO3)2.4H2O c*-CaCl2.4H2O + CaCl2.2H2O 42m 13.8 256 45.3TJ I 12.Oe I 130.2 41m 12.3 272 0-CaCl2.4H20 a-Ca(NO3)2.4H2O + Ca20m 3.34 104.5 (NO3)2.2H20 40.OmE I 11.0 I 289 25m 4.4i 108.8 A-Ca(NO3)2.4H2O /3-CaCl2.4H20 + CaCl2.6H20 29.16mE| 5.4s | 112.9 38m 8.6 306 35m 6.4 335 /3-CaCl2.4H2O 30m 5.7i 113.9 «-Ca(N03)2.4H20 + Ca35m 7.2i 120.5 (N03)2 /3-CaCl2.4H2O + CaCl2.2H2O 32.7mE| 4.5 | 357 38.4mU I 8.19 | 127.5 A-Ca(NO3)2.4H20 30m 3.9 383 CaCl2.2H2O 30m 4.97 124.4 20m 1.5 15m 1.2 35m 6.72 126.2

Ca(NOs)2.- (Continued) t, 0C I pmm C Ca(NO3)2.3H2O 35m 13.3 40m 16.2 237 A-Ca(NO3) 2.4H2O + Ca(NO3)2.3H2O 42.7E I 18.0 I 242.5 Ca(NO3)2.3H20 44 18.8 247 46 19.8 255 48 20.5 264 49 20.6 271 max. 50 20.5 280 50.5 20.2 286 51.1 19.0 303.55 51 16.8 320 Ca(NO3)2.3H2O + Ca(NO3)2.2H2O 50.6E I 15.4 I 337 Ca(N03)2.3H20 + Ca(NO3)2 49.SmE I 14.3 | 357 Ca(NO3)2.2H2O 20m 4.2s 30m 7.1 a-Ca(NO3)2.4H2O -f Ca(N03)2.2H20 40.OmE I 11.0 I 289 Ca(NO3)2.2H2O 45m 13.2 48m 14.4 316 Ca(NO3) 2.3H2O + Ca(NO3)2.2H2O 50.6E I 15.4 I 337 Ca(N03)2.2H20 + Ca(NO3)2 51.9TJ I 16.0 I 358 Ca(NO3)2 30m I 4.2 I 356 CK-Ca(NO3)2.4H20 + Ca(NO3), 32.7mE| 4.5 | 357 Ca(NO3), 35m 5.9 40m 8.0 45m 10.8 48m 12.8 Ca(N03)2.3H20 + Ca(NO3)2 49.8mE 14.3 357.5 Ca(NO3) 2.2H2O + Ca(NOs)2 51.9TJ I 16.0 i 358 Ca(NO3)2 55 19 60 24.9 358 151 760.0 376 Values of pmm* C I 20° I 30° I 40° I 50° I 60° 25~316.429.952.686.8140.6 44.1 15.327.648.080.2130.5 98.8 11.320.636.161.3 99.7 144.5 8.215.126.645.3 75.0 200 5.410.418.731.6 52.7 260 3.7 6.912.721.9 36.8 288 3.2 6.010.718.9 31.9 295 3.1 5.810.418.0 30.0 322 2.5 4.9 9.216.2 27.5 333 2.4 4.6 8.615.1 25.5 342 2.3 4.5 8.4 14.8 25.0 * See also p. 295.

Ca(NOs)2.- (Continued)

c

I 100° II e i 100°

O 6.69 12.61 18.62 22.7 28.4 36.4

760.00 44.4 655.8 746.9 47.3 647.7 735.3 59.3 614.4 719.8 70.7 583.8 710.1 72.5 578.4 697.4 81.1 556.6 676.6 168.1 | 356.6

SrCI2 (141, 384.S, 434)

t, 0C 116

pmm I C 760.0 f 105. et

Sr(NO2), (301) 112.5 I 763 j 21of Sr(N03)2 (S?) 106.79 I 760.0 { list Ba(OH) 2 (46, 235, 434)

100.0 109

Ba(OH)2.3H2Ô 52o I 732 j 219

BaCl2 (423, 434)

25 30 35 40 45 50 55 100

BaCl2.2H2O 21.4 j 37 28.6 ! 38.2 37.7 49.3 ! 40.7 63.8 ! 81.7 43.6 103.9 ;, 660 j 58.8

114

Ba(N02)2 (3«l) 769.5 j 45of

Ba(N03)2 (384.S, 434)

101.5 I

760.0 I

36.2f

LiCl (63, 106, 171, 25«, 384.5, 434, 443, 444)

LiC1.3H2O + LiCL2H2O -16.5 I 0.43 I LiC1.2H2O 0.0 0.8s 63.5 + 10.0 1.32 72.3 Li'C1.2H2O + LiCLH2O 12.5 i 1.44 I 74.6 LiCLH2O 20 2.13 78.7 30 3.56 84.3 40 5.85 90.1 50 9.6 96.2 60 15.2 102.4 70 23.2 108.9 80 35 115.7 90 51 122.6 100 73 } 129.6 LiCLH2O -f LiCl 100.5 I 74 I 129.9 LiCl

110 120

131 240

j 131.7 1 133.9

LiNO 3 (117, 243, 384.5, 434)

LiBr, see further p. 296 Values of pmm (63, 64, 65, 171, 207, 384.5, 434) C ^T^\° ^\^

O

C

O 5 10 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260

4.579 I 4.5 I 4.4 ! 4.1 3.4 2.6 1.8 i 1.2 0.8 0.5e

20

40

60

17.539 17.2 16.8 15.8 13.2 10.1 7.2 4.9 3.3 2.3 1.6

55.34 54.3 53.0 50.0 41.9 32.6 23.5 16.2 11.0 7.7 5.5 4.0 3.1

149.46 146.6 143.3 135.3 114.2 89.6 65.6 45.9 31.6 22.1 15.9 11.9 9.3 7.5

LiBr.—(Continued) t, 0C I pmm I C LiBr.3H2O (-20) 0.24 100.5 (-10) 0.36 122.0 0.0 0.5 146 LiBr.3H2O + LiBr.2H2O +4.0 I 0.54 I 158 LiBr.2H2O 10.0 0.7s 166 20.0 1.2 178.5 30.0 1.9 191 40.0 2.9 204 LiBr.2H2O -f LiBr.H2O 44.0 I 3.4e 209 LiBr.H2O* 50 60 70 80 90 100 110

!

4.6 7.2 11.1 16.8 25.2 37.3 54.3

214 224 234.5 245.5 256 266.5 277

* LiBr.H2Û transforms into anhydrous LiBr at ca. 159°, p = ca. 228 mm.

LiI (144.5, 170, 384.5, 434) ?

see

further p. 296 /~i

O 5 10 20 40 60 80 100 120

/'mmj

IQO0C 760.0 750.3 739.6 715.2 648.6 578.9 494.0 406.7 323.6

/^

PmiH)

IQO0C 140 246.3 160 184.9 180 139.8 200 107.1 250 58.7 300 35.0 350 22.4 400 15.1 450 10.7

t

80

100

355.47 760.00 349 746 341 729 322 690 274 591 217 473 161.3 356.5 114.3 256.3 79.5 180.5 56.2 129.0 41.0 95.6 31.2 74.5 25.1 62.0 20.5 51.5 17.4 44.3 38.8

LiI.—(Continued) t

O 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 72 74 75.2 74 72

I

Pmm

LiL3H2O 0.4 0.8 1.5 2.6 4.4 7.1 11.2 15.0 15.3 max. 15.2s 15.0 10.8 8.3

C

152 158 164 171 179 189 201 222 230 240 247.7 276 289

LiLSH2O + LiL2H2O 70.sE I 7.1 I 297 LiI.2H2O 72 7.2 305 74 7.4 315 max. 76 7.2 330 78.0 6.9 349 79.0 6.1 371.5 LiI.2H2O -f LiLH2O 78.2E I 4.5 I 410 LiLH2O 90 6.7 444 100 8.7 481 110 11.0 525 120 12.6 588 max. 125 12.5 633 128 11.9 670 130.5 9.4 743.1 LiLH2O -f- LiL^H2O 129E I 6.5 I 810 LiLKH 2 O 130 6.9 830 140 7.2 860

O 10 20 25 26 27 28 29 29.5 29.6 29.7

Pmm

I

C

LiNO3.3H2O 2.9 53.65 5.6 60.35 9.5 71.75 11.6 11.9 12.2 12.2 11.8 11.3 11.1 10.9 max.

82.75 85.90 89.85 95.90 105.0 113.0 115.2 117.8

29.8 10.6 121.2 29.87 10.1 127.6 29.8 9.5 132.5 29.7 9.3 135.3 29.6 9.1 137.3 LiNO3-SH2O + LiNO3.KH2O 29.5sE 9.0 I 138.3 LiNO 3 -KH 2 O 30.0 9.2 138.9 35 11.8 142.9 40 14.8 148.9 50 22.6 160.5 60 32.3 177.4 LiNO 3 -KH 2 O + LiNO3 61.1 I 33.1 I 180.6 LiNO3 62 34.2 181.9 65 38.1 186.1 70 45.1 193.6 75 52.8 201.9 NaOH; see also p. 370 *, 0C I pmm I C NaOH.4H2O O I 2.3 I 42 NaOH.4H2O + NaOH.KH2O 5 I 2.4 I 47.5 NaOH.KH2O 10 3.0 51.5 12.5 3.2 54.1 max. 2.9 61.5 15.0 2.8 63.5 15.5 15.0 2.3 67.1 12.5 1.4 74.6 10.0 1.0 78.4 5.0 0.54 83.5 NaOH.KH2O + NaOH.2H20 0.75EJ 0.3s I NaOH.2H2O + NaOH.H2O 12.OU I 0.42 I 103 NaOH.H2O 20 0.6i 109 30 0.9i 117.5 40 1.2 129 50 1.3 145 60 1.0 174 62.5 0.7 190.7 64.0 0.4 211 64.3 0.3 222.3 64.0 0.16 240 62.5 0.06 269

NaOH.—(Continued) t, 0C \ pmm \ C NaOKH2O + a-NaOH 61.5U I 0.025 I 295 a-NaOH 80 100 150 200 220 240 260

0.075 0.25 4.4 54 120 210 260 max.

314 338 416 555 645 785 990

280 195 1500 300 15 3350 a-NaOH + /3-NaOH 303 0.8 I 4200 0-NaOH 310 0.04 6550 322 0.00* QO * p given represents the partial pressure of H2Û vapor only. The total pressure at this point is the vapor pressure of NaOH, which is 0.03 + 0.02 mm.

NaF (73, 434) x-f

Pmm j

0.00 1.00 2.00

^Y

IQO0C 760.00 3.00 754.4 4.00 748.8 4.29f

Pmm)

IQO0C 743.1 737.2 735.4

NaCl; see also p. 370 t, 0C I pmm I Wt. % B NaCl O 3.5 26.2s 10 6.9 26.3o 20 13.2 26.4o 30 23.9 26.5o 40 41.6 26.6s 50 69.5 26.8s 60 112.0 27.Os 70 175.0 27.3o 80 265.2 27.60 90 391.6 27.8s 100 564 28.15 108.67 760 28.4o 110 795 28.4s

NaClO3; see also p. 370

*, 0C

I

pmm

I

C

NaClO8 O 20 40 60 80 100 110 120 130 25s

3.51 12.8 38.0 95.5 209.4 411.3 557.7 741.4 968.0 760.0

84.4 101.0 122.0 148.0 179 214 233 251 271

NaOH (7, 8, 107, 141, 265, 283, 284, 316, 383, 430, 433, 434, 452);

^7r^\l° v ""-^^ O 5 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 120 140 160 180 200 250 300 350 400 500 700 1000 2000 4000 8000

20

40

17.539 16.9 16.0 13.9 11.3 8.7 6.3 4.4 3.0 2.0 1.3 0.9

55.34 53.2 50.6 44.2 36.6 28.7 20.7 15.5 10.9 7.6 5.2 3.6 1.7 ~ O0C 4.579 4.4 4.2 3.6 2.9 2.2

C O 5 10 20 30 40

60

80

149.46 355.47 143.5 341.5 137 325.5 120.5 288.5 101 246 81 202 62.5 160.5 47 124 34.5 94 24.5 70.5 17.5 53 12.5 38.5 6.3 20.5 3 11 1.5 6 3.5 2 0.5 0.1

see

further p. 296.

100

120

160

760.0 730 697 621 537 450 368 294 231 179 138 105 61 35.5 20.5 12 7 2 0.5

1 488.9 1 430 1 365 1 225 1 070 920 770 635 515 415 330 262 164 102 63 40 25 8 2.7 0.9

4 633 4 450 4 260 3 860 3 460 3 090 2690 2 340 2 030 1 740 1 490 1 300 915 765 470 340 245 110 50 23 11

Values of pmm

200

250

11 647 11 200 10 750 9 800 8 950 8 150 7400 6 750 6 100 5 500 5 000 4 500 3 650 2 980 2 430 1 980 1 620 985 610 380 240 100

300

29 771 28 600 27 500 25 300 23 300 21 500 19900 18 400 17 100 15 800 14 700 13 650 11 800 10 300 8 960 7 830 6 870 5 000 3690 2 750 2 080 1 210 440

350

64 290 123 660 61 800 118 900 59 300 114 100 54 700 105 400 50 800 98 000 47 200 91 600 44100 85800 41 200 80 700 38 700 76 000 36 300 71 900 34 200 68 100 32 200 64 600 28 800 58 600 25 900 53 400 23 300 49 000 21 200 45 100 19 200 41 800 15 400 35 000 12500 29800 10 300 25 700 8 600 22 400 6 100 17 500 3 300 11 500 1 470 6 800 150 1 760 120 7_

t

NaCl (!2» 13, 56, 57, 73, 76, 106, 108, 109, 121, 205, 233, 286, 384.5, 395, 397, 399, 402, 403, 405, 422, 424), see further p. 297

Values of pmm %B

r^T^—^t, ^ ^^-^^ O 10 . 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 B. P., 0C

o.O

2.5

4.579 9.21 17.54 31.83 55.34 92.54 149.46 233.79 355.47 526.00 760.00 1074.5 100.0

5

7.5

10

4.5 4.4 4.4 4.3 9.1 8.9 8.8 8.6 17.3 17.0 16.7 16.4 31.4 30.9 30.4 29.8 54.5 53.6 52.7 51.7 91.2 89.7 88.1 86.4 147.2 144.8 142.3 139.7 230.2 226.4 222.4 218.3 350 344 338 332 517 509 500 491 748 736 723 710 1057 1040 1022 1003 100.44 100.90 101.40 101.93

12.5

15.0

17.5

20.0

4.2 8.4 16.1 29.2 50.7 84.7 136.8 213.9 325 481 695 983 102.51

4.1 8.2 15.7 28.5 49.5 82.8 133.7 208.9 318 470 680 961 103.16

4.0 8.0 15.3 27.7 48.1 80.5 130.0 203.5 309.5 458 665 936 103.89

3.8 7.7 14.8 26.8 46.6 78.1 126.0 197.5 300.5 445.1 643 911 104.72

;

22.5

25.0

3.7 7.4 14.2 25.8 44.9 75.3 121.7 190.7 290.2 430 622 881 105.68

3.5 7.1 13.6 24.7 43.0 72.2 116.8 183.1 278.9 414 599 849 106.78

60

80

27.5

266 395 572 810 108.12

NaClO3 (33> 73> 206 » 384 - 5 > 433> 434), see further p. 297 Values of pmm ^T^-^ °C

O

20

40

O 5 10 20 40 60 80 100 120

4.579 4.51 4.45 4.30 4.03 3.78 3.47

17.539 17.3 17.0 16.5 15.4 14.5 13.6 12.8

55.34 54.6 53.7 52.0 48.7 45.7 42.9 40.4 38.2

^

^^-»^

60

80

100

^T"^J' °° O

149.46 355.47 760.0 147.4 350.5 749.4 145.1 345.1 737.9 140.5 334.2 714.4 131.6 313.0 669.1 123.4 293.5 627.4 115.9 275.7 589.5 109.2 259.7 555.1 103.1 245.1 524.1

^""--^^

Î40 160 180 200

O

20

40

977o232.0 220.0

100 495.9 470.3 447.0 425.6

NaBr (73, 333, 334, 384.5, 433, 434)^ see further p. 297 Values of pmm ^P^^Cf

O

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

110

O4.5799.21017.53931.83455.3492.54149.46233.79355.47526.00760.001074.5 5.0 4.5 9.1 17.25 31.3 54.4 91.0 147.0 230 349.5 517 747.4 1057 10.0 4.4 8.9 17.0 30.8 53.6 89.7 145.0 226.5 344.5 510 735.5 1041 20.0 4.3 8.6 16.3 29.6 51.5 86.1 139 217.5 331 489 707.2 1000 30.0 4.1 8.2 15.6 28.3 49.1 82.1 132.5 207.5 315.5 467 674.5 954 40.0 3.9 7.8 14.8 26.8 46.6 77.8 125.5 196.5 299 442 639.3 904 50.0 3.6 7.3 13.9 25.3 43.9 73.5 118.5 185.5 282 418 603.3 853 60.0 3.4 6.9 13.1 23.8 41.3 69.1 111.5 174.5 265.5 393 567.6 803 70.0 3.2 6.5 12.3 22.3 38.8 64.9 105 164 249.5 369 530.1 754 80.0 6.1 11.5 21.0 36.4 60.9 98.5 154 234 346 500.1 707 90.0 10.8 19.7 34.2 57.1 92 144 219.5 324.6 469.0 663 100.0 32.0 53.6 86.5 135.5 205.5 304.5 439.9 622 110.0 50.3 81 127 193 285.5 412.7 583 120.0 268 387.4 548 121.9 382.9f 125.0 531 NaI (73, 433, 434), see further p. 297 Values of pmm ^^^-__j^°c 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 O 4 . 5 7 9 1 7 . 5 3 9 5 5 . 3 4 1 4 9 . 4 6 3 5 5 . 4 7 7 6 0 . 0 0 1 4 8 8 . 9 2 7 0 9 . 5 10 4.5 17.1 54.1 146.1 347 743 1455 2648 25 4.3 16.5 52.0 140.6 334.3 715 1400 2548 50 3.9 15.1 47.0 128.3 305.1 652 1278 2326 75 3.5 13.4 42.3 114.3 271.8 581 1138 2072 100 3.0 11.8 37.2 100.5 239.1 511 1001 1822 125 2.7 10.2 32.3 87.2 207.4 443.5 869 1581 150 2.3 8.8 27.9 75.4 179.3 383.5 751 1367 175 7.7 24.2 65.3 155.2 332 650 1183 200 21.0 56.7 134.8 288 565 1028 225 . ; — 49.5 117.7 251.5 493 897 . l 250 > ^ ' ^—! Ï 43.5 103.4 221 433 788 275 NaI 382 696 91 3 195 2 300 100 174.4 303.4 173 3 340 618 325 141 760 [_ Na2SO4 ( 1 0 >

49

>

50

> 56, 57, 73, 233, 271.5, 304, 381, 384.5, 419, 434,

455, 461), see further p. 297 Values of pmvi ± 1-4% from 0-10O0C \Wt.%B ~" \ OO 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0 oG \v ' —^ 0.0 4.579 4.50 4.42 4.33 4.22 4.10 10.0 9.21 9.05 8.8s 8.7o 8.52 8.2s 20.0 17.54 17.24 16.9s 16.60 16.1s 15.77 30.0 31.83 3 1 . 3 4 3 0 . 7 9 3 0 . 2 2 2 9 . 5 4 2 8 . 7 9 2 7 . 0 2 * 40.0 55.34 54.5 53.6 52.6 51.5 50.2 48.6 50.0 92.54 91.2 89.8 88.2 86.4 84.4 81.7 60.0 149.46147.0145.0142.7140.0136.8132.6 70.0 233.79 230.5 227.2 223.4 219.4 214.6 208.3 80.0 355.47351 346 340.4 334.4 327.4 358.1 90.0 526.00 519 512 504 496 486 100.0 760.00 751 741 730 718 704 *Supersatd. solution.

Na 2 SO 4 .-(Continued)

t, 0C

| pmm \ Wt. % B Na2SO4-IOH2O 12 3 n 7 (15) - * 17 5 14 2 13 83 ( - ) 20 16.5 16.Ii 22.5 19.1 18.60

t, 0C

40

45 50

25

21 9

21 04

55

27 5

24 9

25 0?

60

30

28 0

29 Oo

Na2SO4.1OH2O + <*-Na2SO4 i 32 4 30 8 33 24 ^Na2SO4 + Na2SO4.7H2O 24 4m | 19<1 . 34 0? Na2SO4 7H2O (15)m

(17.5)m 20m

22.5m 26.Om 20m 25m 30m 35

n 6

13 1 lß<1

27 2s

29.1s 30 9g

17.3 32.7s 20.6 35.4s A-Na2SO4 14.4 34.5s 19.6 34.Oo 26.8 33.49 35.9 33.Oo

pmm N

"~ ^ 4 47 4 32 5e 62.0 32.17 80.4 31.81 103 2 131 2

65

70 75

80 85

90 95

100 102 84

110 120 130 140 150 160 170

\ Wt. % B

go

31 4g 31 ls

7 207.2

165

257 5

30 8?

30.62 30 3o

- 317.4 386 9

4725 571 7

686.4 760 0

974.7 1 355 1 850 2 480 3 275 4 260 5 465

30.2i

30 Oe

29 9o 29 ?9

29.6s 29 6o

29.54 29.47 29.4e 29.5i 29.61 29.74 29.89

Na 2 SO 4 .—(Continued) t, 0C I pmm I Wt. % B 0-Na2SO4 + /5-Na2SO4 180+20 6925 | 30.Os /3-Na2SO4 190 8 680 30.43 200 10 750 30.74 210 13 200 31.07 220 16 000 31.3s 230 19350 31.70 /3-Na2SO4 + T-Na2SO4 235±5 |21 200 | 31.8e T-Na2SO4 240 23 250 31. U 260 33 150 28.16 (280) 45 850 24.94 (300) 62 000 21.4l (320) 82 300 17.53

Na2S203.—(Continued) t, 0C I pmm I C Na2S2O3-OH2O 43 41.7 113.4 45 43.5 124.0 46 43.9 130.7 47 43.7 139.8 48 41.3 156.0 Na2S2O3-SH2O+Na2S2O3.2H2O 48.1s | 40.6 | 159.7 Na2S2O3.2H2O 50 43.4 163.5 55 50.8 175.7 60 57.2 191.7 65 60.6 213.8 66 60.8 219.0 Na2S2O3.2H2O +Na 2 S 2 O 3 66.4s 60.9 | 221.3 Na2S2O3

NaNO3.- (Continued) t, °C

I

Pmm

I

C

Il

t, °C

I

Pmm

|

C

NaNO 3 O 3.7o 73.0 70 148.1 135.6 10 7.2o 80.5 80 216.1 148.0 20 13.2s 88.2 90 306.7 160.9 25 17.67 92.0 100 422.9 176.0 30 23.27 96.2 110 569.2 192.4 40 39.13 104.8 120 748.5 210.6 50 63.3 113.9 120.59 760.0 211.7 60 98.6 124.0 125 851.6 220.3 Na2CO3 (49, 94, 95, 140, 384.5, 423, 433, 434, 4ST) 1 see further p. 297 Values of pmm ± 1 % at 0° to ca. ±0.5 % at 100°

^^-\ Wt O/0 ~R /i^\: 0.0 t, ^ ^^ 0.0

10.0

4.579

5.0

10.0 15.00 20.00 25.00 30.00

4.5

9.210 9.0

8.8

20.0 17.539 17.2 16.8 16.3 30.0 31.834 31.2 30.4 29.6 28.8 27.75 26.4* Na 2 S 2 O 3 (423, 434, 463, 464, 70 69.7 223.9 40.0 55.34 54.2 53.0 51.6 50.2 48.4 46.1 465) 80 99.6 231.6 90 138 2 239 5 50.0 92.54 90.7 88.7 86.5 84.1 81.2 77.5 / or i _ I r -2 2 60.0 149.46 146.5 143.5 139.9 136.1 131.6 125.7 ' Narralo IPO i**I^L70.0 239.79 235 230.5 225 219 211.5 202.5 O 3.9s 50.2 80.0 355.47 348 342 334 325 315 301 10 7. 6e 59.6 90.0 526.00 516 506 494 482 467 447 20 14.0 -70.0 NaNO 2 (SOi) o 100.0 760.00 746 731 715 697 676 648 C C mm 30 24.0 82.9 *» ° ^ * Supersaturated. 40 37.6 103.1 128 761.5 214 f Na2C O 3.—(Continued) Na2CO3.—(Continued) t, 0C I pmm I Wt. % B t, 0C I pmm I Wt. % B Na2CO3-IOH2O Na2CO3-H2O + Na2CO3.15.0 12.3 14.Io 7H2O 20.0 16.9 17.7o 35.6 I 34.0 I 33.05 25 21.4 22.1s Na2CO3-H2O + Na2CO3 27.5 24.0 25.Oo 105 + 5 769.8 I 31.15 30 26.8 28.15 NaCHO2, Formate (384.5, 434) 31 27.9 29.7o NaNO 3 (10> 56> 57 > 73> 106» 120> 121> 243 > 28G » 384 - 5 > 404 » 407, /~i Pmmj ^f Pmm> 32 28.8 31.3s 422, 433, 434), see further p. 297 IQO0C ° IQO0C Na2CO3.1OH2O + Na2CO3.Values of pmm O 760.00 80 490 H2O 5 742 100 446 . 33.1om| 29.5 | 33.3o 10 723 120 410 ^"^\L°° O 25 50 75 100 125 C ^"""""•--^^ 20 685 140 379 Na2C03.H20 ~ ~ 0 4 . 5 7 9 2 3 . 7 6 3 9 2 . 5 4 2 8 9 . 3 2 760.00 1740.5 40 610 157.7f 355 36.0 34.8 32.9s 5 4.5o 23.34 90.9 284.1 746.3 1709 60 545 40 43.6 32.65 10 4 . 4 2 22.93 89.2 278.9 732.5 1677 NaCH3COO O«, 146, 434) 45 57.1 32.3s 20 4.2s 22.U 86.1 268.8 705.6 161s «, 0C I pmm I C 50 74.1 32.Io 30 4.1s 21.39 83.1 259.1 679.6 1554 55 95.4 31.85 NaC2H3O2 40 4.04 20.69 79.6 249.9 654.8 149e 100 319 170 ± 2 60 121.5 31.7o 50 3.93 20.04 77.5 241.1 631.3 1442 123 760 193 ± 5 65 153.7 31.60 60 3.8s 19.42 74.9 232.9 609.0 139o 70 192.7 31.50 70 3.7s 18.83 72.56 225.1 588.1 134i Na2C4H4O6, Tartrate 75 239.8 31.45 80 3.64* 18.29 70.25 217.8 568.2 1294 (141, 254, 298, 299, 300, 434) 80 296.2 31.40 90 17.77 68.1 210.8 549.4 125o Na2C4H4O6.2H2O 85 363.4 31.35 100 17.29* 66.1 204.3 531.6 1209 0.0 4.4 24 442.4 31.30 110 64.2 199.4 514.8 117o 90 5 6.2 28 95 535.3 31.2s 120 192.1 498.9 113s 10 8.6 32 100 631.7 31.20 130 186.5 483.7 1097 15 11.9 36.5 UOm 915.7 31.10 140 181.2* 469.4 1064 20 16.2 41 150 455.7 1032 25 21.7 45 Na2C03.7H20 160 442. e 1002 30 28.8 50 (20)m 15.3 (24.7) 170 430.1 973 35 37.9 54 (25)m 20.3 (27.3) 180 418.3* 945 40* 49.3 59 (30)m 26.2 30.10 190 919 45 63.4 64 34 31.7 32.35 200 893 50 80.9 69 35 33.2 32.95

210 220 230

* Supersaturated.

869 846 824

Na2CO3-IOH2O + Na2CO3.7H2O 32.1s

29.0 I

31.50

100

593

130

108 ± 0.5 760.0 146 * Dissociation pressures indicate a probable transition at ca. 40°.

KOH (51> 1° 7» l 2 3 »

141

>

302

>

316

>

331

>

344

> 383, 384.5, 395, 397,

K2SO4 (56> 57, 73, 121, 162, 233, 344, 384.5, 433, 434), see further

434) ? see further p. 298 Values of pmm

^"O' °C O c ---.V^ O4.57917 5 4.43 10 4.25 20 3.83 30 3.35 40 2.82 50 2.30 60 1.82 80 1.08 100 120 140 160 178

20

.539 17.0 16.3 14.7 12.9 10.9 8.9 7.2 4.4 2.6

40

KCl (56, 57, 73, 120, 233, 2 5 1 , 253, 384.5, 422, 457)

i

Pmm

20.0 25 30

KCl 15.5 20.5 26.9

35

35.1

40 45 50 55 100 108.6

45.8 62.1 74.8 93.0 567.8 760.0

I

C 34.0 35.5 37.0

O 10

100

355.47760.00 344 735 331 707 299 639 263 563 225 485 190 413 158 348 108 246 70.5 172 45.5 118 29 81 56 4Ot

KClO3.—(Continued) t, 0C I pmm C KClO3 20 17.2s 7.4 30 31.0? 10.2 35 41.0s 11.9 40 53.57 14.0 45 69.2 3 16.3 50 88.59 18.9 55 112.4 21.6 60 141.3 24.5 65 176.5 27.6 70 217.8 31.1 75 267.3 34.6 80 325.7 38.4 85 393.5 42.6 90 472.4 47.0 95 563.5 51.4 100 668.1 56.1 103.9 760.0 59.9 29o 11 7Oo max. 1 X IO3 36e sec. B. P. 3 X IQ4 KBr (73, 106, 344, 384.5, 434) C C

<'°

I

£-

AJ3r

3 95

' 526.5

° 100

40.0

t, 0C

42.6

O 10 20 30 40 50 60

56.1

384.5,423,434)

pmm I KClO3 4.54 9.1o

80

1

53 5

105.3

KI (73, 106, 344, 384.5, 434)

KClO3 (73, 141, 179, 187, 304, «, 0C I

60

55.34149.46 53.5 144.6 51.4 138.9 46.4 125.4 40.7 110.1 34.6 94 28.6 78.6 23.2 64.6 14.6 42.6 8.8 26.5 5.2 16.2 9.8

KOH.—(Continued) t, 0C I pmm I C KOH.2H2O O 0.7 97 10 1.2 103 20 1.8 112 25 2.2 27.5 2.3s 29 2.4 30 2.4 126 31 2.3s 32 2.2s KOH.2H2O + KOILH2O 32.5 I 2.2 I 135 KOILH2O 40 3.3 50 5.5 140 60 9.1 80 21 100 40 178

*,°C

p. 298 Values of pmm

70

C 3.3 5.1

80 90 100 118.2

|

pmm | C KI 3.4 I 127.5 6.6 136 12.2 144 21.5 152 36.5 160 59.0 168 93.0 176 142.0

184

210.0 303 427 760.0

192 200 208 22o

^T\!> °C C ^Vi\ ^

O

30

60

1

80

100

s

O4.57931.834149 0.5 4.573 1 4.56s 31.76 2 4.557 31.68 3 4.54s 31.62 4 4.53s 31.55 5 4.529 31.49 6 4.520 31.43 8 31.30 10 31.18 15 20 K2SO4.- (Continued) t,°C I jw I C K2SO4 O 4.5i 7.38 10 8.9s 20 17.04 11.24 25 23.Os 30 30.8 13.Os 35 40.7 40 53.3 14.86 45 69.1 50 88.8 16.5s 60 142.7 18.2s 80 340 21.4o 100 723 24.19 101.4 760 24.4 t, 0C 132

KNO 2 (301) pmm 758.5

C 4751

KNO 3 (33, 56, 57, 73, 120, 203, 304, 320, 338, 344, 384.5,

423)

t, 0C I Pmm I C a-KNO3 (Rhombic) 3.62l 11.52 -2.82 O 4.45 13.3 +10 6.86 20.9 20 16.52 31.6 25 22.Io 37.3 30 29.20 45.8 35 38.li 40 49.09 63.9 45 62.56 50 78.8s 85.5 55 98.5s 60 121.94 110.0 65 149.6 70 181.8 138 75 219.3 80 262.2 169 85 311.5 90 366.9 202 95 429.3 100 499.0 246 105 576 110 660 295 115.5 760 330 120 852 365

'

.46355.47760.00 759.0 149.1 354.6 758.1 148.8 353.8 756.4 148.4 353.0 754.8 148.1 352.3 753.3 147.8 351.6 751.8 147.5 350.9 750.3 147.0 349.6 747.4 146.4 348.2 744.4 144.9 344.7 737.0 341.2 729.5 KNO3.—(Continued) t, 0C I Pmm I C a-KNO3 (Rhombic) 125 I 958 I 415 a-KNO3 + /3-KNO3 129U 11048 I a-KNO3 13Om 1071 135m 1189 !0-KNO3 (Rhombohedral) 12Om 837 125m 950 /3-KNO3 130 135 140 150 160 180 200 220 240 250 260 265 270 280 300 320

115.5 332

1074 ? 1207 1354 1676 2042 2884 3820 4765 556o 593o 598o 599s max. 597o 575o 474o 267o Boiling points 760 330 760 1 X IQ5

K2C4H4O6, Tartrate (i«> 167, 254, 298, 299, 300, 434)

t

I

Pmm

I

C

K2C4H4O6.2H2O 10 7.1 144 15 9.7 150 20 13.1 156 25 17.4 162 30* 23.0 168 35 30.0 174 40 38.8 180 45 49.5 168 100 458 241 115 + 0.5 760 246 * Reported transition at 29.2° can not be established on basis of existing vapor-pressure data.

K2CrO4 ( 4 » 201 » 327» *, 0C I pmm I K2CrO4 O 4.1o 20 15.4 40 47.8 60 126.7 80 295.8 100 622.0 760.0 105.9

434

)

C 57.2 62.4 67.9 73.9 80.3 86.9 88.9

K 2 Cr 2 O 7 ( 202 > 233 > 423 ) t, 0C I 2W I C K2Cr2O7 20 17.20 12.2 25 23.20 30 30.9s 18.4 35 40.8s 40 53.30 26.3 45 68.9s 50 88.3 35.3 55 112.0 60 140.9 45.1 80 323 , 68.7 100 649 ' 98.5 104.9 760 108

K 2 Cr 2 (SO 4 )* ( 241 ) t, °C

I

pmm

K2Cr2(S04)4.24H20 20 I 15.0

K2A12(SO4)4 ( 2 56, 467)

t, 0C

pmm

K2Al2(SO4)4.24H2O 60 144.1 65 179.4 . 70 221.3 75 269.7 K2Al2(SO4) 4.24H2O + K2A12(S04)4.18H20 (?) 79.5* I 317.3 K2A12(S04)4.18H20 (?) 80 321.9 85 367.0 90 417.3 * Other determinations give transition at 84 to 91°.

KNaC4H4O6, (147,

166,

Rochelle

254, 298, 299,

salt

A = NH3; B = NH 4 NO 3 ; C = NH4CNS (6»» *™> 130,131,158,190»

300)

224)

*, 0C I pmm I C KNaC4H406.4H20

O 10 20 30 40

4.0 8.0 15.2 27.1 46.2

TC

27 40 56 76 106

RbCl 12.8 38.9 101.5 233.9 484.7 760

20 40 60 80 100 113.7

O O O 10 10 10 20 20 20

N^

'

M

B

102,8 11.7 216.5 20.0 294.5 29.8 122.0 12.8 298.5 21.2 406.5 31.3 384 22.6 546 33.4 NH4CNS 173 I 13.5 NH 4 NO 3 + NH4CNS 86.5 11.0 122 12.5 167 15.6

Mole

16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54

81.8 83.0

Cs salts (56, 57) Salt

/ f Of 1 atm. ' CsCl 119.92290 Cs2SO4 109.96225 CsNO3 107.23221 Cs2Al2(SQ4)4.24H2O 100.53 23

NON-AQUEOUS SYSTEMS CONTAINING THREE OR MORE COMPONENTS Standard arrangement, v. p. viii A = O 2 ; B = S; C = Cu (330) A = (O2 + N 2 ), Air; B = CO2 Critical region ( 6 > 80> 447) A = SO2; B = HgBr2; C = HgI2 Data with reference to the elevation of the critical temperature of SO2 by addition of B and C. Temperature range, 157 to 2550C. No pressure data ( 287 ).

r

%

|

C

34.8 20.0 10.0 38.3 21.2 10.4 22.6 11.2

.

40.5

I

37.7 39.0 39.6

Pmm

MrX*10 B/C - 1/3 I B/C =• 1 I B/C =3 B + C ? X 0° I 10° I- 20° I °° I 10° I 20° I °° I 10° I 20° O 3221 4612 6429 3221 4612 6429 3221 4612 6429

91.1 103.5 115.5 127.2 138.9 147

Rb2SO4 673 760

I

O 10 20

Rb 2 SO 4 (57, 384.5, 434)

100 103.5

Pmm

NH 4 NO 3

KNaC4H406.4H20 -f Na2C4H4O6.2H2O 41* 48.6 44 54.3 46 58.5 48 62.9 50 67.6 52 72.6 KNaC4H4O6.4H2O + Na2C4H4O6.2H2O + K2C4H4O6.2H2O 54 I 77.9 I * The salt becomes unstable with respect to its own saturated solution at 41 ± I0C. The dissociation pressure curve of the 4-hydrate meets the S-L-V curve at ca. 540C. The transition is reported between 54-59° ; at this temp, the solution becomes saturated with both NasCoHeOe and K2C^4O6, both present as dihydrates, and the double salt breaks up completely. No data exist on the corresponding ternary system. Solubility data refer to the d-double salt (Seignette's salt). RbCl (57, 344, 384.5, 434)

^

*'

1524 1384 1521 1253 1390 1136 1268 1030 1554 1161 933 1409 1063 1581 846 1284 972 1454 767 1170 888 1330 696 1067 1521 830 1223 630 971 1398 740 1122 572 886 1285 678 1031 1551 520 809 1184 620 948 1434 473 739 1090 568 872 1328 429.5 676 1006 521 803 1231 391.7 619 926 477.5 739 1141 357 568 855 438 685 1058 324.5 521 789 402.5 629 981 296.0 479 729 370.5 580 908 271 440 673 342 536 836 248.5 405 622 315.5 496 769 227.8 373 584 290.5 460 709 209.5 344 532 269 427 654 193.0 317 493.5 249.5 397.5 607 178.1 293 457.5 231.5 371 565 164.9 270.5 424.5 216.5 347 527 152.4 250 394 325.5 492.5 141.3 231 366 306.4 462 131.2 214 340 435 122.2 198.6 316 410.5 116.1 184.7 294.5 388.5 106.4 172.0 275 160.9 258 150.5 242 141.4 227.5 Satd. 133.2 214 Satd. soin. soin. 125.6 202.5 191.6 181.8 173.2

1519 1398 1290 1191 1100 1015 932 864 799 736 680 630 582 538 498.5 462.5 430 400.5 374 349.5 328.5 308.5

1512 1400 1293 1198 1110 1029 956 888 826 768 716 668 624 584 547 513 481 452 425.5

1553 1450 1353 1263 1181 1106 1035 971 909 853 801 754 709 668 630 595 562

Satd. Boln.

A = NH3; B = CH4O, Methyl alcohol; C = C8H6O, Acetone (*<> 2 ) A = CO2 ( 2 8 7 > 288, 289, 290, 291, 292, 293,

B C D E

= = = =

SiO2 SiO2 Na2O K2O

SiO^ CaO Na2O K2Q

TiO2 ITiO 2 ITiO 2 CaO Na2O K2O Na2O K2O

294)

CaO CaO Na2O K 2 O

K2CrO4 ( 4 » 201 » 327» *, 0C I pmm I K2CrO4 O 4.1o 20 15.4 40 47.8 60 126.7 80 295.8 100 622.0 760.0 105.9

434

)

C 57.2 62.4 67.9 73.9 80.3 86.9 88.9

K 2 Cr 2 O 7 ( 202 > 233 > 423 ) t, 0C I 2W I C K2Cr2O7 20 17.20 12.2 25 23.20 30 30.9s 18.4 35 40.8s 40 53.30 26.3 45 68.9s 50 88.3 35.3 55 112.0 60 140.9 45.1 80 323 , 68.7 100 649 ' 98.5 104.9 760 108

K 2 Cr 2 (SO 4 )* ( 241 ) t, °C

I

pmm

K2Cr2(S04)4.24H20 20 I 15.0

K2A12(SO4)4 ( 2 56, 467)

t, 0C

pmm

K2Al2(SO4)4.24H2O 60 144.1 65 179.4 . 70 221.3 75 269.7 K2Al2(SO4) 4.24H2O + K2A12(S04)4.18H20 (?) 79.5* I 317.3 K2A12(S04)4.18H20 (?) 80 321.9 85 367.0 90 417.3 * Other determinations give transition at 84 to 91°.

KNaC4H4O6, (147,

166,

Rochelle

254, 298, 299,

salt

A = NH3; B = NH 4 NO 3 ; C = NH4CNS (6»» *™> 130,131,158,190»

300)

224)

*, 0C I pmm I C KNaC4H406.4H20

O 10 20 30 40

4.0 8.0 15.2 27.1 46.2

TC

27 40 56 76 106

RbCl 12.8 38.9 101.5 233.9 484.7 760

20 40 60 80 100 113.7

O O O 10 10 10 20 20 20

N^

'

M

B

102,8 11.7 216.5 20.0 294.5 29.8 122.0 12.8 298.5 21.2 406.5 31.3 384 22.6 546 33.4 NH4CNS 173 I 13.5 NH 4 NO 3 + NH4CNS 86.5 11.0 122 12.5 167 15.6

Mole

16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54

81.8 83.0

Cs salts (56, 57) Salt

/ f Of 1 atm. ' CsCl 119.92290 Cs2SO4 109.96225 CsNO3 107.23221 Cs2Al2(SQ4)4.24H2O 100.53 23

NON-AQUEOUS SYSTEMS CONTAINING THREE OR MORE COMPONENTS Standard arrangement, v. p. viii A = O 2 ; B = S; C = Cu (330) A = (O2 + N 2 ), Air; B = CO2 Critical region ( 6 > 80> 447) A = SO2; B = HgBr2; C = HgI2 Data with reference to the elevation of the critical temperature of SO2 by addition of B and C. Temperature range, 157 to 2550C. No pressure data ( 287 ).

r

%

|

C

34.8 20.0 10.0 38.3 21.2 10.4 22.6 11.2

.

40.5

I

37.7 39.0 39.6

Pmm

MrX*10 B/C - 1/3 I B/C =• 1 I B/C =3 B + C ? X 0° I 10° I- 20° I °° I 10° I 20° I °° I 10° I 20° O 3221 4612 6429 3221 4612 6429 3221 4612 6429

91.1 103.5 115.5 127.2 138.9 147

Rb2SO4 673 760

I

O 10 20

Rb 2 SO 4 (57, 384.5, 434)

100 103.5

Pmm

NH 4 NO 3

KNaC4H406.4H20 -f Na2C4H4O6.2H2O 41* 48.6 44 54.3 46 58.5 48 62.9 50 67.6 52 72.6 KNaC4H4O6.4H2O + Na2C4H4O6.2H2O + K2C4H4O6.2H2O 54 I 77.9 I * The salt becomes unstable with respect to its own saturated solution at 41 ± I0C. The dissociation pressure curve of the 4-hydrate meets the S-L-V curve at ca. 540C. The transition is reported between 54-59° ; at this temp, the solution becomes saturated with both NasCoHeOe and K2C^4O6, both present as dihydrates, and the double salt breaks up completely. No data exist on the corresponding ternary system. Solubility data refer to the d-double salt (Seignette's salt). RbCl (57, 344, 384.5, 434)

^

*'

1524 1384 1521 1253 1390 1136 1268 1030 1554 1161 933 1409 1063 1581 846 1284 972 1454 767 1170 888 1330 696 1067 1521 830 1223 630 971 1398 740 1122 572 886 1285 678 1031 1551 520 809 1184 620 948 1434 473 739 1090 568 872 1328 429.5 676 1006 521 803 1231 391.7 619 926 477.5 739 1141 357 568 855 438 685 1058 324.5 521 789 402.5 629 981 296.0 479 729 370.5 580 908 271 440 673 342 536 836 248.5 405 622 315.5 496 769 227.8 373 584 290.5 460 709 209.5 344 532 269 427 654 193.0 317 493.5 249.5 397.5 607 178.1 293 457.5 231.5 371 565 164.9 270.5 424.5 216.5 347 527 152.4 250 394 325.5 492.5 141.3 231 366 306.4 462 131.2 214 340 435 122.2 198.6 316 410.5 116.1 184.7 294.5 388.5 106.4 172.0 275 160.9 258 150.5 242 141.4 227.5 Satd. 133.2 214 Satd. soin. soin. 125.6 202.5 191.6 181.8 173.2

1519 1398 1290 1191 1100 1015 932 864 799 736 680 630 582 538 498.5 462.5 430 400.5 374 349.5 328.5 308.5

1512 1400 1293 1198 1110 1029 956 888 826 768 716 668 624 584 547 513 481 452 425.5

1553 1450 1353 1263 1181 1106 1035 971 909 853 801 754 709 668 630 595 562

Satd. Boln.

A = NH3; B = CH4O, Methyl alcohol; C = C8H6O, Acetone (*<> 2 ) A = CO2 ( 2 8 7 > 288, 289, 290, 291, 292, 293,

B C D E

= = = =

SiO2 SiO2 Na2O K2O

SiO^ CaO Na2O K2Q

TiO2 ITiO 2 ITiO 2 CaO Na2O K2O Na2O K2O

294)

CaO CaO Na2O K 2 O

A = CCl4; B = C 2 H 5 OH; C = C6H6.-(Continued)

A = CO 2 ; B = C6H3N3O7, Picric acid; C = C10H8 («9) t, °C

I

Patm.

Il

t, °C

I

p,tm.

|l

t, °C

I

frtm.

/0 BC

23.4

BC + C

60.7

25 9 29 1 29*5 299 306 309 31 ! 31 3* 101 1 1021 103 7

64 O 68 9 69*8 704 71 2 71 9 72'2 726 212'.5 1936 175 4

105*9 165^9 110.6 145.7 1152 1300 121 7 117 O ' 150'7 BC + C 22.6 58.4 24.6 61.0 26.5 63.9

28

'°

29 4

BC + B

66

'°

68>1

3

^1 31 3 31 6 '

31 9 32

2

32 4

70

-7 70 9 71 4 ' 72 '° 72.4 72 6

326

732

32

73 9

8

-°

33

32 2 - * 54 7

S4-1 54 3 55.3 56.5 58.1 59.3 77.1E

74

'°

743 174 8

' 160 -° l46 6 ' 132.0 121.0 107.0 94.5

23-45 -4 26.8 28.2 29.1 29.9 30.55 30 9 31 3 31.6* 89 5 -

60.4 -9 65.0 67.3 68.5 69.8 70.9 71 6 -

25

O 7.2 13.16 19.77 30.42 43.75

62

72.9 195 9 -

89-9 184.1 90.6 164.9 91-5 150.3 92.6 135.3 94.2 120.2 95.5 105.5 97.6 91.0 98.9 78.8 113.4E For compari-

A = CCl4; B = C2H5OH; C = C6H6 (377, 378, 379) Valuesof Wt r £ P— m /0 ' 34.8° I 50° I 60° I 66°

Wt. Ratio A/C = 23/77 O 2.05 8.11 17.50 26.50 40.13 50.57

153 191 201 204 204 199 193

281 353 380 390 392 385 376

407 515 559 580 585 577 564

wt r B /0

Values of Pmm 34.8° | 50° | 60° | 66°

Wt. Ratio A/C = 73.7/26.3 500 632 692 721 729 722 709

30.80 ] 213 43.90 203 56.11 187 66.30 173 80.79 144 94.35 115 100.0 103

410 393 370 343 297 244 223

608 588 559 522 459 387 354

762 740 703 663 584 501 462

ZS If, SS'S ^- ^ -w"

82.38 89.96 100 O

148 301 462 589 130 270 421 542 103 223 354 462

Wt. Ratio A/C = 55.4/44.6 O 163 295 426 521 2.71 203 380 551 678 5.33 208 391 575 710 12.72 212 406 599 744 22.20 212 408 603 753 33.40 208 400 598 746 55.17 190 372 560 703 70.77 167 335508643 81.02 147 301 465 589 89.25 128 266 417 539 100.0 103 223 354 462 w* T» *• A / n *» * /o* o Wt. Ratio A/C = 73.7/26.3

O 2.48 6.10 12.01 22.81 I

166 207 215 218 216 ,

303 387 408 414 414

435 561 600 612 615

533 687 744 763 767

17 ° ° 307 441 541 221 422 625 777 20 98 219 42 ' ° 624 778 30.92 215 414 615 769 4750 199 339 533 733 59.64 184 361 543 687 70.48 163 325 497 631 84.28 137 280 437 560 100.0 103 223 354 462 ^ Values of pmm Wt *% 34.8° I 50° I 60° | 66° U 60

!

Wt. Ratio B/A = 23.3/76.7 O 223 427 637 789 13.25 220 423 628 776 23.45 217 419 617 768 37 -° 213 407 602 751 ^ 6 3 2og 3 9 7 5 8 9 7 3 1

66.91 79.49 89.70 95.29 100.0

201 194 182 170 147

383 366 338 308 271

566 535 490 446 389

187 194 199 202 205 205

Wt. 369 381 388 392 395 395

Values of pmm 34.8° | 50° | 60° | 66°

/0

Ratio B/A = 56.13/43.87 554 700 62.09 203 571 721 75.69 200 581 729 84.87 194 586 735 94.04 185 589 738 97.19 172 589 738 [ 100.0 147

391 385 373 349 317 271

583 570 548 509 457 389

724 708 681 625 562 477

A = CHCl3, Chloroform; B = C 4Hi 0O, Ethyl ether; Ci = C6H3N3O7, Picric acid, C2 = C8H9NO, Acetanilide, C3 = C10H8, Naphthalene (275); c/. (us, lie, iso, 195, 409)

723

* First critical endpoint; second critical endpoint unrealized. son, crit. pt. CO2 by same author 31.2°, 72.4 atm.

Values of Pmm 34.8° I 50° I 60° I 66°

700 661 600 546 477

Values of pmm . XA m

A + B saturated with Nil, 13.60° I C1, 12.75° | C2, 12.20° | C3, 12.35° 341 327 319 272 305 293 283 243.5 267 255 247.5 214.5 228 218.5 211 186 193 185 177.5 157 163 156 150 132.5 140 134 129.5 115 127 122.5 117.5 104 122 120 113 96.5 122 119 112.5 91.5 126.2 121 115.5 92

+

O 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

A = CS2; B = C3H6O, Acetone; Ci r*= TTC6TVT^N H3N3O A 7, j.Picric -VJ acid, /O7CNC2 = C8H9NO, Acetanilide ( 27S ); cf. (342,466)

A = CS2; B = C3H8O2, Methylr TT TNT n P;™,» QnU al,,. rOi _-CeXlsNsO^ricricacia,

Values of pmm

cf. (466)

ZA in A + B O 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

A +B saturated with Nil, C^ C2, 24.8° 24.6° 24.8° 231.5 170.5 208.5 321 250 280 379 324 331 414 375 368 435 406 398 448 423 415 453 429 422 455 431 426 453 432 428 439 420 419 358 357 358

C2 = Ci0H8, Naphthalene C 275 );

Â Jn A+ B O 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

A+B saturated with Nil, Ci, C^~ 16.53° 18.10° 18.60° 265.5 236 252 292 278 267 313 309 280 329 332 289 338 346 294 341 353 295.5 340.5 355 293 335 355.5 286 325 350 273 304 327 253 263 275.5 126.5

A = CS2; B = C4Hi0O, Ethyl ether; Ci = C6H3N3O7, Picric acid, C2 = Ci0H8, Naphthalene, C3 = Ci0H16O, Camphor (275) Values of pmm .

A + B saturated with

A 4- B ^*

1

2?

.

^ ' A + B "^' ^1'

^'

^

404 407 408 406 402 393

381 '173 379 181 374 189 368 196 360 204 350 211

20.5° 18.2° 22.2° 20.3°

O 10 20 30 40 50

449 452 453 450 444 436

A + B saturated with

3

^2' ^3'

20.5° 18.2° 22.2° 20.3°

60 70 80 90 100

424 409 385 350 307

382 368 349 321 277

339 326 311 293 273

217 222 227 232 237

SYSTEMS CONTAINING THREE OR MORE COMPONENTS—AQUEOUS Standard Arrangement, v. p. viii B = HCl; C = Cu2Cl2 (462) gC/100 gC/100 gC/100 Pmm Pmm V™" gA gA gA g B/100 g A = 22.4 g B/100 g A = 27.6 g B/100 g A = 31.1 t = ca. 52° 70 13.8 133 29.0 55 O 66 27.6 131 33.6 55 6.9 64 34.7 126 41.5

Z

Ili

55 37.9 55 43.6 g B/100 g A = 27.6 t = ca. 65° 75.5 O 73 6_9

" S:i

""-""t,:»

gB/100gA = 31.1 t = ca. 85° 150 O 146 7.2 142 14.7 138 21.8

« - ca. 91 192 O 187 7. 3s 180 14.7 173 22.2 166 29.4

B = HCl; C = LiCl (462) g C/100 ^mm gA g B/100 g A = 7.4 t = ca. 52° 87 O 80.5 5.07 76.5 9.18

S-" S:i

49.5 34.2 49.5 39.0 68 51.0 312 76.0 gB/100gA = 18.2 t = ca. 52° 67.5 O 59 5.2

g C/100 ^mm gA g B/100 g A = 18.2 57 10.4 61 15.6 75 25.9 156 38.9

So S:! ."/»«• *.-»

1500 79.5 gB /100gA = 22.4 * ' _ * ~ ca'52 55.5 O 57 5.5 65 10.9 78.5 16.6

B = I2; C = HI (427) B = H2SO4; C = As2O3 (3«4) PAS2O = ca. from a 0.015% in H2SO4 (sp. 6O0C. B = NH 3 ; C = t, °C

|

Pmm

0.00001 mm As2O3 solution gr. = 1.84) at NH 4 NQ 3 (ioo) J9 °C

| Pmm

18.82 Wt. % B; 33.7 Wt. % C -12.95 53.2 10.95 188.0 -7.25 73.5 18.8 272.5 -fO.10 109.0 27.72 405.0 7.98 159.5 35.2 555.7 B = NH 3 ; C = NH4Cl (3iQ) t, °C |

Pmm Il t, °C

I Pmm

16.85 Wt. %B; 12.90 Wt. % B; 5.27 Wt. % C 10.26 Wt. % C 19.01 182.1 23.1 158.5 26.0 251.1 30.9 230.5 32.9 343 38.3 319 39.2 449 45.4 429 49.3 667 51.2 543 57.8 913 58.1 708

* ~ ca"

79

65

° 5.9 11.8 17.6 26.0 30.4 36.8

122 186 312 648 992 1344

B = NH 3 ; C = C2H6O, Ethyl alcohol (102) B = NH3; C = C 6 Hi 4 O 6 , Mannitol (310) ti °C

[I

g C/100 ^mm gA g B/100 g A = 22.4 121 22.9 191.5 28.2 767 46.3 1490

I

Pmm

II

12.27 Wt. % B; 22.9 143.8 29.8 197.7 36.8 271

t, °C

pmm

4.56 Wt. 42.7 50.6 57.8

%C 349 479 630

B = NH 3 ; C = CH4N2O, Urea 310)

(145, t, °C

I

Pmm

II

t, °C

I

Pmm

16.36 Wt. % B; 17.22 Wt. % B; 10.43 Wt. % C 5.29 Wt. % C 24.5 254.4 25.1 260.4 29.4 312 29.6 317 35.2 403 35.0 400 40.4 497 39.7 485 45.6 611 45.9 622 54.4 856 50.1 726 59.1 1014 54.5 857 58.0 974

B = NH 3 ; C = NH4CNS (100,

129)

Wt. %B| p m m l l W t . % B | p m j

Wt. ratio A/C = 1 1O0C ] 3O0C 16.64 97 16.67 252 23.24 177 20.98 371 30.44 344 25.34 550 35.90 554 29.20 755 39.68 766 32.02 956 42.98 978 34.52 1167 45.64 1175 36.72 1381 47.84 1358 38.10 1530 49.74 1526 * = 2O0C Wt. ratio A/C = 10/3 9.37 64 34.52 757 14.89 137 37.47 950 20.63 235 40.33 1168 26.58 395 42.67 1368 30.90 565 44.62 1550 Wt. ratio A/C = 7/6 8.47 I 66 36.76 928 13.10 107 38.99 1107 19.24 198 41.13 1291 26.71 394 42.83 1451 593 43.89 1559 31.44 34.55 773 Wt. ratio A/C = 1/2 9.53 77 34.63 775 16.79 154 37.61 970 22.78 270 40.2 1188 28.37 447 42.11 1370 31.83 614 Wt. ratio A/C == 1/6.335 17.51 159 36.20 898 22.74 268 37.91 1031 27.51 421 39.15 1136 30.69 564 40.56 1266 32.43 667 41.65 1377 34.09 769 42.51 1463 0.1865 g NH4CNS per cm3 of 22.16% NH 3 solution t> °C

Pmm

-15.3 39.6 - 8.03 62.0 - 0.81 94.5 + 6.78 143.9 10.16 170.8 17.19 237.6 23.0 314.1 30.3 433.1 35.7 543.1 B = NH 3 ; C = CuSO4 (3iQ) t, °C

I

Pmm

14.65 Wt. % B; 2.68 Wt. % C 18.9 138.5 26.4 197.6 36.1 307 43.6 422 47.5 493 50.8 560 56.5 693

II t, °C

B = NH 3 ; C = CaCl2 (*QQ) t, °C

I

Pmm

6.54 Wt. % B; 3.94 Wt. % C 30.6 91.8 37.0 126.2 41.5 155.1 46.9 194.7 52.6 250.1 57.7 309

Pmm

j

II t, °C

22.9 Wt. % B; -134 54.0 - 5.0 88.6 + 1.8 129.8 2.5 136.5 9.3 193.1

Pmm

I

12.9 Wt. % C 16.4 272.6 23.1 370.1 29.8 498.2 35.6 640.3

B = NH3; C = Ca(N03)g (*QQ) t, °C

I

t, °G

Pmm II

19.18 Wt. %B; 22.48 Wt. % C -14.5 34.8 - 9.3 48.1 - 2.2 73.2 + 5.3 110.2 15.1 181.7 21.2 242.0 29.5 354.0 36.4 474.0

I

Pmm

25.77 Wt. %B; 55.8 Wt. % C -12.1 82.6 - 4.9 124.1 + 3.97 202.3 11.0 291.1 18.0 413.0 25.0 575.3 32.4 782.7

B = NH 3 ; C = LiNO3 ( 10 Q) t, °C

I

Pmm

II

18.0 Wt. % B; 45.7 Wt. % C -13.5 16.7 -12.2 19.6 - 4.2 31.9 + 1.7 46.3 8.5 66.8 14.4 91.1 21.6 131.0 28.7 183.2 35.2 246.9 23.3 Wt. % B; 18.0 Wt. % C -14.5 50.8 - 8.1 73.7 + 0.8 110.2 6.5 161.9 13.4 225.2 20.0 308.0 28.0 441.8 35.1 598.1 38.4 Wt. % B; -11.6 121.3 - 5.5 169.6 + 1.0 242.1 8.2 345.4

t, °G

I

Pmm

21.5 Wt. % B; 42.2 Wt. % C -14.9 24.5 - 7.0 41.6 0.0 63.8 + 7.0 95.3 14.0 136.4 20.4 188.4 27.1 257.0 35.2 371.1 26.2 Wt. % B; 30.1 Wt. % C -15.4 52.9 - 7.8 84.4 - 0.1 131.8 -h 8.4 203.1 15.2 283.4 21.0 369.7 27.5 491.5 35.1 683.1 55.5 Wt. % C 15.4 493.0 20.5 623.8 27.6 862.7 34.4 1141

B = NH 3 ; C = NaI (iQQ) t, °C

I Pmm

II

16.06 Wt. %B; 32.34 Wt. % C -14.4 40.9 - 8.0 61.1 + 1.2 90.4 3.15 116.3 10.7 170.8 17.9 242.4 25.8 347.5 35.0 519.2

t, °C

I Pmm

26.9 Wt. % B; 64.9 Wt. % C -14.6 87.5 -13.0 96.6 - 9.6 120.3 - 8.0 143.0 - 0.9 190.3 -f 6.0 276.0 13.1 394.8 20.1 551.8 26.9 753.8

B = NH3; C = K2SO4 (31°)

B = NHa; C = Na2SO4 (3™)

B = CO2; C = CaO (122, 154, 182, iss, 255, ses, see)

t = 16-180C TM-vT" CaC 3 16.73 Wt. %B; 15.44 Wt. %B; 7.49 Wt. % B; 3.05 Wt. % C ^ ° >PÔ>* CaCO3, *, 0C ^g/13' 4.23 Wt. % C 4.53 Wt. % C atm. nig/1 atm. mg/1 40.4 203.5 51.1 320.0 27.6 321.1 25.8 215.3 46.7 265.2 58.5 428 Ca(OH)2 CaCO3 pco2 = 56 atm. 31.1 364.0 28.7 238.8 3.16 X10~ 14 1 20Oo 0.142 537 18 3930 33.0 395.0 30.9 261.2 Ca(OH)2 + CaCO3 0.254 668 25 4030 35.2 435.2 33.1 288.7 2.6 X IO-14 I 20Oo 0.417 793 35 3800 B = NH NO ; C = NaNO 4 3 3 37.0 472 34.7 307.3 CaCO3 0.553 892 45 3390 (279, 320, 384.5) 38.5 485.2 37.3 342.7 2.80 X 10~10 74 0.730 979 55 2550 NH NO + NaNO crystals 4 3 3 9 39.1 497.3 39.4 374.9 9.78 X IO" 26 0.984 1094 pco 2 = 3.2 X 10 5.4 30 14.6 40.3 523.3 42.7 429.8 6.14X10- 8 18 1.0 1110 10-4atm. 15 7.0 35 18.5 42.0 550.4 45.0 468.6 2.19 X 10-* 16 2 1400 O 81 9.0 38 21.4 43.0 580.9 46.2 491.6 20 3.73 X IO-7 15.9 4 1820 5 75 25 11.6 40* 31.2 44.7 619.3 3.85 X 10-* 15.9 6 2110 10 70 * Unsaturated solution containing 46.5 666.5 6.07 X IO-7 16 10 2500 15 65 68.4 g NaNOa and 150.4 g NH^NOa per 9.90 Wt. % B; 4.25 Wt. % C 100 g H O. 7.62 X 10~6 22 14 2830 20 60 2 29.1 167.7 37.9 246.0 7.63 X 10-5 40 18 3070 25 56 31.1 183.5 40.1 271.6 2.15 XlO-4 56 25 3420 30 52 33.4 202.8 43.1 310.4 5.04 X 10~4 75.1 35 3890 B = CO2; C = Heavy-metal 34.8 215.9 46.2 352.8 8.08 X IO"4 85.6 CaCO3 + oxides at 180C (156) 36.5 232.4 3.33 X IO-3 138.2 Ca(HCO3)2 Carbonate, g/1 B = NH4Cl; C = KNO 3 (120, 1.39X10-2 224.7 36.5 | 393o 0x1(16 PcO2 Pcch 384.5) 2.82 X IO"2 298.6 Ca(HCO3)2 1 atm. 56 atm. NH4Cl + KNO3 5.01 X IP"2 _ 362.5 56 | 393o PbO 004 0.15 19 11.99 25 16.92 B = C6H6, Benzene; C = C2H6O, Ethyl alcohol (42, 43) ZnO 0.7 0.84 20 12.7s 26 17.82 760 mm isobar; see also p. 316 CuO 0.3 0.41 21 13.5l 27 18.80 Wt. %Li Wt. %Ln Ag 2 O.... 1.05 1.7 22 14.3i 28 19.77 A I B I C • A I B I C MnO.... 0.4 0.8 23 15.1s 29 20.7s 69.0 0.3 0.04 99.66 97.0 2.7 0.3 FeO 0.72 0.77 24 I 16.03 30 21.83 68.0 0.3 0.4 99.3 92.8 6.8 0.4 B = CO 2 ; C = MgO (53, 122, 155, 182) 67.0 0.4 1.2 98.4 88.1 11.4 0.5 66.0 0.5 2.8 96.7 81.8 17.6 0.6 t = 180C 65.5 0.7 5.2 94.1 77.3 22.0 0.7 ^2 MgCO3, pco2 MgCO3, t, 0C |71 3î 65.0 1.0 9.1 89.9 65.6 32.4 2.0 atm. g/l atm. g/l B = C2H6O, Ethyl alcohol; C = C4H10O, Ethyl ether, see also Mg(OH)2 MgCO3.3H2O pco2 = l atm. Fig. 16 (104, 249, 296) 0.0000 0.0126 2.5 35.4 3.5 35.6 L + V, 0° isotherm, values of pmm 0.0002 1.63 3.0 38.1 12 26.5 Wt. Wt. % B in A + B 0.00025 1.87 3.5 40.4 18 22.1 Q 94.7 I 89.9 79.5 | 69.9 | 57.5 | 47.3 I 37.9 | 29.0 J 20.5 | 10.5 0.00030 2.10 4.0 42.6 30 15.8 0.00035 2.31 4.5 44.3 40 11.8 ~2 20.5 25.0 30.5 52 4 29.5 39.5 47.0 52.5 61.0 91.5 60.5 Mg(OH) 2 + 5.0 46.0 50 9.5 6 32.0 33.0 37.2 52.0 62.0 71.0 86.5 124.0 91. MgCO3.3H2O 6.0 49.3 pco2 = 5 atm. 8 38.0 39.8 45.0 63.5 75,0 87.0 109.0 146.5 126.5 0.0003? | 2.39 7.0 52.5 10 35.7 10 44.5 46.5 52.5 73.0 87.0 100.5 129.5 159.0 170.0 MgCO3.3H2O 8.0 55.1 15 32.8 12 50.5 53.0 59.8 81.5 96.5 112.5 144.0 0.0004 2.42 9.0 57.2 40 13.7 15 58.0 59.0 62.5 70.2 92.5 109.0 127.5 156.5 20 71.5 72.5 77.0 86.0 107.5 125.5 145.5 0.00045 2.47 10.0 59.2 pcoz = 34 atm. 25 83.5 85.0 90.2 100.0 121.0 138.5 154.0 0.0005 2.51 16.0 70.5 O 85.8 30 95.0 96.3 101.8 112.0 132.0 148.5 159.0 0.001 3.11 MgCO3.3H2O -f 5 83.2 35 104.5 106.3 111.7 122.5 140.5 154.5 0.01 6.04 Mg(HCO3)2 10 79.3 40 113.0 115.0 121.0 131.5 148.0 158.5 50 128.5 129.5 136.6 145.0 157.5 0.1 12.2 18.2 | 74.9 18 74 60 141.5 142.7 148.8 155.5 0.5 20.6 Mg(HCO 3 ) 2 30 68.8 70 153.0 154.3 159.3 163.0 1.0 25.8 35.0 74.9 40 64.4 80 162.0 163.3 167.3 169.0 1.5 29.8 56.0 74.9 50 61.8 90 172.0 173.0 175.0 176.0 2.0 32.9 I 60 55.6 t, °C |

Pmm

u t, °C | • p~

t, °C |

Prom

Il t, °C |

pmm

Wt. %Lii

Wt. % L i

B = CO2; C = SrO, t = 180C

B = CO2; C = BaO, t = 180C (156, 255)

(156)

P ^ s S r C O 3 , atm. g/l SrCO3 l | 1.2 Sr(HCOs)2 >35 | 3.8

A 88.4 81.0 80.1 74.0 70.4 68.5

I

p^2 atm.

BaCO3, g/l BaCO3

l

2.7

Ba(HCO3)2 25.0 | 5.9

I

I

B I O 8.4 9.4 15.5 18.1 20.0

G 11.6 10.6 10.5 10.5 11.5 11.5

A 1.0 1.3

I

B O 2.7

3.5

7.3

6.6

13.6

Continued on p. 878

I

C I Pmm 99.0 187.5 96.0 184.0 183.0 89.2 175.0 168.0 79.8 166.5

B = C 2 H 6 O; C = C4Hi0O,-(Continued) Isotherms, values of pmm

__________

*^-\ T^— B I O 85^5 10 76.0 20 57.0 40 38.0 60 31.6? 66.67 27.U 71.4s 19.0 80

-2°° -10°

3.3 5.0 6.6 10.0 13.3 20.0 26.6

30.0 28.3 26.7 23.3 20.0 13.3 6.7

66.7 66.7 66.7 66.7 66.7 66.7 66.7

150 152 155 158 Ì 2 liq. f 165 [ phases | 174 J [181

2.8s 4.29 5.7i 8.57 11.42 17.14 22.85

25.7i 24.2s 22.8s 20.0 17.14 11.42 5.7i

71.43 71.43 71.43 71.43 71.43 71.43 71.43

A 4.5 4.0 3.0 2.0 1.6? 1.4s 1.0

16 26 35 48

60

27 44 60 80

98

1 2 liq. f [ phases \ J | (

°°

+5°

10°

15°

20°

46 70 100 131 149 155 157

59

96

128 166 187 195 197

76 110 164 210 234 244 247

207 264 288 300 306

120 170 262 327 353 366 376

189 193 194 199 207 217 227

236 239 243 248 259 269 283

292 295 300 308 320 332 349

197 200 201 205 211 218 227

246 249 251 255 262 272 283

304 306 309 316 323 336 350

157 160 161 164 167 175 182

25°

30°

35°

40°

45°

50°

430 446

522 541

628 651

750 777

892 924

1053 1092

359 363 368 376 392 408 426

435 443 447 457 476 495 517

530 537 543 555 577 600 628

636 645 654 668 695 722 754

760 771 780 798 829 861 902

903 916 929 949 984 1022 1069

1066 1082 1095 1120 1162 1206 1262

370 374 379 387 396 412 429

453 457 462 473 482 501 521

547 554 560 574 586 607 632

659 666 673 690 705 730 757

789 796 804 823 839 870 903

936 946 956 977 998 1034 1072

1106 1116 1129 1155 1179 1221 1264

B = C 2 H 6 O; C = C4Hi0O,-(Continued from p. 877) B = C 2 H 6 O; C = Na 2 CO 3 .—(Continued) Wt. %Li Wt. %Ln t, 0 C.. 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 81.6 p m m t. 151.5 195 249 313 390 482 601 719 760 A I B I C A I B I C I pmm JS + Li + Ln + V; S = Na2COa-H2O. 60.2 23.4 16.4 14.2 22.0 63.8 161.0 17.8 24.2 58.0 161.0 B = C3H6O, Acetone; C = C6H6O, Phenol (370, 373, 374, 375, 59.0 24.0 17.0 160.5 376)? see also FigS< 17 and 18 55.0 25.1 19.9 19.0 24.5 56.5 159.0 43.8 26.7 29.5 158.5 Conjugate solutions 158.5 . 30.6 27.4 42.0 ~7^ Li I Ln Pmm B = C2H6O, Ethyl alcohol; C = C4Hi0O, Ethyl ether; D = ' Wt. % A I Wt. % B I Wt. % A I Wt. % B Ci 2 HnN, Diphenylamine (249) 50.0 92 88 O 37 O Values of pmm 100 89.3 0.2 30.6 4.2 150 89.9 4.2 21.0 21.0 3.3% A 3.3% A 3.3% A 200 85.6 9.5 22.3 30.2 63.3%B 63.3%B 63.3%B 250 80.2 14.4 25.8 37.9 *' ° 33.3% C 33.2% C 33.1% C 300 60.8 27.7 36.9 38.4 O %D 0.1 % D 0.2% D 310* 47.7 34.3 47.7 34.3 O 102.2 100.1 99.3 56.5 126 85.5 O 40 O 5 127.4 124.5 150 87.9 0.5 29.4 6.6 10 159 155.7 155.5 200 89.2 3.4 23.0 18.5 15 196 194 192 250 84.2 10.0 21.8 27.6 20 241 238 236 300 81.2 12.7 24 33.4 25 293 290 288 350 72.4 19.5 29.4 37.4 30 358 353 352 375 64.3 24.8 35.3 37.6 35 431 427 425 386* 47.5 33.5 47.5 33.5 40 518 517 514 68.0 220 73 O 60 O 45 621 614 612 250 81.4 0.6 34.6 6.4. 50 738 731 729 300 86.4 1.6 28.0 14.7 B = C2H6O, Ethyl alcohol; C = Na2CO3 ( 191 > 203) 350 87.0 4.6 26.1 20.6 400 83.7 8.8 25.4 26.0 TTI Wt. %Li Wt. %Ln ~ mm 450 81.0 11.2 26.5 30.4 ' ^ Ti n II AA II Jo TI II O r< AA r> U 500 74 16.6 29.8 33.6 Na2CO3.7H2O + Na2CO3-H2O 550 63.7 23.1 37.9 33.4 34.6 I 87.5 I 36.4 | 63.3 | 0.3 | 66.5 | 1.0 | 32.5 570* 50.6 29.4 50.6 29.4 Na2CO3-H2O 75*0 315* 64.6 1.4 64.6 1.4 36.0 94.5 37.7 62.0 0.3 66.8 1.1 32.1 350 78.6 1.4 34.5 9.5 40.0 117.0 38.6 61.0 0.4 66.9 1.2 31.9 400 83.9 2.1 31.4 14.0 49 186 38.6 61.0 0.4 67.3 1.2 31.5 450 85.4 5.6 29.2 22.2 68 442 43.3 55.8 0.9 68.9 2.3 28.8 500 84.0 7.6 30.1 26.9

oc

Lr I Ln Wt. % A I Wt. % B I Wt. % A I Wt. % B 550 1 81.2 1 10.0 33.2 29.8 600 75.9 14.1 39 30.2 650 68.3 18.9 47.4 28.1 '54.5 25.5 54.5 25.5 685* 510* 61 5.0 61 5

0~ ' 90.0

Li I Ln Wt. % A I Wt. % B I Wt. % A | Wt. % B 850 67.7 12.3 55.7 15.3 875* 63.5 13.5 63.5 13.5 92 825* 58.9 11.5 58.9 11.5 \yt. % composition and vapor pressure of the three coexistent phases (Li + Ln + V) at 56.50C

Pmm

75.0

85.0

76.6 79.5 79.9 78.6 75.9 72.6 63.8 60.9 59.6 65.9 69.3 69.4

550 600 650 700 750 800 850 857* 684* 700 750 800

90.0

* Critical solution pressure.

100.0/0.00 • ' yi.yb/s.U4 7

77 77 4-S/99 8/ > 0*9

•

b». 18/dl.*W 49 83/50 17 4U.SÒ/5U.17

Wt. %C

I

Pmm

j; 63

\ 92 J

5

-°

179 gg

5 4

245

64 g

'

65.5 7 5

'

9.2 12.9 v 17.0 20.5 126 22.8 180 23.1 . 220 21.2 260 19.1 300 8.4 324 10.1 350 12.5 380 16.0 386*

Ï* A | 85.5 89.0 88.5 85.2 80.3

-, : I Ì!E ! B | A | B | O 40 O 3.5 24 16.5 5.5 22.5 23.5 8,8 23 29 13.5 25 32.5

72,5 59.3 48

19.5 27.7 33

Va

P°r A | B 92.2 O 72.2 25.4 55.9 43 28.1 71.2 22.6

29.5 37 48

77

37 37 33

* Critical solution pressure. Vapor pressure isotherms on the LI -h Lu boundary 50°

Wt. ratio A/B

42.8 39.1 37.4 37.4 39.8 45.2 53.9 60.9 59.6 51.9 48.1 49.5

5.4 5.9 7.3 9.0 11.4 13.6 18.0 19.1 8.4 9.1 9.7 10.6

Pmm

103 281

56.5° Wt. Pmm %C JJ-; 60.0 6

'°

Q3 2

65

63.8 8 5

'

63.9 13.0

I

\126 J

7 8

358

529

59.0 15.6

64 Q

115

62 4

160

5g 0

287

24 58

3 2 ° 151

25 9 56 '6

379 212

32 4Q '° Q

531 396

260 562

'

90° Wt. %C

. 9 2 °

""

Pmm

'

363 673

798

'

47.2

18 8

405

638

853

48.4 29.3

45 4

Wt.%%BA==11.5 58.9 Wt.

ßl3

13 7

340

655

56 20.1

54 3

3g Q

602

'

55.6

13 4

109 301

321

9 9

245

65.3 11.8

149 382

|

Pmm

13<0

481

'

52^

475

'

58.8 '°

85° Wt. %C

Pmm

8 8

°

232

8 4

11

|

Critical solution point

37

'

141

75° Wt. %C

i 220 J

5ß §

315

I

Pmm

% 40

236 13ß

68° Wt. %C

20 2

537 3

°-5

577 822

'

37.5

855

Wt. % C = 2 9 . 6

699

p = 82s

83?

39.0

755

654

Point of max. pressure on the Li + Ln surface 90.5 ± 0.50C, p = 885 mm, Wt. % A = 63, B = 14.5, C = 22.5. B = Ci 2 H 22 On, Sucrose; C = B = C 3 H 6 O 2 , Methyl acetate; C = Ci 2 H 22 On, Sucrose, at 25 and Mc* I MB* I PH2O /P 35°C (257) NaCl, t = 250C (367) NaCl + C12H22On.NaC1.2H2O 6.79 I 3.08 I 1.419 Mc* I MB* Pn2O /P B = C3H8O3, Glycerol; C = NaCl (83) NaCl C12H22O11 + NaCl Solutions saturated with NaCl, boiling points, 0C 6.22 0.40 1.338 7.3 6.72 I 1.563 Wt. % pmm; see also p. 316 6.23 0.58 1.340 * Mc, MB = Moles/100 g H2O. B in A 92.5 | 149.5 | 233.7 | 355.4 | 525.9 | 760.0 6.33 1.03 1.349 O 56.6 66.8 77.3 87.7 98.2 108.7 6.33 1.18 1.352 B = SiO2; C = K2O, see Figs. 10 56.1 66.6 77.3 87.9 98.5 109.1 6.54 2.34 1.388 19 and 20 20 57 67.6 78.1 88.7 99.2 109.8 6.63 2.82 1.405 Locate the desired compo30 58.2 68.8 79.3 89.9 100.5 111.1 sition of solution in each figure, Ci 2 H 22 On 40 59.4 70.0 80.6 91.2 101.8 112.5 and interpolate the values of t 50 60.6 71.3 82.0 92.8 103.5 114.2 6.18 1.1721 and p. At these values the 60 62.6 73.4 84.2 95.0 106.0 116.8 0.855 5.95 1.194 solution is saturated with re70 65.6 76.7 87.7 98.7 109.8 120.9 0.92 5.97 1.197 spect to the phase within whose 80 71.7 83.1 94.5 106.0 117.6 129.0 1.74 5.90 1.226 field the point falls, as indi90 87.2 98.9 111.6 124.4 137.1 149.8 2.83 5.92 1.274 cated by the dotted boundary 95.64 105.8 120.5 135.2 149.9 164.7 179.3 3.40 5.97 1.304 curves which appear as a backB = C6H6O, Phenol; C = C 6 H 7 N, Aniline (368, 369, 371) 3.41 5.98 1.306 ground in Fig. 19. Example : (Composition in Wt. % Li, 56.30C I Wt. % Ln, 56.30C ] Wt. % V, 56.30C Ci2H22On.NaC1.2H2O MoI %). ~AT B I C I A I B I C I A B|C 5.02 5.01 1.304 50 % H2O 40 60 O 85.5 14.5 O 92.2* 7.8s* O* 5.16 4.75 1.304 25 % K2SiO3 26.5 65 8 5 92.5 6.6 0.9 90.6 6.Oo 3.4 5.98 3.51 1.323 25 % SiO2 17.1 62.2 20.7 93.7 4.7 1.6 88.9 4.89 6.2 6.49 3.17 1.382 t = 36O0C 15.4 53.3 31.3 94.6 3.4 2.0 87.4 3.81 8.8 p = ca. 45 atm. Ci2H22Ou H- Ci2H22Ou.11.1 44.6 44.3 95.0 2.6 2.4 86.7 2.2e 11.0 Solid phase = K2Si2O6-H2O NaC1.2H20 5.5 O 94.5 95.7 O 4.3 84.5 O 15.5 For detailed data, v. ( 28 °); c/. (294). 5.04 I 6.23 ( 1.404 * p = 126 mm.

B = CuCl2; C = KCI (274, 446)

t, 0C I pmm K2CuCl4.2H2O + CuCl2.2H2O 42.5 38.4 46.6 47.4 51.5 58.4 K2CuCl4.2H2O + CuCl2.2H2O -I- KCuCl3 56.1 I 73.4 KCuCl3 -f CuCl2.2H2O 59.1 84.5 63.6 101.8 65.5 109 70.5 133 74.6 158 81.4 200.5 89.2 268 92.6 306 95 330 97.1 355 K2CuCl4.2H2O + KCuCl3 65.5 116 74.6 172 86.4 260 88.2 276 89.2 292 92.0 322 K2CuCl4.2H20 + KCl 42.5 46.2 46.6 57 51.5 70.4 56.1 88.4 59.1 100.4 63.6 119.4 65.5 131.5 74.6 187 81.4 233 86.4 272 K2CuCl4.2H2O + KCuCl3 + KCl 92.4 I 33o KCuCl3 + KCl 92.6 332 95 369.7 97.1 402.6 100 448 B == CaSO4; C = NaCl ("S) t, 0C I pmm NaCl + CaSO4 O 4.2 5 5.0 10 6.9 15 9.5 20 13.0 25 17.5 30 23.4 35 31.0 40 40.8 45 53.0 50 68.3 55 87.3 60 111 65 139 70 173

B = CaSO 4 JC = NaCL(Continued) t, °C

I

P10x*

NaCl + CaSO4 75 214 80 263 90 462 95 557 B =LÌOH; C = Li2CO3 (i«t 133, 316, 434)

g B/100 g A* 1 pmm, 10O0C Li2CO3 0 1 760.00 1 747 2 730 3 713 4 696 5 679 6 662 10 542 15 604 LiOH + Li2CO3 16.5t I 526 * Solutions saturated with C at all concentrations of B. Î Saturated with both B and C.

B = NaOH; C = NaCl (7, 8, 265)

First and second boiling points and constitution diagrams B = NaCl; C = KCl (233) *, 0C I. pmm NaCl + KCl 20 I 12.64 22 14.2s 24 16.Os 26 18.Oi 28 20.20 30 22.6o 32 25.2s B = NaCl; C = KClO3 (74) M* I pmm, 16.390C NaCl + KClO3 O 5.1Io 1.025 5.07s l.lls 5.07o 1.24s 5.060 1.484 5.04s 1.86? 5.0Ii 2.616 4.94s 3.152 4.907 3.22s 4.904 3.522 4.87s 3.9Oi 4.84o 4.27e 4.81s 4.987 4.74s 5.70s 4.69s 6.672 4.707 NaCl + NaClO3 -f KClO3 7.974 I 4.707 * M = Moles NaClO3 per 1000 g HaO in the solution.

M'î I pmm, 16.390C NaCl + KClO3 O 5.110 0.765 5.090 0.937 5.079

B = NaCl; C = KClO3.(Continued) M't I pmm, 16.390C NaCl + KClO3 1.075 5.067 1.237 5.051 1.388 5.034 1.540 I 5.014 NaCl + KCl + KClO3 1.593 I 5.007 J M ' = Moles KCl per 1000 g H2O in thè solution.

B = NaCl; C = KNO 3 (74) M* I 2W, 16.390C NaCl + KNO3 O 4.550 1.289 4.553

B = NaCl; C = KNO3.(Continued) M* I pmm, 16.390C

NaCl + KNO3 2.488 4.487 3.745 4.431 4.197 4.400 4.657 4.369 5.031 4.345 5.936 4.289 NaCl + KNO3 + NaNO 3 6.51 I 4.263 NaCl + KNO3 6.854t I 4.253 * M = Moles NaNO3 per 1000 g H 2O in thè solution. J Supersaturated with NaNO3.

LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) C 1 ) Abegg and Riesenfeld, 7, 40: 84; 02. (2) Adams, 1, 37: 481; 15. (3) Alexejew, 8, 28: 305; 86. ( 4 ) Alluard, 34, 59: 500 ; 64. ( 5 ) Anderson, 7, 88 : 191; 14. (6) Andrews, 62, 178: 45; 87. (7) Antropoff, 9, 30: 457; 24. ( 8 ) Antropoff and Sommer, 7, 123: 161; 26. ( 9 ) Apfel, Diss., Darmstadt, 1911. ( 10 ) Applebey and Hughes, 4, 107: 1798; 15. O 1 ) Bachmann, 93, 100: 1; 17. (12) Badger, 33, 27: 932; 22. O 3) Badger and Baker, 33, 23: 569; 20. (i<) Bagster, 4, 111: 494; 17. ( 15 ) Baker and Waite, 33, 25: 1137; 21. ( 1 S) Baker and Waite, 33, 25:1174; 21. ( 17 ) Bakhuis Roozeboom, 70, 3: 29, 59, 73, 84; 84. ( 18 ) Bakhuis Roozeboom, 70, 3: 433; 84. ( 19 ) Bakhuis Roozeboom, 70, 4: 65 ; 85. (20) Bakhuis Roozeboom, 70, 4: 102; 85. ( 2 I) Bakhuis Roozeboom, 70, 4: 108; 85. (22) Bakhuis Roozeboom, 70, 4: 331; 85. (23) Bakhuis Roozeboom, 70, 4: 361; 85. (24) Bakhuis Roozeboom, 70, 4: 379; 85. ( 2 S) Bakhuis Roozeboom, 70, 4: 381; 85. ( 2 6 ) Bakhuis Roozeboom, 70, 5: 323; 86. (27) Bakhuis Roozeboom, 70, 5: 351; 86. ( 28 ) Bakhuis Roozeboom, 70, 5: 363; 86. (29) Bakhuis Roozeboom, 70, 5: 387; 86. (30) Bakhuis Roozeboom, 7, 4: 31; 89. ( 3 M Bakhuis Roozeboom, 70, 8:1; 89. (32) Bakhuis Roozeboom, 7, 10: 477; 92. (33) Bakhuis Roozeboom, 64P, 4 : 371; 02. (34) Bakhuis Roozeboom, 64P, 5: 283; 02. (35) Bakhuis Roozeboom, 64P, 6: 63; 03. (36) Bakhuis Roozeboom, 64P, 6: 331; 03. (37) Bakhuis Roozeboom, 64P, 9: 99; 06. ( 38 ) Bakhuis Roozeboom, 64P, 9: 363; 06. ( 39 ) Bakhuis Roozeboom, 64P, 6: 599; 04. (40) BaIy, 3, 49: 517; 00. (41) Barbaudy, 34, 176: 1616; 23. ( 42 ) Barbaudy, 34, 180: 1924; 25. (43) Barbaudy, 42, 24: 1; 27. ( 4 4 ) Bassett and Taylor, 4, 101: 576; 12. (45) Bassett and Taylor, 4, 105: 1926; 14. (46) Bauer, 93, 47: 401; 05. (47) Baume and Robert, 34, 169: 969; 19. (48) Baur, 9, 32: 428; 26. (49) Baxter and Cooper, 1, 46: 923; 24. (50) Baxter and Lansing, 1, 42: 419; 20. (51 ) Baxter and Starkweather, 1, 38 : 2038; 16. ( 5 2 ) Baxter and Warren, 1, 33: 340; 11. ( 53 ) Beckurts, 293, 18: 429; 81. (54) Bergstrom, 60, 26: 358; 22. (*s) Bergstrom, 50, 26: 876; 22. (56) Berkeley, 68, 203: 189; 04. (57) Berkeley and Applebey, O, 85: 489; 11. (58) Berkeley and Hartley, 6, 77: 156; 06. ( 59 ) Bidet, 34, 155: 279; 12. (60) Biltz, 7, 40:185; 02. (61) Blümcke, 8, 34: 10; 88. (62) Boeke, 190, 19121: 91. (63) Bogorodskii, 53, 25: 316; 93. (64) Bogorodskii, 53, 26: 209; 94. (65) Bogorodskii, 53, 29: 179; 96. (66) Bokhorst, Diss., Amsterdam, 1915. (67) Bonnier, 34, 177: 685; 23. (68) Bowen, 00, 30: 721 ; 26. ( 6 9 ) Bradley and Alexander, 1, 34: 15; 12. (70) Bridgman, 65, 52: 91; 16. (71) Brinkley, 1, 44: 1210; 22. (72) Brink• mann, Diss., Amsterdam, 1904. 487, 60 II: 667; 04. (73) Bronsted, 7, 82: 621; 13. (74) Bronsted, 137, 1: No. 5; 18. (75) Browne and Houlehan, 1, 35: 649; 13. ( 7 6 ) Buchanan, 174, 39: 529; 00. ( 7 7 ) Buchanan and Winner, 45, 12: 448; 20. (78) Büchner, 64P, 20: 322; 17. (79) Büchner and Prins, 64P, 19: 1232; 17. (80) Cailletet, 51, 9: 192; 80. (81) Carius, 13, 99: 129; 56. (82) Carpenter and Jette, 1, 45: 578; 23. (83) Carr, Townsend and Badger, 45, 17: 643; 25. (8 4 ) Caubet, 84, 130: 167 ; 00. (85) Caubet, 34, 130: 828 ; 00. (86) Caubet, 84, 131: 108; 00. (87) Caubet, 34, 181: 1200; 00. (88) Caubet, Thesis, Paris, 1901. (89) Caubet, Mém. soc. sci. phys. noi. Bordeaux, 1: 1; 01. (90) Caubet, 34, 132:128; 01. ( 91 ) Caubet, 7, 40: 257; 02. (92) Caubet, 7, 43: 115; 03. (93) Caubet, 7, 49: 101; 04. (94) Caven and Sand, 4, 99: 1359; 11. (95) Caven and Sand, 4, 105: 2752; 14. (96) Charpy, 34, 113: 794; 91. (97) Cohen, 7, 14: 53; 94. ( 98 ) de Coninck, Rev. gén. chim. pure appliquée, 19: 68; 16. (99) Cragoe, Meyers and Taylor, 31, No. 369; 19. ( 1 OO) Davis, Olmsted and Lundstrum, 1, 43: 1575, 1580; 21. ( 10 M Dawson and Williams, 7, 31: 59; 99. ( 1 OZ) Delépine, 49, 25: 496; 92. (103) Derby and Yngve, 1, 38: 1439; 16. ( 1 0 4) Desmaroux, 315, 19: 322; 22. ( 1 OS) Dieterici, 8, 38: 1; 89. ( 1 Oo) Dieterici, 8, 42: 513; 91. ( » 0 7 ) Dieterici, 8, 50: 47; 93. 0° 8 ) Dieterici, 8, 62: 616; 97. O« 9 ) Dieterici, 8, 67: 859; 99.

Fig.5 SO2-C2H6

Figl O2-N2

59.6% SC^

Fig.6 SO2-CH3CL Critical Curve

Fig.8 Condensation Loop Showing effect of azeotropism 4.08 wt. % N2O

Fig.2 O2-CO2 Shaded areascondensati represent retrograde on

Fig.3 SO2-CO2

Fig.7 N 2 O-CO 2

Fig-IO CO2-C2H6

(1) = 10.35 wt % SO,

(2) 157 (3) 33.2 (4) 471 (5) 60.0 (6) 709

(7)(8) 81.91.14 wt%S0 2 Shaded areas represent Fig.9 N2O-C2H6

Fig.4 SO2-C2H6

A B

Shaded area: Retrograde

Condensation Compositions inmote%SOj

Ffeß H2O-NH3 Critical Region" Retrograde Condensation

Rg-B HgO-R-CoHj4 Compositions in mole % C6 HI4

Fig.ll C2K2-C2H6

Fig.14 HaO-(C2H5)20 w» wt % H2O

FigIS

Fig.16 H2O-C2H5OH-(C2Hs)2O Curves represent ing ihe change ofrativapor EtherantcontH2O/EtOH ent. o, wipressure th varyjofngconst The al c ohok conf e nf of ns before ether is added is intdihceatsoleduontioeach curve. (Compositions in weight % )

C 1 1 0 ) Dieterici, S, 70: 617; 23. ( 11 M Dittmar, 54, 7:730; 88. ( 1 IZ) Dodge and Davis, 1, 49: 610; 27. (113) Dodge and Dunbar, I, 49: 591; 27. O 1 «) Doijer, 7, 6: 481; 90. O«) Dolezalek and Schulze, 7, 83: 45; 13. ( i i « ) Dolezalek and Schulze, 7, 98: 395; 21. ( 117 ) Donnan and Burt, 4, 83: 335; 03. ( 118 ) Dorsman, Diss., Amsterdam, 1908. C 1 1 9 ) Drecker, 8, 34: 952, 88. (120) Edgar and Swann, l, 44: 570; 22. (12l) Emden, 8, 31: 145; 87. (122) Engel, 6, 13: 344; 88. O 23) Errera, 36, 18: 225; 88. (124) E wing, 1, 49: 1963; 27. (125) Ewing, Krey, Law, and Lang, l, 49: 1958; 27. (126) Ferguson, 60, 31: 757; 27. ( 1 2 7 ) Ferguson and Funnell, 69, 18 III: 122; 24. <128) Fischer, 97, 7: 527; 26. («») Foote, l, 43: 1031; 21. (i 3 0 ) Foote and Brinkley, l, 43: 1018; 21. O 3 I ) Foote and Hunter, I, 42: 69; 20. (i 3 2) Foote and Smith, l, 30: 1344; 08. (i 3 3 ) de Forcrand, 6, 15: 433; 08. (i 3 -*) Fouard, 27, 13: 784; 13. ( 13 S) Frazer and Lovelace, / , 3 6 : 2439; 14. O 3 «) Friedrichs, 93, 127: 221; 23. O 3 7 ) Funk, 25, 33: 3696; 00. (i 3 8 ) Gaus, Diss., Breslau, 1900. 93, 25: 236; 00. O 3 9 ) de Gee, Thesis, Amsterdam, 1916. ( 1 4 O) Gerasimov, 63, 45: 1655; 13. (1*1) Gerlach, 91, 26: 413; 87. O 4 *) Germann and Birosel, 60, 29: 1469; 25. O 4 3 ) Germann and Mclntyre, 60, 29: 102; 25. ( 1 4 4 ) Germann and Timpany, 60, 29: 1423; 25. (i44.s) Gmelin-Kraut, BoO. (US) Goldschmidt, 93, 28: 97; 01. O 4 6 ) Green, 50, 12: 655; 08. O 4 7 ) Greenish and Smith, 347, 66: 774; 01. ( 148 ) Groschuff, 25, 36: 1783; 03. O 4 9 ) Groschuff, 25, 36: 4351; 03. (iso) Grünzweig, Diss., Darmstadt, 1913. O 5 I ) Guthrie, 3, 18: 22; 84. 0 5 2 ) Guthrie, 3, 18: 105; 84. O 5 3 ) Hachmeister, 93, 109: 145; 19. O 5 4 ) Haehnel, 62, 107: 165; 24. (iss) Haehnel, 61B1 108: 61; 24. (1S6) Haehnel, 52, 108: 187; 24. (1ST) Hall and Harkins, l, 38: 2658; 16. (is») HaIIa and Hirschko, 93, 127: 137; 22. O s 9 ) Hammerl, 76, 78 II : 59; 79. (160) Hartman, 64V, 8: 106; 98. 168, No. 43. O 6 I ) Hartman, 64V, 9: 60; 00. 168, No. 56. (162) Härtung, 83,15III: 150; 20. O 6 3 ) Hausrath, 8, 9: 522; 02. (164) Heyn, 93, 39: 1; 04. (165)van't Hoff, Armstrong, Hinrichsen, Weigert and Just, 7, 45: 257; 03. (166) van't Hoff and Goldschmidt, 7, 17 : 505; 95. (167) van't Hoff and Müller, 25, 32: 857; 99. ( 1 ^ 8 ) Holst and Hamburger, 64P, 18: 872; 16. (169) Holst and Hamburger, 7, 91: 573; 16. (170) Hüttig and Fohle, 93, 138: 1; 24. (17l) Hüttig and Reuscher, 93, 137: 155; 24. (172) Inglis, Proc. Phys. Soc. Camb., 20: 640; 02. (173) Inglis, 3, 11: 640; 06. ("*) van Iterson-Rotgans, 176, 10: 920; 13. 7, 87: 305; 14. (175) Jaeger and Menke, 93, 77: 320; 12. (176) Jänecke, Gesättigte Salzlösungen vom Standpunkt der Phasenlehre. Halle, W. Knapp, 1908. O 7 7 ) Jänecke, 9S1 33: 279; 20. O 7 8 ) Jänecke, 70, 42: 740; 23. O 7 9 ) Jahn, 7, 59: 31; 07. (180) Johnston, 174, 45: 193; 07. O 8 I) Johnston, 174, «: 855; 07. O 8 2) Johnston, l, 37: 2001; 15. O 83 ) Johnston and Williamson, I, 38: 975; 16. (l 8 4 ) Jones, 64, 38: 362T; 19. (i«5) jones and Getman, 7, 49: 385; 04. O 8 6) Kahlbaum and Schröter, 7, 13: 14; 94. O 8 7 ) Kahlenberg, 50, 5: 339; 01. (i 8 8 ) Keesom, Diss., Leiden, 1904. 427, 60 II: 668; 04. (l« 9 ) Keesom, 64P, 6: 532; 04. 168, No. 88. O 9 O) Kendall and Davidson, l, 42: 1141; 20. O 9 I ) Ketner, 7, 39: 641; 02. (192) Keyes and Hildebrand, l, 39: 2126; 17. O 9 3 ) Knight and Rich, 4, 99: 87; 11. O 9 4 ) Koch, 148, 29: 37; 22. O 9 S) Kohnstamm and van Dalfsen, 64V, 10: 167; 01. 0 9 6) Kohnstamm and Reeders, 64P, 11: 913; 09. (i 9 7) Kohnstamm and Reeders, 18, 15: 161; 10. O 9 8 ) Kohnstamm and Reeders, 64P, 14: 270; 12. 0") Kohnstamm and Timmermans, 64P, 13: 865; 11. (200) Konovalov, 8, 14: 34; 81. (201) Koppell, in B21, IV: I 2 , 347. (202) Koppell, in B21, IV : I2, 353. (203) Kracek, O. (204) Kraus and Zeitfuchs, l, 44: 1249, 2714; 22. (205) Krauskopf, 50, 14: 489; 10. (206) Kremers, 8, 97: 1; 56. (207) Kremers, 8, 103: 57; 58. (208) Krulla, 136, 35:471; 11. (209) Kruyt and Helderman, 64P, 19: 439; 16. (210) Kruyt and Helderman, 7, 93:89; 19. (211) Kuenen, 7, 11: 38; 93. (212) Kuenen, 3, 40: 173; 95. (213) Kuenen, S, 44:174; 97. (214) Kuenen, 7, 24: 667; 97. (2is) Kuenen, 7, 37: 485; 01. ( 2 16) Kuenen, 7, 41: 43; 02. (217) Kuenen, 3, 6: 637; 03. (21») Kuenen, 64P, 14: 644; 11. 168, No. 125. (2i 9 ) Kuenen and Clark, 64P, 19: 1088; 17. (220) Kuenen and Robson, 3, 48: 180; 99. 7, 28: 342; 99. (22l) Kuenen and Robson, 3, 3: 149, 622; 02. (222) Kuenen and Robson, 3, 4:116; 02. (223) Kuenen, Verschoyle and van Urk, 64P, 26: 49; 23. 168, No. 161. (224) Kurilov, 7, 25: 107; 98. (225) Lattey, 4, 91: 1959; 07. (226) Lecat, La tension de vapeur des mélanges de liquides. L'azeotropisme. Brussels, H. Lamertin, 1918. (227) van der Lee, 7, 33: 622; 00. (228) de Leeuw, 7, 77: 284; 11. (229) Leonard, Smith and Richmond, 173, 22: 92; 97. (230) Leopold, 7, 65: 428; 09. (231) Leopold, 7, 66: 359; 09. (232) Leopold, 7, 71: 59 ; 10. (23 3 ) Leopold and Johnston, l, 49:1974 ; 27. (234) Lescoeur, 34, 92: 1158; 81. (235) Lescoeur, 34, 96: 1578; 83. (236) Lescoeur, 6, 19: 35; 90. (237) Lescoeur, 6, 2: 78; 94. (238) Lescoeur, 6, 4: 213; 95. (239) Lescoeur, 6, 7: 416; 96. , (240) Lescoeur, 6, 9: 537; 96. (241) Lescoeur and Mathurin, 27, 50: 33; 88. (242) Lidbury, 7, 39: 453; 02. (243) Lincoln and Klein, 50, 11: 318; 07. (244) Lobry de Bruyn and Dito, 64P, 5: 171; 02. (245) Locke and Forssall, IJf, 31: 268; 04. (246) Loomis, S, 51: 500; 94. (247) Loomis, 8, 57: 495; 96. (248) Loomis, 8, 60: 523; 97. (249) Louder, Briggs and Browne, 45, 16: 932; 24.

Fig.17 HaO-Acetone-Phenol Numbers on curves indicate % Acetone in aqueous solutions before Phenol is added.

Fig.18 H2O-Acetone-Phenol Isotherms

Fig. 19

Fig.20

(*8 °) Lovelace, Bahlke and Frazer, 1, 45: 2930 ; 23. (25 * ) Lovelace, Frazer and Miller, I1 38: 515; 16. (252) Lovelace, Frazer and Rogers, 1, 42: 1793; 20. C* 53 ) Lovelace, Frazer and Sease, 1, 43: 102; 21. ( 2 5 4 ) Lowry and Morgan, J, 46: 2192; 24. (255) McCoy and Smith, 1, 33: 468; 11. (256) Macisevskii, OS, 48: 1917; 16. (257) McKeown and Stowell, 4, 1927: 97. (258) McLauchlan, 7, 44: 600; 03. (259) Magnusson, 60, 11: 21; 07. (260) Maier, 8, 31: 423; 10. (261) Makovetzkii, 53, 40: 216; 08. (2«2) Makovetzkii, 63, 40: 752; 08. (263) Mallet, 11, 19: 804; 97. (264) Manchot and Ortner, 93, 120: 300; 22. (265) Marcan, Dias., Karlsruhe, 1923. (266) Marchis, 34, 116: 388; 93. (267) Marden and Elliot, 46, 7: 320; 15. (268) Marignac, 149, 55: 113; 76. (269) Marignac, 6, 8: 410; 76. (270) Marshall, 182, 29: 157; 13. (271) Marshall and Peace, 4, 103: 298; 16. (271.5) Mellor, B71. (272) Menzies and Boving, 172, 8 XXII: 219; 12. (273) Meyer, 9, 19: 833; 13. (274) Meyerhoffer, 7, 5: 97; 90. (275) Michaud, 8, 6: 223; 16. Thesis, Paris, 1916. (2 76 ) Michels, 64V, 31: 53; 23. (277) Mittasch, Kuss and Schlueter, 93, 169: 1; 26. (278) Mollier, 414, No. 63: 85; 09. (279) Mondain-Monval, 14, 3: 121; 25. (280) Morey, 1, 39: 1173; 17. (281) Moser, 8, 14: 62; 81. (282)Mund and Herrent, 42, 21: 51; 24. (2»3) von Muralt, Diss., Zurich, 1919. (284) Mylius and Funk, 25, 33: 3686; 00. ( 2 8 5 ) Neuhausen and Patrick, 50, 25: 693; 22. (286) Nicol, 3, 22: 502; 86. (287) Niggli, 93, 75: 161; 12. (288) Niggli, 93, 77: 321; 12. ( 2 8 ») Niggli, 93, 84: 229; 13. (290) Niggli, 9, 20: 156; 14. (291) Niggli, 190, 1914 II: 69. (292) Niggli, 93, 98: 241; 16. (293) Niggli, 93, 106: 126; 19. (2»«) Niggli, Die Leichtflüchtigen Bestandteile im Magna. Leipzig, Teubner, 1920. (295) Nishizawa, 142, 23: 830; 20. (296) Olmer, 27, 29: 382; 21. (297) Onnes, Dorsman and Holst, 64P, 17: 950; 15. 18: 409; 16. 168, No. 145b. (298) Osann, 509, 3: 204; 1824. (299) Osann, 509, 3: 369; 1824. (300) Osann, 509, 5: 107; 1825. ( 3 Oi) Oswald, 14, 1: 32; 14. (302) paranjpe, Sl8, 2: 59; 18. (303) Paterno and Mazzucchelli, 36, 50: 30; 20. ( 304 ) Pavlovich, 7, 84: 169; 13. (305) pearce and Snow, 50, 31: 231; 27. (306) Perman, 4, 67: 868; 95. ( 307 ) Perman, 4, 67: 983; 95. ( 308 ) Perman, 4, 73: 511; 98. ( 3 09) Perman, 4, 79: 718; 01. (310) Perman, 4, 79: 725; 01. (311) Perman, 4, 81: 480; 02. (312) Perman, 4, 83: 1168; 03. ( 3 * 3 ) Perman, 83: 8: 68; 12. ( 3 I*) Perman and Saunders, 83, 19: 112; 23. ( 3 Is) Pickering, 4, 63: 141; 93. (316) Pickering, 4, 63: 890; 93. ( 317 ) Pickering, 25, 26: 2766; 93. (3I*) Pickering, 25, 27: 67; 94. ( 319 ) Postma, 70, 39: 515; 20. (320) Prideaux, 54, 39: 182T; 20. ( 3 2i) Prideaux and Caven, 54, 38: 353T; 19. (322) Prins, 6^p1 17; iQ95; 15. ( 3 23) Qumt Gzn, 7, 39: 14; 01. ( 3 24) Ramsay and Young, 4, 49: 453; 86. (S25) Ramsay and Young, 62, 117: 71; 87. ( 3 26) Raoult, 6, 1: 262; 74. ( 32 7) Raoult, 34, 87: 167; 78. ( 32 S) Rayman, Diss., Budapest, 1906. (329) Von Rechenberg, Einfache und fraktionierte Destillation. Leipzig, Schimmel, 1923. (SSO) Reinders and Goudriaan, 93, 126: 85; 23. ( 331 ) Rey, 92, 1890: 510. (332) Rhodes, Wells and Murray, 45, 17: 1199; 25. ( 333 ) Richards and Churchill, 7, 28: 313; 99. ( 33 4) Rlchards and Wells, 7, 56: 348; 06. ( 33 S) Richards and Wrede, 7, 61: 313; 07. ( 336 ) Richmond, 173, 33: 305; 08. (SS7) Riesenfeld, 7, 45: 461; 03. ( 33 S) Rivett, 7, 80: 537; 12. ( 33 9) Roberts and Smyth, I, 43: 1061; 21. ( 34 O) Rodebush, l, 40: 1204; 18. ( 34 *) Roioff, 7, 11: 7; 93. ( 342 ) Rosanoff and Easley, l, 81: 953; 09. (343) ROScoe and Dittmar, 13, 112: 327; 59. (344) Roth, BS, p. 1436. ( 34S ) Rothmund, 7, 26: 433; 98. (346) Rupert, l, 31: 866; 09. ( 347 ) Rupert, I, 32: 748; 10. ( 348 ) Sander, 7, 78: 513; 12. (S49) Scheffer, 7, 71: 214; 10. (350) Scheffer, 7, 71: 671; 10. ( 3 Si) Scheffer, 64P, 13: 829; 11. ( 3S2 ) Scheffer, 64P, 14: 195; 11. (353) Scheffer, 7, 76: 161; 11. (354) Scheffer, 64P, 16: 404; 13. (355) Scheffer, 7, 84: 728; 13. ( 3 s6) Scheffer, 64P, 17: 834; 14. (S57) Scheffer, 64P, 18: 446; 16. (S58) Scheffer, 64P, 19: 798; 17. ( 3 59) Scheffer, 64P, 21: 665; 19.

(360) Scheffer and Meyer, 64P, 21: 1204; 19. (sei) Scheffer and Meyer, 64P, 21: 1338; 19. (362) Scheffer and Treub, 7. 81: 308; 12. (S63) Schenck and Hemplemann, 187, 10: 283; 12. (364) Schlamp, 7, 14: 272; 94. (365) Schloesing, 34, 74: 1552; 72. (366) Schloesing, 34, 75: 70; 72. (367) Schoorl, 70, 42: 790; 23. (368) Schreinemakers, 7, 29: 577; 99. (369) Schreinemakers, 7, 30: 460; 99. (370) Schreinemakers, 7, 33: 78; 00. ( 371 ) Schreinemakers, 7, 35:459; 00. (372) Schreinemakers, 64P, 3 : l ; 01. (373) Schreinemakers, 7, 39: 485; 02. (374) Schreinemakers, 7, 40: 440; 02. (375) Schreinemakers, 7, 41: 331; 02. (376) Schreinemakers, 18, 8:1; 03. ( 377 ) Schreinemakers, 7, 47: 445; 04. (378) Schreinemakers, 7, 48: 257; 04. (379) Schreinemakers, 7, 50: 169; 04. (380) Schreinemakers, 7, 82: 59; 13. ( 3 Si) Schrumb, l, 45: 342; 23. ( 3 *2) Schüller, Wiss. Beil, zur Jahresb. d. K. Karl Gym., Aachen, 1890. 427, 1890 II: 360. ( 383 ) Schüller, Wiss. Beil. zur Jahresb. d. K. Karl Gym., Aachen, 1892, No. 420. 427, 1892 H : 340. ( 384 ) Schwers, 54, 39: 33T; 20. (384.5) Seidell, B51. ( 38 S) Shirado, 41B, 2: 85; 27. ( 38 6) Sidgwick and Ewbank, 4, 125: 2268; 24. ( 387 ) Sieverts and Bergner, 7, 82: 257; 13. (388) Sieverts and Oehme, 25, 46: 1238; 13. («») Simons, 45, 19: 482; 27. (390) SimSf ist us: 333; 1861. ( 3 9i) Skirrow, 7, 37: 84; 01. (S92) Shükarev, 7, 71: 90; 10. (S93) siade and Farrow, 5, 87: 524; 12. ( 3 94) Smith and Eastlack, l, 38: 1261; 16. (395) Smits, 64V, 5: 292; 97. ( 39 6) Smits, 18, l : 97; 98. (397) Smits, 64P, 2: 88; 00. (398) Smits, 64P, 2: 469; 00. (399) Smits, 64P, 2: 635; 00. (400) Smits, 64P, 3: 86; 01. ( 401 ) Smits, 64P, 3: 133; 01. ( 402 ) Smits, 64P9 3: 503; 01. ( 4 0 3 ) Smits, 64P, 3: 507; 01. ( 404 ) Smits, 64P, 3: 717; 01. ( 4 0 S ) Smits, 64P, 4: 163; 02. ( 4 0 6 ) Smits, 64P, 6: 171; 03. ( 4 0 7 ) Smits, 64P, 6: 628; 04. ( 4 0 8 ) Smits, 64P, 12: 231; 09. ( 4 0 9 ) Smits and Berckmans, 64P, 21: 401 ; 19. ( 4 Ô) Smits and de Leeuw, 64P, 13: 318; 10. ( 411 ) Smits and de Leeuw, 64Pt 13: 229; 10. ( 4 12) Smits and de Leeuw, 7, 77: 269; 11. ( 4 ^ 3 ) Smits and Maarse, 64P, 14: 192; 11. ( 4 * 4 ) Smits and de Mooy, 64P, 13: 339; 10. ( 41S ) Smits and Postma, 64P, 12: 186; 09. ( 416 ) Smits and Postma, 04P» 17: 182; 14. ( 4 I 7 ) Smits and Treub, 64P, 14: 183; 11. ( 418 ) Smits and Treub, 64P, 14: 189; 11. ( 4 * 9 ) Smits and Wuite, 64P, 12: 244; 09. ( 4 20) Smyth and Adams, l, 45: 1167; 23. ( 4 2i) Smyth and Roberts, l, 42: 2582; 20. ( 4 22) Speranskii, 7, 70: 519; 10. ( 4 2S) Speranskii, 7, 78: 86; 11. ( 4 24) Speranskii, 7, 84: 160; 13. ( 4 25) Speranskii, 7, 85: 623; 13. ( 4 26) Steele and Bagster, 4, 97: 2607; 10. ( 4 27) Stegmüller, 9, 16: 85; 10. («*) Stirnemann, 19OB, 52: 334; 25. ( 4 2 9) Stirnemann, 19OB, 53: 59; 26. ( 43 O) Stock and Seelig, 25, 52: 672; 19. ( 4 3 I) Stortenbeker, 7, 3: 11; 89. ( 43 Z) Stubbs, 4, 103: 1445; 13. ( 4 3 3 ) Tammann, 8, 24: 523; 85. ( 434 ) Tammann, Mem. Acad. Sei. St. Petersburg, 35: No. 9; 87. ( 435 ) Tammann, 8, 33: 322; 88. ( 43 6) Taylor and Henderson, l, 37:1688; 15. ( 437 ) Terres and Weiser, 9, 27: 177; 21. ( 438 ) Terwogt, 93, 47: 203; 05. ( 439 ) Thayer, 60. 2: 382; 98. ( 4 4 O) Thayer, 50, 3: 36; 99. ( 441 ) Thiel and Caspar, 7, 86: 257; 14. (44*) Thiel and Schulte, 7, 96: 312; 20. ( 443 ) Tower, lt 30: 1219; 08. ( 44 *) Tucker, 62, 215: 319; 15. ( 4 4 5 ) Verschaffelt, 64V, 7: 281, 389; 99. 8: 651 ; 00. ( 4 4 6) Vriens, 7, 7: 194; 91. ( 447 ) van der Waals, Die Kontinuität des gasförmigen und flüssigen Zustandes. Leipzig, Berth, 1881. ( 448 ) Wachsmuth, 293, 8: 510; 76. ( 44 9) Wade, 5, 61: 285; 97. (450) Walker, 7, 2: 602; 88. ( 4 Si) Walker, 4, 71: 428; 97. (452) Wartenberg and Albrecht, 9, 27: 162; 21. ( 4 SS) Washburn and Heuse, l, 37: 309; 15. ( 4 54) Watts, 13 SuppL, 3: 227; 64. ( 4 SS) Wilson, I, 43: 704; 21. ( 4 «6) Wilson, 86, No. 146; 25. ( 45 7) Woitaschewsky, 7, 78: 110; 12. (*s«) Wood, 83, 11: 29; 15. ( 4 S*) Wright, 4, 107: 1527; 15. (460) Wüllner, 8, 110: 564; 60. ( 4 6i) Wuite, 7, 86: 349; 14. (*62) Yannakis. 27, 37: 253; 25. ( 46 S) Young and Burke, l, 26: 1413; 04. ( 4 64) Young and Burke, I , 28: 315; 06. ( 46 S) Young and Mitchell, I, 26: 1389; 04. ( 4 66) Zawidzki, 7, 35: 129, 722; 00. ( 4 67) Abegg, B21.

RELATIVE EFFICIENCIES OF DRYING AGENTS MARTIN SHEPHERD VALUES OF MG RESIDUAL H2O PER LITER OF GAS DRIED AT 250C Drying agent A filter at -194° P2O6. Mg(ClO4)2 Mg(ClO4MH2O KOH (fused) Al2O8 H2SO4 MgO NaOH (fused) CaBr2 CaO CaCl2 (gran.)

|

mg H2Q 1.6 X HT23 <2 X HT* <5 X HT4 <2 X HT3 0.002 0.003 0.003 0.008 0.16 0.2 0.2 0.14 to 0.25

|

Lit. (6) (7) (7) (1, 3) (3,4) (it 2) (3) (i) (i) (3) (5)

Drying agent H2SO4, 95.1% CaCl2 (fused) ZnCl2 ZnBr2 CuSO4

|

mg H2O 0.3 0.36 0.8 1.1 1^4

|

Lit. (3) (i> 2) (*»2) (1) (3)

LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) C ) Baxter and Starkweather, 1, 38: 2038; 16. ( 2 ) Baxter and Warren, 1, 33: 3 340; 11. ( ) Dover and Marden, 1, 39: 1609; 17. ( 4 ) Johnson, 1, 34: 911; 12. (5) McPherson, I9 39: 1317; 17. («) Motley, 1, 26: 1171; 04Ì (7) Willard and Smith, 1, 44: 2255; 22. 1

PHASE-EQUILIBRIUM DATA SYSTEMS COMPOSED OF LIQUID PHASES ONLY* Two-component systems. Solubilities of liquids in liquids. Systems containing more than two components. Miscibility relations. Distribution coefficients.

SYSTÈMES COMPOSÉS UNIQUEMENT DE PHASES LIQUIDES Systèmes à deux constituants. Solubilités des liquides dans les liquides. Systèmes ayant plus de deux constituants. Rapports de miscibilité. Coefficients de distribution.

SYSTEME DIE NUR FLÜSSIGE PHASEN ENTHALTEN Zweikomponenten Systeme. Löslichkeiten von Flüssigkeiten in Flüssigkeiten. Systeme mit mehr als zwei Komponenten. Mischungsverhältnisse. Verteilungskoeffizienten.

SISTEMI COSTITUITI SOLTANTO DI FASI LIQUIDE pAGE Sistemi a due componenti. Solubilità dei liquidi nei liquidi 386 Sistemi con più di due cornponenti. Rapporti di miscibilità.. 398 Coefficienti di ripartizione 418

* Including also systems of two liquid phases in the presence of the vapor phase but in most cases without determination of the pressure or composition of the vapor.

SOLUBILITIES OF LIQUIDS IN LIQUIDS. TWO-COMPONENT SYSTEMS* ARTHUR E. HILL CONTENTS Sec. 1. The A-component is H2O. Sec. 2. The key-formula of neither component begins with 16.

MATIÈRES Sec. 1. Le constituant A est H2O. Sec. 2. La formule-clé d'aucun des constituants ne commence par 16.

INHALTSVERZEICHNIS Sec. 1. Die A-Komponente ist H2O. Sec. 2. Die Schlüsselformel keiner der beiden Komponenten beginnt mit 16.

Sec. 3. The A-component keyformula does not begin with 16; the Bcomponent key-formula begins with 16.

Sec. 3. La formule-clé du constituant A ne commence pas par 16; la formule-clé du constituant B commence par 16. Sec. 4. Les formules-clés des deux constituants A et B commencent par 16.

See. 3. Die Schlüsselformel der A-Komponente beginnt nicht mit 16, die der B-Komponente beginnt mit 16.

ABBREVIATIONS AND CONVENTIONS Compositions are in Wt. % unless otherwise noted.

ABRÉVIATIONS ET CONVENTIONS Les compositions sont exprimées en % poids à moins d'une autre indication.

In nearly all cases the experiments were performed in sealed tubes, consequently, for values at room temperature, the pressure equalled one atmosphere; was greater than one atm. at higher temperatures and less than one atm. at lower temperatures.

ABBREVIAZIONI E CONVENZIONI Le composizioni, salvo i casi in cui è indicato diversamente, sono indicate in percentuale in peso. In quasi tutti i casi le esperienze sono state esegute in tubi chiusi, e perciò a temperatura ordinaria la pressione era quella di una atmosfera, mentre, a temperature superiori, era maggiore di una atmosfera, e, a temperature inferiori, minore.

Qx quadruple point with the substance X present as crystalline phase. m metastable.

Dans presque tous les cas, les expériences ont été effectuées dans des tubes scellés, par conséquent pour les valeurs à la température de la chambre, la pression égale une atmosphère; cette pression sera supérieure à une atm. pour des températures plus élevées et moindre qu'une atm. pour des températures plus basses. Qx point quadruple avec la substance X présente comme phase cristalline. m métastable.

ABKÜRZUNGEN UND FESTLEGUNGEN Die Zusammensetzungen sind, wenn nichts anderes bemerkt, in Gewichts-Prozenten (Wt. %) angegeben. In beinahe allen Fällen wurden die Experimente in zugeschmolzenen Röhren ausgeführt. Es gilt deshalb der Wert für Zimmertemperatur und dem Druck von einer Atmosphäre. Er war grosser als eine Atmosphäre bei höherer, kleiner bei tieferer Temperatur. Qx Quadrupel-Punkt mit der Substanz X als kristalline Phase.

Qx punto quadruplo in presenza della sostanza X allo stato di fase cristallina. m metastabile.

* Including some systems in which one phase is a natural or commercial oil.

* Sont inclus quelques systèmes dans lesquels une phase est une huile naturelle ou de commerce.

Sec. 4. Both the A- and the Bcomponent key-formulae begin with 16.

See. 4. Die Schlüsselformeln der A- and B-Komponenten beginnen mit 16.

m metastabil. * Enthält einige Systeme in welchen eine Phase ein vegetabilisches oder ein sonst in Verwendung befindliches Öl ist.

INDICE pAGB Sez. 1. Il componente A è H20 387 Sez. 2. Nessuno dei componenti ha una formula chiave che comincia con 16 393 Sez. 3. La formula chiave del componente A non comincia con 16; quella del componente B comincia con 16. 394 Sez. 4. Tanto il componente A, come il componente B hanno una formula chiave che comincia con 16. 394

* Sono compresi alcuni sistemi nei quali una delle fasi è un olio naturale o commerciale.

Sec. 1. The A-component is H2O. The B-component, Br2, is given first and the remaining B-components follow in the C -arrangement (v. p. viii). Br2 (5, 11, 21, 23, 62, 63, 101, 157, 159) 0

C

O 5 10 15 20 22 25 30 35 40 45 50

C O 10 20 30

4.03 3.73 3.58 3.48 3.41

I

99.954 (159)

CClN, Cyanogen chloride (102)

8 I 7-8 I CCl3NO2, Chloropicrin (138) 0 C %B %A O 0.2268 25 0.1620 32 0.1001 36 0.1184 41 O.1241 48 0.1645 50.8 0.1851 55 0.2262 75 0.1140 CCl4 (I», 105)

O 10 20 24 28.5 30

0.010 0.013 . 0.085

%B 0.242 0.230 0.210 99.24t

0.185 (0.111)* (0.014)*

* Data from ( 1 S). t According to (i»» so, ios). CHCl3 ("f I 8 » 5°> 54, 105)

O 1.45Q*

10 20 30 4Ot 50 55

CH2C12,Méthylène chloride (105)

2.30 2.08 1.96 1.93

O 10 20 30

CH3I, Methyl iodide (ios) O 1.54 10 1.42 20 1.40 30 1.41 CH3NO2, Nitromethane (143) co. 103* I ca. 65 [ * Consolute temp.

C2HCl3O, 172.5 174.6 179.8

Chloral (109) 92.5 89.1 84.5 C2H3Br3O2, Bromal hydrate (146)

Consolute temp. = 103.40C C2H4Cl2, 1, 1-Dichloroethane 0

CS2 (15, 16, 18, 50, 105)

C O 10 20 22 30 40 49

%B

1.15 1.13 1.13 1.16

(105)

0.097 0.083 0.080

0

(105) 0

%B

3.34 3.29 3.27 3.30 3.35 3.40

CH2Br2, Méthylène bromide

0.98

0.86 0.80 0.76 0.735 0.745 0.77

* Solid = B hydrate. t The figures for composition of the organic phase are too irregular to permit averaging; the percentage of water at temperatures between O and 40° is 0.1 ± 0.05.

C O 10 20 30

%B 0.652 0.591 0.547 0.537

C2H4Cl2, Ethylene chloride (105)

O 0.914 10 . 0.875 20 0.861 30 0.885 C2H4O2, Methyl formate (103)

O 21.13 10 22.24 20 23.29 30 24.53 C2H6Br, Ethyl bromide (105) O 1.055 10 0.956 20 -0.906 30 0.888 C2H6Cl, Ethyl chloride («i) ca. 11 I 0.2 I C2H6I, Ethyl iodide (ios) O 0.339 10 0.412 20 0.401 30 0.413

C3H4O, Acrolein (10, 10.5) Stabilized by 0.4 % hydroquinol 0 C %B O 20 95 20 21.6 92.8 40 23.6 90.4 50 25.8 87.8 60 29.1 84.3 70 33.2 79.8 80 40.4 72.4 85 46.8 65.8 88 56.2 C3H5N, Propionitrile (H°) 40 10.7 92.1 50 11.6 90.5 60 12.7 88.5 70 13.2 86.1 80 14.9 83.4 90 17.6 80.2 95 19.6 78.0 100 22.4 75.5 105 26.0 72.1 110 32.0 66.5 113.1 48.3 C3H5ClO, Epichlorohydrin (77) O 6.48 98.91 10 6.52 98.74 20 6.58 98.53 30 6.66 98.30 40 6.95 97.93 50 7.42 97.44 60 8.18 96.82 70 9.12 95.84 80 10.44 94.30 C3H6O, Propionaldehyde (152) 22 I 16 1 C3H6O2, Ethyl formate (103,

O 10 20 30

148)

9.34 9.07 8.58 7.34

C3H6O2, Methyl acetate (56.5, 103) - 6.55QA O + 10 20 25 30 40 50 60 80 90 100 105 108

25.5 25.0 24.6 24.2 24.1 24.0 24.2 24.6 25.1 27.5 30.2 35.2 40.3

93.8 93.6 93.0 91.8 91.3 90.8 89.4 87.7 85.9 80.6 77.3 71.8 66.0

52.5

C3H7Br, n-Propyl bromide (105)

O 10 20 30

0.297 0.262 0.244 0.246

C3HyBr, Isopropyl bromide (105) 0

C O 10 20 30

%B 0.416 0.364 0.317 0.317

C3H7Cl, n-Propyl chloride

(105)

O 10 20 30

0.375 0.322 0.271 0.276

C3H7Cl1 Isopropyl chloride (105)

O 10 20 30

0.438 0.361 0.304 0.303

C3H7I, n-Propyl iodide (105) O 0.114 10 0.103 20 0.107 30 0.103 C3H7I, Isopropyl iodide ( 105 ) O 1 0.167 10 0.143 . 20 0.140 30 0.134 C4H4N2, Succinonitrile (115,

18.5QB 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 55.5

143)

10.2 92.0 11.0 91.5 11.5 90.4 13.2 89.1 15.0 87.4 18.4 84.1 22.0 80.0 28.2 74.0 42.5 59.5 (51.1)

C4H6O3, Acetic anhydride (81) 15 I 10.25' 26 C4H8O, n-Butyraldehyde (152) 20 1 3.0 I C4H8O, Isobutyraldehyde (152) 20 1 8.0 I C4H8O, Methyl ethyl ketone (HO) v. also p. 393 -20 40.1 89.4 O 30.6 89.6 +20 22.6 90.1 40 18.6 89.6 60 16.5 88.2 80 15.7 85.8 100 16.4 82.6 120 18.6 77.3 140 26.4 65.5 150 45

H2O.—(Continued) C 4UsO 2,* ^-Butyric acid (34, 143) 0

C -7 -6 -5 -4 -3.5 -3

%B 60.6 58.1 24.6 55.3 27.8 51.4 30.8 48.6 39.5

* The two-liquid system is metastable throughout.

C4H8O2, Isobutyric acid (27, 34, 42, 110, 135, 150) -5

O +5 10 15 20 21 22 23 24 24.5

15.3

15.8 16.5 17.7 19.4 22.5 23.3 24.6 26.4 29.4

80 74.5 68.9 63.9 58.3 56.6 54.3 51.5 46.6 38

C4H8O2, Ethyl acetate (31, 32, 53, 83, 90, 103, 121)

O 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60

10.08 9.49 8.88 8.40 7.94 7.56 7.22 7.01 6.86 6.76 6.70 6.66

97.72 97.56 97.39 97.18 96.99 96.76 96.53 96.27 96.00 95.75 95.47 95.19 94.90

C4H8O 2, Methyl propionate (103, 148)

O 7.80 10 6.80 20 6.10 30 5.60 C4H8O2, Propyl formate (103, 148)

O 3.39 10 3.00 20 2.79 30 2.70 C4Hi0O, n-Butyl alcohol (56) -2.95QA •4-5 80.38 9.55 10 80.33 8.91 15 80.14 8.21 20 79.93 7.81 25 79.73 7.35 30 79.38 7.08 35 78.94 6.83 40 78.59 6.60 50 77.58 6.46 60 76.38 6.52 70 74.79 6.73

C4Hi0O.—(Continued) 0 C %B 80 73.53 6.89 90 69.9 7.9 100 66.2 9.2 110 62.4 10.5 115 59.0 12.8 120 54.0 16.1 125.15 32.5 C4Hi0O, Isobutyl alcohol (3, 154)

30 7.75 82.9 40 7.25 81.8 50 7.1 80.6 60 7.1 79.2 70 7.2 77.6 80 7.55 75.6 90 8.2 73.5 100 9.35 70.2 105 10.3 68.9 110 11.3 67.0 115 12.3 64.75 120 14.85 61.7 125 18.0 57.47 130 23.6 51.25 (132) 36.8 C4Hi0O, sec .-Butyl alcohol (3, 24, 143, 145)

-10 25.2 O 25.0 61.8 + 10 23.4 61.7 20 20.1 63.7 30 17.2 65.0 40 15.0 65.5 50 14.0 65.7 60 13.3 65.7 70 13.2 65.4 80 13.7 64.5 90 14.9 63.3 100 17.4 59.3 110 22.3 52.4 113.1 (35.7) C4H10O, Ethyl ether (i, *, 25, 41, 50, 52, 57, 64, 67, 79, 80, 94, 96, 97, 98, 103, 113, 118, 141,

C4HnN, Diethylamine (3, 47,

74)

C %B 143.5 37.5 144 30 45 145 27.6 49 150 23.6 55.4 155 21.7 58.5 C5H4O2, Furfural (*2, no) p: varying 10 7.9 96.1 20 8.3 95.2 30 8.8 94.3 40 9.1 93.4 50 9.8 92.6 60 10.8 91.6 70 12.4 90.4 80 14.2 88.8 90 16.2 86.5 100 19.2 83.5 110 24 78.5 115 28 74.6 120 34.4 68.1 122.7 51

C5H8O2, Acetylacetone (H°) 30 15.4 95.1 40 17.4 93.8 50 20.0 92.0 60 23.1 89.4 70 27.0 85.8 75 30.0 83.1 80 34.0 78.8 87.7 56.5 C5Hi0N2O, Nitrosopiperidine (36)

C

%A %B 0.747 (156)

-20 - 3.8] to QA +35 J 40 1.50 50 1.66 60 1.72 70 2.00 80 2.17 90 2.33

t

4.50 4.04 3.60 3.10 2.75

* % A = 0.9828 -h 0.01302* (5*). t % B = 11.60 - 0.299s« -f 0.003016«2 ( 52 ).

C4Hi0S, Ethyl sulfide (103) 0 C %B O 0.394 10 0.347 20 0.310 30 0.296

93.6 91.3 88.8 86.2 81.8 70.7 64.8

8.4 9.1 10.7 20.4 26 45

C5Hi0O, Diethyl ketone (110, 148)

142, 147, 156) 0

(148)

0

40 60 80 100 120 140 145 150.3

97.4 96.2 94.9 93.1 90.2 87.0 83.3 78

C5Hi0O2, Valeric acid ( ) 16 [ 3.5 I 90.4 C5Hi0O2, Ethyl propionate (103, 148)

(148)

,1

1.7

22

%B 1.0

I

C6Hi0O2, Propyl acetate (103, 148)

O 10 20 30

3.35 2.57 2.30 2.05

C5Hi2O, Isoamyl alcohol* (3, 6, 40, 50, 64, 153, 158, 160)

O 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 120 140 160 170 180 185 187.5

3.6 91.6 3.15 91.0 2.75 90.4 2.45 90.0 2.2 89.4 2.2 88.8 2.2 88.1 2.3 87.4 2.4 86.3 2.7 85.2 2.8 83.8 3.4 80.8 4.9 76.4 7.4 69.8 9.9 64.8 12.0 57.5 19.0 50.0 36.6

* The isoamyl alcohol contained varying amounts of active amyl alcohol ; the amount present in the most heavily weighted curve was 16 %.

C6H4N2O5, 2, 3-Dinitrophenol (125)

94.5m 95QB 108.2 116.7 120.1 120.4 122.2 122.5

6.74

10.90 60.44 20.83

52.15 35.13 (36)

C6H4N2O5, 2, 4-Dinitrophenol 100.5m 104.2Qu 109.6 117.6 121.7 126.1 131.2 137.7 156.0 170.5 182.5*

99.02

1.95 98.24 97.70

2.98 97.14 3.81 93.35

8.99 12.98

(125)

C5Hi0O2, Methyl butyrate 22

C

* Consolute point above 200°. C6H4N2O5, 2, 5-Dinitrophenol

3.41 2.78 2.32 2.02

O 10 20 30

0

(125)

4.6 3.4 3.0 3.2 3.7 4.0 4.7 6.1

20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

C5Hi0O2, Isobutyl formate

I

92.4m 97.5QB 113.5 124.7 135.8

97.50 96.72

2.33 2.97

C6H4N2O6.- (Continued) 0 C %B 146.4 3.91 94.51 162.1 5.69 172.2 91.73 194.5* 12.24 * Consolute point above 200°.


59.2QB 71.1 84.5 89.5 102.6 117.6 138.3 139.7 147.9 158 192.5*

0.703 98.42

1.00 97.80

1.87 95.96

3.24 3.97 93.44 12.26


74.91

70.23 6.05 12.79

55.40 23.28 36.5

C6H5ClO, o-Chlorophenol (134)

- 0.3QA +82.9 91.5 106.3 118.9 156.6 159.1 165.8 166.2 170.1 170.7 172.9 173

86.5 3.76 85.9 5.12

82.82 70.62 13.58 16.95

60.72 54.95 22.59 45.04 33 (134)

83.4 (83.3) 82.9 82.3 5.12 71.23 13.56 17.84

99.82 99.78 99.73 99.47 98.60

0.19t 0.22f 0.271 0.80 1.6 2.1 2.7 4.0 5.2 8.2 15.8 24.0

93.0 92.0 88.0 82.0 74.0 49

*Data from C *). t Data from ( 22 ).

C6H5NOs, o-Nitrophenol (133)

0.35 0.46 0.69 1.08 1.59 2.32 3.75 6.80 (10.5)

99.48 99.24 98.80 98.22 97.40 96.40 95.00 93.12 (89.5)

* Consolate temp, above 200°.

C6H5NO3, w-Nitrophenol 41.5QB 50 60 70 80 90 95 98.7

3.16 3.7 4.5 5.75 7.85 11.7 15.6

74.0 72.7 70.7 68.3 64.6 58.8 53.0 (33)

(133,

55.65 46.12 38.89 32.02 (134)

86.5 86.19

39.6QB 50 60 70 80 85 90 91.6

52, 59, 60, 93) 0

C 5.4QB 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 0 C O 25 100* 150* 200* 250* 285* 300*

%A 0.0335 0.041 0.057 0.082 0.114 0.155 0.205 0.270 %B 0.08 0.15 0.176 0.525 1.81 6.04 8.53 11.4

' * Data from ( 5 9 > «<>).

143)

3.26 4.37 5.46 7.8 11.2 15.5 25.7

71.2 68.5 65.8 63.0 59.4 55.7 45.9 35.8

•

97.5 97.23 96.16 2.95

92.06 89.5 7.19 10.74 81.88 17.50

66.89 36.71 52.30 48.4

C 6 H 6 N 2 O 2 , w-Nitroaniline (132)

99Qs 125 136.5 159.9 164.2 169.3 176.7 180.5 185.2 185.8 186.1 187.5 C6H6N2O2,

93.5 90.02 6.04

83.60 13.08

79.82 75.77 25.39 36.94 57.55 50.57 (48.5) p-Nitroaniline

(132)

115.5Qs 123.5 124.2 129.2 141.5 148.6 167.8 169.5 170.4 172 172.5

0

136,

112,

143)

C

%B

Om 1.66mQB 10m 12.2Q* 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 66.0

7.2 75.4 7.3 75.2 7.7 73.85 7.8 73.5 7.95 73.0 8.2 72.1 8.45 71.05 8.75 69.9 9.1 68.5 9.6 66.8 10.45 65.0 11.8 62.6 13.8 59.2 16.8 55.1 23.9 45.8 34.0

C6H7N, Aniline (2, 3, 50, 55, 68, 107, 117,

%B

211

117,

* Solid - B2A.

C 6 H 6 N 2 O 2 , o-Nitroaniline C 63Qs 68 91 128.4 142 160 164.5 178.5 188.5 194.2 206.2 208.6 210.3

C6H6O, Phenol (3, 28, 42, 56, 76, 106, 110,

(132)

1

43.5Qs 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200*

C6H6, Benzene (i»> 45, 48, so,

0

C6H5NO3, p-Nitrophenol

C6H5ClO, p-Chlorophenol

-0.3QB +5.5

10 20 30 55 100 120* 130* 140* 160* 180* 200* 220* 230* 235*

(133)

C6H5ClO, m-Chlorophenol -0.4mQA +3.2Qs 11.8 23.1 85.25 109.8 123.0 127.5 129.1 130.5 130.7 130.8

C 6 H 5 NO 2 , Nitrobenzene (14, 22)

* Consolute point above 200°.

48m 52.5Qß 73.8 82 97.5 101.6 104.6 105.2

C6H5ClO.—(Continued) C %B 17.0 85.42 35.5 84.02 65.0 3.91 97.0 74.03 107.7 69.36 113.8 10.66 115.5 65.05 122.4 59.62 125 20.50 125.8 53.49 128.2 29.16 128.7 42.57 129 (38) 0

90.0 5.16

92.52 86.82 9.29 81.27 68.19

131,

151)

- 0.62QA + 10 15 20 25 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 165 167.5

3.28 95.64 3.38 95.18 3.43 95.06 3.49 94.93 3.55 94.77 3.63 94.62 3.83 94.29 4.05 93.86 4.40 93.4 4.91 92.75 5.59 91.95 6.36 91.0 7.18 89.7 7.95 88.05 9.15 86.0 11.05 83.6 13.6 80.6 17.0 76.4 23.9 69.1 (30.6) (61.8) (46.16)

C6H7N, /3-Pieoline (36) 49.4 26.4 51.4 35.5 53.7 42.3 54.5 16.4 61.0 12.7 63.3 52.3 83.5 59.7 125.7 12.7 133.3 59.7 140.0 16.4 146.5 52.3 151 42.3 152 35.5 152.5 26.4

28.82 62.58 39.49 51.07 (47)

C6H8N2, Phenylhydrazine (7) 19.8 11.6 I 60.1 55.2 33.6

H2O.—(Continued) CeHi0Oa, Ethyl acetoacetate (79) 0

C Wt. B/l soin. 16-16.5 12.5 C6Hi2O2, Isoamyl formate (148) 0

C %B 22 0.3 I CeHi2O2, Isobutyl acetate (148)

22 I 0.5 I C 6 Hi 2 O 2 , Ethyl butyrate (148)

22

1

0.5

I

C 6 Hi 2 O 2 , Propyl propionate (103)

O 1.05 10 0.84 20 0.68 30 0.60 C 6 Hi 2 O 3 , Paraldehyde (i™) 10 12.9 99.15 20 10.4 98.9 30 8.75 98.7 40 7.65 98.45 50 6.85 98.1 60 6.30 97.7 70 5.95 97.3 80 96.8

C 6 Hi 3 N, 1-Methylpiperidine

(35)

48.3 48.5 48.7 49.5 50.3 51.2 54.1 55 61.5 63.6 69.5 70.0 77 85.5 112 176 178 196 230 236

21.3 26.9 37.2

10.3 46.3 8.0

55.9 65.3 6.4 5.8

74.2 5.3 83.4 89.6 89.6 5.3 8.8

83.4 13.5

C6Hi3N, 2-Methylpiperidine

(37)

79.3 79.8 80.4 81 82.4 83 86.5 87 87.2 88.8

(36)

56.9 57.5 58.1 59.9 69.8 80 82 115 142.2 143 184 197 204 226.5 228.5 232 234 235

19.2 29.2 9.9

38.1 50.5 4.8 58.2 70.1 74.8 4.8 . 9.9

74.8 70.1 58.2

19.2 50.5 38.1 29.2

C 6 Hi 3 N, 4-Methylpiperidine (36)

16.7 13

C6Hi3N,- (Continued) 0 C %B 92.4 7.8 94 02.4 112 64.7 165 72.3 171 8.2 188 9.7 220 15.0 221 60.4 225 52.4 227 20-28 C 6 Hi 3 N, 3-Methylpiperidine

19.4 13.8 10.6 24.0 9.5

29.2 8.6

39.7 33.7 47.0

84.9 23.7 85.1 16 85.9 30 87.6 11.6 88.8 36.2 94.2 8.9 95.5 42.4 106.9 49.4 122.7 55.0 133.0 57.5 146.0 8.9 157.8 11.6 168.5 57.5 178.0 16.0 183.6 49.4 186.2 23.7 187.5 42.4 188.8 30.0 189.5 I 36.2 C 6 Hi 4 O 2 , Acetal (»5» 137) 25 I 4.4 I

C6HuO2, Ethylene glycol monon-butyl ether (l») 49.1 24.8 50 18.2 34.4 52 14.4 41.5 55 12.5 47.2 60 10.9 51.6 70 9.4 56.2 80 9.2 58.0 100 10.2 57.3

C6Hi4O2.—(Continued) 0 C %B 110 11.7 55.2 120 14.7 48.5 125 17.8 40.6 127 20.2 32.6 128 24.8 CeHÔ2, Ethylene glycol monoisobutyl ether (i 9 ) 24.5 24.6 26 16.5 40.4 28. 14.3 50.0 30 12.8 53.4 35 10.4 58.8 40 8.8 62.4 50 7.6 67.2 80 7.4 70.8 100 7.6 70.0 120 8.8 66.3 130 10.5 63.0 140 13.8 58.0 145 16.7 53.3 148 20.0 47.5 28 150.4 C6H14O2, 1, 2-Propylene glycol 1-propyl ether (19«5) 34.4 37 36 24.7 52.4 40 19.6 61.2 50 14.8 70.0 60 12.6 73.0 80 10.5 75.0 100 120 140 150 160 165 171.8

10.4 10.5 12.3 14.0 17.0 19.5

75.2 74.3 71.0 67.9 62.0 58.0 37

C 6 Hi 4 O 2 , 1, 2-Propylene glycol 2-propyl ether (19-5) 42.6 35 45 22.8 51.2 50 18.2 61.8 60 14.3 67.9 80 12.0 71.0 100 11.8 70.8 120 12.0 70.0 140 14.1 65.4 150 17.0 60.8 155 19.2 57.3 160 23.8 48.4 162 35 C 6 Hi 5 N, Triethylamine (3, 46, 110, 143)

18.7 20 25 30 40 50 60 70

(50) 14.0 81.0 7.15 95.4 5.55 4.0 95.5 3.0 95.6 2.0 95.7 1.75 96

C7H4N2O6, 3, 5-Dinitrobenzoic acid (38) 0 C %B 87m 4.4 96m 80.2 111.4m 10 114m 67.4 12Om 60 122Qs 19.8 122.6 50 123.6 40 123.8 30 CTHsClO2, o-Chlorobenzoic acid (38) 97m 5.5 104.3Qs 115.2 62.9 125.9 19.3 126.0 48.7 126.2 34.9 CrHsClO2, w-Chlorobenzoic acid (38) 116m 75.8 122m 4.2 123.7QB 136 60.2 142 18.9 142.6 51.3 142.8 34.3 C7H5NO3, o-Nitrobenzaldehyde (128) 39.7Qs 99.9 63.8 99.0 66.9 0.70 103.1 1.53 113.5 96.49 145.1 94.80 161.7 93.56 166.0 4.75 CrHoNO3, ra-Nitrobenzaldehyde (128) 51QB 99.6 60 99.2 80 1.2 98.2 100 1.65 97.1 120 2.1 96.0 140 3.2 94.3 160 5.4 91.6 180 10.2 86.4 200 18.4 74.8 210 31 62.0 212 (46) C7H6NO3, p-Nitrobenzaldehyde (128) 97.1Q 98.2 132.4 2.91 134.2 96.70 164.6 92.74 90.65 172.6 176.5 8.78 205.4 20.67 213.4 63.19 215.5 37.77 216 (47.5)

C7H6NO4,* o-Nitrobenzoic acid (38) 0 C %B 46.2 10 51.6 20 49.5 52.0 I 29.8 39.4 C7H5NO4, ra-Nitrobenzoic acid (3, 38, 129) 76.7QB 5.0 69.75 80 5.3 69.0 85 5.8 67.6 90 6.8 65.5 95 8.1 62.5 100 10.6 58.8 105 16.0 52.7 108.3 (34) C7H6O, Benzaldehyde (39) Room I 0.3 I C 7 H 6 O 2 , Benzoic acid (3i 129) 64m 3.04 75m 3.9 8Om 4.2 (79.7) 85m 4.8 (78) 95Qs 7.0 72.8 100 7.8 69.0 105 9.2 64.0 110 13.2 57.2 115 23.6 45.2 116.2 34 C 7 H 6 O 2, o-Hydroxybenzaldehyde (126) 67.4 97.13 85.8 1.68 118.3 93.20 136.5 3.59 146.3 90 56 154.0 5.34 C 7 H 6 O 2 , m-Hydroxybenzaldehyde (126) (59)Qs (11.2) (60.0) 62 4 53.9 63.5 19.2 65.6 43.4 66.0 29.2 66.1 31.9 66.2 (35) C 7 H 6 O 2 , p-Hydroxybenzaldehyde (126) 52.8m 13.2 60.5m 20.7 61.8m 49.8 62.4m 26.6 62.8Qs 27.4 46.2 63.8 42.2 64.4 (36.5) C 7 H 6 O 3 ,* o-Hydroxybenzoic acid (salicylic acid) (3> 38, 129)

65 70 75 80 85 89.1

65.9 63.9 61.6 58.1 52.0

5.1 6.0 7.1 8.7 13.0

(32)

* The two-liquid system is metastable throughout.

C 7 H 7 NO 2 ,* o-Aminobenzoic acid (38) 0 C %B 62.4 9.9 73.0 67.0 74.6 13.5 75.8 59.4 78 30.6 49.4 78+ 38 * The two-liquid system is metastable throughout.

C7H7NO2, o-Nitrotoluene ( 14 ) 138 97.79 164 2.17 197 91.90 205 5.97 222 85.36 230 13.33 231 82.05 237 77.21 238 20.77 242 29.93 243 69.21 245 (51) C7H8, Toluene (6°) 150 0.174 200 0.605 250 2.38 300 10.1 C7H8O, o-Cresol (133) 8Qu 2.5 87.0 20 2.7 86.4 30 2.9 85.9 40 3.1 85.4 50 3.25 84.85 60 3.4 84.4 70 3.75 83.8 80 4.25 83.0 90 4.6 82.1 100 5.1 80.95 110 5.7 79.6 120 6.3 78.0 130 7.0 76.0 140 9.5 72.2 150 14.9 65.5 160 26.5 52 162.8 (39.2) C 7 H 8 O, m-Cresol (133) 0.0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 145 147

2.2 88.6 2.3 87.8 2.35 87.0 2.4 86.2 2.55 85.4 2.7 84.5 2.95 83.5 3.35 82.3 3.8 80.95 4.4 79.6 5.1 77.4 5.9 75.2 7.0 72.0 8.8 68.3 12.2 62.0 22.0 50.2 35.5

C7H8O, p-Creeol (133) 0 C %B 8.7Qu 2.0 85.85 20 85.0 30 84.25 40 2.25 83.4 50 2.4 83.0 60 2.70 81.5 70 3.05 80.3 80 3.50 79.1 90 4.1 77.4 100 4.85 75.0 110 5.70 72.3 120 6.75 69.0 130 8.60 64.2 140 16.0 53.8 142 20.8 49.4 143.5 (34) C 7 H 9 N, 2, 6-Dimethylpyridine (36)

45.3 50 60 70 80 100 120 130 140 150 155 160 164.9

27.2 16.3 11.4 9.8 9.3 9.4 10.5 11.7 13.4 16.5 18.9 21.2

46.0 55.2 60.9 64.2 67.2 67.2 66.9 65.1 60.8 56.7 49.7 33.8

C7H9N, p-Toluidine (156) 44 1.775 57.5 2.04 69 2.345 C 7 Hi 2 , Heptine (49) 17 0.211 40 0.038 C 7 Hi 4 O, Heptaldehyde (49) O 0.303^ 20 0.234 40 0.188 C 7 Hi 4 O 2 , Heptylic acid (49) 20 I 0.29 I C7Hi5N, 1-Ethylpiperidine (35) 7.45 30 8 14.2 47.0 9 11.8 52.0 10 10.5 57.0 15 7.4 73.4 20 5.8 82.3 30 4.0 90.1 40 2.9 92.9 50 2.2 93.9 60 1.8 94.8 70 95.4 C8H6O2, o-Phthalic aldehyde (120)

45.4QB 57.0 60.0

4.94

4.54

86.85 88.16

CgHeO 3 ,* o-Aldehydobenzoic acid (127) 0 C %B 21.1 9.38 39.2 59.48 43.3 20.0 44 40.83 45.75 29.2 * The two-liquid system is metastable throughout.

C8H8N2O3, o-Nitroacetanilide (132)

81.0QB 99.0 110.2 120.0 157.6 173.1 179.2 188.0 191.2 195 197 198

96.0 94.54 93.65

3.97 8.04 83.47

11.97 76.28 24.06 65.04 41.16 (49.2)

C8H8N2Os, w-Nitroacetanilide (132)

118.5Qu 130.0 149.2 163.5 166.4 175.7 176.9 180

90.0

5.21 81.18 14.52 73.74 66.03

31.13 (45.6)

C8H8N2O3, p-Nitroacetatdlide (132) 161.5QB 80 164.2 14.36 171.7 65.84 172.8 25.62 176.6 54.93 177 A 42.65 C8H8O2, Phenylacetic acid (129)

45.5QB 84.7 94.8 106.8 108.0

5.65 61.94 39.69 20.00

C8H8O2, o-Toluic acid (38,

94Qs 100 110 120 130 140 150 155 157.5 160.7

133)

2.5 91.2 2.8 90.0 3.8 87.5 5.4 84.9 6.9 81.2 9.2 76.1 13.5 67.6 18.7 59.6 23.8 54.8 (37.6)

H2O.—(Continued) C8HgO2, w-Toluie acid (38,

133)

0

C 92.5Qs 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 161.9

%B

1.6 2.0 2.6 3.2 4.0 5.9 8.0 18.8

90.4 88.3 85.4 82.5 79.5 75.0 68.3 52.7 (35)

C8H8O2, p-Toluic acid (38,

142.5Qu 145 150 155 157 158.9

133)

5.0 6.2 9.4 15.1 18.8

73.8 70.9 64.8 57.5 51.4 35

C8H8O2,

4-Hydroxytoluene-3aldehyde (126) 87.7 96.09 99.1 2.52 137.1 92.73 156.5 5.47

C8H8O2, 6-Hydroxytoluene-3aldehyde (126) 79.5Qs 3.0 (59.9) 87.2 56.0 99.3 5.45 127 16.5 52.5 133.5 23.5 136.8 35.4 C8H8O2, 5-Hydroxytoluene-2aldehyde (126) 69.1QB 6.9 50.6 78.8 50.3 85.8 7.95 116.3 14.3 121.1 48.5 124.5 44.6 125 34 C8H8O3,* p-Methoxybenzoic acid (38) 136 19.7 137 50 137.6 30 138.2 40 * The two-liquid system is metastable throughout.

C8H8O3, Methyl salicylate (121) 15-30 I 0.1 I C8H8O3, 2-Hydroxytoluene-3carboxylic acid ( 12 9) 120.3 69.52 129.2Qß 131.8 5.07 143.0 59.73 149.3 10.18 151.3 50.51 153.3 29.81 153.5 (31.5)

C8H8O3, 3-Hydroxytoluene-4carboxylic acid ( 129 ) 0 C %B 125.3 5.53 131QB 138.4 9.75 139.4 54.40 144.6 19.89 41.46 145.2 (30.2) C8H8O3, 4-Hydroxytoluene-3carboxylic acid (129) 106.8 3.16 107.8QB 117.5 4.53 117.7 69.29 120.2 67.91 131.5 59.85 135.6 55.16 138.5 10.21 142.0 38.85 142.5 24.55 142.8 (30) C8H9NO, Acetanilide (U*) 83.2QB 5.2 87 86 5.4 87 84.4 88 83.4 90 5.8 91.5 81.9 95 6.1 96 80.5 6.6 97.5 118 80 127.5 75 134 20 142 30 60 143.5 50 50 144 40 C8H10, Xylene (60) 150 * 0.088 200 0.307 250 0.958 C 8 HnN, 2, 4, 6-Trimethylpyridine (UO) 5.7 17.2 10 7.82 41.66 20 3.42 54.92 30 2.51 62.80 40 1.93 70.03 60 1.78 80.19 80 1.73 86.12 100 1.78 87.07 120 1.82 88.98 140 2.19 89.10 160 2.93 87.2 180 3.67 C8Hi7N, 1-Propylpiperidine (35) -3.0 3.2 -f-0.5 2.7 9.5 97.4 11 1.4 15.5 97.9 30 98.4 32 0_6 _

C9H8O2, Allocinnamic acid (91, 92)

0

C 18 25 35 45 55 65 75

Wt. B/l soin. 13.63 14.43 16.05 18.11 20.50 23.43 27.69

C9H8O4,* Acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin) (38) 0 C %B 25 4.8 50 7.0 60 8.5 70 9.7 67.5 80 13.8 60.0 85 18.5 52.5 87.4 20.0 50.0 89+ 34 * The two-liquid system is metastable throughout.

C9Hi0O2, Hydratropic acid (129) 34Qß 101.5 80.30 119.9 5.00 143.5 60.16 149.2 19.31 150 39.31 Ci0Hi4N2, Nicotine

C^HisNO, Phenylammonium phenolate (3) 0 C %B 40 4.0 91.1 50 4.5 89.2 60 5.2 87.4 70 5.9 85.6 80 . 6.6 83.8 90 7.3 82.1 100 8.0 80.3 110 9.5 77.7 120 12.7 73.2 130 18.4 65.3 135 24.2 58.6 140 41.2 Ci2Hi7NO4-H2O, 3, 5-Dimethoxyacetophenetide (9) 35.6 4.13 45.6 3.55 58.1 3.28 68.5 3.28 84.3 3.55 87Qs 99.8 4.16 111.1 4.92 118.4 5.50 129.2 6.68 173.6 22.89

Ligroin (50) (58, 146, 149) d = 0.6646 For vapor pressure, v. (124.5). 22 I 0.227 I 99.50 60.8 29 Gasolene (i g ) 65 14.8 51.2 d = 0.70; B. P. =40-145°C 70 12.1 63.0 0 C %A 75 10.3 70.9 25 0.0098 80 9.0 75.9 35 0.0141 85 8.1 79.1 37.5 0.0160 90 7.4 80.5 100 7.1 81.2 125 7.5 81.3 Kerosene (American) ( 45 ) 150 8.0 81.2 dlS = 0.792; B. P. =190-250°C 175 10.0 77.0 - 2 0.0012 190 12.9 68.4 +18 0.005 200 16.3 56.5 23 0.007 205 20.4 48.0 30 0.008 208 32 36 0.012 53 0.026 Ci0Hi8O, Cineole (30) 59 0.031 1.5 0.64 61 0.035 7.5 0.57 66 0.043 10 0.54 79 0.063 21 0.35 85 0.075 40 0.21 94 0.097 50 0.19 Ci2HnN, Diphenylamine ( i4 ) Paraffin oil (45) 150 97.3 dll = 0.883; B. P. =200-300°C 175 95.5 at 10 mm. 200 93.2 16 0.003 230 1.5 90.0 250 2.0 88.0 50 0.013 65 0.022 270 4.4 85.6 73 0.030 290 11.6 77.2 300 22 66.2 77 0.035 94 0.055 303 44

VARIATION OF THE CRITICAL SOLUTION TEMPERATURE (0C) WITH PRESSURE (146) 0

C

kg/cm2

103.3 111.0 160.3 52.3

1-150 5-165 20-64 10-160

B-component CH3NO2, Nitromethane C3H5N, Propionitrile C3H8O2, Methylal C4H4N2, Succinonitrile

— Ap -0.008 -0.02 -0.21 -0.003

C4H8O, Methyl ethyl ketone Lower t 0

C

kg/cm2

-13.8 - 6.1 - 0.7 + 7.8 16.05 23.2 30.2

7ST2 150 225 300 400 500 600

0

-^0.107 0.091 0.095 0.083 0.072 0.070 Upper t I 141 10

0

C kg/cm 2

kg/cm2

C

&p

37.3 44.1 51.3 61.6 66.9 80

—

NH4Br B = AlBr3 (65) 98Qt >0.092 159.5 160.5 0.093 236.5 0.30

0

B-component

0.071 0.068 0.072 0.103 0.106

136.8 1132.8 78.2 150

86.5 1075

C4H8O2, Isobutyric acid C4Hi0O, Isobutyl alcohol C4Hi0O, sec.-Butyl alcohol C5Hi0O2, Isovaleric acid C6H6NO3, p-Nitrophenol C6H6O, Phenol C6H7N, Aniline C6H8N2, Phenylhydrazine

„CT6Hi T 6„ -- , • N, m Tnethylamme

kg/cm

At

2

—

26.4 1-525 134.2 10-180 113.8 1-800 95.0 5-60 94.3 1-120 66.09 10-1000 165 10-210 75.5 (sic) 5-155 [ 18.35 5 22.36 200 19 60 J 29 ° ^- ^ IQQQ

39.40 43.45 C7H4N2O6, Dinitrobenzoic acid . . 123.3 C7H5NO4, ra-Nitrobenzoic acid .. 107.3 C7H6O2, Benzoic acid 118.5 C8HnN, 2, 4, 6-Trimethylpyridine 1.3 C10Hi4N2, Nicotine 61.3

1500 2000 10-110 5-125 5-200 1-200 1-200

-0.055 -0.03 - 0.07 -0.05 +0.01 0.00456 0.009 -0.009 4-0.205 171 °Q ^ 0.103 0.080 0.006 0.008 0.0025 0.0045 0.01

Sec. 2. The key-formula of neither component begins with 16. Standard arrangement (v. p. viii).

O2

NH3

B = O3 (los, 119) 0 C %A -158 Consolute temp. -183 I 30 ^:

„ B - = <-•;>„ u

77.3 78 80

%

12 8.5 6.8

.

15.0 17.6

§4

45

21 1

88Qs

2.7

24.0

B = Na (70, i l l ) 0 C %B -72 16.6* -65 13.6* -60 2.15 10.9

IS

»

T.

-46 _4 2 _ 41

3.6

7.8

4 7 6

* According to C 111 ).

Ag 1000

B = AgCl (104) I 0.1 I

&p

TOO 800 900 1000 1050 1085

C

B - Cu2S (43) 0 C %A 1150 3,7 94.8 1200 4.7 91.3 1300 7.2 91.0 1425 8.1 81.7 1485 7.2 79.9

9.0 8.7

^

SbCl3 B - SnCl2 (65) 0 C %B 243.1Qt 1.2 I 89.6 B = SnCl4J (65) 62.9 39.1 63.0 67.9 64.5 64.4 65.4 56.4 65.9 48|.7

i

-0.062 -0.052 -0.050

Ap

Cu

NH4Cl B = AlCl3 (65) 0 C %A 192.5Qt 0.08 I 94

6 2 5

4

SnCl2 i B « AlCl3 (65j) 0 C %A 192.0Qt I 2.1 I 19.1

SnBr2

AgCl B = AlCl3 (65) 192.9Q* I 0.75 I 18.6

AgBr B = AlBr3 ( 65 ) 105.9QAB2 1.2 12.6 120.4 2.2 139.7 12.0 156.3 3.2 159.7 10.8 161.9 3.6 173.0 9.8 183.6 5.5 186.0 7.1

AlCl3

B = AlBr3 (65j) 161.OQAB2 1.9 I 14.7 169.1 2.2 185.4 13.7 187.3 3.5 198.0 4.9 201.4 11.1 202.4 10.7 204.5 8.|7

B = BaCl2 (65) 0 C %B 191.5QA2Bl 3.1 I 18.9

PbBr2

B = CaBr2 (65) 208.8Q* I 0.6 I 10.9

B = AlBr3 (64) 210.4QAB 2 I 1.1 21.0

TlCl B = AlCl3 (6Ì) 192.0Qt I 2.1 I 23.6

TlBr B = AlBr3 (6Ji) 103.9Qt >0.64 I 23.9 118 0.64 23.5 260 I 22.5

HgBr B = AlBr3 (6!ï) 238.1QAB 1.9 I 34.9 275.5 3.5 I t Solid = double compound. J The two-liquid system is metastable throughout.

193.5Q*

B = NaCl I 0.09 I

193Q*

B = KCl I 0.22 I 11.1

8.8

AlBr3

B = BaBr2 269.4QA 2 BJ 1.0 I 17.5 95.4Q* 110.9 125.6 166.4 166.9 202.7 222.1 230 231.9 232 98.1Q* 189.6 265.9

B = NaBr 1.0 1.2

7.0 6.5

1.6 6.1 5.4 2.2 4.3 3.2

3.25 B =KBr 0.18

11.2 9.7

0.39

* Solid = double compound.

Sec. 3. The A-component key-formula does not begin with 16. The B-component key-formula begins with 16. A-components in standard arrangement;B-components in (T-arrangement (v. p. viii).

B = Ci0H8, Naphthalene (51) MgBr2 0 C %A B = C4Hi0O, Ethyl ether 132.8 25.4 (87) 0 190.0 44.2 79.7 C %B B = C Hi .—(Continued) S 6 4 0 195.0 47.6 78.0 -10 58 98.2 3 C %A B = C4H5NS, Mustard oil ( ) 200 52.8 75.0 O 59 97.7 0 -20 15.5 96.7 C %B 202.7 64.3 + 10 59.9 97.2 -10 20.7 96.1 80 1 73.4 20 60.7 96.7 B = Ci0H22, Decane (Bi) O 27.3 95.6 90 10.5 69.8 22.8Q* + 5 34.2 95.4 Consolute temp. = >300°C 100 13.0 66.0 51 30 61.3 96.2 8 42.0 94.0 B = Ci Hi , Phenanthrene ( ) 110 16.8 60.8 4 0 0 40 61.8 95.7 C %A 10.1 71 120 23.6 51.4 50 62.2 95.3 16 198 74.7 B '= C8H18, n-Octane ( 2) 125 36.5 60 62.4 94.9 199.1 66.6 B = Ci6H32, Cetene ("4) 70 62.4 94.6 B = C6H5Cl, Chlorobenzene 199.2 47.4 - 2.2QB 12.0 97.1 80 62.3 94.4 67 81.2 199.5 49.5 0.0 13.6 97.0 90 62.1 94.3 90 15 69.6 200 56.7 21.2 96.7 100 20.5 63.6 + 10.0 SbBr3 20.0 30.4 96.0 110 27.3 55.7 B = C6Hi2, Cyclohexane («9) 30.0 39.8 94.0 117 42 92.5 17.4 97.6 35.0 44.7 92.0 B = CeHe, Benzene 110 25.8 96.5 40.0 52.8 87.8 86 78.5 MgI2 130 36.4 95.0 42.0 59.0 84.0 7 100 8.0 74.5 150 47.8 92.7B = C4Hi0O, Ethyl ether (* ) 42.7 72.0 110 10.0 71.2 170 62.3 86.3 14.8 64.5 № 120 11.8 68.0 175 74.0 18.6 86.43 B = C8Hi0, ra-Xylene ( 7 1 ) 130 13.6 64 20.0 64.2 0 SbCl3 C %A patm. 140 15.6 59.7 23.6Q* C6Hi2, Cyclohexane -33.5 1.73 96.61 1.0 150 18.0 53.9 24.4 85.4 (88, 89) + 8 17.36 70.09 5.5 160 25.9 43.7 28.4 64.5 70 13.7 97 10 19.63 65.46 5.8 162.8 34.8 32.4 84.18 12 22.04 60.43 6.2 80 19.5 96.1 33.0 64.3 B = C6H7N, Aniline 100 32.3 92.7 37.3 14 29.00 52.89 6.7 80.6 72 I 85.9 120 57.1 83.2 14.7 41.23 6.85 38.0 67.2 100 6.0 76 124 58.9 76.7 38.5 72.5 110 8.6 71.2 Pl 125.5 68 * Solid = AB2. 120 11.3 64.7 B = CS2 (51) 0 130 15.4 54.5 C %A VARIATION OF THE CRITICAL SOLUTION TEMPERATURE (0C) WITH 135 20.3 45.2 -7.8 146 9.4 PRESSURE ( ) 138 31 -6.7 46.1 85.2 0 Components C kg/cm 2 — -6.6 50.3 82.3 B = C7H8, Toluene 0 -6.5 55.6 77.9 C %A S -6.4 62.0 70.3 50 22 B = C H Cl, Chlorobenzene 117 5-85 -0.025 6 5 _ -6.38* 65.7 100 30 94.0

* -6.5° (Si). 31.6 93.0 B = C2H4Br2, Ethylene bromide 33.6 91.8 (51) 35.8 90.5 151.7 77.9 38.8 88.7 52.9 43.5 86.4 162.0 36.9 49.0 83.7 163.0 165.0 34.2 56.0 80.2 165.5 45.6 _ 70 169.6 31.4 Consolute temp, ca. 165°. 6 B = C6Hi2, Cyclohexane ( ^) B = C6H4Br2, p-Dibromoben-17QA 9.0 96.0 zene (51) -10 11.5 94.0 154.3 26.7 - 5 13.7 92.8 159 33.1 55.3 O 16.7 91.0 161 36.4 52.3 + 5 22.7 87.2 163 45.1 10 31.7 78.4 == B C6H4Cl2 12 38.5 72.1 p-Dichlorobenzene ( 5 I) 13.5 55.6 Consolute temp. = 1630C B = C6Hi4, w-Hexane (123) B = C6H5Cl -73.5QA 99.2 Chlorobenzene ( 5 I) -60 99.0 0 Consolute temp. = 264 C -30 11.3 97.2

110 120 130 140 150 160 170 179.5

B = C6Hi4, Hexane B = C10H22, Diisoamyl

11.9 34.1 |

10-130 -0.023 10-130 | +0.03

Sec. 4. Both A-and B-component key-formulae begin with 16. (T-arrangement for both components (v. p. viii). CCl4 B = CH4O,- (Continued) 0 B = CH2O2, Formic acid (44) C %A °C %A 20 53.3 97.2 25 6.5 I 96.7 25 57.3 96.0 ======i=====i= 30 62.7 94.0 CS2 35 72.7 I 88.9 B = CH2O2, Formic acid (44) 36.5 80-8 25 4.45 98.7 ß = C2H6O, Ethyl alcohol B = CH4O, Methyl alcohol (26, 86, no) o IQ 7 7 ß -76.0 18.7 oo y OR 8 -18:85 ' 99.64 - 4 43 41.3 + 646

10 15

9874

47.7 98.4 50.2 97.9

(4? ?2 86)

-108.04 -100 — ~ <» - *° -30

~ 2d - 24.3

'

'

99.09 32.0 99 ' ' 98 ^6'7 '° 57 4 9 1 ^ 67.1 93.0 76 3

'

87 6

'

82.3

CHBr3

B = CH2O2, Formic acid ( 44 ) 0 C %A 25 20.2 I 97.8

CH2O2 B= 0 C 3.8 25 30 40 50 60 70 73.2 25 B = 0 C 25 B = 25 B 25 B = 0 C 25

Formic acid C6H6, Benzene (33) %B 10.2 14.1 90.4 15.1 89.6 17.8 87.0 21.0 83.4 25.7 77.9 35.1 68.6 51.8

(44)

I 13.1 I 87.3 C7H8, Toluene (44) %A 9.9 91.6 C8H10, Xylene (44) I 8.04 I 93.2 = Kerosene (44) I 0.89 I 98.4 Cottonseed oil (44) %B 0.76 I 92.0

CHO Methyl iodide B = C5H6N, Pyridine (4) 0 C 1 % A 78.4m 32.17 79m 29.23 80.4m 23.92 81.OQ* 86.6 16.94 87.0 37.31 117.0 42.90 * Solid = AB.

CH4O Methyl alcohol B = C 6 Hi 2 , Cyclohexane (75, 0

C

92.5)

%B

16 31 21.8 95.9 29.0 38.3 38.5 91.0 39.9 50.6 47.0 81.3 47.2 62.7 48.2 77.6 49.1 71 B = C6Hi4, Hexane (110) 10 26.5 96.8 20 31.6 95.9 25 34.7 95.1 30 38.3 93.7 35 43.6 91.2 40 52.7 85.5 42.6 68.9

B = Cottonseed oil (44) C %B 25 7.79 I 95.0 0

C2H4O2 Acetic acid B = Kerosene (44) 0 C %A 25 17.8 I 88.8 B = Cottonseed oil (44) 0 C %B 25 5.3 I 64.2

C2H6O Ethyl alcohol B = C4H4N2, Succinonitrile (116) 0

C

%A

13.4QB 20.2 13.5 87.5 19.3 25.0 20.0 84.0 24.6 80.1 28.2 75.1 29.2 39.8 30.8 51.1 31.2 59.2 B = C4H8Cl2S, Di-(2-chloroethyl) sulfide (mustard gas) (139) 0

C 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 15.6

%B

45.3 46.6 48.3 50.4 52.9 56.0 59.7 64.1 69.1 75.9

94.2 90.1 83.5

B = C4H]0, n-Butane (73) Consolute temp. = 37.50C B = C5Hi2, Isopentane (73) Consolute temp. = -3O0C B = C7H5N5O8, 2, 4, 6,-Trinitrophenylmethylnitramine (20.1)

Consolute temp. = 1050C B = C7H5N3O6

Trinitrotoluene (20) Consolute temp. = 96.50C B = Cottonseed oil (161) 0 C %B 25 8.45 I 81.3

C2H6O4S Dimethyl sulfate B = Turpentine oil (29) 0 C %A 25.2 2.80 38.0 93.99 50.3 5.28

B = Turpentine oil.— (Continued) 0 C %A 74.0 10.16 88.53 94.8 19.50 95.3 80.54 101.9 27.79 104.4 68.90 105.6 33.89 107.9 57.44 50.22 108.2

C3H6O Acetone B = C3H8O3, Glycerol ( 8 4) 10 10.9 20 12.3 30 13.7 40 15.1 89.6 50 16.8 88.6 60 19.0 86.4 70 21.3 83.0 80 25.1 78.0 90 34.0 69.8 95, 44.0 59.5 95.7 51.7

C/sugOs Glycerol B = C4H8O Ethyl methyl ketone ( 8 4) 0 C %B 40 4.0 50 4.5 92.2 60 5.2 91.8 80 6.8 90.2 100 8.6 89.4 120 9.8 88.0 130 11.4 84.0 140 13.6 80.4 150 17.0 78.6 160 32.0 64.4 164.5 48.4 B = C5Hi2O, Isoamyl alcohol

(84)

20 1 2.6 81.8 30 4.7 78.5 40 6.8 75.2 50 8.9 70.7 60 11.0 63.8 70 17.2 53.2 34 74.2 B = C7H6O, Benzaldehyde (85)

67.5 85.5 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 155 160 160.7

4.5

97.0 96.6 95.6 94.1 92.1 89 2 85.3 79.5 73.7 60.0

5.2 7.2 9.0 11.6 16.2 21.1 27.7 33.9 48.0

54.1

B = C7H6O2, Salicylaldehyde (85) 0

C %A 100 92.8 110 3.2 90.8 120 4.7 88.7 130 6.3 86.6 140 8.0 84.2 150 10.0 81.3 160 13.6 77.0 170 22.2 68.0 175 30.0 59.8 176.6 44.8 B = C7H8O, Anisole (»5) 0

C I %B 160 5.6 180 10.1 200 14.6 220 19.2 240 24.2 87.7 260 31.5 80.7 270 38.2 73.8 275.5 56 B = C7H8O2, Guaiacol (*5) 0 C %A 39.5 44 40 37.2 52.0 45 28.5 66.6 50 25.2 69.5 55 23.7 70.4 60 23.5 70.7 65 24.1 70.4 70 25.6 69.4 75 28.3 67.3 80 32.5 61.8 82 35.7 54.0 83.5 43 B = C7H9N, Methylaniline (99)

190 85.5 200 11.2 84.3 210 15.4 79.9 215 19.5 75.3 220 26.5 67.4 224.5 46 B = C7H9N, o-Toluidine (99) 100 7.8 87.6 110 8.8 86.8 120 10.7 85.2 130 13.9 82.2 140 18.4 77.2 150 26.6 69.7 154.4 47.2 B = C7H9N, m-Toluidine (99)

6.7 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

46

28.0 19.5 16.6 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.2 17.0

69.5 84.4 86.7 87.2 87.6 87.0 86.0 84.3 81.7

C3H8O3.—(Continued) B = C7H9N,- (Continued) 0 C %A 100 19.8 77.8 110 25.4 71.2 115 29.5 66.2 120.5 47 B = C7H9NO, o-Anisidine (99) 0

C 141.0 142.5 143.0 144.5 145.0

%B 34.25

73.09 43.57 51.69 61.25

B = CsHsO, Aeetophenone (84)

90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 185.5

97.2 96.4 95.6 94.3 92.6 90.4 87.9 84.5 79.3 70.2

4.7 5.6 6.7 8.0 9.7 11.8 14.6 18.4 26.3 48

B = C8Hi0O2, Monoethyl pyrocatechol (") 172.5 20.0 175 21.1 180 23.8 82.6 185 27.6 76.3 190 33.5 68.0 192.9 49.5 B = C8HuN, Dimethylaniline (99) 0 C %A 200 8.0 220 10.6 90.6 240 13.3 87.7 260 16.2 84.4 270 20.1 80.3 280 29.0 71.4 285 38.3 61.8 287 50 B = C9Hi3N Ethylbenzylamine (99) 0 C %B 50 34 60 5.8 72.8 80 3.6 86.8 100 3.5 88.8 140 4.4 88.2 180 6.5 86.2 220 11.6 84.2 260 21.5 81.5 270 26.5 79.2 275 31.0 77.5 281 56

C 4.HgCl 2 S Di-(2-chloroethyl) sulfide (mustard gas) B = Ligroin (140) B. P. = >100°C; d% = 0.6677 0 C %A 9.OQA (31.5) 86.4 9.6 84.5 10.3 32.5 12 82.6 14 80.9 14.5 39.3 16 43.7 17.22 76.1 17.5 49.4 18.3 56.8 19 (66) B = Gasolene (140) B. P. = 60-18O0C 4.2 ! 30.08 4.5 30.14 7.3 87.34 7.8 87.17 9.0 36.46 9.5 36.51 13.5 46.21 14 46.32 18 77.53 18.7 53.49 20.4 66.02 B = Kerosene (140) B. P. = 130-26O0C 8.9 91.88 9.5 33.13 14.2 39.79 14.3 89.68 21.9 84.93 24.3 81.42 25 68.67 25.6 75 B = Railroad light oil (^ 40 ) B. P. = 160-30O0C 9.3 21.64 14.5 24.33 20.9 29.88 23.6 38.49 25.0 90.78 28.0 88.74 31.3 86.58 33.0 47.95 35 54.48 37 63.8

C4H10O Ethyl ether B = CisHi2, Chrysene

'

0

C -1 O +1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 8.3

%A 36 88.5 36.5 88 37 87.5 38 87 39.5 86.5 42 85 44 84 48 82.5 55 80.5 (65) (77) (72.5)

CoHio Amylene B = C6H7N, Aniline (69) 0 C %A -0.15 18.5 +3.9 79.8 10.1 71.8 10.7 28.5 14.15 39.6 14.3 52.3 14.5 48.4

CoHi2 Isopentane B = C6H6NO2 Nitrobenzene (144, 145, 146) Consolute temp. = 32.60C, with 50.37% B in solution B = C6H6O, Phenol (14) 0 C %B 17.55 12.41 26.60 91.87 29.35 16.95 39.15 86.10 49.20 24.58 54.95 28.46 55.85 73.86 60.75 35.70 62.25 45.33 62.55 61.92 63.25 52.15 63.5 51.0 B = Ci2HnN, Diphenylamine (13) 0 C %A 15m 13.0 87.0 20m 16.4 84.7 25m 19.4 81.7 30m 22.5 80.2 35m 26.8 77.9 40m 33.8 72.0 41.9Qs 37.2 68.9 42.5 40.3 67.4 44.9 54.2

(12, 144, 145)

C6H5NO2

Consolute temp. = 2072180C with 21 % B in solution

Nitrobenzene B = C6H14, Hexane (143, 145) 0 C %B -0.2 17.76 +5.0 80.08 5.8 19.47 14.0 70.94

Chlorinated mustard oil B. P., 112° at 17 mm; d\l = 1.355 B = Railroad light oil (14°) B. P. = 160-30O0C

B = C6Hi4.—(Continued) 0 C %B 15.5 29.72 16.1 67.21 17.7 34.21 18.7 57.29 48.43 21.02 C6H6^ Benzene B = C6H6O2, Resorcinol (n°) 0 C %A 40m 16.60 50m 18.16 60m 20.04 95.41 70m 22.46 93.36 80m 25.51 90.73 90m 29.02 87.20 95.5Qs 100 34.17 81.30 108.9 58.1 B = C6H8N2, ra-Phenylenediamine (130) 53.8QB 25.00 54.7 25.16 55.5 25.44 58.8 27.86 ' 80.64 59.8 60.0 28.96 64.2 34.09 38.40 66.5 68.8 49.09 69.0 60.96 B = C8Hi0N2O, m-Monoacetylphenylenediamine (i30) 0 C %B 184.9Qs 77.5 188.4 76.86 193.4 76.16 201.9 74.65 227.8 68.90 228.5 22.75 257.6 57.03 263.4 39.10 49.23 265.1 . 265.5 44.31 266 (46.4) B = C8Hi0N2O, p-Monoacetylphenylenediamine (I 30 ) 146.8QB 74.0 147.1 72.71 150.1 71.05 155.9 67.66 163.5 63.07 170.0 59.95 180.8 17.36 181.3 51.70 186.3 41.23 187.8 30.12 188 (35.3)

C6H6O Phenol B = C6H14, Hexane (14) 14.40 17.58 20.75 88.57

B — C6Hi4.—(Continued) 0 C %B 29.20 83.94 31 70 26.11 34.20 29.98 37 00 68 78 ' 37.65 40.20 64.96 38.65 41.64 42.15 50.14

IfJ! ^l B = C7Hi6, Heptane (14) 13.20 23.81 1 14.45 79.36 17.95 74.02 65 41

22 05 ll£ 23 50

33 31 * ' 5:2 45 8 — o B = C8H18, Octane (U) 19.65 14.0 22 6 15 1 86 7 2^ 16 Q 85 3 30 17 8 82 4 35 20.2 79.2 40 23.6 74.3 45 29.4 66.8 48 36.5 58.4 49.5 47 CeHeC^ Resorcinol B = C8Hi0, w-Xylene (13) %A °C

£

Ï:S S:?

80m

4.77

85.5

90m

6.35

83.9

IST3O

8?

SÌ'?

130

16.5

73.9

a:

si

si

3

SS' * 12.9 iS:î S:' 120 77.3 u'

148 7

-

S:ï 2:? 43 6

-

PTTTT ^6**7*1 Aniline B = C6Hi0, Cyclopentane (17) Consolute temp. = 180C B = C5Hi2, Pentane (17) Consolute temp. = 720C

C5Hi2, Isopentane ( 17 ) Consolute temp. = 770C B = C6H12 Methylcyclopentane (i 7) Consolute temp. = 350C B = C6H14, Hexane (17, 26, 66) OQ ] «A /0

20

?2

30

10 0

40

14.0 23.1 29.0 37.6

5Q

55 53 59.6*

gg 6

86.8 80.6 74.8 68.0 52

B = C 6 H 14 ,Isohexane(l7) Cocciute temp -78.800 CjHu Dimethylcyclopentane (") Consolute temp. = 450C R-CTT ~~ Methylcyclohexane (17, 146) Consolute temp. = 350C B = C7H16, Heptane (") Consolute temp. = 7O0C B = C7H16, Isoheptane (17) Consolute temp. = 72.80C B = C8H16 Dimethylcyclohexane ( i 7 ) Consolute temp. = 490C B = C8H18, Octane (17) Consolute temp. = 720C B = C8Hi8, Isooctane (")

e-*.«-»-«-o C10H7NO2

Paraffln BNitronaphthalene = n OC 434 116/° '

3:

?5°-;

94 52

»•«

2501

92 01

-

76ÌO ' 91.32 90.0 36.10 98.5 45.38 qq ^ ô 07 xoi'o 74 33 102 O 54 54 1Q3.Q 65.5 *69° O 7 ); P = ?.

VARIATION OF THE CRITICAL SOLUTION TEMPERATURE (0C) WITH PRESSURE Components

0

C

kg/cm 2

—

CU2 (146)

B = C6H5NO3, o-Nitrophenol

24.8

83-1275

0.33

5-85 10-110

0.015 0.01

CS2 (146)

B = CH4O, Methyl alcohol B = C3H6O, Acetone

48.5 -39.5

Components

0

C

kg/cm 2

—

CH2O2, Formic acid (1*6) B = C6H5Cl, Chlorobenzene 106.6 5-65 0.035 B = C6H6, Benzene 82 5-65 0.03 CH2I2, Méthylène iodide (146) B = C2H6O, Ethyl alcohol 93.8 5-75 -0.004 B = C3H8O, Propyl alcohol 75.7 1-100 +0.006 B = C3H8O, Isopropyl alcohol 93.2 1-200 0.012 B = C4Hi0O, Isobutyl alcohol 77.5 1-80 0.012 B = C6Hi2, Cyclohexane 34.5 5-120 0.01 B = C6H14, Hexane 105.4 5-155 -0.02 B = C10H22, Diisoamyl 119.5 5-65 -0.015 CH4O, Methyl alcohol B = C4H10, n-Butane (73, 146) 16.6 20-150 +0.007 B = C4H10, Isobutane (146) 20.1 10-140 0.004 B = C6H12, Cyclohexane (146) 59.5 50-1000 0.0227 B = C6H14, Hexane (146) 42.2 1-105 0.032 B = Ci0H7Br, Bromonaphthalene (146) 62 5-195 -0.025 B = Ci0H22, Diisoamyl (146) 86.8 10-150 +0.04 C2H4O2, Acetic acid B = Ci0H7Br, Bromonaphthalene (146) 42 5-210 0.025 C2H6O, Ethyl alcohol B = C4H4N2, Succinonitrile ( 1 4 6 ) . . . 24.3 10-160 -0.005 C3H5N, Propionitrile B = Ci0H22, Diisoamyl (146) 55.1 1-150 +Q.016 C3H6O, Acetone B = C10H22, Diisoamyl (146) 18 1-90 0.01 C 4 H 4 N 2 , Ethylene cyanide B = C4H10O, Isobutyl alcohol (* *6).. 67.0 5-155 -Q. 004 C4Hi0, n-Butane (146) B = C 6 H 5 NO 2 , Nitrobenzene 28.3 15-150 -0.04 B = C 6 H 7 N, Aniline 83 15-90 -0.08 C4Hi0O, Isobutyl alcohol B = Ci0H7Br, Bromonaphthalene (146) 8.6 1-180 -0.01 C5Hi0, Amy lene B = C 6 H 7 N, Aniline (146) 21.8 1-165 -0.02 C5Hi2, Isopentane B = C6H5NO2, Nitrobenzene (144, 146) 32.6 1-300 -0.026 C6H5NO2, Nitrobenzene B = C6H14, Hexane (143, 146) 20.81 1-825 -0.008 20.8 1-825 -0.01 B = Ci0H22, Diisoamyl (146) 28.37 1-1225 -0.0011 B = Petroleum (146) 13.95 1-725 +0.0014 C6H6, Benzene B = C6H6O2, Resorcinol (146) IQQ.i 1Q-17Q -0.03 C6H6O2, Resorcinol B = C8H10, Ethylbenzene (* *6) 151.5 5-65 -0.025 C6H7N, Aniline B = C6H12, Cyclohexane (", 146) _ 32.37 1.8-250 +0.0068 B = C7H14, Methylcyclohexane (146) 41.3 i_i40 0.003 B = Ci0H22, Diisoamyl (146) 82 5-180 -0.001 C7H9N, m-Toluidine B = C10H22, Diisoamyl (146) 33.5 10-75 -0.003

LITERATURE

(«o) Linebarger, 135, 70: 52; 94. <**) Lumière and Barbier, 87, 33: 783; 05 (82) Mains, 33, 26: 779; 22. (*3) Marsson, 293, 74:290; 53. (»4) McEwen, 4,123: 2279; 23. (««) McEwen, 4.123:2284; 23. (8*) McKelvy and Simp2 son, l, 44: 105; 21. (« 7 ) Menschutkin, 93, 49: 34; 06. (88) Menschutkin, (i) Aignan, 34, 124: 1013; 97. ( ) Aignan and Dugas, 34, 129: 643; 99. 496,13: l, 263, 411, 565; 10. ( 89 ) Menschutkin, 496,14: 251; 11. (S)Alekseev, 8, 28: 305; 86. ( 4 ) Aten, 7, 54: 124; 06. (5) Bakhuis ( 90 ) Merriman, 4,103: 1774; 13. ( 9 M Meyer, 25, 44: 2966; 11. ( 9 2 ) Meyer, 9, Roozeboom, 70, 3: 73; 84. (6) Balbiano, 86, 9: 1437; 76. ( 7 ) Blanksma, 17: 976; 11. ( 92 ' 5 ) Mondain-Monval, 34, 183: 1104; 26. ( 9 3 ) Moore and 176, 7: 417; 10. ( 8 ) Bödtker, 7, 22: 505; 97. ( 9 ) Bogert and Ehrlich, l, Roaf, 5, 77: 86; 05. (»*) Nernst, 7, 6: 16; 90. (9 5 ) Orton and Jones, 4, 41: 741; 19. 101: 1708, 1720; 12. ( 9 6) Osaka, 58, 84: 248; 10. ( 9 7 ) Osaka, 41, 31: 221; (10) Boutaric, 48, 18: 126; 20. ( 1 O-S) Boutaric and Corbet, 34, 183: 42; 26. 10. ( 98 ) Osaka, 172, 4 A I: 308; 09. lO, 2: 432; 13. (") Parvatiker and (U) Bray, 1, 32: 932; 10. O 2 ) Bückner, 7, 54: 665; 06. < 13 ) McEwen, 4, 125: 1484; 24. Campetti, 88, 52: 114; 17. ( 1 4 ) Campetti and Delgrosso, Mem. R. Accad. (100) Pascal and Dupuy, 27, 27: 353; 20. ( l o i ) Pearce and O'Leary, 468, 30: Sd. Torino, 61: 187; 11. 10, 2: 433; 13. (is) Chancel and Parmentier, 379; 23. ( 1 0 2 ) Price and Green, 54, 39: 98; 20. (103) Rayman, Diss. 34, 99: 892; 84. C 16 ) Chancel and Parmentier, 34, 100: 773; 85. O 7 ) Budapest, 1906. (104) Reinders, 7, 77: 213; 11. (105) R6x, 7, 55: 355;06. Chavanne and Simon, 34, 168: 1111; 19. (i«) Clifford, 45, 13: 631; 21. (106) Rhodes and Markley, 50, 25: 527; 21. (i° 7 ) Riedel, 7, 56: 243;06. (i 9 ) Cox and Cretcher, 1, 48: 451; 26. O 9 - 5 ) Cox, Nelson and Cretcher, (108) Riesenfeld and Schwab, 25, 55: 2088; 22. (io 9 ) van Rossem, 7, 62: 1, 49: 1080; 27. (2°) Crismer, 28, 29: 28; 20. (20.1 ) Crismer and Timmermans, 28, 29: 34; 20. 681; 08. (21) Dancer, 4, 15: 477; 62. (22) Davis, 1, 38: 1166; 16. (23) Dieta, ("O) Rothmund, 7, 26: 433; 98. (»") Ruff and Ledner, 86, 41: 1948; 08. (112) Scarpa, 48, 2: 447; 04. (H3) Scheiffer, 64P, 15: 380; 12. (H4) 487, 43: 290; 98. ( 2 4 ) Dolgolenko, 7, 62: 499; 08. ( 2 5 ) Draper, 135, Schoorl and de Weerd, 70, 41: 15; 22. (i! 5 ) Schreinemakers, 7, 23: 417; 97. 35: 87; 77. (26) Drucker, 70, 42: 552; 23. ( 2 7 ) Drucker and Moles, 7, (116) Schreinemakers, 7, 27: 95; 98. (U 7 ) Schreinemakers, 7, 29: 577; 99. 75: 405; 10. ( 28 ) Dubrisay and Toquet, 27, 25: 354; 19. ( 2 9 ) Dubroca, (u«) Schuncke, 7, 14: 331; 94. (U 9 ) Schwab, 7, 110: 599; 24. 42, 5: 463; 07. (30) Earle, 54, 37: 274T; 18. (31) Euler, 7, 31: 360; 99. (32) Euler and Svan- (120) Seekles, 70, 42: 706; 23. («M Seidell, 464, No. 67: 10. (122) Sever and Dunbar, 69, 16: 307; 22. (!23) Seyer and GiIl, 69, 18 HI: 209; 24. berg, 19, 6: No. 14; 17. (33) Ewins, 4,105: 350; 14. (34) Faucon, 6,19: 70; (124) Seyer and Hugget, 69, 18 HI: 213; 24. (124.5) Shükarev, 7, 71: 90; 10. (35) Flaschner, 7, 62: 493; 08. (36) Flaschner, 4, 95: 668; 09. (37) 10. (125) Sidgwick and Aldous, 4, 119: 1001; 21. (126) Sidgwick and Flaschner and McEwen, 4, 93: 1000; 08. ( 38 ) Flaschner and Rankin, 57, Allot, 4, 123: 2819; 23. ( 1 2 7) Sidgwick and Clayton, 4, 121: 2263; 22. 31: 23; 10. ( 3 9 ) Flückinger, 293, 7: 103; 75. (128) Sidgwick and Dash, 4, 121: 2586; 22. ("9) Sidgwick and Ewbank, (40) Fontein, 7, 73: 212; 10. (4i) Forbes and Coolidge, 1, 41: 150; 19. ( 42 ) 4, 119: 979; 21. Friedländer, 7, 38: 385; 01. ( 43 ) Friedrich and Wachlert, 187, 10: 976; 13. (130) Sidgwick and Neill, 4, 123: 2813; 23. (13l ) Sidgwick, Pickford and WiIs(**) Gordon and Reid, 50, 26: 773; 22. ( 4 «) Groschuff, 9, 17: 348; 11. ( 4 6 ) Guthrie, 5, 18: 22; 84. (*7) Guthrie, 3, 18: 495; 84. ( 4 «) Hantzsch don, 4, 99: 1122; 11. (132) Sidgwick and Rubie, 4, US: 1013; 21. (133) Sidgwick, Spurrell and Davies, 4,107: 1202; 15. (l 34) Sidgwick and Turner, and Sebalt, 7, 30: 258; 99. (4») Harkins and Cheng, I , 43: 35; 21. 4, 121: 2256; 22. (i35) Smirnoff, 7, 58: 667; 07. O 3 6 ) Smits and Maarse, (50) Herz, 26, 31: 2669; 98. («) Hildebrand and Buehrer, l, 42: 2213; 20. (52) Hill, I, 45: 1143; 23. (53) Hill and Attisani, O. (54) Hill and Brun64P, 14: 192; 11. (137) stas, 14, 19: 146; 47. (*") Thompson and huber, O. (55) HiIl and Macy, l, 46: 1132; 23. (56) HiIl and Malisoff, l, Black, 45, 12: 1066; 20. (i 3 9 ) Thompson, Black and Sohl, l, 43: 877; 21. 5 48: 918; 26. (56.5) Hill and Morrow, O. ( 7) Horiba, 41, 31: 922; 10. (140) Thompson and Odeen, 45, 12: 1057; 20. (14l) Thorin, 7, 89: 685; 15. (142) Thorne, 4, 119: 262; 21. (143) Timmermans, 7, 58: 129; 07. (144) C 5 8 ) Hudson, 7, 47: 113; 04. (««) Jaeger, 416, 4: 17; 23. (60) Jaeger, 416, 4: 259; 23. (6l) Jenkin and Shorthose, B67. ( 62 ) Jones, Timmermans, 64P, 13: 507; 10. ( 14S ) Timmermans, Thesis, Brussels, 1911. 64 (146) Timmermans, 48, 20:491; 23. ( 14 7) Tolloczko, 7, 20: 389; 96. (148) 4, 99: 392; 11. (63) Jones and Hartman, 78, 30: 295; 16. ( ) Kablukov and Malischeva, l, 47: 1553; 25. ( 6 S) Kendall, Crittenden and Miller, l, Traube, 86, 17: 2294; 84. ( 1 ^ 9 ) Tsakalotos, 27, 5: 397; 09. (ISO) Tsakalotos, 7, 68: 32; 10. (isi) Vaubel, 52, 52: 72; 95. (152) Vaubelf 45: 963; 23. ( 66 ) Keyes and Hildebrand, l, 39: 2126; 17. ( 6 7 ) Klobbie, 52, 59: 30; 99. (153) Verschaffelt, 7, 15: 437; 94. (154) Verschaffelt, 70, 7, 24: 615; 97. ( 68 ) Kolthoff, 176, 14: 1081; 17. ( 69 ) Konowalow, 8, 10: 42: 683; *23. (ISS) Waiden and Centnerszwer, 7, 42: 432; 02. (156) , 360; 03. (70) Kraus and Lucasse, 1,4A: 1949; 22. (71) Kraus and Zeitfuchs, l, 44: 1249; Walker, 7, 5: 193; 90. (i57) Wildermann, 7, 11: 407; 93. (»s«) Wilson, I, 43: 73 74 704; 21. ( 159 ) Winkler, 136, 23: 687; 99. 22. (72) Kuenen, S, 6: 637; 03. ( ) Kuenen, 64P, 14: 644; 12. ( ) 7 7 (160) Wittstein, 495, 11: 567; 62. (16l) Wroth and Reed, I , 38: 2316; 16. Lattey, 3, 10: 397; 05. ( S) Lecat, Thesis, Brussels, 1909. ( 6) Leone (162) Seyer and Gallaugher, 69, 20: 343; 26. and Angelescu, 36, 52 H: 61; 22. ( 7 7 ) Leone and Benelli, 36, 52 II: 75; 22. (78) Lieben and Rossi, 13, 159: 58; 71. ( 79 ) Linde, 19, 6 : No. 20; 17. (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume)

PHASE EQUILIBRIA FOR THREE-COMPONENT SYSTEMS CONTAINING TWO LIQUID PHASES, THE COMPLETE COMPOSITION OF AT LEAST ONE OF WHICH IS KNOWN A. S. COOLIDGE CONTENTS Metallic systems. Aqueous systems. Non-aqueous systems.

MATIÈRES Systèmes métalliques. Systèmes aqueux. Systèmes non-aqueux.

Explanation of Diagrams and Tables The data are presented by means of isothermal triangular diagrams with compositions in weight per cent (%). For each of the two layers into which the system divides, a line can be drawn giving the composition of all mixtures capable of existing as such a layer. These lines may have various shapes. In the very common case that A and B are liquids of limited mutual solubility, but both soluble in all proportions in C, and supposing A to be denser than B, then the lower layer will give such a line as ab, Fig. 1, and the upper layer such a line as cd. If continued, the lines meet each other with a common tangent at the plait-point, o (see below). In another common case, in which A and B are completely miscible liquids and C is a solid very soluble in A but nearly insoluble in B, the two lines start together at the plait-point p, and run similar to pf and pg. In this case, they do not extend as far as the side, BC, of the diagram, but are terminated by the impossibility of producing solutions sufficiently

INHALTSVERZEICHNIS Metallische Systeme. Systeme mit Wasser. Nichtwässrige Systeme.

INDICE Sistemi metallici Sistemi acquosi Sistemi non acquosi

p AGE 400 400 403

rich in C. However, supersaturation with regard to C may occur, without knowledge on the part of the experimenter, so that in many of the graphs representing systems of this class, points near f and g may not represent the most stable condition of the system. This can be settled in any case by consulting the section of I. C. T. dealing with equilibrium between solid and liquid phases in threecomponent systems. In a few cases, the binodal lines have different courses, running entirely separate across the diagram without plait-points, or forming closed curves with two plait-points. Every point upon the line ab represents a solution in equilibrium with another solution, which must lie somewhere upon the line cd. This relation can be expressed graphically by plotting any one of the three triangular coordinates of the point on the line ab against any one of the coordinates of the corresponding point on the line cd. Practically, that coordinate is chosen, the lines representing which cut the binodal most nearly at right angles. Thus, in systems having binodals of the type abode, the % A in

LITERATURE

(«o) Linebarger, 135, 70: 52; 94. <**) Lumière and Barbier, 87, 33: 783; 05 (82) Mains, 33, 26: 779; 22. (*3) Marsson, 293, 74:290; 53. (»4) McEwen, 4,123: 2279; 23. (««) McEwen, 4.123:2284; 23. (8*) McKelvy and Simp2 son, l, 44: 105; 21. (« 7 ) Menschutkin, 93, 49: 34; 06. (88) Menschutkin, (i) Aignan, 34, 124: 1013; 97. ( ) Aignan and Dugas, 34, 129: 643; 99. 496,13: l, 263, 411, 565; 10. ( 89 ) Menschutkin, 496,14: 251; 11. (S)Alekseev, 8, 28: 305; 86. ( 4 ) Aten, 7, 54: 124; 06. (5) Bakhuis ( 90 ) Merriman, 4,103: 1774; 13. ( 9 M Meyer, 25, 44: 2966; 11. ( 9 2 ) Meyer, 9, Roozeboom, 70, 3: 73; 84. (6) Balbiano, 86, 9: 1437; 76. ( 7 ) Blanksma, 17: 976; 11. ( 92 ' 5 ) Mondain-Monval, 34, 183: 1104; 26. ( 9 3 ) Moore and 176, 7: 417; 10. ( 8 ) Bödtker, 7, 22: 505; 97. ( 9 ) Bogert and Ehrlich, l, Roaf, 5, 77: 86; 05. (»*) Nernst, 7, 6: 16; 90. (9 5 ) Orton and Jones, 4, 41: 741; 19. 101: 1708, 1720; 12. ( 9 6) Osaka, 58, 84: 248; 10. ( 9 7 ) Osaka, 41, 31: 221; (10) Boutaric, 48, 18: 126; 20. ( 1 O-S) Boutaric and Corbet, 34, 183: 42; 26. 10. ( 98 ) Osaka, 172, 4 A I: 308; 09. lO, 2: 432; 13. (") Parvatiker and (U) Bray, 1, 32: 932; 10. O 2 ) Bückner, 7, 54: 665; 06. < 13 ) McEwen, 4, 125: 1484; 24. Campetti, 88, 52: 114; 17. ( 1 4 ) Campetti and Delgrosso, Mem. R. Accad. (100) Pascal and Dupuy, 27, 27: 353; 20. ( l o i ) Pearce and O'Leary, 468, 30: Sd. Torino, 61: 187; 11. 10, 2: 433; 13. (is) Chancel and Parmentier, 379; 23. ( 1 0 2 ) Price and Green, 54, 39: 98; 20. (103) Rayman, Diss. 34, 99: 892; 84. C 16 ) Chancel and Parmentier, 34, 100: 773; 85. O 7 ) Budapest, 1906. (104) Reinders, 7, 77: 213; 11. (105) R6x, 7, 55: 355;06. Chavanne and Simon, 34, 168: 1111; 19. (i«) Clifford, 45, 13: 631; 21. (106) Rhodes and Markley, 50, 25: 527; 21. (i° 7 ) Riedel, 7, 56: 243;06. (i 9 ) Cox and Cretcher, 1, 48: 451; 26. O 9 - 5 ) Cox, Nelson and Cretcher, (108) Riesenfeld and Schwab, 25, 55: 2088; 22. (io 9 ) van Rossem, 7, 62: 1, 49: 1080; 27. (2°) Crismer, 28, 29: 28; 20. (20.1 ) Crismer and Timmermans, 28, 29: 34; 20. 681; 08. (21) Dancer, 4, 15: 477; 62. (22) Davis, 1, 38: 1166; 16. (23) Dieta, ("O) Rothmund, 7, 26: 433; 98. (»") Ruff and Ledner, 86, 41: 1948; 08. (112) Scarpa, 48, 2: 447; 04. (H3) Scheiffer, 64P, 15: 380; 12. (H4) 487, 43: 290; 98. ( 2 4 ) Dolgolenko, 7, 62: 499; 08. ( 2 5 ) Draper, 135, Schoorl and de Weerd, 70, 41: 15; 22. (i! 5 ) Schreinemakers, 7, 23: 417; 97. 35: 87; 77. (26) Drucker, 70, 42: 552; 23. ( 2 7 ) Drucker and Moles, 7, (116) Schreinemakers, 7, 27: 95; 98. (U 7 ) Schreinemakers, 7, 29: 577; 99. 75: 405; 10. ( 28 ) Dubrisay and Toquet, 27, 25: 354; 19. ( 2 9 ) Dubroca, (u«) Schuncke, 7, 14: 331; 94. (U 9 ) Schwab, 7, 110: 599; 24. 42, 5: 463; 07. (30) Earle, 54, 37: 274T; 18. (31) Euler, 7, 31: 360; 99. (32) Euler and Svan- (120) Seekles, 70, 42: 706; 23. («M Seidell, 464, No. 67: 10. (122) Sever and Dunbar, 69, 16: 307; 22. (!23) Seyer and GiIl, 69, 18 HI: 209; 24. berg, 19, 6: No. 14; 17. (33) Ewins, 4,105: 350; 14. (34) Faucon, 6,19: 70; (124) Seyer and Hugget, 69, 18 HI: 213; 24. (124.5) Shükarev, 7, 71: 90; 10. (35) Flaschner, 7, 62: 493; 08. (36) Flaschner, 4, 95: 668; 09. (37) 10. (125) Sidgwick and Aldous, 4, 119: 1001; 21. (126) Sidgwick and Flaschner and McEwen, 4, 93: 1000; 08. ( 38 ) Flaschner and Rankin, 57, Allot, 4, 123: 2819; 23. ( 1 2 7) Sidgwick and Clayton, 4, 121: 2263; 22. 31: 23; 10. ( 3 9 ) Flückinger, 293, 7: 103; 75. (128) Sidgwick and Dash, 4, 121: 2586; 22. ("9) Sidgwick and Ewbank, (40) Fontein, 7, 73: 212; 10. (4i) Forbes and Coolidge, 1, 41: 150; 19. ( 42 ) 4, 119: 979; 21. Friedländer, 7, 38: 385; 01. ( 43 ) Friedrich and Wachlert, 187, 10: 976; 13. (130) Sidgwick and Neill, 4, 123: 2813; 23. (13l ) Sidgwick, Pickford and WiIs(**) Gordon and Reid, 50, 26: 773; 22. ( 4 «) Groschuff, 9, 17: 348; 11. ( 4 6 ) Guthrie, 5, 18: 22; 84. (*7) Guthrie, 3, 18: 495; 84. ( 4 «) Hantzsch don, 4, 99: 1122; 11. (132) Sidgwick and Rubie, 4, US: 1013; 21. (133) Sidgwick, Spurrell and Davies, 4,107: 1202; 15. (l 34) Sidgwick and Turner, and Sebalt, 7, 30: 258; 99. (4») Harkins and Cheng, I , 43: 35; 21. 4, 121: 2256; 22. (i35) Smirnoff, 7, 58: 667; 07. O 3 6 ) Smits and Maarse, (50) Herz, 26, 31: 2669; 98. («) Hildebrand and Buehrer, l, 42: 2213; 20. (52) Hill, I, 45: 1143; 23. (53) Hill and Attisani, O. (54) Hill and Brun64P, 14: 192; 11. (137) stas, 14, 19: 146; 47. (*") Thompson and huber, O. (55) HiIl and Macy, l, 46: 1132; 23. (56) HiIl and Malisoff, l, Black, 45, 12: 1066; 20. (i 3 9 ) Thompson, Black and Sohl, l, 43: 877; 21. 5 48: 918; 26. (56.5) Hill and Morrow, O. ( 7) Horiba, 41, 31: 922; 10. (140) Thompson and Odeen, 45, 12: 1057; 20. (14l) Thorin, 7, 89: 685; 15. (142) Thorne, 4, 119: 262; 21. (143) Timmermans, 7, 58: 129; 07. (144) C 5 8 ) Hudson, 7, 47: 113; 04. (««) Jaeger, 416, 4: 17; 23. (60) Jaeger, 416, 4: 259; 23. (6l) Jenkin and Shorthose, B67. ( 62 ) Jones, Timmermans, 64P, 13: 507; 10. ( 14S ) Timmermans, Thesis, Brussels, 1911. 64 (146) Timmermans, 48, 20:491; 23. ( 14 7) Tolloczko, 7, 20: 389; 96. (148) 4, 99: 392; 11. (63) Jones and Hartman, 78, 30: 295; 16. ( ) Kablukov and Malischeva, l, 47: 1553; 25. ( 6 S) Kendall, Crittenden and Miller, l, Traube, 86, 17: 2294; 84. ( 1 ^ 9 ) Tsakalotos, 27, 5: 397; 09. (ISO) Tsakalotos, 7, 68: 32; 10. (isi) Vaubel, 52, 52: 72; 95. (152) Vaubelf 45: 963; 23. ( 66 ) Keyes and Hildebrand, l, 39: 2126; 17. ( 6 7 ) Klobbie, 52, 59: 30; 99. (153) Verschaffelt, 7, 15: 437; 94. (154) Verschaffelt, 70, 7, 24: 615; 97. ( 68 ) Kolthoff, 176, 14: 1081; 17. ( 69 ) Konowalow, 8, 10: 42: 683; *23. (ISS) Waiden and Centnerszwer, 7, 42: 432; 02. (156) , 360; 03. (70) Kraus and Lucasse, 1,4A: 1949; 22. (71) Kraus and Zeitfuchs, l, 44: 1249; Walker, 7, 5: 193; 90. (i57) Wildermann, 7, 11: 407; 93. (»s«) Wilson, I, 43: 73 74 704; 21. ( 159 ) Winkler, 136, 23: 687; 99. 22. (72) Kuenen, S, 6: 637; 03. ( ) Kuenen, 64P, 14: 644; 12. ( ) 7 7 (160) Wittstein, 495, 11: 567; 62. (16l) Wroth and Reed, I , 38: 2316; 16. Lattey, 3, 10: 397; 05. ( S) Lecat, Thesis, Brussels, 1909. ( 6) Leone (162) Seyer and Gallaugher, 69, 20: 343; 26. and Angelescu, 36, 52 H: 61; 22. ( 7 7 ) Leone and Benelli, 36, 52 II: 75; 22. (78) Lieben and Rossi, 13, 159: 58; 71. ( 79 ) Linde, 19, 6 : No. 20; 17. (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume)

PHASE EQUILIBRIA FOR THREE-COMPONENT SYSTEMS CONTAINING TWO LIQUID PHASES, THE COMPLETE COMPOSITION OF AT LEAST ONE OF WHICH IS KNOWN A. S. COOLIDGE CONTENTS Metallic systems. Aqueous systems. Non-aqueous systems.

MATIÈRES Systèmes métalliques. Systèmes aqueux. Systèmes non-aqueux.

Explanation of Diagrams and Tables The data are presented by means of isothermal triangular diagrams with compositions in weight per cent (%). For each of the two layers into which the system divides, a line can be drawn giving the composition of all mixtures capable of existing as such a layer. These lines may have various shapes. In the very common case that A and B are liquids of limited mutual solubility, but both soluble in all proportions in C, and supposing A to be denser than B, then the lower layer will give such a line as ab, Fig. 1, and the upper layer such a line as cd. If continued, the lines meet each other with a common tangent at the plait-point, o (see below). In another common case, in which A and B are completely miscible liquids and C is a solid very soluble in A but nearly insoluble in B, the two lines start together at the plait-point p, and run similar to pf and pg. In this case, they do not extend as far as the side, BC, of the diagram, but are terminated by the impossibility of producing solutions sufficiently

INHALTSVERZEICHNIS Metallische Systeme. Systeme mit Wasser. Nichtwässrige Systeme.

INDICE Sistemi metallici Sistemi acquosi Sistemi non acquosi

p AGE 400 400 403

rich in C. However, supersaturation with regard to C may occur, without knowledge on the part of the experimenter, so that in many of the graphs representing systems of this class, points near f and g may not represent the most stable condition of the system. This can be settled in any case by consulting the section of I. C. T. dealing with equilibrium between solid and liquid phases in threecomponent systems. In a few cases, the binodal lines have different courses, running entirely separate across the diagram without plait-points, or forming closed curves with two plait-points. Every point upon the line ab represents a solution in equilibrium with another solution, which must lie somewhere upon the line cd. This relation can be expressed graphically by plotting any one of the three triangular coordinates of the point on the line ab against any one of the coordinates of the corresponding point on the line cd. Practically, that coordinate is chosen, the lines representing which cut the binodal most nearly at right angles. Thus, in systems having binodals of the type abode, the % A in

the lower layer is plotted against the % B in the upper layer. The plot is made on the same diagram, which must be extended downwards, and gives the curve hko. The sides of the lower triangle are numbered downwards, the right side giving % A in lower layer, and the left % B in the upper layer. Thus h, the beginning of the conjugation curve, has the coordinates 92% A, 95% B, meaning that a solution of the lower layer containing 92% of A is in equilibrium with one of the upper layer with 95% of B, or, graphically, that points a and c of the binodals are conjugate. The conjugation curve crosses the binodals at the plait-point, o, where the two layers become identical. By plotting % A in the upper layer against % B in the lower layer, on the same diagram, a continuation of the conjugation curve, olm, is obtained above the binodal. This has the advantage of locating the plait-point by an interpolation, instead of the customary extrapolation.

tainty when the tie-lines have changing slopes. Finally, it greatly reduces the number of lines necessary to represent a given system, so that several systems may be shown together without risk of confusion. While either the long or the short branch of the conjugation curve is sufficient to determine all possible equilibria, readings can be made more accurately from the long branch, particularly when the initial parts of the binodals run nearly parallel to the sides of the triangle. However, in the majority of cases, the experimental data are so meager or unreliable that they can be expressed without further loss of accuracy by the short portion; this is therefore done, in order to save space. Where several systems are shown on the same diagram, the binodals are in general shown solid and the conjugation lines dashed, both being suitably labelled. Since all but a very few of the systems graphed belong to one or the other of the two classes illustrated in Fig. 1, there will be no difficulty in interpreting these graphs. In two or three cases where the binodals have different courses, conjugation is indicated by the customary tie-lines. Temperature effects are generally small, and can be most practically represented by superposing on the same diagram, isotherms for a series of temperatures covering the (generally narrow) range for which data are available. In some cases, however, the range of temperatures investigated greatly exceeds that of compositions. In such cases the graphs show temperature directly as a function of concentration, under some other limiting condition explained on the graphs themselves. Such graphs do not show conjugation. Where a graph of the largest permissible size would not give the data with sufficient accuracy, tables, interpolated from large graphs, are presented. In these tables the argument is usually the percentage of the predominant component in each layer, and the entries show the percentage of one other component in the same layer, and where known, of the predominant component of the conjugate layer. For example, the system given by lines abode and hkolm in Fig. 1, would be thus tabulated. % A 30

I

% G 50

I

% (B)0 40

Il

% B 40

I

% G 40

FIG. 1. By the aid of the three lines just described, complete information 92 O 95 95 O can be read at once from the diagram, concerning composition of Here, the first two columns give the compositions of solutions both phases, when a single datum (other than the temperature) is given. Thus, let it be required to find the equilibrium given of the lower layer, the fourth and fifth, those of the upper layer; that the lower layer contains 20 % of B. Running up from 2 on the while the third, (B)c, gives the percentage of B in the upper layer lower scale of the upper triangle, and parallel to AC, we strike conjugate with each point of the lower layer. (In general, the the binodal at b, and read at once A =30%, C =50%. Now entries under (B)c will not be round numbers, and will not coincide running parallel to BC, we strike the conjugation line at k, from with those under B in the second part of the table.) In many which, again running parallel to AC, we find the point d repre- cases, the effect of temperature has been roughly determined, but a senting the solution of the upper layer in equilibrium, namely, complete series of data is not available for more than one temper20% A, 40% B, 40% C. Or, having found b, we can run up to 1, ature. In such cases, approximate values for the temperature coefficient are appended. Thus, suppose that point b, A = 30%, then down to d, finding, of course, the same result. In the case of systems having binodals like fpg, the conjugate B = 20%, C = 50%, is a point on the 20° binodal, but that at line is constructed by plotting % C in the layer rich in C against 3O0C the binodal passes through A = 30%, B = 22%, C = 48%. % B in the layer rich in B, and has the general course of the line This would be expressed in the statement dC/dT = —0.2 for A = 30%. pq. This method has several advantages over the customary one of Wherever possible, the accuracy of the data has been estimated, drawing in numerous "tie-lines." First, it enables the phenom- and a value assigned to the probable error. In the graphs, the enon of conjugation to be represented as a continuous curve, probable error is indicated by a single value, giving, in the scale of from the smoothness of which the accuracy of the experimental the diagram, the distance from the lines as drawn, within which data can be judged. It is found that in systems which have been the true lines probably lie. The estimate is made for the most accurately investigated, the conjugation line has only gentle sharply curved portions of the binodals, which are the most suscurvature. Second, it makes possible the direct reading of any ceptible to errors. The straighter portions, especially when they pair of conjugate points, without the necessity of interpolating lie close to the sides of the basic triangle, may generally be credited between tie-lines, a matter of considerable difficulty and uncer- with a somewhat higher accuracy. In some cases where particular

parts of the curves are affected by errors greater than those assigned to the curve as a whole, they are drawn as wide bands, within which the true points probably lie. The data on metallic systems require special discussion. They were made by a very rough method, and show great irregularities. In particular, the binodals often appear convex toward each other, with humps near the plait-point. In the domain of aqueous systems, such convexities and humps never appear in careful work. Bailey ( 4 ) states that their appearance is a delicate test for impurities. In the two or three aqueous systems in which they appear, they have, therefore, been eliminated in the graphs, and a large error has been assigned. However, it does not seem justifiable to carry this generalization over to the domain of metallic systems. The graphs have, therefore, been drawn as well as possible through the experimental points, but no attempt to estimate the reliability has been made.

METALLIC SYSTEMS Bi-Ag-Al, Fig. 5 (120) Sb-Bi-Zn, Fig. 2 (*2i) Sn-Pb-Zn, Fig. 4 (H»> 123, 124, Sb-Bi-Al, Fig. 3 (122) 125) Sb-Pb-Zn, Fig. 4 (121) Sn-Pb-Al, Fig. 5 (120) Sb-Pb-Al, Fig. 3 (122) Bi-Sn-Zn, Fig. 2 (H9> 125) Sn-Cd-Al, Fig. 3 (122) Pb-Zn-Cd, Fig. 4 (121) Bi-Sn-Al, Fig. 5 (120) Pb-Zn-Ag, Fig. 4 (119,124) Bi-Zn-Cd, Fig. 2 (121) Pb-Ag-Al, Fig. 5 (120) Bi-Zn-Ag, Fig. 2 ("»» ^B)

B = HCl C = Br2, Table 1 (83) C = C4Hi0O, n-Butyl alcohol (85)

C = C4Hi0O, Ethyl ether, Fig. 14 (33, 99) ; Vm also p. 419 C = C6H6O, Phenol, Fig. 35 (36,37)

C = Ci0Hi4N2, Nicotine, Fig. 6 (36, 37) B = Br2 C = HBr, Table 1 (io,83, lie) C = H2SO4 (116) C = CdBr2 (116) C = HgBr2, Table 1 (54) C = SrBr2, Table 1 (87) C = NaCl, Table 1 («3) C ^ Na2SO4, Table 1 (62) C = NaNO3, Table 1 (62) C = KBr, Table 1 (io, 64, ne, 118)

C = K2SO4, Table 1 (62) B = HBr C = SO2, Table 2 (3) B - H2SO4 C = C4H10O, n-Butyl alcohol (85)

C = C4Hi0O, Ethyl ether (41) C = C6H6O, Phenol, Fig. 8 (36,

37,53)

C = C6H12O3, Paraldehyde (86) B = NH 3 C = K2CO3, Figs. 6 and 7 (82) B = HNO 3 C = C4Hi0O, n-Butyl alcohol (85)

C = C4Hi0O, Ethyl ether (41) C = C6HsNO2, Nitrobenzene (42)

B = NH 4 NO 3 C = C2H6O, Ethyl alcohol (46) C = C4Hi0O, Ethyl ether (106) B = NH4Cl C = C3H6O, Acetone, Fig. 9 (11» 61) (108)

B = (NH4)2SO4 C = C2H6O, Ethyl alcohol, TableS (17, 74, no) C = C3H6O, Acetone, Fig. 10 (61, 74)

C = C3H8O, n-Propyl alcohol

(74)

Antipyrine

(26)

B = K2CO3 C = KCnHi9O4, Potassium ethyl dipropylmalonate, Fig. 7 (75)

B = CCl4 C = CH4O, Methyl alcohol, Fig. 11 (12) C = C2H6O, Ethyl alcohol, Fig. 11 (12, 31) Jt,. «Zsop.424 C = C3H8O, ri-Propyl alcohol, Fig. 11 (12) B = CS2 C = CH4O, Methyl alcohol (34) C = C2H4O2, Acetic acid (63) C = C2H6O, Ethyl alcohol, Fig. 12 (57,90, Hi); y. «/so p. 424 C = C3H8O, n-Propyl alcohol (57)

C = C4Hi0O, Isobutyl alcohol

(57)

B = CHCl3, Chloroform C = CH4O, Methyl alcohol, Fig. 13 (5, 12) C = C2H4O2, Acetic acid, Fig. 14(ioi, 126); p. also p. 424 C = C2H6O, Ethyl alcohol, Fig. C = C3H6O, Acetone, Fig. 13 ( 5 » l 2 ) ; v . also p. 425 C = C3H6O2, Propionic acid, Fig. 14 (loi) C = C3H8O, n-Propyl alcohol, Fig. 13 (12) B = CH2O2, Formic acid C = C4Hi0O, Ethyl ether, Fig. 14 (loi); z,. aZsop.422 C = C6H6, Benzene, Fig. 14 (44);t;. also p. 422 B = CH3I, Methyl iodide C = CH4O, Methyl alcohol (57)

C = C2H6O, Ethyl alcohol (57) C = C3H8O, Propyl alcohol (57) C = C4Hi0O, Isobutyl alcohol (57)

C = C3H8O, w-Propyl alcohol

C = CnHi2N2O,

H2O

13 (5, 11, 12, 79, 90)

AQUEOUS SYSTEMS 2V-»-TABLE

H2O

(T-TABLE

The B-components are in the (T-arrangement. The C-components are of three types as follows: (a) carbon compounds in the (T-arrangement; followed by (b) organic natural or commercial oils, etc., in alphabetical arrangement; followed by (c) the inorganic compounds, in standard arrangement (v. p. viii).

B = CH3NO2, Nitromethane C = CdI2 (108) B = CH4O, Methyl alcohol C = C2H6Br, Ethyl bromide, Fig. 16 (12) C = C4H8O2, Ethyl acetate, Fig. 15 (6) C = C4Hi0O, Ethyl ether, Fig. 15(6) C = C5Hi2O, n-Amyl alcohol

(57)

C = C5Hi2O, Isoamyl alcohol, Fig. 17 (47) C = C6H5Br, Bromobenzene, Fig. 16 (12)

C = C6H6, Benzene, Fig. 15 (5, 7.5, 57)

C C C C C C

= C6H7N, Aniline (57) = C6Hi4, Hexane, Fig. 18 (12) = C7Hi6, Heptane, Fig. 18 (12) = Gasolene (28) = Paraffin (28) = K2CO3, Table 4 (17, si,

74)

B = C2H4Cl2, Ethylene chloride C = C2H6O, Ethyl alcohol, Fig. 19 (12) B = C2H4Cl2, 1, 1-Dichloroethane C = C2H6O, Ethyl alcohol, Fig. 19 (12) B = C2H4O2, Acetic acid C = C3H5ClO, a-Epichlorohydrin, Fig. 20 (71) C = C4Hi0O, Ethyl ether, Fig. 14(ioi);z,.ak0 p .424 C = C6H4ClNO2, Chloronitrobenzene ( 63 ) C = C6HsBr, Bromobenzene

(84)

C = C6H5NO2,

Nitrobenzene

(63)

C = C6H6, Benzene, Table 5, Fig.

14 (63, 72, 84, 101, 114) ;

v. also p. 424 C = C6H7N, Aniline, Figs. 37, 38 (1-5) C = C6Hi2, Cyclohexane (63) C = C7H7Br, Bromo toluene (84)

C = C7H7NO2,

(63)

Nitrotoluene

C = C7H8, Toluene, Fig. 37 («4, 117)

C = C8Hi0, m-Xylene (84) C = C9HnBr, Bromomesitylene (63) C = Petroleum (63) B = C2H5Br, Ethyl bromide C = C2H6O, Ethyl alcohol, Fig. 16 (12) C = C3H8O, Propyl alcohol, Fig. 21 (12) B = C2H6O, Ethyl alcohol C = C3H7Br, Propyl bromide, Fig. 19 (12) C = C4H4N2, Succinonitrile, Fig. 22 (92) C = C4H6Cl3O2, Ethyl trichloroacetate, Fig. 12 (88) C = C4H6Cl2O2, Ethyl dichloroacetate, Fig. 12 (88) C = C4H7ClO2, Ethyl chloroacetate, Fig. 12 (88)

C = C4H8O, Methyl ethyl ketone, Fig. 6 (19) C = C4H8O2, Ethyl acetate, Fig. 24 (6» !2» 79, 88» 10°) C = C4H8O2, Methyl propionate, Fig. 25 ( 88 ) C = C4H8O2, Propyl formate, Fig. 26 (88) C = C4H9Br, Isobutyl bromide, Fig. 19 (12) C = C4Hi0O, n-Butyl alcohol, Fig.

C = C7H9N, Methylaniline, Fig. 27 (12) C = C7H9N, o-Toluidine, Fig. 21 (12) C = C7Hi4O2, Ethyl isovalerate, Fig. 26 (7, 88) C = C7Hi4O2, Isoamyl acetate, Fig. 24 (7» 88) C = C7Hi4O2, Propyl butyrate, Fig. 28 (88) C = C7Hi6, Heptane, Fig. 18 (12)

21 (u» 33.5)

C = C4H10O, Isobutyl alcohol, Fig. 21 (12» 17.5) C = C4Hi0O, Ethyl ether, Table 6 ( 6 > 12» 16, 22, 32, 59, 68, 79)

C = C6Hi0O, Diethyl ketone, Fig. 27 (12) C = C5Hi0O2, Ethyl propionate, Fig. 25 (12,88) C = C5Hi0O2, n-Butyl formate, Fig. 26 (88) C = C5Hi0O2, Methyl butyrate, Fig. 28 (88) C = C5Hi0O2, Propyl acetate, Fig. 24 (88) C = C6HnBr, Isoamyl bromide, Fig. 19 (12) C = C5Hi2O, Amyl alcohol ( 57 ) C = C5Hi2O, Isoamyl alcohol, Table 7 (12, 38, 47, 88) C = CeH5Br, Bromobenzene, Fig. 16 (12) C = C6H5NO2, Nitrobenzene, Fig. 21 (12,35,39) C = C6H6, Benzene, Table 5 (5, 7.1, 11, 12, 57, 72, 81, 103,

i°5); v. also p. 424 C = C6H6O, Phenol, Fig. 35

(93)

C = C6H7N, Aniline (35, 39, 57) C = C6Hi2O2, Butyl acetate, Fig. 24 (88) C = C6Hi2O2, Ethyl butyrate, Fig. 28 (7, 12, 88) C = C6Hi2O2, Isoamyl formate, Fig. 26 C88) C = C6Hi2O2, Methyl isovalerate, Fig. 26 ( 88 ) C = C6Hi2O2, Propyl propionate, Fig. 25 (88) C = C6Hj4, Hexane, Fig. 18 (12)

C = C6Hi5N, Triethy lamine, Fig. 27 (76) C = C7H6O, Benzaldehyde, Fig. 27 (12) C = C7H7Br, Bromotoluene, Fig. 16 (12) C = C7H7NO2, p-Nitrotoluene, Fig. 21 (12) C = C7H8, Toluene, Fig. 18 (12, 30)

C = C7H8O, Benzyl alcohol, Fig. 21 (12)

C = C8H8O3, Methyl salicylate, Fig. 24 (ioo) C = C8Hi0, o-, w- or p-Xylene, Fig. 27 (12, 58) C = C8H10O, Phenetole, Fig. 21 (12)

C = C9Hi0O2, Benzyl acetate, Fig. 24 (12) C = C9Hi2, Mesitylene, Fig. 27 (12) C = C9Hi2O, Benzyl ethyl ether, Fig. 18 (12) C = Ci0H7Br, a-Bromonaphthalene, Table 8 (65) C = Ci0H12O, Anethole (56.5) C = Ci0Hi2O, Methylchavicol (56.5)

C = Ci0Hi2O2, Eugenol (56.5) C = Ci0Hi6, Pinene, Fig. 27 (12)

C = C10H18O, Cineole (23) C = Ci0H22O, Isoamyl ether, Fig. 18 (12) C = Ci3Hi0O, Benzophenone, Fig. 29 (8) C = Ci6H32O2, Palmitic acid (24)

C = Ci8H34O2, Oleic acid, Fig. 12 (24,

C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C

= = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = =

100)

Anise oil (56.5) Arachis oil (23) Axunge oil (23) Beef marrow (23) Beeswax (23) Bergamot extract (24) Butterfat (2,23,25,112) Cajaput oil (56.5) Carnauba wax (24) Castor oil (23) Ceresine (23) Cherrylaurel oil (56.5) Cinnamon oil (56.5) Citron extract (24) Citron oil (56.5) Clove extract (24) Clove oil (56.5) Cocoa butter (23) Coconut oil (23) Cod-liver oil (23) Colza oil (23) Cottonseed oil (23) Eucalyptus oil (23) Fennel oil (56.5) Gasolene (23)

C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C

= = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = =

Hempseed oil (23) Juniper extract (24) Lavender oil (56.5) Lemon extract (24) Linseed oil (24) Mace oil ( 5 6-5) Margarin (2,23,25) Mozambique wax (24) Mustard oil (56.5) Mutton tallow (23) Oleomargarin (2, 23) Olive oil (23) Orange oil (56.5) Palm butter (23) Paraffin (23, 28) Peppermint extract (24) Peppermint oil (56.5) Petroleum ether (27, 28,

C = C6Hi2O6, Dextrose, Table 10 (69) C = C7H8, Toluene, Table 11 (61,

115)

C = Ci0H8, Naphthalene, Fig. 29 ( 8 > 20) C = Ci0H12O, p-Anethole, Fig. 29 (8) C = C12H22On(H2O), Maltose, Table 10 (69) C = C12H22O11, Sucrose, Table 10 (8, 69)

C = Ci3Hi0O, Benzophenone, Fig. 29 (8) C = MnSO4 (74) C = CaCl2, Fig. 10(49,61) C = Li2SO4, Fig. 9 (61) C = NaCl, Fig. 10 (49, 61) 112) C = Na2SO4, Fig. 10 (61) C = Pinus pumilio extract (24) C = NaNO3, Fig. 10 (61) C = Pinus sylvestris extract (24) C = Na2CO3, Table 12 (8) C = KF, Table 12 (49) C = Poppy oil (23) C = Rosemary oil (56.5) C = KCl, Fig. 9 (104) C = K2CO3, Table 12 (8» 49, 74) C = Sandalwood extract (24) C = Sandalwood oil (56.5) B = C3H6O2, Propionic acid C = Sesame oil (23) C = C4Hi0O, Ethyl ether, Fig. 14 (ioi) C = Sperm oil (23) C = Sweet almond oil (23) C = C6H6, Benzene, Fig. 14 C = Turpentine (23, 56.5, 113) (ioi);?;. also p. 425 C = Walnut oil (23) B = C3H8O, n-Propyl alcohol C = C4Hi0O, n-Butyl alcohol, C = "Wyte spirite" (24) Fig. 21 (U) C = MnSO4, Table 3 (29, 74, 97) C = C5Hi2O, Amyl alcohol (57) C = Na2SO4, Table 3 (17) C = C6H5Br, Bromobenzene, Fig. 16 (12) C = Na2CO3, Table 3 (21» 66, 74) C = C6H6, Benzene (57) C = C6H7N, Aniline (57) C = KF, Table 3 (51) C = K2CO3, Table 3 (8> 17, 29, C = C7H7Br, Bromotoluene, 51, 74) Fig. 18 (12) B = C2H8N2O4, Ammonium C = Paraffin (28) C = AgNO3 (108) oxalate C = C4H10O, Ethyl ether (106) C = MnSO4 (74) C = CaCl2 (108) B = C3H4O, Acrolein C = C6H6O2, Hydroquinol (14) C = BaCl2 (108) C = C7H6O5, Gallic acid (14) C =LiCl (108) C = NaCl, Table 13 (Si. ios) B = C3H4O4, Malonic acid C = C4Hi0O, Ethyl ether, Fig. C = Na2SO4 (74, 108) 17 (67) C = Na2CO3, Table 13 (52, 74) B = C3H6O, AUyI alcohol C = NaCl, Table 9 (52) C = KF, Table 13 (51) C = KCl (108) C = Na2CO3, Table 9 (52) C = KBr (108) C = KF, Table 9 (52) C = KNO3 (108) C = K2CO3, Table 9 (52) C = K2CO3, Table 13 («» 74, B = C3H6O, Acetone 108) C = C4H8O2, Ethyl acetate, Fig. 30 (6) B = C3H8O, Isopropyl alcohol C = C5Hi2O, Amyl alcohol, C = C4H30O, ??-Butyl alcohol, Fig. 30 (61) Fig. 21 (U) C = C6H5Br, Bromobenzene, C = KF, Table 14 (52) Fig. 16 (12) C = K2CO3, Table 14 (52) C = C6H6, Benzene, Fig. 30 B = C4H4N2, Succinonitrile C = C4H10O, Ethyl ether (127); (5, 11, 61); !,.ofeo p. 425 C = C6H6O, Phenol, Fig. 31 Vol. IV, v. p. 413 (95.5, 96) C = C6H14O6, Mannitol (ios) C = C6H7N, Aniline, Fig. 30 C = C7H6O2, Benzoic acid (61) O 28 ) ;t>. Vol. IV, p. 413

B = C4H4N2,- (Continued) C = Ci0H8, Naphthalene (i 08) C = Ci0Hi6O, Camphor (i 08) C = Ci2Hi0N2, Azobenzene (108)

C C C C

= C12H22O11, Sucrose (i 08) = C14H10O2, Benzil (108) = AgNO3, Fig. 32 (78) = NaCl, Fig. 32 (9i) B = C 4 H 6 O 4 , Succinic acid C = C4H10O, Ethyl ether, Table 15 (48) C = C6H6O, Phenol (108) B = C4H6O6, Tartaric acid C = C6H6O, Phenol, Figs. 7 and 8(95) B = C4H8O, Methyl ethyl ketone C = NaCl, Table 16 (so) C = KF, Table 16 (SO) B = C4H8O2, Butyric acid C = C6H14O6, Mannitol (108) C = C10H8, Naphthalene (108) C = C12H10N2, Azobenzene (108)

C = C12H22O11, Sucrose (108) C = C13H10O, Benzophenone (108)

C = Ba(N03)2, ( 108 ) C = NaCl (108) C = K2SO4 (108) B = C4H8O2, Ethyl acetate C = C6H8N2O3, Aniline nitrate (42)

C = ZnSO4 (40) C = MgSO4 (40) C = NaCl (40, 73) C = Na2S2O3 (40) C = NaNO 3 ( 73 ) C = KCl (40) C = KNO 3 (40) B = C4H10O, ra-Butyl alcohol C = C6H6, Benzene, Fig. 15

C11)

B = C4H10O, Isobutyl alcohol C = C6H12O, Isoamyl alcohol, Fig. 37 (I«) C = C6H6, Benzene (57) B = C4Hi0O, sec.-Butyl alcohol C = C6H6O2, Hydroquinol (108) B = C4H10O, Zert.-Butyl alcohol C = KCl (108) B = C4H10O, Ethyl ether C = C6H14O6, Mannitol (41) C = C6H15N, Triethylamine, Fig. 34 (76) C = Hg(CN) 2 (106) C = FeCl3 (106) C = FeSO4 (106) C = Al 2(SO4), (106) C = LiCl (41) C = NaOH (41) C = NaF (106) C = NaCl, Table 15 (9, 41, 73, 106, 107)

C = NaBr (ioe)

C C C C C C

= = = = = =

NaI (106) Na2SO4 (41, 106) Na3PO4 (106) Na3AsO4 (106) Na 2 CO 3 (41) NaC 2H3O2, Acetate, Table

15 (42, 73, 106)

C C C C C

C = C6H6O2, Hydroquinol, Fig. 33 (70) C = C6H6O2, Resorcinol, Fig. 33 (70) C = C6H6O3, Pyrogallol, Fig. 33 (4) C = C6H7N, Aniline, Fig. 23

= NaC3H5O3, Lactate (73) = NaC6H5O, Phenolate (73) = NaC 7 H 5 O 2 , Benzoate (106) = NaC7H5O3, Salicylate (106) = NaC9H7O2, Cinnamate

C = C6H15N, Fig. 34 (76) C = C7H6O2,

(106)

C = C7H6O3,

C = Na2C4H2O4, Maleate (73) C = Na2C4H4O4, Succinate

(1,93)

(106)

C = Na3C6H5O7, Citrate (106) C = NaC6H5O3S, Benzenesulfonate (106) C = NaC6H2N3O7, Picrate (73) C = Na2CrO4 (ioe) C = Na2Cr2O7 (i° 6 ) C = Na2MoO4 (106) C = Na 2 WO 4 (106) C = KCl (4i) C = KI (41) C = KNO 3 (41) B = C5H5N, Pyridine C = C6H6, Benzene, Fig. 37 C C C C C

Benzoic

acid

Salicylic

acid

(108)

(41, 102)

(108)

C = C10H8, Naphthalene, Fig.

(106)

C = Na2C4H4O6, Tartrate (106) .C = Na2C8H4O4, Phthalate

Triethylamine,

7(15,108)

C = C10H9N,

Naphthy lamine

(15)

C = C10H16O, Camphor (108) C = C12H10N2, Azobenzene (108)

C = C13H10O,

Benzophenone

(108)

C = Ci3H10O3, Salol (15) C = Ci4H8O2, Anthraquinone

C = MgCl2 (98)

(117.5)

= = = = =

C C C C

77)

C = K2CO3 ( 2 6 , 1 0 8 )

B = C5Hi2O, Isoamyl alcohol C = NaCl, Table 17 (47.) B = C6H5NO2, Nitrobenzene C = C6H6O, Phenol (15) C = C6H8N2O3, Aniline nitrate

(42)

C = C6H8N2O3, Picoline nitrate

(42)

C = NaC6H2N3O7, Picrate (42) C = Na2C8H4O4, Phthalate («) C = KC5H9O2, Isovalerate (42) B = C6H5NO3, o- or p-Nitrophenol C = C6H6O, Phenol (56) B = C6H6, Benzene C = C6H6O, Phenol, Fig. 15 (60); v, also p. 428 C = AgClO4, Fig. 7 (129) B = C6H6O, Phenol C = C6H6O2, o-Dihydroxybenzene (Pyrocatechol) Fig. 33

(70)

= = = =

77)

CaCl2 (98) Sr(OH)2 (77) SrCl2 (98) Ba(OH)2, Fig. 35 (36, 37,

C = BaCl2 (98) C = Ba(NO 3 ) 2 (108) C = LiOH (77)

(42)

C C C C B

NaC7H5O2, Benzoate (42) NaC7H5O3, Salicylate (42) KCl (41) KC5H9O2, Isovalerate (42) C6Hi0O3, Ethyl acetoacetate C = NaCl, Table 19 (73) C = NaNO3, Table 19 (73) B = C6H12O6, Dextrose (ios) C = C6Hi5N, Triethylamine B = C6H14O6, Mannitol (108) C = C6H15N, Triethylamine B = C6H15N, Triethylamine C = Ci0H8, Naphthalene (108) C = Ci0Hi6O, Camphor (108) C = C12Hi0N2, Azobenzene

C = NaOH, Fig. 8 (36, 37, 77) C = NaF (98) C = NaCl, Figs. 7 and 35 (36, 37, 94, 98, 108)

C C C C C C C C C

= = = = = = = = = 33 C =

NaBr (98) Na2SO4, Fig. 8 (36) NaNO3 (98) NaCHO2, Formate (98) NaC2H3O2, Acétate (98) NaC3H5O3, Lactate (98) NaC7H5O2, Benzoate (98) NaC7H5O3, Salicylate (98) NaCi8H33O2, Oleate, Fig. (4, 108) Na2C4H4O4, Succinate

(98)

C C C C

= Na2C4H4O5, Malate (98) = Na2C4H4O6, Tartrate (98) = Na3C6H5O7, Citrate (98) = NaC2H2ClO2, Chloroacetate (98) C = NaC2HCl2O2, Dichloroacetate ( 9 ^)

= = = = =

(108)

C = LiCl (98)

(42)

C = C7HgNO2, Ammonium benzoate (42) C = NaC4H7O2, Butyrate (42) C = NaC5H9O2, Isovalerate

C = C6H8N2O3, Aniline nitrate, Table 18 («) C = C 6 Hi 4 , Hexane (34) C = C7H9NO2, Ammonium benzoate (42) C = AgClO4 (55) C = CaCl2 (41) C = LiCl (41) C = NaOH (41) C = NaCl (41) C = NaC2H3O2, Acetate (42) C = NaC4H7O2, Butyrate (42) C = NaC5H9O2, Isovalerate

(15, 108)

C = Ci4Hi0O2, Benzil (108) C = Ci8Hi8O12, Hexamethyl mellitate (108) C = Hg(CN) 2 (108) C = MgSO4 (108) C = Ca(OH)2, Fig. 35 (36, 37,

MgSO4 (108) CaCl2 (108) LiCl (108) KCl (108) KBr (108)

C = NaCCl3O2, Trichloroacetate (98) C = NaCNS (98) C = KOH (77) C = KCl ( 98 > 108) C = KBr (108) C = K 2 SO 4 (IOS) C = KNO 2 (108) B = C6H7N, Aniline C = C6H8ClN, Aniline hydrochloride, Fig. 36; Table 18

C C C C C C C B

= = = = = = = =

C = B = C = B = C = B = C =

Ci2H22On, Sucrose (108) Ci4Hi0O2, Benzil (108) BaCl2 (108) KCl (108) K2SO4 (108) K2CO3 (108) KCNS (108) C7H5BrO2, p-Bromobenzoic acid Ci0H8, Naphthalene (45) C7H5ClO2, p-Chlorobenzoic acid Ci0H8, Naphthalene (45) C7H5IO2, p-Iodobenzoic acid Ci0H8, Naphthalene (45) C7H5NO4, p-Nitrobenzoic acid Ci3H10O, Benzophenone

(45)

B = C7H7NO2, w-Aminobenzoic acid C = Ci0Hi6O, Camphor (45)

C = Ci3Hi0O,

(45)

Benzophenone

B = C7H7NO2, p-Aminobenzoic acid C = C10H8, Naphthalene (45) C = C10H16O, Camphor (45) C == C13H10O, Benzophenone (45)

C = C14Hi0O2, Benzil (45) B = C 7 H 8 , Toluene C = AgClO4 (!3O) B = C7H8N2O, Phenylurea C - CaCl2 (106)

C C C B C

= LiCl (106) = NaBr (106) = NaI (106) = C7H8O, o-, m-, or p-Cresol = NaC18H33O2, Oleate, Fig. 33(4)

B = Ci0H14N2, Nicotine C = NaOH, Fig. 6 (36, 37) C = Na2SO4, Fig. 6 (36, 37) B = C11Hi2N2O, Antipyrine C = Na2S2O3 (26) C = K2CO3 (26)

NON-AQUEOUS SYSTEMS

C C C C C C C

B = C6H12, Butylethylene C = C6H14, Hexane B = C7H8, Toluene C = C8H18, Octane C = Kerosene B = C8H10, Xylene C = Naphthene B = C8H16, Octylene C = Naphthene B = Gasolene C = Naphthene

SO2 (SO) B = C6H10, Amylene = C6H12, Pentane B = C6H12, Pentane = C6H6, Benzene = C6Hi2, Butylethylene B = C6H6, Benzene == C6H12, Cyclohexane = C6H12, Butylethylene = C6Hi4, Hexane B = C6H12, Cyclohexane = C9H2O, Nonane

.

(T-TABLE

The (t-arrangement (v. p. viii) Natural and commercial oils, etc., are placed last in alphabetical order.

CS2 ( 34 ) B = CH4N2O, Urea C = CH4O, Methyl alcohol B = CH4O, Methyl alcohol C = C4H6O4, Succinic acid C = C12HnN, Diphenylamine C = HgCl2 C = BaCl2 C = NaI C = KCl C = KBr C2H6O Ethyl alcohol B = C3H6O3, Methyl carbonate C = Gasolene ( 8 ^) B = C3H8O, Isopropyl alcohol C = Gasolene ( 8 ^) B = C3H8O3, Glycerol C = Ethereal oils («) B = C4Hi0O, n-Butyl alcohol C = Gasolene (8*>) B = C4H10O, Isobutyl alcohol C = Gasolene (89) B = C4H10O, Ethyl ether C = Gasolene ( 8 ^) B = C6H12O, Amyl alcohol C = Gasolene ( 8 ^) B = C6H6, Benzene i C = Gasolene ( 8 ^)

B = C6H12O, Cyclohexanol C = Gasolene (89) B = C10Hi8O, Terpineol C = Gasolene (8*>) B = CuH16O, Butylcresol C = Gasolene ( 8 ^) B = Butter fat C = Coconut oil (43) B = Castor oil C = Gasolene (8^) C3H7NO2 Urethane B = C6H7N, Aniline C = C6H14, Hexane (34) C6H4N2O4 m-Dinitrobenzene B = C6H6NO2, Nitrobenzene C = C6H14, Hexane (ios)

B = C6Hi4, Hexane C = C7H6NO3, p-Nitrobenzaldehyde C = C7H6NO4, m-Nitrobenzoic acid C6H6 Benzene (109) B = C6H7N, Aniline C = C6H12, Cyclohexane C = C7H16, Heptane C = Gasolene

SPECIAL TABLES TABLE 1.—H2O; BR2; ELECTROLYTES Moles per 1; HgBr2, t = 250C HgBr2 |0.OO |0.05 |0.10 |0.15 JO.20 I Br2 |0.216|0.220|0.222|0.223|0.223| +0.0005 With other salts, the solubility of bromine is best expressed as the ratio of the excess bromine dissolved (concentration of bromine in the salt solution minus that in pure water at same temperature) to salt concentration. This ratio has the values tabulated under the corresponding salt formulae. M i Ratio, K B r Ratio, SrBr2 salt/ t = O0C I t= 250C t = 250C 0.001 0.7 ±0.1 0.01 1.0 ±0.04 1.4±0.2 0.02 1.06±0.02 1.6±0.1 0.05 1.14±0.02 1.0 ±0.05 1.9±0.1 0.1 1.17±0.02 1.04+0.05 2.2±0.1 0.2 1.20+0.05 1.08+0.05 2.5+0.1 0.5 1.25±0.05 1.15+0.05 3.0±0.2 1 1.30±0.05 1.20+0.05 2 1.45±0.1 1.30+0.1 Ratio, t = 20.80C 8alt/1 HBr I HCl NaCl 1.10+0.02 0.05 0.1 1.12+0.02 0.2 1.13 ±0.02 0.5 1.14±0.02 1 1.17±0.02 0.26+0.005 0.15+0.01 2 1.21+0.03 0.28±0.005 0.16±0.01 3 0.30+0.005 0.18±0.01 I

T

Ratl

°

NaNO3

M

s

a

l

t

/

1

0.05 I -0.033 ±0.002

, t = 25°C

1.0 -0.033 ±0.001

-

â^°4 XV2OvJ4

1 -0.056+0.002 -0.056±0.001 J TABLE 2.—H2O; HBR; SO2 At — 33.50C, the number of moles of HBr which dissolve in SO2 containing about 1 mole of water per 1000 g, is equal, within 1 %, to the number of moles of water present. TABLE 3.—H2O(A); C2H6O(B), ETHYL ALCOHOL; SALTS (C) C = (NH4)2S04 %B

C6H5NO2 Nitrobenzene (108) B = C6H6NO3, p-Nitrophenol C = C6H14, Hexane B = C6H6O2, Hydroquinol C = C6H14, Hexane B = C6H6O2, Resorcinol C = C6H14, Hexane B == C6H6O3, Pyrogallol C = C6H14, Hexane

C6H7N Aniline B = C6Hi4, Hexane C = C7H7NO, Benzamide (34) C = C13H12N2S, 1, 2-Diphenylthiourea ( 34 ) C = C14H10O2, Benzil (34) B = C7H8, Toluene C = Gasolene (i 09) B = C8H10, Xylene C = Gasolene (i09)

% C, 15°

% C, 30°

%

^ 0 * lj

% C, 50°

Î 5 2 5 . 3 * 2 4 . 5 * 2 3 . 9 * 20 20.3* 20.0* 19.5* 25 16.0* 16.0* 15.7* 30 12.5* 12.8* 12.8*

40 45 50 60 65

6.7f 3.1f *

7.2f 3.8f 1.8t

7.4f 28 31 36 38

4.2f

TABLE 3.—(Continued] ^ " ^ - ^ _ * > 0C %C^--^__ 30 35 40 * ±0.5.

15 10.8 7.6

%B ± 0.5 I 30 I 10.2 7.0 4_5

60 9.7 6.5

t ±0.3.

C = MnSO 4 ;* = 3O0C ' % B I %C I % (C)0 ± 0.5 u % C I % B + 0.3 30 9.3 ± 0.3 21.0 20 17.3 35 6.2 ± 0.3 24.5 25 12.3 40 4.0 ± 0.3 27.5 30 8.7 45 2.5 ± 0.3 30.0 35 6.3 50 1.7 ± 0.2 32.5 55 1.0 + 0.2 35.0 Plait-point ±1: A = 62%; B = 23%; C = 15% at 3O0C. Temperature coefficients: dC/dT = ca. -0.06 for B = 35%; dE/dT = -0.1 for C = 2 0 or 35%. C = Na2SO4; t = 350C % B I % C ± 0.5 I % (C)0 ± 1 y %C I % B ± 0.5 20 11.7 21 20 10.7 25 8.4 25 25 6.0 30 6.0 30 3.9 35 4.2 Plait-point ±1: A = 69%; B = 15%; C = 16% at 350C. Temperature coefficients: dC/dì7 = 0.1 for B = 25%;dB/d7 7 = 0.0 for C = 25%; d(C) c /d7 7 = ca. -0.2 for B = 25%. C = Na2CO3; t = 3O0C I %C Il %C 17.0 ± 0.3 20 12.8 ± 0.3 25 9.4 ± 0.3 30 4.8 ± 0.3 2.1 ± 0.2 0.6 ± 0.2 0.4 ± 0.1

%B 10 15 20 30 40 50 60

I

% B ± 0.3 7.0 3.4 1.5

C1 = KF; C 2 = K2CO3; t = 250C

of% Bu

C r *

%7 Cl

10 15 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

22.0 18.7 16.4 12.7 9.0 6.2 4.0 2.2 1.4 1J2 0

% (Cl)c ±

0.5 6.0 8.0 11.0 15.0 18.5 22.0

43.0

C °r2

7 %

22.0* 18.0* 14.6* 9.Of 5.Of 2.5f l.Of 0.45Î 0.13§ Q.10§

% ( 2)c ±

°

0.5 6.0 10.0 14.0 19.0 23.5 27.0 31.0 36.0 42.0

% Salt (25 C) 20 25 30 35 40 45 %BforCi* 13.0 7.0 4.0 2.2~TT 0.7 % B for C2 "Ï275* 7.2* 4.0* 2.2f l.lf 0.7J Plait-points ±1 at 250C: A = 57%; B = 31%, Ci = 12%; A = 65%; B = 20.5%; C2 = 14.5%. Temperature coefficient of carbonates, negligible; but K2CO3 in conjugated layer is 1 % less at 40 than at 250C. * ±0.2. î ±0.05. t ±0.1.

§ ±0.03.

TABLE 4.—-H2O(A); CH4O(B), METHYL ALCOHOL; K2CO3(C) t = 220C % B I % C I % (C0) ± 0.5 I dC/dT 10.0 + 0.5 40 6.5 + 0.5 45 5.0 + 0.5 50 15 34.5±0.5 -0.06 20 31.0±0.5 -0.05 30 23.5+0.5 26.0 -0.05 40 17.5 + 0.5 32.0 -0.04 50 12.0 + 0.5 . -0.04 60 8.0 + 0.5 -0.04 70 5.5 + 1 49.0 -0.04 Plait-point ±0.5: A = 46.7%, B = 28.5%, C = 24.8%.

TABLE

%C

5.-H2O(A); C2H6O(B), ETHYL ALCOHOL; C6H6(C), BENZENE

%B ±0.5, O0C 56.5 53.5 48.3 41.5 33.9 26.0

%ÎÏ % (A)0 ±0.2, ±0.5, 250C 250C 52.3 3.2 49.5 5.0 44.8 6.5 39.0 9.0 32.5 13.5 25.4 21.0 17.7 34.0 9.2 53.0 4.8 65.5 ± 1 78.0 ± 1

%B ±0.5, 6O0C 46.0 44.2 40.5 36.0 30.5 24.2 17.0

% (A)0 ±1, 650C 8 14 19 25 31 40 54

20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 95 98 %A 30 56.7 52.5 45.5 35 55.5 52.2 46.0 40 53.4 50.8 45.2 50 47.0 45.6 42.0 60 38.7 36.0 70 29.6 80 19.9 Intermediate temperatures can be found by linear interpolation. Plait-points ± 0.5 at 250C: A = 9.8%, B = 37.2%, C = 53.0%; ± 1 at 650C : A = 19.5 %, B = 39.5 %, C = 41.0 %. H2O(A); C2H4O2(B), Acetic acid; C6H6(C), Benzene t = 250C t = 350C %C %(A) C %B % (A)0 %B ±0.5 ±0.2 I ±1 ± 0.2 15 2.0 65.5 2 64.4* 20 3.0 64.1 3 63.1 30 5.7 59.0 7 58.3 40 8.5 52.5 10 51.8 50 12.0 45.0 15 44.4 60 15.2 36.9 19 36.4 70 20.5 28.3 25 80 ' 29.0 34 90 46.0 50 95 63.0 65

%A I 25 I 30 I 40 I 50 I 60 %B, 250C 65.2f 62.8f 56.2f 48.2f I 39.Of %B,35°C 64.0* 62.0* I 55.6f 47.9f 38.8f Plait-point ±1 % at 250C: A = 8.0%; B = 53.5%; C = 38.5%. * ±0.3. t ±0.2.

TABLE 6.—H2O(A); C2H6O(B), ETHYL ALCOHOL; C4H10O(C), TABLE 7.—(Continued) ETHYL ETHEB 40 45 50 55 60 Q0G 250C "" ^C^^^L^ O 30.5 3ÔT2 29?7 29~1 28.4 %C % (A)0 %B %(A)o %B ± 0.5 ±0.2 ±0.5 +0.2 15 28.2 28.0 27.5 26.8 26.0 25 26.8 26.6 26.1 25.4 24.5 40 41.7 27.6 47.0 28.2 25.0 24.8 24.3 23.6 22.8 45 46.2 27.3 51.5 27.8 40 23.3 23.2 22.7 22.0 21.1 50 50.0 26.3 55.2 26.8 55 21.4 21.4 20.9 20.2 19.3 55 54.0 25.3 59.0 25.7 70 85 19.0 18.9 18.5 17.9 60 57.5 23.5 62.5 24.0 17.0 16.8 16.3 15.7 65 60.5 21.5 65.0 22.0 100 13.5 13.5 13.2 12.8 70 63.0 19.2 67.5 19.6 120 10.0 10.1 10.0 9.7 75 65.2 16.5 70.0 16.8 140 6.1 6.1 6.0 80 67.5 13.4 72.5 13.5 160 85 71.0 10.2 76.2 10.2 90 74.5 6.8 80.5 6.6 ^TT^-J^ 65 70 75 80 85 \j ^~~^-~^_^ 95 79.5 3.2 87.0 2.9 O 27.4 25.2 21.5 17.0 12.0 98.7 94.0 0.0 15 24.8 23.2 20.6 16.8 12.1 99 88.4 0_0 25 23.5 22.0 19.8 16.5 12.1 %B Plait-points ±0.5 40 21.8 20.5 18.5 16.0 12.0 % 0 0 0 0 OC I 25 C I O C I 25 C 55 20.3 19.0 17.3 15.0 11.7 40 27.7 ± 0 . 2 28.3 ± 0 . 3 % A 37.0 40.0 70 18.5 . 17.5 16.0 14.0 11.1 45 27.6 ± 0 . 2 28.2 ± 0 . 3 % B 27.7 28.3 85 17.0 16.2 14.8 13.0 10.2 50 26.9 ± 0 . 2 27.5+0.3 % C 35.3 31.7 100 15.0 14.2 13.2 11.7 9.2 55 25.9 ± 0.2 26.7 ± 0.3 120 12.3 11.7 11.0 10.0 8.0 60 24.2 ± 0.2 25.2 + 0.3 140 9.2 8.7 8.0 7.1 5.7 65 22.1 ± 0.2 23.2 + 0.5 160 5.9 5.5 5.0 4.5 3.4 70 18.9 + 0.3 20.4 ± 0.5 75 14.5 + 0.3 16.8 + 0.5 I % C in conjugate 0 80 9.4 ± 0.3 13.0 + 0.5 C 90% A 95% A %A layer; error, ±0.5% 85 4.0 ± 0.3 8.8 ± 0.5 15.50C I 280C 88.4 0.0 O 6.5 1.3 40 11.0 9.5 90 3.8 ± 0.5 15 7.2 2.0 45 14.0 12.5 94 I 0_0 25 7.3 2.4 50 18.0 16.0 TABLE 7.—H2O(A); C2H6O(B), ETHYL ALCOHOL; C8Hi2O(C), 40 7.4 2.5 55 22.0 20.0 ISOAMYL ALCOHOL 55 7.3 2.6 60 27.0 25.0 Probable error, 0.2% below 10O0C; 0.5% above; % B for various 70 7.0 2.5 65 33.0 30.5 temperatures 85 6.4 2.3 70 40.0 37.5 100 5.8 2.0 75 48.5 45.5 C 45 ^T^^^5° 40 50 55 60 \s ^"^--.^^ 120 4.9 1.0 80 60.5 57.0 140 3.4 0.1 85 71.0 68.0 O 29.4 27.7 25.7 23.7 21.3 1.5 90 80.5 78.5 15 27.5 26.4 2 4 . 6 22.6 20.3 160 95 88.0 86.5 25 26.4 25.3 23.8 21.8 19.5 40 24.7 23.7 22.5 20.5 18.4 55 23.0 22.3 21.2 19.2 17.1 Plait-points ±0.5% 70 21.2 20.7 19.5 17.7 15.7 I 15.50C 1 280C 85 19.1 18.8 17.7 16.0 14.1 %A 52.8 55.0 100 17.0 16.6 15.7 14.0 12.4 %B 27.0 • 25.0 120 13.3 12.6 11.3 9.9 %C 20.2 20.0 140 9.5 8.2 6.8 160 5.3 4.7 3.6 TABLE 8.—H2O(A); C2H6O(B), ETHYL ALCOHOL; Ci0H7BR(C), oC ~7^^-^ 65 70 75 80 85 a-BROMON APHTHALENE o ^^-—-_ x g of C are mixed with 100 g aqueous B, and the temperature ö IsTs îsTë 12^4 sTo74.9 determined at which the mixture becomes opaque. Table 8 shows 15 17.6 14.8 11.6 8.1 4.5 percentage by weight of B in original aqueous solution. Probable 25 17.0 14.1 11.0 7.6 4.0 error, 0.03 %. 40 15.9 13.0 10.2 6.8 3.3 55 14.8 12.1 9.2 6.0 2.6 X ^T^-^ 0.4074 0.5015 0.6310 \^> ^***—-^___ 0.3163 70 13.6 11.1 8.0 5.1 1.7 85 12.2 9.7 6.7 4.0 0.4 30 9.04 7.56 100 10.6 8.1 5.4 2.3 28 8.76 7.30 120 8.0 5.7 3.2 0.4 26 10.26 8.48 7.05 140 5.3 3.1 0.7 24 9.96 8.22 6.81 160 2_L0 J 22 9.68 7.97 6 58 '

TABLE 9.—(Continued) %B

TABLE 8.—(Continued) ^TTT^-^^l

0.3163

0.4074

0.5015

0.6310

% salt

6^35 6.14 5.93 5.73 5.55 5.37 5.19 5.03 4.88 4.73 4.59 4.46 4.33 4.23 4.13 4.04

20

sTs*

eTs

25 30

4.0 2.0

4.0 2_0

V^2

20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 + 2 O - 2 - 4 _ 6 - 8 -IQ x ^^\ ^"\ 0 C ^"^. 30" 28 26 24 22 20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 + 2 O - 2 - 4 - 6 - 8 -10

10.36 10.12 9.89 9.68 9.48 9.28 9.09 8.91 8.73 8.58 8.42 8.29 0.7945 6.40 6.15 5.90 5.67 5.44 5.22 5.01 4.81 4.61 4.43 4.27 4.11 3.96 3.82 3.69 3.56 3.45 3.34 3.24 3.15 3.07

9?417^73 9.17 7.51 8.92 7.29 8.69 7.08 8.47 6.88 8.27 6.70 8.05 6.51 7.86 6.33 7.68 6.16 7.51 6.00 7.34 5.85 7.18 5.71 7.03 . 5.58 6.88 5.45 6.75 5.33 6.64 5.22 1.000

5.48' 5.23 5.00 4.77 4.54 4.34 4.14 3/95 3.77 3.60 3.45 3:30 3.16 3.03 2.90 2.78 2.67 2.57 2.48 2.40 2.32

1.260 4.81 4.58 4.35 4.14 3.93 3.74 3.55 3.39 3.20 3.04 2.87 2.74 2.60 2.47 2.34 2.23 2.13 2.03 1.94 1.86 1.78

1.585 4.42 4.19 3.98 3.77 3.57 3.39 3.20 3.02 2.86 2.70 2.55 2.41 2.27 2.14 2.02 1.91 1.80 1.70 1.61 1.53 1.46

TABLE 9.—H2O(A); C3H6O(B), ALLYL ALCOHOL; SALTS (C) ^

/0 B

__ 15 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 * ±0.3. t ±0.1.

NaCl = C; Na2CO3 = C1; KF = C 2 ; K 2 CO 3 = C 3 ; t = 2O0C; error, ±0.2 unless otherwise indicated . %C I % C i I _____ %C2 I % C3 _____

16.3* 14.1 11.0 8.7 6.5 4.7 3.0

10.0 8.0 4.6 2.5 l.lf 0.4f

11.8 9.8 7.5 5.5 4.Of 2.2f 1.3f

12.9 10.5 7.0 4.9 2.6 1.1 0.5f 0.1

V-'S

TABLE 10.—H2O(A); C3H6O(B), ACETONE; SUGARS (C) Grams acetone soluble in 100 g of aqueous solvent originally containing tabulated percentage of the sugar named; probable error, 0.1 % of amount of acetone gar ^T^—-^" ougar ——_____ 150C Dextrose 250C 350C '15 0 C.. Maltose 250C 350C 150C Sucrose 250C 350C

IO

20

30

40

5Ö~

736.7 747.9 761.5 353.6 348.1 342.0 597.2 581.8 574.8

255.3 247.7 240.8 185.4 181.2 176.9 272.5 263 .2 251.8

157.5 149.8 142.5 119.9 116.0 112.4 172.4 162.5 150.6

86.95 79.57 74.03 78.35 74.73 70.53

36.16 33.02 31.18 46.17 42.95 39.82

% sucrose | 2O0C | 250C | 3O0C 40 96.44 92.76 89.84 45 71.92 68.81 65.72 50 50.83 48.13 45.85 55 35.78 33.81 32.54 60 25.17 24.18 23.35 65 18.33 17.68 17.09 70 13.22 12.82 12.53 TABLE 11.—H2O(A); C 3 H 6 O(B), ACETONE; C 7 H 8 (C), TOLUENE Probable error, 0.2 % TA 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 4.0 5.0 7.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0 % C 0.4 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 10.0

I

O0C 29.2 39.0 45.2 49.4 52.6 55.4 59.2 61.8 64.9 67.0 67.5 66.4 64.9 62.9 O0C

38.5 45.5 49.7 52.4 56.0 58.8 60.4

I

I

%B 0

2O C 23.5 33.1 40.0 44.4 48.1 51.1 55.4 58.4 62.4 65.0 66.0 65.1 63.5 61.5 2O0C

34.3 42.0 46.4 49.7 53.2 55.5 57.4 59.0

I

3O0C

37.0 41.9 45.9 48.5 52.9 56.4 60.7 64.0 65.3 64.5 62.8 j

3Q0C 28.1 31.2 39.6 44.1 47.2 51.0 53.9 56.0

58.7 61.3

Fig.2 Isotherms Alloys Probable error--see introduction

Fig 3 Isotherms Alloys Probable error --see introduction

Fig. 4 Isotherms Alloys Probable error — see introduction

Fig. 5

Isotherms

Alloys Probable error - - see introduction

Fig.6 Critical temperatures of various mixtures Curves show temperatures of complete miscibihty for given percentages of liquids A and B, which liquids have, before mixing, the following compositions Curve L A - 98.5% methyl ethyl ketone. 1.5%l.5%ethanol ethano! t|<> B= 98.5%water. - 2 A-pure nicotine. B= N/iO aqueous HCl ±1° •• a A= - - B=N/50 .. NaOH ± t° •• 4 A= - - BSN/20 - NaOH ±1° - 5. A* - - B-N/lO - NaOH ± 1° - 6. A« - - B»N/»o « Na2SOA ±i° - 7 A = 40 3% aqueous K2CO3 B» 33% aqueous ammonia ±3°

Fig.8 Critical temperatures Phenol : electrolytes ±1°

Fig.9 Isotherms Acetone, salts ±1%

Fig? Isotherms Miscellaneousbenzene systems 11%,except AgClO4.. 05% WH3 K2CO3.2% Supplementary table % AgOO4 0XeHjO %C6H6 O O 05 99 95 5 O 14 94 86 I» O 23 89.77 15 O 32 84 66 TABLE 12.—H2O(A); C3H6O(B), ACETONE; SALTS (C) C = Na2CO3; t = 250C; probable error, 0.2% %B [I 2.8 I 5 I 10 15 20 | 30 %C Il 20 I 17.0 I 12.5 I 9.4 6.7 | 2.8 C = KF; Ci = K2CO3; error, 0.2% unless otherwise indicated

%B

Q p %7 ^

5 10 15 20

21.5* 15.9 12.7 10.5

* = 20°C % (C)o ^n +05 % î

17.2 13.5 10.5

* ±0.3. Continued on p. J^lS

& (c* \ % WI)G

I * = 25°C of n % Ci

To 4.5 16.4 7.8 13.0 10.3 10.3

Fig.IO Isotherm« Acetone salt« U% Supplementary table %HjO %CaCI2 %NaC) ZO 1-3' IO 15IO 02 06 05 5 0.05

Fig.31 Isotherms Alcohols: Carbon tetrachloride 105%, except EthanoJ,35*. ± l%

Rg..l2 Isotherms Cthanol: various Carbon disulfide75° 0°and 20' ±2% ± 1% Oleic acid 25° ±0.5% Ethyl mono-, di-, or trichloroacetate ±1.5%

Fig. ß Isotherms. Alcohols or acetone: chloroform ±0.5% Note. Chloroform containing up to 50% propanol is in equilibrium with pure water.

fig. 14- Isotherms Acids: Various 11% except B :A and C: A. ±0.5% A = Benzene Acetic acid BC= Chloroform E- EtherFa Hydrochloric Formic acid acid H« Ps Propionic add

Fi£ 15 Isotherms Miscellaneous + 1%

Note, fn system H'.E,ether layer contains less than 2% HCL

Fig. 16 Isotherms Alcohols or acetone: bromides ±0.5% 1.2. Ethanoh Methanol : Bromotoluene Bromobenzene Acetone: Bromo ben rene 4.53. Methanol Ethanoh: Bromobenzene bromide 6 Propano): Ethyf Bromobenrene 7 Ethanol. Ethyl bromide

Fig. 18 Isotherms Alcohols: Various ±0.5% Heptane 2.3.».Methanol: Methanol: Hexane Ethanol: Hexane heptane 4.5. Ethanol: Ethanol: l-Amyl ether Toluene 76. Ethanol: Propano!: Benzyl Bromo+oluene 8.Ethanol: ethyl ether

Fig.19 Isotherms Ethanol-.Halides ±0.5%,

Fig. 17 Isotherms Malomcacid: Ether and Methanol: L-Amyl alcohol (16% active) ±0.5%

Fig. 20 Isotherms Acetic acid, epichloro hydr in 0°andlO°,±0.5% higher temperatures ± I %

Fig.2l Isotherms tower alcohols: higher alcohols,etc. ±0.5% except Propyhbutylj-propyl: butyl ±J°

Fig.24 Isotherms Ethsnof Acetates or Sal icy lates 11% except benzyl and ethyl acetates ± 0.5%

Fig. 22 Isotherms Ethanol : Succinyl nitrile Probable error ±1% Singular points ±3%,thus: Fig. 25 Isotherms Ethanol: Propionates FVobableeproras indicated.

Fig.23 Isotherms Aniline: Phenol ±1%

Fig.26 Isotherms Et Hanoi : Formates or Valerates ±»%

Fig. 28 Isotherms Ethanol Butyrates Ì1%. except Ethyl O* 10.5%

Fig. 27 Isotherms ÊLihanot: various ± 0.5% except curves 1,8,i9.î i% 1. Pinene 0° 2. Mesitylene 0° 3 o-Xylene O* 4 m-Xylene O* 5 . 19' 6 41° 7 . 63* 8. . 100' 9- P-Xylene O"

IO Methyl aniline 11. Benzaldehyde 12. Diethyl ketone 13. Triethyfamine 14. « IS. 16. " 17 18 19. -

0° O* O* 70* SOSO* 40° 35° 30.5* 85«

Fig. 29 Isotherms Miscellaneous ±0-2%

TABLE 12.—(Continued) t =2 O 0 C %B

"

30 40 50 60 70 96.4 98

%C

^(nC).c

7\2 4.7 2.7 1.2f 0.5f

6.0 9.0 12.0 15.5

O.Of

46.3

jl U . O 4^0

TABLE 12.—(Continued) __ 1

%d

% (C1)C

5^9 2.9 1.2f 0.5f

Ï5T2 19.0 23.2

O.Of

52.4

1 =25 C ° %d

%Salt

20 25

30

C, 20° 6.0 3.1 1.3 0.5 0.3 0.0

'|

C1, 20° 7.0 3.5 1.6f

0^25° 6.2 3.2 1.4f

35 45 46.3 52.4 Tr. *±0.3. t ±0.1. Plait-points, t = 2O0C: A = 57.5%; B = 37%; C =5.5% ±1%. A = 69.7%; B = 20.0%; C1 = 10.3% ± 0.5%. Temperature coefficients: dC/dî7 = -0.06 for 15% B; dC/dT = -0.02 for 30% B.

Fig.3l Isotherms

Fig 30 Isotherms Acetone Various

Acetone- Phenol

t i%

11%

Note Right-hand ends of NaCl bmodals are T. %NaCl %nit %H,0 fo3i: l'A III Ii

Fig.32 Isotherms Succmyl mirile Sodium cMonde Succmyl mtnle. Silver nitrate

±1%

Fig 33 Isotherms Phenolic substances ±0.5% Sodium oleate

5I-I- -1? l§:5 M

TABLE 13.—(Continued) Temperature coefficient; dB/dT7 = -0.08 for 9 % C. C = KF; Ci = K2CO3; t = 250C; probable error, ±0.2% unless otherwise indicated; solutions marked (a), (a); (b), (b); (e), (c) are conjugate %B 10 15 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 95.8 96.8 * ±0.1.

%C

%Ci

%salt

5 / 7 ( T r 1 0 3.3 3.8 15 2.4 2.7 20 1.9 2.1* 25 1.6* 1.6* 30 1.1* 1.0* 40 0.8* 0.5* 47.6 0.5* 53 0.3*(b) 0.02 (a) 0.2*(c)

% B

L> 5 . 7 (b) 3.1 1.6 1.0* 0.5* 0.2* 0.04 (c)

,

l

\î 6.8f 3.8 2.0 1.0* 0.5* 0.2* 0.02 (a)

t ±0.3.

Temperature coefficient: dB/dT7 = -0.02 for C = 15%.

TABLE 13.—H2O(A); C3H8O(B), TI-PROPYL ALCOHOL; SALTS (C) C = NaCl; Ci = Na2CO3; probable error, 0.2% unless otherwise indicated %B 10 15 20 30 40 50

I % C, 25° % C1, 20° %salt 7.8* 4.0 3.5 2.3

60 70 80 * ±0.3.

6.7* 4.2* 3.0* 2.0 1.3 0.7f

0.3f 0.2f O1S t ±0.1.

Î ±0.5.

10 15 20 25

p>

^ 0 %{

8.0* 5.2* 3.2 2.2

TABLE 14.—H2O(A); C3H8O(B), ISOPROPYL ALCOHOL; SALTS (C) C = KF; Ci = K2CO3; t = 2O0C; error, ±0.2% unless otherwise indicated \ ^ %-B %C %Ci %salt -. O I î 6.3* ' 10 15.5* 17.OJ 20 5To* 'TO" 3.Ot 15 12.8* 13.7 25 2.5* 4.0 20 10.7* 12.0 30 1.5* 2.1 30 7.5f 9.0{ 40 6.Of 6-2 50 4.5f 4.0 60 4.0* 80 1_8 I

* ±0.5.

t ± LO.

Î ±0.3.

Fig.34

Note. Points marked with same letter show conjugated solutions

Isotherms

Trjethylamine-Ether Triethylamine. Phenol

1 1%

TABLE 15.—H2O(A); C4H6O4(B), SUCCINIC ACID; C4Hi0O(C), ETHYL ETHER

~

^ /0

15° 7.80 8.00 8.11

I

%c

20° 6.87 6.97 7.07 7.17

I

ZZ

25° O 6.00 ± 0.05 2 6.10 ± 0.05 4 6.20 + 0.05 6 6.35 ± 0.05 8 6.50 ± 0.05 Mutually saturated soins, of A, B, and C in %, ±0.05. Upper 11 Lower 0 C I A I B I C Il A I B I C 15 1.40 1.29 97.31 86.10 5.68 8.22 20 1.53 1.47 97.00 85.67 7.10 7.23 25 1.66 1.69 96.35 84.68 8.76 6.56 Solubility of water in ether containing less than above amounts of acid is given by linear interpolation between above values and those for pure ether: (1.18 % at 15°; 1.24 % at 20°; 1.31 % at 25°).

TABLE 15.—(Continued} Ratio of % acid in water layer to % acid in ether layer from about 1 % in water layer to saturation, is given, to ±0.01, by R = 4,65 - 0.043a, at 15° Ì R = 5.15 - 0.046«, at 20° \ where a = % in water layer R = 5.65 - 0.052a, at 25° J H 2 O(A); C4H10O(B), Ethyl ether; Salts (C) C = NaCl; Ci = NaC2H3O2; error, ±0.2% unless otherwise indicated I J T % B %Salt C, 15° I C, 25° I C1, 18° O 7.8* 6.0* 7.2* 2 6.6* 5.1* 5.9* 4 5.5* 4.2* 4.7* 6 4.3* 3.4* 3.9* 8 3.5 2.6 3.2* 10 2.8 2.0 15 1.5 1.1 20 0.8 0.6 25 0.3 * ±0.1.

Flg. 36 Isotherms Aniline foydroch1oriäe:Äf)iline «5°- 40* ±0.5% 60-I00!± 1% I20-I40*±22_

F'g35 Critical temperatures Phenol electrolytes or et Hanoi

±1°

Curves show temperatures of complete miscibility tor phenol and various aqueous solutions, as function of percentage of phenol in ternary mixture Composition of aqueous solutions measured before addition of phenol

TABLE 16.—H2O(A); C4H8O(B), METHYL ETHYL KETONE; SALTS (C) C = NaCl; C1 = KF; * = 2O0C %B % C ± 0.5 [I %C I % B 10 7.5 10 8.0 ± 0.5 15 3.0 15 4.5 ± 1 20 0.7 20 2.5 + 1 % B I % Ci ± 0.2 [I % Ci I % B 10 5.5 10 5.1 ± 0.2 15 2.7 15 2.5 ± 0.2 20 1.0 20 1.0 ± 0.2 25 0_4

TABLE 17,—H2O(A); C6Hi2O(B), ISOAMYL ALCOHOL;* NACL(C) Systems conjugated at 280C %C O 5 10

Upper I

%B 2.3 ± 0.1 1.65 ± 0.1 1.05 ± 0.1

Il [I

%C O

Lower I

%A 9.8 ± 0.1 8.7 ± 0.1 7.7 ± 0.1

% C 15 20 26.36

TABLE 17.—(Continued) || Lower % B Il % C I % A 0.6 ± 0.1 6.7 ± 0.1 0.35 ± 0.05 5.7 ± 0.1 0.22 + 0.05 0.05 4.5

Upper I

* Isoamyl alcohol contained 16 % active isomer.

TABLE 18.—H2O(A); C 6 H 7 N(B), ANILINE; ANILINE SALTS (C) 100 cm3 of aqueous solution of aniline hydrochloride or nitrate, containing given number of moles per 1, dissolves tabulated weight of B at given temperature; values may be 0.5 g too high. Msait/1 1 0.5 I 0.75 I 1.00 I 1.25 | 1.50 | 2.00 gB, 180C I 4.6 I 4.9 I 5.3 | 5.9 | 8.0 J20.5 gB,24°C I 4.9 I 5.3 | 5.7 | 6.4 | 8.7 j TABLE 19.—H2O(A); C6Hi0O3(B), ETHYL ACETOACETATE; SALTS (C) t = 180C; probable error, 0.2% %NaCl I O I 2 I 4 I 6 %B I 11.1 I 9.2 I 8.0 I 7.3 % NaNO3 %B

O I 11.1

I 4 I 10.3

I I

8 9.6

I I *

LITERATURE

F.g.37


Isotherms Various

Probable error Acetic acfd systems O 5% Otfcer systems i%

Fig. 38

Critical temperatures Water, aniline,acetic acid All percentages refer to ternary mixture ±1°

C 1 ) Aleksëev, 8* 28: 305; 86. (i- 5 ) Angelescu and Mirescu, Bull. soc. chim. Romania, 7: 11; 25. (2 ) Asboth;, 136, 20: 685 ; 96. (-3 ) Bagster and Cooling, 4, 117: 693; 20. (*) Bailey, 4, 123: 2579; 23. ( 5 ) Bancroft, 2, 3: 21; 95. (6) Bancroft, 8, 3: 114; 95. (7) Bancroft, 2, 3: 193; 95. (7.1) Barbaudy, 70, 45: 207; 13. (7>5 ) Barbaudy, 34, 182: 1279; 26. ( 8 ) Bell, 50, 9: 531 ; 05. ( 9 ) Bennett, 347, 89: 146; 12. ( 1 O) Boericke, 9, 11: 57; 05. (11J Bogin, 45, 16: 380; 24. (12) Bonner, 60, 14: 738; 10. (13) Böttger, Jahresb. phys. Verein. Frankfurt, 1870: 13. (14) Boutaric, 42, 18: 126; 20. O 5 ) Boutaric and Nabot, 34, 176: 1618; 23. O 6 ) Boutin and Sanfourche, 87, 25: 458; 19. (i 7) de Bruijn, 7, 32: 63; 00. 07.5) Brun, 34, 180: 1745; 25. (18) Brun, 34, 183: 207; 26. O 9 ) Bruni. 88, 8 H: 141; 99. ( 20 ) Cady, 50, 2: 168; 98. ( 2 M Cocheret, Diss., Leiden, 1911. JfO, 2: 439; 13. (22) Corliss, 50, 18: 681; 14. (23) Crismer, 186, 30: 97; 95. (2*) Crismer, 88, 9: 145; 95. (25) Crismer, 88, 10: 312; 96. (26) Crismer, Mem. acad. BeIg., Mem. Couronn. (8° ed.) 58: No. 4; 98. (27) Crismer, 88, 16: 83; 02. (28) Crismer, 88, 18: 18; 04. (29) Cuno, 8, 25: 356; 08. 30 ( ) Curtis, 50, 2: 371; 98. (31) Curtis and Titus, 50, 19: 738; 15. ( 32 ) Desmaroux, 315, 19: 322; 22. (33) Draper, 135, 35: 87; 77. (33.5) Drauilon, 48, 22: 149; 25. ( 34 ) Drucker, 70, 42: 552; 23. (35) Duboux and Dutoit, 342, 13: 4; 08. (36) Dubrisay, 6, 17: 222; 22. (37) Dubrisay and Toquet, 87, 25: 354; 19. (38) Duclaux, 6, 7: 264; 76. (39) Duperthuis and Phillippe, Mitt. Gebiet Lebensmitteluntersuch. Hyg., 1: 188; 10. (40) Euler, 7, 31: 360; 99. ( 41 ) Euler, 7, 49: 303; 04. (42) Euler and Suanberge, 9, 23: 192; 17. (43) Ewers, 352, 6: 155; 12. 10, l : 378; 12. (44) Ewins, 4, 105: 350; 14. (45) Flaschner and Rankin, 57, 31: 23; 10. (46) Fleckenstein, Diss., Erlangen, 1904. (47) Fontein, 7, 73: 212; 10. (4S) Forbes and Coolidge, l, 41: 150; 19. (49) Frankfurter and Cohen, I, 36: 1103; 14. (50) Frankfurter and Cohen, l, 38: 1136; 16. ( 51 ) Frankfurter and Frary, 60, 17: 402; 12. ( 5 2) Frankfurter and Temple, l, 37: 2697; 15. (53) Hatcher and Skirrow, l, 39: 1939; 17. (54) Herz and Paul, 93, 85: 214; 14. (55) Hill and Macy, I, 46: 1132; 24. (56) Hoeflake, 70, 36: 24; 16. (56.5) Hof man, 233, 57: 651; 20. 233, 60: 1034; 33. ( 5 7) Holmes, 4, 113: 263; 18. (58) Holt and BeU, 4, 105: 633; 14. (59) Horiba, 479, 3: 63; 11. (60) Horiba, 429, 1: 49; 14. (6l) Jacobs, Thesis, Leiden, 1914. ( 6 2) Jakovkin, 7, 20: 19; 96. (63) Jones, 4, 123: 1374; 23. (64) Jones and Hartmann, 78, 30: 295; 16. ( 6 S) Jones and Lapworth, 4, 105: 1804; 14. (66) Ketner, 7, 39: 641; 02. (67) Klobbie, 7, 24: 615; 97. (68) Kono, 41, 44: 406; 23. (69) Krug and McElroy, 320, 6: 153, 184; 92. (70) Leone and Angelescu, 36, 52 H : 61 ; 22. (71 ) Leone and Benelli, 86, 52 H : 75; 22. (72) Lincoln, 50, 4: 161; 00. (73) Linde, 19, 6: No. 20; 17. (74) Linebarger, 11, 14: 380; 92. (75) McDavid, 68, 30: 440; 10. (76) Meerburg, 7, 40: 641; 02. (77) van Neurs, Diss., Leiden, 1913. 10, 4: 761; 21. (78) Middleberg, 7, 43: 305; 03. (79) Miller and McPherson, 60, 12: 706; 08. (80) Moore, Morrell and Egloff, 33,18: 396; 18. (81 ) Mossier and Markus, 452, 47: 291; 14. (82) Newth, 4, 77: 775; 00. (83) Oliveri-Mandalà, 36, 50 u: 89; 20. (84) Orton and Jones, 4, 115: 1055; 19. (85) Orton and Jones, 4, 115: 1194; 19. (*«) Pascal and Dupuy, 87, 27: 353; 20. (*7) Pearce and O'Leary, 453, 30: 379; 23. (88) Pfeiffer, 7, 9: 444; 92. (8») Rothen and Boutier, 478,AO: 7, 268; 23. 375, Spec. No., 733; 23. (90) Schoorl and Regenbogen, 70, 41: 1, 125; 22. (9l) Schreinemakers, 7, 23: 417; 97. (92) Schreinemakers, 7, 27: 95; 98. (93) Schreinemakers, 7, 29: 577; 99. (94) Schreinemakers, 7, 30: 460; 99. (95) Schreinemakers, 7, 33: 74; 00. (95.5) Schreinemakers, 7, 33: 78; 00. (96) Schreinemakers, 7, 39: 485; 02. (97) Schreinemakers and Deuss, 7, 79: 554; 12. (»*) Schryver, OB, 83: 96; 10. (99) Schuncke, 7, 14: 331 ; 94. 10 ( °) Seidell, 464, No. 67: 14, 53, 69; 10. ( 1 Oi) Shilov and Lepin, 7, 101: 353; 22. (102) Sidgwick, Pickford and Wilsdon, 4, 99: 1122; 11. (ios) Sidgwick and Spurrell, 4, 117: 1397; 20. (104) Snell, 50, 2: 457; 98. (io*) Taylor, 50, 1: 301; 97. (106) Thorin, 7, 89: 685; 15. (107) Thorne, 4, 119: 262; 21. (i° 8 ) Timmermans, 7, 58: 129; 07. (io») Tizard and Marshall, 54, 40: 2OT; 21. (HO) Traube and Neuberg, 7, 1: 509; 87. 0") Tuchschmidt and Follenius, 25, ±i 583; 71. (H2) Vandam, 28, 20: 374; 06. (H3) Vezes and Mouline, 87,31: 1043 ; 04. (i 14 ) Waddell, 50, 2: 233 ; 98. (l 15 ) Walton and Jenkins, 1, 45: 2555; 23. (H6) Wildermann, 7, 11: 407; 93. (H7) Woodman, 50, 30: 1283; 26. (H7.5) Woodman and Corbet, 4, 127: 2461; 25. (H«) Worley, 4, 87: 1107; 05. (ii 9 ) Wright, 5, 50: 372; 92. (120) Wright, 5, 52: 11; 93. (12l) Wright, 5, 52: 530; 93. (122) Wright, 5, 65: 130; 94. (123) Wright and Thompson, 5, 45: 461; 89. (124) Wright and Thompson, 5, 48: 25; 90. (125) Wright and Thompson, 5, 49: 156; 91. (126) Wright, Thompson and Léon, 6, 49: 174; 91. (127) Schreinemakers, 7, 25: 543; 98. O28) Schreinemakers, 7, 26: 237; 98. (129) HiIl, /,44: 1163; 22. (130) Hill and Miller, / , 4 7 : 2702; 25.

PHASE-EQUILIBRIUM DATA FOR CONDENSED SYSTEMS CONTAINING TWO LIQUID PHASES WITH A THIRD COMPONENT IN DISTRIBUTION EQUILIBRIUM BETWEEN THEM, THE TWO LIQUID PHASES BEING PRACTICALLY NON-MISCIBLE; DISTRIBUTION COEFFICIENTS GEORGE SHANNON FORBES AND GAYLORD WEST ANDERSON INDEX Symbols, units and conventions.

MATIÈRES Symboles, unités et conventions.

Aqueous systems. The distributed substance is an elementary substance or an inorganic compound.

Systèmes aqueux. La substance distribuée est une substance élémentaire ou un composé inorganique.

The distributed substance is an organic compound. The distributed component is a dyestuff or a material of unknown or indefinite composition.

La substance distribuée est un composé organique. Le constituant distribué est une teinture ou une matière de composition inconnue ou non définie.

Non-aqueous systems.

Systèmes non aqueux. SYMBOLES, UNITÉS ET

SYMBOLS, UNITS AND CONVENTIONS [A]s (re s p. [A]c) Equilibrium concentration of the distributed component, A, in gramformula-weights per liter of the solution (A + B), (resp. the solution (A + C)). MA/Is (resp. MA/Ic) Gramformula-weights of A per 1 of B (resp. C). g A/Is Grams of A per 1 of solution (A + B). g A/lc Grams of A per 1 of solution (A H- C). g A/kg B Grams of A per 1000 g of B. K Distribution ratio at t, 0C = [A]c/[A]B.

g A/Is Grammes de A par litre de solution (A H-B). g A/le Grammes de A par litre de solution (A + C). g A/kg B Grammes de A par 1000 g de B. K Rapport de distribution à tt 0 C = [A]C/[A]B.

K ' Distribution ratio at t, 0C = 1/K.

K' Rapport de distribution à t, 0C = 1/K.

The pressure is atmospheric throughout. Where no limits are given under 0C, the constancy of temperature is not known.

La pression est partout la pression atmosphérique. Lorsqu'aucunes limites ne sont données sous 0C, la constance de la température n'est pas connue.

CONVENTIONS

[A]ß (resp. [A]c) Concentration d'équilibre du constituant distribué, A, exprimée en mol. gr. par litre de solution (A -fB), (resp. de solution (A + C)). MA/IB (resp. MA/!C) Mol. gr. de A par litre de B (resp. C).

INHALTSVERZEICHNIS Zeichen, Einheiten und Festlegungen. Systeme mit Wasser. Der verteilte Stoff ist ein elementarer Stoff oder eine anorganische Verbindung. Der verteilte Stoff ist eine organische Verbindung. Der verteilte Stoff ist ein Farbstoff oder ein Stoff unbekannter oder unbestimmter Zusammensetzung. Nichtwässrige Systeme. ZEICHEN, EINHEITEN UND FESTLEGUNGEN [A]B (bezw. [A]o) Die Gleichgewichtskonzentration der verteilten Komponente A, in Grammformelgewicht pro Liter der Lösung (A + B) (bezw. der Lösung (A + C)). MA/IB (bezw. MA/Ic) Grammformelgewicht von A pro Liter von B (bezw. C). g A/Iß Gramme von A pro Liter der Lösung von (A-J-B). g A/lc Gramme von A pro Liter der Lösung (A + C). g A/kg B Gramme von A auf 1000 g von B. K Das Verteilungsverhältnis bei der Temperatur t, 0C = [A]c/[A]B. K' Das Verteilungsverhältnis bei der Temperatur t, 0C = l/K. Drucke immer ein Atmosphäre. Wo keine Grenzangaben unter 0C sich vorfinden, ist die Konstanz der Temperatur unbekannt.

INDICE

PAGE

Simboli, uniti e convenzioni 418 Sistemi acquosi. La sostanza ripartita tra i due liquidi è un elemento o un composto inorganico La sostanza ripartita è un composto organico. II componente ripartito è una sostanza colorante, o un composto di composizione sconosciuta o non definita.. Sistemi non acquosi

419 422

433 434

SIMBOLI, UNITÀ E CONVENZIONI [A]s (o [A]C) Concentrazione di equilibrio del componente A ripartito, espressa in numero di grammiformula per litro di soluzione (A + B) (o soluzione (A + C)). MA/IB (o MA/IO) Numero di grammiformula di A per 1 di B (o di C). g A/Is Grammi di A per 1 di soluzione (A + B). g A/le Grammi di A per 1 di soluzione (A»-h C). g A/kg B Grammi di A per 1000 g di B. K Coefficiente di ripartizione a t, °C = [A]C/[A]B. K' Coefficiente di ripartizione a / , 0C = 1/K. Si suppone sempre che la pressione è quella atmosferica. Quando non vengono indicati limiti sotto la notazione 0C, significa che non si conosce se la temperatura era mantenuta costante o no.

AQUEOUS SYSTEMS The C-component is UzO in all cases The A-component (the distributed component) is an elementary substance or a compound whose key formula does not begin with 16; 2V-»-Table, standard arrangement. The Bcomponents are compounds whose key formulae begin with 16 and are in the (T-arrangement under the respective A-components. The D-component, where given, is a solute in the aqueous layer.

B = CHCl3,

H2O2 Chloroform

C/.

2V-£ TABLE SYSTEME MIT WASSER

Le constituant C est H2O dans tous les cas Le constituant A (le constituant distribué) est une substance élémentaire ou un composé dont la formule clé ne commence pas par 16; Table Ä-0&, arrangement type. Les constituants B sont des composés dont la formule clé commence par 16 et ils sont disposés suivant l'arrangement (L sous les composés A respectifs. Le constituant D, représente, lorsqu'il est donné, un corps dissout dans la couche aqueuse. B = C7Hi4O2, Propyl butyrate (14, 173)

B = C8H8O, Acetophenone (14>

(14,173)

B = CH3I, Methyl iodide (173) B = C4H8O2, E t h y l acetate (173);

SYSTÈMES AQUEUX

(14); at 25°C, K =

4.0 ± 0.1 for [A]B = 0.50-0.72 B = C4H8O2, Propyl formate (14, 173)

B = C4Hi0O, Isobutyl alcohol (14, 173)

B = C4Hi0O, Ethyl ether (173); Cf. (91, 120)

t = 250C [Afe K ± 0.1 0.161 9.1 0.252 8.8 0.345 8.2

173)

B = C8Hi6O2, Isoamyl propionate ( 14 > 173) B = C8Hi6O2, Isobutyl butyrate (14,173) B = C9H7N, Quinoline (i™) Cl2 B = CCl4 (83) t = O0C [A]0 K* 0.050 0.195 .1 .141 .2 .117 .3 .0935 .6 .0775 .9 .0705 * Partial hydrolysis.

B = C5Hi2O, Amyl alcohol (20, 85, 106)

t =0°C [A]B K 0.011^-0.0281 6.88+ 0.05 0.199 -0.749 6.65± 0.1 * = 250C 0.094 -0.912 I 7.0 ± 0.1

B = C6Hi2O, Amyl alcohol (20, 85, 106)

D = Aqueous solutions of NaOH; Na2B4O7; K2B2O4 B = C6H6NO2, Nitrobenzene (14,173)

B = C6H6, Benzene ("i 173) B = C6H6O, Phenol (173) B = C6H7N, Aniline (173); at 250C, K = 4.09 ± 0.05 for [A]B - 0.062 - 0.114 B = C7H9N, m-Toluidine (173) B = C7Hi4O2, Amyl acetate (14,173); at 250C, K = 13.1 ± 0.2 for [A]B = 0.182 - 0.295 B = C7Hi4O2, Ethyl isovalerate (14, 173)

ClO2 B = CCl4 (is) t = O0C [A]0 K' 0.164 1.27 + 0.02 0.046 1.21 ± 0.02 0.0016 1.17 + 0.02 t = 250C 0.121 1.69 + 0.03 0.035 1.66 + 0.03 0.0030 1.60 + 0.03 B = CCl4 (15) D = Aqueous solutions of H2SO4; KCl; KClO3 HCl B = C4Hi0O, Ethyl ether (86); see p. 400 B = C6H6, Benzene (165.5, 170.5, 180)

Br2 B = CCl4 (81» 82, 84, 95, 122); Cf. (72)

t = O0C [A]B K' + 0.05* 0.1 20.85 0.5 22.05 1.0 23.52

In allen Fällen is H2O die CKomponente Die A-Komponente (die verteilte Komponente) ist ein elementarer Stoff oder eine Verbindung dessen Schlüsselformel nicht mit 16 beginnt; 2V-2&Tafel, Standardanordnung. Die B-Komponente ist eine Verbindung deren Schlüsselformel mit 16 beginnt, sie steht unter der entsprechenden A-Komponente in der (T-Anordnung. Eine DKomponente ist, wenn angegeben, ein gelöster Stoff in der wässrigen Schichte. B = CCl4: t = O0C.(Continued) [A]B K' + 0.05* 1.5 25.00 2.0 26.45 t = 250C [A]B K' ± 0.21 0.04 26.8 0.1 27.2 0.5 29.0 1.0 30.4 1.5 31.9 2.0 33.4 2.5 35.0 3.0 36.5 3.5 38.1 t = 4O0C [A]B. K' ± 2f O.l' 30 0.5 31 * No hydrolysis. t Partial hydrolysis. At 250C MA/kg C -r- mole fraction of A in B at infinite dilution = 0.371 ± 0.001. B = CCl4 (68, 75, 82, 95, 169)

D = Aqueous solutions of HBr; HgBr2; HgBr2 + KBr; CdBr2; CdBr2 + KBr; CaBr2; BaBr2; Na2SO4; NaNO3; KCl; K2SO4 B = CCl4 + CS2 (mixtures) (67, 72) B = CS2 (72, Bl). Cf^ (8)

t = 250C [A]B K' ± 2* 0.25 78 0.50 79 1.0 80 1.5 81 2.0 82 * Partial hydrolysis. B = CS2 (82, 136)

D = Aqueous solution of KBr t = 250C KBr - KeM [A]B K ±0.005* 0.005 0.0696 0.02 0.0651 0.03 0.0621

SISTEMI ACQUOSI II componente C è sempre l'acqua II componente A (cioè componente distribuito tra i due liquidi) è un elemento, o un composto di cui la formula chiave non comincia con 16; Tabella 2\-!& dell'ordinamento standard. I componenti B sono composti di cui le formule chiavi cominciano con 16; essi si trovano nell'ordinamento <£ sotto i rispettivi componenti A. Il componente D, dove è indicato, è una sostanza disciolta nello strato acquoso.

B == CS2; D = KBr t = 25°C.—(Continued) KBr = >£M [A]B K ±0.001* 0.005 0.1055 0.02 0.099 0.03 0.094 0.04 0.090 0.086 0.05 KBr = KM [A]B K ± 0.001* 0.005 0.1735 0.02 0.167 0.03 0.163 0.04 0.159 0.05 0.155 0.06 0.151 KBr = JiM [A]B K ± 0.002* 0.02 0.303 0.03 0.298 0.04 0.293 0.288 0.05 0.06 0.283 0.095 0.271 * Partial hydrolysis.

B = CHBr3, Bromoform (81) t = 250C [A]8 K' ± 0.2* 0.125 64.7 0.25 65.5 0.5 66.7 0.75 67.6 1.0 68.2 1.5 68.7 2.0 68.8 2.5 68.9 * Partial hydrolysis.

B = C2HCl5, Pentachloroethane ( 76 ) B = C2H2Cl4, Tetrachloroethane ( 76 )

I2

B = CCl4 (31» 32, 81, 99, 175)

[A]B 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.09 0.10

l = 250C K 7 ± 0.5* 85.1 85.2 85.4 86.0 86.4 87.5

* K' ± 0.5 = 82.8 for [A]B = 0.034 - 0.044 at 18 + 0.020C; = 56.7 for g A/kg B = 0.023 - 0.051 at 250C.

B = CCl4 (3l, 68, 75, 101, 169)

D = Aqueous solutions of HgCl2; HgBr2; HgI2 + KI; CaI2; BaI2; SrI2; KI + starch; K 2 C 2 O 4 B = CCl4 (32)

D = Aqueous solution of KI; at 18 ± 0.020C, K' = 0.00115 ± 0.00001 for [A]B = 0.03 B = CCl4 + C7H8 (mixtures) (29)

D = Aqueous solution of KI B = CS2 (29, 31, 37, 8 1 ) ; c/. (8)

t = 250C K' ± 5* 586 590 601 614 629 646

[A]B 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 * Partial hydrolysis.

B = CS2 ( 82 » ** 9 » 169) D = Aqueous solutions of ZnI2; ZnI2 + KI; CdI2 + KI; NiI2; LaI3; SrI2; Na2SO4; NaNO3; C2H5OH B = CS2 (82);

Cf,

(27)

D = Aqueous solution of KI t = 250C KI = M 2 M [A]B K ± 0.0003* 0.1 0.0364 0.2 0.0323 0.3 0.0290 0.4 0.0264 0.5 0.0242 0.6 0.0224 KI = KeM [A]B K ± 0.0005* 0.05 0.0750 0.1 0.0703 0.2 0.0626 0.3 0.0564 0.4 0.0513 0.5 0.0472 0.6 0.0437

B = CS2; D = KI t = 25°C.—(Continued) KI = ^M [A]B 1 K ± 0.001* 0.02 0.153 0.05 0.148 0.1 0.139 0.2 0.124 0.3 0.112 0.4 0.102 0.5 0.094 0.6 0.087 0.7 0.080 KI = MM [A]B K ± 0.002* 0.02 0.300 0.05 0.291 0.1 0.276 0.2 0.249 * Partial hydrolysis.

B = CS2 + CCl4

(mixtures)

(67, 71)

B = CS2 + CCl4

(mixtures)

(29, 67, 72)

D = Aqueous solutions of BaI2; KI B = CS2 + CHCl3 (mixtures) (29)

D = Aqueous solution of KI B = CS2 -f C6H6 (mixtures) (29)

D = Aqueous solution of KI B = CS2 + C7H8 (mixtures) ( 29 ) D = Aqueous solution of KI B = CS2 4- Petroleum ether, B. P., 83-85° (mixtures) (29) D = Aqueous solution of KI B = CHBr2, Bromoform (81) t = 250C g A/Iß K' ±5* 30 434 60 467 90 493 120 510 150 532 * Partial hydrolysis.

B = CHCl3, Chloroform D = C3H8O3, Glycerol + H2O (mixtures) (63, 67, 72) B = CHCl3, Chloroform (72); at 250C, K' = 131 ± 2 for [A]B = 0.02-0.17, with partial hydrolysis B = CHCl3 + C6H6 (mixtures) (29)

D = Aqueous solution of KI B = C2Cl4, Tetrachloroethylene ( 76 ) B = C2HCl3, Trichloroethylene (76) B = C2HCl5, P e n t a c h l o r o ethane (76) B = C2H2Cl4, Tetrachloroethane ( 76 )

B = C4H8O2, Ethyl acetate (35) D = Aqueous solution of KI B = C6Hi2O, Amyl alcohol (69); at 250C, K' = 230 ± 20 for [A]B = 0.00127 - 0.00278, with partial hydrolysis B = C5Hi2O, Amyl alcohol (6») D = Aqueous solution of KI B = C6H5NO2, Nitrobenzene (32); at 18 ± 0.020C, K' = 173 ± 3 for [A]B =0.033 0.333 B = C6H5NO2, Nitrobenzene

H2SO4 B = C6Hi2O, A m y l alcohol (117)

t = 250C [A]B K' ± 0.0001 0.0001 0.0052 0.0003 0.0062 0.0006 0.0072 0.0012 0.0084 0.0017 0.00915

TeCl4 B = C4Hi0O, Ethyl ether (113) (33) N2O3 (142) D = Aqueous solution of KI B = CHCl3, Chloroform t = O0C B = C6H6 + C7H8 (mixtures) (29) [Afe K ± 0.1 0.0265 0.9 D = Aqueous solution of KI 0.0125 1.0 B = C6H6 + Petroleum ether, 0.0055 1.3 B. P., 83-85° (mixtures) (29) D = Aqueous solution of KI NH3 B = C10H12, Tetralin (77) B = CCl4 (74, 155, 158) 0 t = 25 C * = 250C [A]B K' ± 10 [A]B K' ± 0.0001 0.1 370 0.01 0.0047 0.2 347 0.03 0.0059 0.3 335 0.05 0.00715 0.4 325 0.00835 0.07

B = Ci0Hi8, Decahydronaphthalene (77) t = 250C [A]B 1 K' ± 0.5 0.03 67.0 0.04 62.2 0.05 59.6

SO2 B = CHCl3, Chloroform (42, 96, 102) 0

[A]B 0.05 0.1

0.2 0.4 0.7

0.05 0.1 0.2 0.4 0.7 1.1

t = O C* K ± 0.05 1.42 1.12 1.05 1.00 0.98 t = 2O0C 1.39 1.20 1.06 0.98 0.94 0.92

* At O0C, K = 5.7 ± 0.2 for [A]B = 0.000932.

B = C6H6, Benzene (46) D = Aqueous solutions of NaOH; KOH

H2S B = C6H6, Benzene ( 5 6); at 250C, K = 0.167 ± 0.005 for [A]B = 0.072-0.108 H2S + HCN (mixtures) B = C6H6, Benzene (56)

B = CHBr3, Bromoform (74, 155,

158)

[A]B 0.05 0.2 0.3 0.4

* = 250C K' ±0.001 0.026 0.035 0.041 0.047

B = CHCl3, Chloroform (L 7, 30, 36, 37, 62, 109,

148,

155)

t = 250C [A]B K ±0.2* 0.01 24.5 0.05 23.1 0.1 21.8 0.2 19.7 0.4 16.6 0.6 14.2 0.8 12.40 1.0 11.10 1.2 10.15 * At 20C, K = 38.5 ± 1 for [A]B/lB cf. = 0.017; at 180C, K = 28.0 ± 0.5 for [A]B = 0.0015.

K from 15 - 350C for soins. ca. 0.01 molai is given by the e q u a t i o n : K* = 28.2 - 0.37 (t - 15). B = CHCl3 (1» 30, 36, 37, 38, 62, 148)

D = Aqueous solutions of various salts B = CHCl3 + C6Hi2O, A m y l alcohol (mixtures) (67, 71) B = C 4 Hi 0 O, Ethyl ether (ioo) ; cf. (8)

B = C4Hi0O.- (Continued) t = 2O0C [AJc I K ± 2 0.01 160 0.005 204 B = C5Hi2O, A m y 1 alcohol (69); c/. (158); at 20°C, K' =

0.145 ± 0.005 for [A]B = 0.0122-0.455 NaH 4 , Hydrazine B = C6H6, Benzene ( 58 ); from 13 - 150C, K = 75 ± 5 for [A]B = 0.011-0.057 HNO 3 B = C4Hi0O, Ethyl ether (12, 13, 86, 149); c/. (165)

t = 250C [Ab K 0.0005 80 ± 2 0.001 66 ± 2 0.002 53 ± 1 0.005 35 ± 1 0.01 28.5 ± 0.5 0.03 17.0 ± 0.5 0.05 13.5 ± 0.2 0.07 11.6 ± 0.2 0.09 11.0 ± 0.2 B = C4H10O, Ethyl ether (165) D = Aqueous solutions of various nitrates alone and with the addition of HCl, H2SQ4 and H3PO4

SbCl3 B = C4Hi0O, Ethyl ether (H3) D = HCl AsCl3 B = C4Hi0O, Ethyl ether ("3) D = HCl As2O3 B = C6Hi2O, Amyl alcohol (4); at 250C, K = 5.49 ± 0.05 for [A]B = 0.0083-0.0324 B = C5Hi2O, Amyl alcohol (4) D = Aqueous solution of H3BO3 As2S3 (colloidal) (22) B = C4Hi0O, Ethyl ether For HCN and other compounds of carbon, see p. 422. SnCl4 B = C4Hi0O, Ethyl ether (H3) D = HQ B = C8H10, Xylene (153, is4) I Wt. % 0 C I Clin K (A.5H2O -f B) 66 0.08 504 ± 10 80 0.17 228 ± 10 97.5 0.33 122 ± 5 111 0.68 59 ± 5 (A.4H2O + B) 66 I 0.92 I 45 ± 2

B = C8H10.- (Continued) Wt. % 0 C Cl in K (A.4H2O + B).—(Continued) 80 1.55 27 ± 2 100 2.51 17 ± 1 111 3.23 13 ± 1 (A.3H20 + B) 80 9.95 4.3±0.1 94 9.32 4.6±0.1 100 10.56 4.1+0.1 111 10.03 4.2+0.1

HgCl2 B - CHCl3, Chloroform (62) B = C4Hi0O, Ethyl ether (62,

AgNO3 B = C6H7N, Aniline (54.5) t = 16 ± I0C 159, 160); c/. (113, 152); [A]B K' from 0-250C, K = 0.42 + 0.05 71+5 0.02 for [A]B/!B = 0.01-0.02; 0.10 90 + 3 0-170C, K = 0.30 + 0.05 for 0.20 106 ± 2 0.90 173 + 2 [A]B = 0.3-0.5 B = C4Hi0O, Ethyl ether ("3) HAuCl4 D = HCl B = C4Hi0O, Ethyl ether (H3) ; B = C6H6, Benzene (97); c/.(62) 40 Wt. % of A in C removed t = 250C by single extraction with B [A]B K + 0.05 GaCl3 B = C4Hi0O, Ethyl ether (U3) 0.001 11.97 B = C4Hi0O, Ethyl ether D = HCl; 98 Wt. % of A 0.005 12.31 (160.5) removed by single extrac0.010 12.73 D = HCl tion from 10 % D 0.015 13.16 t = 20.O0C IrCl4 0.020 13.58 Mo/1 K'* B = C4Hi0O, Ethyl ether (H3) 0.025 14.01 2.0 0.035 + 0.003 B = C4Hi0O, Ethyl ether ("3) t = 4O0C 3.0 0.21 + 0 . 0 1 D = HCl 0.001 10.82 4.0 8.5 + 0 . 1 0.005 11.16 PtCl4 5.0 57 +2 0.010 11.61 B = C4Hi0O, Ethyl ether (H3) 5.45 75 +3 0.015 12.05 B = C4Hi0O, Ethyl ether (H3) 6.0 42 +2 0.020 12.49 D = HCl 7.0 10.0 + 0 . 3 0.025 13.03 8.0 2.0 + 0 . 1 PdCl2 98 * 100 mg Ga as GaCl3 in 50 cm» B = C6H6 ( > 147) B = C4Hi0O, Ethyl ether (H3) HCl of varying concentration and D = Aqueous solutions of B = C4H10O, Ethyl ether ("3) 50 cm3 ether. NaCl; KCl D =HC1 ZnCl2 B = C7H8, Toluene (43, 63, B = C4Hi0O, Ethyl ether FeCl3 111); c/. (16, 62, 97) D = HCl (113) B = C4Hi0O, Ethyl ether ("3) t = 250C D = HCl CdCl2 [A]B K + 0.2* B = C5H12O, Amyl alcohol (74) 0.001 10.8 Fe(CNS)3 (63); cf. (62) 0.005 11.2 B = C4Hi0O, Ethyl ether CdI2 0 0.01 11.4 C [A]B K B = C4Hi0O, Ethyl ether (39) 0.02 11.5 O 0.0167 0.53* t = 3O0C 0.31 12.7 10 0.0128 0.99* [A]ß K + 0.1 * From 0-5O0C, K = 11.6 ± 0.3 20 0.0091 1.8f 0.01 6.1 for [A]B = 0.005. 25 0.00025 13.9Î 0.02 5.8 B = C7H8, Toluene (43, ill) 0.001 6.9§ 0.05 5.3 D = Aqueous solutions of 0.002 4.811 0.10 4.9 ZnCl2; Hg(N03)2 0.005 2.711 0.15 4.65* B = C10Hi2, Tetralin (77) 0.01 1.811 0.20 4.49* 30 0.0059 3.311 * ± 0.05. HgBr2 35 0.0048 I 4.3§ B = C5Hi2O, Amyl alcohol (39, B = C6H6, Benzene (147); at 0 74) * ± 0.05. 25 C, K = 0.89 + 0.01 for t ± 0.2. t = 250C [A]B = 0.0035-0.194 $ ± 1.0. B = C6H6, Benzene (147) [Ab K + 0.05 § ± 0.5. 0.03 1.36 D = Aqueous solution of KBr Il ±0.1. U ±0.3. 0.05 1.21 HgI^ B = C4Hi0O, Ethyl ether (63) 0.1 1.09 B = C6H6, Benzene (147) D = HNO3 m 0.2 1.03 D = Aqueous solution of KI 0.5 1.05* NiCl2 Hg(CN) 2 1.0 1.2* B = C4Hi0O, Ethyl ether (147) B = C4Hi0O, Ethyl ether (H3) 1.5 1.3* D = HCl D = Aqueous solution of t = 3O0C Cr(CNS) 3 KCN [A]B K + 0.02 B = C Hi O, Ethyl ether (63) 4 0 CuCl2 0 0.03 1.70 C [A]B K B = C Hi O, Ethyl ether ("3) 4 0 0.05 1.53 O 0.0092 0.77* D = HCl 0.1 1.39 8 0.0085 0.91* AgClO4 0.2 1.24t 20 0.0072 1.241 B = C6H6, Benzene (78); a t 0.5 1.13t 30 0.0059 1.72t 0 25 C, K = 46000 + 5000 for 1.0 l.llt * ± 0.02. [A]B =
Cr(CNS)3.3H2O, Chromitrihydrotrithiocyanate B = C4H10O, Ethyl ether (1Q)

AlBr3 B - C6H6, Benzene (los.s) B = C7H8, Toluene (los.S)

Cr(CNS)4.2H2O, Chromidihydrotetrathiocyanate B = C4Hi0O, Ethyl ether (*Q) Cr(CNS) 5.H2O, Chromihydropentathiocyanate B = C4Hi0O, Ethyl ether (1Q) H3BO3 B = CS2 + C6Hi2O, Amyl alcohol (mixtures) (67, 72) B = C5Hi2O, Amyl alcohol (112); cf. (2); at 150C, K = 3.37 ± 0.02 for [A]B = 0.085 -0.264; at 250C, K = 3.34 ± 0.05 for [A]B = 0.0080.086; at 350C, K = 3.31 ± 0.05 for [A]B = 0.044 B = C5Hi2O, Amyl alcohol (2) D = Aqueous solution of KF

LiCl B = C5Hi2O, Amyl alcohol (39, 41)

t = 25-3O0C [A]B 0.003

K 216 ±5

0.01 0.02 0.03 0.05 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.5

162 ±5 119 ±3 98 ±3 67 ±2 45 ±2 28.5±1 20.5±1 13.5 + 1

1.0

1.5

9.0+0.5

7.5 + 0.5

B = C5R12O.—(Contmued) t = 24.9O0C (20.5) [A]B IO3 K' 0.00015 3.0 + 0.05 0.00030 3.1+0.05 3.2 ±0.1 0.00045 0.00060 3.3+0.1 NaOH B = C4Hi0O, Isobutyl alcohol (177)

t = 250C [OH-J0 K' + 0.053 0.000076 0.000019 0.000152 0.000025 NaCl B - C4Hi0O, Ethyl ether (««) D = Aqueous solution of acetic acid NaC2H3O2 B = C4Hi0O (s*) D = Aqueous solution of acetic acid

C-TABLE Les constituants A (les subDie A-Komponente (die verstances distribuées) sont des teilte Komponente) ist eine composés dont la formule clé Verbindung, deren Schlüsselcommence par 16; arrangement formel mit 16 beginnt; die <£C. Sous chaque constituant Anordnung. Unter jeder AA, les constituants B sont de Komponente steht, gleichfalls même disposés suivant Far- in der (T-Anordnung, die Brangement (T; les liquides de Komponente. Flüssigkeiten composition non définie (huiles, unbestimmter Zusammensetetc.) étant placés à la fin dans zung (Öle, etc.) befinden sich Tordre alphabétique. Le con- am Ende in alphabetischer stituant C est H2O. Reihenfolge. Die C-Komponente ist H2O. Le constituant D, représente, Eine D-Komponente ist, The D-component, where given, is a solute in the aqueous lorsqu'il est mentionné, un wenn angegeben, der gelöste corps dissout dans la couche Stoff in der wässrigen Schichte. layer. aqueuse. B = C4Hi0O, Ethyl ether (63) B = C4Hi0O.- (Continued) HCN 0 t = 15.O0C (129.5) C IO3 [A]B K + 0.3 B = C6H6, Benzene (62, 63); cf. (56) O 6.8 8.5 [A]B K' 0 10 6.3 9.2 0.05 0.40 + 0.02 C IO3 MA/Is K 20 6.3 9.2 0.10 0.41 + 0.02 6 3.25 1.92f 0.20 0.43 + 0.015 7 14.8* 3.9Î 0.30 0.44 + 0.015 10 3.55 1.72f B = C5Hi2O, Amyl alcohol (74) 0.40 0.45 + 0.01 16 3.63 1.631 t = 250C 0.50 0.46 + 0.01 20 15.4* 3.7J [A]B K' + 0.1 25 3.75 1.55t 1.0 3.05 * 103 [A]B. t ± 0.05. % ± 0.2. 3.0 2.05 t = 18 ± 0.020C 5.0 1.5 [A]B K' ± 0.005 CHCl3 8.0 1.2 0.02 0.374 B = Olive Oil (25, 121); K = 0.05 0.383 OO 0.10 0.393 CH2O2, Formic acid 0.20 0.406 B = CCl4 (59) 0.40 0.427 CH2O, Formaldehyde B = CS2 (59) 0.60 0.446 B = CHCl3, Chloroform (74) B = CHBr3, Bromoform (59) t = 250C B = CHCl3, Chloroform («*); [A]B K' + 0.001 cf. (149); at 25 + 0.50C, / = 25 + 0.50C 0.05 0.025 K7 = 0.031 + 0.001 for [A]3 [A]B K' ± 0.01 0.1 0.031 0.002 0.35 = 0.001 0.3 0.054 B = C4H10O, Ethyl ether (5, 0.005 0.38 156); cf. (26, 53, 129, 135, 0.5 0.073 0.009 0.41 0.7 0.089 149); see also p. 400 0.013 0.44 The A-components (the distributed substances) are compounds whose key formulae begin with 16; the C-arrangement. Under each A-component the B-components are likewise in the C-arrangement, liquids of indefinite composition (oils, etc.) being placed at the end in alphabetical order. The C-component is HaO.

NaC7H5O3, Salicylate B = Olive oil (64) ; at 150R, K' = 0.1 + ? for g A/Iß = 1.56 KOH B = C4Hi0O, Isobutyl alcohol (i77);at25°Cand[OH-]c = 0.000146, K' = 0.0438 + 0.055 KI B = CeH5NO2, Nitrobenzene (32); at 250C, K = 5450 ± 100 for [A]B = 0.00111 B = C6H6O, Phenol (134); at 180C, K = 13 ± 1 for g A/100 cm3 = 0.52-2.09

K2CO(CNS)4 B = C2H6O, Ethyl alcohol (3*1) I componenti A (le sostanze distribuite tra i due liquidi) sono composti di cui la formula chiave comincia con 16; ordinamento <£. Sotto ciascun componente A i componenti B sono disposti pure secondo l'ordinamento C; i liquidi di composizione non definita (olii, etc.) sono messi alla fine in ordine alfabetico. Il componente C è l'acqua. II componente D, quando è indicato, è una sostanza disciolta nello strato acquoso. B = C4Hi0O.- (Continued) t = 26.30C (129.5) fAÎB K' 0.05 0.35 ±0.01 0.10 0.36 ±0.01 0.20 0.37 ± 0.01 0.3Q 0.374 ±0.005 0.40 0.384 ± 0.005 0.50 0.393 ± 0.005 B = C6H6, Benzene (*7); cf. (57, 59, 87, 94); see ako p. 400

t = 25 ± 0.030C [A]B K ± 5 0.012 286 0.015 267 0.020 245 0.025 226 0.035 195 B = C7H8, Toluene (59) B = C8H10, Xylene (59) B = Cottonseed oil (59) B = Kerosene (59) CH4O, Methyl alcohol B = Olive oil; K' = 0.02 (25) B = Cottonseed oil (179)

CH5N, Methylamine B = CHCl3, Chloroform (l 09); cf. (155) 0 C 103[A]B K ± 0.05 18* 9.53 8.49 25 15.7 7.98 32.35 19.7 5.99 * ± 0.005.

B = C4H10O, Ethyl ether (l 56); at 25 ± 0.50C, K' = 0.113 ± 0.003 for [A]B = 0.00060.0039 B = C5Hi2O, Amyl alcohol (69) B = C8Hi0, Xylene (155) 02HCl3O2, Trichloroacetic acid B = C4Hi0O, Ethyl ether (156) t = 25 ± 0.50C [A]B K' + 0.05 0.001 0.48 0.005 1.05 0.010 1.48 0.015 1.81 B = C5H10, Amylene (l 15» 149) B = C 6 H 6 ,Benzene(42,H5,i49) t = 180C [A]B K 0.0005 107 ± 2 0.0007 9 1 + 2 0.0012 75 ± l 0.0018 64 ± l 0.003 52.0 ± 0.5 0.007 35.0 + 0.3 0.015 24.2 ± 0.3 0.04 15.5 ± 0.2 0.10 9.6+0.1 0.15 7.5 + 0.1 0 t = 22 C 0.015 22 + 1 0.04 14.8 + 0.5 0.10 9.2 + 0.5 0.15 7.0 + 0.2 0.25 5.1 + 0.2 0.40 4.3 + 0.2 C2H2Cl2O2 Dichloroacetic acid B = C4Hi0O, Ethyl ether (i56) t = 25 + 0.50C [A]B K' 0.002 1.04 ± 0.04 0.005 1.49 + 0.04 0.01 1.99 + 0.08 0.015 2.32 ± 0.08 0.025 2.68 + 0.08 B = C6H6, Benzene (42, 58) t = 13-150C [A]B K 0.03 22 + 2 0.06 19 +2 0.09 18 + 2 t = 18 ± 0.050C 0.0005 66 + 1 0.001 51.5 ± l 0.002 43 + 1 0.005 34.3 + 0.5 0.01 27.2 + 0.5

C2H2O4, Oxalic acid B = C4Hi0O, Ethyl ether (21, 127, 155) ; cf. (8, 49, 149, 156)

t = 150C [A]B K 0.0041 1 7 + 2 0.01 1 4 + 1 0.02 12.6 + 0.5 0.03 11.8 + 0.5 t = 25 + 0.010C 0.0454 100 + 5 0.03168 61 + 2 0.03465 42 ± l 0.0041 21.7 + 0.5 0.01 16.8 + 0.2 0.02 14.9 + 0.2 0.03 13.9 + 0.2 t = 270C 0.0023 1 9 + 3 0.01 17 + l 0.02 14.9 + 0.5 0.03 13.8 + 0.5 0.04 13.1 + 0.5 0.06 12.1 + 0.5

B = C4Hi0O, Ethyl ether + C5Hi2O, Amyl alcohol (mixtures) (7l) B = C4Hi0O, Ethyl ether (49, 127)

D = Aqueous solutions of H2SO4; NH4Cl; (NH4)*C2O4; Na2C2O4 B = C5Hi2O, Amyl alcohol (69, 158)

[A]B 0.01 0.025 0.05 0.15 0.225

t = 2O0C K' + 0.007 0.231 0.281 0.326 0.403 0.423

C2H3BrO2, Bromoacetic acid B = CHCl3, Chloroform (155) B = C4Hi0O, Ethyl ether (156) B = C8Hi0, Xylene (155) C2H3ClO2 Chloroacetic acid B = CCl4 (73,155) 0

[A]B 0.2 0.4 0.6

t = 25 C K' + 0.01 0.20 0.36 0.52

B = CS2 (73) t = 250C [A]B 1O3K' 0.05 7,1+0.2 0.10 9.7 + 0.2 0.15 13.1+0.3 0.20 17.8 + 0.3

B = CHBr3, Bromoform (73,

155)

t = 250C

B = CHBr3.- (Continued) [A]B 1O2K' 0.15 3.1±0.3 0.4 5.2+0.3 0.8 8.7±0.5 1.2 12.4 + 0.5 B = CHCl3, Chloroform (73, 155, 156)

t = 250C 3

10 [A]B 1O3K' 0.625 14.6+0.7 18.3+0.7 1.25 2 20.4 + 0.7 4 25.0+0.7 6 29.0+0.7 25 50.5 + 1 50 57+1 100 63 +3 200 68 +3 300 70 ±3 500 77 +3 750 101 +3 B = C4Hi0O, Ethyl ether (63, 143, 156)

t = 180C [A]B 0.02 0.05 0.1 0.3 0.6 1.2

K' 1.99 2.18 2.32 2.57 2.70 2.81 t = 250C 0.002 1.16+0.05 0.005 1.40 + 0.05 0.01 1.6 + 0 . 1 0.015 1.7 + 0 . 1 0.02 1.8 + 0 . 1 B = C4Hi0O, Ethyl ether (63, 143)

D = Aqueous solutions of H2SO4; NaC2H2ClO2 B = C6H6, Benzene (58, 70,155) t = 13-150C [A]B K'+0.001 0.02 0.025 0.03 0.0255 0.04 0.027 0.05 0.028 t = 250C 0.02 0.026 0.03 0.029 0.04 0.0305 0.05 0.032 0.1 0.036 0.2 0.039 0.3 0.0425 0.4 0.051 • B = C7H8, Toluene (70, 155)~ t = 250C [A]B 1O3K' 0.01 19.4 + 0.4 0.05 25.7 + d.4 0.1 27.8 + 0.4 0.2 32.8 ± 0.5

B = C7H8.—(Continued) t = 25°C.—(Continued) [A]B 1O3K' 0.3 39.0 + 0.5 0.5 55.0 ± 0.5 C2H3Br3O2, Bromal hydrate (6, 108)

B = Olive oil at room temp., K' = 0.67 + 0.05 C2H3Cl3O2, Chloral hydrate B = C4H10O, Ethyl ether (63) 0 C [Afe K + 0.002 O 0.764 0.233 10 0.764 0.233 20 0.766 0.235 30 0.766 0.236 B = C6H6, Benzene (I«) B = C7H8, Toluene (63) 0 C [A]B K ± 1 O 0.011 74.5 10 0.011 64.5 20 0.015 58.0 B = Olive Oil (6» 107, 108, 118)

C g A/kg B 1O2K' 3 0.8 5.3 ± 0.5 Room 22 ± 2 30 2.7 24+2 0

C2H4Cl2, Ethylene chloride B = Olive oil ( 25 ); at room temp., K' = 60 + 5 C2H4OS, Thioacetic acid B = C4Hi0O, Ethyl ether (is6) C2H4O2, Acetic acid B = CCl4 (73, 145, 155); (171)

[A]B 0.25 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0

c/.

t = 250C K' + 0.003 0.060 0.106 0.172 0.243 0.315

B = CCl4 + CS2 (mixtures) (67, 71) B = CS2 (73, 145); c/. (171)

t = 250C [A]B K' + 0.001 0.5 0.043 0.6 0.049 0.7 0.055 0.8 0.061 0.9 0.0675 1.0 0.0735 B = CHBr3, Bromoform (73, 145, 155)

t = 250C [A]B 0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0

0.103 0.132 0.198 0.270 0.35

K' + 0.003 + 0.003 + 0.005 + 0.005 ±0.01

C2H4O2.- (Continued) B = CHCl3, Chloroform (34, 73, 139, 149,

145,

155);

cft

(28,

171)

* = 2O0C [A]B 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.010 0.012 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.20 0.22

K 36.2 ± 0 . 2 31.2 ± 0 . 2 27.7 ± 0 . 2 25.25 ± 0.1 23.5 ± 0.1 22.1 ± 0 . 1 18.55 ± 0.1 14.05 ± 0.1 11.95 ± 0.05 10.60 ± 0 . 0 5 9.68 ± 0.05 8.94 ±0.05 8.36 ± 0.05 7.84 ± 0.03 7.43 ± 0.03 7.10 ± 0.03 6.82 ± 0.03 t = 250C 0.03 15.92 ± 0 . 0 5 0.04 14.36 ± 0.05 0.06 12.33 ± 0.05 0.08 10.98 ± 0.05 10.02 ± 0.05 0.10 0.12 9.32 ± 0.04 0.14 8.77 ± 0.04 0.16 8.29 ± 0.04 0.18 7.86 ± 0.03 0.20 7.50 ± 0.03 0.22 7.19 ± 0.03 0.24 6.94 ± 0.03 0.26 6.73 ± 0.03 0.4 5.55 ± 0.05 0.7 4.45 ± 0.1 1.0 3.8 ± 0 . 1 1.5 3.2 ± 0 . 1 2.0 2.8 ± 0 . 1 2.5 2.6 ± 0 . 1 3.0 2.4 ± 0 . 1 3.5 2.25 ± 0.1 4.0 2.2 ± 0 . 1

B = CHCl3, Chloroform (34, 45, 139)

D = Aqueous solutions of HCl; H2SO4; HNO3; NH4NO3; Ba(N0 3 ) 2 ; LiNO3; NaCl; NaC2H3O2; KCl; KClO3; KClO4; K2SO4; NaOH, and the following acids separately: citric, malic, succinic, tartaric B = C4H8O2, Ethyl acetate (171)

B = C4Hi0O, Ethyl ether (62, 88, 100, 103) j cf. ( 8 » 55 » 63 » 110, 127, 149, 156, 171); Vf

also p. 400

B = C4Hi0O.- (Continued) [A]B* K ± 0.02 O0Cf 50Cf 0.02 1.85 1.90 0.05 1.82 1.87 0.10 1.79 1.83 0.20 1.72 1.76 0.40 1.61 1.64 0.60 1.52 1.55 0.80 1.45 . 1.47 [A]B K ± 0.01 1O0C 150C 0.02 1.99 2.055 0.05 1.955 2.015 0.10 1.91 1.965 0.20 1.83 1.89 0.40 1.72 1.775 0.60 1.62 1.675 0.80 1.53 1.59 2O0C 250C 0.02 2.10 2.15 0.05 2.055 2.12 0.10 2.005 2.06 0.20 1.93 1.985 0.40 1.81 1.87 0.60 1.71 1.77 1.675 0.80 1.62 t = 180C [A]B K ± 0.01 0.05 2.03 0.10 1.98 0.25 1.87 0.50 1.735 0.75 1.625 1.0 1.53 1.5 1.385 2.0 1.29 2.5 1.21 3.0 1.15 3.5 1.10 4.0 1.06 4.5 1.03 0 C [A]B K ± 0.02 7.5 0.918 1.45 12 0.881 1.52 13 0.345 1.76 27 0.325 1.94 * At O ± 0.20C, K = 2.03 ± 0.02 for IA]B in M/l of solvent = 0.000709; at 250C, K = 2.21 ± 0.02, for [A]B in M/l of solvent = 0.000665. t At O and 50C, probable error, ± 1-20C.

B = C4Hi0O, Ethyl ether (**> 89, 90, 100,

103); cf.

(63)

D = Aqueous solutions of ethyl alcohol; MgCl2; MgSO4; BaCl2; NaCl; NaBr; Na2SO4; NaNO3; KCl; KBr; KI; K2SO4; KNO3; acetates of the following: NH4, Pb+ Zn, Cd, Hg++, Ag, Cu++, Fe++, Fe+++, Co, Ni, Cr+++, Al, La, Mg, Na, K B = C5H12O, Amyl alcohol (69» 145, 158); c/. (171)

B = C6Hi2O.- (Continued) 0 C [A]B K' ± 0.01 20 0.6 0.92 25 0.8 0.93

B = CeH5NO2,

Nitrobenzene

(171)

B = C 6 H 6 , Benzene (17, 62, 70, 92, 145) ; cf. (18, 47, 87, 94, 114, 149, 171); Vf also p. 400

t = 15-160C

B = C8Hi0, w-Xylene ( 7 O, 145) t = 250C [A]ß

K'

0.02

0.0222±0.0005

0.1

0.041 ±0.001

0.2 0.3 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

0.053 0.062 0.069 0.083 0.095 0.106

±0.001 ±0.001 ±0.001 ±0.001 ±0.001 ±0.001

[A]B K B = C8Hi0, p-Xylene (70, 145) 0.184 14.3 ± 0.1 t =* 250C 0.050 23.8+0.2 [A]B K' 0.0041 55.1 ± 0.3 0.1 0.0550±0.0005 0.0018 60.7 ± 0.8 0.5 0.078 ±0.001 0.00042 80.1+1 1.0 0.109 ±0.001 t = 25 ± 0.030C 1.5 0.141 ±0.001 3.11 3.580 + 0.005 2.0 0.172 ±0.001 2.69 4.016 + 0.005 2.3 0,191 ±0.001 1.46 5.95 +0.01 t = 250C B - Ci0Hi2, Tetralin (77) 1.09 6.93 + 0.01 t = 250C 0.739 8.26 + 0.01 [A]B K 0.614 8.87 + 0.01 0.04 48 ± 2 0.486 9.76 + 0.03 0.1 36 ±2 0.256 12.9 +0.03 0.2 28 ± 1 0.224 13.29 + 0.05 0.4 19.9 ± 0.5 0.158 16.4 + 0 . 0 5 0.7 14.5 ± 0.5 0.1015 18.30 + 0.05 1.0 12.0 ± 0.5 0.0714 21.15+0.1 B = Ci0Hi8, Decalin (77) 0.0443 25.9 ± 0 . 1 t = 250C 0.0165 38.4 + 0 . 2 [A]B K 0.0125 42.5 + 0 . 2 0.05 106 ± 2 At 60C, K = 59.5 + 1, for 0.10 81 ± 2 [A]B in moles per 1 of solvent = 0.15 66 ± 1 0.000032; at 18.50C, K = 54.5 0.20 56 ± 1 + 1, for [A]B in moles per 1 of 0.25 49 ± 1 solvent = 0.000036. B = Cottonseed oil (**) B = C6H6, Benzene (47) D = Aqueous solution of B = Kerosene (59) B = Kerosene (24) NaC2H3O2 D = Aqueous solutions of B = C7H6O Benzaldehyde (171) CaCl2; KCl B = C7H8, Toluene C™, 145, B = Petroleum ether (171) 155); Cf, (171) t = 250C C2H4O3, Glycollic acid [A]B 1O2K' B = C4Hi0O, Ethyl ether (129); 0.01 2.00 + 0.02 at 150C, K = 32 ± 1 ; at 260C, 0.1 4.40 + 0.05 K = 38 ± 1 0.3 0.5 0.7 1.0 1.3

7.02 ± 0.08 8.7 + 0 . 1 10.1 ±0.1 11.95 ± 0.1 13.6 + 0.1

B = C8Hi0, o-Xylene (70, 145) t = 250C [A]B 0.1

K' 0.048 ± 0.001

0.3 0.6 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5

0.066 0.088 0.114 0.146 0.173 0.200

+ + + + + +

0.001 0.003 0.003 0.005 0.005 0.005

C2H6O, Ethyl alcohol B = CCl4 (19); v. also p. 400; at 250C, K' = 0.0244 + 0.0005, for [Afe = 0.00970.0553 B = CS2 (19); v. also p. 400; at 250C, K' = 0.0143 ± 0.0005 for [AJ8 = 0.00590.222 B = C4Hi0O, Ethyl ether; v. p. 401 B = C6H5Br, Bromobenzene (19); v. p. 401

B = C6H6, Benzene (UO); (18); v. also p. 401

cf.

B = C6H6.—(Continued) t = 250C g A/h K ± 0.05 50 1.02 100 1.14 150 1.26 200 1.37 B = Cottonseed oil (179) B = Olive oil (107, 108, 121) 0 C g C/kg K' A + B ±0.005 3 0.8 0.026 30 1.4 0.047 C2H7N, Ethylamine B = CHCl3, Chloroform (iss) t = 25 ± 0.50C [Ab K' ± 0.05 0.0015 0.35 0.005 0.50 0.01 0.62 0.02 0.77 B = C4Hj0O, Ethyl ether (i 56) ; at 25 ± 0.50C, K' - 0.172 ± 0.005 for [A]B = 0.000450.0025 B = C7H8, Toluene (109) 0 C ± 0.005 [A]B K ± 0.05 18 0.00295 26.09 25 0.00565 19.13 32.35 0.0127 14.77 B = C8Hi0, Xylene (15S) C2H7N, Dimethylamine B = CHCl3, Chloroform (155) B = C4Hj0O, Ethyl ether (i B6); at 25 ± 0.50C, K' = 0.231 for [A]B = 0.00033-0.00305 B = C7H8, Toluene (109) 0 C ± 0.005 [A]B K ±1 18 0.0037 23 25 0.0058 19 32.35 0.0077 13 B = C8Hi0, Xylene (155) C2H8ClN, Dimethylamine hydrochloride B = CHCl3, Chloroform (74) C3H3NO2, Cyanoacetic acid B = C4H10O, Ethyl ether (62) 0 C [AbA K solvent O 0.00050 1.66 ± 0.03 10 0.00042 2.16 ± 0.03 21 0.00035 2.73 ± 0.05 30 0.00033 3.16 ± 0.05 B = C6H6, Benzene (62) 0 C [AbA K ±1 solvent 6 0.00023 59 25 0.00022 69 C3H4Br2O2, 1, 2-Dibromopropionic acid B = CHCl3, Chloroform (155) B - C4Hi0O, Ethyl ether (156) B = C8H10, Xylene (iss)

C3H4O3, Pyruvic acid B = CHCl3, Chloroform (iss) B = C4Hi0O, Ethyl ether (156) B = C8Hi0, Xylene (155) C3H4O4, Malonic acid

B = C4Hi0O, Ethyl ether (21» 155) ; cft

(140, 156)

t = 25 ± 0.010C [A]B K ± 0.2 0.003 12.1 0.005 11.7 0.010 11.1 0.013 10.9 C3H5BrO2, 1-Bromopropionic acid B = CHCl3, Chloroform (155) B = C4Hi0O, Ethyl ether (156) B = C8H10, Xylene (iss) C3H5IO2, 2-Iodopropionic acid B = CHCl3, Chloroform (iss) B = C4Hi0O, Ethyl ether (156) B = C8H10, Xylene (155) C3HeO, Acetone B = CCl4 ( 7 4 , 7 6 , 1 5 8 )

t = 250C K' ± 0.01 0.45 0.52 0.59 0.66 0.72 B = CHCl3, Chloroform (74, 76); v. also p. 400 t = 250C [A]B K' ± 0.2 0.2 5.2 1.0 4.6 2.0 3.8 3.0 3.1 B = C2Cl4, Tetrachloroethylene ( 76 ) B = C2HCl3, Trichloroethylene ( 76 ) B = C2HCl5, Pen t a c h l o r o ethane ( 76 ) B = C2H2Cl4, T e t r a e h l o r o ethane (76) B = C6H6, Benzene (70, 158); cf. O 2 4 ); v. also p. 401 t = 250C [A]B K' ± 0.02 0.4 0.94 0.7 0.96 1.2 1.00 1.6 1.03 2.0 1.06 2.4 1.09 B = C6H6, Benzene (124) D = Aqueous solutions of LiCl; NaCl; KCl B = C7H8, Toluene (63); Vm also p. 401 [A]B 0.1 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0

B = C7H8.- (Continued) C [A]B K ±0.1 O 0.0173 2.1 10 0.0165 2.1 20 0.0165 2.05 30 0.0165 1.95

0

B = Olive Oil (107); cf.

(25) ;

at 30C, K' = 0.145 ± 0.01 for g A AB = 5.0-6.1; at 3O0C, K' = 0.23 ± 0.02 for g AAs = 7.2-8.7

C3H6O2, Propionic acid B = CHCl3, Chloroform (155); cf. (149) t = 25 ± 0.50C [A]B K' ± 0.005 0.0005 0.141 0.0010 0.159 0.0015 0.171 0.0020 0.182 B = C4H10O, Ethyl ether (««); cf. (149); v. also p. 401 t = 25 ± 0.50C [A]B K' ± 0 . 0 4 0.001 1.31 0.002 1.38 0.005 1.47 0.008 1.52 B = C4Hi0O, Ethyl ether ("» 89)

D = Aqueous solutions of MgCl2; NaCl; KNO3; K propionate B = C6H6, Benzene (17); cf.

B = C4H10O.- (Continued) t = 15^27.50C (127) [A]B K ±? 0.01 12.2 0.05 11.3 0.10 10.6 0.15 10.0 0.20 9.4 t = 25 ± 0.50C (156) 0.001 6.1 0.005 5.6 C3H7N, Allylamine (155) B = C8Hi0, Xylene C3H7NO2, Urethane B = Olive OU (6, 108, 118); c/.

(121); at room temp., K' = 0.135 ± 0.01 for g A/Is = 3.9 C3H8O, n-Propyl alcohol B = Cottonseed oil (179) B = Olive oil; K' = 0.1 (121) C3H8O, Isopropyl alcohol B = Olive oil; K' = 0.36 ± 0.03 (25) C3H9N, Propylamine B = C7H8, Toluene (109) 0 C ± [A]B K ±0.05 0.005 18 0.0174 5.44 25 0.0091 4.47 32.35 0.0178 3.31 B = C8Hi0, Xylene (l55) C3HgN, Trimethylamine B = CHCl3, Chloroform (is5) B = C4Hi0O, Ethyl ether (63, 156)

(87, 149); „. ofeop. 401

t = O0C

0

t = 25 ± 0.03 C [A]B K 0.0223 6.91 ± 0 . 0 3 0.0343 5.57 ± 0 . 0 3 0.0778 3.98 ± 0 . 0 2 0.128 3.25 ± 0 . 0 2 0.276 2.34 ± 0 . 0 1 0.644 1.646 ± 0.005 1.398 ± 0.005 1.002 2.710 1.033 ± 0.003 1.002 ± 0.003 3.556 B = C8H10, Xylene (155) B = Cottonseed oil (59) C3H6O2, Ethyl formate B = Olive oil; K7 = 4 ± 1 ( 121 ) C3H6O3, Lactic acid B = CHCl3, Chloroform (155) t = 25 ± 0.50C [A]B K' ± 0.0007 0.0005 0.0168 0.0007 0.0185 0.0010 0.0203 0.0015 0.0219 0.0018 0.0226 B = C4H10O, Ethyl ether (127, 129, 1 5 6 )

[A]B 0.0082

K' ± 0.02 0.15 t = 1O0C 0.0124 1 0.25 t = 2O0C 0.0178 0.40 t = 25 ± 0.50C 0.001 0.66 0.003 0.67 0.005 0.68 0.010 0.71 t = 3O0C 0.023 I 0.57 B = C6H6, Benzene (70, iss) ; at 250C, K' = 0.50 ± 0.02 for [A]B = 0.03-0.59 B = C7H8, Toluene (63, 109); cf. ( 62 ) t = 250C [A]B

0.0002 0.0005 0.001 0.002 0.005 0.01 0.02 0.04

K

4.7 ± 0 . 3 3.5 ± 0 . 3 3.1 ± 0 . 2 2.6 ± 0 . 1 2.4 ± 0 . 1 2.35 ± 0.1 2.3 ± 0.1 i 2.25 ± 0.1

C3H9N,- (Continued) B = C7ìì8.—(Continued) 0 C K 10 4.5 ±0.15 20 2.9 ± 0 . 1 30 1.95 ± 0.1 40 1.35 ± 0.05 60 0.76 ± 0.03

90

0.47 ± 0.03

B = C8Hi0, Xylene (iss)' C4H4Br2O4, 1, 2-Dibromosuccinic acid B = C4Hi0O, Ethyl ether (21); at 25 ± 0.010C, K = 0.059 ± 0.001 for [A]B = 0.531 C4H4N2, Succinonitrile B = CHCl3, Chloroform (63) B = CHCl3, Chloroform (63) D = Aqueous solutions of HCl; KQH; KCl C4H4O4, Fumaric acid B = C4Hi0O, Ethyl ether (21, 156); ^. (140) 0

* = 25 ± 0.5 C [A]B K 0,001 1.7 ± 0 . 1 0.002 1.4 ± 0 . 1 t = 25 ± 0.010C 0.005 1.1 ± 0 . 1 0.01 0.90 ± 0.05 0.02 0.82 ± 0.05 0.03 0.79 ± 0.05 C4H4O4, Maleic acid B = C4Hi0O, Ethyl ether (21, 155);

cf. (140,

156)

t = 25 ± 0.010C [A]B K 0.00023 23.7 ± 0 . 5 0.00057 17.8 ± 0 . 5 0.001 15.5 ± 0 . 2 0.003 11.9 ± 0 . 2 0.005 10.9 ± 0 . 1 0.01 9.65 ± 0.1 C4HoBrO4, Bromosuccinic acid B = C4Hi0O, Ethyl ether (21, 156)

B = C4Hi0O, Ethyl ether (21,51, 127, 155, 140, 149)

156);

c/.

(8,

* = O ± 0.010C [A]B K ± 0.05 0.001 4.83 0.002 4.71 0.003 4.62 0.005 4.52 0.015 4.44 t = 150C [A]B K ± 0.03 0.015 6.30 0.03 6.23 0.05 6.14 0.08 6.02 t = 2O0C 0.015 6.98 0.03 6.92 0.05 6.84 0.08 6.74 0.10 6.67 t = 25 ± 0.010C 0.0005 8.49* 0.001 8.13* 0.002 7.87* 0.003 7.80* t = 250C 0.015 7.74 0.03 7.67 0.05 7.57 0.08 7.45 0.10 7.36 * ± 0.08. B = C5Hi2O, Amyl alcohol (69, 158)

[A]B 0.035 0.2 0.35

* = 2O0C 1 K' ± 0.015 0.690 0.650 0.615

B = Ci0H22O, Amyl ether (149) C4H6O5, Malic acid B = C4Hi0O, Ethyl ether (127); cf. (8); at 150C, K = 63 ± 2 for [A]B = 0.009-0.016; at 25.50C, K = 71 ± 2 for [A]B = 0.002-0.017

B = C8Hi0, Xylene (155) C4H5Cl3O2, Trichlorobutyric acid 4H6O6, Tartaric acid B = C5Hi0, Amylene (U 5, 149) B = C C4Hi0O, Ethyl ether (12 7); B = C6H6, Benzene (42, us, /. (8, 149, 156) 149)

B B B B

C4H6O2, a-Cro tonic acid = CHCl3, Chloroform (155) = C4Hi0O, Ethyl ether (156) = C8H10, Xylene (iss) C4H6O4, Succinic acid = CHCl3, Chloroform («5) t = 25 ± 0.50C [A]B K' ± 0.0005 0.00015 0.0110 0.0003 0.0143 0.0006 0.0176 0.0010 0.0201

c

[A]B 0.002 0.004 0.007

K ± 5 150C 270C 216 266 209 253 198 234

C4H7Cl3O2, 1, 1, 2-Trichlorobutyraldehyde hydrate B = Olive oil; at room temp., K' = 1.6 ± O l (6> 108) C4H8O, Methyl ethyl ketone B = Olive oil (25); K7 = 2.3 ± 0.2

C4H8O2, n-Butyric acid B - CHCl3, Chloroform («5) t = 25 ± 0.50C [A]B K' ± 0.02 0.0005 0.47 0.0007 0.50 0.0010 0.53 0.0015 0.55 0.0022 0.56 B = C4Hi0O, Ethyl ether (156) t = 25 ± 0.50C [A]B K' ± 0.2 0.0015 4.2 0.003 4.5 0.006 4.9 0.010 5.1 0.014 5.3 B = C4Hi0O, Ethyl ether (8») D = Aqueous solution of NaCl B = C 6 H 6 , Benzene ("» 57) ; Cf. («7» 94)

t = 13-150C

[A]B K 0.15 0.77 ± 0 . 0 3 0.20 0.68 ± 0.03 0.25 0.61 ±0.03 0.30 0.56 ± 0 . 0 3 t = 25 ± 0.030C 0.025 1.725 ± 0.01 0.05 1.235 ± 0.01 0.10 0.930 ± 0.005 0.15 0.788 ± 0.005 0.20 0.697 ± 0.003 0.25 0.635 ± 0.003 0.30 0.591 ± 0.003 0.50 0.473 ± 0.003 1.0 0.388 ± 0.003 2.0 0.33 ± 0 . 0 2 3.0 0.31 ± 0 . 0 2 4.0 0.34 ± 0.02 B = C8Hi0, Xylene (155); at 25 ± 0.50C, K' = 0.158 ± 0.005 for [A]B = 0.00070.0013 B = Cottonseed oil (59) B = Kerosene (24) D = Aqueous solutions of CaCl2; KCl C4H8O2, Isobutyric acid B = CCl4 (158) B = CHCl3, Chloroform (149, 155)

B = C4Hi0O, Ethyl ether (156) B = C6H6, Benzene («7, 94, 149, 158)

B = C7H8, Toluene (158) B = C8Hi0, Xylene (155) C4H8O2, Ethyl acetate B = C6H6, Benzene O 24); at 2O0C, K' = 12.20 ± 0.05 for g A/lo = 0.8-2.5 B = C6H6, Benzene (124, 125) D = Aqueous solutions of NH4Cl; NH4NO3;

(NH4)2SO4; MgSO4; LiCl; Li2SO4; NaCl; Na2SO4; NaNO3;KCl;K2SO4;KNO3; Glycerol; Dextrose ; Sucrose B = Olive oil (25); at room temp., K' = 1.8 ± 0.2 B = Petroleum ether, B. P., 90110° (124) B = Petroleum ether, B. P., 90110° (124) D = Aqueous solutions of NaCl; Sucrose C4H8O3, 1 (2)-Hydroxybutyric acid B = C4H10Q, Ethyl ether (156) C4H8O6, 3, 4, 5-Trihydroxybutyric acid B = Olive oil (U); at 250C, K' = 0.025 ± 0.002, calculated from separate solubilities C4H9NO2, Methylurethane B = Olive oil (6> 108); at rOom temp., K7 = 0.04 ± 0.01 C4Hi0O, Isobutyl alcohol B = Cottonseed oil (!79) B = Olive oil (121); K' = 6 ± 1 C4Hi0O, tert.-Butyl alcohol B = Olive oil (6); at room temp., K 7 = 0.175 ± 0.01 C4HuN, n-Butylamine B = C4Hi0O, Ethyl ether (156) t = 25 ± 0.50C [A]B K' ± 0 . 0 3 0.001 0.90 0.002 1.00 0.003 I 1.07 B = C8Hi0, Xylene (155) t = 25 ± 0.50C [A]B K' ± 0 . 0 2 0.0005 0.52 0.001 0.61 0.002 0.70 0.003 0.75 0.004 0.78 C4HuN, Isobutylamine B = C8Hi0, Xylene (155) C 4 HuN, Diethylamine B = CCl4 (158) B = CHCl3, Chloroform (155) t = 25 ± 0.50C [A]B K' ± 0.08 0.001 2.18 0.002 2.50 0.005 3.09 0.01 3.61 0.02 4.23 B = C2H4Cl2, Ethylene chloride (158) B = C4HgBr, n-Butyl bromide (158)

B = C4Hi0O, n-Butyl alcohol (158)

B = C4Hi0O, Isobutyl alcohol (158)

B = C4H10O, Ethyl ether (ise) ; at 25 ± 0.50C, K' = 0.71 ± 0.02 for [A]B = 0.000440.0063 B = C5H12O, Amylalcohol (158) B = C6H3Cl3, 1, 3, 4-Trichlorobenzene (158) B = C6H4Cl2, o-Dichlorobenzene (158) B = C6H5Br, Bromobenzene (158)

B = C6H6, Benzene (158) t = 25 ± 0.50C [A]B K' ± 0.02 0.002 0.61 0.005 0.69 0.009 0.76 B = C7H8, Toluene (i<>9) 0 C [A]B K ±0.005 ±0.005 18 0.0230 2.141 25 0.0223 1.596 32.35 0.1104 1.094 B = C8H10, Xylene (155) t = 25 ± 0.50C [A]B K' ± 0 . 0 2 0.0005 0.37 0.001 0.43 0.002 0.50 0.004 0.56 0.008 0.59 B = C8H18O, w-Butylether (158) B = C8H18O, sec.-Octyl alcohol (158)

B = C11H16O, Isoamyl phenyl ether (158) B = Paraffin oil (158) B = Petroleum ether, B. P., 145-155° (158) C5H5N, Pyridine B = CHCl3, Chloroform (155) t = 25 ± 0.50C [A]B K' ± 0 . 3 0.0013 5.6 0.003 8.1 0.005 9.2 0.010 10.6 0.017 11.2 B = C6H6, Benzene (62, 155, 178.5); Cf,

(58)

t = 250C MA/IB K 0.000271 0.41 ± 0.02 0.000546 0.38 ± 0.02 0.001 0.35 ± 0.01 0.002 0.34 ± 0.01 0.004 0.34 ± 0.01 B = C7H8, Toluene (63,i55) ;c /.

155,

156)

C5H10O2, Valeric acid B = CHCl3, Chloroform (155) t = 25 ± 0.50C [A]B K' ± 0.08 0.001 1.93 0.002 2.23 0.003 2.39 0.005 2.55 B = C4H10O, Ethyl ether (156); at 25 ± 0.50C, K' = 13.5 ± 0.5 for [A]B = 0.001-0.0057 B = C6H6, Benzene (17) t = 25 ± 0.030C [A]B K ± 0.003 0.0292 0.466 0.0481 0.370 0.08 0.295 0.2 0.196* 0.3 0.164* 0.445 0.137* 0.929 0.0989t 1.4 0.0821t 1.848 0.07341 * ± o.ooi. t ± 0.0005. B = C8H10, Xylene (155) t = 25 ± 0.50C [A]B K' ± 0.03 0.001 0.63 0.003 0.89 0.007 1.18 0.012 1.39 C5H10O2, Isovaleric acid B = CHCl3, Chloroform (155) B = C4H10O, Ethyl ether (156) B = C4H10O, Ethyl ether D = Aqueous solution of NaCl (89) B = C6H6, Benzene (87) B = C8H10, Xylene (155) C5H10O4, Monacetin B = Olive OU (6» 107, 108)

( 149)

t = 250C

[A]B 0.001 0.006

B = C7H8: 25°C.—(Continued) [A]B K 0.011 0.51 ± 0.02 0.025 0.48 ±0.01 0.08 0.461 ± 0.005 0.12 0.456 ± 0.005 B = C8H10, Xylene (155); at 25 ± 0.50C,. K' = 1.92 ± 0.06 for [A]B = 0.0019-0.019 C5H6O4, Itaconic acid B = C4H10O, Ethyl ether (21) C5H8O3, Levulinic acid B = CHCl3, Chloroform (155) B = C4H10O, Ethyl ether (156) B = C8H10, Xylene (155) C5H8O4, Glutaric acid B = CHCl3, Chloroform (155) B = C4H10O, Ethyl ether (21»

K 0.70 ±0.08 0.56 ± 0 . 0 4

0

C 3 Room 36

g A/kg B K' ± 0.02 0.023 0.1. 0.06 0.016 0.07

C5H12ClN, e-Chloroamylamine B = C2H2Cl4, Tetrachloroethane (54) B = C6H5NO2, Nitrobenzene (54)

B = C6H6, Benzene (54) C5H11N, Piperidine B = CHCl3, Chloroform (155) t = 25 ± 0.50C [A]B K' ± 0.1 0.0008 2.0 0.0015 2.35 0.003 2.9 0.004 3.1 0.005 3.35 0.006 3.55 B = C4H10O, Ethyl ether (156) t = 25 ± 0.50C [A]B K' ± 0.015 0.002 0.66 0.005 0.70 0.008 0.73 0.012 0.765 0.018 0.79 B = C6H6, Benzene (62); cf. (58)

t = 250C [A]B/!B K ± 0.1 0.0001 2.55 1.9 0.0002 0.0003 1.7 0.0005 1.45 0.0008 1.30* 0.0012 1.20* 0.002 1.10* 0.003 1.05* * ± 0.05.

B = C6H6, Benzene (62) D = Aqueous solutions of NaOH; NaCl; Piperidine hydrochloride B = C8H10, Xylene (155) t = 25 ± 0.50C [A]B K' ± 0.01 0.0005 0.37 0.001 0.44 0.002 0.53 0.003 0.56 0.004 0.57 C5H11NO, Valeramide B = Olive oil (64); at 150R, K7 = 0.31 ± 0.03 for g A/Iß = 2.41 C5H12O, Isoamyl alcohol B = Cottonseed oil (179) C5H12O, Amylene hydrate B = Olive oil ( 6 ); at room temp., K' = 1.0 ± 0.1 for g A/Iß = 33 C5Hi2O4S2, Diethylsulfonmethane B = Olive oil ( 6 ); at room temp., K' =0.15 ± 0.01 for g A/Is = 0.68

C5H12O4S2, Dimethylsulfondimethylmethane B = Olive oil (6); at room temp., K' = 0.11 ± 0.01 for g A/Is = 0.12-0.62 C5H13N, n-Amylamine B = CHCl3, Chloroform (155) t = 25 ± 0.50C [A]B K' ± 0.3 0.0007 5.9 0.001 7.3 0.0015 9.1 0.002 10.6 0.0025 12.0 B = C8H10, Xylene (155) C5H13N, Isoamylamine B = C4H10O, Ethyl ether (156); at 25 ± 0.50C, K' = 1.9 ± 0.1 for [A]B = 0.000390.00184 B = C8H10, Xylene (is5) C6H3N3O7, Picric acid B = CHBr3, Bromoform (73, 155)

t = 250C [A]B K' ± 0.03 0.4 1.18 0.6 1.34 0.8 1.48 1.0 1.60 B = CHCl3, Chloroform (73, 155)

t = 250C [A]B K' ± 0.03 0.3 1.30 0.6 1.73 0.9 2.05 1.2 2.33 1.5 2.58 B = CHCl3, Chloroform + C4H10O, Ethyl ether (mixtures) (71) B = C4H10O, Ethyl ether (isi) B = C5H12O, Amyl alcohol (69, 158); Cf, (151)

t = 250C [A]B K' ± 0.07 0.005 1.75 0.02 2.14 0.05 2.71 0.10 3.29 0.20 3.82 0.26 3.98 B = C6H6, Benzene (*2, 138, 158, 172); cf,

(170.5)

t = 15-18°C

[A]B

0.000932 0.00225 0.01 0.02 0.05 0.10 0.18

K'

2.23 1.45 0.705 0.505 0.320 0.240 0.187

±0.02 ±0.01 ± 0.005 ± 0.005 ± 0.005 ± 0.005 ± 0.002

C6H3N3O7.- (Continued) E = C7H8, Toluene (70); cf. (149,

151)

*•= 250C [A]B 0.01 0.05 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.5

K' 1.7 ± 0.2 3.0 + 0.2 4.1 ± 0.2 5.6 ± 0.1 6.8 ± 0.1 8.7 ± 0.1

B = Ci0Hi2, Tetralin (77) t = 250C [A]B K 0.02 0.45 ± 0.02 0.03 0.37 ± 0.02 0.05 0.30 ± 0.01 0.10 I 0.22 ± 0.01 CeH6BrN, ra-Bromoaniline B = C6H6, Benzene (SO) CeHeBrN, p-Bromoaniline B = C6H6, Benzene (48); cf. (50); at 250C, K' = 132 ± 2 for g A/Is = 2.4 C6H6ClN, ra-Chloroaniline B = C6H6, Benzene ( 50 ) C6H6ClN, p-Chloroaniline B = C6H6, Benzene (48); cf. (50); at 250C, K' = 83 ±3 for g A/la = 14.3-28.4 C6H6N2O2, o-Nitroaniline B = C6H6, Benzene (48) t = 250C [A]B K' ± 1.0 0.05 61.5 0.10 64.0 0.15 65.3 C6H6N2O2, ra-Nitroaniline B = C6H6, Benzene (48) t = 250C [A]B K' ± 1.0 0.05 23.0 0.10 25.0 C6H6N2O2, p-Nitroaniline B = C6H6, Benzene (48) t = 250C [A]B K' ± 0.5 0.01 8.6 0.03 9.3 C6H6O, Phenol B = CCl4 (74, 76, 155);^. (170)

i = 250C [A]0 K' 0.05 0.40 ± 0.02 0.1 0.44 ± 0.02 0.2 0.625+0.02 0.3 0.91 + 0.05 0.4 1.45 ± 0.05 0.49 3.05 + ? B = CS2 (74) i = 250C [A]B K' 0.05 0.62 ± 0.02 0.2 0.80 ± 0.02

B = CS2: 25°C.—(Continued) [A]B K'

1.45 + 0.05 2.47 ± 0.05 4.45 + 0.1 8.0 + 0 . 1

0.5 1.0 2.0 4.0

B = CHBr3, Bromoform (74, 155)

[A]B 0.2 1.0 3.0 5.0 7.0

t = 250C K' ± 0.2 2.7 4.4 7.9 10.5 12.3


[A]B 0.25 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0

t =25°C K' + 0.1 3.45 5.35 7.7 9.65 11.1 12.2

B = C2Cl4, Tetrachloroethylene ( 76 ) B = C2HCl3, Trichloroethylene (76) B = C2HCl5, P e n t a c h l o r o ethane (76) B = C2H2Cl4, T e t r a c h l o r o ethane (76) B = C5Hi2O, Amyl alcohol (69); c/. (158)

t = 250C [A]B K' 0.075-0.26 16.5+1 55 14.3 + 0.5 B = C6H6, Benzene (139, 155); c/. (114, 124, 170); see also p. 402 t = 250C [A]B 1O2K 0.06 43.8 + 0 . 2 0.13 41.2 ± 0 . 2 0.28 36.3 + 0.2 0.64 28.5 + 0 . 1 1.5 18.6 + 0 . 1 3.0 12.23 + 0.05 5.0 9.00 + 0.05 6.0 8.30 + 0.05 B = C6H6, Benzene (124, 139) D = Aqueous solutions of LiCl; NaCl; KCl; K2SO4 B = C7H8, Toluene (70, 155) t = 250C [A]B K' 0.4 2.05 + 0.05 2.0 3.6 + 0 . 1 4.0 5.5 + 0 . 2 6.0 7.1 + 0 . 2 8.0 8.6 + 0 . 2

B - C8Hi0, m-Xylene (7<>) t - 250C [A]B K'

K7 - 0.179 ± 0.002 for g A/Is = 0.9 - 1.6 (meta)

0.2 1.55 ± 0.5 2.0 3.05 ± 0.5 4.0 4.7 ± 0 . 1 6.0 6.3 ± 0 . 1 8.0 7.9 ± 0 . 2 B = Olive oil (U); cf. (130); at 250C, K' = 10 + 1 B = Olive oil (130) D = Aqueous NaCl

solution

of

C6H6O2, Hydroquinol B = C4Hi0O, Ethyl ether (126); at 150C, K7 = 2.7 ± 0.5

C6H8O7, Citric acid B = C4Hi0O, Ethyl ether (12 7); cf. (129) t = 150C [A]B K ± 2 0.0015 129 0.004 128 t = 25.50C [A]B K ± 3 0.0015 158 0.004 150 0.007 142 C6HnBrN2O2, Bromural B = Olive oil (u8); from 172O0C, K 7 = 1.3 ± 0.1

C6H6O2, Resorcinol B = CCl4 (170) C6Hi2O2, n-Caproic acid B = C4H10O, Ethyl ether (170); B = CHCl3, Chloroform (155) K7 = 4.2 ± 0.4 t = 25 + 0.50C B = C6H6, Benzene (170) ; K = [A]B i K' ± 0.3 2.6 ± 0.3 0.0005 5.2 B = Olive oil (U); at 250C, 0.0008 5.7 K7 = 0.04 ± 0.005 calcu0.0012 6.1 lated from separate solubilities B = C8H10, Xylene (155) C6H7N, Aniline C6Hi2O2, Isocaproic acid B = CCl4 (170) B = CHCl3, Chloroform (155) B = C3H6O3, Lactic acid (3-5) B = C8Hi0, Xylene (iss) B = C4Hi0O, Ethyl ether (170) B = C6H6, Benzene (48); at C6Hi2O2, Hexoic acid 250C, K' = 10.1 ± 0.3 for B = C6H6, Benzene (17) g A/Iß = 1.83 - 0.914 t = 25 ± 0.030C B = C7H8, Toluene (133) [A]B I K ± 0.0005 t = 250C 0.2 I 0.0444 [A]ß K' ± 0.2 0.3 0.0368 0.22* 12.3* 0.4 0.0318 0.1 7.8 0.6 0.0267 1.0 10.2 C6H12O2S4, Ethylxanthic acid 2.0 12.8 B = CS2 (61) 3.0 15.5 B = CS2 (61) 4.0 18.2 D == Aqueous solution of t = 480C MgSO4 2.24 I 13.3 B = CHCl3, Chloroform (61) 0 * t = I C. B = C5Hi2O, Amyl alcohol (61) B = C7H8, Toluene (133) B = C5Hi2O, Amyl alcohol (61) D = Aqueous solutions of D = Aqueous solution of Ca(OH)2; Ba(OH)2; SrMgSO4 (OH)2; K2SO4; K2B2O4 B = C6H5NO2, Nitrobenzene B = C8H10, Xylene (155) (61) t = 25 + 0.50C B = C7H8O, Benzyl alcohol (61) [A]B K' ± 0.1 B = C7H8O, Benzyl alcohol («i) 0.0005 2.95 D = Aqueous solution of 3.4 0.0007 MgSO4 0.0010 3.95 B =Ligroin (61) 0.0015 4.65 5.3 0.002 C6Hi2O3, 1-Hydroxyisocaproic acid C6H8ClN, Aniline hydroB = CC14 (80); at 250C, K = chloride B = C6H7N, Aniline (iso) 0.49 + 0.03 for [A]B = 0.065 -0.415 C6H8N2, Phenylenediamine B = C6H6, Benzene (48); at B = CCl4 (80) D = Aqueous solutions of 250C, K7 = 0.549 + 0.005 for NaCl; K 2 C 2 Q 4 g A/k = 0.55-4.1 (ortho);

C6Hi3N, 1-Methylpiperidine B = C4Hi0O, Ethyl ether (156) B = C8Hi0, Xylene (155) C6Hi5N, Diprop y lamine B = C4H10O, Ethyl ether (156) B = C7H8, Toluene (109) B = C8H10, Xylene (155) C6Hi5N, Triethylamine B = CHCl3, Chloroform (155) t = 25 ± 0.50C [A]B K' ± 0.6 0.001 16.1 0.003 19.0 0.006 21.1 0.01 22.6 B = C6Hi2O, Amyl alcohol ( 69 » 158)

B = C7H8, Toluene (63, 109) ; cf. ( 62 ) t = 250C [A]B K ± 0.02 0.0011 0.76* 0.0026 0.69 0.0052 0.44 0.01 0.31 0.02 0.23f 0.07 0.15t 0.13 O.lit [A]B = 0.5 0 C K O 0.47 ± 0 . 0 2 10 0.290 ± 0.015 20 0.22 ± 0.01 40 0.145+0.008 60 0.110 ± 0.005 90 0.087 ± 0.005 * ± 0.08. t ± 0.01.

B = C8H10, Xylene (i") t - 25 ± 0.50C [A]B K' ± 0.2 0.001 3.2 0.004 4.6 0.006 5.2 O.Oil 6.1 0.015 6.6 C6HißN, n-Hexylamine B = C8Hi0, Xylene (155) t = 25 ± 0.10C [A]B K' ± 0.1 0.001 3.0 0.003 4.2 0.005 4.9 0.01 5.8 0.017 6.2 C7H3N3O8,

2,

4,

6-Trinitro-

benzoic acid B = C4Hi0O, Ethyl ether (156) C7H4N2O6, 2, 4-Dinitrobenzoic acid B = CHCl3, Chloroform (155) B = C4Hi0O, Ethyl ether (156) B = C8H10, Xylene (155)

B = C6H6.- (Continued) t = 250C [A]/kg B K' ± 0.05 162) 0.005 1.60 0.02 2.60 B = C4Hi0O, Ethyl ether (156) B = C6H6, Benzene (164) 0.05 3.85 B = C8Hi0, Xylene (155) 0.10 5.25 0.15 6.35 C7H5ClO2, o-Chlorobenzoic acid t = 4O0C B = CHCl3, Chloroform (155) 0.005 1.60 B = C4Hi0O, Ethyl ether (156) 0.02 2.45 B = C8Hi0, Xylene (155) 0.05 3.43 0.10 4.57 C7H5IO2, o-Iodobenzoic acid 0.15 5.50 B = CHCl3, Chloroform (155) 0.25 6.95 B = C4Hi0O, Ethyl ether (ise) B = C8Hi0, Xylene (155) B = C8Hi0, Xylene ("S) * = 25 ± 0.50C C7H5NO3S, Saccharin [A]B K' ± 0.02 B = C4Hi0O, Ethyl ether (i°4) 0.001 0.82 D = HCl; at 25 ± 0.10C, 0.002 0.94 K = 0.062 ± 0.001 for g 0.003 1.07 A/Iß = 1.3-3.15 C7H5NO4, p-Nitrobenzoic acid B = C7Hi4O2, Amyl acetate B = CHCl3, Chloroform (155) D = HCl (104) ; at 25 ± t = 25 ± 0.50C 0 0.1 C, K = 0.0314 ± [A]B K' ± 0.02 0.0005 for g A/Is = 1.4 0.0006 1.26 -3.45 0.001 1.49 0.0015 1.71 C7H5NO4, o-Nitrobenzoic acid B = C8Hi0, Xylene (155) B = CHCl3, Chloroform (155) t = 25 ± 0.50C t = 25 ± 0.50C [A]B K' ± 0.02 [A]B K' ± 0.01 0.0002 0.48 0.0006 0.18 0.0005 0.67 0.001 0.23 0.0009 0.84 0.0015 0.27 0.003 0.37 C7H6O2, Benzoic acid

C7H4N2O6, 3, 5-Dinitrobenzoic acid B = CHCl3, Chloroform («5,

B = C4Hi0O, Ethyl ether (156) B = C6H6, Benzene (164) t = 250C [A]/kg B K' ± 0.005 0.330 0.005 0.01 0.420 0.02 0.540 0.03 0.625 t = 4O0C 0.005 0.390 0.01 0.465 0.02 0.570 0.03 0.645 0.04 0.715 0.06 0.820 B = C8Hi0, Xylene (155) t = 25 ± 0.50C [A]B K' ± 0.002 0.0005 0.101 0.0007 0.091 0.0009 0.087 C7H5NO4, m-Nitrobenzoic acid B = CHCl3, Chloroform (155) t = 25 ± 0.50C [A]B K7 ± 0.02 0.0006 1.23 0.001 1.45 0.0015 1.66 B = C4Hi0O, Ethyl ether (156) B = C6H6, Benzene (164)

B - CCl4 (144)


t = 25 ± 0.50C [A]B K ± 0.01 0.001 0.38 0.002 0.32 0.005 0.24 t = 1O0C g A/kg B K ± 0.001 1 0.215 2 O.156 5 0.106 10 0.076 15 0.0599* 20 0.0510* t = 4O0C 1 0.277 2 0.213 5 0.141 10 0.108 15 0.0890* 20 0.0767*

* ± 0.0005. B = C4H10O, Ethyl ether (156) ; cf. (8» 149) t = 25 ± 0.50C [A]B K' ± 1 0.001 24 0.005 29 0.010 34 0.014 38

B = C6H6,

Benzene

(23, 47,

114, 158) ; & (65, 149)

t = 6 ± 0.10C [A]B K ± 0.001

0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.07 0.10 0.15 0.20

0.253 0.185 0.151 0.130 0.115 0.096 0.0808* 0.0661* 0.0580* t = 2O0C

0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.07 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.40 0.60

0.228f 0.17f 0.144t 0.129Î 0.117t O.lOlt 0.085 0.071 0.062 0.0433* 0.0342* * = 250C 0.0015 O.572t 0.005 O.326t 0.01 0.251J 0.02 0.187t 0.03 0.156t 0.04 0.132t 0.05 0.117t 0.097t 0.07 0.10 0.084t 0.15 0.072t 0.20 0.064t * ± 0.0005. t ± 0.005. J ± 0.002.

B = C6H6, Benzene (47, lei) D = Aqueous solutions of NaCl; K benzoate B = C7H8, Toluene (149) B = C7H8O, Phenyl methyl ether (149) B = C8Hi0, Xylene («5); c/. (149)

t = 25 ± 0.50C [A]B

0.001 0.003 0.006 0.010 0.017 B B B B

K'

1.09 ± 0.05 1.87 ± 0.01 2.68 ± 0.01 3.43 ± 0.02 4.12 ± 0.02

= C8Hi0O, Phenetole (149) = Ci0H22O, Amyl ether (149) = Benzine (149) = Olive oil (U); at 250C, K' = 12.5 ± 1, calculated from separate solubilities

C7H6O3, Hydroxybenzoic acid B = Olive oil (U); at 250C, K7, calculated from separate solubilities = 0.4 ±0.1 for ra-A; = 0.6 ±0.1 for p-A

CyHeO a, p-Hydroxybenzoic acid B = C4H10O, Ethyl ether (*S6) CvHeOs, Salicylic acid B = CHCl3, Chloroform (65, 149,

155)

t = g A/kg B 0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 5.0 6.0 t = 25 [A]B 0.0006 0.001 0.002 0.004 0.006 t = g A/kg B 0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 5.0 6.0 10.0 15.0 18.0

1O0C K 0.635 ± 0.01 0.47 ±0.01 0.344 ± 0.007 0.286 ± 0.007 0.225 ± 0.005 0.202 ± 0.005 ± 0.50C K 0.92 ±0.03 0.76 ±0.03 0.60 ±0.02 0.465 ± 0.015 0.407 ± 0.015 4O0C K 0.695 ± 0.01 0.555 ± 0.01 0.445 ±0.007 0.380 ±0.007 0.310 ± 0.005 0.282 ± 0.005 0.222 ± 0.002 0.187 ± 0.002 0.172 ± 0.002

B = C4Hi0O, Ethyl ether (156) t = 25 ± 0.50C [A]B K' ± 2 0.002 26 0.003 29 0.005 34 0.010 43 0.014 49 B - C6H6, Benzene (65, 114, 149)

t = 1O0C g A/kg B K 0.5 0.63 ±0.01 1.0 0.49 ±0.01 2.0 0.375 ± 0.007 3.0 0.325 + 0.007 4.0 0.292 ± 0.007 5.0 0.268 ± 0.005 t = 180C 0.5 0.70 ± 0 . 0 2 1.0 0.51 ± 0 . 0 2 2 O 0.36 ± 0.02 3.0 0.32 ±0.02 4.0 0.29 ±0.01 5.0 0.27 ±0.01 6.0 0.25 ±0.01 8.0 0.21 ±0.01 t =40°C 0.5 0.61 ±0.01 1.0 0.50 ±0.01 2.0 0.410 + 0.007 3.0 0.363 ± 0.007

B = C6H6: 4Q°C.—(Continued) g A/kg B K 4.0 0.331 ± 0.007 5.0 0.307 ±0.005 6.0 0.287 ±0.005 8.0 0.260 + 0.005

C7H7NO2, Salicylamide B = Codliver oil (^) B = Olive oil (107) 0 C g A/IB K' ± 1 3 1.27 22 36 1.07 14

B = C6H6, Benzene (i«i> 163) D = Aqueous solutions of NaCl; KCl B = C8H10, Xylene (155) t = 25 ± 0.50C [A]B K' ± 0.03 0.001 0.65 0.002 0.84 0.003 0.99 0.005 1.18 B = C6H6O, Phenol (5-5) t - 25.O0C [A]B K' 0.1 14.7 ± 0.4 0.2 15.5 ± 0.3 0.3 16.2 ± 0.2 0.5 17.3 + 0.2

C7H8N2O, p-Nitrosomethylaniline B = C6H6, Benzene (48); at 60C, K' = 3.0 + 0.1 for g A/Iß = 3.0-3.9; at 250C, K' = 3.3 ± 0.1 for g A/Iß = 0.54-0.92

B = Olive oil (U); K' = 12 + 1, calculated from separate solubilities CvH6O4, Dihydroxybenzoic acid B = Olive oil (U); at 250C, K', calculated from separate solubilities = 1.0 + 0.1 for 2, 4-A; = 0.3 + 0.1 for 2, 5-A; = 0.05 ± 0.01 for 3, 4-A CyH6O4, Gentisic acid B = CHCl3, Chloroform (155) B = C4Hi0O, Ethyl ether (156) B = C8H10, Xylene (155) C7H6O4, Resorcylic acid B = C4Hi0O, Ethyl ether (156) B = C8Hi0, Xylene (155) C7H6O5, Gallic acid B = C4Hi0O, Ethyl ether (156); at 25 + 0.50C, K' = 0.45 ± 0.01 for [A]B = 0.00013-0.027 C7H7NO, Benzamide B = Codliver oil (») B = Olive oil (i° 7 );c/. (ios) 0 C g A/Is K' 3 7.05 0.66±0.03 36 5.33 0.43+0.02 C7H7NO2, o-Aminobenzoic acid B = CHCl3, Chloroform (155) t = 25 + 0.50C [A]B 1 K' ± 0.005 0.0006 0.133 0.001 0.144 0.002 0.165 0.003 0.180 B = C4Hi0O, Ethyl ether (156); at 25 ± 0.50C, K' = 1.11 + 0.04 for [A]B = 0.000560.0068 B = C6H6, Benzene (48)

C7H8N4O2, Theobromine B = Olive oil (3) 0 C K' ± 0.1 16 1.4 17 1.7 C7H8N4O2, Theophylline B = Olive oil (3) ; at 180C, K' = 1.6 + 0.2 C7H8O, m-Cresol B = C4H10O, Ethyl ether (170) C7H9N, Benzylamine B = CHCl3, Chloroform (155) t = 25 ± 0.50C [A]B K' ± 0.5 0.004 12.9 0.007 14.0 0.01 14.8 0.015 15.7 0.02 16.3 B = C4Hi0O, Ethyl ether (156); at 25 ± 0.50C, K' = 2.05 ± 0.1 for [A]B = 0.0013-0.0096 B = C8H10, Xylene (155) t = 25 ± 0.50C [A]B K' ± 0.08 0.002 1.53 0.005 1.88 0.009 2.09 0.014 2.16 C7H9N, Methylaniline B = C8Hi07 Xylene (155) C7H9N, Toluidine B = C6H6, Benzene (48); cf. (50); at 250C, K' = 13.4 ± 0.2 for g A/Iß = 1.2-2.0 (ortho); K' = 19.1 + 0.3 for g A/Iß = 1.4-2.5 (meta); K' = 24.1 ± 0.5 for g A/Is = 1.4-2.9 (para) C7H9N, o-Toluidine B = C2H4O2, Acetic acid (3-5) C7H9N, p-Toluidine B = CCl4 (170) C7H9NO, p-Anisidine B = C6H6, Benzene (48); at 250C, K' = 6.0 ± 0.1 for g A/Is = 4.35-9.01 C7Hi2O4, Pimelic acid B = C4Hi0O, Ethyl ether (21, 155); at 25 ± 0.010C, K =

0.72 ± 0.01 for [A]B = 0.0025 -0.014 __ C7Hi2Oo, Diacetin B = Olive oil (6, io»); at room temp., K' = 0.23 ± 0.02 C7Hi4O2, Isoamylacetic acid B = C8H10, Xylene (155) C7Hi6NO, Valerdimethylamide B = Olive oil (64); at 150R, K' = 0.42 + 0.05 for g A/1B = 3.8 C7Hi5NO, Valerethylamide B = Olive oil (64); at 150R, K' = 0.25 + 0.02 for g A/1B = 2.6 C7H15NO2, Lactdiethylamide B = Olive oil (64); at 150R, K' = 0.15 ± 0.01 for g A/Iß = 1.94 C7Hi6O4S2, Sulfonal B = Olive oil (6, 108); c/. (121); at room temp., K7 = 1.1 ± 0.1 for g A/Is = 0.7-1.1 C7Hi5NO2, Isobutylurethane B = Codliver oil (») C7Hi7N, n-Heptylamine B = C4H10O, Ethyl ether (156) t = 25 + 0.50C [A]B K' ± 0.5 0.002 13.1 0.004 17.1 0.006 19.7 0.008 20.8 B = C8H10, Xylene (155) t = 25 ± 0.50C [A]B K' ± 0.5 0.001 11.1 0.004 14.4 0.007 18.2 0.01 22.3 C8H6O4, Phthalic acid B = C4H10O, Ethyl ether (21, 156)

t = 25 ± 0.50C [A]B K 0.001 1.36 + 0.05 0.003 1.14 ± 0.05 0.005 1.05 + 0.05 0.01 0.92+0.03 0.02 0.84 ± 0.03 0.03 0.81 + 0.03 B = C8H10, Xylene (155) B = Olive oil (U); at 250C, K' = 0.01 + 0.001, calculated from separate solubilities C8H6O4, Isophthalic acid B = C4H10O, Ethyl ether (21); at 25 + 0.010C, K = 0.0945 ± 0.001 for [A]B = 0.0028 C8H6O4, Piperonylic acid B = CHCl3, Chloroform (155) B = C8H10, Xylene ("»)

C8H6O4, Terephthalic acid B = Olive oil (U); at 250C, K' = 9 ± 1, calculated from separate solubilities C8H8O2, Pheny!acetic acid B = CHCl3, Chloroform (155) t = 25 ± 0.50C [A]B K' ± 0.05 0.0005 1.71 0.0010 1.94 0.0015 2.14 B = C4Hi0O, Ethyl ether (156); at 25 ± 0.50C, K' = 15.2 ± 0.5 for [A]B = 0.0012-0.016 B = C8H10, Xylene (iss) t = 25 ± 0.50C [A]B K' + 0.02 0.001 0.52 0.003 0.77 0.005 1.00 C8H8O2, Toluic acid B = Olive oil (U); at 250C, K', calculated from separate solubilities = 40 ± 4 for o-A; 21 ± 2 for m-A; and 29 ± 3 for p-A C8H8Os, p-Methoxybenzoic acid B = CHCl3, Chloroform (155) t = 25 ± 0.50C [A]B K' ± 0.1 0.0007 5.15 0.001 5.6 0.0014 6.0 0.0018 6.4 B = C8H10, Xylene (155) B = Olive oil (U); at 250C, K' = 12 + 1, calculated from separate solubilities C8H8O3, Mandelic acid B = C4H10O, Ethyl ether (156) B = C6H6, Benzene (149); at 190C, K = 89.5 ± 1 for g A/Iß = 0.16-0.75 B = C7H8O, Phenyl methyl ether (i*9) C8H8O3, Vanillin B = C4H10O, Ethyl ether (104); at 25 ± 0.10C, K = 0.107 ± 0.003 for g A/Is = 1.3-3.3 C8H8O4, Guaiacyl acid carbonate B = Olive oil (U); at 250C, K' = 3.7 ± 0.3 C8H9NO, Acetanilide B = CHCl3, Chloroform (104) ; at 25 ± 0.10C, K = 0.129 ± 0.003 for g A/Iß = 1.25-3.7 B = C4H10O, Ethyl ether (104); at 25 ± 0.10C, K = 0.335 ± 0.01 for g A/Is = 0.9-3.4 B = C6H6, Benzene (48); at 250C, K = 0.605 ± 0.005 for g A/Is = 5.8

C8H10N2O, p-Nitrosodimethylaniline B = C6H6, Benzene (48); at 60C, K' = 37.3 ± 0.5 for g A/Is = 3.7-5.5; at 250C, K' = 51 ± 1 for g A/Iß = 11.4-13.8 C8H10N4O2, Caffeine B = CHCl3, Chloroform (104) ; at 25 ± 0.10C, K = 0.047 ± 0.003 for g A/Iß = 1.885.90 0

t = 19.5 C (45.5)

g A/Iß 10 20 40 80

K 19.2 ± 0.4 15.4 ± 0 . 2 11.0 ± 0.2 7.0 ± 0.1

t = 25.O0C (45.5)

10 17.9 + 0.4 20 14.7 ± 0.2 40 11.2 ± 0.2 80 6.9 ± 0.1 B = CHCl3, Chloroform (45.5) D = Aqueous solutions of H2SO4; C2H6O, Ethyl alcohol (1%); Na benzoate; Na salicylate; KBr D = H2SO4 (IAT) g A/Is I K' t = 19.50C 10 9.2+0.3 20 8.2+0.2 40 6.5 + 0.1 80 4.5 + 0.1 t = 25.O0C 10 8.6 + 0.3 20 7.7 ± 0 . 2 40 6.4 ± 0 . 2 80 4.5 ± 0 . 1 D = C2H6O (l %) t = 19.50C 10 23.4 ± 0 . 4 20 18.7+0.4 40 12.8 ± 0.3 80 7.4 ± 0.2 D = NaC7H5O2 (0.1AO t = 19.50C 10 10.7 ± 0 . 3 20 9.4 + 0.3 40 7.3 ± 0.2 80 4.9 ± 0.1 D = NaC7H6O3 (O.lAO 10 l 5.1 + 0.2 20 4.7 + 0.2 40 4.1 ± 0.1 80 3.2 ± 0.1 D = KBr (IAO 10 19.4 ± 0.4 20 15.6+0.4 40 11.3 ± 0.3 80 7.0 + 0.2 B = C4H10O, Ethyl ether (128, 129); at 250C, K' = 7.2 ± 0.2

B = Olive oil (3) 0 C g A/Iß K' ± 0.05 15 3.49 0.53 16 3.05 0.44 17 2.75 0.37 B = Sesame oil (174) C8H11N, Benzylmethylamine B = C4H10O, Ethyl ether (156) B = C8H10, Xylene (155) C8H11N, 2, 3, 4-Trimethylpyridine B = C7H8, Toluene (63) 0 C [A]B K ± 0.002 O 0.0580 0.060 10 0.0587 0.044 20 0.0588 0.037* 30 0.0594 0.034* 50 0.0596 0.0285* 70 0.0597 0.025* 90 0.0598 0.022* * ± o.ooi. C8H11N, 3, 4-Dimethylaniline B = C8H10, Xylene (155) C8H11N, Phenylethylamine B = C8H10, Xylene (155) C8H12N2O3, Veronal B = Olive oil (u 8 ); at 172O0C, K' = 0.115 + 0.01 for g A/kg (A + B) = 0.26 C8Hi4O4, Suberic acid B = C4H10O, Ethyl ether (21, 155)

C8H14O6, Diethyl tartrate B = C2H4Br2, Ethylene bromide (178) B = C6H6, Benzene (178) t = 2O0C g A/kg (A+ B) K' 10 5.4 ± 0 . 3 20 4.2 ± 0.1 30 3.6 ± 0.1 C8H17N, Coniine B = C4H10O, Ethyl ether (156); cf. (105); at 25 ± 0.50C, K' ± 0.3 = 5.6 for [A]B = 0.0011-0.0019; = 7.0 for [A]B = 0.0037-0.0074 B - C8H10, Xylene (155) t = 25 ± 0.50C [A]B K' + 0.3 0.001 6.0 0.005 7.8 0.01 10.1 B = Sesame oil (174) C8Hi8O4S2, Trional B = Olive oil (6, 108, us); cf. (121); at 17-2O0C, K' = 4.5 ± 0.4 for g A/Iß = 1.63.4 C9H7N, Quinoline B = C8H10, Xylene (155); at 25 ± 0.50C, K' = 17 + 2 for [A]ß = 0.0018-0.0094

C9H7NO, 8-Hydroxyquinoline B = C6H6, Benzene (52) C9H8O2, Cinnamic acid B = C8H10, Xylene (155) t = 25 ± 0.50C [A]B K' ±0.1 0.0005 3.0 0.001 4.5 0.0015 5.8 0.002 7.0 C9H8O4, o-Acety!salicylic acid (Aspirin) B = C4H10O, Ethyl ether (156) t = 25 ± 0.5 0 C [A]B K' ± 0.1 0.001 4.7 0.002 5.3 0.003 5.7 0.005 6.15 0.007 6.45 0.009 6.7 B = C8H10, Xylene (155) I = 25 ± 0.50C [A]B K' + 0.01 0.001 0.235* 0.002 0.280* 0.003 0.31 0.005 0.365 0.007 , 0.41 * ± 0.005.

C9H8O4, Homophthalic acid B = C4H10O, Ethyl ether (40) C9H9NO3, Hippuric acid B = C4H10O, Ethyl ether (156) t = 25 + 0.50C [A]B K' ± 0.01 0.0005 0.40 0.001 0.38 0.002 0.36 0.003 0.35 C9Hi0O2, Hydrocinnamic acid B = CHCl3, Chloroform (155) t = 25 + 0.50C [A]B K' + 0.2 0.0007 7.5 0.0010 8.4 0.0013 9.1 0.0018 10.0 B = C8H10, Xylene (155) t = 25' ± 0.50C [A]B K' ± 0.1 0.0015 3.0 0.003 3.9 0.005 4.3 C9HnNO, Aceto-o-toluidine B = C6H6, Benzene (48) C9HnNO2, Phenylurethane B = Olive oil (121); K' = 190 + 20, calculated from separate solubilities C9Hi3N, Benzylethylamine B = C4H10O, Ethyl ether (156) B = C8H10, Xylene (™*)

CgHuOe, Triacetin B = Olive oil (6> 108); at room temp., K' = 0.3 ± 0.05 C9Hi6O4, Azelaic acid B = C4Hi0O, Ethyl ether (21, 155)

C9HnNO3, Detonai B = Olive oil (U 8 ); at 172O0C, K' = 1.75 ± 0.1 for g A/kg B = 2.13-5.48 C9Hi9NO, Valerdiethylamide B = Olive oil (64); at 150R, K' = 5.8 ± 0.6 for g A/Iß = 13.4 C9H20O4S2, Tetronal B = Olive oil (6, 108); at room temp., K' = 4.0 ± 0.4 C9HoiN, Tripropylamine B = C7H8, Toluene (109); at 18 ± 0.0050C, K = 0.003 ± 0.0005 for [A]B =0.1 Ci0H8O, 0-Naphthol B = C6H6, Benzene ( 9 2); at 29 ± 0.50C, K' = 67 ± 5 for g A/Iß = 9.2-30.3 Ci0H9N, Naph thylamine B = C6H6, Benzene (48); at 250C, K' = 252 ± 10 for g a-A/b = 15.6-31.7; = 279 ± 10 for g ß-A/Is = 15.925.4 CioHiiNOs, p-Acetoxyacetanilide B - CHCl3, Chloroform (45.5) t = 25.O0C g A/Is K' ± 0.3 5 9.8 10 11.0 20 12.8 30 14.0 Ci0Hi4N2, Nicotine B = Sesame ou (174) Ci6Hi4N4O3, Ethoxycaffeine B = Olive oil (3); at room temp., K' = 1.75 ± 0.05 for g A/Is = 19.1 Ci0Hi4O, Thymol B = Castor oil ("«) B = Codliveroil(i46) B = Cottonseed oil (146) B = Linseed oil (146) B = Olive oil (146); K' ± 20 = 450 for g A/Iß = 45450, at 25 ± 0.050C; = 406 for g A/Is = 46-460, at 37.20C B = Peanut oil (146) B = Petrolatum (liquid) (146) Ci0Hi6O4, Camphoric acid B = CHCl3, Chloroform (155)

B = C4Hi0O, Ethyl ether (21, 166, 167); at 25 ± 0.010C, K = 0.0353 ± 0.0005 for [A]B = 0.041-0.065 B = C8Hi0, Xylene (155) Ci0Hi8O4, Sebacic acid B = C4H10O, Ethyl ether (21) Ci0Hi9N, Bornylamine B = C8H10, Xylene (155) Ci0Hi9N, Camphylamine B = C8Hi0,Xylene (155) Ci0Hi9NO3, Epronal B = Olive oil (US); at 172O0C, K' = 3.3 ±0.1 for g A/kg (A + B) = 2.57 CuHi2N2O, Antipyrine B = CHCl3, Chloroform (45.5) t = 25.O0C g A/Iß K' 10 17.6 ± 0.3 20 15.6 ± 0.3 40 12.4 ± 0.2 80 8.2 + 0.2 B = CHCl3, Chloroform (45.5) D = Aqueous solutions of H2SO4; Na salicylate t = 25.50C D = H2SO4 (IN) g A/IB K' 10 1.14 ± 0 . 0 2 25 1.16 ± 0.02 50 1.19 ± 0.02 D = NaC7H5O3(O.!^) 10 16.0 ± 0.3 20 14.0 ± 0.3 40 11.5 ± 0 . 3 80 7.6 ± 0.2 CuHiGN 2 O 2 , Pilocarpine B = Sesame oil (174) Ci 2 HnN 3 , p-Aminoazobenzene B = C6H6, Benzene (48); at 250C, K' = 3170 ± 100 for g A/Is = 28.4-36.6 Ci2Hi2Os, a-Keto-7-phenyladipic acid B = C4H10O, Ethyl ether (40) Ci3H20N2O2, Novocaine B = Sesame oil (174) Ci4Hi2O3, Benzilic acid B = CHCl3, Chloroform (155) t = 25 ± 0.50C [A]B K' ± 0.06 0.0003 1.27 0.0006 1.70 0.001 2.11 0.0015 2.54 0.0018 2.77 B = C4Hi0O, Ethyl ether (156) * = 25 ± 0.50C [A]B K' ± 1 0.001 17.5 0.003 24.3 0.005 27.5

B = C4Hi0O: 25 ± 0.50C.(Continued) [Ab ' K' ± 1 0.007 29.5 0.009 30.5 B = C8H10, Xylene («5) t = 25 ± 0.50C [A]B K' ± 0.02 0.0001 0.27 0.0004 0.49 0.0007 0.65 0.001 0.80 Ci6H22ClNO2, 0-Eucaine hydrochloride B = Sesame oil (174) Ci7Hi9NO3, Morphine B = CHCl3, Chloroform (H6) D = Aqueous C2H6O, Ethyl alcohol; mixture of 0.08 g morphine hydrochloride, C cm3 of H2O, D cm3 of alcoholand 10cm3of CHCl3 were shaken together, after which the layers were nearly equal in volume C D K 20 O 75 17.5 2.5 4 15 5 1 12.5 7.5 0.5 10 10 0.2 B = CHCl3 + CH4O, Methyl alcohol (mixtures) (105) D = Aqueous solution of K2CO3; equal parts CHCl3 and CH4O; 4Og K2CO3/50 cm3 H2O; at 25 ± 0.10C, K =0.15 ±0.02 for g A/Iß = 1.2-3.6 B = CHCl3 + C2H6O, Ethyl alcohol (mixtures) (105) D = Aqueous NaCl; CHCl3, 2 parts; C2H5OH, 1 part; NaCl, 35 g/100 cm3 H2O; at 25 ± 0.10C, K = 0.53 ± 0.05 for g A/Iß = 0.400.97 B = Sesame oil (174) CnHi9NO3.HCl, Morphine hydrochloride B = CHCl3 + C5Hi2O (mixture: chloroform, 3 vols. + amyl alcohol, 1 vol.) (i°5) D = Aqueous solution of NH4OH; at 25 ± 0.10C, K7 = 0.345 ± 0.03 for g A/Is = 0.70-1.42 Ci7H2iNO4, Cocaine B = Sesame oil (174) Ci7H22BrN, Methylpropylphenylbenzylammonium bromide B = CHCl3, Chloroform (176)

Ci7H23NO3, Atropine B = CHCl3, Chloroform (144); Cf. (105)

g A* 0.01 0.05 0.10 0.20 0.40 0.60

t = 250C K' ± 1 8.Of 17 23 30 37 39

* Per 15 cm3 soin. (A + B). t ± 0.5

B = Sesame oil (174) Ci8H2iN3O, Codeine B = CHCl3 (105) D = Aqueous solution of NH4OH; at 25 ± 0.10C, K = 0.0067 ± 0.0003 for g A/Iß = 2.40-5.63 B = C4Hi0O, Ethyl ether (ios) D = Aqueous solution of NH4OH; at 25 ± 0.10C, K = 0.94 ± 0.04 for g A/IB = 0.47-1.45 B = Sesame oil (174) C IgH34O2, Oleic acid B = Benzine ( 7 ^) D = Aqueous solution C2H6O, Ethyl alcohol

of

Ci9H24ClNO3(2H2O), Dionine B = Sesame oil (174) C20Hi4O4, Phenolphthalein B = C6H6, Benzene (137); K' = 13.1 ± 0.2 C20H20ClN3, Fuchsin (131, 132) B = C4Hi0O, Isobutyl alcohol t = 250C g A/Iß K' ± ? 0.018 24.0 0.103 4.3 0.620 1.94 B = C4Hi0O, Isobutyl alcohol (131,

132)

D = HCl, 7 M per 1 t = 250C g A/Iß K' ± ? 0.042 8.0 0.232 9.3 1.108 7.9 C22H24ClN3, Fuchsin new (Höchst) B = C4Hi8O, Isobutyl alcohol (131,

132)

t = 250C g A/Is K' ± ? 0.0125 6.5 0.600 2.1 5.700 1.8 C20H24N2O2, Quinine B = CHCl3, Chloroform (ios) D = Aqueous solution of NH4OH; at 250C, K is "very small"

B = C4Hi0O, Ethyl ether (i««) t = O0C g A/Iß K ± 0.05 5 0.66 10 0.53 15 0.40 B = Sesame oil ( 174 ) C2iH22N2O2, Strychnine B = CHCl3, Chloroform (H4) t = 250C g A/le K7 ± 1 1.7 25 8.7 61 41.5 64 B = Sesame oil (174)

C 211123NsOs, Strychnine nitrate B = CHCl3, Chloroform (144) * = 250C g A/Iß K ± 0.1 0.28 5.3 1.62 4.2 11.3 2.0 C2IH24N2O6S, Strychnine sulfate B = CHCl3, Chloroform (ios) D = Aqueous solution of NH4OH; at 25 ± 0.10C, K = 0.003 ± 0.001 for g A/Iß = 1.65-4.7 B = CHCl3 + C4Hi0O (Ethyl ether) (mixtures) (105)

D = Aqueous solution of NH4OH; at 25 ± 0.10C, K = 0.087 ± 0.002 for g A/Is = 1.4-3.3 C22H23NOy, Narcotine B = Sesame oil (174) C22H24BrN, Tribenzylmethylammonium bromide B = CHBr3, Bromoform (44) B = CHCl3, Chloroform (44) C22H24ClN, Tribenzylmethylammonium chloride B = CHBr3, Bromoform (44) C22H26NOe, Colchicine B = Sesame oil (174) C23H2eN2O4, Brucine B = Sesame oil (174)

C32H49NO9, Veratrine B = Sesame oil ("4); at 2O0C, K' = 12 ± 1 for g A/Iß = 13.9, calculated from separate solubilities

C34H47NOn, Aconitine B = CHCl3, Chloroform (ios) D = Aqueous solution of NH4OH; at 25 ± 0.10C, K = 0.017 ± 0.002 for g A/Iß = 3.2-5.6 B = C4H10O, Ethyl ether (ios) D = Aqueous solution of NH4OH; at 25 ± 0.10C, K = 0.140 ± 0.005 for g A/Iß = 1.2-3.1

MISCELLANEOUS TABLE The A-component (the distributed component) is a dyestuff or a material of unknown or indefinite composition.

Le constituant A (le constituant distribué) est une teinture ou une matière de composition inconnue ou non définie.

Alphabetical arrangement

Arrangement alphabétique.

Alcohols B = Fats (141) Aliphatic acids, mixtures of B = C4Hi0O, Ethyl ether (ios) B = Wines (103) Alkali Blue 6 B (Bayer) B = C4Hi0O, Isobutyl alcohol (131, 132) t = 250C g A/Is K' ± ? 0.105 13.3 0.212 14.0 0.425 14.1 Congo Red (Bayer) B = C4Hj0O, Isobutyl alcohol (131,

132)

t = 250C g A/Iß K' ± ? 0.0022 0.24 0.012 0.13 0.042 0.09 B = C4Hi0O, Isobutyl alcohol (131,

132)

D = 4M KOH/1 * = 250C g A/Iß K' ± ? 0.0024 0.36 0.010 0.23 0.060 0.13

Erythrosine A (Höchst) B = C4Hi0O, Isobutyl alcohol (131,132)

B = Ci4Hi0O.- (Continued) t = 250C g A/Iß K' ± ? 0.011 7.9 0.0234 2.2 0.063 0.14 Fuchsin, v. p. 432 Méthylène Blue B = C6H7N, Aniline (123) Méthylène Blue, D B = C4Hi0O, Isobutyl alcohol (131,

B = C4Hi0O, Isobutyl alcohol

B = C4Hi0O, Isobutyl alcohol

B = C4Hi0O.- (Continued)

(131,

132) 0

t = 25 C D = HCl (0.337V) gA/l B K'±-? 0.00227 7.1 0.043 1.45 0.268 0.88 D = KOH (0.003AO 0.018 4.5 0.070 2.8 0.500 1.67 Patent Blue (Höchst) B = C4Hi0O, Isobutyl alcohol (131,

132)

t = 250C g A/Iß K' ± ? 0.0010 0.24 0.375 0.17

132)

D = HCl (2AT) t = 250C g A/Is K' ± ? 0.0075 1.07 0.0224 0.60 0.192 0.44

Méthylène Blue, G (Cône.) (Basel) B = C4Hi0O, Isobutyl alcohol (131,

II componente A (ripartito tra i due liquidi) è una sostanza colorante o un prodotto di composizione sconosciuta o non definita. Ordine alfabetico.

132)

t = 250C g A/Iß K' ± ? 0.0052 0.76 0.054 0.30 0.108 0.24 (131,

Die A- Komponente (der verteilte Stoff) ist ein Farbstoff oder ein Stoff unbekannter oder unbestimmter Zusammensetzung. Alphabetische Anordnung.

132)

t = 250C g A/le K' ± ? 0.0043 2.7 0.050 0.64 0.156 0.34

Phenolphthalein, v. p. 432 Ponceau Crystal B = C4Hi0O, Isobutyl alcohol (131,

132)

g A/Iß 0.001 0.006 0.015

t = 250C K' ± ? 0.05 0.03 0.03

B = C5Hi2O,

Amyl

alcohol

(151)

Quinoline Yellow (Bayer) B = C4Hi0O, Isobutyl alcohol (131,

132)

t = 250C g A/Iß K' ± ? 0.018 1.6 0.200 1.7 0.964 1.5

B = C4Hi0O, Isobutyl alcohol (131,

132)

t = 250C D = HCl (ION) g A/Iß ] K' ± ? 0.036 5.5 0.390 6.4 2.030 6.4 D = KOH (1(W) 0.017 1.4 0.160 1.14 0.800 1.11 Rocelline (Basel) B = C4Hi0O, Isobutyl alcohol (131,

132)

t = 250C g A/Iß K' ± ? 0.0118 7.3 0.0736 2.4 0.300 1.7 Violet Crystal (Basel) B = C4Hi0O, Isobutyl alcohol (131,

132)

g A/Iß 0.017 0.104 0.820

I = 250C K' ± ? 19 5.3 3.35

NON-AQUEOUS SYSTEMS

A =I2 B = C B = C B = C

CCl4, Carbon tetrachloride = CHCl3, Chloroform (93) CCl4, Carbon tetrachloride = C3H8O3, Glycerol (93) CHCl3, Chloroform = C3H8O3, Glycerol (63, 72)

B = C4Hi0O, Ethyl ether C = C2H6O2, Glycol (93) B = C4Hi0O, Ethyl ether C = C3H8O3, Glycerol (63) B = C6H6, Benzene C = CCl4, Carbon tetrachloride (93) B = C6H6, Benzene C = C3H8O3, Glycerol (93) A = CH2O2, Formic acid B = C4Hi0O, Ethyl ether C = H2SO4 (5); also H2SO4+ NaCl A = C2H4O2, Acetic acid B = CHCl3, Chloroform C = C3H8O3, Glycerol (74)

B = C4H10O, Ethyl ether (no) C = Fused salts; CaCl2.6H2O; LiNO3^H2O A B = C B = C

= C2H6O, Ethyl alcohol C4H10O, Ethyl ether (no) = CaCl2.6H2O (fused) C6H6, Benzene (UO) = CaCl2.6H2O (fused)

A = C5H10O2, Valeric acid B = Benzine C = H2SO4 (60) A = C8H14O6, Diethyl tartrate

(178)

B = C2H4Br2, Ethylene bromide C = CH3NQ, Formamide A = Ci0H16O, Citral B = C2H6O, Ethyl alcohol C = Lemon oil (ios) ; at 25 ± 0.10C, KB = 0.07 ± 0.01 for g A/Iß = 27.533.4

LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) (M Abbott and Bray, I1 31: 729; 09. (2) Abegg, Fox and Herz, 93, 35:129; 3 03. ( ) Aiello, SOo, 124: 192; 21. (3.1 ) Allen and Middleton, Proc. Indiana Acad. Sci. 32: 153; 22. ( 3 -5) Angelescu, .BuZZ. soc. chim. Romania, 7: 72; 25. ( 4 ) Auerbach, 93, 37: 353; 03. ( 5 ) Auerbach and Zeglin, 7, 103: 200; 23. ( 5 -5) Bailey, 4, 127: 1951; 25. («) Baum, 277, 42: 119; 99. (?) Bell and Feild, 1, 33: 940; 11. (*) Berthelot and Jungfleisch, 6, 26: 396; 72. ( 9 ) Bierich, 278, 174: 202; 19. ( 1 O ) Bjerrum, 93, 118: 131; 21. 119: 39; 21. 137, 7: 66; 15. (") Böeseken and Waterman, 64P, 14: 608; 12. ^2) Bogdan, 9, 11: 824; 05. ( 13 ) Bogdan, 9, 12: 489; 06. ( 14 ) Brann, Diss., Wisconsin, 1914. ( 1 S) Bray, 7, 54: 569; 06. 0«) Brown, 00, 2: 51; 98. (^) Brown and Bury, 4, 123: 2430; 23. < 1 8 ) Bubanovic, 147, 2: No. 33: 13. ( 1 ^) Bugarszky, 7, 71: 705; 10. (20) Calvert, 7, 38: 513; 01. (20.5) Cavanagh, 5, 106: 243; 24. (21) Chandler, 1, 30: 694; 08. (22) Corliss, 50, 18: 681; 14. ( 23 ) Creighton, 143,180: 63; 15. (24)Crowell, ^, 40: 453; 18. (25) Cushny, 289, 40: 17; 10. (26)Dakin, Janney and Wakeman, 141, 14: 341; 13. (27) Dawson, 4, 79: 238; 01. (28) Dawson, 4, 81: 521; 02. (29) Dawson, 4, 81: 1086; 02. (30) Dawson, 4, 89: 1666; 06. (31) Dawson, 7, 56: 605; 06. (32) Dawson, 4, 93: 1308; 08. ( 33 ) Dawson and Gawler, 4, 81: 524; 02. (34) Dawson and Grant, 4, 81: 512; 02. (35) Dawson and Leslie, 4, 99: 1601; 11. (36) Dawson and McCrae, 4, 77: 1239; 00. (37) Dawson and McCrae, 4, 79: 493; 01. (38) Dawson and McCrae, 93, 26: 94; 01. ( 39 ) Dhar and Datta, 9, 19: 583; 13. ( 4 O) Dieckmann and Hardt, 25, 52: 1134; 19. ( 4 1 ) Donnan and Garner, 4, 115: 1313; 19. ( 4 2 ) Drucker, 7, 49: 563; 04. ( 4 3 ) Drucker, 9,18: 236; 12. ( 4 4 ) Drucker, 9, 18: 562; 12. ( 4 S ) Dubrisay, 34, 154: 431; 12. ( 4 s.S) Emery and Wright, 1, 43: 2323; 21. ( 4 «) Ephraim and Aellig, 37, 6: 37; 23. ( 4 7) Farmer, 4, 83: 1440; 03. ( 4 ») Farmer and Warth, 4, 85: 1713; 04. i 4 *) Fedorov, 53, 35: 639; 03. (50) Flürscheim, 4, 97: 84; 10. (Si) Forbes and Coolidge, 1, 41:150; 19. ( 5 2 ) Fox, 4, 97: 119; 10. ( 53 ) Fresenius and Grurthut, 91, 60: 457; 21. (S 4 ) Freundlich and Richards, 7, 79: 681; 12. (S4.s) Frumkin and Kulvarskaja, 93, 138: 278 ; 24. ( s s ) Garraud, Thèse de Pharmacie, Bordeaux, 1897. ( 5 6 ) Geliert, Diss., Budapest, 1914. 10, 4: 820; 22. (57) Georgievics, 7, 84: 353; 13. (58) Georgievics, 7, 90: 47; 15. ( 5 ») Gordon and Reid, 50, 26: 773; 22. («o) Gurvich, 53, 46: 401; 14. 7, 87: 323; 14. (6l) Halban and Hecht, 9, 24: 65; 18. (62) Hantzsch and Sebaldt, 7, 30: 258; 99. (63) Hantzsch and Vagt, 7, 38: 705; 01. ( 6 4 ) Harrass, Arch, intern, pharmacodynamie, 11: 431; 03. (65)Hendrixson, 93, 13: 73; 97. (66) Herz, 196, 15: 1; 09. (67) Herz, BIS, 190; 12. (68) Herz and Bulla, 93, 71: 254; 11. (69) Herz and Fischer, 25, 37: 4746; 04. (70) Herz and Fischer, 25, 38: 1138; 05. (7l) Herz and Kurzer, 9, 16: 240; 10. (72) Herz and Kurzer, 9, 16: 869; 10. (73) Herz andLewy, 9, 11: 818; 05. (7 4 ) Herz and Lewy, Jahresber, Schles. Ges. vaterl. Kultur, Naturw. Sekt.,

A = H3BO3

B = C6H12O, Amyl alcohol C = C3H8O3, Glycerol (74) The B-component is Acetone. The C-component is Glycerol («7). CH2O2, Formic acid C2HCl3O2, Trichloroacetic acid C2H3BrO2, Bromoacetic acid C2H2Cl2O2, Dichloroacetic acid C2H3ClO2, Chloroacetic acid C2H4O2, Acetic acid C2H4OS, Thioacetic acid C2H7N, Ethylamine C 2 HyN, Dimethylamine C3H4O4, Malonic acid C3H5BrO2, 1-Bromopropionic acid C3H6O2, Propionic acid C4H4O4, Fumarie acid C4H4O4, Maleic acid C4H5BrO4, Bromosuccinic acid C4H6O4, Succinic acid C4H6O5, Malic acid C4H6O6, Tartaric acid

C4H8O2, n-Butyric acid C4H8O2, Isobutyric acid C4H11N, Diethylamine C5H8O4, Glutaric acid C5H10O2, Isovaleric acid C5H11N, Piperidine C6H13N, n-Methylpiperidine C6H16N, Dipropylamine C6H16N, Triethylamine C7H6O5, Gallic acid C7H7NO2, Anthranilic acid C8H6O4, Phthalic acid C8H8O3, Mandelic acid CgH9NO3, Hippuric acid Acid phthalates of C2H7N, Dimethylamine; C3H9N, Trimethylamine; C 4 HuN, Diethylamine; C 5 HnN, Piperidine; C6Hi3N, n-Methylpiperidine; C6Hi5N, Dipropylamine and Triethylamine; C9H13N, Benzylethylamine; C8H19N, Diisobutylamine; C9H21N, Tripropylamine; C10H23N, Dusoamylamine

1906: 1. (75) Herz and Paul, 93, 85: 214; 14. (76) Herz and Rathmann, 9, 19: 552; 13. (77) Herz and Schuf tan, 7, 101: 269; 22. (78) Hill, I, 43: 254 ; 21. (79) Holde, 9, 16: 436 ; 10. (80) Isobe, Dm., Rigakushi. (8i) Jakovkin, 7, 18: 585; 95. ( 8 2 ) Jakovkin, 7, 20: 19; 296. (83) Jakovkin, 7, 29: 613; 99. («4) Jones and Hartmann, 78, 30: 295; 16. (85) Joyner, 93, 77: 103; 12. (86) Jüttner, 7, 38: 56; 01. (87) Keane and Narracott, 173, 34: 436; 09. (88) Kolosovskii, 28, 25: 183; 11. (89) Kolosovskii, 28, 25: 334; 11. (90) Kolosovskii, 27, 9: 632; 11. (9l) Kolosovskii, 28, 28: 257; 14. («) Kurilov, 7, 25: 419; 98. (»3) Landau, 53, 42: 377; 10. 7, 73: 200; 10. (» 4 ) Lasserre, Ann. inst. Pasteur, 21: 829; 07. ( 9 S ) Lewis and Storch, l, 39: 2544; 17. (»6) Lindner, 57, 33: 613; 12. (97) Linhart, l, 37:258; 15. (98) Linhart, l, 38: 1272; 16. (99) Linhart, l, 40: 158; 18. 10 ( O ) Löfman, 93, 107: 241; 19. ( 1 Oi) Lottermoser, 9, 27: 496; 21. ( 1 OZ) McCrae and Wilson, 93, 35: 11; 03. ( 103 ) Malvezin, 27, 5: 332; 09. 0<>4) Marden, 45, B: 315; 14. ( l o s ) Marden and Elliott, 45, 6: 928; 14. (!os.S) Menshutkin, 53, 41: 1089; 09. ( 1 Oo) Menzel, 7, 105: 402; 23. (!07) Meyer, #77, 46: 338; 01. ( 1 0 8 ) Meyer, 172, 7th, A2: 37; 09. ( 1 O^) Moore and Winmill, 4, 101: 1635; 12. ( 1 1 O) Morgan and Benson, ^,29: 1176; 07. ( 1 I 1 ) Morse, 7, 41: 709; 02. (i«) Müller and Abegg, 7, 57: 513; 07. ( 1 IS) Mylius, 93, 70: 203; 11. (i 14 ) Nernst, 7, 8: 110; 91. ( 11 S) Nernst and Hohmann, 7, 11: 352; 93. ("«) Nicholls, 173, 47: 506; 22. ( 1 ^) Noyes and Stewart, l, 32: 1133; 10. ("«) Odaira, 429, 1: 319; 16. ("») Osaka, 479, l : 93; 05. (120) Osipov and Popov, 53, 35: 637; 03. ( 121 ) Overton, Studien über die Narkose. Jena, Fischer, 1901. (l22) Pecsi, Diss., Budapest, 1914. 10, 4: 818; 22. l 1 * 3 ) Pelet-Jolivet, Rev. gen. mat. col., 13: 249; 09. O a«) Philip and Bramley, 4, 107: 377; 15. ( 12S ) Philip and Bramley, 4, 107: 1831; 15. ( 12 S) Pinnow, 91, 50: 154; 11. ( 1 2 7) Pinnow, 91, 54: 321; 15. (128) Pinnow, 279, 32: 257; 16. ( 12 9) Pinnow, 279, 37: 49; 19. 029.5) Pinnow, 279, 44: 204; 22. ( 1 3 O) Reichel, 205, 22: 149; 09. (131) Reinders, 55, 13: 96; 13. (132) Reinders and LeIy, 64P, 15: 482; 12. (!33) Riedel, 7, 56: 243; 06. ( 134 ) Riesenfeld, 7, 41: 346; 02. (13S) Riesser, 202, 96: 355; 16. (»36) Roioff, 7, 13: 327; 94. ( 1 S?) Rosenstein and Adams, /,35: 1883; 13. (138) Rothmund and Drucker, 7, 46: 827; 03. (l39) Rothmund and Wilsmore, 7, 40: 611; 02. ( 1 4 O) Sabalitschka, 25, 53: 1383; 20. ( 1 4 M Salzmann, 277, 70: 233; 12. (14*) Sapozhnikov, 53, 32: 375; 00. (i 4 3 ) Schreiner, 93, 122: 201; 22. (l 4 4 ) Seidell, Proc. Am. Pharm. Assoc., 58: 1031; 10. ( 1 4 5 ) Seidell, 434, No. 67; 10. ( 1 4 6) Seidell, 11, 48: 453; 12. ( 1 4 7) Sherrill, 7, 43: 705; 03. ("8) Sherrill, l, 29: 1641; 07. ( 1 4 9 ) Shilov and Lepin, 7, 101: 353; 22. ( 1 5 O) Sidgwick, Pickford and Wilsdon, 4, 99: 1122; 11. ( 1 Si) Sisley, 27, 27: 901; 02. O52) Skinner, 4, 61: 339; 92. ( 1 SS) Smirnov, 53, 38: 1172; 06. (i s 4 ) Smirnov, 7, 58: 373; 07. O55 ) Smith, 50, 25: 204; 21. O 56) Smith, 50, 25: 605, 616; 21. C 1 57) Smith, 50, 25: 721; 21. ( 1 SS) Smith, 50, 26: 256; 22. ( 1 S 9 ) Strömholm, 52, 66: 423; 02.

(160) Strömholm, 7, 44: 63; 03. (leo.S) Swift, l, 46: 2375; 24. (i**) de 25. (17l) Waentig and Pescheck, 7, 93: 529; 19. (172) Waiden, 25, 34: 4185; 01. (173) Walton and Lewis, l, 38: 633; 16. ( 1 7 4 ) Wamossy, Sziszkovski, 147, 2: No. 41; 12. 0«) de Sziszkovski, -J-47, 3: No. 3; 14. 164 (163) de Sziszkovski, 147, 3: No. 5; 14. ( ) de Sziszkovski, 147, 3: No. Magyar Orvosi Arch., 14: 384; 13. 10, 4: 824; 22. (l 7 S) Washburn and 10; 15. ( 165 ) Tanret, 27, 17: 497; 97. (les.S) Taylor, 50, 29: 995; 25. Strachan, l, 35: 681; 13. ( 17 6) Wedekind and Paschke, 7, 73: 118; 10. (177) Winther, 7, 56: 719; 06. (17») Winther, 7, 60: 563; 07. (i78.S) (166) Thorns and Runze, 25, 50: 1217; 17. (167) Thorns and Zehrfeld, 25, 50:1221; 17. (168) Treadwell, 37, 6: 744; 23. (169) Van Name and Brown, Woodman and Corbet, 4, 127: 2461; 25. (179) Wroth and Reid, 1, 38: 2316; 16. l2, 44: 105; 17. (170) Vaubel, 52, 67: 473; 03. (i70.S) Voznesenskii and Chmutov, 6S1 57: 343; (180) Knight and Hinshelwood, 4, 1927: 466.

P-V-T RELATIONS IN THE GASEOUS STATE FOR SUBSTANCES WHICH ARE LIQUID OR SOLID AT 0° AND 1 ATMOSPHERE F. G. KEYES VALUES OF pv Pressure in atmospheres, volume in liters per gram, unless otherwise indicated ^-Tables.—Elementary Substances As, Arsenic ( 5 > 7 > 22 > 28) Patm. 0.020 0.035 0.050 0.100 0.200 0.300 0.400 0.500 0.600 0.700 0.800 0.900 1.000 1.100

600°C| 0.275 0.272 0.269 0.259 0.242 0.231 0.223

700°C| 0.363 0.340 0.325 0.298 0.284 0.278 0.273 0.268 0.263 0.258 0.256

800°C| 0.420 0.394 0.376 0.342 0.324 0.316 0.310 0.304 0.300 0.296 0.294 0.292

Br, Bromine (**> Patm. I 700°C| 800°C| 900°C| 0.500 0.4987 0.600 0.49870.55320.6119 0.700 0.49870.55300.6115 0.800 0.49870.55280.6112 0.900 0.55240.6108 0.55200.6105 1.000 1.1000 0.6101 1.2000 1.3000 1.4000 Patm. 0.400 0.500 0.600 0.700 0.800 0.900 1.000 1.100

900°C| 0.492 0.458 0.437 0.393 0.357 0.347 0.340 0.335 0.332 0.330 0.328 0.327 0.326

1000°C| 1100°C| 120O0C

P, Phosphorus ( 7 > l*> 22, 28, 30) 0

0.593 0.549 0.496 0.434 0.411 0.399 0.389 0.382 0.376 0.373 0.371 0.370 0.369

0.712 0.613 0.534 0.498 0.474 0.457 0.444 0.434 0.426 0.421 0.418 0.414

0.900 0.777 0.674 0.626 0.596 0.576 0.558 0.539 0.522 0.507 0.494 0.484

15» *«» 19, 20, 21) 10QO°C| 110Q°C| 1200°C| 130O0C

0.6795 0.6779 0.6763 0.6747 0.6731 0.6715

I 50O0C I 80O0C I 90O0C | 1000°C| 1100°C| 120O0G 0.4857 0.5806 0.6906 0.5752 0.6835 0.6770 0.6735 0.6700

Patm. 1.200 1.300 1.400 1.500 1.600

0.7560 0.7530 0.7509 0.7492 0.7476 0.7461

0.8487 0.8423 0.9639 0.8382 0.9574 0.8360 0.9533 0.8343 0.8329

I, Iodine (*> 12, 13,17, 29, 31, 33, 34) I 50O0C I 80O0C I 90O0C | 10QO°C| 110O0C 0.2495 0.3725 0.2495 0.3718 0.4339 0.2495 0.3709 0.4313 0.5135 0.3698 0.4288 0.5083 0.6119 0.3684 0.4263 0.5034 0.6046 0.3665 0.4237 0.4987 0.5979 0.4212 0.4942 0.5918 0.4899 0.5862

120O0C

0.7240 0.7151 0.7065 0.6983

Patm. I 50O C I 60O0C 0.050 0.586 0.638 0.100 0.562 0.612 0.200 0.536 0.597 0.300 0.524 0.590 0.400 0.516 0.585 0.500 0.582 0.600 0.700 0.800 0.900 1.000 1.100

70O0C | 80O0C | 90O0C | 1000°C| 110O0C | 120O0C 0.787 0.860 0.701 0.818 1.012 .340 1.754 2.210 0.674 0.774 0.914 .156 .486 1.946 0.664 0.760 0.881 .084 .354 1.799 0.658 0.749 0.866 .044 .288 1.704 0.653 0.740 0.856 .020 .248 1.632 0.649 0.732 0.847 .004 .212 1.572 0.838 0.988 .194 1.520 .160 1.478 .140 1.440 .122 1.407 1.378

S, Sulfur (6> 7, 8, 9, 10, 17, 23, 28, 32, 34, 35)

Patm. 0.01 0.015 0.020 0.050 0.100 0.150 0.200 0.300 0.400 0.500 0.600 0.700 0.800 0.900 1.000 1.100

I 25O0C I 30O0C I 35O0C | 40O0C 45O0C | 5OQ0C 0.1835 0.2095 0.2560 0.735 0.1798 0.2071 0.2419 0.3220 0.475 0.731 0.2056 0.2355 0.3080 0.474 0.716 0.2304 0.2748 0.376 0.587 0.2283 0.2639 0.328 0.473 0.2276 0.2609 0.314 0.422 0.2590 0.306 0.393 0.2561 0.299 0.370 0.2532 0.295 0.360 0.2507 0.291 0.352 0.286 0.344 0.284 0.336 0.329 0.322 0.316 I 0.311

Patm. 0.050 0.100 0.150 0.200

I 55Q0C 0.954 0.781 0.674 0.604

I 60O0C I 65O0C | 85O0C | 95O0C | 102O0G 1.127 1.216 1.519 1.042 1.169 1.498 1.623 1.701 0.964 1.128 1.481 1.612 1.694 0.893 1.092 1.467 1.604 1.688

(160) Strömholm, 7, 44: 63; 03. (leo.S) Swift, l, 46: 2375; 24. (i**) de 25. (17l) Waentig and Pescheck, 7, 93: 529; 19. (172) Waiden, 25, 34: 4185; 01. (173) Walton and Lewis, l, 38: 633; 16. ( 1 7 4 ) Wamossy, Sziszkovski, 147, 2: No. 41; 12. 0«) de Sziszkovski, -J-47, 3: No. 3; 14. 164 (163) de Sziszkovski, 147, 3: No. 5; 14. ( ) de Sziszkovski, 147, 3: No. Magyar Orvosi Arch., 14: 384; 13. 10, 4: 824; 22. (l 7 S) Washburn and 10; 15. ( 165 ) Tanret, 27, 17: 497; 97. (les.S) Taylor, 50, 29: 995; 25. Strachan, l, 35: 681; 13. ( 17 6) Wedekind and Paschke, 7, 73: 118; 10. (177) Winther, 7, 56: 719; 06. (17») Winther, 7, 60: 563; 07. (i78.S) (166) Thorns and Runze, 25, 50: 1217; 17. (167) Thorns and Zehrfeld, 25, 50:1221; 17. (168) Treadwell, 37, 6: 744; 23. (169) Van Name and Brown, Woodman and Corbet, 4, 127: 2461; 25. (179) Wroth and Reid, 1, 38: 2316; 16. l2, 44: 105; 17. (170) Vaubel, 52, 67: 473; 03. (i70.S) Voznesenskii and Chmutov, 6S1 57: 343; (180) Knight and Hinshelwood, 4, 1927: 466.

P-V-T RELATIONS IN THE GASEOUS STATE FOR SUBSTANCES WHICH ARE LIQUID OR SOLID AT 0° AND 1 ATMOSPHERE F. G. KEYES VALUES OF pv Pressure in atmospheres, volume in liters per gram, unless otherwise indicated ^-Tables.—Elementary Substances As, Arsenic ( 5 > 7 > 22 > 28) Patm. 0.020 0.035 0.050 0.100 0.200 0.300 0.400 0.500 0.600 0.700 0.800 0.900 1.000 1.100

600°C| 0.275 0.272 0.269 0.259 0.242 0.231 0.223

700°C| 0.363 0.340 0.325 0.298 0.284 0.278 0.273 0.268 0.263 0.258 0.256

800°C| 0.420 0.394 0.376 0.342 0.324 0.316 0.310 0.304 0.300 0.296 0.294 0.292

Br, Bromine (**> Patm. I 700°C| 800°C| 900°C| 0.500 0.4987 0.600 0.49870.55320.6119 0.700 0.49870.55300.6115 0.800 0.49870.55280.6112 0.900 0.55240.6108 0.55200.6105 1.000 1.1000 0.6101 1.2000 1.3000 1.4000 Patm. 0.400 0.500 0.600 0.700 0.800 0.900 1.000 1.100

900°C| 0.492 0.458 0.437 0.393 0.357 0.347 0.340 0.335 0.332 0.330 0.328 0.327 0.326

1000°C| 1100°C| 120O0C

P, Phosphorus ( 7 > l*> 22, 28, 30) 0

0.593 0.549 0.496 0.434 0.411 0.399 0.389 0.382 0.376 0.373 0.371 0.370 0.369

0.712 0.613 0.534 0.498 0.474 0.457 0.444 0.434 0.426 0.421 0.418 0.414

0.900 0.777 0.674 0.626 0.596 0.576 0.558 0.539 0.522 0.507 0.494 0.484

15» *«» 19, 20, 21) 10QO°C| 110Q°C| 1200°C| 130O0C

0.6795 0.6779 0.6763 0.6747 0.6731 0.6715

I 50O0C I 80O0C I 90O0C | 1000°C| 1100°C| 120O0G 0.4857 0.5806 0.6906 0.5752 0.6835 0.6770 0.6735 0.6700

Patm. 1.200 1.300 1.400 1.500 1.600

0.7560 0.7530 0.7509 0.7492 0.7476 0.7461

0.8487 0.8423 0.9639 0.8382 0.9574 0.8360 0.9533 0.8343 0.8329

I, Iodine (*> 12, 13,17, 29, 31, 33, 34) I 50O0C I 80O0C I 90O0C | 10QO°C| 110O0C 0.2495 0.3725 0.2495 0.3718 0.4339 0.2495 0.3709 0.4313 0.5135 0.3698 0.4288 0.5083 0.6119 0.3684 0.4263 0.5034 0.6046 0.3665 0.4237 0.4987 0.5979 0.4212 0.4942 0.5918 0.4899 0.5862

120O0C

0.7240 0.7151 0.7065 0.6983

Patm. I 50O C I 60O0C 0.050 0.586 0.638 0.100 0.562 0.612 0.200 0.536 0.597 0.300 0.524 0.590 0.400 0.516 0.585 0.500 0.582 0.600 0.700 0.800 0.900 1.000 1.100

70O0C | 80O0C | 90O0C | 1000°C| 110O0C | 120O0C 0.787 0.860 0.701 0.818 1.012 .340 1.754 2.210 0.674 0.774 0.914 .156 .486 1.946 0.664 0.760 0.881 .084 .354 1.799 0.658 0.749 0.866 .044 .288 1.704 0.653 0.740 0.856 .020 .248 1.632 0.649 0.732 0.847 .004 .212 1.572 0.838 0.988 .194 1.520 .160 1.478 .140 1.440 .122 1.407 1.378

S, Sulfur (6> 7, 8, 9, 10, 17, 23, 28, 32, 34, 35)

Patm. 0.01 0.015 0.020 0.050 0.100 0.150 0.200 0.300 0.400 0.500 0.600 0.700 0.800 0.900 1.000 1.100

I 25O0C I 30O0C I 35O0C | 40O0C 45O0C | 5OQ0C 0.1835 0.2095 0.2560 0.735 0.1798 0.2071 0.2419 0.3220 0.475 0.731 0.2056 0.2355 0.3080 0.474 0.716 0.2304 0.2748 0.376 0.587 0.2283 0.2639 0.328 0.473 0.2276 0.2609 0.314 0.422 0.2590 0.306 0.393 0.2561 0.299 0.370 0.2532 0.295 0.360 0.2507 0.291 0.352 0.286 0.344 0.284 0.336 0.329 0.322 0.316 I 0.311

Patm. 0.050 0.100 0.150 0.200

I 55Q0C 0.954 0.781 0.674 0.604

I 60O0C I 65O0C | 85O0C | 95O0C | 102O0G 1.127 1.216 1.519 1.042 1.169 1.498 1.623 1.701 0.964 1.128 1.481 1.612 1.694 0.893 1.092 1.467 1.604 1.688

S.—(Continued) Patm. 0.300 0.400 0.500 0.600 0.700 0.800 0.900 1.000 1.100 1.200 1.300

I 55O0C I 60O0C I 65Q0C 0.528 0.787 1.037 0.489 0.719 0.996 0.464 0.674 0.960 0.448 0.639 0.925 0.433 0.610 0.892 0.421 0.587 0.858 0.409 0.566 0.826 0.400 0.549 0.798 0.389 0.532 0.771 0.380 0.516 0.750 0.734

Patm. I 500°C| 550°C| 0.010 0.206 0.251 0.015 0.197 0.248 0.020 0.190 0.245 0.035 0.179 0.234 0.050 0.172 0.223 0.100 0.188 0.200 0.300 0.400 0.500 0.600 0.700 0.800 0.900 1.000 1.100

[ 85O0C | 95O0C | 102O0C 1.447 1.584 1.675 1.434 1.574 1.664 1.426 1.566 1.657 1.420 1.416

Se, Selenium (5, 22, 2.8, 35) 600°C| 650°C| 700°C| 75Q0C j 8OQ0C | 85O0C | 90O0C 0.327 0.328 0.326 0.314 0.254 0.216

0.404 0.406 0.408 0.407 0.366 0.288 0.258 0.246

0.455 0.459 0.504 0.466 0.510 0.471 0.516 0.464 0.520 0.386 0.481 0.331 0.442 0.300 0.410 0.284 0.385 0.278 0.373 0.272 0.364 0.355 0.347

0.538 0.542 0.552 0.538 0.514 0.498 0.483 0.472 0.460 0.450 0.440 0.418

0.576 0.578 0.582 0.572 0.556 0.548 0.539 0.532 0.523 0.515 0.507 0.496 0.490

0.598 0.601 0.608 0.604 0.592 0.584 0.580 0.578 0.575 0.572 0.567 0.562 0.557

A-Tables.—Chemical Compounds H 2 O, Superheated steam (*» 2, 16, 16.5) Patm. I UO0C 12O0C I 13O0C 14O0C [ 15O0C 1.001.7231.7721.8191.8661.912 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9

1.720 1.717 1.713 1.710

1.769 1.767 1.764 1.761 1.759 1.756 1.754 1.751 1.748

1.817 1.815 1.813 1.811 1.809 1.807 1.805 1.803 1.800

1.864 1.863 1.861 1.859 1.857 1.855 1.854 1.852 1.850

1.910 1.909 1.907 1.906 1.904 1.902 1.901 1.899 1.898

2.0 2.5

16O0C 17O0C 1.9361.987

1.798 1.786

1.848 1.838

1.896 1.887

1.828 1.816

1.878 1.869 1.859 1.849

3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0

1.929 1.922 1.914 1.906 1.897 1.887 1.878

1.979 1.972 1.965 1.957 1.949 1.941 1.933

18Q0C

6.5

1.924

7.0

1.916

1.970

7.5

1.906

1.962

1850C

1.954 1.946 1.937 1.927

1.981 1.973 1.966 1.957 1.947 1.937 1.925

8.0 8.5 9.0 9.5 10.0 10.5 11.0

Patm. 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50 52 54 56 58 60 62 64 66 68 70 72 74 76 78

CH4O, Methyl alcohol (26) Volume in decaliters (101) per gram I 12O0C I 16O0C I 18O0C I 20O0C | 23O0C 0.099l 0.1107 0.0933*0.1204 0.129i 0.0944 0.1082 0.1192 0.128e 0.0883 0.105? 0.1179 0.1279 0.103l 0.1164 0.1272 0.090of0.100s 0.1089 0.1149 0.1263 0.0969 0.1064 0.1134 0.125s 0.093l 0.103? 0.1118 0.1242 O.O'SSs O.lOlo O.UOi 0.1229 0.082130.0986 0.1082 O.1216 0.094? 0.1062 0.12Oi 0.091l 0.104l 0.118s 22O0C 0.0872 0.101s 0.1169 0.109s 2250C 0.083i 0.0994 0.115i 0.107s O.UOi 0.0968 0.1132 0.105? 0.1082 0.0939 O.llls 0.103? 0.1062 0.090s 0.1092 O.lOle 0.1042 0.0874 0.1072 0.099s 0.1022 0.0834 0.105i 0.0969 0.10Oi 0.0794 0.1029 0.0944 0.097s 0.100? 0.091s 0.0954 0.098s 0.089l 0.0929 0.0959 0.0859 0.090s 0.082? 0.0876 0.0789 0.084? 0.074? 0.0816 0.069? 0.078l 0.0639 0.0746 0.069s 0.063s

| 24O0C 0.1313 0.1309 0.130s 0.1299 0.1292 0.128s 0.127s 0.1262 0.1249 0.123e 0.122l 0.12Oe 0.1189 0.117s 0.115? 0,114o 0.112s 0.110s 0.108? 0.1069 0.105i 0.1032 0.1014 0.099s 0.0974 0.095s 0.093l 0.090s 0.088s 0.085s 0.0830 0.08Oi 0.0770 0.0736 0.0699 0.0656 0.0605 0.0540 0.044s

Patm. I 2320C I 2340C 2360C [ 2380C | 2390C | 239.50G 280.11360.11460.11540.11620.116e 30 0.1119 0.112s 0.113? 0.114e 0.1149 32 O.UOi O.lili 0.112l 0.1129 0.113s 34 0.1082 0.109s 0.1104 0.1112 O.lile 36 0.1064 0.1074 0.108e 0.1094 0.1099 38 0.1044 0.1054 0.106s 0.107e 0.108l 40 0.102s 0.1035 0.1049 0.105? 0.1062 42 0.1002 0.1014 0.1029 0.103s 0.1044 44 0.0980 0.099s 0.1009 0.101s 0.1024 46 0.095? 0.097l 0.098? 0.099s 0.100s 48 0.093s 0.094? 0.096e 0.097? 0.0982 50 0.090s 0.092s 0.0942 0.0954 0.096o 52 0.0882 0.089s 0.091s 0.0932 0.093s 54 0.0854 0.0872 0.089s 0.090? 0.09U 56 0.082s 0.0844 0.086? 0.0882 0.089o 58 0.0794 0.08Ie 0.0839 0.085e 0.086s 60 0.0760 0.0785 0.080s 0.082s 0.083s 62 0.072s 0.0752 0.077s 0.0799 0.0812 64 0.0680 0.071e 0.0742 0.076? 0.078s 0.079s 66 0.062s 0.067s 0.0704 0.0734 0.0752 0.0762 68 0.0562 0.062e 0.0662 0.069s 0.071? 0.072s * At 10O0C.

t At 14O0C.

Patm. I 2320C I 2340C | 2360C 70O.05020.061l0.06 72 0.054s 74 76 78

| 2380C | 2390C 239.50C 570.06790.069
C2H4O2, Acetic acid ( 24 ) Patm. I 920C 0.04 0.06 0.08 O.ÌO 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.20 0.22 0.24 0.26 0.28 0.30 0.32 0.34 . 0.36 0.38 0.40 0.42 0.44 0.46 0.48 0.50 0.52 0.54 0.56 0.58 0.60 0.62 0.64 0.66 0.68 0.70 0.72 0.74 0.76 0.78 0.80 0.82 0.84 0.86 0.88 0.90 0.92 0.94 0.96 0.98 1.00

0.377 0.363 0.354 0.346 0.340 0.335 0.330 0.326 0.322 0.318 0.315 0.312 0.308 0.305 0.302 0.300 0.297 0.294

105.10C | 1180C | 132.90C 0.426 0.414 0.404 0.395 0.387 0.380 0.373 0.368 0.362 0.357 0.353 0.350 0.346 0.343 0.340 0.338 0.335 0.332 0.330 0.327 0.325 0.323 0.320 0.318 0.316 0.313 0.311 0.308 0.306 0.304 0.302

0.474 0.463 0.453 0.444 0.436 0.429 0.422 0.416 0.410 0.405 0.400 0.395 0.391 0.386 0.382 0.379 0.375 0.372 0.369 0.366 0.364 0.361 0.359 0.356 0.354 0.352 0.350 0.348 0.346 0.345 0.343 0.341 0.339 0.338 0.336 0.335 0.333 0.332 0.330 0.329 0.328 0.327 0.325 0.324 0.323 0.322

162.50C 183.75°C| 200°C| 240°C| 280°C|| 0.486 0.613 0.471 0.602 0.456 0.591 0.442 0.580 0.428 0.569 0.413 0.558 0.548 0.538

Patm. ÎÔ 11 12 13 14 15 16 17

patm. | 28O0C 26 0.443 27 0.432 28 0.421 29 0.409 30 0.396 31 0.381 32 0.364

147.60C | 162.50C | 184.10C

C2H6O, Ethyl alcohol (25) p 0.478 0.471 0.465 0.459 0.453 0.448 0.444 0.439 0.435 0.431 0.428 0.424 0.420 0.417 0.414 0.411 0.408 0.405 0.402 0.400 0.397 0.395 0.392 0.390 0.388 0.386 0.384 0.382 0.380 0.379 0.377 0.376 0.374 0.373 0.371 0.370 0.369 0.367 0.366 0.365 0.363 0.362 0.361 0.360

0.525 0.517 0.510 0.504 0.498 0.493 0.488 0.484 0.480 0.477 0.474 0.470 0.467 0.464 0.461 0.459 0.456 0.454 0.451 0.449 0.447 0.445 0.442 0.440 0.438 0.436 0.434 0.432 0.431 0.429 0.427 0.425 0.423 0.421 0.420 0.418 0.416 0.415 0.413 0.411 0.409 0.408 0.406 0.404 0.402

0.565 0.605 0.561 0.602 0.557 0.599 0.553 0.596 0.550 0.594 0.546 0.592 0.543 0.590 0.540 0.588 0.537 0.586 0.534 0.584 0.531 0.582 0.529 0.581 0.526 0.579 0.523 0.578 0.520 0.576 0.518 0.575 0.516 0.574 0.513 0.572 0.511 0.571 0.508 0.569 0.506 0.568 0.504 0.566 0.501 0.565 0.499 0.564 0.497 0.562 0.495 0.561 0.492 0.559 0.490 0.558 0.488 0.556 0.486 0.555 0.484 0.554 0.482 0.552 0.480 0.551 0.478 0.549 0.476 0.548 0.474 0.546 0.472 0.545 0.470 0.543 0.468 0.542 0.466 0.540 0.464 0.539 0.462 0.460

~

a t m

4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 t, °C

100 110 120

. I 130°C| 14O0C 150°C| 160°C| 170°C| 18O0C 19O0C 0.684s 0.708 0.734s 0.756? 0.778s 0.797s 0.666 0.695 0.722 0.746 0.768 0.788? 0.8157 0.633 0.67970.70970.735 0.758 0.78Os 0.808 0.661 0.69630.72330.747s0.77l70.800 0.681 0.71170.737 0.76270.791? 0.66170.699 0.726 0.75370.783s 0.633 0.68570.715 0.744s 0.774? 0.671 0.70330.73470.766 0.65230.69l70.724s0.7567 0.679 0.71370.747 0.66450.70250.737s 0.64630.69070.727 ^

2 I 3 0.646 0.67070.648 4 0.655

Patm. I 20O0C I 21O0C 5 0.834 0.851 6 0.827 0.845 7 0.8197 0.839 8 0.812s 0.833 9 0.8047 0.826 10 0.797 0.8195 11 0.789 0.8127 12 0.781s 0.8057 13 0.773 0.798s 14 0.765 0.7907 15 0.756 0.783 16 0.747 0.775 17 0.7377 0.7667 18 0.728 0.758 I 19 0.718 0.7495 Patm. I 5O0C I 78.40C [I patm. I 78.40C || yatm. [ 78.40C 20 0.707? 0.740? 0.02 ÖT268 ÖJLÖ 0.307 (TÏ8 0.289 21 0.696? 0.731? 0.04 0.246 0.341 0.12 0.302 0.20 0.286 22 0.685s 0.722s 0.14 0.296 0.22 0.283 0.06 0.235 0.325 23 0.673s 0.713 0.08 0.315 0.16 0.293 0.24 0.281 24 0.660? 0.703 25 0.647 0.693 Patm. I 162.50C |183.75°C| 200°C| 240°C| 280°C|| patm. | 28O0C 26 0.632 0.683 2 0 . 3 9 7 Ï 8 0 . 5 2 7 27 0.616 0.672s 3 0.357 0.437 0.487 0.607 19 0.517 28 0.597? 0.661 4 0.407 0.459 0.587 0.683 20 0.506 29 0.577 0.649 5 0.379 0.435 0.568 0.671 21 0.496 30 0.636s 6 0.413 0.550 0.659 22 0.485 31 0.622? 7 0.393 0.533 0.648 23 0.474 32 0.607? 8 0.518 0.636 24 0.464 33 0.591s 9 0.503 0.624 25 0.453 34 0.573

Patm.

16 17 18 19 20

180°C

190°C

0.67770.7167 0.663 0.705 0.646 0.6935 0.625 0.681 0.668

Patm.

21 22 23 24

190°C

0.654 0.6387 0.6217 0.602

I 22O0C | 2250C | 23O0C | 2320C | 2340C 0.858s 0.865s 0.875 0.883s 0.899? 0.853 0.8607 0.8707 0.879 0.8955 0.847s 0.8557 0.866 0.874 0.891 0.841s 0.850s 0.861 0.869 0.8867 0.8357 0.845 0.856 0.864 0.882 0.829s 0.839 0.8507 0.859 0.8767 0.823 0.833 0.845 0.853s 0.871 0.816s 0.827 0.839s 0.847s 0.865s 0.809s 0.820s 0.833s 0.841s 0.859s 0.8027 0.8137 0.827 0.835s 0.853s 0.795s 0.807 0.8207 0.829 0.847 0.788 0.800 0.814s 0.822s 0.840 0.7807 0.793 0.8077 0.8157 0.833? 0.773 0.786 0.800? 0.809 0.826? 0.765s 0.778s 0.794? 0.802 0.820 0.757s 0.771 0.786s 0.795 0.812? 0.749s 0.763 0.779 0.787s 0.805? 0.741 0.755s 0.771s 0.780 0.798 0.732? 0.747s 0.764 0.772s 0.790? 0.724s 0.739s 0.756 0.764? 0.783 0.715? 0.731 0.748 0.757 0.775s 0.707 0.722? 0.740 0.749 0.767 0.698 0.714s 0.731? 0.741 0.759 0.689 0.705s 0.723s 0.732? 0.751 0.679? 0.696? 0.715 0.724s 0.743 0.670 0.687? 0.706s 0.716 0.735 0.660 0.678? 0.697s 0.707s 0.726s 0.649s 0.669s 0.688s 0.698s 0.718 0.638? 0.660 0.679? 0.689? 0.709t 0.627s 0,650 0.670s 0.681 0.701

C2H6O.—(Continued) 0

0

0

Palm. I 20O C I 21O C I 22O C

~35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 Patm. I 2360C 5 0.903 6 0.899 7 0.895 8 0.890? 9 0.886 10 0.881s 11 0.876 12 0.870? 13 0.865 14 0.859 15 0.852? 16 0.846s 17 0.840 18 0.8333 19 0.8267 20 0.820 21 0.813 22 0.806 23 0.799 24 0.791? 25 0.784 26 0.776? 27 0.769 28 0.761? 29 0.754 30 0.746 31 0.738 32 0.730 33 0.721? 34 0.7133 35 0.705 36 0.696 37 0.687? 38 0.678? 39 0.669? 40 0.660 41 0.650? 42 0.640? 43 0.630s 44 0.619? 45 0.608s 46 0.597 47 0.584s

0.551

0.615 0.6023 0.588? 0.573? 0.557

0

0

0

225 C | 23O C | 232 C | 234°C"

0.640 0.630 0.6193 0.6083 0.597 0.585 0.572 0.557? 0.542 0.5233 0.500 0.469s

0.661 0.651? 0.642 0.632 0.622 0.612 0.601? 0.590? 0.5793 0.567s 0.554? 0.541 0.5253 0.506 0.482 0.445

0.672 0.662? 0.653 0.643s 0.633? 0.623? 0.613? 0.603 0.592s 0.5813 0.569s 0.556? 0.543 0.527? 0.510 0.488 0.456

0.692? 0.684 0.675 0.666 0.657 0.6473 0.637s 0.6273 0.617 0.606 0.5943 0.5823 0.569? 0.556 0.541s O.5203 0.506? 0.483s 0.452

I 2370C | 2380C | 2390C | 24O0C 2410C | 0.904? 0.906s 0.9083 0.910 0.911 0.912 0.901 0.903 0.905 0.907 0.908 0.9093 0.8973 0.8993 0.9013 0.9033 0.904? 0.906s 0.893 0.895s 0.897s 0.899? 0.901 0.902? 0.888s 0.891 0.893 0.895 0.897 0.898? 0.883? 0.886 0.888s 0.890? 0.892s 0.894 0.878? 0.881 0.883s 0.885? 0.887s 0.889 0.873 0.875? 0.878 0.8803 0.882 0.884 0.867s 0.870 0.872s 0.875 0.876s 0.878s 0.861s 0.864 0.866? 0.869 0.870? 0.872? 0.855s 0.858 0.860? 0.863 0.865 0.866? 0.849 0.852 0.854? 0.857 0.859 0.860? 0.842? 0.845s 0.8483 0.850? 0.852? 0.854? 0.836 0.839 0.842 0.844? 0.846s 0.848s 0.829s 0.832? 0.835? 0.838 0.840s 0.842 0.823 0.826 0.829 0.831? 0.834 0.836 0.816 0.819 0.822 0.825 0.827s 0.8293 0.809 0.812s 0.815s 0.818? 0.820? 0.823o 0.802 0.805? 0.808s 0.812 0.814 0.816s 0.795 0.792s 0.801? 0.805 0.807s 0.809? 0.787? 0.791s 0.794s 0.798s 0.800s 0.803 0.780s 0.784 0.7873 0.791s 0.793s 0.796 0.773 0.777 0.780s 0.784 0.786s 0.789 0.765s 0.769s 0.773 0.777 0.779s 0.782 0.758 0.762 0.765? 0.769? 0.772 0.774? 0.750 0.7543 0.758 0.7623 0.765 0.767s 0.742 0.7463 0.75O3 0.755 0.757? 0.760 0.734 0.738? 0.743 0.747? 0.750 0.753 0.726 0.730? 0.735 0.739? 0.7425 0.745s 0.719 0.7223 0.727 0.732 0.735 0.737? 0.709s 0.714 0.718? 0.724 0.727 0.730 0.700? 0.705? 0.710s 0.716 0.719 0.722 0.692 0.697 0.702 0.707? 0.711 0.714 0.6833 0.688s 0.693s 0.699 0.702? 0.706 0.6743 0.679? 0.6848 0.690 0.694 0.698 0.665 0.6703 0.676 0.681s 0.685? 0.689 0.656 0.661 0.666? 0.672s 0.676? 0.681 0.646 0.651s 0.657s 0.663 0.667? 0.672 0.636 0.641? 0.647? 0.653? 0.6585 0.663 0.625s 0.6313 0.6379 0.643? 0.649 0.654 0.614? 0.620? 0.6273 0.633? 0.6395 0.644? 0.603 0.609? 0.616s 0.6232 0.6293 0.635 0.591 0.598 0.605s 0.612? 0.619 0.625

Patm. I 2360C 48 0.571s 49 0.557? 50 0.543 51 0.526? 52 0.508s 53 0.487 54 0.460 55 0.425 56 57 58 Patm. I 243.10C 5 0.914 6 0.911s 7 0.908? 8 0.905 9 0.901 10 0.897 11 0.892 12 0.887 0 24213O" 0.881? 14 0.876 15 0.870 16 0.864s 17 0.858 18 0.852 19 0.846 20 0.839s 21 0.833 22 0.826? 23 0.820 24 0.813s 25 0.806? 26 0.800 27 0.793 28 0.786 29 0.779 30 0.771? 31 0.764s

I 2370C | 2380C | 2390C | 0.578s 0.585? 0.593? 0.602 0.564? 0.573 0.581? 0.590s 0.550s 0.559 0.568? 0.578? 0.534 0.545 0.5553 0.566 0.516s 0.529 0.541 0.552? 0.497 0.512 0.525? 0.538 0.475 0.492s 0.5083 0.522 0.449 0.470 0.489 0.504s 0.443s 0.467 0.485s 0.412s 0.443 0.465 0.418s 0.444s

24O0C | 2410C | 2420C 0.6083 0.614s 0.597s 0.603s 0.5853 0.592 0.573 0.580 0.560 0.567 0.545s 0.553s 0.530 0.538 0.513s 0.521? 0.495 0.504 0.475s 0.4853 0.4543 0.465s

244.350C 2460C || patm. 243.10C |244.35°C| 246°C 0.916? 0.920 32 0.757 0.761s 0.769? 0.914 0.918 33 0.749? 0.754 0.762s 0.911 0.915 34 0.742 0.746? 0.755 0.907 0.912 35 0.734? 0.739 0.747? 0.904 0.908? 36 0.727 0.73U 0.740 0.900 0.904? 37 0.719s 0.724 0.732 0.895? 0.900s 38 0.711? 0.716 0.724s 0.891 0.896 39 0.703? 0.708 0.716? 0.885? 0.891 40 0.695? 0.700 0.708? 0.880 0.886 41 0.687? 0.6923 0.700s 0.8743 0.880s 42 0.679s 0.684 0.692s 0.868? 0.875 43 0.670? 0.675? 0.684 0.862? 0.869 44 0.662 0.667 0.675s 0.856? 0.863 45 0.653 0.658? 0.666? 0.850s 0.857 46 0.644 0.649? 0.658 0.844 0.851 47 0.634s 0.640s 0.648? 0.838 0.844? 48 0.624s 0.631 0.639 0.831s 0.838s 49 0.614 0.621 0.629s 0.825 0.832 50 0.603s 0.611 0.619 0.818 0.825s 51 0.592 0.600s 0.608? 0.811s 0.818? 52 0.579? 0.589 0.597 0.804? 0.812 53 0.566? 0.577 0.585? 0.797? 0.805 54 0.552s 0.564 0.573 0.790s 0.798 55 0.536? 0.550 0.560 0.783s 0.791s 56 0.520 0.535s 0.546 0.776 0.784 57 0.501s 0.519? 0.531s 0.768? 0.777 58 0.481 0.502s 0.515s

Patm. 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19

C3H8O, Propyl alcohol (27) 180°C| 2OQ0CI 22O0C | 230°C| 24O0C] 260°C| 28Q°G 0.585 ; 0.576 0.607 0.639 0.655 0.670 0.699 0.726 0.566 0.599 0.632 0.649 0.663 0.693 0.722 0.555 0.590 0.624 0.642 0.657 0.688 0.718 0.545 0.582 0.617 0.635 0.651 0.682 0.713 0.533 0.573 0.610 0.628 0.645 0.677 0.708 0.521 0.564 0.602 0.621 0.638 0.671 0.704 0.509 0.555 0.594 0.614 0.632 0.666 0.699 0.545 0.586 0.606 0.625 0.660 0.694 0.535 0.578 0.599 0.618 0.654 0.689 0.524 0.570 0.591 0.611 0.649 0.684 0.512 0.562 0.583 0.604 0.643 0.679 0.500 0.553 0.575 .0.597 0.637 0.674 0.544 0.566 0.589 0.631 0.669 0.535 0.558 0.582 0.625 0.663 0.526 0.549 0.574 0.619 0.650 0.516 0.540 0.566 0.612 0.653

Patm. 20 21 22

220°C| 230°C| 0.505 0.531 0.493 0.522 0.481 0.512

24O0C | 250°C| 260°C| 270°C| 28Q°G 0.558 0.582 0.606 0.647 0.549 0.575 0.599 0.623 0.642 0.541 0.567 0.593 0.617 0.636

patm. 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59

C4Hi0O, Ethyl ether (3) I 220°C| 230°C| 24O0C | 250°C| 260°C| 270°C| 28O0C 3 0.468 0.501 0.532 0.559 0.586 0.611 0.630 Volume in cm per gram; the last figure given has relative significance only 0.453 0.490 0.523 0.551 0.579 0.604 0.625 0 0 0.479 0.514 0.543 0.572 0.598 0.619 Patm. I 2OQ C I 225 C I 25O0C | 2750C | 30O0C | 3750C 0.466 0.504 0.534 0.565 0.591 0.613 15 444.45 483.32 521.19 556.27 591.71 625.09 0.452 0.494 0.525 0.557 0.585 0.607 20 412.56 457.37 499.39 537.59 576.22 612.29 0.437 0.483 0.517 0.550 0.578 0.601 25 375.89 429.21 476.38 519.35 560.50 599.31 0.419 0.472 0.507 0.542 0.571 0.595 30 268.54 398.24 452.19 500.04 544.48 586.17 0.460 0.498 0.534 0.564 0.589 35 273.62 364.00 426.91 480.15 528.25 572.95 0.447 0.488 0.525 0.556 0.583 40 325.61 400.43 459.80 511.82 559.63 0.432 0.477 0.516 0.549 0.576 45 283.25 373.05 439.12 495.44 546.31 0.416 0.466 0.507 0.541 0.570 50 236.96 345.66 418.65 479.40 533.14 0.396 0.455 0.498 0.534 0.563 55 319.08 398.80 463.85 520.19 0.443 0.488 0.525 0.556 60 293.91 380.10 449.08 508.39 0.429 0.478 0.517 0.549 65 I patm I 15O0C I 1750C I 362.86 435.09 497.03 0.415 0.468 0.509 0.542 70 T^ »rut QA—AM nE; 352.92 420.07 486.33 0.399 0.457 0.500 0.535 356 96 75 JJ ' 2?'?5 335'62 410-35 476'29 0.380 0.446 0.490 0.527 80 399.46 467.31 25 308;13 0.434 0.481 0.520 85 I » 389.59 458.84 0.420 0.471 0.512 90 451.18 0 263.64 C 0.406 0.461 0.504 0.412 0.390 0.450 0.496 0.399 0.372 0.439 0.487 0.385 0.352 0.427 0.478 LITERATURE 0.369 0.328 0.415 0.469 (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) 0.351 0.298 0.401 0.459 (i) Battelli, 6, 26: 394; 92. (2) Battelli, 6, 3: 408; 94. (3) Beattie, l, 46: 0.328 0.388 0.449 342; 24. (*) Biltz, 7, 2: 920; 88. (5) Biltz, 7, 19: 385; 96. («) Biltz, 0.298 0.373 0.439 25, 34: 2490; 01. (7) Biltz and Meyer, 7, 4: 249; 89. («) Biltz and Premier, 0.260 0.357 0.428 67, 22: 627; 01. ( 9 ) Bleier and Kohn, 25, 33: 50; 00. . 0.338 0.418 (io) Bleier and Kohn, 57, 21: 575; 00. ( 1 M Bodenstein and Cramer, 9, 22: 327; 16. (12) Crafts and Meier, 25, 13: 851; 80. (13) Crafts and Meier, 0.318 0.406 34, 90: 690; 80. (^) Hittorf, 8, 126: 193; 65. (is) Jahn, 25, 15: 1238; 82. 0.293 0.395 (16) Jakob, 98, 06: 1980; 12. (ie-5) Knoblauch, Linde and Klebe, 414, 0.264 0.383 No. 21: 33; 05. (17) Krause and Meyer, 7, 6: 5; 90. 0«) Meyer, 25, 13: 0.370 394 ; 80. (1 » ) Meyer and Pziiblin, 25, 13: 405 ; 80. 0.356 (20) Perman, 5, 48: 45; 90. (21) Perman and Atkinson, 5, 66: 10; 00. 7, 33: 215, 577; 00. (22) Preuner and Brockmöller, 7, 81: 129; 12. (23) Preuner 0.341 and Schupp, 7, 68: 129; 09. (24) Ramsay and Young, 4, 49: 790; 86. (25) 0 0 I Patm. I 13O C I 15O Cl 0.325 Ramsay and Young, 62, 177: 123; 86. (26) Ramsay and Young, 62, 178: —~2 ^^ 0.309 314; 87. (27) Ramsay and Young, 62, 180: 137; 89. (28) Sainte-Claire

S g

î ° I *

498

!•£ °H

S:» '.:£

Deville and Troost, 34, 56: 891; 63. (29) Starck and Bodenstein, 9, 16: 961; 10. (30) Stock, Gibson and Stamm, 25, 45: 3527; 12. (31) Thiele, 93, 1: 277; 92. (32) Troost, 34, 86: 1394; 78. (33) Troost, 34, 91: 54; 80. (34) Troost, 34, 95: 30; 82. (35) Wartenberg, 93, 56: 320; 07.

COMPRESSIBILITY OF SOLUTIONS L. H. ADAMS The fragmentary nature of the recorded data makes it impossible to reconcile conflicting values, or to calculate true compressibility coefficients. The information is therefore given merely in the form of literature references. AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS Solute HBr HCl H2SO4 NH4OH HNO8 NH 4 NO 3

P '™ nge <>r0a*ge Lit. megabaryes C %-Table 18 18 (21) 1- 8 15-20 (21,22) 1- 8 17-22 (21,22) 1 18 (23) 1- 8 15-18 (21,22) 1 18 (23)

NH4Cl

1-

8

NH4Br

1-

8

0-22

(2,21,22,23)

18 (21)

a i , Solute

NH4I (NH4)2SO4 ZnSO4 Fe2(SO4)3 MgSO4 CaCl2 SrCl2 BaCl2 LiOH LiCl LiBr LiI Li2SO4

P, range u megabaryes T 8 1-300 1- 750 1- 8 1-850 1- 10 1 1-300 1- 8 1- 9 1- 9 1- 8 1

I1 range T., oo Lit. C 18 (2Î) 18-20 (io, 16, 21, 24) 15 (22,26) 15-18 (21,22) 15 (24,26) 0-20 (7,23) 0-20 (23) 0-20 (22,23,24) 18 (21) 14-18 (16,21) 14-18 (16,21) 18 (21) 18 (23)

çîiô

P, range T megabaryes 1 ì 9 1-950 1-300 19 1 18 1-300 1-900 1-900

bollite

LiNO3 NaOH NaCl... NaBr NaI Na2SO4 NaNO 3 Na2CO3 KOH

t, range ori ^t' O 14-18 (16,21) 15-18 (23,26) 0-20 (io, 16, 21, 23, 24) 14-18 (16,20) 18 (23) 19 (21,22) 14-20 (io, 16) 15-20 (10,21,26) 15-20 (21,22,26)

KCl

1-300

KClO3 KBr KI K2SO3 K2SO4 KNO 3 K 4 Fe(CN) 6 K2Cr2O7 RbCl CsCl Sea water

1 17 (22) 19 14-18 (16,21) 1-300 18-20 (io,2i) 1 18 (23) 1 18 (23) 19 14-18 (16,21) 1- 300 (24) 1 17 (22) 19 14 (16) 19 14 (16) v. infra ( 9 > 24)

C2H6OH (C2Ho)20 CH3COOCH3 CH3COOH CH2ClCOOH CHCl2COOH CCl3COOH Sucrose Urethane «-Methyl glucoside Casein Peptone

AA CCl4 CS2 CS2 CS2 CHCl3 CHCl3 CHCl3 CHCl3 C2H4Cl2 CH3COOH CH3COOH C2H5OH C2H5OH CH3COCH3 (C2He)2O C6HnOH C6H5NO2 C6H6NO2 C6H6NH2 C6H6NH2 C6H6NH2

0-20

(T-Table 1-1500 0-70 100-300 20 100- 300 20 1-275 25-35 1-300 25 1-290 25 1-270 25 1-1500 0-30 100- 300 20 1- 70 0-30 100-300 20 100-300 20

(7,10,16,21,23)

O0C I 4.970C I 9.970C | 14.960C | 19.96"°cT O 0.97560 0.97595 0.97660 0.97749 0.97862 200 .96672 .96731 .96815 .96919 .97042 400 .95840 .95919 .96019 .96136 .96270 600 .95056 .95153 .95268 .95397 .95539 Salinity: 38.525 parts per mille O0.969960.970410.971130.972090.97326 200 .96130 .96196 .96286 .96396 .96523 400 .95317 .95403 .95508 .95629 .95766 600 .94551 .94654 .94772 .94904 .95049 P

I

VOLUME AND COMPRESSIBILITY, /3 = ( — -T^ ) OF SEA WATER AT \Vo CLr/ O0C AND 35. ~~ SALINITY

(n,i3,14) (i«) (i«) («) (8) (8) (8) (i, 4,5,11,17,24,25) (i 9) (i) (15) (15)

NON-AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS £-Table P, range -o ti' range B mega* baryes C6H6 1- 600 25 CHCl3 1- 10 25 C2H5OH 1- 10 25 CH3COCH3 1-430 25 CH3COOH 1- 500 25 C2H5OH 1- 10 25 CH3COCH3 1-480 25 (C2Hs)2O 1-600 25 C6H6 1-600 25 C6H6 1- 450 25 C6H5CH3 1- 450 25 C6H6 1- 480 25 Resorcinol 1- 250 188-242 C5H11OH 1-1000 16-26 C6H5COOH 1- 250 150-212 C6H6 1-1000 16- 26 C6H6 1-360 25 C6H5CH3 1- 430 25 C6H6 1-520 25 C6H14 40 C6H6CH3 1-550 25

RELATIVE VOLUMES OF SEA WATER FOR DIFFERENT TEMPERATURES AND PRESSURES ( 13 > 19) See also Heck and Service, U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey, Spec. Pubi. No. 108 Salinity: 31.130 parts per mille by weight

P ' megabarye O 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000

.

9

V ' cm3/g (?) 7 2 6 4 .96819 .96388 .95970 .95566 .95173 .94791 .94421 .94060 .93709 .93367

1060

4

6

^ 4 45.0 43.6 42.3 41.0 39.8 38.7 37.6 36.6 35.6 34.7

LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) T.

Lit.

(6T" (7) (7) (20) (20) (7) (20) (6) (6) (20) (20) (20) (io) (3) (i O) (3) (20) (20) (20) (12) (2Q)

C1 ) Berkeley, Hartley and Burton, 62, 218: 295; 19. (2 ) Braun, 8, 31: 331 ; 87. (3) Carnazzi, 69, 9: 161; 05. («) Cohen and de Boer, 7, 84: 41; 13. (5) Cohen and Valeton, 7, 92: 433; 17. (6) Dolezalek and Speidel, 7, 94: 72; 20. (7) Drecker, 8, 20: 870; 83. (*) Drucker, 7, 52: 641; 05. («) Ekman, Die Zusammendruckbarkeit des Meerwassers, etc. Conseil permanent international pour l'exploration de la mer. Publications de circonstance No. 43. Copenhagen, 1908. (io) Gilbaut, 7, 24: 385; 97. (« ) Guinchant, 34, 132: 469; 01. (12) Keyes and Hildebrand, jf, 39: 2126; 17. ( 13 ) Moesveld, 7, 105: 450; 23. (14) pa_ gliani, 22,51: 777, 885, 937; 89. (i 5 ) Palitzsch, 1, 41: 346; 19. (i 6 ) Pohl, Diss., Bonn, 1906. (17) Quincke, 8, 41: 669; 90. (i « ) Richards and Chadwell, 1, 47: 2283; 25. ( î 9 ) Richards and Palitzsch, 1, 41: 59; 19. (20) Ritzel, 7, 60: 319; 07. (21 ) Roentgen and Schneider, 8, 29: 165; 86. 34: 531; 88. (22) Schmidt, 75, 114 Ila: 945; 05. (") Schumann, 8, 31 : 14; 87. (24) Tait, 68, 20: 141; 95. (25) Valeton, Diss., Utrecht, 1914. (26) Watson, 68, 33: 282; 13.



In all literature references cited in International Critical Tables the name of the journal or publication is indicated by means of a Key Number corresponding to the list given below. The numbers which follow this key number in a literature citation are, in the order named: (1) the volume, (2) the page, and (3) the last two figures of the year. Thus 64V1 31: 253; 22, indicates Verslag Koninklijke Akademie van Wetenschappen te Amsterdam, Vol. 31, page 253, 1922. Series numbers are not given. Key Numbers referring to books and other non-serial publications are preceded by the letter JE?, and the volume number is given in Roman numerals. Thus BlO, IV: 191; 18, indicates Doelter, Handbuch der Mineralchemie, page 191 of Vol. 4 of the 1918 edition. The Key Number O is used to indicate " priva te communication from."

Le nom du journal ou de la publication de toutes les références bibliographiques citées dans les Tables Critiques Internationales est indiqué au moyen d'un nombre-clé correspondant à la liste donnée ci-dessous. Les nombres qui suivent ce nombre-clé dans un renvoi bibliographique indiquent dans l'ordre suivant: (1) le volume, (2) la page, et (3) les deux derniers chiffres de l'année. Ainsi 64V, 31: 253; 22, indique Verslag Koninklijke Akademie van Wetenschappen te Amsterdam, Vol. 31, page 253, 1922. Les numéros des séries ne sont pas donnés. Les nombres-clés se rapportant à des livres ou à des publications non périodiques sont précédés de la lettre B et le numéro du volume est donné en chiffres romains. Ainsi BlO, IV: 191; 18, indique Doelter, Handbuch der Mineralchemie, page 191 du volume 4 de l'édition de 1918. Le nombre-clé O est employé pour indiquer "communication privée de."

DAS LITERATURVERZEICHNIS In allen Literaturstellen, die in I. C. T. verzeichnet sind, ist der Name der Zeitschrift oder der Publikation mit Hilfe einer Schlüsselnummer, entsprechend der unten folgenden Liste, angegeben. Die Zahlen, welche diesen Schlüsselnummern bei einem Literaturzitat folgen, bedeuten der Reihe nach: (1) der Band, (2) die Seite und (3), die letzten zwei Zahlen des Jahrganges. So bedeutet z. B. 64V, 31: 253; 22, Verslag Koninklijke Akademie van Wetenschappen te Amsterdam, Band 31, Seite 253, 1922. SerienNummern werden nicht angegeben. Der Schlüsselzahl wird ein B vorausgesetzt, wenn sie Bücher, oder eine andre nicht periodische Veröffentlichung bezeichnet. Die Bandnummer wird durch römische Ziffern angegeben. Es bedeutet z. B. also BlO, IV: 191; 18, Doelter, Handbuch der Mineralchemie, Seite 191, des 4 Bandes, der Auflage des Jahres 1918. Die Schlüsselzahl O wird gebraucht, um anzuzeigen, dass es eine " priva te Mitteilung" ist.

KEY TO THE PERIODICALS Data regarding the libraries which receive many of these periodicals may be found through the following sources : United States and Canada: "Periodicals Abstracted by Chemical Abstracts, 1926" (Chemical Abstracts, Ohio State Univ., Columbus, Ohio); "Union List of Serials in the Libraries of the United States and Canada, 1925-1927" (H. W. Wilson & Co., New York City); "A Catalogue of Scientific Periodicals in Canadian Libraries, 1924" (McGiIl Univ., Montreal, Canada). Great Britain: "A World List of Scientific Periodicals Published in the Years 1900-1921 " (Oxford Univ. Press, London, 1925). Holland: "Chemisch Jaarboekje tevens Jaarboekje der Nederlandsche Chemische Vereeniging, Vol. 3." (Amsterdam, D. B. Centen, 1920.) 1. Journal of the American Chemical Society. 2. Physical Review. 3. London, Edinburgh and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science. 4. Journal of the Chemical Society, London. (Memoirs of the Chemical Society; continued as Quarterly Journal; later Journal.)

INDICAZIONI BIBLIOGRAFICHE In tutte le indicazioni bibliografiche che si incontrano nelle "Tabelle Critiche Internazionali" il nome del giornale o della pubblicazione è espresso con un numero chiave riportato nell'elenco dato più oltre. I numeri che, nella citazione, vengono dopo il numero chiave sono disposti con l'ordine seguente: (1) il volume, (2) la pagina, e (3) le ultime due cifre del millesimo. Cosi 64V, 31: 253; 22, indica la Verslag Koninklijke Akademie van Wetenschappen te Amsterdam, Voi. 31, pagina 253, 1922. I numeri di serie non vengono dati. Quando un numero chiave è preceduto dalla lettera B si riferisce a libri o ad altre pubblicazioni non periodiche, e il numero del volume viene allora scritto in cifre romane. Cosi BlO, IV: 191; 18, indica Doelter, Handbuch der Mineralchemie, pagina 191 del IV0 volume dell'edizione 1918. Il numero chiave O indica " Comunicazione privata da . . . "

5. Proceedings of the Royal Society (London). A. Mathematical and Physical Sciences. 5B. Proceedings of the Royal Society (London). B. Biological Sciences. 6. Annales de chimie et de physique. (Divided into Nos. 14 and 16 in 1914.) 7. Zeitschrift für physikalische Chemie, Stöchiometrie und Verwandtschaftslehre. 8. Annalen der Physik. [Journal der Physik, 1790-1794. Neues Journal der Physik, 1795-1796. Annalen der Physik, 1799-1819; Annalen der Physik und der physikalische Chemie, 1819-1824 (Gilbert). Annalen der Physik und Chemie, 1824-1899 (Poggendorff, Wiedemann). Annalen der Physik, 1900(Drude, Wien and Planck).] 9. Zeitschrift für Elektrochemie und angewandte physikalische Chemie. 10. Tables annuelles internationales de constantes et données numériques. 11. American Chemical Journal. (Combined with No. 1 in 1914-) 12. American Journal of Science. (American Journal of Science and Arts, 1820-79; known also as Silliman's Journal of Science.)

13. 14. 16. 18.

Annalen der Chemie, Justus Liebig's. Annales de chimie. Annales de physique. Archives néerlandaises des sciences exactes et naturelles. Series IIIA (Sciences exactes). 19. Arkiv for Kemi, Mineralogi och Geologi. 22. Atti della reale accademia nazionale dei Lincei. (Rendiconti classe di scienze fisiche, matematiche e naturali.) 23. Atti della reale accademia delle scienze di Torino. 24. Atti del reale istituto Veneto di scienze, lettere ed arti. 25. Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft. 26. Berichte der deutschen physikalischen Gesellschaft. See also No. 96. 27. Bulletin de la société chimique de France. (Before 1908 was Bulletin de la société chimique de Paris.) 28. Bulletin de la société chimique de Belgique. (Before 1904 was Bulletin de l'association belge des chimistes.) 29. Bureau of Mines, Bulletins. 30. Bureau of Mines, Technical Papers. 31. Bureau of Standards, Scientific Papers. 31A. Bureau of Standards, Bulletin. 33. Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering. (Name changed JuIy1 1918 from Metallurgical and Chemical Engineering.) 34. Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des séances de l'académie des sciences, de l'institut de France. 35. Elektrochemische Zeitschrift. 36. Gazzetta chimica italiana. 37. Helvetica Chimica Acta. 38. Journal of the American Ceramic Society. 40. Journal of the American Institute of Metals. (Transactions of the American Brass Founders' Association, 1908-11; Transactions of the American Institute of Metals, 1912-16; Journal of the American Institute of Metals, 1917-18; discontinued in 1918 and incorporated with Bulletin of the American Institute of Mining Engineers; with No. 14$, 1919, this Bulletin became Bulletin of the American Institute of Mining and Metallurgical Engineers; with No. 104, 1919, name changed again to Mining and Metallurgy.) 41. Journal of the Chemical Society of Japan (Nippon Kwagaku Kwai Shi). (Name changed in /an., 1921 from Journal of the Tokyo Chemical Society.) 41B. Bulletin of the Chemical Society of Japan. 42. Journal de chimie physique. 45. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry. (Name changed Jan., 1923 from Journal of Industrial and Engineering . Chemistry.) 49. Journal de pharmacie et de chimie. 50. Journal of Physical Chemistry. 51. Journal de physique et le radium. (Formed from Le radium and Journal de physique, théorique et appliquée.) 52. Journal für praktische Chemie. 53. Journal of the Russian Physico-Chemical Society. (Chemical part.) 54. Journal of the Society of Chemical Industry. 55. Kolloid-Zeitschrift. (Formerly Zeitschrift für Chemie und Industrie der Kolloide.) 56. Mechanical Engineering. (Formerly No. 122.) 57. Monatshefte für Chemie und verwandte Teile anderer Wissenschaften. 58. Nature, London. 59. Nuovo Cimento. 60. Översikt av Finska Vetenskaps-Societetens Förhandlingar. (Discontinued with Vol. 64, 1921-22.) 62. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series A, Physical and Mathematical. 63. Physikalische Zeitschrift, vereinigt mit dem Jahrbuch der Radioaktivität und Elektronik.

64P. Proceedings of the Royal Academy of Sciences of Amsterdam. 64V. Verslag koninklijke Akademie van Wetenschappen te Amsterdam. 65. Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. 67. Proceedings of the Physical Society of London. 68. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. 69. Proceedings and Transactions of the Royal Society of Canada. 70. Recueil des travaux chimiques des Pays-Bas. 72. Rendiconti reale istituto Lombardo di scienze e lettere. 75. Sitzungsberichte Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien, mathematisch-naturwissenschaftliche Klasse. 76. Sitzungsberichte der preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften. 78. Transactions of the American Electrochemical Society. 79. Transactions of the American Institute of Chemical Engineers. 80. Transactions of the American Institute of Mining and Metallurgical Engineers. 82. Transactions of the Ceramic Society (England). 83. Transactions of the Faraday Society. 86. University of Illinois, Engineering Experiment Station, Bulletins. 87. Verhandelingen der koninklijke Akademie Van Wetenschappen te Amsterdam. 88. Verhandlungen der physikalischen Gesellschaft zu Berlin. See also No. 96. 89. Wissenschaftliche Abhandlungen der physikalisch-technischen Reichsanstalt. 90. Wissenschaftliche Abhandlungen der Kaiserlichen NormalEichungs-Kommission. (Now Reichsanstalt für Mass und Gewicht.) 91. Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie. 92. Zeitschrift für angewandte Chemie. 93. Zeitschrift für anorganische und allgemeine Chemie. (Name changed in 1915 from Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie.) 94. Zeitschrift für Krystallographie. (Name changed in 1921 from Zeitschrift für Krystallographie und Mineralogie.) 96. Zeitschrift für Physik. (Verhandlungen der physikalischen Gesellschaft zu Berlin, 1882-1898; Verhandlungen der deutschen physikalischen Gesellschaft, 1899-1902; Berichte der deutschen physikalischen Gesellschaft, 1903-1919; Zeitschrift für Physik, 1920.) 97. Zeitschrift für technische Physik. 98. Zeitschrift des Vereines deutscher Ingenieure. 112. Dinglers polytechnisches Journal. 117. Scientific Proceedings of the Royal Dublin Society. 122. Journal of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers. See No. 56. 128. Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences. 132. Anales de la sociedad espanola de fisica y quimica. 133. British Association for the Advancement of Science, Reports. 134,. Bulletin de l'académie des sciences de l'union des républiques soviétiques socialistes. (Formerly Bulletin de l'académie impérial des sciences de St. Pétersbourg; name changed in 1917 to Bulletin de l'académie des sciences de Russie; présent name dates from 1925.) 135. Chemical News and Journal of Industrial Science. (Name changed in 1921 from Chemical News and Journal of Physical Science.) 136. Chemiker-Zeitung. 137. Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskab, Mathematiskfysiske Meddelelser. 138. Societas scientiarum fennica. Commentationes physicomathematicae.

139. 140. 141. 142.

Ferrum. Journal of the Iron and Steel Institute, London. Journal of Biological Chemistry. Journal of the Society of Chemical Industry, Japan. (Formerly Journal of Chemical Industry, Japan.) 143. Journal of the Franklin Institute. 144. Mathematikai ès Természettudomanyi Ertesitö, Budapest. 147. Meddelanden frân K. Vetenskapakademiens Nobelinstitut. 148. Zeitschrift für die gesamte Kälte-Industrie. 149. Archives des sciences physiques et naturelles. (Bibliothèque britannique, 1796-1815; Bibliothèque universelle des sciences, belles-lettres et arts, 1816-1835; Bibliothèque universelle de Genève, 1836-1845; Supplément à la bibliothèque universelle de Genève. Archives des sciences physiques et naturelles, 1846-1847; Bibliothèque universelle de Genève. Archives des sciences physiques et naturelles, 1848-1857; Bibliothèque universelle, revue suisse et étrangère. Archives des sciences physiques et naturelles, 1858-1861; Bibliothèque universelle et revue suisse. Archives des sciences physiques et naturelles, 1862-1877; Bibliothèque universelle. Archives des sciences physiques et naturelles, 1878.) 151. Mémoires de l'académie royale des sciences de l'institut de France. 152. Carnegie Institution of Washington, Publications. 157. U. S. Department of Agriculture, Bulletin. 159. Science Reports of the Tôhoku Imperial University. Series I, Mathematics, Physics and Chemistry. 165. Bulletin internationale de l'académie des sciences de Cracovie. Name changed to Bulletin internationale de l'académie Polonaise des sciences et des lettres. 167. Jahresbericht über die Fortschritte der Chemie und verwandte Theilç anderer Wissenschaften. 168. Communications from the Physical Laboratory at the University of Leiden. 169. Annales de l'Institut Polytechnique Pierre-le-Grand, Petrograd. 170. Memorie della reale accademia nazionale dei Lincei. 172. International Congress of Applied Chemistry. 173. Analyst, London. 174. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. 175. Annales academiae scientiarum Fennicae. 176. Chemisch Weekblad, Amsterdam. 180. Anzeiger der Akademie der Wissenschaften, Krakau. 181. Travaux de la société de physique et de chimie de Kharkoff182. Proceedings of the Chemical Society, London. 185. Chemisches Centralblatt. 186. Bulletin de la classe des sciences, académie royale de Belgique. 187. Metall und Erz, Zeitschrift für Metalhüttenwesen und Erzbergbau, einschl. Aufbereitung. 188. Nachrichten von der königlichen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen. Geschäftliche Mitteilungen; mathematisch-physikalische Klasse. 190. Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie, Geologie und Paläontologie. 19OB. Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie, Geologie und Paläontologie, Beilage Band. 192. Metallurgie. (Divided into Nos. 139 and 187.) 196. Sammlung chemischer und chemisch-technischer Vorträge. 197. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 199. Le Radium. (Merged into No. 51 in 1920.} 201. Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society. 202. Zeitschrift für physiologische Chemie. 203. Archiv für Anatomie und Physiologie. Physiologische Abteilung. Merged with No. 278. 205. Biochemische Zeitschrift. 208. Physica, Nederlandsch Tijdschrift voor Natuurkunde.

213. Sitzungsberichte der mathematisch-physikalischen Klasse der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu München. 218. Naturwissenschaften. 221. Berichte über die Verhandlungen der sächsischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Leipzig. Mathematisch-physikalische Klasse. 233. Pharmaceutisch Weekblad. 238. Travaux et mémoires du bureau international des poids et mesures. 245. Zeitschrift für das gesamte Schiess- und Sprengstoffwesen. 250. Bulletin de la société française de physique. 271. Revue scientifique. 273. Berichte der deutschen pharmazeutischen Gesellschaft. See also No. 293. 277. Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine. 278. Archiv für die gesamte Physiologie des Menschen und der Tiere. (Pflüger.) 279. Zeitschrift für Untersuchung der Nahrungs- und Genussmittel sowie der Gebrauchsgegenstande. Zeitschrift für Untersuchung der Lebensmittel. 284. Journal of the American Pharmaceutical Association. 285. Journal of Mathematics and Physics. 287. Kolloidchemische Beihefte. 289. Journal of Physiology. 290. Journal of the Society of Dyers and Colourists. 291. Arbeiten aus dem Reichsgesundheitsamte. 292. Proceedings and Transactions of the Nova Scotian Institute of Science. 293. Archiv der Pharmazie. (Combined with No. 273 in 1924 to form Archiv der Pharmazie und Berichte der deutschen pharmazeutischen Gesellschaft.) 294. Mémoires de l'académie de Belgique. 302. Smithsonian Institution Publications. Miscellaneous Collection. 315. Mémorial des poudres. (Formerly Mémorial des poudres et salpêtres.) 316. Journal and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New South Wales. 317. Chemische Industrie. (Combined with No. 92 in 1921; separated again in 1923.} 318. Journal of the Indian Institute of Science. 319. Die deutsche pharmazeutische Zeitung. 320. Journal of Analytical and Applied Chemistry. Merged into No. 1 in 1893. 322. Schriften der Dorpater Naturforscher-Gesellschaft an der Universität. 324. Canadian Chemistry and Metallurgy. 325. Proceedings of the Royal Institution of Great Britain. 342. Annales de chimie analytique et de chimie appliquée et revue de chimie analytique réunies. 347. Pharmaceutical Journal and Pharmacist. 352. Milchwirtschaftliche Zentralblatt. (Name changed in 1912 from Milch-Zeitung.) 365. Bureau of Standards, Circulars. 373. Chemisch-technisches Repertorium. (Supplement to No. 136.) 378. Chimie et industrie. 382. Refrigerating Engineering. (Transactions of the American Society of Refrigerating Engineers, 1905-13; American Society of Refrigerating Engineers Journal; present name dates from JuIy1 1922.} 388. Översigt av Förhandlingar kongl. Svenska VetenkapsAkademien. 397. Gas- und Wasserfach. (Name changed Jan., 1922 from Journal für Gasbeleuchtung und verwandte Beleuchtungsarten sowie für Wasserversorgung.)

406. Monthly Weather Review. 410. Edinburgh Philosophical Journal, 1819-26; Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal, 1826-64; Quarterly Journal of Science, 1864-70; Quarterly Journal of Science and Annals of Mining, Metallurgy, Engineering, Industrial Arts, Manufactures and Technology, 1871-79; Monthly Journal of Science and Annals of Astronomy, Biology, Geology, Industrial Arts, Manufactures and Technology, 1879-85. 414. Mitteilungen über Forschungsarbeiten auf den Gebiete des Ingenieurwesens hrsg. vom Vereine deutscher Ingenieure. 416. Brennstoff-Chemie. 426. Acta Societatis Fennicae. (1839-1842, Commentationes Societatis Fennicae.) 427. Physikalische Berichte. (Beiblätter zu den Annalen der Physik und Chemie; Beiblätter united with Fortschritte der Physik and Halbmonatliches Literaturverzeichnis to form Physikalische Berichte.) 428. Repertorium für Experimental-Physik für physikalische Technik für mathematische und astronomische Instrumentenkunde. (Before 1867 was Repertorium für physikalische Technik für mathematische und astronomische Instrumentenkunde; also known as Carl's Repertorium.) 429. Memoirs of the College of Science, Kyoto Imperial University. (Before 1914 was part of Memoirs of the College of Science and Engineering, Kyoto Imperial University.) 448. Proceedings of the Fourth International Congress of Refrigeration. 451. Memoirs of the College of Engineering, Kyoto Imperial University. See No. 429. 452. Die oesterreichische pharmazeutische Post. 453. Proceedings of the Iowa Academy of Science. 461. Proceedings of the Royal Society of New South Wales. 462. Bulletin institut international du froid. 463. Société de physique et d'histoire naturelle de Genève. Mémoires. 464. United States Public Health Service. Hygienic Laboratory Bulletins. 465. Zeitschrift der deutschen Öl- und Fett-Industrie. 466. Repertorium der analytischen Chemie (Organ des Vereins analytischer Chemiker). See also No. 92. 467. Zeitschrift für Chemie. Leipzig. 468. Kungliga Svenska Vetenskapsakademiens. Handlingar. 472. Papier-Fabrikant. 474. Zeitschrift für komprimierte und flüssige Gase. 475. .Bulletin institut international du froid. 478. Bulletin de l'association des chimistes de sucrerie et de distillerie de France et des colonies. 479. Memoirs of the College of Science and Engineering, Kyoto Imperial University. Divided in 1914 into Nos. 429 and 451. 485. Teknisk Tidskrift. Upplaga C. Kemi och Bergs vet enskap. 487. Die deutsche pharmazeutische Zeitung. 491. Wochenblatt für Papierfabrikation.

495. Vierteljahresschrift für praktische Pharmazie. Combined in 1923 with No. 293. 496. Mémoires de l'institut polytechnique, Pierre-le-Grand, Petrograd. 497. Archiv for Pharmaci og Chemi. 498. Pharmazeutische Zeitschrift für Russland. 499. Archiv für Mineralogie, Geognosie, Bergbau und Hüttenkunde (Karstens). 500. Zeitschrift für das Berg-, Hütten- und Salinenwesen in dem preussischen Staate. 501. Mémoires couronnés et autres mémoires publiés par l'Académie Royale des sciences, des lettres et des beaux-arts de Belgique. Collection in 8vo. 502. Archives du Musée Teyler (Harlem). 503. Quarterly Journal of Science, Literature and the Arts. 504. Mémoires de l'académie des sciences de Russie. 505. Technology Reports of the Tôhoku Imperial University. 509. Archiv für Chemie und Meterologie. A section of "Archiv für die gesammte Naturlehre (Kastners Archiv)."

B3. Landolt-Börnstein, Physikalisch-chemische Tabellen. 5th ed. Berlin, Springer, 1923. B12. Friese, Das Porzellan als Isolier- und KonstruktionsMaterial in der Elektrotechnik. Klosterlausnitz, 1904. B13. Nernst Festschrift, 1912. B21. Abegg, Handbuch der anorganische Chemie, Leipzig, Hirzel, 1905B40. Shorthose, Thermal Properties of Methyl Chloride. Dept. of Scientific and Industrial Research, Food Investigation Board, Report No. 19, 1924. B50. Gmelin-Kraut's Handbuch der anorganischen Chemie. Heidelberg, Winter, 1906B51. Seidell, Solubilities of Inorganic and Organic Substances. New York, Van Nostrand, 1919. B57. Tammann, Krystallizieren und Schmelzen. Leipzig, Barth, 1903. B60. Fourth International Congress of Refrigeration Reports, Papers presented by the President. Leiden, Ijdo, 1924. B67. Jenkins and Shorthose, Thermal Properties of Ethyl Chloride. Dept. of Scientific and Industrial Research, Food Investigation Board, Special Report No. 14, 1923. B71. Mellor, Treatise on Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry. London, Longmans, 1922B72. Bunsen, Gasometrische Methoden. 2nd ed. Braunschweig, 1877. B81. Great Britain Challenger Office: Report of Scientific Results. Voyage H. M. S. Challenger, Physics and Chemistry. B82. Lunge and Beri, Chemisch-technische Untersuchungsmethoden. Berlin, Springer, 1910.

IMPORTANT NOTICE ANNUAL TABLES OF CONSTANTS AND NUMERICAL DATA CHEMICAL, PHYSICAL, BIOLOGICAL, AND TECHNOLOGICAL Published by an International Committee, under the authority of the International Research Council and the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry / "THE data given in International accessible source of reference to the JL Critical Tables are based upon de- original determinations. terminations published previous to JanThrough special arrangements made uary 1924. with the International Commission in In order to keep always up to date charge of Annual Tables, all purchasers with future progress in physical of International Critical Tables will be measurements, the purchaser of Inter- given special discounts on all purchases national Critical Tables should become of International Annual Tables, as a regular subscriber to International follows : Annual Tables, which will bring to his desk each year a volume in which he 1. Volumes I, II, III, IV, V (data for 1910-1922), cloth, !52.50 (regular price, $71.00). This reduction will find assembled and classified all of will be valid only till June 30th, 1928. the data which has appeared in the world's literature, for the year covered 2. 25% discount on Volumes VI to X inclusive, coverby the volume. ing the period 1923-1929. This reduction will only be valid for each volume during the period known Thus, Annual Tables, Volume VI, as the subscription period. will contain all the data published in the literature of 1923-1924; Volume 3. 25% discount on the index to Volumes 1-V3 which VII will contain the data published in will be published in 1928. the literature of 1925-1926; Volume VIII, the data to be found in the liter- These discounts apply only on subscripature of 1927, etc. . . . tions addressed to—For United States The older volumes of Annual Tables and Canada, McGraw-Hill Book Comgo back to 1910 and contain all of pany, Inc., 370 Seventh Avenue, New the original determinations published York City, For all other countries, Dr. C. during that period and which served Marie, 9 rue de Bagneux, Paris VI, as all or part of the basis of selection of France. the "best" values recorded in InterAll subscriptions should be accomnational Critical Tables. These older panied by draft or money order payable volumes thus constitute a handy and at New York or Paris.

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Table of Contents Volume IV Phase-Equillibrium Data—Systems Without the Vapor Phase Abbreviations, Symbols, and Conventions Triple Points, Transition Points and Melting Points at Ordinary and Low Pressures Introduction One-Component Systems Melting Points Known with a Probable Accuracy of ±0.05° Transition Temperatures

1 4 6 6 6 6 6

Effect of Pressure upon Melting and Transition Points; Volume Change on Melting and Transition; Directly Measured Compressibility- and Thermal Expansion-Differences Introduction Chemical Compounds, Part I Non-Metallic Elementary Substances Chemical Compounds, Part II C-Table: The C-Arrangement Diagrams Internal Pressure Mechanical and Thermal Properties of the Various Forms of Silica Crystallographic Symmetry Inversion Points Density Thermal Expansion Volume Change on Inversion Thermal Conductivity Elastic Properties Strength

9 9 10 11 11 13 16 19 19 20 20 20 21 21 21 21 21

Freezing-Point—Solubility Data: Systems Containing a Non-Metallic Element as One Component Two-Component Systems 1. Both A- and B-Components Are Elementary Substances.

22 23 23

2. The A-Components Are Elementary Substances; the B-Components Are Compounds Whose Key-Formulae Do Not Begin with 16

30

3. The A-Components Are Elementary Substances; the B-Components Are Compounds Whose Key-Formulae Begin with 16 4. Cryoscopic Data. Freezing-Point Lowering Three-Component Systems. Freezing-Point—Solubility Data for Systems Composed of a Metal and an Inorganic Compound

31 36 38 40

Freezing-Point—Solubility Data for Two- and Three-Component Non-Aqueous Systems Composed of Inorganic Compounds Only and Including All Systems Composed of Fused Salts

41

Abbreviations and Symbols Two-Component Systems Three-Component Systems Systems Containing Refractory Substances One-Component Systems Two-Component Systems Three-Component Systems Freezing-Point—Solubility Data for Systems Containing Organic Compounds Only Abbreviations and Symbols Arrangement Two-Component Systems CCl4 … C2H3ClO2

41 42 72 83 84 85 92 97 97 98 98 98

C2H3Cl3O2 … C6H3Br2NO2

107

C6H3Br3O … C6H6O2

118

C6H6O2 … C8H10

139

C8H10N2 … C57H110O6 Three-Component Systems Equations C-Table: Cryoscopic Data, Organic Solvents Freezing-Point—Solubility Data for Non-Aqueous Systems, Containing Both Organic and Inorganic Compounds Scope Arrangement Two-Component Systems: Inorganic + Organic Two-Component Systems: Fragmentary Data Three-Component Systems Cryoscopic Data Inorganic Solvents Organic Solvents Solutions with Two or More Solutes Solubility of Salts and of Strong Acids and Bases in Water Abbreviations and Symbols B-Table: Standard Arrangement Literature Solubility of Organic Substances and of Weak Electrolytes in Water Freezing-Point Lowering of Aqueous Solutions Symbols Inorganic Strong Electrolytes and All Salts A-B-Table: Solutions of One Solute

154 167 172 183 185 185 185 186 205 211 214 214 215 215 216 216 216 244 250 254 254 254 254

B-Table: Solutions of More Than One Solute Where at Least One of the Solutes is a Strong Electrolyte Non-Electrolytes, Weak Electrolytes and All Organic Compounds Solutions Containing One Solute Solutions of More Than One Solute

260 261 261 263

Effect of Pressure upon Transition Temperatures of Crystalline Hydrates, upon Freezing Points, and upon Solubilities Effect of Pressure upon the Transition Temperatures of Crystalline Hydrates Effect of Pressure upon Freezing Points of Solutions Effect of Pressure upon Solubility Literature References to Data on Other Salts

264 264 264 265 265

Freezing-Point—Solubility Data. Three-Component Systems Containing a Non-Metallic Elementary Substance Abbreviations A-B Table: Aqueous Systems Non-Aqueous Systems

266 266 266 268

Freezing-Point—Solubility Data for Three- (or More) Component Aqueous Solutions of Salts and Inorganic Compounds Scope of the Section Strong Electrolytes in Water: Data

270 270 273

H2O2SO4--K+ … Cl-NH4+K+

273

Cl-HPO4--Na+ … S--SO4--Na+

298

SO3--SO4--Na+ … SO4--B4O7--Na+

322

SO4-Al+++K+ … PO4 ---K+

348

PO4---Ca++ … AlO2-Na+ Strong Electrolytes in Water: Diagrams

370 382

Freezing-Point—Solubility Data for Three-Component Aqueous Systems in Which at Least One of the Two Non-Aqueous Components is Either a Weak Electrolyte or an Organic Acid, Base, or Non-Electrolyte 395 Freezing-Point—Solubility Data for Non-Metallic Systems Containing More Than Three Components Aqueous Systems Non-Aqueous Systems Osmotic Pressure Solutions in Water Mainly with Copper Ferrocyanide Membranes Osmotic Pressure of Colloids Osmotic Pressure of Electrolytes with Copper Ferrocyanide Membrane Molecular Weights Calculated from Osmotic Pressures at Various Dilutions The Properties of Surfaces: Surface Tension, Surface Energy and Related Properties Surface Tension and Capillarity: Symbols and Abbreviations Experimental Methods

424 424 428 429 429 430 431 431 432 433 433

Equations Tensile Strength and Angle of Contact Tensile Strength and Tensile Energy Angle of Contact Methods of Measuring Surface Tension Interfacial Tension for Solid-Liquid and Liquid-Liquid Interfaces Interface, Solid–Liquid Interface, Liquid–Liquid Abbreviations Interface, Water–Organic Liquid Interface, Aqueous Solution–Organic Liquid

434 434 434 434 435 436 436 436 436 436 437

Effect of Hydrogen Ion Concentration on Tension at the Interface Aqueous Phase–Organic Phase Interfacial Tension of Liquid Metals against Non-metallic Liquid Phases Interface, Organic Liquid–Organic Liquid Effect of Pressure on Interfacial Tension at 25° Surface Tension of Metals Surface Tension and Related Properties for Temperatures below 0°C Surface Tensions of Fused Salts above 200°C and Liquids above 360°C

438 438 439 439 439 441 442

Surface-Tension Data for Certain Pure Liquids between 0 and 360°C and for All Types of Solutions at All Temperatures Liquid-Gas Interface A-B Table C-Table: The C-Arrangement Surface Tension of Solutions Aqueous Solutions, One Solute Aqueous Solutions, Two or More Solutes Non-Aqueous Solutions, One Solute Non-Aqueous Solutions, Two or More Solutes Variations of Surface Tension with Age of Surface Effect of Nature of Gas at the Interface Properties of Thin Films and Surface Layers Films of Metals on Glass Surface Layers on Mercury Films of Insoluble Fatty Substances on Aqueous Solutions Transition Temperatures between Two Forms of Condensed Film Expanded Films Evaporation in Two Dimensions, “Gaseous” Films Films Absorbed at the Surface of Aqueous Solutions Soap Films Miscellaneous Literature References

446 446 447 448 463 463 470 470 474 474 474 475 475 476 476 476 476 476 476 477 477 478

INTERNATIONAL CRITICAL TABLES PHASE-EQUILIBRIUM DATA SYSTEMS WITHOUT THE VAPOR PHASE

I.

II.

III. IV. I.

SYSTÈMES SANS LA PHASE VAPEUR

PAGE

PAGE

Abréviations et symboles 4 Abbreviations and symbols 4 Systèmes à un constituant One-Component Systems I. Points triples, points de transition et points de fusion Triple points, transition points and melting points at à la pression ordinaire et à de basses pressions. ordinary and low pressures. A. Éléments non-métalliques 6 A. Non-metallic elements 6 B. Éléments métalliques Vol. I, p. 103 B. Metallic elements Vol. I, p. 103 C. Composés chimiques 6 C. Chemical compounds 6 II. Effet de la pression sur les points de fusion et de tranEffect of pressure upon melting and transition points; sition; changement de volume par fusion et tranvolume change on melting and transition; directly sition; différences de compressibilité et de dilatation measured compressibility- and thermal expansionthermique par mesure directe. differences. A. Toutes les substances non-métalliques 9 A. All non-metallic substances 9 B. Métaux Vol. II, p. 459 B. Metals Vol. II, p. 459 19 Internal pressure 19 III. Pression interne 19 Mechanical properties of SiO2. 19 IV. Propriétés mécaniques de SiO2 Systèmes à deux constituants Two-Component Systems Systems composed of liquid phases only Vol. Ill, p. 386 I. Systèmes composés uniquement de phases liquides. Vol. III, p. 386

Systems under Atmospheric Pressure (So-called Condensed Systems),

Systèmes à la pression atmosphérique (dénommés systèmes condensés) t points de congélation et données de solubilité II. Systèmes contenant l'état cristallin.

Freezing-point and Solubility Data II. Systems containing the crystalline state. A. Systems composed of metals only Vol. II, p. 358 B. Systems containing a non-metallic element 22 C. Systems composed of a metal and an inorganic compound 40 NON-AQUEOUS SYSTEMS D. Both components are chemical compounds whose key formulae do not begin with 16, or one or both compounds are salts (except compounds under [E]) 41 E. One or both components are high-melting oxides or other refractory substances 83 F. Both components are chemical compounds whose key formulae begin with 16 (except systems in which both components are salts, for which see [D]) G. Both components are chemical compounds. The key formula of one begins with 16, that of the other does not begin with 16 (except systems in which both components are salts, for which see [D]) AQUEOUS SYSTEMS H. Salts, strong acids and strong bases. 1. Solubility 2. Freezing-point lowering I. Organic compounds, weak acids and weak bases. 1. Solubility 2. Freezing-point lowering

A. Systèmes composés uniquement de métaux Vol. II, p. 358 B. Systèmes contenant un élément non-métallique.. 22 C. Systèmes composés d'un métal et d'un composé inorganique 40 SYSTÈMES NON-AQUEUX D. Les deux constituants sont des composés chimiques dont la formule clé ne commence pas par 16, ou l'un seulement ou tous les deux sont des sels (à l'exception des composés sous [E]) 41 E. L'un des constituants ou tous les deux sont des oxydes à point de fusion élevé ou d'autres substances réfractaires 83 F. Leg deux constituants sont des composés chimiques dont la formule clé commence par 16 (à l'exception des systèmes dans lesquels les deux constituants sont des sels; pour ceux-ci voir [D]) 97 G. Les deux constituants sont des composés chimiques. La formule clé de l'un commence par 16, celle de l'autre ne commence pas par 16 (à l'exception des systèmes dans lesquels les deux constituants sont des sels; pour ceux-ci voir [D]). 185 SYSTÈMES AQUEUX H. Sels, acides et bases forts. 1. Solubilité 216 2. Abaissement du point de congélation 254 I. Composés organiques, acides et bases faibles. 1. Solubilité 250 2. Abaissement du point de congélation 261

97

185

216 254 250 261 L

Systems under Pressures Higher Than Atmospheric

Systèmes à des pressions supérieures à la pression atmosphérique PAGE

III. Effect of pressure upon transition temperatures of crystalline hydrates, upon freezing points and upon solubilities

264

PAGE

III. Effet de la pression sur les températures de transition des hydrates crystallines, sur les points de congélation et sur les solubilités

264

Systèmes à trois constituants

Three-Component Systems Vol. Ill, p. 398 Vol. Ill, p. 418

I. Systèmes composés uniquement de phases liquides. A. Rapports de miscibilité Vol. III, p. 398 B. Coefficients de distribution Vol. III, p. 418

Systems under Atmospheric Pressure (So-called Condensed Systems), Freezing-point and Solubility Data

Systèmes à la pression atmosphérique (dénommés systèmes condensés), points de congélation et données de solubilité

II. Systems containing the crystalline state. A. All systems containing iron or containing two or more metals Vol. II, p. 358 B. All systems containing only one metal (except systems containing iron) 22 C. All non-metallic systems containing one or more non-metallic elementary substances 266

II. Systèmes contenant l'état cristallin. A. Tous les systèmes contenant le fer ou contenant deux ou plusieurs métaux Vol. II, p. 358 B. Tous les systèmes contenant seulement un métal (à l'exception des systèmes contenant le fer)... 22 C. Tous les systèmes non-métalliques contenant une or plusieurs substances élémentaires nonmétalliques 266

I. Systems composed of liquid phases only. A. Miscibility relations B. Distribution coefficients

SYSTÈMES NON-AQUEUX

NON-AQUEOUS SYSTEMS D. All components are salts or are chemical compounds whose key formulae do not begin with 16 (except systems under [E]) E. All components are oxides, at least one of which has a high melting point F. All components are chemical compounds whose key formulae begin with 16 (except systems where all components are salts, for which see [D]) G. The key formulae of not more than two of the components begin with 16

41 83

97 185

AQUEOUS SYSTEMS—SOLUBILITIES H. Salts; strong acids and bases; compounds whose key formulae do not begin with 16 I. All systems not included in [H] except systems containing elementary substances, for which see [C]

D. Tous les constituants sont des sels ou sont des composés chimiques, dont la formule clé ne commence pas par 16, (à l'exception des systèmes sous [E]) E. Tous les constituants sont des oxydes dont l'un au moins possède un point de fusion élevé F. Tous les constituants sont des composés chimiques dont la formule clé commence par 16 (à l'exception des systèmes où tous les constituants sont des sels; pour ceux-ci, voir [D]) G. La formule clé de deux constituants au plus commence par 16

41 83

97 185

SYSTÈMES AQUEUX—SOLUBILITÉS 270

395

AQUEOUS SYSTEMS—FREEZING-POINT LOWERING

H. Sels; acides et bases forts; composés dont la formule clé ne commence pas par 16 I. Tous les systèmes non inclus dans [H], à l'exception des systèmes contenant des substances élémentaires; pour ceux-ci, voir [C]

270

395

SYSTÈMES AQUEUX—ABAISSEMENT DU POINT DE CONGÉLATION

J. All systems containing only salts or compounds whose key formulae do not begin with 16

260

K. All systems not included in [J]

263

J. Tous les systèmes ne contenant que des sels ou des composés dont la formule clé ne commence pas par 16 K. Tous les systèmes non inclus en [J]

260 263

Systems of More than Three Components, Freezing-point and Solubility Data

Systèmes ayant plus de trois constituants, points de congélation et données de solubilité

A. All systems containing iron or containing two or more metals Vol. II, p. 358 B. Aqueous solutions containing one or more strong electrolytes. 1. Solubilities 270 2. Freezing-point lowering 254 C. Aqueous solutions of weak or non-electrolytes. 1. Solubilities 424

A. Tous les systèmes contenant le fer ou contenant deux ou plusieurs métaux Vol. II, p. 358 B. Solutions aqueuses contenant un ou plusieurs electrolytes forts. 1. Solubilités 270 2. Abaissement du point de congélation 254 C. Solutions aqueuses d'électrolytes faibles ou de non-électrolytes. 1. Solubilités 424 D. Tous les systèmes contenant seulement des oxydes non-métalliques 83 E. Tous les autres systèmes 424

D. All systems containing only non-metallic oxides.. E. All other systems

83 424

SYSTEME OHNE DAMPFPHASE

PAGE

Abkürzungen und Symbole 4 Einkomponenten Systeme I. Dreiphasenpunkte, "Umwandlungspunkte" und Schmelzpunkte bei gewöhnlichen oder niedrigeren Drucke. A. Nichtmetallische Elemente 6 B. Metallische Elemente Bd. I, S. 103 C. Chemische Verbindungen 6 II. Einfmss des Druckes auf die Schmelz- und "Umwandlungs-" Punkte. Volumänderung beim Schmelzen und bei der Umwandlung; direkt gemessene Kompressibilitäts- und Wärmeausdehnungsunterschiede. A. Nichtmetallische Stoffe 9 B. Metalle Bd. II, S. 459 III. Binnendruck 19 IV. Mechanische Eigenschaften von SiO2 19 Zweikomponenten Systeme I. Systeme die nur flüssige Phasen enthalten.. . Bd. Ill, S. 386 Systeme unter atmosphärischem Drucke (sogenannte kondensierten Systeme), Gefrierpunkts—Löslichkeits-Daten II. Systeme mit kristallinen Phasen. A. Metallische Systeme Bd. II, S. 358 B. Systeme die mindestens ein nichtmetallisches Element enthalten 22 C. Systeme mit einem Metall und einer anorgani40 schen Verbindung NICHTWÄSSERIGE SYSTEME D. Beide Komponenten sind chemische Verbindungen deren Schlüsselformeln nicht mit 16 beginnen; oder, eine oder beide Verbindungen sind Salze (ausgenommen der Systeme unter [E]) 41 E. Mindestens eine Komponente ist ein hochschmelzendes Oxyd oder andere feuerfeste Substanz.. 83 F. Beide Komponenten sind chemische Verbindungen deren Schlüsselformeln mit 16 beginnen (ausser Systeme die ein oder zwei Salze ent97 halten. Siehe oben unter [D]) G. Beide Komponenten sind chemische Verbindungen. Die Schlüsselformel der einen beginnt mit 16, diejenige der anderen beginnt nicht mit 16 (ausser Systeme die zwei Salze enthalten. Siehe oben unter [D]) 185 WÄSSERIGE SYSTEME H. Salze, starke Säuren und starke Basen. 1. Löslichkeit 216 2. Gefrierpunktserniedrigungen 254 I. Organische Verbindungen, schwache Säuren und schwache Basen. 1. Löslichkeit 250 2. Gefrierpunktserniedrigungen 261 Systeme unter Drucken grosser als ein Atmosphäre III. Einfluss des Druckes auf die Umwandlungstemperatur kristallinischer Hydrate, auf Gefrierpunkten und auf Löslichkeiten 264 Dreikomponenten Systeme I. Systeme die nur flüssige Phasen enthalten. A. Mischungsverhältnisse Bd. Ill, S. 398 B. Verteilungskoeffizienten Bd. Ill, S. 418

SISTEMI SENZA FASE GASSOSA

PAGE Abbreviazioni e simboli 4 Sistemi ad un componente L Punto triplo, punto di trasformazione e punto di fusione a pressione ordinaria e più bassa dell' ordinaria. A. Elementi non metallici 6 B. Elementi metallici Vol. I, p. 103 C. Composti 6 II. Influenza della pressione sul punto di fusione e di trasformazione; variazioni di volume che accompagnano la fusione e la trasformazione; differenza di compressibilità e di espansione termica misurata direttamente. A. Tutte le sostanze non metalliche 9 B. Metalli Voi. II, p. 459 III. Pressione interna 19 IV. Proprietà meccaniche di SiO2 19 Sistemi a due componenti I. Sistemi costituiti soltanto di fasi liquide ... Vol. Ill, p. 386 Sistemi alla pressione atmosferica (cosidetti sistemi condensati), dati di solubilità e punti di congelamento II. Sistemi con fasi cristalline. A. Sistemi metallici Voi. II, p. 358 B. Sistemi che contengono almeno un elemento non metallico 22 C. Sistemi con un metallo ed un composto inorganico. 40 SISTEMI NON ACQUOSI D. Ambedue i componenti sono composti la cui formula chiave non comincia con 16; oppure uno o tutti e due i componenti sono sali (eccettuati i composti contenuti in [E]) E. Un solo componente o entrambi sono ossidi difficilmente fusibili o sostanze resistenti al calore. F. Ambedue i componenti sono composti la cui formula chiave comincia con 16 (eccetto i sistemi con i due componenti di natura salina. Per essi vedi [D]) G. Ambedue i componenti sono composti. La formula chiave di uno comincia con 16 mentre quella dell'altro non comincia con 16 (eccetto i sistemi con entrambi i componenti salini, per i quali vedi I'D}) SISTEMI ACQUOSI H. Sali, acidi e basi forti. 1. Solubilità 2. Abbassamento del punto di congelamento . . . . I. Composti organici, acidi e basi deboli. 1. Solubilità 2. Abbassamento del punto di congelamento

41 83

97

185

216 254 250 261

Sistemi sotto pressioni superiori ad una atmosfera III. Influenza della pressione sui punti di trasformazione degli idrati cristallini, sui punti di congelamento e sulle solubilità 264 Sistemi a tre componenti I. Sistemi che comprendono solo fasi liquide. A. Rapporti di miscibilità Voi. Ili, p. 398 B. Coefficienti di ripartizione Voi. Ili, p. 418

Systeme

unter atmosphärischem Drucke (sogenannte kondensierte Systeme), Gefrierpunkts—Löslichkeits-Daten PAGE II. Systeme mit kristallinen Phasen. A. Alle Systeme die Eisen oder die mindestens zwei Metalle enthalten Bd. II, S. 358 B. Alle Systeme die nur ein Metall enthalten (ausgenommen Systeme die Eisen enthalten) 22 C. Alle nichtmetallische Systeme die mindestens einen nichtmetallischen elementarischen Stoff enthalten 266 NICHTWÄSSERIGE SYSTEME D. Alle Komponenten sind Salze oder sind chemische Verbindungen deren Schlüsselformeln nicht mit 16 beginnen (ausgenommen Systeme unter [E]). 41 E. Alle Komponenten sind Oxyde, davon hat min83 destens eins einen hohen Schmelzpunkt F. Alle Komponenten sind chemische Verbindungen deren Schlüsselformeln mit 16 beginnen (ausgenommen Salze. Siehe oben unter [D]) 87

G. Nur ein oder zwei Komponenten haben Schlüsselformeln die mit 16 beginnen 185 WÄSSERIGE SYSTEME—LÖSLICHKEITEN H. Salze; starke Säuren oder starke Basen; Verbindungen deren Schlüsselformeln nicht mit 16 beginnen 270 I. Alle Systeme die nicht zu [H] gehören (ausgenommen Systeme mit elementarischen Substanzen. Siehe [C]) 395 WÄSSERIGE SYSTEME—GEFRIERPUNKTSERNIEDRIGUNGEN J. Systeme die nur Salze oder Verbindungen, deren Schlüsselformeln nicht mit 16 beginnen, enthalten 260 K. Alle Systeme die nicht zu [J] gehören 263 Systeme von mehr als drei Komponenten, Gefrierpunkts— Löslichkeits-Daten A. Alle Systeme die Eisen oder die mindestens zwei Metalle enthalten Bd. II, S. 358 B. Wässerige Lösungen die mindestens einen starken Elektrolyten enthalten. 1. Löslichkeiten 270 2. Gefrierpunktserniedrigungen 254 C. Wässerige Lösungen von schwachen oder nicht Elektrolyten. 1. Löslichkeiten 424 D. Alle Systeme die nur metallische Oxyde enthalten. 83 E. Alle anderen Systeme

424

Sistemi alla pressione atmosferica (comuni sistemi condensati), punti di congelamento e valori di solubilità PAGE II. Sistemi con fasi cristalline. A. Tutti i sistemi che contengono ferro o due o più metalli Voi. II, p. 358 B. Tutti i sistemi che contengono un solo metallo (eccettuati i sistemi con ferro) 22 C. Tutti i sistemi non metallici che contengono uno o più elementi non metallici 266 SISTEMI NON ACQUOSI D. Tutti i componenti sono sali o composti la cui formula chiave non comincia con 16 (eccettuati i sistemi in [E]) E. Tutti i componenti sono ossidi, e di essi uno almeno con punto di fusione elevato F. Tutti i componenti sono composti con formule chiavi che cominciano con 16 (eccettuati i sistemi con tutti i componenti salini, per i quali vedi [D]) G. Uno o due componenti hanno la formula chiave che comincia con 16 SISTEMI ACQUOSI—SOLUBILITÀ H. Sali; acidi e basi forti; composti la cui formula chiave non comincia con 16

41 83

97 185

270

I. Tutti i sistemi non compresi tra quelli alla lettera [H] eccettuati i sistemi con tenenti elementi, peri quali vedi [C] 395 SISTEMI ACQUOSI—ABBASSAMENTO DEL PUNTO DI CONGELAMENTO J. Sistemi che contengono soltanto sali o composti la cui formula chiave non comincia con 16. 260 K. Tutti i sistemi non compresi in [J] 263 Sistemi con più di tre componenti, punti di congelamento e solubilità A. Tutti i sistemi che contengono ferro e due o più metalli Voi. II, p. 358 B. Soluzioni acquose con uno o più elettroliti forti. 1. Solubilità 2. Abbassamento del punto di congelamento C. Soluzioni acquose di elettroliti deboli e di non elettroliti. 1. Solubilità D. Tutti i sistemi che contengono solo ossidi non metallici E. Tutti gli altri sistemi

270 254 424 83 424

ABBREVIATIONS, SYMBOLS, AND CONVENTIONS The crystal phases (Bodenkörper) are indicated on the central line and apply to all the succeeding values until a new phase is indicated. ? indicates phase not definitely determined. In the composition column, solid state, two values

Les phases cristallines (Bodenkörper) sont indiquées sur la ligne centrale et se rapportent à toutes les valeurs successives, jusqu'à ce qu'une nouvelle phase soit indiquée. ? signifie une phase non déterminée d'une façon définie. Dans

Die Bodenkörper sind längst der Mitte angegeben und beziehen sich auf alle folgende Werte bis zur nächst angegebenen Phase. ? bedeutet, dass die Phase nicht genügend bestimmt ist. In der die Zusammensetzung angebende Colonne für

Le composizioni delle fasi cristalline (corpi di fondo) sono riportate nella linea centrale, e ognuna si riferisce a tutti i valori che seguono fin dove si trova indicata una fase nuova. ? indica una fase non determinata in modo preciso. Nella

separated by a dash indicate that all intervening values are included. Congruent melting points of molecular compounds are printed in bold-face type. B. P. Boiling point. Grit. Critical point. E Eutectic point. M Mole. m Values in the metastable regions. max. Maximum. min. Minimum. Mix. (resp. Mixi, Mix2) Mixed crystals. Where the composition of the mixed crystal is determined it is given in the left-hand composition column. Mix. -f Hq. indicates coincidence of solidus and liquidus. M. P. Melting point. JL (resp. ta) Temperature at which crystallization begins (resp. ends). All temperatures are JL unless otherwise noted. txr. Temperature of transition. At0 Lowering of M. P. of A (resp. B) produced by B (resp. A) in solution. Trip. Triple point. U Transformation temperature or incongruent melting point. Vis. Viscous solutions which solidify to glasses. Vol. Volume. Wt. Weight. % per cent. I A vertical arrow indicates that a linear relation holds over the range so designated. ( ) Values within parentheses are estimated.

la colonne des compositions, état solide, un trait séparant deux valeurs indique que toutes les valeurs qui interviennent sont incluses. Les points de fusion des combinaisons moléculaires sont imprimés en caractères gras. B. P. Point d'ebullition. Crit. Point critique. E Point eutectique. M Mol. gr. m Valeurs dans les régions m et astables. max. Maximum. min. Minimum. Mix. (resp. Mixi, Mix2) Cristaux mixtes. Lorsque la composition des cristaux mixtes a été déterminée, celle-ci est donnée dans la colonne des compositions à gauche. Mix. + liq. indique la coincidence du solidus avec le liquidus. M. P. Point de fusion. JL (resp. Js) Température à laquelle la cristallisation commence (resp. finit). Toutes les températures sont JL à moins d'une autre indication. ÌTT. Température de transition. AJ0 Abaissement du M. P. de A (resp. de B) produit par l'introduction de B (resp. de A) dans la solution. Trip. Point triple, U

Température de transformation ou point de fusion incongruent. Vis. Solutions visqueuses qui se solidifient en donnant des verres. Vol. Volume. Wt. Poids. % Pour cent. J, Une flèche verticale indique qu'il existe une relation linéaire dans tout l'intervalle ainsi désigné. ( ) Les valeurs entre parenthèses sont des valeurs estimées.

den festen Zustand, drücken zwei durch einen Strich getrennte Angaben aus, dass alle dazwischen liegenden Werte eingeschlossen sind. Kongruente Schmelzpunkte molekularer Verbindungen sind durch hervorgehobenen Druck gekennzeichnet. B. P. Siedepunkt. Crit. Kritischer Punkt. E Eutektischer Punkt. M Mol. m Werte im metastabilen Gebiet. max. Maximum. min. Minimum. Mix. (bezw. Mixi, Mix2) Mischkristalle. Ist die Zusammensetzung der Mischkristalle bestimmt, so ist dies in der linken Colonne, welche die Zusammensetzung angiebt, verzeichnet. Mix. + liq. zeigt Koinzidenz der festen und flüssigen Phase an. M. P. Schmelzpunkt. JL (bezw. Js) Temperatur bei welcher die Kristallisation beginnt (bezw. endet). Alle Temperaturen sind JL wenn nichts anderes bemerkt. JTF. Umwandlungs - Temperatur. AJ0 Schmelzpunktserniedrigung von A (bezw. B) durch B (bezw. A) in der Lösung.

colonna delle composizioni dello stato solido, due valori separati da una lineetta, stanno a significare che sono pure compresi tutti i valori intermedi. I punti di fusione congruenti dei composti molecolari sono stampati in grassetto.

Trip. Tripelpunkt.

Trip. Punto triplo.

U Transformations - Temperatur oder inkongruenter Schmelzpunkt. Vis. Viskose Lösungen, welche zu Gläsern erstarren.

U Temperatura di trasformazione oppure punto di fusione incongruente. Vis. Soluzioni viscose che solidificano formando vetri.

B. P. Punto di ebollizione. Crit. Punto critico. E Punto eutettico. M Grammimolecole. m Valori nelle regioni metastabili. max. Massimo. min. Minimo. Mix. (risp. Mixi, Mix2) Cristalli misti. Quando si conosce la composizione dei cristalli misti essa è indicata nella colonna delle composizioni a sinistra. Mix H- liq. significa coincidenza del solidus e del liquidus. M. P. Punto di fusione. JL (risp. Js) Temperatura alla quale comincia (o finisce) la cristallizzazione. Tutte le temperature sono JL quando non è indicato diversamente. ITT. Temperatura di transizione. AJ0 Abbassamento del punto di fusione di A (o B) prodotto da B (o A) in soluzione.

Vol. Volumen. Voi. Volume. Wt. Peso. Wt. Gewicht! % Percento. % Prozente. | Ein vertikaler Pfeil steckt J, Una freccia verticale signidas Gebiet linearer Abhängigfica che esiste una relazione keit ab. lineare in tutto l'intervallo così indicato. ( ) In Klammer gesetzte ( ) I valori fra parentesi sono Werte sind Schätzungen. apprezzati.

TRIPLE POINTS, TRANSITION POINTS AND MELTING POINTS AT ORDINARY AND LOW PRESSURES' H. W. FOOTE INTRODUCTION The following triple points are possible: (1) Crystal—liquid— vapor. (2) Crystal—crystal—vapor. (3) Crystal—crystal— liquid. (4) Crystal—crystal—crystal. The last two types have not been found at pressures below one atmosphere. In general, the temperature at a triple point, when the pressure is less than one atmosphere, coincides within the limits of experimental error with the freezing point or the transition point. For temperature and pressure data for such triple points, the reader should therefore consult the tables of freezing points or transition temperatures (Vol. I, p. 98) ; and of vapor pressures (of one-component systems, Vol. Ill, p. 199) respectively. It has, however, been shown by Richards, Carver and Schumb (11) that the freezing point of benzene saturated with air at a pressure of one atmosphere is 0.003° lower than the temperature at the triple point (5.496° and 35.4 mm). The temperature commonly given for the corresponding triple point of water (0.0075°) is based only upon the effect of pressure in defining the freezing point of water, 0°, and takes no account of the effect of dissolved air at atmospheric pressure. If the latter effect (0.0023°) is taken into account in defining the freezing point of water, the temperature of the triple point is +0.00980C. ONE-COMPONENT SYSTEMS Melting Points Known with a Probable Accuracy of ±0.06° For the purpose of this table, the melting point is defined as the temperature on the I. C. T. scale (v. Vol. I, p. 53), at which the crystalline and liquid phases are in equilibrium with dry air at a pressure of one atmosphere. Richards, Carver and Schumb (11) have shown that dissolved air, at a pressure of one atmosphere, lowers the freezing point of benzene 0.031°, so that the freezing point is lower by this amount than would be the case if the pressure were applied by a piston or an insoluble gas. The standard temperature of the melting point of ice, as usually determined, may also be slightly uncertain depending on the extent to which the water is saturated with air. The lowering in freezing point due to the solubility of the air in this case amounts to about 0.0023°. The melting points of all compounds in the following list were taken in air, but saturation with air was demonstrated only in the case of benzene. As it has been repeatedly shown that saturation of a liquid with air takes place rather rapidly when there is thorough contact between the two, the possible error in melting point from incomplete saturation is probably not greater than the other errors of experiment. The table gives a list of melting points which appear to be known, with reasonable certainty, within ±0.05°. The list is quite probably incomplete; but where any doubt existed as to the accuracy of a result, it has not been included. For numerous melting points which are probably nearly as good, see de Visser (18), Block (3), and especially Timmermans ( 1 3 » 1 4 > 1 5 » 1 6 ). When more than one reference is given in the table, the melting point adopted is the weighted average of the data to which reference is made. No references are given to data which were not actually used, though nearly every melting point given has been determined repeatedly with considerable accuracy. Except for water, the melting point of benzene is probably the most accurately known. 1

Except "soaps" for which v. final index, and high melting oxides and other refractory substances, for which v. p. 83.

| Formula | M. P.,0C | Lit. Acetic acid CH3COOH 16.60 (4,17) Acetophenone CH3COC6H5 19.655 (10) Benzene C6H6 5.493+0.01 (U) a-Bromonaphthalene Ci0H7Br 6.20 (7) 1, 2-Dibromomethane C2H4Br2 9.99 (2,9) Formic acid HCOOH 8.39 (6) Nitrobenzene C6H5NO2 5.67 (12) Sulfuricacid H2SO4 10.49 (5) Sulfuric acid (monohydrate) H2SO4-H2O 8.62 (5) Sulfur trioxide SO3 16.83 (1,8) Name

LITERATURE (For key to the periodicals see end of volume) C 1 ) Berthoud, 42, 20: 77; 23. ( 2 ) Biron, 7, 81: 590; 13. ( 3 ) Block, 7, 82: 403; 13. (4) Bousfield and Lowry, 4, 99: 1432; 11. ( 5 ) Bronsted, 7, 68: 693; 10. (6) Ewins, 4, 105: 350; 14. (?) Jones and Lapworth, 4, 105: 1804; 14. (8)Lichty, 1, 34: 1440; 12. (9) Moles, 7, 80: 531; 12. 10 ( ) Morgan andLammert, 1, 46: 881; 24. (ll) Richards, Carver and Schumb, 1, 41: 2019; 19. ( 12 ) Roberts and Bury, 4, 123: 2037; 23. ( 13 ) Timmermans, 28, 25: 300; 11. ( 14 ) Timmermans, 28, 27: 334; 14. ( 15 ) Timmermans, 28, 30: 62; 21. ( 16 ) Timmermans, Horst and Onnes, 18, 6: 180; 23. (17) de Visser, 70, 12: 101; 93. («) de Visser, 70, 17: 182; 98.

Transition Temperatures For the purpose of these tables, the term transition temperature refers to the temperature at which two crystalline forms of a substance are in equilibrium at a pressure of one atmosphere. This temperature coincides, within the limits of experimental error, with the triple point, crystal—crystal—vapor, when the vapor pressure in the latter system does not differ greatly from one atmosphere. In the tables, the transition temperatures given are the weighted averages of values, references to which are given by numbers. No references are given to data which were not used in obtaining the values in the tables. Where the number of determinations is sufficient, the weighted average deviation is given under the heading " ±°C." Where this is not significant, a probable accuracy or reliability has been indicated. Transition temperatures of molecular compounds such as double salts or salts with water of crystallization have, of course, only been included when the compounds behave as one-component systems, i.e., when there is no change in composition of the phases at the transition point. TV-TABLE, NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS For the metallic elements, v. Vol. II, p. 458 Formula I2 N2 O2

frr., 0 C 47 -237 -225

±, C * >5 >5

0

T .. Llt

Form*Tr., ±, T .. 0 0 ' ula C C ^' ( 7 3) O2 -240 * (95) (65) p - 7 7 <5 •(*«) (95) |s I 95.5 O.l|(72, ioi)

* Existence of transition uncertain.

B-TABLE, CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS Standard arrangement, v. Vol. I, p. 96 (Except oxides of Al, Ba, Fe, Mg, Ra, Ca, Sr, Zr, Si, the rare earths and their combinations with one another, for which seep. 83.)

&-TABLE, CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS.—(Continued) Formula

^'

^

Lit.

SO3

[NH(C2Ho)2CH3J2PtCl6

(120.5) ' -17 32.2

<5

(7,126,133)

0.2 ( 2 2 , 3 0 , 3 2 , 8 5 , 8 6 ,

126)

NH 4 NO 3

|

50.5m 83.9

125.3 NH4Cl

NH4ClO4 NH4Br NH4I (NH 4 ) 3 H(S0 4 ) 2 As2S2 As2S3 SbCl3 Bi2O3 NH4CNS

0.5 ("-S) <1

0.2

184.3

<1

240 137.4 -17 134 267 170 65 69.5 704 90

>5 <1 <1 >5 >5 >5 <5 <5 <5 <5

120

*

(22,32,126,140) (12, 22, 32, 116, 126, 140) (23,51,113,119)

(127) (H4, us) (23>114) (37) (i») (i») (66) (66) (50) (21,46,129) (129)

For other carbon compounds belonging here, v. the C-Table (C3H7NH3)2SnCl6 [NH2(C2H6)^2SnCl6 SiO2, v. p. 19 PbO

186 146 587

* (60)

PbSO4

854

4

450

* (60)

PbSO4.2PbO 3Pb3(PO4)2.PbCl2, phite (artificial) 3Pb3(AsO4)2.PbCl2, (artificial) TlClO4 TlI

>5 (ïïïj * (104)

(26, 38, 115)

47, 60,

pyromor670

>5 (35)

395 226 173

>5 (35) >5 (127) <5 (43,84)

mimetite

TlNO3

75 145

Formula

1.8 (22, 34, 46, 133) 1.5 ( 2 2 , 3 3 , 3 4 , 4 6 )

[NH2(C3H7)J2PtCl6 [NH(C3Hr)2C2H6I2PtCl6 [NH(C3Hr)8I2PtCl6 [N(C3H7)J2PtCl6 MnSO4 FeS Fe2P Fe8P Ni3S2 CrCl2.4H20 PbCrO4

CuI

401

Cu2S Cu2Se Cu2Te Cu4Te3 AgClO4 AgBrO3

91 110 351 387 365 158 98.5

AgI

145.8

* (125) <5 (27, 54, 84) 2

<5 * >5 >5 >5 >5 <1 1

(54, 84, 98)

(97) (9) (29) (29) (29) (127) (ioo) (21,70,79,84,98, 111, 116, 122, 124)

Ag2S

177

<5

(40,58,83,110)

Ag2SO4

411

<5

(38,88)

<5

(8,9)

Ag2Se

133

AgNO3

159.6

[NH2(CHs)2I2PtCl6 [NH3(iso-C3H7)]2PtCl6 [NH2(C2Ho)2I2PtCl6

10 32 144

Lit.

*, (104) * (104) * (104) >5 (ios) * (104) * (104) * (104) * (104) >5 (38) >5 (78) * (76) * (76) >5 (18,39) <5 (69) >5 (60) >5 (60) * (60) >5 (60)

Ba(C104)2 BaSO4 BaCO3

>5 (127) >5 (47) 5 (". 16, 41, 74,

(35) (66) (138) (52, 81, lie) (47) (13) (47) (16, ios) (42, 71, 96, 109, 112,128)

284 1149 806

108)

LiClO3, v. p. 233

982

Li2SO4

576

NaOH NaClO4

300 158

Na2HPO4.12H20 Na2CO3 Na2MoO4 Na2WO4 Na3AlF6, cryolite Na2O.Al2O3.2SiO2, nephelite... KOH .. KClO3 KClO4 K2S

236

105 387 520 29.6 450 424 585

>5 4

O6) (57,87,88,129)

<5 ( 55 ) >5 (127) 3

<5 * * <1 >5 >5 >5

(15,25,57,61,63, 67, 87, 88, 129, 139)

(139) (107) (107) (53) (57) (15,49,57,67) (15,49,67)

623

>5

(15,49,67)

580

>5

(15,68,93)

589

<5

(15,68,93)

568 1150 248 255 300 146.4

>5 >5 <5 >5 <5 <5

588

KHSO4

164.2 <5 (23) 180.5 <5 (23)


5

(36,89) (44) (55) (37) '(127) (21)

K2SO4

0.1 ( 2 2 , 5 6 , 1 1 6 , 1 4 0 )

* (75) <5 (103,123) * (104)

62 122 89 107 59 142 108 201 860 298 80 440 550 38 707 783 744 877

0±j

>5 <5 >5 <5 >5 * >5 >5 2

120, 122)

110 384

^

2PbCrO4.5PbO PbWO4 3Pb3(VO4)2.PbCl2, vanadinite (artificial) 710 AlBr3 70 MgF2-Mg3P2O8, wagnerite 845 6MgO.8B2O3.MgCl2,boracite. . 266 CaSO4 1193 CaCO3 970 SrSO4 1152 SrCO3 908 BaCl2 925

T1OC6H2(NO2)3, thallium picNa2SO4 rate 46 <1 (»9) ZnS 1020 <5 (1) ZnSO4 740 >5 (38) Na2S04.NaF HgI2 127.4 0.4 (21, 90, 102, 109, Na 4 P 2 O 7 HgS.HCNS CuBr.

j

(4, 47, 48, 57, 64, 67, 87, 88)

A-TABLE, CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS.—(Continued) Formula

^'

J^

Lit.

KNO3

127.8

KPO3 K4P2O7 K2CO3

147 450 278 410

* >5 >5 >5

KCNS

143

<5

(21,46,129)

K2SO4-PbSO4 2KLCdI2 K2Ni(C2S2O2)2 K2CrO4 K2Cr2O7 K2MoO4

544 215 20 666 237 327 454 477 388 575 937 775 435 245 279 653 163.5 219 787 915 142 223 451 219 660

>5 >5 >5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 >5 * >5 >5 >5 >5 >5 <5 <5 <5 >5 >5 >5 <5 >5 >5 >5

(47) (20) (105) (4,48) (ior, 141) (67) (67) (4,67) (67) (4) (47,87) (47) (88) (55) (127) (57,87) (22,116,133) (116,133) (87) (87) (87) (55) (142) (127) (87)

K2WO4 K2SO4.2CaSO4 K2S04.2SrS04 LiKSO4 RbOH RbClO4 Rb2SO4 RbNO3 Rb2SO4.2CaSO4 LiRbSO4 CsOH CsCl CsClO4 Cs2SO4

1.1 ( 1 0 , 1 1 , 2 2 , 3 4 , 5 6 , 132, 133)

( 6 2) (3) (3) (57)

CsNO3

153.5

<5

(22,46,133)

Cs2S04.2CaS04

722

>5

(87)

CBr4 CCU C2H8BrN C2H8ClN C2Br2Ch C2Cl6

Carbon tetrabromide Carbon tetrachloride Ethylamine hydrobromide Ethylamine hydrochloride Dibromotetrachloroethane

~

Hexachloroethane

c'*

Â

"H

Lit.

46.9 -45 83 80 80 109 45

<1 >5 * * >5 >5 <5

(21, 66, ioe, lie) ( 45 ) (»») ( 8 <>) (46) (46) (2i, us, 123)

71.3

C3H4O4 Malonic acid C 4 Hi 2 ClNO 4 Tetramethylammonium chlorate CeH4Br2 p-Dibromobenzene C6H4Cl2 p-Dichlorobenzene C6H8N2O3 C 7 H 7 NO C7H9N C8H9NOs CsH 9 NO 2

Aniline nitrate a-Benzaldoxime p-Toluidine «-Anisaldoxime a'-Anisaldoxime

0.4

(21,

94, 116,

* *

(94) ( 136 )

355 * 8.5 * 25 * 29 * 98 >5 -28 * 22 * 20 * 13 *

(127) (6) (i34) (134) (137) («) («) (6) (6)

125 94

per-

* <1

(77) ( 2 S)

>5 <1 <5

( 59 ) (27) (l 7, 31 )

f

( 131 )

f >5

(131) (")

LITERATURE

Comparatively few transition temperatures of C-compounds are known, and most of them are quite inaccurate or uncertain. From the study of a large number of compounds, Schaeling (Diss., Marburg, 1910) has concluded that polymorphous organic compounds are usually mono tropic and that enantiotropy is rare. For "liquid crystals," v. Vol. I1 p. 314. fTr O

*' Lit. O * (6) * («) >5 («) <5 (92,136) >5 (23, iss) <5 (23, iss) * (91) * (91)

(For key to the periodicals see end of volume)

C-TABLE, THE C-ARRANGEMENT

Name

Name

* Existence of transition uncertain. t This transition temperature undoubtedly exists, but it is uncertain whether the system is of 1 or 2 components.


I

*T£f \~> CioHaOtt-Naphthol 49 Ci0H9N a-Naphthylamine 13.5 CioHiaNO Butyric anilide 16 CioHisClO Camphor monochloride 74 CioHioO Camphor -32 CioHieO Camphor 90 CuHiON4Os w-Dinitrodiphenylcarbamide.... 55 180 Ci4HioCl4 1, 1, 2, 2-Tetrachloro-l, 2-diphenylethane 100 Ci 4 Hi 0 N 2 O 2 Phthalylphenylhydrazide 9.4 Ci 4 HuNO o-Hydroxy-m-methylbenzylideneanilide 34 CuHi2N2O2 Phthalylphenylmethylhydrazide 55.1 Ci 6 Hi 8 N 2 O 2 p-Azophenetole 95.5 C2oHi7NOsS a-Naphthylamine naphthalenea-sulfonate 66 C2oHi7NOsS a-Naphthylamine naphthalene0-sulfonate 54 C 27 H 46 Q Cholesterol 43 Formula

123)

(i) Allen, Crenshaw and Merwin, 12, 34: 341; 12. (2) Allen and White, 12, 27:1; 09. ( 3 ) Amadori, 22, 21II: 182; 12. ( 4 ) Amadori, 88, 22 I: 453; 13. ( 5 ) Armstrong and Colgate, 5, 90: 111; 14. ( 6 ) Beck and Ebbinghaus, 25, 39: 3870; 06. ( 7 ) Behn, o, 80: 444; 08. ( 8 ) Bellati and Lussana, 84, 6: 189; 88 (9) Bellati and Lussana, 24, 7: 1051; 89. (10) Bellati and Lussana, 84» 2: 995; 91. (") Bellati and Romanese, 24, 3: 653; 85. (12) Bellati and Romanese, 84, 4: 1395; 86. ( i 3 ) Boeke, 190,1912 I: 91. (i*) Boeke, 93, 60: 244; 06. («) Boeke, 98, 50: 355; 06. (16) Boeke, 193, 3: 13; 14. ( î 7 ) Bogojavlenskii and Vinogradov, 7, 60 : 433; 07, (18) Bornemann, 192, 5:13; 08. O 9 ) Borodovskii, 195, 14:159; 05. (19.5) Bowen, 50, 30 : 721 ; 26. (20) Brand, 189, 1912: 26. (21) Bridgman, 65, 51: 55; 15. (22) Bridgman, 65, 51: 581; 16. (23) Bridgman, 65, 52: 91; 16. ( 2 4) Bridgman, 1, 36: 1344: 14. (25) Calcagni and Mancini, 88,19 H: 422; 10. (2«) Calcagni and Marotta, 88,21H : 240 ; 12. (2T) de Cesaris, 88, 20 1: 749 ; 11. (2 * ) Chattaway and Lambert, 4, 107: 1773; 15. (29) Chikashige, 93, 54: 50; 07. (30) Cohen and Kooy, 7,109: 81 ; 24. (3l) Dreyer and Rotarski, 7, 54: 353; 06. (32) Early and Lowry, 4, U« : 1387; 19. (33) Van Eijk, 7, 30: 430; 99. (34) van Eijk, 7, 51: 721 ; 05. ( 3 «) Eissner, Diss,, Leipzig; 13. (36) Fedotiev and Iliinskii, 93, 80: 113; 13. (37) Fischer, 19OB, 32: 1; 11. (38) Friedrich, 189, 1912; 207. (39) Friedrich, 187, 11: 160; 14. (4J>) Friedrich and Leroux, 192, 3: 361; 06. ( 4 I) Friedrich and Smith, 189, 1912; 651. ( 4 2) Gemsky, 19OB, 36: 513; 13. (43) Gernez, 34, 138: 1695; 04. ( 4 4 ) Ginsberg, 93, 73: 277; 12. ( 4S ) Goldschmidt, 94, 51: 21; 12. (46) Gossner, 94, 38: 110 ; 03. (4 7 ) Grahmann, 93, 81: 257 ; 13. (48 ) Groschuff, 93, 58: 102; 08. ( 4 9 ) Groschuff, 93, 58: 113; 08. (50) Guertler, 93, 37: 222; 03. ( 5 M Hachmeister, 93, 109: 145; 20. ( 52 ) Haga and Jaeger, 6Jf, 16: 792; 14. ( S3 ) Hammick, Goadby and Booth, 4, 117: 1589; 20. (54) Hermann, 93, 71: 257; 11. ( ss ) von Hevesy, 7, 73: 667; 10. (56) Hissink, 7, 32: 537; 00. (57) Hüttner and Tammann, 93, 43: 215; 05. (58) Jaeger, 64V, 20: 497; 11. (59) Jaeger, 64V, 29: 8; 20. (60) Jaeger and Germes, 93, 119: 145; 21. ( 6 I) Jänecke, 7, 64: 343; 08. (62) Jänecke, 7, 90: 280; 15. (63) Jänecke, 7, 91: 548; 16. (64) Karandyeev, 189, 1909:728. (65) Keesom and Onnes, B56, 22. (66) Kendall, Crittenden and Miller, î, 45: 963; 23. (67) Van Klooster, 93, 85: 49; 14. (68) van Klooster, 93, 86: 369; 14. (69) Knight and Rich, 4, 99: 87; 11. (70) Kohlrausch, 5, 17:642; 82. (7l) Korreng, 19OB, 37: 51; 14. (72) Kruyt, 7, 81: 726; 13. (73) Kurbatov, 93, 56: 230; 08. (74) Lashchenko, 53, 42: 1604; 10. (75) Le Bel, 34,116: 513; 93. (76) Le Chatelier and Wologdine, 34, 149: 709; 09. (77) Liebermamn and Homeyer, 25, 12: 1971; 79. (78) Loebe and Becker, 93, 77: 301; 12. (79) Mallard and Le Chatelier, 34, 97 : 102; 83. (»o) Marais, 34, 148: 45; 09. (81) Meyerhoffer, 7, 29: 661; 99. (82) Mlodziejowski, 96, 20: 317; 23. (83) Mönch, 190B, 20: 365; 05. (84) Mönkemeyer, 19OB, 22: 1; 06. (85) Mondain-Monval, 34, 177: 175; 23. (86) Müller, 7, 81: 354; 99. (87) Müller, 190B, 30: 1; 10. (88) Nacken, 190B, 24: 1; 07. (89) Nacken, 189,1908: 38. (90) van Nest, 94, 47: 263; 10. ( 9 i ) Offret and Vittenet, 27,21: 788; 99. (92) Padoa, 28, 131: 723; 04. (93) Barravano, 36, 39 H: 55; 09. (94) Pascal, 34, 154: 883; 12. (95) Terrier and Onnes, 64P, 16: 894; 14. (96) Plato, 7, 58: 350; 07. (97) Posnjak, Allen and Merwin, 93, 94: 95; 16. ( 98 ) Quercigh, 28, 23 I: 446; 14. (99) Rabe, 7, 38: 175; 01.

(ioo) Reedy, 1, 43: 1440; 21. (loi) Reicher, 70, 2: 246; 83. (i<>2) Reinders, 7, 32: 494; 00. ( 103 ) Ries, 94, 36: 321; 02. (i«*) Ries, 94, 39:49; 04. ( 1 O 5 ) Robinson and Jones, 4, 101: 62; 12. (106) Rothmund, 7, 24: 705; 97. (107) Sahmen and Tammann, 8, 10: 879; 03. ( 108 ) Samoilov, 189,1915:161, ( 109 ) Sandonnini, M, 211: 208; 12, (UO) Sandonnini, M, 21 I: 479; 12. (i") Sandonnini, **, 21 II: 196; 12.

(i") SckarftfJflO, UUl! lfi. (H3) Scheffer, №18:446; 15, ( 114 J 1IS

Scheffer, 64P1 19: 798; 16. ( ) Schenck and Rassbach, 25, 41: 2917; 08. (116) Schwarz, Beiträge zur Kennt, d. Umwandl. Polym. Körper, Göttingen, 1894. (117) Shepherd and Rankin, 93, 71: 19; 11. ("«) Smith and Eastlack, /,38: 1261; 16. (119) Smith, Eastlack and Scatchard, l, 41: 1961; 19. (120) Smits and Bokhorst, 7, 89: 374; 15. (120.5) Smits and Schoenmaker, 4, 1926: 1108. O 2 I ) Sosman, Hostetter and Merwin, 128, 5: 563; 15. O 2 2 )

Steger, 7, 43: 595; 03. O 2 3 ) Steinmetz, 7, 62: 449; 05. ( 124 ) Tubandt and Lorenz, 7, 87: 513, 543; 14. (i«) Venkataramaiah and Rao, 194, 1: 41; 23. (126) Vogt, 63, 12: 1129; 11. (127) Vorländer and Kaascht, 25, 56: 1157; 23. (««) Vortisch, 19OB, 38: 185; 14. («») Vrzhesnevskii, 9S1 74:95; 12. (130) Wahl, 7,84:112; 13. ( 131 ) Wales, #, 14: 317; 22. ("2) Wallerant, 34, IW;204;05, ( 133 )ffallerant f ^,2a;3iii05, (»«)Waii«nt, 54118: 385; 14. (135) Wallerant, 34,158: 597; 14. ("«) Wallerant, 34» 158:1473; 14. C 13 ?) Wallerant, &$, 161: 470; 15. (138) Winter, Dm., Leipzig, 1913. (139) Wolters, 19OB, 30: 55; 10. (i*») Zawidzki, 7, 47: 721; 04. (Ki) Zhemchuzhnui, 93, 57: 267; 08. (i«) Zhemchuzhnui and Rambach, 93, 65: 403; 10.

EFFECT OF PRESSURE UPON MELTING AND TRANSITION POINTS; VOLUME CHANGE ON MELTING AND TRANSITION; DIRECTLY MEASURED COMPRESSIBILITYAND THERMAL EXPANSIO N-DIFFERENCES P. W. BRIDGMAN INTRODUCTION

INTRODUCTION

Units.—Throughout the following tables the pressure unit is the normal atmosphere; the temperature unit, the absolute centigrade degree; and all volume changes, unless otherwise indicated, are expressed in cm3/kg. Abbreviations and Conventions.—The liquid phase is indicated by "L," and solid phases by the Roman numerals I, II, etc. In cases where the observed melting point at one atm. is less than the I. C. T. normal M. P. (v. Vol. I), the I. C. T. value is inserted in brackets for comparison. Latent Heat.—The latent heat of any phase change may be calculated from the equation :

Unités.—L'unité de pression utilisée dans les tables suivantes est l'atmosphère normale; l'unité de température, le degré centigrade absolu; et tous les changements de volume sont exprimés en cm3/kg à moins d'une autre indication. Abréviations et conventions.—La phase liquide est indiquée par "L "et les phases solides par les chiffres romains I, II, etc. Lorsque le point de fusion observé sous une atm. est inférieur au Pt. de F. normal des T. C. I. (v. Vol. I), la valeur des T. C. I, a été écrite entre parenthèse pour comparaison. Chaleur latente.—La chaleur latente de chaque changement de phase peut être calculée au moyen de l'équation:

I (^) -TAF g X 0.1018*

'(C) = ™-g x 0,10133,

where T is the absolute centigrade temperature, P is the pressure in atm. and AF is the accompanying volume change in cm3/kg. This calculation will be facilitated in many cases by reference to the original papers, where tabulated values of duT/dPare given. An approximate method for computing differences of thermal expansion and specific heat for the reacting phases may be found in (8).

où T est la température absolue en degrés centigrades, P est la pression en atm. et AF est le changement de volume produit en cm3/kg. Ce calcul sera facilité dans bien des cas si l'on se réfère aux mémoires originaux, où l'on trouvera une table donnant les valeurs de dT/dP. On trouvera à ( 8 ) une méthode approximative pour le calcul des différences dans le cas de la dilatation thermique et de la chaleur spécifique pour les phases réagissantes.

EINLEITUNG

INTRODUZIONE

Einheiten.—Grundsätzlich ist in den folgenden Tafeln die normale Atmosphäre die Druckeinheit, als Temperatureinheit gelten absolute Centigrade, die Volumänderungen sind (wenn nichts anderes angegeben) in cm3/kg ausgedrückt. Abkürzungen und Festlegungen.—Die flüssige Phase ist durch "L" angezeigt, die festen Phasen durch römische Zahlen (I, II, III, . . . ). In den Fällen, in denen der beobachtete Schmelzpunkt bei einer Atmosphäre niedriger ist, als der Normal-Schmelzpunkt [M. P. (Bd. I)] der I. C. T., so ist dieser letzte Wert zum Vergleich in Klammer daneben gesetzt. Latente Wärme.—Die latente Wärme jeder Phasenänderung ergiebt sich nach der Gleichung:

Unità.—Nelle tabelle seguenti viene fatto sempre uso dell'atmosfera normale come unità di pressione, e di gradi centigradi assoluti come unità di temperatura. Tutte le variazioni di volume, tranne che non sia diversamente indicato, sono indicate in cm3/kg. Abbreviazioni e convenzioni.—La fase liquida viene indicata con "L" e le fasi solide sono indicate con numeri romani (I, II, ecc.). Nei casi in cui il punto di fusione osservato ad un atmosfera, è più basso del punto normale di fusione [normale M. P. (v. Vol. I)], delle I. C. T., quest'ultimo valore, è riportato tra parentesi per confronto. Calori latenti.—I calori latenti dei cambiamenti di fase si possono calcolare dall'equazione:

1

(T?) = rAFS x °'10133'

T = absolute Centigrad Temperatur, P = Druck in Atmosphären, AF ist die dabei auftretende Volumänderung in cm3/kg. Diese Rechnung wird in vielen Fällen durch Heranziehung der in der Literatur sich vorfindenden Werte für dT/dP erleichtert. Eine angenäherte Methode zur Berechnung der Differenz der thermischen Ausdehnungen beziehungsweise der spezifischen Wärme der Phasenänderung ist in (8) zu finden.

I (^)- TAF^ X 0,10133, 7

dove T è la temperatura assoluta, P la pressione in atmosfere e AF è la variazione di volume in cm3/kg. Questi calcoli sono in molti casi facilitati da richiami alla letteratura originale dove si trovano tabelle per i valori dT/dP. Un metodo approssimato per calcolare le differenze nel caso della dilatazione termica e dei calori specifici delle fasi reagenti si trova riportato in (8).

ELEMENTARY SUBSTANCES (t;, p. 11) CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS PART I. MELTING-POINT DATA REPRODUCIBLE BY POWER SERIES (v. also Part II, p. 11) M. P. (0C) = I0 + a X 10~4P - b X 10~8P2. Range:up toPmax. Example: The M. P. of formic acid at 2000 atm. is 7.8 (resp. 8.4) + (132 X 10~4 X 2000) - (85 X 10~8 X (200O)2) = 30.8° (resp. cl.4)°C. Formula H8PO4 PH4Cl CHN CH2O2 C2H4Br2 C3H4Br2O2 C4H6O2 C4H8Cl2S C4H10O C4H10O4 C6Hi2O C6H4Cl2 C6H6NO3 C7H7Br C7H7Cl C7H7I C7H7NO C 7 H 7 NO 3 C7H8O C7H8O2 C8H8O C8Hi0 C8Hi0O2 Cj0H8 Ci0H8O Ci0H9N C10Hi2O Ci0Hi4O Ci0H20O Ci2H24O2 Ci3H10O3 C13Hi2 C13H13N C14H10O3 C14H14N2O3 C14H28O2 C16H18N2O3 C16H32O2 Ci7Hi2O3 C18H36O2 C19H16 C 22 H 42 O 2 C34H56O2

Name o-Phosphoric acid Phosphonium chloride*t

£ 0 (ODS.)

,

°

T U-. O. L.)N

38.0 42.3 28 26 C-Compounds, the (T-Arrangement Hydrocyanic acid -13.4 ^ 1 4 2 Formic acid 7.8 8.4 Ethylene dibromidef 9.9 10.0 1, 2-Dibromopropionic acid 64.0 64 1, 2-Dibromopropionic acid, metastable 51.0 51 a-Crotonic acid 71.4 72 2, 2-Dichloroethyl sulfidef 13.9 13.5 Trimethyl carbinoli 24.9 25.5 dZ-Erythritol 117.0 126 Dimethylethyl carbinolf - 8.45 -11.9 p-Dichlorobenzene 52.3 52.9 o-Nitrophenol 44.9 45 p-Bromotoluene 26.5 28 p-Chlorotoluene 6.9 7.8 p-Iodotoluene 33.9 35 Formanilide 46.6 47.5 p-Nitroanisole 52.5 54 p-Cresol 33.3 33.8 Guaiacol 28.4 28 Acetophenone 19.2 19.7 p-Xylenef 13.2 13.2 Veratrole 23.3 Naphthalenef 79.95 80.1 a-Naphthol 95.8 96 a-Naphthylamine 48.9 50 Anethole 22.27 22.5 Thymol ". 49.2 51.5 Menthol, stable 41.1 42.5 Menthol, metastable 36.5 35.5 Laurie acid 42.5 48.0 Salol (Phenyl salicylate) 42.0 43 Diphenylmethane 26.9 27 Benzylaniline 35.6 37 Benzoic anhydride 41.2 43 P1 p'-Azoxyanisole, liquid crystal transition 117.3 117.4 Melting 135.9 Myristic acid 51.8 58 p-Azoxyphenetole, liquid crystal transition 138.5 136.9 Melting 168.0 Palmitic acid 61.2 64 Betol (/3-Naphthyl salicylate) 93.0 95 Stearic acid 68.4 69.3 Triphenylmethane 92.8 92.5 Erucic acid 31.3 33.5 Cholesteryl benzoate, ordinary melting 178.3 178.5

* The triple point vapor—liquid—solid is ca. 28° and 46 atm. t Volume change on melting, cmVkg: PH4Cl—87o at the triple point. C2H4Br2-46 at 15°, 41 at 25°, 37 at 35°, 36 at 45°. C4H8Cl2S-54—0.0065P. C4Hi0O-81,8 at 30°, 70.7 at 40°, 61.4 at 50°, 54.0 at 60°, 46.7 at 70°.

a 0.83 300 2 6 132 260 201 191 373 150 355 83 228 275 240 301 275 314 209 244 236 184 243 355 224 376 248 200 212 210 248 248 238 298 264 241 267 303 408 245 370 476 211 341 258 367 213 760

I

b

Pmax.

Lit.

165

2600 3000

(29) (29)

Ï573800 (29) 85 3000 (29) 133 3000 (29) 1000 (34) 1300 300 (i«) 49 2000(?) (l) 397 2700 (29) 59 3000 («) 278 3800 (29) 134 3000 (6) 300 (™) 140 3000 (6) 130 3000 («) 147 3000 («) 153 2900 (29) 121 3000(?) (27) 67 2900 (29) 107 3000 («) 162 3000 (29) 183 2900 (29) 108 3000 (6) 192 3500 (16, 19, 29) 65 3000 (22) 300' (16,23,26) 94 3000 •(*) 197 3000 (6>16)' 192 3000 («i ") 300 (16) 160 3000 (29) 139 3000 (l 5 ) 124 3000 (6) 115 3000 (6) 59 3000 («) 225 3000(?) (16,26) (26) 171 2400 (29) 300 (16) 300 (16) 46 1800 (29) 335 3000 (l 5 ) 300 (16) 267 3000 (15) 107 3000 (29) 300 (16)

CsHi2O—45.5 - 0.0850 (t + 8.5°). CsHio—190 at 30°, 175 at 50°. CioHg—145.8 — 0.688 (t - 80.1°). Range, >t = 140°.

NON-METALLIC ELEMENTARY SUBSTANCES For metals, v. Vol. II, p. 459 S, Sulfur (29) H2, Hydrogen (36) These results are uncertain beHe, Helium (17.5) __ cause of slow internal changes t, 0C ' .' |_ cm3/kg _ L-mono __clinic

P,3 atm.

P, White phosphorus ( 7 ); cf. (16, 22, 2 9 ) ; s e 6 F i g . 1

_.

P11 atm.

0

t, C [

180 510 860 1240

' ' cm3/kg

Liquid-I

1 2 3 4 5 6

Ï 000 000 000 000 000 OOP

44~2 Ï9T3 73.8 17.9 101.0 16.6 126.8 15.4 151.3 14.2 174.0 13.1 196.0 12.0

000 000 000 000 000 000 OOP

Ô7Ï 12.5 24.5 36.0 47.2 58.0 68.4

41 40 ___

Monoclinic-rhombic Ï 9677 100 100 13.8 360 110 13.9 610 120 13.9 850 130 14.0 1090 140 14.0 1320 150 Liquid-rhombic

I-II

6 7 8 9 10 11 12

120.0 130 140 150

8.46 8.29 7.92 7.64 7.37 7.10 6.84

1630ÏÔÔ 2060 170 2550 180 3060 190

Triple point: 1400 atm., 153.70C. CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS, PART II Standard arrangement (v. Vol. III, p. viii) The temperatures are melting points unless otherwise indicated. H2O, Water (io); cf. (», 29, 32) ; see Fig. 2

P,1 atm. Ï 590 l 090 l 540 1 910

\y

t, 0C ,' ' cm3/kg L-I ÖTÖ 90.0 - 5.0 101.6 -10.0 112.2 -15.0 121.8 -20.0 131.3

3 2 2 2

420 820 430 045

6 5 4 3 3

160 270 360 680 040

IÎII -17.0 -18.5 -20.0 -22.0 L-V 0.0 - 5.0 -10.0 -15.0 -20.0

4 5 5 6 6 7 8 8 10

640 110 620 160 880 390 040 710 250

L-VI -15.0 -10.0 - 5.0 0.0 -f 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 30.0

11 990

P, atm.

^C

AV

cmi/ k

L-VI 13 970 16 150 18 530 20960*

^

50.0 52.3 60.0 47.7 70.0 80.0 L-II -35.0 .217.7 -45.0 217.0 -55.0 216.2 -65.0 215.4 -75.0 214.6 I-III -20.0 177.3 -30.0 191.9 -40.0 199.2 -50.0 202.3 -60.0 204.9 II-III

23.1 30.1 37.1 46.6

2 2 l l 1

094 006 916 826 736

52.7 60.3 67.9 75.4 82.8

2 2 2 2 2

035 087 108 091 049

98.0 96.0 93.8 91.6 88.4 84.4 79.8 75.1 66.3

3 2 2 2

260 820 450 160

-25.0 14.8 -28.0 16.4 -31.0 17.9 -34.0 20.6 U-V

3 3 3 4

460 680 880 070

-25.0 40.1 -28.0 40.1 -31.0 40.1 -34.0 40.1

40.0 59.0

* Extrapolated from 76.4°.

A t, 0C ^l ' cm 3 /kg IU-V -20.0 54.69 -25.0 54.61 -30.0 54.54 -35.0 54.46 V-VI 0.0 38.86 - 5.0 38.66 -10.0 38.47 -15.0 38.28 -20.0 38.09

P, atm.

3 3 3 3

409 395 383 358

6 6 6 6 6

176 172 169 166 162

TRIPLE POINTS AND VOLUME CHANGES

Direc

P, atm.

t, C

-

AF

A t,0C ^J ' cm 3 /kg II-III l 82.7 7.58 200 79.1 7.96 400 74.8 . 8.33 600 69.8 8.70 800 64.2 9.08 U-IV __ 1 000 65.8 12.10 2 000 80.5 12.11 3 000 94.8 12.12 4 000 108.6 12.16 5 000 121.8 12.21 6 000 134.6 12.30 7 000 147.1 12.41 8000 159.1 12.54 9 000 170.8 12.70 III-IV l"! 32.0 20.26 200 38.7 20.52 400 45.9 20.79 600 53.7 21.05 800 61.9 21.31 IV-V l -18.0 | ca. 17 L-VI 9 000 188.9 8.33 10 000 196.6 7.67 11 000 204.4 7.30 U-VI 8 860 170.0 3.12 8 743 185.0 3.73 VI-IV 9 000 170.4 9.58 10 000 178.8 9.56 11 000 187.3 9.53 12 000 195.8 9.51

P,1 atm.

tionof ' volume , KS change III-L-I III-L 46.6 2 045 -22.0 L-I 135.2 U-I 181.8 II-III-I II-III 21.5 2 IQO -34.7 III-I 196.3 U-I 217.8 V-III-L V-III 54.7 3 420 -17.0 UI-L 24.1 V-L 78.8 V-II-III V-II 40.1 3 400 -24.3 II-III 14.5 V-III 45.6 VI-V-L VI-V 3879 6 175 0.16 V-L 52.7 TEIPLE POINTS AND VOLUME CHANGES VI-L 91.6 DirecL-I-vapor P, t, tionof ' 0.00602 0.0075 | | , ' ' , cm3/ 0 atm. C volume , change NH 4 NO 3 (12); cf. (4, 5, 14, 17, II-III-IV 20, 21, 29) ; see Fig. 3 III-IV 21.35 A P, atm. f, 0C ^; 830 63.3 II-III 9.25 ' cm 3 /kg II-IV 12.10 Liquid-I I-II-VI Ï169.6 Î-ÏÏ4.75 l 000 203 ' ca. 51 8730 186.7 I-VI 8.55 L-II I IL-VI 3.80 Î125.513.51 II-IV-VI 1 000 135.0 11.66 II-IV 12.67 2 000 143.5 10.20 8870 169.2 IL-VI 3.09 3 000 151.4 9.06 IV-VI 9.58 4 000 158.7 8.17 COMPRESSIBILITY DIFFERENCE, 5 000 165.6 7.39 CM 3 /KG PER ATM. 6 000 172.0 6.65 7 000 178.0 5.94 I > II, by ca. 0.038. 8 000 183.3 5.24 I > VI, by ca. 0.035. 9 000 188.7 4.56 IV > II, by ca. 0.038. 0

NH4NO3.- (Continued) II > III, by 0.0213. III < IV, by 0.0238. THERMAL EXPANSION DIFFERENCE cm3/kg per 0C At 74 atm. II > III by 0.038°. IV > III by 0.115°. The notation V is reserved for a form stable at atmospheric pressure below — 2O0C. Cohen and Kooy ( 14 ) claim an error of 9 % in the changes of volume listed above for IV-III. NH4Cl (13) P1 atm.

J9 °C

J^g

184.3 98.5 191.1 109.0 198.3 116.4 205.7 121.7 NH4Br (13) 1 137.8 64.7 100 146.3 65.2 200 155.1 65.6 300 164.3 65.9 400 173.5 66.0 500 183.5 65.9 600 193.8 65.7 700 204,4 65.4 NH4I (13) 1 -17.6* 56.1 237 0.0 55.4 487 +20.0 54.7 718 40.0 54.0 933 60.0 53.4 1 133 80.0 52.8 1 318 100.0 52.3 1 488 120.0 51.8 1 644 140.0 51.4 1 789 160.0 51.0 1 924 180.0 50.7 2 050 200.0 50.4 Difference of compressibility not greater than 0.001 cm3/kg. Not known which is the greater. * Extrapolated. NH4HSO4 (13); gee Fig. 4 I-II 1 180 40 13.3 1 330 60 12.9 1 470 80 12.6 1 620 100 12.2 1 750 120 11.9 I-III 1 800 130 .„ 1 800 I 150 II-III 2 000 129.5 6.3 3 000 144.8 5.5 4 000 158.6 5.2 5000 171.3 5.8 0 100 200 300

TlNO3 (12)

AF

P1 atm. t, 0C ,' ' I ' cm3/kg III-IV 5470 177.0 1.7 5 350 181.0 2.7 IV-V 6 000179.3 I 4 . 5 7 000 184.1 3.9 8 000 188.1 3.5 9 000 191.6 3.2 10 OOP 194.8 2.9

Highly probable that there is a fifth modification at upper end of U-IV line. TRIPLE POINTS I-II-III: 1800 atm., 126.2°. II-III-IV: 5480 atm., 176.9°. SbI3 (8)

At 200.8°, AF = 24.0cm3/kg. Melting pressure = 1120 atm. (data incomplete). Sb2S3 (1*) The red modification has a reversible transformation running from 7550 atm., 0°, to 11 600 atm., 32°. AF = ca. 10 cm3/kg. CO2 (7); cf. (29,31) P11 atm. Ï 1 000 2 000 3 000 4 000 5 000 6 000 7 000 8 000 9 000 10 000 11 000 12 OOP

t, 0C ' -56.6 -36.7 -19.4 - 4.1 +10.1 23.1 35.4 46.9 57.9 68.3 78.3 87.8 97.0

A ^; cm3/kg

106.1 96.7 88.3 80.8 74.1 68.3 63.3 58.9 55.2 52.0

For other carbon compounds v. the (T-Table. SiO2, v. p. 19 SiCl4 (8) P11 atm. 2 000 3 000 4 000 5 000 6 000 7000 8 000 9 000 10000 11 OOP

t, 0C ' - 8.2 +19.3 46.1 72.2 97.3 121.8 145.5 168.6 191.2 213.3

AF

,' cm3/kg 51.8 46.6 42.4 39.0 36.3 34.3 32.6 31.3 30.3 29.4

P11 atm.

1 1 000 2000

3 000 4 000 5 000 6000 7000 Ï 1 000 2 000 3 000 4 000 5 000 6 000 7 000 8 000 9 000 10 000 11 000 12 OOP

0

AgI (u); Cf. ( 2 4 , 2 9 , 3 0 ) A

t, C J

*l' cm3/kg

MI 144.6 153.2 161.6

2.44 2.42 2.41

t, 0C '_ I-II

1 1000 2000 3000

144.6 129.1 112.4 94.3 I-III 3ÖÖÖ 107.7 4000 138.0 5000 169.0 6000 I 201 9 II-III 2904 30.0 2856 50.0 2804 70.0 2744 90.0

A X| cm3/kg

. 8.6 9.1 9.6 10.2

170.0 2.39 178.4 2.37 186.6 2.35 13.8 194.6 2.34 12.7 202.4 I 2.32 11.0 8.9 II-III 757Ô 0.730 81.8 0.700 23.9 88.5 0.675 23.9 95.1 0.645 24.0 24.1 101.6 0.620 2710 I 100 O I 24.1 108.0 0.595 114.3 0.565 TRIPLE POINT AND VOLUME 120.6 0.545 CHANGE 126.9 0.510 Direc133.1 0.485 P1 t, tionof AF, 139.3 0.460 atm. 0C volume cm3/kg 145.4 0.435 change 151.5 0.410

COMPRESSIBILITY DIFFERENCE cm3/kg per atm. I = II approx. At 75°, III > II by 0.035. At 105°, III > II by 0.033. At 140°, III > II by 0.0315. HgI2 (U); cf. (21); see Fig. 5 A /, 0C ?l' [ cm3/kg Ï 1 2 7 . 0 3 . 4 1 000 150.4 2.1 2 000 166.0 1.2 3 000 175.6 0.6 4 000 180.2 +0.2 5 000 181.2 -0.1 6 000 177.0 -0.5 7 000 166.3 -1.0 8 000 145.7 -1.8 9 000 111.0 -2.9 10 OOP 62.2 -4.2 I more compressible than II by ca. 0.034 cm3/kg per atm.

P11 atm.

P11 atm.

MI 10.1 2720 99.4 I-III 14.0 II-III 24.1 AgNO3 (12); Cf. (17); see Fjg. 6 P11 atm.

t, 0C '_

AF

,' cm3/kg 2.50 2.54 2.59 2.66 2.73 2.81 2.89 2.99 3.11 3.17 3.24 3.30

1 159.4 1000 151.5 2000 143.4 3000 135.0 4000 126.2 5000 117.2 6000 107.7 7000 95.9 8000 77.5 8500 64.0 9000 42.8 9460 0.0 COMPRESSIBILITY DIFFERENCE . PD1 atm.

MI^ _,. ' ^ cm3/kg per atm. Î -0.0345 ' 2000 -0.0334 4000 -0.0324 6000 -0.0314 8000 0.000 9000 +0.O 3 Il 9460 0.0316 Cu2I2 (13) KClO3 C") P = 11 570 - (t - 100) X P= 5500 + 10.9/, atm. 19.70 atm. AF = 25.1 - 0.0022*, cm3/kg AF = 5.35 - (t - 100) X per atm. 0.0050 cm3/kg per atm. Difference of compressibility The low temperature modi- probably > 0.032 cm3/kg per fication is less compressible than atm. the high temperature modifiK2S (li) cation by 0.034 cm3/kg per atm. t = 146.4 + 0.0124P.

A7 = 0.95 - 0.00003P cm3/ kg per atm. Low temperature form is about 0.02! more compressible. KHSO4 (13); see Fig. 7 P, atm. 1 1000 2000 2000 3000 Î75Ô 2005 2265 2525 2780

1

Ty

/, 0C ' HI

,' cm3/kg

180.5 190.7 201.0 HV I 202.6 I 220.1 U-IV I 200.0 180.0 160.0 140.0 120.0 II-III I 164.2 147.9 131.4 115.0

0.66 1.39 2.14 3.06 2.88 1.13 1.12 1.11 1.11 1.10

KNO 3 (1^c/. (17); see Fig. 8 P1 atm. 1 1000 2000 3000 4000 1 495 1260 1840 2275 2605 2860

I

I1 0C ' I-III 125.8 147.8 169.1 190.0 210.6 HI 127.7 I II-III

A J^ cm3/kg

120.0 100.0 80.0 60.0 40.0 20.0

10.5 12.9 14.1 14.8 15.3 15.6

14.2 13.9 13.7 13.6 13.5 6.0

U-IV 2580 OTO 44.7 2700 10.0 44.4 2825 20.0 41.0 Ï 5.56 III-IV 1000 5.61 2000 5.66 3000 27.7 28.2 3000 5.72 4000 66.3 27.3 5000 102.5 26.7 III-IV 6000 136.3 26.3 3000 1 114.6 1 (Ts 7000 167.8 25.7 4000 94.8 6.4 8000 196.3 25.3 5000 72.2 6.1 9000 221.5 24.9 6000 46.0 5.7 TRIPLE POINTS AND VOLUME TRIPLE POINTS AND VOLUME CHANGES CHANGES DirecDirecP, /, tionof AV, P1 t, tion of AV, atm. 0C volume cm3/kg 0 3 atm. C volume cm /kg change change HIHV HI-IV ÎHÏÏ Ï5lT~" HI 1.97 2835 21.3 III-IV 28.4 1770198.6 IHV 1.13 U-IV 44.0 HV 3.10 I-II-III IHIHV HII 14.2 II-III I 5.70 110128.3 IHII 8.9 2805118.2 IHV 1.10 I-II 5.3 III-IV 6.80 COMPRESSIBILITY DIFFERENCE THERMAL EXPANSION III > I, by ca. 0.001 cm3/kg DIFFERENCE per atm. At 1 atm. I > II by 0.5 III> IV, by ca. 0.06 cm3/ cm3/kg per 0C. kg per atm. At 1 atm. II > III by 0.04 Ill probably > II. cm3/kg per 0C. THERMAL EXPANSION Ill probably > IV. III > I, by ca. 0.06 cm3/kg per 0C. KNO2 (il) KCNS (u)" I AF —. P1 atm. <,«C cm3/^g P1 atm. «, 0C cm3/4g 5 000 - 0.3 31.0 L-I 6 000 +17.4 32.4 7 000 35.7 33.8 1 171.2* 49.7* 8 000 56.6 35.1 [173.2] 9 000 83.1 36.5 1000 193.3 46.2 10 OOP 122.3 37.8 * Extrapolated.

A t, 0C ^> I ' cm3 3/kg _ L-II l 140.0 3.06 1000 158.5 2.43 2000 174.9 1.98 3000 190.6 1.68 4000 205.7 1.49 RbNO 3 * (12) IL-III l 164.4 6.88 1000 174.4 6.45 2000 184.1 6.00 3000 193.5 5.57 4000 202.6 5.12 5000 211.5 4.69 6000 220.3 4.26 The difference of volume between I and II is probably very small (35).

P, atm.

* Material somewhat impure with acid.

CCl4 ( 7 ); cf. (2, 29) ; 8ee FJg. IQ P1 atm. Î 1 000 2 000 3 000 4000 5 000 6 000 7 000 8 000 9 OQQ 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

000 000 000 000 000 000 OOP

9 10 11 12

000 000 000 OQO

CsNO3 '(12) T" 153.7 4.05 1000 163.4 3.86 2000 172.9 3.68 3000 182.2 3.50 4000 191.3 3.32 5000 200.1 3.13 6000 208.8 2.94 At 80 atm., thermal expansion of I > II by 0.033 cm3/kg per 0C. At 4850 atm., the compressibility of I > II by 0.00031 cm3/kg per atm.

(T-Table, the (T-arrangement CBr4 t 11 » 34); see Fig. 9 I-II t = 46.2 H- 0.0315P; AF = 20.5 - 0.0026P cm3/kg per atm. I-III I = 119.5 H - ( P - 2175) X 0.1089; A 7 = 2.9 cm3/kg per atm. II-III t = 108.5 H - ( P - 1930) X 0.0246; AF = 12.3 - 0.0013P cm3/kg per atm. Triple point, I-II-III, 2110 atm., 112.6° W. Wahl (34) has determined the melting point at atm. pressure to be 92° and finds this to be raised 1° by 15.5 atm. for a small pressure range. He also has made initial determinations of the transition I-II.

6 7 7 8 8

500 I 000 500 000 500

I1 0C ' L-I -22.6 [-23.0] +15.3 48.9 78.9 106.0 130.8 154.2 176.2 197.4 217.6 L-II - 4.6 +15.7 35.3 54.1 72.3 90.0 107.2 I-III 125.8 145.9 166.0 186.2 II-III + 6 . 7 34.3 61.9 89.5 117.1 I

Ay

,' cm3/kg

25.8 19.9 16.3 13.8 11.6 9.9 8.3 7.0 6.0 5.2 24.2 23.3 22.4 21.3 20.2 19.0 17.9 22.5 22.2 21.7 21.1 5 . 6 5.6 5.6 5.5 5.4

TRIPLE POINTS AND VOLUME CHANGES DirecP1 I1 tionof AF, atm. 0C volume cm3/kg change I-II-III HI 17.3 8460 115 I-III 22.7 II-III 5.4 CHBr3, Bromoform («) P,1 atm. 1 1 000 2 000 3 000 4 000 5 000 6 000 7 000 8 000 9 000 10 000 11 OOP

I1 0C [ 7.78 32.3 55.3 77.2 97.3 116.3 134.1 151.1 167.4 183.3 199.0 214.6

A ^! cm3/kg 39.1 35.4 32.0 28.9 26.3 23.8 21.7 19.9 18.4 17.3 16.3 15.4

CHCl3, Chloroform ( 7 ) A

0

P,7 atm.

f/, cm3/kg

t, C ' -61.0 [-63.5] -43,4 -26.5 -10.3 + 5.4 20.4 34.8 48.7 62.0 75.1 87.9 100.4 112.6

Ï 1 000 2 000 3 000 4 000 5000 6 000 7 000 8 000 9 000 10 000 11 000 12 OOP

52.6 49.2 46.0 43.2 40.6 38.3 36.3 34.5 33.0 31.6

CH2I2, Méthylène iodide (29); see Fig. 11* ~J,

T9 0

atm. 1 135 230

C 5.73 , 8.0 <"> 10

710 1200 1750

20 30 40

1995

44

2350 2960

50 60

^™ ^n)

(L-III)

1 -6.5 175

°

270 +5 320 9 180 8.6 325 9.4 365 10 1000 20 1540 30 1825 38 1825 38.0 1930 42.8 1825 38.0

2195 2450

44 48

}

(

V;

(

}

(III-IV) J

TRIPLE POINTS 0

C 8^6 9.4 42.8 38.0

(L-I-II) (I-II-IV) (L-II-III) (II-III-IV)

* Details of this diagram somewhat uncertain; in particular the reality of the separate existence of III seems to

need verification.

4180 4640 5100 5560 6020 6480

I

6521 6628 6735 6843

t, C [ I-III O 20.0 40.0 60 80 100 MI 100.0 120.0 140.0 160.0

A

t, 0C I II-III 42.7 70.7 98.0 123.4 149.5 173.2 195.5

P,1 atm.

^: cm3/kg

49.6 49.4 49.2 49.0 48.8 48.6 48.2 46.5 44.2 41.3

TRIPLE POINT AND VOLUME CHANGES

1 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000

A _^ cm3/kg

9.7 8.5 7.5 6.7 6.1 5.6 5.2

DIFFERENCE OF COMPRESSIBILITY A = II-III; cm3/kg per atm. P1 atm. I A "" - 0 . 0 0 2 4 2000 0.0020 4000 0.0017 0.0015 6000

Directionof AF, volume cm3/kg C2H3ClO2, Chloroacetic acid ( 7 > change 18); c/. (16, 29) MI-III AF P,1 atm. t, 0C* i' ' cm3/kg I-III 48.6 6535102.3 MI 48.0 L-stable solid II-III 0.6 1 62.53 I ÏÔ7 Melts 131.7° at l atm., 150° [61.2] at 3000 atm. AF (L-I) = 10 2 000 90 86 cm3/kg. 4 000 115 67 P1 atm.

t, 0 C

COMPRESSIBILITY DIFFERENCE I < II by co. 0.004 cm3/kg per atm. I < III by < 0.004 cm3/kg per atm.

(I-IV) V;

(

0

P,1 atm.

U

~~p;T9 atm. 180 325 1930 1825

CH4N2O, Urea (*3) ; see Fig. 12

NH4CNS (U) P, atm. ' Î 1000 2000 3000

t, 0C ' 87\7 55.2 +26.1 - 0.5

?l' cm3/kg 40.9 41.4 41.9 42.4

C2CU, Hexachloroethane (11); cf. ( 29 )

I 1000 2000

t, 0C [ I-II 7ÎTÏ 104.8 138.5

137 158 177

51 37 25

L-unstable solid Ï 50.0 800 65.0 * Approximate values.

A

COMPRESSIBILITY DIFFERENCE ON TRANSITION LINE cm3/kg per atm. P, atm. j A _ 0 . 0 0 5 1 1000 0.0043 2000 0.0035 3000 0.0028 The high temp, phase is the less compressible.

P11 atm.

6 000 8 000 10 OOP

A ^ cm3/kg

28.0 25.9 23.7

C 2 H 4 O 2 , Acetic acid (13); cf. (25, 29, 33)

P,1 atm.

Ï1 500 1 000 1 500 2 OOP 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 OOP

1 040 1 485 1 930

t, 0C ' L-I 6.681 28.2 38.3 47.3 55.3 L-II 55.2 70.9 85.2 98.4 110.5 121.8 132.3 142.1 151.1 159.5 MI O 25 50

\V

1' cm3/kg

56.0 132.3 113.8 99.3 87.3 99.6 89.9 81.8 75.0 68.8 63.6 59.2 55.8 53.0 50.8 14.0 13.6 13.1

TRIPLE POINT AND VOLUME CHANGES Direc - A7~ tionof ' volume , change I-II-L I L-II 99.2 2033 55.7 L-I 86.2 I-II 13.0 At 76 atm. L more expansible than I by 0.50 cm3/kg per 0C.

P, atm.

?, 0 C

C2H5NO, Acetamide (13, 18) A t, 0C J1' I cm3/kg L-I 1 81.5 109.8 [81.0] 1 000 93.5 84.5 2 000 103.7 65.8 3 000 112.5 52.1 4 000 119.9 41.7 5 OOP 125.9 33.4 L-II 4 000 I 1 1 3 . 1 7 3 . 7 5 000 124.7 66.5 6 000 135.0 59.6 7 000 144.6 53.2 8 000 153.3 47.9 9 000 161.4 43.6 10000 168.9 40.1 11 OOP 175.9 37.4 MI 5 810 20.0 30.2 5 740 40.0 30.5 5 645 60.0 30.9 5 535 80.0 31.5 5 310 100.0 32.1 5 265 120.0 32.8 L-unstable solid Î 69.4 1 000 86.6 2 000 97.4 3 OOP 105.0

P91 atm.

TRIPLE POINT AND VOLUME CHANGES Directionof AF, volume cm3/kg change L-I-II L7331.9 5220 127.0 L-II 64.9 I-II 33.0Compressibility difference, ( U - I ) = 0.0027 at 20°, and 0.0011 at 120°, cm3/kg per atm. Relation linear. P, atm.

I9 0 C

C8H6O, Acetone (7, io) Under 10 000 atm., freezing temperature = ca. 40°. C 3 H 7 NO 2 , Urethane (li); e/. (27,29) ; see Fig. 13

1 500 1 000 1 500 2 000 500 000 500 000

4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

500 000 000 000 000 000 000 100 000

3 060 3 150 3 240 3 2 2 2

O 10 20 I-II 30 40 50 60

170 930 680 440

57.2 57.3 57.4 9.3 9.5 9.8 10.0

II-III 3 3 3 3 4

360 520 680 830 000

30 40 50 60 70

48.0 47.5 47.0 46.4 45.9

TRIPLE POINTS AND VOLUME CHANGES *

Direc

P, atm.

2270

4090

3290

L-solid

AV

t, 0C ' ' cm33 /kg L-I 47.9 59.9 53.2 45.8 57.6 37.1 61.3 31.3 64.6 27.3 L-II 67.9 29.5 71.2 22.8 74.0 19.7 76.4 18.6 I^-III 82.1 62.3 88.5 60.4 100.2 56.4 111.1 52.7 121.7 49.1 131.8 45.7 141.5 42.6 151.1 39.5 160.3 36.7 I-III

P,1 atm.

2 3 3 4

C3H6O4, Dimethyl oxalate (8); e/. ( 29 ) AF P, atm. I9? 0C ,' ' cm3/kg

tionof volume change L-I-II L-I 66.2 L-II I-II L-II-III L1H 76.8 L-III II-III _ I-II-III t, 0 C

Ay

'

,

25.3 35.5 10.2 18.4 64.0 45.6 __

25.5 II-III 48.2 I-III 57.4

'

Î 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000

54.24 76.5 97.1 116.5 134.9 152.4 169.1 185.2 200.8

145.3 110.8 95.0 85.5 79.0 73.6 68.6 64.0 59.5

CeH 4 BrNO 2 , ra-Bromonitrobenzene ( 37 ) C6H4ClNO2, ra-Chloronitrobenzene ( 37 ) C6H6Br, Bromobenzene (8) Ay P, atm. f, 0C ' ' ' cm 3 /kg

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Î 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 OQQ

L-solid -31.1 -11.5 + 6.4 22.8 37.8 51.5 64.5 76.9 88.7 100.2 111.1 121.6 131.8

48.4 42.5 37.8 34.0 30.9 28.3 26.2 24.4 23.0 21.8 20.9 20.2

DIFFERENCE OF COMPRESSIBILITY BETWEEN SOLID AND LIQUID ALONG MELTING CURVE (DIRECTLY MEASURED) cm3/kg per atm. P1 atm. Ï 3 000 6 000 9 000 12 OOP

I

A Ö7Ö4 .006 .003 .001 .0005

C6H5Cl, Chlorobenzene ( 8 ) P,? atm.

Ï 1 000 2 000 3 000 4 000 5 000 6 000

«, 0C '

L-solid -45.5 -27.5 -11.0 + 4.3 18.5 31.8 44.2

A ^! cm 3 /kg

P, atm. _J

7 8 9 10 11 12

000 000 000 000 000 OOP

t, 0C [ L-solid 55^9 66.9 77.5

87.9 97.8 107.4

P, atm. _

36.6 34.2 32.2 30.6 29.2 28.1

P = 1284 + 115*, atm. AF = 59.2 - 0.6*, cm3/kg Lr-II 2 000 63^5 82.6 3 000 84.0 76.1 4 000 102.1 70.7 5 000 118.6 66.2 6 000 133.9 62.3 7 000 148.4 58.8 8 000 162.3 55.7 9 000 175.8 52.9 10 000 188.7 50.4 11 000 201.5 48.1 12 OOP 214.0 46.0 TRIPLE POINT AND VOLUME CHANGES DirecP, t, tionof AF, atm. 0C volume cm3/kg change L-I-II L-L 27.0 2015 64.0 L-II 82.5 I-II 55.5 COMPRESSIBILITY DIFFERENCE cm3/kg per atm. At triple point, I > II by 0.005. At 74 atm., L > I by 0.025. C6H6O2, Resorcinol (15) L-I * = 110.0° + 0.0145P 0.O5UOP2 (to 3000 atm.)

C6H5NO3, p-Nitrophenol (8) L-solid Ï 1 1 2 . 4 8 9 . 1 1000 138.5 73.6 2000 160.9 61.0 3000 181.8 51.2 4000 201.3 43.6 C6H6, Benzene ( 7 ); cf. (16, 28, 29) L-I

11 11 11 11 11 11

860 690 560 480 430 460

5.4 33.3 58.0 79.9 99.3 117.4 134.6 150.8 166.4 181.2 195.4 209.0 MI ÏÔÔ 120 140 160 180 200

131.7 103.5 86.3 75.0 66.8 60.5 55.5 51.3 47.5 44.0 41.0 38.4 10.5 11.1 11.6 12.1 12.6 13.0

C6H6O, Phenol ("); cf. 56.1 50.8 46.4 42.6 39.4

(16, 29, 30) Lr-I

Ï 1 000 2 QOO

4Ô~9 53.8 63.9

^,I cm3/kg

i-n

C6H5NO2, Nitrobenzene ( 7 ); cf. (W) L-solid Î 5 ~ 6 8 1 . 4 1 000 27.9 73.3 2 000 49.5 66.1 3 000 70.3 60.0 4 000 90.2 55-. 1 5000 108.4 51.5 6 000 125.7 48.5 7 000 142.2 45.9 8 000 158.2 43.5 9 000 173.9 41.5 10 000 189.1 39.7 11 OOP 204.2 38.1

Ï 1 000 2 000 3 000 4 000 5 000 6 000 7 000 8 000 9 000 10 000 11 OOP

t, 0C [

A ^J cm3/kg

56.7 39.0 27.4

A /, 0C ^; ' cm3/kg I-II Ï 75 500 44 1000 20 1500 +6 2000 -2 2500 -6 Results at higher pressures in much doubt. C 6 H 7 N, Aniline ( 7 ); cf. (29) Lr-solid Ï - 6.4 85.4 1 000 +14.0 78.2 2 000 32.9 72.0 3 000 50.2 68.9 4 000 66.5 62.6 5 000 81.6 58.8 6 000 95.7 55.5 7 000 109.4 52.4 8 000 122.5 49.6 9 000 135.0 46.9 10 000 147.1 44.4 11 000 158.9 42.0 12 OOP 170.3 39.6

P, atm. '

C 6 HnNO2, Ethyl aminocrotonate (18)

P atm 1

*

ï 1000 2000 3000

t^c,

f, °c,

C8H6O2, Phthalide (18) AF F,1 atm. t, 0C ,' ' cm3/kg

stable 3ÏTO 51.2 64.4 75.6

unstable 19.9 37.6 51.9 63.5

L-solid 7370 101 127 152

C 7 H 7 NO 3 , Nitroanisole (27.5)

Î 1000 2000 3000

3 3 4 4 4

C8H8O, Acetophenone (8) At 200°, AF = 45 cm3/kg. Melting pressure, 11 200 atm.

4 5 6 7

Ci0H8, Naphthalene (8) Melting pressure at 200°, ca. 4000 atm.

3 3

C7H8O, o-Cresol ( 7 ); cf. (**) P1 atm.

*, °C

c ^> g

Ir-I Ï 3 0 . 8 8 3 . 8 1 000 48.2 67.1 2 000 62.8 55.0 3 000 75.2 46.3 4 000 86.1 40.0 5000 95.8 35.0 6 000 104.5 31.2 7 000 112.6 28.2 8 000 120.0 25.9 — 6 000 7 000 8 000 9 000 10 000 11 000 12 OOP

105.5 119.5 132.6 145.2 157.2 168.9 180.2

55.2 51.9 49.1 46.8 44.8 43.1 41.8

Ci0Hi2O, Anethole (8) AF at 74 atm. = 79.3 cm3/ kg. Melting pressure at 100°, ca. 4050 atm. Ci0Hi6O, Camphor (13, 16); see Fig. 14

F, atm. '

AT/ *

t, 0C '

,' cm 3 /kg

IÎ-II 5900

130.2

L-Ï31.7 I-II 23.8 L-II 55.5

C7H9N, p-Toluidine («); cf. (16, 1 9 , 2 3 , 2 9 )

P1 atm. ï 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000

l, °C L-solid 43.6 69.8 92.9 114.0 133.8 153.1 172.1 190.8 209.4

1 6 1 2 060 2 570

1.87 1.87 1.87 1.87 1.87

Initial rise of melting temperature, 129° for 1000 atm. Ill is more compressible than IV; difference 0.005 at 3000 and 0.0017 at 12 000 cm3/kg per atm. Triple points are not accurately located.

0

O

10 20

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 OOP

26.5 39.2 51.3 62.8 73.6 83.9 93.6 102.7 111.2 119.1 IV-V

2 7 9 0 2 0 3 350 60 3 775 90

U-V 2 2 3 3 3 3

7 1 0 2 0 864 40 036 60 226 80 434 100 662 120

Ci0H20O, Menthol (8) AF at 74 atm. = 61.2 cm3/kg.

Ci2HnN, Diphenylamine ( 7 ); Cf. (3, 23, 27, 29) A t, 0C .^; ' cm3/kg L-solid ï 54~Ô95.8 1000 80.3 80.1 2000 104.5 70.3 3000 126.8 63.3 4000 147.4 58.0 5000 166.5 53.4 6000 184.3 49.7 7000 201.0 46.6 8000 216.9 44.1 Ci3Hi0O, Benzophenone ( 8 ); cf.

F, atm.

(16,29)

L-solid 47.8 90.4 1000 75.4 77.3 2000 100.5 68.4 3000 123.4 61.8 4000 144.7 56.7 5000 164.5 52.6 6000 183.3 49.2 7000 201.1 46.2 8000 218.2 43.6 C14Hi4, Dibenzyl (19) L-solid 1 51.3 113 500 68.4 105 1000 83.2 96 1500 97.3 88

ï

DIAGRAMS I

58.5 56.3 54.0

III-IV

J^g

141.3 118.9 103.1 92.2 84.3 77.9 72.5 67.8 63.7

* AF is not always very exact.

i-n 1 87.1 500 118.6 1 000 148.0 1 500 175.8 2 OOP I 202.5 II-III

TRIPLE POINT AND VOLUME CHANGES DirecF, /, tionof cm; 0 atm. C volume , change •

AF *

t, 0C ,' ' cm3/kg U-VI 661 120 6.9 880 140 6.1 081 160 5.7 265 180 5.4 435 200 5.2 VI-IV 000 9Ô~Ï 3.5 000 108.8 2.2 000 124.2 1.2 OOP 136.5 0.5 V-VI 6 6 0 9 0 660 110 L-I 1 I 177.6 I

F, atm. j*

37.4 34.4 31.7 29.1 26.8 24.7 22.8 21.1 19.6 18.3

The arrows denote the direction in which the volume change on transition is becoming numerically less. «, ß, Cp. The location of these symbols shows the side of the transition line corresponding to the form having the higher value of compressibility, thermal expansion, or specific heat at constant pressure. The dotted enclosing lines delimit the region of indifference.

LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) C 1 ) Adams and Williamson, 128, 9: 30; 19. (2) Amagat, 84, 105: 165; 87. ( 3 ) Battelli, 24, 3 : 1781; 85. ( 4 ) Behn, 5, 80: 444; 07. (*) Bellati and Romanese, 24, 4: 1395; 85. («) Block, 7, 82: 403; 13. (?) Bridgman, 2, 3: 126; 14. (*) Bridgman, #,6:1, 94; 15. ( 9 ) Bridgman, 7, 86: 513; 14. 89: 252; 14. ( 1 O) Bridgman, 66, 47: 440; 12. 49: 189; 14. ( J 1 ) Bridgman, 65, 51: 55; 16. (12) Bridgman, 65, 51:581; 16. C 13 ) Bridgman, 65, 52: 91; 16. O 4 ) Cohen and Kooy, 64P, 27: 65; 24. (15) Denecke, 93, 108: 1; 19. (^) Hulett, 7, 28: 629; 99. 64V, 35: 794; 26. (") Jaenecke, 7, 90: 280; 15. (".S) Keesom, 84, 183: 189; 26. («) Körber, 7, 82: 45; 13. (i*>) Kuslasev, Thesis, Juriev, 1915. (20) Lehmann, 94, 1: 97; 77. (21) Lussana, 69, 1: 97; 95. ( 22 ) Lussana, 09, 5: 153; 03. (23) Mack, 34, 127: 361; 98. ( 24 ) Mallard and Le Chatelier, 34, 97: 102; 83. (25) Meyer, 7, 72: 225; 10. (26) Pushin and Grebenshikov, 63, 44: 1728; 12. (27) Pushin and Grebenshikov, 53, 44: 112; 12. (27.5) Pushin and Grebenshikov, 7, 118: 276; 25. ( 2 «) Richards, Carver and Schumb, 1, 41: 2019; 19. (29) Tammann, Aggregatzustânde, Leipzig, Voss, 1922. See also his Kristallisieren und Schmelzen, Leipzig, Barth, 1903. (30) Tammann, 7, 75: 733; 11. (31) Tammann, 7, 80: 737; 12. (32) Tammann, 7, 84: 257; 13. 88: 57; 14. (33) de Visser, 70, 12: 101; 93. ( 34 ) Wahl, 6S, 212: 117; 12. (35) Wallerant, 191, 28: 311; 05. (36) Onnes and van Gulik, 64V, 35: 871; 26. (37) Pushin, 7, 119: 400; 26.

Fig.) P, white

Fig.4 NH4HSO4

Fig.6 AgNO 3

Fig. 9 CBr 4

Fig.2 H2O

Fig.8 KNO, Fig.7 KHSO4

Fig 13 Ethylurethane Rg. 11 CH2I8

Fig.5 HgI8

Fig.12 Urea

Fig.3 NH4NO3

Fig. 14 Camphor

Rg. IO ecu

INTERNAL PRESSURE J. H. HILDEBRAND Internal pressure is the name given to the force of cohesion which, together with the external pressure, balances the thermal pressure. It is indirectly measured by such properties as surface tension, heat of vaporization, expansion and compressibility. It has most frequently been defined by the various equations of state. For example, arranging the familiar van der Waals equation in the form : , a RT P+Ji-iT^b' a/v2 may be called the cohesive pressure and RT/(v — b) the thermal pressure, but since for liquids and solids p is small compared with the other two terms, either of them may be used as a measure of internal pressure, whenever the "constants" a and b are known. Any equation of state which can be put into a corresponding form may be similarly used (cf. Sutherland (9)). Unfortunately little work has been done upon the application of equations of state to ordinary liquids, and the values of internal pressure calculated from them are discordant and of doubtful significance. The pure thermodynamic equation ,fdE\ (^)T

P+

=

d P\ (ßT)v

T( T

is free from these objections, and since (dp/dT)v = a//3, the expansion divided by the compressibility, the internal pressure may be calculated from the expression Ta/ß (Dupré C 1 )). If the laws of molecular attraction were definitely known we could calculate (dE/dV)T from the heat of vaporization, L1 and from the molecular surface energy, Ea. As it is, we can conclude that internal pressures are roughly proportional to (L — RT)/V1 and to Eff/V^9 where v is the molai volume of the liquid (cf. Dupré, (2) Stefan, (8) and Hildebrand (3)). Laplace ( 5 ) has given expressions connecting the intermolecular attraction, on the one hand, with the force parallel to the surface, i.e.j the surface tension, 7, and, on the other hand, with the force normal to the surface, which may be called internal pressure. If an inverse powar law of molecular attraction is assumed this makes internal pressure proportional to y/V^.

Relative internal pressures have been estimated by Mortimer ( 7 ) from a consideration of solubility data. A critical discussion of the methods for calculating internal pressure, together with its relation to solubility, is given in Hildebrand ( 4 > 11); see also Lewis ( 6 ); Richards (10). Since the various methods for calculating internal pressure differ greatly as to magnitude but agree rather well as to relative values, a brief illustrative table is given below in which the values for certain liquids (marked*) have been calculated from the relation Ta/ß. The values for the others have been estimated from the relative figures obtained by other methods. Polar liquids have been omitted because the different methods give highly discordant results. INTERNAL PRESSURES OF LIQUIDS Octane* Ethyl ether Stannic chloride m-Xylene* Carbon tetrachloride*.. . Toluene* Chloroform* Benzene* Naphthalene lodobenzene

I Atm. I) 2 9oo 3 loo 3 4oo 3 64o 3 64o 3 78o 3 83o 4 05o 4 4oo 4 600

Ethylene bromide* Carbon disulfide Bromoform* Bromine Sulfur monochloride.... Sulfur Iodine Phosphorus Mercury*

I Atm. 4 7oo 5 4oo 5 600 6 ooo 6 loo 8 ooo 8 ooo 9 ooo 13 Oso

LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) C 1 ) Dupré, 6, 2: 185; 64. (2) Dupré, 6, 6: 274; 65. ( 3 ) Hildebrand, î, 43: 500; 21. ( 4 ) Hildebrand, Solubility. New York, Chem. Cat. Co., 1924. ( s ) Laplace, Oeuvres complètes, IV: 389. Paris, Puiseux and Houel, 18781900. (6) Lewis, 83, 7: 94; 11. (7) Mortimer, I , 44: 1416; 22. 45: 633; 23. (8) Stefan, 8, 29: 655; 86. (») Sutherland, S, 35: 211; 93. 10 ( ) Richards, 286, 2: 315; 26. (U) Westwater, Franta and Hildebrand, #, 31: 135; 28.

MECHANICAL AND THERMAL PROPERTIES OF THE VARIOUS FORMS OF SILICA ROBERT B. SOSMAN CONTENTS Crystallographic symmetry. Inversion points. Density. Thermal expansion. Volume change on inversion.

MATIÈRES Symétrie cristallographique. Points d'in version. Densité. Dilatation thermique. Changement de volume par inversion.

INHALTSVERZEICHNIS Kristallographie. Inversionspunkte. Dichte. Thermische Ausdehnung. Volumänderung bei der Inversion.

Thermal conductivity. Elastic properties, compressibility. Strength.

Conductibilité thermique. Propriétés élastiques, compressibilité. Résistance.

Wärmeleitfähigkeit. Elastische Eigenschaften, Kompressibilität. Festigkeit.

INDICE PAGB Simmetria cristallografica. . 20 Punti di trasformazione.... 20 Densità 20 Dilatazione termica 21 Variazione di volume che accompagna le trasformazioni 21 Conducibilità termica 21 Proprietà elastiche, compressibilità 21 Resistenza 21

CRYSTALLOGRAPHIC SYMMETRY Symmetry class Symmetry system : : Scnoennies | Dana | Groth Low-quartz Hexagonal; rhom- Trigonal enantio- f Rhomb ohedral] Trigonal bohedral (or tri- morphous hemi- • trapezohedral gonal) subdivision hedral, D3 [ High-quartz Hexagonal; hexag- Hexagonal enant- f Hexagonal onal subdivision iomorphouss trapezohedral hemihedral, D6 { I Low-tridymite Orthorhombic | | | Lower high-tridymite Hexagonal (A h e m i h e d r a l class?) Upper high-tridymite Hexagonal (A h o l o h e d r a l class?) Low-cristobalite Either tetragonal or orthorhombic High-cristobalite Isometric | | INVERSION POINTS HIGH-LOW INVERSION POINT OF QUARTZ Inversion

DENSITY DENSITY AT O0C

n

Property studied ^ J

Form of specimen *

. .' Lit. rising temp. Linear therm, expans. Bars 5 X 5 X 110mm ca. 570 ( 37 ) Rotatory power Plate 10 X 10 X 3 mm ca. 570 (38) Birefringence Plates 575 ( 80 ) Birefringence Plates 570" ( 46 ) Refractive index Crystals 571 ( 56 ) Latent heat Powder 575 (25, 26) Latent heat Plates 573 (5) Young's modulus Plates 576 ( 50 ) INVERSION POINTS OF CRISTOBALITE 0 Property C 0 Source , ,. / ^. . . _ „. Lit. studied Rising | Falling Natural, Mexico Birefringence 175 ] 175 ( 45 ) Agate (?) at 1500°.. Dilatation 210 (39) Spherulites in glass.. Birefringence ca. 225 ( 66 ) Latent heat 220(min)1198(min) (25, 26) Latent heat 230 (22) Dinas brick Latent heat 226-229 (21) Dinas brick 228 ( 54 ) Norway quartz Volume 210-245* 220-20Of ( 54 ) Flint Volume 228-230* 229-226t ( 54 ) Amorphous SiO 2 .... Volume 215-250* 217-2081 ( 54 ) Vein quartz Volume 223-205f ( 54 ) Vitreous SiO2 at Cracking (milk229 ( 54 ) 1500°, 1 hr iness) Basalt, Blaue Kuppe Not stated 235-250 215-230 (51) Pptd. SiO2, 1600°... Heat capacity 270 230 ( 78 ) Pptd. SiO2, 1100°... Heat capacity 230 200 ( 78 ) Chalcedony, 1450°.. Latent heat 220 ( 77 ) Flint, 1450° Latent heat 227 ( 77 ) Purif. flint, 1500°... Latent heat 244 ( 77 ) * Temperature of dilatometer probably higher than specimen, t Temperature of dilatometer probably lower than specimen.

Modification

, ' , g/cm3 2.6506 2.26 2.32 2.203

Low-quartz Low-tridymite Low-cristobalite Vitreous silica

±

Lit.

0.0005 0.01 0.01 0.002

(32,43,47,48,69,70) (is, 25, 26, 77) ( 16 > 25, 26, 77) (l 4, 71, 72) ^

THE DENSITY OF TKIDYMITE It is doubtful whether the density of low-tridymite can be obtained with high accuracy by the method of liquid immersion, since each crystal is finely twinned as a result of the high-low inversions, and minute interspaces may exist whicli are not accessible to the immersion liquid. Their effect, however, should not exceed a small fraction of one per cent. Source | 0G | d, g/cm 3 Lit. . 27 2.262 (25, 26) Purified flint and Na2WO4 at 1300° 25 2.264 (77) ^ x • AT ™ (14.1 2.285Ì ( /t .. 1A Quartz in NaCl melt \15 5 2 284 J ^

Ranges of stability and metastability of the modifications of silica (67). CRISTOBALITE OF NORMAL DENSITY Source | 0C | d, g/cm 3 [ Lit. 27 2.325 (25,26) Quartz, 3 days at 1200° 25 2.320 ( 16 ) Quartz, 6 days at 1160° 25 2.319 0«) Vitreous SiO2, 3 days at 1200° 25 2.310 O6) Vitreous SiO2, 6 days at 1160° 25 2.311 (16) Purified flint and Na2WO4 at 1500°... 25 2.324 (77) DENSITY-TEMPERATURE TABLE The figures in small type have relative significance only t, 0C I -250 -200 -150 -100 - 50 O + 50 100

Quartz 2.665 2.664 2.662 2.659 2.655 2.651 2.646 2.641

2.203 2.262 2.25s 2.249

2.320 2.317 2.31s

2.203 2.203

2 247

117 LU 150

Tridymite | Cristobalite | Vitreous 2.203 2.203

2.636

I ' \2.242 2.23s

2.30s

2 233

lftl 163 200 250

2.630 2.623

300 350 400 450 500 550

2.616 2.609 2.601 2.591 2.581 2.564

/ ' \2.228 2.22l 2.2U

2.292 2.229

2.202

2.209

2.222

2.202

2.20l

2.212

2.202

2.195

2.20s

2.201

I1 0C —

I

Quartz | Tridymite | Cristobalite | Vitreous

Unit, CaI20 cm"2 sec"1 (0C cm-1)1

| 2>554

573

600 700

\2.533 2.533 2.534

800 900

2.535 2.537

2.189 2.189

2.200 2.200

1000 1100 1200

2.541 2.543 2.546

2.190

2.200 2.199

1(№

2.192 2.189

2.2Oa

2.201 2.201

== — ~ at Z0C; am = — -^ where Av= expansion in volume V

QC

between 0° and *°C ( 6 >

10

>

DO

I

13

14

»

»

17

>

18

>

19

»

20

»

31

»

34

>

36

>

37

>

39, 41, 42, 49, 52, 53, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 68, 79)

"o

£, C -250 -200 -150 -100 - 50 O + 50 100

150

Quartz O.

i

I

dm

•

Tridymite a

12 19 25.2 29.8 33.6 36.8 40.0

21.3 24.6 27.35 29.7 31.73 33.58 35.29 36.91

73 61 49

43.3

38.50

89

200 46.6 250 50.4 300 54.9 350 400 67.4 450 500 100 550 141

40.07 41.75 43.55 45.6 48.0 50.8 54.5 61.3

72 55 45

i

I

dm

73 69 62

Cristobalite a

i

\

dm

Vitreous Oi

(Xm

-1.05 -2.6-0.6 -0.1 -0.9+0.4 0.75 +1.1 1.15 1.5 1.3 1.7 1.45

17 29 56

17 21 31

81

44

1.7

1.55

92 87 81

180 80 58

62 163 147

1.7 1.8 1.8

1.6

31

70

35

121

1.8

1.70

21

62

22

103

1.7

1.70

54

13

89

1.6

1.68

42

1.5

1.62

33

1.9

1.62

{%

573 573 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200

I 66 ' 1 \81.2 O 77.6 +12 65.8 - 4 57.2 O 49.4 -12 43.4 -7 38.3 I I 34.1

81

{£

I Quartz Quartz Vitre7 Il to JL to ous axis axis silica -252 680 -250 510 ca. 1.3 -240 205 -200 ca. 150 66 1.5 -150 I 74 36 I 2.0|| , op

THERMAL EXPANSION a

THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY (23, 24, 29, 74) ; cf, (81)

1.67

VOLUME CHANGE ON INVERSION Volume increase 0 Inversion 1T„ C cm3/ % of ^-

kg V0 Low-to high-quartz.... 573 3.25 0.86 (io, 17, 36, 38) Low- to lower hightridymite 117 0.63 0.14 (io, 77) Lower high- to upper high-tridymite 163 ca. l ca. 0.2 (!<>» 77) Low- to high-cristobalite |200 to 275 12 2.8 (*<>> 77)

3

IQ ^C Quartz Quartz VitreIl to ± to ous axis axis silica -100 52 26 2.5 - 5 0 40 20.5 3.0 O 32 17.0 3.4 + 5 0 25.5 14.9 3.8 100| 21 | 1 3 . l | co. 4.5 . OQ '

ELASTIC PROPERTIES ELASTIC CONSTANTS OF VITREOUS SILICA AT ROOM TEMPERATURE 9 2 The unit is the kilomegabarye ( = 10 dyne/cm ). These are not theoretically consistent, but represent independent estimates from available data for each constant. Values — :—— Best I Range Modulus of compression. .. 37o 317-474 Rigidity 305 146-308 Constant

Lit. (11,33,44,63,65) (3> 9, 30, 33, 35, 63, 65, 72, 73)

Young's modulus Modulus of penetration Poisson's ratio

7Oo 400-711 (»i 33, 40, 65, 72) 69o (2) 0.14 0.13-0.31 (9> 33> 63, 65, 72)

"PRINCIPAL ELASTIC CONSTANTS" OF LOW-QUARTZ AT ROOM TEMPERATURE Unit of stress is the kilomegabarye ( = 109 dyne/cm 2 ) ( 50 > 75) Principal elastic coefficients | Principal elastic moduli Si1 1298 X 10~6 c^ 85Î ' S33 990 X IO"6 C 33 1053 S44 2005 X 10~6 C44 571 512- 166 X 10~6 Ci 2 69 513- 152 X 10~6 Ci3 140 su- 431 X IQ"6 C 14 168 ELASTIC CONSTANTS OF LOW-QUARTZ AT ROOM TEMPERATURE, DERIVED FROM THE ABOVE DATA Unit of stress is the kilomegabarye ( = 109 dyne/cm2) Volume compressibility 2646 X 10~6 Linear compressibility parallel to axis 686 X 10~6 Linear compressibility perpendicular to axis 980 X 10~6 Young's modulus parallel to axis 1010 Young's modulus perpendicular to axis 770 MEAN COEFFICIENT OF COMPRESSIBILITY OF FORMS OF SILICA, AT ABOUT 2O0C I P y ßm = ; volume at pressure p = volume at zero pressure X (1 -

ßmp) (*i 4 » "»

12

>

44

>

63

)

p (megabarye) | O |2 000|4 OQO|6 000|8 000|lO 000|l2 OQO f Quartz 2.76 2.71 2.65 2.59 2.54 2.49 2.44 lu Vm I vinous. .. 2.68 2.72 2.76 2.80 2.84 2.88 2.92 STRENGTH STRENGTH OF QUARTZ AND OF VITREOUS SILICA AT ROOM TEMPERATURE Unit of stress is the kilomegabarye ( = 109 dyne/cm2) ( 7 > 8> 55, 64, ™> Quartz Vitreous Il to axis I J_ to axis silica Crushing strength Typical for small specimens.. 24 22 19.5 Maximum observed 27.2 26.85 22.6

Quartz Vitreous Il to axis I J_ to axis silica Tensile strength Typical for carefully centered small specimens Maximum observed

1.1 1.19

0.83 0.91

3 to 8 11.5

Modulus of rupture (bending strength) Typical Maximum observed

T35 1.76

(TOO 1.30

0.675

LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) (i) Adams, Williamson and Johnston, 1, 41: 12; 19. ( 2 ) Auerbach, 8, 3:116; 00. (3) Barnett, 2, 6: 114; 98. (4) Bates, 69, 17 III: 93; 23. (5) Bates and Phelps, 2, 18: 115; 21. ( 6 ) Benoît, 238, 6: 1; 88. ( 7 ) Berndt, 26, 19: 314; 17. ( 8 ) Berndt, 26, 21: 110; 19. (*>) Boys, 366, 37: 815; 89. (10) Braesco, 16, 14: 5; 20. C 11 ) Bridgman, 12, 10: 359; 25. ( 12 ) Bridgman, 12, 10: 483; 25. ( 13 ) Buisson, 34, 142 : 881; 06. ( 14 ) Chappuis, Verh. naturf. Ges. Basel, 16: 173; 03. ( 1S ) Clews and Thompson, 4, 121: 1442; 22. (16) Day and Shepherd, 12, 22: 265; 06. ( 17 ) Day, Sosman and Hostetter, 12, 37: 1; 14. ( 18 ) Donaldson, 67, 24: 186; 12. (19) Dorsey, 2, 25: 88; 07. (20) Dorsey, 2, 27: 1 ; 08. ( 21 ) Endell and Rieke, 481, 31: 501; 12. ( 2 2 ) Endell and Rieke, 93, 79: 239; 12. ( 2 S) Eucken, 8, 34: 185; 11. < 2 *) Eucken, 26, 13: 829; 11. (25) Fenner, 12, 36: 331; 13. ( 2 *) Fenner, 93, 85: 133; 14.

(27) Fenner, 105, 3: 116; 19. (28) Ferguson and Merwin, 12, 46: 417; 18. (2») Griffiths and Kaye, 5, 104: 71; 23. ( 3 0 ) Guye and Freedericksz, 149, 29: 49; 10. ( 3 ») Henning, 8, 22: 631; 07. ( 32 ) Herr, Ueber das Verhältniss des Bergkrystall-Kilogrammes, Komm.Ber. Wien, 1870. ( 33 ) Heymans and Allis, 285, 2: 216; 23. (34) Holborn and Henning, 8, 10: 446; 03. ( 35 ) Horton, 62, 204: 407; 05. ( 3 «)Kozuand Saiki, 159B, 2: 203; 25. ( 3 7 ) Le Chatelier, 34, 108: 1046; 89. ( 3 ») Le Chatelier, 34, 109: 264; 89. ( 3 9 ) Le Chatelier, 34, 111 : 123; 90. (40) Lees, Andrews and Shave, 67, 36: 405; 24. (*i) Lindemann, 63, 13: 737; 12. ( 4 2 ) Lindman, 426, 46: No. 5; 16. ( 4 3 ) Macé de Lépinay, Buisson and Benoît, 238, 14: 1; 10. (*4) Madelung and Fuchs, 8, 65: 289; 21. ( 4 S) Mallard, 191, 13: 161; 90. ( 4 6 ) Mallard and Le Chatelier, 6, 6: 90; 95. (47) Marek, 238, 3D: 1; 84. ( 4 8 ) Miller, 62, 146: 894; 56. ( 4 9 ) Müller, 242, 61: 107; 16. (50) Perrier and Mandrot, Mem. Soc. Vaudoise Sd. Nat., 1: 333; 23. ( 51 ) Ramdohr, 189, 1920: 33. (52) Randall, 2, 20: 10; 05. ( 53 ) Randall, 2, 30: 216; 10. ( 5 4 ) Rieke and Endell, 124, 1: 48; 13. (55) Rinne, 189, 1902: 262. (56) Rinne and KoIb, 190, 1910 II: 138. (57) Scheel, 8, 9: 837; 1902. (58) Scheel, 26, 5: 119; 03. (59) Scheel, 26, 9: 3; 07. (60) Scheel, 26, 9: 718; 07. (") Scheel, 96, 5: 167; 21. (<* 2 ) Scheel and Heuse, 26, 16: 1; 14. (6 3 ) Schidlof and Alfthan-Klotz, 149, 27: 487; 09. (64) Schulze, Marburg. Sitzber. Ges. Nat., 1903: 94. (^ 5 ) Schulze, 8, 14: 384; 04. (66) Shepherd and Rankin, 45, 3: 211; 11. (67) Sosman, 143, 194: 741; 22. (68) Souder and Hidnert, 31, No. 524; 26. (« 9 ) Steinheil, 213, 41: 163; 44. 7 ( O) Steinheil, 228, 27 I: 151; 67. ( 71 ) Stierlin, 242, 52: 382; 07. ( 7 2 ) Stumpf, 8, 40: 879; 13. ( 7 3 ) Threlfall, 3, 30: 99; 90. ( 7 4 ) Tuchschmid, Diss., Zürich, 1883. ( 7 5 ) Voigt, 8, 31: 474; 87. ( 7 6) Voigt, 8, 48: 663; 93. ( 7 7 ) Washburn and Navias, 38, 5: 565; 22. ( 7 S) Wietzel, 93, 116: 71; 21. (79) Wright, 128, 3: 485; 13. (80) Wright andLarsen, 12, 27: 421 ; 09. (8l) Kaye and Higgins, 5, 113; 335; 26

FREEZING-POINT—SOLUBILITY DATA: SYSTEMS CONTAINING A NON-METALLIC ELEMENT AS ONE COMPONENT1

C. TOURNEUX INDEX Abbreviations and symbols. Two-component systems Sec. 1. Both A- and B-components are elementary substances. Sec. 2. The A-components are elementary substances; the B-components are compounds whose key-formulae do not begin with 16. Sec. 3. The A-components are elementary substances; the B-components are compounds whose key-formulae begin with 16. Sec. 4. Cryoscopic data. Three-component systems.

MATIÈRES Abréviations et symbols. Systèmes à deux constituants Sec. 1. Les deux constituants A et B sont des substances élémentaires. Sec. 2. Les constituants A sont des substances élémentaires; les constituants B sont des composés dont la formule clé ne commence pas par 16. Sec. 3. Les constituants A sont des substances élémentaires; les constituants B sont des composés dont la formule clé commence par 16. Sec. 4. Données cryoscopiques. Systèmes à trois constituants.

INHALTSVERZEICHNIS Abkürzungen und Verzeichen. Zwei-Komponenten Systeme Abtig. 1. Beide Komponenten (A und B) sind elementare Stoffe. Abtig. 2. Die A-Komponente ist ein elementarer Stoff; die B-Komponente ist eine Verbindung, deren Schlüsselzahl nicht mit 16 beginnt. Abtig. 3. Die A-Komponente ist ein elementarer Stoff; die B-Komponente ist eine Verbindung deren Schlüsselzahl mit 16 beginnt. Abtig. 4. Kryoskopische Daten. Drei-Komponenten Systeme.

INDICE PAGE Abbreviazioni e simboli... .4 Sistemi a due componenti Parte I. Ambedue i componenti, A e B , sono elementi 23 II. A è un elemento, B un composto, la formula chiave di questo non comincia con 16... .30

Precision in t° or MoI % is indicated as the greatest deviation of an observed value from either a tabular value or the value given on a curve drawn through the plotted original data.

La précision en 2° ou en % Mol est indiquée comme étant le plus grand écart entre une valeur observée et la valeur tabulaire ou la valeur donnée sur une courbe de sentiment tracée à partir des données originales.

Die Präzision in t° oder Mol % ist durch die grösste Abweichung eines experimentell bestimmten Wertes gekennzeichnet, die sich entweder aus den Werten der Tabelle oder aus denen der Kurve ergibt, die durch die Original-Werte gelegt worden ist.

II grado di precisione delle t° e dei MoI % è rappresentato dalla massima deviazione di un valore osservato o dal valore della tabella o dal valore dato da una curva tracciata con i dati originari.

III. A è un elemento, B è un composto, la formula chiave di questo comincia con 16 31 IV. Dati crioscopici... .36 Sistemi a tre componenti. 38

!Except: (a) Freezing-point lowerings of aqueous solutions, for which v. p. 254, and (6) some two-component systems containing iron as one component, for which v. Vol. II, p. 449.

TWO-COMPONENT SYSTEMS Sec. 1. Both A- and B-components are Elementary Substances Standard arrangement (v. Vol. Ill, p. viii) B = S ( 10 > 15 O) 0 C ±1 I M %B B = V (153) 0 A C M %A -102 I O B AxB 1715 I O - 38 I 8.2 B2A3(?) A x B + A4B 1734 7.3 - 39E j 9.86 1828 36.0 A4B 1935 51.0 - 32 j 15.0 2000 58.5 30.5 20.0 — - 35.5 25.0 B = Br (95) - 66.5 35.0 0 C ±2 M % A ±4 A4B + A2B2 Mix. I Liq. -101.5E I 42.5 - 7.3* O A2B2 - 11.0 2 5 - 85.0 48.0 - 14.5 4 10 - 80.0 50.0 - 22.5 9 20 A2B2 + B - 31.5 16 30 - 83.OE i 52.0 - 42.0 25 40 B(rh)* - 54.0 34 50 - 5.0 55.0 - 62.5 43 60 + 37.5 65 - 71.5 52 70 60.0 75 - 80.0 63 80 76.0 85 - 90.0 76 90 B(rh) -f B(mon) - 98.0 86 95 95.6U I 95 -102.0 100 B (mon) *±0.2. 118.8 I 100 15

o

B = I (

0

C ±1

I B

9, 160)

M %A

114.5 O 99.5 10 77.0 20 45.0 30 4m 41 B + BA(a) 8E I 40 B + BAO) ImE I 42 BA(«) 18.5 45.0 27. 5 50.0 BAO) 6m 45 14m 50.0 B A (a) -f BA3 22E I 54.4 BA(0) + BA3 12mE I 52.5 BA3 20.5m 54 55.0 60.0 83.0 65.0 95.0 70.0 75. O 101. O 96.0 90.0 + 30.0 99.9 BA3 + A -102E I (?) A -101.5 I 100

*rh = Rhombic; mon = Monoclinic.

B = Te (46) C ±2 I M % B ±0.5 BA4 223 ! 20.O Mixi 213 20.6 22.5 204.5 21.2 27.5 Mixi + Mix2 202.5E 21.4 30.0 39.5 30.0 Mix2 218 I 43.2 35.0 2331 46.7 40.0 Mix2 + B 238.5U I 48.0 | 41.5 B 252.5 50.0 275.5 60.0 294.0 65.0 332 70.0 388 80.0 426 90.0 453 100.0 TeCl4 is very slightly soluble in Hq. Cl2. 0

B = Bi (50) .0C ±2 I M %B A4B 206 14.2 226 20.0 221 20.8

B = Bi.—(Continued) C ±2 I M % B A 4 B + A3B 206E I 21.5 A3B 220 22.4 232 25.0 225 26.5 A3B + AB 209E I 27.5 AB 280 30.0 318* 38.0 318* 85.5 303 89.5 283 93 AB + B 267.5E I 94.5 B 271.5 I 100 0

* Two Hq. layers with the following compositions: is M%B 328 34 332 83.8 334 32 340 82.5

Br

+

B =I(i6i) 0 C I M %B ±1.0 A 7.3 I O Mixi 6.1 10 5 2.8 18 10 2.5 (24) 15 13.8 (33) 25 31.0 43 40 AB 41.0 I 50.0 MÌX2

46.0 52 83.7 99.0 110.6

58 (66) 85 93 B I Mix.

55 60 80 90

100

32.5 47.1 50 60.4 92.9

19 36 40.4 49 100

B = S (154) 0

C ±1

I A

B = S.—(Continued) C ±1 I M %B A2B2 -50.5 40.0 -45.5 45.0 -39.5 60.0 0

B = Te (46) C ±1 I M %B A4B 363 I 20.0 Mixi 322 22.4 25.0 290 24.2 30.0 264 25.9 35.0 223 27.2 45.0 Mixi + Mix2 20OE 29.5 52.5 61.0 52.5 Mix 2 211 I 62.7 I 55.0 Mix2 + B 225U I 64.5 I 60.1 B 247 65.0 290 70.0 335 75.0 394 85.0 436 95.0 453 100.0 TeBr4 is very slightly soluble in Br5. 0

B = Bi (50) I M % B A3B 218 25.0 214.5 27.0 A3B + AB 205E I 29.2 AB 242 31.5 267 35.0 285* 38.0 285* 80.5 273 89.3 AB + B 261E I 94.6 B 266.5 97.0 271.5 100

0

C ±2

* Two liq. layers of following compositions: *s M%B 297 39.8 299 84.5 306 41.1 311 87.7

M %B

- 7.3 O -10.0 10.0 -16.0 20.0 -23.0 25.0 -38.5 30.0 -47.5 35.0 A 2 + A2B2 -52.OE I 38.5

I B = S (28, 51, 120, 157) 0

C ±1

114.O 111.2 108.0 104.7 101.5

I A

M %.B O 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0

I.—(Continued) B = S.—(Continued) 0 C ±1 I M % B A 96.0 50.0 89.4 60.0 79.5 70.0 A + B* 65.7E I 80.5 B* 71.5 85.0 81.5 90.0 96.0 95.0 100.0 119. O * Monoclinic.

B = Se (17, 137) C ±2 I M %B A 113 O 100 10 89 20 80 30 70 40 A+B 58E I 50 B 93 60 124.5 70 157 80 190 90 218.5 100

0

B = Te (46) C ±1 I M %B A 114.2 I O A + A4B 113.5E I 0.5 A4B 280 20.0 235 30.0 188 37.5 A4B -f Mix. 176.3E I 45.0 I 41.0 Mix. 177.5 45.5 42.0 182 47.0 45.0 Mix. + B 183.5U I 47.5 I 45.3 B 191 50.0 203 54.0 235 57.5 256 60.0 279 65.0 298 70.0 355 77.5 453 100.0 0

B = AS (48, 0

C*

113.6 103.5 88.5

I A

142,

143)

M % B O 5.0 10.0

A + A3B 72.OE I 14.0

B = As.—(Continued) 0 C* I M % B A3B 106 20.0 121 22.5 140. 5 25.0 129 27.5 A3B + A 4 B 2 121.5E I 28.5 A4B2 131 30.0 135f 30.1 135t 70.0 128 78.0 A4B2 + B 119E I 81.0 B (500) I 100 * ±1 (0-14 M % B); ±4 (14-81 M % B). t Two liq. layers. B = Sb (48, 142) 0

C*

I A

114 103.0 88.0

M % B O 5.0 10.0

A + BA3 80.OE I 11.7 BA3 96.0 15.0 132 20.0 171 25.0 169t 25-30 169t 71.6 168.2 80.0 167.5 90.0 BA3 + B (?)E I (?) B 632 I 100 * ±0.5 (0-12 M % B); ±2 (12-25 M %B); ±1 (25-90 M % B). t Two liq. layers.

B - B i (98» no) 0 C ±5 I M %B A 113.5 1 O A + A3B 113E I 6 A3B 300 7 400 20.0 410 25.0 385 30.0 340* 39.0 340* 96.5 A3B + AB 281U I 98.0 AB + B 27OE I 99.0 B 272 I 100 * Two liq. layers.

B = Sn ( 9 8 > 145, 0

C ±1

i A

146,

169)

M %B

113.2 103.0 87.5

B = Se—(Continued) C ±5 I M % B (148) MiX1 119 O 118 2.5 10 115 9 20 109 20 30 Mixi + Mk2 10OE 33 40 46 40 Mix2 125 58 50 142 69 60 155 79 70 Mix2 + Mix3 16OU 83 74 87 74 Mix3 182 91 80 202 96 90 217.6 100

0

O 5.0 10.0

A + BA4 79.OE I 12.0 BA4 89.8 14.0 108.5 16.0 127 18.0 BA4 + BA2 143Ü I 20.0

0

B = In (162) C ±2 I M %A BA

350 340 304 224

50 55 60 65

BA + BA2 204E I 65.8 BA2 207 66.0 211 66.4 212 66.7 196 68.0 174 69.0 BA2 + BA3 142E I 70.0 BA3 162 72.0 190 74.0 200 75.0 ta not detd., mixed crystals possible.

S B = Se (HZ) 0 C ±2 I M % Mixi 107 (?) O 110 5 110 10 107.5 15 MiX1 + Mix2 98E 12 26 Mix2 105 45

25

108 110 111 114

30 35 45 55

51 54 56 60

B

62 64

20 20

57 57

67 73 82 91

60 70 80 90

100

B = P ( 7 « ) ; v. Fig. 1

C ±1

i

M %A

B

Mix3 117 122 135 160 207

* ±20 from 2-40 M % B; ±5 from 40-100 M % B. f ±2. 0

Mix2 + Mix3 116U

B = Te (34, 91) C* I M %B A 114 I O Mixi + Mix2 108Ef 1 2 92 2 Mix2 198 5 258 94 10 318 20 347 30 369 40 384 96 50 396 60 408 70 420 97 80 434 90 440 98.5 95 453 100 0

44 32 19 + 6 -18m -31m

O 5 10 15 25 30 B + AB 2 (?) - 6E I 20 AB 2 (?) +11 25 25 30 AB 2 (?) + A3B4 4OU I 35 B + A3B4 -38mE I 33 A3B4 +98 37.5 143 40 167 42.8

B = P.—(Continued) C ±1 I M % A A3B4 154 45 105 47.5 A3B4 + A3B2 46E I 49.5 A3B2

0

I M %A B 277 I O B + A 3 B 2 (?) 27OE* I 0.75 A 3 B 2 (?) 330 1 460 5 525 15 606 30 655 40 730 50 760 52.4

210 280 296 290

55 57.5 60 62.5 A3B2 + A6B2 23OE I 66.8 A6B2 266 70 272 71.4 268 73 A5B2 + A6B 243E I 74.5 A6B 295 80 312 82.5 314 85.6 309 90 250 95 0

23 23 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

B = Sb (75, 90, 132)

C ±3

I B

632 619 615*t§ 615*t§

M %A O 5.0 6.5 55.0

B + B2A3 520EJ§ I 57.5 B2A3 537 59.0 546 60.0 543 61.0 530 63.8 * Two liq. layers. 1593° ( 7 S ).

0

(Bl)

C +2 ,,

(167)

M

M A

%

B 1084 1085 1078.5 1073.5 B + AB2 107OE I 1067E| AB2

1121* 1121* 1134 1149 1153

A

°C ±2 (81)

°C ±2 (167)

%

AB^ O 1 2

1102* 3.6 1102* 31.0 1111 32.0 1123 33.0 1127 33.3

1138 1119

35.0 35.7

* Two liq. layers, of the following composition: 0 C M %A U L 1150 32.3 2.06 1200 32.0 3.41 1300 31.3 3.51 1425 31.1 7.08 1485 31.3 9.55 U = upper layer. L = lower layer.

S-P Fig 1

* 230 to 241°.

5 20 30 40

B = As (94) 0

C 4-2

B = Sn (20, 132) C ±3 I M %A B 232 I O B +BA (?)* I (?) BA 853 11 855.5 20 857 30 858 40 860.5 44 869 48 880 50 836 53

M % A (27,29)

Mixi 44 O 37m I 1 +15m i 4.5 Om 7 -15m 9.5 Mixi + Mix2 1OmE 10 78.5 Mix2 23m 81 38m 84 52m 87 65m 90 78m 92.5 90m 95 102m 97.5 115 100

0

0

100

C ±1

C ±5

* ±2.

A 116

B = Cu (»l» 167);c/. (6S)

B = B i (9, 132) 0

J 503° ( 7S ). § ±1.

B - P b (62, 76) 0

C ±10 327

I

M %A

B I

O

B + AB 327E* I AB 808 915 972 1010 1038 1045 1064 1103 * 325 to 329°.

(?)

4 10 15 20 30 40 45 50

B = Tl (132) 0

C

I M % A B 302 I O B 2 A+ (?) 448* I 0-33.3 (?) 300 I 47 B2A5 127 71.4 127* 71-100 A 114 I 100 * Two liq. layers.

B = Zn (60) Nb values obtainable due to vaporization of one or more of the components.

B = Ag (23, 63, 89, 167) 0

C ±5

961 956 948 930 903* 902* 889

I B

M % A O 1.0 2.0 4.0 6.Of 31.6 32.O

B +AB 2 I 32.5 AB2 814 I 32.9 * Two liq. layers. t +0.5%; ±3°. 865E

B = Au or Pt (60) No values obtainable due to vaporization of one or more of the components. B = CO (59) 0

C ±5

1494

I M %A B(?)* O

B = Co.—(Continued) C ±5 I M % A B(?)* 1467 2 1428 6 1400 10 1370 15 1339 20 1246 30 1115 35 B* + Mix. 876E I 41.3 I 40.2 Mix. 900 41 920 42 Mix. + AB(?) 936U I I 43.2 AB(?) 968 44.0 1044 46.0 1125 48.0 Solid state transformations are also given. 0

* Or " Mix •' with <1.8 M % A.

S.—(Continued)

B = Na.—(Continued) 0

B = Ni (24, 25) 0

C ±2

1451 1400 1340 1272 1196 1105 918 765

I B*

M %A O 5 10 15 20 25 30 32.5

B + Mix. 644E I 37.3 | 34.2 Mixi 719 37.8 36.0 772 39.0 38.0 A3B2 787 40.0 Mix2 794 41.6 40.5 798 44.1 40.9 805 44.5 41.5 810 44.6 42.8 MiX2 + A 6 B 6 (?) 81OU I 44.6 I 44.2 A6B6(?) 822 44.5 848 45.2 Solid state transformations are also given. »Or "Mix.*' with <1 M % A. B = Na (61) 0 C* I M % Af A2B4 920 33.3 898 34.0 826 36.0 732 38.0 A 2 B 4 4- A 3 B 4 665EJ I 39.3 A3B4 720 40.0 755 41.0 770 42.0 772 42.9 752 44.0 690 46.0 575 48.0 470 49.0 A3B4 + A4B4 440Et I 49.2 A4B4 445 50.0 415 51.0 315 51.5 A4B4 + A5B4 250EJ I 51.8 A5B4 264 52.0 308 53.0 330 54.0 342 55.0 345 55.5 338 56.0 308 57.0

C*

I

M % Af

A5B4 + A6B4 27OE I 57.7 A6B4 280 58.0 315 59.0 320 60.0 290 61.0 260 61.5 A6B4 + A7B4 22OE i 61.8 A7B4 245 62.0 285 63.0 295 63.6 265 64.5 232 65.0 A7B4 + A8B4 198E I 65.3 A8B4 225 65.6 240 66.0 255 66.6 250 67.0 232 67.5 200 68.0 A8B4 + A9B4 168Et I 68.3 A9B4 200 68.7 210 69.2 203 69.6 185 70.0 A9B4 +. A10B4 155EJ i 70.6 Ai0B4 180 71.0 185 71.4 * ° C ± 5 at <400°; ±10 at >400°. t ±0.1 M %.

Î 0C ±1 at <400°; ±2 at >400°.

B = Rb (22) C ±2 I M %A AB 420 50.O 380 53.0 235 56.0 215 58.0 212* 58.4 212* 60.0 AB + A3B2 20OU 1 60.4 A3B2 185 62.0 166 64.0 A3B2 + A 4 B 2 148.5E I 65.75 A4B2 153 66.0 158 66.5 A 4 B 2 + A5B2 159.5U I 66.8 A5B2 198 68.0 220 69.0 0

B = Te.—(Continued) C ±2 I M % A ±1

B == Rb.—(Continued) C ±2 i M %A A6B2 229 70.0 231 71.4 222 73.0 204 75.0 A 5 B 2 + A6B2 19OU I 75.6 A6B2 185t 76.1 185t 77.3 The composition of the solid phases may not be exact, as mixed crystals may exist. * Two liq. phases (?). t Two liq. phases. 0

0

MÌX. (96)

79.0 91.0 96.8 98 100 Mix. (141) O 10 20 30 40 50 56.5 67 76 84 89 100

90 95 96.8 99

B=Sb (2> 37, 42, 43, 129,

132)

194 156 130 184 197 450 442 423 399 373 346 317 288 260 237 226 218

B = Cs (22) 0

C ±2

i M % A A2B2 460 50.0 410 50.2 398 51.7 341 54.0 A3B2 + A4B2 151E I 64.0 A4B2 156.5 65.0 159.5 66.0 160 66.7 A4B2 + A5B2 159.5E I 66.8 A5B2 183 67.5 204 69.0 209 71.4 200.5 72.5 189.5 73.5 A5B2 + A 6 B 2 178E I 74.0 A6B2 184 74.5 186 75.0 183.5 75.5 175 76.0 172.8* 76.1 172.8* 77.7 The composition of the solid phases may not be exact, as mixed crystals may exist. * Two liq. phases(?). From 55.257.6 M % A, ts = 205.5.

Se ~~ B = Te 0 C ±2 I M % A ±1 Mix. (96)

441 427 408 386 358 333 306 275 240 220

O 1.2 4 7.2 13.8 20.5 30.5 44.2 60.0 68.2

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 85

60 70 80 90 95

See Figs. 2 and 3. Data of (2, 42, 43, 129) do not agree with the others. B = Bi (129, 164) 0

0

C ±4

(129)

269

C ±5 M % A (164)

B I 267

I

O

B + AB (a) 269E I 267E | (?) AB (a)

398 I 396 1 AB (a) + AB 05) 414* 422U I AB(A 467 471 521 521 568 563 AB (ß) + A3B2 605U I 602U 1 A3B2 612 666 697 708 682 640 618 618

600 650 682 688 676 638 608 608 546 460 A3B2 + A I 161E I A 217 I 217 I * Only one form observed. t Two liq. layers. 0

10 12

20 30 40 49 50 55 58 60 65 70 721 96t 98 99

(?) 100

B = Sn (20, 132) C ±10 I M %A B

232

O

B +BA 232E I

(?)

B = Pb.—(Continued) C ±5 I M %A AB 856 15 895 20 943 30 982 40 1018 45 1088t 50 Two liq. layers from 67-100 M % A at 673° (Hq. A + liq. A 2 B) in equil. with solid A2B (132). *820° ( 132 ). t 1065° (132). 0

Se-Sb Fig. 2

B = Cu.—(Continued) 0

B 1080 1069

0.2 0.6

B -f AB2 1062E I AB2 1104 1105 1107 1114 947 I 0

Se-Sb Fig. 3 .

0

B = Sn.—(Continued) C ± 10 I- M % A BA 688 5 784 10 816 15 822 35 861 50 810 52.5 750 55 672 60 BA H- BA2 64OE I 63.0 BA2 652 I 66.7

0

B = Sn.—(Continued) C ± 10 M %A BA2 650 70 630 80 580 90 545 95 A 216 I 100 B = Pb (64, 132) 0 C ±5 I M %A B 325 1 O AB 802* I 10

254 65 227 70 B 2 A 8 (/8) + B2A3(O:) 165U I 721 B 2 A 3 (Qf) + A 15OE I 74t A 177* 8Ot 177* 98t 217 100 * Two liq. layers. t +1 M % A.

B = Zn (39) A, M. P. = 217°. B, M. P. = 419°. Not miscible in liq. state. B = Cd (38)

A, M. P. = 217°. B, M. P. = 321°. Not miscible in liq. state. B = CU (64) 0

C ±2

1084

I B I

M %A O

0.8 7.0 20.0 30.0 33.3 39.1

B = Ag (64, 132, 135)

I' M % A B O 5.0 10.0

C*

B = Tl (116, 131) 0 C ±5 I M %A B 287 I O B + B2A 281E I 5f B2A 361* !Of 361* 31f 367 33.3 365 35.4 351 39.2 B2A + BA 283E I 40.Ot BA 295 43 304 46 310 50 307 52.5 301 55.0 284 59.0 BA + B2A3(^ 265U I 6Ot B 2 A 3 (A

M %A

C ±2

962 918 896 892t 892t

11.0 30.0

841E

B -f AB2 I 31.0 AB2

886 897 870 770 720 636 62Ot 616t

32.0 33.3 35.0 37.5 40.0 45.0 45.1 90.0

* A

217

I

100

* ± 1 (0-30 M % A); ±5 (30-100 M % A).

t Two liq. layers.

_^

B - A u (60) No data obtained due to volatility of Se. B = Al (36, 58, 111) 0

C ±20

I M %A B 648 I O B + AxBy « 640 to 648E | (?) AxBy

5 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 95

736 800 890 930 950 952 930 880 785 590 430 A x By + A

217(?)E| (?) A 217 I 100 AxBy = A4B3 (36); = A3B2 (58, 111).

Te B = As (132) 0 C I M %A (?) 358 | 50

B = Bi.—(Continued) C ±1 I M %A A3B2 476 85 411 90 A3B2 + A 388E | 91.5 A

0

(?) + A3B2 355E | 55 A3B2

362

|

408 428

60

A3B2 + A 329E | 75 A 452 | 100

54, 99,

100)

See Fig. 4 0 C [ M %A B 232|t O

C ±5 M %A

C ±2

Fig 4

95 100

B = Sn (20,

B = Sb (54, 96, 103, 132) 0 0 (96, 103)

Te-Sh

231*

(54)

O

B +AB

B

232Ef (?) 624 O 231E* (?) 5 4 598 10* *(20) (Biltz). t( ) (Fay). |(99, too) (Kobayashi). 566 20* B + A3B2 B = Pb (54, 97, 132) 0 54OE | | 29* C ± 10 | M%A A3B2 B 554 565 40* 326 | O 600 604 50* AB 622 627 60 680 10 590 608 70 755 20 547 518 80 805 30 A3B2 + A 865 40 42I]E 89.5 910 50 421E 85 . 820 60 A 680 70 432 436 95 530 75 442 446 100 450 80 0 C (132) M %A AB -f A B 406E | 85

629 588 550

632

|

O

B + A3B2 538E | 46* A3B2 595 65 563 80 A3B2 + A 425E i 94 452

A |

100

* (?) Mixed crystals. B = Bi (3, 4, 114, 132) 0

C ±1

267

I

B |

A 420 435 446

B = Tl (35, 132) 0

C ±15 | M % A B(# 294

B + A3B2 261E | 1 A3B2 294 5 334 10 402 20 452 30 499 40 539 50 561 55 573 60 570 65 562 70 521 80

|

O

Mix.

393* 393* 420

M %A O

90 95 100

33.5 33.5

2 31

38

35

A2B3 428 390 335

40 45 50

A2B3 + AB 305U | 51.71

B = Tl.—(Continued) C ±15 M %A A 453 | 100 Solid state: B(/3)-»B(a) at 230°. * Two liq. layers. t ± 2 M %. B = Zn (loi) ' 0 C ±5 | M%A B 418 ! O BA 1220.5 48.8 1238. 5 50. O 1170 60.0 1070 70.0 940 80.0 750 90.0 A 443.5 | 100 0

0

B = Cd (99» 100) C ±5 i M %A 322

20OE 220 320 382 405

O

AB

AB

266 252 232

B |

55 60 65 AB + A | 68.51 A 70 80 90 95

0.88 50 60 70 80 85 90 95

692 1044 1000 890 810 710 680 580

437

A |

100

B = Hg (135) C ±5 | M%A AB 560 65 553 66.6 532 70 499 75 461 80 AB + A 41OE | 86 A

0

422 436 451

90 95 100

B = Cu (33) | M%A B 1055 O 1027.5* 1.0 1027.5* 31.5 890 ' 32.0 B + AB2(7) 858U | 33.3 Mix. 830 34 35.0 740 36.5 40.0 678 38.0 45.0 (Mix. + A3B4(P) 62OU I 40.0 I 50.5 A3B4(^) 543 55.0 450 60.0 (A3B4(P) + A3B4(a) 364 5U I 66.0 0

C

B = Cu.—(Continued) 0 C I M % A A3B4W + A 343E 1 69.0 A 392 85.0 438 100 Solid state. AB2(T) -> AB2 (ß) at 384°; AB2(0) -> AB2(a) at 350°. Values of M % A > 70 are ca. 2% too high, due to vaporization of Te. B = Ag ( 4 1 , 1 3 0 , 1 3 2 , 1 3 9 , 1 5 5 ) 0

C ±10

I B

M %A

961 938 916

O 2.5 5

B H-AB 2 (?)* 866E I 10 AB2 870 25 890 30 958 33.3 880 35 672 40 550 45 475 50 AB2 + AB(^) 442U I 53.6 AB № 422

I 55 AB (ß) + AB (a)

41OU

I

56

AB (a)

380 356

60 65 AB (a) + A 347.5E I 67.5 A

362 392 422 451

70 80 90 100

* Region from 10-27 M % A is uncertain. B = Au (133, 140, 149) 0

C

I B

1064 1045 1010 967 908 839 791 712 615 500

B +A2B 447E* I A2B 457 464 461 445

M % A O 2 5 10 20 30 35 40 45 50

52 60 67 70 75

B = Au.—(Continued) 0 C I M % A A2B 444 80 426 85 A2B + A 416Ef I 87 A 422 90 435 95 443 98 451 100

B = Na.—(Continued) C ±2 i M % A A7B3 341 55 389 57.5 412 60 432 62.5 435* 63.0 435* 75.0 430 77.5 423 80.0 A7B3 + A 401.5E I 83.5 A 408 85 427 90 439 95 446 98 452 100

0

* 432° at 50 M % A ( 1 ^ 9 ); 452° at 55 M % A (133). t 397° at 85.7 M % A (i«9) ; 415° at 88.7 M % A (^33). B = Al (40, 117) 0

C ±10

I M %A B 649 I O B + A3B2 622E 0.5 A3B2

690 730 766 800 820 830 852 870 885

2.0 4.0 10 20 30 40 50 55 60

Mix. 03) 880 61 65 820 67 75 Mix. (0) + Mix. («) 541U I 71 79 Mix. (a) 475 I 71 I 80 Mix. (a) + A 42OE i 71 I 90 A 440 I 100 Solid state: AB5 forms at 551° at 0-60 M % A; from 551-700°, Mix. Q9)±=>Mix.(g). B = Na (138) 0 C ±2 i M % A B 97.5 O AB2 560 10 740 20 860 25 959 33.3 868 37.5 715 40 579 42.5 483 45 381 47.5 AB2 + A2B3 348U I 48.5 A2B3 340 50 331 51.5 A2B3 + A7B3 317E I 53.8

B = Mn.- (Continued) C ±10 I M %A A 2 B 5 + AB 1095E I 40.5 AB

0

1120 1148 1172 1178 1180 1181

B = Co (178) C ±5 I M % A B 1500 O 1410 5 1300 10 1174 15 B + AB2

0

* Two liq. layers.

1022E P

C ±10

1084 1045 1006 969 932 891 800

I B

I

19.8

AB2

B = Cu (82) 0

41.0 42.0 44.0 46.0 47.0 60.0

1120 1190 1248 1295 1334 1367 1386 1382

M %A O 2.5 5.0 7.5 10.0 12.5 15.0

B +AB 3 707E I 15.6 AB3 808 17.5 905 20.0 960 22.0 983 23.0 1003 24.0 AB3 + Mix. 1018(U?) I (?) I 25.0 Mix. (?) 25.5 1023 1024 (?) 25.75 1023 (?) 26.0 1022 (?) 26.5

B = Mn (177) B 1260 I O 1013 I 8 B + A2B5 964E I 9.5 A2B5 977 10 1078 14 1162 18 1202 20 1295 24 1390 28.6 1373 30.0 1345 32.0 1270 36.0 1215 38.0 1130 40.0

22 24 26 28 30 32 33.3 33.7

B = Ni (102) C ±10 I M % A B 1484 I O 1010 I 15 B + AB3

0

88OE

I

19

AB3 908 953

20 22

AB3 -f A2B6(A 975U I 23.3 A2B5(A 1010

I

24.0

A2B5(^) + A2B5(«) 1025U I 24.2 A2B5(^) 1084 1140 1168 1181 1185

25.0 26.0 27.0 28.0 28.6

Mix.* 1160 1135 Mix. + 1108E I

29 30 O 29.4 31.0 AB2 29.8 I 32.2

AB2* 1112 1108 1092 1048

33.3 34.0 35.0 36.0

* Solid state: There is a transformation of "Mix." at 1000° and of Ni2P at ca. 840°.

C B = V (152) 0 C ±10 I M %A B • 1715 I O B + AB(?) (?)E I (?) AB(?) 1890 5.0 2170 10

B = V.— (Continued) OQ ±10 i M %A AB(?) 2355 15 2490 20 2600 25 2680 30 2730 35 2750 40 2760 50

Sec. 2. The A-Components are Elementary Substances; the BComponents are Compounds Whose Key-Formulae Do Not Begin with 16 Standard arrangement for both components (v. Vol. Ill, p.viii) B = SO2.—(Continued) Cl2 0 B = H 2 O(i2,13) C ±0.1 I M%A

°c

|M % ci ±0.01

H2O + Cl(R2O)X - 0.24E I 0.125 Cl(H 2 O)Z 0.00 0.130 + 2.0 0.163 4.0 0.186 6.0 0.209 8.0 0.232 9.0 0.245 20.0 0.470 28.7* 0.930 X = 8 (12, 13); = 6 (29-5). * Two liq. layers.

B = HCl (106) C ±0.1 I M %A B -112 O -122.6 10 B +A -127.5E I 14.5 A -124.9 20 -120.4 30 -116.5 40 -112.9 50 -109.9 60 -107.3 70 -105.0 80 -103.1 90 -101.5 100 0

B = SO2 (72, 73, 158) 0

In the dark C ±0.3 I M %A B

- 75.2

O

- 80.6 10 - 83.3 20 - 84.9 30 - 86.1 40 - 87.1 50 - 87.8 60 - 88.5 70 - 89.2 75 - 90.5 80 - 95.0 90 -100.1 95 B + Mix. -102.2E I 96.5*

A -100.9 I 100 In the light B

- 75.2

i

O

B +BA I (?) BA - 79.8 30 - 69.4 40 - 62.4 45 - 54.1 1 50 -106.3 I 80 BA + A -109.IE I 81.7 A -107.5 85 -105.1 90 -102.9 95 -100.9 100 *98.5 at -102.3°C(158).

(?)E

B = NOCI (26) C ±1* I M %A B -64.5 O - 72.5 10 - 80.5 20 - 88.5 30 - 97.0 40 -105.0 50 -107 54 (?)t -107.5 I 57.5 0

(B+ AX?) t

-112E?

I

57.5

(?)t -107.5 -106

60 65

A -103.5 -101 - 99 - 97 - 95.5 - 95 - 94.4

B = AsCl3 ( 21 ) C ±2 i M %A B - 16.0 O - 22.0 10 - 28-0 20 - 34.5 30 - 41.5 40 - 48.5 50 - 56.5 60 - 66.0 70 - 79.0 80 - 88.0 85 - 98.0 90 B +A -107.OE I 93.5 ± 1 A -100.9 I 100 0

B = SiCl4 (21) C ±0.5 M %A B - 68.0 O - 72.5 10 - 78.0 20 - 84.5 30 - 91.5 40 - 99.0 50 -107.0 60 -115.0 70 B +A -116.5E I 72 ± 1 A -113.0 80 -107.5 90 -100.9 100 0

B = TiCl4 ( 21 ) C ±1.5 M %A B - 22.6 O - 28.5 10 - 35.0 20 - 42.0 30 - 49.0 40 - 57.0 50 - 67.5 60 - 82.0 70 - 91.0 75 -102.0 80 B +A -108.OE I 82 + 1 A -105.5 90 -100.9 100 0

0

70 75 80 85 90 95 100

* This is the mean between £L and tä where 6.5°. t It is possible that an unstable compound is formed in this region.

B = SnCl4 (21) C ±2 I M %A B

- 33.0

O

37.5 43 O 50.0 58.0 67 5 79.0 86.0 96.5

10 20 30 40 50 60 65 70

-

B = SnCl4.- (Continued) 0 C ±2 I M %A B +A -105.OE I 72.5 ±1 A -100.9 I 100 Compn. of solid phase over 0-29 M % A is somewhat doubtful.

Br2 B = H 2 O (13, 71, 175) 0 C

I M %A B O. OO I O B +AB 8 -0.3E I 0.347 AB8 0.0 0.265t 0.0 0.270* +3.Of 0.344* 5.12 6.0 6.2 7.5§ +7.5§

0.427Î 0.406* 0.411* 0.407t 99.5f

A -7.6 I 100 *( 13 ). t C 71 ). î( 1 7 5 ). § Two liq. layers.

B = HBr (32) C ±0.2 I M %A B -87.3 O -87.8 1 -88.5 2 -90.8 3 B +A -95E I 4 A -87 5 -72.2 10 -58.2 20 -49.0 30 -42.2 40 -35.8 50 -29.8 60 -23.8 70 -18.2 80 -12.5 90 - 7.6 100 Composition of solid phases somewhat doubtful. 0

B = SO2 ( 72 , 73) 0

C ±0.2

I

-75.1

B I

M %A O

B(?) + A -75.5E I 1 A -56 2.5 -42 5.0 -28.5 10.0 -22.5 15.0 -18.8 20.0 -15.2 30.0

B = SO
B = H2O

B = CaI2.—(Continued) 0 C I M % B A 72.7 I 20.0 A + (?) 71.OE I 21 (?) 73.4 23.0 74.7 25.0 74.8 27.3 74.8 30.8 74.5 43.4 77.2 54.9 B = KI (1» 104, 127) 0

I A

M %B

112 108.5 102 92.5 81.5

O 5 10 15 20 A + A 3 B 2 (?) 77.5E I 22 A 3 B 2 (?) 79 30 80 40 79 45 A 3 B 2 (?) + B(?) 75E i 50

* From 0-20 M % B.

S8 B = H 2 S 2 *(172) C I M % A A -35 2.5 -30 5.5 -20 13.0 -10 22 5 - 1.45 33.3f O 34.0 + 10 39.0 20 43.5 25 45.6 30 47 7 40 52.2 50 57.2 55 60.0 0

Ï2 (56, 77, 79, 92, 93,

118, 155.5, 156)

v. also p. 266 IO5 M % A ±2 A O 116 15 180 18 196 20 207 25 241 35 331 45 459 55 655 B = HgI2 (121) 0 C I M % B A 112 I O 103.61 10 A +B 100.8E I 13.2 B 112.51 20 134.5 J, 32 5 B = CaI2 (121) 0 C I M %B A 112 O 99 7.9 82.6 15.0

C ±1*

0

C

* The same equil. is obtained with H2S3. f A sharp break in the curve here indicates the formation of EhS«. 0

B = NH3 (151) C ±0.2 I M % A B -77.3 O -78.2 0.5 -79.1 1.0 B + B6A^ -79.6E I 1.275 BCAH -79.4 1.30 -78.9 1.40 -78.6 1.50 -78.5 1.60 -78.4 1.80 -78.3 2.07

B = NH3.- (Continued) C ±0.2 I M % A B6A^ -79.9 2.50 -81.7 3.00 -83.3 3.50 -84.5 4.00 A -20 3.92 O 3.08 +15 2.30 30 1.73 40 1.48 45 1.38 The nearly const, soly. of A in B from -20 to -84° indicates the formation of S(NHg) 3 . B = SnCl4 (66) 0 C I M % A A 99 5.56 101 5.92 A (Hq.) 110 8.29 112 8.92 121 14.72 B = SnI4 ( 48 - 5 ) 0 C Wt. % B 130 90.8 104 76.2 B = HgCl2 (122) 0 C ±1 i M %A B 287 O 284 2.5 281 5.0 0

B = HgCl2.—(Continued) 0 C ±1 I M %A B 277.5* 6.8 277.5* 89.5

117

A I

100

Se8 B - HgCl2 (122) 0 C ±1 I M %A B 287 O 280 5 272.3* 11 272.3* 83 A 218 I 100 B = HgBr2 C ±0.2 I B 236 232.2 230.2 227.4* 227.4* 226.7 225.7 224.5 223 221 B +A 210 to 211E 0

217

A I

(125) M % A

O 2.5 5.0 9.5 40.5 45 50 55 60 65 75+5 100

* Two liq. layers.

Sec. 3, The A-Components are Elementary Substances in Standard Arrangement; the B-Components are Compounds (in (T-Arrangement) Whose Key-Formulae Begin with 16 (v. Vol. Ill, p. viii) B = CO 2 (163) Cl2 0 C I M % B B = CCl4 (21) 0 B C ±1 I M %A -78.60 I 82.5* B-

22

O

- 31.5 5 - 41.5 10 B + (?) - 48.OU I 13.5 ± 1 (?) - 48 5 15 - 51 5 20 - 55.0 25 - 58.5 30 - 62.5 35 - 67.5 40 - 78.0 50 - 91.0 60 -107.0 70 (?) + A -115.OE I 75 ±1 A -106.0 90 -102.0 100

* 93.1 vol. % in vapor phase at p => 750 mm.

B = C3H6O (106) Acetone 0 C ±1 I M %A BA - 80 15 - 73.7 .20 - 68.2 25 - 68 5 30 - 59.5 35 - 56.7 40 - 54.7 45

- 54.0 -

55.0 57.0 60.2 65.3 74.0 98.5

60 55 60 65 70 75 85

Cl%.—(Continued) B = C3H6O.—(Continued) 0 C ±1 1 M %A BA + A -104. OE I 90 A -102.7 95 -101.5 100 U possible at -95° and 82 M % A. B = C 4 H 8 O 2 (106)

Ethyl acetate C ±0.5 I M %A B - 83.0 O - 85 6 10 - 89.0 15 B +BA 2 - 92.OE I 18 BA2 - 90.2 20 - 85.7 25 - 81.7 30 - 78.3 35 - 75.5 40 - 73.1 45 - 71.3 50 - 69.9 55 - 68.9 60 - 68.2 66.7 - 69.1 70 - 71.5 75 - 75.6 80 - 82.0 85 - 92.0 90 BA2 + A -104. OE I 94 A -102.5 97.5 -101.6 100 0

B = C4H10O (US) Ethyl ether 0 C ±1 I M %A B I BA

-118 -100 - 90 - 80 - 70 - 60 - 52 - 50

2.5 5.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 45.0

- 49

-

50.0

50 52 55 58.5 64 72 86 94

-105E

O

55.0 60.0 65.0 70.0 75.0 80.0 85.0 87.5

BA + A I 90.0

B = C4Hi0O.—(Continued) 0 C ±1 I M %A A -102.5 95.0 -101.6 100 B = C7H8 (106) Toluene 0 C* I M % A B - 94.0 O - 98.0 5 -104.0 10 B +BA -114. OE I 16 BA -110.2 25 -107.5 30 -104.5 35 -101.5 40 - 99.5 45 - 98.0 50 - 99.5 57.5 BA + BA2 -102.5E I 62 BA2 -101.5 65 -101.5 66.6 -102.0 72.5 -103 O 75 -107.2 80 BA2 + A -112.OE 85.5 A -109.5 90 -106.0 95 -101.5 100 * ±2 (0-16 M % A); ±0.5 (16100 M % A).

Br2 B - CBr4 (21) 0 C I M % A B |88.6* O J58.5t 10 B + (?) 48.0Ut I 13.5Î (?) I 34.5§ 25 J, 5.7§ 50 f?) + A -23.0E§ I 75 Î A I -20.2Ü 80 -13.711 90 I - 7.311 100 * ±1.5°. t ±4°.

§ ±2°. Il ±0.5°.

Î + 1 %. 0

C

11+0.2°.

B = CS2 (8) M %A A

- 95 -110.5 -116

28.37 23.3s 21.79

B = CH4O (106) Methyl Alcohol 0 C ±1 I M %A B I - 97.0 O I-103.5 5.0 B + BA 2 (?) -106.5E I 7.5 BA 2 (?) - 95.0 10.0 - 86.7 12.5 - 80.0 15.0 - 75.0 17.5 - 71.5 20.0 - 67.0 25.0 - 65.0 30.0 - 64. 5(?) 33.3 BA 2 (?) + A -64.7E(U?) I 33.5 A - 61.5 35.0 - 50.5 40.0 - 42.0 45.0 - 35.0 50.0 - 24.5 60.0 - 17.5 70.0 - 13.0 80.0 - 10.0 90.0 - 7.3 100 B = C2H5Br (176) 0 C ±1.5 I M %A B -115.5 O -116.7 5 B + BAx -118E I 10* BAx -109 15 -102 20 - 96 25 - 91 30 - 86.7 35 - 83 40 - 80 45 BAx + A - 78U I 50* A - 55 60 - 37.5 70 - 24.5 80 - 14.5 90 - 7.3 100 * ± i %. B = C 2 H 6 O (106) Ethyl alcohol 0 C ±0.5 I M %A B2A -92.0 12.5 -87.5 15.0 -80.0 20.0 -74.2 25.0 -70.0 30.0 -67.5 33.3 -68.0 35.0 -69.0 37.5 -71.3 40.0

B = C2H6O.- (Continued) 0 C ±0.5 I M %A B2A + BA,(?) -76. OE I 43.5* BA 2 (?) -71.2 45.0 -63.5 47.5 -52.2 50.0 -47.5 55.0 -40.8 60.0 -36.0 65.0 -35.0(?) 66.7 BA 2 (?) + A -34.5E(U?)| 67.0* A -25.5 70.0 -18.5 75.0 -14.3 80.0 -11.5 85.0 - 9.3 90.0 - 8.0 95.0 - 7.3 100 *±i%. B = C3H6O (106) Acetone 0 C ±0.5 I M % A BA -76 5 -53.5 10 -39.0 15 -29.5 20 -22.0 25 -17.5 30 -12.3 35 - 9.2 40 - 7.5 45 - 7.0 50 -12.0 55 -19.0 60 -28.0 65 BA + A -35. OE I 68* A 1-33.0 70 I - 7. 3 100 *±i%. B = C 4 H 8 O 2 (106) Ethyl acetate 0 C ±1 I M %A B -83.0 I O B + BA(?) -86. oE I 3 BA(?) -80.5 5 -75.0 7.5 -71.5 10 O -68.5 12.5 -60.0 21.5 -55.5 25 .-50.O 30 -45.0 35 -41.0 40 -38.0 45 -36.0 50 -34.5 65*

C = C4H8O2.—(Continued) 0 C ±1 I M %A BA(?) -35 60 -36.5 65 BA(?) + A -37.sE I 68.5 A -36.0 70 -29.5 75 -24.0 80 -19.0 85 -14.5 90 -10.5 95

B = CS2 (7, 85, 88) 0

A -110 -100 - 90 - 80

0.046 0.049 0.060 0.085

- 70

0.140

-

0.220 0.335 0.495 0.740

60 50 40 30

- 20 - 10

100

- 7.3

M %A ±0.5

C

* Max. does not coincide with the composition. BA.

B = C4H10O (US) Ethyl ether 0 C ±1 i M %A B -118 I O B -1- BA 2 (?) -121E 4 BA,(?) -117 5 -105 7.5 - 94.5 10.0 - 85.5 12.5 - 78.0 15.0 - 67.0 20.0 - 59.0 25.0 - 52.5 30.0 - 47.0 35.0 - 43.0 40.0 - 40.0 45.0 - 38.5 50.0 BA 2 (?) + B2A3 ?E(U?) ] (?) B2A3 - 12.0 . 57 + 23.0 60 - 3 70 B2A3 + A - 23.OE i 77 A - 21.0 80 - 14.0 90 - 7.3 100

1.12 1.68

O 2.4 + 10 3.40 20 4.90 30 6.68 40 9.20 50 12.7 At 18°, 177 g A per 1 solution

O^ B = CHBr3 (166) 0 C M %A A 25 I 6.6 B = CHCl3 (8, 49, 74, 88, 109) 0

C

M %A ±0.02

A -75 0.037 I -70 0.041 (88) -60 0.058 0.040 -50 0.085 0.070 -40 0.122 0.107 -30 0.175 0.167 -25 0.210 -20 0.251 -15 0.305 -10 0.39 - 5 0.48 (85) O 0.58 0.93 + 10 0.84 1.40 20 1.21 1.95 30 1.775 2.70 40 3.80 50 5.30 At 25°, 0.352 g-mole of A soluble in 1 1 soin. (A + B) (80).

I2 B = CCl4 (83, 85) 0

C

0

M %A ±0.02 A

O 10 20 25* 40 50

0.418 0.631 0.920 1.10 1.69 2.68

* At 25°, 0.237 g-mole of soluble in 1 1 soin. (A + B) (.80).

A

B - CHI3 (124) C ±0.5 I M % A Mix.(?) 119.7 O 114.3 10 108.7 20 102.8 30 96.8 40 90.7 50 84.7 60 Mix.(?) + Mix.(?) 82.5E I 63

B = CT31Z—(Continued) C ±0.5 i M %A Mix.(?) 84.3 65 88.8 70 93.0 75 97.5 80 101.7 85 105.7 90 109.3 95

0

113

100

MiX1 +Mix 2 (168) 66.1E 24.9 53.2 73.3 53.2 B = C2Cl4 (80) Tetrachloroethylene 0 C s* 25 0.241 B = C2HCl5 (80) Pentachloroethane 25 I 0.272 B = C2H2Cl2 (80) Acetylene dichloride 25 I 0.312 B = C 2 H 2 Cl 4 (80) 1, 1, 2, 2-Tetrachloroethane 25 I 0.244 * s = solubility of A in g-mole per 1 solution (A + B).

B = C3H6O (88) Acetone 0 C I M % A ±0.02 B(?)* -84 0.62 -80 1.05 -70 2.02 -60 2.90 (?) + (?) -54.75U 3.33 0 C M % A ±0.08 A(?)* -52.5 2.85 -50 2.50 -45 2.05 -40 1.73 -35 1.49 -30 1.28 -25 1.11 -20 0.96 -15 0.84 -10 0.72 - 5 0.63 O 0.54 * Mixed crystals (?). B = C4H10O (8, 88, 109)

Ethyl ether I M % A ±0.08 A -108 4.22 -100 4.26 - 90 4.30 - 80 4.35 0

C

B = C4Hi0O.-(Continued) 0 C I M % A ±0.08 A -70 4.43 -60 4.54 -50 4.70 -40 4.92 -30 5.23 -25 5.43 -20 5.66 -15 5.96 -10 6.31 - 5 6.68 O 7.07 +25 9.29

B = C4H12IN (121) Tetramethylammonium iodide 0 C ±0.2 I M % B A 112 O 105 5.0 98 10.0 A + A4B (?) 91E I 14.75 A 4 B(?) 92 15.0 98 16.0 103.5 17.0 106.0 18.0 106.5 19.0 106. 4

20. O

105.0 21.0 102.5 22.0 A 4 B(?) + A 8 B(?) 98.5E I 22.75 A 3 B(?) 98.5 23 O 98.4 21.0 98. 3 25. O 98.2 26.0 A,B(?) + A 2 B 98.2E I 26.5 A2B 105.0 27.0 114 5 28.0 122.0 29.0 124.5 30.0 125.5 31.0 126.0 32.0 126. O 33. 3 124.2 35.0 119.5 37.5 111.0 40.0 A2B + AB 99.OE I 42.5 AB 110.5 45.0 117.0 47.5 50. O 118. 5 117.5 52.0 (?) 117.6 I 55.0

!2. — (Continued) B = C6H4Br2 (124) p-Dibromobenzene 0 C ±0.5 I M % A B* 88.6 O 86.3 5 84.4 10 82.7 15 79.5 20 77 O 25 B* + A * 76.OE I 26.2 A* 78.2 30 84.5 40 88.5 45 92.5 50 97.5 60 100.7 70 103. o 8.0 106.0 90 113 100 * Mixed crystals(?).

B = C 6 H 4 N 2 O 4 ( 124 ) p-Dinitrobenzene 0 C ±0.5 I M % A B* I 90. 5 O J85.0 15 B* + A* 83.5E I 19 A* 87.0 20 93.5 22.5 98.5 25 103.0 27.5 107.5 30 109.2f 31 109.21 >94 113.6 100 * Mixed crystals(?). t Two liq. layers.

B = C6H6 (5, 8, 85)

°c

Benzene

|M % A ±0.1

B* 5.4

O

5.2

0.4

B* +A* 4.6E I 2.55 A* 10 3.07 15 3.60 20 4.20 25 4.82t 30 5.50 35 6.80 40 7.18 45 8.20 50 9.5

51.6

10.0

* May be mixed crystals. t 5.45 (5).

B = C 6 H 14 (83, 85)

Hexane 0 C I M % A A 25 I 4.5 ± 0.02 B - C 7 H 6 O 2 (124) Benzoic acid 0 C ±0.5 I M %A B* I 122. 8 O I 111.8 20 B* + A* 107.5E I 28 A* 108.1 30 109.0 35 110.0 40 110.8 45 111.5t 50 111.5t >95

113

100

* Mixed crystals (?i. t Two Hg. layers. B = C 7 H 16 (83, 85)

Heptane M % A ±0.02 A O 0.245 10 0.376 20 0.565 25 0.679 40 1.19 50 1.70 B = C9H14IN (121) Trimethylphenylammonium iodide 0 C ±0.2 I M %B A 112 O 101.5 2.5 90.2 5.0 78.3 7.5 65.6 10.0 51.7 12.5 A +A4B 45.OE I 13.7 A4B 47.8 15.0 52.5 17.5 54.5 19.0 55.3 20.0 55.2 20.5 A 4 B + A3B 55.1E I 21.2 A3B 58.2 22.0 61.3 23.0 62.7 24.0 63. 2 25. O A3B -f A 2 B 63.OE I 26.0 A2B 69.5 27.0 73.8 28.0 77.0 29.0 79.5 30.0 0

C

B = C9H14IN.- (Continued) 0 C ±0.2 I M % B A2B 81.5 31.0 83.0 32.0 83. 5 33. 3 83.2 34.0 83.0 35.0 82.2 36.0 80.7 37.0 A2B + AB 79.5E I 37.8 AB 89.5 40.0 98.8 42.5 106.2 45.0 111.2 47.5 112.6 50.0 111.6 52.5 109.2 55.0 104.9 I 58.7 B = C10H8 (170) Naphthalene 0 C I M % A B +A 65.5E I 24.72 B = C12H10N2 (124) Azobenzene 0 C ±0.5 I M %A B* 68.2 O 65.3 10 61.6 20 B* + A * 57.2E 30 A* 64.0 32.5 72.5 35 80.0 37.5 85.5 40 89.0 42.5 91.5 45 94.5 50 96.7 55 98.2 60 100.3 70 102.3 80 105.5 90 113 100 * Mixed crystals(?).

B = C14H10O3 (124) Benzoic anhydride 0 C ±0.5 I M % A B* ! 40.3 O I 37.O 5.0 B* + A* 36.7E I 5.3 A* 42.5 7.5 50.0 10 62.5 15 73.0 20 81.5 25 88.3 30 94.3 35

B = C14H10O3.—(Continued) 0 C ±0.5 ! M %A A* 99.5 40 104.2 45 108.2 50 110.2t 52.5 110.2t >90 113 100 *Mixed crystals(?).

fTwoliq. layers.

Ss B = CCl4 (47, 86, 87) 0

C

M %A

±0.02 A

O 10 15 20 25 35 40 45 50 54 60

0.203 0.294 0.355 0.425 0.500 0.697 0.812 0.944 1.085 1.212 1.420

B = CS2 (5, 8» 45, 52, 88) 0

C

-120 -110 -100 - 90 - 80 - 70 - 60 - 50 - 40 - 30 - 20 - 10 O + 10 20 30 40 45 47 50 60 70 80 90 100 *±<0.5%

M % A* A 0.851 0.30 1.00 0.44 1.15 0.59 1.30 0.75 1.45 0.95 1.60 1.22 1.60 2.10 2.75 3.60 4.60 6.15 8.2 10.8 15.7 22.0 25.1 28.5 29.5 35.0 42.5 52.0 63.0 77.0 (-11

tO +55°) («S);

±<0.02% (-13 to -109.50°) (*8); ± <0.2% (-61 to +100°) (52). t Values in this column from ( 8 ).

B = CH2I2 (147) Méthylène iodide 0 C I M % A A 10 I 9.46 B = C2Cl4 (87) Tetrachloroethylene 25 \ 0.9794

B = C2HCl3 (73, 87)

Trichloroethylene 0 C M %A 15 0.595 25 0.826 87

B = C2HCl5 ( ) Pentachloroethane 25 I 0.935 B - C2H2Cl2 (87) Acetylene dichloride 25 0.480 B = C 2 H 2 Cl 4 ( 87 ) Tetrachloroethane 25 I 0.798 B = C 2 H 4 Cl 2 (Se) Ethylene chloride 25 0.322 40 0.537 B = CHCl3 (30, 45 > 47 ) 0 C | M % A ±0.02 A 10 0.325 15 0.405 20 0.500 25 0.610 g A per 100 cm3 solution °C

Sm*

O 1.101 15.5 1.658 40 2.9 * m = monoclinic. f r h =

Srht

0.788 1.253 2.4 rhombic.

B = C2H4Br2 (52) Ethylene bromide 0 C ]M % A ±0.05 A O 10 20 25 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 95

0.48 0.575 0.760 0.885 1.05 1.48 2.19 3.02 4.18 5.92 9.00 12.6

B = C2H6Br (30)

Ethyl bromide C Sm* S0* O 8.52 6.11 25.3 16.76 13.07 0

B = C2H6O (30) Ethyl alcohol 25.3 I 0.66 I 0.52 B = C3H6O (78) Acetone 0 C M %A 25.0 0.613 * Solubility of A in g per 1 solution. Sm = monoclinic; S0 = orthorhombic.

B = C3H6O2 (30) Ethyl formate 0 C Sm* S0* O 0.28 0.19 B = C 3 H 8 O 3 ( 128 ) Glycerol 0 C M %A 15.5 0.050 B == C 4 Hi 0 O Ethyl ether 0 C (47) M %A 13.0 0.0543 23.0 0.0817 0 C(SO) sm* S0* O 1.13 0.80 25.3 2.53 2.00 * Solubility of A in g per 1 solution. Sm = monoclinic; S0 = orthorhombic.

B = C4H8Cl2S (174) Di- (2-chloroethy 1) sulfide (mustard gas) 0 C ±0.5 I M % A B 113.82* O J13.67* 0.5 B + A(rh)t 13.65E 1 0.56 A(rh)t 30.0 1.0 43.0 1.5 52.5 2.0 65.5 3.0 74.2 4.0 A(m)t 80.8 5.0 85.7 6.0 92.5 8.0 97.2 10.0 101.2 12.5 104.Ot 14.5 104.Ot 85.0 107.5 90.0 110.7 95.0 113.0 100 M %A 0 C Hq. layers Upper Lower 104 14.5 85.0 110 17.3 83.5 115 19.5 81.7 120 21.8 79.7 125 24.0 77.0 130 26.7 73.6 135 30.8 68.7 143crit. I 48.2 48.2 * ±0.01. t (rh) = rhombic; clinic. Î Two liq. layers.

(m) = mono-

B = C5H12O (66) Amyl alcohol 0 C I M % A A 95 O.olf 110 0.73t 112* 0.8Ot

B = C6Hi2O.- (Continued) 0 C I M % A A 120* 1.02t 131* 1.8t * Two Uq. phases. t+0.2%.

t ± 0.02 %.

B = C6H4Ci2 (31) p-Dichlorobenzene 0 C ±0.1 1 M %A B I 52.9 O i 51.55 3 B + A(rh) * 51.OE I 4.2 A(rh)* 67.8 6 81.5 10 90.0 15 94.8 ' 20 A(m)* 97.5t 27 I 97.5t 78.5 I 113.0 100 M %A 0 C Hq. layers Upper Lower 97.5 27 78 100.0 32 70 102.5 40 60 103.5crit. 46 46 * (rh) = rhombic; (m) = monoclinic, t Two liq. layers ( ±1°). B = C 6 H 6 (5, 30, 45, 47, 52, 86)

Benzene I M % A ±0.04 A O 0.31 10 . 0.43 20 0.60 30 0.84 40 1.13 50 1.50 60 2.00 70 2.77 80 3.80 90 5.00 100 6.50 110 8.6t 113* lit M % A ± 2% 0 C Hq. layers (52, 105) Upper Lower 120 11.5 65.5 130 14.5 62.0 140 18.0 58.0 150 22.5 53.0 162crit. 38.0 38.0 (220 to 225) (40 to (40 to crit. 45) 45) 230 27.5 54.5 240 21.7 58.0 250 18 59.5 260 16 60.5 270 14 62.0 0

B = C6H7N (48) Aniline 0 C M %A 130 23.6

C

* Two liq. layers (?). t Less precision in these values.

B - C6H14 (52) Hexane 0 C I M % A* A - 20 0.0235 - 10 0.041 O 0.0540 + 10 0.080 20 0.100 25 0.112 50 0.25 68 0.434 13Ot 1.81 142t 2.14 184t 2.98 * Relative precision ± 1 % of values given. t Liquid A.

B = C7H8 ( 47 > 86) Toluene 0 C M %A ±0.025 A O 0.324 10 0.472 20 0.650 25 0.750 30 0.865 35 0.995 40 1.14 45 1.33 50 1.57 54 1.797 60 2.21* 70 3.08* 80 4.13* 83.5 4.52 *Less precision in these values. A mixture of a; g A in 100 g A + B was heated at t° for n hours, cooled to 0° and stirred at 0° for one hour after addition of a trace of octahedral A. The solubility of A at 0° in these solutions follows C 11 ): x I M %A t° = 140; n = 6 hr 3.4 0.427 6.2 0.514 9.2 0.595 22.0 0.982 27.6 1.184 t° = 150°; n = 4 hr

3.6

0.449

6.6 0.543 10.6 0.650 22.6 1.083 30.1 1.300 t° = 160°; n = 2 hr 3.2 0.449 6.2 0.558 15.0 0.874 21.6 1.109 30.0 1.338

Sg.—(Continued) B = C 7 H 16 (86)

O 10

Heptane M %A ±0.005 A 0.048 0.080

20 25 35

0.120 0.141 0.201

45 54

0.274 0.363

0

C

B = C8H10 (86) ra-Xylene 0 C I M % A A 25 0.825 30 0.96* 40 1.31* 45 1.523 50 1.81* 60 2.49* 70 3.41* 80 4.53 * Interpolated, assuming curve is similar to that in toluene.

Se8 B = CS2 ( 1 ^) 5 C/. ( 1 0 7 , 1 0 8 ) 0

C

I A

25 25

M % A 86* 49f

* Amorphous. t Hexagonal. _ B = CS5 (44, 68) 0

C

I M %A ±1 A -80 2.7 -50 6.3 -25 11.7 -20 13.5 -15 16.5 -10 21.5 - 7.5 25.0

B = CS2.—(Continued] 0 C I M % A ±1 A - 5 31.0 - 3.5 55.0 - 3.0 61.0 - 2 70.0 O 74.0 + 2.5 78.0 5 80.5 10 83 25 89 0 C ±0.5 M % A (84) No solid phase, two Hq. layers -7.9 5 -7.0 25 -6.7 35 -6.4 50 -6.4 60 ^6.6 75 From these data, a satd. soin, of A in B is-stable below —7° and metastable above —7° while the two liq. layers are metastable below —7°. B = C 6 H 6 (69) Benzene 0 C M % A ±0.1 5 0.36 10 0.72 20 1.43 30 2.16 40 (2.87) 50 (3.60) 60 4.32 70 5.04 80 5.76 90 6.48 100 7.21 110 7.93 115 8.30 M % A = 0.0722*. No original data between 36° and 58° are given, but it is probable that at >44° two liq. phases are present.

Sec. 4. Cryoscopic Data. Freezing-Point Lowering, A/. A = Solvent; B = Solute Both in standard (resp. (T-) arrangement (v. Vol. Ill, p. viii)

Cl2 B = CCl4 (171) AfC ±0.0025 M %B 0.208 0.50 0.417 1.00 0.625 1.50 0.833 2.00 Af = 0.417 M % B.

B = CHCl3 (171) AfC ±0.01 M %B 0.213 0.50 0.430 1.00 0.645 1.50 0.860 2.00 Af = 0.430 M % B.

B = CH4O (171) Methyl alcohol AfC ±0.005 M %B 0.029 0.50 0.058 1.00 0.087 1.50 0.116 2.00 0.145 2.50 0.175 3.00 0.232 4.00 0.290 5.00 At0 = 0.058 M % B. B = C2H6O (171) Ethyl alcohol AfC ±0.005 M %B 0.065 0.50 0.120 1.00 0.168 1.50 0.207 2.00 0.244 2.50 0.280 3.00 0.355 4.00 0.450 5.00 B = C3H6O (171) Acetone AfC ±0.0025 M %B 0.197 0.50 0380 1.00 0.545 1.50 0.700 2.00 0.850 2.50 B = C4H8O2 (171) Ethyl acetate AfC ±0.005 M %B 0.192 0.50 0.388 1.00 0.588 1.50 0.800 2.00 B = C4H10O (171) Ethyl ether AfC ±0.0025 M %B 0.208 0.50 0.417 1.00 0.625 1.50 0.832 2.00 Af = 0.416 M % B. B = C7H8 (171) Toluene AfC ±0.005 M %B 0.217 0.50 0.433 1.00 0.650 1.50 Af = 0.433 M % B. B = SnCl4 (171) AfC ±0.02 M %B 0.036 1.0 0.071 2.0 0.103 3.0 0.132 4.0 0.160 5.0 0.192 6.0 0.230 7.0 0.268 8.0 0.305 9.0

I

B = SnCl4.- (Continued) AfC ±0.02 M %B 0.343 10.0 0.380 11.0 0.400 11.5

Br2 B = S2Br2 (57) AfC ±0.05 M %B 1.125 0.5 2.250 1.0 Af = 2.25 M % B. B = PBr5 (57) AfC ±0.005 M %B 0.215 0.5 0.357 1.0 0.400 1.5 0.475 2.0 0.645 3.0 0.75 4.0 B = AsBr3 (57) AfC ±0.005 M %B 0.0266 0.5 0.533 1.0 0.800 1.5 Af = 0.533 M %B. B = SbBr3 (57) AfC ±0.02 M %B 0.250 0.5 0.510 1.0 0.790 1.5 1.080 2.0 1.695 3.0 2.335 4.0 3.725 6.0 5.08 8.0 B = CCl4 (57) AfC ±0.005 M %B 1.333 2.5 B = C 2 H 6 NO (57) Acetamide AfC ±0.005* M %B 0.080 1.0 0.120 2.0 0.140 3.0 0.156 4.0 0.180 5.0 0.236 6.0 0.323 7.0 0.448 8.0 0.605 9.0 0.83 10.0 1.17 11.0 1.63 12.0 2.25 13.0 2.63 13.5 * From 0-10 M % B.

B = AlBr3 (57) AfC ±0.005 M %B 0.138 0.5 0.276 1.0 0.414 1.5 Af = 0.276 M %B.

Br2

B = HBr (144) Ai0C ±0.01 M %A 0.20 0.15 0.33 0.25 0.64 0.50 0.765 0.60 I B =S ArC*

0.30 0.55 1.20 1.74 2.30 3.64 0.18 0.30 0.52 0.76 0.17 0.39 0.61 * ±0.01.

B = CHI3 (126, 127)

M %B(127)

1.00 2.00 5.00 7.50 10.00 15.00 1.5Of 2.0Ot 3.0Ot 4.0Ot 2.0Ot 3.00Î 4.0OJ

B = Se (18, 119, 123, 127)

M %B 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.5 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 11.0

* ±0.02 (0.25 - 2.90°); ±0.05 (3.84 - 10.0°).

B = Te O 8 » 127) A* C* M %B 0.70 0.50 0.89m(?) 0.70 1.10m(?) 0.90 1.26m(?) 1.10 0

* ±0.02.

B = P (18) Ai0C ±0.02 M %B 1.210 1.50 For <1.50 M % B, At0 = 0.8067 M % B

I^ I O 2 7 ) B = NH 4 Ai C ±0.05 M %B 0.64 1.0 1.20 2.0 1.86 3.0 0

B = AsI3 of SbI3 (126) 0

t Precipitated ( 18 ). Î Plastic O 8 ).

A* 0 C* 0.25 0.47 0.68 0.88 1.07 1.54 2.00 2.90 3.84 4.70 5.55 6.40 7.30 8.15 9.05 10.0

B = NH4I.—(Continued) Ai0C ±0.05 M %B 2.65 4.0 3.57 5.0 4.75 6.0

Ai C ±0.01 0.408 0.816 1.230 1.640 2.040

M %B 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5

B = C3H5IO2 (126, 127)

ß-Iodopropionic acid Ai0C ±0.01 M %B 0.300 0.5 0.540 1.0 0.745 1.5 0.930 2.0 1.105 2.5 1.285 3.0 1.605 4.0 1.880 5.0 B = C4H12IN (126, 127)

Tetramethylammonium iodide Ai0C ±0.01 M %B 0.08 0.1 0.185 0.25 0.355 0.5 0.655 1.0 0.980 1.5 1.360 2.0 1.835 2.5 2.355 3.0 3.615 4.0 4.45 4.5 B = C6H4Br2 (126, 127) p-Dibromobenzene Ai0C ±0.03 M %B 0.408 0.5 0.800 1.0 1.185 1.5 1.555 2.0 1.915 2.5 2.26 3.0 2.91 4.0 3.51 5.0 4.07 6.0 B = C 6 H 4 N 2 O 4 (126, 127)

p-Dinitrobenzene Ai0C ±0.01 I M %B 0.408 0.5 0.800 1.0 1.17 1.5 B = C 6 H 6 (166) Ai0C M %A 0.178 0.350

B = C12H10N2 (126, 127)

B = C6H8IN (126, 127)

Aniline hydroiodide Ai0C ±0.01 M %B 0.08 0.1 0.185 0.25 0.355 0.5 0.655 1.0 0.970 1.5 1.335 2.0 1.740 2.5 2.175 3.0 3.19 4.0 4.50 5.0

Azobenzene Ai0C ±0.02 M %B 0.408 0.5 0.800 1.0 1.185 1.5 B = C 14 H 8 O 2 (126, 127)

Phenanthraquinone 0.370 0.5 0.670 1.0 0,925 1.5 1.115 2.0 1.250 2.5

B = C 7 H 6 O 2 (126, 127)

B = C 14 H 10 O 3 (126, 127)

Benzoic acid 0.315 0.5 0.525 1.0 0.695 1.5 0.845 2.0 0.985 2.5

Benzoic anhydride Ai0C M %B 0.390* 0.5 0.73Ot 1.0 1.025* 1.5 1.25* 2.0 1.36t 2.5 1.46t 3.0

B = C 9 Hi 4 IN (126, 127)

Trimethylphenylammonium iodide 0.08 0.1 0.175 0.25 O 335 0.5 0.670 1.0 1.035 1.5 1.465 2.0 1.948 2.5 2.550 3.0 3.300 3.5 4.090 4.0 4.960 4.5 8.28 6.0 11.28 7.0

* ±0.01.

B = C10H8 (126, 127)

Naphthalene 0.5 0.408 0.800 1.0 1.185 1.5 1.555 2.0 1.910 2.5 B = C10H16IN (126, 127) Trimethyltoluylammonium iodide 0.08 0.1 0.175 0.25 0.335 0.5 0.670 1.0 1.035 1.5 1.470 2.0 1.950 2.5 2.7 3J3 B = C12H10 (52) Diphenyl Ai0C ±0.02 M %B 0.408 0.5 0.800 1.0 1.175 1.5 1.520 2.0 1.845 2.5 2.155 3.0 2.45 3.5

t ±0.05.

B = SnI 4 OrHgI 2 (126) B = KI (127) Ai0C ±0.05 M %B 0.67 1.0 1.34 2.0 2.00 3.0 2.74 4.0 3.68 5.0 4.75 6.0 6.00 7.0 B = RbI (127) 0.67 1.0 1.34 2.0 2.00 3.0 2.90 4.0 4.05 5.0 5.30 6.0

S B = I (18) Ai0C ±0.01 M %B 0.758 0.2335

:

s^ B = SeCl4 (19) Ai0C M %B 0.63 0.520 0.51 0.468 0.52 0.476 0.67 0.413 0.49 0.511 0.46 0.525 B = As2S3 (19) 0.194 0.212 0.095 0.204 0.213 0.077 0.194 0.206 0.145 0.070 0.185 0.274 0.107 0.271 B = CHBr3 (i») 0.90 ±0.1 I 1

~~

Ss.—(Continued) B = C6H4O2S O*») Thiophenecarboxylic acid At0C

B = I2.—(Continued) At0 = 1.709 M % B to ±0.005.

M %B

0.49 l B = C 6 H 7 N (19) Aniline 0.663 I 1 B = C7H6NS (i») Phenyl isothiocyanate 0.90 I 1 B = C7H8O (19) p-Cresol 0.747 I 1 B = C9H7N (19) Quinoline 0.84 I 1 B = C10H8 (19) Naphthalene 0.84 I 1 B = C10H8O (19) /3-Naphthol 0.813 I 1 B = C10H14O (19) Thymol 0.82 I 1 B = C n H 8 O 2 (19) or-Naphthoic acid I 1 0.533 B = C12H10 (19) Diphenyl 0.84 I 1 _

CHBr3 B-I

2

(166)

Ai0C ±0.02 M %B 0.275 0.5 0.550 1.0 0.827 1.5 1.105 2.0 1.380 2.5 Ai0 = 0.552 M % B. CH2I2 B = I2 (16) Ai0C M %B 0.173 0.35

C14H8O2 Anthraquinone B = S 8 (IS) Ai0C ±0.01 M %B 0.415 0.5 0.800 1.0 1.500 2.0 2.150 3.0 2.475 3.5 B = Se8 (18) Ai0C ±0.005 M %B 0.075 0.1 0.150 0.2 0.225 0.3 Ai0 = 0.75 M % B. HgCl2

B = Se8 (14) Ai0C* M %B 0.166 0.05 0.332 0.10 0.500 0.15 A* + M % B = 3.32. * ±0.01.

SbCl6 B = Cl2 (115) A*°C ±0.05 M %B 1.22 2.0 2.38 4.0 3.62 6.0 5.00 8.0 5.83 9.0 6.35 9.5 B = Br2 (US) AJ0C M %B 1.262 1.91 2.745 4.17 4.275 6.50 A£° is a linear function of M % B t o ±0.005°. Af = 0.658 M % B. B = I2 (US) Af 0 C M %B 0.602 0.347 1.650 0.962 2.215 1.296

B = S8

(122)

Ai0C ±0.005 M %B 0.320 0.25 0.645 0.50 0.955 0.75 1.245 1.00 1.530 1.27 B = Se8 (122) Ai0C M %B 0.15* 0.05 0.27* 0.1 0.47* 0.2 0.645* 0.3 0.805* 0.4 0.88* 0.5 1.33f 0.75 1.66f 1.0 2.33Î 1.5 3.00Î 2.0 The mol. of Se in liq. B seems to be Se2. * ±0.02.

t +0.05.

t

±0.1.

HgBr2 B = S8

Ai0C ±0.005 0.55 1.11 1.65 2.16 2.66

(125)

M %B 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5

B = S8.—(Continued) Ai0C ±0.005 M %B 3.14 3.0 3.50 3.5 4.01 4.0 4.40 4.5 4.93 5.3 B = Se8 (125) Ai0C M %B 0.13* 0.05 0.22* 0.10 0.39J 0.20 0.70t 0.40

B = Se8.—(Continued) Ai0C M %B 0.99t 0.60 1.265t 0.80 1.53t 1.0 2.66Î 2.0 3.84§ 3.0 4.80§ 4.0 The mol. of Se in liq. B seems to be Se2. * ±0.005.

J ±0.02.

t ±0.01.

§ ±0.05.

THREE-COMPONENT SYSTEMS E 4 = A + A2B3. Ternary E (near 100 M % A) B - S (3,4,9,14) not determined. C = Te For systems containing Fe, v. See Fig. 5. Vol. II, p. 449. Ei = A + A2C3.

Bi

E2 = A2C3 + A4B3C3. E3 = A2B3 + A4B3C3.

LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) O) Abegg, Hamburger and Koppel, 93, 50: 403; 06. ( 2 ) Aikawa, 41, 37: 319; 16. 10, 4: 170; 21. ( 3 ) Amadori, 22, 271: 131; 18. ( 4 ) Amadori, 36, 48II: 42; 18. ( 5 ) Amadori, 36, 52 I: 387; 22. («) André, 27, 33: 1641; 23. ( 7 ) Arctowski, 93, 6: 260; 94. (*) Arctowksi, 93, 11: 272; 96. ( 9 ) Aten, 93, 47: 386; 05. C 1 «) Aten, 7, 54: 55; 05. (") Aten, 64P, 20: 824; 18. (i 2 )Bakhuis Roozeboom, 70, 3: 29; 84. ( 13 ) Bakhuis Roozeboom, 7, 2: 449; 88. ( 14 ) Beckmann, 7, 22: 609; 97. ( 1S ) Beckmann, 76, 1913: 886. ( 16 ) Beckmann and Faust, 93, 84: 103; 13. (*7) Beckmann and Grünthal, 93, 84: 97; 13. ( 18 ) Beckmann and Hanslian, 93, 80: 221; 13. ( 19 ) Beckman and Platzmann, 93, 102: 215; 18. ( 2 0 ) Biltz and Mecklenbourg, 93, 64: 226; 09. ( 21 ) Biltz and Meinecke, 93, 131: 1; 23. ( 2 2 ) Biltz and Wilke-Dörfurt, 93, 48: 297; 06. ( 23 ) Bissett, 4, 105: 1223; 14. ( 24 ) Bornemann, 198, 5: 13; 08. ( 25 ) Bornemann, 192, 7: 667; 10. ( 26 ) Boubnoff and Guye, 42, 9: 290; 11. ( 2 7 ) Boulouch, 34, 135: 165; 02. ( 28 ) Boulouch, 34, 136: 1577; 03. (*») Boulouch, 34, 142: 1045; 06. ( 29 - 5 ). Bouzat and Azinières, 34, 177: 1444; 23. ( 30 ) Bronsted, 7, 55: 371; 06. (31) Bruni and Pelizzola, 22, 30: 159; 21. 10, 5: 117; 25. ( 3 2 ) Büchner and Karsten, 64V, 11: 504; 08. ( 33 ) Chikashige, 93, 54: 50; 07. ( 34 ) Chikashige, 93, 72: 109; 11. 429, 3: 109; 11. ( 3 S) Chikashige, 93, 78: 68; 12. 429, 5: 5; 12. ( 3 «) Chikashige and Aoki, 429, 2: 249; 17. ( 3 7) Chikashige and Fujita, 429, 2: 233; 17. ( 38 ) Chikashige and Hikosaka, 429, 2: 239; 17. ( 39 ) Chikashige and Kurosawa, 429, 2: 245; 17. ( 4 O) Chikashige and Nose, 429, 2: 227; 17.- ( 41 ) Chikashige and Saito, 429, 1: 361; 16. ( 42 ) Chretien, 34, 142: 1339; 06. ( 43 ) Chretien, 34, 142: 1412; 06. ( 4 4 ) Cohen and Inouye, 7, 72: 411; 10. ( 4S ) Cossa, 25, 1: 138; 68. ( 4 «) Damiens, 6, 19: 44; 23. ( 4 7) Delaplace, 49, 26: 139; 22. ( 48 ) Doornbosch, 64V, 20: 516; 11. 93, 75: 265; 12. (48-5) Dorfman and Hildebrand, l, 49: 729; 27. ( 49 ) Duncan, 347, 22: 544; 92. ( 50 ) Eggink, 7, 64: 449; 08. (5i) Ephraim, 93, 58: 338; 08. ( 52 ) Etard, 6, 2: 503; 94. ( 53 ) Fay, 1, 29: 1265; 07. < 5 4 ) Fay and Ashley, 11, 27: 95; 02. ( 55 ) Fay and Gillson, 11, 27: 81; 02. ( 5 *) Fedotiev, 93, 69: 22; 11. ( 5 ?) Finkelstein, 7, 105: 10; 23. (^ 8 ) Fonzes-Diaçon, 34, 130: 1314; 00. ( S9 ) Friedrich, 192, 5: 212; 08. ( 60 ) Friedrich, 192, 5: 593; 08. ( 6 M Friedrich, 187, 11: 79; 14. ( 62 ) Friedrich and Leroux, 192, 2: 536; 05. ( 63 ) Friedrich and Leroux, 192, 3: 361; 06. ( 64 ) Friedrich and Leroux, 192, 5: 355; 08. ( 65 ) Friedrich and Waehlert, 187, 10: 976; 13. («*) Gérardin, 6, 5: 129; 65. ( 67 ) Gercke, 192, 5: 604; 08. ( 68 )Giran, ^, 2: 208; 03. ( 69 ) Giran, 61, 2: 809; 03. ( 7 O) Giran, 34, 142: 398; 06. ( 71 ) Giran, 34, 159: 246; 14. (72) van der Goot, Diss., Amsterdam, 1911. (7 3 ) van der Goot, 7, 84: 419; 13. ( 7 4 ) Grimbert, Malmy and Poirot, 49, 29: 5; 24. (75) Guertler and Schack, 187, 20: 162, 23. (76) Guinchant, 34, 134: 1224; 02. (77) Hartley and Campbell, 4, 93: 741; 08. (7 8 ) Herz and Knock, 93, 45: 262; 05. ( 7 9) Herz and Paul, 93, 85: 214; 14. ( 80 ) Herz and Rathmann, 9, 19: 887; 13. (81) Heyn and Bauer, 192, 3: 73; 06. ( 82 ) Heyn and Bauer, 93, 52: 129; 07. ( 83 ) Hildebrand, /, 39: 2297; 17. ( 84 ) Hildebrand and Buehrer, 1, 42: 2213; 20. ( 8S ) Hildebrand and Jenks, lt 42: 2180; 20. ( 8 *) Hildebrand and Jenks, 1, 43:2172; 21. ( 8 7) Hoffmann,

S-Te-Bi Fig.5

Kirmreuther and Thal, 25, 43: 183; 10. ( 88 ) Jacek, 165, 1915: 32. ( 89 ) Jaeger, 172, 2: 145; 09. 10, 3: 68; 14. (90) Jaeger, 64V, 20: 498; 11. (") Jaeger and Mencke, 64P, 14: 724; 12. 93, 75: 241; 12. 77: 320; 12. (»2) Jakovkin, 7, 18: 585; 95. ( 93 ) Jones and Hartmann, 1, 37: 241; 15. ( 94 ) Jonker, 93, 62: 89; 09. ( 95 ) Karsten, 93, 53: 365; 07. ( 9 *) Kimata, 429, 1: 119; 15. ( 97 ) Kimura, 429, 1: 149; J5. (»8) van Klooster, 03, 80: 104; 13. (»») Kobayashi, 4^1 2: 361; 10. JO, 1: 303; 12. (ioo) Kobayashi, 93, 69: 1; 11. ( 1 Oi) Kobayashi, 95, 2: 65; 12. (i° 2 ) Konstantine v, 93, 60: 405; 08. ( 103 ) Konstantinov and Smirnov, 169, 23: 715; 15. 10, 4: 170; 21. (104) Kremann and Schoulz, 57, 33: 1081; 12. (i 0 5 ) Kruyt, 7, 65: 480; 09. (i° 6 ) Maass and Mclntosh, 1, 34: 1273; 12. (107) Marc, 93, 48: 393; 06. (lo«) Marc, 93, 53: 298; 07. (loo) Marden and Dover, Î, 38: 1235; 16. (UO) Marino and Becarelli, 22, 21II: 685; 12. ( 11 I) Matignon, 34, 130: 1391; 00. (H2) Matsumato, 41, 37: 324; 16. 10, 4: 170; 21. (H 3 ) Mclntosh, 1, 33: 71; 11. ( l î 4 ) Mönkemeyer, 93, 46: 415; 05. (11S) Moles, 7, 90: 70; 15. (U6) Murakami, 489, 1: 153; 15. 10, 4: 170; 21. (H7) Nose, 41, 37: 296; 16. 10, 4: 170; 21. (ll*) Noyes and Seidensticker, 7, 27: 357; 98. 11, 21: 217; 99. (U 9 ) Olivari, 22, 17 II: 389; 08. (12°) Olivari, 22, 17 U: 512; 08. (l 2 I) Olivari, 22, 17 H: 717; 08. (122) Olivari, 22, 18 II : 94 ; 09. (123) Olivari, 22, 18 II : 264 ; 09. (124) Olivari, #2,201: 470; 11. (125) Olivari, 22, 211: 718; 12. O 2 *) Olivari, 22, 22 II: 697; 13. (l 2 7 ) Olivari, 22, 23 1: 41; 14. ( 12 S) Ossendovskii, 49, 26:162; 07. 347, 79 : 575; 07. ( 12 9) Barravano, So, 43 I: 210; 13. (130) Pelabon, 34, 142: 1147; 06. ("») Pelabon, 84, 145: 118; 07. (132) Pelabon, 6, 17: 526; 09. (i 33 ) Pelabon, 34, 148: 1176; 09. (134) Pellini,

36, 40 I: 380; 10. ( 13 S) Pellini, 36, 40 II: 42; 10. ( 136 ) Pellini, 36, 45 I: 533; 15. (137) Pellini and Pedrina, 22, 17 H: 78; 08. ( 138 ) Pellini and Quercigh, 22, 19 II: 350; 10. ( 139 ) Pellini and Quercigh, 22, 19 II: 415; 10. (!4O) Pellini and Quercigh, 22, 19 II: 445; 10. ("i) Pellini and Vio, 22, 15 H: 46; 06. (142) Quercigh, 24, 70 II: 671; 11. 10, 2: 67; 13. ( t 4 3 ) Quercigh, 22, 211: 780; 12. (144) Reid and Mclntosh, 1, 38: 615; 16. (i* 5 ) Reinders and Lange, 64P, 15: 474; 10. ( i46 ) Reinders and Lange, 93, 79: 230; 13. (147) Retgers, 93, 3: 343; 93. ("S) Ringer, 93, 32: 183; 02. ( 149 ) Rose, 432, 17: 285; 08. ( 15 O) Ruff and Fischer, 25, 36: 418; 03. (151) Ruff and Hecht, 93, 70: 49; 11. (i 5 2 ) Ruff and Martin, 92, 25: 39; 12. ( 1 SS) Ruff and Martin, 92, 25: 500; 12. (i 5 4 ) Ruff and Winterfeld, 25, 36: 2437; 03. ( 15S ) Saito, 41, 37: 282; 16. (155.5) Sammet, 7, 53: 641; 05. (156) Schoorl and Regenbogen, 233, 66: 538; 19. ( 157 ) Smith and Carson, 7, 61: 200; 08. O 5 «) Smits and de Mooy, 64P, 13: 339; 10. ( 159 ) Stortenbecker, 70, 7: 141; 88. (l 60 ) Stortenbecker, 7, 3: 11; 89. (l«») Terwogt, 93, 47: 203; 05. (162) Thiel and Koelsch, 93, 66: 288; 10. O 63 ) Thiel and Schulte, 7, 96: 312; 20. (!64) Tomoshige, 489, 4: 57; 19. 10, 5: 114; 25. (*«) Trautz and Dalai, 93, 110: 1; 20. ( 166 ) Turner and English, 4, 105: 1786; 14. (i") Urazov, 169, 23: 618; 15. 10, 4: 170; 21. (i**) Vasiliev, 03, 48: 1784; 16. 10, 5: 117; 25. (i* 9 ) Vasiliev, 53, 49: 88; 17. 10, 5: 117; 25. (170) Vasilico, Dtss., Kazani, 1917. 10, 5: 117; 25. ( J 7 i ) Waentig and Mclntosh, 69, 9 No. 3: 203; 16. (172) Walton and Whitford, 1, 45: 601; 23. (173) Wester and Bruins, 233, 51: 1443; 14. O74) Wilkinson, Neilson and Wylde, 1, 42: 1377; 20. ( 1 7 S) Winkler, 136, 23: 687; 99. ("«) Wroezynski and Guye, 48, 8: 189; 10. ( 1 7 ?) Zhemchuzhnui and Efremov, 93, 57: 241; 08. (178) Zhemchuzhnui and Schepeler, 93, 64: 254; 09.

FREEZING-POINT-SOLUBILITY DATA FOR SYSTEMS COMPOSED OF A METAL AND AN INORGANIC COMPOUND DOMENICO MENEGHINI Ca

Cu

B = CaF2 (16» 17) B = CaCl2 (2, 17) B = CaI2 (8» 17)

Na B = NaOH (4) Solubility of Na in NaOH *, 0C g A/100g B 33.3 10.1 9.9 9.5 7.9 6.9

480 500 610 670 760 800

K~ B = KOH g K dissolved by 100 g KOH = 8.0 at 480°; = 1.0 at 700° £)

Cd B = CdCl2 (i) I1 0C I M % A ?* 568 0.0 562 2.4 556 3.5 544 7.8 530 12.5 569 14.0 602 15.1 605 15.2 633 16.2 635 16.3 * The solid phase contains no CdCh.

B = Cu2O (5) I1 0C Wt. % B Cu (?) 1102 0.08 1095 1.16 1089 1.75 Cu + Cu2O (?) 1084 1 3.45 Cu2O (?) 1116 4.7 1149 6.3 1186 9.0 B = SO2 0.0163 g-moleSO2 in 100 g Cu lowers the M. P. 13.40C. P802 = 1 atm. (15)

B = Co (13) See Fig. 2 B = Ni (12) See Fig. 3 B=W See under W

Fig. I

Pb

B = SO2 ( 9 ) B = PbCl2 (7) t, 0C 1 Wt. % A (?) 550 1.54 610 3.74 615 4.10 670 7.46

Ni B = NiO (IQ)

W Ag B =H 2 0 In 7 days 1.1 1 of H2O dissolved ca. 0.009 mg Ag at room temp. ( 6 ) B = AgF Ag(s) -f AgF(s) = Ag2F(S) + 700 cali 5. The reaction begins at 50° and the compound is stableat90° (3,17)

C (graphite) B = Mn (u) See Fig. 1

B = W3C (14) For 1% C in W the M. P. is lowered ca. 35°. The following carbides have been demonstrated: W3C with 2.12% C, (W2C with 3.16% C), WC with 6.12% C. The observed eutectics are W + W3C at 1.3% C and 2690°; at 2.4 % C and 2660° formed from W3C, WC and W2C (?); and WC + W2C at 3.5% C and 2580°. See Fig. 4

LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) (M Aten, 7, 73: 578; 10. ( 2 ) Horchers and Stockem, 9, 8: 757; 02. ( 3 ) Guntz, 34, 110: 1337; 90. (4) Hevesy, 9, 15: 529; 09. ( 5 ) Heyn, 93, 39: 1; 04. («) Krepelka and Toul, 362, 19: 182; 25. (7) Lorenz, Hevesy and Wolff, 7, 76: 732; 11. ( 8 ) Moissan, 6, 18: 289; 99. ( 9 ) Reinders, 93, 93: 213; 15. (lu) Ruer and Kaneko, 192, 9: 419; 12. (1M Ruff and Bormann, 93, 88: 365; 14. (12) Ruff and Bormann, 93, 88: 386; 14. O 3 ) Ruff and Keilig, 93, 88: 410; 14. (U) Ruff and Wunsch, 93, 85: 292; 14. O 5 ) Stubbs, 4, 103: 1445; 13. (i 6 ) Wöhler, and Kasernowski, 93, 47: 353; 05. ( i 7 ) Wöhler and Rodewald, 93, 61: 54; 09.

Fig-4

Fig.

Fig. 3

2

FREEZING-POINT—SOLUBILITY DATA FOR TWO- AND THREE-COMPONENT NONAQUEOUS SYSTEMS COMPOSED OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS ONLY AND INCLUDING ALL SYSTEMS COMPOSED OF FUSED SALTS* CARLO SANDONNINI, UMBERTO SBORGI AND MARIO AMADORif

&A (resp. /CB) = At/N where At is the freezing point lowering and N the number of moles of solute B (resp. A) dissolved in 1000 g of the solvent A (resp. B) for values of N up to the value given in the parentheses.

Abbreviations et Symboles ; v. aussi p. 4 Dans les diagrammes des systèmes ternaires, les compositions sont exprimées en % Mol à moins d'une autre indication. &A (resp. &B) = At/N, où At est l'abaissement du point de congélation et N le nombre de mol. gr. du corps dissout B (resp. A) dans 1000 g de solvant A (resp. B) pour des valeurs de N jusqu'à celle donnée entre parenthèses.

M. c. t.

M. c. t.

Abbreviations and Symbols; v. also p. 4 Compositions on ternary-system diagrams are in MoI % unless otherwise stated.

Melted in closed tube.

The pressure is atmospheric unless otherwise indicated.

Fondu en tube fermé.

Pression atmosphérique à moins d'une autre indication.

Abkürzungen und Zeichen; siehe auch S. 4 In den Diagramen ternärer Systeme ist, wenn nichts anderes bemerkt, die Zusammensetzung in Mol % angegeben.

Abbreviazioni e Simboli; vedi anche p. 4 Le composizioni nei diagrammi ternari sono in MoI % quando non è indicato diversamente.

/CA (bezw. /CB) = AIfN1 ist At die Gefrierpunkterniedrigung und N die Molenzahl des gelösten Stoffes B (bezw. A) gelöst in 1000 g des Lösungsmittels A (bezw. B) für Werte von N bis zu dem in der Klammer angegebenen Wert. M. c. t. Geschmolzen in geschlossenen Röhre. Druck immer atmosphärischer wenn nicht anderes bemerkt.

&A (risp. &B) = At/N dove At è l'abbassamento del punto di congelamento ed N il numero di moli di soluto B (oppure A) disciolto in 1000 g di solvente A (o B) per valori di AT fino al valore indicato fra parentesi. M. c. t.

Fuso in tubo chiuso.

Pressione atmosferica si non è indicato diversamente.

* Except systems composed of (a) two or three refractory substances or (6) of one or two refractory substances together with any metallic oxide. For such high temperature systems, see p. 83. t Systems marked (S.) are by Umberto Sborgi, those marked (A.) by Mario Amadori, all others by Carlo Sandonnini.

CONTENTS

PAGE

Two-component systems 42 Three-component systems 72 1. TWO-COMPONENT SYSTEMS Standard Arrangement (v. Vol. Ill, p. viii) B — H2S.— B = NaNO3.H2O2 (Continued) (Continued) B = NH3 0 153 t,°C I M % A t, C Wt. % B ( ) (S.) Mix. A+B t, 0C I Wt. % B -87.3 55.0 (-11)E| (23) A B -87.2 58.5 - 1.72 O -86.9 64.4 + 11.8 25.22 -13 3.41 -86.2 71.2 32.3 28.25 -18 4.31 49.3 31.53 -85.3 82.4 A + AB -83.1 100 (-44) I (6) ÏÏCÏ AB B = SO2 (26) (S.) ÏÏÏ + 5 18.05 t, 0C I M % A B = H2S (22) (S.) 15 21.1 B Mix. 22 25.2 - 72 O -82.0 O (25) 27.7 - 76.5 8.9 -87.0 11.3 (25)* 33.34 - 83.4 19.7 -89.0 20.3 + 9 48.6 - 88.1 28.2 -90.8 28.4 O 50.7 - 95.5 39.9 -90.7 35.6 - 9.5 52.8 -101.3 49.3 -89.0 41.0 -32 56.7 -111.2 59.4 -87.0 51.0 -53.5 59.5 -121.8 69.4 56.0 -83.0 I <-78 61.3 B +A -46 I 100 - The authors give -133.4E( 79.3 24.5°. ÏCÎ A B = SbCl5 -127.5 85.3 B = NaCl p. A = SbCl5 -121.4 91.7 (153) (S.) -112.0 100 A B = H2S (25) (S.) B = CCl4 (175) (S.) - 1.70 O Mix. M. P. of A = 27.16° - 5.07 5.42 O - 7.65 8.61 - 8 2 . 6 /CA = 10.5 - 92.3 13.7 -10.57 11.81 SU^ -100.9 24 A + B B = SO2Cl2 (92) (S.) (-13.5)E| (15.5) -107.9 32.6 t, 0C I M % B -110.4 39.2 B A -111.4 44.9 -10.37 15.63 -75.1 O -114.7 55.2 >0 17 -77.4 5.5 -115.3 57.6 -81.5 18.4 -115.6 61.0 B = Na2SO4 A +B -116.3 63.7 (153) (S.) -84.5E| 28.5 -117.2 67.8 A B -117.4 71.3 - 1.70 O -83.7 33 -117.3 76.2 - 4.27 6.92 -76.4 48.3 -116.9 80.7 - 5.52 10.23 -74.3 53.4 -116.3 86.6 - 9.02 16.77 -69.5 64.8 -115.7 91.5 A + BA2 -64.4 77.3 -111.6 100 -10.80E| 20.46 -57.4 93.1 BA2 HBr -64.1 100 + 19.6 22.64 B = H2S (22) (S.) B = CO2 (251) (S.); 29.1 23.59 Mix. v. Fig. 1 39.1 25.62 -82 O P = 750 mm -83.5 10.7 B -85 18.2 B = NaNO 3 No liq. (153) (S.) -86 25.0 -78.61 99.72* -86.7 31.0 A -78.643 33.61 -1.70 O -87.0 35.7 <-78.643 <33.6 -87.0 39.8 -3.72 5.11 Liq. -87.0 44.2 -5.62 10.11 -10.09 I O -87.0 49.0 -8.12 16.66 * % in gas, p A. = 2.1 mm. t % in soin. -9.52 20.19 -87.5 51.5

IcI^

B = TiCl4 ( 281 ) B = SnCl4 ( 38 )î cf. ( 281 ) (S.) t, 0C I Wt. % B B -72.7 5.4 -63.0 11.78 -49.8 26.29 -44.8 44.27 -44.1 55.24 -43.8 67.47 -43.25 82.41 -40.6 92.66 -32.7 100 Two metastable liq. layers -57.5 31.96 -52.0 86.16 -46.3 50.76 -45.4 75.76 -44.9* (71) (71) * Critical soin. temp.

B = SnBr4 (38);c/. (281) (S.) B -53.05 0.39 - 5.0 5.37 + 5.45 10.61 16.3* 21.67 Two Hq. layers -17.8m 11.88 + 1.8m 14.08 16.3* 21.67 16.55* 94.07 25.00 26.09 28.70 91.65 39.75 40.63 42.60 85.54 46.30 52.83 47.25 80.31 48.6f (71) (71) B 18.80 96.24 24.90 98.74 29.45 100 * Quadruple point. t Critical soin. temp.

B = SnI4 (281) B = KI (268) (S.) v. Fig. 2 /, 0 C 1 M % B A -72.7 I O A + A14B -73E I 0.336 A14B -54.7 1.785 -37.3 4.130 (-23) 7.00 A14B + A 4 B -28.4EI 8.48

B = KL(Continued) t,°C | M % B A4B -19.2 11.60 * 2.5 17.93 + 0.26 20 A4B + B -1.8E I 21.5 B +75.3 15.66 84.2 11.28 88.1 10* 88.1 1.72* 96.4 0.58 * Two liq. layers with following composition: t, 0C Wt. % B Upper Lower 88 2.7 24.0 86 3.8 22.5 84 4.5 21.1 82 5.1 19.8 80 6.8 17.6 78 8.5 15 77.3 12 For qualitative data on solubility of several salts at temperatures up to the critical temperature, v. ( 82 ).

H2S

B = BF3 (88) (S.) t, 0C I M % A B -128.5 O -139 11 B + BA -148E I 22 BA -142 30 -138 40 -137 50 BA + BA7 -14OE I 53 BA7 -126 60 -104 80 BA7 + A - 99U I 87.5 A - 92.5 90 - 82 100 B = CO2 (251) (S.) v. Fig. 3 P = 750 mm t, 0C I M % B B -78.611 No liq. -82.06 75.3* in gas, 25.4 in soin. <-82.06 <25.4 Liq. -62 I O * PA — 184 mm.

S2O6Cl2 B = SO3HCl (232)

(S.)

t, 0C

Wt.

% B

(?) -37 to -37.5 -36 to -41 -37 to -38 to -39 to -39 to -43 to -47 to -61 to -80to

-42 -41 -43 -45 -47 -50 -66 -81

O 1 5 9 18 30 48 63 89 100

SeOCl2 (271) (S.)

t = 250C

S. P. = solid phase % = Wt. % in solution Solute % S. P. (B) LiCl 3.21 B NaCl 0.57 B KCl 2.89 AB RbCl 3.56 AB CsCl 3.83 ? CuCl2 <0.10 B AgCl <0.10 B MgCl2 4.96 A3B (?) CaCl2 6.11 A8B (?) SrCl2 5.17 B BaCl2 3.951 B InCl2 1.10 B CdCl2 0.15 B HgCl2 0.89 B TiCl4 0.75 A2B SnCl4 13.73 A2B PbCl2 <0.10 B AsCl3 * SbCl5 38.64 A2B CrCl3 <0.10 B MnCl2 0.16 (?) FeCl3 23.40 A2B NiCl2 0.15 B CoCl2 0.17 B * Miscible in all proportions. t 2.35 at 40°; 1.23 at 55°; 0.71 at 70°.

B = (NH4)2SO 4 (58, 133) (A.)

t, 0C

I M % B A 10.4 O 6.2 1.69 + 1.3 3.47 - 5.0 5.39 -16.3 8.36 -20.7 9.41 -26.7m 10.48

B = (NH4)2SO4.— (Continued) t, 0C M %B A3B -20.7 9.41 -13.1 10.10 - 3.9 11.48 + 5.3 12.36 17.6 14.33 26.7 16.21 42.7 20.67 46.9 23.12 48.0 25.00 45.8 27.88 39.8 30.41 AB - 2.6m 27.98 + 4.8m 28.60 16.Om 29.62 22.Om 30.41 26.1m 30.87 32.9 31.21 39.4 31.63 53.5 32.65 79.8 35.06 97.4 37.31 M. c. t. 109.5 39.13 120.8 40.67 126.4 42.47 136.8 45.18 142.6 47.60 144.9 48.08 146.9 50.00 144.1 51.84 141.7 53.08 137.2 54.27 AB2 (?) 147.2 55.05 151.7 55.43 176.7 57.18 187.7 57.98 210.2 59.78 229.2 61.64 232.0 62.38 ABx 269.2 63.45 281.5 63.98 318.0 67.37

B = HNO3.(Continued) t, 0C |Wt. % B* A0B (?) (-50) | 48.84 *From 0-0.7% H 2 O and 0.2-2% HNOSO4 were also present.

B = SO3, SO2Cl2, SeO2, HNO3, NO 2 OHSO2, HPO2, H3PO3, H3PO4, POCl3, B 2 O 3 (1°2> 103, 104, 105, 106, 177, 178,

179, 180)

(S.)

M. P. of A = 10.44° /CA = 6.9 B = PbSO4 (132) (A.)

1.23 M % B is sol. in A at room temp, but 1.27 M % is not all dissolved at B. P.

B = ZnSO4 (132) (A.)

I9 0C

I M % B A 10.4 I O AxB 28.4 0.20 40.1 0.32 46.4 0.41 B (?) 66.4 0.41 78.0 0.45 94.8 0.52 128.6 0.67

B = HgSO4 (132)

(A.)

A 10.4 I O B (?) 36.0 0.023 77.0 0.048 127.0 0.094

B = Hg2SO4 (132) (A.)

B = CuSO4.(Continued) t,°C I M % B B(?) 37.0 0.10 69.0 0.18 93.0 0.28 * 0.52 * Not soluble.

B = Ag2SO4 (132)

(A.)

A

10.4 6.1 2.4

O 1.99 3.67

A2B 1.5 5.69 13.0 7.41 29.9 10.17 35.3 11.80 AB(«)G8)* 0 t, C M % («) 03) B 40.2 12.38 43.1 12.88 50.4 13.63 46.1 13.88 51.7 14.64 59.3 15.62 62.3 16.76 65.3 65.3 17.43 70.1 18.71 78.6 21.00 86.7 23.96 96.0 28.55 105.1 33.74 112.8 38.56 120.0 44.69 B(M. c. t.) «, 0C M %B 138.9 47.17 165.3 47.75 187.2 48.44 197.3 48.69 * (a) form is stable below 66°, 08) above 66°, with transformation at 122.5° to A + B.

B = FeSO4 (132)

(A.)

A A 10.4 I O 10.4 I O B = HNO3 (i«) A B x AB (S.) 30.2 0.22 20.0 0.68 t, 0C IWt. % B* 42.3 0.31 27.0 0.82 A 48.6 0.40 34.9 1.02 -flO O 57.7 0.51 47.7 1.41 - 2.2 3.05 63.8 0.63 56.8 1.77 -18.2 5.38 Mixtures > 0.5 M 63.3 2.17 A6B (?) Mixtures >1.7 M % decompose on % decompose on heating. -15.1 7.83 heating. - 0.7 10.20 B= Fe2(SO4), + 2.3 10.80 (132) (A.) + 1.0 13.76 B = CuSO4 <0.015 M % B (132) (A.) - 5.1 19.70 dissolves in A at -19.0 29.24 A B. P. 10.4 I O (-40) 39.40

B = NiSO4 (132) (A.) 0.25 M % B is sol. in A at room temp. but 0.29 M % is not all dissolved at B. P. B = MgSO4 (132) (A.)

t, 0C

10.4 25.7 44.2 66.0 72.3 82.8 91.7 *

I M % B A I O A3B 0.18 0.32 0.62 0.77 1.07 1.37 1.53

* Not soluble at B. P.

B = CaSO4 (132) (A.)

A

10.4 O 9.1 0.98 7.2 1.99 4.7 3.17 2.2 4.00 A,B(«)(0) t, 0C M % («)* (« B 3.4 4.45 10.1 4.70 13.5 19.1 4.84 18.4 5.19 22.2 28.4 5.31 28.4 5.74 31.5 36.9 5.92 39.7 45.4 6.63 45.4 51.3 7.11 49.4 55.1 7.59 t 60.3 8.34 t 62.2 8.66 t t 9.06 * Unstable form. t Not soluble. Mixtures >8 % decompose on heating.

B = BaSO4

B = Li2SO4 (133)

«, 0C

I M % B A 10.3 O

10.4 9.1 6.6 +2.8 -3.2 -7.3 +5.7 12.4 20.0 23.0

I M % B A O 0.95 2.12 3.50 5.46 6.70 AB 6.70 7.30 8.09 8.59 8.62*

* Not soluble. Mixtures >7 M% decompose on heating.

0.81 2.85

8.0 +2.0 -3.6

4.63 A7B +3.0 6.42 6.5 7.63 9.7 8.75 12.9 11.24 13.1 12.33 13.3 12.50 13.0 13.50 A2B 17.9 13.64 32.6 14.91 36.7 15.31 44.3 16.23 48.9 16.58 AB 55.3 17.01 70.9 18.39 82.7 19.32 91.2

20.06

M. c. t. 105.2 22.11 114.7

23.92

125.4

26.41

135.8 144.5

28.95 32.30

152.4

35.12

159.4 161.5 168.5

38.33 40.76 46.00

ABx 186.5 229.9 256.0 279.9 289.0

47.60 48.10 48.55 49.85 50.48

315.0

51.60

B = Na2SO4 ( 5 8 , 1 3 3 , 1 9 1 ) (A.)

A

10.4 4.3

O 1.92

A7B2

(132) (A.)

«, 0C

(A.)

10.8 21.2 36.8 45.4 55.0 57.4

3.69 4.79 7.04 8.91 12.63 15.11

A2B (a) (0) 0

t, C (a)*

(ß)

M %

B = Na2SO4.(Continued) t,°C i M % B AB (M. c. t.) 122.3 26.37 136.5 28.90 148.2 30.43 159.0 33.99 170.0 37.27 180.7 43.41 185.5 48.25 186.0 50.00 185.8 50.23 ABx 190.9 50.97 194.3 51.37 223.3 53.96 254.2 56.72 58.83 274.5 * Unstable form.

B = K2SO4 (58, 133) (A.)

A 10.4 O 7.2 1.0 + 3.4 2.37 - 3.2 4.23 - 7.9 5.51 A3B - 0.8 6.87 + 15.4 8.34 36.5 10.40 59.1 13.53 77.1 17.21 83.3 19.03 89.2 21.80 91.5 91.6 89.0

24.05 25.00 28.27

AB (M. c. t.) 105.4 122.1 136.7 162.0 178.3 200.2 210.0 215.7 218.6

29.29 30.93 32.49 35.97 39.22 43.31 46.77 48.62 50.00

214.1

51.70

212.4

53.20

ABx 219.8 235.8 237.5

53.58 54.72 55.24

ABy 264.3 296.8 300.0

55.71 56.59 58.47

B

62.9 71.5 16.29 NO 70.4 78.6 17.48 B == NO 2 (272) (S.) 79.7 88.5 19.21 Wt. % 87.0 95.7 20.95 t, 0C B 93.6102.1 23.14 J AB *,°C I M % B (-103)* 60.53 AB (M. c. t.) -104.5 61.3 112.5 I 25.36 -108.5 63.6

NO.—(Confa) B = NO2.- (Cont'd) Wt. % t, 0C B AB +B 2 -112.5E 65.4 B2

-

73.0 I 71.0 37.7 80.0 31.7 82.9 18.0 91.2 10.0 99.9

* At ca. 103° and P = 42 atm. two liq. layers form.

NO 2 B = N2O3 ( 212 ) (S.) M. R of A =-10.14° /CA = 3.9

N2O3

B = N 2 O 4 (2 7 ) (S.) t, 0C I Wt. % A B - 11.6 O - 15.6 10.9 - 20.5 20.2 - 26 30.4 - 34 42.9 - 41.5 51.9 - 50 59.7 - 75 73.4 - 92 80.1 B +A -107E I 86.3 A -100 I 97 N2O4 B = HNO 3 (40, 192) (S.)

t, 0C

B = HNO3.(Continued) t, 0C I Wt. % B 15 45 19.5 20 35 40 50 55 (56)

7.15 44.3 37.5 10 30 20 22.5

B = CCl4

(19°) (S.) wt. % « L .°C

«s>°C A Mix. -23.5 -23.5 O -31.5 -36.5 1.8 -38.5 -43.5 4 -49E -49E 8.15* -43.5 -49 15 -34.5 —49 29.5 -20.5 -49 60 -17 -31 70 -14 -22 77.5 -11 -13 90 -10. 2 -10. 2 100 * Wt. % A = 62 % in mixed crystal at E.

NH3 B = NH 4 NO 3 (141)

(S.)

t, 0C

I M % B A (-80) O A + A3B (-8O)E (1) A3B -60 6.25 -44.5 13.9 A3B + B (-4O)E I (30) B -30.0 32.3 -10.5 36.9 O 38.3 +33.3 45.9 35.9 47.0 68.8 53.8 94.0 67.3 109.8 74.2 168 100

|Wt. % B A -10.2 O -11.8 3* -11.8 52* -21.4 60 -32 62 B = NH4F A +AB 2 (131) (S.) -48.5U| 66 . B is practically AB2 insol. in liq. A. -58.5 I 70 B = NH4Cl AB2 + B (131) (S.) -73E I 82 0 I C I M % A 9 B B -70.0 85 31.0 71.5 -58.5 90.6 9.1 72.3 -42.0 100 B + BA3 - Two liquid phases with following composi(9)E 1 (73) tion: BA3 10 74 C t, C I Wt. % B 10.7 75 ^Ll 52 3 + 3.2 81.9 - 5 4.20 -10 87.9 - 0.8 50 -19.6 91.3 + 5 5.20

B = NH4Cl.(Continued) t,°C I M % A

BA3 -35.0 95.5 -67.4 98.8 BA3+A (-75)E| (99) A -74.81 100

B = NH4Er (131) (S.)

B 87 68.6 32.6 70.7 9.2 71.8 B + BA3 (9)E I (72) BA3 9.7 72.2 11.7 73.1 13.7 75.0 + 0.4 81.3 -23.1 85.9 -57.4 89.5 BA3 + A (-77)E| (91) A -76.7 92.9 -76.0 95.6 -74.8 IQQ

B = NH4Br ( 23 ) (S.) v. Fig. 4 M % t, 0C A Pmm AB 25 71.0 1590 20 71.4 1350 15 71.8 1132 10 72.2 942 + 5m 72.5 780 Om 72.8 635 - 5m 73.2 512 -10m 73.4 405 AB + A3B 6.5E| 72.4s| 815 A3B 6.9 72.6 7.3 73.0 7.7 73.3 8.0 73.7 8.4 74.4 8.6 74.7 8.7 75.0 1140 8.5 75.9 8.1 76.5 7.6 77.2 AB + A3B -21 162 -18 185 -15 227 -10 313 - 5 427 O 577 + 3 688 5 770

B = NH4I (131) (S.) 0 t, C I M % A B 57 66.8 +22.6 69.8 - 7 72.4 B + BA3 (-12)E I (72.5) BA3 -11.5 73.2 - 8.9 74.3 - 8.0 75 - 9.1 75.9 BA3 + BA4 -10.9E| 77.0 BA4 - 9.2 77.9 - 5.1 80 -16.0 84.0 -46.2 88.8 -79.5 92.8 BA4 + A (-8I)El (93) A -78.6 95.4 -74.8 100

B = NH4CNS (41, 77) (S.)

B = NH4CNS.(Continued) t, 0C I Wt. % A BA8 + A -(96)E I (67) A

-85.7 -81.3 -78.7 -77 -76.2

71.00 76.18 83.18 90.01 100

B = NaOH ( 206 ) (S.) 4 mg NaOH dissolves in 1000 g NH 3 at ca. -4O0C. For qualitative data on solubility of several salts at temperatures up to the critical temperature, v,

(8z).

N2H4 Hydrazine For behavior towards aqueous solutions of various inorganic compounds, v. (269).

B = AgNO3 (276) t, 0C I M % A B(«) 167.8 O 142 10 B(a) + B(0) 125 16.5 B(/3) 120 I 20 B(/3) + AB 101E I 30 AB 108 40 109 50 AB + A(/3) 109 I 52 A(W 128 60 140 70 A(«) + A08) 159 I 76 A(«) 160 80 190 90 209 100 Solid state BO) B(T) 85 I 0-50 B(T) B(O) 35 I 0-50

t, 0C I Wt. % A B B = LiNO3 14.8 O (198) (A.) 49.8 I 16.67 *, 0C I M % B 2.8 I 23.13 NH4NO3 A 77 9.8 B = (NH 4 ) 2 S0 4 169.5 O 199 +56 1 13.22 ( ) (A.) 153.9 5.74 0 -13.8 I 22.50 t, C [ M % B 135.6 11.40 B + BA Mix (A + B) 121.1 16.98 -2OE 1 23.94 . 169.4 O 108.1 22.47 BA 171.5 0.56 A +B -(16)m 18.09 173.6 1.28 97.OE I 27.87 -24.3 25.61 177.7 2.84 B -34.8 29.13 180.6 5.12 110.0 33.19 BA + BA3 180.8 7.36 137.0 43.59 -(43)E I (30) 180.8 8.90 155.5 48.67 BA3 265.0 100.00 -38.8 36.38 B = Pb(NOs) -(38) 40.17 2 (36) (A.) -44 45.40 A BA3 + BA6 B = NaCl* 158.0 O -(8I)E I 56.50 (196) (A.) 150.5 4.77 BA6 (?) 144.0 6.82 -(76) I 57.31 169.5 O 136.5 9.09 BA6 + B2A13 (?) 157.9 2.70 A + (?) -(8I)E (58) 146.4 5.39 131.5E* 10.77 B2A13 (?) 129.7 9.33 -79.8 1 59.26 (?) NH 4 NO 3 + NH4Cl 12.11 B2A13 (?) + BA7 (?) 142.0 123.6 E| 10.61 164.0 15.60 -84.7E I 60.73 NH4Cl 180.0 16.98 BA7 (?) 129.9 13.19 202.0 19.68 -(84) I 61.03 137.1 15.72 226.0 23.05 BA7( ?) + BA8 NaCl *E between 9-17 M 153.6 -87.2E I (63) 18.80 % B. BA8 172.2 20.67 B - TlNO3 (37) -(87) 64.16 * Reciprocal salt mixv. Fig. 5 tures. -90.8 66.40

B = NaNO 3

NH4Cl

(68) (A.)

B = NH4Br

t, 0C

I M % B A 196.6 O 156.5 4.77 144.2 9.57 132.0 14.40 124.3 17.78 A +B 120.8E*| 19.73 B 124.8 21.19 129.1 22.64 147.0 29.00 174.2 38.85 * E between 14.4-40 M % B.

(213) (A.)

M. c. t. «Mi, 0

*M2, 0

M

%

C*

C* Mix.

B

62Of 517 514 511 518 536 642

52Ot 518 515 512 521 537 542

O 15 25 35 50 85 100

* tui = beginning, tMz = end, of fusion, t In closed tubes.

B = NH 4 NO 3 B = KCIt (200) (A.)

(196, 198, 200) (A.)

*, 0C I M % A B A 169.6 O 169.6 O 164.9 2.80 162.7 2.50 161.5 4.42 155.9 4.73 155.2 8.70 146.6 8.52 150.2 11.65 NH 4 NO 3 + KNO 3 146.0 14.25 Mix. 143.2 15.60 138.8 11.18 B +A 137.0 13.14 140.9E I 17.08 NH4Cl A 140.0 13.97 146.5 18.27 152.2 15.00 155.6 19.58 168.0 16.00 20.0 Mixtures of 12-15 170.6 Mixtures with M % gives E at ca. 15.6-20 M % A give 137.5°. E near 141°.

B = SbCl3.(Continued) t,°C I M % A B2A3 157.4 37.2 217.8 42.2 253.5 47.4 284.3 55.3 290.5 58.9 291.0 60.0 289.5 61.7 A 289.5 63.5 296.8 64.6 318.0 68.7 338.0 72.2 392.0 81.3 418.0 85.9 B = ZnCl2 ( 10 I) v. Fig. 6 B = CdCl2 (ioi) v. Fig. 7 B = HgCl2 (30) (A.)

B 266.0 O 263.8 0.90 263.3 1.25 262.9 1.69 /CB = 35.0(0.06). B = CuCl (ioi) v. Fig. 8 B = FeCl3 (ioi) v. Fig. 9 B = AlCl3 (130) (A.)

B = K 2 S0 4 f (199) (A.)

B = SbCl3

Mix. (NH 4 NO 3 H(NH4)2S04) 169.5 O 171.7 1.70 173.4 1.92 175.3 4.59 176.2 5.83

(130) (A.)

B = KNO 3 ( 1 9 9 , 2 0 0 ) (A.)

A 169.5 O 166.0 3.18 162.8 6.43 159.5 8.73 A + Mix. (A H- B) 157.2E I 11.07 Mix. (A H- B) 160.1 13.08 165.9 14.96 171.8 17.28 t Reciprocal salt mixtures.

M. c. t. B(«) 73.4 O 71.3 2.1 69.7 4.4 67.5m 7.5 66.5m 8.2 B(ß) 68.2 7.3 68.0 7.5 66.6 8.9 65.7 9.9 B(T) 64.4 12.5 63.1 14.1 59.5 18.1 BA 70.0 19.8 89.2 22.9 104.1 25.5 123.1 31.3 134.8 34.7 139.7 36.2

M. c. t. B 190.2 O BxA 192.5 0.2* 192.5 20.5 186.6 23.8 171.8 28.5 157.9 31.9 BA 173.4 33.2 229.4 36.9 239.7 38.2 274.1 43.5 301.2 49.1 304.0 50.0 287.2 53.1 266 1 56.8 257.1 58.4 A 284.3 61.0 357.0 65.0 * Two liquid from 0.2 to 20.5.

layers

B = LiCl (ioi) v. Fig. 10

B = NaCl (213) (A.)B = KBr (214) (A.)BiBr3, CCl4, SiCl4, M. c. t. M. c. t. SiBr4, SnCl4, OsO4

t, 0C

(M %B A 520 O A + (?) 52OE I (?) B = KCl (213) (A.) M. c. t. «Ml, 0

C*

*M2,

0 C* Mix. 620 556 570 576 590 610 643

M

%

B

fai, *M2, 0 0

C*

C*

M %

B

Mix. 642 642 O 560 566 5 575 587 10 *
P2O5 B = PbO (is, 140) t, 0C I M % B AB2 824 I 66.7 AB2 + A2B5 816E I 67 A2B5 * «Mi = beginning, JM2 920 I 70 = end, of melting. A2B5 + AB3 NH4Br 940UE I 71.4 B = HgBr2 (98) (A.) AB3 *, 0C 1 M % A 1014 I 75 B AB3 -f AB4 235.0 O 97OE I 77.5 232.7 2.38 AB4 230.6 4.42 980 80 228.1 6.71 895 85 /CB = 34.3(0.18). AB4 + AB8 84OE I 86.5 B = AlBr 3 (ISO) (A.) AB8 M. c. t. 860 I 88.9 B AB8 + B 97.1 I O 82OE 93 BxA B 98.0 0.5* 890 I 100 98.0 20.8 94.8m 24.0 H3PO3 B3A B = H3PO4 96.6 22.8 (216) (S.) 97.5 23.8 A 97.8 25.0 73.6 O 92.7 27.3 65.8 9.1 B2A 53.7 21.5 98.1 27.3 42.4 31.5 99.9 28.2 23.8 43.7 103.2 31.0 + 12.7 50.0 104.0 32.9 A -f B 104.2 33.3 -13.OE I 61.0 103.6 33.5 B BA -10.5 62.5 143.8 36.3 + 1.5 68.8 166.1 38.5 21.0 81.8 197.2 43.0 30.3 91.5 214.0 46.1 36.0 100 230.5 49.5 232.0 50.0 POCl3 229.8 50.7 B = Cl2O, ICl, ICl3, 213.6 53.4 SO3, SCl2, S2Cl2, 207.5 54.7 S2Br2, N2O5, PCl3, A PCl5, PBr3, PBr5, 360 I 57.1 * Two liquid layers AsF3, AsCl3, AsBr3, from 0.5 to 20.8. SbCl5, SbBr3, BiCl3,

620 552 561 571 576 592 602

O 5 10 15 20 25 30

(174, 175, 176, 1 8 1 ,

267) (S.)

M. P. of A = 1.25° fcA = 7.1

PBr3 B = AlBr8 (U 7) (A.) t, 0C I M % A B(«) 93.0 O 91.8 1.41 89.5 4.04 88.1 5.57 /CB = 22.5 (0.22) B(«) H- B(0) 70.2 I (?) B(«) (130) 97.1 O 91.3 7.3 84.1 14.4 76.6 22.4 B («(130)

67.3 53.6 45.4

31.5 44.0 49.1

PI3 B = AsI3 (120) 0 t, C I M % A Mixi 141.5 O O 137 (2) 10 132 (4) 20 124 (7) 30 117 (9) 40 108 (11) 50 98 (13) 60 87 (15) 70 74 (17) 80 Mixi + Mix2 17 82 n/ 73 5U ' \ 76 82 Mix2 68 (82) 90 61 100 100

B = SbI3 (120) t, 0C I M % A B 170 O 163 10 138 40 108 65 B +A 52E I 91 A 58 95 61 100

As2O3

B = SbCl3*

B = SbCl3* ( 29 ) (A.) t, 0C 1 M % A B (? Mix.) 72.0 O 70.9 0.89 70.1 1.61 69.7 3.32

(86, 254, 266) (A.) 0

* Reciprocal salt mixtures.

As2O5

B = PbO (is) /, 0 C I M % B AB2 802 I 66.7 AB2 -f AB3 792E I 67.5 AB3 905 70 1042 75 937 80 AB3 + AB4 834U I 83 AB4 + AB8 815E I 83.5 AB8 830 85 862 88.9 835 92.5 AB8 + B 804E I 95 B 890 I 100 B = Na3AsO4 (13) v. Fig. 11

/, C I M % B A (? Mix.) 31.0 O 30.3 2.48 29.7 5.08 29.4 6.60 B (? Mix.) 67.7 95.35 70.3 97.58 71.7 98.75 73.2 100

B= SbBr3 (206) (A.) /, 0C I M % B Mix. 31 O O 36 (20) 10 44.5 (36) 20 50.5 (50) 30 59.0 (61) 40 65 (70) 50 70.5 (77) 60 75.5 (83) 70 81 (89) 80 86 (97) 90 90 100 100 B = SbI3* (266) (A.)

/,0C I M % B A (? Mix.) 31.0 O 30.8 1.40 30.7 4.23 31.1 7.05 B = SnBr4 (254)

B = K3AsO4 (13) v. Fig. 12 AsCl3 B = AsBr3 (86,

254) (A.)

/,0C I Mix. 30.3 28.8 27.3 25.7 I

M % A (?) O 1.79 4.07 6.04

B = SbCl3 (254)

Mix. 73.2 ] 71.2 69.8 67.3

A 31.0 O 30.4 1.00 29.8 1.95 28.9 3.53 /CA = 19.4 (0.12).

B = SnI4* ( 86 > 266) (A.) A (? Mix.) 31.0 O 29.6 1.08 28.3 2.12 26.1 4.18

(A.)

(?) O 3.06 5.50 9.96

AsBr3 B = AsI3 (86, 266) (A.) 0

/, C I Mix. 31.0 30.2 29.4 27.3

(A.)

M % B (?) O 1.20 2.41 5.99

B=FeCl 3 *(266)(A.) A (? Mix.) 31.0 O 30.8 0.25 B = AlBr3 (US) /,0C I M % A B 97.4 O 87.4 10 77.6 I 20 37.9 i 70 B +A 28.OE I 85 * Reciprocal salt mixtures.

B = AlBr3.(Continued) /,0C I M % A A 29.4 90 32.0 100

AeT3 B = SbCl3* (29, 254) (A.)

B (? Mix.) 73.2 O 70.3 1.05 66.3 2.66 64.5 3.44 B = SbBr3* (86,

254) (A.)

B (? MiX.)

94.2 92.6 89.7 88.3

O 1.54 4.71 6.37

B - SbI3 (120,

t, 0C I 170 160 152 146 140

137 136 135 136 138 140.7

208, 259)

M % A Mix. O O (8) 10 (16) 20 (24) 30 (36) 40

100

50 60 70 80 90 100


As2S3

B = PbS (265) /, 0 C I M % B A 540 O 495 10 440 20 A + Mix. 422E I 50 I 23 Mix. 490 54 30 545 60 40 570 63 50 580 64 60 AB2 + B 58OU 65 B 745 70 925 80 1030 90 1109 100 B = Tl2S (59) t, 0C I M % A B 448.5 O 401 10 335 20 B + BA3 295U I 25

B = Tl2S.- (Cont'd) /, 0C M %A BA3 + BA2 (?) (?) I (?) BA2 278 I 33.4 BA2 + B2A3 20OE I 36 B2A3 317 I 40 B2A3 + BA 215E I 46 BA 300 50 269 52 B = Ag2S (123) BM 842 O 610 10 B(«) + B3A 469E I 17 B3A 480 20 490 25 475 30 B3A + BA 399E I 40 BA 417 50 413 60 408 70 403 80 Solid state B(«) + B(0) 179 I 0-25 As2Se3 B = Ag2Se (19S) (A.) B 880 I O B + A4B3 365E I 33.3 A4B3 (?) I 57.1

Sb O

2 3 B = Sb2S3 (208) 0

/, C

I M % B A 656 O 620 10 595 20 580 30 555 40 530 50 A + AB5 488E 66.5 AB5 513 i 75 AB5 + B 522U I 80 B 543 90 548 100 SbF5

B = SbCl5 (218)

v. Fig. 13

SbCl3 B = SbCl5 (21, 163) (A.)

/,0C 2.8 1.7 1.4 1.1 1.0

11.5 13.5 4.0 2.5

24.0 39.0 48.5 54.0 59.0 62.5 65.0 70.0 73.O

I M % A B O 2.17 2.80 3.35 3.57 A 5.54 5.55 B O 4.0 A 10.4 17.4 27.5 39.8 55.3 71.7 80.1 93.5 100

B = SbBr3 (34) Mixi /, 0C M %A 9 3 O O 75 6 10 63 13 20 Mixi + Mix2 54E I 30 I 30 Mix2 56 58 40 57 67 50 59.5 78 60 62 85 70 65 91 80 69 96 90 73 100 100 B = SbI3 (34) /,0C I M % A B 165 O 145 10 130 20 116 30 103 40 90 50 77 60 62 70 B +A 41E I 82 A 50 90 73 100 B = BiCl3 ( 254 ) (A.) 0 /, C I M % B Mix. 73.2 O 74.7 0.81 75.4 1.18 77.7 2.00

B = SnCl2 (13°) (A.) M. c. t. /, 0 C I M % B A 73.4 I O AxB 74.9 0.10 169.0 0.71 174.9 0.85 243.1 1.4* 243.1 91.2 242.1 91.7 240.7 92.7 B 241.3 94.7 244.5 97.9 246.8 100 * Two liq. layers from 1.4 to 91.2.

B = SnCl4 (130,

254) (A.)

M. c. t. A 73.4 O 70.9 4.6 69.4 6.2 67.7 13.5 67.0 17.8 66.8 19.1 66.5 23.9 66.3 +66.3

35.8* 73.5

99.7

-30.5 B

-30.5 -30.2

99.7 100

* Two liq. layers from 35.8 to 73.5.

B = SnBr4f (254) (A.)

/,0C I M % A B (? Mix.) 29.9 O 27.5 1.65 25.6 3.25

B = SnI4f (29) (A.) /,0C I M % B A (? Mix.) 72.0 O 70.6 0.49 69.1 1.12 t Reciprocal salt mixtures.

B-HgCl 2 (ISO)(A.)

M. c. t. A 73.4 O 72.6 2.0 71.9 3.3 B 85.4 5.2 101.7 6.5 126.3 9.8 142.1 13.1 183.5 25.4

B = HgCl2.(Continued) t, 0C I M % B B 218.8 44.3 234.5 58.4 246.4 69.6 257.1 79.6 264.2 86.1

B = KCl.- (Cont'd) t, 0C I M % B A(0) 62.0 15.0 59.2 18.0 A(T) 60.3 19.0 58.0 22.2 57.0 23.8 AB B = HgBr2 69.8 28.0 (13°) (A.) 79.7 29.5 0.42 M % B is sol. 94.8 32.6 in A at 74°; 0.61 M 109.4 36.2 % at 235°; < 2.0 M 113.3 37.9 % at 300°. A2B3 (?) 118.3 39.2 B == CuCl 162.5 41.0 (13°) (A.) 46.8 < 0.3 M % B dis- 250.5 277.1 48.8 solves in A at 300°. 320.0 54.7 B = AgCl (130) (A.) B < 0.2 M % B sol. 360.0 58.5 in A at 300°. 433.5 61.7 533.0 68.7 B = AlCl 3 (ISO)(A.) M. c. t. B = KBr* t, 0C I M % A (253) (A.) B A (? Mix.) 190.2 O 73.2 O 190.0 3.6 71.8 1.12 188.6 17.1 71.0 1.68 181.6 32.2 69.9 2.95 173.6 41.4 160.7 52.2 SbCl0 147.6 59.5 B = ICl, ICl3, 137.3 64.2 SbCl3, SbI3, 106.1 77.0 CCl4, InCl4, SnCl4, 83.0 84.8 SnBr4, SnI4, A CrO3, Cr(OCl)2 69.9 92.5 (30, 163) (S.) 71.1 95.9 M. P. of A = 2.9° 73.4 100 /CA = 18.5 B = BaCl2 (130) (A.)

< 0.4 M % B sol. in A at 300°.

B = AuCl3 (163)

t, 0C

I M % B A 2.8 O 2.5 0.35 2* 0.70

* Not dissolved at 2°.

SbBr3

B = SbI3 (34) t, 0C I M % A Mixi 165 O O 157 7 10 148 15 20 138 24 30 127 33 40 117 41 50 105 50 60 96 59 70 88 71 80 Mixi + Mix2 84E 85 I 85 Mix2 86 96 90 93 100 100 B = BiBr3 (254) (A.)

t, 0C

94.2 93.6 93.1 92.6

t, 0C

M %B A

2.8 O B = LiCl (130) (A.) 1.8 1.56 < 0.6 M % B is 1.4 2.15 sol, in A at 300°. 1.0 2.90 B = NaCl (130) (A.) /CA = 18.2 (0.1). B is practically insol. in A up to B = SnBr4* 30O0C. (163) (A.) B = KCl (130) (A.) A (? Mix.) M. c. t. 2.9 O t, 0C I M % B 4-1.4 0.51 AW -0.4 1.10 73.4 O B = SnI4* 72.4 0.74 ( 163 ) (A.) 71.8 1.6 A (? Mix.) 69.8 4.4 2.8 O 68.9 5.5 1.6 0.24 68.3 6.4 0.0 0.59 A(/3) 67.4 8.7 * Reciprocal salt mix64.6 11.8 urea.

I M % B Mix. O 0.78 1.37 2.00

B = SnBr4 (254) (A.)

A

94.2 93.5 91.9 90.7

O 1.15 3.75 5.76 B

B = SnCl4 (163) (A.)

(A.)

28.0 28.0 28.1 28.9 29.9

94.13 95.31 96.75 98.56 100

B = HgBr2 (98) (A.) t, 0C M %A B 235.0 O 233.8 1.23 232.0 3.07 230.2 4.88 229.0 6.13 /CB = 33.6 (0.18). B = AlBr3 (H 8 ) B 97.4 O 93.2 9.9 84.4 24.5 B + BA (72)E I (32)

B = AlBr3.(Continued) t,°C I M % A BA 76.6 37.6 (82.5) 50 79.8 58.0 74.6 64.8 BA + A (7O)E I (71) A 75.8 77.0 90.5 91.6 95.6 100

Sb2S3 B = BiS (249) 0

t, C I M % B Mix. 494 O O 505 36 10 520 48 20 534 57 30 546 63 40 560 69 50 576 75 60 595 81 70 622 87 80 660 95 90 680 100 100

B = PbS.- (Cont'd) t,°C M %B B 640 90 760 95 1051 100 Solid state AB(«) + AB(0) 517 I 50-66.7 A2B5(oO + A2B5(/3) 470 66.7(100) &A = 78.9 (O) (85) (A.).

B *= HgS (194) (A.) A 555.0 O 540 6.97 525 13.06 505 22.15 487 30.48 fcA = 78.8 (O). B = CuS (194) (A.) A 555 O 540 6.10 532 9.17 521 13.18 503 19.23 /CA = 79.7 (O).

B = SnS (188) *, 0C M %B A 545 O B = Cu2S (186) 522 10 t, 0C I M % A 500 20 B 477 30 1115 O A + AB 990 5 46OE I 36 810 15 AB + B B + B3A 48OU I 41.5 61OE I 24 B B3A 593 60 610 25 650 70 590 35 715 80 548 50 795 90 B3A + BA 850 100 542U 59 B = PbS (He, 123) BA 515 70 A BA + A 516 O 49OE I 76.5 480 10 A + AB(a) A 525 90 428E I 18 545 100 AB(«) 468 25 B = Ag2S (123, 136) 522 35 AB (a) + A2B3 t, 0C I M % B A 548U I 40 A2B3 + AB2 546 O 61OU I 51 515 10 AB2 483 20 A +AB 661 60 671 66.7 449E I 28.5 AB 636 75 AB2 + A2B5(a) 459 30 497 40 592U I 79 A2B5(a) + B 509 50 56OE I 84 482 60

B = Ag2S.(Continued) t, 0C I M % B AB + AB 3 455E I 64.5 AB3 475 70 483 75 470 80 AB3 + B 463E 81 B 600 90 842 100 /CA = 79.4 (0.00) (85) (A.)

/CB = 810.8 (0.00) (105) (A.)

SbSe B = Ag2Se (195) (A.) 0 t, C I M % A B 880 1 O B +A 2 B 492E 46 A2B 553 I 66.6 A2B + A 492E 94.1 Sb2Se3 B = Ag2Se (195) (A.)

B I O B + A4B3 54OE I 20 A4B3 650 I 57.1 A4B3 + A 573E I (?) A 615 I 100

880

Sb3Se4 B = Ag2Se ( 195 ) (A.) B 880 I O B +AB 515E I 13.3 AB (?) I 50.0 AB + A 525E I 80.0 Bi2O3 B = PbO (32) B 870 O 775 10 680 20 B +B 2 A 58OE I 28 B2A 605 30 625 33.3

Bi2O3.(Continued)

B = ZnCl2 (UO) v. Fig. 14

B = PbO.-

B = CuCl (HO) t, 0C M %A B 424 O 395 10 360 20 325 30 288 40 250 50 210 60 B +A 19OE I 64.5 A

(Continued) t, 0C I M % A B2A + B 2 A 3 609E I 36.5 B2A3 625 40 660 50 686 60 B2A3 + BA4 68OE I 64 BA4 + A 69OU I 66.5 A 705 70 745 80 785 90 817 100 BiCl3 B = PbCl2 (no) B 501 O 475 10 450 20 420 30 390 40 365 50 340 60 B H-A x By 325U I 67 AxBy

315 275

70 80

AxBy + A

215E

I A

89

218 90 224 100 B = TlCl (233) B 429 O 380 10 B +B 3 A 36OE I 12.5 B3A 395 413 403 342 B3A +

20 25 30 40 B2A

33OU I 41 B2A 250 I 50

B2A + B3A2 225U I 52 B3A2 175 I 60 B 3 A 2 + Mix. 15OE I 67.5 Mix. 157 77 70 180 89 80 203 96 90 224 100 100

197 205 215 224

70 80 90 100

B = FeCl3 (UO) t, 0C

224 210 193 175

IM % B A O 10 20 30

A +B 171E I 32 B 195 218 233 243 253 271 298

40 50 60 70 80 90 100

BiBr3 B = PbBr2 (no) t, 0C I M % A B 380 O 368 10 340 20 307 30 282 40 257 50 B + AxBy 24OU I 57 AxBy + A

206E I A 208 214 219

75 80 90 100

B = AlBr3 (H 8 ) B 97.4 O B + BA 93.5E| 16.3 BA 121.8 28.9 142.2 40.2 (149) 50 134.9 59.8

B = AlBr3.(Continued) t,°C I M % A BA + A (125)E I (65) A 133.8 68.2 182.4 82.3 218.8 100 Bi2S3 B -Bi 2 Te 3 (14) B 575 I O B +BA 57OE I 3 BA 584 10 598 20 607 30 612 40 BA + A 615UE i 50 A 643 60 670 70 699 80 815 85

B = PbWO4.(Continued) t,°C I M % B B 820 30 844 40 876 50 916 60 965 70 1020 80 1076 90 1130 100 CBr4 B = AlBr3 (H«) /, 0 C I M % A B 97.4 O 84.9 10.7 66.1 25.8 54.0 35.9 B +A (4O)E I 52 A 43.7 59.9 57.1 73.1 71.9 84.8 92.O 100

B = Ag2Se (195) (A.)

B 880 I O B + A4B3 67OE I12.5-14.2 A4B3 773 I 57.1 A4B3 + A 692E (?) A 718 I 100

Bi2(MoO4)3 B = PbMoO4 (275) /,0C I M % B A 643 O 638 10 628 20 A +B 615E i 27.5 B 633 30 725 40 810 50 870 60 925 70 975 80 1020 90 1065 100

CS2 B = P 4 S 3 (?) (247)

*, 0C -20 O + 17

(S.) x* 9 3.7 1

B = P 4 S 7 (247) (S.)

O 17

20 000 3 500

B = P4S10 (247)

B = HgI2 (18) (S.) B = KCNS (264) «, 0C Wt. %* v. Fig. 15 For other systems -116 0.017 in which one com- 93 0.023 - 86.5 0.024 ponent is a C-compound, v. p. 185. - 76.5 0.035 - 21 0.099 - 10.25 0.103 - 1.50 0.161 SiS2 O 0.173 B = PbS (57) + 8 0.238 *, 0C I M % A 13.50 0.269 B 19.50 0.315 25 0.387 1114 O 29 0.435 900 20 835 30 805 35 B +B 2 A B = SnI4 (18) (S.) 765U I 39 -114.5 9.41 B2A + B 3 A 2 - 89 9.68 737U I 42 - 84 10.22 B3A2 - 58 16.27 702 I 44 * Wt. % in solution. Solid state B3A forms at 748°

HCN B = KI (147) (A.) /,0C I M % B A -13.3 O -13.5 0.93 -14.2 5.46 -14.3 6.69

B = KNO 3 (147) (A.)

A -13.3 O -13.5 1.33 -13.7 2.14

(S.) -20 O + 17

1 200 550 450

*x = parts CS2 to dissolve 1 part solute.

B = HgCl2 (18) (S.) t, 0C Wt. %* -10.25 0.016 O 0.019 + 8 0.029 13.50 0.023(?) 19.50 0.045 25 0.055 29 0.062

B = HgBr2 (18) (S.) -10.25 0.049 Bi2(WO4). B = PbWO4 (275) O 0.087 + 8 0.122 A 832 O 13.50 0.137 19.50 0.182 828 10 820 20 25 0.230 A +B 29 0.268 814E I 26.5 * Wt. % in solution.

NH4CNS B = (NH2)2CS Thiourea (264) A 146 O 138 10 122 20 A +B 10OE I 30 B 112 40 120 50 126 60 132 70 136 80 140 90 142 100 Solid state AM + A(ß) 120 O 112 10 A(/3) + A(7) 90 I 0-70

B = Ag2S (57) B 835

I

O

B +B 4 A 799E I 2 B4A 917 10 959 20 875 30 B4A + B 3 A 2 747E I 35.5 B3A2 756 40 728 45 B3A2 + A 678E I 47.5 A 730 I 55

SiC24H2Q Si tetraphenyl B = SnC24H20 (189) Sn tetraphenyl *, 0C I Wt. % B Mix. 233.0 O 221.0* 67.0 225.7 100

B = PbC24H20 (189) Pb tetraphenyl Mix. 233.0 O 218.8* 66.0 227.7 100 * Min. tlé.

TiBr4 B = SnBr4 (72) (A.) 0

*, C I M % A Mix. 29.1 29.4 29.5 29.9

O 3.38 4.72 6.85

ZrBr4 B = SnBr4 ( 72 ) (A.) Mix. 29.1 O 29.4 1.18 29.4 2.70 SnCl2 B = PbCl2 (110, 229)

<, °C| 501 470 445 425 400 380 350 315 285 247

'

M% Mix. O 7 13 19 25 32 40 54 66 I 100

A O 15 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

B =.T1C1 (137) *, 0C I M % A B 435 O 388 10 B + B3A 299E I 20 B3A 310 25 293 35 B3A + BA 234E 42 BA 244 50 232 60 BA+ A 178E I 72.5 A 206 80 228 90 241 100 B = ZnCl2 (110) B 261 O 259 10 238 30 220 40 B +A 18OE I 58

A 195 220 247

65 80 100

B = CdCl2 (H0,229) *, 0C I M % A B 568 O 550 10 525 20 500 30 472 40 440 50 403 60 360 70 300 80

BH-A

233E

89.5

A 260

100

B = CuCl (HO) B 424 I O 203 I 60 B +A 172E I 68.5 A 212 80 233 90 247 100 B = MnCl2 (229) B 650 O 630 10 605 20 580 30 552 40 517 50 480 60 433 70 375 80 297 90 B +A 23OE I 95 A 250 I IQQ B = AlCl3 (130) (A.) M. c. t. B 190.2 I O BxA 191.0 0.98 191.3 1.11 192.0 1.5* 192.0 14.3 191.0 15.3 188.2 18.1 B2A 187.0 22.1 204.4 28.5 207.4 30.7 209.3 33.3 195.0 38.8 178.6 43.1 158.7 48.5 136.9m 53.9 BA 158.5 50.0 158.2 50.7

B = AlCl3.(Continued)

t,°C

I M %A BA 153.3 54.6 142.3 63.5 135.4m

69.8

A 138.3 154.3 176.3 223.4 235.7 246.8

68.5 70.9 75.0 86.1 90.8 100

* Two liq. layers from 1.5 to 14.3. B = MgCl2 (159) B

711 690 660 597 530 490 380

O 10 25 50 70 80 95

B +A 245E I >99 A 245 100 B = CaCl2 (159,

229)

B

777 (745) (705) 635 570 490 385

O 20 40 60 70 80 90

B +A 245E (100) A 245 100 B = NaCl (210) t, 0C I M % B 239 230 210

AH-B

183E

O 10 20

32 B 1

395 40 517 50 675 70 720 80 800 100 B = KCl (210) A 239 O 224 10 A +A 3 B 201E 16 A3B 206 20 208 25 197 35

B = KCL(Continued)

t, 0C

I M % B

A3B + AB 18OE I 38.5 AB 210 I 45 AB + B 224UE I 50 B

465 580 675 740 777

60 70 80 90 100

B = AlBr3.(Continued) t, 0C [.M % A BA 175.0 44.8 179.8 48.3 183.0 50.0 179.1 52.4 164.4 59.6 158.3 62.8 A 175.1 71.2 195.9 78.1 220.9 90.8 228.2 96.2 232.O 100

SnS B = PbS (109) t, 0C I Wt. % A Mix. 1106 O O 1005 6 20 898 9 40 Mix. + A 88QEI 9 43 B = FeS (ioo) t, 0C I Wt. % B A (870) O 835 5 A +B 785E I 15 B 805 20 850 30 905 40 960 50 1020 60 1070 70 1155 90 (1188) 100

* Two liq. layers from SnCl4 1.8 to 14.2. 85 B = SnBr4 ( ) (A.) t, 0C 1 M % A SnBr4 Mix. (?) B = SnI4 (211) 29.4 O v. Fig. 16 28.1 1.27 t, 0C i M % B 26.8 2.55 (?) 24.7 4.99 206 O 215 20 B = AlCl3 231 40 (13°) (A.) 255 60 SnC24H2o M. c. t. 289 80 Sn tetraphenyl B 346 100 B = PbC24H20 (189) 190.2 O Solid state Pb tetraphenyl 188.6 6.8 A(«) + B(0) Mix.* 182.6 19.3 and 225.7 O 174.2 34.8 A(ß) + B(«) 227.7 100 167.8 47.3 * Neither max. nor 29.2 O O 158.3 63.2 23 (8) 10 min-
PbO.- (Cont'd) B = PbCl2.(Continued) t, 0C M %A BA2 610 50 675 60 693 66.7 BA2 + Mix. 69OE 72 I 70 Mix. 705 I 76 I 75 BA4 711 I 80 BA4 + A 703E I 85 A 760 90 836 100 B = PbBr2 (228) B 368 O 358 5 B +BA 348E I 13 BA 425 20 470 30 BA + BA2 476U I 35 BA2 515 40 630 50 712 66.7 BA2 + BA4 70OE 76 BA4 + A 742UE| 80 A 798 90 892 100 B = PbSO4 (122, 238)

/,0C

879

I M % B A

I

O

A +A 3 B 835E I 11 A3B + A 2 B 897U I 17.5 A2B 950 25 961 33.3 A2B + AB 95OE I 40 AB 977 50 972 60 AB + B 96OE I 68 B(«) 1007 70 1092 80 (1170) 100 Solid state BW + B(j8) 864 I 50-100

B = CuO (66) (A.) t, 0C I M % B A 875 O 850 5.06 818 12.29 797 17.96 774 27.11 727 42.58 712 49.60 A + (?) 698E* I 59.12 (?) 712 69.66 * All mixtures give a halting pt. at ca. 698°.

B = Ag2O (135) (A.)

At ca. 840°, 3-6 Wt. % Ag dissolves in molten A, forming B. B = PbCrO4 (122) A

879

O

850 5 A + A4B 785E I 11 A4B + A5B2 815U I 16 A5B2 830 20 854 28.6 A5B2 + AB 841E I 32 AB 905 40 920 50 910 60 AB + Mix. 82OE I 99 I 87 B 844 I 100 Solid state A5B2(a) + A5B2(^) 744 I 29-50 B(«) + B(/3) 785 50-98 783 100 B(0) + B(T) 701 50-98 707 100

B = PbMoO4 (122) t, 0C I M % A B 879 O 810 10 B +BA 762E I 12 BA 878 20 920 30 940 40 951 50 BA + A 933E I 60 A 998 I 70

B = PbMoO4.(Continued) t, 0C M %A A 1032 80 1052 90 1065 100 B = PbWO4 (122) t, 0C I M % B A 879 O 810 10 A +AB 722E I 17 AB 780 20 855 30 885 40 899 50 AB + B (a) 892E I 53 B(a)

975 60 1037 70 1087 85 1123 100 Solid state B(CK) + B(ß) 877 (5O)-IOO

B = V2O6 (l 5 ) t, 0C I M % A B 660 O 653 10 633 20 602 30 554 40 B +BA 2 475E I 50 BA2 610 55 677 60 722 66.7 BA2 + BA3 718E I 68 BA3 870 70 952 75 885 80 BA3 + BA8 755E i 84 BA8 794 I 88.9 BA8 + A 76OE I 93 A 817 95 890 100 B = B2O3 (156) (A.)

t, 0C i M % B AB 250 36.50 450 41.60 500 51.50 485 52.80 420 59.50

B = B2O3.(Continued) t,°C I M % B AB + AB2 36OE I 61.10 AB2 450 62.42 550 65.25 570 65.66 520 67.84 475 68.20 AB2 + A2B6 46OE 69.70 A2B5 475 69.55 520 71.10 A2B5 + AB3 49OE I 72.83 AB3 530 74.46 560 76.10 480 78.10

PbF

2 B = PbCl2 (224)

t, 0C

I M % A Mixi 495 I O I O Mixi + Mix2 4^F / 3 10 453E \ 48 10 Mix2 525 (49) 20 570 (49.5) 30 593 (50) 40 BA 601 I 50 Mix3 592 (52) 60 570 (56) 70 MiX3 + BA4 554E I 58 I 75 BA4 + A 570UE I 80 A 695 90 824 100

B = PbBr2 (224) 366

B I

O

B +BA 349E I 5 BA 420 10 495 20 530 30 550 40 561 50 555 60 537 70 BA + BA4 533E I 75 BA4 + B 585UE I 80 B 695 90 824 IQQ

B = PbI2 (224) t, 0C M •% A 400

B !

O

B +BA 383E I 10 BA + BA4 434U I 20 BA4 472 30 499 40 524 50 548 60 564 70 BA4 + A 573U I 75 A

B = Pb3(VO4),.(Continued) t,°C I M % B B 928 90 952 100

B = NaF (205) t, 0C I M % A B 1040 O 990 10 930 20 872 30 808 40 735 50 650 60 B +A 607 80 54OE I 67.5 645 85 A 825 100 630 75 730 85 B = Pb3(PO4), (16) 855 100 t, 0C I M % B kB = 1 8 .7 (0.6) A (A.) 820 I O A + AB3 PbCl2 698E I 8 B = PbBr2 (162) . AB3 t, 0C 1 M % B 847 20 Mix. + Hq. 925 30 495 I O 1035 50 370 j 100 1083 65 B = PbI2 (162) 1098 75 A 1080 85 495 • O 1032 95 457 10 AB3 + B 425 20 1004E I 98 400 30 B 375 40 1014 I 100 352 50 B = Pb3(AsO4) 2 335 60 (14) 316 70 A+B A 820 I O 306E I 76 A + AB3 B 675E I 8 315 I 80 3581 100 AB3 790 20 B = PbS (256) 910 35 A 983 50 499 O 1015 60 478 10 1042 75 A+B 1032 85 442E I 22 AB3 + B B 1018E 90 560 35 B 835 65 1042 I 100 1030 90 100 B = Pb3(VO4), (16) 1106 B = Pb3(PO4), (16) A 820 I O A A +AB3 494 I O 803 30 A +AB3 847 40 48OE 5 880 50 AB3 910 65 700 10 916 75 910 20 AB3 + B 1005 30 912E I 82 1065 40

B = Pb3(P04)2.— (Continued) t, 0C I M % B AB3 1110 50 1135 60 1156 75 1130 85 1050 95 AB3 + B 994E l 98.5 B 1014 I 100 B -Pb 3 (AsO 4 ) 2 ( 16 ) A 494 [ O A + AB3 478E I 3.5 AB3 843 20 945 30 1010 40 1070 50 1110 60 1140 75 1120 85 1078 95 AB3 + B 104OE I 98 B 1042 I 100 B - Pb3(VO4)2 (16)

A I O A + AB3 468E I 4 AB3 620 10 820 25 915 40 950 50 975 60 990 75 970 85 943 90 AB3 + B 912E I 94 B 952 I 100 B = TlCl (137) t, 0C I M % A B 435 O 405 10 B + B3A 388E I 13.5 B3A 407 25 400 35 B3A + BA2 378E I 41 BA2 410 50 430 60 435 66.7

494

B = TlCL(Continued) t, 0C I M % A BA2 + A 428E I 74 A 448 80 480 90 500 100 B = ZnCl2 (HO) t, 0C I M % B A 501 O 460 20 420 35 375 50 348 60 325 70 307 80 273 95 A +B 261E 1 >99 B 261 I 100 B = CdCl2 (110, 229) A

501

O

460 400

15 30

A +B 385E I 39 B 422 50 452 60 483 70 513 80 542 90 668 100

B = CuCl (HO) A 501 O 437 20 358 40 312 50 A+B 28OE I 57 B 286 60 310 70 347 80 388 90 424 100 B = AgCl (255, 257)

A 496 465 437 406 375 342

O 10 20 30 40 50

A +B 31OE I 60

B = AgCL(Continued) t, 0C M %B B 342 70 383 80 428 90 457 100 B = MnCl2 (229) t, 0C I M % A B 650 O 630 10 605 20 575 30 540 40 500 50 457 60 B +A 408E I 70 A 430 80 460 90 495 100 B = FeCl3 (HO) *, 0C I M % B A 501 O 470 20 385 40 A +B 177E I 63 B 257 80 283 90 298 100 B = BeCl2 (280) B = MgCl2 (159) t, 0C I M % A B 711 O 680 15 643 30 555 60 B +A 459E I 81 A 482 90 496 100 B = CaCl2 (159, 229)

B

772

O

738 704 670 635 602 568 530 485

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

B +A 467E I 82 A 485 90 496 100

B = SrCl2 (229) t, 0C I M % A Mix. 872 O O 855 (6) 10 790 (13) 20 710 (27) 40 665 (35) 50 615 (45) 60 565 (57) 70 535 (67) 80 515 76 90 505 82 95 496 100 100 B = BaCl2 (2 2 9) Mixi 960 O O 928 (2) 5 Mixi + MiX2 912* (3) 8 2 8 Mix2 860 (6) 20 805 (12) 30 750 (20) 40 685 (30) 50 625 (41) 60 570 (55) 70 535 (67) 80 512 80 90 495 100 100 * B(a) —> BOS) lowered from 923° at M = O. B = LiCl (255)

t, 0C

M %B

A 496 I O 420 I 40 A +B 41OE I 44.5 B 464 60 521 75 585 90 607 100 B = NaCl (255) A 496 O 476 10 445 20 A +B 41OE I 28.5 B

478 540 610 675 725 768 798

40 50 60 70 80 90 100

B = KCl (151, 255)

A 496 475 441

O 10 20

B = KCL(Continued) t, 0C

M %B

A + A2B 429E I 23 A2B 440 33.3 433 40 A2B + AB2 411E I 48.5 AB2 430 50 464 55 AB2 + B 49OU I 62 B

580 70 667 80 730 90 775 100 B = RbCl (255) A 496 448

O 15 A + A2B 41OE I 23 A2B 424 I 33.3 A2B + AB 407E I 39 AB 435 45 440 50 AB + AB2 414E I 58.5 AB2 + B 449U I 64.5 B 510 70 605 80 680 90 724 100

PbBr2 B = PbI2 (162)

A

370

O

348 326 302 276

10 20 30 40 A +B 256E i 47 B 278 [ 60 358 I 100 B - HgBr2 (229) t, 0C M %A 238

B I

O

B +A 233E I 5 A 252 10 270 20 279 30

B = HgBr2.(Continued) t, 0C M %A A 283 40 288 50 297 60 309 70 324 80 344 90 366 100 B = AgBr (257) /,0C M %B B 422 O 395 10 365 20 330 30 295 40 B +A 2 B 276E I 45.2 A2B 282 50 290 60 A2B + B 295UE 66.7 B 302 70 320 80 344 90 373 100

PbBr2 B = AlBr 3 (ISO)(A.) M. e. t. *, 0C I M % A 97.1

B I

O

B2A

191.9 210.4 210.4 211.9

0.6 0.8* 16.2 16.9

220.4 235.5 253.5 272.5 274.0 266.9

20.1 23.7 27.0 32.5 33.3 37.0

241.6

43.6

234.9

45.5

A 268.4 296.8

52.3 57.7

* Two liq. layers from

0.8 to 16.2.

PbI B = HgI2 (98) (A.) B 250.0 O 247.4 3.11 241.2 6.04 kB = 56.5 (Q).

PbI2 B = Agi (257) *, 0C I M % A Mix. + Hq. 552 O 465 10 395* 20 373 30 357 40 349 50 344 60 357 70 372 80 387 90 402 100 Solid state B4A(«) + B 4 A(^) 115 I 0-80 B(«) + B(« 144.6 I 0-20 * M. P. of B4A.

PbS B = Tl2S (59) *, 0C M % B MiX1 1108 O O 1000 (3) 10 825 (8) 20 520 (14) 30 Mixi + Mix2 J 18 38 282E \ 88 38 MÌX,

295 320 358 383 418 435 448.5

(89) 40 (91) 50 (93) 60 (96) 70 (96) 80 (99) 90 100 IQQ

B = Ag2S (79) t, 0C I Wt. % B

A 1114 1040 970 905 845 780 715 660

O 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 A+B

63OE

76.5 B(«) 655 80 740 90 835 100 Solid state B(«) + B(/3) 195 I 25-100 B = FeS (79) A 1114 O 1020 10 930 20 A+B 869E I 27 B 890 30 960 40 1025 50 1108 70 1163 90 1187 100 PbSO4 B = PbCrO4 ( 122 ) v. Fig. 17 B = PbMoO4 (122)

t, 0C

I M % A Mixi 1065 O O B = ZnS (79) 1050 1 10 *, 0C I Wt. % B 1027 2 20 A 1000 4 30 1115 I O Mixi -f Mix2 A +B 6 42.5 1048E I 4 962E/ 9621lj \ 97 42.5 B Mix2 1090 10 986 (97)]50 1275 20 1016 (98) 60 1360 30 1048 (98) 70 1405 40 1080 (99) 80 B = Cu2S (80) (1170) 100 100 Solid state A 1114 O A(«) -f- A(0) 879 (4)-98 988 10 874 97 875 1 20 864 100 565 I 50 A +B B = PbWO4 (122) 55OE I 51.5 Mixi B 1123 O O 655 I 60 1075 9 15 1055 I 90 1035 16 30 1121 I 100 1015 20 40

B = PbWO4.(Continued) t,°C i M % A Mixi + Mix2

Pb(N0 3 ) 2 B = NaNO 3 (") (A.)

PbCrO4 B = PbMoO4 (122) /,0C I M % B /,°c I M % A Mixi B 844 I O O Mixi + Mix2 305 O H. S £ J 2 (22) B + (?) Mix2 3Pb3(P04)2.PbCl2 838E \ 53 (22) 1020 • (95) 60 268E I 16.15 Mix2 1055 (96) 70B = KNO 3 (99) (A.) B = 3Pb3(AsO4),.PbCl2 (16) (A.) 872 60 (30) 1090 (97) 80 B Mix. 920 70 (43) 1130 (98) 90 320 O 1156 O 970 80 (60) 1170 100 100 300 3.28 1152 28.08 1020 90 (80) Solid state 285 7.11 1150 47.67 1065 100 100 A(a) + A(/3) 268 11.58 1145 78.46 Solid state 875 11-96 246 16.92 1140 100 864 100 A(«) + A(|8) B + (?) 783 O B = 3Pb (VO B(a) + B(j8) 3 4)2.207E I 21.24 PbCl2 (16) (A.) 799 2-53 877 O (?) Mix. 859 3-95 A(0) + A(7) 210 23.42 1156 O 707 O B = Li2SO4 (52) 238 31.44 697 28-57 1116 19.30 (335) (?) 41.63 B(«) 1056 48.90 856 O B = PbWO4 (122) Pb3(P04)2 1012 79.30 740 10 Mixi B = Pb3(As04)2 990 100 662 20 844 I O 1 O 16 ( ) (A.) B(a) + A Mixi + Mix, 0 Pb (As0 ) 3 4 2 /, C I M % B 638E I 25 / 2 |(23) B = Pb3(VO4), Mix. 837E A \ 59.5(23) (16) (A.) 1014 O 686 30 Mix, Mix. 1020 23.12 760 40 935 70 (46) 1042 O 1028 47.42 813 50 1010 80 (66) 1018 26.04 1035 73.04 850* 60 1070 90 (84) 994 51.36 1042 100 1006 100 1123 100 100 968 76.00 Solid state B = Pb3(V04)2 960 90.48 PbMoO4 (16) (A.) B(a) + B(j8) 952 100 B = PbWO4 (122) Mix. 585 I 0-60 Mixi 3Pb3(As04)2.* Decompn. of A 1014 O 1065 O O above 60 M %. At 856°, 996 24.10 PbF2 1070 21 10 A transforms (?). 980 48.79 B = 3Pb3(AsO4),.1076 35 20 B = Na 2 SO 4 (52) 962 84.37 PbCl2 (16) (A.) 1080 41 30 Mix. 952 100 Mix. Mixi + Mix2 887 • O O 1042 O 3Pb3(PO4)S-PbF2 907 7 1060 9.89 1082U { 60 Il B = 3Pb3(PO4),.895 (9) 15 1087 29.76 Mix, PbCl (16) (A.) 2 845 (15) 30 1107 49.72 1093 72 50 Mix. 787 (19) 40 1128 79.82 1100 79 60 1098 O Mix. + A 1140 100 1107 85 70 1108 19.80 735E 1 20 ] 47 B = 3Pb3(VO4)2.1112 90 80 1126 49.70 A PbF2 (16) (A.) 1118 95 90 1144 79.80 788 55 Mix. 1123 100 100 1156 100 840 65* O 1042 Solid state B = Y,(MoO4)3 B = 3Pb3(AsO4) 2,1008 25.96 (274) Mix. + A PbF2 (16) (A.) 0 978 5Ì.25 700 18 t, C M %A Mix. 944 75.92 B 600 12 1098 O 916 100 1347 O 500 7 1086 23.28 1285 20 400 4 1072 47.66 3Pb3(As04)2.1235 30 300 3 1058 73.20 PbCl2 1130 45 B(«) + B(0) 1042 100 B = 3Pb3(VO4),.1030 55 235 O PbCl2 (16) (A.) B = 3Pb (VO ),.3 4 B +A 225 2-65 Mix. PbF2 (16) (A.) 975E ! 59 * Decompn. of A 1140 O Mix. above 65 M %. There À 1096 20.80 is a transformation of A 1012 70 1098 O at 856°. 1062 51.24 1030 80 1052 24.18 B = K 2 SO 4 (52, 94) 1010 80.78 1040 90 1012 48.90 v. Fig. 18 990 100 1066 100 960 74.16 B = 3Pb3 (VO4) 2.PbF2.—(Continued) /,0C I M % B Mix. 935 89.60 916 100

B = La 2 (MoO 4 ) 3 (274)

/,0C 1181 1168 1153 1135 1118 1104 1093 1084 1076 1070 1065

I M % A Mix. O O 6 10 15 20 27 30 36 40 45 50 54 60 62 70 70 80 80 90 100 100

B = Ce2(MoO4)S (274)

*, 0C

O 5 13 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 94

B = Pr2(MoO4)S (274)

1030 1035 1039 1042 1045 1050 1056 1066 1069 1066 1073 1068 1065

M % Mix. O 18 30 38 47 57 67 75

A O 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

80 90 90 100

100

B = Nd 2 (MoO 4 )S (275)

t, 0C

1176 1161 1146 1126 1112 1096 1083 1074 1065

04)s (274) t, 0C

I M % A Mix.

S1133 1127 1120 1112 1102 1091 1082 1075 1065

I M % Mix. O 10 23 42 53 64 74 83 100

B

O 20 35 50 60 70 80 90 100

»1 « (3) (8) (18) (31) (53) (65) 100

20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

PbWO4 B = Ce 2 (WO 4 )S (274)

] M % B Mix.

1065 1070 1073 1068 1056 1042 1028 (30) 1012 (40) 996 (50) 977 (70) 951 (85) Mix. + B 938E 94 B 973 I 100

t, 0C

B = (NdPr)2 (Mo-

Mix. 1089 1093 1097 1101 1106 1112 1115 1119 1121 1123 1125

O O (28) 10 (60) 20 (72) 30 (81) 40 (90) 50 (93) 60 (96) 70 (98) 80 (99) 90 100 100

3Pb3(V04)2.PbF2 B = 3Pb3(VO4)2.PbCl 2 (IB) (A.) t, 0C I M % B Mix. 916 O 942 24.78 964 49.70 978 74.78 990 100

TÎCÏ B = TlBr (162) Mix. + Hq. 426 O 422 10 418 20 415 30 413 40 415 50 420 60 426 70 434 80 442 90 450 100 B = TlI (162) Mixi 426 I O O 330 I (1.5) 40 Mixi + Mix2

qifip / 316E

2

47

\

83 47

338 I 431 I

Mix2 (86) 60 100 100

B = ZnCl2 (i37) *, 0C M %B A 435 O 403 10 A +A2B 335E I 23 A2B 352 33.3 332 40 235 50 A2B + AB2 193E 52 AB2 219 60 226 66.7 AB2 + Mix. 215E 95 I 70 Mix. 260 98 80 271 99 90 275 100 100 B = CdCl2 (137, 229) A

429 O 382 10 334 20 A +AB 298E I 28.5 AB 316 30 390 40 426 50 419 60 AB + B 40OE I 65.5 B 424 70 478 80 527 90 668 100

B = HgCl2 ( 229 ) A 429 O 374 10 294 20 A + A4B 25OU I 23 A4B 222 I 30 A4B + Mixi 201E I 43|32.5 Mixi 220 I (48)1 40 AB 225 I 50 Mix2 200 I (52)| 60 Mix2 + Mix3 / (53) 64 183E \ 76 64

B = AlCl 3 (ISO)(A.) M. c. t. t, 0C I M % A B 190.2 O 189.4 0.52 BxA 189.4 0.9 192.0 1.2* 192.0 14.7 190.2 15.6 B = CuCl (229) 182.3 18.7 Mixi 172.8 21.8 429 O O 158.8 26.1 390 (2) 10 B2A 350 (3) 20 160.5 28.2 305 (5) 30 162.9 29.2 260 (6) 40 BA MiX1 + A2B 172.6 31.4 7 47 5 225TJ/ ' 225U 196.6 33.1 \ 33.347.5 211.4 34.2 Mix2 248.1 37.9 215 (34) 50 274.1 42.1 178 (35) 55 290.0 46.2 Mix2 + B 297.0 50.0 124E I 37 161.5 295.5 51.2 B 288.1 53.5 242 70 A 310 80 362 90 325.0 55.5 422 100 360.0 56.5 * Two liq. layers from B = AgCl (229) 1.2 to 14.7. 0 t, C I M % A B B = BeCl2 (280) 454 O 461 10 B = MgCl2 (137) 362 20 t, 0C i M % B 298 30 A 220 40 436 O B + B2A3 418 10 21OE 42 388 20 B2A3 A + AB2 236 I 50 361E 26 B2A3 + A AB2 253UE| 60 425 35 A 316 70 485 50 AB2 + B 360 80 498U 63 396 90 429 100 B 550 70 B = FeCl3 (233) 625 80 t, 0C I M % B 677 90 A 429 I O 718 100 397 10 B = CaCl2 (137) 335 20 A + A2B A 435 I O 262E I 26.5 A2B A + AB 280 30 419E 7 290 33.3 AB A2B + B (?) 565 15 22OE 1 38 674 35 B(?) 683 50 255 45 667 60 286 55 AB + B 300 62 648E i 67

B = HgCl2.(Continued) t,°C I M % B Mix3 209 81 70 241 90 80 262 96 90 275 100 100 ICB = 35.0 (0.06) ( 27 ) (A.).

B = CaCl2.(Continued) t,°C I M % B B

665 715 753

70 80 90

782 100 B = SrCl2 (137) A 435 I O A + AB 416E I 11.5 AB 475 20 530 30 563 40 AB + B 568U I 47 B 660 60 720 70 798 85 872 100 B = BaCl2 (137) A 435 O A +B 43OE <1 BOS) 590 10 670 20 730 30 825 50 905 70 B(0) + B(«) 925 I 76 B(«) 940 80 955 90 962 100 B = LiCl (229) /,0C I M % A B 602 I O 352 I 60 B +A 342E I 62.5 A 370 70 415 90 429 100 B = NaCl (229) B 805 O 765 10 715 25 673 40 640 50 565 65 495 75 B +A 412E I 85 A 423 90 429 100

TlCl.- (CW'd) B = KCl (229) 0

t, C

M %A

Mix. 776 747 715 652 618 583 545 508 470 449 429

B = TIL— (Continued) t,°C I M % B Mix. + liq. 411 60 413 70 417 80 424 90 431 100

O O (6) 10 (11) 20 (23) 40 (30) 50 (37) 60 (46) 70 B = 0HgBr2 (98) (A.) t, C I M % A (55) 80 B (65) 90 235.0 O 73 95 233.3 2.08 100 100

B = RbCl (229) Mix. 716 O O 685 (3) 10 660 (6) 20 635 (8) 30 605 (12) 40 570 (16) 50 530 (23) 60 490 (31) 70 460 (40) 80 438 (52) 90 432 65 95 429 100 100

232.1 3.70 230.9 4.92 /CB = 28.3 (0.14).

B = AlBr3 (130) (A.)

M. c. t. B 97.1 O BxA 103.9 0.6* 103.9 22.8 99.9 24.4 B2A 104.4 24.4 105.9 26.0 108.1 28.4 111.8 32.7 112.0 33.3 BA 126.8 35.4 142.1 37.6 160.4 40.7 192.9 46.3 203.4 48.2 210.0 50.0 217.9 51.0 200.8 52.1 193.1 53.3 A 213.8 55.0 215.9 55.2

Tl2S B = Ag2S(US) t, 0C I M % A B 781 O 610 10 495 20 B + B4A 358U I 29 B4A 326 I 35 B4A +A 308E I 37.5 A 319 40 358 50 385 60 405 70 422 80 436 90 448 100

TlNO2 B = TlNO3 (67);

v. Fig. 19 Mix. 206 O O 202 2 10 199 5 20 195 8 30 191 12 40 185 19 50 175 37 60 167 50 70 161 60 80 156 68 90 146 90 149 100 100 Solid state B(«) + B(0) 143 O 106 5-7 A(a) + B(j8) 112 81-90 120 92-95 131 100

B = CsCl (229) Mixi 639 O O 595 (5) 10 557 (8) 20 532 (10) 30 500 (11) 40 Mixi -f- Mix2 / 12 43.5 46611 \ (20)43.5 Mix2 450 (24) 50 410 (43) 60 393 60 70 MÌX2 H- Mix3 * Two liq. layers from 390 75 75 0.6 to 22.8. TlNO3 Mix3 B - AgNO3 (70) (A.) TlI 400 90 80 t,°C 1 M % B B = TlNO3 (71) 418 97 90 A(a) 0 *, C M % B 429 100 100 206 O Mixi Solid state 180 10 422 O O B(«) + B(0) 153 20 406 4 10 450 O A(a) + A(0) 392 7.5 20 460 10-(17) 142 I 25 376 11.5 30 466 12-(2O) AW 360 15 40 129 30 342 19.5 50 TlBr 105 40 322 24 60 B = TlI (162) A(0) + AB 296 28 70 t, 0C i M % B 81E I 47.5 266 32 80 Mix. + liq. AB Mixi -f- Mix2 450 O 83 I 50 36 90 215U/ 441 10 AB + B(0) 215U \ 81 90 430 20 81E 53 Mix 2 421 30 BOS) 208 87 95 415 40 109 60 206 100 100 412 50 140 70

B = AgNO3.(Continued) t,°C I M % B B(fl + B(a) 159 I 77.5 B(a) 166 80 189 90 208 100 Solid state A(/3) + A(7) 79 O- 50 AB(«) + AB(/3) 26 I 0-100 B = NaNO 3 (70) A(«) 206 I O A(«) + B 162E I 20.5 B 1821 30 240 i 60 265 75 278 85 308 100 Solid state A(«) + A(0) 142 i 0-100 A(fl + A(7) 79 I 0-100

B = CuCL(Continued) t,°C I M % A Mixi + Mix2 / 14 87 242E I 95 87 Mix2 248 (96) 90 261 100 100 B = FeCl3 (UO) B 298 O 288 10 268 30 245 50 B 4-A 214E I 73 A 245 90 261 100

B = MnCl2 (229) *, 0C M %B A 275 I O A +B 275E I <1 B 330 10 380 20 420 30 460 40 B = KNO 3 (70) 495 50 v. Fig. 20 530 60 560 70 ZnF2 590 80 B = NaF (205) (A.) 620 90 t, 0C M %A 650 100 B B = MgCl2 (159) 1040 O «, 0C I M % A 983 5.5 B 940 13.5 905 23.0 711 O 695 10 B + (?) 655 30 660 \ (?) 680 J E 545 70 A 485 85 872 I 100 405 95 B +A 271E I >99 ZnCl2 B = CdCl2 (no) A 271 I 100 B 568 O B = CaCl2 (159) 553 15 B 473 55 777 O 390 75 745 10 305 90 710 20 B +A 670 30 262E I >99 635 40 A 590 50 262 I 100 550 60 500 70 B = CuCl (UO) 450 80 Mixi 385 90 424 O O B +A 400 (3) 15 274E I (100) 382 (5) 25 A 330 (10) 50 274 I 100 283 (IS)) 70

B = SrCl2 (229) t, 0C I M % B A 275 I O A +AB 275 I <1 AB 360 10 425 20 460 30 AB + B 476U 46 B 600 60 675 70 745 80 872 100 B = BaCl2 (229) A 275 I O A + AB 275 I <1 AB 385 10 435 20 460 30 AB + B(0) 47OU I 45 BG3) 550 50 660 60 750 70 825 80 895 90 BOS) + B(a) 923 I 94 B(a) 960 I 100

ZnBr2 B = AlBr3 (117, 130) (A.)

M. c. t. t, 0C I M % A B 93.0 O 89.4 3.46 87.9 5.05 82.1 9.49 97.1 O 94.4 5.6 87.6 11.3 83.5m 14.5 B2A 95.1 11.3 99.3 14.5 104.1 20.6 110.4 30.0 111.5 33.3 110.6 35.1 /CB = 25.6 (0.39).

ZnS B = Cu2S (81) v. Fig. 21

CdF2

B = Ag2S («i)

*,0C I Wt. % A B = CdI2 ( 2 I 9 ) (A.) t, 0C I M % B B 843 I O (?) B +A >1000 O 80OE I

3

A 1035 1195 1295 1358 1412 1460 1515 1575

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

B = FeS (81) B 1188 I O B+A 118OE I 6 A 1270 10 1410 20 1510 40 1550 80

340* 350

90 100

* Minimum £L.

B = NaF (205) t, 0C i M % A B 1040 990 955 880 785

O 10 15 25 35

B+A 66OE 46 A 750 55 885 70 1040 90 1110 100 fa = 18.9 (0.37) (A.).

CdCl2 B = CdBr2 (167) Mix. + Hq. 567 O Zn(CN) 2 558 10 B = KCN (256) 553 20 t, 0C I M % B 552 30 A* + AB2 550.5 40 515E 52 551 50 AB2 552 60 530 60 554 70 538 66.7 556 80 515 75 559 90 AB2 + B 563 100 487E I 80 B = CdI2 (167) B /., °C| M % A 574 90 Mixi 622 100 * Under 50 M % B, A 3 8 5 O l Ol decomposes. 368 (1.5)| 20 I Mixi + Mix2 f (2) 30 CdO 359E \(96) 30 B = B2O3 (156) (A.) Mix2 (?) 386 (96.5) I I 40 [ 940 30.30 663 100 j 1100 j 905 37.95 810 44.00 B = CdSO4 (?) + AB (219) (A.) 75OE 46.65 /,0C I M % B AB (?) 845 48.60 590 O 850 50.25 565* 15 810 51.60 1000 100 * Minimum £L. 770 52.40 AB + A 2 B 3 B = CuCl (HO) 71OE I 55.50 t, 0C M %A A2B3 Mixi 750 57.25 424 O O 810 58.05 415 5 10 855 60.30 Mixi + Mix2 755 63.80 410 I 14 I 14

B = CuCL(Continued) t,°C I M % A Mix2 422 33 20 437 44 30 451 53 40 467 63 50 486 72 60 507 81 70 525 87 80 544 93 90 568 100 100 Solid state Mix. + AB4 305 10 350 20 325 35 315 50

B = SrCl2 (229) t, 0C M %A B 872 O 800 10 730 20 660 30 590 40 540 50

B+A 503E I

515 530 550 668

B = BeCl2 (280) B = MgCl2 (159) Mix. 711 O O 695 5 10 680 11 20 665 17 30 648 24 40 630 (31) 50 613 (38) 60 597 (47) 70 583 59 80 573 73 90 563 100 100 B = CaCl2 (229) Mixi 772 O O 748 (6) 10 720 (13) 20 683 (23) 30 650 (33) 40 618 (43) 50 590 (53) 60 565 64 70 550 75 80 Mixi + Mix2 545 I 85 85 Mix2 550 95 90 568 100 100

70 80 90 100

B = BaCl2 (229) 960

B = MnCl2 (229) Mix. 650 O O 638 6 10 628 12 20 618 18 30 608 25 40 598 32 50 590 40 60 583 49 70 576 63 80 571 77 90 568 100 100

60

A

BW I

O

B(a) + B(/8)

923

I BG8)

4

895 10 830 20 745 30 650 40 543 50 B(/3) + A 45OE I 58 A

455 490 520 545 668

60 70 80 90 100

B = NaCl (42)

/,0C

IM % B A

562 O 535 10 505 20 463 30 417 40 A + AB2 392E I 45 AB2 407 50 AB2 + B 423U 57 B 485 60 610 70 695 80 755 90 798 100

B = KCL-(CWd) t, 0C I M % B AB 415 40 431 50 410 60 AB + AB4 39OE I 63 AB4 + B 461U I 68.5 B 560 75 625 80 720 90 774 100 CdBr2 B = CdI2 (167) Mix. 667 O O 545 (5) 10 520 (11) 20 495 (18) 30 470 (27) 40 450 (37) 50 430 (49) 60 410 (65) 70 400 (76) 80 390 90 386. 5 100 B = CuBr (HO) t, 0C M %A Mix. 484 460 440 431 428 420 Mix. +

O 5 14 20 22 50 A(a)

42OE

50

A(a)

465 60 498 70 523 80 547 90 568 100 Solid state A(«) + A(0) 394 O 366 10 355 20 350 30 350 60 346 70 344 85 B = AlBr3 (130) (A.)

B = KCl (42) A 562 O 550 10 498 20 418 30 A +AB 383E I 33

M. e. t. B 97.1 O 95.6 0.7 B2A 140.7 1.1 168.1 1.8 189.6 4.5

O 10 20 30 40 50

B = AlBr3.(Continued) /,0C I M % A B2A 192.9 9.0 197.0 13.0 204.2 19.3 217.4 26.0 224.0 33.1 224.0 33.3 223.1 35.3 A 234.9 I 35.3 B = NaBr (44) *, 0C I M % B A O 10 20 30 40 50

567 545 518 485 440 388

A +B

367E

54 B

455 60 550 70 630 80 695 90 746 100 B = KBr (44) A 567 O 540 10 505 20 460 30 395 40

A + AB 345E I 45.5 AB 354 50 348 55 330 60 AB + AB4 304E I 62 AB4 + B 324U 68.5 B 440 70 600 80 675 90 736 100

Cdi; B = Cui (HO) t, 0C I M % A Mixi 606 O O 570 4 10 475 24 35 413 47 55 Mixi + Mix2 350 I 81.5 |81.5 Mix2 363 95 90 392 100 100

CdI2.-

(Continued) B = Cui.— (Continued) t, 0C I M % A Solid state B(«) 4- B(i8) 414 O 385 10 290 35 270 55 265 80 B = HgI2 (229) t, 0C M %B Mix. 380 O 365 10 348 20 335 30 323 40 315 50 309 60 300 70 290 80 273 90 253 100 Solid state B(«) 4- B(0) 105 70 118 80 125 90 128 100

B = NaI (43) A 385 O 375 10 357 20 335 30 308 40 A +B 287E 48 B 308 50 417 60 505 70 570 80 620 90 653 100 B = KI (43)

A 385 O 370 10 350 20 323 30 280 40 A 4- AB,(0) 185E 48 ABsGS) 205 I 50 AB2(/3) 4- AB,(«) 214 I 51 AB2(«) 4- B 27OU 58.5

B = KI—(Cont'd)

I1 0C

M %B B

300 450 555 630 678

60 70 80 90 IQQ

CdSO4 B = Li2SO4 ( 54 ) t, 0C M %A B(«) 856 O 768 10 663 20 B(a) 4- B(/3) 570 28 B(j8) + A 551E I 31.5 A* 595 40 665 50 750 60 860 75 1000 100 Solid state B(a) 4- B(/3) 585 O 570 5-28 * At 820° probable transition A(QJ) —> A(/3).

B = Na 2 SO 4 ( 54 ) Mix. 1066 O O 1050 (6) 10 960 (13) 20 860 (22) 30 730 (31) 40 Mix. 4- BA2 653E 35 |45.5 BA2 673 50 745 60 BA2 4- BA3 763U I 62.5 BA3 778 65 798 70 BA3 4-A 813UE I 75 A* 840 80 945 90 1000 100 Solid state B(«) 4- B(/3) 590 O 523 9-66 Mix. 4- BA2 600 27 550 18 * A(«) —> A(/3) probable at 820°. •

B = K 2 SO 4 (54) v. Fig. 22

B = KCl (30) (A.) B = HgI2 —(Corrf'd) HgCl* B = HgCl2 (30) (A.) t, 0C I M % B t, 0C I M % B 0 Mixi + MIx2 A t, C M %A

B = AlBr3.(Continued)

t, 0C

M %A

A 40 I 40 Mix2 175.0 59.6 265.0 O 206.8 75.7 217 (55) 50 264.2 0.62 224.4 88.0 221 (66) 60 263.8 0.96 227 (75) 70 239.1 98.1 263.4 1.22 * 2HgCl *± Hg2Cl2 in 241.5 100 235 (83) 80 solution in B. B = RbCl (30) (A.) 245 * Stable form. (92) 90 t Metastable form. A 254.4 100 100 265.0 O Solid state HgCl2 B = KBr (98) (A.) 263.2 1.24 B(«) + B(/3) B = HgBr2 (170) *, 0C I M % B 262.4 1.86 0 50 70-(83) t, C I M % B A 261.6 2.54 80 81-(89) Mix. 4- Hq. 235.0 O /CA = 36.2 (1.0). 100 88-(93) 265 O 232.4 2.82 127 100 248 10 229.8 5.44 B = CsCl (30) (A.) 235 20 B = AlBr3 (u 8 ) 228.0 7.29 A 0 226 30 *, C I M % A /CA = 32.2 (0.22). 265.0 O B 220 40 263.6 0.99 97.4 I O 216 50 263.0 1.43 HgI B +B 2 A 213 60 262.5 1.79 B = HgI2 (93)E I (7) 212 70 (30, 31, 98) (A.) /CA = 36.8 (0.07). B A 2 215 80 t, 0C I M % A 96.5 14.9 219 90 HgBr* B 100.3 24.0 222 100 B = HgBr2 250.O O 102.8 33.3 (30, 98) (A.) 246.3 3.11 0 B A + A 2 *, C I M % A B = HgI2 (184) 242.6 6.04 100.5E 38.2 B v. Fig. 23 /CB = 54.0(0). A 235.0 O 142.2 50.8 234.2 0.70 184.0 63.6 HgI2 B = CuCl (30) (A.) 233.3 1.54 209.4 76.7 B = AgI (246) A 232.9 1.94 227.3 90.7 t, 0C M %B 265.0 O 241.6 100 Mixi 264.3 0.59 B = AlBr3 (130) (A.) O O 263.8 1.16 B = AgBr (98) (A.) 257 248 2.5 10 263.3 2.06 B *, 0C I M % B Mixi 4- Mix2 97.1 O A 96.6 0.6 13 235.0 O B = AgI (33) (A.) 242EJ 7 ^ ^ \ 19 13 BA 233.3 2.13 Mix2 161.5 1.2 230.6 4.44 B = AlCl 3 (ISO) (A.) 263 29 20 225.4 1.7 226.4 8.56 M. c. t. 299 45 30 238.1 1.8f kA = 32.0 (O). t, 0C M %A 330 56 40 238.1 30.8 B = AlBr 3 (ISO)(A.) B 360 66.5 50 242.1 33.9 M.c.t. 190.2 O 0 394 75 60 250.1 40.5 t, C M% 189.7 7.7 425 82 70 259.7 48.6 A 189.0 18.5 458 89 80 261.0 50.0 B 184.6 26.4 490 94.5 90 256.6 53.2 97.1 O 167.5 37.4 526 100 100 252.9 54.7 95.8 1.4 157.4 41.4 241.4 59.6 B2A(a) 03) B = AgI (97) (A.) A A («)* 03) t A 151.3 48.2 243.7 62.7 94.3 3.8 250.0 O 192.0 55.9 281.3 66.1 93.5 4.6 216.2 63.2 246.4 2.02 95.9 94.7 7.1 * 2HgBr +± Hg 2 Br 2 in 238.1 70.9 6.23 solution in B. 100.1 99.1 17.9 243.2 259.7 82.6 238.5 10.94 t Two Hq. layers from 102.8 101.925.8 1.8 to 30.8. 272.1 90.0 /CA = 53.0 (O). 103.6 102.528.7 HgBr2 102.632.2 B = KI (97) (A.) B = NaCl (30) (A.) B = HgI2 103.9 32.8 0 A t, C M %B (170, 214) 103.9 102.8 33.3 250.0 O 0 A t, C M %B 103.1 37.7 247.2 2.13 265.0 O Mixi 101.9 100.740.3 246.9 4.06 264.4 0.43 236.5 O ] O A 5.53 264.1 0.62 229 (7)! 10 118.8 4 4 . 2 , 242.8 237.7 7.20 263.8 0.85 222 (15) 20 123.2 45.2 fcA = 53.5 (O). /CA = 34.5 (0.03). 218 (25) 30 145.5 49.4 B

265.0 O 264.5 0.40 264.3 0.58 263.8 1.04 /CA = 32.4 (0.04).

216.1

CuO B = CUCI (256)

t, 0C

i M % A A 424 I O AH-B 424E 1 <1 B 625 20 715 30 800 40 1055 75 1230 100

CuCl B = CuCl2 (225)

t, 0C I

M % B Mix. 422 O O 413 2 5 398 3 10 Mix. H- B 378E 4 I 13 B 402 15 432 20 465 33 Above 465° B decomposes.

B = CuBr (162) Mix. 419 O 411 10 408 20 408 30 410 40 417 50 425 60 437 70 450 80 465 90 480 100 Solid state A(a) + A(0) 372 70 377 80 380 90 384 100 B = Cui (162) A 419 O

385 10 352 20 320 30 292 40 A H- Mix. 284E I 86 ] 43 Mix. 320 88 50 375 90 60 428 93 70 482 95 80 535 98 90 690 100 100

B = Cul.—(Confa) t, 0C I M % B Solid state B(a) + E(ß)

214 0-92 400 100 B = Cu2S (256) A 423 O 410 10 A +B 391E 17 B 539 30 638 40 815 60 895 70 972 80 1048 90 1114

IQQ

B = AgCl (229) *, 0C

I M % A

Mixi 455 425 392 355 318 279

O (3) (5) (7) (9) (10)

O 10 20 30 40 50

Mixi H- Mix2 260E

/(1O) 54.5

\ 90 54.5 Mix2 282 91 60 320 92 70 355 94 80 388 96.5 90 422 100 100 B = FeCl3 (HO) *, 0C I M % B A 424 O 390 10 361 20 332 30 A + AB 304E I 40 AB 320 50 318 60 305 70 285 80 . AB + B 263E 88 B 298 I 100 B = AlCl3 (130)

(A.)

M. e. t. È, 0C I M % A B 190.2 O 190.0 10.5 187.4 19.7

175.3

30.8

B = AlCl3.(Continued) t, 0C M %A BA 178.3 32.2 209.9 40.6 231.9 48.1 233.0 50.0 231.9 50.9 225.9 54.0 A 227.4 57.4 252.5 60.1 291.5 62.0 B = MgCl2 O 5 ») B 711 O 701 5 658 30 618 50 567 70 493 90

B = NaCL(Continued) t, 0C M %A Mixi H- Mix2

(61, 137, 202, 229) B 776

I 99 A 418 I 100 B = CaCl2 (159) B 777 O 750 10 720 30 690 50 635 70 B +A 40OE I 90 A 418 I 100

167 70 280 80 360 90 422 100 kB = 28.9 (1.1) ( 187 ) (A.). B = RbCl (229) B

B = LiCl (137, 229) M % A

Mixi 602

O

733 10 671 20 583 30 480 40 335 50 B + B2A 224U I 53 B2A 204 I 60 B2A + A 136E I 68

408E

574 546 513 480 438 Mixi H-

75

88 75 Mix2 335 (90) 80 378 (95) 90 422 100 100 Ara = 20.8 (1.0) ( 187 ) (A.). B = KCl

BH-A

t, °C

15

S1fiF/ 316E \

O

O

7 13 19 24 26 Mix2

10 20 30 40 55

27 62 424U/ \ 50 62 Mix2 415 59 70 408 80 412 90 422 100 100 B = NaCl

(61, 137, 202, 229) MÌXi 806

O

O

772 727 673 610 540 460 370

(2) (4) (6) (9) (11) (13) (14)

10 20 30 40 50 60 70

716 O 663 10 605 20 515 30 410 40 275 50 B + B2A(«) 25OU I 51.5 B2A(a) H- B2A3 180UE 60 B2A3 H- A 148.E I 68 A 175 285 368 422

70 80 90 100 Solid state B2A(«) H- B 2 A(P) 105 I 20-45 B = CsCl (229) B(«)

639 O 597 10 540 20 B(«) H- BGS) 450 I 27 Btf) 430 30 350 40

B = CsCl.-

Cui

(Continued) t,°C i M % A B(0) H- B3A2 32OU 43 B3A2 276 I 50 B3A2 H- BA2 236E 54.5 BA2 260 60 274 66.7 248 75 BA2 H- A 216E I 77.5 A 260 80 355 90 422 100

B = Agi (209)

CuBr B = Cui (162)

t, 0C

M %B Mix. 480 O 460 10 450 20 442 30 447 40 460 50 480 60 502 70 530 80 560 90 590 100 Solid state B(«) H-B(^384 1 375 10 368 20 363 30 360 40 357 50 359 60 363 70 372 80 383 90 400 100 B = KBr (62) A 478 O 423 10 338 20 210 30 A + AB2 182E I 32 AB2 + B 234U I 36 B 293 40 408 50 507 60 592 70 653 80 698 90 730 100

t, °c | M % B 602

Mixi O

563 6 536 13.5 515 22 500 32 Mixi H- Mix 2 49OE 50 Mix2

O

10 20 30 40

50

495 70 60 505 80 70 517 86 80 535 94 90 557 100 100 Solid state Unmixing 402 O O 372 5.5 10 349 12 20 333 20 30 317 29 40 298 50 282 60 268 70 243 80 205 90 147 100

Cu2S B = Ag2S («O) «, 0C Wt. % A Mix. H- Hq. 835 O 750 10 700 20 677 30 688 40 724 50 792 60 875 70 963 80 1045 90 1121 100 B = Ni2S (84) *, 0C Wt. % B A 1125 O 1050 10 1000 20 975 30 965 40 935 50 890 60 810 70 720 80 610 90

AH-B

575E I 92.5 B 610 95 645 100

Cu2S.(Continued) B = Ni2S.(Continued) t, 0C I Wt. % B Solid state B(«) + B(0) 530 I 0-100 B = Ni3S2 ( 84 > 108) A 1125 O 1055 10 995 20 960 30 935 40 915 50 880 60 835 70 785 80 A+B 725E I 90 B 760 95 790 100 Solid state B(«) + B(j3) 545 I Q-IQO B = Na2S (84) t, 0C I M % A B 920 O 770 10 ' 655 20 555 30 B +AB 505E 35 AB

620 700 675

40 50 55

AB + A 595E I 59 A

660 775 1125

1

70 80 100

Cu 2 (CN) 2 B = NaCN (256) f, 0C I M % B A 473 O 402 30 352 40 A +AB 2 345E I 41.5 AB2 370 50 390 60 398 66.7 387 70 AB2 + AB4 368E I 75.5 AB4 + AB6 372UE I 80 AB6 + Mix. 406UE I 85.7

B = NaCN.(Continued) t,°C I M % B Mix. 476 95 90 520 98 95 562 100 100 AB3 forms at 318° in range, 66.7-80 M %. B = KCN (256) A 473 O 440 15 306 35 A +AB 28OE 39.5 AB 327 I 50 AB + AB2 324E I 56 AB2 327 66.7 312 70 AB2 + AB6 277E I 74 AB6 384 I 80 AB6 + B 398UE 85.7 B 500 90 622 100 Solid state A3B2 forms at 230° over M = 0-50. AB3 forms at 228° over M = 66.7-85.7.

AgCl B = AgBr (162) Mix. + Hq. 452 O 443 10 434 20 427 30 420 40 416 50 413 60 412 65 413 70 415 80 418 90 422 100

B = AgI (162) A 452 O 418 10 380 20 340 30 295 40 245 50 A + Mix. 211E 56.1 Mix. 250 (88) 60 350 (91) 70

B = AgL(Continued) t, 0C M %B Mix. 435 (94) 80 495 (97) 90 552 100 100 Solid state B(«) + B(0) 115 0-88 125 92-94 143 100 B = Ag2S (226, 256) A

456 O 427 10 403 20 388 30 A + B(«) 38OE I 35.3 B(«) 404 40• 480 50 565 60 635 70 695 80 750 90 836 100 Solid state B(«) + B(i8) 178 I 100

B = AgNO 3 (126, 234)

A

454 O 426 10 395 20 358 30 319 40 278 50 235 60 190 70 A + Mix. 16OE I 76.7 Mix. 170 95 80 195 98 90 210 100 100 Solid state B(«) + B(j3) 85 0-93 105 95-97 155 100 kB = 26.5 (1.0) (io 9 ) (A.).

B = AlCl3 (130) (A.) 0

t, C

I M % A B 190.2 I O BxA 191.2 0.4 192.9 0.7* 192.9 17.6 190.1 20.1 184.5 26.5 156.0 33.4

B = AlCl3.(Continued) t, 0C M %A BxA 136.8 38.0 121.9 39.7 BA 122.2 39.9 138.9 43.6 147.5 47.0 A 175.4 47.9 285.3 49.1 378.0 50.8 . * Two liq. layers from 0.7 to 17.6.

t, 0C

806 775 743 710 675 637 598 561 524 488 472 455

B = BeCl2 (280) B = MgCl2 (144) B 711 O 688 10 665 20 642 30 616 40 589 50 558 60 524 70 486 80 B +A 452E I 87.5 A 455 I 100 B = CaCl2 (144) B 777 O 732 10 700 20 680 30 668 40 650 50 618 60 563 70 470 80 B +A 45OE I 81.3 A 453 90 455 100 B = LiCl (229) Mixi 602 O O 581 4.7 10 561 8 20 542 10.5 30 525 12.5 40 509 14.5 50 493 16 60 474 17 70 Mixi + Mix2 f 18 72 469U \ 5Q 72 Mix2 466 1 54 75 463 60 80 458 72 90 466 100 100

B = CsCL(Continued) M %A t, 0C M %A Mix. AB O O 298 60 267 70 4.6 10 AB + A 10 20 258E I 72 15.3 30 A 21.5 40 80 28.5 50 355 413 90 36 60 100 43.5 70 455 52 80 62 90 73 95 AgClO3 100 100 B = NaClO3

B = NaCl

(39, 229, 279)

(78) (A.)

B = KCl (277) t, 0C I M % B A 451 O 408 10 361 20 335 25 A +B 306E 30.5 B

405 40 490 50 560 60 022 70 679 80 735 90 790 100 kB = 27.7 (0.63) (187) (A.). B = RbCl (229) t, 0C M %A B 715 O 680 10 630 20 560 30 475 40 370 50 B +A 253E I 60 A 325 70 375 80 415 90 455 100 B = CsCl (229)

BW

O

639

603 10 550 20 473 30 B(«) + B(0) 45OU I 32

400

BUS)-

40

320 50 B(0) + AB 31OU I 51

Mix. (?) 255.0 O 254.1 2.81 253.3 5.46 251.7 10.32 251.0 12.62

AgBr B = AgI (162)

t, 0C I M % B Mix. + Hq. 422 O 398 10 383 20 378 30 388 40 409 50 434 60 462 70 490 80 520 90 552 100 Solid state B(«) + B(fl 96 70-(84) 103 80-(87) 116 90-(94) 143 100

B = AgNO3 (126, 234)

A

420 O 380 10 340 20 300 30 257 40 211 50 A + AB 188U I 54.5 AB 186 60 171 70 AB + Mix. 76 155E I Mix. 167 96 80 193 98 90 210 100 100

B = AgNO3.(Continued) t, 0C I M % B Solid state B(«) + B(/3) 80 50-96 115 98 155 100 /CB = 27.3 (O . 83) ( 109 ) (A.). B = AlBr3 (130) (A.)

M. c. t. t, 0C M %A B 97.1 O 94.2 1.1 93.4 1.3 B2A 95.3 1.5 98.2 1.6 105.9 2.2* 105.9 17.0 108.6 18.7 111.3 20.7 115.6 25.6 117.8 27.8 BA 125.2 30.2 154.6 35.6 182.3 40.9 206.8

46.8

50.0 52.0 A 319.0 I 54.9

216.6 210.3

* Two liq. layers from 2.2 to 17.0.

B = KBr (231, 279) t, 0C

M % A

B O 10 20 30 40 50 B 4-A 29OE 55.5 A 302 60 328 70 357 80 388 90 419 100

742 692 633 567 485 367

B = RbBr (231) B 670 O 645 10 598 20 536 30 452 40 335 50 B + AB2 (?) 27OU I 54.2 AB2 (?) 255 I 60 AB2 (?) + A 228E 68 A 245 70 320 80 375 90 419 100

B = LiBr (231) t, 0C I M % A AgI Mix. B = AgNO 3 (234) 656 O O v. also Fig. 24 520 9 14 t, 0C M %B 490 18.5 27.5 A(«) 470 27.3 40 648 O 460 33 49 Mixi 450 40 59 470 (2) 10 440 49 71 370 (3) 20 430 62 83.5 260 (4) 30 420 90 99 135 (5) 40 419 100 100 B = NaBr (231, 279)

Mix. 748

713 673 633 598 560 518 479 443 425 419

O

O

(2) 10 (6) 20 (10) 30 (15) 40 (19) 50 (26) 60 (34) 70 48 80 68 87 100 100

B = LiI (231) t, 0C |M % A Mix. -f liq. 460 O 430 10 422 20 438 30 462 40 480 50 497 60 512 70 525 80 537 90 646 100

B = LiL-(CWd) t, 0C I M % A Solid state A(«) + A(0) 418 20 403 30 380 40 350 50 315 60 277 70 237 80 194 90 145 100 B = NaI (231) B 662 O 640 10 598 20 558 30 515 40 471 50 421 60 B + AW 39OE I 65.5 A(«) 402 70 430 80 488 90 546 100 Solid state A(«) -I- A(0) 145 0-100 B = KI (228) B 680 O 648 10 602 20 540 30 463 40 373 50 265 60 B + A2B (?) 245E I 61.5 A2B (?) + A(«) 255U I 62.5 A(a)

328 70 393 80 460 90 546 100 Solid state A(«) + A(ß) 142 I 67-100 B = RbI (228) B

638 O 594 10 543 20 487 30 423 40 323 50 B + B2A 28OU I 52 B2A 262 60 224 70

B = Rbl.— (Continued) t,°C I M % A B2A + A(«) 195E 75 A(«) 283 80 430 90 546 100 Solid state A(«) + AG3) 142 34-100

AgNO3 B = NaNO 3 (H2) t, 0C I M % B MiX1 208. 6 0 0 212 (17) 10 Mixi -f- Mix2 26 2 217UJ ° ' U \ 40 20 Mix2 234 47 30 248 54 40 261 62 50 274 71.5 60 283 78 70 291 86 80 300 94 90 308 100 100 Solid state A(«) + A(/3) 159 O 138 5 138 20

B = KNO3.(Continued) t, 0C

I M % B

A(0) + AB 131E I 38 AB 132 I 40 AB + B(«) 134U I 45.5

B(«) 158 202 242 277 310 339

50 60 70 80 90 100 A+B 120Em I 41 Solid state

Ag^S B = Ag2Se (185) *, 0C Wt. % A Mix. 855 O O 851 2 10 845 5 20 B(«) + B(j3) 837 10 30 125 I 50-100 827 15 40 813 21 50 AgCN 794 32 70 B = NaCN (256) B = KCl* 771 74 AB ( 126 ) (A.) 767 74 471 50 A 780 92 80 Mixi 207.2 O 802 97 90 455 (51) 60 201.9 1.82 839 100 100 428 (52) 70 194.0 3.83 Solid state Mixi + Mix2 164.0 10.26 A(«) + A(/3) (?) 177 100 158.8 11.65 150 89 Mix2 190.0 22.08 120 75 490 93.5] 80 215.0 23.77 111 O 70 535 97 90 26.36 90 10 55 >260 562 100 100 B = KBr* (126) (A.) 74 28 A B = KCN (256) B = FeS (242) 0 207.2 O A + AB t, C Wt. % B 180.6 6.64 291E I 11 A(«) 163.5 9.64 AB 812 O 149.0 11.85 318 20 620 10 (?) 340 30 A(«) + B 141.7 12.86 357 40 615 I 11 148.0 14.79 370 50 B •160.6 16.13 320 60 735 20 190.0 22.08 AB + B 825 30 215.0 23.17 291E 65 910 40 B = KI* (126) (A.) B 885 50 1045 60 385 70 A 1090 70 510 80 207.2 O 1125 80 583 90 194.2 3.7 1155 90 152.2 10.4 622.6 100 1171 100 (?) Ag2Te Solid state 118.0 14.0 B = AuTe2 (207) 171.0 17.4 A(«) + A(« A(a) 175 I 0-90 >215 26.7 961 O * Reciprocal salt mixAg2SO4 775 10 tures. 166 B = Li2SO4 ( ) B = KNO 3 (258) 617 20 v. Fig. 25 A(«) + A(« A(«) 495 I 30 209 O B = Na2SO4 (166) 192 10 A(« v. Fig. 26 172 20 400 I 40 B « K2SO4 (166) A(0) + B Atf) v. Fig. 27 162 24 374E I 47.5

H "ff \\

Ag2Te.(Continued) B = AuTe2.(Continued) t, 0C M %B B 377 50 395 60 413 70 430 80 447 90 464 100

MnO B = B 2 O 3 (ISB) (A.) (?) 800 40.34 760 44.35 (?) + AB 75OE I 46.30 AB 770 47.36 840 50.30 820 53.35 AB + AB2 80OE 55.35 AB2 850 59.35 900 62.35 940 65.35 910 68.30 AB2 + AB3 86OE I 71.30 AB3 920 75.27 870 78.24

MnCl2

B = AlCl 3 (ISO)(A.) M. c. t. t, 0C I M % A B 190.2 O 189.9 9.7 186.4 13.5 185.4 16.1 B2A (?)

197.2

19.1

203.9

20.9

212.9

23.5

226.9

31.4

A 271.1 308.8

32.4 34.9

B = MgCl2 (229) Mix. H- Hq. 712 O 702 20 693 30 684 40 677 50 670 60 665 70 655 90 660 100

B = CaCl2 (229) t, 0C M %A MiX1 772 O O 740 (6) 10 705 (15) 20 665 (26) 30 635 (36) 40 607 46 50 590 56 60 Mixi H- Mix2 588 I 62.5|62.5 Mix2 593 75 70 615 87 80 637 96 90 650 100 100 Solid state Unmixing 470 60 450 50 67 B = SrCl2 (229) B 872 O 800 10 720 20 635 30 545 40 B +A 499E I 45 A 510 50 530 60 555 70 593 80 625 90 650 100 B = BaCl2 (229) B(a)

960 I O B(«) + B(0) 923 i 6 BO?) 905 10 842 20 765 30 670 40 560 50 B(j3) H- AxBy 535U I 51.5 AxBy 520 I 60 A x By

504E

+

A .

63

A 557 70 595 80 625 90 650 100 B = LiCl (230) t, 0C I M % B Mixi 650 j O O 634 3 10 612 8 20 583 17 30

B = LiCl.(Continued) /,0C I M % B Mixi H- Mix2 562 I 451 45 Mix2 575 79 60 590 92 80 596 96 90 602 100 IQQ B = NaCl (230) A 650 O 628 10 594 20 550 30 490 40 A H-A x B 442U I 46 AxB H- ABy 425E I 50 ABy H-B 446U 58 B 533 65 585 70 680 80 750 90 804 100 B = KCl (230) A 650 O 625 10 575 20 505 30 A + AB 449E I 35 AB 470 40 495 50 465 60 AB + AB4 428E 65 AB4 H- B 445U I 69 B 540 75 620 80 715 90 774 100

MnBr2 B = AlBr3 (13°) (A.) M. c. t. t, 0C I M % A B 97.1 O 96.3 0.7 B2A (?) 127.1 0.7 171.6 2.0 199.1 4.6 204.6 9.4 210.8 13.8 223.8 20.6 232.9 24.0

B = AlBr3.(Continued) t,°C I M % A B2A (?) 241.7 28.0 242.6 29.6 A >300 I 31.0

MnS B = MnSiO3 (261) B 1216 O 1157 5

BH-A

113OE 1166 I 1549 I

I A

7 10 40

MnSO4 B = Na 2 SO 4 (55) Mix. H- liq. 887 O 865 10 830 20 784 30 718 40 665 50 Mix. H- BA3 645E 54 BA3 673 60 708 70 715 75 704 85 685 89* Solid state Mix. + BA3 600 43.5 500 25.5 420 14 Mix. H- B3Af 400 17.5 300 7.5 210 3.5 B(a) H- B(/3) 235 O 210 3.5-75 B = Li2SO4 (55) B(«) 856 O 770 10 660 20 B(«) + A 58OE I 28 A 610 40 628 50 640 60 658 80* Solid state B(a) H- B(0) 565 I 0-80

B = K2SO4 (55) t, 0C I M % A 1066

Mix. O

FeBr2 B = AlBr3 (130)

O

(A.)

20 M % A soluble in B at 300°.

1018 (3) 10 948 (8) 20 833 (16) 30 Mix. H- A2B FeS 68OE 23.5 40.5 B = Na2S (252) (A.) A2B t, 0C I M % B 765 50 A 820 60 835 25.0 842 66.7 685 33.3 823 75 A + (?) A2B + A 661E I 50.0 80OE I 82 Exptl. mixtures A give a halting pt. at 815 I 87* ca. 665°. Solid state B(«) H- B(0) 590 O 560 5-66.7 Mix. H- A2B 650 19 600 13.5 * A decomposes above 85 M %.

CoSO4 B = Li2SO4 (53) t, 0C I M % A Mix. 856 O O 785 (5) 10 640 (12) 25 Mix. H- A 595E I 14 129 A* 670 40 757 50 850 65 Solid state B(«) H- B(/3) 585 O 577 5 570 11-25

MnSiO3 B = MnTiO3 (245) t, 0C I M % B A 1218 O 1208 10 1153 20 A + Mix. 1121E I 39 [22.5 * Decomposes above Mix. 70 M %. 1158 42 30 1199 52 40 1238 66 50 B = Na2SO4 (53) 1273 74 60 Mix. 1306 81 70 887 O O 1337 88 80 850 (5) 10 1370 94 90 797 (11) 20 1404 100 100 720 (18) 30 There is a trans622 (27) 40 formation at 1050Mix. + A 1060° over range 30575E 30 I 50 85 M %. A 665 60 790 70 900* 78.5 FeF3 B = NaF (205) (A.) Solid state t Mix. H- A t, 0C I M % A 550 29 B 500 26 1040 O 450 21 1025 10 Mix. + B3A 1005 15 400 15 975 25 350 5 945 30 250 4 B + (?) * A decomposes above * Decompn. of A above 892E* I 35 900°. 80 M %. t Forms at 420° over range 14-75 M %.

* All mixtures give a halting pt. at 892°.

t B3A forms at 425° and >18 M % A.

B = K2SO4 (53) *, 0C I M % A B(«) 1066 O 1015 10 935 20 800 30 605 40 B +BA 535E 42.5 BA + BA2 56OU I 48 BA2 605 50 710 60 736 66.7 BA2 + A 725E I 70.5 A* 825 1 77 * Decomposes 80 M %.

above

CoAs B = NiAs (83) t, 0C I Wt. % A Mix. 970 O 995 10 1020 20 1045 30 1068 40 1090 50 1110 60 1130 70 1147 80 1163 90 1181 100 NiBr2 B = AlBr3 (130)

(A.)

0.54 M % A soluble in B at 300°; 0.78 M % A not completely sol. in B at 360°. Ni2S B = Na2S (84) v. Fig. 28 Ni2S3 B = Na2S (84) v. Fig. 29 CrCl3 B = AlCl 3 ( 13 O)(A.) <1.0 M % A soluble in B at 300°. CrBr3 B = AlBr 3 (ISO)(A.) <0.5 M % A soluble in B at 300°.

MoO3 B = Na 2 MoO 4 ( 93 ) t, 0C I M % A B 791 O 700 10 553 I 20 B +BA 495E I 25 BA 525 30 574 40 612 50 593 60 BA + B(T) 552E I 75

BW + BGS)

575 I 78 B(j8) + B(«) 620 I 85.5 B(«) 686 I 100 Solid state B(T) + B(O) 412 90-100

B = K 2 MoO 4 ( 10 ) t, 0C M %B A 786 O 682 10 A + A3B 526E I 20 A3B 560 I 25 AaB + A2B 544E I 28.5 A2B 558 33.3 529 40 A2B + AB 48OE I 47.5 AB 484 50 AB + B 476E 53 B 620 60 745 70 829 80 888 90 926 100

WO3 B = Na 2 WO 4 (186) t, 0C M %A B(«) 698 O 665 10 B(«) + BA 626E i 19 BA 668 30 708 40 731 50 729 60 BA + A (?) 723E I 67

B - Na2WO4.(Continued) t,°C I M % A A(?) 743 I 70 A (?) + A (?) 761U(?) i 74 A(?) 800 I 81 Solid state B(«) + B(« 588 0-50 B(0) + B(T) 564 0-50 B = K 2 WO 4 (U) /,0C I M % B A 875 25 715 35 A +A 2 B 638U I 38.5 A2B 593 I 45 A2B + AB 548E I 48 AB 555 50 AB + B 542E I 54 B 625 60 738 70 814 80 862 90 894 100 B2O3 B = Li2O (156) (A.) t, 0C I M % A AB 722 47.70 760 50.40 750 53.70 720 55.00 AB + A2B 68OE I 60.36 A2B 730 63.20 850 65.00 925 65.90 904 67.70 810 69.70 A2B + A3B 655E 71.20 A3B 750 73.34 A3B + A4B 70OE I 75.90 A4B 730 78.72 A4B + A5B 62OE I 81.28 A5B 680 83.70 590 85.10 520 87.06

B = Na2O

B = NaF

(203) (A.)

(74, 193, 205)

t, 0C

M %B Mix.

"vis."

0-12

h *M* 585 579 12.13 582 574 13.81 607 670 719 749 764 7831 746 709 658 680 6941 679 615 580 657 732§

600 664 719 732 754 779 739 655 667 688 672

574 630 730

15.48 16.82 17.82 18.82 19.48 20.00 21.12 22.12 23.75 24.42 25.00 26.97 28.59 30.15 31.76 33.33

*, 0C

M %A Mix. 990 O O 925 (3) 10 Mix. + B3A(«) 885E I (4) I 14 B,A(«) 960 20 1000 25 980 30 855 37.5 BaA(«) + B5A3 725U I 40 B5A3 700 I 45 B5A3 + A (?) 685E I 47 A? 770 i 48.5 Solid state B3A(«) + B3A(/3) 565 0-37.5

* tu = temp, of complete fusion. tA 4 B. JA 8 B. §A 2 B.

B = KF (205) B 885 O Al2O3 850 5 B = Na3AlF6 (74, 193) B +B 3 A 837E I 7 t, °C I M % A B3A Mix. 885 10 999 O O 952 15 983 7 10 1000 20 966 13 20 1035 25 945 18 30 Mix. + (?) 995 30 920 35 94OE 18.5(32.5 B3A + A (?) (?) 570E(?) I 40 975 40 1072 50 There is a transformation in solid AlF3 state at 301° over B = CaF2 (73) 0-25 M % A. B

1360

O

(1315) 10 (1245) 20 1120 30 B + Mix. 82OE 152.51 37.5 Mix. 833 53.5 40 875 (61) 50 890 58

B = RbF (205) B

833

O

B = LiF (205) B 870 O 763 10 B + B3A 71OE I 14.5 B3A

805 5 B + B3A(«) 792E I 8 B3A(oO 820 10 930 20 975 25 915 30 800 35 BsA(O) + A (?) 56OE 40 Solid state B3A(«) + B3AO?) 352 I 0-40

760 20 800 25 757 30 B3A + A (?) 689E I 37

B = CsF (205) B 715 O 685 5

B = CsF.-

(Continued) tt 0 C I M % A B + B3A 675E I 6.5 B3A 728 10 810 20 823 25 745 30 B3A + A (?) 49OE (?)| AlCl3 B = AlBr3 (u») B 97.4 O 88.5 9.0 79.0 21.2 B +A 73.1E 34.8 A 84.3 40.6 119.8 57.6 133.8 65.0 149.8 76.1 B = MgCl2 (13°) (A.) M. c. t. t, 0C I M % B A 190.2 O 188.6 9.5 187.4 12.4 186.4 15.4 A2B (?) 188.0 17.9 207.6 22.1 224.2 27.5 227.4 29.1 B >350 30.9 B = BaCl2 (13°) (A.) M. c. t. A 190.2 O A2B (?) 191.5 2.0* 191.5 13.0 192.5 14.0 198.8 20.1 209.4 22.8 255.5 27.1 * Two liq. layers from 2.0 to 13.0.

B = LiCl (130) (A.) M. c. t. A 190.2 O 190.0 6.6 187.9 17.2 171.4 29.6 125.6 38.4 114.4 40.1

B = MgBr2

AlCl3.-

(130) (A.)

(Continued) B - LiCl.(Continued) t, 0C M %B AB 117.8 43.2 132.8 45.8 139.9 47.4 143.0 49.6 143.5m 50.0 B 170.4 49.6 338.5 50.5 B = NaCl (130)

(A.)

M. e. t. A 190.2 O AxB 193.5 0.2* 193.5 18.0 192.0 20.1 190.0 22.1 182.0 26.1 169.4 30.6 151.3 33.9 130.2 37.3 AB 123.6 41.1 140.7 44.8 147.9 47.6 151.9 48.3 B 153.7 48.4 320.5 49.5

M. c. t. t, 0C I M % B A 97.1 O 96.8 0.6 96.5m 1.4 A2B (?) 134.9 0.6 160.7 1.4 190.2 3.8 199.6 8.1 210.5 12.9 221.6 18.4 231.5 23.5 B >36Q I 24.0 B = CaBr2 (130)

(A.)

M. c. t. A 97.1 I O AxB 208.8 0.8* 208.8 14.0 195.3 15.4 A2B 213.1 16.0 229.9 18.9 260.1 24.3 298.4 30.9 306.0 33.3 304.9 33.8 B 398.0 I 33.8

* Two liq. layers from * Two liq. layers from 0.8 to 14.0. 0.2 to 18.0.

B = BaBr2

B = KCl (130)

(A.)

M. c. t. A 190.2 I O AxB 193.0 0.4* 193.0 18.5 192.5 19.0 187.4 23.0 177.2 27.0 162.1 31.2 AB 158.4 34.5 178.7 37.5 213.1 42.9 248.4 48.8 B 255.5 49.5 375.0 51.5

(130)

(A.)

M. c. t. A 97.1 I O A2B 269.4 0.9* 269.4 16.0 276.7 18.3 292.0 21.2 310.0 24.2 335.0 28.0 * Two liq. layers from 0.9 to 16.0.

B = LiBr.(Continued) t, 0C

I M %B

AB

135.5 157.9 180.7 192.5 197.0 195.4

34.2 39.1 44.9 48.4 50.0 50.6

B 221.4 51.4 405.0 56.7 510.0 63.9 523.0 74.6 532.0 90.0 535.0 100 B = NaBr (130)

(A.)

M. c. t. A 97.1 O 94.8 0.9 93.6 1.4 AxB 93.0 1.7 94.6 2.2 95.4 2.6* 95.4 16.3 94.2 17.0 91.6 18.4 90.4 19.0 A7B2 92.8 16.9 94.0 18.4 95.4 20.5 96.0 22.2 95.1 23.4 A2B 94.8 24.0 98.2 25.1 104.5 31.9 AB 108.8 32.6 131.2 35.3 154.8 38.9 170.4 42.0 196.4 48.6 201.0 50.0 200.5 50.3 B 269.0 50.3 360.0 51.1

B = LiBr (130) (A.) * Two liq. layers from M. c. t. 2.6 to 16.3. A B = KBr (130) (A.) 97.1 I O M. c. t. A7B A 107.2 0.6 97.1 I O 108,2 2.0 * Two liq. layers from 0.4 to 18.5. AxB 112.4 8.7 97.5 0.3 114.8 12.5 AlBr3 98.1 0.4* 114.6 14.0 B = AlI3 (117) (A.) 98.1 22.1 113.0 16.2 Mix. (?) 95.6 23.3 A2B

93.0 92.0 88.6

O 0.94 4.46

117.7 125.2 129.4

17.1 25.7 30.6

92.2

24.7 A2B 88.6 I 25.8

B = KBr.- (Cont'd) B=K2SO4.- (C ont'd) t,°C I M % B t,°C I M % A BA2 A2B 820 40 93.0 28.8 875 50 95.8 33.3 AB 910 60 (925) 66.7 109.0 34.7 Solid state 130.6 37.3 154.6 41.0 171.4 44.5 588 I 0-66 At >800° A decom188.4 49.0 poses considerably. 191.5 50.0 189.6 51.3 Mjfc B B = Mg3(P04)2 188.8 52.0 (270) >390 54.7 B * Two Hq. layers from 1184 O 0.4 to 22.1. 1110 8 B + BA YF3 1076E 11 B = CaF2 (260) (A.) BA(a) t, 0C I M % A 1170 30 (?) 1253 50 1384 O 1247 60 1386 6.88 1220 70 14.26 1408 1165 80 1389 22.19 BA(a) + A 1367 30.72 1105E i 87 50.00 1269 A 1145 90 CeF3 1194 95 B = CaCl2* (24) (A.) 1220 100 (?) Solid state 795 O BA(a) + BA(0) 1300 5.88 979 I 0-50 12.34 1330 BA(0) + BA(T) 1360 19.44 845 1 50-100 1350 36.02 B = CaF2 (28) (A.) 1324 100 * Reciprocal salt mixt, 0C I M % B tures. A

BM + BO«

(1264) O B = KF (205) 1157 8.15 B 1105 21.02 885 O 1008 34.74 860 3.0 A +B 838 6.0 948E*| 42.44 809 9.5 B 708 19.5 954 44.40 692 21.5 1086 59.72 B + (?) 1219 76.16 660E*| 24.5 (1396) 100 * All mixtures give a * All mixtures give a halting pt. at 640°-66Q°. halting pt. at ca. 948°. B =LÌF (248)

BeCl2 B = MgCl2, CaCl2, BaCl2, LiCl, NaCl (280)

BeSO4 B = K2SO4 ( 94 ) B(a) 1071 O 1005 10 920 20 810 30 B(a) + BA2 768E I 33

t, 0C I M % A Mixi 840 O O 807 5 10 758 13 20 698 27 30 672 39 40 Mixi + Mix2 669 I 45 |45 Mix2 + Hq. 673 50 690 62 (1053) (76.5)

MgCl2 B = MgSO4 ( 12 4) t, 0C I M % B A 703 O 690 10 A+B 667E I 20 B 815 30 910 40 980 50 1035 60 1185 100 B = CaCl2 (159) A 711 O 695 10 670 20 645 30 A -f B 621E I 39 B 660 690 720 745 765 777

50 60 70 80 90 100

B = SrCl2 A 712 685 605 565

(229)

O 10 30 40

A+B 532E I B 675 770 825 872

50

60 75 85 100

B = BaCl2 (229) A 712 O 695 10 660 20 600 30 A + AxBy 56OE 1 34.5 AxB5, + B(0) 59OU I 38

BG?)

745 55 845 70 885 80 910 90 BG?) + B(«) 923 ) 94 B(«) 960 I 100

B = LÌGI (229)

t, 0C I M % A Mix. + liq. 602 O 588 10 578 20 570 40 580 60 593 70 660 90 712 100 B = NaCl (159, 243) 0

*, C I M % B

A 711 O 660 15 570 35 510 45 A + AB 45OU I 51 AB + ABx 43OE I 56 ABx + B 468U I 61 B

560 672 755 803

B = KCl A 711 678 639 586 506

70 80 90 100

(159)

O 10 20 30 40

A +AB 475E 42.5 AB 489 50 460 60 AB + AB2 433E 65 AB2 436 I 66.7 AB2 + B 426E I 67.5 B

497 623 710 776

70 80 90 100

MgBr2 B = LiBr (129) t, 0C M %A Mixi 552 O O 552 10 548 10 542 20 514 20 537 30 512 30 542 40 534 40

B = LiBr.- (Cont'd) I10C I M % A Mixi + MIx2

H g2 MIx2

578 (83) 50 616 (84) 60 645 (86) 70 670 (89) 80 692 (94) 90 711 100 100 B = NaBr (i 29) B 742 O 707 10 655 20 570 30 B +A 431E I 41 A 500 50 565 60 625 70 663 80 690 90 711 100 B = KBr (129) B 730 702 627 450

O 10 20 30 B +B 2 A 348UE 33.3 B2A + BA 334E I 35 BA 368 [ 40 BA + A 391U I 48 A

410 500 575 638 682 711

50 60 70 80 90 100

MgSO4 B = Na2SO4 (91,

165)

v. Fig. 30 B = K2SO4 (90,

t, 0C

165)

M %B

A 1124 O 965 15 A + A2B 884E 22 A2B 910 25 930 33.3 910 40 835 50

B = K2SO4,(Continued) t, 0C 1 M % B A2B + Mix. 746E I 92 I 62 Mix. 850 (94) 70 960 (96) 80 1030 (99) 90 1076 100 100 Solid state B(a) + B(0) 580 33.3-97 595 100

CaO B = CaCl2 (19,

20,

222)

(A.)

i, 0C

I M % A B 766 O 742 5.72 727 10.23 B +A 774E I (?) A* 800 12.96 860 1 (24) 940 I (24) /CB = 40.0 (1.0). * Slight mix, formati on. CaF2 B = CaCl2 (168,

201)

B

774 705

O 10

B +BA 644E I 19 BA 695 30 725 40 BA + A 737U I 42 A 820 50 940 60 1045 70 1140 80 B = CaI2 (219) (A.) *, 0C i M % B (?) 1330 O 625* 82.5 740 100 * Minimum
B = Ca3(PO4), (168) *, 0C M % A B3A (1650) 25 1510 55 1410 70 1255 85 B 3 A+ A 1205E 88

B = Ca3(PO4),.(Continued) t, 0C M %A A

1255 1335 1392

90 95 100

B = CaSiO3 (127) B 1512 O 1380 10 1290 20 1215 30 1170 40 B +A 1126E I 47 A 1140 50 1205 60 1270 70 1330 80 1365 90 1378 100 B = NaF (75) t, 0C M %B A 1360 O 1080 20 950 35 A +B 81OE I 53 B

880 940 990

70 85 100

CaCl2 B = CaBr2 (219) (A.)

Mix. 780 735* 760

O 60 100

* Minimum fa.

B = CaSO4 ( 221 ) (A.)

A

B = Ca3(PO4)2.— (Continued) t,°C I M % A A 772 100 B = CaCO3 (221)

*, 0C 765 751 741 732 fcA =

(A.)

I M % B A O 3.84 5.82 7.78 41.0 (0.76).

B = CaSiO3 (128) *, 0C 1 M % A B 1501 O 1460 10 1390 20 1300 30 1220 40 1170 50 1120 60 1060 70 990 80 900 90 B +A 765E I 99 A 772 I 100 CaO forms during melting.

(229, 238,

262)

MÌXi

772 O O 732 (7) 10 690 (14) 20 652 (27) 30 Mixi + Mix2 646 I 35 I 35 Mix2

B = Ca3(PO4), (le«) t, 0C I M % A B3A

655 (41) 40 690 (54) 50 730 (65) 60 770 (76) 70 808 (85) 80 842 (93) 90 872 100 100 Solid state Unmixing 560 35 550 25 44 535 20 50

25 50 75 85 90

B3A + BA 104OU 95 BA+ A 77OE 99

* Reciprocal salt mixtures. B = BaCl2 (219, 229,

238)

A

772

O

715 10 668 20 620 30 A + B(«) 60OE I 35 BW

635 40 700 50 810 70 907 90 B(/3) + B(«) 923 I 93 B(a) 960 I 100 /CA = 38.0 (2.5) (144) (A.)

B = BaSO4* (221) (A.)

A (?) Mix. 765 O 756 1.31 743 3.43 716 6.63

B = SrO* (222) (A.) * Reciprocal salt mixtures. /,0C I M % B A (?) Mix. B = LÌGI (95, 229) 765 O t, 0C I M % A 752 1.37 MiX1 733 3.44 612 O O 707 6.05 (4) 10 * Reciprocal salt mix- 581 555 (8) 20 tures. 524 (11) 30 B = SrCl2 Mixi + Mixa

765 O 748 4.96 738 6.52 733 8.62 727 10.53 /CA = 39.0 (1.1).

(1530) (1500) (1380) 1280 1190

B = BaO*(222) (A.) t, 0C I M % B A (?) Mix. 765 O 742 2.38 716 4.65

496E/ (15) 37"5 \ (85) 37.5 Mix2 507 (86) 40 547 (87) 50 587 (89) 60 640 (92) 70 700 (95) 80 740 (97) 90 774 100 100 Solid state Unmixing 441 I 0-100 49№

B = NaCl (159,

798 765 720 670 600

B

243)

O 10 20 30 40

B = NaBr.B = Na2SO4 CaCl2.- (Confa) (48, 164) (Continued) B = NaCl.0 0 «, C I M % A t, C I M % A (Continued) Mixi Mixi + Mix2 t, 0C M %A 881 O O B +A S14F / 32 6° 514E 913 (12) 5 \ 87 60 505E I 51.5 955 (16) 10 Mix2 A 598 901 70 B4A 555 60 650 93 80 944 I 20 615 70 Mix2 695 96 90 675 80 730 100 100 940 I (21) I 30 725 90 MiX2 + A A2B forms below 770 100 913E I (33) 1 40 /CB = 18.0 (5.0) 468°. A ( 144 ) (A.). B = KBr (129) 940 50 B = KCl (159) B 995 60 /,0C I M % B 730 O 1070 70 A 695 10 1155 80 777 I O 643 20 Solid state 740 10 585 30 B(«) + B(/3) 685 20 B +BA 231 O A +AB 545E I 35.5 200 2J 64OE I 26 BA 178 4 AB 610 40 200 6J 680 30 637 50 240 15 735 40 615 60 754 50 BA + A B = K 2 SO 4 715 60 562E 67 (94, 164) 650 70 A Mix. AB + B 580 70 1057 O O 60OE I 75 635 80 1040 (1) 10 B 687 90 1008 (3) 20 650 80 730 100 955 (6) 30 728 90 Mix. + BA2(P) COS 776 100 867E I (10) I 42 B = CaSiO3 (i46) BA2(0) CaBr2 Mix. 920 50 B = LiBr (129) 1512 O O BA2W + BA2(«) t, 0C ( M % A 1480 3 10 936 I 56 Mixi 1460 7 20 BA2(a) 552 O O 1445 9 30 985 I 60 552 10 1425 14 40 B A2 (a) + A 542 10 1395 30 50 1004UE| 66.7 551 20 1370 50 A 532 20 Solid state 1050 70 545 30 Unmixing 1150 80 533 30 1301 20 Solid state 552 40 1250 7 29 B(a) + B(« 544 40 1200 4 33 580 O Mixi + MIx2 1150 35_ 553 5-66 f| 42.542.5 662E CaSO4 \ I 82 42.5 B = Rb2SO4 (164) B = Li2SO4 (i 64 ) Mix2 v. Fig. 31 578 83 50 B(«) > 1200° A decom843 O 590 83 60 poses. 755 10 628 85 70 B(«) + A 688 92 80 Ca(N0 8 ) a 70OE I 18 722 98 90 B = NaNO 3 A (160) (A.) 730 100 100 760 25 B B = NaBr («9) 820 30 315.1 O Mixi 912 40 303.9 5.27 742 O O 990 50 285.6 11.11 715 7 10 60 272.9 17.65 678 14 20 1055 70 249.8 25.00 630 20 30 1122 A decomposes B +A 580 26 40 236.5E I 33.33 535 30 50 above 1200°.

B = NaNO3.(Continued) t, 0C I M % A A 284.1 42.86 355.4 53.85 421.0 66.66 490.0 81.82 B = KNO 3 (160) (A.)

B 346.0 O 318.5 5.27 295.2 11.11 262.2 17.65 B +A 210.5E i 25.00 A 221.9 33.33 263.3 42.86 345.3 53.85 450.0 66.66 508.4 81.82 Ca3(PO4)2 B = Na2B4O7* ( 204 ) (A.) (?) 732 O 655 3.30 475 6.74 575 10.30 640 14.00

CaSiO3

B = CaTiO3 (2 4 S) t, 0C I M % B Mix. 1512 O 1460 10 1435 20 1425 30 1430 40 1440 50 1465 60 1490 75 Solid state Unmixing 1350 49 1300 34 61 1250 28 64 1200 23

SrO B = SrCl2 (20, 222) (A.)

t, 0C

IM % A B

O 3.81 5.26 8.05 11.38 A(?) 910 I 25.40 fa = 107 (0.81). 873 846 834 807 797

B=BaCl2*(222)(A.) B (?) Mix. 960 O CaCO3* 925 3.42 907 6.32 B = Na 2 CO 3 J ( 172 ) Mix. 897 7.87 * Reciprocal salt mix860 O O 872 (6) 5 tures. 875 (7) 7 SrF2 870 (10) 15 B = SrCl2 (201, 270) 851 (20) 25 B 812 (27) 35 874 O Mix. + AB 815 5 786E 28 I 38 B +BA AB 753E I 13 800 40 BA 812 50 890 25 962 50 B = K2CO3f (i 7 2 ) BA + A Mix. 952E I 63 896 O j O A 888 (4) 10 1045 70 849 (10) 20 1165 80 803 (13) 30 1400 100 Mix. + AB 753E i 17 139 B = Sr 3 (P0 4 ) 2 (270) AB t, 0C I M % B 777 40 A 800 45 1400 O 814 50 1325 5 * A decomposes above A + AB3 50 M % 1207E 10 t Under 1 atm. CO2.


B = Sr3(PO4)S.(Continued) t, 0C M %B AB3 1350 20 1685 75 B = BaF2 (28) (A.) Mix. 1146 15.12 1188 23.42 1174 41.64 1200 62.47 SrCl2 B = SrSO4 ("I) (A.)

A 873 O 842 4.61 828 7.08 813 9.35 /CA = 95 (0.65). B = Sr3(PO4)2 (270) A 874 O A + AB3 828E I 2 AB3 930 5 1070 10 1235 20 1625 75

B = SrCO3 (221) (A.)

A 873 O 854 2.70 841 4.25 829 6.25 817 8.29 /CA = 107 (0.57). B = BaO* (222) t, 0C I M % A B (?) Mix. 960 O 934 2.17 905 3.60 890 6.66 * Reciprocal salt mixtures.

B = BaCl2 (219, 229, 262)

*, 0C I M % B Mix. + liq. 870 O 860 10 850 20 847 30 850 40 860 50 870 60 885 70 905 80 930 90 955 100

B = BaCl2.(Continued) t, 0C M % B Solid state B(a) + B(0) 635 10 640 20 660 30 685 40 715 50 755 60 790 70 835 80 875 90 922 100 B = LiCl (229) t, 0C I M % A

B O 10 20 30

602 590 568 536

B +A 473E I

47

A 500 584 660 737 808 872

50 60 70 80 90 100

B = NaCl (144, 262)

B 798 762 720 673 620

O 10 20 30 40

B +A 565E 50 A 624 I 60 870 i 100 kB = 17.6 (5.0) (A.). B = KCl (262)

B 775 727 666

O 10 20 B +B 2 A 596E I 28 B2A

597 33.3 587 40 B2A + BA2 575E I 43 BA2 605 632

50 60 BA2 + A 638UE I 66.7

B = KCl.(Continued) t,°C I M % A A 665 70 743 80 810 90 870 100

SrBr2 B = LiBr (129) B 552 O 498 20 B +A 2 B 453E 33 A2B 472 40 492 50 A2B + A 503U I 61.5 A 558 75 595 85 643 100 B = NaBr («9) B 742 O 695 15 635 30 567 45 B +A 486E I 61 A 547 75 608 90 643 100 B = KBr (129) B 730 O 698 10 600 25 B +B 2 A 556E 29 B2A 559 33.3 554 40 B2A + BA2 534E I 50 BA2 566 60 574 66.7 570 75 BA2 + A 562E 82 A 601 90 643 100

SrSO4 B = Li2SO4 (Si)

BW

856 O 792 10 B(«) + A 746E 16,5

* Decompn. of above 80 M %.

A

(48, 49)

Mix. + Hq. 887 O 945 10 973 25* 970 30 Mix. + A 955E I 39 A 1055 50 1115 60 1155 7Of Solid state Mix. + A 900 36 800 30 700 24 500 13 300 5 B(«) + BGS) 234 O 224 3-70 * Possible formation of B3A. t Decompn. of A above 70 M %.

B = K2SO4 (48, 49, 94)

Mix. O

O

1080 5 1063 (9) 15 1005 (18) 30 Mix. + A2B(«) 97OE 22 I 37 A2B (a) + A(ß) 98OU I 41.5 A(0) 1075 I 50 A(/3) + A(a)

1152

I 60 A(«) 1605 100 Solid state B(«) + B(/3) 588 O 560 5-66.7 AaB(«) + A2B(/3) 775 20-60 Mix. + A2B(o:) 900 21.5 800 20.5

BaO

BaCl2

SrCO3

B = Na2SO4

1071


B = KF (203) t, 0C I M % A B 885 O 867 10 847 20 825 30 800 40 770 50 B +A 75OE 55 A 790 60 885 70 1000 80 1130 90 1280 100

B = K2SO4.(Continued) t, 0C I M % A Mix. + A2B (ß) 700 15 600 8

B = Li2SO4.(Continued) I1 0C M % A A 830 20 940 30 1010 40 1070 50 1140* 65 (1225) 100 Solid state B(«) + B(/3) 585 I 0-65

B = NaCl* (221) (A.) B 802 O 794 1.27 787 2.51 776 3.77 772 5.05

B = BaCl2 (19, 222) (A.)

B 960 938 920 905 892 870*

O 2.03 5.14 8.57 13.04 32.08

* Minimum £L.

BaF2 B = BaCl2 (201, 270)

B 958 O 895 10 B +BA 844E I 19.5 BA 948 30 995 40 1008 50 995 60 955 70 BA + A 936E I 73 A 1018 80 1289 100

B = BaBr2 (219) (A.)

t, 0C I M % B Mix. (?) 960 O 870* 90 880 100 * Minimum £L.

B = BaI2 (219) (A.) Mix. (?) 960 O 700* 90 740 I 100 * Minimum £L.

B = BaSO4 (221)

(A.)

A 960 943 926 908 897

O 2.04 4.38 7.81 10.74

B = BaSiO3.(Continued) t, 0C I M % A B 1120 40 1070 50 1035 60

70

1000

965 80 920 90 B +A 902E I 92.5 A 942 95 968 100

B = BaCrO4 (219) (A.)

/,0C 960 940 920 902 894

I M % B A O 3.03 5.70 8.92 11.36

B = LiCl (229) t, 0C M %A B

602 O 584 10 560 20 530 30 B + A(/3) 51OE I 35 A(0) 560 40 650 50 715 60 775. 70 830 80 880 90 A(ß) + A(«) 923 97

B = Ba3(PO4)a (270) A 958 O 960 I 100 A +B 898E I 4.5 B = NaCl (87) B 1015 7.5 B 10 798 O B = BaI2 (219) (A.) 1065 0 1215 20 764 10 t, C 1 M % B 1684 100 755 20 (?) 693 30 1280 O B = BaCO3 B + A(ß) 670* 92.5 ("I) (A.) 654E I 40 * Minimum EL. A AO?) 960 O B = Ba3(PO4)2 (270) 715 50 907 6.97 A 770 60 900 9.43 1289 O 817 70 888 13.41 1150 10 861 80 A +AB 3 900 90 B = BaSiO3 (261) 1092E 13 A(0) + A(«) t, 0C I M % A AB3 930 I 96.5 B 1195 20 A(«) 1464 O 1300 30 955 100 1370 10 1380 40 /CB = 22.0 (1.2) 1265 20 1670 75 (221) (A.). 1180 30

AW

BaCl2.(Continued)

B = KCl (87,

154,

È, 0C

262)

I M % A B

775 O 735 10 685 20 B +B 2 A 66OE I 24.5 B2A 662 30 663 33.3 660 40 B2A + A(ß) 652E I 45 Atf) 690 50 760 60 820 70 870 80 910 90 A(j3) + A(«) 930 I 96 A(«) 966 I 100

Ba(ClOs)2 B = NaClO3 (78)

(A.)

B 255.0 254.2 252.9 251.2 fcs = 10.9

O 0.81 2.02 3.56 (0.35).

BaBr2 B - LiBr (129) B 552 O 525 10 497 20 B +A 484E I 25 A 509 30 563 40 670 60 760 80 847 100 B = NaBr (129) B 742 O 709 10 674 20 635 30 B +A 599E I 40 A 648 50 693 60 777 80 813 90 847 100

B = KBr (129) t, 0C M %A B 730 O 693 10 647 20 B + B2A 633E I 22.5 B2A 634 30 635 33.3 630 40 616 50 B2A + A 612E I 53 A 655 60 712 70 770 80 814 90 847 100 BaS B = BaSiO3 (261) B 1464 O 1420 10 1360 20 B+A(?) 1325E I 25 A(?) 1375 30 1475 40

B = Na2SO4.(Continued) t,°C I M % A Mix. + A 913E I 20 A 990 30 1050 40 1110 50 1160* 58 1345 100 Solid state B(«) + B(/3) 240 O 230 2-60 Mix. + A 800 15.5 700 10.5 600 7 * Decompn. above 1100°.

of

A

B 771 752 736 727

O 3.04 5.96 7.27


B = K2SO4 49, 94)

Mix.

BaSO4 B = Li2SO4 («) B(«) 856 O 801 5 B(«) + A 76OE I 9 A 835 15 1010 30 1095 40 1125 45 (1350) 100 Solid state B(«) + B(0) 585 I 0-45 >1000° A decomposes considerably. B = NaCl* (219) (A.) B 802 O 784 2.78 775 4.31 765 5.84 * Reciprocal salt mixtures.

B = Na2SO4 (48) Mix. + liq. 887 O 917 10 921 15

1071

O

O

1081 10 10 1060 (16) 20 Mix. + A(0) 1016E I 24 130

A(0)

B = KNO8

B = LiBr (237) B 550 O 490 10 443 20 384 30 315 40 B +BA3 275E I 45 BA3 302 I 60 BA3 + A 31OU I 65 A 332 70 380 80 423 90 462 100

I

A(ß) 1149

+ A(or) 1 48

BaCO3 B = Na2CO3

Ba(NOs)2 B = LiNO3 (A.)

t, 0C j M % B B 436.6 75.00 403.6 82.35 88.88 364.4 303.2 94.73 264.1 100

(A.)

B

40

A(«) 1265 60 1580 100 Solid state B(«) + B(0) 588 O 572 2-100 Mix. + A 950 19.5 800 10 700 5.5

(A.)

B 346.3 O 333.8 5.27 B+A 311.9E I 11.11 A 350.0 17.65 380.0 25.00 434 O 33.33 474.3 42.86 493.9 53.85 495.3 66.66 514.4 81.82 596.6 100

(221)

1090

(107)

B = LiCl (237) t, 0C I M % A B 605 O 540 10 500 20 477 30 383 40 B + A2B3 315U I 50 A2B3 298 I 60 A2B3 + A 29OE I 63 A 325 I 70 462 I 100

(107)

B = KCl* (221) (A.)

(48,

B = NaNO 3 ( 107 ) (A.) I1 0C I M % A B 314.1 O 296.6 5.27 B +A 358.3E I 11.11 A 396.5 17.65 435.3 25.00 33.33 463.0 484.2 42.86 53.85 492.6 501.7 66.66 529.6 81.82 595.5 100

860 O 843 5.89 837 7.37 828 10.29 823 12.21 kß = 29.5 (1.3).

LiOH B = LiF (237)

Mixi 840 O 807 (1) 770 (2) 730 (2) 683 (3) 630 (3) 565 (3) 490 (3) Mixi + Mix2

O 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

B = LiI (237) B 440 O 370 10 305 20 250 30 203 40 B + BA4 18OE I 45.5 BA4 235 50 295 60 320 70 BA4 + A 33OU I 78 A 405 90 462 100

LiCl B = NaCl (215, t, °C

HU Mix2 447 462

96 100

s 90 100

238,

278)

I M % B

Mixi 614 587 566

O 7 15

O 10 20

B = NaCL(Continued) t,°C I M % B Mixi + Mix2 552 I 28 I 28 Mix2 570 42 35 582 50 40 615 62 50 655 72 60 698 83 70 738 89 80 780 95 90 819 100 100 Solid state Unmixing 291 22.5 301 25 306 30 314 35 312 40 302 50 299 55 B = KCl (238, 278)

A O 10 20 30

614 569 510 443

A +B 352E I 41 B 450 50 532 60 605 70 673 80 735 90 790 100 B = RbCl (215, 278)

A O 10 20 30 40

614 568 511 438 352

A +B 312E I 44.5 B 367 50 460 60 550 70 623 80 680 90 726 100 B = CsCl (138) «, 0C i M % A B(«) 635 O 605 10 520 25 B(a) + B(0) 479 I 30 B(0) 438 I 35

B = CsCL— (Continued) t, 0C I M % A B(0) + B2A(«) 38OU l 41 BSA(«) + B2A(/3) 360 | 46 B2A(^) + BA 350UE | 50 BA+ B 332E I 57 B 347 415 500 560 609

60 70 80 90 100

B = Li2CO3.(Continued) t, 0C | M % A Mixi + Mix2 /l 6 60.5 530E \|90 60.5 Mix2 617 I (92.5) 70 860 i 100 100 Solid state A(a) + A(ß) 550 92.5 578 100 B - Na 2 SO 4 (i« 6 ) v. Fig. 32 166

B = K2SO4 ( ) v. also Fig. 33 LiBr t, 0C | M % B B = NaBr (129) BW t, 0C ) M % B 899 80 MIx1 990 90 552 O O 1076 100 535 6 10 At 420 and 435° Mixi -f Mix2 there is a transfor525 | 20 | 20 mation of AB. Mix2 537 41 30 LiNO3 595 65 50 B = Li2CO3 (7) 660 82 70 A 715 95 90 255 ! O 742 100 100 A+B B = KBr (129) 25OE I 2 A B 552 O 395 5 514 10 500 10 465 20 590 20 410 30 620* 30 A +B 732 100 348E | 40 * Decompn. above B 600°. 445 50 B = NaNO 3 535 60 (62) (A.) 608 70 Mix. (?) 663 80 263 O 702 90 244 8.28 730 100 234 16.87 Li2SO4 223 25.81 B = LiNO3 (7) 214 35.12 /, 0 C i M % A 206 44.80 B 217 54.91 255 I O 236 65.46 BH-A 259 76.46 252E i 2 283 87.96 A 308 100 350 5 B = KNO 3 435 10 (60, 107) (A.) 555* 22 t, 0C M % A 860 100 B * Decompn. above

600°.

B = Li2CO3 (2) Mixi 732 O O 645 (4) 30 610 (5) 40

337 290

O 14.00

255 223 186 139

20.46 26.80 32.80 38.56

B = KNO3.(Continued) t,°C I M % A A 143 49.40 174 59.42 200 68.72 224 81.46 242 92.14 253 100 Li2CO3 B = K 2 CO 3 (64) (A.)

B 860 777 720 682 590 515

O 9.0 16.5 20.0 31.0 39.5

BA 492m 50Om

33.0 39.5

505 515 505 492

44.2 50.0 54.5 62.0

A

525 600 638 673 710

66.6 77.0 83.5 91.0 100

LiBO2 B = NaBO2 (134) Mixi 966 O O 910 (1) 15 865 (1) 25 810 (2) 35 735 (2) 45 Mixi + Mix2 ,OQP / I 3 55 639E {| 95 55 Mix2 725 800 843

(97) 75 (99) 90 100 100

NaOH B = NaF (236) Mixi 1005 O O 950 4 20 845 10 40 670 15 60 450 18 80 MiX1 + Mix2 18 o365U 90 fi *TT/ { 52 90 Mix2 335 67 95 310 100 100

B = NaF.(Continued) t,°C I M % A Solid state A(a) + A(/3) 282 20-70

285

B = NaI.(Continued) IM % A

t,°C

Solid state

A(« 290

100

* Minimum £L.

80

B = Na2CO3 290 100 (171) (A.) B = NaCl (236) *, 0C I M % B Mixi Mix. (?) 806 O O 296 O 785 (1) 10 290 1.03 750 (3) 20 284.7 2.55 705 (6) 30 280 5.07 650 (8) 40 283 7.27 575 (10) 50 297 10.91 495 (11) 60 410 (12) 70 B = KOH Mixi -f- Mix2 (111, 171) ( 12 78 0 360TJ t, C I Wt. % B \ 49 78 Mix.* +liq. Mix2 290 O 350 53 85 278 10 325 74 95 262 20 310 100 100 215 40 Solid state 184 50 A(«) + A(/3) 168 55 290 100 167 60 260 90 185 70 175 75 220 80 160 10^100 345 100 B = NaBr (236) * Mix. A = 97.3 B NaOH, 2.55Na2CO3, 765 O 728 10 683 20 568 40 497 50 420 60 340 70 B -f A(ß)

26OE I

79.5

A(0) + A(a) 290 91 A(«) 310 I 100 B = NaI (236) B 665 O 620 15 555 30 497 40 425 50

B -f B3A2 295U I 64 B3A2 285 265

70 75

B3A2 + AGS) 225E I 80.5 A(0) 275 I 90 A(ß) + A(a) 290 I 94 A(a) 310 I 100

B = NaI (219) (A.) t, 0C M %B (?) 980 O 620* 80 675 100

0.15H2O. 83.4KOH, 13.7H2Q.

Mix. B = 2.9K2CO3,

B = RbOH (Hi) v. Fig. 34

NaF B = NaCl (201,

273)

B = Na2SO4 ( 273 ) t, 0C I M % A B(«) 881 O 827 10 780 20 B(«) + BA(«) 743E I 30 BA(«) 772 40 781 50 BA(a) + A 772E I 60 A 832 I 70 986 j 100 Solid state B(«) + B(0) 233 I 0-50 BA(«) + BAGS) 105 I 40-60 B = Na2CO3 (8) B

854

B = Na3AlF6 (74, 153) B

t, C

B = NaClO3 (78) (A.)

B 255.0 254.1 253.9 253.5 kB = 10.7

O 0.91 1.03 1.61 (0.15).

O

730 I 30 B +A 69OE I 40 A 743 I 50 1000 i 100

0

I M % A B 797 O 760 10 724 20 B +A 675E I 34.5 A 706 40 765 50 820 60 867 70 909 80 950 90 986 100

I

999

O

992 25 969 55 933 70 911 75 B + Mix. 886E I 80 I 78 Mix. 899 951 984

82 91 100

80 90 100

B = KF (142) B 997 O 953 10 907 20 858 30 807 40 757 50 B + Mix.

699E I 82 |60

NaF,(Continued) B = KF.(Continued) t, 0C M %A Mix. 737 (86) 70 773 (90) 80 807 (95) 90 837 100 100

NaHF2 B = KHF2 (lei) (A.) B 227.0 O 217.5 6.22 213.0 12.28 175E(?) 23.94

NaCl B = NaClO3 (78) (A.)

B

255.0 O 254.5 0.53 254.2 0.87 253.4 1.56 fa = 10.5 (0.15). B = NaBr (i» 241) Mix. + liq. 748 O 746 10 744.5 20 744 30 744.5 40 747 50 754 60 765 70 777 80 791 90 808 100 B = NaI (i> 241) Mix.

662 O O 638 3 10 615 8 20 592 15 30 Mix. + A 578E 24 36 A 594 I 40 706 I 70 739 80 770 90 808 100 B = Na2SO4 (125, 273) B(a)

881

O

783 737 690

20 30 40

B +A 623E I 55

B = Na2SO4.- II (Continued) t,°C I M % A A 650 60 728 80 797 100 Solid state 233 O 224 3-100 kA = 20.4 (5); = 23 (1.0). /CB = 44 (1.0) (221) (A.). B = NaNO 2 ( 157 ) (A.) Mix. 281.5 O 279.0 0.12 283.5 0.30 288.5 0.59 291.0 0.82 295.0 1.17 309.0 3.46 319.0 5.85 334.5 9.54 B = NaNO 3 ( 196 ) (A.) ' B 312.0 O 308.0 3.44 B +A 304.0 E I 6.82 A 332.0 8.35 380.5 12.58 B = Na 4 P 2 O 7 ( 63 ) *, 0C I M % B A 778 O 762 10 743 20 710 30 690 40

B = NaCN.(Continued) t, 0C M %B Mix. 640 56 70 614 68 80 587 82 90 562.3 IQQ 100 B = Na2CrO4 (221) (A.)

A 802 O 788 3.55 782 4.84 779 5.73 A?A = 22 (1.0). B = KCl (87, 142, 169, 250, 255)

Mix. -f- Hq. 798 O 760 15 697 30 660 50 665 60 700 80 775 100 Solid state Unmixing 373 40 360 21 66 340 11 81

B = K2SO4* (221)

(A.)

A (?) Mix. 802 O 785 2.06 768 3.99 756 5.32

B = K2CO3* (220, 221) (A.)

«, 0C I M % A B (?) Mix. 909 O 892 3.39 858 11.02 825 15.95 810 19.09 A (?) Mix. 763 94.68 774 96.72 789 98.39 802 IQQ B = RbCl (215, 278) B 726 O 642 20 602 30 B +A 541E I 45.5 A 565 50 623 60 701 I 75 819 I 100

B = Na 2 CO 3 (8) t, 0C I M % A B 854 I O 670 I 50 B +A 636E I 58.5 A 665 I 65 808 I 100 /CA = 18.0 (1.1). /CB =30.0(1.5) (221) (A.). B = NaCN (256) *, 0C M % B Mix. 795 O O 776 6 10 756 13 20 735 20 30 713 27 40 689 37 50 * Reciprocal salt mix665 46 60 tures.

B = CsCl (278)

t, 0C I M % A B(«)

646 O 600 10 553 20 505 30 B(«) + A 493E I 34 A 523 40 580 50 635 60 685 70 730 80 775 90 819 100 Solid state •B(«) +B(/3) 451 I 0-100

NaClO3

B = KClO3 (78) (A.)

I1 0C M % B Mix. (?) 255.0 O 253.8 1.20 252.4 2.54 251.1 3.81

B = KNO 3 * (78) (A.)

A (?) Mix. 055.O O 253.4 0.76 253.1 0.95 251.9 1.51

(78) (A.)

A

255.0 O 253.9 1.01 253.3 1.53 kA = 10.7 (0.15). B = Na 2 CrO 4 ( 78 ) (A.) A 255.0 O 254.5 0.50 254.1 0.81 252.2 2.61 /CA = 11.2 (0.25). B = KCl* (78) (A.) A (?) Mix. 255.0 O 253.2 0.93 252.2 1.43 * Reciprocal salt mixtures.

t, C I M % A Mix. + Kq. 693 I O 627 J 30 607 40 592 50 586 56 596 70 613 80 637 90 660 100

Na2SO4

B = NaNO 3 ( 7 ) B 310 O B = CsClO3 B +A (78) (A.) 30OE 5 A A 255.0 O 380 10 254.6 0.39 515 20 253.7 1.15 625 30 /CA = 11.8 (0.11). Decompn. of B above 600°.


B = NaBr (78) (A.) t, 0C I M % B A 255.0 O NaBr 253.5 1.36 B = NaI (i> 241) 252.6 2.23 *, 0C M % A 251.8 3.95 Mix. + licifcA = 11.1 (0.39). 662 O 653 10 648 20 B = NaNO 3 645 30 (78) (A.) 648 40 A 656 50 055.O O 668 60 253.9 1.11 684 70 253.3 1.64 703 80 252.1 2.82 725 90 /CA = 10.6 (0.33). 748 100 B = Na 2 CO 3

NaI B = KI (142) 0

B = NaNO 2 (157) (A.)

Mix. 281.5 O 277.5 0.067 278.5 0.168 280 0.34 282 0.50 283.5 0.67 293 1.68 302 2.72

(307) (?) 3.40 B = KBr (142)

Mix. + liq. 757 O 730 10 702 20 675 30 655 40 644 50 652 60 675 70 705 80 739 90 768 100

B = Na 2 CO 3 (2) Mix. -f liq. 854 O 843 10 835 20 830 30 827 40 833 55 849 70 870 85 892 100 Solid state 200 95 236 100 B = Na2CrO4 (76) t, 0C I M % A Mix. 792 O O 792 10 795 (30) 20 800 (42) 30 808 (53) 40 819 (65) 50 836 (75) 60 845 (83) 70 858 (90) 80 871 (95) 90 885 100 100 Solid state A(«) + A(0) + B(«) + B(# 413 O 350 18-25 300 40-47 250 75-79 235 100 B = Na 2 MoO 4 (SS) v. Fig. 35

B = Na2WO4 (35)

B = KNO2.-

v. Fig. 36

(Continued)

221

B = KCl* ( )(A.) t, 0C I M % A

B (?) Mix, 771 O 758 1.68 745 737 720 A (?) 812 828 846 862 890

3.25 4.42 5.96 Mix. 88.54 89.56 92.62 95.26 100


B = K 2 SO 4 ( 166 ) v. Fig. 37

Na2S2O7 B = Na2H2S2O8 (58)

(A.)

B

185.7 185.1 183.2

O 2.44 4.21 B +A 183.0E*| 4.71 A 185.0 6.92 221.5 11.80 245.0 17.95 326.5 51.90 374.2 79.00 392.7 90.80 400.9 100 * All mixtures give E at 183°.

NaNO2

B = NaNO 3 ( 46 ) *, 0C I Wt. % B Mix. 284 O O 270 (5) 10 253 (13) 20 236 (22) 30 225 40 221 50 231 (65) 60 248 (77) 70 266 (86) 80 287 (92) 90 312 100 100 B = KNO2 (U) *, 0C I M % B Mix. + liq. 282 O 260 10 228 25 219 35 248 50 322 70

t, 0C

I M % B

Mix. + liq. 440 I 100

Solid state A(O) + A(|8) 160 O 10

103

NaNO 3 B = Na 2 CO 3 ( 7 ) A 310 O A +B 304E ] 3 B 465 10 575 20 655* 30 * Decompn. 600°.

above

B = KNO 3 (45,

60, 112) MiXi

310 O O 290 (4) 10 270 (10) 20 250 (18) 30 228 (32) 40 Mixi -h Mix2 219 47 47 Mix2 230 (71) 60 254 (82) 70 282 (89) 80 310 (95) 90 336 100 100 Solid state B(«) + B(|8) 85 50-94 100 94-96 124 100 NaNH2 B = KNH 2 ( 139 ) (S.) A 206.4 O 189.5 6.4 155.0 14.0 145.1 18.2 120.5 25.1 A + AB2 92 I (33) AB2 100.3 38 110.5 43.2 118.5 [ 54.9 AB2 + B 120.OU I 64.1 B 174.0 72.0 231.0 82.4 390. o inn

NaPO3

B = Na4P2O7 ( 187 ) *, 0C I M % B A 987 O

883

10

730 20 A + B (?) 612E I 25.5

B = NaBO2 ( 134 MA.) t, 0C M %A B 966 O 922 6.6 866 13.8 (864) (?) 21.5 BA (774) (?)] 39.0 800 49.0 (796) (?) 59.9 (608) (?) 71.9 A 610 100 Na4P2O7 B = NaBO2 ( 64 ) (A.) B 940 O 918 7.0 910 9.0 B3A2 932 23.0 952 33.0 960 37.5 960 41.0 950 44.0 930 50.0 850 71.5 A 850 71.5 925 89.5 970 100 B = K 4 P 2 O 7 (U) t, 0C I M % B Mix. + liq. 994 O 943 10 905 20 885 30 875 40 892 50 925 60 963 70 1003 80 1047 90 1090 100 Solid state Unmixing 50 505* 500 37 55 450 25 67 375 18 75 * Probable formation

B = K4P2O7-

B = Na2CrO4 -

(Continued) t,°C I M % B A(«) + A(0) 395 O 180 4

(Continued)

B(«)+B08) 175 90 275

100

NaAsO3 B = KAsO3 (15) Mix. 615 O O 563 (6) 10 526 (10) 20 505 (12) 30 496 13 40 497 50 50 510 60 60 530 70 70 562 80 80 602 90 90 650 100 100 Solid state B(«) + B(0) 380 90 450 100 Na3AsO4 B = K3AsO4 (i*) Mix. + liq. 1260 O 1212 10 1178 20 1160 30 1156 35 1185 50 1210 60 1236 70 1260 80 1285 90 1310 100 Solid state Unmixing 464 50* 460 34 57 450 23 70 440 5 8 A(«) + A(^) 410 O 370 6-15 * Probable comp. formation.

Na4As2O7

B = K 4 As 2 O 7 (15) v. Fig. 38

Na2CO3 B = Na 2 CrO 4 (220, 221)

(A.)

A 860 849 843

O 3.34 5.38

t,°C

B = KCN,(Continued)

I M % B

t,°C

A

Mixi -f Mix2 502 I 40 I 40 MiX2

826

9.51

820

11,55

feA = 32 (1.2). B = KCl* (221, 222) t, C I M % A 0

B (?) 771 758 745 731 A (?) 799 821 842 860

Mix. O 1.75 3.11 5.43 Mix. 89.11 92.13 96.61 100


510

60

50

533

79

60

555 88 70 578 94 80 600 97 90 622 100 100 At 260° Mix. -> A + B. NaCNS B = KCNS (264) t, 0C I M % A B(a)

179 160

O 10

B(a) -f B(0)

142

B = K2CO3 (11, 172)

*, 0C I M % B Mix. + liq. 854 O 790 10 740 20 712 30 704 40 715 50 735 60 770 70 810 80 855 90 896 100 Solid state Unmixing 480 36 490* 50 455 60

A(«) + A(0) 430 I O B(«) + B(0) 405 100 * Probable formation of AB. 221)

I

18

B(/3) + A 123.5E 1 30 A 188 40 225 50 251 60 272 70 290 80 307 90 323 100 At 102° AB3 forms. Na2CrO4 B = K 2 CO 3 * (220,

221)

(A.)

B (?) Mix. 909 O 889 2.56 884 3.51 854 7.47 833 9.96 * Reciprocal salt mixtures^

B = K2CrO4

B = K 2 CrO 4 * (220,

I M % B

(11, 76)

(A.)

A (?) Mix. 860 O 839 ' 2.82 831 4.17 811 6.48 * Reciprocal salt mixtures.

NaCN

v. Fig. 39

Na2MoO4

B = Na 2 WO 4 ( 35 ) v. Fig. 41 B = K 2 MoO 4 (U) v. Fig. 40

B = KCN (256)

Mixi 561. 7 0 548 5 524 14

0 10 20

Na2WO4 B = K 2 WO 4 (11, 149) ;;. Fie-. 42

NaBO2 B = KBO2 (134) t, 0C

I M % A

MIx1

947 O O 935 4 10 920 10 20 900 16 30 875 25 40 Mixi -f MÌX2 850 I 55 I 55 MIx2 865 74 65 905 88 80 940 95 90 966 100 100 Solid state Unmixing 553 530 500

55 46 64 42 69

B = KI (235) I9 0C I M % A B 695 O 655 10 583 25 490 40 379 55 300 65 B + A(/3) 25OE I 72 A(«) + A(0) 265 I 74 A(«) 303 350 380

80 90 100

B = RbOH (111,

171)

v. Fig. 44

KOH

KF

B = KF (235)

B = KCl (201) B

Mix.

857 O O 830 4 10 797 10 20 758 18 30 714 24 40 667 39 50 617 50 60 566 60 70 510 71 80 450 83 90 380 100 100 Solid state A(a) + A(0) 138 30 153 50 180 70 227 90 265 100 B = KCl (235)

v. Fig. 43 B = KBr (235) B 760 O 658 10 590 20 513 35 418 50 343 60 B + Mix. 30OE I 79 I 65 Mix. 319 82 70 350 89 80 370 96 90 380 100 100 Solid state A(«) + Atf) 195 0-93 220 92-94 265 100

O 10 25 35

772 745 692 650

B +A 605E I 45 A 663 55 713 65 760 75 800 85 859 100 B = KBr (143) B 748 O 720 10 682 20 635 30 B +A 58OE I 40 A 642 750 826 861

50 70 90 100

B = KI (219) (A.) t, 0C I M % B (?)' 885 O 580* 70 705 100 * Minimum fL.

B = K2SO4 (128) *, 0C I M % A B(«) 1074 O 1033 10 987 20 939 30

B = K2SO4.(Continued) 1,0C I M % A B(«) + BA(«)

883E I

42

BA(a)

887 50 878 60 852 70 BA(«) + A 786E I 83 A

820 90 867 100 Solid state B(«) + B(0) 599 I 0-50 BA(«) + BA(/3) 578 I 20-83 B = KPO 3 ( 4 ) *, 0C I M % B A 855 O 802 10 A + A2B(«) 74OE I 17.5 A 2 B(a)

774 25 A2B(«) + AB(«) 793UE I 33.3 AB (a) 847 40 880 50 845 60 680 75 AB(«) + B 604E I 82.5 B 685 90 798 100 Solid state A2B(a) + A2B(0) 540 I 0-50 AB(«) + AB(/8) 450 I 34-100 B = K3PO4 (4) A 855 O 818 10 A +B 766E I 20 B 865 30 950 40 1020 50 1085 60 1200 80 1340 100 At 700° there is a transformation of an unstable undetermined comp. B = K4P2O7 (4) A 855 O 793 10

B = K4P2O7.(Continued) t,°C I M % B A + B 73OE 20 B 792 30 850 40 955 60 997 70 1050 85 1088 100 B = K 2 CO 3 (8) t, 0C I M % A B 896 O 858 10 815 20 770 30 720 40 B H-BA 688E I 46 BA 688 50 686 55 BA + A 682E I 61.5 A 725 70 775 80 817 90 855 100

B = KI.(Continued) t,°C I M % B Solid state Unmixing 595 10 577 20 547 30 512 40 496 55 498 60 505 70 512 80

B = K2SO4 (124) t, 0C M %A B(«) 1074 O 1005 10 882 25 720 50 B +A 69OE I 58 A 715 70 735 80 753 90 778 100 Solid state B(«) + B(P) 587 0-70 /CA = 27.0 (1.0) (221) (A.). B = KNO 3

KCl B = KBr (17, 264) Mix. + Hq. 740 O 736 20 735 30 734 40 736 50 738 60 744 70 752 80 762 90 771 100

B = KI (17, 264) t, 0C I M % B Mixi 780 O O 746 7 10 705 14 20 653 24 30 600 37 40 586 47 50 Mixi + Mix2 584 55 I 55 MÌX2

587 599 638 668 680

66 60 74 70 86 80 96 90 100 100

(200)

(A.)

B 344 343 341 336

O 1.41 3.14 6.23 B + A 331.5E 7.44 A 339 9.08 357 13.25 371 16.17

B = KPO3 (3) *, 0C I M % B Mixi

774 754 740 735 724 708 683 654

O O (2) 10 (3) 20 (3) 30 (4) 40 (5) 50 (7) 60 (10) 70 Mixi + Mix2

—{s z 705 798

Mix2 (97) 90 100 100

B = K3PO4 (3) t, 0C I M % B A 774 O 755 10 A +B 72OE I 15 B 795 25 900 40 975* 50 1340 100 * Sublimation 1100°.

above

B = K4P2O7 (3) A 774 O 748 10 A+ B 735E 15 B 810 25 895 40 945 50 980 60 1005 70 1045 85 1090 100 B = K2CO3 (8) *, 0C I M % A B 896 860 825 785 745 704

O 10 20 30 40 50

B +A 636E I 65 A 656 I 70 774 J, 100 B (220, 221)

909

(A.)

O

895 4.07 878 9.52 870 11.90 855 15.54 846 18.35 feA = 25 (1.2.) B = KCN (256) t, 0C I M % B Mix.

775 753 737 720 703 687 674 660 647 635 622

O O 6 10 12 20 20 30 28 40 36 50 44 60 54 70 65 80 77 90 100 100

B = K2CrO4 (277)

B = CsCl.(Continued) t, 0C I M % A Solid state B(«) H- B(|8) 456 O 447 5 440 10

B = K2CO3.(Continued) t, 0C I M % A Solid state A(O=) + A(0) 635 70 608 80 592 90 583 100 656E | 32.5 KBr B(/3) H- B(«) B = K2CrO4 (93) B = KI (17,264) 673 | 37 (A.) Mixi B(«) Mix. H- liq. 742 50 748 O O 978 O 722 7 10 805 60 985 20 688 15 20 860 70 1000 40 917 80 640 26 30 1010 50 957 90 605 36 40 1025 60 984 100 Mixi H- MÌX2 1045 80 589 | 50 | 50 1066 fcA = 25.0 (1.2) 100 221 Mix2 ( ) (A.). Solid state 608 67 60 Transition curve B = K2Cr2O7 (277) 632 79 70 A(a) H- B(«) to t, 0C M %A 653 83 80 A(# H- B(0) Mix. H- liq. 668 94 90 666 O 395 O 680 100 100 655 20 377 10 640 40 370 20 625 60 KI Mix. H- A 602 80 B = K2SO4 366E | 28 (219) (A.) 585 100 A t, 0C I M % B B = K 2 MoO 4 (5) 380 30 Mix. H- liq. (?) 443 40 706 O 926 O 510 50 670* 13 921 15 578 60 1050 100 920 25 640 70 * Minimum
I9 0C I M % B A 790 O 745 10 703 20 665 30 A + B(|8)

K2S2O7 B = K2H2S2O8 (58) (A.) t, 0C I M % A B 213.8 O 213.2 1.65 212.0 4.97 211.5 9.14 B H- A(T) 201.3E*| 12.42 A(T) 202.5 14.53 212.6 17.28 220.0 21.66 224.0 25.15 223.6 26.40 A(A 236.5 32.80 254.0 39.97 264.5 45.34 55.36 285.0 308.2 69.60 A(«) 328.0 78.82 380.0 92.00 401.7 97.19 414.2 100 * All mixtures give E at 201°.

KNO 2 B = KNO 3 (158) Mix. H- liq. 336 O 323 10 320 20 328 30 353 50 386 70 421 90 (440) 100 Solid state B(«) + B(0) 120 O 95 10 90 15

B = K2CrO4 (") (A.) t, 0C I M % A B 971 I O B +A 295E I 98 A 320 I 100

KPO3

B = K 4 P 2 O 7 («7) Mixi 823 O O 707 (6) 10 Mixi + Mix2 I J 10 19 615E (\ 61 19 Mix2 700 (65) 30 810 (72) 40 890 (79) 50 955 (85) 60 1035 (93) 80 1092 100 100 B = KBO3 (134) (A.) B 947 O 900 10 825 20 B H-BA 77OE I 23 BA 835 30 875 40 885 50 860 55 BA + A 68OE I 86 A 725 90 810 100 K2CO3 B = K2CrO4 (220, 221)

KNO3 B = K 2 CO 3 ( 7 ) 0 t, C I M % B A(a) 336 I O A(«) H- B 326E I 4 B 430 10 545 20 630 30 700* 42 (895) 100 Solid state A(a) H- A(/3) 124 I 0-42 * A decomposes above 700°.

t, 0C 909 903 895 886 879

(A.)

I M % B A O 2.35 5.94 9.33 12.20

KCN B = KCNO (148) (A.) A + B 282E I 82.44

KCNS B = RbCNS (264) v. Fig. 45

K2CrO4 B = K2Cr2O7 (2, 93)

t, 0C

I M % B A(a)

971 O 905 30 798 60 A(a) H- ACS) 666 I 81 AO?) 555 I 90 A(j8) H- B 393E I >99 B 396 I 100 B = K 2 MoO 4 (6) t, 0C I M % A Mix. H- Hq. 926 O 925 10 925 20 926 30 929 40 935 50 942 60 950 70 958 80 969 90 978 100 Solid state A(«) H- A(0) 470 35 560 60 620 80 666 100 B(«) H- B(0) 475 O 465 5 B = K 2 WO 4 (6) Mix. + Hq. 894 O 898 20 907 40 923 60 945 80 978 100 Solid state A(«) + A(0) 490 I I 40 666 I 1 100 B(«) H- B(0) 595 O 530 10 K2Cr2O7 B = K 2 Mo 2 O 7 (6) t, 0C I M % B Mix. H- Hq. 398 O 410 20 424 40 440 60 460 80 484 100

K2Cr2O7.(Continued) B = K 2 W 2 O 7 (6)

t, 0C I M % B Mix. + Hq. 398 O 390 10 384 15

385 401 446 486 518 555

20 30 50 70 85 100

K 2 MoO 4 B = K 2 WO 4 ( 6 ) Mix. H- Hq. 926 O 920 20 913 40 901 60

K2WO4.-

(Continued] I10C I M % B Mix. + Hq. 896 80 894 100 Solid state A(«) + A(/3) 475 I 0-16 B(«) + B(/3) 540 I 75 575 I 100 K 2 Mo 2 O 7

B = K2W2O7 (6)

Mix. H- Hq. 484 O 500 20 510 40 522 60 538 80 565 100

RbCl B = CsCl (278) I1 0C |M % A Mix. 646 O O 640 5 635 15 640 40 25 645 47 35 658 63 50 670 73 60 684 82 70 699 89 80 715 96 90 726 100 100 Solid state B(«) H- B(0) 452 442 433

O 5 10

THREE-COMPONENT SYSTEMS Standard Arrangement (v. Voi. Ili, p. viii) M % M % M % A = NH 4 NO 3 ; B = NH 4 Cl; JL, 0C A B C C = LiNO3 (««) (A.) A/C = 92.99/7.01 M % M % M % B JL, 0C A B C 94.0 67.5127.40 5.09 A/C = 96.30/3.70 101.8 64.1631.00 4.84 A(O) 106.8 61.5333.83 4.64 163.5 I 96.30 O 3.70 125.7 56.3239.43 4.25 147.0 90.73 5.79 3.48 140.0 53.2442.51 4.01 87.26 9.39 3.35 135.4 A/C = 89.32/10.68 A(T) A(O) 118.1 81.0715.82 3.11 153.5 89.32 O 10.68 111.3 77.2819.76 2.96 147.0 87.62 1.90 10.48 98.8 72.1725.06 2.77 138.5 84.75 5.12 10.13 92.6 70.0127.31 2.68 129.3 82.19 7.98 9.83 B 98.0 68.2629.12 2.62 A(T) 120.7 79.5410.95 9.51 105.0 65.8231.66 2.52 113.6 76.7314.10 9.17 112.5 63.7933.76 2.45 98.0 70.3821.21 8.41 A/C = 94.25/5.75 89.3 67.0424.94 8.02 A(5) B 154.0 94.25 O 5.75 88.2 66.1026.00 7.90 148.7 90.39 4.10 5.51 92.8 64.6727.60 7.73 140.3 85.17 9.63 5.20 97.0 62.3430.21 7.45 137.3 83.0911.84 5.07 109.3 57.9735.10 6.93 132.0 79.2315.94 4.83 130.5 78.3816.84 4.78 A/C = 88.59/11.41 A(S) B 134.3 1 88.59 O 11.41 137.0 76.2819.07 4.65 131.8 86.65 2.19 11.16 154.0 73.9121.58 4.51 129.4 84.73 4.35 10.92 A/C = 92.99/7.01 123.9 81.47 8.03 10.50 A(O) 158.9 92.99 O 7.01 A(T) 118.8 78.1711.75 10.07 147.5 88.49 4.84 6.67 116.2 76.7313.39 9.88 128.0 83.4210.29 6.29 LiCl A(T) 121.8 75.3015.00 9.70 117.0 80.1413.81 6.05 130.7 74.0116.46 9.53 106.8 75.3718.94 5.69 149.0 71.5719.21 9.22 98.0 71.7722.82 5.41 157.0 70.5120.53 8.96 92.9 69.4825.28 5.24

M % M % M % «L, 0C A B C A/C = 83.01/16.99 A(T) 121.0 83.01 O 16.99 118.3 81.57 1.74 16.69 112.1 77.56 6.58 15.86 108.0 75.02 9.63 15.35 106.0 73.8811.00 15.12 B 109.0 72.7512.36 14.89 119.0 71.6413.70 14.66 129.8 70.2115.43 14.36 138.0 68.7917.14 14.07 A/C = 77.52/22.48 A(T) 108.0 77.52 O 22.48 105.1 75.41 2.73 21.86 102.5 73.44 5.27 21.29 99.8 71.50 7.78 20.72 96.5 69.5810.25 20.17 B 98.0 69.1610.79 20.05 103.8 68.4311.74 19.83 118.8 66.6714.01 19.32 136.0 64.9316.25 18.82 A/C = 72.12/27.88 A(T) 97.0 72.12 O 27.88 96.1 70.68 2.00 27.32 91.0 69.26 3.98 26.76 88.0 67.95 5.79 26.26 86.2 66.65 7.59 25.76 B 89.5 65.17 9.64 25.19 101.2 64.0011.26 24.74 118.0 62.1813.79 24.03 141.1 59.1817.95 22.87 155.5 57.7919.87 22.34 A/C = 66.80/33.20 C 110.0 66.80 O 33.20 107.8 65.76 1.56 32.68 101.0 62.78 6.03 31.19 97.7 61.51 8.34 30.15 B 98.3 59.6010.78 29.62 112.0 58.1013.03 28.87 140.0 54.8917.84 27.27 150.0 53.7819.50 26.72 A/C = 64.18/35.82 C 116.0 64.18 O 35.82 108.7 61.38 4.35 34.27 106.2 59.88 6.69 33.43 LiCl 103.7 58.92 8.19 32.89 104.0 58.48 8.86 32.66 102.5 57.7110.08 32.21 101.8 57.0311.14 31.83 B 109.3 56.0912.60 31.31 123.0 54.0815.73 30.19 129.3 53.2617.02 29.72

M % M % M% tL, 0C A B C A/C = 61.56/38.44 C 124.7 61.56 O 38.44 119.5 59.58 3.23 37.19 112.3 57.21 7.07 35.72 110.0 56.54 8.16 35.30 LiCl 110.0 56.21 8.70 35.09 109.0 54.9710.71 34.32 109.0 53.7512.69 33.56 B 113.3 53.11 13.74 33.15 115.0 52.6914.41 32.90 134.0 50.8017.48 31.72 A/C = 56.40/43.60 C 137.0 56.40 O 43.60 132.3 53.90 4.44 41.66 128.7 52.06 7.70 40.24 126.7 50.71 10.10 39.19 LiCl 125.5 49.8811.56 38.56 123.7 49.0713.00 37.93 120.7 48.3414.30 37.36 B 122.3 47.5415.71 36.75 129.0 46.8916.86 36.25 142.0 45.4019.51 35.09

A = NH 4 NO 3 JB = NH 4 Cl; C = NaCl (196) (A.) A/E = 97.31/2.69 A 165.2 I 97.311 2.69 | O B 128.3 86.77 2.39 J10.81 133.1 85.05 2.34 12.61 135.7 84.03 2.31 13.64 145.1 80.87 2.22 16.91 A/B = 94.00/6.00 A 164.0 94.00 6.00 O 148.8 91.50 5.84 2.66 137.5 89.03 5.68 5.29 A +B 128.8E i 86.59; 5.53 | 7.88 B 135.8 84.19 5.37 10.44 144.9 81.81 5.22 12.97 156.2 79.47 5.07 15.46 A/B = 89.98/10.02 A 155.4 89.9810.02 O 142.4 87.63 9.74 2.63 131.4 85.30 9.48 5.22 A +B 130.OE I (?) I (?) I (?) B 138.0 82.98 9.22 7.79 144.0 81.83 9.11 9.06 155.7 79.59 8.84 11.57 163.0 78.45 8.73 12.82

K2Cr2O7.(Continued) B = K 2 W 2 O 7 (6)

t, 0C I M % B Mix. + Hq. 398 O 390 10 384 15

385 401 446 486 518 555

20 30 50 70 85 100

K 2 MoO 4 B = K 2 WO 4 ( 6 ) Mix. H- Hq. 926 O 920 20 913 40 901 60

K2WO4.-

(Continued] I10C I M % B Mix. + Hq. 896 80 894 100 Solid state A(«) + A(/3) 475 I 0-16 B(«) + B(/3) 540 I 75 575 I 100 K 2 Mo 2 O 7

B = K2W2O7 (6)

Mix. H- Hq. 484 O 500 20 510 40 522 60 538 80 565 100

RbCl B = CsCl (278) I1 0C |M % A Mix. 646 O O 640 5 635 15 640 40 25 645 47 35 658 63 50 670 73 60 684 82 70 699 89 80 715 96 90 726 100 100 Solid state B(«) H- B(0) 452 442 433

O 5 10

THREE-COMPONENT SYSTEMS Standard Arrangement (v. Voi. Ili, p. viii) M % M % M % A = NH 4 NO 3 ; B = NH 4 Cl; JL, 0C A B C C = LiNO3 (««) (A.) A/C = 92.99/7.01 M % M % M % B JL, 0C A B C 94.0 67.5127.40 5.09 A/C = 96.30/3.70 101.8 64.1631.00 4.84 A(O) 106.8 61.5333.83 4.64 163.5 I 96.30 O 3.70 125.7 56.3239.43 4.25 147.0 90.73 5.79 3.48 140.0 53.2442.51 4.01 87.26 9.39 3.35 135.4 A/C = 89.32/10.68 A(T) A(O) 118.1 81.0715.82 3.11 153.5 89.32 O 10.68 111.3 77.2819.76 2.96 147.0 87.62 1.90 10.48 98.8 72.1725.06 2.77 138.5 84.75 5.12 10.13 92.6 70.0127.31 2.68 129.3 82.19 7.98 9.83 B 98.0 68.2629.12 2.62 A(T) 120.7 79.5410.95 9.51 105.0 65.8231.66 2.52 113.6 76.7314.10 9.17 112.5 63.7933.76 2.45 98.0 70.3821.21 8.41 A/C = 94.25/5.75 89.3 67.0424.94 8.02 A(5) B 154.0 94.25 O 5.75 88.2 66.1026.00 7.90 148.7 90.39 4.10 5.51 92.8 64.6727.60 7.73 140.3 85.17 9.63 5.20 97.0 62.3430.21 7.45 137.3 83.0911.84 5.07 109.3 57.9735.10 6.93 132.0 79.2315.94 4.83 130.5 78.3816.84 4.78 A/C = 88.59/11.41 A(S) B 134.3 1 88.59 O 11.41 137.0 76.2819.07 4.65 131.8 86.65 2.19 11.16 154.0 73.9121.58 4.51 129.4 84.73 4.35 10.92 A/C = 92.99/7.01 123.9 81.47 8.03 10.50 A(O) 158.9 92.99 O 7.01 A(T) 118.8 78.1711.75 10.07 147.5 88.49 4.84 6.67 116.2 76.7313.39 9.88 128.0 83.4210.29 6.29 LiCl A(T) 121.8 75.3015.00 9.70 117.0 80.1413.81 6.05 130.7 74.0116.46 9.53 106.8 75.3718.94 5.69 149.0 71.5719.21 9.22 98.0 71.7722.82 5.41 157.0 70.5120.53 8.96 92.9 69.4825.28 5.24

M % M % M % «L, 0C A B C A/C = 83.01/16.99 A(T) 121.0 83.01 O 16.99 118.3 81.57 1.74 16.69 112.1 77.56 6.58 15.86 108.0 75.02 9.63 15.35 106.0 73.8811.00 15.12 B 109.0 72.7512.36 14.89 119.0 71.6413.70 14.66 129.8 70.2115.43 14.36 138.0 68.7917.14 14.07 A/C = 77.52/22.48 A(T) 108.0 77.52 O 22.48 105.1 75.41 2.73 21.86 102.5 73.44 5.27 21.29 99.8 71.50 7.78 20.72 96.5 69.5810.25 20.17 B 98.0 69.1610.79 20.05 103.8 68.4311.74 19.83 118.8 66.6714.01 19.32 136.0 64.9316.25 18.82 A/C = 72.12/27.88 A(T) 97.0 72.12 O 27.88 96.1 70.68 2.00 27.32 91.0 69.26 3.98 26.76 88.0 67.95 5.79 26.26 86.2 66.65 7.59 25.76 B 89.5 65.17 9.64 25.19 101.2 64.0011.26 24.74 118.0 62.1813.79 24.03 141.1 59.1817.95 22.87 155.5 57.7919.87 22.34 A/C = 66.80/33.20 C 110.0 66.80 O 33.20 107.8 65.76 1.56 32.68 101.0 62.78 6.03 31.19 97.7 61.51 8.34 30.15 B 98.3 59.6010.78 29.62 112.0 58.1013.03 28.87 140.0 54.8917.84 27.27 150.0 53.7819.50 26.72 A/C = 64.18/35.82 C 116.0 64.18 O 35.82 108.7 61.38 4.35 34.27 106.2 59.88 6.69 33.43 LiCl 103.7 58.92 8.19 32.89 104.0 58.48 8.86 32.66 102.5 57.7110.08 32.21 101.8 57.0311.14 31.83 B 109.3 56.0912.60 31.31 123.0 54.0815.73 30.19 129.3 53.2617.02 29.72

M % M % M% tL, 0C A B C A/C = 61.56/38.44 C 124.7 61.56 O 38.44 119.5 59.58 3.23 37.19 112.3 57.21 7.07 35.72 110.0 56.54 8.16 35.30 LiCl 110.0 56.21 8.70 35.09 109.0 54.9710.71 34.32 109.0 53.7512.69 33.56 B 113.3 53.11 13.74 33.15 115.0 52.6914.41 32.90 134.0 50.8017.48 31.72 A/C = 56.40/43.60 C 137.0 56.40 O 43.60 132.3 53.90 4.44 41.66 128.7 52.06 7.70 40.24 126.7 50.71 10.10 39.19 LiCl 125.5 49.8811.56 38.56 123.7 49.0713.00 37.93 120.7 48.3414.30 37.36 B 122.3 47.5415.71 36.75 129.0 46.8916.86 36.25 142.0 45.4019.51 35.09

A = NH 4 NO 3 JB = NH 4 Cl; C = NaCl (196) (A.) A/E = 97.31/2.69 A 165.2 I 97.311 2.69 | O B 128.3 86.77 2.39 J10.81 133.1 85.05 2.34 12.61 135.7 84.03 2.31 13.64 145.1 80.87 2.22 16.91 A/B = 94.00/6.00 A 164.0 94.00 6.00 O 148.8 91.50 5.84 2.66 137.5 89.03 5.68 5.29 A +B 128.8E i 86.59; 5.53 | 7.88 B 135.8 84.19 5.37 10.44 144.9 81.81 5.22 12.97 156.2 79.47 5.07 15.46 A/B = 89.98/10.02 A 155.4 89.9810.02 O 142.4 87.63 9.74 2.63 131.4 85.30 9.48 5.22 A +B 130.OE I (?) I (?) I (?) B 138.0 82.98 9.22 7.79 144.0 81.83 9.11 9.06 155.7 79.59 8.84 11.57 163.0 78.45 8.73 12.82

M % M % M % A = NH 4 NO 3 ; B = NH4Cl; C = NaNO 3 (163) (A.) fc, 0C A B C A/B = 94.13/5.87 M % M % M % B f c , 0C A B C 135.1 85.45§ 5.33 9.22 A/B = 82.91/17.09 137.4 85.15 5.31 9.54 A+B 147.2 84.46 5.27 10.27 141.OE I 82.9117.09 | O 160.1 83.30 5.19 11.51 B 168.0 82.50 5.15 12.35 138.1* 81.43J16.79 1.78 135.7f 79.6516.42 3.93 A/B = 89.88/10.12 133.Ot 77.8716.05 6.08 A 133.0§ 76.7015.81 9.49 152.8 89.88 10.12 O 134.511 73.9515.25 10.80 146.3 87.60 9.86 2.54 134.711 70.2214.48 15.30 139.5 85.44 9.63 4.93 134. OJI 67.0813.82 19.10 B 65.06|13.40 21.54 133.4 146.611 83.58 9.41 7.01 NaCl 158. llf 82.70 9.34 7.96 133.5 64.5213.30 22.18 166.8** 82.00 9.24 8.76 140.4 62.4112.86 24.73 177.0ft 81.24 9.15 9.61 147.8 60.13 12.40 27.47 A/B = 86.42/13.58 165.4 56.0211.53 32.45 A A/C = 80.85/19.15 147.2 86.42 13.58 O A +C 142.0 84.69 13.31 2.00 121.OE 1 80.85| O |19.15 83.86 13.17 2.97 139.6 A B 117.5 78.42 3.00 18.58 144.8Jt 83.03 13.04 3.93 114.211 76.04 5.94 18.02 148.2§§ 82.62 12.98 4.40 A + B +C 158.71111 81.83 12.85 5.32 112.5E I 74.76| 7.53 |17.71 165.5HH 81.43 12.79 5.78 B A/B = 85.74/14.26 122.511 72.85 9.88 17.27 131.511 70.4012.92 16.68 A 139.5 67.0317.09 15.88 146.3 85.74 14.26 O 148.5 65.3419.18 15.48 141.9 81.63 13.59 4.78 137.2 77.90 12.96 9.14 159.5 63.8021.10 15.10 Mix. (A + C) * This mixture gives E(A -f B) at 137.O0C. 135.8 76.17 12.68 11.15 0 t At 132.2 C. 139.1 74.51 12.39 13.10 0 J At 129.4 C. 146.1 71.36 11.87 16.77 § at 127.60C. 168.5 66.60 11.08 22.32 (I Ternary E(A + B + C) at 112.20C. A/B = 82.91/17.09 1 This mixture gives ternary A+B E(A + B + C) at 112.50C. 141. IE |82.91 1-17.09 | O B 145.9*** 82.08 16.92 1.00 154.6ftt 81.28 16.74 1.98 A = N H 4 N O 3 J B = NH 4 Cl; 165.0IÎÎ 80.48 16.59 2.93 C = KCl (200) (A.) 173.7§§§ 79.68 16.43 3.89 A/B = 97.36/2.64 * This mixture gives E [B + Mix. A (NH 4 NO 3 + KNO 3 )] at 134.70C. t At 137.O0C. 165.3 97.36 2.64 O I At 139.40C. 155.7 94.04 2.54 3.42 § Mixtures 85.45-82.50 M % A give 147.1 90.91 2.47 6.62 a ternary E[A + B + Mix. (NH 4 138.1 88.00 2.39 9.61 NO3 + KNO 3 )] at 134.50C. I) This mixture gives E(A + B) at Mix. (NH4NO3 + KNO3) 136.60C. 134.7 I 86.54 2.36 11.10 1[ At 137.O0C. B ** At 136.S0C. 142.1* 85.23 2.31 12.46 ft At 135.40C. ÎÎ This mixture gives E(A -f B) at 155.Of 84.40 2.29 13.31 138.80C. 165.7Î 83.90 2.28 13.82 §§ At 137.20C. A/B = 94.13/5.87 II I] At 138.20C. A 11 At 137.40C. *** This mixture gives E(A + B) 159.3 94.13 5.87 O at 141.O0C. 150.0 90.94 5.68 3.38 f t f At 140.O0C. 140.9 87.96 5.47 6.57 TO At 138.40C. 137.2 86.52 5.41 8.07 §§§ At 137.40C.

A = NH 4 NO 3 ; B = NH 4 Cl; C = KNO 3 (200) (A.) M % M % M %

f

c

,

°

C A

A/B = 82.91/17.09 A+B 141.IE I 82.9117.09 | O B 138.0 79.9416.47 I 3.59 139.0* 78.5116.19 5.30 142.7f 75.8615.62 8.52 146.6t 73.3215.12 11.56 151.81 69.8714.40 15.73 156.811 67.7313.95 18.32 160.811 66.3813.69 19.93 A/C = 88.92/11.08 A + Mix. (A + C) 157.5Ei 88.921 O 111.08 A

153.0 86.91 2.26 10.83 143.7 81.99 7.80 10.21 139.6 79.1710.97 9.86 A + Mix. (A + C) -f B 134.5E I 76.54)13.92 ] 9.54 B 139.8** 75.5515.04 149.5** 74.5716.14 154.6** 74.0916.68

9.41 9.29 9.23

A/C = 86.90/13.10 Mix. (A + C) 160.0 86.90 O 13.10 153.4 83.74 3.64 12.62 149.7 82.07 5.56 12.37 144.4 79.90 8.06 12.04 136.8** 76.2412.26 11.50 135.9** 143.6** 156.6** 161.9 166.2

B 75.5913.01 74.1414.68 72.9316.07 72.2916.81 71.6817.52

11.40 11.18 11.00 10.90 10.80

A/C = 84.34/15.66 Mix. (A + C) 167.9 84.34 O 15.66 164.8 83.05 1.53 15.42 157.0 80.90 4.08 15.02 147.9 77.14 8.54 14.32 143.8 75.7010.25 14.05

B 141.7**] 74.3011.90 13.80 142.8** 73.6212.72 13.66 145.9** 72.3214.26 13.42 * This mixture gives E(A -f B) at 136.80C. t At 134.50C. Î This mixture gives Ei[B + Mix. (A + C)] at 134.O0C. § At 142.O0C. Il At 146.20C. 1 At 152.80C. ** This mixture gives ternary E[A + Mix. (A + B) + C] at 134.50C.

A = NH4NO3; B = (NH4)2SO4; C = NaNO 3 (i»7) (A.) M % M % M %

fB

cC ,

°

C A

A/C = 95.28/4.72 A 156.1 I 95.28[ O I 4.72 Mix. (A + B) 158.5 94.76 0.55 4.69 164.6 93.29 2.09 4.62 168.1 92.22 3.22 4.56 A/C = 90.54/9,46 A 145.0 1 90.54) O I 9.46 Mix. (A + B) 147.3 90.04 0.55 I 9.41 152.1 88.81 1.91 9.28 156.0 87.90 2.91 9.19 87.27| 3.61 9.12 157.2 A/C = 85.76/14.24 A 132.1 85.76; O 114.24 Mix. (A + B) 134.8 85.18 0.67 14.15 139.0 84.06 1.98 13.96 140.0 83.47 2.67 13.86 140.4 83.25 2.92 13.83 A/C = 83.36/16.64 A 125.8 I 83.361 O |16.64 Mix. (A + B) 128.6 82.85 0.61 J16.54 132.8 81.86 1.79 16.34 139.0 80.49 3.44 16.07 144.9 79.05 5.18 15.77 A/C = 80.95/19.05 A 121.6 80.95Î O 19.05 121.0 80.74! 0.27 18.99 Mix. (A + B) 122.9 80.51 0.55 18.94 123.7 80.30 0.80 18.90 126.1 79.25 2.11 18.64 129.2 78.27 3.31 18.42 A/C = 76.12/23.88 C 134.0 76.12 O 23.88 131.6 75.65 0.62 23.73 127.8 74.61 1.99 23.40 122.5 73.64 3.26 23.10 119.9 73.34 3.65 J23.01 Na2SO4 119.0 72.90 4.23 22.87 123.0 72.40 4.88 22.72 134.0 71.94 5.49 22.57 A/C = 71.26/28.74 C 147.7 71.26 O 28.74 144.7 70.47 1.11 28.42 138.4 69.58 2.35 28.07 132.0 68.43 3.98 27.59 Na2SO4 126.0 67.52 5.25 27.23 132.1 67.12 5.81 27.07

B

A = NH 4 NO 3 ; B = (NHJ2SO4; C = K N 0 3 (i»») (A.) M % M % M% /L, 0C A B C A/C = 96.81/3.19 A 166.1 I 96.81| O I 3.19 Mix. (A H- B) 168.4 96.43 0.39 3.18 170.1 95.84 1.00 3.16 173.9 94.87 2.01 3.12 176.1 93.80 3.11 3.09 177.0 93.02 3.92 3.06 178.2 92.36 4.60 3.04 A/C = 93.57/6.43 A 162.6 I 93.571 O 6.43 Mix. (A -f B) 164.6 93.22 0.37 6.41 167.2 92.67 0.96 6.37 171.0 91.62 2.08 6.30 173.7 90.52 3.25 6.23 175.0 89.18 4.69 6.13 A/C = 91.09/8.91 A 159.8 I 91.09| O I 8.91 Mix. (A + B) 163.4 90.55 0.60 8.85 168.6 89.27 2.01 8.72 171.1 88.33 3.03 8.64 172.6 87.60 4.32 8.52 A/C = 88.93/11.07 A H- Mix. (A H- C) 157.2 I 88.93| O |11.07 Mix. [ (NH4) 2SO4 + K2SO4] 159.3 88.70 0.25 11.05 162.2 88.30 0.72 10.98 164.9 87.70 1.38 10.92 166.6 87.06 2.10 10.84 169.9 85.75 4.23 10.68 A/C = 86.05/13.95 Mix. (A H- C) 162.8 86.05 O 13.95 162.1 85.69 0.42 13.89 Mix. (A H- C) H- Mix. [(NH4)2S04 + K2SO4] 160.4E I 85.28| 0.90 |13.82 Mix. [(NHJ2SO4 H- K2SO4] 161.1 85.07 1.14 13.79 162.8 84.61 1.68 13.71 165.6 83.80 2.62 13.58 168.0 82.97 3.58 13.45 8-2.11 4.58 13.31 169.3 A/C = 84.34/15.66 Mix. (A -f C) 167.4 84.34 O 15.66 166.1 84.06 0.34 15.60 165.2 83.75 0.71 15.54 162.9 82.90 1.72 15.38 Mix. [(NHJ2SO4 H- K2SO4] 162.7 82.68 1.98 15.34 163.0 82.56 2.12 15.32 164.3 82.14 2.62 15.24 166.2 81.55 3.32 15.13 167.5 81.14 3.80 15.06

M % M % M % *L, 0C A B C A/C = 83.05/16.95 Mix. (A H- C) 171.4 83.05 O 16.95 170.1 82.70 0.42 16.88 167.8 82.14 1.10 16.76 164.5 81.33 2.08 16.59 163.7 80.85 2.65 16.50 Mix. [(NHJ2SO4 + K 2 SO 4 ] 163.7 80.72 2.81 16.47 164.4 80.32 3.29 16.39 166.7 79.67 4.08 16.25 A/C = 81.75/18.25 Mix. (A H- C) 174.5 81.75 O 18.25 172.1 81.16 0.73 18.11 168.0 80.23 1.86 17.91 165.7 79.43 2.84 17.73 165.0 79.11 3.24 17.65 Mix. (A + C) + Mix. [(NHJ2SO4 H- K2SO4] 164.9E I 78.75| 3.68 |l7.57 Mix. [(NHJ2SO4 + K2SO4] 165.7 I 78.42| 4.08 |17.50 A = NH 4 NO 3 ;B = NaCl; C = NaNO 3 (196) (A.) A/C = 95.00/5.00 A 156.0 95.00 O 5.00 145.3 92.42 2.72 4.86 134.6 89.86 5.40 4.74 123.3 87.34 8.06 4.60 NH 4 NO 3 + NH4Cl 120.OE I (?) I (?) I (?) NH4Cl 124.0 84.8910.65 4.46 132.5 82.4213.24 4.34 140.4 80.0115.78 4.21 B 146.4 79.4016.41 4.19 154.5 78.8317.03 4.14 160.0 78.2417.64 4.12 171.3 77.6418.27 4.09 A/C = 91.00/9.00 A 146.0 91.00 O 9.00 135.5 88.52 2.74 8.74 124.5 86.08 5.42 8.50 NH4NO3 H- NH4Cl 114.7E I 83.66| 8.09 | 8.25 NH4Cl 124.0 81.2710.70 8.03 133.5 78.9313.27 7.80 78.3513.91 | 7.74 136.5 B 142.2 77.75,14.55 7.70 76.62^5.81 7.57 157.7 A/C = 87.38/12.62 A 136.5 87.38 O 12.62 130.0 86.02 1.55 12.43 123.0 84.43 3.37 12.20 113.5 81.83 6.36 11.81 NH 4 NO 3 H- NaNO 3 + NH4Cl 113.OE 81.46| 6.77 11.77

M % M % M % *L, 0C A B C A/C = 87.38/12.62 C 115.0 80.98 7.32 11.70 128.0 77.7611.00 12.24 134.5 76.0612.96 10.98 B 144.0 75.5413.55 10.91 147.0 75.2613.87 10.87 164.5 74.3414.92 10.74 A/C = 83.83/16.17 A 127.0 83.83 O 16.17 119.3 81.54 2.74 15.72 A +C 116.0E I (?) I (?) I (?) C 118.2 79.19 5.54 15.27 127.4 77.03 8.11 14.86 133.8 74.8410.73 14.43 B 158.1 72.6713.32 14.01 167.3 72.1313.96 13.91 A/C =80.85/19.15

A+C 121.OE I 80.851 O |19.15 A 120.7 I 80.30| 0.69 119.01 AH-C 119.5E I 79.50| 1.68 |l8.82 C 121.5* 78.67 2.69 18.64 126.Of 77.64 3.98 18.38 133.2Î 75.61 6.48 17.91 140.4t 73.72 8.83 17.45 153.OJ 71.1112.05 16.84 164.4J 70.5912.69 16.72 176.2Î 69.6413.86 16.50 A/C = 76.02/23.98 C 132.0 76.02 O 23.98 138.4 73.92 2.75 23.33 144.9 71.85 5.47 22.68 151.2 69.82 8.14 22.04 160.2 68.0410.49 21.47 * This mixture gives E(A + C) at 118.O0C. t At 115.50C. Î E(A + B + C) at 112.20C.

A = NH 4 NO 3 ; B = Na2SO4; C = NaNO 3 (196) (A.) A/C = 85.76/14.24 A 132.0 I 85.76| O Il4.24 Mix. (NH4NO3 + (NHJ2SO4) 131.0 85.271 0.57 14.16 128.5 84.28 1.72 14.00 123.8 82.86 3.38 13.76 121.5 82.14 4.22 13.64 A/C = 84.90/15.10 A 125.8 84.901 O |15.10 Mix. (NH4NO3 H- (NHJ2SO4) 124.2 84.26 0.75 14.99 121.3 83.30 1.88 14.82

M % M % M % *L, 0C A B C A/C = 84.90/15.10 Mix. (NH4NO3 + (NHJ2SO4) 120.2 83.00 2.23 14.77 119.2 82.28 3.08 14.64 120.0 81.97 3.44 14.59 123.0 81.39 4.24 14.46

A/C = 80.95/19.05 A 121.5 80.95 O 19.05 120.1 80.72 0.29 18.99 118.6 80.49 0.57 18.94 117.5 80.02 1.15 18.83 C 119.0 79.55 1.73 18.72 123.9 78.89 2.55 18.56 127.1 78.31 3.27 18.42 131.3 77.34 4.47 18.19 A/C = 80.42/19.58 C 125.0 80.42 O 19.58 126.0 80.10 0.40 19.50 128.0 79.62 0.99 19.39 129.9 78.96 1.81 19.23 133.0 78.04 2.95 19.01

A = NH 4 NO 3 ;B = KCl; C = KNO3 (200) (A.) A/C = 96.81/3.19 A 166.0 96.81 O 3.19 159.4 94.76 2.12 3.12 152.7 92.16) 4.80 3.04 Mix. (A H- C) 143.9 89.11 7.96 2.93 142.9* 86.1011.06 2.84 142.9 84.5612.65 2.79 NH4Cl 143.Of 84.1013.13 2.77 149.7t 83.5413.71 2.75 154.4§ 83.0214.25 2.73 160.8K 82.5014.78 2.72 A/C = 93.56/6.44 A 162.8 93.56 O 6.44 158.3 92.09 1.58 6.33 149.1 88.91 4.98 148.61Ï 87.70 6.27 148.1** 86.50 7.55 Mix. (A + C)

6.11 6.03 5.95

147.7 85.35 8.78 5.87 147.6ft 84.65 9.53 5.82 82.4311.90 5.67 148.0 NH4Cl 149.4ÎÎ 81.5412.85 5.61 151.6§§ 81.1513.26 5.59 158.71111 80.3614.11 5.53 166.0 79.5414.99 5.47 A/C =* 88.92/11.08 A + Mix. (A H- C) 157.5E I 88.921 O |ll.08

M % M % M % fc, 0C A B C A/C = 88.92/11.08 Mix. (A + C) 156.3 86.54 2.68 10.78 155.6 84.28 5.22 10.50 157.0 84.00 5.55 10.45 158.0 82.10 7.67 10.23 162.9 80.17 9.85 9.98

A = Pb(NOa) 2 ; B = NaNO 3 ; C = KNO 3 (99) (A.) t, 0C I M % A I M % B A + B +C 186E I 18.04 I 30.18

fc, 0C

44OE2

I M % A I M % B A/C = 50/50 BC2 + B I I B

460 40.5 17.5 650 34 28 720 32 35 A = CdBr2 ; B = NaBr ; 810 26.5 46.5 C =KBr (44);Fig. 49 870 15 69.5 * This mixture gives ternary E [Mix. (A + C) + A + NH4Cl] at 922 O 100 A = AgCl; B = AgBr; 134.50C. AC + B = pseudobinary C = AgI (155); Fig. 50 t This mixture gives Ei [Mix. system (A -f C) + NH4Cl] at 142.90C. A = AlF3; B = CaF2; Î At 143.90C. 0-12% BaCl 2 give EI at 440° C = NaF (75); Fig. 51 § At 144.70C. 12-100% BaCl2 give E2 at 440° 0 Il At 146.1 C. f This mixture gives Ei[A -f Mix. A = MgO ; B = NaF; C = KF All mixtures give a ternary E (28) (A.) (AC + BC2 + B) at 435° (A + C)] at 145.40C. C/B = 66.7/33.3 ** At 140.30C. fc, 0C ] M % A ] M % B 11 This mixture gives ternary BC2 B/C = 39.98/60.02 E[A + NH4Cl + Mix. (A + C)] at 660 O 33.3 0 (?) 134.5 C. 650 11.5 29.5 702* O 39.98 Jt This mixture gives E2[NH4Cl + 630 22.5 26 Mix. (A + C)] at 147.40C. 709 1.26 39.47 §§ At 148.O0C. 540 28.5 24 701 3.73 37.56 0 IUl At 150.5 C. 34 22 695.5 6.04 36.68 A = NH 4 NO 3 ; B = K 2 SO 4 J BC2 + B 677 11.40 35.42 C = KNO 3 (199) (A.) 445Ei I 951 16.14 33.52 A/C = 88.93/11.07 B * E for B + C. A + Mix. (A + C) 470 39 20.5 A = MgF 2 ;B = CaF2; 157.2E I 88.93| O |11.07 470 45 18.5 C = BaF2 (28) (A.) Mix. (K2SO4 + (NH4)2S04) 475 51.5 16.5 A/B = 55.63/44.37 158.3 88.76 0.19 11.05 B +A (?) 160.8 88.08 0.95 10.97 45OE2 56.5 14.5 954* 55.63 44.37 163.2 87.44 1.67 10.89 A 926 53.29 42.50 164.0 87.16 1.98 10.86 490 63 12.5 935 50.62 40.38 164.5 86.71 2.50 10.79 540 68 11 935 47.56 37.94 620 79 7 905 44.02 35.16 A = N H 4 C I j B =NaCl; 770 100 O 886 39.86 31.80 C = NaNO 3 (196) (A.) BC2 + A = pseudobinary 835 34.91 27.84 C/A = 82.04/17.96 system. Mixtures of 0-51.5% 790 28.93 23.07 NH 4 NO 3 + NH4Cl A give EI at 445° and a ternary 935 21.54 17.19 141.OE I 17.96| O |82.04 E(AC + BC2 + B) at 432°. 1120 12.20 9.73 A Mixtures of 51.5-100% A give (1288) O O 141.0* 17.93 0.17 81.90 All these mixtures give a E2 at 450° and a ternary 145.5f 17.74 1.19 81.07 E (AC + B + A) at 440°. halting pt. at 790-810°. 155.OJ 17.43 3.00 79.57 A = MgCl2; B = NaCl; * E for A + B. 164.5 17.14 4.58 78.28 C = KCl (243) ; Fjg. 52 C/A = 85.70/14.30 A = MgCl 2 JB = BaCl2; A = CaO; B = CaF2; NH4NO3 C = KCl (154) (A.) 148.0 14.30 O 85.70 C = CaCl2 (18) (A.) *L, 0C I M % A I M % B 0 143.5 14.14 1.15 84.71 * , C ( M % A I M % B L B/C = 33.33/66.67 A 140.5 14.02 1.95 84.03 BC2 ca. 800 I 13.26 | 12.30 NH4NO3 + NH4Cl 660 O 33.33 137.OE i (?) 1 (?) 1 (?) A = CaO ; B = BaO ; 645 11 26 A C = BaCl (222) (A.) 2 BC2 + AC* 140.0§ 13.71 4.20 82.09 A 445E I 45 1 3 142.511 13.60 4.86 81.54 921 3.22 O AC 153.0 13.28 7.16 79.56 931 2.22 0.22 465 48 1 166.5 12.95 9.45 77.60 940 0.91 2.02 486 50 O 938 0.57 6.03 *This mixture gives E(NH 4 NOa + A/C = 50/50 NH 4 Cl) at 140.50C. A = CaCl 0 2 ; B = SrCl2; AC t At 138.5 C. C = BaCl2 (239); Fig. 54 JAt 134.50C. 486 50 O § This mixture gives E(NH 4 NO 3 + A = CaCl 2 ; B = NaCl; 460 48 2.5 0

NH4Cl) at 133.O C. I) At 132.50C.

A = PbCl2; B = PbBr2; C =PbI 2 (155); Fig. 46 A = PbCl2; B = NaCl; C = KCl (255); Fig. 47

A = CdCl2; B = NaCl; C = KCl (42); FJg. 48

AC + BC2 44OE1 I 46 I BC2 445 I 43.5 I

C = KC1 (145, 243); Fig.

7 12

* BCa + AC = pseudobinary system. All mixtures give the E at 445°.

55

A = Ca(NO 3 ) 2 ; B = NaNO 3 ; C = KNO 3 (i 60 ); Fig. 53 A = CaCO3; B = Na 2 CO 3 ; C ^K 2 CO 3 (173); Fig. 56

A = SrCl2; B = BaCl 2 ; G = NaCl (263); Fig. 57 A = SrCl 2 JB = BaCl2; C = KCl (263); Fig. 58 A = SrCl2; B = NaCl; C = KCl (243) ; Fig. 59 A = Sr(NOs) 2 ; B = NaNO,; C - KNO3 (i°7) (A.) tLl 0C I M % A I M % B (?) 254.2 8.12 43.25 221.8 5.25 52.64 210.0 5.26 43.13 209.5 5.26 42.11 210.5 5.26 41.04 226.8 5.26 31.58 209.0 4.71 43.97 208.4 4.71 42.94 209.2 4.71 41.89 210.0 4.16 43.76 211.2 4.16 42.71 2.57 46.15 213.8 A = BaCl2; B = NaCl; C = KC1 (87,263); Fig.

60

A = Ba(NOa) 2 ; B = LiNO 3 ; C = KNO 3 (91) (A.) *L, 0C I M % A I M % B (?) 299.1 5.26 84.22 73.70 310.4 5.26 317.4 5.26 63.17 303.7 5.26 52.65 A = Ba(NOs) 2 ; B = NaNO 3 ; C = K N O 3 (107); Fig. 61 A = LiCl; B = NaCl; C = KCl ( 2 1 5 , 2 3 9 ) ; FJg. 62

A = LiCl; B = NaCl; C = RbCl (215) (A.) ZL, 0C I M % A I M % B (?) 320* 58.3 O 318 56.6 2.4 328 54.1 6.7 460 45.5 21.3 545 37.6 34.9 * E for A + C.

A = LiCl; B = NaCl; C = CsCl (215) (A.) *L, 0C M %A I M % B (?) 325* 59.0 O 323 58.3 1.1 320 58.0 1.7 326 55.0 6.8 354 53.6 9.0 431 49.4 16.3 493 44.7 24.1 * E for A + C.

A = LiNO 3 ; B = NaNO 3 ; C =KNO 3 ( 60 );Fig. 63

A = NaOH; B = Na 2 CO 3 ; C = K O H (171) (A.) /L, 0C I M % A I M % B A/C = 50/50 (?) 167 50.00 O 183 48.93 2.14 199 47.35 5.30 214 45.53 8.94 219.5 44.63 10.74 A = NaOH; B = Na 2 CO 3 ; C = K 2 CO 3 (171) (A.) B/C = 55.25/44.75 (?) 290.0 100 O 275.5 96.90 1.91 265.0 91.90 5.00 266.0 89.64 6.39 267.5 87.63 7.62 A = NaF; B = NaCl; C = Na2SO4 ( 2 73); Fig. 64 Ai = SnO2; A2 = PbO; A3 = ZnS ; A4 = CuO ; A 5 = ZnO B = Sea salt (98.14 Wt. % NaCl; 0.23% MgCl2; 0.24% MgSO4; 0.19% K2SO4; 0.71%

CaSO4; 0.24% H2O; 0.24% insol.) (114) (A.) I1 0C Wt. % A1* 890 0.006 880 0.014 1150 0.016 t, 0C Wt. % A2* 900 0.153 870 0.194 920 0.272 1220 0.431 t, 0C Wt. % A3* 870 0.099 865 0.121 900 0.135 900 0.152 920 0.318 1220 0.540 1190 0.702 t, 0C Wt. % A4* 900 0.281 910 0.361 920 0.790 t, 0C Wt. % A5* 890 0.32 870 0.221 1250 0.52 * Dissolved in B.

LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) O) Amadori, 22, 21 I: 467; 12. (2) Amadori, 28, 21 II: 67; 12. (3) Amadori, 22, 21II: 183; 12. (*) Amadori, 22, 21II: 688; 12. (5) Amadori, 22, 21II: 768; 12. (6) Amadori, 22, 22 I: 453, 609; 13. (7) Amadori, 22, 22 II: 332; 13. (8 ) Amadori, 22, 22 II : 366 ; 13. (9 ) Amadori, 24, 72 1: 451 ; 13. (10) Amadori, 24, 72 II: 893; 13. (U) Amadori, 24, 72 II: 903; 13. O 2 ) Amadori, 24, 73 II: 1665; 14. O 3 ) Amadori, 24, 73 II: 1679; 14. (U) Amadori, 22, 24 II: 200; 15. O 5 ) Amadori, &$, 76 II: 419; 17. O 6 ) Amadori, 30, 49 I: 38; 19. ( 1 7 ) Amadori and Pampanini, 22, 20 II: 572; 11. 0») Arctowski, 93, 6: 260; 94. 11: 272; 96. ( l d ) Arndt, £5, 40: 427; 07. (20) Arndt and Löwenstein, 9, 15: 784; 09. ( 2 I) Aten, 7, 68: 41; 19. (22) Bagster, 4, 99: 1218; 11. (23) Bakhuis Roozeboom, 7, 2: 449; 88. (24) Barth, Diss., Aachen, 1912. (25) Baume and Georgitses, 42, 12: 250; 14. 34, 154: 650; 12. (26) Baume and Pamfil, 42, 12: 256; 14. (27) Baume and Robert, 34, 169: 968; 19. (28) Beck, 192, 5: 504; 08. (29) Beckmann, 93, 51: 96; 06. (30) Beckmann, 93, 55: 175; 07. (31) Beckmann, 93, 89: 167; 14. (32) Belladen, 36, 52 I: 161; 22. (33) Bergmann and Genke, 53, 58: 83; 26. (34) Bernhardis, 22, 21 I: 438; 12. (35) Boeke, 93, 50: 355; 07. (36) Bogitch, 34, 161: 790; 15. (37) Boks, Diss., Amsterdam, 1902. (38) Bond and Beach, 1, 48: 348; 26. ( 39 ) Botta, 189, 1911: 23. (40) Bousfield, 4, 115:45; 19. ( 4 *) Bradley and Alexander, 1, 34: 15; 12. (42) Brand, 19OB, 32: 627; 11. ( 43 ) Brand, 189, 1912: 26. ( 4 4 ) Brand, 190, 1913 I: 9. ( 4 5 ) Briscoe and Madgin, 4, 123: 1608; 23. ( 4 6 ) Bruni and Meneghini, 93, 64: 193; 09. (47) Büchner, 7, 54: 665; 06. ( 4 ») Calcagni, 36, 42 II: 652; 12. (49) Calcagni, 36, 42 II: 660; 12. (50) Calcagni and Mancini, 22, 19 II: 422; 10. ( 51 ) Calcagni and Maretta, 36, 42 II : 668; 12. (52) Calcagni and Marotta, 36, 42 II : 674; 12. (53) Calcagni and Marotta, 36, 43 II: 380; 13. ( 5 4 ) Calcagni and Marotta, 36, 44 I: 487; 14. ( 5 5 ) Calcagni and Marotta, 36, 45 II: 368; 15. (56) Cambi, 22, 21 I: 773; 12. (57) Cambi, Atti ist. Lombardo, 45 II: 182; 12. ( 58 ) Cambi and Bozza, 216, 13: 221; 23. ( 5 9 ) Canneri and Fernandes, 22, 1: 671; 25. (60) Carveth, 00, 2: 209; 98. (61) de Cesaris, 22, 20 I: 597; 11. (62) de Cesaris, 22, 20 I: 749; 11. (63) Le Chatelier, 34, 118: 709; 94. (64) Le Chatelier, 34, 118: 800; 94. (65) Chickashige and Yamauchi, 429, 1: 341; 16. ( 6 6 ) Cunningham, 93, 89: 48; 14. (67) Cuttica, 22, 29 : 289; 20. (68) Early and Lowry, 4, 121: 963; 22. ( 6 9 ) van Eyk, 7, 30: 430; 99. (70) van Eyk, 64P, 3: 98; 01. ( 71 ) van Eyk, 7, 51: 721; 05. (72) Falciola, 172 (7th), 10: 159; 09. (73) Fedotiev and Ilyinskii, 169, 18: 147; 11. (74) Fedotiev and Ilyinskii, 93, 80: 113; 13. (75) Fedotiev and Ilyinskii, 93, 129: 93; 23. (76) Flach, Diss., Aachen, 1912. (77) Foote and Hunter, I , 42: 69; 20. (73) Foote and Levy, 11, 37: 494; 07. (79) Friedrich, 192, 4: 479; 07.

(80) Friedrich, 192, 4: 671; 07. («i) Friedrich, 192, 5: 114; 08. (»2) Friedrich, 93, 84: 373; 14. (83) Friedrich, 187, 1: 79; 14. (**) Friedrich, 187, 1: 160; 14. (85) Garelli, 36, 28 II: 253; 98. (»«) Garelli and Bassani, 22, 10 I: 255; 01. ( 8 7) Gemsky, 190B, 36: 513; 13. (88) Germann and Booth, 50, 30: 369; 26. (89) Germs, Diss., Groeningen, 1921. (90) Ginsberg, Ber. Pol. Inst. Petr., 1906: 6. ( 9 I) Ginsberg, 93, 61: 122; 09. (92) van der Goot, 7, 84: 419; 13. ( 9 3) Groschuff, 93, 58:102; 08. ( 9 4 ) Grahinann, 93, 81: 257; 13. ( 9 S) Grube and Rudel, 93, 133: 375; 24. ( 9 6) Guichardt and Chrétien, 34,138:1269; 04. ( 9 7) Guinchant, 34,145:68; 07. (98) Guinchant, 34, 149: 479; 09. (") Guthrie, 3, 17: 462; 84. (.100) Haan, 187, 10: 831; 13. ( 101 ) Hachmeister, 93, 109: 145; 19. O 0 2 ) Hantzsch, 7, 61: 257; 08. ( 1 OS) Hantzsch, 7, 62: 626; 08. 36, 39 1: 120; 09. (104) Hantzsch, 7, 65: 41, 47; 09. (lös) Hantzsch, 7, 68: 204; 09. 36, 39II: 512; 09. (i o6) Hantzsch, 36, 411: 645; 11. (i° 7 ) Harkinsand Clark, l, 37; 1816; 15. (i 0 8 ) Hayward, 80, 48: 141; 14. (l09) Heike, 192, 9: 313; 12. (iiO) Herrmann, 93, 71: 257; 11. ("I) Hevesy, 7, 73: 667; 10. (* 12 ) Hissink, 7, 32: 357; 00. (H3) Holmes, 45, 12: 781; 20. (H4) Houben, 192, 9: 592; 12. (US) Hüber, 93, 116: 139; 21. ("«) litsuka, 429, 4: 61; 20. (117) Isbekow, 93, 84: 24; 13. (U 8 ) Isbekow, 93, 143: 80; 25. ("») Jaeger, 64V, 20: 497; 11. (!2O) Jaeger and Doornbosch, 93, 75: 261; 12. (121) Jaeger and Germs, 93, 91: 194; 15. O 2 2 ) Jaeger and Germs, 93, 119: 145; 21. (i") Jaeger and van Klooster, PS, 78: 245; 12. (124) Jaenecke, 7, 64: 343; 08. (125) Jaenecke, 7, 80 : l ; 12. (126) Kablukov, 7, 65: 121 ; 09. O 2 7 ) Karandyeev, 189, 1909: 728. (128) Karandyeev, 93, 68: 188; 10. (129) Kellner, 93, 99: 137; 17. (130) Kendall, Crittenden and Miller, l, 45: 963; 23. (131) Kendall and Davidson, l, 42: 1141; 20. O 3 2 ) Kendall and Davidson, l, 43: 979; 21. (133) Kendall and Landon, l, 42: 2131; 20. O34) Van Klooster, 93, 69: 122; 11. (135) Kohlmeyer, 136, 36: 1079; 12. (136) Konno, 429, 4: 51; 19. (137) Korreng, 19OB, 37: 50; 14. (138) Korreng, 93, 91: 194; 15. (139) Kraus and Guy, I , 45: 712; 23. (140) Kroll, PS, 77: 1; 12. ( I 4 i ) Kurilov, 7, 25:107; 98. (142) Kurnakov and Zhemchuzhnui, PS, 52: 186; 07. ( 1 4 3 ) Kurnakov and Vrzhesnevskii, 93, 74: 89; 12. (144) Lamplough, 201, 16: 193; 12. (145) Lantsberry and Page, 54, 39: 37T: 20. (146) Lebedev, 93, 70: 301; 11. (147) Lespiau, 34, 140: 855; 05. (148) Lewis and Brighton, l, 40: 482; 18. O 4 9 ) vonLiempt, PS, 122: 175; 22. (150) Lorenz, Jab and Eitel, 93, 83: 39; 13. (isi) Lorenz and Ruckstahl, 93, 51: 71; 06. ( 152 ) Losana, 36, 56: 301; 26. (i 5 3 ) Maass and Hatcher, I , 42: 2548; 20. 44: 2472; 22. (154) Matignon and Valentin, 27, 33: 267; 23. (i 55 ) Matthes, 19OB, 31: 342; 11. (156) Mazzetti and de Carli, 36, 56 II: 19; 26. ( 1 5 7) Meneghini, Atti ist. Padova, 28: 89; 12. (158) Meneghini, 36, 42 II: 472; 12. (i59) Menge, 93, 72: 162; 11. (160) Menzies and Dutt, J, 33: 1366; 11. ( 161 ) Meyer and Sandow, 25, 54: 759; 21. (162) Mönkmeyer, 190B, 22: 1; 06. O 6 3 ) Moles, 7, 90: 70; 15. O 6 4 ) Müller, 19OB, 30: 1; 10. (^ 5 ) Nacken, 188, 1907: 602. (166) Nacken, 19OB, 24: 1; 07. (167) Nacken, 189, 1907: 301. (i 68 ) Nacken, 189, 1912: 545. (169) Nacken, 76, 1918: 192. (170) Nest, 94, 47:263; 10. ( i 7 i ) Neumann and Bergve, 9, 20: 271; 14. (172) Niggli, 93, 98: 241; 16. (173) Niggli, 93, 106: 126; 19. (174) Oddo, 36, 31II: 158; 01. (175) Oddo, 36, 31II: 138; 02. (176) Oddo and Mannessier, 36, 4111:212; 11. (177) Oddo and Scandola, 36, 38 I: 603; 08. 7,62:243; 08. (178) Oddo and Scandola, 36, 39 I: 569; 09. 7, 66: 138; 09. (179) Oddo and Scandola, 36, 39 II: l, 44; 09. (180) Oddo and Scandola, 36, 40 II: 163; 10. (isi) Oddo and Tealdi, 36, 33 H: 427; 03. (182) Osaka, 479, 1: 341; 16. (183) Oswald, 6, 1: 32; 14. (184) Padoa and Tibaldi, SO, 34: 92; 04. O 8 5) Panebianco, 508, 44: 3; 15. (l 86 ) Barravano, 36, 39 II: 55; 09. ( 18 7) Parrà vano and Calcagni, 93, 65: 1; 10. (i 88) Parrà vano and de Cesaris, 36, 42II: 1; 12. (i 8 9 ) Pascal, 27,11: 321; 12. (190) Pascal, 27, 33: 539; 23. O 9 I ) Pascal and Ero, 27, 25: 35; 19. O 9 2 ) Pascal and Garnier, 27, 25: 309 ; 19. (193) Pascal and Jouniaux, 27, 13: 439; 13. (194) Pelabon, 34, 140: 1389; 05. (195) Pelabon, 34, 146: 975; 08. (196) Perman, 4, 121: 2473; 22. ( J 9 7 ) perman and Harrison, 4, 125: 364; 24. (198) Perman and Harrison, 4, 125: 1709; 24. (i") Perman and Howells, 4, 123: 2128; 23. (200) Perman and Saunders, 4, 123: 841; 23. (2oi) piato, 7, 58: 350; 07. (202) Poma and Gabbi, 22, 20 I: 464; 11. ( 2 °3) Ponomarev, 93, 89: 382; 14. (204) Ponomarev, Soobscenija naucnotechn-rabitach Respublike, Moskva, 1921: 67. 10, 5: 132; 25. ( 2 OS) pushin and Baskow, 93, 81: 347; 13. (206) Pushin and Löwy, 93, 150: 167; 26. (207) Quartaroli, 36, 50 H: 64; 20. ( 2 °S) Quercigh, ^ 211:415; 12. ( 209 ) Quercigh, 22, 23 I: 825; 14. (21°) Rack, 189, 1913: 373. (2U) Räder, 93, 130: 325; 23. ( 2 I 2 ) Ramsay, 7, 5: 221 ; 90. ( 2 1 3 ) Rassow, 93, 114: 117; 20. ( 2 1 4 ) Reinders, 7, 32: 494; 00. ( 2 i5) Richards and Meldrum, 1, 39: 1816; 17. ( 2 I 6 ) Rosenheim, Stadker and Jacobsohn, 25, 39: 2837; 06. ( 2 I 7 ) Ruer, 93, 49: 365; 06. ( 2 I 8 ) Ruff, 25, 42: 4021; 09. ( 2 I 9 ) Ruff and Plato, 25, 36: 2357; 03. ( 2 2 O) Sackur, 9, 16: 649; 10. ( 2 2 I ) Sackur, 7, 78: 550; 12. ( 2 2 2 ) Sackur, 7, 78: 564; 12. (223) Sackur, 7, 83: 297; 13. (224) Sandonnini, 36, 41 II: 144; 11. (225) Sandonnini, 24, 71 I: 553; 12. (226) Sandonnini, 22, 211: 196; 12. (227) Sandonnini, 22, 21 I: 479; 12. (228) Sandonnini, 22, 23 I: 959; 14. ( 2 2 9 ) Sandonnini, 36, 44 I: 290; 14.

Rg. I SO2-CO2

Fig.13 Fi'g.7

Fig.e SO2-KI

Fig.3 M-CO2

Fig.9 Fig. IO

Fig.4 NH3-NH4Br

Fig.5

Fig. 12

Figo

Rg. 8

Ffg.18 Fig. 19 TLNO2-TLNO3

Fig.l!

Fig.22 Fig.20

BiCI3-ZnCI2 Fig-14 Fig. 15

Fig. 16 SnBr4-SnI4

Fig.23

Fig.17

Fig.29 Fig.28 Fig.21

Fig.33

Fig.34

Fig.37

Fig.26

Fig. 35

Fig.30

Fig. 27

Fjg.38

Fig. 32

Fig.31

Fig. 39

Fig.40

Fie.45 Fig.43

Fig.42

Fig.4l

Fig.44

Fig.46

Fig.48

Fig.47 Fig.49

Rg.53 Fig.50

Fig.51 Fie-54

Fig.SZ

Fig.55

Fig.59 Fig.56

Fig. 60

Fig.57

Fig.61

Fig.58

Fig.64

Fig. 62l

(230) Sandonnini and Scarpa, 88, 22 II: 163; 13. (2 31 ) Sandonnini and Scarpa, 88, 22 H: 517; 13. (232) Sanger and Riegel, 98, 76: 79; 12. (233) Scarpa, 88, 21II: 719; 12. (234) Scarpa, 88, 22 H: 452; 13. (235) Scarpa, 88, 24 I: 738; 15. (236) Scarpa, 88, 24 I: 955; 15. (237) Scarpa, 88, 24H: 476; 15. (238) Schaefer, 190, 1914 I: 15. (239) Schaefer, Dies., Berlin, 1919. (240) Schenck and Rassbach, 8ô, 41: 2917; 08. ( 241 ) Schobert, Dias,, Leipzig, 1912. (242) Schoen, 198, 8: 737; 10. (243) Scholich, Diss., Berlin, 1919. (244) Skossareswsky and Tchitchinadzé, 48, 14: 153; 16. ( 24S ) Smolenskii, 93, 73: 293; 12. (246) Steger, 7, 43: 595; 03. (247) stock and Rudolph, 85, 43: 150; 10. (248) Tacchini, 36, 54: 777; 24. (249) Takahashi, 489, 4: 47; 19. (250) Tammann and Krings, 98, 130: 229; 23. (251) Thiel and Schulte, 7, 96: 312; 20. (252) Thomas, 192, 7: 706; 10. (253) Tolloczko, 7, 30: 705; 99. (254) Tolloczko, 165, 1: 1; 01. ( 25 S) Treis, 19OB, 37: 766; 14. (256) Truthe, 93, 76: 129; 12. (257) Tubandt and Eggert, 93, 110: 196; 20. (258) Ussow, 93, 38: 419; 04. (259) Vasil'ev, 53, 44: 1076; 10. (260) Vogt, 190, 1914 U: 14. ( 2 î) Voloskov, 169, 15: 428; 11. (262) Vortisch, 19OB, 38: 185; 14. (263) Vortisch, 19OB, 38: 513; 14. (264) Vrzhesneskii, 93, 74: 95; 12. ("5) Wagemann, 192, 9: 518; 08. (26B) Waiden, 93, 29: 371; 02. ( 2 6 7) Waiden, 93, 68: 307; 10. ( 2 6 8 ) Waiden and Centnerszwer, 7, 42: 432; 03. (269) Welsh and Broderson, l, 37: 816; 15. (270) Winter, Diss., Leipzig, 1913. ( 2 ^ i ) Wise, l, 45: 1233; 23. (272) von Wittorff, 93, 41: 85; 04. (273) Wolters, 19OB, 30: 55; 10. ( 2 74)Zambonini, 508, 45/ 46: 3; 15. (275) Zambonini, 36, 50 U: 128; 20. ( 2 7 6 ) von Zawidski, 7, 47: 721; 04. (277) Zhemchuzhnui, 93, 57: 267; 08. (278) Zhemchuzhnui, 93, 65: 403; 10. (279) Zhemchuzhnui, 93, 153: 47; 26. (280) Schmidt, 87, 39: 1686; 29. («») Beach and Bond, 453, 32: 328; 25.

Fig.63i

SYSTEMS CONTAINING REFRACTORY SUBSTANCES JOHN BRIGHT FERGUSON* INTKODUCTION Scope.—The substances included in this section are boron nitride, the oxides of Al, Fe, Si, Ti, Th, Ce, Zr, the alkaline earths and the rare earths. The systems covered consist of these substances alone, associated with one another, or associated with any metallic oxide, exclusive of tungstates, vanadates, and molybdates.

INTBODUCTION Champ.—Les substances comprises dans cette section sont: le nitrure de bore, les oxydes d'Aï, Fe, Si, Ti, Th, Ce, Zr, les terres alcalines et les terres rares. Les systèmes mentionnés consistent en ces substances seules, associées l'une avec l'autre ou associées à un oxyde métallique, à l'exclusion des tungstates, vanadates et molybdates.

* Data marked Ed. added by editorial office.

EINLEITUNG Umfang.—Die in diesem Abschnitt enthaltenden Stoffe sind, Bornitrid, die Oxyde des Al, Fe, Si, Ti, Th, Ce, Zr, der alkalischen und seltenen Erden. Die dargestellten Systeme behandeln diese Stoffe allein oder in Verbindung mit einander, oder in Verbindung mit irgend einem Metalloxyd. Ausgenommen sind Wolframate, Vanadate und Molybdate.

INTRODUZIONE Contenuto.—Le sostanze considerate in questa sezione sono: azoturo di boro, gli ossidi di Al, Fe, Si, Ti, Th, Ce, Zr, quelli dei metalli alcalino-terrosi e delle terre rare. I sistemi presi in considerazione con un ossido metallico qualunque. Sono eccettuati i tungstati, i vanadati ed i molibdati.

Fig.64

Fig. 62l

(230) Sandonnini and Scarpa, 88, 22 II: 163; 13. (2 31 ) Sandonnini and Scarpa, 88, 22 H: 517; 13. (232) Sanger and Riegel, 98, 76: 79; 12. (233) Scarpa, 88, 21II: 719; 12. (234) Scarpa, 88, 22 H: 452; 13. (235) Scarpa, 88, 24 I: 738; 15. (236) Scarpa, 88, 24 I: 955; 15. (237) Scarpa, 88, 24H: 476; 15. (238) Schaefer, 190, 1914 I: 15. (239) Schaefer, Dies., Berlin, 1919. (240) Schenck and Rassbach, 8ô, 41: 2917; 08. ( 241 ) Schobert, Dias,, Leipzig, 1912. (242) Schoen, 198, 8: 737; 10. (243) Scholich, Diss., Berlin, 1919. (244) Skossareswsky and Tchitchinadzé, 48, 14: 153; 16. ( 24S ) Smolenskii, 93, 73: 293; 12. (246) Steger, 7, 43: 595; 03. (247) stock and Rudolph, 85, 43: 150; 10. (248) Tacchini, 36, 54: 777; 24. (249) Takahashi, 489, 4: 47; 19. (250) Tammann and Krings, 98, 130: 229; 23. (251) Thiel and Schulte, 7, 96: 312; 20. (252) Thomas, 192, 7: 706; 10. (253) Tolloczko, 7, 30: 705; 99. (254) Tolloczko, 165, 1: 1; 01. ( 25 S) Treis, 19OB, 37: 766; 14. (256) Truthe, 93, 76: 129; 12. (257) Tubandt and Eggert, 93, 110: 196; 20. (258) Ussow, 93, 38: 419; 04. (259) Vasil'ev, 53, 44: 1076; 10. (260) Vogt, 190, 1914 U: 14. ( 2 î) Voloskov, 169, 15: 428; 11. (262) Vortisch, 19OB, 38: 185; 14. (263) Vortisch, 19OB, 38: 513; 14. (264) Vrzhesneskii, 93, 74: 95; 12. ("5) Wagemann, 192, 9: 518; 08. (26B) Waiden, 93, 29: 371; 02. ( 2 6 7) Waiden, 93, 68: 307; 10. ( 2 6 8 ) Waiden and Centnerszwer, 7, 42: 432; 03. (269) Welsh and Broderson, l, 37: 816; 15. (270) Winter, Diss., Leipzig, 1913. ( 2 ^ i ) Wise, l, 45: 1233; 23. (272) von Wittorff, 93, 41: 85; 04. (273) Wolters, 19OB, 30: 55; 10. ( 2 74)Zambonini, 508, 45/ 46: 3; 15. (275) Zambonini, 36, 50 U: 128; 20. ( 2 7 6 ) von Zawidski, 7, 47: 721; 04. (277) Zhemchuzhnui, 93, 57: 267; 08. (278) Zhemchuzhnui, 93, 65: 403; 10. (279) Zhemchuzhnui, 93, 153: 47; 26. (280) Schmidt, 87, 39: 1686; 29. («») Beach and Bond, 453, 32: 328; 25.

Fig.63i

SYSTEMS CONTAINING REFRACTORY SUBSTANCES JOHN BRIGHT FERGUSON* INTKODUCTION Scope.—The substances included in this section are boron nitride, the oxides of Al, Fe, Si, Ti, Th, Ce, Zr, the alkaline earths and the rare earths. The systems covered consist of these substances alone, associated with one another, or associated with any metallic oxide, exclusive of tungstates, vanadates, and molybdates.

INTBODUCTION Champ.—Les substances comprises dans cette section sont: le nitrure de bore, les oxydes d'Aï, Fe, Si, Ti, Th, Ce, Zr, les terres alcalines et les terres rares. Les systèmes mentionnés consistent en ces substances seules, associées l'une avec l'autre ou associées à un oxyde métallique, à l'exclusion des tungstates, vanadates et molybdates.

* Data marked Ed. added by editorial office.

EINLEITUNG Umfang.—Die in diesem Abschnitt enthaltenden Stoffe sind, Bornitrid, die Oxyde des Al, Fe, Si, Ti, Th, Ce, Zr, der alkalischen und seltenen Erden. Die dargestellten Systeme behandeln diese Stoffe allein oder in Verbindung mit einander, oder in Verbindung mit irgend einem Metalloxyd. Ausgenommen sind Wolframate, Vanadate und Molybdate.

INTRODUZIONE Contenuto.—Le sostanze considerate in questa sezione sono: azoturo di boro, gli ossidi di Al, Fe, Si, Ti, Th, Ce, Zr, quelli dei metalli alcalino-terrosi e delle terre rare. I sistemi presi in considerazione con un ossido metallico qualunque. Sono eccettuati i tungstati, i vanadati ed i molibdati.

Bibliography.—See ( 7 > 8 » 52). Temperature Scale.—T h e temperature scale employed is the I. C. T. scale (see Vol. I, p. 53) with slightly different values for certain fixed points as follows: diopside, 1391°; Pd, 1550°.

Bibliographie.—Voir ( 7 > 8 > 51). Échelle de température.—L' échelle de température employée est l'échelle des T. C. I. (voir, Vol. I, p. 53) avec des voleurs légèrement différentes pour les points fixes suivants: diopside, 1391°; Pd, 1550°.

ONE-COMPONENT SYSTEMS Standard Arrangement; v. Vol. I, p. 96 MELTING POINTS (m), BOILING POINTS, UNDER 1 ATM. (b), TRANSITION TEMPERATURES (tr.), AND DECOMPOSITION TEMPERATURES (dì 18 SiO2; v. p. 19 19 TiO 2

Several forms ( 106 ); decomposes into 2Ti2O3-STiO2 ( 122 ); for M. P. of Ti2O, v.

(54)

2Ti2O3-STiO2 ZrO2 ZrO2-SiO2 PbO PbO.SiO2 2PbO.SiO2 ThO2 W ZnO ZnO.SiO2 2ZnO.SiO2 CdO.Si02 2CdO-SiO2 MnO MnO-SiO2

m, 1640 (122) Several forms (i<>6) ; m? 2700 0*6), 3000 (109), 2550-2600 ( 12 O, 122, 142) ; yield point of fused material 2950 ( 23 ) m, 25so (94, 146) m, 888 ± 10 (30) m, 766 ± 10 ( 2 »» 30) m, 746 ± 10 (29, 30) m, >2790 (1 2 <>> 142) m, 1975 O 5 7 ) (Ed.) m, 1437 ± 2 (**> 81) m, 1509 ± 3 («o, 81) m, 1242 ± 2 (so, si) m, 1242 ± 2 (so, si) m, >1650 in vacuo (142) m, 1273 ± 5; heat effects at 1208 and 1120°; interpretation not clear ( 4 0 > 56 > 80, 81)

2MnO-SiO 43 FeO

Fe2O3

Probably decomposes into MnO + liq., 1323 (40, 80) Stability range >570; relations uncertain; see binary system FeO-Fe3O4; magnetic form ( 47 ); M. P. of a ferrous oxide, 1419 (58, 118) tr., 678, probable tr., 755-85 (no, 137); magnetic tr., 40 (73); cf. (140) ; in a{r d, 1100; po2 = ca. 1 atm. at 1200 (6 7 » 74,

Fe3O4

117,

144);

m?

1548-65d (58,

89,

il 8 ); see binary system Fe2O3-Fe3O4 Magnetic tr., 530 (6» 31, 124, 135, 136, 149,

155);

m>

1538d (58, 118);

pO2j

1100° <0.005 mm (74) ; 1200° <0.04 mm (i 37 ); see binary system Fe2O3Fe3O4 2FeO.SiO2 ( 87 ) Cr2O3 m, 1990 ± 20 (58, 86, 118) Ta2Os Dissociates into lower oxide which melts about 1460-80 (142) BN d, 1222-1240; pN2>9.4 mm (130, 131); probably two forms (53) Al 2 O 3 Two forms; probably monotropic ( 1 U); m, a, 2050 ± 10 (86, 118, 120, I42) ; b, 2210 (Ar) (I 2 I) 62 63 (For borates, v. ( » ) Al2O3-SiO2 Unstable forms ( 2 2 > 59) 3Al2O3.2SiO2 Mullite; d (into liq. + aA!2O3) 1810 ± 10 (20, 59, 60); see binary system

5z Bibliographie.—Siehe

).

(7>

8

»

Temperaturskala.—D i e zugrunde liegende Skala ist die der I. C. T. (siehe Band I, S. 53) mit etwas geringer Abweichung für die Fixpunkte: Diopsid, 1391°; Pd, 1550°. 57 Yt2O3 La2O3 Ce2O3 BeO BeO-SiO2 76 MgO

MgO-SiO2 2MgO.SiO2 MgO.Al2O3 2MgO.2Al2O3.5SiO2 77 CaO CaO.SiO2 2CaO.SiO2 3CaO.SiO2 3CaO.2SiO2 CaO.Fe2O3 2CaO.Fe2O3 2CaO.B2O3 CaO.Al2O3 3CaO.Al2O3 3CaO.5Al2O3 5CaO.3Al2O3 CaO.Al2O3.2SiO2 2CaO.Al2O3.SiO2 3CaO.Al2O3.SiO2 CaO.MgO.SiO2 CaO.MgO.2SiO2 2CaO.MgO.2SiO2 5CaO.2MgO.6SiO2 78 SrO SrO-SiO2 2SKXSiO2 SrO.Al2O3.2SiO2 79 BaO BaO.SiO2 2BaO.SiO2

Bibliografica.—Vedi ( 7 > »> 52). Scala della temperatura.—LSL scala adottata è quella delle I. C. T. (vedi Vol. I, p. 53), salvo piccole variazioni per quanto riguarda i punti fìssi: diopside, 1391°; Pd, 1550°.

m, 2410(1 2 O) m, >2000 (142) m, 1692 (54) m, 2400 ± 50 (H9> i 2 2 » 142) m, >1755 (so, 81) m, 2800 ± 20 (86, 120); b, 2800 (neutral atm.) (121); b, 2029 at 7 mm (i"); one form only (i° 8 ) Clinoenstatite stable high temp, form; d (into 2MgO.SiO2 + liq.) 1557 ± 2; 3 unstable forms (l» 3> l 9 » 37 > 38, 150) m, 1890 ± 20 ( i 9 ) m, 2135 ± 20 (Hit ***) Two forms, monotropic; d O 1 2 ); see ternary system Two forms—tr., ca. 420 (135, 138); m > 2572 ± 10 (86, 125); b, 2850 (H«» I 2 I ) a (pseudowollastonite) ; ß (wollastonite) ; a +±ß 1200 ± 2 (l» 113); m, 1540 ± 2 (2, 37, 38, 113) Stable system—a <=± ß 1420 ± 2; ß <=± 7 675 ± 5; am, 2130 ± 20; for labile system, V. (33, 34, 35, 37, 38, 113) d (into CaO + «2CaO.SiO2) 1900 ± 20 (lis, 129); see binary system d (into 2CaO.SiO2 + liq.) 1475 ± 5 (113); see binary system d (into 2CaO.Fe2O3 + liq.) 1216 ± 5 (i 3 9 ); see binary system d (into CaO + liq.) 1436+5 (139); see binary system m, 1304 ± 5 (63, us) m, 1600 ± 5 (38, H3, 128) d (into CaO +Hq.) 1535 ± 5 (38, 113, l 2 8 ); see binary system Two forms, monotropic, stable form m, 1720 ± 10 (38, 113, 128) Two forms, monotropic, stable form m, 1455 ± 5 (38, 113, 128) m, 1550 ± 2 ( 9 > i°» 32, 36, 37, 38, 113) m, 1590 ± 2 (48, us) Pure compound not obtained (H3) d (into 2CaO.SiO2 + solid soin.) 1498 ± 5 ( 50 ); see ternary system m, 1391 ± 2 (it l 2 » 36, 37, 38) m, 1458 ± 2 (48, so) Existence probable but not certain; d, 1365 ± 5 ( 50 ); see ternary system m, 2430 ± 10 O 2 5 ); <2570 (42, 97) m, 1580 ± 4 (42, so, 145) m, >1634 (42); probably, >1755 (80) m, >1700 (42) m, 1923 ± 10 ( Î 2 5) m, 1604 ± 5 (42, so, 81) m, >1755 (42, so)

79 Ba0.2Si02 2Ba0.3Si02 BaO.Al203.2Si02 Ba0.2CaO.3SiO2

m, 1420 ± 4 O*, ie, 42) m, 1450 ± 2 (42) m, > 1700 (42) d (into CaO.SiO2 + Hq.) 1320 ± 4 (42); see binary system

81 Li2O

m, ca. I7oo; in O2 forms Li2O2 which at-

Li2(XSiO2 Li2O.2SiO2 2Li2O.SiO2 2Li2SiO3.3ZrSiO3 Li2O-Al2O3 Li20.Al2O3.2SiO2 Li2O. Al2O3.4SiO2

tacks platinum; volatile above 1000°(79) m, 1201 ± 2 (39, 78, 79) d (into Li2O-SiO2 + Hq.) 1032 ± 5 ( 79 ); see binary system m, or (probably tr.) 1256 ± 3 ( 79 > 126) ; see binary system O2 ^) m, >1625 (83) Two forms; stable form probably pseudoeucryptite, m, 1388 ± 5 (5» 57, 82) Two forms; stable form ß spodumene, m, 1400

82 Na2O-SiO2 Na2O.2SiO2 Na2O-Al2O3 Na2O.Al2O3.2SiO2

Na2O.Al2O3.6SiO2 Na2O.2CaO.3SiO2 Na2O.3CaO.6SiO2 2Na2O.CaO.3SiO2 83 K2O-SiO2 K2O.2SiO2 K2O.2TiO2 K2O.Al2O3.2SiO2

± 3 (5» 82, 83, 96)

m, 1088 ± 2 (78» 101, 145) m, 874 ± 2 (loi) m, 1650 (94) Two forms, nephelite <=^ earnegieite, tr., 1248 ± 5; carnegieite, m, 1526 ± 2 (9> 14); unstable tr., 654-692 and possibly 226.5 (21) m, 1100 ± 10 (io) m, 1284 ± 5 (ioo) d, at 1047 into CaO-SiO2 + Hq. of composition 14CaO, 19Na2O, 67SiO2 (ioo) d, at 1141+5 into Na2O.2CaO.3SiO2 + Hq. of composition 11.5CaO, 38.5Na2O1 5OSiO2 (ioo) m, 976 (102) m, 1041 (98, 102, ios, 104) m, 980 ( 1 OS) Two forms: tr., 1550 ± 10; m, >1755 (14)

K2O.Al2O3.6SiO2

d (into K2O.Al2O3.4SiO2 -f Hq.) 1170 ^0 (99); see binary system

TWO-COMPONENT SYSTEMS Standard Arrangement, v. Vol. Ill, p. viii BOTH COMPONENTS SIMPLE OXIDES B I Fig.

Lit. and remarks A = SiO2

ZrC^Ï

(146)

PbO

(29, 30, 70, 71, 116, 148)

2

ZnO Zy2 Cu2O MnO FeO

CoO NiO Al2O3 3 MgO 4 CaO SrO

5 6

BaO 7 Li2O 8 Na2O 9 K2O

(157) (Ed.) (107); not a true binary (134) (25, 40, 61) At 169O0C: Li, 3.1%, L2, 40.0%, FeO (61); for phase relations, v. ( 87 ) Two liquids (61) Two liquids in high silica melts (61) (20) (19, 61) (2,35,51,61,113,129) (42,61,80,92,133,141,145)

(42, 61, 80) (79) (ioi) (102,

114)

A I B I Fig. Lit. and remarks TiO2 MnO (25) PbO Fe2O3 (90) FeO Fe3O4 Part of system Fe-O. FeO phase stable above 570° ± 10; probably partial solid solution FeO to 24 Wt. % O 2 and Fe3O4 to 27 Wt. % Q2 (27, 41, 45, 46, 68, 72, 95, 127, 153, 154) Fe2O3 Fe2O3 Fe2O3 CoO NiO B2O3 B2O3 B2O3 Al2O3

Fe3O4 Al2O3 CaO Al2O3 MgO CaOi SrO BaO J MgO

12

(in» 128)

Al2O3

CaO

13

(37, 113, 128)

Al2O3 Li2O MgO CaO CaO

SrO

10 Part of system Fe-O (74, 90, 132, 137) (26) 11 Not a true binary (26, 69, 139) (65) (66) (63)

(5) Simple eutectic, ca. 33 Wt. % MgO and 2300° (Hi) X-ray pattern by Wyckoff indicates complete isomorphism (42)

ONE SIMPLE OXIDE + A BINARY COMPOUND OF Two OXIDES MgO-5CaO.3Al2O3, simple eutectic system; eutectic (Wt. %) 44.7 CaO, 48.8 Al2O3, 6.5 MgO at 1380° ± 50"). SiO2-Li2O-Al2O8 (5). ONE SIMPLE OXIDE + A TERNARY COMPOUND SiO2-CaO.Al2O3.2SiO2 ( 4 > us); v. Fig. 14. SiO2-CaO.MgO.2SiO2 (12, so, 6i) ; Vj Fig. 15. SiO2-K2O.Al2O3.4SiO2 (")» v. Fig. 16. Al2O3-CaO.Al2O3.2SiO2; CxAl2O3 melts at 2050° ± 10, CaO-Al2O3. 2SiO2 at 1550° ± 2; simple eutectic at 1547 t\ deg. and 19.3 CaO 39.3 Al2O3, 41.4 SiO2, Wt. % (H3). Two BINARY COMPOUNDS A I B I Lit. ZrO2-SiO2 2Li2O-SiO2 (126) ZnO.SiO2 CdO.SiO2 (88) ZnO-SiO2 Li2O.SiO2 (88) MnO.SiO2 MnO-TiO2 O 33) MnO.SiO2 MgO.SiO2 (92) 2MnO-SiO2 2MgO.SiO2 ( 84 ) MnO.Si02 CaO.Si02 (56) 2MnO.SiO2 2CaO.SiO2 (84) FeO.SiO2 CaO.SiO2 (*i) 2CaO.SiO2 5CaO.3Al2O3 (U 3 ); v. Fig. 17 2CaO-SiO2 2Li2O.SiO2 O 26) CaO.SiO2 SrO.SiO2 (42);Vm Fig. 18 CaO.SiO2 BaO.SiO2 (42); Vm Fig. 19 BaO.2SiO2 2BaO.3SiO2 (42); Vm Fig. 20 Li2O.SiO2 Li2O-B2O3 (88) r CaO.SiO2 (ioo) Na2O.SioJ Na2O.WO3 (88) [ Na2O-B2O3 (88) ONE BINARY + ONE TERNARY COMPOUND Binary | Ternary | Lit. o CaO.Al 0 .2Si0 (4); Mtr0 in 2 3 2 v. Fig. 21 ë 2 CaO.MgO.2SiO2 ( 12 ); v. Fig. 22 CaO.Al203.2Si02 (4); v. Fig. 23 9M n ~ 0 2MgO.SiO, CaO.Mg0.2Si02 (12); v. Fig. 24 CaO.Al2O3.2SiO2 013); v. Fig. 25 2CaO.Al2O3-SiO2 0 13 ) ; v. Fig. 26 p q.n
Fig.2 SiO5-PbO Fig. I SiO2-ZrO2 (Approximate diagram)

Fig. 3 SiO2-OtAI2Q3

Fig.4 SiO2-MgO

Fig.5 SiO2-CaO

Fig-2/Z SiO2-ZnO

Fig. 6 SiO2-SrO

Fig.9 SiO2-Na2O

Fig.8 SiO2-Li2O

Fig.7 SiO2-BaO

Fig. 11 Fe2O3-CaO

Fig.10 Fe-O2 Data obtained with magnetite and electrolytic Fe.

Fig. 13 AI2O3-CaO

Fig. 12 AI2O3-MgO

Fig. 14 Si02-CaO-AI203-aSi02

Fig. 17 2CaO-SiO25CaO-SAI2O3

Fig. 19 CaO-SiO2-BaO-SiO8 Fig. 15 SiO2-CaO-MgO-ESiO8

Fig. 18 CaO-SiO2-SrO-SiO2 Fig. 16 SiO2-K2O-AI2O3^SiOe

Fig.20 BaO-2Si02-ZBaO-3SiOj,

Fig. ?5 CaO-SiQ2-CaO-AIA-ZSiO2

Fig.22 MgO-SiO2-CaO-MgO-ZSiO2 Temp, of complete melting.

Fig.sr MgO-SiO2-CaO-Al2O3 Témp.of compi- meltg.

Fig. 23 2MgO-SiO2-CaO-AI2OSaSiO2 Temp.of complete melting.

Fig. 24 2 MgO -Si O2CaO-MgO-ZSiO2

Fig. 27 CaO-SiO2CaO-MgO-ESiO2

Fig.ao 2CaO-SiO,2CaO-MgO2SiO2

Rg. 26 CaO-SiO2-ZCaO-AI2O3-SiO2

Fig. 28 CaO-SiOz-2CaO-MgO-2Si02

Fig. 39 ZCaO-SiO2-ZCaO-Al2O3-SiO2

Fig.35 MgO-2 CaO-ZSiO2-ZCaO-Al2O3-SiO2

Fig-36 MgO-ZCaO-ZSiO2-SCaO-AI2O2-SSiO2 Temperature of complete melting

Fig. 31 CaO-AI2O3-ZCaO-Al2O3-SiO2

Fig. 32 3CaO-SAI2O3-ZCaO-Al2O3-SiO2

Fig.37 MgO-CaO-ZSiO2-Na2O-AI2O3-ZSiO2 Temperature of complete melti'ng.

Rg. 33 MgO-CaO-ZSiO2-MgO-ECaO-ZSiO2

Fig. 34 MgO-CaO-ZSiO2-CaO-AI2O3-ZSiO2

Fig.36 MgO-CaO-ZSiO2-Na2O-Al2O3-BSiO2

Fig.39 CaO-Al1O3-ZSiO1-ECaO-AI8O3-SiOt

Rg. 42 CaO-AIA-ZSiOrNa(O-AI2O3-BSiO4

Fig. 40 2CaO-AI18O3-SiOrSCaO-AI2O3-SSiOj. Temperature of complete melting

Fig.41 CaO-AI2O3-ZSiO2-Na2O-AI2O3-ZSiO2

Fig. 43 Na2O-AI2O3-ZSiO2-K2O-AI2O3-ZSiO2

Fig. 44 SiO2-AI2O3-MgO

ONE BINARY + ONE Binary | ~ I 2 0 SÌO ^L,au.oiU2 j CaO.Al2O3 3CaO.5Al2O3 Na2O.2SiO2

TERNARY COMPOUND.—(Continued) Ternary | Lit. 2CaO.Al203.Si02 (i13); v. Fig. 29 2CaO.Mg0.2Si02 (50); v. Fig. 30 2CaO.Al2O3-SiO2 ("3); v. Fig. 31 2CaO.Al2O3.SiO2 ("3); Vm Fig. 32 Na2Q.2CaO.3SiO2 (ioo)

Two TERNARY COMPOUNDS A MzO CaO 2SiO, MgO.Ga0.2biU2

|

A

I

B SrO.Al2O3.2SiO2

I Lit, and remarks Probably complete solid r,n AI n OQ1-A sohition (42) CaO.Al203.2Si02 Na2o.Al2o3<2SiO2 (9) . ^ Fig< 41 Na2O.Al2O3-GSiO2 (io, ii) ; „. Fig. 42 on n A I n Q-n / 10(3Na2O.Al2O3.3SiO2) \ Not a true binary 2CaO.Al203.Si021 90(3Cao.Ai2o3.3SiO2) } (24) Na2O.Al2O3.2SiO2 K2Q.Al2O3.2SiO2 (i4);^Fig. 43

B ! Lit. a n d remarks THREE-COMPONENT SYSTEMS MgO.2CaO.2SiO2 (so ); „. Fig. 33 SiO2-O-Fe (151) SiO2-Al2O3-BaO (147) (13); „. Fig. 34 Ca0.Al203.2Si02 SiO2-TiO2-MnO (25) SiO2-Al2O3-Li2O (5) 2CaO.Al2O3.SiO2 (48); v. Fig. 35 SiO2-TiO2-CaO (133) SiO2-Al2O3-Na2O (H4) MsO 2CaO 2SiO 3CaO.Al2O3.3SiO2 (24); „. Fig. 36 SiO2-ZrO2-Li2O (126) SiO2-Al2O3-K2O (H4) Mgu.âu.îu2 [10(3Na2O.Al203.3Si02) \ Not a true binary SiO2-MnO-FeO («*) SiO2-CaO-Li2O (126) 90(3CaO.Al203.3Si02)] J (24) SiO2-MnO-Al2O3 (25) TiO2-MnO-Al2O3 (25) MÔ CaO 2SiO9 Na2O.Al2O3.2SiO2 (17); v. Fig. 37 SiO2-FeO-MgO* (61) Fe2O3-Al2O3-CaO (26) MgO.Ca0.2biU2 Na2O.Al203.6Si02 (13); „. Fig. 38 SiO2-FeQ-CaO (9i) CaO.Al2O3.2SiO2.. 2CaO.Al2O3.SiO2 (H3); v. Fig. 39 * Immiscibility extends across ternary system. Li = 2OMgO, 15FeO, 65SiO2, 2CaO.Al2O3.SiO2. . 3CaO.Al2O3.3SiO2. (24); Vm Fig. 40 Wt. %.

Fig. 45 SiO2-AI2O3-CaO

FIG. 45.—'Composition of Mullite, 3Al2Os.23iO2 not shown. See Fig. 44. THREE-COMPONENT SYSTEMS.—(Continued) 2CAO.AL2O3.SiO2-3CAO.AL2O3.3SiO2-2CAO.MGO.2SiO2 ( 24 ); v. Fig. 50 For other systems, v. ( 24 ); Figs. 52, 53. SlO2-AL2O3-MGO (20, 61, 112); Vt FlG. 44

Ternary compound 2MgO.2Al2O3.5SiO2 forms solid solutions and melts incongruently. Eutectics and quadruple points . 00 -^^Wt. % T, ET" C^ 0 ... , C ''

1345 1700 1358 1425 1460 1370 1575

Sohd phases

± + ± ± + + +

5 25 5 5 5 5 5

A fi .B2.C 2 (mix.) + AC + A AC2 + BC + C A6B2C2 + AC + AC2 A6B2C2 + A2B3 + A A 6 B 2 C 2 + BC + A2B3 A6B2C2 + BC + AC2 A 2 B 3 + BC + B

PQ^^

SiO2

Al2Q3

E E E Q Q Q Q

61.4 28 54 66.5 49.1 51.5 42.8

18.3 20.3 16 56 21 25 23.5 10 34.8 16.1 22.8 25.7 42 15.2

Points on field boundaries, Wt. % Field 1

A Q '

Field 2

( SiO2 j 2MgO.2Al 2 O 3 .5SiO 2 .... ( Al2O3-MgO 2MgO-SiO2 MgOAl2O3 2MgO.2Al2O3.5SiO2 SiO2 ,, OG . 0 / SiO2 ". ... Mg °-Sl°2 \ 2MgO.Si02 Al2O3 MgO.AhOs 3Al2O3.2SiO2 2MgO.2Al 2 O 3 .5SiO 2 .... 2MgO.2Al2O3.5SiOo MgO-SiO2 Max. temps, occur but not well defined. 3Al2O3.2SiO2

MgO

SiO2 77 86 57 45 42 64 64 65 58.2 24

.f' Al2Qs 18 12 29 39 21 20 12 5 10 63

^f' MgO 5 2 14 16 37 16 24 30 31.8 13

85.0 75.0

4.5 4.5

10.5 20.5

Immiscibility curves T

^

T L

*

/ \

The silica liquidus is discontinuous ( 61 ); see the one- and two-component systems; for solid solution, v. ( 112 ).

Rg. 46 SiO2-MgO-CaO

Fig.47 AIaQ3-MgO-CaO

Fig.48

Fig. 49

Fig. 50

létnp.of completo melting Fig. 5l

Fig. 53of complete melting Temp, Fig. 52

SlO2-Ai2O3-CAO ( 1 8 > 20, 61, 75, 76, 77, 113, 129); „. Fig. 45

Ternary compounds CaO.Al2O3.2SiO2: m, 1550 ± 2; 2CaO.Al2O3-SiO2: m, 1590 ± 2; 3CaO.Al2O3-SiO2: d, 1335 ± 5 into /32CaO.SiO2 + CaO-Al2O3; see one-component system. Eutectics and quadruple points S '•°C °'idpl— 1170 ± 5 A2BC + A + AC 1345 ± 5 A2BC + A + A2B3 1265 ± 5 A2BC + ABC2 + «AC 1310 ± 5 ABC2 + A2C3 + «AC 1505 ± 5 ABC2 + BC + B5C3 1380 ± 5 A2BC + ABC 2 + aB 1335 ± 5 /SAC2 + BC -f B3C5 1335 ± 5 /9AC2 + BC3 + B3C5 1512 ± 5 A2BC + aB + A2B3 1380 ± 5 ABC2 + /3AC2 + BC 1475 ± 5 ABC2 + B6C3 + «B 1335 + 5 ABC2 + A2C3 +/SAC 2 1455 ± 5 AC3 + B C 3 + a A C 2 1470 ± 5 C + AC3 + BC3 1900 + 2 O C + ttACz + AC3

1 ^ ^ E E E E E E E E Q Q Q Q Q Q Q

«6. AUOa "ST 62.0 14.7 23.3 70.4 19.8 9.8 42 20 38 41 11.8 47.2 9.25 53.25 37.5 31.8 39 29.2 6.8 43.7 49.5 6.8 41.2 52 47.9 36.5 15.6 9.7 42 48.3 24.3 44.5 31.2 39.9 11.9 48.2 8.7 33 58.3 7.5 32.8 59.7 22.4 9.2 68.4

Points on field boundaries, Wt. % Field2

«6.

CaO.Als0,2Si02

3AU0..2SÌO,

02CaCKSiO2

5CaO.3Al2O3

•2CaO.Si02

2CaO.Al203.Si02 . .. (

Immiscibility ( 6 1) Li =

{

^

»7

AUÔ3 I ST ^3

7

42

^' 8

*J

od

85

g~ 51

R

^'?

2^5

12.5

17.5 49.5

The silica liquidila is discontinuous ( 18 » 6 1 ); see the two-component systems.

SlO2-MGO-CAO (12, 50, 51, 61); „. Fig. 46

Ternary compounds CaO.MgO.2SiO2:m, 1391 + 2; 2GaO.MgO.2SiO2: m, 1458 + 2; CaO.MgO.SiO2: solid solution extends to CaO, 33; MgO, 28; SiO2, 39; pure compound not stable in presence of melt; 5CaO.2MgO.6SiO2(?): d, 1365 ± 5 into aCaO.SiO2 + liquid.

SiO2-McO-CAO.- (Continued) Eutectics and quadruple points \wt. % ~

1 <,o C 1320 1350 1357 1377 1436

Solid phases

± ± ± ± ± ? 1330 ± 1335 ± 1340 ±

5 5 5

1365 1387 1436 1498 1502

5 5 5 5 5

± ± ± ± ±

5 5 5 5 5

A2BC -f A6B2C6 + A A 6 B 2 C 5 4- A2BC + A2BC2 A 2 BC 2 + A2BC + AB2 A 2 BC 2 + AC + A2C3 A 2 BC 2 + ABC (mix.) + AC2 AC2 + B + C /3AC(mix.)+A 6 B 2 C 5 (mix.)+A «AC(mix.) +/SAC(mix.) + A aAC(mix.) +/SAC(mix) -h A6B 2 C 6 (mix.) «AC(mix.)+A 6 B 2 C 5 + A2BC2 /8AC2 + A 2 C 3 -f A2BC2 A2BC2 + ABC(mix.) + AB2 ABC(mix.) + aAC2 + B I ABC(mix.) + AB 2 -f B [

^

E E E E E E Q Q Q

61.4 51.4 50 44.5 42.7 ? 61.4 61.5 61

Q Q Q Q Q

51 44.3 44.4 40.4 41.5

Field 2

SiO2 CaO.MgO.2SiO2

CaO-SiO2 SiO2

CaO.MgO.2SiO2(mix.)... 2MgO.SiO2

Immiscibility (<") Li =

^

8 30.6 12.6 36 20.2 29.8 6.3 49.2 18.3 39 ? ? 7.6 30.9 7.2 31.3 7.6 31.4

J^ SiQ2

_ ?' MgO

^°' CaQ

63 62.4 62 54.3 57 59 70 |

~3 34 15.6 22 10 28 22.7 23.0 24 19 30 11 17 13

The extensive solid solutions found in this system cannot properly be given here; see ( 1 2 » 50 » 5 1 ) for details; refer to the one-component and two-component systems involved, and also the ternary system, CaO.MgO.2SiO2^MgO.SiO2SiO2. The silica liquidus is discontinuous ( 18 > 61).

SiO2-CAO-NA2O (ioo) ; see also Vol. II, p. 97 Ternary eutectics and quadruple points

^. wt.% I, "C

Solid phases

725 ± 5 821 ± 5 827 ± 5 740 ± 5 1030 ± 10 ca. 1030 ca. 1118 ca. 1118

7 I

p^>\

A2C + A6B3C + quartz AC -f A2C + A3BC2 A2C -f A3BC2 + A3B2C A 2 C + A3B2C -J- A6B3C A3B2C -f-A 6 B 3 C + 0AB A6B3C + /3AB + tridymite «AB +/3AB + tridymite «AB + /3AB + A3B2C

E E Q Q Q Q Q Q

I c

B

SiO2

Cab

Na2O

73.5 60.7 61.4 70.7 66.5 73 73 63

5?2 21.3 1.8 37.5 2.0 36.6 5.2 24.1 14.5 19 13 14 15.5 11.5 19 18

The region of immiscibility probably extends slightly from the CaO-SiO2 binary system into the ternary system. The a-ß inversion of CaO-SiO2 takes place in the pure materials at 1200°. The lowered inversion (1118) must indicate solid solutions but these have not been investigated.

AL2O3-McO-CAO (in); v. Fig. 47 Eutectics and quadruple points \wt. % " TT

' *, 0C 1345 1345 1680 1550 1370 1450

Solid phases

± 5 + 5 ± 20 + 5 + 5 ±5

^\^ Pointé

AC + B + A3C5 A3C5 + AC3 + B «A + AB(mix.) + A5C3 A5C3 + AB(mix.) + AC AC -f B + AB(mix.) C + B + AC 3

Af' Ah 3

E E Q Q Q Q

°

CaO 5CaO.3Al2Q3

Field 2

"' Mg

°

51.8 47.7 74 63.2 52.4 42.5

3CaO.Al2Os CaO-Al 2 Q 3

f' I Al2O3 42 51.8

Solid phases

^^^ ^^^ %

A

B

C

Point ^^v

6.7 6.3 5 3.5 6.9 6.0

J3' MgO 2 3.2

1222 ± 5

MgO-SiO2

2MgO-SiO2

f

OQ

K^t

17

I

23

33

44

The silica liquidus may be discontinuous ( 61 ).

SiO2-2MGO.SiO2-CAO.MGO.2SiO2 ( 12 > 61 ); v. Fig. 49 A = SiO2; B = 2MgO.SiO2; C = CaO.MgO.2SiO2. This system is one in which a complete series of solid solutions of CaO.MgO.2SiO2 and MgO.SiO2 occur. Most of these solutions (pyroxenes) melt incongru en tly though the series has a stable minimum melting point. For details ( 12 ) should be consulted. See also one- and two-component systems involved. The silica liquidus may be discontinuous ( 18 > 61). Points on curved boundaries, Wt. % Boundary |%A|%B|%C|| Boundary |% A|% B|% C 2MgO.SiO2 79 15 6 SiO2 61 18 21 I I Pyroxenes 60 26 14 Pyroxenes 41 31 28 30 46 I 24 15 50 35 CAO.AL2O3.2SiO2-CAO.MGO.2SiO2-NA2O.AL2O3.6SiO2 ( 13 ); v. Fig. 51 A = CaO.Al2O3.2SiO2; B = CaO.MgO.2SiO2; C = Na2O.Al2O3.6SiO2. Since in one binary system complete isomorphism occurs, the liquidus-solidus relations are complicated and the original should be consulted. Points on boundary, Wt. % % A 34 35 13 %B 46 25 20 % C 20 40 67 LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume)

~ „' °

Ca

41.5 46 21 33.3 40.7 | 51.5

Points on the field boundaries, Wt. % Field 1

t, 0C

CaO.Al2O3.2SiO2 -f MgO-SiO2E 33 ToTo 50.5 + SiO2 1260 ± 5 CaO.Al2O3.2SiO2 + MgO-SiO2Q 19.5 25.5 55 + 2MgO.SiO2 1320 ± 5 CaO.Al203.2Si02 + MgO-Al2O3 Q* 9.5 29.5 61 [ +2MgO.SiQ2 * This point is unlike the other two in that a phase (MgO.Al2O3) appears which cannot be considered as part of the ternary system. The boundaries of the MgO.Al2O3 field are not true crystallization lines like the other boundaries 12.3 36.7 in the system, but indicate the primary phases and the temperatures of complete melting. 6.2 49.5 22.3 33.3 Points on field boundaries, Wt. % 22.3 37.3 Field 1 I Field 2 | %A j %B | %C 26.4 32.1 37 27 36 -MT n crrv cv^2 / Sl MgCKSiO2 ° \ 38 37 . 25

Points on field boundaries, Wt. % Field 1

~

I

^\^ ^

SiO2-2MGO.SiO2-CAO.AL2O3.2SiO2 ( 4 ); v. Fig. 48 A = SiO2; B = 2MgO.SiO2; C = CaO.Al2O3.2SiO2. Eutectics and quadruple points

Cf

CaO 56 45

Owing to the chance formation of a or /3Al2O3 the limits of the field of Al2O3 are not entirely definite; see also the one- and two-component systems involved.

(i) Allen and White, 18, 27: 1; 09. (2) Allen, White and Wright, 18, 21: 89; 06. (3) Allen, Wright and Clement, 18, 22: 385; 06. (*) Andersen, 12, 39 : 407; 15. (5) Ballo and Dittler, 93, 76: 39; 12. («) Barton and Williams, 133,1892: 657. (7) Bibliography of Magnesite Refractories, American Ceramic Society, Columbus, Ohio, 1924. ( 8 ) Bibliography of Silica Refractories, American Ceramic Society, Columbus, Ohio, 1924. ( 9 ) Bowen, 12, 33: 551; 12. (io) Bowen, 12, 35: 577; 13. (U) Bowen, 93, 82: 283; 13. (12) Bowen, 12, 38: 207; 14. (13) Bowen, 18, 40: 161; 15. (U) Bowen, 18, 43: 115; 17. (15) Bowen, 128, 8:265; 18. (i6) Bowen, 38, 2 : 261; 19. (i 7) Bowen, 18, 3: 1; 22. ( I » ) Bowen, S8B, 3: 385; 24. ( i » ) Bowen and Andersen, 18, 37: 487; 14. (20) Bowen and Greig, 38, 7: 238; 24. («) Bowen and Greig, 12, 10: 204; 25. (22) Bowen, Greig and Zies, 128, 14: 183; 24. (23) Bradford, 480, 62: 284; 18. (24) Buddington, 12, 3: 35; 22. (25) Cain, 33, 23: 879; 20. (26) Campbell, 45, 11: 116; 19. (27) Chaudron, 6, 16: 221; 21. (28) Chaudron and Forestier, 34, 178: 2173; 24. (29) Cooper, Kraus and Klein, 11, 47: 273; 12.

( 3 0 ) Cooper, Shaw andLoomis, 11, 42: 461; 09. (31) Curie, 6, 5: 289; 95. (32) Day and Allen, 152, No. 31; 05. (33) Day, Allen, Shepherd, White and Wright, 481, 26: 169; 07. (34) Day and Shepherd, 1, 28: 1089; 06. (35) Day, Shepherd and Wright, 12, 22: 265; 06. (36) Day and Sosman, 12, 29 : 93; 10. (37) Day and Sosman, 12, 31: 341; 11. (38) Day and Sosman, 93, 72: 1; 11. (39) Day and Sosman, Dictionary of Applied Physics, Vol. I, p. 836. New York, Macmillan, 1922. (40) Doerenckel, 192, 8: 201; 11. (41) Eastman and Evans, 1, 46: 888; 24. (42) Eskola, 12, 4: 331; 22. (43) Fairchild, U. S. Bureau of Standards, Washington, D.' C., O. (44) Fenner, 12, 36: 331; 13. (45) Ferguson, 128, 13: 275; 23. (46) Ferguson, 324, 7: 175; 23. (47) Ferguson, 128, 15: 279; 25. (48) Ferguson and Buddington, 12, 50: 131; 20. (49) Ferguson and Merwin, 12, 46:417; 18. (50) Ferguson and Merwin, 12, 48: 81; 19. ( 51 ) Ferguson and Merwin, 12, 48: 165; 19. (52) Fieldner, Hall and Feild, 29, No. 129; 18. (53) Friederich and Sittig, 93, 143: 293; 25. (54) Friederich and Sittig, 93, 145: 127; 25. (55) Gillett, 50,15: 213; 11. (56) Ginsberg, 93, 59: 346; 08. (57) Ginsberg, 93, 73:277; 11. (58) Goecke, 192, 8: 667; 11. (59) Greig, 38, 8: 465; 25. (60) Greig, 12, 5: 1; 26. (61) Greig, Geophysical Laboratory, Washington, D. C., O. (62) Guertler, 93, 40: 225; 04. (63) Guertler, 93, 40: 337; 04. (64) Hanson and Bogue, 1, 48: 1261; 26. (65) Hedvall, 93, 92: 301; 15. (66) Hedvall, 93, 103: 249; 18. (67) Hempel and Schubert, 9, 18: 729; 12, (68) Hilpert and Beyer, 26, 44: 1608; 11. (69) Hilpert and Kohlmeyer, 25, 42: 4581; 09. (70) Hilpert and Nacken, 25, 43: 2565; 10. (71) Hilpert and Weiller, 25, 42: 2969; 09. (72) Hofmann, 9, 31: 172; 25. (73) Honda and Soné, 159, 3: 223; 14. (74) Hostetter and Sosman, 1, 38: 1188; 16. (75) Jänecke, 93, 73: 200; 11. (76) Jänecke, 93, 89: 365; 14. (77) Jänecke, 93, 93: 271; 15. ( 78 ) Jaeger, 128, 1: 49; 11. (79) Jaeger and van Klooster, 64P, 16: 857; 14. (80) Jaeger and van Klooster, 64P, 18: 896; 16. ( 81 ) Jaeger and van Klooster, 100, 52: 256; 19. (82) Jaeger and airnek, 64P, 17: 239; 14. (83) Jaeger and Simek, 64P, 17: 251; 14. (84) Kallenberg, 93, 88: 355; 14. (85) Kanolt, 32, No. 10: 12. (86) Kanolt, SlA, 10: 295; 14. (87) Keil and Dammann, 77, 45: 890; 25. (88) Van Klooster, 93, 69: 135; 11. (89) Kohlmeyer, 192, 6: 323; 09. (90) Kohlmeyer, 187, 10: 447; 13. (91) Konstantinov and Selivanov, 169, 17: 427; 12. 94, 55: 198; 15. (92) Lebedew, 93, 70: 301; 11. (»3) Libman,

38, 5: 488; 22. (94) Matignon, 34, 177: 1290; 23. (95) Matsubara, 80, 67: 3; 22. (96) Meissner, 93, 110: 187; 20. (97) Moissan, 6, 4: 136; 95. (98) Morey, 1, 36: 215; 14. (99) Morey and Bowen, 12, 4: 1? 22. (ioo) Morey and Bowen, 105, 9: 226; 25. (ioi) Morey and Bowen, 50, 28: 1167; 24. (102) Morey and Fenner, 1, 39: 1173; 17. (*03) Niggli, 1, 35: 1693; 13. (104) Niggli, 93, 84: 229; 13. (i°«) Niggli, 93, 98:241; 16. (106) Niggli, 308, 5: 131; 16. (107) otin, 192, 9: 92; 12. (ios) Parravano and Mazzetti, 22,301:63; 21. (io9) Podszus, 92,30:17; 17. (UO) Posnjak and Merwin, i, 44: 1965; 22. ("i) Rankin and Merwin, 1, 38: 568; 16. (HZ) Rankin and Merwin, 12, 45: 301; 18. (H3) Rankin and Wright, 12, 39: 1; 15. (U4) Rice, 38, 6: 525; 23. (U5) Roberts, 2, 23: 386; 24. (H6) Ruer, 93, 50: 265; 06. (H7) Ruer and Nakamoto, 70, 42: 675; 23. ( 118) Ruff and Goecke, 92, 24: 1459 ; 11. ( i » 9) R u ff and Jellinek, 93, 97: 312; 16. (120) Ruff and Lauschke, 93, 97: 73; 16. (121) Ruff and Schmidt, 93,117: 172; 21. ("2) Ruff, Sieferheld and Suda, 93, 82: 373; 13. (*«) Saunders, 78, 21:425; 12. (124) Schlaepfer and Niggli, 93, 87: 52; 14. (125) Schumacher, 1, 48: 396; 26. (126) Schwarz and Haacke, 93, 115: 87; 21. O27) Schenk, 77, 43: 153; 23. ( 12 8) Shepherd, Rankin and Wright, 12, 28: 293; 09. (129) Shepherd, Rankin and Wright, 46, 3: 211; 11. (130) Slade and Higson, 135,108: 166; 13. (131) Slade and Higson, 4,115: 215; 19. (132) Smits and Bijvoet, 64P, 21: 386; 18. (133) Smolensky, 93, 73: 293; 12. (134) Smyth and Roberts, 1, 42: 2582; 20. (««) Sosman, 45, 8: 985; 16. (136) Sosman, 128, 7: 55; 17. (137) Sosman and Hostetter, 1, 38: 807; 16. (138) Sosman, Hostetter and Merwin, 128, 5: 563; 15. (139) Sosman and Merwin, 128, 6: 532; 16. (140) Sosman and Posnjak, 128, 15: 329; 25. (141) Stein, 93, 55: 159; 07. (142) Tiede and Birnbrauer, 93, 87: 129; 14. (143) Tucker and Lampen, l, 28: 853; 06. (144) Waiden, 1, 30: 1350; 08. (145) Wallace, 93, 63: 1; 09. (146) Washburn and Libman, 38, 3: 634; 20. O47) Watts, 81, 19: 453; 17. (148) Weiller, 136, 35:1063; 11. (149) Weissand Foex, 149, 31: 5, 89; 11. (150) White, 12, 47: 1; 19. (isi) Whiteley and Hallimond, 115, 108: 528; 19. (152) Wietzel, 93, 116: 71; 21. (i 53 ) Wöhler and BaIz, 9, 27: 406; 21. (154) Wöhler and Günther, 9, 29: 276; 23. (iss) Wologdine, 34, 148: 776; 09. (156) Wright and Larsen, 12, 27: 421; 09. (157) Bunting, U. S. Bureau of Standards, Washington, D. C., O.

FREEZING-POINT—SOLUBILITY DATA FOR SYSTEMS CONTAINING ORGANIC COMPOUNDS ONLY F. SPENCER MORTIMER* CONTENTS

MATIÈRES

INHALTSVERZEICHNIS

INDICE

PAGE

Abbreviations and symbols. Arrangement. Two-component systems. Three-component systems. Temperature equations. Cryoscopic data.

Abréviations et symboles. Arrangement. Systèmes à deux constituants. Systèmes à trois constituants. Équations de température. Données cryoscopiques.

Abkürzungen und Zeichen. Anordnung. Zweikomponenten-Systeme. Dreikomponenten-Systeme. Temperatur Gleichungen. Kryoskopische Daten.

Abbreviazioni e simboli... 97 Disposizione 98 Sistemi a due componenti. 98 Sistemi a tre componenti. . 167 Equazioni di temperatura. 172 Dati crioscopici 183

Abbreviations and symbols.— For most of these, v. p. 4. The following additional ones should be noted: Trp. Triple point. Grit. Temperature of complete miscibility of two liquid phases. d When following a temperature datum indicates " decomposition."

Abréviations et symboles.— Pour la plupart de ceux-ci, v. p. 4. On notera en plus les suivants : Trp. Point triple. Crit. Température de miscibilité complète de deux phases liquides. d Lorsqu'il suit une température, indique " décomposition." m,s (par. ex. dans Am, B8, etc.) sont utilisés pour distinguer la forme métastable de la forme stable.

Abkürzungen und Zeichen.—Der grösste Teil davon ist S. 4 zu finden. Ergänzend werden noch angeführt: Trp. Tripl-Punkt. Crit. Temperatur vollständiger Mischbarkeit zweier flüssiger Phasen, d Einer Temperaturangabe folgend, bedeutet dies "Zersetzung." m,s (e.g. in Am, B8, u.s.w.) werden zur Unterscheidung der metastabilen Formen von den stabilen verwen-

Abbreviazioni e simboli.— Per la maggior parte di essi, vedi p. 4. Inoltre:

* Avec remerciements à Dr. H. L. Ward pour l'évaluation critique des données pour certains systèmes binaires et à Mr. Ned Guthrie pour la copie et la lecture des épreuves.

* Herrn H. L. Ward für die kritische Verwertung von Daten einiger bestimmter binärer Systeme und Herrn Ned Guthrie für die Niederschrift und Korrektur ist schuldiger Dank auszusprechen.

m,s

(e.g. in Am, B9, etc.) are used to distingaish metastable from stable forms.

Trp. Punto triplo. Crit. Temperatura di miscibilìtà completa delle due fasi liquide. d Quando seque i dati di temperatura indica " scomposizione."

m,s

(es. in

Am,

B8, ecc.)

vengono usati per distinguere le forme stabili da quelle metastabili.

det. * With acknowledgments to Dr. H. L. Ward for the critical evaluation of the data for certain binary systems and to Mr. Ned Guthrie for typing and proof-reading.

* I dati di alcuni sistemi bin ari sono stati vagliati dal Dott. H. L. Ward, e Mr. Ned Guthrie li ha scritto e corrette le bozze.

( 3 0 ) Cooper, Shaw andLoomis, 11, 42: 461; 09. (31) Curie, 6, 5: 289; 95. (32) Day and Allen, 152, No. 31; 05. (33) Day, Allen, Shepherd, White and Wright, 481, 26: 169; 07. (34) Day and Shepherd, 1, 28: 1089; 06. (35) Day, Shepherd and Wright, 12, 22: 265; 06. (36) Day and Sosman, 12, 29 : 93; 10. (37) Day and Sosman, 12, 31: 341; 11. (38) Day and Sosman, 93, 72: 1; 11. (39) Day and Sosman, Dictionary of Applied Physics, Vol. I, p. 836. New York, Macmillan, 1922. (40) Doerenckel, 192, 8: 201; 11. (41) Eastman and Evans, 1, 46: 888; 24. (42) Eskola, 12, 4: 331; 22. (43) Fairchild, U. S. Bureau of Standards, Washington, D.' C., O. (44) Fenner, 12, 36: 331; 13. (45) Ferguson, 128, 13: 275; 23. (46) Ferguson, 324, 7: 175; 23. (47) Ferguson, 128, 15: 279; 25. (48) Ferguson and Buddington, 12, 50: 131; 20. (49) Ferguson and Merwin, 12, 46:417; 18. (50) Ferguson and Merwin, 12, 48: 81; 19. ( 51 ) Ferguson and Merwin, 12, 48: 165; 19. (52) Fieldner, Hall and Feild, 29, No. 129; 18. (53) Friederich and Sittig, 93, 143: 293; 25. (54) Friederich and Sittig, 93, 145: 127; 25. (55) Gillett, 50,15: 213; 11. (56) Ginsberg, 93, 59: 346; 08. (57) Ginsberg, 93, 73:277; 11. (58) Goecke, 192, 8: 667; 11. (59) Greig, 38, 8: 465; 25. (60) Greig, 12, 5: 1; 26. (61) Greig, Geophysical Laboratory, Washington, D. C., O. (62) Guertler, 93, 40: 225; 04. (63) Guertler, 93, 40: 337; 04. (64) Hanson and Bogue, 1, 48: 1261; 26. (65) Hedvall, 93, 92: 301; 15. (66) Hedvall, 93, 103: 249; 18. (67) Hempel and Schubert, 9, 18: 729; 12, (68) Hilpert and Beyer, 26, 44: 1608; 11. (69) Hilpert and Kohlmeyer, 25, 42: 4581; 09. (70) Hilpert and Nacken, 25, 43: 2565; 10. (71) Hilpert and Weiller, 25, 42: 2969; 09. (72) Hofmann, 9, 31: 172; 25. (73) Honda and Soné, 159, 3: 223; 14. (74) Hostetter and Sosman, 1, 38: 1188; 16. (75) Jänecke, 93, 73: 200; 11. (76) Jänecke, 93, 89: 365; 14. (77) Jänecke, 93, 93: 271; 15. ( 78 ) Jaeger, 128, 1: 49; 11. (79) Jaeger and van Klooster, 64P, 16: 857; 14. (80) Jaeger and van Klooster, 64P, 18: 896; 16. ( 81 ) Jaeger and van Klooster, 100, 52: 256; 19. (82) Jaeger and airnek, 64P, 17: 239; 14. (83) Jaeger and Simek, 64P, 17: 251; 14. (84) Kallenberg, 93, 88: 355; 14. (85) Kanolt, 32, No. 10: 12. (86) Kanolt, SlA, 10: 295; 14. (87) Keil and Dammann, 77, 45: 890; 25. (88) Van Klooster, 93, 69: 135; 11. (89) Kohlmeyer, 192, 6: 323; 09. (90) Kohlmeyer, 187, 10: 447; 13. (91) Konstantinov and Selivanov, 169, 17: 427; 12. 94, 55: 198; 15. (92) Lebedew, 93, 70: 301; 11. (»3) Libman,

38, 5: 488; 22. (94) Matignon, 34, 177: 1290; 23. (95) Matsubara, 80, 67: 3; 22. (96) Meissner, 93, 110: 187; 20. (97) Moissan, 6, 4: 136; 95. (98) Morey, 1, 36: 215; 14. (99) Morey and Bowen, 12, 4: 1? 22. (ioo) Morey and Bowen, 105, 9: 226; 25. (ioi) Morey and Bowen, 50, 28: 1167; 24. (102) Morey and Fenner, 1, 39: 1173; 17. (*03) Niggli, 1, 35: 1693; 13. (104) Niggli, 93, 84: 229; 13. (i°«) Niggli, 93, 98:241; 16. (106) Niggli, 308, 5: 131; 16. (107) otin, 192, 9: 92; 12. (ios) Parravano and Mazzetti, 22,301:63; 21. (io9) Podszus, 92,30:17; 17. (UO) Posnjak and Merwin, i, 44: 1965; 22. ("i) Rankin and Merwin, 1, 38: 568; 16. (HZ) Rankin and Merwin, 12, 45: 301; 18. (H3) Rankin and Wright, 12, 39: 1; 15. (U4) Rice, 38, 6: 525; 23. (U5) Roberts, 2, 23: 386; 24. (H6) Ruer, 93, 50: 265; 06. (H7) Ruer and Nakamoto, 70, 42: 675; 23. ( 118) Ruff and Goecke, 92, 24: 1459 ; 11. ( i » 9) R u ff and Jellinek, 93, 97: 312; 16. (120) Ruff and Lauschke, 93, 97: 73; 16. (121) Ruff and Schmidt, 93,117: 172; 21. ("2) Ruff, Sieferheld and Suda, 93, 82: 373; 13. (*«) Saunders, 78, 21:425; 12. (124) Schlaepfer and Niggli, 93, 87: 52; 14. (125) Schumacher, 1, 48: 396; 26. (126) Schwarz and Haacke, 93, 115: 87; 21. O27) Schenk, 77, 43: 153; 23. ( 12 8) Shepherd, Rankin and Wright, 12, 28: 293; 09. (129) Shepherd, Rankin and Wright, 46, 3: 211; 11. (130) Slade and Higson, 135,108: 166; 13. (131) Slade and Higson, 4,115: 215; 19. (132) Smits and Bijvoet, 64P, 21: 386; 18. (133) Smolensky, 93, 73: 293; 12. (134) Smyth and Roberts, 1, 42: 2582; 20. (««) Sosman, 45, 8: 985; 16. (136) Sosman, 128, 7: 55; 17. (137) Sosman and Hostetter, 1, 38: 807; 16. (138) Sosman, Hostetter and Merwin, 128, 5: 563; 15. (139) Sosman and Merwin, 128, 6: 532; 16. (140) Sosman and Posnjak, 128, 15: 329; 25. (141) Stein, 93, 55: 159; 07. (142) Tiede and Birnbrauer, 93, 87: 129; 14. (143) Tucker and Lampen, l, 28: 853; 06. (144) Waiden, 1, 30: 1350; 08. (145) Wallace, 93, 63: 1; 09. (146) Washburn and Libman, 38, 3: 634; 20. O47) Watts, 81, 19: 453; 17. (148) Weiller, 136, 35:1063; 11. (149) Weissand Foex, 149, 31: 5, 89; 11. (150) White, 12, 47: 1; 19. (isi) Whiteley and Hallimond, 115, 108: 528; 19. (152) Wietzel, 93, 116: 71; 21. (i 53 ) Wöhler and BaIz, 9, 27: 406; 21. (154) Wöhler and Günther, 9, 29: 276; 23. (iss) Wologdine, 34, 148: 776; 09. (156) Wright and Larsen, 12, 27: 421; 09. (157) Bunting, U. S. Bureau of Standards, Washington, D. C., O.

FREEZING-POINT—SOLUBILITY DATA FOR SYSTEMS CONTAINING ORGANIC COMPOUNDS ONLY F. SPENCER MORTIMER* CONTENTS

MATIÈRES

INHALTSVERZEICHNIS

INDICE

PAGE

Abbreviations and symbols. Arrangement. Two-component systems. Three-component systems. Temperature equations. Cryoscopic data.

Abréviations et symboles. Arrangement. Systèmes à deux constituants. Systèmes à trois constituants. Équations de température. Données cryoscopiques.

Abkürzungen und Zeichen. Anordnung. Zweikomponenten-Systeme. Dreikomponenten-Systeme. Temperatur Gleichungen. Kryoskopische Daten.

Abbreviazioni e simboli... 97 Disposizione 98 Sistemi a due componenti. 98 Sistemi a tre componenti. . 167 Equazioni di temperatura. 172 Dati crioscopici 183

Abbreviations and symbols.— For most of these, v. p. 4. The following additional ones should be noted: Trp. Triple point. Grit. Temperature of complete miscibility of two liquid phases. d When following a temperature datum indicates " decomposition."

Abréviations et symboles.— Pour la plupart de ceux-ci, v. p. 4. On notera en plus les suivants : Trp. Point triple. Crit. Température de miscibilité complète de deux phases liquides. d Lorsqu'il suit une température, indique " décomposition." m,s (par. ex. dans Am, B8, etc.) sont utilisés pour distinguer la forme métastable de la forme stable.

Abkürzungen und Zeichen.—Der grösste Teil davon ist S. 4 zu finden. Ergänzend werden noch angeführt: Trp. Tripl-Punkt. Crit. Temperatur vollständiger Mischbarkeit zweier flüssiger Phasen, d Einer Temperaturangabe folgend, bedeutet dies "Zersetzung." m,s (e.g. in Am, B8, u.s.w.) werden zur Unterscheidung der metastabilen Formen von den stabilen verwen-

Abbreviazioni e simboli.— Per la maggior parte di essi, vedi p. 4. Inoltre:

* Avec remerciements à Dr. H. L. Ward pour l'évaluation critique des données pour certains systèmes binaires et à Mr. Ned Guthrie pour la copie et la lecture des épreuves.

* Herrn H. L. Ward für die kritische Verwertung von Daten einiger bestimmter binärer Systeme und Herrn Ned Guthrie für die Niederschrift und Korrektur ist schuldiger Dank auszusprechen.

m,s

(e.g. in Am, B9, etc.) are used to distingaish metastable from stable forms.

Trp. Punto triplo. Crit. Temperatura di miscibilìtà completa delle due fasi liquide. d Quando seque i dati di temperatura indica " scomposizione."

m,s

(es. in

Am,

B8, ecc.)

vengono usati per distinguere le forme stabili da quelle metastabili.

det. * With acknowledgments to Dr. H. L. Ward for the critical evaluation of the data for certain binary systems and to Mr. Ned Guthrie for typing and proof-reading.

* I dati di alcuni sistemi bin ari sono stati vagliati dal Dott. H. L. Ward, e Mr. Ned Guthrie li ha scritto e corrette le bozze.

f

Continuous series of mixed crystals with a minimum at the temperature and the composition given.

Arrangement.—The Carrangement (v. Vol. Ill, p. viii) is followed throughout, and the systems are numbered serially. For convenience in locating all the systems in which a given component occurs, cross-references are given by means of the serial numbers. The reference expression "v. also p. " refers to the equations on p. 172.

f

Séries continues de cristaux mixtes avec un minimum à la température et pour la composition données.

Arrangement.—L'a r r a n g ement
PARTI TWO-COMPONENT SYSTEMS 11. v. p. 172 7.1. ( 17 ) CCl4 1. (207.5) B = C6H6 B = CioHg 0 C I MoI % A Naphthalene B = CHCl3 0 A C 1 Wt. % A 11.1. (7I.I) -24.2 100 A JD = C ioHi 4 O -30.0 95 -23.4 100 Thymol -35.4 90 -43.5 90 g B per -44.8 80 -54.5 80 0 C 100 g A A + AB -63.7 70 0.0 32.0 -47. OE 72 -72.4 60 25.0 96.3 AB -81.0 50 38.5 376.0 -40.8 70 A +B -35.3 60 -81.4E I 49.4 12. v. p. 172 AB + B B B = Ci 2 HgN -34.OUl 52 -78.6 40 Carbazole B -75.0 30 13. v. p. 172 -32.3 50 -71.2 20 B = Ci 2 HiO -24.0 40 -67.5 10 Acenaphthene -15.9 30 -63.7 O - 8.5 20 14. v. p. 172 4. (477) - 1.5 10 B = CisHio B = C4H4O4 + 5.5 O Fhiorene Fumarie acid 8. (443) 15. v. p. 172 g B per B = C7H6N5O8 0 B = Ci 4 HiO C 100 g A TrinitrophenylAnthracene 25.0 0.027 methylnitroamine 16. v. p. 172 (Tetryl) 5. ( 4 7 7 ) B = Ci 4 HiO g B per B = C4H4O4 0 Phenanthrene C 100 g A Maleic acid O 0.007 25.0 I 0.002 CO2 10 0.015 17. B = CH4O 6. ( 79 ) 20 0.025 See Fig. 18, p. 213 B = C4HgC^S 30 0.039 ß, /3-Dichlorodiethyl 18. (447.1) 40 0.058 sulfide B = C2H5Cl 50 0.095 0 0 C Wt. % A C MoI % A 60 0.154 13.9 O -78.95 32.2(satd. 70 0.241 10.5 10 soin.) 9. v. p. 172 7.2 20 99.70 B = C7H6O2 3.8 30 (satd. Benzoic acid 0.5 40 vapor) 10. 19. B = C2H6O 7. v. p. 172 B = C8H10N4O2 Methyl ether B = C6H4Br2 Caffeine See Fig. 19, p. 213 v. Seidell, p. 186 p-Dibromobenzene

t

Vollständige Folge von Mischkristallen mit einem Minimum bei der angegebenen Temperatur und Zusammensetzung. Anordnung.—Die (t-Anordnung (Bd. Ill, S. viii) ist durchwegs verwendet. Die Systeme sind nach Serien numeriert. Zur bequemen Auffindung all der Systeme in welcher eine gegebene Komponente sich vorfindet, werden Hinweise durch die Serienzahlen angeführt. Die Bezeichnung im Hinweise "v. also p. " bezieht sich auf die Seite 172 befindliche Gleichung.

f

Serie continua di cristalli misti con un minimo alla temperatura e alla composizione indicate.

Disposizione.—I/o r d i n a mento adottato è sempre quello (L, e i sistemi sono numerati in serie (vedi Voi. Ili, p. viii). Per comodità, per indicare tutti i sistemi con un dato componente, il riferimento è fatto a mezzo dei numeri della serie. L'espressione llv. also p. " si riferisce all'equazione a p. 172.

20. (49)

25. (443)

32.

B = C 4 H 10 O Ethyl ether 0 C MoI % A -78.62 47.4 -83.5 45.4 -92.5 36.6 -98.0 30.6 99.935 % in the satd. vapor

B = C7H5N5O8 Trinitrophenylmethylnitroamine (Tetryl) 0 C g B per 100 g A O 0.0090 10 0.0146 20 0.0208 30 0.0296 40 0.0557

B = C^H16

CS^ 21. (385)

B = C2H4O2 Acetic acid 16.7 O 12.2 10 9.6 20 8.6 30 8.0 40 7.9 50 22. v. p. 172 B = C 6 H 4 Bf2 p-Dibromobenzene 23. (430)

B = C 6 H 5 NO 2 0 C Wt. % B 5.22 100 3.85 98 2.62 96 1.53 94 4-0.54 92 -0.46 90 24. (385)

B = C6H6 0 C MoI % A

+ 5.5 - 1.0 - 7.2 -14.1 -21.1 -28.5 -36.5 -46.1 -58.4 -72.7

O 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

26. B = C8H4O3 Phthalic anhydride v. Seidell, p. 491

27. (2,112) B ~ Ci 0 H 8

Naphthalene C MoI % B 0.0 13.0 10.0 18.3 20.0 25.2 30.0 33.8 40.0 44.1 50.0 54.4 60.0 69.3 70.0 84.5 80.1 100.0 0

28. v. p. 172 B = C 12 H 9 N Carbazole

29. v. p. 172 B = C12H10 Acenaphthene 30. v. p. 172 B = C14H10 Anthracene 31. v. p. 172 B =5 C14H1O Phenanthrene

Triphenylmethane v. Seidell, p. 434 CHBr3 33. v. p. 172 B = CsH6 34. v. p. 172 B = C7H8 Toluene

CHCl3 35. (207.5) 13 = CH2Cl2

Méthylène chloride 0 C I Wt. % A A - 63.7 100 - 68.5 90 - 73.8 80 - 79.5 70 - 85.5 60 - 92.4 50 -100.0 40 -108.0 30 A +B -108.4E| 29.5 B -105.0 20 -101.7 10 - 98.3 O 36. (207.5) B = C2HCl3 Trichloroethylene A - 63.7 100 - 68.0 90 - 72.2 80 - 76.5 70 - 81.3 60 - 87.2 50 - 93.8 40

36.—(Continued) 0 C I Wt. % A A +B -100.2E| 31.2 B - 99.8 30 - 95.6 20 - 91.5 10 - 87.6 O 37. (436)

B = C 2 H 3 Cl 3 O 2

Chloral hydrate 0 C MoI % A 51.5 O 45.0 10 39.5 20 36.0 30 34.0 40 32.0 50 30.0 60 27.5 70 24.0 80 17.0 90 39. v. p. 172 B = C 3 H 7 NO 2 Urethane

40. (477) B = C4H4O4 Fumarie acid 0 C g B per 100 g A 25.0 0.02 41. (477)

B = C4H4O4 Maleic acid 25.0 I 0.011 42. (433)

B = C 4 Hi 0 O

Ethyl ether 0 C MoI % A A - 66.5 I 100 A +A 2 B

- 95.0E| 70 A2B -

93.3 I

66

A2B + AB - 97.4E 59.5 AB -

94.4 I

50

AB + AB2 -113.8U! 28 AB2 + B -121.7E 15 B -116.4 I O 43. B = C6H4N2O4 m-Dinitrobenzene v. Seidell, p. 131

44. (482) 0

B = C6H6

C

MoI % A A

-63.5 -68.5

100 90

-76.5 80 A +B -80. OE 76 B -69.5 70 -53.0 60 -38.5 50 -27.0 40 -17.5 30 - 9.5 20 - 1.7 10 + 5.0 O 45. v. p. 172 B = C6H7N Aniline 4o! B = C 7 H 5 NO 4 o-Nitrobenzoic acid v. Seidell, p. 141 47. B = C 7 H 5 NO 4 m-Nitrobenzoic acid v. Seidell, p. 141 48. B = C 7 H 5 NO 4 p-Nitrobenzoic acid v. Seidell, p. 141 49. (443)

51.1.—(Continued) 0 C MoI % A 42.0 10 45.5 5 49.4 O 51.2. (71.1) B = Ci 0 Hi 6 O Camphor g B per 0 C 100 g A 0.4 200.0 25.0 220.0 59.2 289.0 52. v. p. 172 B = Ci 2 HiO Acenaphthene

53. v. p. 172 B = Ci 4 H 8 O 2 Anthraquinone 54. v. p. 172 B = C] 4 HiO Phenanthrene v. also 1

CH2Cl2 Méthylène chloride v. 35

CH 2 N 2 Cyanamide 55.

(391)

B = CH4N2O

B = C7H6N5O8

Urea 0 Trini trophenylC I Wt. % A methylnitroaminè A (Tetryl) 42.9 100 0 C g B per 38.5 90 100 g A 32.5 80 O 0.28 24.2 70 10 0.39 A+ B 20 0.57 17.4E I 63.9 30 0.79 I B 40 1.20 32.5 60 50 1.78 54.7 50 60 2.65 73.0 40 89.5 30 50. B = C 8 Hi 0 N 4 O 2 132.0 O Caffeine v. Seidell, p. 186 51. v. p. 172 B = CioHs Naphthalene 51.1. (475)

B = Ci0H9N

c.'-Naphthylamine 0 C MoI % A -11.0 70 + 5.0 60 14.0 50 21.8 40 28.8 30 35.6 20

56. (391)

B = C2H4N4

Dicyandiamide A 42.9 100 40.7 95 38.5 90 37.5 85 A +B 35.6E I 85 B 67.0 80 85.0 75 205.0 O

CH2O2 Formic acid 57. (Hi) B = CH3NO 0

Formamide C I MoI % A

A 7.77 100 + 0.2 90 - 9.7 80 A + AB -16.8E 75 AB -10.7 70 - 2.0 60 + 1.1 50 - 1.0 40 - 9.3 30 AB + B -18.3EJ 23.25 B -14.8 20 - 5.2 10 + 2.05| O 58. (41) B = CH5NO2 Ammonium formate 0 C I MoI % B A 8.47 0.0 7.0 1.53 4.5 3.70 + 0.6 6.28 - 2.8 8.19 - 6.9 10.14 -12.6 12.43 -19.8 14.86 -26.9 17.11 A +A 3 B -33.8E| 18.95 A3B -31.3 20.43 -30.0 21.73 A3B + «-AB -29.5U[ 23.0 a-AB (Needles) -13.7 26.64 - 8.7 27.90 + 0.7 30.11 10.4 . 33.25 17.3 36.29 22.2 39.30 24.9 41.90 25.8 42.94 a-AB + B 29.3U| 46 B 37.5 47.87 53.1 51.88 74.3 59.98 89.5 68.23 96.5 74.32 98.5 76.20 103.7 83.46 88.41 108.5 111.7 91.64 117.3 100.0

58.—(Continued) 0 C I MoI % B A3B -29.3m I 23.33 A3B + jS-AB -29.0Um| 24 /?-AB (Prisms) -32.5m 23.33 -26.Om 24.80 -23.5m 25.41 -18.7m 26.64 -14.Om 27.90 + 1.3m 33.25 7.4m 36.29 11.3m 39.30 13.8m 41.90 15.Om 44.38 ß- AB + B 14.3mU[ 43 B 20.4m I 44.38 59. (20) B = C2H4O2 Acetic acid 0 C I MoI % A A 8.4 100 + 2.8 90 - 2.9 80 - 9.3 70 -16.6 60 A+B -22.5E 53.5 B -19.5 50 -11.0 40 - 3.1 30 + 4.0 20 10.7 10 16.7 O 60. (56)

B = C6H4ClNO2 o-Chloronitrobenzene A 7.1 I 100 A + B 5.5E i 97 B 32.1 O 61. (208) B = C7H8O2 Dimethylpyrone

A 8.5 100 + 3.8 95 - 2.5 80 A + A2B - 6.6E| 87 A2B - 1.4 85 + 8.6 80 15.2 75 18.4 70 19 66

61.—(Continued) 0 C ' I MoI % A A2B 18.8 I 65

A2B + A3B2 18.5E 64 A3B2 19.6 I 60 A3B2 + B 19.0E[ 57 B 29.5 55 54.3 50 72.2 45 85.8 40 96.0 35 104.3 30 111.2 25 117.0 20 126.0 10 132.1 O CH3Cl 62. (24) 0

B = CH4O

C

I MoI % A A -93 I 100 A+B -112.OE| 24.2 B -94 I O 63. (23)

B = C2H6O

Methyl ether A - 94.5 I 100 A+B -154E I 27.0 B -138.5 I O CH3NO Formamide 64. (Hi) B = C2H4O2

Acetic acid A + 2.05 100 - 4.9 90 -14.8 80 -26.2 70 A + AB2 -29.5E 67.5 AB2 -21.2 60 -12.9 50 - 8.7 40 - 8.1

33

AB2 + B - 8.2EJ 32 B - 6.4 30 + 2.9 20 10.4 10 16.6 O

CH3NO.(Continued)

65. ("i) B = C3H6O2 Propionic acid 0

C

I MoI % A A + 2.07 100 - 4.4 90 -12.6 80 A +A 2 B -17.3E| 75

A2B -12.2 -11.6 -12.8

70 66 60

A2B + AB -21.8E| AB -21.8 -29.0

50

60 40

AB + B -39.5E

36

B

-35.0 -28.9 -24.6

30 20 10

-20.71

O

66. (Hi) B = C4H8O2 n-Butyric acid

A + 2.05 100 - 3.7 90 -10.1 80 A + A2B -14.3E|

74

A2B

-12.8 70 -12. 2 66. 6 -13.2 60 -21.5 50 A2B + AB -24.5U|

48.5

AB + B -24.9EJ

43.0

B -22.7 -16.9 -12.3 - 8.3 - 4.67

40 30 20 10 O

v. also 57 CH4N2O Urea 67. B = CH4O v. Seidell, p. 737 68. B = C 2 H 6 O Ethyl alcohol v. Seidell, p. 737 69. B = C3H8O Propyl alcohol v. Seidell, p. 737

70. B = C3H8O Isopropyl alcohol v. Seidell, p. 737 71. B = C4H10O Isobutyl alcohol v. Seidell, p. 737 72. B = C 6 H 12 O Isoamyl alcohol v. Seidell, p. 737 73. (256)

B = C6H4N2O4 o-Dinitrobenzene 0

C

I Wt. % A A

131.5 100 129.5 98.5 immiscible to liquids 129.5 1.0 A +B 114.IE I 0.5 B 114.8 I O 74. (256)

B = C6H4N2O4 ra-Dinitrobenzene A 131.5 100 129.0 98 immiscible to liquids 129.0 2 A +B 88.8E I 0.2 B 89 I O 75. (256)

B = C6H4N2O4 p-Dinitrobenzene A 131.5 I 100 A +B 125.0 95 164.0 91 immiscible to liquids 164.0 3 B 169.5 I O 76. (259,381)

B = C6H6O Phenol

0

C

131.5 125.2 118.8 111.5 102.4

I MoI % A A. 100 90 80 70 60

76.—(Continued) 0

C

I MoI % A A 90.0 50 74.0 40 A +AB2 60.6E I 33.4 AB2 60.6 33.4

60.4 30 55.3 20 49.8 15 42.0 10 AB2 + B 35E I 6.5 B 36.3 5 40.5 Q 77. (256)

B = C7H6N2O4 2, 4-Dinitrotoluene 0 C I Wt. % A

A

131.3 130.0

100 99

immiscible liquids

to

130.0

1.0

A +B 69.4E I 0.1

69.5

B I

O

78. (226)

B = C7H8O o-Cresol 0 C I MoI % A A 131.5 100 127.3 90 124.4 80 121.1 70 116.2 60 108.4 50 95.0 40 69.0 30 A +AB 6OU I 27.8 AB 52.5 20 43.0 15 28.5 10 AB + B 25E I 9 B 27.7 5 31.0 O 79. (226)

B = C7H8O

ra-Cresol A 131.5 100 126.6 90 123.8 80 120.5 70 116.2 60

83. (28)

79.—(Continued) 0

C

108.0 92.5 69.0 A

I MoI % A A 50 40 30 + AB

66.OU I

29

AB

56.7 20 47.0 15 33.0 10 AB + B ca. 2.5E I ca. 2 B 4 I O 80. (226)

B = C7H8O p-Cresol A 131.5 100 126.5 90 122.6 80 118.8 70 114.3 60 108.0 50 93.0 40 66.5 30 A +AB 25.5U I 21 AB 25.2 I 20 AB + B 20.5E I 16 B 21.5 15 26.5 10 31.0 5 34.5 O 81. B = C8H18O Octyl alcohol v. Seidell, p. 737 v. also 55 CH4N2S Ammonium thiocyanate 81.5. B=CH 4 N 2 S Thiourea

See Fig. 20, p. 213.

CH^ 82. (385)

B = C2H4O2 Acetic acid

0

C MoI % A 16.7 O 11.0 10 + 4.6 20 - 3.0 30 -12.7 40 -24.7 50 -39.2 60 -63.2 70

B = C3H6O2 Propionic acid 0

C

I MoI % A A -94.5 100 A +B -97.7E|

96

B -19.5 I

O

84. (28)

B = C3H7ClO2 Propionic acid hydrochloride

A - 94.8 I 100 A +AB -105. OEI ca. 95 AB - 36 I 60 AB + B

91. B = C7H6O2 Benzoic acid v. Seidell, p. 135 92. B = C7H6O3 Salicylic acid v. Seidell, p. 591 93. B = C8H6O4 o-Phthalic acid v. Seidell, p. 490 94. B = C8H8O2 Phenylacetic acid v. Seidell, p. 12 . 9 5 . B = C8H8O3 c&-Mandelic acid v. Seidell, p. 399

96. v. p. 173 B = C8H9NO Acetanilide

- 46E I ca. 36.0 97. B B = CgH1OO2 - 40 ca. I O Hydrocinnamic acid v. also Fig. 21, p. 213 v. Seidell, p. 570 85. v. p. 172 98. (436, 452, 475) B = C3H7NO2 B = C ioH8 Urethane Naphthalene 0 86. C MoI % B B = C 5 H 11 NO 2 0.0 0.9 Betaine 10.0 1.4 v. Seidell, p. 149 20.0 2.0 30.0 2.8 87. (385) 40.0 4.3 B = C6H6 0 50.0 7.0 C MoI % A 60.0 13.0 5.5 O 98.1. ( 4 7 5 ) 3.8 10 2.4 20 B = C 10 H 9 N 1.5 30 /3-Naphthylamine 0 0.9 40 C MoI % A +0.1 50 10.0 97.5 - 1.55 60 42.0 95 - 4.9 70 58.5 90 -11.7 80 71.0 80 -30.7 90 77.4 70 -40.8 92.5 82.2 60 -53.5 95 87.5 50 -70.0 97.5 92.0 40 110.6 Q 88.

B = C 7 H 5 NO 4 o-Nitrobenzoic acid v. Seidell, p. 141, 143 89. B = C7H6NO4 m-Nitrobenzoic acid v. Seidell, p. 141, 143 90. B = C 7 H 5 NO 4 p-Nitrobenzoic acid v. Seidell, p. 141, 144

99. B = C 1 C)H 16 O 4 Camphoric acid v. Seidell, p. 225 100. (436)

B = C 12 H]Q Acenaphthene 0 C MoI % B 0.0 0.26 10.0 0.35 20.0 0.49 30.0 0.71 40.0 1.07 50.0 1.74

101. B = Ci2HioN2 Azobenzene v. Seidell, p. 103 102. B

— C 12 H2 4 O 2

Laurie acid v. Seidell, p. 349 103. (345)

B = C13H10 Fluorene 0 C MoI % B 10.0 0.27 20.0 0.35 30.0 0.46 40.0 0.58 50.0 0.74 60.0 1.10

104. B = C13H1O O Benzophenone v. Seidell, p. 146 105. v. p. 173 B = Ci4H8O2 Anthraquinone 106. v. p. 173 B = CuH1Q Anthracene 107.

(153,475)

B = C14H1Q Phenanthrene g B per 0 C 100 g A 20.0 2.3 30.0 3.3 40.0 5.0 50.0 7.5 60.0 10.9

108

CH5NO2 Ammonium formate v. 58

C2Cl6 Hexachloroethane 111. (362) B = C10H8 Naphthalene 0 C I Wt. % A aA

187.0 I 100 aA + 0A 125.OU I 78.0 0A + TA 71.6U I 61.0 TA+B 56.5E I 52.5 B 80.0 I O 112. (362)

B = C14H10 Phenanthrene «A 187.0 I 100 aA + ßA. 125.OU I 82.0 0A + 7A 71.6U I 55.0 TA+B 65.6E I 48.0 B 99.0 I O

C2HCl3 Trichloroethylene 113. B = C7H6O2 Benzoic acid v. Seidell, p. 136 v. also 36

B = C 14 H2sO 2

Myristic acid v. Seidell, p. 443 109.

B = C 16 H 32 O 2 Palmitic acid v. Seidell, p. 474 v. also 17, 62, 67

CH6ClO Methyl alcohol hydrochioride 110. (28) B = C3H6O2 Propionic acid 0 C I MoI % A A -65.2 I 100 A +AB 2 -72E Ì ca. 80 B -19.7 O

115.—(Continued) 0 C I MoI % A A 57.3 100 50.8 90 47.2 85 43.3 80 39.2 75 34.8 70 29.2 65 23.2 60 16.6 55 9.4 50 + 2.2 45 - 5.2 40 A +B -11. OEj 36.0 B - 6.9 30 - 0.4 20 + 5.2 10 9.7 O

C2HCl3O Chloral 114. (299) B = C2H6O Ethyl alcohol 0 C I MoI % A A - 57.5 i 100 A +AB - 55.5E 98.5 AB 46.6 I 50 AB + B ?E I ? B -130.5 I O

C2HCl3O2 Trichloroacetic acid 115. (209) B = C2H2Cl2O2 Dichloroacetic acid

116. (209) B = C2H3ClO2 Chloroacetic acid A 57.3 100 50.7 90 46.9 85 43.0 80 39.0 75 34.8 70 30.3 65 25.7 60 20.9 55 A +B 17.5E 51.5 B 20.1 50 26.9 45 33.0 40 42.8 30 50.3 20 56.6 10 61.4 I O 117. (209) B = C2H4O2 Acetic acid 57.3 100 49.6 90 45.2 85 40.4 80 35.0 75 28.7 70 21.5 65 12.7 60 + 2.5 55 -10.5 50 -27.0 45 ? 40 -22.7 30 - 3.2 20 + 8.7 10 16.4 O

118. (209)

B = C4H6O2 Crotonic acid 0 C I MoI % A A 57.3 100 49.7 90 45.2 85 39.5 80 32.7 75 25.0 70 15.6 65 + 3.0 60 -12.0 55 A +B -19E ca. 53 B - 9.5 50 + 4.3 45 16.1 40 35.2 30 50.3 20 62.5 10 71.0 O

119. (212) B = C4H6O4 Dimethyl oxalate A 58.0 100 49.4 90 37.9 80 30.6 75 22.5 70 13.3 65 + 2.5 60 A +B - 3.5E| ca. 57.5 B + 1.7 55 10.4 50 17.8 45 24.1 40 29.7 35 34.5 30 38.7 25 42.5 20 45.8 15 48.7 10 51.2 5 53.3 O 120. (212) B = C4H8O2 Ethyl acetate A 58.0 100 50.4 90 38.8 80 30.0 75 18.3 70 + 2.5 65 -18.2 60 A +AB -3OE I 58

120.—(Continued) 0 C I MoI % A AB -29.2 '55 -27.5 50 -29.5 45 -32.6 40 -36.7 35 -41.5 30 -47.5 25 -55.8 20 -66.0 15 -78.2 10 AB + B -9OE 6 B -89.1 5 -83.0 O 121. (212) B = C5H8O4 Dimethyl malonate A 58.0 100 48.0 90 30.7 80 19.0 75 + 4.1 70 -15.0 65 A + A2B -30.OU; 60 A2B -33.4 55 -39.0 50 -47.2 45 -58.0 40 B -62.0 I O

123. (213) B = C6H4O2 Benzoquinone A 58.0 100 50.7 90 38.7 80 30.5 75 20.9 70 9.9 65 A +B l.OE I ca. 61.5 B 6.1 60 24.6 55 40.2 50 52.8 45 63.6 40 72.8 35 81.3 30 88.8 25 95.5 20 101.3 15 106.3 10 114.6 O 124. (210) B = C6H5NO3 o-Nitrophenol

124.—(Continued) 0 C I MoI % A A 58.0 100 51.3 90 43.8 80 39.8 75 35.5 70 30.9 65 26.3 60 21.4 55 A +B 16.8E I 50 B 20.2 45 23.5 40 26.7 35 29.7 30 32.5 25 35.3 20 37.8 15 40.3 10 42.6 5 44.7 O 125. (210) B = C6H5NO3 m-Nitrophenol A 58.0 100 51.8 90 45.7 80 42.8 75 A +B 41. 5E I ca. 73 B 44.8 70 49.9 65 54.7 60 59.3 55 63.6 50 67.5 45 71.3 40 74.8 35 78.2 30 81.3 25 84.5 20 87.3 15 90.1 10 92.7 5 95.3 O 126. (210) B = C 6 H 5 NO 3 p-Nitrophenol A 58.0 100 52.6 90 46.7 80 A +B 44.OE ca. 76 B 45.5 75 51.6 70 57.6 65 63.6 60 69.5 55 75.0 50

C2HCi3O2»— (Continued) 126.—(Continued) 0

C

I MoI % A B

80.1 84.7 89.0 93.0 96.8 100.4 104.3 107.7 110.8 113.8

45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 O

127. (212)

B = CeHe A 58.0 100 51.3 90 44.4 80 40.7 75

36.9

70

33.0 29.1 24.9 20.6 16.3 11.8 7.2 +2.5 -2.5

65 60 55 50 45 40 35 30 25

A +B -4.OE I 23.5 B -2.4 20 -0.4 15 +1.7 10 3.7 5 5.4 O

128. (210) B = C6H6O i Phenol A 58.0 100 51.1 90 42.8 80 38.2 75 33.4 70 A +AB 32.OE I 68.5 AB 34.0 65 35.8 60 37.2 55 37.6 50 37.2 45 35.8 40 33.8 35 31.2 30 28.2 25 25.0 20 AB + B 24.8E I 19.7

128.—(Continued) 0 C MoI % A B 29.O 15 34.4 10 38.8 5 42.4 O 129. (212) 13 = C 6 HiC)O 4

Dimethyl succinate A 58.0 100 47.6 90 26.6 80 11.7 75 A + A2B 5.0E| 73 A2B 6.8 70 8.0 66 7.8 65 5.7 60 + 1.7 55 - 3.7 50 -10.5 45 A2B + B -14. OE! 43 B -10.0 40 - 4.0 35 +1.7 30 6.1 25 9.5 20 12.5 15 14.8 10 16.7 5 18.2 O 130. (212) B = C6H10O4 Diethyl oxalate A 58.0 100 48.3 90 33.3 80 23.3 75 11.0 70 A +A 2 B 3.3E| 67.2 A2B 3.4 66.7 3.3 65 +1.7 60 - 1.4 55 - 5.8 50 -11.7 45 -18.7 40 -27.1 35 -36.6 30 -47.2 25 A2B + B -50.OE| 23.5 B -48.0 20 -45.3 15 -43.4 10 -42.0 5 -41.0 O

131. (213) B = C7H0NO3 o-Nitrobenzaldehyde 0 C I MoI % A A 58.0 100 52.5 90 44.5 80 39.7 75 33.8 70 27.6 65 20.7 60 13.3 55 A+B 5.5E I 50 B 11.6 45 17.8 40 23.1 35 27.3 30 30.6 25 33.4 20 36.0 15 38.5 10 42.9 O

132. (213) B = C7H5NO3 ra-Nitrobenzaldehyde A 58.0 100 50.8 90 42.3 80 37.0 75 31.3 70 24.6 65 16.4 60 A +B 11. OE 57 B 13.1 55 18.5 50 23.0 45 29.0 40 33.6 35 38.1 30 42.2 25 45.5 20 48.3 15 51.0 10 55.7 O 133. (213) B = C7H6NO3 p-Nitrobenzaldehyde A 58.0 100 51.2 90 41.9 80 36.8 75 31.4 70 A +B 29.OE I 67.5

136. B = C 7 H 6 O 2 (213) 133.—(Continued) 0 o-HydroxyC ( MoI % A benzaldehyde B 0 C MoI % A 34.6 65 58.0 100 44.5 60 50.5 90 53.3 55 40.2 80 61.2 50 33.5 75 67.5 45 26.0 70 73.3 40 16.8 65 78.7 35 +5.8 60 83.8 30 -7.0 55 88.3 25 92.1 20 95.4 15 98.6 10 137. B = C 7 H 6 O 2 (213) 104.4 O ra-Hydroxybenzaldehyde A 134. (213) 58.0 100 B = C7H6O 50.4 90 Benzaldehyde 40.2 80 A 33.8 75 58.0 100 27.2 70 A+B 50.1 90 22.5E I 66.5 40.2 80 B 32.8 75 26.3 65 23.5 70 38.4 60 8.4 . 65 48.7 55 A + AB 57.8 50 1.5E 63 65.6 45 AB 72.8 40 4.3 60 79.1 35 7.3 55 84.8 30 i 8.4 50 89.8 25 7.1 45 94.3 20 +4.4 40 98.4 15 -0.2 35 101.8 10 -6.1 30 107.4 O 135. (209) B = C7H6O2 Benzoic acid A 57.3 100 49.8 90 45.4 85 40.2 80 34.6 75 28.3 70 A +AB 26.5E I 68.5 AB 29.7 65 33.2 60 AB + B 35.OU I 56 B 37.5 55 50.3 50 62.3 45 73.8 40 92.6 30 105.5 20 114.5 10 121.0 Q

139. (210) B = C7H8O o-Cresol 0 C 1 MoI % A A 58.0 100 50.7 90 41.9 80 37.2 75 31.8 70 26.1 65 A +A B 24.3E I 63.5 AB 25.5 60 26.6 55 07.O

50

26.6 45 25.3 40 23.4 35 20.7 30 17.8 25 AB + B 16.OE I 22 B 17.6 20 21.1 15 24.5 10 27.6 5 30.4 O

140. (210) B = C7H8O m-Cresol A 58.0 100 51.0 90 42.5 80 37.6 75 32.3 70 26.7 65 138. B -C 7 H 6 O 2 (213) 20.7 60 p-Hydroxy55 benzaldehyde ! 14.4 A +AB A 13.6E 54.5 58.0 100 AB I 51.7 90 A + AB 14.5 50 45.5E 83 13.9 45 AB 12.7 40 49.3 80 10.7 35 55.0 75 7.6 30 60.0 70 +3.5 25 63.5 65 -1.5 20 65.9 60 AB + B 67.3 55 -2.OE I 18.5 67.8 50 B AB + B -0.2 15 i 67.7E I 45 +3.6 10 B 7.3 5 76.3 40 1 10.9 O 83.9 35 90.7 30 141. (210) 96.4 25 B = C7H8O 101.8 20 p-Cresol 106.0 15 A 109.6 10 58.0 100 115.6 O 50.8 90

Ul.—(Continued) 0 C I Mol % A A 42.2 80 37.5 75 32.3 70 A + AB 31.5E 69.5 AB 33.9 65 35.8 60 37.2 55 37.6 60 37.1 45 35.7 40 33.3 35 30.2 30 26.2 25 21.5 20 AB + B 19.5E 18 B 22.2 15 26.7 10 30.9 5 34.5 O 142.

(208,386)

B = C7H8O2 Dimethylpyrone A 58.0 100 54.0 95 47.6 90 34.7 85 A +A2B 15.OE 81.5 A2B 36.5 80 53.0 75 63.6 70 66. 7 66. 7 65.9 65 57.8 60 A 2 B + AB 40.OE I 55 AB 44.8 50 AB + B 41E I 46 B 49.0 45 79.2 40 96.0 35 107.8 30 115.4 25 120.7 20 124.5 15 127.3 10 132.1 O 143. (213) B = C8H6NO5 Nitropiperonal A 58.0 100 51.5 90 42.7 80

143.—(Continued) 0 C I MoI % A A 37.7 75 32.5 70 A +B 30.7E I 68.5 B 35.4 65 42.2 60 48.4 55 54.0 50 59.2 45 64.4 40 69.2 35 73.7 30 77.9 25 81.8 20 85.2 15 88.4 10 94.1 O 144.

(213)

B = C8H6O3 Piperonal A 58.0 100 49.7 90 36.2 80 A +AB 30.OE 77 A2B 32.7 75 37.1 70 37.4 66 37.1 65 34.0 60 A2B + AB 30.5E 56 AB 31.5 55 35.0 50 33.6 45 30.3 40 26.6 35 22.3 30 AB + B 18.3E I 25.5 B 18.7 25 22.6 20 26.3 15 29.8 10 35.5 O 145. (213) B = C8H8O Acetophenone A 58.0 100 49.2 90 36.7 80 27.7 75 16.5 70 A +AB 14.OE I 69

145.—(Continued) 0 C MoI % A AB 17.1 65 20.8 60 23.9 55 26.0 50 ,24.5 45 21.3 40 16.5 35 10.6 30 3.7 25 AB + B 1.5E I 23.5 B 5.0 20 9.7 15 13.4 10 18.7 O 146. (213) B = C8H8O2 Anisaldehyde A 58.0 100 49.8 90 36.1 80 26.5 75 A +AB 14.5E I 70 AB 20.6 65 26.1 60 29.6 55 30.9 50 29.3 45 26.3 40 22.0 35 16.2 30 9.5 25 +2.2 20 -6.1 15 AB + B -9.OE 13.5 B -6.8 10 -0.9 O 147.

(209)

B = C8H8O2 Phenylacetic acid A 57.3 100 50.8 90 46.7 85 41.8 80 36.0 75 29.2 70 21.2 65 12.6 60 A +B 1.5E I 55 B 14.0 50 25.1 45 34.9 40 50.5 30 61.8 20

147.—(Continued) 0 C I MoI % A B 70.3 10 76.7 O 148.

(209)

B = C8H8O2 o-Toluic acid A 57.3 100 49.9 90 45.5 85 A + AB 37.7E 1 77.8 AB 41.1 75 46.0 70 49.3 65 51.3 60 52.5 55 53.0 60 AB + B 52.9E I 49 B 59.3 45 67.0 40 80.0 30 90.0 20 97.6 10 103.4 O 149.

(209)

B = C8H8O2 w-Toluic acid A 57.3 100 49.7 90 45.2 85 39.8 80 34.2 75 28.0 70 A +AB 26.OE 68.5 AB 29.6 65 33.4 60 36.0 55 AB + B 37.3U I 50.5 B 55.0 45 65.9 40 80.9 30 91.7 20 100.7 10 107.6 O 150. (209) B = C8H8O2 p-Toluic acid A 57.3 100 49.3 90

150.—(Continued) 0 C I MoI % A A +AB 42.OE I 83.5 AB 48.3 80 54.9 75 59.9 70 AB + B 64.5U 64 B 84.1 60 100.8 55 115.0 50 126.3 45 137.2 40 152.3 164.2 172.8 178.6

30 20 10 O

151. (212)

B = C8H8O2 Methyl benzoate A 58.0 100 50.0 90 37.9 80 29.2 75 18.8 70 + 7.0 65 - 5.5 60 A +AB -ll.OEJ 57.7 AB - 8.8 50 -10.2 45 -13.0 40 -17.1 35 -22.5 30 AB + B -29.0E| 25 B -24.2 20 -20.2 15 -16.7 10 -14.1 5 -12.3 O 152.

(213)

B = C8H8O3 Vanillin A 58.0 100 50.5 90 38.8 80 30.3 75 20.2 70 A +A2B 14.2E I 67.3 A2B 14.3 I 66.7 A2B + AB 12.OE I 62 AB 16.1 l 60 21.8 I 55

152.—(Continued) 0 C MoI % A AB + AB2 22.8U I 51.2 AB2 35.1 45 41.3 40 AB2 + B 44.7U| 35 B 53.3 30 60.4 25 65.7 20 70.2 15 73.9 10 80.9 O 153. (212) B = C8H14O4 Diethyl succhiate 58.0 100 46.8 90 24.0 80 +4.5 75 -20.5 70 -43.8 40 -38.0 35 -33.4 30 -30.2 25 -27.7 20 -25.6 15 -23.8 10 -22.3 5 -20.8 O 154.

(209)

B = C9H8O2 Cinnamic acid A 57.3 100 50.8 90 47.0 85 42.2 80 A + AB 39.7E 77.7 AB 43.7 75 50.3 70 55.3 65 58.8 60 AB + B 63.5U I 52 B 67.9 50 77.2 45 85.8 40 100.7 30 113.7 20 125.8 10 136.8 O 155. (212) B = C9Hi0O2 Ethyl benzoate A 58.0 100 50.3 90 38.7 80

C2ÜCl3O2»

(Continued) 155.—(Continued) 0 C Mol % A A 30.0 75 19.6 70 + 8.2 65 - 8.2 60 A +AB -24.5E| 56 AB -23.4 60 -24.9 45 -27.7 40 -32.0 35 -37.4 30 AB + B -46.5EI 27.6 B -43.2 25 -44.3 20 -40.5 15 -37.1 10 -34.6 5 -32.7 O 156. (212) B =• CgHioC^

Methyl p-toluate A 58.0 100 50.6 90 38.5 80 30.8 75 20.5 70 8.0 65 A + AB 3. OE 63 AB 8.2 55 9.0 50 7.5 . 45 AB + B 3.5E I 39 B 9.0 35 15.4 30 20.6 '25 24.7 20 27.8 15 30.2 10 31.9 5 33.2 O 157.

(212)

B = CyHi 0 Oa

Methyl anisate A 58.0 100 49.7 90 35.5 80 26.3 75 15.8 70 + 3.4 65 A + AB -10.OE I 60

157.—(Continued) 0 C ! MoI % A AB - 7.1 55 - 6.3 50 AB + B - 8.OE I 44.5 B + 5.0 40 16.0 35 23.8 30 29.9 25 35.O 20 39.3 15 42.8 10 45.8 5 48.3 O 158. (210) B = Ci0H8O a-Naphthol A 58.0 100 51.8 90 45.0 80 A +B 41.OE 76 B 45.9 70 50.3 65 54.4 60 58.2 55 61.8 50 65.3 45 69.0 40 72.4 35 75.8 30 79.3 25 82.6 20 85.7 15 88.6 10 91.3 5 94.2 Q 159. (210) B = C10H8O 0-Naphthol A 58.0 100 50.4 90 A + B 41.3E I 79 B 48.0 75 56.5 70 64.2 65 70.6 60 77.0 55 82.3 50 87.6 45 91.9 40 97.0 35 101.1 30 105.2 25 109.2 20

159.—(Continued) 0 C I MoI % A B 112.8 116.3 119.8 123.0

15 10 5 O

160. (212) B = CioHioO2

Methyl cinnamate A 58.0 100 49.7 90 38.1 80 29.8 75 20.0 70 7.1 65 A +AB l.OE 63 AB 3.6 60 6.9 55 8.5 50 7.0 45 AB + B 1. OE 38 B 6.0 35 13.7 30 19.1 25 23.5 20 27.2 15 30.2 10 32.5 5 34.7 O 161. (212) B = CioHioO4 Dimethyl terephthalate A 58.0 100 48.2 90 A +A4B 2 7 . 9 U | 80 A4B 26.6 I 75 A4B + B 25.OE 72.2 B 33.8 70 51.5 65 68.4 60 82.6 55 93.4 50 102.0 45 109.2 40 115.3 35 120.6 30 125.2 25 129.3 20 132.8 15 135.8 10 138.2 5 140.3 O

162. (210)

B = CioHi 4 O Thymol 0 C Ì MoI % A A 58.0 100 51.2 90 42.8 80 38.2 75 33.0 70 27.3 65 21.1 60 14.8 55 A +B 9.OE 50.5 B 15.6 45 21.1 40 26.8 35 30.8 30 34.9 25 38.6 20 41.7 15 44.4 10 47.1 5 49.6 O 163. (212) B = Ci2H] 0 O2 tt-Naphthjd. acetate A 58.0 100 50.4 90 39.O 80 30.6 75 20.9 70 A + AB 5.5E 63.5 AB 7.7 60 9.9 55 10.7 50 9.8 45 AB + B 7.8E I 41.5 B 17.8 35 24.0 30 28.4 25 32.9 20 36.8 15 39.8 10 42.4 5 44.8 O 164. (212)

B = Ci2HioO2 ß-Naphthyl acetate A 58.0 100 50.5 90 A +AB 39.2E 80 AB 47.9 75 55.0 70

164.—(Continued) 0 C I MoI % A AB 60.1 65 63.4 60 65.4 55 66.3 50 65.6 45 63.7 40 60.8 35 56.8 30 AB + B 53.5E I 26.5 B 57.9 20 61.0 15 64.0 10 66.5 5 68.5 Q 165. (213) B = CisHioO Benzophenone A 58.0 100 50.2 90 38.2 80 29.8 75 19.3 70 +7.0 65 -6.0 60 vis. 60-43 -3.1 42.5 40 +2.6 12.4 35 20.5 3.0 27.3 25 32.7 20 37.2 15 40.8 10 46.3 O 166. (212) B = Ci3HioO2

Phenyl benzoate A 58.0 100 50.0 90 38.5 80 31.0 75 22.0 70 11.4 65 A +B 7.OE 63 B 12.2 I 60 20.8 ' 55 29.0 50 36.0 45 41.9 40 47.0 35 51.2 30 54.9 25 58.2 20 61.4 15 64.2 10 66.3 5 67.8 O

167. (212) B = CisHisOs Phenyl salicylate 0 C MoI % A 58.0 100 50.0 90 39.2 80 7.5 50 12.4 45 17.2 40 21.6 35 25.5 30 27.9 25 32.2 20 34.9 15 37.5 10 39.9 5 41.9 O 168. (213) B — C I 4 Hi 0 O 2 Benzil A 58.0 100 49.7 90 37.2 80 30.3 75 A +B 18.OE 68 B 24.7 65 34.9 60 43.9 55 51.8 50 58.6 45 64.8 40 69.8 35 74.2 30 78.2 25 81.8 20 85.2 15 88.3 10 94.0 O 169. (213) B = Ci 4 Hi2O2 Phenyl anisyl ketone 58.O 100 48.3 90 34.0 80 23.3 75 + 10.4 70 - 4.0 65 vis. 65-48 + 1.4 47.5 8.7 45 21.3 40 31.8 35 39.2 30 44.2 25 48.5 20 51.8 15 54.3 10 58.7 O

170.

(212)

B = Ci4Hi2O2

Benzyl benzoate 0 C MoI % A A 58.0 100 49.6 90 38.0 80 30.6 75 21.5 70 A +AB 8.5E 64 AB 10.2 60 11.4 55 11.9 60 10.7 45 8.4 40 4.3 35 AB + B l.OE I 32 B 6.8 25 10.0 20 12.8 15 15.0 10 16.7 5 18.3 O 171. (213) B = C n Hi 4 O Dibenzalacetone A 58.0 I 100 A + A2B 45.OE I 90.5 A2B 77.2 80 82.8 75 (87.6 75) 85.7 70 (99.9 70) AB 107.9 65 112.7 60 115.6 55 117.0 50 115.0 45 111.8 40 C2H2

Acetylene 172. (25) B = C2H6O Methyl ether A - 81.5 I 100 A +AB -121. OE| 64.5 AB -117.4 I 50 AB + B -152E I 19 B -138 I O

C2H2Br3NO Tribromoacetamide 173. (288) B = C 2 H 2 Cl 3 NO Trichloroacetamide 0 C I MoI % A A 120.55 100 Mix (?) I (?) B l 139.91 O

02H2Cl2Q2 Dichloroacetic acid 174. (209)

B = C 2 HsClO 2 Chloroacetic acid A 9.7 100 7.2 95 4.2 90 + 0.9 85 - 2.4 80 - 6.1 75 A + B -10.5E| 69.3 B + 9.8 60 24.5 50 35.2 40 43.8 30 50.8 20 56.6 10 61.4 O 175. (209) B = C2H4O2 Acetic acid 9.7 100 6.5 95 + 2.8 90 - 1.6 85 - 6.2 80 -12.1 75 -18.7 70 -34.7 60 B -27.8 40 -11.6 30 + 0.3 20 9.3 10 16.4 O 176. (209) B = C4H6O2 Crotonic acid A 9.7 100 5.7 95 +1.7 90 - 2.7 85 - 7.0 80 -11.9 75

A +B -19.0El

68

176.—(Continued) 0 C I MoI % A B -11.0 60 +10.1 50 26.7 40 40.0 30 51.9 20 62.3 10 71.0 O 177. (209) B = C7H6O2 Benzoic acid A 9.7 I 100 A +AB 7.4E I 96.4 AB 13.5 95 30.0 90 40.1 85 46.0 80 50.0 75 53.0 70 57.2 60 AB + B 58.OU I 53.6 B 63.4 50 77.8 40 90.7 30 102.3 20 112.2 10 121.0 O 178.

(208)

B = C7H8O2 Dimethylpyrone A 9.7 100 + 4.8 95 - 1.9 90 -11.0 85 -23.8 80 (?) 75 (?) 70 AB - 4.5 65 + 10.5 60 19.5 55 22.9 50 AB + B 22.8E 49 B 48.2 45 73.0 40 89.9 35 101.0 30 110.2 25 117.8 20 123.1 15 126.8 10 132.1 O 179. (209) B = C8H8O2 Phenylacetic acid

179.—(Continued) 0 C MoI % A A 9.7 100 5.6 95 + 1.3 90 - 3.1 85 - 7.9 80 -13.4 1 75 A+B -21.0El 68.7 B +1.7 60 22.5 50 38.6 40 51.6 30 61.9 20 69.9 10 76.6 O 180. (209) B = C8H8O2 o-Toluic acid A 9.7 100 5.6 95 + 1.3 90 A +B - 2.OE 86 B + 12.1 80 22.4 75 31.6 70 47.8 60 61.6 50 73.1 40 82.5 30 90.4 20 97.3 10 103.4 O 181. (209)

B = C8H8O2 m-Toluic acid A 9.7 100 5.3 95 + 0.7 90 - 4.2 85 A +B - 8.OE 81 B + 11.7 75 23.8 70 43.2 60 59.3 50 72.6 40 83.3 30 92.6 20 100.5 10 107.6 O 182.

(209)

B = C8H8O2 p-Toluic acid A 9.7 100 5.2 95

182.—(Continued) 0 C MoI % A A +B 3.5E 93 B 18.8 90 40.2 85 58.3 80 72.3 75 84.6 70 107.0 60 125.2 50 140.3 40 153.0 30 163.5 20 171.8 10 178.6 O 183. (209) B = C9H8O2 Cinnamic acid A 9.7 100 A + AB 8.OE I 97.7 AB 30.2 95 48.7 90 57.8 85 64.9 80 70.0 75 74.2 70 78.7 60 80.1 50 AB + B 8OE 49 B 93.5 40 106.2 30 117.8 20 128.1 10 136.8 O v. also 115 C2H2Cl3NO Trichloroacetamide v. 173 C/2H2Ci4 Tetrachloroethane 184. (475)

13 = Ci 2 HgN

Carbazole g B per 0 C 100 g A 20.0 0.65 30.0 0.92 40.0 1.25 50.0 1.62 60.0 2.12 70.0 2.80 80.0 3.6 100.0 6.2 120.0 11.1 140.0 I 17.1 185. v. p. 173 B = Ci4H8O2 Anthraquinone

186. v. p. 173 B = Ci 4 HiO Anthracene 187. v. p. 173 B = Ci 4 HiO Phenanthrene

C2H2I2 eis-Acetylene diiodide 188. (76) B = C2H2I2 trans- Acetylene diiodide 0 C MoI % A -13.8 100 + 10 84.5 33U? 60 61.5 50 72.0 O

C2H3ClO2 a-Chloroacetic acid 189. v. p. 173 B = C2H4O2 Acetic acid 190. v. p. 173 B = C4H6O2 Crotonic acid 191. (212) B = C4H6O4 Dimethyl oxalate 0 C * MoI % A A 61.7 100 56.2 90 49.5 80 41.7 70 32.8 60 A +B 25.5E I 52.5 B 34.6 40 40.4 30 45.4 20 49.6 10 53.2 O 192. (212)

B = C6H6 A 61.7 100 57.7 90 53.7 80 50.0 70 46.5 60 42.9 50 39.2 40 34.7 30 27.9 20 14.1 10 A +B 3.5E I 5 B 5.4 I Q

C2H3ClO2.(Continued) 193. v. p. 173 B = C6H6O Phenol

194. (212) B = C 6 Hi 0 O 4 Dimethyl succinate 0 C I MoI % A A 61.7 100 54.7 90 45.3 80 34.2 70 21.3 60 +7.2 50 A +B -3.5E I 42.8 B -1.5 40 +5.5 30 10.5 20 14.7 10 18.2 O 195. v. p. 173 B = C7H6O2 Benzoic acid 196. v. p. 173 B = C7H8O o-Cresol 197. v. p. 173 m-Cresol 198. v. p. 173 p-Cresol 199. (208) B = C7H8O2 Dimethylpyrone A 61.3 100 57.8 95 53.3 90 46.3 85 35.6 80 22.0 75 A +AB 5.1E I 70 AB 22.0 65 32.0 60 37.7 55 39.9 50 AB + B 39.9E I 49.5 B 62.3 45 79.9 40 92.7 35 102.7 30 110.2 25 116.7 20 121.7 15 125.8 10 132.1 O

200. (313) B = C7H8O2 Guaiacol 0 C I MoI % A A 61.7 100 56.1 90 50.0 80 43.6 70 37.0 60 30.1 50 22.8 40 A +B 13.OE 26.6 B 17.8 20 24.9 10 32.0 O 201.

(213,315)

B = C8H6O3 Piperonal A 61.86 100 55.5 90 48.5 80 39.9 70 29.8 60 18.4 50 A +B 7.3E I 40.5 B 15.5 30 23.0 20 29.8 10 35.5 O

202. (213) B = C8H8O Acetophenone 61.7 100 54.8 90 46.0 80 36.2 70 23.4 60 +7.8 50 A +B -7.3E I 41 B +0.6 30 7.4 20 13.5 10 18.7 O 203. v. p. 173 B = C8H8O2 Phenylacetic acid 204. v. p. 173 B = C8H8O2 o-Toluic acid 205. v. p. 173 B = C8H8O2 m-Toluic acid 206. v. p. 173 B = C8H8O2 p-Tohnc acid

207. (213) B = C8H8O3 Vanillin 0 C Ì MoI % A A 61.7 100 55.4 90 48.3 80 40.7 70 A+B 30.5E I 57.4 B 41.5 50 52.9 40 61.8 30 69.2 20 75.4 10 80.9 O 208. v. p. 173 B = C9H8O2 Cinnamic acid

209. (315) B = CioHg Naphthalene 0 C I MoI % A A 61.7 100 57.0 90 53.2 80 A +B 52.7E I 75 B 56.2 70 61.3 60 64.7 50 67.7 40 70.6 30 73.5 20 76.4 10 79.6 O 210. (313) B = Ci0H8O a-Naphthol A 61.7 100 56.9 90 51.2 80 A +B 47.OE I 73 B 57.0 60 64.7 50 71.6 40 77.8 30 83.5 20 89.0 10 94.0 O 211.

(313)

B = Ci0H8O /3-Naphthol A 61.7 100 55.0 90

211.—(Continued) 0 C I MoI % A A +B 48.OE I 80 B 62.5 70 74.8 60 86.0 50 95.7 40 103.5 . 30 110.5 20 116.5 10 122.0 O

212. (212) B = CioHioOa Methyl cinnamate A 61.7 100 55.5 90 47.8 80 39.5 70 30.5 60 20.9 50 A +B 11.4E \ 40.7 B 18.6 30 24.8 20 30.1 10 34.4 O 213. (313) B = Ci 0 Hi 4 O Thymol A 61.7 100 57.2 90 52.9 80 48.5 70 43.5 60 37.9 50 A +B 30.IE I 39 B 36,0 30 41.5 20 46.0 10 50.0 O 214.

(379)

B = CioHieO Camphor A 63 100 46.2 96.71 41 88.12 33 81.01 23.1 70.57 B 40 34.87 75 28.63 106 22.03 175 0.00 215. v. p. 173 B = Ci 3 Hi 0 O 3 Salol

216. B

(213)

== Ci4HioO2

Benzil I MoI % A A 61.7 100 56.6 90 A +B 50.OE I 77.5 B 56.1 70 63.8 60 70.2 50 75.9 40 80.9 30 85.6 20 89.9 10 94.0 Q 0

C

217.

(315)

B = C 16 H 34 O Cetyl alcohol A

61.7 56.6 51.5 45.3 35.4 A + 26.OE I

100 90 80 70 60 B 53.5

B 31.5 40 36.4 30 40.8 20 44.5 10 47.7 O 218. (213) B = C17H14O Dibenzalacetone A 61.7 100 54.1 90 44.3 80 A+B 32.2E I 68.6 B 55.1 60 72.7 50

C2H3ClO2 /3-Chloroacetic acid 219.

(315)

B = C2H4O2 Acetic acid A 56.68 100 51.0 90 44.5 80 36.9 70 27.4 60 17.0 50 +4.0 40 A +B -8.OE I 31.5 B +2.0 20 10.0 10 16.67 O

220. v. p. 173 B = C6H6O Phenol 221. v. p. 173 B = C7H8O o-Cresol

222. v. p. 173 w-Cresol 223. v. p. 173 p-Cresol 224. (313) B = C7H8O2 Guaiacol 0 C I MoI % A A 56.6 100 51.0 90 45.0 80 38.5 70 32.0 60 25.0 50 17.8 40 A +B 10.6E I 30 B 17.8 20 24.9 10 32.0 Q 225. (315) B = C8H6O3 Piperonal A 56.53 100 50.0 90 42.5 80 33.2 70 22.5 60 11.0 50 A +B ca. 4.5E 44 B 7.7 . 40 15.5 30 23.0 20 29.8 10 35.5 O 226. (31 sy B = Ci0H8 Naphthalene A 56.53 100 52.1 90 A +B 48.5E I 80 B 56.2 70 61.3 60 64.7 50 67.7 40 70.6 30 73.5 20 76.4 10 79.6 O

227. (31S) B = Ci0H8O a-Naphthol 0 C I Mol % A A 56.6 100 51.4 90 A+B 44.OE I 76.5 B 49.3 70 57.0 60 64.7 50 71.6 40 77.8 30 83.5 20 89.0 10 94.0 O 228. (313) B = Ci0H8O ß-Naphthol A 56.6 100 49.6 90 A +B 44.OE I 82.5 B 62.5 70 74.8 60 86.0 50 95.7 40 103.5 30 110.5 20 116.5 10 122 O O 229. (313) B = CioHi4O Thymol A 56.6 100 52.3 90 48.1 80 43.7 70 38.7 60 32.9 50 A +B 27.5E I 43 B 36.0 30 41.5 20 46.0 10 50.0 O 230. v. p. 173 B = C13Hi0O3 Salol 231. (318) B = Ci6H34O Cetyl alcohol A 55.7 100 51.7 90 46.0 80 36,0 70

231.—(Continued} 0 C I MoI % A A +B 24.3E I 61 B 27.3 50 31.5 40 36.4 30 40.8 20 44.5 10 47.7 O v. also 116, 174

C2H3Cl3O2

Chloral hydrate 232. (436) B = C2H6O Ethyl alcohol 51.5 100 42.5 90 35.0 80 29.0 70 24.5 60 20.0 50 12.0 40 2.0 35 233. (436) B = C7H8 51.5 45.0 40.0 36.5 35.0 33.5 31.5 29.0

100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30

25.7 20 19.0 10 11.5 5 234. (379) B = Ci 0 H 20 O Menthol A 56.5 100 49.9 89.45 42.6 79.05 B 36.3 4.71 43.0 O 235. (456)

B = CnHi 2 N 2 O Antipyrine A 51.5 100 35.5 90 A +A 2 B 33.8E I 85 A2B 44.5 80 59.5 70 61.8 66 A2B + AB 56E 56 AB 62.3 I 50

235.—(Continued) 0 C I MoI % A AB + B 50.5E I 39 B 68.8 30 84.2 20 96.8 10 102.8 5 108.9 O

236. (34) B = Ci 3 Hi 0 O 3 Salol A 51.5 100 35.2 90 39.0 80 32.7 70 26.4 60 20.1 50 A +B 16.OE I 43.5 B 25.3 30 30.9 20 36.2 10 39.1 5 42.0 O v. also 37

C2H3NS Methyl isothiocyanate 237. (281) B = Ci0Xl8 Naphthalene A 34 I 100 A +B 4OE I 65.8 B 80 I O 238. (281) B = CioHie Camphene A 34.0 I 100 A +B -7.5E I 28.35 B 49.3 I O

C2H4 Ethylene 240. (25) B = C2H6O Methyl ether 0 C I MoI % A A -169.5 I 100 A +AB -178.5E 78.5 AB + B -163.2U| 50 B -138.0 I O

C2H 4.Br2 Ethylene dibromide 241. (18,86) JD = C 2 H4U 2

Acetic acid A 9.7 100 6.8 90 4.1 80 + 1.3 70 -1.2 60 A +B -2.76E| 52.9 B +0.4 40 3.4 30 8.1 20 11.5 10 15.7 O 242. (86) B = C 6 H 5 NO 2 Nitrobenzene A 9.7 100 + 3.8 90 - 1.5 80 - 7.2 70 -13.6 60 A +B -21.46E[ 48 B -16.0 40 -10.8 30 - 5.4 20 + 0.2 10 5.54 O 243. (428)

239. (ioo) B = Ci 0 Hi 6 O Camphor A 34.0 I 100 A +B -34.2E I 50 ? 97U ca.\ 15 B 178 I Q

B = C 6 H 6 NO 3 o-Nitrophenol 0 C Wt. % A 44.9 O 42.3 5 39.7 10 35.3 20 31.3 30 26.6 40 21.2 50 15.0 60

244. (428) B = C6H6NO3 p-Nitrophenol 0 C Wt. % A 114.0 O 106.7 5 101.5 10 94.0 20 88.3 30 83.5 40 79.1 50 74.5 60 69.5 70 245. v. p. 173 B = C6H6 246.

(86,375)

B = C6H6O Phenol 0 C I MoI % A A 10.0 100 5.75 90 +2.6 80 0.0 70 A +B -l.OE I 65 B +0.8 60 6.5 50 12.8 40 19.6 30 26.3 20 33.2 10 40.24 O 247. (I 7 ) B = C 6 Hi 2 Cyclohexane A 9.7 100 4.7 90 + 0.6 80 - 2.4 70 - 5.0 60 - 7.9 50 -11.3 40 -15.3 30 A +B -25.0EI 16.4 B -13.3 10 . + 6.3 O 248. v. p. 173 B = C6Hi2O3 Paraldehyde 249. v. p. 173 B = C7H7Br p-Bromo toluene 250. v. p. 173 B = C7H8 251. v. p. 173 B = C8Hi0 p-Xylene

252. v. p. 173 B = Ci0H8 Naphthalene 253. (55) B = C10H8O /3-Naphthol 0 C Wt. % A A 10.2 I 100 A +B 9.04E| ca. 98.5 B 121.0 I O 254. (86) B = Ci0H20O Menthol 0 C I MoI % A A 9.7 100 6.1 90 A +B 5.4E I 86.3 B 8.7 80 12.7 70 15.1 60 18.1 50 21.8 40 25.9 30 30,6 20 35.8 10 41.2 O 255. v. p. 173 B = C12Hi1N Diphenylamine 256. (413) B = Ci2Hi8O8 Diethyl diacetyltartrate A 9.95 100 7.90 96.61 5.10 91.92 A +B 1.95E I 86.6 B 5.3 83.39 14.05 75.39 23.6 65.82 34.2 54.03 42.4 42.11 46.9 34.26 52.0 25.60 55.5 19.11 60.8 9.47 64.5 3.55 67.0 0.00 C2H4Cl2

Ethylene dichloride 257. v. p. 173 B = C6H6 258. v. p. 173 B == Ci0H8 Naphthalene

227. (31S) B = Ci0H8O a-Naphthol 0 C I Mol % A A 56.6 100 51.4 90 A+B 44.OE I 76.5 B 49.3 70 57.0 60 64.7 50 71.6 40 77.8 30 83.5 20 89.0 10 94.0 O 228. (313) B = Ci0H8O ß-Naphthol A 56.6 100 49.6 90 A +B 44.OE I 82.5 B 62.5 70 74.8 60 86.0 50 95.7 40 103.5 30 110.5 20 116.5 10 122 O O 229. (313) B = CioHi4O Thymol A 56.6 100 52.3 90 48.1 80 43.7 70 38.7 60 32.9 50 A +B 27.5E I 43 B 36.0 30 41.5 20 46.0 10 50.0 O 230. v. p. 173 B = C13Hi0O3 Salol 231. (318) B = Ci6H34O Cetyl alcohol A 55.7 100 51.7 90 46.0 80 36,0 70

231.—(Continued} 0 C I MoI % A A +B 24.3E I 61 B 27.3 50 31.5 40 36.4 30 40.8 20 44.5 10 47.7 O v. also 116, 174

C2H3Cl3O2

Chloral hydrate 232. (436) B = C2H6O Ethyl alcohol 51.5 100 42.5 90 35.0 80 29.0 70 24.5 60 20.0 50 12.0 40 2.0 35 233. (436) B = C7H8 51.5 45.0 40.0 36.5 35.0 33.5 31.5 29.0

100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30

25.7 20 19.0 10 11.5 5 234. (379) B = Ci 0 H 20 O Menthol A 56.5 100 49.9 89.45 42.6 79.05 B 36.3 4.71 43.0 O 235. (456)

B = CnHi 2 N 2 O Antipyrine A 51.5 100 35.5 90 A +A 2 B 33.8E I 85 A2B 44.5 80 59.5 70 61.8 66 A2B + AB 56E 56 AB 62.3 I 50

235.—(Continued) 0 C I MoI % A AB + B 50.5E I 39 B 68.8 30 84.2 20 96.8 10 102.8 5 108.9 O

236. (34) B = Ci 3 Hi 0 O 3 Salol A 51.5 100 35.2 90 39.0 80 32.7 70 26.4 60 20.1 50 A +B 16.OE I 43.5 B 25.3 30 30.9 20 36.2 10 39.1 5 42.0 O v. also 37

C2H3NS Methyl isothiocyanate 237. (281) B = Ci0Xl8 Naphthalene A 34 I 100 A +B 4OE I 65.8 B 80 I O 238. (281) B = CioHie Camphene A 34.0 I 100 A +B -7.5E I 28.35 B 49.3 I O

C2H4 Ethylene 240. (25) B = C2H6O Methyl ether 0 C I MoI % A A -169.5 I 100 A +AB -178.5E 78.5 AB + B -163.2U| 50 B -138.0 I O

C2H 4.Br2 Ethylene dibromide 241. (18,86) JD = C 2 H4U 2

Acetic acid A 9.7 100 6.8 90 4.1 80 + 1.3 70 -1.2 60 A +B -2.76E| 52.9 B +0.4 40 3.4 30 8.1 20 11.5 10 15.7 O 242. (86) B = C 6 H 5 NO 2 Nitrobenzene A 9.7 100 + 3.8 90 - 1.5 80 - 7.2 70 -13.6 60 A +B -21.46E[ 48 B -16.0 40 -10.8 30 - 5.4 20 + 0.2 10 5.54 O 243. (428)

239. (ioo) B = Ci 0 Hi 6 O Camphor A 34.0 I 100 A +B -34.2E I 50 ? 97U ca.\ 15 B 178 I Q

B = C 6 H 6 NO 3 o-Nitrophenol 0 C Wt. % A 44.9 O 42.3 5 39.7 10 35.3 20 31.3 30 26.6 40 21.2 50 15.0 60

244. (428) B = C6H6NO3 p-Nitrophenol 0 C Wt. % A 114.0 O 106.7 5 101.5 10 94.0 20 88.3 30 83.5 40 79.1 50 74.5 60 69.5 70 245. v. p. 173 B = C6H6 246.

(86,375)

B = C6H6O Phenol 0 C I MoI % A A 10.0 100 5.75 90 +2.6 80 0.0 70 A +B -l.OE I 65 B +0.8 60 6.5 50 12.8 40 19.6 30 26.3 20 33.2 10 40.24 O 247. (I 7 ) B = C 6 Hi 2 Cyclohexane A 9.7 100 4.7 90 + 0.6 80 - 2.4 70 - 5.0 60 - 7.9 50 -11.3 40 -15.3 30 A +B -25.0EI 16.4 B -13.3 10 . + 6.3 O 248. v. p. 173 B = C6Hi2O3 Paraldehyde 249. v. p. 173 B = C7H7Br p-Bromo toluene 250. v. p. 173 B = C7H8 251. v. p. 173 B = C8Hi0 p-Xylene

252. v. p. 173 B = Ci0H8 Naphthalene 253. (55) B = C10H8O /3-Naphthol 0 C Wt. % A A 10.2 I 100 A +B 9.04E| ca. 98.5 B 121.0 I O 254. (86) B = Ci0H20O Menthol 0 C I MoI % A A 9.7 100 6.1 90 A +B 5.4E I 86.3 B 8.7 80 12.7 70 15.1 60 18.1 50 21.8 40 25.9 30 30,6 20 35.8 10 41.2 O 255. v. p. 173 B = C12Hi1N Diphenylamine 256. (413) B = Ci2Hi8O8 Diethyl diacetyltartrate A 9.95 100 7.90 96.61 5.10 91.92 A +B 1.95E I 86.6 B 5.3 83.39 14.05 75.39 23.6 65.82 34.2 54.03 42.4 42.11 46.9 34.26 52.0 25.60 55.5 19.11 60.8 9.47 64.5 3.55 67.0 0.00 C2H4Cl2

Ethylene dichloride 257. v. p. 173 B = C6H6 258. v. p. 173 B == Ci0H8 Naphthalene

C2H4N4 Dicyanodiamide 259. (156) B = C2H6O Ethyl alcohol 0 C g A per 100 g B O 0.937 10 1.18 20 1.47 30 1.91 40 2.55 50 3.31 60 4.12 260. (156) B = C4H10O Ethyl ether O 0.0006 10 0.0009 20 0.0013 30 0.0019 35.3 0.0026 v. also 56

C2H4O Acetaldehyde 261. (435)

B = C2H6O

Ethyl alcohol 0 C I MoI % A A -123.3 100 -125.5 90 A +AB -130.0EI 80 AB -125.4 70 -123.2 60 -122.2 50 AB + AB 2 -131. OE| 40 AB2 -122.9 33 -132.1 25 AB2 + B -14OE I 21 B -126.5 15 -120.8 10 -114.0 O 262. (186) B = CeHi 2 Os Paraldehyde A -118.451 100 A +B -119.9E| 98.6 B - 71.0 90 - 45.0 80 - 31.0 70 - 21.0 60 - 13.8 50 - 7.7 40 - 2.5 30 + 2.8 20

262.—(Continued) 0 C I MoI % A B 7.6 10 12.55 O

C3ÎÂ Acetic acid 263. (255)

B = C 2 H 5 NO

Acetamide A 16.7 100 12.7 95 9.2 90 + 5.1 85 - 0.4 80 A +AB -16.5E| 69.4 AB - 8.5 60 AB + B - 5.5U| 52 B +26.5 40 43.5 30 50.8 25 57.5 20 69.8 10 80.0 O

267. v. p. 173 B = C4H6O4 Dimethyl oxalate 268. (385)

B = C4H8O2

Ethyl acetate 0 C MoI % A 16.7 100 9.7 90 +2.1 80 - 6.1 70 -14.4 60 -24.1 50 -34.0 40 -47.3 30 -64.8 20 269. (385) B = C4H10O Ethyl ether 16.7 100 10.5 90 + 4.0 80 - 3.2 70 -11.3 60 -20.2 50 -29.5 40 -42.0 30 -59.5 20

273.—(Continued) 0 C MoI % A B -3.3 30 -0.3 20 +2.6 10 5.6 Q 274. (is, 86, 87, 142,212,401) B = C6H6 A

16.7 100 10.9 90 6.25 80 +2.25 70 -1.8 60 -5.9 50 A +B -8.8E I 43 B -4.25 30 -0.8 20 +2.5 10 5.5 O

Ethyl alcohol 16.7 100 10.8 90 + 4.2 80 - 3.0 70 -11.6 60 -22.2 50 -35.2 40 -53.4 30 -81.0 20 265. (385) B = C3H8O Propyl alcohol 16.7 100 10.5 90 + 4.3 80 - 3.0 70 -11.2 60 -21.1 50 -33.9 40 -51.8 30 -68.5 20 266.

(385) .

B = C4IiGOs

Acetic anhydride 16.7 100 11.0 90 + 5.4 80 - 0.2 70 - 5.8 60 -12.4 50 -19.8 40 -30.0 30 -44.8 20 -68.1 10

270. (210) B = C6H3N3O7 Picric acid A 16.4 I 100 A +B 14.IE I 96.4 B 50.8 90 69.4 80 80.0 70 87.3 60 93.1 50 98.4 40 103.5 30 108.6 20 113.4 10 118.5 O 271. B = C6H4N2O4

w-Dinitrobenzene v. Seidell, p. 131 273. (19,86)

B = C 6 H 5 NO 2

Nitrobenzene 0 C I MoI % A A 16.7 100 11.0 90 6.3 80 +2.5 70 -1.2 60 -5.4 50 A +B -8.2E I 44

280. (255)

B = C7H7NO 0

Benzamide C I MoI % A A

16.7 100 12.0 90 +7.0 80 A +B -2.OE I 83 B +9.0 80 23.7 75 35.5 70 56.4 60 74.2 50 102.0 30 111.6 20 119.4 10 126.5 O 281. (208)

275. v. p. 173 B = C6H6O

Phenol 276. (353)

264. (385)

B = C2H6O

279. v. p. 173 B = C7H6O2 Benzoic acid

B = C6H7N

Aniline I MoI % A A 16.6 100 13.1 95 + 7.8 90 - 6.8m 85 -16.3m 80 A +A 2 B - 3.2E I 84.2 A2B + 7.6 80 14.0 75 16.3 70 0

C

16.7

66

15.7 60 11.8 50 + 5.7 40 - 2.0 30 - 7.2 25 -13.7 20 A2B + B -15.7E I 13.7 AB2 -20.1m 40 -19.8m 28 -18.6m 25 -16.4m 20 B -11.5 10 - 8.8 5 - 6.0 O 277. v. p. 173 B = C 6 H 10 O 4

Dimethyl succhiate

B

=

C7HgO2

Dimethylpyrone A 16.4 100 12.8 90 8.6 80 +2.7 85 A +AB -3.OE I 80.5 AB +9.7 75 18.0 70 23.9 65 AB + B 25U I 63 B 38.5 60 55.8 55 70.8 50 83.5 45 94.0 40 102.5 35 109.4 30 115.0 25 119.8 20 123.8 15 127.2 10 132.1 O 281.1. (353.1)

B = C7H9N o-Toluidine A 16.6 I 100 A + AB - 5.9E I 83.1 24.8

AB I

50

AB + B -28.5E I 2.0 B -27.7 I O

281.2. (353.1)

B = C7HgN

w-Toluidine 0 C I MoI % A A 16.6 I 100 A+A2B - 5.6E I 83.9 A + A2B (Metastable) - 8.8E 82.4 A2B 10.0 66.7 A2B (Metastable) 7.3

I

66.7

A2B + B -38.5E 13.5 A2B + B (Metastable) -40.OEcOL ca.16.0 B -31.0 I O 281.3. (353.1)

B = C7H9N

p-Toluidine A 16.6 I 100 A +A 2 B 6.1E I 88.9 A2B 48.0 66.7 A2B + B 27.9E I 30.4 B 43.0 I O 282.

(375, 377)

B = CgHio

p-Xylene A 16.7 100 11.5 90 8.1 80 3.3 70 A +B 0.5E I 61.7 B 3.2 50 5.3 40 7.5 30 9.4 20 11.3 10 13.2 O 282.1. (353.1)

B = C8H11N

Dimethylaniline A 16.6 100 A + AB - 9.3E I 81.7 AB +18.9 I 50 AB + B —9.6 I 9.4 B

- 4.9 I

O

282.2. (353.1) B=C 9 H 13 N 2, 4, 6-Trimethylaniline 0

C

[ Mol % A A 16.6 100 A +B -24.0ca.| 70.0 B 2.2 I O 283.

(452, 475)

B = C10H8 Naphthalene 0 C MoI % B O 2.4 10 3.5 20 5.2 30 7.6 40 11.9 50 19.7 60 34.3 70 59.0 283.1.

(475)

B = Ci0H9N /3-Naphthylamine 0 C MoI % A 16.7 100 45.0 80 67.0 70 82.0 60 89.0? 50 94.0 40 98.0 30 101.0 20 105.O 10 107.5 5 110.6 O 284. v. p. 173 B = C10H14O Thymol 285. v. p. 174 B = C12H9N Carbazole 286.

(345)

B = C1SH1O Fluorene 0 C MoI % B 20.0 0.80 30.0 1.30 40.0 1.9 50.0 2.9 60.0 4.5 70.0 6.9 80.0 11.6 287. v. p. 174 B = C14H8O2 Anthraquinone 288. v. p. 174 B = CnH1O Anthracene 289. (475) B — CnHio Phenanthrene

289.—(Continued] 0

C 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0 70.0 75.0 80.0

g B per 100 g A 6.0 9.5 15.0 26.0 46.0 93.0 160.0 290.

B = Ci 6 Hi 8 N 2 O2

p-Azophenetole v. Seidell, p. 104 v. also 21, 59, 64, 82, 117, 175, 189, 219, 241 (C 2 H 4 0 2 ) 2 Acetic acid 290.1. (20) B = C6H5Cl Chlorobenzene 0 C MoI % A 16.7 100 14.4 90 11.9 80 9.2 70 6.0 60 + 2.5 50 - 1.0 40 - 5.0 30 -10.0 20 290.2. (is, 86) B = C 6 H 6 NO 2 Nitrobenzene 16.7 100 13.5 90 10.5 80 7.4 70 4.6 60 + 1.4 50 -2.3 40 -7.7 30 -4.2 20 -0.3 10 +5.6 O 290.3/ (17) B = C 6H12 Cyclohexane A 16.7 100 14.0 90 12.6 80 11.7 70 11.2 60 11.0 50 10.8 40 10.5 30 9.9 20 6.7 10 0.0 5

A +B -2.5E I 4.4 B 6.7 I O

C2H5Cl Ethyl chloride v. 18

C2H5I Ethyl iodide 291.

(482)

B = C 4 Hi 0 O Ethyl ether 0 C I MoI % A A - 63.5 I 100 A +B -125.0E| ca. 18 B -117.6 ! O C2H6NO Acetamide 292. v. p. 174 B = C2H6O Ethyl alcohol v. also 1852 293. v. p. 174 B = C3H7NO2 Urethane 294. (255) B = C4H6O3 Acetic anhydride 0 C MoI % A 80.0 100 75.0 95 71.0 90 65.5 80 61.5 70 56.0 60 51.3 50 46.0 40 40.0 30 +30.5 20 - 0.5 10 295. (231) B = C 6 H 5 NO 3 o-Nitrophenol 0 C I Wt. % A A 76.5 I 100 A +B 41.2 5 B 44.8 I O 296. (231) B = C 6 H 6 NO 3 m-Nitrophenol A 76.5 I 100 A +AB 42.1E 46 AB 51.5 I 50 AB + B 25.0 I 22 B 95.0 I O

297. (231) B = C 6 H 6 NO 3 p-Nitrophenol 0 C I Wt. % A A 76.5 I 100 A + AB 66.3E I 69 AB 96.1 I 25.3 AB + B 77.5E I 14 B 112.0 ! O

301. (231) B = C6H6O2 Hydroquinol 0 C I Wt. % A . A 76.5 I 100 A + AB 60.3E I 73.0 AB 101.0 I 35 AB + B 98.8E 33.5 B 169.0 O 302.

298.

(267)

B = C6H6O Phenol A 76.2 100.0 70.0 ,86.3 60.0 71.7 50.0 61.7 40.0 53.8 30.0 47.3 A + AB2 27.OE 46.0 AB2 30.0 43.4 40.0 29.5 40. 8 32.1 40.0 20.0 30.0 11.0 AB2 + B 27.5E I 8 B 40.5 I O v. also 1852 299. (231) B = C6H6O2 Catechol A 76.5 [ 100 A + A2B 34.7E I 57.5 A2B 37. 5 I ca. 51.7 A2B + B 17.6E I 34 B 102.8 I O 300. (231) B = C6H6O2 Resorcinol A 76.5 100 32.0 69.4 ? vis. 69.4 to 48.2 B 9.0 48.2 108.5 O

(273)

B = C6H6O3

Pyrogallol A 76.5 100 67.5 83.9 58.4 76.5 46 68.2 20 57.6 A + (?) HE 54.0 No solid phase I B 44 29.2 70 24.5 86 19.4 108.4 9.6 126 0.0 303. (255) B = C7H6O2 Benzoic acid 0 C I MoI % A A 80.0 100 76.0 95 72.2 90 69.0 80 54.3 70 48.7 60 A +B 38.OE I 55 B 56.0 50 80.7 . 40 94.0 30 104.5 20 113.7 10 117.5 .5 121.5 O 304. (231) B = C7H6O3 Salicylic acid 0 C I Wt. % A A 76.5 I 100 A + AB 52.2E I 52 AB + B 63.OU I 35 B 157 I O

305. (294) B = C8H6O2 Phthalide 0 C I Wt. % A A8 79.2 I 100 A-m

69.1 I 100 Am +B 8 52.5E I 44.5 Am + B m

47.OE A8 57.5E A8 52.6E

I 28.5 +B 8 I 25 +B m 15.5 Bm 65.0 I O BS 72.8 I O 306.

(269)

B = C8H10N2O Nitrosodimethylaniline A 76.2 I 100 A + AB2 62.5E I 29 AB2 70. O 16.4 AB2 + B 7OE ca.\ 13 B 83.2 O 307. (231) B = C10H8O a-Naphthol A 76.5 100 A +B 9.4E I 33 B 92.0 I O 308. (231) B = C10H8O 0-Naphthol A 76.5 I 100 A +AB 53.2E ( 52 AB 63.0 I 30 AB + B 61.4E I 25 B 122.0 I O 309. (100) B = C10Hi6O Camphor 0 C I MoI % A A 82.0 I 100 A +B 70.2E I 87.5

C2H5NO.(Continued) 309.—(Continued) 0 C I MoI % A B 178.0 I O 310. (255)

B = C14H10O3 Benzoic anhydride A 82.0 100 79.5 95 76.5 90 71.0 80 A + AB 68.OE I 75 AB 73.0 70 81.0 60 84.0 50 80.5 40 72.0 30 58.0 20 41.0 10 AB + B 36.OE I 7 B 42.0 1 O 311. (294) B = C19H17N3 Triphenylguanidine 0 C I Wt. % A A8 79.2 I 100 -AjQ

69.1 I 100 Am + B8 68.OE I 95.75 Am + Bm

67.8E A8 77.8E A8 77.6E

I 94.9 +B 8 I 93.5 +B m I 92.1 Bm 138 I O B8 144.2 I O v. also 263, 1852

C2H6N2O Methylurea 313. (229)

B = C6H6O

Phenol I Wt. % A A 98.0 100 94.5 95 90.8 90 83.2 80 74.0 70 61.7 60 43.7 50 30.0 45 0

C

313.—(Continued) 0 C I Wt. % A A +AB +8.OU I 40 AB - 0.1

I

30

AB + B - 7.OE I 24 B +25.1 10 33.9 5 40.6 O

C2H6O Ethyl alcohol 314. v. p. 174 B = C3H7NO2 Urethane 315. (477)

321.—(Continued) 0 C Wt. % A 33.5 40 32.0 50 30.0 60 26.0 70 19.3 80 2.5 90 322. (71) B = C 6 H 5 NO 3 ra-Nitrophenol 95.2 O 86.0 5 77.0 10 56.0 20 34.5 30 + 13.5 40 - 8.5 50 323. (71)

B = C4H4O4

Fumarie acid 0 C g B per 100 g A 29.7 5.75 316. (477)

B = C4H4O4 Maleic acid 29.7 I 69.9 317. (436) B = C 4 H 5 NO 2 Succinimide 0 C MoI % B 60 12.4 40 4.77 20 2.04 O 0.88 318. B = C 5 HuNO 2

Betaine v. Seidell, p. 149 319. B = C6H3N3O7

Picric acid v. Seidell, p. 493 320. (419) B = C6H4Br2 p-Dibromobenzene 0 C MoI % B 30 3.0 40 4.6 50 7.0 60 11.1 70 21.1 75 46.8 80 76.4 87 100.0 321. (71) B = C6H5NO3 o-Nitrophenol 0 C Wt. % A 44.0 O 41.3 5 39.0 10 36.0 20 34.5 30

B = C 6 H 5 NO 3 p-Nitrophenol 114.0 O 99.5 5 85.0 10 61.0 20 38.0 30 +15.0 40 - 8.5 50 323.1. (267,436)

B = C6H6O Phenol 10.0 15.0 20.0 11.1 30.0 6.2 40.5 0.0

v. also 1852 324. (436)

B = C6H6O2

Resorcinol C MoI % A 110.4 O 75.0 40 58.2 50 25.2 60 0

325. B = C7H5NO4 o-Nitrobenzoic acid t>. Seidell, p. 141, 143 326. B = C 7 H 5 NO 4 ra-Nitrobenzoic acid v. Seidell, p. 141, 143 327. B = C7H5NO4

p-Nitrobenzoic acid v. Seidell, p. 141, 144 328.

(443)

B = C7H5N5O8

Trinitrophenylmethylnitroamine (Tetryl)

328.—(Continued) g B per 0 C 100 g A O 0.320 10 0.425 20 0.563 30 0.76 40 1.12 50 1.72 60 2.64 70 4.23 329. B = C7H6O2 Benzoic acid v. Seidell, p. 134, 135, 136 331. (426) B = C7H6O3 Salicylic acid 0 C Wt. % A 159.0 O 142.0 10 123.0 20 104.5 30 84.0 40 62.5 50 40.0 60 0.0 70 332. (426) B = C7H6O3

w-Hydroxybenzoic acid 201.3 O 184.0 10 166.0 20 148.0 30 129.5 40 106.0 50 68.0 60 333. (426) B = C7H6O3 p-Hydroxybenzoic acid 213.0 O 197.0 10 178.0 20 156.0 30 135.0 40 110.0 50 72.0 60 334. (436) B = C7H7NO Benzamide 0 C MoI % B 72.3 20.86 50.4 14.44 32.6 8.72 10.4 4.25 0.0 3.08 335. v. p. 174 B = C7H9N

p-Toluidine

337. B = C8H7BrClNO

2-Bromo-4-chloroacetanilide v. Seidell, p. 4 338. B = C8H7BrClNO

4-Bromo-2-chloroacetanilide v. Seidell, p. 4 339. B = C8H7Br2NO

2, 4-Dibromoacetanilide v. Seidell, p. 4 340. B = C8H7Cl2NO 2, 4-Dichloroacetanilide v. Seidell, p. 4 341. B = C8H8BrNO

p-Bromoaeetanilide v. Seidell, p. 4 342. B = C3H8ClNO

p-Chloroacetanilide v. Seidell, p. 4 343. B = C8H8O2

Phenylacetic acid v. Seidell, p. 12 344. B = C8H8O3 d/-Mandelic acid v. Seidell, p. 399 345. v. p. 174 B =» C8H9NO

Acetanilide 346. B = C8H10N4O2

Caffeine v. Seidell, p. 186 347. B = C9H10O2

Hydrocinnamic acid v. Seidell, p. 570 348. (436,452)

13 = C1C)H8

Naphthalene C MoI % B 0.0 1.8 10.0 2.45 20.0 3.4 30.0 4.6 40.0 6.5s 50.0 10.0 60.0 17.3 70.0 39.2 0

336. B = C8H6O4

348.1. (475)

o-Phthalic acid v. Seidell, p. 490

B = C10HgN

a-Naphthylamine

348.1.—(Continued) 0 C MoI % A 10.5 80 16.8 70 21.3 60 25.0 50 28.5 40 32.0 30 36.5 20 42.5 10 46.0 5 49.4 Q 349. B = C10H15BrO

a-Bromocamphor v. Seidell, p. 225 349.1. (71.1) B = C10H16O

Camphor g B per 0 C 100 g A 0.0 104.0 25.0 181.0 52.9 311.0 350. B = C 10 H 16 O 4 Camphoric acid v. Seidell, p. 225 351. (475) B = C12H9N Carbazole 20.0 0.75 30.0 1.02 40.0 1.35 50.0 1.77 60.0 2.3 70.0 2.95 352. (436)

B = C12H10 Acenaphthene 0 C MoI % B 0.0 0.57 10.0 0.84 20.0 1.18 30.0 1.69 40.0 2.51 50.0 3.90 60.0 6.43 70.0 11.7 353. B = C12H10Na Azobenzene v. Seidell, p. 103 354. B = C12H24Oa

Laurie acid v. Seidell, p. 349 355. (345) B = C13H10 Fluorene 0 C MoI % B 10.0 0.38 20.0 0.50

355.—(Continued) 0 C Mol % B 30.0 0.63 40.0 0.85 50.0 1.17 60.0 1.75 70.0 2.7 80.0 4.6

364. (163) B = Ci8H37NO2 Ammonium oleate 0 C | A, g/l A O 31.0 10 59.0 50 100.0

356. v. p. 174

364.1. (163) B = Ci8H39NO2 Ammonium stéarate A O 0.1 10 0.3 20 0.5 30 0.9 40 1.8 50 5.5

B = Ci 4 H 8 O 2

Anthraquinone 357. (475) B = C 14UiO

Anthracene g B per 0 C 100 g A 20.0 0.077 30.0 0.138 40.0 0.225 50.0 0.33 60.0 0.463 70.0 0.675 358.

(153,475)

B = Ci4HiO Phenanthrene 20.0 2.5 30.0 3.7 40.0 5.5 50.0 8.1 60.0 12.3 358.1. (71-1) B = Ci4Hi0O2 Benzil 0.2 1.82 25.0 4.89 66.4 89.6 359. B = Ci4H2SO2 Myristic acid v. Seidell, p. 443 360. B = CiGHa 2 O 2

Palmitic acid v. Seidell, p. 474 361. B = Ci 6 H 34 O Cetyl alcohol v. Seidell, p. 244 362. (163) B = Ci 6 H 35 NO 2 Ammonium palmitate 0 C | A, g/l A O 0.5 10 0.7 20 1.4 40 4.5 50 I 11.0 363. B = CiSH36O2 Stearic acid v. Seidell, p. 677

v. also 68, 114, 232, 259, 261, 264, 292, 1852

C2H6O Methyl ether 365. B = C7H6O3 Salicylic acid v. Seidell, p. 591 v. also 19, 63, 172, 240 CsHaCIaOs Trichlorolactic acid 366. (208) B = C7H8O2 Dimethylpyrone 0 C | Mol % A A 113.8 100 110.6 95 106.6 90 100.0 85 88.5 80 70.0 75 A + AB 34.OE | 68.5 AB 40.3 65 47.8 60 52.6 55 54.5 50 52.8 45 AB + B 50.OE | 41 B 77.1 35 95.2 30 108.1 25 116.7 20 122.6 15 126.5 10 132.1 I O

C3H5IO2 ß-Iodopropionic acid 367. (208) B = C7H8O2 Dimethylpyrone 0 C | Mol % A A 81.2 100 77.2 95 72.7 90 66.9 85 59.4 80 50.2 75 39.0 70 26.3 65 A+B 7.OE I 58 B 20.7 55 42.5 50 60.3 45 75.0 40 87.4 35 97.8 30 106.7 25 114.0 20 120.0 15 124.5 10 132.1 O

C3H6O Acetone 368. (477) B = C4H4O4 Fumarie acid g B per 0 C 100 g A 29.7 1.72

369. (477) B = C4H4O4 Maleic acid 29.7 | 35.77 370. (53) B = C6H5ClO 0-Chlorophenol 0 C | Wt. % A A -94.0 | 100 A +AB -97.1E1 87.5 AB -83.7 80 -70.0 70 -59.3 60 -54.5 55 -50.1 50 -46.2 45 -42.8 40 -40.5 35 -39.8 31 -42.6 25

AB + B -47.6E| 21.5

370.—(Continued) 0 C | Wt. % A B -18.0 15 - 4.0 10 + 3.5 5 8.0 O

371. (71) B = C 6 H 5 NO 3 o-Nitrophenol 44.0 O 39.0 5 34.4 10 26.1 20 18.0 30 +9.1 40 -0.4 50 372. (71) B = C 6 H 5 NO 3 Tft-Nitrophenol 95.2 O 85.5 5 75.5 10 54.0 20 29.0 30 373. (71) B = C 6 H 5 NO 3 p-Nitrophenol 114.0 O 103.O 5 89.5 10 61.0 20 26.0 30 374. (292) B = C6H6O Phénol A -95.0 | 100 AB2 -59.0 80 -40.0 70 -22.0 60 -14.0 55 - 7.2 50 - 1.0 45 + 4.5 40 9.5 35 13.1 30 15.0 23. 5 14.2 20 AB2 + B 4.0E| 15.5 B 20.0 10 32.0 5 41.0 O 375. (292) B = C6H6O2 Catechol A -95.0 | 100 AB -64.0 60 -50.0 55

375.—(Continued) 0 C | Wt. % A AB -40.0 50 -33.3 45 AB + B -30.0U| 41 B +18.0 35 42.0 30 58.0 25 73.0 20 85.5 15 96.0 10 105.6 5 115.0 O 376. (292) B = C6H6O2 Resorcinol A -95.0 ( 100 A2B -58.5 80 -43.0 70 -32.0 60 -28.9 55 -28.5 51 -33.2 45 A2B + B -45.0E| 41 B + 12.0 35 41.5 30 59.5 25 75.0 20 87.7 15 97.8 10 104.5 5 109.0 O 377. (292)

B = C6H6O2 Hydroquinol A -95.0 | 100 AB - 4.0 90 +22.0 80 42.0 70 52.5 60 64.0 50 137.0 40 148 ça. 34. 5 147.0 30 B 145.0 20 158.5 10 169.0 Q 378. (292)

B = C6H6O3 Pyrogallol A -95.0 | 100 A3B -63.0 90 -42.7 80 -29.5 70

378.—(Continued) 0 C | Wt. % A A3B -23.9 58 -24.4 55 -27.5 50 A3B + B -34. OE 45 B + 8.5 40 38.0 35 60.0 30 78.0 25 95.0 20 111.0 15 126.0 10 140.5 5 155.0 O 379.

(71.1,344)

B = C7H6O2 Benzoic acid 121.4 O 72.0 40 54.5 50 34.5 60 6.5 70 379.1. (316) B = C7H6O3 Salicylic acid g B per 0 C 100 g A 25.0 55.5

380. v. p. 174 B = CioHs Naphthalene 381. v. p. 174 B = Ci2H9N Carbazole

381.1. (71.1) B = C IuHi 6 O Camphor g B per 0 C 100 g A 0.0 209.0 25.0 261.0 45.0 372.0

382. v. p. 174 B = Ci 2 HiO Acenaphthene 383. v. p. 174 B = Ci3HiO Fluorene

384. v. p. 174 B — Ci4H8O2 Anthraquinone

385. v. p. 174 B = Ci 4 HiO Anthracene 386. v. p. 174 B — Ci4HiO Phenanthrene

CaHe(^ Propionic acid

387. B = C6H4N2O4 m-Dinitrobenzene v. Seidell, p. 131 388.

(452)

B = C1QH8 Naphthalene 0 C MoI % B 0.0 6.0 10.0 8.4 20.0 11.5 30.0 15.8 40.0 22.2 50.0 31.6 60.0 46.3 70.0 67.2 v. also 65, 83, 110 C 3 H 7 ClO 2 Propionic acid hydrochloride v. 84

C 3 H 7 NO 2 Urethane 389. v. p. 174 B = C3H8O Propyl alcohol

390. v. p. 174 B = C6H12O tt-Amyl alcohol 391. (392) B = C6H4N2O4 m-Dinitrobenzene 0 C I MoI % A A 48.3 I 100 A +B 42.OE I 88.5 B 52.0 80 61.0 70 67.5 60 71.0 50 73.6 40 77.5 30 81.5 20 85.8 10 90.0 O 392. (396) B = C6H6 A 48.3 100 42.5 90 38.7 80 35.7 70 33.1 60 30.6 50 28.1 40 25.3 30 22.0 20 16.0 10

392.—(Continued) 0 C MoI % A A +B 4.2E I 3 B 5.5 I O 393. ( 326 ) B = C6H6O Phenol A 48.0 100 42.0 90 34.7 80 24.7 70 + 12.0 60 - 5.3 50 A+B -25.0E| 41.3 B + 1.0 30 19.0 20 31.5 10 40.5 O 394.

(318,465)

B = C 7 H 7 NO 2 p-Nitrotoluene A 48.3 100 42.6 90 38.6 80 35.1 70 A+B 33.5E i 65 B 35.6 60 38.7 50 41.2 40 43.5 30 45.3 20 48.0 10 51.3 O 395. (318, 393) B = C7H7NO3 p-Nitroanisole A 48.3 100 43.8 90 39.7 80 36.5 70 A+B 34.2E I 63 B 38.0 50 40.8 40 43.6 30 46.5 20 49.6 10 52.6 O 396. (436) B = C7H8 Toluene 47.0 100 41.7 90 38.1 80 35.3 70 32.9 60

396—(Continued) 0 C MoI % A 30.5 50 28.1 40 25.4 30 22.2 20 16.5 10 O 1.77 397. v. p. 174 B = C8H9NO Acetanilide 398. (318) B = Ci 0 H 7 NO 2 a-Nitronaphthalene 0 C I MoI % A A 48.3 100 43.3 90 A+B 38.8E [ 81 B 41.5 70 43.8 60 45.8 50 48.3 40 50.5 30 52.2 20 54.5 10 58.0 O 399. (393) B = C 12 HnN Diphenylamine A 48.3 100 44.1 90 39.8 80 35.5 70 A + B 32.2E 61 B 36.3 50 39.6 40 42.4 30 45.4 20 48.9 10 53.2 O 400. (34) B = C 13 H 1 QOa

Salol A

48.5 100 43.7 90 39.6 80 36.3 70 33.5 60 31.0 50 A+B 29.OE I 43 B 33.6 30 36.8 20 39.7 10 42.0 O v. also 39, 85, 293, 314

C3H8N2O sz/w-Dimethylurea 401. (229)

B = C6H6O Phenol I Wt. % A A 102.0 100 97.5 95 92.5 90 79.0 80 59.0 70 30.2 60 A + AB2 -3.OE 1 53 AB2 + 1.5 50 11.2 40 14. O 31. 8 AB2 + B 5.OE I 18.5 B 27.0 10 35.2 5 40.6 O 0

404. B = C6H4N2O4 m-Dinitrobenzene v. Seidell, p. 131, 132

C

C3H8N2O os?/m-Dimethylurea 402. (229) B = C6H6O Phenol A 178.0 100 173.8 95 169.2 90 159.0 80 145.7 70 127.4 60 99.0 50 58.5 40 A +AB 25.2U] 34 AB 14.5 I 20 AB + B 9.OE 17 B 26.0 10 34.8 5 40.6 O C3H8O Propyl alcohol 403. (419) B = C6H4Br2 p-Dibromobenzene 0 C MoI % B 30 4.5 40 6.7 50 10.0 60 17.2 70 38.5 75 61.0 80 82.3 87 100.0

405.

(385)

B = C6H6 0

C MoI % A 5.5 O 2.8 10 +1.3 20 0.0 30 - 1.6 40 - 3.75 50 - 6.8 60 -12.8 70 -24.8 80 -47.0 90 -59.0 92.5 -78.0 95 406. B = C 7 H 5 NO 4 o-Nitrobenzoic acid v. Seidell, p. 143 407. B = C 7 H 5 NO 4 ra-Nitrobenzoic acid v. Seidell, p. 143 4(K B = C7H5NO4 p-Nitrobenzoic acid v. Seidell, p. 144 409. B = C7H6O2 Benzoic acid v. Seidell, p. 135 410. B = C7H6O3 Salicylic acid v. Seidell, p. 591 411. B = C8H6O4 o-Phthalic acid v. Seidell, p. 490 412. B = C8H8O2 Phenylacetic acid v. Seidell, p. 12 413. B = C8H8O3 d£-Mandelic acid v. Seidell, p. 399 414. B

==

CgH 1 QO 2

Hydrocinnamic acid v. Seidell, p. 570 415.

(436,

452)

B = C1QH8 Naphthalene 0 C MoI % B 0.0 2.0s 10.0 2.6 20.0 3.7 30.0 5.1

415.—(Continued) 0 C MoI % B 40.0 7.15 50.0 10.9 60.0 19.0 70.0 45.2

416. B == CioH16O4 Camphoric acid v. Seidell, p. 225 417.

(436)

B = C12H1O Acenaphthene 0 C MoI % B 0.0 0.66 10.0 0.91 20.0 1.31 30.0 1.86 40.0 2.80 50.0 4.40 60.0 7.4 70.0 13.5 418. JD = C 12 H 1 QN 2 Azobenzene v. Seidell, p. 103 419. B = C12H24O2 Laurie acid v. Seidell, p. 349 420. B = C14H28O2 Myristic acid v. Seidell, p. 443 421. B = C 16 Hs 2 O 2 Palmitic acid v. Seidell, p. 474

v. also 69, 265, 389

CsHsO Isopropyl alcohol v. 70

C4H4O4 Fumarie acid 422.

(477)

B = C4H10O Ethyl ether g A per 0 C 100 g B 25.0 0.72 423. (477)

B = C6H6 25.0 I 0.003 424.

(477)

B = C8H1Q Xylene 29.7 I 0.027 v. also 4, 40, 315, 368

C4H4O4 Maleic acid 425.

(477)

B = C 4 H 30 O Ethyl ether g A per 0 C 100 g B 25.0 8.19 426.

(477)

B = C6H6 25.0 I 0.024 427. (72) B = C8H8O3 2-Mandelic acid 0 C I Wt. % A A 137.2 100 133.4 90.6 131.4 81 130.0 70 128.0 59.4 122.2 49.9 115.7 40.7 A +B 112.5E I 37.0 B 115.3 23.8 119.3 19.7 125.7 10.3 O 132.9 428.

(477)

B — CgHjo Xylene g A per 0 C 100 g B 29.7 0.0085 v. also 5, 41, 316, 369

C4H4S Thiophene 429. (458) B = C6H6 0 C I MoI % A Mix. -37.1 100 -34.3 90 -31.5 80 -28.2 70 -24.3 60 -19.4 50 -14.0 40 - 8.5 30 - 3.5 20 + 1.2 10 5.4 O 430. (147) B = CigHie

Triphenylmethane AB 25.7 89.2 33.5 86.5 44.0 78.9 47.6 75.6 53.5 67.1 57.4 55.3

430.—(Continued) 0 C I MoI % A AB + B 57.6U I 49.0 B

62.7 67.0 67.2 74.2

44.0 39.2 38.7 29.5

79.0 87.2 92.0

23.7 10.1 O

C4H5BrO4 Z-Bromosuccinic acid 432. (72) B = C4H5ClO4 d-Chlorosuccinic acid 0 C Wt. % A A 175.7 100 168.9 89.5 163.7 79.1 160.8 70.0 157.2 59.9 A + AB (?) 157.OE ! 55.0 AB(?) 157.3 I 50.0 AB(?) + B 157.OE I 45.0 B 161.6 30.2 164.5 20.7 171.5 10.2 176.5 0.0 433. (72) B = C4H5ClO4 dZ-Chlorosuccinic acid A 175.7 100 172.6 89.7 169.3 80.9 165.9 69.5 165.8 60.0 163.1 49.5 159.5 39.8 155.7 29.3 154.1 20.0 153.7 15.0 (Min.) 153.9 9.7 156.0 0.0

C4H5ClO2 tt-Chlorocrotonic acid 434. (208) B = C7H8O2 Dimethylpyrone 0 C I MoI % A A 99.0 I 100 96.5 1 95

434.—(Continued) 0 C I MoI % A A 93.2 90 88.3 85

81.3

80

72.6 62.0

75 70

48.4 65 A +AB 39.OE I 62 AB 44.7 55 45.8 50 AB + B 45.8E I 49 B 64.4 45 81.5 40 93.9 35 103.0 30 110.3 25 116.8 20 122.0 15 125.9 10 132.1 O

C4H5ClO4 d-Chlorosuccinic acid 435. (72) B = C 4 H 5 ClO 4 Z-Chlorosuccinic acid A 176.0 100 172.7 95 169.5 90 163.O 80 156.5 70 A +AB 152.5E 64 AB 156.0 50 154.0 40 AB + B 152.5E I 36 B 156.5 163.0 169.5 172.7

30 20 10 5

176.0 O v. also 432

C4H5Cl3O2 Trichlorobu ty ri c acid 436. (208) B = C7H8O2 Dimethylpyrone A 57.9 100 55.0 95 50.4 90 42.5 85 A +A 2 B 21.OE I 78

436.—(Continued) 0 C I MoI % A A2B 27.2 75 32.6 70 33.8 66

A2B + AB 32.5E I 64 AB 44.7 60 52.8 55 56.2 50 AB + B 52.5E 44.5 B 74.7 40 92.0 35 104.8 30 113.0 25 119.1 20 123.8 15 127.2 10 132.1 O

CAN Crotononitrile 436.1. (291) B = C6H7N Aniline 0 C Wt. % A -72.1 100 -74.8 90 -78.2 80 -82.0 70 -84.5E 63 -78.5 60 -60.1 50 -46.1 40 -34.1 30 -23.7 20 -14.7 10 - 6.2 O

CAN Pyrrole 437. (147) B = Ci 9 Hi 6 Triphenylmethane AB 24.6 91.9 29.0 89.6 31.5 87.9 AB + B 33U |ca.87 B 36.8 84.2 42.7 79.1 46.9 74.1 53.2 67.2 60.0 58.2 60.8 57.7 63.9 52.6 65.6 49.1 68.5 44.4 71.1 40.2 80.1 25.2 86.2 13.9

437.—(Continued) 0 C Wt. % A B 89.2 8.2 (92.0 O)

CAN Vinylacetonitrile 438.1. (291) B = C6H7N Aniline -86.5 100 -89.2 90 -92.7 80 -94.6 74.5 -86.5 70 -71.0 60 -57.8 50 -45.7 40 -34.1 30 -23.7 20 -14.7 10 - 6.2 O

C4H5NO2 Succinimide 439.

(233)

B = C6H3N3O7 Picric acid 123.0 I 100 A +B 79.OE I 33.5 B 121.0 I O 440. (233) B — C6H4N2O5 2, 4-Dinitrophenol A 123.0 I 100 A +B 85.OE I 31.0 B 111.0 O 441.

(233)

B = C 6 H 5 NO 3

o-Nitrophenol A 123 I 100 A +B 42.5E I 6.0 B 44.5 I O 442.

(233)

B = C 6 H 5 NO 3 w-Nitrophenol A 123.0 I 100 A +B 35.OE I 37.0 B 95.0 I Q 443.

(233)

B = C6H5NO3 p-Nitrophenol A 123.0 I 100

443.—(Continued) 0 C I Wt. % A A +AB 61.OUl 450 AB + B 58.5E I 33.0 B 114.5 I O 444.

(233)

B = C6H6O Phenol A 123.0 i 100 A +A 2 B 59.OU I 50.0 A2B + B 27.OE 14.0 B 41.5 I O 445.

(233)

B = C6H6O2 Catechol A 123.0 I 100 A +AB 77.OE I 63.0 AB 84.2 I 47.3 AB + B 73.OE I 32.0 B 104.0 I O 446.

(233)

B = C6H6O2 Resorcinol A 123.0 I 100 A + AB 95.8E 79.0 AB 122.0 I 47. 3 AB + B 98.OE 18.0 B 115.0 I O 447.

(233)

B = C6H6O2 Hydroquinol A 123.0 I 100 A +AB 107.OE i 77.0 AB 139.0 I 47.3 AB + B 135.OE [ 36 B 169.0 I O 448. (233) B = C6H6O3 Pyrogallol A 123.0 I 100 A + AB 95.OE I 74.a

C4H5NO2.(Continued} 448.—(Continued) 0 C I Wt. % A AB 128.Ol 44.0 AB + B 104.OE I 13.0 B 130.0 I O 449.

(233)

B = CioHgO a-Naphthol A 123.0 1 100 A +B 57.OE I 29.0 B 95.0 I O 450. (233) B = CioHgO /3-Naphthol A 123.0 I 100 A + AB 85.5E I 53.0 AB 87.5 I 40.7 AB + B 72.5E I 35.0 B 121.0 I O 451.

(233)

B = C10H8O2

1, 4-Dihydroxynaphthalene A 123.0 I 100 A + A2B 114.OE I 86.0 A2B 133.5 I 55.3 A2B + B 126.OE I 43.0 B 183.0 I O 452.

(233)

B = CiOHsO2

1, 6-Dihydroxynaphthalene A 123.0 I 100 A + AB 87.5E I 80.0 AB 127.0 I 34.3 AB + B 107.OE I 19.0 B 134.0 I O 453.

(233)

B 2^ CiOHgO2

2, 3-Dihydroxynaphthalene

453.—(Continued) 0 C I Wt. % A A 123.0 100 A + AB 108.5E I 86.0 AB 149.5 I 34.3 AB + B 140.OE I 24.0 B 162.0 I O

454. (233) B = C K)HgO2 2, 6-Dihydroxynaphthalene A 123.0 I 100 A +A2B 116.5E I 94.0 A2B + B 14OU 1 60 B 216 O v. also 317 C4H5NS Allyl isothiocyanate 455. (284) B = C6H7N Aniline 0 C I MoI % B AB 34.5 10 58.5 20 71.5 30 82.5 40 98.5 50 78.0 60 58.0 70 +46.5 80 AB + B -20.OE I 90 B -13.0 95 - 6.2 100

457.—(Continued) 0 C I MoI % A A 63.0 90 58.2 85 51.7 80 A + AB 37.OE I 73 AB 41.7 75 40.8 70 46.0 65 AB + B 50.5U I 58 B 60.9 55 75.3 50 86.8 45 95.9 40 103.6 35 110.1 30 115.5 25 119.8 20 123.8 15 127.0 10 132.1 O v. also 118, 176, 190

C4H6O3 Acetic anhydride 458. (255) B = C7H7NO Benz amide 126.5 O 115.5 10 108.0 20 102.0 30 97.0 40 90.0 50 84.0 60 74.0 70 55.0 80 24.0 90 v. also 266, 294 C4HeO4 Succinic acid 458.1. (274.1)

C4H6O2

B = C6H3N3O7

tt-Crotonic acid

Picric acid C I Wt. % A A 183.0 I 100 A +B 121. OE I ca. O B 121.5 I O 458.2. (274.1) B = C6H4N2O5 2, 4-Dinitrophenol A 183.0 I 100 A +B 111.OE I 1 B 112.0 I O

456.

(342)

B = C4H6O2

/9-Crotonic acid 0 C I MoI % A A +71.96 I 100 A +B - 0.5E I 26.5 B +14.96 I O 457. (208) B = C7H8O2 Dimethylpyrone A 71 100 67.1 95

0

458.3. (274.1) B = C6H6NO3 w-Nitrophenol 0 C i Wt. % A A 183.0 I 100 A +B 91.5E I 4.0 B 95.0 I O 458.4. (274.1) B = C 6 H 5 NO 3 p-Nitrophenol A 183.0 I 100 A+B 107.OE I 4.5 B 114.5 O 458.5. (274.1) B = C6H6O Phenol A 183.0 I 100 A+B 36.OE I 1.5 B 41.0 I O 458.6. (274.1) B = C6H6O2 Catechol A 183.0 I 100 A +B 94.OE I 13.5 B 104.0 I O 458.7. (274.1) B = C6H6O2 Resorcinol A 183 I 100 A +B 100.OE I 12.5 B 115.0 I O 458.8. (274.1) B = C6H6O2 Hydroquinol A 183 I 100 A +B 128.OE I 41.0 B 169.5 I O 458.81. (274.1) B = C6H6O3 Pyrogallol A 183.0 I 100 A+B 110.OE I 11.0 B 130.0 I O

458.9. (274.1) B = C10H8O a-Naphthol 0 C I Wt. % A A 183.0 I 100 A +B 90.5E I 2.0 B 96.0 I O 458.91. (274.1) B = C10H8O /3-Naphthol A 183.0 I 100 A+ B 117.OE I 2.5 B 121.5 I O C4HeO4 Dimethyl oxalate 459. (274.1) B = C6H3N3O7

Picric acid A 54.0 I 100 A +B 38.OE I 56 B 121.5 I O 459.1. (274.1)

B = C6H4N2O5

2, 4-Dinitrophenol A 54.0 I 100 A +B 43.OE I 72 B 112.5 I Q 459.2 (274.1) B = C 6 H 5 NO 3 o-Nitrophenol A 54.0 I 100 A + B 26.OE I 37 B 44.5 I O 459.3. (274.1) B = C 6 H 5 NO 3 m-Nitrophenol A 54.0 I 100 A+B 24.OE I 54 B 95.0 I O 459.4. (274.1) B = C6H5NO3 p-Nitrophenol A 54.0 I 100 A + B 32.OE j 59.0

459.4.—(Continued) 0 C I Wt. % A B 114.5 I O 459.5. (274.1) B = C6H6O Phenol A 54.0 I 100 A +AB 4 28.OE I 64 AB4 47.5 I 23.8 AB4 + B 32.OE I 8 B 41.5 I O 459.6. (274.1) B = C6H6O2 Catechol A 54.0 I 100 A +B 30.OE i 61 B 103.5 I O 459.7. (274.1) B = C6H6O2 Resorcinol A 54.0 I 100 A+B 28.OE I 57 B 115.0 I Q 459.71. (274.1) B = C6H6O2 Hydroquinol A 54.0 I 100 A + A4B 49.5E I 96.5 A4B 94.0 I 81.1 A4B + B 91.OE I 75.5 B 169.0 I O 459.8. (274.1) B = C6H6O3 Pyrogallol A 54.0 I 100 A+B 35.OE I 67 B 130.5 I O 459.81. (274.1) B = C7H9N p-Toluidine A 54.0 I 100 A + B 20.OE I 41.5

459.81.—(CW'd) 0 C Wt. % A B 44.0 I O 459.9. (274.1) B = C10H8O a-Naphthol A 54.0 I 100 A+ B 26.OE [ 59 B 95.0 I O 459.91. (274.1) B = Ci0H8O 0-Naphthol A 54.0 100 A +B 39.OE 69 B 121.0 O v. also 119, 191, 267 C4H6O6 d-Tartaric acid 460. (72) B = C4H6O6 Z-Tartaric acid 0 C I MoI % A A 167.0 I 100 A + AB 165E I 97 AB 171.8 90 181.3 80 190.1 70 197.9 60 203.8 50 197.9 40 190.1 30 181.3 20 171.8 10 AB + B 165.OE I 3 B 167.0 I O 461. B = C 4 Hi 0 O Ethyl ether v. Seidell, p. 711 C 4 H 7 NO 4 d-Aminosuccinic acid 462. (72) B = C 4 H 7 NO 4 Z-Aminosuccinic acid A 149.0 100 147.3 95 A + AB 145.5E 90

462.—(Continued) 0 C I MoI % A AB 146.3 80 147.1 70 147.7 60 148.1 50 147.7 40 147.1 30 146.3 20 AB + B 145.5E I 10 B 147.3 5 149 O O

465.2.—(Continued) 0 C MoI % B 20.0 11.5 30.0 16.0

C4H8Cl2S /3, ß-Dichlorodiethyl sulfide 463. (79)

B = C6H7N Aniline 0 C MoI % A A -83.6 100 -86.8 94.8 -92.7 85.6 AB -93.7 78.5 -59.0 53.4 -47.0 47.7 A2B3 -45.4 44.1 -40.5 42.0 -39.9 39.7 AB3 -37.9 33.8 -30.4 30.7 -27.6 29.2 -27.0 26.8 B -23.7 22.2 -14.9 11.1 - 6.9 O 467.1. (316) B = C7H6O3 Salicylic acid g B per 0 C 100 g A 25.0 38.0

13 = C 6 Hi 2 Cl 2 Dichlorohexane 0

C Wt. % A 13.9 100 10.5 90 7.2 80 3.8 70 0.5 60 464. (79) B — C 6 Hi 2 Cl 2 S Dichloro dipropy1 sulfide 13.9 100 10.5 90 7.2 80 3.8 70 0.5 60 v. also 6

C4H8O2 Butyric acid 465. B = C6H4N2O4 ra-Dinitrobenzene v. Seidell, p. 131 465.1. (452) B = Ci0Hg Naphthalene 0 C MoI % B 0.0 7.1 10.0 9.4 20.0 12.6 30.0 17.2 40.0 23.7 50.0 33.3 60.0 47.5 70.0 68.1 v. also 66

C4H8O2 Isobutyric acid 465.2. (452) B = CioHg Naphthalene 0.0 6.3 10.0 8.7

C4H8O2

Ethyl acetate 466.

(341.5)

B = C6H4N2O4 ra-Dinitrobenzene O 10.25 10 13.0 25 18.95 35 24.62 467. (482)

468. v. p. 174 B = CioHg Naphthalene

468.1. (71-1) B = C10Hi4O Thymol g B per 0 C 100 g A 1.0 219.0 25.0 412.0 469. v. p. 174 B = Ci 4 Hi 0 Anthracene 470. v. p. 174 B = Ci4Hi0 Phenanthrene v. also 120, 268

C 4 H 9 NO 2 Methylurethane 470.05 (413) B = CioH2oO Menthol 0 C I MoI % A A 54.0 100 51.25 94.22 50.2 90.98 49.15 85.38 48.4 80.37 47.7 73.97 46.6 65.91 45.2 57.49 42.9 45.40 40.15 36.96 35.15 25.39 A+B 32.15E] 20.0 B 35.95 13.40 36.75 9.80 40.15 3.30 42.0 I 0.0 C4H10O Butyl alcohol 470.1. (475) B = CioHg Naphthalene 0 C MoI % B 0.0 2.75 10.0 3.8 20.0 5.2 30.0 7.4 40.0 11.5 50.0 18.7 60.0 34.0 70.0 69.0 470.2. (475) B = C10H9N ß-Naphthylamine 0 C Mol % A 28.0 97.5 46.5 95 62.5 90 75.5 80 81.5 70 85.6 60 89.0 50 93.5 40 110.6 O 471. (345)

B = Ci2H1O Acenaphthene 0 C Mol % B 0.0 0.77 10.0 1.11 20.0 1.61 30.0 2.40 40.0 3.63 50.0 5.62 60.0 9.0 70.0 16.2 80.0 32.0

C4Hi0O Isobutyl alcohol 472. (419) B = C6H4Br2 p-Dibromobenzene 0 C MoI % B 30 5.3 40 7.7 50 11.5 60 19.4 70 43.0 75 63.0 80 84.4 87 100.0 473. B = C12H24O2 Laurie acid v. Seidell, p. 349 474. B = C14H28O2 Myristic acid v. Seidell, p. 443 475. B = Ci 6 H 32 O 2 Palmitic acid v. Seidell, p. 474 v. also 71

C4Hi0O Trimethyl carbinol 476. (251) B = C6H4N2O5 2, 4-Dinitrophenol . 0C I Wt. % A A 24.0 I 100 A + AB 20.0 I 97 AB 89.0 I 29.0 AB+B 85.OE I 17.0 B 111.0 I O 477. (251) B = C6H5NO3 o-Nitrophenol A 24.0 I 100 A +A 2 B 11.OE 90 A2B 36.0 I 51.6 A2B + B 31.OE I 42.0 B 45.0 I O 478. (251) B = C6H6NO3 ra-Nitrophenol A 24.0 I 100 A + A2B l.OE I 80

478.—(Continued) 0 C I Wt. % A A2B 34.5 I 51.6 A2B + B 28.OE I 43.0 B 95.0 I O 479. (251) B = C 6 H 5 NO 3 p-Nitrophenol A 24.0 I 100 A + A2B 7.0 I 82.0 A2B 37.5 I 51.6 A2B + B 28.0 I 40 B 114.0 I O 480.

(375,377)

B = C6H6O Phenol A 24.95 100.00 19.7 94.51 15.86 91.04 11.25 87.38 A +A 2 B 8.14E I 84.5 A2B 13.66 79.72 18.85 73.72 20.6 70.78 65.83 22.6 23.11 61.89 38.9 61.1 22.54 57.22 21.6 53.89 18.17 48.51 15.41 45.82 13.1 43.71 , 7.54 39.44 A2B + AB2 4.48E I 37.86 AB2 15.56 30.0 15.75 27.27 15.12 24.56 14.04 22.15 AB2 + B 8.5E I 20.5 B 12.24 19.22 40.87 O 481. (270)

B = C6H6O2 Catechol A 23.0 I 100 A +A 2 B 9.5E I 85.5 A2B 29.0 I 57.3

C4H10O.(Continued) 481.—(Continued) 0 C Wt. % A A2B + AB2 24.5 50.0 AB 2 69. 7 25.2 AB2 + B 69.OE I 23.0 B 103.0 O 482. (270) B = C6H6O2 Resorcinol A 22.0 I 100 A +A 2 B 9.OE I 89.0 A2B 47. 3 57. 3 A 2 B + AB 43.5E I 47.5 AB 45. 8 40. 2 AB + B 45.5E I 39.0 B 109.0 I O 483. (270) B = C6H6O2 Hydroquinol A 23.0 100 A + AxBy 22.OE I 97.0 ? 72.0-167.0 78.2-28.4 B

171.0

O

484. (270) B = C6H6O3 Pyrogallol A 23.0 I 100 A +A 2 B 16.OE I 94.5 A2B 56.2 I 54 A2B + B 54.2E 49.5 B 126.0 I O 485. (270) B = C6H8N2 o-Phenylenediamine A 23.0 I 100 A +B 21.OE 97.0 B 101.1 I 0.0

486. (270) B = C6H8N2 7n-Phenylenediamine 0 C I Wt. % A A 23.0 I 100 A +B 21.3 I 93.5 B 60.5 I O 487. (375)

B = C7HvBr 2>-Bromotoluene A 23.52 100 A +B 8.76E I 61.15 B 26.74 I O 488. (270) B = C7H9N p-Toluidine A 23.1 I 100 A+B 5.1E I 69.5 B 43.5 O 489. (377)

B = CsHio p-Xylene A 18.79 100.00 9.88 87.94 +4.21 77.77 -0.61 67.99 A +B -1.80E I 64.46 B -0.97 60.00 + 1.74 51.65 4.33 40.99 6.27 32.63 8.76 19.42 10.71 8.64 13.18 0.00

490. (251) B = C i0H8 Naphthalene A 24.2 I 100 A +B 19.OE 95.0 B 80.3 I O 491. (270)

B = Ci0H8O a-Naphthol A +23.0 I 100 A +A 2 B -11.5E I 62.5

491.—(Continued) 0 C I Wt. % A A2B + 1.0 50.5 A2B + B - 3.OE 44.0 B +92.5 I O

492. (270) B = Ci0H8O /3-Naphthol A 23.0 I 100.0 A +A 2 B 4.OE I 78.0 A2B 24.0 I 50.5 A2B + B 23.OE I 52.0 B 122.0 I 0.0 493. (270) B = Ci 0 HgN a-Naphthylamine A 23.0 I 100.0 A +A 6 B 15.OE I 85.0 A6B 16. O 75. 6

A6B + A2B 14.OE j 63.0 A2B 24.1 I 50.8 A2B + AB2

21.OE

45.0

AB2 29.5 I 23.1 AB2 + B 28.5E I 9.0 B 48.1 I 0.0 494. (270) B = C10H9N /3-Naphthylamine A 23.0 I 100 A +A 2 B 18.OE I 96 A2B + AB2 70.OU I 71 A2B + AB2 75.5mU I 55 A2B 92. O \ca. 50. O A2B + AB2 90.OE I 47.0 AB2 95.5 I 23.1 AB2 + B 95.5Eca. 22.0 B 109.0 I O

495. (375)

B = Ci 0 Hi 4 O Thymol 0 C I Wt. % A A 24.97 100.00 17.87 89.58 + 6.74 79.74 -12.82 69.9 No solid phase B - 3.72 27.87 + 18.84 20.02 37.71 9.46 49.12 0.00

501. (443) B = C7H5N5O8 Trinit ro pheny 1methylnitroamine (Tetryl) 0 C g B per 100 g A O 0.188 10 0.330 20 0.418 30 0.493

C4H10O

501.1. (71.1) B = C7H6O2 Benzoic acid 0,0 23.3 25.0 40.8

Ethyl ether 496. v. p. 174 B = C6H4Br2 p-Dib romobenzene

502. B = C8H10N4O2 Caffeine v. Seidell, p. 186

497. (71) B = C6H5NO3 o-Nitrophenol 0 C Wt. % A 44.0 O 40.6 5 37.5 10 31.7 20 27.1 30 23.0 40 18.6 50 12.7 60 4.0 70 498. (71) B = C6H5NO3 ra-Nitrophenol

95.2 O 89.0 5 83.0 10 70.0 20 53.5 30 +27.5 40 - 7.0 50 499. (71) B = C 6 H 5 NO 3 p-Nitrophenol 114.0 O 106.3 5 101.0 10 89.2 20 67.5 30 38.3 40 500. (385) B = C6H6 0 C MoI % A

+ 5.5 - 1.3 - 8.2 -15.8 -24.5 -34.3 -45.5 -58.5 -74.0

O 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

503. v. p. 174

B = Ci0H8 Naphthalene 504. v. p. 174

B = C14H8O2 Anthraquinone 505. v. p. 174 B = C14H10 Phenanthrene v. also 20, 42, 260, 269, 291, 422, 425, 461

C4H11N Diethylamine 506. (385) B = C6He 0 C Wt. % A A -49.3 100.00 -50.0 93.90 -52.4 82.10 A +B -54.5E| 76.41 B -50.3 70.84 -41.51 60.06 -32.0 49.74 -24.2 39.85 -16.01 30.36 - 8.91 21.25 - 3.44 12.54 + 5.44 0.00

C5BrCl5O Pentachloromonobromo-a-keto-y-Rpentene 507. (287) B = C6Cl6O Hexachloro-a-ketoy-R-pentene 0 C I MoI % A A 97.91 I 100

507.—(Continued) 0 C I MoI % A Mix.

(?)

i

(?)

87.5

B I

O

C5HsN Pyridine 508. (53) B = C6H5ClO o-Chlorophenol A -40.7 100 -44.5 95 -49.0 90 -59.5 80 A + AB -63.0EI 76.9 AB -45.0 70 -28.0 60 -21.6 50 -28.0 40 AB + B -36.9EI 33.9 B -30.0 30 -14.0 20 - 7.0 15 - 0.5 10 + 4.3 5 8.0 O

509. v. p, 174 B = C6H6 510. (53,151)

B = C6H6O Phenol 0 C I MoI % A A -39.0 100 -42.7 95 -47.0 90 A + AB -57.0EI 82 AB -28.0 70 -14.7 60 - 9.5 50 AB + AB2 -ll.OEl 46.4 AB2 0.0 40 3. 5 33. 3 + 3.0 30 AB2 + B - 2.0Ei 23 B + 7.0 20 19.5 15 29.5 10 36.5 5 40.5 O

511. (9) JD

=

C7H6O2

Benzoic acid C I MoI % A A -38.0 100 A + AB -42.2E| 95 AB +43.7 I 50 AB + B 42.8E 45.6 0

B (121.5 512.

I

O)

(53,151)

B = C7H8O o-Cresol A -39.0 100 -42.7 95 A +AB -49.5E| 87.5 AB -30.0 80 -11.5 70 - 1.7 60 + 1.3 50 - 7.0 40 AB + B -34. OEI 31.8 B + 9.5 20 16.8 15 22.0 10 26.0 5 29.7 O

513. (53) B = C7H8O w-Cresol -39.0 100 -42.7 95 -47.0 90 -57.0 80 -68.0 70 -74.5 64.9 —74.5 to vis. -38.3 24.5 -38.3 -25.0 20 -13.0 15 - 5.0 10 + 0.5 5 4.5 O 514.

(53,151)

B = C7H8O p-Cresol A -39.0 I 100 -42.7 95 A + AB -49. OE| 88 AB -30.5 80 -13.5 70

514.—(Continued) 0 C I MoI % A AB - 2.5 60 + 1. 5 50 AB + AB2 - 1.5E| 45 AB2 + 4.0 I 33 AB2 + B - 1.5E| 22 B + 13.5 15 22.3 10 29.0 5 33.5 O 515. (269) B = C8H10N2O Nitrosodimethylaniline 0 C I Wt. % A A4B -10.0 83.8 + 4. 3 67. 7 A4B + B 0.5El 64 B 83.5 I O 516. v. p. 174 B = Ci oils Naphthalene 517. (475) B = Ci2H9N Carbazole g B per 0 C 100 g A 20.0 16.0 30.0 18.0 40.0 21.3 50.0 24.5 60.0 28.2 70.0 32.5 80.0 37.5 100.0 48.8 518. v. p. 174 B = Ci 2 HiO Acenaphthene 519. v. p. 174 B = Ci 3 HiO Fino rene 520. v. p. 174 B = C14H8O2 Anthraquinone 521.

(475)

B = Ci 4 H 1 O Anthracene g B per 0 C 100 g A 20.0 2.0 30.0 2.8 40.0 3.8 50.0 5.4 60.0 7.2 70.0 9.6

521.—(Continued} g B per 0 C 100 g A 80.0 12.8 90.0 17.2 100.0 23.4

522. v. p. 174 B = Ci 4 HiO Phenanthrene 523. B = CigHie

Triphenylmethane v. Seidell, p. 434

C5H8O4

Dimethyl malonate v. 121

C5H1C)O2 Valeric acid 523.2. (452) B = CIQUS

Naphthalene 0 C MoI % B 0.0 5.4 10.0 8.0 20.0 11.6 30.0 16.7 40.0 23.6 50.0 33.0 60.0 47.0 70.0 68.0 C5H11N Piperidine 524. v. p. 174 B = CeH12

Cyclohexane C5H11NO2 Betaine v. 86, 318 C5H12O n-Amyl alcohol v. 390 C5H12O Isoamyl alcohol v. 72 C6H2ClN3O6 Picryl chloride 525. (119) B = C6H3ClN2O4 l-Chloro-2, 4-dinitrobenzene 0 C Wt. % A A 80.6 100 72.8 90 64.7 80 55.4 70 44.2 60 30.7 50 A +B 25.OE I 46

525.—( Continued) 0 C Wt. % A B 28.7 40 34.3 30 39.5 20 44.0 10 47.9 O 526. (104,106) B = C6H3N3O7 Picric acid A 81.2 100 74.5 90 67.1 80 A +B 57.5E I 69 B 74.6 60 88.0 50 96.7 40 103.6 30 109.6 20 115.6 10 122.4 O 527. (104,106) B = C1QH8 Naphthalene A 81.2 ' I 100 A +AB 63.5E I 91.6 AB 91.2 I 65.9 AB + B 66.5E 28.6 B 80.0 i O 528. (104,106) B = C12H8 Acenaphthylene A 81.2 I 100 A +AB 67.8E I 93.2 AB 109.4 ! 61. 9 AB + B 78.1E I 26.8 B 93.0 I O 529. (104, 106) B = C12H1Q Acenaphthene A 81.2 I 100 A + AB 66.2E I 91.5 AB 113.2 I 61.6 AB + B 79.8E I 27.3 B 96.2 O

530.

(104,106)

B = Ci3H1O Fluorene 0 C Wt. % A A 81.2 I 100 A + AB 50.OE I 84.8 AB 64.6 I 39.8 AB + B 60.9E 52.5 B 112.3 I O 531.

(104,106)

B = C14HiO Anthracene A 81.2 I 100 A + AB 62.6E I 84.1 AB + B 141.6U 1 63.0 B 213 I O 532. (104,106) B = C14H1O Phenanthrene A 81.2 I 100 A + AB 57.9E I 83.2 AB 82.4 I 58.1 AB + B 63.5E I 42.3 B 99.0 I O 533. (104,106) B = C18H18 Retene A 81.2 I 100 A +AB 45.5E I 71.2 AB 53.5 I 51. 3 AB + B 47.5E I 34.2 B 95.2 I O C 6 H 2 Cl 2 N 2 O 4 1, 4-Dichloro-2, 3-dinitrobenzene 534.

(359)

B = C 6 H 2 Cl 2 N 2 O 4 I9 4-Diehloro-2, 6-dinitrobenzene A 101.2 I 100 A +B 72.OE I 61.0 B 106.0 I O

C6H2Cl2N2O4

1, 4-Dichloro-2, 5-dinitrobenzene 535. (309) B = C 6 H 2 Cl 2 N 2 O 4 1, 4-Dichloro-2, 6-dinitrobenzene 0 C I Wt. % A A 117.1 100 A + A2B3 8OE ca.l 46 A2B3 81.2? I 40 A2B3 + B ca. 81.OE| 40 B 104.9 I Q C6H3BrClNO2 l-Bromo-4-chloro2-nitrobenzene 536. (174) B = C6H3BrClNO2 l-Bromo-4-chloro3-nitrobenzene Mix. 67.4 100 66.5f 65.0 69.7 O C6H3Br2NO2 1, 2-Dibromo-3nitrobenzene 537. (168) B = C 6 H 3 Br 2 NO 2

1, 2-Dibromo-4nitrobenzerie A 100.0 I 84.0 A+B 30.5E B 36.0 34.6 24.2 40.0 15.6 45.2 13.1 47.2 8.2 50.8 4.2 53.8 0.0 56.8 C6H3Br2NO2 1, 3-Dibromo-2nitrobenzene 538. (i 67 ) B = C6H3Br2NO2 1, 3-Dibromo-4nitrobenzene A 82.6 I 100.0 B 56.2 8.76 57.4 6.16 59.1 2.74 60.45 0.0

C6H3Br3O Tribromophenol 539. (289) B = C6H3Cl3O Trichlorophenol 0 C I Mol % A A 50.0 100 45.0 90 40.4 80 36.5 70 32.3 60 27.6 50 22.75 40 A+B 18.4E I 30.8 B 20.4 20 22.75 10 25.37 O 540. (439) B = C6H3N3O6 1, 3, 5-Trinitrobenzene A 92.5 I 100.0 A +B 76.5E I 65.0 B 122.0 I 0.0 541.

(42)

B = C8H6Br3O2 Acetyltribromophenol A 92.5 I 100.0 • A +AB 58.OE 65.5 AB 65 ca. I 50.0 AB + B 57.5E 32.0 B 82.0 I 0.0 C6H3ClN2O4 l-Chloro-2, 4dinitrobenzene 542. (139) B = C6H6N2O2 o-Nitroaniline 0 C I Wt. % A A 51.0 100 A + AB 31.OE I 78.0 AB 35. O 59.4 AB + B 33.5E I 55.0 B 68.2 I O 543. (139) B = C6H6N2O2 wa-Nitroaniline

543.—(Continued) ' 0C I Wt. % A A 51.0 I 100.0 A +B 34.3E I 48.0 B 111.5 I 0.0 544. (139) , B = C8H9NO p-Aminoacetophenone 0 C I MoI % A A 51.0 I 100 AB2 66 ca. I 33 B 104.8 I O 545. (139) B = C10H9N a-Naphthylamine 0 C I Wt. % A A 51.0 I 100 A +AB 38.OE 78.0 AB 71.5 I 58.6 AB + B 34.OE I 23.0 B 48.3 I O v. also 525

C6H3Cl2NO2 1, 2-Dichloro-3nitrobenzene 546. (165) B = C 6 H 3 Cl 2 NO 2 1, 2-Dichloro-4nitrobenzene A 59.9 I 100.00 B 32.8 12.76 35.9 7.63 40.5 0.00 C6H3Cl2NO2 1, 3-Dichloro-2nitrobenzene 547. (165) B = C 6 H 3 Cl 2 NO 2 1, 3-Dichloro-4nitrobenzene A 70.05 I 100.0 B 25.49 10.48 27.95 5.37 30.45 0.00

C6H3Cl2NO2 1, 3-Dichloro-4nitrobenzene 548. (165) B = C6H3Cl2NO2 1, 3-Dichloro-5nitrobenzene 0 C I Wt. % A A 30.45 100.00 29.03 96.94 27.80 94.34 26.57 91.93 B 63.15 I 0.00 v. also 547 C6H3Cl3 1, 2, 3-Trichlorobenzene 549. B = C6H3Cl3 1, 2, 4-Trichlorobenzene, v. 1853 550. B = C6H3Cl3 1, 3, 5-Trichlorobenzene, v. 1853

C6H3Cl3 1, 2, 4-Trichlorobenzene 551. B = C6H3Cl3 1, 3, 5-Trichlorobenzene v. 549, 1853 C6H3Cl3O Trichlorophenol v. 539 C6H3FN2O4 l-Fluoro-2, 4^dinitrobenzene 552. (166) B = C6H4FNO2 p-Fluoronitrobenzene 0 C I MoI % A A 24.3 I 100.0 B 21.0 9.0 23.0 6.0 24.7 3.0 26.4 0.0 C6H3N3O6 1, 3, 5-Trinitrobenzene 553. (43) B = C6H3N3O7 Picric acid 0 C I Wt. % A Mix. 120.3 100 114.0 90

553.—(Continued) 0 C I Wt. % A Mix. 113.5 fca. 86 114.0 80 116.1 117.0 118.0 119.0 119.6 120.3 120.6 122.3

70 60 50 40 30 20 10 O

554. (UO)

B = C6H3N3O8 Styphnic acid A 121.4 I 100.0 A +B 83.2E I 64.0 B 175.5 I 0.0 555. v. p. 174 B = C6H4N2O4 o-Dinitrobenzene 556. v. p. 174 B = C6H4N2O4 m-Dinitrobenzene 557.

(438)

B = C6H6N2O2 w-Nitroaniline 0 C I MoI % A A 122.0 I 100.0 A +AB 91.OE 66.0 AB 96.6 I 50.0 AB + B 90.3E 30.5 B 113.5 I 0.0 558.

(438)

B = C6H6N2O2 p-Nitroaniline A 122.0 I 100.0 A + AB 89.OE I 64.0 AB 91.4U I 55.0 B 146.2 0.0 559. (439) B = C6H6O2 Hydroquinol A 122.0 I 100.0 A +AB 101.OE I 79.0 AB 131.0 I 50. Q AB + B 128.OE I 43.0

559.—(Continued) 0 C I MoI % A B 169.0 I 0.0 560. (222) B = C6H7N Aniline A 122.2 100.0 109.0 86.1 A + AB 101E I 82 AB 110.0 75.6 123.0 61.0 125.0 50.0 124.0 41.2 121.0 36.0 110.5 25.0 102.0 19.8 88.0 13.8 71.0 9.0 + 16.0 2.0 AB + B - 6.5E I 0.5 B - 5.5 i 0.0 561. (250) B = C6H8N2 o-Phenylenediamine 0 C I Wt. % A A 122.0 I 100.0 A +AB 108.OE I 97.0 AB 163.0 I 66.3 AB + B 92.OE I 7.0 B 101.0 I 0.0 562. (250) B = C6H8N2 m-Phenylenediamine A 122.0 I 100.0 A + AB 105.OE I 93.0 AB 168. O l 66.3 AB + B 45.OE I 18.0 B 62.0 I 0.0 563. (250) B = C6H8N2 p-Phenylenediamine A 122.0 j 100.0 A +AB 101.5E i 91.0 AB 145. 5 1 6 6 . 3 AB + B 106.OE I 36.0

563.—(Continued) 0 C I Wt. % A B 140.0 I 0.0 564. v. p. 175 B = C7H6N3O6 Trinitrotoluene 565. v. p. 175 B = C7H6N6O8 Trinitrophenylmethylnitroamine (Tetryl) 566. (439) B = C7H8O2 Dimethylpyrone 0 G I MoI % A A 122.0 I 100.0 A +B 79.OE I 57.0 B 132.0 I 0.0 567. (439) B = C9H6O2 Coumarin A 122.0 I 100.0 A +AB 2 41.OE I 43.0 AB2 4 4 . 0 | 33.3 AB2 + B 43.OE 25.0 B 67.5 I 0.0 568. (222, 283) B = CioHg Naphthalene A 122.0 100 118.5 95 A + AB 115.OE I 90 AB 131.8 80 143.0 70 149.1 60 151.1 50 149.8 40 143.0 30 129.8 20 101.0 10 AB+B 77.OE I 5 B 80.1 I O 569.

(438)

B = Ci0H8N2 7,7-Dipyridyl A 122.0 I 100.0 A +AB 96.5E I 77.0 AB 111. 1 50.0

569.—(Continued) 0 C Mol % A AB + B 91.5E| 20.5 B 112.0 I 0.0 570.

(237)

B = C10H9N a-Naphthylamine 0 C I Wt. % A A 121.0 100 171.0 30 155.0 20 125.0 10 AB + B 47.OE I 2 B 48.0 I O 571.

(237)

B = CioH9N

/3-Naphthylamine A 121.0 I 100 A + AB 108.OE I 91.5 AB 139.5 80 153.9 70 161.8 59.8 156.3 50 144.5 40 126.5 30 AB + B 98.OE I 19 B 103.5 10 109.0 O 572. (ioi) B = CioH 16 O

Camphor 0 C i Mol % A A 120.7 I 100.0 A +B 73.8E I 34.7 B 178.0 I 0.0 573.

(265)

B = Ci2H9N

Carbazole 0 C I Wt. % A A 122.0 I 100 A + AB 120.OE I 97.5 AB 132.0 95 152.0 90 177.7 80 192.3 70 203.0 56 200.0 50 AB + B 194.5E I 45

573.—(Continued) 0 C I Wt. % A B 200.0 40 210.9 30 220.9 20 229.6 10 236.0 O 574.

(109,265)

B = Ci2HiO Acenaphthene A 122.0 I 100 A + AB 115.OE I 94 AB 128.3 90 148.2 80 156.6 70 161.0 58 159.7 50 153.7 40 142.0 30 122.5 20 AB + B 87.OE I 8 B 90.2 5 95.0 O 575.

(439)

B = Ci 2 HioO

Diphenyl ether 0 C I MoI % A A 122.0 I 100.0 A +B 24.5E I 11.0 B 28.0 I 0.0 576.

(439)

B = C13H8O

Fluorenone A 122.0 I 100.0 A +AB 2 77.5E I 40.0 AB2 78.0 I 33.3 AB2 + B 68.5 I 14.0 B 82.0 I 0.0 577.

(439)

B = C13H8O2

Xanthone A 122.0 100.0 A +B 93.OE I 74.0 B 173.0 I 0.0 578. (230) B == C1SHiO Fluorene

578.—(Continued) 0 C I Wt. % A A 121.0 100.0 90 111.3 A + A3B2 99.5E I 79.0 A3B2 104.7 70 105.0 65.7 99.9 50 A3B2 + B 86.OE I 36.0 B 91.0 30 98.8 20 105.7 10 112.5 O 579.

(109,352)

B = Ci4Hio Anthracene A 121.5 I 100 A + AB 112.OE I 95.5 AB 126.1 90 145.5 80 156.6 70 163.0 60 164. 5 54.5 AB + B 162.OE 49 B 175.8 40 187.6 30 198.2 20 207.0 10 213.0 I O 580.

(228)

B = C14H1O Phenanthrene A 121.0 100 116.6 95 111.1 90 A +AB 105.OE I 85 AB 110.3 80 119.4 70 124.6 60 125. 5 54. 5 125.0 50 120.0 40 110.6 30 AB + B 86.OE I 19.5 B 96.2 10 103.0 O 581. (109) B = Ci8HiS Retene

581.—(Continued) 0 C I Wt. % A A 121.4 I 100.0 A + AB 93.3E I 77.2 AB 133.0 I 47.6 AB + B 70.5E I 15.7 B 95.2 I 0.0 582.

(243)

B = C 19 Hi 6 O

Triphenyl carbinol A 121.5 I 100.0 A + A3B2 112.OE I 85.0 A3B2 134.6 I 55.1 A3B2 + B 133.OE I 52.0 B 159.0 I 0.0 v. also 540 C6H3N3O7 Picric acid 583. v. p. 175 B = C6H4N2O4 m-Dini t robenzene 584. v. p. 175 B = C6H4N2O5 2, 4-Dinitrophenol 585. v. p. 175 B = C6H4N4O6 Picramide 586. v. p. 175 B = C 6 H 5 NO 3 o-Nitrophenol 587. v. p. 175 B = C 6 H 5 NO 3 w-Nitrophenol 588. v. p. 175 B = C 6 H 5 NO 3 p-Nitro phenol 589. 0

(278)

B = C6H6

C

I MoI % A A 122.2 ] 100 115.5 90 107.8 80 100.O 70 92.2 60 84.5 50 78.2 40 70.7 30 61.7 20 46.9 10 A + B 4.5E I 1.35

589.—(Continued) 0 C I MoI % A B 5.5 ! O v. also Seidell, p. 493 591.

(219,381)

B = C6H6O Phenol A 122.5 100 112.2 90 102.1 80 92.0 70 A + AB 81.8E I 60 AB 84.O 50 82.8 40 78.0 30 70.0 20 52.2 10 AB + B 36.OE I 5.5 B 40.6 I 0.0 592.

(383)

B = C6H6O2 Catechol A 120.25 100.0 112.8 90.1 107.3 84.1 A + AB 104.2E lea. 81.5 AB 112.9 71.5 119.8 60.5 122.4 50.0 120.8 40.5 116.5 31.2 108.8 21.9 AB + B 96.4E lea. 14 B 97.8 10.7 103.4 0.0 593. (383) B = C6H6O2

Resorcinol A 120.25 100.0 112.6 90.1 105.2 81.6 100.8 76.7 A + AB 95.15Elca. 70 AB 96.6 66.3 98.9 59.9 99.8 54.2 100.3 50.0 99.65 43.3 97.9 35.8 94.7 28.1 AB + B 93.7E lea. 25

593.—(Continued) 0 C I MoI % A B 95.8 20.8 102.1 10.9 108.8 0.0 593.1. (444.1) 13 == C6HiQO4 Glycol diacetate 0 C g A per 100 g B 25.0 46.3 594. v. p. 175 B = C7H6N3O6 Trinitrotoluene 595.

(447)

B = C7H6N6O8

Trinitr o phenylmethylni troamine (Tetryl) 0 C 1 Wt. % A A 121.0 100 118.7 95 115.2 90 111.7 85 108.0 80 99.9 70 90.0 60 76.7m 50 A+B 69. OmE| 46 B 81.Om I 40 A + AB 85.5E I 56 AB 85.5 ! 44.4 AB + B 85.5E I 37 B 98.3 30 112.5 20 117.3 15 121.8 10 125.2 5 128.72 O 596. v. p. 175 B = C7H6N2O4

2, 4-Dinitr o toluene 597.

(258)

B = C7H6O2

ra-Hydroxybenzaldehyde A 122.0 I 100.0 A +AB 88.OE I 73.0 AB 89.0 I 66.2 AB + B 88.OE I 26.0 B 105.0 I 0.0

C6H3N3O7.(Continued) 598. (210) B = C7H8O o-Cresol 0

C

I MoI % A A 118.5 100 111.3 90 103.2 80 98.8 75 94.0 70 A + AB 87.OE I 63.4 AB 88.2 60 89.5 55 89.8 50 89.4 45 88.6 40 87.1 35 84.9 30 81.6 25 77.1 20 71.1 15 62.6 10 47.0 5 AB + B 29.4E I 1.6 B 30.4 I O 599. (210) B = C7H8O m-Cresol A 118.5 100 111.4 90 103.3 80 98.8 75 94.0 70 88.6 65 83.0 60 76.8 55 70.1 50 A + AB 2 59.5E I 43 AB2 60.6 40 61. 6 33. 3 61.2 30 59.6 25 56.9 20 52.9 15 46.8 10 36.5 5 AB2 + B 10.2E I 1 B 10.9 I O 600. (210) B = C7H8O p-Cresol A 118.5 100 111.3 90

600.—(Continued] 602.—(Continued) 606.—(Continued) 0 0 0 C I MoI % A C ] MoI % A C i Mol % A A AB A 103.2 80 87.1 39.9 109.8 80 98.7 75 105.4 70 83.0 30.3 93.8 70 74.8 20.4 101.1 60 88.4 65 96.8 50 58.85 9.9 82.8 60 92.4 40 41.65 4.4 76.1 55 A +B AB + B A + AB 88.2E I 30.5 26.55EI ca. 2.0 65.5U 48 B B AB 27.25 1.1 96.0 20 28.1 0.0 64.8 45 102.7 10 62.8 40 603. (249) 109.6 O 60.1 35 B = C8H8O 606.1. (274.1) 56.5 30 Acetophenone B = C9H8O2 0 52.4 25 i C I Wt. % A Cinnamic acid 47.1 20 A 0 C I Wt. % A 121.0 I 100.0 40.5 15 A A +AB 33.3 10 121.5 I 100 50.OU I 56.0 AB + B A + AB AB + B 29.2E I 7.3 103.OE I 78 B 16.5E I 15.0 AB 34.5 I Q B 106.5 I 60.7 20.5 I 0.0 601. (208) AB + B 604. (210) B = C7H8O2 105.0 I 50 Dimethylpyrone I B = C8H8O2 B Phenylacetic acid A 0 133.0 I O C i Mol % A 118.4 100 A 607. (103) 114.7 95 118.5 100 B = Ci0H7Br 110.1 90 114.2 90 tt-Bromo105.2 85 110.1 80 naphthalene 99.8 80 105.8 70 A 93.9 75 101.6 60 122.4 I 100.0 A + AB 97.3 50 j A + AB 84.7E I 68 92.6 40 AB 105.6 80.8 87.3 30 AB 90.1 65 80.0 20 129. 6 52. 5 96.2 60 A +B 41.3 2.5 99.7 55 70.9E I 10 100.8 50 608. (103) B 99.5 45 B = C ioH7Br 76.6 I O 95.3 40 /3-Bromo605. (210) 86.9 35 naphthalene B = C H O 8 8 2 AB + B A o-Toluic acid 80.OE I 32 122.4 I 100 A B A + AB 118.5 100 102.3 25 76.2E I 66.6 113.4 20 114.3 90 AB 120.8 15 110.0 80 83.5 I 52.5 105.7 70 125.6 10 AB + B 101.3 60 132.1 O 50.6E I 10.4 97.0 50 602. (383) B 92.6 40 B = C7H8O2 58.3 I 0.0 A +B Guaiacol 609. (103) 88.OE 29.3 A B = C10 H7Cl B 120.25 100.0 a-Chloro92.7 20 112.6 90.0 naphthalene 97.8 10 103.2 79.6 103.4 O A 95.9 72.0 122.4 I 100.0 606. (210) 88.7 66.6 A + AB A +AB B = C8H8O2 104.7E 83.7 ra-Toluic acid 86E ca. 64 AB AB A 125.7 58.5 118.5 100 86.45 60.2 33.4 2.5 113.7 90 87. 9 50 .0

610. (103) 13 =: CiO-H 7 Ul

/3-Chloronaphthalene 0 C I Wt. % A A

122.4 I 100.0 A + AB 79.2 I 67.3 AB 81.5 I 58.5 AB + B 49.5E 17.6 B 56.7 I 0.0 611. (103) B = Ci 0 H 7 NO 2

a.- Nitronaphtha lene A 122.4 100.0 114.7 95 108.2 90 95.0 80 78.6 70 63.3 60 A +AB 54.7U I 52.5 AB 50.9 40 46.5 30 AB + B 35.7E I 17.6 B 46.2 10 52.0 5 56.5 O I 612. ( 1 2 5 , 2 1 9 , 406,

411)

B = Ci0H8 Naphthalene A 122.0 100 117.3 95 A +AB 113.5E ! 91 AB 134.5 85 141.2 80 147.5 70 149. O 64.1 148.4 60 144.7 50 139.3 40 129.0 30 111.0 20 AB + B 78.OE 9 B 79.0 5 80.1 O 614. (278)

B = C10H8O /3-Naphthol

614.—(Continued) 0 C I MoI % A A 122.2 100.0 117.0 95.6 A +AB 111.OE 91.0 AB 118.0 86.4 120.2 85.4 146.0 70.2 151.0 62.9 156.4 51.4 157. O 50.0 150.8 35.2 136.4 23.1 127.0 12.4 AB + B 116.OE I 6.0 B 117.0 4.87 121.0 0.0 615. (210) B = Ci 0 Hi4O Thymol

A 118.5 100 113.1 90 107.6 80 104.8 75 102.1 70 99.3 65 96.5 60 A +AB 94.OE i 56 AB 96.8 50 95.4 45 93.4 40 90.7 35 i 87.7 30 83.5 25 77.5 20 69.2 15 59.6 10 AB + B 47.5E 4.5 B 49.6 I 0.0 6I6. ( 1 0 8 , 2 5 3 )

B = CioHißO

Camphor A 121.8 100 114.2 90 107.4 80 100.6 70 92.5 60 83.0 50 74.3 40 A +B 66.4E I 30.5 B 87.7 30 106.1 20

624.—(Continued) 621.—(Continued) 0 0 C I Wt. % A C I Wt. % A AB AB 83.2 60 140.8 85 84. O 57.9 150.2 80 83.6 50 157.7 70 617. ( 2 3 4 ) AB + B 160.8 59.8 B = CioHieO 79.5E I 43.5 155.8 50 Fenchone B 145.6 40 0 C I Wt. % A 82.9 40 129.4 30 A 92.4 30 110.4 20 121.3 I 100 100.7 20 99.8 15 A +B AB + B 108.0 10 O. OE 1 10 112.5 O 87.6E I 9.7 B B 625. (249) 5.3 I O 92.0 5 B = Ci3H10O 618. (103) 95.2 O Benzophenone B = C12Hg 622. (103) A Acenaphthylene 121.0 I 100.0 B = Ci 2 HiO A A + AB Diphenyl 122.4 I 100.0 A 27.2U I 37.5 A + AB A +B 100 113.9E I 95.6 122.4 20.OmE I 36.0 114.7 95 AB AB + B 108.6 90 165.5 I 60.1 27.OE I 29.0 88.3 80 AB + B B 77.3 70 90.4E I 7.3 47.0 I 0.0 66.7 60 B 55.1 50 626. (103, 235) 93.1 0.0 A +B B = CigHi2 619. (263) 54.1E 38.6 Diphenylmethane B == C 12UgN B A Carbazole 60.6 30 122.0 100 A 60.6 20 115.5 95 121.0 I 100 65.4 10 111.5 90 A + AB 68.1 5 108.2 85 113.OE I 93.3 70.5 O 105.3 80 AB 622.1. (274.2) 100.5 70 135.5 90 B = Ci 2 HioN 2 95.7 60 162.0 80 Azobenzene A + AxBy 176.6 70 A 91.OU I 53 183.2 59.9 A By 121.5 I 100 AB + B A +B 85.0 40 181.5E I 49.0 56.OE I 32.5 76.0 30 B B 60.0 20 197.8 40 48.0 15 67 O 211.8 30 A By + B 222.7 20 623. (138, 261) 24.5E I 10 230.0 10 B = Ci 2 HnN B 233.1 5 Dipheny lamine 25.6 5 236.0 O A 26.6 O 620. (103) 120.0 100 616.—(Continued} 0 C I Mol % A B 145.1 10 178.0 O

x

x

B = Ci 2 H 9 NO 2 Nitroacenaphthene A 122.4 i 100.0 A +B 69.7E I 55.4 B 100.9 I 0.0 621. (103,239)

B = Ci 2 HiO Acenaphthene

A 122.4 100.0 117.0 95 A + AB 112.3E I 90.7

A +AB 66.OU I 54 AB + B 44.OE I 30 B 53.1 I O 624. (230) B = CisHio Fluorene A 122.0 100 111.2 90 100.0 80

626.1. (234.1) JD = CiaHijjO

Benzhydrol A 121.5 I 100 A +A 2 B 113.OE I 89.0 A2B 131.0 I 72.9 A2B + B 54.5E I 15 B 64.5 I O 627. (221) 87.2 70 A + AB B = CnHio 80.OE [ 65.5 Anthracene

627.—(Continued) 0 C Wt. % A A 122.5 117.0

100 95

A +AB 109.OE I 88.8 AB 125.5 80 137.0 70 AB + B 141.OU I 62.9 B 161.6 50 173.6 40 183.8 30 193.7 20 202.8 10 207.3 5 212.0 O

628. (103) B = CuHio Phenanthrene A 122.4 100 114.1 95 107.4 90 A + AB 93.8E 81.4 AB 118.5 70 130.7 60 132. 8 56.2 128.6 50 116.0 40 AB + B 81.6E I 23.5 B 84.9 20 94.2 10 97.1 5 99.2 O 629. (103) B = Ci/iHi2 Stilbene A 122.4 100 117.8 95 117.6 90 104.3 80 96.6 70 A +AB 90.2E 63.7 AB + B 92.8U I 57.5 B 99.2 50 104.7 40 109.2 30 114.4 20 • 118.8 10 120.4 5 122.2 O 630. (103) B = Ci4Hi4 Dibenzyl

630.—(Continued) 0 C Wt. % A A 122.4 i 100.0 A +B 47.1E I 18.7 B 51.8 0.0

631. O 03 ) B = Ci 7 Hi 4 a-Benzylnaphthalene A 122.4 100.0 117.9 95 111.8 90

106.3 85 100.7 80 92.0 70 A +AB 87.5E I 65.2 AB 91.8 60 97.0 51.2 91.8 40 79.1 30 60.4 20 AB + B 37.8E I 8.5 B 44.1 5 51.3 O

632. (103) B = CigHis Retene A 122.4 100 117.5 95 114.0 90 105.3 80 A + AB 100.7E I 74.7 AB 105.6 70 115.6 60 120. 9 50. 6 108.5 40 88.4 30 AB + B 60.IE I 79.8 B 82.5 10 90.0 5 95.2 O

633.—(Continued) 0 C I MoI % A AB 227.7 50.0 AB + B 169.4 I 22.0 B 181.9 ! 0.0 634. (103, 254) B = CigHi6

Triphenylmethane 0 G I Wt. % A A 122.0 I 100.0 Immiscible 113.5 92-30 A +B 86.OE I 10 B 92.0 I O 635. (243) B = C 19 Hi 6 O Triphenyl carbinol A 122.0 100 120.0 95 117.6 90 112.1 80 A + AB UOE 77 AB 118.8 70 129.9 60 137.5 50 138. 5 46. 8 133.6 40 AB + B 122E I 34 B 141.0 150.5 154.8 159.0

20 10 5 O

v. also 270, 319, 439, 458.1, 459, 526, 553, 1860

C6H3N3O8 Styphnic acid 635.1. (444.1) B = C6H10O4 Glycol diacetate g A per 0 C 100 cc B 20-25 15.0

636. (UO)

633. (14)

B = C7H5N3O6

B = CigHisN

2, 4, 6-Trinitrotoluene 0 C I Wt. % A A 175.5 I 100.0 A +B 67.5 I 19.3 B 78.8 I 0.0

5-Phenylacridine 0 C I MoI % A A 120.3 I 100.0 A +A 2 B 118.8E I 97.0 A2B + AB 176.OU 70.0

C6H3N3O8.-

(Continued) 637. (no) B = C8H7N3O6 2, 4, 6-Trinitro-raxylene 0 C I Wt. % A A 175.5 I 100.0 A +B 141. OE I 61.8 B 180.2 I 0.0 638. (UO) B = Ci0H7Br a-Bromonaphthalene A 175.5 I 100.0 A + AB 101.2U I 43.0 AB + B 6.2E I 0.5 B 6.4 I 0.0 639. (UO) B = C ioH7Br /3-Bromonaphthalene A 175.5 I 100.0 A +AB 131.7U I 50.0 AB + B 56.9E I 2.2 B 58.3 I 0.0 640. (UO) B = C10H7Cl a-Chloronaphthalene A 175.5 I 100 A + AB 109.8U I 47.5 641. (UO) B = Ci 0 H 7 NO 2 a-Nitronaphthalene A 175.5 I 100.0 A+B 45.2E I 15.7 B 56.5 I 0.0 642. (UO) B == Ci0Hg Naphthalene A 175.5 I 100.0 A + AB 148.8E I 86.4 AB 165.5 I 65.7

642.—(Continued) 0 C I Wt. % A AB + B 79.2 i 4.3 B 80.0 I 0.0 643. (io«) B = CioHieO Camphor 0 C I MoI % A A 175.5 I 100.0 A + B 82.6E 25.3 B 178.0 I 0.0 644. (UO) B = Ci 2 H 9 NO 2 Nitroacenaphthene 0 C I Wt. % A A 175.5 I 100.0 A + B 80.3E I 52.3 B 100.9 I 0.0 645. (UO) B == Ci2Hi 0 Acenaphthene A 175.5 I 100.0 A + AB 136.IE I 78.3 AB 156. O 61.4 AB + B 89.5E I 10.7 B 96.2 I 0.0 646. (11°) B = Ci2Hio Diphenyl A 175.5 I 100.0 A+B 61.5E I 16.6 B 70.5 I 0.0 647. (UO) B = CisHiQ Fluorene A 175.5 I 100.0 A + AB 127.5U I 52.5 AB + B 97.1E I 24.4 B 112.3 I 0.0

648. (UO) B = CigHi2

Diphenylmethane A 175.5 100.0 144.6 59.8-43,0

654. (UO) B = CisHis Retene 0 C I Wt. % A A 175.5 I 100.0 A + AB 125.6E I 66.4 AB 135.7 I 51.1 AB + B 76.2E I 16.6 B 95.2 I 0.0

648.—(Continued) 0 C I Wt. % A A + B 22.6E 2.5 B 26.6 0.0 649. (HO) B = C i4Hio Anthracene A 175.5 I 100.0 A + AB 151.4E I 84.5 AB 176.3 I 56.6 AB + B 170.IE I 45.4 B 213.0 I 0.0 650. (UO) B = CnHio Phenanthrene A 175.5 I 100.0 A + AB 125.6E I 70.7 AB 132.7 I 56.5 AB + B 85.7E I 18.3 B 99.2 I 0.0 651. (HO) B = CnHi 2 Stilbene A 175.5 I 100.0 A + AB 142.4U I 55 AB 114.6E I 19.2 B 122.5 I 0.0 652. (UO) B = Ci4Hi4 Dibenzyl A 175.5 I 100.0 A + B 50.7E I 6.4 B 51.8 I 0.0 653. (UO) B = Ci 7 Hi4 a-Benzylnaphthalene A 175.5 I 100.0 A +AB 134.3U I 52.9 AB + B 47.5E I 1.8 B 51.3 I 0.0

655. (UO) B = CigHie

Triphenylmethane A 175.5 100.0 167.4 85.5 to 49.5 A +B 94.2E I 4.0 B 92.2 I 0.0

v. also 554 C6H3N4O8 •

Tetranitroaniline 655.1. (444.1) B = CeHu)O4 Glycol diacetate g A per 0 C 100 g B 25.0 2.39 C6H4BrCl o-Bromochlorobenzene 656. v. p. 175 B = C6H4BrCl p-Bromochlorobenzene v. also 1854 C6H4BrCl p-Bromochlorobenzene 657.

(59,60)

JD = C6H4Br2

p-Dibromobenzene 0 C I MoI % A Mix. 67.0 100.0 70.0 84.3 72.5 72.0 75.0 59.3 77.5 47.0 80.0 34.5 82.5 22.0 85 9.2 87.1 0.0 v. also 1855 658.

(59, 60)

B = C6H4Cl2 p-Dichlorobenzene

658.—(Continued) 0 G I MoI % A Mix. 67.0 100 65.0 86.0 62.5 70.0 60.0 59.0 57.5 48.0 55.0 34.0 52.6f 2.5 52.8 0.0 v. also 656, 1854, 1855 C6H4BrI p-Bromoiodobenzene 659. (349) B = C6H4Br2 p-Dibromobenzene Mix. 89.9 100 88.8 90 87.4 80 86.5 70 86.0 60 85.4 50 85.1 40 85.lt 35 85.1 30 85.4 20 86.3 10 87.1 O 660. (349)

B = C6H4I2 p-Diiodobenzene Mix. 100 89.9 90.4 95 91.6 90 95.6 80 100.5 70 106.0 60 111.0 50 115.5 40 119.7 30 123.0 20 125.5 10 128.0 O C6H4BrNO2 o- Bro monitrobenzene 661. v. p. 175 B = C6H4BrNO2 m-Bromonitrobenzene 662. v. p. 175 B = C6H4BrNO2 2>-Bro monitrobenzene 663. (227) B = C6H4ClNO2 o-Chloronitrobenzene

663.—(Continued) MoI 0 C %A Mix. ZL fe 34.2 34.2 100 33.6 90 33.2 33.0 80 32.7 70 32.2 32.0 60 32.1 50 32.0 40 31.9 30 31.8f 31.8f 20 31.9 10 32.0 32.0 O 664. v. p. 175 B = C6H6

C6H4BrNO2 w-Bro monitrobenzene 665. v. p. 175 B = C6H4BrNO2 p-Bro monitrobenzene 666.

(150,288)

B = C6H4ClNO2 m-Chloronitrobenzene Mix. 54.0 54.0 100 53.2 53.1 95 52.5 52.3 90 51.1 50.7 80 49.5 49.0 70 48.25 47.8 60 47.4 47.0 50 46.7 46.3 40 46.0 45,7 30 45.5 45.3 20 45.0 44.9 10 44.8 44.7 5 44.6 44.6 O 667. (150) B=C 6 H 4 FNO 2 w-Fluoronitrobenzene Mix. 54.0 54.0 100 52.0 46.0 95 50.0 38.0 90 45.2 24.5 80 39.7 15.0 70 32.8 9.5 60 24.8 5.7 50 17.0 +2.5 40 +8.5 0.0 30 0.0 -2.5 20 -4.4f-4.4t 9 0.0 -3.5 5 +4.1 +4.1 O

668. (150) B = C 6 H 4 INO 2 w-Iodonitrobenzene Wt. 0 C %A Mix. IL -ts 54.0 100 53.0 52.3 95 52.0 50.7 90 49.8 48.0 80 47.4 45.5 70 44.8 43.0 60 42.4 40.5 50 39.9 38.0 40 37.3 35.4 30 34.5 33.0 20 32.3f 32.3f 12.5 33.5 32.5 5 34.6 34.6 O 669. v. p. 175 B = C6H6

v. also 661 C6H4BrNO2 p-Bromonitrobenzene 670. (227) B = C 6 H 4 ClNO 2 p-Chloronitrobenzene MoI 0 C %A A fo fe 123.0 123.0 100 A + Mixed crystals 118.6 116.5 90 114.3 111.0 80 110.0 106.3 70 105.4 101.5 60 100.4 97.0 50 95.0 92.0 40 89.5 87.0 30 B •}- Mixed crystals 84.6 83.0 20 83.7 82.0 10 B 82.01 82.0 O 671. v. p. 175 B = C6H6

v. also 662, 665 CeH4Br2 o-Dibromobenzene 672. v. p. 175 B = C6H4Br2 p-Dibromobenzene v. also 1856 C6H4Br2 p-Dibrornobenzene 673. v. p. 175

B = C6H4ClNO2 m-Chloronitrobenzene 674.

(379.5)

B = C 6 H 4 ClNO 2 p-Chloronitrobenzene 0 C I Wt. % A A 86.4 I 100.0 A +AB 75.OE I 75.0 AB 78.1 I 59.9 AB + B 77.1E 30.0 B 82.4 I 0.0 675.

(59,60)

B = C 6 H 4 Cl 2 p-Dichlorobenzene MoI 0 C %A Mix. *L ta 87.1 87.1 100 85.4 77.5 95 83.7 72.0 90 80.0 66.0 80 76.0 62.5 70 72.0 60.1 60 67.3 58.4 50 62.9 57.1 40 59.1 56.0 30 55.8 54.8 20 53.8 53.7 10 52.8 52.8 O v. also 1855 676. (349) B — C6H4I2 p-Diiodobenzene A 87.1 87.1 100 83.0 90 81.1 80 A +B 80.0 I 69 B 90.5 80.0 60 99.7 80.0 50 107.0 80.0 40 113.0 30 118.5 20 123.6 10 128.0 O Solid B soluble in solid A, but solid A insoluble in solid B 677. v. p. 175 B = C6H6Br Bromobenzene 678. v. p. 175 B = C 6 H 6 NO 2 Nitrobenzene

679. v. p. 175 B = C6H6 680. v. p. 175 B = C6H7N Aniline 681.

(49)

B = C7H7Br p-Bromo toluene 0 C I Wt. % A A 87.05 100.0 85.9 98.6 82.9 95.7 79.6 89.9 74.8 82.2 69.5 75.4 60.1 65.0 52.3 55.0 40.7 43.0 38.5 41.0 37.4 39.2 A + mixed crystals 38.5U I 36.7 Wt. 0 C %A B + mixed crystals h ts 36.4 36.2 36.8 34.4 34.1 33.2 32.8 30.4 22.9 30.7 27.8 15.0 28.6 27.7 7.3 28.0 27.6 5.0 B 26.5 I 0.0 682. v. p. 175 TI B — ^r*7XIg 683. ( 1 OO) B = CioHigO Camphor 0 C I MoI % A A 87.1 100 A +B 40.OE I 40.5 B 178.0 I 0.0 v. also 7, 22, 320, 403, 472, 496, 657, 659, 672, 1855, 1856 C6H4Br2ClN 2-Chloro-4, 6-dibromoanilin e 684. (440) B = C6H4Br3N 2, 4, 6-Tribromoaniline 0 C 1 MoI % A Mix. 98.0 100 102.8 80 109.0 50 115.3 20 119.5 O

C6H4Br3N 2, 4, 6-Tribromoaniline v. 684 C6H4ClI p-Chloroiodobenzene 685.

(349)

B = C6H4Cl2 p-Dichlorobenzene MoI 0 C %A Mix. ÌL ts 53.0 53.0 100 50.5 50.0 90 48.0 47.0 80 45.0 44.0 70 42.5 42.1 60 41.0 41.0 50 41.Of 41.Of 45 41.0 41.0 40 42.9 41.5 30 46.5 43.6 20 50.2 48.0 10 52.8 I 52.8 O 686.

690. (ioi) B = CioHieO Camphor A 31.5 I 100.0 A+B 2.6E I 41.5 B 178.0 I 0.0

v. also 60, 663

(349)

B = C6H4I2 p-Diiodobenzene Mix. 53.0 100 57.0 95 58.5 90 Two series mixed crystals 59.OU 59.0 85.5 66.5 59.0 80 78.5 59.0 70 88.7 59.0 60 97.4 59.0 50 105.0 59.0 40 111.3 59.0 30 117.2 59.0 20 122.5 10 128.0 O Immiscibility range 22 to 86 MoI % B C6H4ClNO2 o-Chloronitrobenzene 687. v. p. 175

B = C 6 H 4 ClNO 2 p-Chloronitrobenzene 688. v. p. 175

B = C6H6 689.

689.—(Continued) 0 C I MoI % A A 20.7 75.3 14.5 63.3 9.0 55.8 + 2.0 45.2 - 3.0 38.5 -12.0 30.1 -17.0 24.7 A +B -19E I 23 B -17.0 19.9 -13.5 14.7 -11.0 9.7 - 7.8 4.4 - 5.5 0.0

(225)

B = C6H7N Aniline 0 C 1 MoI %A A 32.0 100.0 27.0 88.7

C6H4ClNO2 m-Chloronitrobenzene 691. ( 15 O) B = C6H4FNO2 w-Fluoronitrobenzene MoI 0 C %A Mix. t-L

ts

44.6 44.6 100 43.2 36.0 95 41.6 28.0 90 38.1 15.0 80 33.8 8.5 70 27.5 5.0 60 20.0 3.0 50 13.0 1.5 40 6.7 +0.5 30 + 1.0 -0.3 20 - 0 . 7 f - 0 . 7 t 15 +0.4 -0.2 10 2.5 +1.5 5 4.1 4.1 O 692. ( 15 O) B = C 6 H 4 INO 2 ra-Iodonitrobenzene Wt. 0 C %A Mix. tL

44.6 43.5 42.5

ts

44.6 100 42.0 95 40.0 90

№2—(Continued) 0

C Mix.

Wt. %A

ÌL ts 40.5 37.0 80 38.5 35.0 70 36.3 33.3 60 33.4 31.5 50 30.8 30.0 40 29.1 29.1 3O 28.4f 28.4f 17" 29.7 29.2 IQ' 31.7 30.8 534.6 34.6 O' 693. v. p. 175 B = C6H6 694.

(259)

B = CeH7N Aniline 0 C I MoI % A A 43.0 100.0 39.5 88.6 32.0 72.0 23.0 54.6 13.0 39.8 3.0 27.7 + 0.3 24.7 - 4.0 19.3 A +B -12.OE f 12.4 B - 8.2 5.7 - 6.3 0.0 695.

(259)

B = C i oHg Naphthalene A 43.5 100.0 37.3 84.4 A +B 23.OE ] 64.5 B 33.5 55.9 46.5 43.4 60.0 28.7 70.5 13.9 80.5 0.0 696. (ioi) B = CioHieO Camphor A 43.9 I 100.0 A +B 11.5E I 43.6 B 178.0 I OO v. also 666, 673

C6H4ClNO2 p-Chloronitrobenzene 697. v. p. 175 B = C6H6

C6H4ClNO2,(Continued) 698.

(259)

B = C6H7N Aniline 0 C l Mol % A A 82.5 100.0 77.0 88.6 62.0 67.2 46.5 50.5 29.5 36.9 + 10.0 26.7 A + B -15.OE 1 19.0 B -12.6 13.0 - 6.3 0.0 699. (259) B = CioHs Naphthalene A 80.5 100.0 71.0 82.1 53.0 59.6 43.8 51.6 A+B 4OE ca. |ca. 49 B 49.0 39.6 63.0 24.0 71.0 13.9 80.0 0.0 700. (453) B = C12HnN Diphenylamine A 82.5 I 100.0 A + B 27.OE I 42.5 B 54.2 I 0.0

v. also 670, 674, 687 C6Xi4Cl2 o-Dichlorobenzene 701. v. p. 175 B = C6H4Cl2 p-Dichlorobenzene v. also 1857 C6H4Cl2 p-Dichlorobenzene 702. (349) B = C6H4I2 7>-Diiodobenzene 0 C I MoI % A A 52.7 100 50.5 95 47.5 90 A+B 45.OE I 86

702.—(Continued) 0 C i Mol % A B 57.8 80 75.5 70 86.7 60 95.5 50 102.5 40 110.0 30 116.0 20 121.3 10 128.0 O v. also 658, 675, 685, 701, 1855, 1857 C6H4Cl2O4S2 ra-Benzenedisulfonyl chloride 703. v. p. 175 B = C6H4Cl2O4S2 p-Benzenedisulfonyl chloride

704. (308) B = C7H4Cl2O3S st/m-Chloride of ntsulfobenzoic acid 0 C MoI % A 20.4 O 12.9 10 9.0 15 v. also 1858

C6H4Cl2O4S2 p-Benzenedisulfonyl chloride 705. (308) B = C7H4Cl2O3S si/m-Chloride of psulfobenzoic acid 20.4 O 14.6 8.2 v. also 703, 1859 C6H4FNO2 o-Fluoronitrobenzene 706. (!66) B = C6H4FNO2 p-Fluoronitrobenzene 0 C I % A A - 8.0 I 100.0 B + 18.1 13.0 23.5 4.9 26.4 0.0

C6H4FNO2 ra-Fluoronitro-

benzene v. 667, 691

C6H4FNO2 p-Fluoronitrobenzene v. 552, 706

C6H4INO2 o-Iodonitrobenzene 707. v. p. 175 B = C 6 H 4 INO 2 p-Iodonitrobenzene

C6H4INO2 w-Iodonitrobenzene v. 668, 692

C6H4I2

p-Diiodobenzene v. 660, 676, 686, 702

C6H4N2O4 o-Dinitrobenzene 708. v. p. 175 B = C6H4N2O4 w-Dinitrobenzene 709. v. p. 175 B = C6H6 710.

(259)

B = C6H7N Aniline 0 C I MoI % A A 116.5 100.0 108.0 82.9 92.0 64.2 73.0 44.5 54.0 29.0 37.0 19.8 + 12.0 9.7 A+B -11.OE I ca. 4.8 B - 8.5 3.5 - 5.5 0.0 711.

(247)

B = C6H7NO w-Aminophenol 0 C ] Wt. % A A 115.7 ! 100.0 A + B 89.OE ! 55.0 B 118.0 I 0.0 712.

(264)

B = C6H8N2 o-Phenylenedia mine A 115.0 I 100.0 A +B 74.1E I 48.0 B 99.8 I 0.0 713.

(264)

B = C6H8N2 w-Phenylen ediamine A 115.0 I 100.0

713.—(Continued) 0 C I Wt. % A A +B 42.OE j 26.0 B 62.0 I 0.0 714. v. p. 175 B = C7H5N3O6 2, 4, 6-Trinitrotoluene 716. v. p. 175 B = C7H6N2O4 2, 4-Dinitrotoluene 717.

(258)

B = C7H6O2 m-Hydroxybenzaldehyde 0 C 1 Wt. % A A 115.0 I 100.0 A+ B 84.OE 1 44.0 B 105.0 1 0.0 718.

(256)

B = C7H9N p-Toluidine A 114.8 1 100.0 A + B 31.5E I 26.0 B 42.5 I 0.0 719. v. p. 176 J3 = t/ioHs Naphthalene 720. v. p. 176 B = Ci0H9N «-Naphthylamine 721. v. p. 176 B = CioHgN

ß-Naphthylamine 722.

(265)

B = Ci 2 H 9 N Carbazole 0 C I Wt. % A A 116.5 100 111.0 90 A+ B 107. OE 1 85 B 125.0 80 153.3 70 174.3 60 190.1 50 203.0 40 214.1 30 223.2 20 230.5 10 236.0 O 723. v. p. 176 B = Ci 2 HiO Acenaphthene

724. v. p. 176 B = CisHio Fluorene 725.

(252)

B = Ci 4 HiO Anthracene 0 C I Wt. % A A 116.5 I 100 A+B 110.OE I 87.5 B 130.0 80 149.5 70 162.6 60 174.3 50 183.9 40 . 192.5 30 200.1 20 206.5 10 212.5 O 726. v. p. 176 B = Ci4Hi0 Phenanthrene 727.

(243)

B = C19H16O Triphenyl carbinol A 116.5 I 100.0 A + B 102.OE I 67.0 B 159.5 I 0.0 v. also 73, 555 C6H4N2O4 m-Dinitrobenzene 728. B = C6H5Br Bromobenzene v. Seidell, p. 131

729. (430) B = C 6 H 5 NO 2 Nitrobenzene 0 C Wt. % B 5.22 100 4.35 98 3.42 96 2.41 94 1.47 92 0.55 90 730. v. p. 176 B := C6H6 732. (82) B = C6H6N2O2 m-Nitroaniline 0 C I MoI % A A 90.2 100.0 83.7 90.0 76.1 70.0 63.3 65.0 A + B 60.OE I 61.5

732.—{Continued) 0 C I MoI % A B

62.5 69.6 73.5 78.0 83.6 93.5 100.5 107.5 114.0 733.

60.0 55.0 50.0 45.0 40.0 30.0 20.0 10.0 0.0 (222)

B - C6H7N Aniline A 91.0 100.0 85.5 91.1 80.0 81.8 65.0 66.0 53.0 54.6 A + AB 41.5U j 46.2 AB

39.0 39.0 37.0 31.8 26.5 20.8 +14.0 13.3 - 2.0 6.6 AB + B - 8.OE 1 4.2 B - 6.0 1.5 - 5.5 0.0 734.

(247)

B = C6H7NO m-Aminophenol 0 C I Wt. % A A 89.0 I 100.0 A+ B 74.5E I 77.0 B 118.0 I 0.0 735.

(264)

B = C6H8N2 o-Phenylenediamine A 89.0 I 100.0 A + A3B2 58.OE I 71 A3B2 68. O l 70. O A3B2 + B 58.OE I 65 B 99.8 I 0.0 736. (264) B = C6H8N2 m-Phenylenediamine A 89.0 I 100.0 A + AB2 36E I 50

736.—(Continued) 0 C Wt. % A AB2 36 I 43.8

AB2+B 36E 40 B

61.9

O

737.

(264)

B = C6H8N2 p-Phenylenediamine A 89.0 I 100.0 A +B 74.OE I 78.0 B 138.0 0.0 738. v. p. 176 B = C7H5N3O6 2, 4, 6-Trinitrotoluene 739. v. p. 176 B = C7H6N2O4 2, 4-Dinitrotoluene 740.

(258)

B = C7H6O2

m-Hydroxybenzaldehyde 0 C ! Wt. % A A 87.5 I 100.0 A+B 63.OE I 66.0 B 105.0 0.0 741. v. p. 176 B = C 7 H 7 NO 2 p-Nitro toluene 742.

(256)

B = C7H9N p-Toluidine 0 C I Wt. % A A 89.0 I 100.0 A +B 16.OE I 48.5 B 42.5 I 0.0 743. v. p. 176 B = C 8 H 9 NO Acetanilide 744.

(222,

354)

B = CioHg Naphthalene 0 C I MoI % A A 87.5 100 84.2 95 80.8 90 73.3 80 64.5 70 A +AB 50.5E I 58

744.—(Continued) 0 C I MoI % A AB 50.8 I 50

AB+B 50.3E ! 40 B 59.6 67.3 74.2 77.3 80.1 745.

B

=

30 20 10 5 O (237)

CioHgN

a-Naphthylamine 0 C I Wt. % A A 90.0 100 81.0 90 71.0 80 A + AB 57.OE I 69.0 AB 63.2 60 63.8 54 63.6 50 58.7 40 47.5 30 AB + B 33.OE I 20.5 B 41.8 10 48.0 Q 746.

(237)

B = C10H9N ß- Naph thy lamine A 90.0 100.0 90 82.2 72.0 80 60.0 70 A +AB 51.8E I 63.8 AB + B 53.2U I 56 B 65.0 50 80.0 40 90.5 30 97.5 20 103.5 10 109.0 O 747. (ioi) B = Ci 0 Hi 6 O Camphor 0 C I MoI % A A 90.1 i 100.0 A +B 50.5E I 38.5 B 178.0 I 0.0 748. (265) B == C12H9N Carbazole

748.—(Continued) 0 C (Wt. % A A 88.0 100 76.0 90

A+B 72.OE I 87 B

104.5 137.5 162.0 182.0 198.0 211.0 221.5 230.0 236.0

80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 O

749. (132, 239) B = C12H1Q Acenaphthene A 89.4 100 85.7 95 82.0 90 74.3 . 80 A +AB 66.3E ! 70.5 AB 71.0 60 72. 3 48. 5 AB + B 69.OE I 39.5 B 75.0 30 81.5 20 87.9 10 94.5 O 750. (132) B = C12H11N

Diphenylamine A 89.4 I 100.0 A+B 30.OE 1 39.0 B 52.5 I 0.0

751. v. p. 176 B = CisHio Fluorene 752.

(252)

B = C^H1Q Anthracene A 89.5 I 100 A+B 84.OE I 92 B 127.2 80 148.5 70 164.5 60 176.5 50 186.7 40 195.6 30 202.3 20

752.—(Continued) 0 C I Wt. % A B 208.0 10 213.0 O

753. v. p. 176 B = CuHio Phenanthrene 754.

(243)

B = C 19 Hi 6 O

Triphenyl carbinol A 89.0 I 100.0 A + B 82.OE I 82.0 B 159.5 I 0.0 v. also 43, 74, 271, 387, 391, 404, 465, 466, 556, 583, 708

C6H4N2O4 p-Dinitrobenzene 755. 0

(228)

B = C6H6

C

I MoI % B B 5.2 ] 0.0 A + B 4.8E i 0.6 A 28.0 1.7 80.9B.P. 8.0 756.

(259)

B = C6H7N

Aniline 1 MoI % A A 143.5 61.0 131.0 51.1 117.0 42.4 102.0 34.4 72.0 22.6 36.5 12.5 15.0 9.0 0

C

757.

(264)

B = C6H8N2

o-Phenylenediamine 0 C I Wt. % A A 170.0 I 100.0 A + B 84.3E I 35.0 B 100.0 I 0.0 758.

(264)

B = C6H8N2

ra-Phenylenediamine A 170.0 I 100.0 A + B 55.OE I 19.0 B 62.0 I 0.0

759. (264)

B = C6H8N2 p-Phenylenediamine 0 C Wt. % A A 170.0 100.0 A +AB 2 112E 47.5 AB2 114 .Oca. I 43.7

AB2 + B 112.OE I 38.5 B 138.0 0.0

760. (258) B = C7H6O2 ra-Hydroxybenzaldehyde A 171.0 I 100.0 A+ B 91.OE 20.0 B 105.0 0.0 761.

(256)

B = C7H9N p-Toluidine A 169.5 I 100.0 A + B 36.5E I 16.0 B 42.5 I 0.0 762.

(259)

B == CioH8 Naphthalene 0 C I MoI % A A 170.5 100.0 161.0 86.6 150.0 70.7 130.0 52.7 A +AB 117.5U I 54.9 AB 116.5 40.0 109.5 26.5 98.8 18.7 AB + B 76.5E I 7.0 B 79.0 2.7 80.0 0.0 763.

(237)

B = C10H9N a-Naphthylamine 0 C i Wt. % A A 169.5 100 160.5 90 151.0 80 141.0 70 129.0 60 114.5 50

763.—(Continued) 0 C I Wt. % A A +AB 81.8U I 39 AB 76.5 30 58.5 20 AB + B 40.OE I 13 B 41.9 10 48.0 Q 764. (237) B = C1QHgN ß- Naphthylamine A 169.5 100 161.2 90 152.5 80 143.0 70 131.3 60 117.0 50 A + AB 91.OU I 40.5 AB + B 87.8E i 32.5 B 97.0 20 103.3 10 109.0 Q 765.

(265)

B = C12H9N Carbazole A 171.5 100 165.5 90 158.3 80 A +B 143.OE I 66.5 B 159.0 60 182.5 50 202.5 40 217.5 30 227.0 20 232.2 10 236.0 O 766. v. p. 176 B = C12H1Q Acenaphthene 767. v. p. 176 B = CuH 1 Q Fluorene 768. v. p. 176 B = C^H1O Anthracene 769. (228) B = CuH1O Phenanthrene 0 C I Wt. % A A 172.0 I 100 A + AB3 79.OE I 28

C6H4N2O4.(Continued) 769.—(Continued) 0 C I Wt. % A AB3 81.O I 24 AB3 + B 80.OE ! 23 B 103.0 I Q 770. (243)

B = CigHieO Triphenyl carbinol A 171.0 I 100.0 A +B 132.OE I 36.0 B 159.5 I 0.0 v. also 75 C6H4N2O5 2, 3-Dinitrophenol 771. (423)

B = C6H6 145.1 100 138.2 90 125.1 80 118.9 70 113.5 60 108.5 50 103.2 40 97.2 30 88.6 20 74.3 10 C6H4N2O5 2, 4-Dinitrophenol 772. v. p. 176 B = C 6 H 5 NO 3 o-Nitrophenol 773. (423)

B = C6H6 112.9 100 102.3 90 94.5 80 87.7 70 82.0 60 75.8 50 69.0 40 61.2 30 49.0 20 774. (224)

B = C6H7N Aniline 0 C I MoI % A .A 110.5 100 106.0 90 100.0 80 92.5 70 84.0 60 79.7 55

774.—(Continued] 0 C I MoI % A A + AB 74.OU I 50 AB 73.8 45 73.4 40 70.7 30 62.5 20 45.5 10 +24.0 5 AB + B - 7.OE I 1.5 B - 6.3 I 0.0 775.

(272)

B = C6H8N2 o-Phenylenediamine 0 C I Wt. % A A 110.0 I 100.0 A + AB 83.5E I 74.0 AB 85.0 I 63 AB + B 72.OE I 43.0 B 100.2 I 0.0 776.

(272)

B = C6H8N2 ra-Phenylenediamine A 111.0 I 100.0 A + AB 91.5E I 75.0 AB 100.0 ! 63 AB + B 53.OE I 19.0 B 62.0 I 0.0 777. (272)

B = C6H8N2 p-Phenylenediamine A 110.0 I 100.0 A + A3B 107.OE I 97.0 A3B 118. 0 | 83. 6 A3B + A2B 109.OU I 74.0 A2B + B 88.5E I 37.5 B 138.5 I 0.0 778.

(258)

B = C7H6O2 ra-Hydroxybenzaldehyde A 112.0 100.0 A + AB 78.0 I 63.0

778.—(Continued) 0 C Wt. % A AB 78.5 I 60.0 AB + B 78.OE I 43.0 B 105.0 I 0.0 779. (208) B = C7H8O2 Dimethylpyrone 0 C I MoI % A A 114.0 100 111.7 95 108.6 90 104.8 85 100.3 80 95.1 75 89.1 70 80.3 65 A + AB 73.OE I 61.5 AB 77.4 55 78.4 60 AB + B 77.3E I 44 B 87.3 40 97.2 35 105.8 30 112.5 25 117.9 20 122.7 15 126.6 10 132.1 Q 780. (249)

B = C8H8O Acetophenone 0 C I Wt. % A A 110.0 1 100.0 A +B 12.OE I 21.0 B 20.5 I 0.0 781. v. p. 176 B = C8H0NO Acetanilide 781.1. (274.1) B = C9H8O2 Cinnamic acid 0 C I Wt. % A A 112.0 I 100 A + AB? 91.OE I 70.0 AB? 91.0 I AB? + B 91.OU I 59.0 B 133.0 I O

782.

(222,410)

B = CioH8 Naphthalene 0 C i Mol % A A 111.4 100 105.8 90 99.8 80 93.3 70 A + AB 88.5E I 63.5 AB 90.1 60 02.O 50 91.3 40 87.4 30 78.2 20 AB + B 71.5E I 14.8 B 74.6 10 80.1 O 783. (237) B = CioHgN a-Naphthylamine 0 C I Wt. % A A 109.0 100 104.8 90 96.5 80 A +AB 90.OE ! 74 AB 97.2 70 104. 5 56. 3 103.8 50 98.7 40 88.8 30 74.0 20 51.2 10 AB + B 42.OE I 7 B 48.0 I O 784. (237)

13 = CioHgN ß- Naphthy lamine A 109.0 100 103.5 90 95.2 80 84.6 70 A + AB 72.OE I 60.5 AB 7 2 . 3 1 56.3 AB + B 72.OE I 49.5 B 81.7 40 90.5 30 97.8 20 103.8 10 109.0 O

785.

(108,253)

B = CtoHieO Camphor 0 C ( MoI % A A 111.4 I 100.0 A +B 69.3E 30.7 B 178.0 I 0.0 786. (234)

B = CioHieO Fenchone 0 C I Wt. % A A 111.0 I 100.0 A + B 2.OE I 6.0 B 5.3 I 0.0

789.1.—(Continued) 0 C I Wt. % A A 112.0 I 100 A +B 54.OE I 28.0 B 67 I O 790. (261) B = Ci2HuN Diphenylamine A 108.0 I 100.0 A +B 41.6E I 28.0 B 52.0 I 0.0 791. v. p. 176 B = Ci3Hi0 Fluorene

787. (238)

792. (249)

B = CuHi 2 N 2 O Antipyrine A 110.5 I 100.0 Vis. 62.2 to 60 to 58 38.9 B 109.8 I 0.0

B := Ci 3 HioO Benzophenone 0 C I Wt. % A A 110.0 I 100.0 A +B 35.OE I 20.0 B 47.0 I 0.0 792.1. (234.1) B = Ci3Hi2O Benzhydrol A 112.5 I 100 A+B 51.OE I 19.0 B 64.5 I O 793. v. p. 176 B = CuHio Anthracene 794. (241) B = CuHio Phenanthrene 0 C I Wt. % B B 103 100.0 96 89.4 90 83.3 83 75.9 68 61.6 A +B 61.5E| 56.5 A 67 51.7 82 39.7 96 23.9 101 15.1 107 7.0 111 0.0 v. also 440, 458.2, 459.1, 476, 584

788. (263)

B = Ci2H9N Carbazole A 110.0 100 103.5 90 A +B 98.6E I 83 B 141.5 70 165.0 60 184.0 50 199.2 40 211.0 30 220.8 20 229.0 10 236.5 O 789.

(239)

B = Ci2Hi0 Acenaphthene A 110.0 I 100.0 A + AB 83.OE I 68.0 AB 86.0 I 54.4 AB + B 74.OE I 29.0 B 90.5 I 0.0 789.1. (274.2) B = Ci 2 HiQN 2 Azobenzene

C6H4N2O6 2, 5-Dinitrophenol 795. (423) B = Celie 0 C Wt. % A 105.6 100 95.4 90 87.0 80 80.3 70 74.5 60 68.6 50 61.7 40 58.7 30 49.0 20 20.0 10 C6H4N2O5 2, 6-Dinitrophenol 796. (423) B = C6H6 62.2 100 52.4 90 45.3 80 39.2 70 33.8 60 28.9 50 23.7 40 C6H4N2O5 3, 4-Dinitrophenol 797. (423)

B = C6H6 134.7 100 125.2 90 118.8 80 115.2 70 112.7 60 110.5 50 108.9 40 107.2 30 102.8 20 93.5 10 v. also 1860 C6H4N2O6 2, 4-Dinitroresorcinol 798. (108) B = CioHigO Camphor 0 C Mol % A A 142.7 I 100.0 A+B 47.2E 29.0 B 178.0 I 0.0 C6H4N4O6 Picramide 799. (107) B = CioHg Naphthalene 0 C I Wt. % A A 185.2 I 100.0

799.—(Continued) 0 C I Wt. % A A + AB 157.6E I 84.6 AB 168.8 I 64 AB + B 75.8E ! 10.5 B 80.0 I 0.0 800. (107) B = Ci2Hio Acenaphthene A 185.2 I 100.0 A + AB 178.IE 93.2 AB 195.4 59.6 AB + B 93.6E 4.4 B 96.2 I 0.0 801. (107) B = Ci3HiQ Fluorene A 185.2 100.0 A + AB 127.5U 53.0 AB + B 96.3E 19.8 B 112.3 I 0.0 802. (107) B = CnHio Anthracene A 185.2 100.0 A + AB 149.6E 74.5 AB 158.8 I 56.1 AB + B 152.3E I 50.3 B 213.0 ! 0.0 803. (107) B = CnHio Phenanthrene A 185.2 I 100.0 A + AB 147.IE I 70.4 AB 1 6 0 . 2 | 56.1 AB + B 93.4E I 15.7 B 99.2 I 0.0 804. (107) B = CisHis Retene A 185.2 I 100.0

804.—(Continued) 0 C I Wt. % A A+AB 124.3 I 52.0 AB 125.1 I 49.3 AB + B 76.7E 12.3 B 95.2 0.0 v. also 585 C6H4O2 p-Quinone 805. (266) B = C 6 H 5 NO 2 Nitrobenzene 100 75.6 80 48.8 60 34.2 40 23.5 v. also 1860 806. (266)

B = C6H6O2 Hydroquinol A 114.5 100 A + AB 107.OE 97 AB 140.0 90 153.0 80 161.0 70 166.7 60 169.0 50 165.5 40 158.0 30 AB + B 150.OE I 22 B 161.0 1 10 165.0 5 169.0 O (A metastable) A 114.5 100 107.Om 90 97.5m 80 86.5m 70 A +AB 75mE I 62 AB 105.Om 59 135.Om 55 168m ca. ca. 45 165.5m 40 158.Om 30 AB + B 150.OE i 22 B 161.0 10 165.0 5 169.0 O v. also 1860

807. (266) B = CioHg Naphthalene 0 C Wt. % A A 115.0 I 100 A+ B 58.OE I 34 B 80.0 O 808. (266)

B = CioHgO /3-Naphthol A 116.0 100 113.5 95 110.0 90 102 80 93.0 70 A + AB 81.. OE I 58 AB 84.5 50 85. 3 42. 8 AB + B 79.OE i 29 B 95.0 20 111.0 10 117.0 5 122.0 O v. also 1860 809. (266)

B = Ci 0 H 9 N a-Naphthylamine A 116.0 100 113.0 95 109.5 90 100.5 80 91.0 70 80.5 60 74.5 55 67.8 50 A + AB 59.OE I 44 AB 59.0 43 59.0 40 49.0 30 38.0 20 AB + B 27.OE I 17 B 37.0 10 43.5 5 49.0 O v. also 1860 810. (266)

B = Ci 2 HiO Acenaphthene A 115.0 I 100 A +B 67.OE I 37

810.—(Continued) 0 C I Wt. % A B 93.0 I O 811. (266)

B = Ci2H11N Diphenylamine A 115.0 100 A + B 32.OE 24 B 54.0 I O 812. (266)

B = C1SH1Q Fluorene A 115.0 I 100 A +B 72.OE I 41 B 111.0 O 813. (266) B = Ci4Hio Anthracene A 115.0 I 100 A + AB 102.5E I 86 AB 196. 0 | 3 7 . 7 AB + B 189.OE I 25 B 213.0 I O v. also 1860 814. (266)

B = CiéHio Phenanthrene A 115.0 I 100 A + B 61.OE I 30 B 98.0 I O 815. (266)

B = CigHie Triphenylmethane A 115.0 I 100 A + B 69.OE 22 B 90.0 I O 816. (266) B = Ci 9 H 16 O

Triphenyl carbinol A 116.0 I .100 A+B 93.OE I 39 B 161.0 I O v. also 123, 1860

C6H5Br Bromobenzene 817. (364)

B = C6H5Cl Chlorobenzene 0

IL -28.1 -30.5 -33.1 -35.0 -36.8 -38.7 -40.1 -41.2 -42.3 -43.3 -44.0

C Mix. te

Wt. %A

-28.1 100 -31.1 90 -33.9 80 -36.3 70 -38.3 60 -39.8 50 -41.4 40 -42.4 30 -43.2 20 -43.9 10 -44.0 O

818. (364)

B = C6H5F Fluorobenzene Mixed crystals -28.1 -28.1 100 -35.3 -38.0 90 -42.5 -48.5 80 -49.7 -58.5 70 -57.0 -62.5 60 -62.5E -62.5E 52.5 40 -57.2 -62.5 -53.1 -62.5 30 -48.9 -62.5 20 -44.7 -50.5 10 -40.5 -40.5 O

819. (364)

B = C6H5I lodobenzene Mix. -28.1 -29.6 -32.1 -35.5 -36.5f -35.5 -32.9 -31.7 -31.0 -30.4 -29.7 -29.0

-28.1 100 -32.0 90 -35.0 80 -36.3 70 -36.5t 65 -36.2 60 -35.5 50 -34.5 40 -33.3 30 -32.2 20 -30.8 10 -29.0 O

820. (428)

B = C6H5NO3 o-Nitrophenol 0 C Wt. % A 44.9 O 42.5 5 40.1 10 35.6 20 31.3 30 26.2 40 20.6 50 821. (428)

B = C 6 H 5 NO 3

p-Nitrophenol 114.0 O 109.0 5 105.3 10 99.5 20 94.5 30 90.0 40 87.2 50

C6H5Br.-

827.1. (475)

(Continued) 821.—(Continued) 0 C Wt. % A 83.7 60 78.0 70

B = C 1 C)HgN

v. also 677, 728

C6H5BrO o-Bromophenol 822. v. p. 176 B = C6H5BrO p-Bromophenol

C6H5Cl Chlorobenzene 823. ( 364 ) B = C6H5F Fluorobenzene wt. 0 C %A Mixed crystals *L *S -44.0 -44.0 100 -48.2 -52.0 90 - 52.8 - 60.8 SO -58.2 -71.0 70 -64.6 -71.0 60 -71.OE -71.OE 52 -62.6 -71.0 40 -56.0 -71.0 30 - 50.2 - 64.5 20 -45.1 -50.5 10 -40.5 -40.5 O

824. (364)

B = C6H5I lodobenzene -44.0 -45.7 - 48.2 -50.1 -51.5f -51.1 -48.9 -45.7 -41.6 -35.8 -29.0

Mix. -44.0 100 -47.9 90 - 49.7 80 -50.7 70 -51.5f 57 -51.2 50 —49.6 40 -47.4 30 -44.5 20 -39.9 10 -29.0 O

825. v. p. 176

B = C7H6ClO Benzoyl chloride 826. (364)

B = C7H5N Cyanobenzene Mixed crystals -44.0 -44.0 100 -48.4 -51.6 90 -54.4 -63.0 80 — 63.7E -63.7E 66.5 -56.1 -63.7 60 -45.5 -63.7 50 -36.5 -55.0 40 -28.9 -40.5 30 -22.4 -29.0 20 -16.9 -20.0 10 -12.1 -12.1 O

827. v. p. 176 B = C1C)Hs Naphthalene

a-Naphthy lamine 0 C Mol % A -4.0 80 +7.5 70 14.5 60 20.0? 50 24.0? 40 29.0? 30 37.4 20 43.2 10 46.3 5 49.4 O 827.2. (475) B = C i oH gN

ß-Naphthylamine 4.5 97.5 27.0 95 43.5 90 61.0 80 71.0 70 79.0 60 85.5 50 91.0 40 96.0 30 100.5 20 105,0 10 108.0 5 110.6 O 828. (475) B = C12H9N Carbazole g B per 0 C 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0 70.0 80.0 100.0

100 g A 0.55 0.76 1.07 1.45 2.0 2.75 3.7 7.0

829. v. p. 176 B = C^HIO Acenaphthene 830. v. p. 176 B = C13H1Q Fluorene 831. v. p. 176 B = C^HIO Anthracene 832. v. p. 176

B = C^HIO

Phenanthrene v. also 290.1, 817

C6H5ClN2O2 l-Amino-2-nitro-4chloroaniline 833. (62) B = C 6 H 5 ClN 2 O 2 l-Amino3-nitro-4chloroaniline

833.—(Continued) 0 C I MoI % A A 115.7 I 100 A +B 73.6E I 45 B 102.7 I O

C6H5ClO o-Chlorophenol 834. v. p. 176 B = C6H5ClO p-Chlorophenol 835. (429)

B = C6H6 C I Wt. % A A + 7.0 100 - 0.2 90 - 7.0 80 -13.3 70 A +B -19.5E I 61.5 B -13.6 50 -9.3 40 - 5.3 30 - 1.4 20 + 2.2 10 5.4 O 836. (53) B = C6H7N Aniline 0 C I MoI % A A + 8.0 I 100.0 A +AB - 1.75E| 83.8 AB +29.4 I 50.0 AB + B -12.OE I 9.7 B - 6.5 I 0.0 837. (53) B = C8H11N 0

Dimethylaniline

A + 8.0 I 100.0 A +AB - 2.8E I 84.0 AB + 16. 7 I 50. O AB + B - 4.5E I 12.5 B + 1.0 I 0.0 838. (53) B = C9H7N Quinoline A + 8.0 I 100.0 A + AB -10.9E ! 79.1

838.—(Continued) 0 C I MoI % A AB +47.4 I 50.0 AB + B -27.6E I 9.6 B -19.5 I 0.0 839. (53) B = C13H13N Diphenylmethylamine A + 8.0 I 100 A +B -29.1E I 43.6 B - 9.6 I 0.0 v. also 370, 508 C6H5ClO ra-Chlorophenol 840. (429) 0

B = CeHg

C

I Wt. % A A 32.5 100 24.8 90 17.4 80 10.6 70 +5.0 60 -0.3 50 A +B -7.OE 39.7 B -4.0 30 -1.0 20 +2.3 10 5.4 O

C6H5ClO p-Chlorophenol 841. (429) B = C6H6

A

41.0 100 33.0 90 25.5 80 18.9 70 12.6 60 +5.7 50 A +B -5.5E I 37.5 B -3.3 30 -0.4 20 +2.5 10 5.4 O v. also 834

C6H5Cl2N 2, 4-Dichloroaniline 842. (138) B = C12H11N Diphenylamine

842.—(Continued) 0 C I Wt. % A A 59.5 100 A+B 3OE ca.\ 44 B 52.9 O

C6H5F Fluorobenzene 843. (364)

B = C6H5I lodobenzene 0

wt.

C %A Mixed crystals tL 1 ta 1 -40.5 -40.5 100 -42.6 -47.0 90 -45.3 -53.5 80 -48.4 -60.0 70 -51.7 -60.5 60 -55.0 -60.5 50 -58.1 -60.5 40 -60.5E -60.5E 32.5 20 -48.4 -53.0 -38.7 -41.0 10 -29.0 -29.0 O

v. also 818, 823

C6H5I lodobenzene v. 819, 824, 843

C6H5IO o-Iodophenol 844. v.'p. 176 B = C6H5IO p-Iodophenol

C6H6NO Nitrosobenzene 845. (201) B = C6H5NO2 Nitrobenzene 0 C I Wt. % A A 68.0 100 61.5 90 54.5 80 47.5 70 40.0 60 32.5 50 24.5 40 16.5 30 8.0 20 A +B 0.0 I 10 B 5.0 I O

846. (220) B = C6H7N Aniline 0 C I MoI % A A 63.5 100 59.0 90 53.9 80

846.—(Continued) 0 C I MoI % A A 48.2 70 41.7 60 33.5 50 22.7 40 + 7.8 30 A +B -13.OE I 19 B - 9.5 10 - 6.0 Q

C 6 H 5 NO 2 Nitrobenzene 848. v. p. 176 B = C6H6 850. v. p. 176 B = C6H6N2O2 o-Nitroaniline 851. v. p. 176 B = C6H6N2O2 m-Nitroaniline 852. v. p. 176 B = C6H0N2O2 p-Nitroaniline 853. v. p. 176 B = C6H6O Phenol 854. (344)

B = C6H6O2 Resorcinol 0 C MoI % A 110.4 O 104.5 10 98.0 20 90.8 30 83.4 40 75.6 50 67.2 60 57.7 70 46.0 80 29.0 90 855. ( 2 2 2 ) B = C6H7N Aniline A + 2.8 100.0 - 6.1 86.3 -14.7 69.5 -20.4 57.0 -24.1 50.6 A + B -29.8E I 41.0 B -22.3 28.9 -15.6 16.0 - 6.1 0.0 857. v. p. 176 B = C7H5ClO Benzoyl chloride 858. v. p. 176 B = C7H6O2 Benzoic acid

859. (430) B = C 7 H 7 NO 2 o-Nitro toluene 0 C Wt. % A 5.22 100 4.25 98 3.18 96 2.07 94 1.04 92 0.0 90 860. (430) B = C 7 H 7 NO 2 p-Nitrotoluene 5.22 100 4.14 98 3.06 96 2.00 94 +0.95 92 -0.22 90 861. v. p. 176 B = C10H8 Naphthalene 862. («e, 413) 13 = Ci 0 H 20 O Menthol 0 C I MoI % A A 5.7 100.0 2.9 93.7 A +B 2.6E I 91.2 B 10.2 88 16.2 81.7 22.0 70.1 23.8 61.2 25.7 51.7 27.4 41.6 29.5 31.2 31.9 21.1 35.2 11.2 40.3 3.6 42.0 0.0 863. v. p. 177 B = Ci2H9N Carbazole 864. v. p. 177 B = Ci 2 Hi 0 Acenaphthene 865. (413) B = Ci 2 HIgOg Diethyl diacetyltartrate A 5.7 100.0 0.0 90.02 A +B - 1.65E| 86.68 B +13.4 77.22 24.4 67.72 34.55 55.86 43.0 41.99 50.0 29.55

865.—(Continued) 0 C I MoI % A B 56.0 18.21 60.9 9.57 67.0 0.0

866. v. p. 177 B = CiaHio Fluorene 867. v. p. 177 B = C 14H$O 2

Anthraquinone

868. v. p. 177

B = Ci 4 HiO

Anthracene 868.1. v. p. 177

B = Ci4H10

871.—(Continued) 0 C I Wt. % A A -2.5 20 +1.6 10 3.5 5 5.5 O 872. (259)

B = C6H7N Aniline 0 C I MoI % A A 46.0 100.0 38.0 83.3 27.0 63.2 17.5 50.0 + 10.0 39.4 - 2.5 26.1 A + B -13.5E i 14.2 B -10.5 8.4 - 6.3 0.0

Phenanthrene 868.2. (48) B = C 14 H 14 N 2 O 3 p-Azoxyanisole A 873. (247) 5.4 I 100 B = C6H7NO A + B m-Aminophenol 3.2E I 96.9 0 C Wt. % A B A 17.0 95 44.5 I 100 39.5 90 A+B 60.5 80 43.5E I 98 73.5 70 B 83.0 60 118.0 I O 91.0 50 874. (257) 98.0 40 B = C6H8N2 103.5 30 109.0 20 o-Phenylenediamine A 113.5 10 45.2 I 100 118.0 O A +B v. also 23, 242, 273, 38.8E I 91 290.2, 678, 729, 805, B 820, 845, 1860 53.5 80 C6H5NO3 64.0 70 o-Nitrophenol 72.0 60 869. v. p. 177 78.3 50 B = C 6 H 5 NO 3 83.5 40 m-Nitrophenol 88.2 30 v. also 1861 92.5 20 96.7 10 870. v. p. 177 101.0 O B = C 6 H 5 NO 3 p-Nitrophenol 875. (257) v. also 1861 B = C6H8N2 871. (48, 71) m-Phenylenediamine A B = C6H6 0 45.0 100 C I Wt. % A A 39.0 90 35.7 80 44.0 100 A +B 40.3 95 33.5E 67 37.0 90 B 30.5 80 37.2 60 24.1 70 41.8 50 18.5 60 45.8 40 12.5 50 49.5 30 +5.6 40 53.1 20 -1.5 30

875.—(Continued) 0 C I Wt. % A B 57.2 10 62.0 O 876. (257)

B = C6H8N2 p-Phenylenediamine A 45.0 I 100 A +B 42.5E I 95.5 B 61.8 90 85.0 80 98.5 70 107.8 60 114.8 50 120.5 40 125.3 30 130.0 20 134.8 10 140.0 O 877. (258)

B = C7H6O2 m-Hydroxybenzaldehyde A 44.5 100 A +B 41.OE I 91 B 105.0 O 878. (231) B = C7H7NO Benzamide A 44.8 I 100 A +B 41.8E 95 B 124.8 I O 879. (428)

B = C7Hs Toluene 44.9 100 41.2 95 38.0 90 32.8 80 27.7 70 22.6 60 17.0 50 10.2 40 2.2 30 880. (208) B = C7H8O2 Dimethylpyrone 0 C I MoI % A A 44.7 100 42.3 95 39.8 90 37.2 85 34.3 80

880.—(Continued) 0 C i MoI % A A+ B 33.OE I 77.5 B 39.0 75 51.8 70 63.5 65 73.9 60 83.0 55 90.2 50 97.3 45 103.0 40 108.0 35 112.2 30 116.1 25 119.8 20 123.2 15 126.3 10 132.1 O

881. v. p. 177 B = C7H9N p-Toluidine 882. (42) B = C8H7NO4 o-Nitrophenyl acetate 0 C l Mol % A A 44.5 I 100 A +B 14.OE I 35 B 37.5 I O 883. (249)

B = C8H8O Acetophenone 0 C I Wt. % A A 44.5 I 100 A +B 2.5E 47 B 20.2 I O 883.1. (274.1)

B = C9H8O2 Cinnamic acid A 44.5 I 100 A +B 42.OE 89.0 B 133.0 I O

884. v. p. 177 B = C1QH8 Naphthalene 885. v. p. 177 B = C 1 oH9N or-Naphthylamine 886. v. p. 177 B = C 1 QH 9 N /3-Naphthylamine

887. (108,253) B = C 10 Hi 6 O Camphor 0 C I MoI % A A 45.0 I 100 A +B 12.OE 45 B 178.0 I O 888. (234)

B = C10H16O Fenchone 0 C I Wt. % A A +44.5 I 100 A +B extp. 92 - 5.OE B vis. 30 to 15 + 5.3 Q

889. (36) B = C10H18O Cineole A +44.0 100 A +B - 6.OE I 13 B +1.0| O 890. (238)

B = C 11 H 12 N 2 O Antipyrine A 43.5 I 100 A + B 13.OE I 53 B 109.8 I O

891. v. p. 177 B = C12H9N Carbazole 892. (239)

B = C12H10 Acenapthene 0 C I Wt. % A A 44.5 I 100 A +B 32.OE I 77 B 90.5 Q 892.1

(274.2)

B = C12Hi0N2 Azobenzene A 44.0 I 100 A +B 29.OE I 60.0 B 67 I O

C6H5NO3.(Continued) 893.

(138,261)

B = Ci 2 HnN Diphenylamine 0 C I Wt. % A A 44.5 100 A +B 21.OE ! 51 B 53.1 O 894.

(274)

B = CisHioO Benzophenone A 45.0 I 100 A +B 16.OE I 45 B 47.0 I O 894.1. (234.1) B == C1^H12O

Benzhydrol A 44.5 I 100 A + B 29.OE I 61.0 B 64.5 O 895. (252) B = C 14 H 10

Anthracene A 44.5 I 100 A +B 44.OE I 98 B 66.5 95 93.0 90 125.0 80 144.0 70 158.0 60 170.0 50 180.0 40 189.5 30 197.5 20 205.0 10 212.0 O 896.

(254)

B — C19H16 Triphenylmethane A 45.0 I 100 A +B 36.OE I 70 B 91.0 I O 898.

(243)

B = C 19 H 16 O

Triphenyl carbinol A 44.7 I 100 A +B 41.OE I 90

898.—(Continued) 0 C I Wt. % A. B 159.5 O v. also 124, 243, 295, 321, 371, 441, 459.2, 477, 497, 586, 772, 1860, 1861

C6H5NO3 w-Nitrophenol 899. v. p. 177 B = C 6 H 5 NO 3 p-Nitrophenol v. also 1861 900. (48, 71) B = C6H6 0 C Wt. % B 95.2 O 91.0 5 87.7 10 82.0 20 77.8 30 75.4 40 73.5 50 71.0 60 68.3 70 63.5 80 52.0 90 39.5 95 15.0 99 0.0 99.5 901. (259) B = C6H7N Aniline 0 C I MoI % A A 96.0 100.0 82.0 80.5 60.0 62.2 36.0 51.1 A + AB ca.23.0U| 45.0 AB 22.5 43.2 20.5 39.3 13.0 31.5 + 6.5 27.6 AB + B -15E I 20 B -10.0 9.7 - 7.0 2.7 - 6.3 0.0 902. (247) B = C6H7NO m-Aminophenol 0 C I Wt. % A A 94.5 I 100 A +B 66.OE I 66 B 118.5 I O

903. (257) B = C6HsN2 o-Phenylenediamine 0 C I Wt. % A A 95.0 100 85.3 90 A + A2B 73.5E I 81.5 A2B 73.9 72 69.8 60 A2B + AB 63.2U I 55 AB + B 63.1E 47 B 73.3 40 82.3 30 89.9 20 95.8 10 101.0 O 904. (257) B = C6H8N2 m-Phenylenediamine A 95.0 100 91.3 90 A + A2B 71.OE I 82 A2B 74.5 I 72 A2B + AB 74.OE I 68 AB 74.4 60 80. 3 56. 3 79.8 50 84.1 40 72.9 30 AB + AB4 52.OU I 22.5 AB4 + B 51.OE 18 B 56.2 9.6 62.1 Q 905. (257) B = C6H8N2 p-Phenylenediamine A 95.0 I 100 A + A2B 93.2E I 97 A2B 121.5 90 135.4 80 137.8 72 133.6 60 124.7 50 A2B + AB2 112.OU I 39.2 AB2 + B 111.OE I 35.5

905.—(Continued) 0 C Wt. % A B 127.3 20 134.0 10 140.0 O

906. (231) B = C7H7NO Benzamide A 95.0 I 100 A + AB 38.7E 63 AB + B 38.7U I 57 B 124.8 I O 907. (428) B = C7H8 Toluene 0 C Wt. % B 95.2 O 91.2 5 88.0 10 82.5 20 78.3 30 76.0 40 74.5 50 73.0 60 71.0 70 67.5 80 56.0 90 42.0 95 908. (208) B = C7H8O2 Dimethylpyrone 0 C I MoI % A A 95.3 100 92.5 95 88.1 90 82.2 85 73.9 80 63.4 75 50.6 70 A + AB 44.OE I 67 AB 60.2 60 66.3 55 68.8 50 AB + B 66.OE I 42.3 B 77.3 40 92.8 35 103.6 30 111.3 25 117.8 20 122.7 15 126.5 10 132.1 Q 909. (256) B = C7H9N p-Toluidine

909.—(Continued) 0 C I Wt. % A A 94.8 I 100 A + AB 35.OE I 64 AB 36.5 ! 56 AB + B 23.OE 35 B 42.5 O

910. (249) B = C8H8O Acetophenone A +95.0 100 A +B -16.OE I 41.5 B +20.5 I O 910.1. (274.1) B = C9H8O2

Cinnamic acid A 95.0 I 100 A + AB? 77.5E I ? AB? 77.5 I 74-61 AB? + B 77.5E I ? B 133.0 I O 911.

(237)

B = C 10 H 9 N

cK-Naphthylamine A 96.0 100 90.7 90 83.1 80 74.5 70 64.8 60 A + AB 56.OE I 51.2 AB 66. 3 50. 7 53.7 40 46.6 30 AB + B 33.5E i 16.5 B 39.9 10 48.0 O 912.

(237)

B = C10H9N ß-Naphthylamine A 96.0 100 91.6 90 84.0 80 73.7 70 A + AB 61.5E I 60.5

912.—(Continued) 0 C I Wt. % A AB 64.3 I 56 AB + B 64.2E I 48.5 B 75.7 40 87.0 30 95.2 20 102.5 10 109.0 O 913.

(108,253)

B == C10H16O

Camphor C I MoI % A A 95.5 I 100 A + B 16.OE I 41.5 B 178.0 I O 914. (36) 0

B

=

C10H18O

Cineole 0 C I Wt. % A A 96 I 100 A + B -15.OE I 23.5 B + 1 . O l O 915. (238) B = C 11 H 12 N 2 O

Antipyrine A 94.8 100 47.0 65.8 vis. 65.8 to 28.5 B 42.8 28.5 109.8 0.0 916. v. p. 177 B = C 12 H 9 N

Carbazole 917. (239) B = C12H10 Acenaphthene A 94.8 I 100 A + B 73.5E I 53.0 B 90.5 I 0.0 917.1. (274.2) B = C 12 H 10 Na

Azobenzene A 95.0 100 A + B 58.OE I 24 B 67 I O

918.

(261)

B = Ci2H11N Diphenylamine 0 C I Wt. % A A 94.5 I 100 A +B 44.OE I 18.0 B 52.0 0.0 919. (274)

B = C13H10O

Benzophenone A 95.8 I 100 A+B 12.OE I 38.5 B 47.0 I 0.0 920. (235) B = C13H12 Diphenylmethane A 94.8 I 100 A +B 22.OE I 3.0 B 24.0 I 0.0 920.1. (234.1)

B = Ci 3 H 12 O

Benzhydrol A 95.0 i 100 A +B 38.OE I 30.0 B 64.5 I O 921. (252) B = CuH1Q Anthracene A 95.5 I 100 A + AB 93.OE I 97 AB 105.0 95 128.0 90 150.5 80 164.5 70 175.0 60 183.0 50 186. 5 43. 5 AB + B 186. OE 41 B 186.8 40 195.5 30 203.0 20 208.3 10 212.5 O 922. (254) B = C19H1B Triphenylmethane A 96.0 ) 100

922.—(Continued) 0 C i Wt. % A A +B 80.OE I 24 B 91.0 O

923. (243) 13

=

C IgH 1 GO

Triphenyl carbinol A 95.5 100 A + A2B 84.OE 70 A2B + B 85.OU I 60 B 159.0 I O

926. (247)

B = C6H7NO

m-Aminophenol 0 C I Wt. % A, A 111.5 I 100 A +AB 81.OE I 70 AB 85.0 I 56 AB + B 83.OE I 51 B 118.0 I O 927. (257)

B = C6H8N2

o-Phenylenediamine A v. also 125, 296, 322, 111.5 100 372, 442, 458.3, 100.2 90 459.3, 478, 498, 587, A + A2B 869, I860, 1861 85.5E I 81 A2B 87.9 72 C6H5NO3 82.7 60 p-Nitrophenol 924. (48, 71) 71.7 50 A2B + B B = C6H6 0 68.OE 1 45.5 C Wt. % A B 114.0 100 73.5 40 108.0 95 82.3 30 103.7 90 90.0 20 97.7 80 96.0 10 94.0 70 101.0 O 91.5 60 89.0 50 928. (257) 86.0 40 B = C6H8N2 83.0 30 m-Phenylenediamine 78.5 20 A 68.5 10 111.5 I 100 56.0 5 A + A2B 20.0 1 102.OE I 91 8.0 0.5 A2B 116.8 1 80 925. (259) 119.9 72 B = C6H7N 114.8 60 Aniline 0 105.0 50 C I MoI % A 91.5 40 A 73.0 30 113.0 100.0 A B + B 2 86.5 72.2 52.4E I 20 67.0 59.7 B 49.0 52.8 57.2 10 A + AB 62.0 O 42. OUE I 50.0

AB 42.0 42.3 38.5 36.2 20.0 22.1 + 4.0 16.0 AB + B -20.5E 10.5 B -17.5 9.3 -10.5 3.4 - 6.3 0.0

929. (257)

B = C6H8N2

p-Phenylenediamine A 111.5 100 A + A4B 109.5E I 98 A4B

129.0 134.2 126.5

90 83.2 70

929.—(Continued) 0 C I Wt. % A A4B + AB 117.4E 58 AB 117.5 56 116.5 50 AB + B 107.OE I 38 B 117.5 30 127.3 20 134.1 10 140.0 O

930. (258) B = C7H6O2 m-Hydroxybenzaldehyde A 113.5 I 100 A +B 65.8E 51 B 105.0 Q 931. (231) B = C7H7NO Benzamide A 112.0 100 A + AB 81.6E I 74 AB 97.2 I 53.4 AB + B 90.3E I 36 B 124.8 I O 932. (428) B = C7H8 Toluene 114.0 100 109.3 95 105.5 90 100.2 96.3 93.5 91.0 88.7 85.8 81.2 72.5 60.0

80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 5

933. (208) B = C7H8O2 Dimethylpyrone 0 C I MoI % A A 113.8 100 109.7 95 104.2 90 97.0 85 87.5 80 75.3 75

933.—(Continued) 0 C I MoI % A A + A2B 57.OE I 70 A2B 58.2 I 66.7 A2B + AB 57.OE I 62.2 AB 68.5 55 72.3 50 70.3 45 AB + B 68.OE I 42 B 92.8 35 103.5 30 111.5 25 118.0 20 123.0 15 126.7 10 132.1 O 934. (256) B = C7H9N p-Toluidine 0 C Wt. % A A 111.4 I 100 A + A2B 58.OU I 67 A2B + AB 24.5U I 44 AB + B 20.OE I 30 B 42.5 I O 935. (249) B = C8H8O Acetophenone A + 112.0 I 100 A+ B - 4.0E| 38 B + 20.5 I O 935.1. (274.1)

13 = Oj)H8O2 Cinnamic acid A 114.0 I 1OQ A+ B 83.OE 61.0 B 133.0 I O 936. (222) B = C1C)H8 Naphthalene 0 C I MoI % A A 113.0 100 107.3 90 101.7 80 96.2 70 91.6 60 86.8 50

936.—(Continued) 0 C MoI % A A 82.0 40 76.7 30 A +B 74.OE I 25 B 74.6 20 77.0 10 80.1 O 937. (237) B

= CioHgN

a-Naphthylamine 0 C 1 Wt. % A A 112.0 100 105.8 90 97.0 80 86.2 70 73.0 60 A +AB 66.OE I 55.5 AB 68. 2 49. 3 66.9 40 60.0 30 46.5 20 AB + B 36.5E 14.5 B 40.8 10 48.0 O

938. (237) B = C10H9N /3-Naphthylamine A 112.0 100 103.5 90 94.5 80 84.3 70 A + AB 78.OE I 65 AB 79.8 60 81.0 49. 3 79.6 40 AB + B 78.2E 36 B 84.0 30 93.5 20 101.9 10 109.0 O 939. ( 108 > 253) B = C1OH16O Camphor 0 C MoI %A A +114.1 I 100

-

A +B 2.0E| 36

B +178.0 I

O

C6H6NO3.(Continued) 940. (234)

B = Ci 0 Hi 6 O Fenchpne 0 C Wt. % A +115.0 100 - 6.0 38.1 vis. 38.1to 12.6 - 2.8 12.6 + 5.3 0.0 941. (36) B = CioHigO Cineole A +114.0 100 A +B - 16.0E| 23 B + 1.0 ' O 942. (238) B - CnHi 2 N 2 O Antipyrine A 111.5 I 100 A + A2B 67.OE I 72 A2B 79.0 I 59. 6 A2B + AB 78.5E I 56.5 AB 99.5 I 42.5 AB + AB2 80.OE I 27 AB2 + B 79.OE I 23 B 109.8 I O 943. v. p. 177 B = Ci2H9N Carbazole 944. (239) B = Ci 2 HiO Acenaphthene 0 C I Wt. % A A 111.8 I 100 A +B 80.OE I 33 B 90.5 I O 944.1. (274.2)

B = Ci 2 HiQN 2 Azobenzene A 113.5 I 100 A +B 49.OE I 10.0 B 6/ O

945. (261) B = Ci 2 HnN Diphenylamine 0 C I Wt. % A A 111.5 I 100 A +B 47.OE 10 B 52.0 I O 946. (274) B = CisHioO Benzophenone A 112.7 I 100 A +B 17.OE I 34 B 47.0 I O 947. (235)

B = CisHi 2 Diphenylmethane A 111.6 ] 100 A + B 23.OE 1 1 B 23.9 I O 947.1. (234.1)

B = CisHi 2 O Benzhydrol A 114.5 I 100 A +B 36.OE 27.0 B 6.45 I O 948. v. p. 177 B = Ci4Hio Anthracene 949. (254) B = CigHie Triphenylmethane 0 C Wt. % A A 112.5 I 100 A + B 86.OE I 7.5 B 91.0 I 0.0

C6H5NO4 Nitroeateehol 951. (io») B = Ci0Hi6O Camphor 0 C I MoI % A A 83.8 I 100 A +B 26.OE I 38 B 178.0 I O C6H5NO4 Nitroresorcinol 952. (io»)

B = Ci 0 Hi 6 O Camphor A 84.8 I 100 A +B 46.3E 39.3 B 178.0 I O C6H5NO4 Nitrohydroquinol 953. (108) B = Ci 0 Hi 6 O Camphor A 131.3 I 100 A +B 26.5E I 33.2 B 178.0 I O C6H5N3O4 2, 4-Dinitroaniline 954. v. p. 177 B = C6H6N2O2 o-Nitroaniline 955. v. p. 177 B = C6H6N2O2 p-Nitroaniline

C6H6 956. (427)

B = C6H6ClN o-Chloroaniline 0 C I Wt. % A A 5.5 100 + 1.25 90 950. (243) - 2.9 80 B = CipHieO - 7.5 70 Triphenyl carbinol -12.2 60 A -17.0 50 111.5 I 100 -22.5 40 A +B A +B 97.OE I 63 -25.OE 31.5 B B 159.5 I O -17.2 20 v. also 126, 244, 297, - 9.4 10 323, 373, 443, 458.4, - 2.1 O 459.4, 479, 499, 588, 957. (427) 821, 870, 899, 1860, B = C6H6ClN 1861 m-Chloroaniline

957.—(Continued) 0 C I Wt. % A A 5.5 100 +1.1 90 - 3.4 80 - 8.0 70 -12.7 60 -17.5 50 -22.2 40 A + B -29. OE 24.5 B -25.8 20 -18.0 10 -10.4 O 958. (427)

B = C6H6ClN p-Chloroaniline A 5.5 I 100 A+ B 1.5E I 91.5 B 12.7 80 22.2 70 30.7 60 38.2 50 44.8 40 50.9 30 56.8 20 63.1 10 70.5 O 959. (48. 427) B = C6H6N2O2 o-Nitroaniline A 5.5 I 100 A + B 2.5E I 92 B 21.0 80 32.4 70 38.9 60 43.5 50 47.5 40 50.8 30 55.8 20 62.8 10 71.1 O 960. (48,427)

B = C6H6N2O2 ra~Nitroaniline

A 5.5 100 A + B 5.3E I ca. 99.8 B 40.0 95 52.0 90 69.5 80 77.2 70 82.0 60 85.8 50 89.4 40

960.—(Continued) 0 C I Wt. % A B 93.7 30 98.6 20 105.5 10 114.6 O 961. (48,427) B = C6H6N2O2 p-Nitroaniline A 5.5 I 100 A + B 5.4E I 99.9 B 81.0 95 92.5 90 105.0 80 111.5 70 115.3 60 118.3 50 121.1 40 125.0 30 131.0 20 138.5 10 147.0 O 962. v. p. 177 B = C6H6O Phenol 963. (408) B = C6H7N Aniline -6.0 O -7.18 1 -8.0 2 -8.70 3 -9.30 4

965.—(Continued) 0 C I Wt. %A B 105.9 89.6 96.5 95.1

966. (423.5) B = C6H7NO p-Aminophenol 186.0 O 174.0 10 163.0 20 154.7 30 148.6 40 144.8 50 141.5 60 139.0 70 135.0 80 128.0 90 116.5 95 966.1. (426.1) B = C6H8N2 o-Phenylenediamine B 31.0 97.5 46.0 95 59.8 90 70.7 80 76.1 70 80.0 60 82.7 50 85.1 40 88.2 30 92.0 20 97.0 10 103.8 O 966.2. (426.1) B = C6H8N2 964. (423.5) ra-Phenylenediamine B = C6H7NO B o-Aminophenol 19.0 99 177.0 O 31.2 97.5 170.0 10 42.0 95 165.0 20 51.0 90 161.5 30 . 53.8 86 to 25 158.5 40 54.8 20 155.8 50 57.9 10 153.2 60 62.8 O 149.8 70 Immiscible liquids 145.0 80 53.8 86 -25 134.0 90 60.0 80.4-29 120.0 95 65.0 74 -35 69.0crit. 45 965. (423.5) 966.3. (426.1) B = C6H7NO ra-Aminophenol B = C6H8N2 B p- Pheny lenedia mine 122.1 0.0 B 116.4 8.2 50 ca. 99 112.6 17.4 74.0 97.5 Two liquid phases 87.0 95 110.6 Trp. 30.6 83.5 99.0 90 118 45 76 110.5 80 119 46 74 112.8 70 120 47 73 113.9 60 121 48 69 115.2 50 122.3crit. 60.0 117.2 40

966.3,—(Continued) 0 C I Wt. % A B 120.3 30 125.0 20 131.8 10 139.7 O 967.

(325)

B — CgH 12 Cyclohexane A 5.0 100 + 1.6 95 - 1.4 90 - 6.9 80 -12.4 70 -18.4 60 -25.0 50 -32.2 40 -39.5 30 A +B -43.7E 24.2 B -33.8 20 -13.1 10 - 3.5 5 + 6.2 O

971.—(Continued) 0 C Wt. % A 116.0 40 108.5 50 101.5 60 93.5 70 84.0 80 67.5 90 50.0 95 5.5 100 972. (426) B = C7H5ClO2 p-Chlorobenzoic acid 241.5 O 235.5 5 230.0 10 220.0 20 210.0 30 200.5 40 191.5 50 182.5 60 172.0 70 157.0 80 136.5 90 117.0 95 5.5 100 973.

(425)

B = C 7 H 5 NO 3

968. v. p. 177 B = C6H12O3 Paraldehyde 969. v. p. 177 B = C7H5ClO Benzoyl chloride 970. (426) B = C7H5ClO2 o-Chlorobenzoic acid 140.3 O 134.0 5 128.5 10 113.0 30 106.0 40 99.0 50 92.0 60 84.5 70 75.0 80 58.5 90 41.0 95 5.5 100 971.

( 4 26)

B = C7H5ClO2

m-Chlorobenzoic acid 154.5 O 148.0 5 142.5 10 133.0 20 124.5 30

o-Nitrobenzaldehyde A 5.5 100 +2.8 90 -0.3 80 A +B -2.OE 74.5 B +1.4 70 7.9 60 13.6 50 18.9 40 24.0 30 29.3 20 35.4 10 43.5 O 974.

(425)

B = C7H5NO3

m-Nitrobenzaldehyde A 5.5 I 100 A +B 1. OE 84 B 6.0 80 15.8 70 22.1 60 27.3 50 31.8 40 36.9 30 42.2 20 48.3 10 58.0 O

975.

(425)

B = C 7 H 5 NO 3

p-Nitrobenzaldehyde 0 C I Wt. % A A 5.5 100 A +B 4.1E I 96.4 B 30.3 90 47.8 80 57.8 70 65.2 60 71.5 50 77.0 40 82.5 30 88.6 20 96.0 10 976. (426) B = C7H5NO4 o-Nitrobenzoic acid 146.8 O 141.5 5 136.5 10 127.5 20 120.5 30 116.0 40 113.0 50 110.0 60 106.5 70 101.0 80 90.5 90 78.5 95 5.5 100 977. (426) B = C7H5NO4 ra-Nitrobenzoic

acid 141.4 135.5 130.5 121.3 114.0 107.5 102.0 96.0 89.0 81.0 65.5 48.0 5.5 978.

O 5 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 95 100 (426)

B = C 7 H 5 NO 4

p-Nitrobenzoic acid 242.4 O 236.5 5 230.5 10 220.0 20 210.5 30 204.5 40 201.5 50

978.—(Continued) 0 C Wt. % A 199.5 60 194.0 70 182.5 80 165.5 90 5.5 100 979. v. p. 177 B = C7H6ClNO2 Nitrobenzyl chloride 980. v. p. 177 B = C7H6N2O4 2, 4-Dinitrotoluene 981. v. p. 177 B = C7H6N2O4 2, 6-Dinitrotoluene 982. v. p. 177 B = C7H6N2O4 3, 4-Dinitrotoluene 982.1.

(422)

B = C7H6O2 o-Hydroxybenzaldehyde 0 C I Wt. % A A 5.32 100 3.7 95 + 1.3 90 - 3.0 80 - 7.5 70 -12.7 60 982.2. (422) B = C7H6O2 m-Hydroxybenzaldehyde B 66.5 90 73.3 80 76.9 70 79.1 60 80.9 50 83.0 40 86.0 30 91.0 20 98.0 10 106.0 O 982.3. (422) B = C7H6O2 p-Hydroxybenzaldehyde B 70.0 95 80.5 90 84.0 80 86.2 70 88.0 60 90.5 50 94.0 40 99.0 30 104.5 20 110.0 10 116.0 O

983. (76.5) B = C7H6O2 Benzoic acid 0 C Wt. % A A 5.5 I 100 A +B 4.3E I 94.9 B 22.9 90 42.5 80 55.5 70 65.9 60 75.0 50 83.8 40 92.3 30 101.5 20 110.9 10 121.7 O 985.

(316,

426)

B = C7H6O3

Salicylic acid C Wt. % B 159.0 100 147.0 90 140.0 80 133.5 70 127.5 60 120.5 50 113.5 40 106.0 30 97.5 20 84.0 10 67.0 5 25.0 0.91 0

987.

(326)

B = C7H6O3 m-Hydroxybenzoic acid 201.3 100 196.0 90 191.0 80 187.0 70 185.0 60 184.0 50 182.0 40 178.0 30 171.0 20 161.5 10 154.0 5 989. (426) B = C7H6O3

p-Hydroxybenzoic acid 213.0 100 209.0 90 205.0 80 201.5 70 198.5 60 196.5 50 195.5 40 194.5 30 191.0 20 177.5 10 164.0 5

991. v. p. 177 B = C7H7Br

p-Bro mo toluene 992. v. p. 177 B = C7H8 Toluene 993. (424) B = C8H6O3 o-Aldehydobenzoic acid 0 C Wt. % B 100.5 100 90.0 90 83.0 80 79.3 70 77.0 60 75.5 50 74.5 40 73.5 30 71.7 20 66.5 10 994. (424) B = C8H6O3 m-Aldehydobenzoic acid

175.0 166.0 158.5 152.8 150.2 149.7 149.6 995.

100 90 80 70 60 50 40 (424)

B = C8H6O8

p-Aldehydobenzoic acid 250.0 100 170.0 2 110.0 1 996. (427) B = C8H8ClNO

o-Chloroacetanilide 86.7 100 78.0 90 70.0 80 62.7 70 55.9 60 49.9 50 44.1 40 37.5 30 29.5 20 11.0 10 997.

(427)

B = C8H8ClNO

m-Chloroacetanilide 76.6 100 68.0 90 60.0 80 52.7 70 46.8 60 40.9 50 34.3 40 27.0 30 15.4 20

C6H6.- (Confa) 998. (427)

B = C8H8ClNO p-Chloroacetanilide 0 C Wt. % B 178.4 100 169.5 90 162.0 80 154.8 70 147.5 60 141.0 50 135.5 40 130.5 30 124.5 20 114.5 10 100.5 5 999. (427) B = C8H8N2Os o-Nitroacetanilide 93.0 100 83.0 90 77.0 80 72.8 70 69.5 60 66.3 50 62.5 40 58.0 30 50.3 20 38.5 10

1000. (427) B = C8H8N2O3 m-Nitroacetanilide 154.5 100 140.0 90 133.9 80 129.1 70 125.5 60 124.0 50 122.3 40 120^ 30 116.5 20 99.8 10 1001. (427) B = C8H8N2O3 p-Nitroacetanilide 215.9 100 200.5 90 190.5 80 184.8 70 181.6 60 179.5 50 178.0 40 177.0 30 174.0 20 163.0 10 149.5 5 1002. (54) B = C8H8O Acetophenone 0 C I Wt. % A A -f 5.5 I 100 A +B -16.7E I 53

1002.—(Continued) 0 C I Wt. % A B +19.2 I O 1002.1. (422) B = C8H8O2 l-Aldehydo-2hydroxy-5methylbenzene A 5.32 100 4.1 95 +2.1 90 - 1.8 80 B +2.5 70 10.2 60 17.8 50 25.0 40 31.0 30 37.5 20 45.8 10 55.1 O 1002.2. (422) B = C8H8O2 l-Aldehydo-4hydroxy-5methylbenzene B 60.0 95 71.0 90 76.5 80 80.8 70 83.9 60 86.3 50 90.4 40 96.0 30 102.5 20 110.0 10 117.4 O 1002.3. (422) B = C8H8O2 l-Aldehydo-4hydroxy-6methylbenzene B 55.0 95 70.0 90 73.O 80 75.0 70 77.0 60 80.0 50 83.5 40 88.0 30 94.0 20 101.0 10 108.9 O 1002.4. (71.1) B = C8H9NO Acetanilide g B per 0 C 100 g A 7.0 0.50 25.0 1.31 55.2 18.5

1003. v. p. 177 B = CgHio p- Xy lene 1003.1. (426.1)

B = C 8 Hi 0 N 2 O Monoacetyl-ophenylenediamine 0 C I Wt. % A B 33.0 95 50.3 90 73.0 80 87.0 70 97.0 60 105.5 50 113.5 40 121.4 . 30 129.1 20 136.8 10 . 144.8 O 1003.2. (426.1)

B = C8H10N2O Monoacetyl-raphenylenediamine B 54.0 97 83.0 95 145.O 90 184.9 84-22.5 190 20 201 15 217 10 243 5 279 O Immiscible liquids 184.9 84 -22.5 200.0 82 -25.2 220 78.8-29.4 240 74.2-34.8 260 64.5-44.8 266 crit. 55 1003.3.

(426.1)

B = C 8 H 10 N 2 O

Monoacetyl-pphenylenediamine B 116.2 92.85 146.8 7-27.0 149.2 20 154.2 10 160.5 O Immiscible liquids 146.8 7-27.0 170 7-39.5 180 83.5-47.0 188 crit. ca. 67.0 1004. B = C 8 H 10 N 4 O 2 Caffeine v. Seidell, p. 186 1005. v. p. 177 B == Ci0H8 Naphthalene 1006. (278) B = Ci0H8O

1006.—(Continued) ß-Naphthol 0 C I Mol % A A 5.02 I 100 A +B 4.33E ] 98.97 B 12.0 98.17 32.5 96.4 67.0 85.4 71.5 82.2 77.4 74.9 87.0 60.7 89.8 55.2 95.3 49.2 106.5 28.4 112.5 21.0 121.0 Q 1006.1. (475) B = C10H9N a-Naphthylamine 5.4 100 4.7 97.5 3.7 95 + 1.4 90 -4.5 80 +7.7 70 15.0 60 21.7 50 27.6 40 32.5 30 37.5 20 43.3 10 46.4 5 49.4 O 1006.2. (475) B = Ci0H9N /3-Naphthylamine 5.4 100 14.0 97.5 31.0 95 48.5 90 63.6 80 75.0 70 82.0 60 110.6 O 1007. (482) B = Ci 0 Hi 4 N 2 Nicotine A + 5.0 100.00 - 7.2 82.36 - 9.9 77.3 -17.5 64.53 -46.8 39.5 1008. v. p. 177 B = Ci 0 Hi 6 Camphene 1008.1. (71-1) B = Ci 0 Hi 6 O

Camphor g B per 0 C 100 g A 4.0 224.0

1008.1.—(Cont'd) g B per 0 C 100 g A 25.0 257.0 56.0 357.0 1009. (86) B = C10H20O Menthol 0 C I MoI % A A 5.34 100.00 +2.42 92.22 -0.28 81.16 A+B -3.4E I 70.0 B 0.0 62.17 +5.4 53.62 9.9 46.99 18.1 34.99 24.7 25.66 29.7 18.28 35.9 8.87 41.9 0.00 1010. (475) B = Ci 2 H 9 N Carbazole g B per 0 C 100 g A 10.0 0.52 20.0 0.66 30.0 0.92 40.0 1.28 50.0 1.75 60.0 2.30 70.0 3.05 80.0 4.1 1011. v. p. 177 B = Ci2Hi0 Diphenyl 1012. v. p. 177 B = Ci 2 Hi 1 N Diphenylamine 1013. v. p. 177 .D = C 12 H 12 N 2 Hydrazobenzene 1014. v. p. 177 B = C1SU10 Fluorene 1015. (292) B = C13H12O Benzhydrol 0 C Wt. % A A 5.5 100 4.6 95 3.6 90 A + AB 1.5E I 80 AB 9.9 70 19.8 60 27.5 50 AB + B 29.5U I 45

1015.—(Continued) 0 C I Wt. % A B 33.6 40 41.7 30 49.8 20 57.8 10 65.9 O

1016. v. p. 177 o — Ci4H8O2 Anthraquinone 1017. v. p. 177 B = C14Hi0 Anthracene 1018. v. p. 178 B = C14HiO Phenanthrene 1018.1. (71.1) B = Ci 4 Hi 0 O 2 Benzil g B per 0 C 100 g A 4.5 28.8 25.0 59.0 64.2 269.0

1019. (48) B = CuH 14 N 2 O 3 p-Azoxyanisole 0 C I MoI % A A 5.5 I 100 A + B 4.7E 98.6 B 23.0 98 40.5 95 55.5 90 72.0 80 81.5 70 88.5 60 94.0 50 99.O 40 104.0 30 109.O 20 113.5 10 118.0 O 1020. v. p. 178 B = Ci 4 Hi 6 N 2 Hydrazotoluene 1021. v. p. 178 B = Ci 4 Hi 6 N 2 O 2 Hydrazoanisole 1022. (279) B = Ci 6 HnN 3 O 7 ß-Naphthalene picrate 5.02 100 30 99 100 90 120 71 140 39 157 O

1023.

(292)

B = C n H 22 N 2 O Tetramethyldiaminobenzhydrol 0 C I Wt. % A A 5.5 I 100 AB 24.2 80 32.8 70 39.7 60 44.8 50 AB + B 50.OU I 38 B 62.4 30 76.7 20 88.9 10 98.5 O

795, 796, 797, 835, 840, 841, 848, 871, 900, 924

C6H6ClN Chloroanilines 956, 957, 958

C6H6N2O p-Nitrosoaniline 1027.

(201, 202)

B = C6H6N2O2 p-Nitroaniline 0 C I Wt. % A A 169.0 I 100 A + B 120.OE I 41 B 147.0 I O

1032.—(Continued) 0 C I Wt. % A AB 85.0 I 32 AB + B 84.OE I 27 B 127.5 O 1033. v. p. 178 B = C8H9NO Acetanilide

1033.1. ( 7 3) B = CgHio m-Xylene g Aper 0 C 100 g B 15.0 1.74

1034. (393, 394) B = CioHg C H N O 6 6 2 2 305) Naphthalene o-Nitroaniline 0 B — CigHie C I Mol % A 1028. Triphenylmethane A B= C 6 H 6 N 2 O 2 0 C I MoI % A 110.0 I 100 w-Nitroaniline A A +B v. 1862 5.05 100 68.OE I 24 1029. A + AB B B = C6H6N2O2 4.2E I 98.75 80.0 I O p-Nitroaniline AB 101 v. 1862 1035. ( ) 8.2 98.72 B = CioHieO 1029.1. (73) 13.3 98.37 Camphor B = CsHio 24.5 98.03 A m-Xylene 40.0 95.14 114.0 I 100 g Aper 52 1 90.0 0 A + B C 100 g B 60.6 84.9 51.OE I 31.4 15.0 11.6 71.0 73.2 B 101 74.7 67.5 1030. ( ) 178.0 I O B = Ci 0 Hi 6 O 78.2 50.0 u. also 543, 557, 732, Camphor 77.1 41.0 0 C I MoI % A 851, 960, 1028, 1862 AB + B A 74.OE I 30.6 C6H6N2O2 69.4 100 B p-Nitroaniline A + B 77.6 26.5 1036. (203) 6.OE I 50.5 83.5 17.9 B = C7H5N6O8 B 87.3 10.4 Trinitrophenyl178.0 I Q 92.5 O methylnitroamine 192 v. also 542, 850, 954, (Tetryl) 1026. (!91, ) 0 959, 1862 C I Wt. % A B = C oH N O A Quinine C H N O 6 6 2 2 0 147.5 I 100 C I Wt. % A m-Nitroaniline A +AB A 1031. 89.OE I 60 5.5 I 100 B = C6H6N2O2 AB A + AB p- Nitro aniline 100.O I 32 5.3 I 99.7 v. 1862 AB + B B 1032. (203) 97.OE I 28 174.7 I O B = C7H6N5O8 B Trinitrophenylv. also 7.1, 24, 33, 127.5 I O methylnitroamine 44, 87, 127, 192, 1036.1. (73) (Tetryl) 245, 257, 274, 392, 0 B == CgHio C I Wt. % A 405, 423, 426, 429, m-Xylene A 600, 506, 509,'589, g A per 664, 669, 671, 679, 113.0 i 100 0 C 100 g B A + AB 688, 693, 697, 709, 15.0 0.28 83.OE I 58 730, 755, 771, 773, 1024. (147, 278,

2

24

2

2

1044. (85) 1047.—(Continued) 0 B = C6H8N2 C I Wt. % A Phenylhydrazine A2B 0 C I MoI % A 96.5 80 A 103.9 70 40.5 I 100 104.9 63.6 A +AB 99.6 50 18.OE I 79.-5 A2B + B AB 94.OE I 42 42.O 50 B 36.55 38.42 111.7 30 v. also 558, 852, 955, 122.8 20 1045. (257) 961, 1027, 1029, 131.7 10 B = C6H8N2 1031, 1862 140.0 O 0-Phenylenediamine 0 C I Wt. % A 1048. (292) C6H6O A B = C6Hi0O Phenol 40.5 100 1041. (418, 470) Cyclohexanone 32.2 90 A B = C6H7N A + A4B 42.0 100 Aniline 28.OE I 86 0 30.8 90 C I MoI % A A4B + 16.0 80 A 29 I 80 -11.5 70 40.5 100 A4B + AB A + AB 36.7 95 28.8E I 77.5 -36.OE I 63.5 31.5 90 AB AB A + AB 34.2 70 -22.5 53 14.8E i 78.8 41.0 60 -26.0 40 AB AB + B -38.5 30 22.3 70 43.5U i 53 -62.5 20 28.6 60 B 30.6 50 1049. (292) 65.5 40 29.9 55 76.5 30 B = C7H5NO3 29.7 45 85.8 20 w-Nitrobenz28.5 40 93.8 10 aldehyde 22.0 30 0 101.0 O C I MoI % A +10.1 20 A 1046. (257) - 6.5 10 +41.0 I 100 B = C6H8N2 AB + B A +B m-Phenylenediamine -11.7E I 7.7 -14.OE I 59.8 A B B 40.5 100 - 9.7 5 +55.5 O 30.7 90 - 6.1 O A + A3B2 1050. v. p. 178 . 24.OE I 85 1042. (247) B = C7H6O2 A3B2 B = C6H7NO m-Hydroxybenz34.3 80 m-Aminophenol aldehyde 0 47.3 70 C I Wt. % A 1051. (292) 52. 6 56. 6 A 51.8 50 B = C7H6O2 40.5 I 100 48.8 40 p-HydroxybenzA +AB 44.5 30 aldehyde 15.OE I 69 0 A3B2 + B C I Wt. % A AB 41.OE I 23 A 76.0 I 46 B 41.0 100 AB + B 54.0 10 34.8 90 75.OE I 44 62.0 O 27.2 80 B A + B 1047. (257) 118.0 I O 20.OE 72 . B = C6H8N2 1043. (247) B p-Phenylenediamine B = C6H7NO 49.5 60 A p-Aminophenol 67.0 50 40.5 I 100 A 79.2 40 A + A2B 40.5 I 100 90.0 30 40.OE 98.5 A +B 99.5 20 A2B 31.OE 87 .108.0 10 56.0 95 126.Od 58.5 115.0 O 76.5 90 1037. (10°) B = Ci0Hi6O Camphor 0 C I MoI % A A 147.4 100 A +B 76.OE I 31 B 178.0 O

C6H6O.(Continued) 1052. (375)

B = C7H7Br p-Bromotoluene 0 C Wt. % A A 40.06 100 37.7 95 35.5 90 31.5 80 27.6 70 23.5 60 18.9 50 A +B 13.5E I 40.3 B 16.65 30 19.4 20 22.0 10 23.75 5 26.74 O 1053. (267) B = C7H7NO Benzamide A 40.8 I 100 A + A2B 15.OE I 74 A2B + B 22.5U I 64 B 124.0 i O 1054. (90, 118' 454 ) B = C7H8O o-Cresol Mix. 1 100 40.5 37.9 95 35.2 90 29.5 80 23.4 70 19.9 60 19.85t 55 19.9 50 20.9 40 22.6 30 24.95 20 27.6 10 29.0 5 30.45 O

1055.—(Continued) 0 C I Wt. % A AB2 22.0 50 24.8 40 25.9 30.4 24.0 20 17.0 10 AB2 + B 7.3E i 4.8 B 10.0 O v. also 1863 1056.

(»O, 118, 454)

B = C7H8O p-Cresol A 40.5 100 37.2 95 33.9 90 26.9 80 18.9 70 +9.0 60 A + AB2 -1.5E I 50.5 AB2 + B +0.8U I 41.3 B 11.6 30 19.6 20 27.0 10 30.6 5 34.2 O v. also 1863

1057. (208) B = C7H8O2 Dimethylpyrone 0 C I MoI % A A 42.4 100 37.2 95 27.9 90 A + A2B 7.OE I 83.5 A2B 19.5 80 30.0 75 35.5 70 36.8 66.7 32.5 60 A2B + B 1055. (90, l*»» 454) 27.OE I 55.5 B B = C7H8O 54.6 50 m-Cresol 74.0 45 A 87.0 40 40.5 100 97.5 35 38.3 95 106.0 30 36.2 90 112.8 25 31.7 80 118.6 20 27.3 70 123.0 15 22.8 60 126.6 10 A -HAB 2 132.1 O 20.2E I 55.2

1058. (223) B = C7H9N o-Toluidine 0 C I MoI % A A 41.0 100 36.7 95 30.0 90 A + AB 12.OE 82 AB 27.0 70 32.8 60 33.8 55 34.0 50 33.8 45 32.8 40 27.3 30 + 14.0 20 -15.0 9 1059. (223) B = C7H9N p-Toluidine A 41.0 100 37.7 95 33.0 90 19.2 80 A + AB 11. OE I 75 AB 18.5 70 27.1 60 28.7 55 29.0 50 28.4 45 26.0 40 AB + B 18.5E I 32 B 31.0 20 38.4 10 40.6 5 42.5 O 1060. (249) B = C8H8O Acetophenone 0 C Wt. % A A +41.0 I 100 A+ B -52.OE I 53 B +20.5 I O 1061. (345) B = C8H9NO Acetanilide 0 C I MoI % A A 40.5 100 37.5 95 33.0 90 +19.5 80 A+B - 6.OE I 69

1061.—(Continued] 0 C I MoI % A B +31.0 60 47.0 55 59.0 50 69.5 45 78.2 40 91.0 30 100.0 20 107.5 10 111.0 5 113.5 O 1062. (375, 377) B = C8XIiO p-Xylene 0 C Wt. % A

A 40.24 100 37.4 95 34.6 90 28.9 80 23.3 70 18.1 60 12.8 50 7.6 40 A +B 5.6E I 36 B 6.45 30 8.15 20 10.3 10 11.7 5 13.35 O

1063. (220) B = C8Hi0N2O Nitrosodimethylaniline 0 C I MoI % A A 41.5 100 36.8 95 30.0 90 A + AB2 12.5E I 80 AB2 59.5 70 79.0 60 87.0 50 89.1 45 90.7 40 91.5 33 90.5 30 88.2 25 84.7 20 79.8 15 AB2 + B 75.5E I 12 B 82.4 5 86.0 O 1064.

(53,223)

B = C8H11N Dimethylaniline

1064.—(Continued) 0 C j Mol % A A 40.5 100 36.2 95 31.3 90 18.3 80 + 0.5 70 -22.8 60 A +B -36.OE I 54.8 B -30.8 50 -26.0 45 -21.5 40 -13.5 30 - 7.3 20 - 2.1 10 + 0.2 5 2.0 O 1065. (223) B = C8HnN ra-Xylidine A 41.0 100 37.6 95 32.7 90 + 17.2 80 A +AB - l.OE I 71 AB + 12.7 60 15.3 55 16.0 50 15.3 45 13.2 40 + 4.7 30 - 9.0 20 1066. (53) B = C9H7N Quirioline A +41.0 I 100 A + A2B - 0.7E I 77.6 A2B + 7.2 I 66.7 A2B + A2B3 - 4.6E i 57.5 A2B3 +22.4 I 40 A2B3 + B -24.1E I 5 B -19.5 O 1066.1. (274.1)

B = C9H8O2 Cinnamic acid 0 C Wt. % A A 40.5 I 100 A +B 29.OE I 85 B 133.0 I O

1067. ( 1 5 1 , 3 4 5 , 4 8 3 )

B = C ioH8 Naphthalene 0 C 1 MoI % A A 40.5 100 33.4 90 A+ B 29.8E I 84 B 46.7 70 53.7 60 58.8 50 63.4 40 67.3 30 71.3 20 75.3 10 80.1 O 1068. (381) B = C ioH9N a- Naphthy lamine A 40.5 100 36.7 95 31.5 90 A + AB 16.OE I 77 AB 21.3 70 26.9 60 28.2 55 28.6 50 28.2 45 28.0 40 AB + B 24.OE I 32 B 34.3 20 42.0 10 45.4 5 48.3 O 1069. (223) B == G K)H9N /3-Naphthylamine A 40.5 I 100 A + AB 36.OE I 96 AB 54.5 90 71.7 80 78.8 70 82.6 60 83.3 55 83.5 50 AB + B 83.OE I 42.5 B 84.7 40 91.5 30 98,0 20 104.0 10 106.7 5 109.0 O

1070. (375)

B = CioHnO Thymol 0 C I Wt. % A A 39.53 100.00 36.20 93.31 31.58 84.52 75.28 25.82 12.90 58.49 53.59 9.08 A +B 7.49E I 51.83 B 8.29 49.69 19.17 39.45 25.09 30.83 33.64 -20.54 40.52 10.65 49.24 0.00 1071. (268,481) B = CioHieO

Camphor A 40.5 100 37.0 95 33.2 90 25.0 80 +11.0 70 -15.0 60 A + AB -30.OE I 56 AB -24.5 -18.6

50 36

AB + B -22. OE 29 B +15.0 25 58.0 20 94.0 15 128.0 10 156.0 5 178.0 O 1072. (234) B = CioHieO

Fenchone A 41.0 100 No solid phase -2.0to 90.8 to -14.0 43.8 B 5.3 O 1073. (36) B = CioHigO

Cineole A +42.5 100 A + AB -13.OE I 55 AB - 8.0 I 38 AB + B -14.OE I 17

1073.—(Continued) 0 C Wt. % A B + 1.0 O 1074. (238) B = CnHi 2 N 2 O Antipyrine A 41.0 I 100 No solid phase 11 to 76.2 to 16.5 54 AB 55.5 I 33 AB + B 52.5E I 27 B 109.8 I O 1075. (381) B = C12H11N Diphenylamine 0 C 1 MoI % A A 36.8 95.5 30.3 86.9 24.6 78 19.8 70.7 A +B 18.IE I 69 B 25.0 57.2 32.0 44.3 37.1 34.1 44.1 18.4 48.2 9.3 52.6 0.0 1076. (413) B = Ci2H1SUs Diethyl diacetyltartrate A 40 100 33.9 94.61 24.6 89.04 18.6 85.95 +11.1 82.60 - 3.6 76.98 A +B -24.15E 71.20 B - 4.6 66.31 +17.25 58.37 31.9 48.64 35.48 46.2 51.0 27.82 55.7 19.70 58.6 14.26 62.7 6.12 67.0 O 1077. (262) B = C13H9N Acridine 0 C I Wt. % A A 40.5 I 100

1077.—(Continued) 0 C i Wt. % A A + A2B . 36.OE I 93.5 A2B 42.0 90 60.0 80 74.0 70 83.5 60 87.O 51 A2B + A2B3 83.OE I 45 A2B3 90.0 40 101.0 26 98.0 20 A2B3 + B 87.5E I 13 B 92.0 10 99.0 5 106.5 O 1078.

(274)

B = C13H1QO Benzophenone A +40.8 I 100 A + AB -13.OE I 52 AB - 3.0 I 34 AB + B - 4.5E 30 B +47.0 I O 1079. (375) B = Ci3Hi2 Diphenylmethane A 40.24 100.00 16.73 51.08 12.94 43.43 A +B 11.52E| 36.68 B 13.24 31.56 16.49 20.73 18.40 14.24 20.72 8.08 24.45 0.00 1080.

(234.1, 292)

B = Ci 3 Hi 2 O

Benzhydrol A 41.5 I 100 A + A2B 3OE I 81 A2B 47.3 I 50.5 A2B + B 37E I 27 B 64.5 I O

1081.

( 5 3)

B = C13H13N Diphenylmethylamine 0 C I MoI % A A +41.0 I 100 A +B -18.IE I 25 B - 9.6 I O 1082.

(254)

B = C19Hi6 Triphenylmethane 0 C I Wt. % A A 41.0 I 100 A+ B 31.OE [ 74 B 91.0 O 1083. (271) JD == C19H1CO Triphenyl carbinol A 41.0 I 100 A + B 32.OE I 78 B 159.3 I O v. also 76, 128, 193, 220, 246, 275, 298, 313, 323.1, 374, 393, 401, 402, 444, 458.5, 459.5, 480, 510, 591, 853, 962, 1852, 1860, 1863

C6H6O2 Catechol 1084.

(195,420)

B = C6H6O2

Resorcinol C I MoI % A A 103.5 100.0 100.0 94.2 90.0 78.5 80.0 64.5 70.0 53.2 A + B 64.OE 47.0 B 70.0 42.7 80.0 35.2 90.0 26.7 100.0 15.8 109.5 0.0 v. also 1864, 1865 0

1085.

(195,420)

B = C6H6O2

Hydroquinol A 103.5 100.0 100.0 94.4 90.0 79.4

1085.—(Continued) 0 C MoI % A A+B 88.5E 77.0 B 100.0 73.0 110.0 68.2 120.0 63.3 130.0 57.0 140.0 49.0 150.0 36.4 160.0 10.7 170.5 0.0 v. also 1864, 1866 1086.

(259)

B = C6H7N

Aniline A 105.0 100.0 91.6 100.0 91.5 79.5 82.5 70.6 68.0 59.1 56.0 53.3 A + AB 39.OU I 46.5 AB 37.0 40.9 26.0 29.9 + 4.8 20.5 AB + B -14.0 11.5 - 9.0 5.0 - 6.3 0.0 1087.

(247)

B = C6H7NO

m-Aminophenol 0 C I Wt. % A A 101.5 100 A+B 66.OE I 54 B 118.0 O 1088.

(264)

B = C6H8N2 o-Phenylenediamine A 102.7 I 100 A + AB 76.OE I 72 AB 84.5 I 50 AB + B 76.OE I 30 B 98.8 I O 1089.

(264)

B = C6HgN2 ra-Phenylenediamine A 102.7 100 A + AB 56.OE I 57

1089.—(Continued) 0 C I Wt. % A AB 64.5 50 AB + B 41.OE I 16 B 62.0 I O 1090.

(264)

B = C6H8N2 p-Phenylenediamine A 102.8 I 100 A + A3B2 87.5E I 85 A3B2 108.0 I 60.4 A3B2 + B 99.OE I 35 B 138.0 I O 1091. v. p. 178 B = C7H6O2

w-Hydroxybenzaldehyde 1092. (231) B = C7H7NO Benzamide A 102.8 100 A + B 38.OE I 50.5 B 124.0 O 1093. (383) B = C7H9N p-Toluidine 0 C I MoI % A A 103.2 I 100 A + AB 49.8E 54 AB 50.2 50 AB + AB2 41.4E 34.5 AB2 41.4 I 33 AB2 + B 32.6E I 16.4 B 43.4 I O 1094. (249) B = C8H8O Acetophenone 0 C I Wt. % A A 102.0 I 100 A + AB + l.OU I 41 AB + B - 2.OE I 28 B +20.5 I O

C6H6O2.(Continued) 1094.1. (274.1)

B = C9H8O2 Cinnamic acid 0 C 1 Wt. % A A 103.5 I 100 A+ B 81.OE I 54 B 133.0 I O 1095. (420) B = C10H7NO2 a-Nitronaphthalene A 103.5 100 101.2 95 99.1 90 95.2 80 91.1 70 86.5 60 81.0 50 73.3 40 63.0 30 A +B 44.8E I 17 B 49.7 10 52,9 5 55.8 O v. also 1865, 1866 1096. (245)

B = C10 HS

Naphthalene A 104.0 100 101.0 95 98.3 90 93.7 80 89.7 70 86.2 60 84.0 50 82.7 40 80.0 30 A +B 72.OE I 18 B 75.5 10 77.7 5 80.1 O 1097. (383) B = C10H9N a- Naphthy lamine 0 C I MoI % A A 103.2 100 94.0 84.6 83.0 71.3 71.3 60.4 56.3 50.0 A + AB2 41.65E| 42.0

1097.—(Continued) 0 C I MoI % A AB2 42.05 39.1 43.4 33 40.95 23.7 AB2 + B 36.95E| 16 B 38.4 13.9 41.3 10.2 48.0 O 1098. (232) B =* C1QHgN ß-Naphthylamine 0 C I Wt. % A A 103.0 I 100 A + B 75.OE I 57 AB 77.4

I 43 AB + B

76.3E I 35 B 109.0 I O 1099. ( 97 » 98' 253) B = C10H1GO Camphor A 102.5 i 100 A + AB2 OE I 38.7 AB2 + B 8U I 27 B 175.0 I O 1100. (234) B = C10H1BO Fenchone A 103.5 I 100 No solid phase -5.0to 40.5 to -3.0 8.0 B 5.3 I O 1101. (36) B = C10H1SO Cineole A 104.0 I 100 A + AB 31.OE I 44 AB

+39. O

41. 6

AB + B - 2.OE I 5 B + 1.0 I O 1102. (238) B = C11H12N2O Antipyrine A 103.0 I 100

1102.—(Continued) 0 C i Wt. % A A + A2B 57.5E I 68.5 A2B 73.6

I

54

A2B + AB 57.OE 42 AB 58.8 37 AB + AB2 57.OE I 30 AB2 65.5 t 22. 6

AB2 + B 65.2E I 22 B 109.8 I O

1103. v. p. 178 B = C12H9N Carbazole

1103.1. (274.2) B = C12H10N2 Azobenzene 0 G I Wt. % A A 104.5 I 100 A +B 60.OE I 12.5 B 67 j O 1104. (261) B = C12H11N Diphenylamine 0 C I Wt. % A A 102.8 I 100 A +B 48.5E I 6.5 B 52.3 I O 1105. (262) B = C13H9N Acridine A102.8 100 97.0 90 A + AB 93.5E I 85 AB 101.0 80 114.0 70 125.0 60 135.0 50 144.5 38 143.0 30 134.5 20 122.0 10 AB + B 102.OE I 4 B 106.5 I O

1106. (274) B = C 13x1. io O Benzophenone 0 C I Wt. % A A 103.0 I 100 A +B 11.3E I 29 B 47.0 I O 1107. (235) B = C1SH12 Diphenylmethane A 101.8 I 100 A +B 23.1E I 1 B 23.9 I O

1110.—(Continued) 0 C I MoI % A A 90.0 I 73.3 A +B 86.OE i 70.0 B 90.0 69.2 100.0 66.7 110.0 63.5 120.0 59.3 130.0 54.5 140.0 47.3 150.0 36.3 160.0 19.7 170.5 0.0 v. also 1864 1111. (259)

B = C6H7N Aniline 1107.1. (234.1) A. B = C 1 SH 12 O 110.0 100.0 Benzhydrol 102.0 89.6 A 89.5 73.8 103.5 I 100 77.5 64.7 A +B 65.0 56.8 55.OE I 18 50.0 50.3 B 1112. (247) 64.5 I O B = C6H7NO 1108. (254) m-Aminophenol 0 B = C19H1O C I Wt. % A Triphenylmethane A A 108.5 I 100 102.8 I 100 A +B A +B 62.OE j 55 80.OE I 18 B B 118.0 I O 91.0 i O 1113. (247) 1109. (271) B = C6H7NO B = C19H1GO p-Aminophenol Triphenyl carbinol A A 108.5 I 100 103.0 I 100 A +B A + A2B 61.OE I 75 76.OE 60.5 B A2B 120.0 I 48.8 82. O J 45. 8 1114. (264) A2B + B B = C6H8N2 66.OE I 33.5 o-Phenylenediamine B A 159.2 I O 108.5 I 100 v. also 299, 375, 445, A +AB 458.6, 459.6, 481, 47.OE I 60 592, 1860, 1864, AB 1866 50.1 I 49.5

C6H6O2 Resorcinol UlO.

(195,420)

B = C6H6O2 Hydroquinol 0 C i Mol % A A 109.5 100.0 100.0 84.2

AB + B

45.OE

36 B 100.0 I O 1115. (264) B = C6HsN2 ra-Phenylenediamine A 108.5 I 100

1115.—(Continued) 0 C I Wt. % A A + AB 53.OE I 72 79.0

AB I 49. 5

AB + B 33.OE I 20 B 62.0 I O

1116. (264) B » C6H8N2 p- Pheny lenediamine A 108.5 I 100 A + AB 94.OE I 85 116.0

AB I 49.5

AB+B 102.0 I 32.5 B 138.0 I O 1117. v. p. 178 B = C7H6O2 ra-Hydroxybenzaldehyde 1118. (231)

B = C7H7NO Benzamide A 108.5 I 100 A + AB 76.2E I 67.5 88.2

AB I 47.6

AB + B 80.5E I 34 B 124.8 I O 1119. (383,467)

B = C7H9N p-Toluidine 0 C I MoI % A A 108.7 100.0 97.8 84.6 80.9 69.6 56.5 58.7 A + AB 30.8E I 54.5 AB 31. 95 50.0 26.4 40.0 AB + AB2 16.4U I 33.3 AB2 + B 15.OE I

27.5

B

19.2 32.9 43.3

25.6 15.1 0.0

1120. (249)

B = C8H8O Acetophenone 0 C I Wt. % A A 109.0 I 100 A + AB +13.OU I 47 AB + B - 5.OE I 26 B +20.5 O

1121. ( 68 ) B = CsHio m-Xylene 1121.1. (274.1) B = CgH8O 2

Cinnamic acid A 115.0 I 100 A + B 87.OE I 59.0 B 133.0 O

1122. (420) B = Ci0H7NO2 a-Nitronaphthalene A 109.5 100 107.9 95 106.0 90 102.5 80 98.7 70 94.5 60 89.5 50 83.6 40 76.5 30 65.5 20 A +B 49.5E I 10.1 B 52.9 5 55.8 O v. also 1865 1123.

(245,467)

B = C K)H8 Naphthalene

A 110.0 100 105.4 95 102.5 90 99.1 80 97.3 70 97.0 60 97.0 50 96.9 40 96.1 30 94.5 20 88.5 10 A +B 76.OE i 4 B 80.1 I O

1124. (467)

B = Ci0H8O /3-Naphthol 0 C I MoI % A A 110 100.0 90 66.67 B 88 50.0 100 33.33 122 0.00

1125. (383) B = CioHgN a- Naph thy lamine A 108.8 I 100 A + AB 65.OE I 53.5 AB 65.05 I 50 AB + B 38.2E I 15 B 48.1 I O 1126.

(232,467)

B = C H)HgN

/3-Naphthylamine 0 C I Wt. % A A 109.0 I 100 A + AB 78.OE 60.5 AB 81.2 I 43.4 AB + B 80.0 I 35.5 B 109.0 I O 1127. ( 9 7 » 98 » 268) B = Cu)H16O Camphor 0 C I MoI % A A 110.0 100 105.5 95 101.0 90 96.0 85 91.0 80 85.0 75 77.0 70 66.0 65 52.0 60 A + AB 24.OE I 52.2 AB 29.0 50 25.2 45 17.8 40 AB + B l.OE I 33.3 B 19.5 30 47.0 25

75.0

20

101.0

15

1127.—(Continued) 0

C

I MoI % A B

130.0 160.0 178.0

10 5 O

1128. (234)

B = CioHieO Fenchone 0 C I Wt. % A A 115.0 I 100 No solid phase 49 to 146.4 to 12 -8.3 I B 5.3 I O 1129. (36) B = CioHisO Cineole A 110.0 I 100 A + AB 73.OE 60 AB +89.0 I 41.6 AB + B - 2.OE I 1 B + 1 . O l O 1130. (238) B = Ci 1 Hi 2 N 2 O Antipyrine A 109.8 I 100 No solid phase 72.0to 70.8 to 69.0 51.5 AB 100.5 I 36.9 AB + B 52.5E 24 B 110.0 I O 1130.1. v. p. 178 B = Ci 2 H 9 N Carbazole 1130.2. (274.2) B = Ci 2 Hn)N 2 Azobenzene A 115.0 J 100 A +B 57.2E I 20.0 B 67 O 1131. (261) B = Ci 2 HnN Diphenylamine A 110.0 I 100 A+B 48.5E I 6.5 B 52.2 I O

1133. (262) B = Ci3H9N Acridine 0 C I Wt. % A A 107.8 100 103.0 90 A + AB2 96.OE I 77.5 AB2 115.0 70 136.0 60 179. 5 23. 5 AB2 + B 105.OE I 5 B 106.5 I O 1134. (274) B = CisHioO Benzophenone A + 109.0 I 100 A +B - 7.OEJ 29.5 B + 47.0 I O 1135. (235) B = C 13 Hi 2 Diphenylmethane A 108.8 100 102 73 to 16 A + B 23.1E I ca. O B 23.9 I O Two liquid phases 102Trp. 73 16 110 62 25 112 60 29 115.4 crit. 42 1135.1. (234.1)

B = C13H12O Benzhydrol A 115.0 100 A +B 44.OE 27 B 64.5 O 1136. (467) B = CuHio Anthracene 0 C MoI % B 213 100.0 190 66.67 186 50.00 180 33.30 110 0.00 1137. (254) B = CigHie Triphenylmethane 0 C Wt. % A A 109.0 I 100

1137.—(Continued) 0 C I Wt. % A A 106.0 86 to 10 A + B 87.OE I 6 B 91.0 I O Two liquid phases 160.0Trp. 86 10 130 77 16 135 72.1 12 140 65 35 142 crit. 45 1138. (271) B ==: C JgHi 6 O

Triphenyl carbinol v. also 300, 324, 376, 446, 458.7, 459.7, 482, 593, 854, 1084, 1860, 1864 CeHeO 2 Hydroquinol 1139. (259) B = C6H7N 0 C MoI % A A 169.0 I 100 A + AB2 88.5E I 33.3 AB2 85.0 21.1 68.5 7.4 54.5 3.1 1140. (247) B = C6H7NO m-Aminophenol 0 C I Wt. % A A 168.0 I 100.0 A + AxBy 107.OU I 42.0 AxBy + B 104.5E I 22.0 B 118.0 I 0.0 1141. (264) B = C6H8N2 o- Phenylenediamine A 169.0 I 100 A + AB2 103.OE I 39.5 AB 2 105.0 I 33.7 AB2 + B 91.8E I 11 B 99.8 I O 1142. (264) B = C6H8N2 m-Phenylenediamine A 169.O I 100

1142.—(Continued) 0 C I Wt. % A A + AB 120.OE I 58 AB 127.0 I 50.4 AB + B 60.OE I 6 B 62.0 I O

1143. (264) B = C6H8N2 p- Phenylenediamine A 169.0 I 100 A + A3B 152.OE I 81 A3B 155.0 I 75.5 A3B + AB 155.OE I 72 AB 193. O 50. 4 AB + B 134.OE I 7 B 138.0 I O 1144.

(258)

B = C7H6Oo w-Hydroxybenzaldehyde A 169.0 I 100 A + B 88.OE I 27 B 105.0 O

1145. (231) B = C7H7NO Benzamide A 169.0 I 100 A + AB2 100.OE I 44 AB2 103. 9 I 31.2 AB2 + B 101. IE I 23 B 124.8 I Q 1146. (383) B = C7H9N p-Toluidine 0 C I MoI % A A 169.2 I 100 A + AB2 96.5E I 37 AB2 96.75 I 33 AB2 + B 42.6E I 1.2 B 43.4 I Q

C(ïXl 6 O2»

(Continued) 1147. (249) B = C8H8O Acetophenone 0 C I Wt. % A A 168.2 | 100 A + AB 40.OU 1 18 AB + B 18.5E | 3.5 B 20.5 O 1147.1. (274.1) B « C9H8O2 Cinnamic acid A 170.0 | 100 A +B 117.OE | 19.0 B 133.0 | O 1148. (420) B = Ci0H7NO2 a-Nitronaphthalene A 170.5 100 168.7 95 167.0 90 163.6 80 160.2 70 156.6 60 152.9 50 148.6 40 143.5 30 136.0 20 121.0 10 A+B 54.5E I 2.5 B 55.8 | 0.0 v. also 1866 1149. (245) B — CioHs

Naphthalene A 170.0 163.5 159.0 156.0 155.5

100 95 90 80 70

154.8 60 154.2 50 153.7 40 152.5 30 150.0 20 139.0 10 A +B 79.OE | 1.5 B 80.1 I O 1150.

(383)

B = Ci0H9N a-Naph thylamine

1150.—(Continued) 0 C | Mol % A A 169.2 100 A + AB 57.5U | 13.5 AB + B 45.3E | 6 B 48.0 | O 1151. (232) J3

=:

C H)H9N

1153.—(Continued) 0 C I MoI % A A +AB 62.OU I 37.5 AB + B 49.OE I 33.3 B 63.0 30 84.0 25 103.5 20 122.5 15 141.5 10 161.0 5 178.0 O

/3-Naphthylamine 0 C | Wt. % A 1154. (234) A B = CioHieO 168.0 | 100 Fenchone A + AB2 0 C Wt. % A 138.5E 47.5 A AB2 169.0 I 100 141.7 | 27.8 No solid phase AB2 + B 34.0 to O 18.8 to 107.5E | 1.5 4.8 B B 109.0 | O 5.3 I O

1152. (217) B = CioHioOs p-Methoxycinnamic acid 0 C ] Mol % A A 169.0 100 157.3 79.8 145.4 59.8 A+ B 140.8E | 55 B 149.7 40 156.2 30 161.7 19.9 167.3 10 170.6 O Liquid crystals 170.6 8 174.75.7 170.5 179.93.19 177.6 185.5 O 1153. ( 9 7 , 9 8 , 2 5 3 ) 13 = C 1 J)H 16 O

Camphor A

169.0 167.5 164.3 160.3 156.2 150.8 145.7 139.3 132.0 123.5 111.5

100 95 90 85 80 75 70 65 60 55 50

97.5

45

1155. (36) B = CioHisO Cineole A 170.0 I 100 A + AB2 103. OE| 30 AB2 +106.5 I 26.32 AB2 + B - 2.0E| 1 B + 1.0 I O 1156. (238) B = CnH12N2O Antipyrine A 168.0 I 100 A + A3B2 116.OE I 58.5 A3B2 129. O 46. 7 A3B2 + AB2 118.OE I 34 AB2 129. O l 2 2 . 6 AB2 + B 101.OE 4.7 B 109.8 I O 1157. (263) B = C12H9N Carbazole A 168.0 I 100 A +B 163.OE I 85 B 235.8 I O

1157.1. (274.2) B = C12H]oN2 Azobenzene 0 C I Wt. % A A 170.0 100 A+B 55.OE 1.0 B 67 O

1158. (261) B = C12H11N Diphenylamine A 168.2 I 100 A+ B 51.OE 1 B 52.0 Q

1161.1.-—(CWd) 0 C I Wt. % A A+B 58.OE I 2.5 B 64.5 I O

1162. (217) B = C14H14N2O3 p-Azoxyanisole 0 C I MoI % A A 169.0 100 162.0 90 156.0 80 151.0 70 146.0 60 139.5 50 128.0 40 A +B

106.2E

1159. (262) B = C13H9N Acridine A 169.0 100 164.0 90 A + AB2 159.OE 77 AB2 166.0 70 178.0 60 189.0 50 199.0 40 206.5 30 209.5 20 201.7 10 187.0 5 AB2 + B 105.5E I ca. l B 106.5 O 1160. (274) B = C 13 H 1 OO Benzophenone A 170.4 I 100 A+ B 41.3E 11 B 47.0 I O 1161.

(235)

B = C13H12 Diphenylmethane A 168.8 100 160-162 70-30 A+ B 23.9E I ca. O B 23.9 I O 1161.1. (234.1)

B = C 13 H 12 O Benzhydrol A

169.0

100

25.6 B

108.0 20 111.0 10 114.0 O Liquid crystals 113.5-116.3 8 119.0-121.0 6 124.&-125.7 4 130.0-130.3 2 135.0 O

C6H6O3 Pyrogallol 1165. (273) B = C6H7N Aniline 0 C Wt. % A A 126.0 I 100 A + AB2 48.4E 48 AB2 +49.0 I 40.3 AB2 + B -13.0 I 12 B - 6.7 I O 1166. (247) B = C6H7NO m- A minophenol A 129.0 I 100 A+B 77.OE I 48 B 118.0 I O 1167.

(273)

B = C6H8N2 o-Phenylenediamine A 126.0 I 100 A + AB 88.OE 69 AB 93.6 I 53.8 AB + B 74.2E I 30 B 100.9 I O

1163. (254) B = C19H1C Tripheriylmethane 0 C I Wt. % A A 168.5 100 160 80 to 13 A+ B 1168. (273) 91.OE I ca. O B = C6H8N2 B w-Phenylenediamine 91.0 I O A Two liquid phases 126.0 100 160.OTrp.80 13 A + AB 173 63.7 27.3 67 175 59.5 29.9 75.OE I AB 176 55.1 33.8 79.0 I 53.8 177.0crit. 45 AB + B 31.OE I 21.5 1164. (271) B B = C19H16O 61.0 O Tripheiiyl carbinol 1169. (273) A 169.0 100 B = C6H8N2 A + A2B p-Phenylenediamine 145.2E I 52.2 A A2B 126.0 I 100 151. 6 I 42.5 A +A 2 B A2B + B 98.OE I 78 139.8E I 18.5 A2B B 106.0 I 69.9 159.2 I O A2B + AB 104.OE I 66.5 v. also 301, 377, 447, AB 458.8, 459.71, 483, 110.0 I 53.8 559, 806, 1085, 1110, AB + B 1860, 1864, 1866 98.OE I 32.5

1169.—(Continued) 0 C I Wt. % A B 139.8 I O 1170. v. p. 178 B = C7H6O2 m-Hydroxybenzaldehyde 1171. ( 273 ) B = C7H7NO Benzamide A 126.1 100 A + AB 78.OE 1 63.5 AB 83.O I 51 AB H-B 76.OE 37.5 B 124.8 I O 1172. (273) B = C7H9N p-Toluidine A 125.5 I 100 A + AB2 53.8E I 46 AB2 67.0 I 37 AB2 + B 36.OE I 14 B 44.0 I O 1173.

(249)

B = C8H8O Acetophenone A 126.0 I 100 A + AB 21.OU I 39 AB + B 4.OE I 23 B 20.0 I O 1173.1. (274.1)

B = C9H8O2 Cinnamic acid A 130.5 I 100 A +B 101.OE I 44.0 B 133.0 I O 1174.

(273)

B = CioHgN

a-Naphthylamine A 126.0 I 100 A + AB 41.7U I 36 AB + B 32.2E I 14 B 48.5 I O

1175.

(273)

B = CioHgN

ß-Naphthylamine 0 C I Wt. % A A 126.0 I 100 A + AB2 108.3E 64 AB 2 122. 5 I 30.4 AB2 + B 105. OE 6 B 109.0 I O 1176.

(206,253)

B = CioHieO

Camphor C I MoI % A A 130.8 100 125.8 90 118.8 80 108.5 70 94.0 60 73.0 50 62.0 45 49.O 40 35.0 35 A +B 21.OE I 31 B 80.0 25 109.0 20 130.0 15 148.0 10 163.0 5 178.0 O 0

1177.

(234)

B — C ioH] 6 O

Fenchone C Wt. % A A 131.0 1 100 No solid phase IS.Oto 31.9 to -2.5 11.4 0

+5.0 1178.

B I

O (238)

B = CnHi 2 N 2 O Antipyrine A 126.0 100 No solid phase 59 to 63.8 to 59.5 21.2 B 109.8 I O 1179. v. p. 178 B = Ci2H9N Carbazole 1179.1. (274.2) B — Ci 2 HioN 2 Azobenzene

1179.1.—(Continued} 0 C I Wt. % A A 132.0 I 100 A +B 65.OE I ca. O B 67 O

1180. (261) B = Ci 2 HuN Diphenylamine A 126.0 I 100 A +B 51.OE I 1 B 52.0 I O 1181. (274) B = CisHioO Benzophenone

A 126.0 I 100 A +B 32.9E 18.5 B 47.0 I O 1182.

(235)

B = Ci 3 Hi 2 Diphenylmethane A 126.0 100 115.2 90 to 8 A +B 23.5E I 1 B 23.9 I O Two liquid phases 115.2Trp. 90 8 120 78 20 122 68 31 122.9crit. 50 1182.1. (234.1) B = CiSHi 2 O

Benzhydrol 131.0

A I

100

A +B 53.OE 22.0 B 64.5 I O 1183.

(254)

B = CigHie Triphenylmethane A 126.0 100 125.0 95 to 12 A + B 89.OE I 2.5 B 91.0 I O Two liquid phases 125.0Trp. 95 12 140 91 18

1192.—(Continued) 0 C 1 MoI % A A - 5.5 100.0 -10.5 92.7 A +B -13.OE I 88.8 1189. (222) 1184. (243) B B - C7H5N3O6 B = Ci 9 Hi 6 O •+ 0.5 78.9 Trinitrotoluene Triphenyl carbinol 0 14.0 68.0 C MoI % A A 25.0 55.4 A 132.0 100 35.5 40.6 - 5.5 I 100 A + A3B2 41.8 29.3 A + AB 76.OE I 51 62.0 0.0 - 8.0E| 98.5 A3B2 AB 1193. (244) 97.0 I 42 + 35.0 88.7 B = C7H6N2O4 A3B2 + B 71.0 76.6 65:OE I 30 3, 4-Dinitrotoluene 0 77.0 59.5 C I Wt. % A B 85. O 50. O A 159.0 I O 84.0 41.2 - 5.8 I 100 v. also 302, 378, 448, 78.0 29.8 A +B 458.81, 459.8, 484, AB + B -17.OE I 69 1860 6OE I 15 B B C6H7N +58.5 I O 74.5 8.1 Aniline 1194. (244, 259) 82.0 O 1185. (242) B = C7H6N2O4 1190. (8,12) B = C6H7NO 3, 5-Dinitrotoluene B = C H O 7 6 2 ra-Aminophenol A 0 Benzoic acid C MoI % A - 6.0 I 100 A A A +AB - 6.0 I 100 - 6.0 100 -12.9E I 92.5 A + AB - 10.2 95 AB - 9.OE 96 A +B +46.5 I 33.8 AB - 16.5E 87.5 AB + B + 8.5 90 B 46.OE I 32 31.8 80 + 18.8 80 B 48.0 70 44.5 70 AB + B 82.3 I O 61.6 60 56.OU 60 1195. v. p. 178 75.8 50 B B = C7H7NO2 87.6 40 72.3 50 p-Nitrotoluene 97.7 30 86.0 40 106.8 20 1196. (223) 97.5 30 113.5 10 B = C7H8O 107.0 20 119.2 5 114.7 10 o-Cresol 0 123.0 O C I MoI % A 121.25 O A 1186. (408) 1191. (222) - 6.3 100 B •= C 6 H 7 NO B = C7H6N2O4 95 p-Aminophenol 2, 4-Dinitro toluene - 9.3 0 -12.5 90 C Wt. % A A A + AB -6.00 100 - 5 . 5 100 -18.OE I 82.2 -6.58 99 - 11.5 91.6 AB -7.16 98 A +B - 1.2 70 -7.74 97 - 13.OE 89 + 6.6 60 B 1187. (408) 0.0 79.1 8.0 55 B = C6H7NO 8.4 50 + 20.0 64.7 Phenyl31.0 55.4 8.2 45 hydroxylamine 41.0 44.8 7.2 40 -6.00 100 AB + B 49.0 35.8 -6.47 99 4.OE I 31 56.0 26.0 -6.94 98 B 65.0 11.0 -7.41 97 71.0 0.0 14.3 20 22.8 10 1188. (408) 1192. (259) 26.8 5 B = C6H8N2 B = C7H6N2O4 30.4 Q m-Phenylenediamine 2, 6-Dinitrotoluene 1183.—(Continued) 0 C Wt. % A Two liquid phases 150 78 29 160 69 36 178. 5crit. 52

1188.—(Continued) 0 C Wt. % A -6.00 100 -6.60 99 -7.18 98 -7.75 97

C6H7N.(Continued) 1197.

(223)

B = C7H8O m-Cresol 0 C Mol % A A - 6.3 100 - 9.3 95 -13.5 90 A + AB -29.5E I 76.7 AB -22.8 70 -16.1 60 -14.755 -14.5 50 -15.2 45 -18.3 40 AB + B -29.5E I 31 B -15.4 20 - 4.5 10 + 0.2 5 4.2 O 1198. (223) B = C7H8O p-Cresol A - 6.3 100 - 9.7 95 A +AB -15.OE 89 AB + 0.5 80 12.0 70 17.9 60 18.9 55 19.2 50 18.7 45 17.0 40 AB + B 5.8E I 25.7 B 12.8 20 23.8 10 28.7 5 33.2 O 1199. (408) B = C7H9N o-Toluidine 0 C Wt. % A - 6.00 100 - 6.60 99 - 7.18 98 - 7.75 97 - 8.33 96 - 8.95 95 - 9.53 94 -10.11 93 1201. v. p. 178 B = C7H9N p-Toluidine

1202. (219) B = C8Hi0N2O Nitrosodimethylaniline 0 C I MoI % A A - 5.5 I 100 A + AB2 - 8.5E I 97 AB2 + 24.0 90 50.0 80 69.5 70 80.0 60 87.0 50 89.6 45 91.4 40 92. 4 33. 3 92.0 30 90.5 25 87.8 20 82.2 15 AB2 + B 74.5E| 11 B 82.5 5 85.5 O 1203. (408) B = C 8 HuN Xylidene 0 C Wt. % A -6.00 100 -7.00 99 -7.75 98 -8.48 97 -9.00 96 1204. (247) B = Ci0H8O a-Naphthol A - 6.0 I 100 A + A2B -14.OE I 89 A2B +28.0 I 56.3 A2B + AB 26.5E I 50.5 AB 32.0 I 39.2 AB + B 31.5E I 36.5 B 90.5 I O 1205. (247) B = Ci0H8O ß-Naphthol A - 6.0 I 100 A +AB - 7.OE I 96 AB +82.2 I 39.2 AB + B 80.5E I 30

1205.—(Continued) 0 C I Wt. % A B 121.8 O 1205.1. (475) B = Ci0H9N jo- Naphthy lamine 0 C Mol % A 0.0? 97.5 2.0? 95 8.0 90 45.0 80 60.0 70 70.0 60 78.0 50 85.5 40 92.5 30 99.5 20 105.0 10 108.0 5 110.6 O 1206. (475) B = Ci 2 H 9 N Carbazole g B per 0 C 100 g A 30.0 3.0 40.0 3.7 50.0 4.8 60.0 6.0 70.0 7.7 80.0 9.8 100.0 16.0 120.0 28.0 140.0 46.0 160.0 74.0 1207. v. p. 178 B = Ci 2 Hi 0 Acenaphthene 1208. v. p. 178 B = CisHio Fluorene 1209. v. p. 178 B = Ci4H8O2 Anthr a quinone 1210. (475) B = Ci 4 Hi 0 Anthracene g B per 0 C 100 g A 20.0 0.7 30.0 1.0 40.0 1.45 50.0 2.05 60.0 2.82 70.0 3.9 80.0 5.45 90.0 7.75 100.0 10.7 1211. v. p. 178 B = Ci4Hi0 Phenanthrene

1212. (147,254) B = Ci9H16

Triphenylmethane 0 C MoI % A B 91.0 I 100 AB + B 70.OE 61 AB 71.6 I 50

1217.—(Continued) 0 C I Wt. % A AB 102. 5 I 50.2 AB + B 101.0 44 B 138.5 O 1218.

(247)

B = C7H6N2O4 w.ofeo45,276,436.1, 2, 4-Dinitrotoluene A 438.1, 455, 467, 560, 118.0 I 100 680, 689, 694, 698, A + B 710, 733, 756, 774, 65.OE I 10 836, 846, 855, 872, B 901, 925, 963, 1041, 71.0 I O 1086, 1111, 1139, 1165; v. also Seidell, 1219. (242) p. 433 B = C7H9N p-Toluidine C6H7NO A o-Aminophenol 118.0 I 100 1214. (36) A + AB B = Ci0Hi8O 50.OU I 35 Cineole 0 AB + B C I Wt. % A 37.OE I 13 A B 170.0 I 100 44.0 I O A +B 0.0 I 2.5 1220. (247) B B = C10H8O 1.0 I O a-Naphthol A v. also 964 118.0 I 100 C6H7NO A + B m-Aminophenol 69.OE 30 1215. (242) B B = C6H8N2 92.0 I O 0-Phenylenediamine 1221. (247) A B = Ci0H8O 118.0 I 100 /3-Naphthol A +B A 63.OE I 45 118.0 i 100 B A + AB 100.5 O 97.5E I 58.5 AB 1216. (242) 99. O 43. 5 B = C6H8N2 AB + B ra-Phenylenediamine 96.OE I 26 A B 118.0 I 100 121.5 I O A +B 1222. (242) 24.OE I 37 B B = C10H9N 62.0 I O a-Naphthylamine A 1217. (242) 118.0 i 100 B = C6H8N2 A + B p-Phenylenediamine 36.OE I 16 A B 118.0 100 48.0 I O A + A2B 1223. (242) 94.OE 1 77 A2B B = C10H9N 97. 0 | 6 6 . 6 /3-Naphthy lamine A A2B + AB 95.OE I 62 118.0 I 100

1223.—(Continued) 0 C Wt. % A A + AB 90.5E I 49 AB 91.0 I 43. 3 AB + B 90.OE 29 B 108.8 I O 1224. (36) B = Ci0Hi8O Cineole A 123.0 100 A + B -3.OE I 4 B + 1.0 I O y.aZso 711,734, 873, 902, 926, 965, 1042, 1087, 1112, 1140, 1166, 1185

C6H7NO p-Aminophenol 1225.

(242)

B = C7H9N p-Toluidine 0 C I Wt. % B B 43.5 100 A + B 41.OE 95 A 149.0 I 45.5 1226.

(247)

B = Ci0H8O a-Naphthol B 92.5 I 100 A + B 82.OE I 86 A 147.0 I 62.1 1227.

(247)

B = Ci0H8O /3-Naphthol B 121.5 100 A + B 106E I 83 A 160 I 43 v. also 966, 1043, 1113, 1186 C6H7NO Phenylhydroxylamine v. 1187

C ßHgN 2 o- Fhenylenediamine 1228. (250) B = C7H5N3O6 Trinitrotoluene 0 C I Wt. % A A 101.0 I 100 A + AB 83.OE ( 57 AB 97.5 I 32.2 AB + B 65.OE I 9 B 81.0 I O 1229. (264) B = C7H6N2O4 2, 4-Dinitrotoluene A 99.8 I 100 A +B 51.9E I 21.5 B 69.0 I O 1230. (269) B = C8H10N2O Nitrosodimethylaniline A 100.2 100 A + AB 87.OE 71 AB 99.0 I 41.8 AB + B 67.7E I 12.5 B 84.5 I O 1231. (264) B = Ci0H8O a-Naphthol A 99.8 I 100 A + AB 58.2E I 56 AB 60.0 I 42.8 AB + B 58.OE 1 26 B 92.0 I O 1232. (264) B = C10H8O j3-Naphthol A 99.8 ] 100 A + AB 79.OE I 65 AB 86.0 I 42.8 AB + B 80.5E I 28 B 122.0 I O

1233. (240) JD == C IuHsO2 1, 4-Dihydroxynaphth alene 1235. (240) B = C10H8O2 1, 6-Dihydroxynaphthalene 0 C 1 Wt. % A A 103.0 I 100 A + AB 62.OE 61 AB 95.0 I 40. 3 AB + B 76.OE I 32 B 134.0 I O 1236. (240) B = C10H8O2 1, 8-Dihydroxynaphthalene A 103.O I 100 A +AB 93.OE I 85 AB 151.0 I 40.3 AB + B 117.OE 7 B 137.0 I O 1237. (240) JD == CioH8O2 2, 3-Dihydroxynaphthalene 1238. (240) B = C10H8O2 2, 6-Dihydroxynaphthalene A 103.0 I 100 A + A3B2 99.OE I 92 A3B2 150 ! 50.3 A3B2 + B 124.OE I 30 B 216.0 I O 1239. (240) B = C10H8O2 2, 7-Dihydroxynaphthalene A 103.0 1 100 A + A3B2 96.OE I 91 A3B2 140. O I 50. 3 A3B2 + B 101. OE I 38 B 186.0 I Q

1239.1. (234.1) JD = C13JM12O Benzhydrol 0 C Wt. % A A 102.5 I 100 A +B 47.OE I 21.0 B 64.5 I O 1240. (251) B = C^H16 Triphenylmethane A 101.0 I 100 A +B 76.5E I 12.5 Immiscible liquids 89.0 I 50-29 B 91.0 I O v. also 485, 561, 712, 735, 757, 775, 874, 903, 927, 958.1, 966.1, 1045, 1088,

1114, 1141, 1167, 1215 Celi 8-N2 ra-Phenylenediamine 1241. (250) B = C7H5N3O6 Trinitrotoluene A 62.0 I 100 A + AB 57.5E 90.5 AB 105.0 I 32.2 AB + B 70.OE I 6 B 81.0 I O 1242. (264) B = C7H6N2O4 2, 4-Dinitrotoluene A 62.0 I 100 A +B 35.OE I 55 B 69.2 I O 1243. (269) B = C8H10N2O Nitrosodimethylaniline A 61.0 I 100 A + AB2 48.OE I 84 AB2 96. 5 I 26. 5 AB2 + B 73.5E I 11 B 84.5 I O

1244. (264) B = C10H8O a-Naphthol 0 C Wt. % A A 62.0 I 100 A + AB 31.OE I 69 AB 35.0 I 42.8 AB + B 32.OE I 31 B 92.0 I O 1245. (264) B = C10H8O ß-Naphthol A 62.0 I 100 A + AB2 59.OE I 97 AB2 114. O l 27. 3 AB2 + B 103.OE 11 B 122.0 I O 1246. (240) B — C10H8O2 1, 4-Dihydroxynaphthalene A 63.5 I 100 A + AB 55.OE I 92.5 AB 124.0 I 40. 3 AB + B ? i ? B 183.0 I O 1247. (240) B = C10H8O2 1, 6-Dihydroxynaphthalene A 63.0 I 100 A +AB 49.OE I 89 AB 125. 0 | 4 0 . 3 AB + B 87.OE I 22 B 134.0 I O 1248. (240) B — C10H8O2 1, 8-Dihydroxynaphthalene A 63.0 I 100 A + AB 58.OE I 92 AB 101.0 I 40.3

1248.—(Continued) 0 C I Wt. % A AB + B 75.OE 32 B 137.0 I O 1249. (240) B = C10H8O2 2, 3-Dihydroxynaphthalene A 63.0 I 100 A + AB 53.OE I 94 AB 149.0 I 40.3 AB + B 122.OE 24 B 162.0 I O 1250. (240) B = C10H8O2 2, 6-Dihydroxynaphthalene A 63.0 I 100 A + AB 61.OE 98 AB 171. O 40. 3 AB + B 125.OE 35 B 216.0 I O 1251. (240) JD = C10H8O2 2, 7-Dihydroxynaphthalene A 63.0 100 A + AB 53.OE I 98 AB 139.0 I 40.3 AB + B 126.OE I 33 B 186.0 I O 1252. (251, 254) B = CigHie Triphenylmethane A 62.0 I 100 A+ B 57.OE I 96 Immiscible liquids 80 I 74r-7 B 90.8 I O There is some evidence for an equimolecular compound 1253. (243) B = C19H16O Triphenyl carbinol

1253.—(Continued) 0 C I Wt. % A A 62.0 I 100 A+ B 59.5E I 90 B 159.5 I O v. also 486, 562, 713, 736, 758, 776, 875, 904, 928, 958.2, 966.2, 1046, 1089, 1115, 1142, 1168, 1188, 1216

C6H8N2 p-Phenylenediamine 1254. (250) B = C7H5N3O6 Trinitrotoluene A 140.0 I 100 A + AB 88.OE I 38 AB 93. O 32. 2 AB + B 64.OE I 8 B 81.0 I O 1255. (264) B = C7H6N2O4 2j 4-Dinitrotoluene A 138.0 I 100 A + B 49.OE I 28 B 69.0 O 1256. (269) B = C8H10N2O Nitrosodimethylaniline A 139.1 I 100 A + AB2 75.5E I 39 AB2 93.0 I 26. 5 AB2 + B 65.OE I 10 B 84.5 I O 1257. (264) B == C10H8O a-Naphthol A 138.0 ] 100 A + AB2 95.OE I 50 AB2 110 27.3 AB2 + B 84.OE I 7 B 92.0 I O

CeHgN2.— (Continued) 1258. (264) B = C10H8O ß-Naphthol 0 C I Wt. % A A 138.0 ] 100 A + AB2 117.OE I 74 AB2 150.6 I 27. 3 AB2 + B 120.OE I 2 B 122.0 I O 1259. (240) B = C ioHsO2 1, 6-Dihydroxynaphthalene A 147.0 I 100 A + AB 125.OE I 95 AB 170.0 I 40.3 AB + B 121. OE I 15 B 134.0 I O 1260. (240) B = CiOHsO2 1, 8-Dihydroxynaphthalene A 147.0 I 100 A + AB2 106.OE 37 AB2 118.0 I 25.2 AB2 + B 109.OE I 21 B 137.0 I O 1261. (240) B = C ioHsO2 2, 3-Dihydroxynaphthalene A 147.0 I 100 A + AB2 118.OE I 70 AB2 164.0 I 25.2 AB2 + B 141. OE I 4 B 162.0 I O 1262. (240) B = CiC)HsO2 2, 6-Dihydroxynaphthalene A 147.0 I 100

1262.—(Continued) 0 C I Wt. % A A + AB 140.OE I 95 AB 212.0 I 40.3 AB + B 195.OE I 10 B 216.0 I O 1263. (240) B = CK)HgO2 2, 7-Dihydroxynaphthalene A 147.0 1 100 A + AB2 129.OE I 81 AB2 180.0 I 25.2 AB2 + B 171.OE I 10.5 B 186.0 I O 1264. (235) B = Ci3Hi2 Diphenylmethane A 138.8 I 100 A +B 23.3E I 1 B 23.9 I O 1264.1. (234.1)

B = Ci 3 Hi 2 O

Benzhydrol A 147.0 I 100 A +B 51.OE I 11.0 B 64.5 I Q 1265. (254) B = CigHie Triphenylmethane A 138.8 I 100 A +B 87.5E I 3 B 91.0 I O 1266. (243) B = CigHieO

CeHgN 2 Phenylhydrazine v. 1044

C6H9NO2 Ethyl succinimide 1267. (375)

B = C7H7Br p-Bromotoluene 0 C 1 Wt. % A A 28.81 100.00 25.60 95.00 85.87 19.57 7.99 68.94 2.82 61.30 A +B 0.5E 58 B 4.55 48.60 10.24 37.84 14.21 28.09 17,89 18.74 21.55 9.80 26.73 0.0 1268. (375) B — CsHio p-Xylene A 28.81 100.0 18.32 88.84 10.93 79.95 + 2.94 70.51 A +B -2.6E I 63.75 B -2.12 59.02 -0.04 51.75 +3.04 41.7 4.85 34.0 6.64 25.63 8.29 18.15 11.18 6.86 13.28 O CeHioO Cy clohe xanone v. 1048

CeHiOO 4 Diethyl oxalate v. 130

Triphenyl earbinol CeHiC)O4 A Dimethyl succinate 140.0 i 100 v. 129, 194, 277 A +B 118.OE ( 33 CeHiC)O4 B Glycol diacetate 159.5 I O 1268.1. (444.1) v. also 563, 737, 759, B = C7H5N3O6 777, 876, 905, 929, Trinitrotoluene 966.3, 1047, 1090, g B per 1116, 1143, 1169,0C 100 g A 1217 25.0 44.43

1268.2. (444.1) B = C7H5N6O8 Tetryl g B per 0 C 100 ce A 20-25 16.0 1268.3. (444.1) B = C8H7N3O6 2, 4, 6-Trinitro-raxylene g B per 0 C 100 g A 25.0 0.81 1268.4. (444.1) B = Ci 0 H 5 N 3 O 6 Trinitronaphthalene 25.0 0.90 v. also 593.1, 635.1, 655.1 CeHi 2 Cyclohexane ^.247,290.3,524,967 CeHi2Cl2 Dichlorohexane v. 463 CeHi2Cl2S Dichlorodipropyl sulfide v. 464 CeHi 2 Os Paraldehyde 1269. v. p. 178 B = C8HiO Xylene v. also 248, 262, 968

C6H13N d-Pipecoline 1270. (290) B = C 6 Hi 3 N Z-Pipecoline 0 C Ì MoI % A A 8.95 100 7.0 95 5.0 90 +0.85 80 -3.8 70 A + AB -6.65E I 64.5 AB -5.8 60 -4.9 50 -5.8 40 AB + B -6.65 I 35.5 B -3.8 30 +0.85 20 5.0 10 7.0 5 8.95 O

CeHi4 Hexane 1271. v. p. 178 B = CioH8 Naphthalene

CeHisPS Triethylphosphine sulfide 1272. (371) B = Ci8Hi5PS Triphenylphosphine sulfide 0 C I Wt. % A Mixed crystals ! *S 95 100 87 82.5 92.57 93 82.5 76.00 82.5E 60 108 82.5 44.66 119 109 34.10 129.5 124 25.00 141 137 14.92 149 147.5 7.32 158 O tL

C7H4Cl2O2 2, 3-Dichlorobenzoic acid 1277. (188) B = C7H4Cl2O2 2, 5-Dichlorobenzoic acid 0 C I MoI % A A 168.3 I 100 A +AB 2 127.OE I 46.0 AB2 130.2 I 33.3 AB2 + B 130.2U I 33.3 B 154.4 I 0.0 C7H4Cl2O2 2, 5-Dichlorobenzoic acid 1278. (««) B = C7H5ClO2 m-Chlo robenzoic acid A 154.4 100 A + AB 121.3E I 51 AB 122.3 I 50 AB + B 119.6E I 40 B 155.0 I O v. also 1277

C7H4Cl2O3S sî/ra-Chloride of osulfobenzoic acid

1279. (308) B = C7H4Cl2O3S as7/w-Chloride of o-sulfobenzoic acid 0 C I MoI % A A 75.9 i 100 A+ B 21.4E I 33.5 B 37.8 I O

C7H4Cl2O3S si/ra-Chloride of m-sulfobenzoic acid 1280. v. p. 178 B = C7H4Cl2O3S si/ra-Chloride of p-sulfobenzoic acid v. also 704, 705, 1858, 1859

C7H4Cl3NO2 o-Nitrophenylchloroform v. 1867

C7H4Cl3NO2 m-Nitrophenylchloroform 1281. (i 73 ) B = C7H4Cl3NO2 p-Nitrophenylchloroform 0 C i % A A 140.8 100 132.1 90 A +B 129.7E 87.3 B 148.0 80 168.0 70 183.4 60 196.0 50 206.7 40 216.4 30 224.7 20 232.4 10 240.0 O v. also 1867

C7H5Br3 2, 3, 4-Tribromotoluene 1282. (193) B = C7H5Br3 2, 3, 5-Tribromotoluene 0 C I MoI % A A 45 I 100 A + B 14.OE I 53.3 B 52.5 I O

1282.1. (193) B = C7H6Br3 2, 3, 6-Tribromotoluene 0 C Mol % A A 45 I 100 A +B 31.5E I 53 B 60.5 I O 1282.15. (193) B = C7H5Br3 2, 4, 5-Tribromotoluene A 45.0 I 100 A +B 31.5E I 73 B 113.5 I O 1282.2. (193) B = C7H5Br3 2, 4, 6-Tribromotoluene A 45.0 I 100 A +B 23.3E 66 B 68.5 I O 1282.25. (193) B = C7H5Br3 3, 4, 5-Tribromotoluene A 45.0 I 100 A +B 28.5E I 72 B 90.5 I O

C7H5Br3 2, 3, 5-Tribromotoluene 1282.3. (193) B = C7H5Br3 2, 3, 6-Tribromotoluene A 52.5 I 100 A +B 24.5E I 56 B 60.5 I O 1282.35. (193) B = C7H5Br3 2, 4, 5-Tribromotoluene A 52.5 I 100 A +B 40.OE 76.5 B 113.5 I O

1282.4. (193) B = C7H5Br3 2, 4, 6-Tribromotoluene 0 C I MoI % A A 52.5 I 100 A + B 71.2?E| 34 B 68.5 I O 1282.45. (193) B = C7H5Br3 3, 4, 5-Tribromotoluene A 52.5 I 100 A + B 41.5E I 80 B 90.5 O v. also 1282

C7H5Br3 2, 3, 6-Tribromotoluene 1282.5. (193) B = C7H5Br3 2, 4, 5-Tribromotoluene A 60.5 I 100 A +B 44.5E I 74 B 113.5 O 1282.55. (193) B = C7H5Br3 2, 4, 6-Tribromotoluene A 60.5 I 100 A +B 33.OE I 55 B 68.5 I O 1282.6. (193) B = C7H5Br3 3, 4, 5-Tribromotoluene A 60.5 100 A +B 38.7E I 63 B 90.5 O v. also 1282.1, 1282.3

C7H5Br3 2, 4, 5-Tribromotoluene 1282.65. (193) B = C7H5Br3

1282.65.—(CWd) 2, 4, 6-Tribromotoluene 0 C I MoI % A A 113.5 I 100 A +B 51.5E I 31 B 68.5 I O 1282.7. (193) B = C7H5Br3 3, 4, 5-Tribromotoluene A 113.5 I 100 A +B 62.5E I 40 B 90.5 I O v. also 1282.15, 1282.35, 1282.5

C7H5Br3 2, 4, 6-Tribromotoluene 1282.75. (193) B = C7H5Br3 3, 4, 5-Tribromotoluene A 68.5 I 100 A +B 61.OE 77 B 90.5 I Q v. also 1282.2, 1282.4, 1282.55, 1282.65

C7H5Br3 3, 4, 5-Tribromotoluene v. 1282.25, 1282.45, 1282.6, 1282.7, 1282.75

C7H5ClO Benzoyl chloride 1283. v. p. 178 13 = CgHio p-Xylene 1284. v. p. 178 B

=

CgHi 2

Mesitylene 1285. v. p. 178 B = Ci2Hio Diphenyl 1286. v. p. 178 B = Ci3Hi2 Diphenylmethane

v. also 825, 857, 969

. C7H5ClO2 o-Chlorobenzoic acid 1287. v. p. 178 B = C 7 H 5 ClO 2 w-Chlorobenzoic acid v. also 1868, 1869

1288. v. p. 178 B = C7H5ClO2 p-Chlorobenzoic acid v. also 1868 1289. v. p. 178 B = C7H6O2 Benzoic acrd v. also 1869 1290. (426) B = C7HiG Heptane 0 C Wt. % A 140.3 100 137.5 95 135.0 90 132.0 80 130.0 70 128.7 60 128.0 50 126.5 40 124.3 30 119.0 20 109.5 10 96.5 5 v. also 970, 1868, 1869

C7H5ClO2 m-Chlorobenzoic acid 1291. v. p. 178 B = C7H5ClO2 p-Chlorobenzoic acid v. also 1868 1292. v. p. 178 B = C7H6O2 Benzoic acid v. also 1869 1293. (426) B = C7Hi6 Heptane

1287, 1868, 1869

C7H5ClO2 p-Chlorobenzoic acid 1294. v. p. 178 B = C7H6O2 Benzoic acid 1295. (426) B = C 7 HiO Heptane 0 C Wt. % A 241.5 100 238.0 95 235.0 90 229.0 80 224.5 70 221.5 60 218.0 50 213.0 40 206.0 30 196.0 20 180.5 10 160.4 5 v. also 972, 1288, 1291, 1868

C7H5Cl2NO2 o- Nitrobenzy lidene chloride 1296. B = C7H5Cl2NO2 ra-Nitrobenz-

ylidene chloride v. 1870 1297. B = C7H5Cl2NO2 p-Nitrobenzylidene chloride v. 1870

C7H5FO2 p-Fluorobenzoic acid 1300. (218) B = C7H6O2 Benzoic acid 0 C I MoI % A Mix. 182.6 100 176.8 90 170.4 80 163.0 70 160. OU 66.5 157.6 152.4 146.4 139.9 132.7 125.3 121.4

60 50 40 30 20 10 O

C7H5N Cyanobenzene v. 826

C7H5NO3 o-Nitrobenzaldehyde v. 131, 973

C7H5NO3 m-Nitrobenzaldehyde v. 132, 974, 1049

C 7 H 5 NO 3

m-Nitrobenzylidene chloride 1298. B = C7H5Cl2NO2 p-Nitrobenzylidene chloride v. 1296, 1870

p-Nitrobenz aldehyde 1301. (114) B = Ci2HiO Acenapthene 0 C I Wt. % A A 103.2 I 100 A +B 66.8E I 42 B 92.5 I O

C7H5Cl2NO4S

v. also 133, 975

C7H5Cl2NO2

2-Chloro-5-nitro0 C Wt. % A p-toluenesulfone chloride 154.5 100 1299. (89) 150.5 95 B = C7H5Cl2NO4S 147.0 90 2-Chloro-6-nitro143.0 80 p-toluenesulfone 140.0 70 chloride 137.0 60 0 C I % A 134.0 50 A 131.5 40 99.2 I 100 127.5 30 A +B 120.0 20 50.9E 36.7 106.0 10 B 91.5 5 70 I O v. also 971, 1278,

C7H5NO4 o-Nitrobenzoic acid 1302. B = C7H5NO4 m-Nitrobenzoic acid v. 1871 1303. B = C7H6NO4 p-Nitrobenzoic acid v. 1871

C7H6NO4.(Continued) 1304.

(208)

B = C7H8O2

Dimethylpyrone 0 C l Mol % A A 147.0 100 A + AB 65.OE I 60 AB 72.3 I 60 AB + B 68.OE I 42 B 132.1 I O v. also 46, 88, 325, 406, 976, 1871

C7H5NO4

m-Nitrobenzoic acid 1305. B = C7H6NO4 p-Nitrobenzoic acid v. 1871 1306. ( 7 ) B = C7H6O2 Benzoic acid 0 C I MoI % A A 141.5 I 100 A +A B 120.OE I 80 AB 139.0 I 50 AB + B 109.OE I 12 B 120.0 I O

v. also 47, 89, 326, 407, 977, 1302, 1871

C7H5NO4 p-Nitrobenzoic acid v. 48, 90, 327, 408, 978, 1303, 1305, 1871

C7H5N3O6 2, 4, 5-Trinitrotoluene 1307. v. p. 178 B = C7H5N3O6 2, 4, 6-Trinitrotoluene C7H5N3O6 2, 4, 6-Trinitrotoluene 1308.

(131,445)

B = C7H6N6O8 Trinitrophenyljnethylnitroamine (Tetryl)

1308.—(Continued) 0 C |-Mol%A A 80.5 100 78.2 95 75.9 90 70.9 80 A + A2B 67.4E I 73 A2B 67.6 ! 66.7 A2B + B 67.4E I 60 B 85.0 50 97.0 40 106.8 30 115.2 20 122.5 10 125.8 5 128.72 O 1309. v. p. 178 B = C7H6N2O4 2, 4-Dinitrotoluene v. also 1872 1310. v. p. 178 B = C7H6N2O4 2, 6-Dinitrotoluene 1311. (258) B = C7H6O2 m-Hydroxybenzaldehyde 0 C 1 Wt. % A A 81.0 I 100 A +B 65.5E I 81 B 105.0 I O 1312. v. p. 178 B = C7H7NO2 o-Nitro toluene v. also 1873 1313. v. p. 178 B = C7H7NO2 p-Nitrotoluene v. also 1872, 1873 1314. (208) B = C7H8O2 Dimethylpyrone 0 C I MoI % A A 80.7 100 78.3 95 75.6 90 72.7 85 69.8 80 66.8 75 A +B 63.OE I 69.5 B 69.3 65 75.9 60 82.5 55 88.9 50 94,8 45

1314.—(Continued) 0 C I MoI % A B 100.4 40 105.7 35 110.6 30 115.3 25 119.5 20 123.3 15 126.7 10 132.1 Q

1318—(Continued)

1315. (135) B = C8H9NO p-Aminoaeetophenone 0 C I Wt. % A A 80.6 I 100 A + AB 73.OE 91 AB 94.0 I 62.7 AB + B 85.OE I 40 B 105.0 I O

1319. (131) B = Ci2H5N7O12 Hexanitrodiphenylamine A 80.6 I 100 A +B 78.2E I 90

1316. (219) B = CioHs Naphthalene 0 C I MoI % A A 81.0 100 75.2 90 A + AB 70.5E 1 84.5 AB 79.0 80 90.5 70 94.8 60 96.5 50 95.2 40 90.0 30 80.1 20 AB + B 72.5E I 14 B 75.2 10 80.0 O 1317. (134) B = CioHieO Camphor 0 C I Wt. % A A 80.6 I 100 A +B 52.OE I 57 B 103.6 30 (178.0 O) 1318.

(449)

B = Ci 2 H 4 N 6 Oi 2 S Picryl sulfide A 81.5 100 80.5 95

0

C

I Wt. % A

A +B 78.5E 87.5 B

99.0 122.2 145.7 163.2 176.5 187.2d

80 70 60 50 40 30

1320. (265) B = Ci2HgN Carbazole A 81.5 100 A + AB 75.OE I 95.2 AB 93.0 90 121.5 80 AB + B 142.OU I .68.5 B 167.0 60 189.0 50 205.5 40 218.0 30 226.5 20 232.0 10 234.0 5 236.0 O 1321.

(109,132,265)

B = Ci 2 HiO Acenaphthene A 80.5 100 76.0 95 A +AB 73.OE I 92 AB 101.0 80 109.5 70 112.0 60 110.0 50 103.5 40 94.5 30 AB + B 81.OE I 18 B 87.5 10 91.5 5 95.0 O The references differ greatly on the acenaphthene side of the system

1322. (132) B = Ci 2 HnN Diphenylamine 0 C I Wt. % A A 80.6 I 100 A +B 31.OE I ca. 47 B 52.5 O The author believed a compound to be present, due to supercooling in the neighborhood of the eutectic 1323. (137) B = Ci 2 HnNa p-Aminoazobenzene A 79.5 I 100 A + AB 67.OE 81 AB 81.O 53.5 AB + B 79.OE 46 B 122.3 I O 1324. (230) B = CisHio Fluorene A 82.0 100 75.9 90 A + AB 71.5E I 83 AB 83.4 70 85. O 57.7 83.2 50 AB + B 78.5E I 42.5 B 92.0 30 99.7 20 106.2 10 112.5 O 1325.

(109, 252)

B = Ci 4 HiO Anthracene A 82.0 100 A + B 73.OE I 94 B 86.0 90 112.0 80 134.5 70 153.0 60 169.0 50 182.5 40 192.5 30 200.5 20

1325.—(Continued) 0 C I Wt. % A B 207.0 10 210.0 5 212.5 O 1326.

(228)

B = Ci 4 HiO Phenanthrene A 80.0 100 77.5 95 74.0 90 A + AB 69.OE I 85 AB 74.5 80 82.7 70 87.5 66 86.1 50 80.0 40 AB + B 75.5E 35.8 B 82.0 30 91.5 20 98.7 10 101.0 5 103.0 O 1327. (133) B = C n Hi 4 O Cinnamylideneacetophenone A 80.6 I 100 A + A2B 73.3E I 90 A2B 87.5 66 A2B + B 75.OE I 37 B 100.0 O 1328. (109) B = CisHis Retene A 78.8 I 100 A + AB 63.9E I 73.2 AB 78.6 I 49.2 AB + B 65.4E I 30.7 B 95.2 O 1329.

(243)

B = Ci9Hi6O Triphenyl carbinol A 81.0 I 100 A + B 76.OE I 92 B 159.5 I O

v. also 564, 594, C7H6ClNO 636, 714, 738, 1189,o-Chloroformanilide 1228, 1241, 1254, 1333. v. p. 178 1268.1, 1307, 1872, B = C7H6ClNO p-Chloroformanilide 1873

C7H5N3O7 Trinitroanisole 1330. (449) B = C12H4N6O12S Picryl sulfide 0 C j Wt. % A A 64.8 100 64.0 95 A + B 62.5E I 87 B 92.3 80 119.3 70 142.3 60 163.3 50 175.3 40 190.3d 30?

C7H5N3O7 Trinitrocresol 1331.

(411,

412)

B = C io-H-8 Naphthalene 0 C I MoI % A A 103 100 93 95.3 A + AB 88.5E I 94.5 AB 91 91.1 103 82.6 118 72.6 124 55.1 124. 5 50.0 124 44.1 120 34.5 113 26.0 105 18.4 93.0 11.7 AB + B 76.4E I 5.55 B 80.0 O

C7H5N5O8 Trinitrophenylmethylnitroamine (Tetryl) 1332. (131) B = C7H7NO2 p-Nitrotoluene 0 C I Wt. % A A +B 44.4E 24 B 53.0 I O v. also 8, 25, 49, 328, 501, 565, 595, 1032, 1036, 1268.2, 1308

C7H6ClNO2 2-Chloro-3nitrotoluene 1334. v. p. 178 B = C7H6ClNO2 2-Chloro-4nitrotoluene 1335. v. p. 178 B = C 7 H 6 ClNO 2 2-Chloro-5nitrotoluene 1336. (479) B = C7H6ClNO2 2-Chloro-6nitro toluene 0 C I MoI % A A 22.1 I 100 A + A3B2 18.OE I 90 A3B2 19.3 I 60 A3B2 + B 17.OE I 30 B 35.3 I O 1337. v. p. 179 B = C7H6ClNO2 3-Chloro-4-nitrotoluene 1338. v. p. 179 B = C7H6ClNO2 3-Chloro-6-nitrotoluene

C7H6ClNO2 2-Chloro-4-nitrotoluene 1339. (479) B = C7H6ClNO2 2-Chloro-5-nitrotoluene 0 C I MoI % A A 62.3 i 100 A +AB 32.OE I 53 AB 32.1 I 50 AB + B 27.OE 35 B 42.9 I O 1340. v. p. 179 B = C7H6ClNO2 2-Chloro-6-nitrotoluene v. also 1334

C7H6ClNO2 2-Chloro-5-nitrotoluene 1341. v. p. 179 B = C7H6ClNO2 2-Chloro-6-nitrotoluene v. also 1335, 1339 C7H6ClNO2 3-Chloro-4-nitrotoluene 1342. v. p. 179 B = C7H6ClNO2 3-Chloro-6-nitrotoluene v. also 1337

C7H6ClNO2 3-Chloro-6-nitrotoluene v. 1338, 1342

C7H6ClNO2 4-Chloro-2-nitrotoluene 1343. v. p. 179 B = C7H6ClNO2 4-Chloro-3-nitrotoluene

C7H6ClNO2 o-Nitrobenzyl chloride 1344. (173) B = C7H6ClNO2 p-Nitrobenzyl chloride 0 C I % A A 47.9 100 43.9 90 39.5 80 34.5 70 A +B 31.8E I 64.6 B 35.5 60 43.5 50 50.7 40 57.1 30 62.7 20 67.6 10 72.4 O v. also 979, 1874 C7H6ClNO2 ra-Nitrobenzyl

chloride v. 1874

C7H6ClNO2 p-Nitrobenzyl chloride v. 1344, 1874

C7H6Cl2 o-Chlorobenzyl chloride 1345. (466) B = C7H6Cl2 p-Chlorobenzyl chloride 0 C I % A A -19.4 100 A +B -30.OE I 78 B +27.9 I O Vx7H6JM2O3 o-Nitroformanilide 1346. v. p. 179 B = C7H6N2O3 p-Nitroformanilide

C7H6N2O4

2, 4-Dinitrotoluene 1347. v. p. 179 B = C7H6N2O4 2, 6-Dinitro toluene 1348.

B

==

(258)

C7H6O2

ra-Hydroxybenz-

aldehyde C I Wt, % A A 70.5 I 100 A+ B 55.OE 76 B 105.0 I O 0

1349. v. p. 179 B = C7H7NO2 o-Nitrotoluene v. also 1875 Ï350. v. p. 179 B = C7H7NO2 p-Nitrotoluene v. also 1872, 1875 1351.

(244, 256)

B = C7H9N p-Toluidine 0 C I Wt. % A A 70.0 100 65.4 95 60.5 90 50.9 80 40.6 70 28.8 60 A +B 15.5E I 50 B 25.4 40 31.2 30 35.8 20 39.8 10 41.5 5 43.5 O

1352. (222) B = CioHg Naphthalene 0 C I MoI % A A 71.5 100 65.9 90 59.8 80 A +AB 55.OE I 72.5 AB 58.9 60 60.1 50 59.0 40 AB + B 57.OE I 32.5 B 67.7 20 75.0 10 80.1 O 1353. (237) B = C10H9N a-Naphthylamine 0 C Wt. % A A 70.0 100 63.2 90 A + AB 53.OE I 77 AB 57.5 70 62.0 56 60.8 50 54.8 40 44.7 30 AB + B 34.OE I 21.2 B 41.9 10 48.0 O 1354. (237) B = C10H9N ß-Naphthylamine A 70.0 100 63.2 90 55.2 80 A +B 42.OE I 65.5 B 53.4 60 70.0 50 81.0 40 90.5 30 97.6 20 103.6 10 109.0 O 1355. (265) B = Ci 2 H 9 N Carbazole A 68.0 100 66.0 95 A +B 62.OE I 89

1355.—(Continued) 0 C Wt. % A B 106.0 80 135.0 70 158.5 60 179.0 50 197.0 40 212.0 30 222.0 20 230.0 10 233.4 5 236.0 O 1356. (132, 239) B = C12H10 Acenaphthene A 71.0 100 67.3 95 63.7 90 57.3 80 A +AB 54.8E 75 AB 60.2 60 61.0 54.1 AB + B 60.8E I 49 B 68.5 40 75.5 30 82.3 20 88.5 10 91.5 5 94.5 O 1357. (132) B = C12H11N Diphenylamine A 71.0 I 100 A +B 28.2E 43 B 52.5 I O 1358. v. p. 179 B = Ci3HiO Fluorene 1359. (252) B = C14HiO Anthracene A 70.5 100 68.0 95 A+ B 66.OE I 91 B 109.5 80 134.5 70 153.0 60 168.0 50 180.0 40 189.7 30 198.2 20 205.6 10 209.2 5 212.5 O

C7H6N2O4.(Continued) 1360.

(228)

B = C 14x110 Phenanthrene 0 C I Wt. % A A 69.0 100 66.7 95 64.3 90 58.8 80 51.7 70 41.5 60 A + B 37.OE 55.9 B 48.5 50 64.8 40 77.5 30 88.0 20 96.6 10 100.4 5 103.5 O 1361. (243) B = Ci 9 Hi 6 O Triphenyl carbinol A 68.5 I 100 A + B 65.OE I 88 B 159.5 I O v. also 77, 596, 716, 739, 980, 1191, 1218, 1229, 1242, 1255, 1309, 1872, 1875 C7H6N2O4 2, 6-Dinitrotoluene 1362. v. p. 179 B = C 7 H 7 NO 2 p-Nitrotoluene 1363. (244) B = C7H9N p-Toluidine A 63.5 I 100 A + B 18.OE I 45 B 44.0 I O 1364. (244) B = Ci0H9N a- Naphthy lamine A 63.5 I 100 A + B 7.5E I 38 B 49.0 I O 1365. (244) B = Ci0H9N /3-Naphthylamine

1365.—(Continued) 0 C Wt. % A A 63.5 I 100 A + B 45.OE I 76 B 110.0 O 1366. (244) B = Ci2Hio Acenaphthene A 63.5 I 100 A + B 46.OE I 73 B 94.0 I O 1367. (244) B = Ci 3 HiO Fluorene A 63.6 100 A + B 46.OE 70 B 112.5 O 1368.

(244)

B = CuHi 0 Anthracene A 63.5 I 100 . A + B 54.OE I 94 B 212.5 I O 1369. (228)

B = C^HIO Phenanthrene 0 C MoI % A A 65.0 I 100 A + B 40.OE 63.5 B 103.5 I O v. also 981, 1192, 1310, 1347 C7H6N2O4 3, 4-Dinitrotoluene 1370. (244) B = C7H9N p-Toluidine 0 C I Wt. % A A 58.5 I 100 A + B 11.3E I 59 B 44.0 O 1371. (244) B = Ci0H9N a-Naphthylamine A +58.5 I 100

1371.—(Continued) 0 C Wt. % A A + B -10.OE ! 46 B +47.8 I O 1372. (244)

B = C10H9N ß- Naphthy lamine A 58.5 I 100 A + B 33.OE I 72 B 109.4 I O 1373. (244) B = C i2Hio Acenaphthene A 58.5 I 100 A + B 39.OE I 70 B 94.0 O 1374.

(244)

B = Ci3Hi0 Fluorene A 58.5 I 100 A + B 37.2E I 71 B 112.0 I O 1375. (244) B = C 14Hi0 Anthracene A 58.5 I 100 A + B 55.OE I 98 B 212.0 I O 1376. (228) B = C 14Hi0 Phenanthrene 0 C I MoI % A A 59.0 I 100 A + B 33.OE 66 B 103.5 I O v. also 982, 1193 C7H6N2O1T^ 3, 5-Dinitrotoluene 1377.

(244)

B = C7H9N

p-Toluidine C I Wt. % A A 82.0 100 A + AB 25.OU I 50 AB + B 22.OE 39 0

1377.—(Continued) 0 C I Wt. % A B 44.0 i O 1378.

(244)

-t> = Ci0H9N a-Naphthy lamine A 82.2 100 A + AB 75.OE I 88 AB 107.8 I 56 AB + B 40.OE I 13 B 48.8 I O 1379. (244) B = C I0H9N ß-Naphthylamine A 82.2 I 100 A +AB 53. OE 73 AB 53.0 73-60 AB + B 53.OU I 60 B 108.4 I O 1380. (244) B = Ci2Hio Acenaphthene A 82.3 I 100 A + AB 72.OE I 85 AB 94.0 I 54.1 AB + B 79.OE 27 B 94.0 I O 1381.

1384. v. p. 179 B = C8H8N2O5 2,4-Dinitrophenetole

(244)

B = Ci4Hio Anthracene A 82.3 I 100 A + B 76.OE I 86 B 212.0 I O v. also 1194 C7H6N2O5 2, 4-Dinitroanisole

v. also 138, 982.3, 1051 C7H6O2 Benzoic acid 1390. (195) B = C7H6O3 Salicylic acid 1391. (255) B = C7H7NO Benzamide 0 C I Wt.. % A A 121.0 100 114.8 90 108.1 80 100.3 70 A + AxBy 85.5U I 56 AxBy

C7H6N2O5 2, 6-Dinitroanisole v. 1383 C7H6O Benzaldehyde, v. 134 C7H6O2 o-Hydroxybenzaldehyde v. 136, 982.1 C7H6O2 m-Hydroxybenzaldehyde 1385. v. p. 179 B = C7H6O2 Benzoic acid 1386. v. p. 179 B = C7H6O3 Salicylic acid 1387. v. p. 179 B = Ci0H8O «-Naphthol

(244)

B = Ci3Hi0 Fluorene A 82.3 I 100 A + B 42.OE I 61 B 112.2 I O 1382.

1383. (164) B = C7H6N2O5 2, 6-Dinitroanisole 0 C I Wt. % A A 86.0 100 82.0 93.73 78.05 88.23 73.7 82.89 72.7 81.02 67.4 74.84 A +B 61.8E ca. 63.3 B 117.5 I O

1388. v. p. 179 B = Ci0H8O /3-Naphthol

v. also 137, 597, 717, 740, 760, 778, 877, 930, 982.2, 1050, 1091, 1117, 1144, 1170, 1311, 1348

C7H6O2 p-Hydroxybenzaldehyde 1389.

(292)

B = C 8 HnN Dimethylaniline A + 115.0 100 A + B - 3. OE| 3 B + 2.0 I O

78.OE I B 86.1 98.0 108.2 116.5 120.3 124.0 1392.

+

B

46.5 40 30 20 10 5 O

(76.5, 344)

B = C7H8 Toluene 121.7 100 112.6 90 104.1 80 95.8 70 87.8 60 79.4 50 70.2 40 59.8 30 46.6 20 26.0 10 6.0 5 1393. (208) B = C7H8O2 Dimethylpyrone 0 C I MoI % A A 121.0 100 117.2 95 113.1 90 108.6 85 103.2 80 95.9 75 87.2 70 75.7 65 59.6 60 A + AB 48.OE I 57 AB 50.5 I 50 AB + B 50.3E I 48.5 B 70.8 45 84.9 40 95.8 35

1393.—(Continued) 0 C I Mol % A B 105.2 30 112.9 25 119.0 20 123.6 15 127.2 10 132.1 O 1394. (8» 12) B = C7H9N o-Toluidine A 121.4 100 113.5 90 105.2 80 95.7 70 84.6 60 70.5 50 53.3 40 30.3 30 A + AB + 6.OU I 23 AB -19.5 10 AB + B -31.5E I 4.5 B -24.3 O 1395. (8, 12) B = C7H9N p-Toluidine A 121.4 100 113.2 90 104.0 80 90.5 70 72.0 60 A + AB 52.4E I 51.7 AB 52.5

50.7 46.6 AB + 28.OE I B 33.3 38.4 43.5

50

45 40 B 30 20 10 O

1396. v. p. 179 B = CgHeOa Piperonal 1397. v. p. 179 B = C8H8O Acetophenone 1398. (209) B = C8H8O2 Phenylacetic acid A 121.4 100 114.3 90 106.7 80 98.O 70

1398.—(Continued) C C I MoI % A A 87.8 60 75.5 50 60.1 40 A +B 52.OE I 35 B 55.6 30 63.0 20 70.2 10 76.7 O 1399. (U) B = C9H7N

Quinoline A 121.4 I 100 A + AB +23.OE I 50 AB 23.O I

50

AB + B -40.6E 17 B -22.0 I O 1400. v. p. 179 B = C9H8O2 Cinnamic acid 1401. v. p. 179 B = C1QH8 Naphthalene 1402. (U) B = C ioHgN a-Naphthylamine A 121.4 100 A +B 34.0 I 25 B 48.2 I O 1403. (U) B = CioHgN

/3-Naphthylamine A 121.4 I 100 A +B 78.7E I 50 B 111.5 I O 1404.

(100, 204)

B — CioHieO

Camphor A 121.4 I 100 A +B 56.5E I 37.5 B 178.0 I O 1405.

(248)

B = C 11 H 12 N 2 O

Antipyrine C Wt. % A A 121.0 100 0

1405.—(Continued) 0 C I Wt. % A A + AB 59.5E I 49.5 AB 66.0 39.3 AB + B 59.5E I 31.7 B 109'. 1 I O 1406. (U) B = C12H11N Diphenylamine 0 C I MoI % A A 121.4 I 100 A + B 50.6E 8 B 53.2 I O

1409.-— (Continued) 0 C MoI % A A + AB 68.OE 56.5 AB 71.9 50 69.8 45 AB+ B 68.OE 42.5 B 93.4 35 105.7 30 114.4 25 120.1 20 124.6 15 127.9 10 132.1 O 1410. (ioo) B = CioHißO

Camphor A 1407. v. p. 179 156.2 I 100 B = C 1 4H 1 oO 2 A +B Benzil 55.OE I 33.5 B v. also 9, 91, 113, 135, 177, 195, 279,178.0 I O 303, 329, 379, 409, 1411. (36) 501.1, 511, 858, 983, B = C1C)H18O 1190, 1289, 1292, Cineole 0 1294, 1300, 1306, C Wt. % A 1385, 1869 A 157.0 I 100 C7H6O3 A + B Salicylic acid -11.OE I 20.5 1408. (231) B B = C7H7NO + 1.0 I Q Benzamide 0 1412. (238) C I Wt. % A A B = C 11 H 12 N 2 O Antipyrine 157.0 100 A A + AB 114.8E 64 155.0 I 100 AB A + AB 116.0 53.3 72.OE I 54.5 AB + AB2 AB 108.5E I 36.5 89. O 43. 2 AB + B AB2 72.OE I 26.5 108. 5 I 36.3 B AB2 + B 109.8 I O 106.OE I 24 v. also 92, 304, 331, B 365, 379.1, 410, 124.8 Q 467.1, 985, 1386, 1409. (208) 1390 B = C7H8O2 Dimethylpyrone C7H6O3 0 C MoI % A ra-Hydroxybenzoic A acid 1413. (231) 158.9 100 155.8 95 B = C7H7NO 152.3 90 Benzamide A 147.3 85 140.8 80 193.0 I 100 132.7 75 A + AB 122.3 70 81.4U I 38 109.3 65 AB+ B 89.1 60 79.3E 35

1413.—(Continued) 0 C Wt. % A B 124.8 O 1414. (36) B = CioH18O Cineole A 200.0 I 100 A+ B -13.OE I 20 B + 1.0 I O v. also 332, 987 C7H6O3 p-Hydroxybenzoic acid 1415. (231) B = C7H7NO Benzamide A (210.0 I 100) A + AB 3 74.9E 39 AB 3 + B 79.8U I 30 B 124.8 O 1416. (36) B = C1QH18O Cineole A 214.0 100 A + AB 60.OU 20 AB + B -8.OE 3 B + 1.0 I O v. also 333, 989 C7H7Br o-Bromotoluene 1417. v. p. 179 B = C7H7Br p-Bromotoluene C7H7Br p-Bromotoluene 1418.

(375)

B = C8H1Q p-Xylene A 26.74 100 24.8 95 22.7 90 18.2 80 A + AxB3, 12.OU 70 AxB5, 9.4 60 6.1 50 AxBy

2.39E|

+

B

39.22

1418.—(Continued) 0 C I Wt. % A B 4.9 30 7.7 20 10.5 10 12.0 5 13.35 O 1419.

(375)

B = C8H1QO2

Veratrole A +26.74 I 100 A +B - 3.33E| 52.6 B +22.22 I O 1420. (375) B = C ioH. 14\J Thymol A 26.74 100 24.15 95 21.8 90 17.8 80 14.2 70 A + B 11.35E[ 64.5 B 22.7 50 28.8 40 34.2 30 39.5 20 44.5 10 46.8 5 49.2 O 1421.

(375)

B = C21H21N Tribenzylamine A +26.73 I 100 A + B -14.19E 69.03 B +91.3 I O v. also 249, 487, 681, 991, 1052, 1267, 1417 C7H7Cl o-Chlorotoluene 1422. v. p. 179 B = C7H7Cl p-Chloro toluene C7H7Cl Benzyl chloride 1423.

(482)

B = C7H8O

Anisole I MoI % A A -41.1 100 -55.3 76.3 -63.0 67.0 -70.7 52.4 0

C

C7H7CL(Continued) 1423.—(Continued) 0 C I MoI % A A+ B -72.8E 50 B -70.5 47.2 -59.8 34.0 -46.2 16.4 -37.2 O 1424. (482) B = C7H9N Methylaniline

C7H7ClN2O2 6-Chloro-4-nitrow-toluidine 1425.

(343)

B = C7H7ClN2O2 6-Chloro-3-nitrop-toluidine Mix.

158.5 139.Ot 164.5

100 40 O

C7H7ClO2S o-Toluenesulfone chloride 1426. v. p. 179 B = C7H7ClO2S p-Toluenesulfone chloride C7H7NO a-Benzaldoxime 1427. (67) B = C7H7NO

/3-Benzaldoxime 0 C %A A 34.5 100 30.0 96.0 28.6 95.0 26.2 91.7 A+ B 25.5E I 91.0 B 46.0 73.7 79.0 49.2 101.0 26.2 131.0 0.0 a + ß in stable equil. at 27.7° and 94% a. C7H7NO Benzamide 1428.

(269)

B = C8Hi0N2O Nitrosodimethylaniline 0 C Wt. % A A 121.5 I 100.0

1428.—(Continued) 0 C I Wt. % A A + AB2 65.OE I 30 AB2 65.0 26 .4 AB2 + B 65.OE I 23 B 84.5 I O 1429. (231) B = Ci0H8O a-Naphthol A 124.8 100 A+ B 38.3E I 41 B 92.0 I Q 1430. (231) B = Ci0H8O ß-Naphthol A 124.8 I 100 A+ B 54.3E 40 B 122.0 I O 1431. (240) B = CioHgO2 1, 4-Dihydroxynaphthalene A 128.0 I 100 A +B 91.OE I 61.5 B 183.0 O 1432. (240) B = C10H8O2 1, 5-Dihydroxynaphthalene A 128.0 I 100 A+ B 106.OE I 72 B 250.0 I O 1433. (240) B = C ioH8O2 1, 6-Dihydroxynaphthalene A 128.0 I 100 A+ B 90.OE I 45 B 135.0 I O 1434. (240) B = Ci0H8O2 1, 8-Dihydroxynaphthalene A 128.0 I 100

1434.—(Continued) 0 C I Wt. % A A+ B 46.OE I 46 B 137.0 I O

C7H7NO2 o-Nitro toluene 1439. v. p. 179 B = C7H7NO2 m- Nitro toluene v. also 1876

1435. (240) B = Ci0H8O2 2, 3-Dihydroxynaphthalene A 128.0 I 100 A + A3B 106.OE I 75 A3B 113.O 69.4 A3B + B 80.OE I 48 B 162.0 i O

1440. v. p. 179 B = C7H7NO2 p-Nitrotoluene

1436. (240) B == Ci0H8O2 2, 6-Dihydroxynaphthalene A 128.0 I 100 A+B 87.OE 48 B 216.0 O 1437. (240) B = Ci0H8O2 2, 7-Dihydroxynaphthalene A 128.0 I 100 A+ B 78.OE I 52 B 186.0 O 1438.

(255)

B = CuHi 0 O 3 Benzoic anhydride 0 C I MoI % A A 126.5 100 121.0 90 114.0 80 108.0 70 102.0 60 93.0 50 86.0 40 77.0 30 65.0 20 A+ B 37.OE I 8 B 42.0 I O v. also 280, 334, 458, 878,906,931, 1053, 1092, 1118, 1145, 1171, 1391, 1408, 1413, 1415

v. also 859, 1312, 1349, 1873, 1875, 1876 C7H7NO2 m-Nitro toluene 1441. v. p. 179 B = C 7 H 7 NO 2 p-Nitro toluene

v. also 1876 1442. (413) B = Ci2Hi8O8 Diethyl diacetyltartrate 0 C I MoI % A A 16.1 100.0 14.0 95.55 A+B 9.85E| 86.2 B 20.2 75.96 27.9 69.07 33.6 62.36 38.2 54.82 42.0 47.24 44.35 41.73 47.9 34.14 53.5 22.24 57.2 15.06 63.7 4.85 67.0 0.0 v. also 1439, 1876

C7H7NO3 p-Nitroanisole 1445. v. p. 179 B = C12H11N Diphenylamine v. also 395

1453.—(Continued) 0 C MoI % A B 4.9 10 7.5 5 10.0 O

C7Hg

1454. (90, 118) B = C7H8O p-Cresol A 30.45 100 28.0 95 25.3 90 19.5 80 13.1 70 6.0 60 A + AB2 2.4E I 55.5 AB2 5.8 50 8.2 40 8.7 33.3 AB2 + B 8.7E I 33.3 B 19.9 20 27.4 10 30.8 5 34.15 O

Toluene 1446. v. p. 179 B — Ci0H8 Naphthalene 1447.

(475)

B = Ci2H9N Carbazole g B per 0 C 100 g A 10.0 0.51 20.0 0.63 30.0 0.85 40.0 1.17 50.0 1.60 60.0 2.10 70.0 2.75 80.0 3.57 100.0 6.1 1448. v. p. 179 B = Ci 2 Hi 0 Acenaphthene 1449. v. p. 179 B = Ci 3 Hi 0 Fluorene 1450. v. p. 179 B = C 14H8O2 Anthraquinone 1451. v. p. 179 B = C 14Hi0 Anthracene 1452. v. p. 179

(158.1)

A 30.08 100 27.7 95 24.8 90 18.0 80 10.1 70 A + AB O.OE I 59 AB 6.0 55 B = C^HIO ca. 7.8 60 Phenanthrene 7.6 45 v. also 34, 233, 250, 6.5 40 396, 682, 879, 907, AB + B 932, 992, 1392 C7H7NO2 1.57 I 36 p-Nitrotoluene C7H8O B 1443. v. p. 179 o-Cresol 9.6 30 B = Ci0H8 1453. (9O, li8) 19.1 20 Naphthalene B = C7H8O 27.7 10 ra-Cresol 1444. (130) 34.8 O 0 C I MoI % A B = Ci 2 HuN 1455. (208) A Diphenylamine 0 B = C7H8O2 30.45 100 C Wt. % A Dimethylpyrone 28.3 95 A A 25.9 90 53.0 I 100 30.3 100 20.8 80 A + B 27.4 95 15.3 70 18.5E I 49 A + A2B 22.3 90 B A + A2B 8.5U I 58.5 52.5 I O 17.OE I 86 AB v. also 394, 741, 860, 8.0 2 50 A2B 1195, 1313, 1332, 7.0 40 36.0 80 1350, 1362, 1440, 5.4 30 44.8 75 1441, 1872, 1873, A2B + B 49.5 70 1875, 1876 50.4 66.7 1.5E I 16.5

1455.—(Continued) 0 C I Mol % A A2B + AB 46.OE I 61.5 AB 52.9 55 54.4 50 AB+ B 54.3E I 49 B 73.9 45 87.8 40 98.3 35 106.5 30 113.5 25 119.5 20 123.6 15 127.0 10 132.1 O v. also 78, 139, 196, 221, 512, 598, 1054, 1196 C7H8O m-Cresol 1456. (90,118) B = C7H8O p-Cresol A 10.0 100 6.7 95 A + A2B 3.OE 89 A2B 6.8 80 9.6 66.7 9.1 60 6.7 50 A2B + B 2.5E I 41.5 B 12.3 30 20.2 20 27.6 10 31.0 5 34.15 O v. also 1863 1457. (208) B

=

C7H8O2

Dimethylpyrone A 10.9 100 + 5.9 95 - 2.0 90 A + A2B - 9.OE I 86.5 A2B +12.2 80 20.2 75 24.6 70 25.4 66.7 22.7 60 A2B+ B 20.OE 56.8

1457.—(Continued) 0 C I MoI % A B 55.7 50 74.4 45 87.8 40 97.7 35 106.3 30 112.9 25 118.4 20 123.0 15 126.7 10 132.1 O v. also 79, 140, 197, 222, 513, 599, 1055, 1197, 1453, 1863 C7H8O p-Cresol 1458. (208) B = C7H8O2 Dimethylpyrone A 34.1 100 29.0 95 21.9 90 + 8.3 85 A + A2B ca. -18.OE 80 A2B + 8.4 75 18.6 70 20.3 66.7 A2B + AB 19.OE I 63 AB + B 28.OU I 55.5 B 55.4 50 73.8 45 87.5 40 97.5 35 105.9 30 112.5 25 118.2 20 123.0 15 126.6 10 132.1 O v. also 80, 141, 198, 223, 514, 600, 1056, 1198,1454,1456,1863 C7H8O Anisole, v. 1423 C7H8O2 Dimethylpyrone 1459. (208) B = CgHgO2 o-Toluic acid A 132.1 100 125.9 90 122.1 85

1459.—(Continued) 0 C I MoI % A A 116.9 80 110.8 75 103.7 70 95.0 65 84.9 60 72.7 55 58.5 50 A + AB 47.5U 1 46.7 AB + B 46.OE I 43.7 B 66.9 35 76.5 30 84.2 25 90.2 20 94.9 15 98.7 10 101.3 5 103.4 O 1460. (208) B = C8H8O2 w-Toluic acid A 132.1 100 126.6 90 122.3 85 117.1 80 111.3 75 104.3 70 95.3 65 84.5 60 A + AB 63.8E 52 AB 64.1 50 62.8 45 AB + B 58.7E 37.8 B 65.7 35 77.2 30 86.7 25 94.0 20 99.2 15 103.0 10 105.7 5 107.6 O 1461. (208) B = C8H8O2 p-Toluic acid A 132.1 100 127.9 90 124.8 85 120.9 80 115.4 75 107.8 70 97.8 65 A + AB 85.OE I 59.5 AB 87.1 I 55

1461.—(Continued) 0 C I MoI % A AB + B 88.OU I 51.5 B 114.3 127.3 138.0 146.7 154.0 160.2 165.5 170.3 174.6 178.5

45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 O

1462. (208)

B = C8H8O2 Phenylacetic acid A 132.1 100 126.6 90 122.5 85 117.5 80 111.8 75 104.6 70 95.9 65 85.0 60 71.7 55 55.3 50 A +AB 22.5U I 43 AB 20.8 40 23.2 35 AB+ B 15.5E I 37 B 38.0 30 48.8 25 57.6 20 64.1 15 69.2 10 73.3 5 76.7 O 1463. (208) B = C8H8O3 Mandelic acid A 132.1 100 124.8 90 120.2 85 114.8 80 108.3 75 100.0 70 88.9 65 A+AB 65.OE I 57.6 AB 67.2 55 69.3 50 AB + AB2 67.2E I 44.5 AB2 71.2 40 74. O 33.3

1463.—(Continued) 0 C I MoI % A AB2+ B 73.9E 32.5 B 79.5 30 88.9 25 96.7 20 103.0 15 108.6 10 113.4 5 117.0 O 1464. (208) 13 — CgH8O2 Cumaruie acid A 132.1 100 126.3 90 122.3 85 117.7 80 111.9 75 105.2 70 96.9 65 86.8 60 A + AB 72.5E 54.3 AB 73.2 50 AB + B 72.OE 42.7 B 88.2 40 100.2 35 109.8 30 117.0 25 122.7 20 127.2 15 131.0 134.2 136.8

10 5 O

1465. (208) B = CgHi 0 O 2

Hydrocinnamic acid A 132.1 100 126.8 90 118.6 80 106.0 70 97.7 65 87.4 60 75.3 55 60.1 50 42.0 45 +20.5 40 A +B - 2.OE I 36.5 B +14.3 30 24.0 25 30.6 20 36.1 15 40.2 10 43.2 5 45.0 O

1466. (208) B = Ci0H8O a-Naphthol 0 C I MoI % A A 132.1 100 126.6 90 123.2 85 119.0 80 113.0 75 105.5 70 96.8 65 83.5 60 A +AB 65.OE I 55 AB 69.8 I 50 AB + A 2 B 3 69.8E| 50 A2B3 77.5 45 79.1 40 77.1 35 70.6 30 A2B3 + B 53.OE 24 B 67.2 20 79.4 15 86.6 10 91.8 5 96.1 Q 1467. (208) B = Ci0H8O /3-Naphthol A 132.1 100 127.5 90 124.0 85 119.2 80 112.7 75 105.2 70 96.5 65 83.3 60 66.1 55 A + A2B3 35.OE I 49.5 A2B3 37.8 I 45 A2B3 + AB2 39.5U I 41 AB2 44.6 I 33.3 AB2 + B 44.OE I 31.5 B 80.0 25 95.3 20 106.0 15 113.2 10 118.0 5 121.6 O v. also 61, 142, 178, 199, 281, 366, 367, 434, 436, 457, 566,

1472. (220) C7H8O2.- (Cont'd) 601, 779, 880, 908, B = C 8 Hi 0 N 2 O Nitrosodimethyl933, 1057, 1304, aniline 1314, 1393, 1409, 0 C I MoI % A 1455, 1457, 1458 AB2 -17.0 94.8 C 7 HgO2 + 15.0 85.7 Guaiacol 1468. ( 3 9 5 , 3 9 6 ) 70.0 33 B = CioH9N AB2 + B a-Naphthylamine 66.7E I 21.5 0 C Mol % A B A 86.0 I O 28.1 I 100 v. also 281.1, 1058, A + AB 1199, 1394 14.3E I 77 AB C H N 21.4 ! 50 AB + B

19.8E 1 B 48.5 I

40 O

7

9

m-Toluidine 1473. v. p. 179 B = C7H9N

p-Toluidine v. also 281.2

1469. (36) B = CioHigO Cineole 0 C I Wt. % A A 30.0 100 A + AB 2.5E I 57 AB + 5.0 I 44.6 AB + B - 5.OE I 23 B + 1 . O l O 1470. (34) B = CisHioOs Salol A 29.0 100 24.5 90 19.0 80 13.5 70 9.0 60 A + B 3.OE i 47 B 8.0 40 16.5 30 25.0 20 33.0 10 42.0 O v. also 200, 224, 602

C7H9N Methylaniline v. 1424 C7H9N o-Toluidine 1471. v. p. 179 B = C7H9N

p-Toluidine

C7H9N p-Toluidine 1474. (220) B = C8H10N2O

Nitrosodimethylaniline A 43.0 ] 100 A + AB2 27.2E I 73.3 AB2 + B 48. 5E I 33.3 B 86.0 O 1475. v. p. 180 B = Ci0H8 Naphthalene 1476.

(381, 467)

B = Ci0H8O

a-Naphthol A 43.1 100 A + AB 30.OE 81.5 AB

63.6

50

AB + B 52.OE I 40 B 93.9 I O 1477.

(247, 264, 467)

B = Ci0H8O

/3-Naphthol 0 C I Wt. % A A 43.5 I 100 A + AB 38.2E I 89 AB 81.5 1 42.6

1477.—(Continued) 0 C I Wt. % A AB + B 78.OE I 33.5 B 122.0 I O 1478. ( 467 ) B = Ci0HgN a-Naphthylamine 0 C I MoI % A A 45 100.0 23 66.67 B 14 50.0 25 33.3 50 0.0 1479. (467) B = C10H9N /3-Naphthylamine A 45 100.0 28 66.67 B 30.0 50.0 43.0 33.33 112 0.0 1480. (ioi) B 1^ C ioH igO Camphor A 45 I 100.0 A + AB +3.8E 50 AB + B -2.5E 1 42 B 178.0 I O 1481. (379)

B — Ci0H2QO Menthol A 45.0 100 41.2 89.22 33.8 72.98 29.5 59.34 21.7 46.26 A+ B 19.5E I 43 B 20.5 41.31 25.0 32.92 31.0 20.73 38.5 7.03 43.0 0.0 1482. (467)

B = Ci 2 HuN Diphenylamine A 45 100 24.5 66.67 B 29 50.0 35 33.3 54 0.0

1483. (260) B = CisHioO Benzophenone 0 C I Wt. % A A 43.5 I 100 A +B 6.OE 36 B 47.1 I O 1484. (467)

B = C14H10 Anthracene 0 C I MoI % A A 45 I 100 B 156 66.67 170 50.00 184 33.33 213 0.00 1485. (254)

B = Ci9H1O Triphenylmethane 0 C I Wt. % A A 44.0 [ 100 A+ B 33.OE i 64 B 89.2 I O 1486. (271) Jo — C i<)H igO

Triphenyl carbinol A 43.0 I 100 A + B 36.2E I 72 B 159.2 I O v. also 281.3, 335, 459.81, 488, 718, 742, 761, 881, 909, 934, 1059, 1093, 1119, 1146, 1172, 1201, 1219, 1225, 1351, 1363, 1370, 1377, 1395, 1471, 1473, 1860 C7E9NO2S o-Toluenesulfonamide 1487. v. p. 180 B = C7H9NO2S

p-Toluenesulfonamide C 7 Hie Heptane v. 1290, 1293, 1295

1488.—(Continued) 0-Naphthol 0 C I MoI % A A 124.5 100.0 120.0 90.0 110.0 74.0 100.0 64.3 90.0 56.0 80.0 48.7 A+ B 67.OE I 39.0 B 70.0 37.3 80.0 32.0 90.0 26.0 100.0 19.0 110.0 11.0 122.0 0.0 v. also 1877 1489. (38) B = C^HioOs Salol A 124.5 100.0 120 85.0 110 60.0 100 43.0 90 31.0 80 24.5 70 20.0 60 16.7 50 13.8 40 11.5 A + B 34E I 10.0 B 42.5 I 0.0 v. also 1877

C8HîCl2O2 s^/m-Phthalyl chloride 1490. v. p. 180 B = C 8 H 4 Cl 2 O 2 as?/ra-Phthalyl chloride C 8 H4O3

Phthalic anhydride 1491. (341) B = C8H6O4

Phthalic acid A 130.84 I 100 A + B 129.74EJ 98.25 B 146.4 95 (CCT. 208 Q)

C 7 Hi 6 O4O 2

Sulfonal 1488. (38) B = C10H8O

1492. v. p. 180 JS = C10Hg Naphthalene

1493. (ioo) B = CioHigO Camphor 0 C I MoI % A A 128.5 I 100 A+ B 84.7E I 31 B 178.0 I O v. also 26 CgHoBTaO2 Acetyltribromophenol, v. 541 C8H5NO6 Nitropiperonal v. 143 C8H6BrClO2 Phenyl bromochloroacetate 1494. (81) B = C8H6Cl2O2

Phenyl dichloroacetate Mix. 43.7 100 46.25 O C8H6O2 Phthalide 1495. (294) B = Ci 9 HnNa Triphenylguanidine 0 C i Wt. % A A3 72.8 I 100 Am 65.0 I 100 A0 + Bm 51.5E I 72 Am + B1n 49.4E I 70 A 8 + B8 60.5E 68 Am + B8 58.OE ! 66 Bm 138.0 I O B8 142.4 I O v. also 305 C8H6O3 Piperonal 1496. (114) B = Ci 2 HiO Acenaphthene A 80.2 I 100 A + B 67.5E 69 B 92.5 I O

v. also 144, 201, 225, 1396

C8H6O3 0-Aldehydobenzoic acid v. 993

C8H6O3 w-Aldehydobenzoic acid v. 994 C8H6O3 p-Aldehydobenzoic acid g;. 995

C8H6O4 o-Phthalic acid v. 93, 336, 411, 1491 C8H7BrClNO 2-Bromo-4-chloroacetanilide 1497. (355) B = C8H7BrClNO 4-Bromo-2-chloroacetanilide 0 C I % A Mix. 151.4 100 134.6 I O v. also 337 C8H7BrClNO 4-Bromo-2-chloroacetanilide 1498. (355) B = C8H7Br2NO 2, 4-Dibromoacetanilide 0 C I % A Mix. 151.4 100 144.7 O 1499. (355) B = C8H7Cl2NO 2, 4-Dichloroacetanilide Mix. 151.4 100 144.1 O v. also 338, 1497 C8H7Br2NO 2, 4-Dibromoacetanilide v. 339, 1498 C8H7ClN2O3 4-Nitro-2-chloroacetanilide 1500. ( 6 2) B = C8H7ClN2O3 d-Nitro-2-chloroacetanilide

1500.—(Continued) 0 C ( % A A 141.9 100 A + B 127.5E I 77.5 B 192.2 O C 8 H 7 ClN 2 O 3 4-Nitro-3-chloroacetanilide 1501. (62) B = C8H7ClN2O3 6-Nitro-3-chloroacetanilide A 144.0 100 A+ B 98.OE 38 B 117.4 I O C8H7Cl2NO 2, 4-Dichloroacetanilide 1502. (355) B = C8H8ClNO 4-Chloroacetanilide 0 C I MoI % A A 144.1 I 100 A + B 127.6E I 61.9 B 179.0 I O v. also 340, 1499

C8H7NO4

o-Nitrophenyl acetate v. 882 C8H7N3O5 2, 4-Dinitroacetanilide 1504. v. p. 180 B = C8H8N2O3 p-Nitroacetanilide

C8H7N3O6 2, 4, 6-Trinitro-raxylene v. 637, 1268.3 C8H8BrNO p-Bromoacetanilide v. 341 C8H8ClNO 2-Chloroacetanilide 1505.

(354.5)

B = C8H8ClNO 4-Chloroacetanilide 0 C I Wt. % A A 86.8 I 100 A+ B 77.OE I 14.5

1505.—(Continued) 0 C ( Wt. % A B 179.0 I O v. also 996 C8H8ClNO 3-Chloroacetanilide v. 997

C8H8ClNO 4-Chloroacetanilide v. 342, 998, 1502, 1505 O8JEl8JN2O3 o-Nitroacetanilide v. 999 C8H8N2O3 m- Nitro acetanilide v. 1000

C8H8N2O3 p-Nitroacetanilide v. 1001, 1504 C8H8N2O4 2, 3-Dinitro-pxylene 1506. (40) B = C8H8N2O4 2, 6-Dinitro-pxylene 0 C I MoI % A A 91.6 100 A + AB 81.8E I 83 AB 96.2 I 50 AB + B 95.8E i 44 B 122.0 I O C8H8N2O5 2, 4-Dinitrophenetole v. 1384 C8H8O Acetophenone 1507. (249) B = Ci0H8O a-Naphthol 0 C I Wt. % A A 20.0 I 100 A + AB 0.0 I 68 AB + B 13. OU I 45. 5 B 93.2 I O 1508.

(249)

B = Ci0H8O /3-Naphthol

1508.—(Continued) 0 C I Wt. % A A 20.0 I 100 A +AB 2.OE 68 AB + B 8.OU 54 B 121.5 I O v. also 145, 202, 603, 780, 883, 910, 935, 1002, 1060, 1094, 1120, 1147, 1173, 1397

C8H8O2 Anisaldehyde v. 146 C8H8O2 Aldehydohydroxymethylbenzenes v. 1002.1, 1002.2, 1002.3

C8H8O2 Phenylacetic acid 1509. v. p. 180 x>

==

CgHi0O2

Hydrocinnamic acid v. also 94, 147, 179, 203, 343, 412, 604, 1398, 1462

C8H8O2 o-Toluic acid v. 148, 180, 204, 605, 1459 C8H8O2 ra-Toluic acid v. 149, 181, 205, 606, 1460 C8H8O2 p-Toluic acid v. 150, 182, 206, 1461

1510.—(Continued) 0 C I Wt. % A AB 118.O I 50 AB + B 113.OE I 38.5 B 118 30 123.2 20 128.0 10 130.4 5 132.8 O

C8H8O3 Z-Mandelic acid v. 427, 1510 C/8H8O3 dZ-Mandelic acid v. 95, 344, 413, 1463 C8H8O3 Methyl salicylate 1511. (36) B = Ci 0 Hi 8 O Cineole A + 1.0 I 100 A +A B ---41.5E I 78 AB -15.0 I 49.7 AB + B -18.OE I 39

+ 1.0

B I

Q

C8H8O3 Vanillin 1512. (114) B = Ci 2 HiO Acenaphthene 0 C I Wt. % A A 80.2 I 100 A + B 67.5E I 69 B 92.5 I O v. also 152, 207

C8H8O2 Methyl benzoate v. 151

C8H9NO p-Aminoacetophenone v. 544, 1315

Cx8H8O3 d-Mandelic acid 1510. (L 72) B = C8H8O3 Z-Mandelic acid A 132.8 100 130.4 95 128.0 90 123.2 80 118.0 70 A +AB 113.OE 61.5

C8H9NO Acetanilide 1513. (65) B = CnHi 2 N 2 O Antipyrine 0 C I MoI % A A 113.5 100 109.0 90 100.0 80 85.0 70 73.7 65 60.0 60

1513.—(Continued) 0 C I MoI % A A+ B 45.OE I 55 B 58.0 50 68.5 45 78.0 40 85.0 35 90.0 30 99.0 20 107.0 10

113.0

O

v. also 96, 345, 397, 743, 781, 1002.4, 1033, 1061

C8H9NO3 tt-N-Acetylbenzoylhydroxylamine 1514. (67) B = C8H9NO3 /3-AT-Acetylbenzoylhydroxylamine A 99 I 100 A + B 65.5E I 25 B 70 I O A + B in stable equil. at 95° and 93% A

C8HiO m-Xylene v. 1029.1, 1033.1, 1036.1, 1121

C8HiO p-Xylene 1515. (375) B = C 8 Hi 0 O2 Veratrole 0 C I Wt. % A A 13.35 ÌOO.O 8.04 82.83 4.03 70.03 + 1.47 62.26 -1.51 55.63 A+ B -4.00EI 51.01 B -1.99 42.65 +1.73 36.78 5.85 29.19 10.64 20.32 16.10 10.41 19.87 4.10 22.40 O.OQ 1516. v. p. 180 B = Ci3Hi0 Fluorene

1522. (220) 606.1, 781.1, 883.1, C9H12N2O CgHgO2 Coumarin B = C1QHgN 910.1, 935.1, 1066.1, p-Nitrosopropylv. 567 1094.1, 1121.1, aniline v. also 251, 282, 424, /3-Naphthylamine 0 1534. (201) C i Mol .% A 1147.1, 1173. 1, 428, 489, 1003, 1062, C9H7BrO 1400, 1464 A B = C 9 Hi 2 N 2 O 2 1268, 1269, 1283, a-Bro mo cinnamic p-Nitropropyl86.0 100 1418 aldehyde C9HioO2 aniline A + A3B2 0 1527. (288) Hydro cinnamic C ( Wt. % A C8H ioN2 73.5E 84.5 B = C9H7ClO acid Mix. a-AcetaldehydeA3B2 a-Chloro cinnamic v. 97, 347, 414, 1465, 56.5 phenylhydrazone 100 86.2 60 aldehyde 1509 1517. (420.5) A3B2 + B 40.5f 40.5 0 C MoI % A 62.9 O B = CgH10N2 81.8E I 35.5 C9H ioO2 Mix. ß-AcetaldehydeB Ethyl benzoate 69.56 100 phenylhydrazone 110.0 I O C9H13N v. 155 0 31.22 O C MoI % A 2, 4, 6-Trimethyl1523. (269) Mix. C9HioO2 aniline B = C13H9N C9H7N 98.6 100 Methyl p-toluate v. 282.2 Acridine Quinoline v. 156 56.0 O v. also 306, 515, v. 838, 1066, 1399, Ci0Hi5NO 1063, 1202, 1230, 1520 CgH iolM2O CgHioQa d-Carvoxime 1243, 1256, 1428, p-NitrosomonoMethyl C9H8 1535. (i) 1472, 1474 ethylaniline d-mandelate Indene B = Ci0H15NO 1518. (201) 1532. (72) C8Hi0N2O 1528. v. p. 180 Z-Carvoxime B = C8Hi 0 N 2O 2 B — C9Hi0Oa 0 AcetylphenyleneB = C10Hg C I MoI % A p-NitromonoMethyl diamines Naphthalene A ethylaniline Z-mandelate v. 1003.1, 1003.2, 0 72.0 I 100 Mix. 1529. v. p. 180 C I MoI % A 1003.3 Mixed crystals 74.1 100 B = Ci2H10 A *L I k I Acenaphthene 54.6 100 54.Of 70 CgHiON2O2 A + AB 94.0 O p-Nitro monoethyl53.1 95 1530. v. p. 180 75.4 73.0 95 51.7 90 aniline B = Ci3Hi0 C8HioN2O 79.075.0 90 48.9 80 v. 1518 Fluorene Nitrosodimethyl84.680.0 80 A + AB aniline C8HiC)N4O2 88.2 85.0 70 46.OE I 70 C H O 9 8 2 1519. (220) Caffeine 90.4 89.0 60 AB Cinnamic acid B = C8H11N 1524. v. p. 180 AB 1530.1. (274.1) 48.8 60 w-Xylidine B = C11H12N2O 91.4 I 50 B = Ci0H8O 00.O 50 A Antipyrine AB + B a-Naphthol 48.8 40 86.0 I 100 0 90.4 89.0 40 v. also 10, 50, 346, AB + B C I Wt. % A A + A2B3 88.2 85.0 30 502, 1004 46.OE I 30 A 47.OE 63.3 84.6 80.0 20 B 133.0 I 100 CgH ioO2 A2B3 79.0 75.0 10 A + B 48.9 20 Veratrole 47.8 I 40 75.4 73.0 5 68.OE I 37 51.7 10 v. 1419, 1515 A2B3 + AB3 72.0 O 53.1 5 B 25.3E I 30 C8HnN 95.0 I O 54.6 O AB3 Dimethylaniline CioHoNsOe 1530.2. (274.1) 26.0 I 25 CgHioOs 1525. v. p. 180 1, 2, 5-TrinitroB = C10HsO Methyl anisate B = C 13 H 12 O 1520. (269) naphthalene /3-Naphthol v. 157 Benzhydrol 1536. (369) B = C9H7N A Quinoline B = C10H5N3O6 1526. v. p. 180 C9HnNO 133.0 ] 100 0 C Wt. % A 1, 3, 5-TrinitroB = C17H20N2O o-Acettoluide A +B +84.5 100 naphthalene Tetramethyldi1533. (169) 87.OE I 48 0 -12.0 23.8 C Wt. % A aminobenzoB = C9H11NO B Mix. phenone 1521. (269) p-Acettoluide 121.0 I O 0 114.0 100 B = C10H9N C I % A 1 v. also 282.1, 837, 1531. (i» ) 115.0 90 a-Naphthylamine A 1064, 1389 B = C10Hi6O 117.0 80 A 109.15 100.0 Camphor 120.0 70 C8HnN 84.5 1 100 107.75 97.58 0 C I MoI % A 122.5 60 m-Xylidine A + A2B 103.2 90.42 A 124.0 50 v. 1065, 1203, 1519 72.OE I 87.5 100.8 86.4 133.0 I 100 124.5 40 A2B B C8H14O4 A +B 125.0 30 84.0 I 67.5 147.0 1 O Diethyl succhiate 71.5E ] 36.6 125.5 20 A2B + B v. 153 C9Hi2 B 126.0 10 30.5E I 12 Mesitylene 178.0 I O C Hi O 126.0 O 8 8 B v. 1284 Octyl alcohol, v. 81 v. also 154, 183, 208, v. also 1878 48.1 I O

CsHiQ.— (Continued)

1537. (369)

B = Ci0H5N3O6 1, 3, 8-Trinitronaphthalene 0 C I Wt. % A A 114.0 100 110.0 90 105.5 80 101.0 70 A +B 96.OE I 60 B 153.0 50 174.0 40 186.0 30 196.0 20 205.0 10 214.0 O 1538. (369) B = Ci0H6N3O6 1, 4, 5-Trinitronaphthalene Mix. 114.0 100 124,0 90 128.5 80 Immiscible liquids 130.0 70 130.0 60 130.0 50 130.0 40 130.0 30 Mix. 134.0 20 140.5 10 147.5 O

v. also 1878 CioHoNsOe 1, 3, 5-Trinitronaphthalene 1539. (369) B = Ci0H5N3O6 1, 3, 8-Trinitronaphthalene MoI 0 C %A fc I fe A 126.0 100 122.5 120.0 95 120.0 118.Of 90 118.6 116.5 85 A + Mix. (A+ A3B) 104.OE I 77.5 A3B 112.5 I 75 Mix. (A3B + AB) 107.5 I 97.0 I 70 Mix. (A3B + AB) + AB 97.OE I 64

1539.—(Continued) Mol 0 C %A *L

I

fe

AB + AB2 104.OU I 60.3 AB,

124.0 104.0 136.0 104.0 166.0 185. O 197.0 194.0

55 50 v. also 1536, 1878, 40 1879 33. 3 20 C10H5N3O6

205.5 203.0 10

B 214.0 I O 1540. (369) B = C10H5N3O6 1, 4, 5-Trinitronaphthalene 0 C I Wt. % A Mix. 126.0 100 130.0 90 Immiscible liquids 131.0 80 131.0 70 131.0 60 131.0 50 Mix.

134.0 137.0 139.5 142.0 147.5

1542.—(Continued) 0 C Wt. % A B 130.5 40 141.0 30 151.5 20 161.5 10 171.0 O

40 30 20 10 O

1541. (369) B = C 10 H 6 N 2 O 4 1, 5-Dinitronaphthalene A 126.0 I 100.0 A + B 100.OE i 88.5 B 130.0 80 150.0 70 163.5 60 175.0 50 186.0 40 195.0 30 202.0 20 208.5 10 215.0 O v. also 1879 1542. (369) B = Ci0H6N2O4 1, 8-Dinitronaphthalene A 126.0 100 110.0 90 A + B 88.OE I 79 B 98.5 70 109.5 60 120.0 50

1, 3, 8-Trinitronaphthalene 1543.

(369)

B = C 10 H 5 N 3 O 6 1, 4, 5-Trinitronaphthalene Mixed crystals 214.0 100 208.0 90 199 80 187.0 70 169.0 60 149.0 50 128.0 40 105. OE 29 119.0 20 134.0 10 147.5 O Mixtures containing from 50 to 21 MoI % A freeze completely at 105.0° 1544. (369) B = C10H6N2O4 1, 5-Dinitronaphthalene Mix. 214.0 100 178.0 90 167.0 80 165.Ot 73 174.0 60 184.0 50 193.5 40 201.5 30 207.5 20 211.5 10 215.0 O v. also 1880 1545.

(369)

B = C 10 H 6 N 2 O 4 1, 8-Dinitronaphthalene Mix. 214.0 100 195.5 90 178.0 80 163.0 70 148.0 60 136.0 50 135.Ot 42 140.0 30 150.0 20

1545.—(Continued) 0 C I Wt. % A Mix. 160.0 10 171.0 O v. also 1537, 1539, 1878, 1880 Ci 0 HoNaOe 1, 4, 5-Trinitronaphthalene v. 1538, 1540, 1543 2, 4, 6-Trinitronaphthalene v. 1268.4 CioHeNÔe 1, 5-Dinitronaphthalene 1546. (369) B = C 10 H 6 N 2 O 4 1, 8-Dinitronaphthalene Mix. 215.0 100 205.5 90 200.5 80 195.0 70 188.5 60 180.0 50 166.5 40 150.5 30 145.5t 22 159.5 10 171.0 O v. also 1879, 1880, 1881 1547. (369) B = C10H7NO2 a-Nitronaphthalene Mixed crystals 215.0 100 207.0 90 198.5 80 190.0 70 180.0 60 168.0 50 150.0 40 130.0 30 105.0 20 54.5E 9 57.0 O Mixtures containing from 50 to O Wt. % A freeze completely at 54.5° v. also 1541, 1544, 1879, 1880, 1881 C I0HeN 2O 4 1, 8-Dinitronaphthalene 1548.

(369)

B = C10H7NO2 a-Nitronaphthalene

1548.—(Continued) 0 C Wt. % A A 171.0 100 159.O 90 144.0 80 128.0 70 110.5 60 94.5 50 80.0 40 65.0 30 50.0 20 A + B 44.5E I 16 B 49.0 10 57.0 O v. also 1542, 1545, 1546, 1879, 1880, 1881

CI0H 7Or a-Bromonaphthalene, v. 607, 638 Ci0HyBr /3-Bromonaphthalene, v. 608, 639 Ci 0 HyCl

a-Chloronaphthalene, v. 609, 640 C H)H 7Ul

ß-Chloronaphthalene, v. 610 Ci0H7NO2 a-Nitronaphthalene 1549. v. p. 180 B = C10Hg Naphthalene 1550. v. p. 180 B = C10HgN a-Naphthylamine 1551. v. p. 180 B = C10H16O Camphor 1552. (15) B = Ci2HnN Diphenylamine A 55.1 100.0 50.1 90.9 32.2 66.67 A +B 23.3E I 50.0 B 28.2 33.3 40.2 20.0 46.4 9.1 50.9 0.0

1547, 1548, 1866, 1881

Ci0Hs Naphthalene 1553. v. p. 180 B = C10H8O a-Naphthol 1554.

(82, 337,

406,

467)

B = C10H8O /3-Naphthol Wt. 0 C %A *L I k Mix. 80.0 100 82.0 80.0 95 84.1 80.0 90 88.3 81.0 80 92.5 82.5 70 96.7 84.0 60 100.9 87.0 50 105.2 93.0 40 109.5 98.0 30 113.7 104.0 20 118.0 111.0 10 120.0 115.5 5 122.0 O 1555. (is, 406, 467) 13 = C10HgN a-Naphthylamine 0 C I Wt. % A A 80.0 100 75.0 90 69.0 80 65.5 70 58.0 60 54.0 50 46.0 40 A + B 28.OE 27 B 35.0 20 41.5 10 49.0 O 1556.

(406,

467)

B = C10HgN ß- Naphthylamine Wt. 0 C %A *L

I

to

Mix.

80.0 100 76.0 74.5 90 75.0 72.5 80 72.of

72.Ot 70

76.5 73.0 82.0 74.0 85.5 77.0 91.5 87.0 96.0 92.0 v.afeo398,611, 641, 103.5 100.0 111.0 1095, 1122, 1148,

60 50 40 30 20 10 O

1557.

(288)

B = C10H1Q Dihydronaphthalene 0 C I MoI % A Mix. 79.33 100 74.5 90 69.5 80 63.7 70 57.5 60 50.6 50 43.0 40 35.2 30 27.0 20 1558. (401) B = C10H14O Thymol 0 C I Wt. % A A 80.0 100 75.4 90 70.5 80 65.4 70 59.7 60 53.3 50 44.8 40 A +B 30.OE I 28.7 B 36.7 20 43.5 10 49.2 O 1559. (is, 406) B = C10H15BrO Bromocamphor A 80.0 100 77.0 90 73.5 80 67.5 70 61.0 60 53.0 50 A +B 41.OE 37 B 47.0 30 56.0 20 66.5 10 76.0 Q 1560. v. p. 180 B = C10H16 Camphene 1561. v. p. 180 13 = C10H16O Camphor 1562. (413) B = C10H20O Menthol 0 C I MoI % A A 80.1 100 75.1 90 70.6 80 66.4 70

CioHg.— (Continued) 1562.—(Continued) 0 C I MoI % A A

62.2 57.7 52.6 44.8 A + B 31.7E I B 35.5 42.0

60 50 40 30 17 10 Q

1563. v. p. 180 B = Ci2Hio Diphenyl 1564. v. p. 180 B = Ci2HnN Diphenylamine

1565. (413) B = Ci2Hi8O8 Diethyl diacetyltartrate A 80.1 I 100

AH-B

1570. («O) B = CJgH 36 Oo Stearic acid 1571. (467) B = CigHie

Triphenylmethane 0 C I MoI % A A 80 100 68 80 59 66.67 B 53 50 61 33.33 90 O

1572. (251) B = CigHieO

43.OE 1 50.0 B 67.0 I O 1566. v. p. 180 B = Ci 3 HiO Fluorene 1567. v. p. 180 B = Ci3Hi2 Diphenylmethane 1568. (339, 406, 467)

B = C i4Hio Anthracene 0 C I Wt. % A A 80.0 I 100 A + B 77.OE I 90 B 102.0 124.0 143.0 155.0 168.0 178.0 192.0 198.0

1569.—(Continued) 0 C Wt. % A A + B 48.5E I 54 B 54.0 40 64.5 30 74.5 20 85.0 10 95.0 Q

80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10

213.0 O 1569. (339' 406'467) B = Ci4Hio Phenanthrene A 80.0 100 75.0 90 70.0 80 65.0 70 57.0 60

Triphenyl carbinol 0 C I Wt. % A A 80.3 I 100 A +B 69.2E I 70 B 159.2 I O

1573. (360) B = C32Ü64O2

Cetyl palmitate A 79.3 100 75.7 80.0 70.4 66.67 62.8 50.0 49.2 33.3 39.8 25.0 A + B 36.6E I 22.2 B 38.4 16.66 39.3 14.48 43.9 0.0 1574. (360) B = CöyHnoOß

Tristearin A 79.3 100 71.8 66.67 64.3 50.0 50.9 33.0 A + B 46.3E I 25.0 B 48.2 20.0 54.8 0.0

v. also 11, 27, 51, 98, 111, 209, 226, 237, 252, 258, 283, 348, 380, 388, 415, 465.1, 465.2, 468, 470.1, 490, 503, 516, 523.2, 527, 568, 612, 642, 695, 699, 719, 744, 762, 782, 799, 807, 827, 861, 884, 936, 1005, 1034, 1067, 1096, 1123, 1149, 1271, 1316, 1331, 1352, 1401, 1443, 1446, 1475, 1492, 1528, 1549 jClo!Î8N2

y-y-Dipyridyl v. 569 C/H)Xl g JN 2 O 2

Furfuralazine 1575. (368) B = CioHsW2S2 Thiophenalazine 0 C I Wt. % A Mixed crystals 113.0 100 90.5E 68 156.0 O Mixtures containing 87 to 25 Wt. % A freeze completely at 90.5° 1576. (368) B = Ci 4 Hi 2 N 2 Benzalazine Mixed crystals 113.0 100 72.8E 36 92.0 O Mixtures containing 70 to 18 Wt. % A freeze completely at 72.8° C H)H 8^28 2

Thiophenalazine v. 1575

C10H8O a-Naphthol 1577. v. p. 180 B = Ci0H8O ff-Naphthol 1578.

(264, 467)

B = C ioHgN a- Naphthy lamine A 92.0 100 88.0 90 82.8 80 75.8 70 67.6 60 58.0 50 47.5 40

1578.—(Continued) 0 C I Wt. % A A +AB4 40.5E I 34 AB4 43.O [ 20 AB4 + B 42.OE I 13 B 48.0 I O 1579.

(264, 467)

B = Ci0H9N ß- Naphthy lamine A 92.0 100 86.8 90 79.2 80 69.7 70 A +B 47.OE I 56.5 B 57.0 50 71.7 40 84.0 30 93.8 20 101.8 10 109.0 O 1580. (234) B = CioHieO Fenchone A 95.0 100 A + AB 55.OE 62 AB 60.5 I 48.5 AB + B l.OE I 7 B 5.3 I O 1581. (36) B = CioHigO Cineole A 93.5 I 100 A + AB 60.OE I 62.5 AB +75.0 I 48.3 AB + B - 6.OE I 4 B + 1.0 I O 1582. (238)

B = CnHi2N2O Antipyrine A 92.7 I 100 No solid phase 59.3 to 78.1 to 51.0 42.6 AB2 + B 73E I 27 B 109.9 I O

1583. v. p. 180 B = Ci2H9N Carbazole

1583.1. (274.2) B = Ci2HiQN2 Azobenzene 0 C I Wt. % A A 95.5 I 100 A+ B 48.OE I 33.5 B 67 I O 1584.

(261, 467)

B = C 12 HnN^ Diphenylamine A 92.0 I 100 A +B 38.5E I 24 B 52.0 I O

1585. (262) B — Ci3HgN Acridine A 93.1 100 87.5 90 78.5 80 A + AB 73.OE 77 AB 85.5 70 104.0 60 113.5 50 115. 5 44. 5 113.5 40 102.5 30 AB + AB2 97.OU I 27 AB2 96.0 I 20 AB2 + B 94.OE I 11 B 101.5 5 106.5 O 1586. (274)

B = C i sH ioO Benzophenone A 93.0 I 100

A + AB 37.1E I 51 38.0

AB I 44.1

AB + B 26.OE I 25 B 47.0 I O 1587. (235)

B = C13H12 Diphenylmethane

1587.—(Continued) 0 C Wt. % A A 93.1 I 100 A +B 19.6E I 7.5 B 23.9 I O 1587.1. (234.1) B = Ci3H12O Benzhydrol A 95.0 I 100 A+ B 18.OE I 35 B 64.5 I O 1588.

(254)

B = CigHie

Triphenylmethane A 93.0 I 100 A +B 63.OE I 30 B 91.0 I O 1589. (271) B = Ci9H16O Triphenyl carbinol A 92.5 100

A+B 60.2E I 62 B 159.2 I O v. also 158, 210, 227, 307, 449, 458.9, 459.9, 491, 1204, 1220, 1226, 1231, 1244, 1257, 1387, 1429, 1466, 1476, 1507, 1530.1, 1553, 1860

C10H8O /3-Naphthol 1590. (264,467) B = C ioXlgN

a-Naphthylamine A 122.0 100 111.5 90 100.3 80 88.5 70 76.0 60 A + A2B3 56.2E I 49 A2B3 66 40.1 61.0 30 48.0 20 A2B3 + B 36.OE I 11 B 48.0 I O

1591. (264, 467)

B = C10H9N ß-Naphthylamine 0 C I Wt. % A A 122.0 I 100 A +A 2 B 115.OE I 91 A2B 108.8 80 120.3 ca. 70 119.6 60 118.1 50 115.3 40 112.0 30 108.0 20 A2B + B 104.OE I 11.5 B 109.0 I O 1592. (234)

B

=

CioHieO Fenchone A 121.0 I 100 A + AB +23.OU I 44 AB + B - 9.8E I 19 B + 5.3 j O 1593. (36) B = C10H1SO Cineole A 122.0 I 100 A + AB 43.5E I 52.5 AB +48.0 I 48.3 AB + B

- 3.5E I 8 B + 1.0 I O 1594. (238) B = CnH12N2O Antipyrine A 122.0 i 100 No solid phase 70 to 73 72.6 to

50.5 AB 79.5 I 43.3 AB + B 72.OE I 30 B 109.8 I O

1595. v. p. 180 B = C12HgN Carbazole 1595.1. (274.2) B — C12H1QN2 Azobenzene

1595.1.-(CWd) 0 C i Wt. % A A 121.0 I 100 A +B 51.OE I 18.0 B 67 I Q 1596. (261, 467)

B = C12H11N

Diphenylamine A 122.0 I 100 A +B 43.8E I 16.5 B 52.0 I O 1597. (262) B = C13H9N Acridine A 121.0 100 113.5 90 A + A3B2 110.OE I 85 A3B2 115.0 80 126.5 70 134.0 60 135. 5 54. 6 134.0 50 124.0 40 107.0 30 A3B2 + AB2 96.OU I 25 AB2 95.0 I 20 AB2 + B 92.OE 13.5 B 96.0 10 102.0 5 106.5 O 1598. (274)

B = C13H10O

Benzophenone A 121.9 I 100 A +B 19.OE I 30 B

47.0

Q

1599. (34, 38) B = C13H1QOs Salol 0 C I MoI % A A 124.5 100 120 97.0 110 81.8 100 67.3 90 55.0 80 45.0 70 37.6

1599.—(Continued) 0 C I MoI % A A 60 30.0 50 23.2 40 16.5 A +B 34.5E I 13.0 B 42.5 I 0.0 v. also 1877 1600. (235)

B = C 13 H 12

Diphenylmethane 0 C I Wt. % A A 122.0 I 100 A + B 22.6E I 5 B 23.8 I O 1600.1.

(234.1)

B = C 13 H 12 O

Benzhydrol C I MoI % A A 121.0 100 A + A2B3 61.OE I 37.5 A2B3 62.0 I 34.3 A2B3 + B 47.OE I 20 B 64.5 I O 0

1601. v. p. 180 B = CuH1Q Anthracene 1602. (254) B = C19H1C Triphenylmethane 0 C I Wt. % A A 121.0 I 100 A + B 77.OE 20 B 91.0 I O 1603. (271) B = CigHieO Triphenyl carbinol A 121.5 I 100 A + B 86.OE I 50 B 159.2 I O v. also 159, 211, 228, 253, 308, 450, 458.91, 459.91, 492, 614, 808, 1006, 1124, 1205, 1221, 1227, 1232, 1245, 1258, 1388, 1430, 1467, 1477, 1488, 1508,

1530.2, 1554, 1577, CioH.s\j2 CioHsO2 1860, 1877 1, 6-Dihydroxy2, 3-Dihydroxynaphthalene naphthalene CioHgC^ 1612. (240) 1608. (240) 1, 4-DihydroxyB = C10HgN B = C10H9N naphthalene a-Naphthylamine a-Naphthylamine 0 0 1604. (240) C I Wt. % A C I Wt. % A B = C10H9N A A a-Naphthylamine 162.0 I 100 134.0 I 100 0 C I Wt. % A A + A2B3 A + A2B3 A 97.OE 1 45.5 76.OE I 47 183.0 I 100 A2B3 A2B3 A + AB 84.5 I 42.8 103.0 ! 42.8 129.OE I 61.0 A2B3 + B A2B3 + B AB 35.OE I 13 43.OE I 7.5 143 I 52.8 B B AB + B 48.3 I O 48.5 I O 44.OE I 6 1609. (240) B 1613. (240) B = C10H9N 48.3 I O B = C10H9N /3-Naphthylamine ß-Naphthylamine A 1605. (240) A 133.0 I 100 B = CioHgN 162.0 I 100 A + A2B3 /3-Naphthylamine A + AB 92.OE I 58 A 145.OE I 76 A2B3 183.0 I 100 AB 110.5 ! 42.8 A + AB 168.O I 52.8 A2B3+ B 125.OE ! 64 AB + B 96.OE 35 AB 106.5E I 3 B 143 I 52.8 B 111.0 I Q AB + B I O 96.OE 24 ». aZso 452, 1235, 111.0 1247, 1259, 1433 B v. also 453, 1237, 111.0 I O CioHsO2 1249, 1261, 1435 v. also 451, 1233, 1, 8-Dihydroxynaphthalene 1246, 1431 CioHgC^ 1610. (240) 2, 6-DihydroxyCioHsO2 B C ICiHgN naphthalene 1, 5-Dihydroxya- Naph thy lamine 1614. (240) 0 naphthalene C I Wt. % A B = C10H9N 1606. (240) A a-Naphthylamine B = C 1.C)HgN 0 137.0 I 100 C I Wt. % A a-Naphthylamine A + AB A 0 C Wt. % A 74.OE i 55 216.0 I 100 A AB A +B 250.0 I 100 76. 5 I 52.8 46.OE 2 A +B AB + B B 44.OE I 5 41.OE I 16 48.3 I O B B 48.3 I O 48.3 I O 1615. (240) 1611. (240) B = C10H9N 1607. (240) B = C10H9N /8-Naphthylamine B = C10H9N ß- Naph thy lamine A ß-Naphthylamine A 216.0 I 100 A 137.0 I 100 A +AB 2 250.0 I 100 A + AB 165.OE I 59 A + AB 75.OE 62 AB2 212.OE I 65 AB 171.5 I 35.8 AB 124. 0 | 52.8 AB2 + B 229.5 I 52.8 AB + B 109.OE I 2 AB + B 76.OE I 45 B 107. OE 5 B 111.0 I O B 111.0 I O 111.0 O v. also 1236, 1248, v. also 454, 1238, 1250, 1262, 1436 1260, 1434 v. also 1432 =

CioHgO2

1621. (235)

2; 7-Dihydroxynaphthalene 1616. (240) B = C10H9N a-Naphthylamine 0 C I Wt. % A A 186.0 I 100 A +B 35.OE I 9 B 48.3 I O

B = C1sH12

1617. (240) B = C10H9N ß-Naphthylamine A 186.0 I 100 A + AB 155.OE I 64 AB 163.0 I 52.8 AB + B 108.OE I 1.5 B 111.0 1 O

Diphenylmethane 0 C I Wt. % A A 47.1 I 100 A + B 9.5E I 37 B 24.0 I O 1621.1. (234.1) B = C 1 S-H 12 O

Benzhydrol 49.0

A I

100

A+B 16.OE ! 62.5 B 64.5 I O 1622. (467)

B = CnH1Q Anthracene

1626. (260) B = Ci 3 H 10 O Benzophenone 0 C I Wt. % A A 109.0 I 100 A + B 34.5E I 23 B 47.0 I O 1627. (235)

B = C1sH12 Diphenylmethane A 109.0 I 100 A + B 21.4E I 5 B 23.9 I O 1627.1. (234.1)

B = C^H 12 O Benzhydrol A 110.0 I 100 A + B 51.OE I 21.0 B 64.5 I O

1613,

1615, 1860

1617,1633.—(Continued)

C10H9NO4 d-5-Nitrohydrindene-2-carboxylic acid 1631. (338) B = C10H9NO4 Z-5-Nitrohydrindene-2-carboxylic acid 0 C I MoI % A A 116.0 I 100 A + AB 107.5E I 88.3 AB 122.O I 50 AB + B 107.5E 11.7 B 116.0 I O

CioHio 1623. (254) DihydroB = C19H1O naphthalene Triphenylmethane v. 1557 A v. also 1239, 1251, 48.5 I 100 1263, 1437 CioHioO2 A + B 1628. v. p. 180 Methyl cinnamate 37.OE I 67 CioHgBrC^ B = C14H10 v. 160, 212 B DiacetylAnthracene 91.0 I O bromohydroquinol CioHioOs 1629. (254) 1618. (288) p-Methoxy1624. (271) B = C19H16 B = C10H9ClO4 cinnamic acid Triphenylmethane B = C19H16O 1632. (217) DiaeetylA Triphenyl carbinol chlorohydroquinol B = C 14 H 14 N 2 O 3 108.5 I 100 A 0 C I MoI % A p-Azoxyanisole A + B 48.1 I 100 Mix. MoI 72.OE I 25 A + A6B 0 C %A 70.3 100 B 37.OE I 95 Liquid Solid 62.Ot 46 91.0 I O A6B crystals phase 68.46 O 41.5 I 76.7 A 1630. (271) 185.5 170.6 100 A6B + B B = C19H16O C/K)HgJN 180.5 164.0 90 38.OE I 66 Triphenyl carbinol 174.0 158.0 80 a-Naphthylamine B A 167.0 151.0 70 1619. (467) 159.2 I O 160.0 143.5 60 109.0 I 100 B = C12H11N 153.0 136.0 50 A + A 2B Diphenylamine v. also 51.1, 348.1, 146.5 127.0 40 0 62 139.5 117.0 30 C I MoI % A 493, 545, 570, 720, 91.8E I A B A +B 2 A 745, 763, 783, 809, 107.6E I 22 9 2 . O l 52.4 50.0 I 100 827.1, 885, 911, 937, B A B + B 2 A +B 1006.1, 1068, 1097, 133.5 I 108.3 20 91.8E I 42 18E(?) I 50 130.5f 111.6 10 1125, 1150, 1174, B 135.2 I 114.0 O B 1222, 1353, 1364, 159.2 I O 54.0 I O 1633. (390) 1371, 1378, 1402, B = C 1 GH 1 SN 2 Oa 1468, 1478, 1521, v. also 98.1, 283.1, 1620. (260) 1550, 1555, 1578, 470.2, 494, 571, 721, p-Azoxyphenetole B = CisHioO Liquid Solid 1590, 1604, 1606, 746, 764, 784, 827.2, crystals phase Benzophenone 886,912,938,1006.2, 1608, 1610, 1612, 0 fc, ] ts C I Wt. % A 1614, 1616, 1860 1069, 1098, 1126, A A 1151, 1175, 1205.1, 188.3 188.3 173.8 100 CioHgN +47.7 ] 100 1223, 1354, 1365,184.0 182.5 167.5 90 ß- Naphthylamine A+ B 1372, 1379, 1403,179.0 176.5 161.0 80 173.5 171.0 155.0 70 1625. v. p. 180 - 2.OE I 43 1479, 1522, 1556,169.0 166.5 148.0 60 B = C10H16O B 1579, 1591, 1605,165.0 163.0 140.8 50 Camphor +47.0 I O 1607, 1609, 1611, 162.0 160.0 132.5 40

0

C

Liquid Solid MoI crystals phase % A
v. also 1152 CioHioO4

Dimethyl terephthalate, v. 161

Clolno Anethole 1634. (413) B = CioH2oO Menthol 0 C I MoI % A A 21.3 100 17.5 90 15.5 80 14.3 70 A + B 13.9E 1 65 B 15.1 60 20.1 50 23.6 40 27.3 30 31.6 20 36.7 10 42.0 O CioHi4N2

Nicotine, v. 1007 CioHi4N2O

Nitrosodiethylaniline 1635. (195) B = Ci0H14N2O2 Nitrodiethylaniline Mix. 82.2 100 73.0 O

CioHuO Thymol 1636. (36) B = C1OH1SO Cineole 0 C I Wt. % A A +50.0 I 100 A +AB - 6.OE I 62.5 AB + 4.5 I 49.3 AB + B -17.5E I 27.0 B + 1.0 I O

1637. (379) B = C13H10O Benzophenone 1638. (34) B = C1SH1QOa Salol 0 C I Wt. % A A 51.0 100 46.0 90 40.0 80 34.5 70 29.0 60 23.0 50 17.5 40 A+B 13.OE I 34 B 26.0 20 34.0 10 42.0 O

v. also 11.1, 162, 213, 229, 284, 468.1, 495, 615, 1070, 1420, 1558

CioHuOg Dimethyl d-diacetyltartrate 1639. (i) B = C1QH14Os Dimethyl Z-diacetyltartrate A 104.3 100 102.1 95 99.8 90 95.2 80 90.2 70 A +AB 83.OE I 57.5 AB 83.8 I 50 AB + B 83.OE I 42.5 B 90.2 30 95.2 20 99.8 10 102.1 5 104.3 O

CioHisBrO d-Bromocamphor 1640. (358) B = C10H15BrO Z-Bromocamphor I MoI I %A A

0

C

Stable form

75.0 72.6 70.0 64.1 57.5

Labile form

45.0 100 45.5 95 46.0 90 47.2 80 48.2 70

IG4Ö.—(Continued)

1648.—(Continued) 0 C I Mol % A C %A A A + AB 49.0 100 49.5E | 59 30.0 90 AB 50.5 50 + 10.0 80 AB + B - 9.0 70 CioHie 49.5E | 41 - 29.0 60 Camphene B - 51.0 50 1645. (6) 57.5 30 64.1 20 - 75.0 40 B = C10H1S 70.0 10 A +B Dipentene 72.6 5 0 30 C | Mol % A -101. OE| 75.0 0__ B A - 85.0 20 49.0 100 1641. (351.5) - 68.0 10 + 22.0 90 B — CioHieO -52.0 O -3.0 80 Camphor 0 70 C I Wt. % A - 38.0 1649. (99) - 51.0 60 A B = CioHieO - 74.0 50 74.8 100 Camphor -100.0 40 70.8 95 Mix. A -f B 66.4 90 49.3 100 -115.OEj 35 A +B 59.4 90 B 62.3E | 85 70.9 80 -111.0 30 B 83.0 70 -104.0 20 67.0 80 95.4 60 - 96.0 10 80.0 70 108.9 50 -89.0 O 95.5 60 122.0 40 111.8 50 135.8 30 1646. (6) 127.2 40 149.3 20 B = C10H1G 141.0 30 163.6 10 a-Pinene 153.0 20 178.0 O A 164.5 10 1650. (99) 49.0 100 175.4 O B = C10H1TCl 34.0 90 Pinene + 17.0 80 1642. (34) hydrochloride 1.0 70 B = CisHioOs Mix. - 20.0 60 Salol 49.3 100 41.0 50 A 52.8 90 67.0 40 76.0 I 100 56.4 80 A + B A + B 60.0 70 -125.0EI 29 21.OE | 40 64.0 60 B B 69.3 50 -108.0 20 42.0 I O 78.0 40 - 99.0 10 88.4 30 7 2 . 0 O 1643. (15) 99.8 20 B = CoTH 110 Oe 1647. (6) 111.8 10 Tristearin B = C1OH1G 123.0 O A /3-Pinene 1651. (99) 76.00 100.0 A B = C10H1SO 70.28 89.3 49.0 100 Borneol 62.96 66.67 34.0 90 Mix. 55.30 50.0 + 17.0 80 49.3 100 A + B - 1.0 70 61.3 90 48.7E | 33.33 - 20.0 60 76.0 80 B - 44.0 50 92.3 70 49.88 25.0 - 73.0 40 110.0 60 52.90 7.7 A +B 128.7 50 54.80 0.0 -115.OE| 29 145.0 40 B 161.0 30 v. also 349, 1559, - 95.0 20 177.7 20 1640 - 75.0 10 194.0 10 - 57.0 O 207.0 O C10Hi5NO2S 1652. (281) 1648. (6) l- Me t hy 1-2-sulf o n eB = C^H10 B = C1QH16 amide-4-isopropylPhenanthrene Turpentine benzene 0

Mol

1644. v. p. 180

B = C10H15NO2S l-Methyl-3-sulfoneamide-4-isopropylbenzene

1652.—(Continued) 1655.—(Continued) 0 0 C I MoI % A C MoI % A A A 108 76.73 49.3 I 100 A +B 96 70.35 13.5E [ 90.16 48 56.08 34.5 50.54 B 19 46.54 99.0 I O B v. also 238, 1008, 22.5 25,43 1560 34.5 13.71 C H)H 16 39.6 5.56 Dipentene 43.0 O v. 1645 1656. (34) CioHie B = C1SH10Os a-Pinene Salol v. 1646 0 C I Wt. % A C it)H i6 A ß-Pinene 178.0 I 100 v. 1647 A +B 6.OE I 44 CioHie B Turpentine 42.O I O v. 1648 CioHieO Camphor 1653. (99) B = Ci0H17Cl Pinene hydrochloride Mix. 178.0 100 167.5 90 159.9 80 152.1 70 147.2 60 141.1 50 135.8 40 131.3 30 128.2 20 125.5 10 123.0 O 1654. (99) B = C10H1SO Borneol Mix. 178.0 100 180.1 90 183.0 80 185.9 70 188.7 60 191.4 50 194.3 40 197.1 30 200.0 20 203.2 10 207.0 O 1655. (379) B = C10H2oO Menthol A 175

155 142

100

92.64 88.54

1657. (ioi) B = CisHj^lN^S

Thiocarbanilide 0 C I MoI % A A 178.0 [ 100 A +B 94.4E I 74.5 B 150.2 O 1658.

(ioi)

B = C1JrI10 Anthracene A 178.0 I 100 A +B

CioHieO4 d-Camphoric acid 1659. (72) B = C10Hi6O4 ^-Camphoric acid 0 C I MoI % A A 171.8 100 169.7 95 A +AB 167.5E I 90 AB 177.0 80 184.3 70 188.2 60 189.8

50

188.2 40 184.3 30 177.0 20 AB + B 167.5E I 10 B 169.7 5 171.8 O

v. also 99, 350, 416 CioHieO4 d-Isocamphoric acid 1660. (72) B = CioHieO* Z-Isocamphoric acid A 171.8 100 169.7 95 A + AB 167.5E I 90 AB 177.0 80 184.3 70 188.2 60 189.8

50

188.2 40 116.5E I 80.5 184.3 30 B 177.0 20 213.0 I O AB + B 10 v. also 51.2, 214, 239, 167.5E I B 309, 349.1, 381.1, 5 572, 616, 643, 683, 169.7 O 690, 696, 747, 785, 171.8

798, 887, 913, 939, C K)HiTCl 951, 952, 953, Pinene 1008.1, 1030, 1035, hydrochloride 1037, 1071, 1099, 1661. (99) 1127, 1153, 1176, B = C H SO 10 1 1317, 1404, 1410, Borneol 1480, 1493, 1531, Mix. 1551, 1561, 1625, 123.0 100 1641, 1649 127.0 90 132.5 139.3 Fenchone 147.0 v. 617, 786, 888, 940, 155.2 1072, 1100, 1128, 163.9 1154, 1177, 1580, 172.5 1592 182.O

CioHieO

80 70 60 50 40 30 20

CioHnCL— (Continued) imi.—(Continued) 0 C ! Mol % A Mix. 192.8 10 207.0 O t>. also 1650, 1653 C10H17NO d-Camphoroxime 1662. (l) B = C10H17NO Z-Camphoroxime Mix. 118.8 I 100-0

1666.—(Continued) 0 C I Wt. % A Mix. 100 41.9 35.0 90 32.5 80 30.0 70 28.5 60 28.Of 55 28.0 40 28.5 30 30.5 20 34.5 10 42.0 O

1668.—(Continued) 0 C I Wt, % A AB + B 123. OE 15 B 125.4 10 127.7 5 130.0 O C ^H4NeO i2O Picryl sulfide v. 1318, 1330 C 12HsN ?012 Hexanitrodiphenylamine v. 1319

v. also 234, 254, 470.05,862, 1009, 1481, 1562, 1634, Acenaphthylene 1655, 1665 CioHigO v. 528, 618 Borneol C11H]^W 2^ C i 2HgBr v. 1651, 1654, 1661 Antipyrine Bromo1667. (34) C1C)H1SO acenaphthene B = C13H10O3 Cineole 1669. (83) Salol 1663. (36) B = C12H9Cl A B = C13H10O3 Chloro112.6 100 Salol acenaphthene 104.5 90 0 0 C I Wt. % A C IMoI % A 98.0 80 A Mix. 91.0 70 + 1.0 I 100 51.2 100 83.0 60 A +B 52.7 90 75.0 50 -13.OE I 68 54.5 80 65.0 40 B 56.3 70 53.0 30 4-42.0 I O 58.2 60 A +B 59.9 50 30.OE I 17 1664. (36) 61.8 40 B B = C17H12O3 63.8 30 35.0 10 Naphthyl salicylate 65.7 20 42.0 O A 67.7 10 + 1.0 I 100 v. also 235, 787, 890, 69.8 O A +B 915,942,1074,1102, 1670. («3) - 5.OE 81.5 1130, 1156, 1178, B = C12H9I B 1405, 1412, 1513, Iodo+90.0 I O 1524, 1582, 1594 acenaphthene v. also 889, 914, 941, A 1073, 1101, 1129, C11H13NO4 51.2 100 1155, 1214, 1224,d-Benzylamino47.4 90 succinic acid 1411, 1414, 1416, 43.3 80 1469, 1511, 1581, 1668. (72) 39.1 70 B = C 11 H 13 NO 4 1593, 1636 34.8 60 Z-BenzylaminoA + B succinic acid C1QH1SO 32.5E I 55.1 A Menthone B 1665. (462) 130.0 100 35.9 50 127.7 95 B — C10H20O 42.1 40 125.4 90 Menthol 47.4 30 A +AB Mix. 52.4 20 123.OE I 85 - 6.6 100 57.2 10 AB -12.Of 75 62.0 O 124.6 80 +39.0 O 1671. v. p. 180 127.5 70 B = C12H1Q CioH2oO 129.8 60 Acenaphthene Menthol 131.O 50 1666. (34) 129.8 40 C 12HgCl B = C1SH10O3 127.5 30 ChloroSalol 124.6 20 acenaphthene

C^HS

1672. v. p. 180 B = C12HgI

Iodoacenaphthene

1677.—(Continued) Wt. 0 C %A

1682. (133) B = CnHi4O

Cinnamylideneacetophenone 0 C Wt. % A Mixed crystals 1673. v. p. 180 A 151.5 119.2 20 B = C12H1O 92.5 I 100 119.2U 10 Acenaphthene A+B 108.0 101.2 5 v. also 1669 67.OE I 43 98.8 O B v. also 1882 C 12HgI Iodo100.0 I O acenaphthene 1678. v. p. 180 v. also 13, 29, 52, B = C18H12 1674. v. p. 180 100, 352, 382, 417, Chrysene B = C12H1Q 471, 518, 529, 574, Acenaphthene v. also 1883 621, 645, 723, 749, v. also 1670, 1672 766, 789, 800, 810, 1679. (370) 829, 864, 892, 917, C/i^HgN B = CisHis 944, 1207, 1301, Carbazole Retene 1321, 1356, 1366, 1675. (370) 0 C I Wt. % A 1373, 1380, 1448, B = C13H9N A 1496, 1512, 1529, Acridine 244.5 100 1671, 1673, 1674 Wt. 239.0 90 0 C %A 233.0 80 C i2Hio «L *S Diphenyl 226.0 70 244.5 100 v. 622, 646, 1011, 217.0 60 237.0 234.0 90 1285, 1563 208.0 50 229.0 222.0 80 196.0 40 C12H1oN2 220.0 208.0 70 182.0 30 Azobenzene 207.0 189.0 60 165.0 20 1686. v. p. 180 192.0 167.0 50 135.0 10 B = Ci2H10N2O 172.0 142.0 40 A+B Azoxybenzene 146.0 123.0 30 86.OE I co. 3 108.Ot 9 1687. v. p. 180 B 110.2 0_ B = C12H12N2 98.0 ! O 1676. (122, 3 7 0 , 4 7 5 ) Hydrazobenzene v. also 12, 28, 184, B = C14H10 1688. (29,373) Anthracene 285, 351, 381, 517,B = C H N 13 11 245.6 100 573, 619, 722, 748, Benzalaniline 765, 788, 828, 863,Mixed crystals Mixed crystals 242.5 241.5 95 891, 916, 943, 1010, 68.5 100 239.6 237.5 90 1103, 1130.1, 1157, 38.2E 22.5 1206, 1320,49.5 234.0 231.0 80 1179, O 1447, 1583, 229.2 225.0 70 1355, Mixtures containing 1882, 18from 83 35 to 13 Wt. 225.0 223.0 60 1595, 223U 54 % A freeze com221.2 220.3 40 C]^H gNO2 pletely at 38.2° 219.5 219.4 30 Nitroacenaphthene 1689. ( 189 > 373) 218.0 218.0 20 v. 620, 644 B = C13H13N 216.5 216.5 10 Benzylaniline 216.0 216.0 5 C i2Hio Mixed crystals 216.5 O Acenaphthene 68.5 100 v. also 1882, 1883 1680. v. p. 180 25.OE 23 1677. (!22, 370, 475) B = C13H10 36.5 O B = C14H10 Fluorene Mixtures containing Phenanthrene from 45 to 5 Wt. 1681. (379) 100 245.6 % A freeze comB = C14H10O2 Mixed crystals pletely at 25.0° Benzil 242.0 233.0 95 0 1690. (372) C I MoI % A 238.0 218.0 90 A B = C14H10 230.0 180.0 80 95 I 100 Tolane 221.0 119.2 70 A+ B Mix. 211.5 119.2 60 68.8E I 46.42 68.5 100 201.0 119.2 50 B 56.8t 42 188.2 119.2 40 62.5 Q 98.5 I O 173.0 119.2 30 tL

I

fe

1691. (463) 1698. (133) B = CiiELioOz B = C17H14O CinnamylideneBenzil 0 acetophenone C I MoI % A 0 Mixed crystals C Wt. % A 66.2 100 A 51.OE 60.7 67.0 I 100 92.7 O A +B Mixtures containing 55.OE I 64 from 57 to 42 Mol B % A freeze com- 100.0 I O pletely at 51.0° 1699. (374) 1692. (123, 372) B = C«2()H N2 Azonaphthalene B = Ci4Hi2 Stilbene Mixed crystals 0 C I % A 68.5 100 Mix. 67.3E 87.5 100 68.5 186.6 O Mixtures containing 124.0 O 100 to 75 Wt. % A 1693. (463) freeze completely at B = Ci4Ui2O2 67.3° Benzoin 14

1702. (365) Jj == C12H1QTc Diphenyl telluride 0 C I Wt. % A Mix. -21.0 100 -30.7t 83.5 + 4.0 O

1707.—(Continued) 0 C I Wt. % A A 53.1 I 100 A +B 38.OE I 24.5 B 46.3 I O

v. also 1700

1708. (136) B = C17H14O Cinnamylideneacetophenone A 52.5 I 100 A +B 36.OE I ca. 59 B 100.0 I O Author's belief in existence of compound probably due to supercooling

C 12UIoSo

Diphenyl selenide 1703. (365) B = C 12 Hj 0 Te Diphenyl telluride Mix. +2.5 100 -4.2f 80.4 +4.0 O v. also 1701

C 12UIoTe Diphenyl telluride 0 C MoI % A v. also 101, 353, 418, v. 1702, 1703 Mixed crystals 622.1, 789.1, 892.1, C 12UuN 66.2 100 917.1, 944.1, 1103.1, Diphenylamine 63.8E 94.3 1130.2, 1157.1, 1704. (138) 133.0 O 1179.1, 1583.1, B = C1SH1QO Mixtures containing 1595.1 Benzophenone 100 to 50 MoI % A 0 C 12UIoN 2O C I Wt. % A freeze completely at Azoxybenzene A 63.8° v. 1686 53.1 I 100 1694. (29» 1 2 3 , 372) A +AB Ci2HioO B = Ci4Hi4 28.7E I 63.5 Diphenyl ether Dibenzyl AB 0 1700. (365) C ! Wt. % A 30.85 I 48.1 B = C 12 HioS Mix. AB + B Diphenyl sulfide 100 68.5 0 24.OE I 28 C I Wt. % A 48.Of 30 B Mixed crystals 52.5 O 47.75 O +26.0 100 1695. v. p. 181 -27.5E 13.3 1705. (467) B == Ci 4 Hi 4 N2 -21.5 O B = C14H1Q p-Azotoluene Mixtures containing Anthracene 1696. (374) 0 from 47 to 4.5 Wt. C I MoI % A B = CieHi2J№2 % A freeze com- , A Benzeneazonaphpletely at -27.5° 54 I 100.0 thalene v. also 575 B Mixed crystals 147 66.7 68.5 100 C HioO2 165 50.0 59.7E 72.5 a-Naphthyl acetate 180 33.3 131.0 O v. 163 213 0.0 Mixtures containing Ci2HioO2 1706. (42) from 87 to 39 Wt. % A freeze com- /3-Naphthyl acetate B = C 14 H 13 NO v. 164 Acetylpletely at 59.7° diphenylamine 1697. (374) C 12UIoS A Diphenyl sulfide B = Ci 6 Hi 6 O2 52.7 I 100 1701. (365) p-DimethoxyA +B stilbene B = C12H1QSe 14.3E I 62.5 A Diphenyl selenide 0 B 68.5 I 100 C I Wt. % A 99.8 O Mix. A +B 67.5E I 98.8 -21.0 100 1707. (138) B -26.71 95 B = C16H34O 212.0 I O + 2.5 O n-Cetyl alcohol 12

1711. (373) B = C13H13N Benzylaniline 0 C I Wt. % A Mixed crystals 130.5 100 33.OE 19 36.0 O Mixtures containing from 50 to 6 Wt. % A freeze completely at 33.0° 1713. (372) B = Ci4Hio Tolane Mix. 130.5 100 49.8f 17.5 62.5 O 1714. (372)

1718. (72) B = C12HIeOg Isobutyl Z-mandelate 0 C I Wt. % A A 35.3 100 33.0 95 A + AB 31.OE I 90.5 AB 35.4 80 37.2 70 38.2 60 38.7 . 60 38.2 40 37.2 30 35.4 20 AB + B 31.OE I 9.5 B 33.0 5 35.3 O

B = CiìH.12 Stilbene Mix. v. also 255, 399, 623, 130.5 100 C 12 MIgOg 700, 750, 790, 811, Diethyl diacetyl93.Ot 52.25 842, 893, 918, 945, 123.5 O tartrate, v. 256, 865, 1012, 1075, 1104, 1076, 1442, 1565 1715. (463) 1131, 1158, 1180, 1322, 1357, 1406, B = C^H12O2 Ci2HÔ2 Benzoin 1444, 1445, 1482, Laurie acid 0 C I MoI % A 1552, 1564, 1584, 1719. (152) Mixed crystals 1596, 1619 B = C^H2SO2 127.2 100 Myristic acid Ci2HnNs 98.4E 55.4 A Aminoazobenzene 133.0 O 43.6 100 1709. (374) Mixtures containing 41.3 90 B = C14Hi2 from 80 to 20 MoI 38.5 80 Stilbene % A freeze com35.2 70 0 C I Wt. % A pletely at 98.4° A +B Mixed crystals 32.OE I 60 1716. (372) 142.0 100 B B = C14H14 96.OE 62.5 37.4 50 Dibenzyl 124.0 O 0 43.0 40 C I Wt. % A Mixtures containing 46.7 30 Mix. from 74 to 40 Wt. 49.6 20 130.5 100 % A freeze com51.8 10 45.9f 13.8 pletely at 96.0° 53.8 O 52.5 O 1720. (152, 472) v. also 1013, 1687 C 12HuNs B = C 1 eH 3 2O2 p- Aminoazobenzene C12H12O Palmitic acid v. 1323 /3-Naphthol ethyl A ether Ci2Hi2N2 43.6 100 1717. (133) Hydrazobenzene 41.5 90 B = C17H14O 1710. (373) 37.0 80 CinnamylideneB = C13H11N A +B acetophenone Benzalaniline 34.5E 75 0 A C I Wt. % A B 36.0 1 100 Mixed crystals 38.3 70 A +B 130.5 100 43.4 60 29.5E I 76 34.2E 15 47.0 50 B 49.5 O 51.0 40 100.0 I O Mixtures containing 54.5 30 from 47 to 8 Wt. 57.4 20 Ci2UIeOs % A freeze com59.8 10 Isobutyl pletely at 34.2° 62.0 O (i-mandelate

1724. (159) 1728. (370) B = Ci4H11N B = Ci3H8N2O7 Di- (p-nitrophenyl) Methylacridine 0 carbonate C I Wt. % A 0 Mixed crystals C \ %A 110.2 100 A 100.0 90 130.1 100 88.0 80 120.0 75.0 72.0 70 110.0 56.4 A +B 53U co. 55 72.0 25 107.5E I 52.5 76.0 20 B 83.0 10 110.0 49.2 90.5 Q 120.0 36.5 130.0 21.0 v. also 1077, 1105, 140.0 3.9 1133, 1159, 1523, 142.2 0.0 1585, 1597, 1675 v. also 1722, 1884

1586, 1626,

1598, 1620, 1637, 1704

1736. (463) v. also 1732 B = C14H12O2 Benzoin C13H12 1721. (152) C13Hn)O2 0 C MoI % A Diphenylmethane B = C IgHSeO 2 Phenyl benzoate Mixed crystals v. 626, 648, 920, 947, Stearic acid v. 166 49.8 100 0 1079, 1107, 1135, C I Wt. % A 47.OE 94.7 1161, 1182, 1264, C13H1QO3 A 133.0 O 1286, 1567, 1587, Salol 43.6 100 Mixtures containing 1600, 1621, 1627 1731. v. p. 181 41.5 90 from 100 to 35 MoI B = C1TH12O3 A +B % A freeze comC13H12N2S Betol 37.OE 77 Thiocarbanilide v. also 215, 230, 236, pletely at 47.0° B p.'1657 400, 1470, 1489, 1737. (363) 43.4 70 1599, 1638, 1642, B = C14H13NO 50.8 60 C13H12O 1656, 1663, 1666, 55.8 50 Anisylideneaniline 0 Benzylphenol 1667, 1877 59.0 40 C I Wt. % A 1741. (373) 62.O 30 A C13H11N B = C13H13N 64.7 20 49.0 I 100 C13H1Q Benzalaniline Benzylaniline 67.0 10 A + A2B C13HsN2OT Fluorene 1732. (463) 0 C Wt. % A 69.2 O 27.5E 70 Di- (p-nitrophenyl) v. 14, 103, 286, 355, B = C13H11NO Mixed crystals A B 2 carbonate 383, 519, 530, 578, v. also 102, 354, 419. Benzanilide 38.5 100 0 33.5 I 41 v. 1723, 1724, 1884 624, 647, 724, 751, 473 C I MoI % A 17.OE 44.5 A B + B 2 767, 791, 801, 812, Mixed crystals 36.0 O C H O 13 8 25.5E I 40 Ci3U8N2O7 830, 866, 1014, 1208, 49.8 100 Mixtures containing Fluorenone B Di- (o-nitrophenyl) 1324, 1358, 1367, 48.OE 97 from 60 to 32 Wt. % v. 576 57.0 O carbonate 1374, 1381, 1449, 160.8 O A freeze completely 1722. (159) 1516, 1530, 1566, 1738. (373) Mixtures containing C13H8O2 at 17.0° 1680 B = Ci 3 H 8 N 2 O 7 B = C14H14 Xanthone from 100 to 40 MoI DI-(O, p'-Nitro•% A freeze comDibenzyl v. 577 1742. (373) C13H10ClNO phenyl) carbonate Mixed crystals pletely at 48.0° B = C14H14 o-Chlorobenzanilide C H N 0 13 9 C I % A 49.5 100 1733. (375) Dibenzyl 1729. (215) Acridine A 30.2E 72 Mixed crystals B = C13H13N 1726. (370) B = Ci3H10ClNO 112.6 100 52.5 O 38,5 100 Benzylaniline p-Chlorobenzanilide B = Ci H 4 10 0 110.0 94.0 0 23.8E 70 C Wt. % A Mixtures containing C I MoI % A Anthracene 100.0 73.6 from 80 to 37 Wt. % 52.5 O Mixed crystals A Wt. A +B A freeze completely Mixtures containing 0 49.5 100 106.0 I 100 C % A 94.6E I 64.7 . at 30.2° from 72.5 to 33 Wt. 10.OE 36.5 A +B Mix. B % A freeze com36.0 O 91.5E I 90 v. also 1688, 1710 *L fe 100.0 57.8 pletely at 23.8° Mixtures containing B 110.2 110.2 100 110.0 43.6 C13H11NO from 53 to 29 Wt. % 190.0 I O 109.5f 109.Sf 92.3 120.0 25.0 Benzanilide A freeze completely C13H12O 138.0 109.5 80 130.1 0.0 C13H1CiO 1739. (463) at 10.0° Benzhydrol 156.0 131.0 70 v. also 1884 Benzophenone B = Ci 4 H 1 QO 2 1734. (373) v. 626.1, 792.1,894.1, 170.0 149.0 60 1730. (217) 1723. (159) Beiizil 920.1, 947.1, 1015, 181.0 164.0 50 B = C14H1Q 0 B = C 14 H 14 N 2 Oa B = C13H8N2O7 C I MoI % A 1080, 1107.1, 1135.1, Tolane 191.0 177.0 40 p- Azoxy aniso Ie Di- (p-nitrophenyl) 199.0 188.0 30 Mixed crystals 1161.1, 1182.1, Mixed crystals MoI carbonate 160.8 100 0 1239.1, 1264.1, 49.5 100 206.0 199.0 20 C %A A 87.4E 14.5 1525, 1587.1, 1600.1, 36.OE 72 209.0 203.0 10 Liquid 1 Solid 112.6 100 93.6 O crystals] phase 1621.1, 1627.1 216.5 216.5 O 62.5 O A 110.0 94.0 Mixtures containing Mixtures containing 1727. (370) 47.7 I 100 100.0 73.6 from 89 to 45 Wt. % from 65 to 5 MoI % C13Hi3N B = Ci4Hio A +B A +B A freeze completely A freeze completely 42. 2E I 93 Benzylaniline Phenanthrene 95.4E j 65.8 at 87.4° B at 36.0° 1743. (373) Mix. 47.0 90 B 1740. (463) 1735. (373) B = C14HiO 110.2 110.2 100 62.5 80 100.0 61.1 Tolane 103.0 90 B = C14H12 B = C] 4 H 12 O 2 83.0 60 0 110.0 50.7 95.5 40 C I Wt. % A Benzoin Stilbene 94.0 80 120.0 37.0 106.3 20 Mixed crystals 85.0 70 Mixed crystals Mixed crystals 110.4 10 130.0 21.0 36.0 100 160.8 100 76.0 60 49.5 100 115.5Trp. 7 140.0 3.9 27.OE 62 45.OE 92 116.6E 36 66.5f 66.5 50 122.0 112.7 4 142.2 0.0 O^ 62.5 O 71.0 66.5 40 135.0 114.0 133.0 O 123.5 O v. also 1884 79.5 74.5 30 v. also 104, 165, 625, Mixtures containing Mixtures containing Mixtures containing 86.5 83.5 20 792, 894, 919, 946, from 95 to 64.5 Wt. from 60 to 20 MoI from 91 to 25 Wt. % C13H8N2O7 93.0 91.5 10 1078, 1106, 1134, % A freeze com- % A freeze com- A freeze completely Di-(o-, p'-Nitroat 27.0° 98.8 0_ 1160, 1181, 1483, pletely at 45° pletely at 116.6° phenyl) carbonate C12H2-Ô2.

(Continued)

1762.—(Contin ued) 1759. (463) 1744. (373) v. also 15, 30, 106, 1754.—(Continued) Ci4HgO2 0 Wt. C I Wt. % A Anthraquinone 186, 288, 357, 385, 0 B = Ci4H14Oa B = Ci4Hi2 Mix. C % A Hydrobenzoin Stilbene v. 53, 105, 185, 287, 469, 521, 531, 579, 0 124.0 100 0 Mix. C I MoI % A C Wt. % A 356, 384, 504, 520, 627, 649, 725, 752, 116.5f 94 Mixed crystals 867, 1016, 1209, Mixed crystals 768, 793, 802, 813,ÌL I ts 212.0 Q 62.5 100 93.5 100 1450 831, 868, 895, 921, 36.0 100 74.3 65.0 90 1763. (374) 89.2 90 948, 1017, 1136, 32.OE 95 CuHio 83.2 70.2 80 85.8E 82 Ì3 C 20014N 1210, 1325, 1359, 123.5' O 97.0 81.4 60 Azonaphthalene 95.4 70 1368, 1375, 1382, Mixtures containing 1748.Anthracene (122,370,475) 108.6 94.5 40 Mixed crystals 103.0 60 1451, 1484, 1568, from 97.5 to 39 Wt. B = C14H10 117.3 107.7 20 123.5 100 109.8 50 % A freeze com1601, 1622, 1628, Phenanthrene 0_ 112.5E 70.5 115.2 40 1658, 1676, 1705, 123.5 pletely at 32.0° Wt. 1726, 1860, 1882, 1755. (372) 186.6 O 120.1 30 0 C %A 1745. (463) Mixtures containing 124.8 20 B = C14Hi4 1883 Mix. B = Ci4Hi2O 2 from 85 to 64 Wt. Dibenzyl 129.6 10 CuHio ÌL I fe I Mix. Benzoin % A freeze com133.7 O Phenanthrene 0 216.5 100 62.5 100 Mixtures containing C I MoI % A pletely at 112.5° 1752. (370) 212.5 |209.0 95 61.3 56.5 90 from 95 to 33 MoI v. also 629, 651, Mixed crystals B = CisHi2 209.3 200.0 90 59.7 54.4 80 34.2 100 % A freeze com- 1692, 1709, 1714, Chrysene 202.0 182.0 80 56.9 52.7 60 32.4E 97.8 pletely at 85.8° 1735, 1744, 1754, Wt. 194.0 165.0 70 0 55.0 52.6 40 132.7 O 1756 C %A 53.7 52.5 20 v. also 168, 216, Mixtures containing 185.0 150.0 60 ti, I te CuHi2N2 98.8 100 52.5 0_ 358.1, 1018.1, 1407, from 100 to 30 MoI 175.0 135.0 50 98.0 95.5 95 Benzalazine 1681, 1691, 1739 % A freeze com- 163.0 125.0 40 v. also 1690, 1713, 95.5t 87 1764. (368) 148.5 115.0 30 pletely at 32.4° 1734, 1743 114.0 95.5 80 CuHioOs B = C 14 HieN 2 131.0 107.0 20 142.0 121.0 70 Ci4HioU2 Benzoic anhydride Dibenzylhydrazine 110.0 102.0 10 166.0 151.0 60 1746. (373) Mix. Benzil v. 310, 1438 103.0 100.5 5 185.0 175.0 50 B = Ci4Hi4 202.0 195.0 40 1756. (463) 92.0 100 98.8 98.8 O Dibenzyl 217.0 211.0 30 38.Ot 16 B = C14H12 0 C14HuN v. also 1882 C I Wt. % A 230.5 227.0 20 47.0 O Stilbene Methylacridine 242.0 240.0 10 Mixed crystals 1749. (370) 0 C 1 MoI % A 252.5 0__ v. 1728, 1749 1765. (368) 36.0 100 B = C14H11N Mixed crystals 1753. (370) B = C15H13N 19.OE 67.5 Methylacridine 94.0 100 C uH 12 0 B = Ci8H1S Cinnamylidene52.5 O C I Wt. % A 87.3 90 Stilbene Retene aniline Mixtures containing A 81.2 80 1760. (372) Wt. Mix. from 76.5 to 47.5 216.5 100 0 76.6E 71.5 B = C14H14 100 92.0 C %A Wt. % A freeze com- 212.0 90 85.5 60 Mix. Dibenzyl 84.Ot 70 pletely at 19.0° 207.0 80 0 fc U 93.0 50 C Wt. 107.5 O 201.O 70 98.8 98.8 100 100.0 40 %A v. also 1689, 1711, 194.0 1766. (368) 60 92.0 90.0 90 106.0 30 Mix. 1733, 1741 B = CieHio 186.0 50 83.5 81.0 80 111.2 20 IL ts Diphenyl173.0 40 73.0 69.0 70 116.0 10 123.5 123.5 100 diacetylene 155.0 30 CisHisN 61.0 58.0 60 120.4 O 121.0 114.5 90 Mix. 130.0 20 Diphenyl56.5t 46 Mixtures containing 117.0 105.0 80 92.0 100 84. OE ca. 8 methylamine 59.0 57.0 40 from 88 to 40 MoI 113.0 96.0 70 77.Ot 23.5 90.5 O v. 839, 1081 65.5 57.0 30 % A freeze com- 108.0 87.0 60 88.0 O 79.0 68.0 20 1750. v. p. 181 pletely at 76.6° 102.0 80.0 50 1767. (368) CisHisOs 90.01 84.0 10 B = CigH^ 95.0 73.0 40 1757. v. p. 181 B = Ci0Hi4 98.0 0_ Phenyl salicylate Chrysene 85.5 66.0 30 B = Ci H O2 Diphenylbutadiene v. also 1883 v. 167 v. also 16, 31, 54, 75.0 59.5 20 Benzoin Mix. 107, 112, 187, 289, 64.0 54.5 10 1751. (370) 1758. (463) 92 100 CisHisOsP 358, 386, 470, 505, 52.5 0_ B = Ci4Hi4 B = C1SHiS 148.4 O Methyldiphenoxy522, 532, 580, 628, Dibenzyl Retene 1768. (368) 1761. (374) 0 phosphine oxide 650, 726, 753, 769, Wt. C MoI % B 0 B = C 22 HIgN 2 B = Ci4Hi4N2 C %A 1747. (371) 794, 803, 814, 832, 92.7 O a-Naphtholazine tL I te Azotoluene 868.1, 1018, 1211, 88.0 B = C18H15O4P 10 0 216.5 100 Mixed crystals C Wt. % A Triphenyl 1326, 1360, 1369, 03.O 20 212.0 211.0 90 92.0 100 Mix. 1376, 1452, 1569, 77.7 phosphate 207.0 205.0 80 30 0 80.OE 68 124.0 100 1652, 1677, 1727, 71.6 C 1 Wt. % A 200.0 196.0 70 40 192.0 182.0 60 152.0 O 100.0| 56 1748, 1882 A 63.6 50 182.0 147.0 50 Mixtures containing 144.0 O 36.0 I 100 53.7 60 170.0 88.5 40 CuHio from 79 to 44 Wt. A +B 153.0 88.5 30 42.4 70 1762. (374) Tolane % A freeze com130.0 88.5 20 22.5E I 59 44.6 80 1754. (372) B = CieHieC^ 88.5E 8.5 pletcly at 80.0° B 48.1 90 p- DimethoxyB = C14H12 93.0 88.5 5 v. also 1576 49.0 I O 51.2 100 98.0 98.0 O Stilbene stilbene =

2

4

12

C14Ü12O2

Ci4Hi4

Benzoin 1769. (463) B = Ci4Hi4 Dibenzyl 0 C I Mol S A Mixed crystal 3 133.0 10( 127.5 9( 124.0 8( 121.0 7( 117.0 6( 114.0 5< 110.0 4( 104.0 3( 91.5 2( 72.0 K 50.2E 51.2 ( Mixtures contai iing from 60 to O McI % A freeze compk bely at 50.2°

Dibenzyl v. 630, 652, 1694, 1716, 1738, 1742, 1746, 1755, 1758, 1760, 1769

v. also 1693, 1^15, 1736, 1740, 1 f45, 1757 CuHi2O2

Phenyl anisyl ke one v. 169

Ci4H14N2 Azotoluene v. 1695, 1761

C14H14N 2O 2 p-Azoanisole 1771. (45)

B = C 14 H 14 N 2 O 3 p-Azoxyanisole Mol 0

C

Solid phase j A 164.6 160.2 155.9 151.2 145.7 139.2 124.4 131.6 126.0 Trp. 127.0 | 122.8 A + B 129.8l 113.OE | B 132.4 115.4 134.8 117.4

%A

Liquid crystals

100 90 80 70 60 50 40 33.5 30 20

10 O

1772. (45) Ci4Ui2O2

Benzyl benzoa te v. 170

C14H13NO Acetyldiphenylamir 3 v. 1706

C14H13NO Anisylideneanü ne v. 1737

C14H13N5O ~~ m-Nitrobenzei ediazoethylamin« -pnitrobenzem 1770. (43l) B = CuH13Ns D 4 p-Nitrobenzer 3diazoethylamh om-nitrobenzei e 0 C | % V Mix. 178.5 10'l 170.5 9« l 163.3 8n 158.0 7-> 155.9t 5i 156.7 5'» 160.3 4'» 166.6 30 174.0 2) 182.3 1) 193.0 ;)

1773.1. (45) = CIgH 1 SN 2 O 2 p-Methylpropylazophenol 0 C I MoI % A Liquid crystals 109.9 100 109.6 90 109.1 80 109.1 70 109.2 60 B

B = C 1 SH 16 N 2 O 2

p-Azoanisolephenetole Mol C %A Liquid I Solid crystals I phase Mix. 164.6 100 159.0 90 154.0 80 148.8 70 143.6 60 139.0 50 124.0 135.0 40 126.0 133.0 30 132.7t 25 128.1 132.8 20 130.1 133.5 10 132.2 134.5 O 0

1773. (45) B = C16H18N2O2 p-Azophenetole 0

Liquid crystals

128.5 133.0

137.1 141.6 146.1 150.7 155.0

C

Mol %A

Solid phase A 164.6 100 158.3 90 151.9 80 145.6 70 139.4 60 A +B |133.0E| 50 B 139.5 40 145.0 30 150.2 20 155.1 10 159.5 O

C14H14N 2O3 p-Azoxyanisole 1774. (45) B = C 16 H 16 N 2 O 2 p-Azoanisolephenetole MoI %A

0

C

Liquid crystals

Solid phase A 134.4 117.4 100 132.6 112.4 90 131.0 107.1 80 A + B I 102.5Ej 71.5 B 130.0 103.5 70 129.8 109.7 60 129.7 115.4 50 129.5 120.4 40 129.7 124.5 30 130.0 128.4 20 130.8 131.8 10 132.2 134.5 O

1775. (390) B = C16H1SN2Os p-Azoxyphenetole Liquid crystals IL I ts

135.5 137.8 140.5 143.2

146.3 149.6 152.8 156.3 159.7 163.2 167.3

Solid MoI. phase % A

A . 118.5 137.2114.4 140.1109.5 142.8103.9 A+B 97.5E| B 145.8 99.0 149.2 107.7 152.4115.2 155.9122.1 159.3128.4 162.8133.8 138.4

100 90 80 70 61.5

60 50 40 30 20 10 O

v. also 868.2, 1019, 1162, 1632, 1730, 1771

C14H14O 2 Hydrobenzoin v. 1759

CuH16N2 Hydrazotoluene v. 1020

Ci 4 HieN2 1779.—-(Continued) 0 Diberizylhydrazine C I Wt. % A 1776. (368) B B = C 15 H 13 N 67.2 I 10 Cinnamylidene69.2 I O aniline v. also 108, 359, 420, 0 C i Wt. % A 474, 1719 Mixed crystals C^N 47.0 100 Cinnamylidene35.5E 95.5 aniline 107.5 O 1780. (368) Mixtures containing B = C16H10 from 98 to 59 Wt. Diphenyl% A freeze comdiacetylene pletely at 35.5° Mix. 1777. (368) 107.5 100 75.Of 19 B = C16Hu 88.0 O Diphenylbutadiene 0 C I Wt. % A 1781. (368) Mix. B = C 16 Hn 47.0 100 Diphenylbutadiene 148.4 O Mix. 107.5 100 v. also 1764 148.5 O v. also 1765, 1776

CuH16N 2O 2

Hydrazoanisole v. 1021 C 14 H2sO2

Myristic acid 1778. (252)

B = C 1 CH 32 O 2 Palmitic acid 0 C Wt. % A A 53.8 100 51.8 90 49.5 80 46.4 70 A + B 43.5E I 62 B 48.0 50 51.5 40 55.0 30 58.0 20 60.1 10 62.0 O 1779. (152) B = C1SH36O2 Stearic acid

A

53.8 50.7 47.8

AH-B

45.OE I B 50.7 55.0 59.1 62.5 65.0

100 90 80 73

60 50 40 30 20

C1GH1Q

Diphenyldiacetylene 1784. (368) B = C 16 Hi4 Diphenylbutadiene 0 C I Wt. % A Mix. 88.0 100 148.4 O

v. also 1766, 1780

C16H11N3O7 Naphthalene picrate 1785.

(334)

B = C17H13N3O7 Methylnaphthalene jS-picrate 0 C I Wt. % A Mix. 150.0 100 115.0 O

C1OH16N 2O 2 p- Azo anisolepherietole 1782. (45) B = C 16 H 18 N 2 O 8 p-Azoxyphenetole MoI 0

C

%A

Liquid Solid crystals phase A 132.2 134.5 100 135.4 131.5 90 139.0 128.4 80 142.5 125.2 70 145.8 122.2 60 149.4 118.7 50 A + B 118.OE I 48 B 152.8 121.6 40 156.3 126.1 30 159.8 130.3 20 163.5 134.0 10 167.5 136.9 O

1783. (45) 13

=

C1^H22N2O2

p-Dipropylazophenol A 132.2 129.4 126.5 123.9 121.7

134.5 100 130.0 90 125.1 80 119.9 70 113.7 60 A + B 113.OE I 59 B 119.8 119.8 50 126.5 40 132.3 30 137.4 20 141.9 10 146.1 O

v. also 1772, 1774

v. also 1022

C16H^N 2

Benzeneazonaphthalene v. 1696

C16H14 Diphenylbutadiene 1786. (368)

B = C19H15N Cinnamylidene-ßnaphthylamine 0 C I Wt. % A Mixed crystals 148.4 100 78.8E 21.5 106.0 O Mixtures containing from 68 to 13 Wt. % A freeze completely at 78.8°

v. also 1767, 1777, 1781, 1784

C16H16O 2 p-Dimethoxystilbene v. 1697, 1762

C16H18N2O2

1791. (45)

.p-Azophenetole

B = Ci8H22N2O2

(45, 390)

1787.

B = Ci 6 Hi 8 N 2 O 3

p-Azoxyphenetole Mol %A

0

C

Liquid mixed crystals fc te

Solid mixed crystals tij is

p-Dipropylazophenol 0 C I MoI % A Liquid crystals 109.9 100 108.9 90 108.9 80 108.9 70

A

a. also 1773.1 162.4 162.4 100 161.0 160.2 95 C1GH18N2Os 159.8 158.2 90 158.7 156.0 85 p-Azoxyphenetole 157.7 154.0 80 1792. (390) A + B' 13 = C3oHsoO2 157.4E 157.4E | 77 Cholesteryl B' 157.6 157.4 157.4 152.0 75 propionate 157.9 157.4 157-.4 150.0 70 MoI 0 159.0 158.0 154.6 147.0 60 C %A 162.0 161.0 149.2 142.5 40 Liquid Solid 164.7 164.0 143.8 139.7 20 crystals phase 167.3 167.3 138.4 138.4 O £L ta £L ts B' = Liquid crystals 167.3 167.3 138.4138.4 100 157.2 156.6 135.0 90 148.4 147.4 130.2 83.4 80 1788. (45) 134.2 133.0 122.2 82.6 60 120.2 128.0 117.0 82.7 50 B = C 1 gH22N2O2 121.1 120.3 102.3 82.8 30 p-Dipropyl118.2 117.4 87.2 82.6 20 azophenol 82.6E 17 MoI 115.2 114.4 88.4 82.8 10 0 C %A 112.4 96.2 I O Liquid Solid crystals phase 1793. (390) A B = C 31 H52O2 156.1 160.2 100 Cholesteryl 151.4 156.0 95 isobutyrate 147.0 151.1 90 142.5 146.5 85 167.3 167.3 138.4 138.4 100 138.1 142.5 80 161.0 159.2 136.4 136.4 95 134.0 139.5 75 145.2 142.6 130.4 106.4 80 129.5 138.5 70 1152114.2 122.2106.4 60 139.6 60 115.2 114.2 112.2 106.4 40 A -f B A+ B A'+B |138.4E| 41.1 I 108.0E 32 B 110.0E 30 143.5 20 I 146.1 O B v. also 290, 1773 CIeH18N2(^ p- Me thy 1propylazophenol 1790. (45) B = C 17 H2()N2O2

p-Ethylpropylazophenol MoI

0 C Liquid Solid crystals phase Mix. 109.9 113.1 113.1 111.Of 116.1 111.8 119.2 114.2 122.2 118.4 125.3 123.6 128.2 128.5 131.0 132.8 134.0 136.9 136.8 140.7 139.6 144.2

%A

100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 O

I 118.0 20 124.8 10 128.8 O A' — Liquid crystals

1794. (390) - B = C34H5uO 2

Cholesteryl benzoate 167.3 138.4 100 162.0 161.0 134.5 112.0 90 157.1 156.0 130.0111.5 80 156.Ot 156.Ot 73 157.3 157.3 121.8 112.5 60 112.5E 46 161.8 161.2 120.0112.0 40 169.0 167.5 136.5 111.5 20 178.8 149.5 O

v. also 1633, 1775, 1782, 1787 C 1 eH32O2

Palmitic acid 1795. (69) B = CisH34O2

Oleic acid

1795.—(Continued) 0 C I Wt. % A Mix. 62.0 100.0 60.0 91.8 58.0 85.3 56.0 74.5 54.0 65.8 52.0 57.8 50.0 51.0 47.5 43.5 45.0 36.9 40.0 27.4 35.0 20.0 30.0 14.5 25.0 10.2 20.0 6.8 15.0 3.7 9.0 0.0 v. also 1885 1796. (69, 95.5, 152, 469) B = Ci8H 36 O2

1799. v. p. 181 B = C27H46O Cholesterol

C17HÔ3 Betol v. 1731

1800. v. p. 181 B = CsiHgsOe Tripalmitin v. also 1886, 1888

C17H]Ô3 Naphthyl salicylate v. 1664

1801. (246.7)

Benzylidene-anaphthylamine 1803. (374) B = Ci7H13N Benzylidene-jSnaphthylamine 0 C I MoI % A Mixed crystals 73.0 100 47.5E 61 103.0 O Mixtures containing from 67 to 41 MoI % A freeze completely at 47.5°

B = Cs 7 HiK)O 6

Tristearin C I Wt. % A A 61.0 100 60.0 90 58.8 80 57.7 70 56.6 60 A + AB 55.5E I 50 AB 59.0 1 40 62.0 30 63. 5 22.3 AB + AB4 63.OE I 16 AB4 67.7 10 68.4 6. 7 AB4 + B 56E ca. I 0.5 B 56.0 I O 0

C17H13N

C17H17NO d-Benzoyltetrahydroquinaldine 1806. (1) B = C17H17NO Z-Benzoyltetrahydroquinaldine 0 C I MoI % A A 119.4 100 119.2 95 119.0 90 118.5 80 118.0 70 A + AB 117.8E I 65 AB 118.2 60 119.2 50 118.2 40 AB + B 117.8E I 36 B

118.0 30 Stearic acid C17H13N3O7 118.5 20 A Methylnaphthalene 119.0 10 62.0 100 a-picrate 119.2 5 60.0 92.0 1804. (334) 119.4 O 58.0 83.1 B = C17H13N3O7 56.0 74.5 Methylnaphthalene A + AB ß-picrate C17H2oN2O 0 54.9E 70.0 C ! %A TetramethyldiamiAB Mix. nobenzophenone 56.0 I 59.5 141.0 100 v. 1526 v. also 109, 360, 421, AB -f B 115.0 O 475, 1720, 1778, 56.5U I 48.0 Ci7H2oN2O2 1885, 1886, 1887, C17H13N3O7 B Methylnaphthalene p-Ethylpropyl1888 58.0 43.0 /3-picrate azophenol 60.0 36.0 C^H34O v. 1785, 1804 v. 1790 62.0 29.0 n-Cetyl alcohol 64.0 21.9 C17H14 1802. (340) C17H22N2O 66.0 13.7 a-BenzylB = C27H46O Tetramethyl69.2 0.0 naphthalene Cholesterol diaminobenzhydrol v. also 1885, 1886, 0 v. 631, 653 C I Mol % A v. 1023 1887 A C17H14O 1797. (332) 50.0 I 100 CinnamylideneB = C2oH4 O2 Ci8Hi2 A +AB acetophenone Chrysene Arachidic acid 45.OE I 89 v. 1327, 1682, 1698, v. 1678, 1750, 1752, 1798. (333) AB + B 1708, 1717 1883 52.OU I 69 B = C24Ü48O2 C17H14O B Lignoceric acid 0 Dibenzylacetone C18H15As C Wt. 148.0 O Triphenylarsine v. 171, 218 %A The compound AB 1807. (367) Mix. crystallizes in liquid C17HÔ3 B — C1SH1SBi crystals. The eut. h ta Eugenol benzoate TriphenylA + B is therefore 62.5 62.5 100 1805. (348) between solid crysbismuthine 59.0 58.0 90 0 B = C 17 HIeO 3 C i Wt. % A tals A and liquid 56.5t 56.5t 78 Isoeugenol benzoate crystals AB 57.5 57.0 70 Mixed crystals 0 C I MoI % A 59.5 58.5 60 59.0 100 v. also 217, 231, 361, A 40.OE 72.5 63.0 61.5 50 1707 69.5 I 100 66.0 64.5 40 76.0 O A + B Mixtures containing 68.0 67.0 30 C igHs 7JN O 2 56.5E I 74.5 71.0 70.0 20 Ammonium from 80 to 48 Wt. % B palmitate A freeze completely 74.5 73.5 10 104.0 I Q 79.5 79.5 O at 40.0° v. 362 0

1814. (371) 1819.—(Continued) 0 B = C18H15OP C I Wt. % A TriphenylMix. 1808. (367) phosphine oxide 153.5 100 B = C18H15N 0 C I Wt. % A 47.5f 6 Triphenylamine Mixed crystals 49.0 O 0 C I Wt. % A 163.0 100 1820. (371) Mixed crystals 115.OE 47 B = Ci8Hi5PS 59.0 100 153.5 O Triphenylphosphine 45.5E 76 Mixtures containing sulfide 127.5 O 68 to 26 Wt. % A Mix. Mixtures containing 153.5 100 from 85 to 56 Wt. % freeze completely at 115.0° 122.Ot 38.5 A freeze completely 1815. (371) 158.0 O at 45.5° B = C18H15PS 1821. (371) 1809. (367) TriphenylB = C18H15SbS B = C18H15P phosphine sulfide Triphenylstibine TriphenylMix. sulfide phosphine 163.0 100 Mixed crystals Mixed crystals 155.Ot 26 153.5 100 59.0 100 158.0 O 42E 10 64.2U 61.5 1816. (371) 119.0 O 79.1 I O B = C18H15SbS Mixtures containing 1810. (367) Triphenylstibine from 78 to O Wt. % A freeze completely sulfide B = Ci8H15Sb at 42° Triphenylstibine Mix. Mix. 163.O 100 v. also 1812, 1814 59.0 100 97.Of 5 C18H15OsPS 119.0 O 37.5t 30 Triphenyl 58.0 O v. also 1811 thiophosphate 1822. (371) Ci8Hi5Bi Ci8Hi5AsO Triphenylarsine TriphenylB = C18H15O4P Triphenyl phosphate oxide bismuthine 1817. (367) 1811. (371) Mix. B = C18H15P B = Ci8Hi6AsS 63.0 100 TriphenylTriphenylarsine 42.Ot 32 sulfide phosphine 49.0 O Mix. Mixed crystals 1823. (371) 192.0 100 76.0 100 B = C18H15PS 42.OE 54 116.Of 53 Triphenylphosphine 163.0 O 79.1 O sulfide Mixtures containing Mixed crystals 1812. (371) from 66 to 44 Wt. % 63.0 100 B = Ci8Hi5OP 56.OE 87 Triphenylphosphine A freeze completely at 42° 158.0 O oxide Mixtures containing v. also 1807 Mix. from 50 to 5 Wt. % 192.0 100 C18H15N A freeze completely 153.5 O Triphenylamine at 56.0°

Ci8H15As.(Continued)

1824.—(Continued) 1826.—(Continued) 0 0 C I Wt. % A C I Wt. % A Mix. A 158.0 100 58.0 46.8 60.0 40.0 82.Ot ca. 6 119.Od. O 62.0 32.1 v. also 1272, 1815, 64.0 23.2 66.0 14.0 1820, 1823

1832.—(Continued) 0 C I Wt. % A A 64.5 70 62.7 60 61.1 50 59.5 40 57.8 30 56.0 20 69.0 0.0 C18H15SbS A +B v. also 1885 Triphenylstibine 54.OE I 10 1827. v. p. 181 sulfide B B = C 27 H 46 O v. 1813, 1816, 1821, Cholesterol 56.0 I O 1824 v. also 363, 1570, v. also 1795, 1885 1721, 1779, 1796, C18HSeO2 1826, 1885, 1886, Triphenylstibine Stearic acid 1887, 1889 v. 1810 1828. (332) C18H18 C18H37NO2 B = C oH oO Retene Ammonium oleate Arachidic acid v. 533, 581, 632, 654, v. 364 Wt. 0 804, 1328, 1679, C %A C 18 HSgNO 2 1751, 1753 ÌL \ ta Ammonium stéarate Mix. Ci8H18Ô4 f>. 364.1 Ethyl 69.0 69.0 I 100 p-azobenzoate 67.0 66.0 90 CigHisN 1825. (217) 65.0 63.5 80 5-Phenylacridine B = C18H18N2O5 63.0 61.5 70 v. 633 Ethyl 60.5t 60.5t 63 CigHisN 61.5 60.5 50 p-azoxybenzoate Cinnamylidene-/?MoI 63.5 62.5 40 0 naphthylamine C %A 66.0 65.0 30 Liquid I Solid v. 1786 69.0 68.0 20 crystals I phase 72.0 71.5 10 CigHie Mix. 143.1 100 Triphenylmethane 75.0 75.0 O 139.0 90 1833. v. p. 181 1829. (333) 133.0 80 JD = CigHißO B = C24H48O2 122.0 60 Triphenyl carbinol 115.5 40 Lignoceric acid 114.6Trp. 25 1834. (294) Mix. 116.2 114.5 20 B = C19H17N3 69.0 69.0 100 119.4 114.3 10 Triphenylguanidine 67.0 90 117.8 121.0 114.2 5 122.4 122.4 114.2 Q A 65.0 80 90.0 I 100 63.5t 63.5t 73 C 18 H22N2O2 A + B8 66.0 65.0 60 p-Dipropyl81.OE I 80 67.5 66.0 50 azophenol A + Bm v. 1783, 1788, 1791 68.5 67.0 40 78.8E I 77.5 70.0 69.0 30 C 18 H3 4 O2 Bm 72.0 71.0 20 Oleic acid 138.0 I O 75.0 74.5 10 1826. (69, 117, 329) B 79.5 79.5 Q B = C HSeO 1818. (367) 1813. (371) 142.4 I O 1830. v. p. 181 Stearic acid B = Ci 8 Hi 5 P B = C18H15SbS C18H15O4P v. also 32, 430, 431, B = C H SO 0 27 4 C I Wt. % A Triphenylstibine Triphenyl Triphenylphosphine 437, 523, 634, 655, Cholesterol A sulfide Mix. phosphate 815, 896, 922, 949, 1831. v. p. 181 9.0 100.0 Mixed crystals 100 127.5 v. 1747, 1819, 1822 1024, 1082, 1108, B = C Hg Oe 51 8 20.0 95.2 192.0 100 63.5t 25 C18Hi5P 1137, 1163, 1183, Tripalmitin 25.0 92.2 43.OE 8 79.1 O Triphenylphosphine 1212, 1240, 1252, v. also 1886, 1889 30.0 90.0 119.0 O v. also 1808 v. 1809, 1817, 1818 35.0 85.9 1265, 1485, 1571, 1832. (246.7) Mixtures containing 1588, 1602, 1623, Ci H OP C H PS B = C H QOg 40.0 81.9 18 15 8 15 57 11 from 55 to O Wt. % 1629 Tristearin 45.0 74.5 A freeze completely Triphenylphosphine Triphenylphosphine 0 oxide sulfide C 1 Wt. % A CigHieO 47.5 70.5 at 43.0° 1824. (371) 1819. (371) A Triphenyl carbinol 50.0 66.1 B == C 18 H 15 O 4? B = C18Hi5SbS Ci8Hi5AsS v. 582, 635, 727, 754, 52.0 62.5 67.5 100 Triphenyl Triphenylarsine Triphenylstibine 54.0 51.8 770, 816, 898, 923, 67.0 90 phosphate sulfide sulfide 56.0 52.8 66.0 80 950, 1083, 1109, VX 1 8 JtI 1 5 OD

2

18

2

4

2

1138, 1164, 1184, 1839. (327) 1253, 1266, 1329,B = C22Ü42O2 1361, 1486, 1572,Isoerucic acid 1589, 1603, 1624,0C I Wt. % A A 1630, 1833, 1860

CigHnNs Triphenylguanidine v. 311, 1495, 1834

33.3 I 100 A +B 29.7 I 78 B 51.2 I O

1845. (333)

C32Ü64O2

B = C24H4gO2

Cetyl pal mita te v. 1573

Lignoceric acid 0 C I MoI % A Mix. 85.5-86 100 78.of 10 79.5-80 O

C34HöoO2

Cholesteryl benzoate v. 1794

1850. (261.5) B = C 57HiioOe Tristearin 0 C | Wt. % A Mix. 100 62.6 62.0 98.0 60.0 91.0 58.0 84.0

1851.—(Continued) 0 C | Wt. % A Mix. 30.0 94.5 40.0 89.5 45.0 84.5 50.0 79.0 52.0 76.2 54.0 71.8 56.0 68.8 58.0 64.2 60.0 59.5 62.0 54.5 64.0 48.0

CöiHggOe Tripalmitin C2oHi4N2 Lignoceric acid 1849. (261.5) 1840. (327) Azonaphthalene v. 1798, 1829, 1835, 58.0 26.0 B = CoTHiO4Oe X> C22H44Ü2 v. 1699, 1763 1845 Triolein Behenic acid 0 ... {»;« C | Wt. % A A 020-024^202 C25HooO2 Mix. 58.0 3.0 33.34 I 100 Quinine, v. 1026 Methyl 62.6 100 56.0 0.0 «•« {S:S A +B tetracosanate 62.0 90 64.0 24.0 33.1E 1 96 C/20-H-40Ü2 1846. (333) 60.0 64.5 v. also 1800, 1831, 62.0 16.0 B Arachidic acid B = C2oH5oO2 1886, 1888, 1889, 58.0 52.0 60.0 10.0 1835. (333) 79.25 I Q Methyl lignocerate 1890 56.0 43.3 58.0 5.0 B = C 24EUgO 2 v. also 1836 Mix. 54.0 36.0 56.0 O Lignoceric acid 59.5-60.0 100 0 52.0 30.2 C22H42Û2 CöTÜKÔe C | Wt. % A 56.Of 15 v. also 1849, 1890 Isoerucic acid Triolein 50.0 26.0 Mk. 57.0-57.5 O 1841. (327) 1851. (261.5) 45.0 18.7 75.0 100 B == C22H44Ü2 40.0 14.3 B = CsrHuoOe CöyHnoOß 67.Ot 65 C27H46O Behenic acid Tristearin 30.0 8.2 Tristearin 80.0 O Cholesterol 0 C I % A Mix. 20.0 4.8 v. 1574, 1643, 1801, v. 1799, 1802, 1827, v. also 1797, 1828 Mix. + 10.0 2.5 1832, 1850, 1851, - 7.0 100 1830 51.5 100 - 7.0 0.0 + 10.0 98.5 1887, 1888, 1889, C2lIÎ2lN 79.2 O v. also 1890 20.0 97.0 1890 C2gH4sO2 Tribenzylamine v. also 1837, 1839 Cholesteryl acetate v. 1421 PART II 1847. (!99) C22H44Ü2 B = C2QH4SO2 C22ÏÎ16N2 THREE-COMPONENT SYSTEMS Behenic acid a-Phytosteryl a-Naphtholazine 1842. (333) 1852. C2H6NO, Acetamide; B = C2H6O, Ethyl alcohol; C = acetate v. 1768 C6H6O, Phenol (267, 436). B = 022044Ua Mix. Isobehenic acid ISOTHERMAL COMPOSITIONS IN WT. % B C22H-42O2 113.6 100 Mix. Brassidic acid 128.31 ca. 30 75% A 50% A 40% A 25% A 6% A 84.0 100 1836. (327) 127.1 O Solvent + 2 5 % +50% +60% +75% +94% 75.0 O B C22H42Ü2 C C C C C 1848. (l»») v. also 1838, 1840, Erucic acid Solid phase | A | A | AC | AC | C 2 2 B = C2QH4SO 2 0 1841 C | %A /3-Phytosteryl 6O 0 C 3^0 A acetate 50 15.5 C2sH4eO2 58.3 | 100 Mix. Methyl behenate 40 27.0 0.7 A+ B 1843. (333) 113.6 100 30 38.0 5.5 2.8 9.7 0.7 31.7E l 17.0 141.2 O B = C 23 H 46 O 2 20 49.5 19.0 10.5 19.0 6.0 B Methyl isobehenate 10 60.6 32.2 18.7 28.5 17.0 33.3 | O C29Ü48O2 Mix. v. also 298, 323.1; Eq. 292, p. 174. a-Phytosteryl 1837. (327) 55.0 100 1853. C6H3Cl3, 1, 2, 3-Trichlorobenzene; B = C6H3Cl3, 1, 2,acetate = 52.5f 8 B C22H42Ü2 4-Trichlorobenzene; C = C6H3Cl3, 1, 3, 5-Trichlorobenzene v. 1847 54.0 Q Isoerucic acid (303). Mixed crystals ISOTHERMAL COMPOSITIONS IN % OF SOLID PHASE C29Ü48O2 C 24HUyBrO 2 58.3 100 rr~ A + B,A + C, B + C , B + A , C + A, C + B, /3-Phytosteryl a-Bromotetra52U 45 boivent or A + (B + C) or B + (C + A) Qr c + (A + B) acetate cosanic acid 51.5 Q 1844. (333) v. 1848 Solid phase I A l B l C 0 1838. (327) B = C24H47BrO2 0.O C 27.8 64.2 24.0 C3oHo()O2 a-Bromolignoceric B = C22Ü44O2 10.0 37.8 84.8 31.4 Cholesteryl acid Behenic acid 20.0 49.5 40.4 propionate Mix. Mixed crystals 30.0 62.7 51.4 v. 1792 73.5 100 58.3 100 40.0 77.9 64.0 57.2E 91 67.Of 10 C31Ü52O2 50.0 95.3 78.6 68.5 O 79.2 O Cholesteryl 60.0 95.7 isobutyrate -5.O0E at 23 % A, 56.5 % B, 20.5 % C. C24H4sO2 C22H42Û2 v. 1793 M. P.: A, 52.4°; B, 16.6°; C, 62.7°. Tetracosanic acid Erucic acid ==

=

C24H4gO2

»•• {2:S

1138, 1164, 1184, 1839. (327) 1253, 1266, 1329,B = C22Ü42O2 1361, 1486, 1572,Isoerucic acid 1589, 1603, 1624,0C I Wt. % A A 1630, 1833, 1860

CigHnNs Triphenylguanidine v. 311, 1495, 1834

33.3 I 100 A +B 29.7 I 78 B 51.2 I O

1845. (333)

C32Ü64O2

B = C24H4gO2

Cetyl pal mita te v. 1573

Lignoceric acid 0 C I MoI % A Mix. 85.5-86 100 78.of 10 79.5-80 O

C34HöoO2

Cholesteryl benzoate v. 1794

1850. (261.5) B = C 57HiioOe Tristearin 0 C | Wt. % A Mix. 100 62.6 62.0 98.0 60.0 91.0 58.0 84.0

1851.—(Continued) 0 C | Wt. % A Mix. 30.0 94.5 40.0 89.5 45.0 84.5 50.0 79.0 52.0 76.2 54.0 71.8 56.0 68.8 58.0 64.2 60.0 59.5 62.0 54.5 64.0 48.0

CöiHggOe Tripalmitin C2oHi4N2 Lignoceric acid 1849. (261.5) 1840. (327) Azonaphthalene v. 1798, 1829, 1835, 58.0 26.0 B = CoTHiO4Oe X> C22H44Ü2 v. 1699, 1763 1845 Triolein Behenic acid 0 ... {»;« C | Wt. % A A 020-024^202 C25HooO2 Mix. 58.0 3.0 33.34 I 100 Quinine, v. 1026 Methyl 62.6 100 56.0 0.0 «•« {S:S A +B tetracosanate 62.0 90 64.0 24.0 33.1E 1 96 C/20-H-40Ü2 1846. (333) 60.0 64.5 v. also 1800, 1831, 62.0 16.0 B Arachidic acid B = C2oH5oO2 1886, 1888, 1889, 58.0 52.0 60.0 10.0 1835. (333) 79.25 I Q Methyl lignocerate 1890 56.0 43.3 58.0 5.0 B = C 24EUgO 2 v. also 1836 Mix. 54.0 36.0 56.0 O Lignoceric acid 59.5-60.0 100 0 52.0 30.2 C22H42Û2 CöTÜKÔe C | Wt. % A 56.Of 15 v. also 1849, 1890 Isoerucic acid Triolein 50.0 26.0 Mk. 57.0-57.5 O 1841. (327) 1851. (261.5) 45.0 18.7 75.0 100 B == C22H44Ü2 40.0 14.3 B = CsrHuoOe CöyHnoOß 67.Ot 65 C27H46O Behenic acid Tristearin 30.0 8.2 Tristearin 80.0 O Cholesterol 0 C I % A Mix. 20.0 4.8 v. 1574, 1643, 1801, v. 1799, 1802, 1827, v. also 1797, 1828 Mix. + 10.0 2.5 1832, 1850, 1851, - 7.0 100 1830 51.5 100 - 7.0 0.0 + 10.0 98.5 1887, 1888, 1889, C2lIÎ2lN 79.2 O v. also 1890 20.0 97.0 1890 C2gH4sO2 Tribenzylamine v. also 1837, 1839 Cholesteryl acetate v. 1421 PART II 1847. (!99) C22H44Ü2 B = C2QH4SO2 C22ÏÎ16N2 THREE-COMPONENT SYSTEMS Behenic acid a-Phytosteryl a-Naphtholazine 1842. (333) 1852. C2H6NO, Acetamide; B = C2H6O, Ethyl alcohol; C = acetate v. 1768 C6H6O, Phenol (267, 436). B = 022044Ua Mix. Isobehenic acid ISOTHERMAL COMPOSITIONS IN WT. % B C22H-42O2 113.6 100 Mix. Brassidic acid 128.31 ca. 30 75% A 50% A 40% A 25% A 6% A 84.0 100 1836. (327) 127.1 O Solvent + 2 5 % +50% +60% +75% +94% 75.0 O B C22H42Ü2 C C C C C 1848. (l»») v. also 1838, 1840, Erucic acid Solid phase | A | A | AC | AC | C 2 2 B = C2QH4SO 2 0 1841 C | %A /3-Phytosteryl 6O 0 C 3^0 A acetate 50 15.5 C2sH4eO2 58.3 | 100 Mix. Methyl behenate 40 27.0 0.7 A+ B 1843. (333) 113.6 100 30 38.0 5.5 2.8 9.7 0.7 31.7E l 17.0 141.2 O B = C 23 H 46 O 2 20 49.5 19.0 10.5 19.0 6.0 B Methyl isobehenate 10 60.6 32.2 18.7 28.5 17.0 33.3 | O C29Ü48O2 Mix. v. also 298, 323.1; Eq. 292, p. 174. a-Phytosteryl 1837. (327) 55.0 100 1853. C6H3Cl3, 1, 2, 3-Trichlorobenzene; B = C6H3Cl3, 1, 2,acetate = 52.5f 8 B C22H42Ü2 4-Trichlorobenzene; C = C6H3Cl3, 1, 3, 5-Trichlorobenzene v. 1847 54.0 Q Isoerucic acid (303). Mixed crystals ISOTHERMAL COMPOSITIONS IN % OF SOLID PHASE C29Ü48O2 C 24HUyBrO 2 58.3 100 rr~ A + B,A + C, B + C , B + A , C + A, C + B, /3-Phytosteryl a-Bromotetra52U 45 boivent or A + (B + C) or B + (C + A) Qr c + (A + B) acetate cosanic acid 51.5 Q 1844. (333) v. 1848 Solid phase I A l B l C 0 1838. (327) B = C24H47BrO2 0.O C 27.8 64.2 24.0 C3oHo()O2 a-Bromolignoceric B = C22Ü44O2 10.0 37.8 84.8 31.4 Cholesteryl acid Behenic acid 20.0 49.5 40.4 propionate Mix. Mixed crystals 30.0 62.7 51.4 v. 1792 73.5 100 58.3 100 40.0 77.9 64.0 57.2E 91 67.Of 10 C31Ü52O2 50.0 95.3 78.6 68.5 O 79.2 O Cholesteryl 60.0 95.7 isobutyrate -5.O0E at 23 % A, 56.5 % B, 20.5 % C. C24H4sO2 C22H42Û2 v. 1793 M. P.: A, 52.4°; B, 16.6°; C, 62.7°. Tetracosanic acid Erucic acid ==

=

C24H4gO2

»•• {2:S

1853.—(Continued) Binary eutectica: A + B, 2.6° at 69.0% B. A + C, 24.5° at 44.8% C. B + C, 4.6° at 27.5% C. 1854. C6H4BrCl, o-Bromochlorobenzene; B = C6H4BrCl, mBromochlorobenzene; C = C6H4BrCl, p-Bromochlorobenzene (181). Solvent = 86.7% A + 13.3% C 0 C I %B -18.6E 0.0 -20.7 5.0 -23.0 10.0 -25.3 15.0 -27.7 20.0 v. also Eq. 656. 1855. C6H4BrCl, p-Bromochlorobenzene; B = C6H4Br2, pDibromobenzene; C = C6H4Cl2, p-Dichlorobenzene (59, 60, 277). ISOTHERMAL COMPOSITIONS IN MOL % B ~ " 20% A + 8 0 % 50% A + 5 0 % 80% A + 2 0 % boivent C C C 85 0 C 93.2 92.6 91.5 82.5 85.2 83.1 80.5 80.0 78.2 74.8 70.0 77.5 71.0 66.0 59.5 75.0 64.3 58.0 49.0 72.5 57.2 49.5 38.5 70.0 50.5 40.8 27.7 67.5 43.7 32.0 16.7 65.0 36.8 22.2 4.4 62.5 29.2 12.4 60.0 20.8 4.8 57.5 13.0 55.0 6.0 v. also 657, 658, 675. 1856. C6H4Br2, o-Dibromobenzene; B = C6H4Br2, m-Dibromobenzene; C = CeH4Br2, p-Dibromobenzene (181). Solvent = 87.0% A + 13.0% C 0 C I % B +0.3E 0.0 -1.3 5.0 -3.8 10.0 -6.7 15.0 v. also Eq. 672. 1857. C6H4Cl2, o-Dichlorobenzene; B = C6H4Cl2, ra-Dichlorobenzene; C = C6H4Cl2, p-Dichlorobenzene (181). Solvent = 86.7 % A + 13.3 % C 0 C I % B -23.4E 0.0 -25.2 5.0 -27.1 10.0 -29.1 15.0 -31.2 20.0 v. also Eq. 701. 1858. C6H4Cl2O4S2, ra-Benzenedisulfonyl chloride; B = C7H4Cl2OaS, sym-Chloride of ra-sulfobenzoic acid; C = C7H4Cl2O3S, s?/ra-Chloride of p-sulfobenzoic acid ( 308 ). Solvent = 74 % B + 26 % C 0 C I % A 8.4E O 5.0 7.1 10.0 5.6 15.0 4_0

v. also 704, Eq. 1280. 1859. C6H4Cl2O4S2, p-Benzenedisulfonyl chloride. B = CyH4Cl2OgS, sym-Chlorìde of w-sulfobenzoic acid; C = C7H4Cl2O3S, «2/m-Chloride of p~sulfobenzoic acid (308). Solvent = 74 % B + 26 % C C I %A 8.4E 0.0 6.6 5.0 4.9 10.0 3.1 I 15.0 0

v. also 705, Eq. 1280. 1860. C6H4O2, p-Quinone; B = x; C = C6H5NO2, Nitrobenzene (266).

Where x = picric acid, dinitrophenol, o-, m-, and p-nitrophenol, phenol, catechol, resorcinol, quinol, pyrogallol, p-toluidine, aand /3-naphthol, a- and /3-naphthylamine, anthracene, and triphenyl carbinol. The nitrobenzene acts only as a diluent to decrease the speed of the secondary reactions occurring between the other substances. These systems are therefore pseudobinary. v. also 805, 806, 808, 813, 816. 1861. C6H5NO3, o-Nitrophenol; B = C6H5NO3, ra-Nitrophenol; C = C6H5NO3, p-Nitrophenol (71). ISOTHERMAL COMPOSITIONS IN % OF SOLID PHASE 50% B +50%, 50% A + 5 0 % 50% A + 5 0 % C C B

~ " boivent

Solid phase 110.O0C 100.0 90.0 80.0 70.0 60.0 50.0 40.0 35.0 30.0

|

A

1

B

93.7 78.7 64.9 53.0 45.0 89.9 79.2 68.9

|

C 94.2 81.7 70.6 60.3 51.0 43.0 36.6 30.7

21.50E at 57.7% A, 23.2% B, 19.1 % C. v. also Eq. 869, 870, 899. 1862. C6H6N2O2, o-Nitroaniline; B = C6H6N2O2, ra-Nitroaniline; C = C6H6N2O2, p-Nitroaniline (* 8 <>, 236, 304, 351, 461). ISOTHERMAL COMPOSITIONS IN % OF SOLID PHASE TT" A + B,A + C, B + C , B 4 - A , C + A, C + B, solvent or A + (B + C) or B + (C + A) or C + (A + B) Solid phase | A ~j B I C 140.O 0 C 8877 130.0 75.9 120.0 65.0 110.0 96.1 55.3 100.0 79.8 46.5 90.0 65.8 38.9 80.0 53.4 31.9 70.0 43.0 26.0 60.0 88.0 34.0 21.0 50.0 75.0 26.0 16.3 43.30E at 67.0% A, 20.0% B? 13.0% C. M. P.: A, 68.9°; B, 112.4°; C, 148.2°. Binary eutectics: A + B, 50.0° at 25.5% B. A + C, 55.0° at 18.6 % C. B + C, 88.0° at 37.0% C.

1863. C6H6O, Phenol;

B = C7H8O, w-Cresol; C = C7H8O,

p-CreSOl ( 9 0 , 1 1 8 , 4 5 4 ) .

ISOTHERMAL COMPOSITIONS IN WT. % A ~ ~ 8 0 % B + 2 0 % 50% B + 5 0 % 20% B-J- 8 0 % Solvent C C C Solid phase 40.O 0 C 38.0 36.0 34.0 32.0 30.0 28.0 26.0 24.0 22.0 20.0 18.0 16.0 15.0

|

A 99.0 95.3 91.3 87.3 83.6 80.1 76.3 72.5 68.6 64.8 61.2

j

A 99.1 95.7 92.3 88.6 85.5 82.4 79.0 76.0 72.7 69.8 66.7 64.0 61.3

j

A 99.1 96.0 92.9 89.6 86.8 83.8 80.8 78.2 75.3 72.6 70.0 67.5 64.9 62.7

v. also 1055, 1056, 1456. 1864. C6H6O2, Catechol; B = C6H6O2, Resorcinol; C = C6H6O2, Hydroquinol ( 195 > 42 °). ISOTHERMAL COMPOSITIONS IN % OF SOLID PHASE T"! ~ 7 0 % B + 3 0 % 6 7 % A + 3 3 % 4 7 % A + 53% Solvent C C B Solid phase 16O0C 150 140 130 120 110 100 90 80 70 60 50

|

A

94.3 78.8 65.0 53.5 44.0 40.0

|

B

I

84.2 73.3 64.8 57.3 50.0 45.0

C 80.3 63.6 52.0 44.5 39.0 34.4 30.6 27.2 24.5 22.5 20.5 19.3

46.90E at 38.0 % A, 43.0 % B, 19.0 % C. v. also 1084, 1085, 1110.

1868. C7H6ClO2, o-Chlorobenzoic acid; B = C7H5ClO2, raChlorobenzoic acid; C = C7H5ClO2, p-Chlorobenzoic acid ( 50 » 188.5).

ISOTHERMAL COMPOSITIONS IN % OF SOLID PHASE ~ " 82% B + 18% 86% A + 14% I 57% A + 4 3 % Solvent C C B Solid phase | A | B | C 240.O 0 C 93.4 230.0 81.2 220.0 70.7 210.0 61.0 200.0 52.3 190.0 44.5 180.0 37.7 170.0 31.6 160.0 * 26.0 150.0 92.0 21.4 140.0 99.0 77.2 17.9 130.0 83.0 64.4 15.0 120.0 69.3 53.2 12.3 110.0 57.1 43.1 9.8 105.O0E at 52.0 % A, 39.0 % B, 9.0 % C. v. also Eq. 1287, 1288, 1291. 1869. C7H5ClO2, o-Chlorobenzoic acid; B = C7H5ClO2, mChlorobenzoic acid; C = C7H6O2, Benzoic acid ( 50 > 188.5). ISOTHERMAL COMPOSITIONS IN MOL % OF SOLID PHASE 27% B + 7 3 % 32% A +68% 56% A + 4 4 % Solvent C C B Solid phase | A | B I C ^0 Q 9 2 . 0 O C 140.0 98.9 76.7 130.0 81.5 63.5 120.0 67.4 52.2 97.5 110.0 54.3 42.0 84.7 100.0 43.4 34.3 73.5 90.0 34.6 26.5 63.0 81.70E at 25.0% A, 20.0% B, 55.0% C. v. also Eq. 1287, 1289, 1292. 1870. C7H5Cl2NO2, o-Nitrobenzylidene chloride; B = C7H6Cl2NO2, m-Nitrobenzylidene chloride; C = C7H6Cl2NO2, p-Nitrobenzylidene chloride ( 173 > 466 ). ISOTHERMAL COMPOSITIONS IN % OF SOLID PHASE A + B,A + C, B + C , B + A , C + A, C + B, Solvent or A + (B + C) or B + (C + A) Qr c + (A + B)

1865. C6H6O2, Catechol; B = C6H6O2, Resorcinol; C = Ci0H7NO2, a-Nitronaphthalene ( 42 °). 37.50E at 20 Wt. % A, 15.0% B, 65% C. v. also 1084, 1095, 1122. 1866. C6H6O2, Catechol; B = C6H6O2, Hydroquinol; C = Ci0H7NO2, a-Nitronaphthalene ( 42 °). 48.O0E at 9.0 Wt. % A, 3.0 % B, 88.0 % C. v. also 1085, 1095, 1148. 1867. C 7 H 4 Cl 3 NO 2 , o-Nitrophenylchloroform; B = C7H4Cl3NO2, m-Nitrophenylchloroform; C = C 7 H 4 Cl 3 NO 2 , p-Nitrophenylchloroform ( 173 ). Solvent = 12.7% B + 87.3% C C I % A 129.7E O 125.1 5 120.5 10 116.0 15 0

v. also 1281.

Solid phase A l B [ C 60.O 0 C 9ÔT3 50.0 71.1 40.0 55.5 95.0 30.0 42.5 77.2 20.0 87.4 31.5 61.9 10.0 67.1 23.0 48.8 0.0 51.5 16.4 38.2 -2.O0E at 49.0% A, 15.0% B, 36.0% C. 1871. C 7 H 5 NO 4 , o-Nitrobenzoic acid; B = C7H5NO4, ra-Nitrobenzoic acid; C = C7H5NO4, p-Nitrobenzoic acid ( 173 > 466 ). ISOTHERMAL COMPOSITIONS IN % OF SOLID PHASE A + B,A + C, B + C , B + A , C + A, C + B, Solvent or A + (B + c) or B + (C + A) or c + (A + B) Solid phase 230.O 0 C 220.0 210.0 200.0

A

j

B

j

C 86.6 74.5 63.2 53.7

1871.—(Continued) A + B,A + C, B + C , B + A , e + A , C + B , or A + (B + c) o r B + (c + A) or Q + (A + B)

IT"

Solid phase | A | 190.0 180.0 170.0 160.0 150.0 140.0 88.1 130.0 73.5 120.0 60.5 110.0 49.3 ca. 100.O0E, at 39.0% A, 58.0% B,

B

1

C 45.0 37.8 31.3 25.5 20.8 16.5 12.5 9.0 6.0

1S75.—(Continued) ISOTHERMAL COMPOSITIONS I 50% B + 50% C I 40% A + 60% C

Solvent

A TlT 1 K A, MoI % AA

O TJ I. Solid phase

v( 40 %

A

60

% MoI+ % B

C

)>

60.O 0 C 82.3 50.0 67.5 40.0 54.5 30.0 43.5 99.0 20.0 34.0 14.5 +10.0 27.0 32.0 87.7 0.0 47.3 77.0 -10.0 59.0 67.0 -20.O0E at 12.7% A, 68.7% B, 18.6% C. 3.0% C. v. also Eq. 1349, 1440, 1450. 1872. C 7 H 5 N 3 O 6 , 2, 4, 6-Trinitrotoluene; B = C 7 H 6 N 2 O 4 , 2, 1876. C 7 H 7 NO 2 , o-Nitrotoluene; B = C 7 H 7 NO 2 , ra-Nitro4-Dinitrotoluene; C = C 7 H 7 NO 2 , p-Nitrotoluene (31, 43,129,131). toluene; C = C 7 H 7 NO 2 , p-Nitrotoluene, (30, 32, 127, 185, 466). ISOTHERMAL COMPOSITIONS IN MOL % OF SOLID PHASE ISOTHERMAL COMPOSITIONS IN % OF SOLID PHASE 76% B + 2 4 % 75% A + 25% 49% A + 51% golvent TT~ 40% B + 6 0 % 30% A + 70% 38.5% Solvent C C B C A + 61.5% B LC Solid phase | A I B | C Solid phase | IA | B | C 0 0 40.O C 81.0 70.O C 80.0 99.8 30.0 66.6 60.0 63.2 82.1 20.0 54.0 50.0 49.3 66.9 97.3 +10.0 88.7 43.5 40.0 38.0 53.5 80.0 0.0 71.6 35.0 30.0 28.6 42.2 64.8 -10.0 87.8 58.0 27.3 20.0 22.2 34.4 52.0 -20.0 69.3 51.3 22.0 16.70E at 20.2 % A, 31.8 % B, 48.0 % C. -30.0 54.2 47.0 17.5 v. also Eq. 1309, 1313, 1350. 0 -40.O E at 42.0% A, 44.0% B, 14.0% C. 1873. C7H5N3O6, 2, 4, 6-Trinitro toluene; B = C7H7NO2, oNitrotoluene; C = C7H7NO2, p- Nitro toluene (30, 31, 33.5, 127, 1877. C7H16O4S2, Sulfonal; B = C10H8O, /3-Naphthol; C = C13H10O3, Salol (38). 130, 185). ISOTHERMAL COMPOSITIONS IN MOL % OF SOLID PHASE ISOTHERMAL COMPOSITIONS 15% B 30% B 50% B 70% B 10% A 50% A ~ " 77% B + 2 3 % 50% B + 5 0 % 31% A + 69% +85 % C +70 % C +50 % C +30 % C +90 % C +50 % G Solvent C C C Solid phase

A, MoI % A

70.O 0 C 60.0 50.0 40.0 30.0 20.0 +10.0 0.0 -10.0

80.2 63.6 50.2 39.5 31.1 25.0 19.8 15.7 12.0

A, MoI % A ^°^^° 80.0 63.5 50.0 39.2 30.3 24.5 19.3

6.0 23.0 37.7 50.0 87.6*

-19.50E at 9.5% A, 69.5% B, 21.0% C. v. also Eq. 1312, 1313, 1440. * Solid phase = B. 1874. C7H6ClNO2, o-Nitrobenzyl chloride; B = C7H6ClNO2, mNitrobenzyl chloride; C = C7H6ClNO2, p-Nitrobenzyl chloride

(173).

S d f phase

12O0C 110 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30

A 86JÖ 62.3 45.5 34.0 26.3 21.5 18.4 14.6 11.5 8.5

86~8 64.6 49.2 37.2 28.7 23.5 20.4 16.6

A S7~S 67.7 54.3 42.7 34.0 28.0 24.3

A 8s79 70.7 58.9 48.5 40.4 33.8

B

B

977Ì 97.5 82.5 85.0 68.3 73.0 56.0 62.2 46.4 54.5 38.3 47.4 31.0 40.8 25.3 20 17.5

27.O0E at 6.0% A, 14.0% B, 80% C. v. also 1488, 1489, 1599. 1878. C10H5N3O6, 1, 2, 5-Trinitronaphthalene; B = C10H6N3O6, 1, 3, 5-Trinitronaphthalene; C = Ci0H6N3O67 1, 3, 8-Trinitronaphthalene (369). v. also 1536, 1537, 1539. 1879. C10H6N3O6, 1, 3, 5-Trinitronaphthalene; B = C10H6N2O4, 1, 5-Dinitronaphthalene; C = C10H6N2O4, 1, 8-Dinitronaphthalene

Solvent = 64.6% A + 35.4% C C I MoI % B (369). 31.8E 0.0 30.6 5.0 29.8 10.0 I"!" solvent 27.8 15.0 v. also 1344. 21O0C 1875. C 7 H 6 N 2 O 4 , 2, 4-Dinitrotoluene; B = C7H7NO2, o-Nitro200 toluene; C = C 7 H 7 NO 2 , p- Nitro toluene (29-5, so, 31, 127, 129, 190 tß5 ). 180 0

A

ISOTHERMAL COMPOSITIONS 50% B + 5 0 % 20% B + 8 0 % 60% A + 40% ^m %B c^ m % A c^ m % A

1.5

94.5 77.5 63.0 53.0

ç,, solvent 170 160 150 140 130 120 110 100 90

1879.—(Continued) 50% B + 5 0 % 20% B + 8 0 % 60% A + 40% c^ m % A c^ m % A c^ wt % B 11.0 24.0 38.0 51.5 60.0 67.5 75.0 80.0

14.0 31.0 48.0 62.0 71.0 80.5

45.5 38.0 31.0 25.0 19.0 13.5 1.0

v. also 1541, 1542, 1546. 1880. Ci0H5N3O6, 1, 3, 8-Trinitronaphthalene; B = Ci0H6N2O4, 1, 5-Dinitronaphthalene; C = Ci0H6N2O4, 1, 8-Dinitronaphthalene (369).

ISOTHERMAL COMPOSITIONS " 50% B 25 % A 50% A 75% A 50% A Solvent + 50 % + 75 % + 50 % + 25 % + 50 % C C C C B Continuous series of mixed crystals Solid phase IWt. % A|Wt. % B|Wt. % BlWt. % B|Wt. % C 21O0C 99.0 95.0 94.0 92.5 200 96.5 79.5 78.0 75.0 190 93.0 63.5 63.0 60.0 180 89.0 53.0 52.0 50.0 170 82.0 46.0 45.0 42.0 99.0 160 75.0 39.0 39.0 35.0 90.5 150 64.0 32.0 31.0 24.0 82.5 140 23.0 23.0 v. also 1544, 1545, 1546. 1881. Ci 0 H 6 N 2 O 4 , 1, 5-Dinitronaphthalene; B = Ci 0 H 6 N 2 O 4 , 1, 8-Dinitronaphthalene; C = Ci0H7NO2, a-Nitronaphthalene (369). ISOTHERMAL COMPOSITIONS ~ " 50% B + 5 0 % 50% A + 50% 20% A + 80% solvent c> wt % A B^ wt % c B^ wt %c

210 0C 95 200 81 190 66 180 54 1.0 170 45.5 12.0 160 38.2 25.5 150 31.0 36.5 140 25.5 45.0 6.0 130 22.0 51.0 17.0 120 19.0 56.0 29.5 110 13.0 63.0 42.0 100 4.0 69.0 53.0 90 75.0 62.0 80 79.0 69.0 70 82.5 73.5 60 85.5 78.5 50 87.5 83.0 v. also 1546, 1547, 1548. 1882. Ci2H9N, Carbazole; B = Ci4Hi0, Anthracene; C = Ci4Hi0, Phenanthrene (122, 345, 370, 475). ISOTHERMAL COMPOSITIONS IN WT. % A 80% B 60% B 40% B 20% B 5% B Solvent +20% + 4 0 % +60% +80% +95% C C C C C 24O 0 C 9072 90^5 9ÏTÔ &L591.9 230 72.1 73.5 75.5 77.9 79.5 220 53.5 58.0 62.2 65.8 68.2

Solvent 210 200 190 180 170 160 150 140 130 120 110

1882.—(Continued) 80% B 60% B 40% B 20% B 5% B +20% +40% +60% +80% +95% C C C C C 25.0

42.5 23.0 7.5

49.3 37.7 25.8 14.7 6.0

54.5 44.0 35.5 28.5 23.2 17.0 11.0 4.8

57.7 48.0 39.9 33.3 27.5 23.0 19.5 16.0 11.5 7.4 3.0

Transition, % | 49.0 | 43.0 | 37.5 [ 28.0 | 15.8 v. also 1676, 1677, 1748. 1883. Ci2H9N, Carbazole; B = Ci 4 Hi 0 , Anthracene; C = Ci8Hi2, Chrysene (370). v. also 1676, Eq. 1678, 1750. 1883.1. Ci4H10, Anthracene (484)., Solubility in mixed liquids: Acetone + ethyl alcohol; acetone + chloroform; acetone + carbon disulfide; benzene + ethyl alcohol; benzene + chloroform; benzene + carbon disulfide; carbon disulfide + ethyl alcohol; carbon tetrachloride + ethyl alcohol; toluene + carbon disulfide; toluene + chloroform. 1884. Ci3H8N2O7, Di-(o-nitropheiiyl) carbonate; B = Ci3H8N2O7, Di-(o-, //-nitrophenyl) carbonate; C = Ci3H8N2O7, Di-(pnitrophenyl) carbonate (159). ISOTHERMAL COMPOSITIONS IN % OF SOLID PHASE T"!" | 4 7 % B + 5 3 % 6 5 % A + 3 5 % 67.5 % A + b0lvent C C 32.5% B Solid phase | A | B | C 140.O 0 C 96.1 130.0 99.8 79.0 120.0 75.0 63.2 110.0 94.0 56.4 49.8 100.0 73.6 42.2 39.5 90.0 57.5 30.0 31.0 84.50E at 49.5 % A, 23.8 % B, 26.7 % C. v. also 1722, 1723, 1724. 1885. Ci6H32O2, Palmitic acid; B = Ci8H34O2, Oleic acid; C = C18H36O2, Stearic acid (69, 95.5, 117, 152, 329, 469). ISOTHERMAL COMPOSITIONS IN WT. % B IT~ 82% A + 60% A + 40% A + 15% A + solvent 18 % c 4Q % c 6Q % c 85 % C 15.O 0 C 96.0 20.0 91.8 25.0 87.7 30.0 82.7 35.0 75.5 40.0 66.8 45.0 55.0 47.5 46.5 50.0 37.8 52.0 29.5 54.0 19.8 56.0 9.2 58.0 60.0 62.0 64.0 v. also 1795, 1796, 1826.

96.0 91.8 87.7 82.7 75.5 66.9 54.5 45.5 36.1 26.5 13.4

96.2 92.2 88.5 83.8 77.0 69.0 57.8 49.4 40.8 33.0 23.7 14.8 5.2

97.3 94.5 91.7 88.5 83.7 77.8 70.0 64.8 59.0 54.5 48.5 41.5 32.5 25.5 17.0 8.5

1888. Ci6H32O2, Palmitic acid; B = C01H98O6, Tripalmitin; 1886. Ci6H32O2, Palmitic acid; B = Ci8H36O2, Stearic acid; C = C57Hi10O6, Tristearin (246.7). C = C5IH98O6, Tripalmitin (246.5). v. also 1801, 1850, Eq. 1800. v. also 1796, Eq. 1800, 1831. 1889. C18H36O2, Stearic acid; B = C51H98O6, Tripalmitin; 1887. Ci6H32O2, Palmitic acid; B = C18H36O2, Stearic acid; C= C57Hn0O6, Tristearin (246.7). C = C57H110O6, Tristearin (246.7). v. also 1832, 1850, Eq. 1831. v. also 1796, 1801, 1832. 1890. C51H98O6, Tripalmitin; B = C57H104O6,, Triolein; C = C57H110O6, Tristearin (261.5) ISOTHERMAL COMPOSITIONS 90% B 40%JB 40% B 30% A ! 70% A 90% B 40% B 40% B 30% A 70% A Solvent +10% +60% +60% + 70% + 30% Solvent -f 10% + 60% + 60% + 70% + 30% C C C C C C C C C C Continuous series of mixed crystals Continuous series of mixed crystals Wt. % WtT% Wt. % Wt. % Wt. % TTTT Wt. % Wt. % Wt. % Wt. % Wt. % Q r, , Solid phase A A A A B Solid phase A A A B B

10.0 0C 20.0 30.0 40.0 45.0 50.0 52.0 54.0

56.0 55.0 27.3 72.0 58 98.0 97.0 58.0 63.0 20.5 80.0 43.2 96.0 94.0 60.0 74.5 17.0 87.5 93.0 89.5 62.0 94.0 13.0 97.0 1.5 87.0 78.0 64.0 9.0 29.0 81.5 56.0 65.0 6.0 39.5 74.5 40.0 44.0 70.5 25.0 v."al8o 1849, 1850, 1851. 49.0 36.0 63.0 65 11.0 EQUATIONS Logio -3/ = —'—Tf,— a + b, in which x is the mole fraction of the given constituent (the "solute") in the solution saturated with JL 0 respect to it at T K; a is the latent heat of fusion of this constituent in joules per gram-mole if the solution is "ideal;" b is a constant; and c = 100 X Mol. wt. soluté/Mol, wt. solvent. The solubility, S1 in grams of solute per 100 grams of solvent, is given by S = -^

r-

Vc ~ / No. I Formula 7 A CCl4 BC 6 H 4 Br 2 9 A CCl4 BC 7 H 6 O 2 11 ACCU BCi 0 H 8 12 A C C h BCi 2 H 9 N 13 A C C l 4 BCi 2 Hi 0 14 A C C h BCuHio 15 ACCl 4 BCuHio 16 ACCl 4 B Ci4H10 22 ACS 2 BCeH 4 BrZ 28 A C S a BCi 2 H 9 N 29 A CSa BCi 2 Hi 0 30 ACS 2 BC] 4 Hi 0 31 A CS2 BCi 4 Hi 0 33 A CHBrs BCeHe 34 ACHBr 3 B C7H8 39 ACHCl 3 BC 3 H 7 NO 2 45 ACHCh B CeH 7 N 51 ACHCh BCi 0 H 8 52 A CHCIs BCi 2 Hi 0 53 A CHCh BCuH 8 Oa 54 A CHCh BCi 4 Hi 0 85 A C H 4 O BC 3 H 7 NO 2

_ |

Name Carbon tetrachloride p-Dibromobenzene Carbon tetrachloride Benzoic acid Carbon tetrachloride Naphthalene Carbon tetrachloride Carbazole Carbon tetrachloride Acenaphthene Carbon tetrachloride Fluorene Carbon tetrachloride Anthracene Carbon tetrachloride Phenanthrene Carbon disulfide p-Dibromobenzene Carbon disulfide Carbazole Carbon disulfide Acenaphthene Carbon disulfide Anthracene Carbon disulfide Phenanthrene Bromoform Benzene Bromoform Toluene Chloroform Urethane Chloroform Aniline Chloroform Naphthalene Chloroform Acenaphthene Chloroform Anthraquinone Chloroform Phenanthrene Methyl alcohol Urethane

Range, 0C

| M. P. | a | b | c | I 89.0 23,320- 3.363 153.4

20.0- 89.0

29,870-3.955

10.0- 40.0

|Eut. temp, and %| Lit. (344) (344)

79.36

(419,475) 80.1 21,370-3.159

83.28

0 . 0 - 80.1

30,630-2.406 108.6

20.0- 60.0

95.0 27,800-3.945 100.2

10.0- 95.0

114.5 25,590-3.448 108.0

10.0- 60.0

216.5 22,010-1.650 115.8

20.0- 63.0

(475) 245.2

(345) (345) (iss, 475) (iss, iss, 475) 99.0 23,530- 3.309 115.8 — 10.0- 75.0 (410) 87.0 21,070-3.055 309.9 245.2

27,570-1.972 219.4

0 . 0 - 87.0 , 20.0- 40.0

(475) (345)

95.0 23,710-3.362 202.6

10.0- 95.0

216.5 26,150-2.468 234.0

10.0- 40.0

(475) (1s3 ) 99.0 7.5 5.5 7.5

25,530- 3.767 234.0 — 5 . 0 - 40.0 11,780—2.192 324.8 - 2 6 . 0 7.5 10,820- 2.028 30.88- 15.05.5 11,780-2.192 274.4 - 3 5 . 0 7.5

-26.0° 50.0 M % B

(4i5) (22)

(436) 47.0 18,660-3.045 74.61 15.0- 47.0 -63.0 12,165- 3.023 128.3 - 71.0 63.0 —71.0° (438) - 6.0 10,485 - 2.050 77.95 - 50.0 6.0 24.0 M % B (112,436,475) 80.1 17,570-2.598 107.5 10.0- 80.1 (345, 436) 95.0 20,290-2.880 129.2 50.0- 95.0 (460) 285.2 19,140-0.960 170.0 0 . 0 - 60.0 (i53) 99.0 16,230-2.280 149.1 - 1 0 . 0 - 30.0 (436) 47.0 17,790-2.935 278.1 0 . 0 - 47.0

Equations.—(Continued) No. I Formula 96 A C H 4 O BC 8 H 9 NO 105 ACH 4 O BCuH 8 O 2 106 ACH 4 O BCi 4 HiO 185 AC 2 H 2 Cl 4 BCi 4 H 8 O;: 186 A C2H2Cl4 BCi 4 Hi 0 187 A C2H2Cl4 BCi 4 Hi 0 189 AC 2 H 3 ClO 2 BC 2 H 4 O 2 190 AC 2 H 3 ClO 2 BC 4 H 6 O 2 193 AC 2 H 3 ClO 2 BCeH 6 O 195 AC 2 H 3 ClOs BC 7 HeO 2 196 AC 2 H 3 ClO 2 BCvHsO 197 A C?HsClO2 BC 7 HsO 198 AC 2 H 3 ClO 2 BC 7 HsO 203 AC 2 H 3 ClO 2 BC 8 H 8 O 2 204 AC 2 H 3 ClO 2 BC 8 H 8 O 2 205 AC 2 H 3 ClO 2 BC 8 H 8 O 2 206 AC 2 H 3 ClOz BC 8 H 8 O 2 208 AC 2 H 3 ClO 2 BC 9 H 8 O 2 215 AC 2 H 3 ClO 2 BCi 3 Hi 0 O 3 220 ACaH 3 ClO 2 BCeH 6 O 221 AC 2 HsClOa BC 7 H 8 O 222 AC 2 H 3 ClOa BC 7 H 8 O 223 A C2HsClO2 BC 7 H 8 O 230 AC 2 H 3 ClO 2 B CisHioOs 245 AC 2 H 4 Br 2 BC 6 H 6 248 AC 2 H 4 Br 2 BCeHi 2 O 3 249 AC 2 H 4 Br 2 BC 7 H 7 Br 250 AC 2 H 4 Br 2 B C7Hs 251 AC 2 H 4 Br 2 BCsHio 252 AC 2 H 4 Br 2 B CioHs 255 AC 2 H 4 Br 2 BCi2HuN 257 AC 2 H 4 Cl 2 BCeHe 258 AC 2 H 4 Cl 2 B Ci0H8 267 AC 2 H 4 O 2 BC 4 HeO 4 275 AC 2 H 4 O 2 BCeHeO 277 ACzH 4 O 2 BCeHi 0 O 4 279 AC 2 H 4 O 2 BC 7 HeO 2 284 A C2H4O2 B Ci 0 Hi 4 Q * 36.3 M % B at 70.0°.

|

Name Methyl alcohol Acetanilide Methyl alcohol Anthraquinone Methyl alcohol Anthracene Tetrachloroethane Anthraquinone Tetrachloroethane Anthracene Tetrachloroethane Phenanthrene a-Chloroacetic acid Acetic acid a-Chloroacetie acid Crotonic acid a-Chloroacetic acid Phenol a-Chloroacetic acid Benzoic acid a-Chloroacetic acid o-Cresol a-Chloroacetic acid m-Cresol a-Chloroacetic acid p-Cresol a-Chloroacetic acid Phenylacetic acid a-Chloroacetic acid o-Toluic acid a-Chloroacetic acid w-Toluic acid a-Chloroacetic acid p-Toluic acid a-Chloroacetic acid Cinnamic acid a-Chloroacetic acid Salol /3-Chloroacetic acid Phenol /3-Chloroacetic acid o-Cresol /3-Chloroacetic acid m-Cresol /3-Chloroacetic acid p-Cresol ^-Chloroacetic acid Salol Ethylene dibromide Benzene Ethylene dibromide Paraldehyde Ethylene dibromide p-Bromotoluene Ethylene dibromide Toluene Ethylene dibromide p-Xylene Ethylene dibromide Naphthalene Ethylene dibromide Diphenylamine Ethylene dichloride Benzene Ethylene dichloride Naphthalene Acetic acid Dimethyl oxalate Acetic acid Phenol Acetic acid Dimethyl Buccinate Acetic acid Benzoic acid Acetic acid Thymol

| M. P. |

a

|

b

I

c

I

Range, 0C

2 3 , 7 4 0 - 3 . 2 0 8 421.7

0 . 0 - 60.0

35,970-1.939 649.7

2 0 . 0 - 50.0

|Eut. temp, and %[

Lit. ( 136 ) (475)

285.2

(47S) 216.5 34,150-2.303 556.1

10.0- 60.0

285.2

2 2 , 5 2 5 - 1 . 7 5 4 124.0

2 0 . 0 - 140.0

216.5 2 4 , 3 1 0 - 2 . 4 2 3 106.1

10.0- 140.0

(47S) (475) ( 475 ) 99.0 61.7 16.7 61.7 71.9 61.7 42.4 61.7 121.5 61.7 31.0 61.7 10.5 61.7 > . . . 36.0 61.7 77.5 61.7 103.4 61.7 107.6 61.7 178.6 61.7 136.8 61.4 40.85 56.6 42.0 56.6 31.0 56.6 10.5 56.6 36.0 56.6 40.85 9.7 5.5 9.7 12.0 9.7 26.74 9.7 9.7 13.5 9.7 80.1 9.7 52.9 -40.0 5.5

15,320-2.152 106.3 0 . 0 - 85.0 1 4 , 6 4 5 - 2 . 2 8 4 157.3 - 4 . 0 61.7 -4.0° 10,430-1.880 63.55- 4 . 0 16.7 72.0 M % B 16,660-2.598 109.8 26.061.7 26.0° 12,120- 1.835 91.1 26.071.9 52 M % B 2 0 , 8 7 0 - 3 . 2 5 7 100.4 16.561.7 16.5° 10,320-1.708 99.6 25.0- 42.4 69.0 M % B 20,270-3.142 77.4 46.761.7 46.7° 17,790-2.357 129.2 60.0- 121.5 2 8 . 5 M % B 24,030-3.748 87.4 15.861.7 15.8° 18,060—3.101 114.4 15.831.0 6 9 . 1 M % B 2 4 , 0 3 0 - 3 . 7 4 8 87.4 5.061.7 81.3° 10,190-1.876 114.4 - 3 . 0 10.5 8 1 . 3 M % B 2 4 , 0 3 0 — 3.748 87.4 20.061.7 13.4° 10,625-1.795 114.4 13.436.0 7 2 . 0 M % B 16,175-2.523 69.43 30.5 - * 61.7 30.5° 14,710-2.192 144.04 30.577.5 46.0 M % B 21,160-3.211 69.43 47.361.7 47.3° 21,920-3.042 144.04 75.0- 103.4 28.2 M % B 1 9 , 7 2 5 — 3 . 0 7 7 69.43 46.561.7 46.5° 18,860-2.587 144.04 80.0- 107.6 2 8 . 8 M % B 19,725-3.077 69.43 56.861.7 56.8° 2 4 , 6 2 0 - 2 . 8 4 7 144.04 56.8- 178.6 9 . 3 M % B 18,380-2.866 63.8 4 7 . 6 - 61.7 47.6° 18,210-2.308 156.7 85.0- 136.8 25.0 M % B* 22,810-3.562 44.1 2 6 . 7 - 61.4 26.7° 2 5 , 4 6 0 - 4 . 2 3 7 226.8 26.740.85 60.5 M % B 18,090-2.865 100.4 20.056.6 11.8° 10,320-1.708 99.6 25.042.4 6 5 . 0 M % B 18,130-2.873 87.4 13 56.6 13.0° 18,060-3.101 114.4 13 31.0 6 3 . 5 5 M % B 18,680-2.960 87.4 - 4 . 5 56.6 -4.5° 10,190-1.876 114.4 - 4 . 5 - 10.5 7 8 . 7 M % B 18,090 — 2.866 87.4 20.0 56.6 10.7° 10,625-1.795 114.4 10.736.0 6 9 . 3 M % B 2 0 , 7 7 0 - 3 . 2 9 2 44.1 25.456.4 25.4° 2 5 , 4 6 0 - 4 . 2 3 7 226.8 25.440.85 57.0 M % B 11,520-2.128 240.6 - 2 0 . 0 9.7 -27.6° 10,450-1.959 4 1 . 5 6 - 2 7 . 6 5.5 54.0 M % B 12,475-2.304 142.2 - 10 9.7 -20.0° 13,470-2.468 7 0 . 3 2 - 2 0 12.0 4 9 . 0 M % B 11,480-2.121 109.8 -10 9.7 -12.4° 1 5 , 8 8 0 — 2 . 7 6 7 91.05 0.026.7436.IM %B 11,980-2.212 204.0 - 4 0 . 0 9.7 11,710—2.163 14,660-2.672 11,445-2.113 18,525-2.739 11,520- 2.128 18,140-2.907 12,480- 2.878 9,940-1.798

177.05—20.09.7 56.48-20.013.5 146.65 0.259.7 68.19 30 80.1 111.05— 5.39.7 90.05 5.052.9 126.7 - 53.0- —40.0 78.93-53.05.5

-20° 44.0 M % B 0.25° 15.1M%B -5.3° 24.4M%B -53.0° 32.5 M % B

(209,315) (209) (2io,3i3) (209) (210,313) (313) ( 313 ) (209) (209) (209) (209) (209) ( 31S ) (3^3) (3*3) ( 313 ) (313) ( 3 IS) (36) (375) (375) (22) (375) (16, 86) (86) (21) (345)

80.1 18,270- 2.702 129.4 16.7 11,575-2.087 50.86 53.2 34,780-3.533 196.6 16.7 10,870- 1.959 63.83— 40.5 12,480-2.078 156.7 16.7 11,385-2.052 41.2 18.2 27,520-4.938 242.7 16.7 11,385—2.052 203.3 121.4 18,510-2.450 49.19 15.05 11,290 - 2.047 39.99 49.32 19,890-3.222 250.0

10 - 80.1 8.416.7 8.4° 20.053.2 1 4 . 0 M % B 15.016.7 -15.0° 10.040.5 41.5 M % B 7.016.7 -7.0° 7.018.2 3 4 . 0 M % B 9.516.7 9.5° 40.0- 121.4 1 2 . 0 M % B 4.27- 15.05 -4.27° 20.049.32 28.4 M % B

(212) (312,345) (212) (209,345 (375)

Equations.—(Continued) No. I

Formula

|

Name

285 AC 2 H 4 O 2 BCi 2 H 9 N 287 A C 2 H 4 O 2 BCuH 8 O 2 288 AC 2 H 4 O 2 BCi 4 H 10 292 AC 2 H 5 NO B C2H6O 293 AC 2 H 6 NO BC 3 H 7 NO 2 314 AC 2 H 6 O BC 3 H 7 NO 2 335 A C2H6O BC 7 H 9 N 345 A C2H6O BC 8 H 9 NO 356 A C2HeO BCi 4 H 8 Oa 380 AC 3 HeO B Ci0H8 381 AC 3 H 6 O BCj 2 H 9 N 382 AC 3 HeO BCi 2 HiO 383 A C3HeO BCisHio 384 AC 3 HeO BCi 4 HsO 2 385 A C3H6O BCi 4 Hi 0 386 AC 3 H 6 O BCi 4 Hi 0 389 AC 3 H 7 NO 2 B C3HsO 390 AC 3 H 7 NO 2 B C5Hi2O 397 AC 3 H 7 NO 2 BC 8 H 9 NO 468 AC 4 H 8 O 2 BCi 0 H 8 469 AC 4 H 8 O 2 BCi 4 Hi 0 470 AC 4 H 8 O 2 BCi 4 Hi 0 496 A C4Hi0O BCeH 4 Br 2 503 AC 4 Hi 0 O B CioHs 504 AC 4 HwO BCi 4 H 8 Oa .505 AC 4 Hi 0 O BCi 4 Hi 0 .509 AC 5 H 5 N BC 6 H 6 516 AC 5 H 5 N BCi 0 H 8 518 AC 5 HsN BCi 2 HiO 519 A C 5 H 5 N B CisHio 520 A C 5 H 5 N BCuHsOa 522 AC 5 H 5 N BCi 4 HiO 524AC6HnN BCeHi 2 555 ACeH 3 N 3 O 6 BCeH 4 N 2 O 4 ACeH 3 N 3 Oe

Acetic acid Carbazole Acetic acid Anthraquinone Acetic acid Anthracene Acetamide Ethyl alcohol Acetamide Urethane ; Ethyl alcohol '. Urethane Ethyl alcohol p-Toluidine Ethyl alcohol Acetanilide Ethyl alcohol Anthraquinone Acetone Naphthalene Acetone Carbazole Acetone Acenaphthene Acetone Fluorene Acetone Anthraquinone Acetone Anthracene Acetone Phenanthrene Urethane Propyl alcohol Urethane n-Amyl alcohol Urethane Acetanilide Ethyl acetate Naphthalene Ethyl acetate Anthracene Ethyl acetate Phenanthrene Ethyl ether p-Dibromobenzene Ethyl ether Naphthalene Ethyl ether Anthraquinone Ethyl ether Phenanthrene Pyridine Benzene ;. Pyridine Naphthalene Pyridine Acenaphthene Pyridine Fluorene Pyridine Anthraquinone Pyridine Phenanthrene Piperidine Cyclohexane 1, 3, 5-Trinitrobenzene o-Dinitrobenzene 1, 3, 5-Trinitrobenzene (metastable)

556 ACeH 3 N 3 Oe BCeH 4 N 2 O 4 AC 6 H 3 N 3 Oe

1, 3, 5-Trinitrobenzene ro-Dinitrobenzene 1, 3, 5-Trinitrobenzene (metastable)

* 19.5 M % A at 0°, 32.0 M % A at 10°.

| M. P. |

a

|

b

|

c

|

Range, 0C

|Eut. temp, and %|

Lit. (475)

245.2

25,530-1.780 276.5

2 0 . 0 - 110

285.2

31,910-2.093 344.5

2 5 . 0 - 100.0

(475) (475) 216.5 31,840-2.470 296.7 79.0 14,590-2.168 128.2

20.0- 100.0 40.078.5

79.0 15,980-2.370 66.30 49.0 18,660-3.026 150.9

27.227.2-

47.0 20,290-3.331 193.3

15.0-

42.0 2 7 , 0 0 0 - 4 . 4 7 2 232.4

0.0-

15,690-2.120 293.3

0.0-

4 2 , 6 4 0 - 3 . 1 7 9 451.7

20.0-

80.1 23,760-3.513 228.4

10.0-

, 285.2

245.2

12,390-0.595 287.7

20.0-

95.0 37,980-5.390 265.5

10.0-

114.5 3 0 , 2 5 0 - 4 . 0 7 8 286.1

10.0-

285.2

27,570-1.436 358.5

15.0-

216.5 2 6 , 6 4 0 - 2 . 1 7 6 307.0

15.0-

99.0 2 2 , 0 8 0 - 3 . 0 9 6 307.0 - 1 0 . 0 47.0 21,151-3.451 148.2 25.047.0 22,010-3.571 101.1 48.3 18,080-2.932 65.94 113.0 2 6 , 2 2 0 - 3 . 5 4 5 151.6

(436)

79.0 27.2° (344) 49.0 39.0 M % B (436) 47.0 ( 4 3 6) 42.0 ( 1 3 6) 80.0 (475) 70.0 (34S) 80.1 (475) 60.0 (345) 95.0 ( 34 5) 50.0 (475) 60.0 (475) 55.0 ( 153 ) 30.0 47.0 * (436)

35.0-

47.0 20° 26.0 M % A 41.048.3 41.0° 4 1 . 0 - 113.0 1 5 . 3 M % B

( 2 4 S) (344,345) (345)

80.1 2 2 , 2 0 0 - 3 . 2 8 2 145.3

10.0-

80.1 (475)

216.5 2 6 , 7 2 0 - 2 . 3 1 9 197.7

2 5 . 0 - 70.0

99.0 2 4 , 9 1 0 - 3 . 5 3 4 202.5

10.0- 65.0

87

10.0- 87.0

(475) (419) 24,210-3.512 318.4

(345) 80.1 22,500- 3.326 172.9

15.0- 35.0 (475)

285.2

27,070- 1.076 280.8

5 . 0 - 30.0 (iss, 157)

99.0 21,610-2.968 240.5 - 1 0 . 0 - 30.0 -39.4 7 , 4 0 7 - 1 . 6 5 6 101.25-57 39.4 -57.0° 5.5 11,325-2.124 9 8 . 7 5 - 4 0 5.5 2 6 . 5 M % B -39.4 -41.0° 80.1 18,370 - 2.717 162.0 0.080.1 3.8 M % B

(isi.ass) (isi,345) (345)

95.0 27,350-3.881 195.0

2 0 . 0 - 95.0

114.5 2 2 , 9 8 0 - 3 . 0 9 7 210.1

10.0- 114.5

285.2

10.0- 100.0

(345) (475) 30,090- 2.533 263.2

(475) 99.0 -13.0 6.2 120.3 116.5 106.3

17,810-2.502 13,590-2.728 19,815- 3.704 15,050-2.002 22,690- 3.041 13,430- 1.849

225.5 5.0- 75.0 103.65-30 13 -30.0° 96.5 - 5 . 0 6.2 35.5 M 126.7 76 - 120.3 76.0° 78.9 6 9 . 0 - 116.5 44.5 M 126.7 6 9 . 0 - 106.3 69.0° 37.4 M 120.3 15,080-2.002 126.7 59.0- 120.3 59.0° 89.9 17,980-2.588 78.9 5 2 . 5 - 89.9 57.5 M 106.3 13,430- 1.849 126.7 52.5- 106.3 52.5° 50.7 M

(321) %B (43) %B %B

(43) %B %B


Formula

564 ACeH 3 N 3 O 6

|

Name

I13,5-Trinitrobenzene.

| M. P. |

ä

|

b

| e

120,3 14,730-1,951 93,9

BCyH 5 N 3 Oe

Trinitrotoluene

AC 6 H 3 N 3 Oe

1,3, 5-Trinitrobenzene (metastable)

106.3

14,200-1.954

565 ACeH 3 N 3 Oe BC 7 H 6 N 5 O 8 A CeH3N3Oe

1, 3, 5-Trinitrobenzene Tetranitrophenylmethy!aniline (Tetryl).. 1, 3, 5-Trinitrobenzene (metastable)

120.3 128.5 106.3

14,830-1.969 74.24 2 4 , 7 9 0 - 3 . 2 2 2 134.7 13,870-1.910 74.24

583 AC 6 H 3 N 3 O 7 BCeH 4 N 2 O 4 584 ACeH 3 N 3 O 7 BCeH 4 N 2 O 5 585 ACeH 3 N 3 O 7 BC 6 H 4 N 4 Oe 586 AC 6 H 3 N 3 O 7 BC 6 H 5 NO 3 587 ACeH 3 N 3 O 7 BC 6 H 5 NO 3 588 AC 6 H 3 N 3 O 7 BCeH 5 NO 3 594 ACeH 3 N 3 O 7 BC 7 H 5 N 3 O 6 596 ACeH 3 N 3 O 7 BC 7 HeN 2 O 4 656 AC 6 H 4 BrCl BCeH 4 BrCl 661 AC 6 H 4 BrNO 2 BCeH 4 BrNO 2 662 ACeH 4 BrNO 2 BCeH 4 BrNO 2 664 ACeH 4 BrNO 2 BCeH 6 665 ACeH 4 BrNO 2 BCeH 4 BrNO 2 669 ACeH 4 BrNO 2 BCeHe 671 ACeH 4 BrNO 2 BCeH 6 672 ACeH 4 Br 2 BCeH 4 Br 2 673 AC 6 H 4 Br 2 BCeH 4 ClNO 2 677 ACeH 4 Br 2 B CeH5Br 678 ACeH 4 Br 2 B C 6 H 5 NO 2 679 ACeH 4 Br 2 B CeH 6 680 ACeH 4 Br 2 B C6H7N 682 ACeH 4 Br 2 B C7H8 687 ACeH 4 ClNO 2 BCeH 4 ClNO 2 688 A CeH4ClNO2 BCeH 6 693 ACeH 4 ClNO 2 BCeH 6 697 AC 6 H 4 ClNO 2 BC 6 H 6 701 ACeH 4 Cl 2 BC 6 H 4 Cl 2 703 A CeH4Cl2O4S2 B CeH4Cl2O4S2 707 ACeH 4 INO 2 BCeH 4 INO 2 708 ACeH 4 N 2 O 4 BCeH 4 N 2 O 4 709 ACeH 4 N 2 O 4 BCeH6 714 ACeH 4 N 2 O 4 BC 7 HsNsOe 716 ACeH 4 N 2 O 4 B C 7 HeN 2 Q 4

Picric acid w-Dinitrobenzene Picric acid 2. 4-Dinitrophenol Picric acid Picramide Picric acid o-Nitrophenol ' Picric acid m-Nitrophenol Picric acid p-Nitrophenol Picric acid Trinitrotoluene Picric acid 2, 4-Dinitrotoluene o-Bromochlorobenzene p-Bromochlorobenzene o-Bromonitrobenzene m-Bromonitrobenzene o-Bromonitrobenzene p-Bromonitrobenzene o-Bromonitrobenzene Benzene w-Bromonitrobenzene p-Bromonitrobenzene m-Bromonitrobenzene Benzene p-Bromonitrobenzene Benzene o-Dibromobenzene p-Dibromobenzene p-Dibromobenzene m-Chloronitrobenzene p-Dibromobenzene Bromobenzene p-Dibromobenzene Nitrobenzene p-Dibromobenzene Benzene p-Dibromobenzene Aniline p-Dibromobenzene Toluene o-Chloronitrobenzene p-Chloronitrobenzene o-Chloronitrobenzene Benzene m-Chloronitrobenzene Benzene p-Chloronitrobenzene Benzene o-Dichlorobenzene p-Dichlorobenzene m-Benzenedisulfonyl chloride p-Benzenedisulfonyl chloride o-Iodonitrobenzene p-Iodonitrobenzene o-Dinitrobenzene m-Dinitrobenzene o-Dinitrobenzene Benzene o-Dinitrobenzene 2, 4, 6-Trinitrotoluene o-Dinitrobenzene 2, 4-Dinitrotoluene

* 33.7 M % B at 60°. t 2.5 M % A at 20°, 5.3 M % B at 35°.

80,2 21,340-3.157106,5

122.3 89.9 122.3 112.5 122.4 184.0 120.0 45.5 120.0 94.5 120.0 113.0 122.0 80.3 121.8 69.5 -12.1 64.6 38.5 52.56 38.5 124.92 38.5 5.5 52.56 124.92 52.6 5.5 124.3 5.5 6.7 86.7 88.3 45.5 87.0

17,605-2.326 16,520-2.372 17,410-2.300 23,730-3.217 40,200-5.310 27,490-3.142 17,410-2.314 17,890-2.934 19,146-2.542 23,730-3.372 19,146-2.542 22,690-3.069 18,070-2.389 20,880-3.082 19,530-2.582 21,060- 3.211 12,250-2.451 18,510-2.862 16,875- 2.829 20,710-3.322 19,240-3.225 24,310- 3.190 21,380-3.584 11,500-2.152 20,200-3.223 22,730-2.983 25,740- 4.130 11,500-2.152 27,660-3.636 11,500-2.152 13,970-2.609 20,010- 2.903 23,510-3.399 20,010-3.280 20,290- 2.944

93.9

i

Range, 0C

|Eut. temp, and %|

55,8- 120.3 55.8° 52 52.082.675.575.5 -

136.2 61.076.85 61.0124.4 87.080.37 92.0100.4 113.599.57 127.0164.8 34.060.70 34.0164.8 71.060.70 71.0164.8 79.060.7 79.0100.9 59.799.13 59.7125.8 65.079.52 53.3100 -18.6 100 25.0100 16.85100 16.85100 34.24100 45.0265.2 - 8.737.72- 8.7100 44.75100 44.75265.2 — 3.137.72- 3.1265.2 50.037.72 3.7100 0.3100 20.0149.7 34.066.79 34.0150.3 5.0-

Lit. 43 109

( » )

80.2 5 7 . 0 M % B 106.3

52.0° 53.0 M % B 120.3 82.6° 128.5 38.3 M % B 106.3 75.5° 32.0 M % B 122.3 61.0° 89.9 62.4 M % B 122.3 81.5° 112.5 47.5 M % B 122.4 113.5° 184.0 25.0 M % B 120.0 34.0° 45.5 77.8 M % B 120.0 71.0° 94.5 5 6 . 9 M % B 120.0 79.0° 113.0 50.0 M % B 122.0 59.7° 80.3 64.0 M % B 121.8 53.3° 69.5 69.0 M % B 12.1 -18.6° 64.6 13.3 M % B 38.5 16.85° 52.5638.7M%B 38.5 34.24° 124.92 10.6 M % B 38.5 -8.7° 5.5 77.0 M % B 52.5644.75° 124.92 17.5 M % B 52.6 —3.1° 5.5 86.0 M % B 124.3 3.7° 5.5 9 7 . 0 M % B 6.7 0.3° 86.7 13.0 M % B 88.3 34.0° 45.5 75.0 M % B 87.0

(43)

(43) (43) (ios) (259) (259) (2S9} (43,134,446) (43) (i«i) (350) (ieo, sso) (47) (350) (47) (47) («») (379.5) (419)

89.0

24,500-3.536 191.7

20.0-

89.0

87.0

21,070-3.055 302.4

10.0-

87.0

89.0

30,950-4.466 253.5

20.0-

89.0

(344)

89.0

20,800-3.001 256.2

10.0-

89.0

(344)

16,805-2.875 14,640-2.152 21,540 - 3.695 11,190-2.199 24,510-4.040 11,190-2.199 17,240-2.533 11,190-2.199 13,205-2.699 18,010- 2.889 18,180 - 2.851 14,550 — 1.836

100 14.65100 35.0201.8 - 10.6 49.55-10.6201.8 - 5 . 7 49.55- 5 . 7 201.8 - 4 . 0 49.55- 4 . 0 100 -23.4 100 - 23.4100 46.2 100 71.0 -

26,410- 3.091 22,490-3.016 16,940-2.438 33,500-4.492

100 100 100 215.4

32.0914.65° 82.15 33.1 M % B 31.5 -10.6° 5.5 7 4 . 5 M % B 43.7 -5.7° 5.5 82.2 M % B 82.3 -4.0° 5.5 8 4 . 7 M % B 17.5 -23.4° 52.6 13.3 M % B 60.0 46.2° * 140.8 24.6 M % B 46.6° 60.0- 173.1 ca. 5.0 M % B 8 0 . 0 - 1 1 6 . 5 64.0° 64.089.9 65.0 M % B 50.0- 116.5 4.3°f 98.0 M % B 63.8- 116.5 63.8° 63.8- 80.2 66.0 M % B 55.4- 116.5 55.4° 55.496.5 72.6 M % B

32.09 82.15 31.5 5.5 43.7 5.5 82.3 5.5 -17.5 52.6 60.0 140.8 54.0 173.1 116.5 89.9 116.5 5.2 116.5 80.2 116.5 69.5

22,880- 3.068 74.05 25,520-3.772 135.2 22,590-3.030 92.28 2 1 , 6 3 0 - 3 . 2 9 9 108.4

(244) (344,419)

(*«) (47) (47) (47) (isij (175) (162, 171) (43) ( 228 ) (43) (43)

Equations.—(Continued) No. I Formula j Name 719 A CeH 4 N 2 O 4 o-Dinitrobenzene B Ci0H8 Naphthalene 720 ACeH 4 N 2 O 4 o-Dinitrobenzene BCi 0 H 9 N a-Naphthylamine 721 ACeH 4 N 2 O 4 o-Dinitrobenzene BCi 0 H 9 N /3-Naphthylamine 723 ACeH 4 N 2 O 4 o-Dinitrobenzene BCi 2 Hi 0 Acenaphthene. 724 ACeH 4 N 2 O 4 o-Dinitrobenzene BCi 3 Hi 0 Fluorene 726 ACeH 4 N 2 O 4 o-Dinitrobenzene BCi 4 Hi 0 Phenanthrene 730 ACeH 4 N 2 O 4 m-Dinitrobenzene BCeHe Benzene 738 ACeH 4 N 2 O 4 m-Dinitrobenzene B CyHsN 3 Oe 2, 4, 6-Trinitrotoluene 739 ACeH 4 N 2 O 4 m-Dinitrobenzene BC 7 HeN 2 O 4 2, 4-Dinitrotoluene 741 A C 6 H 4 N 2 O 4 m-Dinitrobenzene BC 7 H 7 NO 2 p-Nitrotoluene 743 ACeH 4 N 2 O 4 m-Dinitrobenzene BC 8 H 9 NO Acetanilide 751 ACeH 4 N 2 O 4 m-Dinitrobenzene BCi 3 HiO Fluorene 753 ACeH 4 N 2 O 4 m-Dinitrobenzene BCi 4 Hi 0 Phenanthrene 766 ACeH 4 N 2 O 4 p-Dinitrobenzene BCi 2 Hi 0 Acenaphthene 767 ACeH 4 N 2 O 4 p-Dinitrobenzene BCisHio Fluorene 768 ACeH 4 N 2 O 4 p-Dinitrobenzene BCuHio Anthracene 772 ACeH 4 N 2 O 6 2, 4-Dinitrophenol BCeH 5 NO 3 o-Nitrophenol 781 ACeH 4 N 2 Oe 2, 4-Dinitrophenol BCsH 9 NO Acetanilide 791 ACeH 4 N 2 O 6 2, 4-Dinitrophenol BCisHio Fluorene 793 ACeH 4 N 2 O 6 2, 4-Dinitrophenol BCi 4 Hi 0 Anthracene 822 ACeH 6 BrO o-Bromophenol BCeH 6 BrO p-Bromophenol 825 ACeH 6 Cl Chlorobenzene BC 7 H 6 ClO Benzoyl chloride 827 A CeH6Cl Chlorobenzene B Ci0H8 Naphthalene 829 ACeH 6 Cl Chlorobenzene BCi 2 Hi 0 Acenaphthene 830 ACeH 6 Cl Chlorobenzene BCisHio Fluorene 831 A CeH6Cl Chlorobenzene BCi 4 Hw Anthracene 832 ACeH 6 Cl Chlorobenzene BCi 4 Hi 0 Phenanthrene 834 ACeHtClO o-Chlorophenol BCeH 6 ClO p-Chlorophenol 844 ACeH 6 IO o-Iodophenol BCeHJO p-Iodophenol 848 ACeH 6 NO 2 Nitrobenzene BCeH 6 Benzene 850 ACeH 6 NO 2 Nitrobenzene BCeHeN 2 O 2 o-Nitroaniline 851 ACeH 6 NO 2 Nitrobenzene BCeHeN 2 O 2 m-Nitroaniline 852 ACeH 6 NO 2 Nitrobenzene BCeHeN 2 O 2 p-Nitroaniline 853 ACeH 6 NO 2 Nitrobenzene BCeH 6 O Phenol 857 ACeH 6 NO 2 Nitrobenzene BC 7 H 6 ClO Benzoyl chloride 858 ACeH 5 NO 2 Nitrobenzene BC 7 HeO 2 Benzoic acid 861 ACeH 6 NO 2 Nitrobenzene B CioHa Naphthalene * 33.3 M % A at 50°, 45.4 M % A at 70°. t 7.6 M % B at 0°, 12.9 M % B at 20°. J 52.5 M % B at 0°. § 20.6 M % B at 10°.

| M. P. I a | b 116.0 23,350 - 3.135 80.1 21,050-3.112 116.5 2 0 , 8 0 0 - 2 . 7 9 0 48.0 12,250-1.992 116.5 20,800-2.790 109.0 19,880-2.718 116.5 23,600-3.163 92.5 2 4 , 2 6 0 - 3 . 4 6 8 116.5 2 2 , 2 8 0 - 2 . 9 8 7 112.5 20,100-2.723 116.5 26,150-3.515 103.0 18,800-2.614 89.8 20,590-2.921 5.2 11,500-2.155 89.9 16,930-2.436 80.3 25,510- 3.770 89.9 17,550-2.524 69.5 21,630-3.299 89.4 17,570 - 2.531 51.4 15,410-2.480 90.2 23,000-3.307 113.5 23,570-3.186 89.0 17,640-2.547 112.5 17,420-2.236 89.5 16,940-2.441 103.5 15,020-2.909 169.5 2 3 , 9 3 0 - 2 . 8 2 4 92.5 22,300-3.188 172.0 25,840-3.033 112.5 17,420-2.336 171.5 2 4 , 7 3 0 - 2 . 9 0 5 212.5 27,500-2.960 112.5 23,730-3.217 46.2 17,89.0-2.926 112.5 2 5 , 7 6 0 - 3 . 4 9 2 113.5 19,300-2.609 112.0 22,300-3.024 112.5 17,540-2.366 111.0 213.0 24,820-2.668 5.5 10,910-2.049 63.5 14,200-2.203 -45 8,770-2.008 - 0.5 14,560- 2.790 80.1 18,200-2.690 95.0 21,820-3.098 114.5 21,150-2.851 216.5 27,470-2.807 99.0 18,410-2.587 8.8 10,260- 1.901 42.9 11,160-1.844 40.4 18,810-3.135 92.7 18,700— 2.670 5.3 13,220-2.481 5.5 12,975-2.432 5.3 13,210-2.477 71.1 27,090-4.110 5.3 13,210-2.477 112.0 26,510-3.598 5.3 13,210-2.477 149.0 24,210-2.998 5.3 15,310— 2.871 40.5 10,775-1.795 6.0 13,930-2.608 - 0 . 5 22,020-4.218 23,070-3.055 5.3 13,210- 2.477 80.1 19,240— 2.845

j

c | Range, 0C [Eut. temp, and %| Lit. 131.3 62.0 - TTeTO 62.0° (259) 76.17 6 2 . 0 80.1 68.0 M % B 117.5 9 0 . 0 - 116.5 30.2°* (237) 85.1 30.248.0 76.4 M % B 117.5 90.0- 116.5 73.5° («7) 85.1 73.5- 109.0 5 2 . 8 M % B 109.1 71.5- 116.5 71.5° (239) 91.7 71.592.5 6 1 . 5 M % B 101.2 78.0- 116.5 78.0° ( 2 3 °) 98.8 78.0- 112.5 53.0 M % B 94.4 75.0- 116 75.0° (228) 105.9 75.0- 103.0 61.0Wt. % B 215.4 - 0 . 8 89.8 -0.8° (228,419) 46.43- 0 . 8 5.2 8 9 . 3 M % B 74.05 52..389.9 52.3° (43, iso) 135.1 52.380.3 47.5 M % B 92.28 44.989.9 44.9° (43, iso) 108.4 4 4 . 9 - 69.5 5 6 . 0 M % B 122.7 40.0 89.4 29.7° ( 13 °) 81.52 2 9 . 7 - 51.4 6 6 . 5 M % B 124.4 68.590.2 68.5° (82) 80.35 6 8 . 5 - 113.5 3 8 . 5 M % B 101.2 70.089.0 54.0° ( 23 °) 98.8 70.0- 112.5 4 2 . 2 M % B 94.4 60.089.5 48.5° (228) 105.9 60.0- 103.5 49.0 Wt. % B 109.1 90.0- 169.5 81.5° (239) 91.7 81.5- 92.5 80.0 M % B 101.2 130.0- 172.0 90.0° ( 23 °) 98.8 95.0- 112.5 72.0 M % B 94.35 146.0- 171.5 146.0° (252) 106.0 146.0- 212.5 35.0 Wt. % B 132.4 50.0- 112.5 36.5° (82) 75.54 36.546.2 8 1 . 5 M % B 136.25 79.0- 112.5 79.0° (82) 73.35 79.0- 113.5 5 6 . 0 M % B 110.8 7 4 . 0 - 112.0 74.0° ( 23 °) 90.24 74.0- 112.5 54.8 M % B 101.0° (252) 96.8 101.0- 213.0 15.5Wt. % B 100 -n.7_ 5.5 -U.7° ( 183 ) 100 20.063.5 27.2 M % B 80.06-54.2 45.0 -54.2° ( 331 ) 124.9 - 40.0- -0.5 18.0 M % B ( 1 1 2 » *19, * 3 «» 113.9 - 1 0 . 0 80.1 475) (3<5) 137.0 10.0- 95.0 (147.6) 147.6 4 0 . 0 - 114.5 t (475) 158.4 25.0- 120.0 (475) 158.3 10.0- 80.0 100 - 10.08.8 -20.5° ( 183 ) 100 20.042.9 38.5 M % BJ 100 2 6 . 1 - 40.4 26.1° ( 183 ) 100 60.092.7 29.5 M % B 157.6 - 1 5 . 0 5.3 -24.6° (86,430) 63.43-24.65.5 5 1 . 0 M % B 89.12 1.05.3 1.0° (*8) 112.2 10.071.1 8.5 M % B 89.12 2 . 0 5.3 2.0° (4*) 112.2 50.0- 112.0 6.3 M % B 89.12 2 . 5 5.3 2.5° (*8) 112.2 60.0- 149.0 5.5 M % B 130.8 — 16.55.3 -16.5° ^86,345) 76.43 5.040.5 43.0 M % B 33 87.58-20.36.0 -20.3° ( M 114.2 - 2 0 . 3 - -0.5 46.6 M % B (344) 99.20 10.0- 80.0 96.1 — 3.05.3 -3.0° (222, 475 ; 104.1 20.080.1 15.5 M % B§


Formula

863 ACeH 6 NO 2 BCi 2 H 9 N 864 A CeH 6 NO 2 BCi 2 Hi 0 866 ACeH 6 NO 2 BCisHio 867 A CeH6NO2 BCuH 8 O 2 868 A CeH5NO2 BCi 4 Hi 0 868.1 A CeH 6 NO 2 BCuHio 869 ACeH 6 NO 3 BCeH 6 NO 3 870 ACeH 6 NO 3 BCeHf 1 NO 3 881 AC 7 H 5 NO 3 BC 7 H 9 N 884 ACeH 6 NO 3 BCi 0 H 8 885 ACeH 5 NO 3 BCi 0 H 9 N 886 ACeH 6 NO 3 BCi 0 H 9 N 891 ACeH 5 NO 3 BCi 2 H 9 N 899 ACeH 6 NO 3 BCeH 6 NO 3 916 A CeH 5 NO 3 BCi 2 H 9 N 943 ACeH 5 NO 3 BCi 2 HoN 948 ACeH 6 NO 3 BCi 4 Hi 0 954 ACeH 6 N 3 O 4 B CeHeN2O2 955 ACeH 5 N 3 O 4 BCeHeN 2 O 2 962 ACeHe BCeHcO 968 ACeH 6 BCeHi 2 O 3 969 ACeH 6 BC 7 H 6 ClO 979 A C e H 6 BC 7 HeClNO 2 980 A C e H e BC 7 H 6 N 2 O 4 981 ACeH 6 BC 7 HeN 2 O 4 982 A C e H 6 BC 7 HeN 2 O 4 991 ACeH 6 BC 7 H 7 Br 992 ACeH 6 BC 7 H 8 1003 ACeH 6 BCsHio 1005 ACeH 6 B CioHs 1008 ACeH 6 B CioHie 1011 ACeH 6 BCi 2 Hi 0 1012 ACeH 6 BCi 2 HuN 1013 A C e H 6 BCi 2 Hi 2 N 2 1014 ACeH 6 BCisHio 1016 ACeHe BCi 4 HsO 2 1017 ACeH 6 B Ci 4 Hi 0

|

Name Nitrobenzene Carbazole Nitrobenzene Acenaphthene Nitrobenzene Fluorene Nitrobenzene Anthraquinone Nitrobenzene Anthracene Nitrobenzene Phenanthrene o-Nitrophenol m-Nitrophenol o-Nitrophenol p-Nitrophenoi o-Nitrophenol p-Toluidine o-Nitrophenol Naphthalene o-Nitrophenol a-Naphthylamine o-Nitrophenol /3-Naphthylamine o-Nitrophenol Carbazole m-Nitrophenol p-Nitrophenol m-Nitrophenol Carbazole p-Nitrophenol Carbazole p-Nitrophenol Anthracene 2, 4-Dinitroaniline o-Nitroaniline 2, 4-Dinitroaniline p-Nitroaniline... Benzene Phenol Benzene Paraldehyde Benzene Benzoyl chloride Benzene Nitrobenzyl chloride Benzene 2, 4-Dinitrotoluene Benzene 2, 6-Dinitrotoluene Benzene 3, 4-Dinitrotoluene Benzene p-Bromotoluene Benzene Toluene Benzene p-Xylene Benzene Naphthalene Benzene Camphene Benzene Diphenyl Benzene Diphenylamine Benzene Hydrazobenzene Benzene Fluorene Benzene Anthraquinone Benzene Anthracene

* 11.9 Wt. % B at 130°. t 50.5 M % B at 5.0°. t 21.9 M % B at 15.0°, 41.2 M % B at 30°.

| M. P. |

a

|

b

|

c

[

Range, 0C

|Eut. temp, and %|

Lit. (47S)

245.2

24,010-2.397 135.7

20.0- 180.0

95.0

2 2 , 8 7 0 - 3 . 2 4 6 125.2

10.0-

114.5

21,380-2.880135.0

10.0- 114.5

285.2

2 9 , 7 8 0 - 2 . 6 3 4 169.0

2 5 . 0 - 190.0

216.5

29,010-3.134 144.7

5 . 0 - 175.0

(345) 95.0 (345) (475) (475J t475) 99.0 44.0 94.0 44.0 114.0 44.5 37.5 45.0 80.1 44.5 48.0 44.5 109.0 44.6 . 236.0 94.0 114.0 95.0 236.1 111.8 236.0 113.5 212.5 179.5

:

16,640-2.338 20,520-3.380 19,300-2.747 21,050-3.470 17,300-2.334 17,980-2.953 18,025-2.975 20,960-3.442 18,790-2.779 18,680-3.072 13,980-2.276 20,100-3.310 24,000-3.282

144.8 100 100 100 100 129.8 77.04 108.6 92.1 97.18 102.9 97.18 102.9

5.031.531.533.533.515.015.029.029.020.020.036.336.3-

85.0 44.0 94.0 44.0 114.0 44.5 43.3 45.0 80.1 44.5 48.0 44.5 109.0

27,350-2.807 120.1 18,790-2.673 100 16,305-2.200 100

43.5- 236.0 61.594.0 61.5- 114.0

33,050-3.395 120.1

92.0-

236.1

34,460-3.541 120.1

106.7-

236.0

50,390-5.420 128.1 2 2 , 5 2 0 - 2 . 6 0 0 132.6

150.0- 212.5 160.0-179.5

179.5 148.3 5.5 40.6 5.5 12.0 5.5 -0.5 5.5 47.7 5.2 70.7 5.2 65.0 5.2 59.0 5.48 26.71 5.5 -94.5 5.5 13.35 5.5 80.1 5.5 49.3 5.48 68.95 5.5 52.9 5.5 127.0

2 2 , 5 2 0 - 2 . 6 0 0 132.6 117.020,650- 2.562 75.4 117.027,500-5.160 83.0 - 4 . 0 12,860-2.142 120.5 20.09,860-1.849 5 9 . 1 2 - 2 7 . 0 13,475-2.469 169.1 - 2 0 . 0 11,675-2.189 5 5 . 5 6 - 2 0 . 0 15,690—3.008 180.0 — 2 0 . 0 11,330-2.124 45.52- 3.325,090-4.085 219.7 10.011,500-2.155 36.81- 0 . 7 24,120-3.665 233.4 - 0 . 7 11,500-2.155 36.81 0.219,430-3.002 233.4 40.011,500-2.155 36.81- 5 . 0 18,850-2.964 233.4 25.010,320-1.934 4 5 . 6 1 - 1 8 . 5 15,405— 2.684 219.3 — 18.59,825-1.842 8 4 . 7 5 - 7 0 . 0 7,280-2.115 118.0 - 9 9 . 8 10,090-1.893 73.6 - 2 2 . 2 16,650-3.035 135.9 - 2 2 . 2 10,105-1.894 60.96- 3.519,340-2.860 164.1 3.58,865-1.662 5 7 . 3 5 - 2 0 . 0 2,583-0.4175174.4 - 2 0 . 0 10,525-1.974 50.65- 5.817,130-2.615 197.4 10.012,340-2.314 46.14- 6 . 8 18,470-2.959 216.7 6.828,130-3.675 235.9

20.0-127.0

114.5

22,500-3.031 212.8

10.0- 114.5

285.2

28,300-2.004 266.6

0.0-

80.0

216.5

27,180- 2.620 228.2

0.0 -

80.0

31.5° 27.5 M % B 33.5° 24.5M%B 15.0° 51.0 M % B 29.0° 34.0 M % B 14.0° 52.0 M % B 36.3° 16.6M%B 43.5° 2.3 Wt. % B 61.5° 45.2 M % B 92.0° 5.5Wt. % B 106.7° 7.4 M % B 106.0° 6.0 Wt. % B*

179.5 117.0° 148.3 62.5 M % B 5.5 -5.3° 40.6 37.0 M % Bf 5.5 -27.0° 12.0 43.0 M % B 5.5 -26.5° -0.5 51.9 M % B 5.5 -3.3° 47.7 15.0 M % B 5.2 -0.7° 70.7 1 0 . 5 M % B 5.2 0.2° 65.0 1 0 . 7 M % B f 5.2 -5.0° 59.0 24.5M % B§ 5.48-18.5° 26.71 33.6 M % B 5.5 -99.8° 94.5 8 6 . 3 M % B H 5.5 -22.2° 13.35 37.3 M % B 5.5 -3.5° 80.1 1 2 . 5 M % B 5.5 -45.0° 49.3 64.6 M % B^ 5.48-5.8° 68.95 16.8 M % B 5.5 -6.8° 52.9 2 1 . 5 M % B

( 71 ) C71) (379,381) (222,410) (237) (237) ( 26S ) C71) ( 263 ) (263) (252) ( 148 ) (148) (86, isi, 345, 375,458) ( 3 7 S) (33M (292) (228) (228) (228) ( 3 7 S) (*oo) (375,377) (112, sss, 419, 436,475,476) (282) (* 7 «) (55,86) <, 3 *5) (34S) (*60) (158,460,475)

§ 33.0 M % B at 10°. U 83.0 M % B at 80.0°. 1f 44.4 M % B at -30.0°; 64.6 M % B at -30.0°.

Equations.—(Continued) No. I Formula 1018 ACeHe BCi 4 Hi 0 1020 A C e H 6 BCi 4 Hi 6 N 2 1021 ACeHe BCi 4 Hi 6 N 2 O 2 1033 ACeHeN 2 O 2 BC 8 H 9 NO 105OACeH6O BC 7 H 6 O 2 1091 ACeH 6 O 2 BC 7 H 6 O 2 1103 ACeH 6 O 2 BCi 2 H 9 N 1117 ACeHeO 2 BC 7 HeO 2 1132 ACeHeO 2 BCi 2 H 9 N 1170 ACeH 6 O 3 BC 7 HeO 2 1179 ACeH 6 O 3 BCi 2 H 9 N 1195 ACeH 7 N BC 7 H 7 NO 2 1201 A C 6 H 7 N BC 7 H 9 N 1207 A C e H 7 N BCi 2 Hw 1208 AC 6 H 7 N BCisHio 1209 A C e H 7 N BCi 4 H 8 O 2 1211 ACeH 7 N BCi 4 HiO 1269 ACeHi 2 O 3 BCsHio 1271 ACeHi 4 B Ci0H8 1280 AC 7 H 4 Cl 2 O 3 S B C7H4Cl2O3S 1283 AC 7 H 5 ClO BCsHio 1284 AC 7 H 5 ClO BC 9 Hi 2 1285 AC 7 H 5 ClO BCi 2 Hi 0 1286 AC 7 H 5 ClO BCi 3 Hi 2 1287 AC 7 H 5 ClO 2 BC 7 H 5 ClO 2 1288 A C7H5ClO2 BC 7 H 5 ClO 2 1289 AC 7 H 5 ClO 2 BC 7 H 6 O 2 1291 A C7H5ClO2 BC 7 H 5 ClO 2 1292 AC 7 H 5 ClO 2 BC 7 H 6 O 2 1294 AC 7 H 5 ClO 2 BC 7 HeO 2 1307 AC 7 H 5 N 3 Oe BC 7 H 5 N 3 Oe 1309 AC 7 H 5 N 3 Oe BC 7 H 6 N 2 O 4 1310 A C 7 H 5 N 3 Oe B C7H6N2O4 1312 AC 7 H 5 N 3 Oa BC 7 H 7 NO 2 1313 AC 7 H 5 N 3 Oe BCrH 7 NO 2 1333 AC 7 HeClNO BC 7 HeClNO 1334 AC 7 H 6 ClNO 2 BC 7 H 6 ClNO 2 1335 AC 7 HeClNO 2 B C7HeClNQ2

|

Name Benzene Phenanthrene Benzene Hydrazotoluene Benzene Hydrazoanisole m-Nitroaniline Acetanilide Phenol m-Hydroxybenzaldehyde Catechol m-Hydroxybenzaldehyde Catechol Carbazole Resorcinol m-Hydroxybenzaldehyde Resorcinol Carbazole Pyrogallol m-Hydroxybenzaldehyde Pyrogallol Carbazole Aniline p-Nitrotoluene Aniline p-Toluidine Aniline Acenaphthene Aniline Fluorene Aniline Anthraquinone Aniline Phenanthrene Paraldehyde p-Xylene Hexane Naphthalene «ivm-Chloride of m-sulfobenzoic acid «2/m-Chloride of p-sulfobenzoic acid Benzoyl chloride p-Xylene Benzoyl chloride Mesitylene Benzoyl chloride Diphenyl Benzoyl chloride Diphenylmethane o-Chlorobenzoic acid m-Chlorobenzoic acid o-Chlorobenzoic acid p-Chlorobenzoic acid o-Chlorobenzoic acid Benzoicacid m-Chlorobenzoic acid p-Chlorobenzoic acid m-Chlorobenzoic acid Benzoicacid p-Chlorobenzoic acid.. Benzoicacid 2, 4, 5-Trinitrotoluene 2, 4, 6-Trinitrotoluene 2, 4, 6-Trinitrotoluene 2, 4-Dinitrotoluene 2, 4, 6-Trinitrotoluene. 2, 6-Dinitrotoluene 2, 4, 6-Trinitrotoluene o-Nitrotoluene 2, 4, 6-Trinitrotoluene p-Nitrotoluene o-Chloroformanilide p-Chloroformanilide 2-Chloro-3-nitrotoluene 2-Chloro-4-nitrotoluene 2-Chloro-3-nitrotoluene 2-Chloro-5-nitrotoluene

* 8.0 Wt. % B at 120°; 11.3 Wt. % B at 140.0°. t 24.1 M % B at -5.0°. t 36.1 M % A at —40.0°, 26.1 M % A at —55.0°.

| M. P. |

a

|

b

|

c

j

Range, 0C

|Eut. temp, and %|

Lit. (iss, iss, 475)

99.0 1 9 , 6 5 0 - 2 . 7 6 3 2 2 8 . 2 5 . 0 - 75.0 5.5 C345) 159.0 3 3 , 6 9 0 - 4 . 0 7 2 2 7 1 . 8 20 - 159.0 5.5 C 345 ) 104.3 27,580-3.816312.8 20 - 104.3 114.0 25,300-3.417 102.2 81.0- 114.0 81.0° ( 82 ) 113.5 30,620-4.140 97.9 85.0- 113.5 52.0 M % B 41.0 9,175-1.525 77.0 2 2 . 0 - 41.0 22.0° (25«) 105.0 17,110-2.363 129.8 30.0- 105.0 20.3 M % B 103.0 16,880-2.343 90.18 7 0 . 0 - 103.0 61.0° (258) 105.0 16,570-2.289 110.9 61.0- 105.0 50.0 M % B 103.2 102.0° (2«3) 236.0 4 3 , 0 7 0 - 4 . 4 2 7 151.8 102.0- 236.0 4.0 Wt. % B 115.0 12,490-1.682 90.8 59.0- 115.0 59.0° C258) 105.0 16,570-2.289 110.9 65.0- 105.0 48.0 M % B 109.0 107.0°* (2«3) 236.0 50,860-5.227 151.8 160.0- 236.0 7.0 Wt. % B 132.5 16,550-2.131 103.3 69.0- 132.5 69.0° (258) 105.0 15,210-2.101 96.83 69.0- 105.0 60.0 M % B 126.5 126.0° (263) 236.0 58,860-6.047 132.5 126.0- 236.0 2.9 Wt. % B -5.5 8,810-1.718 6 7 . 9 0 - 1 5 . 7 - -5.5 -15.7° (222) 51.5 17,170-2.762 147.3 10.051.5 15.0 M % Bf ( 34S ) 16,460-2.714 115.0 20.0- 43.6 (34S) 95.0 33,120-4.700 165.6 10.0- 95.0 C345) 114.5 28,230-3.808 178.5 10.0- 114.5 ( 47S ) 285.2 30,140-2.759 223.6 15.0- 170.0 (47S) 99.0 30,350-4.349 191.5 5 . 0 - 80.0 12.0 13,530-2.480 124.5 -14.1412.0 -14.14° (375) 13.35 17,550-2.371 80.32- 5.013.35 43.5 M % B (112,419,436) 80.1 33,020-4.882 148.6 10.0- 80.1 20.4 17,180- 3.059 100 8.420.4 8.4° C308) 56.7 19,880-3.149 100 20.0 56.7 26.0 M % B - 0 . 5 15,690-3.008 132.4 - 1 8 . 5 - -0.5 -18.5° (331) 13.5 17,880-3.259 7 5 . 5 3 - 1 8 . 5 13.5 38.2 M % B -0.5 15,080-2.890 117.0 - 2 5 . 0 - -0.5 -70.0°î (331) -55.4 5,360-1.287 85.5 - 7 0 . 0 55.4 81.0 M % B - 0 . 5 16,270-3.118 91.16- 8 . 0 - -0.5 -8.0° ( 331 ) 70.5 18,510-2.812 109.7 30.070.5 16.8 M % B§ - 0 . 5 15,350-2.940 8 3 . 5 6 - 1 5 . 0 - -0.5 -15.0° ( 3 3 I) 26.0 19,620-3.427 119.7 - 1 5 . 0 26.0 31.2 M % B 140.7 2 3 , 6 7 0 - 2 . 9 8 9 100 120 - 140.7 109.9° ( 5 <>) 155.0 24,900-3.038 100 120 - 155.0 43.0 M % B 140.7 23,670 - 2.989 100 132.0 - 140.7 132.0° ( 50 ) 245.0 30,480-3.072 100 150.0- 245.0 14.0 M % B 140.7 2 6 , 4 5 0 - 3 . 3 4 0 128.2 100.0- 140.7 91.2° C50) 121.7 17,300-2.290 77.99 9 1 . 2 - 121.7 6 4 . 5 M % B 155.0 24,900 - 3.038 100 140.9 - 155.0 140.9° C50) 245.0 28,240-2.848 100 150.0- 245.0 20.0 M % B 155.0 2 6 , 6 0 0 - 3 . 2 4 8 128.2 110 - 155 95.4° (50) 121.7 17,300-2.290 77.99 9 5 . 4 - 121.7 68.7 M % B 245.0 2 9 , 3 0 0 - 2 . 9 6 1 128.2 130 - 245 115.0° (50) 121.7 17,300-2.290 77.99 115.0- 121.7 9.0 M % B 101.5 22,010-3.070 100 65.0- 101.5 57.5° ( 13 °) 80.5 20,860-3.082 100 60.080.5 6 1 . 0 M % B 80.5 2 1 , 9 2 0 - 3 . 2 3 9 124.6 45.080.5 45.0° (31, 43, 129) 70.1 18,950-2.884 80.22 55.070.1 57.0 M % B 80.5 20,860 - 3.082 124.6 50 80.5 37.5° O29) 65.0 16,780 - 2.593 80.22 50 65.0 61.0 M % B 80.5 21,340-3.152 165.6 45 80.5 -9.7° ( 3 <>) - 4 . 0 14,260-2.766 60.37- 9 . 7 - -4.0 87.6 M % BH 80.5 21,920-3.239 165.6 40 80.5 33.9° (31, 130) 51.4 16,075-2.589 60.37 35 51.4 6 9 . 0 M % B 78.0 18,080-2.690 100 54.978.0 54.9° (215) 103.0 22,300-3.098 100 5 4 . 9 - 103.0 35.3 M % B 22.1 14,960'- 2.648 100 8.222.1 8.2° (479) 62.3 18,080- 2.817 100 30.062.3 26.0 M % B 22.1 15,020-2.657 100 5.022.1 -1.0° (479) 42.9 14,160 - 2.340 100 10.0 42.9 41.0 M % B § 21.4 M % B at 0.0°; 30.1 M % B at 15.0°. Il 30.0 M % A at 27.7°; 20.0 M % B at 10°.

Equations.—(Continued) JXo. I

Name

M. P. |

AC 7 H 6 ClNO 2 BC 7 H 6 ClNO 2 AC 7 H 6 ClNO 2 BC 7 H 6 ClNO 2 AC 7 H 6 ClNO 2 BC 7 H 6 ClNO 2 AC 7 H 6 ClNO 2 BC 7 H 6 ClNO 2

2-Chloro-3-nitrotoluene 3-Chloro-4-nitrotoluene 2-Chloro-3-nitrotoluene 3-Chloro-6-nitrotoluene 2-Chloro-4-nitrotoluene 2-Chloro-6-nitrotoluene 2-Chloro-5-nitrotoluene 2-Chloro-6-nitrotoluene

23.4 24.2 23.4 24.9 62.3 35.3 42.9 35.3

1342 A C 7 H 6 ClNO 2 BC 7 HeClNO 2

3-Chloro-4-nitrotoluene 3-Chloro-6-nitrotoluene

24.2 18,025 - 3.168 100 24.9 20,000-3.508 100

1343

AC 7 HeClNO 2 BC 7 H 6 ClNO 2 AC 7 H 6 N 2 O 3 BC 7 HeN 2 O 3 AC 7 HeN 2 O 4 BC 7 H 6 N 2 O 4 AC 7 H 6 N 2 O 4 BC 7 H 7 NO 2 AC 7 H 6 N 2 O 4 BC 7 H 7 NO 2 AC 7 H 6 N 2 O 4 BCi 3 Hi 0 AC7H6N2O4BC 7 H 7 NO 2 AC 7 H 6 N 2 O 6 BC 8 HsN 2 O 6 AC 7 H 6 O 2 BC 7 HeO 2 AC 7 H 6 O 2 BC 7 HeO 3 AC 7 H 6 O 2 B CioHsO AC 7 H 6 O 2 B CioHsO AC 7 H 6 O 2 BCsH 6 O 3 AC 7 H 6 O 2 B CsH8O AC 7 H 6 O 2 BC 9 HsO 2 AC 7 H 6 O 2 B Ci0H8 AC 7 HeO 2 BCi 4 Hi 0 O 2 AC 7 H 7 Br BC 7 H 7 Br AC 7 H 7 Cl BC 7 H 7 Cl AC 7 H 7 ClO 2 S BC 7 H 7 ClO 2 S AC 7 H 7 NO 2 BC 7 H 7 NO 2 AC 7 H 7 NO 2 BC 7 H 7 NO 2 AC 7 H 7 NO 2 BC 7 H 7 NO 2 AC 7 H 7 NO 2 B Ci0H8 AC 7 H 7 NO 3 BCi 2 HuN A C7H8 B Ci0H8 AC7H8 BCi 2 Hi 0 AC7H8 BCi 3 Hi 0 AC7H8 BCi 4 H 8 O 2 AC7H8 BCi 4 Hi 0 AC7H8 BCi 4 Hi 0 AC 7 H 9 N BC 7 H 9 N AC 7 H 9 N

4-Chloro-2-nitrotoluene 4-Chloro-3-nitrotoluene o-Nitroformanilide p-Nitroformanilide 2, 4-Dinitrotoluene 2, 6-Dinitrotoluene 2, 4-Dinitrotoluene o-Nitrotoluene 2, 4-Dinitrotoluene p-Nitrotoluene 2, 4-Dinitrotoluene Fluorene 2, 6-Dinitrotoluene p-Nitrotoluene 2, 4-Dinitroanisole 2, 4-Dinitrophenetole w-Hydroxybenzaldehyde Benzoic acid m-Hydroxybenzaldehyde Salicylic acid ra-Hydroxybenzaldehyde a-Naphthol m-Hydroxybenzaldehyde /3-Naphthol Benzoic acid Piperonal Benzoic acid Acetophenone Benzoic acid Cinnamic acid Benzoic acid Naphthalene Benzoic acid Benzil o-Bromotoluene p-Bromotoluene o-Chlorotoluene p-Chlorotoluene o-Toluenesulfone chloride p-Toluenesulfone chloride o-Nitrotoluene m-Nitrotoluene o-Nitrotoluene... p-Nitrotoluene..' m-Nitrotoluene p- Nitrotoluene p- Nitrotoluene Naphthalene p-Nitroanisole Diphenylamine Toluene Naphthalene Toluene Acenaphthene Toluene Fluorene Toluene Anthraquinone Toluene Anthracene Toluene Phenanthrene o-Toluidine p-Toluidine m-Toluidine

B C7H9N

p-Toluidine

1337 1338 1340 1341

1346 1347 1349 1350 1358 1362 1384 1385 1386 1387 1388 1396 1397 1400 1401 1407 1417 1422 1426 1439 1440 1441 1443 1445 1446 1448 1449 1450 1451 1452 1471 1473

Formula

|

*20.0 M % A at -1.8°. t 51.6 M % B at 65.0°. î 35.0 % B at 0.0°.

a

|

b

13,680 - 2.410 16,800 - 2.952 13,680-2.410 17,350-3.041 18,080-2.817 16,110-2.729 14,160-2.340 16,070-2.722

30.0 19,720-3.400 6.5 15,880- 2.968 122.4 2 4 , 7 0 0 - 3 . 2 6 1 195.1 31,950-3.523 70.1 18,510— 2.816 65.0 16,780-2.593 70.1 17,825-2.712 - 4 . 4 5 14,260-2.766 70.1 17,825-2.712 51.4 16,075-2.589 69.0 21,820-3.332 112.5 17,375-2.330 65.0 16,740-2.588 51.4 16,080-2.588 86.9 19,620-2.847 85.0 2 2 , 2 1 0 - 3 . 2 4 0 105.0 19,530-2.698 121.5 30,430— 4.030 105.0 16,550-2.287 159.5 30,530-3.689 105.0 18,570-2.564 96.0 18,500-2.619 105.0 18,180-2.510 121.5 2 0 , 1 0 0 - 2 . 6 6 1 121.4 19,550-2.589 35.5 18,180- 3.078 121.4 18,280-2.420

|

c 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

|

Range, 0C

O 5 - 5.45.430 20 20 6.4-

|Eut, temp, and %l

23.4 -5.0° 24.2 45.0 M 23.4 -5.4° 24.9 45.0 M 62.3 17.0° 35.3 66.0 M 42.9 6.4° 35.3 52.0 M

%B ( 4 8 °) %B (479) %B C479) %B

5.0 - 24.2 3.4° 10.0- 24.9 48.0 M % B

100 - 8.1100 - 8.1100 112.3100 112.3100 33.6100 33.6132.9 15 75.25-11.45132.9 30 75.25 26.5109.6 55 91.2 80 132.9 30 75.25 30 93.42 53.5107.0 53.5100 83.0100 95.088.40 90.0113.1 90.084.70 61.5118.0 61.584.70 74.0118.0 85.081.32 50.0123.0 27.3101.7 10.0-

Lit. ( 48 °)

( 48 °)

30.0 -8.1° ( 17 °) 6.5 68.4 M % B 122.4 112.3° (148) 195.1 17.7 M % B 70.1 33.6° (129) 65.0 54.0 M % B 70.1 -11.45° (30) -4.45 84.2 M % B* 70.1 26.5° (31, 129) 51.4 60.0 M % B 69.0 44.0° C230) 112.5 40.0 M % Bf 65 ( 13 °) 51.4 86.9 53.5° ( 41 ) 85.0 49.0 M % B 105.0 83.0° C258) 121.5 33.0 M % B 105.0 90.0° (258) 159.5 20.0 M % B 105.0 61.5° (258) 96.0 54.0 M % B 105.0 74.0° (258) 121.5 40.7 M % B 121.4 27.3° (213) 35.5 82.8 M % B 121.4 (344)

121.5 16,690-2.209 82.46 82.0- 121.5 82.0° 136.8 19,050-2.427 121.3 90.0- 136.8 43.0 M % B 121.0 24,020-3.182 95.3 7 0 . 0 - 121.0 70.0° 80.1 37,710-5.580 104.9 70.080.1 67.0 M % B 121.4 21,630-2.865 58.09 9 5 . 0 - 121.4 77.2° 94.0 33,110-4.714 172.2 77.2'94.0 5 9 . 3 M % B -27.0 11,480-2.436 100 -37.3 27.0 -37.3° 26.7 14,540-2.534 100 -25.026.7 2 1 . 7 M % B -35.1 9 , 2 8 5 — 2.038 100 — 49.8- —35.1 -49.8° 7.8 12,665-2.356 100 -35.07.8 27.0 M % B 10.1 13,210-2.437 100 1.5- 10.1 1.5° 67.2 21,350— 3.276 100 1.567.2 16.5 M % B - 4 . 0 13,015-2.526 100 -31.65- -4.0 -31.65° 16.0 13,700-2.476.100 - 5.016.0 48.0 M % B - 4 . 0 13,015-2.526 100 - 1 6 . 4 - -4.0 -16.3° 51.4 1 5 , 4 4 0 - 2 . 4 8 5 100 15.051.4 24.0 M % BJ 16.0 13,700— 2.476 100 — 2.816.0 -2.8° 51.4 15,440-2.485 100 15.051.4 3 3 . 0 M % B 52.0 16,610-2.669 107.0 35.052.0 29.0° 80.1 17,700-2.618 93.44 4 0 . 0 - 80.1 3 6 . 5 M % B 52.6 1 6 , 6 6 0 - 2 . 6 7 1 90.50 20.552.6 20.5° 53.2 17,380- 2.781 110.5 2 0 . 5 53.2 49.0 M % B 80.1 19,850-2.935 139.1

20.0-

80.1

95.0 22,780- 3.233 167.4

10.0- 95.0

114.5 2 2 , 5 0 0 - 3 . 0 3 1 180.5

10.0- 114.5

285.2

2 0 . 0 - 105

(207, 209) (115,345,465) ( 213 ) (172,293) C 466 » 4 7 4 ) (145,179) (32) (so, 127, I B S ) (32,127) (222) (393,394) (li 2 » 345, 419, 436,475) (345,436) (345) (475)

28,720- 2.086 226.0

0*75) 216.5 27,290- 2.654 193.5

15.0- 105.0

99.0 19,340- 2.717 193.5

0 . 0 - 90.0

43.6 16,260-2.682 100

0 . 0 - 43.6

(153,157,475) (345) (345)

43.6 16,260-2.682 100

20.0 -

43.6

Equations.—(Continued) No. 1 Formula | Name 1475 ACrHgN p-Toluidine B CioHs Naphthalene 1487 ACyHaNOaS o-Toluenesulfoneamide BC 7 H 9 NO 2 S p-Toluenesulfoneamide 1490 AC 8 H 4 Cl 2 O 2 s2/m-Phthalyl chloride BCsH 4 Cl 2 O 2 asyw-Phthalyl chloride 1492 ACsH 4 O 3 Phthalic anhydride B CioHs Naphthalene 1504 A C 8 H 7 N 3 O 5 2, 4-Dinitroacetanilide BCsH 8 N 2 O 3 p-Nitroacetanilide 1509 ACsH 8 O 2 Phenylacetic acid BC 9 Hi 0 O 2 Hydrocinnamic acid 1516 ACsHio Xylene BCisHio Fluorene 1524 A C 8 Hi 0 N 4 Oa Caffeine BCnHi 2 N 2 O Antipyrine 1525 A C 8 H n N Dimethylaniline BCi 3 Hi 2 O Benzhydrol 1526 A CsHiiN Dimethylaniline BCi 7 H 2 ONaO Tetramethyldiaminobenzophenone 1528 AC 9 H 8 Indene BCi 0 H 8 Naphthalene 1529 AC 9 H 8 Indene BCi 2 Hi 0 Acenaphthene 1530 AC 9 H 8 Indene B CisHio Fluorene.... 1549 ACi 0 H 7 NO 2 a-Nitronaphthalene B CioHs Naphthalene 1550 A CioH 7 NO2 a-Nitronaphthalene BCi 0 H 9 N a-Naphthylamine 1551 ACioH 7 NOa a-Nitronaphthalene B CioHieO Camphor 1553 ACi 0 H 8 Naphthalene B CioHsO a-Naphthol 1560 A CioHs Naphthalene B CioHio Camphene 1561 ACi 0 H 8 Naphthalene B CioHieO Camphor 1563 A CioHs Naphthalene BCi 2 HiO Diphenyl 1564 A CioHs Naphthalene BCi 2 HnN Diphenylamine 1566 A CioHs Naphthalene BCisHio Fluorene 1567 A CioHs Naphthalene BCi 3 Hi 2 Diphenylmethane 1577 ACi 0 H 8 O a-Naphthol B Ci0H8O 0-Naphthol 1583 A Ci0H8O a-Naphthol BCi 2 H 9 N Carbazole 1595 ACioHsO 0-Naphthol BCi 2 H 9 N Carbazole 1601 ACi 0 H 8 O /3-Naphthol BCi 4 Hw Anthracene 1625 ACwH 9 N 0-Naphthylamine B CioHieO Camphor 1628 ACi 0 H 9 N /3-Naphthylamine BCi 4 Hi 0 Anthracene 1644 ACioHi 5 NO 2 S l-Methyl-2-sulfoneamide-4-isopropylbenzene BCi 0 HuNO 2 S l-Methyl-3-sulfoneamide-4-isopropylbenzene 1671 ACi 2 H 9 Br Bromoacenaphthene BCi 2 Hi 0 Acenaphthene 1672 ACi 2 H 9 Cl Chloroacenaphthene BCi 2 H 9 I Iodoacenaphthene 1673 A Ci2HuCl Chloroacenaphthene BCi 2 HiO Acenaphthene 1674 ACi 2 H 9 I Iodoacenaphthene BCi 2 Hi 0 Acenaphthene 1678 ACi 2 H 9 N Carbazole BCi 8 Hi 2 Chrysene 1680 ACi 2 Hw Acenaphthene BCi 3 Hw Fluorene 1686 ACi 2 Hi 0 N 2 Azobenzene BCi 2 Hi 0 N 2 O Azoxybenzene 1687 ACi 2 HwN 2 Azobenzene B Ci 2 Hi 2 N 2 Hydrazobenzene * 5.0 M % B at 30.0°, 7.5 M % B at 50°, 15.0 M % B at 80°. t 52.0 M % B at 50.0°. Î53.4 M % A at 40.0°. § 20.0 M % B at 63.0°.

M. P. 43.5 80.1 137.4 156.3 16.3 88.5 130.84 80.05 118.0 215.0 co. 77.0 47.5

| a | b 2 2 , 4 0 0 — 3.695 24,020-3.275 24,680-3.140 27,580-3.352 21,220-3.828 16,460- 2.378 23,210-3.002 19,310-2.856 24,700 - 3.299 27,750—2.050 16,780-2.504 14,950-2.436

c | Range, 0C |Eut. temp, and 83.56 31.943.5 31.9° 119.6 40.080.1 2 7 . 5 M % B 100 110.5- 137.4 110.5° 100 110.5- 156.3 39.8 M % B 100 8.016.3 8.0° 100 35.088.5 23.0 M % B 115.6 6 4 . 9 - 130.8464.9° 86.5 64.980.05 73.9 M % B 125.0 110.0 - 118.0 110.0° 80.0 110.0- 215.0 15.0 M % B 90.65 50.077.0 21.5° 110.3 21.547.5 61.0 M % B

|

% Lit. (is, 345, 406) (94,347) (84) (341) (184) (407) (345)

114.5 233.5 110.0 1.9 69.0

22,500-3.031 156.5 10.0- 114.5 24,700 - 2.547 112.7 103.0 - 233.5 103.0° 22,970-3.133 88.72 103.0- 110.0 3 7 . 0 M % B 13,970-2.652 66.36- 4 . 5 1.9 -4.5° 20,370-3.110 150.7 4.569.0 13.5 M % B

174.0

29,000- 3.390 219.5

80.1

19,810-2.930110.3

30.0-

80.1

95.0

21,990-3.121 132.8

30.0-

95.0

(2*«) (292) (292)

110

-

174

* (iis, 345) (3*5) (3*5)

114.5 57.0 80.0 56.0 48.2 58.0 179.0 80.0 93.5 80.1 49.3 80.1 179.0 80.09 68.95 80.1 52.5 80.1 114.5 80.1 25.64 95.5 122.2 93.0 235.6 121.0 235.5 121.0 213.0 112.0 179.0 111.0 213.0 115.1 149.9 51.2 92.5 69.8 62.0 69.8 92.5 62.0 92.5 244.5 252.5 95.0 113.5 68.0 35.0 68.5 131.0

20,980-2.826 16,550-2.620 18,950-2.802 15,670— 2.488 14,540-2.362 16,550- 2.610 4,691-0.542 25,850-3.824 27,660-3.920 21,730-3.212 2,948—0.4775 16,270-2.408 4,863-0.562 18,560-2.743 16,800-2.567 17,610-2.603 16,840— 2.702 17,380-2.570 18,090-2.438 17,820-2.634 18,560-3.248 22,780-3.230 22,100-2.909

143.0 135.0 74.00 121.0 82.65 113.8 87.9 88.88 112.5 94.1 106.3 84.3 118.8 83.1 120.3 75.70 132.1 77.09 129.7 76.17 131.3 100 100

29,790-3.059 116.0 33,360-3.430 116.0 33,500-3.610 123.6 21,820-2.960 94.04 4 , 6 9 1 - 0 . 5 4 2 106.3 29,960-3.221 25,360— 3.412 26,890— 3.321 31,590-5.087 20,000-2.859 16,710-2.544 14,205-2.214

124.5 100 100 151.2 66.15 67.1 149.0

19,890—2.843 13,400-2.088 14,205-2.214 28,480-2.873 36,800-3.655 20,870—2.961 18,560-2.507 25,880—3.962 19,530-3.310 24,310-3.719 23,620-3.053

81.7 182.3 149.0 73.25 136.5 92.8 107.8 91.9 108.8 98.93 101.1

10.0- 114.5 36.757.0 36.7° 60.080.0 33.0 M % Bt 16.156.0 16.1° 16.148.2 54.5 M % B 45.058.0 27.3° 27.3- 179.0 53.5 M % B 61.080.0 61.0° 61.095.5 3 9 . 5 M % B 7.580.1 7.5° 7.549.3 85.0 M % B 32.380.1 32.3° 100.0- 179.0 5 8 . 0 M % B 39.480.0939.4° 39.468.95 56.0 M % B 40.080.1 30.5° 30.552.5 63.6 M % B 55.080.1 55.0° 55.0- 114.5 3 6 . 5 M % B 14.580.1 14.5° 14.525.64 75.0 M % B 73.095.5 73.0° 73.0- 122.2 38.3 M % B 90.0° 90.0- 235.6 7.0 Wt. % B 115.0° 135.0- 235.5 9.0 Wt. % B 110.0° 110 '- 213.0 13.0 Wt. % B 90.0- 112.0 55.0° 80.0- 179.0 64.0 M % B 98.0° 98.0- 213.0 12.0 Wt. % B 96.5- 115.1 96.5° 96.5- 149.9 33.2 M % B 45.051.2 41.5° 41.592.5 3 4 . 2 M % B 58.069.8 31.8° 31.862.0 59.9 M % Bt 56.6° 56.692.5 50.0 M % B§ 45.062.0 37.6° 50.092.5 32.8 M % B 204.5- 244.5 204.5° 204.5- 252.5 51.0 Wt. % B 65.795.0 65.7° 65.7- 113.5 44.3 M % B 35.068.0 24.5° 24.535.0 76.8 M % B 60.068.5 60.0° 75.0- 131.0 1 9 . 5 M % B

(360,369) 0*55) (204) (82, us, 467) (282) (ioo, 204) (467,476) (401, 467) (345) (339) (82,467) (263) (263) (406,467) (204) (406,467) (384) (83) (83) (83) (83) (370) (345) (345,372) (372,475) |


Formula

1695 ACi 2 Hi 0 N 2 BCi 4 HuN 2 1731 ACi 3 Hi 0 O 3 BCnHi 2 O 3 1750 ACi 4 HiO BCi 8 Hi 2 1757 ACi 4 Hi 0 O 2 BCi 4 Hi 2 O 2 1799 ACi 6 H 32 O 2 BC 27 H 46 O 1800 ACi 6 H 3 2 O 2 BCsiHgsOe 1827 ACi 8 H 34 O 2 B C27H46O 1830 A Ci8H36O2 B C27H46O 1831 ACi 8 H 36 O 2 BC 5 IH 98 O 6 1833 ACi 9 Hi 6 B Ci 9 Ht 6 Q

|

Name Azobenzene p-Azotoluene Salol Betol Anthracene Chrysene Benzil Benzoin Palmitic acid Cholesterol Palmitic acid Tripalmitin Oleicacid Cholesterol Stearicacid Cholesterol Stearicacid Tripalmitin Triphenylmethane.... Triphenyl carbinol

| M. P. |

a

|

b

esTs 144.0 26,600-3.333 42.5 16,360-2.709 92.0 25,930-3.712 216.5 34,180-3.651 252.5 35,720-3.552 95.0 26,910-3.802 134.0 41,000-5.255 60.3 48,250-7.560 147.0 22,780-2.832 61.0 37,520-5.870 62.0 157,900-24.60 6.5 147.0 22,780 - 2.832 68.5 59,750-9.135 147.0 22,780 - 2.832 67.5 4 8 , 2 6 0 - 7 . 4 0 0 62.0 164,600-25.65 91.0 13,930-1.998 160.0 28,850-3.480

LITERATURE (For key to the periodicals see end of volume) (i) Adriani, 7, 33: 453; 00. ( 2 ) Arctowski, 34, 121: 123; 95. ( 3 ) Arctowski, 93, 11: 272; 96. ( 4 ) Aten, 7, 54: 124; 05. ( 5 ) Atkins, 4, 99: 10; 11. ( 6 ) Austerweil, 84, 178: 1174; 24. ( 7 ) Bakunin and Agrisani, 36, 45: 197; 15. ( 8 ) Baskov, 63, 45: 1604; 13. ( 9 ) Baskov, 63, 46: 1699; 14. ( 1 0 ) Baskov, aS, 47: 1533; 15. (U) Baskov, 53, 50: 589; 18. ( 12 ) Baskov, 183, 9: 155; 13. ( 13 ) Baskov, 183, 12: 126; 15. 10, 4: 214; 21. ( 1 4 ) Bassett and Simmons, 4, 119: 416; 21. ( 1S ) Battelli and Martinetti, 23, 20: 844; 85. ( 16 ) Baud, 6, 27: 89; 12. (17) Baud, 6, 29: 124; 13. ( 18 ) Baud, 34, 154: 351; 12. ( 19 ) Baud, 34, 156: 317; 13. ( 2 0 ) Baud, 87, 13: 435; 13. ( 21 ) Baud and Gay, 34, 150: 1687; 10. ( 2 2 ) Baud and Gay, 87, 9: 114; 11. ( 23 ) Baume, 48, 12: 216; 14. ( 2 4 ) Baume and Borowski, 48, 12: 276; 14. ( 2S ) Baume and Germann, 48, 12: 242; 14. (") Baume and Germann, 84, 153: 569; 11. ( 2 7 ) Baume and Pamfil, 34, 155: 426; 12. (28) Baume and Pamfil, 48, 12: 256; 14. ( 2 9 ) Beck, 7, 48: 641; 04. ( 29 - 5 ) Bell and Cordon, 45, 13: 307; 21. ( 3 0 ) Bell, Cordon, Spry and White, 45, 13: 59; 21. ( 31 ) Bell and Herty, 45, 11: 1124; 19. ( 32 ) Bell and McEwen, 45, 14: 536; 22. ( 33 ) Bell and Sawyer, 45, 11; 1025; 19. ( 33 - 5 ) BeU and Spry, 45 13: 308; 21. ( 3 4 ) Bellucci, 88, 21 II: 610; 12. ( 35 ) Bellucci, 36, 43 I: 521; 13. ( 36 ) Bellucci and Grassi, 36, 43 II: 712; 13. ( 37 ) Benrath, 68, 87: 416; 13. (38) Bianchini, 88, 23 I: 608; 14. ( 39 ) Blanksma, 176,9: 924; 12. ( 4 0 ) Blanksma, 176, 10: 136; 13. ( 41 ) Blanksma, 176, 11: 26; 14. ( 4 2 ) Boeseken, 70, 31: 350; 12. ( 43 ) Bogoiavlenskii, Trudy Voenna Chimiceskago Komiteta, 1918: 101. 10, 5: 136; 25. ( 4 4 ) Bogoiavlenskii and 4S Ssacharov, 195, 15: 197; 06. ( ) Bogoiavlenskii and Vinogradov, 7, 64: 229; 08. (*«) Bogoiavlenskii and Vinogradov, 195, 15: 230; 16. ( 4 7 ) Bogoiavlenskii, Bogolubov and Vinogradov, 185, 78: 1738; 07. ( 4 8 ) Bogoiavlenskii and Vinogradov, 185, 78: 1741; 07. ( 49 ) Borodovskii and Bogoiavlenskii, 53, 36: 559; 04. ( 5 0 ) Bornwater and Holleman, 70, 31: 221; 12. ( 51 ) Bourgoin, 6, 13: 400; 78. (5 2 ) Bourgoin, 6, 15: 161; 78. ( 52 - 5 ) Main, 50, 30: 535; 26. ( 5 3 ) Bramley, 4, 109: 469; 16. ( 5 4 ) Bregman, Thesis, Lausanne, 1914. ( 5 5 ) Bruni, 36, 28 II: 508; 98. ( 5 6 ) Bruni and Berti, 36, 30 II: 76; 00. ( 5 7 ) Bruni and Berti, 22, 9 I: 393; 00. ( 58 ) Bruni and Finzi, So, 35 II: 111; 05. ( 5 9 ) Bruni and Gorni, 88, 8 II: 181; 99. (60) Bruni and Gorni, 88, 9 II: 326; 00. ( 61 ) Lobry de Bruyn, 70, 9: 184; 90. (62) Lobry de Bruyn, Diss., Amsterdam, 1915. ( 63 ) Buguet, 84, 149: 857; 09. ( 6 4 ) Caille 34, 148: 1458; 09. ( 6 S ) Comanducci, 73, 4: 311; 12. (66) Cambi, 88, 21 I: 773; 12. ( 6 7 ) Cameron, 50, 2: 409; 98. ( 6 8 ) Campetti, 23, 52: 114; 17. ( 69 ) Carlinfanti and Levi-Malvano, 36, 39 II: 353; 09. ( 7 0 ) Carnelly and Thompson, 4, 53: 782; 88. ( 7 1 ) Carrick, 50, 25: 628; 21. ( 71 *i) Carroll, Rollefson and Mathews, 1, 47: 1785; 25. ( 72 ) Centnerszwer, 7, 29: 715; 99. ( 73 ) Chapas, 34, 172: 538; 21. ( 7 4 ) Chattaway and Lambert, 4, 107: 1766; 15. ( 7S ) Chattaway and Lambert, 4, 107: 1773; 15. ( 76 ) Chavanne and Vos, 34, 158: 1582; 14. ( 7 6 - 5 ) Chipman, 1, 46: 2445; 24. ( 7 7 ) Christiansen, 147, 4: 3; 18. 10, 5: 935; 26. ( 7 8 ) Cohen, Meester and Moesveld, 70, 42: 779; 23. ( 7 9 ) Conant, Hartshorn and Richardson, Jf, 42: 585; 20. ( 80 ) Courtonne, 34, »5: 922; 82. ( 81 ) Crompton and Triffit, 4, 119: 1874; 21. ( 8 2 ) Crompton and Whitely, 4, 67: 327; 95. ( 83 ) Crompton and Walker, 4, 101: 958; 12. ( 8 4 ) Csanyi, 57, 40: 81; 19. ( 8 S ) Ciusa and Bernardi, 86, 40 II: 158; 10. ( 8 6) Dahms, 8, 54: 486: 95. ( 8 7 ) Dahms, 8, 60: 119; 96. ( 88 ) Dahms, 6, 18: 140; 99. ( 89 ) Davies, 4, H9: 853; 21.

|

c

Range, 0C

115.4 75.0- 144.0 81.05 32.542.5 123.4 32.592.0 78.1 193.5- 216.5 128.2 193.5- 252.5 99.06 86 95 101.0 86 - 134 66.30 57.060.3 150.9 57.0- 147.0 31.74 54 61.0 315.0 54 62.0 136.9 73.55 136.0 35.24 283.8 93.9 106.5

60 65 65 57 57 78.578.5-

147 68.5 147 67.5 62 91.0 160.0

|Eut. temp, and % | 60.0° 13.2 M % B 32.5° 19.0M%B 193.5° 40.0 Wt. % B 86.0° 19.9M%B 57.0° 16.7M%B 54.0° 25.0M%B 5,0° 15.0 M % B 65.0° 20.5 M % B 57.0° 42.0 M % B 78.5° 15.5M%B

Lit.

( 374 O (335) ( 37 °) (37,464) ( 3 6i) (246.5) (36M ( 3 6i) (246.5) (25M

( 9 0 ) Dawson and Mountford, 4, 113: 923; 18. ( 91 ) Dawson and Mountford, 4, 113: 923; 18. ( 9 2 ) Dehn, 1, 39: 1377; 17. ( 93 ) Dieckmann, 86, 55: 2470; 22. ( 94 ) Dobrianskii, 53, 52: 139; 20. ( 9S ) Dreyer and Rotarski, 7, 54: 353; 06. ( 9 5 - 5 ) Dubowitz, Vegnesceti lapok, 6: 397. ( 9 6 ) Efremov, 169, 18: 391; 12. ( 9 7 ) Efremov, 169, 18: 169; 13. 10, 4: 214; 21. ( 9 8 ) Efremov, 53, 45: 348; 13. (") Efremov, 169, 23: 629; 15. ( 1 0 °) Efremov, 134, 9: 1309; 15. ( 101 ) Efremov, 134, 10: 21; 16. ( 102 ) Efremov, 53, 48: 1756; 16. 10, 5: 136; 25, ( 103 ) Efremov, 63, 50: 338; 18. (104) Efremov, 53, 50: 421; 18. ( l o s ) Efremov, 53, 50: 441; 18. ( 106 ) Efremov, 169, 1: 145; 19. 10, 5: 136; 25. ( 107 ) Efremov, 169, 1: 465; 19. 10, 5: 136; 25. ( 108 ) Efremov, 134, 13: 255; 19. ( 109 ) Efremov, 169, 28: 217; 19. 10, 5: 136; 25. ( 110 ) Efremov, 53, 51: 353; 19. 10, 5: 136; 25. ("*) English and Turner, 4, 107: 774; 15. ( 112 ) Étard, 6, 2: 503; 94. ( 113 ) Etard, 6, 3: 275; 94. ( 114 ) de Fazi, 86, 46 I: 334; 16. ( l l s ) Ferratini and Garelli, 36, 22 II: 245; 92. (116) Findlay and Hickmans, 4, 91: 905; 07. ( 117 ) Fokin, 53, 44: 163; 12. 10, 3: 91; 14. ( 118 ) Fox and Barker, 4, 37: 265; 18. ( 119 ) Frankland and Garner, 4, 39: 257; 20. (120) Freundlich and Richards, 7, 79: 681; 12. ( 121 ) Freundlich and Posnjak, 7, 79: 168; 12. ( 1 2 2 ) Garelli, 36, 24 II: 263; 94. ( 123 ) Garelli and Calozlari, 36, 29 H: 258; 99. ( 1 2 4 ) Garelli and Ferratini, 36, 23 I: 442; 93. ( 1 2 5 ) de Gee, Dm., Amsterdam, 1916. ( 126 ) Georgievics, 7, 84: 353; 13. ( 1 2 7 ) Gibson, Duckham and Fairbairn, 4, 121: 270; 22. ( 128 ) Giua, 25, 47: 1718; 14. ( 1 2 9 ) Giua, 36, 45 I: 339; 15. ( 13 °) Giua, 36, 45 I: 557; 15. ( 131 ) Giua, 36, 45 H: 32; 15. ( 132 ) Giua, 36, 45 H: 348; 15. ( 133 ) Giua, 36, 46 I: 289; 16. ( 134 ) Giua, 36, 46 I: 272; 16. ( 13S ) Giua, 36, 47 I: 57;e17. ( 136 ) Giua, 36, 47 I: 74; 17. ( 1 3 7 ) Giua and Angeletti, 36, 51 I: 318; 21. ( 138 ) Giua and Cherchi, 36, 49 U: 264; 19. ( 139 ) Giua, Marcellino and Curti, 36, 50 II: 300; 20. ( 14 °) Gomberg and Schoepfle, 1, 41: 1655; 19. ( 141 ) Tsakalotos and Guye, 48, 8: 340; 10. ( 1 4 2 ) Groschuff, 9, 17: 348; 11. ( 143 ) von Halban, 7, 84: 129; 13. ( 1 4 4 ) von Halban and Hecht, 9, 24: 65; 18. ( 1 4 S ) Harding, 4, 119: 260; 21. ( 1 4 6 ) Hartley and Stuart, 4, 105: 309; 14. ( 1 4 7 ) Hartley and Thomas, 4, 89: 1013; 06. ( 148 ) Hartogs, Thesis, Amsterdam, 33; 1910. ( 1 4 9 ) Harvey and Back, 173, 46: 188; 21. ( 15 °) Hasselblatt, 7, 83: 1; 13. ( 1 5 M Hatcher and Skirrow, 1, 39: 1939; 17. (is 2 ) Heintz, 8, 92: 288; 54. ( 153 ) Heiistock, 4, 121: 2124; 22. ( 1 5 4 ) Herz and Rathmann, 9, 19: 552; 13. ( 1 5 5 ) Herz and Rathmann, 9, 19: 887; 13. ( 1 5 6 ) Hetherington and Braham, 45, 15: 1060; 23. ( l 5 7 )Hildebrand, 1, 39: 2297; 17. (i 58 ) Hildebrand, Ellefson and Beebe, 1, 39: 2301; 17. (!««-i) Hill and Mosbachev, 1, 47: 2544; 25. ( 159 ) Hoeflake, 70, 40: 488; 21. ( 16 °) Holleman, 70, 19: 364; 00. ( l f i i) Holleman, 70, 19: 188; 00. ( 162 ) Holleman, 70, 20: 352; 01. ( 163 ) Holleman, 70, 20: 206; 01. ( 164 ) Holleman, 70, 22: 263; 03. ( 16 S) Holleman, 70, 23: 357; 04. ( 16 6) Holleman, 70, 24: 140; 05. ( 1 ^ 7 ) Holleman, 70, 25: 183; 06. ( 168 ) Holleman and Euwes, 70, 27: 153; 08. ( 16 ») Holleman, 70, 27: 458; 08. ( 17 °) Holleman, 70, 28: 408; 09. ( 171 ) Holleman, 70, 32: 134; 13. ( 172 ) Holleman, 70, 33: 183; 14. ( 173 ) Holleman, Vermeulen and Mooy, 70, 33: 1; 14. ( 1 7 4 ) Holleman, 70, 34: 204; 15. O 7 5) Holleman, 64V, 17: 569; 08. ( 176 ) Holleman and Antusch, 70, 13: 277; 94. O 7 7 ) Holleman and van den Arends, 70, 28: 408; 09. ( 178 ) Holleman and de Bruijn, 70, 19: 79; 00. ( 1 7 9 ) Holleman and Caland, 25, 44: 2504; 11. ( ! 8 ° ) Holleman, Hartogs and van der Linden, 86, 44: 704 ; 11. ( i 8 1 ) Holleman and van der Linden, 70, 30: 304; 11. O 82 ) Holleman and Pollak, 70, 29: 416; 10. ( 183 ) Holleman and Rinkes, 70, 30: 48; 11. O 8 4 ) Holleman and Sluiter, 70, 25: 208; 06. ( l 8 5 ) Holleman, Vermeulen and Mooy, 70, 33:

1; 14. (186) Hollmann, 7, 43: 129; 03. ( 18 ?) Holm, Diss., Amsterdam, 1921. ( 188 ) Hope and Riley, 4, 123: 2470; 23. (i 88 -5) Hope and Riley, 4, 121: 2510; 22. ( 189 ) Isaac, 5, 84: 344; 10. O 9 «) Isaac, ô, 88: 205; 13. O 9 *) van Iterson-Rotgans, 176,10: 920; 13. (* 9 2 ) van Iterson-Rotgans, 7, 87: 305; 14. ( 19 S) Jaeger, ^, 38: 553; 04. ( 194 ) Jaeger, 94, 40: 113; 05. ( 19S ) Jaeger, 94, 42: 236; 06. ( 196 ) Jaeger, 6Jf, 7: 658; 05. ( 1 9 7 ) Jaeger, 6 J f , 8: 614; 06. ( 198 ) Jaeger, 6Jf, 10: 436; 08. ( 1 9 9 ) Jaeger, 70, 26: 311; 07. ( 20 °) Jaeger, Diss., Leiden, 1903. ( 201 ) Jaeger and van Kregten, 6Jf, 14: 729; 12. (202) Jaeger and van Kregten, 64V, 20: 700; 12. ( 2 <> 3 ) James, Jones and Lewis, 4, H7: 1273; 20. ( 2 0 4 ) Jouniaux, 27, 11: 129; 12. ( 2 0 5 » 2°6) Jouniaux, 27, 11: 546; 12. ( 2 0 7 ) Kachler, 27, 13: 460; 70. (207.5) Kanolt, U. S. Bur. Stands., O. ( 208 ) Kendall, 1, 36: 1222; 14. ( 2 0 9 ) Kendall, 1, 36: 1722; 14. (210) Kendall, 1, 38: 1309; 16. ( 2 ^) Kendall and Adler, l, 43: 1470: 21. (212) Kendall and Booge, 1, 38: 1712; 16. ( 2 1 3 ) Kendall and Gibbons, 1, 37: 149; 15. ( 2 1 4 ) Kettner, Diss., Amsterdam, 1919. ( 2 1 S ) King and Orton, 4, 99: 1377; 11. (*i«) Klobbie, 7, 14: 615; 97. ( 2 1 7 ) de Koch, 7, 48: 129; 04. ( 218 ) Koopal, 70, 34: 115; 15. ( 219 ) Kremann, 75, 113, II b: 809; 04. (220) Kremann, 75, 113, U b: 905; 04. ( 2 2 1 ) Kremann, 75, 113, II b : 1085; 04. (222) Kremann, 75, 113, II b: 864; 04. ( 2 2 3 ) Kremann, 75, 114, II b: 1201; 05. C 2 2 4 ) Kremann, 75, 115, II b: 427; 06. ( 2 2 5 ) Kremann, 75, 115, II b: 1087; 06. ( 2 2 6 ) Kremann, 75, 116,11 b: 1031; 07. ( 2 2 7 ) Kremann, 328, 58: 663; 08. ( 2 2 8 ) Kremann, 75, 117, II b: 569; 08. ( 2 2 9 ) Kremann, 75, 119,11 b: 657; 10. (230) Kremann, 75, 120, II b: 329; 11. ( 2 Si) Kremann and Auer, 67, 39: 441; 18. ( 2 3 2 ) Kremann and Csanyi, 57, 37: 755; 16. ( 2 3 3 ) Kremann and Dietrich, 57, 44: 151; 23. ( 2 3 4 ) Kremann and Dietrich, 57, 44: 175; 23. (234.1) Kremann and Drazil, 57, 45: 345; 24. ( 2 3 5 ) Kremann and Fritsch, 57, 41: 631; 20. ( 2 3 6 ) Kremann, Geba and Moss, 75, 119, II b: 669; 10. (237) Kremann and Grasser, 57, 37: 723; 16. ( 2 3 8 ) Kremann and Haas, 57, 40: 155; 19. ( 2 3 9 ) Kremann and Haas, 57, 40: 189; 19. (240) Kremann, Hemmelmayr and Riemer, 67, 43: 164; 22. ( 2 4 1 ) Kremann and Hofmeier, 75, 119, II b: 121; 10. ( 2 4 2 ) Kremann and Hohl, 57, 41: 613; 20. ( 2 4 3 ) Kremann, Hohl and Müller, 57, 42: 199; 21. ( 2 4 4 ) Kremann, Hönigstreg and Mauermann, 57, 44: 65; 23. ( 2 4 5 ) Kremann and Janetsky, 57, 33: 1055; 12. ( 2 4 6 ) Kremann and Janetzky, 57, 44: 49; 23. (246.5) Kremann and Klein, 67, 34: 1291; 13. ( 2 *6.7) Kremann and Kropsch, 57, 35: 563, 823, 841; 14. ( 2 4 7 ) Kremann, Lupfer and Zodowsky, 57, 41: 499; 20. ( 2 4 8 ) Kremann and Marktl, 57, 41: 1 ; 20. ( 2 4 9 ) Kremann and Marktl, 67, 41: 43; 20. (250) Kremann and Mauermann, 57, 43 : 315; 22. ( 251 ) Kremann, Mauermann, Müller and Rosier, 57, 43: 321; 22. ( 2 5 2 ) Kremann and Müller, 57, 42: 181; 21. ( 2 5 3 ) Kremann and Odelga, 57, 42: 147; 21. ( 2 5 4 ) Kremann, Odelga and Zadowsky, 57, 42: 117; 21. ( 2 55) Kremann, Mauermanan and Oswald, 57, 43: 335; 22. ( 2 5 6 ) Kremann and Petrischek, 57, 38: 385; 17. (257) Kremann and Petrischek, 67, 38: 405; 17. ( 2 5 8 ) Kremann and Pogantsch, 67, 44: 163: 23. ( 2 5 9 ) Kremann and Rodenis, 57, 27: 125; 06. (260) Kremann and Schadinger, 57, 39: 833; 18. ( 261 ) Kremann and Schadinger, 67, 40: 35; 19. (*«i.S) Kremann and Schoulz, 57, 33: 1063; 12. (262) Kremann and Slovak, 57, 41: 5; 20. ( 2 6 3 ) Kremann and Slovak, 57, 41: 23; 20. ( 2 6 4 ) Kremann and Strohschneider, 57, 39: 505; 18. ( 2 6 5 ) Kremann and Strzelba, 57, 42: 167; 21. ( 2 6 6 ) Kremann, Sutter, Sitte, Strzelba and Dobotsky, 67, 43: 269; 22. ( 267 ) Kremann and Wenzing, 57, 38: 479; 17. ( 2 6 8 ) Kremann, Wischo and Paul, 67, 36: 911; 15. ( 2 6 9 ) Kremann and WIk, 57, 40: 57; 19. (270) Kremann and WIk, 57, 40: 205; 19. (271) Kremann and WIk, 57, 40: 237; 19. ( 2 7 2 ) Kremann and Zadowsky, 57, 41: 543; 20. ( 2 7 3 ) Kremann and Zechner, 57, 39: 777; 18. ( 2 7 4 ) Kremann and Zechner, 57, 39: 807; 18. (274.1) Kremann, Zechner and Drazil, 57, 45: 355; 24. ( 2 7 4 - 2 .) Kremann, Zechner and Weber, 57, 45: 305; 24. ( 2 7 5 ) Jaeger and van Kregten, 64V, 20: 700; 12. ( 2 7 6 ) Kroeber, 7,93:641; 19. ( 2 7 7 ) Kruyt, 7, 79: 657; 12. ( 2 7 8 ) Kurilov, 7, 23: 547; 97. ( 2 7 9 ) Kurilov, 7, 24: 441; 97. (280) Kurnakov and Efremov, 53, 44: 1992; 12. ( 281 ) Kurnakov and Efremov, 63, 45: 1295, 1992; 13. ( 282 J Kurnakov and Efremov, 169, 18: 105; 12. (283) Kurnakov, Krotkov and Oksman, 53, 47: 558; 15. ( 2 8 4 ) Kurnakov and Kivjat, 169, 20: 664; 13. 10, 4: 214; 21. ( 2 8 5 ) Kurnakov and Kivjat, 53, 46: 1372; 14. 7, 88: 401; 14. ( 2 «6) Kurnakov and Solovev, 53, 48: 1338; 16. ( 2 8 7 ) Küster, 7, 5: 601; 90. ( 288 ) Küster, 7, 8: 577; 91. ( 2 8 9 ) Küster and Würfel, 7, 50: 65; 04. (290) Ladenburg and Sobecki, 25, 43: 2374; 10. ( 291 ) Lafortune, 28, 32: 314; 23. ( 2 9 2 ) Lang, Diss., Zurich, 75; 12. (293) Van der Laar, 70, 26: 1; 07. (294) Lautz, 7, 84: 611; 13. (295) Laws and Sidgwick, 4, 99: 2085; 11. (296) Lehmann, 186, 38: 388; 14. ( 2 9 7 ) Lehmann, 136, 38: 402; 14. (298) Lehmstedt, 245, 13: 118; 18. (299) Leopold, 7, 66: 359; 09. (300) Lewis and Brighton, 1, 40: 482; 18. ( 301 ) Lidbury, 7, 39: 453; 02. (302) van der Linden, 25, 45: 231; 12. ( 303 ) van der Linden, 64V, 20: 218; 11. (304) Hartogs and van der Linden, 64V, 19: 1070; 11. ( 3 0 5 ) Linebarger, 1, 15: 45; 93. ( 306 ) Lloyd, 50, 22: 300; 18. ( 3 0 7 ) Maarse, Diss., Amsterdam, 1913. ( 308 ) Maarse, 70, 33: 207; 14. ( 309 ) Macleod, Pfund and Kilpatrick, 1, 44: 2260; 22.

( 3 1 O) Cohen and Moesveld, 7, 93: 385; 19. ( 3 ^) Mameli, 172, 10: 157; 09. ( 312 ) Mameli and Cocconi, 36, 52 II: 113; 22. ( 313 ) Mameli and Cocconi, 36, 53: 149; 23. ( 314 ) Mameli and Mannessier, Boll della soc. medicochirugica, Pâma, 1912:17. ( 3 *5) Mameli and Mannessier, 36, 43 II: 586; 13. ( 316 ) Marden and Dover, 1, 39: 1; 17. ( 317 ) Mascarelli, 22, 17 I: 29; 08. (318) Mascarelli, 86, 39 I: 251; 09. ( 3 * 9 ) Mascarelli and Ascoli, 86, 371: 125; 07. ( 3 2 O) Mascarelliand Babini, 36, 411: 89; 11. ( 3 2 I) Mascarelli and Constantino, 36, 40 I: 31; 10. ( 322 ) Mascarelli and Musatty, 86, 41 I: 103; 11. ( 323 ) Mascarelli and Pestalozza, 22, 16 II: 567; 07. ( 3 2 4 ) Mascarelli and Pestalozza, 22, 17 I: 601; 08. ( 3 2 S ) Mascarelli and Pestalozza, 36, 38 I: 38; 08. ( 32 S) Mascarelli and Pestalozza, 86, 39 I: 218; 09. ( 3 2 7 ) Mascarelli and Sanna, 36, 45 II: 329; 15. ( 328 ) Mascarelli and Sanna, 22, 24 H: 91; 15. ( 3 2 9 ) Meldrum, 185, 108: 199; 13.. (330) Menschutkin, 53, 45: 1701; 13. ( 3 3 I) Menschutkin, 169, 16: 78; 12. (332) Meyer and Beer, 57, 34: 1195; 13. ( 333 ) Meyer, Brod and Soyka, 57, 34: 1113; 13. ( 334 ) Meyer, R. and Meyer, W., 26, 52: 1249; 19. ( 33 S) Miers and Isaac, 5, 79: 322; 07. ( 336 ) Miers and Isaac, 62, 209 A : 337; 08. (337) Miers and Isaac, 4, 93: 927; 08. (338) Mills, Parker and Prowse, 4, 105: 1537; 14. (339) Miolati, 7, 9: 649; 92. (340) Mlodziejowski, 96, 20: 317; 23. ( 341 ) Monroe, 45, 11: 1116; 19. (341.5) Cohen and Moesveld, 7, 93: 385; 19. ( 3 4 2 ) Morrell and Hanson, 4, 85: 1520 ; 04. ( 3 43 ) Morgan and Challenor, 4, 119 : 1537 ; 21. ( 3 44 ) Mortimer, I, 45: 633; 23. ( 3 4 S ) Mortimer, O. (346) Muchin, 9, 18: 757; 12. ( 3 4 7 ) McKie, 4, 113: 799; 18. ( 348 ) M;cKie, 4, 119: 777; 21. ( 3 4 9 ) Nagornov, 7, 75: 578; 11. (350) Narbutt, 7, 53: 697; 05. ( 3S1 ) Nichols, 1, 40: 400; 18. (ssi.s) Nichols, 50, 28: 769; 24. ( 3 5 2 ) Noelting, 6, 19: 476; 10. ( 353 ) O'Connor, 4, 119: 400; 21. (353.1) O'Connor, 4, 125: 1422; 24. ( 3 5 4 ) Olivari, 73, 3: 90; II. (354.5) Orton and Owen, 4, 125: 766; 24. ( 355 ) Owen, 4, 123: 3392; 23. (38«) Padoa, 22, 13 1:723; 04. ( 357 ) Padoa, 22, 13 U: 31; 04. ( 358 ) Padoa and Rotondi, 22, 21 II: 626; 12. ( 359 ) Page and Heasman, 4, 123: 3247; 23. (360) Palazzo and Batelli, 28, 19: 514; 83. ( 361 ) Partington, 4, 99: 313; 11. (362) Pascal, S4, 154: 883; 12. ( 363 ) Pascal, 34, 177: 587; 23. ( 364 ) Pascal, 27, 13: 744; 13. ( 36S ) Pascal, 27, 11: 1030; 12. (366) Pascal, 27, 11: 321; 12. ( 3 6 7 ) Pascal, 27, 11: 595; 12. ( 368 ) Pascal, 27, 15: 451; 14. ( 3 6 9 ) Pascal, 27, 24: 388; 20. (370) Pascal, 27, 29: 644; 21. ( 3 7 I) Pascal, 27, 33: 170; 23. ( 372 ) Pascal and Normand, 27, 13: 151; 13. ( 373 ) Pascal and Normand, 27, 13: 207; 13. ( 3 7 4 ) Pascal and Normand, 27, 13: 878; 13. ( 3 7 5 ) Paterno and Ampola, 86, 27 I: 481; 97. ( 3 7 6 ) Paterno and Mieli, 36, 37 U: 330; 07. ( 377 ) Paterno and Montemartini, 86, 24 II: 208; 94. (378) Paterno and Salimei, 36, 43 II: 245; 13. (379) Pavlevski, 180, 6: 379; 93. ( 379 - 5 .) Pavlevski, 25, 30: 2805; 98. ( 38 °) Pétrie, 64, 38: 1327; 19. ( 381 ) Philip, 4, 83: 814; 03. ( 382 ) Philip, 4, 103: 284; 13. ( 383 ) Philip and Smith, 4, 87: 1735; 05. ( 384 ) Phillip, 1, 46: 686; 24. ( 385 ) Pickering, 4, 63: 998; 93. (386) Plotnikov, 63, 47: 1062; 15. (387) Plotnikov, 68, 47: 2060; 15. ( 388 ) Holleman and Polak, 70, 29: 416; 10. ( 389 ) Poma, 36, 41 I: 518; 11. (390) Prins, 7, 67: 689; 09. ( 391 ) Pratolongo, 22, 23 I: 46; 14. ( 392 ) Pushin and Fioletova, 4, 121: 2822; 22. ( 393 ) Pushin and Grebenschikov, 53, 45: 741; 13. ( 394 ) Pushin and Grebenschikov, 188, 8: 165; 13. ( 395 ) Pushin and Mazarovich, 183, 10: 205; 14. 10, 4:214; 21. ( 396 ) Pushin and Mazarovich, 53, 46: 1366; 14. ( 397 ) Reimer and Gatewood, 1, 42: 1475; 20. (398) McKie, 4, 113: 799; 18. ( 399 ) Rhodes and Hance, 50, 25: 491; 21. ( 4 0 °) Robert, 27, 25: 463; 19. ( 401 ) Roloff, 7, 17: 325; 95. ( 4 0 2 ) von Romburgh, 64V, 18: 175; 09. (403, 404) Rothmund, 7, 26: 433; 98. ( 405 ) Rózsa, 9, 17: 934; 11. ( 4 0 6 ) Rudolfi, 7, 66: 705; 09. ( 4 0 7 ) Salkovski, 25, 18: 321 ; 85. ( 40S ) Sanderson and Jones, 64, 39: 8; 20. ( 409 ) Saposchnikov, Rdultovskii and Gelvich, 53, 35: 1072; 03. (410, 411) Saposchnikov, 7, 49: 688; 04. ( 4 1 2 ) Saposchnikov and Rdultovskii, 63, 35: 1073; 03. ( 413 ) Scheuer, 7, 72: 513; 10. ( 414 ) Schmidlin and Lang, 25, 43: 2806; 10. ( 415 ) Schmidlin and Lang, 25, 45: 899; 12. ( 41 «) Schreinemakers, 7, 25: 543; 98. ( 4 1 7 ) Schreinemakers, 7, 26: 237; 98. ( 418 ) Schreinemakers, 7, 29: 577; 99. ( 419 ) Schroeder, 7, 11: 449; 93. (420) Senden, 28, 32: 97; 23. («o.S) Laws and Sidgwick, 4, 99: 2085; 11. ( 421 ) Sidgwick, 4, 107: 672; 15. ( 4 2 2 ) Sidgwick and Allot, 4, 123: 2819; 23. ( 423 ) Sidgwick and Aldous, 4, 119: 1001; 21. (423.5) Sidgwick and Callow, 4, 125: 527; 24. ( 4 2 4 ) Sidgwick and Clayton, 4, 121: 2263; 22. ( 4 2 S ) Sidgwick and Bash, 4, 121: 2586; 22. ( 4 2 6) Sidgwick and Ewbank, 4, 119: 979; 21. (426.1) Sidgwick and Neill, 4, 123: 2813; 23. ( 4 2 7 ) Sidgwick and Rubie, 4, 119: 1013; 21. ( 4 2 8 ) Sidgwick, Spurrell and Davies, 4, 107: 1202; 15. ( 4 2 9 ) Sidgwick and Turner, 4, 121: 2256; 22. ( 43 °) Simpson and Jones, 64, 38: 325; 19. ( 431 ) Smith and Watts, 4, 97: 562; 10. ( 432 ) Smits, 6Jf, 23: 679; 21. ( 433 ) Smits and Berckmans, 6Jf, 21: 401; 18. ( 4 3 4 ) Smits and Berckmans, 64V, 27: 163; 18. ( 435 ) Smits and de Leeuw, 87, 19: 283; 10. ( 436 ) Speyers, 12, 14: 293; 02. ( 4 3 7 ) Stobbe, 25, 44: 1481; 11. ( 43 *) Sudborough and Beard, 4, 97: 773; 10. ( 43 9) Sudborough and Beard, 4, 99: 209; 11. (440) Sudborough and Lakhumalani, 4, 111: 41; 17. ( 441 ) Tausz and Schnabel, 186, 43: 726; 19. ( 4 4 2) Taylor and Rinkenbach, 1, 45: 44; 23. ( 443 )

Taylor and Rinkenbach, 1, 45: 104; 23. ( 4 4 4 ) Taylor and Rinkenbach, l, 45: 1218; 23. C 444 - 1 ) Taylor and Rinkenbach, Bureau of Mines, Pittsburgh, Pa., O. (445) Taylor and Rinkenbach, 4S1 15: 73; 23. ( 4 4 6 ) Taylor and Rinkenbach, 4S1 15: 795; 23. ( 4 4 7 ) Taylor and Rinkenbach, 45, 15: 1070; 23. («47.1) Thiel and Schulte, 7, 96: 312; 20. ( 448 ) Chaumeil and Thomas, 34, 176: 1323; 23. ( 449 ) Roche and Thomas, 84, 176: 586; 23. ( 45 °) Timmermans, 7, 58: 129; 07. ( 4 5 1 ) Timmermans, Dm., Brussels, 1911. (452) Timofeev, Dm., Kharkoff, 1894. ( 4 5 3 ) Tinkler, 4, 103:2171; 13. ( 4 54) Fischer and Gröppel, 93, 30: 76; 17. (455) Tsakalotos, 27, 11: 284; 12. (456) Tsakalotos, 27, 13: 281; 13. ( 4 5 7 ) Tsakalotos, 49, 12: 355; 15. (458) Tsakalotos and Guye, 4S1 8: 340; 10. (459) Turner and English, 4, 105: 1786; 14. (460) Tyrer, 4, 97: 1778; 10. (461) Valeton, '64V1 18: 755; 10. (462) yanstone, 4t 95: 590; 09. (463) Vanstone, 4, 103: 1826; 13. (464) Vanstone, 133, 1913: 426. (465) Vasiliev, Diss., Kazani, 1917. (466) Vermeulen, Diss.t Amsterdam, 1914. (467) Vignon, 27, 6: 387; 656; 91. (468) yiala, 27, 15: 5; 14. (469) de Visser, 70, 17: 182; 98. (470) Voano, 53, 48: 76; 16. ( 4 7 1 ) Wadsworth, 173, 45: 133; 20. (472) Waentig and Pescheck, 7, 93: 529; 19. ( 47 3) Wahl, 5, 87: 152; 12. (474) Wahl, Normand and Vermeylen, 34, 174: 946; 22. ( 4 7 S) Ward, 50, 30: 1316; 26. (476) Washburn and Read, 197, 1: 191; 15. (477) Weissand Downs, 1, 45: 1003; 23. (478) Wheeler, 1, 42: 1842; 20. (479) Wibaut, 70, 32:244; 13. (480) Wibaut, 70, 32, 244; 13. (*«) Wood and Scott, 4, 97: 1573; 10. (482) Wroczynski and Guye, 4M1 8: 189; 10. ( 4 8 3 ) Yamanato, 44, 25: 123; 08. (484) Disselhamp, 7, 123: 99; 26.

E-Table.—(Continued) Solvent Formula C4H10O C5H5N CeCl6 CeH3Br3O CeH3Cl3 CeH4BrCl

(**) (14) («2 ) ( 28 ) (28) (6, 24, 48) (52) (52) (52) (6,8,24,29) (52) ^ 52 ) ( 6 , 3 °) (6,8,24,29,

CeH 6 NO 2

ra-Dinitrobenzene p-Bromophenol o-Chlorophenol m-Chlorophenol p-Chlorophenol Nitrobenzene (M. P., 5.67)

10.60 10.8 7.72 8.30 8.58 6.89-7.10

(6) ( 36 ) ( 5 2) (52) (52) (6,17,29,48,

CeH6

(M. P. 5.82) o-Nitrophenol m-Nitrophenol p-Nitrophenol Benzene

8.10 7.5 7.80 8.60 4.90-5.23

(12) (97) (97) (97) (8,31,38,46,

CeH 4 BrNO 2 CeH 4 Br 2

{ CeH4Cl2

48, 50)

CeH 4 N 2 O 4 CeH5BrO

50, 92, 93)

C-Table The (T-Arrangement Solvent Name Carbon tetrachloride Carbon disulfide Bromoform

Lit.

kp 14

50

29.80-34.8 ( » ) 3.83 (U) 14.25-14.435 (L 102 ); cf. (100)

CH 2 N 2 CH2O2 CH3NO CaH2Br4 C2H3Br3O2 C2H3ClO2

C2H4BrCl C2H4Br2 C2H4O2

50,

51,

61,

66,

71,

79,

84,

85,

88,

92,

98,

99,

100,

CeHeCIe CeHeO

o-
16.50 7.20-7.50

(62) (3°.

104) 35

«

46, 101,

the absolute scale.

CHCl3 CH2l2

{ {

kp(=At/N) is the molai lowering for a normal solute in dilute solution in the solvent, as deduced from the freezing-point data. N = moles of solute per 1000 grams of solvent. The latent heat of fusion of the solvent in g-cal/g is given by l 99T 2 I = inflofc^ where 7> is the freezing point of the pure solvent on

|

Name Ether Pyridine Hexachlorobenzene 2, 4, 6-Tribromophenol 1, 3, 5-Trichlorobenzene p-Bromochlorobenzene ( o-Bromonitrobenzene i ra-Bromonitrobenzene [ p-Bromomtrobenzene p-Dibromobenzene o-Chloronitrobenzene m-Chloronitrobenzene p-Chloronitrobenzene p-Dichlorobenzene

1^79 4.97 20.75 20.40 8.70 9.20-9.99 9.10 8.75 11.53 11.57-12.40 7.50 6.07 10.80-10.90 7.22-7.70

CRYOSCOPIC DATA, ORGANIC SOLVENTS

Formula CCh CS2 CHBr3

|

Chloroform 4.67-4.90 0<>. ^) Méthylène iodide 14.40 (42) (9) (Stable) 14.40 (Metastable) 13.70 (9) Cyanamide ca. 3.0 (9°) Formic acid 2.770-2.80 (»2,101,106) Formamide 3.20-3.85 (30, ios) Tetrabromoacetylene 21.70 (s7) Bromal hydrate 11.04 O3) Monochloroacetic acid 5.211 (59) (Stable) 4.85 ( 9 S) (Metastable) 4.88 (9S) «-Monochloroacetic acid 5.241 (60) ^-Monochloroacetic acid 5.167 (60) Bromochloroethane 8.63 (50) Ethylene dibromide (M. P., 9.975 12.50-11.80 ( 19 . 61 » 73, 92 dry) ) Acetic acid 3.90 O 5 . 3°. 6i, 77, 92, 1 0 1 )

C 2 H 6 NO Acetamide C 2 H 5 NO 2 Methyl carbamate C3HCh Heptachloropropane (asym.) C3H5NsOg Nitroglycerine C 3 HrNO Acetoxime C 3 H 7 NO 2 Urethane C4H4N2 Succinomele C4H4O3 Succinic anhydride C4H6O2 tt-Crotonic acid C4H6O4 Dimethyl oxalate C4H7Cl3O2 Chloral alcoholate C4H9NO2 Methylurethane C4Hi0O tert.-Butyl alcohol

3.63 4.49 12.0 7.5 ca. 5.56 5.00-5.14 18.26 6.30 6.50 5.OO 8.06 4.85 12.80

(30) (36) (16) ( 54 ) (36) (so, se, ioi) (26) (46) (««) (7) ( 3 «) (»6) (4 )

7.13 6.50 5.87 5.859 5.55 20.00-20.30

36

,

103)

52

CeHeO2 CeH6O2 CeH 7 N CeH8N2 CeHi0O4 CeHi2

o-Dihydroxybenzene Resorcinol Aniline Phenylhydrazine Dimethyl Buccinate Cyclohexane

CeHi2O

Cyclohexanol

CeHi2O3 C 7 H 5 NO 3 C 7 H 5 N 3 Oe C7H6N2O4 C7H6O2 C7H7Br

Paraldehyde p-Nitrobenzaldehyde 2, 4, 6-Trinitrotoluene 2, 4-Dinitrotoluene Benzoic acid p-Bromotoluene

7.05 7.0 ca. 11.50 8.90 7.85-8.788 8.20-8.55

C7H7Cl C7H7I C 7 H 7 NO

C7H8O2 C7H9N

p-Chlorotoluene p-Iodotoluene Benzamide o-Nitrotoluene (stable) (Metastable) m-Nitrotoluene p-Nitrotoluene o-Cresol p-Cresol 2, 6-Dimethylpyrone p-Toluidine

5.60 (8) 10.0-11.30 (8. 29) 9.65 (62) 7.18 (78) 5.08 (78) 6.78-6.84 ( 5 2 , 9 6 ) 7.80 (6. 8 ) 5.62 ( 3 *) 7.55 ( 3 6) 6.46 (89) 5.10-5.37 ( 8 , 2 8 , 3 5 , 3 6 ,

CsHeN2 CsH7BrO2 CsH8O CsHsO2 CsH9NO CsHio

Quinoxaline Methyl p-bromobenzoate Acetophenone Phenylacetic acid Acetanilide p-Xylene

3.828

( ) ( 4 I) (2) (74) (19,23,28) ( 5 0 > ß3, es,

66)

( 39 ): cf. (96.5)

( 58 ) (25 ) (6) (6) (46, 72) (8, 29, 48, so, 82)

7

7

2

8U

101)

CsHi0O2 CsHuN C9HsO2 C9H9NO4 C 9 Hi 0 N 2 O 3 C9Hi0O2 C9Hi0O2

o-Dimethoxybenzene..: Dimethylaniline Cinnamic acid Ethyl o-nitrobenzoate ra-Nitro-p-acettoluide (stable) (Metastable) Methyl p-toluate Phenylpropionic acid

8.90 8.40 5.65 9.00 6.932 4.30 6.38-6.40 5.80 ca. 9.4-10.00 7.40 . 8.7 9.905 6.20 8.87-8.95

(79) (29) (««) (25) (72) ^s, 4i, ee, 79,

87)

(19,83) (3) ( 37 . 7 2 ) (22) (9Sj ( 9 S) (8 ) (23,36)

(T-Table.—(Continued) Solvent Formula CwH 7 Br Ci0H7Cl Ci0H7I Ci0H7NO2 Ci0H8

I

Name /3-Bromonaphthalene 0-Chloronaphthalene 0-Iodonaphthalene a-Nitronaphthalene Naphthalene

LITERATURE ~

12.40 9.76 15. OO 9.10 6.899-7.10


~ ' (29) 29 ( ) ( 29 ) (29) ( 5 » *> 7 »

34

47,

48,

SO,

72,

79,

103)

CioHsO Ci0H9N Ci0Hi0O2 Ci0Hi0O3 Ci0Hi2O Ci0H14O Ci0Hi6BrO Ci0Hi6O CioHuO Ci0Hi8O Ci0H20O . Ci 0 H 20 O 2 ' Ci2H9N Ci2Hi0 Ci 2 Hi 0 N 2 Ci2Hi0N2O Ci2Hi0O Ci 2 HnN Ci2Hi4O4 Ci 2 Hi 8 N 4 O Ci2Hi8O8 Ci2H22 Ci 2 H 24 O 2 Ci3Hi0O Ci3Hi0O2 Ci3Hi0O3 Ci3Hi2 Ci 3 Hi 2 N 2 Ci 3 Hi 3 N Ci 3 Hi 7 NO Ci4HsO2 CuHio CuHi0 CuHi 0 O 2 CuHi2 CuHu CuHuN 2 O 3 CieH32O2 Ci6H34O Ci8H34O2 Ci8H36O2 Ci9Hi6 C22H42O2 C22H42O2 C 22 H 42 O 2 C22H44O2 C 67 Hn 0 Q 6

/3-Naphthol 11.25 a-Naphthylamine 7.80-7.90 Methyl cinnamate 7.10 Ethyl o-aldehydobenzoate 6.05 p-Anethole 6.12-6.22 Thymol 8.30-8.32 d-Bromocamphor 11.87 Camphor 49.80 Fenchone 6.81 Cineole 6.70 Menthol 12.40 Capric acid 4.73 Carbazole 12.30 Diphenyl 8.00-8.35 Azobenzene 8.25-8.35 Azoxybenzene 8.50 Diphenyl ether 8.00 Diphenylamine 8.40-8.80 Isoapiol 8.00 Phenylhydrazine hydrate 4.415 Diethyl diacety 1-d-tartrate 13.32 Dicyclohexyl 14.52 Laurie acid 4.40 Benzophenone 9.88 Phenyl benzoate 8.00 Salol.. 12.30 Diphenylmethane 6.60-6.72 Benzaldehyde phenylhydrazone. .. 11.30 Benzylaniline 8.70 Cyclohexyl aminobenzoate 14.20 Anthraquinone 14.80 Anthracene 11.65 Phenanthrene 12.00 Benzil 10.50 Stilbene 8.38 Dibenzyl 7.20-7.23 P, p'-Azoxyanisole 7.64 Palmitic acid 4.40 Cetyl alcohol 6.15 Elaidic acid 3.90 Stearic acid 4.40-4.50 Triphenylmethane 12.45 Brassidic acid 4.16 Erucic acid 5.23 Isoerucic acid 5.25 Behenic acid 4.44 Stearin 5.15

See further p. 215.

'

35,

( 18 ) ( 2 8 > 35 ) (27) (27) (36, 46) (36,43) (8M (ss, 56) ( 53 ) ( 38 ) ( 43 ) (36) (40) (3*. **> 79) (32,36) (27) ( 33 ) ( 2 S, 3S» 10 M ( 46 ) (75) ^s, 86) (70) (3S) (3e) (45) ( 4 S) ( 2 S. 36, 64) (80) (43) (62) (11 ) (40) ( 4 4 » 46, 7 9 ) ( 6 , 64) (24) ( 43 » 64) (7) (35) ( 36 ) ( 23 ) (36, 46) ( 43 ) ( 68 ) (68) ( 68 ) (67.5) ( 3 «)

(i) Ampola and Manuelli, 36, 25 II: 91; 95. ( 2 ) Ampola and Rimatori, 36, 27 1: 35; 97. ( 3 ) Ampola and Rimatori, 36, 27 1: 51 ; 97. (*) Atkins, 4, 99 : 10; 11. (S) Auwers, 7, 18: 595; 95. (6) Auwers, 7, 30: 300; 99. ( 7 ) Auwers, 7, 32: 39; 00. ( 8 ) Auwers, 7, 42: 513; 02. (») Beckrnann, 7, 46: 853; 03. (i °) Beckmann and Faust, 7, 89: 247; 14. (i l ) Beckmahn and Hanslian, 93, 80 : 221 ; 13. O 2 ) Beckmann and Lockeman, 7, 60: 385; 07. (i 3) Beckmann and Maxim, 25, 47: 2875; 14. (14) Beckmann and Waentig, 93, 67:17; 10. {*5 ) Berlandi, 27, 33: 466; 23. (16) Boeseken and Benedictus, 70, 37: 121; 18. (17) Boeseken and van der Eerden, 70, 33: 300; 14. O 8 ) Bruni, 36, 28 H: 322; 98. ( 19 ) Bruni and Amadori, 83, 5: 290; 10. (20) Bruni and Amadori, 36, 42 I: 121; 12. ( 2 I) Bruni and Callegari, SiB9 13 I: 481 ; 04. ( 2 2 ) Bruni and Callegari, 22, 13 1: 567; 04. ( 23 ) Bruni and Gorni, 36, 30 I: 55; 00. ( 2 4 ) Bruni and Gorni, 36, 30 u: 127; 00. ( 25 ) Bruni and Gorni, 36, 31 I: 48; 01. ( 2 6 ) Bruni and Manuelli, 9, 11: 860; 05. ( 2 7 ) Bruni and Mascarelli, 36, 33 I: 89; 03. ( 2 8 ) Bruni and Padoa, 36, 33 I: 78; 03. ( 2 9 ) Bruni and Padoa, 36, 34 I: 133; 04. (30) Bruni and Trovanelli, 36, 34 II: 349; 04. ( 3 I) Challenger and Goddard, 4, 117: 762; 20. ( 3 2 ) Ciusa, 36, 511: 49; 21. (33) Durand and Rouge, 27, 37: 697; 25. (34) Eykman, 7, 3: 113; 89. (35) Eykman, 7, 3: 203; 89. (36) Eykman, 7, 4: 497; 89. (37) Falciola, 36, 52 I: 175; 22. (38) Fawsitt, 4, 115: 790; 19. (3») de Forcrand, 34, 154: 1767; 12. (40) Garelli, 36, 24 II: 263; 94. (4i) Garelli, 36, 25 II: 173; 95. ( 4 2 ) Garelli and Bassani, 36, 311: 407; 01. ( 4 3 ) Garelli and Calsolari, 36, 29 II : 258; 99. (44) Garelli and Ferratini, 36, 23 I: 442; 93. (4*) Garelli and Gorni, 36, 34 II: 101; 04. (46) Garelli and Montanari, 36, 24 H: 229; 94. (47) Gomberg and Schoepfle, 1, 39: 1652; 17. ( 48 ) Gomberg and Schoepfle, 1, 41: 1655; 19. (50) Gomberg and Sullivan, 1, 44: 1810; 22. (*i) Guinchant, 6, 10: 30; 18. (S 2 ) Jona, 36, 39 II: 289; 09. (53) Jona, 36, 47 H: 87; 17. (54) Jones, 4, 115: 76; 19. ( 5S ) Journaux, 34, 154: 1592; 12. (56) Journaux, 27, 11: 722, 993; 12. ( 5 7 ) Lespieau, 34, 169: 31; 19. < 58 ) Louguinine and Dupont, 27, 11: 904; 12. ( 5 9 ) Mameli, 36, 39 II: 579; 09. (60) Mameli and Mannesier, 36, 42 II: 566; 12. (6l) Mascarelli, 36, 47 I: 160; 17. (62) Mascarelli and Babini, 36, 41 I: 89; 11. (63) Mascarelli and Benati, 36, 37 II: 527; 07. (64) Mascarelli and Musatti, 22, 19 I: 213; 10. (65) Mascarelli and Musatti, 36, 411: 73; 11. (66) Mascarelli and Musatti, 36, 41 I: 82; 11. (67) Mascarelli and Musatti, 36, 41 I: 103; 11. (67.5) Mascarelli and Toschi, 36, 45 I: 313; 15. ( 68 ) Mascarelli and Sanna, 36, 45 n : 208; 15. ( 6 ») Mascarelli and Sanna, 36, 45 II : 335; 15. (70) Mascarelli and Vecchiotti, 36, 42 I: 106; 12. (71) Mathews, 1, 33: 1291; 11. (72) Mathews, 1,39: 1125; 17. (73) Moles, 7, 80: 531; 12. (74) Oddo, 36, 4311:263; 13. (75) Oddo, 36, 43 II: 274; 13. (76) Oddo, 36, 45 I: 283; 15. (77) Oliveri-Mandala, 36, 50 I: 256; 20. (7*) Ostromuislenskii, 7, 57: 341; 06. ( 7 9 ) Padoa, 36, 34 I: 146; 04. (SO) Padoa, 36, 41 I: 203; 11. ( 8 I) Padoa and Rotondi, 22, 21 II: 626; 12. ( 82 ) Paterno, 36, 26 II: 1; 96. ( 83 ) Paterno, 36, 26 II: 9; 96. ( 8 4) Paterno, 36, 19: 640; 89. ( 8 S) Paterno and Manuelli, 22, 6 1: 401 ; 97. ( 8 6) Paterno and Manuelli, 36, 49 II : 365; 19. ( 8 7) Paterno and Montemartini, 36, 24 H : 197; 94. C 88 ) Peddle and Turner, 4, 99: 685; 11. ( 89 ) Poma, 36, 41 H: 518; 11. ( 9 O) Pratolongo, 22, 22 II: 716; 13. ( 9 I) Pushin and Glagoleva, 53, 47: 100; 15. ( 92 ) Raoult, 6, 2: 66; 84. ( 93 ) Roberts and Bury, 4, 123: 2037; 23. ( 9 4) Sachanov, 53, 48: 361; 16. 10, 4: 713; 22. ( 9 S) Schenck, 7, 33: 445; 00. ( 9 6) Scheuer, 7, 72: 513; 10. ( 9 6-S) Schreiner and Frivold, 7, 124: 1; 26. ( 9 7 ) Sidgwick, Spurrel and Davies, 4, 107: 1202; 15. ( 98 ) Swartz, 27, 25: 145; 19. (") Turner, 4, 99: 880; 11. (loo) Turner and English, 4, 105: 1786; 14. (loi) Turner and Pollard, 4, 105: 1751; 14. (i°2) Waiden, 93, 68: 307; 10. (l» 3 ) Weitz, Roth and Nelken, 13, 425: 161; 21. (104) Willcox and Brunei, 1, 38: 2533; 16. (i<>5) Whither, 7, 60: 563; 07. (106) Zanninovich-Tessarin, 36, 26 I: 311; 96.

FREEZING-POINT—SOLUBILITY DATA FOR NON-AQUEOUS SYSTEMS, CONTAINING BOTH ORGANIC AND INORGANIC COMPOUNDS ROBERT KREMANN Scope This section covers all non-aqueous two-component systems composed of (1) a chemical compound whose key-formula does not begin with 16 (called the A-component) together with (2) a chemical compound whose key-formula begins with 16 (called the B-component) ; and all non-aqueous three-component systems containing one but only one chemical compound whose keyformula begins with 16. Arrangement To find a given system : Look first in Part I and, if not found there, consult Part II. For cryoscopic data consult Part IV. Part I (p. 186) Part I includes two-component systems for which data ara available over a considerable range of temperature and compositions. The systems are arranged in order of their A-components using the standard arrangement (v. Vol. Ill, p. viii). Under each A-component the B-components are in order of increasing number of carbon atoms (the (^-arrangement). Part II (p. 205) The data in Part II are largely fragmentary in nature, consisting of solubilities of one constituent at one or at a few temperatures only. The arrangement is first by " solvents " in ascending order of number of carbon atoms. The "solutes" under each solvent are in the standard arrangement (v. Vol. Ill, p. viii). Part III (p. 211) Three-component systems. Standard arrangement. Part IV (p. 214) Cryoscopic data. Übersicht Dieser Abschnitt enthält alle nicht wässrige Zweikomponenten Systeme die zusammengesetzt sind (1) aus einer chemischen Verbindung deren Schlüsselformel nicht mit 16 beginnt (genannt A-Komponente) und (2) zusammen mit einer chemischen Verbindung deren Schlüsselformel mit 16 beginnt (genannt B-Komponente). Es sind hier ferner alle nicht wässrige Dreikomponenten Systeme enthalten die eine und zwar nur eine chemische Verbindung enthalten, deren Schlüsselformel mit 16 beginnt. Anordnung Um ein gegebenes System zu finden sehe man zuerst im Teil I nach. Liegt es hier nicht vor, so schlage man Teil II auf. Für kryoskopische Daten verwende man Teil IV. Teü I (S. 186) Teil I enthält das Zweikomponentensystem für welches über ein beträchtliches Temperatur und Zusammensetzungsgebiet Daten vorliegen. Diese Systeme sind nach ihren A-Komponenten mit Benützung der Standardanordnung (Bd. Ill, S. viii) gereiht. Unter jeder A-Komponente folgen die B-Komponenten mit zunehmender Zahl der Kohlenstoffatome, ((T-Anordnung). Teü II (S. 205) Die Werte in diesem Teil sind meistens ihrer Natur nach unvollständig und enthalten die Löslichkeit nur des einen Bestandteiles bei einer Temperatur oder nur bei wenigen Temperaturen. Die Anordnung folgt zuerst dem "Lösungsmittel" nach steigender Zahl der Kohlenstoffatome. Die "gelösten Stoffe" bei jedem Lösungsmittel folgen nach der Standardanordnung (Bd. Ill, S. viii). Teü III (S. 211) Dreikomponenten Systeme. Standardanordnung Teü IV (S. 214) Kryoskopische Daten.

Champ de la section Cette section comprend tous les sjrstèmes non aqueux à deux constituants composés (1) d'un composé chimique dont la formule clé ne commence pas par 16 (appelé le constituant A) avec (2) un composé chimique dont la formule clé commence par 16 (appelé le constituant B) ; et tous les systèmes non aqueux à trois constituants contenant seulement un composé chimique dont la formule clé commence par 16. Arrangement Pour trouver un système donné; voir d'abord à la Partie I et si on ne le trouve pas à cette place consulter la Partie II. Pour les données cryoscopiques consulter la Partie IV. Partie I (p. 186) La Partie I comprend les systèmes à deux constituants pour lesquels les données sont disponibles dans un intervalle considérable de température et de compositions. Les systèmes sont arrangés dans Tordre de leurs constituants A suivant l'arrangement type (v. Vol. Ill, p. viii). Sous chaque constituant A, les constituants B sont disposés dans l'ordre croissant du nombre d'atomes de carbone (Arrangement <£). Partie II (p. 205) Les données dans la Partie II sont pour la plupart fragmentaires et consistent en solubilités d'un constituant à une ou à quelques températures seulement. L'arrangement est d'abord fait suivant les "dissolvants" disposés dans l'ordre ascendant du nombre d'atomes de carbone. Les "corps dissous" dans chaque solvant sont disposés suivant l'arrangement type (v. Vol. III, p. viii). Partie III (p. 211) Systèmes à trois constituants. Arrangement type. Partie IV (p. 214) Données cryoscopiques. Sommario Sono contenuti in questo capitolo tutti i sistemi non acquosi a due componenti costituiti da un composto con formula chiave che non comincia con 16 (Componente A) e da un composto con formula chiave che comincia con 16 (Componente B). Vi sono inclusi inoltre tutti i sistemi non acquosi a tre componenti, uno dei quali ha formula chiave che comincia con 16. Ordine di disposizione Per trovare un dato sistema si consulti prima la Parte I, e, se non si trova in questa, si consulti la Parte IL Per i dati crioscopici sì consulti la Parte IV. Parte I (p. 186) Questa comprende i sistemi a due componenti per i quali si hanno dati che si referiscono ad un largo intervallo di temperatura e di composizione. I sistemi sono elencati nell'ordine dei componenti A secondo la maniera standard di disposizione (v. Voi. Ili, p. viii). Sotto ciascun componente A sono disposti i componenti B ordinati secondo il numero crescente degli atomi di carbonio (disposizione (L). Parte H (p. 205) I dati di questa seconda parte sono molto frammentari e si riferiscono alla solubilità di un componente a una sola temperatura o a poche temperature. Nell'elenco "i solventi" sono disposti nell'ordine crescente del numero di atomi di carbonio. Le sostanze disciolte sono segnate sotto ciascun solvente secondo l'ordine standard di disposizione (v. Voi. Ili, p. viii). Parte III (p. 211) Sistemi a tre componenti. Ordine standard di disposizione. Parte IV (p. 214) Dati criosopici.

TWO-COMPONENT SYSTEMS Parti For abbreviations, v. p. 4

H2O2 B = C 1 2 H 2 2 OlI

Sucrose (68) 0 C |Mol % B B - 1.70 0.0 - 1.97 0.40 - 2.60 1.24 - 3.47

2.23

- 4.72 - 5.70 - 7.57 -10.30 -14.32

3.23 4.26 5.46 6.94 9.04

HCl B = CH3Cl (6) 0

C

| Mol % B B - 93.0 100.0 - 98.7 90.5 -100.2 79.5 -109.4 71.8 -114.6 65.9 -121.4 60.1 -123.3 56.2 -131.7 48.9 -136.4 43.9 -148.9 36.8 A +B -161E | 27.3 A -130.4 14.5 -111.0 0.0 B = CH4O

Methyl alcohol ( 9 » 10)

See Fig. l, p. 212 B = C2H6

Ethane (7) See Fig. 2, p. 212 B = C2H6O

Methyl ether ( 4 > 5 > 69)

See Fig. 3, p. 212 B = C3H6O2 Propionic acid ( 7 > 9) See Fig. 4, p. 212) B = C4H10O

Ethyl ether (70) 0 C I Mol % A A -112.0 100.0 -114.0 99.3 -116.5 98.0 A6B -108.0 88.9 - 93.0 86.0 - 90.0 83.9 - 89.0 83.5

B = C 4 Hi 0 O-

B = C6H7N.-

(Continued] 0 C I MoI % A A5B - 90.0 82.4 - 92.0 81.8 - 96.0 80.0 A5B + A 2 B -100.OE 78.7 A2B - 98.5 78.0 - 93.0 76.7 - 92.0 75.5 - 90.0 73.4 - 88.0 70.4 - 88.0 67.2

(Continued] C I MoI % B Two liquid phases. Concentration and temperature limits 20.0 1.1 13.8 1.9 10.5 5.3 23.0 10.6 0

HBr

B = CH3Cl (69) 0 C i MoI % A A - 86.0 100.0 - 95.0 91.0 - 89.0 66.6 -101.0 83.6 - 95.0 64.3 -106.0 75.0 -100.0 63.6 A + B AB ca.-115E| -104.0 60.4 B -100.0 59.8 -105.0 49.8 - 96.0 55.5 -101.5 47.0 - 95.0 53.9 - 97.5 42.2 - 94.0 51.3 - 92.0 35.0 - 93.0 50.0 - 87.0 28.4 - 93.5 49.2 - 78.0 18.4 - 97.0 46.8 - 71.0 10.9 -100.0 44.4 - 69.5 9.9 -105.0 41.5 - 67.0 5.5 - 62.5 0.0 B = CH4O B = C6H7N Methyl alcohol (^ 9 ) Aniline ( 63 ) 0 A C I MoI % B - 86.0 100.0 Under 1 atm. - 87.5 96.0 B - 94.0 89.0 - 6.8 I 100.0 - 97.0 86.7 AB AB - 7.3 98.0 - 85.0 76.6 + 24.2 95.3 - 72.4 74.2 49.9 90.9 - 58.0 70.8 99.8 83.3 - 13.5 54.2 124.4 76.8 - 12.0 50.0 141.5 71.4 - 12.8 49.6 154.0 66.7 - 33.9 42.3 158.0 65.0 - 44.4 40.8 164.6 62.5 - 54.5 34.5 174.4 58.8 - 64.0 31.4 186.2 55.5 B = C 2 H 2 (71) 192.2 53.0 B 197.5 51.0 198.6 50.8 - 81.8 0.0 199.2 50.0 - 82.5 2.4 Under the vapor - 85.7 4.5 pressure of the mix- 88.2 5.5 ture - 93.2 9.2 AB - 97.3 11.3 199.0 49.8 -101.3 14.3 198.7 49.7 -103.7 15.4 -109.6 19.4 + 11 19.6 - 28 12.0 -113.1 23.2 - 62 5.3 -115.2 24.3 -117.6 26.7 A -125.2 34.1 -112.5 I O

B = C2H2.- (C ont1 d) 0 C I MoI % Aj A -126.0 38.0 -120.2 42.2 -115.0 48.2 - 86.0 100.0 B = C2H6O (6 9 ) Ethyl alcohol A - 86.0 100.0 - 88.0 96.3 - 91.5 92.2 - 95.5 88.8 - 97.0 87.3 A +AB -104E I 85.4 AB - 83.5 68.0 - 62.5 66.6 - 56.5 65.3 - 50.1 63.5 - 45.2 61.6 - 40.5 59.8 - 34.8 57.5 - 33.3 55.6 - 31.4 54.2 - 30.3 52.7 - 29.6 50.9 - 28.5 50.3 - 29.5 48.5 - 30.0 46.0 - 37.5 41.3 - 40.0 41.0 - 45.0 39.9 - 54.0 38.0 - 68.1 35.5 - 73.4 35.2 B = C2H6O (6 9 )

Methyl ether A - 86.0 100.0 - 86.8 97.6 - 88.0 94.8 - 90.2 89.7 - 93.3 78.3 - 95.2 76.1 A +AB -10OE AB - 74.3 65.5 - 64.7 64.8 - 42.0 61.6 - 30.4 60.8 - 26.3 59.7 - 21.1 57.0 - 14.4 52.3 - 12.3

-

50.0

13.0 48.5 13.5 46.7 14.3 43.8 14.9 42.2

- 16.6

38.9

- 18.4 - 18.7

36.6 35.7

B = C2H6O.-

(Continued) 0 C MoI % A AB - 19.7 34.8 - 26.3 23.8 - 32.5 14.6 - 35.5 11.8 - 37.2 10.5 - 46.3 8.15 - 48.2 7.65 - 61.0 4.72 - 66.2 4.05 - 75.0

3.32

- 77.3 - 99.8 B -138.01

2.91 1.73 0.0

B = C3H4 (72) Allylene B -105.0 0.0 -112.3 17.9 -121.5 29.0 -129.5 37.1 AB -129.1 40.2 -127.2 43.5 -126.5 47.4 -126.1 49.3 -127.6 54.2 -128.8 58.4 -134.0 68.6 -137.5 73.7 A -120.5 82.2 -101.6 91.2 - 86.0 100.0 B = C 3 H 6 O (6 9 )

-

Acetone A 86.0 100.0 86.8 98.2 90.5 93.2 94.0 88.5 AB 30.6 66.0 19.3 64.6 11.7 62.6 6.0 59.0

-

3.2

56.7

-

3.0 4.1 5.8 14.0 14.0 16.0 24.2 31.4

52.2 48.1 39.0 35.7 32.6 30.7 28.0 24.7

- 36.0

23.2

41.2 50.5 57.0 61.0

21.8 19.4 17.5 16.3

-

B = C4H8O2 (69) Ethyl acetate 0 C I MoI % A A -86.0 100.0 96.2 -89.0 -92.0 94.5 -97.0 92.5 A4B -85.2 84.9 -71.3 83.8 -69.2 83.6 -69.2 82.7 -67.1 82.1 -63.0 81.0 -61.0 80.4 -60.0 80.0 -65.5 79.2 A4B + A5B2 -68.1E| 78.4 A6B2 -63.0 77.4 -59.0 75.8 -54.0 74.3 -54.0 74.0 -52.5 72.9 -52.0 71.4 -52.5 70.1 -52.5 70.0 -53.0 69.8 -57.0 68.0

A6B2 + -59.0E| AB -56.0 -51.0 -45.0 -41.0 -39.0 -37.0 -36.1 -36.0 -36.3 -37.0 -38.0 -41.0 -44.0 -46.0 -49.0 -51.0 -54.5 -58.0 -69.1 B -83.0 I

AB 65.8

65.0 62.6 60.8 58.2 57.2 55.1 53.2 50.0 48.0 45.4 42.2 37.8 32.2 29.8 26.8 22.1 16.7 12.0 5.8 0.0

B = C4H10O (75) Ethyl ether

B -118 I 0.0 B +AB -115E I AB - 98 1.47 - 92 2.00 - 79 2.75 - 69 7.56 - 65 9.04

B = C 4 Hi 0 O(Continued) 0 C I Mol % A AB - 61 10.6 - 58.5 12.75 - 54 15.10 - 50.5 18.06 - 46 21.85 - 44 28.05 - 43 39.4 - 40 60.0 A2B - 46 66.7 - 64 74.2 - 78 78.4 - 94 82.3 -100 84.7 A - 98 93.5 - 95 95.1 - 91 97.9 - 86 100.0 B = C6H6 (71) B 5.4 O + 1.3 5.7 - 3.5 12.5 - 4.0 13.5 - 12.5 26.3 - 20.5 32.7 - 26.5 37.4 - 31.0 41.1 - 39.0 45.6 - 40.0 47.2 - 42.0 50.1 - 47.0 56.2 - 56.5 64.3 - 65.0 72.8 - 70.5 77.2 - 79.5 85.2 - 87.5 88.7 A +B - 95.0E| 92.7 A - 90.0 96.0 - 86.0 100.0 B = C7H8 ( 69 ) Toluene A - 86.0 100.0 - 96.0 97.0 -100.0 94.3 -107.5 91.6 -116.0 88.8 -122.0 86.4 -128 83.0 A +AB 2 -13OE I 81.4 AB2 -128 77.0 -124 74.7 -115 73.8 -112.5 72.0 -107.5 62.8 -103.5 59.9

B = C7H8.- (Cont'd) 0 C I MoI % A AB2 - 98.0 54.7 - 94.0 50.6 - 92.0 48.1 - 90.5 44.0 - 88.5 39.9 - 87.0 37.2 - 87.0 32.5 - 88.5 29.1 - 89.5 24.9 - 94.0 21.1 - 95.0 18.1 AB2 + B -100.OE| 13.7 B - 98.0 5.5

- 94.0

0.0

B = C7H14 ( 67 ) Methylcyclohexane 0 C I MoI % B A - 86.0 0.0 - 87.9 2.0 - 89.9 4.0 - 91.4 6.0 - 92.5 7.9 - 93.9 10.1 - 96.3 15.6 - 97.8 19.6 -100.4 25.2 -101.9 28.8 -103.4 32.6 -105.3 37.5 -107.6 43.4 -110.0 49.9 -111.8 54.2 -113.8 59.7 vis. 60-100 B -124.5 I 100.0 B = C8H10 ( 71 ) Ethylbenzene 0 C I MoI % A B - 92.4 0.00 - 97.7 11.5 -103.6 24.0 AB2 -104.0 31.9 -103.8 33.3 -104.0 34.4 -110.2 40.1 AB -118.5m 28.5 -115.2m 32.0 -112.6m 34.5 -109.2 42.7 -106.0 46.6 -105.6 50.0 -106.3 52.4 -108.8 59.1 -112.2 64.4 -116.7 71.4 -120.5 75.4 -125.2 79.9

B = CgH1Q.— (Continued) 0 C I MoI % A

A -125.0 83.8 -105.8 88.4 - 96.5 92.7 - 90.8 96.3 - 86.0 100.0 B = C8H10 (67) o-Xylene 0 C |Mol % B A - 86.0 0.0 - 92.0 3.1 - 96.5 6.6 -111.0 12.1 A +B -UeE I 14.0 B -114.0 14.9 -107.0 19.0 - 96.5 25.3 - 91.0 28.1 - 89.1 30.8 - 85.7 34.7 - 83.6 38.0 - 76.2 42.7 - 74.5 46.0 - 68.5 49.3 - 65.5 52.3 - 64.5 55.3 - 61.5 58.3 - 57.5 62.2 - 56.0 65.2 - 52.5 69.5 - 48.5 73.8 - 47.5 79.0 - 45.5 83.7 - 44.0 87.3 - 42.0 91.8 - 40.0 95.8 - 38.5 100.0 B = C8H10 (67) m-Xylene A

- 86.0 i

0.0

AB

-111.1 - 88.6 - 86.9 - 83.7 - 80.8 - 79.0 - 78.2 - 77.7 - 77.5 - 77.6 A - 75.5 - 73.5 - 68.8 - 63.2 - 58.4 - 54.9 - 54.0

13.1 24.8 27.6 35.6 36.9 41.8 43.5 44.8 48.1 49.3 51.8 53.1 58.0 66.7 75.5 86.9 100.0

B = C8H10 (67) p-Xylene 0 C I MoI % B A - 86.0 0.0 - 93.5 4.5 - 97.1 7.0 -101.4 10.6 B - 76.8 20.3 - 62.1 25.5 - 48.1 31.1 - 21.0 34.8 - 26.0 43.5 - 20.8 48.2 - 15.9 52.0 - 10.8 56.9 - 1.5 69.5 + 5.7 82.0 9.4 86.5 11.5 92.3 15.0 100.0 B = C9H12 (71) Mesitylene 0 C MoI % A B - 53.5 0.0 - 56.5 4.0 - 57.5 6.5 - 65.5 16.3 - 68.5 25.2 - 66.5 33.8 - 64.5 39.2 AB - 63.0 44.4 - 61.5 50.0 - 61.7 51.3 - 61.7 58.5 - 62.2 59.9 - 62.5 61.4 - 67.5 65.3 - 68.4 67.1 - 82.0 76.0 - 90.0 79.8 -103.5 84.0 A -105.0 89.0 - 98.5 93.9 - 86.0 100.Q B = C9H12 (67) 7i-Propylbenzene 0 C I MoI % B A - 86.0 0.0 - 88.3 2.1 - 92.6 4.5 - 97.9 8.0 -107.8 12.0 -119.1 15.8 AB -119.4 19.4 -116.8 23.2 -115.4 25.2 -114.4 27.9 -113.5 31.5 -109.3 35.3

J3 = C9H12*— (Continued) 0 C I MoI % B AB -107.4 38.1 -106.1 41.6 -105.2 46.2 -105.4 50.1 -105.9 54.3 -106.5 58.5 -110.3 62.6 -113.4 65.5 B -145.0 I 100.0

B = CH4O (i°) Methyl alcohol See Fig. 5, p. 212

B = C2H6O (5) Methyl ether 0 C [MoI % B A - 72.3| O A + AB -109E| 34 AB - 91. 5| 5(T AB + B -144E| 88.5 B HI -138.5| 100 B = C2H6O (69) B = C6H12 (141) Methyl ether Cyclohexane 0 C I MoI % A 0 C |Mol % A A B - 50.9 100.0 + 6.4 0.00 - 53.4 96.7 - 4.3 5.18 -64.1 89.8 Two liquids (inter- 77.Om 72.7 polated) A + AB -17.0 12.1 97.D -78E I 72.5 - 7.0 17.7 94.9 AB 0.0 23.9 92.S - 47.5 65.5 + 7.0 33.6 88.2 - 40.7 58.7 11.4 44.1 80.0 - 35.7 56.1 13.4 65.6 71.2 - 30.8 53.8 13.6 crit. ca. 69.2 -26.3 52.5 B - 21 60.0 -24.3 97.7 - 22.0 45.7 98.1 -34.3 ? -51.0 98.9 - 25.0 27.2 -56.0 99.2 - 35.0 12.3 99.4: -60.0 -56.0 6.1 -64.5 99.6 A +B SO2 -72.5EI 99.95 B = C0 2 crys.(i48) A At -78.590C, MoI -72.3 I 100.0 % B = 33.6 in satd. B = C H O (14) 10 16 soin. ; = 99.72 in Camphor 0 satd. vapor C I MoI % B B = CCl4 (19); cf. A 168 ( J - 76 0.0 0 C I Wt., % B - 77 1.36 B - 78 2.83. -66.1 5.24 - 79 4.05 -57.9 8.42 - 80 6.16 -47.2 16.44 - 81 8.15 (-45)* (20) A + A2B Two liquid phases - 82E| 10.6

(-45)* (20) (93) -35.2 31.66 -39.8 88.44 -33.6 80.83 -29.8 66.26 -29.7 49.93 -29.31 (55) (55) B -30.58 97.8 -26.78 98.8 -24.8 100

* Quadruple points, t Critical solution temp.

-

A2B 80 77 75 71 64 59 54 49 46 45.3

11.5 13.0 14.3 16.4 20.4 23.5 27.0 30.5 32.7 33.5

SO2.- (Coned) Ci0Hi6O.-

(Continued) C I MoI % B A2B + AB - 46E| 34.1 AB - 45 34.5 - 44 35.4 - 41.5 36.8 - 38.5 38.7 - 36 40.3 - 33.5 41.3 - 28 45.5 - 25 48.0 - 24.5 49.6 - 25.5 52.4 - 27 57.4 B - 25 58.2 - 23 59.5 - 16 61.8 - 13 63.5 + 178 100.0 B = C16H34O (140.5) Cetyl alcohol 0 C Wt. % A 5.3 99.58 22.2 92.30 0

22.6 89.58 22.7 88.80 23.8 71.66 23.5 68.82 23.9 65.13 24.8 53.61 25.5 42.54 27.8 33.73 30.9 21.07 41.6 4.15

B = H^S CO2 (148) At -75.17°, MoI % B = 25.4 in satd. soin.; = 75.3 in satd. vapor B = CH4O (U) Methyl alcohol See Fig. 6, p. 212 B = C2H6O (U) Methyl ether See Fig. 7, p. 212 H2SO4 B = C2HCl3O2 (52) Trichloroacetic acid Stable 0 C IMoI % B A 10.3 0.0 7.5 2.9 A + a-B 3 I 7.0 a-B 15.5 11.3 21.6 14.1

B = C2HCl3O2.B = C4H6O2.(Continued) (Continued) 0 0 C I MoI % B C I MoI % B B a-B 22.3 59.3 29.0 17.9 40.4 65.9 31.7 21.0 47.0 69.1 35.3 24.9 54.7 74.6 39.5 26.1 39.2 30.8 61.9 83.5 67.5 93.8 41.9 33.2 71.0 100.0 42.6 37.7 44.8 41.7 B = C5H8O4 (52) 47.0 49.5 Glutaric acid 47.0 54.0 AB 49.2 58.3 40.1 33.5 51.2 68.2 46.0 39.0 53.4 78.1 47.7 41.6 56.1 89.3 49.7 45.5 57.3 100.0 50.5 50 Metastable AB + B A + 0-B 49E I 53 1.OmE 7.8 B /3-B 35.Om 47.8 13.4m 13.4 37.1m 49.0 20.2m 17.8 51.7 54.1 24.Om 21.9 63.9 59.6 33.8m 32.9 75.7 65.2 38.4m 43.9 82.5 70.9 B = C2H3ClO2 (52) 88.6 78.8 92.9 87.4 Chloroacetic acid B 95.8 100.0 9.2 46.0 B = C 6 H 5 NO 3 (52) 25.2 53.7 o-Nitrophenol 34.5 59.7 B 38.1 62.3 11.0 25.8 41.1 65.1 21.0 32.0 52.7 78.9 30.0 40.7 57.8 88.1 33.5 45.6 60.5 94.4 ' 37.0 52.6 61.7 100.0 39.3 59.3 39.1 66.5 B = C 4 H 5 ClO 2 (52) 39.5 68.9 a-Chlorocrotonic 40.7 75.7 acid 42.4 88.0 B 45.0 100.0 2.0 31.0 B = C 6 H 5 NO 3 (52) 30.0 39.0 m-Nitrophenol 41.0 43.9 AB2 49.5 48.1 18.0 24.7 58.5 52.8 39.4 31.7 64.0 56.6 52.2 37.7 73.2 63.5 79.5 69.4 62.3 45.9 69.4 51.4 86.5 80.2 73.5 55.2 93.5 90.4 78.6 60.5 99.0 100.0 83 66.6 B = C4H6O2 (52) 82.7 68.5 Crotonic acid 81.7 73.5 AB AB2 + B 1.5 33.7 8OE I 77 15.8 38.1 B 23.3 43.5 84.7 82.0 24.5 49.7 89.4 87.7 21.3 54.9 92.5 93.3 AB + B 95.4 100.0 18E I 58

B = C6H5NO3 ( 52 ) p-Nitrophenol 0 C I MoI % B AB2 35.1 35.6 60.3 44.7 70.4 50.6 73.5 53.0 80.7 58.4 88.3 64.1 90 66.6 89.9 68.1 AB2 + B 87E I 70 B 97.0 76.9 102.7 83.9 109.4 92.7 113.8 100.0 B = C6H6O (52) Phenol AB2 -10.0 34.1 - 7.0 36.3 - 2.0 39.5 + 2.5 42.7 6.0 45.7 8.0 49.5 10.4 51.8 12.2 55.4 14.5 15.5

61.3 66.6

AB2 + B 1OE I 70 B 13.4 72.0 23.4 79.4 30.5 86.6 35.5 94.1 42.4 100.0 B = C 7 H 5 NO 3 (52) p-Nitrobenzaldehyde B 104.4 100.0 100.7 90.6 94.8 79.7 90.9 73.2 85.0 65.0 76.6 55.4 74.5 49.7 74.8 49.5 73.0 47.3 70.4 43.9 67.1 41.1 66.7 40.2 54.0 34.5 56.5 33.7 32.6 I 24.1 B = C 7 H 6 O 2 (52) Benzoic acid B 121.8 100.0 120.6 98.0 115.8 92.1

B = C7H6O2.-

(Continued) 0 C I MoI % B B 109.6 83.9 92.5 69.1 90.0 67.4 AB + B 81.5E| 61.5 AB 82.3 60.2 84.2 56.9 86.2 51.8 87. 5 50. O 86.3 44.3 83.2' 39.2 77.2 34.2 72.3 30.8 61.4 26.2 53.2 24.2 44.6 22.6 +25.8 18.6 AB + A -1OE I 12 A - 6.2 9.9 - 1.2 8.0 + 3.2 5.7 7.0 3.2 10.3 0.0 B = C7H8O (52) o-Cresol B 30.4 100.0 26.2 89.1 18.8 76.8 9.6 68.7 6.2 66.2 1.0 61.9 B = C7H8O (52) p-Cresol B 34.6 100.0 29.4 90.4 22.1 82.2 11.6 75.4 B +AB 2 7E 72.5 AB2 11.0 68.0 12.0 66. 6 11.0 62.6 7.5m 54.1 5.0m 50.5 AB2 + A2B 9.3E| 58.5 A2B 24.0 56.0 57.3 48.7 84.1 39.5 91.9 34.7 93.4 33.8 90.9 28.6 78.2 21.6 57.8 16.2 40.2 12.5

B = C7H8O2 (52) Dimethylpyrone 0 C I MoI % B B 132.0 100.0 124.0 85.4 115.0 76.1 109.0 71.5 B + AB2 103E I 68.5 AB2 103. 6 66.7 101.8 63.5 100.2 61.1 90.4 57.3 AB2 + AB 84.2E I 55.5 AB 88.1 53.0 93.4 51.3 96.0 50.0 93.4 47.1 90.9 46.2 72.5 43.3 56.0 41.8 41.6 40.5 AB + A3B2 36.6E I 40 A3B2 44.8 40 44.3 39.5 43.1 38.3 37.6 36.1 29.3 34.1 18.2 32.2 6.0 30.4 B = C8H8O (52) Acetophenone B 18.7 100.0 17.2 95.8 17.4 95.2 B +AB 2 13.9E I 89.0 AB2 17.6 86.3 23.8 80.8 28.4 69.0 29 66.7 28.0 63.0 25.0 59.9 22.5 54.9 18.5 51.1 B = C8H8O2 (52) Phenylacetic acid A 10.3 0.0 + 5.6 2.5 - 3.0

5.1

AB + A - 9.OE I 6.8 AB +15.8 16.3 47.7 28.7 55.0 36.2

B = C8H8O2,—

(Continued) 0 C I Mol % B AB 58.7 37.9 60.0 39.5 60.7 42.6 61.2 45.1 61.8 60.0 60.0 53.7 58.4 56.3 AB +B 40.6 I 61.6 B 50.1 65.3 53.2 67.1 55.0 68.7 56.8 69.9 59.4 71.6 67.7 83.8 71.5 91.1 76.8 100.0 B = C8H8O2 (52) o-Toluic acid B 102.9 100.0 97.8 88.7 92.0 78.0 83.6 68.1 82.2 66.7 74.2 61.1 67.0 58.1 B +AB 57.5E I 55 AB 58.7 51.9 59 50.0 58.2 47.4 57.6 44.3 56.3 39.5 54.6 37.0 49.1 33.6 45.6 30.7 33.5 25.6 + 12.0 20.1 AB + A -14E I 16 A + 3.0 4.6 7.2 2.4 10.3 0.0 B = C8H8O2 (52) Tft-Toluic acid B 110.0 100.0 100.5 84.5 92.0 74.3 83.6 67.7 78.7m 64.1 74.9m 61.8 B +AB 2 79.3U I 64.7

B = C8H8O2.(Continued) 0 C I MoI % B AB 2 79.6 66. 7 78.9 61.8 78.3 60.2 78.3 59.5 78.0 58.7 76.2 55.6 75.9 54.1 72.2 50.9 71.6 49.9 68.8 47.1 62.3m 45.0 36.2m 36.3 AB2 + AB 62.5U| 46 AB 63.5m 50 61.8 42.5 58.4 39.7 55.6 36.4 54.0 34.8 52.7 34.0 46.5 30.8 37.5 27.1 20.8 22.4 AB + A 19oE I 16 A - 1.8 7.7 + 7.3 2.4 10.3 0.0 B = C8H8O2 (52) p-Toluic acid A 10.3 0.0 5.8 1.7 + 3.0 3.2 - 2.2 6.2 AB + A -15E I 13 AB + 7.5 14.7 18.0 16.8 53.0 21.2 58.7 23.0 77.5 28.1 88.5 32.8 94.9 37.1 98.9 42.2 99.5 45.5 AB +B 10OU I 46 B 100.2 46.8 111.2 49.6 116.0 51.3 127.0 55.2 137.5 59.6 143.7 62.9 154.7 71.0 167.5 84.2 180.2 100.0

B = C8H10O (52) 3, 4-Dimethylphenol 0 C I MoI % B A2B 58.3 16.1 72.8 20.3 84.8 25.3 89.4 30.4 90.0 33. 3 80.7 41.5 71.5 44.6 60.8 47.8 A 2 B + AB 2 53.8E I 50.7 AB2 63.4 54.4 68.9 60.2 70. O 66. 6 68.0 70.9 AB 2 +B 5OE 80 B 31.6 63.7 42.4 72.1 47.0 75.8 57.6 87.5 63.7 100.0 B = C8H10O (52) 2, 5-Dimethylphenol A2B 91.9 24.7 104.0 33.3 100.0 40.1 92.4 46.4 A 2 B + AB 90.5E I 48 AB 91.0 50 90.4 54.0 87.2 61.7 84.2 67.0 80.6 71.7 AB + B 67.9E I 81.1 B 71.0 91.1 74.0 100.0 B = C9H6O2 (52) Coumarin AB 14.0 35.2 24.0 38.4 32.3 42.6 34.5 46.2 35.5 50.0 32.7 54.2 AB +B 29E I 57 B 30.8 58.4 40.4 63.5 46.5 68.3 51.2 73.1

B = C9H6O2.-

B = CioHieO.— SO2Cl2 (Continued) B = C6H10O6 (49) 0 C I MoI % A Dimethyl tartrate 0 81.8 MoI % A mix. B C I MoI % B crys. + A5B4 53.4 80.7 B -60.0E[ 71.0 62.3 89.2 -38 100 A5B4 68.4 100.0 -39 98.3 -56.5 65.1 91.6 B = C10H14O (52) -41 -53.5 62.3 -43.5 87.9 Thymol -52.3 57.4 ? B -52.1 54.9 -43.5 84.7 42m 64.7 -52.2 52.4 -41.0 80.6 42m 72.2 -53.5 48.2 49 43m 83.3 B = C7H12O5 ( ) -55.0 46.9 Diethyl malonate 47.1 92.4 -50.0 46.5 49.6 100.0 B A5B4 + A2B3 -88 100 B = C13H10O (52) -55.5E| 45.5 -90 96.73 Benzophenone A2B3 A? AB -46.00 42.6 -82 91.66 39.1 29.6 -45.7 41.5 -74 88.59 48.7 32.6 -45.5 38.9 vis. 88-0 55.2 35.7 A2B3 + B 59.4 38.8 -46.5E 36.8 NO 61.9 42.6 B B = C2H6O (8) 63.9 46.2 -38.2 34.3 Methyl ether 64 50 -31.46 31.7 See Fig. 8, p. 212 63.0 54.1 -17 29.5 56.6 64.5 (179) 0.0 B = C 7Nâ H 7 NO 2 (21) AB + B ~ № o-Nitrotoluene 26.5E I 70.9 0 B = CH4O (U) C I MoI % B B Methyl alcohol A 38.0 79.8 See Fig. 9, p. 212 -40 20 42.1 88.7 -45 27 44.5 92.9 B = C2H6O (U) -50 32.5 46.4 96.4 Methyl ether — 55 37 47.8 100.0 See Fig. 10, p. 212 A + AB 2 B = C14H10O3 (52) H3PO4 -56.5E] 38.5 Benzoic anhydride B = C4H10O (135) AB 2 A2B Ether -55 40 0 25.0 15.8 C IMoI % B -50 46.5 55.4 26.5 A -47.5 50 58.7 31.5 38.4* 0.00 -44m 66.6 60 33.3 30.1 1.98 AB 2 + B 58.7 36.1 28.7 2.72 -46U I 54.5 A2B + AB 28.3 2.83 B 58.3E I 37.4 26.5 3.68 -40 58 AB 23.4 5.02 -35 61.5 59.1 37.8 21.0 6.38 -30 65 67.6 43.7 17.7 9.70 -25 70 70.5 50 17.5 9.89 -20 75 69.4 55.4 16.9 10.7 -15 82.5 64.3 62.2 A + A6B -10 93 57.3 67.6 16.OE I 12.7 - 7 100 AB + AB 2 A6B B = C10H16O (126) 51.3U| 72 17.5 13.0 Camphor AB2 22.1 13.45 51.0 73.5 MoI 25.5 13.95 0 50.0 77.2 C % A 27.5 14.15 49.2 81.0 «L I *S 28. 2 14. 32 45.3 85.7 A-rich mix. crys. 28.0 14.65 -10.2 -10.2 100.0 42.3 90.2 25.2 15.10 97.O -10.8 -12.0 38.9 94.8 24.5 15.16 -12.5 -16.5 93.7 AB 2 +B -15.5 -24.5 88.3 * The acid contains 3?E I 9? -21.5 -42.5 83.3 0.1-0.15 % H2O. The -29.0 -60.0 80.0 M. P. of the pure acid B -37.6 -60.0 75.4 must, therefore, be some39.5 I 100 (Continued) 0 C I MoI % B

1

-46.5

-60.0

73.5

what higher.

H8PO4.-(Corrf'd) B = C4Hi0O.(Continued)

B = C6H8ClN* (134) Aniline hydrochloride 0

C

I MoI % B C I MoI % B A A 6 B + A4B O 22E I : 31 A +AB A4B I 3OE I <1 23.9 15.58 AB 25.0 15.66 110.2 1 10 25.2 15.94 20 27.5 16.54 ! 122.5 129.3 30 28.4 17.50 AB -f B 29.8 18.94 132U I 41 30.0 19.68 B 29. 3 19. 90 157 50 17.2 20.72 166 58 14.0 21.95 0

PA B = CS2 ( 145 ) 0 C I MoI % A A? -20 3.70 O 8.54 4-17 25.7 B = C 6 H 6 (145) A? 17 0.88 80 3.80 B = C 7 H 8 (145) Toluene A? 17 1.41 111 6.04

AsBr3

B = C10H8 (133) Naphthalene

A 31 0.0 28.7 4.5 25.7 8.0 23.8 10.9 20.6 15.5 A + A2B 1?E I 20 A2B 18.8 24.9 19.2 27.0 19.5 30.0 19.6 32.0 19. 7 33.3 A2B + B 19.6E 34.0 B 21.6 35.0 28.0 40.3 33.6 45 39.9 50 50.6 60 59.4 70 67.4 80 73.9 90 80.0 100 A 16.3m 20.5 14.8m 22.0 11.8m 24.9 A +B

B = C 3 H 7 N0 2 *( 1 3 4 ) Urethane 0 C MoI % B A 31 I O A +B 4.4E I 42 B 48.3 I 100 B = C 6 H 6 O* (134) Phenol A 31 I O A +B 7.5E I 57 B 9.6mE| 27.0 40.8 I 100 B B = C 6 H 6 O 2 * (134) 14.4m 30.0 Resorcinol 16.Om 30.7 A 31 I O B = Ci0H8O* (134) A +B a-Naphthol 3OE I <1 A B 31 I O 60 20 A +B 78.5 40 '20.8E I 20 87.5 60 B 100.5 80 96 I 100 111 100 * Sandolini ni, cooper* Sandonnini, cooperating expert. ating expert.

SbCl3 B = C 2 H 4 O 2 (102) Acetic acid 0 C I MoI % A B 16.5 0.0 15 1.9 10 7.1 + 5 12.1 O 16.3 - 5 20.0 B +AB - 9 I 22.6 AB - 5 24.8 O 27.8 + 5 31.2 10 35.3 15 40.8 18 46.2 19 50.0 18m 53.6 15m 59.2 AB + A 18.7E| 51.3 A 5m 46.5 15m 50.0 25 53.9 35 58.8 45 64.3 55 73.0 65 84.0 70 92.5 73 100.0 B = C6H4Br2 (ioo) p-Dibromobenzene B 88 O 85 5.9 80 15.8 75 25.7 70 35.7 65 45.4 60 53.8 55 57.9 A +B 49.5E I 64.9 A 55 72.5 60 79.8 65 87.1 70 95.2 73 100.0 B = C6H4Br3N (106)

2,. 4, 6-Tribromoaniline B 119 O 110 19.6 100 33.7 90 44.6 71m 57.9

B = C6H4Br3N.(Continued) 0

C

I MoI % A

B +AB 80.5Ul 51.6 AB 80.5m 48.41 81m 50.0 75 62.1 70 67.0 60 74.5 A +AB 49E I 76.8 A 55 82.2 I 60 87.1 65 91.9 70 97.0 73 TOO B = C 6 H 4 Cl 2 (ioo) p-Dichlorobenzene B 54.5 O 50 6.3 45 15.5 40 28.8 B +A 39.5E I 29.5 A

45 50 55 60 65 70 73

37.5 46.4 56.0 66.5 78.1 91.1 100.0

B = C 6 H 4 N 2 O 4 (I 00 ) w-Dinitrobenzene B 90 O 80 14.3 70 25.3 60 33.8 50 40.7 40 45.6 30 49.8 B +AB 28.3E| 49.9 AB 28. 5 50. O 27.5 55.0 25.0 60.2 AB + A 21.0EJ 65.5 A 30 68.8 40 73.2 50 78.5 60 85.8 70 95.2 73 100.0 B 20m 53.6 +1Om 57.0

B = C6H4N2O4.(Continued) 0

C

I MoI % A

B -llm I 62.2 A +B + ImE 59.9

A -10m + 1Om 20m

57.7 62.4 65.2 AB

20m 15m 10m 5m Om

66.2 70.2 73.5 76.0 78.1

B = C6H5Br (ioo) Bromobenzene B -31 O -35m 6.4 B + AB -32.5E| 3.4 AB -30 4.8 -25 7.6 -20 10.7 -15 14.1 -10 17.8 - 5 21.7 O 26.6 AB + A + 3U I 31.8 AB 5m 37.1 6m 41.9 6.5m 45.4 7.0m 50 A

10 20 30 40 50 60 65 70 73

36.4 43.2 50.8 59.2 68.8 80.6 87.2 95.0 100.0

B = C6H5Cl (ioo) Chlorobenzene B -45.2 I O B +AB -47E I 2.2 AB -40 3.6 -30 6.0 -20 9.0 -15 11.6 -10 14.4 - 5 19.4 + 4m 41.4 AB + A OU I 28.1

B = C6H5Cl.(Continued) 0

C

I MoI % A A

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 73

32.5 38.7 47.1 56.2 66.6 78.7 94.3 100.0

B = C6H5F (109) Fluorobenzene B -39.2 I O B + AB -40.5E| 1.0 AB -35 1 2.3 -25 5.0 -15 8.1 -10 10.4 - 5 13.2 O 18.1 + 8m 33.1 10m 50.0 AB + A 5.5U| 26.5 A

15 25 35 45 55 65 73

32.8 40.6 49.5 59.3 71.3 86.3 100.0

B = C6H5I (ioo) lodobenzene B -28.6 O -30.0 2.4 B +AB -34.5E| 12 AB -25 16.4 -15 24.6 - 5 39.1 AB + A - 4U i 41.5 A + 5 44.5 15 48.7 25 53.9 35 60.1 45 67.5 55 76.2 65 87.4 70 95.0 73 100.0 B -40m I 22.2 A + B -45mE| 28 4

B = C6H6L(Continued) 0 C Mol % A A -35m 30.9 -25m 33.9 -15m 37.2 - 5m 40.7 AB - 3m I 47.2 B = C 6 H 5 NO 2 (io«) Nitrobenzene B + 6 O + 2 7.0 - 2 12.1 - 6 16.5 -10 20.3 -14 23.5 -18m 26.2 B +AB -16.5E| 25.2 AB -13.5 27.3 -10.5 29.8 - 7.5 35.2 - 6.5 40.7 - 6.0 50.0 AB + A - 6.5E| 52.7 A -15m 50.2 - 5 52.8 -f 5 55.8 15 59.2 25 63.0 35 67.6 45 72.8 55 79.0 65 87.2 70 92.7 73 100.0 B = C6H6(100) B 5.6 O 4 2.6 B +A2B IE I 7.1 A2B 10 10.1 20 13.1 30 16.8 40 21.4 50 27.2 60 34.7 70 45.2 75 53.1 77.5 58.7 79 66.6 77.5 73.4 75 78.5 70 83.3 A2B + A 62E I 89.3

B — CeHe.—

(Continued) 0 C MoI % A A 67.5 94.2 73 100.0 B = C6H6BrN (106)

p-Bromoaniline B 63.5 I O B +AB 3 62E 2.1 AB3 81 5.4 91 8.9 95.5 11.5 103 18.7 105 23.5 105.5 25.0 105 27.3 102 32.9 96 38.2 90 41.6 73 46.0 68 49.8 57 52.0 49 54.4 A 46 78.6 63 88.6 70 94.7 73 100 B = C 6 H 6 O (Hi) Phenol B 41 0.0 35 7.4 30 12.5 25 17.0 20 20.8 15 24.3 10 27.5 B +A 2 B 5E I 30.3 A2B 10 33.6 15 36.9 20 40.5 25 44.7 30 50.2 35 58.7 37 66.6 A2B + A 36.5E I 68.4 A 45 73.5 55 80.0 60 83.6 65 89.4 70 95.7 73 100.0 B = C6H6O3S (ii°) Ben zenesulf onic acid

B = C6H6O3S.(Continued) 0 C MoI % A B 52.5 0.0 45 13.1 35 25.1 25 35.1 + 5m 47.0 - 5m 51.6 B +A +13E I 43.4 A - 5m 38.5 + 5m 41.2 25 47.6 35 53.1 45 61.0 55 71.8 65 87.0 70 94.5 73 100.0 B = C 6 H 7 N (112) Aniline B - 6 I O B +AB 4 - 7.2E| 0.5 AB6 Om 1.8 + 7m 3.5 AB 4 O 1.0 10 2.0 20 3.0 30 4.1 40 5.4 50 6.9 60 8.7 70 10.9 75 13.1 AB4 + AB3 77U I 14.7 AB3 80 16.3 85 20.5 88 25.0 AB3 + AB2 87 I 26.2 AB2 90 27.4 93 29.8 94. 5 33. 3 93 37.2 AB2 + AB 89.5 I 40.1 AB 95 43.0 98 46.5 100. 5 50. O 98 55.1 90 59.2 80 62.6 70 65.6 60 68.4 50 71.0 40 73.6

B = C6H7N,(Continued) 0 C MoI % A AB + A 31E I 75.0 A 40 78.6 50 83.2 60 89.1 70 96.5 73 100.0 B = C6H10 (i°4) Tetrahydrobenzene A -25 7.9 -15 10.3 - 5 13.3 + 5 17.5 15 23.0 25 30.0 35 39.0 45 50.3 55 64.9 65 82.9 73 IQQ. O B = C6H12 (104) Cyclohexane B 6.4 I O A +B 6.OE I 0.08 A 20 0.4 30 0.9 40 1.6 50 2.6 60 3.8 Two liquid phases 70 5.992.3 80 8.390.2 90 11.387.1 100 15.182.5 110 20.176.1 120 28.364.4 124 34.754.7 125.5crit. 44.1 A 73 I 100.0 B = C7H5ClO (102) Benzoyl chloride B - 0.5 0.0 - 5 11.8 -10 20.1 -15 26.6 B +A -23E i 33.3 A -15 35.7 - 5 38.6 + 5 42.1 15 46.3 25 51.4 35 57.7 45 65.5 55 74.7

B = C7H5ClO.(Continued) 0 C I MoI % A A 65 86.6 70 94.6 73 100.0 B = C7H5N (105) Benzonitrile B -13.2 O -16.0 4.9 -25.Om 12.6 B +AB -19.0E| 8.6 AB -10 11.2 O 15.2 + 5 18.1 10

22.2

15 29.1 20 43.1 21. 5 50. O 20.0 54.1 AB + A 15E I 63.3 A 25 67.0 35 71.0 45 75.8 55 82.3 65 91.7 70 96.4 73 IQO. Q

B = C7H6O (105) Benzaldehyde AB 10 26.3 20 29.5 30 34.0 35 37.0 40 41.5 42 44.5 43. 5 50. O 42 54.8 40 57.9 35 62.2 30 65.9 AB + A +25E I 69.1 A - 5m 63.7 + 5m 65.1 15m 66.9 35 72.1 45 76.3 55 81.8 65 89.3 70 96.2 73 100.0 B = C 7 H 6 O 2 (102) Benzoic acid B 120 O 110 14.1 100 25.5

B = C7H6O2.(Continued) 0 C I MoI % A B 90 35.0 80 43.4 70 50.8 60 57.5 B +A 46E I 65.6 A 50 71.0 60 82.0 70 93.3 73 100.0 B = C7H7Cl (107) o-Chlorotoluene B -36.2 I 0.0 B +AB -37.5E) 4.0 AB -30 6.4 -20 10.8 -10 18.5 - 5 24.9 + 2m 44.0 3m 50.0 + 2m 53.7 AB + A - 0.5U[ 34.1 A + 10 39.1 20 44.2 30 50.4 40 58.6 50 69.0 60 81.0 70 ' 95.3 73 IQQ.Q B = C7H7Cl (107) m-Chlorotoluene B -47.2 I 0.0 B +AB -49E I 4.0 AB -40 7.2 -30 12.3 -20 20.2 -IQm 37.1 - 9m 41.2 AB + A -14U i 27.2 A O 32.5 + 10 37.3 20 43.4 30 51.0 40 59.5 50 69.2 60 81.4 70 95.7 73 100.0

B = C7H7NO2.B = C7H8.- (Conïd) 0 (Continued) C Mol % A B = C7H7Cl (io?) 0 C I MoI % A A2B p-Chlorotoluene 0 A 41.5 61.4 C Mol % A 42. 5 66. 6 50 77.8 B 41.5 69.4 60 86.0 6.2 O A2B + A 70 96.1 + 3 7.4 40.0E| 71.1 73 100.0 O 14.4 A - 3 20.8 B = C 7 H 7 NO 2 (107) 50.0 77.7 - 6 26.6 p-Nitrotoluene 60.0 83.8 B +A B 70.0 94.7 - 7.5E| 30.2 52.5 0.0 73.0 100.0 A 50 4.4 O 33.3 B = C7H8O (in) 45 12.0 + 10 37.8 Methyl phenyl 40 18.2 20 43.7 ether 35 22.9 30 50.6 30 27.3 B 40 58.9 -34 I O 20 33.3 50 69.7 B +AB + 10 37.9 60 81.3 ' Om 41.7 -36.5E 6.1 70 95.7 - 1Om 44.7 AB 73 100.0 B +AB -30 8.3 B = C 7 H 7 NO 2 (io?) + 7.5E 39.3 -20 11.8 o-Nitrotoluene AB -10 15.8 O 20.5 7.5 50.O B + 10 26.4 5 54.0 - 8.5 O AB + A 20 34.8 -13.5 7.1 + 3E I 57.1 23 39.1 B +AB AB + A2B A -18.5E| 12.0 -2Om 52.0 25U I 45.1 AB Om 56.4 A2B -10 14.0 + 10 58.8 30 47.8 O 17.3 35 52.4 20 61.6 + 10 21.2 30 65.3 40 59.9 20 27.7 41. 5 66. 6 40 70.7 25 32.3 38.5m 73.1 50 76.8 30 38.3 A2B + A 60 85.1 33 43.1 4OE I 72.7 70 95.6 34.5 50.0 A 73 100.0 33 56.2 1Om 62.1 30 "61.3 B = C7H8 (95) 2Om 64.8 AB + A Toluene 3Om 68.0 27.5EJ 63.9 B 50 78.2 A -93 I O 60 84.6 1Om 58.8 B +AB 65 88.9 2Om 61.5 -94E I 0.5 70 96.1 30 65.3 AB ; 73 100.0 40 69.8 -80 0.9 50 76.1 B = C8H8O (102) -70 1.4 60 85.1 Acetophenone -60 2.1 70 95.6 B -50 3.3 73 100.0 19.5 0.0 -40 5.1 B = C 7 H 7 NO 2 (107) 15 8.1 -30 7.2 m-Nitrotoluene -20 10.0 10 13.7 B -10 14.4 5 17.8 B +AB O 22.1 16 O IE I 19.8 + 6 28.6 + 10 10.0 AB AB + A 2 B O 20.9 UU I 35.7 5 20.1 -10 27.8 A2B 15 22.5 -20 31.3 - 8m 27.0 vis. 32-55 25 24.6 + Im 31.0 35 27.1 A 20 40.5 O 55.2 45 31.7 30 47.6 +20 61.5 50 35.3 30 66.2 35 52.6 55 39.5 40 59.3 40 71.3 60 46.8

SbCl3.- (CWd)

B = C8H8O.(Continued) 0 C I MoI % A AB 60. 5 50.0 60 53.4 55 59.7 50 63.7 45 67.0 AB + A 32E I 73.5 -2Om Om +2Om 3Om 40 50 60 70 73

60.2 64.0 69.5 73.1 77.2 82.5 88.5 96.7 100.0

B = C8H10 (95) Ethylbenzene B +AB -93E I 0.1 AB -70 0.3 -50 0.6 -30 1.1 -20 2.1 -10 3.6 O 5.6 +10 9.4 15 12.8 20 16.8 25 21.0 30 27.2 35 36.4 37 41.9 39 50 37 57.7 AB + A2B 35E I 61.6 A2B 36 63.0 37 66.6 A2B + A 36.8E| 68.1 A 40 70.3 50 77.3 60 85.5 65 90.3 70 95.6 73 100.0 A2B 15m 37.8 25m 47.5 3Om 53.0 AB + A 33mE I 65.7 B = C8H10 (loi) o-Xylene B -29 O -32 4.4

13 ^= C 8 HiO.—

(Continued) 0 C I MoI % A B +AB -35E I 7.1 AB -30 9.0 -20 13.4 -10 18.7 O 26.4 + 10 36.4 A2B + AB 19.5U| 50.0 A2B 8 43.0 25 53.7 30 59.0 32.5 63.0 33. 5 66. 6 32.5 68.0 A2B + A 31.5E| 69.0 A 40 73.0 50 78.6 55 82.0 60 85.4 65 89.1 68 92.6 71 96.6 73 100.0 B = C8H10 (loi) m-Xylene B -57 ] O B +AB -60.5E| 3.6 AB -55 5.0 -45 8.2 -35 12.2 -25 16.5 -15 21.5 - 5 29.1 AB + A2B - 4U 31 A2B + 5 34.6 15 40.0 25 47.2 30 52.6 33 56.8 36 61.9 38 66.6 A2B + A 36.5E| 70.6 A 40 1 72.1 50 76.9 55 79.8 60 83.5 65 87.9 68 91.4 70 94.3 72 98.0 73 100.0

B = C8H10.— (Continued) 0 C I MoI % A AB 5m 42.2 + 7.om 50.0 A2B -15m 27.2 - 5m 30.6 A + 19m 64.3 3Om 68.0 B = C8H10 (loi) p-Xylene B 14 I O B +AB 11.7E I 5.6 AB 20 9.0 30 14.4 35 17.8 40 21.8 45 27.0 50 34.0 AB + A2B 55U I 43.1 A2B 60 47.9 65 53.1 67.5 57.9 70 66.6 67.5 73.5 65 78.0 61.5 81.5 A2B + A 58E I 84.4 A 61.5 86.7 65 90.0 69 94.3 73 100.0 B 10m I 11.2 B +A 2 B 7m I 18.6 A2B 15m 22.1 25m 27.1 35m 32.2 45m 37.5 AB 56m I 60 B = C8H10O (Hi) Phenetole B -28.6 I O B +AB -29E I 0.7 AB -20 2.5 -10 4.5 O 7.1 + 10 10.7 20 16.7

B = C8Hi0O.(Continued) 0 C I Mol % A AB 25 20.7 30 26.2 35 33.0 40 42.7 42. 2 50.0 40 54.8 35 64.8 30m 71.6 26m 75.2 AB + A 33E I 67.5 A 30m 66.0 40 71.6 50 78.2 60 85.9 65 90.5 70 95.3 73 100.0 B=C 9 H 12 (ioi) Mesitylene B -54.4 I O B +AB -55.6E] 0.8 AB -40 1.6 -30 2.6 -20 3.9 -10 5.4 O 7.8 -flO 12.2 20 17.8 30 25.8 35 31.4 AB + A 2 B 38U I 35.9 A2B 45 38.5 55 43.3 65 50.0 70 55.2 73 59.4 75.5 66.6 73 73.1 70 78.1 65 82.1 A2B + A 58.5E| 87.1 A 63 89.2 68 93.9 70 96.2 73 100.0 B = C9H12 (»S) n-Propy !benzene A2B -70 0.2 -60 0.7 -50 1.5 -40 3.0 -30 5.5

B — C9H12.— (Continued) 0 C I MoI % A A2B -20 9.7 -15 12.7 -10 16.2 - 5 20.5 O 26.2 + 5 35.6 7 41.6 A2B + A 8.5E I 53.2 A 10 53.6 20 56.4 30 60.6 40 65.5 50 72.0 60 81.0 65 86.8 70 95.1 73 100.0 AB -70m 0.6 -60m 1.3 -50m 2.8 -40m 5.2 -30m 8.8 -20m 14.8 -15m 19.0 -10m 25.1 - 5m 32.4 Om 43.3 + 1.5m 50.0 AB + A 1.OmE I 51.1 A Om I 51.0 B = C9H12 (ioi) Pseudocumene B -57.4 O -58.5 6.3 B +AB -60.0E| 10.8 AB -45.0 14.1 -35.0 17.0 -25 20.9 -15 26.3 -10 30.3 - Im 41.8 Om 50 AB + A 2 B - 5U I 35.3 A2B -15m 33.1 + 5 37.5 15 40.0 25 42.9 35 46.6 45 51.8 50 55.2 55 61.8 56 66.6 55 71.4

B = C9H12.— (Continued) 0 C I MoI % A A2B + A 51E I 78.8 A 55 81.3 60 84.4 65 89.1 70 95.4 73 100.0 B = Ci0H7Br (108) a-Bromonaphthalene B +3 I 0.0 B +AB - IE I 7.6 AB + 10 12.0 15 14.7 20 17.7 25 22.4 30 28.6 33 36.7 34. 5 50. O 33 60.0 AB + A 31.5E| 63.5 A 40 68.3 50 75.2 55 79.4 60 83.8 65 88.6 70 94.5 73 100.0 B = C10H7Cl (108) a-Chloronaphthalene B -17 I 0.0 B +A 2 B -21E I 6.0 A2B -10 8.6 O 11.3 + 10 14.5 20 18.8 25 21.8 30 26.2 35 31.9 40 39.8 42.5 45.4 45 53.2 46 60.0 46 66.6 A2B + A >46E I 68.3 A 50 72.1 55 77.2 60 82.3 65 88.4 70 95.3 73 100.0

B = C10H7Cl (108) /3-Chloronaphthalene 0 C I MoI % A B 56 O 50 12.1 45 20.7 40 28.0 35 33.8 30 39.3 20m 48.5 16.5m 50.9 B +AB 25E I 44.3 AB 28.5 47.6 29. 5 50. O 29.0 53.1 AB + A 28.OE I 56.0 A 16.5m 50.9 20.Om 52.2 25 54.5 30 57.4 35 60.8 40 64.7 45 69.0 50 73.6 55 78.4 60 83.5 65 89.2 70 95.7 73 100.0 B = C10H7NO2

a-Nitronaphthalene (108) B 57 0.0 50 10.7 45 17.5 40 22.9 35 27.1 25m 33.0 B +AB 3OE I 30.4 AB 35 37.2 37.5 43.4 39. O 50. O 37.5 58.3 AB + A 34.5E I 66.8 A 30.0 64.7 40.0 69.8 45.0 73.0 50.0 76.5 55.0 80.2 60.0 84.4 65.0 89.4 70.0 95.6 73.0 100.0

B = C10H8 (108) Naphthalene 0 C I MoI % A B 79.4 0.0 75 9.2 70 17.1 65 23.7 B +A2B 59E I 29.9 A2B 65 34.4 70 39.0 75 44.8 80 51.3 85 61.9 86 66.6 85 73.0 80 80.0 75 85.0 70 88.3 A2B + A 65E I 90.0 A 70 95.4 73 I 100.0 B = Ci0H14 (ioi) p-Cymene B -75 I O B +AB -76.5E| 1.2 AB -60 2.9 -50 4.6 -40 6.7 -30 9.3 -20 13.6 -10 20.5 - 5 25.5 AB + A2B - 3.5U| 29.2 A2B +10 33.8 20 39.0 30 47.3 35 53.2 A2B + A 4OU I 65.7 A Om 50.9 10m 53.9 20m 57.2 30m 61.0 50 71.7 60 80.0 65 85.3 70 93.8 73 100.0 B = C11H16 (95) Amylbenzene AB -80 3.0 -70 5.4

B = Ci1H1B-— (Continued) 0 C I MoI % A AB -60 8.4 -50 12.4 -40 17.9 AB + A2B -35E 22.5 A2B -25 29.3 -15 36.6 A2B + A - 5E I 45.6 A O 46.3 + 10 48.8 20 52.5 30 57.3 40 63.4 50 71.4 60 81.7 65 88.0 70 95.5 73 100.0 AB -30m 27.3 -25m 34.4 -22m 40.7 -20.5m 50.0 -22m 54.0 A2B -45m 17.1 -35m 22.8 Om 52.3 + 5m 60.3 7.5m 66.6 AB + A -2ImE 44.2 A -IQm .| 44.9 B = C12H10 (103) Diphenyl B 70.5 0.0 65 10.0 60 18.8 55 25.5 B +A 2 B 5OE I 31.1 A2B 55 36.0 60 41.8 65 49.4 70 62.0 71 66.6 70 71.1 65 80.2 A2B + A 57E I 84.4 A 65 89.7 70 95.1 73 100.0

B = CisHi2.—

B — Ci4Hi4.— B = C2H4O2.(Continued) (Continued) 0 0 C I MoI % A C |Mol % A A + A4B A 66.4E 10 20.2 A A4B 20 23.1 73.0 I 100.0 30 26.2 69.4 91.10 A+A4B 40 30.5 74.6 86.11 65.6E I 95.0 50 35.7 76.5 83.60 A4B 60 43.0 77.3 80.96 71.8 92.0 70 52.6 77.2 78.71 74.2 89.93 80 69.4 75.9 74.00 79.5 85.00 90 90.0 A B + A B 4 2 80.0 83.63 94 100.0 74.2E I 73.83 80. 7 80. OO A2B 78.3 75.01 B = C6H4Cl2 (ioo) 74.7 71.25 76.1 69.67 p-Dichlorobenzene j 76.0 67.01 65.4 59.97 B 75.6 65.90 59.2 50.16 54.5 O 72.9 57.45 A4B + B 51.5 6.3 71.4 53.70 50.5E 40.09 B +A 66.4 47.12 B 48.5E I 12.8 59.7 38.29 54.8 29.93 51.8 32.10 I 55 18.7 59.2 19.94 A2B + B 60 23.5 63.1 9.98 43.3E I 23.85 65 29.5 68.0 0.0 B = C14H10O2 (154) B 70 37.0 Benzil 48.9 9.66 75 45.6 B = C13H10O (102) A 51.5 0.0 * 80 56.2 Benzophenone 73.0 100.0 85 68.9 B 68.5 96.45 90 85.2 48 0.0 B = C19H16 (103) 61.0 90.47 94 I 100.0 45 6.3 Triphenylmethane 51.0 84.62 B = C6H4Br2 (ioo) 40 13.4 37.0 78.24 B p-Dibromobenzene B +AB ? 92 0.0 B 35E I 17.7 vis. I 75-50 85 12.9 AB 88 O B 80 20.5 85 6.8 45 22.O 31.0 48.26 70 33.5 80 18.0 55 26.7 54.0 40.0 60 44.1 75 29.5 65 32.5 i 69.4 30.59 50 51.5 70 41.5 70 37.1 84.0 16.81 42m 56.0 B +A 75 46.1 AB 94.0 0.0 65E 52.0 76 50.0 48.5m 45.2 B = C14H12 (154) A 75 53.5 49. 5m 50. O Stilbene 70 59.1 70 62.3 B +AB A 75 66.5 65 66.8 49.3U 52.0 73.0 100.0 80 74.4 55 72.3 AB 65.2 90.0 85 83.O 45 76.6 48.5 ] 56.4 A +A2B 90 91.8 AB + A 45.0 64.6 46.4E 80.0 92 95.4 39E I 79.3 40.0 70.0 A2B 94 100.0 A AB + A 83.6 75.0 B = C H 10m 1 69.5 6 4Br3N 35E I 73.6 96.3 70.0 2, 4, 6-Tribromoani20m 72.2 A 97.3 67.98 line (106) 30m 75.8 45 77.9 97. 3 66. 6 B 40 80.1 55 83.4 88.5 60.00 50 84.6 119 O 65 91.1 58.58 83.8 60 89.6 110 19.1 70 96.4 A2B + B 70 96.8 100 34.2 73 100.0 75.5E I 73 100.0 90 46.9 B 80 57.4 80.7 50.00 B = C13H12 (103) SbBr3 70 65.2 100.5 32.46 B = C2H4O2 (102) Diphenylmethane B +A 125.0 0.0 B Acetic acid 62 I 69.9 A B = C14H14 (154) B 26 I O 70 75.7 B +A 2 B Dibenzyl 16.5 0.0 80 83.4 22.5E I 6.0 A 15.0 23 85 87.7 A2B 10 10.2 73.0 100.0 90 93.2 B +A 71.2 98.14 30 7.7 94 100.0 4E I 18.5 68.1 95 03 40 11.3

SbCl3.- (Cont'd) B = Ci2H10N2 (154) Azobenzene 0 C I MoI % A

(Continued) 0 C I MoI % A A2B 50 15.7 60 20.6 70 27.3 80 35.2 85 40.0 90 45.6 95 52.6 98 59.1 100 66.6 98 72.6 95 77.4 90 83.0 85 86.4 80 89.O 75 91.2 A2B + A 67E I 94.3 A 70 97.0 73 100.0

B = C6H4N2O4

(100)

m-Dinitrobenzene 0 C I MoI % A B 90 O 85 8.1 80 16.2 75 24.2 70 31.8 65 38.5 60 44.3 55 49.1 50 53.0 B +A 47.5E 54.4 A 50 56.1' 55 58.8 60 62.2 65 66.2 70 70.8 75 76.0 80 81.7 85 87.8 90 94.2 94 100.0 B = C6H5Br (ioo) Bromobenzene B -31 O B +A - 32E I 2.6 A - 25 4.4 - 15 6.9 - 5 9.9 + 5 13.4 15 17.4 25 22.2 35 27.7 45 34.4 55 42.6 65 52.6 75 65.2 85 81.1 90 90.0 94 100.0 B = C6H5Cl (ioo) Chlorobenzene B -45.2 I O B + A -47E 1.7 A -40 2.2 -30 3.2 -20 4.3 -10 5.6 O 7.2 + 10 9.2 20 11.8 30 15.4 40 20.8

B = C6H5Cl.(Continued) 0 C MoI % A A 50 28.1 60 37.6 70 50.0 80 66.6 90 89.6 94 100.0 B = C6H5F (109) Fluorobenzene B -39.2 I 0.0 B +A -39.5E 0.3 A -25 1.0 -15 1.8 - 5 2.7 + 5 3.7 15 5.1 25 6.9 35 9.3 45 13.0 55 19.3 65 29.2 70 41.7 75 54.1 80 66.3 85 78.8 90 90.4 94 100.0 B = C6H5I (i 00 ) lodobenzene B -28.6 O -30.3 4.0 B +A -32E I 8.7 A -20 13.5 -10 17.5 O 22.7 + 10 26.3 20 31.5 30 37.5 40 43.7 50 50.7 60 58.5 70 67.0 80 78.2 90 91.9 94 100.0 B = C 6 H 6 NO 2 Nitrobenzene (ioo) B 6 O + 1 8.6 - 4 17.0 - 9 24.0 -17m 31.9 B +A -15E I 29.7

B = C6H6NO2. (Continued) 0 C I Mol % A A - 5 32.3 + 5 35.3 15 38.8 25 42.8 35 47.4 45 52.8 55 59.1 65 66.4 75 74.9 85 86.0 90 93.0 94 100.0 B = C6H6 (ioo) B 5.6 i O B +A 2 B 4.5E| 1.9 A2B 15 3.0 25 4.3 35 6.0 45 8.6 55 12.1 65 17.1 75 24.9 80 30.7 85 38.4 90 48.2 91.5 58.1 92.5 66.6 91.5 73.7 90 76.7 A2B + A 85E I 84.9 A 90 91.4 92 94.8 94 100.0 B = C6H6BrN jo-Bromoaniline (106)

A 94 92 83 69 35

100 92.0 86.0 77.5 69.0 B

40 52 57 61.5 62.5 63.5

22.1 16.1 11.5 4.8 1.4 O

B = CoH6O (Hi) Phenol B 41.0 0.0 37.5 3.8 35.0 7.0 32.5 11.1 30.0 14.8

B = C6H6O.(Continued) 0 C I MoI % A B +A 2 B 28.5E 17.4 A2B 35 20.1 40 22.6 45 26.1 50 30.5 55 37.3 60 45.2 65 58.8 A2B + A 66.5E I 66.6 A 75 74.6 85 85.8 90 94.0 94 100.0

B = C6Hi2.— I B = C7H5N.(Continued) (Continued) 0 0 C I MoI % A C I MoI % A A A 85 89.3 60 1.8 70 2.2 90 96.5 80 3.2 94 100.0 90 4.3 B = C7H0O (105) 94 100 Benzaldehyde Two liquid phases AB 92.5 4.790.6 -20 15.4 100 6.388.7 O 19.7 110 7.686.6 +10 22.7 120 9.684.3 20 26.0 130 11.981.7 30 30.7 140 14.578.6 35 34.8 150 17.674.9 40 41.5 160 21.369.1 41. 5 50. O 170 27.958.5 40 56.2 173 31.553.4 AB + A 175crit. 39.9 37.8E| 61.7 B = C6H6O3S A B = C7H5ClO (102) Benzenesulfonic 45 64.3 Benzoyl chloride acid (UO) 55 68.4 B B 65 73.8 0.5 O 52.5 O 75 80.9 3 8.6 50.0 7.6 85 89.1 B +A 47.5 13.5 90 94.1" 6E I 15.6 B +A 94 100.0 A 44.OE I 20.5 B = C 7 H 6 O 2 (102) + 10 21.5 A Benzoic acid 20 25.9 50.0 22.2 30 31.2 B 60.0 26.8 40 37.5 120 I 0.0 70.0 34.8 50 44.8 115 7.8 75.0 40.5 60 53.3 110 16.5 80.0 48.7 105 25.5 70 64.8 85.0 60.0 100 34.9 80 77.0 90.0 80.7 90 89.6 95 44.7 94.0 100.0 90 54.0 94 100.0 85 62.4 B = C6H10 (104) B = C7H5N (107) B +A Tetrahydrobenzene Benzonitrile 79E I 70.5 A B A -5 3.0 -13.2 O 85 80.0 +5 3.3 -16 6.3 90 90.0 15 3.8 -22m 16.3 94 100.0 25 5.1 -27m 21.0 35 6.8 B = C7H7Cl (107) B +AB 45 9.3 o-Chlorotoluene -18E 10.4 55 13.7 B AB 65 21.9 -36.2 0.0 -10 13.7 70 29.4 B +A O 17.8 75 42.3 -38.5E| 4.1 +10 22.9 80 55.7 A 20 29.3 85 70.0 -30 4.9 30 36.5 90 83.1 -20 6.0 35 41.7 94 100.0 -10 7.4 38 50.0 O 9.2 B = C6H12 (104) AB + A +10 11.5 +35E I 57.2 Cyclohexane, 20 14.3 B A 30 18.3 - 5m 47.7 6.4 I 0.0 40 23.6 + 5m 49.3 B +A 50 31.1 15m 51.3 6.OE I 0.07 60 41.0 25m 54.0 A 70 55.4 45 61.2 20 0.3 80 72.1 55 66.5 30 0.5 90 90.0 65 73.3 40 0.8 94 100.0 75 81.0 50 1.3

B = C7H7Cl (107) m- Chlor otoluene 0 C I MoI % A B -47.8 I 0.0 B +A -5OE I 3.0 A -40 3.6 -30 4.4 -20 5.5 -10 6.9 O 8.7 + 10 11.0 20 13.7 30 17.3 40 22.4 50 29.6 60 39.2 70 52.8 80 72.1 90 90.0 94 100.0 B = C7H7Cl (107) 2?-Chlorotoluene B 6.2 0.0 4.5 4.5 A +B 2.5 I 9.7 A 10 11.7 20 14.5 30 18.6 40 23.8 50 31.3 60 41.1 70 55.4 80 72.1 90 90.0 94 100 B = C 7 H 7 NO 2 o-Nitrotoluene (107)

B - 8.5 0.0 -11 4.4 B +AB -13.5E| 8.5 AB -10 9.5 O 12.7 + 10 17.5 15 21.1 20 25.9 25 32.2 30 43.3 AB + A 31U I 46.9 A 30m 46.5 40 51.1 50 56.6 60 63.1 70 70.6

B = C7H7NO2.(Continued) 0 C I MoI % A A 80 79.9 90 93.1 94 100.0 B = C7H7NO2 w-Nitrotoluene (107)

B 16 O 15 2.2 10 10.8 + 5 20.1 O 25.2 - 5 30.2 B +A - 9E I 33.6 A O 35.8 + 10 39.0 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 94

42.4 46.2 51.1 56.6 63.1 70.6 79.9 93.1 100.0

B = C7H7NO2 p-Nitrotoluene (107)

B 52.5 O 50 5.0 45 13.8 40 21.7 35 28.0 30 32.7 25 36.9 20 40.7 B +A 16E I 43.0 A 20 44.3 30 48.7 40 53.6 50 59.2 60 65.5 70 72.5 80 81.0 90 93.7 94 100.0

B = C7H8 O»*) Toluene B -93 I O B +AB -93.5E| 0.3 AB -80 0.7 -70 1.2 -60 1.8 -50 2.6

SbBr3.- (Confa] B = C7H8.- (Confa) 0 C I MoI % A AB -40 3.7 -30 5.2 -20 8.2 -10 13.3 - 5 17.7 AB + A 2 B - IU I 22.4 A2B +10 28.8 20 36.7 34m 54.0 A2B + A 3OU I 47.5 A 40 51.5 50 56.3 60 62.3 70 69.4 80 79.4 85 85.2 90 92.6 94 100.0 B = C7H8O (Hi) Phenyl methyl ether B -34 I O

B-FAB

-35E

I AB

0.7

-30 1.7 -20 3.8 -10 6.3 O 9.8 +10 15.1 15 18.9 20 23.4 25 30.4 29 40.0 30. 5 50.0 AB + A 3OE I 51.0 A 12m 45.2 2Om 47.8 40 55.0 50 59.4 60 64.8 70 73.3 80 81.2 90 93.6 94 100.0

B = C8H8O (102) Acetophenone B 19.5 O 15 8.9 10 15.4 5 20.6 AB + B 1.5E| 24.0

B = C8H8O.(Continued) 0

C

I MoI % A

AB 10 26.6 20 30.4 30 36.6 35 42.5 37.5 50.0 35 56.8 AB + A 31E I 62.7 A 40 64.6 50 67.5 60 71.1 70 76.5 80 84.3 90 94.2 94 100.0

B = C8H10 (95) Ethylbenzene B +AB -93E I 0.1 AB -70 0.25 -60 0.4 -50 0.6 -40 1.0 -30 1.5 -20 2.3 -10 3.9 O 6.4 + 10 9.8 15 . 13.2 20 19.5 25 28.6 AB + A 29E I 37.8 A 40 44.6 50 51.6 60 59.8 70 67.4 80 77.4 85 85.0 90 92.6 94 100.0 B = C8H10 (loi) o-Xylene B -29 I O B +AB -33E I 3.4 AB -20 5.7 -10 8.7 O 13.5 + 5 17.2 10 21.8 15 28.0 20 37.0 24 50.0 AB + A 22.5E 52.0

13 — C8HiO*—

(Continued) 0

C

I MoI % A A

Om 1Om 2Om 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 94

46.0 48.6 51.4 54.6 58.1 62.0 66.6 72.7 81.3 93.0 100.0

B = C8Hi0 (i 01 ) m-Xylene B -57 I O B +AB -59.2E) 2.0 AB -45 3.4 -35 4.7 -25 6.8 -15 10.0 - 5 15.8 O 20.3 + 5 27.5 10 38.8 13. 5m 50.0 AB + A 13U I 47 A - 5m 43.5 + 5m 45.3 15 25 35 45 55 65 75 85 90 94

47.7 50.5 53.6 57.5 62.2 68.3 75.4 85.6 93.2 IQO. O

B - C8H10 (loi) p-Xylene B 14 O 12 5.5 B +A2B 1OE 10.5 A2B 20 14.5 30 18.8 40 24.8 50 33.9 60 45.6 65 55.5 66.5 60.3 67.5 66.6 A2B + A 66.5E 68.9

I

B = C8H10.(Continued)

0

C

[ MoI % A A

70 75 80 85 88 91 94

71.4 75.8 81.2 86.9 91.1 95.0 I 100.0

B = C8H10O (IH) Phenetole B -28.6 I 0.0 B +AB -29E I 0.55 AB -20 0.9 -10 1.7 O 2.8 +10 4.8 20 7.4 30 12.1 35 16.5 40 22.5 45 32.6 47 40.4 48. 8 50. O AB + A 47E I 54.0 A 1Om 37.0 2Om 40.9 3Om 45.2 4Om 50.0 50 55.5 60 62.2 70 70.0 80 80.0 90 92.6 94 I 100.0 B == C9H12 (loi) Mesitylene B -54.4 I O B +AB -55.2E| 0.7 AB -40 0.9 -30 1.2 -20 1.9 -10 3.2 O 5.9 + 10 10.2 20 15.7 AB + A 2 B 29U I 26.6 A2B 40 28.3 50 35.0 55 39.2 60 44.0 65 51.0 67 55.1

B = CgH12.

(Continued) 0 C i MoI % A A2B 69 61.1 69.5 66.6 A2B + A 69E I 70.4 A 61m 64.5 70 71.5 80 81.0 90 94.2 94 100.0 B = C9H12 (95) w-Propylbenzene AB -80 0.4 -70 0.7 -60 1.2 -50 2.1 -40 3.4 -30 5.5 -20 9.5 -15 12.2 -10 17.2 - 5 24.3 - 1.5m 33.3 AB + A - 5Eca.| 25.0 A -2Om 23.3 -1Om 24.4 O 25.8 +10 27.8 20 30.5 30 34.1 40 38.6 50 44.3 60 51.5 70 61.5 80 73.5 90 90.0 94 100.0 B = C9H12 (loi) Pseudocumene B -57.2 I O B +AB -58.8E| 3.4 AB -50.0 4.0 -40 4.8 -30 6.0 -20 8.3 -10 13.0 - 5 17.1 O 23.2 + 5 31.8 AB + A2B 7U I 36.8 A2B -15m 29.4 - 5m 32.5 + 5m 36.2

B = CgH12.— 0

(Continued) C I MoI % A

A2B 15 40.9 25 47.2 36m 66.6 A2B + A 33U I 56.2 A -1Om 47.6 Om 49.1 +1Om 50.8 2Om 52.8 3Om 55.2 40 58.2 50 62.0 60 66.8 70 72.8 80 80.6 90 92.7 94 100.0 B = C10H7Br (108) a-Bromonaphthalene B + 3 0.0 O 9.8 B +A - 3.5E| 20.8 A + 5 23.0 15 26.5 25 31.2 35 36.8 45 43.5 55 51.4 65 60.6 75 70.8 80 77.5 85 84.9 90 92.3 94 100.0 B = Ci0H7Cl (io«) a-Chloronaphthalene B -17 0.0 -21 5.9 B +A -24.5Ei 11.6 A -20 12.8 -10 15.3 O 18.1 + 10 21.3 20 23.9 30 28.3 40 33.9 50 41.9 60 50.2 70 62.0 80 76.0 90 92.0 94 100.Q

B = Ci0H7Cl (io«) ß-Chloronaphthalene 0 C | Mol % A B 56 0.0 53 7.2 50 14.6 45 22.3 40 31.2 B +A 37.5E 34.6 A 40 36.3 45 39.3 50 43.0 55 47.3 60 52.2 65 57.7 70 63.8 75 70.4 80 77.4 85 84.8 90 92.3 94 100.0 B = Ci 0 H 7 NO 2 a-Nitronaphthalene (l 08) B 57 0.0 56 3.6 50 12.6 45 20.1 40 26.6 35 32.1 B +AB 33.5E | 33.4 AB 35.5 37.9 37.5 45.8 38. 2 50. O AB + A 38E | 50.4 A 40 51.6 50 56.8 60 62.8 70 70.0 80 79.0 90 92.4 94 100.0 AB 31.5m | 28.9 B 30.Om | 36.8 B +A 23.0mE| 43.8 A 30.Om | 46.8 B = Ci0H8 (lös) Naphthalene B 79.4 0.0 75.0 10.0 70.0 17.6

B = C13H10O.— B = C11H1G.— B — C10Hs.— (Continued) (Continued) (Continued) 0 0 0 C | Mol % A C | Mol % A C | Mol % A B A B 40 14.4 -10 17.0 65.0 25.2 35 20.4 O 18.2 60.0 31.7 20 31.4 + 10 19.9 B + A2B B +AB 20 22.5 57.0E| 35.2 29E i 26.2 30 25.9 A2B AB 40 30.3 60 42.2 50 35.8 35 I 29.8 62.5 50.2 60 43.3 40 33.7 65 61.5 70 54.0 45 39.4 66 66.6 75 60.5 47.5 45.2 A2B + A 80 68.5 48. 5 50. O 65 | 69.8 85 78.1 47.5 56.0 A 90 90.0 45 61.5 70 72.6 94 100.0 AB + A 75 75.8 4OE | 66.6 80 80.8 B - C12H10 (103) 85 86.7 i • A Diphenyl 50 70.0 90 94.0 B 60 74.4 94 100.0 70.5 O 70 79.7 65 9.7 80 85.5 B = C10H14 (loi) 60 19.3 90 94.5 p-Cymene 55 27.6 94 100.0 B 50 33.6 B = C13H12 (103) -75 | O B +A2B Diphenylmethane B +AB 47E | 36.8 B -77E 0.8 A2B AB 26.0 | 0.0 50 40.0 B + A B -70 1.0 2 55 48.1 22.5E | 6.4 -60 1.6 57.5 56.6 A2B -50 2.9 A2B + A -40 3.4 . 30 8.7 60.5U | 66.6 40 11.8 -30 5.0 A 50 16.4 -20 7.5 50m 58.0 60 21.9 -10 12.1 70 73.0 O 21.5 70 30.0 80 82.0 +1Om 60.0 75 35.0 90 93.8 80 41.1 AB + A 94 100.0 85 49.7 + 5U | 28.3 B = C12H10N2 (154) 88 56.4 A Azobenzene 90 66.6 - 7m 26.5 A 88 73.7 +20 32.2 95.0 100.0 85 79.7 30 35.5 85.6 91.08 A2B + A 40 39.5 73.4 80.0 , 82E | 84.5 50 44.5 A +A4B A 60 50.5 72.4U | 79.0 85 87.4 70 60.4 A4B 80 74.1 90 96.6 72.2 75.00 94 100.0 90 90.8 71.2 70.00 94 100.0 B = C14H10O2 66.7 60.00 Benzil (154) 60.2 50.00 B = C11H16 (95) A 52.9 42.69 Amylbenzene 95.0 100.0 A4B + B AB 86.1 93.10 52.8E | 40.0 64.6 75.59 -70 1.9 B 48.0 -60 2.6 66.35 55.4 32.79 A +B -50 3.6 61.9 15.66 36.2E | -40 5.1 64.2 7.39 B -30 7.1 68.0 0.0 41.6 55.89 -25 9.7 44.1 53.35 B = C13H10O (102) -20 13.4 66.3 37.77 Benzophenone -15m 19.4 76.0 27.40 B -13m 24.9 86.1 13.28 AB + A 48 0.0 94.00.0 -17E | 16.4 45 6.2

B = C14H12 (154) Stilbene 0 C | Mol % A A 94.9 100.0 89.5 90.03 81.7 80.00 81.0 79.20 69.0 70.03 vis. 70--60 A2B 101 60.00 102 58.40 94.3 51.18 A2B + B 90.OE | 40.69 B 100.0 34.02 104.5 30.28 112.0 21.36 120.0 10.04 125.0 0.0

B = C14H14 (154) Dibenzyl A 94.9 100.0 85.1 89.74 A + A4B 84.3E | A4B 85.6 85.00 87.1 ,78.84 84.3 70.00 79.0 60.42 72.2 52.58 63.3 44.88 61.8 43.09 53.0 36.10 43.2 27.00 A4B + B 42.8 | B 46.6 13.96 50.5 3.74 0.0 51.5

B = C19H16 (103) Triphenylmethane B 92 O 85 13.0 80 22.5 70 37.4 60 48.8 B +A 48E | 58.1 A 60 65.2 70 72.4 80 81.l 90 93.4 94 100.0

SbI3 B = C12H10 (103) Diphenyl 0 C | Mol % A B 70.5 | O B + A2B 68.OE | 1.1 A2B 80 1.8 90 2.6 100 3.7 110 5.0 120 7.1 130 10.0 140 15.3 145 18.8 150 23.5 155 31.7 160 54.9 161 66.6 A2B + A 160 | '81.7 A 163 92.2 166 100.0 SÌC24H20

Silicon tetraphenyl B = C26H20 (127) T e t r a p henylethylene 0 C | Wt. % B A 233 | O A +B 188.2E | 58.5 B 222.8 | 100

SnCl4 B = C2H4O2 (58) Methyl formate 0 C |Mol % A AB2 - 5 10 +26 15 50.6 20 73 25 80 27.5 82.3 30 13.l 32 83. 3 33. 3 83.2 34 82.9 36 82.5 38 81.7 40 80 43 76.9 47.6 76.2 48.9 74.2 52.3 73.6 53.8 72 56.9 71.2 58 70.4 59.5 68 64

SnCl4.- (Coned) B = C2H4O2.(Continued) 0 C I MoI % A AB 2

65

70

62.4 59.4 54.4 44.4 38.4

74 78.5 84 92.3 94 A

-33

100

B = C3H6O2

B = CgHioO2.

(Continued) 0 C I MoI % A AB 46.4 55

44.5 36.7

60 70

26.5 6.0

80 90 A I

-33

100

SnI4 B = Various organic compounds ( 169 )

(58, 59)

Ethyl formate AB 2 -10 10 + 15 20 33.5 25.9 46 30.5 48 • 31.8 49 33.3 48.7 33.7 48.6 33.9 47.1 36 45.5 38.3 44 40 38.2 46 32.7 52 28 58 24 65 20 73 16 80 10 90 A -33 I 100 B = CgHiQO 2

(58, 59)

Ethyl benzoate AB 2 16 5 27.5 10 33.8 15 39.5 20 43.3 25 44 27.5 45 30 45.1 31.5 45.3 33 45. 5 33. 3 45.4 33.6 45.3 34 45 36 44.8 38 44 40 43.8 41.5 AB 2 + AB 42E 42.5 AB 43.4 43.5 44.8 45 47.3 48 47.5 50 47.3 52

SnI(CHs)3 B = C6H7N (U) Aniline 0 C I MoI % B AB 2

52 77 88

93.5 95 95.2 94.5 93 92 90.7

6.88 20.11 34.21 50.77 60.84 66.55 72.22 76.2 78.96 81.83

onC24.H2o

Tin tetraphenyl B = Ci8H15Sb (24) Triphenylstibine 0 C I MoI % A A 223 I 100 A +B 49 I ca. l B 49.8 I O PbCl2 B = C5H5N (38) Pyridine AB 2 -20 0.0861 O 0.1036 +22 0.1305 44 0.159 65 0.215 76 0.254 90 O.303 94 0.318 102 I 0.320 PbBr2 B = C5H5N (38) Pyridine AB 3 -26 0.222 -10 0.199 - 5 0.183 O 0.174 +13 0.144

B = C6H5N,(Continued) 0 C I MoI % A AB 3 + AB 2 19U I AB 2

26

0.127

45 64 77 95 100 105

0.144 0.174 0.211 0.289 0.313 0.338

№

B = C5H5N (38) Pyridine B +AB 3 -43.5El AB 3 -37 0.0284 -28 0.0289 -20 0.0300 - 9 0.0319 O 0.0343 + 3 0.0369 AB 3 + AB 2 6U I 0.0386 AB 2 15 0.0360 35 0.0323 57 0.0326 77 0.0392 92 0.0498 98 0.0584 105 0.0636 108 0.0704 112 0.0764

Pb(N03)2

B = C5H5N (160) Pyridine AB 4 -19.4 0.696 -14.5 0.507 -10.0 0.453 0.0 0.845 + 5.4 0.930 8.7 1.272 14.72 1.445 19.97 1.595 24.75 2.002 30.03 2.555 34.97 3.05 40.03 3.90 45.00 5.00 49.97 6.65 AB 3 59.52 8.06 70.00 10.15 80.00 12.81 89.93 17.7 94.94 23.5 A3B2 99.89 25.5 104.90 27.2 109.90 28.2

Pb(CHO2)2

Formate B = CH2O2 (51) Formic acid 0 C I MoI % A

A

20

0.21

73.1 109.4 124.5

0.30 0.42 0.51

CdI2 B = C2H4O2 (US) Methyl formate A? O 0.139 5 0.133 10 0.126 15 0.120 20 0.115 25 0.110 30 0.104 B = C2H6O Ethyl alcohol (31, 113, 150)

A

O 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

5.11 7.88 10.77 11.6 12.2 11.60 11.50 11.45 11.36

B = C3H6O2 (US) Ethyl formate A? O 0.237 5 0.230 10 0.220 15 0.208

20 25

0.187 0.163

B = C3H8O n-Propyl alcohol (113, 150) A?

O 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

2.96 5.18 7.01 8.11 9.14 8.62 8.11 8.14 8.14

B = C3H8O (US) Isopropyl alcohol A? O 8.74 5 8.81 10 8.86 15 8.89 30 8.89

B = C4H8O2 Ethyl acetate (113, 119) 0

C

10

MoI % A A? 0.397

15 0.416 18 20 25 30

0.441 0.439 0.462 0.484

B = C4H8O2 (US) n-Propyl formate A O 0.580 5 0.555 10 0.523 15 0.488 20 0.439 25 0.380 B = C5H5N (US) Pyridine A? 60 0.118 65 0.240 70 0.406 75 0.664 80 1.08 85 1.89 90 4.53 95 5.12 B = C6H7N (113) Aniline A? 40 0.386 50 O.594 60 0.807

70 80 90 100

1.045 1.32 1.67 2.30

B = C9H7N (113) Quinoline A? 75 1.63 80 1.88 85 2.13 90 2.45 95 2.78 100 3.17 HgCl2 B = CH4O Methyl alcohol

B = CH4O.(Continued) 0 C |Mol % A A? 51 15.7 74 17.5

100 20,5 127 26.3 242.6 0.14 crit. I B = C2H4O2 (32) Acetic acid A? 21 0.61 33 1.15 43 1.39 50 1.57 61 1.89 87 2.66 95 2.93 115 4.05 127 5.24 145 7.30 182 15.15 207 21.40 B = C2H6O Ethyl alcohol (22, 32, 39, 150)

A?

-60 -40 -20 -11 - 5 O + 8.5 10 20 25 31 38.2 51 63 80 93 100 115 138

0.52 1.81 4.53 5.26 6.70 6.61 7.08 7.21 7.46 7.81 8.09 8.6 9.8 11.1 13.5 15.2 16.5 20.7 26.4

B = C3H6O Acetone (2> 22, 32, 35, 60, 116)

See Fig. 11, p. 212

(22, 32, 150)

B = C4H8O2 Ethyl acetate (2, 32,

A?

39, 60, 64, 115, 119)

-34 -15 + 4 8.5 12 20 25 38.2

0.96 1.70 3.44 3.84 4.30 5.80 7.28 12.7

See Fig. 12, p. 213

B = C4Hi0O Ether (32, 60) A? -47 0.161 -40 0.168 -20 0.168

B= C4H10O.(Continued) 0 C Mol % A A? O 0.173 +13 0.169 18 0.174 33.5 0.174 83 0.249 100 0.259 115 0.269 B = C6H0N (73, 144,147)

Pyridine AB2 -32.8 0.82 -21.9 2.43 + 0.02 4.22 12.58 5.76 18.78 6.71 23.60 7.42 27.23 7.85 31.05 8.62 40.90 10.75 50.10 13.50 60.03 16.45 70.15 20.20 70.8 19.75 74.6 21.20 75.2 21.36 AB2 + AB 76U AB 83.5 22.9 86.5 24.3 87.3 24.7 90.4 25.1 97.0 27.4 99.5 27.9 100.5 28.5 104.1 30.5 104.2 31.0 AB + A3B? 106. 2U| A3B? 106.4 32.1 109.8 32.8 113.6 33.2 114.0 33.4 115.7 33.5 118.2 34.2 124.2 35.1 129.4 35.7 145.5 40.1 AB2 76.4m 22.0 78.Om 22.4 78.7m 22.8 80.2m 23.6 82.5m 24.3 89.Om 27.5 90.8m 27.9 94.1m 30.3 96. Om 33. 3

B = C6H6 (60, 65) B = C9H7N (144) 0 Quinoline C MoI % A 0 A? C I MoI % A 11 0.115 AB2 88 4.4 15 0.156 38.8 0.229 111 8.9 127 14.3 40.5 0.249 41 0.179 134 17.6 148 ca. 33. 3 55 0.243 84 0.525 HgI2 B = C5H5N Pyridine («2, 144) AB 2 -50 0.342 HgBr2 -42 0.495 B = C5H5N (144) -31.5 0.772 Pyridine -20 1.36 AB2 -10 1.96 9 4.9 - 0.1 2.95 43.5 10.0 -f 8.83 3.78 57 12.5 10 5.0 68 14.9 20.2 5.32 89 19.7 25.5 6.32 106 25.4 35.28 8.42 115.5 30.4 42.5 9.8 118 33.3 50.02 11.68 117 33.9 55.05 12.5 AB2 + AB 60.07 14.0 107E I 39 66.5 15.14 AB 83 19.3 108 39.5 90.08 21.7 113 41.9 102.5 26.3 118 43.9 107 29.6 121 46.2 108 33.3 123 50.0 107 34.6 AB + A 3 B 2 103 38.0 122.5E 52 97 43.0 A3B2 88.5 46.7 131 54.9 AB2 + AB 134 60.0 87E I 47 133 64.0 AB 89 48.5 90 50.0 89 50.6 AB + A3B2 B = C6H7N (144) 88.5E| 51 Aniline A3B2 AB2 93.5 51.3 62.5 4.5 96 51.6 75 6.9 108 52,7 84 9.7 109 53.2 93.5 14.2 122 55.4 100 18.8 135 57.9 106 24.1 29.5 30.6 33.3

109 109.5 110 AB 111 112 116 122 124 123 117.7

33.9 35.3 37.3 45.5 50.0 55.4 59.6

B = C 6 H 5 NO 2 Nitrobenzene (18, 143)

A (red) 97.9 108.0 118.1 124.8 126.5 128.6m 130.7m

0.73 1.02 1.32 1.56 1.63 1.74 1.81

B = C6H5NO2.(Continued) 0 C I MoI % A A (red) + A (yellow) 127.5Ü I 1.66 A (yellow) 116.8m 1.32 123.9m 1.56 126.2m 1.63 128.9 1.74 131.1 1.81 133.1 1.87 144.3 2.46 155.0 3.07 165.8 3.90 173.7 4.63 180.4 5.42 197.0 8.03 214.6 12.04 229.2 18.81 235.9 23.43 244.7 49.57 245.1 72.62 247.0 86.81 250.4 94.41 255.3 100.00 B = C6H7N (128) Aniline See Fig. 13, p. 213 B = C7H7NO2 p-Nitrotoluene (18, 143)

A (red) 99.3 0.83 107.8 1.06 119.6 1.47 132.9m 2.08 136.8m 2.29 A (red) + A (yellow) 128U ! 1.85 A (yellow) 92.3m 0.83 103.8m 1.06 118.3m 1.47 134.1 2.08 138.7 2.29 159.3 3.60 179.2 5.67 205.6 9.92 227.3 16.21 233.2 18.97 238.2 23.69 242.5 26.31 247.0 33.00 249.6 41.49 250.8 82.96 251.2 89.57 255.3 100.00

B = C9H7N (144) Quinoline AB2 100 4.7 115.5 9.1 130.5 13.2

B = C9H7N.(Continued) 0 C |Mol % A AB2 + AB 138U I 23.1 AB 145 26.7 151 29.8 153 31.4 156 35.4 160 37.7 163 41.6 165 43.0 167 46.1 169 50.0 166.5 54.4

Hg(CN) 2 B= C5H5N (144) Pyridine AB 6 9 7.1 11 8.7 12.3 10.1 12.2 10.4 13 11.3 13.5 12.9 14.5 13.8 AB 6 + AB3 15U I 15 AB3 16.5 15.8 20.5 15.9 AB3 + AB2 22U 17 AB2 22.5 17.3 28.5 18.4 32 19.3 38 20.6 42 22.3 45 22.9. 46 23.7 AB2 + A 2 B 3 48U ] 25 A2B3 53 25.3 54.5 26.0 56.5 26.6 A2B3 -f AB 58U I 27 AB 68 27.5 70 27.7 86 29.0 111 32.0 122.5 33.8 125 34.4 141 38.3 154 50.0 B = C6H7N (144) Aniline AB2 41 3.7 49 5.7 58.5 7.7

B = C6H7N.(Continued) 0 C I MoI % A AB2 65 9.2 77 14.2 83.5 18.2 84 19.7 88.5 23.4 AB4 26m 4.9 30.5m 5.7 35m 7.7 38.5m 9.2 B = C9H7N (144) Quinoline AB3 45 4.2 54 6.0 AB3 + AB2(?) 6OU I 7.5 AB 2 (?) 89 8.2 99 9.2 137 13.2 161 17.4 180 22.5 192 27.1 Hg(CaH 8 O 2 )* Acetate B = C 2 H 4 O 2 (79) Acetic acid A 14.3 0.906 15.0 0.600 16.2 0.296 O.OQQ 17.0 B = C6O6O (79) Phenol A - 1.2 17.68 + 15.5 13.32 32.0 5.32 42.0 0.00 HgCi2HiO Mercury diphenyl B = Ci8Hi5Sb (24) Tripheny 1 stibine 0 C I Mol % B A 121.8 I O A +B 40.5E I 80.5 B 49.8 I 100 B = Ci8H15Bi (24) Triphenylbismuthine A 121.8 O A + B 63.5E I 66.5 B 76.0 I 100

CuCl2 B = C5H6N (83) Pyridine C I Mol % A AB6 -17.3 0.0824 0

-13.0 -12.1 -11.2 -10.0m

0.107 0.115 0.131 0.174

AB6 + AB2 -10.OU I 0.159 AB2 - 8.9 0.159 + 2.0 0.162 10.00 0.1725 25.00 0.205 35.00 0.225 45.00 0.249 49.00 0.273 53.00 0.291 55.00 0.300 60.0Om 0.333 61.0Om 0.336 62.0Om 0.363 AB2 + A2B3 58.00Ul A2B3 63.00 0.320 64.00 0.325 65.00 0.316 70.00 0.335 75.00 0.372 85.00 0.450 95.00 0.542

Cu(C 2 H 3 O2)2 Acetate B = C6H6N («l) Pyridine AB4 -11.6 0.167 + 2.0 0.262 13.0 0.452 26.45 0.708 37.40 1.255 41.9 1.383 43.2 1.507 45.2m 1.875 AB4 -f AB 44.7U I AB 34.8m 1.670 55.7 1.845 64.3 1.922 76.2 2.161 83.3 2.430 95.4 2.850 AgClO4 B = C6H6N (77)

Pyridine B -40.3 O -41.5 1.57

B = C5H5N,-

(Continued) 0 C |Mol % A B + AB4 -43E I 2.87 AB4 -35 3.33 -11.5 5.04 - 1.3 .6.08 +25 9.15 36.1 11.02 49.2 13.70 60.4 16.72 66.8 21.01 AB4 + A4B9 68.0U| 21.43 A4B9 71.0 21.91 75.0 22.34 86.3 24.37 A4B9 + AB2 95.6U| 25.88 AB2 110 27.60 B = C6H6 (42, 43)

A 480 100 160 41.8 159 40.8 14Om 38.8 A +AB 145U I 39.3 AB 138.5 36.1 115.5 27.8 92 20.1 80.3 15.16 50 4.06 25 1.95 AB + B 5.12E| 1.32 B 5.48 I 0.00 B = C6H7N (44) Aniline B -6.15 0.00 B +AB 6 -6.6E I 0.33 AB6 25.0 2.30 40.0 5.46 50.1 8.42 60. 62 14. 3 55.0 16.68 AB6 + AB3 48.3U I 18.1 AB3 56.1 I 19.45 AB3 + AB2 66.6U I 22.0 AB2 88 I 23.0 A 480 I 100.0

B = C7H8 (44.5) Toluene 0 C I Wt. % A A 75 54.60 50 52.68 25 50.30 A + AB 22.6U| AB 18 44.11 + 16 42.00 O 26.41 6.01 -24.1 -73.5 0.00 CoCl2 B = C6H5N (129) Pyridine 0 C I MoI % A AB6 -50.3 0.2550 -45.0 0.2553 -30.0 0.2566 -19.6 0.2569 -10.0 0.2629 0.0 0.2626 AB6 + AB4 +15U I AB4 23 0.347 25 0.350 34.6 0.457 37.6 0.460 44.6 0.582 47.2 0.622 51.0 0.679 55.0 0.729 60.0 0.810 64.2 0.896 68.0 0.964 AB4 + AB2 7OU I AB2 74.8 1.296 78.2 1.395 79.8 1.490 88.0 2.022 AB2 + A 9OU I A >90 I AlCl3 B = CCl4 (66) A? 4 14 20 34

0.54 0.16 0.11 0.043

B = CHCl3 (66) A? -15 0.38 O 0.59 +25 0.42

B = C6H4BrNO2 B = C6H4BrNO2.o-Bromonitroben(Continued) 0 zene (96) C I MoI % A 0 A C [MoI % A B 170 78.0 38.5 O 180 84.0 190 92.3 32 10.9 194 100 26 18.5 B +AB 2OE I 24.3 B = C6H4BrNO2 AB p-Bromonitro30 26.8 benzene (96) 40' 29.5 B 50 32.4 124.5 O 60 35.2 117 10.8 70 38.2 111 18.1 80 41.2 105 24.5 90 44.8 B +AB 97 48.0 99E 30.2 100 50.0 AB 97 52.8 110 33.9 90 54.9 120 37.6 AB + A 130 41.5 8OE I 56.8 140 46.2 A 143 47.8 90 57.7 145 50.0 100 58.9 143 52.9 110 60.3 140 54.6 120 62.0 130 58.5 * 130 64.0 120 61.2 140 66.6 AB + A 150 69.6 113E I 62.7 160 73.2 A 170 78.0 120 63.6 180 84.0 130 65.5 194 100 140 67.7 B = C6H4BrNO2 w-Bromonitrobenzene (96) B 54.7 O 51 9.5 B +AB 47E I 16.9 AB 50 18.0 60 22.2 70 26.5 80 30.9 90 35.4 100 40.2 110 45.8 113 47.7 116 50.O 113 52.5 107 54.6 AB + A 97E i 57.6 A 110 120 130 140 150 160

59.6 61.5 63.6 66.1 69.2 73.2

150 160 170 180 190 194

70.5 73.8 78.0 84.0 92.3 100

B = C6H4ClNO2 o-Chloronitrobenzene (96) B 32.5 O 27 11.8 21 18.4 B +AB 15E I 23.1 AB 25 25.8 35 28.8 45 31.9 55 35.2 65 38.7 75 42.6 85 47.4 89 50.O 85 52.8 77 55.7 AB + A 69E I 58.5

B = C6H4ClNO2.(Continued) 0 C I MoI % A A 90 59.7 110 61.9 130 64.5 150 69.0 170 75.6 175 77.6 194 100.0 B = C6H4ClNO2 w-Chloronitrobenzene (»6) B 44.5 O 40 12.4 36 19.0 B +AB 5OE I 23.8 AB 60 27.7 70 31.8 80 36.0 90 40.7 100 46.0 104 50.0 100 52.7 90 56.6 AB + A 81E I 59.8 A 100 61.3 120 63.9 140 67.7 160 73.4 194 100 B = C6H4ClNO2 p-Chloronitrobenzene (96) B 83.5 O 78 8.3 73 14.6 B +AB 68E I 19.5 AB 80 90 100 110 120 124 126

25.1 30.0 35.0 40.2 45.8 48.1 50.0

124 51.9 120 54.1 110 57.2 100 60.3 AB + A 94E I 62.1 A 110 63.0 125 64.4 140 66.7 155 70.2

B = C6H4ClNO2.(Continued) 0 C I Mol % A A 170 75.3 180 80.0 185 83.8 190 89.5 193 95.6 194 100

B = C7H6ClO.(Continued) 0 C I MoI % A AB 90.0 51.8 80.0 54.2 70.0 56.2 60.0 58.2 40.0 62.2

B = C7H7NO2.(Continued) 0 C I MoI % A A 70 63.1 95 65.0 120 68.7 130 70.7 194 100

B = C 7 H 7 NO 2 (96) B = C 7 H 7 NO 2 (96) B = C6H6NO2 (96) o-Nitrotoluene p-Nitrotoluene Nitrobenzene B B B 52.5 O - 8.5 I O 5.5 0.0 47 9.3 B +AB 2 4 4.1 42 15.2 - 9.3E| 1 B +AB 2 B +AB AB2 2E 9.5 37E I 19.2 O 1.6 AB2 AB + 10 2.6 10 13.5 50 23.9 20 4.1 15 16.8 65 29.5 30 6.6 20 21.1 80 35.3 40 11.2 AB2 + AB 95 41.9 50 21.0 25.5U I 28.8 105 46.9 AB2 + AB AB 109 50.O 55U I 31.4 35 30.2 AB 105 52.4 45 32.4 70 36.3 100 54.1 85 42.4 55 34.7 80 58.9 95 47.5 65 37.5 60 62.3 99.5 50.0 75 41.1 AB + A 90 53.5 85 45.9 45E 64.6 70 57.4 88 47.7 A AB + A 90 50.0 75 67.0 45E I 62.1 88 51.7 105 70.0 A 82 53.6 135 73.9 70 63.1 72 56.0 165 80.4 95 65.0 62 57.8 180 86.3 120 68.7 AB + A 190 91.4 145 74.1 52E 59.6 194 100 170 81.9 A B = C H (92) 7 8 180 86.4 70 60.8 A 90 62.1 185 89.7 17 0.26 190 94.4 110 63.8 73 0.92 194 100 130 65.9 B = C13Hi0O (98) 160 70.7 B = C 7 H 7 NO 2 (96) 180 78.7 Benzophenone m-Nitrotoluene 194 100.0 B B 48 O B = C 6 H 6 (92) 16 I O 44 11.3 A B + AB2 17 0.12 B +AB 13E 7.9 80 0.72 39.5E| 20 AB2 AB B = C7H6ClO (97) 20 9.9 50 22.3 Benzoyl chloride 27 13.6 60 24.5 B 34 20.8 - 0.5 0.0 70 27.0 AB2 + AB - 4.0 8.3 80 29.8 35U 24.8 B +AB 90 32.9 AB - 7.5E| 13.3 50 29.5 100 36.3 AB 65 34.5 110 40 0.0 14.7 80 40.2 120 44.4 +20.0 19.6 90 44.8 125 46.6 40.0 26.0 95 47.4 130 50 60.0 34.2 99. 5 50. O 125 53.3 70.0 38.7 90 53.5 120 54.5 80.0 43.5 70 57.4 110 56.5 90.0 48.3 AB + A 100 58.1 . 93.0 50.0 45E [ 62.1 90 59.5 '

B = CisHioO.— (Continued) 0 C I MoI % A AB 80 60.9 70 62.2 AB + A 6OE I 63.5 A 80 64.2 100 65.3 120 66.9 130 68.1 140 69.9 150 72.1 160 74.9 170 78.4 180 83.3 185 87.1 190 91.7 192 94.8 194 100.0

AlIr^ B = CBr4 ( 47 > 53) 0 C MoI % B a-A 97.1 0.0 96.6 1.0 94.5 2.7 85.7 11.5 72.5 23.0 0-A 68.5 29.5 56.7 42.5 52.3 47.6 50.2 49.5 44.0 55.9 /3-B 44.7 66.1 46.1 67.6 «-B 51.7 73.7 68.8 85.5 77.6 90.3 90.1 I 100.0 B = C2H4Br2 (99) Ethylene bromide 0 C I MoI % A B 10 O 6 8.4 + 2 16.0 B +A - 2E I 22.9 A + 10 28.4 20 33.9 30 40.1 40 47.2 50 55.1 60 63.6 70 72.7 80 82.3 90 92.2 96 100

B = C6H4BrNO2 o-Bromonitrobenzene (91) 0 C MoI % A B 38 O 30 15.7 B +AB 21E I 24.4 AB 30 27.9 40 31.4 50 34.9 60 38.6 70 42.3 80 46.1 88.5 50.0 80 52.9 70 55.2 60 57.5 50 60.0 40 62.4 30 64.9 AB + A 24E I 66.3 A 30 67.7 40 70.0 50 72.2 60 74.9 70 77.9 80 82.6 85 85.5 90 89.6 93 92.9 96 100

B = C 6 H 4 ErNO 2 ra-Bromonitro-

benzene (91) B 54 0.0 50 9.0 B +AB 45.5E I 15.5 AB 60 20.6 80 28.1 110 42.6 120 48.6 122 50.0 120 50.9 100 57.6 80 63.0 60 68.5 AB + A 42E I 73.7 A 60 75.6 80 80.9 90 88.8 93 92.2 96 100

B = C6H4BrNO2 p-Bromonitrobenzene (91) 0 C I MoI % A B 124.5 O 119 7.8 115 15.0 110 20.3 105 24 8 100 28.1 B +AB 98E I 29.2 AB 110 33.2 120 37.2 130 41.7 140 46.8 144 50.0 140 52.5 130 56.2 120 58.9 80 65.7 60 68.4 50 69.9 AB + A 45E I 70.6 A * 50 71.9 60 74.7 70 78.3 80 82.9 85 85.9 90 90.5 93 94.5 96 100 B = C6H4ClNO2 o-Chloronitrobenzene ( 91 ) B 32.5 0.0 30 7.1 25 14.1 20 19.6 15 24.8 B+AB 13.8E I 26.1 AB 30 30.8 40 34.1 50 37.4 60 40.8 70 44.2 80 48.5 83. 5 50 .0 80 51.4 70 54.2 60 57.0 50 59.6 40 62.2 30 64.8 AB + A 21 I 67.0 A 40 "1.1 50 73.4

AlBr8.-(CWd) B = C6H4ClNO2.(Continued) 0 C I Mol % A A 60 75.8 70 78.2 90 89.3 93 93.2 96 100 B = C 6 H 4 ClNO 2

w-Chloronitrobenzene (91) B 44.5 0.0 42.0 8.7 40.0 12.0 38.0 15.0 B +AB 35.5E 18.5 AB 40.0 20.0 50.0 23.9 60.0 28.0 70.0 32.3 80 36.7 90 41.4 100 47.0 103. 5 50.0 100.0 52.2 90 56.3 80 59.5 60 64.4 50 66.8 AB + A 4OE I 69.0 A 50 70.9 60 73.0 70 75.7 80 79.7 85 82.8 90 87.3 93 92.0 96 100.0 B = C 6 H 4 ClNO 2 p-Chloronitrobenzene (91) B 83 O 80 5.5 70 16.3 B +AB 6OE 25.4 AB 70 29.2 80 33.0 90 37.3 100 41.7 110 47.1 115 50.0 110 52.0 100 54.3 80 57.5 60 60.8 40 64.0

B = C6H4ClNO2.(Continued) 0 C I MoI % A AB + A 2OE 67.2 A 40 72.4 60 77.4 70 80.0 80 83.1 90 88.9 93 92.5 96 100.0 B = C6H5NO2 (91) Nitrobenzene B -f 5.5 0.0 O 9.2 - 5 15.7 -10 20.8 B +AB -15E 25.0 AB O 26.7 +20 29.6 30 31.3 40 33.0 50 35.1 70 40.5 80 44.6 85 47.3 87 50.0 85 51.8 70 55.0 60 56.6 50 58.3 40 60.0 AB + A 2OE I 63.3 A 30 65.8 40 68.3 50 70.8 70 76,2 80 80.1 93 92.9 96 100 B = C6H6 (92) B 5.7 O 4.5 3.2 3.0 6.8 A +B 1.8 9.9 A 10 13.5 20 20.4 30 29.6 40 40.4 50 50.0 60 58.5 70 67.1 80 75.8 90 85.5 94 91.9

I B = C7H5CiO (97) Benzoyl chloride 0 C I MoI % A B - 0.5 O - 2.5 6.5 B +AB - 5E 13 AB +10 17.4 30 24.6 50 31.8 70 40 80 44.3 85 47 90 50 80 52.8 60 56 40 59.5 20 63.1 AB + A 7E I 65.5 A 20 67.9 40 72.6 60 79.4 70 83.9 80 89.2 90 95.8 96 100 B = C 7 H 7 NO 2 (»i) o-Nitrotoluene B - 8.5 0.0 -10.0 3.5 B +AB 2 -11.0EI 4.6 AB2 O 5.4 + 10 7.0 20 10.0 30 14.5 40 23.9 AB2 + AB 42.5UJ 32.1 AB 60 37.8 75 43.0 85 46.7 90 50.O 85 53.2 80 54.6 70 56.5 55 59.3 40 62.1 AB + A 19E I 66.1 A 40 70.6 55 74.3 70 78.3 80 81.7 85 84.4 90 88.5 93 92.2 96 100.0

B = C7H7NO2 (91) w-Nitrotoluene 0 C I MoI % A B 16 0.0 12 7.5 8 12.5 4 17.0 B +AB IE I 20.0 • AB 20 24.8 40 30.5 60 36.5 80 43.0 90 46.9 96 50.O 90 53.2 80 55.4 60 59.2 40 63.0 AB + A 27E I 65.8 A

B = C7H8.- (Cont'd) 0 C I MoI % A A 30 30.4 40 43.0 50 52.9 60 61.3 70 70.0 80 78.5 90 88.5 94 93.9 96 100.0

B = C8H10 (92) p-Xylene B 14 O 12.5 4.8 A +B 10.2EJ 11.8 A 20 18.1 30 26.5 40 38.5 50 50.7 40 70.0 60 60.8 60 76.6 80 78.3 70 80.3 90 89.2 80 84.8 94 94.7 85 87.4 96 100.0 90 91.3 B = C13Hi0O (98) 93 94.7 96 100.0 Benzophenone B B = C 7 H 7 NO 2 (91) 48 O p-Nitrotoluene 45 8.5 B 42 13.8 B +AB 53.5 0.0 38E I 18.3 50.0 5.4 AB 45.0 12.5 50 21 40 18.9 35 24.5 60 23.4 B +AB 70 25.7 29E ] 30.5 80 28.1 AB 90 30.6 50 36.6 100 33.4 70 42.8 110 36.3 80 46.6 120 39.6 88 50.O 130 43.2 70 55.2 140 48.4 142 50 50 60.3 AB + A 140 52.1 27E I 65.8 130 54.5 A 120 56.7 50 71.7 110 58.6 100 60.3 70 78.6 90 61.7 85 85.8 93 93.7 80 62.9 70 64.1 96 100.0 60 65.1 B = C7H8 (92) 50 66.0 A AB + A 38E 67.2 -15 6.7 A -10 7.1 50 70.7 O 9.7 60 74.2 + 10 14.0 20 20.3 70 78.3

B = CisHjoO.— 0

(Continued) C |Mol % A

A

80 85 90 93 96

83.3 86.7 90.7 94.8 100

MgBr2 B = CH2O2 (90) Formic acid AB6 O 6.37 20 6.96 40 8.12 60 9.22 70 10.18 80 11.60 86 13.28 88 14.33 B = CH4N2O (94) Urea B 132 0.00 126 1.40 120 2.56 114 3.29 B +AB 6 108.5E I 3.69 AB6 115 4.62 120 5.51 125 6.71 127 7.22 13Om 10.16 AB6 + AB4 13OU I 9.90 AB4 145 10.42 160 11.86 165 12.79 170 171

15.68 18.86

20.00 B = CH4O (87) Methyl alcohol AB6 O 20 40 60 80 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 185 190

4.37, 4.63 4.89 5.18 5.51 6.07 6.46 6.85 7.30 7.81 8.34 9.00 9.77 10.9 11.6 14.3

B = C2H4O2 (90) Acetic acid '0C I Mol % A AB6 17 0.033 30 O,166 50 0.50 60 0.89 70 1.86 80 4.66 85 6.17 90 7.32 100 9.5 105 10.80 110 12.44 112 14.3

B = C3H6O.(Continued) 0 C MoI % A AB3 80 19.1 84 21.3 88 23.1 92 25.0

B = C3H7NO2 (94) Urethane B 49 0.00 45 3.17 39 6.45 B +AB 6 35E I 7.73 AB 6 B = C2H6NO (93) 50 8.19 Acetamide 70 9.30 B 80 10.30 82 0.0 85 11.03 70 2.5 90 12.45 60 3.67 91.5m 14.33 B +AB 6 AB6 + AB4 50.5E I 7.06 91 I 13.10 AB6 AB4 70 7.32 100 13.95 90 7.73 110 15.38 110 7.98 115 16.30 130 9.41 120 17.65 150 10.77 123 20.00 160 11.72 B = C3H8O (87) 165 12.52 n-Propyl alcohol 169 14.3 AB6 B = C2H6O (87) Ethyl alcohol AB6 O 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 103 106 108.5

1.82 2.70 3.60 4.58 5.55 6.58 7.66 8.67 9.05 9.78 9.90 10.3 10.9 11.7 12.3 13.2 . 14.3

B = C3H6O (89) Acetone AB3 O 0.033 30 0.13 60 0.24 70 0.33 72 0.61 73 0.91 74 2.40 75 9.85 76 15.5

O 10 20 30 40 43 46 48 50 52

10.40 11.05 11.62 12.31 12.80 12.95 13.20 13.56 13.80 14.33

B = C3H8O (87) Isopropyl alcohol AB4 O 1 6.58 20 6.81 40 7.11 60 8.01 80 8.92 100 10.10 110 10.82 120 11.85 130 13.36 136 15.7 138 17.3 139 20.0 B = C3H8O2 (89) Methylal AB2 20 0.66 40 1.04 60 1.36 80 1.70 100 2.03

B = C3H8O2.(Continued) 0 C I MoI % A AB2 + two liquid phases 106 [2.49-27.2 AB2* 108 29.0 110 31.2 112 33.3 AB 74.7 21.5 107.0 33.3 120.0 A3B 94.7 31.0 95.2 31.1 AB2 (144, 147)

18.5 18.8 39.5 52.0 74.5 83.Om 87.Om AB2 + 9ImU I

5.9 6.7 10.2 14.1 21.4 25.0 27.0 AxBy 30

AxBy

108 33.1 115.5 35.1 130 38.5 137 41.0 142 43.2 143.5 44.0 AxBy + A3B2 145 I 45 A3B2 159 47.5 173 52.8 180 60.0 *AB 2 + AB3, 94.70U.

B = C4H6O3 (93) Acetic anhydride AB6 O 3.49 30 3.97 60 5.02 90 5.97 120 7.86 130 9.62 135 11.9

136.5

14.3

B = C4H10O (87) Isobutyl alcohol AB6 O 7.44 10 7.97 20 8.68 30 9.41 40 10.10 50 10.73 60 11.33 65 12.67 71 12.29 75 12.98 77 13.36 80 14.33

B = C4H10O (87) tert.-Rutyl alcohol 0 C I MoI % A AB4 24.4 0.0093 25 0.15 35 1.50 45 3.10 55 5.36 60 6.89 65 8.80 70 11.25 75 14.39 77.5 15.96 79 17.85 80 20.00 B = C 4 Hi 0 O Ethyl ether (85, 86) AB2 - 8 0.242 O 0.324 + 10 0.515 14 0.666 16 0.786 18 0.938 20 1.10 22 1.32 AB2 + two liquid phases 22.8 11.42-20.5 AB2 23 21.2 , 24 22.4 26 24.1 28.5 26.0 AB2 + AB 30 I 26.6 Two liquid phases -10m 0.7522.5 Om 0.9421.8 +1Om 1.1421.2 20m 1.3620.6 30 1.56 20.2 40 1.7519.9 50 1.9519.6 60 2.1219.5 i 70 2.2419.6 80 2.3319.8 ! 90 2.3819.9 100 2.4120.1 120 2.3320.7 140 2.1221.3 158 1.7521.9 AB 170 0.05 162 0.12 159 0.56 158 1.36 158 1.60 AB + two liquid phases 158 11.75-21.9 AB 140 22.3 120 22.9 100 23.5 80 24.2

B = C4Hi0O.(Continued) 0 C MoI % A AB 60 25.1 40 26.1 30 26.6 20m 27.1 Om 28.1 B = C5Hi2O (87) Isoamyl alcohol AB6 O 9.57 10 10.38 20 11.12 30 11.78 35 12.03 38 12.45 40 12.65 42 13.0 44 13.3 46 14.33 B = C6H7N (88) Aniline AB6 10 O.538 30 0.628 50 0.872 70 1.27 90 2.18 100 3.22 103.5m 4.82 AB6 + AB4 103U I 4.17 AB4 120 4.23 140 4.30 160 4.53 180 4.97 200 5.92 220 8.14 230 10.10 AB4 + AB2 237U I 14.59 AB2 250 1 14.80 260 15.OO 270 15.14 B = C 6 H 8 N 2 (88) Phenylhydrazine AB6 20 0.39 40 0.92 60 2.16 80 4.41 AB6 + AB4 99U I 7.49 AB4 140 8.37 180 9.46 200 10.19 B = C7H6O (89) Benzaldehyde AB3 O 0.15 30 0.26

B = C7H6O.(Continued) 0 C MoI % A AB3 0.40 0.53 0.72 1.28 2.03 3.87

60 80 100 120 130 140

145 7.90 146 15.3 148 20.3 153 23.0 159 25.0 B = C8H9NO (93) Acetanilide

112 110 108

B 1

0.0 0.52 1.05 B +AB 6 107.5E I 1.23 AB6 140 2.65 170 4.09 185 5.39 195 6.83 200 8.33 205 10.3 209 14.3 MgI^ B = CH4O (87) Methyl alcohol AB6 O 4.55 20 4.96 40 5.14 60 5.68 80 6.03 100 6.44 120 6.88 140 7.44 160 8.05 180 8.80 200 9.74 14.3

B = C2H3N (93) Acetonitrile AB6 O 3.49 30 5.03 50 6.20 70 7.68 80 9.18 89 12.18 AB6 + AB6., I 14.30 B = C 2 H 4 O 2 (90) Acetic acid AB6 20 40 60 70 75

0.0562 0.285 0.478 0,925 1.28

MgI2.- (Cont'd) B = C2H4O2.0

(Continued) C I MoI % A

80 85 95 105 115 125 135 140 142

AB6 1.86 2.80 4.62 6.28 7.86 9.29 11.25 13.05 14.3

B = C 2 H 5 NO (93) Acetamide B 82 0.0 70 2.90 58 5.20 B + AB6 49E I 6.56 AB6 80 7.60 110 8.72 130 9.62 150 10.71 160 11.35 170 12.35 175 13.45 177 14.3 B = C2H6O (87) Ethyl alcohol AB6 O 2.01 20 3.21 40 4.54 60 5.97 80 7.47 100 9.04 110 9.75 120 10.52 130 11.44 135 12.02 140 12.75 143 13.38 145 13.8 146. 5 14. 3 B = C3H6O (89) Acetone AB6 O 0.46 30 0.64 50 0.79 60 0.98 70 1.47 80 2.59 85 4.32 90 7.02 95 10.3 100 12.7 105 13.9 106. 5 14. 3

B = C3H6O2 (93) B = C4H8O2.(Continued) Ethyl formate 0 0 C I MoI % A C MoI % A AB6 AB6 75 13.85 O 1.62 78. 5 14.3 10 1.88 20 2.23 B = C 4 Hi 0 O (85) 30 2.76 Ethyl ether 40 3.59 AB2 50 5.13 5.4 0.39 60 8.64 11.8 0.66 70,5 14.3 15.6 0.95 B = C3H6O2 (93) 18.1 1.50 20.4 2.12 Methyl acetate 22.2 3.28 AB 6 AB2 -+- two liquids O 0.040 23.6 |4.33-12.85 30 0.056 AB2 60 0.077 90 0.094 24.5 19.57 26 21.1 100 0.18 AB6 + two liquids 28 21.6 24.2 103 I 0.25-9.6 31.5 AB6 35.5 26.4 40.5 27.3 110 10.85 45 29.45 120 13.88 121 14.3 50 32.45 51 33.0 B = C 3 H 7 NO 2 Two liquid phases Urethane (94) 15m 12.9 B 17m 12.8 49 0.0 18.5m 4.0212.8 45 3.23 25 4.3412.8 39 5.51 32 4.8412.8 B +AB 6 35 5.3412.7 32E I 6.48 37 5.8812.1 AB6 38 6.4611.5 50 7.53 38.5 8.58 8.58 70 9.27 B = C5H10O2 (93) 80 10.60 84 11.61 Propyl acetate 87 14.3 AB6 AB (6 _ X) O 0.473 |<14.3 20 0.625 30 0.755 B = C3H8O (87) 35 0.906 Isopropyl alcohol 40 2.255 AB6 45 5.79 10 6.67 50 9.70 30 7.11 55 12.22 50 7.60 60 13.57 70 8.17 65 I 14.3 90 8.84 B = C6H7N (88) 110 9.69 Aniline 120 10.25 See Fig. 14, p. 213 130 11.25 B = C6H12O2 (93) 136 12.58 138 14.30 Isobutyl acetate AB6 B = C4H8O2 (93) O 1.27 Ethyl acetate 20 1.32 AB6 40 2.16 O 0.35 50 2.51 20 0.53 60 3.09 40 0.96 70 4.25 50 1.55 75 5.17 55 2.48 80 6.78 60 4.56 .85 12.5 65 8.16 87.5 14.3 70 12.54

B = C6H14O2 (89) Acetal 0 C I MoI % A AB2 20 0.034 60 0.104 AB2 + two liquid phases 77 |0.140-29.6 AB2 79 30.4 81 31.2 83 31.6 86 33.3 B = C7H6O (89) Benz aldehyde AB6 O 0.38 20 0.45 40 0.62 60 0.92 80 1.36 100 2.25 110 3.34 120 5.06 125 6.91 130 10.2 133 12.1 136 13.5 139 14.3 B = C7H14O2 (93) Isoamyl acetate AB6 O 0.96 20 1.43 40 2.64 45 3.25 50 4.28 55 6.29 57.5 8.49 60 14.3 CaCl2 B = CH4O (87) Methyl alcohol AB4 O 5.9 10 6.8 20 7.8 30 8.85 40 10.0 50 11.4 AB4 + AB3 55U I 12.2 AB3 75 12.9 95 13.7 115 14.9 135 16.6 155 18.4 165 20.1 170 21.0 174 22.5 AB3 + AB(?) 177U I 25.0

B = CH4O.(Continued) 0 C I MoI % A AB(?) 190 26.6 215 28.3 B = C2H4O2 (90) Acetic acid B 16.2 0.0 15.0 3.83 14 5.85 13 7.48 B +AB 3 11.IE I 9.58 AB3 30 10.7 35 11.3 40 12.5 45 14.6 50 16.3 60 19.0 65 20.6 70 22.3 73 26.0 B = C2H6O (87) Ethyl alcohol AB3 O 7.6 20 9.7 40 13.3 60 16.6 70 18.9 80 20.8 85 21.5 90 22.3 95 23.8 97 25.0

B = CH2O2.(Continued) 0 C I MoI % A B 8.4 0.0 8.1 0.16 7.7 0.48 7.4 0.71 7.2 0.93 6.9 1.27 6.6 1.53 A 30 1.61 35 1.54 45 1.35 49.7 1.26 61.0 1.10 79.0 0.83 100.0 0.57 128.6 0.39 BaBr2 B = C2H6O (19.5) Ethyl alcohol 0 C I g A/g B A O 0.05880 10 0.05067 15 0.04590 20 0.04130 30 0.03322 40 0.02437 50 0.01833 60 0.01479 70 0.01253 BaBaI2 B = C2H6O (19.5) Ethyl alcohol A O 0.7775 10 0.7735 20 0.7700 30 0.7660 40 0.7620 50 0.7585 60 0.7550 70 0.7510

CaBr2 B = C2H6O (19.5) Ethyl alcohol 0 C (gApergB AB4 O 0.4670 10 0.4801 15 0.5051 AB4 -f AB3 Ba(CHO 2) 2 17E I Formate AB3 B = CH2O2 (51) 20 O.5350 Formic acid 0 25 0.5395 C I MoI % A 30 0.5552 B 40 0.6011 8.4 0.0 50 0.6564 7.2 0.91 60 0.7602 6.1 1.74 70 0.9381 5.1 2.30 AB3 + AB 2.6 3.73 73.9E I + 0.5 4.67 AB - 0.3 5.12 75 1.0220 B +A 80 1.0310 - 4.9E i 6.95 85 1.0610 A Ca(CHO 2 ) 2 4- 9.5 8.52 Formate 15.58.86 B = CH2O2 (51) 19.0 9.23 Formic acid 24.9 9.83

B = CH2O2.(Continued) 0 C I Mol % A A 26.5 10.03 31.8 10.75 LiCl B = C2H6O (151) Ethyl alcohol AB4 O 13.5 5 14.1 10 15.5 15 16.9 17 18.1 AB4 + A 17.4U| 20.7 A 20 20.8 30 21.5 40 21.6 50 21.0 60 20.3 B = C9H7N (lei) Quinoline AB2 O 0.459 25 1.067 40 1.845 45 3.060 50 3.280 56.4 3.460 67 3.635 75 2.430 96 1.380

LiBr B = C2H6O (19-5) Ethyl alcohol

LiCHO2

Formate B = CH2O2 (51) Formic acid B 8.4 0.0 7.0 1.58 5.2 3.47 3.2 5.33 + 1.1 7.09 - 1.3 8.93 - 3.5 10.75 - 5.6 12.23 - 8.2 13.99 -14.6 18.19 -17.1 19.56 -19.8 21.25 -23.5m 23.49 -25.Om 24.33 B +A -21.7E| 22.24 A +18.0 23.49 34.0 23.93 80.0 25.31 90.5 25.91

B = CH2O2.B = C6H6O.(Continued) (Continued) 0 C I MoI % A MoI % A in vapor A containing ms g l""1 97.9 26.38 ofB 113.1 27.71 A 131.2 29.87 mB 262° 270° 280° 1 0.1530.1530.153 145.1 31.98 2 0.6420.6420.642 150.4 33.04 3 1.54 1.54 1.51 159.1 35.01 3.652.57 2.53 2.42 163.5 36.13 4 3.44 3.41 3.27

NaBr B = C2H6O (19-5) Ethyl alcohol 0 C |gA per g B A O 0.02445 10 0.02379 15 0.02343 20 0.02322 25 0.02314 30 0.02292 40 0.02276 50 0.02259 60 0.02312 _70 0.02345 NaI B = C2H6O (22, 41, 151)

Ethyl alcohol 0 C I MoI % A A? 10 11.85 30 11.98 50 12.02 80 12.12 100 12.18 120 12.20 160 12.12 180 11.97 200 11.45 220 10.70 230 9.54 240 9.10 250 7.45 255 6.20 260 3.19 261.5crit. 2.57 If the alcohol content exceeds m — 365 g l"1 the tube is completely filled below the crit. temp. At this point the curve displays a sharp change in direction. For alcohol content below w, complete vaporization takes place below the crit. temp, and the curve goes over sharply into the sol. curve for the vapor.

4.5 5.04 4.95 4.83 4.8 6.21 mB 290° 300° 310° 1 0.1530.1530.153 2 0.6420.6420.642 3 1.48 1.45 1.425 3.652.40 2.31 2.25 4 3.12 3.04 2.90

B=C 3 H 6 0(7S)

Acetone

NaCHO2 Formate B = CH2O2 (51) Formic acid 0 C I MoI % A B 8.4 0.0 7.5 1.04 5.3 2.92 3.0 4.61 + 0.4 6.35 - 3.8 8.72 - 7.6 10.50 B -J-AB 2 -12.8E| 12,58 AB2 -17.4 14.52 + 0.3 16.45 10.7 18.18 22.9 20.69 24.4 21.13 26.3 21.86 30.5 23.23 33.1 24.43 34.5 24.91 AB2 + AB 36U I 25.7 AB 31.Om 25.18 37.3 25.90 45.2 27.00 45.6 27.10 52.2 28.39 59.0 29.80 65.1 31.15 67.5 31.65 69.6 32.14 AB + A 72U I 33.3 45.1m 29.80 63.6m 31.65 81.2 33.40 99.3 35.71 118.6 39.10 135.2 42.79

B = CH2O2.(Continued) 0 C MoI % A 137.7 43.47

NaC2H3O2 Acetate B = C 2 H 4 O 2 (51) Acetic acid B 16.5 0.0 16.1 0.83 14.3 3.59 B +AB 2 13.IE I 5.40 AB2 25.3 7.11 36.7 8.92 54.3 12.17 66.9 15.27 71.9 16.58 85.7 21.55 93.2 26.86 96.1 30.22 96.25 33.03 AB 2 -f AB 96.3U I 33.33 AB 112.0 34.03 132.3 36.87 145.2 39.06 157.0 42.54 160.6 44.25 162.3 46.28 AB + A 164U I 48 A 174.4 48.76 195.5 49.49

EI B = CH4O (22, 25, 39, 152, 157, 158)

Methyl alcohol See Fig. 16,* p. 213 * As can be seen from Fig. 16, the data of different authors fall into three groups. The lowest solubility corresponds to (I 5 2 ); the highest to (25). The data of five different authorities over a slight temperature interval, arranged in a mean curve, give a somewhat greater solubility than (i 5 2 ). Different water content may be responsible for this discrepancy.

KCHO2 Formate B = CH2O2 (51) Formic acid 0 C i MoI % A B 8.4 0.0 7.4 0.97 4.9 3.02 -f 2.3 4.73 - 0.9 6.36 - 5.7 8.43 -12.6 10.74 -18.7 12.63 -23.8 13.88 B + AB,(?) -31.5E| 15.57 AB,(?)

B = CH2O2,(Continued) 0 C I MoI % A AB 2 -19.0 19.44 -16.0 19.91 - 8.0 21.21 - 0.6 22.79; AB2 + AB + 5U I 24 AB -10.1m 23.04 + 7.3 24.14 29.9 25.90 28.56 53.0 65.1 30.41 72.9 31.97 80.6 33.74 93.0 37.29 38.34 96.1 103.2 41.68 104.3 42.63 104.6 42.91 107.5 45.95 108. 6 50. OO 108.2 51.49 107.2 54.24 58.47 103.4 101.6 61.14 AB + A 98.7E| 63.14 A 108.1 66.45 114.0 68.71 122.3 71.24 130.7 75.18 135.8 77.75 143.6 82.41 150.0 86.68 157.3 91.24 167.5 100.0

-29.0 16.32 -27.3 16.62 NaCi 6 H 3 IO 2 -23.5 17.44 Palmitate KCNS -21.7 18.10 B = C 16 H 32 O 2 (30) -19.5 18.88 B = C5H5N (60,156) Palmitic acid Pyridine AB3 + AB2 See Fig. 15, p. 213 See Fig. 17, p. 213 -18U I 19.5 Part II. Fragmentary Data For arrangement, v. p. 185 In the few cases where the investigator has definitely determined the exact nature of the solid phase present, this is indicated by "c" following the formula of the crystalline phase, or by 11 crys. ' ' Supersaturation with respect to another crystalline phase (usually some compound between solvent and solute) is indicated by the letter "m." Critical solution temperatures are marked "c." For convenience in use all values where possible have been reduced to MoI %, even though such reduction involves a possible loss in accuracy in instances where reliable density data were not available. For possibly more accurate values in volume units, and for other values at the same or other temperatures, the reader should therefore consult the literature cited. B = CCl4, Carbon tetrachloride A = solute I 0G I MoI % A | Lit. SnI4 22.4 1.34s (74) 50 3.37 (74) HgCl2 19 0.0011 (147) HgBr 2 ....' 19 0.00128 (147),

B = CH2O2.(Continued) 0 C I Mol % A A 26.5 10.03 31.8 10.75 LiCl B = C2H6O (151) Ethyl alcohol AB4 O 13.5 5 14.1 10 15.5 15 16.9 17 18.1 AB4 + A 17.4U| 20.7 A 20 20.8 30 21.5 40 21.6 50 21.0 60 20.3 B = C9H7N (lei) Quinoline AB2 O 0.459 25 1.067 40 1.845 45 3.060 50 3.280 56.4 3.460 67 3.635 75 2.430 96 1.380

LiBr B = C2H6O (19-5) Ethyl alcohol

LiCHO2

Formate B = CH2O2 (51) Formic acid B 8.4 0.0 7.0 1.58 5.2 3.47 3.2 5.33 + 1.1 7.09 - 1.3 8.93 - 3.5 10.75 - 5.6 12.23 - 8.2 13.99 -14.6 18.19 -17.1 19.56 -19.8 21.25 -23.5m 23.49 -25.Om 24.33 B +A -21.7E| 22.24 A +18.0 23.49 34.0 23.93 80.0 25.31 90.5 25.91

B = CH2O2.B = C6H6O.(Continued) (Continued) 0 C I MoI % A MoI % A in vapor A containing ms g l""1 97.9 26.38 ofB 113.1 27.71 A 131.2 29.87 mB 262° 270° 280° 1 0.1530.1530.153 145.1 31.98 2 0.6420.6420.642 150.4 33.04 3 1.54 1.54 1.51 159.1 35.01 3.652.57 2.53 2.42 163.5 36.13 4 3.44 3.41 3.27

NaBr B = C2H6O (19-5) Ethyl alcohol 0 C |gA per g B A O 0.02445 10 0.02379 15 0.02343 20 0.02322 25 0.02314 30 0.02292 40 0.02276 50 0.02259 60 0.02312 _70 0.02345 NaI B = C2H6O (22, 41, 151)

Ethyl alcohol 0 C I MoI % A A? 10 11.85 30 11.98 50 12.02 80 12.12 100 12.18 120 12.20 160 12.12 180 11.97 200 11.45 220 10.70 230 9.54 240 9.10 250 7.45 255 6.20 260 3.19 261.5crit. 2.57 If the alcohol content exceeds m — 365 g l"1 the tube is completely filled below the crit. temp. At this point the curve displays a sharp change in direction. For alcohol content below w, complete vaporization takes place below the crit. temp, and the curve goes over sharply into the sol. curve for the vapor.

4.5 5.04 4.95 4.83 4.8 6.21 mB 290° 300° 310° 1 0.1530.1530.153 2 0.6420.6420.642 3 1.48 1.45 1.425 3.652.40 2.31 2.25 4 3.12 3.04 2.90

B=C 3 H 6 0(7S)

Acetone

NaCHO2 Formate B = CH2O2 (51) Formic acid 0 C I MoI % A B 8.4 0.0 7.5 1.04 5.3 2.92 3.0 4.61 + 0.4 6.35 - 3.8 8.72 - 7.6 10.50 B -J-AB 2 -12.8E| 12,58 AB2 -17.4 14.52 + 0.3 16.45 10.7 18.18 22.9 20.69 24.4 21.13 26.3 21.86 30.5 23.23 33.1 24.43 34.5 24.91 AB2 + AB 36U I 25.7 AB 31.Om 25.18 37.3 25.90 45.2 27.00 45.6 27.10 52.2 28.39 59.0 29.80 65.1 31.15 67.5 31.65 69.6 32.14 AB + A 72U I 33.3 45.1m 29.80 63.6m 31.65 81.2 33.40 99.3 35.71 118.6 39.10 135.2 42.79

B = CH2O2.(Continued) 0 C MoI % A 137.7 43.47

NaC2H3O2 Acetate B = C 2 H 4 O 2 (51) Acetic acid B 16.5 0.0 16.1 0.83 14.3 3.59 B +AB 2 13.IE I 5.40 AB2 25.3 7.11 36.7 8.92 54.3 12.17 66.9 15.27 71.9 16.58 85.7 21.55 93.2 26.86 96.1 30.22 96.25 33.03 AB 2 -f AB 96.3U I 33.33 AB 112.0 34.03 132.3 36.87 145.2 39.06 157.0 42.54 160.6 44.25 162.3 46.28 AB + A 164U I 48 A 174.4 48.76 195.5 49.49

EI B = CH4O (22, 25, 39, 152, 157, 158)

Methyl alcohol See Fig. 16,* p. 213 * As can be seen from Fig. 16, the data of different authors fall into three groups. The lowest solubility corresponds to (I 5 2 ); the highest to (25). The data of five different authorities over a slight temperature interval, arranged in a mean curve, give a somewhat greater solubility than (i 5 2 ). Different water content may be responsible for this discrepancy.

KCHO2 Formate B = CH2O2 (51) Formic acid 0 C i MoI % A B 8.4 0.0 7.4 0.97 4.9 3.02 -f 2.3 4.73 - 0.9 6.36 - 5.7 8.43 -12.6 10.74 -18.7 12.63 -23.8 13.88 B + AB,(?) -31.5E| 15.57 AB,(?)

B = CH2O2,(Continued) 0 C I MoI % A AB 2 -19.0 19.44 -16.0 19.91 - 8.0 21.21 - 0.6 22.79; AB2 + AB + 5U I 24 AB -10.1m 23.04 + 7.3 24.14 29.9 25.90 28.56 53.0 65.1 30.41 72.9 31.97 80.6 33.74 93.0 37.29 38.34 96.1 103.2 41.68 104.3 42.63 104.6 42.91 107.5 45.95 108. 6 50. OO 108.2 51.49 107.2 54.24 58.47 103.4 101.6 61.14 AB + A 98.7E| 63.14 A 108.1 66.45 114.0 68.71 122.3 71.24 130.7 75.18 135.8 77.75 143.6 82.41 150.0 86.68 157.3 91.24 167.5 100.0

-29.0 16.32 -27.3 16.62 NaCi 6 H 3 IO 2 -23.5 17.44 Palmitate KCNS -21.7 18.10 B = C 16 H 32 O 2 (30) -19.5 18.88 B = C5H5N (60,156) Palmitic acid Pyridine AB3 + AB2 See Fig. 15, p. 213 See Fig. 17, p. 213 -18U I 19.5 Part II. Fragmentary Data For arrangement, v. p. 185 In the few cases where the investigator has definitely determined the exact nature of the solid phase present, this is indicated by "c" following the formula of the crystalline phase, or by 11 crys. ' ' Supersaturation with respect to another crystalline phase (usually some compound between solvent and solute) is indicated by the letter "m." Critical solution temperatures are marked "c." For convenience in use all values where possible have been reduced to MoI %, even though such reduction involves a possible loss in accuracy in instances where reliable density data were not available. For possibly more accurate values in volume units, and for other values at the same or other temperatures, the reader should therefore consult the literature cited. B = CCl4, Carbon tetrachloride A = solute I 0G I MoI % A | Lit. SnI4 22.4 1.34s (74) 50 3.37 (74) HgCl2 19 0.0011 (147) HgBr 2 ....' 19 0.00128 (147),

B = CCl4, Carbon te tra chloride.—(Continued] A = solute

I

0

C 19 75 19 20

HgI2 HgI2 (yellow) Hg(CN) 2 OsO4 Ca soaps of various fats, v. (138) iB = CS2, Carbon disillùde Ca soaps of various fats (138) B = CHCl3, Chloroform NH4Cl 25 (TO NH4Br 25 0.0 SnI4 28 1.68 HgCl2 19 0.047 HgBr2 19 0.0418 HgI2 20 0.0105 HgI2 (yellow and red) 61 0.0427 B = CHBr3, Bromoform HgCl2 19 0.451 HgBr2 19 0.475 HgI2 19 0.270 Hg(CN) 2 19 0.00501 B = CH2O2, Formic acid Zn(CHO 2 ) 2 (c) Ï4Ô 07Ï6 Cu(CH02)2(c) 140 0.10 .Ni(CHO2Mc) 140 0.10 Mg(CHQ 2 ) 2 (c) 25 0.20 B = CH3NO2, Nitromethane LiI O 0.481 25 0.997 NaI O 0.120 25 0.169 KI..... 0-25 0.115 RbI O 0.142 25 0.133 B = CH4O, Methyl alcohol NH 4 NO 3 20 6.40 NH4Cl 25 2.074 NH4ClO4 25 1.83 NH4Br 25 4.02s Pb(NO 3 ) 2 20.5 0.132 ZnSO4 18 0.13 ZnSO4.7H20 17m 6.15m CdCl2 15.5 0.300 CdI2 20 16.3 HgBr2 25 5.82 HgI2

HgI2 (yellow) Hg(CN) 2 CuCl2 CuSO4 CuSO4.5H20 AgCl AgBr AgI AgNO3 Ptx (NO 2 ) y (CaHbSc)2 CoSO4 CoSO4.7H20 NiSO4

25

66 25 22 60 18m 3.5m 18 Room Room Room 19 25 18m 3.5 18.5 18

B = CH4O, Methyl alcohol.—(Continued)

I MoI % A | Lit. 0.0203 (!47) 0.0319 (147) 0.00061 (!47) 0.155 "(IM)

0.23

0.456 5.61 12.2 12.5 0.211m 1.685m 1.96s 8. I X l O - 1 3 4.4 X 10~15 6.IXlO-18 0.67 v. Lit. 0.216m 4.65m 5.86 0.104 1

(13°) (13°) (74) (147) (H7) (29) (147) (147) (147) (147) (147) (sì) (51) (51) (51) (157) (157) (157) (157) (157) (157) (157)

(22) (22,41) (16,4) (22,41) (22) (22) (22) (22) (150) (3*) (232,39)

(147) (22,39) (32) (32) (22) (22) (22) (123) (123) (123) (22) (27) (22) (22) (22) (22)

A = solute NiSO4.6H20 NiS04.7H20(c) (UO2) (NO3) 2.6H20 Mg(ClO4), MgSO4 MgS04.7H20 Ca(ClO4)2 Ca(N03)2(c) SrCl2.6H20 Sr(ClO4)2 Sr(NO 3 ) 2 (c) BaCl2 BaCl2.2H20 Ba(ClOOs BaBr2 BaBr2.2H20 Ba(NO 3)2 LiCl LiClO4 LiClO4.3H20 Lil(c) NaCl NaCl(C) NaClO4 NaBr NaI (crys. AB3)

I

0

C I MoI % A [ Lit. 18.5 3.70 (22) 4 2.74m (22) 20 5.38 (22) 11 0.27 («s) 25 6.92 (i«4) 18m 0.312m (22) 3.5 3.64 (22) 17m 4.95m (22) 25 35.3 (164) 25m 27.0 (29) 6.5 7.04 (22) 25 19.2 (164) 25 0.193 (29) 15.5 0.33s (22) 6-7 0.95 (22) 25 17.11 (164) 240.7c 0.044 (25) 9 4.04 (22) 15 4.20 (22) 25 0.062 (29) 1 4.0 (62) 23 11.4 (62,151) 50 17.6 (62) 25 35.4 (!«*) 25 23.8 (164) 25 42.0 (151) 19.5 0.76 (22) 25 0.71 (41, isi) 241.1e 0.5s (25) 25 11.82 (164) 25 5.43 (22,41) 245c 0.2s (25) 25 16.2 (22,41, 151)

NaNO2 19.5 NaNO3. 20 and 25 1, 3,4-C6H3(NO2)2ONa.H2O 25 KCl 25

2.01 0.155 0.98 0.226

(22) (22) ( 33 ) (22,39,

KClO4 KBr

24Oc O 20 25 25

0.0 0.0145 0.025 0.0243 0.573

(25) (13) (i 3 ) (164) (22,39,

KCN 1, 3, 4-C6H3(NO2)2OK RbCl RbClO4 CsClO4

241.2e 19.5 25 25 25 25

0.54 2.36 0.52 0.372 0.0104 0.0128

(25) (22) ( 33 ) (isi) (164) (164)

151)

KClO3

151)

HgCl2

B = C2Cl4, Tetrachloroethylene I 25 0.00443

HgCl2

B = C2HCl3, Trichloroethylene 1 25 I 0.0133

HgCl2

B = C2HCl6, Pentachloroethane 1 25 I 0.0144

|

(45)

(45)

I

(45)

B = C2H 2 Cl 2, Dichloroe thy lene A = solute j °C 1 MoI % A

|

Lit!

HgCl2 2 5 0 . 0 4 0 (45) HgI2 (yellow and red) 85.5 0.261 (147) B = C2H2Cl4, Tetrachloroethane HgCl2 1 25 I 0.0537 (45)" B = C2H3N, Methyl cyanide Hg(CN) 2 18 Ï 7 5 4 ( 1 2 1 ) CuCl2 18 0.491 (121) Cu2Cl2 18 2.69 (121) CuBr2 18 4.33 (121) Cu2Br2 18 0.55 (121) Cu2I2 18 0.38 (i 2 1 ) AgNO3 18 41.4 (121) CoCl2(crys. AB2) 18 1.27 (121) NaI O 0.117 (157) 25 0.163 (157) KI O 0.569 (157) 25 0.502 (157) B = C2H4Br2, Ethylene bromide HgCl2 ' 19 1.047 (147) " HgBr2 19 1.20 (147) HgI2 19 0.308 O47) Hg(CN) 2 19 0.00074 (147) B = C2H5I, Ethyl iodide HgI2 1 19 I 0.699 I (147)" B = CH4N2O, Urea NH 4 NO 3 Eutectic at 46.90C and 48.27 MoI % A (iss) B = C2H3N, Methyl cyanide NH 4 CNS 18 3.90 (izi) KCNS 18 4.56 (121) RbI O 0.36 (157) 25 0.33 (is?) B = C2H4O2, Acetic acid Zn(C 2 H 3 O 2 ) 2 (c) 130 0.10 (aï) Fe(C2H3O2)3 140 0.0 (si) Ca(C2H3O2Mc) 30 0.35 (si) B = C 2 H 4 O 2 , Methyl formate HgI2 (yellow and red) | 37 | 0.154 | (147) B = C2H3Cl, Chloroethylene HgCl2 1 25 I 0.45 (45) B = C2H5Br, Ethyl bromide HgCl2 19 0.802 (147) HgBr2 19 0.697 (147) HgI2 19 0.154 (147) HgI2 (red) 38 0.185 (147) Hg(CN) 2 19 0.00561 (i*7) B = C2H6O, Ethyl alcohol NH4Cl 25 0.579 (22, 41) NH4ClO4 25 0.744 (164) NH4Br 25 1.51s (22, 41) 78 4.7o (31) NH 4 NO 3 20 2.16 (22) BiI3 20 0.28s (37) Pb(NO 3 ) 2 20.5 0.0056 (22) CdCl2 15.5 0.382 (22} 244.6e 0.382 (25) CdBr2.4H2O 15 3.42 (31) CdX2(C20H21NO4.HX)2. (X = halogen) Papaverines, v. (166) HgBr2(C) I 25 | 3.69 | (39)

B = C2H6O, Ethyl alcohol.—(Continued) A = solute I 0C I MoI % A | Lit. HgI2 25 0.225 (22, 40) HgI2 (yellow) 78 0.436 (H7) Hg(CN)2(C) 19.5 1.81 (22) 25 1.90 (39) CuCl2 O 13.8 (32) (crys. AB) 25 15.0 (22,32,

36)

CuS04.5H20 AgCl AgBr AgI AgNO 3 .. NH 2 (CH 3 ) 2PtCl6 NH(CHs)3PtCl6 2Fe2O3-SSO3.18H2O, /3-Copiapite Fe2(SO4)3.H2S04.8H20 CoCl2 CoSO4.7H20 NiSO4.7H20 YtCl3 NdCl3 Mg(ClO4), MgSO4.7H20 Ca(ClO4)2 Ca(N0 3 ) 2 SrCl2.6H20 Sr(ClO4)2 SrI2 Sr(NO 3 ) 2 (c) Ba(ClO4)2 BaBr2 Ba(NO 3 ) 2 (C 6 H 2 (NO 2 ) 3O)2Ba, Picrate (crys. A.5H2O) BaCi4H6N4Oi4, 3-5-Dinitrosalicylate LiCl LiClO4 LiClO4.3H20 Lil(c) CnH23COOLi, Laurate Ci3H27COOLi, Myristate Ci5H3iCOOLi, Palmitate C17H33COOLi, Oleate Ci7H35COOLi, Stéarate NaCl(c)

50 3 Room Room Room 19 O O

19.6 0.205 1.03 X 10~13 3.7 X HT15 6.3 X HT19 0.83

(32) (22) (123) (123) (123) (22) (16) (16)

25 25 Room 3 3 17 20 20 25 3 25 25 6.5 25 -20 + 4 82 25 25 22.5 25

0.74 3.34 16.6 0.40 0.232 0.352 12.8 7.56 4.71 0.24s 35.5 23.2 0.66 22.5 0.36 0.43 0.60 0.0044 14.56 0.48 0.0009

(165) (165) (17) (22) (22) (22) (84) (84) (164) (22) (164) (29) (22) (164) (32) (32) (32) (29) (164) (22) (29)

25

0.54

(33)

25 25 25 25 25 15 15 15 15 15 25

0.39 21.8 39.6 17.25 46.3 0.123 0.0532 0.0210 0.202 0.0106 0.51

(33) (151) (164) (164) (151) O46) (i 46) (146) (l 46 ) (146) (22,41,

5.22 1.63 0.98 0.207 0.0195 1.0 1.64 0.77 0.63 1.09

(164) («) (22) (22) (22) O7) (33) (33) (33) (33)

151)

NaClO4 NaBr NaNO2 NaNO3 CH3COONa P-NO2C6H4O Na.4H2O 1,3,4-C 6 H 3 (NO 2 ) 2 ONa.H 2 O.. C6H2(NO2)3ONa.H2O, Picrate

25 25 19.5 19.5 25 Room 25 25 O 25

B = C 2 H 6 O 7 Ethyl alcohol.—(Continued) 0 A = solute I C I MoI % A 1, 3, 4-C6H3ClN02ONa.H2O. . 2 5 0.20 Na2CrO4 25 0.10 KCl(c) 25 0.0136 KClO3 O 0.00176 21 0.00300 KClO4 O 0.0019s

j

Lit. (33) (22) (22,151) (12) (12) (12,13, 149)

KBr KI

25 25 -98 O 25

0.00399 0.053 0.315 0.414 0.564

(164) (22, isi) (124) (157) (22, 61, 151, 157)

KCN C 6 H 2 (NO 2 ) 3 OK, Picrate C9H6IO2K, 0-Iodocinnamate. CgH6IO2K, /3-Iodoallocinnamate RbCl RbClO4 CsClO4 Cs2CO3

19.5 25 15

0.62 0.40 0.58

15 2.70 25 0.030 25 0.0022 25 0.0022 19 1.55 80 2.76 B = C2H6O2, Glycol CuSO4.5H20 14.6 2.01 CoCl2(C) 3 5.42 LiCl 15 15.4 KI 0.0 14.39 25 I 15.55 B = C3H5ClO, g-Epichlorohydrin HgI2 (yellow and red) | 117 | 1.230 B = C3H5CIO, Epichlorohydrin N(CH 3 ) 4 CNS I 25 I 0.396 B = C3H5N, Ethyl cyanide NaI O 2.65 25 1.82 KI O 0.143 25 0.134 RbI O 0.086 25 0.099 B = C3H6O, Acetone NH 4 ClO 4 25 1.084 SbCl3 18 57.8 BiCl3 18 3.21 Bi(NO3)3 O 12.25 19 9.55 SnCl2 18 14.2 SnCl2.2H2O O 2.83 35.5 2.83 ZnCl2 18 15.6 CdBr2 18 0.329 CdI2 18 3.8 HgI2 - 1 0.359 + 18 0.428 40 0.564 58 0.769 CuCl2 18 1.23 22 0.963 56 0.603 CuCl2.2H2O 0-14 2.94s AgNO3 14-60 0.12

(22) (33) (48) (48) (isi) (164) (164) (23) (23) (125) (125) (125) (157) (157) | (147) |

(*s»)

(157) (157) (157) (157) (157) (157) (164) (lie) (lie) (60) (60) (116) (60) (60) (lie) ("6) (116) (60) (60) (60) (60,147) (lie) (125) (60) (60) (60,ii6)

B = C3H6O, Acetone.—(Continued) 0 A » solute C I MoI % A | Lit. FeCl3 18 18.4 (116) CoCl2 O 3.89 (60) 22.5 3.98 (60) 25 3.72 (57, 116) CoCl2.2H20 0-25 5.65 (60) (UO2) (NO3) 2.6H20 12 0.176 (125) B(OH)3 20 0.47 (40) Mg(ClO 4 ) 2 25 10.03 (164) Ca(C104)2 25 20.5 (i«4) Ca(NO 3 ) 2 25 33.3 (29) Ca soaps of various fats, v. (138) Sr(ClO4), 25 28.0 (164) Sr(NO 3 ) 2 (c) 25 0.0055 (29) Ba(OH)2 25 0.0035 (40) Ba(ClO4)2 25 17.74 (164) Ba(NOs)2 25 O.OOH (29) LiCl O 5.93 (60) 25 5.32 (60) 46 4.91 (60) •58 2.85 (60) LiClO4 25 42.5 (164) LiClO4.3H2O 25 25.79 (164) LiNO3 18 2.53 (136) NaCl 20 0.0 (40) NaClO4 25 19.68 (164) C6H3(NO2)2ONa.H2O, 3, 4Dinjtrophenolate 25 0.38 (33) KCl 20 0.0 (40) KClO4 25 0.0652 (164) KBr 25 0.009s (57) KI O 0.746 (60,157) 25 0.459 (57, 157) 56 0.420 (60) KCNS 22 11.05 (60) 58 10.85 (60) C6H3(N02)2OK, 3, 4- Dini, trophenolate 25 0.36 (33) RbClO4 25 0.0299 (164) RbI O 0.33 (157) 25 0.23 (is?) CsCl 25 0.011 (35) CsClO4 25 . 0.0375 (164) B = C3H6O2, Methyl acetate HgCl2 HgBr2 HgI2 (red) CuCl2 CoCl2.. CoBr2 Ca(N0 3 ) 2

Î8 18 58 18 18 18 18

ÎÔÂ 4.31 0.405 0.303 0.283 3.35 23.9

(US) (H«) (147) (u 8 ) (US) ("«) (it*)

B == C3H6O2, Ethyl formate HgI2 (red)

I

54

[

0.349

B = C3H7OH, Isopropyl alcohol HgI2 (yellow and red) | 81 | 0.299 NH4Cl NH4ClO4 NH4Br HgCl2 HgBr2

B = C3H7OH, n-Propyl alcohol 25 0.252 25 0.197 25 0.727 25 5.42 25 2.84

| (147) |

(147) (4Î) (164) (41) (41) (41)

B = C3H7OH, n-Propyl alcohol.—(Continued) A = solute I 0C i MoI % A | Lit. Mg(ClO4)2 25~^16.45 (i«4) Ca(ClO4)2 25 38.5 (164) Ca(NOs) 2 25 17.4 (29) Sr(C104)2 25 22.7 ( 164 ) Sr(NO3)2 25 0.0057 (29) Ba(ClOJ2 25 11.89 (164) LiCl 25 18.7 (151) LiClO4 25 37.1 (164) LiC104.3H20 25 12.04 ("4) LiI (crys. AB4) 25 17.6 (i") NaCl(C) 25 (151) 25 (41) NaClO4 25 2.37 (164) NaBr 25 (20, 41) 25 0.00221 (20) Nal(c) 25 (41, 151) 'KCl(c) 25 0.00321 («I) KClO4 25 0.00433 (164) KBr 25 0.017? (lsl) KI 25 (20, 151) 25 0.00112 (20) RbCl 25 0.0074 (i") RbClO4 25 0.0019 (164) RbI 25 0.076 (20) 25 0.00048 (20) CsClO4 25 0.0015 (164) B = C3H8O3, Qlycerol: a = sp. gr. 1.2326, b = sp. gr. 1.2645 NH4Cl 25 15.44 (40) 20 17.8ab (46) NH4Br 20 23.Osa (46) 20 20.3sb (46) (CH3COO)2Pb 20 26.7a (46) 7.. 20 28.8b (46) HgCl2 20 15.35a (46) 20 20.4b (46) Hg(CN) 2 15.5 8.98 (22) CuSO4.5H20 15.5 13.6 (125) B(OH)3 25 25.9 (40) Ca(OH)2 25 0.198 (40) [C3H6(OH)2.OPO3]2Ca, Glycerophosphate 20 0.993a (46) 20 0.956b (46) •-> 25 11.40 ( 40 ) NaCl 20 14.04a (46) 20 ll.Ssb (46) NaBr 20 28.6a (46) 20 25.7b (46) Na2CO3 20 48-52a (46) 20 40-47b (46) NaHCO3 20 4.25ab (46) Na2C3H7PO6-SeH2O, Glycerophosphate 20 27. 5a (46) 20 28.2b (46) C6H6COONa 20 16.7a (46) 20 15.4b (46) Na2B2O7 20 28.6a (46) 20 33.6b (46) KCl 25 7.82 (40) KClO3 20 0.982a (46) 20 0.774b (46) KBr 25 12.Os (40) 20 13.7sa (46) 20 11.7s (46)

B = C3H8O3, Glycerol.—(Continued) A = solute KI

K2CO3 KOOCCH3 KCN

NH4ClO4 SbCl3 BiCl3 SnCl2 . SnCl2.2H2O HgBr2 HgI2

0

C 15.5 20 20 20 20 20 20 15.5

I MoI % A | 18.16 24.5a 21.9b 21.3b 20.7sb 42.Oa 38.1b 31.15

B = C4H8O2, Ethyl acetate 25 0.024 18 2.24 18 1.62 18 2.04 - 2 10.5s 22 12.1s 82 22.2 18 3.09 25 3.82 - 2 0.288 18 0.294

Lit" (60) (46) (46) (46) (46) (46) (46) (140) (164) * (119) (u 9 ) ("») ( 6 O) (60) (60) (H 9 ) (39) (60) 3 ( 9, 60r 119)

40 0.489 (60) 55 0.614 (60) HgI2 (red).'. 76 0.81s (60, 147) Hg(CN)2 25 0.70 (39) CuCl2 18 0.26? (u 5 ) 20 2.0 (32) 40 1.7 (32) 72 0.86 (32) CoCl2(C) 14 0.054 (60) 79 0.17 (60) (UO2) (NO3)2.6H20 10.5 0.93 (32) Mg(C104)2 25 21.89 (164) Ca(ClO4)2 25 32.3 (164) Sr(C104)2 25 25.2 (164) Ba(C104)2 25 22.80 (164) LiClO4 25 44.0 (164) LiClO4-SH20 25 15.83 (164) NaCl 17 0.36 (65) 40 0.60 (65) NaClO4 25 6.48 (164) KClO4 25 0.00095 (164) RbClO4 25 0.00076 (164) CsClO4 25 0.000 (164) B = C4H9Cl, Isobutyl chloride HgI2 (yellow) 69 | 0.0668 | (**7) B = C4H9OH, n~Butyl alcohol NH4ClO4 25 0.011 (164) Mg(C104)2 25 17.54 (164) Ca(ClO4)2 25 37.6 (164) Sr(ClO4), 25 22.6 (164) Ba(ClO4), 25 11.35 (164) 25 18.4 (163) LiCl LiClO4 25 35.3 (163, 164) LiClO4.3H20 25 11.15 (164) 25 0.018 (163) NaCl NaClO4 25 1.11 (163,164) 116

NaBr KClO4 * Wt % A.

25 25

4.73

(163,

0.00120 0.00450.0016*

(20) (163,164)

164)

B = C4H9OH, n-Butyl alcohol.—(Continued) B = C 4 H 4 O 2 , Furfural A = solute I 0C MoI % A | Lit. A = solute I 0C MoI % A | Lit. KI 2 5 0 . 0 0 0 3 7 (20) LiI 25 (157) RbClO4 25 0.0008 (164) NaI 25 16.9 (157) RbI 25 0.0002 (20) KCl 25 0.109s (i 39 ) CsClO4 25 0.0019 (164) KBr 25 0.112 («7) KI 25 2.91s (157) B = C 4 Hi 0 O, Isobutyl alcohol RbI 25 1.94 (157) NH4ClO4 25 0.0800 (164) HgI2 (yellow) 106 0.395 (147) B = C5H5N, Pyridine Mg(C104)2 25 13.10 (164) ZrCl4 19 6.77 (26) Ca(C104)2 25 23.2 (164) CuCl2 18.8 13.1 (147) â(NO 3 ) 2 (c) 25 13.1 (29) AgI 10 0.034 (60) Sr(C104)2 25 16.8 (164) 121 2.81 (60) Sr(NO 3 ) 2 (c) 25 0.003s (29) YtCl3 15 2.5e (84) Ba(ClO4)2 25 11.00 (164) PrCl3 15 0.68 (84) LiClO4 25 28.8 (164) NdCl3 15 0.568 (84) LiC104.3H20 25 9.68 (164) SaCl3 15 1.98 (84) NaClO4 25 0.474 (164) 15 12.0 (60) LiCl NaBr 25 0.186 (20) 100 20.8 (60) KClO4 25 0.0026s (164) KCl 10 0.000 (139) KI 25 0.056 (20) KI 10 0.124 (60) RbClO4 25 0.0016 (164) U9 0.0524 (60) RbI 25 0.022 (20) CsClO4 25 0.0022 (164) B = C 5 Hi 0 O 2 , Propyl acetate ' B = C 4 Hi 0 O, Ethyl ether Hg(CN) 2 1 25 I 1.72 (39) NH4Br 15 0.093 ~< (22) B = C 5 HnNO 2 , Ethylurethane NH4ClO4 ,. 25 0.000 (164) NH4Cl 60 0.210 (146.5) Ci2H22O4Pb gA/1 NH41 60 5.73 (146.5) Caproate B. P. sat. 13.64 (122) NaCl 60 0.192 (146.5) Ci4H26O4Pb 20 2.40 («2) NaBr 60 4.11 (146.5) Heptylate B. P. sat. 14.90 (122) KCl. 60 0.1197 (146.5) C16H30O4Pb 20 0.938 (122) KBr 60 0.277 (146.5) B. P. sat. 5.460 (122) Caprylate KI 60 3.23 (146.5) Ci8H34O4Pb 20 1.115 (122) RbBr 60 0.292 (146.5) Nonylate B. P. sat. 2.404 (122) RbI 60 1.67 (146.5) C20H38O4Pb 20 0.290 (122) B. P. sat. 4.28s (122) Caprate B = C5Hi2O, Isoamyl alcohol C24H46O4Pb, Laurate* B. P. sat. 0.205 (122) C28H54O4Pb, Myristate* B. P. sat. 0.555 (122) HgI2 13 0.127 (60) 71 0.704 (60) C32H62O4Pb, Palmitate* B. P. sat. 0.261 (122) 100 1.015 (60) C36H70O4Pb, Stéarate* B. P. sat. 0.000 (122) 133.5 1.813 (60) The above soaps in petroleum ether, v. ( 12 2) MoI % A Ca(NO3), 25 7.61 (29) CdBr2.4H20 15 0.08e (31) Sr(N03)2 25 .0.0012 (29) CdI2 O 0.0304 (65) 25 15.8 (151) LiCl 20 0.0507 (65) Lil(c) 25 42.5 (151) HgI 2 (red) O 0.102 (60) NaCl 25 0.0030 (*«) 35 (60, 147) NaBr 25 0.1 (20) 25 0.0006 (20) CuCl2 Room 0.0237 (17) CuCl2.2H2O Room 0.0265 (17) NaI 25 8.56 ,, '(isi) AgNO3 19 O (22) KCl(c) 25 0.0009 (isi) CoCl2(C) Room 0.0128 (17) KBr 25 0.00222 (isi) CoCl2.6H2O Room 0.091 (17) KI 25 0.0494 (20, 151) (UO2) (NO3)2.6H20 12.5 0.89 (125) 25 0.00031 (20) Mg(C104)2 25 0.097 (164) KCNS 13 0.164 (60) 65 1.22 (60) Ca(ClO4)2 25 0.137 (164) 100 1.93 (60) Ca soaps of various fats, v. (138) Sr(C104)2 25 0.000 (164) 133.5 2.78 (60) Ba(ClO4)2 25 0.000 (164) RbCl 25 0.00182 (151) LiClO4 25 44.2 (164) RbI 25 0.022 (20) LiClO4.3H20 25 0.0907 (164) 25 0.00014 (2Q) NaClO4 25 0.000 (164) B = C6H5NO2, Nitrobenzene KClO4 25 0.000 (164) BaCl2 20 0.0082 (66) RbClO4 25 0.000 (164) 50 0.016 (66) CsClO4 25 0.000 (164) * Insoluble at 2O0C.

100

0.020

(66)

B = C0H6, Benzene 0 A = solute I C I MoI % A | Lit. SnI4 2011.775 (74) CdI2 16 0.100 (65) 35 0.200 ( 65 ) HgI2 15 0.038 (60) 60 0.151 (60) 65 0.168 (60) 84 0.211 (60) (Yellow) 80 0.143 (* 4 7 ) AgNO3 35 0.101 (65) 40.5 0.203 (65) Ca soaps of various fats, v. ( 138 ) B = C 6 Hi 4 , n-Hexane HgI2 (yellow) | 67 0.0137 | (147) B = C6Hi4O2, Acetal HgI2 (yellow) | 105 | 0.518 | (147) B = C 7 H 5 N, Benzoiiitrile CdCl2 18 0.0355 ("O) CdBr2 18 0.325 (!2O) CdI2 18 0.457 (120) Hg(CN) 2 18 0.444 ("O) AgNO3 18 38.9 (120) B = C 7 H 6 O, Benzaldehyde KI I 25 I 0.210 (157) B = C 7 H 6 O 2 , Salicylaldehyde KI O 0.806 (157) 25 0.356 (157) B = CnHi 2 N 2 O, Antipyrine Zr(NOs) 4 , AB6 melts 217-218° (55) Th(NOs)4, A2B5 melts 168169°

(55)

Yt(N03)3, AB4melts 176-177° La(NOs)3, AB3 melts 161-162° Ce(NOs)3, AB3 melts 165°. . . Sa(NOa)3, AB3 melts 177-178° Er(NOg) 3 , AB4 melts 175-176° B = C7H8O2, Anisaldehyde KI O 1.114 25 0.528

(55) (55) (55) • (55) (55)

(157) (157)

PART III THREE-COMPONENT SYSTEMS For abbreviations, v. p. 4 Solubility of CdI2 in Mixed Solvents (114) A = CH3OH, B = CHCl3, C = C2H5OH, D = C6H6, E = C5H6N, MoI % of CdI2 in mixed solvent having molai composition shown t, 0C I A + B A + 2B B + C |2B + C| C + D 2C + D|C + 2D O 5.63 2.96 3.53 2.06 5.65 10.45 5.57 16.8 5.60 2.78 3.64 1.94 5.62* 11.32f 5.11 36.8 5.10 2.47 3.43 1.80 5.6 4.73 t 57.9° 60.3° 66.7° 70.6° 71.5° 71.5° D +E 0.385 0.476 1.276 2.45 3.60 4.47 t 71.6° 72.25° 72.5° 72.5° 78.9° 90.4° D+E 5.36 7.06 7.92 9.44 12.80 13.78 t 50.1° 53.9° 58.1° 62.45° 64.2° 64.5° B +E 0.348 0.470 1.13 1.67 2.61 3.67 t 62.5° 61.15° 67.3° 85.5° 89.7° B +E 6.44 8.16 10.23 12.95 13.74 ** = 15.7°.

t* - 15°.

A = HClO4 B = KClO 4 C = CH3OH (13) g B per 1 C Wt. % 0° 20° A 0.0 0.4950.747 0.4 0.216 0.8 0.0930.177 2.4 0.1225

t. = 250C Wt. % A| Wt. % B A + A6B5C2 33.745 I 0.245 A6B6C2 24.84 0.22 6.21 0.28 A6B6C2 + B 1.42 I 0.27

A = HgCl, A = HClO4 B == KCl B = KClO4 C = (CHs)2CO (34)" C = C2H5OH (12) t = 250C 0.0 0.0470.080 A + A5BC 0.05 0.0190.046 61.87 I 1.27 0.10 0.0200.040 A5BC 0.15 0.0180.035 60.68 1.39 0.20 0.0180.031 56.59 2.33 0.30 0.0190.040 55.85 2.58 A6BC + A6B5C2 A = H2SO4 54.62 I 2.78 B = Na2SO4 A6B5C2 C = C2H5OH (30.5) A = HgCl2 B = C2H6OH C = (C2Hs)2O (i) * = 180C? Wt. % A| Wt. % B A 32.43 67.57 35.50 58.59 37.39 51.02 37.96 44.79 38.24 38.69 37.75 32.84 36.29 27.16 34.08 22.48 28.55 15.20 20.67 8.97 5.49 0.00 A = HgCl2 B = NaCl C = C2H5OH (34) t = 250C A +B 46.86 I 3.02 A = HgCl2 B =KC1 C = C2H5OH (34)

48.13 2.93 38.94 2.82 18.04 2.51 13.26 2.34 A6B6C2 + B 10.99 I 2.92

Wt. % A[Wt. % B Mix. 13.08 0.45 0.16 0.19 0.17 0.25 0.02 0.11 B 0.00 I 0.032 A = HgI2 B = KI C = (CHg) 2 CO (130.5)

A = CuCl2 B = KCl C = C2H5OH (36) t = 250C AB + B 1.39 I 0.28 AB 2.15 5.25 30.16 AB + A C 34.30 I 0.21 AC 33.97 I 0.00 A - CuCl2 B = KCl C = (CHs) 2 CO (36) t = 250C AB + B 0.34 I 0.38 AB 0.48 1.50 2.06 AB + A C 2.40 0.27

A = HgCl2 B = CsCl C = (CH3)2CO (35) t = 250C A 57.74 I 0.00 A + A5B 57.77 I 0.14 A5B 57.74 0.20 52.54 0.22 A = AgNO 3 49.83 0.32 B = C2H5OH A5B + A 2 B C - (C 2 H 6 ) 2 0 (3i) 44.39 I 0.47 t = 150C A2B IB + 1C by vol. 39.65 0.48 dissolves 1.575 Wt. 28.48 0.48 % A A2B + AB 2B + 1C by vol. 27.14 I 0.57 dissolves 2.25 Wt. AB % A 21.50 I 0.46 LITERATURE

(For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) C 1 ) Abe, 4I1 33: 1087; 12. (2) Aten, 7, 54: 121; 06. ( 3 ) Atkins and Werner, 4, 101: 1167; 12. (4) Baume, 42, 9: 245; 11. (5) Baume, 42, 12: 216; 14. ( 6 ) Baume and Borowski, 42, 12: 276; 14. ( 7 ) Baume and Georgitses, 42, 12: 250; 14. (») Baume and Germann, 42, 12: 242; 14. (9) Baume and Pamfil, 34, 155: 426; 12. ( 10 ) Baume and Pamfil, 42, 12: 256; 14. (U) Baume and Perrot, 42,12: 225; 14. ( 12 ) Baxter and Kobayashi, 1, 39: 249; 17. ( 13 ) Baxter and Rupert, 1, 42: 2046; 20. ( 14 ) Bellucci and Grassi, 36, 44 I: 559; 14. O 6 ) Bertheaume, 34, 150: 1063; 10. (") Bödtker, 7, 22: 505; 97. (") Bokhorst, Diss., Amsterdam, 1915. (i 9 ) Bond and Beach, 1, 48: 348; 26. (is.5) Bonnell and Jones, 4, 129: 318; 26. (20) Bregmann, Thesis, Lausanne, 1914. ( 2 M Breithaupt, Thesis, Geneva, 38, No. 446. (22) de Bruyn, 7, 10: 782; 92, (23) Bunsen, BoO, II 1: 232; 06. C 24 ) Cambi, 88, 21 I: 773; 12. ( 25 ) Ceiitnerszwer, 7, 72: 431; 10. (26)

Fig. I

Fig.3 Fig.2

Fig.5

Fi|.7

Fig.4 Fig.6

Fig. 11

Fig.9 Fig.8 Fig.10

Fig. 14

Fig. 15

Fig.13

Fig.12

Fig. 17 Fig. 18

Fig.16

Fig.2l

Fig.19

Chauvenet, 34, 158: 128; 14. ( 2 ?) Chugaev and Kulopin, 93, 82: 401; 12. ( 28 ) Cocheret, Diss., Leiden, 1911. (29) D'Ans and Siegler, 7, 82: 35; 12. (30) Donnan and White, 4, 99: 1668; 11. (so.5) Dunnicliff, Sikka and Hoon, 50, 30: 1211; 26. ( 3 ^) Eder, 52, 17: 44; 78. ( 32 ) Étard, 6, 2: 503; 94. (33) Fisher, OS, 46: 1250; 14. (34) Foote, 1, 32: 618; 10. ( 3 *) Foote and Haigh, 1, 33: 459; 11. (36) Foote and Waiden, I1 33: 1032; 11. (37) Gott and Muir, 4, 57: 137; 90. ( 38 ) Heise, oO, 16: 373; 12. ( 39 ) Herz and Anders, 93, 52: 164; 07. («O) Herz and Knoch, 9S, 41: 315; 04. 45: 262; 05. 46: 193; 05. («) Herz and Kühn, 93, 60: 152; 08. («) Hill, 1, 43: 254; 21. (*3) Hill, I1 44:1163; 22. ( 44 ) HUl and Macy, 1, 46: 1132; 24. (44.5) Hill and Miller, 1, 47: 2703; 25. (45) Hofmann, Kirmreuther and Thai, 25, 43: 183; 10. (46) Holm, 184, 94: 138; 22. Thesis, Amsterdam, 1921. (47) Isbekow, 93, 143: 80; 25. ( 4 «) James, 4, 103: 1368; 12. (49) Jonescu, Diss., Geneva, 1913. (50) Keleeh, Thesis, Zurich, 1912. ( 5 I) Kendall and Adler, l, 43: 1470; 21. (52) Kendall and Carpenter, 1, 36: 2498; 14. (53) Kendall, Crittenden and Miller, I1 45: 963; 23. ( 5 4) King and Partington, 4, 129: 20; 26. ( 5 5 ) KoIb, 93, 83: 143; 13. ( 56 ) Kraus and Greer, 1, 45: 3078; 23. (57) Krug and McElroy, 320, 6: 184; 92. (58) Kurnakov, 53, 48: 1672; 16. (59) Kurnakov, Perelmuter and Kanov, 169, 24: 399 ; 15. 10, 4: 205 ; 21. («0) Laszczynskii, 25, 27: 2285; 94. ( 6 I) Laurie, 68, 31:375; 12. (62)Lemoine, 34, 125: 603; 97. (63) Leopold, 7, 71: 59; 10. (64) Linebarger, 11, 16: 214; 94. (65) Linebarger, 12, 49: 48; 95. ( 6 6 ) Lloyd, 50, 22: 300; 18. (67) Maass, Boomer and Morrison, 1, 45: 1433; 23. (68) Maass and Hatcher, 1, 44: 2472; 22. (69) Maass and Mclntosh, 1, 34: 1273; 12. (70) Maass and Mclntosh, 1, 35: 535; 13. ( 7 I) Maass and Russell, 1, 40: 1561; 18. (72) Maass and Russell, I1 43: 1227; 21. (73) McBride, 50, 14: 189; 10. (74) McDermott, I1 33: 1963; 11. (75) Mclntosh, 1, 33: 71; 11. (76) McMaster and Fratte, 1, 45: 2999; 23. (77) Macy, I1 47: 1032; 25. (78) Macy and Thomas, I1 48: 1547; 26. (79) Mameli and Cocconi, 36, 62 II: 113; 22. (80) Mason and Mathews, 50, 29: 1178; 25. ( 81 ) Mathews and Benger, 50, 18 : 263; 14. (82) Mathews and Ritter, 50, 21: 269; 17. (83) Mathews and Spero, 50, 21: 402; 17. (84) Matignon, 172, 2: 53; 09. (85) Menshutkin, 93, 49: 34; 06. (86) Idem, 49: 207; 06. ( 87 ) Idem, 52: 9; 07. (88) Idem, 52: 152; 07. (89) Idem, 53: 26; 07. (90) Menshutkin, 93, 54: 89; 07. ( 9 I ) Idem, 53, 41: 1053; 09. (92) Idem, 41: 1089; 09. (93) Idem, 93, 61: 100; 09. (94) Idem, 61, 113; 09. (95) Idem, 42, 9: 314; 10. (96) Idem, 53, 42: 58; 10. (97) Idem, 42: 1310; 10. ( 98 ) Idem, 179,13:1] 10. (99) Idem, 13: 17; 10. (100) Menshutkin, 53, 43: 393, 401, 425; 11. (loi) Idem, 43: 1303, 1329; 11. (io*) Idem, 179, 15: 65; 11. W1 2: 88; 13. <.i° 3 ) idem, 15: 95; 11. 10,2: 89; 13. (104) idem, 15: 793; 11. 10, 2: 88; 13. (105) idem, 179, 16: 83; 12. 1O1 2: 94; 21. ( 106 ) Idem, 169, 16: 226; 12. 10, 3: 88; 14. ( 1 0 7) Idem, 179, 16: 397; 12. 10, 3: 88; 14. (* 08 ) Idem, 53, 44: 1079; 12. (109) idem, 44: 1102; 12. (UO) Menshutkin, 53, 44: 1108; 12. ( U i ) Idem, 44: 1113; 12. ("2) Idem, 44: 1128; 12. (H 3 ) Muchin, 9, 18: 757; 12. (U*) Muchin, Trav. soc. sc. phys. chim. Univ. Karkoff, 39: 24; 13. O 1 5 ) Naumann, 25, 37: 3600; 04. (116) Idem, 37: 4328; 04. (H7) Idem, 37: 3600, 4328; 04. (i") Idem, 42: 3789; 09. (H») Idem, 43: 313; 10. (120) Naumann, 2S1 47: 1369; 14. O 2 I ) Idem, 47: 247; 14. (122) Neave, 173, 37: 399; 12. (123) Neustadt, 9, 16: 866; 10. (l24) Normand, 4, 107: 285; 15. (125) Oechsner de Coninck, 34, 130: 1304; 00. 131: 58, 1303; 00. 132: 90; 01. 186, 1902: 94. (i 2 6 ) Pascal and Garnier, 34, 176: 450; 23. (127) Pascal and Normand, 27, 13: 878; 13. (128) Pearce and Fay, 50, 18: 667; 14. (129) Pearce and Moore, 11, 50: 218; 12. (130) Peddle and Turner, 4, 103: 1202;. 12. (iso.S) Pernot, 34, 182: 1154; 26. (131) Pierrat, 34, 172: 1041; 21. (132) Pifia de Rubies, 149, 38: 414; 14. (133) Pushin and Kriger, S3, 46: 560; 14. 10, 4: 205; 21. O 34 ) Pushin and Lowy, 93, 150: 167; 26. O 35 ) Rabinovitsch and Jakubsohn, 93, 129: 1; 23. (136) Roshdestwensky and Lewis, 4, 99: 2138; 11. (137) Roshdestwensky and Lewis, 4, 101: 2094; 12. (138) galm and Präger, 136, 42: 463; 18. (139) Schroeder, SiB1 77: 267; 08. (140) Seidell, Boi; 1919. (140.5) Seyer and Ball, 69, 19 III: 149; 25. (Hi) Seyer and Dunbar, 69, 16 III : 307 ; 22. (142) Smith, 1, 45: 2072 ; 23. (143) Smits and Bokhorst, 7, 89: 374; 15. (144) Staronka, 180,191OA: 372. (145) Stock, 25, 43: 150; 10. (146) Strauli, Diss., Zürich, 1918. (146.5) Stuckgold, 42, 15: 502; 17. (147) Suie, 93, 25: 399; 00. (i48) Thiel and Schulte, 7, 96: 312; 20. (149) Thin and Gumming, 4, 107: 361; 15. (150) Timofeev, 34, 112: 1223; 91. ( 1 5 M Turner and Bissett, 4, 103: 1904; 13. (152) Tyrer, 4, 97:621; 10. (153) Tyrer, 182, 27: 142; 11. (154) Vanstone, 4, 105: 1491; 14. (iss) Vaseliev, Diss., Kajane. (156) Wagner and Zerner, 57, 31: 833; 10. (157) Waiden, 7, 55: 683; 06. (158) Waiden, 7, 55: 683; 06. (159) Waiden, 9, 27: 34; 21. (160) Walton and Judd, 1, 33: 1036; 11. (161) Walton and Wise, f , 44: 103; 22. (162) Wartenberg, 13, 440: 97; 24. (163) Willard and Smith, 1, 44: 2816; 22. (164) Willard and Smith, 1, 45: 285; 23. (165) Wirth and Bakke, 93, 87: 13; 14. (166) Wretos, Thesis, Zurich, 1914. (167) Wuth, 25, 35: 2415; 02. (168) Beach and Bond, 453, 32: 328, 25. O 6 9) Dorf man and Hildebrand, l, 49: 729; 27.

Part IV. Cryoscopic Data In the following tables are given, arranged by solvents, the following information, in the order stated: (a) The solvent. (6) Its freezing point.

(c) A "best" value (where determined) for the molai lowering, kp ( = At/N) for a normal solute in dilute solution in the solvent, as deduced from the freezing-point data (N = moles of solute per 1000 g solvent). (d) A list of the solutes which have been studied in the solvent, each solute, or the list of solutes, being followed (in parentheses) by the approximate upper limit of the concentrations (c) studied expressed in the units stated at the end of the list. (e) The literature references. From the value of kF for a normal solute in dilute solution, the latent heat of fusion, I in g-cal per g of solvent may be calcu1 99 T2 lated from the relation l = IQQQ/C where TF is the absolute freezing point of the pure solvent. Most of the investigations reported below were for the purpose of determining molecular weights in solution, and for the authors' conclusions with respect to this subject, reference should be had to the original literature. I. INORGANIC SOLVENTS Standard arrangement by solvents HBr: -910C; kF = 103.1—acetaldehyde, acetic acid, acetone, carbon tetrachloride, chloroform, ethyl acetate, ethyl alcohol, ethyl ether, methyl alcohol, paraldehyde, toluene (c up to ca. 2 t o 4 g / 1 0 0 g ) (15). I«: kF = 213—(SnI4, SbI3, AsI3 in HgI2); azobenzene, benzoic acid, benzoic anhydride, p-dibromobenzene, p-dinitrobenzene, diphenyl, ß-iodopropionie acid, methyl iodide, naphthalene, phenanthraquinone, and the following substituted ammonium iodides: phenyl, tetramethyl, trimethyltolyl, trimethylphenyl (c up to ca. 1 to 7 Wt. % solute) (14). (1) H 2 SO 4 (pure) : kp = 68.1. (2) H 2 SO 4 with M. P. depressed 0.20C by H2O: In each solvent: acetic, benzoic, butyric, formic, fumarie, isophthalic, maleic, malonic, oxalic, o-phthalic, propionic, salicylic, succinic, mono-, di-, and trichloroacetic, p-toluic acids. In solvent (2): o-, m-, p-chlorobenzoic, chlorosuccinic, glutaric, methylsuccinic, o-nitrobenzoic, sebacic, suberic, and terephthalic acids; acetic, phthalic and succinic anhydrides; acetaldehyde, acetone, benzaldehyde, benzophenone, coumarin, cinnamic aldehyde, ethyl phenyl ketone, fluorenone, menthone, phthalide, valerolactone (c up to ca. l to 3 g/100 g) (1°). (3) H 2 SO 4 with M. P. depressed 0.10C by H2O: kF = 69—trichloroacetic acid, trinitrobenzene, phthalic anhydride, picric acid; kF = 91-73— dimethyl sulfate, oxalic acid, trinitrotoluene (ll). NH 3 : NaNO3, KI (24); acetanilide (0.0438-0.23289/17.IgNH3), mannitol (0.1206-0.2785g/17.1 g NH3) (16). 2H3PO4.H2O : 290C; kF = 52.6—acetic, butyric, formic, propionic and valeric acids; kF = 68—acetone ( 4 ). POCl 3 : 1.250C; kp — 77.5—benzene, carbon tetrachloride, naphthalene, nitrobenzene (22); 0.4 to 0.90C; kF = 72.1—acetic anhydride, acetone, cyelohexanone, dipropyl ether, hexane; kF = 78.2—benzene, indene, naphthalene, nitrobenzene, nitronaphthalene, toluene ( 12 ). SbCl5: kp = 18.5—carbon tetrachloride, chloroform, hexachloroethane (8). TiBr4: 38.50C; kp = 226—benzene, bromoform, ethyl bromide, tetrabromoethane, tetrabromomethane ( 3 ). HgBr2: 2360C; kp = 290-640—sulfur at concentration of 0.1254 -7.870% (13); 2360C; kp = 396—anthraquinone, phenanthraquinone (I 3 ).

HgI2: 2550C; kp = 540-550—anthraquinone, phenanthraquinone (*). Na2SO ^1OH2O : /CF = 32.15 (7). Na 2 S 2 O 3 -OH 2 O: 48.50C; kF = 42.6—urea (7). II. ORGANIC SOLVENTS (The (L-Arrangement) CHBr3: diethylammonium chloride (3.5), diethylammonium iodide (3.1), dimethylpyrone (1.2), dipropylammonium chloride (3.2), isobutylammonium chloride (1.5), methylphenylammonium chloride (4.5), phenyldiethylammonium chloride (3.9), phenyldiethylammonium iodide (3.1), tetraisoamylammonium iodide (4.0), tribenzylammonium chloride (1.7), triethylammonium bromide (3.2), triethylammonium chloride (3.6), triethylammonium iodide (0.3) (cing/lOOg) («); S2C12(2.8) g/100g (2). CH2O2, Formic acid: HCl (2.2), NH4Cl (2.9), NH4Br (3.9), LiCl (0.8), NaCl (4.6), NaBr (5.0), KCl (3.5), KBr (6.5) ( c in g/100 g) (25) ; H2SO4 (3.2) (9); 8.40C-diethylammonium chloride (58.0), tetraethylammonium iodide (37.4), tetrapropylammonium iodide (29.9), triethylammonium chloride (36.7), triethylammonium iodide (7.4) (c in mol/100 1) (21). See also infra. C2H3ClO2, Chloroacetic acid: H2SO4 (2.69), HNO3 (5.40) (cing/lOQg) (9). C2H4Br2: HNO3(2.23) g/100 g (»). C 2 H 4 O 2 , Acetic acid: 16.50C—ammonium thiocyanate, ethylammonium chloride, tetraamylammonium iodide, tetraethylammonium bromide, tetramethylammonium thiocyanate, tetrapropylammonium iodide, triphenylamylammonium iodide (c up to ca. 2 to 3 mol/100 ce) (23); diethylammonium chloride (121.0), isobutylammonium chloride (64.2), phenylethylammonium chloride (41.2), tetraethylammonium bromide (42.2), tetraethylammonium chloride (111.3), tetrapropylammonium nitrate (23.7), tetrapropylammonium iodide (31.6), triethylammonium bromide (32.8), triethylammonium chloride (51.2), triethylammonium iodide (13.2) (c in mol/1001) (21); 16.50C-LiCl (2.5), NaBr (1.4) (c in mol/100 ce) (25); H2SO4 (1.6), HNO 3 (3.8) (c in g/100 g) ( 9 ). C 2 H 4 O 2 , Acetic acid (anhydrous): LiBr, LiI, LiNO3, NaEr, NaC2H3O2 (24). C 3 H 7 NO 2 , Urethane: diethylammonium chloride (86.2), isobutylammonium chloride (96.9), quinoline ethiodide (15.2), tetraethylammonium bromide (55.6), tetrapropylammonium iodide (24.2), tetrapropylammonium nitrate (49.3), triethylammonium chloride (59.9) (c in mol/100 1) (21 ). C4H8O2, Ethyl acetate: dimethyl sulfate (3.0) g/100 g ( 9 ). C5H11NO2, Ethylurethane: NH 4 I (0.22), Li salicylate (0.24), KI (0.05), RbI (0.02) (c in mol /100 ce) (l»). C 6 H 5 NO 2 , Nitrobenzene: H2SO4 (11.5), HNO3 (6.7) (c in g/100 g) ( 9 ); 5.660C—quinoline ethiodide (2.8), tetrapropylammonium iodide (4.4), tetrapropylammonium nitrate (6.2) (c in mol/100 1) ( 21 ). C 6 H 6 , Benzene: dimethyl sulfate (4.2) g/100 g ( 9 ). C6H6O, Phenol: diethylammonium chloride (43.6), isobutylammonium chloride (53.3), tetraethylammonium iodide (30.5), tetrapropylammonium iodide (29.1), tetrapropylammonium nitrate (28.3), triethylammonium bromide (35.4), triethylammonium chloride (42.8), triethylammonium iodide (29.0) (concentration in mol/100 1) (21); aniline hydrochloride (11.5), dimethylammonium chloride (9.3), tetramethylammonium iodide (11.9) (c in g/100 cc) (5); Na acetate (3.9), K oximidoketohydrindene (1.35), Rb oximidochloroketohydrindene (2.8) (c in g/100 cc) ( 5 ). C6H12O, Cyclohexanol: LiClO4(O. 000849-0.031701 mol/1), LiBr (0-00352-0.02011 mol/1) O 7 ).

C7H9N, p-Toluidine: diethylammonium chloride (75.6), isobutylammonium chloride (87.7), quinoline ethiodide (29.0), phenylethylammonium chloride (47.1), tetraethylammonium bromide (37.6), tetraethylammonium chloride (59.8), tetraethylammonium iodide (28.7), tetrapropylammonium nitrate (39.6), tetrapropylammonium iodide (36.8), triethylammonium bromide (54.1), triethylammonium chloride (76.7) (c in mol/100 1) (2l). Ci0Hs, Naphthalene: tetraamylammonium iodide (1.05) mol/ 1001(21). C12H11N, Diphenylamine: diethylammonium chloride (30.1), tetraethylammonium iodide (45.6), tetrapropylammonium iodide (24.4), tetrapropylammonium nitrate (25.8), triethylammonium bromide (35.1), triethylammonium chloride (56.7), triethylammonium iodide (33.2) (c in mol/100 1) ( 2 I); tetraethylammonium iodide (0.86) mol/100 ce (23). SOLUTIONS WITH Two OR MORE SOLUTES CHBr3 : Chlorobenzene + triethylammonium bromide, bromine -f- triethylammonium chloride, diethylammonium nitrate + iodine, chloride, dipropylammonium chloride + triethylammonium dipropylammonium chloride -f- tetraisoamylammonium iodide, dipropylammonium chloride + triethylammonium chloride, isobutylammonium chloride + triethylammonium bromide, isobutylammonium chloride + triethylammonium chloride, ethyl iodide -f triethylammonium bromide, ethyl iodide •+• triethylammonium chloride, iodine + phenol, iodine + tetraisoamylammonium chloride, iodine + triethylammonium chloride, iodine -|- triethylammonium bromide, iodobenzene + triethylammonium bromide (20); S2Cl2 +Ss (2); diethylammonium chloride +tetrapropylammonium iodide, phenyldiethylammonium chloride + phenyldiethylammonium iodide (2°). C 6 H 6 : iodine + benzoyl iodide, iodine + chlorobenzene, iodine + ethyl iodide, iodine + propyl chloride ( 2 °); ethyl alcohol + CdI2, ethyl alcohol + HgCl2, methyl alcohol + CdI2, methyl alcohol + HgCl2, propyl alcohol + CdI2 (i). A = solute = salts of formic acid.

B = solvent = formic acid

m. c, , ,

Solute

HCOONH4 HCOOK HCOONa HCOOLi (HCOO)2Ba

Observed At for 5 MoI % B,* 0C 5.9 6.6 5.9 4.9 8.5 3_3

„

Com

P°™k AB3; AB AB3; AB2; AB AB2; AB AB

* Calculated.

LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) (i) Beckmann, 93, 89: 167; 14. (2) Bruni and Amadori, 36, 50: 97; 20. (3) Falciola, 73, 2: 221; 10. ( 4 ) Falciola, 73, 2: 266; 10. ( 5 ) Härtung, 7, 77: 82; 11. (6) Kendall, Adler and Davidson, 1, 43: 1846; 21. (7) Leenhardt and Boutaric, 27, 13: 147, 651; 13. ( 8 ) Moles, 7, 90: 70; 15. ( 9 ) Oddo and Anelli, 36, 411:552; 11. (io) Oddo and Casalino, 36, 47 II: 200; 17. U 1 ) Oddo and Casaline, 36, 48 I: 17;18. (i2) Oddo and Mannessier, 30,4111:212; 11. 93, 73 : 259; 12. (13) Olivari, 22, 211: 718; 12. (14) Olivari, 22, 22 II: 697; 13. 22, 23 I: 41: 14. (i 5 ) Reid and Mclntosh, 1, 38: 615; 16. (*«) Schmid and Becker, 25, 58B: 1968; 25. (") Schreiner and Frivold, 7, 124: 1; 26. (l«) Stuckgold, 42, 15: 502; 17. C1.9) Turner, 4, 101: 1923; 12. (20) Turner and English, 4, 105: 1786; 14. ( 2 I) Turner and Pollard, 4, 105: 1751; 14. (22) Waiden, 93, 68: 307; 10. (23) Waiden, 9, 26: 60; 20. (24) Webb, 1, 48: 2263; 26. ( 2 S) Zanninovich-Tessarin, 7,19: 251; 96.

SOLUBILITY OF SALTS AND OF STRONG ACIDS AND BASES IN WATER* J. N. BRONSTED

x = Mole fraction = AT i g g 51'

Abkürzungen und Symbole ; siehe auch S. 4 S = Wasserlos Substanz. M = Grammformelgewicht auf 1000 g H2O. M x = Molenbruch = A/r , ,, el" M 4-55,51

Abréviations et Symboles; v. aussi, p. 4 S = Substance anhydre. M = Poids moléculaire de la formule en grammes pour 1000 g H2O. M x = Fraction moléculaire = A/r * M +. gg 55,g 151

Abbreviazioni e Simboli; v. anche p. 4 S = Sostanza anidra. M = Peso della formula espresso in grammi in 1000 g di H2O. x — Frazione di gr. molecola = AIVI, -j- _5o, _ K1 • o!

Abbreviations and Symbols ; v. also p. 4 S = Anhydrous substance, M = Gram-formula-weight (corresponding to formula given in the heading) per 1000 g H2O.

HCl ( 1 4 , 1 5 , 3 9 4 , 4 3 8 )

*, 0C

I M ± 3% S • 3Aq -70 10.34 -60 11.02 -50 12.00 -40 13.38 -30 15.64 -24.9 18.50 S • 3Aq + S • 2Aq -27.4E I 21.22 S-2Aq -25 21.94 -20 24.16 -17.7 27.75 -20 33.64 S • 2Aq + S - A q -23E I 37.16 S-Aq -22 38.1 -20 40.5 -18 43.9 -16 49.3 -15.3 55.5 HClO4 ("i) (See Fig. 1) t, 0C I x S-Aq -40 0.940 -20 0.899 O 0.843 +20 0.760 40 0.640

»-TABLE, STANDARD ARRANGEMENT (v. Voi. Ili, p. viii) HClO4.—(Continued) HClO4.- (Continued) I1 0C x t, 0C I x S - 3Aq(0) S-Aq 60 0.500 -46m 0.230 40 0.431 -47m 0.227 +20 0.398 -48m 0.224 O 0.379 S • 3Aq(a) -20 0.368 -41m 0.223 S • 2Aq -40m 0.226 -22 0.361 -39m 0.230 -20 0.353 -38m 0.236 -17.8 0.333 -37 0.250 -20 0.313 -38m 0.265 -25 0.297 -39m 0.272 -30 0.287 -40m 0.277 -35m 0.280 -41m 0.281 -40m 0.273 S • 3.5Aq -45m 0.268 S • 2.5Aq -45m 0.239 -44m 0,238 -29.8 0.286 -43m 0.235 -30 0.275 -42m 0.230 -32 0.261 -.41.4m 0.222 -36 0.252 -42m 0.212 -40m 0.246 -44m 0.202 -44m 0.242 -46m 0.198 S • 3Aq (0) -48m 0.194 -47m 0.267 -50m 0.191 -46m 0.265 ,-52m 0.189 -45m 0.262 0 t) C Crys. | Liq. -44m 0.258 -43.2m 0.250 Mixit -44m 0.240 -44m 0.246 -45m 0.234 -42m 0.243

HClO4.- (Continued) x t, 0C I Crys. I Liq. Mixit

-4Om -38m -36 -34 -36 -38 -40 -42 -44 -46

0.229 0.224 0.218 0.203 0.199 0.196 0.194 0.191

0.241 0.238 0.233 0.218 0.194 0.188 0.185 0.182 0.180 0.178

Mix2f -52m 0.174 0.187 -5Om 0.172 0.183 -48m 0.169 0.179 -46 0.166 0.174 -44 0.163 0.170 -42 0.160 0.164 -41 0.156 0.156 -42 0.151 0.147 -44 0.146 0.138 -46 0.142 0.133 -48 0.139 0.128 -50 0.136 0.124 -52 0.134 0.120 -54 0.131 0.117 -56 0.129 0.144 t, 0C .[ MiX1 + Mix2 -47.2E I 0.177

* Except (a) solubilities of slightly so»luble electrolytes, for which consult the final index under "Electrical conductiviity;" (b) systems composed of two liquid phases, for which v. Vol. Ill, p. 386; and (c) solubility of complex metal-ammonia salts in water, for which the following; original literature should be consulted, 66 67 In most instances, the data given are f
* Ausgenommen: (a) Wenig lösliche ïiïektrolyte, für welche im Schluss-Index unter " Elektrische Leitfähigkeit " nachziisehen ist; (b) Systeme mit zwei flüssigen Phasen, siehe Bd. Ill, S. 386; (c) Löslich keit komplexer Metallammoniaksalze in Wasser, für welche die folgende originiil Literatur heranzuziehen ist. In den meisten Fällen beziehen sich die Angaben nur auf ein oder zwei Temperaturen

68, 69, 83, 85, 116, 141, 142, 257, 284, 2 89, 349, 404, 520, 5 2 1 ) .

(66, 67, 68, 69, 83, 85, 116, 141, 142, 257, 284, 289, 349, 404, 520, 5 2 1 ) ,

* Excepté: (a) Solubilités des électrolytes peu solubles, pour lesquelles on consultera l'index final sous "ConductilDili té électrique," (6) systèmes composés de deux phases liquides, pour lesquels v. Vol. Ill, p. 386 et (c) solubilité dans l'eau des sels complexes des métaux a vec l'ammoniaque, pour laquelle on coneultera les sources bibliographiques ori;ginales suivantes. Dans la plupart des cas l'information n'est donnée que pour une ou deux températures seulement

* Sono eccettuati: (a) Gli elettroliti poco solubili, per i quali si consulta l'indice finale al capitolo " Conducibìlità elettrica;" (b) i sistemi con due fasi liquide, per i quali vedi Voi. Ili, p: 3!36; (c) le solubilità dei complessi metalloammonici nel!' acqua, per i quali si coiisulti la letteratura originale indicata qui di seguito. Nella maggiore parte dei aisi i dati si riferiscono solo a una o due temperature (« 6 » 6 ^, «», 69, 83, ss, ne, i 41, 142, 257, 284, 289, 349, 404, 520, 521),

(66, 67, 68, 69, 83, 85, 116, 141, 142, 2 5 7 ,, 284, 289, 349, 404, 520, 5 2 1 ) ,

.

HClO4.- (Continued)

t, 0C

x

I

Mh1 + S-3Aq(«) -37.8E

I

0.237

MiX1 + S • 2.5Aq -42.3mE I 0.244 S • 3.5Aq + S • 3Aq(0) -44.3mE 0.238 S - 3Aq(a) + S - 2.5Aq -37EU I 0.250 S - 3Aq(a) + S • 2Aq -39.4mE I 0.274 S - 3Aq(0) + S • 2.5Aq -43.7mE 0.242 S-SAq(A + S - 2Aq -46.5mE I 0.266 S - 2.5Aq + S • 2Aq -29.8E I 0.288 S - 2Aq + S • Aq -23.5E I 0.365 S -112 I 1.00 f Mixed crystals witî compn. given in x scale.

HBr (is) t, 0C 1 M S-2Aq -24 22.0 -20 23.1 -16 24.3 -12 26.4 -11.3 27.8 -12 30.0 -14 32.6 S • 2Aq + S - A q -15.5E I 34.0 S-Aq -12 35.4 - 8 37.8 - 4 43.8 HI (395) S-4Aq -70 8.56 -60 9.20 -50 10.20 -40 11.70 -36.0 13.88 -40 15.66 -45 16.64 S • 4Aq + S • 3Aq -48.5E 17.20 S • 3Aq -48.1 18.50 -50 20.28 S • 3Aq -f S • 2Aq -55E I 21.4 S-2Aq -50 23.1 -45 24.7 HIO3 (197,316)

t, 0C

M ± 3% HIO3

-14 O +20

15.2 16.3 18.0

HIO3.—(Continued)

t,°C

M ± 3%

I

H2SeO4 (270)

t, 0C

HIO3

40 60

20.1 22.8

80

26.5

32.5 HIO3 + HI3O8 UOU I 36.3 HI3O8 120 37.6 140 42.7 160 53.9 H2SO3 (13) t, 0C I M S-6Aq O 1.87 2 2.17 4 2.55 6 3.12 8 4.00 10 5.24 12.1 7.93 100

H2SO4 («1» 129, 185, 258, 309, 389, 390, 391, 492)

t, 0C

x

I S-4Aq

-70 0.102 -50 0.129 -30 0.175 -25 0.194 -24.5 0.200 -30 0.225 -35 0.241 -45 0.269 5 • 4Aq + S • 2Aq -5OE I 0.281 S -2Aq -45 0.288 -40 0.310 -38.9 0.333 -40 0.350 S • 2Aq + S - A q -41E I 0.355

S. Aq -40 -20 -10 O + 5 8.5 5 O -10 -20 -30 ]

0.723

S -35 -25

0.732 0.770

-15

0.815

- 5 O + 5

10.4

S • 4Aq 0.145 0.161

-52 0.200 -55 0.250 S • 4Aq + S - A q -57.2E 1 0.270 S-Aq -50 0.276 -40 0.286 -20 0.311 O 0.346 +20 0.410 25 0.453 26 0.500 25 0.520 20 0.560 S - Aq + S 14.7E I 0.590 S 20 0.600 30 0.631 40 0.693 50 0.810 60 l.QOQ H2TeO4 (354) t, 0C I M ± 2% S-6Aq O 0.84 5 1.19 10 1.75 15m 2.52 S • 6Aq + S - 2Aq 10.5U 1.82 S • 2Aq 10m 1.80 20 2.16 30 2.53 40 2.95 60 3.92 80 5.51 100 8.06 NH3 ( 1 3 6 , 4 3 9 )

0.355 0.370 0.390 0.423 0.450 0.500 0.553 0.588 0.636 0.672 0.703

S • Aq + S -38E

-60 -55

NH3—(Continued)

x

I

0.870 0.905 0.944

1.000

v. also p. 251

t, 0C

I

x

S

-77.8 1.000 -80 0.964 -84 0.904 -88 0.857 -92 0.820 S + S - 0.5Aq -93.4E I 0.809 S • 0.5Aq -92 0.803 -88 0.782 -84 0.754 -80 0.706 -78.8 0.667 -80 0.636 -82 0.616 -86 0.588 S - 0.5Aq + S - A q -88E I 0.576

t, 0C

[

x

S-Aq -86 -82

0.566 0.544

-80 -79.3 -80 -90 -95

0.524 0.500 0.477 0.400 0.375

HNO 3 (280, 392)

S-SAq -45 0.123 -35 0.143 -25 0.177 -20 0.209 -18.3 0.250 -20 0.289 -25 0.327 -30 0.354 -40 0.396 S - 3Aq + S - Aq -42.2E I 0.404 S-Aq -40 0.428 -38 0.464 -37.3 0.500 -38 0.537 -40 0.570 -50 0.648 -60 0.693 S - Aq + S -67.3E I 0.720 S -60 0.760 -50 0.839 -41.3 1.000 NH 4 NO 3 (99, 106, 151, 200, 202, 331, 348, 35I 1 426, 455,

513)

t, 0C

I x ± 2% S(«) -20 0.130 -10 0.174 O 0.218 +10 0.262 20 0.305 30 0.349 S(a) + S(« 32.3U I 0.358 S(j8)

I 40 j60 J80

0.392 0.484 0.590 S(« + S(T) 84U I 0.613

S(T) 90 100

0.646 0.700 S(T) + S(S) 125U I 0.832 S(O) 140 0.895 160 0.968 169 1.000

N2H4-HNO3 ( 471 ) Basic hydrazine nitrate V0C I x

S 10 0.250 20 0.335 25 0.383 30 0.433 40 0.538 50 0.663 60 0.796 NH4NO3.2HN03 (196) S -10 0.38 - 5 0.41 O 0.45 + 5 0.49 10 0.54 15 0.62 20 0.70 25 0.82 29.5 1.00 NH4Cl (3i », 20, 40, 84, 106, 139, 149, 199, 202, 315, 317,

327, 334, 338, 339, 363, 424, 426, 441, 443*, 447, 450, 451,

454, 500, 501)

t, 0C

I M ± 1% S +Ice -15.4 I 4.58 S -15 4.60 O 5.55 +10 6.22 15 6.58 20 6.97 25 7.38 I 30 7.78 170 11.20 80 12.15 90 13.2 100 14.2 * Gives the equation, —log x = 464.5/Z7 - 0.5400 from 163 to 184.5°; and -log z = 327.8/T - 0.2412 from 184.5 to 205°, U at 184.5°. NH4ClO4 (80, 493)

t, 0C

I S

M ± 5%

O 1.10 20 1.99 40 3.12 60 4.38 80 5.77 100 7.41 110 8.35 NH4Br ( 1 SS* 200, 468) /, 0 C I M ± 2% S(«) -20 4.61 O 6.10 +20 7.71 40 9.38 60 11.01 80 12.87

NH4Br.—(Continued) t,cC I M ± 2% S(«) 100 14.90 120 17.11 S(«) + S(|3) 137.3U I 19.44 SO» 140 19.67 150 20.66 160 21.78 165 22.38 NH4I (US, 200, 469)

S -27.4 9.24 O 10.51 +20 11.73 40 13.06 „ 100 17.37 I 140 20.62 NH4IO3 (316) *, 0C I M S 30 I 0.227 NH4IO4 (23) 16 0.129 N2H4-H2SO4 (472) Hydrazine sulfate S 20 0.210 25 0.254 30 0.305 50 0.546 60 0.704 70 0.882 80 1.105 (NH4)2S04 (46, 58, 81, 345, 424, 426, 447, 451, 452, 453,

472, 513, 522)

t, 0C

I S

M ± 1%

-20 5.01 O 5.35 +10 5.53 20 5.73 25 5.82 30 5.91 I 40 6.15 j 70 6.94 80 7.24 100 7.82 (NH 4 )AO 6 (U) t, 0C I M S • 0.5Aq O 6.80 20 8.47 30 9.31 (N2H4)2.H2S04 (472) Basic hydrazine sulfate *S • Aq 25 12.5 35 15.3 45 22.6 S - Aq + S 47.3U I 27.6

(N2H4) 2.H2SO4.t, 0C 1 S 50 55 60

(Continued) M 28.7 31.0 34.2

H 3 PO 4 (184, 470) 0

*, C

x

l

S - 0.5Aq -20 0.373 -10 0.386 O 0.403 + 10 0.431 20 0.484 25 0.534 27 0.594 29.35 0.667 27 0.704 25 0.750 S - 0.5Aq + S • 0.1Aq 23.7E I 0.766 S • 0.1Aq 24 0.767 25 0.779 26 0.801 S - 0.1Aq + S 26.3U I 0.812 S 27 0.814 30 0.824 35 0.862 40 0.935 42.3 1.0 S • 0.5Aq (435) -80 0.242 -60 0.270 -40 0.305 S • 0.5Aq + S 23.5E I 0.766 S 23.5 0.766 25 0.777 30 0.825 35 0.885 40 0.962 1.000 42.35 No S • 0.1Aq H 4 P 2 O 7 (184)

t, 0C

I

M

S - 1.5Aq

26

I

0.400

H4P2O7.- (Continued) Z, 0C I M S 61 I 1.00 NH4H2PO4 (71, ill) t, 0C I M ± 5% S O 1.94 20 3.26 40 4.86 60 7.12 80 10.4 100 14.6 (NH4)2HPO4 (71, Hi) t, 0C I M ± 10% S O 3.3 I 20 4.5 j 70 7.1 (NH4)3P04 (Hi) t, 0C I M S-3Aq 25 I 1.19 SbF3 (430) S O 21.5 20 25.2 25 27.6 30 I 31.6 SbCl3 ( 3 2 , 1 2 0 )

«, 0C

I S

O 0.327 10 0.367 20 0.412 30 0.463 40 0.525 50 0.620 60 0.746 70 0.945 72 1.00 (NH4)3SbS4 (127) t, 0C I M S-4Aq -13.4 2.33 O 2.34 + 10 2.50 20 2.94 30 3.93

NOTE.—The following list of carbon compounds includes only salts. For organic acids and bases, v. p. 250. NH4HCO2 (195); Formate NH4HCO3 (122, 149, 151, 490, t, 0C I M soc, soi) t, 0C

S O 20 40 60 80

16.3 22.7 32.5 48.4 86.8

100

222.0

116

QO

I S

M ± 5%

O 10 20 30

1.50 2.02 2.66 3.42

40

4.30

NH4HCO2-H2CO2 (195) Formate t, 0C I M S -5 40.9 O 51.0 +5 67.3 10 93.7 (NH 4 ) 2 CO 3 ( 338 > 339) S O 5.8(?) 15 6.5(?) (NH4)2C2O4 C 102 » 138> 165); cf. (539)

Oxalate t, 0C M ± 3% S-Aq O 0.179 10 0.252 20 0.360 30 0.495 50 0.832 (NH^2C4H4O8 (152) Dihydroxytartrate t, 0C M O 0.135 C5H11NO2JECl (479) Betaine hydrochloride S O 2.86 20 3.96 I 40 5.32 j 80 8.48 Perchlorates of Organic Bases (238)

* = 15° M CH3NH3ClO4 8.4 (CHg) 2 NH 2 ClO 4 14.3 C2H6NH3ClO4 14.3 (CHs)3NHClO4 1.20 (CH3MCH2I)NClO4 0.105 (C2Hs)2NH2ClO4 8.7 (CHs)4NClO4 0.030 (CH3)3C2H6NC1O4 0.58 (CHg) 3C3H7NClO 4 0,77 (CH3)2(C2H6)2NC1O4 6.7 (CHs)3C4H9NClO4 0.171 CH3(C2H6) 3NC1O4 1.09 (C2Hs)4NClO4 0.163 (CHs)3C6H11NClO4 0.098 (CHs)3C6H6NClO4 0.75 (C2Hs)3C3H7NClO4 0.32 C6H11NO2-HBr (479) Betaine hydrobromide t, 0C I M S O 2.00 20 3.20 I 40 4.62 I 100 9.84 (CHg)4NI (228, 515)

Tetramethylammonium iodide S O 0.100 25 0.275

(CA)4NI (515) Tetraethylammonium iodide t, 0C I M S O 0.714 25 1.783 C5H11NO20HI (479) Betaine hydroiodide S O 2.80 20 5.60 I 40 8.36 j 80 13.86 (C5H11NO2J2-HI (479) Betaine hydroiodide, basic S O 0.57 20 1.10 40 1.96 I 60 3.02 j 90 4.93 NH4CNS (437) S O 16.0 20 21.3 C5H11NO2-H2SO4 (479) Betaine sulfate S.Aq. O 3.42 20 5.14 I 40 7.66 j70 12.24 Isomerie Naphthylaminedisulfonates (i 54 ) A = C10H5NH2(S03)2 t = 20° 2, 5, 7-isomers M (NH 4 ) 2 A-3Aq 6.32 Pb A - 6 A q 1.82 ZnA-SAq 1.77 CoA - 8Aq 1.16 NiAvOAq 1.53 MgA-SAq 0.82 CaA-4Aq 1.97 SrA • 4Aq 1.08 BaA-SAq 0.67 NaHA-4Aq 0.264 Na 2 A-OAq 7.49 KHA-4Aq 0.078 K 2 A-2Aq 4.67 2, 6, 8-isomers M (NH 4 ) 2 A-2Aq 7.03 PbA-Aq 1.58 ZnA-SAq 1.44 CoA-SAq 1.08 Ni A - 6 A q 1.38 MgA-SAq 0.292 CaA-SAq 1.20 SrA - 3 A q 0.675 BaA-SAq 0.311 NaHA-4Aq 0.248 Na 2 A-SAq 4.16 KHA-2Aq 0.074 K 2 A - 2Aq 2.78

C12H12N2-H2SO4 (42) Benzidine sulfate I9 0C M ± 5% O 0.00017 20 0.00028 40 0.00046 60 0.00067 80 0.00091 C21H22O2N2-C3H6O6S (170) Strychnine sulfopropionate t, 0C I M d-salt 25 I 0.131 Z-salt 25 I 0.784 (C19H22N2O)2-H2SO4 (401) Cinchonidine sulfate /,0C I x S-6Aq(?) 75 0.0015 90 0.0032 100 0.0128 110 0.0320 120 0.0442 130 0.0563 140 0.071 150 0.101 153 0.143 S • 6Aq + S - 2Aq 153U I 0.138 S-2Aq 155 0.145 165 0.184 170 0.21 S 242 I 1.000 (C20H24N202)2.H2S04 (401) Quinine sulfate S-7Aq(?) 80 0.0004 100 0.0010 120 0.0023 130 0.0122 135 0.0252 140 0.0354 150 0.0480 155 0.075 S - 7Aq -f S - 2Aq 156.2U I 0.0962 S • 2Aq 160 0.104 170 0.152 175 0.24 176.5 0.333 S 235.2 I 1.000 NH4C7H5ClNO6S (113) Chloronitrotoluene-msulfonate t, 0C M O 0.035 10 0.048 20 0.069 30 0.096

C5H11NO2-H3PO4 (479) Betaine phosphate t, 0C j M S O 2.14 20 3.22 I 40 5.22 |80 I 10.24 (NH4)2ZrF6 (227) t, 0C M* O 0.612 20 1.054 45 1.84 90 2.96 * Per 1 soin.

(NH4)sZrF7 ( 227 ) O 0.361 20 0.551 45 0.787 SnCl2 (140,173)

*, 0C

I S-2Aq

M

O 25

20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

4.4 12.2

SnI2 (532) S(?) 0.0265 0.0316 0.0386 0.0472 0.0568 0.0672 0.0785 0.0912 0.116

PbCl2 (60, 62, 137, 206, 229, 295, 365)

II °C

I

M ±

2%

S O 10 20 25 30 40 60 80 100

0.0242 0.0297 0.0357 0.0390 0.0427 0.0505 0.0697 0.0932 0.1199

Pb(ClO2)2 (290) *, 0C I M ± 10% S O 0.0010 20 0.0028 40 0.0048 60 0.0072 80 0.0097 100 0.0123 Pb(ClO3), (357)

t, 0C 18

I S I

M 4.04

PbFCl (475)

I9 0C

M ± 3%

I S

O 20 I 40 I 100

0.00080 0.00128 0.00191 0.00413

PbBr2 (137,295)

/,0C

M ± 2%

PbC4H4O5.- (Continued) t, 0C I M S-Aq 10 0.00062 20 0.00088 30 0.00136 40 0.00178 PbC4H4O6 t 79 , 132) d-Tartrate

S

I

S (79)

O 10 20 30 40 60 80 100

0.0124 0.0167 0.0230 0.0313 0.0412 0.0642 0.0913 0.1294

PbI2 ( 118 > t, 0C

137

»

15

°» 292 > 29S ) M ± 3%

S

O 10 20 30 40 60 80 100

0.00092 0.00110 0.00139 0.00190 0.00261 0.00441 0.00670 0.00927

Pb(I0 3 ) 2 (211)

/,0C

M ± 0.5% S

25

0.0000553 PbN6 (529)

/, 0C

M S

18 0.00080 70 0.00315 Pb(NOs) 2 (i° 6 > i 4 5 » 147 » 148 > 150, 186, 275, 327, 414, 447)

/,0C

I S

M ± 2%

O 1.217 10 1.43 20 1.66 25 1.80 I 30 1.94 j 100 3.79 No change was found in M when Pb of at. wt. 206.4 207.2 was present (1 4 ?> 4 I 4 ). PbC4H4O5 ( 132 ) Z-Malate /,0C I M S-2Aq O 0.00044 10 0.00071 20 0.00121 30 0.00194 40 0.00290 PbC4H4O5 (132) di- Malate S-Aq O I 0.00044

O 10 20 30 40

0.000076 0.000083 0.000092 0.000108 0.000139 S (132)

30 50 70 90

0.000028 0.000057 0.000102 0.000170

PbC4H4O6 ( 132 ) Racemate S-4Aq O 0.000107 10 0.000058 20 0.000072 30 0.000126 40 0.000208 Pb(CH 3 CO 2 ), (134,377)

Acetate I M ± 1% S-3Aq O 0.606 10 0.901 20 1.362 25 1.676 30 2.14 40 3.58 50 6.80 Pb(C 6 H 5 C0 2 ) 2 (380) Benzoate /, 0C M 20 0.0035 30 0.0044 40 0.0055 50 0.0070 PbC10H5NH2(S03)2 Naphthylaminedisulfonates v. p. 219 Th(SO4)2 (is» 24 i 2 S, 117) (See Fig. 2) t, 0C I M ± 5% S-9Aq O 0.0174 10 0.0231 20 0.0324 30 0.0472 40 0.0707 55m 0.159 S - 9Aq + S • 4Aq 43.6U I 0.0813 S-SAq Om 0.0236 10m 0.0282 /,0C

Th(SO4) 2.—(Continued) /,0C I M ± 5% S-SAq 20m 0.0370 30m 0.0520 40m 0.0753 45m 0.0900 S • 8Aq + S - 4Aq 43. OmUj 0.0840 S-4Aq 40m 0.095 45 0.077 50 0.060 60 0.039 70 0.026 75 0.022 Ga2(Se04)3 (u 9 ) /,0C I M S - 16Aq 25 I 1.01 NH4Ga(S04)2 (u») S • 12Aq 25 I 1.10 TlOH (i 2 ) /,0C I M ± 3% S O 1.18 10 1.36 20 1.63 30 1.96 40 2.32 /, 0C M* 50 2.72 60 3.33 80 4.83 100* 6.75 * Per 1 soin. TlCl ( 3 6 >

53

> 178, 229, 364, 365,

366)

/,0C

O 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

I M ± 1% S 0.0070 0.0097 0.0138 0.0189 0.0258 0.0340 0.0436 0.0549 0.0675 0.0824 Q. 1020

TlClO3 ( 1 9 > 3 4 2 , 3 6 7 )

/,0C

10 20 30 40 60 80

I S

M ± 4%

0.090 0.137 0.210 0.302 0.640 1.14 TlClO4 (80) /,0C I M S O I 0.197

TlClO4.- (Continued) t, 0C I M

S 10 . 20 30 40 60 80

0.265 0.415 0.630 0.910 1.72 2.68

TlBr (34, 364)

/,0C

I S

M ± 3%

30 0.00257 40 0.00392 50 0.0055 60 0.0072 70 0.0092 TlBrO3 ( 366 ) /, 0 C I M ± 0.5% S 39.75 0.02234 Tl2SO3 (35, 460)

/,0C

15 Tl2SO4 (36»

I S I 93

M

0.0683

> 98, 100, 244,

285, 367, 507); cfm (35)

/, 0 C

I S

M ± 1%

O 0.0534 10 0.0730 20 0.0962 30 0.1226 40 0.152 60 0.216 80 0.290 100 Q. 370 Tl2(SO4)3.T12S04 (35) T12(S04)3.(T12S04)5 (35) T1OHS04.2H20 (35) Tl2SeO4 (187, 507) /, 0 C I M ± 3%

S 10 0.040 20 0.051 30 0.064 40 0.080 60 0.114 80 0.154 100 0.197 TlNO3 ( 36 > 144) S O 0.149 10 0.239 20 0.353 30 0.535 40 0.795 50 1.27 60 1.73 70 2.62 80 4.22 90 7.5 100 15.3 104.5 22.3

Tl2CO3 (285)

t, 0C

I M ± 10% S

ZnCl2.-(Continued)

/, 0 C

10

0.094

20m

20 30 40

0.118 0.147 0.183

25m 30

60 80 100

0.267 0.363 0.472

0

Tl2C2O4 (206) Oxalate

I M ± 0.2% S

t, C 25

I

0.03755

TlC 6 H 2 N 3 O 7 (403) Picrate

/, 0C

I M ± 1% S (red)

O 0.00312 10 0.00560 20 0.00908 25 0.0110 30 0.0133 40 0.0189 S (red) + S (yellow) 46.1U I 0.0248 S (yellow) 45 0.0241 50 0.0280 60 0.0390 70 0.0562 TlCNS (364, 366) 25 0.01494 39.75 0.02795 ZnCl2 (356) (See Fig. 3)

t, °c

| M ± 3%

S-4Aq

-60 -50 -40

7.6 8.3 9.3 S-3Aq

-10 O + 5 6.6 5m

13.9 15.3 16.9 18.5 20.7

S • 2.5Aq

O 5 10

17.3 18.1 19.9

12.5

22.2

10m 25.7 6m 28.3 S - 1.5Aq - 5m 22.2 Om 22.7 + 1Om 24.3 20 27.0 25 30.0 S-Aq Om 25.1 10m 26.7

I M ± 3% S-Aq 29.1

30.6 33.5 S

25m 31.7 30 32.2 40 33.2 60 35.8 80 39.8 100 45.1 262 oo S • 4Aq + S • 3Aq -3OU I 11.7 S • 3Aq + S - 2.5Aq 6.5EU I 18.5 S • 3Aq + S - 1.5Aq OmE I 22.7 S • 2.5Aq + S • 1.5Aq 11.5E I 24.6 S • 2.5Aq + S - A q 9mE I 26.4 S • 1.5Aq + S - A q 26U I 31.0 S • 1.5Aq + S 26.3mU I 31.8 S • Aq + S 28U I 32.0 Zn(ClOs) 2 (323, 357)

S-6Aq

-20 5.36 O 6.10 +10 7.11 15 8.00 S • 6Aq + S • 4Aq 17.3U 1 8.53 S-4Aq

8.62 9.00 9.62 10.96 13.3

20 30 40 50 55 /, 0C

ZnBr2 (123)

I

M ± 2%

S-3Aq

-15 14.96 -10 16.24 - 5m 18.46 S • 3Aq + S • 2Aq - 8.7U I 16.70 S-2Aq

-10m O + 10 20

16.64 17.26 18.34 19.82

30 35 37m

22.26 24.84 27.75

S • 2Aq + S 36.1U

I

26.04

S I 35m I 95

26.00 29.52

ZnI2 (123)

t, 0C

I

M ± 3%

Zn(NOg)2.- (Continued)

/,0C

I

M ± 2%

S-2Aq

S-6Aq

-10 13.00 O 13.41 +1Om 14.14 20m 15.59 25m 17.1 28m 18.5 S - 2Aq + S 0.5U I 13.45 S - 5m 13.43 Om 13.45 hl5 13.52 30 13.72 45 14.12 100 15.94

20 6.23 30 7.29 35 8.30 36.4 9.24 35 9.88 33 10.23 S - 6Aq + S • 3Aq 34E I 10.03

ZnSO4 (70, 74, 75, 92, 95, 106,

144,199,480) (See Fig. 4) /,0C I M ± 0.2% S • 7Aq(rhomb) - 5 2.434 O 2.595 + 5 2.760 10 2.952 15 3.151 20 3.358 25 3:588 30 3.844 35 4.11 S • 7Aq (rhomb) + S • 6Aq 39U I 4.34 S • 7Aq(monocl) - 5m 2.916 Om 3.06 + 5m 3.220 10m 3.37 15m 3.535 20m 3.715 S • 7Aq(monocl) + S • 6Aq 25mU I 3.940 S-6Aq 10m 3.635 20m 3.832 30m 4.07 40 4.36 50 4.76 60 5.27 S-Aq(?) 100 5.0* 125 4.2* * ± io %. Zn(NOa) 2 (I 7 4 » 357)

/,0C

I M ± 2% S-9Aq -25 3.53 -20 3.86 S - 9Aq + S • 6Aq -16.6U I 4.30 S-6Aq -15 4.37 -10 4.58 O 5.00 + 10 5.55

S-SAq

35 40 45 45.5

10.14 11.00 13.00 18.47

ZnS04.(NH4)2S04 (299) /,0C I M S -6Aq 25 I 0.48 ZnC4H4O6 (79) Tartrate S-2Aq I 15 0.0009 I 30 0.0022 40 0.0030 50 0.0038 60 0.0046 S - 2Aq + S - xAq 63U(?) [ 0.0048(?) S • xAq 1 60m 0.0051 .[ O 0.0018 Zn(C 6 H 5 C0 2 ) 2 (380) Benzoate 15 0.086 20 0.080 30 0.069 40 0.060 50 0.053 60 0.047 ZnCi 0 H 5 NH 2 (SOa) 2 Naphthylaminedisulfonates v. p. 219 Tl2Zn(SO4)2 (299) /,0C 1 M S-6Aq 25 I 0.129 CdF2 (248) 25 1 0.29 CdCl2 (123, 144) (See Fig. 5) /, 0C I M ± 3% S-4Aq -10 4.12 Om 5.33 +1Om 6.83 15m 7.89 S - 4Aq + S • 2.5Aq - 6U 1 4.60 S • 4Aq + S - Aq 13mU I 7.38 S - 2.5Aq -10m 4.35 O 4.95

CdCl2.—(Continued) t, 0C M ± 3% S - 2.5Aq +10 5.55 20 6.22 30 7.00 40m 7.9 S-2.5Aq + S - A q 34.1U I 7.40 S-Aq 10m 7.38 30m 7.39 40 7.40 60 7.47 80 7.66 100 8.04±5% 120 8.8 ±5% 140 9.8 + 5% Cd(C103)2 (323) S-2Aq -20 12.4 O 14.1 +20 15.9 40 18.1 60 21.4 65 23.4 CdBr2 (123, 144) S-4Aq O 2.20 10 2.82 20 3.76 30 4.86 40m 6.3 S - 4Aq + S - Aq 35.8U | 5.60 S-Aq I 40 5.62 J, 120 6.02 CdI2 ( 94 > 96, i 2 3 » !44) t, 0C | M ± 1% S O 2.155 10 2.230 20 2.312 30 2.404 40 2.506 60 2.77 80 3.09 100 3.48 120 3.96 140 4.74 t, 0C M + 0.1% 0.00 2.155 15.00 2.269 20.00 2.312 22.50 2.333 25.00 2.356 27.50 2.379 30.00 2.404 32.50 2.427 35.00 2.453 37.50 2.480 40.00 2.506

CdSO4 (1°1> 260, 266, 358, 477)

t, 0C

I

M ± 3%

S-7Aq -20m 3.80 -10m 4.06 - 5m 4.51 *, 0C M ± 0.1% S . %Aq -15 3.616 O 3.620 +10 3.639 20 3.667 .25 3.683 t, 0C M ± 2% 30 3.71 40 3.76 50 3.83 60 3.92 70 4.08 S - %Aq + S 74.5U | 4.25 S 75 3.85 80 3.34 85 3.14 90 3.03 100 I 2.92 Cd(N0 3 ) 2 (i 74 ) t, 0C | M ± 3% S • 9Aq -12 2.60 - 4 3.27 O 4.11 + Im 4.72 2m 6.17 S • 9Aq + S • 4Aq 0.9U | 4.67 S-4Aq Om 4.64 10 5.00 20 5.44 30 5.96 40 6.75 50 8.2 55 9.7 59.5 13.88 CdCl2.NH4Cl (42l) t, 0C | M S O 1.78 20 2.20 40 2.70 60 3.22 80 3.70 100 4.40 CdBr2-NH4Br (422) S O 3.13 10 3.31 20 3.62 30 4.00 40 4.45 50 4.96 75 6.35 100 7.90

CdBr2.4NH4Br (422) t, 0C | M S 160 | 9.9 CdS04.(NH4)2S04 (299) S-6Aq 25 | 2.14 HgO ( 1 7 7 > 240, 446)

t, 0C 25

t, 0C

M ± 10%

O

0.170

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

0.204 0.246 0.300 0.366 0.466 0.554 0.714 0.98 1.41 2.06

HgBr2 (223, 225, 335, 461)

/, 0 C 25

M ± 1% 0.0170 HgI2 (223)

t, 0C

I M S 25 | 0.00013 Hg2SO4 (13l) S 25 | 0.00117 HgCH3CO2 (283) Acétate 21 | 0.00395

Hg(CN) 2 (223, 261, 461)

S

-20 ,, +20 25 ,, 70 90

I M ± 2% S-2Aq 4.53 5.58 5.70 6.96 7.56

Cu(ClOs) 2 (5l,* 323)

t, 0C -30 -20 -10 O +10 20 30 40 50 60

447, 450, 451, 480, 495, 496, 504)

t,° c

I M ±2 % S - 5Aq (a)

1.6 0.85 O 0.88 + 10 1.08 20 1.30 25 1.408 30 1.53 40 1.80 50 2.09 S - 5Aq (a) + S • 5Aq (0) 56U | 2.29 S • 5Aq(0) 60 2.44 70 2.84 80 3.39 90 4.22 100 4.72 S-5Aq + S - S A q ? 101U | 4.79 S-SAq? 110 4.88 120 4.98 130 5.08 -

CuS 2 O 6 (U)

t,°C

M

S-4Aq O 10 20 30

3.49 3.56 3.64 3.73

Cu(NO 3 ), (144, 150, 174, 311)

0.376 0.445

CuCl2 (!4O, 144, 317, 407, 425, 450, 451, 457)

t, 0C

* Found S • 6Aq, M. P. 65°. CuSO4 ( 81 > 9l, 95, 106, 144, 164, 193, 221, 311, 318, 386,

M ± 3% 0.000233

HgCl2 (124, 160, 201, 225, 337, 341,374,398,457,461,497,502)

20 25

Cu (ClO3) 2.—(Continued) t,°C | M ± 3% S-4Aq 71.06 13.88 71 14.14

| M ± 3% S-4Aq 5.26 5.58 5.88 6.22 6.62 7.06 7.60 8.18 8.94 9.94

t, 0C

| M ± 3% S-9Aq -23 3.01 -20m 3.69 S • 9Aq + S • 6Aq -2OU | 3.51 S-6Aq -10 3.88 O 4.37 +10 5.18 20 6.56 25 7.95 26.4m 9.25 S • 6Aq + S • 3Aq 25U 8.00 S-3Aq 30 8.15 40 8.52 50 8.98 60 9.55 70 10.25 80 11.08 100 13.28 114.5

18.50

CuCl2.2NH4Cl (317) t, 0C I M ± 2% S-2Aq -10 1.06 O 1.18 +10 1.30 20 1.44 30 1.61 40 1.81 50 2.06 60 2.34 70 2.69 80 3.17 CuSO4.(NH4)2SO4 (8l, 447, 451) 0

t, C

I

M

S-6Aq 20 30 40 50 60

0.682 0.876 1.076 1.304 1.67 79

CuC4H4O6 ( )

Tartrate ( M X IO3 S-3Aq 15 1.06 20 2.00 30 4.2 40 6.8 50 9.5 S - 3Aq + S • zAq 52?U | 10.1? S • xAq 60 9.1 70 7.9 80 6.8 90 5.7 t , 0C

CuSO4.Tl2SO4 ( 299 ) t, 0C | M

25

S-6Aq | 0.122

Ag2O (369) S 25 | 0.000217 AgF O»«) (See Fig. 6) t, 0C I x± 2% S-4Aq -15 0.0780 - 5 0.0974 O 0.110 +10 0.146 18 0.186 19m 0.200 S • 4Aq + S • 2Aq 18.65U I 0.194 S-2Aq 15m 0.189 20 0.196 25 0.203 35 0.222 S • 2Aq + S 39.5U I 0.240

AgF.—( Cont inued ) t, 0C I x ± 2 %

S 40 60 80 100

0.240 0.234 0.230 0.226 S-Âq

Om

0.194

10m

0.206

20m

0.219

25m

0.228

S - Âq + S - A q

27mU

I 0.233 S-Aq 15m 0.230 25m 0.232 35m 0.238 S - Aq + S 38.2mU I 0.241 AgClO3 (29°) t, 0C I M ± 5% S O 0.0097 10 0.0165 20 0.0236 40 0.0397 60 0.061 80 0.088 100 0.123 AgClO4 (230, 231)

t, 0C

I M ± 2% S-Aq O 21.0 I 20 25.2 30 27.7 J, 50 32.9 S • Aq + S 50?U I 32.9? S I 60 34.1 I 100 38.4 AgBrO3 (229, 364, 406) 0

«, C

I S

25 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

AgIO3 (232, 369)

t, 0C

I S

M

25

I

0.000181

Ag2SO4 (24, 145, 206, 232, 436) I

M ± 1%

S

10 20 30 50 70

AgNO 2

0.0220 0.0254 0.0283 0.0340 0.0390

(2,

t, 0C

109,

I S

O 10 20 25 30 40 50 60

294,

362)

0.0102 0.0146 0.0222 0.0270 0.0329 0.0466 0.0641* 0.0897*

* May be in error due to decompn.

- /, °C

I

M ±

2%

S -5 5.60 O 6.65 +5 7.80 10 9.20 15 10.75 20 12.30 25 14.00 30 15.95 /, 0C x ± 10% 40 0.259 50 0.30 75 0.41 100 0.51 125 0.62 150 I 0.73 AgN03.NH4N03 (455) /,0C I M S 30 I 16.7 AgCH3CO2 (9, 190, 232,259,405)

t, 0C

O 10 20 25 30 40 50 60 70 80

Acetate I M ± 2% S 0.0432 0.0522 0.0620 0.0670 0.0726 0.0842 0.0978 0.1130 0.1302 0.1502

AgC 2 H 5 CO 2 (9, 190, 259, 405)

O 10 20 I 25 I 50 60 70 80

Ag2C4H4O6 (384) Malate /, 0 C M ± 10% 18 0.0034 25 0.0035 Ag 2 C 4 H 4 O 6 (384)

M ± 3%

AgNO3 (144, 202, 275, 312, 329, 455, 495)

M ± 1%

0.00830 0.00963 0.01340 0.01836 0.0242 0.0312 0.0397 0.0562

*, °C

Ag2SO4.—(Continued) t, 0C I M ± 1% S 80 0.0413 100 0.0453

Propionate S 0.0278 0.0372 0.0460 0.0501 0.0738 0.0840 0.0960 0.1120

Tartrate 18 25

0.055 0.056

AgC 3 H 7 CO 2 (9, 405)

t, 0C

10 20 30 50 70 80

Butyrate i M ± 5% S 0.0215 0.0249 0.0289 0.0380 0.0492 0.0582

AgC3H7CO2 (190, 405)

Isobutyrate I M ± 3% S O 0.038 10 0.044 I 20 0.050 I 60 0.076 70 0.085 80 0.091 AgC4H9CO2 (458) Methylethylacetate /, 0 C I M S 10 0.0532 20 0.0540 30 0.0566 40 0.0643 50 0.0768 60 0.0876 70 0.1000 AgC4H9CO2 (478) Trimethylacetate S O 0.0525 10 0.0552 20 0.0584 30 0.0620 40 0.0659 50 0.0700 60 0.0750 70 0.0804 AgC4H9CO2 (9, 176) Valerate S O 0.0108 10 0.0124 17(9) 0.0094 20 0.0143 30 0.0167 40 0.0195 50 0.0228 60 0.0264 70 0.0304 t, 0C

AgC4H9CO2 (458)

t, 0C O 10 20 I 50 I 70

Isovalerate I M S 0.0085 0.0101 0.0118 0.0172 0.0212

AgC6H5CO2 (371) Benzoate S 25 I 0.00115 AgCH2ClCO2 ( 9 > 232 ) Chloroacetate S 16.9 0.0646 25 0.0739 C6HnNO2-HAuCl4 ( 479 ) Betaine chloroaurate S O 0.035 20 0.060 40 0.126 60 0.250 80 0.416 90 0.507 2C5HiiNO2.HAuCl4 ( 479 ) Betaine chloroaurate, basic S-Aq O 0.0084 20 0.0172 I 40 0.0420 J, 80 0.114 OsO4 (««) 20 I 0.254 (NH4)2IrCl6 (7,413) /,0C I M ± 5% S O 0.0118 10 0.0166 20 0.0224 30 0.0286 40 0.0360 50 0.0440 60 0.0550 70 0.0690 80 0.092 (NH4) 2PtCl6 ( 7 ) ./, 0C I M ± 4% S O 0.0066 20 0.0113 30 0.0144 40 0.0182 60 0.0310 80 0.0500 100 0.0720 (NH4)2PtBr6 (7) S O 0.0056 20 0.0096 30 0.0118 40 0.0143

(NH4) 2PtBr6.—(Continued) t, 0C I M ± 4% S 60 0.0213 80 0.0327 100 0.0497 RuO4 (408.5) MnCl2 (US, 1 4 4 , 4 1 6 )

t, 0C

I M ± 3% S • 4Aq(a) O 5.04 10 5.47 20 5.93 30 6.42 40 7.04 50 7.77 S • 4Aq(a) + S - 2Aq 58.09UI 8.63 S-2Aq I 60 8.65 I 100 9.24

MnBr2 (i 44 * 282 )

t, °c

I M + 10%

S • 4Aq* -20 5.1 O 5.8 +20 6.6 40 7.7 60 9.5 S • 4Aq + S • Aq 64U I 10.1 S-Aq 70 10.2 85 10.5 100 10.7 * According to (

282

) S • 6Aq is given

as stable form below 13°. MnSO4 (107, 411, 456)

(See Fig. 7) *, 0C I M ± 1% S-7Aq -10 3.18 O 3.53 + 1Om 3.97 15m 4.31 S - 7Aq + S • 5Aq 9U I 3.92 S - 7Aq + S • 4Aq 14mU I 4.20 S-5Aq Om 3.76 10 3.94 20 4.16 30m 4.46 35m 4.70 S - 5Aq + S • 4Aq 27U I 4.36 S • 5Aq + S - A q 27U I 4.36 S • 4Aq 10m 4.17 20m 4.27 30m 4.40 40m 4.57 50m 4.80

MnSO4.-(CWMiwed) *, 0C I M ± 1% S - 4Aq + S - Aq 27U I 4.36 S-Aq 20m 4.49 30 4.31 40 4.10 50 3.85 60 3.60 70 3.32 80 3.02 90 2.52 100 2.39 Mn(NOs) 2 (i 74 ) t, C I M ± 2% S-6Aq -30 4.02 -20 4.51 -10 5.05 O 5.68 + 10 6.48 20 7.66 25 8.78 25.8 9.25 25 9.75 S - 6Aq + S • 3Aq 23.6E I 10.13 S-SAq 25 10.34 30 11.5 35 15 35.5 18.5 MnS04.(NH4)2SO4 (299) t, 0C I M S-6Aq 25 I 1.33 MnC 2 O 4 (536); Qxalate 0

C5HnNO2.HMnO4 (479) Betaine permanganate O 0.075 10 0.118 20 0.200 30 0.361 40 0.682 50 1.34 55 1.98 FeCl2 (88, 1 4 4 , 2 7 3 )

*, 0C

I M ± 5% S-4Aq 10 4.74 I 20 5.18 i 60 6.98 S • 4Aq + S • 2Aq 65U I 7.20 S-2Aq I 70 7.32 ! 110 8.26 FeCl3 ( 2 I) (See Fig. 8) S-6Aq -50 3.10 -25 3.50 O 4.50 +10 5.08 20 5 fi«

FeCl3.- (Continued) t,°C I M ± 5% S-6Aq 6.60 7.54 9.25 11.00 12.88 14.30 14.88 S - 3.5Aq 20m 12.60 25m 13.12 30 14.10 32.5 15.86 25m 17.28 S • 2.5Aq 20m 15.52 40 17.90 50 19.48 55 21.10 56 22.20 S-2Aq 50m 22.1 60 22.9 70 24.6 73.5 27.8 70 30.9 65m 32.7 S(?) 70 32.5 80 32.6 90 32.8 100 33.1 S • 6Aq + S • 3.5Aq 27.4E I 13.48 S • 6Aq + S • 2.5Aq 14mE I 14.66 S • 3.5Aq + S • 2.5Aq 3OE I 16.76 S • 2.5Aq + S • 2Aq 55E I 22.50 S - 2Aq + S (?) 66E I 32.2 FeBr2 (i 44 ) f, 0C I M S-6Aq -20 4.1 -10 4.3 + 10 4.9 20 5.2 30 5.6 40 6.0 S • 6Aq + S • 4Aq 48U(?) I 6.34(?) S-4Aq 50 6.4 70 6.9 100 8_2 30 35 37 35 30 20m 10m

FeSO4 (1 44 > 169»

44

7, 452, 453,

496) (See Fig. 9) t, 0C I M ± 2% S-7Aq O 1.030 10 1.35 20 1.74 20 2 ifi

FeSO4.- (Continued) t, 0C I M ± 2% S-7Aq 40 2.65 50 3.17

S - 7Aq + S • 4Aq 56.6Ü 3.60 S - 7Aq + S - Aq 60.3mUl 3.85 S-4Aq 60 3.62 70m 3.69 S - 4Aq + S • Aq 64U I 3.66 S-Aq 70 3.36 80 2.88 90 2.46 Fe(N03)2 (174) t, 0C I M ±3% S-9Aq -30 3.03 -20 3.18 -15 3.30 S - 9Aq + S - 6Aq ? I ? S-6Aq -10 3.63 O 3.93 +10 4.28 20 4.67 30 5.09 40 5.60 50 6.38 60.5 9.25 NH4Fe(S04)2 (2") I1 0C M S • 12Aq 25 I 1.67 FeSO4.(NH4)2S04 ( 299 ) S -6Aq 25 I 1.05 TlFe(S04)2 ( 298 ) S - 12Aq 25 I 0.80 CoCl2 (88,

t, 0C

140,

144)

I M ± 3% S-6Aq -20 2.62 -10 2.90 O 3.20 + 10 3.55 20 3.95 30 4.42 40 5.03 50 6.00 S • 6Aq + S • 2Aq (56U) i (7.30) S. 2Aq 60 7.30 70 7.39 80 7.52 90 7.70 100 7.96 110 8.35

CO(ClOa)2 (323)

t, 0C -20 -10

O +10

i M ± 2% S-6Aq 5.10 5.43

I

5.98 7.09

S • 6Aq + S • 4Aq 14.8U i 7.85 S-4Aq 20 8.02 30 8.56 40 9.37 50 10.55 60 13.0 61 14.0 CO(C104)2 (188)

i, 0C -30 +20 30 40

M 3.1 4.1 4.3 4.5

CoBr2 (144) 60 75 100

9.1 9.2 9.7

CoI2 (50, 144) O 7.6 40 10.2 80 12.9 120 14.2 160 15.6 Trans, pt. at 6.4°, data doubtful. Co(I03)2 ( 322 ) (See Fig. 10) /,0C I M ± 2% S-4Aq Om 0.0132 1Om 0.0170 2Om 0.0208 3Om 0.0253 4Om 0.0303 5Om 0.0363 6Om 0.0465 65m 0.0541 S-4Aq+S 25m(?) I 0.023(?) S-2Aq O 0.0078 10 0.0096 20 0.0113 30 0.0129 40 0.0148 50 0.0164 60 0.0182 7Om 0.0200 8Om 0.0218 9Om 0.0235 10Om 0.0252 S • 2Aq + S 67U(?) 0.019(?) S 20m I 0.0246

Co (1O3)2.— (Continued) t, 0C I M ± 2% S 3Om 0.0220 5Om 0.0202 75 0.0186 100 0.0171 CoSO4

( 2 66,

344,

496,

514)

S-7Aq O 1.64 10 1.95 20 2.33 30 2.72 40 3.14 S • 7Aq + S • 6Aq 40.7U I 3.17 S • 6Aq I 50 3.49 I 100 5.25 Co(NOa)2 (174) S-9Aq -25 3.60 -23 3.75 -21m 4.00 S - 9Aq + S - 6Aq -22U I 3.85 -S • 6Aq -20 3.92 -10 4.24 O 4.61 + 10 5.03 20 5.52 30 6.08 40 6.84 50 7.90 56 9.26 S • 6Aq + S - 3Aq 55U I 8.82 S • 3Aq 60 9.2 70 10.1 80 11.3 90 14.3 91 18.5

CoSO4.(NH4)2SO4 ( 299 ) t, 0C I M S-6Aq 25 I 0.52 CoCi0H5NH2(SOs)2 Naphthylaminedisulfonates v. p. 219 NiCl2 (88, 144, 163) t, 0C I M ± 3% S-6Aq -20 3.3 O 3.9 +20 4.6 40 5.3 60 6.1 S • 6Aq + S • zAq 72Ü I 6.7 S-xAq 80 6.7 100 6.8

0

Ni(ClOa)2 (323)

«, C

M ± 2%

S • 6Aq -20 4.30 -10 4.60 O 4.93 +10 5.37 20 5.94 30 6.9 40 8.5 S • 6Aq + S • 4Aq 43U I 9.1 S-4Aq 50 9.4 60 9.8 70 10.5 79.6 13.7 Ni(ClO4), (188) t, 0C I M S - 9Aq(?) i -30 3.5 i +20 4.3 30 4.4 40 4.6 NiBr2 (49, 144) t, 0C I M ± 10% S • 6Aq(?) O 5.1 20 6.1 S • 6Aq + S - 3Aq(?) 28.5U I 6.6 S • 3Aq(?) 40 6.6 60 6.8 80 7.0 100 7.4 NiI2 (144)

S • 6Aq(?) O 20 40 S • 6Aq(?) + S 43U I S-zAq 50 70 90

4.0 4.7 5.6 • zAq 5.7 5.7 5.9 6.1

Ni(IOa)2 ( 322 ) (See Fig. 11) t, 0C i M ± 5% S-4Aq Om 0.0181 1Om 0.0215 2Om 0.0264 3Om 0.0350 S • 2Aq(a) Om 0.0130 1Om 0.0147 2Om 0.0173 3Om 0.0213 4Om 0.0296 5Om 0.0443 S - 2Aq(<*) + S 38mU I 0.027

Ni(IOs)2.- (Continued) t, 0C I M ± 5% S - 2Aq(|8) O 0.0128 20 0.0144 40 0.0170 60 0.0213 80m 0.0277 S - 2Aq(j8) + S 74U I 0.025 S 30m 0.0281 50m 0.0265 70m 0.0255 90 0.0245 476

NiSO4 ( ) I M ± 3% S-7Aq - 5 1.66 +10 2.06 20 2.37 30 2.76 35m 2.99 S - 7Aq + S - 6Aq(
Ni(NOs) 2 (174)

S-9Aq -25 3.36 -20 3.66 -15m 3.99 -10m 4.38 S - 9Aq + S • 6Aq -16.2U I 3.80 S-6Aq -20m 3.69 -10 4.00 O 4.35 +20

5.27

40 6.67 50 7.72 66.7m 9.25 S • 6Aq + S • 3Aq 54.5U I 8.50 S-3Aq 60 8.90 70 9.76 80 10.8 90 12.9 96 18.6

NiS04.(NH4)2S04 (299) 0

t, C

25

I

M

S-6Aq I 0.265

NiCioH5NH2(S03)2 Naphthylaminedisulfonates v. p. 219 NiSO4-Tl2SO4 (299) t, 0C I M S-6Aq 25 I 0.070 CrO3 ( 7 2, 182, 264, 269, 358, 449)

«, 0C

I

M ± 2%

O 16.2 20 16.8 40 17.5 60 18.3 80 19.3 100 20.5 120 23.0 (NH 4 ) 2 Cr0 4 (449) t, 0C I M S 30 I 2.66 (NHU)2Cr2O7 (336, 449) *, 0C I M ± 2% S 15 1.22 20 1.38 25 1.59 30 1.87 NH 4 Cr(SO 4 ) 2 (263, 298) S • 12Aq O 0.150 10 0.240 20 0.342 30 0.470 40 0.662 TlCr(SO4), (298) t, 0C I M S • 12Aq 25 I 0.212 Ag2CrO4 (523) t, 0C M ± 20% I 20 8.3 X 10~5 I 50 16.5 X IQ"5 UO2Cl2 (355) t,°C M 18 21.9 (UO2)SO4 (372) S-3Aq 13 0.461 16 0.513 U(S04)2 (i") S • 8Aq 93 3.99 90 3.50 80 2.38 70 1.74 60 1.30 50 0.96 40 0.65 30 0.430 20 0.283 S - 8Aq + S - 4Aq 18U I 0.270

U(SO4) 2.—(Continued) t, 0C I M S-4Aq I 20 0.263 j 60 0.162 UO 2 (NO 3 ), (509) S-6Aq -20 1.96 -10 2.21 O 2.48 + 10 2.79 20 3.17 30 3.63 40 4.28 50 5.19 S • 6Aq + S • 3Aq 60.2Ü I 6.4 UO2C2O4 (103, 126)

Oxalate S • 3Aq(?) 15 0.0132 25 0.0180 50 0.0282 UO2(HCO2), (108) Formate S-Aq 15 I 0.200* * Per 1 soin. UO2(CH3COs)2 (108)

Acetate S • 2Aq 17 I 0.200 UO2(C2H5CO2)2 (108) Propionate S-2Aq 19 I 0.204 U02(C3H7C02)2 (108) Butyrate S-2Aq 17 I 0.237 U02(C3H7C02)2 (108) Isobutyrate S-2Aq 20 I 0.096 UO2(C4H9CO2), (108) Isovalerate S • 2Aq 14 I 0.078 NH4V(SO4), (299) S • 12Aq 25 I 1.22 TlV(SO4), (298)

25

S • 12Aq I 0.58

H3BO3 (10» 220, 224, 361)

v. also p. 251 S O 0.429 10 0.582 20 0.800 30 1.076 40 1.420 50 1.862

H3BO3.—(Continued) t,°C \ M S 60 2.390 70 3.00 80 3.81 90 4.90 100 6.38 (NH4),B407 (441) O 0.203 10 0.289 20 0.424 25 0.516 Al 2 (SO 4 )-, (57, 271, 398)

t, 0C

I M ± 3% S • 18Aq O 0.92 10 0.98 20 1.06 30 1.18 40 1.34 50 1.52 I 60 1.73 J, 100 2.60 Al(NOs) 3 (243)

t, 0C 25

I M S • 18Aq I 3.01

NH4Al(SO4), (298, 398)

*, 0C

I M ± 4% S • 12Aq O 0.088 10 0.202 20 0.324 30 0.460 40 0.628 50 0.848 60 1.13 70 1.48 80 1.93 90 2.48 100 3.14 N2H4JUH(SO4)2 (472) Hydrazine aluminium sulfate /,0C I M S . 12Aq 25 I 1.27 T1A1(SO4)2 (36, 298)

S • 12Aq O 0.075 10 0.104 20 0.154 30 0.223 40 0.340 50 0.540 60 0.840 Sc2(SO4), (528) S-5Aq 25 I 1.05 YCl 3 (UO, 524*)

O I 20 i 80

3.80 3.85 4.00

* In ( 5 2 4 ) are given values ca. 2.5 % higher.

YBr3 (no)

1,0C O 20 40 60 80

M 1.96 2.32 2.70 3.10 3.53

IQQ

4.02

Y2(S04)3 (110) O 0.179 20 0.154 I 40 0.127 j IQQ 0.035 Y(N03)3 (11°) O 3.39 10 4.03 20 4.68 I 30 5.32 J, 70 7.90 La(I03)3 (209,423 )

S 25(209) 25(423)

0.001031 0.00254

Ce2(SO4) 3.—(Contin ued) t,°C i M ± 2% S-SAq

20 3Om 4Om 5Om 6Om 45m

55m 7Om SOm 9Om 10Om 35m 4Om

50 60 70 80 90 100

0.169 0.130 0.105 0.0841 0.0712 S-5Aq 0.155

0.0765 0.0339 0.0216 0.0142 0.0088 S-4Aq 0.149 0.108

0.0605 0.0379 0.0260 0.0187 0.0129 0.0079

S • 12Aq + S • 9Aq

La2(SO4)S ( 353 > 526 ) 6.OmU I 0.296 t, 0C I M ± 10% S • 12Aq + S - S A q S-9Aq 3.7U I 0.294 O 0.0534 S • 9Aq -f-S-SAq 10 0.0469 27.5U I 0.138 20 0.0405 S • 9Aq 4- S • 5Aq 30 0.0348 55.7mU I 0.0739 40 0.0297 S • 9Aq + S - 4Aq 50 0.0253 41.8U I 0.0975 60 0.0220 S • SAq + S • 5Aq 70 0.0191 54.9mU i 0.0772 80 0.0167 S • SAq + S • 4Aq 90 0.0143 40.9mU I 0.1025 100 0.0122 Ce2(Se04)3* (86) La(N03)3 (250) *, 0C M 0 *, C M O 0.56 25 I 4.65 20 0.50 La(CH3CO2)S (SiO) 40 0.46 Acetate 60 0.19 18 I 0.65 80 0.07 Ce(I03)s («a) 100 0.03 * Hydration and stability of solid S phase uncertain. 25 I 0.0022 2 5 (NEU)2Ce(NOs)5 (530) Ce2(SO4)S t «*, 26) (See Fig. S • 4Aq 12) 10 5.0 t, 0C I M ± 2% 20 5.7 S • 12Aq 30 6.6 O 0.291 40 7.7 1Om 0.300 50 9.6 2Om 0.310 S • 4Aq + S • zAq S-9Aq 56U(?) I 11.7(?) Om 0.369 S-zAq IQm 0.253 60 14.0 2Om 0.176 65 16.8 30 0.129 40 0.101 (NH4)2Ce(NOs)6 (53°) S 5Om 0.0822 6Om 0.0682 25 2.60 30 2.76 S-SAq 40 3.04 Om 0.336 50 3.31 10 0.232

(NH4)2Ce(N03)6.—(CWd) t, 0C M S 60 3.56 70 3.79 80 4.01 90 4.23 NH4Ce(S04)2 (530) S • 4Aq 20m? 0.154 30m? 0.149 40m 0.145 50m 0.140 S • 4Aq + S 20(?)U 1 0.15(?)

S 40 0.093 50 0.075 60 0.060 70 0.046 80 0.036 90 0.030 Ce(HC02)3 (530) Formate 15 0.0145 75 0.0136 Ce(CH3CO2)S (530) Acetate 15 0.77 75 0.47 Ce(C2H5CO2)S (530) Propionate 15 0.65 75 0.53 Ce(C3H7CO2)S (53°) Butyrate 15 0.088 75 0.050 Ce(C3H7C02)3 (530) Isobutyrate 20 0.176 75 0.087 PrCl3 (314) 15 I 4.2 Pr2(SO4)3 (353, 442)

S-SAq 0.35 0.29 0.24 0.20 0.15 0.14 0.11 0.085 0.061 S-SAq 85 0.028 90 0.023 95 0.019 S Om 0.415(?) 20m 0.311(?) Pr(NO3)3.3Zn(N03)2.24Aq Om? 10m? 20m? 30m? 40m? 50m? 60m? 70m? 80m?

(402.5)

Pr(NO3) 3.3Co(NO3)2.24Aq (402.5)

Pr(N03)3.3Ni(NO,)2.24Aq (402.5)

NdCl3 ( 313 > 314 > 5 24) *, 0C M 10 3.86 20 3.91 30 3.97 40 4.05 50 4.27 100 5.6 Nd 2 (SO 4 ), (353, 526)

t, 0C

I M S-SAq 0.166 0.136 0.111 0.090 0.075 0.057 0.047 0.039

O 10 20 30 40 60 80 100 Nd(N03)3.3Zn(N03)2.24Aq (402.5)

Nd(NO3)3.3Co(NO3)2.24Aq (402*5)' Nd(N03)3.3Ni(NOs)2.24Aq (402.5)

SaCi3 (524) 0 t, C M 10 3.59 20 3.64 30 3.68 40 3.77 50 3.90 Sa2(SO4)S ("S) S-SAq 25 I 0.060 Gd2(SO4)S (33> 4i> 526) S • SAq O 0.068 10 0.053 20 0.044 30 0.038 40 0.034 Er2(SO4)S (52S) S-SAq 25 I 0.22 Yb2(SO4)S (89) S-SAq O 0.71 10 0.58 20 0.46 30 0.36 40 0.27 50 0.21 60 0.16 70 0.13 80 0.11 90 0.09 100 0.07

Rare Earth Bromates (249.5) Solid Phase R (BrO3) 3 • 9Aq Wt. % of R(BrOg) 3 - 9Aq in solution "^N? \j

^sx

O 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45

La

6Ï78 68.2 71.5 74.9 78^4 82.2 87.3 91.4

Pr

JTO 51.4 55.3 59.0 62.7 66.2 69.8 73.6 77.2 81.3

Nd

39.9 44.5 48.6 52.7 56.3 60.2 63.8 67.3 70.2 74.4

Bromonitrobenzenesulfonates of Rare Earths (255) A = (C6H3BrNO2SO3) t = 250C M TaA 3 -12Aq 0.0674 YA 3 -IOAq 0.0653 LaA 3 -SAq 0.0509 CeA 3 -SAq 0.0598 PrA 3 -SAq 0.0618 NdA 3 -SAq 0.0735 SaA 3 -IOAq 0.0790 EuA 3 -IOAq 0.0677 GdA 3 -IOAq 0.0630 ErA 3 -12Aq 0.0639 YbA3 -12Aq 0.0774 Dimethylphosphates of Rare Earths (340) A = (CH3)2P04 t = 250C M YA3 0.0603 LaA3 2.02 CeA3 1.544 PrA3 1.242 NdA3 1.080 SaA3 0.670 GdA3 0.449 ErA3 0.0330 YbA 3 0.0219 (NH4J2HfF6 (227) /, 0C M* O 0.897 20 1.420 Hf = 178.6. * Per 1 soin. (NH 4 ) 3 HfF 7 (227)

O 20

0.418 0.587

BeSO4 (56, 59, 268, 291, 527)

t, 0C 25 30 40 50 60 70 80

I M S - 4Aq(?) 4.00 4.15 4.50 5.00 5.50 6.10 6.8

Sa

Gd

33~2 37.6 42.0 46.2 50.2 54.0 57.5 61.1 64.7 68.2

Tb

JUTÏ 39.9 37.5 43.6 41.2 47.3 45.3 50.6 48.9 53.9 52.5 57.1 55.8 60.3 59.1 63.4 62.4 66.5 66.2 69.4

BeSO4.—(Continued) S • 4Aq(?) I1 0C M 90 7.8 100 9.4 110 11.8 S • 4Aq + S • 2Aq 113(?) I 13.0(7) S - 2Aq(?) 80(m?) 8.0 90.(m?) 9.2 10(Xm?) 10.5 110(m?) 12.3 S-6Aq(?) 25 4.8* 25 . O.78t Little agreement as to compn. of phases or solubilities. * (291).

MgCl2.—(Continued) t,°C | M ± 2%* S-4Aq 160 10.39 180 12.69 S • 4Aq + S • 2Aq 181.SU i 13.21 S-2Aq 186 . I 13.34 * Below 100°. Mg(ClO 3)2 ( 8 0 > 323, 357)

t, 0C

I M ± 3% S • 6Aq -20 5.54 -10 5.71 O 5.96 + 10 6.30 2O1 6.87 30 8.03 35m 9.15 35.1m 9.25 S • 6Aq + S • 4Aq 32U(?) I 8.4(7) S - 6Aq + S • 2Aq 35mE I 9.45 S-4Aq 42 9.21 65.5 11.70 S-2Aq 40m 9.90 50m 10.81 60m 11.78 70m 12.80

-J- ( 5 2 7 ) .

MgBr2 (320, 357) MgCl2 (40, 44, 139, 236, 426,

482) (See Fig. 13) t, 0C I M ± 2%* S • 12Aq -35 2.68 -30 2.99 -25 3.32 -20 3.80 -16.4 4.63 S • 12Aq + S • 8Aq(a) -16.SE I 4.86 S • 12Aq + S • 8Aq(/3) -17.4mE 5.00 S - 12Aq + S • 6Aq -19.4mE I 5.24 S • 6Aq + S • SAq(ß) - 9.6mU I 5.39 S • 6Aq + S • 8Aq(a) - 3.4U 5.49 S-6Aq O 5.50 I 20 5.76 J 60 6.39 80 6.82 100 7.59 S • 6Aq + S • 4Aq 116.7U 8.98 S-4Aq 120 9.07 140 9.60

I, 0C O 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 150 160 164

I M S • 6Aq 4.99 5.25 5.55 5.84 6.16 6.53 6.94 7.52 8.00 8.70 9.25

Mg(IOs)2 (357, 358)

t, °c

O 0.084 10 0.152 20m 0.306 30m 0.566 35m 0.752 S • 10Aq + S • 4Aq 13.9U I 0.200 S-4Aq Om 0.158 20 0.222 40 0.254 60 0.380 80 0.480 100 0.606 MgSO4 (26, 44, 70, 144, 180, 199, 202, 217, 237, 247, 301,

447, 482, 496, 522)

t, 0C

M S • 12Aq - 3.9 1 1.95 S • 12Aq + S • 7Aq + 1.8U I 2.22 S-7Aq 10 2.53 20 2.88 30 3.30 40 3.70 S • 7Aq + S • 6Aq 48.2U 4.10 S-6Aq 50 4.15 60 4.55 S • 6Aq + S • Aq 68U I 4.88 S-Aq 80 5.3 100 5.9 120 6.6 MgS 2 O 6 O 1 ) S -'6Aq O 2.54 + 2% 10 2.67±2% 20 2.80 + 2% 30 2.93+2% Mg(NO 3 ) 2 ( 1 7 4 > 247, 357) t, ° C

MgI2 (320, 357) S-SAq O 4.35 20 5.03 30 5.48 40 6.20 43.6m 6.94 S • 8Aq + S • 6Aq 43.0 6.54 S-6Aq I 60 6.62 j 140 6.90 160 7.01 180 7.17 200 7.37 220 7.70

| M ± 4% S • 10Aq

|

M

± 2%

S-9Aq -25 3.64 -20 3.88 S • 9Aq + S • 6Aq -18U I 4.14 S-6Aq -10 4.28 O 4.48 +20 5.00 40 5.66 60 6.52 80 7.72 90 9.25 85 12.2 80 13.0 70 13.8

MgSO4-(NH4J2SO4

(299, 303, 402) I1 0C I M

S-GAq O 10

0.468 0.580

20 30

0.710 0.859

40 60 80 100

1.023 1.391 1.911 2.60

MgCO3 (v. Vol. Ill, p. 377) MgC4H4O4 (484) Succinate 15 2.29 100 14.1 MgC4H4O5 (132) I- Malate S-3Aq O 0.132 10 0.146 20 0.159 30 0.173 40 0.186 MgC4H4O5 (132) ^-Malate S • 2.5Aq O 0.060 10 0.068 20 0.076 30 0.084 40 0.092 MgC4H4O6 (132) Tartrate S-4Aq O 0.0313 10 0.0457 20 0.0610 30m 0.0782 37.5m 0.0963 S • 4Aq + S - 2Aq 26U j 0.071 S-2Aq 10m 0.078 20m 0.074 30 0.068 40 0.059 MgC 4 H 4 O 6 (IS 2 ) Racemate S-SAq O 0.0235 10 0.0317 20 0.0420 30 0.0541 40 0.0680 Mg(C6H5CO2), (484)

Benzoate 15 0.23 100 0.74 Mg(C6H5CH:CHCO2)2 (484) Cinnamato 15 0.027 100 0.062

MgC10H5NH2(S03)2 Naphthylaminedisulfonates v. p. 219 Mg2GeO4 (35°) /, 0C M 26 0.000087 MgCl2.2CdCl2 (421) /,0C

i

M ± 3%

S • 12Aq O 1.80 I 20 2.11 i 80 3.16 100 3.57 120 I 4.04 - MgCrO4 (357) t, 0C I M S - 7Aq 18 I 5.2

Mg(N03)2.Pr(N03)3.24Aq (402.5)

Mg(NO3)2.Nd(N03)3.24Aq (402.5) Ca(OH) 2 (27, 29, 77, 84, 2 1 5 , 219, 226, 306, 419)

t, 0C

O 10 20 I 30 j 100 125 150 175 200 CaCl2(17»

I S

M ± 3%

0.0239 0.0230 0.0218 0.0202 0.0090 0.0052 0.0030 0.0018 0.0013

22 > 139 > 2 7 9 > 426 ) (See Fig. 14) /,0C I M ± 2%* S-6Aq - 50 3.92 - 40 4.13 - 30 4.36 - 20 4.64 - 10 4.96 O 5.35 + 10 5.85 20 6.70 25 7.38 30.2m 9.25 S • 6Aq + S • 4Aq(a) 30.OU I 9.14 S • 6Aq + S • 4Aq (|8) 29.2mE| 10.25 S • 4Aq (a) 20m 8.17 35 9.74 40 10.41 S - 4Aq(a) + S - 2Aq 45.5U I 11.73 S • 4Aq(0) 20m 9.41 30m 10.35 35m 10.92

CaCl2.—(Continued) I70C I M ± 2%* S • 4Aq(0) + S • 2Aq 38.4mU 11.50 S-2Aq 40m 11.5 60 12.3 80 13.2 100 14.2 120 15.4 140 17.2 160 20.0 S • 2Aq + S • Aq 175.5U 26.8 S-Aq 200 28.0 220 29.0 240 29.9 S • Aq + S 26OU 30.5 t, 0Cf ( 296 ) M S-6Aq 29.31 10.02 29.49 9.875 29.64 9.754 29.71 9.661 29.76 9.610 29.80 9.552 29.83 9.501 29.87 9.439 29.89 9.375 29.91 9.320 29.92 9.265 29.92 9.219 29.93 9.151 29.90 9.091 29.85 9.010 29.80 8.923 29.73 8.838 29.65 8.726 29.53 8.618 * ± 2 % below 100°. f There may be an absolute error of 0.15°. The relative error seems to be 0.01°.

t, 0C

18

Ca(ClO3), (357)

I S-2Aq I

M 8.6

2

CaBr2 ( ?9, 304) /, 0 C I M ± 5% S-6Aq O 6.2 20 7.1 34.2 9.3 S-xAq 40 10.6 60 13.9 105 15.6 CaI2 (144, 279)

S • 6Aq - 20 O

5.60 6.20

CaI2.—(Continued) I7 0 C I M ± 5% S-6Aq +20* 7.00 40 8.30 60 10.2 S-zAq 80 12.8 100 16.0 * There is a transition pt. ca. 40°. Detns. at higher t are very inaccurate. Ca(IO3), (357, 358) t, 0C I M ± 3%

S • 6Aq O 0.0025 10 0.0040 20 0.0067 30 0.0105 40m 0.0156 50m 0.0228 60m 0.0326 S • 6Aq -f S • Aq 30.5U 0.0106 S-Aq 20m 0.0088 40 0.0124 60 0.0160 80 0.0196 100 0.0231 CaS (420) /, 0C 20

M 0.00295

CaSO4 (52, 145, 203, 208, 234, 240, 241, 319, 405, 495)

/, 0 C*

Mf

S-2Aq O 10 20 25 30 35 40 60 80 100

0.01292 0.01418 0.01510 0.01537 0.01548 0.01554 0.01553 0.01477 0.01361 0.01240 S(«)

100 125 150 175 200

0.00625 0.00389 0.00220 0.00110 O.00059

S(W 100 125 150 175 200

0.01188 0.00662 0.00378 0.00220 0.00121

* At 107°, S • 2Aq —» S • 0.5Aq. At 63.5°, S • 2Aq —> S. t Metastable equil. above 60°.

CaS2O3 ( 274 ) /, 0C M 9 2.72

CaS2O6 (U> 245 ) «, 0C I M S-4Aq O 0.800 10 1.030 20 1.275 30 1.516

Ca(NO 3 ) 2 .—(Continued) t,°C I M ± 1% S 20m 20.72 50m 21.7 75 22.0 100 22.1

CaSeO4 ( 144 ) t, 0C I M ± 10% S-2Aq O 0.43 10 0.45 20 0.45 I 30 0.43 170 0.28

CaCO3 (v. Vol. Ill, p. 377) Ca(HC02)2 ( 267 > 305) Formate *, 0C I M ± 2% S O 1.242 I 20 1.276 j 100 1.414

Ca(N0 2 ) 2 ( 379 ) t, 0C I M ± 3% S-4Aq -10 4.26 O 4.68 + 10 5.22 20 5.84 30 6.66 S • 4Aq -f S • Aq 40.3U I 8.00 S-Aq 50 8.98 60 10.14 70 11.58 80 13.8 90 18.1

CaC3H2O4 (328) Malonate t, 0C I M S O 0.0204 10 0.0232 20 0.0256 30 0.0278 40 0.0297 50 0.0311 60 0.0323 70 0.0332

Ca(NOa)2 ( 2 2 > 28 > 29 > 77 > 274 ' 357, 487) (See Fig. 15) t, 0C I M ± 1% S • 4Aq(«) + Ice -28.7E j 4.58 S - 4Aq(«) -20 4.98 -10 5.53 O 6.22 +10 7.00 20 7.88 25 8.41 30 9.31 35 10.32 40 11.94 42.7 13.90 S • 4Aq(a) + S • 3Aq 42.5E I 14.84 S - 4Aq(0) 30m 9.78 35m 11.05 38m 12.19 39. 6m 13.90 S - 4Aq(0) + S • 3Aq 39.5mE I 14.43 S-SAq 40 14.43 45 15.25 50 17.15 51.1 18.5 50 20.2 S • 3Aq + S • 2Aq 48.4E I 21.3 S - 2Aq + S 51.3U 21.65

CaC4H4O6 (132) di- Malate *, 0C M O 0.0143 10 0.0160 20 0.0173 30 0.0189 40 0.0202 CaC4H4O6 (132)* Tartrate S • 4Aq O 0.0010 10 0.00133 20 0.00173 30 0.00220 40 0.00280

* According to ( 7 9 ) the values for M are much higher.

CaC4H4O6 (132) Racemate S-4Aq .0 0.00012 10 0.00016 20 0.00021 30 0.00026 40 0.00051

CaC4H4O4 (328, 332, 384)

Succhiate I M ± 2% S-SAq O 0.0736 10 0.0773 20 0.0813 S • SAq + S - A q 29U I 0.0850 S-Aq I 30 0.0838 I 70 0.0491 15(484) 0.083 10Q(484) 0.043

Ca(CH3CO2)2 (267, 305) Acetate t,°C \ M ±2% S-2Aq O 2.37 10 2.27 20 2.20 30 2.14 40 2.10 60 2.07 80 2.12 S • 2Aq + S • Aq . 84U I 2.14 S-Aq 85 2.09 90 1.97 100 1.88

t, 0C

CaC4H4O4* (328) Isosuccinate t, 0C M ± 5% O 0.0334 10 0.0336 20 0.0331 30 0.0321 40 0.0305 50 0.0282 60 0.0252 70 0.0218

Ca(C2H6C02)2 (267, 305)

* The solid phase is unknown. There may be a transition pt. CaC4H4O5 ( 7 8 > 132, 246, 384)

Z-Malate t, 0C I S-Aq O 20 40 60 80

M*

0.040 0.050 0.046 0.042 0.038

* Little agreement. Probably transition pt. ca. 20°.

O 10 20 30 40 60 80 90 100

Propionate S-Aq 2.28 2.20 2.14 2.10 2.07 2.05 2.14 2.26 2.60

Ca(C 3 H 7 CO 2 ) 2 (82, 121, 216, 305)

Butyrate S-Aq a

O 20 40

0.930 0.840 0.761

Ca(C3H7CO2) 2.—(Continued) t,°C M ± 2% S-Aq 60 0.709 70 0.700 80 0.700 100 0.740 Ca(C3H7CO2)2

(82,

305, 458)

Isobutyrate S • 5Aq O 0.933 10 0.987 f 20 1.046 1 60 1.327 S • 5Aq + S • Aq 62U 1.340 * S-Aq 70 1.30 80 1.26 90 1.24 100 1.22 Ca(C4H9CO2), (332,* 458) Methylethylacetate ^0C M O 1.19 20 1.39 40 1.45 60 1.37 70 1.27 * States that there are hydrates S - 5Aq, S 3Aq, and S • Aq between O9O0C, and S • 3Aq + S • Aq at ca. 40°. Ca(C4H9CO2), (286) Trimethylacetate

S-SAq O 10 20 30 40 I 50 i 80

0.300 0.282 0.270 0.264 0.265 0.272 0.304

Ca(C4H9CO2), (i™, 305) n-Valerate t, 0C M ± 3% S-Aq O 0.408 10 0.383 20 0.363 30 0.346 40 0.335 60 0.326 80 0.328 100 0.366 Ca(C4H9CO2), (305, 458*)

Isovalerate t, 0C I M ± 3% S • 3Aq

O 10 20 30 40

1.075 0.937 0.900 0.895 0.908

S • 3Aq + S - A q 45.5U 0.923

Ca(C4H9CO2) 2.—(Continued) t, 0C I M ± 3% S-Aq

50 60 70 80 90 100

0.824 0.759 0.718 0.697 0.687 0.683

* The data of ( 4 S 8 ) give a continuous curve with a maximum.

Ca(C6H5C02)2 ( 474 ) Benzoate t, 0C I M + 1% S • 3Aq O 0.0789 10 0.0873 20 0.0966 30 0.1071 40 0.1218 50 0.1447 60 0.168 70 0.202 80 0.244 90m 0.302 S-SAq +S-Aq(?) 84.7U I 0.270 S-Aq(?) 80m 0.261 90 0.281 100 0.309 t, 0C M 15 (484) 0.33 100 (484) Q.40 Ca(C6H6CH :CHCO2)2 (253) Cinnamate 2 0.0058 15* 0.0063 26 0.0084 100* 0.035 * According to (48*).

CaCi0H5NH2(SOa)2 Naphthylaminedisulfonates v. p. 219 CaCrO4 (36°) (See Fig. 16) t, 0C I M S • 2Aq(a)

Om 10m 20m 30m 40m 45m

1.12' 0.99 0.97 0.93 0.87 0.815

S • 2Aq(/3) Om 0.695 10m 0.716 20m 0.732 30m 0.744 40m 0.744 S - 2Aq(0) H - S - A q 14mU I 0.72 S-Aq Om 0.84 20m 0.68 40m 0.53

CaCrO4.- (Continued) /,0C I M S-Aq 60m 0.40 80m 0.270 10Om 0.204 S • 0.5Aq Om 0.44 20m 0.29 40m 0.165 60m 0.084 80m 0.055 10Om 0.049 S O 0.26 20 0.16 40 O.10 60 0.058 80 0.035 100 0.028 Sr(OH)2 (419, 436, 444)

S-SAq O 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 85 90 95 100

0.0338 0.0463 0.0656 0.0975 0.145 0.209 0.302 0.439 0.72 0.96 1.34 1.75 2.28

SrCl2 (!39, I 4 4 » 201, 207, 275, 330, 347, 417, 494)

t, 0C

I M ± 2% S • 6Aq -20 2.38 -10 2.58 O 2.81 +10 3.05 20 3.33 30 3.69 40 4.13 50 4.65 60 5.24 S • 6Aq + S • 2Aq 61.34U I 5.31 S-2Aq 70 5.54 + 5% 80 5.82+5% 90 6.08 + 5% Sr(ClOa)2 (357)

t, 0C 18

I S I

M

6.9

SrBr2 (144, 210, 279, 330, 417)

t, 0C -10 O + 10 20

I M + 3% S-6Aq 3.22 3.46 3,72 4.00

SrBr2.—(Continued) t, 0C I M + 3% S-6Aq 30 4.31 40 4.65 50 5.02 60 5.42 70 6.00 80 6.93 S • 6Aq + S - 2Aq 88.6U I 8.54 S-2Aq 90 8.60 100 9.01 110 9.43 SrI2 (144, 279, 330)

t, 0C

I M ± 5% S-6Aq -10 4.7 O 4.9 + 10 5.1 20 5.3 30 5.5 40* 5.8* 50 6.0 60 6.4 70 6.9 80 7.8 S • 6Aq + S • xAq 84(?)U 1 9.3(?) S-xAq 100 I 10.5 * Above 40° + 10 %.

SrS2O6 (U) ' I M S-4Aq O 0.191 10 0.315 20 0.487 30 0.702 Sr(SH)2 (489) t, 0C I M + 2% S-4Aq O 2.46 20 2.73 40 3.01 60 3.30 80 3.59 100 3.87 Sr(N02)2 (379) /, 0 C I M + 3% S-Aq - 5 2.75 +15 3.30 35 4.26 55 5.10 70 5.82 85 6.69 100 7.90

t, 0C

Sr(NOa) 2

(37,

106

>

112

» 144,

155, 201, 275, 382)

/,°c

| M ± 1% S-4Aq

-10 O

1.40 1.89

ST (NO3) 2.—(Continued) /,0C I M±l% S-4Aq + 10 2.55 20 3.34 25 3.75 30 4.10 S - 4Aq + S 31U 4.21 S 40 4.30 60 4.46 80 4;62 100 4.80 SrCO3 (v. Vol. Ill, p. 377) Sr(C4H4O4) (484) Succinate /, 0C M 15 0.0216 100 0.0106 SrC4H4O5 t78, 132) Z-Malate S-4Aq O 10 20 30 40

0.0090 0.0135 0.0191 0.0270 0.0397

SrC4H4O5 (132) di-Malate S • 2.5Aq O 0.0131 10 0.0144 20 0.0156 30 0.0214 40 0.0265 SrC4H4O6 (79, 132) Tartrate S-4Aq O 0.0042 10 0.0061 20 0.0080 30 0.0104 40 0.0130 50 0.0160 60 0.0194 70 0.0238 80 0.0290 90 0.0356 SrC4H4O6 (132) Racemate S-4Aq O 0.00045 10 0.00079 20 0.00111 30 0.00142 40 0.00173 Sr(CH3CO2)2 (376) Acetate /, 0 C | M ± 0.5% S-4Aq O 1.80 5 1.94 10m 2.12

Sr(CH3COa)2.- (Continued) t, 0C M ± 0.5% S • 4Aq + S • 0.5Aq 9.SU I 2.10 S • 0.5Aq 10 2.09 20 1.99 40 1.86 60 1.78 80 1.76 100 1.77 Sr(C6H5C02)2 (380) Benzoate /, 0 C M 15* 0.166 15 0.168 25 0.172 35 0.178 100* 0.180 »According to (*8 4). Sr(C6H5CH:CHCO2)2 ( 484 ) Cinnamate 15 0.031 100 0.084 SrCi0H5NH2(SOa)2 Naphthylaminedisulfonates

y. p. 219 Ba(OH)2 ( 2 2 1 >

224

» 330, 382 >

410) 419, 434, 454, 465)

t, 0C

I M ± 2% S-SAq O 0.099 5 0.125 10 0.158 15 0.193 20 0.233 25 0.275 30 0.330 40 0.48 50 0.76 60 1.24 65 1.58 70 2.24 S-SAq + S-4(?)Aq 78.OU | BaCl2 (139, 201, 312, 330, 344, 363, 447, 450, 453, 485)

S-2Aq

-10 O + 10 20 30 I 40 I 100

1.46 1.52 1.61 1.72 1.83 1.94 2.82

Ba(ClO2), ( 2 Ô) 0 t, C M ± 3% O 1.61 20 1.62 40 1.73 60 2.00 80' 2.94 100 2.97

Ba(ClOs)2 (80> 503) t, 0C | M -Aq O 0.65 10 0.88 20 1.11 30 1.37 40 1.64 60 2.20 80 2.79 100 3.48 105 3.67 Ba(C104)2 ( 80 )

O | 20 J, 100

6.4 8.5 17.0

BaBr2 (144, 278, 3 30)

t, 0C -20 O +20 25 40 60 80 100

| M ± 5% S-2Aq 2.8 3.1 3.4 3.52 3.7 4.0 4.3 4.6

Ba(BrOs)2 ( 206 > 503) t, 0C | M ± 0.5% S-Aq O 0.00730 10 0.01121 20 0.01668 25 0.02018 30 0.02441 40 0.03375 50 0.0445 60 0.0590 70 0.0763 80 0.0928 90 0.1129 100 0.148 BaI2 (144, 279, 330)

/, 0 C

| M ± 3% S-6Aq -10 3.90 O 4.33 +10 4.77 20 5.20 30 5.64 S - 6Aq + S - 2Aq 4OU | 6.06 S-2Aq I 50 6.20 1 100 6.93 [Cf. however the recent determinations by (537).] Ba(IOs)2 ( 2 Ii*> 503) ~ /, 0 C | M S-Aq O 0.000164 10 0.000285 20 0.000450 25 0.000540

Ba(IOs)2.- (Continued) /, 0C | M S-Aq

30 40 50 60 70 80 90

0.000635 0.00084 0.00115 0.00149 0.00190 0.00236 0.00290

* At 25° gives M = 0.000792.

20

BaSO3 ( 428 ) | 0.00091

BaS2O6 (U) | M ± 1% S-2Aq O 0.286 10 0.443 20 0.629 30 0.833

/, 0 C

Ba(SH)2 (488) /, 0 C | M S • 4Aq -20 2.30 O 2.38 +20 2.45 40 2.59 ' 60 2.79 80 3.15 100 3.81 BaSeO4 ( 32 S) S 25 0.000288 Ba(NO2), (379) /, 0 C | M ± 3% S-Aq 2.27 2.39 2.59 2.93 3.49 4.22 5.10 6.06 7.13 8.7 10.6 13.9 19.8

-10 O + 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110

Ba(NOs) 2 (104, 106, 144, 145, 155, 201, 312, 363, 382)

/, 0 C O 10 20 30 40 50 | 60 j 100

I S

M ± 2%

0.190 0.262 0.359 0.445 0.550 0.660 0.780 1.32

BaCO3 (v. Vol. III, p. 377)

BaC3H2O4 (328) Malonate /, 0 C | M S - 2Aq(?) O 0.0059 10 0.0074 20 0.0088 30 0.0101 40 0.0111 50 0.0120 60 0.0128 70 0.0132 BaC4H4O4 (328) Isosuccinate S O 0.076

10 20 30 40 50 60 70

0.112 0.142 0.164 0.179 0.185 0.184 0.174

BaC4H4O4 (32S, 384) Succinate S O 0.0168 10 0.0170 15* 0.0159 20 0.0164 30 0.0156 40 0.0145 50 0.0133 70 0.0108 100* 0.0081 *( 484 ). BaC4H4O5 ( 78 > 132, 384)

I- Malate S O 0.029 20 0.032 40 * 0.035 60 0.038 80 0.040 O 0.038 20 î 0.046 40 0.053 * ( 78 ). t C 132 » 384). BaC4H4O6 (79, 132) Tartrate S-0.5Aq(?) O 0.00070 10 0.00084 20 0.00096 30 0.00110 40 0.00124 60 0.00154 80 0.00188 BaC4H4O6 (132) Racemate S O 0.00085 10 0.00096 20 0.00108 30 0.00120 40 0.00131

Ba(CH3COa)2 ( 267 > 516) Acetate /, 0 C I M + 1% S-SAq O 2.27 10 2.50 20 2.79 25m 3.02 S • 3Aq + S - A q 23U I 2.90 S-Aq 2.94 2.98 3.05 S - Aq + S 42U I 3.08 30 35 40

S 45 50 60 70 80 90 100

3.05 3.01 2.94 2.89 2.88 2.90 2.94

Ba(C2H5C02)2 (267, 525)

Propionate t, 0C M O 2.02 10 1.98 20 1.97 30 2.01 40 2.05 50 2.12 60 2.19 70 2.28 80 2.41 90 2.58 100 2.85 Ba(C3H7C02)2 (121) Butyrate S-2Aq(?)

O 1.20 10 1.18 20 1.16 30 1.15 40 1.15 50 1.17 60 1.21 70 1.27 Ba(C6H9O2)Ji (286) Trimethylacetate S-5Aq O 1.01 20 0.97 40 0.94 Ba(C 4 H 9 C0 2 ) 2 (i 76) n-Valerate O 0.64 10 0.61 20 0.59 30 0.58 40 0.58 50 0.59 60 0.61 70 0.64

Ba(C6H6C02)2 (484) Benzoate t, 0C M 15 0.118 100 0.295 Ba(C6H5CH :CHC02)2 (484) 15 100

Cinnamate 0.0167 0.054

BaC3H4O5S (170) d£-Sulfopropionate 24.6 I 0.246 Ba[C6H2(N02)30]2 («6) Picrate S-5Aq 25 I 0.0212 Ba[C6H2(NO2)2OHCO2]2 (««) Dinitrosalicylate S 25 I 0.0107 BaCiOHcNHs(SO8)I Naphthylaminedisulfonates v. p. 219 BaCl2-CdCl2 (421) t,° C I M ± 3% S-4Aq 20 1.80 40 2.22 . 60 2.75 80 3.42 100 4.28 BaCl2.2CdCl2 (421) S-SAq 20 1.43 40 1.66 60 1.93 80 2.28 100 2.68 RaSO4 (297) *, 0C M 25 6.5 X IQ"8 LiOH (128, 393, 449)

t, 0C 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 t, 0C 18

I M ± 3% S-Aq 5.30 5.32 5.36 < 5.42 5.53 5.72 6.00 6.38 LiF (357) M 0.104

LiCl (47, 48, 139, 222, 278, 279, 396, 397)

t, 0C

M ± 5% S-2Aq

O 15.3 10 17.3 S • 2Aq + S - A q 12.5U I 17.8

LiCl,- (Continued) t,°C I M ± 5% S-Aq 20 18.8 40 21.2 60 24.0 80 27.1 S • Aq + S 98U I 30.7 S 100 30.8 120 31.7 140 32.8 160 34.2 LiClO3 (267.5)

t, 0C

I Wt. % H2O Si 127.6 0.0 120.3 1.44 115.3 2.46 107.7 3.68 103.4 4.44 100.2 4.91 Si + Su 99 I 5.1 Sir 95.7 5.65 92.3 6.32 85.8 7.46 78.9 8.61 71.3 9.72 67.2 10.57 48.3 12.83 36.9m 13.73 Su 4- Sm 42 I 13.4 Sin 43.9m 12.83 39.6 13.73 36.8 14.64 32.0 16.09 27.2 17.33 22.1 18.32 12.8m 20.74 +2.9m 22.41 -3.2m 23.41 Sm + S - A q 21.5 I 18.8 S-Aq 20.5 19.73 18.9 21.46 16.7 22.75 14.1 23.41 12.0 25.03 9.1 26.26 6.8 27.20 5.1 27.61 3.8 28.11 0.9 28.82 S • Aq + S - 3Aq + 1.5E 28.9 S-SAq -13.6m 22.75 - 7.8m 24.55 - 7.3m 25.03 - 5.8m 25.37

LiClO3.- (Continued) t, 0C I Wt. % H2O S-3Aq 0.0m 28.11 + 3.4 30.26 4.5 31.61 6.0 32.82 6.8 33.89 7.4 35.12 7.9 36.56 8.0 37.4 7.85 38.49 7.3 39.85 6.1 41.84 4.8 43.34 2.2 45.43 + 0.5 46.73 - 1.8 48.05 - 4.8 49.51 - 7.3 51.04 - 8.8 52.06 -15.7 54.65 -33.9 60.95 -37.1 61.9 -39.0 62.58 S • 3Aq + Ice -4OE I 63.0 Sn + S - 3Aq -25mE I 19 Sm + S • 3Aq - 9mE I 24.3 LiBr (47, 48, 279)

t,°C

20

I M ± 10% S-2Aq

20

I

S - 2Aq + S - A q

44U

24

I S-Aq

25.5 27.5 30.5

60 80 100

LiBrO3 (357) /,0C I M S 18 I 11.4 LiI (47, 48, 279)

S-3Aq O 20 40 60

11.0±10% 12.0+10% 13.0±10% 14.5+10% LiIO3 (357)

S I

18 Li2SO4

4.42

(144, 276, 311, 450, 452, 453) S-Aq(?)

-20 -15 -10 O + 10 I 20

2.05 2.72 3.02 3.18 3.16 3.12

j 100

2.64

Li2SeO3 («i) *, 0C I M ± 3% S - 0.75Aq O 1.77 20 1.51 40 1.26 60 1.06 80 0.87 100 0.70

Li2CO3.- (Continued) t, 0C I M ± 3% S(?) 20 0.180 I 25 0.1723* j 100 0.090 * ±0.5%. Li2C2O4 ("S) Oxalate t, C I M S 25 0.61 LiHCO2 (194) Formate i, 0C ] M ± 2% S-Aq -20 5.20 O 6.20 +20 7.60 40 9.5 60 12.4 80 17.6 90 22.0 S • Aq + S 94U I 25.1 S 100 25.7 120 28.3 LiHCO3 (38) t, 0C M 13 0.81 LiCH3CO2 ( 464 ) Acetate S-2Aq O 4.69 10 5.11 20 5.77 30 7.77 40 10.4 50 14.6 55 18.7 57.8 27.8 S • 2Aq + S 57.8EU I 29.1 S 60 29.1 80 29.3 100 30.1 150 36.1 200 56.4 250 142.6 286 oo Li2C4H4O8 (152) Dihydroxytartrate O I 0.0041 LiC6H6CO2 (463) Benzoate t, 0C I M ± 2% S-Aq O 3.03 10 3.26 20 3.49 30 3.76 S - Aq + S 34U? I 3.88 0

LiNO2 (379)

*, 0C

I S-Aq

x

-40 0.110 -20 0.148 O 0.196 +20 0.245 40 0.302 S • Aq -h S • 0.5Aq 49U I 0.345 S - 0.5Aq 60 0.363 70 0.388 80 0.420 90 0.475 95 0.568 96.5 0.667 95 0.785 LiNO3 (13O, 278, sii) *, 0C I M ± 3% S-SAq O 7.3 10 8.4 20 10.5 25 12.4 29 16.0 29.88 18.5 S - 3Aq + S • 0.5Aq 29.6E I 20.0 S • 0.5Aq 30 20.1 40 21.5 50 23.3 60 25.6 S - 0.5Aq + S 61U I 26.0 S 70 27.6 80 29.6 90 31.6 100 33.9 110 36.5 Li3SbS4 (127) t, 0C I M S • 10Aq -40 2.50 -20 2.83 O 3.14 I +20 3.47 I 50 3.95 Li2CO3 (38» 84, 179, 278, 432, 436) t, °C

I

M ±

3%

S(?)

O 10

0.208 0.193

LiC6H5CO2.- (Continued) t,°C I M ± 2% S 40 3.90 80 4.10 120 4.66 160 6.12 176 7.54 LiC7H5O3 (463) o-Hydroxybenzoate S-6Aq -10 5.62 - 5 6.12 O 6.84 + 3.5m 7.80 S • 6Aq + S - A q IU I 7.02 S-Aq 10 7.74 20 8.82 30 10.22 40 11.82 50 13.60 S • Aq + S 51U I 13.80 S 5Om 13.66 60 14.48 80 16.16 . 100 18.04 120 20.42 138 24.10 LiC7H5O3 (463)

m-Hydroxybenzoate S 10 8.65 20 8.71 40 8.90 60 9.20 80 9.77 100 10.71 120 12.40 LiC7H5O3 (463) p-Hydroxybenzoate S O 3.10 20 3.10 40 3.11 60 3.16 80 3.24 100 3.45 115 3.82 Li2SnO3 (535) t, 0C I M S-5Aq 30 0.116 40 0.127 50 0.139 60 0.152 70 0.164 80 0.178 S-3Aq 3Om 0.186 4Om 0.192 5Om 0.202 6Om 0.216

Li2SnO 3.—(Continued) t,°C I M S-3Aq 7Om 0.235 8Om 0.262 LiAuCl4 (429) S-4Aq(?)* 10 3.28 20 3.92 30 4.80 40 5.96 50 7.42 60 9.36 70 12.3 * M. P. would be 73°, M = 13.9.

Li2Pt(CN)6 ( 49 I) ? O I 3.35 S-5Aq 15 4.44 20 4.50 25 4.62 3Om 4.91 4Om 5.74 45m 6.29 S • 5Aq + S • XiAq 29U i 4.85 S • XiAq 25m 4.85 30 4.85 35 4.94 4Om 5.12 S • XiAq + S • X 2 Aq 39U I 5.08 S • X2Aq 40 5.10 5Om 5.56 52.5m 5.78 S • X2Aq + S • X3Aq 49.5U I 5.52 S • X3Aq 55 5.56 60 5.68 65 5.96 S • X3Aq + S • X4Aq 69U I 6.52 S • X4Aq 70 6.55 80 6.84 90 7.68 Transition pts. : Dilatometrie, 26°, 38°, 46°, 69°. Curve, 29°, 39°, 49.5°, 69°. Li2CrO4 (357, 449)

S-2Aq 18 30

8.5 7.7 Li2Cr2O7 (449) 30 I 5.67 Li2MoO4 (432) t, 0C I M ± 3% S • 0.75Aq O 4.74 I 20 4.63 JlOQ 4.24

Li3VO4 (432) *, 0C I M S-9Aq O 0.181 10 0.250 20 0.338 30 0.441 S • 9Aq + S - A q 31.5U I 0.46 S-Aq

0.41 0.35 0.24 0.20

35 40 50 55

LiBO2 ( 288 > 432) /, 0C I M ± 4% S-SAq O

0.164

10

0.284 0.49 0.98 2.32 3.36 4.66 6.94 8.6 10.4

20 30 40 44 46 47.1 46 42

NaOH (133, 168, 1 7 1 , 191, 359,

393, 449, 454) (See Fig. 17)

t, 0C

I S-TAq

M

5.90 6.38 7.22 7.93 8.74 9.80

-28 -26 -24m -23.6m -24m -26m

S-5Aq -30m -25m -20 -15m -13m -12.3m -13m -20m -15 -10 - 5 O

6.30 6.96 7.78 8.94 9.74 11.10 11.80

S • 4Aq(a) ! 8.00 8.40 8.90 9.56 10.50

11.86 13.88 15.90 S - 4Aq(/3) -10m 10.54 - 8m 11.04 - 6m 11.60 - 4m 12.22 - 2m 13.16 - 1.4m 13.88 Om 14.60 S • 3.5Aq -10m 10.30 - 5m 10.56 + 5m 7.8m 6m

NaOH.—(Continued) t,°C I M S - 3.5Aq Om 10.98 + 5 11.64 10 12.80 15 14.76 15.8 15.84 15 17.50 10 20.06 5m 21.42 S-SAq - 2m 14.86 Om 15.78 + 2m 17.00 2.8m 18.50 2m 19.14 Im 19.54 S-2Aq Om 18.66 2m 19.48 4m 20.38 6 21.30 8 22.40 10 23.74 12 25.66 12.8m 27.75 S-Aq Om 5m 10m 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 64 64.5 64 62

24.2 24.8 25.5 26.3 27.2 28.3 29.6 31.0 32.2 34.1 36.2 39.4 44.0 51.6 55.5 61.0 68.6

S 60 73.0 80 78.5 100 84.7 120 91 140 98 160 106 180 116 190 124 S • 7Aq + S - 5Aq -24.3U I 7.0 S • 5Aq + S • 4Aq(a) -18.OU I 8.2 S • 4Aq(a) + S • 3.5Aq 3.6U I 11.4 S • 4AqGS) + S - 3.5Aq -11.OmU I 10.3 S • 4Aq(0) + S • 3Aq - 2.3mE I 14.8

'

NaOH.—(Continued) t, 0C I M S-3.5Aq + S - 2 A q + 5.9E I 21.2 S • 3Aq + S • 2Aq 1.6mE 19.3 S • 2Aq + S - Aq 12.2U I 25.5 S • Aq + S 6OE I 72.9

NaClO3 ( 63 > t, 0C

199, 202, 222, 224, 233, 312, 326, 338, 339, 374, 405, 424,

* Per 1 soin.

t, 0C 15 25 100 NaCl

I S

M ± 3%

1.00 1.00 1.02 ( 5 i 8 > 36 > 43 > 44 > 4 5 > 4G » 63 >

90, 97, 105, 106, 144, 149, 171,

426, 441, 447, 454, 465, 482, 4 8 5 , 4 9 5 , 500, 501) ; cfm (540)

*, 0C I M ± 0.2% S - 2Aq + Ice -21.IE I 5.20 S-2Aq -20 5.28 -15 5.48 -10 5.69 - 5 5.90 S - 2Aq + S + 0.15U I 6.10 S Om 6.10 5 6.10 10 6.11 15 6.12 20 6.13 25 6.145 30 6.165 35 6.18 40 6.215 45 6.24 50 6.26 55 6.29 t, 0C M ± 0.5% 60 6.33 65 6.37 70 6.41 75 6.45 80 6.50 85 6.55 90 6.60 95 6.65 100 6.70 110 6.81 120* ' 6.93 130 7.06 140 7.19 150 7.32 160 7.45 170 7.58 180 7.71 * Accuracy unknown at 120° and higher.

»

192

374) I S

O 20 40 60 80 100 t, 0C 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

NaF ( 6 3 > 87, 125, 1 7 2 , 357)

80

»

277

>

287

>

M ± 3% 7.5 9.2 11.1 13.4 16.1 19.4 M* ± 2% 6.78 7.23 7.70 8.14 8.58 9.02 9.41 9.69 10.43

NaClO4 ( 80 )

t, 0C

I S-Aq

14.9 20.2

15 50 140

M

S I

30.6

NaBr (63, 90, 105, 200, 2 7 7 ) ; Cf. (540)

I9 0C

I M ± 2% S - 2Aq -20 6.98 -10 7.32 O 7.71 + 10 8.17 20 8.77 30 9.46 40 10.31 S • 2Aq + S 5OU I 11.29 S 60 11.38 80 11.60 100 11.84 120 12.13 NaBrO3 ( 2 ?7) t, 0C I M S | 0 1.82 I 60 4.14 80 5.04 NaI (63, 90, 105, 200, 2 7 7 ) ; c/. (540)

*, 0C -15 -10 O + 10 20 30 40 50 60

I M ± 2% S-2Aq 9.95 10.20 10.72 11.31 11.98 12.75 13.75 15.13 17.18

NaI.—(Continued) *, 0C I M ± 2% S • 2Aq + S 68.9U ) 19.59 S 70 19.60 80 19.80 90 20.00 100 20.24 NaIO3 ( 2 7 7 > 316) t, 0C I M ± 10% S • 1.5Aq I O 0.142 I 50 0.882 60 1.046 80 1.402 Na2S (381) t, 0C I M ± 3% S-9Aq 10 1.98 20 2.34 30 2.91 40 3.63 50 4.03 S - 9Aq + S • 6Aq 52U I 4.70 S-9Aq -f S - 5.5Aq 58mU I 5.32 S • 6Aq 50m 4.67 60 5.01 70 5.56 80 6.30 90 7.34 S - 5.5Aq 50m 5.12 60m 5.40 70m 5.90 80m 6.59 90m I 7.59 Na2SO3 (158, 213)

*, 0C

ì M ± 1% S-7Aq O 1.09 10 1.52 20 2.08 30 2.80 S • 7Aq + S 33.4U I 3.09 S 40 2.95 50 2.76 60 2.59 70 2.43 80 2.30 90 2.20 100 2.14 Na2SO4 (36, 43, 44, 45, 63, 106, 144, 164, 200, 222, 302, 311, 378, 385, 409, 415, 418, 424, 447, 454, 456, 483, 495)

(See Fig. 18) *, C I M ± 1% S • 10Aq O I 0.342 0

Na2SO4.—(Continued) t, 0C I M ± 1% S • 10Aq 5 0.428 10 0.628 15 0.920 20 1.33 25 1.96 30 2.88 S - 10Aq + S 32.48U I 3.50 S 35 3.45 40 3.40 50 3.28 60 3.19 70 3.11 80 3.05 90 3.00 100* 2.97 110 2.96 120 2.95 130 2.95 140 2.96 160 3.01 180 3.09 200 3.18 220 3.26 240 3.36 S - 7Aq Om 1.34 10m 2.14 20m 2.94 S - 7Aq + S 28.2mU I 3.59 S - 7Aq + S • 10Aq 34.4mU 4.08 * Above 100° accuracy is unknown. According to ( 4 1 8 ) log M =(-0.49050 + 0.0296389* + 0.0000688925*2) + 0.03 %. t = Hydrogen temp, scale. Weights in vacuo. Na2S2O3 (274, 486, 533, 534)

t, 0C Om 5m 10m 13m

(See Fig. 19) I M S-6Aq 5.41 5.94 6.75 7.72 S • 5Aq(a)

3.20 3.77 4.43 5.24 6.50 7.70

O 10 20 30 40 45

S • SAqCS)

4.57 5.20 6.14 8.22

Om 10m 20m 30m S - 4Aq

31.SmU 35m 38m . 40m

8.50 9.30 10.40 11.4

Na2S2O3.—(Continued) t,°C I M S • 2Aq(«) Om 7.10 10m 7.37 20m 7.78 30m 8.40 40m 9.20 50 10.39 60 12.14 65 13.45 S • 2AqG?) Om 8.60 10m 9.08 20m 9.90 30m 11.13 35m 11.88 S-KAq Om 8.53 10m 8.83 20m 9.24 30m 9.79 40m 10.58 47.5m 11.58 S - «Aq Om 8.60 10m 8.92 20m 9.31 30m 9.90 40m 10.77 50m 12.00 55m 12.88 S • Aq(«) Om 9.68 10m 9.91 20m 10.36 30m 11.02 40m 11.81 50m 12.77 55m 13.37 S - AqCS) 47.5m 11.63 50m 11.90 55m 12.54 60m 13.48 S - Aq(T) 30m 10.93 40m 11.62 50m 12.60 55m 13.18 S - Âq 30m 11.47 40m 11.77 50m 12.28 60m 13.07 7OU 14,10 S 40m 13.06 50m 13.38 60m 13.72 70 14.12 80 14.60 S - SAqCS) + S • 4Aq 30.2mU I 8.3 S - 4Aq + S • 2Aq(a)

31.SmU

I

8.5

Na2S2O3.—(Continued) t, 0C I M S • SAqO?) + S - 2Aq(a) 30.5mU i 8.4 S • 5Aq(a) + S • 2Aq(a) 48.2U I 10.1

S - 4Aq + S - Aq(«) 40.7mU I 11.9 S . 5Aq(a) 48.5m I S-4Aq 41.7m I S-6Aq 14.4m I Distinction between Aq(a) and Aq (ß) and between Âq and 4Âq, doubtful.

Na2S2O4 ("i) t, 0C M ± 5% 20 1.26 Na2S2O5 (158); Pyrosulfite t, 0C I M ± 1% S-7Aq -10 1.59 - 8 1.69 - 6 1.81 - 2 2.16 O 2.38 4- 2 2.63 S • 6Aq -10m 1.64 - 8m 1.76 - 6m 1.90 - 4m 2.09 - 2m 2.31 Om 2.58 + 2m 2.90 S - 6Aq + S 4.0U(m?) I 3.02 S Om 3.18 20 3.41 40 3.75 60 4.18 80 4.65 100 I 5.17 Na 2 S 2 O 6 (U) t, 0C I M ± 5% S-2Aq O 0.31 10 0.53 20 0.76 30 . 1.01 Na2SeO4 (175) t, 0C I M ± 3% S • 10Aq O 0.70 10 1.34 15 1.77 20 2.30 25 3.04 30 4.16 S • 10Aq -f S 31U I 4.47

Na2SeO4.—(Continued) t, 0C I M ± 3% S 40 4.35 60 4.10 80 3.93 100 3.86 NaNO 2 (379) S -10 9.86 O 10.48 +20 11.98 40 13.86 60 16.50 80 19.68 100 23.5 120 29.1 130 32.4 NaNO3 (36, 46, 63, 104, 106, 151, 186, 200, 2 4 7 , 2 7 4 , 311,

363, 426, 447, 485) t, °C

I

M ± 2%

S

-17.5 7.4 -10 7.90 O 8.62 + 10 9.43 20 10.31 25 10.80 30 11.31 40 12.39 50 13.50 60 14.70 70 16.02 80 17.42 90 18.96 100 20.64 110 22.56 120 24.80 NaNH4SO4 ( 114 ) t, 0C I M S-2Aq 25 4.62 35 5.22 Na3PO4

(1H>

399, 410, 448)

i, 0C

I M ± 5% S - 12Aq O 0.095 10 0.28 20 0.68 40 1.84 60 3.33 70 4.13 S - 12Aq + S • xAq 73.4* I S-zAq 75 1 4.54 80 4.96 100 6.67

* This transition found by ( 41 °) is not given on curve of ( 399 ).

Na4P2O7 (399) S • 10Aq O 0.118 10 0.150

Na4P2O7.—(Continued) t, 0C I M ± 5% S - 10Aq 20 0.240 40 0.500 60 0.806 80 1.146 100 1.514 NaH 2 PO 4 ( 111 I 242) t, 0C I M ± 0.5% S - 2Aq O 4.82 5 5.11 10 5.82 15 6.39 20 7.07 25 7.89 30 8.85 35 10.03 40 11.52 S - 2Aq + S - A q 40.8U I 11.85 S-Aq 45 12.39 50 13.23 55 14.24 S • Aq + S 57.4U I 14.72 S 60 14.94 70 15.87 80 17.23 90 18.80 100 20.74 Na2HPO4 (30, 111, 204, 321, 374, 447, 462, 494) t, °C

M ± 2%

S - 12AqCS) O 0.116 5 0.174 10 0.254 15 0.336 20 0.550 25 0.86 S • 12Aq (/3) + S • 12Aq (a) 29.8U I 1.67 S • 12Aq(a) 30 1.69 32 1.94 34 2.44 S • 12Aq(«) + S • 7Aq 35.1U I 3.00 S-7Aq 36 3.16 40 3.81 44 4.60 48 5.59 S • 7Aq + S • 2Aq 48.1U 1 5.64 S-2Aq 50 5.66 60 5.82 70 6.16 80 6.61 90 7.24

Na2HPO4.- (Continued) t,°C 1 M ±2 % S • 2Aq + S 95U I 7.60 S 97.5 7.35 100 7.10 Na3AsO4 (448) t, 0C M 14 0.56 Na2HAsO4 (448, 494)

S • 12Aq

O 5 10 15 20 28

0.39±5% 0.55 + 5% 0.79 + 5% 1.15 + 5% 1.77 + 5% 4.63+5% NaH2SbO4 (499) S • 2Aq 20 0.00248 25 0.00299 30 0.00360 35 0.00443 Na3SbS4 («T) S-9Aq O 0.419 10 0.640 20 0.884 30 1.18 40 1.55 50 2.00 60 2.56 70 3.25 80 4.24 Na2CO3 ( 45 > 90 > 106 > 1^ 171,

201, 256, 300, 307, 338,

339, 375, 447, 519) (See Fig. 20)

S • 10Aq O 0.66 5 0.84 10 1.14 15 1.55 20 2.09 25 2.77 28 3.27 30 3.70 S • 10Aq + S - 7Aq(/3) 32.0OU I 4.29 S - 10Aq + S - A q 32.96mU | 4.72 S - 7Aq(« Om 1.92 10m 2.48 20m 3.16 30m 4.07 32 4.29 34 4.51 36m 4.77 S • 7Aq(ß) + S - A q 35.37U i 4.69 S • 7Aq(oO Om 3.01 5m 3.28 10m 3.58

Na2CO3,- (Continued) t, 0C i M 15m

S - 7Aq (a) 3.91

4.32

20m

S-Aq 4.77 4.61 4.48 4.38 4.28 4.26

30m 40 50 60 80 100

Na 2 C 2 O 4 (!02, 103, 165, 400,

473) ; Oxalate S I 15 0.237 + 3% 1 100 0.472 + 3% NaHCO 2 (i94) Formate

/,°c

| M ± 2%

S-SAq -20 4.34 -10 5.10 O 6.44 + 5 7.50 10 8.90 15 10.71 18m 11.99 S • 3Aq + S - 2Aq 17.OU I 11.6 S-2Aq 18 11.88 20 12.52 23 13.68 26m 15.3 S - Aq + S 24.8U 14.5 S 20m 14.3 30 15.1 60 17.8 80 20.1 100 23.5 120 27.9 NaHCO3 (122, 149, 1 5 1 , 1 7 1 , 307, 500, 501)

t, °c

I M +1 % s 0.82 1.05 1.22 1.31 1.41 1.62 1.96

O 15 25 30 35 45 60 NaCH 3 CO 2

t, 0C O 10 20 30 40

(!93,

Acetate I S-3Aq

222, 445)

M

4.56 4.98 5.60 6.54 7.92

NaCH3CO2.- (Continued) t, 0C I M S-SAq 50 10.20 55 12.20 58m 18.50 S • 3Aq + S 58U I 16.80 S Om 14.51 20m 15.11 40m 15.87 60 17.02 80 18.63 100 20.75 120 I 23.17 Na2C4H4O8 (152) Dihydroxytartrate O 0.00173 NaC 6 H 6 CO 2 C 4 ^ 3 ) Benzoate S I O 4.36 150 4.40 75 4.68 100 5.15 125 5.92 150 7.08 175 8.50 200 10.20 NaC 6 H 4 OHCO 2 (463) o-Hydroxybenzoate t, 0C I M ± 3% S-6Aq O 1.69 5 2.15 10 2.82 15 3.96 S • 6Aq + S 20.OU I 6.45 S 30 6.88 50 7.75 70 8.68 90 9.72 100 10.30 120 11.65 130 12.50 NaC6H4OHCO2 (463) w-Hydroxybenzoate S 10 8.88 20 9.03 30 9.21 50 9.69 75 10.5 100 11.62 125 12.97 150 14.53 NaC 6 H 4 OHCO 2 (463) p-Hydroxybenzoate t, 0C I M ± 4% S. 5Aq O I 1.10

NaC6H4OHCO2.- (Continued) t, 0C M ± 4% S-5Aq 10 1.75 20 2.50 30 3.47 S - 5Aq + S 38U I 4.8 S I 50 5.10 j 150 7.30 NaC6H4NO2O O 5 «*» i 8 9 ) p- Nitr ophenate t, 0C | M ± 0.5% S-4Aq 20 3.00 25 3.67 30 4.40 S • 4Aq + S • 2Aq 35.4U | 5.38 S-2Aq 40 6.10 45 6.93 50 7.88 NaC 6 H 3 (NO 2 ) 2O (l 56) 3, 4-Dinitrophenate t, 0C | M S-Aq 25 | 0.219 NaC6H2(NO2)30 (156) Picrate t, 0C | M S-Aq O 0.073 25 0.173 NaC6H3ClNO2O (i'S6) 3, 4-Chloronitrophenate S-Aq 25 | 0.139 NaHCi0H5NH2(SOs)2 Na 2 Ci 0 H 5 NH 2 (SOs) 2 Naphthylaminedisulfonates v. p. 219 NaClNO2C6H2CH3SO3 ( 113 ) Chloronitro-m-toluenesulfonate t, 0C M ± 4% O 0.380 10 0.426 15 0.470 20 0.533 25 0.618 30 0.740 Na2ZrF6 (308) t, 0C M 18 0.0151 100 0.0665 Na2SnO3 (535) S-4Aq - 5 2.53 O 2.60 + 10 2.74 20 2.89 30 3.08

Na2SnO3.—(Continued) *, 0C i M S-4Aq 40 3.30 50 3.62 S • 3Aq + S • 4Aq - 9U i 2.47 S • 3Aq - 5 2.46 O 2.44 +10 2.40 20 2.32 30 2.21 40 2.05 45 1.91 Na2SO4-ZnSO4 (266) t, 0C | M ± 1% S - 4Aq 25 1.637 30 1.641 35 1.646 40 1.654 Na2SO4-CdSO4 (266) S-4Aq 25 1.72 30 1.74 35 1.77 40 1.79 Na2SO4-CuSO4 (266, 31l) S-2Aq 20 1.24 25 1.22 30 1.20 35 l. 18 40 1.17 NaAuCl4 (429) t, 0C | M ± 3% S -2Aq 10 3.95 20 4.18 30 4.91 40 6.26 50 9.52 60 24.9 Na2SO4-FeSO4 (266) t, 0C | M ± 1% S-4Aq 20 1.59 25 1.55 30 1.53 35 1.55 40 1.59 Na 4 Fe(CN) 6 (210) t, 0C M ± 0.2% 25 0.682 Na2SO4-CoSO4 (266) t, 0C | M ± 1% S-4Aq 20 1.73 25 1.62 30 1.52 35 1.44 40 1.39 Na2SO4-NiSO4 (266) S-4Aq 20 | 1.89

Na2SO4-NiSO4.- (Continued) t, 0C | M± l% S-4Aq 25 1.74 30 1.60 35 1.49 40 1.43 Na 2 CrO 4 ( 357 > 358, 378, 412, 440, 449, «, °C

|

483) M ± 2%

S - 10Aq

O 5 10 15

1.96 2.50 3.10 3.80

20m

5. OO

21m

5.56

S • 6Aq + S • 10Aq 19.6U | 4.88 S - 10Aq + S • 4Aq 20.ImU | 5.05 S-6Aq 18m 4.80 20 4.91 22 5.02 24 5.13 S-4Aq 20m 5.04 30 5.39 40 5.92 50 6.48 60 7.14 S - 4Aq + S 64.8U | 7.58 S 70 7.61 80 7.68 90 7.74 100 7.80 S • 6Aq + S - 4Aq 26.OU | 5.24 Na 2 Cr 2 O 7 ( 358 J 449) t, 0C | M ± 2% S-2Aq O 6.22 10 6.50 20 6.90 30 7.51 40 8.40 60 10.64 80 14.76 S • 2Aq + S 84U | 16.40 S 90 16.44 100 16.60 Na2Cr3Oi0 (358) t} 0C | M ± 3% S-Aq O 11.1 20 11.5 40 12.3 60 13.5 80 15.0 100 16.8

Na2Cr4O13 (358) t, 0C I M ± 3% S-4Aq O 5.84 10 5.97 15 6.16 22 6.86 Na4CrO5 (358) S • 13Aq O 2.19 10' 2.47 20 2.71 25 2.88 30 3.12 37 I 3.68 Na 2 MoO 4 (175) S - 10Aq O 2.14 2 2.30 4 2.48 6 2.68 8 2.88 10 3.10 S • 10Aq + S - 2Aq 10.4U I 3.14 S-2Aq 20 3.16 40 3.28 60 3.50 80 3.76 100 4.06 Na2WO4 (175) t, 0C I M ± 2% S • 10Aq - 4 1.60 - 2 1.79 O 1.96 S - 10Aq + S • 2Aq + 6U I 2.44 S-2Aq Om 2.43 10 2.45 20 2.49 40 2.63 60 2.83 80 3.06 100 3.32 Na2B4O7 ( 239 > 374 > 441) S • 10Aq O 0.055 10 0.081 20 0.129 30 0.199 40 0.312 45 0.400 50 0.524 55 0.706 60 0.964 S • 10Aq + S • 5Aq 61U I 1.018 S-5Aq 65 1.088 70 1.212 75 1.36

Na2B 4 O 7 .—(Continued) /,0C I M ± 2% S - 5Aq 80 1.56 90 2.03 100 2.60 NaAl(SO4) 2 (466) t, 0C M ± 0.5% S • 12Aq 10 1.516 15 1.599 20 1.688 25 1.783 30 1.892 Na2SO4.MgS04 (16) I1 0C | M ± 2% S • 4Aq 25 1.97 30 2.00 35 2.07 47 2.00 KOH O 3 3 , 153, 167, 393, 449,

513)

/, 0C

I M ± 2% S-4Aq -45 10.2 -40 11.0 -35 12.2 -32.8 13.9 S - 4Aq + S - 2Aq -33.OE I 14.44 S • 2Aq* -20 15.4 O 17.3 +10 18.4 20 19.9 30 22.5 S • 2Aq + S - A q 33U I 24.00 S-Aq 40 24.4 60 26.0 80 28.4 100 31.6 120 36.2 140 45.6 *The values of C 1 6 7 » 4 4 9 ) at 15° and 25° are 5-10 % lower. KF (125, 357)

t, 0C 18 21

I S-2Aq

M

15.9 16.6

KCl (4, 5, 8, 22, 36, 43, 45, 46, 63, 70, 105, 106, 139, 173, 200, 222, 224, 233, 324, 373, 426,

KCl.—(Continued) t, 0C [ M ± 0.5% S 40 5.40 60 6.15 80 6.83 100 7.51 t, 0C M ± 5% 120 8.2 140 8.9 160 9.6 180 10.3 KClO 3 ("i 6 3, 76, 80, 84, 144, 181, 199, 363, 485, 495, 498)

t, 0C

O 10 20 30 40 60 80 100 120 140

I M ± 3% S 0.270 0.400 0.582 0.828

1.156 2.02 3.13 4.61 6.50 8.52

KClO4 (76, 80, 157, 343, 3 6 7 , 370, 436, 493)

S O 10 20 25 30 40 50 60 80 100

0.052 0.078 0.121 0.149 0.182 0.268 0.376 0.568 1.04 1.56

KBr ( 4 J 63, 105, 144, 200, 202, 254, 324, 426, 485, 495) • cff (540)

/,0C

M ± 1% S

3.98 4.49 4.97

-10 O + 10

20 30 I 40 I 100 /,0C 110

5.42 5.88 6.31 8.84 M ± 5% 9.2

120 140 160 180

9.7 10.5 11.3 12.1

447, 481, 495, 502, 513) 'Cft (540)

•

t, 0C -10 O + 10 20 25 30

I M ± 0.5% S 3.33 3.76 4.19 4.61 4.81 5.01

KBrO3 (178, 277, 436)

t, 0C O 20 40 60 80

I M ± 5% S 1

0.186 0.426 0.86 1.32 2.01

KI (4, 63, 105, 118, 144, 181,

200, 272, 324, 383, 495, 5 1 5 ) ;

Cf. (540)

t, 0C -20 -10 O +10 20 30 I 40 JlOO* 120 140 160 180

I M ± 2% S 6.72 7.23 7.72 8.18 8.63 9.10 9.55 12.5 13.7 15.3 17.2 19.2

* Above 100° less accuracy. KIO3 (277,316)

S O 20 30 40 60 80

I

0.220 0.380 0.491 0.604 0.870 1.16

KIO4 (23)

/, 0 C

13

I S I

M

0.0287

K 2 SO 3 (158)

/, 0 C -30 -20 O +20 40 60 80 100

I S

M ± 1%

6.60 6.62 6.68 6.74 6.81 6.89 7.00 7.14

K 2 SO 4 (5, 36, 43, 45, 59, 63, 70, 81, 144, 200, 217, 222, 287, 311, 318, 374, 467, 495, 504, 5 2 2 )

S O 0.423 10 0.530 20 0.637 25 0.690 30 0.742 40 0.848 60 1.041 80 1.220 100 1.382 120 1.52+3% 140 1.65+3% 160 1.77+3% 180 1.89 + 3% K2S2O3 (252) S-2Aq O I 5.05

20

S-«Aq I 8.20

K2S2O3.- (Continued) /,0C M ± 1% S • Âq 25 8.67 30 9.26 S - %Aq + S - A q 35U I 10.64 S-Aq 40 10.76 50 11.30 55 11.91 S - Aq + S - MAq 56.1U I 12.32 S • MAq 60 12.52 70 13.41 75 14.11 S - MAq + S 78.3U I 15.34 S 80 15.40 85 15.68 90 16.38 K2S2O6 (158)

«, 0C

I S

M ± 2%

- 5m 1.10 Om 1.28 + 10 1.61 20 2.01 I 30 2.43 I 80 4.81 90 5.32 100 5.83 S - HAq + S 3U I 1.39 S - ?gAq O 1.26 5m 1.48 10m 1.69 15m 1.93 20m 2.19

K 2 S 2 O 6 (U) S O 0.108 10 0.172 20 0.270 30 0.392 K2SeO4 O 4 4 » 506) t, 0C I M ± 5% S -20 4.76 O 4.88 I +20 5.00 I 100 5.51

I S

M ± 3%

31.6 32.9 35.5 38.4 51.4

-10 O +20 ' I 40 i 120

KNO 3 (5, 22, 36, 46, 63, 84, 106, 145, 155, 181, 186, 200,

202, 311, 447, 495, 498)

t, 0C

I M ± 2% Sj O 1.30 10 2.08 20 3.08 25 3.74 30 4.47 40 6.22 50 8.42 60 10.89 70 13.72 80 16.78 90 20.40 100 24.50 110 29.00 KNO3.2HNO3 ( 196 ) t, 0C I x S O 0.530 4 0.577 8 0.631 12 0.692 16 0.770 20 0.880 22 I 1.000 K 3 PO 4 (Ui) t, 0C M 25 9.1 KH2PO4 (in» 352) S 7 2.01 25 2.21 K3SbS4 (127) S-6Aq -34 4.44 -10 5.17 - 5 6.08 S-5Aq O 8.3 + 10 8.7 15 8.4 30 8.2 S-3Aq 50 9.5 80 10.4 K 2 CO 3 ( 4 5 » I 6 6 »

346

> 375, 513)

S-zAq K2TeO4 («3) *, C M S O 0.327 10 0.636 20 1.020 30 1.867 0

K2CO3.- (Continued) t,°C I M S-2Aq 30 8.2 40 8.4 50 8.8 60 9.2 70 9.6 80 10.1 90 10.6 100 11.3

KNO 2 (379)

*, 0C

O 6.46 5 7.52 S - zAq + S - 2Aq 7(?) I 7.88(?) S-2Aq 10 7.9 20 8.0

K2C2O4

(102, 165, 214, 265)

Oxalate t, 0C I M ± 3% S-Aq O 1.56 10 1.82 20 2.09 30 2.36 I 40 2.64 I 80 3.82 90 4.16 100 4.52 For more extensive data, v. (538)

KHCO2 (194) Formate t, 0C x -20 0.365 O 0.390 +20 0.420 40 0.456 60 0.500 80 0.555 100 0.621 120 0.711 140 0.836 157 1.000 KHCO3 (122) t, 0C I M ± 10% S O 2.24 10 2.77 20 3.32 I 30 3.89

J, 60

6.00

KHC2O4 (265)

Oxalate I M ± 2% S 50 1.12 60 1.54 70 2.00 80 2.48 90 3.03 100 3.76 KCH3CO2 (i) Acetate t, 0C i M ± 1% S-Âq O 22.06 10 23.72 20 25.98 30 29.00 40 32.94 *, 0C

KCH3CO2.- (Continued) t,°C I M±l% S - %Aq + S - MAq 41.3U( 33.50 S-MAq 50 34.40 60 35.64 70 37.14 80 38.74 90 40.38 100 I 42.10 KCHO2.CH2O2(194) Formate t, 0C I x S O 0.174 10 0.199 20 0.227 30 0.260 40 0.298 50 0.345 60 0.402 70 0.476 80 0.574 KHC2O4.H2C204 (265) Tetroxalate t, 0C I M ± 5% S-2Aq O 0.052 20 0.131 40 0.284 60 0.548 80 1.00 100 3.31 KHC 4 H 4 O 6 (3» 64, 427)

368, 388,

Tartrate I M ± 2% S O 0.017 10 0.0215 20 0.0290 25 0.0348 t, 0C M ± 10% 30 0.043 40 0.065 50 0.092 60 0.128 80 0.240 100 0.375 t, 0C

KHC4H4O6 ( 64 ) Racemate t, 0C I M ± 2% S 20 0.0268 22 0.0282 K2C4H4O8 (152) Dihydroxytartrate t, 0C M O 0.105 KHC4H4O8 (i 52 ) Dihydroxytartrate O I 0.126

KC6H6CO2 ( 380 > 463) Benzoate /, 0 C M ± 2% S O 3.98 10 4.20 20 4.47 I 30 4.77 I 80 6.49 100 7.28 120 8.20 140 9.28 160 10.51 180 12.08 KC7H5O3 (463) Salicylate t, 0C I M ± 3% S-Aq O 4.46 10 5.14 20 6.08 30 7.34 S • Aq + S 31U I 7.62 S 40 7.94 60 9.00 80 10.4 100 12.3 120 14.6 140 17.1 KC 7 H 6 O 3 (463) m-Hydroxybenzoate S O 8.19 20 8.70 40 9.47 60 10.5 80 11.8 100 13.4 120 15.3 140 17.4 KC 7 H 5 O 3 (463)

p-Hydroxybenzoate S-3Aq 10 2.10 20 2.70 30 3.50 40 4.45 50 5.57 60 6.84 70 8.21 S•3Aq + S 79U I 9.51 S 80 9.53 90 9.73 100 9.94 110 10.1 120 10.3 130 10.5

KHC 6 H 4 (CO 2 )2 ( 218 ) Phthalate t, 0C M 25 0.502 35 0.621 KC2H5SO4 (205) Ethylsulfate /,0C I M ± 3% S(«) H- Ice (?) -12.9 I 4.69

s(«) 5.16 6.78 9.04 12.1 16.0 21.0 27.1 S(«) + S(A 51.8U I 28.4 SGO + Ice (?) -15.2m 1 5.76 S(/3) -10m 6.57 Om 8.66 + 1Om 11.2 20m 14.3 ^ 50m 27.4 " 60 32.8 70 38.2 80 44.3 90 51.1 -10 O + 10 20 30 40 50

K2(H6TeO6C2O4) (433) Oxalotellurate /, 0C I M S O 0.069 10 0.100 20 0.135 30 0.174 40 0.229 50 0.312 KCN (293) S 25 I 11.00 KCNO (293)

S 25 I 9.25 KC 6 H 2 (N0 2 ) 3 0 (156) Picrate S 25 I 0.0243 KCNS (161, 437)

/, 0C

M ± 3% S

O 18.2 10 19.5 20 22.2 25 24.6 KHCi0H5NH2(SOs)2 K2C10H5NH2(SOs)2 Naphthylaminedisulfonates v. p. 219

KClNO 2 C 6 H 2 CH 3 SO 3 (IiS) Chloronitrom-toluene sulfonate t, 0C M ± 3% O 0.0081 10 0.0097 20 0.0135 30 0.0197 K2ZrF6 (3°8, 333) /,0C M ± 5% 10 0.0432 20 0.0547 30 0.0679 40 0.0835 50 0.104 60 0.135 70 0.179 80 0.244 90 0.392 100 0.85 K2SnO3 (535) /,0C I M S-4Aq 28 I 5.01 S - 5Aq 28 I 5.35 K2SnF6 (55) S-Aq 18 I 0.104 + 5% K2SnOHF5 (55) S-Aq 18 I 0.214+5% K2SO4-ZnSO4 (299) S-6Aq 25 I 0.393 KCLCdCl2 (421) S-Aq O 1.01 20 1.54 40 2.08 60 2.64 80 3.24 100 3.93 KBr-CdBr2 (422) S-Aq O 2.90 20 3.83 40 4.88 60 5.98 80 7.12 100 8.33 110 8.95 K 2 SO 4 -CuSO 4 ( « I » 504)

/, 0C

299, 318,

I M ± 3% S-6Aq 25 0.341 30 0.390 40 0.517 50 0.681 60 0.887 KAuCl4 (429) S • 0.5Aq 10 1.01 20 1.63

KAuCl4.- (Continued) /, 0 C I M ± 3% S • 0.5Aq 30 2.51 40 3.84 50 6.17 60 10.7 K2IrCl6 (185.5) K2PtCl0 (6) M ± 2% 0.0091 0.0110 0.0153 0.0203 0.0281 0.0501 0.0897 K 2 Pt(CN) 4 (491) S-5Aq O 0.307 5 0.376 10 0.536 S • 5Aq + S - 3Aq 14.4U I 0.703 S-SAq 15 0.720 20 0.890 30 1.400 40 2.080 50 2.87 S • 3Aq + S - 2Aq 52.8U I 3.22 S-2Aq I 55 3.27 1 70 4.33 S - 2Aq + S - Aq 74.5U I 4.64 S-Aq 80 1 4.61 85 4.77 90 5.09 95 5.59 /, 0C O 10 20 30 40 I 60 I 90

KMnO 4 (31| 224, 387, 505, 511, 512)

S O 10 20 25 30 40 50 65

0.180 0.272 0.405 0.484 0.569 0.793 1.065 1.584

K2Fe(SO4). (281) /, 0C I M* S-6Aq O 0.62 10 0.75 20 0.89 30 1.06 40m 1.24 S - 6Aq + S - 4Aq 3OU I 1.06 * Per 1 soin.

K 2 Fe(SO 4 ) 2 .—(Continued) t, 0C I M* S • 6Aq + S - 2Aq 5OmU I 1.47 S-4Aq 40 1.10 60 1.21 80 1.37 90m 1.48 S • 4Aq + S - 2Aq 86U 1.44 S-2Aq 60m 1.46 80m 1.44 100 1.43 * Per 1 soin.

K3Fe(CN)6 (517) t, C I M 0

K 2 Cr 2 O 7 .—(Continued) t,°C I M ± 5% S 30 0.616 40 0.90 50 1.21 60 1.54 80 2.31 100* 3.30 120 4.60 140 5.94 160 7.40 180 9.08 * Above 100° less accurate.

K2S04.Cr2(S04)3 (298) t, 0C 1 M S • 12Aq 25 I 0.44 KA1(SO4)2 (36, 57, 298, 310)

t, 0C

0.92 1.11 1.34 1.59 1.85

O 10 20 30 40

K 4 Fe(CN) 6 (54, *44,

146

> 210,

327, 448, 508, 514) S -3Aq

O 0.396 20 0.762 I 40 1.130 I 100 2.224 K2SO4-CoSO4 (299) S-OAq 25 I 0.391 K3Co(C2O4)S (249) Z-Trioxalocobaltiate S-Aq 20 0.849 22 0.854 K 3 Co(C 2 0 4 ) 3 (249) dZ-Trioxalocobaltiate S • 3.5Aq O 0.784 14 0.836 K2S04.NiS04 (299) S-6Aq 25 I 0.209 K2CrO4 (3, 106, 144, 201, 264, 327, 363, 447, 449)

*, 0C

I S

M ± 1%

2.84 2.96 3.22 3.49 3.78 4.09 4.45 4.66

-10 O +20 40 60 80 100 110

K2Cr2O7 (3, 144, 199, 264, 287, 327, 449, 495)

t, 0C O 10 20

I S

M ± 5%

0.158 0.240 0.390

I M ± 3% S • 12Aq O 0.117 10 0.162 20 0.228 30 0.320 40 0.458 50 0.664 60 0.948 70 1.390 80 2.12 85 2.72 88 3.48 K2SO4-BeSO4 ( 59 )

t, 0C

I M S-2Aq 25 I 1.43 KNaCO 3 (375) S-6Aq 25 I 5.14 KNaC4H4O6 (65, 235) Tartrate S-4Aq - 4.3 1.24 O 1.50 + 10 2.24 20 3.23 30 4.90 KNaC4H4O6 (65, 235) Racemate S-3Aq - 6.3 1.84 O 2.14 + 10 2.77 20 3.50 30 4.45 RbOH (168) 15 I 17.5 RbCl (36) t, 0C ( M ± 1%

O 10 20 I 30 j 90 110

6.36 6.96 7.53 8.07 11.02 11.95

RbClO3 ( 7 6 » 80, 408) t, 0C I M ± 3% S O 0.127 10 0.201 20 0.319 30 0.474 40 0.680 50 0.946 60 1.32 70 1.75 80 2.26 90 2.88 100 3.82 RbClO4 ( 7 6 , 8 0 , 157)

*, 0C

I S

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

M ± 5% 0.0345 0.053 0.083 0.132 0.192 0.262 0.363 0.500 0.685 0.975

RbBr (408, 422)

t, 0C

M ± 2% S

j O I 20 I 60 80 100 110

I

5.38 6.68 9.32 10.60 11.73 12.25

RbBrO3 (73) t, 0C I M ± 1% S 25 0.137 30 0.166 35 0.201 40 0.238 RbI (408) *, 0C I M S 6.9 6.47 17.4 7.16 RbIO4 (23) S 13 I 0.0236 Rb2SO4 (36, 144) *, 0C I M ± 1% S O 1.36 10 1.58 20 1.79 30 2.00 40 2.20 I 50 2.37 I 90 2.95 110 3.16 Rb2SeO4 (506) *, 0C M 12 5.06

RbNO3 (36) I M ± 2% S O 1.33 10 2.26 20 3.65 30 5.55 40 7.90 50 10.6 60 13.6 70 17.1 80 21.1 90 25.6 100 30.5 110 36.2 120 I 43.2

t, 0C

Rb2CO3 (166) t, 0C M 15 9.6 RbHCO2 (464) Formate t, 0C I M ± 2% S-Aq O 26.0 10 34.2 S - Aq + S • 0.5Aq 16.5U I 42.4 S - 0.5Aq 20 43.6 25 45.1 30 46.7 40 52.1 50 62.8 S • 0.5Aq + S 51U I 65.2 S 50m 64.7 60 68.4 80 83.3 100 114.3 120 173.8 140 314 160 1065 170 QQ RbHCO3 (167) t, 0C M 15 7.9 RbCH3CO2 (464) Acetate /, 0 C I M ±2% S O 34.3 40 40.7 80 51.2 120 70.6 160 114.3 200 250 240 2360 246 QQ Rb2C4H4O8 (152) Dihydroxytartrate *, 0C M O 0.198

RbC6H5CO2 (463) Benzoate t, 0C I M ± 3% S 20 6.26 40 6.78 60 7.47 80 8.27 100 9.17 120 10.12 140 I 11.10 RbC7H5O3 (463) Salicylate t, 0C M ± 2% S-Aq 10 8.4 20 9.5 30 I 10.9 S - Aq + S 4OU I 12.8 S 50 13.5 60 14.4 80 16.8 100 20.4 120 25.0 130 27.5 RbC 7 H 5 O 3 (463) w-Hydroxybenzoate S-Aq -10 4.30 O 4.40 + 10 4.56 20 4.82 30 5.32 40 6.10 S • Aq + S 47U I 7.00 S 50 7.20 60 8.00 80 9.36 100 11.62 120 15.62 130 17.90 RbC7H5O3 (463) p-Hydroxybenzoate S • Aq 20 2.60 30 3.04 40 3.58 50 4.16 60 4.92 70 5.84 S-Aq+S 78U i 6.80 S 80 6.96 90 7.86 100 9.20 110 10.80 120 12.64

Rb 2 (TeC 2 O 4 (OH) 6 ) (433) Oxalotellurate t, 0C I M ± 2% O

0.079

10 20 30 40

0.107 0.148 0.192 0.261

50 0.346 Rb2SO4-ZnSO4 (299) t, 0C I M S - 6Aq 25 I 0.236 RbBnCdBr2 (422) S O 1.11 20 1.87 40 2.70 60 3.73 80 4.93 100 6.41 110 I 7.44 4RbCLCdBr2 (422) O 0.96 I 20 1.48 I 120 4.20 Rb2S04.CdSO4 (299) S-6Aq 25 [ 1.63 Rb2SO4.CuSO4 (299) S-6Aq 25 I 0.242 RbAuCl4 (429) /, 0 C I M ± 3% S 10 0.113 20 0.223 30 0.365 40 0.507 ! 50 0.672 1 80 1.29 I 100 1.87 RbMnO4 (352, 387)

t, 0C

I S

M ± 5%

O 0.020 7(352) 0.048 10 0.035 20 0.053 30 0.079 40 0.113 50 0.159 60 I 0.229 Rb2SO4-MnSO4 (299) t, 0C I M S-6Aq 25 I 0.86 RbFe(SO4), (298) S - 12Aq 25 I 0.295 Rb2Fe(SO4)2 (299) S-6Aq 25 I 0.58

Rb2SO4-CoSO4 (299) t, 0C I M S-6Aq 25 I 0.221 Rb2SO4-NiSO4 (299) S-6Aq 25 I 0.142 RbCr(SO4), (298) S • 12Aq 25 0.079 30 0.096 35 0.128 40 0.181 RbV(SO4), (298)

S - 12Aq I 0.177

25

RbAl(SO4)2 (36, 298, 459)

f, 0C

I M ± 2% S • 12Aq O 0.0236 10 0.0343 20 0.0503 30 0.0725 40 0.104 50 0.158 60 0.241 70 I 0.412 Rb2SO4-MgSO4 (299) t, 0C I M S-6Aq 25 I 0.523 CsOH (168) 15 I 25.8 CsCl ( 3 6 , 1 6 0 , 233)

t,°C O 10 20 25 30 40 50 I 60 I 100 120

i M ±0.5% S 9.61 10.32 10.98 11.34 11.68 12.34 12.98 13.61 16.07 17.26 CsClO3 (76)

I1 0C

M ± 2% S

0.114 0.178 0.293 0.445 0.642 0.900 1.21 1.58 2.13 2.81 3.64

O 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

CsClO4 (76, 8 0 , 1 5 7 )

CsClO4-- (Continued) t, 0C I M ± 2% S 25 0.088 30 0.111 40 0.165 50 0.229 60 0.315 70 0.420 80 0.600 90 0.90 IQO 1.27

t, 0C 25

M 5.80

CsBrO3 (73) S 25 0.1404 + 1% 30 0.174 ±1% 35 0.204 ±1% CsI (159)

S

1.48 4.06

- 4.0 +35.6

CSlO4 (23)

15

I

0.0664

Cs2SO4 (36) I M ± 1% S O 4.62 10 4.78 20 4.93 30 5.08 40 5.23 I 50 5.38 I 110 I 6.23 Cs2SeO4 (506) t, 0C I M S 12 I 6.00

t, 0C

t, 0C O 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110

CsNO3 (36) I M ± 3% S 0.47 0.79 1.26 1.86 2.61 3.50 4.52 5.64 6.92 8.40 10.10 12.2

CS2CO3 (166)

*, 0C 15

M 8.0

CS2C2O4 (165)

S 10 20

CsBr (162) S

0.043 0.069

25

oxalate I

8.86

CsHCO2 (464) Formate

t, 0C O 10 20 30 40 43 45 43

I M ± 2% S-Aq 18.8 21.3 24.6 29.6 38.9 45.4 55.5 78.3

S - Aq + 41E I S 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 265

S 90.6

93.8 102.1 115.3 134.5 158.0 193.4 250 371 870 QQ

CsHCO3 (167)

*, 0C 15

M 10.8

CsCH3CO2 (464) Acetate

11 0C O 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

M ± 2% 49.4 52.7 55.5 60.0 65.9 76.3 94.5 129.5

160

206.5

180 194

480 QQ'

Cs2C4H4O8 (152) Dihydroxytartrate

i, 0C O

M 0.65

CsC6H6CO2 (463) Benzoate 0

M ± 2% 11.60 12.00 13.68 14.62 15.74 17.02

/, C O ! 20 1 60 80 100 120

CsC7H5O3 (463) Salicylate

S-Aq O 10 20 30 40

7.27 8.51 10.66 13.88 17.82

CsC7H5O3.- (Continued)

t, 0C

I

M ± 2%

CsIn(S04)2 ( 298 )

*, 0C

S • Aq + S • 0.5Aq

41U

18.5

I

S - 0.5Aq

20.5 26.1 36.4

50 60 70

S - 0.5Aq + S

74U

I S

41.9

CsC7H5O3 (463)

ra-Hydroxybenzoate S • zAq 10 12.4 20 13.7 30 17.2 40 23.4 S - xAq + S 44U I 27.1 S 50 28.1 60 29.9 80 34.7 100 41.4 120 49.4 CsC7H6O3 (463) p-Hydroxybenzoate

S-Aq 10 20 30 40 50 60 64U

70 80 100 120 135

1.80 2.22 2.66 3.20 3.80 4.60 S - Aq + S I 5.00 S 5.32 6.04 7.96 10.80 14.28

Cs2[TeC2O4(OH)6] (433) Oxalotellurate

S O 10

0.110 0.152

20 30 40 50

0.202 0.259 0.339 0.474

CsGa(SO4)2 (U 9)

t, 0C 25

I S • 12Aq

M

I

0.0383

CsGa(SeO4), (ii»)

S • 12Aq 25

I

Cs2SO4-ZnSO4 (299) S-6Aq

25

I

0.085

0.74

Cs2SO4-CdSO4 (299) S-6Aq

25

45.1 50.6 56.4 63.1

80 90 100 110

25

I M S - 12Aq I 0.172

I

2.46

Cs2SO4-CuSO4 (299) S-6Aq

25

0.89

I

CsAuCl4 (429)

t, 0C

I S

M ± 5%

10 20 30 40

0.0106 0.0170 0.036 0.070

50 60

0.121 0.189

70

0.289

80

0.413

90 100

0.587 0.803

CsMnO4 (387)

S O 10 20 30 40 50 60

0.0037 0.0058 0.0092 0.0146 0.0216 0.0333 0.0520

Cs2SO4-MnSO4 (299)

t, 0C

I

M

CsFe(SO4)2 (298)

t, 0C

I

M

25 30 35

0.045 0.066 0.099

40

0.156

Cs2Fe(S04)2 (299) S-6Aq

25

I

1.99

Cs2SO4-CoSO4 (299) S-6Aq

25

I

0.81

Cs2SO4-NiSO4 (299) S-6Aq

25

I

0.50

CsCr(SO4)2 ( 298 )

I 25 I 40

S • 12Aq 0.016 0.041

CsV(SO4), (298)

S • 12Aq 25

I

0.020

CsAl(S04)2 (36, 212, 298, 459)

t, 0C

I M ± 5% S • 12Aq

O 10

0.006 0.009

20 30

0.012 0.017

40 50 60 70

0.024 0.038 0.058 0.095

80

0.162

90

100

0.302

I

0.62

Cs2SO4-MgSO4 (298)

t, 0C

S-6Aq

25

I S • 12Aq

I

M

S-6Aq

1.57

25

I

1.11

LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) (!) Abe, 479, 3: 211; 12. (2) Abegg and Pick, 93, 51: 1; 06. ( 3 ) Alluard, 13, 133: 292; 65. ( 4 ) Amadori and Pampanini, 22, 20II : 473; 11. ( 5 ) Andreae, 52, 29: 456; 84. (6) Archibald, 1, 30: 747; 08. (7) Archibald and Kern, 69, 11 III : 7; 17. ( 8 ) Armstrong and Eyre, 5, 84: 123; 11. ( 9 ) Arrhenius, 7, 11 : 391; 93. ( 1 O) Auerbach, 93, 37: 353; 03. ( 1 M de Baat, Diss., Leiden, 1923. ("•*) Bäckström, 7, 97: 179; 21. («) Bahr, 93, 71: 79; 11. (13) Bakhuis Roozeboom, 70, 3: 29; 84. ( 1 4 ) Bakhuis Roozeboom, 70, 3: 84; 84. C 1 5 ) Bakhuis Roozeboom, 7, 2: 449; 88. 0«) Bakhuis Roozeboom, 7, 2: 513; 88. ( 17 ) Bakhuis Roozeboom, 7, 4: 31; 89. ( 18 ) Bakhuis Roozeboom, 7, 5: 198; 90. ( 19 ) Bakhuis Roozeboom, 7, 8: 531; 91. ( 2 0 ) Bakhuis Roozeboom, 7, 10: 145; 92. (21) Bakhuis Roozeboom, 7, 10: 502; 92. (22) Barbaudy, 70, 42: 638; 23. (23) Barker, 4, 93: 15; 08. (24) Barre, 6, 24: 145; 11. ( 25 ) Barre, 27, 11: 646; 12. (26) Basch, Diss., Berlin, 1901. (27) Basset, 4, Ul: 620; 17. (28) Basset and Taylor, 4, 101: 576; 12. (29) Basset and Taylor, 4, 105: 1926; 14. 30 ( ) Baur, 7, 18: 180; 95. ( 31 ) Baxter, Boylston and Hubbard, 1, 28: 1336; 06. ( 32 ) van Bemmelen and Meerburg, 93, 33: 272; 03. (33) Benedicks, 93, 22 : 393; 00. (34) Benrath, 93, 136:: 358; 24. (35) Benrath, 93, 151: 21; 26. (36) Berkeley, 62, 203: 189; 04. (37) Berkeley and Appleby, O, 85: 489; 11. (38) Bevad, 53, 16: 591; 84. (39) Billitzer, 57, 41: 287; 20. 40 ( ) Biltz and Marcus, 93, 71: 166; 11. ( 4 I) Bissel and James, 1, 38: 873; 16. ( 4 2 ) Bisson and Christie, 45, 12: 485; 20. (43) Blasdale, 45, 10: 344; 18. ( 4 4 ) Blasdale, 451 12: 164; 20. (45) Blasdale, /,.45: 2935; 23. (46) Bodlander, 7, 7: 308; 91. ( 4 7 ) Bogorodskii, 53, 25: 316; 93. ( 4 8 ) Bogorodskii. 53, 26: 209; 94. ( 4 9) Bolschokov, 53, 29: 326; 97.

Fig.e

RgI

Fig.6

Fig.5 Fig-3 Fig.4

(SO) Bolschokov, 53, 30: 386; 98. ( 51 J Bourgeois, 27, 19:949; 98. (52) BoyerGuillon, Ann. Conserv. Arts et Met., 2: 187; 00. ( 53 ) Bray and Winninghoff, 1, 33: 1663; 11. (54) Briggs, 4, 99: 1019; 11. (««) Briggs, 98, 82: 441; 13. ( 5 «) Britton, 4, 119: 1967; 21. ( S 7 ) Britton, 4, 121: 982; 22. (58) Britton, 4, 121: 2612; 22. ( 5 ^) Britton and Allmand, 4, 119: 1463; 21. (60) Brönsted, 7, 06: 645; 07. ( 61 ) Brönsted, 7, 68 : 693; 09. (« 2 ) Brönsted, 7, 77: 129; 11. ( 63 ) Brönsted, 7, 82: 621; 13. («*) Brönsted, 137, 12: No. 6; 15. (65) Brönsted, 137, 12: No. 12; 15. (* 6 ) Brönsted, 7, 100: 139; 22. («7) Brönsted, L, 44: 877; 22. ( 68 ) Brönsted and La Mer, l, 46: 555; 24. («9) Brönsted and Petersen, l, 43: 2265; 21. (7 o ) Bruni, 36, 271: 537 ; 97. (7 * ) Buchanan and Winner, 45,12: 448 ; 20. (72 )

Büchner and Prins, 7, 81: 113; 13. ( 7 3) Buell and McCrosky, l, 43: 2031; 21. ( 7 4 ) Bury, 4, 125: 2538; 24. (75) Callendar and Barnes, 5, 62: 117; 98. ( 7 6 ) Calzolari, 36, 42 II: 85; 12. ( 7 7 ) Cameron and Robinson, 50, 11: 273; 07. ( 78 ) Cantoni and Basadonna, 27, 35: 727; 06. ( 79 ) Cantoni and Zachoder, 27, 33: 747; 05. (80) Carlson, Klason Festskrift, 1910: 247. («o.S) Gavazzi, 36, 46 II: 122; 16. ( 81 ) Caven and Mitchell, 4, 125: 1428; 24. (« 2 ) Chancel and Parmentier, 34, 104: 474 ; 87. (* 3 ) Chugaev, 93, 137 : l ; 24. («* ) Chugaev and Chlopin, 93, 86: 154; 14. (**) Chugaev and Kiltinovich, 4, 109: 1286; 16. (*«) Cingolati, 36, 38 I: 292; 08. ( 87 ) Clark, l, 41: 1477; 19. ( 8 *) Clendinnen, 4, 121: 801; 22. ( 89 ) Cleve, 93, 32: 129; 02.

Fig.7

Rg-II

RgIO

Fig.9

RgS

Fig.12

Fig.l3

Rg.14

Fig.15

Fig.17

Fig.l6

( 90 ) Cocheret, Diss., Leiden, 1911. ( 91 ) Cohen, 7, 31: 164; 99. ( 9 2 ) Cohen, 7, 34: 179; 00. ( 93 ) Cohen and van den Bosch, 64V, 31: 606; 23. ( 94 ) Cohen and Bruins, 7, 93: 43; 19. ( 9S ) Cohen and Crommelin, 9, 9: 431; 03. ( 96 ) Cohen, Hetterschij and Moesveld, 7, 94: 210; 20. ( 9 7 ) Cohen, Inouye and Euwen, 7, 75: 257; 11. ( 98 ) Cohen, Ishikawa and Moesveld, 7, 105: 155; 23. (") Cohen and Kooii, 64P1 27: 65; 24. ( 10 °) Cohen, Voller and Moesveld, 7, 104: 323; 23. ( 101 ) Cohen and Wolters, 7, 96: 253; 20. ( 1 OZ) Colani, 27, 19: 405; 16. ( 1 OS) Colani, 34, 165: 111; 17. (104) Coppadoro, 3£, 42 I: 233; 12. ( 105 ) de Coppet, O, 30: 411; 83. ( 1 0 «) de Coppet, 7, 22: 239; 97. ( 1 O?) Cottrell, 00, 4: 637; 00. ( 1 OS) Courtois, 84, 158: 1511; 14. ( 1 OS) Creighton and Ward, Jf 1 37: 2333; 15. ( J 1 0 ) Crew, Steinert and Hopkins, 50, 29: 34; 25. (» » ») D'Ans and Schreiner, 7, 75: 95; 11. ( 1 1 Z) D'Ans and Siegler, 7, 82: 35; 13. ( 113 ) Davies and Davies, 4, 123: 2976; 23. ( 114 ) Dawson, 4, 113: 675; 18. ( l l s ) Dawson and Williams, 7, 31: 59; 99. ( 116 ) De, 4, 111: 55; 17. ( 117 ) Demarcay, 34, 96: 1859; 83. ( 11 S) Demassieux, 34, 177: 51; 23. ( 119 ) Dennis and Bridgman, 1, 40: 1531; 18.

(120) de Pauw, Diss., Utrecht, 1922. ( 1 Z 1 ) Deszâthy, 57, 14: 245; 93. ( 1 ZZ) Dibitts, 62, 118: 417; 74. ( 1 ZS) Dietz, 93, 20: 240; 99.- ( 12 4) Ditte, 6, 22: 551; 81. ( 1 2 S) Ditte, 34, 123: 1281; 96. ( 1 2 6 ) Dittrich, 7, 29: 485; 99. ( 1 2 7)Donk, 176, 5: 629; 08. ( 128 ) Donk, 176, 5: 767; 08. ( 1 ZS) Donk, 176, 13: 92; 16. (130) Donnan and Burt, 4, 85: 335; 03. ( 131 J Drucker, 93, 28: 361; 01. ( 13 Z) Duboux and Cuttat, 37, 4: 735; 21. ( 1 SS) Dukleski, 93, 50: 38; 06. (»34) Dundon and Henderson, 1, 44: 1196; 22, ( 13 S) Eder, 76, 82: 1284; 80. O 3 6 ) Elliot, 60, 28: 887; 24. O37) von Ende, 93, 26:129; 01. ( 13 S) Engel, 6, 13: 344; 88. ( 1 SS) Engel, 6, 13: 370; 88. ( 14 O) Engel, 6, 17: 338; 89. (141) Ephraim, 25, 56: 1530; 23. ( 142 ) Ephraim and Mosimann, 25, 55: 1608; 22. ( 143 ) Epple, Diss., Heidelberg, 1899. ( 144 ) Étard, 6, 2: 503; 94. ( 14 S) Euler, 7, 49: 303; 04. ( 14 <*) Fabris, 36, 51 II: 374; 21. ( 1 4 7 ) Fajans and Fischler, 93, 95: 284; 16. ( 14 S) Fajans and Lembert, 93, 95: 297; 16. ( 1 4 9 ) Fedotiev, 7, 49: 162; 04. (» 5 0 ) Fedotiev, 93, 73: 173; 11. (» 51 ) Fedotiev and Koltunov, 93, 85: 247; 14. (ls2) Fenton, 4, 73: 472; 98. (»53) Ferchland, 93, 30: 130; 02. ( 1 S 4 )

Fig.18

Rg. 19

Rg.20

Fierz-David and Braunschweig, 37, 6: 1146; 23. ( 15S ) Findlay, Morgan and Morris, 4, 106: 779; 14. ( 156 ) Fisher, 53, 46: 1250; 14. (157) Flatt, Diss., Zurich, 1923. ( 158 ) Foerster, Brosche and Norberg-Schulz, 7, 110: 435; 24. ( l s 9 ) Foote, 11, 29: 203; 03. ( 16 °) Foote, 11, 30: 339; 03. ( 16 M Foote, 7, 46: 79; 03. ( l 6 2 ) Foote, 11, 37: 124; 07. ( 163 ) Foote, 1, 34:880; 12. (164) Foote, 45, 11: 629; 19. ( 1 ^ 5 ) Foote and Andrew, 11, 34: 153, 164; 05. (*66) de Forcrand, 84, 149: 97; 09. ( 167 ) de Forcrand, 34, 149: 719; 09. (168) de Forcrand, 34, 149: 1341; 09. (*6 9 ) Fraenckel, 93, 55: 223; 07. (!7O) Franchimont and Backer, 70, 39: 751; 20. ( 17 I) Freeth, 62, 223: 35; 22. 0 7 2) Fremy, 6, 47: 5; 56. (ITS) Fujimura, J&9, 1: 63; 14. (i™) Funk, PS, 20: 393; 99. ( 175 ) Funk, 25, 33: 3696; 01. ( 176 ) Furth, 67, 9: 308; 88. ( 177 ) Fuseya, jf, 42: 368; 20. ( 178 ) Geffcken, 7, 49: 257; 04. ( l 7 9 ) Geffcken, 93, 43: 197; 05. (180) Geiger, Diss., Berlin, 1904. O«) Gerardin, 0, 5: 129; 65. O«2) Gilbert, Buckley and Masson, 4, 121: 1934; 22. ( 183 ) Giolitti and Bucci, 36, 35 H: 152; 05. ( 184 ) Giran, 34, 146: 1270; 08. ( 18S ) Giran, 34, 157: 221; 13. (185.5) Gire, 14, 4: 183, 370; 25. ( l 8 6 ) Glasstone and Saunders, 4, 123: 2134; 23. C 187 ) Glauser, 93, 66: 437; 10. (l88) Goldblum and Terlikowski, 27, 11: 103, 146; 12. ( 189 ) Goldschmidt, 7, 17: 154; 95. (19°) Goldschmidt, 7, 25: 91; 98. ( 191 ) Goudriaan, 64P, 22: 179; 20. ( l92 ) Graebe, 25, 34: 645; 01. ( 193 ) Green, 50, 12: 655; 08. ( 194 ) Groschuff, 25, 36: 1783; 03. ( 195 ) Groschuff, 25, 36: 4351; 03. ( 19 S) Groschuff, 93, 40:1; 04. ( 1 9 7 ) Groschuff, 93, 47: 331; 05. ( 198 ) Guntz and Guntz, 6, 2: 101; 14. O") Guthrie, 3, 49: 1; 75. (20°) Guthrie, 3, 49: 206; 75. ( 2 Oi) Guthrie, 3, 49: 266; 75. ( 2 <> 2 ) Guthrie, 3, 1: 354; 76. ( 203 ) Hall, Robb and Coleman, Bureau of Mines, Pittsburgh Sta.t Report, No. 593; 25. ( 204 ) Hammick, Goadby and Booth, 4, 117: 1589; 20. ( 2 0 5 ) Hammick and Mullary, 4, 119: 1802; 21. ( 2 <>«) Harkins, 1, 33: 1807; 11. ( 2 <> 7 ) Harkins and Paine, 1, 38: 2709; 16. ( 208 ) Harkins and Paine, 1, 41: 1155; 19. ( 209 ) Harkins and Pearce, 1, 38: 2679; 16. (21°) Harkins and Pearce, 1, 38: 2714; 16. ( 211 ) Harkins and Winninghoff, 1, 33: 1827; 11. ( 212 ) Hart and Huselton, 1, 36: 2082; 14. ( 213 ) Hartley and Barret, 4, 95: 1178; 09. ( 214 ) Hartley, Drugman, Vlieland and Bourdillon, 4, 103: 1747; 13. ( 215 ) Haslam, Calingaert and Taylor, 1, 46: 308; 24. ( 216 ) Hecht, 13, 213: 65; 82. ( 217 ) van der Heide, 7, 12: 416; 93. ( 218 ) Hendrixson, /, 42: 724; 20. ( 219 ) Herold, 9, 11: 415; 05. (220) Herz, 93, 33: 355; 03. ( 221 ) Herz, 93, 67: 365; 10. ( 222 ) Herz, £»3, 73: 274; 12. ( 2 2 3 ) Herz and Anders, 93, 52: 164; 07. (224) Herz and Knoch, 93, 41: 315; 04. ( 2 2 S) Herz and Paul, 93, 82: 431; 13. ( 2 2 6 ) Herzfeld, 445, 47: 817; 97. ( 2 2 7 ) Hevesy, Christiansen and Berglund, 93, 144: 69; 25. ( 228 ) Hill, Jf, 32: 1186; 10. ( 2 2 d ) Hill, I, 39: 218; 17. (230) HiIl, l, 43: 254; 21. ( 23 M Hill, I1 44: 1163; 22. ( 232 ) Hill and Simmons, l, 31: 821; 09. 7, 67: 594; 09. ( 233 ) Hinrichsen and Sachsel, 7, 50: 81; 05. (234) van't Hoff, Armstrong, Hinrichsen, Weigert and Just, 7, 45: 257; 03. ( 23 5) van't Hoff and Goldschmidt, 7, 17: 505; 95. ( 23 «) van't Hoff and Meyerhoffer, 7, 27: 75; 98. ( 237 ) van't Hoff, Meyerhoffer and Smith, 76, 1901II : 1034. ( 238 ) Hofmann, Höbold and Quoos, 13, 386: 304; 12. ( 239 ) Horn and van Wagener, 11, 30: 344; 03. (240) Hulett, 7, 37: 385; 01. ( 2 4 1 ) Hulett and Allen, l, 24: 667; 02. (242) Imadsu, 479, 3: 247; 12. ( 243 ) Inamura, 429, 4: 105; 20. ( 244 ) Ishikawa,, 41, 43: 560; 22. (245) Ishikawa and Kimura, 469, 5: 1; 26. (246) iwig and Hecht, 13, 233: 166; 86. ( 2 4 7 ) Jackman and Brown, 4, 121: 694; 22. (248) Jäger, 93, 27: 22; 01. ( 249 ) Jäger and Thomas, 64P, 21: 693; 19. (249.5) James, Fogg, Mclntire, Evans and Donovan, I , 49: 132; 27. (250) James and Whittemore, I1 34: 1168; 12. ( 2 Si) Jellinek, 93, 70: 93; 11. (252) J0f 470, 3: 41; 12. (252.5) Johnston, l, 37: 2001; 15. (253) de Jong, 70, 28: 342; 09. (254) Joseph, 4, 117: 377; 20. (255) Katz and James, l, 35: 872; 13. ( 25 S) Ketner, 7, 39: 641; 02. ( 2 5 T) King, Diss., Zürich, 1912. (257.5) Kline, Diss., YaIe, 1923. ( 25 S) Knietsch, 25, 34: 4069; 01. (259) Knox and Will, 4, 115: 853; 19. (260) Kohnstamm and Cohen, 8, 65: 344; 98. ( 261 ) Konovalov, S3, 31: 985; 99. (262) Koppel, 93, 41: 377; 04. ( 2 «3) Koppel, 25, 39: 3738; 06. (264) Koppel and Blumenthaal, 93, 53: 228; 07. (265) Koppel and Cahn, 93, 60: 53; 08. (266) Koppel, Wetzel, Gumperz and Koppel, 7, 52: 385; 05. (267) Krasnicki, 57, 8: 595; 87. (267.5) Kraus, l, 49: 1226; 27. (268) Krauss and Gerlach, 93, 140: 61; 24. ( 2ß 9) Kremann, 57, 32: 619; 11. 27 ( O) Kremann and Hofmeier, 57, 29: 1111; 08. 75, 117 U b : 735; 08. ( 2 Ti) Kremann and Hüttinger, 323, 58: 637; 09. ( 272 ) Kremann and Kerschbaum, 93, 56: 218; 08. ( 2 7 3 ) Kremann and Noss, 57, 33: 1205; 12. (2T4) Kremann and Rodemund, 93, 86: 373; 14. ( 2 TS) Kremers, 8, 92: 497; 54. (276) Kremers, 8, 95: 468; 55. ( 2 TT) Kremers, 8, 97: 1; 56. ( 2 TS) Kremers, 8, 99: 25; 56. ( 279 ) Kremers, 8, 103: 57; 58. (280 ) Küster and Kremann, 93, 41 : l ; 04. (2Si ) Küster and Thiel, 93, 21: 116; 99. ( 282 ) Kuznecov, 63, 29: 330; 97. (283) Lagerlotz, 293, 256: 123; 18. (284) Lamb and Simmons, I, 43: 2188; 21. (285) Lamy, 6, 67: 385; 63. (286) Landau, 67, 14: 707; 93. (287) Le Blanc and Schmandt, 7, 77: 614; 11. (288) Le Chatelier, 34, 124: 1091; 97. (289) Lehrfeld, Diss., Zürich, 1915. (290) Levi, SO, 53: 522; 23. ( 29 I) Levi-Malvano, 93, 48: 446; 06. ( 292 ) Lewis and Brighton, I, 39: 1906; 17. ( 2 9 3 ) Lewis and Brighton, I, 40: 482; 18. (294) Ley and Schäfer, 25, 39: 1259; 06. (2 9 S) Lichty, l, 25: 469; 03.

(296) Lidbury, 7, 39: 453; 02. (297) Lind, Underwood and Whittemore, 1, 40: 465; 18. (2»«) Locke, 11, 26: 166; 01. ( 2 9 9 ) Locke, 11, 27: 455; 02. ( °) Loewel, 6, 33: 335; 51. (soi) Loewel, 6, 43: 405; 55. (302) Loewel, 6, 49: 32; 57. ( 3 0 3 ) Lothian, 347, 30: 546; 00. (304) Lubarsky, 53, 28: 460; 97. (305) Lumsden, 4, 81: 350; 02. (306) Maben, 34?, 14: 505; 84. (307) McCoy and Test, 1, 33: 473; 11. (sos) Harden and Rich, #, 12: 651; 20. (309) Marignac, 6, 39: 184; 53. (310) Marino, 36, 35 II: 341; 05. (3U) Massink, Diss., Leiden, 1913. (312) Masson, 4, 99: 1132; 11. (313) Matignon, 34, 133: 289; 01. (314) Matignon, 172, (7th), 2: 53; 09. (3i5) Meerburg, 93, 37: 199; 03. (316) Meerburg, 93, 45: 324; 05. 176, 1: 474; 04. ( 317 ) Meerburg, S3, 45: 1; 05. (318) Meerburg, Gedenkboek van Bemmelen, 1910:356. ( 319 ) Melcher, Jf 1 32: 50; 10. (320) Menshutkin, 93, 52: 152; 07. ( 321 ) Menzies and Humphry, 172, (8th), 2: 175; 12. (322) Meusser, 25, 34: 2432; 01. ( 323 ) Meusser, 18S1 35: 1414; 02. (324) Meusser, 93, 44: 79; 05. ( 3 2 S) Meyer and Friedrich, 7, 102: 369; 22. (326) Meyerhoffer and Saunders, 7, 31: 370; 99. ( 3 2 T) Michel and Kraft, 6, 41: 471; 54. (328) Miczynski, 57, 7: 255; 86. ( 3 2 9 ) Middleberg, 7, 43: 305; 03. (330) Milikan, Diss., Leiden, 1914. ( 331 ) Millican, Joseph and Lowry, 4, 121: 959; 22. ( 3 3 2 ) Milojkovic, 57, 14: 699; 93. ( 333 ) Missenden, 135, 124: 362; 22. ( 334 ) Mohr, 7, 27: 193; 98. ( 3 3 S ) Moles, University of Madrid, O. (336) Moles and Gonzales, 132, 21: 204; 23. ( 3 3 7 ) Moles and Marquina, 132, 12: 383; 14. ( 338 ) Mondain-Monval, 34, 174: 1014; 22. ( 339 ) Mondain-Monval, 34, 175: 162; 22. (340) Morgan and James, 1, 36: 10; 14. ( 341 ) Morse, 7, 41: 709; 02. ( 342 ) Muir, 4, 29: 857; 76. ( 3 4 3 ) Muir, 135, 33: 15; 76. ( 3 4 4 ) Mulder, BSO1 p. 45, 68. ( 3 4 5 ) Mulder, B80, p. 58. ( 3 4 6 ) Mulder, B80, p. 97. ( 3 4 7 ) Mulder, B80, p. 118. ( 3 4 8 ) Müller, 7, 31: 354; 99. ( 349 ) Müller, Diss., Zurich, 1915. (350) Müller, l, 44: 2493; 22. ( 3 Si) Müller and Kaufmann, 7, 42: 497; 03. (352) Muthmann and Kuntze, 94, 23 : 368; 94. ( 35 3) Muthmann and Rölig, 25, 31: 1718; 98. ( 3 5 4 ) Mylius, 25, 34: 2208; 01. ( 3 5 5 ) Mylius and Dietz, 25, 34: 2774; 01. ( 356 ) Mylius and Dietz, 93, 44: 209; 05. ( 357 ) Mylius and Funk, 25, 30: 1716; 97. ( 35 S) Mylius and Funk, 89, 3: 443; 00. ( 359 ) Mylius and Funk, 89, 3: 449; 00. (360) Mylius and von Wrochem, 89, 3: 459 ; 00. (3 61 ) Nasini and Ageno, 7, 69 : 482; 08. ( 3 6 2 ) Naumann and Rücker, 25, 38: 2292; 05. ( 3 6 3 ) Nordenskiöld, 8, 136:309; 69. ( 364 ) Noyes, 7, 6: 241; 90. ( 3 6 S) Noyes, 7, 9: 603; 92. ( 3 6 6 ) Noyes and Abbot, 7, 16: 125; 95. ( 3 6 7 ) Noyes and Bray, 1, 33: 1643; 11. ( 368 ) Noyes and Clement, 7, 13: 412; 94. ( 3 * 9 ) Noyes and Kohr, 7, 42: 336; 03. (370) Noyes and Sammet, 7, 43: 513; 03. ( 371 ) Noyes and Schwartz, 7, 27: 279; 98. ( 3 7 2 ) Oechsner de Coninck, 186, 1901: 349. ( 373 ) Osaka, 479, 1: 265; 08, ( 3 7 4 ) Osaka, 479, 1: 290; 08. ( 3 7 S) Osaka, 479, 3: 55; 11. ( 3 7 6 ) Osaka and Abe, 470, 3: 51; 11. ( 3 7 7 ) Osaka and Kara, 429, 2: 147; 17. (37 » ) Osaka and Yoshida, 429, 6: 49 ; 22. (379 ) Oswald, 6, 1: 32 ; 14. (380) Pajetta, 36, 36 II: 67; 06. ( 381 ) Parravano and Fornaini, 36, 37 II: 521; 07. ( 382 ) Parsons and Corson, 1, 32: 1383; 10. ( 383 ) Parsons and Whittemore, 1, 33: 1933; 11. ( 384 ) Partheil and Hübner, 29S, 241: 412; 03. ( 38 S) Pascal and Ero, 27, 25: 35; 19. ( 386 ) Patrick and Aubert, Trans. Kansas Acad. Sd., 19: 19; 74. ( 387 ) Patterson, 1, 28: 1734; 06. ( 388 ) Paul, 9, 23: 65; 17. ( 389 ) Pfaundler and Schnegg, 75, 71 II: 351; 75. ( 39 O) Pickering, 4, 57: 331; 90. ( 391 ) Pickering, 5, 49: 11; 91. ( 3 9 2 ) Pickering, 4, 63: 436; 93. ( 393 ) Pickering, 4, 63: 890; 93. ( 3 9 4 ) Pickering, 25, 26: 277; 93. ( 39S ) Pickering, 25, 26: 2307; 93. ( 39 *) Pifia de Rubies, 149, 38: 414; 14. ( 3 9 7 ) Pina de Rubies, 185, 1: 521; 15. ( 398 ) Poggiale, 6, 8: 463; 43. ( 399 ) Poggiale, 49, 44: 273; 63. (400) Pohl, 52, 56: 210; 52. ( 4 O 1 ) Polak, Diss., Amsterdam, 1914. ( 4 0 2 ) Porlezza, 22, 23 II: 596; 14. (402.5) Prandtl and Ducrue, 93, 150: 105; 26. ( 403 ) Rabe, 7, 38: 175; 01. ( 4 O*) Ramberg, 93, 83: 33; 13. ( 4 OS) Raupenstrauch, 57, 6: 563; 85. ( 4 °6) Reedy, 1, 43: 1440; 21. ( 407 ) Reicher and Deventer, 7, 5: 559; 90. ( 4 0 8 ) Reissig, 13, 127: 33; 63. (4os.5) Remy, 92, 39: 1061; 26. ( 4 0 9 ) Richards, 7, 26: 690; 98. ( 4 IO) Richards and Churchill, 7, 28: 313; 99. ( 41 M Richards and Fraprie, 11, 26: 75; 01. ( 4 1 2 ) Richards and Kelley, 1, 33: 847; 11. ( 413 ) Rimbach and Körten, 93, 52: 406; 07. ( 4 1 4 ) Richards and Schumb, 93, 40: 1403; 18. ( 415 ) Richards and Wells, 7, 43 : 465 ; 03. (4 » 6 ) Richards and Wrede, 7, 61 : 30

313; 08. (417) Richards and Yngve, I9 40: 89; 18. (41«) Richards and Yngve, 1, 40: 164; 18. ( 4 1 9 ) Riedel, 7, 56: 243; 06. ( 42 °) Riesenfeld and Feld, 93, 116: 213; 21. ( 4 2 1 ) Rimbach, 25, 30: 3073; 97. ( 4 2 2 ) Rimbach, 25, 38: 1553; 05. ( 4 2 3 ) Rimbach and Schubert, 7, 67: 183; 09. ( 4 2 4 ) Rivett, 4, 121: 379; 22. ( 4 2 S ) Rivett and Clendinnen, 4, 123: 1634; 23. ( 42 *) Rodebush, 1, 40: 1204; 18. ( 4 2 7 ) Roelofsen, 11, 16: 464; 94. (428J Rogowicz, 445, 55: 938; 05. ( 4 2 9 ) Rosenbladt, 26, 19: 2535; 86. ( 4 3 O) Rosenheim and Grünbaum, 93, 61:187; 09. ( 431 ) Rosenheim and Krause, 93, 118: 177; 21. ( 4 3 2 ) Rosenheim and Reglin, 93, 120: 103; 21. («3) Rosenheim and Weinheber, 93, 69: 261; 11. ( 4 3 4 ) Rosenstiehl and Rühlmann, Bull. soc. ind. Mulhouse, 40: 153; 70. ( 43 S) ROSs and Jones, 1, 47: 2165; 25. ( 43 *) Rothmund, 7, 69: 523; 09. ( 4 3 7 ) Rudorff, 25, 2: 68; 69. ( 438 ) and ( 4 3 9 ) Rupert, 1, 31: 851; 09. ( 44 °) Salkowski, 25, 34: 1947; 01. ( 4 4 1 ) Sborgi and Franco, 36, 51 II: 1; 21. ( 4 4 2 ) Scheele, 93, 18: 352; 98. ( 4 4 3 ) Scheffer, 64P, 18: 446; 16. ( 4 4 4 ) Scheibler, 49, 8: 540; 83. ( 4 4 S ) Schiavon, 36, 32 II: 532; 02. ( 4 4 «) Schick, 7, 42: 155; 03. ( 4 4 7 ) Schiff, 13, 109: 325; 59. ( 448 ) Schiff, 13, 113: 349; 60. (448.5) Schloesing, 34, 74: 1552; 72. ( 4 4 9 ) Schreinemakers, 7, 55: 71; 06. ( 4 5 O) Schreinemakers, 7, 66: 687; 09. ( 4S1 ) Schreinemakers, 7, 69: 557; 09. ( 4 S 2 ) Schreinemakers, 7, 71: 109; 10. ( 4 5 a ) Schreinemakers, 18, 15: 488; 11. ( 4 5 4 ) Schreinemakers and de Baat, 18, 15: 80; 10. ( 4 5 5 ) Schreinemakers and de Baat, 18, 15: 411; 11. ( 4 5 6 ) Schreinemakers and Prooije, 64P, 15: 1326; 13. ( 4 5 7 ) Schreinemakers and Thonus, 64V, 21: 332; 12. ( 4 SS) Sedlitzky, 57, 8: 563; 87. ( 4 5 9 ) Setterberg, 13, 211: 100; 82. ( 4 6 °) Seubert and Eltern, 93, 2: 434; 92. ( 461 ) Sherrill, 7, 43: 705; 03. ( 4 6 2 ) Shiomi, 479, 1: 406; 08. ( 463 ) Sidgwick and. Ewbank, 4, 121: 1844; 22. ( 4 6 4 ) Sidgwick and Gentle, 4, 121: 1837; 22. ( 4 «s) Sill, Jf, 38: 2632; 16. ( 4 66) Smith, JT, 31: 245; 09. ( 4 6 7 ) Smith and Ball, 1, 39: 217; 17. ( 4 * 8 ) Smith and Eastlack, 1, 38:1261 ; 16. (469 ) Smith and Eastlack, 1, 38: 1500 ; 16. ( 4 7 O) Smith and Menzies, 1, 31:1183; 09. ( 4 7 M Sommer, 93, 86: 71; 14. ( 4 7 2 ) Sommer and Weise, 93, 94: 51; 16. ( 4 7 3 ) Souchay and Lenssen, 13, 99: 31; 56. ( 4 7 4 ) Stanbridge, 4, 113: 808; 18. ( 4 7 S) Starck, 93, 70: 173; 11. ( 4 7 6 ) Steele and Johnson, 4, 85: 113; 04. ( 4 7 7 ) von Steinwehr, 8, 9: 1046; 02. ( 4 7 8 ) Stiassny, 67, 12: 589; 91. ( 4 7 9 ) Stoltzenberg, 202, 92: 445; 14. ( 48 °) Stortenbeker, 7, 22: 60; 97. ( 481 ) Suss, 94, 51: 248; 12. ( 4 8 2 ) Takegami, 429, 4: 317; 21. ( 483 ) Takeuchi, 429, 1: 249; 16. ( 4 8 4 ) Tarugi and Checcki, 36, Zl II: 417; 01. ( 4 8 S) Taylor, 50, 1: 718; 97. ( 48 6) Taylor, 68, 22: 248; 98. ( 4 8 7 ) Taylor and Henderson, 1, 37: 1688; 15. ( 4 8 S ) Terres and Bruckner, 9, 26: 1 ; 20. ( 4 8 9 ) Terres and Bruckner, 9, 26: 25; 20. (490) Terres and Weiser, 9, 27: 177; 21. ( 4 9 Î ) Terrey and Jolly, 4, 123: 2217; 23. ( 4 9 2 ) Thilo, 136, 16: 1688; 92. ( 4 » 3 ) Thin and Cumming, 4, 107: 361; 15. ( 4 9 4 ) Tilden, 4, 45: 266; 84. ( 4 9 S) Tilden and Shenstone, 5, 35: 345; 83. 62, 175: 23; 85. ( 4 9 6 ) Tobler, 13, 95: 193; 55. ( 4 9 7 ) Toda, 429, 4: 305; 21. ( 498 ) Toda, 429, 4: 377; 21. ( 4 9 9 ) Tomula, 93, 118: 81; 21. (S00) Toporescu, 34, 174: 870; 22. (soi) Toporescu, 34, 175: 268; 22. (302) Tourneux, 6, 11: 334; 19. ( 503 ) Trautz and Anschütz, 7, 56: 236; 06. (504) Trevor, 7, 7: 468; 91. ( 5 0 S ) Trimble, 1, 44: 451; 21. ( 506 ) Tutton, 4, 71: 850; 97. ( 5 07) Tutton, 5, 79: 351; 07. (SOS) Vallance, 135, 125: 7; 22. (509) Vasil'ev, 53, 42: 570; 10. (510) Vesterberg, 19, 6: No. 11: 18; 17. ( 5 U) Voermann, 176, 2: 766; 05. (5i 2 ) Voermann, 176, 3: 784, 806; 06. (513) de Waal, Diss., Rotterdam, 1910. (si 4 ) Wagner, 7, 71: 401; 10. («i«) Waiden, 7, 65: 683; 06. («•) Walker and Fyffe, 4, 83: 173; 03. . ( 517 ) Wallace, 4, 7: 77; 55. (S* 8 ) von Wartenberg, 13, 440: 97; 24. (518.5) Wells, 128, 5: 617; 15. (Si 9 ) Wells and McAdam, 1, 29: 721; 07. (520) Werner, 13, 386:1; 11. (S2i) Werner, 25, 44: 2445; 11. (522) Weston, 4, 121: 1223; 22. ( 5 2 3 ) Whitby, 93, 67: 62, 107; 10. (524) Williams, Fogg and James, 1, 47: 297; 25. (52S) Wing and Thompson, 1, 48: 104; 26. (526) Wirth, 93, 76: 174; 12. (S 2 7 ) Wirth, 93, 79: 357; 13. (5 28 ) Wirth, 93, 87: 9; 14. ( 5 2 9 ) Wohler and Krupko, 25, 46: 2045; 13. (530) Wolff, 93, 45: 89; 05. ( 53 M van Wyk, 93, 48: 1; 06. (532) Young, 1, 19 845; 97. (533) Young and Burke, 1, 26: 1413; 04. (534) Young and Burke, 1, 28: 315; 06. ( 5 3 S) Zocher, 93, 112: 1; 20. (536) Chamberlain, Hume, Bryan and Topley, 4, 1926: 2620. ( 5 3 7 ) Packer and Rivett, 4, 1926: 1061. (538) Voskressenska, 93, 155: 115; 26. ( 5 3 9 ) Guigues, 345, 34: 210; 27. (5 4 O) Scott and Frazier, 50, 31: 459; 27.

SOLUBILITY OF ORGANIC SUBSTANCES AND OF WEAK ELECTROLYTES IN WATER

NELSON W. TAYLOR INTRODUCTION Throughout this section the solid phase is the unhydrated solute except where otherwise indicated.

INTRODUCTION Dans cette section Ia phase solide est le corps dissout non hydraté à moins d'une autre indication.

Symbols x Mole fraction of the unhydrated solute S Grams solute per 100 g of water T Absolute temperature, T = 273.1 + t A Molai heat of solution in joules B A numerical constant Molecular weight of solute 100 Molecular weight of water n n Number of moles solute formed in solution from 1 M of the solid solute; n is usually equal to 1, but in the case of As2O3, for example, n = 2 because As2O3 + water = 2H3AsO3. For other symbols and abbreviations, v. p. 4. Melting points are given in bold-face figures. The data are presented either in the form of the constants A and B of the equation . l Q.05223A , p m logic -Ju = ifL hB (!)

Symboles Fraction moléculaire du corps dissout non hydraté Grammes de corps dissout dans 100 g d'eau Température absolue, T = 273,1 -f t Chaleur moléculaire de dissolution en joules Une constante numérique Poids moléculaire du corps dissout 100 Poids moléculaire de Peau n n Nombre des molécules du corps dissout formées par la dissolution d'une molécule de corps solide; n est ordinairement égal à 1, mais dans le cas de As2O3, par exemple, n = 2 car As2O3 + eau = 2H3AsO3. Pour les autres symboles et abréviations, v. p. 4. Les points de fusion sont donnés en caractères gras. Les données sont exprimées ou sous la forme des constantes A et B de l'équation 1 0,05223A logio - = p HB (1)

or tabulated values of S for various temperatures.

ou par les valeurs de S disposées en tableau pour des températures variées.

EINLEITUNG In diesem ganzen Abschnitt ist als feste Phase der wasserfreie Stoff verstanden, wenn nichts anderes bemerkt wird. Zeichen Molenbruch des gelösten wasserfreien Stoffes Gramme des gelösten Stoffes auf 100 g Wasser Absolute Temperatur, T = 273,1 + t Lösungswärme in Joule pro Mole Eine numerische Konstante Molekulargewicht des gelösten Stoffes 100 Molekulargewicht des Wassers n n Molzahl des gelösten Stoffes, die sich aus einem Mol des löslichen Stoffes (der festen Phase) bilden. Es ist n gewöhnlich Eins, aber im Falle des As2O3 ist sie z. B. n = 2, weil As2O3 + H2O -> 2H3AsO3 gibt. Für andere Zeichen und Abkürzungen, siehe S. 4. Schmelzpunkte sind durch hervorgehobene Schrift gekennzeichnet. Die Werte sind entweder durch die Konstanten A und B der Gleichung l 0,05223A . _ logio - = -^—rf H- B dargestellt, oder durch die tabellarische Anordnung der Werte für S bei verschiedenen Temperaturen. x S T A B

To find S for any temperature within the range covered by equation (1) first compute l/x from that equation and then find S

= ï7fcî

«a

using the value of C given in the table. Example: To find the solubility of p-nitrophenol at 60°, 1 0.05223X16410 0 loß 1 . ._ S" x = 273.1+60 - 2'186- x = 2'438

10

S =

2.43l2- 1= 537 g Per 10° g H2°

In this section no A and B values are given in those cases where the experimental data could not be represented by equation (1).

x S T A B ~

INTRODUZIONE In tutto questo capitolo la fase solida è sempre la sostanza disciolta anidra, tranne che non sia indicato altrimenti. Simboli Frazione di grammimolecola della sostanza disciolta anidra Grammi di sostanza disciolta in 100 g di acqua Temperatura assoluta, T = 273,1 + t Calore molecolare di soluzione in joule Costante numerica Peso molecolare della sostanza disciolta 100 Peso molecolare dell'acqua n n Numero di grammimolecole di soluto formatesi in soluzione da 1 grammimolecola di sostanza solida; n è in generale eguale ad 1, tranne ad es. casi come quelli di As2O3, dove n = 2 perché As2O3 + acqua = 2H3AsO3. Per altri simboli ed abbreviazioni, vedi p. 4. I punti di fusione sono stampati in grassetto. I dati sono riportati, o sotto forma delle costanti A e B dell* equazione : . 1 0,05223A , _ logic - = —-ji H- B (1) oppure sotto forma di tabelle con i valori di S, per diverse temperature. x S T A B p

In such cases typical S values are listed for various centigrade temperatures, t. The accuracy of the data is indicated by the number of significant figures. For solubility of alkaloids, certain organic acids and certain substituted phenols, see the tables at the end of this section. Experimental results which were found to be too incomplete to be incorporated here can usually be found by reference to: Seidell, "Solubilities of Inorganic and Organic Substances," New York, Van Nostrand, 1919. Comey and Hahn, "A Dictionary of Chemical Solubilities," New York, Macmillan Co., 1921. "Tables Annuelles Internationales de Constantes et Données Numériques/' Paris, Gauthier-Villars, 1910-

TABLE 1 Additional data for those compounds which are starred may be found in Table 2 Formula SeO2.H2O As2O3* H3BO3* CH2O2

|

Name

Formic acid

CH3NO C2H4N4 C2H4O2 C2H5NO C3H4O4 C3H8O3 C4H6O4 C4Hi0O4

Formamide Dicyanodiamide* Acetic acid* Acetamide Malonic acid* Glycerol* Succinicacid Erythritol

C5H4N4O3 C6H5ClO C6H5NO3 C6H6O2 C6Hi0O4 C6Hi2O6 C6H14O2 C6Hi4O6 C7H5NO4 C7H5NO4 C7H8O C7H9N C8H6O3 C8H6O3 C8H8ClNO C8H10N4O2.H2O

Uric acid* m-Chlorophenol* p-Nitrophenol* Resorcinol Dimethyl succinate* a-Dextrose* Pinacone Mannitol* o-Nitrobenzoic acid* p-Nitrobenzoic acid* p-Cresol* p-Toluidine o-Aldehydobenzoic acid* m-Aldehydobenzoic acid* p-Chloroacetanilide* Caffeine

|

Range | A -21 to 65 7 106 O to 100 16470 O to 75 2125 7.OO to 8.39 12090 8.39 to 15.72 12670 -45 to 2.2 9 150 O to 75 31 540 -27 to 10 14980 O to 60 11970 O to 50 9310 18 to -1.3 17150 O to 75 32380 116.6 to 87.8 35050

82.0to4 15 to 100 32.5 to 10.8 50 to 90 O to 100 18.Ito 19.5 50 to 90 29.4 to 41.1 40 to 100 148 to 90.6 237.0 to 174.4 20 to 34 41.0 to 43.4 100.5 to 58.1 175 to 121 65 to 140 O to 80

TABLE 2 Additional data for those compounds which are starred may be found in Table 1 H2O2 (42) H 3 BO 3 .—(Cont'd) CH4N2S.-(CWd) C = 1885 t S * S t S 99.5 29.08 56.5 64.4 -54.5 142.8 108 58.0 97.2 239 -50.0 170.6 115 81.8 120.6 485 -32.2 284.5 120 110 145.0 1160 - 4 2960 CH4O (5) (T-Table, thè C = 177.6 NH 3 (54); cf. (16,
B | -0.734 -0.473 -1.945 -2.243 -2.352 -1.735 -3.455 -2.70 -1.756 -0.979 -3.078 -3.778 -4.692

C | Lit. 617.1 (44) 549.3 (i) 343.2 («); c/. (*«) 255.3 (5) 255.3 O8) 250 (i y ) 466.6 (28) 333.2 (50) ; cf. (59) 327.8 ( 4 7 ); c/. (13, 73) 577 (36,63) 511 (57) 655.1 (45) 677 (57)

20700

-2.625

677

26 200 16220 16 410 18340 25200 18490 14260 2142 26800 44 280 12380 21200 24 560 37420 46780 34900

+0.502 -2.778 -2.186 -2.478 -4.49 -2.204 -2.369 -2.102 -3.322 -4.538 -2.106 -3.50 -3.435 -4.36 -3.220 -3.42

C 2 H 4 N 4 * (28) Dicyanodiamide t I S C = 466.6 25 4.13 49.8 11.80 C 2 H 4 O 2 * (50); cf. (59)

Acetic acid C = 333.2 3.34 943 16.02 QO C2H6O (56) Ethyl alcohol C = 255.5 -118.4E 1445 -110.5 QO C 3 HCl 3 O 2 (7) Trichloroacrylic acid C = 974 17Ef 430 72.9 oo t C3HCl3O2 + C3HCl302.2IxJH2Q. C 3 H 4 O 4 * (36, 63)

Malonic acid C = 577 100 I 810 C3H8O3* (40) Glycerol

(57)

933 (6) 712.5 (72) 772 (71) 611 (47); cf. (73) 811 (U> «) 1100 ( 34 ) 655.5 (57) 1011 ^9) 929.0 ( 68 ); c/. (2°) 929 ( 2 0 ); cf. (68) 599.8 ( 7 I) 594.5 (H» «) 832 (67) 832 (67) 941.0 ( 7 O) 1077 ( 80 ); c/. (39)

C3H8O3.- (Cont'd) C = 511 t S -46.5E 200 -37.5 244 -22.0 376 - 1.0 931 + 7.5 2028 13.5 5455 17.9 QO

C4H5NO2.- (Cont'd) t S 50 116 80 213

C4H4O4 (76) Fumarie acid C = 650 25 0.70 40 1.07 60 2.4 100 9.8

C 4 H 6 O 5 (76) dl-M-Silic acid C = 749 26 144.8 50 222.0 70 332.0 79 411.5

C 4 H 4 O 4 (76)

Maleic acid C = 650 25 78.8 40 112.5 60 148.7 97.5 392.6 C 4 H 5 NO 2 (73) Succinimide C = 650 O 10.3 20 26 30 52

C 4 H 6 O 4 (u» 12) Dimethyl oxalate C = 655 38.27 5 490 39.34 11 400 40.05 26 900

C 4 H 6 O 6 (41) d(Z)-Tartaric acid C = 832 10 126 30 156 50 192 80 270 dZ-Tartaric acid (41) C = 832.8 20 18.0 40 37.0 70 80.6 100 137.8

C4H8N2O3 (i °) /3-Z-Asparagine C = 744.4

*

I

S

C4H8N203.H20 7.9 1.426 28 3.171 41.4 5.650 71.7 19.84 98 52.48 C 5 H 4 N 4 O 3 * (6)

Uric acid C = 933 0.0 I 0.002 C 6 H 4 N 2 O 5 (64) 2, 3-Dinitrophenol C = 1021 96.0 289 112.3 885 146.1 2, 5-Dinitrophenol C = 1021 98.0 3900 100.0 6470 105.6

«

3, 4-Dinitrophenol C = 1021 53.0 298.2 84.5 850.0 134.7 °o C6H5ClO (72) 0-Chlorophenol C = 712.5 -8.2 1182 -6.0 1548 -1.5 3015 +2.0 6105 7.0 QO m-Chlorophenol * C = 712.5 3.2 560.5 4.5 680 p-Chlorophenol C = 712.5 0.5 802 11.0 1711 18.0 3043 41.0 QO C6H5NO3* (71) p-Nitrophenol C = 772 42.3 314.2 43.9 383 62.0 890 113.9 QO C 6 H 6 N 2 O 2 (70) p-Nitroaniline C = 766 128.0 1529 136.8 2660 144.8 9500 147.0 QO

C 6 H 6 O (58); cf. (30)

Phenol C = 521

t 3.3 15.8 16.2 29.3

S 3230 1110 1150 1900

C6H7N (2); cf. (3, 29)

Aniline C = 516.7 -11.85E 3 783 - 8.40 11 690 - 7.55 20 350 - 7.05 23 010 - 5.98 QO C 6 H 7 NO (66) 0-Aminophenol C = 605 100.2 7.65 135.8 229.2 143.0 411 155.6 950 m-Aminophenol C = 605 66.4 44.2 70.2 88.5 73.2 145.4 96.0 792 p-Aminophenol C = 605 102.0 50.2 106.5 103.3 116.5 232.5 145.8 849 C6H7NO3S (52) Sulfanilic acid C = 961 C6H7NO3S.2H2O O 0.446 13.3 0.848 25.1 1.402 47.5 2.585 C6H7NO3S.2H2O + C6H7NO3S.H2O 18.9 I 1.126 C6H7NO3S.H2O + C6H7NO3S 44.0 I 2.46 C6H8N2 (69) o-Phenylenediamine C = 600 67.7 167 80.8 758 88.1 152095.5 4285 ra-Phenylenediamine (a-form) (69)

C6H8N2.-(CWd) C = 600 t S 22.7 229 28.7 379 43.5 1201 57.6 6145 p-Phenylenediamine (69) C = 600 75.5 107.3 88.5 234 107 648 125.1 1915 C6H8N2 (49) Phenylhydrazine C = 600 16.00 5550 16.42 8660 19.35 QO C6H10O4* (il» 12) Dimethyl Buccinate C = 811

15.87 16.82 17.57 18.02

4 690 7 510 11 820 16 400

C 6 H 12 O 6 * (34)

a-Dextrosef C = 1100 ^-C6H12O6-H2O 0.50 54.3 15 81.68 35 138.2 45 191.6 e*-C6H1206.H20 (23) 15.00 81.68 22.98 97.51 50.00 243.76 Or-C6H12O6J 70.2 359.35 90.8 562.25 t S = g CeHi2O e/100g H2O. ì C = 1000. C 6 Hi 4 O 6 * (9» 19)

Mannitol C = 1011 - 1.019E 9.942 0.00 10.36 + 10.00 13.7 20.00 18.6 30.00 25.2 50.00 47.6 80.00 115.0 100.00 197.0 C7H5NO4 (68); e/.

C7H5NO4.- (CWd) m-Nitrobenzoic acid (20 ) ; c / . (68)

C =929

t

S

77.6 134.7 80.2 290.5 141.4 p-Nitrobenzoic acid* 20

( );tf. (68)

C = 929 143.0 5.26 151.4 11.1 162.6 65.8 167.4 150.0 242.4 oo C7H5N3O6 (75) 2, 4, 6-Trinitrotoluene C = 1260 O 0.0100 15 0.0120 30 0.0175 60 0.0675 100 0.1475 C7H5N5O8 (75.5)

2, 4, 6-Trinitrophenylmethylnitroamine (tetryl) C = 1592 O 0.0050 30 0.0085 45 0.0140 60 0.0350 100 0.1842 C7H6O2 (65)

m-Hydroxybenzaldehyde C = 678 43 2.84 60.4 186.5 71.2 499 81.1 808 p-Hydroxybenzaldehyde (65) C = 678 63.0 99 64.1 150 69.3 327 83.6 792 C 7 H 6 O 2 (68) ; C /. (8)

Benzoic acid C = 678 98.0 426 103.5 844 122.7 QO

,(2O)

C 7 H 6 O 3 (68); cf. (61)

o-Nitrobenzoic acid * C = 929.0 49.5 1.88 75.3 10.48 78.0 66.5 79.5 149.0 146.8 »

o-Hydroxybenzoic acid C = 767 50.0 0.561 101.4 8.72 109.5 189.0 159.0 oo

C7H6O3.- (CWd) w-Hydroxybenzoic acid (68) C = 767 t S

69.0 84.6 98.3 134.0

6.51 17.23 51.2 242.5

201.3 p-Hydroxybenzoic acid (68); cf. (20)

C = 767 56.0 3.31 80.1 13.43 114.0 108.2 213.0 co C 7 H 7 NO 2 (20) o-Aminobenzoic acid C = 760.5 105.0 97.5 107.8 230 116.2 681 128.4 1900 144.6 oo m-Aminobenzoic acid C = 760.5 77.8 4.83 109.2 24.8 116.5 64.7 123.2 157.8 143.0 599.0 174.4 oo p-Aminobenzoic acid C = 760.5 82.2 5.26 94.0 11.1 109.0 42.8 123.4 214.3 144.8 733.5 186.0 QO C7H8O (71) o-Cresol C = 599.8 8.3 702 10.2 889 12.9 1255 22.3 3838 29.9 oo p-Cresol* C = 599.8 8.7 661.0 10.8 909.1 C8H6O3 (67)

o-Aldehydobenzoic acid* C = 832 46.1 10.3 49.9 41.2

C8H6O3.- (CWd) m-Aldehydobenzoic acid* C = 832 t S 99.7 5.19 110.7 24.75 113.5 67.4 116.6 143.0 p-Aldehydobenzoic acid C = 832 142.3 11.4 150.9 23.6 158.9 48.0 181.5 98.5 191.5 385.0 250 QO C 8 H 6 O 4 (43, 74)

Phthalic acid C = 922 25 0.7064 45 1.467 65 3.355 85 8.327 95 21.95 C8H8ClNO (70) o-Chloroacetanilide C = 941.0 73.0 1880 77.0 3790 82.0 8980 86.7 oo m-Chloroacetanilide C = 941.0 64.0 3040 69.0 4900 76.6 oo p-Chloroacetanilide* C = 941.0 168 I 3717 C8H8N2O3 (70) p-Nitroacetanilide C = 1000

163.6 192.2 215.9

450 1980 QO

C8H8O2 (65)

2-Hy dro xy toluene4-aldehyde C = 755 69.2 104 69.4 147 69.9 228 75.9 478 6-Hydroxytoluene3-aldehyde C = 755 79.6 149.2 80.3 274 91.2 656 117.4 QO

C8H8O2 (7l) 0-Toluic acid C = 755 t S 93.7 1146 94.4 1520 96.0 2370 102.4 oo m-Toluic acid C = 755 94.2 1225 101.9 3160 110.5 co p-Toluic acid C = 755 145.1 392.5 156.5 1235 176.8 QO

C8H8O3 (68) 3-Hydroxytoluene2-carboxylic acid C = 845 129.8 228.0 134.5 412.3 147.5 914.5 167.0 oo 4-Hydroxytoluene2-carboxylic acid C = 845 103.4 6.13 118.8 52.25 530.5 132.4 172.4 co 4-Hydroxytoluene3-carboxylic acid C = 845 109.5 336.0 112.0 392.0 126.4 872.0 162.5 oo 5-Hydroxytoluene3-carboxylic acid C = 845 98.8 4.20 124.2 43.4 143.0 195.0 208.5 co

C8H8O3.- (Cont'd) 3-Hydroxytoluene4-carboxylic acid C = 845 t S 132.6 209.7 138.3 392.6 147.8 869 177.8 QO

C10H12AsNO7 ( 79 )

C 8 H 10 N 2 O(Go) JV-Acetyl-o-phenylenediamine C = 834 59.1 107.1 78.2 253.6 99 604 115.4 1376 7V-Acetyl-wphenylenediamine C = 834 144.2 114.1 246 167.0 204.4 653 235.8 1610 N-Acetyl-pphenylenediamine C = 834 98.6 96.5 107.1 226 119.2 447 144.0 1610

C10H12NO7Sb (78) C4H4O6(SbOH)C6H5NH2 C = 2100 15 16.59 20 18.10 35 24.39 100 201.8

C4H4O6(AsOH)C6H5NH2 C = 1850 * S 15 41.84 20 47.73 35 118.18 100 733.0

C10H14O (62)

Thymol C = 834 10 0.067 20 0.088 35 0.126 40 0.141 C12H22O11

Sucrose, v. Vol. II, p. 344 C 12 H 22 O 11 IH 2 O (22); cf. (31» 32, 33)

Lactose C = 2000 /3-C12H22O11.H2O O 12.47 39 33.0 89 146.0 o-CiaH M Oiif 121.5 226.5 366.0 146.2 178.8 652.5

C8H10O2 (u» 12) Veratrol ^ C = 766 20.12 8 910 20.91 16 120 21.25 22 180 C9H13O2P (15) Mesitylene phosphinous acid (mesityl dihydroxyphosphine) C = 1022 1 0.290 25 0.300 35 0.325 45 0.387 65 0.528 85 0.704

t C = 1900.

C 12 H 22 O 11 (24)

Maltose C = 1900 0.6 56.5 29.6 93.2 54.2 151.4 74.2 261.5 96.5 569.3

SUBSTITUTED PHENOLS IN WATER AT 250C Solid phase Catechol 0-Naphthol p-Nitrophenol w-Nitrophenol Pyrogallol Quinol Resorcinol

[

Equiv. per 1 4.19 0.00524 0.1097 0.0974 4.02 0.666 6.515

ALKALOIDS IN WATER AT 2O0C T^. , , . , Grams of anhydrous base ,. , ,, ^ _ r ^1 ~ Dissolved substance ____ dissolved by ln 100 cm3 of H2O Atropine 0.1338 Brucine 0.0553

Quinine

0.0453

Cocaine Codeine Caffeine Comine Dionine Eucaine-/? Morphine Narcotine Novocaine Strychnine Veratrine

0.0278 0.7893 1.462 1.8280 0.2613 0.2964 0.02015 0.00445 0.3325 0.01253 0.1136 ORGANIC ACIDS IN WATER AT 250C Solid phase | Equiv. per 1 Benzilic acid 0.00769 Cinnamic acid 0.00385 Citric acid 12.54 3, 5-Dinitrobenzoic acid 0.00635 Diphenylacetic acid 0.00060 Diphenic acid 0.00520 Diphenyleneglycollie acid 0.01082 Malonic acid 15. Ol Mandelic acid 1.191 m-Nitrobenzoic acid 0.0214 o-Nitrobenzoic acid 0.0470 Oxalic acid 2.409 Phenylacetic acid 0.1310 Phthalic acid 0.0852 Picric acid 0.0578 0.01613 Salicylic acid Styphnic acid 0.02179 Suberic acid 0.0680 Succinic acid.., 1.352 Tartaric acid 10.26 4.024 Trichlorolactic acid LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) (i) Anderson and Story, 1, 45: 1102; 23. ( 2 ) Applebey and Davies, 4, 127: 1836; 25. X 3 ) Atkins and Wallace, 4, 103: 1461; 13. ( 4 ) Baroni and Barlinetto, 476, 60: 193; 11. ( 5 ) Baume and Borowski, 4$, 12: 276; 14. (6) Blarez and Denigès, 34, 104: 1847; 87. ( 7 ) Böeseken and Carrière, 70, 34: 179; 15. («) Bourgoin, 6, 15: 161; 78. ( 9 ) Braham, 1, 41: 1707; 19. (10) Bresler, 7, 47: 611; 04. (U) Bruni, 490, 26: 131; 10. ( 1 2 ) Bruni and Amadori, 83, 5: 290; 10. ( 13 ) Carroll, Rollefson and Mathews, 1, 47: 1785; 25. ( 14 ) Courtonne, 6, 12: 569; 77. ( 15 ) Creighton, 00, 30: 1209; 26. O 6 ) Elliott, 50, 28: 887; 24. (") English and Turner, 4, 107: 774; 15. (18) Ewins, 4, 105: 350; 14. (i») Findlay, 4, 81: 1217; 02. (20) Flaschner and Rankin, 57, Sl: 23; 10. (2i) Fouquet, 34, 150: 280; 10. (22) Gillis, 70, 39: 88; 20. (23) Gillie, 70, 42: 1077; 23. (2*) Gillis, 70, 43: 135; 24. (25) Hartley, Drugman, Vlieland and Bourdillon, 4, 103: 1747; 13. (26) Herz, 93, 70: 70; 11. ( 2 ?) Herzfeld, 445, 29: 147; 92. (28) Hetherington and Braham, 45, 15: 1060; 23. ( 2 9 ) Hill and Macy, 1, 46: 1132; 24. (30) Hoffert, 54, 41: 334T; 22. (31) Hudson, 7, 44: 487; 03. (32) Hudson, Î, 26: 1065; 04. (33) Hudson, 1, 30: 1767; 08. (34) Jackson and Silsbee, 31, No. 437; 22. (35) Kettner, Dis*., Amsterdam, 1919. (36) Klobbie, 7, 24: 615; 97. (3?) Knox and Richards, 4, 115: 508; 19. (38) Koppel and Cahn, 93, 60: 53; 08. (39) Kremann and Janetsky, 57, 44: 49; 23. (40) Lane, 45, 17: 924; 25. (*i) Leidié, 34, 95: 87; 82. (42) Maass and Herzberg, 1, 42: 2569; 20. (43) McMaster, Bender and Weil, 1, 43: 1205; 21. (44) Manchot and Ortner, 93, 120: 300; 22. (45) Marshall and Bain, 4, 94: 1074; 10. (46) Mondain-Monval, 84, 181: 37; 25. (47) Mortimer, 1, 45: 633; 23. (48) Nasini and Ageno, 36, 41 I: 131; 11. (49) Oddo, 36, 4311:263; 13.

(50) Paterno and Salimei, 86, 43 II: 245; 13. ( 51 ) Perman and Lovett, 83, 22: 1; 26. ( 52 ) Philip, 4, 103: 284; 13. ( 5 3 ) Pinck and Kelly, 1, 47: 2170; 25. ( 5 ^) Postma, 70, 39: 515; 20. ( s s ) Pratolongo, 22, 23 I: 46; 14. (S 6 ) Pushin and Glagoleva, 183, 11: 284; 14. 53, 47: 100; 15. (57) Pushin and Glagoleva, 4, 121: 2813; 22. ( 5 ^) Rhodes and Markley, 50, 25 : 527; 21. (59) Rózsa, 9, 17: 934; 11. (60) Rupert, 1, 32: 748; 12. ( 61 ) Savarro, 23, 48: 948; 13. ( 6 2 ) Seidell, 11, 48: 453; 12. ( 6 S) Seidell, BoL ( 6 4 ) Sidgwick and Aldous, 4, 119: 1001; 21. ( 6 5 ) Sidgwick and Allott, 4, 123: 2819; 23. ( 6 6) Sidgwick and Callow, 4, 125: 522; 24. (67) Sidgwick and Clayton, 4, 121: 2263; 22. (68) Sidg-

wick and Ewbank, 4, 119: 979; 21. («») Sidgwick and Neill, 4, 123: 2813; 23. (70) Sidgwick and Rubie, 4, 119: 1013; 21. (" ) Sidgwick, Spurrell and Davies, 4,107: 1202; 15. (72) Sidgwick and. Turner, 4,121: 2256; 22. (73) Speyers, IiS, 14: 293; 02. (74) van de Stadt, 7, 41: 353; 02. (75) Taylor and Rinkenbach, 1, 45: 44; 23. (75.5) Taylor and Rinkenbach, 1, 45: 104; 23. (76) Weiss and Downs, 1, 45: 1003; 23. (77) Woudstra, 172, 8 XXII: 251; 12. (78) Yvon, 49, 1: 281; 10. (79) Yy0n, 49, 1: 473; 10. (8°) Zalai, Gyógyszereszi Ertesito, 18: 366; 10.

FREEZING-POINT LOWERINGS OF AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS R. E. HALL AND MILES S. SHERRILL SYMBOLS Nw (resp. Nv) Number of gramformula weights of solute per 1000 g of H2O (resp. per liter of solution)

SYMBOLES Nw (resp. Nv) Nombre de molécule-grammes du c o r p s dissout dans 1000 g d'eau (resp. dans un litre de solution)

ZEICHEN Nw (bezw. Nv) Zahl der Grammformel-Gewichte des gelösten Stoffes auf 1000 g Wasser (bezw. auf l Liter der Lösung)

At

At

Abaissement du point de congélation en 0C

At Schmelzpunktserniedrigung in 0C

At

At

At

-^f

iV

Freezing-point lowering in 0 C At

At

./Vw

-i» v

.

-^j- or -JTf- = the molai freezing-point lowering

CONTENTS Inorganic strong electrolytes and all salts. Non-electrolytes, weak electrolytes and all organic compounds.

jy.

,

At

.

^y- ou j^- = abaissement moléculaire du point de congélation MATIÈRES Electrolytes inorganiques forts et tous les sels. Non electrolytes, electrolytes faibles et tous les composés organiques.

INORGANIC STRONG ELECTROLYTES AND ALL SALTS R. E. HALL Figures having a relative significance only, are given in small type. Solutions of One Solute 2V-B-TABLE

Standard arrangement (v. Vol. Ill, p. viii) ClO2 HF.—(Continued) O2*: A« = 0.004° Nw

(227)

0.10 .20 .40 .70 1.0 2.0 4.0

* This reference does not specify pressure, although it approximated barometric pressure. H 2 O 2 (164, 1 7 2 , 1 9 2 )

Nv 0.037 .07 .10 .20 .50 1.0 2.0 5.0 10.0 20.0 24.05E* * Ice + (extrap.)

At/N 1.9 1.86 1.84 1.84 1.86 1.88 1.91 1.96 2.03 2.16 2.22

0.025 .04 .07 I

0.01 .015 .02 .03 .05 .08 .069E*

200)

2.20 2.11 2.02

1.98 1.91 1.89 1.90 1.93 2.03 2.18

Cl2 (246)

H2O2.2H2O

HF (5, 137,

At/N

I

4.0 3.926 3.816 3.56s 3.14s 2.85 2.91

* Ice + Cl2-SH2O. Nn is taken from Roozeboom ( 9 ); his value for &t/N is 3.48, which does not agree with the accurate temperature measurements of Roth.

(29)

At/N

Nv

0.076 to 0.405 0.4E*

2.3 . to 1.98 1.98

* Ice + C1O2.8H2O± IH2O. HCl (160, 215,

224,

0.001 .002 .005 .01 .02 .05 .10 .20 .50 1.0 2.0 4.0 7.0

At

,

At

At/N 3.690 3.669 3.635 3.601 3.568 3.532 3.523 3.54 3.68 3.94 4.43 5.6s 8.45

.. . ,

Nw Wv = Molekulare-Schmelzpunktserniedrigung INHALTSVERZEICHNIS Anorganische starke Elektrolyte und alle Salze. Nichtelektrolyte, schwache Elektrolyte und alle organischen Verbindungen.

AZ

HCl.—(Continued) Nw

8.83E*

At/N

9.74

*Ice + HCLSH2O. The value Nn = 9.04, given by Kremann ( 1 4 S ) is not in agreement with the curve.

HClO (US) 0.2457 1.87 .4633 1.88 HClO4 (291) 4.2i 2.373 4.178 5.02 5.490 6.2s 6.861 7.8? 7.072E* 8.13

Br2 (246) 0.006 2.02 .01 1.95 .02 1.90 .05 1.87s .10 1.87o .162 1.86s .139E* 1.86s * Ice + BrUOH2O. Nw is taken from Roozeboom (9» l o» 11 ) ; his value for At/N is 2.16, which does not agree with the accurate temperature measurements of Roth.

214)

At/N

è 0.10 .20 .40 .70 1.0 2.0 4.0 6.88

3.7o 3.5s 3.6o 3.7s 4.0 4.8 6.5 9.4

I2 ( 246 ) 0.00074| 2.0 HI (140,

0.1 .2 .4 .7 1.0 2.0 4.0 5.0 7.63E*

193,

216)

3.5o 3.5e 3.7o 3.8s 4.09 4.7s 6.5s 7.7o 10.5

* Ice + HI.4H2O. Considerable uncertainty. HIO3 O")

0.03 .05 .10 .20 .50 1.0

At

molecolare del punto di congelamento INDICE PAGE Elettroliti forti inorganici e tutti i sali 254 Non elettroliti, elettroliti deboli e tutti i composti organici 261

HBr (125,

Nw

At

jy. J^r o J^- — abbassamento

N

* Ice + MiX11.

236)

Nn

At

SIMBOLI Nn (resp. Nv) Numero dei pesi corrispondenti alle formule espresse in grammi di sostanza disciolta per 1000 g di H2O (o per litro di soluzione) At Abbassamento del punto di congelamento in 0C

3.24 3.12 2.95 2.71 2.21 1.72

HIO3.—(Continued) Nw At/N 2.0 1.16 5.0 0.75 7.5 0.70 10.0 0.75 14.0 0.88 15.24E* 0.92 * Ice + HlOsCextrap.). HIO4 (47)

N9

At/N

0.20 2.18 .30 2.15 .50 2.12 .75 2.13 1.0 2.15 H2SO3 ( 7 > 226) Nw

At/N

0.1 .2

2.8 2.6

.4 .7 1.0

2.45 2.38 2.35

According to Roozeboom (ll), the eutectic (ice -J-H 2 SO3.6H2O) is located at Nw = 1.4, and At/N = 1.86. Guthrie (92) gives At — 1.5. No agreement exists.

H2SO4 ( 1 3 > 20,

10

°»

119; 159, 187, 206,

NHs.—(Continued) Nw At/N

210, 2 1 1 , 2 1 7 , 2 4 4 ) ;

27.6

Cf. (298)

Nv 0.0025 .005 .01 .025 .05 .10 .20 .40 .70 1.0 2.0 4.0 6.25E*

MfN 5.052 4.814 4.584 4.300 4.112 3.940 3.790 3.68 3.77 4.04 5.0? 7.0s 12.0

* Ice + H2SO4.4H2O. H 2 S 2 O 6 (47)

N9 0.04 .05 .075 .10 .20

At/N 5.12 5.06 5.00 5.04 5.14

H2SeO3 (47) 0.2 2.12 .3 2.08 .5 2.01 .75 1.96 1.0 1.93 H2SeO4 ( 148 >

Nn

2

26)

At/N 3.8s 4.24 4.7o 5.06 6.Oo 7.96

0.2 .4 .7 1.0 2.0 4.0 6.36E* 13.05

* Ice + H2Se04.4H20 (extrap.).

H2TeO4 («e, 183) 0.0725 2.1 .100 1.9 .189 2.0 .772E* 1.94 * H2TeO4.6H2O. N 2 O* (78, 244)

0.0564 I

1.9

*This value ( 2 4 4 ) is based on 760 mm pressure. The other reference does not specify pressure, although it approximated barometric pressure. NH 3 * (252)

v. also NH4OH 0.6 2.0 1.0 1.94 2.0 1.94 5.0 2.Oe 10.0 2.26 20.0 2.9o

3.56

*E:Ice + NH3.H20. According to Rupert ( 2 5 2 ), the eutectic lies below At = 120. According to Postma ( 2 1 9 ), it lies at Nw = 29.24 and A£ = 100.3°.

( 119 >

HNO 3

153

3.67

.01 .02 .05 .10 .20 .40 .70 1.0 2.0 4.0 7.67E*

3.64 3.6i 3.55 3.51 3.47 3.46 3.5i 3.5s 3.79 4.16 5.64

* Ice + HNO3-SH2O.

NH 4 OH (119) 2.11 0.006 .01 2.03 .02 1.97 .05 1.96 NH 4 NO 2 (229) NH 4 NO 3 (160» 187, 235)

0.01 .02 .05 .10 .20 .50 1.0 2.0 5.0 9.344E*

3.572 3.535 3.470 3.396 3.296 3.11 2.92 2.65 2.17 1.784

* Ice + (rhombic /3).

NH 4 NO 3

NH4Cl (23, 1 1 7 , 160, 1 6 1 , 1 8 7 , 235)

0.005 3.617 .006 3.608 .01 3.582 .02 3.544 .05 3.489 .10 3.442 .20 3.392 .30 3.362 .50 3.34 1.0 3.33 2.0 3.34 3.0 3.34s 4.0 3.35 4.58E* 3.354 * Ice + NH4Cl. NH4I (88)

8.62E* I 3.19 * Ice + NHJ.

NH2SO3H.NH2OH (253)

N 2 H 6 SO 4 (266)

Hydrazine sulfate

At/N 3.21 3.34 3.50

Nn 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.025E*

3.65

* Ice + (NH4)2SO4.

(NHJ2S2O8 (182) (NH2OH)2-H2S2O6 (253)

>

161, 187, 245)

0.005

(NH 4 ) 2 S0 4 (235)

(N 2 H 5 ) 2 S0 4 (266)

Hydrazine sulfate HPO3 ( 47 > 107) H 3 PO 3 (7> 226) H 3 PO 2 (205)

2.94 2.8o 2.59 2.46

0.1 .2 .5 1.0

H 3 PO 4 ( 8 1 , 1 1 9 , 1 2 5 , 160, 226, 240)

0.005 .01 .02 .04 .07 .10 .20 .40 .70 1.0 2.0 4.0 7.0 10.0 17.OE*

3.1 2.9s 2.7s 2.57 2.44 2.36 2.23 2.13 2.11 2.14 2.4i 2.94 3.5 4.0 5.0

*Ice + 2H3PO4JI2O.

H4P2O6 Nv 0.05 .075 .10 .20 .50 .60 H4P2O7 0.10 .20 .30 NW 8.08E*

( 45 > 47 ) At/N 3.94 3.74 3.63 3.38 3.19 3.18 ( 47 > 81) 3.80 3.59 3.46

At /N.

9.28

* Ice+H4P2O7-LSH2O.

NH 2 OH.H 3 PO 2 (253)

NH 2 PO(OH) 2 .NH2OH (253) (NH 4 PO 3 ), (U4, 253)

(NH2OH)2-H4P2O6 (253)

H3AsO3 (92) Eutectici At = 0.5 H3AsO4 (173) Nw At/N 2.0 2.34 4.0 2.89 7.0 3.41 10.0 3.67

Pb(NOs)2,-(CWd) Zn(ClOs)2 (174) Nw At/N Nn At/N 12.5 3.78 0.02 4.657 1.555 5.79 15.5E* 3.85 .05 4.276 1.87 6.9s *Ice -f 2H3AsO4-H2O .10 3.955 ZnSO4 (42, 43, 44, (extrap.). .20 3.560 77, 100, 132, 187, CO*: AZ = 0.015° .50 2.940 226) (68) 1.00 2.435 0.0025 3.094 * Pressure = ca. l atm. 1.061E* 2.4 .004 2.993 * Ice -f Pb(NOs)2. CO 2 (78) .007 2.874 0.05 to 2.1 to Pb(C 2 H 3 0 2 ) 2 (92, .01 2.80 0.08 2.2 131) .02 2.65 C5H11HSO4 (37) 0.03 4.3 .04 2.49 .05 3.63 NH4C2H3O2 (139) .07 2.37 .10 2.8s Nv At/N .10 2.29 .20 2.37 0.01 3.6 .20 2.12 .40 2.15 .02 3.57 .40 1.95 .674E* 2.0s .05 3.55 .70 1.84 * Ice -f Pb(C 2 H 3 O 2 ) 2 ..10 3.54 1.0 1.87 3(?)H20. .20 3.54 1.5 2.07 TlCl (224) .50 3.55 2.314E* 2.83 0.0008 3.69 * Ice + ZnSO4.7H2O. (NH 4 ) 2 C 2 0 4 (89) .001 3.685 E: Nn = 0.232 Zn(NOg) 2 (77, 125 .002 3.665 At = 0.2° 251) .004 3.641 N(CHs) 4 NO 2 (229) 0.07 4.92 .006 3.626 (NH 4 )BC 6 H 5 O 7 (232) .10 4.89 Tl2SO4 (61) Citrate .20 4.89 0.02 4.22 .40 5.03 N(C 3 Hy) 4 NO 3 (273) .03 4.Oo .70 5.4o Tetrapropylammo.05 3.81 1.0 5.83 nium nitrate TlHSO4 (61) 2.0 7.12 (C2H5)3NHC1 3.43E* 8.4s 0.01 4.3i (C2Hs)3NHBr *Ice+Zn(NO 3 ) 2 .9H 2 O .02 4.2o (interp.). (C2Ho)3NHI .04 4.03 Triethylammo.07 3.82 ZnC2H2O4 (35) nium halides (27 3) ^ .1015 3.71 Formate NH4CNS (251, 276) TlNO3 (62) ZnC4H2O4 (35) Nn At/N 0.02 3.49 Maleate 0.7 3.24 .04 3.36 1.0 3.23 .07 3.25 Zn(C2H3O2), (35, 2.0 3.17 .10 3.18 83, 92) 4.0 3.06 .14 3.11 0.06 4.9 7.0 2.86 TlHC2O4 (61) .10 4.74 9.38E* 2.69 0.0154 3.57 .20 4.37 * Ice + NH4CNS. .02 3.55 .26 4.21 C5H11NH4SO4 (37) .04 3.42 1.628E* 3.62 AsO4H3.2C6H5NH2 * Ice + Zn(C2HsO2)2..0619 3.31 (198) ZnCl2 (23, us, 184, 3(?)HiO. H3AsO4.- (Cont'd) Nw At/N

H2SiF6 (226)

0.189 I 4.56 Zr(SO4), (39) SnCl4 (161) 0.01 12.6 .02 12.43 .04 12.1s .07 11.84 .10 11.42 .20 9.78 PbCl2 (71) Pb(NO 3 ) 2 (43, ioo, 187, 217, 224)

0.001 .002 .005 .01

5.368 5.272 5.090 4.898

187)

0.0025 .005 .01 .02 .04 .07 .10 .20 .40 .70 1.00 2.00 4.00 6.00 7.64E*

5.41 5.28 5.15 5.04 4.96 4.94 4.94 4.96 5.0s 5.1i 5.2i 5.49 5.94 6.53 8.12

*Ice + ZnCl2.4H2O approx.).

CdCl2 (U 8» 138, 187)

0.005 .01 .025 .05 .10 .20 .50

4.79 4.71 4.42 4.12 3.84 3.57 3.24

Cd(ClOs)2 (I74) 1.27 5.1 3.935 3.3 CdBr2 (118,187) 0.005 4.76 .01 4.47 .025 4.03 .05 3.65 .10 3.22

CdI2 ( 118 >

125

»

145

187, 251)

Nn

At/N

0.005 .01 .025 .05 .10 .20 .50 1.0 1.5 2.1E*

4.06 3.86 3.34 2.69 2.27 2.1 2.1 2.2s 2.6o 3.5?

>

CuCl2.- (CWcO Nn At/N 1.0 5.7o 2.0 6.95 3.0 8.0 4.4E* 9.0 *Ice + CuCl2.2H20. Value uncertain due to long extrap. CU(ClOs) 2 (174)

AgNO3.- (Cont'd) Nw At/N 0.10 3.32 .20 3.20 .50 2.96 1.0 2.63 2.0 2.16 3.0 1.85 5.24E* 1.39s

FeSO4-(CWd) Nw At/N 0.70 1.80 .80 1.81 .983E* 1.856 * Ice + FeSO4.7H2O. Fe(NOs) 2 ( 77 )

CoSO4 ( 13 2)

Nn

At/N

0.094 .20 .50 .70 .91

2.22 2.02 1.75 1.70 1.74

NiCl2.- (Continued) Nw At/N0.50 5.69 1.0 6.22 1.5 7.34 2.0 8.67 E*: A* = 10.35° * Ice + NiCl2.(?)H20.

2.35 6.Ie CO(NOs) 2 025) 2.66 7.14 0.1 4.6 Ni(ClOs) 2 (174) 2.78 7.56 * Ice + AgNOs (rhom.2 4.5 1.606 5.6o bic). 3.06E* 9.15 .4 4.7 2.067 6.53 * Ice + Fe(N03)2.9H2O. MnCl2 (23, 250) .7 5.1 0.04 4.9 Fe(NOs) 3 025) 1.0 5.5 Ni(ClO 4 ), (82) 0.07 6.37 .07 4.8e (77, 145) 1.283 8.5 .10 6.30 .10 4.8e 2.29 6.1s 1.809 11.8 .20 6.48 .20 4.90 2.67 6.7s 2.710 11.3 .40 7.08 .40 5.10 3.12 7.0s E*: At = 49.0° .70 5.54 .70 8.10 3.57E* 7 . 2 9 * Ice + Ni(ClO4)2.1.0 9.4 1.0 6.05 * Ice + Co(NOa) 2 .- 9H2O. 1.63 7.4 1.65 13.0 9H2O. MnSO4 (50, 132, Fe(NH 4 ) 2 (S0 4 ) 2 NiSO 4 ( 1 0 °» 1 3 2, Co(NH 3 )s.(N0 2 )s

1.907 6.29 2.790 8.96 CuBr2 (23) 5.13 0.025 *Ice + CdI2 (extrap.). .05 5.1o CdSO4 ( 10 °» 132, .10 5.13 187) .20 5.23 0.0025 3.080 .40 5.53 .005 2.916 .60 5.89 .01 2.744 CuSO4 ( 2 0 > 43 > 4 4 > .025 2.496 100, 1 8 7 , 233) .05 2.3 0.0025 3.003 251) .10 2.1 .003 2.972 0.126 2.28 .20 1.93 .005 2.871 0.2 2.14 .40 1.80 .01 2.703 0.4 1.99 .70 1.76 .025 2.448 0.7 1.95 1.0 1.79 .05 2.266 1.0 2.02 1.25 1.86 .10 2.085 2.0 2.5 Cd(N0 3 ) 2 ( 7 7 > 118 > .20 1.912 125, 187, 2 5 1 ) 3.15E* 3.34 .50 1.722 * Ice+MnSO 4 .7H 2 O. 0.0025 5.38 .70 1.690 Mn(NOs) 2 ( 7 7 > 12S, .003 5.35 251) .80 1.69o .005 5.28 1.00 1.715 0.2 4.92 .01 5.20 0.846E* 1.692 .4 5.34 .02 5.15 * Ice + CuSO4.5H2O. .7 5.74 .04 5.12 77 12 Cu(NOs) 2 ( > S, 1.0 6.Oo .07 5.09 251) 2.0 6.64 .10 5.08 0.07 5.3 4.05E* 7.7 .20 5.08 .10 5.1 *Ice + Mn(NOa) 2 ..40 5.13 6H2O (extrap.). .20 5.0 .70 5.25 FeF3 (203) .40 5.1 1.0 5.42 0.085 1.9o .70 5.4 2.0 6.2 .171 1.8s 1.0 5.7 2.41E* 6 . 6 4 FeCl2 (23) 2.0 6.7 * Ice + Cd(NOa)2.0.025 1 5.22 3.OE* 8.0 9H2O. .04 5.15 *Ice + Cu(NOs) 2 .Cd(C 2 H 3 0 2 ) 2 (35) 9H2O (extrap.). .07 5.13 0.03 5.0s Cu(HC0 2 ) 2 (35) .10 5.12 .05 4.69 Cu(C 2 H 3 O 2 ), (35) .20 5.16 .10 4.15 0.06 3.5o .40 5.43 .20 3.71 .10 3.36 FeCl3 ( 12 > 203) .30 3.54 .20 3.13 0.02 6.9s HgCl2 (23, 89) .254 3.03 .05 6.2s 0.019-0.092 1.8 Cu, Propionate ; n.10 6.Oi .125E* 1.6 Butyrate; Lactate; .20 6.02 * Ice + HgCl2. Malate (35) Hg(NO 2), (229) .50 6.55 NH 4 Cu(CN) 2 (85) Hg(CN) 2 (92, 2 2 2 ) 1.0 8.18 NH 4 Cu(CN) 3 (85) 0.05-0.085 1.9-2.0 1.5 10.30 Cu, Complexes of .319E* 1.41 2.0 12.45 amino acids ( 142 ) * Ice + Hg(CN) 2 . 2.63 15.2 CuCl2 (23, 250) Pt, ammines (204) 3.05E* 18 AgNO 3 ( 1 7 9 , 2 2 6 , 0.035 4.89 * Ice + FeCl3.6H2O. 242) FeSO4 (75) .05 4.86 Nw At/N 0.07 2.55s .10 4.81 .20 4.83 0.01 3.6o .10 2.39 .02 3.54 .40 4.96 .20 2.10 .05 3.42 .40 1.87 .70 5.30

(138)

Fe 2 (NH 4 ) 2 (S0 4 ) 4 (127)

Fe 2 (C 2 O 4 )S (256) Fe 2 (C 2 H 3 O 2 ) 6 OH (239)

Fe(C 2 Hs0 2 ) 2 Cl(239) Fe(C 2 H 3 O 2 ) 2 Br

(97)

0.002 I 1.87 Co(NH3)2.(N02)4.NH 4 (97) Co(NH 3 ) 4 .(N0 2 ) 2 .NO 2 (97) Co(NH 3 ) 5.CLCl2

(239)

(97)

(NH 4 ) 3 Fe(C 2 0 4 )s

Co(NH 3 ) 6 Cl 3 (97) Nn At/N 0.002 6.49s .005 6.180 .010 6.43s .016 5.76s Co(NH 3 ) 4 .(N0 2 ) 2 .Cl

(138)

(NH4) 2[Fe(CN) 6 NO] (33) CoCl2 (93, 145, 2 5 1 )

Nw 1 At/N 0.002 5.35 .005 5.208 .010 5.107 .025 4.989 .05 4.918 .10 4.882 .15 4.900 .20 4.946 .25 4.997 .40 5.170 .70 5.67 1.0 6.31 1.5 7.48 2.0 8.51 2.43E* 9.26

(97)

0.002 3.66 .005 3.622 .01 3.59o .02 3.55e Co(NH3)6.NO2.Cl2 (97)

0.002 5.26 .005 5.123 .010 4.989 Co, Ammines of other types (204, 285, 286)

187, 268)

0.0025 3.220 .003 3.192 .005 3.036 .01 2.832 .02 2.6s .05 2.37 .10 2.20 .20 2.0s .40 1.95 .70 1.92 1.0 1.94 1.676E* 2.4s *Ice + NiS04.7H2O Cextrap.). Ni(NOs) 2 ( 12 S, 251)

0.08 .10 .20 .40 .70 1.0 1.3

4.92 4.9i 4.9i 5.04 5.3s 5.8e 6.34

(77, 145)

2.42 2.77 3.26 3.46E* *Ice

+

6.2 6.6s 7.Oe 7.8 Ni(NOa)2.-

9H2O (extrap.). These Co(C 2 H 3 0 2 ) 2 (35) sets of data are not in * Ice + CoCl2-GH2O 0.06 5.00 agreement. (extrap.). .10 4.58 Co(ClOs) 2 O 7 *) Ni(N 2 H 4 )(H 2 O) 3 .20 4.37 1.894 6.34 SO4 (266) .25 4.36 2.645 8.32 Hydrazineato-triCo(CNS) 2 (96) Co(C104)2 (82) aquo nickel sulfate 0.046 4.74 1.265 8.6 .07 4.19 1.625 13.1 Ni(CsH3O,). ( 35 ) .10 3.73 2.248 13.7 Nn At/N .15 3.46 E*: AZ = 62.2° 0.04 5.1 .229 3.35 * Ice + Co(ClO4)2..05 4.92 NiCl2 (23, 92, 251) 9H2O. .10 4.62 CoBr2 (109) 0.02 5.5s .20 4.48 0.12 5.05 .05 5.4i .20 5.07 .10 5.38 (NEU) 2 (COS) 4 Ni (234) .34 5.37 .20 5.43

CfO3 ( 3 2 , 146)

Nw 0.2 .4 .7 1.0 2.0 4.0 7.0 10.0 13.36E* 15.32Ef

At/N 2.3 2.2 2.34 2.5o 2.94 3.52 4.06 4.56 7.8 10.11

UO 2 (NOs) 2 ( 5 6 , 2 7 7 )

Nv At/N 0.03 5.32 .05 5.16 .10 5.00 .20 4.92 .40 5.08 .70 5.5s 1.00 6.15 1.50 7.4o 1.923E* 9.4i

Al 2 (SO 4 )S (149)

NdCl3 (26> 169)

At/N 3.92 4.19 4.56

Nw At/N 0.03 6.6 .05 6.3 .10 5.9 .15 5.8 Nd 2 (S0 4 ) 3 (26) 8.5 0.0067 .01 6.4 .02 4.6 .05 3.8 .08 3.6 BeCl2 (76) 0.025 5.5s .05 5.28 .10 5.15 .15 5.22 .25 5.44 BeSO4 (58) 0.03 2.5o .05 2.33 .10 2.21 .20 2.12 .30 2.06 Be(NO3), (58) 0.05 4.7i .10 4.65 .20 4.60 .30 4.57

Nw 0.20 .50 .878E* * Ice 18H2O.

-f

Al2(SO4)S.-

Al(NOs) 3 ( 12 S)

Nv At/N 0.05 6.3 .10 6.1 .20 6.5 * Ice + UO 2 (NOa) 2 ..50 7.9 * Ice + CrOs (extrap.) 6H2O. ( 146 ). UO 2 C 4 H 4 O 6 (56) .75 9.0 32 t t ). 0.0643 1 1.9 1.00 10.6 CrCl2 (141) AlNH4(SO4), (89) UO 2 (C 2 H 3 O 2 ), (56) Cr 2 (S0 4 ) 3 (!27) E: At = 0.20°, ice + 0.015 3.7s Nv At/N AlNH4(SO4),. 12H2O .03 3.23 0.025 4.8 (NA)2Al(SO4)*..07 2.69 .05 4.6 12H2O (266) .13 2.32 .10 4.2 Hydrazine aluminUO 2 (CNS) 2 (197) .25 4.1 ium sulfate Nv At/N Cr(NHs)6Br3 (2<>4) Al(OH)(C2H3O2), 0.122 4.62 (243) Nw At/N VCl3 (209) 0.015 6.34 Nw At/N Nw At/N .02 6.16 0.02 2.31 0.02 9.3s .03 5.8s .05 2.22 .04 8.77 .05 5.52 .10 2.09 .07 8.6s .10 5.03 .20 1:85 .10 8.6s .30 1.66 CrNH4(SO4). (!27) .20 8.8s LaCl3 (26) (N2H5)2Cr(S04)2..26 9.3i 0.03 7.4 12H2O (266) HBO2 (134) .05 6.9 Hydrazine chroH 3 BO 3 (47, 134, .10 6.5 mium sulfate 186) .20 6.4 Cr, Acetates, com0.10 2.0 .322 6.3 plex (283) .20 1.92 La2(SO4), (108) Cr, Ammines (204, .30 1.94 0.001 7.14 207, 284) .376E* 2.02 .002 6.36 Cr(C 2 H 4 N 2 H 4 )SCl 3 * Ice + HaBO3. .004 5.55 (207) H 2 B 4 O 7 (134) .007 4.87 Nw At/N AlCl3 (125) .01 4.41 0.03 5.27 Nv At/N La(NOa) 3 (93) .05 5.Oi 0.01 7.10 0.001 7.00 .10 4.49 .02 6.62 .002 6.314 MoO3 (238) .05 6.02 .005 6.483 Mo3O8 (168) .10 5.68 .01 6.233 Mo(OH) 2 Cl 2 (274) .20 5.76 .02 6.007 (NH 4 ) 2 Mo 2 0 8 (182) .30 6.14 .05 5.743 .50 7.06 MoO2.(OCH3)2 .10 5.607 (238) 1.00 9.45 .18 5.042 2.12 21.2 (W03)4.H20 (257) CeCl3 (40) H3PO4.12WO3 (257) Al(ClOs) 3 (243) 4.66 0.0204 UO 2 Cl 2 (56) Nv At/N .031 4.40 Nn At/N 0.013 5.97o .041 4.39 0.03 5.37 .02 5.78s .083 4.34 ,05 5.2s .05 5.620 .104 4.52 .10 5.03 .10 5.687 .125 4.48 .30 4.87 .20 5.94o .147 4.49 .60 4.84 .50 6.71 .169 4.56 UO2SO4 (56) Pr(NO 3 ), (122) .70 7.62 AlBr3 (130) 0.03 2.35 Nv At/N .05 2.2o 0.0475 5.97 N9 At/N .10 2.00 0.0133 6.77 .0950 5.71 .30 1.72 .05 6.4o .190 5.53 .60 1.58 .10 6.4o .380 5.74

MgCl2

(106,

160,

187, 233, 235)

0.01 .025 .05 .10 .20 .50 1.0 2.0 2.94E*

5.144 5.032 4.974 4.938 4.977 5.38 6.35 8.8 11.4

* Ice + MgCh.l2H20. Mg(ClO3), (174)

1.496 5.35 1.871 6.4i MgBr2 (125) 0.05 5.34 .10 5.11 .20 5.19 .40 5.54 .70 6.14 1.0 6.87 MgSO4 (20, 42, 44, 51, 90, 93, 100, 108, 132, 226, 251)

0.0005 .001 .002 .0025 .004 .005 .007 .01 .025 .05 .10 .20

3.5 3.38 3.24 3.18 3.08 3.02 2.94 2.85 2.589 2.420 2.252 2.090

MgSO4.- (Cont'd) Nw At/N 0.25 2.036 .40 1.99 .70 1.9s 1.0 2.02 1.4 2.15 1.636E* 2.38

CaS 2 O 6 (UO) Nw At/N 0.104 3.08 .310 2.74 .494 2.79 .508 2.78 .773E* 2.70 * Ice

+

CaS2Oe •

*Ice+MgSO 4 .12H 2 0. 4H2O. Mg(NO 3 ), (77, 233)

0.08 .10 .20 .30 .50 .70 1.0

4.73 4.74 4.78 4.85 5.08 5.35 5.78 6.43

1.5

2.0 3.0 3.57E*

7.0 7.85 8.1

*Ice + Mg(NOa)2.9H2O (extrap.). (N 2 Hs) 2 Mg(SO 4 ),.4H2O (266)

Hydrazine magnesium sulfate Mg, Formate; Fumarate; Maleate; Malate (35) MgCu 2 (CN) 4 (85) MgPt(CN) 4 (34, 138)

MgB4O6 (228) CaO (92) Nw At/N 0.049E* 3.05 *Ice + CaO.H20? CaCl2 (161, 187, 217, 235, 263) 0.01

.025 .05 .10 .15 .20 .30 .50 1.0 2.0 3.0

5.112

4.966 4.886 4.832 4.810 4.78 4.78 4.98 5.85 7.6s 9.33

4.325E* 11.79 * Ice + CaCl2.6H2O.

CaBr2 (175) 0.05 5.07 .10 5.12 .20 5.22 .30 5.31 CaI2 (175) 0.03 4.9s .05 4.91 .10 4.88 .20 4.93 CaS2O3 (151) Nv At/N 0.5 0.8 1.3

2.14 2.14 2.41

Ca(NO 2 ), (195) 1.5 2.62 2.0 3.14 3.0 3.8s 4.076E* 4.3

*Ice 4H2O.

+ Ca(NOa)2.-

Ca(NOs) 2 (15, 125, 188)

0.05 .10 .20 .40 .70 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 4.578E*

4.7 4.5s 4.5o 4.47 4.5i 4.59 4.86 5.1s 5.73 6.27

*Ice+Ca(N03)2.4H20. -Ca(CHO 2 ), (35)

Ca(C2H3O2), (35) 0.06 5.02 .10 4.76 .20 4.59 .30 4.58 .50 4.61 Ca, Salicylate; Lactate (35) Ca(C6H5CO2), (267) E: A* = 0.37° CaCu(CN) 3 (85) CaCu 3 (CN) 6 (85) Ca 2 Fe(CN) 6 («8) Nv At/N 0.02 2.67 .05 2.40 .10 2.15 Sr(OH)2 (92) 0.0371E*| 2.7 * Sr(OH) 2 .8H 2 O. SrCl2 (42, 43, 161, 251)

0.01 .02 .04 .07 .10 .20 .40 .70 1.00 2.00 2.24E* * Ice + (extrap.).

5.3 5.10 4.94 4,85 4.82 4.80 4.91 5.33 5.83 7.54 8.35 SrCl2.6H2O

SrBr2 (175,180) Nw M/N 0.10 5.6 .20 5.4 .40 5.7 .70 6.20 1.0 6.65 2.0 8.35 2.89E* 9.69 * Ice + SrBr2.6H2O. SrI2 (125, 175)

0.03 .07 .10 .20 .40 .70 1.0 Sr(NO 2 ), 0.70 1.0 2.0 2.72E*

5.4 5.2s 5.2 5.3 5.8 6.5s 7.17 (i95) 1.81 2.10 2.43 2.50

Ba(ClOs) 2

(271)

Nn At/N 0.5927E*4.63s ± 0.007 *Ice+Ba(ClOs) 2 -H 2 O. BaBr2 (l 75, 1 8 0 , 2 3 3 )

0.08 .10 .20 .30 .50 1.0 2.0 2.936E*

4.86 4.85 4.85 4.90 5.06 5.58 6.72 7.7

* Ice -f BaBr2.2H2O.

Ba(BrO3), (27l) 0.00714E 4.76* ± 0.28 * Ice H2O.

+

Ba(BrOs) 2 .-

BaI2 (175) 0.03 5.12 .05 5.07 .10 5.OO * Ice + Sr(N0 2 )2.H 2 0. .15 4.99 .20 5.02 Sr(NOg) 2 t 42 , 43 > 44, 125, 129, 251) Ba(IOs) 2 (27l) Conc. % * At 0.01 5.7 .02 5.3s 0.008Ef 0.046 ± O.002° .04 5.Oo * Either temperature .07 4.7e or concentration must be .10 4.63 in error. .20 4.4o t Ice + Ba(IOs) 2 -H 2 O. .40 4.17 BaS2O6 O 1 o) .70 4.Oo Nw At/N 1.0 3.9o 0.077 3.12 1.533E* 3.7s .139 2.44 *Ice + Sr(NO 3)2.4H 2O. .203 2.36 Sr(CHO2), (35) .275E* 2.33 * Ice + BaS2Oe.2H2O. Sr(C 2 H 3 O 2 ), (35) Ba(N0 2 ) 2 (195) 0.06 5.57 0.5 3.39 .10 5.16 1.0 3.1s .20 4.90 2.0 2.9o .30 4.89 2.296E* 2.8s .50 4.96 SrCu 2 (CN) 4 («S) BaO (92) 0.098E*| 5.10 *Ice + Ba(OH)2.8H2O. Ba(OH) 2

(104)

BaCl2 (20, 9l, 93, 118,

138, 160, 161, 187, 217, 251)

0.001

.002 .005 .01 .02 .05 .10 .20 .40 .70 1.00 1.346E*

5.30

5.225 5.120 5.034 4.938 4.796 4.698 4.64 4.74 4.95 5.20 5.57

* Ice + BaCl2.2H2O.

* Ice + Ba(NO 2 ) 2 .H 2 O.

Ba(NOs) 2 ( 89 » 100, 108, 187, 233);

cf,

(298)

0.001 .002 .004 .007 .01 .02 .04 .07 .10 .20 .214E*

5.39 5.29 5.18 5.08 5.01 4.87 4.6s 4.45 4.25 3.79 3.74

* Ice + Ba(NOs) 2 .

Ba(CHO 2 ), (35) Ba(C2H3O2), (35) 0.03 5.19 .05 5.06 .10 4.82 .20 4.81

Ba(C2H3O2),.(Continued) Nw At/N 0.30 4.79 .50 4.87 Ba, Propionate; Salicylate (35) BaCu(CN) 3 (85) BaCu 2 (CN) 4 (85) Ba[NO.(CN)5.Fe]

(33)

Nv

At/N

0.025 .04 .07 .10 .20

3.56 3.18 2.92 2.82 2.73

LiOH (212,

226)

Nu,

At/N

0.34 .70 1.0 2.0 4.0 5.28E*

3.72 3.4 3.3 3.23 3.29 3.4

* Ice + LiOH-H2O. LiCl (58, H I , 112, 161, 187, 235, 282)

0.005 .006 .01 .02 .05 .10 .20 .30 .50 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 4.4

3.612 3.609 3.598 3.582 3.553 3.52 3.50 3.51 3.58 3.80 4.4i 5.04 5.5e 4.7s

LiClO3 (144.5)

2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6.0 6.5OE*

4.42 4.493 4.612 4.80 5.3o 5.26s 5.507 5.724 5.94 6.16

* Ice + LiClO3-SH2O.

LiBr (23) 0.075 3.72 .10 3.7i .20 3.70 .50 3.80 1.00 4.0 LiI (23) 0.075 3.6s .10 3.64 .20 3.67 .50 3.78 .75 4.1

Li2SO4 (58)

Nn

At/N

0.0536 .106 .272 .866

4.6 4.62 4.3s 4.33

LiNO2 (195) 2.0 3.6e 4.0 3.8i 6.0 3.93 7.864E* 3.9s * Ice + LiNO 2 .H 2 O. LiNO 3 (23, 57)

0.04 .10 .20 .50 1.OO

3.3s 3.3s 3.33 3.35 3.48

NaCl.—(Continued) Nw At/N 0.007 .01 .02 .04 .07 .10 .20 .40 .70 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.2OE*

3.620 3.604 3.570 3.530 3.498 3.478 3.424 3.38 3.36 3.37 3.45 3.605 3.78s 4.061

* Ice + NaC1.2H2O.

Na2S (116) Nv At/N 0.10 .20 .40 .70 1.0 1.43 Nv

7.12 7.06 6.97 6.90 6.87 6.86

(254)

9.15

* Ice + Na2S.9H2O. The results of ( 1 ^ 6 ) and (254) in are not agreement.

Na, Polysulfides (152)

Na2SO3 (73, 99) Nw

NaClO 3 (72)

M/N

1.039E*

At/N

0.15 4.48 0.001 3.682 E*: At = 17.8°. ,20 4.36 .002 3.663 * Ice + LiNO 3 -SH 2 O. .40 4.03 .004 3.635 .70 3.74 .007 3.606 (N 2 H 5 ) 2 Li 2 (S0 4 ) 2 .992E* 3.54 Hydrazine lithium .01 3.588 * Ice + Na2SO3.7H2O. sulfate (266) .02 3.547 Na2SO4 (6, 98, 160, .04 3.498 Li2SiO3 ( 13 S) 187 ) ; c / . (298) .07 3.459 0.008 9.0 .10 3.433 0.005 5.2 .01 8.6 .01 5.04 NaBr (88, i l l , 187, .02 7.7 .02 4.874 233) .0312 7.3 .04 4.670 0.02 3.611 Li2Si2On (133) .07 4.477 .05 3.551 .10 4.344 LiCu(CN) 3 (85) .10 I 3.507 .20 4.057 .20 3.468 Li 2 O-B 2 O 3 (156) .25 3.944 .50 3.456 0.0607E*| 9.88 .282E* 3.89 1.0 3.51 * Ice + Li2O-B2O3.*Ice + Na2SO4JOH2O. 2.0 3.68 16H2O. Na 2 S 2 O 3 (92, 231) 4.27 NaOH (119, 140, 6.56E* 161, 212)

0.01 .02 .05 .10 .20 .50 1.0 2.0 4.0 6.11E*

3.5s 3.5i 3.46 3.42 3.41 3.40 3.44 3.5s 4.1o 4.5s

*Ice + NaOH.7H2O (extrap.).

*Ice + NaBr.5H20.

NaBrO3

(72, 112, 187)

0.001 .002 .004 .007 .01 .02 .05 .10 NaI (125,

0.08

3.69 3.678 3.658 3.632 3.609 3.568 3.492 3.418 178,

250)

3.74

NaF (92,

203)

.10

3.68

0.04 .07 .10 .20 .50 E*: AZ =

3.73 3.6s 3.6o 3.5o 3.3s 5.6°

.20

3.52

* Ice + NaF.

.70 1.0 2.0 ca. 4.27E*

3.4s 3.5s 3.66 3.97 7.4

* Ice + NaI.5H20.

NaCl (13, 72, 98, 100, 111, 112, 118, 161, 187,

194,

217, 233,

235)

0.001 .002 .004

.40

3.66 3.65s 3.642

NaIO 3 ( 9 3, 112,

0.002 .005 .01 .02 .05 .10

187)

3.617 3.594 3.560 3.511 3.412 3.288

At/N

Nv

0.2 .4 .54 Nn

ca. 2.71E*

4.24 3.94 3.70 At/N

4.05

* Ice + Na2S2O3-SH2O. Na 2 S 2 O 4 (115,

157)

Nn

At/N

0.04 .07 .10 .20 .40 .70 1.09E*

4.8 4.7 4.6 4.47 4.29 4.2 4.2

* Ice + Na2S204.2H20.

Na 2 S 2 O 5 (73) 0.08 7.26 .10 7.05 .20 6.60 .40 6.24 .70 5.96 1.0 5.78 1.616E* 5.60 * Ice + Na2S2O5.7H2O.

NaHSO 4 (60) 0.1004 I 4.05

Na2SeO3 (47) Nv At/N 0.05 4.9s .10 4.74 .20 4.51 .34 4,32 NaHSeO3 (47) 0.07 3.62 .10 3.59 .20 3.49 .50 3.30 NaNO 2 ( 195 ) Nw At/N 1.6 2.76 2.0 2.6s 4.0 2.24 7.0 1.8s 9.54E* 1.62 * Ice + NaNO 2 .

Na 2 C 2 O 4 (92) E: At = 1.7° Na 6 C 12 O 12 (270)

Mellitate NaCHO2 (259) NaHCO3 ( 83 ) Nw At/N 0.1 3.6s .2 3.5i .4 3.2e .7 3.02 NaC 2 H 3 O 2 (91» 125, 140, 251)

0.06 .10 .20 .40 .70

3.63 3.59 3.58 3.62 3.7o 3.78

1.0

NaNO 3 (160, 187, 2.0 233, 235, 242) 3.7E* 0.01

.02 .04 .07 .10 .20 .40 .70 1.0 2.0 4.0 7.35E*

3.55

3.53 3.484 3.438 3.406 3.327 3.22 3.11 3.02 2.79 2.53 2.37s

* Ice -f NaNO 3 . NaPO 3 (114, 2 6 9 )

Na3PO4 (161) 0.01 7.1s .02 6.85 .05 6.11 .10 5.69 NaH2PO2 (205) NaH 2 PO 4 (205) Na 2 HPO 4 ( 9 4, lei) 0.01 4.99 .02 4.85 .05 4.61 .10 4.34 .104E* 4.53 *Ice H- Na2HPO4.12H2O. At/N - 4.32 would agree with the curve.

*Ice -h ?H2O.

4.U 4.86 NaC2 H 3 O 2 .-

NaC 3 H 5 O 3 (259) Lactate NaC 4 H 7 O 2 (205) Butyrate NaC 7 H 5 O 3 (259) Salicylate NaC 7 H 5 O 2 (259) Benzoate NaC18H33O2 ("S) Oleate Na 2 C 4 H 4 O 4 (205) Buccinate Na 2 C 6 H 6 O 7 (105) Citrate NaC 2 H 2 ClO 2 (259) Chloroacetate NaC 2 HCl 2 O 2 (205,

Na 2 Cu(CN) 3 (85) Na 3 Cu(CN) 4 (85) Na 2 [Fe(CN) 5 NO]

(33) Co(N0 2 ) 6 Na 3 (97) Nn At/N 0.0163 6.74 .0312 6.89 Na 2 CrO 4 (125, 293) 0.1 4.49 .2 4.2s .4 3.97 .7 3.8o 1.0 3.7i E:* At = 4.9° * Ice 1OH2O.

(295)

^-NaNH4C4H4O6 (225)

^-NaNH4C4H4O6

(225) NaNH 4 -HPO 4 (161) Na2Si5O11 (133) 0.01 4.9s Na2SiO3 (lei) .02 4.78 Nw At/N .05 4.51 0.01 6.6 .10 4.23 .02 6.42 .20 3.87 .04 6.06 Na 2 CO 3 (89»ii9»i60) .07 5.64 0.01 5.12 .10 5.32 .02 4.93 .20 4.71 .04 4.73 .50 4.02 .07 4.55 NaHSiO3 (133) .10 4.44 Na2Hg(SO 3), (14) .20 4.17 NaS03.HgOH (14) .40 3.88 NaCu(CN) 2 (85) .595E* 3.53 NaCu 2 (CN) 3 (85) * Ice H- Na2CO3-IOH2O.

Na2CrO4.-

Na 2 Cr 2 O 7 (125) 0.1 4.82 .2 4.62 .4 4.5o Cr(CNS) 6 Na 3 (41) NaVO 3 (63) NaBO2 (172) Nv At/N 0.04 3.56 .07 3.38 .10 3.26 Na 2 B 4 O 7 (134) 0.015 10.4 .02 10.0 .04 8.96 .07 8.0 .10 7.2 Na, Salts of the acids of boron (134) KOH (ioo, 119, 140,

161, 187,

190, 2 1 2 )

259)

Dichloroacetate NaC 2 Cl 3 O 2 (259) Trichloroacetate C5HnNaSO4 (37) Na, Cyanoacetates

+

Nn

At/N

0.005 3.66 .01 3.65 .02 3.62 .05 3.5o .10 3.42 .20 3.39 .50 3.44 1.0 3.6o 2.0 3.96 3.0 4.4i 5.0 5.77 7.9s 8.2 KF (23) 3.47 0.06 .10 3.39 .20 3.35 .50 3.36 1.00 3.39 KCl (4» is, 20, 72, 101,

108, 1 1 1 , 112,

117,

160, 1 6 1 , 1 8 7 ,

217,

0.001 .002

233, 2 3 5 )

3.66 3.65s

K2SO3.-(CWd) Nw At/N 2.0 4.53 3.0 5.Ia 5.0 6.13 6.577E* 6.92

KCl.—(Continued]

Nw 0.005 .01 .02 .05 .10 .20 .50 1.0 1.5 2.0 3.0 3.3OE*

At/N 3.648 3.610 3.566 3.503 3.451 3.394 3.314 3.250 3.22s 3.220 3.23l 3.24

* Ice + K2SO3. K 2 SO 4 (6, 30, 93, 108, 1 1 8 , 145, 160, 187,

* Ice + KCl. KClO 3 (87, 112, 187)

0.01 3.556 .02 3.513 .05 3.435 .10 3.334 E: A* = 0.5° KBr (in» 187, 217, 233,

0.025 .05 .10 .20 .30 .50 1.0 2.0 3.0 3.836E*

235)

3.550 3.500 3.452 3.400 3.368 3.330 3.290 3.27s 3.279 3.28s

* Ice + KBr.

194, 2 1 7 , 2 3 3 )

0.001 5.280 .0025 5.258 .005 5.150 .01 5.010 .025 4.772 .05 4.559 .10 4.319 .20 4.044 .30 3.882 .402E* 3.79 * Ice H- K2SO4. K 2 S 2 O 5 (73)

0.16 .20 .50 1.0 1.07E*

6.25 6.13 5.64 5.20 5.14

* Ice H- K2S2O5 §H2O. K 2 S 2 O 6 (47)

Nv

0.06 .10 .12

At/N

4.5 4.1 4.0

K 2 S 2 O 8 (182, 221) KNO 2 (195)

K0H0P2O, (47) Various salts K 2 CO 3 (42, 44, 119, 160, 1 7 7 )

Nn 0.01 .02 .05 .10 .20 .50 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 4.74E*

At/N 5.2o 5.Oo 4.74 4.56 4.42 4.39 4.5i 5.Oi 5.87 6.9s 7.7

* Ice + K2CO3. x H2O.

K 2 C 2 O 4 (140)

N9 0.1 .25 .5

At/N 4.46 4.26 4.18

Nn (92)

At/N

1.62E

3.9

KHCO 3 (73) Nw At/N 0.25 3.21 .50 3.09 1.0 2.91 2.0 2.68 KHC 2 O 4 (61) 0.025 3.63 .05 3.49 .10 3.34 .15 3.24

KBrO3 (112, 187) Nn At/N 0.01 3.573 2.0 1.9s .02 3.524 4.0 1.93 .05 -3.445 7.0 1.82 KC 2 H 3 O 2 (91) .10 3.348 10.0 1.6s KI (19, 23, 150, 2 3 3 ) 0.50 3.78 15.0 1.4s 0.08 3.5s 1.0 3.92 20.0 1.26 ,10 3.54 2.0 4.22 29.92E* 1.056 .20 3.44 3.0 4.5s * Ice H- KNO 2 . KNO 3 (4, 87, 1 5 5 , .50 3.38 4.37 5.15 187, 233, 242) 1.0 3.37 K 2 C 4 H 4 O 6 (131) 2.0 3.4o 0.002 3.655 0.05-0.9 |3.8 ± 0.1 3.0 3.4s .005 3.63s C5H11KSO4 (37) 5.0 3.5o .01 3.590 KCN (23, 158) 6.58E* 3.5o .02 3.537 0.03 3.5s * Ice H- KI. .05 3.431 KIO 3 (93, 1 1 2 , 1 8 7 ) .05 3.49 .10 3.314 .10 3.41 0.002 3.61 .20 3.154 .20 3^34 .005 3.595 .30 3.048 .50 3.27 .01 3.558 .50 2.882 1.0 3.25 .02 3.505 1.0 2.56 2.0 3.27 .05 3.402 1.247E* 2.41 5.0 3.44 .10 3.273 * Ice + KNO 3 (rhombic). KPO 3 (269) KIO 4 (47) 7.0 3.5i K 4 P 2 O 6 (47) K4I2O9-SH2O (47) E: A* = 29.61° K3IO5.4H20 (47) K 4 P 2 O 7 (47) KCNO (158) K2SO3 (73) KH2PO4 (161) 1.2 3.44 Nv At/N Nn At/N 2.0 3.65 0.30 4.49 0.02 3.59 3.0 3.91 .50 4.29 .05 3.47 4.0 4.45 .70 4.21 .10 3.34 1.0 4.19 E: A* = 18.14° .20 3.19

KCNS (23) Nw At/N 0.06 3.49 .10 3.44 .20 3.37 .50 3.25 .85 3.16

K3Fe(CN)6.(Continued) Nw At/N 0.20 5.Oo .50 4.5s E:* A* = 3.9°

KBO2.- (Confd) Nv At/N 0.10 3.3e .20 3.26 K 2 B 4 O 6 (228)

K 2 B 4 O 7 (172) 0.01 11.0 (251) K 4 Fe(CN) 6 ( 9 2» 187, .02 9.8 188, 294) .05 8.14 1.029 3.16 2.058 3.16 .10 6.83 0.0075 6.9 3.086 3.17 .0125 6.57 .125 6.38 (276) .025 6.17 KBOC 4 H 4 O 6 (131) 10.4E* 1 3.0 .05 5.72 A1K(S04)2 ( 243 ) * Ice + KCNS. .075 5.41 Nw At/N .10 5.18 KAsOC 4 H 4 O 6 ( 1 3 1 ) 0.0206 4.61 .125 5.00 .0458 4.08 KSbOC 4 H 4 O 6 O 6 » .191 4.80 131) .1147 3.66 .363E* 4.52 Nw At/N KNaSO 3 (14) *Ice + K4Fe(CN)6.0.032.1 ± KNaC 4 H 4 O 6 (105) 3H2O. 0.125 0.2 N9 At/N Co(NH 3 ) 2 (NO 2 ) 4 K (97) 0.02-0.07 4.7-4.0 K 2 SiO 3 ( 1 3 3 ) RbF (65) N9 At/N 0.002 3.68 Nw At/N 0.015 7.0? .005 3.652 0.123.45 + .02 7.02 .01 3.62o 0.27 0.05 .05 6.5s .02 3.57s RbHF2 (65) K 3 (COS) 6 Co (234) .10 5.87 0.133.7 ± K 3 Co(CN) 6 (138) .125 5.6s 0.27 0.2 0.01 5.7 KHSiO3 ( 1 3 3 ) RbCl (23) .02 5.2 K 2 Hg(S0 3 ) 2 (i*) 0.1 3.47 K 2 Hg(CN) 4 (122) .05 4.7 .2 3.40 K 2 Ni(CN) 4 (138) KCu(CN) 2 (85) .5 3.30 0.06 5.1 KCu 2 (CN) 3 («5) .8 3.26 .10 5.0 K 3 Cu(CN) 4 (85) Rb2SO4 (58) K 6 Cu 2 (CN) 8 (272) .20 4.8 0.02 5.55 .50 4.4 KAg(CN) 2 (155) K 2 PtCl 4 (204)

At/N

Nw 0.03

5.12

K 2 CrO 4 (42, 43, 89, 143, 2 5 1 )

0.5

3.0 3.3 3.47 3.6 3.74 2.813.812.97E* 3.84

1.0 4.62 1.5 4.5i 2.0 4.47 (20, 1 8 7 , 2.5

.06 .08 .20 KMnO 4

278)

0.005 .006 .01 .02 .19E*

3.600 3.590 3.570 3.554 3.05

* Ice + KMnO4.

K 2 [Fe(CN) 5 NO] ( 33 ) Nv At/N 0.04 5.1s .07 4.8s .10 4.64 .20 4.36 K 3 Fe(CN) 6 (20, 92, 138, 1 8 7 )

Nw 0.0005 .001 .002 .005 .01 .02 .05 .10

*Ice + K 3 Fe(CN) 6 .

At/N 7.3 7.1o 6.87 6.53 6.26 5.98 5.60 5.3o

* Ice + K 2 CrO 4 .

K 2 Cr 2 O 7 (20) 0.0005 7.25 .001 7.06 .002 6.73 .004 6.38 (2) .0502 5.3s .1009 4.8s (143)

.153E*| 4.12 * Ice + K2Cr2O7. CrK(SO 4 ), (127)

K 8 Cr(C 2 OO 8 (i 38 ) K 2 Mo 2 O 8 (182) KVO 3 (63)

3KCNS.V(CNS)3 (41)

KBO2 (172) N9 At/N

0.015 .030 .05

3.8 3.6s 3.5i

.05 5.15 .10 4.62 .16 4.26 RbNO 3 (23) 0.05 3.4s .10 3.34 .20 3.19 .50 2.88 .83 2.64 Rb2SiO3 (133) N9 At/N 0.019.4-8.9 .015 RbCu(CN) 2 (85) Rb 2 Cu 3 (CN) 5 (85)

CsNO3

(108, 242, CsNO 3 .-(Cant'd)

281,282)

Nw 0.001 .005 .01 .025 .05

At/N 3.66 3.63 3.58s 3.476 3.387

N w.

Af/JV

0.10 3.276 .20 3.108 .30 2.992 .437E* 2.870 * Ice+ CsNO3.

Cs2SiO3 (133) tf v

At/N

0.0104 .0156

6.5 6.5

Solutions of More Than One Solute Where at Least One of the Solutes is a Strong Electrolyte A-TABLE Standard arrangement (v. Vol. Ill, p. viii) H2O2-H2SO4 (221) Cd(NO2)2-TlN02 (NHO2SO4-CuSO4 (122) (52) H2O2-(NHO2SO4 (123, 128) (NHO2SO4-CdSO4 Cd(NO 2 ) 2 -Ni(NO 2 ) 2 H2O2-H3BO3 (172)

(122)

H2O2-NaOH (36) H2O2-NaBO2 (172) H2O2-KNO3 O 23 »

H3PO2-NH4OH (46) H3PO2-NaOH (46) H3PO3-NH4OH (46) H3PO3-NaOH (46) H3PO4-NH4OH (46) H3PO4-NaOH (46) H4P2O6-KOH (47) H 4 P 2 O 7 -NH 4 OH(47) H4P2O7-KOH (47) H3AsO3-NH4OH(46) H3AsO3-KOH (46) H3AsO4-NH4OH(46) H3AsO4-NaOH (46) C2H6O-HCl (292) Methyl ether C6H5NH2-C6H5NH2JICl (296) C9H8N2-HCl (181) 3-Aminoquinoline N(CH 3 ) 4 N0 2 Hg(NO2), (229) PbC4H4O6-KOH

128)

H2O2-K2SO4 (136) H2O2-K2B4O7 (172) HF-H3BO3 (3) HCl-NH4OH (46) HCl-CdCl2 (49) HCl-HgCl2 (155) HCl-NaOH (46) HClO3-KOH (46) HClO4-NaOH (46) HBr-CdBr2 (49) I2-HI (193) I2-CdI2 (275) I2-KI (155, 193) HI-I2 (193) HI-CdI2 (48)

HIO3-KOH (47) HIO4-NaOH (47) HIO4-KOH (47) SO2-KI (279)

(131)

(52)

Cd(NO 2 ) 2 -KNO 2 (52)

HgCl2-HCl (155) HgCl2-NH4Cl (126) Hg(NO 2 J 2 N(CH 3 ) 4 NO 2 (229) Hg(N02)2-Ni(N02)2 (53)

Hg(N0 2 ) 2 -Ca(N0 2 ) 2 (229)

Hg(N02)2-Ba(N02)2 (229)

Hg(NOa)2-NaNO2 (229)

Hg(NOa) 2 -KNO 2 (53, 229)

Hg(CN) 2 -KCN(262) CuCl2-NH4Cl (125) CuCl2-CdCl2 (22) CuSO4-(NHO2SO4 (122)

CuSO4-C4H8O2 Ethyl acetate (233) CuSO4-Ci2H22On Sucrose (233) CuSO4-Na2S2O3 (64) CuC4H4O6-KOH

H2SO4-H2O2 (221) UNO2-Cd(NOj)2 (52) H2SO4-NH4OH (46) H2SO4-KOH (46) TlNO2-Ni(NOg)2 (52) H2S2O6-NaOH (47) (131) H2SeO3-KOH (47) ZnCl2-NaCl (126) NH4OH-HCl (46) ZnCl2-KCl (126) AgCl-NH3 (25) NH4OH-H2SO4 (46) ZnSO4-(NHO2SO4 AgBr-Na2S2O3 (231) (138) NH4OH-H3PO2 (46) FeF3-NaF (203) NH4OH-H3PO3 (46) CdCl2-HCl (49) FeSO4-(NHO2SO4 (138) NH4OH-H3PO4 (46) CdCl2-NH4Cl (49) CsCl (23, 1 1 1 , 1 8 7 ) NH 4 OH-H 4 P 2 O 7 (4 7) CdCl2-SrCl2 (126) Ni(NO 2 ) 2 -NH 4 NO 2 NH4OH-H3As03(46) CdCl2-NaCl (49) (52) Nw At/N NH4OH-H3As04(46) CdCl2-KCl (49, 126, Ni(NO 2 ) 2 -TlNO 2 0.02 3.586 138) (52) NH4OH-AgCl (25) .05 3.515 NH4OH-H3BO3 (47) CdBr2-HBr (49) .10 3.454 Ni(NOa)2-Cd(NOa)2 (52) NH 4 NO 2 -Cd(NO 2 ) 2 CdBr2-NH4Br (49) .20 3.385 (52) CdBr2-NaBr (49) .30 3.339 Ni(NO 2 J 2 -Hg(NO 2 )J (53) NH 4 NO 2 -Ni(NO 2 ) 2 CdBr2-KBr (49) .40 3.304 (52) CdI2-I2 (275) UO2(NOs)2-NaCl .50 3.275 (56) NH4NO3-Pr(NOs)3 CdI2-HI (48) CsI (74) (122) CdI2-NH4I (48) 1.475E*| 2 . 7 1 UO2(NOs)2NH4Cl-CdCl2 (49) CdI2-NaI (48) * Ice + CsI. NaC2H3O2 (56) CS2SO4 (58) NH4Cl-HgCl2 (126) CdI2-KI (48) UO 2 (NOs) 2 0.0120 5.4o NH4Br-CdBr2 (49) CdSO4-(NHO2SO4 NaC2H2ClO2 (56) (122) .0232 4.96 NH4I-CdI2 (48) Monochloroacetate .0480 4.77 (NH 4 ) ,SO4-H2O2 Cd(NOa) 2 -NH 4 NO 2 UO 2 (NOs) 2 -Na 2 C 2 O 4 .1592

4.20

(123, 128)

(52)

(56)

UO2(C2H3O2) 2-NaC2- Ba(NOs) 2 -C 2 H 5 NO 2 NaNO 3 -C 2 H 5 NO 2 Glycocoll (290) H3O2 (56) Glycocoll (290) NaNO 3 -Pb(N0 3 ) 2 LiCl-C4H8O2 (233) UO2(NOs)2(155) Na3C6H5O7 (56) Ethyl acetate Citrate Na C 0 LiCl-C12H22O11 (233) 2 2 4 -UO 2 (N0 3 ) 2 (56) H3BO3-H2O2 (172) Sucrose NaC H O H3BO3-HF (3) 2 3 2-UO2LiCl-C2H5NO2 (C 2 HsO 2 ), (56) H3BO3-NH4OH (47) GlyCOCOll (208, 290) H3BO3-C6Hi4O6 LiBr-C2H5NO2 (290) NaC2H3O2UO 2 (NOs) 2 (56) Mannitol (i««) NaOH-H2O2 (36) Na3C6H5O7H3BO3-NaOH (47) NaOH-HCl (46) UO 2 (NOs) 2 (56) H3BO3-KOH (47) NaOH-HClO4 (46) Citrate H3BO3-KF (3) NaOH-HIO4 (47) NaC H 2 2 ClO 2 NaOH-H2S2O6 (47) AlCl3-NaCl (!26) UO 2 (NOs) 2 (56) 46 NaOH-H3PO2 ( ) Pr (NO3)3 -NH 4 N0 3 Monochloroacetate NaOH-H3PO3 (46) (122) NaBO 2 -H 2 O 2 (172) NaOH-H3PO4 (46) MgCl2-HCl (55) KOH-HClO3 (46) NaOH-H 3AsO4 (46) MgCl2-NH4Cl (126) KOH-HIO3 (47) MgCl2-C4H8O2 (233) NaOH-CrO3 (47) NaOH-H3BO3 (47, KOH-HIO4 (47) Ethyl acetate 103) KOH-H2SO4 (46) MgCl2-C12H22Oi1 KOH-H2SeO3 (47) NaOH-Al(OH)3 Sucrose (233) (103, 189) KOH-H4P2O6 (47) MgSO4-(NH4) 2SO4 KOH-H 4 P 2 O 7 (47) NaF-FeF3 (203) (138) NaF-FeCl2 (203) KOH-H3AsO3 (46) MgSO4-C2H5NO2 KOH-PbC4H4O6 NaF-FeCl3 (131) (203, 2 3 9 ) Glycocoll (290) NaCl-HCl (13, 55) KOH-CuC4H4O6 Mg(NOa) 2 -HNO 3 (55) (131) NaCl-C4H8O2 (233) Mg(NOa) 2 -C 4 H 8 O 2 KOH-H3BO3 (3) Ethyl acetate KCl-H2O2 (123, 128) Ethyl acetate (233) NaCl-C12H22Ou KCl-HCl (55) Sucrose (233) Mg(NO-O2-C12H22On Sucrose (233) KCl-C4H8O2 (233) NaCl-C2H5NO2 CaBr2-Br2 (175) Glycocoll (290) Ethyl acetate CaI2-I2 ( 17 S) KCl-C6H14O6 (98) NaCl-ZnCl2 (126) Ca(N0 2 ) 2 -Hg(N0 2 ) 2 NaCl-CdCl2 (49) Mannitol (229) KCl-C12H22O11 (233) NaCl-HgCl2 (155) Sr(OH)2-Al (104) Sucrose NaCl-UO 2 (NOs) 2 (56) KCl-C2H5NO2 (290) SrCl2-C2H5NO2 GlyCOColl (208, 290) NaCl-AlCl3 (126) Glycocoll SrCl2-CdCl2 (126) NaCl-KCl (13, 49) KCl-ZnCl2 (126) SrBr2-Br2 (175) NaBr-C4H8O2 (233) KCl-CdCl2 (49, 126, 138) SrBr2-I2 (175) Ethyl acetate KCl-HgCl2 ( 1 5 5 ) SrBr2-C2H5NO2 NaBr-C12H22O11 GlyCOColl ( 2 0 8 , 2 9 0 ) Sucrose (233) KCl-CuCl2 (121, 1 2 5 ) SrI2-I2 (175) NaBr-C2H5NO2 KCl-MgCl 2 (SS, 138) Glycocoll (290) Sr(NOs)2-C2H5NO2 GlyCOCOll (208, 290) NaBr-CdBr2 (49) KCl-BaCl2 (138) Ba(OH)2-Al (104) NaI-C2H5NO2 (290) KCl-NaCl (13, 49) BaCl2-C2H5NO2 KCl-dextrin, gum Glycocoll Glycocoll (290) NaI-CdI2 (48) arabic, tannic BaBr2-Br2 (175) NaI-KI (48) acid, glycerol and BaBr2-C4H8O2 (233) NaIO3-KIO3 ( 93 ) albumen (297) KBr-C4H8O2 (233) Ethyl acetate Na2SO4-K2SO4 (6, 98) BaBr2-C12H22O11 Ethyl acetate Sucrose (233) Na2S2O3-AgBr (231) KBr-C12H22O11 (233) BaBr2-C2H5NO2 Na2S2O3-CuSO4 (64) Sucrose Glycocoll (290) Na2S2O3-AgNaS2O3 KBr-C2H5NO2 (14) BaI2-I2 (124) Glycocoll (290) KBr-CdBr2 (49) Ba(N0 2 ) 2 -Hg(N0 2 ) 2 NaHS-NaOH (46) (229) KBr-HgBr2 (262) NaNO3-H2O2 (120) K I - I 2 ( I S S , 193, 201) Ba(NOs)2-C4H8O2 NaNO 3 -C 4 H 8 O 2 Ethyl acetate (233) Ethyl acetate (233) KI-SO2 (279) KI-C 4 H 8 O 2 (233) Ba(NOs) 2 -C 12 H 22 O n NaNO3-C12H22O11 Sucrose (233) . Sucrose (233) Ethyl acetate

KI-C12H22O11 (233) Sucrose KI-C 2 H 5 NO 2 GlyCOCOll (208, 290) KI-CdI2 (48, 122) KI-HgI2 (262)

K2SO4-C12H22O11 Sucrose (233) K2SO4-Na2SO4 (6, 98)

KNO3-C2H5NO2 Glycocoll (290) KNO3-Pb(NOs)2 (155)

K2SO4-dextrin, gum KNO -KCl (93) 3 arabic and tannic Equimolal mixture KI-NaI (48) acid (297) KIO3-NaIO3 ( 93 ) Nw M/N KHS-NaOH (47) Equimolal mixture 0.01 3.60 KNO 2 -Cd(NO 2 ), Nw At/N .02 3.555 (52) 0.01 3.565 .05 3.468 KN0 2 -Hg(N0 2 ) 2 .02 3.515 .10 3.390 (53, 229) .05 3.408 .20 3.283 .10 3.277 KNO3-dextrin anc KNO2-Ni(NO2) 2 K2SO4-H2O2 (136) gum arabic (297) (52, 53) K 2 SO 4 -(NH 4 ) 2 SO) 4 KNO -H O K 2 HPO 4 -dextrin, 3 2 2 (138) (120, 123) gum arabic and K2SO4-C4H8O2 tannic acid (297) Ethyl acetate (233) KNO3-HNO3 (55) 2 K2SO4-C6H6O (194) KNO3-C4H8O2 (233) KCN-Hg(CN) (262) Ethyl acetate Phenol KCN-AgCN (155) KNO3-C12H22O11 K2SO4-C6H14O6 Sucrose (233) K2B4O7-H2O2 (172; Mannitol (194) NON-ELECTROLYTES, WEAK ELECTROLYTES AND ALL ORGANIC COMPOUNDS For abbreviations, v. p. 254 MILES S. SHERRILL ASSISTED BY Louis HARRIS Solutions Containing One Solute H 2 SO 3 (7, 2 7 9 ) H3PO4 (38, 137 A-TABLE 160) Nv M/N Standard arrange0.1 2.5 Nw Ai/AT ment (t;. Vol. Ill, 0.5 2.3 p. viii) 0.05 2.55 H 2 O 2 (164, 172) 1.0 2.3 .10 2.36 .20 2.26 Nn M/N SeO2 (167) 0.4 1.86 .50 2.2 0.1 2.22 5.0 1.92 1.0 2.3 1.0 l.93 10.0 2.02 1.5 2.5 3.0 l.83 2.0 2.7 15.0 2.10 5.0 1.81 H 4 P 2 O 6 (45) 20.0 2.15 7.0 1.83 ca.24.0E 2.17 0.2 3.4 9.0 1.88 HF (137) .4 3.2 10.0 1.91 0.3 2.0 .6 3.2 12 1.95 CO2 (78) 1.0 1.9 H6TeO6 (86) 0.05 2.1 3.0 2.0 0.1 2.0 Cl2 (246) .08 2.1 .2 2.0 H 3 BO 3 (7, 134, 185) 0.005 4.4 0.05 2.0 .01 4.18 NH 3 (252, 264, 265) .03 3.54 .40 2.0 0.5 1.86 (C 2 H 5 ) 4 Fe(CN) 6 .05 3.15 2.0 1.9 (3l) .07 2.92 5.0 2.0 HClO (US) 0.03 1.95 10.0 2.2 0.25 1.87 .10 1.90 15.0 2.5 (T-TABLE .50 1.86 20.0 2.9 Br2 (246) The C-Arrangement 25.0 3.3 0.006 2.02 (v. Vol. III, p. vüi) 3OE* 3.7 CH2N2 (220) .01 1.97 * Ice + NH 3 -H 2 O. Cyanamide .02 1.90 H 3 PO 2 (205) .04 1.88 0.5 1.80 0.2 2.80 .10 1.87 1.0 1.73 0.5 2.59 .15 1.865 2.0 1.61 1.0 2.45 I 2 (247) 5.0 1.41 H 3 PO 3 (7, 226) 0.000741 2.0 10.0 1.22 H2S (78) CH2O2 (l» 69) 0.1 2.9 0.08 2.5 Formic acid 0.5 2.5 .2 2.0 1.0 2.4 1.0 I 1.83

C 2 H 6 O (292) C2H2O4.- (Cont'd) Nw At/N Methyl ether 0.10 2.84 Nv At/N .20 2.64 0.2 1.9 C2H6OS (21) .30 2.58 C 2 H 3 Br 3 O 2 (7) Thioethylene glycol C2H7N (202) Bromal hydrate Ethylamine 0.05 1.9 .70 1.9 0.5 1.9 C2H3Cl3O2 (i» 162, 1.0 1.8 241) CH3NO (66» 280) 1.5 1.8 C 2 H 7 NO (8) Formamide Chloral hydrate Aldehyde ammonia 0.01 1.86 0.5 1.86 .10 1.86 0.67 0.68* 5.0 1.7 10.0 1.4 1.00 1.86 .67 0.90t * Freezing-point obser1.50 1.89 20.0 1.2 vation taken at once. 2.00 1.93 40.0 1.1 t At equilibrium after CH4N2O (72, 100) C2H4O (170) 27 hours. Ethylene oxide Urea C3HCl3O2 (27) 1.0 l 1.7 0.005 1.850 Trichloroacrylic acid C 2 H 4 O 2 (1> 54, 69, .010 1.850 0.08 3.42 137, 2 3 7 , 241) .040 1.850 .10 3.07 Acetic acid .500 1.863 .27E 2.2 CH4N2S (24l) 0.1 1.90 C 3 H 6 N 2 O 2 (218) .3 1.86 Thiourea Methylglyoxime 0.2 1.82 .7 1.81 0.1 I 1.8 .4 1.72 1.0 1.79 C H O (i) 3 6 CH4O (i> i 7 » Iß 2, 5.0 1.6 Allyl alcohol 213) 10.0 1.4 0.5 1.79 Methyl alcohol 18.0 1.2 1.0 1.76 0.01 1.82 23.95E 1.1 2.0 1.77 C 2 H 4 O 2 (i) 0.1 1.81 3.0 1.78 0.2 1.81 Methyl formate 4.5 1.77 2.0 1.86 0.3 1.87 5.0 1.76 4.0 1.90 .5 1.82 6.0 1.72 6.0 1.93 1.0 1.83 7.0 1.66 1.5 1.88 10.0 2.00 7.5 1.62 C 2 H 5 NO (163) 20.0 1.9 C 3 H 6 O (1,162) Acetamide 30 1.8 Acetone 0.02 1.86 45 1.6 0.01 1.83 60 1.5 .10 1.83 0.10 1.85 70 1.4 .20 1.82 1.0 1.79 C2HCl3O2 (287) 4.0 1.65 1.00 1.81 7.0 1.52 Trichloroacetic acid C 2 H 5 NO 2 (142, 241) C 3 H 6 O 2 (1> 69, 202) 0.005 to 3.5 Glycocoll 0.04 Propionic acid 0.1 1.85 C 2 H 2 Cl 2 O 2 (100, 205) 0.1 2.00 .3 1.80 .2 1.92 .6 1.74 Diehloroacetie acid 3.69 .4 1.85 0.004 .9 1.69 C2H6O (l» 162, 213, .010 3.56 1.0 1.73 227) .02 3.45 4.0 1.39 .05 3.23 Ethyl alcohol 8.0 1.0 10.0 0.9 .10 3.00 0.02 1.83 .1 1.83 .20 2.80 20 0.6 .50 2.51 1.0 1.83 30 0.5 C 2 H 2 N 8 (19l) 2.0 1.84 50 0.4 Bistetrazole 4.0 1.93 90 0.3 0.02 3.9 C3H6O2 (i) 6.0 2.05 Ethyl formate .05 3.0 7.0 2.12 0.2 1.90 .10 2.1 10.0 2.2 0.4 1.92 .12 1.8 15.0 2.0 C2H2O4 (6l, 161, 1.0 1.98 20.0 1.8 226, 244) 30 1.4 C 3 H 6 O 2 (i) Oxalic acid 40 1.2 Methyl acetate 0.02 3.40 0.3 1.83 50 1.0 .05 3.04 70 0.9 1.7 1.83

CH2O2.- (Cont'd)

Nw 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 10 20 30 40

At/N 1.78 1.75 1.71 1.69 1.5 1.3 1.2 l. l

C 3 H 6 O 3 (137) ß-Hydroxypropionic acid Nw At/N 1.0 1.85 2.0 1.84 3.0 1.83 C 3 H 6 O 3 (137) Lactic acid 0.5 1.96 1.0 1.95 2.0 1.93 2.5 1.92 C 3 H 7 NO (18) Acetoxime 0.1 1.8 2.0 1.6 C 3 H 7 NO 2 (171) Urethane 0.2 1.9 .5 1.8 C3H8O (1> 162)

rc-Propyl alcohol 0.01 1.86 .05 1.84 .10 1.83 .60 1.80 1.00 1.79 1.50 1.78 2.00 1.79 3.00 1.82 3.50 1.83 4.0 1.82 5.0 1.76 6.0 1.64 7.0 1.49 8.0 1.32 C3H8O (i) Isopropyl alcohol 1.0 1.70 2.0 1.73 3.0 1.80 4.0 1.89 5.0 1.98 6.0 2.07 8.0 2.03 C 3 H 8 O 3 (1» 102, 154, 162, 223)

Glycerol 0.01 1.86 .20 1.87 .50 1.89 1.00 1.92 1.20 1.93 1.50 1.95 2.50 2.0 5.0 2.1 13.9E* 2.0 22.0Ef 2.1 *(223).

t (154).

C3H9N (202) Propylamine 0.4 2.0 .6 1.9 .8 1.8

C 4 H 4 O 4 (199)

Fumarie and maleic acids C 4 H 5 Cl 3 O 2 (59) a, a, (3-Trichlorobutyric acid Nw At/N 0.12 3.27 .15 3.12 .20 3.07 C 4 H 5 Cl 6 NO 2 (8) Dihydroxy-bistrichloroethylideneimine 0.4 5.4 .6 5.1 C 4 H 6 O 4 (161) Succinic acid 0.01 1.99 .05 1.93 .10 1.89 .20 1.88 C 4 H 6 O 6 (1» 61, 137, 161)

d-Tartarie acid 0.01 2.34 .05 2.12 .10 2.05 .20 1.98 .50 1.94 .80 1.95 1.50 2.01 3.OO 2.14 4.00 2.24 5.00 2.35 C4H7Cl3O2 (18) Chloral alcoholate 0.1 3.5 1.0 3.0 C 4 H 8 O 2 (196) Glycol ether 0.1 1.86 1.0 1.86 2.0 1.85 5.0 1.81 10.0 1.55 C4H8O2 (69, 202) n-Butyric acid 0.2 1.97 .4 1.83 .8 1.70 1.0 1.67 1.5 1.63 2.0 1.43 3.0 0.89 4.0 0.76 C 4 H 8 O 2 (69) Isobutyric acid 5.0 0.170 15.0 0.140 20.0* 0.135 * Limit of miscibility. C 4 H 8 O 2 (233)

Ethyl acetate 0.06 1.86 .10 1.85

C4H8O2.- (Cont'd) Nw At/N 0.20 1.83 .50 1.82 .60 1.82 C4H10O (162)

n-Butyl alcohol 0.01 1.89 .02 1.84 .05 1.84 .10 1.85 .20 1.83 C4H10O (162) Ethyl ether 0.01 1.67 .02 1.67 .05 1.70 .10 1.72 .20 1.70 C 4 H 10 O 4

(93,

223)

Erythritol 1.852 0.010 .020 1.857 .040 1.860 .100 1.866 .200 1.873 .400 1.885 .500 1.890 1.7E 2.6 C5H5N

(144,

213)

Pyridine 0.1 1.79 0.4 1.66 1.0 1.43 2.0 1.15 2.5 1.03 5.0 0.7 10.0 0.5 15.0 0.5 20.0 0.6 50.0 0.90 C5H6O4 (199) Citraconic, mesaconic, and itaconic acids C 5 H 10 O 5 (165)

/3, -Z-Arabinose C 5 H 12 O (162)

Isoamyl alcohol Nw At/N 0.01 1.85 .02 1.86 .05 1.84 .10 1.82 C5H13N (202) Isoamylamine 0.1 1.9 .8 1.8 C6H3N3O7 (248) Picric acid 0.005 3.82 .010 3.63 .020 3.28 .0422E 3.14

C6H6O

(202, 249)

230,

Phenol

At/N

Nn

1.81 1.83 1.63

0.1 .2 .5

.56E* 1.5 .74mEt 1.6 * Ice and phenol hydrate. • t Ice and phenol. C 6 H 6 O 2 (288) Resorcinol C6H7N (162, 202)

Aniline

C 6 H 14 O 2 (18) Acetal

Nw

At/N

0.1 2.0

1.9 1.9

Pinacone C 6 H 14 O 6 (163, 199)

Dulcitol 0.01-0.10

C 6 H 14 O 6 (4, 28, 93)

Mannitol 0.005 1.853

.2709 .546OE

1.864 1.866

0.3 .5E*

C6H15N (202) Dipropylamine

* Ice and hydrate. C6H8O7 ( 1 , 1 3 7 , 1 4 7 , 161)

0.2

1.9

.4 .8

1.8 1.8

Citric acid

0.01 .02 .05 .10 .50 1.00 1.50 2.00 3.00 4.7E

2.26 2.14 2.08 2.03 1.93 1.94 1.96 2.00 2.18 2.6

C 6 H 12 O 6 (162, 241)

Dextrose

0.05 .10 .20 .40 .80 1.00

1.86 1.86 1.87 1.89 1.91 1.92

C 6 H 12 O 6 (165) cxj d-Galactose C 6 H 12 O 6 (163) Lévulose

0.02 20

1.87 1.87

Maltose

1.86

C 6 H 8 N 2 (24) Phenylhydrazine

1.4 1.5

C 12 H 22 O 11 (80, 163)

At/N

Nw

1.854 1.855 1.856 1.857 1.858 1.859

At/N 1.85 1.82 1.79 1.73 1.63

C 9 H 8 O 2 (176) Allocinnamic acid M. P. Nw At/N 42 0.034E 1.9 58 0.029E 1.9 68 0.026E 1.8

C 6 H 14 O 2 (223)

.010 .020 .040 .050 .070 .1000

Nw 0.01 .05 .10 .20 .40

C 8 H 12 Cl 2 O 6 (95) /3-Dechloro-p-galactochloralose

.

0.31 0.29

C 7 H 9 N (202) Benzylamine

2.1 2.0 1.9 1.6

C 7 H 10 Cl 2 O 5 ( 9 5 ) /3-Dechloro-p-arabinoehloralose C 7 H 14 O 6 (255)

a-Methyl glucoside

2.06 2.16 2.35 2.51 2.64

0.6 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0

1.87 1.89 1.92 2.03

233, 255)

C 7 H 5 NO 4 (287, 289)

0.1 .2 .3 .5

At/N

0.05 .20 .40 1.00

C 12 H 22 O 11 (67, 70, 100, 147, 162, 227,

o-Nitrobenzoic acid 0.005 0.33

.010 .015

Nn

4.63E* 2.72 * Ice and anhydrous glucoside.

Sucrose 0.005 1.86

1.87 1.88 1.90 1.94 1.96 2.00 2.06 2.10 2.17 2.3 2.5 2.7

.05 .10 .20 .40 .50 .70 1.00 1.20 1.50 2.0 3.0 4.0

C 12 H 22 O 11 -H 2 O (163) Lactose

0.01 .10 .20

1.86 1.86 1.88

Ci 2 H 24 O 11 (260)

Lactositol C 13 H 18 O 7 (163)

Salicin

Nw 0.02

At/N 1.86

C 17 H 22 ClNO 4 (258) Cocaine hydrochloride C 22 H 25 NO 6 (79) Colchicine

Solutions of More Than One Solute Boric acid + hydrogen peroxide ( 172 ) Boric acid + manni-

tol (166)

Ethyl alcohol + acetone (70) Ethyl alcohol + glycerol (70) Sucrose -f- glycerol

(70)

Sucrose + citric acid (147)

Sucrose + methyl alcohol (*)

LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) C 1 ) Abegg, 7, 15: 209; 94. ( 2 ) Abegg and Cox, 7, 48: 725; 04. (3) Abegg, Fox and Herz, 93, 35: 129; 03. ( 4 ) Adams, 1, 37: 481; 15. ( 5 ) Anthony and Hudleston, 4, 127: 1122; 25. («) Archibald, 298,10: 33; 03. (7) Arrhenius, 7, 2: 491 ; 88. (») Aschau, 25, 48: 874; 15. ( 9 ) Bakhuis Roozeboom, 70, 3 : 29; 84. (i°) Bakhuis Roozeboom, 70, 4: 65; 85. (") Bakhuis Roozeboom, 7, 2: 449; 88. (i 2 ) Bakhuis Roozeboom, 7,10: 477; 92. ( 13 ) Barnes, 292, 10 :139; 03. (14) Barth, 7, 9: 176; 92. ( 15 ) Bassett and Taylor, 4, 101: 576; 12. O 6 ) Battelli and Stefanini, 69, 9:5; 99. 6, 20: 64; 00. ( 17 ) Baume and Borowski, 42, 12: 276; 14. 0») Beckmann, 7, 2: 715; 88. ( 19 ) Beckmann, 7, 79: 177; 12. (20; Bedford, 5, 83: 454; 10. (21) Bennett, 4, 121: 2139; 22. (22) Benrath, 03,54:328:07. (23) Biltz, 7, 40: 185; 02. (24) Blanksma, 176, 7: 417; 10. (25) Bodlander, 7, 9: 730; 92. ( 2 6 ) Bodläiider, Diss., Berlin, 1915. BS: 1449, 1454. (27) Böeseken and Carrière, 70, 34: 179; 15. (28) Braham, 1, 41: 1707; 19. (29) Bray, 7, 54: 569; 06. (30) Bruni, 86, 271: 537; 97. ( 31 ) Buchböck, 7, 23: 157; 97. (32) Büchner and Prins, 7, 81: 113; 12. ( 33 ) Burrows and Turner, 4, 115: 1429; 19. ( 3 4 ) Buxhoevden and Tammann, 93, 15: 319; 97. ( 3 5 ) Calarne, 7, 27: 401; 98. (36) Calvert, 7, 38: 513; 01. (37) Carrara and Gennari, 36, 2411:484; 94. 22, ZII: 325; 94. ( 3S ) Chambers and Frazer, 11, 23: 512; 00. ( 39 ) Chauvenet, 14, 13: 59; 20. (40) Chistoni, 288, 40: 161; 25. (41) Cioci, 93, 19: 308; 99. (42) de Coppet, 6, 25: 502; 72. (43) de Coppet, 7, 22: 239; 97. (44) de Coppet, 50, 8: 531; 04. (45) Cornee, 34, 150: 108; 10. (46) Cornee, 6, 29: 491; 13. C 4 ?) Cornee, 6, 30: 63; 13. ( 4 ») Cornee and Urbain, 27, 25: 131; 19. (49) Cornee and Urbain, 27, 25: 215; 19. (50) Cottrell, 50, 4: 637; 00. (Si) Cottrell, 76, 1901: 1035. (52) Cuttica, 36, 52 I: 210; 22. (53) Cuttica and Carobbi, 36, 52 II: 270; 22. (54) Dahms, 8, 60: 119; 97. ( 5 S ) Dernby, 147, 3: No. 18; 16. (") Dittrich, 7, 29: 449; 99. (57) Donnan and Burt, 4, 83: 335; 03. (5») Dreyers, 169, 14: 229; 10. 10, 1: 334; 10. (59) Drucker, 7, 49: 563; 04. (60) Drucker, 9, 17: 398; 11. («») Drucker, 7, 96: 381; 20. (62) Drucker, 9, 28: 463; 22. (63) Düllberg, 7, 45: 120; 03. (64) Dutoit, 42, 11: 650; 13. (65) Eggeling and Meyer, 93, 46: 174; 05. (66) English and Turner, 4, 107: 774; 15. (67) Ewan, 7, 31: 22; 99. (68) Falciola, 36, 39 I: 398; 09. (69) Faucon, 6, 19: 70; 10. (70) Fawsitt, 4, 115: 790; 19. (71) Fernau, 93, 17: 327; 98. (72) Flügel, 7, 79: 577; 12. (73) Foerster, Brosche and Norberg-Schultz, 7, 110: 435; 24. (74) Foote, 11, 29: 203; 03. (75) Fraenckel, 93, 55: 223; 07. (76) Fricke and Schutzdeller, 93, 131: 130; 23. (77) Funk, 93, 20: 393; 99. (78) Garelli and Falciola, 36, 34 II: 1; 04. (79) Georgievics, 67, 34: 1851; 13. (80) Gillis, 70, 43: 135; 24. (8l) Giran, 34, 146: 1270; 08. ( 8 2) Goldblum and Terlikowski, 27, 11: 146; 12. (83) Goldschmidt and Syngros, 93, 5: 129; 94. (84) Groschuff, 93, 47: 331; 05. ( 8 S) Grossman and Forst, 93, 43: 94; 05. (»6) Gutbier, 93, 29: 22; 02. (87) Guthrie, 3, 49: 1; 75. (88) Guthrie, 3, 49: 206; 75. (89) Guthrie, 3, 49: 266; 75. (90) Guthrie, 3, 1: 354; 76. ( 9 I) Guthrie, 3, 2: 211; 76. ( 9 2) Guthrie, 3, 6: 35; 78. ( 93 ) Hall and Harkins, l, 38: 2658; 16. (94) Hammick, Goadby and Booth, 4, 117: 1589; 20. ( 95 ) Hanriot and Kling, 14, 12: 129; 19. ( 9 6) Hantzsch and Shibata, 93, 73: 309; 12. ( 9 7) Harkins, Hall and Roberts, I, 38: 2646; 16. (98) Harkins and Roberts, l, 38: 2676; 16. (") Hartley and Barrett, 4, 95: 1178; 09. ( 1 OO) Hausrath, 8, 9: 522; 02. ( 1 Oi) Hebb, 292, 10: 422; 98. (102) Henkel, Diss., Berlin, 1905. ( 1 OS) Heyrovsky, 4, 117: 1013; 20. ( 1 Q 4) Heyrovsky, 135, 125: 198; 22. ( 1 OS) van't Hoff, 7, 9: 477; 92. ( l 0 6 ) van't Hoff and Meyerhoff er, 7, 27: 75; 98. ( 1 O?) Holt and Myers, 4, 99: 384; 11. ( 1 OS) Hovorka and Rodebush, l, 47: 1614; 25. ( 109 ) Isaachsen, 7, 8: 145; 91. ( 1 1 O) Ishikawa and Kimura, 469, 5: 1; 26. t 111 ) Jahn, 7, 60: 129; 05. ( 1 ^) Jahn, 7, 69: 31; 07. ( 113 ) Jakowkin, 7, 29: 613; 99. ("4) Jawein and Thillot, 25, 22: 654; 89. ( 11 S) Jellinek, 93, 70: 93; 11. ( 1 Ie) Jellinek and Czerwinski, 7, 102: 438; 22. ( 1 ^) Jones, 7, 11: 110; 93. (118) Jones, 7, 11: 529; 93. ( 119 ) Jones, 7, 12: 623; 93. (i 20) Jones, Barnes and Hyde, 11, 27: 22; 02. (^ 1 ) Jones and Bassett, .7.7, 34: 290; 05. (122) Jones and Caldwell, 11, 25: 349; 01. ( 12 3) Jones and Carroll, I I , 28: 284; 02. (l24) Jones and Getman, 7, 49: 385; 04. («S) Jones, Getman, Bassett, McMaster and Uhler, 162, No. 60: 07. ( 12 6) Jones and Knight, 11, 22: 110; 99. ( 1 2 7 ) Jones and Mackay, 11, 19: 83; 97. O28) Jones and Murray, 11, 30: 205; 03. ( 129 ) Jones and Pearce, 11, 38: 683; 07. ( 13 O) Kablukov and Sachanov, 7, 69: 419; 09. (1S1) Kahlenberg, 7, 17: 577; 95. O 32) Kahlenberg, 50, 5: 339; 01. ( 1 SS) Kahlenberg and Lincoln, 50, 2: 77; 98. O34) Kahlenberg and Schreiner, 7, 20: 547; 96. ( 1 SS) Kahlenberg and Schreiner, 7, 27: 552; 98. ( 13 6) Kazanetzkii, 63, 46: 1110; 14. ( 137 ) Kendall, Booge and Andrews, l, 39: 2303; 17. ( 13 S) Kistyakovskii, 7, 6: 97; 90. ( 139 ) Klarmann, 93, 132: 289; 24. 040) Klein and Svanberg, 147, 4 : No. l ; 20. ('4I) Knight and Rich, 4, 99: 87; 11. 042) Kober and Sugiura, 11, 48: 383; 12. ( 143 ) Koppel and Blumenthal, 93, 53: 228; 07. O44) Kornfeld, «57, 36:865; 15. (ï44.S) Kraus, Brown

University, O. ( 1 ^ 5 ) Kremann, 75, 120: 339; 11. ( 1 4 6 ) Kremann, Daimer and Bennesch, 57, 32: 619; 11. (147) Kremann and Eitel, 70, 42: 539; 23. ( 148 ) Kremann and Hofmeier, 57, 29: 1111; 08. ( 149 ) Kremann and Hüttinger, 323, 58: 637; 08. (150) Kremann and Kerschbaum, 93, 56: 218; 07. ( 1S1 ) Kremann and Rodemimd, 57, 35: 1061 ; 14. C 1 5 2 ) Küster and Heberlein, 93, 43: 53; 05. O 53 ) Küster, Heberlein and Kremann, 98, 41: 1 ; 04. (l 5 *) Lane, 45, 17: 924; 25. (155) Le Blanc and Noyes, 7, 6: 385; 90. (««) Le Chatelier, 34, 124: 1091; 97. ( 157 ) Levi, 36, 30 II: 64; 00. C* 5 8 ) Lewis and Brighton, 1, 40: 482; 18. (159) Loomis, 25, 26: 797; 93. 2, 1: 199, 274; 94. 8, 51: 500; 94. (16°) Loomis, 8, 57: 495; 96. ( 161 ) Loomis, 8, 60: 523; 97. ( 1 6 2 ) Loomis, 7, 32, 592; 00. (^ 3 ) Loomis, 7, 37: 407; 01. ( 164 ) Maass and Herzberg, l, 42: 2569; 20. ( 1 SS) Mackenzie and Ghosh, 68, 35: 22; 14. (i« 6 ) Magnanini, 36, 21II: 134; 91. ( 167 ) Manchot and Ortner, 93, 120: 301; 22. (i« 8 ) Marchetti, 93, 19: 391; 99. ( 169 ) Matignon, 34, 133: 289; 01. (170) Mazzucchelli and Armenante, 36, 52 I: 338; 22. ( 171 ) Meldrum and Turner, 4, 97: 1805; 10. ( 1 7 2 ) Menzel, 7, 105: 402; 23. ( 173 ) Menzies and Potter, 1, 34: 1452; 12. ( 1 7 4 ) Meusser, 25, 35: 1414; 02. O 7 5 ) Meyer, 93, 30: 113; 02. ( 1 7 6 ) Meyer, 9, 17: 976; 11. ( 1 7 7 ) Meyerhoffer, BS: 658. (i 7 8 ) Meyerhoffer, 53:673. ("») Middelberg, 7, 43: 305; 03. (180) Milikan, 7, 92: 59; 16. ( 181 ) Mills and Watson, 4, 97: 741; 10. O 8 2 ) Moeller, 7, 12: 555; 93. ( 183 ) Mylius, 25, 34: 2208; 01. ( 184 ) Mylius and Dietz, 93, 44: 209; 05. ( 18 S) Nasini and Ageno, 7, 69: 482; 09. ("«) Nasini and Ageno, 36, 411: 131; 11. ( 187 ) Noyes and FaIk, 1, 32: 1011; 10. (188) Noyes and Johnston, 1, 31: 987; 09. C 189 ) Noyes and Whitney, 7, 15: 694; 94. ( 1 9 O) Öholm, 7, 50: 309; 05. ( 191 ) Oliveri-Mandalà, 36, 50 I: 256; 20. ( 1 9 2 ) Orndorff and White, 12, 15: 347; 93. ( 193 ) Osaka, 7, 38: 743; 01. ( 1 9 4 ) Osaka, 7, 41: 560; 02. ( 195 ) Oswald, 14, 1: 32; 14. ( 196 ) Ounkovskaia, 63, 45: 1099; 13. ( 197 ) Pascal, 34, 158: 1672; 14. ( 198 ) Paterno, 36, 52 II : 28; 22. 22, 31: 166; 22. ( 199 ) Paterno and Nasini, 22, 41: 685; 88. (200) Paterno and Peratoner, 22, 6 II: 306; 90. ( 201 ) Paterno and Peratoner, 36, 21 I: 110; 91. ( 202 ) Peddle and Turner, 4, 99: 685; 11. ( 2 <> 3 ) Peters, 7, 26: 193; 98. ( 2 0 4 ) Petersen, 7, 10: 580; 92. ( 2 0 S ) Petersen, 7, 11: 174; 93. (206) Pfaundler and Schegg, 75, 71 II: 351; 75. ( 2 0 7 ) Pfeiffer, 93, 29: 107; 02. ( 2 ° 8 ) Pfeiffer, Würgler and Witka, 25, 48: 1938; 15. ( 2 0 9 ) Piccini and Brizzi, 93, 19: 394; 99. (2 10 ) Pickering, 4, 57: 331; 90. ( 211 ) Pickering, 25, 25: 1099; 92. ( 212 ) Pickering, 4, 63: 890; 93. ( 213 ) Pickering, 4, 63: 992; 93. ( 214 ) Pickering, 3, 36: 111; 93. ( 215 ) Pickering, 25, 26: 277; 93. ( 2 1 6 ) Pickering, 25, 26: 2307; 93. ( 2 1 7 ) Ponsot, 34, 122: 668; 96. 6, 10: 79; 97. ( 218 ) Ponzio, 36, 51 II: 213; 21. ( 2 1 9 ) Postma, 70, 39: 515; 20. (220) Pratolongo, 22, 23 I: 46; 14. ( 2 2 M Price, 4, 91: 531; 07. ( 2 2 2 ) Prussia, 36, 28 II: 113; 98. ( 2 2 3 ) Pushin and Glagoleva, 4, 121: 2813; 22. ( 2 2 4 )

Randall and Vanselow, 1, 46: 2418; 24. (225) Raoult, 7, 1: 186; 87. (226) Raoult, 7, 2: 488; 88. (227) Raoult, 34, 124: 885; 97. 125: 751 ; 97. 7, 27: 617; 98. 6, 16: 162; 99. (228) Ray, ^ 113. g03; 18. (229) Ray an( j Mukherjee, 182, 26: 173; 10. (230) Rhodes and Markley, 50, 25: 527; 21. (231) Richards and Faber, 11, 21 : 167; 99. (232) Rindell, 7, 70: 452; 10. (2 33 ) Rivett, 7, 80: 537; 12. 147, 2: No. 9; 11. (234) Robinson and Jones, 4, 101: 62; 12. (235) Rodebush, 1, 40:1204; 18. (236) Roloff, 7,18: 572; 95. ( 2 3 7 ) Roloff, 7,18: 583; 95. ( 238 ) Rosenheim and Bertheim, 93, 34: 427; 03. (239) Rosenheim and Müller, 93, 39: 175; 04. (240) Ross and Jones, 1, 47: 2165; 25. ( 241 ) Roth, 7, 43: 539; 03. ( 2 4 2) Roth, 7, 79: 599; 12. (243) R 0 th, BS: 1436. (244) Roth and Knothe, BS: 1443. (245) Roth and Luy, BS: 1442. <246) R0th and Salzmann, BS: 1437, 1439. ( 2 4 7 ) Roth and Siebler, BS: 1445. (248) Rothmund and Drucker, 7, 46: 827; 03. (249) ROZsa, 9, 17: 934; 11. (250) Rüdorff, 8, 116: 55; 62. (251) Rüdorff, 8, 145: 599; 72. (252) Rupert, 1, 32: 748; 10. ( 2 5 3 ) Sabaneev, 93, 17: 480; 98. ("4) Sanfourche and Liebaut, 27, 31: 966; 22. ( 2 5 S) Scatchard and Kimball, Mass. Inst. Tech., Cambridge, Mass., O. ( 2 56) Schäfer, 93, 45: 293; 05. ( 2 5 T) Schreinemakers, 7, 12: 73 ; 93. ( 258 ) Schroeder, 233, 47: 600 ; 10. ( 259 ) Schryver, Ô, 83: 96; 10. (260) Senderens, 34, 170: 47; 20. ( 2 Si) Shaw, 324, 9: 141; 25. (262) Sherrill, 7,43:705:03. (263) siuiter, 64V, 23: 920; 14. 176, 12: 178; 15. (264) Smits and Postma, 64P, 17: 187; 14. 64V, 23: 110; 14. ( 2 6 S) Smits and Postma, 70, 39: 516; 20. (266) Sommer and Weise, 93, 94: 51; 16. (267) Stanbridge, 4, 113: 808; 18. ( 2 6 8 ) Steele and Johnson, 4, 85: 113; 04. (269) Tammann, 7, 6: 122; 90. (270) Taylor, 7, 27: 361; 98. ( 2 7 1 ) Trautz andAnschütz, 7, 56: 236; 06. ( 2 7 2 ) Treadwell and Girsewald, 93, 38: 92; 04. ( 2 7 3 ) Turner and English, 4, 105: 1786; 14. ( 2 7 4 ) Vandenberghe, 93, 10: 47; 95. ( 2 7 5 ) Van Name and Brown, 12, 44: 453; 17. ( 2 7 6 ) Vasilev, 53, 42: 423; 10. ( 2 7 7 ) Vasilev, 53, 42: 570; 10. ( 278 ) Voerman, 176, 2: 766; 05. ( 2 7 9 ) Waiden and Centnerszwer, 7, 42: 432; 03. (280) Waiden and Zadwidski, 7, 54: 180; 06. ( 281 ) Washburn and Maclnnes, 9, 17: 503; 11. ( 2 8 2 ) Washburn and Maclnnes, 1, 33: 1686; 11. ( 283 ) Weinland and Büttner, 93, 75: 293; 12. ( 2 8 4) Werner, 93, 15: 243; 97. ( 2 8 5 ) Werner and Herty, 7, 38: 331; 01. ( 2 8 6 ) Werner, Müller, Klein and Bräunlich, 93, 22: 91; 99. ( 2 8 7 ) Wildermann, 7, 15: 337; 94. ( 2 8 8 ) Wildermann, 7, 19: 233; 96. ( 2 8 9 ) Wildermann, 7, 46: 43; 03. (290) Wurgler, Thesis, Zurich, 1914. (291) van Wyk, 93, 48: 1; 06. ( 2 9 2 ) Zecchini, 7, 19: 431; 96. ( 2 9 3 ) Zeltner, BS: 671. (294) Fabris, 36, 51 IL: 374; 21. (295) Guinchant, 14, 9:49: 18. ( 2 9 6) Kazausky, 181, 43: No. 27, 79; 16. 10, 4: 732; 22. ( 2 9 7 ) Paterno and Cingolanî, 36, 44 I: 36; 14. (298) Randall and Scott, 1, 49: 647; 27.

EFFECT OF PRESSURE UPON TRANSITION TEMPERATURES OF CRYSTALLINE HYDRATES, UPON FREEZING POINTS, AND UPON SOLUBILITIES A. L. TH. MOESVELD EFFECT OF PRESSURE UPON THE TRANSITION TEMPERATURES OF CRYSTALLINE HYDRATES f' Na2SO4* ZnSO4f SrCl2J Na2CrO4§ atm. 0 0 0 O 3 2 . 7 3 C 3 8 . 8 C 6 2 . 3 C 1 9 . 6 0 C 250 Qi 32.80 O 39.5 O 63.5 ^ 18.7 W 500 W 32.80 W 40.2 W 64.6 17.8 + 750 + 32.72 + 40.8 + 65.8 16.6 g1 32.57 f 41.5 §< 66.9 g1 15.3 1000 1250 ° 32.35 o 42.2
I

(1,6,7)

(2)

I

(6)

I

(6)

Interpolation equations Na2SO4 - 10 aq.: t, 0C = 32.73 + 0.423 X 10~3P - 0.581 X 10-6P2 ± 0 . 2 ZnSO4 • 7 aq.: t, 0C = 38.8 + 2.7 X IQ-3P ± 0.3 SrCl2 • 6 aq.: t, 0C = 62.3 + 4.65 X 10~3P ± 0.5 * Extrapolated value for 1 atm. differs slightly from that of Richards and Wells (4). t Two indirect methods with relatively large error. Î Value for 1 atm. not in good agreement with that of Richards and Yngve ( 5 ). § Equilibrium P rather uncertain.

Na 2 CrO 4 - 10 aq.: t, 0C = 19.6 - 0.31 X ICT3P - 1.2 X 10-6P2 For qualitative values on other hydrates, v. (3).

±

o.

LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) C ) Block, 7, 82: 403; 13. ( 2 ) Cohen, Inouye and Euwen, 7, 75: 1; 10. (3) Jänecke, 7, 90: 265; 15. 91: 676; 16. ( 4 ) Richards and Wells, 7, 43:465; 03. ( 5 ) Richards and Yngve, 1, 40: 89; 18. (6) Tammann, B57, p. 251. ( 7 ) Tammann, Aggregatzustände, p. 97. Leipzig, Voss, 1922. 1

EFFECT OF PRESSURE UPON FREEZING POINTS OF SOLUTIONS Components | Lit. Ca(NOs)2- 4 aq. Cd(NO3)2 • 4 aq. (*) Na Hg (7, 9) Benzene Naphthalene (2) Benzene Benzophenone (2) Benzene Camphor (2) Benzene Urethane (5) Diphenylamine p-Nitroanisole (12) ( 1 O) Naphthalene Diphenylamine Naphthalene Camphor (2) Naphthalene p-Toluidine ( 3 > 4) Naphthalene Urethane (3, 4) Naphthalene w-Dinitrobenzene (U) Urethane Monobromocamphor (3)

Components | Lit. Urethane Diphenylamine ( 4 > 6> 9 ) Urethane p-Nitroanisole (8i 9 ) Monochlorocinnamic aid. Monobromocinnamic aldehyde (3) Thymol p-Azoxyanisole (2) Thymol p-Azoxyphenetole (2) Thymol p-Toluidine (2) 2 12 Phenol p-Toluidine (> ) w-Chlo ronitrobenzene m-Bromonitrobenzene (5)

LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) ( l ) Hasselblatt, 93, 119: 313; 21. ( 2 ) Hulett, 7, 28: 629; 99. (3) Kultascheff, 195, 20: 47; 11. 322, No. 22; 15. ( 4 ) Kuslasev, Thesis, Dorpat, 1915. JfO, 4: 169; 21. ( 5 ) Pushin, 7, 118: 447; 25. 119: 400; 26. (6) Pushin and Grebenshchikov, 53, 44: 112; 12. 169, 16: 439; 12. 10, 3: 64; 14. ( 7 ) Pushin and Grebenshchikov, 53, 44: 244; 12. 169, 17: 201; 12. 10, 3: 64; 14. ( 8 ) Pushin and Grebenshchikov, 53, 44: 1728; 12. ( 9 ) Pushin and Grebenshchikov, 7, 118: 276; 25. ( 1 O) Roloff, 7, 17: 325; 95. (U) Pushin, 7, 124: 16; 26, («) Pushin, 7, 124: 217; 26.

EFFECT OF PRESSURE UPON SOLUBILITY % S = g of solute per 100 g solution % S' = g of solute per 100 g solvent System NaCl in H2O, 25.O0C

| P1 atm. %~S %S' IQOo; Tl2SO4 in H2O, 30.0O0C. .. %S %S' IQOo; ZnSO4 in H2O, 25.O 0 C... . %~A %S' IQQa CdSO4 in H2O, 25.O0C. . . . %S %S' IQOa C6H14O6 (mannitol) in %S H2O, 24.O0C. %S' IQOo; CdHg in Hg (mix. crys.), %~S 25.0O0C. %S' IQOa

lOOo; = mole % of solute % S or 10Oz = (a + b X 10"3P + c X IQ-6P2) ± n units

| O 250 | 500 | 750 | 1000 | 1250 | 1500 | b ~ c | n \ Lit 26.42 26.59 26.74 26.88 27.01 27.11 27.20 0.710|-0.126 0.04 (i, 5, n, 35.91 36.22 36.50 36.76 36.99 37.18 37.37 1.287-0.211 0.06 12,13,14, 9.97 10.05 10.12 10.18 10.24 10.29 10.33 0.318-0.052 0.02 15,16) 5.80 6.64 7.45 8.25 9.02 9.78 10.51 3.38 -0.160 0.03 (3,6, io) 6.16 7.11 8.05 8.99 9.93 10.84 11.76 3.82 -0.0598 0.04 0.2066 0.2357 0.2651 0.2932 0.3211 0.3477 0.3741 0.120- 0.00563 0.001 36.69 36.66 36.62 36.59 36.56 -0.13 0.04 (9, n, 13) 57.95 57.87 57.80 57.72 57.65 -0.30 0.08 6.073 6.066 6.058 6.051 6.043 -0.03 0.01 43.44 43.65 43.82 43.97 44.08 0.888 -0.24 0.05 (9) 76.80 77.46 78.02 78.48 78.84 2.85 -0.8 0.10 6.23 6.27 6.31 6.35 6.39 0.16 0.01 17.11 17.28 17.43 17.55 17.65 17.72 17.77 0.734-0.195 0.07 (S) 20.64 20.87 21.06 21.23 21.37 21.49 21.59 0.945-0.210 0.08 2.001 2.024 2.046 2.062 2.076 2.086 2.093 0.102-0.0273 0.01 5759 5~Â5 ôTsï5~L7 oT03 4^89 4~75 -0.561 0.01 (2) 5.92 5.76 5.61 5.45 5.30 5.14 4.98 -0.624 0.01 9.56 9.33 9.10 8.87 8.64 8.41 8.18 -0.926 0.02

System CdI2 in H2O, 3O0C Ba(OH)2 in H2O, 250C . m-C6H4(NO2)2 in CH3CO2C2H6, 3O0C

| P, atm. | O | 100 200 | 300 400 | 500 b \ c | n | Lit. %~S46.79 46.40 46.01 45.62 45.24 44.85 -13 OTI (*) %S' 87.94 86.61 85.28 83.95 82.62 81.29 -38.9 0.2 IPO* 4.146 4.086 4.025 3.965 3.904 3.844- 0.6 0.01 %S 8.28 8.50 8.72 8.94 9.16 9.38 2.20 0.04 (14) %Sf 9.03 9.30 9.56 9.83 10.09 10.36 2.56 0.05 IQQo: 0.528 0.543 0.559 0.574 0.590 0.605 0.154 0.003 %~S 34.44 33.31 32.24 31.23 30.27 28.38 -11.62 3.00 0.01 («) %S' 52.54 49.96 47.59 45.40 43.42 41.63 -26.73 9.82 0.02 10Oz 21.59020.74819.95919.22218.53717.905-8.678 2.61 0.007|

C10H8 in C2H2Cl4 at 30.0O0C: logio % S' = (1.73224 - 0.39974 X 10~3P + 0.08949 X 10-6P2) ± 0.05. logio(lOOz) = (1.61764 - 0.24196 X 10-3P + 0.03432 X 10~6P2) ± 0.03 ( 7 ). logio %S = (1.54504 - 0.26840 X IQ"3 P + 0.04320 X IQ"6 P2) ±0.02. P atm O 250 500 750 1000 %S 35.08 30.24 26.40 23.34 20.89 %Sf 53.98 43.44 35.87 30.39 26.42 IQOz 41.46 36.25 32.01 28.54 25.71 LITERATURE REFERENCES TO DATA ON OTHER SALTS In H2O: NH4Cl (1, 12, 13, 15, 16); Na2SO4 ("); Na2CO3 (13); KClO3 (13); K2SO4 (U, 12, is); KNO3 (i 3 ); K3Fe(CN)6, K4Fe(CN) 6 (12); KA1(S04)2 (16); CuSO4 (12, 15).

LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) C 1 ) Braun, 8, 30: 250; 87. 7, 1: 258; 87. (2) Casteels, Thesis, Neuchatel, 1920. ( 3 ) Cohen and van den Bosch, 7, 114: 453; 25. 64V, 31: 606; 22. ( 4 ) Cohen, Hetterschij and Moesveld, 7, 94: 210; 20. ( 5 ) Cohen, Inouye and Euwen, 7, 75: 257; 10. (6) Cohen, Ishikawa and Moesveld, 7, 105: 155; 23. (7) Cohen, de Meester and Moesveld, 64V, 33: 783; 24. 7,114:321; 24. (8) Cohen and Moesveld, 64V, 26: 134, 864, 1241, 1553; 18. 7, 93: 385; 19. ( 9 ) Cohen and Sinnige, 7, 67: 1, 4.32, 513; 09. 69: 102; 09. 10 ( ) Cohen, Voller and Moesveld, 64V, 31: 617; 23. 7, 104: 323; 23. C 11 ) Favre, 34, 51: 827, 1027; 60. ( 12 ) Möller, 8, 117: 386; 62. ( 13 ) Pitschel, Thesis, Leipzig, 1916. C 1 *) Sill, 1, 38: 2632; 16. ( 1S ) Sorby, 5, 12: 538; 63. ( 16 ) Stackelberg, 7, 20; 337; 96,

FREEZING POINT-SOLUBILITY DATA. THREE-COMPONENT SYSTEMS CONTAINING A NON-METALLIC ELEMENTARY SUBSTANCE T. R. BRIGGS (ASSISTED BY L. GREIFF AND F. H. RHODES) C = HNO3 or H2SO4; solid phase = I2; t = 10, 25 and 35° (6)

Abbreviations M Mole = gram molecular weight. I8 Liter of solution at temperature of experiment. [X] Concentration of constituent X in the units stated. —> or I Linear relation over the range so marked. All temperatures given in 0C. AQUEOUS SYSTEMS 2V-Ä Table, Standard Arrangement; A = H 2 O; B = The Elementary Substance Br2 C = HgBr2 (i»)

Mdc

[B], IO-3 M/I 8 [C], 1Q-3M/1S

75.3 18.4

O 17.0

-

180 19.5

1ST 223 21.2

C = KBr, solid phase KBr; accuracy ca. ± 1%; density given ( 20 - 5 ) [ [B], M/18 |0 TTO To 1.715 [ 9.4514.2 > 28° < 32.4° J { [C], M/18 4.9165.0395.0855.104 [ 6.20 3.63

C = C2H6OH-,solidphase = I2; t = 15°;accuracy ca. ±1-3% (34); cf. below

Wt. % C g B/100 g Wt. % C g B/100 g Wt. % C g B/100 g in H2Q (A -i- C) I in H2O (A + C) in H2O (A + C) O 0.025 35 0.34 70 4.43 5 0.033 40 0.58 75 5.73 10 0.045 45 0.88 80 7.20 15 0.062 50 1.30 85 9.00 20 0.085 55 1.80 90 11.3 25 0.122 60 2.47 95 14.6 30 0.186 65 3.35 100 19.6

t = 25°; accuracy ca. 1% (24) ; % C = Wt. % C in H2O; [B] in IO'3 M/1. %~C O 10 20 30 40 50 I 60 70 80 90 I 100 [B] l.i 1.6 2.7 6.6|20.5 5o IO? 196 34o 549 795 C = CH3COOH; solid phase = I2; 25° (24) Wt. [B], Wt. [B],

% CmH2O.... 10-3M/18 % Gin H2O 10-3M/la

O l.lo

IO 1.65 I 60 i 16.0

20 2.5o 70 25.2

30 3.4s 80 42.2

40 5.7s 90 70.2

5(P 9.65 100 102.5

I2 Solid phase = I 2 ; t = 25° (24)

C

Before I After Saturation mJj r/~o L0

^J'

M

Nil H3BO3 NaCl*t KCl* NH4Cl NaBr KBr* NH4Br

/l

O 0.30 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00

i

C

Before! After Saturation FBI rp i L Jj

10-3

M/l, l.lo l.ls 2.26 2.6s 2.89 12.9J 14.9} 15.7

13

l^'J

10-3

M

/l M/l. NaNOst 1.OO 1 1.02 KNO 3 1.00 1.0s NH 4 NO 3 1.00 1.2i Na 2 SO 4 *t 0.25 0.82 K2SO4 0.25 0.94 (NH4)2SO4 0.25 0.9? NH 4 C 2 H 3 O 2 -... 1.00 1.7s (NH 4 ) 2 C 2 O 4 0.35 3.8s

* Data for other temperatures also given. t See (6) for data at 25 and 30°; also gives data for NaH2PO4. Î Cf. p. 267.

The following tables are arranged in order of the C-constituent in accordance with the standard arrangement (v. Vol. Ill, p. viii). C = HX; solid phase = I 2 ; accuracy, ±1-2% (28) ; [C] in M/l.-; [B] in 10~3 M/l.; t = 25.2 ± 0.2° C = HCl HBr HI C = HCl HBr [C] [Bf~ [B] [B] [C] [B] [B] O 1.31 1.31 1.31 1.0 2.35 15.8 0.1 1.39 2.55 50.0 1.5 3.14 24.9 0.2 1.46 3.80 104 2.0 4.10 35.0 0.3 1.54 5.04 159 2.5 5.00 45.6 0.4 1.62 6.40 219 3.0 5.90 56.7 0.5 1.71 7.80 292 3.5 6.75 69.1 0.6 1.82 9.25 369 4.0 7.5i 82.2 0.8 2.07 12.4

C = C 3 H 5 (OH) 3 Glycerol; solid phase = I 2 ; 25° (l7); v. further p. 398 Wt. % C in H2O Ö 10 20 30

[B], IO-3 M/I 8 T2 1.6 2.0 2_4

Wt. % C [B], IO-3 Wt. % C I [B], 10-» in H2Q M/I 8 in H2Q M/I8 40 3 ? 4 8 0 19.4 50 5.1 90 31.3 60 7.7 100 48.5 70 11.9 Density given

C = C2H5OH Ethyl alcohol or C3H7OH n-Propyl alcohol; t = 14.5 -15.1°; [C] = Vol % C in A + C; [B] = 10~3M/18; solid phase = I 2 ( 5 ). O EtQH I PrQH EtOH | PrOH [ ] [B] ± 1-2% " [B] ± 1-2% 10 1.9 60 45 107 20 2 4.2 70 91 161 30 4 15.6 80 167 236 40 10 37 90 294 360 50 22 64 100 617 588 C == (C2Hs)2O Ethyl ether; solid phase = I2; t = ca. 16.6° (36); [X] in M/1B; up to [A] = 0.440, [B] = 0.267s [A] + 0.812; and at [A] - 0.471, [B] = 0.990. C = PbI2; 20° O 1 - 5 ). A solution saturated with both B and C has [C] = 2.16 X IO-3 M/l.. C = HgCl2; solid phase = I2; 25°; accuracy ca. ±1% (18); [X] in 10-3MXl8. [C]... O 50 TOO 150 I 200 250 305 334.6 [B]... 1.34 9.0 13.2 16.0 18.2 20.5 23.4 25.4s

12.—(Continued) C = Cui (2 Cui + I 2 ^ 2 CuI2); 20 ± 0.3°; [X] in IQ-* MA» (") [I2] I [Cu] Il [I2] I [Cu] Solid: CuI U Solids: I 2 + CuI 2 4.Oo 29.94 I 19.3? 4 6.5i Solid: I 2 6 8.2i [I2] = 1.15 4- 1.482 [Cu] up to 8 9.5o [Cu] = 19.4 10 JO ^1 Accuracy 0.2-0.4% 15 12.99 20 15.1s 25 17.27 Solid I 2 H- solid CuI at various temperatures 0 C I [I2] I [Cu] I Lit. O 21.5s 14.54 C11) 20 ± 0.3 29.94 19.37 C11) 25 32.22 20.7o (3) 40 44.8o 26.07 C* 1 ) C = BaI2; 25°; solid phase = I2; [X] in M/1000 g H2O; accuracy +0.2-1% (31) [BaI2] I [I2] [I [BaI2] | [I2] || [BaI2] [I2] 0.0 0.00133 0.2 0.210 0.8 1.29 0.05* 0.0506 0.4 0.470 1.0 1.78 0.1 0.102 0.6 0.845 1.192 2.28s * For values <0.05, v. ( 31 ).

C = NaI; solid phase = I 2 ; [X] in M/18 (is). At 25° and up to [NaI] = 1.44, [I2] = 0.0013 -f 0.588 [NaI], ±0.2-0.5%; ds = density of the saturated solution at 25°/4° up to [NaI] = 1.0, ds = 0.999 + 0.202 [NaI], ±0.03-0.1%; at [NaI] = 1.44, ds = 1.2959. yt° — grams I 2 dissolved by 100 g NaI solution containing x % NaI at t°\ at 25° and up to x = 20, y = 0.993z + 0.03s, ±0.10.2%; between t = 15° and t = 60°, when x = 10, y = y0 + 0.0705(M0), ±0.2-0.5%; between J = 20° and t = 60°, when x = 20, y = y0 + 0.142(M0), ±0.4-1%. C = NaBr; 25°; [X] in M/l.; accuracy 0.3-1% (2) [NaBr] | [I2] || [NaBr] | [I2] Solid: I 2 (J Solid: I 2 O 0.00133 5.0 0.0324 0.5 0.0082 6.0 0.0313 1.0 0.0138 7.0 0.0287 2-0 0.0225 Solids: I 2 + NaBr 3.0 0.0284 — 4.0 0.0315 7.35 0.0275 C = KBr; 25°; [X] in M/I8; accuracy 0.3-1% (2) [KBr] [I2] [I [KBr] | [I2] Solid: I 2 y Solid: I2 O 0 . 0 0 1 3 3 S T O 0 . 0 3 8 1 0.5 0.0086 3.5 0.0432 1.0 0.0152 4.0 0.0480 1.5 0.0214 Solids: I 2 +KBr 2.0 0.0273 2,5 0.0328 4.77 0.0547 C = KI; solubility of I 2 in dilute KI solutions; [X] in 10~3 M/I9: at 0° and up to [KI] = 50, [I2] = 0.638 + 0.472 [KI], and for [KI] = 100, [I2] = 48.33; accuracy ±0.2%; dj also given (19); at 25° and up to [KI] = 50, [I2] = 1.33 + 0.495 [KI], and for [KI] = 100, [I2] = 51.6; accuracy ±0.5-1% .(3, 27). Solubility of KI in I 2 solutions; [X] in M/l.: at 25° and up to [I2] = 5.0, [KI] = 6.270.10s [I2]; also df = 1.728 + 0.180 [I2] (30).

C = KI.—(Continued) Solubility of I 2 and of KI; [X] in M/l.; 25°; see Fig. 1 [KI] I [I2] Lit. and remarks [KI] | [I2] Lit. and remarks Solid : I t S o l i d s : I 2 +KI 0.0 0.00133 (3) 5.18 |8.87~ ±0.5-1% 0.1 0.0516 (27) Solid: KI 0.2 0.106 6.27 0.0 } 0.3 0.164 6.16 1.0 0.4 0.226 ±0.5-1% (22) 6.06 2.0 0.5 0.295 5.96 3.0 I ^ n K _ „0. ±Q 5 l% ( 0.6 0.368 5.85 4.0 ' ~ ^ 0.7 0.445 5.75 5.0 0.8 0.524 ±L 6/0% ( (2 2 , 3 0} ) 5 - 7 6 7.97 0.9 0.610 5.44 8.47J 1.0 0.700 1.5 1.22 2.0 1.83 3.0 3.69 ±0.5-1% (30) 4.0 6.21 5.0 8.60 J For effect of additions of C2H5OH, v. (29). For reported existence of solid periodides, v. ( 1 J 14). Temperature coefficient of solubility of I 2 ; [X] in M/I8 I

[Is]* = [IsIo + a X 10~3 (M0); range, 10 [ to 45°; accuracy ±1-2% (12) J [

[KI] I 0.10 0.333 0.50

a 0.26s 1.0s 1.27

C = KN3, 30°; [X] in M/l.; accuracy ca. ±1% (4) [KN3]*

[I2] [I [KN^ I [I2] Solid: I 2 Ij Solid: I 2 ( T O 0 . 0 0 1 7 9 ^ T O 0 . 0 6 5 3 0.2 0.0054s 4.0 0.0886 0.4 0.00930 5.0 0.109 0.6 0.0133 Solids: I 2 + KN 3 0.8 0.0174 5.53 0.1197 1.0 0.0216 2.0 0.0430

* Before saturation with !2.

C = RbI; 25°; equilibrium possibly riot completely established; nature of solid phases not determined with certainty (l 4 ) Solid % I2 % RbI

[I RbI I RbI + RbI 3 1 RbI3 I RbI 3 + I 2 Jl O 5.9o 8.02 38.Os 65.02 [I 61.93 59.94 57.24 33.89 27.92

C = CsI; composition of solid phases uncertain (l 3> 14) Composition of the single liquid phase 0

C

-4.0 (-4.0) 35.6 35.6 25.0 35.6

I

%CsI I % I 2 CsI + ice 27.69 I O CsI + CsI3 + ice 27.52 I 0.09 CsI 51.4s I O CsI +CsI 3 51.67 I 0.71 CsI5+I2 2.3s 1.24 3.74 1.6o

y

0

C

-0.4 -0.2 25.0 35.6 52.2 72.6

I

%CsI I % I 2 CsI3 + CsI5 + ice 3.Is | 0.32 CsI5 + I 2 + ice 0.85 [ 0.34 CsI3 + CsI5 7.7i l.lo 10.7s 1.8i 16.79 4.52 26.9s 15.Os

0

C

51.5 52.2 72.6 52.2 72.6

I I

C = CsL- (Continued) Compositions of the two liquid phases L1 Il L2 % CsI I % I2 || % CsI I CsI5 + I 2 + Li + L2 Compositions not determined CsI5 + Li + L2 6.72 3.3s 22.94 16.67 10.51 27.5s I 2 + Li + L2 6.65 3.4s 22.80 6.2? 4.0s 17.6s

% I2

73.72 68.4i 74.6s 80.02

S C = (CHs) 2 CO; 25°; solubility of "sulfur" in mixtures of acetone and water containing % C of acetone; [S] in 10~3 g-atoms/ls ( 17 ) Wt. % C I 85 90 95 IÖÖ [S] 7 . 8 o I 10.12 13.8o 20.26 d|5 of solutions also given. C = Na 2 S; 25°; accuracy 0.1-0.2%; solid S, prepared by crystallization from CS2; [X] in M/(l of A + C) ( 21 ) [Na2S] [S] Il [Na2S] | [S] || [Na2S] | [S] 0.005 0.018s || 0.05 0.211s 0.5 1.923 0.01 0.040? 0.1 0.414s 1.0 '3.666 0.02 0.0839 0.2 0.8080 2.0 6.950 0.3 1.182 0.03 0.1273 Temperature coefficient of solubility [Na2S] = t^C O 17 25 50 0.5 [S] 1.919s 1.9186 1.9180 1.912s C = K2S (35) NON-AQUEOUS SYSTEMS Cl2 + SO2 + SO 2 Cl 2 ; A = Cl2, B = SO2, C = SO 2 Cl 2 (*«) S lld ° A+ B B+ C A+ C A + B+C phase 0 t, C -102.4+0.1 -84.5±0.1'-109.1 ±0.1 -111.6±0.2 %B 3 71.5 O 8 % C O 28.5 22.7 16 Also first and second temperature arrests for 4 ternary solutions.

Br2 -f- C 6 H 5 NO 2 + KBr; 28.5°; solid phase = accuracy ±1-2% (20) [Br2] [KBr] || [Br2] [KBr] || 07Ï 0.051 OTe 0.225 0.2 0.088 0.8 0.288 0.4 0.159 1.0 0.350

KBr; [X] in M/I8; [Br2] T2 1.4 1.53s

|

[KBr]" 0.407 0.460 0.494

I2 -f Two Organic Compounds, System: I 2 +CHCl 3 + (C2H5)2O; 25°; solid phase = I 2 ; solvent: ether + chloroform; accuracy ±0.2-0.5% (25). [(C2KU)2O] [I2] [(C 2 HJ 2 O] [I2] Wt. % in M/1000 g Wt. % in M/1000 g solvent solvent solvent solvent O 0.122 60 0.642 10 0.170 70 0.796 20 0.226 80 0.970 30 0.296 90 1.166 40 0.387 100 1.383 50 0.500 Systems: I 2 + various organic liquids; t = ca. 16.6°; solid phase = I 2 ; [X] in M/la (36) B I A I [A] I [I2] CS2 CHCl3 O 0.703 0.419 0.804

Systems: I2 + various organic liquids; t = ca. 16.6°; solid phase = I2; [X] in M/l. (^.—(Continued) B I A I IA] [I2] CS2 C2H5OH 0.456 0.796s 0.911 0.855 (C 2 Ho) 2 O Up to [A] = 0.609, [I2] = 0.7029 -f0.143s [A] (C2H5)2O C6H6 O 0.812 1.029 0.804 CHCl3 0.399 0.769 C 2 H 5 OH Up to [A] = 0.638, [I2] = 0.812 + 0.2310 [A] and when [A] = 0.851, [I2] = 1.001s CH3I 0.548 I 0.867 t = 14.5-15.1°; solid I 2 ; solvent = A + B; [X] in M/18; accuracy +1-2% (5) ^ A = CHCl3 A = CCl4 VoI %B/-g^ (A + B) ~ CS2 C2HoOH ~ u r.TT C6H6 CS2 solvent -^ 2!1^ [I2] I [I2] I [I2] I [I2] [I2] [I2] O 0.143 0.143 0.143 0.143 0.081 0.081 10 0.160 0.170 0.171 0.182 0.105 0.102 20 0.176 0.208 0.199 0.218 0.134 0.133 30 0.192 0.253 0.227 0.250 0.161 0.177 40 0.212 0.304 0.246 0.279 0.193 0.218 50 0.239 0.358 0.261 0.308 0.226 0.272 60 0.271 0.420 0.279 0.318 0.261 0.337 70 0.307 0.483 0.307 0.355 0.296 0.407 80 0.346 0.551 0.340 0.436 0.333 0.486 90 0.380 0.622 0.37s 0.520 0.372 0.569 100 0.411 0.693 0.617 0.588 0.411 0.693 I2 -f One Organic Compound -f a Halide; t = 16-17°; I 2 + KI; [X] in M/la; accuracy ca. ±1% ( 7 ) ~ ' S o l i d : I2 Solid: KI

Solvent

Ethyl acetate

-WTuJ- M I [KI1 O 0.81 O 0.66 O 0.46 O 0.645 O 0.353 O 0.360 O 1.06

0.555 O 0.077 3.16 0.386 0.396 Ethyl alcohol 0.882 O 0.087 2.47 0.38 0.413 Ethyl bromide 0.831 O O 2.44 0.394 0.113 Ethyl cyanide 0.433 O 0.024 2.52 0.372 0.392 Isobutyl alcohol 0.307 O O 1.22 0.379 0.317 o-Nitroanisole O 1.40 0.301 0.302 Nitropentane O 3.72 0.796 0.583 Trichloronitrom ethane O 0.26 0.04 Solubility of halides in I 2 dissolved in organic nitro-compounds; t = 16-17°; [X] in M/ls; accuracy ±0.5-2%; composition of solid phases uncertain ( 7 > 8 J 9) ^ mNitromethane o-Nitrotoluene NitroNitrobenzene toluene [I2] I [KlF [KI] I [CsTf" [KI] [KBr]| [Nal][ [Rbl]| [KI] O (O) (O) (O) (O) (O) (O) (O) (O) 0.2 0.212 0.18s 0.189 0.180 0.0950.1920.1950.200 0.4 0.413 0.33s 0.348 0.330 0.1620.3450.3670.365 0.6 0.607 0.46? 0.484 0.452 0.2260.4720.5150.515 0.8 0.800 0.581 0.558 0.2890.5820.6550.650 1.0 0.983 0.680 0.653 0.3460.6720.7780.756

FIG.

Fig.2 Provisional Diagram.S.Se.Te S) S2and S1S2 give the approximate compositions of solid solutions in equilibrium with melt LiL2 between t- I04"and t*107°C. Liquidas and solidus isotherms at various temperatures also given in original. Cf (23I

Ffe.3 S,Se,CS at 25* Provisional 2Diagram A BCD * Composition of saîur aled solutions. A1B11B2CLC2D1= Composition of "<£ "(Sand"-/ solid solutions, respectively. Position of Cunknown; B2X«and C2 known only approximately.

1.

Fig.4

Solubility of halides in I 2 dissolved in organic nitro-compounds; t = 16-17°; [X] in M/18; accuracy ± 0.5-2%; composition of solid phases uncertain ( 7 > 8 > 9 ).—(Continued)

mNitromethane o-Nitrotoluene NitroNitrobenzene toluene [I2] I [KI] I [KI] I [CsI] [KI] I[KBr]I [Nal]| [Rbl]| [KI] 1.5 1.39 0.887ForCsI+ 0.861 0.4840.8751.04 0.960 2.0 1.06 CsI3? t, 1.04 0.6051.05 1.25 1.14 2.5 1.21 [I2] = 1.21 3.0 1.34 0.617 1.34 3.5 and [CsI] 1.43 2.52* = 0.494 0.71 * Saturated. t Solid phases. Nitrobenzene [I2]

[LiI]*

[BaI2]

[((

^])4~ [SrI2]

~0 0.380 (O) XO) 0.2 0.620 0.07i 0.202 0.4 0.836 0.135 0.394 0.6 1.05 0.193 0.570 0.8 1.25 0.24s AgI and CdI2 insoluble. * Solid phase probably LiLCeH 6 NO 2 .

(O) 0.08? 0.17o

[KCl]

[RbCl] [CsCl]

( O ) ( O ) ( 0 ) ~ ~ 0.030 0.044 0.080

Solubility of I 2 in halides dissolved in organic nitro-compounds;" t = 16-17°; [X] in M/ls; accuracy ±0.5-2% ( 7 > 8 » 9 ) ,, XT., Nitromethane

Hal. = [Hal.] O 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.2 0.65

KI [I2]

1.28 1.56 1.84 2.14 2.45 2.77 3.45

o-Nitro, toluene KI CsI [I2] [I2]

1.22 1.59 1.96 2.33 2.71 3.10 3.50

0.5i 0.9i 1.26 1.64 2.00 2.38 2.77 3.15 NH 4 I

Tft-Nitro,T. . . Nitrobenzene toluene Kf NaI ~KI KBr LiI [I2] ""T2T M [I2] [I2] 0.2000.2000.2000.200 0.5230.5410.5300.53 0.8520.8930.8580.8? 1.24 1.21 1.25 1.18 1.23 1.64 1.58 1.62 1.51 1.6o 2.0s 1.97 1.99 1.84 1.99 2.42 2.36 2.37 2.16 2.4o 2.82 2.76 2.75 2.49*2.81 3.22 3.16 3.15 3.58 3.55 3.95 4.50

2.64

* For [KBrI = 0.71 (satd.), [I2] = 2.52.

Solubility of Ig in halides dissolved in organic nitro-compounds; t = 16-17°; [X] in M/18; accuracy ±0.5-2% ( 7 > «» »).—(CW'd) Nitrobenzene 6

Hal. = RbI ^ J1" [Hal.] 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0

W~[I 2 ] 0.5s 0.5i 0.9i 0.8s 1.2s 1.2o 1.65 1.5s 2.03 1.9i 2.41 2.2 9 2.82 2.6s 3.22 3.0? 3.64 4.08

(c Jjji

[I2] 0.52 0.85 1.2o 1.56 1.9s 2.3i 2.69

NH

~M 0.5i 0.86 1.2i 1.59 1.9s

BaI

2 (CHs)4NI SrI2

PVf 0.85 1.55 2.30 3.14

[I2] 0.5s 0.89 1.24

W 0.82 1.52 2.2s

% s I %i a I % s |%i 2 |j % s I %i 2 I % s |%i 2 Solid: I 2 * I Solid: S || Solid: I 2 * | Solid: O 10.74 23.5s O O 13.54 28.7o 5 11.33 24.1s 2 5 14.1s 29.4o 10 11.92 24.5? 4 10 14.83 30.02 15 12.50 25.23 6 15 15.4? 30.69 20 13.09 25.84 8 20 16.Ii 31.34 25 13.66 26.3o 10 25 16.7e 31.9? Solids: I2 + S 26.8l 12 30 17.4o 32.54 27.3s 13.93 Solids: I 2 + S 33.1o 34.16 I 17.93 33.60 * At 10°, % I 2 = 10.74 + 0.117s ( % S). ( % S), (±0.3 to 1 %).

Iodides of alkali metals and ammonium in equilibrium with iodine dissolved in benzene; [I2] in M/I6; 25°; accuracy ca. ±1% C 1 ) Solid phases | [I2] || I2 0.54s LiI + I 2 0.54s NaI + I 2 0.54s KI +KI 7 (?) 0.33s NH4I + N H 4 I 3 ( ? ) . . . 0.028s RbI +Rbl,(?) 0.0133

Solid phases | [I2] RbI3 +RbI 7 (?) 0.348~ RbI7 + RbI9C?) 0.401 CsI + CsI3 0.00169 (CsI3 + CsI 5 Or CsI 7 )(?).. 0.085o CsI3 + CsI9(?) 0.282

Relative freezing-point lowering (R) of I 2 and iodides in nitrobenzene; iodide = O. IM/I 8 ; "Comp." = "empirical composition of total solute" (10) Iodide Nil KI KI KI KI NH41 (CH 3 ) 4 NI (C3H7)4NI (C 3 H 7 ) 4 NI (C3H7)4NI

I2 + S + CS2; accuracy ca. ± 1%; densities also given ( 26 ) IQ0C I] 180C

I I2, M/1 8 1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.2 0.2 O 0.1 0.2

"Comp." I2 KI3 KI5 KI7 KI9 NH 4 I 5 (CHs) 4 NI 5 (C3H7)4NI (C 3 H 7 ) 4 NI 3 (C 3 H 7 J 4 NI 6

|

R 1.00 1.83 1.90 2.25 2.72 1.83 1.89 1.35 1.68 1.78

S O 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16

At 18°, % I 2 = 13.54 + 0.128e

S + Se + Te ( 23 ); see Fig. 2; two solid solutions; a, monoclinic; ß, monoclinic? Mole %, liq. I Mole %, a \ Mole %, ß S I Se I Te I S Se Te | S | Se | Te 104 60 40 O 73 27 O 50 50 O 106 98.4 O 1.6 99.5 | O 0.5 9 O 91 S + Se + CS2 ( 33 ); see Fig. 3; accuracy very uncertain; equilibrium apparently not completely established in all experiments. Te + Ag2Te + AuTe 2 ( 32 ); see Fig. 4 LITERATURE REFERENCES (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) (i) Abegg and Hamburger, 93, 50:403; 06. (2) Bell and Buckley, 1, 34:10; 12. (3) Bray and MacKay, 1,32:914; 10. 32: 1207; 10. (*) Browne and Stotz, Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y.,, O. (5) Bruner, 7, 26: 145; 98. (*) Carter, 4, 127: 2861; 25. (7) Dawson, 4, 85: 467; 04. (») Dawson and Gawler, 4, 81: 524; 02. ( 9 ) Dawson and Goodson, 4, 85: 796; 04. (io) Dawson and Jackson, 4, 93: 2063; 08. (U) Fedotiev, 93, 69: 22; 10. (U.S) Fedotiev, 93, 73: 173; 11. (i«) Fischer, 93, 78: 41; 12. (13) Foote, 11, 29: 203; 03. (14) Foote and Chalker, 11, 39: 561; 08. («) Gill, 455, 14: 290; 14. O*) van der Goot, 7, 84: 419; 13. O?) Herz and Knoch, 93, 45: 262; 05. (l*) Herz and Paul, 93, 85: 214; 14. (1») Jones and Hartmann, 1, 37: 241; 15. (20) Joseph, 4, 103: 1554; 13. (20.5) Joseph, 4, 117: 377; 20. (21) Küster and Heberlein, 93, 43 : 53; 05. (22) Laurie, 7, 67: 627; 09. (23) Losana, 36, 53 : 396; 23. (24) McLauchlan, 7, 44: 600; 03. (25) Marden and Dover, 1, 38: 1235; 16. (26) Mori, 41, 44: 730; 23. (27) Noyes and Seidensticker, 7, 27: 357; 98. (28) Oliveri-Mandala and Angenica, 36, 50 I: 273; 20. (29) Parsons and Corliss, 1, 32: 1367; 10. (30) Parsons and Whittemore, 1, 33: 1933; 11. ( 3 I) Pearce and Eversole, 50, 28: 245; 24. (32) Pellini, 36, 451: 469; 15. (33) Ringer, 93, 32: 183; 02. (34) Schoorl and Regenbogen, 233,17: 538; 19. ( 3 S ) Spring and Demarteau, 27, 1: 311; 89. (36) Strömholm, 7, 44: 721; 03.

FREEZING-POINT—SOLUBILITY DATA FOR THREE- (OR MORE) COMPONENT AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS OF SALTS AND INORGANIC COMPOUNDS W. C. BLASDALE Scope of the Section This section includes all systems composed of water and two or more components belonging to one or more of the following classes: (a) salts; (6) strong acids or bases; (c) compounds whose key-formulae do not begin with 16, except: 1. Some data involving slightly soluble substances, for which see final index. 2. Detailed values along the ice curve, for which see p. 254. 3. Data involving two liquid phases, for which see Vol. Ill, p. 386. 4. Systems containing two soaps, see final index. The pressure is atmospheric unless otherwise noted. Arrangement The systems are listed in the standard arrangement (v. Vol. Ill, p. viii) in accordance with the principal ions which are present in solution. To find a given system, proceed as follows: Write down

Champ de la Section Cette section comprend tous les systèmes composés d'eau et de deux constituants ou plus appartenant à Tune ou à plusieurs des classes suivantes: (a) sels; (o) acides ou bases forts; (c) composés dont la formule clé ne commence pas par 16, à l'exception : 1. De quelques données se rapportant à des substances peu solubles; pour celles-ci, voir l'index final. 2. Des valeurs détaillées, le long de la courbe de congélation; pour celles-ci, voir p. 254. 3. Des données se rapportant à deux phases liquides; pour celles-ci, voir Vol. III, p. 386. 4. Des systèmes contenant deux savons; pour ceux-ci, voir l'index final. La pression est la pression atmosphérique à moins d'une autre indication.

Solubility of Ig in halides dissolved in organic nitro-compounds; t = 16-17°; [X] in M/18; accuracy ±0.5-2% ( 7 > «» »).—(CW'd) Nitrobenzene 6

Hal. = RbI ^ J1" [Hal.] 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0

W~[I 2 ] 0.5s 0.5i 0.9i 0.8s 1.2s 1.2o 1.65 1.5s 2.03 1.9i 2.41 2.2 9 2.82 2.6s 3.22 3.0? 3.64 4.08

(c Jjji

[I2] 0.52 0.85 1.2o 1.56 1.9s 2.3i 2.69

NH

~M 0.5i 0.86 1.2i 1.59 1.9s

BaI

2 (CHs)4NI SrI2

PVf 0.85 1.55 2.30 3.14

[I2] 0.5s 0.89 1.24

W 0.82 1.52 2.2s

% s I %i a I % s |%i 2 |j % s I %i 2 I % s |%i 2 Solid: I 2 * I Solid: S || Solid: I 2 * | Solid: O 10.74 23.5s O O 13.54 28.7o 5 11.33 24.1s 2 5 14.1s 29.4o 10 11.92 24.5? 4 10 14.83 30.02 15 12.50 25.23 6 15 15.4? 30.69 20 13.09 25.84 8 20 16.Ii 31.34 25 13.66 26.3o 10 25 16.7e 31.9? Solids: I2 + S 26.8l 12 30 17.4o 32.54 27.3s 13.93 Solids: I 2 + S 33.1o 34.16 I 17.93 33.60 * At 10°, % I 2 = 10.74 + 0.117s ( % S). ( % S), (±0.3 to 1 %).

Iodides of alkali metals and ammonium in equilibrium with iodine dissolved in benzene; [I2] in M/I6; 25°; accuracy ca. ±1% C 1 ) Solid phases | [I2] || I2 0.54s LiI + I 2 0.54s NaI + I 2 0.54s KI +KI 7 (?) 0.33s NH4I + N H 4 I 3 ( ? ) . . . 0.028s RbI +Rbl,(?) 0.0133

Solid phases | [I2] RbI3 +RbI 7 (?) 0.348~ RbI7 + RbI9C?) 0.401 CsI + CsI3 0.00169 (CsI3 + CsI 5 Or CsI 7 )(?).. 0.085o CsI3 + CsI9(?) 0.282

Relative freezing-point lowering (R) of I 2 and iodides in nitrobenzene; iodide = O. IM/I 8 ; "Comp." = "empirical composition of total solute" (10) Iodide Nil KI KI KI KI NH41 (CH 3 ) 4 NI (C3H7)4NI (C 3 H 7 ) 4 NI (C3H7)4NI

I2 + S + CS2; accuracy ca. ± 1%; densities also given ( 26 ) IQ0C I] 180C

I I2, M/1 8 1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.2 0.2 O 0.1 0.2

"Comp." I2 KI3 KI5 KI7 KI9 NH 4 I 5 (CHs) 4 NI 5 (C3H7)4NI (C 3 H 7 ) 4 NI 3 (C 3 H 7 J 4 NI 6

|

R 1.00 1.83 1.90 2.25 2.72 1.83 1.89 1.35 1.68 1.78

S O 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16

At 18°, % I 2 = 13.54 + 0.128e

S + Se + Te ( 23 ); see Fig. 2; two solid solutions; a, monoclinic; ß, monoclinic? Mole %, liq. I Mole %, a \ Mole %, ß S I Se I Te I S Se Te | S | Se | Te 104 60 40 O 73 27 O 50 50 O 106 98.4 O 1.6 99.5 | O 0.5 9 O 91 S + Se + CS2 ( 33 ); see Fig. 3; accuracy very uncertain; equilibrium apparently not completely established in all experiments. Te + Ag2Te + AuTe 2 ( 32 ); see Fig. 4 LITERATURE REFERENCES (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) (i) Abegg and Hamburger, 93, 50:403; 06. (2) Bell and Buckley, 1, 34:10; 12. (3) Bray and MacKay, 1,32:914; 10. 32: 1207; 10. (*) Browne and Stotz, Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y.,, O. (5) Bruner, 7, 26: 145; 98. (*) Carter, 4, 127: 2861; 25. (7) Dawson, 4, 85: 467; 04. (») Dawson and Gawler, 4, 81: 524; 02. ( 9 ) Dawson and Goodson, 4, 85: 796; 04. (io) Dawson and Jackson, 4, 93: 2063; 08. (U) Fedotiev, 93, 69: 22; 10. (U.S) Fedotiev, 93, 73: 173; 11. (i«) Fischer, 93, 78: 41; 12. (13) Foote, 11, 29: 203; 03. (14) Foote and Chalker, 11, 39: 561; 08. («) Gill, 455, 14: 290; 14. O*) van der Goot, 7, 84: 419; 13. O?) Herz and Knoch, 93, 45: 262; 05. (l*) Herz and Paul, 93, 85: 214; 14. (1») Jones and Hartmann, 1, 37: 241; 15. (20) Joseph, 4, 103: 1554; 13. (20.5) Joseph, 4, 117: 377; 20. (21) Küster and Heberlein, 93, 43 : 53; 05. (22) Laurie, 7, 67: 627; 09. (23) Losana, 36, 53 : 396; 23. (24) McLauchlan, 7, 44: 600; 03. (25) Marden and Dover, 1, 38: 1235; 16. (26) Mori, 41, 44: 730; 23. (27) Noyes and Seidensticker, 7, 27: 357; 98. (28) Oliveri-Mandala and Angenica, 36, 50 I: 273; 20. (29) Parsons and Corliss, 1, 32: 1367; 10. (30) Parsons and Whittemore, 1, 33: 1933; 11. ( 3 I) Pearce and Eversole, 50, 28: 245; 24. (32) Pellini, 36, 451: 469; 15. (33) Ringer, 93, 32: 183; 02. (34) Schoorl and Regenbogen, 233,17: 538; 19. ( 3 S ) Spring and Demarteau, 27, 1: 311; 89. (36) Strömholm, 7, 44: 721; 03.

FREEZING-POINT—SOLUBILITY DATA FOR THREE- (OR MORE) COMPONENT AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS OF SALTS AND INORGANIC COMPOUNDS W. C. BLASDALE Scope of the Section This section includes all systems composed of water and two or more components belonging to one or more of the following classes: (a) salts; (6) strong acids or bases; (c) compounds whose key-formulae do not begin with 16, except: 1. Some data involving slightly soluble substances, for which see final index. 2. Detailed values along the ice curve, for which see p. 254. 3. Data involving two liquid phases, for which see Vol. Ill, p. 386. 4. Systems containing two soaps, see final index. The pressure is atmospheric unless otherwise noted. Arrangement The systems are listed in the standard arrangement (v. Vol. Ill, p. viii) in accordance with the principal ions which are present in solution. To find a given system, proceed as follows: Write down

Champ de la Section Cette section comprend tous les systèmes composés d'eau et de deux constituants ou plus appartenant à Tune ou à plusieurs des classes suivantes: (a) sels; (o) acides ou bases forts; (c) composés dont la formule clé ne commence pas par 16, à l'exception : 1. De quelques données se rapportant à des substances peu solubles; pour celles-ci, voir l'index final. 2. Des valeurs détaillées, le long de la courbe de congélation; pour celles-ci, voir p. 254. 3. Des données se rapportant à deux phases liquides; pour celles-ci, voir Vol. III, p. 386. 4. Des systèmes contenant deux savons; pour ceux-ci, voir l'index final. La pression est la pression atmosphérique à moins d'une autre indication.

the principal ions present (omitting H+ and OH~) and arrange them in the standard arrangement. Thus the finding formula for the system, H2O + Al2(SO4)8 + KOH or the system H2O + [Al(OH)3 or Al2O3] + K2SO4, would be SO4- -, Al+++, K+. Using the standard arrangement first locate SO^". Under that find Al+++ and under Al+++ find K+. In the case of amphoteric electrolytes or in other cases where the principal ion species is not obvious, any of the ion species or the full formula of the substance itself may be used in the finding formula for the system and the system will be located with little difficulty. Abbreviations, Symbols and Conventions; v. p. 4 The compositions given in the tables are those of the liquid phase (except where otherwise indicated) when it is in equilibrium with the solid phases which are indicated in the center of the columns. Diagrams (v. p. 382-394) (412) General.—In all diagrams the compositions of the liquid phase, or of mixtures of liquid and solid phases, are represented by crosses. The theoretical compositions of pure solids are represented by small circles labeled with the formula of the solid. The letters A, B, C, D, etc., which appear on the diagrams are used also in the corresponding tables where quantitative data for the points thus designated are given. Umfang Dieser Abschnitt enthält alle aus Wasser bestehende Systeme mit noch zwei oder mehr Komponenten, welche zu einer der folgenden Klassen (oder zu deren mehreren) gehören: (a) Salze, (b) starke Säuren oder Basen, (c) Verbindungen deren Schlüsselzahl nicht mit 16 beginnt, ausgenommen: 1. Werte die sehr wenig lösliche Stoffe betreffen, siehe Schlüssindex. 2. Genauere Werte längst der Eiskurve, siehe S. 254. 3. Werte für zwei flüssige Phasen, siehe Bd. Ill, S. 386. 4. Systeme welche zwei Seifen enthalten, siehe Schlussindex. Druck immer atmosphärischer, wenn nichts anderes angegeben. Anordnung Die Systeme sind in der Standardanordnung (Bd. Ill, S. viii), in Übereinstimmung mit den in der Lösung vorwaltend vorhandenen Jonen, gereiht. Um ein gegebenes System zu finden, gehe man f olgendermassen vor : Man schreibe die vorhandenen vorwaltenden Jonen (mit Ausnahme von H+ und OH~) nieder und ordne sie nach der Standardanordnung. Für das System, z. B., H2O + A12(SO4)3 + KOH oder H2O + [Al (OH)3 oder Al2O3] + K2SO4, wäre die so niedergeschriebene Formel: SO4 , Al+++, K + auf Grund welcher nun das Nachschlagen zu erfolgen hat. Nach der Standardanordnung hat man zuerst SO4 festzustellen, unter diesem Al+++, und unter Al+++, K+. Im Falle amphoterer Elektrolyte, oder in Fällen wo es nicht klar ist welches Jon als vorwaltend anzusehen ist, benütze man irgend eine Jonenart oder die ganze Formel des Stoffes selbst zum Nachschlagen. Das System kann auch so ohne viel mehr Schwierigkeit festgestellt werden. Abkürzungen, Zeichen und Festlegungen; siehe dafür S. 4 Die in den Tafeln angegebenen Zusammensetzungen betreffen die flüssigen Phasen (ausgenommen dorten wo es anders angegeben ist) im Gleichgewicht mit der in der Mitte der Spalte verzeichneten festen Phase. Diagramme (S. 382-394) (412) In allen Diagrammen ist die Zusammensetzung der flüssigen Phase oder der Mischung von flüssigen und festen Phasen durch Kreuze dargestellt. Die theoretische Zusammensetzung der reinen festen Stoffe ist durch kleine Kreise kenntlich gemacht, bei

Arrangement Les systèmes sont disposés en liste suivant l'arrangement type (v. Vol. III, p. viii) en accord avec les principaux ions présents dans la solution. Pour trouver un système donné, il faut procéder comme suit : Écrire les principaux ions présents (en omettant H+ et OH") et les disposer suivant l'arrangement type. Ainsi la formule de recherche pour le système, H2O + Al2(SO4)3 + KOH ou du système H2O + [Al(OH)3 ou Al2O3] + K2SO4, sera SO4"", Al+++, K+. Utilisant l'arrangement type d'a-bord trouver SO4 . Sous ce dernier on trouvera Al+++, et sous Al+++ on cherchera K+. Dans le cas d'electrolytes amphotères ou dans d'autres cas où l'espèce de l'ion principal n'est pas évidente, on peut utiliser pour la formule de recherche du système l'une des espèces de l'ion ou même la formule complète de la substance et le système sera trouvé avec peu de difficulté. Abréviations, Symboles et Conventions; voir p. 4 Les compositions données dans les tables sont celles de la phase liquide (à moins d'une autre indication) lorsqu'elle se trouve en équilibre avec les phases solides qui sont indiquées dans le centre des colonnes. Diagrammes (v. p. 382-394) ( 4 *2) Dans tous les diagrammes, les compositions de la phase liquide ou des mélanges des phases liquides et solides sont représentées par des croix. Les compositions théoriques des solides purs sont représentées par de petits cercles comprenant la formule du solide. Les lettres A, B, C, D, etc., inscrites sur les diagrammes se retrouvent dans les tables correspondantes où se trouvent les données quantitative pour les points ainsi désignés. Sommario Questo capitolo comprende tutti i sistemi formati da acqua e da due o più componenti appartenenti a una o più delle seguenti classi: (a) sali; (b) acidi e basi forti; (c) composti la cui formula chiave non comincia con 16. Sono eccettuati : 1. Alcuni dati intorno a sostanze poco solubili, per i quali si deve consultare l'indice finale. 2. Valori dettagliati riferentisi alla curva di ghiaccio, per i quali si deve consultare p. 254. 3. Dati riferentisi a due fasi liquide, per i quali si veda a Voi. Ili, p. 386. 4. Sistemi contenenti due saponi, vedi l'indice finale. La pressione è sempre quella atmosferica quando non siano date altre indicazioni. Ordine di Disposizione Seguendo l'ordine di disposizione standard (v. Voi. Ili, p. viii) i sistemi sono elencati basandosi sopra i principali ioni presenti in soluzione. Per trovare un dato sistema si scrivono i principali ioni presenti (omettendo H+ e OH~) e si dispongono nell'ordine standard. Così, ad esempio, la formula per il sistema: H2O + A12(SO4)3 + KOH oppure per il sistema H2O + [Al(OH)3 o Al2O3] + K2SO4, sarà SO4"", Al+++, K+. Secondo l'ordine standard si mette al primo posto SO4 , viene poi Al+++, e infine K+. Nel caso di elettroliti amf oteri, e altri casi in cui non è evidente quali sono i tipi principali di ioni, si può usare per formula di ricerca una qualunque delle specie di ioni oppure l'intiera formula della sostanza; il sistema sarà in ogni caso rintracciabile senza grave difficoltà. Abbreviazioni, Simboli e Convenzioni; vedi p. 4 Le composizioni riportate nelle tabelle sono quelle della fase liquida (salvo contrarie indicazioni) in equilibrio con i solidi indicati nel centro delle colonne. Diagrammi (». p. 382-394) (412) In tutti i diagrammi le composizioni delle fasi liquide o dei miscugli di liquidi e solidi sono indicate con croci. Le composi-

welchen die Formel des festen Stoffes steht. Die Buchstaben A, B, C, D, etc., welche in den Diagrammen vorkommen, werden ebenfalls in den entsprechenden Tabellen gebraucht, in welchen sich die quantitativen Angaben für die Lage der so bezeichneten Punkte vorfinden.

zioni teoriche dei solidi puri sono rappresentate da piccoli circoli, nei quali è scritta la formula del solido. Le lettere A, B, C, D, ecc., che compaiono nei diagrammi sono usate anche nelle tavole corrispondenti dove si trovano riportati dati quantitativi per i punti segnati a questo modo.

THREE-COMPONENT SYSTEMS In these systems the equilateral triangle has been largely employed. The three apices of the triangle represent 100% and the three opposite edges 0% of each of the three respective components, namely, water and two electrolytes. The broken line connecting the points representing the composition of the two solutions saturated as to the two electrolytes, separates the region representing unsaturated solutions from that representing different proportions of saturated solution and one or more solid phases. Thus the broken line AB-BC-CD-DE-EF of Fig. 43 represents the composition of the solutions in equilibrium with each of the five different solid phases concerned. Where the nature of the solid phase has been determined by the residue method of Schreinemakers many of the data representing the composition of mixtures of saturated solutions and solids have been given on the diagram, only rarely in numerical form. This method consists in determining the composition of a series of liquid phases, and of mixtures of these liquids and the solid or solids with which they are in equilibrium. When the points representing such a solution and the corresponding mixture are connected, the line must converge toward a point representing the composition of the solid, if the solution is saturated with that solid. Thus the convergence of the lines extending from points on the CD portion of the curve (Fig. 43) indicates that all of these solutions are saturated with a solid having the composition NH4Cl.FeCl3. The lack of convergence, at least within the limits of the diagram, of the lines extending from points on the AB portion of the curve indicates that the solid here concerned is of variable composition and is made up of mixtures of NH4Cl and FeCl3.2H2O. Certain systems yield more intelligible diagrams when represented by reference to two axes intersecting at 90°, each axis representing the amount of electrolyte, either in grams, equivalents or moles, per constant amount of water or saturated solution. Thus in Fig. 83 the horizontal axis represents the SO3 and the vertical the NH4OH in moles per 1000 g of solution. The broken line AB-BCD-DE-EFG represents the composition of solutions in equilibrium with each of the four different solid phases. A third type of diagram has been used in dealing with systems in which the two electrolytes form one or more series of solid solutions, as in Fig. 48. The percentage by weight of one electrolyte (in the illustration cited, NH4Cl) in the solid phase is plotted on a horizontal axis, and the percentage of the same electrolyte in the mixture of the solid salts present in the saturated solution (in the illustration, of NH4Cl and KCl) with which this solid is in equilibrium, on the vertical axis. If the resulting curve is continuous, as in the curve for 9O0C, it signifies that the two solids form a continuous series of solid solutions. If it shows discontinuities associated with horizontal portions, as the curve for 250C, it signifies that at least two different solid solutions are concerned. At this temperature one of the two solids can vary from O to 21 %, corresponding to the point D, of NH4Cl and the other from 93 %, corresponding to the point E, to 100% of NH4Cl. Where sufficient data were available, a temperature-concentration diagram has been used. The composition of the liquid phase at various temperatures is plotted with respect to three axes. The horizontal and vertical axes represent the respective percentages of the two electrolytes in the solution and the third, which is made to assume an angle of 45° with the two others, represents temperature. When the points representing saturation with respect to two different solids are properly connected a series

of polythermal lines results which indicate the limits in space of the surfaces representing solutions saturated with respect to the different solids. Thus in Fig. 99 the horizontal axis indicates percentages of (NH4) 2SO4, the vertical one of Na2SO4 and the five surfaces represent solutions of varying composition saturated as to ice, Na2SO41IOH2O, (NH4)2SO4.Na2SO4.4H2O, (NH4)2SO4 and Na2SO4. The space included within these surfaces and the vertical and horizontal planes represents unsaturated solutions. FOUR-COMPONENT SYSTEMS

Four-component systems composed of water and three electrolytes which yield a common ion have been represented by reference to three axes which intersect in space at 90° but are shown on a plane surface as though they intersected at 120°. Each axis represents the amount of one of the three electrolytes present in a constant amount of water or of saturated solution. Thus in Fig. 129 the point D on the vertical axis represents the number of equivalents of MgSO4 per 1000 M of water required to saturate the solution with MgSO4.7H2O. Similarly the point G represents the equivalents of K2SO4 required to saturate the solution with K2SO4 and A the equivalents of Na2SO4 required to saturate with Na2SO4. It is obvious that the line D-E-F-G represents the threecomponent system MgSO4 + K2SO4 + H2O; the line G-H-I-A, the system K2SO4 + Na2SO4 + H2O and the line A-B-C-D, the system Na2SO4 -j- MgSO4 -f- H2O. The four-component system is limited by the three planes between the three axes, and by a series of surfaces in the space between these planes. In this illustration this surface is composed of six separate surfaces, which are assumed to be planes, intersecting in the points P, Q, R, and S. Each of these surfaces represents the series of solutions of varying composition saturated with respect to some one solid phase, the composition of which is indicated by the labels. In some systems the composition of the liquid phase is expressed in terms of the number of grams or moles of the three electrolytes in 100 g or M of the mixture of salts, which would be obtained if the liquid phase were evaporated to dryness, and the resulting salts dehydrated. Where this method is employed it is also necessary to state the amount of water needed to dissolve 100 g or M of the mixed salts to define the composition of the liquid phase completely. The proportions of the three salts in the residue which would be obtained by evaporating the liquid phase are conveniently represented by means of the equilateral triangle as in Fig. 59. Four-component systems composed of water and four different ions, which form a reciprocal salt pair, necessarily include four three-component systems as constituent parts, each of which is treated separately. The liquid phase of the more complex system is conveniently represented graphically by the method of van't Hoff. This necessitates expressing its composition in equivalents (not in weight units) per constant amount of water or of solution. If all four ions are in the solution three different salts are needed to express the composition of any such solution, and four are necessary for all possible solutions, unless negative quantities are employed. The amounts of these four salts are measured from the point of intersection of two axes which make an angle of 90° with each other. Thus in Fig. 85 the point A represents solutions saturated with Na2SO4JOH2O, E with (NHO2SO4, G with (NH4)HCO3 and I with NaHCO3. If the solution contains both Na2SO4 and (NH4)HCO3 or both (NH4)2SO4 and NaHCO3 the excess of one salt over the other is measured on the axis to which the excess pertains. The point of intersection may represent either pure

water or solutions which contain any one of an infinite number of equivalent proportions of the two pairs of salts. Solutions containing any one of the four ions as a common ion must be represented by a series of points, which form four different broken lines connecting the points representing saturation as to a single salt. The space included within these lines must represent solutions containing all four ions and saturated with respect to one, two or three different solids. If the points representing saturation as to different pairs of solids are connected the entire space is divided into areas, each area indicating all possible solutions saturated as to each of the solids represented. Thus in Fig. 85 the lines JP, BP, PQ, CQ, QR, RH, RS, SF and SD represent saturation with respect to the two solids whose formulae are printed within the areas which the lines separate. The points P, Q, R and S represent saturation with respect to three different solids. FIVE-COMPONENT SYSTEMS It is not possible to represent these systems by a graphical method unless certain simplifications are made. In the only system of this degree of complexity for which data are available, namely, the system composed of MgCU + KCl + NaCl + Na2SO4 + H2O, it is assumed that the solution is always saturated with NaCl. It then becomes possible to express the composition of the liquid phase by means of three axes representing KCl, MgCl2, and Na2SO4, respectively. In order to express the composition in conformity with this scheme it is necessary to assume that Na2SO4 = MgSO4 -f 2NaCl — MgCl2, or expressed differently, that all the SO4 is measured on the Na2SO4 axis and all the Mg on the MgCl2 axis. The three axes may be made to intersect at 120° and the composition of the solution expressed in terms of K, K Mg, and J^SO4 as has been done in Figs. 18 to 21, inclusive. SIX-COMPONENT SYSTEMS The only one for which data are available is derived from CaCl2, MgCl2, KCl, Na2SO4 and H2O; it results from adding Ca to the five-component system just considered. It is again necessary to assume that NaCl is always present as a solid and to eliminate solutions in equilibrium with chloride-containing calcium salts. Owing to the slight solubility of both single and double sulfates of calcium their presence as solid phases changes but slightly the form and dimensions of Figs. 18 and 19. A fair understanding of the system at O0C and 250C is obtained by assuming that the spaces limited by the planes of these figures are subdivided into smaller spaces which correspond to spaces saturated as to some one solid which contains Ca and SO4. At O0C the plane A-B-E-D of Fig. 9 separates spaces representing saturation as to CaSO4.2H2O and CaSO4.K2SO4.H2O. At 250C (Fig. 10) there are six planes which separate spaces representing saturation as to CaSO4, CaSO4.K2SO4.H2O, CaSO4.Na2SO4 and MgSO4.K2SO4.2CaSO4.2H2O, respectively. At 550C (Fig. 11) addition of the calcium ion changes the form of the entire diagram, since CaSO4 reacts with KCl and it becomes necessary to consider CaCl2 as an important constituent of the liquid phase. The calcium content can be measured on the SO4 axis but in the opposite direction from that used to represent SO4. Owing to the limited data it is only possible to outline roughly the limits of the spaces representing solutions containing but little magnesium, which are saturated as to CaSO4, CaSO4.Na2SO4, CaSO4.K2SO4.H2O and 5CaSO4.K2SO4.H2O. Above these spaces there is one saturated as to MgSO4.K2SO4.H2O and probably others saturated as to still other complex calcium-containing sulfates. At 830C (Fig. 12) the formation of CaCl2 is still further accentuated and although the solid calcium-containing phases are not changed, the spaces within the diagram to which they correspond are changed profoundly.

H 2 O 2 SOr-K + H2O + H2O2 + K2SO4 * = 2O0C (227) g H2O2/! g K2SO4/! K2SO4 43.8 136.1 44.0 139.9 85.6 167.2 130.7 199.6 162.8 224.8 168.0 232.3 232.1 265.8 247.5 288.3 302.7 341.4 305.4 346.8 726.0 672.2 F- Cl- Sb+++ K + H2O + SbF3 4- KCl t = O0C (316)

MKCI/I O 0.125 0.250 0.500 1.000

g SbFs/lOOg H2O SbF3 384.7 407.3 431.9 448.3 461.8

F- Br- Sb+++ K + H2O + SbF3 + KBr t = O0C (316)

g SbF3/100g M K Br/l

H2O

SbF3 O 0.125 0.250 0.500 1.000

384.7 417.2 455.6 450.0 448.7

F- NOr Sb+++ K+ H2O + SbF3 + KNO 3 t = O0C (316) g SbF3/100g MKN03/1

H2O

SbF3 O 0.125 0.250 0.500 1.000

384.7 401.4 418.3 451.9 458.2

F- NH4+ Sb+++ C 2 O 4 -H2O + NH4F + Sb2(C2O4)3 t = O0C (316) M K(NH 4 ),- g SbF3/100g C2O4/! H2O SbF3 O 384.7 0.125 433.3 0.250 442.3 0.500 431.9

F- Sb+++ H2O + HF + SbF3 t = O0C (316) g SbF3/100g MHF/! H2O SbF3 O 384.7 0.5 404.0 1.0 432.5 2.0 474.9 F- Sb+++ C 2 O 4 --K + H2O + SbF3 + K2C2O4 t = O0C (316) M g SbFa/lOOgKK2C2O4/! H2O SbF3 O 384.7 0.125 405.2 0.250 451.3 0.500 481.2 1.000 465.7 F- Sb+++ C 4 H 4 O 6 --K + H2O + SbF3 + K2C4H4O6 t = Q0C (316)

M g SbF3/100g KK2C4H4O6/! H2O SbF3 O 384.7 0.125 435.2 0.250 430.8 0.500 430.5 1.000 461.4 F- Hg++ H2O -f HF + HgO t = 250C (89) Mp/1 | MH./! HgF2 9.60 0.736 8.60 0.6825 7.63 0.6265 5.00 0.440 2.05 0.2022 0.1385 1.309 HgF2 + HgO 1.148 | 0.1227 F- Pb++ Na+ H2O + HF + PbF2 + NaF t = 250C (74) % PbF4.. % H2F2 % Na2F2 2NaF PbF4.2NaF 38.61 0.368 9.358 40.0 Tr. 10.49 37.23 2.33 5.07 F- Pb++ K+ H2O + HF + PbF2 + KF t = 250C (74) % 3KF.% H2F2 %K 2 F 2 HF.PbF4 3KF.HF.PbF4 29.1 1.71 11.23 30.0 0.0 12.21 20.0 25.0 1.70

0

t =QC

„ HF /0

'

A 0.40 3.97 9.60 13.75 14.0 17.2 24.0 24.40

25.70 28.0 29.50 38.00 39.2

54.80 56.70 57.20 66.57

0.40 3.60

F" Ag+ (156) : H2O + HF + AgF I t = 140C I t = 240C [

% AgF g F . 87.50 93.80 118.50 153.0

% % % HF AgF HF 4 H 2 O 0.40 137.0 2.60 145.0 5.80 159.25

% AgF

0

t = 32 C

% HF

%"" AgF

F" Cb +++++ K+.,—(Continued) Liquid phase 0 C Solid phases % % % CbF5 HF KF 85 Ì K p / 30.39 14.68 073OF..H»Q + (?) I n.66 10.08 ^.53* * Negative values indicate presence of oxyfluoride instead of pentafluoride as assumed in the calculations. F_Ta+++.h+K+(318)

H 2 O + HF + TaF5 + KF AgF.4H2O + AgF. 2H2O 6.40 162.0 J | | | Liquid phase AgF.2H2O 0 C Solid phases % % % 159.0 14.50 169.5 0.0 1178.00 0.0 193.0 TaF5 KF HF 185.0 17.30 176.0 8.1 178.0 f KxTayOzF + 2KF.TaF5 0 7 2 5 0 7 Î 2 0.029 186.8 18.50 180.50 10.0 179.50 18 Q W 4 79 K xTTa , O F 49KF 4TnF ' ' °-074 19.35 187.0 13.4 189.50 I K OJ+2KF+ TaF..... x Q og ß ^ Q ^ AgF.2H20 + AgF(?) 16 1.33 0.56 4.47 l i l i 14.30 |191.50| | 1 24 18 AgF.H2O 2KF TaFe T* F ^ °'52 4 ' 20 2KF 18.5 5.35 2.25 24.30 l i l i 13.0 194.50[ 0.45 216.75 18 0.036 21.93 10.44 AgF.H20 + AgF l i l i 18.80 189.50| 4.70 |211.75 85 KÔ8F + 2KRTaF6 jj.18 J; J £« AgF 5.73 2.41 4.47 189.0 25.40 189.0 36.6 193.0 7.0 205.00 6 2 52 4 2 189.0 27.00 186.0 16.0 193.50 11.0 198.090 QO 2KFTaF -°° ' ' 2KF.TaF5 ^^ ^ 24.30 188.0 28.80 188.20 29.0 179.0 10.44 1.18 22.42 194.0 38.00 196.50 16.40 185.5 195.8 40.00 197.50 36.60 194.50 F-Na + F-K + AgF + AgF.2HF H2O + HF + NaF H2O + HF + KF 42.50 201.00 t = 250C (74) t = 250C (74) 56.40 134.50 % H2F2 I % Na2F2 % H2F2 I % K2F2 AgF.2HF Na2F2 K2F2 130.3 0.0 4.03 0.0 48.0 127.6 1.0 3.9 1.5 37.5 127.75 4.4 2.1 5.7 22.3 94.93 NaHF2 (?) 11.1 21.3 AgF.2H20 7.7 2.0 KHF2 (?) 4.47 162.0 11.5 2.08 13.8 22.3 5.68 162.0 37.3 2.9 17.2 24.1 3AgF.5H2O* 43.7 4.5 22.3 26.7 173.75 0.40 190.00 1.25 206.20 30.0 30.0 174.00 8.10 189.00 7.90 202.50 50.0 40.5 13.25 188.00 12.65 198.60 1156.0

14.80 189.80 * Metastable at all temperatures studied. A number of determinations are t = 2O0C (224) given in ( 156 ) for other temperatures which are not easily classified. The solid g per 10Og H2O AgF.HaO was obtained in a number of instances but always as a metastable form. H2F2 I Na2F2 Transition temperatures Na2F2 0 0.081 4.14 | C | g AgF/lQOg H2Q Solid phases 0.104 4.19 AgF.4H2O + Ice -14.2 60 0.135 4.23 AgF.4H2O + AgF.2H2O +18.65 169.5 0.420 4.51 AgF.2H2O + AgF 39.50 222 Na2F2 + NaHF2* AgRH 2 O + AgF 38.20 223 0.484* I 4.56* 3AgF.5H2O + AgF.H2O 27 224 ca. NaHF +++++ + 318 2 F" Cb K ( ) 0.660 3.45 H2O + HF + CbF5 + KF 0.831 2.99 Liquid phase 1.20 2.49 0 C . Solid phases % % % 1.55 2.20 CbF5 HF KF 2.22 2.04 K2CbOF5-H20 5.19 2.98 0.35 2.70 2.01 K2CbOF54H2O + 2KF.CbF 5 .... 7.07 5.33 4.34 4.17 1.88 16 2KKCbF6 4.33 2.32 10.43 8.68 1.83 K2CbOF5-H20 1.16 5.54 -0.13* 10.28 1.79 * Mean of six determinations. K2CbOF5 .H2O + 2KF.CbF 5 .... 2.67 6.04 5.39

Cl- ClO4- K + H2O + KCl + KClO4 t = 250C (280) % KCl % KClO4 KClO4 O 2.052 0.3663 1.755 0.7315 1.537 Cl- Br- Pb++ H2O + PbCl2 + PbBr2 t = ? (263); y. Fig. l % PbBr2 Solid phase Liquid phase 2.3 0.9 3.1 0.3 4.4 1.4 4.6 1.1 4.8 1.9 5.1 1.0 5.2 2.0 6.9 3.0

Cl- Br- Pb++.-(Continued) % PbBr2 Solid phase Liquid phase 7.1 1.4 9.9 1.9 13.5 3.4 15.9 5.1 20.1 5.9 22.5 7.6 28.2 9.7 47.7 27.3 52.9 36.6 54.6 46.5 58.2 64.8' 58.6 69.2 64.0 79.1 Cl- Br- Pb++ Ca++ H2O + PbCl2 + CaBr2 t = 250C (181) M J^CaCl2/! 1 M KPbBr2/! PbBr2 0.00 0.05250 0.00924 0.49 0.98 0.01088 1.97 0.01386 2.95 0.02714 3.93 0.04710 M MCaBr2/! M ^PbCl2/! PbCl2 0.0 0.07790 0.47 0.01362 0.95 0.02130 1.91 0.07574 2.85 0.18836 3.81 0.43460 Cl- Br- Pb++ Sr++ H2O + PbBr2 + SrCl2 t = 250C (181) M KSrBr2/! | M KPbCl2/! PbCl2 0.00 0.07790 0.52 0.01258 1.04 0.02278 2.08 0.09750 3.12 0.27940 4.16 0.79860 M JiSrCl2/! M HPbBr2/! PbBr2 0.0 0.05250 0.01128 0.660 1.330 0.01254 2.66 0.03090 3.09 0.04000 4.18 0.05436 Cl- Br- Pb++ Ba++ H2O + PbCl2 + BaBr2 t = 250C (181) M ^BaBr2/! I MKPbCl 2 /! PbCl2 0.00 0.07790 0.45 0.01206 0.91 0.02192 1.83 0.07716 2.70 0.25340 3.67 0.59200

Cl- Br- Pb++ Ba++.-(CWd) M ^BaCl2/! I M KPbBr2/! PbBr2 0.0 0.0525 0.52 0.01148 1.04 0.01530 2.08 0.04776 Cl- Br- Pb++ Na+ H2O + PbBr2 + NaCl t = 250C (181) MNaBr/!

|

M KPbCl2/!

PbCl2 0.00 0.48 0.97 1.94 2.82 3.78 MNaCi/1

0.0779 0.01394 0.02420 0.11864 0.28620 0.63710 M KPbBr2/! PbBr2 0.0 0.05250 0.47 0.00912 0.95 0.1127 1.89 0.01688 2.84 0.02932 3.79 0.06106 4.74 0.12288 Cl- Br- Pb++ K+ H2O + PbBr2 + KCl t = 250C (181) MKCI/I i" M KPbBr2/! PbBr2 0.00 0.05250 0.48 0.01112 0.97 0.01164 1.94 0.01240 2.91 0.02114 3.88 0.03010 MxBr/1 M KPbCl2/! PbCl2 0.0 0.07790 0.53 0.01578 1.07 0.01776 2.14 0.05034 3.21 0.13410 4.28 0.35480 Cl- Br- Sr++ H2O + HBr + SrCl2 t = 250C (161) M per 100Og H2O HBr I 0.5SrCl2 SrC!2.6H2O 0.0 7.034 0.06817 6.974 0.4191 6.696 0.9716 6.262 1.154 6.132 Cl- Br- K+ H2O + HBr + KCl t = 250C (179) Ms/1 ! MKCI/I KCl O 4.272 0.661 3.780 3.415 1.957

Cl- Br- K+ H2O + KCl + KBr t = 250C (3) y. Fig. 2 Solid Liquid phase—g phase per 10Og H2O %KG1 KCl I KBr KBr 0.0 I 0.0 ( 68.47 Solid soin. 3.9 5.43 62.26 8.3 8.46 58.50 13.09 12.48 52.45 23.02 17.17 45.42 44.77 20.18 40.53 50.93 21.23 38.70 74.43 24.21 31.53 80.98 25.88 26.62 92.48 31.02 12.94 KCl I 36.12 1 0.0

Cl- I- Pb++ Na+ H2O + PbI2 + NaCl t = 250C (51-5) % PbI2 I % NaCl PbI2 0.758 1 0.0 0.778 0.29 0.859 0.59 0.951 1.16 1.100 2.30 1.410 5.86 1.640 11.70 1.790 29.80 Cl- I- Sr++ H2O + HCl + SrI2 t = 250C (lei) M per 100Qg H2O HI I 0.5SrCl2 SrCl2.6H2O 0.0 7.034 0.1641 6.890 0.4462 6.650 0.4126 6.672 0.7539 6.366 Cl-I-Sr++K+ H2O + SrI3 + KCl * = 250C (161) M per 100Og H2O KI I 0.5SrCl2 SrCl2.6H2O 0.0 7.034 0.09199 7.034 0.5401 7.016 0.6015 7.038 1.445 6.992 Cl- I- K+ H2O + KCl + KI t = 250C (3) v. Fig. 3 g KCl/ g KI/ 100g H2O 100g H2O KI 0.0 I 149.26

Cr r K + .-(Cant'd) g KCl/ g KI/ 100g H2O 10Og H2O Solid soin. I* 4.06 144.03 4.51 142.01 7.63 137.79 Solid soin. I* + Solid soin. Hf 11.57t I 133.17Î Solid soin. Uf 15.10 105.91 23.75 43.89 31.38 14.83 33.65 7.11 KCl 36.12 | 0.0 * Solid soin. I contains from O to 2.23% KCl. t Solid soin. II from 98.37 to 100 % KCl. t Average of three results.

Cl- SO4- "NH 4 + , v. p. 276 Cl- SOr-NH 4 + Cu++, v. p. 276 Cl-SO 4 --NH 4 +Ca++ H2O + NH4Cl + CaSO4 t = 250C (62) g NH4Cl/! I g CaSO4/! CaSO4.2H2O 10.8 3.9 24.2 5.38 46.7 7.07 94.5 8.80 149.7 10.30 198.6 10.85 210.0 10.88 275.0 10.60 325.0 9.40 CaSO4.2H2O + NH4Cl 375.3 7.38 Cl- SO 4 --NH 4 + Na+, v. p. 276, 277 Cl- SO4-- CO3-- Ca++ Na+ H2O + CaCO3 + NaCl + Na2SO4 t = 250C (59) % NaCl I % Na2SO41 % CaCO3 CaCO3 0.0 22.16 0.0186 1.617 20.59 0.0149 5.318 17.928 0.0105 8.157 16.170 0.0101 8.257 15.908 0.0103 11.803 14.741 0.0087 13.707 14.821 0.0085 19.147 9.034 0.0032 22.067 7.085 0.0032 22.240 7.198 0.0029 23.008 5.472 0.0031 25.412 1.713 0.0031 0.0026 26.308

Cl-SO 4 -NH 4 + (31l) H2O + NH4Cl + (NH 4 ) 2 S0 4 ; A = NH4Cl; B = (NH 4)2SO4 Solid phases [ \ [

NH 4 Cl NH 4 ClH-(NHO 2 SO 4 (NHOsSO4

[ 1 (

Liquid phase t = O0C | t = 250C | t = 3O0C (340) | t = 4O0C | t = 6O0C | %A I % B I % A I % B I % A I % B I % A % B ]~ % A % B | 22.9 O 28.2 O 29.5 31.40 O 35.60 O 17.10 13.9 22.90 11.70 24.06 12.72 29.5 11.6 19.97 21.30 11.30 28.40 16.40 26.2 17.76 25.75 19.4 24.8 23.6 25.80 O 41.4 O 43.4 14.62 28.60 O 44.8 O 46.8 6-86 36.15 44.0

t = 8O0C % A | % B 39.6 O

27.4 23.2 O 48.8

Cl-SO 4 --NH 4 + Cu + + H2O + NH4Cl + CuSO4 t = 3O0C (340) „. pig. 4 " °h A B C D E F G H I J P Q R S

L

i

q

u

i NH4Cl

P aS6S

CuSO4.5H2O CuCl2.2H2O + CuSO4.5H20 CuCl2.2H20 CuCl2.2H2O + 2NH4Cl.CuCl2.2H20 NH4Cl + 2NH4Cl.CuCl2.2H20 NH4Cl NH4Cl + (NHO2SO4 ; (NHO2SO4 (NHO2SO4 + (NH4)2SO4.CuSO4.6H20 CuSO4.5H2O + (NH4)2SO4.CuSO4.6H2O. NH4Cl + (NHO2SO4 + (NH 4 )2SO4.CuSO4.6H20 NH4Cl + (NH4)2SO4.CuSO4.6H2O + 2NH4Cl.CuCl2.2H20 CuSO4.5H2O + (NH4) 2SO4.CuSO4.6H2O + 2NH4Cl.CuCl2.2H20 CuSQ4.5H2O + CuCl2.2H2O + 2NH4Cl.CuCl2.2H2Q

..

d phase—M p e r 100OM H2O I 0.5 (NH 4 ) 2 S0 4 | 0.5CuCl2 | 0.5CuSQ4 57.51 209.37 12.00 209.86 12.46 211.34 138.57 7.32 140.78 105.77 124.20 214.11 209.93 1.96 21.41 62.83 105.37 125.62 3.53 134.90 38.05 12.96 5.53 36.24 111.67 13.39 219.10 0.33

Cl-SOr-NH 4 + Na + (Sii) H2O + NH4Cl + Na2SO4; v. Figs. 5, 6 Liquid phase—M per 1000 M H2O Solid phases

C

, ' ° °° ' »• *"*• 5 I * " 25°° 5 0 NH4Cl 0' ^ NaCl ^ NH4C! ^g"^ NaCl

OVJ4

"A B C D E F

G H I P Q R

NH4Cl NH4Cl + (NHO2SO4 (NHO2SO4 (NHO2SO4 + (NH4)2SO4.Na2SO4.4H20 (NH 4 ) 2SO4.Na2SO4.4H2O + Na2SO4.1OH20 Na2SO4JOH2O Na2SO4 + Na2SO4.10H2O Na2SO4 + NaCl Na2SO4JOH2O + NaCl NaCl NaCl + NH4Cl NaCl + NH4Cl +Na 2 SO 4 JOH 2 0 NH4Cl + Na2SO4JOH2O + (NH4) 2SO4.Na2SO4.4H2O. NH4Cl + (NH4)2SO4 + (NH4)2SO4.Na2SO4.4H2O. . . . NaCl + NH4Cl + Na2SO4 NH4Cl + Na2SO4 + (NH4)2SO4.Na2SO4.4H20 NH4Cl + (NHO 2 SO 4 + (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 .Na 2 SO 4 .4H 2 O.... Na2SO4 -f Na2SO4JOH2O + (NH4)2SO4.Na2SO4.4H2O

99.9 63.2 128.5 192.5 181.6 127.2

49.0 50.5 86.1 60.4

bU4

OvJ4

Ï327Ï 96.1 19.9 30.6 12.78

ZZ ^

0

oU4

' 124.3 208.9 193.6 60.4

37.1 103.7 71.0 61.0 54.2 97.6 24.7

106.4 4.9 109.9 110.4 87.7 79.7 78.5 82.6 10.3 24.9 37.9 124.4 18.6 90.8 48.9 44.3 103.8 24.6 62.0 90.3 115.3 33.8 15.3 42.2 1Q7.9

Cl- SO 4 -- NH4+ Na+.-(Continued)

A B C D E F G H I R S T

Liquid phase—M per 1000 M H2O I t = 6O0C I t = 8O0C ! 5Na2 5 NH4 2 5Na2 0 5 NH4 NaCl °' - NH44Cl °' ( > - NaCl °' - NH44Cl - < H NaC1 n °-5Na*aU aU SQ4 ° SQ4 SQ4 ° SQ4 | SQ4 186.0 220~6 156.9 138.9 186.5 128.0 239.7 259.8 49.9 102.5 210.7 87.5 235.0 89.9 122.0 114.9 110.0 103.4 22.0 107.7 18.8 111.7 18.46 112.1 114.9 116.8 73.3 137.1 80.7 169.7 63.1

t = 4O0C; v. Fig. 6

0 ,.j u Solid phases

NH4Cl NH 4 Cl + (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 (NEU)2SO4 + (NH 4 )2SO 4 .Na 2 SO 4 .4H 2 0 Na2SO4 + (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 .Na2SO 4 .4H 2 0 (NH4)2S04 + Na2SO4 Na2SO4 Na2SO4 -f NaCl NaCl NaCl + NH 4 Cl NH4Cl + (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 + (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 .Na 2 SO 4 .4H20 NH4Cl + Na2SO4 + (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 .Na 2 SO 4 .4H a O NaCl + NH 4 Cl + Na2SO4

5 NH4 2 NH > 4Cl °- ( ^ H4U SQ4 154.0 117.0 121.0 221.1 205.0 94.5

100.3 109.3 109.3 128.3 33.3 114.0

'•

51.9 74.7 4 2 . 2 44.8 152.2

NH4Cl + Na2SO4 + (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4

142.1

33.6 50.4 197.4 108.9

63.0

19.8

188.0

83.1

59.6 68.1

Transition points Phases NH4Cl + (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 + Na2SO4 + (NH 4 ) 2SO4.Na2SO4.4H20 NH4Cl + NaCl + Na2SO4 + Na 2 SO 4 JOH 2 O... NH4Cl + Na2SO4 + Na 2 SO 4 -IOH 2 O + (NH 4 ) 2SO4.Na2SO4.4H2Q

Liquid phase—M per 100OM NH4Cl |0.5(NH 4 ) 2 S0 4 | NaCl | 122.2 107.4 71.5 54.4 69.6 58.9

Solld

50 11.3 11 ca.

H2O 0.5Na2SQ4 66.5 47.3 45.9

Cl- SO4-- Th++++; Cl- SO4-- Tl+; Cl~ SO4— Tl+ K + ; v. p. 278

Solid phases ^ î .2H OTT rx CuCl 2 20

Cl- SO4-- Cu ++ (340, 345) ; H2O + CuCl2 + CuSO4 Liquid phase t = 150C t = 250C t = 3Q0C t = 350G % CuCl2 % CuSO4 % CuCl2 % CuSQ4 % CuCl2 | % CuSQ4 "% CuGl2 | % CuSQ4 /|42.27 °-° 43.37 °-° 43.95 °-° 44-4T" 0.0 43 25

CuCl2.2H2O + CuSQ4.5H20

41.22

1.34 16.03

41.72

2.32 18.22

CuSO4-SH2O Cl- SO4-- Cu++ Li+; v. p. 278

l u

43.62 2.90 39.48 3.21 25.67 4.77 15.88 8.93 6.58 13.62 0.0 20.32 .

42.11 3.22 21.05

Cl- SO4-- Cu++ Na + (345) : H2O + CuCl2 -f Na2SO4; v. Fig. 7

A B C D E F G H

I J P

CuSO4.5H20 CuSO4.5H2O + CuCl2.2H20 CuCl2.2H20 CuCl2.2H2O -f NaCl NaCl NaCl + Na2SO4 NaCl + Na2SO4-IOH2O Na2SO4 + Na2SO4JOH20 Na2SO4 Na2SO4JOH20 Na2SO4 + Na2Cu(SO4)2.2H2O Na2SO4JOH2O + CuSO4.5H20 Na2Cu(SO4)2.2H2O + CuSO4.5H2O + Na2SO4JOH2O Na2SO4JOH2O 4- Na2Cu(SO4)2.2H20 Na2Cu (SO4) 2.2H2O + CuSO4.5H20 Na2Cu(SO4)2.2H2O + Na2SO4JOH2O -f Na2SO4

43. l 5.1 192.2 196.2 176.2

46.7 42.5

NaCl

0.5Na2SO4

0.5CuCl2

0.5CuSO4

NaCl

0.5Na2SO4

0.5CuCl2

0.5CuSO4

Liquid phase—M per 100OM H 2 O Ì t = 250C i t = 350C

NaCl

0.5Na2SO4

0.5CuCl2

Solid phases

0.5CuSO4

t = 150C

50.3 60.2 9.4199.7 13.1206.4 205.2 214.5 57.9 184.1 62.7 197.0 65.7 110.1 111.6 111.4 24.7100.2 22.1 102.6 20.2 101.6 54.3 59.8 125.2 33.3 71.0 5.0 122.5 40.3 22.8 20.2 19.6 74.2 52.7 38.3 60.6 31.7 3.9 53.9 59.9

Q

Na2Cu (SO4)2.2H2O Na2Cu(SO4)2.2H2O Na2Cu (SO4) 2.2H2O I Na2Cu(SQ4)2.2H2Q

R S

A B C D E F G H I J P Q R S T U

+ + + +

Na2SO4 + NaCl Na2SO4.10H2O + NaCl NaCl + CuC!2.2H2O CuCl2.2H2Q + CuSO4 5H2Q

NaCl

0.5Na2SO4

0.5CuCl2

0.5CuSO4

NaCl

• 0.5Na2SO4

0.5CuCl2

0.5CuSO4

NaCl

0.5Na2SO4

0.5CuCl2

Solid phases

0.5CuSO4

Cl- SO4-- Cu++ JXa.+.—(Continued) Liquid phase—M per 100OM H2O t = 150C I t = 250C I t = 350C

7.9 27.096.310.3 13.6108 10.5 12.7 105.7 5.8171.2 57.46.4179.8 63.06.8192.5 70.0 10.1176.8 34.7 13.1 187.8 27.3 17.3 196.6 21.1

Cl- SO4-- Cu++ K + : H2O + CuCl2 + K2SO4; y. Fig. 8; t = 3O0C (349) Liquid phase—M per IQOOM H2O b IldphaSeS ° 0.5CuCl2 I 0.5CuSQ4 | KCl | 0.5K2SQ4 CuSO4.5H20 57.50 CuSO4.5H2O + CuCl2.2H20 210.86 12.00 CuC!2.2H20 209.90 CuCl2.2H2O + CuCl2.2KC1.2H20 238.02 41.95 CuCl2.2KC1.2H2O + KCl 100.12 85.91 KCl 90.30 KCl H- K2SO4 86.96 3.03 K2SO4 26.96 K2SO4 H- CuSO4.K2SO4.6H20 4.27 28.87 CuSO4.K2SO4.6H2O + CuSO4.5H20 61.31 9.94 K2SO4 + CuSO4.K2SO4.6H2O + CuCl2.K2SO4.H2O* 35.94 68.06 9.74 K2SO4 + KCl + CuCl2.K2SO4.H20 26.10 7.00 89.35 CuCl2.K2SO4.H2O H- CuSO4.5H2O + CuSO4.K2SO4.6H2O 101.82 26.91 24.15 KCl H- CuCl2.2KC1.2H2O + CuC!2.K2SO4.H20 101.96 83.80 2.19 CuSO4.5H2O + CuCl2.2H2O + CuCl2-K2SO^H20 213.96 15.30 20.47 CuCl2.2KC1.2H2O + CuCl2.2H2O + CuC!2.K2SQ4.H2O 233.34 4.32 38.93

*This salt may be anhydrous; it is possible that there are several salts instead of one, stable within the field assigned to it.

Cl- SO4- -Th++++ H2O + HCl + Th(SO4), t = 3O0C (235) %HC1 I % Th(SO4), Th(SO4)2.8H2O O 2.15 4.55 3.541 6.95 3.431 12.14 2.811 15.71 2.360 18.33 2.199 20.00 2.110 23.9 1.277

ci-so 4 --Ti + H2O H- TlCl + Tl2SO4 t = 250C (40) MTICI/I I M ^Tl2SO4/! TlCl 0.01607 0.0 0.01034 0.0200 0.006772 0.0500 0.004679 0.1000 Cl- SOr-Tl + K + H2O H- Tl2SO4 + KCl t = 250C (40) M MK2SO4/! I MTICI/I

TlCl

0.0 0.01997 0.0500

0.01607 0.01779 0.01942

Cl- SO4- - Tl+ ^.-(Continued) M ^K2SO4/! MTICI/I TlCl 0.1000 0.02137 0.3000 0.02600 1. OQOO 0.03416

Cl-SO 4 --Cu + +Li + H2O H- CuCl2 H- Li2SO4 t = 250C (176). MLÌCI/I I McuS04/l CuSO4.5H2O 2.83 1.067 1.40 1.176 0.73 1.257 0.0 1.399

Cl-SO 4 --Cu + +Rb + H2O H- CuCl2 + Rb2SO4 * = 250C (176) MRbci/l I MCuSo4/l CuSO4.5H2O 1.094 1.568 0.0 1.399

Cl-SO 4 --Mg + + H2O H- MgCl2 + MgSO4 (36, 192, 193, 241, 257, 375) Liquid phase Solid phases t = O0C I t = 250C % MgCl 2 1 % MgSQ4I % MgCl2 I % MgSQ4 f 20.63 26.68 3.94 14.95 0.60 25.80 MgSO4.7H20 10.01 9.08 10.50 14.00 17.68 4.23 16.20 8.66 27.05 1.67 21.61 6.30 MgSO4.7H2O + MgCl 2 .6H 2 O.... 33.55 -1.47 MgSOUH2O + MgSO,6H20.. { ^7.69* 4.33* MgSO4.6H20 MgSO4.6H2O MgSO4.6H2O MgSO4.5H2O MgSO4.4H2O MgCl2.6H20

31.02 3.71 34.2Om? 2.29m? 30.79 3.87 33.02 2.82 33.96 2.98 34.56 35.91 t . 105-C Invariant point~ t = 116.67° (192) ™ ^ / 33.85 46.12 ? a ^4 TT MgS ° -H2° \ 39.12 0.80 MgSO4 .H2O + MgCl2.6H2O 42.04 0.57 MgCl2.6H2Q 42.44 36 375 * Blasdale ( ). t Takegami ( ). + + + +

MgCl 2 .6H 2 O... . MgSO 4 .5H 2 O.... MgSO 4 .4H 2 O.... MgCl 2 .6H 2 O....

Cl- SO4-- Mg++ Ca++: H2O + MgSQ4 + CaCl2; t = 260C (™) g CaSQ4/! I g MgCl2/! || g CaSO4/! g MgCl2/! CaSO4.2H2O 2.082 O 8.622 121.381 8.501 6.567 206.985 4.258 19.175 2.774 336.986 5.692 7.588 46.640 1.385 441.128

Cl- SO4-- Mg++ Ca++ Na+ K+ H2O + MgCl2 + CaCl2 + Na2SO4 H- KCl; v. Figs. 9, 10, 11, 12 (97, 194,195) ~7~7

Liquid phase—M per IQOOM H2O NaCl | KCl | 0.5MgCl2 | 0.5MgSQ41 0.5Na2SQ41 0.5CaSQ4 0 t = O0C (97); vv. Fig. 9 93.6 25.0 0.34 1.52 CaS04.2H20 + CaS04.K2S04.H20 + NaCl + KCl 16.0 5.20 0.64 CaS04.2H20 + CaSO4.K2SO4.H2O + NaCl + Na2SO4.1OH2O 99.8 98.0 23.2 2.20 1.0 CaSO4.2H2O -f CaSO4.K2SO4.H2O + NaCl CaSO4.2H2O + CaSO4.K2SO4.H2O + NaCl + KCl + MgSO4.36.4 16.0 62.6 20.0 0.12 K2SO4.6H2O CaSO4.2H2O + CaSO4.K2SO4.H2O + NaCl + Na2SO4.1OH2O Position on diagram assumed + MgSO4.K2SO4.6H2O t = 250C (97, 194);». Fig. 10 108.0 6.0 I 0.5 CaSO4 -h CaSO4.Na2SO4 + NaCl 94.0 11.0 28.0 O CaSO4.K2SO4.H2O + CaSO4.Na2SO4 + Na2SO4 + NaCl 92.0 39.0 1.4 CaSO4 -f CaSO4.K2SO4.H2O + KCl + NaCl CaSO4.Na2SO4 + CaSO4.K2SO4.H2O + Na2SO4 + NaCl + 50.0 17.0 33.0 44.0 MgSO4.Na2SO4.4H2O CaSO4-K2SO4.H2O + CaSO4.Na2SO4 + K2SO4.MgSO4.2CaSO4.46.2 14.4 63.4 38.8 0.58 2H2O H- NaCl H- MgSO4.Na2SO4.4H2O CaSO4.K2SO4.H2O + K2SO4.MgSO4.2CaSO4.2H2O + NaCl + 22.2 17.6 92.4 29.0 1.22 KCl H- K2S04.MgS04.4H20 CaSO4 H- K2SO4.MgSO4.2CaSO4.2H2O + NaCl + KCl + Mg4.0 13.0 134.2 11.8 0.16 SO4-KCLSH2O CaSO4 H- K2SO4.MgSO4.2CaSO4.2H2O + MgSO4.7H2O + 14.0 13.0 104.0 35.0 1.6 NaCl + MgSO4-KCLSH2O Positions of points F, H, K, L, Q on diagrams assumed 0 * = 55 C (97); v, Fig. 11 113.6 0.40 1.8 CaSO4 H- CaSO4-Na2SO4 + NaCl 35.4 16.8 0.2 CaSO4.Na2SO4 + CaSO4.K2SO4.H2O + NaCl + K3Na(SO4 ) 2 ... 89.6 83.0 58,6 8.2 0.154 CaSO4.K2SO4.H2O + NaCl + KCl + K3Na(SO4), 88.4 57.8 1.0 1.2 CaSO4.K2SO4.H2O + 5CaSO4.K2SO4.H2O + NaCl + KCl 78.0 56.8 lOf 0.66 5CaSO4.K2SO4.H2O + NaCl + KCl 96.2 28.0 5.0 0.94 CaSO4 H- 5CaSO4.K2SO4.H2O + CaSO4.Na2SO4 + NaCl CaSO4.K2SO4.H2O + 5CaSO4.K2SO4.H2O -f CaSO4.Na2SO4 + 95.6 31-4 8.4 0.42 NaCl CaSO4.Na2SO4 + CaSO4.K2SO4.H2O + K2SO4.MgSO4.2Ca84.0 33.8 7.8 9.4 0.38 SO4.2H2O + NaCl + K3Na(SO4)2 CaSO4.K2SO4.H2O + 5CaSO4-K2SO4-H2O + KCl + NaCl + 85.6 56.4 0.6 4.2 0.16 K2S04.MgS04.2CaS04.2H20 CaSO4? H- 5CaSO4.K2SO4.H2O + K2SO4. MgSO4.2CaSO4.2H2O 84.8 55.8 5.2 0.4 1.56 + KCl H- NaCl CaSO4.K2SO4.H2O + CaSO4.Na2SO4 + K2SO4.MgSO4.2Ca92.2 37.6 0.6 8.6 0.88 SO4.2H2O + 5CaSO4.K2SO4.H2O + NaCl CaSO4 + K2SO4.MgSO4.2CaSO4.2H2O + KCl + MgKCl3.69.6 17.0 153.0 0.18t 1.24 H2O + NaCl CaSO4 + K2SO4.MgSO4.2CaSO4.2H2O + NaCl + MgSO4.H2O 3.8 5.6 173.6 9.2 0.44 + MgKCl3.6H2O 16.4 88.0 36.2 0.32 CaSO4 + CaSO4.Na2SO4 + MgSO4-Na2SO4JH2O + NaCl CaSO4-Na2SO4 + K2SO4.MgSO4.2CaSO4.2H2O + MgSO4.Na283.8 29.2 2.0 41.8 0.06 SO4.4H2O + NaCl 01 P aSeS

A B D E A B C D E* G* I* J

A B C D E F G P R S T

t = 83°C (97, 195); „.Kg. 12

A B C D E F P Q

117.4 CaSO4 + CaSO4.Na2SO4 + NaCl CaSO4-Na2SO4 + CaSO4.K2SO4.H2O + NaCl + K3Na(SO4)2... 81.0 81.0 CaSO4.K2SO4.H2O + 5CaSO4.K2SO4.H2O + NaCl + KCl 64.0 CaSO4 -f 5CaSO4.K2SO4.H2O + NaCl + KCl 104.8 CaSO4 + CaSO4.Na2SO4 + 5CaSO4.K2SO4.H2O + NaCl CaS04.K2S04.H20 + CaSO4-Na2SO4 + 5CaSO4.K2SO4.H2O + 82.2 NaCl CaSO4 + CaSO4.Na2SO4 + 5CaSO4.K2SO4.H2O + NaCl + K290.4 SO4.MgSO4.2CaSO4.2H2O CaSO4.K2SO4.H2O H- CaSO4-Na2SO4 + 5CaSO4.K2SO4.H2O + 78.2 K2SO4. MgSO4.2CaSO4.2H2O + NaCl

67.0 77.0 62.0 22.4

2.6 13.0 4.0

37.8 70.0

2.8

0.36 0.14 0.56

9.6

0.2

41.Ot

65.6 7.6

0.40

5.8 5.6

0.58

5.8

0.20

* According to ( 194 ). t CaCh instead of the salt listed in this column. On the diagram it is represented by the line used for the SCh, but measured in the opposite direction starting from the origin. J CaCh instead of the salt listed in this column.

Cl- SO4"- Mg++ Ca++ Na+ K+,-(Continued) In the accompanying diagrams (Figs. 9, 10, 11, and 12) the lighter lines outline the surfaces separating the spaces within which each of the different calcium-containing salts is in stable equilibrium with the solutions represented by different portions of the diagram. The data are in many cases incomplete, and those needed to indicate the spaces within which chloride-containing calcium compounds are stable, are entirely wanting. The mineralogical names given to the calcium-containing salts listed are as follows: Gypsum, CaSO4.2H2O; Anhydrite, CaSO4; Glauberite, CaSO4.Na2SO4; Syngenite, K2SO4.CaSO4.H2O; Polyhalite, K2SO4-MgSO4.2CaSO4.2H2O. Cl-SO 4 --Mg + + Na + H2O + MgCl2 + Na2SO4; v. Figs. 13, 14, 15, 16, 17 (36, 97, 201, 241, 257, 375) .

~ Solid phases

Liquid phase—M per 10QQM H2O 0.5MgCl2 | 0.5MgSQ41 NaCl | 0..5Na2SO; t = O0C (241); v. Fig.

A B C D E F G H L M-

13

MgSO4.7H2O MgSO4.7H2O + MgCl2.6H20 MgCl2.6H20 MgCl2.6H2O -f NaCl NaCl NaCl + Na2SO4.10H2O Na2SO4.10H20 Na2SO4JOH2O + MgSO4-TH20 Na2SO4JOH2O + NaCl + MgSO4.7H20 NaCl + MgSO4.7H2O + MgCl2.6H20

195.4 199.6 196.0

77.8 6.8 3.4 109.8 108.4

50.4 193.0

77.0 24.0 7.8

50.6 2.2

53.8 201.6

23.4 7.6

48.2 0.6

4.0 12.6 13.0

t = O0C (97)

L M A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P M N O P L M N L M N O P M N O

Na2SO4JOH2O + NaCl -f. MgSO4-TH20 NaCl + MgSO4.7H2O + MgCl2.6H20

t = 250C (36); ^ Fig. 14 MgSO4.7H20 MgSO4.7H2O + MgSO4.6H2O MgSO4.6H2O + MgCl2-GH20 MgCl2.6H20 MgCl2.6H2O + NaCl NaCl NaCl -f Na2SO4 Na2SO4 + Na2SO4JOH20 Na2SO4JOH2O Na2SO4JOH2O -f Na2SO4.MgSO4.4H20 Na2SO4.MgSO4.4H2O + MgSO4.7H20 Na2SO4JOH2O + Na2SO4 + Na2SO4.MgSO4.4H20 Na2SO4 + NaCl + Na2SO4.MgSO4.4H2O Na2SO4.MgSO4.4H2O + NaCl + MgSO4.7H20 MgSO4.7H2O + MgSO4.6H2O + NaCl MgSO4.6H2O + MgCl2.6H2O + NaCl t = 250C (201) Na2SO4 -f NaCl + Na2SO4.MgSO4.4H20 Na2SO4.MgSO4.4H2O + NaCl + MgSO4.7H2O MgSO4.7H2O + MgSO4.6H2O + NaCl MgSO4.6H2O + MgCl2.6H2O + NaCl t = 250C (375) Na2SO4JOH2O + Na2SO4 -f Na2SO4.MgSO4.4H20 Na2SO4 + NaCl + Na2SO4.MgSO4.4H20 Na2SO4. MgSO4.4H2O + NaCl + MgSO4.7H20 t - 250C (241) Na2SO4JOH2O + Na2SO4 + Na2SO4.MgSO4.4H20 Na2SO4 + NaCl + Na2SO4.MgSO4.4H20 Na2SO4. MgSO4.4H2O + NaCl + MgSO4.7H20 MgSO4.7H2O + MgSO4.6H2O + NaCl MgSO4.6H2O + MgCl2.6H2O + NaCl t = 250C (97) Na2SO4 + NaCl + Na2SO4. MgSO4.4H20 NaCl -f MgSO4.7H2O + Na2SO4.MgSO4.4H20 MgSO4.7H2O + NaCl + MgSO4.6H20 NaCl + MgSO4.6H2O + MgSO4.H20 NaCl + MgCl2.6H2O + MgSO4.H20

154.0 204.2 207.8 207.8

108.72 19.06 10.8 Tr. 109.8 99.12 38.0

24.88 55.0 70.82 68.72 49.94 7.34 2.56

77.42 151.0 203.7

75.92 95.98 23.08 37.68 36.0 19.56 7.56

47.78 91.44 30.16 6.78 0.56

14 106 104

33 68 30 10

92 52 21 2 20.32 93.83

71.20

61.58 35.35 17.65

64.50 3.60 54.39

60.8 93.6 44.0 4.6 5.0

33.2 4.4

60.4 155.4 200.0

34.40 32.0 30.2 19.6 19.0 33.4 34.6 23.8 19.0 10.2

92.6 34.6 8.4 5.0 1.8

6.4

91.8 134.8 158.0 203.8

.

6

Cl" SOT" Mg++ Na+.-(Continued) Liquid phase—M per 100QM H2O 0,5MgCI2| 0.5MgSO4 I NaCl | 0.5Na2SQ4

0 1 P aSeS

* = 550C (9 7); «,.Fig. 15 A D

MgS04.6H20 MgCl2.6H20

228.0

157.0

E

MgCl2.6H20 + NaCl

227.6

F G H I J P Q E, S T

NaCl NaCl + Na2SO4 Na2SO4 Na2SO4 + Na2SO4. MgSO4.4H20 Na2SO4.MgSO4.4H2O + MgSO4.6H20 NaCl + Na2SO4 + MgSO4.3Na2SO4 NaCl H- MgSO4.3Na2SO4 + Na2SO4.MgSO4.4H20 NaCl H- Na2SO4.MgSO4.4H2O -f MgSO4.Na2SO4.fH20 NaCl H- MgSO4.H2O + MgSO4.Na2SO4.|H20 NaCl H- MgSO4.H2O + MgCl2.6H2O t = 830C (97); Vm Fig. 16

A C D E F G H I J P Q R S

MgS04.H20 MgCl2.6H2O MgCl2.6H2O + NaCl NaCl NaCl H- Na2SO4 Na2SO4 Na2SO4 H- MgS04.3Na2S04 MgSO4.3Na2SO4 H- MgSO4.Na2SO4.f H2O MgSO4.Na2SO4.|H2O + MgSO4.H2O NaCl H- Na2SO4 + MgSO4.3Na2SO4 NaCl H- MgSO4.3Na2SO4 + MgSO4.Na2SO4.|H20 NaCl H- MgSO4.Na2SO4.|H2O + MgSO4.H2O NaCl H- MgSO4.H2O + MgCl2.6H20 t = 1050C (257) ; „. Fig. 17

£}MgSO..H,0 C D E F G H I J* K* P Q R

2.4 17.2 55.6 133.4 224.6

15.5 18 31 35.5 49 59

18.6 117.0 90.2 21.0

101.2 82.8 49.0 14.0 1.4

190.3

8.8 44.0 90.0 242.0

{

24°:»

277.0 279.0 279.0

2.0 118.0 112.0 (54) (84) (136) 20.8 25.2 22.0 241.8

9.26 67.28 110.80

Invariant points ( 97 ) I Solid phases MgCl2.6H2O + MgSO4.7H2O + MgSO4.6H2O + NaCl Na2SO4.10H2O + MgSO4.7H2O + Na2SO4. MgSO4.4H2O + NaCl

Na2SO4JOH2O + Na2SO4 + Na2SO4.MgSO4.4H2O H- NaCl MgCl2.6H2O H- MgSO4.6H2O + MgSO4.H2O + NaCl MgSO4.7H2O H- MgSO4.6H2O + Na2SO4.MgSO4.4H2O + NaCl MgS04.6H20 + MgSO4.H2O + Na2SO4. MgSO4.4H2O + NaCl Na2SO4 H- Na2SO4.MgSO4.4H2O + MgSO4.3Na2SO4 + NaCl Na2SQ4.MgSQ4.4H2O H- MgSQ4.3Na2SQ4 + MgSO^Na2SQ4JH2O + NaCl

16.8 110.0 (94) (60) (26)

102.2 70.4 36.0 1.2

»;«, 3.0 Tr. 121.44 115.92 22.10 83.68 128.62

* At 103 instead of 1050C.

C 13 15

67.8 150.2 31.2 30.8 30.2 26.2 210.2

246.0 242

MgSO4.H2O + MgCl2.6H20 MgCl2.6H20 MgCl2.6H2O H- NaCl NaCl NaCl H- Na2SO4 Na2SO4 Na2SO4 H- 3Na2SO4.MgSO4 3Na2S04.MgS04 + Na2SO4. MgSO4JH20 Na2SO4-MgSO4-I-HjO + MgSO4.H20 Na2SO4 H- NaCl H- 3Na2SO4.MgSO4 3Na2SO4-MgSO4 + NaCl + Na2SO4. MgSO4JH20 Na2SO4.MgSO4JH2O + NaCl H- MgSO4.H20

0

1.4 113.0 107.2

105.56 54.04 19.95

16.11 105.98 99.76 64.44 26.14 14.78 20.24 22.64

Cl- SO4-- Mg++ Na+ K + (97, 189) H2Q + MgCl2 + Na2SO4 + KCl; y. Figs. 18, 19, 20, 21 . ,,.,. . AT ^1 Liquid phase—M per 100OM H2O Q r, , S lld Phases m ad(Ütl0n tQ NaC1 ° . NaCl | KCl | 0.5MgCl2 | 0.5MgSQ41 0.5Na2SO4 t = O0C (97); y. Fig. 18

A B C D E F G H P Q R S T

Na2SO4-IOH20 Na2SO4-IOH2O + MgSO4-TH2O MgS04.7H20 + MgCl2.6H20 : MgCl2.6H2O MgCl2.6H2O + MgKCl3.6H2O MgKCl3-OH2O + KCl KCl KCl + Na2SO4.10H20 KCl + Na2SO4JOH2O + K2S04.MgS04.6H20 Na2S04.10H20 + K2SO4.MgSO4.6H2O + MgSO4.7H20 MgS04.7H20 + K2S04.MgS04.6H20 + KCl MgSO4.7H2O + KCl -f MgKCl3.6H20 MgSO4.7H2O + MgKCl3-OH2O + MgCl2.6H20 t = 250C (189); v. Fig. 19 A Na2SO4 B Na2SO4 + Na2SO4.MgSO4.4H20 C Na2SO4.MgSO4.4H2O + MgSO4.7H20 D MgSO4.7H2O + MgSO4.6H20 E MgSO4.6H2O + MgSO4JI20 F MgSO4.H2O + MgCl2.6H20 G MgCl2.6H20 H MgCl2.6H2O H- MgKCl3.6H20 I MgKCl3.6H20 + KCl J KCl K KCl + K3Na(SO4), L K3Na(SO4), + Na2SO4 M . K3Na(SO4 ) 2 + Na2SO4 .MgSO 4 .4H 2 O+Na 2 SO 4 N K3Na(SO4), + K2S04.MgS04.6H20 + Na2SO4.MgSO4.4H20 0 K3Na(SO4), + KCl + K2S04.MgS04.6H20 P Na2SO4.MgSO4.4H2O + K2SO4.MgSO4.6H2O + K2SO4.MgSO4.4H20 Q K2SO4.MgSO4.6H2O + K2SO4.MgSO4.4H2O + KCl R Na2SO4.MgSO4.4H2O + K2SO4.MgSO4.4H2O + MgSO4.7H20 S MgS04.7H20 + K2S04.MgS04.4H20 + MgSO4.KC1.3H20 T K2S04.MgS04.4H20 + KCl + MgS04.KC1.3H20 U MgSO4-KCLSH2O + KCl + MgKCl8-OH20 V MgS04.7H20 + MgS04.6H2O + MgSO4-KCLSH2O W MgS04.6H20 + MgS04.H20 + MgSO4.KC1.3H20 X MgSO4.H2O + MgSO4.KC1.3H2O + MgKCl3.6H20 Y MgSO4.H2O + MgKCl3.6H2O + MgCl2.6H20 t = 550C (97); ^. Fig. 20 A Na2SO4 B Na2SO4 + MgSO4-SNa2SO4 C MgSO4-SNa2SO4 + Na2SO4.MgSO4.4H20 D Na2S04.MgS04.4H20 + Na2SO4.MgSO4.|H20 E Na2S04.MgS04.fH20 + MgSO4.H20 F MgSO4JI2O + MgCl2.6H20 G MgCl2.6H20 H MgCl2.6H2O + MgKCl3.6H20 1 MgKCl3.6H20 + KCl J KCl K KCl + K3Na(SO4), L K3Na(SO4), + Na2SO4 M Na2SO4 + K3Na(SO4), + MgSO4-SNa2SO4 N MgSO4.3Na2SO4 + K3Na (SO4 ) 2 + Na2SO4.MgSO4.4H20 O K3Na(SO4), + Na2S04.MgS04.4H2O + K2S04.MgS04.4H20 P Na2SO4.MgSO4.4H2O + K2SO4.MgSO4.4H2O + Na2SO4.MgSO4.|H20 Q Na2SO4. MgSO4.|H2O + K2SO4.MgSO4.4H2O + 2MgSO4.K2SO4 R K,SO4.MgS04.4H2O + K3Na(SO4), + KCl S K2SO4.MgSO4.4H,O + 2MgSO4-K2SO4 + MgSO4.KC1.3H2O +KCl T Na2SO4-MgSO4-IH2O + 2MgSO4-K2SO4 + MgSO4.H20

107.8 48.2 53.8 0.6 201.6 (1.6) 198.2 (1.6) 0.4 198.0 8.0 8.0 135.8 101.6 25.0 95.0 26.4 51.0 19.2 45.0 44.0 15.0 48.6 14.8 12.4 100.2 6.2 9.2 130.0 1.4 0.4 196.8 101.0 92.6 34.6 91.8 8.4 135.0 5.0 158.0 1.8 203.8 2.0 212.0 2.0 1.0 210.0 4.0 11.0 141.0 89.0 57.4 88.0 40.0 88.0 21.0 84.0 16.0 55.0 21.0 33.0 46.0 28.0 43.0 44.0 21.0 46.0 39.0 29.0 51.0 21.0 15.0 84.0 18.0 15.0 90.0 19.0 19.0 94.0 5.0 12.0 136.0 7.0 8.0 131.0 3.0 4.0 154.0 2.0 2.0 171.0 2.0 1.0 200.0 107.2 101.2 2.4 82.8 17.2 49.0 55.6 14.0 133.4 1.4 224.6 1.4 227.6 1.4 1.0 228.0 7.6 16.8 156.4 89.0 57.4 83.2 58.6 89.8 29.8 83.0 27.8 81.2 29.8 3.0 67.8 29.4 21.4 59.0 28.0 34.4 39.8 22.2 51.4 48.6 43.6 43.8 39.8 39.6 59.8 12.2 13.2 123.2

4.4 23.4 7.6

6.8 21.6 31.0 14.8 9.0 12.0 33.4 34.6 24.0 19.0 10.2

32.0 37.0 28.0 38.0 29.0 38.0 39.0 29.0 10.0 26.0 20.0 16.0 10.0

24.9 6.4

9.0 29.0 12.0

18.6 31.2 30.8 30.2 26.2 9.2

17.0 41.0 43.0 41.0 36.0 31.6 32.0 25.6

8.0 23.4 13.0

Cl- SO4- - Mg++ Na+ K+.-(Continued) '. TT" A _ _ _,. Q r, , ^d phases m add-on to NaCl t = 550C.—(Continued) 2MgSO4-K2SO4 + MgSO4-KCLSH2O + MgS04.H20 KCl + MgKCl3.6H2O + MgSO4.KC1.3H2O MgSO4.KC1.3H2O + MgKCl3.6H2O + MgSO4JI2O MgSO4JI2O + MgKCl3.6H20 + MgCl2.6H20 t = 830C («»);». Fig. 21 Na2SO4 Na2SO4 + MgSO4.3Na2SO4 MgSO4.3Na2SO4 + MgSO4.Na2SO4.|H20 MgS04.Na2S04.fH20 + MgSO4.H20 MgSO4.H2O + MgCl2.6H20 MgCl2.6H20 MgCl2.6H2O + MgKCl3.6H20 MgKCl3.6H2O + KCl KCl KCl + K3Na(SO4)2 K3Na(SO4), + Na2SO4 K3Na(SO4), + Na2SO4 + MgSO4.3Na2SO4 MgSO4.3Na2SO4 + K 3 Na(SO 4 ) 2 + MgSO4.Na2SO4.fH20 MgSO4.Na2SO4.|H2O + K3Na(SO4)2 + 2MgSO4.K2SO4 2MgSO4JK2SO4 + K3Na(SO4), + KCl 2MgSO4.K2SO4 + MgSO4.Na2SO4.|H2O + MgSO4.H20 2MgSO4.K2SO4 + KCl +MgSO4.H2O : MgKCl3.6H2O + KCl + MgSO4.H2O MgKCl3.6H2O + MgSO4.H2Q + MgCl2.6H20

U V W X A B C D E F G H I J K P Q1 R S T U V W 0

C 4.5 12.5 61.5 65 69.5

I

Liquid phase—M per 100OM H2O NaCl | KCl | 0.5MgCl2 | 0.5MgSO41 0.5Na2SO. 6.6 3.4 6.6 0.8 113.0 102.0 70.4 36.0 1.2 2.0 2.0 2.6 81.2 79.0 87.0 86.0 69.0 60.0 59.0 32.0 22.0 4.0 2.0

At various temperatures ( 97 ) MgSO4.7H2O + Na2SO4.MgSO4.4H2O + K2SO4. MgSO4.6H20 43/7 K2SO4.MgSO4.6H2O + MgSO4-KCLSH2O + KCl 7.8 MgCl2.6H2O + MgSO4JI2O + MgKCl3.6H20 1.8 K3Na(SO4), + K2SO4. MgSO4.4H2O + KCl 48.2 MgSQ4.KC1.3H2Q + 2MgSO4.K2SO4 + KCl 24.4

9.6 17.4 12.8 0.4

135.8 154.6 162.2 222.0

21.0 6.4 6.8 8.2

8.8 44.0 90.0 242.0 242.0 234.0 183.8

20.8 25.2 22.0 1.8

16.0

4.0 20.0 78.0 78.0 42.0 45.0 53.0 49.0 67.0 21.0 30.0 24.0 4.0 14.86 10.8 4.0 47.6 36.4

17.0 24.0 26.0 84.0 152.0 173.0 232.0

15.0 35.0 33.0 20.0. 28.0 10.0 10.0 2.0

5ÏT04 126.8 232.4 42.2 95.0

31.06 16 2.20 33.0 19.0

Invariant points ( 189 ) ° C i Solid phases 25.5 K3Na(SO4), + K2SO4. MgSO4.6H2O + K2SO4. MgSO4.4H2O + KCl + NaCl 27 MgSO4.6H2O + MgSO4.7H2O + MgSO4-KCLSH2O + K2SO4. MgSO4.4H2O + NaCl 27.5 MgSO4.6H2O + MgSO4.7H2O + K2SO4. MgSO4.4H2O + Na2SO4. MgSO4.4H2O + NaCl 31.5 MgSO4.H2O + MgSO4.6H2O + MgSO4-KCLSH2O + K2SO4. MgSO4.4H2O + NaCl 32 MgSO4-H2O -f MgSO4.6H2O + MgSO4.K2SO4.4H2O -f Na2SO4. MgSO4.4H2O + NaCl 37.5 MgS04.H2O + Na2S04.MgS04.4H20 + K2SO4. MgSO4.4H2O + 2MgSO4.K2SO4 + NaCl 46 Na2SO4 + K3Na(S04)2 + MgSO4.3Na2SO4 + Na2SO4.MgSO4.4H2O -f NaCl 47 K2SO4.MgSO4.4H2O + Na2SO4.MgSO4.4H2O -f MgSO4.Na2SO4JH2O + 2MgSO4.K2SO4 -f NaCl 55 MgSO4-KCLSH2O + 2MgSO4.K2SO4 -f- K2SO4.MgSO4.4H2O + KCl + NaCl 59.5 MgSO4.Na2SO4.fH2O + Na2SO4.MgSO4.4H2O + MgSO4.3Na2SO4 + K3Na(SO4), 4- NaCl 60.5 2MgSO4.K2SO4 + K2SO4.MgSO4.4H2O + K3Na(SO4), + KCl -f NaCl 72 MgSO4.H2O + MgKCl3.6H2O + KCl + MgSO4-KCLSH2O + NaCl

9.0 22.6 11.0

~~~~

Parentheses around the first of the solids listed in the systems tabulated below indicate that this solid will disappear if the temperature is increased above the value given for the system. Parentheses around the last of the solids listed indicate that this solid will disappear if the temperature is decreased. The table gives all the data needed for the construction of the paragenesis diagrams of van't Hoff (l»»).

The author (220) shows how the data obtained by van't Hoff and his coworkers can be represented graphically by the use of a prism with a triangular base, when recalculated to give the molai percentages of the dissolved salts. It was then possible to calculate by graphical interpolation the transition points given below. I^ 0

C

100 90 83 72 61.5

T7T"7 , ,, - n '• XT m Solid phases—NaCl and the following : (Loeweite), Vanthoffite, Kieserite, Langbeinite Loeweite, Langbeinite, Glaserite, Vanthoffite (Kainite), Langbeinite, Kieserite, Sylvite (Kainite), Langbeinite, Kieserite, Carnallite (Leonite), Loeweite, Glaserite, Langbeinite

Liquid phase—M per IQOOM H2O -, : —: . Mg I K 2 I Na 2 I SO4 I Cl2 49.0 12.3 20.0 15.4 65.9 24.5 29.0 32.5 16.0 70.0 80.5 14.5 11.0 5.0 101.0 87.6 9.5 3.5 4.3 96.3 33.2 15.4 36.4 21.3 63.7

Cl- SO 4 -- Mg++ Na+ K+.-(Continued) LÌ( UÌd 1000M H l Pnase—M Per:—— 2° —— ,—— :——— Mg I J\2 JNa2 | oU4 | Ua 60.5 (Leonite), Sylvite, Glaserite,Langbeinite 38.7 23.0 61.7 16.4 107.0 59.5 (Astrakanite), Vanthoffite, Loeweite 28.7 0.0 ? 14.8 ? 59.5 (Astrakanite), Vanthoffite, Glaserite, Loeweite 28.0 16.2 48.0 23.3 68.9 56.5 Astrakanite, Glaserite, Leonite, Loeweite 32.7 15.0 34.8 22.0 60.5 55 Leonite,Kainite,Sylvite, (Langbeinite) 46.0 19.7 16.4 16.4 65.7 49 Astrakanite, Kieserite, (Loeweite) 71.5 0.0 64.0 14.0 111.5 49 Thenardite, Astrakanite, (Vanthoffite) 15.0 0.0 47.0 12.8 49.2 47 Astrakanite, Loeweite, Leonite, Langbeinite 58.4 8.9 15.8 16.1 67.0 46 Astrakanite, Thenardite, Glaserite, (Vanthoffite) 9.8 10.9 50.0 15.0 55.7 43 Astrakanite, Kieserite, Langbeinite, (Loeweite) 72.6 6.1 11.5 13.0 77.2 37.5 Kieserite, Langbeinite, Leonite, Astrakanite 71.4 6.1 11.0 14.2 74.3 37 Leonite, Kieserite, Kainite, (Lapgbeinite) 74.8 5.6 9.3 13.0 76.7 35.5 (Hexahydrite), Kieserite, Astrakanite 71.7 15.2 8.8 15.2 65.3 32 (Hexahydrite), Astrakanite, Leonite, Kieserite 69.8 5.9 10.5 15.5 70.7 31.5 Hexahydrite, Kieserite, Kainite, Leonite 73.0 5.6 10.8 14.4 75.0 31 (Reichardite), Hexahydrite, Astrakanite 68.8 8.5 16.7 60.7 27.2 (Reichardite), Astrakanite, Leonite, Hexahydrite 67.5 6.1 10.5 17.2 66.9 27 Reichardite, Hexahydrite, Kainite, Leonite 69.7 5.5 9.2 16.5 67.9 26 (Schoenite), Glaserite, Astrakanite, Leonite 34.0 13.8 24.0 15.1 56.7 25.5 (Schoenite), Glaserite, Sylvite,Leonite 34.8 11.0 28.4 18.7 55.5 23.5 Schoenite, Reichardite, Astrakanite, Leonite 58.8 8.0 24.0 19.4 72.4 23 Hexahydrite, Kainite, Carnallite, Kieserite 92.1 1.4 2.0 7.6 86.1 20 Schoenite, Kainite, Sylvite, (Leonite) 61.5 7.9 8.3 13.2 64.5 18 Schoenite, Kainite, Reichardite, (Leonite) 64.2 6.5 7.8 15.5 63.0 18 Reichardite, Kainite, Carnallite, (Hexahydrite) 83.8 1.9 1.4 7.0 80.1 18 Hexahydrite, Bischoffite, (Kieserite)? 100.5 0.0 0.4 4.5 96.4 17.5 Hexahydrite, Bischoffite, Carnallite, (Kieserite) 105.0 0.6 0.5 5.2 103.9 16.3 Mirabilite, Glaserite, (Thenardite) 0.0 6.9 45.0 16.1 35.8 15.3 Mirabilite, Astrakanite, (Thenardite) 21.2 0.0 57.0 19.6 58.6 13.5 Mirabilite, Glaserite, Astrakanite, (Thenardite) 21.1 5.6 52.8 27.9 51.6 13 Reichardite, Bischoffite, (Hexahydrite) 101.0 0.4 4.2 97.2 12.5 Reichardite, Bischoffite, Carnallite, (Hexahydrite) 105.0 0.4 0.5 5.4 101.5 12.5 Schoenite, Reichardite, Sylvite, (Kainite) 64.1 6.6 9.1 12.1 60.5 12 Sylvite, Reichardite, Carnallite, (Kainite) 74.3 3.1 2.5 5.9 74.5 7 Mirabilite, Schoenite, Astrakanite, Glaserite 33.2 8.7 23.4 20.3 45.8 5 Mirabilite, Reichardite, (Astrakanite) 34.0 0.0 21.5 13.5 42.0 4.5 Mirabilite, Reichardite, Schoenite, (Astrakanite) 38.5 9.8 25.7 19.3 54.7 4.4 Mirabilite, Sylvite, (Glaserite) 14.6 47.0 5.2 56.4 3 Mirabilite, Schoenite, Sylvite, (Glaserite) 33.0 10.0 25.5 11.0 57.5 The solid phases whose mineralogical names are used in the preceding table have the following compositions: Schoenite, MgSO4.K2SO4.6H2O Kieserite, MgSO4.H2O Astrakanite, MgSO4. Na2SO4.4H2O Sylvite, KCl Langbeinite, 2MgSO4.K2SO4 Bischoffite, MgCl2.6H2O Thenardite, Na2SO4 Leonite, MgSO4.K2SO4.4H2O Carnallite, MgCl2.KC1.6H2O Loeweite, MgSO4.Na2SO4.^H2O Vanthoffite, MgSO4.3Na2SO4 Glaserite, approx. K 3 Na(SO 4 ) 2 Mirabilite, Na2SO4JOH2O Hexahydrite, MgSO4.6H2O Reichardite, MgSO4.7H2O Kainite, MgSO4.KC1.3H2O

0 on

C

a IM phases—NaCl i. XT mand ithe ^ following: *n • Solid

Cl" SO4

Mg++ K + ( 9 7 > 200, 231, 248)

H2O + MgCl2 + K2SO4; v. Figs. 22, 23, 24, 25 °M P

Liquid phase—M per 100QM H2O KCl I 0.5MgCl2 I 0.5MgSO41 0.5K2SQ4

SeS

t = O0C; v. Fig. 22

A B C D E F G H I J

MgSO4.7H20 MgSO4.7H2O -f MgCl2.6H20 MgCl2.6H20 MgCl2.6H2O + MgKCl3.6H2O MgKCl3.6H2O + KCl KCl KCl + K2SO4 K2SO4 K2SO4 + K2SO4.MgSO4.6H20 K2SO4.MgS04.6H20 + MgS04.7H20

195.4 199.6 (0,6) (198) 7.30 134.2 68.1 67.3

80.4 6.8

32.0 (83)

2.50 14.94 18.8 (10)

Cl" SO4-- Mg++ ^+.—(Continued)

t

TTTT

Liquid phase—M per 100QM H2Q KCI I 0.5MgCI2 I 0.5MgSO41 0.5K2SQ4

01 P aS6S

t = 0°C.—(Continued) P

K2SQ4 H- KCl + K2SQ4.MgSQ4.6H2Q

39.6

37.6

10.0

Q

KCl + K2S04.MgS04.6H20 + MgS04.7H2Q

16.2

85.6

17.0

R S

MgSO4.7H2Q H- MgKCl3.6H20 + KCl MgSQ4.7H2Q H- MgKCl3.6H2Q + MgCl2.6H2Q

A B C D E F G H I J K L P Q R S T U V X

MgSO4-TH20 MgSQ4.7H2Q + MgSQ4.6H2Q MgSQ4.6H2Q H- MgS04.H2Q MgSQ4.H2Q + MgCl2.6H2Q MgCl2.6H2Q. MgCl2.6H2O H- MgKCl3.6H2Q MgKCl3.6H2Q H- KCl KCl KCl H- K2SO4 K2SO4 K2SQ4 + MgSQ4.K2SO4.6H2Q MgSO4.K2SQ4.6H2O + MgSO4.7H2Q K2SQ4 H- KCl H- MgSQ4.K2S04.4H20 KCl + MgS04.K2SQ4.6H2Q + MgSO4-KCLSH8O + MgSQ4.K2SQ4.4H20 MgSO4.KaSO4.4H2O + MgSQ4.7H2O H- MgSQ4.K2SO4.6H2Q MgSQ4.K2SQ4.4H2Q + MgSQ4.7H2Q + MgSQ4.KC1.3H2Q MgSO4-KCLSH2O + MgKCl3.6H2O + KCl MgSQ4.6H2Q H- MgSQ4.7H2Q + MgSO4-KCLSH2O MgS04.6H2Q H- MgSO4-KCLSH2O + MgKCl3.6H2O MgSQ4.H2Q H- MgKCl8-OH2O + MgCl2.6H2O t - 550C; v. Fig. 24 MgSQ4.6H2Q MgSQ4.6H2O H- MgSO4.H2O MgSO4.H2Q H- MgCl2.6H2Q MgCl2-OH20 MgCl2-OH2Q + KMgCl3.6H2Q KMgCl3.6H2Q H- KCl KCl KCl + K2SO4 K2SO4 K2SO4 H- MgS04.K2SQ4.4H2Q MgS04.K2S04.4H20 + MgSQ4.6H2O K2SO4 H- KCl + MgSQ4.K2SO4.4H2Q KCl H- MgSQ4.K2SQ4.4H2Q + KCl.MgSO4.3H20 MgSQ4.K2SQ4.4H2Q + 2MgSQ4.K2SO4 + KCLMgSO4-SH20 MgSQ4.6H2Q H-MgSQ4.H2Q H-MgSQ4.K2S04.4H2Q MgSO4.K2SQ4.4H2Q + 2MgSO4.K2SQ4 H- MgSQ4-H20 2MgSO4.K2SO4 + MgSO4.KC1.3H2O + MgSQ4.H2O MgSO4.H2O H- MgSO4-KCLSH2O + MgKCl3.6H2O KCl + MgKCl3.6H2O H- MgSO4-KCLSH20 MgSQ4.H2O H- MgCl2.6H2Q + MgKCl3.6H2Q t = 850C; v. Fig. 25 MgSQ4.H2Q MgSQ4.H2O H- MgCl2.6H2O MgCl2.6H2O , MgCl2.6H2O + MgKCl3.6H20 MgKCl3.6H2Q H- KCl KCl KCl H- K2SO4 K2SQ4 K2SQ4 H- 2MgSQ4.K2SO4 2MgSQ4.K2S04 H- MgS04.H2Q K2SQ4 H- 2MgSQ4.K2SO4 + KCl KCl H- 2MgSQ4.K2SQ4 + MgSO4-H2Q MgSQ4.H2Q H- KCl + MgKCl3.6H2O MgSO4-H2O + MgCl2.6H2O + MgKCl3.6H2O

A B C D E F G H I J K P Q R S T U V W X A B C D E F G H I J P Q R S

8.4

134.0

8.8

t = 250C; v. Fig. 23

2.0 11.0 89.3 84.6

145.4 177? 202? 208.0 207.0 142.0

50.0 21.2

42.0 104.2

12.8

(130) 135

109 30.4 15? 11?

44.0 116.6 22.0 29.2

3.14 24.9 31.6 10.8

27.8

(170) (200)

2.4 11.4 106.3 102.8

66.6 57,4 30.8 13.8 7.2 12.4

'.. 2.8 12.0 127.0 122.2

88.4 29.2 (?)

(40) (225) 227.2 222.0 162.0

42.4 63.2 82.8 (?) 65.0 101.8 (178) 160.6 (218) (?) 257.0 246.0 183.0

36.3 175.8 (190) (?)

157 (128) (2)

86.2 (159) 22.8 26.4 26.0 (?) 92.2 66.2

3.9 35.8 47.4 (15)

8.6 201 (?)

(82) (180) 26.8 11.8 (?)

4.8 45.6 (54) (8)

Cl- SO4-- Mg++ K+.-(Continued) I Invariant points (determined by approximate graphical methods) MgS04.7H20 + MgSO4-KCLSH2O + MgKC!3.6H20 + KCl

0

C 13

14

MgS04.7H20 + MgS04.KC1.3H20 + MgSO4-K2SO4M2O + KCl MgS04.7H20 + MgS04.KC1.3H,0 + MgKC!8.6H20 + MgS04.6H20 MgS04.K2SO4.6H20 + MgS04.K2S04.4H2O + MgSO4.KC1.3H20 + MgSO4.7H20 MgS04.K2SO4.6H2O + MgSO4.K2SO4.4H2O + MgSO4-KCLSH2O + KCl MgSO4-KCLSH8O + MgKCl3.6H2O + MgSO4-H8O + MgSO4.6H2O MgSO4.K2SO4.4H2O + MgSO4.KC1.3H2O + MgSO4.7H2O + MgSO4.6H2O MgSO4.K2SO4.6H2O + MgSO4.K2SO4.4H2O -f K2SO4 -f KCl MgS04.K2S04.4H2O + MgSO4.KCL3H8O + 2MgSO4.K2SO4 + KCl MgS04.K2S04.4H20 + 2MgSO4.K2SO4 + K2SO4 + KCl MgSO4-KCLSH8O + MgKC!3.6H2O + MgSO4.H2O + KCl MgSO4-KCLSH8O + 2MgSO4.K2SO4 + MgSO4.H2Q + KCl _______

18 20 25 25 26 35 63 65 76 85

Cl- SOr-Ca ++ O8» 250) H2O -f HCl + CaSO4 t = 250C (l») g CaSO4/! I g Ha/L CaSO4.2H2O 2.062 O 4.375 3.646 9.935 18.230 13.565 36.46 17.275 72.92 t = 250C (250) % HCl* | g CaSOrf

(?)t 0.77

6.405

1.56

8.821

3.06 4.70 6.12

12.639 15.342 16.539

Q- SO4— Ca++ (68» 250, 381) H2O -f CaCl2 + CaSO4 t = 250C (68) g CaCl2/! I g CaSO4/! CaS04.2H20 (?) 0.0 2.056 7.489 1.244 11.959 1.181 25.770 1.096 32.045 1.080 51.531 1.016 97.023 0.841 192.705 0.465 280.303 0.203 367.850 0.032 (25O)*

t, 0C l % CaCl2

t = 1010C 0.77

| 11.209 * = 1020C 3.06 | 31.780 t = 1030C 6.12 46.902 * Before saturation. t Per l of saturated solution. $ Composition of solid phase not determined.

23 24 25 25 25 101 102 103

(381)*

t, 0C

Cl- SO4~ -Ca + + H2O + H2SO4 -f CaCl2 t = 250C (94) M per 100OM H2O* HCl I CaSO4 CaSO4.2H2O 1.80 0.580 3.86 0.857 7.90 1.187 9.12 1.341 15.81 1.724 18.49 1.856 24.74 2.114 32.79 2.303 37.83 2.418 * Based on data from ( 18 > 25 °).

3.54 6.94 10.35 15.90 16.91 3.54 10.36 16.91

g CaSO4/ 100cm3 soin. 0.1225 0.0963 0.0886 0.0734 0.0702 0.1370 0.1426 0.1301

15 21 39 72 94 138 170 195

g CaCl2/ g CaSO4/ 10Og H2O 10Og H2O 15.0 0.063 14.7 0.086 15.0 0.091 14.9 0.100 15.2 0.110 14.7 0.070 14.82 0.031 14.70 0.022

* Composition of solid phase not determined.

Cl" SO4-- Ca++ Na+ (53, 54,

94)

H2O + CaCl2 + Na2SO4 t = 230C (53) g CaSO4/! I gNaCl/1 CaSO4.2H2O 2.37 0.99 3.02 4.95 3.54 10.40 4.97 30.19 5.94 49.17

Cl- SO4- - Ca++ Na+,- (Cont'd) g CaSO4/! | gNaCl/1 CaS04.2H20 6.74 75.58 7.50 129.50 7.25 197.20 7.03 229.70 5.68 306.40 CaSO4.2H,O -f NaCl 5.37 i 315.55 Solid phase assumed to be CaSO4.2H2O (54) g NaCl/1 g CaSO4/! t = 150C 0.6 2.3 1.1 2.5 5.1 3.1 10.6 3.7 31.1 4.8 51.4 5.6 139.9 7.4 t = 230C 0.99 2.37 4.95 3.02 10.40 3.54 30.19 4.97 49.17 5.94 75.58 6.74 129.50 7.50 197.20 7.25 229.70 7.03 306.40 5.68 315.55 5.37 * = 260C O 2.121 91.154 6.656 143.989 7.179 148.343 7.164 176.502 7.119 228.756 6.794 274.173 6.498 320.491 5.715 t = 3O0C 0.5 2.5 10.3 3.6 30.3 5.0 47.3 6.1 73.4 6.9 126.9 7.3 192.4 7.7

Cl- SO4-- Ca-H-Na+.-(Cont'd) g NaCl/1 | g CaSO4/! Solid phase assumed to be CaSO4.2H2O t = 520C 0.5 2.3 1.1 2.4 5.0 2.9 10.10 3.5 29.60 5.0 48.30 5.8 75.70 6.6 131.60 7.1 195.60 7.4 t = 7O0C 0.5 I 2.2 10.0 3.4 29.6 4.9 48.8 5.8 132.7 7.4 195.0 7.6 * = 820C O 2.07 1.0 2.18 5.0 2.65 10.1 3.30 29.5 4.68 48.8 5.54 74.9 6.23 128.7 7.00 195.10 7.51

t = 250C* (94) M per IOOOM H2O NaCl CaSO4 CaSO4.2H2O 29.04 0.93 46.83 1.02 48.31 1.02 58.09 1.03 77.14 1.99 90.39 0.95 112.50 0.84 * By interpolation from Cameron (S3, 54) from data at 23 and 260C.

Cl-SOr-Ca + +Na + H2O + CaSO4 + NaCl + Na2SO4: * = 250C (59) % NaCl % Na2SO41 % CaSO4 Na2SO4-IOH2O + CaSO4.2H2O O 21.14 0.219 2.28 19.65 0.180 4.58 18.06 0.157 7.64 16.16 0.135 Na2SO4.1OH2O + Na2SO4 + 2CaSO4.3Na2SO4 13.63 I 15.44 0.025 Na2SO4 + 2CaSO4.3Na2SO4 16.42 12.15 0.022 18.88 9.58 0.023 Na2SO4 + NaCl + 2CaSO4.3Na2SO4 22.71 6.70 I 0.022 NaCl + CaSO4.2H2O 25.85 I I 0.467 CaSO4.2H2O + 2CaSO4.3Na2SO4 11.71 14.34 12.84 13.42 14.93 10.96 8.98 17.36 22.27 5.69 23.78 3.89

Cl-SO 4 --Ca + + Na + K +

Cl-SO 4 --Ca + +K +

H2O + CaCl2 + Na2SO4 + K2SO4: t = 25° (94) M per 100OM H2O NaCl I K2SO4 I CaSO4 CaSO4.2H2O + CaSO4.K2SO4.H2O 3.01 3.55 0.244 7.75 4.01 0.272 16.36 4.58 0.315 38.90 5.76 0.361 67.40 6.56 O ,.288 CaS04.2H20 + CaSO4-K2SO4.H2O + NaCl 111.70 I 7.03 I 0.186

H2O + H2SO4 + CaCl2 + K2SO4: * = 250C (94) M per 100OM H2O HCl I K2SO4 I CaSO4 CaSO4.2H20 + CaSO4.K2SO4.H2O 6.55 5.308 0.395 33.80 10.94 0.793

Cl-SO 4 --Ca^ + K +

H2O + CaCl2 + K2SO4 t = 250C ( 94 ); c/. (104) M per 100OM H2O K2SO4 CaSO4 I KCl | CaCl2 CaSO4.2H2O + CaSO4.K2SO4.H2O 3.05 0.232 0.506 1.60 0.327 6.01 0.706 22.67 0.655 0.230 73.12 9.26

Cl- SO4- -Ba + + H2O + H2SO4 + BaCl2 t = 250C (i«) MHCI/I I g BaSO4/! BaSO4 0.5 0.666 1.0 0.892 2.0 0.101 5.0 0.086 Cl-SO 4 --Li +

Cl- SO4- -Sr++ H2O + HCl + SrSO4 t = 250C O 8 ) MHCI/I g SrSO4/! SrSO4 0.1 0.48 0.5 1.26 1.0 1.88 2.0 2.07 5.0 1.61

H2O + LiCl + Li2SO4 t = 3O0C (357) % LiCl % Li2SO4 Li2SO4.H2O 0.0 25.25 0.96 23.60 2.76 20.43 5.12 17.11 7.92 12.94 12.09 7.58 14.49 5.27 15.30 4.48 21.04 1.08 30.74 0.0 Li2SO4.H2O + LiCLH2O 45.97 I 0.0 LiCLH2O 46.10 I 0.0

Cl- SO4-- Na + : H2O + NaCl + Na2SO4 (35, 240, 257, 269, 311, 345, 37S) Liquid phase Solid phases t = O0C \ t = 4.40C j t = 150C Ì t = 16.30C j t = 250C % NaCl % Na 2 SO 4 1 % NaCl | % Na2SO41 % NaCl | % Na2SO4 | % NaCl % Na 2 SO 4 1 % NaCl | % Na2SO4 NaCl 26.26 26.35 26.42 NaCl + Na 2 SO 4 JOH 2 O.. . 25.54 1.30 22.48 5.40 23.42 5.63 22.34 7.47 13.53 15.42 NaCl+ Na2SO4 22.71 8.06 [ 10.70 1.50 5.93 11.63 13.04 9.74 15.65 Na2SO4JOH2O | 4.65 4.21 18.25 [ 21.79 ( Liquid phase t = 350C t = 4O0C | t = 5O0C t = 6O0C Solid phases % NaCl | % Na2SO4 % NaCl | % Na 2 SO 4 1 % NaCl | % Na 2 SQ 4 1 % NaCl | % Na2SO4 NaCl 26.58 26.70 26.74 27.0 NaCl -h Na2SO4 23.46 6.14 23.60 6.1 23.89 5.20 24.6 5.2 Na2SQ4 33.07 32.5 30.95 31.2 ~~~ t = 750C t = 8Q0C t = IQO0C j t = 1050C % NaCl % Na 2 SO 4 1 % NaCl [ % Na2SO4 % NaCl | % Na2SO41 % NaCl | % Na2SQ4 NaCl 27.41 27.5 28.26 28.28 ~ NaCl+ Na2SO4 24.94 4.69 25.30 5.0 25.57 4.48 26.14 4.41 Na2SO4 30.27 30.4 29.42 29.49 Cl" SO4- - Na+.-(Continued) Invariant points NaC1.2H2O + NaCl + Na2SO4JOH2O at -2.850C NaCl + Na2SO4JOH2O + Na2SO4 at 17.90C: NaCl, 22.43 %; Na2SO4, 7.64%

t = 250C (59) % NaCl | % Na2SO4 Na2SO4JOH2O O 22.11 2.27 20.44 4.42 18.59 6.35 16.23 9.94 14.55 11.61 14.42

t = 25°C.—(Continued) % NaCl | % Na2SO4 Na2SO4JOH2O + Na2SO4 13.60 | 14.76 Na2SO4 16.57 11.62 9.11 19.15 21.92 7.04 22.66 6.94

t = 25°C.—(Continued) % NaCl | % Na2SO4 Na2SO4 + NaCl 22.96 | 6.86 NaCl 23.92 4.72 24.91 2.44 26.26 0.0

Cl-SOr-Na + K + H2O + Na2SO4 H- KCl (35, 97, 269)

v. Figs. 26, 27, 28 Liquid phase—M per 100OM H2O NaCl I KCl [0.5Na2SQ4 0.5K2SO4

0 1 P aS6S

t = O0C (35); v. Fig. 26

A

Na2SO4JOH2O

B C D E F G H P Q R S

Na2SO4JOH2O + NaCl NaCl NaCl + KCl KCl KCl + K2SO4 K2SO4 K2SO4 H- Na2SO4JOH20 Na2SO4JOH2O H- K2SO4 + K 3 Na(SO 4 J 2 K2SO4 H- KCl -f K3Na(SO4)2 KCl H- K3Na(SO4), + Na2SO4JOH20 KCl + NaCl + Na2SO4-IOH20

R S

KCl H- K3Na(SO4)2 + Na2SO4JOH20 KCl + NaCl + Na2SO4-IOH20

:

11.70 106.6 107.7 97.19

t = O0C (97) 0

4.64 25.50 68.10 67.32

23.00 38.8 83.4 98.9

32.00 43.0 24.3 18.9

2.50 14.94 16.00 18.60 12.00 5.74 6.70 7.50

87.4 95.0

28.4 26.4

7.00 6.80

'

15.0 20.0

20.00 20.00

t = O C (269)

K2SO4 + K 3 Na(SO 4 ) 2 Na2SO4JOH2O + K 3 Na(SO 4 ) 2 t = 25°C (35); z;. Fig. 27

A B C D E F G H I J P Q R S

Na2SO4JOH2O. Na2SO4JOH2O + Na2SO4 Na2SO4 + NaCl NaCl NaCl + KCl KCl KCl H- K2SO4 K2SO4 K2SO4 + K 3 Na(SO 4 ) 2 Na2SO4JOH2O + K3Na(SO4)2 K2SO4 + KCl H-K 3 Na(SOO 2 KCl + NaCl +K 3 Na(SO 4 ) 2 NaCl H- Na2SO4 + K3Na(SO4), Na2SO4JOH2O + Na2SO4 + K3Na(SO4)2 Na2SO4 Na2SO4 + NaCl NaCl NaCl -f KCl KCl KCl H- K2SO4 K2SO4 K2SO4 H- K 8 Na(SOO 2 Na2SO4 H- K3Na(SO4), K2SO4 H- KCl H- K 3 Na(SO 4 ) 2 KCl H- NaCl + K3Na(SO4), NaCl + Na2SO4 + K 3 Na(SO 4 ) 2 NaCl H- Na2SO4 + K3Na(SO4), NaCl + KCl H- K3Na(SO4), Na2SO4 Na2SO4 + NaCl NaCl NaCl H- KCl KCl KCl H- K2SO4 K2SO4 : K2SO4 H- K 3 Na(SOO 2 Na2SO4 + K 3 Na(SO 4 ),

58.1 99.1 109.8 92.1 .'

70.8 55.0 24.9 39.3 89.3 88.2

3.0 24.9 27.4 19.3 4.6

16.96 78.5

0

20.9 86.2 107.5 43.8

71.0 39.6

8.9 5.7 56.5

22.8 15.1

t = 5O C (35) 103.9 112.5 89.6

113.7 18.5 53.2 104.2 102.0

3.8 35.2 35.9 19.4 5.3

17.2 116.0

0

t = 55 C (97) t = 750C (35)

14.4 82.7 80.3

84.7 54.0 29.2

8.0

89.8 83.2

29.8 58.6

23.4 8.0

109.3 116.3 85.9

j

23.50

110. l 16.96 70.2 120.0 117.8 25.6 106.7

4.4 43.0 38.46 24.34

Cl- SO4-- Na+ K+.-(Continued) Liquid phase—M per IQOOM H2Q NaCl I KCl 10.5Na2SQ41 0.5K2SO4

0 1 P aS6S

t = 75°C.—(Continued) K2SO4 + KCl + K3Na(S04)2 KCl + NaCl + K 3 Na(SO 4 ) 2 NaCl + Na2SO4 + K3Na(SO4)2

•. * = 830C (204)

NaCl + Na2SO4 + K3Na(SO4), KCl + NaCl + K 3 Na(SO 4 ) 2 t = 10O0C (35); j,. Fig.

17.6 78.46 87.1

102.9 71.0 38.0

8.46 22.5

5.86

87.2 78.8

42.4 77.6

22.5 8.8

28

A Na2SO4 105.7 B Na2SO4 + NaCl. 112.7 16.24 C NaCl ! 121.6 D NaCl + KCl 84.4 85.0 E KCl 135.8 F KCl + K2SO4 131.5 5.86 G K2SO4 48.1 H K2SO4 + K 3 Na(SO 4 ) 2 34.4 42.4 I Na2SO4 + K3Na(SO4)2 105.8 28.2 P K2SO4 + KCl + K 3 Na(SO 4 ) 2 . 9.82 120.8 6.48 Q KCl + NaCl + K3Na(SO4)2 78.5 87.3 9.56 R NaCl + Na2SO4 + K 3 Na(SQ 4 ) 2 110.4 24.6 22.7 0 C I Invariant points (269) 4~4 NaCl + KCl + Na2SO4JOH2O + K3Na(SO4), 92?8 28.8 10.84 16.3 NaCl + Na2SO4 + Na2SQ4.10H2O -f K3Na(SO4)2 89.6 18.4 32.60 Cl- SO4-- K + (35, 269) ; H2O + KCl + K2SO4 Liquid phase t = 250C t = 5O0C T^ 750C t = IQO0C Solid phases t = O0C t = 4.40C t = 16.30C % KC1| % K8SCU % KC1| % K2SO4 % KC1| % K2SQ4 %KC1|% K2SO4 %KC1|% K2SO4 %KC1|% K2SO4 %KC1|% K2SO4 26.99 30.12 33.21 35.98 KCl 21.99 23.22 25.35 26.51 1.18 29.32 1.28 32.31 1.45 34.61 1.80 KCl+ K 2 SO 4 . 21.59 0.94 22.55 0.74 24.15 1.08 K2SO4 6.74 8.42 9.22 10.73 I 14.59 17.22 18.98 Cl- HSO3- Ci0H7NH2+ Ci0H6(S03)2--(39i) H2O + KCl -f K2SO4 (303) H O + HCl + (CiOH7NH2)S-Ci0H6(SO8H)2, a-Naphthylamine 0 0 2 C % KCl | % K2SO4 l| C I % KCl % K2SO4' naphthalenedisulfonate KCl + K2SO4 Liquid phase—g per IQOg solvent (0.01 N HCl) 10 23.4 1.0 60 30.1 1.33 20 24.8 1.06 70 31.3 1.39 °° Ï7£ 1, 62^&V^ 30 26.2 1.14 80 32.5 1.47 sulfonate sulfonate sulfonate sulfonate 40 27.6 1.20 90 33.7 1.54 2 5 0 . 0 6 0 5 2 . 2 9 0 . 5 1 7 0 0 . 8 6 8 9 50 28.9 1.27 100 34.7 1.61 30 0.0694 3.20 0.6082 0.9805 35 0.0853 4.21 0.7178 1.1620 40 0.0972 7.15 0.8943 1.364 Cl- HSO3- Ci0H7NH2+ Ci0H7SO3- (39l) 45 0.1033 9.59 1.005 1.599 H2O + HCl + C10H7NH2-Ci0H7SO3H, OL- and /3-Naphthylamine 50 0.1253 1.161 1.931 naphthalene-a- and /3-sulfonates 55 0.1563 1.288 2.405 Liquid phase—g per IQOg solvent (0.01 N HCl) 60 0.1638 1.462 3.386 a, q-salt a, ff-salt | ft /3-salt | ß, «-salt | Fe, ff-salt* 70 0.2212 2.062 10.300 25 0.3125 0.2039 0.0563 0.1735 0.3022 80 0.2902 2.881 35.20 30 0.4131 0.2391 0.0599 0.2078 0.3470 90 0.4010 3.770 87.70 35 0.5007 0.2985 0.0736 0.2533 0.4233 98 0.4635 4.724 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 80 90 98

0.5991 0.7340 0.8356 0.9733 1.113 1.305 1.368 1.571 2.028 2.651

0.3675 0.4420 0.5398 0.6246 0.6542

0.0816 0.1008 0.1171 0.1434 0.1656

0.3150 0.3985 0.4954 0.6044 0.7391

0.5135 0.6174 0.7711 0.9171 1.056

H2O + HCl + (Ci0H7NH2)2.C10H6(S03H)2, /3-Naphthylamine naphthalenedisulfonate Liquid phase—g per 10Og solvent (O.OIN HCl) I T ^ Î T ^ V ^ 2 ^ 7 ^ sulfonate sulfonate sulfonate sulfonate 2 5 0 . 0 7 2 7 0 . 2 9 5 2 0 . 0 2 9 6 0 . 1 3 2 7 30 0.0765 0.3898 0.0386 0.1454 35 0.0887 0.4934 0.0412 0.1917 40 0.1107 0.5600 0.0422 0.2160 45 0.1233 0.6789 0.0594 0.2737

0

C

0.8493 1.283 2.132 2.951

0.2393 0.3395 0.4667 0.6218

1.141 1.829 2.980 4.790

1.393 1.985 2.882 3.764

* Anhydrous, Composition of this salt given ( 391 ) since it is used to identify the /9-acid.

Cl- HSO3" Ci 0 H 7 NH 2 + Ci0H6(SOs)2" ".—(Continued) Liquid phase—g per 10Og solvent (0.01 N HCl) 0 C 1, 5M ^ V ^ V^ sulfonate sulfonate sulfonate sulfonate 5 0 0 . 1 4 9 3 0 . 8 1 0 5 0 . 0 6 1 4 0 . 3 3 1 2 55 0.1701 0.9546 0.0702 0.4241 60 0.1882 1.245 0.0806 0.4684 70 0.2562 1.852 0.1093 0.6791 80 0.3204 2.695 0.1626 0.9735 90 0.4427 4.019 0.2207 1.433 98 0.5887 5.726 0.2943 1.861 Cl- Te++++ H2O + HCl + TeO2 t = 180C (226)* MHCI/I I MTe02/l TeO2 0.10 0.00057 0.22 0.0012 0.46 0.0037 0.92 0.0091 H2TeO3 0.0 0.0006

Cl- NO3- Tl+ K+ H2O + TlNO3 + KCl t = 250C (40) MKNOa/l I MTICI/I TlCl 0.0 0.01607 0.02001 0.01716 0.0500 0.01826 0.10005 0.01961 0.3002 0.02313 1.005 0.3072

* The author also determined concentrations of Te ++++ in solutions made by adding H2TeO3 and HCl to water, and showed that H2TeO3 is changed to Te++++ and H2O by slight increase in H+. Assuming H2TeOa + + 4H -» Te++++ + 3H2O he calculated the following constants; Ki = (Te + +++) -4- (H+)* = 300 with H2TeO3 as a solid phase. K 2 = (Te++++) -f- (H + )* = 0.021 with TeO2 as a solid phase. Assuming H2TeOs is a base he determined the dissociation constant; K3 = (Te++++) X (OH-)* -T- (H2TeO3) = 1.5 X IO"46.

Cl- NO3- Ag+ H2O + AgCl + AgNO3 t = 2O0C (249) % AgCl* I % AgNO3* AgCl 0.09137 66.67 57.11 0.05758 0.03608 50.00 0.01607 40,00 0.00979 33.33

Cl- NO3- C2O4- Ca++ K + H2O + HNO3 -f CaCl2 + K2C2O4 t = 240C (172) g KNO3/!* I gCaO/1* CaC2O4* O 1.1873 0.5055 1.1973 1.011 1.2000 1.2086 2.022 4.044 1.2193 10.110 1.260 20.22 1.321 30.33 1.3686 40.44 1.4366 50.55 1.4946 *HC1 = 18.23g/l throughout the liquid phases. t Authors do not state whether solid phase was hydrated.

Cl- NO3- Tl+ H2O + HNO3 + TlCl t = 250C (185) % HNO3 I % TlCl TlCl 0.0 0.3967 3.075 0.5830 6.114 0.6644 11.914 0.7607 22.17 0.8735

* Solution also amounts of NaCl.

contained

Cl- NO3- Sr++ H2O + HNO3 + SrCl2 t = 250C (lei) M per 100Og H2O HNO3 I 0.5SrCl2 SrCl2.6H20 0.0 7.034 0.1771 7.028 0.3521 7.034 7.034 1.277 Cl- NO3- Sr++ H2O + SrCl2 + Sr(NO3)2 t = 250C (lei) % SrCl2 % Sr(NO3)2 SrCl2.6H20 35.798 0.0 35.500 0.923 34.461 3.769 33.299 6.947 18.455 28.983 Cl- NO3- Sr++ Na+ H2O + SrCl2 + NaNO3 t = 250C (161) M per 100Og H2O NaNO3 I 0.5SrCl2 SrCl2.6H2O 0.0 7.034 0.3621 7.198 0.5010 7.270 3.5530 7.276 6.856 6.844

small

Cl- NO3- Ca++ H2O + CaCl2 + Ca(NO3)2 t - ? (19) % CaCl2 1 % Ca(N03)2 Ca (NO3)2.4H2O 4.60 55.00 7.27 52.90 11.05 53.40 10.70 54.40 7.57 65.28 CaCl2.4H2O 42.35 17.03 44.70 11.45 45.00 10.81 Cl- NO3- Ca++ K + H2O + CaCl2 + KNO 3 t = 3O0C (19)* % KCl I % Ca(N03)2 KCl + KNO3 24.6 I 16.2 KNO3 + Ca(NOs)2 (?) 18.20 I 45.80 Ca(NOs)2 (?) -f Ca(NOs)2.4H2O 9.00 73.50 % CaCl2 % KNO3 KCl + KNO3 19.6 I 26.00 KCl + CaCl2.4H20« 50.70 ! 5.20

Cl- NO3- Sr++ K+ H2O + Sr(N03)2 + KCl t = 250C (161) M per 100Og H2O KNO3 0.5SrCl2 SrCl2.6H20

* A probable diagram for this system based upon extrapolation of the data given above and those given for the four three-component systems is given by the author.

0.0 0.09796

7.034 7.122

0.4755 7.406 Cl- NO3- Ba++ H2O + BaCl2 + Ba(NO3), t = 3O0C (88) % BaCl2 I % Ba(NOs) 2 BaCl2.2H2O 27.60 O 27.38 1.58 26.91 4.13 26.64 5.37 BaCl2.2H2O + Ba(NO3)2 26.11* I 7.88* Ba(NOs)2 22.70 7.94 16.14 7.92 13.75 8.20 6.06 9.55 0.0 10.33 t = 2O0C (126) BaCl2.2H2O 26.07 [ 1.31 BaCl2.2H20 + Ba(N03)2 25.09 I 6.93 Ba(NOs)2 20.81 6.54 12.31 6.72 7.51 7.17 * Mean of several results.

Cl- NO3- Ba++ Na + : H2O + BaCl2 + NaNO3; v. Fig. 29 Liquid phase—M per 100OM Solid phases

A B C D E F

3^ 0.5Ba- 0.5Ba- XT ™ 1 XT XT^ Cl2 (NQ3)2lNaC1|NaN°3 t «= 3O0C (s») Ba(NOa) 2 15.92 Ba(NOs) 2 + BaCl2.2H20 69.91 16.90 ( 65.90 BaCl2.2H2O \ 49.10 22.58 [ 27.90 54.14 BaCl2.2H2O + NaCl... 9.07 101.75 / 110.80 NaC1 NaC1 { 83.26 84.98 NaCl -f NaNO 3 71.40 132.46

o

—<

H

NaNO 3 + Ba(NOa) 2 Ba(NOa) 2

P

Q

62 56

{ f < [

'

5.76 5.18 5.93 8.30

S

206.12 67.76 37.18 17.22

Ba(NO 3 ), + BaC,,2H20 { £S £2 ZZ Ba(NOa) 2 + BaCl2.2H2O + N a C l . . . . 0.31 17.68 112.37 4 76 36 17 XT fKTK S 160.00 N axir» N O a +, BT*a ( N O s )\2 j ^ &Q78 ^ ^ NaNO 3 + Ba(NOs) 2 + NaCl NaCl -f NaNOa / = 2O0C (126) f Ba(NO 3 ) 2 \ [ Ba(NOs) 2 + NaNO 3 XT xir» / NaN 3 ° (

4.19 70.60 131.49 2.82 70.55 131.17

5.92 4.14 4.68 2.63

13.13 37.26 128,98 184.86 42 82 142.77 52.95 132.76

Cl" NO3- Ba++ Na+.-(Continued)

Cl- NO3- Ba++ Na+ H2O + BaCl2 + NaNO3 t = 3O0C (86)

Liquid phase—M per 100OM H2O Solid phases • 0.5Ba- 0.5Ba- Na ... AT^ >T ~, ™ /XT^ x Cl NaNOs Cl2 (NOa)2 t = 2O0C.—(Continued)

NaNO 3 + NaCl NaCl

\

BaCl2.2H2O + Ba(NOs) 2 Ba(NOs)2

TT /"\

Solid phases

76.06 115.02 0.5Ba- 0.5Ba- NaC1 XT ni XT XTr. NaN 87.01 73.51 PI °3 Cl2 nvjm (-NUs)2 90.52 62.70 Ba(NOa) 2 15.88 3.90 106.53 7.26 104.65 4 66 r> / X T ^ N , TVT TXT^ / •36 • 8 4 141-16 Ba(NO3), + NaNO3 | ^ ^ 20 ^ 1ß 9.66 87.63 15.01 76.06 NaNO 204.90 3 23.00 59.17 NaNO 3 +NaCl 2.82 70.74 131.20 16.92 31.89 28 5 8 92 62.05 24.85 T3 î OTT^ . ü /TXT^N / 37 -! 42 BaCWH ^- ^ I^^ ^- ^ 1O + Ba(NOa) 2 .... j 63.78 14.04 49.51 12.40 NaCl -f BaCl2.2H2O + Ba26.27 11.43 (NO 3 ) 2 27.18 20.48 103.16 15.22 11.57 4.13 37.47 148.45 NaCl + Ba(NQ 3 ) 2 + NaNO 3 .. . 4.33 70.70 131.52 0.32 81.03 84.99 56.89 13.00 9.04 0.32 78.39 112.72 14.42 109.08 1.55

[ I [

NaCl + BaCl2.2H20 BaCl2.2H20

Liquid phase—M per 100OM

T \ [

NaNOaH-Ba(NOs) 2 NaCU-Ba(NOs) 2 BaCh.2H2O + Ba(NOsH Ba(NOs) 2 -I-NaCU-NaNO 3 NaCI -4- Ba(NOs) 2 + BaCI 2 .2H 2 O....

Cl- NO3- Na+ (38, 88, 126, 307)

H2O + NaCl + NaNO 3 Liquid phase—* = g per 10Og H2O; f = % NaCl; % NaNO 3 t = 250C t = 3O0C t = 5O0C t = 10O0C * = 15.50C t = 2O0C NaNO3*

NaNO3*

NaCl*

NaCl*

(307)

(307)

NaNO3 f

NaCIf

NaCl*

NaCIf

NaNO8 1

NaCIf

NaNO3*

NaCl*

(88)

(307)

(126)

NaNO3*

(38)

(307)

Solid phases

NaNO3 f

t = 50C

35.74 1

^01

'''

NaCl + NaNO 3 JNaJNÜ3

26.43 36.04 26.47 36.72 39.2 20.9110.5218.4518.6235.07 5.0 16.1424.1728.40 43.9 17.0421.5217.3421.3033.9010.0 13.1132.02 32.8715.0 27.6041.7014.3728.2513.8030.3423.6258.0112.4833.6720.50 84.819.20 158 19.4250.1011.3631.61 9.5634.8515.0070.6910.8935.77 114.1 176 76.30 5.3438.34 7.6737.1810.0077.46 4.0543.39 2.9341.59 5.0084.67 O 49.16 O 45.47 91.86

Cl- NOr Na+ K+ (307) H2O + NaNO 3 + KCl; v. Fig. 30

5 0 i M

O Z o3 3

O 3 M

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M* OO OO O CO IsD OO O> CJi

tOi —* M^ OO OO o» co I—* ^J UO co

O O O

t = 10O0C

I

f»a

O & I M

eo O & W

o O 3 Z I M

Sg Sp^ Ôt MIO5 tO O5 M H-* H-H-i H-* OO CO M CO Oi OO Ol CK Oi t£t CO i^ OO OO CO •
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O5 Ui

MI CD OO QOc^ H-o O
Ol M»to 60M M CO
S

^gB 5 ^ +Ps r P ; §+ • ??: : : Q ::::: : :

Liquid phase—M per IQOOM H2O t = 250C i t = 5O0C

I

MCO'^ H*fcOM* H* g S Sl B Ui pa Qs O -v| ^J QO fcO rf^> O OO O5 H* OO CQ1 4X QO O) OO H- CO O5 MI OOM* OO ^ KI OO CO M Cn M MI OtoCO h-i Ui CO OO bo '^ 0> to toOO toH^H*M H-* OO torfô» MI o CO H-* CO M Cn Oi

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«33333«««« ££,£,£, ^ Q Q 3 3 î p p p f Q ; PP

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Solid phases

t = 50C

Cl- NO3- K+ H2O -f KCl + KNO8 t = 17.5O0C (38) % KCl I % KNO8 KCl 25.06 O 22.95 5.49 22.59 7.30 21.65 10.19 KCl + KNO3 21.02 I 12.28 KNO3 20.13 13.54 18.07 13.95 16.13 14.54 12.64 15.82 10.28 17.00 6.58 19.07 4.03 20.84 O 23.81 g per 100g H2O (307) t = 50C KCl 1 KNO 3 KCl 29.76 0.0 16.32 11.40 KCl + KNO3 29.87 I 10.14 NaCl 0.0 16.83 t = 250C KCl 35.98 O 35.80 5 35.54 10 35.12 15 KCl + KNO3 34.92 I 22.79 NaCl 15 ] 28.93

Solid phases A C

D E

F G

Cl" NO3- K+.-(Continued) g per 100g H2O (307) KCl I KNO3 NaCl

J

27.20 0.0 23.43 11.63 KCl + KNO3 21.90 I 16.65 KNO3 10.48 22.00 0.0 31.40

t = 5O0C

KCl 42.80 41.39 24.05 Cl-NH 4 + CO 3 -- (273) + KCl + KNO 3 Cl-NH 4 (14) H2O -f NH4Cl + (NH4)2C03 38.75 52.54 H2O + HCl + NH4Cl t = O0C NaCl g per 10Og H2O % (NH 4 ) 2 C0 3 % NH4Cl 0.0 I 85.10 t = O0C (NH 4 )2C03 t = IQO0C HCl I NH4Cl 35.82 \ 0.0 KCl NH4Cl (NH4)2C08 + NH4Cl 56.0 I 0.0 29.84 30.90 I 14.42 KCl + KNO3 0.9116 28.643 NH4Cl 41.6 I 199.0 1.8233 27.123 9.27 19.40 NaCl 3.6468 24.535 0.0 22.90 0 0.0 I 246 t = 25 C t = 150C g per 10OgH2O (14) NH4Cl 0 (NH4)2C03 t =OC 0.0 39.51 38.27 I 0.0 KCl I KNO 3 0.9116 38.085 (NH 4 ) jCOg + NH4Cl KCl 1.8233 36.600 31.72 16.27 28.355 0.0 3.6465 33.905 NH4Cl 28.425 2.5276 11.79 21.23 Cl- NH 4 + AsO228.360 5.0553 0.0 26.09 28.760 10.1103 H2O + NH4Cl + As2O3 t = 3O0C (352) t = 250C CI" NH4+ C2O4- (82) KCl % NH4Cl % As2O3 H2O + NH4Cl -f (NH4)2C204 36.415 0.0 As2O3 5 36.500 2.5276 0.0 2.26 C % NH4Cl % 36.165 5.0552 3.86 2.29 (NH4)2As2O3 + NH4CLAs2O3 35.880 10.1103 C2O4 KNO3 7.08 I 2.28 NH4Cl + (NH 4 ) 2 C 2 O 4 .H 2 O NH4CLAs2O3 35.520 15.165 15 26.35 0.14 7.4553 32.485 9.08 1.31 50 32.55 0.67 0.0 38.448 11.76 0.993 Cl- NH 4 + CO3-- Na+ (273) : H2O + NH4Cl + Na2CO3; v. Fig. 31 Liquid phase—M per IQOOM H2O t = O0C | t = 150C; v. Fig. 31 NaCl [NH4ClI 0.5Na2CO3 |0.5(NH 4 ) 2 CQ 3 1 NaCl |NH4C1| 0.5Na2CQ3 |0.5(NH 4 ) 2 CQ 3

NH4Cl NH 4 CU-NaCl NaCl NaCl + Na2CO3JH20 Na2CO3^H2O + Na2CO3JOH2O Na1CO1-IOH1O

10 °'° 26.5 82.5 . 86.11 52.8 109.6 106.2 93.26 38 5 / ' \

118 8

/ \

14.9 19.36 30 6 48.2 41.43 23.43 61.13

48.3 76.0 109.9 89.6 69.8 55 4 '

f 88.9 J 48.5052.5 [ 14.1 74.7 Na2CO3JH2O + (NH4)2CO3 24.4 NH4Cl + (NH 4 ) 2 CO 3 + Na2CO3JH2O.. .. 72.0 42.7 NH4Cl + Na2CO3. H2O 75.9 34.2

28.9

85.8 68.3 46.5 48.5 45 5 ' 56.0 62.2 55.4 54.0 14.6

67.5 1.87 240.2 209.3

(NH4)2C03

(NH4)2CO3 + NH4Cl

P

Cl- NH4+ AsO2-.-(CorU9d) % NH4Cl I % As2O3 NH4CLAs2O3 21.09 0.490 24.61 0.432 27.18 0.398 NH4CLAs2O3 + NH4Cl 29.52 I 0.291 NH4Cl 29.30 I 0.0

KCl

31.49 34.89 38.85

10 5 O

Na 2 CO 3 -IOH 2 O-I-Na 2 CO 3 -IH 2 0 Na2CO3JH20 H. Na 2 CO 3 JH 2 O-f (NH 4 ) 2 CO 3 I

Cl- NO3- K+.-(Continued) t = 250C (19) % KCl i % KNO3

212.6 295.5 235.8 244.0 340.0 75.8

80.4 18.0 85.3 144.8 99.4

34 48.8 105.4 77.8 90.6 23.3 50.6 43.7

70.1 103.5 244.5 222.0 232.5 230.0 229.5 228.7 276 226.3 364.7 343.2 99.3

Cl- NH 4 + CO3"" Na+,-(Continued) Liquid phase—M per IQOOM H2Q Solid phases t = O0C | t = 150C; v. Fig. 31 NaCl|NH 4 Cl| 0.5Na2CQ3 | 0.5(NH4)2CO3| NaCl |NH4C1| 0.5Na2CO3 |0.5(NH4)2CO3 Q NH 4 ClH-NaCU-Na 2 CO 3 -IH 2 O 91.6 25.7 83.3 106.4 46.9 61.2 NH 4 ClH-NaCl 86.1 50.9 14.0 73.6 67.5 4.8 NaClH-Na 2 CO 3 JH 2 0 107.1 7.16 18.0 104.1 14.2 46.0 X Na2CO3-IH2O H- Na2CO3-IOH2O 29.76 39.46 In the work at 150C (273)no examination of the solid phases found was made. In the later article the writer states that both Na2CO3.5^H2O and Na2CO3-IOH2O were present as solid phases at both 0° and 15° and reports the points E, G, and X separating the Na2CO3-MH2O from the Na2CO3-IOH2O field. Cl- NH4+ HCO3- Na+ (122, 384) : H2O + NH4HCO3 + NaCl; v. Fig. 32

25.5 4.8 115.6 111.4 74.9

91.7 146.7 23.9 146.8 70.37 64.4 16.09 29.6 120.2 24.38 91.85 6.8 71.44

Cl- NH 4 + Zn++ (258) H2O H- NH4Cl H- ZnCl2; v. Fig. 33 Liquid phase t = O0C I t = 2O0C I t =* 3O0C""" Solid phases

O

ß

3

ß

O

~j

£ g

CS3 SE

£ g

N S

Jz; g

N sg

M

d

M

d

M

d

"A NH4Cl 22.80 26.9 29.50 B NH 4 ClH-SNH 4 CLZnCl 2 26.3025.7029.5026.0030.75 26.35 C 3NH4CLZnCl2 + 2NH4CLZnCl2 ... 24.60 42.60 26. OO 43.20 27.30 43.80 D 2NH4CLZnCl2 6.8062.1014.5053.2017.6051.20 E 2NH4CLZnCl2 + ZnCl2 7.9066.60 9.2566.95 F ZnCI2 .. I 3.20 78.50

NaCl

NaHCO3

NH4Cl

NH4HCO3

NaCl

NaHCO3

NH4Cl

110 18.50 12.8 70.1 4.51 77.72

108.4 162.5

111.2 112.3 72.0

NaCl

NH4HCO3

NaCl

NaHCO3

NH4Cl

29.7 4.1

t = 5Q0C (384) NaHCO3

9.18 79.92

NH4HCO3

NaCl

NaHCO3

NH4Cl

NH4HCO3

NaHCO3 NaHCO3 + NaCl NaCl NaClH-NH 4 Cl NH4Cl NH 4 ClH-NH 4 HCO 3 NH4HCO3 NH 4 HCO 3 H-NaHCO 3 NaHCO 3 H-NH 4 HCO 3 H-NH 4 Cl NaHCO3 + NaCl H- NH4Cl

20.5 23.6 2.23109.3 3.1110.2 110.2 110.9 63.4 83.5 85.9 76.7 117.8 140.2 15.6 114.5 20.7133.2 42.44 61.6 45.0 13.45 52.4 14.9

109.1 110.2 81.9

Liquid phase—M per 100QM H2O I t = 45°c (122); Vm Fig. 32 I ~

t = 350C (384)

A B C D E F G H P Q

|*=30 0 C(i22) ;?; .Fig-32

NH4Cl

A NaHCO 3 ..... 14.8 18.9 B NaHCO 3 H-NaCl 1.6 108.0 2.2 C NaCl 109.6 DNaClH-NH4Cl 49.1 88.0 67.0 E NH4Cl 100.3 119.5 F NH4Cl + NH4HCQ3 8.3 97.6 14.6115.2 GNH4HCO3 21.96 42.5 HNH4HCO3H-NaHCO3 25.0 10.4 38.9 12.8 P NaHCQ3 + NH4HCO3 + NH4Cl 88.5610.62 17.28 113.0416.74 Q NaHCO3 + NaCl + NH4Cl 49.32 2.16 86.94 67.14 3.24

Solid phases

NH4HCO3

NaCl

NaHCO3

NH4Cl

NH4HCO3

NaCl

NaHCO3

NH4Cl

Solid phases

NH4HCO3

Liquid phase—M per IQOOM H2Q t = Q0C (122); Vm Fig. 32 \t = 150C (122); y. Fig. 32 | t = 150C (384)

31.17 5.85111.2 112.9 71.1

116.0 169.5 29.64 166.4 101.8 94.7 19.00 15.33 179.6 24.0 133.1 10.24 61.44

Cl- NH4+ Pb++: H2O + NH4Cl + PbCl2; t = 220C (46) M per IQOOg H2O NH4Cl | 0.5PbCl2 H NH4Cl | 0.5PbCl2 PbCl2 NH4CLPbCl2 O 0.0749 0.7 0.0099 0.1 0.0325 0.8 0.0087 0.2 0.0194 0.9 0.0083 0.3 0.0153 1.0 0.0080 0.4 0.0138 1.2 0.0075 0.5 0.0130 1.5 0.0073 0.55 0.0123 2.0 0.0077 NH4CLPbCl2 2.5 0.0092 0.6 0.0113 3.0 0.0112 0.65 0.0105 4.0 0.0182

Cl" NH4+ Pb++.- (Continued) M per 1000g H2Q NH4Cl I 0.5PbCI2 (I NH4Cl | 0.5PbCl2 NH4CLPbCl2 NH4CLPbCl2 + NH4Cl 5.0 0.0296 7.29 | 0.0898 6.0 0.0473 NH4Cl 7.0 0.0774 7.29 | 0.0000 Cl- NH 4 + Hg++ H2O + NH4Cl + HgCl2 t = 3O0C (261); v. Fig. 34 SolldphaSeS

A NH4Cl B NH4Cl + 2NH4CLHgCl2-H2O C 2NH4CLHgCl2.H2O + NH4CLHgCl2.H2O D NH4CLHgCl2JI2O + 2NH4CLSHgCl2.H20 E 2NH4CL3HgCl2.H20 + 2NH4CLOHgCl2 F 2NH4CLOHgCl2 + HgCl2 G HgCl2

Liquid phase % NH4ClI % HgCl229.50 24.79 50.05 20.02

58.90

14.10

57.04

9.20 3.62

58.65 29.65 7.67

Cl- NH 4 + Hg++ K+ H2O + NH4Cl + HgCl2 + KCl; v. Figs. 35, 36 t = 250C (290) 1. Composition of liquid phase and of solid solutions IA, IB, and II in equilibrium at 250C. Solid solution IA contains from 0-13% K2Cl2; IB, 70-100%; II varies continuously from HgCl2.(NH4)2C12.H2O to HgCl2.K2Cl2.H2O; v. Fig. 35. Solid phases in moles—solid solutions IA i IB II

3. Composition of liquid phase at 250C, expressed in moles, in equilibrium with solid HgCl2 and solid 9HgCl2. (NH4)2C12; v. Fig. 36. Liquid phase in moles HgCl2 I (NH4),C1, I K2Cl2 I H2O A 79.43 20.57 6338 79.02 19.44 1.54 6073 78.42 17.58 4.00 5787 16.82 5.07 5607 78.11 77.56 15.14 7.30 5119 77.03 12.50 10.47 4712 76.46 10.40 13.14 4022 75.64 7.68 16.68 3512 75.19 5.80 19.01 3000 B 74.88 5.45 19.67 2899 4. Composition, expressed in moles, at 250C of system solid HgCl2, solid solution IV (points D-E of Fig. 36), and a liquid phase (points B-C of Fig. 36). Solid solution IV varies continuously from 4HgCl2.K2Cl2.4H2O to a mixture containing 6.3% (NH4)2C12 in place of K2Cl2. Liquid phase | Solid spin. IV HgCl 2 1 (NH4) 2C121 K 2 Cl 2 1 HaO [HgCl21 (NH4)2C12 | K 2 Cl 2 H2O 74.74 25.26 3149 80 20 80 75.02 3.50 21.48 3061 80 1.7 18.3 80 74.84 4.11 21.05 3065 80 2.4 17.6 80 74.29 8.84 16.87 2708 80 6.0 14.0 80 73.69 11.84 14.48 2499 80 6.3 12.7 80 5. Composition, expressed in moles, at 250C of system solid 9HgCl2. (NH4)2C12, solid solution IV and a liquid phase (points B-F of Fig. 36).

Liquid phase | Solid soin. IV HgCl 2 1 (NH 4 ) 2 C1 2 1 K2ClT[H2O | HgCl 2 1 (NH 4 ) 2 C1 2 1 K 2 Cl 2 1 H2Q U B 72.90 12.56 14.54 2554 80 5.6 14.4 80 3 O èbC è ë 5W) S 71.41 15.53 13.06 2313 80 6.5 13.5 80 W W W W W W M W W g 5 6. Composition of liquid phase (points F-G of Fig. 36), expressed A 43.35 56.65 377 in moles, at 250C in equilibrium with solid solution IV and solid 40.88 55.93 3.91 462 99.9 0.1 50 37.8 12.2 solution V. Solid solution V consists of varying proportions of 38.60 53.05 8.35 506 99.9 0.1 50 34.2 15.8 33.59 53.65 12.76 605 99.0 1.0 50 24.2 25.8 3HgCl2. (NH 4 ) 2C12.H2O and 3HgCl2-K2Cl2-H2O. It was not pos32.73 52.34 14.93 620 99.1 0.9 50 22.3 27.7 sible to determine the composition of either of the solid phases in 31.95 51.87 16.18 662 98.9 1.10 50 21.0 29.0 equilibrium with the four solutions whose composition is given B 30.04 51.26 18.70 660 87.0 13.0 50 18.9 31.10 below. 30.24 51.31 18.45 665 30.0 70.0 50 18.1 31.9 Liquid phase 29.52 48.00 22.48 730 17.20 82.8 50 15.0 35.0 28.88 43.10 28.02 854 12.0 88.0 50 8.9 41.1 HgCl2 I (NH 4 ) 2C12 I K2Cl2 I H2O 28.37 36.94 34.69 880 9.0 91.0 50 7.1 42.9 70.15 17.20 12.65 2067 26.29 27.92 45.79 1037 4.7 95.3 50 5.4 44.6 25.30 19.24 55.46 1160 2.6 97.4 50 2.6 47.4 69.82 14.89 15.29 2245 24.60 11.50 63.90 1276 2.5 97.5 50 1.1 48.9 11.25 19.68 2416 69.07 C 23.45 76.55 1408 68.58 7.69 23.73 2507 2. Composition of liquid phase at 250C, expressed in moles, in 7. Composition of liquid phase (points I-J of Fig. 36), expressed equilibrium with solid solution II and solid solution III. Solid in moles, at 250C in equilibrium with solid solution V and solid solution II varies continuously from HgCl2. (NH4) 2C12.H2O to solution VI. Solid solution VI consists of 2HgCl . (NH ) C1 .H O 2 4 2 2 2 HgCl2.K2Cl2.H2O; solid solution III from 2 HgCl2.K2Cl2.2H2O to and 2HgCl .K Cl .H O. It was not possible to determine the 2 2 2 2 2HgCl2.(NH4)2Cl2.2H20; v. Fig. 35. composition of either of the solid phases in equilibrium with the ten solutions whose composition is given below. Liquid phase in moles Liquid phase HgCl2 I (NH 4 ) 2C12 I K2Cl2 H2O HgCl2 I (NH4)2C12 I K2Cl2 I H2O D 51.37 48.63 312 49.65 45.79 4.56 409 61.65 38.35 594 48.65 40.47 11.07 506 61.40 37.52 1.08 562 47.10 34.22 18.68 641 61.35 37.44 1.21 626 45.56 26.95 27.49 778 60.70 35.33 3.97 750 42.48 7.20 50.32 1107 60.64 32.59 6.77 966 E 42.34 I 57.66 1218 60.87 27.64 11.49 1359 Liquid phase in moles

HgCl2 61.21 61.44 61.82 63.72 65.90

Cl" NH 4 + Hg++ K+..—(Continued) Liquid phase.—(Continued) I (NH 4 )2C12 I K2Cl2 I 25.22 13.57 23.24 15.32 20.53 17.65 14.45 21.83 7.71 26.39

Cl- NH4+ Cu++ K + H2O + NH4Cl + CuCl2 + KCl

H2O 1533 1647 1832 2175 2475

* = 17°C (128)

M % 2KCl.CuCl2.2H20* In solid phases| In satd. soin. Solid soin. I 8.25 17.06 8.33 17.42 8. Composition of liquid phase (points J-K of Fig. 36), expressed 9.63 18.85 in moles, at 250C in equilibrium with solid solution IV and solid 7.69 20.69 solution VI. It was not possible to determine the composition of 8.70 23.20 either of the solid phases in equilibrium with the two solutions 9.07 23.90 whose composition is given below. 9.92 24.48 Liquid phase 11.56 25.88 13.88 30.95 HgCl2 I (NH 4 J 2 Cl 2 I K2Cl2 H2Q 16.04 31.31 67.64 32.36 2729 13.60 31.96 68.08 2.42 29.50 2644 14.86 34.58 9. Composition of liquid phase (points L-G of Fig. 36), ex15.02 35.90 0 pressed in moles at 25 C in equilibrium with solid 9HgCl2.(NH4)238.09 17.36 Cl2 and solid solution V. 19.01 41.49 Liquid phase 23.61 44.10 HgCl2 I (NH 4 J 2 Cl 2 K2Cl2 I H2O 24.47 48.36 26.37 50.67 68.60 I 31.40 I 965 27.77 73.52 Cl-NH4+Cu++ ( 1 3 3 , 2 5 9 , 3 1 2 ) Solid soin. II H2O + NH4Cl + CuCl2; v. Fig. 37 54.87 74.24 Liquid phase 53.29 75.33 Solid phases t = 0.20C (312) t = 250C (312) t « 3O0C ("9) 58.80 78.54 % % % % % % 89.50 76.74 NH 4 Cl CuCl2 NH 4 Cl CuCl2 NH4Cl CuCl2 A NH4Cl B NH 4 Cl and solid soin. I* 22.28 7.49

(

28.10 29.5 1.62 27.69 1.78 28.60 1.90 15.09 10.94 16.35 19.80 7.70 12.10 15.60 4.9 29.40

D Solid soin. I* and CuC12.2H20 0.75 40.80 1.79 43.30 2.0 43.20 E CuCl2.2H2O 41.00 43.40 | 43.90 * Solid soin. I, found by (312) at 0.2 and 250C, varies but slightly from the composition CuCl2.2NHiC1.2H2O found in these solid phases by ( 2 ^ 9 ).

t = 250C (133) % NH4Cl I % CuCl2 I % NH4Cl I % CuCl2 Solid soin.* Solid soin. * + 2NH4CLCuCl2.28.13 1.08 2H2O 27.90 1.35 27.72 | 1.83 27.83

1.66

* goiid spin. • NH4Cl + CuCl?. +

A B C D E F G P Q

+

+

* The author (»2«) shows that two isomorphous salts, 2NH4CLCuCl2.2H2O and 2KCl.CuCl2.2H2O form two series of mixed crystals at 170C. One contains up to 27.77M % of the potassium double salt; the other from 54.87 to 76.74M %.

Cl- NH4+ Ag+ H2O + NH4OH + AgCl t = 250C (370) % AgCl % NHa AgCl 0.326 0.736 1.640 2.766 4.770 5.760 7.034 7.429 7.965 7.656 AgCl + 2AgCL3NH3 8.907 ( 8.773 2AgCLSNH, 9.091 9.082 10.476 14.954 15.832 10.825 10.670 17.655 Cl-NH 4 + IrCl 6 -H2O + NH4Cl + (NH4)2IrCl6 t = 2O0C (13) MNH.CI/I g (NH4)JrCl6/! (NH4)JrCl6 2.0 0.027 1.0 0.64 0.2 0.78 0.1 1.793 Cl-NH 4 + PtCl 6 -H2O + NH4Cl + (NH 4 ) 2PtCl6 t = 2O0C (13) MNH4ci/l Ig (NH4)2PtCl6/l (NH4)2PtCl6 2.0 0.024 1.0 0.028 0.2 0.186 0.1 0.423

Cl-NH 4 + Mn + + (77,138) H2O + NH4Cl + MnCl2; v. Figs. 39, 40 Q r, , Solid phases

A

Q r , soin. , AA* » Solid

Liquid phase t = 250C i t = 6O0C • % % % % NH4Cl MnCl2 NH4Cl MnCl2 28.33 33.52 2.91 25.11 5.37 31.93 5.84 2235

10>70

295Q

1()16

Cl- NH 4 Cu + Ba + 20.30 14.62 H2O + NH4Cl + CuCl2 + BaCl2; v. Fig. 38 0 B Solid soin. A + Solid soin. " t = 3O C (338) B 19.48 16.04 27.81 12.95 Liquid phase f 18.37 17.54 27.07 13.79 Solid phases % % % 16.90 19.39 25.28 15.91 NH4Cl BaCl2 CuCl2 15.41 21.42 22.51 18.86 NH4Cl 29.50 14.26 23.02 19.04 22.42 NH4Cl + BaCl2.2H20 25.83 7.97 Solid soin. B < 12.69 24.83 14.33 27.74 BaCl2.2H20 27.60 8.56 30.16 10.52 32.80 BaCl2.2H2O + CuCl2.2H20 2.71 42.34 5.53 35.42 5.44 43.10 CuCl2.2H20 43.95 4.86 37.02 3.93 47.20 CuCl2.2H2O + 2NH4Cl.CuCl2.2H2O 2.03 43.20 [ 3.85 39.53 2.94 49.33 2NH4Cl.CuCl2.2H2O + NH4Cl 28.60 1.90 C Solid soin. B + Solid soin. C 2.95 43.22 2.45 50.22 NH4Cl + 2NH4Cl.CuCl2.2H2O + [ 2.26 43.28 2.21 50.68 BaCl2.2H20 25.17 7.30 1.73 Solid soin. C I 1.31 43.31 1.61 51.16 2NH4Cl.CuCl2.2H2O + BaCl2^H2[ 43.45 0.91 51.47 O+CuCl 2 .2H 2 O 2.12 2.38 41.58 * The authors C 7 8 ) show that the percentages of NH Cl in the A-B series of 4

solid solutions, which are simultaneously in equilibrium with a liquid phase containing the proper proportions of NH4Cl and MnCh, differ when the temperatures concerned vary from 70 to 240C, but that they become identical at slightly below 250C, as shown in Fig. 40. Richards (so») shows that MnCh.4HzO and MnCl2.2H2O are in equilibrium with the saturated solution at 58.0980C.

n t._Solid soln (NH4Cl, FeCl2.. -, 2H O) contains from ca. 26.5 to ca. 8 % ,TTT2 '

Cl- NH 4 + Mg++ (34) H2O + NH4Cl + MgCl2; v. Fig. 47

JN ±14V/1.

A B C D E F G H

NH 4 Cl Solid soln. I + Solid soln. II Solid soln. II + NH4CLFeCl3 NH4ClFeCl3 + NH4C1.4FeCl3.6H2O.... NH4C1.4FeCl3.6H20 + FeCl3.2H20 FeCl3.2H2O Solid soln. II + FeCl3.6H20 FeCl 3 .6H 2 Q...: +

2.29 49.50 O 49.60

0.9 16.87 11 «H

48.62 30.94 37 Ol

Cl- NH4+ Mg++ K + H2O + NH4Cl +MgCl2 + KCl t = 250C (34)

* The stable system consists of a second series of solid solutions, whose composition, as shown in Fig. 44, varies but little. t Solid soln. I = NH4Cl + CoCl2.2HgQ.

Cl- NH4+ Ni++ (75, 133) : H2O + NH4Cl + NiCl2 t = 7O0C (75); y, Fig. 45 [I * = 250C (133) I % NH4Cl I % NiCl2 H % NH 4 Cl I % NiCl2 Solid soln

A B

Solid soin. A* 30.92 8.59 18.37 30.03

g.07 g.27

C D

Solid soln. Bf 17.54 30.69 5.35 43.87

17.43 »-JJ J;*

E F

NiCl2.2H2O 2.79 44.99 0.0 45.80

* Solid soln. A(NH 4 Cl, NiCl2.2H2O) contains from 100 to 68.8 % NH 4 Cl. t Solidsoln. B (NH 4 Cl,NiCl 2 .2H 2 O) contains from 62.5 to 21.8 % NH4Cl.

-î 3.10 £04 15.01 £jj j»;»

S0Hd soln. t + NiCl2.6H2O 8.15 | 37.56 NiCl2.6H2O 7 51 37 19 ' ' «J/.y» O 37.53 t NH4Cl + NiCl2.2H2Q. d Ut)

% MgCl2

% NH 4 Cl

% MgCi2

NH 4 Cl Ì23.81 27.79 33.16 NH4Cl + NH4Cl.MgCl2.6H20 5.9321.41 8.7820.9512.4620.84 NH 4 CLMgCl 2 -OH 2 O-f MgCl2.6H2O. 0.0934.43 0.0935.41 0.1536.92 MgCl2.6H2O 34.48 35.59 36.97

+

Cl- NH4 Co + (75, 133) : H2O + NH4Cl + CoCl2 t == 6O0G (75); y. Fig. 44 Il t = 250C (*33) I % NH4Cl % CoGl2 Jl % NH4Cl % CoCl2 Solid soln. I Solid soln. If A 29.10 10.11 17.9 15.63 B 17.74m* 31.24m* 13.59 25.19 C 13.08m* 37.05m* 8.75 34.28 D 11.71 38.96 Solid soln. I + CoCl2.6H2O E 10.36 40.14 7.54 | 34.93 F G JT

A B C D

% NH4Cl

Solid phases

phase t =- 6O0C (Fig. 43) % % NH4Cl FeCl3 36.00 O 24.73 25.78 9.50 65.30 1.36 75.84 0.18 78.20 O 78.42

% MgCl2

Liquid phase t = 3.50C I t = 250C I t = 5O0C

Cl- NH 4 + Fe+++ (76) H2O -f NH4Cl + FeCl3; v. Figs. 42, 43 Solid phases

22.82 25.01 28.28 22.14 1.77 24.42 1.98 27.11 3.83 3.76 5.26 8.99

Cl- NH4+ B4O7-- Na+; v. p. 297

OTT

Liquid t = 250C (Fig. 42) % % NH4Cl FeCl3 28.10 O 16.63 30.45

% (NH 4 )ZB 4 O 7

NH4Cl

NH4Cl NH 4 Cl+ (NH4)2B4O7.4H20 (NH4) 2 B 4 P7.4H 2 O

% NH 4 Cl

* bolid Qo1^ som. o i« IT (NH f\rv Cl, m FeCl2.2H2O) TT r-i OW m * . ,A., 4 «o ~ XTTT /-,i contains from 100 to ca. 28 % NH4C1.

% NH4Cl % FeCl2 Solid soin. II 2.69 | 46.42 FeCl2.4H2O 1.64 46.61 O 46.90

%

% NH4Cl % FeCl2 Il I Solid soin. I* A 31.39 9.52 D| B 18.61 26.56 Solid soin. I +Solid soin. Uf E CI 6.76 I 41.18

Solid phases

t = 250C

% NH4Cl

Cl- NH4 Fe + H2O + NH4Cl + FeCl2 t - 7O0C (75); v. Fig. 41

Liquid phase t = IQ0C I

% NH4Cl

+

I

% (NH4)2B4O7

t = Q0C

% (NH 4 J 2 B 4 O 7

+

Cl-NH 4 + B 4 O 7 -

H 2 O + NH4Cl + (NH4)2B407(329)

% NH4Cl % MgCl2.6H2O

% KCl

Solid soln. I* 0.12 0.14 0.27 0.33

61.06 1.52 59.78 2.10 58.52 2.48 57.80 2.74

Solid soln. Ht 0.42 0.44

57.37 57.50

2.86 2.72

Solid soln. Hit 0.59 0.47 0.73 1.83 2.48 3.35 5.81

56.84 2.67 59.03 2.10 55.57 3.09 50.51 4.45 50.90 3.46 47.55 4.49 47.57 1.42

* Solid soln. I contains from O to 15M % NH4Cl.MgCl2.6H2O and from 100 to 85% KCl.MgCl2.6H2O. Forms rhombic pseudo-hexagonal crystals. t Solid soln. II contains from 15 to 27M % NH4CLMgCl2-GH2O. The crystals show inclined extinction and are probably monoclinic. Î Solid soln. Ill contains from 27 to 10OM % NH4Cl.MgCl2.6H2O. The crystals are rhombic pseudo-tetragonal.

Cl-NH 4 + Ba + +

(338, 341.5)

H2O + NH4Cl + BaCl2 O0 (34i.5)|% NH4Cl I % BaCl2 NH4Cl -16.2 O +30 40 50

+ BaCl2.2H20 16.10 8.07 19.26 8.22 24.89 8.19 26.93 8.40 29.53 8.55

t = 3O0C (338) NH4Cl 29.5 0.0 27.47 3.56 NH4Cl + BaCl2.2H2O I 25.93 I 7.97 BaCl2.2H20 24.69 8.33 20.00 10.89 13.84 15.42 10.06 18.36 5.71 22.16 0.0 27.60

Cl- NH4+ Na+ H2O -f- NH4OH + NaCl t = 3O0C (171); v. also p. 297 % NH3 I %NaCl NaCl 2.516 25.00 3.488 25.09 4.074 24.97 5.288 24.93 6.318 24.84 6.381 24.84 7.243 24.55 8.700 24.14

A B C D E F G H

(NH4)2B4O7.4H20 (NH 4 ) 2B4O7.4H2O + NH4Cl NH4Cl NH 4 ClH-NaCl NaCl NaCl + Na2B4O7JOH2O Na2B4O7JOH20 Na 2 B 4 O 7 JOH 2 O + (NH 4 )2B4O7.4H20 Na2B4O7JOH2O + NaCl + NH4Cl Na2B4O7JOH2O + NH4Cl

P

NaCl + NH4Cl + Na2B4O7JOH20 , ~ nHO +N Na2B40 O7iJOH 2O

NHri NH4Cl

Q

.

0.5Na2B4O7

NaCl

0.5(NH4)2B4O7

NH4Cl

0.5Na2B4O7

NaCl

0.5(NH4)2B407

NH4Cl

0.5Na2B4O7

7.32 10.41 97.924.35 111.66 5.06 99.52 112.22 49.00 85.76 60.71 109.34 108.060.85 1.98 6.38 1.52 9.79 49.33 85.79 1.58 f 58.71 69.141.92 68.87 48.821.97 [ 74.10 40.572.92 61.38 / 76.50 j 91 5Q

NH 4 Cl+ Na2B4O7JOH2O + (NH4)2B4O7.4H2O.... 87.14 XT r > ^ IHTT^ . /XTTTN T > ^ ,TT^ /74.98 Na 2 B 4 O 7 JOH 2 O + (NH 4 ) 2 B 4 O 7 .4H 2 O \48.71 Na2B4O7JOH2O + NaCl (NH 4 ) 2 B 4 O 7 .4H 2 O + NH4Cl

a v , . Solid phases

NaCl

NH4Cl

Solid phases

0.5(NHO2B4O7

Cl- NH4+ B4O7-- Na+ (329) H2O + NH4Cl + Na2B4O7; v. Fig. 46 Liquid phase—M per 100OM H2O t = O0C t = 1O0C I t = 250C (v. Fig. 46)

18.58 132.1010.40 132.70 81.18 81.14 77.35 109.99 110.64 109.220.97 109.53 1.80 2.90 5.69 2.35 19.96 6.26

21.223.77 95.05 17.063.57 73.94 10.843.22 58.70 39.20 112.7

80.332.34 85.16 51.423.99 97.99 30.145.00

71.49 9.80 50.0013.0

25.986.30105.52 18.095.71 93.90 12.354.79 78.9 91.52 2.25 0.034.41

38.3214.83 32.0 13.90 25.0 12.80

Cl-NH 4 + Na + (31l> 329) H2O + NH4Cl + NaCl Liquid phase t = O 0 C(SIi) t = o°C(329) t = 10°C(329) t = 25°C(329) t = 25°C(3H) t = 40°C(3ii) t = 60°C(3ii) t = 80°C(3ii)

% NH4Cl / 22.9 XTTTrn NH4C1 \ 15.3 NH 4 Cl+ NaCl. 10.2 O NaCl

% % % % % % % % % % % % % % % NaCl NH4Cl NaCl NH4Cl NaCl NH4Cl NaCl NH4Cl NaCl NH4Cl NaCl NH4Cl NaCl NH4Cl NaCl O 22.82 25.01 28.28 28.2 O 31.4 O 35^6 O 397(5 O 11.1 21.5 8.9 19.9 10.22 19.57 12.49 18.26 16.16 16.82 15.9 17.10 19.4 15.5 24.4 15.7 29.5 12.0 26.3 26.20 26.32 26.43 O 26.4 O 26.7 O 27.0 O 27.5

Cl- NH4+ K + (387) H2O + NH4Cl + KCl; v. Fig. 48 L = g NH4Cl/100g of dissolved salt; S = g NH4CIyIOOg of solid Liquid phase Solid phases t = 250C t = 650C t = 9O0C • L I S L S L S 10.4 0.011.6 0.023.7 2.7 A 26.9 0.025.0 1.631.0 6.0 B Solid soin. I* 49.7 4.542.8 8.139.0 9.0 C 64.3 14.054.2 14.246.5 12.4 D 66.1 17.069.3 29.968.3 35.6 70.7 33.773.8 48.1 Solid soin. I* +Solid 67.4 23.572.0 48.177.8 75.1 E soin. lit. 69.6 94.772.2 73.4J77.8 79.0 * Solid soin. I at 250C = 0-21 % NH 4 Cl; at 650C = 0-38 % NH4Cl; at 9O0C = 0-62% NH4Cl. t Solid soin. II at 250C = 93-100 % NH 4 Cl; at 650C = 90-100 % NH 4 Cl; at 9O0C = 87-100 % NH4Cl.

Cl- NH 4 + K+.-(Continued] Liquid phase Solid phases t = 250C t = 650C t = 9O0C L I S L I S L | S [73.2 96.376.5 95.580.6 92.9 Solid soin. Ht 84.2100.079.4 98.486.1 98.8 [ 88.1 100.088.8 100.0 t = 250C (34) % NH4Cl I Solid soin. 5.13 7.0 11.0 13.73 15.46 19.54

% KCl Ij: 22.29 20.40 18.04 16.11 14.53 12.16

J Solid soin. I contains from O to 15.12 % NH4Cl.

U

% NH 4 Cl % KCl Solid soin. I{ 22.04 10.49 21.68 10.40 Solid soin. IJ + Solid soin. II § 21.95 | 10,48 Solid soin. II§ 24.30 | 6.48 § Solid soin. II contains from 79.32 to 100 % NH4Cl.

Cl" HPO4" Na+ (99, 269, 286)

H2Q + NaCl + Na2HPQ4; v. Fig. 49 Liquid phase 0

C

Solid phases

6 Ed â

-< O

I I ^ .^ A B C D E F G H I J K L M

-21.2 +15.0 100 - 0.9 +35.4 48.35 95.2 99.77 -23.0 - 1.8 +19.52

NaC1.2H2O + Ice 22.42 NaC1.2H2O NaCl 28.15 Na2HPO4.12H2O + Ice 1.87 Na2HPO4.12H2O + Na 2 HPO 4 .7H 2 O.... 31.55 Na2HPO4.7H2O + Na 2 HPO 4 .2H 2 O..... 44.10 Na2HPO4.2H2O + Na2HPO4 51.69 Na2HPO4 50.68 NaCl.2H 2 O+ Na2HPO4.12H2O+ Ice.. 0.6422.04 NaC1.2H2O + NaCl + Na2HPO4.12H2O 1.2225.52 NaCl + Na2HPO4.12H2O + Na2HPO4.7H2O 4.74 23.59 39.30 NaCl + Na2HPO4.7H2O + Na2HPO4.2H2O 20.0915.80 79.50 NaCl + Na2HPO4.2H2O + Na 2 HPO 4 ... 24.22 15.31 +

Cl- AsO2- Ca + H2O + As2O3 + CaCl2 t = 19.5-2O0C (354) % As2O3 I % CaCl2 As2O3 1.78 0.0 1.39 12.66 1.01 23.09 0.865 27.68 0.697 36.01 As2O3 + CaCl2.6H2O 0.675 l 41.92 CaCl2.6H2O 0.0 | 42.70* Cl- AsO2- Sr++ H2O + As2O3 + SrCl2 t = 3O0C (354) % As2O3 | % SrCl2 As2O3 2.26 O 2.14 6.27 1.92 13.67 1.67 21.29 1.46 27.46 1.28 34.03 As2O3 + SrCl2.6H2O 1.23 | 36.16 SrCl2.6H20 O | 37.60* Cl- AsO2- Ba++ H2O + As2O3 + BaCl2 t = 3O0C (354) % As2O3 | % BaCl2 As2O3 2.26 O 2.24 3.84 2.20 8.72 2.19 8.86 2.15 10.34 (As2O3) 2.BaCl 2 1.69 | 9.55 * By interpolation from earlier work.

Cl- AsO2" Ba++.—(Continued) % As2O3 I % BaCl2 (As2Os)2-BaCl2 1.12 13.62 0.905 16.93 0.737 20.06 0.608 23.87 (As2Os)2-BaCl2 + BaCl2.2H2O 0.506 I 26.54 BaCla.2HsO O I 27.60* Cl- AsO2- Li+ H2O + As2O3 + LiCl t = 3O0C (353) % As2O3 I % LiCl As2O3 2.26 0.0 1.69 7.57 1.15 15.30 0.77 22.67 0.54 29.04 0.43 35.37 0.377 41.55 As2O3 + LiCLH2O 0.410 I 45.12 LiCLH2O 0.0 46.10* Cl- AsO2- Na+ H2O + As2O3 + NaCl t = 3O0C (352) % As2O3 i % NaCl As2O3 2.26 0.0 2.18 5.93 2.04 11.49 1.88 16.86 1.71 22.06 As2O3 + NaCl 1.58 i 26.16 NaCl 0.0 I 26.50

Cl" AsO2- K + H2O + As2O3 + KCl t = 3O0C (352) % As2O3 I % KCl As2O3 2.26 0.0 2.40 6.58 2.46 10.37 6As2O3.5KCl 2.10 11.22 1.77 13.59 1.52 15.89 1.34 17.72 1.10 20.67 0.995 22.38 0.898 22.92 0.841 25.23 6As2O3.5KCl + KCl 0.780* 27.04* KCl 0.0 I 27.20 * Average value.

Cl- Sb+++ (33) H2O + HCl + Sb2O3 t = 150C M per 100OM H2O SbCl3 I HCl Sb4O5Cl2 0.009 4.20 0.015 4.60 0.029 20.00 0.167 27.60 SbOCl 0.8 36.6 2.70 44.0 8.90 47.8 25.60 48.5 47.50 52.0 66.80 52.4 t = 2O0C SbCl3 724 712 24 699 61 685 82.5 689 91 681 117 628 287 SbOCl 197 84.5 217 74 250 88 (SbOCl),. (SbCl3V 358 79 440 68 637 62 698 53 SbCl3 + (SbOCl)*. (SbCl»)u 688 I 39.5 t = 5O0C Sb4O5Cl2 0.008 1.80 0.08 15.80 0.012 20.00 0.460 27.6

Cl- Bi+++ H2O + HCl + Bi(OH)3 t = 250C (284)

M per IQOOg H2O BiCl3 i HCl BiOCl (?) 0.0013 0.3438 0.00396 0.4295 0.00869 0.4960 0.01323 0.5399 0.01856 0.5742 0.03138 0.6434 0.05338 0.7223 0.08937 0.8079 0.1324 0.8752 0.1810 0.9891 0.2050 1.020 0.2657 1.105 0.5685 1.481 0.8324 1.758 1.100 2.025 1-317 2.115 Herz and Bulla (18°) give experimental data on the hydrolysis of BiCl3 at 250C. They obtained values ranging from 0.021 to 0.033 for the constant (BiCl3) -r (HCl)2. Cl- CO3-- HCO3- Co++ K+ H2O + CoCl2 + K2CO3 + KHCO3 t = 180C (7) g K2CO3/! i g KHCO3/! CoC03.K2C03.4H20 + KHCO3 13.3 25.5 103.2 125.1 166.8 289.4 453.5 607.7 704.3

280.6 272.4 237.0 227.6 203.2 158.9 108.4 68.9 54.6

CoCO3.K2CO3.4H2O + KHCOa H-K2CO3.2KHCO3.3H2O 800.2

|

43.1

CoCO3.K2CO3.4H2O + K2CO3.2KHCO3.3H2O

805.1 822.8

40.9 35.0

CoCO3.K2CO3.4H2O + K2CO3.2KHCO3.3H2O + K2C03.2H20 825.8

|

33.10

CoCO3.K2CO3.4H2O + K2CO3.2H2O 836.2 12.20 840.8 5.9

Cl- CO3-- HCO3- Na+ (i«) : H2O + NaCl + Na2CO3 + NaHCO3; v. Fig. 50

NaHCO3 I I 8.1 I I I 8.7 I NaHCO3 H- Na2CO3JOH2O 5.6 I 4.6 I I 13.3 I 4.3 I | 17.051 4.0 | Na2CO3.1OH2O 6.6 [ I I 14.1 I I I 17.6 I I Na2CO3.1OH2O H- NaCl 2.8 I 124.2 I 9.2 I | 20.2 | 13.5 | | 17.4 NaCl I 126.3 I I I 26.3 I I* I 26.4 NaCl + NaHCO3 I 0.6 |25.9 1 I 0.9 i 26.1 1 I 1.0 1 26.1 NaHCO3 + Na2CO3JOH2O 3.78 3.51 4.81 11.42 4.05 3.06 2.89 2.83 9.53 9.62 2.33 7.71 2.39 2.14 15.14 2.63 0.92 21.32 NaHCO3 + Na2CO3JOH2O + Na2CO3.NaHCO3.2H2O 2.77 I 1.11 122.84 | 9.74| 1.41( 11.19| 16.17| 3.40| 2.22 NaCl + Na2CO3JOH2O + Na2CO3.NaHCO3.2H2O 2.99 I 0.73 |23.86 | 9.11| 0.19| 20.49| 13.4 | 0.61| 17.54 NaHCO3 H- Na2CO3.NaHCO3.2H2O 4.80 1.91 18.52 14.6 3.51 3.87 12.7 3.09 6.03 11.52 2.86 7.64 6.99 2.83 13.43 NaHCO3 H- NaCl + Na2CO3.NaHCO3.2H2O 2.75*| 0.94*123.87*1 3.2o| 0.61| 23.93| 2.60| 1.53] 23.74 NaHCO3 H- NaCl 1.30 I 0.73 125.05 | I | | | I Na2CO3JOH2O H- Na2CO3.NaHCO3.2H2O 8.48 1.38 15.24 13.40 2.60 7.90 12.58 1.07 13.97 NaCl + Na2C03.NaHC03.2H20 6.41 0.081 22.18 8.48 0.69 20.50 4.70 0.31J 23.22 5.35 0.84 22.38 I 6.5

F

* Average of two results.

B C

D

E

%NaCl

% NaHCO3

% Na2CO3

% NaCl

% NaHCO3

% Na2CO3

% NaCl

t = 350C

j

17.3 17.2

% NaCl

% Na2CO3

% NaHCO3

I = 350C

j % NaCl

% NaHCO3

% Na2CO3

% NaCl

% NaHCO3

% Na2CO3 A

t = 3O0C

Ì

t = 3O0C

j

Na2CO3.7H2O + NaCl 15.5 21.2 12.9 15.4 Na2CO3.7H2O + Na,2CO3.H2O 1 i i i I I 131.0 I I 2.5 Na2CO3.H2O H- NaCl I I I |17.7 1 Ì15.0 |16.8 1 116.1 NaCl G I I |26.4 I I [26.5 | | J26.6 NaCl + NaHCO3 H I I 1.2 |26.0 I I 1.2 |26.1 | | 1.2 |26.2 Na2CO3JOH2O H- Na2CO3.NaHCO3.2H2O 19.84 1.34 5.01 18.99 0.7611.09 Na2CO3JOH2O H- Na2CO3.7H2O H- Na2CO3.NaHCO3.2H2O R |18.99| 0.80|11.38|26.61| 0.99J 3.65| 1 | Na2CO3.7H2O + Na2CO3.H2O + Na2CO3.NaHCO3.2H2O I I I |22.63| 0.6l| 9.88|30.27| 0.57| 1.97 Na2C03.H20 + NaCl + Na2CO3.NaHCO3.2H2O I I I |17.79| 0.53|14.88|17.04| 0.6lll5.52 Na2CO3.7H2O + Na2CO3. NaHCO3.2H2O 118.561 0.53|12.84| | | | I I Na2CO3.7H2O H- NaCl + Na2CO3.NaHCO3.2H2O Q |17.28| 0.34|15.28| I | 1 I I NaCl + Na2CO3.NaIICO3.2H2O 13.28 0.6117.7213.2 0.9917.6913.23 0.5717.85 7.28 0.5321.35 7.33 0.9621.30 7.42 0.6121.41 NaHCO3 H- Na2CO3.NaHCO3.2H2O 11.35 2.90 7.5711.20 3.32 7.7011.57 3.59 7.61 6.65 1.9515.04 6.7 2.2514.96 6.72 2.5614.85 5.52 2.10 16.97 NaHCO3 + NaCl + Na2CO3.NaHCO3.2H2O P 2.55 1.3823.9725.3 1.,6824.Ol 3.25 0.7623.75 3.01 1.3423.92 Na2CO3.H2O + Na2CO3.NaHCO3.2H2O 21.96 0.12 8.3 18.46 0.11 12.OS

I

t = 250C: v. Fig. 50

% NaHCO3

% Na2CO3

t = 250C; v. Fig. 50 % NaCl

% Na2CO3

% NaHCO3

% Na2CO3

% NaCl

% NaHCO3

% Na2CO3

t = 2O0C

I

% NaHCO3

t = 150C

t =OC

% NaCl

0

NaHCO3 | 9.3 | | | 9.9 l | 110.6 | NaHCO3 H- Na2CO3.NaHCO3.2H2O 117.9 | 4.05| |17.6 | 4.03| | 17.3| 4.7 | Na2CO3JOH2O H- Na2CO3.NaHCO3.2H2O |22.6 | 1.5 | |27.4 | 1.3 | l l l Na2CO3JOH2O |22.7 | | |28.45| I l I I Na2CO3.7H2O I I I I I I I 32.91 l Na2CO3JOH2O H- Na2COs.7H2O |19.0 | |ll.8 |26.0 | l 3.9| | l Na2CO3.7H2O + Na2CO3.NaHCO3.2H2O I I l i l i 32.51 0 .

% Na2CQ3

|

16.9 31.7 32.2 15.0

6 |

t = 450C % NaHCQ3

I

t = 6O0C % NaHCQ3

% % NaCl Na2CO3 NaHCO3 1 12.0 I I I NaHCO3 + Na2CO3.NaHCO3.2H2O 1 5.9 I I 16.9 I 7.4 Na2CO3.NaHCO3.2H2O + Na2CO3.H2O I 0.9 1 I 30.7 I 1.3 Na2CO3.H2O I I I 31.8 I Na2CO3.H2O H- NaCl 1 I 17.4 I 13.9 I NaCl I I 26.7 I I NaCl + NaHCO3 i 1.5 I 26.2 I I 2.2

% NaCl [ | | 1 I

17.8

I 27.0' I 26.4

12.62

18.87

0.80

Solid phases

4.73

11.94

Na2CO3.H2O + NaCl + Na2CO3.NaHCO3.2H2O | 0.61 | 17.40 | 12.39 | 0.53 i 19.13 Na2CO3.NaHCO3.2H2O + NaCl 0.15 20.62 10.75 0.73 20.06 9.25 6.84 0.50 21.98 6.29 0.76 22.35 1.11 23.43 4.29 NaHCO3 + Na2CO3.NaHCO3.2H2O 12.44 5.08 5.38 14.0 6.11 3.73 10.75 3.29 8.91 8.99 4.16 11.34 6.94 2.52 14.70 NaHCO3 + NaCl + Na2CO3.NaHCO3.2H2O 3.04 | 1.99 | 23.91 | 3.28* | 2.20* | 24.1* 14.34

* Average of two results.

Cl- COr-Mg + + Na+ H2O + MgCO3 + NaCl t = 230C (69) g NaClA I g MgCO3/! MgC03(?) 0.176 28.0 0.418 59.5 0.527 106.3 0.585 147.4 0.544 231.1 0.460 0.393 272.9 331.4 0.293 Cl-CO3--Ca++Na+

H2O + H2CO3 + CaCO3 + NaCl t = 250C (59) % CaCO3* I % NaCl* CaCO3 0.147 1.427 0.151 5.375 0.162 6.076 0.156 9.943 0.148 13.646 16.380 0.133 0.094 22.992 0.076 26.369 * Liquid phase at all compositions saturated with COz at 760 mm.

Cl- CO3— Ca + +Na + H2O + CaCO3 + NaCl t = 250C (59) % NaCl I % CaCO3 CaCO3 1.575 0.00777 4.921 0.00817 8.466 0.00860 0.00923 10.296 14.279 0.00908 18.058 0.00942 23.369 0.00912

Cl- C O 3 - - C a + + K +

H2O +CaCO 3 + KCl t = 250C (64) % KCl % CaCO3 CaCO3 0.0 0.0013 3.90 0.0078 7.23 0.0078 11.10 0.0076 13.82 0.0072 15.49 0.0076 18.21 0.0070 19.84 0.0072 26.00 0.0060 Cl- CO 3 -- Na+; v. also p. 301 % Na 2 CO 3 I % NaCl Na2CO3.10H2O + NaCIf 17.37 I 15.73 t = 3O0C (79)

A B C D E F G H I J P

Na2CO3JOH2O Na2CO3-IOH2O + NaCl NaCl NaCl+KCl KCl KCl + K2CO3JH20 K2CO3JH20 NaKCO3.6H2O +K 2 CO 3 JH 2 O.. Na2CO3.7H2O + NaKCO3.6H2O. Na2CO3.7H2O + Na2CO3.1OH2O. K2CO3JH2O + NaKCO3.6H2O + KCl... Q NaKCO3.6H2O + Na2CO3.7H2O + KCl H Na2CO3.7H2O + Na2CO3.1OH2O + KCl S Na2CO3.IQH2Q + KCl + NaCl.. Cl-CO3--K+

H2O + KCl + K2CO3 t = 3O0C (390) % K2CO3 % KCl K2C03.%H20 53.27 I O K2CO8-^H2O + KCl 52.22 I 1.03 KCl 51.66 1.07 1.64 26.22 Q 28.01

KCl

0.50

NaCl

18.97

% NaCl

0.5K2CO3

23.35

Cl-CO3--Na+K+

H2O + NaCl + K2CO3; v. Fig. 53; t = 250C (37) Liquid phase—M per 100QM H2O 0.5Na2CO3

% Na2CO3

Cl- CO3-- HCO3- Na + .—(Continued) t = 450C t = 6O0C % % % % NaHCO3 NaCl Na2CO3 NaHCO3 Na2CO3.H2O + Na2CO3.NaHCO3.2H2O 1.03 7.84 25.89 1.57

101.26 88.20

72.40 109.8 92.0839.32 89.24 288.32 5.0 295.86 37.0 271.40 120.80 79.40 121.0 49.40 37.44267.00

4.44

94.66 77.58 26.34 91.80 67.20 32.60 93.22 48.6633.28

Cl- C 2 O 4 -- C2H2ClO2- K + H2O + HC2H2ClO2 + CaCl2 + K2C2O4; t = 250C (i 72) g KC2ClH2O2/! * g CaO/1* CaC2O4J O 0.1027 0.6628 0.0973 1.3256 0.0880 2.6512 0.0853 5.3024 0.0840 8.6164 0.0826 26.512 0.0740

NaCl O 26.28t O 26.47 5.05 21.94 9.71 18.76 14.81 16.26 NaCl + Na2CO3. H2O 18.00* I 14.12* Na2CO3.H2O 20.72 I 11.49 Na2CO3.7H2O + Na2CO3.H2O 22.75* I 10.24* Na2CO3.7H2O 24.26 5.93 25.59 5.17 Na2CO3.10H2O + Na2CO3.7H2O 26.82 I 4.15 Na2CO3.1OH2O 22.94t 0.0 27.12 3.33 27.48 0.90 27.98 O

Cl- C2O4- C2Cl3O2- Ca++ K + H2O + HC2Cl3O2 + CaCl2 + K2C2O4; t = 250C ("2) g KC2Cl3O2/!*! g CaO/1* CaC2O4I O 0.8867 1.0074 0.8867 2.0148 0.8833 4.0296 0.8867 10.074 0.8880 20.148 0.8747 40.296 0.8760 60.4444 0.8707 80.592 0.8593 120.888 0.8273 161.184 0.7860

* Average of two values t At 250C (37).

* Liquid phase contained 18.23 g HCl per I at all compositions, f Authors do not state whether solid used was hydrated. $ t — 120C.

Cl- C 2 O 4 -- Th++++ (81, 168) H2O + HCl + Th(C 2 O 4 t = 250C (168) %HC1 1 %Th(C 2 0 4 ) 2 ) 2 3Th(C2O4)2. ThC!4.20H2O 24.8 0.01545 37.0 0.5330 37.6 0.5395 t = 170C («i) Th(C2O4)2.?H2O 0.0 0.0017 1.2 0.0035 3.2 0.0047J 3.6 0.0061 4.6 0.0094 8.4 0.017 13.1 0.028 16.2 0.038 19.8 0.064 Continued on p. 303

Cl-CO 3 --Na + (14l) H2O + NaCl + Na2CO3; v. Fig. 51 and p. 300 Liquid phase

Na2C03.7H20

( Na2CO3.7H2O + Na2CO3-H20 XT ™ TT r* Na2OO3-H20

f [

Na2CO3.7H2O + NaCl Na2CO3-H2O + NaCl Na 2 CO 3 -IOH 2 OH-NaCl , N

^1

! 1 ^

Na2GO3.7H2O H- NaCl

% NaCl

% Na2CO3

26.9 3.9 26.6 4.2 24.6 7.2 22.7 9.3 22.5 10.2 21.9 10.4 20 5 U-1

% NaCl

11.8 13.0

% Na2CO3

0.0 3.7

% NaCl

28.5 27

% NaCl 0.0 5.6 10.8

% Na2CO8

% Na2CO3

% NaCl

% Na 2 CO 3

% NaCl

6.6 0.014.1 0.017.6 0.022.7 4.3 4.5 9.9 8.915.5 4.019.6 3.7 8.2 8.714.714.1 7.718.8 3.112.3 12.912.8 2.820.4 19.0 [ 18.4

| t = 3O0C TT= 35°C| t = 45°C| t = 60°C % NaCl

Na2CO3JOH2O + Na2CO3JH2O

t = 250C

% Na2CO3

Na2CO3-IOH20

% Na2CO8

Solid phases

% NaCl

% Na2CO3

t = O0C | t = 15°C| t = 20°G|

32.9 0.0 31.5 2.0 31 2.5 30.2 2.932.2 0.031.8 0.0 25 5 - 7.128.2 3.924.0 7.2 24 4 7320.210.9

20.711.116.614.5 21.2m 12.9m 17.7 15.0 16.816.1 15.017.413.917.8 2.824.2 9.220.213.517.4 1.125.1 3.524.0 6.922.0 7.9 21.3 5.0 0.026.3 0.026.3 9.520.3 0.0 26.4 0.0 11.518.9 0.026.4 17.25*15.45*

Transition temperatures: Na2COjJOH2O + Na2CO3.7H2O H- NaCl = 210C. * Average of two results.

22.7 26.5

7.421.710.320.2 4.024.0 3.624.2 0.026.6 0.026.7 0.027.0

Na2CO3.7H2O + Na2CO3-H2O + NaCl = 26.20C.

Cl-COr-Na+(i4l) H2O H- NaOH H- NaCl + Na2CO3; v. Fig. 52 (25°)f

A B r C

Na2CO3-IOH2O Na2CO3.7H20 Na2CO3-IOH2O + Na2CO3.7H2O K» rn TTT o + N«n Na2C03.7H20 + NaCl

6.6

Na2CO3.1OH2O+ NaCl D

E G H

NaCl NaCl H- NaOH.4H2O NaOH.4H20 NaORH20 Na 2 CO 3 -H 2 OH-Na 2 CO 3 Na2CO3.7H2O H-Na 2 CO 3 -H 2 0

I

Na2CO3.7H2O + Na2CO3JOH2O Na2CO3JOH2O H-NaCl-f Na2CO3.7H20 N* PO 10TT O 4. NT« PO 7TTO Na2CO3JOH2O + Na2CO3.7H2O

,

f \ ( / j

14.1

% NaOH

t = 250Cf % NaCl

|

% Na2CO3

% NaOH

% NaCl

% Na2CO3

% NaOH

% NaCl

Liquid phase t = 150C | t "^2O0G % Na2CO3

| % NaOH

Solid phases

% NaCl

% Na2CO3

~ E=Q0C

17.e

22.7 18.4 13.0 19.0 11.8 7.512.710.612.015.9 3.617.2515.45 9.613.48.515.9 15.0 1.7

2.824.2 9.220.2 13.517.4 2.417.3 8.4 9.219.4 1.5 2.412.714.3 8.416.2 5.8 26.3 26.3 26.4 26.4 4.230.3 29.6 51.2 52.2 53.3 0.6 47.30.3 41.50.5 42.5 3.1 23.07.9 19.411.1 16.215.4 12.7 3.1 22.3 8.9 17.012.4 13.418.0 9.3 18.1 8.6 1.7 18.3 3.3 6.3 2.811.216.0 8.714.9 7.212.816.9 1.7 2 9 4 220 5 ' ' 7.910.510.411.6 6.9 9.5 8 . 7 2 . 6 15.6 11.8 1.5 12.8

Cl" CO3-- Na+.-(Continued)

Na2CO3.10H2O Na2CO3-H20 Na2CO3.7H20 Na2CO3JOH2O + Na2CO3.7H2O Na2CO3.7H2O + Na2CO3.H2O Na2CO3.7H2O + NaCl Na2CO3.H2O + NaCl NaCl NaORH20 Na2CO3.H2O + Na2CO3 Na2CO3.7H2O + Na2CO3-H2O

%NaOH

% NaCl

% Na2CO3

%NaOH

% NaCl

% Na2CO3

% NaOH

% NaCl

% Na2CO3

% Na2CO3

% NaOH

% NaOH

t = 6O0C

|

% NaCl

Liquid phase t = 350C I t = 450C

I % NaOH

Solid phases

% NaCl

% Na2CO3

t = 3O0C

% NaCl

Na2COs.H2O + Na2CO3 + NaCl Na2CQ3 + NaCl

% Na2CO3

Q

% NaOH

Na2COsJI2O + NaCl

t = 250Cf

I

3.4 4.222.1 8.2 9.613.610.1 7.512.414.9 6.4 8.6 7.93.117.710.6 1.915.515.2 3.2 11.0 2.9 8.519.9 7.211.712.5 9.612.4 9.713.5 14.1 4.4 2.2 6.923.1 1.9 7.423.1 7.011.912.3 9.1 13.5 8.9 1.9 6.524.0 0.2 0.946.2 1.2 6.625.1 3.1 9.9 18.5 1.2 5.625.8 1.7 0.946.7 0.3 1.5 41.5 0.6 4.329.2 0.3 1.3 44.0 0.5 1.1 45.7 0.2 1.0 49.9

% NaCl

/ j

% Na2CO3

P

XT ™ ^TT/^ , AT ™ TT^ Na2CO,7H20 + Na2CO,H2O Na2CO3.7H2O + Na2CO3-H2O + NaCl

Liquid phase t = 150C j t = 2O0C

I

% NaOH

Solid phases

% NaCl

% Na2CO3

t = O0C

28.5 24.6 7.2 26.9 3.9 22.0510.2 21.20 12.9 17.7 15.0 26.5

16.8 16.1 26.6

13.9 17.8 27.0 57.8

63.5

6.0 12.512.411.015.3 5.4 0.2 3.034.6 4.611.814.7 1.4 7.024.9 . . 0.2 1.541.8 0.3 1.840.8 f 0.2 1.051.3 1.0 1.249.0 \ [

9.216.0 6.1 2.910.818.1 0.4 3.833.4 0.3 2.737.2 0.3 2.438.8 0.2 2.140.9 0.5 1.354.1

5.815.8 9.4 2.611.318.1 1.7 8.422.3 0.5 4.333.2 0.2 1.752.6

267

1222

Na2C03.7H20 + Na 2 CO 3 -H 2 O.......

22Ì

l'.l l'.2

Na2CO3 +NaCl

15.0 17.4 26.5 55.4 39.2 0.6

Na2C03.7H20 + Na2CO3-IOH20

Na2CO3-H2O + Na2CO3 + NaCl

31.8

31.0 2.5

54.3 35.0 0.5 7.932.0

15.1* 21.9

Na2CO8-H2O + NaCl

32.2 32.9

* Solution not clear, t Data for points repreaenting systems Na2CO3 + NaOH.HzO; NaCl + NaOH.H2O; and NaOH.H2O + NaCl lacking.

Cl- HCO3- Na+ (141): H2O + NaCl + NaHCO3

NaHCO3 NaHCO3 + NaCl NaCl

[ 6.5 < 2.7 [• 1.1 0.6

0.0 8.8 19.8 25.9 26.3

8.1 3.8 2.0 0.9

0.0 8.6 16.4 26.1 26.3

8.7 4.2 1.7 1.0

0.0 8.5 19.5 26.1 26.4

9.3 3.2 1.8 1.2

0.0 12.7 19.7 26.0 26.4

9.9 4.9 1.9 1.2

0.0 8.8 19.5 26.1 26.5

10.6 4.7 2.1 1.3

0.0 10.3 19.6 26.2 26.6

12.0 5.8 2.7 1.5

0.0 10.5 19.2 26.2 26.7

t = 6O0C

14.1 7.4 3.7 2.2

% NaCl

|

% NaHCO3

t = 450C % NaCl

|

% NaHCO3

% NaCl

t = 350C % NaHCO3

% NaCl

% NaHCO3

% NaCl

% NaHCO3

% NaCl

% NaHCO3

% NaCl

Liquid phase \ t = 150C I t = 2O0C I -t = 250C | t = 3O0C | % NaHCO3

% NaCl

Solid phases

% NaHCO3

t = Q0C

0.0 10.0 19.1 26.4 27.0

Cl- C 2 Or- Th++++.—(Continued from p. 800) % HCl I % Th(C 2 0 4 ) 2 t = 5O0C (81) Th(C204)2.?H20 0.0 0.0017 4.1 0.010 8.4 0.028 12.4 0.057 16.1 0.103 18.0 0.134 19.9 0.169 21.6 0.232 Cl- C 2 O 4 - ~ S C + + + (265)

Cl-C 2 Or-K + (82» 385)

H2O + KCl + K2C2O4 0 C (82) I %KC1 I % K2C2O4 KCl + K2C2O4-H2O 15 19.19 10.03 50 20.26 15.18 t = 20°C (385)

% KCl

I % K2C2O4 KCl 34.41 0.0 32.05 6.03 29.31 13.11 KCl + K2C2O4-H2O 28.56 I 15.08 K2C2O4.H2O 21.49 18.81 13.67 23.92 5.70 29.98 0.0 34.93

H2O -f HCl -f Sc2(C2O4)3 MHCI/I 1 % Sc2(C2O4) 3 t = 250C 1 1 = 5O0C Sc3(C2O4) 3.5H2O 0.1 0.0299 0.0420 Cl- C2H3O2- C4H4O6- - Ca++ K + 0.5 0.0650 0.0870 H 2O + HCl + Ca (C2H3O2)2 + 1.0 0.1020 0.1435 K2C4H4O6 2.0 0.1716 0.2556 t = 250C (172) 5.0 0.4170 0.6533 g KCl/1 I g CaO/1 CaC4H4O6f 0.0 0.4733 Cl-C 2 O 4 --Ca + + 0.3728 0.4860 H2O + H2C2O4 + CaCl2 t = 250C (172) 0.7456 0.4926 1.4912 0.5206 g CaO/1 I g HCl/1 3.7280 0.5600 CaC2O4J 7.456 0.6140 0.004 0.0 14.912 0.7120 0.314 4.559 22.368 0.8706 0.5953 9.117 29.824 1.0746 0.8846 13.676 v. also C 2 H 3 O 2 -C 4 H 4 O 6 -" 1.156 18.234 Ca ++ K+, p. 374 1.454 22.793 27.351 1.718 2.282 36.468 Cl- C4H4O6-- C2H2ClO2- Ca++ K+ H2O + HC2H2ClO2 + CaCl2 Cl~ C2O4- -Ca + + K + + K2C4H4O6 H2O + HCl + CaCl2 -f t =* 250C (172) K2C2O4 t = 250C (172) g KC2C1H2O2/1| g CaO/1 g KCl/1* g CaO/1* CaC4H4O6f O 3.695 CaC2O4J 1.3256 3.623 O 1.1666 2.6512 3.586 0.3728 1.1706 5.3024 3.477 0.7456 1.174 13.256 3.263 1.4912 1.1833 19.884 3.093 3.728 1.194 26.512 3.001 7.456 1.221 14.912 1.2686 22.368 1.3093 Cl- HC4H4O6- Na+ K+ 37.280 1.396 H2O + NaCl + KHC4H4O6 t = 250C (283) + Cl-C 2 O 4 -Na (82) MNaCl/1 1 MKHC4H4O6/! KHC4H4O6 H2O + NaCl + Na2C2O4 0 O 0.0347 C I % NaCl |%Na2C204 0.05 0.03761 NaCl + Na2C2O4 0.10 0.03974 15 26.28 0.027 0.20 0.04276 50 26.64 0.063 * Liquid phase contained 18.23 g HCl per 1 at all compositions, t Authors do not state whether solid used was hydrated. $ Authors do not give actual composition of solid used.

Cl- HC4H4O6- K+ H2O + HCl + KHC4H4O6 t = 250C (283) MHCI/I I MKHC4H4O6/! KHC4H4O6 0.0 0.0347 0.0125 0.03667 0.025 0.04282 0.050 0.05887 CI" HC4H4O6- K + (48, 283)

Cl- HC4H4Or K+.-(CWd) M/1000g H2O KCl I KHC4H4O6 t = 250C (283)*

O 0.025 0.050 0.100 0.200

KHC4H4O6 0.0347 0.02544 0.01955 0.01333 0.00869

* AU values are mean of two results H2O + KCl + KHC4H4O6 0 t = 22 C (48) M/1000g H2O Cl- C6H5(NH3)- Fe+++ KCl I KHC4H4O6 H2O + HCl -f C 6 H 5 (NH 2 )KHC4H4O6 HCl -f FeCl3 0.0 0.03057 t = 250C (29l) 0.01 0.02634 % C6H50.02 0.02281 (NH 2 )0.035 0.01890 HCl % FeCl3 % HCl 0.05 0.01580 C 6 H 5 (NH 2 )HCl 0.10 0.01078 22.78 I 0.0 [ 11.08 0.2 0.00705 6C6H5(NH2)HCLFeCl3 0.35 0.00488 20.24 1.29 11.78 0.50 0.00397 17.17 2.82 11.88 1.00 0.00269 13.81 5.18 11.32 2.0 0.00189 7.06 12.12 11.44 CA-KHC4H4O6 5.29 16.06 11.69 0.0 0.02822 4.49 18.16 11.91 0.01 0.02392 3.96 19.95 11.49 0.02 0.02045 6C6H5(NH2)HCLFeCl3 + 0.035 0.01676 2C6H5(NH2)HCLFeCl3 0.05 0.01405 3.57 I 21.50 I 12.89 0.10 0.00939 2C6H5(NH2)HCLFeCl3 0.20 0.00604 2.58 23.36 12.96 0.35 0.00424 2.10 25.59 12.48 0.50 0.00340 1.71 28.61 11.71 1.00 0.00233 1.35 33.10 10.98 2.00 0.00164 + Cl-C 10 H 7 SO 3 -Na (85) H2O + NaCl + /3-C10H7SO3Na

t = 25JC I t = 3O0C I t - 4O0C I t » 5O0C | t « 650C % % % % % % % % % % /3-salt NaCl /3-salt NaCl /3-salt NaCl /3-salt NaCl /3-salt NaCl /S-Ci0H7SO3Na 5.85 0.0 6.24 0.0 7.98 0.0 9.75 0.0 14.6 6 3.46 2.38 1.21 4.84 1.46 5.62 4.15 2.9 8.47 2.93 0.31 9.19 0.16 13.08 0.65 8.47 2.17 5.42 6.12 3.81 0.15 13.16 0.0 26.5 0.0 26.7 1.05 8.39 1.96 7.19 0.0 16.81 0.0 26.8 1.26 10.83 0.0 26.43 0.0 27.21

Cl- Sn++ H2O + HCl + SnCl2 t =0°C (u») M KSnCl2/! I MHCI/I

(?)* 7.4 6.67 6.375 6.840 8.120 9.42 11.76 14.76 15.64

O 0.66 1.354 2.480 3.49 4.00 4.40 4.94 6.60

15.70 7.80 * Composition of solid phases not determined.

Cl- Sn++ K + H2O + SnCl 2 + KCl t = 250C (143) g per 10Og H2O KCl I SnCl2 SnCl2.2H2O 0.0 234.05 2.73 222.55 7.49 235.50 19.66 290.30 SnCl2.KCLH20 25.51 337.20 24.38 247.50 21.26 170.70 17.79 107.65 81.78 19.06 17.85 58.48 19.45 54.19

Cl- Sn++ K+.- (Continued) g per 10Og H2O KCl I SnCl2 SnCl2.2KC1.2H2O 5.99 34.28 24.40 27.88 24.68 17.42 27.30 10.24 30.65 5.83 31.76 5.95 KCl 34.08 4.37 32.17 2.86 34.73 0.0 Cl- Pb++ H2O + HCl + PbCl2 t = 25.20C (117) MHCI/I I M MPbCl2/! PbCl2 0.0 0.0388 0.001 0.0386 0.0025 0.03806 0.005 0.03714 0.010 0.03545 0.020 0.03213 0.060 0.02281 0.100 0.01647 0.250 0.00889 0.500 0.00546 0.700 0.00483 1.000 0.00445 1.500 0.00462 2.000 0.00512 3.000 0.00754 Cl- Pb++ Ca++ H2O + PbCl2 + CaCl2 t = 250C (181) M KCaCl2/! I M KPbCl2/! PbCl2 0.00 0.07790 0.52 0.01392 0.95 0.01126 1.91 0.01542 3.03 0.02436 4.12 0.04114 Cl- Pb++ Sr++ H2O + PbCl2 + SrCl2 t = 250C (181) M HSrCl2/! I M KPbCl2/! PbCl2 0.00 0.07790 0.051 0.01356 1.02 0.01280 1.38 0.01648 2.66 0.02836 3.09 0.03156 4.13 0.05396 Cl- Pb++ Ba++ H2O + PbCl2 + BaCl2 t = 250C (181) M KBaCl2/! M KPbCl2/! PbCl2 0.00 0.07790 0.32 0.01398 0.64 0.01106

Cl- Pb++ Ba++.-(Continued) M KBaCl2/! I M KPbCl2/! PbCl2 1.38 0.02178 2.08 0.04776 Cl- Pb++ Na+ H2O + PbCl2 + NaCl t = 250C (181) M NaC i/l I MKPbCl 2 /! PbCl2 0.0 0.07790 0.051 0.01289 1.02 0.01262 2.05 0.01922 3.03 0.02558 4.10 0.08754 Cl-Pb + +K + ; cf. also (5i-i) H2O + PbCl2 -f KCl t = 2O0C (47); y. Fig. 54

% PbCl2 I % KCl KCl+ PbCl2.KCL KH2O 0.289 I 25.34 PbCl2.KCl.KH2O 0.247 23.71 0.215 21.69 0.194 19.83 PbCl2.KCl.KH2O + 2PbCl2.KCl 0.183 I 18.26 2PbCl2.KCl 0.158 16.70 0.124 14.04 0.106 10.47 0.103 9.12 0.107 6.93 0.149 4.28 2PbCl2.KCl + PbCl2 0.174 I 3.79 PbCl2 0.184 2.79 0.202 2.23 0.264 1.45 Solid phases* (102) A PbCl2 B PbCl2 + 2PbCl2.KCl C 2PbCl2.KCl + 3PbCl2.3KCLH2O D 3PbCl2.3KCLH2O + KCl * No numerical data given for liquid phase; diagram (Fig. 54) shows grams of PbCl2 and KCl per 100 g of solution.

Cl- Tl+++ Cs+ H2O -f TlCl3 + CsCl t = 150C (253) % TlCl3* I % TlCl3* T1C13.4H2O 65.178 I T1C13.4H20 + 2TlC!3.3CsCl 65.181 I 2TlCl3.3CsCl 61.18 23.813 50.127 10.210 40.970 1.451 31.705 0.017 * Concentration of CsCl not appreciable.

Cl- Tl+++ Cs+.-(Continued) % CsCIf I % CsCIf 2TlCls.3CsCl + TlCl3.2CsCL2H2O I 3.275 TlCl3.3CsC1.2H2O 3.272 22.781 8.313 26.930 15.781 TlCl3.2CsC1.2H2O + TlCl3.3CsCLH2O I 27.200 TlCl3.3CsCl.H20 27.689 39.913 32.721 45.126 TlCl3.3CsCl.H20 + TlCl3.3CsCl I 45.227 TlCl3.3CsCl 45.910 58.170 50.000 63.981 T!Cl3.3CsCl + CsCl I 64.713 CsCl I 64.750 t Concentration appreciable.

of

TlCh

not

Cl- Zn++ H2O + ZnO + ZnCl2 t = room (109) g per 10Og H2O ZnCl2 I ZnO ZnO 8.22 0.0137 23.24 0.138 45.95 0.497

Cl- Zn++.-(Continued) g per 10Og H2O ZnCl2 I ZnO ZnO 51.50 0.604 56.90 0.723 62.85 0.884 96.00 1.792 124.70 3.213 144.80 2.64 203.00 1.59 Cl- Zn++ K + H2O + ZnCl2 + KCl t = 250C (247) % KCl I % ZnCl2 ZnCl2 0.0 I 82.0 ZnCl2 -f 2KCl.ZnCl2.6H2O 0.75 I 74.0 2KCl.ZnCl2.6H2O 1.50 67.5 2.00 66.5 3.33 64.0 8.25 57.5 18.75 46.8 25.75 41.0 31.00 38.0 KCl + 2KCl.ZnCl2.6H2O 33.50 I 36.5 KCl 35.00 35.5 36.50 35.0 33.75 31.75 29.00 21.50 26.50 0.0

Cl- Cd++ Na+ (371) H2O + CdCl2 + NaCl; v. Fig. 55 Liquid phase—g per 10Og UzO t = 19.30C | t = 29.70C | t = 40.10C l t = 54.40C CdCl2| NaClJ-CdCl21 NaClI CdCl 2 1 NaCl) CdCl2 [NaCl 111.30 129.65 0.0 133.85 0.0 133.9 0.0

Solid phases

CdCl2.|H20 CdCl2-H20 CdCl2.|H2O + CdCl2.2NaC1.3H20 116.64 7.52132.67 9.63 CdCl2.H2O + CdCl2.2NaC1.3H20 137.03 15.14 140.42 19.10 85.15 12.19 123.54 10.10 48.1729.50 52.7632.97 «0.01 »..7 105.1. £« CdCl2.2NaC1.3H20 NaCl NaCl

!

43.7427.46

+

5.9636.76 9.4337.54 13.3138.16 22.5339.07 0.0 35.84 0.0 35.88 0.0 36.18 0.0 36.82 Transition points CdCl2-^H2O -f CdCl2-H2O + solution = 330C. CdCl2.%H20 + CdCl2-H2O + CdCl2,2NaC1.3H20 + solution = 32.50C.

Cl- Cd++ K + (371) ; H2O + CdCl2 + KCl; v. Fig. 56 Solid phases p, pl S T T O CdCl 2^H2O

Liquid phase—g per 10Og H2O t = 19.30C Tt = 29.70C | t = 40.10C I t = 54.50C CdCl2 KCl I CdCl2J KC1| CdCl2I KCl | CdCl21 KCl /I 111.30 0.0 129.65 0.0 ' 97 62 Q 7 0

CdCl 2 .H 2 O....: CdCl2.|H2O + CdCl2.KCLH20 CdCl2-H2O + CdCl2.KCLH20

133.85 0.0 133.90 0.0 59.59 6.70

68.23

7.08 92.15

2.70 102.15 2.32

Cl- Cd++ K+.—(Continued) Solid phases

Cl- Hg++ Ba++ (34l) ; H2O H- HgCl2 + BaCl2; v. Fig. 57

Liquid phase—g per IQOg H2O t = 19.30C | t = 29.70C | t = 40.10C | t = 54.50C CdCl 2 J KCl | CdChI KCI | CdCl 2 J KCl | CdCl21 KCl 26.9811.09 47.12l 9.89 51.9011.50 44.0118.39

rnn K H H O CdCla.KCl.HiO

32.6713.06 37.9115.21

24.2616.10 24.4521.73 15.9925.97 18.9735.51

11.6130.04 15.4733.58 19.9237.63 26.1343.78 1.4434.76 2.4237.66 2.9840.45 4.2045.52 | 0.0 33.94 0.0 37.21 0.0 40.36 0.0 43.00 Transition points CdCl2-^H2O + CdCl2-H2O + solution = 330C. CdCl2-^H2Q + CdCl2-H2Q + CdCl2-KCLH2O -f solution = 33.50C.

* Composition of solid phase not determined.

Cl" Hg++ H2O H- HgO + HgCl2 * = 250C (382) % HgCl2 I % HgO HgCl2 8.58 I 0.0 Solid soin. I * 8.72 0.14 8.68 0.07 HgCl2.2HgO 8.69 0.10 4.39 0.09 0.66 0.02 HgCl2.2HgO H- HgCl2.4HgO 0.66 I 0.02 HgCl2.4HgO 0.61 0.02 0.20 0.06 Solid soin. Uf 0.13 0.04 0.05 0.04 HgO 0.04 0.04 0.0 0.001 * Solid soin. I = HgCl2 -f HgCl2.2HgO. t Solid soin. II = HgCl2.4HgO + HgCl2.

Cl- Hg++ Cu++ H2O H- HgCl2 H- CuCl2 t = 350C (359) % CuCl2 I % HgCl2 CuCl2.2H2O 44.47 O 33.50 21.03 26.07 37.3 23.31 44.47

Cl- Hg++ Cu++.—(Continued) % CuCl2 I % HgCl2 CuCl2.2H2O H- HgCl2 21.50* I 50.47* HgCl2 19.40 52.44 18.48 52.54 18.06 52.81 14.73 51.03 5.94 49.50 2.64 23.87 O 8.51 * Mean of several determinations.

Cl- Hg++ Mg++ H2O + HgCl2 H- MgCl2 t = 250C (182) MMgci2A I Mn8Ci2A O 0.168 0.415 0.570 0.997 1.320 1.728

cm

0.265 0.374 0.719 1.131 1.864 2.569 3.206

Cl- Hg++ Ca++ H2O H- HgCl2 + CaCl2 * = 250C (182) McadaA I Mn8Ci2A

(?)î O 0.190 0.402 0.656 0.964 1.429 1.723

O.265 0.364 0.766 1.108 1.811 2.645 3.304

Cl- Hg++ Sr++ H2O H- HgCl2 + SrCl2 t = 250C (182) Mn8Ci2A I Msrci2A

(?)î 0.265 0.315 0.563 0.829 1.342 1.776 2.293

t = O0C I * = 3O0C H % %. % % BaCl2 HgCl2 BaCl2 HgCl2 BaCl2.2H20

A 23.70

CdCl2-KCLH2O + CdCl2.4KCl CdCl2.4KCl + KCl KCl

Cl- Hg++ H2O -f HCl -h HgCl2 t = O0C (Ho) M KHgCIaAl MHCiA (?)* 0.97 0.43 1.98 0.99 3.55 1.78 5.56 2.69 6.89 3.225 7.2375 3.425 8.55 4.15 8.865 4.81 9.568 7.088

|

O 0.164 0.311 0.519 0.724 1.046 1.386

î Composition of solid phase not determined; probably HgCh.

0.0 27.77

24.00 14.25 27.47

0.0

7.09

24.89 36.20 26.89 22.61 25 22 46 50 25 22 4b 5ü ' ' BaCl2.2H2O + HgCl2 B| | )23.18*55.22* BaCl2.3HgCl2.6H2O H-BaCl2.2H2O C|24.05*|46.08*| I

t = O0C \ t = 3O0C % % % %~~ BaCl2 HgCl2 BaCl2 HgCl2 BaCl2.3HgCl2.6H20 f f

f'f

^pV 4 Pi L n +4. TT.PI 2 gU

^*^ **i D 20.68*48.46* HgCl2 11<59 29.00

14,26 41.30 6.11 16.36 8.41 27.62 0.0 3.95 2.65 14.18 E 0.0 7.67

„ ., . Sohd phases

10.4 10.4 25 40 17.2

BaCl2.2H2O + BaCl2.3HgCl2.6H2O HgCl2 H- BaCl2.3HgCl2.6H20 BaCl2.2H2O + HgCl2 BaCl2.2H2O H-HgCl 2 BaCl2.3HgCl2.6H2O + BaCl2.2H2O H-HgCl 2 J

Cl- Hg++ Li+ H2O H- HgCl2 H- LiCl t = 250C (182) MLÌCI/I I Ms8Ci2A

(?)t O 0.414 0.835 1.271 1.738 2.265 3.091 3.527

0.265 0.351 0.666 1.021 1.678 2.214 2.896 3.062

Cl- Hg++ Na+ H2O H- HgCl2 H- NaCl t = 250C (182) Mn8Ci2A I MNaCiA 0.265 0.372 0.508 0.748 1.192 2.022 2.754 3.434

(W

O 0.212 0.416 0.671 1.153 1.941 2.783 3.162 Cl- Cu+ H2O H- HCl H- CuCl t = 250C (282) M per 100Og H2O HCl I CuCl CuCl (?) 1.1650 0.1165 0.31652 0.01988 0.2156 0.01340 0.09784 0.00596 Î Composition of solid phase not determined; probably HgCb.

*

lg 50 44 33 17 87 48 97

0 C (137)

* Average of several determinations,

,

Liquid phase BaCl2 | % HgCl2

%

23.6 21.6 23.00 22.98

50.5 51.9 54.8 56.57

t Invariant point.

Cl- Cu+ Cu++ H2O + HCl H- CuCl H- CuCl2 t = 250C (299) McuCl/1

I

McuClsA

CuCl 0.0862* 0.1016* 0.1254* 0.1449* 0.1703* 0.1919* 0.2365t 0.2588J 0.275Ot 0.2886t 0.3035t 0.3218t 0.7714t O.7884t O.8098t O.8281t 0.8476t 0.8673Î 0.9252t 0.9439t 0.9646t

0.0* 0.1001* 0.2002* 0.3003* 0.4004* 0.5005* O.Of 0.094Ot 0.141Ot 0.188Ot 0.235Ot 0.2820J O.Ot 0.0473t 0.0946t 0.1420t 0.1894t 0.2367t 0.3788t 0.4261t O.4734t

* Liquid phase contained per I; IM HCl. t 2M HCl. Î 4M HCl.

Cl- Cu+ Fe++ H2O H- CuCl H- FeCl2 t = 21.50C (236) g per 10Og H2O CuCl | FeCl2 CuCl 1.53* 0.0 1.33 6.02* 1.81 11.62

* Mean of several results.

Solid phases

Q

O

O

o3

O SS

3

£ ì£

A ^

&

~ABaCl 2 .2H 2 O 26.70 B BaCl2.2H2O + NaCl 3.80 23.74 C NaCl 26.47 D NaCl + CuCl2.2H20 36.86 10.25 E CuCl2.2H2O. 43.95 F CuCl2.2H2O + BaCl2.2H20 2.7242.36 P BaCl2.2H2O + CuCl2.2H2Q + NaCl 1.97 36.12 10.49 Cl- Cu++ Ba++ K + ; v. p. 307 Cl- Cu++ Na+ (345, 347) ; H2O + CuCl2 + NaCl Liquid phase—g per 10Og H2O 0 t = 15 C t =-• 250C t = 350C t = 3O0C (345)

(345)

(345)

(347)

73 30 Pnri 9TTO CuCl2.2H
76 66

'

80 17

'

Continued on page 307

43 95

NaCl

CuCl2

Solid phases NaCl

t =o°c

% CuCl2 I % HCl CuCl2.2H2O 40.92 0.0 34.82 3.72 23.82 10.35 15.64 16.71 12.12 21.82 11.92 25.64 13.86 29.02 CuCl2.2H2O + CuCUHCL3H2O 17.42 I 31.16 CuCl2.HCL3H2O 15.66 32.66 14.13 34.55 12.29 36.82 11.85 37.19 t = 250C CuCl2.2H2O 43.32 0.0 32.85 6.52 23.74 12.95 18.34 18.08 17.71 19.92

Cl- Cu++ Li+ H2O + CuCl2 + LiCl t = 3O0C (358) * % CuCl2 I % LiCl CuCl2.2H20 43.40 O 40.20 2.50 39.5 2.90 Cl" CU++ Ba++ (347, 350) 34.9 6.20 H2O + CuCl2 + BaCl2 27.9 11.80 t = 3O0C 24.2 13.80 % BaCl2 I % CuCl2 22.7 16.30 BaCl2.2H2O 20.7 19.0 26.70 0.0 CuCl2.2H2O + CuCULiCL17.08 11.49 2H2O 5.49 30.76 19.6 I 22.2 BaCl2.2H2O + CuCl2.2H2O CuCl2.LiCL2H20 2.72 I 42.36 16.2 28.6 CuCl2.2H2O 13.6 29.70 1.25 42.45 7.3 36.30 0.0 43.95 4.4 40.3 t = 4O0C BaCl2.2H2O 2.7 42.8 28.98 I 0.0 CuCl2.LiCL2H2O + LiCLH2O BaCl2.2H2O + CuCl2.2H2O 1.8 I 45.4 3.72 I 42.72 LiCLH2O CuCl2.2H2O 1.7 45.5 0.0 44.67 O 46.3 Cl- Cu++ Ba++ Na + : H2O + CuCl2 + BaCl2 + NaCl; v. Fig. 58 t = 3Q0C (347) Liquid phase

CuCl2

Cl-Cu++ (136) H2O + HCl + CuCl2

Cl- Cu++ Ba++ Na + ; see below

NaCl

0.0

1.49 0.20 0.90 0.23 0.85 0.25 KCl + 2KCLCuCl 0.75 I 0.25 2KCLCuCl 0.75 0.30 0.80 0.40 0.85 0.52 1.05 0.80 1.15 0.90 1.22 1.00 1.35 1.10 1.50 1.25 1.55 1.25 2KCLCuCl + KCLCuCLH2O 1.62 I 1.32 KCLCuCLH2O 1.45 1.44 1.25 1.55 1.24 1.65 1.20 1.66 1.15 1.75 1.10 1.80 1.05 1.85 1.00 1.90 0.95 1.97 0.90 2.05 CuCl 0.62 2.10 0.54 1.91 0.25 0.96 0.18 0.68 0.09 0.27

Cl- Cu++ Ba++.-(Continued) % BaCl2 I % CuCl2 t = 6O0C BaCl2.2H20 31.70 I 0.0 BaCl2.2H2O + CuCl2.2H2O 6.87 I 43.57 CuCl2.2H2O 0.0 I 47.42

CuCl2

Cl- Cu+ Na+ H2O + CuCl + NaCl t = 26.50C (236) g per 10Og H2O CuCl I NaCl CuCl 1.56 0.0 3.15 10.80 7.30 20.70 40.60 27.00 49.10 36.48 CuCl + NaCl 57.21 I . 44.14 NaCl 41.10 55.10 41.70 56.80 50.90 18.70 Cl- Cu+ K+ H2O + CuCl + KCl t = 220C (47) % CuCl I % KCl CuCl 0.405 6.560 1.370 9.840 4.840 15.30 10.430 20.27 13.32 21.64 CuCl + CuC1.2KCl 21.46* I 25.11* CuC1.2KCl 15.48 23.87 13.99 23.57 14.44 23.76 11.39 23.50 7.35 23.49 4.53 24.04 3.14 25.03 2.20 26.28 CuC1.2KCl + KCl 1.76* I 27.03* KCl 0.58 26.32 0.0 25.68

KCl 8.0

Cl- Cu++.-(Continued) % CuCl2 I % HCl CuCl2.2H20 17.01 22.26 18.20 25.07 22.65 27.76 23.29 27.94 24.07 28.05 25.65 28.49 Cl- Cu++ Sr++ H2O + CuCl2 + SrCl2 t = 250C (ici) M per 100Og H2O 0.5CuCl2 0.5SrCl2 SrCl2.6H2O 0.0 7.034 6.812 0.7134 2.276 6.352

NaCl

* Most of the figures here given represent the average of two -determinations.

Cl- Cu+ ^.—(Continued) i = 250C (388) M % KCl M % CuCl

CuCl2

Cl- Cu+ Fe++.-(Continued) g per 100g H2O CuCl I FeCl2 CuCl 3.11 16.3 7.13 26.31 8.06 29.35 9.56 33.12 12.44 43.75 17.04 54.00 21.60 66.40 CuCl + FeCl2.4H2O 23.30 I 73.20 FeCl2.4H2O 21.66 71.89 11.90 69.34 0.0 65.10 Transition point, FeCl2.4H2O + FeCl2.2H2O + solution = 65.20C.

41' 06 4 28

Cl" Cu + + Ba++ K + (350) : H2O + CuCl2 + BaCl2 + KCl; v. Fig. 59 Liquid phase—g per 10Og of dissolved salts Solid phases t = 4O0C | T= 6O0C; v. Fig. 59 BaCl2 I CuCl2 I KCl H2O BaCl 2 1 CuCl2 | KCl | H2O BaCl2.2H2O 100 245.00 100.00 215.5 BaCl2.2H20 + CuCl2.2H20 8.01 91.99 115.3 13.62 86.38 98.25 CuCl2.2H20 100.00 123.9 100.00 110.9 CuCl2.2H2O + CuCl2.KCl 77.24 22.76 66.47 CuCl2.KCl + CuCl2.2KC1.2H20 71.73 28.27 65.07 CuCl2.2H2O -f CuCl2.2KC1.2H20 81.74 18.26 86.5 CuCl2.2KC1.2H2O + KCl 51.50 48.50 125.30 50.43 49.57 89.79 KCl 100.00 249.3 100.00 220.5 KCl + BaCl2.2H2O 27.62 72.38201.8 39.11 60.89 163.7 KCl + BaCl2.2H2O + CuCl2.2KC1.2H20 11.62 44.04 44.34 115.14 10.98 45.27 43.75 83.96 BaCl2.2H2O + CuCl2.2KC1.2H2O + CuCl2.KCl 7.74 66.58 25.67 63.02 BaCl2.2H2O + CuCl2.KCl + CuCl2.2H20 8.03 71.72 20.25 62.68 BaCl2.2H2O + CuCl2.2H2O -f CuCl2.2KC1.2H2O 5.44 76.57 17.99 82. Ol

A B C D E P Q R

Cl" Cu++ Na+.—(Continued from p. 306) Liquid phase—g per 10Og H2O 0 t = 15 C t = 250C t = 350C t = 3O0C (345)

(345)

(345)

(347)

NaCl

CuCl2

NaCl

CuCl2

NaCl

CuCl2

NaCl

CuCl2

Solid phases

CuCl2.2H20 + NaCl 65.8418.6968.7720.3873.5921.3536.8610.25 f 35.77 36.25 36.2032.4012.25 NaCl 16.9818.44 [ I 26.47

0

C

39.4 49.9 60.4 79.1 90.5 93.7 98.8 O 39 6 ^ 'l

Cl- Cu++ K + (267, 350) ; H2O -f- CuCl2 + KCl Liquid phase Solid phases (267) ~~^ ^~ CuCl2 KCl f 22.7522.49 24.4624.17 CuCl2.2KC1.2H2O + KCl { 26.93 26.27 31.8629.85 35.6432.37 1 36.7932.79 n f CuC1"KC1 + KC1 37.3634.05 | 40.59 4.41 PnPl2.2KC1.2H 9TCP1 9TT2O 4- CuCl PnPl2.2H 9TT20 O CuCl 0 +

52.9 602

72.60

44 10 3 ° ^ -°° ^12' ^

45.7113.03 PiiPl T^Pl 4- PnPl 9TT O

46.6513.87

CuCl2.KCl + CuCl2.2H20

4g 3g 13

64.2 CuCl2.2KC1.2H2O -h CuCl2.KCl 72.5 CuCl2.KCl 92.3 ca. CuCl2.2KC1.2H20 + CuCl2.KCl + KCl 55.l ca. CuCl2.2KC1.2H2O -f CuCl2.KCl + CuCl2.2H2O

^

42.93 18.53 40.5422.78

Liquid phase 35 Q i-j phases u Solid (/qsm °)

CuCl2.2H20 CuCl2.2H2O + CuCl2.2KC1.2H2O CuCl2.2KC1.2H2O + KCl KCl CuCl2.2H2O + CuCl2.KCl CuCl2.KCl + CuCl2.2KC1.2H2O

* = 40°C t = 60• °C % % % % CuCl2 KCl CuCl2 KCl 44.67 47.42 43.83 9.79 22.8521.53 26.5726.12 28.63 31.20 46.4 13.67 43.4517 13

Cl- Mn++ Co++: H2O + MnCl2 + CoCl2; v. Fig. 60 t = 15-2O0C (366)

Solid phases Liquid phase M% MnCl2.- M% MnCl2 in 6H2O or salts MnCl2.4H2O (MnCl2, CoCl2) Solid soin. I* 20.0 33.3 42.9 50.0 57.1 66.7

7.3 15.4 16.8 21.8 31.4 37.1

Solid phases Liquid phase M % MnCl2.- M % MnCl2 in 6H2O or salts MnCl2.4H2O (MnCl2, CoCl2) Solid soin. Uf f)0 A

75 0

73.5 74.1 81.5 86.5 91.4 92.1

63.6 66.7 75.0 83.3 90.9 91.7

* Solid soin. I, red, contains from O to 37M % MnCl2-GHaO. f Solid soin. II, violet, contains from 74.5 to 10OM % MnCl2.4H2O. The solution saturated with the two saturated mixed crystals contained approximately 6.3M % MnCIz, 3.1M % CoCl2, and 90.6M % H2O.

Cl- Mn++ K + (372) -, H2O + MnCl2 + KCl; v. Fig. 61 c, ,., , Solid phases

t - 60C % % MnCl2 KCl 40.23 0.0

Liquid phase t = 28.40C t - 62.60C % % % % MnCl2 KCl MnCl2 KCl 44.46 0.0 51.86 0.0

MnCl2.4H20 MnCl2.2H20 MnCl2.4H20 4- MnCl2.KC1.2H20 + KCl 35.94 9.41 MnCl2.2H20 + MnCl2.KC1.2H20 49.95 6.67 MnCl2.4H2O + MnCl2.KC1.2H2O. 43.28 8.66 MnCl2.KCl.H2O + MnCl2.2KC1.2H2O 38.65 13.79 44.05 12.49 MnCl2.2KC1.2H20 + MnCl2.4KCl + KCl 36.85 18.77 KCl 0.0 23.06 0.0 26.91 0.0 31.57

Transition points

°/

°/

MnCl2 KCl

At 52.80C, MnCl2.4H2O + MnCl2.2H2O + MnCl2.KC1.2H2O + Solution 50.14 At 58.30C, MnCl2.4H2Q + MnGl2.2H2Q + Solution 51.73

6.11

Cl- MnO4- K + (319) : H2O + KCl + KMnO4 Solid phase KMnO4

C -I 1

O 25 40

KCl [KMnQ 4 ! 0.1 0.1395 0.1 0.4315 0.1 0.738

Liquid phase—M per liter KCl | KMnQ 4 ) KCl [KMnO 4 I 0.5 0.076 1 0.0532 0.5 0.306 1 0.220 0.5 0.584 1 0.444

KCl JKMnOi 2 0.0379 2 0.1432 2 0.288

Cl- Fe++ Mg++ K + H2O + FeCl2 + MgCl2 + KCl (39); v. Fig. 63 <-..., , &0lldphaSeS

FeCl2

|

Liquid phase in g ^Cl2 | KCl

H^~

0

t = 22.8 C FeCl2.4H20. MgCl2.6H20 KCl FeCl2.4H20 + FeCl2. MgCl2.8H20* + MgCl2.6H20 MgCl2.6H2O + MgCl2.KC1.6H20 MgCl2.KC1.6H20 + KCl FeCl2.4H20 + KCl FeCl2.4H20 + MgCl2.KC1.6H20 + KCl FeCl2.4H2O + MgCl2.6H2O + MgCl2.KC1.6H20

100 100 100 15.79

t = 43.20C

FeCl2.4H20 MgCl2.6H20 KCl A FeCl2.4H2O + MgCl2.FeCl2.8H2O + FeCl2.2H2Ot B MgCl2.6H2O + FeCl2.MgCl2.8H2O C MgCl2.6H2O + MgCl2.KC1.6H20 D MgCl2.KC1.6H2O + KCl E FeCl2.KC1.2H2O + KCl F FeCl2.4H2O + FeCl2.KC1.2H2O P KCl + MgCl2.KC1.6H20 + FeCl2.KC1.2H2O Q FeCl2.4H2O + MgCl2.KC1.6H2O + FeCl2.KC1.2H2O R FeCl2.4H2O + MgCl2.KC1.6H2O + FeCl2. MgCl2.8H2O

79.77 51.89 16.18

84.14 98.58 89.27 30.25 82.85

1.42 10.72 20.21 13.87 0.85

100 100 100 28.03 19.38 76.69 78.71 51.53 52.30 31.57

71.97 80.62 98.58 87.19 31.89 36.18 65.36

l .41 12.81 23.32 21.29 16.56 11.56 3.04

151.2 181.0 282.7 160.6 177.4 233.4 112.5 140.7 161.2 137 171.8 242.6 147 150.4 168. l 215.0 95.4 103.5 125.7 129.7 141.9

* This solid first begins to appear at 22.800C, t This solid first begins to appear at 43.2 C.

Cl-Fe+++ (17) H2O + HCl + FeCl3; v. Fig. 62 and also p. 309 0

C

Solid phases

Liquid phase M per IQOOM H2Q FeCl3 HCl

J

HA

FeCWHM) + FeCl34H2O

^

^5

S

Il

FeCl 34 H 2 O + FeCl 34 H 2 O

JJ; *

^

F

30

FeCl34H2O + FeCl,2H20

JJ;"

^ ^

H

Il

FeCl,2H20 + FeCl3

Jj; JJ

^

}

If,

FeCl,6H 2 0 + FeCl,HC1.6H 2 0....

J^

K L

40 ca. _15

^1 ^ n , TrnIJTrn nT n FeCl 3.HC1.6H20 + FeCl3.HC1.4H2O

15 80

M N O P Q R S T U

65 ca. 40 -13 - 7.5 - 7.3 -16.0 -27.5 10 29 - 6 - 3 +45.7

FeCl3.HC1.4H2O + FeCl3.HC1.2H20 FeCl3 + FeCl3.HC1.2H20 FeCl3.HC1.6H2O + FeCl3.6H2O + FeCl3.HC1.4H20 FeCl3.6H2O + FeCIs4H2O + FeCl3.HC1.4H.0 FeCl34H2O + FeCIg4H2O + FeCl3.HC1.4H20 FeCl34H2O + FeCl3.2H2O + FeCl3.HC1.4H2O FeCl3.HC1.2H2O + FeCl3.HC1.4H2O + FeCl3.2H2O FeCl3.HC1.2H2O + FeCl3.2H2O FeCl3.2H2O + FeCl3 + FeCl3.HC1.2H2O FeCl3.HC1.6H20 FeCl3.HC1.4H20 FeCl3.HC1.2H2Q ,

28.5 ca. 48.64 18. OO 23.72 28.55 31.89 34.21 39.95 49.84 16.66m 25.00 50.00

6.Oca.

^25.3 ca. ^ ^ 55.0 ca. 42.01 22.40 19.22 23.08 28.40 32.23 35.04 33.71 16.66m 25.00 50.00

+

+

Cl- Fe ++ K H2O + FeCl3 + KCl t = 210C (186) % FeCl3 I % KCl KCl O I 34.97 Solid soin. I 13.44 24.45 23.18 16.54 28.05 11.69 35.72 11.68

Cl- Co++ Na+ (406) H2O + CoCl2 + NaCl

% Na2B4O7

Solid phases

% NaCl

Cl- B 4 O 7 -- Na+ (329) ; H2O + NaCl + Na 2 B 4 O 7 Liquid phase t = O0C I * = 1O0C I t = 250C

NaCl 26.20 26.32 26.43 NaCl+ Na 2 B 4 O 7 -IOH 2 O.... 25.88 0.3526.08 0.4026.04 0.74 Na2B4O7-IOH2O 1.09 1.59 3.08 C1-A1+++ (41 Q): HCl +AlCl 3 Cl- A!+++ K + (409) : H2O + AlCl3 + KCl Cl- Mg++ (252) ; H2Q + MgO + MgCl2 Q r, , * Liquid phase S lldphaSeS ° % MgCl2 MgO.H2O + 3MgO.MgCl2.12H2O 14.01 3MgO.MgCl2.12H2O + MgCl2.6H2Q 37.00 * These investigators (252) found the solid MgO.HzO to exist as a metastable phase in solutions containing from 14.01 to 20.95 % MgCh, also the solid 3MgO.MgCh. 12HaO as a metastable phase in solutions from 12.45 to 14.01 % MgCh. Robinson and Waggaman ( 315 ) had reported a solid solution composed of MgO and MgCh in addition to solid 3MgO.MgCh.l2H2O.

Cl- Co++ K + (406) H2O + CoCl2 + KCl Cl- Co++ Rb+ (406) H2O + CoCl2 + RbCl Cl- Co++ Cs+ (406) H2O + CoCl2 + CsCl

Cl-BO3--H2O + HCl + H3BO3 t = 260C (175) MHCI/I Mn8BO3/! H3BO3 0.0 0.907 0.130 0.895 0.260 0.870 0.390 0.842 1.30 0.645 0.542 2.16 4.32 0.308 6.00 0.338 7.08 0.327 8.74 0.327 9.51 0.338

% Na 2 B 4 O 7

Cl- Fe+++ Na+ H2O + FeCl3 + NaCl t = 210C (186) % FeCl3 1 % NaCl NaCl O I 36.10 Solid soin. I 24.27 9.10 25.40 8.45 26.40 5.25 38.15 3.90 45.38 2.45 46.75 2.11 FeCl3 83.39 I O

Cl- Co++ H2O + HCl + CoCl2 t = O0C (136) % CoCl2 I % HCl CoCl2.6H2O 31.66 0.0 25.58 3.26 17.78 8.74 12.79 12.44 5.97 19.01 4.74 20.51 2.69 25.66 3.07 27.77 6.34 29.38 9.91 29.15 11.58 28.97 CoCl2.6H2O + CoCl2.2H2O 12.65 28.99 CoCl2.2H2O 12.66 30.27 15.11 33.03 15.12 33.86

Cl- U2O4-- Na+-(CWW) g NaCl/1 I g Na2U2O4/! NaCl 0.310 1.170 0.505 1.117 0.633 0.891 0.817 0.734 1.498 0.599 2.345 0.355 2.991 0.188 3.897 0.174 4.304 0.118 5.025 0.090

% NaCl

Cl- Fe+++ (27.5) H2Q + Fe2Q3 + FeCl3

Cl- Fe+++ Cs+ H2O + FeCl3 + CsCl t = 210C (186) % CsCl I % FeCl3 CsCl 65.00 I 0.0 FeCl3.3CsCl.H2O 55.18 0.45 52.38 2.01 51.44 5.24 FeCl3.2CsCl.H2O 47.70 7.80 41.15 8.93 25.25 15.34 14.96 21.65 8.42 27.96 0.94 48.71 FeCl3 0.0 I 83.89 Transformation temperature, FeCl3.2CsCl.H2O=39.5-39.8°C.

Cl~ Ni++ H2O + HCl + NiCl2 t = O0C (136) % HCl I % NiCl2 NiCl2.6H2O 0.0 35.27 6.53 26.71 14.09 15.67 18.62 9.68 21.70 6.15 23.03 5.30 25.74 3.65 26.16 4.02 NiCl2.6H2O + NiCl2.4H2O 26.01 I 4.56 NiCl2.4H2O 26.23 4.45 28.82 2.92 34.57 1.37 MC12.4H2O + NiCl2.2H2O 35.03 I 1.40 MC12.2H20 36.00 1.06 37.22 0.82 40.61 0.43 Cl-U 2 O 4 --Na + H2O + NaCl + Na2U2O4 t = 370C (l) g NaCl/1 I g Na2U2O4/! NaCl 0.284 1.866 0.277 1.184

% Na 2 B 4 O 7

* Includes data recalculated from work of Roozeboom and Schreinemakers O 7 ). t Solid soin. = Fe2Q3 + HCl + H2O.

Cl- Fe+++ ^.—(Continued) % FeCl3 I % KCl FeCl3.2KCl.H2O 36.62 11.19 37.35 13.67 42.03 7.88 51.69 7.54 FeCl3 83.89 I 0.0 Transformation temperature, FeCl3.2KCl.H2Q = 22-22.50C.

% NaCl

Cl-Fe + ++; v also p. 308 H2O + HCl + Fe2O3 t = 250C (66) % Fe2O3* I % HCl* FeCl3.HC1.2H2O 34.61 59.88 33.27 60.23 FeCl3.HC1.2H2O + FeCl3 32.78 I 54.71 FeCl3 + FeCl3^H2O 31.95 I 58.20 FeCl3.2H2O 34.42 59.12 34.07 55.71 FeCl3.2H20 + FeCl3-^H2O 34.21 I 55.47 FeCl3. ^H2O + FeCl3. ^H2O 34.44 I 51.11 FeCl3. KH2O + FeCl3.6H2O 33.04 I 46.72 FeCl3.6H20 24.42 I 33.40 FeCl3.6H2O + Fe2O3.zHCLH2O 21.84 29.33 Solid soin, t 16.82 22.55 14.62 19.53 11.76 15.28 9.84 12.67 7.64 9.91 5.25 6.80 2.85 3.66

A B

Cl- Mg++ Ca ++ : H2O + MgCl2 + CaCl2; v. Fig. 64 t = 250C (244) Liquid phase Solid phases % % CaCl2 MgCl2 CaCl2.6H20 45.06 CaCl2.6H2O + CaCl2.2MgCl2.12H2O 38.70 9.43

Cl" Mg++ Ca++.- (Continued)

Cl- Mg++ K + ( 97 > 105, 155, 202, 244, 248)

H2O + MgCl2 + KCl; v. Fig. 65

Liquid phase Solid phases % % CaCl2 MgCl2 CaCl2.2MgCl2.12H20 + MgCl 2 .6H 2 O.... 31.17 14.54 MgCl2.6H20 16.05 23.33 MgCl2.6H20 35.54

C D E 0

C 16.7 16.7 16.7 22

( 198 )

I

I

CaCl2.6H20 CaCl2.6H2O + MgCl2.6H2O MgCl2.6H20 MgCl2.6H2O + 2MgCl2.CaCl2.12H2O + CaCl2.6H20 25 CaCl2.6H20 + CaCl2.4H2O + 2MgCl2.CaCl2.12H20 28.2 MgCl2.6H2O + 2MgCl 2 .CaCl 2 .12H 2 O.... 28.2 CaCl2.4H2O + 2MgCl2.CaCl2.12H2O 29.4 CaCl2.6H2O + CaCl2.4H2O 32 CaCl2.4H2O 32 MgCl2.6H2O

41.7 23.89

18.20 35.27

31.20 14.21 38.31 9.38 29.80 15.53 42.02 5.55 49.19 50.47 37.21

Cl- Mg++ Ca++ Na+ K + ; v. p. 311

Liquid phase 0

C

Solid phases (202)

bu

S S B C D E F G H I J K P

- 33.6 - 16.9 -3.4 116.67 181 186 186 186 - 11.1 - 34.3 - 21

Q R S

61.5 167.5 152.5

T

176

U

115.70

Cl- Mg++ Na+ (36» 97, 192, 257, 375)

H2O + MgCl2 + NaCl Liquid phase t = O0C t = 250C t = 1050C Solid phases

(36, 375)

(36, 375)

_«

^

o

o

^

^

o

o

^

^

(257)

^

3 £ 8 .£

o

o

^

^

250C (244)

a &

O

W S

MgCl2.12H2O + Ice 20.64 " MgCl2.12H2O + MgCl2.8H20 31.64 MgCl2.8H20 + MgCl2.6H2O 34.37 MgCl2.6H2O + MgCl2.4H2O 46.12 MgCl2.4H2O + MgCl2.2H2O 55.74 MgCl2.2H20 56.05 MgCl2.2H2O + KCl. 50.17 10.31 KCl 44.76 KCl + Ice 19.74 KCl + MgCl2.12H2O + Ice 18.34 1.00 MgCl2.12H2O + MgCl2.KCL6H2O + KCl 25.53 1.48 MgCl2-KCLOH2O + KCl 28.46 4.80 MgCls.KC1.0H2O + KCl 42.93 8.41 MgCl2-KCLOH2O + MgCl2.4H2O + KCl 49.04 4.61 MgCl2.4H2O + MgCl2.2H2O + KCL... 52.05 6.96 MgCl2-KCLOH2O + MgCl2.6H2O + MgCl2.4H2O 45.74 0.88 MgCl2.6H2O 35.54 MgCl2.6H20 + MgCl2.KCLOH20. 35.47 0.52 MgCl2.KC1.0H2O + KCl 26.66 3.19 ^ri / 12.11 13.56 KQ \ 26.74

MgCl2.6H20 MgCl2.6H2O + NaCl

NaCl

34.55 35.47 42.78 ~~ 33.90 0.7235.80 0.2142.78 Tr. [ 27.95 1.4729.92 1.1237.14 0.84 19.34 6.1924.40 4.1134.55 1.16 15.16 9.7720.00 6.0127.82 3.74 7.4817.9316.84 8.7926.69 4.17 \ 10.2215.0122.51 6.67 5.9519.5013.0914.44 2.7523.24 6.0621.83 26.29 26.27 1.6626.35 28.29 s Invariant points ( 97 > 192)

g

MgCl2.6H2O + MgCl2.4H2O + NaCl + Solution (45.34% MgCl2, 0.38% NaCl) at 116.160C. MgCl2.6H2O + MgCl2.4H2O + Solution at 116.670C. Cl" Mg++ Na+ K + ( 97 >

0

C

O O 25 25 55 55 83 83

189

) : H2O + MgCl2 + NaCl + KCl Liquid phase

Solid phases

%

U

§

§ SS

W ^

£ ^

MgCl2.6H2O + MgCl2-KCLoH2O + NaCl. .34.240.050.34 MgCl2-KCLoH2O +NaCl +KCl 25.421.181.85 MgCl2.6H2O + MgCl2.KC1.6H2O + NaCl. .35.260.080.41 MgCl2.KC1.6H2O + NaCl + KCl 26.44 1.680.87 MgCl2.KC1.6H2O + MgCl2.6H2O + NaCl. .37.470.130.28 MgCl2-KCLoH2O + KCl + NaCl 28.08 2.36 1.67 MgCl2-KCLOH2O + MgCl2.6H2O + NaCl. . 36.90 0.43 0.73 MgCl2.KC1.6H2O + KCl + NaCl...... . . . . . 31.66 2.690.55

Cl- Ca++; v. also p. 311 H2O + HCl + CaCl2 t = 250C (271) % CaCl2

I

% HCl

CaCl2.6H2O 44.77 43.59 43.71

0.0 1.92 2.96

CaCl2.6H20 + CaCl2.4H20 44.50

I

3.33

CaCl2.4H20

43.10 38.49 36.66 34.43 27.94

5.03 9.17 10.78 12.75 20.48

CaCl2.4H2O + CaCl2.2H2O 28.52*

I

21.40*

CaCl2.2H20 27.81 I 21.83 * Mean of three resulta.

Cl- Ca++ Na + ; v. p. 312

Cl- Ca++ K + ; v. also p. 312 H2O + CaCl2 + KCl t = 250C (244) % CaCl2 I % KCl CaCl2.6H20 45.06 i 0.0 CaCl2.6H2O + KCl 44.66 I 3.05 KCl 16.55 11.64 0.0 26.74 Cl- Sr++; v. also p. 311 H2O + HCl + SrCl2 t = 250C (271) % SrCl2 I % HCl SrCl2.6H2O 35.60 0.0 33.97 0.66 27.55 4.57 9.86 16.12 6.68 18.89 SrCl2.6H2O + SrCl2.2H2O 2.11 I 27.14 SrCl2.2H20 1.29 28.23 0.13 37.66 Cl-Sr + +K + -, v. p. 312

Cl- Mg++ Ca++ Na+ K + (i*"» *»9) ; H2O + MgGl2 + GaCl2 + NaCl + K G l Liquid phase—M per IOOOM H2O ' t = 250C lì t = 830C a ,., , Solid phases U . 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 .,^, m T^~, AT ~, ^ ™ A* ™ KCl NaCl ~ ^11 ,, ~, KCl ATNaCl CaCl2 MgCl2 CaCl2 MgCl2 NaCl + CaCl2.6H20 266 2 T" NaCl + CaCl2.2H2O 478 NaCl + MgCl2.6H20 212 2 MgCl2.6H2O + Mg2CaCl6.12H20 181 103 2 NaCl -}- KCl. 39 89 NaCl + Mg2CaCl6.12H2O + MgCl2.6H20 282 91 1 NaCl + NaCl2.2H2O + KCl 498 22 1 NaCl + KCl + CaCl2.6H20 292 ' 22 2 NaCl + MgCl2.6H2O + MgCl2.KC1.6H20 210 1 2 NaCl + MgCl2.KC1.6H2O + KCl 141 11 4 NaCl + MgCl2.KC1.6H2O + KCl + CaCl2.6H20 183 10 19 2 NaCl + Mg2CaCl6.12H2O + CaCl2.6H2O 243 71 2 NaCl + CaCl2.2H2O + Mg2CaCl6.12H2O 478 1 NaCl + Mg2CaCl6.12H2O + MgCl2.6H2O -f MgCl2.KC1.6H20 181 103 2 282 91 1 NaCl + CaCl2.2H2O + KCl + MgCl2.KC1.6H2O 432 54 21 1 NaCl + Mg2CaCl6.12H2O + CaCl2.6H2O + MgCl2.KC1.6H20 243 69 4 2 NaCl + Mg2CaCl6.12H2O + CaCl2.2H2O + MgCl2.KC1.6H2O 478 1__ Cl- Ca++ (270, 271) ; H2Q + HCl + Ca(OH)2; v. Fig. 66 and p. 310 Liquid phase t = 250C t = 1O0C t = 250C t = 4O0C t = 450C t = 5O0C Solid phases

(271) %

~A B

(270) %

%

.

%

(270) %

%

(270) %

%

(270) %

%

(270) %

%

CaO f 2.64 ( 6 . 66

HCl CaQ CaCl2 CaO CaCl2 CaO CaCl2 CaO CaCl2 CaQ CaCl2 3.30 0.13 O.-101 5.02 0.104 07ÏO 0.096 8.50 0.587f 31.9Of 0.628f 31.84f 9.29* 11.89*0.102* 15.34*0.150* 18.08*

^ rxTT^ CaO.H20 CaO.H2O + CaO.CaCl2.2H2O CaO-H2O + 3CaO.CaCl2.16H2O

12 44 15 99

C D E F

*r„nr»ri2.16H IRTTO / ' ' 3Caü.CaU \1&.1Q 19.41 0.115 32.38 0.170 28.37 20 3CaO.CaCl2.16H2O + CaO.CaCl2.2H2O 17.15* 21.99* 0.151* 35.94* 0.250* 33.46* CaO.CaCl2.2H20 20.92 27.15 0.106 38.23 0.06 38.61 0.055 49.97 CaO.CaCl2.2H2O -f CaCl2.6H2O 22.56* 29.31* 0.022 44.51 CaCl2.6H20 22.02 30.57 CaCl2.6H2O + CaCl2.4H2O 22.48 32.57 CaCl2.4H20 17.39 35.38 51.18 CaCl2.4H2O + CaCl2.2H2O 14.40* 40.08* CaCl2.2H20 14.05 40.10 57.19 56.96 CaO.H2O + CaO.CaCl2.5(4)H2O 0.362 29.66 CaO.CaCl2.5(4)H2O + CaO.CaCl2.2H2O 0.130t 36.88t CaQ.CaCl2.2H2O + CaCl2.2H2O 0.121 56.96 |0.058t 54.05t * Mean of two results,

t Mean of two or more results.

Cl- Ca++ Na+; Cl- Ca++ K + ; v. p. 312 Cl- Sr (270, 271) ; H2Q + HCl + Sr(QH)2; v. Fig. 67 and p. 310 Liquid phase Solid phases t = 250G (271) | t = O0C (27Q) [ t = 250C (270) | t = 4O0C (270) % HCl I % SrQ I % SrQ | % SrCl2J % SrO | % SrCl21 % SrO | % SrCl2 A SrO.9H2O , 0.85 0.35 0.85 1.48 B SrO.9H2O + SrO.SrCl2.9H20 15.37 22.94 1.09 33.41 2.49 32.07 Sr0.9H2O -1- SrCl2.6H20 0.31 30.58 C SrO.SrCl2.9H2O + SrCl2.6H2O 16.40 24.15 0.85 35.65 1.36 39.25 17 24 18 01 30 68 35 60 D j\ am *TT^ / 39.62 SrCl2.6H20 . ^ 2066 E 644 ++

F G

SrCl2.6H20 + SrCl2.2H20 SrCl2.2H2Q

28.16 1.38 37.72 0.08 +

+

Cl- Sr + K ; v, p. 312

.

Cl- Ca++ Na+ (**> 297) H2O + CaCl2 + NaCl Liquid phase * = 25°C ! * ~ 50°C I « = 94'5°C % % % % % % CaCl2 NaCl CaCl2 NaCl CaCl2 NaCl CaCl2.6H20 45.65 O CaCl2.6H2O + NaCl. 43.52 1.024 CaCl2.2H20 57.00 61.0 CaCl2.2H2O + NaCl. 56.3 0.9 58.1 0.8 36.52 1.022 30.9 3.60 57.4 1.1 34.43 1.158 15.10 13.2 52.7 1.2 25.45 5.37 3.3 24.4 45.7 1.3 vr pi • J 21.37 7.60 0.0 26.8 32.8 4.3 14.1113.62 16.3 14 2.8723.81 15.3 15 0.0 26.36 11.5 18.1 ^ O 28.4 Solid phases

A B C D E F G H I J K P Q

€1- Ca

++

+

+

K .- (Continued from p. 310) H2O + CaCl2 + KCl t = 3O0C (i») % CaCl2 I % KCl CaCl2.4H2O<* 50.2 I 0.0 CaCl2.4H2Oa + KCl 49.20 ] 4.40 KCl 31.83 3.90 13.65 14.70 0.0 27.20

Cl- Ba + H2O + HCl + BaCl2 t = 3O0C (256) % HCl I % BaCl2 BaCl2.2H20 0.0 27.84 1.36 24.17 3.32 19.24 5.02 15.21 7.13 10.80 10.02 5.78 13.25 2.37 16.93 0.38 20.62 0.0

Cl" Sr++ K+ H2O + SrCl2 + KCl t = 250C (161) M per 100Og H2O KCl I 0.5SrCl2 SrCl2.6H20 0.0 7.034 7.016 0.0719 0.433 6.950 0.8576 6.882 1.594 6.764

Cl- Ba++ Li+ H2O +Ba(OH) 2 +LiCl t = 250C (176) Mcr/1 I MOH-/I Ba (OH)2.8H2O 2.30 1.336 1.42 0.937 0.75 0.745 0.0 0.555

Cl~Ba ++ ( 271 > 339) H2O + HCl + Ba(OH)2; v. Fig. 68 Liquid phase ' t = 250C (271) \t = 3O0C (339)

, Solid phases ö VJ

A BaO.9H2O B

BaO.9H2O + BaO.BaCl2.5H20 Ba(OH)C1.2H2O + BaO.9H20 Ba(OH)C1.2H20

C

f \ [

18.36

D E F

BaCl2.2H2O + BaCl2.H2O ^ „ BaCI2.2H2Q

aCl2.2H20

% HCl O

27.36

/ I

Cl- Ba++ Na+ (126, 303, 347) H2Q + BaCl2 + NaCl Liquid phase

% % BaCl2 BaO O 4.99 10.77 4.45 17.08 4.60

Q r

,

t = 2O0C (126) I t = 3O0C (347)

,

Solid phases

% BaCl2 16.89 10.04

18.67 4.61 21 46 ^ 27 ^98 ^33 21.92

{

A B C D E F G Ì H> I J J K \ L/ M N P Q R S T U

Cl- Ba++ Na+ H2Q + HCl + BaO + Na2O; v. Fig. 70; t = 3O0C (339) Liquid phase Solid phases % % % BaQ HCl Na2Q BaO.9H20 4.99 BaO.4H2O + BaO.9H20 1.87 24.63 BaO.2H2O + BaO.4H20 1.34 29.24 NaORH2O + BaO.2H2O 0.57 41.08 NaOH.H20 42.Oca. NaCl + NaOH.H20 0.6141.94 ( 16.51 14.04 NaCl ] 19.21 4.92 ( 35.45 0.60 BaCl2.2H2O + BaCl2.H20 38.77 R*ri 2H2 2HO / 2.8512.91 BaCl2 ' ° \20.33 9.67 Ba(OH)C1.2H2O + BaCl2.2H20 21.92 9.58 BaO.9H2O + Ba(OH)C1.2H2O 18.35 6.53 NaCl + BaCl2.2H2O 2.79 16.20 12.64 NaCl + BaCl2.2H2O + Ba(OH)C1.2H2O 3.48 16.12 13.10 NaCl + Ba(OH) C1.2H2O + BaO.9H2O. 1.1411.1516.89 NaCl + BaO.9H2O + BaO.4H2O 2.20 2.83 25.18 NaCl + BaO.4H2O + BaO.2H2O 1.25 1.7228.56 NaCl + BaO.2H2O + NaOH.H2O 0.11 0.6139.47"

6.53

f |

Ba(OH)C1.2H20 + BaCl2.2H*0 BaO.BaCl2.5H2O + BaCl2.2H2O B

% BaQ 4.99

R S T

Cl- Ba++ Na+ H2O + BaCl2 + Na2O; v. Fig. 69; t = 3O0C (339) Liquid phase—M per IQOOM H2O Q r , , Solid phases —— — — 0.5 0.5 0.5 r m ___ BaCl2 BaO ^ Na2O 110.94 NaCl NaCl + NaORH2O 5.18417.36 NaORH2O 420.83 NaOH.H2O + BaO.2H2O 2.29 409.33 BaO.2H2O + BaO.4H2O 4.53 244.47 5.97 194.74 BaO.4H2O + BaO.9H2O BaO.9H 2 O... 12.33 BaO.9H2O + Ba(OH)C1.2H2O... . 42.0415.00 Ba(OH)C1.2H2O + BaCl 2 .2H 2 O... 66.72 5.87 BaCl2.2H2O 65.93 BaCl2.2H2O + NaCl 9.07 100.95 BaCl2.2H2O + NaCl + Ba(OH)C1.2H2O 5.61 5.84105.89 Ba(OH)C1.2H2O + NaCl + BaO.3.64 74.80 58.44 9H2O NaCl + BaO.9H2O + BaO.4H2O. 7.31 19.84187.55 NaCl + BaO.4H2O + BaO.2H2O. 5.73 12.39229.84 BaO.2H2Q + NaCl + NaOH. H2O 0.48 5.46409.10

1

^g3

O O

1.77

9.58 !^9O 37.34 38.63

BaCl2.2H20

651

BaCl2.2H2O + NaCl 27.42 1.78 27.60 O

NaC1

J 1

% % % NaCl BaCl2 NaCl 7.80 26.47 14.50 2.28 25.28 18 52

4.17 21.23 3.07 24.59 1.65 25.28

3.80 23.84 2.28 25.28 26.47

Cl- Ba++ Na+.-(Continued) H2O + BaCl2 -f NaCl 0 C (303) I % BaCl2 I % NaCl NaCl + BaCl2.2H2O* 10 2.5 24.8 20 3.0 24.5 30 3.6 24.3 40 4.5 24.0 50 5.5 23.7 60 6.7 23.4 70 8.1 23.1 80 9.4 22.8 90 10.6 22.5 100 11.8 22.2 * Solid phases not determined after saturation; those given are probable.

Cl- Ba++ Na+ H2O H- Ba(OH)2 H- NaCl t = 250C (176) Mci-/l I MOH-/I Ba(OH)2.8H20 2.82 0.806 1.43 0.699 0.73 0.63 0.0 5.55

Cl- Ba++ Na+ H2O + HCl -f BaCl2 + NaCl t = 3O0C (339) % BaCl21 % HCl I % NaCl BaCl2.2H2O 26.70 I I NaCl I I 26.47 BaCl2.2H2O H- NaCl 3.80 23.84 2.27 4.84 18.07 0.82 12.02 9.55 0.29 17.20 4.65 23.16 1.54 28.66 0.47 36.51 0.12 Cl- Ba++ K + H2O + Ba(OH)2 + KCl t = 250C (176) MCI-/I I MOH-/I Ba(OH)2.8H2O 3.40 0.676 0.660 1.75 0.86 0.645 0.0 0.555

Cl" Ba++ K+ (350) H2O + BaCl2 + KCl Liquid phase—g per 10Og H2O Solid phases t = 4O0C t = 6O0C BaCl2 I KCl BaCl2 | KCl BaCl2.2H20 28.98 31.70 BaCl2.2H2O-f KCl 9.15 23.98 14.83 23.09 KCl 28.63 31.20 Cl- Ba++ Rb+

H2O -f Ba(OH)2 + RbCl t = 250C (176) MCI-/I I MOH-/I Ba(OH)2.8H20 1.25 0.648 0.0 0.555

Cl- Li+ H2O + HCl + LiCl t = 250C (179) MHCI/I | MLÌCI/I LiCLH2O 0.0 13.536 0.63 13.414 1.053 12.652 1.764 12.258 Cl~ Li+ Na+ H2O + LiCl + NaCl t = 250C (364) % LiCl i % NaCl LiCLH2O 45.8 | 0.0 LiCLH2O -f NaCl 45.5 | 0.5 NaCl 41.3 0.4 40.1 0.2 36.8 0.3

Cl" Li+ Na+.—(Continued) % LiCl | % NaCl NaCl 35.7 0.3 33.5 0.35 31.6 0.8 24.9 2.3 17.4 7.3 16.9 8.4 6.5 19.0 O 26.4 The work of Zhemchuzhnui and Rambach ( 402 ) had shown that LiCl and NaCl gave a continuous melting-point curve,and that the heat liberated when melts of these components were cooled, was at a maximum corresponding to 2LiCLNaCl. The above work was designed to ascertain whether the maximum was due to the formation of the compound indicated or to the resolution of the solid solution into its component salts. Authors ( 364 ) conclude, chiefly from study of cooled mixtures by X-rays, that it was due to the last-named cause.

CPNa+; v. also p. 314 H2O + HCl + Na2O g per 10OgH2O (") J = O0C J = 250C HCl I NaCl HCl | NaCl NaCl 0.0 35.7750.0 36.080 0.9116 34.1700.911634.450 1.8233 32.4451.823332.905 3.6465 29.1203.646529.810 t = 250C (179) MHCI/I

I

t = 3O0C (256)

% HCl

MNaCl/1

NaCl 0.0 5.456 0.607 4.850 1.032 4.467 1.590 3.782 2.117 3.297 3.283 2.343 t « 3O0C (339) % HCl I % Na2O NaCl 35.65 20.16 18.33 17.01 16.50 13.39 8.49 2.72

Cl~ Na+.- (Continued) % HCl I % Na2O NaCl 30.58 1.50 0.70 38.44 NaCl + NaOH.H2O 0.61 I 41.94 NaOH.H2O O I 42.0

0.06 2 40 4.96 8.58 14.05 15.87 19.45 26.79

0.00 1.40 2.99 5.60 7.63 9.73 13.41 19.38 23.33

Cl-Na + K + ;?;. also p. 314 H2O -f- HCl + NaCl + KCl t = 250C (183) % HCl I % KCl I % NaCl KCl H- NaCl O 10.90 19.95 8.61 7.58 10.65 17.16 3.80 3.56 20.65 2.86 2.03 32/78 1.27 0.18

Cl- K+ (14, 179); c/. (410): H2O + g per IQOg H2Q || t = O0C t = 250C [l HCl I KCl I HCl I KCl KCl 0.0 28.355 0.0 35.925 0.9116 26.725 0.9116 34.155 1.8223 25.000 1.8223 32.430 3.6465 21.425 3.6465 28.960

H2O 4- KOH + KCl I = 2O0C (49) I

MKCI/I

KCl

4.71 7.90 9.41 10.95 11.10 12.19 12.92 13.84 14.02 14.85 15.02

HCl + KCl M per liter t = 250C (179) HCl | KCl KCl 0.000 4.272 0.566 3.749 1.020 3.379 1.590 2.868 2.094 2.474 1.739 3.252

CiO 3 -SOr-Ti +

Cl-K +

MKOH/I

I % NaCl NaCl 26.27 24.21 21.73 18.03 15.12 12.60 8.42 3.29 1.39

1.605 0.712 0.405 0.273 0.253 0.191 0.168 0.138 0.136 0.121 0.118

H2O -f TlClO3 + Tl2SO4 t = 2O0C (281) g TlClO3/! I g Tl2SO4/1 TlClO3 38.51 I O TlClO3 + Tl2SO4 30.40 I 34.43 Tl2SO4 O I 48.59 ClO3 - SO 4 --Ca + + K + H2O -f Ca(ClOs) 2 + K 2 SO 4 t = 250C (94) M per 100OM H2O K2SO4 I CaSO4 I KClO3 CaSO4.2H2O -f CaSO4-K2SO4.H2O -h KClO3 1.03 I 0.454 I 12.27

ClO3- NO3- K + H2O H- KClO3 + KNO 3

| % KNO 3 KClO3 7.745 | O Solid soin. A* 7.65 0.68 7.07 1.55 6.52 3.59 5.76 7.12 5.10 12.81 4.39 18.97 Solid soin. A* (saturated) + KNO 3 3.90 I 27.14 KNO 3 3.61 27.21 1.63 27.57 O 27.24 % KClO3 t = 25°C (383)

* Contains 0-14.37M % KNO3.

ClO 3 -COr-Na + (214) H2O -1- NaClO3 + Na2CO3 t = 24.20C % Na2CO3 | % NaClO3 NaClO3 0.0 49.65 3.86 46.06

ClO3- CO 3 -- Na+.-(Cont'd) % Na2CO3 | % NaClO3 NaClO3 5.98 42.91 10.75 37.30 NaClO3 + Na2CO3.7H2O 11.12 | 36.90 Na2CO3.7H2O 11.59 36.21 11.90 35.20 13.40 30.08 14.41 27.50 Na2CO3JOH2O + Na2CO3.7H2O 14.43 ] 27.04 Na2CO3.1OH2O 16.55 15.38 17.74 11.58 17.85 18.96 20.30 3.94 22.18 0.0 t =-- 4O0C NaClO3 0.0 | 53.79 NaClO3 + Na2CO3.H2O 7.46 | 46.45 Na2CO3.H2O 32.89 | 0.0 Solid phases

Na2CO3AOH20 97.20 Na2CO3JOH2O + NaKCO3.6H2O. 126.00 61.2 NaKCO3.6H2O + K 2 CO 3 .2H 2 O.. . 39.6 280.8 K2CO3.2H20 291.6 K2CO3.2H2O + KClO3 288.0 0.54 KClO3 11.70 KClO3 + NaClO3 4.50 169.20 NaClO3 167.40 NaClO3 + Na2CO3.7H20 72.0 120.6 Na2CO3.7H2O + Na2CO3.1OH2O.. 83.16 81.0 KClO3 + NaClO3 + Na2CO3.7H2O 75,6 3.78113.04 KClO3 + Na2CO3.7H2O + Na2CO3.10H20 83.16 3.60 75.96 R Na2CO3.10H2O + KClO3 HNaKCO3.6H20 114.12 72.0 1.08 S NaKCO3.6H2O + KClO3 + K2CO3.2H20 25.92234.0 0.9

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NaClO3

KClO3

0.5K2CO3

0.5Na2CO3

+

l '• l 1 . 2 B : s -

I

9

«0 I ?Ç 5 5L l Q H2O + HCl + Na2O; v. also p. 313, and, for more recent data on this system, v. ( 6 - 5 ) Liquid phase (141) 0 0 0 * =OC t = 15 C t = 2O C t = 250C t = 3O0C l = 350C Solid phases (i«)

Cl- Na+ (14, 141, 179, 256, 339)

t = 6O0C

ClO 3 -COr-Na + K + H2O + NaClO3 + K2CO3; v. Fig. 71 t = 24.20C (214) Liquid phase—M per 100OM H2O

ClO3-CO3--K+(2l4) H2O + KClO3 + K2CQ3

ClO3- K + : H2O + KOH -f KClQ3; t = 2Q0C (49) MKCio3/l I MKQH/I || M.^T3/1 | MKOH/1 KClO3

Liquid phase t = 24.20C

1.04 1.46 4.09 12.44

ClO 4 -SOr-NH 4 + ( 14 2) H2O -f NH4ClO4 + (NH 4 ) 2 SQ 4 ' Liquid phase r^~25°CÎ t = 6O0C

ClO3- OsO4 K + H2O + OsO4 + KClO3

t = 25°C (283)*

t = 14°C (208)

M KCiO3/! i MKHC4H4o6/l KHC4H4O6 O 0.0347 0.025 0.02562 0.05 0.01974 0.10 0.01382 0.20 0.00918

g per 10Og H2O OsO4 | KClO3 KClO3 O 5.32 10 5.65

( JNH 4 UU 4

< [

NH 4 ClO 4 -f (NH4)2S04 J I

(NH 4 J 2 SO 4

* Determinations are mean of two results. -^^

20.02 13 11 8.15

0.0 11.06 22.45

33.60 0.0 28.56 7.04 24.91 11.89 16.69 4 24 3375 21.66 17.02 23.71 12.60 30.80 3.00 41.70 8.26 40.92 1.22 42.83 3.48 44.12 O Q

43 5Q

TlClQ3 2.510 1.922 1.167 0.874 0.766 0.648 0.469 0.268 O

ClO3- Na + K + (214) H2O + NaClQ3 + KClQ3 Liquid phase t = 24.20C t = 4O0C

.

KClO3

KClO3 4-NaClO 3 NaClO3

I

% KClQ3 ___

% NaClO3

% KClQ3 !2.44

% NaClQ3

6.91 5.20 4.08 3.28 3.35 2.82 1.53

6.73 20.44 27.90 31.10 36.91 43.99 49.18 49.65

8.02 4.51 4.22 3.40

10.94 31.13 35.41 48.03

3.24

51.97 53.80

C D E

t = 250C; v, Fig. 72 Na 2 SO 4 -IOH 2 O Na2SO4-IOH2O + (NH4J2SO4. Na2SO4.4H2O (NH4)2S04.Na2S04.4H20 (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 .Na 2 SO 4 .4H 2 O + (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 . . . (NH4HSO4 (NH4)2S04 + NH4ClO4

F

NH4ClO4

A B

G H I

\

63.77 127.8 198.10 209.2 8,41 205.7 17.90 88.24 38.3 12.26 178.1 7.45 318.92 310.0 310.6 174.8 76.76 7.19 311.44 15.77 83.34

0.5Na2S04

KClO3 Ö 0.673 2.539 3.875 4.490 4.546 4.573 4.562 4.833

* Solid soin. I contains from O to 36.3 molai % KClO3. j- Solid soin. II contains from 98 to 100 molai % KClOa.

or, , Solid phases

Solid phases

Liquid phase -

NH 4 ClO 4

KClO3 Ö f 2 Solid soin, I* | 12.6 [ 25.01 Solid soin. I + Solid soin. U f . . ( 99.6 Solid soin. Uf \ 99.62 [ 99.67 KClO3 100 TlClO3

46 80

Liquid phase—M per 100OMH 2 O

t = IQ0C C16)

-—_

00

ClO4- SO4- NH4+ Na+ (i«) H2O + NH4ClO4 + Na2SO4

ClO3- Tl+ K + H2O + TlClO3 + KClO3 Solid phases

% (NH 4 ) *S04

Solid phases

% NH4ClO4

ClO3- HC4H4O6- K + H2O + KClO3 + KHC4H4O6

54.40 51.80 29.24 18.81

0.189 0.252 0.69 1.09 1.65 2.29 2.40 3.92 7.42

10.95 12.19 14.02 14.85 15.02

NaClO 4

J

% KClO3

0.0287 0.0254 0.0215 0.0195 0.0191

0.5(NH4 ) 2 SO 4

KClO3

52.95 52.67 49.24 36.59 30.55 23.42 18.53 17.80 8.81

% K2CO3

4.71 5.06 6.35 7.95 8.60 9.41

I

K2CO3.2H20 K2CO3.2H2O + KClO 3 ....

% KClO3

0.0924 0.0882 0.0609 0.0445 0.0410 0.0351

% (NH 4 )2S04

% K2CO3

t = 4O0C

% NH4ClQ4

, , holid phases c r

70.4 108.6 61.3 38.01

NH4ClO4 + NaClO4.H2O NaC104.H20 2.06 NaClO4.H2O + Na2SO4 Na2SO4 6.98 38.54 J Na2SO4 -f Na2SO4.10H2O 1.62 P NH4ClO4 + NaClO4.H2O + Na2SO4 31.54 NH4ClO4 + Na2SO4 Q* NH 4 ClO 4 + Na2SO4 + Na 2 SO 4 .10H 2 O.... R NH 4 ClO 4 + (NH4)2S04.Na2S04.4H20 + Na 2 SO 4 -IOH 2 O 11.28 53.1 103.7 8.92102.9 62.6 NH4ClO4 + (NH4)2SO4.Na2SO4.4H2O S (NH 4 ) 2 S0 4 + (NH4)2S04.Na2S04.4H20 + NH4ClO4 7.59191.98 32.8 t = 6O0C Na2SO4 115.IO Na2SO4 + (NH4)2SO4 215.2 88.46 (NH4)2S04 239.8 (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 + NH4ClO4 24.68219.2 43.88109.04 77.50 NH4ClO4 J 47.72 64.42 26.12 226.4 NH4ClO4 + NaClO4 11.45 423.8 NaClO4 425.4 NaClO4 -f Na2SO4 431.9 2.92

ClO4- SO4-- NH4+ Na+.-(Continued)

t = 6O 0 C.—(Continued) f Na2SO4 \ { NH 4 ClO 4 + NaClO4 + Na2SO4 11.48 f 44.30 NH4ClO4 H- Na2SO4 \ 69.11 [ 29.40112.92 NH4ClQ4 + Na2SQ4 + (NH4)2SO4 16.82 206.8 * Position of point on diagram estimated.

165.98 73.62 38.54 431.6 74.06

0.5Na2SO4

NaClO4

0.5(NH4)2S04

Solid phases

NH4ClO4

Liquid phase—M per 100OM H 2 O

6.52 28.61 55.70 2.44 22.04 83.96 84.86 80.88

ClO4- SO4-- Ca++ K + : H2O + KClO4 + CaSO4; t = 250C (94) M per IQOOM H2O K2SQ4 I CaSO4 I KClO4 CaSO4.2H2O H- CaSO4.K2SO4.H2O + KClO4 2.944 0.256 | 1.635 ClO4- SO4— Na+ (142) ; H2O + NaClO4 + Na2SQ4 Liquid phase t = 250C t = 6O0C a r, , Solid phases % % % % NaClO4 Na2SO4 NaClO4 Na2SO4 [ 075 21.71 Na2SO4-IOH2O \ 5.79 18.15 [ 18.72 12.56 Na 2 SO 4 .10H 2 O-hNa 2 SO 4 31.21 9.07 41.68 4.28 0.0 31.20 53.58 1.24 17.70 14.90 Na2SO4 31.55 6.95 52.47 1.11 64.65 0.37 Na2SO4 H- NaClO4-H2O 67.67 0.26 NaClO4-H20 67.60 O Na2SO4 -f NaClO4 74.40 0.29 NaClO4 74.30 0.0 Transition points NaClO4-H2O + NaClO4 at 50.80C; 73.30% NaClO4. NaClO4.H2O + Ice at -320C; 56.00% NaClO4. Na2SO4-IOH2O + Na2SO4 at 32.380C. ClO4- NH 4 + Na+ (142) ; H2O + NH4ClQ4 + NaClO4 Liquid phase a r, , t = 250C j t = 6O0C Solid phases % % % % NH4ClO4 NaClO4 NH4ClO4 NaClO4 20.00 (TO 33.60 0.0 15.07 9.29 25.78 12.35 NH4ClO4 9.54 25.85 18.00 25.00 4.87 43.64 12.54 37.34 3.50 52.86 6.30 56.95 NH4ClO4 H- NaClO4-H2O.. 1.51 67.42 NH4ClO4 H- NaClO4 1.87 72.86 NaClO4-H20 0.0 67.60 NaClO4 0.0 74.30 Transition points NaClO4-H2O H- NaClO4 at 50.80C; 73.30% NaClO4. NaClO4-H2O + Ice at -320C; 56.00% NaClO4. NH4ClO4 H- Ice at -2.70C; 9.8% NH4ClO4.

ClQ 4 -SO 4 --K + H2O H- KClO4 H- K2SO4 t = 250C (280) % K2SO4 I % KClO4 KClO4 O 2.052 0.4276 1.800 0.8532 1.615

ClO 4 -AsO + H2O H- HClO4 -f- As2O3 t = 250C (360) M per 100Og H2O HClO4 I HAsO2 As2O3 0.0 0.2067 0.2162 0.1963 0.5588 0.1900 0.9450 0.1770

ClO4- MnO4- K+ H2O + KClO4 H- KMnO4 t = 6.8-7.20C (277) Solid phases, % KMnO4 O 3.227 6.644 11.011 17.822 18.453 26.030 29.05 33.844 37.361 43.342 47.713 70.177 70.175 78.293 86.128 95.036 96.903 100.00 ClO4- K + H2O + HClO4 H- KClO4 t = 25.20C (380) HClO4* I % KClO4 KClO4 0.0 2.085 0.01 1.999 0.1 1.485 1.0 0.527

Liquid phase % KMnO 4 | % KClO4 0.0 0.88 0.46 0.75 0.880 0.634 1.060 0.586 1.557 0.528 1.686 0.518 1.903 0.469 1.993 0.461 2.104 0.477 2.244 0.411 2.469 0.423 2.601 0.401 2.835 0.342 3.019 0.372 3.068 0.323 3.114 0.288 3.603 0.382 3.972 0.192 4.071 0.0

Br- SO4- -Ca++K+ H2O + CaBr2 + K2SO4 t = 250C (94) M per 100OM H2O A* I Bf I Ct I D§ CaSO4.2H2O -f CaSO4.K2SO4.H2O 2.71 0.231 1.52 1.300 0.365 7.745 * Moles per 1 of soin, used as solvent. 0.726 22.05 0.335 Br- I- K + 0.334 53.41 4.23 H2O H- KBr + KI " 8 A = K2SO4. I C = KBr. 0 t B = CaSQ4. § D = CaBr2. t = 25 C (3); v. Fig. 73 % KBr I % KI KI 0.0 I 149.26 Solid SoIn. I* 18.54 130.61 Br- NO3- Sr++ 22.15 127.10 H2O + SrBr2 + Sr (NO3)2 Solid soin. I* H- solid soin. Hf t = 250C (164) 29.92t l 119.49J % SrBr2 % Sr(NO3)2 Solid soin. Uf SrBr2.6H20 34.14 95.36 57.599 0.0 42.32 66.63 51.422 0.366 KBr 51.246 0.733 68.47 0.0 50.891 1.469 * Solid soin. I contains from O to 50.084 3.042 14 % KBr. t Solid soin. II, from 93.23 48.621 5.885 to 100 % KBr. t Average of four 43.512 15.961 results.

Br- NH + AsO2^ H2O -f NH 4 Br + As2O3 t = 3O0C (353)

% As2O3

I % NH4Br As2O3 2.26 I 0.0 (As203)2.NH4Br + As2O3 2.25 I 0.339 (As2Os)2-NH4Br 0.679 4.37 0.518 7.18 0.386 13.31 0.303 20.14 0.237 31.69 0.154 41.34 (As2Os)2-NH4Br + NH4Br 0.190 45.66

Br- NH4+ AsO2-.-(C ont'd) % As2O3 | % NH4Br NH4Br 0.0 | 44.80* * By work.

interpolation

from

earlier

Br- NH 4 + PtBr6H2O -f NH4Br + (NH 4 )2PtBr6 t = 2O0C (13) MNH4Wl |g(NH4)2PtBr6/l (NH4)2PtBr6 2.0 0.032 1.0 0.080 0.2 0.168 0.1 0.359

Br- NH4+ K + : H2O -f NH4Br + KBr; t = 250C (*29) Solid phases—M% | Liquid phase—M/l NH4Br | KBr | NH4Br [ KBr Solid soin. I 0.00 100.00 0.00 4.6862 99.74 0.0653 4.6522 0.26 1.27 98.73 0.2515 4.5051 3.02 96.78 0.5237 4.3390 8.42 91.58 1.5596 3.7043 17.20 82.80 2.6750 2.9167 27.98 72.02 3.5463 2.2021 3.8911 2.1856 32.58 67.47 39.45 60.55 4.2631 1.9501 variable variable 4.4130 1.8674 Solid soin. II 98.53 1.47 4.9061 1.5096 0.00 5.8914 0.00 100.00 Br- AsO2- Ca++ H2O + As2O3 + CaBr2 t = 3O0C (354) % As2O3 I % CaBr2 As2O3 1.78 0.0 1.58 9.65 1.28 20.13 0.912 34.90 0.698 47.67 0.513 52.06 55.95 0.562 As2O3 + CaBr2.6H2O 0.687 I 58.22 CaBr2.6H2O O 1 58.20*

Br- AsO2- Sr++.-(ConVd) % As2O3 1 % SrBr2 As2O3 -f SrBr2.6H2O 0.991 I 48.91 SrBr2.6H2O O 49.11

Br- AsO2- Ba++ H2O -f- As2O3 + BaBr2 t = 3O0C (354)

% As2O3

I % BaBr2 As2O3 2.26 O 2.09 9.41 * By interpolation from earlier 2.03 16.88 work. 1.97 24.03 Br- AsO2- Sr++ (As2O3)2.BaBr2 H2O + As2O3 -f SrBr2 1.58 23.49 t = 3O0C (354) 0.757 29.09 % As2O3 i % SrBr2 0.678 33.08 As2O3 0.464 38.19 2.26 O 0.322 43.02 1.69 11.69 I 1.74 22.09 ' (As2Os)2-BaBr2 + BaBr2.2H2O 0.277 I 50.03 1.48 31.98 BaBr2.2H2O 1.25 41.91 O 50.62 1.07 46.87

Br" AsO2- Li+ H2O -f As2O3 -f LiBr t = 3O0C (353) % As2O8 I % LiBr As2O3 2.26 0.0 1.69 11.68 1.20 23.23 0.734 35.54 (As2O3)2.LiBr + As2O3 0.534 I 37.00 (As2O3)2.LiBr 0.332 42.62 0.290 43.86 0.281 43.87 0.198 46.75 Br- AsO2- Na+ H2O + As2O3 + NaBr t "= 3O0C (353) % As2O3 I % NaBr As2O3 2.26 0.0 2.19 5.57 2.09 10.89 1.99 15.85 1.88 20.79 30.39 1.63 1.59 33.17 1.50 35.75 1.48 37.76 (As2O3)3.NaBr 1.20 39.24 1.09 40.52 0.953 43.64 0.903 44.65 0.852 45.99 0.808 46.93 (As2O3) 3.NaBr + NaBr.2H2O 0.719 I 50.25 NaBr.2H2O 0.0 I 49.50ca.* Br- AsO2- K+ H2O + As2O3 + KBr t = 3O0C (353) % As2O3 % KBr As2O3 2.26 I 0.0 (As2O3) 2.KBr + As2O3 2.25 i 0.336 (As2O3)2.KBr 0.818 2.51 0.563 6.58 0.460 12.78 0.350 19.10 0.327 22.59 0.293 25.09 0.242 31.06 0.275 36.98 0.174 41.70 (As2O3) 2.KBr + KBr 0.166 42.07 KBr 0.0 I 41.3ca.* * By work.

interpolation

from

earlier

Br- CO r-Na+ H2O + NaBr -f Na2CO3 t = 3O0C (79)

% NaBr ( % Na2CO3 Na2CO3-IOH2O O 27.98 2.41 27.54 4.06 26.72 Na2CO3JOH2O -f Na2CO3.7H2O 6.26 I 26.23 Na2CO3.7H2O 11.00 . 23.40 12.22 22.68 16.88 19.86 Na2CO3.7H2O + Na2CO3.H2O 16.95 I 19.57 Na2CO3.H2O 19.32 18.11 33.39 8.45 36.13 6.90 44.75 3.04 Na2CO3.7H2O + NaBr.2H2O 45.31 I 2.99 NaBr.2H2O 45.68 2.60 49.40 O Br- HC4H4O6- K + H2O + KBr -f KHC4H4O6 t = 250C (283) MxBr/1*

MKHC 4 H 4 O 6 A*

KHC4H4O6 O 0.0347 0.01965 0.05 0.10 0.01337 0.20 0.00865 * Mean of two results.

Br- Pb++ Ca++ H2O -1- PbBr2 + CaBr2 t = 250C O8!) M per liter ^CaBr2 | ^PbBr2 PbBr2 0.00 0.05250 0.52 0.01334 1.04 0.02410 2.08 0.08760 3.13 0.23500 4.17 l. 03474 Br- Pb++ Sr++ H2O + PbBr2 + SrBr2 t = 250C (18l) M per liter JeSrBr, | MPbBr2 PbBr2 0.00 0.05250 0.52 0.01346 1.04 0.02546 2.08 0.08734 3.12 0.31180 4.16 l. 13740

Br- Pb++ Ba+ H2O + PbBr2 + BaBr2 t = 250C (18l) M J^BaBr2/! | M ^PbBr2/! PbBr2 0.00 0.05250 0.45 0.01214 0.91 0.02182 1.82 0.08886 2.76 0.32080 3.67 0.82800 Br- Pb++ Na+ H2O H- PbBr2 H- NaBr

t = 250C (18l)

M ^PbBr2/! I

MNaBr/1

PbBr2 0.05250 0.00 0.01720 0.73 0.04494 1.47 0.14086 2.20 0.39160 2.93 0.78720 3.67 1.46740 4.40 Br- Pb++ K + H2O H- PbBr2 H- KBr t = 250C (51.1) % PbBr2 I % KBr PbBr2 0.969 0.0 0.946 0.056 0.131 0.875 0.782 0.423 0.347 1.325 0.256 2.292 PbBr2 H- 2PbBr2.KBr 0.310 I 4.967 2PbBr2.KBr 0.295 I 5.609 0.330 12.940 13.18 0.345 0.427 14.54 0.560 18.27 0.666 19.05 0.753 20.64 21.61 0.868 1.494 25.69 2PbBr2.KBr + PbBr2.KBr.MH2O 3.160 I 30.11 PbBr2.KBr. J^H2O 3.622 I 31.97 4.248 33.80 5.038 35.68 PbBr2.KBr.^H2O + KBr 7.205 I 38.87 KBr 4.929 39.32 1.835 40.28 0.0 40.52 Br- Hg++ Ca++ H2O + HgBr2 + CaBr2 t = 250C (182) MHgBr2/l

I

MCaBr2A

HgBr2(?) 0.017 I O

Br- Hg++ Ca++.- (Continued) MHgBr2/1

1

MCaBr2/ 1

HgBr2 (?) 0.117 0.676 1.358 2.766 3.666

0.072 0.645 1.892 2.479 3.754

Br- Hg++ Sr++ H2O H- HgBr2 H- SrBr2 t = 250C (182) MHgBr2/l

I

Br- Hg++ Ba++ H2O H- HgBr2 H- BaBr2 t = 250C (182) |

Mn8Br2/!

HgBr 2 (?)

0.017 0.370 0.540 0.759 1.478

O 0.274 0.396 0.579 1.096

C D

O 0.062 0.328 0.668 1.401 1.872

MBaBr2/l

B

MSrBr2/!

HgBr2(?) 0.017 0.104 0.471 0.902 1.770 2.238

A

Br- Sr++ H2O H- Sr(OH)2 H- SrBr2; v. Fig. 75 t = 250G (270) Q IM u Liquid bond phases „ ^ , _ % SrQ I A SrO.9H20 0.85 B SrO.9H2O + SrO.SrBr2.9H20 0.84 SrO.SrBr2.9H20 0.28 C SrO.SrBr2.9H2O + SrBr2.6H20 0.21 D SrBr2.6H2O O Invariant Point: at ca. -280C. SrBr2.6H2O + Ice + Solution = 41.7% SrBr2. Br- Ba++

I

0.017 0.078 0.285 0.540 1.276 1.550 2.306

O 0.118 0.596 1.142 2.448 2.997 5.246

Br- Hg++ K + H2O + HgBr2 H- KOH t = ? (l 7 8 )

MKOH/1

MWl

M%

HgBr2/! 0.0011 0.00208 0.00318 O.0636f

HgO* 0.00685 0.00890 0.0104 0.9364t

0.0075 0.0043 0.0018 0.0636t

* Solid phase not actually determined. Temperature used not given, t Data from Bugarszky ( 31 ).

Br- Hg++ K + H2O H- HgBr2 + KBr

t = 250C (182)

Mn8Br2/!

I

MKBr/1

HgBr2(?) 0.017 0.098 0.472 1.360 1.930

Q1., , bolid phases _

MNaBr/l

HgBr 2 (?)

O 0.209 0.770 2.380 3.470

phase % SrBr2 O 40.66 47.65 49.78 49.79

H2O H- Ba(OH) 2 + BaBr2; v. Fig. 76 t = 250C (270)

Br- Hg++ Na+ H2O + HgBr2 H- NaBr t = 250C (182) M H gBr 2 /l

Br- Ca++ H2O H- Ca(OH)2 + CaBr2; v. Fig. 74 t = 250C (270) Liquid phase Solid phases % % CaO CaBr2 f 0.118 O Ca0 H2 - ° \ 0.115 19.18 CaO.HoO H- 3CaO.CaBr2.16H2O 0.097 20.75 3CaO.CaBr2.16H20 0.080 32.92 3CaO.CaBr2.16H2O + 4CaO.3CaBr2.16H2O 0.359 54.22 4CaO.3CaBr2.16H20 0.199 58.90 4CaO.3CaBr2.16H2O + CaBr2.6H20 0.209 60.09 CaBr2.6H2O O 60.07

A B C D

BaO.9H20 BaO.9H2O + BaO.BaBr2.5H20 BaO.BaBr2.5H2O + BaBr2.2H2O BaBr2.2H2O

Liquid phase —-, % BaO I % BaBr2 4.05 3.71 36.41 ' 0.79 50.65 51.10

Invariant Point: at -22.60C. BaBr2.2H2O + Ice + Solution = 46.6% BaBr2.

Br-K + H2O H- KOH H- KBr t = 2O0C (49) MKOH/1 MKBr/l KBr 7.90 1.012 9.41 0.693 10.95 0.515 11.10 0.451 12.19 0.348 12.92 0.306 13.84 0.247 14.02 0.246 0.214 14.85 15.02 0.210 BrO3" C2H3O2- Ag+

H2O + HC2H3O2 H- AgBrO3 t = 250C (184) g HC2H3O2/! I g AgBrO3/! AgBrO3 0.0 1.9493 2.988 1.9429 5.985 1.9379 11.975 1.9206

BrO3- C2H3O2- Ag+.-(Cont'd) g HC2H3O2/! I g AgBrO3/! AgBrO3 29.943 1.863 59.880 1.8013 112.382 1.6178 I- SO4-- Ca + +Na + K + H2O + CaI2 H- Na2SO4 + K2SO4 t = 250C (94) M per IOOOM H2O NaI I K2SO4 I CaSO4 CaSO4.2H2O H- CaSO4.K2SO4.H2O 11.53 I 4.03 I 0.266 I-SO 4 -~Ca + + K + H2O H- CaI2 H- K2SO4 t = 250C (94) M per IOOOM H2O K2SO4] CaSO41 KI j CaI2 CaSO4.2H2O + CaSQ4.K2SO4.H2O 0.731 0.443 11.25 0.0 0.0 0.565 26.63 0.835

I-NO 3 -Pb ++ Cu ++ (123) H2O + PbI2 + Cu(NO3) 2* g per 100Og H2O; t = 2O0C Cu(NOs) 2 Pb(NO 3 ) 2 PbI2 + Cui + I2 95.5 2.24 148.4 6.50 190.0 13.10 227.0 23.9 274.6 48.9 290.8 61.6 320.3 97.4 Pb(NO 3 ) 2 + PbI2 + Cui + I2 345.6 I 143.0 * Cu(NOs)2 + PbI2 <=* Pb (NOs)2 + Cui + I2.

I- NH4+ (CHs) 4 N + H2O + NH4OH + (CHs) 4 NI t = 250C (184) g NH4OH/! I g (CH3)4NI/1 (CHs) 4 NI 0.000 52.758 1.731 52.708 3.508 52.863 7.367 52.623 18.300 52.579 35.570 52.384 73.92 52.025 + ++ I-NH 4 Pb (103) H2O + NH4I + PbI2 t = 2O0C II t = 5O0C %PbI2|%NH4l|| % PbI 2 1 %NHJ PbI2 0.06 0.0 0.17 0.0 0.02 3.54 0.14 6.13 0.03 6.06 0.15 9.91 PbI2 + PbI2.NH4L2H2O 0.10 I 7.02|| 0.29 I 13.47 PbI 2 .NHJ.2H 2 O 0.20 14.50 0.34 18.07 0.92 45.80 8.51 54.79 2.96 56.71 13.18 58.21 PbI 2 .NH 4 L2H 2 O + NH 4 I 4.90 I 61.1011 16.06 61.35 NH 4 I 2.10 61.50 9.88 61.95 0.0 61.62 6.24 63.98 0.0 66.47 I- AsO2- K + (354) H2O + As2O3 + KI; t = 3O0C % As2O3 I % KI As2O3 2.26 I O (As2O3) 2.KI 0.772 1.19 0.296 9.56 0.183 22.89 0.150 34.31 0.119 40.79 0.081 47.07 0.115 53.51 (As2O3) 2.KI + KI 0.134 I 60.54 KI O 61.50* * By interpolation from earlier work.

I-CO 3 " "Na + H2O + NaI -f Na2CO3 t = 3O0C (79) % Na2CO3 I % NaI Na2CO3JOH2O 27.4 O 26.5 2.4 25.5 4.7 25.2 5.2 24.4 8.6 Na2CO3-IOH2O + Na2CO3.7H2O 24.3* 9.45* 23.0 11.2 20.8 14.0 20.0 15.7 18.7 18.4 Na2CO3.7H2O + Na2CO3.H2O 15.25* I 25.4* Na2CO3.H2O 13.1 29.1 10.4 33.3 6.4 40.4 4.2 46.0 3.1 49.5 2.7 51.0 1.5 54.6 0.9 57.6 0.6 61.2 Na2CO3.H2O + NaI.2H2O 0.33* I 65.5 NaI.2H2O O I 65.5 * Mean of two determinations.

I- HC4H4O6- K + H2O + KI + KHC4H4O6 * = 250C (283) MKI/I* I MKHC 4 H 4 O 6 A* KHC4H4O6 O 0.0347 0.05 0.01959 0.10 0.01324 0.20 0.00860 * Mean of two results.

I- (CHs) 4 N + K + H2O + (CH3) 4 NI + KOH t = 250C (184) gKOH/1 I g(CH 3 ) 4 NI/l (CH 3 ) 4 NI O 52.72 3.198 52.30 6.28 51.88 14.07 50.40 I-Pb + + K + (103) H2O + PbI2 + KI t = 130C t = 5O0C % % KI % % KI PbI2 PbI2 PbI2 0.05 0.0 0.17 0.0 0.001 2.21 0.02 9.33 0.001 4.18 0.27 21.0 0.002 9.09 1.82 29.51 0.003 14.01 2.52 30.57

I- Pb++ K+.—(Continued) t = 130C t = 5O0C % %KI % %KI PbI2 PbI2 PbI2 + PbI2.KL2H2O 0.05 I 16.02|| 3.11 I 31.77 PbI2.KL2H2O 0.19 21.32 3.99 36.18 0.68 34.45 5.56 42.08 0.97 40.21 11.59 54.63 3.30 54.36 13.33 55.00 PbI2.KL2H2O + KI 4.54 I 56.55|| 14.14 | 56.41 KI 3.10 56.90 9.72 58.49 0.0 57.66 5.55 60.28 1.52 61.98 0.0 62.39 g per 100Og H2O (334) 0 C I PbI2 I KI PbI2 + PbI2.KI.2H2O 5 163 10 191 15 2 217 20 9 260 23 10.4 275 28 25 325 31 29 359 39 45 449 59 188 645 67 255 751 80 731 1 186 80 569.9 976.4 104.5 1 411 1 521 120 2 151 1 812 137 2 874 2 097 175 5 603 2 949 189 3 339 KI -f PbI2.KI.2H2O 9 96.6 1 352 13 114.3 1 384 23 186.3 1 510 50 526.7 1 906 64 789.3 2 161 83.5 1 108.6 2 134 92 1 273 2 566 137 2 382 3 278 165 4 187 4 227 218 10 303 241 12 803 7 998 242 12 749 250 15 264 PbI 8 + PbI 2 -KLHH 8 O 194 3 727 207 4 750 I- Pb++ K+ H2O + PbI2 + KI t = 250C (Si-I) % PbI2 1 % KI PbI2 0.0758 0.0 0.0234 0.083 0.166 0.0092 0.0042 0.332 0.002 0.664 0.0019 0.830

I- Pb++ ^.—(Continued) % PbI2 i % KI PbI2 0.0016 1.661 0.0020 3.320 0.0073 8.307 13.610 0.0316 0.0578 14.910 0.253 19.45 PbI2 + PbI2.KI.2H20 0.428 I 21.32 PbI2.KL2H20 0.553 26.82 36.73 1.221 2.249 43.8 3.712 49.43 4.654 51.61 5.876 54.6 PbI2.KL2H2O + KI 7.421 I 56.59 KI 5.235 57.82 0.549 59.13 0.0 59.72 I- Hg++ Ca++ H2O + HgI2 + CaI2 I = 250C (182) Moai./l I MHgi2/l HgI2(?) 0.053 0.050 0.252 0.261 0.468 0.440 0.484 0.458 1.799 1.706 I- Hg++ Sr++ H2O + HgI2 + SrI2 t = 250C (182) MWl 1 Msri2/l HgI 2 (?) 0.212 0.254 0.320 0.355 0.582 0.539 0.694 0.608 I- Hg++ Ba++ H2O + HgI2 + BaI2 t = 250C (182) MBaI2/! I MHgi2/l HgI2(?) 0.099 0.059 0.748 0.742 0.978 0.898 1.508 1.462 I- Hg++ Na+ H2O + HgI2 + NaI t = 250C (182) MHgI2/l

I

MNalA

HgI2(?) 0.412 0.622 0.945 I" Hg++ K+; y.

0.794 1.385 2.225 p. 320

I-Ag + K + (92)

Solid phases

Agi Agl+Agl.KI . TirT

AgLKI

/ \

AgLKI + KI

KI

{ AgI.2KI+KI AgI.2KI AgI+AgI.2KI A TOT^T AgL2KL

/ {

H2O + AgI 4- Kl Liquid phase t = O0C | t = 3O0C [ t = 5O0C % KI |% Agl| % KI |% AgIJ % KI |% Agi 9.8 0.2 10.2 0.10 24.8 2.5 20.5 1.5 31.4 10.0 33.8 16.0 26.1 6.5 37.6 29.4 36.7 28.0 34.6 26.6 38.8 42.8 38.1 39.0 36.4 28.1 36.2 51.8 41.3 38.0 36.6 53.5 42.0 37.9 37.1 53.5 42.70 37.6 44.0 37.9 37.6 53.4 46.6 31.3 43.9 42.8 40.2 50.4 50.5 21.7 46.9 35.8 43.2 45.0 51.2 18.0 55.5 16.0 47.10 38.0 53.0 9.0 O 60.35 55.5 22.8 56.10 O 59.1 10.7 48.7 27.5 43.1544.10 50.3 21.0 39.5 49.6 38.6 49.7 40.9 47.7 41.4 46.3

I- Ca++ H2O 4- Ca(OH) 2 + CaI2; v. Fig. 77 t = 25° (270) ö IM i. Liquid Solid phases , _ % CaO I ~ACaO.H20 0.118 B CaO.H2O -f 3CaO.CaI2.16H2O 0.097 C 3CaO.CaI2.16H2O + CaI2.6H2O 0.587 D CaI2.6H2O I- Hg++ K + H2O 4- HgI2 + KI t = 250C (182) Mn1I1A I MKiA HgI2(?) 0.127 0.303 0.180 0.390 0.510 1.034 0.700 1.554 1.224 2.519 I- Sr++ H2O 4- Sr(OH)2 + SrI2 t = 250C (270) % SrO I % SrI2 SrO.9H2O 0.85 0.0 0.57 22.36 0.53 29.98 0.55 39.50 SrO.9H2O 4- 2SrO.SrI2.9H2O 0.74 [ 49.37 2SrO.SrI2.9H2O 0.72 53.04 0.60 54.16 0.51 55.09 0.46 55.58 0.19 60.31 0.18 60.77 2SrO.SrI2.9H2O + SrI2.6H2O 0.16 I 64.04

phase — % CaI2 28.44 66.72 66.80

I" Sr++.-(Continued) % SrO I % SrI2 SrI2.6H2O 0.0 I 64.70 I- Ba++ H2O + Ba(OH)2 4- BaI2 * = 250C (270) g per 10Og H2O BaO I BaI2 BaO.9H2O 4.05 0.0 3.25 18.38 3.01 28.43 3.00 32.92 3.08 42.28 BaO.9H2O 4- BaO.BaI2.9H2O 3.14 I 44.99 BaO.BaI2.9H2O 1.67 40.85 1.25 52.39 1.04 53.68 0.64 56.77 0.40 60.33 0.36 62.76 BaO.BaI2.9H2O 4- BaI2.2H2O 0.21 I 68.51 BaI2.2H2O 0.27 68.53 0.0 68.59

1-K+ H2O 4- KOH 4- KI t = 2O0C (49)

MKOH/1

I KI

MKI A

9.41 10.95 11.10 12.19 12.92 14.02 15.02

1.72 1.23 1.176 0.933 0.824 0.672 0.558

1O3- SO4H2O 4- HIO3 4- H2SO4 * = 24.770C (242) v. Fig. 77a % H2SO4 g I2O5A HIOS(?) 50.0 54.79 60.0 34.68 75.0 19.48 78.0 18.66 I206(?) 79.6 18.50 82.0 18.8 84.6 19.3 86.0 17.1 87.4 15.8 15.10 89.0 90.3 14.50 92.0 13.5 96.0 11.0 98.0 9.5 99.9 3.48 102 1.28 104 1.90 106 2.67 1O3- NO3- Pb++ H2O 4- Pb(IOs)2 4- Pb(N0 3 ) 2 t = 250C (163) M per liter KPb(IO3), I KPb(NO 3 ), Pb(I03)2 0.0001102 0.0 0.0000870 0.0001 0.0000411 0.001 0.0000185 0.01 0.100 0.0000160

1O3- NO3- Ag+ H2O 4- HNO3 4- AgIO3 t = 250C (185) MsNO3A* I g AgIOsAt AgIO3 0.00 0.0503 0.125 0.0864 0.250 0.1075 0.500 0.1414 1.000 0.2067 2.000 0.3319 4.000 0.6985 I 1.5875 8.000 * Used as solvent. t Per 1 of final solution.

1O3- NO3- Pb++ K + H2O + Pb(IOs) 2 4- KNO 3 t = 250C (163) M per liter Y2 Pb(IO,), I KNO3 Pb(I03)2 0.0001102 0.0 0.0001141 0.002 0.0001334 0.010 0.050 0.0002037 1O3- NO3- La+++ Na+ H2O + La(IOs)3 + NaNO3 * = 250C (163) M per liter HLa(IOs)3 I NaNO8 La(IOs) 3 0.00309 0.0 0.0039277 0.025 0.0044763 0.050 0.0052443 0.100 0.0062619 0.200 0.0073972 0.400 0.0097464 0.800 0.012934 1.600 0.013697 3.200 1O3- NH4+ H2O 4- HIO3 4- NH4IO3 t = 3O0C (260)

% HIO3

I % NH4IO3 NH4IO3 0.0 4.20 2.54 3.89 NH4IO3 + NH4IO3.2HIO8 4.53 I 3.81 NH4IO3.2HIO3 4.73 3.53 6.57 1.94 8.45 1.09 9.12 0.89 24.00 0.62 36.01 0.41 44.43 0.39 58.21 0.37 NH4IO3.2HIO3 + HIO3 76.35 I 0.31 HIO3 76.70 I 0.0 1O3- Pb++ K + H2O + Pb(IOs)2 4- KIO3 t = 250C (163) M per liter KPb(IOs) 2 I KIO3 Pb(IOs)2 0.0001102 0.0 0.0000697 0.00005304 0.0000437 0.0001061 1O3- La+++ Na+ H2O + La(IOs)3 -f NaIO3 t = 250C (163) M per liter MLa(I03)3 I NaIO3 La(IOs)3 0.00309 0.0 0.0028718 0.0000913 0.0025521 0.0004560

1O3- La+++ Na+.-(Cont'd) M per liter HLa(IOOs I NaIO 3 La(IOs) 3 0.0022976 0.000913 0.0018050 0.001826 0.000892 0.003653 0.0006053 0.0045326 0.00044056 0.0067989

1O8- La+++ K + H2O + La(IOa) 3 + KIO3 t = 250C (163) M per liter MLa(IO3), I KIO3 La(IOs)3 0.003090 0.0 0.0028430 0.000099 0.0025464 0.0004957 0.0022465 0.0009914 0.0016897 0.0019828

1O3- Na+ H2O + HIO3 + NaIO3 t = 3O0C (260)

% HIO3 I % NaIO3 NaI03.%H20 0.0 9.36 1.98 9.52 4.86 10.22 5.86 11.04 9.73m 14.73m NaIO,.%H20 + Na2I4On 6.75 I 11.14 Na 2X40 ii 7.80 10.30 9.93 8.71 11.20 7.54 Na2I4On + NaIO3.2HIO3 11.82 I 7.20 NaIO3.2HIO3 14.62 5.65 23.23 3.69 32.68 2.91 40.91 2.64 55.48 2.12 65.47 1.83 NaIO3.2HIO3 + HIO3 76.19 I 1.42

Na2S.10H20 Solidsoln.lt Solid soin. If + Solid soin. UJ 1

7

TT*

Solid soin. I« v O T T2 u n J\a2Q b.y±i

'36

1O3- K +

1O3- K+

H2O -f KOH + KIO3 t = 2O0C (49) MKOH/I I MKIO,/! KIO3 4.71 0.0390 5.06 0.0362 6.35 0.0256 0.0179 7.95 9.41 0.0144 0.0130 10.95 11.10 0.0128 12.19 0.0131 12.92 0.0135 14.02 0.0154 14.85 0.0194

t = 3 1 ° C i % % Na2S Na2SQ4

1.44

2.99 15 95

17 86 16 61

-

5 01

20 60 ig 57

19.51

( I (

Solid soin. III§ + Solid soin. UJ

15.33 14.50 13.98 13.89* 13.08 10 91

NT« 2C O T T2O Na S0H4I.10H 0

t = 4O0C % % Na2S Na2SO4

^8

168

Na2S.9H2O + Na2SO4 Solid soin. III§

* Mean of three results.

1

479

/j

1O3- K+.—(Continued) % HIO3 I % KIO3 KIO3.2HIO3 17.50 0.30 31.20 0.52 62.52 0.72 KIO3.2HIO3 + HIO3 76.40 I 0.80 HIO3 76.70 I 0.0

H2O + HIO3 + KOH t = 3O0C (260) % HIO3 1 % KIO3 KIO3 0.0 I 9.51 KIO3 + KI03.HI03 0.65* I 9.47* KIO8-HIOi 0.67 6.60 1.14 4.57 1.69 3.63 2.02 3.10 3.34 2.14 5.00 1.32 6.45m 1.35m 7.09 1.00 KIO3.HIO3 + KIO3.2HIO3 8.04 I 0.85 KIO3.2HIO3 9.35 0.64 12.04 0.44

8--SO4-- Na+ (209) : H2O + Na2S + Na2SO4 Liquid phase t = 0.10C j t = 180C I t = 250C l . % % % % % % Na2S Na2SO4 Na2S Na2SO4 Na2S Na2SO4 11.33 11.22 0.93 11.19* 1.21* 9.49 1.27

Q r, , Solid phases

Q IM

1O3- N&+.—(Continued) % HIO3 I % NaIO3 HIO3 76.70 I 0.0

5-33

2.28 5.20 6.44 7.21* 7.01 6 96

g 'Q5

3 Q4

25 09 24 Q6

4.22

0 49

23.77*

1.81*

4.40 17.12 3 27

' l 63

17 84

' lg n

2.84 10.67 Na2SO4-IOH2O + Na2SO4

Na2SO4

9.96* 14.68 11.21 \

14.69* 8.06 22.22 2.56 12.56 16.36 6.58 12.14 11.56 7.47 18.92 4.81 23.06

^__ * Mean of several results. t Solid soin. I = Na2S.10H2O + small concentrations of Na2SO4.10H2O.

23.25 21.91 20.36 14.97 9.78 6.18 1.32

1.79 244 3.41 7.37 14.14 20.25 28.90

Î Solid soin. II = Na2SO^lOH2O + small concentrations of Na2S-IOH2O. § Solid soin. Ill = Na2S.9H2O + small concentrations of Na2SO4.9H2O.

Transition points Na2S.10H2O + Na2S.9H2O + Solution (12.46% Na2S) at 4.70C. Na2S.10H2O + Na2S.9H2O + Na2SO4 + Solution (11.49% Na2SO4 + 1.4% Na2SO4) at 2.30C. Na2SO4JOH2O + Na2SO4 + Na2S.9H2O + Solution (13.41% Na2S + 9.48% Na2SQ4) at 20.50C.

0

% Na2SO4

% Na2SO3

% Na2SO3

Solid phases

% Na2SO4

t = 0.1 C t = 17.5 C

^ \~ 7? , (stable) % Na2SO4

0

gS/1

% Na2SO3

S ~ Ca++; see below SO 5 --SOr-Na + (313) H2O + Na2SO3 + Na2SQ4; v. Fig. 7S Liquid phase __

79.5 102.9 124.9 134.5 138.9 142.1 146.7

S Ca++.-- (Continued) I g Ca(HS)2/! u g S/l I g Ca(HS)2/! CaS (?); * = 4O0C 131.6 150.5 24«.2 170.3 154.9 255.0 206.9 159.6 262.1 222.5 164.2 269.6 169.0 276.9 229.6 234.7 171.0 280.0 242.2

* Under variable pressure of H 28.

SO3-- Na+ (159) : H2O + NaOH + Na2SO3 18.87 1.82! A a r , . T5k 18.04 3.7921.61 4.14 Liquid phase 8 80111 1 ^ ' 17.09 5.9719.44 8.97 t = 0.150C I t = 2O0C t = 250C I t = 320C ( 11.591.1116.55 7.5918.2711.05 B Solid soin. I + Solid soin. Solid phases Ut 11.36 1.77 16.47 7.65 16.8114.52 [ 8.561.9514.78 7.9314.6115.25 5.93'2.4211.56 8.5411.3916.43 -, a r , , TT I 3.073.11 8.48 9.89 9.2217.31 12.2 21.2 23.6 C Solid soin. II 5.9910.61 6.5918.11 3.0 9.0 1.6018.70 0.7 22.5 2.61 12.15 4.11 19.66 9.0 5.2 4.4015.40 2.5 19.3 [ 2.5320.40 Na2SO3.7H2O. . 16.9 2.8 9.9011.0 5.0 17.7 0 t = 25 C „7 _ 0 p 21.9 2.2112.70 9.40 9.7 13.0 / . l 11 \ * Ol.tJV^ (metastable) Na2SO3.7H2O + % % % %~ Na2SO3 23.3 2.2014.00 9.00 9.8 13.2 Na2SO3 Na2SO4 Na2SO3 Na2SO4 25.4 1.3015.50 7.0 12.6 10.1 O 26.5 26.6 0.7 20.2 3.5 17.2 5.8 2.323.1 D i ( 27.29 Ï769 27.51 1.80 27.1 0.4 26.8 1.0 26.7 2.5 5.119.1 I 0 1 . , . TTT , 26.57 3.99 26.15 3.35 Solid soin. lilt E 2545 675 2529 413 J 27.9 0.1 50.1 Tr. 29.4 3.011.111.2 XT Qn j Na2S 3 24.81 5.28 ° 16.5 5.4 F ( 21.88 12.34 25.78 7.14 20.1 2.9 20.35 13.82 23.23 10.25 27.2 0.6 , TTr , J 18.52 16.18 21.52 12.05 36.2 1.0 a r, Solid soin. IV§ 1694 1782 lg 13 1524 NaOILH2O 29.5* 52.2 53.30 54.4 15.43 19.12 16.47 17.26 * Solid NaOH.4H20. G 1 14.39 20.51 8.90 25.16 SO4— S2O3— Na+; v. p. 323 I 14.47 20.10 9 04 24 66 SO4-- HSO3NO2: H2O + H2SO4 + HNO3 a io soin. T VU T7II ' ' Sohd , 6 13 2734 t = O to 49.60C (116.5) 4.78 28.36 Gives data for the solubility of HSO3-NO2 in solutions of H2SO4. ( 2.57 30.07 * Solid soin. I (Na 2 SO4.7H 2 O, Na 2 SO 3 JH 2 O). SO4-- NO3- NH 4 + ( 39 °); c/. (407) t Solid soin. II (Na 2 SO 4 -IOH 2 O, Na 2 SO 3 -IOH 2 O). H2O + (NH 4 ) 2SO4 + NH 4 NO 3 Î Solid soin. Ill; § Solid soin. IV; || Solid soin. V-, (Na2SO4, Na2SO3); varying proportions, limits not given. Liquid phase S"" Ca++ (310) : H2O + H2S + CaS * = O0C * = 7O0C t = O 0 C* Il t = 2O0C ^ g S/l l g Ca(HS)2/! U g S/l I g Ca(HS)2/! Solid phases CaS(?) 138.0 228.3 148.8 246.0 157.0 259.4 155.0 255.8 169.0 278.7 159.0 262.1 , , l O 41.4 O 47.81 (NH4)2qo S04 I 5 6137 8911<1040 81 176.0 289.6 160.8 264.7 179.0 294.1 162.0 266.6 (NH4)2SO4 + (NH4)2SO4.2NH4NO3 29.5841.6470.15 6.71 181.0 297.1 165.0 271.2 ^TTT ï Qio 9MTT MO /29.8121.3371.58 5.82 186.5 304.4 167.5 274.9 (NH4)2S04.2NH4N03 \31.0420.40 189.5 308.4 172.0 j 281.8 (NH 4 ) 2SO4.2NH4NO3 + (NH 4 )2SO4.193.0 312.7 173.0 283.2 3NH4NO3 30.8720.4373.48 5.14 198.5 320.0 174.5 285.3 31 61 19 5076 01 0 TNH Ì SO WH NO / - ^- ^ 3.96 (NH4)2S04.3NH4N03 j ' ^ ^ t = 2O C 178.5 291.1 107.8 178.4 179.0 291.6 (NH4)oSO4.3NH4NO3 + NH4NO3 45.99 9.5381.01 2.45 122.2 202.3 181.5 295.6 /49.12 6.0081.38 2.41 NHNO 132.5 219.2 182.0 296.3 NH4N 3 ° \54.19 0.0 84.03 0.0 139.1 230.1 185.0 300.9 + SO -NO NH : H Q + H SO 4 3 4 2 2 4 + NH 4 NO 3 («oo.s) 146.9 242.9 % Na2SO3

% (NH 4 )2S04

% NaOH

% NH4NO3

% Na2SO3

% (NH4)2S04

% NH 4 NO 3

% NaOH

% Na2SO3

% NaOH

% Na2SO3

% NaOH

T

SO4-- S2O3- Na+ (144) : H2O + Na2SO4 + Na2S2O3 Liquid phase * = 0.80C t = 180C t = 250C

« ,.. . Solid phases

%

%

%

%

%

Na2S2O3

Na2SO4 21.60

Na2S2O3

Na2SO4

Na2S2O3

I I

[ ] [

2.31 1.87 1.34

9.63 19.62 30.07

1.19* 1.44

32.75* 32.72

10.71 8.45 7.14 5.97 6.32 6.14 6.26 6.31 4.87 1.65

9.36 15.86 22.46 27.00 32.31 35.07 35.42 35.46 36.61 39.12

18.44 16.13 13.97 12.97

7.30 13.22 19.35 24.96

4.69 2.01

39.45 41.53

5.50* 12.15 7.73

38.86* 28.0 34.72

12.72*

26.76* 43.50

Solid soin. lit + Solid soin. III§ Solid soin. III§ [ Solid soin. If + Solid soin. III§ Na2S2Q3.5H2O

•

%

32.37

Solid soin. I-t + Solid soin. lit Solid soin. Ht

%

Na2SQ4 Na2S2O3 Na2SO4 Ï T ê Ô 1 4 . 1 1

Na2SO4.10H2O Na2SO4 Solid soin. If

%

t = 4O0C

'

33.57

40.36

2.14 1.58 0.67 2.17* 24.79 14.76 10.40 5.90 2.46

49.88 50.15 50.49 49.70 9.06 22.95 30.44 39.74 48.78 51.23

* Mean of several results. t Solid soin. I = Na 2 SOUOH 2 O + small concentrations of Na 2 S 2 O 3 -IOH 2 O. J Solid soin. II = Na2S2O3-SH2O + small concentrations of Na 2 SO 4 -OH 2 O. § Solid soin. Ill = Na2SO4 + small concentrations of Na2S2Oa.

SO4 --NO 3 -Cu + + Na + H2O + Cu(NOs) 2 + Na2SO4; v. Fig. 79 t = 2O0C (255)

Solid phases

A B C D E F G H I J P Q

R

CuSO4-SH2O '. 47.92 CuSO4.5H2O + Cu(NOs) 2 -GH 2 0 241.41 5.57 Cu(NO 3 HG-L-T 2 O 257.6 Cu(NOs) 2 -GH 2 O + NaNO 3 247.14 26.96 NaNO3 186.32 NaNO 3 + NaNO 3 -Na 2 SO 4 -H 2 0 180.0216.0 NaNO 3 -Na 2 SO 4 -H 2 O + Na 2 SO 4 -IOH 2 O 124.68 38.59 Na2SO4-IOH20 49.18 Na2SO4-IOH2O + CuS04.Na2S04.2H20 34.53 53.46 CuSO4.Na2SO4.2H2O + CuSO4.5H2O 48.32 41.50 Na2SO4-IOH2O + CuSO4.Na2SO4.2H20 27.42 46.89 26.81 Na2SOUOH2O + CuSO4.Na2SO4.2H2O + NaNO3.Na2SO4.H2O 1.16 121.7938.03 NaNO 3 + CuSO4.Na2SO4.2H2O + NaNO3.Na2SO4.H2O 1.52 155.22 15.53 NaNO 3 + CuSO4.Na2SO4.2H20 32.00 129.65 5.07 CuSO4.Na2SO4.2H2O + CuSO4.5H2O 34.74 37.82 27.06 CuSO4-SH2O + CuSO4.Na2SO4.2H2O -f NaNOs... 55.29 101.68 4.75 ^

O^ KTT K . XT XT^ CuSO,5H 20 + NaNO 3

S

0.5Na2SO4

Liquid phase—M per 100OM H2O

NaNO 3

SO4-- NO3- Cu++ (255) H2O + CuSO4 + Cu(NO3)2 < = 20°C % Cu(NO 3 ) 2 % CuSO4 Cu(NO3)2.6H2O 55.94 I 0.0 Cu(N03)2.6H20+CuS04.5H20 55.18 | 1.14 CuS04.5H20 40.24 1.69 34.24 2.42 U-Sl 7.77 0-0 17.52 ^ = 350C CuS04.5H20 0-0 21.00 11-37 11.04 43.10 1.62 51.90 0.86 54.67 0.70 59.11 1.02

SO4-- NO3- Cu ++ .—(Cont'd) t = 350C % Cu(NQ 3 ) 2 I % CuSO4 Il % Cu(N0 3 ) 2 | % CuSQ4 CuSO4.5H2O + Cu(NO3)2.3H2O Cu(NO3)2.3H2O 60.53 I 1.27 60.92 | 0.0

0.5CuSO4

SO4" NO3" Th++++ H2O + HNO3 + Th(SO4)2 t = 3O0C (235) % HNO3 | % Th(SOOa Th(SO4)2.8H2O 0.0 2.15 5.17 3.68 10.04 4.20 16.68 4.84 21.99 4.47 28.33 3.96 28.51 3.88 33.17 3.34 38.82 2.51

0.5Cu(NOa) 2

SO 4 --N0 3 -NH 4 + Ca + +( 6 2,80) H2O + NH 4 NO 3 + CaSO4 t = 2O0C («o) % NH 4 NO 3 * % CaSO4* 4.667 0.6074 8.490 0.7720 14.346 0.9006 18.883 0.9701 23.229 1.0220 28.211 1.0480 30.905 1.0467 36.089 1.0308 t = 27.50C («o) 27.544 1.0280 35.932 1.0190 43.616 0.9680 51.148 0.8845 58.303 0.7965 63.814 0.7227 0 t = 25 C (62) 10 3.18 25 393 55 5.80 100 7.65 150 8.88 200 9.85 300 10.80 400 11.40 550 12.02 750 12 20 1000 11.81 1200 11.10 1400 10.02 Saturation 7.55 * Solid phase not determined: Probably CaSO4.2H2O.

86

75

93

70

" j /^ ^

' ^^

Cu(NO3)2.6H2O + CuSQ4.5H2Q -f NaNQ 3 .. 243.70

20.14

^ ^5.38 2.5

t = 25°C (62,

361)

% CaSO4 I % Mg(NOs) 2 CaSO4.2H2O 0.2088 O 0.5656 2.450 0.7582 4.8086 0.9197 9.2712 1.1602 17.394 1.1485 24.610 1.1452 31.198 1.1097 37.925 CaSO4.2H2O H- Mg(NO 3 ) 2 . 1.525 | 61.51 SO4- -NO 3 -Ca++ H2O H- H2SO4 H- Ca(NO3)2 t = 2O0C (i«) g CaSO4/! | g HNO3/! CaSO4.2H2O

4.397

6.300

10.435 15.147 20.607

31.500 63.000 126.00

SO 4 --NO 3 -Ca++ H2O + CaSO4 H- Ca(NO 3 ) 2 t = 250C (36l) % Ca(NOs) 2 | % CaSO4 CaSO4.2H2O 0.00 2.088 24.60 1.221 48.46 1.159 93.69 1.062 175.92 0.8171 249.27 0.631 316.06 0.449

0.44 0.55 0.71 0.95 1.12m? 1.25m?

SO 4 --NO 3 -Ca++Na+ H2O + CaSO4 + NaNO3 t = 250C (62, sei) % CaSO4 I % NaNO3 CaSO4.2H2O 0.2088 0.0 0.4184 2.460 0.5319 4.835 0.6645 9.360 0.7754 17.643 0.7790 25.178 0.5782 43.99 0.5206 47.33

CaSO4.2H2O t 0.2085 0.2454 0.2727 0.2862 * Recalculated from t Data of (»««).

SO4-- NO3- Ca++ Na+ K+ H2O + Ca(NOs) 2 H- Na2SO4 + K2SO4 t = 250C (94) M per 100OM H2O NaNO3 | K2SO4 | CaSO4 CaSO4.2H2O H- CaSO4.K2S04.H20 23.39 5.685 I 0.457 SOr -NO 3 - Ca++ K + H2O H- H2SO4 H- Ca(NOs)2 + K2SO4 t = 250C (94) M per 100OM H2O HNO 3 | K2SO4 | CaSO4 CaSO4.2H2O + CaSO4.K2SO4.H2O 7.52 | 6.32 0.408 SO4--NO3-Ca++K+

H2O -f CaSO4 H- KNO3 t = 250C (36l) % CaSO4 % KNO3 CaSO4.2H2O 0.2088 O 0.3257 1.24 0.4018 2.462 0.5092 4.844 0.6451 9.412 0.7238 13.731 0.7741 17.82 CaSO4.K2SO4.H2O(?) ? | 22.53 SOr-NO 3 -Ca++K + H2O + Ca(NOs) 2 H- K2SO4 t = 250C (94, 162, 36l) M per 100OM H2O K2SO4 CaSO4 | KNO3 CaSO4.2H2O H- CaSO4.K2S04.H20 2.66 0.305 2.22 2.16 0.291 4.59 CaSO4.2H2O H- CaSO4.K2SO4.H2O H- KNO 3 Ca(NOs) 2 2.64 0.667 59.50

2.24 4.51 9.11 18.63 28.57m? 38.97m?

O 0.27824 0.53106 1.0330 data of ( 361 ).

SO4-- NO3- Li+ (255) ; H2O + LiNQ3 + Li2SO4; v. Fig. 80 Liquid phase Solid phases % % Li2SO4 LiNO3 t = 250C 25.79 8 12

T i S O 4Jl2 TTO Ll2S

°

A B C D E F G

'

°

1

^64

1.14 0.19

Li2SO4.H2O H- LiNO3.3H2O LiNO3.3H20 t = 350C; v. Fig. 80 Li2SO4 Li2SO4.H2O H- 9Li2SO4.LiNO3.27H20 9Li2SO4.LiNO3.27H2O + ULi2SO4XiNO3.17H20 1 ILi2SO4XiNO3.17H2O + Li2SO4.H20 Li2SO4.H2O H- Li2SO4 Li2SO4 H- LiNO3 LiNQ3

33.90 43.45 47.60 47.58

24.76 23.85

1.48

7.50

19.12 50.55 57.91 62.05 61.93

SO4- -NO 3 - Na+; v. p. 325 SO4-- NO3- Na+ K+ (^8) : H2O + Na2SO4 -f KNO3; v. Fig. 82 Liquid phase—M per IQOOM H2O Solid phases

KNO3

SO4- -NOr Mg++ Ca++ H2O H- MgSO4 + Ca(NOa) 2

CaS04.2H20*

SO 4 --NO 3 " Sr++ H2O + HNO3 H- SrSO4 t = 250C (18) MHNOS/I I g SrSO4/! SrSO4 0.1 0.49 0.5 1.38 1.0 2.17 2.0 3.07 5.0 3.81 SOr - NO3- Ba++ H2O + H2SO4 H- Ba(NOs) 2 t = 250C (18) MHN03/1 [ g BaSO4/! BaSO4 0.5 0.070 1.0 0.107 2.0 0.170 5.0 0.241

0.5K2SO4

SO 4 -"NOr Mg + H2O + Mg(N0 3 ) 2 H- MgSO4 t = 250C (217) % Mg(N0 3 ) 2 I % MgSO4 Mg(NO3)2.6H2O 43.25 O 40.76 1.02 Mg(NO3) 2.6H2O H- MgSO4.7H2O 40.15 | 2.77 MgSO4.7H2O 35.07 3.62 25.90 6.56 8.88 17.85 O 26.30

SOr-NO 3 -Ca++K+.— (Continued) % CaSO4 | % KNO 3

NaNO3

+

SO4-- NO3- Ca++.-(Cant'd) % Ca(NOs) 2 | % CaSO4 CaSO4.2H20 376.48 0.304 402.37 0.256

0.5Na2SO4

SOr-NO 3 -Ag + H2O H- HNO3 -f Ag2SO4 t = 250C (185) % HNO3 l % Ag2SO4 Ag2SO4 0.0 0.8330 5.956 3.2126 11.473 4.4276 21.029 5.9949 21.90 6.1234 27.81 6.7926 39.36 7.1042 45.53 6.6398

t = 250C (Fig. 82) A B C D E F G H I J K P Q

K2SO4 4.49 K2SO4 H-K 3 Na(SO 4 )2 3.05 4.93 K 3 Na(SO 4 ) 2 H- Na2SO4.1OH2O 12.60 3.61 Na2SO4JOH20 12.75 Na2SO4.10H2O + Na2SO4 11.79 14.69 Na2SO4 H- Na2SO4.NaNO3.H20 10.77 16.54 Na2SO4.NaNO3.H2O + NaNO3 2.70 34.26 NaNO3 34.78 NaNO 3 H-KNO 3 38.47 14.79 KNO3 12.44 KNO 3 H-K 2 SO 4 2.3110.78 KNO 3 H-K 2 SO 4 H-K 3 Na(SO 4 ), 4.393.4810.21 KNO3 H- K 3 Na(SO 4 ) 2 + "T"* 32.056.52 6.69 Continued on p. 325

SO 4 "-NO 3 -Na + (255) H2O + NaNO3 + Na2SQ4; v. Fig. 81 Liquid phase t = 1O0C

a r,

., Solid phases

A B

/ = 9^0P

t = 2O0C

% % % % NaNO3 Na2SO4 NaNO3 Na2SO4 44.60 46.80 42.54 2.96 44.41 3.30 41.69 4.18 37.42 6.22

NaNO 3 NaNO3 + Na2SO4-IOH2O NaNO3 + NaNO3.Na2SO4.H20

X T X T ^ X T a^ TT/^ C NaN03.Na2S04.H20

34 53

? 70

46.13 42.86 41.30 ^ ^

3.14 46.35 4.04 45.25 4.54 43.03

2.94 47.66 2.51 3.19 45.83 3.06 3.86 41.99 4.58

7 Q1

8.33 9.18 41.83

4.48 t = 350C 48.01 2.56 42.06 3.35 40.48 4.12 37.87 2.51 29.77 9.52 32.54

26.15 13.53 25.65 14.28

f 41.20 \ 32.25 [

Na2SO4JOH2O

H

t = 340C

% % % % " % %~ NaNO3 Na2SO4 NaNO3 Na2SO4 NaNO3 Na2SQ4 47.47 49.31*

33.77 32.53

D NaNO3.Na2SO4.H2O-h 3NaNO3.4Na2SO4... 3NaNO3.2Na2SO4 + NaNO3 3NaNO3.2Na2SO4 3NaNO3.2Na2SO4 + 3NaNO3.4Na2SO4 3NaNO3.4Na2SO4 E 3NaNO3.4Na2SO4 + Na2SO4 Na2SO4 G Na2SO4 + Na2SO4.1OH2O.. NaNO3.Na2SO4.H2O + Na2SO4JOH2O

t == 3O0C

L1. ^1T (Fig. 81)

23.34 15.68 33.80 8.74 2.87 33.75 8.63 12.96 16.67 3.13 9.67 13.55 21.88 8.26 16.25

* Per cent NaNO 3 at 350C.

SOr-NO 3 -K +

R S U V W

t = 250C.—Continued KNO 3 + "T" -f NaNO3 2.7937.83 15.09 K 3 Na(SOJ 2 + "T" + Na2SO4.NaNO3.H20 37.279.27 1.67 NaNO3 + "T" + Na2SO4.NaNO3.H20 4.1831.50 2.40 K 3 Na(SO 4 ) 2 + Na2SO4 + Na2SO4.NaNO3.H2O 10.45 17.64 4.99 Na2SO4 + K 3 Na(SO 4 ) 2 + Na2SO4.1OH2O 11.1110.58 2.85 t = 9O0C K2SO4 4.85 K2SO4 + K 3 Na(SO 4 ), 5.56 7.35 K3Na(SO4), +Na 2 SO 4 19.12 4.80 Na2SO4 19.47 Na2SO4 + NaNO3 2.9957.72 NaNO3 63.33 NaNO 3 + KNO3 83.49 84.60 KNO3 64.67 KNO3 + K2SO4 0.68 63.10 KNO 3 +K 2 SO 4 + K 3 Na(SO 4 ), 18.612.6466.12 KNO 3 + NaNO 3 + K 3 Na(SO 4 ) 2 .. . . 85.583.6979.04 K 3 Na(SO 4 ), + NaNO 3 + Na 2 SO 4 ... 67.053.0039.10

* "T" represents a solid whose composition was not determined.

H2O + KNO 3 + K2SO4 (120, 158, 255)

K2SO4 TTcìr, , T™^ K2SO4+ KNO3 ™n ^1NU3

% KNO 3

% K2SO4

% KNO3

% K2SO4

% KNO 3

% K2SO4

% KNO 3

Solid phases

% K2SO4

Liquid phase* t = 1 5 0 C t = 250C I t = 350C I t = 9O0C

KNO 3

0.5K2SO4

NaNO 3

Solid phases

0.5Na2SO4

SO4" - NO3- Na + K+.—(Continued from p. 324) Liquid phase—M per 100OM H2O

10.74 O 12.17 O 18.57 O 8.85 4.82 6.4716.29 6.8911.05 4.3518.35 3.9425.49 3.3930.76 0.6365.92 4.4523.99 1.9826.01 1.1732.61 66.90 I O 27.97 O 34.76

* Results for 15 and 250C from Euler ( 12 °) recalculated from g per 10Og H 2 O; for 350C from Massink; for 25 and 9O0C from Hamid.

A B C D E F

^

SOr-NH 4 + (96» 107) H2O + H2SO4 + NH4OH; v. Fig. 83 t = 250C (96) Liquid phase—M per Solid phases IQOQg soin. SO3 I (NH4)2Q (?) 10.43 0.894 (NH4)HS2O7 + (?) 9.67 1.260 (NH4)HS2O7 9.60 0.977 (NH 4 )H 3 (SO 4 ),..... f 8.00m 1.42m \ 7.99 1.38 (NH4)HSO4 + (NH 4 )H 3 (S0 4 ) 2 6.43 2.50 ( 6.47 1.55 (NH4)HSO4 5.66 1.22 [ 4.85 1.60 4 29 2.17

SO 4 -- NH4+ (98» 124)

H2O + NH4OH + (NH4)2S04 t = 250C (98) M per 100Og soin. NH 4 OH I (NH4)2S04

(NH4)2S04 0.0 3.28* 2.04 2.60 3.90 2.13 6.88 1.59 10.70 1.16 14.26 0.78 18.94* 0.0 * Work of other investigators.

SOr-NH 4 + C 2 O 4 -- (82) H2O + (NH 4 ) 2S04 + (NH 4 ) 2C2O4 0 C A* I Bf

18 50

42.43 45.92

0.11 0.65

*A = % (NHO2SO4. t B = % (NH 4 )SC 2 O 4 . Solid phase is (NHQ 2 SQ 4 + (NHQ 2 C 2 Q 4 -H 2 Q.

SOr -NH 4 + HCOr H2O + (NH4)2S04 + (NH 4 )HCO3 t = 150C (279) % % (NH4)HCO3 (NH4)2S04

15.73 12.66 11.33 9.22 7.88 6.60 5.72 4.73 3.67

0.0 6.96 10.66 16.95 21.48 26.12 29.45 34.04 38.39

(NH 4 )HCO 3 + (NH 4 J 2 SO 4 3.69

I

39.90

(NH 4 )2S04 0.0

I

42.44

0

t = 35 C (124) % % (NH4)HCO3* (NH4)2S04* (NH 4 )HCO 3 23.72 15.13 13.37 9.79

O 18.94 23.48 32.64

(NH 4 )HCO 3 + (NH4)2S04 8.13

I

39.60

(NHJ 2 SO 4

5.43 O

41.23 44.67

* Under a pressure of 3 atm. of CO2.

NaHCO3

0.5(NHO2SO4

0.5Na2SO4

(NH 4 )HCO 3

t = 150C; v. Fig. 84 Na2SO4JOH2O 33.22 Na2SO4JOH2O + Na2SO4.(NH4)2SO4.4H20 63.08 90.28 C Na2SO4. (NH4)2S04.4H20 + (NHO2SO4 27.48 189.72 D (NHO2SO4 201.00 E (NHO2SO4 + (NH4)HCO3 14.91 192.8 F (NH 4 )HCO 3 42.52 G (NH4)HCO3 + NaHCO3 38.92 12.79 H NaHCO3 18.53 A B

NaHCO 3

0.5(NHO2SO4

0.5Na2SO4

Solid phases

(NH4)HCO3

SO4-- NH4+ HCO3- Na+ (279)* H2O + (NH 4 )HCO 3 + Na2SQ4; v. Figs. 84, 85, 86 Liquid phase—M per 100OM H2O Solid phases

SOr-NH 4 + HCO3- Na+.*-(Continued) Liquid phase—M per 100OM H2O (NH 4 )HCO 3

SOr - NH4+.-(Continued) t = 3O0C (io?) % (NH 4 ) 2 S0 4 | % H2SO4 (NH4)2S04 43.59 I 10.63 (NH4J2SO4 + 3(NHO2SO4.H2SO4 42.06 I 16.67 3(NH4)2S04.H2S04 44.63 32.32 45.50 33.12 (NH4)HSO4 45.31 33.96 35.37 38.51 24.30 45.77 16.98 56.55 24.40 62.46 29.75 62.83 33.70 62.59 62.23 36.95

t = 150C.—(Continued) NaHCO3 + Na 2 SO 4 -IOH 2 O.... 28.36 12.75 Na2SO4.1OH2O + NaHCO3 + Na2SO4.(NH4)2SO4.4H20 52.44 91.72 12.84 Q NaHCO3 + (NH4)HCO3 + Na2SO4. (NH 4 ) 2SO4.4H2O 24.92 134.16 20.90 R (NH4)HCO3 + (NH4)2SO4 + Na2SO4. (NH4) 2SO4.4H2O 13.58195.98 14.96 * = 3O0C; v. Fig. 85 A Na2SOUOH2O ' 104.02 B Na2SO4.1OH2O + Na2SO4 123.26 27.50 C Na2SO4 + Na2SO4. (NH4)2SO4.4H20 110.60 66.36 D Na2SO4. (NH 4 ) 2SO4.4H2O + (NHO2SO4 40.42 197.46 E (NHO2SO4 212.4 F (NHO2SO4 + (NH 4 )HCO 3 24.6 198.54 G (NH4)HCO3 59.57 H (NH4)HCO3 + NaHCO3 37.96 12.38 I NaHCO3 23.61 J NaHCO3 + Na 2 SO 4 .1OH 2 O.... 97.68 8.55 P NaHCO3 + Na2SO4JOH2C) + Na2SO4 114.50 29.16 7.09 Q Na2SO4 + NaHCO3 +Na2SO4.(NH4)2SO4.4H20 110.06 63.66 7.85 R NaHCO3 + (NH4)HCO3 + Na2SO4. (NH4) 2SO4.4H2O 22.54 174.08 27.56 S (NH 4 )HCO 3 + (NHO2SO4 + Na2SO4.(NH4)2SO4.4H2O 17.36208.12 24.66 t = 4O0C Na2SO4 122.02 Na2SO4 + Na2SO4. (NH 4 )2SO4.4H2O. 102.6 94.6 Na2SO4. (NH4) 2SO4.4H2O + (NH4) r SO4 50.0 204.8 (NHO2SO4 221.2 (NHO2SO4 + (NH4)HCO3 34.0 201.8 (NH4)HCO3 75.77 (NH4)HCO3 + NaHCO3 70.83 15.84 NaHCO3 26.92 NaHCO3 +Na 2 SO 4 114.28 9.45 Na2SO4 + NaHCO3 + Na2SO4.(NH4)2SO4.4H2O 98.66 90.82 11.26 NaHCO3 + (NH4)HCO3 + Na2SO4. (NH4)2SO4.4H20 20.06 218.2 34.59 (NH4)HCO3 + (NHO2SO4 + Na2SO4.(NH4)2SO4.4H2O 19.58 218.4 35.49 t = 150C (!24) Na2SO4JOH20 1.86 Na2SO4JOH2O + NH4NaSO4.3H2Of 4.96 3.70 NH4NaSO4.3H2O + (NH 4 ) a S O 4 . . . . 10.56 1.80 (NHO2SO4 11.12 0 t = 35 C (!24)|; (v. Fig. 86) A Na2SO4 6.98 B Na2SO4 + NH4NaSO4-SH2O.. . 4.66 5.92 C NH4NaSO4.3H2O + (NHO2SO4 11.08 2.82 D (NHO2SO4 12.22 E (NHO2SO4 + (NH 4 )HCO 3 .... 1.96 10.48 I P

F G P

NaHCO3 + (NH4>2S04 + NH4NaSO4.3H20 (NH 4 )HCO 3 + NaHCO3 + (NH 4 J 2 SO 4

?'?J

O . Oi7

?'?? J i . 41

?'?? ^.1JL

11.18 1.76 1.25 11.34 1.90 1.08

* All determinations made under decomposition pressure of (NEU)HCOs. t The correct formula of this salt is probably that given by Nishizawa, namely, (NH4)2SO4.Na2SO4.4H2O. Z Under pressure of 3 atm. COa.

SO4- - NH4+ C2H3O2- Pb++ H2O + NH4C2H3O2 + PbSO4 t = 250C (254)

% c/ PhSO^t % NH4C2H3O2* "OU4T PbSO4 0.00 0.0041 0.796 0.0636 0.137 1.591 0.304 3.170 5.340 0.560 10.69 1.680 21.37 3.890

SO4-- NH4+ C2H3O2- Ca++ H2O + NH 4 C 2 H 3 O 2 + CaSO4 t = 250C (254) % NH4C2H3O2* % CaSO4f CaSO4.2H2O 0.0 0.2085 2.13 0.454 5.34 0.752 1.146 10.68 21.37 1.755

SO4- - NH4+ C2H3O2- Sr++ H2O + NH4C2H3O2 + SrSO4 t = 250C (254) Cr/ NH4C2H3O2* % SrSO4f SrSO4 0.00 0.0151 2.13 0.0451 5.34 0.0732 10.68 0.0942 21.37 0.1150 SO4- - NH4+ Th++++ H2O + (NH4)2SO4 + Th(SO4), t = 160C (21) g per 10Og H2O (NH4)2S04 1 Th(SO4), Th(SO4)2.?H2O 2.13 3.361 4.80 5.269 10.02 8.947 16.56 13.33 28.00 10.359 35.20 9.821 45.14 6.592 49.05 5.750 52.88 4.583 69.74 1.653

SO 4 --NH 4 + Zn + + Cu + + H 2 O + (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 + ZnSO4 + CuSO4; t = 13-140C (129) O T I i. Tv/r^ Solid phase—M %

Liquid phase—M per 1000 M HO

(NH4J2SO4.-(NH 4 )2 S O 4 . - ( N H 4 )2 S O 4 . - ( N H 4 )2SO4.CuSO4.6H2O ZnSO4.6H2O CuSO4.6H2O ZnSO4.6H2O 2 . 3 9 9 7 . 6 1 0 . 4 2 2 8 . 0 6 9 4.52 95.48 0.666 5.638 9.03 90.97 1.218 5.115 14.67 85.33 2.130 4.924 22.62 77.38 3.216 4.022 (U) 10.350 0.0 100.0 * Before saturation, t After saturation.

[ 1.410 2.073 1.4700.096

r,,sn STTO

CuSO4-SH10

(NH4)2S04

CuSO4

(NH 4 )2S04

CuSO4

CuSO4

(NH4)2S04

Solid phases

NaHCO3

t = 35°C~(Continued) 3.93 [ 3.72 0.84 (NH 4 )HCO 3 + NaHCO 3 .... 1.82 3.43 1.39 [ 8.86 2.20 NaHCO3 + NH4NaSO4.3H2O + Na2SO4 4.56 0.50 5.41 ^

R

SO4-- NH4+ Cu++ (73, 335, 338) ; H2O + (NH4)2SO4 + CuSO4 Liquid phase—M per IQOOg H2O (73) t = 250CfT * = 510C t = 610C

(NH 4 )HCO 3

NaHCO3+NH4NaS04.3H20 f Q

0.5(NH4)2S04

Solid phases

0.5Na2SO4

(NH 4 )HCO 3

SO4-- NH4+ HCO3- Na+.*-(Continued) Liquid phase—M per 1000 M H2O _

2.419

J 1.4860.121 1.4940.158

1.5130.183 ( 1.5580.293 CuSO4.5H2O + CuSO4.(NH4)2SO4.6H2O 1.646 0.534 2.365 0.861 2.753 0.998 [ 1.4130.5721.3021.3511.6311.695 1.3680.575 0.3965.387 1.2590.601 CuSO4. (NH4)2S04.6H20.. 0.779 0.779 0.5650.897 0.5070.989 ( 0.1123.233 CuSO4. (NH4)2S04.6H20 + (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 0.0703.8260.1806.7330.2497.079 ( 0.0515.715 6.462 6.714 (NH 4 ) 2 S0 4 0.0425.762 [ 5.801 0

C (335)

Solid phases

- 1.5 CuSO4.5H2O + Ice - 2.6 CuSO4.5H2O + (NH4)2SO4.CuSO4.6H2O + Ice - 1.7 ] [ -4.2 CuSO4.(NH4)2SO4.6H2O+IceJ - 7.2 J [ -19.0 (NH4) 2SO4 + (NH4) 2SO4.CuSO4.6H2O +Ice

Liquid phase—M per 10OM H2O (NH 4 )2S04 I CuSO4 1.31 0.24 1.88 0.68 0.68 2.33 0.102 3.80 0.05 9.7

t = 3O0C (338)

%(NH 4 ) 2 SQ 4 | % CuSO4 (NH4)2SO4 44.00 0.0 (NH4)2S04 + (NH4)2S04.43.29CUTH2°0.49 (NH4)2SO,CuSO,6H20 38.32 0.77 29.27 1.57 17.53 4.05 9.33 11.03

[I % (NHQjSO 4 1 % CuSO4 (NH4)2SO4.CuS04.6H2O 8.19 13.65 6.98 16>77 (NH4)2

c%SlH40H2° + 79 ^ 20 « ô zu od -'y I ' CuS04.5H20 2.45 20.19 0.0 20.32

SO 4 --NH 4 + Cu + + Ni + + H2O + (NH 4 ) 2SO4 + CuSO4 + NiSO4 t = 13-140C (129) TT"" I Liquid phase—M per 100OM 0 .., " Solid phase—M % ^ ^ HO (NH4)2S04.CuSO4.6H2O 0.00 3.51 10.29 30.59 44.26

(NH4)2S04.NiSO4.6H2O 100.00 96.49 89.71 69.41 55.47

(NH4),SO4.CuSO4.6H2O 0.00 0.576 1.476 2.664 3.693

(NH4)2SO4.NiSO4.6H2O 5.210 3.450 2.950 2.089 1.809

SO4-- NH4+ Cu++ NJ++.-(Continued) T7~I I Liquid phase—M per 1000M 0 ,., T Solid phase—M % TT^

SO4-- NH4+ Fe++.-(Continued) Liquid Solid phases % (NH4)2SQ4 f 6^44 8.90

Xl2U

(NHO2SO4.CuSO4.6H2Q 52.23 76.73 78.80 100.00

(NHO2SO.NiSO4.6H2O 47.77 I 23.27 21.20 0.00

(NHO2SO4.CuSO4.6H2O 4.165 4.631 4.785 10.350

(NH4)A)4.NiSO4.6H2O 1.449 1.251 1.202 0.00

% Li2SO4

Solid phases

% CuSO4

%(NH4)2S04

SO 4 --NH 4 +Cu++Li+ H2O + (NH 4 )2S04 + CuSO4 + Li2SO4; v. Fig. 87 t = 3O0C (338) Liquid phase

A B C D E F G H P

(NH4)2S04 44.0 (NH4)2SO4 -f (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 .CuSO 4 .6H 2 O.... 43.29 0.49 (NH 4 ) 2SO4.CuSO4.6H2O + CuSO 4 .5H 2 O... 2.79 20.53 CuSO4.5H20 20.32 CuSO4.5H2O + Li2SO4.H20 10.0520.55 Li2S04.H20 25.24 Li2S04.H20 + NH4LiSO4 12.46 21.88 NH 4 LiSO 4 H-(NHO 2 SO 4 39.55 6.59 (NH 4 ) 2SO4 + NH4LiSO4 + (NHO2SO4.CuSO4.6H20 39.98 0.37 6.18 Q NH4LiSO4 + Li2S04.H20 + (NH4)2SO4.CuSO4.6H20 12.56 2.51 20.51 R Li2S04.H20 + CuS04.5H20 + (NHO2SO4.CuSO4.6H2O 5.14 10.68 18.08 SO 4 --NH 4 + Cu + +K + H2O + (NH4)2S04 + CuSO4 + K2SO4; v. Fig. 88 t = 250C (169) Liquid phase—M per 10OM of dissolved salts

Soud phases

°

CuSO4-SH2O -f CuSO4.(NH4)2SO4.6H2O 24.86 22.68 19.89 _ ar. KTT » . _ .., . _ . 16.30 CuS0 4.5H20 + Sohd soin. I* 13 15

75.14 75.63 77.02 87.38 ?g ^

8.56 4.41 B CuSO4.5H2O + CuSO4.K2SO4.6H2O C (NH4)2S04 + CuS04.(NH4)2S04.6H20.. 99.30 ( 92.39 82.56 71.66 \ 56.02 Solid soin. I* + Solid soin. Uf 43.01 31.35 [ 15.26 D K2SQ4 + CuSO4.K2SO4.6H2Q * Solid soin. I CuSO4.(K, NH4)2SO4.6H2O. t Solid

K2S 4

°

19.64 34.24

E F

83.14 8.30 2907 85.23 10.36 3011 88.22 11.78 3149 0.70 955 0.88 6.73 1071 2.20 15.24 1604 3.59 24.75 2140 5.60 38.38 3091 7.28 49.76 3922 8.46 60.19 4628 9.93 74.81 5610 11.27 88.73 6741 soin. II (K, NHa)2SO4.

(NH 4 )2SO4 + (NH4)2SO4.FeSO4.6H20 (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 ..

{

B (NH4) 2SO4.FeSO4.6H2O + FeSO4.7H2O

%£

5.91*

25.24*

5.70 1.72

43.88* 44.27

0.79* |

SO4- NH4+ Fe++ Li+ H2O + (NH4)2SO4 + FeSO4 + Li2SO4; v. Fig. 90 t = 30°C (343) Liquid phase

A B C D E F G H P

R

Solid phases

% % % ^2- FeSO4 Li2SO4

FeSO4.7H2O FeSO4.7H2O + Li2SO4.H20 Li2SO4-H20 Li2SO4.H2O + LiNH4SO4 LiNH4SO4 + (NH4)2S04 (NH4)2SO4 (NH4)2S04 4- (NH4)2S04.FeS04.6H20 (NH4)2SO4.FeSO4.6H2O + FeSO4.7H20 FeSO4.7H2O + Li2SO4.H2O + (NH4)2SO4.FeSO4.6H2O ,. Li2SO4-H2O + (NH4)2SO4.Fe,3O4.6H2O + NH4LiSO4 (NH4)2S04.FeS04.6H20 + NH4LiSO4 + (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4

24.87 16.10

16.50 25.10 21.88 6.59

12.46 39.55 44.27 43.86 5.93

0.79 25.22

4.82

16.85

15.62

12.32

4.15

20.03

40.48

0.61

6.23

+

SO 4 --NH 4 CrO 4 -H2O + (NHOaSO4 + (NHO2CrO4 t = 250C (IQ) Solid phases | Liquid phase

(NHO2SO4 Solid soin. I*

Solid soin. Uf

^

J-JJ

SO4- NH4+ Fe++ Mg++ (*03) H2O -f (NH4)2S04 -f FeSO4 + MgSO4 Author determined the solubilities of solid solutions of (NH4)2SO4.MgSO4.6H2O and (NH4)2SO4.FeSO4.6H2O between O and 60C. He found that these compounds form a continuous series of solid solutions and that the ratio of the two solids in these solid solutions was nearly the same as the ratio of the component salts in the solution with which these solids were in equilibrium.

Liquid phase % % (NH4)2SO4 FeSO4

Solid phases

1

* Average of two or more results.

°

2570 1.69 2589 3.09 2640 5.32 2717 ^ ? ^

t = 3O C (343)

FeSO,7H20

D

H2

SO 4 -NH 4 + Fe + + H2O + (NH4)2SO40 + FeSO4; v. Fig. 89

A

}J'Jj

Q CuS 4

an 4 OU A

C (NH4)JSO4-PeSO4-OH2O

phase % FeSQ4 23.59 17.64

(NHQ2CrO4

M-^ (NH4)2CrO4 O 2.68 5.98 8.47 18.86 25.88 40.25 I 60.25 82.26 92.57 96.91 98.91 99.81 100.00

^ -^ (NHO2- (NHO 2 SO4 CrO4 43.41 0.0 39.73 3.67 39.13 4.22 39.11 4.23 39.96 4.36 37.72 4.51 38.06 4.88 34.82 6.98 30.81 9.06 26.81 11.73 17.13 16.76 14.97 17.76 2.78 23.22 0.0 25.16

* Solid soin. I contains from O to 2.9OM % (NH 4 ) 2 CrO 4 . t Solid soin. II contains from about 21.5 to 10OM % (NH 4 ) 2 CrO 4 .

(NH4)2 100 73.75 42.14 24.15 21.07 17.57 37.56 37.41 16.76

SO 4 -NH 4 + CrO 4 -- K+ H2O + (NH4)2S04 + K2CrO4 t = 250C (215.5) Composition of liquid phase in moles, in equilibrium with two solid solutions (I and II), also in moles Il Solid soin. II || Liquid phase Solid soin. I I K2 I SO4 I CrO4 || (NH4)2 | K2 | SQ4 | CrO4 || (NH4)2 | K2 | SQ4 CrQ4 | H2Q ~ O 97.1 2.9 100 O 78.5 21.5 100 O 91.44 8.56 971 26.25 92.29 7.71 98.28 1.72 11.88 88.12 91.51 8.49 79.37 20.63 1064 57.86 88.89 11.11 96.72 3.28 11.37 88.63 88.12 11.88 69.32 30.68 1246 75.85 84.93 15.07 92.86 7.14 9.39 90.61 77.30 22.70 41.15 58.85 1485 78.93 77.32 22.68 89.86 10.14 7.17 92.83 66.05 33.95 21.29 78.71 1485 82.43 71.66 58.59 69.42 30.58 6.40 93.60 59.51 40.49 14.19 85.81 1501 62.44 41.41 85.39 60.20 39.81 9.38 91.67 52.04 47.96 9.79 90.21 1508 62.59 14.61 48.16 51.84 7.83 92.17 42.61 57.39 7.59 92.41 1571 49.76 50.24 3.30 96.70 45.17 54.83 3.63 96.37 1524 83.24 O 100 55.50 44.50 -100 O 61.66 38.34 O 100 1682 SO4-- NH4+ B 4 O 7 -- (326» 331) H2O + (NH4)2S04 -f (NH4)2B407 Liquid phase t = IQ0C t = 2O0C I t = 250C t = 350C % % % % % % % ^ (NH4)*- (NHOr- (NHOr- (NH 4 ) 2 - (NHOr- (NHOr- (NHO2- (NH 4 JrB4O7 SQ4 B4O7 SO4 B4O7 SO4 B4O7 SO4 5.26 7.63* 9.00 13.02 3.02 8.29 6.39 3.25 6.75 5.17 11.80 1.59

Solid phases

m

trMtt 4 ) 2 tf 4 07.4tì 2 u

1 81

(NH4)2B4O7.4H2O + (NHO 2SO 4 (

37 og

4 35

2.48 2.36*

1.61* 41.09* 42.20

n 97

4 05

38.37 41.41* 42.99

(NHO2SO4 [

23 87

7 41

14 92

|

t = 5O0C ^~~ ~^~~ (NHOr- (NHO2B4Q7 SQ4 20.88 13.73 16.31

10 01

3.14* 37.19* 5.88* 25.19* 2.83* 41.62* 4.21* 41.56* 2.02 42.17 1.69* 43.17* 0.65* 43.06* 44.23* 43.42*

31 29

8.55* 41.19* 8.63 41.11 45.77

* Mean of more than one determination.

Invariant points Solid phases

0

C - 1.07 -19.91 -19.05

SO4-- NH4+ B4O7-- Na+; v. p. 330, 331 SO4-- NH 4 La+++; SO4-- NH4+ Ce+++; SO4-- NH 4 + Sa+++; v. p. 331 SOr-NH 4 + Gl + + (Be++) H2O + (NHO2SO4 + GlSO4 ( = BeSO4) t = 250C (43); y. Fig. 94 Liquid phase Solid phases

B C

SO4 [ 43.45 O (NHO2SO4 < 38.60 8.62 [ 35.88 16.04 (NHO2SO4 -f (NH4)2SO4.G1SO4.2H2O.... 37.56 19.72

(NH4)2SO,G1SO,2H20 D E

JF

^ ^

{ JJ;*

(NH4)2SO4.G1SO4.2H4O + G1SO4.4H2O.. 28.09 24.99 15 66 PKO4 4TTO ' G1S ° '4H2° 5.77 O

J; JJ 26.79 26.68 27 26 ' 28.56 29.94

% (NHQ2SO4 39.38 39.75

SO4 -~NH 4 + Mg + + (393) H2O + (NHQ2SO4 + MgSO4; v. Fig. 95

+

A

| % (NHQ 2 B 4 O 7 | 3.62 0.78

(NH4)2B4O7.4H2O + Ice (NHO2SO4 + (NH 4 ) 2B4O7.4H2O + Ice (NHQ2SO4 + Ice

Solid phases

A B*

(NHO2SO4 (NHO2SO4 SO4.6H2O

+

Liquid phase t = 3O0C I t = 6O0C % „ % „ (NHOf j . * (NHOf Jj1 Zn MgS 4 MgS SQ4 ° SQ4 °* 43.60 0.0 46.80 0.0

(NHO 2 SO 4 -Mg-

C Ì r 41.20 0.30 D 26.15 1.25 26.77 4.68 E 19.17 3.01 24.37 5.06 F 10.55 7.30 14.27 11.92 G > (NH4)2SO4.MgSO4.6H2O < 9.57 8.71 13.88 12.65 H 8.97 9.66 11.91 15.04 I 6.31 16.53 5.85 26.85 J 4.55 20.20 3.98 31.10 K j [ 2.98 27.60 L* MgS04.7H2O + (NH4)2S04.MgSO4.6H2O M MgSQ4.7H20 0.0 29.03 0.0 35.24 * Not realized experimentally: position on diagram indicated roughly.

SO 4 "-NH 4 + B 4 O 7 --Na + ( 325 > 326 > 328 > 332) H2O + (NH4)2SO4 + Na 2 B 4 O 7 ; v. Figs. 91, 92, 93 "" Solid phases F

C H A D E G I B R Q

P

C F H A D E G I B P

Q S T R

Liquid phase—M per IQOOM H 2 Ot " t = -160C I t = - IQ0C I t = O0C (v. Fig. 91) I t = 1O0C Ì t = 1 5 0 C j t = 250C (v. Fig. 92) Q.5A | 0.5B I 0.5C I 0.5DI Q.5A | 0.5B I 0.5C I 0.5D| 0.5A I 0.5B I 0.5C I 0.5Dl 0.5A I 0.5B | 0.5C | 0.5Dl 0.5A I 0.5B | 0.5C | 0.5D| 0.5A | 0.5B | 0.5C I 0.5D 186.0 192.41 199.07 202.22 208.93

(NH 4 ^ 2 SO 4 182.8 (NEU) 2 SO 4 + Na 2 SO 4 -IOH 2 O + Na2SO4. (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 .4H2 O 173.6 13.50 (NH 4 ) 2 S0 4 + (NH 4 ) 2 B 4 0 7 .4H 2 0 + Na 2 B 4 O 7 -IOH 2 0 166.9 13.50 2.60 Na2SO4.10H20 12.68 23.34 33.46 71.11 (NH 4 ) 2 B 4 O 7 .4H 2 0 7.31 10.41 12.89 18.59 Na2B4O7-IOH20 1.98 2.91 3.85 5.69 Na 2 SO 4 -IOH 2 O + (NHi) 2 SO 4 -Na 2 SO4.4H20 153.00 19.72 127.0 30.50 103.6 49.0 90.80 58.00 60.4 103.60 (NH 4 ) 2 S0 4 + (NH4)2S04.Na2S04.4H20 178.40 16.06 182.0 19.80 186.0 25.0 189.80 27.50 193.60 37.0 (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 -f (NH 4 ) 2 B 4 O 7 .4H 2 O... 180.8 3.60 184.0 4.90 189.0 5.0 195.45 5.26 198.40 6.50 204.23 9.56 Na 2 B 4 O 7 -IOH 2 O + (NH 4 ) 2 B 4 O 7 .4H2O .. 6.59 1.66 9.80 2.35 12.803.22 19 88 6 25 Na 2 SO 4 -IOH 2 O + Na 2 B 4 O 7 -IOH 2 O.. 12.67 1.80 23.32 1.38 32.22 2.33 72.27 2.63 (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 .Na 2 SO 4 .4H 2 O + Na2SO4-IOH2O + Na 2 B 4 O 7 -IOH 2 O... . 158.95 15.55 2.95156.12 14.83 3.26129.73 26.30 4.70106.3942.54 5.25 93.0* 59.0* 5.50* 62.64104.57 (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 .Na 2 SO 4 .4H 2 O + (NH 4 J 2 B4O7.4H2O + Na 2 B 4 O 7 -IOH 2 O.. .. 157.25 14.33 2.80132.13 25.0 5.0 116.4937.15 7.58113.56 43.80 9.35 114.0 53.18 14.98 (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 + (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 .Na 2 SO4.4H2O + Na 2 B 4 O 7 -IOH 2 0 160.4 14.60 2.90 (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 + (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 .Na 2 SO 4 .4H2Q + (NH 4 ) 2 B4O 7 .4H 2 Q 177.55 9.85 2.60 182.92 18.10 4.69 187.6523.78 6.05 189.25*27.0*7.25* 193.89 34.0 10.11 t = 350C j t = 450C (v. Fig. 93) I t = 550C O 5A | 0.5B | 0.5C | 0.5D | 0.5A | 0.5B I O 5C I O SD j 0.5A | 0.5B | 0.5C I 0.5D Na2SO4 125.33 120.66 Na2SO4 117.03 (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 216.20 225.0 234.91 (NH 4 ) 2 B 4 O 7 .4H 2 0 28.14 42.41 58.34 Na 2 B 4 O 7 -IOH 2 0 9.06 14.47 25.23 57<4 Na 2 B 4 O 7 -IOH 2 O + Na2B4O7-SH2O* | ° 57 2g \s'.79 Na2SO4 + (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 .Na 2 SO 4 .4H 2 0 78.40 105.80 114.0 100.0 169.20 91.20 (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 + (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 .Na 2 SO 4 .4H 2 0 201.0 46.50 206.0 57.70 210.0 78.0 (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 -f (NH 4 ) 2 B 4 O 7 .4H 2 0 208.94 14.61 218.0 26.50 228.0 38.0 (NH4)2B407.4H20 + Na2B4O7-SH20 74.73 52.86 (NH 4 ) 2 B 4 O 7 .4H 2 O + Na 2 B 4 O 7 -IOH 2 O 49.0 25.0 Na2SO4 + Na2B4O7-SH20 108.0 16.26 (NH 4 ) 2 B 4 O 7 .4H 2 O + Na 2 B 4 O 7 JOH 2 0 31.14 12.21 Na 2SO4 + Na 2 B 4 O 7 -IOH 2 0 123.59 4 . 2 7 114.57 8.38 (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 .Na 2 SO 4 .4H 2 O + Na2SO4 + Na 2 B 4 OUOH 2 0 89.82 89.85 17.57 (NH 4 ) 2 S0 4 .Na 2 S0 4 .4H 2 0 + (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 + (NH 4 ) 2 B 4 O 7 .4H 2 O. . 190.65 63.0 31.0 170.22 98.42 60.37 (NH4)2SO4.Na2SO4.4H2O + Na2SO4 -f- (NH 4 ) 2 B 4 O 7 .4H 2 0 168.61 99.26 60.53 (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 .Na 2 SO 4 .4H 2 O + (NH 4 ) 2 B 4 O 7 .4H 2 O + Na2B4O7.1OH20 116.79 60.22 28.19 (NH4)2SO4.Na2SO4.4H2O + (NH4)2SO4 + (NH 4 ) 2 B 4 O 7 .4H 2 O. . 195.59 44.41 17.54 (NH 4 ) 2 S0 4 .Na 2 S0 4 .4H 2 0 + Na 2 SO 4 + (NH 4 ) 2 B 4 O 7 .4H 2 0 165.76 76.42 33.25 Na2SO4 + (NH 4 ) 2 B 4 0 7 .4H 2 0 + Na 2 B 4 O 7 -SH 2 0 121.44 58.89 52.90 140.63 26.78 94.09 Na2SO4 + Na2B407.10H20 + Na 2 B 4 O 7 -SH 2 O* 58.0 89.0 32.50 (NH 4 ) 2 B 4 Q 7 .4H 2 Q + Na 2 B 4 Q 7 -IOH 2 Q + Na 2 B 4 Q 7 -SH 2 O* 93.50 23.51 66.50 _ * By interpolation. Data for this system at —16.32, —13, —11.02, 25.06, 38.70, 40, 41, 41.7, 50 and 55.70C, are also given by the authors. tO.SA = 0.5(NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 , 0.5B = 0.5Na2SO4, 0.5C = 0.5(NH 4 ) 2 B 4 O 7 , 0.5D = 0.5Na2B4O7.

5.88

SO4-- NH+ B4O7" ~ Na+.—(Continued) Invariant points °°

Liquid phase—M per 100OM H2Ot 0-5A 0.5B I Q.5C | 0.5D

Solid phases

-20.15 (NH4)2SO4 + Na2B4O7-IOH2O + (NH4)2B4O7.4H2O + Ice -19.60 (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 + Na 2 SO 4 -IOH 2 O + Na 2 B 4 O 7 -IOH 2 O + Ice -19.34 (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 + (NH 4 ) 2 B 4 O 7 .4H 2 O + Ice -19.50 (NH4)2SO4 + Na2SO4-IOH2O + Ice -19.05 (NH4)2SO4 + Ice -16.32 (NH4)2SO4 + Na2SO4-IOH2O + (NH 4 ) 2SO4.Na2SO4.4H2O + Na 2 B 4 O 7 -IOH 2 0 -16.0 (NH4)2S04 + Na2SO4-IOH2O + (NH 4 ) 2SO4.Na2S04.4H20 -11.02 (NH4)2SO4.Na2SO4.4H2O + (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 + (NH4)2B4O7.4H2O + Na 2 B 4 O 7 -IOH 2 O . . . . - 1.38 Na2B4O7-IOH2O + Na2SO4-IOH2O + Ice - 1.22 (NH4) 2B4O7.4H2O + Na2B4O7-IOH2O + Ice - 1.20 Na2SO4-IOH2O + Ice. - 1.07 (NH4) 2B4O7.4H2O + Ice - 0.45 Na2B4O7-IOH2O + Ice +25.65 (NH 4 ) 2SO4.Na2SO4.4H2O + Na2SO4-IOH2O + Na2SO4 + Na 2 B 4 O 7 -IOH 2 0 26.50 Na2SO4-IOH2O + Na2SO4 + (NH4)2SO4.Na2SO4.4H2O 31.9 Na 2 SO 4 -IOH 2 O + Na2SO4 + Na2B4O7JOH20 38.70 (NH4)2SO4.Na2SO4.4H2O + Na2SO4 + Na2B4O7JOH2O + (NH 4 )2B4O7.4H20 41.70 Na2SO4 + (NH4)2B4O7.4H2O + Na2B4O7JOH2O + Na2B4O7-SH2O 49.30 Na2B4O7JOH2O + Na2B4O7-SH2O + Na2SO4 50.55 Na 2 B 4 O 7 -IOH 2 O + Na2B4O7-SH2O + (NH 4 ) 2 B 4 O 7 .4H 2 O. 55.70 (NH4)2SO4.Na2SO4.4H2O + (NH4)2SO4 + Na2SO4 + (NH4)2B4O7.4H2O 59.3 (NH 4 J 2 SO 4 + Na2SO4 + (NH 4 ) 2SO4.Na2SO4-4H2O

172 11.50 2.40 159.30 16.10 2.80 179.53 2.44 173.2 13.40 180 158.92 15.78 2.93 173.60 13.50 180.10 6.90 2.70 10.16 1.15 6.81 1.19 10.23 7.08 1.96 62.13 108.76 6.9 57.20 114.6 124.06 3.78 118.45 63.73 Ill .78 69.95 48.43 112.09 12.40 60.89 37.69 168.28 101.28 62.89 212.0 87.0

t 0.5A = 0.5(NH 4 ) 2 SO4, 0.5B = 0.5Na2SO4, 0.5C = 0.5(NH4) 2 B 4 O 7 , 0.5D = 0.5Na2B4O7.

SO4- - NH 4 + La+++ H2O + (NH4)2S04 +La 2 (S0 4 ) 3 t = 180C (22) g per 10Og H2O

(NH4)2S04

La2(S04)3

La2(SO4)3. ?H2O 0.0 2.130 4.011 0.393 8.727 0.279 18.241 0.253 36.112 0.277 53.823 0.067 73.782 0.0033

C D

4 2

K L M N _O

4

2

4

K2S04>MgS0 6H20

SO4-- NH4+ Sa +++ .—(Coned) g per 10Og H2O (NH 4 ) 2 S0 4 I Sa2(S04)3 (NH4)2S04.Sa2(S04)3.7H20 1.9 1.5 2.7 1.2 7.4 0.8 12.2 0.8 32.5 0.9 46.3 1.0 (NH 4 ) 2SO4.Sa2(SO4)3.7H2O+ (NH 4 ) 2 S0 4 77.5 I 1.3 (NH 4 )2S04 76.8 0.6 77.3 0.3

gß

J

E F G H* J

At 250C, (401.1) shows that solid phases are Ce2(SO4)3.(NH4)2SO4.8H2O and Ce2(SQ4)3.5(NH4)2S04. SO4- - NH4+ Sa+++ H2O + (NH 4 )2S04 + Sa2(S04)3 t = 250C (229) g per 10Og H2O (NH4)2S04 I Sa2(S04)3 Sa2(SO4)3.?H2O 0.3 2.10 0.8 2.00 Sa2(SO4)3 + (NH 4 )2SO4.Sa2(SO4)3.7H2O 1.1 2.80

SO4-- NH 4 + Mg++ K + : H2O + (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 + MgSO4 + K 2 SO 4 ; t = 3O0C (393) ; y. Fig. 96 Liquid phase—g per 10Og of dissolved salts SolldphaSeS (NH 4 ) 2 S0 4 MgSQ4 I K2SO4 H2Q (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 + (NH4)2SO4.MgSO4.6H2O ! 69.88 4.15 25.95 229.4 Q T I i r n M T T N Q n ^ IT Qm J Q i ^ i I (NH ) SO .MgSO .6H 01 j 58.59 9.08 32.34 282.0 2 J Solidsoln.[(NH ) S0 andK S0 ]+Solidsoln.j 4 2 4 ^ 4 ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^

A* B

1

SO 4 --NH 4 + Ce + + + H2O + (NH4)2S04 + Ce2(SO4) 3 t = 160C (22) g per 10Og H2O (NH4)2S04 i Ce2(SO4) 3 Ce2(SO4) 3. ?H2O 0.0 10.747 3.464 1.026 9.323 0.782 19.240 0.748 29.552 0.701 45.616 0.497 55.083 0.194 63.920 0.090 72.838 0.035

(

K2SO4 + K2SO4. MgSO4.6H2O K2SO4. MgSO4.6H2O + MgSO4.7H2O (NH4)2SO4 H- (NH4)2SO4.MgSO4.6H2O. \

V TA

1 /XTTT V\ CJ^ Solid soln. (NH 4 , K) 2 SO 4

/

9

'91

33.09 49.50 70.60 40

62

^

47.60 50.50 29.40 49

96

^- ^

328.8 281

350.Q

*

16 40

(

35.67 26.68 37.64 343.9 37.27 21.72 41.01 83.51 7.21 9.28 290.9 9.56 47.39 43.08 331.6 24.41 56.02 19.58 352.0

Solid soln. (NH4, K)2SO4.MgSO4.6H2O

* Not realized experimentally: position on diagram indicated roughly.

19.31 O O

2

^1 338.3

SO4- - NH4+ Ca++ (28, so, 373) ; H2O + (NH4)ZSO4 + CaSQ4; v. Fig. 97 Liquid phase = 22 5 C

Solid phases

* ' ° * % % (NH 4 J 2 SQ 4 CaSO4

I

UIbU 4 ÛtU

CaSO4.2H2O + CaSO4. (NH4)2SO4.2H2O?

CaSO4. (NH 4 ) 2SO4.2H2O

3.714 7.672 11.450 15.08 18.63 22.10 25.24 28.74

\

0.162 0.213 0.254 0.281 0.318 0.332 0.357 0.370

(NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 t = O0C

~ (N

gf

CaSO4.2H2O + CaSO4.(NH4)2SO4.H2O§ CaSO4.(NH4)2SO4.H2O + 5CaSO4. (NH 4 )2SO4.H20 CaSO4.2H2O + CaSO4.(NH4)2SO4.H20 CaSO4. (NH 4 ) 2SQ4.H2Q + 5CaSO4. (NH 4 ) 2SO4.H2Q

58^7

0.4130 0.8237 1.6398 3.2460 9.4070 17.966 33.271

0.1539 0.1435 0.1443 0.1589 0.2211 0.3019 0.3777

19.95 24.64 29.33 34.75 39.34 42.68 45.17

45.30 Liquid phase—M per IQOOM H2O (»*) | t = 250C | t = 5O0G | <*gg-

CaSO4

72?2 72.7

OTÏ4 0.4

^f

CaSO.

0.366 0.412 0.436 0.447 0.289 1.730 1.584

O t = 6O0C

^

CaSO4

74.0 0.93 |

CaSO4.2H2O -f 5CaSO4. (NH 4 )2SO4.H20 5CaSO4.(NH4)2SO4.H2O + 2CaSO4.(NH4)2SO4 2CaSQ 4 .(NH 4 J 2 SO 4 + CaSO4.(NH4)2SQ4.H2O

CaSO4

*= 25°°t I * - M'd % % % % (NH) 2 SQ 4 CaSQ4 (NH 4 ) 2SQ4 CaSO4 0.2085 0.0129 0.2045 1.561 0.160 0.0258 0.1997 3.0S3 0.173 0.1033 0.1808 8.774 0.244 0.2066 0.1658 14.83 0.314

76.10 1.12 t = 830C | Invariant points 37Ts (TÏ5 CaSO4.2H2O + CaSO4. (NH 4 ) 2SO4.H2O -f 5CaSO4.63.3 0.53 (NH4)2SO4.H2O at 170C. CaSO4.(NH4)2SO4.H2O + 125.8 0.66 5CaSO4.(NH4)2SQ4.H2Q + 2CaSQ4.(NH4)2SO4 at 760C.

* Data from Cohn ( 80 ) recalculated. Used gypsum but did not examine solid phases after saturation, hence those specified in doubt. t Data from Sullivan ( 373 ). Used gypsum but did not examine solid phases after saturation, hence those specified in doubt.

Î Data from Bell and Taber f 2 »). Used gypsum. § Bell and Taber (28, 29) f oun< i 1:nis salt to be CaSO4.(NH 4 ) 2 SO4.2H 2 O, not as given by D'Ans ( 94 ).

SOr-NH 4 + Li + (337) S O r - N H 4 + K + (393) H2O + (NH 4 ) 2SO4 + Li2SO4; v. Fig. 98 H2O + (NHQ 2 SO 4 + K2SO4; v. Fig. 100 Liquid phase Solid phase | Liquid phase t = 3O0C I t = 5O0C % (NH4)2S04 i % K2SO4 I % (NH 4 )2S04 | % K2SO4 Solid phases t = 250C % % % % 100 O 56.48 0.0 (NH 4 ) 2- Li2- (NH 4 ) 2- Li286 12 40.92 1.83 SO4 SO4 SQ4 SO4 72 28 38.64 3.09 A f 25.10 24.30 60 40 37.00 4.00 Li2SO4.H20 6.66 23.67 7.56 22.86 47 53 35.12 4.40 [ 9.42 23.02 9.63 22.79 31 69 31.37 5.42 B Li2SO4.H2O -f NH4Li16 84 22.28 7.35 SO4 12.43* 21.86* 13.94* 21.22* 6 94 10.76 9.52 f 19.29 16.58 19.65 16.35 O 100 0.0 10.71 C NH4LiSO4 28.75 10.78 t = 3O0C ( 35.56 7.84 100 O 44.20 0.0 D NH4LiSO4 + (NH 4 ) 296.7 3.3 42.70 1.2 SO4 39.47* 6 . 5 1 * 4 3 . 0 5 5.86 87.8 12.2 40.90 2.4 95 2 93 /I 40 E (NH*)^Q4 44 ' 1Q Q' 45 7Q 71.3 28.7 37.80 4.10 56.4 43.6 33.50 5.90 * Average of two or more results. 38.7 61.3 31.00 6.40 25.8 74.2 18.50 9.10 1.8 98.2 8.4 10.70 0.0 100.00 O1O 11.12 SO 4 -- NH4+ Na + ; v. p. 333

SO4- NH4+ Na+ ( 1 Oi* *24, 142, 279, sii) H 2 O + (NHQ 8 SO 4 + Na2SO4; v. Fig. 99 Liquid phase 0 Solid phases t = -13 C | t = -IQ 0 C | t = O0C % (NHQ 2 SO 4 1 % Na2SQ4 i % ( N H 4 ) 2 S Q 4 | % Na2SQ4 | % (NHQ 2 SQ 4 1 % Na2SO4 (NH4)2SO4 + Na2SO4. (NH 4 )2SO4.4H20 38.04 3.35 38.15 3.68 38.22 4.47 (NH4)2SO4.Na2SO4.4H2O + Na 2 SO 4 JOH 2 O... 35.49 3.95 34.23 4.74 29.37 7.59 t = 150C | t = 250C | t = 3O0C t = 350C t = 6O0C ^ % A* | % B* | % A* | % B* | % A* | % B* | % A* | % B* | % A* | % B* ( 42.36 43.40 43.79 44.67 46.80 (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 \ 41.19 2.23 39.16 6.65 41.30 4.09 42.17 3.77 40.30 10.70 [ 39.73 4.35 39.87 6.00 40.37 7.23 (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 + Na2SO4 36.91 16.33 (NH 4 )2 SO 4 + Na2SO4. (NH 4 ) 2SO4 .4H 2 O.... 38.19 7.03 38.70 7.95 38.45 8.46 37.84 10.41 [36.30 7.85 27.42 14.12 37.20 9.08 31.21 13.14 31.96 9.62 15.80 23.90 34.58 10.27 27.61 15.43 29.24 11.06 31.77 11.57 25.84 16.59 C^ . /(NH XTTTN M A TJ n Na 2 bU 4 4 )2bü4.4H20 XT

J

25 26

'

23 1Q

13

16

28 77

^ ' 3Q

'

25 34

Na2bU4

Na2SO4 + Na2SO4JOH2O Na2SO4.10H2O +Na 2 SO 4 . (NH4)2SO4.4H20 f Na2SOUOH20 [

24 54

'

2Q

^

17 62

' ^^

18.76 22.87 17.18 24.53 11.90 27.41 4.47 30.83 33.12 29.48 18.70 9.70 26.94 31.20

6.35 30.64 20.61 16.53 14.10 25.76 20.12 14.96 12.50 24.50 3.61 29.91 9.21 13.87 7.40 21.78 29.11 11.71 21.71

t =40 c

°

(NHQ 2 SO 4 '+ Na2SO4

^'85

22.07 18.34 18.60 21.49 14.93 25.59 14.49 25.98 13.45 26.57 9.89 28.33 7.85 29.49

Na2SO4 + (NH4)2S04.Na2S04.4H20

(NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 -f- (NH4)2SO4.Na2SO4.4H20 Na2SO4 + (NH4)2SO4.Na2SO4.4H20

13 46

I

l =5Q C

°

I *=55°c I *=75°c i *=10°°c

% A I %B | %A % B | % A | % B | % A "[""% B | % A | % B 38.50 10.11 37.69 12.77 19.80 23.11 26.90 19.82 31.31 18.18 t = 8O0C 38.90 16.00 38.24 16.38 40.79 16.27

* A = (NHU)2SO4; B = Na2SO4.

Invariant points o

, ,

Liquid phase C | % (NBU)-SQ4 | % Na2SO4 Na2SOUOH2O + (NH4)2SO4 + Ice -19.5 63.5 5.29 Na2SOUOH2O + (NH4)2SO4 + (NH4)2SO4.Na2SO4.4H2O -16 63.6 5.32 Na2SO4JOH2O + Na2SO4 + (NH4)2SO4.Na2SO4.4H2O. +26.5 12.64 27.20 Na2SQ4 + (NH4)2SO4 + (NH 4 ) 2SQ4.Na2SO4.4H2O 59.3 36.65 16.18 Data for 15 and 350C from ( 124 ), recalculated from g per 1; for 3O0C from ( 2 7 9 ); for 25 and 6O0C from (142) • for remaining temperatures from (101), recalculated from g per 10Og H2O. Fedotiev and Kolossov ( 124 ) assign to the double salt the formula Na(NH4)SO4.3H2O. SO 4 --PO 4 â + +K + SO4-- PO4 Ca++: H2O + H2SO4 + Ca3(PO4)2 SO4-- CO3-- Mg++ Na + ; t = 250C (374) H2O + H2SO4 + Ca3(PO4J2 SO4-- CO 3 --Ca+ + Na+; 0 + K SO ; t = 25 C (»*) 2 4 SO 4 --COr-Ca + +K + ; % H3PQ4 I % CaSO4 H % H3PO4 | % CaSO4 M per IOOOM H2O v. p. 334 CaSO4.2H2O* H3PO4 I K2SO4 I * CaSO4 0.0 0.2126 18.103 0.7166 CaSO4.2H2O + CaSO4.0.689 0.3132 24.695 0.7321 SO4 CO3- ~Sr ++ Na+ K2SO4-H2O 1.439 0.3708 35.263 0.6523 H O + SrSO 2 4 + Na2CO3 6.60 4.33 2.908 0.4386 44,395 0.5567 t = 250C (!77) 14.00 5.26 6.175 0.5565 50.790 0.4145 M C0 /i j MNa SO A 44.60 6.65 0.222 13.517 0.6807 SrSO4 + SrCO3 9.77 109.20 * In these determinations gypsum was ajdded to a mixture of HzO and HsPO^ 0.0765 1.1285 * K2SO4 + CaSO4 (separate deterThe resulting solutions contained equivalent amounts of CaO and SO4, indimination not made). 0.038 0.5645 cating that no calcium phosphate had separated. The author does not note any 0.0191 0.02821 change in the hydration of the calcium sulfate. r SolldphaSeS

0

Na2

3

2

4

SO 4 -"CO 3 --Ca + +Na + H2O + CaCO3 + Na2SO4 t = 250C (59) % Na2SO4 | % CaCO3 CaCO3 0.960 0.0149 1,623 0.0177 4.670 0.0249 11.258 0.0277 12.705 0.0281 16.229 0.0289 17.364 0.0283 19.284 0.0290 SO4-- CO3- -Ca + + K + H2O + CaCO3 + K2SO4 i = 250C (64) % K2SO4 % CaCO3 CaCO3 1.60 0.0104 CaSO4.K2SO4.H2O .3.15 0.0116 4.73 0.0132 6 06 0.0148 7.85 0.0168 8.88 0.0192 0.0192 10.18 10.48 0.0188

SO4-- CO3-- Mg++ Na+ (69) H2O 4- MgCO3 + Na2SO4 t = 240C g Na2SO4/! g MgCO3/! MgC03(?) 0.0 0.216 25.12 0.586 54.76 0.828 95.68 1.020 160.80 1.230 191.90 1.280 254.60 1.338 278.50 1.338 J305.10 1.338 0

t = 35.5 C MgC03(?) 0.32 0.131 41.84 0.577 0.753 81.84 116.56 0.904 148.56 0.962 186.70 1.047 224.0 1.088 247.00 1.100 299.0 1.130

SO4-- CO 3 -- Ba++ K + (268) H2O + BaCO3 + K2SO4; v. Fig. 101 Liquid phase—M per 10OM H02O Q Solid phases ^ __ 25 C A B C D E F G H

K2CO3.2H2O H- BaCO, K2CO3.2H2O + BaCO3 + K 2 SO 4 .... \ - r r a n J-RaPO J }K*SO< + BaCO* ( BaCO 3 H-K 2 SO 4 -I-BaSO 4 ] [K 2 SO 4 H-BaSO 4 J

S }B.C°. + B.SO.

0.5K2CO3 I 0.5K2SO4 295.8 295.60 0.102 105.20 2.60 75.60 4.66 58.20 6.44 39.40 9.70 17.44 15.60 O 24.94

^

;.»

51.40

18.92

^g

^

t = IQO C BaCO3 + K2SO4 H- BaSO4 46.0 12 56 r» ro , T D O n / Q 0 BaCQ3 + BaSO4 | ^

25.30 4 04 ^

0

t = 8O C BaCO3 + K2SO4 + BaSO4 BaCQ8 + BaSO.

{ 0

0

C

15 20

SO 4 --CO 3 --Na + (72) H2O + Na2SO4 H- Na2CO3; v. Fig. 102 Liquid phase Solid phases % % Na2CO3 Na2SO4 Na2SO4JOH2O , 11.8 Solid soin. I* + Solid soin. Uf 12.3 8.0 Na2CO3-IOH20 14.1 Na2SO4JOH20 16.25 Solid soin. I* + Solid soin. Hf 14.95 1.2 Na2CO3-IOH2O 17.75

SO4-" CO3-- Na+.-(Continued) 0

C

25

30

0

50

7

'

Liquid phase Solid phases % % \ Na2CO3 Na2SQ4 Na2SO4JOH2O \ O 21.9 Solid soin. I* + Solid soin. Uf 17.9 16.2 Na2CO3JOH2O , 22.6 Na2SO4JOH2O 29.3 Na2SO4JOH2O + Na2SO4 10.2 25.1 Na2SO4 + 2Na2SO4.Na2CO3 15.5 19.5 2Na2SO4.Na2CO3 + Na2CO3JOH2O. . . 25.8 8.6 Na2CO3JOH20 27.15 O Na2SO4 O 33.15 Na2SO4 + 2Na2SO4-Na2CO3 14.3 20.6 2Na2SO4-Na2CO3 + Na 2 CO 3 .7H 2 O.... 30.0 5.7 Na2C03.7H20 33.0 O Na 2 SO 4 .... O 31.8 Na2SO4 + 2Na2SO4-Na2CO3 29.7 5.5 Na2CO3-H20 32.2 Na2SO4 30.4 Na2SO4 + 2Na2SO4-Na2CO3 7.6 24.2 2Na2SO4.Na2CO3 + Na2CO3.H20 29.0 4.8 Na2CO3.H2O 31.45 [

* Solid soin. I = NaSSCh-IOH2O with from O to 7.3 M % NaZCO 3 -IOH 2 O. t SoHd soin. II = Na 2 SQ 4 -IOH 2 Q with from 95 to 100 M % Na 2 CO 3 -IOH 2 Q.

Invariant points; vf Fig. 102 - 1.2 A Na2SO4-IOH2O + Ice 3.85 - 2 . 1 G Na2CO3JOH2O + Ice 5.75 - 2.45 P Na2CO3JOH2O + Na2SO4JOH2O 5.21 2.06 H- Ice +26.1 Q Na2CO3-IOH2O + Na2SO4-IOH2O H- 2Na2SO4-Na2CO3 19.0 17.6 27.3 R Na2SO4-IOH2O H- Na2SO4 + 2Na2SO4-Na2CO3 16.3 19.3 30.5 S Na2CO3-IOH2O + Na2CO3.7H2O + 2Na2SO4-Na2CO3 8.3 26.2 35.7 T Na2CO3.7H2O + Na2CO3-H2O + 2Na2SO4-Na2CO3 30.1 5.65 32.0 F Na2CO3-IOH2O + Na2CO3.7H2O. 31.34 35.37 E Na2CO3.7H2O + Na2CO3.H2O. . . 33.18 Boiling points of saturated solutions 102.9 C Na2SO4 29.6 104.6 D Na2CO3-H20 31.2 103.0 U Na2SO4 + 2Na2SO4-Na2CO3 4.7 25.2 104.8 V Na2CO3-H2O + 2Na2SO4-Na2CO3 28.1 4.5 t = 19.10C QOO) II t = 5O0C (ioo) % Na2CO3 I % Na2SQ4 ~I % Na2CQ3 % Na2SO4 Solid soin. A* (Na2CO3JOH2O" Solid soin. B + Na2SO4-IOH2O) 25.71 7.52 15.97 4.97 19.37 12.92 14.92 9.05 12.55 20.38 14.82 9.50 10.52 22.47 Solid soin. C Solid soin. Bf (Na2SO4-IOH2O 10.21 23.10 + Na2CO3-IOH2O) 5.06 27.31 14.53 10.47 t = 250C (37) 13.84 10.69 12.13 11.06 Na2CO3JOH2O 9.22 11.89 22.94 4.85 13.17 Na2CO3JOH2O + Na2SO4.t = 5O0C (ioo) 1OH2O Solid soin. A 18.11 15.89 28.66 5.35 Na2SO4JOH2O 28.52 5.87 0.0 I 21.84 * From O to 1.9 Wt. % Na2SO*.

t From O to 2 Wt. % Na2CO3.

SO 4 --CO 3 --Na + K+ H2O 4- Na2SO4 + K2CO3; v. Fig. 103 t = 250C (37) P aS6S

"U B C D E F G H I J P Q R S T

Na2CO3JOH2O Na2CO3JOH2O + Na2SQ4JOH20 Na2SO4JOH20 Na2SO4JOH2O 4- K 3 Na(SO 4 ) 2 K 3 Na(SO 4 ) 2 + K2SO4 K2SQ4 K2CO3JH20 K2CO3JH2Q 4- NaKCO3-OH20 NaKC03.6H2Q 4-Na 2 C0 3 .7H 2 Q Na2C03.7H20 4- Na2CQ3JOH20 K2CO3JH2Q 4- NaKCO3-OH2Q 4- K2SO4 NaKCO3.6H2O + Na2CO3.7H2Q 4- K2SQ4 Na2CO3.7H2O 4-Na2 CO 3 JOH2 O 4-K 2 SO 4 Na2CO3JOH2O + K2SO4 + K 3 Na(SO 4 ) 2 K 3 Na(SQ 4 ) 2 4-Na 2 CO 3 JOH 2 Q 4-Na2SO4JOH2Q

SO4-- C2O4- -Th ++++ H2O -f H2SO4 + Th(C 2 O 4 )2 t = 250C (395) M^H 2 SO 4 /!!, % Th(C2O4), Th(C2O4)2.6H2O 1 0.0398 2 0.0602 2.9 0.0695 4.32 0.170 6.175 0.2337 6.685 0.2771 8.45 0.382 t = 250C (168) Th(C2O4) 2.6H2O 0.25 0.0108 0.50 0.0216 1.0 0.0412 2.1 0.0646 3.2 0.1097 4.9 0.2034

SO 4 --C 2 O4--Sc+++ H2O + H2SO4 4- Sc2(C2O4)3 t = ? (398)

M KH2SO4/! I % Sc2(C2O4)3 Sc2(C2O4)3.5H2O 1 0.1148 2.1 0.2573 2.43 0.2904 3.57 0.4202 4.32 0.5192 4.86 0.5834 MK % Sc2(C204)3 H2SO4/! t = 250C 1 1 = 5O0C Sc2(C2O4)3.5H2O (265) 0.1 0.0385 0.0562 0.5 0.0997 0.1481 1.0 0.1663 0.2493 2.0 0.3176 0.4429 3.0 0.7761 1.1280

SO 4 --C 2 O 4 --Y + + +

H2O 4- H2SO4 4- Y2(C204)3 t = 250C (395) M KH2SO4/! % Y 2 (C 2 O 4 )S Y2(C2O4)3.9H2O 2.16 0.6884 4.32 1.40 SO4-- C 2 O 4 --La ++ + H2O + H2SO4 + La2(C2O4) 3 t = 250C (394) % C2O4 I % S O 3 - I % La2O3 La 2(C2O4) 3.7H2O 0.32 7.21 0.47 0.373 8.81 0.548 0.497 10.79 0.73 0.545 14.52 0.823 La2(C2O4) 3.7H2O -f- (COOH)2.2H2O 6.004 5.14 0.002 3.202 14.30 0.077 2.370 19.07 0.298 La2(SO4) 3.9H2O + (COOH)2.2H2O 2.20 20.0 0.345 2.14 21.89 0.27 1.85 25.23 0.24 La2(C2O4)3.7H2O 4-La2(SO4)3.9H2O 0.84 16.43 0.749 0.90 16.50 0.73 1.44 17.98 0.58 La2(C2O4)3.7H2O +La2(SO4.),,. 9H2O 4- (COOH) 2.2H2O 2.23 I 19.82 I 0.36 t = 250C (395) MKH 2 SO 4 /! % La 2 (C 2 0 4 ) 3 La2(C2O4)3.7H2O 1.0 0.3962 1.5 0.5304 2.0 0.7344 3.09 1.1306 4.32 1.463 5.30 1.746 5.60 1.8155

^^ Liquid phase—M per IQOOM H2Q 0.5Na2CO3 I 0.5K2CQ3 J 0.5Na2SQ4 | 0.5K2SQ4" 101.26 ~~ 93.20 61.0 70.82 78.54 18.72 17.40 27.44 24.92 295.86 37.00 171.4 120.80 79.40 121.00 49.40 36.80 270.20 2.80 120.08 70.52 2.56 121.00 48.20 3.00 114.60 19.20 13.0 l 88.60 7.38 64.56

SO 4 --C 2 O 4 --Ce + + + H2O + H2SO4 -f Ce2(C2O4)S t = 250C (395) M KH2S04/1| % Ce2(C2O4)S Ce2(C2O4)3.9H2O 1 0.1802 1.445 0.2788 2.900 0.7467 3.90 0.9957 4.32 1.186 5.30 1.425 SO4-- C2O4- -Sm +++ H2O + H2SO4 4- Sm2(C2O4) 3 t = 250C (395) M KH2SO4/! I % Sm 2 (C 2 O 4 )S Sm2(C2O4)UOH2O 1 0.1015 1.445 0.1804 1.93 0.2254 2.80 0.3886 4.32 0.7008 6.175 1.072 SO4-- C 2 O 4 --Gd + ++ H2O + H2SO4 4- Gd2(C2O4)3 t = 250C (395) M KH2SO4/! I .% Gd2(C2O4)S Gd2(C2O4)3.10H2O 2.16 0.3005 3.11 0.4803 4.32 0.6956 6.175 1.128 SO4-- C 2 O 4 --Er +++ H2O 4- H2SO4 4- Er2(C2O4) 3 t = 250C (395) M KH2SO4/! I % Er 2 (C 2 0 4 ) 3 Er2(C2O4)3.14H2O 2.16 0.5144 3.11 . 0.7708 4.32 1.10 6.175 1.72

SO 4 --C 2 O 4 --Na + (82) H2Q 4- Na2SQ4 + Na2C2O4 0 C % % Na2SQ4 Na2C2Q4 Na2SO4JOH2O 4- Na2C2O4 15 I 10.26 ! 0.86 Na2SO4 4- Na2C2O4 50 I 31.95 I 0.22 SO 4 --C 2 O 4 --K + («2) H2O + K2SO4 4- K2C2O4

"7C

% % K2SQ4 K2C2O4 K2SO4 4- K2C2O4. H2O 15 1.82 23.55 50 1.99 31.06

SO 4 --HCO 3 -Na + H2O + Na2SO4 4- NaHCO3 t = 150C (279) % NaHCO3 I % Na2SO4 NaHCO3 7.96 0.0 7.22 1.94 6.74 3.29 6.45 4.30 6.17 5.34 6.03 5.76 5.80 6.54 NaHCO3 4- Na2SO4.1OH8O 5.08 I 9.55 Na2SO4.1OH2O 0.0 I 11.59 t = 350C (124) % NaHCO3* I % Na2SO4* NaHCO3 10.44 O 7.60 6.13 4.61 14.12 3.33 25.61 NaHCO3 4- Na2SO4 2.43 I 30.88 * Under pressure of 3 atmospheres of CQ2.

SOr-C 2 H 3 O 2 -Pb + +Na + H2O + PbSO4 + NaC2H3O2 t = 250C O 40) % NaC2- % Pb% H3O2 (C2H3O2), Na2SO4 PbSO4 6.69 0.78 0.34 11.76 2.73 1.26 16.90 5.70 2.49 19.92 8.24 3.60 21.51 10.75 4.68 69.5 0.81 0.35 SO 4 --C 2 H 3 O 2 -Pb + +K + H2O + PbSO4 + KC2H3O2 t = 250C (140) % KC2H3O2 |% Pb(C 2 H 3 O 2 ), PbSO4 + K2Pb (SO4) 2 4.33 2.54 9.03 3.55 17.81 5.43 22.07 5.95 26.58 9.83 28.82 11.40 28.93 19.41 SO4-- C2H3O2- Ca++ Na+ K + H2O + Ca(C2H3O2) 2 + Na2SO4 + K2SO4 t = 250C (94) M per 100OM H2O NaC2K2SO4 CaSO4 H3O2 CaSO4.2H2O •+ CaSO4.K2S04.H20 12.91 3.513 0.529 30.52 3.587 0.837 SO 4 --C 2 H 3 O 2 -Ca + +K + H2O + H2SO4 + Ca(C2H3Oa)2 + K2SO4 t = 250C ( 9 4) M per 100OM H2O HC 2 H 3 O 2 1 K2SO4 | CaSO4 CaS04.2H20 + CaSO4.K2S04.H20 7.57 3.01 0.220 41.66 3.18 0.110 94.82 2.45 0.061 SO,--C 2 H 3 O 2 -Ca + +K + H2O + HC2H3O2 -f CaSO4 + KC2H3O2; i = 250C ( 9 4) M per 100OM H2O K2SO4 CaSO4 HC2H3O2 KC2H3O2 CaSO4.2H2O + CaSO4.K2S04.H20 2.00 0.313 3.582 0.0 0.0 0.751 15.45 1.58 SO 4 --C 2 H 3 O 2 -Na + H2O + Na2SO4 + NaC2H3O2 * = 250C (140) % NaC 2 H 3 O 2 1 % Na2SO4 Na2SO4JOH2O O 21.90 4.10 17.72 7.71 16.48

SO4- - C2H3O2- Na+.- (Cont'd) % NaC 2 H 3 O 2 1 % Na2SO4 Na2SO4JOH2O 12.58 13.50 16.26 11.50 20.63 8.10 SOr-C 2 H 3 O 2 -K + H2O + K2SO4 + KC2H3O2 t =25°C (140) % KC2H3O2 | % K2SO4 K2SO4 6.11 6.65 8.68 5.09 11.29 3.99 15.59 2.35 20.12 1.23 29.95 0.39 SOr-HC 4 H 4 O 6 -K + H2O + K2SO4 + KHC4H4O6 t = 250C (283) M^K2SO4/! | MKHC4H4O6A KHC4H4O6 O 0.0347 0.02083 0.05 0.10 0.01471 0.20 0.01003 SO4-- C 8 H 4 O 4 -- Na + ; SO4" /3-Ci0H7SO3- Na + ; v. p. 337 SO 4 --Zr ++++ (166) H2O + H2SO4 + Zr (SO4) 2 t = 220C % ZrO2 | % SO3 Zr(SO4)2.4H2O 0.10 56.10 0.13 56.50 0.21 57.20 Zr(SO4)2.H2SO4.3H2O 0.80 66.40 0.65 67.50 0.60 68.10 t = 39.50C Zr (SO4)2.4H2O 19.5 25.46 18.8 27.00 17.3 25.30 16.2 29.10 9.6 32.30 5.3 ' 34.7 3.51 36.01 1.03 38.20 0.46 39.80 0.31 42.00 46.80 0.14 0.15 56.70 0.27 57.10 0.60 57.80 2.00 59.50 Zr (SO4) 2.H2SO4.3H2O 4.55 61.50 3.25 62.50 . 65.00 1.55 0.96 68.40 4ZrO2.3SO3.14H2O 5.09 7.28 4.66 6.83

SO4-- Zr ++++ .—(Continued] % ZrO2 | % SO3 4Zr02.3SO3.14H2O 3.55 6.03 3.06 5.54 2.34 4.67 1.92 4.17 0.99 2.61 0.80 2.15 0.39 1.13 0.33 1.01 0.20 0.60 0.14 0.42 0.29 0.0 SO 4 --Th ++++ (235) H2O + H2SO4 + Th(SO4)2 t = 2O0C % H2SO4 | % Th(SO4). Th(SO4) 2.8H2O 5.00 1.722 15.00 0.9752 25.00 0.3838 40.00 0.0103 * = 3O0C Th(SO4)2.8H2O 2.152 0.466 2.055 0.720 2.085 1.468 2.267 2.983 2.311 4.380 2.367 4.970 2.323 9.950 1.961 15.03 1.484 18.95 1.078 23.64 0.7196 32.68 0.3364 Th(SO4)2.4H2O 37.80 0.077 43.28 0.0213 45.69 0.0047 74.00 0.1208 80.50 0.00 t = "boiling soin." Th(SO4) 2.4H2O 5.00 0.7407 10.00 0.4808 15.00 0.3882 0 t = 25 C (395) M KH2SO4/! l % Th(SO4)2 Th(SO4)2.9H2O 0.0 1.593 1.1 1.831 2.16 1.488 4.32 0.8751 6.68 0.4312 9.68 0.1045 10.89 0.0636 15.15 0.0308 SO 4 --Th ++++ Li + H2O +Th(SO 4 )2 +Li 2 SO 4 t = 250C (23) g per 10Og H2O Li2SO4 | Th(SO4), Th(SO4)2.?H2O 0.0 1.722 2.57 4.13

SO4-- Th++++ Li + -(Cont'd) g per 10Og H2O Li2SO4 | Th(S04)2 Th(S04)2.?H20 4.93 6.20 6.98 7.95 9.23 9.68 11.13 11.05 13.18 12.54 16.12 14.52 20.49 16.92 25.18 18.87 S0 4 --Th ++++ Na + H2O + Th(SOi)2 + Na2SO4 t = 160C (2i) g per 10Og H2O Na2SO4 | Th(S04)2 Th(S04)2.?H20 1.094 1.743 1.960 2.387 2.84 3.800 4.11 3.375 9.35 1.379 12.24 1.169 15.36 1.048 SO 4 "Th ++++ K + H2O + Th(SO4), + K2SO4 t = 160C (21) g per 10Og H2O K2SO4 | Th(S04)2 Th(SO4)2.?H2O 0.0 1.390 0.424 1.667 1.004 2.193 1.224 2.514 1.348 1.706 1.487 0.870 1.844 0.370 3.092 0.070 4.050 0.027 0.003 4.825 SO4-- Tl+; v. also p. 337 t = 250C (95) M per 100Og soin. H2SO4 Tl2SO4 Tl2SO4 + Tl3H(SO4), 2.99 | 0.46 Tl3H(SO4) 2 + TlHSO4 4.25 | 0.61 TlHSO4 4.55 0.56 4.79 0.55 4.89 0.59 4.92 0.66 4.78 0.75 4.26 1.01 4.03 1.08 0 t = 25 C (280) g H2SO4/! | g Tl2SO4/! Tl2SO4 0.0 54.67 7.016 59.17 14.02 63.06

SO4-- C8H4O4-- Na+ (139); H2O + Na2SO4 + Na2C8H4O4 Liquid phase t = O0C t = 250C t = 350C Solid phases % Na2P* I % Na2SQ4" % Na2P* [ % Na2SO4" .% Na2P* | % Na2SQ4

. ^TT ^ 2Na2CsH40,7H 20 OAT

/ |

^ TT ^

2Na2C8H4O4.7H2O + Na2SO4JOH2O 2Na2C8H4O4.7H2O + Na2SO4

.

40-56

O'0

40.19f

0.563f

25.83 0.0

0.63 4.48

Na2so,ioH2o Na2SO4JOH2O + Na2SO4 Na2S 4

°

^_ * P = the phthalate radical (CsH^4).

Î Average values.

43

'79

O'0

4Q 63

3

39.92f 34.06 27.52 21.09 17 47 12;34 10.14 7.39 6.18 35.41f 37.99 30.88J 24.62J 13.67J

^

4.57f 6.39 7.59 9.67 11 12 13;61 14.78 16.53 17.35 6.32f 5.48 8.69Î 12.62J 20.911

46

'06

0.0

43.25f

3.27f

28.64 9.67 11.25 22.38 0.0 33.10

Î Supersaturated with respect to NaaSCU.lOHaO.

SO 4 --T1+A1 +++ K + H2O + Tl2SO4 + Al2(SO4), + K2SO4 t = 250C (129) Solid phase—M % | Liquid phase—M per 1 t = 2 5 0 C t = 3 O 0 C t = 4O0C t = 5O0C t = 650C " Al (SO ),.Al (SO ),.Al Al2(SO4),.8 4 2 4 2(SO4),.-^ •* -î •* •* T1 K T1 K 2SO4.24H2O 2SO4.24H2O 2SO4.24H2O 2SO4.24H2Q Ä S ^ S ^ S ^ i ^ i i £ $ £ $ £ $ £ § £ 0.00 100.00 0.00 0.2705 QQ. ^ Q O . ^ C Q . ^ i C 3 Q . ^ C Q . ^ 0.68 99.32 0.00113 0.2882 3.16 96.84 0.00407 0.2628 ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ 90.84 0.01067 0.2527 3.42 1.97 1.97 4.81 4.3 2.85 5.72 2.8711.75 1.68 9.16 82.94 0.02267 0.2514 2.41 3.06 0.2613.23 2.18 5.83 3.49 5.35 7.37 5.25 17.06 31.76 68.24 0.04356 0.2059 1.79 4.34 0 . 0 - 2 9 . 1 1.2 8.48 1.93 8.24 6.7 5.45 41.77 58.23 0.05810 0.1754 0.93 7.4 0.7710.92 1.4210.01 1.9 12.0 53.28 46.72 0.07675 0.1472 0.62 9.25 0.0 32.5 0.0 31.9 3.1410.86 55.67 44.23 0.08410 0.1336 0.52 10.52 0.2526.96 67.93 32.07 0.1016 0.1097 0.10 13.15 0.0 31.00 92.06 7.94 0.1562 0.04236 0.0 21.90 100.00 0.00 0.1783 0.00 SO4- /3-Ci0H7SO3- Na+ (85) H2O + Na2SO4 + Sodium /3-naphthalenesulfonate Solid phase in all cases sodium ß-naphthalenesulfonate

SO4 SO 4 --Tl + ++ (266)

H2O + H2SO4 + Tl2O3; v. Fig. 104 and p. 336 Liquid phase Solid phases* % H2SO4 g Tl2O3 in 100 cm3 dissolved B | TKOH)SO,2H20

j

Jj

16.25

g

{

%

If0

TlH(SQ4MH2Q

* The authors (266) found transformation of one solid to other extremely slow. The acid salt was found to form in preference to the basic salt at lower temperatures and with larger concentrations of Ü2SO4.

SO4-- Tl+ Ce+++: H2O + Tl2SO4 + Ce2(SO4)3; t = 250C (40i.s) Shows that the solid phases present are Ce2 (SO4)3.Tl2SO4.4H2O, Ce2(SO4) 3.3Tl2SQ4. ?H2O and Ce2(SO4) 3.4^Tl2SO4. SOr-Tl + Na+: H2O + Tl2SO4 + Na2SO4; t = 250C (280) g Tl2SQ4/! I g Na2SO4/! || . g Tl2SO4/! | g Na2SO4/! Tl2SO4 54.67 0.0 Il 59.22 28.24 54.52 7.06 Il

Zn++ Cu++ (130, 213, 367)

H2O + ZnSO4 + CuSO4; v. Fig. 105 Solid phase | Liquid phase Solid phases—Solid — — :—TT—* . * Composition in M of: soin. * CuSO4 I ZnSO4 I H2Q CuSO4 | ZnSO4 t = 120C It 0.031 0.969 7 lit 0.174 0.826 7 °'102 °'898

SS::::::::::::::::: u:£ £m Ï ••» ••» u::::::::::::::::::: S:ïïf SUS Ï «•«• «•II

0.319 0.681 7

III I II II III 1 II

0.828 0.172 0.022 0.978 0.147 0.853 0.400 0.600 0.850 0.150 t = 250C 0.025 0.975 0.135 0.865

H III

0.285 0.793

°'215

5 7

°'785

7 7 5 7 7

0.715 7 0.207 5

0

'°98 0^

_ O.J18 | 0.782

SO4-- Zn++ Cü++.—(Continued) SO4- Solid phase | Liquid phase ;;; r~. :—rr—; Solid phases—Solid Solid phases , Composition m M of: soin.*f ; 1 CuSO 4 1 ZnSO4 H2O | CuSO41 ZaSO4 t = 350C ZnSO4.7H20 , TT /< a ,., soin. 1 0.022 0.978 7 Solid II 0 81 I II 0.123 0.877 7 '° °'919 Cj Hl ,,.., , TV* / r f Solid soin. IV* <^ II 0.254 0.746 7 J I III 0.687 0.313 5 °-18° °-82° J SoHd soin. Ill t = 4O0C ZnSOd.7H2O... IVt 0.038 0.972 6 1U 889 II 0.148 0.852 7 °°' II 0.246 0.754 7 L Q . TT r, Solid soin. II ./j III 0.587 0.413 5 °'158 °'842 M Solid som. II t = 450C N Q , ^ 7 TV /I Sohdsoln.IV IV 0.055 0.945 6Ì 147 853 III 0.490 0.510 5/ °| °-

K «->--'

f Rhombic. Î Monoclinic.

SO4- -Zn + + Mn++ (320) H2O + ZnSO4 + MnSO4; v. Fig. 106

0488

0.620

7/

0.50 0.500 780 220 °' 0856 0°H4

01 _

,y °'175

°'825

7

0

0512

- 00

0525 0475 °'

°'525

475

7

0603

A397

u 7()

7Ì 4 4 /

0739

A 261

n 30

4 7 7\ 4/ 4 4

1.00

12.85 1.00 14.10 . _. n .. 46 54 °' °' 0.566 0.434 1.00 12.60

6 6Ì 4/

1.00

12.90

Na2SO4.1OH2O + ZnSO 4 .7H 2 O... 5.34 27.20 ZnSO4.7H2O + Na2SO4.ZnSO4.4H20 Na2SO4.ZnSO4.4H2O Na2SO4.ZnSO4.4H2O -f Na2SO4.IQH2O .. = 380C

% ZnSO4

% Na2SO4

% ZnSO4

% Na2SO4

;

% Na2SO4

% ZnSO4

I

H2O + ZnSO4 + Na2SO4 Liquid phase t = 50C I t = IQ0C I t = 150G I t = 2O0C | t = 250C | t = 3O0C | t = 350C

% Na2SO4

% ZnSO4

% Na2SO4

t = O0C

^

0.380

A

SO 4 --Zn + +Mg + + (212) H2O + ZnSO4 + MgSO4; v. Fig. 107 Q866 0134 The author ( 212 ) determined the vapor pressures of eleven solid 1.00 15.70 solutions containing as determined by analysis from 9.7 to 88.7% MgSO4.7H2O. He calculated the relative proportions of the two 1.00 16.60 0.488 0.512 13.00components, in the solutions from which these solids separated, from the volumes of saturated solutions of the component salts _. n n 4fin n 540 °' °'460 used in preparing the mixture. The relation between the com_ positions of the solid and liquid phases was shown by means of a graph (Fig. 107). 1.00 13.40

SO4-- Zn++ Na+ (233)

Solid phases

0

J/ ^t i 5/

% ZnSO4

ZnSO4.7H2O . TI 0 .. , Solid, soin. ty Di ... soin. . TT „ > _Solid II EJ F Solid som. IIIÌ MnSO4-SH20

52 48 7 / I/ 0°'8 3 ? n°'163 1.00 7 t = 2O0C 1.00 7 /< 0.191 0.809 7 I U. ^dO U./OO / >I /< 0.410 0.590 7/ A A „„_ t n0.665 0.335 _s 71 0.865 0.135 5/ 1.00 5

4

% Na2SO4

B Solid, or., soin. i lit TT, MnSO4JH20

71

O-» 2 O' 18 u.yi u.uy 0.92 0.08 * = 260C 1.00

% ZnSO4

[ZnSO 4 -TH 2 0 _,,.,. SoM «to-T1

0.61 0.09

f o :^5 o :^. n

% Na2SO4

A

% ZnSO4

.

Solid phases | Liquid phase Composition in M of: MnSQ4 I ZnSQ4 | H2O | MnSQ 4 1 ZnSQ4 | H2OT ^ = o°C 1 7 1 21.4 / 0.205 0.795 7 0.430 0.570 17.3 < 7,

% Na2SO4

Solid phases

Solid phases | Liquid phase Composition in M of: MnSQ4] ZnIk)4 | H2O | MnSQ4] ZnSQ4 | H2O t = 230C 1.00 7 1.00 15.90 0.59 0.41 7 N 0.664 0.336

t = 320C MnSO4.4H20 1.00 ZnS04.7H20 1.00 O Solid soin. 1 0.21 0.79 P f 0.545 0.455 Solidsoln. IV \ 0.700 0.300 [ 1.00 t = 380C ZnSO4-OH20 1.00 Q Solidsom.V 0.325 0.675 R Solidsoln. IV 0.645 0.360 * Rhombic, t Monoclinic. Î Triclinio.

% ZnSO4

* Solid solutions are I, II, etc., as indicated, § Triclinio.

Zn++ Mn++.—(Continued)

6.27 27.85 7.1629.16 6.4030.70 5.3632.51 4.4234.26 3.8036.28 3.3038.19 15.63 17.58 15.64 17.66 15.70 17.59 7.92 27.91 10.9024.08 14.58 19.12 19.94 13.31 27.76 6.96 0 t = 4()OC

* t - 35 C.

ZnSO4.6H2O + Na2SO4.ZnSO4.4H20 2.9038.83 2.7838.26 Na2SO4.ZnSO4.4H20 15.7217.75 Na2SO4.ZnSO4.4H2O + Na 2 SO 4 . . 30.02* 5.62*28.65 5.95 Transition temperatures 0 C I Solid phases -8.3 Na2SO4JOH2O + ZnSO4.7H2O + Ice -6.5 ZnSO4.7H2O + Ice -f 8.7 Na2SO4JOH2O + Na2SO4.ZnSO4.4H2O + ZnSO4.7H20 31.5 Na2SO4JOH2O + Na2SO4.ZnSO4.4H2O + Na2SO4 39 ZnSO4.7H2O + ZnSO4.6H2O

| % Na 2 SO 4 1 % ZnSO4

7.43

28.45

SO4- -Zn++K + H2O + ZnSO4 + K2SO4

SO 4 --Hg+ H2O -f H2SO4 + Hg2SO4 t = 25° (72.5, 247) t = 250C (HO) M ^H SO % K2SO4 I % ZnSO4 2 4/! |M KHg2SO4/! ZnSO4.7H2O Hg2SO4 0.0 0.001171 0.0 37.00 0.04 0.000831 1.00 35.60 0.10 0.000878 ZnSO4.7H2O + ZnSO4.K2SO4.0.20 0.000804 6H2O SO --Hg+ 4 1.48 | 35.30 H2O + Hg2O + Hg2SO4 ZnSO4-K2SO4.6H2O t = 15-2O0C («») 2.48 25.90 M803/! | MHg/l 3.40 17.90 Hg2(XSO8 + 2Hg2O.SO3.H2O 4.80 9.10 0.002 | 0.00214 6.33 6.00 2Hg2O.SO3.H2O 7.53 3.90 0.0019 0.00198 0.0016 0.00177 ZnSO4.K2SO4.6H2O + K2SO4 0.0009 0.00098 8.33 | 3.00 0.00009 0.00024 K2SO4 2Hg2O.SO3.H2O + Hg2O 10.90 2.00 0.00005 | 0.000177 10.80 0.0 SO 4 --Cd++Fe++ H2O + CdSO4 + FeSO4; v. Fig. 108

so 4 --Cu++

A B C D

H2O + H2SO4 -f Cu(OH) 2 ; v. Fig. 110 t = 250G (32); p. also p. 341 Liquid phase Q r , , Solid phases ; % CuQ | % SO3 ~ . u 1.165 Basicsalts 8.720 Ip 11 C 0 w o 9.17 9.26 ^SO4-OH80 339 2309

E CuSO4-OH2O + CuSO4.3H2O F p qo 3H H0 CuS G °4- *° H I CuSO4.H20 3 K CuSO4

3HgCXSO3 + 3HgO.2SO3.2H2O B

C D

E F

t

W

[

If

fa W

OQ I' S

8

?°

3.68 5.10 9.22 9.32 22 87m 17.4Om 17.38 14.15 17.00 15.44 17.16 17.98 17.15 19.90 16.69 20.67

0.823 \ 0.866 0.893 0.936 [ 1.000 .

UJ

*

1.94 4.06 9.35 11.23IVf 16 56 15.85 17.26 18.44 18.07 17.93

3Hg0.2S03.2H20, at 250C \f HgO.SOa, at 5O0C [ 3Hg0.2S03.2H20 + HgO.SO3.H2O. 18.03 19.30 3HgO.2SO3.2H2O + HgO.SOs HgO.S03.H20 15.08 21.35 2.35 32.81 17.78 19.67 44.66 11.60 22.41 HgO.SOa | 0.23 2.01 32.95 5.36 26.71 HgO.S03.H20 + HgO.SOs 20.53 18.60 3Hg(XSO3 + HgO.SOs

t = 250C (89) MHeo/l IVWl H MHgo/l I Mso3/l HgO.SOs + 3HgO.SO3 3HgO.SO3 1.102 3.435 0.0979 0.398 3HgO.SO3 0.0007 0.0129 3HgO.SO3 + HgO 0.060 2.327 0.1976 0.717 0.00015 0.00063

TOO 0.971 0.905 0.798 0.727 0.671

7 7 7 7 7 7

TO 15.12 0.022 0.978 16.05 0.045 0.955 16.74 0.101 0.899 18.08 0.152 0.848 19.02 0.221 0.779 19.95

!:£ SS I} «•» «-™ »•« 0.787 0.213 5 0.301 0.699 21.61

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Solid phases | Liquid phase Composition in M of :

i

(

SO 4 --Cu++Mn++ (213; H2O + CuSO4 + MnSO4; o. Fig. 111 Solid phases | Liquid phase Solid soins.* Composition in M of : CuSO4 I MnSO41 H2O | CuSO 4 1 MnSO 4 1 H2Q

t = 25°C (368)

Solid phases

41.29 43.63 47.82 49.07 0.109 62.14 0.15 72.41 0.07 74.26

1.38 1.02

y

*

0.177 0.134 0.107 0.064

ITO 0.048 0.952 0.071 0.929

5 5 5 5 5 t= 5™ 5 5

0.191 0.205 0.245

7 7 7

0.376 0.624 26.17 0.466 0.534 30.59 0.603 0.397 36.40 0.756 0.244 41.16 1.000 46.47 170C Ï700 13.08 0.031 0.969 13.37 0.064 0.936 13.46

SS ü:S! ? } «•« o.» u.» 0.809 0.795 0.755

0.085 0.915 13.61 0.112 0.888 14.31 0.162 0.838 14.72

S S:ïï l} «•« «-«• »•«

0.567 0.621 I 0.700 l 0.756 0.848 0.946 1.000

0.433 0.379 0.300 0.244 0.152 0.054

5 5 5 5 5 5 5

0.191 0.809 15.05 0.237 0.763 17.88 0.318 0.682 21.18 0.425 0.575 25.19 0.573 0.427 30.22 0.821 0.179 37.35 1.000 39.48

* Solid soin, are I, II, etc., as indicated, t Monoclinic. J Triclinic.

Transition temperatures (88.5) At 90C, MnSO4.7H2O -* MnSO4.5H2O. At 260C, MnSO4.5H2Q -> MnSO4.4H2Q. SO4- - Cu++ Ca++; SO4-- Cu++ Li+; SO4- - Cu++ Na+; SO4- - Cu++ K+; v. p. 341, 342

SO 4 --Cd + +Na + (233) H2O + CdSO4 + Na2SO4 Liquid phase—determinations largely mean of several results t = -14.80C t = O0C t = 50C l t = IQ0C I t = 150C t = 2O0C

l

Solid phases

O

CdSO4.Na2SO4.2H2O + Na2SO4-IOH20 CdSO4.fH20 + CdSO4.Na2SO4.2H20 CdSO4.Na2SO4.2H2O + Na2SO4JOH20

^ 40.18

O

O

Vl

i^

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4.60

40.35 30.81* 9.52*37.30

4.85 40.31 6.54 35.35

4.76 39.91 5.24 40.27 5.15 40.26 5.16 7.42 32.53 8.69 28.32 10.93 22.69 14.72

Liquid phase—determinations largely mean of several results t= 24 C

Solid phases CdSO4.|H2O + CdSO4.Na2SO4.2H20 CdSO4.Na2SO4.2H2O...,. CdSO4.Na2SO4.2H2O H-Na 2 SO 4 JOH 2 O

° < '" 25°C I t= 30°C I ""7^35°C ' % % % % % % % % CdSO4 Na2SO4 CdSQ4 Na2SO4 CdSO4 Na2SO4 CdSO4 Na2SO4 40.00 5^69 39.95 6.00 40.08 6^43 22.25 15.07 22.38 15.25 22.55 15.30 22.70 15.45 17.72 18.58 16.34 19.82 9.21 27.80 8.28f 29.36f

t

= 4Q°C % % CdSQ4 Na2SO4 39.90 7.18 22.89 15.65 10.0Of 28.47f

Invariant points o, ,., , So^Pês

C

-17.7 -16.9 -14.8 +31

%

CdSO4.fH2O + Na2SO4.10H2O + Ice CdSO4.|H2O + Ice CdSO4.f H2O + CdSO4.Na2SO4.2H2O + Na2SO4.10H2O Na2SO4JOH2O + CdSQ4. Na2SO4.2H2O + Na2SO4

Liquid phase CdSO4 I % Na2SQ4

40.21

4.59

*t =+12°C. t SoUd phase = CdSO 4 -Na 2 SO 4 ^H 2 O+ Na2SO4.

SO 4 --Cu + +Na + (135) H2O + H2SO4 + CuSO4 + Na2SO4; v. Fig. 112 and p. 342 Liquid phase ,., , Solid phases Q

A B C D E F G H I J

CuSO4.5H2O CuSO4.5H2O + CuSO4.3H2O CuSO4.3H2O + CuSO4.H2O NaHSO4.H2O NaHSO4.H2O + Na3H(SO4), Na3H(SO4), + Na2SO4 Na2SO4 H- Na2SO4JOH2O Na2SO4JOH2O Na2SO4JOH2O + CuSO4.Na2SO4.2H2O CuSO4.Na2SO4.2H2O + CuSO4.5H2O Na2SO4JOH2O H- Na3H(SO4), Na2SO4JOH2O H- CuSO4.5H2O P CuSO4.5H2O H- CuSO4.3H2O + CuSO4.Na2SO4.2H2O Q CuS04.3H20 H- CuS04.H20 + CuSO4.Na2SO4.2H2O CuSO4.5H2O H- Na2SO4JOH2O + CuSO4.Na2SO4.2H2O R NaHSO4.H2O H- CuSO4.Na2SO4.2H2O S Na3H(SO4), + NaHSO4.H2O + CuSO4.Na2SO4.2H2O T Na2SO4 + Na3H(SO4) + CuSO4.Na2SO4.2H2O Na2SO4 + Na3H(SO4)2 + CuSO4. Na2SO4.2H2O U Na2SO4JOH2O + Na2SO4 + CuSO4.Na2SO4.2H2O

% CuSO4 16.15 1.64 0.81

t = 120C % H2SO4 51.50 61.54 58.79 27.96

=

% Na2SO4

% CuSO4 18.47 2.83 2.13

4.33 25.42

t = 250C % H2SO4 49.20 55.72 56.25 30.58 16.27 8.62

9.49 6.28 16.85

6.54 27.02 35.37 33.48 21.90 21.20 10.95

32.93

14.60 1.59 0.73 8.74 0.77 0.11 0.15

16.51 10.44 50.54 2.51 59.91 2.70 7.41 13.66 58.20 4.63 27.92 25.42 16.52 32.91

% Na2SO4

2.86 2.17

47.08 53.98

2.90 2.50

0.78 0.18

55.52 30.46

6.58 27.00

0.19 0.44

16.19 8.58

35.86 33.30

SO4-- Cu++.-(Continued from p. 339) t = 250C (134) % CuSO4 I % H2SO4 CuS04.5H20 18.47 O 12.62 11.41 5.92 25.53 3.25 36.77 2.63 42.15 2.59 47.66 CuSO4.5H2O -f CuSO4.3H2O 2.83 I 49.23 CuS04.3H20 2.70 50.23 2.19 54.78 CuSO4.3H2O + CuSO4.H2O 2.13 ] 55.72 CuSO4.H2O 0.95 61.79 0.17 77.93 0.15 83.29 0.19 85.46 CuS04.H20 + CuSO4 0.43 85.76 CuSO4 0.40 86.04 92.70 0.19 SO 4 --Cu + +Ca++

H2O + CuSO4 + Ca(OH) 2 t = 250C (30) g CaO/1 g S03/l CaO.H2O -f CuO. (H2O)x, blue 1.20 0.0 1.78 0.872 CaO.H20 + CuO. (H2O)x.CaSO4.2H2O 1.908 i 1.060 CaS04.2H20 + CuO. (H2O)x, blue 1.888 1.052 1.816 1.032 1.420 1.084 1.358 1.112 CaSO4.2H2O + CuO-(H2O)x, green 1.120 1.144 1.008 1.156 0.880 1.280 SO 4 --Cu++Ca++

H2O + CuSO4 + CaSO4 t = 250C (30) % CaSO4 % CuSO4 CaSO4.2H2O 0.2064 0.1142 0.1976 0.3546 0.1930 0.6005 0.1841 0.7214 0.1732 1.4581 0.1700 1.9323 0.1639 2.8682 0.1650 3.7855 0.1659 4.6980 0.1679 5.5495 0.1758 8.9207

SO4-- Cu++ Ca++.-(Cont'd) % CaSO4 I % CuSO4 CaSO4.2H2O 0.1787 12.803 0.1741 16.444 CaS04.2H20 + CuS04.5H20 0.1714 I 18.466 * = 250C (162) CaSO4.2H2O 0.20854 0.0 0.18435 0.1996 0.1671 0.7922 0.1661 1.5842 0.17468 3.267 0.1944 13.465 SO 4 --Cu++Li+ H2O + CuSO4 + Li2SO4 t = 3O0C (338) % CuSO4 I % Li2SO4 CuSO4.5H2O 20.32 0.0 17.50 3.54 16.10 6.08 13.55 11.94 12.14 15.72 11.04 17.92 CuSO4.5H2O + Li2SO4.H2O 10.07 I 20.52 Li2SO4-H2O 6.41 22.23 3.39 23.59 0.0 25.24 SO 4 --Ag+ H2O + H2SO4 + Ag2SO4 t = 250C (no) M KH2SO4/! I M KAg2SO4/! Ag2SO4 0.0 0.0257 0.02 0.0260 0.04 0.0264 0.10 0.0271 0.20 0.0275 SO 4 --Ag + Cr 2 O 7 -H2O + Ag2SO4 + Ag2Cr2O7 t = 250C (389) gAg/1 I g SO4/! IgCr 2 O 7 /! Ag2SO4 6.484 I 1.476 | Solid soin. I 6.580 1.4772 0.296 6.484 1.46664 0.296 Solid soin. I + Ag2Cr2O7 6.448 1.4664 | 0.272 Ag2Cr2O7 6.520 1.4468 0.304 5.524 1.4304 0.372 0.2332 0.920 SO4--Ag+Ca++K+

H2O + Ag2SO4 + CaSO4 + K2SO4; t = 250C (94) M per 100OM H2O Ag2SO4 I K2SO4 I CaSO4 CaSO4.2H2O + CaSO4.K2SO4-H2O + Ag2SO4 0.551 I 3.35 I 0.242

SOr" Cu++ Na+; v. p. 340 and 342 SO 4 --Cu + +K + (73) H2O + CuSO4 + K2SO4 Liquid phase—M per 1000 M H2O t = 250C t = 510C | t = 610C CuSQ4 I K2SQ4 I CuSQ4 I K2S04 | CuSQ4 K2SOe .410 2.073 2.419 .415 0.014 430 037 °.457 0.086 .477 0.110 .504 0.150

Solid phases

n «n KTTO CUS 4 5H2 ° ° CuSO4-SH2O + K2SO4-GH20

CuSO4.570 0.225 .525 0.228 1.149 0.261 0.955 0.270 •{ 0.365 0.331 0.350 0.350 0.237 0.412 [ 0.120 0.598 f

CuSO4.K2SO4.6H2O

CuSO4.K2SO4.6H2O K2SO4 K2SO4

2.266 0.677

0.618 2.586 0.706 0.728

0.838 0.932

+ 0.092 f 0.060 \

0.737 0.312 1.036 0.422 1.187 0.708 0.923 1.064 0.661

SO 4 -~Ag + Na + (20) H2O + Ag2SO4 + Na2SO4; liquid phase in g per IQOg H2O t = 330C t = 510C t == 750C t = IQQ0C Ag2SQ4INa2SQ4Ag2SQ4INa2SQ4 Ag 2 SO 4 INa 2 SO 4 Ag 2 SO 4 [Na 2 SO 4 Solid soin. 0.972 5.345 1.173 5.407 1.458 5.368 1.651 5.336 1.150 10.056 1.377 10.116 1.697 9.813 2.012 10.153 1.320 15.185 1.572 15.146 1.934 15.260 2.312 15.532 1.448 20.093 1.705 20.247 2.075 19.978 2.351 25.452 1.548 25.412 1.787 25.196 2.161 25.556 2.260 29.714 1.570 29.556 1.802 29.230 2.138 29.662 2.012 34.718 1.549 34.732 1.727 34.625 1.910 35.278 1.687 38.635 1.462 39.447 1.540 39.302 1.603 38.944 1.158 40.160 1.199 44.693 1.188 42.914 1.156 41.365 0.932 46.976 0.882 44.464 For temperatures above 330C, Barre ( 20 ) found a continuous series of solid solutions for the concentrations studied; the curves representing the ratios of Na2SO4 to Ag2SO4 in solutions saturated with this solid all showed a maximum corresponding to the points at which the solid phase contained 40% Na2SO4. Below 330C the solubility of Ag2SO4 increased with increasing Na2SO4. SO 4 -"Ag + K+

H2O + Ag2SO4 + K2SO4 t = 250C (UO) M ^K2SO4/! I M KAg2SO4/! Ag2SO4 0.0 0.0257 0.02 0.0246 0.04 0.0236 0.10 0.0231 0.0232 0.20 SO 4 --Mn++Na+ H2O + MnSO4 + Na2SO4 t = 350C (346) % MnSO4 % Na2SO4 MnSO4-H2O 39.45 0.0 33 92 5 23 MnS04.H20 + 9MnSO4.1ONa2SO4 32.91* I 7.70*

SO4-- Mn++ Na+.-(Cont'd) % MnSO4 I % Na2SO4 9MnSO4.1ONa2SO4 31.05 9.20 27.67 10.76 22.14 14.28 14.58 20.01 9MnSO4-IONa2SO4 + MnSO4-SNa2SO4 13.96 I 21.91 MnSO4.3Na2SO4 12.19 22.49 10.45 23.41 7.43 26.58 5.69 29.31 M:nSO4.3Na2SO4 + Na2SO4 5.11 30:52 Na2SO4 2.96 31.33 O 33.0 * Average of several determinations.

SO 4 --Cu + +Na + (232, 345) H2O + CuSO4 + Na2SO4; v. Fig. 113 Liquid phase (232)*—% A = % CuSO4; % B = % Na2SO4 (largely mean of two or more results) t = Q0C | t = IQ°Ç | t = I20C | t = 150C | t = 17.70C

Solid phases CuSO4-SH2O + Na2SO4-IOH20 CuSO4-SH2O + CuSO4.Na2SO4.2H20 CuS04.Na2S04.2H20 CuSQ4.Na2S04,2H20 + Na2SO4-IOH20

%A I % B I % A I % B I %A % B I % A I % B | %A | % B 13.40 6.23 14.90 9.46 14.83 9.82 15.09 11.64 14.99 13.48? 14.34 13.34 t = 260C t = 32.20C 5.51 | 22.45 1.47 [ 32.44 Liquid phase (232)*_% A = % CuSO4; % B = % Na2SO4 (largely mean of two or more results) ; rr^;i rr^;i I or, An -, j-op»

Solid phases

t = 19.o \j

%A I 15.62 14.54 11.84

CuSO4.5H2O + CuSO4.Na2SO4.2H20 CuSO4.Na2SO4.2H20 CuSO4.Na2SO4-2H2Q + Na2SO4-IOH20

;

CuSO4-SH20 CuSO4.5H2O + CuSO4.Na2SO4.2H20 CuSO4. Na2SO4.2H2O + Na2SO4-IOH20 CuSO4-SH2O + Na2SO4-IOH20 Na2SO4.10H2O CuSO4. Na2SO4.2H2O + Na2SO4 Na2SO4 * Some of these data were compiled by Koppel (232) f rom other sources,

C

- 3 - 2 + 16.7 32

% B 12.06 12.90 15.12

CuSO4-SH2O + Na2SO4JOH2O +Ice CuSO4-SH2O + Ice CuSO4-SH2O + CuSO4.Na2SO4.2H2O + Na2SO4-IOH20 Na2SO4-IOH2O + CuSO4. Na2SO4.2H2O + Na2SQ4

SO r -Mn + + K+ H2O + MnSO4 + K2SO4 t = 25°C (72.5)

% MnSO4 I % K2SO4 K2SO4 O 10.59 6.30 11.27 15.22 12.04 K2SO4 + K2SO4-MnSO4.6H2O 16.58 12.31 K2SO4. MnSO4.6H2O 19.27 10.06 30.47 5.27 35.58 4.30 37.28 4.20 MnSO4.4H2O + K2SO4.MnSO4.6H2O 37.92 4.15 MnSO4.4H2O 38.21 3.03 38.42 2.46 38.54 1.87

I

% A I % B 16.40 11.35 14.37 12.76 8.19 18.72

r=oUO

J t = 4U.15 U

% A I % B I % A % B 17.97 9.95 20.56 14.07 12.37 13.73 12.26 2.61 28.38

t Data from Massink ( 2 5 5 ).

Invariant points (232) ~ ,., , Solid phases

j

t — Zo O

Liquid phase—g per 10Og H2O (345)_A = CuSO4; B = Na2SO4 t = 150C | t = 2O0Cf | t = 250C | t = 350G A | B | A | B | A | B | A | B 16.05 O 17.52 O 18.24 O 21.06 O 15.54 11.85 16.86 10.97 19.28 8.98 11.22 15.45 6.28 21.18 14.88 11.42 O 11.63 O 16.25 O 21.89 1.46 32.12 O 33.07

Solid phases

0

I

SO4- - Mn++ K + .-(Coned) % MnSO4 1 % K2SO4 MnSO4.4H2O 39.03 0.43 39.10 O SO4- -MnO 4 - Na+ K + H2O + Na2SO4 + KMnO4 t = 25°C (386)

% KMnO4 % Na2SO4 KMnO 4 7.10 0.00 7.33 0.88 7.83 4.62 7.75 7.05 7.67 9.34 7.27 12.85 6.68 17.05 6.25 19.43 KMnO4 + Na2SO4.10H2O 5.91 I 21.04 NaSO4-IOH2O 0.0 1 21.80 SO 4 -- MnO4- K + ; v. p. 343

A B C D E F G H I

.

Liquid phase —^% CuSO4 I % Na2SO4

15.02

12.62

SO4-- Fe + +: H2O + H2SO4 + FeO t = 250C (228); v. Fig. 114 and p. 343 a ,. , , Liquid phase SolldphaSeS %FeO %SQ 3 FeO.SO8.7HaO 5.55 21.56 FeO.SO3.4H2O + FeO.SO3.7H20 4.05 31.78 FeO.SO3.7H2O + FeO.SO3.H2Q. 3.30 34.78 FeO-SO3-H20 0.026 58.12 FeO-SO3-H2O + 2FeO.3SO3.2H20 0.066 66.98 2FeO.3SO3.2H20 0.070 70.78 2FeO.3SO3.2H2O + FeO.2SO3.H20 0.09 73.01 FeO.2SO3.H2O + FeO.4SO3.3H20 76.80 FeO.4SO3.3H2O 0.014 79.81 SO 4 -"Fe + + Li+; v. p. 343

SO4-- Fe++ K + (239) : H2O + FeSO4 + K2SO4 Solubility data which seem to indicate that in solutions containing equivalent proportions of FeSO4 and K2SO4 the following equilibria exist: K2SO4-FeSO4-OH2O «-* K2SO4.FeSO4.4H2O at 3O0C. K2SO4.FeSO4.4H2O <-» K2SO4.FeSO4.2H2O at 870C. K2SO4-FeSO4-OH2O «-» K2SO4.FeSO4.2H2O at 540C (metastable).

SOr-MnO 4 -K + H2O + K2SO4 + KMnO4 * = 250C (386) % KMnO 4 I % K2SO4 KMnO 4

7.10 6.59 5.92 4.52 3.87

0.00 0.80 1.98 4.57 7.79

KMnO4 + K2SO4

3.55

!

9.26

SOr~Fe + + H2O +.HjSO 4 + FeSO4 t = 250C (396) M ^H2SO4/! I % FeSO4 FeSO4.7H2O(?)* 0.0 22.84 2.25 19.03 6.685 13.40 10.20 10.30 FeS04.H20 12.46 7.26 15.15 4.015 19.84 0.1522

SOr-Fe + +Li + H2O + FeSO4 + Li2SO4 t = 3O0C (343) % FeSO4 I % Li2SQ4 FeS04.7H20 24.87 O 4 22.45 21.15 5.58 18.79 11.16 16.51 15.81 FeSO4.7H2O + Li2SO4.H2O 16.11* I 16.51*

||

% FeSO4 [ % Li2SO4 Li2SO4.H2O 15.39 16.80 12.68 18.31 5.32 22.15 3.74 23.15 O 25.10

* Average of two or more results.

* Excess of FeSO4.7H2O used.

SO 4 --Fe + +Na + (233) H2O + FeSO4 + Na2SO4 Liquid phase (largely mean of two or more results)— % A = % FeSO4; % B = % Na2SQ4 t = Q0C \ t = 15.50C | t = 18.80C | t = 230C | t = 24.920C %A I %B I %A I %B I %A I %B I %A I %B | %A | % B 14.54 4.95 17.76 11.32 18.13 13.80 19.58 12.50 16.22 15.13 | 18.23 14.83 13.83 18.04

Solid phases FeSO4.7H2O + Na2SO4JOH20 FeSO4.7H2O + FeSO4.Na2SO4.4H20 FeSO4. Na2SO4.4H20 FeSO4. Na2SO4.4H2O + Na2SO4-IOH2Q

Solid phases

t = 2rc

Liquid phase (largely mean of two or more results)— % A = % FeSO4; % B = % Na2SO4 j f = ^0 | f = ^0 | % = 3goc | f ^ 4QOC

% A I % B 20.97 11.30

FeSO4.7H2O + FeSO4.Na2SO4.4H20 FeSO4.Na2SO4.4H2O.. FeSO4.Na2SO4.4H2O + Na2SO4.1OH20 FeSO4.Na2SQ4.4H2O + Na2SO4

% A

I% B

I% A 22.91

7.66

24.41

4.58

I% B I % A I % B I % A I % B 9.71 23.85 9.26 26.32 7.85 16.30 14.98 16.37 15.42 29.50 4.04 30.49 4.09 30.67

Invariant points 0

C

- 3 - 2 + 18.5 31.4

Liquid phase i % FeSO4 I % Na2SO4

Solid phases _ FeSO4.7H2O + Na2SO4JOH2O + Ice FeSO4.7H2O + Ice. FeSO4.7H2O + FeSO4.Na2SO4.4H2O + Na2SO4JOH20 Na2SO4JOH2O + FeSO4.Na2SO4.4H2O + Na2SO4

18.07

13.95

SO 4 -~Fe + + + (300) H2O + SO3 + Fe2(SO4) 8; v. Figs. 115 and 116 Liquid phase t = 5O0C

0 ,., , bond phases

Fe2O3.H20 (

Fe2O3.H2O + 3Fe2O3.4SO3.9H2O(?) Fe2O3

t = 750C

t = UO0C

% Fe 2O3 __

% SQ 3 __

~~% Fe 2O3 ___

% SO 3 __

% Fe 2O3 ___

0.39 0.90 1.44

0.79 1.53 2.30

0.93

1.62

0.08t

' ^140JPj v. jig. 115 % % % SO Fe2O3 SO3 3 ___

0.01 0.03 0.05

0.82 1.34 2.60

1.18 1.71 3.51 7.78 9.84

4.06 5.25 8.25 14.31 17.65

Fe2O3 + Fe2O3.2SO3.H20 3Fe2O3.4SO3.9H2O

\ [

2.59 5.71 7.19 15.43 16.09

4.08 9.09 11.19 20.08 20.81

1.72 3.40 5.54 9,46 11.23

2.79 5.24 8.88 14.95 17.73

5.58

% Fe2O3

'%~~ SO3

0.56

4.90

0.63

5.58

0.831

[ I ( (

t = 20O0C

8.93

SO4— Fe+++.- (Continued) Liquid phase __

J = OO0C

ar, . Solid phases

~o % Fe2O3 SQ3 17.96 1 22.96

3Fe2O3.4SO3.9H2O + Fe2O3.2SO3.5H20 3Fe2O3.4SO3.9H2O + Fe2O3.2SO3.H20

J = HO0C

* = 75°C % Fe2O3 17.78

% SQ3 23.10

% Fe2O3 14.31 17.08 19.74 19.04

l z jnop.

~ % SO3 Fe2Q3 22.71 27.42 30.80 30.97

% SO3

12.05 22.39 15.35 30.88

% SO3

1.61 1.69 3.50

20.13 20.70

j(

2

23 78

' ^14

27.18 28.40 20.93

30.11

18.13

32.32

16.78 30.72 1°-26 ^^ 31.91 g 56

Fe2O3.3SO3.7H2O + Fe2O3.3SO3.6H20 [ \ [

Fe2O3.3SO3.6H2O

9.08 11.39 19.43

2.00 41.87 2.00 45.05 1.91 48.94

[ Fe2O3.2SO3.5H20 2Fe2O3.5SO3.17H2O 2Fe2O3.5SO3.17H2O + Fe2O3.2SO3.5H20 2Fe2O3.5SO3.17H2O + Fe2O3.3SO3.7H2O T^ oorx TTT ^ Fe ^ 0,3SO,7H,0

10.22 32.03 3.71 37.10 3.47 35.07 1.02 47.67 1.26 41.38

Fe2O3.3SO3.6H2O + Fe2O3.4SO3.9H20 5.55 ^ AQK

% Fe2O3

2 40 2 '59

FVO 900 3.H TTO Fe 203.2S0 20

T7

^ = 20O0C

J11J v. Fig. 115

°-34

HTT^

Fe203.4b03.9H20

Q 1Q

0.09

33.96 41

'18

^^

4.59 35.51 0.71 38.68 °'15

47

'61

^^

0 12

0.81 45.45 °-43

Q

^

48

03

^ -^

55.34

Fe2O3.3SO3.6H2O + Fe2O3.3SO3

0.64 0.36 0.16 0.11

Fe20 03.3b03

Q 08

53.31 58.00 1.35 52.12 61.01 0.85 53.44 65.49 0.08 68.14 74 95

Q Q5

73 54

0.03 74.88 O 04 76.17 F A Q 3O W2O êP2UO3.4bU .dM U

0.07

59.20

08 °-07 0

62 34 ' 75 37

0.12 56.25 7 0 °-° 07

0.15 59.80

61 73 96 ' < 0 0°'9136761 74 u 54'

0.06 * Solid phase both crystalline and amorphous,

72.50

f Fe2O3.HzO crystalline in solid phase.

SO4-- Fe+++ ( 9 ): H2O + H2SO4 + Fe2O3; v. Fig. 116

A T^ O IQO QTTO * e2U3.40U3.y±l2U D Fe2O3.4SO3.9H4O + Fe2O3.3SO3.7H20 [ Fe2O3.3SO3.7H2O ] JS [

0.2140.64 0.9136.45 6.48 32.43 8.0031.85

0.2739.77 0.7137.22 2.38 34.99 3.8833.20

9.6331.88 11.6930.80 8.0432.06 13.8829.7110.5530.77 17.4829.7313.8030.02

%S0 3

% Fe2O3

%S0 3

Solid phases*

% Fe2O3

Liquid phase Ï8°C j 250C

%S0 3

%Fe 2 0 3

%S0 3

Solid phases*

% Fe2O3

Liquid phase 180C I 250C

_ ^ 1KC3r, / 17.5229.85 *°*-15S°3 { 18.5629.98 Fe2O3.3SO3.7H2O -f basic solid solution 18.6829.64 17.9625.4219.9829.19 14.0017.7119.7827.90 Basic solid soin 11.6013.8515.5317.62 6.81 7.6013.5114.58 G 7.91 8.19 F

7Fe

* Cameron and Robinson ( 65 ) found Fe2Os^SOa-IOH2O, Fe2O3.3SO3.10H2O and no definite basic salts. Recoura ( 306 ) found two isomerie forms of Fe2O3.3SO3.9H2O and 7Fe2O3-ISSO3-H2O. Wirth and Bakke ( 399 ) found Fe2O3.4SO3.9H2O, Fe2O3^SO3-SH2O, Fe2O3.3SO3.9H2O, Fe2O3.5SO3.18H2O, 3Fe2Os.8SO3.27H2O, and Fe2O3.0.8SO3.

SO4-- Fe(CN6)"-- Ca++ K+ H2O +Ca 3 (Fe(CN) 6 ),+ K2SO4 t = 250C (94) M per 100OM H2O K2SO4 CaSO4 K3Fe(CN) 6 CaSO4.2H2O + CaSO4.K2SO4-H2O 0.26 I 0.89 I 6.60

t = 4O0C % Na2SO4

t = 350C

% CoSO4

t = 3O0C

% Na2SO4

% Na2SO4

% CoSO4

% Na2SO4

% CoSO4

% CoSO4

% Na2SO4

% CoSO4

% Na2SO4

SO4- - Co++ Na+ (233) H2O + CoSO4 + Na2SO4 Liquid phase t = 50C t = 1O0C t = 2O0C t = 250C

t = O0C Solid phases

SO4-- Fe(CN)6 Ca++ K+ H2O + Ca2Fe(CN)6 + K2SO4 t = 250C (94) M per 100OM H2O K2SO4 CaSO4 K4Fe(CN) 6 K2CaFe(CN)6 + CaSO4.2H2O + CaS04.K2S04.H20 3.07 I 0.28 0.33

% CoSO4

SO4-- Fe+++ Al+++ K+ (212) H2O + Fe2K2(SO4), + Al2K2(SO4),; v. Fig. 117 The author determined the vapor pressures of ten solid solutions containing, as determined by analysis, from 1.7 to 95.8% of the aluminium-containing component. He calculated the relative proportions of the two components, in the solutions from which these solids separated, from the volumes of saturated solutions of the component salts used in preparing the mixtures. The relation between the composition of the solid and liquid phases was shown by a graph (Fig. 117).

% CoSO4

% A12(SO4)3 | % Fe8(SO4). A12(SO4)3 + 2Fe2O3.5SO3.18H2O 10.46 | 31.90 2Fe2O3.5SO3.18H2O 8.82 34.02 5.20 38.83 0.00 44.97

% CoSO4

||

% Na2SO4

% Al2(SO4)S I % Fe2(SQ4)a A12(SO4)3 27.82 0.00 24.21 9.82 21.64 13.02 15.22 23.28

SO 4 --Ni + +K+ H2O + NiSO4 + K2SO4 t = 250C (72.5) % NiSO4 I % K2SO4 K2SO4 O I 10.59 K2SO4 + K2SO4.NiSO4.6H2O 0.33 I 11.16 K2S04.NiS04.6H20 1.35 4.93 3.90 4.15 10.15 4.11 15.66 4.75 19.33 5.62 23.09 6.82 K2SO4.NiSO4.6H2O 4- NiSO4.7H2O 27.90 I 8.26 NiSO4.7H2O 27.92 6.30 27.87 3.82 27.94 O

% Na2SO4

SOr- Fe+++ Al++4 : H2O + Fe2(SO4)• + Al2(SO4)3; t = ? (400)

CoSO4.7H20 20.32 21.90 23.40 26.59 28.22 29.70 31.40 32.82 CoSO4.7H2O+ Na 2 SO 4 JOH 2 O... 16.577.6417.47 9.60 17.9011.73 CoSO4.7H2O + CoSO4.Na2SO4.4H20 18.75* 15.61* 19.30 15.1020.31 13.6021.67 12.0522.76 10.4324.05 9.16 CoSO4. Na2SO4.4H2O 17.58 16.43 17.06 15.70 15.98 14.93 15.72 14.54 14.88 14.22 CoSO4.Na2SO4.4H2O + Na2SO4.1OH2O 15.41 18.12 10.63 23.26 6.01 28.67 CoSO4.Na2SO4.4H2O + Na2SO4 4.5632.15 4.7331.78 Invariant points o. i- i i Liquid phase 0^ C Solid phases —-^-—^_ % CoSO4 I % Na2SO4 - 4.5 CoSO4.7H2O + Na2SO4.10H2O + Ice '. - 3 CoSO4.7H2O + Ice + 17.5 CoSO4.7H2O + CoSO4.Na2SO4.4H2O + Na2SO4.10H20 18.57 16.09 31.5 Na2SO4JOH2O + CoSO4.Na2SO4.4H2O + Na2SO4 40.7 CoSO4.7H2O + CoSO4.6H2O * t = 18.5O0C. " SO 4 --Ni + +Na + (233) H2O + NiSO4 + Na2SO4

NiSO4.7H2O NiSO4.7H2O + Na2SO4-IOH2O . NiSO4.7H2O + NiSO4.Na2SO4.4H2O NiSO4.Na 2 SO 4 .4H 2 O NiSO4. Na 2 SO 4 .4H 2 O + Na2SO4.1OH2O NiSQ4-Na2SOi.4H2O + Na2SO4

% Na2SO4

t - 4O0C % NiSO4

% Na2SO4

t = 350C % NiSO4

% Na2SO*

% NiSO4

% Na2SO4

% NiSO4

% Na2SO4

% NiSO4

% Na2SO4

% NiSO4

% Na2SO4

% NiSO4

% Na2SO4

t = 50C % NiSO4

% NaeSO4

Solid phases

% NiSO4

t = O0C

-

Liquid phase—largely mean of two or more results t = IQ0C t = 18.50C t = 2O0C t = 250C t = 3O0C

21.39 O 16.94 7.61 17.99 10.85 18.97 13.86 19.62 16.49 20.13 16.16 21.20 14.77 22.60 12.80 23.62 10'.78 24.92 9.39 18.76 17.21 17.85 16.54 16.74 15.34 16.28 14.91 15.35 14.49 16.80 18.93 15.49 20.18 10.92 24.12 6.40 28.71 4.5531.66 4.6431.38

SO4— Ni++ Na+.—(Continued) Invariant points or,

o TJ u Solid phases

C

-5.1 - 4 + 16.5 31.5 31.8

Liquid phase i % NiSQ4 I % Na2SQ4

NiSO4-TH2O + Na2S04.10H20 + Ice NiSO4JH2O + Ice NiSO4JH2O + NiS04.Na2S04.4H20 + Na 2 SO 4 JOH 2 0 NiSO 4 JH 2 O + NiSO4.6H2O Na 2 SQ 4 -IOH 2 Q + NiSQj.Na 2 SO4.4H 2 Q + Na2SQ4

19.06

17.52 .

SO4-B4O7- -Na + (327) H2O + Na2SO4 + Na2B4O7; v. Fig. 123 Liquid phase—% A = % Na2B4O7; t = IQ0C I t = 2Q0C | t = 250C %A I %B I %A I %B I %A I %B I 1.60 2.52 3.09

Solid phases :

1 09 ^ Q 81!ft

i n w2 U n JNa 2 B 4 U 7 -IOH

1>1]L

9 24

'

2

06 j*31

1.23 0.70* 8.36* 1.00*16.11* 1.13

Na2B4O7.1OH2O + Na2SO4.1OH20 Na2B4O7.10H2O + Na2SO4 TM SO QA .10H IHTT O H Na 2 4 2

1>83 4 38*

8

/<

'

' 43

16

' 22

°- 3 3

% B = % Na2SO4 t = 3O0C | t = 350G %A I %B | %A | % B 3.75 4.83*

3 22 ' 12 QQ

3 41 ' * 3/67* 1 73 2ß g5

16.76 1.60 31.64 21.93 1.27*28.78* 1.58* 32.25* 21

91

21' 90

28 6

' °

1.26 32.60 0.55 32.91 33.07

Na2SO4

Solid phases ( Na2B4O7.10H20

Liquid t = 450G | %A % B I 7.49* 4.11 13.99

[ Na2B4O7JOH2O + Na2SO4 Na2B4O7JOH2O + Na2B4O7.5H2O Na2B4O7.5H2O

phase—% A = % Na2B4O7; % B = % Na2SO4 t = 5O0C | t = 550C | f = 650C | t = 8O0C % A I % B I % A I % B % A I % B I % A I % B 9.52 12.37 17.95 6.94 7.98 8.47 13.05 10.46 17.08 4.76 25.48

3.13* 30.15 8.06* 16.97* 7.58 18.31 23.90 6 49 26 26 4.62*29.00* 5.99*28.08* 7.91*26.47* 14.57 22.38

{ 1.15 31.27 0.60 31.65 32.24

1Na2bU4

1.87 30.62 31.90

31.58

31.05

30.41

Invariant points 0 ^,

o. ,. i , Solid phases

C

- 0.45 - 1.38 - 1.02 +31.9 49.3 102.2f 102.9t 104f

Na2B4O7-IOH2O + Ice Na2B4O7JOH2O + Na2SO4JOH2O + Ice Na2SO4JOH2O Na2SO4JOH2O + Na2SO4 + Na2B4O7JOH20 Na2B4O7JOH2O + Na2B4O7.5H2O + Na2SO4 Na2SO4 Na2B4O7.5H20 Na2B4Q7.5H2O + Na2SO4

* Mean of more than one determination. t Boiling point.

'

Liquid phase ~—-^ % Na2B4O7 I % Na2SO4 1.09 0.63* 3.83* 3.85 1.41* 32.38* 4.58 29.25 29.72* 37.08* 28.15* 15.89

SO4-- Cr+4-+ Al+++ K+ (212) H2O + Cr2K2(S04)4 + A12K2(S04)4; v. Fig. 118 The author determined the vapor pressures of eleven solid solutions containing, as determined by analysis, from 4.5 to 97.6% of the aluminium-containing component. He calculated the relative proportions of the two components in the solutions from which the solids separated from the volumes of saturated solutions of the component salts used in preparing the mixtures. The relation between the composition of the solid and liquid phases was shown by means of a graph (Fig. 118). SO4-" CrO4-H2O + H2SQ4 + H2CrO4; v. Fig. 119; t = 250C (1*6) Liquid phase Solid phases —_, . . T-_ % CrO3| % SO3 A 1 ( 65.86 O 50.65 7.78 31.68 19.63 11.82 35.28 £ f Cr°8 0.44 55.62 ü 0.87 62.45 3.44 65.51 I 4.09 65.99 f 3.96 66.57 1.97 69.76 Cr 3 b 3 ° - ° '• 2.60 72.24 I 0.85 73.62 E ] I 0.94 78.35 [ CrO3.SO3.H2O \ 0.42 79.94 F ) [ 1.59 85.32

_

SO4— CrO4— Na+.- (Continued) Liquid phase ( 2 9 2 )

t = 280C I t = 310C I t = 330C % Na2- % Na2- % Na2- % Na2- % Na2- % Na2CrQ4 SO4 CrQ4 SO4 CrO4 SQ4 Na2SO4.10H20 0.0 26.31 0.0 30.61 f 2.49 24.61 1.35 29.82 8.46 20.91 3.05 28.93 Solid soln.A * j 11.32 19.79 3.78 28.59 14.18 18.25 5.05 27.94 [ 17.28 16.49 6.38 27.07 Solid eoln. A + Na 2 SO 4 .... 21.39f 15.18f 6.52 27.05 f 24.54 12.61 8.05 26.05 0.0 33.27 27.64 10.39 10.95 23.29 4.08 29.85 32.29 7.35 14.12 20.20 7.03 26.89 Na2SO4 1 40.61 3.37 19.43 16.33 11.11 23.39 30.89 8.13 19.73 16.27 37.95 4.43 25.19 12.61 [ 35.25 6.16 Na2SO4 + Na2CrO4.4H2O... 44.14f 2.2Ot 45.75 1.88 45.27 1.49 a TJ i. /7..9N Solid phases ( 2 9 2 )

XT ^ ^ ^TT f\ NMCrOUHtO

Qrx

Na S 4

/

32.34 8.03

' ° 1 C Na2SO4 + Na2CrO4.6H2O... D Na2CrQ4.6H2O

38.59 4.44 42.48 2.79 45.76 0.0

* Solid soin. I. Between O and 19.520C, Na2SO4-IOH2O and Na 2 CrO 4 -IOH 2 O form a continuous series of solid solutions. Between 19.52 and 32.380C the sulfate dissolves some chromate but the chromate does not dissolve sulfate ( 289 ). Transition temperatures (308) 0

Na2CrO4JOH2O ~ Na2CrO4.6H2O at 19.52 C. Na2CrO4.6H2O <* Na2CrO4.4H2O at 26.60C. Na2CrO4.4H2O *> Na2CrO4 at 62.80C. Na2SO4-IOH2O *» Na2SO4 at 32.3830C.

46.07 0.74 O Q

4613

4678

Q0

* Solid soin. A = Na2SO4-IOH2O + Na2CrO4-IOH2O.

4675

O Q

t Mean values.

SO4 --CrO 4 --K + H2Q + K2SO4 + K2CrQ4; v. Fig. 121; t = 250C (2) a ,.j , Liquid phase—g per So^ phases IQOgH 2 O I % K2CrO4 I

K2SO4

0.33 0.66 1.47 2.55 4.04 6.28 11.98 21.89 38.69 62.28 82.84

f

t = 230C (264) Solid soin % H2SO4 I % CrO 3 [I % H2SO4 I % CrO3 CrO3 14.43 29.25 84.04 1.24 33.96 14.23 92.40 0.11 60.07 1.01 97.20 0.42 79.03 0.79 99.40 0.16 K2CrO4 SO 4 --CrO 4 --Na + (377) H2O + Na2SO4 + Na2CrQ4; v. Fig. 120 Liquid phase t = 150C i t = 250C Q r, , Solid phases %Na 2 - %Na 2 - % Na2- % Na2CrO4 SQ4 CrO4 SQ4 K2SO4 A (TO 11.70 Ö7Ö 21.90 3.92 10.08 2.53 20.12 8.91 8.35 4.95 18.62 , Ts, 14.90 6.41 9.66 16.49o ,., , Q .., 8 80111 1 S Msoln ^ ' 20.03 5.05 14.85 13.87 ° 28.49 3.18 23.73 10.69 36.44 0.47 [ 37.45 0.0 B Solid soin. I + Na2SO4 31.70 8.45 K2MoO4 XT

I/

I

(

K2SO4 I K2CrO4 12.10 0.0 10.86 1.94 10.25 4.36 8.98 7.81 7.12 14.65 5.72 20.83 4.82 27.36 3.33 40.93 2.36 51.81 1.84 58.40 1.17 61.39 0.76 63.09 CLO 64.62

SO4- -MoO 4 - - K + H2O +K 2 SO 4 + K2MoO4; t = 250C (2) Solid phases

| ^^^ I % K 2 MoO 4 1

K2SO4 I K2MoO4 12.10 0.0 [ 0.25 8.55 4.73 0.42 3.95 17.48 0.82 2.13 45.89 I 1.02 1.50 99.49 1.45 1.27 107.5 1.67 0.98 127.2 5.25 0.72 177.0 [ 17.24 0.46 180.7 0^0 184.6 SO4-- B4O7— Na+; v. p. 346 SO4-- Al+++: H2O + H2SO4 + Al2(SO4),; t = 250C (396)

My2 H2SO4/! |g M£££* • • 0.0 1.1 2.16 4.32 6.17

Per

27.82 29.21 26.21 20.44 15.40

* Excess of A12(S04)3.18H2O used.

My2 H2SO4/! ^; 10.89 15.15 20.10 24.92

g Al2(

^)s

per

5.07 1.216 1.243 2.915

SO 4 --Al + ++K + H2O + Al2(SO4)S + K2SO4 / = 250C (42) % Al2(SO4)3 I % K2SO4 A12(SO4)3.18H2O 27.70 O 28.00 0.98 A12(SO4)3.18H2O + A12(SO4)3.K2SO4.24H20 30.22 I 1.93 Al2(SO4)3.K2S04.24H20 27.91 1.94 14.98 1.46 11.29 1.45 8.43 1.71 6.14 1.86 4.49 2.27 l 3.06 3.54 1.85 7.24 1.46 10.57 Al2(SO4)3.K2S04.24H20 + K2SO4 1.33 I 11.50 K2SO4 0.75 10.69 Q 10.75

SO4-Sc+++ H2O -f H2SO4 + Sc2(SO4)3 t = 250C (398) M J^H2SO4/! g Sc2O3AOOg of liquid Sc2(SO4)3.5H2O O 10.32 0.5 10.60 1.0 7.192 4.86 3.026 9.73 0.476 Sc2(SO4)3.3H2SO4 22.35 j 0.175

SO4-- Y+++ Na+ H2O + Y2(SO4) 3 + Na2SO4 t = 250C (221) % Na2SO4 i % Y2(SO4)3 Y2(SO4) s. ?H20 1.21 5.25 3.50 5.79 5.47 6.52 Y2(SO4) 3. ?H20 + Na2SO4.Y2(SO4)3.2H20 7.29 7.21 Na2SO4. Y2(SO4)3.2H2O 6.67 5.16 8.93 3.01 9.99 2.07 11.62 1.75 13.96 1.51 15.33 1.54 16.96 2.45 21.75 1.17

SO4--La+++ H 2 O-f H 2 SO 4 +La 2 (SO 4 ), t = 250C (395) M ^H2SO4/! I % La2(SO4)S La2(SO4)3.9H2O 0.0 2.483 0.505 2.934 1.10 3.118 2.16 3.156 3.39 2.465 4.321 1.927 6.685 0.9217 0.4617 9.68 12.60 0.3709 15.15 0.3073 SO 4 --La +++ Na + H2O +La 2 (SO 4 )S + Na2SO4 t = 180C (22) g per 10Og H2O La2(SO4)3 i Na2SO4 La2(SO4)3.?H2O 2.130 0.0 0.997 0.395 0.353 0.689 0.129 1.136 0.044 2.480 0.016 5.548 SO 4 --La+++K+ H2O + La2(SO4)3 + K2SO4 t = 16.50C (22) g per 10Og H2O La2(S04)3 I K2SO4 La2(S04)3.?H20 2.208 0.0 0.727 0.247 0.269 0.496 0.846 0.185 0.054 1.029 0.022 1.156 SO4-- Ce+++ H2O + H2SO04 + Ce2(S04)3 t = 25 C (395) M KH2SO4/! I %Ce2(S04)3 Ce2 (SO4) 3.8H2O 0.0 7.60 0.1 7.618 1.1 6.00 2.16 5.018 4.32 3.301 6.685 1.505 9.68 0.733 15.15 0.239 SO 4 --Ce+++Na+ H2O -f Ce2(SO4)S H- Na2SO4 t = 190C (22) g per 10Og H2O Ce2(SO4)S I Na2SO4 Ce2(SO4) s. ?H2O 9.648 0.0 0.637 0.328 0.259 0.684 1.091 0.0937 0.0303 1.699 0.012 2.640 0.0037 7.710

SO 4 --Ce+++K + H2O + Ce2(SO4)S + K2SO4 t = 160C (22, 401.2)

g per 10Og H2O Ce2(SO4)S I K2SO4 Ce2(SO4) 3. ?H2O 10.474 0.0 0.956 0.178 0.432 0.510 0.250 0.726 1.290 0.0419

SO 4 --Ce++++ H2O + H2SO4 -f- CeO2 t = 250C (365) g CeO2/! I g SO3/! CeO2.SO3.2H2O* 6.303 20.496 3.693 13.8424 2.245 9.3328 1.4365 6.3792 0.7395 2.4879 0.3560 0.9988 0.2366 0.4775 0.1100 0.2053 * This yellow basic salt was tested for cerous salt with negative result.

SO 4 --Er+++ H2O -I- H2SO4 + Er2(SO4)3 t = 250C (395) M ^H2SO4/! I % Er2(SO4), Er2(SO4) s.8H2O 0.0 11.94 0.1 12.02 0.505 10.164 1.10 8.549 2.16 6.473 6.175 1.521 12.60 I 0.1386 SO 4 --Be++(= Gl++) H2O + H2SO4 -f BeSO4 * = 250C (41) % BeSO4 I % H2SO4 BeS04.4H20* 29.94 O 20.51 12.91 15.91 19.17 13.65 22.36 8.61 32.04 5.25 40.34 3.54 46.59 2.04 55.50 0.98 62.02 0.89 66.07 0.86 66.10 t = 250C (396)

SO4-Sm+++ H2O -f H2SO4 + Sm2(SO4)3 t - 250C (395) M ^H2SO4/! I % Sm2(SO4)s Sm2(SO4)3.8H2O 0.0 3.426 0.1 3.441 0.505 3.352 1.1 3.075 2.16 2.416 6.175 0.7025 12.60 0.1107

SO 4 --Gd+++ H2O + H2SO4 + Gd2(S04)3 t =* 250C (395) M ^H2SO4/! I % Gd2(S04)3 Gd2(SO4)S 0.0 2.981 0.1 3.291 0.505 3.931 1.1 3.807 2.16 2.974 6.175 0.8777 12.60 0.0867

M HH2SO4/! 11 % BeSO4 BeSO4.6H2O 0.0 8.212 1.1 8.429 2.11 7.944 6.603 4.32 8.70 5.631 10.80 5.773 12.60 6.628 BeSO4.4H2O 14.50 5.438 16.96 3.640 19.84 2.244 20.78 2.128 24.92 2.185 * The author states that hecouldnot get any evidence for BeSOi.6HzO as given by Wirth (396)an< j that his values for solubility of BeSO4.4H2O were considerably less than those of Wirth. t Plus an excess of BeSQ4.6H2Q.

SO 4 --Be++(= Gl++) H2O + BeO + BeSO4 t = 25°C (361.5)

Gives data for solubility of BeSO4.4H2O in solutions containing varying concentrations .of BeO.

SO4-- Gl++ ( = Be++) K+: H2O + GlSO4 + K2SO4; t = 250C (45); v. Fig. 124 Liquid phase % % Solid phases K2SO4 GlSO4 A 10.75 0.0 T^Q 0 12.31 3.08 K2S 4 ° 13.38 5.20 16.51 8.93

SO4-- Gl++ (= Be++) K+.-(Continued) Liquid Solid phases % K2SO4 B K2SO4 and K2SO4.G1S04.2H2O 18.42 [ 17.75 16.79 15.77

_^

K,so,Giso,2Hso

C

• [

D K2SO4.G1SO4.2H2O + G1SO4.4H2O G1SO4.4H20 E

[

phase % GlSO4 10.91 10.74 10.69 10.34

}J;2

J;2

7.74 6.14 4.64 4.78 3.06 1.97 0.0

11.10 13.78 24.01 26.66 28.20 28.33 29.94

SOr- Mg++ Ca++: H2O + MgSO4 + CaSO4 % CaSQ4 I % MgSQ4 || % CaSO4 | % MgSQ4 t = 250C (55) CaSO4.2H2O CaSO4.2H2O 0.120 16.829 0.204 O 0.1036 19.190 0.161 0.318 0.086 21.450 0.149 0.633 0.068 23.606 0.145 1.052 0.050 25.673 0.144 2.089 CaSO4.2H2O + MgSO4.7H20 0.149 4.096 0.038 | 27.254 0.151 6.036 t = 250C (162) 0.149 7.908 CaSO4.2H2O 0.145 11.463 0.20854 0.0 0.140 13.155 0.19565 0.06029 0.135 14.435 0.1848 0.12167 0.128 14.839 0.1777 0.18339

SO 4 --Mg + +Ca + +K + H2O H- MgSO4 H- CaSO4 + K2SO4 ("7, 23i) ; Vm Figs. 125, 126 SoHdphaSeS

% CaSO4

Liquid phase I ^MgSQ4 I

% K2SQ~T

t = 250C; v. Fig. 125 A B C D E F G P

MgSO4.7H2O H- CaSO4.2H2O ? 26.82 MgSO4.7H2O 26.76 K2SO4 + CaSO4.K2SO4.H2O ? 10.40 K2SO4 10.77 CaSO4.2H2O + CaSO4.K2SO4.H20 0.18 3.09 MgSO4.7H2O H- MgSO4.K2SO4.6H20 26.39 4.02 K2SO4 H- MgSO4.K2SO4.6H2O 12.68 10.70 K2SO4 H- MgSO4.K2SO4.6H2O + CaSO4.K2SO4.H2O ? 11.35 11.89 MgSO4.7H2O H- MgSO4.K2SO4.6H2O + CaSO4.K2SO4.H2O ? 27.05 3.56 R CaS04.2H20 + CaSO4.K2SO4.H2O + 2CaSO4.MgSO4.K2SO4.2H2O ? 26.36 2.39 MgSO4.7H2O H- CaSO4.K2SO4.H2O + 2CaSO4.MgSO4.K2SQ4.2H2O ? 27.02 3.43 MgSO4.7H2O H- CaSO4.2H2O + 2CaSO4.MgSO4.K2SO4.2H2O ? 26.47 2.48 t = 830C; v. Fig. 126 A MgSO4-H2O H- CaSO4 40.20 B MgSO4.H2O 40.20 C 2MgSO4-K2SQ4 + MgSO 4 -H 2 O.... ' 37.04 1.78 D K2SO4 H- MgSO4.K2SO4.4H20 18.56 16.12 E K2SO4 H- CaSO4.K2SQ4.H2O ? 17.88 F CaSO4.K2SO4.H2O + 5CaSO4-K2SO4-H2O ? 8.82 G CaSQ4 H- 5CaSO4-K2SO4-H2O ? 1.19 P 5CaSO4-K2SO4-H2Q -f CaSO4 -f 4CaSO4.MgSO4.K2SO4.2H2Q ? 4.03 3.15 Q 5CaSQ4-K2SO4-H2O + 2CaSO4.MgSO4.K2SO4.2H2Q + 4CaSO4.MgSO4.K2SO4.2H2Q ? 5.12 4.80 R CaSO4-K2SO4-H2O + 5CaSO4-K2SO4-H2O + 2CaSO4. MgSO4.K2SO4.2H2O ? 2.68 8.00 S K2SO4 -1- CaSO4.K2SO4.H2Q -f 2CaSO4.MgSQ4.K2SO4.2H2O ? 15.48 15.39 T K2SO4 H- MgSO4.K2SO4.4H2O + 2CaSO4. MgSO4.K2SO4.2H2O .x ? 18.56 16.12 U MgSO4.K2SO4.4H2O + 2MgSO4-K2SO4 + 2CaSO4:MgSO4.K2SQ4.2H2O ? 28.51 7.86 V 2MgSQ4-K2SO4 -f MgSO4-H2O + 2CaSO4.MgSO4.K2SQ4.2H2O ? 37.03 1.78 W MgSQ4-H2Q H- 2CaSO4.MgSO4.K2SO4.2H2O + 4CaSQ4.MgSO4.K2SO4.2H2O ? 38.48 0.29 Y 2MgSO4-K2SO4 + MgSO4.K2SO4.4H2O 36.36 7.85 D'Ans (»*) obtained for the point R at 250C, recalculated from M per 1000 M of water, 26.83% of MgSQ4 and 2.41% of K2SO4. He found the liquid phase at 250C in equilibrium with the system CaSQ4.2H2Q + MgSO4.7H2O -f CaSO4.K2SO4.4H2O to contain 26.99% of MgSO4 and 2.45% of K2SQ4. SO4-- Mg + + Na + ("> 36, 97, 241, 257) ; H2O + MgSO4 + Na2SO4; v. Fig. 127 I

Liquid phase— % A = % MgSQ4; % B = % Na2SQ4 t - O0C t = IQ0C t =* 18.70C t = 250C t = 3Q0C t = 4O0C t » 5O0C t =•• 6O0C t - 8O0C t = 10O0C I % A |% B % A |% B % A |% B % A |% B % A |% B % A |% B % A |% B % A |% B % A |% B % A |%B

Solid phases MgSO4.12H20 MgSO4.12H20?

20.64 20.0

!

23.90 4.30 26.2 25.7 24.4 20.6

26.68 0.5 3.4 11.48

29.0 24.5

31.3

9.27

t = O0C

Solid phases

t = 1O0C

SO 4 -- Mg++ Na + .-(Continued) Liquid phase— % A = % MgSO4; % B = % Na2SO4 t = 18.70C t = 250C t = 3O0C t = 4O0C t = 5O0C t = 6O0C

t = 8O0C

t = 10O0C

% A j % B %A | % B % A | % B % A | %B %A | % B % A | % B %A | %B %A | %B %A | % B %A | % B MgSO4.7H2O + Na 2 SO 4 -IOH 2 O. . . . 19.90 4.3520.9 MgSO4.7H2O + MgSO4-Na2SO4.4H2O MgS04.6H2O

7.4620.5711.80 21.14 12.9623.2512.3528.0

8.5 33.50 35.50 31.10 6.0633.80 3.55

!

MgSO4.6H2O + MgSO4-Na2SO4.4H2O MgSO4-H2O

31.3

5.7033.8 4.60

38.6 36.3

33.25 6.2531.1 6.50 24.0612.6023.2 12.55 18.1017.85 16.4019.70 14.7022.0

MgSO4.Na2SO4.f H2O

MgSO 4 .Na 2 SO 4 .fH 2 O + MgSO4.3Na2SO4

14.5522.3 16.9 19.4 15.8 18.6 24.8 10.3528.3 7.1 25.9 9.60 15.8018.6015.3519.1424.4 11.1 23.1012.0 12.2023.2018.4 16.0518.2 15.80 16.3518.7015.6 19.60 14.1021.8

MgSO4.Na2SO4.4H2O MgSO4. Na2SO4.4H2O + Na2SO4.1OH2O

16.6217.7612.3023.25 14.2022.2513.7520.6 13.9022.40 13.7020.5

MgSO4.3Na2SO4 11.25 4.6919.4 7.4 15.7012.3010.9319.17 6.4826.08 9.65 4.89 0.75 8.3 8.9213.90 3.2020.69 29.00

Na2S04.10H20

4.58

8.3

15.05

21.79

MgSO4. Na2SO4.4H2O + MgSO4.3Na2SO4 MgS04.Na2S04.4H20 -f Na2SO4. . . Na2SO4 + MgSO4-SNa2SO4 Na2SO4

11.6

4.29 28.10

<

t

\

30.4

29.8

31.20

Liquid phase (376) = 250C | t = 3O0C % MgSQ4 I % Na 2 SQ 4 | % MgSO4 | % Na 2 SO 4

Solid phases (376)*

13.7023.80 24.5012.7025.0

3.6130.70 2 . 6 0 3 0 0 9.9 24.8 32.80 31,80 8.8 25.60 5.0428.0

!

MgSO4-SH2O

40.6 4.9 32.0 6.07

26.68 25.48 25.04 24.49 23.49 22.32 21.79 21.27

2.73 3.54 5.30 7.50 10.10 11.98 12.76

26.35 24.35 22.89 22.82

3.96 8.43 11.80 12.56

Liquid phase (376) I t = 3O0C % MgSQ4 I % Na2SQ4 | % MgSO4 I % Na 2 SO 4

Solid phases (376)*

t = 25°C

MgSO4.8H2O + MgSO47H20

23.0

**°*™°

ZZ

{

12.49

u.l1,

* Takegami (376) found MgSO4-SH2O to be stable at 250C and up to 4O0C in the presence of 7 to 9 % Na2SO4. He estimated that MgSO4.8H2O^MgSO4.7H2O at 48.20C, also that MgSO4.7H2O^MgSO4.6H2O at 77.20C. He found that MgSO4.8H2O formed MgSO4.7H2O when pressed between folds of filter paper He made the above solubility determinations.

Invariant points arid miscellaneous data 0

C

-3.9 -6 -1.2 + 1.8 15 22* 24.5 27* 32.38* 18.5 35 35 46* 48.4 55 55 57* 61* 64* 65 65

Solid phases MgSO4.12H2O + Ice MgS04.7H20 + Ice MgSO 4 -IOH 2 O + Ice MgS04.12H20 + MgSO4.7H20 MgSO4.7H2O + Na2SO4-IOH2O MgSO4.7H2O + Na2SO4-IOH2O + MgSO4.Na2SO4.4H2O MgSO4.7H2O + Na2SO4-IOH2O MgSO4.Na2SO4.4H2O + Na2SO4-IOH2O + Na2SO4 Na2SO4.10H2O + Na2SO4 MgSO4.Na2SO4.4H2O + MgSO4.7H2O MgSO4.Na2SO4.4H2O -f MgSO4.7H20 MgSO4.Na2SO4.4H2O + Na2SO4 MgSO4. Na2SO4.4H2O + MgSO4.7H2O + MgSO4.6H2O MgSO4.7H2O + MgSO4.6H2O MgSO4.Na2SO4.4H2O + MgSO4.6H20 MgSO4.Na2SO4.4H2O + Na2SO4 MgSO4. Na2SO4.4H20 + Na2SO4 + MgSO4.3Na2SO4 MgSO4. Na2SO4.4H2O + MgSO4.Na2SO4.f H2O + MgSO4.6H2O MgS04.H20 -f MgS04.6H20 + MgSO4. Na2SO4.|H2O MgSO4-H2O + MgSO4.Na2SO4.|H2O MgSO4-Na2SO4-IH2O + MgSO4.Na2SO4.4H2O

Liquid phase —; % MgSQ4 I % Na2SQ4 19.0 19.Om 4.0 21.1 21.1 9.1 20.0 14.9 19.8m 17.7m 12.5 23.3 33.6 18.3m 17.3m 25.7 8.9 12.1 22.3 29.4 5.2 33.0 31.7 5.2 14.3 22.5 14.3 22.6 33.1 5.0 34.0 5.3 34.2 5.2 26.8 9.4

SO4-- Mg++ Na + : Invariant points and miscellaneous data.—(Continued) or* 0

C

65 65 68 71* 75 75 75 80 90 90 90 100 103 103

o TJ u Solid phases _

.

MgSO4. Na2S04.4H2O + MgSO4-SNa2SO4 MgSO4.3Na2S04 + Na 2 SO 4 . MgSO4.6H2O + MgSO4.H2O MgSO4-SNa2SO4. + MgSO4.Na2SO4.4H2O + MgSO 4 -Na 2 SO 4 JH 2 O MgSO4.6H2O + MgSO4-Na2SO4-IH20 MgSO4-H2O + MgSO4-Na2SO4-IH20 MgSO4.3Na2SO4 + Na2SO4 MgSO4.6H2O + MgSO4.Na2SO4.|H20 MgSO4-H2O + MgSO4.Na2SO4.f H 2 O MgSO4.Na2SO4.|H2O + MgSO 4 ^Na 2 SO 4 MgSO4.3Na2SO4"+ Na2SO4 MgSO4.6H20 MgSO4.H2O + MgSO 4 -Na 2 SO 4 JH 2 0 MgSQ4. Na2SQ4.|H2Q + Na 2 SQ 4

*

Liquid phase = % MgSQ4 I % Na2SQ4 14.6 13.4 37.0 15.5 36.8m 33.5 12.8 38.4 31.5 19.6 11.5 42.5 42.9m 27.92

,

21.0 23.0 19.9 2.8m 5.5 23.2 2.8 6.6 16.3 24.2 10.31m 25.4

* Interpolated.

SO 4 --Mg + + Na + K + H2O + MgSO4 + Na2SO4 -f K2SO4 (")*; v. Figs. 128, 129, 130 Liquid phase — M per 100OM H2O; figures in parentheses indicate values found by graphical interpolation t = O0C 0.5Na2SO4 I 0.5K2SO4 | 0.5MgSO4 11.7 14.5 78.6 80.5 (10) (84) 32 18.8 14.9 16.0 18.6 10.4 25.5 31.8 15.8 21.0 32.4 13.8 10.2 81.0

Solid phases; v. Fig. 128

A B C D E F G Q R S

Na2SO4.10H2O Na2SOUOH2O + MgSO4.7H2O MgSO4.7H2O MgSO4.7H2O + MgSO4.K2SO4.6H2O MgSO4.K2SO4.6H2O + K2SO4 K2SO4 K2SO4 + Na2SO4JOH2O Na2S04.10H20 + K3Na(SO4), + MgSO4-K2SO4-OH2O K3Na(SO4), + MgSO4.K2SO4.6H2O + K2SO4 MgSO4.K2SO4.6H2O + Na2SO4-IOH2O -f MgSO4.7H2O

D'Ans ( 97 ) using the work of Meyerhoffer and Saunders ( 269 ), shows the field for K3Na(SO4)2 extending to the periphery of the diagram (line F-G-A). The work of Blasdale (35) indicates that this field must lie in interior of diagram; the position of P is conjectural. v. Fig. 129 A B C D E F G H I P Q R S

Na2SO4 Na2SO4 -f Na2SO4.MgSO4.4H20 Na2SO4.MgSO4.4H2O -f MgSO4.7H2O MgSO4.7H2O MgSO4.7H2O + MgSO4.K2SO4.6H2O MgSO4.K2SO4.6H2O + K2SO4 K2SO4 K2SO4 + K3Na(SO4)2 K3Na(SO4), + Na2SO4 Na2SO4 + K3Na(SO4)2 + Na2SO4.MgSO4.4H20 Na2SO4. MgSO4.4H2O + K3Na(SO4), + MgSO4.K2SO4.6H20 K2SO4 + MgSO4.K2SO4.6H2O + K3Na(SO4), MgSO4.K2SO4.6H2Q + Na2SQ4. MgSQ4.4H2Q + MgSO4.7H2O I . Na2SO4 Na2SO4 + Na2SO4.MgSO4.4H20 Na2SO4.MgSO4.4H2O + MgSO4.7H2O MgSO4.7H2O MgSO4.7H2O + K2SO4.MgSO4.4H20 K2SO4.MgSO4.4H2O H- K2SO4 K2SO4 K2SO4 + K3Na(SO4), K3Na(SO4), -f Na2SO4 K 3 Na(SO 4 ) 2 + Na2SO4.MgSO4.4H2O + Na2SO4 K3Na(SO4), + Na2SO4. MgSO4.4H2O + K2SO4.MgSO4.4H20 K2SO4 + K 3 Na(SQ 4 ) 2 + K2SO4.MgSO4.4H2Q.

* Gives much data compiled from other sources.

t = 350C

\ 125.2 86.0 34.6

18.8 117.4 99.8 65.2 15.2 46.6

(15.0) (36.5) 28.7 30.6 17.8 16.6 22.6 33.2 12.4 t = 550C

117.0 90.2 (21.0)

(24) (110) 84.4 51.0 15.0

(16) 47.4 35.8 (35) (24) 21,8 23.2 40.2

The mineralogical names given to the solid phases here concerned will be found on p. 284.

55.2 117.6 (130.0) (128.0) 56.0

41.6 71.4 53.0 119.6

67.8 (150.2) (156) (160) 86.2

61.8 96.4 71.2

SO4-- Mg++ Na+ K+.-(Continued) -,..,, Solid phases

A B C D E F G H I J P Q R S T

v. Fig. 130 Na2SO4 Na2SO4 H- MgSO4.3Na2SO4 MgS04.3Na2S04 + Na2SO4. MgSO4.f H2O Na2SO4. MgSO4.fH2O + MgSO4.H20 MgSO4.H2O MgSO4-H2O + K2S04.2MgS04 K2S04.2MgS04 + K2SO4 K2SO4 K2SO4 + K3Na(SO4), K3Na(S04)2 + Na2SO4 Na2SO4 H- MgSO4.3Na2SO4 + K 3 Na(SO 4 ) 2 MgSO4.3Na2SO4 + K3Na(SO4), -f Na2SO4.MgSO4.|H2O. Na2SO4. MgSO4.f H2O + K2SO4.2MgSO4 + K3Na(SO4)2 K2SO4 + K2SO4^MgSO4 + K 3 Na(SO 4 ) 2 Na2SO4.MgSO4.|H2Q H- K2SQ4.2MgSO4 + MgSQ4.H2O SO 4 -- Mg++ K + (97, 170, 203, 206)

H2Q H- MgSO4 + K2SO4; v. Fig. 131

C

Solid phases

-5.15 -3.9 -3.0 O O H-1.8 7

MgSO4.12H2O H- K2SO4.MgSO4.6H2O + Ice MgS04.12H20 + Ice K2SO4 H- K2SO4.MgSO4.6H2O + Ice K2SO4 K2SO4 H- K2SO4.MgSO4.6H2O MgSO4.12H2O H- MgSO4.7H2O MgSO4.12H2O H- MgSO4.7H2O + K2SO4.MgSO4.6H2O MgSO4.7H2O H- K2SO4.MgSO4.6H2O + K2SO4.MgSO4.4H2O K2SO4 H- K2SO4.MgSO4.6H20 K2SO4.MgSO4.6H2O + K2SO4.MgSO4.4H2O. K2SO4. MgSO4.4H2O + MgSO4.7H2O MgSO4.7H2O + MgSO4.6H2O + K2SO4.MgSO4.4H2O K2SO4 H- K2SO4.MgSO4.6H2O + K2SO4.MgSO4.4H2O MgSO4.7H2O + MgSO4.6H2O K2SO4 H- K2SO4.MgSO4.4H2O MgSO4.6H2O H- K2SO4. MgSO4.4H2O + K2SO4.2MgSO4 MgSO4.6H2O + MgSO4.H2O + K2SO4.2MgSO4 MgSO4.6H2O H- MgSO4.H2O MgSO4.H2O H- K2SO4.2MgSO4 K2SO4.MgSO4.4H2O + K2SO4.2MgSO4 K2SO4 H- K2SO4. MgSO4.4H2O MgSO4.H2O H- K2SO4.2MgSO4 K2S04.MgS04.4H20 + K2SO4.2MgSO4 K2SO4 H- KsS04.2MgS04 K2SO4 H- K2SO4.MgSO4.4H2O + K2SO4.2MgSO4 K2SO4 H- K2SO4.MgSO4.4H2O

41 45 45 45 47.2 47.5 48.4 55 61 66.5 68 70 70 83 83 83 88.5 89 90

% K2SO4

0

% MgSO4

Liquid phase

6.85 8.93 7.60 23.60 21.15 3.36

17.7214.13 25.40 7.00 31.73 4.68

Liquid phase—M per IOOOM H2O; figures in parentheses indicate values found by graphical interpolation 0.5Na2SO4 I 0.5K2SO4 0.5MgSQ4 I t = 9O0C 108.7 95.0 53.0 64.4 91.4 27.2 152.0 203.0 (3) (186) (54) (82) 47.10 35.2 40 107 27.2 91.4 29.6 44.2 62.2 35.4 89.0 55 40.2 104.4 29.24 46.6 99.8 18.4 9.8 165 SO4-- Mg++ K+.—(Continued) Liquid phase Solid phases (231, 393) t = 250C* [ t = 3O0Cf At I Bt I At I Bt 10.77 11.20 4.0 11.03 3.4511.98 K2SO4 < 7.8 11.10 9.4912.64 10.6910.84 [ 12.0610.77 K2SO4 + MgSO4.K2SO4.6H20 12.68 10.70 12/8810.51 12.8812.47 13.2610.3413.1911.66 14.27 9.6318.08 8.59 MgSO4.K2SO4.6H2O I 16.36 8.4326.05 6.93 18.76 7.2026.29 6.60 24.44 4.7026.20 5.98 26.12 4.1127.69 3.41 MgSO4.K2SO4.6H2O + MgSO 4 „7H 2 O.... 26.39 4.02 26.36 3.76 26 57 2 34 AT Qn TTT r> MgS04.7H20 2667 Ii68 26.76

29.03

* Data from van Klooster, recalculated from M per 100OM of water. t Data from Weston; his work shows that MgSO4.KaSO4.6H2O may dissolve MgSO4.6H2O and form solid solutions. $ A = % MgSO4; B = % K2SO4.

33.0 19.0015.12

37.00 35.32 3.77 32.24 6.10 18.5016.13 37.10 1.74 28.73 7.86 17.8617.02 18.5016.98

SO4-- Ca++ (60) : H2O + H2SO4 + CaSO4 g H2SQ4/! I g CaSO4/! || g H2SO4/! | g CaSO4/! CaS04.2H20 t = 25° t = 350C O 2.126 48.67 3.397 0.48 2.128 97.35 3.606 4.87 2.144 146.01 3.150 8.11 2.203 t = 430C 16.22 2.382 O 2.145 48.67 2.727 0.48 2.236 75.00 2.841 4.87 2.456 97.35 2.779 8.11 2.760 146.01 2.571 16.22 3.116 194.70 2.313 48.67 3.843 243.35 1.901 75.00 4.146 292.02 1.541 146.01 4.139 t = 350C 194.70 3.551 0.48 2.209 243.35 2.959 4.87 2.451 292.02 2.481

SO4--Ca++.- (Cont'd) H2O + Ca(OH)2 + CaSO4 / = 250C (56) g CaO/1 I g CaSO4/! CaO.H2O 1.166 O 1.141 0.391 1.150 0.666 1.215 0.955 1.242 1.214 1.222 1.588 CaSO4.2H2O 0.939 1.634 0.611 1.722 0.349 1.853 0.176 1.918 0.062 2.032 O 2.126 SO4- -Ca + + Na+ H2O + CaSO4 + Na2SO4 t = 220C (68) g CaSO4/! I g Na2SO4/! CaSO4.2H2O 2.084 O 1.583 2.771 1.433 13.820 1.408 16.360 1.569 39.310 1.841 77.320 2.185 133.000 2.414 193.80 CaS04.2H2O + Na2SO4JOH2O 2.578 I 222.58 t = 250C (61, 62) % CaSO4 I % Na2SO4 CaSO4.2H2O 0.165 0.239 0.145 0.946 0.137 1.397 0.144 2.388 0.152 3.585 0.159 4.441 0.183 8.728 0.191 10.496 0.196 12.830 0.213 17.437 CaSO4.2H2O + Na2SO4JOH2O 0.219 I 21.007 t = 290C (94) M per 100OM H2O CaSO4 I Na2SO4 CaS04.2H20 + Na2SO4.CaSO4 + Na2SO4JOH2O 0.35 I 47.0 t = 6O0C (94) CaSO4.2H2O -f Na2SO4.CaSO4* 0.604 I 31.2 * A second labile calcium sodium sulfate has been found by several investigators, van't Hoff ( 188 ) found the transition temperature for CaSO4.2H2O + Na2SO4-IOH2O + labile sulfate to be 30.20C; he, and also Cameron and Seidell ( 68 ), assigned to it the formula CaSO4.Na2SO4.2H2O, but D'Ans found CaSQ4.2Na2SO4.2H2O.

SO4- -Ca + + Na + H2O + Ca(OH)2 + Na2SO4 t = 250C (98) M per 100Og soin. Na2SO4 I NaOH Na2SO4JOH2O H- CaSO4.2H2O 1.54ca. I 0.0 Na2SO4JOH2O -f CaSO4.2H2O + Ca(OH)2 1.41 I 2.96

SO4-- Ca++ K+..—(Continued) M per 100OM H2O H2SO4 I K2SO4 I CaSO4 CaS04.2H2O + CaSO4.K2SO4-H2O 19.470 6.73 0.489 33.590 8.74 0.360 72.450 14.79 0.309 CaSO4.2H2O + CaSO4.K2SO4. H2O + KHSO4 87.84 I 19.04 I 0.275

SO4-Ca++ Cs+ (94) H2O + CaSO4 + Cs2SO4 t -= 250C I t = 6O0C M per 100OM H2O SO3 I SO3 CaSO4.2H2O + 2CaSO4.Cs2SO4 14 I 12.4

SO 4 -~Ca + + K + H2O + CaSO4 + K2SO4 (*t 5,

SO 4 --Ca + +K + (174) H2O + Ca(OH)2 + K2SO4 0 C I MOH-/! I M804-/! CaS04.2H20 + Ca(OH)2 + CaSO4.K2SO4.H2O O 0.125 0.123 20 0.118 0.152 70 0.074 0.225 150 0.094 0.320 t = 250C (98) M per 10Og soin. K2SO4 I KOH Ca(OH)2 + K2SO4 + K2SO4.CaSO4.H2O 0.433 I 0.515 Ca(OH)2 + CaS04.2H20 + K2SO4.CaSO4.H2O 0.158 I 0.114

SO4- -Ra + * H2O + H2SO4 + RaSO4 t = 250C (246) % H2SO4 I g RaSO4/! RaSO4 0.0 0.000021 0.049 0.0000205 0.489 0.000022 4.74 0.000022 10 0.000024 15 0.000024 25 0.000023 30 0.000023 45 0.000019 50 0.000021 55 0.000034 60 0.000063 65 0.000064

94, 205, 207)

v. Fig. 132 C I % K2SO41 % CaSO4 CaSO4.2H2O + CaSO4.K2SO4.H2O O 2.07 25 3.04 CaSO4.2H2O + CaSO4.K2SO4. H2O + 5CaSO4.K2SO4.H2O 31.8 I 3.49 I CaS04.K2S04.H20 +5CaSO4.K2SO4.H20 40 4.01 60 6.10 83 8.72 100 8.21 0.10 CaSO4.2H2O + 5CaSO4.K2SO4.H2O 40 3.56 60 2.27 83 1.22 100 1.05 0.24 t = 250C (61) % CaSO4 I % K2SO4 CaSO4.2H2O 0.156 0.508 0.144 0.978 0.146 1.928 0.152 2.772 0.155 2.995 0.151 3.041 CaSO4.2H2O + CaSO4.K2SO4.H2O 0.154 I 3.167 CaS04.K2S04.H20 0.122 3.426 0.118 3.483 0.094 3.932 0.078 4.532 0.042 7.131 0.030 10.394 0

SO 4 --Ca + +K + H2O + H2SO4 + CaSO4 + K2SO4 t = 250C (94) M per 100OM H2O H2SO4 I K2SO4 I CaSO4 CaSO4.2H2O + CaSO4.K2S04.H20 0.394 3.22 0.205 1.946 3.58 0.252

SO 4 --Ca + +Rb + (94) H2O + CaSO4 + Rb2SO4; v. Fig. 133 Liquid phase— M per IQOOM H2O 0 C I SO3 O 16.9 25 18.79 25 26.02* 40 39.50 50 13.10

SoUd phases CaSO4.2H2O + CaSO4.Rb2SO4.H2O CaSO4.2H2O + 2CaSO4.Rb2SO4 CaSO4.Rb2SO4.H2O -f 2CaSO4.Rb2SO4 CaSO4.Rb2SO4.H2O + 2CaSO4.Rb2SO4 CaSO4.2H2O + 2CaSO4.Rb2SO4 * Composed of 25.52 Rb2SO4 and 0.5 CaSO4.

SO 4 --Li+ H2O + H2SO4 + Li2SO4 t = 3O0C (107); t,. Fig. 134 bohd phases A B C D E F G H I] JJ KJ

Li2SO4.H20 Li2SO4.H2O + Li2SO4 Li2SO4 Li2SO4 + Li2SO4.H2SO4 Li2SO4.H2SO4

Liquid phase .. . . =—-— % H2SO41 % Li2SO4 25.10 5.05 22.74 16.60 19.10 32.7 13.37 48.0 10.20 55.00 13.00 56.30 13.87 62.40 18.50 ( 69.40 13.75 \ 78.23 11.64 [ 83.43 15.65

SO4-- Na + : H2O + H2SO4 + NaOH 96

t = 250C (98) M per 1000g soln. Na2SO4 || NaOH

t = 25 C ( );^. Fig. 135 Liquid phase— M per 100Og soln.

o,.,, Solid phases

^07(?)

9 85

C D

J |'

E Na2SO4.|H2SO4 + NaHS2O7 F Na2SO4.fH2SO4 G NaH3(SO4)2.H2O + Na2SO4-IH2SO4

.

H NaH3(SO4)2.H20 I J NaHSO4 + NaH3(SO4)2.H20 K NaHSO4

55

'.:•„, '•~

0787

9.48 9

XT TTa^ J Nam >207

°-

9 18

|

i:iT '•«

J:S

Na2SO4.1OH2O + Na2SO4 2.94 | 0.90

0.953 775

0 567

Na2SQ4

Na2SO4

S* S

NaOH.H2O 13.24* | 0.0

* Work of other investigators.

9.36 0.425 9.08 0.394 Solid phases (135) 8.87 0.445 8.86 0.156 Na2SO4.10H20 8.70 0.076 Na2SO4.10H2O -f Na3H(SO4), 8.61 0.899 Na2SO4.10H2O + Na2SO4 8.12 0.037 7.36 0.071 Na3H(SO4)2 + NaHSO4.H20 Na3H(SO4)2 -f Na2SO4 6.64 0.297 NaHSO4.H20 5.91 0.409

Liquid phase t I20Q | t = 25°cT~ % Aj: I % Bt I % At I % BjT 9.48* 21.90 16.52*32.93* 8.62* 34.48* 27.96* 25.42* 30.58* 27.02* 16.27*35.37* 58.79 4.33 56.25 6.54 t =

* Mean of two results, t For discussion of practical use of these data, v. ( 322 ). Î A = H2SO4; B = Na2SO4.

% Na2SO4

% K2SO4

% Na2SO4

% K2SO4

% Na2SO4

% K2SO4

% Na2SO4

% K2SO4

% Na2SO4

% K2SO4

% Na2SO4

% K2SO4

% K2SO4

Solid phases*

% Na2SO4

SO4-- Na+ K+ (35, 97, 190, 269) ; H2O + Na2SO4 + K2SQ4 Liquid phase 7 = O0C I t = 250C I t = 350C I t = 5O0C | t = 6O0C | * = 750C | t = 9O0C

t = 10O0C % Na2SO4

NaH

|

Na2SO4JOH2O

SO3 | Na2O 10.78 0.302 9.98 0.908

~Ä B

NaOH

% K2SO4

0

K2SO4 6.74 10.73 14.59 17.22 18.98 K2SO4 + K3Na (SO4)2 11.04 5.586.0712.1113.98 5.4714.13 6.5114.45 7.8414.5710.4215.2910.12 K3Na (SO4) 2 + Na2SO4.10H2O 6.63 22.08 K3Na(SO4)2 + Na2SO4 5.5529.90 6.0629.47 8.1227.35 7.6527.34 8.4727.17 8.7726.84 K2SO4 + Na2S04.10H20 7.80 5.46 Na2SO4JOH2O : 4.50 21.83 Na2SO4 30.96 30.27 29.42 Invariant point: Na2SO4JOH2O + Na2SO4 + K3Na(SO4)2 at 30.10C. * Osaka C 287 ) determined the composition of the double salt in equilibrium with solutions of varying composition at 15, 25, 40, 50, 60, 70 and 8O0C. The results show that KsNa(SO4)2 dissolves Na2SO4 to a slight extent, but not KaSO4. This is in accord with the work of van't Hoff and Barschall ( 19 °) and other investigators.

SOr-Na + Cs+;t;. p. 355 SO4-- K + : H2O + H2SO4 + K2O I - 25^96??^ ( )}V lg 11S6

*-^^ A

-** ^

KHS2O7

B C

KH3(SO4), + KHS2O7 KH3(SO4)2

D

KH3(SO4)2.H2O + KH3(SO4)2

E

KH3(S04)2.H20

F G

KHSO4 + KH3(S04)2.H20 KHSO4

/ \ / \ [ J [

Liquid phase—M per IQOOg soln. SO3 I K2O 9 66 ° 937 9.80 0.665 8.65 0.880 8 57 ° 384 8.45 0.325 8.16 0.364 8.15 0.352 7.88 0.167 7.26 0.182 6.91 0.266 6.40 0.171

Solid phases t • 180C (369); ,. Fig. 137

A B

K2SO4

C E

F

3K2SO4.H2SO4

I

5K2SO4.3H2SO4 8K2SO4.6H2SO4 8K2SO4.6H2SO4 + K2SO40H2SO4

£ f

K2bO4.H2bU4

%

Liquid phase R2SO41 % H2SO4

(^

5

•

13.04 4.38 18.04 11.01 19.29 12.51 18.95 14.50 18.62 18.80 18.06 21.02 17.07 20.95 14.81 22.93 10.40 26.52 7.23 29.90 ^95 5 05 2.08 60.37

SO4-- Na+ Cs+; H2O + Na2SO4 + Cs2SO4; t = 250C (*32) % Cs2SO4 I % Na2SQ4 | Solid phases 11.45 I Cs2SO4 + Na2SO4 54.7

CaS2O3.6H2O CaS2O3.6H2Q + Ca(NQ3)2.4H2Q Ca(NO3)2.4H2Q

% Ca(NO3),

% CaS2O3

* Work of other investigators.

% Ca(NOs) 2

Solid phases

% CaS2O3

S2Os" NO3- Ca++ (237) : H2O + CaS2O3 + Ca(NO3)2 Liquid phase t = 90C t = 250C

SO4" ~ K+.—(Continued) M per IQOOg soin.; t = 250C (»«) KQH I K2SO4 H KOH | K2SO4 K2SO4 K2SO4 0.0 0.617* 5.72 0.035 0.516 0.433 6.84 0.009 0.866 0.280 KOH.2H2O 2.260 0.137 9.618* [ 0.0

29.34 34.68 6.81 45.68 13.0045.92 51.53 58.64

HSO4- HTeO4- Rb + : H2Q + RbHSO4 + RbHTeO4 Solid phase Liquid phase—t = 250C (298) M% RbHSO4* g RbHSO4/! | g RbHTeO4/! 47.91 50.33 50.74 50.99 52.52 * Solid soin.

26.675 32.117 42.917 59.074 498.25

38.403 31.580 26.764 20.182 0.02887

S2O3-- NO3- Na+ (237) ; H2O + Na2S2O3 + NaNQ3 Liquid phase 0 , , * = 9 C i t = 250C a r Solid phases % % % % NaNO 3 Na2S2O3 NaNO 3 Na2S2Q3 NaNO3 44.60 47.90 NaNO 3 + Na 2 S 2 O 3 -SH 2 O.. 22.58 23.41 20.40 31.95 Na2S2O3.5H2O 37.89 43.51

A B C D E F G H P Q R S

S2Os" Pb + +Sr + + H2O + PbS2O3 + SrS2O3 t = 250C (129) Solid phase—M % | Liquid phase—M per 1 PbS2O3.4H2Q I SrS2O3.4H2Q | PbS2Q3 | SrS2O3 0.00 100.00 0.00 0.5881 0.30 3.87 9.84 19.26 23.73 32.24 49.97 100.00

99.70 96.13 90.16 80.74 76.27 67.76 50.13 0_0

0.008 0.1112 0.4062 0.6977 0.8453 1.0185 1.388 1.0198

0.6105 0.6155 0.4623 0.3433 0.2705 0.2858 0.1841 0.00

S2O3-- NO3- Ca++ Na+ (237) : H2O + Ca(NOs)2 + Na2S2O3; v. Fig. 138 Liquid phase—M per IQOOM H2O t = 90C; v. Fig. 138 | * = 250G Solid phases v ^n 0.5Ca- 0.5Na2- 0.5Ca- M ^n 0.5Ca- 0.5Na2iNaJNU3 (N03)2 S2O3 S2O3 1NaJNU3 (N03)2 S2Q3 CaS2O3.6H2O 98.3 CaS2O3.6H2O + Ca(NO3)2.4H2O 224.9 26.9 245.5 Ca(NO3)2.4H2O 233.5 311.1 Ca(N03)2.4H20 + NaNO3 63.49 241.2 72.7 328.8 NaNO 3 170.6 194.7 NaNO 3 + Na&O3.5H20 86.62 98.7 98.8 153.0 Na2S203.5H20 139.10 175.4 CaS2O3.6H2O + Na2S2O3.5H2O 97.4 63.6 139.03 CaS2O3.6H2O + Na2S2O3.5H2O + Na2S2O3.CaS2O3.NaNO3.UH2O 20.7 91.4 70.2 33,2 135.3 Na2S2O3.5H2O + NaNO 3 -f- Na2S2O3. CaS2O3.NaNO3.llH2O. 96.2 82.2 30.4 75.16 131.5 NaNO 3 + CaS2O3.6H2O + Na2S2O3.CaS2O3.NaNO3.llH2O. . 123.1 39.2 76.3 108.0 61.3 Ca(NO3MH2O + CaS203.6H20 + NaNO 3 62.6 224.9 46.40 79.1 263.6 S2O3-- Ca++ Na+ (237) : H2O + CaS2O3 + Na2S2O3

CaS2O3.6H2O CaS2O3.6H2O + Na2S2O3.5H20 Na2S2O3.5H20

97.3

111.3 70.48 112.2 81.8

% Na2S2O3

% CaS2O3

% Na2S2O3

S2O6-- NH4+ Cu + +: H2O + (NH4)AO6 + CuS2O6 t =30°C (ig) Liquid phase % (NH )AO % CuS O [I % (NH4)2S206| % CuS2O6 4 6 2 6 t = 90C t = 250C (NH4)2S2O6.JH2O (NH4)2S2O6.2CuS2O6.64.6 0.0 8H2O + CuS2O6.4H2O 52.62 10.45 18.39 | 36.19 (NH4) AO6. JH2O + CuS2O6.4H2O (NH 4 ) 2S2O6.2CuS2O6.8H2O 16.16 37.26 38.30 I 24.17 8.91 41.06 29.34 34.68 (NH4)2S2O6.2CuS2O6.8H2O 0.0 45.51 15.84 25.21 20.33 30.19 29.28 29.70 37.89 43.51 18.50 36.04 % CaS2O3

Solid phases

0.5CaS2O3 125.7 74.7

S 2 O 6 -- Ba++ Na+ (») : H2O + BaS2O6 + Na2S2Oe Liquid phase t = O0G t = 120G t =~20°C t = 3O0C % BaS2O61% Na2S2O6 "% BaS 2 O 6 1% Na2S2O6 % BaS 2 O 6 1% Na2S^6 % BaS2O61% Na2S2O6

Solid phases R Q H 9TTn

7 86

/

JSaS2U6 2U BaS206.2H20 + Na2S2O6.2H20

'

1 [

Na2S,O6.2H20

12 45

°-°

7.45 5.86 2.51 0.0

'

2.74 6.23 6.94 6.05

15 75

°'°

11.05 10.76 7.57 0.0

6.95 9.27 9.82 10.63

'

13.81 12.66 7.45 0.0

[

°'°

6.63 11.02 12.12 13.39

19 76

'

17.06 14.46* 13.23 7.32 0.0

°-°

6.36 13.10* 13.31 14.87 17.32

* Average of four results.

S2O6 --NH 4 + Sr++ H2O + (NHOjS2O6 + SrS2O6 t = 3O0C O 5 ) % (NHO 2 S 2 O 6 I % SrS2O6 SrS206.4H20 0.0 14.90 16.55 10.73 24.52 8.79 34.57 6.47 45.04 4.45 49.54 3.75 56.51 2.77 56.76 2.71 SrS2O6.4H2O -f (NHO2S2O6.JH2O 60.66 I 2.17 (NH 4 )AO 6 ^H 2 O 63.73 0.98 64.60 0.0

S 2 O 6 -NH 4 + Ba + + H2O + (NHO2S2O6 + BaS2O6 t = 3O0C (is) % BaS2O6 I % (NHO2S2O6 BaS2O6.2H2O 19.76 0.0 17.20 11.00 11.21 33.62 10.26 37.26 8.31 37.90 6.92 40.15 5.28 43.22 2.75 48.45 1.14 53.66

uab2U6.JH2
°

% K2S2O6

% BaS2O6

% K2S2O6

% BaS2O6

% K2S2O6

K (is) : H2O + BaS2O6 + K2S2O6 Liquid phase t = O0C t = 2O0C t = 3O0C

Solid phases

SeOr-Hg + +Na + H2O + HgSeO3 + Na2SeO3 t = 250C (317)

/ 7.860.0 15.750.0 19.860.0 j 8.02 1.21 16.432.6920.644.16 8.882.7517.156.0320.698.03 4.692.6011.826.0220.508.11 0.0 2.52 0.0 6.2311.748.33 6.028.49 0.0 8.54

SeO4— CrO4— H2O + H2SeO4 + H2CrO4 t = 230C (264)

HgSeO3* 2.0 0.0835 1.0 0.0425 0.5 0.0214 0.25 0.0161 0.125 0.0097 0.0625 0.0055

% H2SeO4 I % CrO3 CrO3 50.33 8.65 81.07 0.16 87.64 0.29 96.03 0.17 98.15 0.35 SeO 4 --Be + + (= Gl++) H2O + BeO + BeSeO4

* Assuming that the complex Hg(SeOs)2 is formed, the writers calculate that Hg(SeO3)Z •*• (SeO3) gives a constant for the first three concentrations of Na2SeP3 given in the table.

Gives data for solubility of BeSeO4.4H2O in solutions containing varying concentrations of BeO.

MNa2Se03/l

I

MH«Se03/l

* = 25°C (362.5)

HSeO 4 -HTeO 4 -Rb + H2O + RbHSeO4 + RbHTeO4 t = 250C (298) Liquid phase Solid phase—solid soin. M% RbHSeO4 g RbHSeO4/! | g RbHTeO4/! 51.55 76.46 39.505 52.22 95.82 35.300 53.95 171.70 22.98 5.00 56.33 462.80 67.46 859.30 3.40

N 3 -NO 3 -Pb + + Na + (227) H2Q -f Pb(N3)2 + NaNO3

NO2- Ag+ Ca++ H2O + AgNO2 + Ca(NO2),

or

t = 14°C (293); „. Fig. 139

°°

+

% BaS2O6

S 2 O 6 -- Ba

++

S2O6-- NH4+ Ba++.—(Cont'd) % BaS2O6 I % (NHO2S2O6 BaS2O6.2H2O 1.05 53.81 0.62 56.26 0.35 58.64 (NH4)A06.eH20 0.0 I 64.60 S 2 O 6 --Mg + +Ba + + (15) H2O + MgS2O6 + BaS2O6 t = 2O0C t = 3O0C % % % % MgBaMgBaS2O6 S2O6 S2O6 S2O6 BaS2O6.2H2O 15.75 0.0 19.86 0.0 10.61 6.93 13.37 7.05 1.29 31.14 5.85 18.91 1.92 29.16 BaS2O6.2H2O + MgS2O6.6H2O 0.69 133.95 I 0.90 |34.57 MgS2O6.6H2O 0.0 |33.91 I 0.0 |35.24 S 2 0 6 --Sr ++ Na + H2O + SrS2O6 + Na2S2O6 t = 3O0C (15) % Na2S2O6 I % SrS2O6 SrS2O6.4H2O 0.0 I 14.90 6.91 I 12.24 SrS2O6.4H2O + Na2S2O6.2H2O 13.06 I 10.09 Na2S2O6.2H2O 14.52 5.55 17.32 0.0

18 18 70 70

or

Pb(N 3 ) 2 /l NaNO3/! Pb(N 3 ), 0.232 0.0 0.247 340.0 0.9012 0.0 4.87 340.0

N3- C2H3O2- Pb++ Na+ (227) H2O + Pb (N3)2 + NaC2H3O2 g g 0 C Pb(N 3 ) 2 /l NaC2H3O2/! Pb(N3), 18 0.232 0.0 18 15.42 328.0 80 20.20 328.0

g per 100g H2O* Ca(NO,), I AgNO2 Ca(N0 2 ) 2 + AgNO2 92.4 j 11.2 * Author does not give further numerical data but a number of points on a diagram (Fig. 139).

NO2- Ag+ Sr++ H2O + AgNO2 + Sr(NO2), t = 140C (293); Vm Fig. 140 g per 10Og H2O* AgNO2 I Sr(NO2), Sr(NO2), + AgNO2 10.9 I 78.3 * Author does not give further numerical data, but a number of additional points on a diagram (Fig. 140).

0.0 73.0 0.0 84.75 0.0 108.8 0.0 120.7 0.0 137.1 0.0 149.7 19.0 68.5 9.6 81.1 6.7 107.9 34.8 111.5 38.8 125.7 23.6 141.2 I 36.3 67.1 23.5 79.7 20.6 104.3 62.8 108.5 69.8 122.7 57.6 134.6

* Author does not give further numerical data but a number of points on a diagram (Fig. 141).


AgNO2

NaNO2

AgNO2

NaNO2

NO 2 - Ag+ Na+ (293) H2O + AgNO2 + NaNO 2 ; v. Fig. 143 Liquid phase—g per 10Og H2O* t = 140C I t = 220C Solid phases

AgNO2 + 2AgNO 2 .2NaNO 2 .H 2 O... 55.0 15.2 58.3 21.5 2AgNO 2 .2NaNO 2 .H 2 O+ NaNO 2 ... 74.5 11.3 78.3 13.4

NO2- Ag+ K+.-(Continued) I = 250C (91) MKN02/1

I

MAgN02/l

AgNO2

0.000 0.0269 0.00258 0.0259 0.00588 0.0249 0.01177 0.0232 0.02355 0.0203 0.04710 0.0181 * Melting point. .NO 3 -NH 4 + (154) H2O + HNO3 + NH4NO3 % 0 NO 3 -NH 4 + C 2 O 4 -- (82) C NH4NO3 % HNO3 H 2O + NH 4 NO 3 + (NH4)2 NH4NO3.2HNO3 C2O4 -8 34.2 53.9 % %(NH 4 ) 2 -2.5 34.8 54.8 0 C NH 4 NO 3 C2O4 +3.0 35.4 55.8 NH 4 NO 3 + (NH 4 )2C2O4.8.5 36.0 56.8 H2O 19.5 37.4 58.9 19 62.26 I 0.085 25.0 38.1 60.0 50 72.11 I 0.35 29.5* 38.8 61.2 NO 3 -NH 4 + HCO 3 - (125) H2Q + NH4NO3 + NH4HCO3 Liquid phase—g per 100Og H2O t = O0C t ** 150C t = 3O0C Solid phases

* Author does not give further numerical data but several additional points on a diagram (Fig. 143).

f

+

+

AgNO2 + 2AgN0 2 .2KN0 2 .H 2 0.... 18.0 2.36 23.1 2AgNO2.2KNO2.H2O + KNO2 276.0 26.3 279.0

AgNO2

KNO2

AgNO2

KNO 2

NO 2 -Ag K (2 93) H2O + AgNQ2 + KNO2; v. Fig. 144 Liquid phase—g per 10Og H2O* t = 13.50C I t = 250C »olia pnases

5.3 39.3


NO3- NH4+.-(Continued) t = 2O0C (278) % NH4NO3 I % HNO3 NH 4 NO 3 65.64 0.0 60.04 3.98 55.95 8.81 51.17 14.65 46.35 21.46 43.35 28.33

NH4HCO3

NO2- Ag+ Li+ H2O + AgNO2 + LiNO2 t = 140C (293) v. Fig. 142 g per 10Og H2O* LiNO2 I AgNO2 LiNO2 + AgNO2 78.5 10.5

NH 4 NO 3

NO 2 - Ag+ Ba++ H2O + AgNO2 + Ba (NO2)2 t = 13.5° C(293) v. Fig. 141 g per 10Og H2O* Ba(NO 2 ), I AgNO2 AgNO2 + 2AgNO2.Ba(NO2)2.H2O 64.0 I 10.2 2AgNO2.Ba(NO2)2.H2O + Ba(N02)2 75.6 I 9.5

NH4HCO3

NaNO3

NH 4 NO 3

NaNO 2 + NaNO3

0.0 166.0 33.2 153.3 58.8 148.8

50.8 73.8 34.5 101.8 43.2 99.5 62.6 98.0 41.7 64.9 54.5 73.1 82.0 97.8 90.6 107.8 101.0 122.6 107.8 132.3 116.0 142.4 46.8 50.3 56.7 64.2 88.0 65.2 96.0 78.3 111.5 79.1 130.6 60.2 126.8 100.0 55.4 30.2 62.8 46.8 92.9 44.2 104.1 49.5 121.0 50.0 145.0 30.3 142.9 60.1 74.2 0.0 74.7 21.6 101.4 27.2 113.4 28.4 131.7 27.2 163.5 0.0 181.2 0.0 89.3 0.0 109.0 14.7 121.4 14.7 150.0 0.0 118.0 0.0 131.0 0.0

NH4HCO3

I

NH 4 NO 3

n

JNaJNU2

NaNO2

| t = 1030C NaNO8

t = 920C NaNO2

j

NaNO3

NaNO2

NaNO3

NaNO2

NaNO3

NaNO2

NaNO3

NaNO2

NaNO3

Solid phases

NaNO2

NaNO3

NO2" NO3- Na+ (293) ; H2O + NaNO2 + NaNQ8 Liquid phase—g per 100g H2O t = O0C l t = 210C I t = 520C J t = 650C j t = 810C

0119

186.4 0269.6 232.6 129.10 NH4HCO3 498.20 103.30 1034 82.50 1189 77.9 NH4HCO3 + NH 4 NO 3 .. 1180 45.20 1669 74.6 2319 125.70 NO3- NH4+ Ag+ (348) ; H2O + NH4NQ3 + AgNQ3 Liquid phase 0 C Solid phases % % NH4NO3 AgNO3 [ 7 0 . 1 O 30 NH4NO3 j 63.59 12.51 ( 58.64 21.37 Continued on p. 358

* Rhombic,

t Rhombohedral.

NO3- NH 4 + Cu++: H2O + NH 4 NO 3 + Cu(NO3)2 t = 30.50C (262)

% Cu(N03)2 I % NH4NO3 Cu(NO3)2.3H2O 60.2 0.0 59.7 1.6 58.9 3.9 55.1 11.5 52.4 19.0 49.9 25.2 Cu(N03)2.3H20 + NH 4 NO 3 46.0 I 36.4

II % Cu(N0 3 ) 2 | % NH4NQ3 NH4NO3 37.5 38.3 34.9 40.4 31.7 41.0 29.2 42.2 20.8 49.3 6.5 62.8 0.0 70.6

16.9 42.5 38.9 15.5 34.6 11.9

NH4HCO3

NaNO 3

NH 4 NO 3

NaHCO 3 23.60 3.78

201.4 203.4 496.4186.8 523.1 521.5 28.6 61.38 58.14 538.9 45.2 505.3 173.7

62.6

61

fWTvrrn m2O o Cu(NO3)^H

55 8

500

% NH4NO3

Solid phases ( 356 )

% Cu(N03)2

NO3" NH 4 + Cu++.-(Continued) Liquid phase t = 3O0C | t = 4O0C % NH4NO3

NO3- NH 4 + Ag+.—(Continued from p. 357) Liquid phase 0 C Solid phases % %~ NH 4 NO 3 AgNO3 52.50 29.76 30 NH4NO3 + NH4NO3.AgNO3. . . 45.44 35.62 39.60 41.09 34.47 45.85 NH4NO3.AgNO3 28.86 52.45 24.33 57.93 NH4NO3. AgNO3 + AgNO3 58.89 23.43 15.62 63.27 6.59 69.08 AgNO3 O 73.00 O 47.10 - 7.3 Ice+AgNO 3 * 8.43 44.52 - 10.7 AgNO3* - 14.9 Ice + NH4NO3. AgNO3 + Ag16.80 42.00 NO3* 18.79 39.51 - 14.8 Ice + NH4NO3.AgNO3 - 18.7 Ice + NH4NO3. AgNO3 + NH437.30 15.99 N03/3 .. 41.20 O - 17.4 Ice + NH 4 NO 3 19.59 50.36 O 22.06 55.36 + ^ NH4NO3.AgNO3 +AgNO 3 *.. 26.12 63.32 OO 32.10 67.90 109.6 44.87 22.13 ^ NH4NO3. AgNO3 + NH4NO3/? 49.22 26.07 lo 52.22 32.68 gg NH4NO3.AgNO3 + NH4NO3a 52.38 36.60 52.50 47.50 101.5 NH4NO3-AgNO3 + NH 4 NO 3 J • •

NH4HCO3

NaNO 3

NH 4 NO 3

NaHCO3

NH4HCO3

NaNO 3

NaHCO3 14.94 18.9 NaHCO 3 + NaNO 3 3.06 153.9 3.42 176 NaNO 3 155.2 177.5 NaNO 3 + NH 4 NO 3 237.24138.6 349.3159.48 NH 4 NO 3 266.2 376.4 NH 4 NO 3 + NH4HCO3 265.3 10.26 375.3 NH4HCO3 27.00 NH4HCO3 + NaHCO3 10.44 25.00 12.8 NH 4 NO 3 +NH 4 HCO 3 +NaHCO 3 .... 11.70256.3 52.94 19.26376.951.5 NH 4 NO 3 + NaNO3 + NaHCQ3 4.68 237.6 134.3 7.2 352.3153.7

t = 3O0C

% Cu(NO,)a

A B C D E F G H L M

NH 4 NO 3

Solid phases

NaHCO3

NO3- NH4+ HCO3- Na+ (t 25): H2O + NH4HCO3 + NaNO3; v. Fig. 145 Liquid phase—M per IQOOM H2O t = O0C t = 150G

12 75 56 9 n 9

2741

-

-

50 7 24 t

48.1 36.4 Cu(NO3)2.|H2O + Cu(NO 3 ) 2 .3NH 4 NO 3 45.04*39.00*47.9 36.7 ( 48.0036.7 Cu(NO3)2.3NH4NO3 \ 45.9 39.2 [ 43.9 41.7 Cu(N03)2.3NH4N03 + NH4NO3 43.9 40.6 42.0 43.9 ' 43.01 38.24 36.8 43.6 38.07 38.35 28.4 47.5 'XTTTXTrk 33.96 39.95 14.1758.4 NH4N 3 ° 26.37 44.82 8.2 65.2 75.0 9.80 59.95 71.18 * Mean of two results.

NOr NH4+ Al+++ H2O + NH4OH + NH4NO3 + Al(OH)3 t = 2O0C (*2) M % g NH4OH/! NH4NO3 Al(OH)3/! Al (OH) 3. ?H2O 1.0 5.0 0.187 1.0 10.0 0.082 1.0 20.0 0.045 1.0 30.0 0.035 0.50 5.0 0.145 0.50 10.0 0.012 t = 3O0C 1.0 5.0 0.143 1.0 10.0 0.066 0.50 5.0 0.080 0.5 10.0 0.009

NO3- NH4+ Al+++ K+ H2O + NH4OH + NH4NO3 + Al(OH)3 + KNO3 t = 2O0C (12) M g NH4OH/! % KNO3 Al(OH)3/! Al(OH) 3. ?H2O 1.0 5.0 0.760 1.0 10.0 1.310 0.5 5.0 0.450 0.5 10.0 0.485

1.0 1.0 0.5 0.5

t = 3O0C 5.0 10.0 5.0 10.0

1.12 1.32 0.713 1.033

NH 4 NO 3

NO 3 ~ NH4+ K+ (52) H2O + NH 4 NO 3 + KNO 3 t = 170C (52); y. Fig. 146 Solid phases A NH 4 NO 3 Solid soin. I* B Solid soin. I* +Solid soin. Uf o TJ i TTX Solid soin. !If C Solid soin. Uf + SoHd soin. IUJ

Solidsoln. Ill}

D KNO3

Liquid phase—g per IQOg H2O NH 4 NO 3 J KNQ3 179.3 0.0 182.0 4.88 184.0 8.55 / !61.5 26.40 ( 1565 333 143.0 43.5 ( 111.4 39.3 69.3 32.7 44.9 29.4 X 24.9 27.5 20.1 26.7 9.62 26.4 [ 3.93 26.9 0.0 28.0

* Solid soin. I contains from 100 to 97.4 % NH 4 NO 3 . t Solid soin. II contains from 93.1 to 49.2 % NH 4 NO 3 . Î Solid soin. Ill contains from 14 to O % NH 4 NOs.

t = 250C (6) M % NH4S lidphaSeS

°

KNO3 Solidsoln. I* Solid soin. I* + Solid soin. II| Solid soin. lit

NO3 O 2.29 4.60 9.73 36.43 45.92 65.65 73.85 85.09 88.49 95.96

NH 4 NQ 3 * Solid soin. I varies from O to 13.5 % NH4NO3. t Solid soin. II from 65 to 100 % NH 4 NOa.

Liquid phase %

NH4NQ3 0.0 13.48 25.56 39.45 51.16 51.57 51.56 54.80 59.93 61.42 65.63 67.70

% KNQ3 27.86 23.53 21.38 19.27 16.90 16.92 16.69 13.95 8.62 7.26 2.71 0.0

0.002713 0.01449 0.04944

I

' MNOS/I Il Msi/I BiONO3.H20 0.1027 0.09956 0.2168 0.1592 0.4485 0.2354

|

MNo3/l 0.6969 0.9537 1.2547

NO3- CO3-- Na+ (238) ; H2O + NaNO3 + Na2CO3 Liquid phase t = 1O0C I t = 24.20C Solid phases

% NaNO3

NaNO3 +NH 4 NO 3

MBÌ/I

% Na2CO3

NaNO3

73.33 24.0381.21 O 96.12 42.8179.34 64.6078.06 110.9075.81 152.0075.35 105.5066.00155.3075.38220.8088.31 118.40 O 156.1060.76232.60 O 159.0036.50 160.0027.79 162.3017.63 167.40 O

t = 25°C (363)

% NaNO3

O

NO3- BiO+: H2O + HNO3 + Bi(OH)3

I

% Na2CO3

NaNO 3

NH 4 NO 3

NaNO 3

NH 4 NO 3

Solid phases

NaNO 3

NH 4 NO 3

NO 3 -NH 4 + Na + (125) H2Q + NH 4 NO 3 + NaNO3 Liquid phase—g per 100g H2O t = O0C I * = 150C t = 3O0C

Na2CO3.10H2O 10.70 2.77 Na2CO3.1OH2O + Na2CO3.7H2O 15.29 26.67 Na2CO3.7H2O 13.76 30.39 Na2CO3JH2O + NaNO3 11.80 34.01 XT ™ / 3.1344.67 NaN 3 ° \ 44.60 48.30 NaNO3.Na2CO3. IQH2Q 4.8839.32 NO3- CO3"" Na+ K + ; v. p. 360 NO3- CO3-- K+ (238) ; H2O + KNO3 + K2CO3 Liquid phase 0 T= 1O C t = 24.20C 0 r, , Solid phases % % % % K2CO3 KNQ3 K2CO3 KNO3 K2CO3JH2O 52.OÏ 52.95 K2CO3.| H2O + KNO 3 51.17 1.27 51.89 1.45 ( 45.81 2.02 39.07 4.15 24.56 9.37 0 KN 3 ° 23.07 10.72 9.21 20.14 I 17.28 27.36 NO 3 -C 2 O 4 -Ag + H2O + HNO3 + Ag2C2O4 t = 250C (185) % HNO3 I % Ag2C2O4 Ag2C2O4 1.572 0.1334 3.110 0.2149 5.995 0.3599 11.390 0.6735 22.036 1.4993 29.095 2.4974 30.219 2.7857 NO3- C2O4- La+++ H2O +La(NO 3 ) 3 + La2(C2O4), t = 250C (222) % La2(C2O4), I % La(N03)3 La2(C2O4) 3.8H2O 0.28 5.06 0.88 14.04 1.46 22.15 2.01 28.63 I 2.41 34.61

NO3- C2O4-- La +++ —(CWd) % La2(C204)31 % La(N03)2 La2(C2O4)3.8H2O 2.59 36.24 2.67 37.42 3.00 39.89 La2(C2O4) 3.8H2O + La2(C204)3.5H20 3.32 I 42.27 La2(C2O4) ,.5H2O+La,(C2O4),.3H2O 2.68 I 45.26 La2(C2O4)3.3H2O 2.64 46.39 2.52 51.30 2.41 54.11 2.32 56.54 La2(C2O4) ,.3H2O +La(NO,), 2.23 ] 59.03 La (NO3)3 2.10 59.03 0.67 59.91 O 60.17

A B C D E F G H I J P Q R

NO3- CO3-- Na+ K + (219> 238) H2O + NaNO 3 + K2CO3; v. Fig. 147 Liquid phase—M per IQQOM H2Q t = 1O0C t = 24.20C; v. Fig. 147f a r , , Solid phases '0'5TJ"\rS\ XT TVT r\ T^XT S\ 0.5XT AT/~1 KNO 3 M 0-5NaNO ~ 0'5KNO NaNO r pn 3 nn 3 M nrk 3 K2CO3 Na2CO3 K2OO3 Na2CO3 Na2COUOH2O 40.64 96.88 Na2CO3-IOH20 89.35 97.24 Na2CO3-IOH2O + NaNO 3 29.69 150.10 Na2CO3-IOH2O + NaNO 3 72.47 132.12 NaNO3 170.28 193.28* NaNO 3 + KNO 3 53.89 178.16 77.62* 215.14* KNO 3 74.37 66.96* KNO3 + K2CO3JH2O 280.08 4.74 289.44 5.508 K2CO3JH20 282.17 293.0 K2CO3-IH2O + KNaCO3.6H20 273.96 20.76 279.57 38.09 NaNO3 + KNO3 + Na2CO3-IOH20 38.48 22.28 161.24 KNaCO3-OH2O + Na2CO3-IOH20 62.48* 129.12* K2CO3-IH2O + KNO 3 + KNaCO3.6H20 264.17 11.23 26.42 KNO3 + Na2CO3-IOH2O + KNaCO3-OH20 4.802 25.40 54.46 3.31 42.19 130.46 Na2CO3-IOH2O + KNO 3 + NaNO3 50.4 73.98 149.94 KNaCO3.6H2O + K2CO3JH2O + KNQ 3 266.68 2.57 17.93 * By graphical interpolation,

t Data for system NaSCOa-IOH 2 O + Na2COa.7H2O + KNOs lacking. NH 4 + HCOr Na+ ( 1 2 4 , 1 2 5 , 2 7 9 )

6.90

XT „._ NaHC 3

°

NaHCO3 + NH 4 HCO 3

8.80 8.00 7.46 6.69 4.82 10.94 5.93

% NH4HCO3

% NaHCO3

% NH4HCO3

Liquid phase (279) t = 3O0C* j t = 4O0C* % NaHCO3

% NH 4 HCO 3

t = 150C % NaHCO3

|| P

NH4HCO3

NaHCO3

NH4HCO3

NaHCO3

NH 4 HCO 3

Solid phases

NaHCO3

H2O + NH 4 HCO 3 + NaHCO3 Liquid phase—g per IQOg H2O (125) t = O0C t = 150C j t = 3O0C

11.03 7.93 2.30 7.26 1.99 4.40 6.67 3.93 8.57 5.79 7.44 17.06 7.21 25.57 Il 4.82 13.88 4.72 13.61 5.34 22.45

* Under the pressure of CO2 -f- NHa due to decomposition of the NH4HCO3 in the solution.

NH 4 + HCO3- Na+,-(Cont'd.) t = 350Cf ( 124 ) % NaHCO3 I % NH4HCO3 NH4HCO3 0.0 I 24.02 NH4HCO3 + NaHCO3 5.14 1 21.55 NaHCO 3 5.45 21.28 8.06 8.29 9.19 3.49 10.38 0.0 t Under pressure of 3 atm. of CCh.

NO 3 -C 2 Or-Na + (82) H2O + NaNO 3 + Na2C2O4 % 0 C % NaNO3 Na2C2O4 NaNO 3 + Na 2 C 2 O 4 -H 2 O 15 45.86 0.051 50 53.06 0.047

NOr C 2 O 4 --K + (82) H2O + KNO 3 + K2C2O4 I % 0 C % KNO 3 1 K2C2O4 KNO 3 + K 2 C 2 O 4 -H 2 O 19 11.6 20.38 50 28.29 19.63

NO3- C2H3O2- Ag+ H2O + HC2H3O2 + AgNO3 t = 250C (185) % HNO3 ) % AgC2H3O2 AgC2H3O2 0.0 1.1074 2.850 7.9580 5.258 14.201 8.904 24.262 14.021 37.367 15.844 42.024 17.773 47.437

NO3- C2H2ClO2- Ag+

NO 3 - Pb++ Cu++

H2O + HC2H2ClO2 + AgNO3 t = 250C (185) % HNO3 l % AgC2H2ClO2 AgC2H2ClO2 0.0 1.504 1.488 4.827 2.833 8.510 5.234 14.582 8.883 24.441 13.983 37.229 15.751 42.059 NO3- HC4H4O6- K + H2O + KNO3 + KHC4H4O6

H2O + Pb(NO 3 ) 2 + Cu(NO 3 ), t = 2O0C (123) g per 100g H2O Cu(NOs) 2 I Pb(NO3), Pb(NO 3 ), 0.0 55.11 7.72 39.34 15.04 27.80 24.63 19.05 33.25 14.70 37.96 13.08 60.32 8.19 83.11 5.37 100.29 3.53

t = 240C (283) MKN03/1*

I MKHC4H4O6/!*

KHC4H4O6 O l 0.0347 0.05 0.01953 0.10 0.01355 0.20 0.00901 * Data mean of two results.

Pb(NOs) 2 + Cu(N03)2.6H20 127.70 I 2.33

•

Cu (NO3)2.6H2O 127.40 I O

NO 3 -Pb + +Ba + +(i 2 9) H2Q + Pb(NOs) 2 + Ba(NOa) 2 c, ,.j , Liquid phase—M per 100OM Solid phase ^ * TT ^ Xl 2\J

M^

NO3- Pb++ Ba++.-(Continued) Solid phase—g per 100g solid ., , T . * ,j* g v Liquid phase Ba(N03)2

I

Pb(NOs) 2 1 % Ba(NQ 3 ) 2 | % Pb(NOs) 2 t = 250C 87.54 1.59 34.60 76.56 2.65 31.13 39.27 4.23 22.73 15.44 6.66 8.96 10.42 7.31 6.26 3.59 8.64 1.63 * = 5O0C 88.31 2.57 40.82 69.02 3.83 37.78 41.25 6.32 29.31 8.78 11.05 10.34 6.67 12.68 5.72

M
BaTNQ3). 25.10 81.31 86.95

Pb(N

°^

23.14 7.80 4.836

t = 3O0C 3.06 14.50 31.22 63.61 65.70 81.90 91.67

96.94 85.50 68.78 36.39 34.30 18.10 8.33

0.669 2.213 3.249 5.050 4.916 5.916 6.419

* = 470C 89.19 83.26 71.68 12.48

10.81 16.74 28.32 87.52

34.96 32.21 28.61 18.91 18.38 10.64 4.781

12.46 23.44 60.73 84.56 89.58 96.41 11.69 30.98 58.75 91.22 93.33

NO3- Pb++ K + (149) ; H2O + Pb(NOs)2 + KNO3 t =250Ci~~ . '

0 ,., , Solid phases

1.958 2.831 3.820 8.854

41.05 40.10 36.40 9.234

pwxrn x Pb(N 3)2

/ ° \ Pb(NOs) 2 H-KNO 3 KNO 3

Liquid phase t = 5O0C

i

t = 10O0C

Pb(NQ 3 )J KNO 3 Pb(NOa) 2 KNO 3 Pb(NOa) 2 KNO 3 37.17 44.79 55.65 44.50 36.90 41.93 24.67 42.14 33.14 27.39 45.51 71.10

NO 3 -Pb + +Ba + + K + (148) H2O -f Pb(NOa) 2 -f Ba(NOa) 2 + KNO3 , , Solid phases G r

Ba(NO3)2.2KNO3* Ba(NO3)2.2KNO3* + KNO3

Ba(NO3)2.2KNO3 + KNO3

\

T> /vrr^),2KN0 OT^XT^ * *+ , T^XT^ Ba(N0 KN0 3

3

J

3

Liquid phase t = 250C t = 5O0C % % % % % % KNO3 Pb(NO3)2 Ba(NOa) 2 KNO3 Pb(NO3)2 Ba(NO3)2 15.26 2.12 6.05 27.40 15.89 8.11 17.39 11.44 3.40 28.28 27.00 5.68 16.01 21.25 4.33 32.61 38.93 2.15 17.87 35.90 2.46 23.41 37.68 2.11 25.75 34.65 1.16 25.74 32.63 1.92 35.48 33.62 2.01 26.78 23.26 1.76 36.91 29.22 2.24 27.23 15.28 2.32 38.06 24.98 2.59 27.69 9.85 1.87 39.43 19.96 2.85 27.74 4.95 1.92 40.90 14.64 3.32 41.39 13.01 3.44 41.86 10.35 3.69 25.22 40.46 0.72 33.25 40.88 1.02 25

-°

25 0

24.91

39 84

^-0

37.48

1

18

^^69

33

41

^- ^

40

- 19

39 82

1

51

^^40

1.80

* Contained small amounts of Pb(NOs)2.2KNO 3 .

a ,.j , Solid phases Ai U 3/>2 B J C Pb(NO3)2 + NaNO 3 D NaNQ3

/ \

NO 3 -Pb + +Na + (149) H 2 O + Pb(NO 3 ) 2 + NaNO3; v. Fig. 148 Liquid phase t = O0C j t = 250C l t = 5O0C t = 10O0C ! ! ; % % % % % % % % Pb(NO3), NaNO 3 Pb(NO 3 J 2 NaNO3 Pb(NO 3 ) 2 NaNQ 3 Pb(NO 3 ) 2 NaNO 3 28.70 37.17 44.79 55.65 25.80 2.91 27.86 10.04 29.22 17.51 50.78 4.24 15.47 40.32 17.25 43.84 47.86 53.29 NO 3 - Pb(N 3 ) 2 Na + ; v. p. 356

NO3- Hg+ H2O+ HNO3 + HgNQ3; t = 250C (89) OTJ i Liquid phase Solid phases —r—^1 MnWlI M Hg /l HgNO3.H2O + 3HgNO3.Hg2O.H20 2.955 2.150 3HgNO3.Hg2O.H20 1.356 0.923 3HgN03.Hg2O.H20 + HgNO3-Hg20 0.293 0.239 EgNO1NHg20 0.1579 0.1321 HgN03.Hg20 + HgN03.Hg20.|H20 0.102 0.0807 HgNO3.Hg2O.|H20 0.0068 HgNQ3.Hg2O.|H2Q + Hg2Q 0.0016

* Solid solution I from 100 to 94 % KNOa. t Solid solution II from 72.96 to O %KN0 3 .

Solid phases

Liquid phase t = 250C

i

t = 5O0C

l

MHg/l

* = 150C

MHNOS/I

NO3- Zn + Pr+++ (301) H2O + Zn(NO 3 ) 2 + Pr(NOs)3 % % 0 C Pr2O3 % ZnO double salt 2Pr (NO3) ,.3Zn(NO3)2.24H2O 15 13.221 9.87 66.3 30 14.08 10.45 70.6 45 15.02 11.01 75.4 60 15.97 11.98 80.1

MHg/l

NO3- Zn + Nd (301) H2O + Zn(NOs) 2 + Nd(NOs) 3 % % 0 C Nd2O3 % ZnO double salt 2Nd(NO3 ) s.3Zn (NO3)2.24H2O 15 14.0 10.15 69.1 30 14.88 10.79 73.5 50 15.86 11.53 78.3 70 17.15 12.33 84.6

NOr Hg++ (89) : H2Q + HNO3 + HgO

+

MHNOS/I

+++

MHg/l

+

MHNOS/I

NO3" Tl+ K + : H2O + TlNO3 + KNO3; t = 250C (129) Solid phases | Liquid phase—M per l M% KNO 3 ' | M% TlNO3 KNQ3 | TlNO3 PlOO. OO ÖTÖÖ 3.4682 (UM) 99.92 0.08 3.2515 0.0089 99.80 0.20 3.2851 0.0231 Solid soin. I* | 99.43 0.57 3.2981 0.0663 98.22 1.78 3.2944 0.1869 97.81 2.19 3.1724 0.2390 2.77 3.2658 0.3238 97.23 Solid soins. I + II 4.2326 0.4652 93 33 O T J i T T A / 6 - 67 2.4233 0.3806 Solidsoln.IItj 0 0 0 0.4361 10Q Q0 QOQ

Hg(NO3)2.H2O +Hg(NOs)2.2HgO 17.93 8.172 18.71 8.585 16.52 8.235 9.65 4.515 35 TT nvTr* ),2HgO ï OTT r» i0.6182 Hg(N0 3

064ß

02958

NO3" Cu++: H2O + HNO3 + Cu(NQ3),; t = 150C ( 305 ) 0.283 0.1252 ( 0.123m 0.0545m % HNQ 3 % Cu(NOs) 2 I Solid phase Hg(NO3)2.2HgO + HgO 0.136 0.058 0.154 0.0675 0.284 0.1226 0.0 52.40 Cu (NO3) 2.3H2O ( 0.1156 0.0499 0.116 0.0494 0.231 5.00 48.00 HgO i 0.0723 0,0303 0.072 0.0306 0.11560.0494 10.00 44.00 l L 0.0723 NO3- Cu++ Ag+ (305) : H2O + Cu(NOg) 2 + AgNO3 Liquid phase t = Q0C I t = IQ0C I t = 150C I t = 2Q0C I t = 3O0C | t = IQQ0C P aS6S % Cu% % Cu% % Cu% % Cu% % Cu% % Cu% (N0 3 ) 2 AgNQ3 (NOg) 2 AgNO3 (NOs) 2 AgNO3 (NO3)2 AgNO3 (NOs) 2 AgNO3 (NO3), AgNO AgNO3 55.60 63.60 66.70 68.30 74.10 90.00 AgNO 3 -f Cu(NO3)2.6H20 40.90 12.10 40.00 12.50 47.60 12.10 51.10 11.60 AgNO3 + Cu(NO3)2.3H20 54.80 11.80 54.00 25.50 Cu(NO3)2.6H20 46.30 50.30 52.40 55.40 Cu(NO3)2.3H2O 60.90 71.50 + + + + ++ + NO Mn + Pr ++ (301) NO Mn + Nd+++ (301) NO Ag 3 3 NO3- Cn Na 3 H O + Mn(NOs) + Pr(NQs) H O + Mn(NQs) + Nd(NO 2 2 3 2 2 3) H O + HNO -f AgNO H2O + Cu(NOs)2 + NaNO 3 2 3 3 t = 30°C (256) t = 2O0C (255) a/ % \ et o, %~~ ° T» f\ % ° ° ° A/U XT/ ^ ° % HNO3 1 % AgNO3 Pr ., i MnO Nd % Cu(N03)2 I % NaNO3 2O3 2O3 1A _ salt i salt Cu(N03)2.6H20 2Pr(NO3)3.3Mn(NO3)2.24H2O 2Nd(NO3)3.3Mn(NO3)2.24H2O 55.94 0.0 AgNO3 15 1 14.60 9.44 71.8 15 9.50 15.24 73.8 55.76 2.07 0.0 73.22 30 15.42 9.75 75.9 30 10.15 15.99 77.4 54.34 4.29 1.119 69.87 45 16.24 10.40 79.9 45 10.68 17.05 82.6 2.854 64.64 Cu (NO3)2.6H2O + NaNO3 60 17.43 11.15 85.8 60 11.48 18.37 89.0 5.51 57.27 53.30 I 5.27 NO3- Fe+++: H2O + HNO3 + Fe2O3 10.47 45.09 Solid phases Liquid phase NaNO 3 18.91 29.37 0 t = 25 C (67); y. Fig. 149 % Fe2O3J % N2O6 26.59 20.32 46.32 8.19 10.36 40.33 29.25 19.89 B Probably basic salts ££ £™ 56.48 4.22 3.38 43.51 C 15.22 30.50 0.0 48.60 NaNO3 + Cu(NO3)2.3H2O t = 150C (305) E Fe20,3N20,18H20 J-Jf J;» 56.57m 1 5.66m AgNO3 F 5.02 47.50 Cu(NOs)2.3H20 G 3 93 20 O 66.65 T ^ O A T v r n i f t T r n -62 47 Fe 0 .4N 0 .18H 0 ^ ^-^ H 2 3 2 6 2 57.Om 3.59m 5 50.50 57.Om 1.98m 10 38.30 I Fe2O3^N2O5-ISH20 4.49m 55.2Om C

Mn

d

Uble

C

0

d

Uble

NO3- 00++Pr+++ (soi) H2O + Co(N03)2 H- Pr(NOs) 3 % % % 0 C CoO Pr2O3 double salt 2Pr(NO3)3.3Co (NO3)2.24H2O 15 9.30 13.64 67.6 30 9.75 14.28 70.8 45 10.13 14.98 74.3 60 10.79 15.89 78.8

NO 3 -Co++Nd+++ (soi) H2O + Co(NOs)2 + Nd(NOs) 3 % % % 0 C CoO Nd2O3 double salt 2Nd(NO3)3.3Co(NOs)2.24H2O 15 9.28 14.0 68.3 30 9.84 14.84 72.4 45 10.43 15.71 76.6 60 . I 11.16 16.63 81.1

NO 3 -Ni++Pr+++ (soi) H2O + Ni(NOs) 2 + Pr(NOs) 3 % % % 0 C NiO Pr2O3 double salt 2Pr(NO3)s.3Ni(NO3)2.24H2O 15 8.83 12.99 64.4 30 9.41 13.83 68.5 45 9.87 14.50 71.8 60 10.47 15.27 75.7

NO3" UO2++

H2O H- HNO3 H- UO 2 (NOs) 2 t = 250C (84.5) % HNO3 I % UO2(NOs)2 UO2(N03)2.6H20 O 56.08 12.35 40.36 25.14 30.29 28.67 29.65 29.84 31.27 UO2(NO3)2.6H2O H- UO2(NO3)2.3H2O 30.43 I 36.77 UO2(NO3)2.3H2O 31.15 37.99 32.31 36.28 46.12 27.18 50.43 25.79 53.20 26.77 UO2(NO3)2.3H2O + UO2(NO3)2.2H20 53.71 I 27.49 UO2(NO3)2.2H2O 55.24 27.24 60.38 23.65 66.71 22.29 68.83 22.49

NO3- UO 2 + + K +

NO 3 -Ni + +Nd + + + (301) H2O + Ni(NOg) 2 H- Nd(NO 3 ) 3 0 C % % % NiO Nd2O3 double salt 2Nd(NO3)s.3Ni(NOs)2.24H2O 15 9.13 14.01 68.4 30 9.73 14.66 71.5 45 10.12 15.41 75.10 60 10.89 16.36 79.80 NO 3 -CrO 4 -" (276) H2O H- HNO3 + H2CrO4 * = 250C; t = 450C v. Fig. 150 % % % % HNO3 CrO3 HNO3 CrO3 CrO3 0.0 62.85 0.0 63.50 13.25 48.10 5.58 57.93 26.79 34.32 19.53 43.41 46.91 14.63 50.69 13.15 68.49 0.95 73.81 0.88 82.90 0.06 88.35 0.60 9.42 89.17 0.18 88.06 91.36 8.29

H2O + HNO3 H- UO 2 (NOs) 2 + KNO 3 t = 2O0C (278) % HNO3 % KNOs-UO2(NOs)2 KNO 3 0.0 46.09 5.50 45.05 10.01 49.95 UO2(NO3)2.6H2O 15.85 1 47.09 KNO 3 -UO 2 (NOs) 2 15.83 47.23 . 22.06 44.84 32.47 35.06 44.81 25.32 % HNO3 % 2KNO3.UO2(NOs)2 KNO3 0.0 38.61 6.57 34.30 13.73 31.37 19.77 34.12 23.92 40.19 2KNO3-UO2(NOs)2 32.83 i 34.34 KNO3.U02(NOs)2 •31.75 I 36.51

NO 3 -Al + ++ (272) H2O H- HNO3 + Al(NOs) 3 °C

% HN

°° Al(NO3), Al(NO3)s.9H2O 4 19.75 19.65 5 50.65 1.50 5 70.65 0.23 19.8 15.45 27.10 20 46.05 5.86 20 71.35 0.73 40 11.95 34.60 40 38.50 16.30 40 44.80 13.05 40 64.50 4.15 40 65.35 4.14 60 4.93 44.35 60 17.15 36.40 60 18.90 36.00 60 32.65 29.10 0 t = 25 C (215) % Al(NOs)3 I % HNO3 A1(NO3)3.9H2O 38.87 0.33 32.16 9.15 17.57 28.65 5.05 47.08 1.84 58.26 1.42 60.43 1.25 71.15 Al(NOs)3-SH2O 1.25 72.06 0.71 75.34 0.24 80.28 Al(NO3)3.6H20 0.17 81.08 0.17 87.66 0.25 89.02 0.43 90.12 NO 3 - Al+++ K+ (408) H2O +Al(NO 3 )S + K N O 3 NO 3 -Mg++Pr+++ (soi) H2O + Mg(NOs) 2 H- Pr(NOs) 3 °C

07

c/

%

™°n Pr T> >i3 d°uble ° '° salt 2Pr(NO3)s.3Mg(NO3)2.24H2O 15 4.97 13.55 63.0 30 5.24 14.29 66.4 50 5.55 15.27 71.0 70 6.14 16.65 77.5 Mg

NO 3 -Mg++Nd+++ (301) H2O H- Mg(NO3), + Nd(N03)s

OC 0

-% , ^ Nd XT% i /-k MgO 2O3

^ double galt

2Nd(NO,),.3Mg(N08)i.24H,0 15 5.17 14.45 66.0 30 5.49 15.20 69.5 50 5.78 16.34 74.4 70 6.29 17.47 79.8

NO3- Mg++ Na+ H2O + Mg(NO3)2 H- NaNO3 t = 250C (217) % Mg(NOs) 2 I % NaNO3 Mg(NO3)2.6H2O 43.25 O 40.84 3.37 40.0 5.12 Mg(NOa) 2 -OH 2 O H- NaNO3 38.25 I 9.22 NaNO 3 34.24 11.10 25.25 18.26 9.82 36.58 O 47.60

NO3- Ca++ (27) H2O + HNO3 H- Ca(OH)2 t = 250C* % CaO I % N2O6 CaO.H2O 0.1150 O 5.590 10.53 10.48 19.87 13.87 26.25 15.50 29.28 2CaO.N2O6.3H2O 15.75 29.83 16.56 31.49 18.35 35.05 18.93 36.21 CaO.N2O5.4H2O 19.76 38.01 19.80 38.18 t = 10O0C CaO.H2O 0.0561 O 5.37 10.13 14.92 27.82 19.63 35.38 20.51 36.63 CaO.H2O + 2CaO.N2O5.2H2O 21.13 I 37.50 2CaO.N2O6.2H2O 21.63 38.62 22.00 39.79 23.77 43.75 24.76 45.50 2CaO.N2O5.2H2O + 2CaO.N2O5-JH2O 25.38 ! 46.47 2CaO.N2O5-eH2O 25.51 47.03 26.18 48.61 26.73 49.86 CaO. N2O5 27.33 51.09 26.98 51.17

* Cameron and Robinson ( 63 ) found as solid phases at 250C, CaO.HÔ, a solid solution, 2CaO. N2O6. K H2O and CaO.N2O5.4H2O.

NO3- Ca++ Na+ (237, 297) H2O + Ca(NOs) 2 + NaNQ 3 Liquid phase t = 90C \ t = 250C

Ca(NO3)2.4H2O Ca(NO3)2.4H2O + NaNO3 NaNO 3 (297)

51.53 58.64 46.08 12.56 52.73 12.08 44.60 47.90 t = 5Q0C | i = 94.50G

Ca(NO3)2.3H2O Ca(NO3)2.3H2O + NaNO3

73.80 69.40 11.10

TTT-n

KNOs

KNO 3 4 Sr(NO3)2.4H20 KNO 3 + Sr(NO3)2

24.27 O 39.00 22.90 5.49 30.26 21.01 17.10 19.49 34.91 19.69 39.56 26.90 17.56 40.37 12 65 41 12 1()00 4()70

% Sr(N03)2

% KNO3

% NaNO3

% Ca(NOs)2

% NaNO3

% KNO 3

Solid phases

i % Ca(NOs)2

Solid phases (237)

% Sr(NO3),

NO3- Sr++ K + (127) ; H2O + Sr(NO3)2 + KNO3 Liquid phase t = 2O0C i t = 4O0C

O 23.70

38.52

ö nvrn3)>2.4H ATT 2n Sr(N0 0 78.40 Ca(NO 3 ) 2 .... 74.6 4.3 O 41.43 68.9 14.3 22.50 40.22 Ca(N03)2 + NaNO3 66.7 18.0 Sr(NOs) 2 11.19 44.19 ' 62.7011.5060.2 17.8 O 47.70 61.3 12.2 47.0 24.7 52.3 14.9 20.5 43.9 NaNO3 \ 39.2 21.0 62.6 NO3- Ba++: H2O -f HNO3 + BaO 30.7 27.4 t = 250C (295) u t = 3O0C (256) 22.6 34.5 S Per 10OgH2O 52.80 BaO I Ba(NOs) 2 NOr Ca++ K+ Ba(NOa) 2 Ba(NO3)2 H2O + Ca(NOs) 2 + KNO3 0.0 10.30 10.25 0.0 t =30°C O *); v. Fig. 151 1.55 10.66 8.89 0.77 3.22 11.04 5.91 2.95 Liquid phase Ba(NOs)2 + BaO.H2O 4.39 4.45 M 5.02 I 11.48 3.33 5.94 O Solid phases* BaO.H2O 2.59 7.38 fc ° ^ £ ^9, 4.93 10.21 2.08 8.82 O W W 4.83 8.66 1.45 11.67 ^ ^ 40.35 ^ 4.72 7.01 0.79 17.07 A i f 59.65 4.55 6.82 0.50 22.14 B \ Ca(NO3)2.4H2O \ 57.40 13.80 28.80 4.52 4.44 0.51 22.18 J [ 58.9017.2023.90 4.48 3.47 0.33 27.12 D Ca(NO3)2.4H2O -f Ca(NO 3 ), ? 66.0013.0021.00 4.42 2.53 E Ca(NO3), ? 58.3022.4019.30 4.35 1.45 F Ca(NO 3 ), ? +KNO 3 52.0030.4017.60 4.29 O1O G l f 43.9023.2532.85 f ( [

H l KNO 3 I J

I 24.7022.5052.80 [ 31.4068.60

* Owing to the viscosity of the liquid phases here concerned the author was not able to obtain conclusive evidence (1), that KNOa existed as a stable solid phase from G to F; (2), that Ca(NO 3 )S rather than a hydrated salt existed from F to D; and (3), that Ca(NOs)2.4H 2 O existed as a stable solid from D to A.

NO3- Sr++ H2O + Sr(OH)2 + Sr(NO3), t = 250C (296) g per 10Qg H2Q SrO I Sr(NOQ 2 || SrO | Sr(NO8) 2 Sr(NOs)2 SrO.9H2O 0.0 79.27 1.34 52.90 0.78 80.83 1.14 40.83 Sr(NOs)2 -f SrO.9H2O 1.01 28.80 1.76 I 81.06 0.95 23.83 SrO.9H2O 0.84 12.78 1.71 74.27 0.78 4.45 1.51 63.71

NO3- Ba++ Na+ («7, 88) H2O + Ba(NOs) 2 + NaNO3 Liquid «a r , , t = O0C Solid phases % Ba% (NOs) 2 NaNO 3 ( 4.74 4.03 0.61 3.34 1.68 1.60 8.02 Ba(NOs)2 ] 1.53 20.24 1.56 27.74 1.55 30.81 1.53 33.79 [ 1.49 35.83 Ba(NOs)2 + NaNO3 1.55* 41.37* / 0.51 41.68 M Mn NaN 3 ° \ 42.47 * Mean of four determinations.

Continued on p. 865

phase t = 3O0C % Ba% (NOs) 2 NaNO 3 10.33 0.0 8.58 2.33 5.28 7.09 3.89 12.07 3.54 14.41 3.20 17.87 3.07 19.06 2.81 23.55 2.27 41.22 2.11 48.22 1.00 48.50 49.16

NOr Ba++ K + : H2O + Ba(NO3), + KNO 3 Liquid phase ( 127 ) 0 t = 9.1 C * = 21.10C t = 350C a r , , Solid phases % KNO3

% Ba(NOs) 2

% KNO3

% Ba (NO3) 2

% KNO3

% Ba(NOs) 2

Liquid phase ( 148 ) r= 250C t = 5O0C % Ba% % Ba% Solid phases (NOs) 2 KNQ3 (N03)2 KNQ3 ^XTrx / 0.0 27.39 2.34 45.45 KN 3 ° t 4.22 44.88 KNQ3 + Ba(NO 3 ) 2 .2KNQ 3 ... . 2.44 27.67 5.11 44.66 6.25 O 8.46 O 11.39 O 4.88 17.14 5.64 40.31 ^ /XT^N 7.47 2.12 8.1812.99 Ba(NQ3)2.2KNO3 6.99 35.75 Ba(NOa)2 6.35 5.98 8.0817.48 i 10-16 30.08 6.068.47 Ba(N03)2.2KNO3 + Ba(NO 3 ) 2 . 6.60 14.80 10.81 28.86 Ba(NQ 3 ) 2 -f Ba(NO 3 ) 2 .2KNQ 3 4.20 8.155.9813.24 8.4219.75 6-57 9.13 10.43 24.14 '«nôTTxrn /1.9812.023.3518.245.8524.00 7.72 3.80 10.14 18.76 Ba (NQ3)2.2KNQ3 j 2.3021.475.0226.05 Ba(NQ 3 ) 2 9.28 0.0 10.92 10.53 Ba(NQ 3 ) 2 .2KNQ 3 +KNO 3 ... 0.9816.801.7624.86 3.0234.87 12-73 3.93 KNO 3 O 16.760 24.770 35.01 14.67 0.0 NOr Na+ K+ (238, 307) ; H2Q + NaNO3 + KNO3 Liquid phase—g per IQOg H2Q (307) Liquid phase (238) t = 50C t = 250C t = 5O0C t = 10O0C T= 1O0C t = 24.20C . KNQ3 NaNQ3 KNQ3 NaNQ3 KNQ3 NaNQ3 KNQ3 NaNQ3 ^ ^ ^ ^

KNQ3+NaNQ3 NaNO 3

NO 3 - Ba++ JXsi+.—(Continuedfrom t = 2O0C (126) % NaNO 3 I % Ba(NOa) 2 Ba(NOg) 2 37.07 2.07 14.59 2.49 5.61 3,89

||

246

90.2 134.9 114.1

218

17.28

233.6 176

38.98

% NaNO 3 | % Ba(NQ 3 J 2 NaNO 3 + Ba(NO 3 ) 2 45.74 1.86

NH4+ H2PO4- (99» 294)

H2Q + NH4OH + H3PQ4; v. Fig. 152 Liquid phase t = 250C t = 250C

• KWU8

TTMH 9TTMO KN0 3 .2HN0 3

t = 2O0C (278)

% KNO 3

M % HNO3

(154)*

M % KNO 3

M % HNO3

M % KNO 3

MKNOS/I

MKOH/I

Solid phases

(154)*

4.710.847 2.34 5.4 23.90 7.900.455 1.61 2.57 2.9 5.8 8.4016.04 9.410.364 1.45 2 . 9 0 2 4 . 4 4 8 - 8 1 7 . 4 7 1 2 . 6 5 10.950.298 1.47 4.29 26.9310.23 I 12.190.271 1.53 6.42 34.7213.20 ] 14.020.241 1.6610.50 42.1615.68 14.850.232 2.4516.20 50.1716.39 15.020.23325.2050.40 54.0122.84 59.61 25.48 60.4832.80 / 25.7051.4029.071.0 | 1? 80 82.20 32.3 64.6

KNQ3.2HNQ3 + KNQ 3 * Includes data from Engel ( l l s ).

137.862.2

(294)

(")

Solid phases

% HNO 3

Liquid phase t = 2O0C I t = O0C t = 210C I

14.04 41.50 17.77 44.60 44.76 6.08 47.74

p. 364)

NOr K+ (*9> 154, 2 7 8 ) ; c/. ( 4 1 O ) 1 H 2 O + HNO3 + KQH

(49)

27.44 19.96 22.45 39.57 17.93

A 1 B

C

U3(NH m T T)i O.P OPO fiTTO 4 2 206.6H20

% P2Q5

\

85.10 87.53 57.89

% (NH4)2Q

KNQ3

38.85 37.96 5 37.49 10 37.42 15 37.54 20 39.39 40 41.87 60 18.10 82.10 46.15 100.9 76.30 30 97.95 20 96.06 10 94.47 5 93.39 91.86 22.30

% P2Q5

16.83 15.57

% (NH4)2Q

, a VA Solid phases

f 19.32 0.5936.66 2.91 13.07 1.4229.89 3.05 j 7.683.2722.786.18 7 9 1 7 2 4 1 7 16 9 4 5

8.64 9.3810.9113.0 J 12.4516.4811.1418.25 D 3(NH4)2O.P2Oß.6H2O + 2(NH4)2O.P2Q6-H2O 16.8422.44 16.7122.9416.3324.22 / A T T T N r M 5 ^ TT^ 17.6530.8217.9628.05 2(NH4)2O.P205.H20 18.6434.23 18.2531.11 19.0 33.81 E 2(NH4)2O.P2Q5.H20 + (NH4)2O.P2O5.2H2O 18.5934.30

NH4+ AsO2H2O + NH4OH + HAsO2 t = 3O0C (351) % NH3 I % AsO2 As2O3 O 2.26 1.41 10.98 2.86 21.17 As2O3. (NH 4 )2O 2.88 18.43 3.13 12.30 3.91 7.63 6.95 4.72 9.93 3.20 13.98 2.50 14.28 2.16 NH4+ C 2 O 4 - - Th++++ H2O + (NHO 2 C 2 O 4 + Th(C2OO2 t = 250C (168) M per 100Og soin. (NHO 2 C 2 O 4 I Th(C2OO2 Th(C2O4)2.6H2O 0.00033 0.00005 0.00044 0.000081 0.00072 0.000120 0.00109 0.000200 0.00120 0.000208 0.00130 0.000220 0.00148 0.000250 0.00153 0.000260 2Th(C204)2.(NH4)2C204.7H2O 0.0023 0.00038 0.041 0.0121 0.090 0.0210 0.145 0.0382 0.225 0.0599

NH4+ C 2 O 4 -- UO 2 + +; v. p. 367 NH4+ CO3- "î v. p. 367

NH 4 + CO3-- Na+ (273) ; H2O + (NHQ2CO3 + Na2CO3 0 .. , , Solid phases

(NEU)2CO3 (NH 4 ) 2 CO 3 + Na2CO3.|H20 Na 2 CO 3 .fH 2 O + Na2CO3.10H20 NaoCOUOHuO

(NH4)2C2O4.H2O + Na2C2O4

Na2C2O4

Liquid phase t = O0C I J = 150C °/ °/ °/ °7 (NH 4 ) 2 CO3 Na2CO3 (NH4HCQ3 Na 2 CO 3 35.82 38.27 35.23 9.88 36.00 8.78 13.82 9.37 6.63 14.15

4 88

°'89 182

9 46

4.75 4.74 3.77 2.48 1.49 0.74 O

2.85 3.41 3.46 3.50 3.65 3.69 3.73

'2 93

9.21 9.19 7.86 6.12 4.64 1.59 O

% Na2C2O4

% (NH 4 )2C204

9.63

O

4'8 1

O 1

25

2^ 45

3.57 4.05 4.13 4.29 4.28 4.46 4.54

NH 4 + C 2 O 4 -- K + (314); H2O + (NHQ 2 C 2 Q 4 + K2C2O4 Liquid phase t = 250C t = 5O0C Solid phases

t = 250C (223)

% (NH4)2C204| % Th(C2OO2 Th(C2OO2. ?H20 0.03 0.03 0.48 0.20 0.79 0.35 (NH4)2C2O4.2Th(C2O02.2H2O 0.89 0.57 1.65 1.38 4.83 5.06 10.27 12.35 15.07 19.54 (NH4)2C204,2Th(C204)2.2H2O + (NHO2C2O4.2Th(C2O4)2.7H2O 17.49 I 23.19 (NH4)2C2O4.2Th(C2O4)2.7H2O + (NHO2C2O4 17.13 I 22.16 (NH4)2C204 14.52 17.84 11.68 12.77 8.70 7.40 5.62 1.43

% Na2C2O4

% P2O5

% (NH 4 ) 2 0

NH4+ C2O4- - Th++++.— (Continued) M per 100Og soin. (NHO2C2O4 I Th(C2OO2 Th(C2OO2. (NH 4 )2C2O4.3H2O 0.3012 0.0950 0.3700 0.1203 0.6012 0.1950 Th(C 2 OO 2 -(NHO 2 C 2 O 4 .3H2O + (NH4)2C204.H20 1.480 0.563

5.01 fMTT TTO (NH4Ï)2PCO 20,H 20

(NH4)2C2O4.H20

T Tsls a ,., Solid soin. I*

Solid soin. I* +Solid soin. II* Solid soin. II* K2C2O4.H2O

% K2C2O4

J

f 17.4732.23 13.6226.78 7.0718.3810.5223.44 7.9554.67 6.7218.25 6.2525.71 7.2143.25

% (NHO 2 C 2 O 4

(NH4)AP2Oe.2H20

Solid phases

% K2C2O4

G

(294)

% P2O5

Solid phases

% (NH 4 )20

(99)

% (NH 4 )iC,0 4

Liquid phase t = 250C t = 250C

NH.4+ C 2 O 4 -- Na+ (314) ; H2O + (NHQ 2 C 2 O 4 + Na2C2Q4 Liquid phase t = 250C j t = 5O0C % (NHO 2 C 2 O 4

NH 4 + "RÔc.—(Continued]

5.01 O 9.63 O f 4.72 2.678.40 7.99 4.38 6.517.1016.20 4.16 9.486.7917.99 4.0112.106.1022.40 3.6815.375.7524.40 3.3219.394.7830.40 3.1021.91 2.9024.30 1.8326.304.7830.40 0.85 26.803.34 31.0 O 27.200 33.10

* Solid soins. I and II contain K2C2O^H2O and (NHO2C2O4-HzO.

C

NH 4 + C 4 H 4 O6 - - N a + ( 1 9 7 ) H2Q + (NH4) ,C4H4O6 + Na2C4H4O6 Liquid phase— M per 100OM Solid phases HO*

12.8 NH4NaC4H4O6.4H2O (d and Z) 16.2 16.7 26.2 21 NH4NaC4H4O6.4H2O (d and Z) + (NH4)2C4H4O6 (dl) 21 NH4NaC4H4O6.4H2O (d and Z) + Na2C4H 4 O 6 (^) 27 NH4NaC4H4O6.4H2O (d and Z) + NH4NaC4H4O6 (dl) 35 Na2C4H4O6 (dl) + (NHO2C4H4O6 (dl). .. * Includes data taken from other sources. t A = Na 2 C 4 H 4 O 6 ; B = (NH4^COI4O6.

At I Bf 21.05 21.05 24.30 24.30 31.90 31.90 34.40 34.40

22.7

36.4

33.7

23.1

38.6 33.80

38.6 44.40

NH 4 + COr-(378) H2O + NH4OH + H2CO3 Liquid phase t = 0.10G | t = 2O0G | t = 4O0G t = 6O0C % NH3 | % CO2 | % NH 3 | % CO 2 1 % NH3| % CQ2 |%NH3| % CO2 2.6 6.05 3.95 9.25 6.18 14.05 7.8 17.00 8.8 12.1 9.25 13.9 10.2 17.0 14.1 21.80

Solid phases

JNM 4 MUU 3

10 6

NH4HCO3 + 2NH 4 HCO 3 .(NH 4 ) 2 CO 3 .H 2 O NH4HCO3 + NH4CO2NH2 2NH4HCO3.(NH4)2CO3.H20 2NH4HCO3. (NH4)2C03.H20 + (NH 4 ) 2 C0 3

14 Q

M 2

lg 8

M 6

11.2

14.8

16.0 20.4 17.3* 21.9*

14.2 14.35*

17.8 18.15*

18.5 20.2*

f

( (JNH 4 ) 2 U0 3 (NH 4 ) 2 CO 3 + NH 4 CO 2 NH 2 NH 4 HCO 3 -NH 4 CO 2 NH 2 + NH 4 CO 2 NH 2

17.6 13.2

25A

13 3

28.7 33.2

12.0 13.6

39 7

11>ö

22.0 26.6 28 6

17.7

24.8

22.8 32.00

21.0

28.2

23.7 32.30

22.3 26.5 28.1

28.9 31. l 32.3

25.6 33.6 26.3 34.00 28.6 34.90

24.8 24.4 23.9* 29.65

MTTTOTtfTT MM 4 CU 2 JNM 2

/ ' 45 |

Q

11 2

26 30

24 2

29.75* 31 2

lg 3

23.2 24.9*

NH4HC03.NH4C02NH2

15.1 17.5

21 5

'33 5

23 8

' Q 22

3

5

°' 33 2

32.65 31 2

' 2 27

3

5 °' 31 6

35 9

' ° 24 OQ

* Average of several determinations.

NH 4 + C 2 O 4 -- UO 2 ++ ( 84 ) H2Q + (NH4)2C2O4 + UO2C2O4 Liquid phase t = 150C Ì t = 5O0C l t = 750C % % % % % % UO2C2O4 (NH 4 ) 2 C 2 O 4 UO2C2O4 (NH 4 ) 2 C 2 O 4 UO2C2O4 (NH 4 )^C 2 O 4 UO2C2O4.3H20 0.47 0.0 1.00 0.0 UO2C2O4.3H2O + (NH4)2C2O4.2UO2C2O4.3H2O 7.19 2.14 UO2C2O4-SH2O + (NH4)2C2O4.2UO2C2O4 5.11 1.36 (NH4)2C2O4.2UO2C2O4.3H2O + (NH 4 ) 2 C 2 O 4 .UO 2 C 2 O 4 .2H 2 O.. . 8.78 2.99 (NH4)2C2O4.2UO2C2O4 + (NH4)2C2O4.UO2C2O4 19.89 8.52 ,., , Solid phases a

2(NH4)2C204.U02C204

[

(NH4)2C204.U02C204.2H20 + (NH4) 2C2O4.H2O (NH 4 )2C2O4.UO2C2O4 + (NH 4 J 2 C 2 O 4 (NH 4 )2C2O4.H2O

9.66 0.0

NH4+CrO4-H2Q + NH 4 OH + H2CrO4; v. Fig. 153 Liquid phase Solid phases; t = 3O0C (336) % ^ (NH 4 )20 CrO3 A Ì r 34.17 6.933 B [(NHO 2 O-CrO, | 9.83 18.98 J [ 9.74 22.53 D (NH 4 ) 2O.CrO3 + (NH 4 ) 2O.2CrO3 10.50 27.09 F G H I

NH Ï O 9PrO 2Cr HVTTT

/ ( <)'°- °3 [ (NH4)2O.2Cr03 + (NH4)2O.3CrO3 . . . . (NH4)2O.3CrO3 + (NH4)2O.4CrO3 . . . . (NH4)2O.4CrO3 (NH4)2O.4CrO3 + CrO3 CrO3

28.56

7 8

' °

6 . 64

4.81 l.58 0.99 0.61

25>

"

2543

42.44 54.56 59.06 63.60 62.28

18.70

6.43 3.69

23.82 0.0

NH4+ C2O4- - Sc+++ H2O + (NH4)2C2O4 + Sc2(C 2 O 4 J 3 ; t = 250C (397) % C2O3 | % Sc2O3 Sc2(C204)3 1.624 0,3019 2.400 0.4012 4.478 0.7108 NH 4 + Cu+ H2O + NH4OH + Cu2O t = 250C (106) % NH3 | % Cu CuO (prep. I) 0.391 0.03593 1.207 0.05024 1.377 0.06869 1.615 0.06964 2.703 0.10144 3.264 0.10462

15.90 9.36 NH4+ Cu+,- (Continued) % NH 3 i % Cu CuO (prep. I) 3.689 0.10557 4.573 0.12243 6.868 0.13229 7.412 0.14882 8.126 0.15105 9.852 0.16313 12.240 0.16981 CuO (prep. II) 0.782 0.04229 0.816 0.06678 2.261 0.09890 2.839 0.10494 5.416 0.13528 7.208 0.15047 7.820 0.15963 10.205 0.16555

NH4+CrOr-K+ H2O + (NH 4 )2CrO4 + K 2 CrO 4 t = 250C (IQ)

NH 4 + BO 3 H2O + NH4OH H- H3BO3 t = 3O0C (323) % (NH % B2O3 4)20 1 Liquid phase H3BO3 0.2345 4.0864 Solid phases (NH4)V % % PrO, TT rvn (JM-Ii 4 J 2 0.7023 7.2020 Cr 4 K2Cr 4 ° ° CrQ4 H3BO3 H- (NH4)20.5B203.K 2 CrO 4 0.0 39.35 0.0 8H2O 0.7810 I 7.62 0.45 36.77 1.41 (NH4)2O.5BO3.8H2O 1.07 34.38 3.25 0.988 7.526 2.77 29.36 6.75 1.075 Solid soin. I* I 2.85 25.34 10.29 7.758 7.6625 4.86 21.34 13.70 1.0825 9.1345 6.50 18.64 16.51 1.7064 9.275 12.18 16.07 19.10 1.7585 2.0219 10.022 a TJ soin. i I* T* +i Solid a v j soin. i II* TT* . . ./ j 33.35 Solid ^ ^ 15.84 ^ ^ ^ 19.95 Q1 2.2465 10.709 2.4477 11.30 81.65 14.66 20.30 2.6649 11.858 94.14 14.14 20.70 2.89 12.315 , TT * I 94.99 11.69 21.30 G v, Solldsoln n ' 96.39 10.63 21.94 2.945 12.79 3.125 12.59 98.13 7.08 22.88 2(NH4)2O.4B2O3.5H2O 98.84 4.53 23.43 (NH 4 ) 2 CrO 4 100.0 0.0 25.21 3.4346 6.351 6.5096 4.481 * Solid soin. I contains from O to 16.75M % (NH 4 ^CrO 4 ; Solid soin. II from 10.45 3.366 55.5 to 100 %. 17.367 2.093 18.055 2.019 19.233 1.976 24.80 1.508

NH 4 + BO 3 .—(Continued) % (NH 4 ) 2 0 I % B2O3 2(NH4)2O.4B2O3.5H2O 25.29 1.432 30.56 1.217 34.225 0.908 43.846 0.8049 45.34 0.8448 NH4+ B 4 O 7 -- Na + ; v. below NH4+ AlOr H2O H- NH4OH H- Al(OH)3 t = 2O0C (12) MNH4oH/l I g Al(OH)3/! Al(OH) 3. ?H2O 0.05 0.070 0.100 0.080 0.125 0.250 0.200 0.380 0.500 0.450 1.000 0.240 PO4 Zn++ (ne) H2O + H3PO4 H- ZnO t = 250C t = 370C % % % % P2O6 ZnO P2O5 ZnO P2O5.3ZnO.4H2O 5.08 2.38 4.87 2.08 9.76 4.65 9.46 4.12 12.42 6.13 13.60 6.27 Continued on p. 869

NH 4 + B 4 O 7 --Na + (330) H2O H- (NH 4 J 2 B 4 O 7 + Na 2 B 4 O 7 ; v. Fig. 154 Li

Solid phases

Na2B4O7.10H2O Na 2 B 4 O 7 -IOH 2 O H-(NH 4 ) 2 B 4 O 7 .4H 2 0 / X T T T) NBU0^ .4H „TJ ^ (NH 0 4 2

4 7

2

Solid phases

Na2B4O7JOH2O Na2B4O7JOH2O + (NH4)2B4O7.4H20 Na 2 B 4 O 7 -IOH 2 O + Na2B4O7.5H2O XT r > rO> -SH rcTTr. Na B O 2

4

7

2

quid phase—% A = % (NH4)2B4O7; % B = % Na2B4O7 t = O G I * = IQ0C | t = 160C | t = 2O0C | t = 250C | t = 350G % A I % B % A % B I % A I % B I % A I % B % A % B % A | % B ( 1.10 1.60 2.13 2 . 5 2 3.09 4.83 \ 1.20 1.37 8.16* 3.04* 3.29* 4.63* [ 4.33 1.24 8.77* 3.07* 9.81* 5.12* 3.22 0.85 4.91 1.24 6.60 1.83 7.73 2 . 2 2 9 . 2 7 * 3 . 0 7 * 1 3 . 4 2 * 5 . 5 4 * 4 96 7 64 9 26 2 77 °- 93 6 - 61 13.27* 3.42* I/ 3 76 9.00 13.02* 5 26 0

Liquid phase—% A = % (NH 4 ) 2 B 4 O 7 ; % B = % Na2B4O7 t = 450G | t = 50.50G | t = 550C | t = 570G | t = 650G % A I % B I % A I % B I % A I %"B I % A I % B I % A I %~B~ ( 7.49 9.76 12.37 13.90 j 10.79 8.76 18.18 13.31 12.44 15.60 11.07 16.29 18.62* 9.99* 21.10* 13.74* 19.30* 17.29* 14.28* 17.25* 21.34 17.35 15.88 17.27 17.95

/ {

10 7Q

Na2B4O7-SH2O H-(NH 4 ) 2 B 4 O 7 .4H 2 O... /XTTIM5^

^TTr. (NH4)2B4Q7.4H 20

-0.450C -1.07 -1.22

/

^

18

' 41

Invariant points Na2B4O7JOH2O H- Ice (NH4)2B4O7.4H2O H- Ice Na 2 B 4 Q 7 -IQH 2 Q + (NH4)2B4Q7.4H2Q + Ice

* Mean of more than one determination.

lg 7Q

21.16 13.82 23.48*17.47*24.65 17.60 28.94*19.36* 21

21

12

30

23

' ' 21.20

' 69

25

|

' 10

%A 3.62 3.47

28

94

18

' 30.80

|

'56

% B 1.09 0.64

Zn++.—(Continued from p. 368) t = 250C t = 370C % % % % P2O6 ZnO P2O6 ZnO P206.3Zn0.4H20 14.00 6.74 18.13 8.78 14.37 6.97 19.48 9.66 P2O6.3ZnO.4H2O + P2O5.2ZnO.7H2O 15.20 I 7.50 20.30 | 10.10 P2O6.2ZnO.7H2O 15.98 7.71 21.96 10.88 18.33 8.73 26.75 13.26 22.75 10.74 29.65 14.77 26.48 12.47 33.39 17.06 30.09 14.16 33.79 15.82 37.76 17.65 P2O5.2ZnO.7H2O -h P2O6.2ZnO.3H2O 40.OO I 18,80| 34 ca. \ P2O5.2ZnO.3H2O 42.05 16.14 34.58 17.92 44.53 13.20 36.13 18.00 48.70 9.58 39.93 16.12 52.25 7.64 44.89 17.83 55.97 7.23 46.41 14.74 51.35 11.26 54.32 I 10.82 PO4

++

PO4 Pb H2O + H3PO4 + PbO t = 250C (121) % P2O5 I % PbO 2PbO.P2O6.H2O 5.09 0.134 9.91 0.228 14.43 0.329 18.84 0.510 22.91 0.690 26.74 0.777 31.00 0.792 34.82 0.903 39.96 1.088 45.74 1.480

PO4 Pb++.- (Continued) %P 2 0 5 I %PbO PbO.P2O5.2H2O 50.73 1.299 53.06 0.999 54.89 0.756 58.53 0.473 PO4 Fe++ H2O -f H3PO4 + FeO t = 7O0C (71) % FeO I % P2O5 2FeO.P2Ofi.5H2O 2.76 7.38 4.38 12.06 5.53 14.46 5.48 14.96 5.54 15.10 2FeO1P2O5-SH2O* 1.31 7.71 1.39 9.18 1.43 9.88 1.53 10.99 1.60 11.25 2FeO.P2O5.3H2Of 1.42 10.10 1.45 10.60 1.55 11.50 1.60 11.90 FeO.P2O5.4H2O 1.58 10.50 1.60 8.77 1.61 6.29 1.63 4.87 1.71 3.15 * Crystalline,

f Amorphous.

PO4 Fe+++ H2O + H3PO4 + Fe2O3 * = 250C (70) % Fe2O3 I % P2O5 Fe2O3.P2O5.5H2O* Tr. 5.93 0.23 10.10 1.40 14.10 2.43 19.80 4.42 21.70

Mg ++ : H2O -f H3PO4 + MgO t = 250C (58) % MgO I % P2Q5 H % MgO I % P2O6 MgHP04.3H20 MgHP04.3H20 0.221 0.731 9.204 | 39.079 1.074 3.703 MgH4(PO4)2.xH2O 3.269 11.425 0.5357 47.946 5.876 21.930 0.4268 50.490 8.340 33.904 PO4

PO4 PO4

Na (99): H2O + H3PO4 + NaOH; v. Fig. 157

^d phases

B

P20,3Na20.24H20

C D

P205.3Na2O.24H2O + P2O5.2Na2O.25H2O f P2O5.2Na2O.25H2O \ [ P2O6.2Na2O.25H2O + P2O5.2Na2O.15H2O P2O5.2Na2O.15H20 P2O6.2Na2O.15H2O + P2O5.2Na2O.5H2O..

E F

G

Fe20,3P20,10H20

?

Fe2Q3.3P2Q5.6H20

(

{

J^

G P2O6.2Na2O.5H20

H

PO4

K + (99> 294)

H2O + H3PO4 + KOH; v. Fig. 158

A

Tr. 4.07 1.08 23.56 5.45 37.43 7.12 43.92 ^ ^ g 1Q

C D

S.'S

^g

g;g

* Graphical representation of the above data indicates that the solid phase is Fe2Os.P2O5.5H2O. From solutions containing less P2O5, unknown hydrates of the same salt were obtained. These hydrates were found to adsorb PzOs and the variable proportions of Fe2Os and P2Os found in the solid phases obtained by Cameron and Bell ( 58 ) are probably due to adsorption. The pentahydrate is not able to adsorb these substances.

J^

Transition points Na3PO4.12H2O*-* ? at 70.75 ± 0.10C. Na2HPO4.12H2O «-» Na2HPO4.7H2O -f Solution at 35.4 ± 0.050C Na2HPO4.7H2O <-» Na2HPO4.2H2O -f- Solution at 48.35 ± 0.050C. Hammick and Goodby (16°) report the following: Na2HPO4.12H2Oa <-» Na2HPO4.12H2O1S at 29.60C. Na2HPO4.12H2Oa «-> Na2HPO4.7H2O + Solution at 350C. Na2HPO4.12H2O/3 «-> Ice + Solution at -470C. Na2HPO4.7H2O <-» Na2HPO4.2H2O + Solution at 480C. Na2HPO4.2H2O *-» Na2HPO4 + Solution at 95.20C.

Liquid phase Fe2O3J % P2O6

g.'Jg

1

7.67 8.46 9.45 10.79 5.54 4.84 11.36 7.38 25.21 14.42 27.49 17.45 32.88 19.56 34.66 20.96 33.17 18.63 28.62 12.59 31.11 12.99 41.83 14.42 [ 45.45 15.13

S lidphaSeS

%

f

% % P2O6 Na2O 0.29 13.26

_J A

" " °

PO4 Fe+ .—(Continued) t = 7O0C; v. Fig. 155 (™)

Liquid phase, 250C

Solid phases

++

A B Fe2O3.P2Oß.5H20 C D Fe203.2P206.8H20 0 E

Ca-"-; v. p. 370

+

B

3K2O.P20,6H20

Liquid phase, 250C % P 2 O 6 1 % K2O 1.63* 46.10* £«:

«;»:

2K2O.P206.H20 + K2O.P206.2H20..

20.74* 22.23 29.33 27.84* 23.08 20.88 12.15 in ^7* }J'JJ

41.49* 43.05 32.45 32.02* 24.68 20.82 8.00 ß ÄS* J'~

K

K2O.P20,2H20

Ul

L

K O 22POO W2O ^0-2P 5-SH

3K2O.P2O5 E F G H T

M

2K2O.P2O5.H20

* Results of Parker (2»«).

80 * I 4W787»

*•£ 6 59

* 6 '92,

PO4 Solid phases

Ca++ (24) : H2O + H3PO4 + CaO; v. Fig. 156 Liquid phase* t = 250C* | t = 4O0C % P2O5 I % CaQ I % P2Q5 % CaO

CaO.P205.2H2O + CaO.P2O5.3H20 CaO.P2Q6.3H2Q CaO.P20 5.3H2O + CaHPO4. CaHPO4 + CaHPO4.2H20 CaHPO4.2H2O + 3CaO.P2O5.H20 CaHPO4 4-3CaO.P2O5JI20 3CaO.P2O5.H2O + 4CaO.P2O5.4H20 4CaO.P205.4H20 + CaO.H2O CaO.H2O

36.11 24.20 0.417 0.140 0.0015 O O

3.088 5.80 0.165 0.051 0.0034 0.1131 0.118

45.42 27.25

1.768 5.755

0.140 0.000650

0.0515 0.00065

j

t = 50.70C | % P2O6 % CaQ 62.01 0.336 58.08 0.635 29.61 5.725

0.1435 0.0006

O._l02

0.0565 0.0006 0.0953

* These data are in fair agreement with the results of Cameron and Bell ( 57 ).

H2PO4- H2AsO4- K + H2O + KH2PO4 + KH2AsO4; v. Fig. 159 t = 6.8 - 7.20C (277) Solid phase—Solid soin., Wt. % KH2AsO4

11.19 18.42 27.08 36.46 46.49 56.96 67.75 77.63 88.19 100 AsO2- Li+ H2O + H3AsO3 -I- LiOH t = 250C (355) % As2O3 i % Li2O As2O3 2.02 O 6.46 0.45 As2O3Xi2O 10.26 0.84 4.19 2.26 6.32 5.36 As2O3Xi2O + Li2O.3H2O 7.50 1 7.63 Li2O.3H2O 3.81 7.81 O 7.15 AsO2- Na+ H2O + H3AsO3 + NaOH t = 250C (354) % As2O3 I % Na2O As2O3 2.019 O 14.45 2.45 24.42 4.23 37.73 6.46 58.54 9.60 As2O3 + As2O3.Na2O 73.Oca. I 12.Oca. As2O3.Na2O 63.01 12.73 60.46 13.06 57.90 13.24

Liquid phase % KH2PO4 | % KH2AsQ4 21.48 18.77 3.20 17.40 5.08 15.28 7.78 13.46 10.15 11.50 12.64 9.28 14.97 6.74 17.14 4.26 19.50 2.43 21.33 23.62 AsOz~ Na+.—(Continued) % As2O3 I % Na2O As2O3.Na2O 53.48 13.73 48.05 14.27 40.61 16.24 36.32 18.74 35.17 20.68 34.83 21.06 As2O8-Na2O + As2O3.2Na2O.9H2O 34.Oca. I 21.1ca. As2O3.2Na2O.9H2O 32.24 21.60 31.05 21.82 29.54 22.68 As2O3.2Na2O.9H2O + 2As2O3.5Na2O.26H2O 29.Oca. I 22.7ca. 2As2O3.5Na2O.26H2O 27.34 22.73 21.92 24.04 20.73 24.49 17.50 25.64 14.44 28.18 14.63 30.24 16.61 31.37 2As2O3.5Na2O.26H2O + As2O3.2Na2O 19.32 1 32.04 As2O3.2Na2O 15.53 33.57 10.49 36.67

AsO2- Na+.—(Continued) % As2O3 I % Na2O As2O3.2Na2O 7.96 37.91 6.35 39.54 As2O3.2Na2O + NaOH.H2O 6.59 1 39.39 NaOH. H2O 5.11 39.69 0.0 41.20* * By work.

interpolation

from

earlier

AsO2- K+ H2O + H3AsO3 + KOH t = 25°C (355)

% As2O3

I % K2O As2O3 2.02 O 22.63 5.61 36.29 8.78 54.02 11.62 2As2O3.K2O 58.11 13.74 49.02 20.19 2As2O3.3K2O.12H2O 48.96 24.16 39.49 23.49 20.98 32.93 29.61 38.32 K2O.3H2O 23.82 42.48 K2O.5H2O 11.53 44.13 O 45.50 ++

AsO 4 Ca H2O + H3AsO4 + Ca3(AsO4), t = 35°C (362);

Vm

Fig. 160

% As2O6 I % CaO As2O5.2CaO.5H2O 0.198 0.096 2.711 0.702 7.98 1.903 12.97 3.206 18.70 4.59 19.99 4.64 21.97 5.34 As2O5.CaO.2H2O 28.78 6.54 35.03 5.34

AsO4 Ca++.—(Continued) % As2O5 I % CaO As2O5.CaO.2H2O 43.43 4.07 50.30 2.95 55.43 1.87 62.66 0.822 71.04 0.135 72.14 0.114 AsO4 Ba++ H2O + H3AsO4 + BaO t = 3O0C (173) % BaO I % As2O5 BaHAsO4.H2O + Ba3(AsO4)*xH2O 0.025 I 0.030 BaHAsO4-H2O 2.63 3.98 4.36 7.26 5.49 9.28 6.62 11.27 9.46 14.92 11.67 18.52 13.59 22.95 BaHAsO4.H2O + BaH4(AsO4)2.2H2O 16.65 I 28.01 BaH4(AsO4)2.2H2O 13.70 35.10 7.53 47.27 6.56 48.48 BaH4(AsO4)2.2H2O + 3As2O5.5H2O Tr. I 72.04 BiO + CrO 4 -H2O + Bi(OH)3 + H2CrO4 t = 250C (»O) MBi203/l

I

McrOa/1

CrO3 + Bi2O3.4CrO3 0.1 11.17 Bi2O3.4CrO3 0.04 I 7.92 Bi2O3.4CrO3 + Bi2O3.2CrO3 0.04 I 7.80 Bi2O3.2CrO3 Mcr03/l

Mcr03/l

7.22 4.666 1.470 0.535

0.119 0.013 0.0002

% NaHCO3

% Na2CO3

% NaHCO3

% Na2CO3 I

% NaHCO3

% Na8CO3

% NaHCO3

% Na2CO3

% NaHCO3

% NaHCO3

% Na2CO3

% Na2CO3

% Na2CO3

8.7 7.2 6 .5

% NaHCO3

0.0 6.5 0.0 8.1 0.0 4.0 5.1 6.0 6.0 3.5

% Na2CO3

Solid phases

% NaHCO3

CO 3 -- HCO3- Na+ (14l, 251); H2O + Na2CQ3 + NaHCO3; v. Fig. 161 Liquid phase (141) 0 0 T= 0°C\t = 15 C t = 2O G I t = 250C | t = 3O0C T^ 350C t = 450C t = 60°C

M

NaHOO 3 NaHCO3 + NaHCO3.Na2CO3.2H20 NaHCO3.Na2CO3.2H2O NaHCO3.Na2CO3.2H2O + Na2CO3.10H2O NaHCO3 H- Na2CO3JOH20 TVT nn i n w n JNa 2 OU 3 -IOM 2 O

0.0 9.3 0.0 9.9 0.010.6 0.012.0 6.1 4.9 0.8 9.1 9.7 6.9 0.811.3 1.4 2.9 9.7 6.3 8.78.08.510.1 63 10.o 3.9 16.7 3.3 17.5 4.6 17.9*4.05*17.6 4.317.3 4.716.9 5.916.9 7.4 [ 18.3 3.823.7 2.021.4 3.025.8 2.4 \ 20.8 2.5 26.1 1.228.7 0.927.3 1.3 [ 26.5 1.1 22.6 1.5 27.1 1.3 31.7 0.930.7 1.3 5.6 4.613.3 4.317.05*4.0* / 5 ' 9 1 ^ 4 1 3 - 8 1-817.3 2.9 22.7 0.0 27.5 0.8 | 6 4 Q 0 1 4 j i 0.018.0 28.45 0.0

Na2CO3.NaHCO3.2H2O + Na2CO3.7H2O Na2CO,7H20

32.5 0.6 {

g;JJ £$

Na2CO3JI2O

32.2 0.031.8 0.0

Transition températures ( Na2CO3.10H2O + NaHCO3 + Na2CO3.NaHCO3.2H2O - 19.70C. Na2CO3-IOH2O + Na2C03.7H20 + Na2CO3.NaHCO3.2H2O = 310C. Na2CO3.7H2O + Na2CO3.H2O + Na2CQ3.NaHCQ3.2H2O = 34.50C. , 0

141

)

Liquid phase, t = 250C (25l) TNaHCO3/! | gNa 2 C0 3 /! 98.7 O 50.8 216.6 27.6 276.3 O 276.4

SQlldphaSeS

NaHCO3 NaHCO3 + Na2CO3.NaHCO3.2H20 Na2CO3.NaHCO3.2H2O -f Na2CO3JOH20 Na2CQ3.10H2Q * Average of two results.

B i O + K + (274)

H2O + Bi(OH)3 + KOH t = 2O0C t = 10O0C g g KOH/1 g Bi/1 KOH/1 g Bi/1 Bi(OH)3 + BiO.OH* 28 28 0.15 56 Tr. 56 0.20

+

Liquid phase—M per IQOOM H2Q t = 250C t = 4O0C

+

CO3- -HCO 3 -Cu + Na H2O + CuCO3 + Na2CO3 + NaHCO3; t = 180C (7) g Na2CO3 g NaHg Cu/1 /1 CO3/! Na2CO3.CuCO3.3H2O + NaHCO3 O 0.0509 0.0542 0.0870

Na2CO3.CuCO3.3H2O + COr-HCO 3 -K + (404) NaHCO3 + Na2CO3.1OH2O H2O + K2CO3 + KHCO3 | 185.02 | 53.77 CO3- - Pb++ CrO4- - K + (150) H2O + PbCO3 + K2CrO4

9.27 87.79 11.08 86.45 13.44 85.27 62.36 72.65

Solid phases

0.5PbCO3

* Composition of solid phases not verified; at higher concentrations of NaOH mainly BiO.OH.

* Composition of solid phases not verified; at higher concentrations of KOH mainly BiO.OH.

64.10 56.24 53.60

0.5K2CrO4

0.15 0.20 0.35 0.50 0.50 1.20 1.70

99.30 152.63 168.75

0.5K2CO3

20 40 80 160 200 320 400

0.1061 0.1411 0.1553

CO3-- HCOr Cu++ Na+.(Continued) g Na2CO3 g NaHg Cu/1 /1 CO3/! Na2CO3.CuCO3.3H2O + Na2CO3JOH2O 193.13 17.64 195.57 7.48 0.257 197.08 18.94

0.5PbCO3

Tr. 0.04 0.07 0.08 0.10 0.11 0.11 0.16

COr-HCOr Cu ++ Na + .~ (Continued) g Na2CO3 g NaHg Cu/1 /1 CO3/! Na2CO3. CuC03.3H20 + NaHCO3

0.5K2CrO4

40 80 160 120 200 240 320 400

BiO+ K+.—(Continued) t = 2O0C t = 10O0C g g KOH/1 g Bi/1 KOH/1 g Bi/1 Bi(OH) 3 + BiO.OH* 112 0.03 112 0.30 168 0.06 224 0.50 224 0.08 280 0.50 280 0.10 448 1.20 336 0.11 560 1.65 448 0.11 560 O.14

0.5K2CO3

BiO+ Na + (274) H2O + Bi(OH)3 + NaOH t = 2O0C t = 10O0C g g NaOH g Bi/1 NaOH g Bi/l /l /l Bi(OH)3 + BiO.OH* 20

K 2 CrO 4 -HPbCrO 4 121.4 I I 129.154 K2CrO4 4- PbCrO4 + K 2 CO 3 ... 236.8 3.388 0.859 243.0 4.070 1.438 PbCO3 + PbCrO4 + K 2 CO 3 .... 242.72 2.052 1.603 245.28 3.332 1.706 PbCO3 + K2CO3* 259.74 2.010269.22 2.470 f 1.690 0.309 1.546 0.454 PbCO3 + PbCrO4 j 7.475 0.524 7.152 0.848 j 19.222 0.778 18.800 1.201 * Some evidence of a double carbonate or solid solution.

0.223 0.288 0.510 0.879 1.314 1.636 1.972 2.317

O 23.12 50.75 86.42 127.30 160.80 181.90 213.20

* Solid phase not examined after saturation.

CO3-- Na + ; CO3-- Na + K~; v. p. 373 CO 3 --K +

H2O + KOH + K2CO3 t = 3O0C (390) % KOH I % K2CO3 KOH.2H2O 55.75 I O KOH.2H2O + K2CO3JH2O 55.14 I 2.05 K2CO3JH2O 53.77 2.50 Q 53.27 +

+

C 2 Or-Hg +K H2O + HgC2O4 + K2C2O4 t = 2O0C (385) % K2C2O4 I % HgC2O4 K2C204.H20 34.93 0.0 35.08 0.16

C 2 O 4 -- Hg++ K+.—(Cont'd) % K2C2O4 I % HgC2O4 K2C2O4.H2O + 3K2C2O4.HgC2O4.4H2O 35.36 I 0.36 3K2C204.HgC204.4H20 35.34 I 0.43 3K2C2O4.HgC2O4.4H2O + 2K2C2O4.HgC2O4.3H2O 35.33 0.46 2K2C204.HgC204.3H20 + K2C2O4.HgC2O4.2H2O 35.23 I 0.41 K2C2O4.HgC2O4.2H2O 34.20 0.36 31.89 0.33 29.88 0.33 26.10 0.29 21.89 0.26 19.98 0.23 16.58 0.22 K2C204.HgC204.2H20 + HgC2O4 15.21 I 0.24 HgC2O4 13.50 0.20 10.01 0.10 6.52 0.06 3.85 0.02 1.58 0.01 0.0 0.01 C2O4- - Y+++ K+ H2O + Y2(C2O4). + K2C2O4 t = 250C (302) % K2C2O4 I % Y 2 (C 2 O 4 )S K2C2O4 27.47 O 27.72 0.78 27.84 0.97

C 2 O 4 --Be++ ( = Gl++) H2O + H2C2O4 + BeO + BeC2O4; t = 250C (361.5) Gives data for solubility of BeC2O4.3H2O in solutions containing varying concentrations

C 2 O 4 -"Na+K+

H2O + Na2C2O4 + K2C2O4 t = 250C (314) % K2C2O4 I % Na2C2O4 K2C2O4-H2O 27.2 O 26.3 1.71 K2C2O4-H2O + Na2C2O4 26.1 I 2.50 Na2C2O4 19.6 3.21 14.4 3.21 8.10 3.40 3.99 3.71 O 3.71

C2O4- -Fe++ Fe+++ K + H2O + FeC2O4 + Fe 2 (C 2 O 4 ) 3 + K2C2O4 t = 250C (333)

^

Liquid phase

Solid phases

K2C2O4 K2C2O4 + K2C2O4.FeC2O4 FeC2O4 + K2C2O4-FeC2Q4 0 FeC2 4

°

MK3Fe(C2O4) a/1

CO 3 --Zn + +Na + («i) H2O + ZnO +Zn(OH) 2 + Na2ZnO2 + Na2CO3 CO3- -Mg++ Na+ H2O + MgCO3 + Na2CO3 t = 250C (69) g MgCO3/! I g Na2CO3/! ?*

C 2 Or-Be++.- (Cont'd) of BeO and of H2C2O4.2H2Oand solid solutions composed of H2C2O4.2H2O and BeC2O4.3H2O in solutions containing BeC2O4 and H2C2O4.

MFeC2O4/!

KMnO 4 <

C 2 O 4 -- Y+++ K+.—(Conl'd) % K2C2O4 I %Y 2 (C 2 0 4 ) 3 4K2C2O4.Y2(C2O4)3.12H2O 27.08 1.06 25.09 1.11 24.44 1.11 22.00 1.14 Y 2 (C 2 O 4 ), 21.28 1.16 20.43 1.08 16.76 0.59 12.63 0.24 8.15 0.06 5.03 0.02 3.23 0.01 1.29 0.0

MK2C2O4/!

S hd ° phase

CO 3 --MnO 4 -K+ (319) H2Q + K2CO3 + KMnQ 4 Liquid phase—M per liter t = 0°C t = 250C = 4O0C K 2 CO 3 IKMnO 4 K 2 CQ 3 [KMnO 4 K 2 CQ 3 [KMnO 4 0.05 0.1462 0.05 0.4375 0.05 0.7380 0.5 0.0629 0.5 0.2589 0.5 0.5007 1 0.0446 1 0.3519 2 0.027 2 0.093 3 0.0156

2.092 2.250 0.600 1.418 0.456 1.4140.312 0.9220.239 0.4570.070 0.2680.026

K3Fe(C2O4)3 0.299 K3Fe(C2O4)S + K2C2O4 1.936 0.068 K3Fe(C2O4)S + FeC2O4 0.005 0.299 K2C2Q4 + K2C2O4-FeC2O4 + K3Fe(C2OO3 . . . 1.88 0.54 0.095 FeC2Q4 4. K2C2O4-FeC2O4 -f K 3 Fe(C 2 O 4 ) 3 . . . . 1.43 0.45 0.140

C2O4--UO2++Na+(83)

H2Q + UQ2C2Q4 + Na2C2O4 Solid phases UO2C2O4-SH20 UO2C2O4-SH2O + Na2C2O4.4UO2C2O4.llH2O Na2C2O4.4UO2C2O4.llH2O + Na2C2O4-UO2C2O4-OH2O Na2C2O4.4UO2C2O4.llH2O + Na2C2O4.2UO2C2O4.5H2O Na2C2O4.2UO2C2O4.5H2O + Na2C2O4-UO2C2O4-OH2O Na2C2O4-UO2C2O4-SH2O + Na2C2O4 Na2C2O4

Liquid phase t = 150C t = 5O0C % UO2C2O4 I % Na2C2O4 % UO2C2Q4 % Na2C2Q4 0.47 0.0 1.00 0.0 2.65 0.80 3.58 1.01 5.01 1.80 9.84 3.60 12.33 4.62 3.14 4.93 13.69 9.03 0.0 3.09 0.0 4.28

CO3-- Na+ (14l) H2O + NaOH H- Na2CO3; v. Fig. 162 Liquid phase Solid hases

M rn i n „ n Na 2 CO 3 -IOH 2 0

t * ** °°C * = 15°C * = 2°°C * = 25°C * ** 3Q°C ** 35°C * = 45°C * = 60°C % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % %~ Na2CQ3 NaOH Na2CO3 NaOH Na2CO3 NaOH Na2COa NaOH Na2CO3 NaOH Na2CO3 NaOH Na2CO3 NaOH Na2CO3 NaOH f 6.4 0.0 14.1 0.0 18.0 0.0 22.7 0.0 28.4 0.0 j 2.6 8.1 10.1 4.8 12.9 6.3 18.2 5.4 26.5 3.1 22 184 75 13g n 6 127 lg j 70

[ Na2CO3-IOH2O -f Na2C03.7H20 XT ^ ~TT ^ / Na2C03.7H20 j

2.7 3.1

Na2CO3.7H2O + Na 2 CO 3 -H 2 O. ..

3.1 1.2

20.9 22.3

23.0 28.9

Na2CO3.H2O + Na2CO3 f \ [

NaOH.4H20 NaOHiH2Q

17.0 19.3

12.4 13.4 11.7 14.7

18.0 17.6 16 7

Na2CO3-H20

Na2COj

8.9 7.7

0.0

9.3 9.7 1Q 7

26.7 25.7 ^ 3

3.5 4.0

32.9

0.0

32.0 25.3 15.2 7.5 1.9 0.5 0.5 0.2 0.2 0.2

0.6 4.9 11.9 18.7 27.5 34.2 39.2 39.5 44.8 50.2

0.0

55.4

55

7.9 6.3 4.1 1.2 0.2

19.4 20.8 23.9 30.6 44.9

11.1 16.2 5.2 22.0 1.1 29.3 0.3 39.8

15.4 12.7 1.2 30.6 0.5 37.5

21.9 7.9 19.0 9.8 13.7 13.8 0.9 31.2

0.6 0.7

47.3 49.8

0.3 41.5 5.4* 43.9 9.6* 43.8

0.5 42.5 4.5* 47.1

15.1* 35.0 2.5* 44.5 6.1* 49.1

0.0

51.2

0.0

0.0

32.2 0.0 14.5 12.1 1.4 28.1 0.5 37.8

0.5 0.5 0.2

38.3 47.0 52.4

0.0

57.8

31.8 0.0 22.5 6.1 14.2 12.2 6.9 19.4 1.1 32.6 0.8 34.4 0.7 35.4 0.3 42.3 0.3 52.2

29.6 52.1

53.3

0.0

54.3

0.0 I 63.5

* Solution not clear.

CO3"- Na+ K + ( 37 »

214

238

»

> 288); for more recent data on the system, v. (184.5) H2O + Na2CO3 + K2CO3 Liquid phase

/<

K2CO3^H2O

j |

52.01

K2CO3JH2O -h KNaCO8.6H20 K2CO3.2H2O H- KNaCO3.6H20 T™ ™ .6H *TT^ KNa00 3 20

KNaCO3.6H2O -f Na2CO3.H20 TVT 2CO rn 3JI TTO Na 2O

49.80

3 85

52.95 51 95

2.8949.77

53.17*

52.82*

1>19

4.37

48.44 49.04

26.31 4.63 31.09 6.7346.34 23.13 11.5244.92 28 96 J -

% K2CO3

% K2CO3

% K2CO3

54 4 ° 50 '36

O3.2H 2 H2O K2P C0 0

% Na2CO3

(288)

% K2CO3

(37)

% Na2CO3

(214)

% Na2CO3

t = 250C

(238)

% Na2CO3

t = 250C

(238)

% K2CO3

t = 4O0C

(214)

% Na2CO3

t = 24.20C

% Na2CO3

t = 1O0C

% K2CO3

Solid phases

t = -60C

5.0649.0

4.60

5.13

6.50 43.12 5.3141.0 6.3 6.34 47.59 5.32 32.10 10.4531.0 10.5 n 2 0 42 80 8 02 1 99 2 L3822.4 16.6 ^ -^ ^ -^ ^-

21 37 Jß gi

/ |

K2C03.3.75H20 KNaCO3.6H2O H- Na2CO3.7H20 KNaCO3.6H*0 -f K2CO3.3.75H2O KNaCO,.6H2O H-Na 2 CO 3 -IOH 2 0 Na2CO3.7H20 Na2CO3.7H2O + Na2CO3.10H20 KNaCO3.6H2O + Na2CO3JOH2O

17.52 20.50 19.47 20.04 14.85 22.77 12.96f 25.3Of 9 61 27 21 6-47 28 '85

45.79 18.35

21.42 15. l

23.2

15.32 22.06 12.26 23.0514.5

22.8

33.56 4.29 18.53 8.53

( Na2CO3JOH20 [

14.81 f 23.471 14.19 23.16 10.699.9923.55 22.19

7.70 22.2410.7 22.4 1.17 2 2 . 4 5 4 . 7 21.9 22.95 22.71

* Osaka (288) reports the solid to have the formula KsCO3.2H2O instead of K2COs.^H2O. He reports the solid phases in equilibrium with the solution to be KNaCOs.6H2O and NaaCOs.lOÔ. He does not report Na2CO3.7H2O at this temperature, t By graphical interpolation.

C 2 O 4 -- K + (165); H2O + H2C2O4 + K2C2O4 Liquid phase, t = 25 c Solid phases ° %C 2 0 3 %K 2 0 C2O3.3H20 8.290 O C2O3.3H2O H- iK2O.2C2O3.|H2O 8.278 0.045 f 2.827 0.238 |K20.2C203.|H20 1.790 0.555 ( 2.675 1.714 iK2O.2C2O3.|H2O H- iK2O.C2O3.JH20 3.450 2.360 ìK 2 O.C 2 O 3 .JH 2 O..5.457 5.919 iK2O.C2O3.iH2O H- 2K2O.3C2O3.3H20 9.816 11.960 2K2O.3C2O3.3H2O -f K2O.C2O3.H20 12.365 15.71 K2O.C2Q3.H20 11.85 15.51 At OQ. 640C, 2KHC2Q4-H2O *» KHC2Q4. C2H3O2- C4H4O6-- Ca++ K + H2O + HC2H3O2 H- Ca(C2H3O2)S H- K 2 C 4 H 4 O 6 t = 250C (172) g KC2H3O2/!* g CaO/1* CaC4H4O6J 0.0 0.5033 0.4905 0.4530 0.9810 0.4220 1.9620 0.3706 4.905 0.3273 9.810 0.3047 29.430 0.3600 49.050 0.4526 * Solution contained 18.23 g HCl per 1 at all determinations. t Authors do not give actual composition of solid used.

C2H3O2- HC4H4O6- K + H2O H- KC2H3O2 H- KHC4H4O6 t = 25°C (283) MKC2H3O2/!* I MKHC4H4O6/!*

KHC4H4O6 O 0.0347 0.05 0.0410 0.10 0.0504 0.20 0.0634 * Determinations results.

~~

mean +

of

two

C2H3O2- Pb + H2O H- Pb(OH) 2 H- Pb(C2H3O2)2 t = 250C (218) % % PbO Pb(C2H3O2), Pb (C2H3O2) 2.3H2O 35.19 -0.27* 37.14 H-I.Ol 41.95 6.01 47.88 14.22 Pb(C2H3O2)2.3H2O -f 3Pb(C2H3O2)2.PbO.3H2O 48.95 I 15.89 3Pb (C2H3O2)2.Pb0.3H20 48.85 16.27 48.71 18.83 48.96 22.94 23.53 49.01

C2H3O2- Pb++.-(Continued) % % PbO Pb (C2H3O2) 2 3Pb (C2H3O2) 2.PbO.3H2O + Pb(C2H3O2)2.2PbO.4H2O 49.21J I 24.74f Pb(C2H3O2)2.2PbO.4H2O 43.17 23.59 40.78 22.78 18.73 29.63 20.96 14.62 12.99 10.66 5.36 7.84 Pb(OH)2 4.71 7.17 4.25 6.54 3.40 5.29 0.11 0.20 * = ? (321)

M% HC2H3O2] M% PbO PbO 0.20 1.0 0.48 1.07 0.54 1.05 Pb (C2H3O2) 2.2Pb(OH)2 1.03 1.45 2.51 2.89 4.17 3.78 5.61 5.20 Pb(C 2 H 3 O 2 ) 2 .2Pb(OH) 2 H- Pb(OH)C2H3O2 7.26 I 7.15 Pb(OH)C2H3O2 7.79 6.51 7.72 5.59 Pb(OH)C2H3O2 + Pb(C2H3O2)2.3H2O 7.92 1 5.18 Pb (C2H3O2)2.3H2O 7.30 4.38 5.36 3.34 13.07 3.16 16.78 3.80 21.53 4.18 * Acidity expressed in terms of PbO. t Mean of two results.

C2H3O2- Pb++ K+ H2O + Pb(C2H302)2 + KC2H3O2; t = 250C ("O) % KC2H3O2 |% Pb(C2H3O2), Pb(C2H302)2.3H20 O 35.90 15.40 36.91 13.87 38.05 C2H3O2- Pb(Ns) 2 Na + ; v. p. 356 C 2 H 3 O 2 -BO 3 H2O H- HC2H3O2 H- H3BO3 t = 3O0C (us) % B2O3 ( % (CH3CO)2O B(OH)3 3.55 I 0.0 B(OH)3? 0.45 I 84.55 B2O3.2(CH3CO)2O 4.98 I 82.13 B2O3.2(CH3CO)2O H- B2O3.3(CH3CO)2O 5.00 1 87.80 B2O3.3(CH3CO)2O 4.18 91.16 3.53 95.40

C2H3O2- Mg++ H2O H- HC2H3O2 H- Mg(OH) 2 t = 250C (216) % HC2H3O2 1 % MgO MgO 3.36 1.73 8.06 4.21 12.46 I 6.54 MgO -J- Mg(C2H3O2)2.4H2O 15.46 [ 8.24 Mg(C2H3O2)2.4H2O 14.25 7.24 20.19 7.47 22.93 7.60 26.61 7.74 31.37 7.99 Mg(C2H3O2)2.4H2O H- 2Mg(C2H302)2.3HC2H302.3H20 36.23 i 8.18 2Mg(C2H3O2)2.3HC2H3O2.3H2O 40.87 7.42 47.86 6.74 56.16 5.81 61.59 4.68 65.19 4.36 69.13 3.75 75.93 2.85 82.90 2.23

C2H3O2- Ba++ H2O H- HC2H3O2 + Ba(C2H3O2),; t = 250C (««) % HC2H3O2 |% Ba(C2H3O2), Ba(C2H3O2)2.3H2O O 5.18 0.41 5.21 Ba (C2H3O2)2.3H2O + 3Ba(C2H3O2) 2.3HC2H3O2.1IH2O 1.40 1 5.34 3Ba(C2H3O2) 2.3HC2H3O2.UH2O 2.42 4.03 5.61 3.04 16.92 3.24 26.48 4.41 33.14 5.23 42.08 7.85 3Ba(C2H3O2)2.3HC2H3O2.UH2O H- Ba(C2H3O2),.2HC2H3O2 46.51 I 8.87 Ba(C2H3O2)2.2HC2H3O2 46.49 9.10 51.98 8.62 58.35 8.72 65.77 8.40 77.06 7.79 85.27 7.36 Transition temperature, Ba(C2H3O2)2.3H2O-}-Ba(C2H3O2)2. H2O at 24.70C (392). ^

C 2 H 3 O 2 -Na + ^. p.375

HC4H4O6- K+ H2O + ^-KHC4H4O6 -HKHC4H4O6; t = 2O0C (48)

Kd-

gl-

KHC4H4O6/! KHC4H4O6/! ^Z-KHC4H4O6 2.513 2.513 3.040 2.100 3.578 1.698 4.203 1.383 4.825 1.065 5.568 0.868 0-KHC4H4O6 5.040 0.940 5.260 0.470 5.440 0.0

29.34 24.12

M r 2TT
-

g 82

NaC2H3O2-SH2O + NaC2H3O2-HC2H3O2 XT ^ 2TTH 3^ TJ^ 2TT^ JNaO O 2 -HC H3O2

^

24 56

22<24 15 4g

4 88

'

12 Q1

18 09

'

13 53

(CH3CO)2O

Na2O

(CH3CO)2O 13 62

'

21 88

22 46

'

21 12

18 85

'

19 44

j/

9.75 40.0 11.45 23.54 9.77 41.23 11.25 34.56 9 04 43 94 10 24 39 73 9 16 4g ^

[

8.96 44.80 8.56 54.34 7.67 66.42 7.83 50.03 6.17 68.81 6.94 71.39 5.54

NaC 2 H 3 O 2 -HC 2 H 3 O 2 -f NaC2H3O2.2HC2H3O2 I N A T2 H T 3OO 29^HO T T P2T O2 JNaO HT3 U

2.04 25.94 3 83

t = 45°C

0.15 35.31 0.77 39.82 0.77 26.25 8.92 32.69 2.04 25.58 14.29 4.19 25.98 9.06 23.12 18.70

NaC2H3O2 19 82

Na2O

(CH3CO)2O

Na2O

Na2O

Solid phases

(CH3CO)2O

C2H3O2- Na + (lis, 114): H2O + HC2H3Q2 + NaOH; v. Fig. 163* Liquid phase—g per 10Og H2O t = O0C l t = 150C I t = 3O0C I

i

[

6 26

4 ' Q2

60 64

?g '2g

5 52

2 'g?

0.57 96.16 0.79

73 02

' ^61

98.09

13.24 33.05 7 64 65 07 -

5 52

2 '94

77 76

' g6 ?3

16.04 26.39 16.00 33.87 10 84 51 -°° g Q4 ß5 u

4 25

2

' ^

82.16

85 38

' ^ 23

1.27 94.78

* The lines separating the fields of this diagram and the transition points indicated are all approximations.

0 .., , Solid phases

, (-lartrate

<2-Tartrate Racemate rf-Tartrate -f Z-Tartrate d-Tartrate + Racemate Z-Tartrate + Racemate d-Tartrate + Z-Tartrate Racemate Z-Tartrate + Racemate

0

C

9.7Ì 29.5/ 41

HC4H4O6- C 2 IH 23 N 2 O 2 + (US) H2O -f- Strychnine 2-tartrate + Strychnine <2-tartrate Liquid phase t = 7.350C t = 160C t = 250C t = 4O0C — % % % % % % % % Z-tartrate d-tartrate Z-tartrate d-tartrate Z-tartrate d-tartrate Z-tartrate ^-tartrate ' 0.939 1.136 1.428 27238 0.834 0.259 0.962 0.351 1.240 0.453 1.925 0.689 J 0.733 0.519 0.837 0.702 1.087 0.906 1.795 1.151 < 0.727 1.055 0.937 1.361 1.737 1.382 Q ß7() 0.778m 1.651 1.730 1.596 2.802 0.593 0.904m 0.911 0.970 0.856 1.561m 1.678 2.129 0.394 1.050m 0.682 1.132 0.570 1.788m 1.116 2.460 < 0.197 1.224 0.226 1.503 0.285 2.164 0.892 2.633 1.393 1.741 2.236 0.444 2.984 3.397 1.381 (% r) 1.876 (% r) 2.408 (% r) 3.706 (% r) 1.487 (% d + I) 1.928 (% d '+ Z) 2.442 (% d + Z) 3.832•(% d + Z) 1.477 (% d + r) 1.767 (% d + r) 2.348 (% d + r) 1.380 (% I + r) 1.821 (% Z + r) 2.340 (% Z + r) t = 8.90C / = 3O0C t = 320G 2.741 (% d + I) 2.962 (% d + Z) 1.481 (% r) 1.422 (% Z + r) 2.736 (% Z + r) 2.467 (% Z + r)

^Z-C 4 H 4 O 6 - - Na + K + (196) : H2O + ^Z-Na2C4H4O6 + ^Z-K2C4H4O6 Liquid phase — Transition points Solid phases M per 100OM H2O 0 A* | B* | C* | C Solid phases 49.6 -6 (NaKC 4 H 4 O 6 .4H 2 O) 2 Tartrate + (NaKC4H4O6.3H2O)2 (NaKC4H4O6 3H2O) 2 < 79.0 Racemate (NaKC4H406.3H20)2 + (Na2C433 (NaKC4H4O6.4H2O)2 Tartrate -f- (Na2C4H4Oe)2 + 21.7 56.9 H 4 Oe) 2 + (K2C4H406.2H20)2. . . . (K2C4H4O6.2H2O)2

*A = NaKC 4 H 4 Oe; B = Na 2 C 4 H 4 Oe; C = K 2 C 4 H 4 O 6 .

C 4 H 4 O 6 --Na + K + (2 45) H2O + Na2C4H4Q6 + K2C4H4Q6

0

Solid phases

18 20.9 26.6

NaKC4H4O6.4H2O Na2C4H4O6.2H2O + NaKC4H4O6.4H2O K2C4H4O6-JH2O + NaKC4H4O6.4H20 Na2C4H406.2H20 + NaKC 4 H 4 O 6 .4H 2 O.... KNaC4H406.4H20 K2C4H406.iH2O + NaKC4H4O6.4H20 Na2C4H4O6.2H20 + NaKC 4 H 4 O 6 .4H 2 O.... M P THT O H .2H 9 T TOn -+i .K T Ûr THT O ITT U n /< Na O U ^H

C

/ * \ 48.3 50 59 7 - \> d

go

2

4

4

6

2

2

4

4

6

2

% Na2C4H4O6

% K2C4H4O6

Liquid phase*

19.20 16.50 11.80 27.85 56.05 4.25 25.80 24.70 26.6022.80 51.65 13.20 36.70 23.85 44.5025.30 39 79 34 70

* Most of these figures represent the mean of two determinations.

C7H5O3- (salicylate ion) Na + H2O + C7H6O3 + NaC 7 H 6 O 3 t = 20.10C (211) Mc7H6O3/!

I Mc7H5O3NaA

C7H6O3 0.0132 0.000 0.0117 0.006 0.0124 0.113 0.0135 0.175 0.0148 0.257 0.0164 0.344 0.0186 0.422 0.0242 0.682 0.0312 0.94 0.062 1.70 C7H6O3 + C7H603.C7H503Na 0.095 I 2.11 C7H603.C7H503Na 0.091 2.19 0.087 2.40 0.086 3.41 0.085 3.80 C7H6O3-C7H5O3Na + C7H5O3Na.6H2O 0.082 1 4.215 C7H5O3Na.6H2O 0.048 4.18 0.021 4.12 0.000 4.165

CN- Tl+ K + H2O + TlCN + KCN t = 250C (25) % KCN I % TlCN KCN 41.70 0.0 40.83 0.71 39.76 1.65 KCN + KTl(CN) 2 37.02* I 3.17* KTl(CN) 2 37.50 3.11 36.52 4.12 35.93 5.78 TlCN 36.00 4.99 35.27 4.98 34.36 4.90 31.25 4.46 30.21 5.00 28.07 4.47 21.00 4.36 14.75 5.46 9.12 7.17 0.51 16.20 0.34 16.12 0.0 15.61* * Mean of two determinations.

+

HC4H4O6- C 23 H 27 N 2 O 4 (US) H2O + Brucine d-tartrate + Brucine Z-tartrate Liquid phase 0 0 .., , t = 2O C I J = 25 C t = 350C j T= 440C j t = 5O0C a J Solid phases -— % % % % % % % % % % Z-tartrate
CN- Ag+ K+ H2O + AgCN + KCN; y. Fig. 165 t = 250C (25) c, V j , Liquid phase ^d phases % K C N %AgCN

CN- Cu+ K+ H2O + CuCN + KCN; v. Fig. 164 t = 250C (25) e 1-j u °

Liquid phase % CuCN I % KCN' Tr. Tr. Tr. 0.42* 0.60 1.34 1.68 3.27 1.87 4.21 3.88 6.03 7.52 9.97 8.84 12.10 13.78 19.95

S lldphaSeS

A

CuCN CuCN + KCu 2 (CN) 3 .H 2 O KCu2(CN)3.H20

B KCu(ON) 2

u 71

C Ì DI E

22.59 22.52 18.47

K Tr

„ /OXT. „ f . 'Cu

1292

F J K 3 Cu(CN) 4 KCN

_G * Mean of six determinations.

[

22 32

34.77 35.28 34.82

A p KUN

B K3Ag(CN)4.H20

C ^ D

TTA KA

/OXTN g(CN^

E F

T^t

/rrVTX

G

8.05

15.76

KAg1(CN)-H10

893

AgCN

6.75 13.53 2.36 4.42 1.64 3.27 1.26 2.31 0.17 Tr.

3624

6.13 41.94 15.30 33.86 10.86 35.96 5.84 41.70 4.20 40.31 2.16 40.53 41.70

TT r\

41.70 40.77 6.52 39.91 8.14 40.24 10.93 40.44 13.71 37.76 18.92 35.19 25.18 28.43 26.37 26 67 24 71 20.14 21.66 8.56 16.11 1773

CN- Au+ K+ H2O + AuCN + KCN

t = 250C (25) %AuCN | %KCN AuCN 6.12 2.37 7.32 2.32 7.27 2.60 AuCN + KAu(CN) 2 15.47 | 4.78 KAu(CN) 2 11.02 5.19 8.34 7.02 2.97 9.66 2.55 13.70 0.27 23.79 0.76 24.04 38.98 0.35 KAu(CN) 2 + KCN 0.17 | 41.98 KCN 41.70 Tr. 42.02

CNS- Ag+ K+. —(Continued)

% KCNS | % AgCNS 2KCNS.AgCNS + KCNS.AgCNS 50.68 | 20.43 KCNS.AgCNS 49.43 20.32 32.51 18.34 24.68 16.41 KCNS.AgCNS + AgCNS 23.86 | 16.08 C9H8NO3- K+ H2O + C9H9NO3 (hippuric acid) + C9H8KNO3 t = 20.10C (21l)

CNS- Ag+ K+ H2O + AgCNS + KCNS t = 250C (13l) % KCNS | % AgCNS KCNS 70.53 | 0.0 KCNS + 2KCNS.AgCNS 66.55 | 9.32 2KCNS.AgCNS 64.47 10.62 61.25 11.76 58.34 13.55 53.21 17.53

Mc9H9NOs/! I Mc9H8NO3K/!

C 9 H 9 NO 3 0.0182 0.0 0.0163 0.011 0.0183 0.071 0.0218 0.198 0.0272 0.394 0.061 1.39 0.068 1.44 0.122 2.13 C9H9NO3 + C9H9NO3.C9H8NO3K. ?H20 0.150* | 2.45* C9H9N03.C9H8N03K. ?H2O 0.133 2.50 0.091 2.96 C9H9NO3-C9H8NO3K.?H20 + C9H8NO3K 0.0665* i 3.575* C9H8NO3K 0.031 3.56 0.011 3.55 0.0 3.555*

Zn++ CrOr-: H2O + ZnO + H2CrO4 t = 250C (153) g CrO3/! I gZnO/1 || g CrO3/! | g ZnO/1 4ZnO.Cr03.3H20 + ? 4ZnO.2CrO3.3H2O 0.010* I 0.013* 151.0 I 66.10 4ZnO.CrO3.3H2O 4ZnO.2CrO3.3H2O + 3ZnO.0.604 0.409 2CrO3.H2O 4.190 2.240 192.0* | 83.70* 4ZnO.CrO3.3H2O + 3ZnO.3ZnO.2CrO3.H2O CrO3.2H2O 285.0 123.0 11.45* I 5.865* 450.0 193.0 3ZnO.CrO3.2H2O 3ZnO.2CrO3.H2O -f- ZnO.22.20 10.70 CrO3.H2O 57.50 26.70 462.0* | 196.5* 3ZnO.CrO3.2H2O + 4ZnO.ZnO.CrO3.H2O 2CrO3.3H2O 475.0 202.0 I 30.35* 769.0 318.0 66.60* 4ZnO.2CrO3.3H2O 970.0 389.0 70.60 I 32.20 * Mean of two or more results.

ZnO- Na+ H2O + ZnO -f NaOH t = 3O0C (ISi); v. Fig. 167

A

B C D E

Na

*°-3H*° Na2O.ZnO.4H2O + Na2O.3H20 Na2O.ZnO.4H20 ZnO + Na2O.ZnO.4H20

rj n Zn

°

{ Si? 2.0 39.2 9.70 33.2 11.2 27.8 16.5 /

24

\

11.8 2.6 19.9m 15.2m

'6

13 7

7nfOm Zn(OH)2

12

' 10.1 [ 4.6

'6

7 2

' 4.7 1.0

* Mean of two results.

ZnO- K+ +

C 20 Hi 2 O 3 -f- C20H13O4Na.4H20 C20H13O4Na.4H2O + C20H12O4Na2.8H20 C20Hi3O4Na.8H2O C20H13O4Na.8H20 C20H12O4Na2.8H2O + C20HnO4Na3.14H2O C20H1204Na2.4H20 C20H12O4Na2.4H20 C20Hi2O4Na2 C20Hi2O4Na2 C20H11O4Na3-HH2O + C20H11O4Na3JSH20 C20HnO4Na3.13H2O + C20H11O4Na3.12H20 C20H11O4Na3.12H2O + C20H11O4Na3^H2O

% C20H12O3

Solid phases

% Na2O

C20Hi2O4-- C20Hi3O4- Na (26) H2O + Phenolphthalein -f NaOH; v. Fig. 166 Liquid phase, 250C

B C D E F G H I J K L M

Liquid phase % Na2Ql % ZnO

Solidphase8

6.4033.50 10.06 44.06 6.9536.06 8.32 41.16 10.00 33.50 11.6737.79 11.9834.68 11.00 45.55 12.31 40.16 13.6022.50 19.50 9.50 26.60 0.75

H2O + ZnO + KOH t = room (230) MKOH/I I Mzn/1 K2Zn2O3 2.78 0.540 2.38 0.405 0.368 2.28 2.02 0.330 1.81 0.272 1.63 0.266 1.56 0.223 1.42 0.209 0.90 0.100

Pb + +CrO r H2O + Pb(OH)2 + H2CrO4 t = 250C (»O) Mcr03/l

I

CrO3 + PbCr2O7 10.79 I PbCr2O7 8.196 I PbCr2O7 + PbCrO4 6.865 I

Pb++ CrO4"-.- (Continued) McWl I PbCrO4 6.04 4.90 2.95 1.22 0.49 0.08 0.013 0.0005 PbCrO4 -f 2PbO.CrO3 0.00002 I PbO- Na+ Pb(OH)2 + NaOH t = 2O0C(S) MpbO/1*

I

MNaOH/1

PbO (yellow) I 1.00 0.0237 PbO (red) 0.0140 I 1.00 * Glasstone ( 1 4 r ) determined solubility of a hydrate of PbO in solutions of NaOH of varying concentrations; for 0.9985JV at 250C, he obtained 0.062M PbO per liter.

Th++++ CrO4- ~( 4 4 ) H2O + H2CrO4 + Th(CrQ4)2; v. Fig. 168 Liquid phase, 250C SolldphaSeS % CrQ3 I % ThO2 CrO3 62.87 ThO2.3CrO3.3H20 52.60 7.91 Th02.3Cr03.3H2O-fThO2.2CrO3.3H2O 39.49 24.22 Th02.2CrQ3.3H20 0.033 0.044

A B C

Hg++ CrOr- (*9> 9Q) ; H2O + HgO + H2CrO4 t = 250C I t = 5O0G |1 t = 250G | t = 5O0C Mcr03/H MHgOI

/1

McrO3-

MflgO-

/1

/1

I McrO3/l MflgQ-

McrO3-

/1

CrO8 + HgCr2O7 11.40*| 1 I HgCr2O7 + HgCrO4 10.40 |0.7585| I HgCrO4 9.90 1.006 0.1 6.73 0.907 0.092 4.16 0.740 0.072 0.683 0.071m 2.08 1.035 0.583 0.061m 0.522 0.050m 0.499 0.049m

/1

Pt(CN) 4 -Li + K + (379) H2O + Li 2 Pt(CN) 4 + K 2 Pt(CN) 4 ; v. Fig. 169 Liquid phase, 24.10C Solid phases % % K 2 Pt(CN) 4 Li2Pt(CN)4 28.60 Trpt/pvrx OTTO 23.60 10.20 K pt CN * ( MH20 16 10 27 30 18.65 29.30 LiKPt(CN)4.2H20 13.90 30.50 Li2Pt(CN)4.5H2Q 59.20

O 10 20 30 32 40 50 53 60 61 63 70 75 80 83 84

O O O O

0.176 0.278 0.411 0.573

O

0.792

1 1 1 1 1 1

KMnO4 0.050 2 0.112 2 0.179 2 0.316 0.439 0.638

0.031 4 0.068 4 0.119 4

M KMnO4/!

M KOH/1

M KMnO4/!

M KOH/1

M KMnO4/!

M KOH/1

M KMnO4/]

M KOH/1

C

0.027 0.048 0.079

2 2 2

0.213 4 0.149 0.306 4 0.211 0.462 4 0.304

2

0.639

01.154 O 1.429 O 1.812 O 2.047

1

0.904

1

1.172

2

0.869

1

1.513

2

1.190

1

1.655

2

1.352

KMnO4 'a8 IM i T ^80111-1

^

/ "i

Solid soins. I H- II

/1

HgCrO4 + 3HgO.CrO3 I (0.712* |0.0745* 3HgO.CrO3 0.64 0.0605 0.475 0.035 0.371 0.0225 0.254 0.012 0.154 0.0036 0.00137 3HgO.CrO3 0.00012

MnO 4 -K + (319) H2O + KOH H- KMnO4; v. also p. 379 0

m

Solid phases

MugCT

* Mean of several determinations.

A B C D E

MnOr K + Rb+ H2O H- KMnO4 H- RbMnO4 t = 6.8-7.20C (277)

Solid soin. II RbMnO4

Fe(CN) 6 Ca++ Na+ (405) H2O H- Ca2Fe(CN)6 + Na4Fe(CN)6 Fe(CN) 6 Na + K + H2O H- Na4Fe(CN)6 + K4Fe(CN)6 t = 250C (164) g per 100Og H2O K 4 Fe(CN) 6 I Na 4 Fe(CN) 6 K4Fe(CN)6.3H2O 0.8946 0.0 0.88272 0.05072 0.88544 0.06633 0.88088 0.12306 0.89116 0.25972 0.91600 0.4900 0.99000 0.87034 1.01200 0.91060 1.05177 0.95879 1.11590 1.04380 Na4Fe(CN)6.12H2O 1.0578 0.9588 0.6994 0.8984 0.6111 0.8712 0.5850 0.8652 0.3532 0.7814 0.2722 0.7610 0.2115 0.7253 0.1789 0.7213 0.1624 0.7117 0.1327 0.7056 0.000 0.6818 CrO3 Na+ H2O H- H3CrO3 + NaOH t - 180C (275) MNaOH/1 I Mcr/1 Cr(OH)3*

4 4

0.572 0.651

4

0.803

4.9 8.1 9.5 11.8 14.6 17.6

0.016 0.052 0.076 0.080 0.143 O 015

2 728

4.625 10.979 20.790 28.767 64.574 90.514 [ 99.264 \ 99.178 I 99.152 ; 100.00

CrO3

Liquid phase % % KMnO 4 RbMnO4 0.60 °-425 °-461 0.787 0.397 1.237 0.368 1.502 0.460 1.870 0.629 2.568 0.818 3.057 0.822 3.154 0.902 3.195 0.825 3.468 0.517 4.071 O

Na+,- (Continued)

MNaOH/1

I

Mcr/1

Cr2O3

7.5 Tr. 9.0 0.0038 0.0081 11.2 14.5 0.0205 15.8 0.0039 0.0015 16.8 18.0 Tr. Na3CrO3(?) 16.5 0.004 15.5 0.006 14.5 0.010 14.0 0.0134 13.2 0.0165 11.2 0.038 15.5 0.057 * Author states that the polymerization changes in the solid phase play an important part in the equilibrium here concerned.

CrOr-BO 8 (145) H2O H- H2CrO4 + H3BO3 t = 250C % B2O3 I % CrO3 H3BO3 0.10 62.40 0.16 59.90 0.42 49.75 0.92 37.89 1.35 24.31 2.28 9.42 2.79 4.90 t = 450C H3BO3 0.9 61.56 0.92 58.10 0.87 57.50 1.12 57.34 0.85 53.80 2.33 25.60 4.76 24.0

MnO 4 --K + (3l 9) H2Q + KOH + K2MnQ4 M M M K2MnQ4/! KOH/1 K2MnQ4/! K 2 MnO 4

M KQH/1

M K2MnQ4/!

M KQH/1

O 10 15 17

2 2

0.907 1.013

4

0.554

4

0.681

20

2

0

2

1.252

H

6

0.224

6

0.261

6 6 6

0.303 0.362 0.388

2

1.424

M K2MnQ4/!

M KOH/1

M K2MnO4/!

8 8

0.063 0.070

10 10

0.0145 0.0152

8

0.078

10

0.016

8 8

0.096 0.119

10 10

0.0215 0.0305

8

0.142

10

0.0462

10 10 10

0.062 0.070 0.083

4 4 4 4

0.733 0.772 0.852 0.889

4 4

0.938 1.003

6

0.469

8

0.167

4 4

1.074 1.143

6 6

0.528 0.587

8 8

0.196 0.222

CrO4"" MoOr" K + H2O + K2CrO4 + K 2 MoO 4 t = 250C (2) Liquid phase—g per Solid phases % K2MoO4 IQOg H2O K2CrQ4 I K 2 MoO 4 K2CrO4 64.62 0.0 0.35 49.59 15.37 0.57 38.90 38.79 0.94 33.21 50.96 1.25 14.13 98.72 2.58 10.07 118.80 Solidsoln I 2.98 10.24 119.90 5.32 7.12 137.8 6.74 6.32 157.2 10.34 4.92 165.4 26.80 2.14 180.8 36.21 1.70 183.0 K 2 MoO 4 0.0 184.6

A B C D E F

0.155

1.140

23

25 30 40 45 50 51 60 63 70 80

6

M KOH/1

CrO 4 --Li + (336) H2O + H2CrO4 + LiOH; v. Fig. 170 Liquid phase, 3O0C Solid phases % % CrO3 Li2O Li(OH).H20 7.09 Li(OH).H2O + Li2O.CrO3.2H2O 37.50 14.34 Li2O.CrO3.2H20 38.55 11.44 Li2O.CrO3.2H2O + Li2O.2CrO3.2H2O 43.40 11.81 Li2O.2CrO3.2H20 47.95 7.95 Li2O.2CrO3.2H2O + CrO3 67.73 5.69 ^n / 63.99 3.51 Cr 3 ° t 62.28 O

CrO 4 --Na + (336) H2O + H2CrO4 + NaOH; v. Fig. 171 Liquid phase, Solid phases 3O0C % CrO3| % Na2O A N OH.H20 42.0 ca. B NaOH.H2O + Na2O.CrOs J 2.0 41.44

CrO4- - Na+.—(Continued) Liquid phase, 3O0G % CrO 3 |%Na 2 O 10.22 29.39 13.12 23.91 19.26 22.98 28.82 17.88 48.70 16.49 66.13 13.70 68.46 10.95

Solid phases

C Na2O.CrO3 + 2Na2O.CrO3.13H20 2Na2O.CrO3.13H20 E 2Na2O.CrO3.13H2O + Na2O.CrO3.4H2O... F Na2O.CrO3.4H2O G Na2O.CrO3.4H2O + Na 2 O.2CrO 3 .2H 2 O.... H Na2O.2CrO3.2H2O + Na 2 O.3CrO 3 .H 2 O.... I Na2O.3CrO3.H2O + Na 2 0.4CrO 3 .4H 2 O.... J Na2O.4CrO3.4H2O + CrO3 K CrO3 62.28 CrO 4 -- K + ; v. p. 380

BO3

Ca++: H2O + H,BO3 + Ca(OH)2 t = 3O0C (324)

% CaQ | % B2Q3 CaO.HoO 0.1263 0.0140 0.1398 0.0321 aO.H2O + CaO.B2O3.6H2O 0.2113* | 0.1291* CaO.B2O3.6H2O 0.22 0.1335 0.1177 0.1379 0.1085 0.1395 0.110 0.140 CaO.B2O3.6H2O + CaO.3B2O3.9H2O 0.1100* | 0.1688* CaO.3B2O3.9H2O 0.0516 0.2897 0.0555 0.3306 0.0471 0.6117 0.0595 0.7669 0.0666 0.8691 0.0772 1.025 0.0759 1.116

|H

% CaQ | % B2O3 CaO.3B2O3.9H2O + CaO.3B2O3.12H2O 0.0936* | 1.359* CaO.3B2O3.12H2O 0.1436 1.64 0.0928 2.0588 0.2153 2.178 0.2743 2.471 0.2232 2.434 0.0991 2.509 0.1095 2.55 0.2633 2.6055 0.1085 2.798 0.1304 3.128 0.1433 3.3133 0.3719 3.643 0.152 3.841 CaO.3B2O3.12H2O + H3BO3 0.155 | 4.250 H3BO8 0.1368 | 4.1793 * Average of several determinations.

Solid phases A

KOH.2H20

CrO4-- K + ( 234 ): H2O + H2CrO4 + KQH; v. Fig. 172 Liquid phase t = O0C | t = 2Q0C t ^~30°C* | t = 6O0C % K2O I % CrQ3 I % K2O | % CrO3 | % K2Q J % CrO3 | % K2O % CrQ3 31.18 46.80 50 ca.

BÌ

/

I K2O-CrO3

D E F G H I

I

K2O-CrO3 + K2O.2CrO3 K2O.2CrO3 K2O.2CrO3 + K2O.3CrO3 K2O.3CrO3 + K2O.4CrO3 K2O.4CrO3 + CrO3 CrO3

,

26.06

0.54

g

17 73

26.89

19 52

50

17.73 19.10 1.41 3.00 1.47 42.00 1.37 47.40 0.64 61.80 61.54

2.20 2.00 0.62

43.10 48.46 62.80 61.80

19.35 4.98 2.50 2.25 0.69

0.94

5^99

21.00 10.48 44.50 49.95 62.81 62.52

32.98

21.05

0.53

9.15

20.62 23.61 10.01 21.24 7.06 49.84 5.01 54.09 1.27 65.77 65.12

* In good agreement with work of Schreinemakers ( 336 ).

CrO4" ~ K+.—(Continued) 0 0 C I % K2O I % CrO3 Il C I % K2O [ % CrQ3 ' H2O + K2CrO4 H2O + K2Cr2O7 -25 20.0 5.70 -22.10 35.94 -13 17.52 13.89 -26.77 0.88 39.86 TT 2c\O+K .L TT2 CrO rvn 4j_ Pr 2 O n7 TlÔ "+" K2Cr2O7 + K H + TT K 2 Cr , 2Cr3Oi0 -11.501 17.18 I 18.11 H 2 O + K 2 Cr 2 O 7 - 5 8.27 8.01 - 0.63 1.38 2.93 -6.43 0.48 17.25 -10.25 0.45 23.63 -13.25 27.07 H2O +

H 2 O + K 2 Cr 3 O 1 0 -34.01 I 0.95 | 43.45 H2O + K2Cr3Oi0 + K 2 Cr 4 Oi 3 -39 0.79 | 45.69 H 2 O + K 2 Cr 4 Oi 3 -49 49.11 -61.5 0.61 53.57

BO3 Li+ (112) H3BO3 + LiOH; v. Fig. 173

Solid phases

H2Q +

A B C D

B(OH)3 B(OH)3 + K2O.5B2O3.8H20 K2O.5B2O3.8H20 K2O.5B2O3.8H2O + K2O.2B2O3.4H2O

E

0 K'0O 2R O 4H 4H F /1 K -2B *°" *O G* K20.2B2O3.4H2O + K2O-B2O3^H2O K

IM /K O 20.B R 2O03.¥5HR200

* By interpolation. AlO2- Ba++

B2O3 B(OH)3 3.54 B(OH) 3 + Li2O.5B2O3.1OH20 1.30 14.14 Li2O.5B2O3.10H2O+Li2O.2B2O3.xH2O*,... 5.06 30.81

D

53

2

47

I/ I/

K2O.B2O3.f H2O + KOH.2H2O KOH.2H2Q .-

H2O + Al2O3 + BaO t = 2O0C (253) % BaO % Al2O3 A Ba (OH)2.8H2O B 3.32 0.0 C 3.39 0.002 1 T - ^ Ou ^ / °' ' 3.45 0.430 E / Ll*°-2B*°* ( 0.95 2.61 Ba (OH)2.8H2O + Al2O3 F Li2O.2B2O3.xH2O+Li2O-B2O3.16H2O* 5.63 23.84 3.50 I 0.680 G i T l . O T > 0 lfiTTO / 1.58 3.27 H/ Ll*°.B203.16H20 I 2 94 251 2BaO.Al2O3.5H2O 3.51 0.673 I Li2O.B2O3.16H2O + LiOKH20 7.71 3.38 3.541 0.659 J LiOH.H2O 7.01 3.523 0.661 * Evidence for saturation with this solid from graphical interpolation. 2.211 0.641 + BO3 Na (in) 2BaO.Al2O3.5H2O + Al2O3 __^ H2O + H3BO3 + NaOH; v. Fig. 174 2.131 0.628 Liquid phase, BaO.6H2O Solid phases 2.091 0.618 % % 2.154 0.637 ; Na2O B2O3 2.117 0.625 A B(OH) 3 3.54 Al2O3.BaO.6H2O B B(OH) 3 + Na2O.5B2O3.1OH20 1.99 11.84 1.873 0.456 C Na 2 O.5B 2 O 3 .10H 2 O + Na2O.2B2O3.10H2O.. 4.08 17.20 1.732 0.378 D Na2O.2B2O3.10H20 1.88 2.41 1.654 0.345 E* Na2O.2B2O3.10H2O + Na 2 O-B 2 O 3 -SH 2 O.... 10.40 12.80 1.330 0.279 8 18 13 25 F Nu*O.B O R20O « H2O G /1 Na 0 I/ lg '31 4 '97 Al2O3.BaO.6H2O + Al2O3.3.8H xH20 H Na2O. B2O3-SH2O + Na2O.B203.4H40 21.58 4.63 1.205* I 0.210* I Na2O.B2O3.4H2O 29.39 2.51 J* Na2O.B2O3.4H2O + NaOH.H2Q 41.30 7.80 Al203.xH2O * By interpolation. 0.902 I 0.118 Li2O

Liquid phase, 3O0G % % K 2 O B 2O3 3.54 0.33 4.58 0.80 3.05 7.73 13.37

a IM phases v, Solid

J K Liquid phase, 3O0C ——

BO3---K+(Hi) H3BO3 + KOH; v. Fig. 175

6 22

'

9 18

9 13

'

80

25.0

19.8

26 89

12 12

32 74

3 51

'

46.45 47.50

'

0.72

AlO2- Ba++.-(Continued) % BaO I % Al2O3 Al2O3.xH2O 0.519 I 0.037 0.01 I 0.002 * Mean of several results.

AlO2- Na+ ;p. p. 381 Be++ ( = Gl++)Na+ H2O + Be(OH)2 + NaOH t = 250C (401) MB./I I MN./I Be(OH)2 0.033 0.268 0.0492 0.318 0.0841 0.446 0.089 0.526 0.101 0.563 0.143 0.801 0.203 0.854 Ba++ Na+ H2O + BaO + Na2O t = 3O0C (339) % BaO I % Na2O Ba0.9H20 4.99 O 1.29 4.78 0.89 6.43 0.57 9.63 0.53 11.62 0.47 17.87 1.06 23.28

Ba++ Na+.- (Continued) Ba++ Na + - (Continued) % BaO | % Na2O % BaO I % Na2O BaO.9H20 + BaO.4H20 Ba0.2H2O 1.87 | 24.63 0.82 32.12 Ba0.4H20 0.59 34.72 1.84 26.14 Ba0.2H20 + NaOILH2O 1.75 27.72 0.57 | 41.09 NaOH.H20 1.58 28.43 BaO.4H2O + BaO.2H2O O | 42.00 1.34 | 29.24 AlO 2 -Na + (ISZ) H2O + H3AlO3 + NaOH; v. Fig. 176 Liquid phase, 3O0C Solid phases — % % Al2O3 Na2O A 1 f 0.08 5.5 [ Al2O3-SH2O* I 0.5 9.4 BJ [3.2 21.7 C A12O3.3H2O + 3Al2O3.4Na2O.16H2O 4.9 24.6 D f 2.1 26.5 3Al2O3.4Na2O.16H2O < 2.5 30.2 [ 4.3 32.5 E 3Al2O3.4Na2O.16H2O+Al2O3.4Na2O.10H2O 5.2 34.3 Al2O3.4Na2O.10H20 1.9 37.3 F Al2O3.4Na20.1OH2O + Na2O.3H2O 0.1 40.8 Na20.3H20 O 41.9 A l2O HO H Al 03H (3H 20)t

I I

Al2O3.3H2Ot * Crystalline form,

3 07 8 50

0.4 t Metastable form I.

6 12 ' 16 70

4.9

Ì Metastable form II.

LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) (M d'Agostino, 73, 2: 171; 10. (2) Amadori, 82, 21 I: 667; 11. ( 3 ) Amadori and Pampanmi, 22, 20 II: 473; 11. ( 4 ) Anderson, 45, 11: 327; 19. (5) Anderson and Nestell, 45, 12: 243; 20. ( 6 ) Ando, 429, 8: 283; 25. ( 6 ' 5 ) Antropoff and Sommer, 7, 123: 161 ; 26. ( 7 ) Applebey and Lane, 4, 113: 609; 18. (8) Applebey and Reid, 4, 121: 2129; 22. ( 9 ) Applebey and Wilkes, 4, 121: 337; 22. 0°) Araki, 429, 8A: 213; 25. ( 1 M Archibald and Gale, 1, 46: 1760; 24. («) Archibald and Habasian, 69, 11 IH: 1; 17. ( 13 ) Archibald and Kern, 69, 11IH : 7 ; 17. O 4 ) Armstrong and Eyre, 5, 84: 123 ; 10. O5 ) de Baat, Diss., Leiden, 1923. ( 16 ) Bakhuis Roozeboom, 7, 8: 531; 91. O 7) Bakhuis Roozeboom and Schreinemakers, 7, 15: 588; 94. O 8 ) Banthisch, 52, 29: 54; 84. O 9 ) Barbaudy, 70, 42: 638; 23. (20) Barre, 34, 150: 1321; 10. t«) Barre, 84, 150: 1599; 10. (22) Barre, 34, 151: 871; 10. («) Barre, 27, 11: 646; 12. (24) Bassett, 93, 59: 1; 08. (2 5 ) Bassett and Corbet, 4, 125: 1660; 24. (26) Bassett and Halton, 4, 123 : 1291; 23. (27) Bassett and Taylor, 4, 105: 1926; 14. (27.5) Baur, 9, 32: 428; 26. (2») Bell and Taber, 50, 10: 119; 06. (2») Bell and Taber, 50, 11: 492; 07. (30) Bell and Taber, 60, 11: 632; 07. ( 3 M Bell and Taber, 50, 11: 637; 07. (32) Bell and Taber, 50, 12: 171; 08. ( 33 ) van Bemmelen, 93, 33: 272; 03. (34) Biltz and Marcus, 93, 71: 166; 11. ( 3 S) Blasdale, 45, 10: 344; 18. (36) Blasdale, 45, 12: 164; 20. ( 3 7) Blasdale, 1, 45: 2935; 23. ( 38 ) Bodländer, 7, 7: 358; 91. ( 39 ) Boeke, 190, 1911 I: 48. ( 4 0 ) Bray and Winninghoff, 1, 33: 1663; 11. ( 4 M Britton, 4, 119: 1967; 21, (42) Britton, 4, 121: 982; 22. (43) Britton, 4, 121: 2612; 22. (44) Britton, 4, 123: 1429; 23. ( 4 5 ) Britton and Allmand, 4, 119: 1463; 21. (46) Brönsted, 7, 77: 129; 11. (47) Brönsted, 7, 80: 206; 12. (48) Brönsted, 214,12: 254; 14. 10, 4: 808; 22. ( 49 ) Brönsted, l, 42: 1448; 20. (SO) Bruner, 7, 26: 145; 98. ( 5 M Bugarszky, 7, 11: 668; 93. 12: 223; 93. (51.1 ) Burrage, 4,1926:1703. ( 51 - 5 ) Burrage, 4,1926:1896. ( 5 2) Caillart, 191, 41: 21; 18. ( S3 ) Cameron, 492, No. 18: 01. (54) Cameron, 50, 5: 556; 01. (55) Cameron and Bell, 60, 10: 210; 06. (56) Cameron and Bell, 492, No. 33:06. ( 5 7 ) Cameron and Bell, 492, No. 41: 07. ( 58 ) Cameron and Bell, 60, 11: 363; 07. ( 5 9 ) Cameron, Bell and Robinson, 60, 11: 396; 07. ( 6 0 ) Cameron and Breazeale, 60, 7: 571; 03. ( 6 M Cameron and Breazeale, 50, 8: 335; 04. ( 6 2) Cameron and Brown, 60, 9: 210; 05. ( 63 ) Cameron and Robinson, 60, 11: 273; 07. (64) Cameron and Robinson, 50, 11: 577; 07. C 6 5 ) Cameron and Robinson, 60, 11: 641 ; 07. ( 6 6 ) Cameron and Robinson,

60, 11: 690; 07. ( 67 ) Cameron and Robinson, 60, 13: 251 ; 09. (68) Cameron and Seidell, 60, 5: 643; 01. ( 69 ) Cameron and Seidell, 60, 7: 578; 03. (70) Carter and Hartshorne, 4, 123: 2223; 23. ( 7 M Carter and Hartshorne, 4, 1926: 363. (72) Caspari, 4, 125: 2381; 24. •("•«) Caven and Johnston, 4, 1926: 2628. (73) Caven and Mitchell, 4, 125: 1428; 24. (74) Clark, l, 41: 1477; 19. (75) Clendinnen, 4, 121: 801; 22. (76) Clendinnen, 4, 123: 1338; 23. (77) Clendinnen and Rivett, 4, 119: 1329; 21. (78) Clendinnen and Rivett, 4,123:1344; 23. (79) Coeheret, Diss., Rotterdam, 1911. ( 80 ) Cohn, 52, 35: 43; 87. ( 8 M Colani, 34, 156: 1075; 12. («2) Colani, 27,19: 405; 16. (*3) Colani, 34, 165: 111; 17. ( 84 ) Colani, 34, 165: 234; 17. (84.5) Colani, 87, 39: 1243; 26. ( 85 ) Cooke, 54, 40: 239T; 21. ( 86 ) Coppadora, Rassegna mineraria, metallurgica e chimica, 37: 7; 12. ( 87 ) Coppadora, 36, 42 I: 233; 12. ( 88 ) Coppadora, 36, 43 I: 138; 13. ( 88 - 5 ) Cottrell, 50, 4: 637; 00. (* 9 ) Cox, 93, 40: 146; 04. (9 ° ) Cox, 93, 50: 226 ; 06. (91 ) Creighton and Ward, 1, 37: 2333 ; 15. (92 ) van Dam and Donk, 176, 8: 846; 11. ( 93 ) D'Ans, 93, 61: 91; 09. ( 9 4) D'Ans, 93, 62: 129; 09. ( 9S ) D'Ans, 93, 65: 231; 10. ( 96 ) D'Ans, 93, 80: 235; 13. ( 9 7) D'Ans, 493, 9: 148, 161, 177, 193, 217, 229; 15. ( 98 ) D'Ans and Schreiner, 93, 67: 437 ; 10. (99 ) D'Ans and Schreiner, 7, 75: 95 ; 10. (100) Dawkins, 4, 121: 776; 22. ( 10 M Dawson, 4, 113 : 675; 18. ( I f l 2) Demassieux, 34,158: 183, 702; 14. ( 103 ) Demassieux, 34,177: 51; 23. ( 104 ) Ditte, 34, 126: 694; 98. ( 10S ) Dolber, Diss., Erlangen, 1913. 0<>6) Donnan and Thomas, 4, 99: 1788; 11. ( 1 0 7 ) van Dorp, 7, 73: 284, 289; 10. ( 109 ) Driot, 34, 150: 1426; 10. (ii°) Drucker, 93, 28: 361; 01. ( 11 M Dukelski, 93, 50: 38; 06. O 12 ) Dukelski, 93, 54: 45; 07. (113) Dukelski, 93, 62: 114, 118; 09. (H4) Dunningham, 4, 101: 431 ; 12. O * 5 ) Dutilh, 57, 11 : No. 4; 12. O i 6 ) Eberly, Gross and Crowell, 1, 42: 1433; 20. (i 16.5) Elliott, Kleist, Wilkins and Webb, 4, 1926:1219. (i17) von Ende, 93, 26: 129; 01. ( 118 ) Engel, 34, 104: 911; 87. 27, 47: 677; 87. ( 119 ) Engel, 6, 17: 338; 89. (120) Euler, 7, 49: 301; 04. O 2 M Fairhall, 1, 46: 1593; 24. (122) Fedotiev, 7, 49: 162 ; 04. ( » 23 ) Fedotiev, 93, 73: 173 ; 11. ( » 2 4 ) Fedotiev and Kolossov, 93, 130: 39 ; 23. (i 2 s ) Fedotiev and Koltunov, 93, 85: 247 ; 14. (126) Findlay and Cruickshank, 4,1926: 316. (l 2 7) Findlay, Morgan and Morris, 4, 105: 779; 14. O 2») Fock, 7, 12: 657; 93. (12 9 ) Fock, 94, 28: 337; 97. (i 30 ) Foote, 11, 26: 418; 01. (i3i) Foote, 7, 46: 79; 03. O 3 2 ) Foote, 1, 33: 463; 11. (l 33 ) Foote, 1, 34: 880; 12. (i 34) Foote, 1, 37: 288; 15. (135) Foote, 45, 11: 629; 19. O 36) Foote, 1, 46: 663; 23. O 37) Foote and Bristol, 11, 32: 246; 04. O 3 8 ) Foote and Saxton, 4, 36: 1695; 14. (139) Foote and Smith, 1, 46:84; 24. (1*0) Fox, 4, 95: 878; 09. 0«M Freeth, 62, 223: 35; 22. (142) Freeth, Diss., Leiden, 1924. (143) Fujimura, 429, 1: 63; 14. O 44) Garran, 4, 1926: 848. (145) Gilbert, 4, 127: 1541 ; 25. O 46 ) Gilbert, Buckley and Masson, 4,121 : 1934; 22. (147) Glasstone, 4, Wl: 58; 22. (148) Glasstone and Riggs, 4, 127: 2846; 25. O 4 9 ) Glasstone and Saunders, 4, 123: 2134; 23. (15°) Golblum and Stoffela, 48, 8: 135; 10. (isi) Goudriaan, 70, 39: 505; 20. (152) Goudriaan, 70, 41: 82; 22. O 53) Groger, 98, 70:135; 11. O 54) Qroschuff, 93, 40: 1; 04. O 5 5 ) Gross, Diss., Erlangen, 1914. O 5 6 ) Guntz and Guntz, 14, 2: 101; 14. 0 5 7) Hamburger, 93, 50: 403; 06. O 5 8 ) Hamid, 4, 1926: 199, 206. O *») Hammick and Currie, 4, 127: 1623; 25. O 6 0 ) Hammick, Goadby and Booth, 4, 117: 1589; 20. ( I 6 M Harkins and Paine, 1, 38: 2709; 16. ( i « 2 ) Harkins and Paine, 1, 41: 1155; 19. (163) Harkins and Pearce, 1, 38: 2679; 16. O 6 4 ) Harkins and Pearce, 1, 38: 2714; 16. (165) Hartley, Drugman, Vlieland and Bourdillon, 4, 103: 1747; 13. O 6 6 ) Hauser, 93, 45: 185; 05. O 6 7) Hauser, 93, 54: 196; 07. O 6 8 ) Hauser and Wirth, 93, 78: 75; 12. O 6 9 ) Hayami, 429, 4: 359; 21. C 1 70) van der Heide, 7, 12: 416; 93. (i 7 M Hempel and Tedesco, 92, 24: 2459; 11. (172) Henderson and Taylor, 50, 20: 663: 16. (173) Hendricks, 50, 30 : 248; 26. O74) Herold, 9, 11: 417; 05. O 75) Herz, 93, 33 : 353; 03. (176) Herz, 93, 67:365; 10. O77) Herz, 93, 68 : 69; 10. O78) Herz, 93, 68: 165; 10. O7 9 ) Herz, 93, 73: 274; 11. 80 (i ) Herz and Bulla, 93, 61: 387; 09. (I 8 M Herz and Hellebrandt, 93, 130: 188; 23. (1S2) Herz and Paul, 93, 82: 431; 13. 0 8 3) Hicks, I, 37: 844; 15. (i 8 4 ) HiIl, l, 39: 218; 17. (184.5) HiIl and Miller, l, 49: 669; 27. (i 85 ) Hill and Simmons, l, 31: 821; 09. O 8 6 ) Hinrichsen and Sachsel, 7, 50: 81; 04. O 8 ?) van't Hoff, 93, 47: 244; 05, O 8 8 ) van't Hoff, 76, 1905: 478. (l 89 ) van't Hoff, Zur Bildung der ozeanischen Salzablagerungen, 1; 35. Braunschweig, Vieweg u. Sohn, 1905. O 9 0 ) van't Hoff and Barschall, 76, 1903: 359. O 9 M van't Hoff and D'Ans, 76, 1905: 913. 0 9 2) van't Hoff and Dawson, 7, 22: 598; 98. O 9 S) van't Hoff and Estreicher, 76, 1898: 487. O 9 4 ) van't Hoff and Farup, 76, 1903: 1000. (i 9 5 ) van't Hoff, Farup and D'Ans, 76, 1906: 218. (l 9
[FSiTl

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I Fig. 141

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Fig. 173

Fig. 176 fig. 175

C 2 1 0 ) Hoitsema, 7, 17: 651; 95. ( 211 ) Hoitsema, 7, 27: 312; 98. ( 2 1 2 ) HoIlmann, 7, 37: 193; 01. ( 213 ) Hollmann, 7, 54: 98; 05. ( 2 1 4 ) Iljinski, Ann. Vinst. d'analyse phys. chim., Leningrad, 2 : 50, 54; 23. ( 215 ) Inamura, 429, 4: 105; 19. (215.5) ishikawa, 41B, I: 139; 26. (216) Iwaki, 429, 1: 81; 14. (2 » 7 ) Jackman and Browne, 4, 121: 694 ; 22. ( 2 * 8 ) Jackson, 1, 36: 2346 ; 14. C 2 * 9 ) Jänecke, 93, 71: 1; 11. ( 2 2 °) Jänecke, 53, 100: 176; 17. 102: 41; 18. 103: 1; 18. ( 221 ) James and Holden, 1, 35: 559; 13. ( 2 2 2 ) James and Whittemore, 1, 34: 1168; 12. C 2 2 3 ) James, Whittemore and Holden, 1, 36: 1853; 14. ( 224 ) Jehu and Hudleston, 4, 125: 1451 ; 24. ( 2 2 5 ) Joseph, 4, 117: 377; 20. C 2 2 6 ) Kasarnowsky, 7, 109: 287; 24. ( 2 2 ?) Kazaneckii, 63, 46: 1110; 14. ( 22 S) Kendricks, 50, 12: 693; 08. (229) Keyes and James, 1, 36: 634; 14. (230) Klein, 93, 74: 157; 11. ( 2 3 I) van Klooster, 60, 21: 513; 17. ( 232 ) Koppel, 7, 42 : 1 ; 02. ( 2 3 3 ) Koppel, 7, 62: 385; 05. ( 2 3 4 ) Koppel and Blumenthal, 93, 53: 228; 07. ( 23S ) Koppel and Holtkamp, 93, 67: 266; 10. ( 236 ) Kremann and Noss, 57, 33: 1205; 12. ( 2 3 7) Kremann and Rodemund, 93, 86: 373; 14. ^ 2 3 8 ) Kremann and Zitek, 75, 118 Ub: 59; 09. ( 2 3 9 ) Küster and Thiel, 93, 21: 116; 99. (240) Kurnakov and Zhemchuzhnui, 53, 51: 1; 19. ( 2 4 1 ) Kurnakov and Zhemchuzhnui, 93, 140: 149; 24. ( 2 4 2 ) Lamb and Phillips, 1, 45: 108; 23. ( 2 * 3 ) Le Chatelier, 34, 100: 737; 85. ( 2 4 4 ) Lee and Egerton, 4, 123: 706; 23. (24 5 ) van Leeuwen, 7, 23 : 33 ; 97. (24 6 ) Lind, Underwood and Whittemore, lt 40: 465; 18. ( 2 4 ?) Lipscomb and Hulett, 60, 20: 75; 16. ( 2 4 8 ) Löwenherz, 7, 13: 491; 94. f 2 4 9 ) Lowry, 6, 91: 53; 15. ( 2 S O ) Lunge, 64, 4: 31; 85. ( 2 S 1 ) McCoy and Test, 1, 33:473; 11. ( 2 5 2 ) Maeda and Yamane, 210, 4: 85; 26. ( 253 ) Malquori, 36, 56: 37; 26. ( 2 5 4 ) Marden, 1, 38: 310; 16. («S) Massink, 7, 92: 351; 17. ( 2 5 6 ) Masson, 4, 99: 1132; 11. ( 2 5 7) Mayeda, 4^,23: 573; 20. ( 258 ) Meerburg, 93, 37: 199; 03. (259) Meerburg, 93, 45: 1; 05. (260) Meerburg, 93, 45: 324; 05. ( 261 ) Meerburg, 93, 59: 136; 08. ( 2 «2) Meijer, 70, 43: 397; 24. ( 2 6 3 ) Meyer, 70, 42: 301; 23. ( 2 6 4 ) Meyer and Stateczny, 93, 122: 1; 22. ( 2 6 S ) Meyer, Wassjuchnow, Drapier and Bodlander, 93, 86: 258; 14. ( 2 «6) Meyer and WiIk, 93, 132: 239; 24. ( 2 «7) Meyerhoff er, 7, 3: 336; 89. 5: 97; 90. ( 2 6 8 ) Meyerhoff er, 7, 53: 513; 05. (269) Meyerhoff er and Saunders, 7, 28: 453; 99.

(270) Milikan, 7, 92: 59; 18. ( 2 ?i) Milikan, 7, 92: 499; 18. (272) Milligan, I1 44: 567; 22. ( 2 ? 3 ) Mondain-M:onval, 34, 174: 1014; 22. 175: 162; 22. (274) Moser, 93, 61: 379; 09. ( 2 '5) Müller, 7, 110: 365; 24. ( 2 ™) Mumford and Gilbert, 4, 123: 471; 23. C 2 7 7 ) Muthmann and Kuntze, 94, 23: 368; 94. ( 2 78) Nichols and Howes, 162, No. 298: 212; 19. (279) Nishizawa, 142, 23: 25; 20. (280) Noyes, Boggs, Farrell and Stewart, l, 33: 1650; 11. ( 2 8 *) Noyes and Bray, I, 33: 1643; 11. ( 2 8 2 ) Noyes and Chow, I , 40: 739; 18. (2 83 ) Noyes and Clement, 7, 13 : 412 ; 94. (284 ) Noyes, Hall and Beattie, l, 39: 2526 ; 17. (285) Noyes and Seidensticker, i i, 21: 217; 99. ( 2 «6) Okazawa, 41, 41: 602; 20. ( 2 8 7) Osaka, 479, 1:93;; 08. ( 2 8 8 ) Osaka, 479, 3: 58; 11. ( 2 8 9 ) Osaka, 70, 42: 594; 23. ( 2 9 O) Osaka and Ando, 7, 110: 786; 24. ( 291 ) Osaka, Shima and Yoshida, 429, 7: 69; 24. ( 2 9 2 ) Osaka and Yoshida, 489, 6: 49; 22. ( 2 9 3 ) Ostwald, 14, l : 32; 14. ( 2 9 4 ) Parker, 60, 18: 653; 14. ( 29 S) Parsons and Corson, l, 32: 1383; 10. ( 2 9 6 ) Parsons and Perkins, l, 32: 1387; 10. ( 2 S > 7) Pelling and Robertson, South African Journal of Science, 20: 236; 23. ( 2 9 8 ) Pellini, 36, 40II: 37; 10. ( 2 9 9 ) Poma, 86, 401:193; 10. (300) Posnjak and Merwin, l, 44:1965; 22. ( 301 ) Prandtl and Ducrue, 93,150: 105; 26. ( 3 0 2 ) Pratt and James, l, 33: 488; 11. ( 303 ) Precht and Wittjen, 25, 14: 1667; 81. ( 304 ) Raffo and Rossi, 36, 45 I: 45; 15. ( 3 °5) Rakovskij and Dobrzinskij, Ann. inst. réac. chim. pures., Leningrad, 1: 203; 23. (306) Recoura, 6, 12: 263; 07. ( 3 °7) Reinders, 93, 93: 202; 15. ( 308 ) Richards and Kelley, l, 33: 847; 11. ( 3 <> 9 ) Richards and Wrede, 66, 43: 343; 07. ( 3 1 <>) Riesenfeld and Feld, 93, 116: 213; 21. ( 311 ) Rive«, 4, 121: 379; 22. (312) Rivett and Clendinnen, 4, 123: 1634; 23. ( 313 ) Rivett and Lewis, 70, 42: 954; 23. < 314 ) Rivett and O'Connor, 4, 115: 1346; 19. (315) Robinson and Waggaman, 60, 13: 673; 09. ( 31 6) Rosenheim and Grünbaum, 93, 61: 187; 09. ( 31 7) Rosenheim and Pritze, 93, 63: 275; 09. ( 3 * 8 ) Ruff and Schiller, 93, 72: 329; 11. ( 3 l 9 ) Sackur and Taegener, 9, 18: 718; 12. ( 32 °) Sahmen, 7, 54: 111; 05. ( 3 2 M Sakabe, 429, 1: 57; 14. ( 3 2 2 ) Saxton, 45, 14: 281; 22. ( 323 ) Sborgi, 22, 22 I: 90; 13. ( 3 2 4 ) Sborgi, 22, 22 I: 715; 13. ( 325 ) Sborgi, 36, 54: 946; 24. ( 3 2 6 ) Sborgi and Bovalini, 36, 54: 919; 24. (527) Sborgi, Bovalini and Cappellini, 36, 54: 298; 24. ( 3 2») Sborgi,

Bovalini and Medici, 86, 54: 934; 24. (32 9 ) Sborgi and Franco, 36, 51II: 1; 21. (330) Sborgi and Gallichi, 36, 54: 255; 24. ( 3 ^ i ) Sborgi and G alii chi, So, 54: 283; 24. (332) Sborgi and Stefanini, 36, 54: 322; 24. (333) Schaper, 7, 72: 308; 10. ( 334 ) Schreinemakers, 7, 9: 55; 92. 10: 476; 92. (335) Schreinemakers, 7, 12: 73; 93. ( 336 ) Schreinemakers, 7, 55: 71; 06. (337) Schreinemakers, 7, 59: 641; 07. (33«) Schreinemakers, 7, 66: 687; 09. (339) Schreinemakers, 7, 68: 83; 09. (340) Schreinemakers, 7, 69: 557; 09. ( 341 ) Schreinemakers, 176, 7: 197; 10. (341.5) Schreinemakers, 176, 7: 333; 10. ( 3 4 2 ) Schreinemakers, 18,15:80; 10. (343) Schreinemakers, 7, 71: 109; 10. (344) Schreinemakers, 18,15: 396; 11. ( 345 ) Schreinemakers, 64P, 13: 1163; 11. ( 346 ) Schreinemakers, 64P, 15: 1313; 13. ( 3 4 7 ) Schreinemakers and de Baat, 7, 65: 586; 09. (348) Schreinemakers and de Baat, 176,7: 259, 10. ( 349 ) Schreinemakers and de Baat, 64P, 17: 533; 14. (350) Schreinemakers and de Baat, 6J1P, 17: 781; 14. ( 35 I) Schreinemakers and de Baat, 6S+P, 17: 2, lili ; 15. ( 352 ) Schreinemakers and de Baat, 64P, 18: 126; 15. ( 353 ) Schreinemakers and de Baat, 176, 14: 141; 17. (354) Schreinemakers and de Baat, 176, 14: 262; 17. ( 35S ) Schreinemakers and de Baat, 70, 39: 423; 20. (356) Schreinemakers, Berkhoff and Posthumus, 70, 43: 508; 24. ( 35 7) Schreinemakers and Kayser, 176, 15: 120; 18. (358) .Schreinemakers and Noorduyn, 176, 15: 118; 18. ( 359 ) Schreinemakers and Thonus, 64P, 15: 472; 12. (360) Schurmann, 1, 46: 1444; 24. ( 36 M Seidell and Smith, 50, 8: 493; 04. (361.5) Sidgwick and Lewis, 4, 1926: 1287. ( 362 ) Smith, 1, 42: 259; 20. (363) Smith,*, 45: 360; 23. ( 3 6 4 ) Smits, Elgersma and Hardenberg, 70, 43 : 671; 24. ( 36S ) Spencer, 4, 107: 1265; 15. ( 3 6 6 ) Stortenbeker, 7, 16: 250; 95. ( 367 ) Stortenbeker, 7, 22: 60; 97. (368) Stortenbeker, 7, 34: 108; 00. (369) Stortenbeker, 70, 21: 399; 02.

(370) Sträub, 7, 77: 331; 11. (371) Sudhaus, 190B, 37: 1; 14. (372) güss> 94t 51: 240; 12. (373) Sullivan, 1, 27: 529; 05. (374) Taber, 00, 10: 626; 06. (375) Takegami, 429, 4: 317; 21. ( 3 ™) Takegami, 429, 5: 194; 22. (377) Takeuchi, 429, 1: 249; 16. ( 3 78) Terres and Weiser, 9, 27: 177; 21. (379) Terrey and Jolly, 4, 123: 2217; 23. (380) Thin and Cummings, 4, 107: 361 ; 15. (38 » ) Tilden and Shenstone, 5, 38 : 331; 85. (382) Toda, 429, 4:305; 21. (383) Toda, 429, 4: 377; 21. (384) Toperescu, 34, 174: 870; 22. 175: 268; 22. ( 38S ) Trifanov, Ann. scient, univ. Saratov, 1: 10; 23. (386) Trimble, ./, 44: 451; 22. ( 3 «7) Uyeda, 172, 8XXII:235; 12. (388) Valeton and Fromel, 93,137: 91; 24. (389) Van Name and Both worth, 93, 67: 97; 10. (390) de Waal, ZXss., Leiden, 1910. ( 39 I ) Wales, 4S114:317; 22. ( 392 ) Walker and Fyffe, 4, 83: 173; 03. ( 393 ) Weston, 4, 121: 1223; 22. ( 394 ) Wirth, 93, 58: 213 ; 08. (395 ) Wirth, 93, 76:174; 12. ( 396 ) Wirth, 93, 79: 360 ; 12. (397) Wirth, 9S1 87: 1; 14. (398) Wirth, 93, 87: 9; 14. (399) Wirth and Bakke, 93, 87: 13; 14. (400) Wirth and Bakke, 93, 87: 47; 14. (400.5) Wohler and Schäfter, 93, 149: 389; 25. ( 4 0 1 ) Wood, 4, 97: 878; 10. (401.1) Zambonini and Restaino, 22, 3:178; 26. (40i.2) Zambonini and Restaino, #£,4:5; 26. (40i.5) Zambonini and Restaino, 22, 4: 175; 26. ( 4 0 2 ) Zhemchuzhnui and Rambach, 93, 65: 403; 10. (4°3) Zweiglówna, Roczniki Chemji, Varsovie, 4: 331; 24. (404) Hill and Hill, 1, 49: 967; 27. (*os) Farrow, 4, 1927: 1153. (406) Footef 12, 13: 158; 27. (407) Jänecke, Eissner and Brill, 93, 160: 171; 27. ( 4 0 8 ) Malquori, IBg1 5: 451; 27. (409) Malquori, 22, 5: 510; 27. (410) Malquori, 22, 5: 576; 27. ( 4 U) Müller, Müllerand Fauvel, 9, 33:134;27. (41 2 ) Blasdale, Equilibrium in Saturated Salt Solutions. The Chemical Catalog Co., New York, 1927.

FREEZING-POINT—SOLUBILITY DATA FOR THREE-COMPONENT AQUEOUS SYSTEMS IN WHICH AT LEAST ONE OF THE TWO NON-AQUEOUS COMPONENTS IS EITHER A WEAK ELECTROLYTE OR AN ORGANIC ACID, BASE, OR NON-ELECTROLYTE ALEXANDER FINDLAY AND WILLIAM THOMAS Arrangement.—In the following tables, the A-component is always water. The systems are arranged in the order of their B-components according to the standard arrangement (v. Vol. Ill, p. viii), except that B-compounds whose key-formulae begin with 16 follow one another in the CD-arrangement. Under each Bcomponent, the C-components follow the above described arrangement of B-components. For abbreviations, v. p. 4,

Anordnung.—In den folgenden Tafeln ist die A-Köm ponente immer Wasser. Die Systeme sind in der Reihenfolge ihrer BKomponenten nach der Standardanordnung, (siehe Bd. Ill, S. viii) gereiht, ausgenommen bei denjenigen Kohlenstoff Verbindungen, deren Schlüsselformel mit 16 beginnt, folgen diese aufeinander in der (T-Anordnung. Unter jeder B-Komponente folgt die C-Komponente in der oben angegebenen Anordnung der B-Komponente. Für Abkürzungen, siehe S. 4.

Arrangement.—Dans les tables suivantes, le constituant A est toujours l'eau. Les systèmes sont disposés dans l'ordre de leurs constituants B suivant l'arrangement type (v. Vol. III, p. viii), excepté pour les composés B dont la formule clé commence par 16, qui se suivent suivant l'arrangement (L. Sous chaque constituant B, les constituants C suivent l'arrangement décrit ci-dessus pour les constituants B. Pour les abréviations, v. p. 4.

Ordine di disposizione.—Nelle tabelle seguenti il componente A è sempre l'acqua. I sistemi sono disposti secondo i componenti B nell'ordine standard di disposizione (v. Voi. Ili, p. viii). Sono eccettuati i composti la cui formula chiave comincia con 16, i quali si seguono secondo l'ordinamento
t = temp., 0C

HCl , 730 ^ S0ln ' 1.059 1.056 1.058 1.065 1.076

C = C2H2O4, Oxalic acid; t = 30.0° (»2) Mol/l soin. Mol/l soin. B | C | A ^ S0ln B | C | A C2H2O4.2H2O O 1.47951.15 Il 1.096 4.5280.55548.33 0.5031.19051.62 1.117 6.0260.52546.89 0.9701.03251.34 1.149 7.9070.60744.49 1.9390.82150.83 1.184 9.68 0.87141.52 2.9590.67550.10

C = C3H3Cl3O3, Trichlorolactic acid; t = 25° (80) Mol/l soin. H Mol/l soin. B | C [I B | C C3H3Cl3O3

1.234 2.837 4.388 5.982 7.675

2.545 1.425 0.984 0.760 0.659

8.959 10.65 11.86 12.17

0.624 0.57 0.57 0.60

Bovalini and Medici, 86, 54: 934; 24. (32 9 ) Sborgi and Franco, 36, 51II: 1; 21. (330) Sborgi and Gallichi, 36, 54: 255; 24. ( 3 ^ i ) Sborgi and G alii chi, So, 54: 283; 24. (332) Sborgi and Stefanini, 36, 54: 322; 24. (333) Schaper, 7, 72: 308; 10. ( 334 ) Schreinemakers, 7, 9: 55; 92. 10: 476; 92. (335) Schreinemakers, 7, 12: 73; 93. ( 336 ) Schreinemakers, 7, 55: 71; 06. (337) Schreinemakers, 7, 59: 641; 07. (33«) Schreinemakers, 7, 66: 687; 09. (339) Schreinemakers, 7, 68: 83; 09. (340) Schreinemakers, 7, 69: 557; 09. ( 341 ) Schreinemakers, 176, 7: 197; 10. (341.5) Schreinemakers, 176, 7: 333; 10. ( 3 4 2 ) Schreinemakers, 18,15:80; 10. (343) Schreinemakers, 7, 71: 109; 10. (344) Schreinemakers, 18,15: 396; 11. ( 345 ) Schreinemakers, 64P, 13: 1163; 11. ( 346 ) Schreinemakers, 64P, 15: 1313; 13. ( 3 4 7 ) Schreinemakers and de Baat, 7, 65: 586; 09. (348) Schreinemakers and de Baat, 176,7: 259, 10. ( 349 ) Schreinemakers and de Baat, 64P, 17: 533; 14. (350) Schreinemakers and de Baat, 6J1P, 17: 781; 14. ( 35 I) Schreinemakers and de Baat, 6S+P, 17: 2, lili ; 15. ( 352 ) Schreinemakers and de Baat, 64P, 18: 126; 15. ( 353 ) Schreinemakers and de Baat, 176, 14: 141; 17. (354) Schreinemakers and de Baat, 176, 14: 262; 17. ( 35S ) Schreinemakers and de Baat, 70, 39: 423; 20. (356) Schreinemakers, Berkhoff and Posthumus, 70, 43: 508; 24. ( 35 7) Schreinemakers and Kayser, 176, 15: 120; 18. (358) .Schreinemakers and Noorduyn, 176, 15: 118; 18. ( 359 ) Schreinemakers and Thonus, 64P, 15: 472; 12. (360) Schurmann, 1, 46: 1444; 24. ( 36 M Seidell and Smith, 50, 8: 493; 04. (361.5) Sidgwick and Lewis, 4, 1926: 1287. ( 362 ) Smith, 1, 42: 259; 20. (363) Smith,*, 45: 360; 23. ( 3 6 4 ) Smits, Elgersma and Hardenberg, 70, 43 : 671; 24. ( 36S ) Spencer, 4, 107: 1265; 15. ( 3 6 6 ) Stortenbeker, 7, 16: 250; 95. ( 367 ) Stortenbeker, 7, 22: 60; 97. (368) Stortenbeker, 7, 34: 108; 00. (369) Stortenbeker, 70, 21: 399; 02.

(370) Sträub, 7, 77: 331; 11. (371) Sudhaus, 190B, 37: 1; 14. (372) güss> 94t 51: 240; 12. (373) Sullivan, 1, 27: 529; 05. (374) Taber, 00, 10: 626; 06. (375) Takegami, 429, 4: 317; 21. ( 3 ™) Takegami, 429, 5: 194; 22. (377) Takeuchi, 429, 1: 249; 16. ( 3 78) Terres and Weiser, 9, 27: 177; 21. (379) Terrey and Jolly, 4, 123: 2217; 23. (380) Thin and Cummings, 4, 107: 361 ; 15. (38 » ) Tilden and Shenstone, 5, 38 : 331; 85. (382) Toda, 429, 4:305; 21. (383) Toda, 429, 4: 377; 21. (384) Toperescu, 34, 174: 870; 22. 175: 268; 22. ( 38S ) Trifanov, Ann. scient, univ. Saratov, 1: 10; 23. (386) Trimble, ./, 44: 451; 22. ( 3 «7) Uyeda, 172, 8XXII:235; 12. (388) Valeton and Fromel, 93,137: 91; 24. (389) Van Name and Both worth, 93, 67: 97; 10. (390) de Waal, ZXss., Leiden, 1910. ( 39 I ) Wales, 4S114:317; 22. ( 392 ) Walker and Fyffe, 4, 83: 173; 03. ( 393 ) Weston, 4, 121: 1223; 22. ( 394 ) Wirth, 93, 58: 213 ; 08. (395 ) Wirth, 93, 76:174; 12. ( 396 ) Wirth, 93, 79: 360 ; 12. (397) Wirth, 9S1 87: 1; 14. (398) Wirth, 93, 87: 9; 14. (399) Wirth and Bakke, 93, 87: 13; 14. (400) Wirth and Bakke, 93, 87: 47; 14. (400.5) Wohler and Schäfter, 93, 149: 389; 25. ( 4 0 1 ) Wood, 4, 97: 878; 10. (401.1) Zambonini and Restaino, 22, 3:178; 26. (40i.2) Zambonini and Restaino, #£,4:5; 26. (40i.5) Zambonini and Restaino, 22, 4: 175; 26. ( 4 0 2 ) Zhemchuzhnui and Rambach, 93, 65: 403; 10. (4°3) Zweiglówna, Roczniki Chemji, Varsovie, 4: 331; 24. (404) Hill and Hill, 1, 49: 967; 27. (*os) Farrow, 4, 1927: 1153. (406) Footef 12, 13: 158; 27. (407) Jänecke, Eissner and Brill, 93, 160: 171; 27. ( 4 0 8 ) Malquori, IBg1 5: 451; 27. (409) Malquori, 22, 5: 510; 27. (410) Malquori, 22, 5: 576; 27. ( 4 U) Müller, Müllerand Fauvel, 9, 33:134;27. (41 2 ) Blasdale, Equilibrium in Saturated Salt Solutions. The Chemical Catalog Co., New York, 1927.

FREEZING-POINT—SOLUBILITY DATA FOR THREE-COMPONENT AQUEOUS SYSTEMS IN WHICH AT LEAST ONE OF THE TWO NON-AQUEOUS COMPONENTS IS EITHER A WEAK ELECTROLYTE OR AN ORGANIC ACID, BASE, OR NON-ELECTROLYTE ALEXANDER FINDLAY AND WILLIAM THOMAS Arrangement.—In the following tables, the A-component is always water. The systems are arranged in the order of their B-components according to the standard arrangement (v. Vol. Ill, p. viii), except that B-compounds whose key-formulae begin with 16 follow one another in the CD-arrangement. Under each Bcomponent, the C-components follow the above described arrangement of B-components. For abbreviations, v. p. 4,

Anordnung.—In den folgenden Tafeln ist die A-Köm ponente immer Wasser. Die Systeme sind in der Reihenfolge ihrer BKomponenten nach der Standardanordnung, (siehe Bd. Ill, S. viii) gereiht, ausgenommen bei denjenigen Kohlenstoff Verbindungen, deren Schlüsselformel mit 16 beginnt, folgen diese aufeinander in der (T-Anordnung. Unter jeder B-Komponente folgt die C-Komponente in der oben angegebenen Anordnung der B-Komponente. Für Abkürzungen, siehe S. 4.

Arrangement.—Dans les tables suivantes, le constituant A est toujours l'eau. Les systèmes sont disposés dans l'ordre de leurs constituants B suivant l'arrangement type (v. Vol. III, p. viii), excepté pour les composés B dont la formule clé commence par 16, qui se suivent suivant l'arrangement (L. Sous chaque constituant B, les constituants C suivent l'arrangement décrit ci-dessus pour les constituants B. Pour les abréviations, v. p. 4.

Ordine di disposizione.—Nelle tabelle seguenti il componente A è sempre l'acqua. I sistemi sono disposti secondo i componenti B nell'ordine standard di disposizione (v. Voi. Ili, p. viii). Sono eccettuati i composti la cui formula chiave comincia con 16, i quali si seguono secondo l'ordinamento
t = temp., 0C

HCl , 730 ^ S0ln ' 1.059 1.056 1.058 1.065 1.076

C = C2H2O4, Oxalic acid; t = 30.0° (»2) Mol/l soin. Mol/l soin. B | C | A ^ S0ln B | C | A C2H2O4.2H2O O 1.47951.15 Il 1.096 4.5280.55548.33 0.5031.19051.62 1.117 6.0260.52546.89 0.9701.03251.34 1.149 7.9070.60744.49 1.9390.82150.83 1.184 9.68 0.87141.52 2.9590.67550.10

C = C3H3Cl3O3, Trichlorolactic acid; t = 25° (80) Mol/l soin. H Mol/l soin. B | C [I B | C C3H3Cl3O3

1.234 2.837 4.388 5.982 7.675

2.545 1.425 0.984 0.760 0.659

8.959 10.65 11.86 12.17

0.624 0.57 0.57 0.60

HCL- (Continued) C = C3H4O4 Malonic acid t = 25° (80) Mol/l soin. B I C C3H4O4 4.443 3.85 6.210 3.00 8.658 2.36 10.47 2.16 11.09 2.13 11.22 2.15

C = C6H3N3O8

C = C6H6O2

Styphnic acid t = 25° (80) Mol/l soin. B | C C6H3N3O8 1.410 0.00031 2.814 0.00030 4.221 0.00036 5.634 0.00047 6.997 0.00082 8.418 0.00099 11.10 0.00190 11.16 0.00194

Catechol t = 25° (80) Mol/1 soin.

C = C4H6O4

Succinic acid t = 25° C4H6O4 (56) 4.57 0.235 3.51 0.273 2.41 0.30 1.25 0.430 0.506 0.561 O 0.672

C = C6H4O2

Quinone t = 25° (47) Mol B/l Mol C/l (A + B) soin. C6H4O2 O 0.1266 0.1 0.1275 1.0 0.1332

(80) 2.751 5.964 7.335 8.950 9.732 10.40 11.98

0.341 0.201 0.177 0.167 0.164 0.169 0.189

C = C4H6O6

Tartaric acid t = 25° (80) C4H6O6 1.257 4.264 2.568 3.546 4.466 2.717 6.303 2.18 8.144 1.89 9.890 1.72 10.51 1.71 11.17 1.71 C = C6H3N3O7 Picric acid t = 25° (130) Mol/100 cm3 soin. B | C C6H3N3O7 . 0.025 0.00116 0.050 0.00079 0.075 0.00062 0.100 0.00054 0.146 0.00050 0.2202 0.00051 0.2936 0.00057 0.367 0.00068 0.4404 0.00082 0.5138 0.00098 0.00105 0.5505 0.5872 0.00115 0.6239 0.00123 0.6606 0.00125

C = C 6 H 5 NO 3

m-Nitrophenol /, = 25° (80) Mol/l soin. B I C C6H5NO3 1.925 0.0849 3.822 0.0834 5.720 0.0885 7.550 0.1009 9.213 0.1130 10.96 0.1284 11.20 0.1307 C = C6H5NO3

p-Nitrophenol t = 25° (80) Mol/l soin. B | C C6H5NO3 1.650 0.0962 3.277 0.0912 4.993 0.0934 6.552 0.0990 8.196 0.1093 9.817 0.1230 11.29 0.1421 C = C6H6O

Phenol / = 12° (122) Wt. % soin. B | C C6H6O O 88.78 0.52 84.5* 10.7 4.8* 15.64 3.98 24.37 3.2 36.25 3.5 * Two liquid phases.

B

C C6H6O2

1.68 3.53 5.39 7.30 9.11 10.83

1.07 0.59 0.41 0.31 0.28 0.28

C = C6H6O2

Resorcinol t = 25° («o) C6H6O2 0.656 2.853 1.671 2.285

3.410 1.510 4.402 1.154 6.076 0.808 7.567 0.644 9.157 0.563 9.610 0.559 11.31 0.695 C = C6H6O2 Hydroquinol t = 25° (47) Mol B/l Mol C/1 ' (A -h B) soin. C6H6O2 O 0.645 0.01 0.645 0.1 0.633 1.0 0.494 t = 25° (80) Mol/l soin. B | C C6H6O2 1.892 0.201 3.793 0.141 5.729 0.108 7.597 0.094 9.237 0.089 0.083 10.97 C = C6H6O3

Pyrogallol t = 25° (80) C6H6O3 1.53 0.94 3.18 0.62 5.12 0.42 6.86 0.34 8.68 0.30 10.43 0.31 10.48 0.31 C = C6H8O7

Citric acid t = 25° (80) C6H8O7 0.949 3.68 2.189 3.10 3.795 2.45 5.718 1.79

C = C6H8O7,- (Continued) Mol/l soin. B | C C6H8O7 7.736 1.36 9.635 1.15 10.36 1.12 11.09 1.10 C = C7H4N2O6

3, 5-Dinitrobenzoic acid t = 25° (80) C7H4N2O6 1.565 0.00398 2.908 0.00470 4.594 0.00583 5.657 0.00690 7.336 0.00841 8.855 0.00965 10.27 0.01095 11.73 0.01240 C = C7H6NO4

o-Nitrobenzoic acid t = 25° (74)

Mol B/l Mol C/l (A + B) soin. C7H5NO4 O 0.0434 0.0179 0.0368 0.0357 0.0339 0.125 0.0298 0.25 0.0292 0.5 0.0285 t = 25° (80) Mol/l soin. B | C C7H5NO4 1.314 0.0280 2.607 0.0256 3.909 0.0239 5.013 0.0235 6.509 0.0233 7.795 0.0237 9.080 0.0250 0.0267 10.30 C = C 7 H 5 NO 4

ra-Nitrobenzoic acid / = 25° (80) C7H5NO4 1.416 0.0175 3.310 0.0178 4.308 0.0183 5.593 0.0205 7.044 0.0225 8.380 0.0256 9.793 0.0293 11.54 0.0368 C = C7H5N3O7 Methylpicric acid t = 25° (74) Mol B/l Mol C/l (A + B) soin. C7H5N3O7 0.00895 0.00641 0.01593 0.00487

C = C7H6O2

Benzoic acid t = 25° (75) Mol B/l Mol C/l (A + B) soin. C7H6O2 0.0 0.0276 0.2828 0.0254 0.6308 0.0235 1.180 0.0211 1.848 0.0185 0.0153 3.308 4.410 0.0140 5.238 0.0130 7.172 0.0113 9.522 0.0109

C = C7H6O3 Salicylic acid t = 25° C7H6O3 (74) O ! 0.01634 0.0179 0.01290 0.0357 0.01238 0.125 0.01214 0.25 0.01194 0.5 0.01123

(75)

O 0.0162 0.500 0.0112 1.180 0.0101 1.848 0.00912 2.498 0.00834 0.00777 3.308 4.410 0.00732 7.172 0.00695 9.552 0.00721 11.73 0.00768 Mol/1 soin. (80) B I C C7H6O3 1.46 0.00982 3.06 0.00822 4.37 0.00715 6.16 0.00654 7.31 0.00656 8.73 0.00666 10.2 0.00710 11.5 0.00794 0.00856 12.2

C = C8H6O4

Phthalic acid t = 25° («O) C8H6O4 1.729 0.0211 3.113 0.0149 4.693 0.0108 6.100 0.0086 7.603 0.00675 9.150 0.0060 10.63 0.0064 12.05 0.00685

C = C8H6O4.—(Continued) t = 25.00° (108) Mol B/l C,* Rei. (A + B) solubility C8H6O4 0.217 0.768 0.639 0.697 1.175 0.620 1.915 0.494 1.936 0.486 * Unit of solubility is that in pure H2O, which = 0.04185 g-Mol/1; (dj5 = 1.0022).

C = C8H8O2 Phenylacetic acid t = 25° (80) Mol/1 soin. B I C C8H8O2 1.417 0.0984 2.890 0.0833 4.313 0.0763 5.770 0.0739 7.175 0.0756 8.590 0.0815 9.888 0.0916 0.1099 11.36 C = C8H8O3

Mandelic acid t = 25° (80) C8H8O3 1.202 0.691 2.48 0.488 3.75 0.387 5.02 0.332 6.27 0.307 7.52 0.302 8.75 0.316 9.94 0.353 10.35 0.375 C = C8H14O4

Suberic acid t = 25° (80) C8H14O4 1.423 0.0249 2.858 0.0214 4.281 0.0206 5.691. 0.0216 7.130 0.0252 8.278 0.0317 9.865 0.0453 11.20 0.0685 C = C9H8O2

Cinnamic acid t = 25° (80) CgH8O2

2.100 4.174 6.250 8.007 10.29 10.47

0.00283 0.00272 0.00318 0.00400 0.00556 0.00572

C = C10H8O

Naphthol t = 25° (80) Mol/1 soin. B I C C10H8O 1.466 0.00410 2.952 0.00360 4.343 0.00333 5.785 0.00319 7.122 0.00316 8.674 0.00307 11.47 0.00341 O

:=:

C10H8SO3

ß-Naphthalenesulfonic acid t = 30.1° (92) <4° soin. Mol/1 soin. B I C I A C10H8SO3.2H2O 1.1925 O 3.26328.20 1.1653 1.2912.47033.25 1.1553 1.8262.11735.69 1.1115 4.0170.76244.49 1.1197 7.2320.08946.21 1.1569 9.88 0.06343.21 C = C10H14O (125) Thymol Mol B/l g C/1 (A + B) soin. 25° | 37.5° C10H14O 0.0 0.995 1.32 0.1 0.968 1.29 0.5 0.884 1.21 1.0 0.802 1.12 2.5 0.612 0.935 5.0 0.445 0.772 C = C12H10O4 Quinhydrone t = 25° (47) Mol B/l Mol C/l (A + B) soin. C12H10O4 O 0.0178 0.1 0.0173 1.0 0.0162 C = C12H11N Diphenylamine t = 25° (36) C12H11N O 0.000277 0.211 0.000507 C = C14H8O2 Phenanthraquinone t = 25° (80.1) Mol B/l g C/l soin, soin. C14H8O2 3.11 0.012 4.25 0.016 5.12 0.023 6.05 0.029 7.20 0.046

C = C14H8O2.—(Continued) Mol B/l soin. | g C/l soin. C14H8O2 8.50 0.058 9.25 0.088 10.8 0.157 C = C14H10O3 Diphenyleneglycolic acid t = 25° (80) Mol/1 soin. B C C14H10O3 1.952 0.00492 3.907 0.00355 0.00343 5.843 7.745 0.00352 C = C14H10O4 Diphenic acid t = 25° (80) C14H10O4 2.103 0.00091 3.985 0.00072 5.928 0.00056 7.748 0.00059 C = C14H12O2

Diphenylacetic acid t = 25° (80) C14H12O2 1.620 0.00047 2.913 0.00040 4.512 0.00036 5.973 0.00038 7.349 0.00041 0.00042 8.889 10.27 0.00046 0.00053 11.74 C = C14H12O3 Benzilic acid t =25° (80) C14H12O3 1.537 0.00332 2.977 0.00233 4.440 0.00182 5.934 0.00172 7.356 0.00150 8.803 0.00167 10.25 0.00195 11.69 0.00217 C = C24H19NO3S Triphenylsulfanilic acid (73)

HBr C = C4H6O4 Succinic acid t = 25° (56) Mol/1 soin. B I C C4H6O4 O 0.672 0.98 0.486 3.39 0.278

I2 C = C3H8O3

Glycerol; v. also p. 266 t = 25° (58) g B/kg Wt. % C in (A + B) (A + B) I2 9.68 100 6.1 90 3.8 80 2.3 70 1.7 60 1.2 50 0.79 40 0.3 O

H2S C = CaS t = 20° (106) g/1 soin. B I C CaS 1.091 2.673 3.303 1.504 3.007 3.974 H2SO4 C = CH4N4O2 (27) Nitroguanidine Vol. % B g C/1 soin. in(A+B) 0° I 25° CH4N4O2 45 58 109 40 34 80 35 20 52 30 13 29 25 7.5 18 20 4.5 10.5 15 3.0 5.5 O 1.2 4.2 t = 13° (34) Wt. % B g C/kg in (A + B) (A + B) CH4N4O2 33.2 25.5 28.2 13.7 25.2 9.5 22.7 8.7 20.0 7.2 17.2 6.5 5.8 3.7 C

=

C2H2O4

Oxalic acid t = 25° (80) Mol/1 soin. B I C C2H2O4 1.094 0.760 2.262 0.529 3.418 0.396 4.613 0.338 5.725 0.346 6.815 0.415 7.785 0.579 8.575 0.902

\~j = C 3 H 3 Cl 3 O 3

Trichlorolactic acid t = 25° («O) Mol/1 soin. B I C C3H3Cl3O3 1.263 1.896 3.083 0.671 4.794 0.353 6.375 0.26 8.14 0.15 9.69 0.18 11.14 0.21 12.69 0.26 C « C3H4O4 Malonic acid t = 25° («o) C3H4O4 1.364 5.72 3.525 3.40 5.88 2.04 8.03 1.51 9.96 1.60 10.92 2.28 C = C4H6O4 Succinic acid t = 25° (80) C4H6O4 0.99 0.454 1.91 0.342 2.47 0.282 4.06 0.194 5.1 0.17 6.9 0.15 8.6 0.15 10.2 0.20 11.6 0.35 C = C4H6O6 Tartaric acid t == 25° (80) C4H6O6 0.90 4.26 2.02 3.32 3.40 2.37 4.95 1.59 6.27 1.22 7.73 0.975 9.05 0.885 9.93 0.93 11.1 1.37 C = C6H4N2O4 Dinitrobenzene ( 66 ) Diagrams given C = C6H8O7 Citric acid t = 25° (80) Mol/l soin. B I C C6H8O7 0.84 3.52 2.10 2.66 3.57 1.87 5.42 1.09 5.73 1.02 7.12 0.74

C = C6H8O7.—(Continued) Mol/l soin. B I C C6H8O7 9.09 0.59 10.29 0.67 11.18 0.96

C = C7H5N3O6 Trinitrotoluene ( 66 ) Diagrams given

C = C8H8O3 Mandelic acid t = 25° (80) C8H8O3 1.348 0.484 2.695 0.278 4.147 0.186 5.53 0.18 6.81 0.18 8.25 0.16 9.45 0.23 10.58 0.27

C = C8H10N4O2 Caffeine t = 25° (33) Mol B/l g C/1 soin. (A + B) C8H10N4O2 0.5 33.61 0.5 33.51

HNO3 C = CH4N4O2 Nitroguanidine t = 13° (34) Wt. % B g C/kg in (A + B) (A + B) CH4N4O2 27 23.0 23 14.7 19 9.7 15.5 8.2 6.4 4.7

B O 0.478 1.606 2.453 4.224 7.600 9.59 11.84 13.62 14.12

15.59 16.92 20.84 21.23 21.57 21.63

C = C2H2O4 Oxalic acid t = 30.0° (92) Mol/l soin. | C i A C2H2O4.2H2O 1.479 51.15 1.268 50.84 1.039 49.60 0.933 48.50 0.790 45.74 0.661 39.63 35.51 0.639 0.696 30.17 0.847 25.15 0.966 23.48 C2H2O4* 1.114 19.03 0.840 16.42 0.524 6.38 0.531 5.20 0.548 4.07 0.553 4.01

* Solubility curves of CzHaC^ and C2H2O4.2H2O intersect at ca, B = 14.8.

O = C 14 H 8 O 2

C = C4H6O4 Succinic acid t = 25° (80) Mol/1 soin. B i C C4H6O4 1.299 0.567 3.034 0.471 5.236 0.362 6.616 0.326 9.710 0.264 11.11 0.259 13.51 0.281 15.43 0.366

Phenanthraquinone t = 25° (80.1) Mol B/l soin. | g C/1 soin. C14H8O2 2.98 0.008 3.50 0.0095 4.74 0.012 5.8 0.019 6.8 0.030 7.6 0.043 8.6 0.0$2 9.3 0.116

C = C6H3N3O7 Picric acid t = 25° (80) C6H3N3O7 1.022 0.0108 2.059 0.0124 4.161 0.0237 6.289 0.0405 8.334 0.0612 0.1006 10.47 12.47 0.1763 14.29 0.3533

C = C8H14O4 Suberic acid t = 25° (80) Mol/l soin. B | C C8H14O4 0.929 0.02 2.617 0.019 3.767 0.021 5.67 0.03 9.33 0.010

C as C6H3N3O8, Styphnic acid t = 25° («o) Mol/1 soin. B I C C6H3N3O8 1.785 0.000702 4.171 0.00109 6.234 0.001637 8.368 0.002554 10.31 0.00397 11.97 0.00649 13.97 0.01371 15.57 0.02806 C = C7H6O2, Benzoic acid t = 25° (75) C7H6O2 0.0 0.0276 0.0208 0.0272 0.0807 0.0269 0.1351 0.0268 0.2021 0.0268 0.5514 0.0270 1.019 0.0271 1.623 0.0272 2.430 0.0275 3.883 0.0277 4.784 0.0284 C = C7H6O3

Salicylic acid t = 25° (75) C7H6O3 0.0 0.0162 0.0109 0.0149 0.0420 0.0140 0.0807 0.0139 0.2408 0.0141 0.5514 0.0150 1.019 0.0184 C = C8H6O4

Phthalic acid t = 25° («O) C8H6O4 2.08 0.0291 4.08 0.0235 6.72 0.0188 9.04 0.0166 10.40 0.0163 12.60 0.0175 14.42 0.0210 15.99 0.0289 C = C 8 Hi 4 O 4 , Suberic acid t = 25° (80) C8H14O4 0.307 0.0297 0.555 0.0295 0.906 0.0317 1.543 0.0348 2.021 0.0420 4.035 0.0500 5.749 0.0567 8.091 0.0788 10.05 0.1116 11.77 0.1948 13.30 0.3025

C = Ci 4 H 8 O 2

Phenanthraquinone t = 25° (80.1) Mol B/l g C/l soin. (A + B) Ci4H8O2 4.26 0.049 4.54 0.053 5.02 0.067 6.15 0.099 6.70 0.118 7.20 0.157 7.45 0.175 8.30 0.227 NH3 C = As2O3 t = 25° (120) Wt. % soin. B | C As2O3 O 2.26 1.41 10.98 2.78 20.49 2.86 21.17 NH4AsO2 2.88 18.43 3.13 12.30 3.18 11.13 3.91 7.63 5.82 5.61 6.95 4.72 9.25 3.44 9.93 3.20 10.06 3.14 13.98 2.50 14.28 2.16 C = C4Hi2IN

Tetramethylammonium iodide t = 25° (6l) Mol B/l g C/l soin. ( A + B) C4H12IN 0.0 52.76 0.049 52.71 0.100 52.86 0.210 52.62 0.522 52.58 1.015 52.38 2.110 52.03 C = C17H19NO3 (Si) Morphine Mol B/l g C/l (A + B) (A + B) 18° | 25° C17H19NO3 0.1 0.876 0.974 0.2 1.226 1.238 0.588 2.478 2.548 1.0 3.086 3.242 2.941 4.316 4.404 5.88 6.380 7.100

I

C = C19H22N2O Cinchonine t = 20° (114) Wt. % B g C/kg (A + B) in (A + B) C19H22N2O 0.0 1.30 10 4.13

C = C2iH22N2O2 Strychnine t = 20° (114) C2IH22N2O2 0.0 0.39 10 2.57

C = Hg(CN)2 t = 0° (14)

Wt. %soln. B | C Hg(CN) 2 0.0 6.31 0.43 8.46 Hg(CN)2 + Hg(CN)2.NH3 1.08 11.68 Hg(CN)2.NH3 2.06 9.40 2.74 9.44 10.32 4.08 6.82 15.43 7.67 17.51 8.25 19.31 9.40 24.68 Hg(CN)2.NH3 + Hg(CN)2.2NH3 9.52 25.45 Hg(CN)2.2NH3 11.23 24.04 12.59 23.40 16.87 24.46 22.09 43.57 21.51 66.10 29.70* 79.30* * Extrapolated.

C = Al(OH)3 (3)

NH4Cl C = CH4O Methyl alcohol (5) g B/kg A Mol CAg A 0° | 25° NH4Cl 298.4 395.1 O 297.4 394.8 0.25 296.6 393.9 0.50 292.7 392.9 1.0 283.2 386.2 3.0

C = C2H6O

Ethyl alcohol g B/kg A ' Mol C/kg A 0°(5) | 25° (4) NH4Cl 298.4 395.1 O 295.5 396.4 0.25 292.0 390.6 0.50 286.4 387.0 1.0 266.3 371.2 3.0 ' 358.7 5.0 C = C3H6O

Acetone t = 25° (69) Mol B/l soin. Vol. % C in (A + B) NH4Cl One liquid phase 5.851 O 5.341 10 4.646 20 3.967 30 3.285 40 Two liquid phases 2.837 46.5 0.189 85.7 One liquid phase I 90 0.094 C = C3H8O (5) Propyl alcohol g B/kg A Mol C/kg A 0° | 25° NH4Cl 298.4 395.1 O 295.4 393,5 0.25 291.3 390.8 0.50 284.0 384.8 [ 1.0 C = C8H6O4

Phthalic acid t = 25.00° (108) Mol B/l C,* ReL (A + B) solubility C8H6O4 0.1403 0.99 0.286 0.96 0.580 0.92 0.888 0.885 1.350 0.82 1.895 0.735 * Unit of solubility is that in pure H2O, which = 0.04185 g-Mol/1; (df = 1.0022).

NH4ClO4 C = C2H6O Ethyl alcohol (136) *° g B/kg Vol. % C soin. in (A+B) NH4ClO4 14.2 17.35 O 25.2 19.65 98.8

(NH4)2S04 C = C3H6O Acetone; v. also Vol. Ill, p. 400 t = 30° (69) g/kg soin. A I C I B (NH4)2S04 One liquid phase 562 O I 438 Two conjugate liquid phases Aqueous layer 565 13.0 422.0 604.7 12.2 383.1 644.0 16.0 340.0 675.1 66.7 258.2 86.5 239.0 674.5 680.5 165.0 154.5 680 210 110* Acetone layer 680 210 110* 655.9 263.0 81.1 612.4 340.4 47.2 507.7 472.0 20.3 386.3 609.0 4.7 265.2 731.5 3.3 233.3 765.4 1.3 One liquid phase 0.6 121.4 I 878.0 I t = 0° (69) g/kg soin. A I C I B (NH4)2S04 Limiting conjugate solutions 612 8.5 379.5 422.9 571 6.1 * Critical solution. 1

CH2O

^

Formaldehyde C = Amino acids ( 1 Si) CHCHO X Cacid _ -^ CliCHO-acid

Acid C2H5NO2, glycine C3H7NO2, alanine C4H7NO4, aspartic acid C6H9NO4, glutamic acid C6HnNO2, valine C6Hi3NO2, leucine

K 1.73 14. l 25.7 30.7 28.9 36.8

CH2O2 Formic acid C = C2H2O4 Oxalic acid t = 25° (80) Mol/1 soin. B I C C2H2O4 0.097 1.191 0.437 1.193 0.967 1.206 1.287 1.207 1.825 1.221 2.678 1.215 5.360 1.163 8.13 1.066 11.00 0.934

C = C2H2O4.—(Continued) Mol/1 soin. B I C C2H2O4 12.17 0.879 16.63 0.748 19.25 0.784 21.11 1.170 C = C4H6O4 Succinic acid t = 25° (80) C4H6O4 0.090 0.685 0.446 0.699 0.930 0.704 3.730 0.751 5.547 0.766 7.500 0.725 11.29 0.614 C = C7H6NO4 o-Nitrobenzoic acid t = 25° (74) Mol B/l Mol C/1 (A + B) soin. C7H6NO4 0.05168 0.04304 0.09977 0.04266 C = C7H6O3 Salicylic acid t = 25° (74) Wt. % B Mol C/1 in (A -f B) soin. C7H6O3 0.0 0.01633 0.24 0.01531 0.46 0.01474 0.625 0.01484 1.25 0.01496 2,5 0.01536 5.0 0.01716 10.0 0.02101 C = C8H8O3 Mandelic acid t = 25° («o) Mol/1 soin. B I C C8H8O3 2.268 1.768 4.340 2.180 6.320 2.383 8.09 2.430 10.38 2.434 12.20 2.525 13.41 2.750 13.78 3.327 C = C9H9NO3 Hippuric acid t = 25° (74) Wt. % B Mol C/1 in (A + B) soin. C9H9NO3 O 0.02047 1.25 0.02014

C = C9H9NO3.- (Continued) Wt. % B Mol C/1 in (A + B) soin. C9H9NO3 2.5 0.02078 5 0.02275 10 0.02661 C = C ioH8 Naphthalene ( 20 ) Wt. % soin. t = 0° t = 25° B I C B | C CioHs

76.6 84.5 92.2 97.7

0.106 0.188 0.331 0.477

56.2 67.8 81 91.6 97

0.089 0.168 0.4 0.725 1.185

CH4O Methyl alcohol C = C10H8 (20) Naphthalene Wt. %soln. Z=O0 t = 25° B I C B I C CioHg 80.7 0.91 43.10 0.11 86.82 1.83 56.5 0.34 95.32 3.72 65.1 0.75 69.52 1.18 79.2 2.4 86.5 4.55 90.86 8.77 91 8.84 C = U02(HC02)2 t = 18° (23)

Vol % B g C/kg in (A + B) (A + B) UO2(HCO2)2 100 49.0 90 Tr.

C = BaCl2 (78) C = NaCl (5) MoI BAg g C/kg A A 0° I 25° NaCl O 357.8 363.0 0.25 355,2 359.4 0.50 353.1 357.6 1.0 347.5 353.2 3.0 336.7 C = Na2Sb2O6.6H20 (i 39) Solvent g C/1 soin. Vol. d\* %B 18°| 25° I 33.5° Na2Sb2O6.6H2O O 0.5640.7381.018 20 0.97340.1200.1930.270 33.3 0.95590.0440.0950.150 50 0.92980.0060.0310.062

C = NaC6H3N2O5-H2O 2, 4-Dinitrophenate t = 25° (38) Vol. % B g C/1 soin, in (A + B) NaC6H3N2O6.H20 O 44.61 10 36.86 20 31.96 30 29.50 40 28.54 50 28.24 60 27.92 70 26.72 80 25.18 90 24.75 100 46.51 C = KCl (5) Mol B/kg g C/kg A A 0° i 25° KCl O 283.6 364.2 0.25 280.0 361.9 0.50 276.4 357.1 1.0 267.9 348.7 3.0 238.1 324.2

C = KC 6 H 2 N 3 O 7 Picrate t = 25° (38) Vol. % B g C/l soin, in (A + B) KC6H2N3O7 O 6.45 10 5.42 20 4.70 30 4.44 40 4.22 50 4.11 60 4.10 70 3.96 80 3.32 90 2.54 100 2.74

CH3NO Formamide C = NaCl t = 25° (io?) g B/l soin, l Mol C/l soin. NaCl O 5.44 23 5.30 53 5.28 80 5.20 110 4.98 150 4.89 188 4.75 C = Na2SO4 t = 25° (»l) g/100 g soin. B | C Na2SO4.1OH2O O 21.88 4.93 21.23

C = Na2SO4.- (Continued) g/100 g soin.

B | C Na2SO4-IOH2O + (?) 15,82 21.40 (?) 16,97 20.85 21.70 17.90 4Na2S04.CH3NO 24.09 16.12 42.96 8.69 85.18 1.76 95.97 1.02

C = (NH4)CNS.- (Conta) MoI % soin. B I C I B I C

(NH4)CNS t = 50° t = 25.5° 10.2 13.2 3.3 29.4 12.7 9.4 3.3 29.6 12.4 10.9

4.7 O

2.9 4.3 4.2 4.0 1.8

29.8 29.9 30.0 30.0 30.0

C = (NH4)2C204 (144) Oxalate D = C2H2O4.2H20 E = (NH4)2C204.2C2H204.4H20 F= C2H2O4.(NH4)2C204.2H20

C = Th(CjO4)..-(CWd) g B/kg soin. 1 g C/kg soin. Th(C204)2 93 0.01s 230 0.052

Wt. % soin. / = 30° t = 45° B I C B I C D D

C = H3BO3 Boric acid t = 25° (55)

12.36 I 0.14 21.01 O D-fE 21.22 0.22 12.701 0.29 21.09 0.25 O 30.0 E 21.21 0.27 10.46 0.37 21.32 0.30 C = AgBr (94) CH4N2O 11.44 0.43 21.31 0.31 Urea (NH4)2C03 8.87 0.47 D +E C = Various organic and inorC = C2H6O 11.36 0.97 21.31! °-53 ganic acids Ethyl alcohol (16) 5.65 0.91 E No numerical results, v. (138) g B/kg Wt. % C 4.65 1.14 21.23 0.56 (A + B) in (A + B) 3.55 3.60 20.55 0.61 C = NaCl i (NH4)2C03 4.00 5.91 20.92 0.54 t = room (?) (37) t = 6.5° E+F 20.88 0.51 g B/100 cm3 A 724 0.0 I 4.21 I 5.98 16.44 0.79 soin. 582 7.1 F 12.28 1.23 NaCl 407 15.2 4.08 6.21 7.98 2.16 10 0.124 246 25.0 3.56 6.79 5.83 3.54 20 0.372 188 29.1 3.82 6.73 5.67 5.65 30 0.709 34 48.3 3.96 6.02 5.55 6.72 40 l.134 t = 9° F H- C E+ F 50 1.602 734 0.0 3.28 I 8.35 6.53| 8.75 A = increase in solubility of 668 3.6 C F C in grams. 578 6.8 2.76 7.40 6.27 8.93 t = 25° (107) 528 10.0 0.22 5.53 6.14 9.04 g B/l soin. I Mol C/l soin. 439 13.9 F +C NaCl 376 16.2 5.00| 12.33 O 5.44 313 22.1 C 50 5.24 t = 15° 3.041 8.31 96 4.97 742 0.0 1.451 9.59 130 4.87 527 11.5 180 4.73 486 14.0 230 4 : 66 C = CsHeOa, Lactic acid 59 46.6 280 4.55 t = 25° («O) 50 49.2 Mol B/l soin. I Mol C/l soin. CH4N2S 17 58.9 C2H2O4 3 71.8 Thiourea C = (NH 4 )CNS (77); cf. (129) 1.114 1.337 l 78.5 I 1.027 2.718 O 93.3 Mol % soin. 0.928 4.051 B | C | B |C C2H2O4 0.817 5.357 (NH4)CNS Oxalic acid 0.706 6.477 t = 0° t = 25.5° C = C2H4O2, Acetic acid 0.586 7.647 2.9 O 5.2 4.3 t = 25° (80) 0.469 8.709 1.7 3.8 6.0 6.8 Mol B/l soin. Ì Mol C/1 soin. 0.416 9.52 2.2 4.4 5.8 7.0 C2H2O4 2.1 4.9 4.8 9.8 1.178 0.135 2.1 5.0 4.4 12.3 1.181 0.321 C = Th(CaO4)2, Oxalate 2.4 6.6 4.6 12.3 1.198 0.923 t = 25° (50) 1.3 7.6 4.4 14.6 1.201 1.361 Mol B/kg g C/kg soin, 1.3 9.6 4.3 14.9 1.201 1.844 soin. 2.1 21.6 4.4 15.4 1.176 3.563 Th (C2O4) 2.6H2O 1.3 21.8 3.9 18.1 1.084 5.721 0.5 0.0023 O 22.4 4.1 19.5 0.920 8.005 satd. soin. 0.004e 4.3 20.9 0.773 9.864 t = 50° (22) t = 50° 4.1 23.6 0.550 12.55 g B/kg soin. | g C/kg soin. O 39.1 4.4 24.0 0.448 14.03 Th (C2O4)2 2.6 39.9 4.0 24.1 0.438 14.21 17 0.003s 7.6 39.6 3.9 26.9 0.401 14.83 65 0.012 8.2 38.1 4.0 27.6

Mol/1 soin. I C H3BO3 O 0.901 0.297 0.995 0.595 1.08 1.377 1.198 C2H2O4 1.181 . O 1.197 0.088 1.205 0.156 1.252 0.557 1.377 1.198 B

C = BeC2O4 Oxalate t = 25° (143) Mol B/kg g C/kg soin, soin. BeC2O4.3H2O 0.0 24.94 0.05 27.80 C = KOH D = C2H2O4.2H2O E == KHC2O4.C2H204.2H20 F = KHC2O4 G = C2H2O4.2K2C2O4.2H2O H = K2C204.H20 t = 25° (49) g/kg soin. K2O | C2O3 D O | 82.90 D +E 0.45 | 82.78 E 0.64 74.12 2.38 28.27 2.46 24.45 3.46 20.07 5.55 17.90 5.67 17.34 17.14 26.75 20.52 30.79 E +F 23.60 | 34.50 F 31.99 37.93 59.19 54.57 F +G 119.6 i 98.16 G +H 157.1 | 123.65 H 155.1 | 118.5

C2H2O 4«—(Continued)

C2H4O2

C = K2C2O4, Oxalate D = C2H204.2H2O E = C 2 H 2 O ,.K2C2O4.4H2O F = C2H204.K2C204.2H2O G = K,C204.H2O t = 15° (71) g/kg soin. B 1 C D 71.0 0.0 D +E 72.9 I 0.04 E 35.9 2.82 10.08 10.1 9.20 13.9 12.2 25.6 E +F 15.6 i 34.5 F 14.8 37.6 8.8 98.8 F +G 2.7 I 250.0 G 1.4 245.6 0.0 242.0

Acetic acid C = C4H6O4 Succinic acid t = 25° (80) Mol/1 soin. B I C C4H6O4 0.078 0.692 0.708 0.448 0.916 0.726 2.828 0.796 4.536 0.822 6.655 0.820 8.661 0.760 10.34 0.679 12.40 0.549 14.64 0.399 16.85 0.257

CJELsCIsQz Chloral hydrate C = C6H6 Benzene (17) Mol B/kg H2O C6H6 At soin. soin. C6H6 5.125 0.675 1.305 5.066 0.623 1.229 4.872 0.585 1.180 4.424 0.545 1.104 3.890 0.290 0.714 0.539 2.419 0.200 1.309 0.105 0.314 0.663 0.050 0.184 0.339 0.025 0.114 At = freezing-point depression of C. C = K2SO4; t = 25° («) Wt. % soin. B | C K2SO4 6.44 9.13 9.09 8.41 12.38 7.79 13.20 7.31 22.07 5.88 33.15 4.54 44.40 3.36 47.30 2.92 62.82 2.00 70.28 1.75 80.36 1.40 85.26 1.08

C = C4H6O6

Tartaric acid t = 25° (»O) C4H6O6 0.25 5.45 0.60 4.938 1.23 4.758 2.63 4.359 4.24 3.859 6.12 3.274 8.30 2.576 10.89 1.753 14.14 0.797 16.92 0.172

C = C6H6

Benzene t = solidification temp, of mixture (17); c/. (109) Mol/kg B A C6H6 soin. satd. soin. C6H6 0.0 0.07 2.31 0.180 3.89 0.239 4.26 0.313 Mol B/100 g H2O soln.lC6H6 soin. At C6H6 1.1870 0.4245 8.930 1.2720 0.4130 8.713 0.8727 0.387 8.189 0.9976 0.383 8.100 1.0965 0.374 7.914 0.7070 0.2145 4.699 0.7272 0.2025 4.447 0.7859 0.1730 3.831 0.1205 2.753 0.6806 0.3961 0.035 0.980 0.2130 0.020 0.560 At = freezing-point depression of C. .

C = C7H6O3 Salicylic acid t = 25° (74) Wt. % B Mol C/l soin, in (A + B) C7H6O3 O 0.01631 0.625 0.01691 1.25 0.01745 2.5 0.01846 5 0.02059 C = C 7 H 7 NO 2 m-Aminobenzoic acid t = 25° (8) Wt. % soin. B | C C7H7NO2 0.0 0.765 O.OQ6 0.758 0.060 0.786 0.838 0.597 6.01 1.29 14.02 2.66 26.84 5.03 46.86 7.45 90.77 9.23 C = CgH6O4

Phthalic acid t = 25.00° (108) Mol B/l C,* ReL (A + B) solubility C8H6O4 0.1905 1.034 0.3484 1.063 0.732 1.177 1.039 1.245 1.523 1.372 2.016 1.575 * Unit of solubility is that in pure H2O, which = 0.04185 g-Mol/1; (d*8 =» 1.0022).

C = C8H7Cl2NO 2, 4-Dichloroacetanilide t = room (99) Wt. % B g C/l (A + B) in (A + B) C8H7Cl2NO 100 64 50 8 C = C8H8N2O3

p-Nitroacetanilide t = room (99) C8H8N2O3 100 8 50 4 C = C8H8O3 Mandelic acid t = 25° (80) Mol B/l soin. I Mol C/l soin. C8H8O3 0.87 1.81 1.34 2.31 1.86 2.66 2.62 3.19

C = C8H8O8.—(Continued) Mol B/l soin. I Mol C/l soin. C8H8O3 3.64 3.44 4.74 3.49 6.49 3.51 8.60 3.23 9.85 3.00 12.00 2.00 C = C8Hi4O4 Suberic acid t = 25° (80) C8H14O4 0.435 0.0388 0.887 0.0451 2.112 0.0670 4.262 0.1446 6.350 0.2159 8.402 0.2923 C = C10H7NO2 Nitroso-/3-naphthol t = 10° (98) Wt. % B g C/kg (A + B) in (A + B) Ci0H7NO2 0 0.17 1 0.22 2.5 0.23 5 0.31 10 0.64 O — C10H8 Naphthalene (20) Wt. % soin. 0° 25° B I C B I C Ci0Hg 71.4 0.482 39.7 0.098 81.1 1.2 47.5 0.195 87 1.92 56.5 0.39 89.9 2.58 60.1 0.486 68.7 0.967 74.5 1.57 79.4 2.42 80.5 2.69 83.2 3.59 84.7 4.81 86.7 6.07 7.3 86.9 86.3 12.3 C = PbO D = Pb(C2H3O2)2.2Pb(OH)2 E = Pb(OH)(C2H3O2) F = Pb(C2H3O2)2.3H2O t = 25° (112) Wt. % soin. B I C C 0.20 1.00 0.48 1.07 0.54 1.05 D 1.03 1.45 2.51 2.89 4.17 3.78 5.61 5.20

C = PbO.-(Continued) Wt. % soin. B I C D +E 7.26 I 7.15 E 7.79 6.51 7.72 5.59 E +F 7.92 I 5.18 F 7.30 4.38 5.36 3.34 5.49 2.64 13.07 3.16 16.78 3.80 21.53 4.18 C = PbCl2 t = 25° (61) Mol B/l g C/1 soin. ( A + B) PbCl2 O 10.78 0.050 10.78 0.100 10.88 0.150 10.78 0.200 10.72 0.465 10.26 0.929 9.45 1.845 7.91 3.680 5.27

C = TlCl t = 25° (60) Mol B/l Solution (A + B) Mol C/1 dll TlCl 0.0 O.01629 0.513 0.01580 1.0014 1.013 0.01495 1.0043 2.016 0.01325 1.0114 4.180 0.009945 1.0323 8.130 0.005399 1.0550 11.49 0.002594 1.0599 14.31 0.001221 1.0643 16.01 0.000478 1.0667 Mol B/l g C/1 soin. (A + B) TlCl(61) ' 0.0 3.8515 0.0501 3.8375 0.0958 3.8326 0.263 3.7503 0.524 3.6359 C = HgC2H3O2 Acétate t = 21° (52); cf.

(88)

Mol B/l g C/1 (A + B) ( A + B) HgC2H3O2 O 1.024 2 0.730 4 0.690 6 0.650

(59)

Mol B/l ( A + B)

Mol C/1 soin. PbCl2

O 1.02 2.05 3.04 3.94 5.16 5.87 7.06 7.93 8.94 10.17 11.24 12.20 13.28 14.90 Glacial

0.03895 0.03365 0.02796 0.02266 0.01837 0.01446 0.01163 0.00887 0.00660 0.00505 0.00362 0.00258 0.00191 0.00136 0.00120 Tr.

C - Pb(C2H3O2), (100)

Mol B/l (A +B)

Acétate g C/kg A

25° 25° | 45° Pb(C2H3O2). 0.025 541.7875.51540.3 0.05 539.2873.41537.6 0.10 535.1868.7 0.110 1533.4

C - AgBrO3

t = 25° (6l) Mol B/l g C/1 soin. ( A + B) AgBrO3 0.0 1.9493 1.9429 0.0498 0.0997 1.9379 0.1995 1.9206 1.8630 0.4988 0.9975 1.8013 1.8721 1.6178 C - AgC2H3O2

Acétate t = 25° (»i) Mol B/l soin. | g C/1 soin. AgC2H3O2 O 11.13 1.00 10.73 2.00 10.32 2.98 9.98 4.19 9.52 4.98 9.19 5.99 8.72 6.80 8.29 8.01 7.73 8.97 7.31 9.96 6.78 11.02 12.32 12.97

6.15 5.33 4.96

C == AgC2H3O2.- (Conta) Mol B/l soin. | g C/1 soin. AgC2H3O2 13.97 4.29 14.96 3.43 15.93 2.48 17.28 1.09 C = MgO

D = Mg(C2H3O2)2.4H2O E = 3C2H4O2.2Mg(C2H3O2)2.3H2O F = 10C2H4O2.5Mg(C2H3O2)2.7H2O t = 25° (68)

Wt. % soin. B

| C

C

3.36

1.73

5.65 8.06 12.46

2.93 4.21 6.54 C +D

15.46

| D

8.31 7.24 7.47 7.60 7.74 7.99

15.38 14.25 20.19 22.93 26.61 31.37 36.23

8.24

D +E | E

35.77 40.87 47.86 56.16 61.59 65.19 69.13 75.93 82.90

8.18 8.17 7.42 6.74 5.81 4.68 4.36 3.75 2.85 2.23

F 63.50 70.09 75.39 77.84 84.05 86.50

3.91 3.17 2.87 2.83 1.61 2.19

C = Ba(C2H3O2)2

D = Ba(C2H3O2)2.3H2O E = 3C2H402.3Ba(C2H302)2.UH2O F = Ba(C2H302)2,2C2H402 t = 25° (68) D O 5.18 0.41 5.21 1.40 5.34 E 1.46 5.32 2.42 4.03 3.30 3.48 5.61 3.04 10.23 3.14

C == Ba(C2H3O2),.- (Cont'd) Wt. % soin. B | C . E 16.92 3.24 20.60 3.62 26.48 4.41 28.72 4.52 33.14 5.23 36.54 5.60 42.08 7.85 45.28 8.82 46.51 8.87 F 46.50 9.04 51.98 8.72 58.35 8.62 65.77 8.40 71.34 8.25 77.06 7.79 85.27 7.36 C = NaC2H3O2

D = NaC2H3O2.3H2O E = C2H4O2-NaC2H3O2 = NaC2H3O2.2C2H4O2 t = 20° (i) Mol % soin. B I C D O 9.50 1.52 9.54 3.52 9.92 7.50 10.60 D +E '8.28 I 10.82 E 11.74 10.52 16.58 10.40 18.56 10.34 22.86 10.46 28.64 10.50 33.54 10.86 E +F 33.90 | 10.84 F 37.64 10.48 43.36 10.28 52.06 9.78 63.30 9.26 81.30 8.40 57 t = 25° ( ) Mol B/l soin. | Mol C/1 soin. D O 47.75 24.16 47.30 C2H5NO2 Glycocoll C = Salts t = 20° (145) Salt Mol C/1 g B/l (A + B) soin. C2H5NO2 Nil 0.0 196.3 MgCl2 0.49 226.0

C = Salts.—(Continued) C2H6NO2.-(CWd) Salt g C/l Mol B/l C = Salts.—(Continued] soin. (A + B) Salt Mol C/l g B/l C (A -f B) soin. KCl 300.8 0.00 C2H5NO2 298.9 0.25 CaCl2 0.267 214.9 294.2 0.50 0.534 234.9 282.9 1.00 1.07 273.6 2.14 350.8 CaBr2 0.51 249.7 C2H6O Ca(NOs) 2 0.5 255.7 Ethyl alcohol SrCl2 0.25 213.0 C = C4H6O6 0.5 233.1 Tartaric acid 1.0 260.5 t = 25° (124) 2.0 330.1 Wt. % B Wt. % C dl6 SrBr2 0.49 244.1 in (A+B) in soin. soin. Sr(NOs)2 0.5 249.2 C4H6O6 Sr (C2H3O2)2 . . . 0.5 209.4 0.0 57.93 1.321 BaCl2 0.5 237.5 8.9 56.10 1.304 Ba(ClO4)2 0.412 254.6 32.0 51.40 1.246 0.617 271.8 51.0 46.76 1.181 0.836 294.9 70.2 39.95 1.091 BaBr2 0.5 245.4 91.4 27.83 0.963 Ba(NOs)2 0.5 248.6 96.3 24.22 0.929 Ba(C 2 H 3 O 2 ) 2 ... 0.5 210.0 99.9 21.67 0.906 LiCl 0.96 209.4 LiBr 0.97 212.3 C = CôHioOô NaCl 1.0 205.0 «-Xylose 2.0 209.0 t = 20° (67) 4.0 213.3 Vol. % B g C/l soin, NaClO4 1.0 217.5 in (A + B) 1.0 206.7 NaBr 80 27 initial soly. NaI 0.96 209.5 80 62 final soly. NaNO 3 0.5 207.5 1.0 217.6 C/ — CöHioOö 2.0 231.3 a-Lyxose 4.0 249.0 t = 20° (67) Na2SO4 0.5 210.0 90 54 initial soly. NaC2H3O2 1.0 182.3 90 62 final soly. KCl 0.5 197.9 1.0 197.9 (^> == CoHioOs 2.0 196.4 a-Arabinose 4.0 178.5 t = 20° (67) KBr 1.0 202.3 80 7.4 initial soly. KI 1.0 204.4 80 19.4 final soly. KNO 3 1.0 206.4 KC2H3O2 1.0 176.2 C = C6H6 2.0 156.9 Benzène 4.0 122.6 t = solidification temp, of KCNS 0.98 198.9 mixture ( 17 ) g C/l Mol B/l Mol A/kg satd. Mol B/kg C soin. (A + B) soin. C C6H6 SrCl 2 .6H 2 O... .471.4 0.00 0.07 0.0 475.4 0.25 0.585 3.57 478.6 0.50 1.29 5.71 484.6 1.00 1.88 6.76 BaCl 2 ^H 2 O.... 340.5 O. OO MolB/kg (17) A* 348.1 0.25 H2O soin.) C6H6 soin. 356.8 0.50 C6H6 372.5 1.00 22.81 3.200 2.847 NaCl 326.5 0.00 16.79 2.640 2.742 314.7 0.25 15.39 2.405 2.673 313.2 0.50 13.02 1.885 2.481 309.5 1.00 11.22 1.565 2.324

C = C6H6.—(Continued) Mol B/kg àt H2O soin. |C6H6soln. C6H6 8.766 1.125 2.035 6.412 0.720 1.654 4.346 0.500 1.359 0.983 2.694 0.325 1.586 0.200 0.685 At = freezing-point sion of C.

depres-

Wt. % C t°t (i 28 ) in soin. 99.5 wt. % B t 92.42 l 2.95 80.29 1.26 75.32 +0.50 70.92 -0.14 67.05 -0.86 62.05 -1.94 57.85 -2.94 54.16 -4.16 50.15 -5.42

98.0 wt. % B t 95.20 3.50 93.09 3.10 91.92 2.76 86.86 2.22 81.82 1.62 77.15 1.08 69.23 +0.03 65.56 -0.72 58.76 -2.16 53.30 -3.90 50.55 -4.62 48.30 -5.72 95.76 wt. % B t 94.50 3.48 89.60 2.84 81.15 1.86 77.51 +1.48 65.70 -0.12 59.35 -1.04 55.46 -1.92 52.04 -2.75 49.02 -3.62 46.34 -4.42 43.94 -5.34 90.06 wt. % B t 89.18 30.7* 87.55 26.1* 86.88 23.9* 85.24 16.1* 84.30 11.0* 83.18 5.2* 82.54 2.0* 81.19 2.51 74.22 2.13 68.33 1.78 59.42 0.95

C = C6H6.- (Continued) Wt. % C *°t in soin. 90.06 wt. % B Ì 55.60 +0.42 49.31 -0.51 46.62 -0.91 42.09 -1.97 37.65 -3.54 35.76 -4.30 34.05 -5.14 25.18 -2.02 23.76 -2.97 22.50 -3.75 21.36 -4.67 86.0 wt. % B t 73.89 28.3* 72.81 22.7* 71.63 17.6* 70.35 12.9* 68.93 8.5* 67.38 4.5* 80.10 wt. % Bt 63.52 39.2* 61.66 32.1* 57.41 19.6* 50.55 9.2* 47.14 5.2* 44.19 1.6* 44.19 2.45 39.24 2.00 33.03 0.96 30.64 +0.30 26.78 -1.12 74.48 wt. % B î 44.43 29.5* 38.23 20.3* 35.12 15.2* 31.02 7.75* 28.90 +3.00* 27.04 -1.25* 27.04 +2.30 24.03 +1.20 18.64 -2.25 17.65 -3.10 15.96 -4.85 69.08 wt. % B t 27.67 25.3* 25.88 21.2* 24.31 17.3* 22.91 13.5* 21.67 9.9* 20.55 6.5* 19.06 1.95* 18.20 2.30 17.15 1.52 15.37 +0.02 13.72 -1.34 12.37 -3.02 11.81 -3.70 57.66 wt. % B t 10.53 15.4* 10.05 12.15*

t The temperature given is that at which benzene crystallizes out, unless marked with a * which indicates the formation of two liquid phases. Î % of B in (A+ B), solvent.

C = C6H6.—(Continued) Wt. % C <°t in soin. 57.66 wt. % B i 9.25 7.1* 8.56 +2.3* 8.27 -0.40* 8.27 +2.15 6.66 -2.92 6.34 -4.20 39 wt. % B t <1.0 I 25.0* Triple point 96.76 4.10 82.62 2.55 66.38 2.52 44.95 2.50 28.75 2.64 19.28 2.86 8.70 3.20 t The temperature given is that at which benzene crystallizes out, unless marked with a * which indicates the formation of two liquid phases. ì % of B in (A + B), solvent.

C = C6H8O7 Citric acid t = 25° (124) Wt. % B Wt. % C in (A+B) in soin. C6H8O7 32.0 60.6 51.0 57.1 70.2 51.9 81.5 47.9 91.4 43.0 99.9 38.4

df soin.

1.268 1.216 1.160 1.115 1.057 1.010

C = C6H8O7-H2O Citric acid t = 25° (124) C6H807.H20 0.0 67.5 1.311 8.9 66.9 1.302 32.0 65.3 1.270 51.0 63.2 1.236 70.2 60.7* 1.193 81.5 57.6* 1.156 91.4 54.1* 1.121 99.9 49.9* 1.069 * During solution a change in crystalline phase occurs.

C = C6H12O6 Sugars t = 20° ( 67 ) Sugar

Vol. % B*

g C/l soin. Init. |Final C

«-Glucose a-Galactose 0-Fructose 0-Mannose a-Rhamnose.KhO a-Glucose.H2O... 0-Glucose *In (A + B).

80 60 80 80 95 80 70 80 80

20 11 2.7 134 18 24 82 13 49

45 31 6.5 274 42 130 96 30 91

C = C6H13N3-HNO3 Galegine nitrate t = 17° (134) Vol. % B g C/kg (A + B) in (A + B) C6H13N3.HNO3 O 44.8 95 256.4 C = C6H13N3-HCO3 Galegine bicarbonate t = 18° (134) C6H13N3.HCO3 O 16.7 95 22.7 C = (C 6 Hi 3 Ns) 2 -H 2 SO 4 Galegine sulfate t = 19° (134) (C6H13N3)2.H2S04 O 42.9 60 43.5 80 20.8 95 2.62 C = C7H5N3O6 Trinitrotoluene (135) gC/kg(A+B)| t° 95.07 vol. % B* C7H5N3O6 7.0 0.3 19.9 32.0 29.8 40.1 37.0 45.0 46.1 50.0 60.8 55.0 81.4 59.8 114.0 65.0 185.8 74.0 * Voi. % B in (A + B), solvent.

C = BiOC7H5O3 Basic salicylate t = 25° (124) Wt. % B Wt. % C in (A + B) in soin. BiOC7H5O3 0.0 0.010 20.0 0.015 40.0 0.022 60.0 0.036 80.0 0.065 90.0 0.095 92.3 0.105 100.0 0.160 C = C7H6O2 Benzoic acid t = 25° (124) Wt. % B Wt. % C dl5 in (A + B) in soin. soin. C7H6O2 0.0 0.367 1.0000 8.9 0.581 0.9865 32.0 4.667 0.9574 51.0 17.80 0.9464 70.2 30.07 0.9404

C = C7H6O2.—(Continued)

Wt. % B Wt. % C in (A + B) in soin. C7H6O2 83.0 35.05 96.3 36.51 99.8 36.91 C = C7H6O3 Salicylic acid t = 25° (124) C7H6O3 0.0 0.22 8.9 0.336 32.0 2.68 51.0 12.82 70.2 24.01 88.0 31.03 96.3 32.45 99.8 33.20

df soin. 0.9311 0.9128 0.9093

1.001 0.986 0.957 0.945 0.941 0.932 0.923 0.919

C = C7H6O5-H2O Gallic acid t = 25° (124) C7H6O5-H2O 0.0 1.15 1.002 17.0 3.31 0.985 41.7 11.16 0.974 70.2 18.01 0.946 89.6 21.17 0.919 99.9 22.14 0.902 C = (NH4)C7H5O2 Benzoate t = 25° (124) (NH4)C7H5O2 0.0 18.6 1.043 8.9 18.0 1.029 32.0 18.1 0.993 51.0 16.9 0.954 70.2 12.1 0.900 91.4 3.8 0.825 96.3 2.5 0.8OS 99.9 1.6 0.796 C = (NH 4 )C 7 H 5 O 3 Salicylate t = 25° (124) (NH4)C7H5O3 0.0 50.8 1.148 8.9 50.8 1.137 32.0 49.3 1.104 70.2 42.0 1.014 88.0 33.1 0.946 91.4 30.5 0.932 96.3 26.5 0.901 99.8 22.3 0.875

C = C9H10ClNO 2, 4-Acetylchlorotoluidine t = room (142) Vol. % B* g C/kg (A + B) in (A + B) C9H10ClNO 33.3 2.6 50 19.6 100 62.7 C = C9H10ClNO 2, 5-Aeetylehlorotoluidine t = room (142) C9H10ClNO 33.3 4.8 50 83.0 100 62.0 * B as here used was 96 % ethyl alcohol.

C = C10Hg Naphthalene (20) Wt. % soin. 2=0° t = 25° B I C B I C C10Hg 51.4 0.235 29.7 0.04 74.3 1.183 34.1 0.108 88.6 2.89 39.1 0.167 93.6 4.08 41.4 0.225 47.4 0.446 58.2 1.14 63.8 1.62 72.9 2.83 79.5 4.42 88.6 9.5 C = C10H16O4 Camphoric acid t = 25° (124) Wt. % B Wt. % C dl5 in (A+B) in soin. soin. C10H16O4 0.0 0.754 1.0 8.9 1.24 1.0 32.0 16.29 1.0 51.0 38.61 1.0 70.2 48.95 1.0 83.0 51.46 0.985 91.4 51.13 0.980 96.3 50.37 0.970 99.8 50.13 0.960 C = C12H22O11 Sugars t = 20° (67) Sugar

C = C7H14O7 /3, a-Glucoheptose t = 20° (67) Vol. % B g C/1 soin, in (A + B) Init. I Final C7H14O7 20 40 I 45

Vol. % g C/l soin. B* Init. [Final C Sucrose 80 37 37 /3-Cellose 20 32 47 tt-Lactose.H2O.. . 40 11 24 0-Maltose.H2O.. 60 30 47.5 /3-Melibiose.2H2O 80 7.6 13 Trehalose.2H2O.. 70 18 18 *In (A + B).

C2H6O.—(Continued) C = Ci2Ü22Oii

Sucrose t = 14° (US) g/100 cm3 soin. A | B | . C C12H22O11 45.10 O 87.5

43.83 38.02 29.57 12.83 3.28

8.52 28.13 46.28 71.18 77.39 O

=

74.5 47.1 18.8 0.9 0.36

C13H10O3

Phenyl salicylate t = 25° (124) Wt. % B Wt. % C df in (A+B) in soin. soin. C13H10O3 0.0 0.015 0.999 8.9 0.018 0.985 32.0 0.067 0.950 51.0 0.861 0.912 70.2 4.44 0.877 88.0 11.91 0.863 96.3 26.68 0.878 99.8 34.73 0.897 C = Ci6HnNO2 Phenylcinchoninic acid t = room ( 87 ) Vol. % B g C/kg soin, in (A + B) C16H11NO2 O 0.16 95 8.31 C = C1OUs2O2 Palmitic acid (35) t° | g C/l (A -1- B) C16H32O2 50 wt. % B* 10 0.5 23 0.9 30 1.2 41 3.1 75 wt. % B* 10 2.4 20 4.3 30 11.9 40 35.9 * % B in (A + B), solvent. C = (NH4)C16H31O2 Palmitate (35) (NH4)C16H31O2 50 wt. % B* 23 53.3 41 66.92 75 wt. % B* 10 17.8 20 43.3 30 110.2 40 148.4 * % B in (A + B), solvent.

C = C1SH32OiB Raffinose t = 20° ( 6 7)

Vol. %

g C/l soin.

B in (A + B)

Ci8H32Oi6-SH2O 50

i

14*

* Initial and final solubility.

C = C21H22N2O2 Strychnine t = 20° (114) Vol. % B g C/kg ( A + B ) in (A + B) C21H22N2O2 O 0.39 100* 8.33

C = Ga(NH4) (SO4)2.12H2O t = 25° (29) Vol. % B g C/l soin, in (A + B) Ga(NH4)(S04)2.12H20 O 308.4 50 0.217 70 0.0875

* d\\ => 0.832.

C = C 18 H 36 O 2 Stearic acid (35) t° | g C/l solvent C18HSeO2 50 wt. % B* 23 0.8 30 1.0 41 1.2 75 wt. % B* 10 1.5 30 3.9 40 7.7 t = 25° (124) Wt. % B Wt. % C dj6 in (A+B) in soin. soin. C18H36O2 0.0 0.034 0.999 17.0 0.035 0.972 41.7 0.121 0.929 70.2 0.813 0.864 89.6 3.163 0.817 96.4 6.442 0.803 99.9 8.277 0.795 * % B in (A + B), solvent. C = (NH4)C18H33O2 Oleate (35) t° Wt. % B g C/l in (A+B) (A + B) (NH4)C18H33O2 20 75 82.0 30 75 108.6 C = (NH4)C18H35O2 Stéarate (35) t° | g C/l ( A + B) (NH4)C18H35O2 50 wt. % B* 12 2.5 23 5.1 30 11.6 41 32.1 75 wt. % B* 10 5.6 30 18.3 40 50 * % B in (A + B), solvent. C = C19H22N2O Cinchonine t = 20° (114) Vol. % B g C/kg (A+B) in (A + B) C19H22N2O O 1.30 100* 8.62 *dll= 0.832.

C = C 21 H 22 N 2 O 2 -HNO 3 Strychnine nitrate f |g C/kg (A + B) 90 vol. % B* 15 9.23 B.P. o f B 41.7 * Vol. % B in (A + B), solvent. C = C27H30N2O5-^H2O Quinine salicylate t = 25° (124) Wt. % B Wt. % C df in (A+B) in soin. soin. C27H30N2O5-MH2O 0.0 53.56 1.252 8.9 52.10 32.4 47.40 1.169 51.6 41.93 1.102 71.5 32.10 1.010 92.6 11.75 0.864 96.6 6.56 0.828 99.9 3.82 0.805 C = PbCl2 t = 25° ( 76 ) Mol B/l Mol C/l soin. (A + B) PbCl2 4 0.0172 2 0.0257 l 0.0298 0.5 0.0330 0.25 0.0338 0.125 0.0367 Q 0.0388 C = Pb(C2H302)2 Acetate t = 25° (124) Wt. % B Wt. % C d\* in (A+B) in soin. soin. Pb(C2H3O2)2.3H2O 0.0 42.61 1.343 8.9 38.41 1.285 32.0 28.45 1.150 51.0 21.49 1.052 70.2 14.42 0.952 Pb(C2H3O2), 81.5 9.42 0.902 89.6 1.80 0.827 91.4 1.27 0.821 96.2 0.46 0.802 99.9 0.40 0.791

C = Zn(C2H3O2) 2 Acetate t = 25° (124) Wt. % B Wt. % C df in (A+B) in soin. soin. Zn(C2H3O2)2.2H2O 0.0 30.78 1.168 8.9 27.64 1.132 32.0 19.78 1.048 70.2 7.90 0.878 91.4 4.16 0.832 Zn(C2H3O2), 96.3 3.87 0.822 99.9 1.18 0.796 C = Zn(C5H9Oz)2 Valerate t = 25° (124) Zn(C5H9O2), 0.0 1.437 1.004 17.0 0.900 0.976 26.4 0.723 0.961 41.7 0.809 0.933 51.0 0.998 0.914 81.5 1.841 0.844 89.6 3.143 0.827 91.4 4.397 0.826 93.6 7.148 0.830 96.3 10.53 0.835 99.9 15.61 0.844 C = Zn(C6H5SO4)2.8H20 p-Phenolsulfonate t = 25° (124) Zn(C6H5SO4)2.8H2O 0.0 39.81 1.185 8.9 40.11 1.174 17.0 40.53 1.165 26.4 41.24 1.155 51.0 42.12 1.124 70.2 40.85 1.080 89.6 41.34 1.047 99.9 48.77 1.075 C = Ag2O (78.1) C = Ag2CrO4 (48) C = [(CH3)2NH]2H2PtCl6 t = 0° (U) Vol. % B g C/kg (A + T) in (A + B) [(CH3)2NH]2H2PtCl6 90 l.10 80 3.25 70 5.58 60 9.96

C = [(CHs)3N]2H2PtCl6 t = 0° (U) Vol. % B g C / k g ( A + B) in (A -f B) [(CH3)SN]2H2PtCl6 90 0.70 80 2.43 70 3.91 60 7.66 C = MnSO4 ( 12 I) See also Vol. Ill, Table3,p.404 Wt. % soin. t° H2O C2H6O layer layer B

I C B I C MnSO4-SH2O 10 13.7825.2537.06 5.44 15 9.2529.7944.56 2.79 17.6 8.5330.8847.11 2.22 21 6.1035.0553.55 1.10 25 6.8133.7253.09 1.23 MnSO4-H2O 30 8.6930.1545.20 2.49 31 8.4730.1043.90 2.74 35 9.2428.6141.71 3.44 37 11.0326.4738.26 4.84 41 11.9324.9734.01 5.86 42 13.5723.0932.37 6.89 43 14.3322.0131.42 8.51 Wt. % soin. B I C t =25° MnS04.5H20 O I 39.3 Two satd. conjugate phases 6.81 33.72 1.23 53.09 MnSO4.5H2O 57.39 1 0.56 MnSO4.H2O 76.70 I 0.0 t = 30° MnSO4.5H2O O 38.60 2.26 36.31 5.09 33.66 5.96 33.26 Two satd. conjugate phases 8.69 30.15 45.20 2.49 MnSO4.5H2O 54.19 0.98 68.97 0.08 90.80 0.01 t = 35° MnSO4-SH2O O 38.60 5.50 32.37 6.46 31.48 7.48 30.51 Two satd. conjugate phases 9.24 28.61 41.71 3.44 MnSO4.5H2O 47.73 1.58 48.27 1.57

C = MnSO4.—(Continued) Wt. % soin. B 1 C t = 50° MnSO4.5H2O O 36.26 6.67 28.12 16.02 18.75 22.63 12.54 36.47 4.12 C = CaS2O6 t = 30° (6) CaS2O6.4H2O O 23.29 16.50 12.55 40.39 3.31 50.96 1.39 73.08 0.11 82.79 0.063 92.47 0.059 99.80 0.00 C = Ca(NOs) 2 t = 25° (26) Ca(NO3)2.4H20 O 57.5 3.5 56.1 8.1 55.2 14.1 52.9 22.3 50.2 29.4 49.0 31.1 49.7 31.2 52.0 29.5 56.2 28.3 58.9 27.8 60.0 27.3 60.7 Ca(NOs) 2 + Ca(N03)2.4H20 26.5 I 62.3 Ca(NOs)2 27.4 62.0 28.5 61.2 Ca(NOs)2 + Ca(NOs)2.2C2H6O 29.9 I 60.3 Ca(NO3)2.2C2H6O 35.8 55.3 42.5 51.0 54.6 41.9 60.2 38.6 Metastable systems Ca(NOs)2 O 82.5 5.8 77.0 15.2 69.5 20.4 66.1 22.4 64.9 35.9 57.7 48.1 51.4 C = CaC 2 O 4 , Qxalate (*8) C = SrS2O6 t = 30° (6) SrS2O6.4H2O O 14.90 14.48 5.40

C = SrS2O6.- (Continued) Wt. % soin. B ( C SrS2O6.4H20 37.22 0.68 60.39 0.08 76.13 0.0012 90.05 0.00 98.53 0.00 C = Sr(N03)2 t = 25° (26) Sr(NO3)2.4H20 O 44.3 1.7 42.8 2.6 42.1 4.95 40.4 7.95 37.6 11.75 34.7 Sr(NOs)2 + Sr (NO3)2.4H2O 12.4 I 34.3 Sr(NOs)2 13.8 33.2 32.4 20.5 53.6 10.5 77.2 2.60 99.4 0.02 Metastable systems Sr(NOs)2 O 46.6 3.45 42.7 6.0 40.1 9.5 36.7 10.45 35.7 C = Sr(C7H6Os)2.2H2O Salicylate t = 25° (!24) Wt. % B Wt. % C dl6 in (A+B) in soin. soin. Sr(C7H6O3)2.2H2O 0.0 5.04 1.022 8.9 4.91 1.007 32.4 6.55 0.979 51.6 8.02 0.945 71.5 5.80 0.891 96.6 1.24 0.804 99.9 0.44 0.790 C = BaCl2 (Ho) Wt. % soin. B J C t = 30° BaCl2.2H20 O 27.95 32.7 10.63 50.2 5.68 66.72 2.23 BaCl2.2H2O + BaCl2-H2O 94.7 | 0.06 BaCl2.H2O 97.14 98.17 0.08 BaCl2 99.41 i

C = BsLCl2.—(Continued) Wt. % soin. B | C t = 60° BaCl2.2H2O O 31.57 16.68 20.16 34.1 13.21 C = BaS2O6 t = 30° (6) BaS2O6.2H2O O 19.86 4.67 12.74 16.86 4.24 21.36 2.74 31.91 0.86 42.53 0.37 61.24 0.03 76.61 0.01 87.00 0.009 88.69 0.00 98.81 0.00 C = Ba(NO3), t = 25° (26) Ba(NOs) 2 O 9.55 9.5 7.63 17.5 6.02 23.7 5.25 38.8 3.53 57.0 1.85 78.2 0.62 89.9 0.18 99.4 0.005 C = Ba(C2H3Ou)2 Acetate (25) C - Ba(C3H5O2)2 Propionate (25) C = Ba(C4H7O2), Butyrate (25) C = Ba(C6H2N3O7)2 Picrate t = 25° (38) Vol. % B g C/l soin, in (A + B) Ba(C6H2NsO7)2.5H2O O 12.60 10 10.37 15 8.89 20 9.63 30 14.82 Ba(C6H2N307)2.4H20 40 21.49 45 12-23 50 31.87 60 34.83 65 34.83 70 33.35 80 31.87 85 31.87 95 29.64 ___100 53.36

C = Li3(C6H6O7)^H2O.(Continued} Wt. % B Wt. % C di5 in (A+B) in soin. soin. LÌ3(C6H607).4H2O 26.4 18.50 1.0430 41.7 7.90 0.9692 51.0 4.40 0.9296 70.2 0.54 0.8674 89.6 0.06 0.8166 99.9 0.02 0.7883

C2H6O.—(Continued) C = Ba(C7H3N207)2 Dinitrosalicylate t = 25° (38) Vol. % B g G/1 soin, in (A + B) Ba(C7H3N2OT)2 0 6.30 10 5.24 20 4.38 30 5.70 40 7.94 50 11.24 60 9.45 70 9.15 80 8.94 90 3.20 100 3.82 C = BaCrO4 1 = room ( 48 ) C = LiCl t = 25° O 0 *) Wt. % in (A + B) B I C LiCl O 81.49 10.38 73.97 18.50 67.24 29.82 60.58 35.01 57.91 40.26 53.13 45.10 49.84 54.87 42.90 66.64 35.24 71.86 33.24 75.90 30.51 80.96 28.33 90.10 27.33 100 26.18

.

C = Li(C7H5O2) Benzoate t = 25° (124) Li(C7H5O2) 0.0 27.64 1.103 8.9 28.52 1.090 32.0 27.79 1.047 51.0 23.46 0.999 70.2 15.23 0.931 91.4 5.98 0.838 96.2 4.02 0.815 99.9 2.61 0.799 C = Li(C7H503).KH20 Salicylate t = 25° (124) Li(C7H5O3).KH2O 0.0 56.0 1.209 8.9 55.9 32.4 54.2 1.159 51.6 52.0 1.120 71.5 49.2 1.060 92.6 45.4 1.021 96.6 45.6 1.018 99.9 48.2 1.027 C = NaCl

C = Li3SbS4

t = 30° (Ho) Wt. % in soin. B I C Li3SbS4-SMH2O O 50.8 13.3 46.3 51.9 30.7 54.8 29.9 58.4 30.8 Li3SbS4 + Li3SbS4.8KH2O 58.6 32.3 Li3SbS4 65.3 29.3 74.3 24.1 79.5 20.5 C = Li3(C6H5O7)^H2O Citrate / = 25° (124) Wt. % B Wt. % C di5 in (A+B) in soin. soin. Li3(C6H5O7).4H20 0.0 42.70 1.2160 8.9 33.50 1.1570 17.0 29.00 1.1150

t = 0° (5) Mol B/kg A I g C/kg A NaCl O 359.65 0.25 355.15 0.50 349.65 1.0 337.80 3.0 301.60 t = 25° (4) NaCl O 361.4 0.25 356.3 0.50 352.2 1.0 344.2 2.0 33Ì.5 5.0 295.3 t = 30° (21); cf. (40) Wt. % soin. B I C NaCl O 26.5 6.3

23.5

7.7

22.6

13.4

20.5

21.4

17.7

C = NaCl,- (Continued) Wt. %soln. B I C NaCl 25.3 15.7 29.2 15.0 40.8 11.2 45.3 9.3 50 8.4 56.2 6.4 61.9 4.8 67.4 3.7 73.4 2.9 78.7 1.6 87.2 0.9 90.0 0.4 99.9 0.1

C Na2SO4JOH2O O 21.9 9.3 12.2 22.9 4.3 34.84 1.75 50.5 0.5 Na2SO4.1OH2O + Na2SO4 53.0 0.4 54.0 0.4 Na2SO4 64.95 0.15 Wt. % B g C/kg in (A + B) (A + B)

C = NaClO4 (i») Wt. % B g C/1 in (A+B) soin. NaClO4 20 90 16.1 75 110.8 50 311.3 40 90 22.9 75 133.5 50 321.8 60 90 29.0 75 155.8 50 326.8 70 75 161.3 C = NaBr t = 30° (21) Wt. % soin. B I C NaBr.2H2O O 59.4 11.79 42.90 31.78 32.12 43.22 26.79 54.59 20.83 65.51 16.08 72.36 13.41 NaBr.2H2O + NaBr 76.92 I 12.03 NaBr 87.35 7.44 97.08 3.01 C = NaI t = 30° (21) NaI.2H2O O 65.52 3.40 64 18.5 54.2 18.8 54 28.5 48.8 41.7 42.35 53.2 38.5 54.7 37.91 NaI.2H2O + NaI 55.37 I 37.49 NaI 59.24 35.65 61.78 33.24 68.70 30.90

Na2SO4JOH2O t = 15° 0.0 127 9.2 67 19.4 26 39.7 5 58.9 1 72 0.4 t =25° 0.0 282 10.6 139 24.0 45 54 4 Na2S04.7H20 t = 15° 0.0 374 11.2 163 20.6 70 30.2 20 Na2SO4 t = 36° 0.0 493 8.8 292 12.8 224 17.9 154 18.1 153 28.9 54 48.7 8 t = 45° 0.0 479 9.0 275 14.5 192 20.6 123 31.0 51 Solutions in equilibrium with Na2SO4 and Na2SO4JOH2O Wt. % soin. t° A B C 32.5 66.7 O 33.3 31 71 9 20 30.5 71 18 11 30.3 66 29 5 30 64.5 32 3.5 25 46 54 0.4 20 35 65 0.1 15 28 72 0.0 10 24 76 0.0

t°

C = Na2SO4 t = 25° (US) Wt. % soin.

B

(16)

C = NaNO3 t = 25° (5) Mol B/kg A | g C/kg A NaNO 3 O 920.3 0.25 908.8 0.50 896.6 1.0 871.0 2.0 825.4 C = Na2Sb2O6-CH2O (139) Solvent g C/l soin. Vol. % d\\ 18° 25° 33.5° B Na2Sb2O6-OH2O O 0.564 0.738 1.018 20 0.9774 0.118 0.150 0.403 33.33 0.9618 0.038 0.060 0.140 50 O.937Oj 0.001 0.004 0.008

C - Na 2 CO 3 t = 30° (21) Wt. % soin. B | C Na2CO3-IOH2O O 27.40 2.64 26.61 3.41 26.14 44.8 1.38 53.0 0.62 53.3 0.61 Na2C03.10H20+Na2C03.7H20 55.7 | 0.53 Na2CO3.7H2O 56.6 0.51 62.6 0.47 63.2 0.40 72.8 0.15 Na2CO3JH2O + Na2CO3-H2O 73.1 | 0.11 Na2CO3-H2O 80.0 0.07 86.8 0.06 93.1 0.04 95.1 0.03 Na2CO3 95.7 * 98.5 * * Solubility negligible.

C = NaC2H3O2 Acetate t = 25° (124) Wt. % B Wt. % C df in (A+B) in soin. soin. NaC2H3O2 0.0 55.75 1.209 8.9 53.22 1.162 32.0 45.59 1.104 51.0 36.44 1.034 70.2 22.18 0.941 81.4 11.74 0.876 91.4 6.28 0.834 99.9 7.31 0.823 C = Na3C6H5O7-SMH2O Citrate t = 25° (124) Na3C6H5O7-SKH2O 0.0 48.10 1.2760 8.9 38.90

C - Na3C6H5O7^H2O.(Continued) Wt. % B Wt. % C dj 5 in (A-f B) in soin. soin. Na3C6H6O7-S^H2O 17.0 29.30 1.1290 26.4 15.70 1.0370 41.7 3.70 0.9473 51.0 1.35 0.9166 70.2 0.09 0.8654 99.9 0.7894 C = NaC6H6SO4^H2O p-Phenolsulfonate t = 25° (124) Wt. % B Wt. % C djs in (A-f B) in soin. soin. NaC6H6SO4^H2O 0.0 19.38 1.079 8.9 17.46 1.057 17.0 15.98 1.038 26.4 14.47 1.016 51.0 9.5 0.952 70.2 5.03 0.886 89.6 1.16 0.821 99.9 1.49* I * C became opaque.

C = NaC 6 H 4 NO 3 p-Nitrophenate t = 25° (38) Vol. % B g C/1 soin, in (A + B) NaC6H4N03.4H20 O 56.35 10 51.50 15 50.07 30 51.84 40 53.44 45 52.97 NaC6H4NO3.2H2O O 56.40 10 51.68 15 50.19 20 50.07 25 50.88 30 51.56 35 52.81 40 53.44 45 53.13 50 52.00 60 47.49 65 43.78 70 38.95 80 27.53 85 20.45 90 14.95 95 12.56 100 44.12 C = NaC6H3NClO3 2-Nitro-4-chlorophenate t = 25° (38) NaC6H3NClO3-H2O O 27.02 10 23.74 20 23.14 25 24.04 30 25.76 35 27.08

C = NaC6H3NClO3.- (C ont9 d) Voi. % B g C/1 soin, in (A + B) NaC6H3NC103.H2O 40 29.90 45 31.90 50 30.68 55 27.24-29.08 60 31.46 65 31.10 70 26.04 80 18.60 90 8.70 95 6.16 100 6.80 C = NaC6H3N2O5-H2O 2, 4-Dinitrophenate t = 25° (38) NaC6H3N2O6.H2O O 44.61 10 35.16 15 32.46 20 31.88 25 30.90 30 31.48 35 32.60 40 33.86 50 34.70 55 33.92 60 32.14 70 26.30 75 21.74 80 17.98 85 12.58 90 8.18 95 5.66 100 26.71 C = NaC6H2N3O7 Picrate (38) NaC6H2N3O7-H2O t = 0° O 18.24 5 14.26 10 11.69 15 9.64 20 8.16 25 7.21 30 7.18 35 7,55 40 8.43 45 10.42 50 11.25 55 12.93 60 12.77 80 8.84 90 5.47 95 4.493 100 2.683 t = 25° O 42.80 5 37.41 10 33.26 20 28.16 25 27.44 30 27.89 35 29.94

C == NaC6H2N3O7.- (Con? d) Voi. % B g C/1 soin. in (A + B) NaC6H2N3O7-H2O t = 25° 40 31.45 45 33.13 50 34.09 60 32.45 65 30.47 70 27.77 80 19.48 85 15.37 90 12.47 95 8.73 100 44.38 C = NaC7H5O2 Benzoate t = 25° (124) Wt. % B Wt. % C d25 in (A+B) in soin. soin. NaC7H6O2 0.0 35.99 1.155 8.9 35.53 1.137 32.0 31.74 1.082 51.0 25.43 1.016 70.2 15.25 0.927 91.4 2.25 0.825 96.3 1.05 0.807 99.9 0.58 0.795 C = NaC7H5O3 Salicylate t = 25° (124) NaC7H5O3 0.0 53.56 1.252 8.9 52.10 32.4 47.40 1.169 51.6 41.93 1.102 71.5 32.10 1.010 92.6 11.75 0.864 96.6 6.56 0.828 99.9 3.82 0.805 C = Na3C9H6S2O8 Disulfocinnamate (86) t° Voi. % B Wt. % C in (A H-B) in soin. Na3C9H6S2O8 Room 40 6 B. P. 40 23

C-KF t = 23-25° (44) Wt. % B g C/kg (A + B) in (A + B) KF 99.6 | 47.9 KF -f KF.2H2O 97.5 | 15.41 KF.2H2O 84 | 11.7 C = KCl Mol B/kg A | g C/kg A KCl

t = 0° (5) O 0.25

285.2 278.0

02U6O.—(Continued) C = KCl.—(Continued) Mol B/kg A I g C/kg A KCl t = 0°(5) 0.50 271.1 1.0 256.5 3.0 208.8 t = 25° (4) O 359.7 0.25 353.8 0.50 346.2 1.0 333.8 2.0 315.6 5.0 258.9 C = KClO4

t = 14° (103) Vol. % B g C/1 soin, in (A H- B) KClO4 94.7 0.15 2.6 58.5 42.4 3.9 27.3 5.7 13.2 7.8 7.1 9.2 O 12.4 t - 25.00° (39) Vol. % B g C/kg (A H- B) in (A H- B) KClO4 50 7.90 75 3.13 t = 25.2° (136) Vol. % B g C/kg soin, in (A + B) KClO4 O 20.85 51.2 7.54 93.5 0.51 98.8 0.19 * = 40.00° (39) Voi. % B g C/kg (A H- B) in (A + B) KClO4 50 14.22 75 5.48 C = KBr

MoI B/kg A I g C/kg A KBr t = 0° (5) 0.0 536.8 0.25 529.3 0.50 502.9 1.0 491.8 3.0 455.3

0.0 0.25 0.50 1.0 3.0 5.0

t = 25° (4) 688.4 683.9 669.3 652.2 591.3 * 549.9

C = KI

C = K 2C4H4O6-KH 2O

i = 25° (4) MoI B/kg A I g C/kg A KI 0.0 1487.9 0.25 1481.4 0.50 1471.0 1.0 1449.3 3.0 1383.7 5.0 1337.1

C = KHC4H4O6

C = K2SO4

t = 25° (5) K2SO4 O 122.5 1.0 86.75 t = 25° (42) Wt. % soin. B I C K2SO4 1.35 9.17 4.80 6.90 7.80 4.96 9.70 4.32 12.34 3.57 14.51 2.71 15.26 2.66 20.50 1.83 26.91 0.97 35.97 0.41 43.90 0.22 69.26 0.016

C - KNO 3 t = 25° (5) Mol B/kg A I g C/kg A KNO3 O 384.5 0.25 368.3 0.50 354.4 1.0 327.0 C - K 2 CO 3 t = 23-25° (44) Wt. % B g C/kg (A + B) in (A + B) K2CO3 99.6 I 16.3 2K2CO3.3H2O 97.5 I 0.54 C = KC2H3O2

Acetate t = 25° (124) Wt. % B Wt. % C in (A H-B) in soin. IvO2H3O2 0.0 68.73 32.0 67.74 51.0 62.50 70.2 55.30 89.6 35.70 96.2 22.90 l 99.9 14.50 I

Tartrate i = 18° (loi) Voi. % B g C/1 soin, in (A H- B) K2C4H4O6-^H2O O 4.903 50 3.582 80 2.935 100 2.566

dj5 soin.

1.417 1.336 1.255 1.154 0.997 0.909 0.857

Bitartrate t = 14° (103) KHC4H4O6 94.7 0.05 58.5 0.2 42.4 0.42 27.3 0.77 15.9 1.5 8.7 2.2 O 4.8 t = 25° (124) Wt. % B Wt. % C df in (A H-B) in soin. soin. KHC4H4O6 0.0 0.649 1.002 8.9 0.382 0.986 0.242 0.975 17.0 26.4 0.157 0.961 51.0 0.062 0.911 89.6 0.018 0.816 99.9 0.010 0.789 C = KSbOC4H4O6-KH2O

Tartar emetic t = 25° (124) KSbOC4H406.KH20 O 7.85 1.052 8.9 4.20 1.011 17.0 2.49 0.988 26.4 1.16 0.966 51.0 0.22 0.911 70.2 0.06 0.865 89.6 Tr. 0.816 99.9 Tr. 0.788 C - K 3 C 6 H 5 O 7 -H 2 O

Citrate t = 25° (124) K3C6H5O7-H2O O | 64.50 1.5180 Upper layer 32.0 0.2 51.0 0.38 70.2 0.10 0.8366 Lower layer 8.9 60.00 1.4920 32.0 61.60 1.4930 51.0 62.50 70.2 62.30 One liquid phase 81.4 0.038 0.8356 91.6 0.016 0.8139 99.9 0.014 0.7896

C = KC6H2N3O7 Picrate t = 25° (38) Vol. % B g C/1 soin, in (A H- B) KC6H2N3O7 O 6.45 10 5.59 15 4.75 20 4.50 25 4.53 30 4.72 35 4.84 40 5.33 45 5.60 50 5.82 55 5.98 60 5.74 65 5.46 70 4.85 75 4.10 80 3.26 85 2.27 90 1.74 95 1.00 100 1.84? C = K2SiF6

t = 14° (103) K2SiF6 94.7 0.0096 42.4 0.05 27.3 0.09 15.9 0.21 8.7 0.46 O CL9 C = K2PtCl6

t = 14° (103) K2PtCl6 94.7 0.05 58.5 0.2 42.4 0.5 27.3 1.4 15.9 2.6 8.7 4.2 O 9.3

C = K3Co(NO2)6.1KH20 t = 14° (103) K3Co(NO2M^H2O 94.7 0.026 42.4 0.033 27.3 0.036 15.9 0.056 8.7 0.09 O 0.21 C = KNaC4H4O6

Tartrate t = 25° (124) Wt. % B Wt. % C df in (A H-B) in soin. soin. KNaC4H4O6 0.0 53.33 1.310 8.9 43.26 1.229 17.0 31.49 1.152 26.4 17.63 1.065

C = KNaC4H4O6,- (CWd) Wt. % B Wt. % C f* in (AH-B) in soin. soin.

KNaC4H4O6 41.7 5.09 51.0 2.20 81.5 0.04

0.955 0.922 0.838

99.9

0.789

Tr.

C = RbClO4 (39) Vol. % B g C/kg (A + B) in (A+B) 25° I 40° RbClO4 50 5.20 9.54 75 2.04 3.70 C = CsClO4 (39) 25° I 40° CsClO4 50 8.79 15.22 75 3.65 6.35 C = CsGa(S04)2.12H20 t = 25° (29)

Vol. % B g C/1 soin, in (A + B) CsGa(SO4)2.12H20 O 15.1 50 0.0387 70 0.0356 C = Soaps, r. (137)

C2H6O2 Ethylene glycol C = K2SO4 t = 25° (42)

Wt. % soin. I C K2SO4 3.16 9.67 9.78 7.69 18.47 5.74 32.11 3.57 49.03 1.83 B

C3H4O4 Malonic acid C = C7H6NO4 o-Nitrobenzoic acid t = 25° (74) Mol/1 soin. B I C C7H5NO4 0.03126 0.0428 0.1009 0.04153 0.2004 0.03967 C = C7H6O3 Salicylic acid t = 25° (74) C7H6O3 0.03126 0.01485 0.1009 0.01408 0.2004 0.01362

C3H5IO2 ß-Iodopropionic acid C = NaC3H4IO2 ß-Iodopropionate t = 25° (127) Mol B/l soin. |Mol C/l (A+B) C3H6IO2 0.040 O 0.63 1.0

C3H6O Acetone C = Ci 2 H 22 On, Sucrose See also Vol. III, p. 401 t = 25° (85) Wt. % aqueous sugar soin.

B

C

582 250 150 92.8 48.1 24.2 12.8

10 20 30 40 50 60 70

C = CuCl2 t = 30° (69)

Wt. % soin. I C CuCl2.2H2O 0.0 43.95 5.00 41.00 13.16 37.47 19.10 35.58 32.90 29.18 42.50 26.20 49.03 22.90 67.43 14.97 76.40 11.80 82.20 9.77 92.98 4.70 CuCl2.2C3H6O 98.97 I 1.03 B

C = CaCl2 (69); c/. (43)

t = 0° CaCl2.6H2O 0.0 37.3 10.3 33.9 16.6 32.3 18.9 31.2 27.0 30.6 28.45 30.45 Aqueous layer 30.55 30.27 29.3 27.53 31.6 18.12 41.6 10.10 65 3* Acetone layer 65 3* 84.2 0.10 93.1 0.04 98.3 0.01 0.0 99.9

C = CaCl2.—(Continued) Wt. %soln. B I C t =28° CaCl2.6H20 0.0 46.1 5.9 45.9 CaCl2.6H20 + CaCl2.4H2O 10.8 I 44.4 CaCl2.4H2O 13.4 44.4 15.0 43.9 CaCl2.4H20 + CaCl2.3C3H60 15.3 I 44.2 CaCl2.3C3H6O 15.7 42.9 20.5 40.5 21.1 40.4 Aqueous layer 21.03 40.30 19.85 34.38 19.08 29.99 19.97 25.63 21.76 21.77 26.45 16.60 41.50 9.58 47.60 7.33 61.50* 3.50* Acetone layer 61.50* 3.50* 73.50 1.31 77.50 0.18 89.20 0.04 92.35 0.01 99.30 0.01 0.0 99.90 * Critical solution, composition by extrapolation.

C = BaCl2 t = 18° (69)

BaCl2.2H2O 26.04 21.20 17.69 9.75 7.18 3.28 2.40 0.01 C = Li2SO4 t = 28° (69) Li2SO4.H2O O 25.20 4.90 21.00 Aqueous layer 7.38 19.65 11.80 16.10 15.70 13.20 27* 8* Acetone layer 27* 8* 39.65 19.65 48.50 2.00 56.10 0.90 One liquid phase 63.4 I 0.6 0.0 9.3 15.1 33.3 41.3 60.0 73.7 98.8

C == Li2SO4.—(Continued) Limiting conjugate solutions t° Wt. % soin. B I C Aqueous layer 35 6.75 19.90 28 7.38 19.65 18 7.34 19.68 O 8.70 19.05 Acetone layer 35 58.4 0.76 28 56.1 0.90 18 53.5 1.42 O 43.5 3.00 * Critical soin. Inferior temperature at —20°.

critical

C = NaCl t =20° (69); c/. (43)

Vol. % B in (A + B)

MoI C/l soin,

NaCl One liquid phase O 5.379 10 4.646 20 3.948 30 3.301 Two liquid phases 32 3.085 87 0.077 One liquid phase 88 0.073 89 0.056 90 0.043 t = 25° Wt. % soin. B I C NaCl 0.0 26.60 8.6 22.66 13.9 20.38 Aqueous layer 20.4* 17.58* 22.6 16.20 28.3 12.97 40.8 8.60 54.5f 5.5t Acetone layer 54.5f 5.5f 66.8 2.61 76.4 0.98 81.7 0.57 84.1* 0.44* One liquid phase 89.6 0.30 100 0.00 * Limiting conjugate layers. t Critical solution. C = NaI, V. (89)

C = Na2SO4 (69) t = 28° Na2SO4JOH2O O 25.80 4.4 20.30

C3H6O.—(Continued) C = Na2SO4.- (Continued) Wt. % soin. B I C Na2SO4-IOH2O 8.3 15.80 10.3 14.20 24.7 4.59 33.6 2.11 47.0 0.15 55.0 0.13 Na2SO4-IOH2O -f Na2SO4 88.1 I 0.01 Na2SO4 94.0 I 0.00 t = 31° Na2SO4JOH2O 0.0 I 29.70 Aqueous layer 2.6 27.37 3.1 26.20 7.5 20.40 17* 12* Acetone layer 17* 12* 30.0 4.50 37.1 2.00 39.0 1.82 One liquid phase 40.0 1.70 Na2SO4 84.1 I 0.02 t = 35° Na2SO4 O I 33.1 Aqueous layer 1.78 28.90 3.50 25.20 4.65 23.23 10.60 17.00 16* 12* Acetone layer 16* 12* 22.3 7.71 32.4 3.51 36.2 2.44 45.1 1.15 One liquid phase 65.60 I 0.09 Limiting conjugate layers t° Wt. % soin. B I C Aqueous layer Na2SO4 50 3.90 26.26 40 2.80 28.06 35 1.78 28.90 Na2SO4 -f Na2SO4-IOH2O 32 I 1.74 I 29.54 Na2SO4-IOH2O 31 2.60 27.37 30 6.20 21.20 29.6* 12* 13*

C = Na2SO4.- (Continued) t° Wt. %soln. B I C Acetone layer Na2SO4 50 46.3 1.09 40 45.2 1.11 35 45.1 1.15 Na2SO4 + Na2SO4-IOH2O 32 I 45.1 I 1.06 Na2SO4-IOH2O 31 39.0 1.82 30 26.0 5.53 29.6* 12* 13* * Critical solution.

C -NaC6H3N2O5-H2O Dinitrophenate t = 25° (38) Vol. % B g C/l soin, in (A + B) NaC6H3N2O5-H2O O 44.61 10 48.59 20 54.70 30 60.86 40 68.50 50 74.42 60 77.84 70 75.68 80 65.36 90 43.56 100 10.85 C = KF t = 20° (43)

Wt. % soin. I C KF.2H2O 1.42 32.58 5.81 20.19 9.87 16.13 11.81 14.69 17.57 11.43 17.81 11.19 22.48 9.52 25.38 8.62 28.41 7.59 28.53 7.47 C = K2SO4 t = room (42) K2SO4 4.92 7.20 10.06 5.02 16.23 2.96 24.31 1.50 37.19 0.47 46.29 0.20 62.40 0.03 B

C = NaNO3 (6^)

Wt. % A Wt. % C in soin, in (A + B) One liquid phase NaNO 3 t = 30°

100 95 90.91 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10

t 100 91.53 83.19 74.81 65.71 55.89 46.10 35.18 24.03 12.38

49.10 46.96 45.11 40.10 35.08 29.80 24.34 18.55 11.35 7.10 1.89 = 40° 51.1 47.7 43.9 39.9 36.7 31.6 24.7 18.7 9.8

3.1 t = 43.5° Wk % soin. B I C NaNO3 O 52.30 4.9 48.15 15.5 40.0 24.8 33.90 Aqueous layer 34.4 27.55 41.1 23.30 Acetone layer 65.1 10.60 72.8 8.06 Critical temperature = 41.3°.

C = K 2 CO 3 t = 20° (43)

2K2CO3-SH2O 32.0 6.67 32.5 6.02 40.0 3.51 42.10 2.92 44.87 2.38 48.70 1.72 48.97 1.59 52.11 1.21 55.67 1.11 64.0 0.7 C = KC6H2N3O7 Picrate t = 25° (38) Vol. % B g C/l soin, in (A -f B) KC6H2N3O7 O 6.45 10 7.26 20 8.76

C = KC6H2N8O7.- (Cont'd) Voi. % B g C/1 soin, in (A + B) KC6H2N3O7 30 11.40 40 15.55 50 21.06 60 26.15 70 30.90 80 33.40 90 30.84 100 10.80

C3H6O2 Propionic acid C — CioHg Naphthalene (20) Wt. % soin. B I C Ci0Hs t = 0° 69.1 1.5 78.6 3 86.6 6 89.6 9.97 t = 25° 26.9 0.1 38.1 0.3 49.6 0.75 58.7 . 1.5 67.3 3 74.3 6 80 10.92 80.4 16.3 78.8 20.95 C = AgC3H5O2 Propionate t = 25° (81) Mol B/l g C/l soin. (A + B) AgC3H6O2 O 9.04 1.00 8.58 2.00 8.01 2.97 7.60 4.95 6.78 6.97 5.78 8.56 4.96 11.40 3.16 13.03 2.17

C3H8O Propyl alcohol C = Ci0Hg Naphthalene (2<>) Wt. % soin. B | C CioHg t = 0° 23.7 0.105 27.4 0.214 33.7 0.432 45.1 1.110

C = CioHs—(Continued) Wt. %soln. B C CioHg t = 25° 58.8 2.28 69.7 3.61 80.4 5.81 85.5 7.84 C = NaCl (5) Mol B/kg g C/kg A A 0° i 25° NaCl O 357.8 363.0 351.2 355.8 0.25 0.50 345.6 350.2

O 0.25 0.50 1.0

C = KCl (5) | 0° l KCl 283.6 274.1 265.5 248.0

25°

365.1 355.4 347.7 331.5

C3H8O3 Glycerol C = HgCl2 t = 25° (97) % B in (A+ B)I g C/kg soin. HgCl2 O 67.6 5.08 72.0 15.10 83.3 25 97.2 35 111.0 50.18 148.8 75.05 265.3 100 442.3 C = A1(NH4)(SO4)2.12H2O ( 31 ) C = Ca(OH)2 t = 25° (i») Wt. % soin. dj* B | C soin. Ca(OH)2 O 0.117 3.50 0.178 1.008 15.59 0.413 17.84 0.48 1.042 34.32 0.88 1.088 55.04 1.34 1.149 C - K2SO4 t = 25° (42) Wt. % soin. B | C K2SO4 8.96 8.87 13.36 7.69 20.34 6.47 24.15 5.83 33.73 4.44 40.40 3.65 43.52 3.38 50.18 2.69

C = K 2 SO 4 .—(Continued) Wt. %soln. B l C K2SO4 57.22 2.07 67.94 1.53 78.18 0.98 98.28 0.73 C = Alkaloids, v. (*)

C4H4N2 Sueeinonitrile C = C4H10O Ethyl ether (i 16) t° Mol % soin. A | B Ì C One liquid phase Ice + C 4 H 4 N 2 Ether layer -16 I 4.4 i 2.9 I 92.7 Aqueous layer - 4.5 95.5 1.1 3.3 - 1.2 98.71 1.29 O Two liquid phases C4H4N2 Ether layer - 4.5| 6.3 3.5 90.1 - 2.5 6.6 4.0 89.3 1-2 I 7.5 4.9 87.5 Aqueous layer - 4.5 95.5 1.1 3.3 - 2.5 95.4 1.3 3.2 1-2 95.1 1.6 3.1 Three liquid phases Ether layer 1-2 7.5 4.0 87.5 8.5 5.3 86.1 10-11 20-21 9.0 5.4 85.5 30-31 9.4 5.4 85.0 Aqueous layer 1-2 95.1 1.6 3.1 10-11 95.4 2.1 2.5 20-21 95.3 2.6 2.0 30-31 94.6 3.6 1.8 Nitrile layer 1-2 27.9 55.6 16.4 10-11 30.5 52.1 17.3 20-21 37.9 45.5 16.5 30-31 45.1 39.5 15.3 C = C7H6O2 Benzoic acid MoI % soin. t° A I B I C One liquid phase C7H6O2 -f C 4 H 4 N 2 O 98.48 1.470.04 11-12* 97.5 2.4 0.08 11-12 32.0 64.9 3.1 24 19.6 77.4 3.0 34 12.9 84.2 2.9 Two liquid phases Aqueous layer C4H4N2 11-12* 97.5 2.4 0.08 15 97.38 2.580.04 18.5 97.5 2.5 O

C = C7H6O2.—(Continued) t° MoI % soin. A I B I C C7H6O2 24 96.86 3.020.126 35-36 95.73 3.980.28 45-46 93.52 5.340.69 49-50 90.03 8.511.46 Nitrile layer C4H4N2 11-12* 32.0 64.9 3.1 15 32.5 66.2 1.3 18.5 28 72 O C7H6O2 24 43.5 52.5 4.0 35-36 53.2 41.8 4.9 45-46 62.1 32.5 5.4 50 78.0 18.2 3.8 51f 85 12.5 12.5 MoI % soin. A I B l C C7H6O2 t = 69° 99.7 O 0.3 92.35 5.56 2.08 86.41 9.40 4.19 80.22 13.04 6.74 64.07 24.41 11.51 47.61 39.73 12.66 O 93 7 t = 87° 99.4 O 0.61 97.13 1.21 1.66 93.6 2.4 7.0 84.93 3.35 11.71 72.70 6.73 20.57 53.8 20.92 25.28 30.41 46.67 22.61 O 88 12 t « 88 - 89° 72.5 O 27.5 58.79 3.67 37.53 48.24 11.15 40.61 30.51 38.13 31.26 O 80.8 19,2 * Quintuple point, t Critical solution.

C4H2N2O4 Alloxan C = C8H6N4O8, Alloxantin t = 25° (12) Mol/kg H2O B I C C 4 H 2 N 2 O 4 + C8H6N4O8 0.0573 0.00269 0.0407 0.00318 0.0310 0.00359 0.0295 0.00364 0.0276 0.00391 0.0146 0.00498 0.00920 0.00598 0.00703 0.00650 0.00400 0.00735 0.00193 0.00812 0.00161 0.00819 0.00114 0.00849 0.00082 0.00869

C4H6O4 Succinic acid C = C4Hi0O Ethyl ether (142) Wt. % soin.

B

I C

A

I

B

Aqueous layer Ether layer C4H6O4 t = 15° 5.05 O O 0.353 5.11 0.34 0.03 0.39 5.18 1.60 0.41 0.61 5.36 4.22 0.51 0.68 5.44 5.37 0.76 0.86 5.49 5.86 1.27 1.9 5.68 8.22 1.33 1.24 3.47 8.25 1.41 1.29 3.22 8.07 1.36 1.03 1.73 7.94 1.17 0.59 O 7.83 1.04 O t =20° 6.30 0.0 O 0.420 6.39 1.00 0.30 0.60 6.53 2.83 0.56 0.75 6.64 3.88 0.83 0.97 7.01 6.77 1.12 1.20 . 7.00 6.92 1.53 1.48 7.10 7.23 1.34 1.12 4.88 7.16 1.40 0.86 3.03 7.01 1.23 0.53 O 6.89 1.10 O t = 25° 7.67 O O 0.487 7.73 0.49 0.22 0.66 7.91 1.85 0.60 0.90 7.95 2.10 0.62 0.91 7.99 3.53 0.68 0.95 8.12 3.26 1.07 1.27 8.21 4.02 1.24 1.34 8.23 3.89 1.39 1.49 8.31 4.28 1.66 1.69 8.49 5.49 1.53 1.21 8.62 6.14 1.51 1.21 8.67 6.03 1.42 0.80 8.76 6.56 1.41 0.79 6.44 6.39 1.29 0.41 4.38 6.24 1.19 O 2.27 6.09 O 6.00 C = LiCl; t = 25° (54) Mol B/l Mol C/l soin. (A + B) C4H6O4 O 0.672 0.18 0.60 0.55 0.53 1.36 0.40 2.76 0.25 4.16 0.17 5.46 0.12 C - NaCl; t = 25° (54) C4H6O4 O 0.672 0.32 0.63

C4H6O4.- (Confa) C = NaCl.—(Continued) Mol B/l Mol C/l soin. ( A + B) C4H6O4 0.56 0.59 1.10 0.52 2.26 0.41 4.95 0.23 C4H6O4 + NaCl 5.35 | 0.21 NaCl 5.39 0.19 5.44 0.04 5.46 0.0 C = Na2C4H4O4 Succhiate (*>°) D = C4H604.Na2C4H404.6H20 E = Na2C4H4O4.6H2O F = C4H6O4-Na2C4H4O4 G = Na2C4H4O4-H2O g/kg soin. B | C t = 0° B 26.8 47.6 32.3 58.3 53.8 B +D 71.3 | 82.7 D 62.6 86.7 47.4 96.8 34.9 117.4 23.4 156.2 D +E 19.0 | 183.6 E 16.7 180.7 9.4 178.7 176.6 t = 25° B 71.1 102.6 36.8 119.8 64.9 133.5 89.9 155.3 126.4 B +D 169.0 152.6 D 138.3 159.7 119.8 165.0 84.1 188.9 56.5 227.1 E 40.9 268.8 34.6 266.9 23.8 265.0 8.5 261.1 258.7 t = 34.9°* D +E +F 56.0 | 308.0

C = Na2C4H4O4.- (Cont'd) g/kg soin. B | C t = 37.8°* B + D +F 254.6 i 196.0 t = 38.7° D +F 164.5 | 224.8 t = 50° B 192.7 229.0 59.5 253.3 102.5 269.6 126.0 287.3 154.9 309.8 189.4 B +F 317.3 | 196.6 F 287.1 202.2 265,1 207.2 236.1 215.0 219.8 217.0 184.4 225.3 170.0 232.6 155.7 238.0 130.9 255.3 94.6 282.8 73.8 304.8 42.1 369.5 F +E 42.0 | 373.8 E 38.8 368.5 26.6 366.7 363.7 365.0 t = 63.4°* E + F +G 36.5 | 429.3 t = 64.9° E +G I 455.3 t =75° B 376.0 403.8 82.2 425.0 131.4 443.8 169.3 454.0 187.1 B +F 459.9 195.6 F 453.2 195.2 423.4 203.5 409.2 206.3 391.8 211.0 356.6 218.8 331.7 219.7 319.5 227.6 321.7 219.1 313.2 223.7 294.0 232.8 268.2 243.0

C = Na2C4H4O4.- (Cont'd) g/kg soin. B | C F 205.0 263.5 193.4 269.0 152.8 294.5 77.9 361.1 49.3 412.6 F +G 40.1 | 452.8 G 31.7 453.6 12.3 459.3 464.3 * Triple point.

C = KCl t = 25° (54)

Mol B/l soin. |Mol C/l (A+ B) C4H6O4 0.52 3.58 0.59 2.02 0.63 1.04 0.64 0.38 0.672 O C = KBr t = 25° (54)

C4H6O4 0.53 0.59 0.64

4.22 2.19 0.55 C = KI

t = 25° (54)

C4H6O4 0.66 0.67

0.62 0.28

C4H6O5 Malic acid C = Cu(OH)2, v. (14l) C4H6O6 Acetic anhydride C = Na2O (32) D = NaC2H302.3H20 E = NaC2H3O2-C2H4O2 F = NaC2H3O2.2C2H4O2 G = C2H4O2 H = NaC2H3O2 Wt. % soin. B | C t = 5° D 28.41 10.14 D +E 40.24 | 10.08 E 43.89 9.03 46.38 8.88 F 49.73 8.23 58.83 6.72 75.98 4.56 92.88 1.25 t = 15° H 0.15 | 29.34

C = Na2O.—(Continued) Wt. %soln. | C D 4.19 25.94 4.88 22.24 12.01 15.49 23.54 11.45 D +E 34.56 | 11.25 E 39.08 10.33 39.73 10.24 49.32 9.16 E +F 54.34 8.56 F 61.63 7.06 68.81 6.17 70.55 5.95 73.02 5.52 77.60 4.84 84.15 3.44 86.61 2.87 90.56 2.16 95.87 1.02 98.09 0.79 t = 20° F 76.58 5.01 77.33 4.89 80.12 4.36 84.31 3.19 89.75 2.10 89.88 1.88 92.77 1.33 t = 25° D 2.04 24.12 2.52 22.55 3.83 19.82 8.55 14.46 16.56 10.07 40.00 9.75 D +E 41.23 I 9.77 E 43.94 | 9.04 E +F 44.80 | 8.96 F 45.10 8.72 50.03 7.83 55.92 7.00 60.64 6.26 64.79 5.66 71.13 4.95 79.29 4.02 92.29 1.05 93.69 0.95 94.66 0.74 96.16 0.57 97.51 0.42 G 76.42 2.01 76.34 2.49 B

C = Na2O.—(Continued) Wt. %soln.

B

I G

C

77.30 77.67

2.33 3.48

90.31

1.14

90.07 88.97 87.64

1.41 1.84 2.06

G +F 87.90

I

2.19

t = 30° H 0.77

35.31

8.92

26.25

D 9.06

25.98

13.62 21.88

18.09 13.53 D +E

33.05

i

13.24

E 32.90 65.07

13.14 7.64

E +F 66.42

I

7.67

F 69.68

7.33

71.39

6.94

72.85 77.76 83.92 86.73 94.78

6.61 5.52 3.78 2.94 1.27

t = 45° H 0.77 2.04 6.53 14.29

39.82 32.69 28.86 25.58

D

18.70

23.12

18.85

22.46

19.44

21.12

26.39

16.04

D +E 33.87

i

16.00

E 36.28

14.12

41.12

12.61

44.85

11.81

51.00

10.84

55.68 56.37

10.15 10.32

61.49 65.11

9.34 9.04

65.74

8.86

68.21

8.63

70.06 75.06

8.54 8.20

F

82.16

5.54

83.64 85.38 86.39 94.23

4.64 4.25 4.20 2.36

C = Na2O.- (Continued) Wt. % soin. B I C E 97.19 1.19 98.37 0.93 t = 60° H 0.00 46.22 1.83 36.25 2.07 35.55 2.83 34.60 4.56 31.38 7.96 29.31 14.31 26.60 15.58 26.26 25.73 23.90 36.17 21.99 E 37.41 17.75 49.62 12.57 60.84 10.73 64.23 10.27 66.97 9.86 F 77.83 8.31 84.44 6.07 85.71 5.74 E 90.22 4.25 94.46 3.08 t = 75° H 0.76 44.45 2.12 39.40 3.24 35.37 5.03 32.47 15.45 27.38 26.47 24.48 36.69 22.30 E 43.06 17.85 56.53 12.78 58.69 12.13 65.71 11.05 68.56 10.54 77.37 8.84 78.28 9.02 78.75 8.61 81.49 7.63 89.61 4.09 90.72 3.63 98.35 0.44

Mol/1 soin. I C H3BO3 O 0.901 0.75 1.000 1.5 1.070 3.0 1.207

Ethyl ether C = CdI2

B

C4H6O6 dZ-Tartaric acid C = H3BO3 t = 25° (56) H3BO3 0.63 0.986 1.26 1.046 2.47 1.165

C4H7NO4 Aspartic acid C = Salts t = 20° (145) Salt g B/l Mol C/1 soin. (A+B) C4H7NO4* MgCl2 6.20 0.5 CaCl2 6.10 0.429 0.858 7.43 10.00 1.716 Ca(NOa) 2 -... 7.55 0.49 SrCl2 6.46 0.5 SrBr2 6.48 0.486 Sr(NO3)2 6.08 0.204 7.57 0.408 9.45 0.816 13.60 1.63 BaCl2 7.00 0.5 LiCl 4.88 1.17 0.5 NaCl 4.76 5.21 1.0 5.56 2.0 5.75 4.0 KCl 5.40 1.0 KBr.... 5.00 0.5 5.45 1.0 6.40 2.0 7.41 4.0 KI 5.65 1.0 K 2 SO 4 ........ 0.5 6.86 KNO3 1.0 6.33 KC2H3O2 1.0 52.4 »Solubility in pure H2Q = 4.10 g/l.

C4HgO 2

C4H6O6 d-Tartaric acid C = HgCl2 (97) t = 25° Wt. % B g C/ kg soin, in (A + B) HgCl2 10 63.6 20 58.0 25 54.2 35 45.8 42.5 39.9 50 33.1

C4Hi0O

C = H3BO3 t = 25° (56)

B

t 75.3 84.3 86.9

Butyric acid C = CioHg Naphthalene (20) Wt. % soin. l C B l C = 0° t = 25° CioHg 4.12 55.3 4.07 8.27 65.2 6.07 12.4 9.67 75 76 15.5 76.3 20.7

t = 12° (140)

g A/kg B O 1.0 3.0 5.0 7.0 9.0 10.0 11.0 11.4*

g C/kg (A + B) CdI2 1.43 7.8 20.7 33.6 47.7 64.6 73.0 82.7 86.8

* Saturated with H2O.

C4Hi2IN Tetramethylammonium iodide C =KOH t = 25° (61) g B/l soin. IMol C/1 (A + B) C4H12IN 52.72 O 52.30 0.057 51.88 0.112 50.40 0.251

C5H5N Pyridine C = Ci 2 H 22 On Lactose (105) Wt. % B g C/kg (A + B) in (A+B) t = 1° | t = 25° Ci2H22Ou O 192 230 10 178 224 20 153 192 30 129 155 40 95 106 50 69 78 60 46 56 70 29 32 80 16 26 90 18 18 91 18 18 100 16 22 C = CisH32Oi6 Raffinose t = 25° (105) Wt. % B g C/kg (A + B) in (A + B) CisHs2Oi6

O 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

298 231 222 189 134 99 65 53 74 245

C5H5N.—(Continued) C = Ciglio i e.—(Continued) Wt. % B g C/kg (A + B) in (A + B) Ci8H32Oi6

91 246 92 247 94 369 96 419 98 457 100 791 C = Various organic substances, v. ( 28 ) C = K2SO4 t = 25° (42) Wt. % soin. B I C K2SO4 4.23 7.95 13.90 4.77 24.51 2.75 34.19 1.47 46.29 0.45 55.93 0.12 0.006 75.90 C6H3N3O7 Picric acid C = C7H5N3O7 Methy!picric acid ( 74 )

C^ C = C6H6O, Phenol QO») C = AgClO4 t = 25° (62) Wt. % soin. dy B I C soin. AgClO4AO O 84.45 2.806 1.19 84.28 2.823 AgC104.H20 + AgClO4-C6H6 1.70 l 84.10 i AgClO4.C6H6 1.68 83.98 2.806 1.36 83.93 2.808 1.55 83.12 2.747 1.41 81.30 2.644 75.53 7.75 15.81 69.27 2.103 22.32 65.69 1.978 27.84 62.34 1.871 28.14 62.01 1.851 43.18 51.89 1.562 50.34 46.80 1.462 55.53 42.51 1.358 63.52 35.20 1.254 67.54 31.45 1.197 73.90 25.40 1.123 84.29 15.37 1.021 85.01 14.65 1.006 85.82 13.90 1.000 89.13 10.65 90.26 9.55 0.949 90.45 9.38 0.9474 90.84 9.01 0.947

C = AgClO4.- (Continued) Wt. % soin. ^425 B I C soin. AgClO4-C6H6 91.60 8.28 0.9367 92.58 7.31 0.9332 93.08 6.84 0.9259 93.77 6.18 0.9221 94.00 5.96 0.9205 95.00 5.00 0.906 C6H6O Phenol C = C6H6O3 Pyrogallol t = 20° (7) Wt. % soin. B I C C6H6O3 7.9 8.5 0.8 9.2 1.6 12.5 4.1 19.2 5.3 24.5 5.8 30.1 6.0 38.7 5.9 43.2 5.7 45.2 5.5 53.1 4.8 61.0 3.3 66.9 1.7 71.4 C = C7H8O o-, m- or p-Cresol ( 64 ) Wt. % Phenol *| t of fusion C6H6O.H20 100 16.0 95 14.25 90 12.25 85 10.25 80 8.1 75 5.8 70 3.4 65 +0.75 60 -2.2 55 -5.2

C = NaCi8H33O2 Oleate (7) Wt. % soin. B I C NaC18H33O2 t = 0° 7.2 O 8.7 0.2 12.1 0.8 16.0 1.3 23.4 2.1 34.8 2.9 58.5 4.4 64.7 3.5 70.4 2.0 74.7 t = 20° 7.9 9.8 0.2 13.2 0.6 16.5 1.0 22.9 1.4 41.2 2.3 59.7 3.1 62.6 2.8 70.8 0.4 71.4 t = 40° 9.4 12.8 0.2 16.2 0.4 24.2 0.8 48.4 1.8 50.5 1.8 57.6 1.7 61.0 1.3 64.5 0.5 65.6 t = 60° 17.6 28.4 0.2 36.7 0.1 53.6

C = Ca(OH)2 t = 25° (95) C6H6O * HaO always 9. l wt. %. All percent93.78 O ages expressed on the phenol-cresol mixture. 93.38 0.69 C6H6O + Ca(C6H50)2.3H20 C = C8H6O4 93.23 | 1.75 Phthalic acid Ca(C6H6O)2.3H2O t = 25.00° (i°8) 90.81 2.14 C,* Rei. MolB/l(A + B) 83.51 4.68 solubility 74.03 6.24 C8H6O4 71.72 6.59 1.014 0.1015 66.69 7.53 1.027 0.1930 61.29 7.47 1.058 0.3723 49.06 8.04 1.097 0.646 40.69 8.36 1.143 0.946 37.62 8.23 1.235 1.433 28.99 7.71 1.366 2.026 20.18 6.92 * Unit of solubility is that in pure Ca(C6H5O)2.3H2O + Ca(OH)2 water, which = 0.04185 g-Mol/1; (O45 = 1.0022). 12.05 | 4.74

C = Ca(OH)2.- (Continued) Wt. % soin. B I C Ca(OH)2 9.91 4.06 6.11 2.61 2.05 0.93 O 0.12 C = Sr(OH)2 t = 25° (95) C6H6O 90.46 2.96 87.42 5.32 C6H6O + Sr(C6H6O) 2.4H2O 84.93 I 8.28 Sr(C6H5O)2.4H2O 75.71 11.55 57.09 13.95 51.16 14.51 32.14 14.66 Sr(C6H5O)2.4H2O + Sr(OH)2.8H2O 22.52 I 14.75 Sr (OH)2.8H20 21.10 13.79 19.00 12.46 15.64 10.35 6.14 4.59 2.47 2.34 O 1.00 C = Ba(OH)2 t = 25° (»S) C6H6O 93.78 O 90.81 3.69 88.40 5.66 C6H6O + Ba (C6H6O)2.4H2O 88.46 I 5.74 Ba(C6H6O)2.4H20 88.10 5.74 77.47 9.92 64.92 13.26 48.68 15.45 41.18 15.30 36.68 15.10 18.64 13.02 14.68 12.32 13.16 12.46 Ba(C6H6O)2.4H2O + Ba(OH)2.8H2O 12.63 13.65 12.67 13.62 Ba(OH)2.8H2O 10.74 12.02 6.77 9.10 3.62 6.74 O 4.54 C = LiOH t = 25° (95) C6H6O 93.78 O 93.28 0.59

C = LiOH.—(Continued) Wt. % soin. B C C6H6O + LiC6H6O.2H20 92.89 0.70 92.39 0.71 LiC6H6O.2H2O 91.81 0.71 91.62 0.79 84.32 1.49 80.70 1.76 69.16 2.53 60.00 2.90 46.35 3.12 30.16 3.28 11.16 3.17 5.03 6.61 LiC6H5O.2H2O + LiOKLH2O 2.03 10.52 2.03 10.55 LiOH.H2O 1.14 10.67 O 11.39 C = NaOH t = 25° (95) C6H6O 92.49 1.79 91.94 3.03 2C6H6O.NaC6H6O 89.15 4.46 84.36 6.70 9.14 78.82 76.32 10.32 69.53 13.33 NaC6H6O.3H2O 65.18 14.51 62.39 15.16 55.75 16.31 50.73 17.43 42.32 18.74 40.01 19.34 32.34 22.54 23.95 25.95 18.76 28.03 8.14 32.63 2.42 40.00 0.32 44.43 NaOH.H2O O I 53.27 C =KOH t = 25° (95) C6H6O 92.12 0.58 92.50 2.98 3C6H6O.KC6H5O 85.04 6.14 80.14 7.76 76.86 9.00 66.25 13.08 59.28 20.40 3C6H6O-KC6H5O + KC6H6O.2H2O 60.37 I 21.65 KC6H6O.2H2O 55.10 21.74 50.43 22.99

C = KOH,- (Continued) Wt. % soin. B I C KC6H6O.2H2O 39.85 24.62 27.18 28.21 18.71 30.32 3.50 36.24 0.12 52.25 KOH.2H2O O I 54.34 C6H6O2 Resorcinol C = Ba(OH)2 t = 25° (»S) C6H6O2 65.96 O 63.43 8.01 61.87 15.14 61.47 20.90 BaC6H4O2.2H2O 31.96 34.59 28.75 35.93 BaC6H4O2.2H2O + Ba(OH)2.8H2O 23.24 I 37.78 Ba (OH)2.8H2O 18.14 31.19 12.89 23.03 10.37 19.52 6.36 13.80 O 5.32 C = KOH t = 25° (95) C6H6O2 65.96 O 70.40 5.00 75.37 9.19 80.11 11.99 KC6H5O2.2H2O 64.21 22.08 53.50 24.28 49.66 25.52 42.77 28.56 KC6H502.2H20 + K2C6H4O2.4H2O 41.16 29.17 41.10 29.20 K2C6H4O2.4H2O 37.47 29.64 32.33 30.00 29.45 29.96 22.31 32.30 13.51 36.48 2.93 46.84 1.38 52.38 K2C6H402.4H20 + KOH? 1.40 56.62 1.38 56.58 KOH? 1.37 I 56.79 KOKH2O 0.57 56.81 0.31 56.70 KOH.2H20 O I 55.75

C6H7N Aniline C = AgClO4 (63) C6HsOy

Citric acid C = C8Hi0N4O2 Caffeine (33) C = Ci2H22Ou Sucrose («3) C = HgCl2 t = 25° (97)

Wt. % B g C/kg soin, in (A + B) HgCl2 10 66 25 57.8 50 40.7 C 6 Hi 2 O 6 Glucose C =5 NaCl t = 2 5 ° ( ) ; c f . (146) MoI B/kg A l g C/kg A NaCl O 361.4 0.25 364.2 0.50 364.3 1.0 369.9 C = KCl

t = 25° (5) KCl

O 0.25 0.50 1.0 3.0

362.7 366.1 369.9 376.3 402.3

C 6 Hi 3 NO 2 Leucine C = Salts / = 23.7° (123) g B/l Salt* soin. C 6 H ls N0 2 f Ce chloride l 21.56 Mg chloride 10.69 Ca chloride 11.49 Sr chloride 10.87 Ba chloride 10.32 Li chloride 9.06 Na chloride 8.37 Na bromide 9.03 Na iodide 9.52 Na sulfate 7.77 Na nitrate 9.03 Na formate 8.53 Na thiocyanate 10.24 Na acetate 7.55 Na chloroacetate 8.04 Na dichloroacetate... 8.15 Na trichloroacetate... 8.67 Nalactate 7.06 Na malonate 7.86 Na tartrate 7.49

^

C = Salts.—(Continued) Salt* g B/l soin. C6H18N02t Na succhiate 7.56 Na citrate 8.02 Na benzoate 8.94 Nasalicylate 10.65 K chloride 8.57 t = 20° (145) Salt MoI C/l g B/kg (A+ B) soin. C6H13NO2J CaCl2 0.297 10.85 0.594 11.62 1.18 12.81 2.37 14.12 MgSO4 0.5 9.151 1.0 7.89§ 2.0 4.591 Satd. 2.88J SrCl2 0.25 10.5 0.5 10.96 1.0 10.74 2.0 10.38 BaCl2 0.25 10.72 0.5 11.36 1.0 11.30 Ba(ClO 4 ),.... 0.457 12.9 BaBr2 0.487 12.02 Ba(C 2 H 3 Oa) 2 . 0.5 10.3 LiCl 1.27 9.32 2.54 8.80 5.07 9.80 11.4 9.06 NaCl 0.5 8.79 1.0 8.04 2.0 6.63 4.0 3.87 Satd. 2.62 1.0 8.48§ 2.0 7.08§ 4.0 4.39§ KCl... 0.5 8.93 1..0 8.07 2.0 6.40 Satd. 3.55 KBr 2.0 7.10 KI 2.0 8.01 KNO3 2.0 9.25 KC2H3O2 2.0 8.24 * 1 N aqueous solution, t Solubility in pure H2O = 9.58 g/1. Î Solubility in pure H2O = 9.84 g/1. § As estimated by van Slyke method.

C6Hi4O6 Mannitol C = PbCl2 t = 25° (76) Mol B/l Mol C/l soin. ( A + B) PbCl2 0.50 0.0408 0.25 0.0403

C6Hi4O6.—(Continued) C = PbCl2.—(Continued) Mol B/l Mol C/l soin. ( A + B) PbCl2 0.125 0.0394 0.0625 0.0384 0.0313 0.0385 0.0156 0.0377 O 0.0388 C = H3BO3 t = 25° (53);

Cf.

C7H4N2O6

C7H6NO4

3, 5-Dinitrobenzoic acid C = NaCl

p-Nitrobenzoic acid C = NaC7H4NO4 p-Nitrobenzoate t = 25° (127) Mol B/l soln. IMol C/l (A+B) C7H5NO4 0.0024 O 0.0046 l

t = 25° (133)

Mol B*Ag Mol C/l (A+B) soln. C7H4N2O6 0.006168 O 0.006412 0.10 0.006305 0.25 0.5 0.006161 0.005389 1.0

(2)

Wt. % soln. B i C C6H14O6 17.7 O 20.8 2.28 24.7 5.13 25.4 5.54 C6Hi4O6.H3BO3 25.1 | 5.70 H3BO3 5.43 4.25 11.5 4.68 17.2 5.07 20.0 5.28 22.5 5.52 C = K2SO4 t = 25° (42) K2SO4 3.20 10.32 5.82 10.07 8.35 9.61 11.26 9.19 14.30 8.66 17.22 8.35 C7H4BrNO4 5-Bromo-2-nitrobenzoic acid C = C7H4BfNO4 3-Bromo-2-nitrobenzoic acid t = 25° (65) g B/l A |g C/l (A + B) 3-Bromo-2-nitrobenzoic acid O 0.33 1.19 1.35 2.04 2.16 2.99 3.09 4.02 4.08 4.98 5.02 5.87 5.92 10.00 7.41 C7H4ClNO4 5-Chloro-2-nitrobenzoic acid C = C7H4ClNO4 3-Chloro-2-nitrobenzoic acid t = 25° (65) 3-Chloro-2-nitrobenzoic acid O 0.47 3.02 3.15 4.12 4.18 10.00 9.67

C= KCl t = 25°

(133)

C7H4N2O6 0.006397 0.0333 0.006471 0.05 0.006581 0.10 0.006559 0.117 0.006546 0.143 0.006540 0.25 0.006470 0.5 0.006365 0.75 0.006147 1.0 C = KNO 3 t = 25° (133) Mol Bf/kg Mol C/l (A+B) soln. C7H4N2O6 0.006344 O 0.007499 0.25 0.008095 0.50 0.008913 1.0 0.009970 1.75 * After four to ten days. t After several months, or by cooling hot satd. solution.

C 7 H 5 NO 4 o-Nitrobenzoic acid C = C7H5N3O7 Methylpicric acid ( 74 ) C = C7H6O3 Salicylic acid t = 25° (74) Mol/l soln. B I C C7H5NO4 0.04357 0.00937 0.04402 0.01356 0.04413 0.01624 C7H6O3 0.01565 0.01447 0.04310 0.01445 0.04358 0.01439 C = KNO 3 t = 25° (133) Mol B/kg Mol C/l (A+B) soln. C7H6NO4 0.04380 0.0 0.04627 0.25 0.04606 0.50 0.04448 1.00

C7H5N3O7 Methylpicric acid C = C7H6O3 Salicylic acid t = 25° (74) Mol/l soln. B | C C7H5N3O7 0.01063 0.00981 0.01072 0.01393 C7H6O3 0.00938 | 0.01532 C 7 HeO2 Benzoic acid C = NaCl t = 25° (132) Mol B/l soln. |Mol C/l (A+B) C7H6O2 0.02787 O 0.02542 0.25 0.02312 0.50 0.02602 0.75 0.01825 1.00 C = NaC7H5O2 Benzoate t = 25° (127) C7H6O2 0.026 O 0.044 l.Q C = KCl t = 25° (45) C7H6O2 0.02799 O 0.02416 0.5 0.02802 1.0

C = KCNS t = 25° (45) C7H6O2 0.02891 0.5 0.02950 1.0 C7H6O3 Salicylic acid C = NaCl t = 25° (132) C7H6O3 0.01635 0.0 0.01644 0.10 0.01530 0.25 0.01504 0.375 0.01420 0.50 0.01305 0.75 0.01200 1.00

C = NaC7H5O3 Salicylate t = 25° (127) Mol B/l soln. |Mol C/l (A+B) C7H6O3 0.016 O 0.036 l

C7H7NO Benzamide C = Salts t = 23.7° (123) Salt* g Bf/l soln. C7H7NO Mg chloride 10.90 Ca chloride 11.26 Sr chloride 11.01 Ba chloride 10.79 Li chloride 11.69 Na chloride 9.74 Na bromide 10.88 Na iodide 12.73 Na sulfate 8.21 Na formate 9.64 Na thiocyanate 13.57 Na acetate 9.68 Na chloroacetate 12.33 Na dichloroacetate... 13.21 Na trichloroacetate... 16.69 Na lactate 9.38 Na malonate 8.49 Na tartrate 8.30 Na succinate 8.71 Na citrate 8.41 Na benzoate 19.95 Na salicylate 20.61 K chloride 10.7 * 1 N aqueous solution, t Solubility in pure H2O = 12.75 8/1.

C7H7NO2 Aminobenzoic acid C = NaCl t = 25° (133) Mol B/kg soln. I Mol C/l (A+B) C7H7NO2 0.05565 O 0.05670 0.25 0.05712 0.50 0.05246 1.0

C == KNO3 t = 25° (133) C7H7NO2 0.05606 0.10 0.05797 0.25 0.05802 0.50 0.05064 1.0

C7H8O 0-Cresol C = NaC18H33O2 Oleate t = 20° (7) Wt. % soin. B I C NaCi8H33O2 2.8 7.5 2.3 10.5 3.7 31.3 8.5 49.5 8.5 67.3 7.4 75.5 5.6 80.6 3.5 84.0 1.3 85.1 0.7 85.7 0.4 86.0 0.3 86.4

C7H8O ra-Cresol C = NaCi8H33O2 Oleate ( 7 ) NaC18H33O2 t = 20° 2.4 5.2 1.2 11.0 3.5 16.0 5.2 23.6 7.2 36.4 9.1 42.6 11.0 45.1 13.3 52.8 14.1 61.6 12.2 71.4 8.3 81.2 3.7 84.9 1.9 87.2 t = 60° 3.0 6.6 1.3 10.5 2.6 22.5 5.1 30.7 6.2 48.6 8.6 54.3 10.2 63.3 9.2 71.0 6.6 79.6 2.2 82.0 0.9 82.7 0.5 83.4

C7H8O p-Cresol C = NaCi8H33O2 Oleate t = 20° (7) NaC18H33O2 2.0 7.5 1.7 12.1 2.9

C = NaCi8H33O2.- (Cont'd) Wt. % soin. B - ] C NaCi8H33O2 17.2 4.1 35.6 7.2 38.9 7.6 48.8 9.1 62.4 9.0 71.0 6.2 76.4 4.1 80.3 2.5 81.8 1.8 85.2

C7H9N p-Toluidine C = Salts t = 23.7° (123) Salt* gBt/1 soin. C7H9N Mg chloride 5.68 Ca chloride 5.51 Sr chloride 5.69 Ba chloride 5.10 Li chloride. 6.08 Na chloride 5.38 Na bromide 5.99 Na iodide 7.32 Na sulfate 4.11 Na formate 4.57 Na thiocyanate 14.44 Na acetate 4.43 Na dichloroacetate... 7.10 Na trichloroacetate... 7.62 Nalactate 3.93 Na malonate 3.12 Na tartrate 3.67 Na Buccinate 4. OO Na citrate 3.37 Na benzoate 8.74 Na salicylate 12.72 K chloride 5.63 * 1 N aqueous solution. t Solubility in pure H2Q = 7.10 g/1.

C8H6O4 Phthalic acid C = Ci2H22Ou Sucrose t = 25.00° (io«) B7* Rei. MolC/l(A+B) solubility C8H6O4 0.974 0.1547 0.955 0.2962 0.909 0.6199 0.864 0.950 0.822 1.426 * Unit of solubility is that in pure H2O, which = 0.04185 g-Mol/1; (df = 1.0022).

C = Hg(CN)2

t = 25.00° (108) B,* ReI. MolC/l(A+B) solubility C8H6O4 1.003 0.0304 1.011 0.0668 1.030 0.1733 1.050 0.2959 1.069 0.4000 C = MgCl2 t = 25.00° (io«) C8H6O4 0.988 0.0628 0.951 0.1236 0.855 0.2690 0.765 0.4212 0.635 0.655 0.507 0.9215 0.365 0.317 C = CaCl2 t = 25.00° (108) C8H6O4 1.005 0.0442 0.974 0.0877 0.861 0.295 0.667 0.672 9.546 0.948 0.374 1.461 3.038 0.117 0.0673 4.299 C = BaCl2 t = 25.00° (108) C8H6O4 0.997 0.0488 0.971 0.0956 0.934 0.1770 0.877 0.3103 0.811 0.4615 0.714 0.676

t*

C = Na2SO4 O*) gB/kg soin. 0 % Cf 10% Cf 15% Cf

C8H6O4 7.014 6.440 5.272 10.13 9.338 7.575 14.46 13.41 10.80 21.68 18.58 16.39 32.46 30.18 24.55 49.26 43.73 37.48 76.87 64.61 55.33 t = 25.00° (108) B,* ReI. MolC/l(A+B) solubility C8H6O4 1.048 0.0541 1.088 0.1428 1.072 0.567 0.952 0.898 0.833 1.205 0.721 1.517

25 35 45 55 65 75 85

C = NaNO 3 t = 25.00° (108) C8H6O4 1.004 0.2518 0.981 0.487 0.923 0.998 0.861 1.488 0,795 1.962 0.731 2.463 0.667 2.981 C =KF t = 25.00° (108) C8H6O4 2.448 0.1147 4.434 0.2925 6.410 0.5746

C= LiCl t = 25.00° (108) C8H6O4 0.985 0.0827 0.950 0.1957 0.902 0.3322 0.827 0.5354 0.737 0.815 0.616 1.250 0.497 1.727

C = KCl t = 25.00° (108) C8H6O4 1.013 0.0957 1.995 0.2571 1.954 0.5549 0.8635 1.904 1.830 1.299 1.744 1.808

C = NaCl t = 25.00° (108) C8H6O4 0.982 0.1271 0.952 0.2439 0.880 0.4934 0.751 0.9697 0.591 1.601 0.476 2.203 0.363 2.978

C = KClO3 t = 25.00° (108) C8H6O4 1.013 0.0282 0.1051 1.023 1.030 0.2085 1.029 0.3041 1.028 0.4055 1.026 0.5109 1.016 0.6126

*Unit of solubility is that in pure H2O, which = 0.04185 g-Mol/1; (df =• 1.0022). t Wt. % in solvent,

C8H6O4-- (Continued) C =KBr t = 25.00° (108) B,* Rei. Mol C/1 (A+ B) solubility C8H6O4 1.013 0.0846 1.0100.1760 0.996 0.3295 0.971 0.5586 0.938 0.808 0.785 1.828 C = KBrO3 t = 25.00° (108) C8H6O4 1.014 0.0192 1.023 0.0611 1.029 0.1312 1.033 0.2306 1.030 0.3902 1.027 0.4300

C =KI t = 25.00° (108) C8H6O4 1.014 0.0963 1.029 0.1893 1.021 0.3623 1.000 0.6713 0.947 1.250 0.913 1.510 0.851 1.981 C = KIO3 t = 25.00° (108) C8H6O4 1.011 0.0147 1.023 0.0317 1.061 0.0924 1.089 0.1525 1.125 0.2314 1.145 0.2901 1.176 0.3716 C = K2SO4 t = 25.00° (108) C8H6O4 1.073 0.0265 1.102 0.0424 1.173 0.1063 1.231 0.2104 1.282 0.3721 1.312 0.6271 C = KNO 3 t = 25.00° (108) C8H6O4 1.029 0.106 1.042 0.194 1.056 0.335 1.058 0.545 1.056 0.902 1.042 1.269 1.019 1.622 0.977 2.196 * Unit of solubility is that in pure H2O, which = 0.04185 g-Mol/1; (d" = 1.0022).

C = KC2H3O2 Acetate t = 25.00° (108) B*, Rei. Mol C/1 (A+ B) solubility C8H6O4 3.040 0.0893 5.536 0.1984 7.04 0.3291 8.64 0.3384 11.9 0.547 C = RbCl t = 25.00° (108) C8H6O4 1.016 0.0779 1.023 0.2459 1.009 0.4558 0.978 0.772 0.937 1.142 0.883 1.598 0.821 2.085 C = CsCl t = 25.00° (108) C8H6O4 1.026 0.0692 1.043 0.1961 1.052 0.3444 1.058 0.5653 1.058 0.804 1.050 1.144 1.032 1.476 * Unit of solubility is that in pure H2O, which = 0.04185 g-Mol/1; (df = 1.0022).

C8H8O2 p-Toluic acid C = NaC8H7O2 Toluate t = 25° (127) Mol B/l soin. I Mol C/1 (A + B) C8H8O2 0.0031 O 0.0054 l C 8 HioN4O2 Caffeine C = C11H12N2O Antipyrine ( 84 ) t° \ A* C = 95%* C11H12N2O 107.7 O 89.0 4.7 81.0 7.5 62.0 13.6 49.0 19.2 40.5 23.6 32.0 28.9 25.5 34.7 21.5 38.5 16.0 45.4

C = C11H12N2O.- (Cont'd) t° \ A* C = 90%* C11H12N2O 105.5 O 62.9 12.3 48.1 17.7 43.1 22.1 34.9 27.6 25.7 33.3 20.5 38.8 15.1 44.0 11.4 47.5 7.9 51.0 -0.1 57.0 C = 85%* C8H10N4O2 108.0 O 92.0 4.3 70.1 8.8 54.5 13.0 32.8 18.4 C11H12N2O 37.4 23.4 32.2 27.5 25.9 31.7 C8H10N4O^C11H12N2O 19.5 36.5 13.0 43.5 C = 80%* C8H10N4O2 123.4 O 74.1 12.6 C8H10N4O2-H2O 46.2 | 20.2 C = 70%* C8H10N4O2 145.1 O 129.0 4.6 115.0 8.7 91.3 14.1 73.9 18.5 55.0 23.1 C8H10N4O2-H2O 24.2 49.9 20.2 56.5 C = 60%* C8H10N4O2 163.0 | O C8H10N4O2-H2O 50.5 30.7 47.0 36.3 44.4 40.1 40.5 44.3 34.2 52.3 29.3 58.3 28.0 62.6 t° B+ C = 94%f C11H12N2O 89.0 O 85.0 4.9 81.5 10.9 C8H10N4O2 89.0 14.9 105.0 19.2

C = C11H12N2O.- (Cont'd) t° | Bf C = 79.8% t C11H12N2O 48.0 O 47.5 6.1 47.5 I 10.3 C8H10N4O21H2O 48.0 | 14.0 C8H10N4O2 62.5 18.7 71.0 22.2 86.0 I 26.0 C = 69.2%f C11H12N2O 33.5 O 33.0 5.1 32.5 10.9 C8H10N402.H20 39.0 15.2 47.0 19.9 C8H10N4O2 57.6 24.6 76.0 29.0 91.0 34.4 C = 59.6%f C11H12N2O 23.2 O 21.5 5.7 C8H10N402.H20 22.0 11.1 31.5 15.6 39.5 19.9 47.0 25.0 C8H10N4O2 61.2 30.0 77.0 34.8 88.0 39.6 100.0 I 45.2 C = 49.7%f C11H12N2O 13.0 O 11.0 5.1 C8H10N4O2-H2O 19.2 10.8 31.5 16.4 38.5 20.2 45.2 25.2 50.5 29.8 C8H10N4O2 66.5 35.8 78.5 40.0 C = 39.5%t C11H12N2O O O -0.3 5.6 C8H10N4O2-H2O 14.5 11.0 25.0 15.3 35.5 19.2 45.3 24.9 51.0 30.0 C8H10N4O2 59.2 36.2 70.0 39.8

C = Ci1H12N2O.- (Cont'd) f Bf C =39.5% t C8Hj0N4O2 80.5 44.0 91.5 48.3 C = 29.6% t Ice -2.0 I O C8H10N4O2-H2O O 6.0 13.0 11.0 26.0 15.5 37.0 19.8 44.5 24.8 51.0 30.2 56.0 35.7 C8H10N4O2 62.5 39.5 77.0 45.0 89.0 49.8 99.0 54.6 C = 15%t Ice -1.0 O -1.5 2.8 -1.8 4.7 C8H10N4O2.2H2O 16.0 7.8 23.5 9.9 35.6 15.1 45.0 21.8 50.5 26.6 54.5 29.8 58.0 35.4 C8H10N4O2 64.0 40.2 73.5 45.1 84.0 50.3 * Expressed as wt. % caffeineantipyrine mixture. t Expressed as wt. % water-antipyrine mixture.

C = NaC7H6O2 Benzoate ( 10 2) g/kg A B i C t = 25° C8H10N4O2-H2O 21.32 83.21 66.67 301.5 318.8 381.0 450.0 448.3 585.5 C8H10N4O2-H2O + NaC7H6O2-H2O 517.4 I 767.5 NaC7H6O2-H2O 462.7 766.8 247.9 695.6 94.75 629.7 O 611.7

C = NaC7H6O2.- (CWd) g/kgA B I C t = 49° C8H10N4O2-H2O 46.43 O 314.3 253.1 568.2 696.8 C8H10N4O2-H2O + NaC7H6O2-H2O 579.9 I 746.5 NaC7H6O2-H2O 559.8 740.2 183.1 679.7 O 598.2

CgHioO 2

/3-Phenylpropionic acid C = NaC9H9O2 /3-Phenylpropionate t = 11° (127) Mol B/l soin. IMol C/1 (A+B) C9HioO2 0.032 O 0.051 <1

C8H10N4O2 Mg chloride 16.22 Ca chloride 16.41 Sr chloride 15.36 Ba chloride 14.86 Li chloride 21.80 Na chloride 12.75 Na bromide 20.43 Na iodide.. 43.77 Na sulfate 9.58 Na formate 11. OO Na thiocyanate 55.87 Na acetate 9.49 Na chloroacetate 16.47 Na dichloroacetate.... 32.34 Na trichloroacetate... 80.82 Na lactate 9.10 Na malonate 8.20 Na tartrate 8.55 Na succhiate 8.55 Na. citrate 7.95 Na benzoate 150.60 Na salicylate 230.47 K chloride 13.19

C9Hi1NO2 Phenylalanine C = Salts t = 23.7° (123) Salt* g Bf/l soin. C9H11NO2 Ce Chloride 28.87 Mg chloride 15.56 Ca chloride 17.52 Sr chloride 15.92 Ba chloride 16.14 Li chloride 13.53 Na chloride 11.98 Na bromide 13.77 Na iodide 15.41 Na sulfate 11.45 Na nitrate 14.29 Na formate 12.49 Na thiocyanate 16.48 Na acetate 11.04 Na chloroacetate 12.31 Na dichloroacetate 13.20 Na trichloroacetate... 14.29 Na lactate 9.67 Na malonate 11.65 Na tartrate 10.96 Na succhiate 11.40 Na citrate 11.99 Na benzoate 15.86 Na salicylate 19.93 K chloride 12.79

* 1 N aqueous solution. t Solubility in pure H2O = 19.12 g/L

* 1 N aqueous solution. t Solubility in pure H2O — 14.06 g/l

C = Salts t = 23.7° O23); cf. (33)

Salt*

g Bf/l soin.

CgHgC^

Cinnamic acid C = NaC9H7O2 Cinnamate t = 25° (127) Mol B/l soin. IMol C/1 (A+B) C9H8O2 0.0041 O 0.0105 0.5 C9H9NO3 Hippuric acid C = NaC9H8NO3 Hippurate t = 25° (127) C9H9NO3 0.039 O 0.078 1

CioHieO4 d-Camphoric acid C = MgC10H14O4 Camphorate t = 15° (72) Wt. % soin. B I C C1QH1OO4 1.20 1.29 1.98 3.53 2.36 5.66 2.85 8.19 3.16 10.30 C10H16O4 + MgC10H1404.14H20 3.42 16.33 3.62 16.61 MgCi0H14O4-UH2O* 3.60 16.70 1.91 15.10 0.00 14.25 * MgCiOHuO4.14HzO effloresces to MgCioHuO4.7H2O in air. MgCioHuO4.5H2O separates from hot solutions.

C = CaC10H14O4 Camphorate t = 15° (72)

Wt. % soin.

B

C C10H1SO4

1.35 1.23 1.57 1.97 1.71 2.55 2.18 4.34 2.33 4.73 2.90 7.75 C10H16O4 + CaC10H14O4.7H2O 2.99 8.70 3.00 8.66 3.08 8.87 CaC10H14O4.7H2O 3.07 8.59 1.50 7.94 0.00 7.37 CaC10H1404.4H20 0.00 12.21 0.00 8.68 (100°)

CioHi2O2

Cis-tetrahydronaphthalene-1,2diol C = H3BO3

t = 25° (53) Wt. % soin. B I C H3BO3 1.85 3.94 2.08 3.92 2.09 3.93 C1oHi2O2-H3BO3 2.12 3.92 2.18 3.88 Cl0Hi2O2

1.99 2.10

1.55 3.29

C = SrC10H14O4 Camphorate t = 16-17° (72) Wt. % soin. B I C C10Hi6O4 1.25 I 1.413 SrC10H14O4 + 3C10H16O4.2H2O 1.03 1.771 1.13 6.525 1.20 12.45 1.20 17.99 SrC10H14O4.4H2O 0.00 16.76 0.00 12.86(99°)

Ci0Hi6O4.—(Continued) C = BaCi0Hi4O4 Camphorate D = BaC10H14O4-SC10H16O4.2H2O E = BaC10H14O4.4H2O t = 16-17° (72) Wt. % soin. B I C B +D 0.68 0.134 0.84 0.150 D 0.69 0.20 0.79 0.35 0.78 0.40 0.38 2.59 0.44 11.10 0.48 22.71 0.45 32.19 0.50 37.22 0.50 40.71 D +E 0.525 40.96 0.50 40.99 E 0.00 40.90 0.00 41.42 0.00 42.59 C = Li2Ci0Hi4O4 Camphorate t = 16-17° (72) CioHi6O4 2.02 I 3.77 Li2C10H14O4^C10H16O4 3.25 I 10.63 3.51 I 12.61 Li2Ci0Hi4O4-Ci0H16O4 3.99 20.56 3.43 24.69 2.87 37.16 0.00 40.80 C = Na2C10H14O4 Camphorate (72) t = 13.5° Ci0Hi6O4 0.623 I 0.00 Na2Ci0H14O4.5C10H16O4 2.87 9.06 2.74 13.28 2.68 14.99 17.53 2.64 2.77 20.36 2.77 26.57 30.69 2.74 2.63 32.75 Na2Ci0H14O4-SH2O 0.88 49.60 0.00 50.13 t = 14.5° Ci0Hi6O4 2.03 I 4.19

C = Na 2 Ci 0 Hi 4 O 4 .—(Conïd) Wt. % soin. B I C C10Hi6O4 + Na2Ci0Hi4O4-OCi0Hi6O4 2.97 7.80 Na2Ci0Hi4O4.5CioH16O4 2.94 10.46 2.77 17.43 2.89 27.41 Na2Cj0H14O4-C10H16O4 2.29 40.10 2.17 40.54 1.06 47.04 t = 19.5° C10H16O4 0.716 0.00 1.68 2.46 3.06 9.36 3.24 9.79 Na2C10H14O4.5C10H16O4 3.23 14.76 3.02 14.84 3.04 19.27 3.88 29.18 4.13 30.62 3.24 32.68 Na2C10H14O4-C10H16O4 1.68 40.38 1.40 43.92 1.83 44.16

C = K2C10H14O4 Camphorate t = 15-17° (72) C10H16O4 2.0 4.6 2.3 6.1 2.5 6.8 2.8 8.1 2.9 9.7 3.1 11.6 K2C10H1404.7C10H1604 2.9 12.4 3.1 22.1 3.2 25.1 3.3 28.6 K2C10H14O4-SC10H16O4 3.2 29.4 2.9 32.8 3.0 35.6 2.8 45.2 3.2 50.6 Iv2C10Hi4OÔ I0Hi6O4. H2O 3.2 58.2 2.6 59.3 1.5 62.4 K2C10H14O4 1.1 66.8 1.0 69.0 0.9 69.7 K2C10H14O4-SH2O 0.0 I 65.83

CnHi2N2O Antipyrine C = C 11 Hi 2 N 2 O-C 7 H 6 O 3 Antipyrine salicylate t = 18° (82) MolB/l(A+B)| g CA soin. CnHi2N2O-C7H6O3 O 0.0132 0.025 0.00712 0.05 0.00520 0.00432 0.10 Ci 2 H 22 Ou Sucrose C = HgCl2 t = 25° (97) Wt. % B g C/kg soin, in (A H- B) HgCl2 10 73.1 25 81.5 30 85.0 35 88.3 40 92.0 42.5 93.7 47 96.9 55 103.0 C = Ca(OH)2 t = 25° (i«); cf. (46) Wt. % soin. cQ5 B i C soin. Ca(OH)2 O 0.117 0.983 0.62 0.188 1.000 4.82 0.73 1.021 7.50 1.355 1.037 9.87 2.31 1.051 11.90 3.21 1.067 15.1 4.57 1.092 17.42 5.38 1.109 6.07 1.123 19.86 C = CaSO3 (i") g B/l A g C/1 soin. CaSO3 t = 45-46° 116.0 0.36 240.0 0.54 420.0 0.54 713.0 0.40 O 0.48 t = 60-62° 146.3 0.45 241.4 0.46 421.3 0.44 743.4 0.39 O 0.45 C = Sr(OH)2 (126) C = NaCl t =25° (US) Wt. % soin. B I C Ci 2 H 22 On

66.0 63.0

1.62 6.15

C = NaCL- (Continued) Wt. % soin. B I C C12H22O11 + NaCLC12H22On.2H2O 62.2 I 8.6 NaCl.C12H22Oii.2H2O 57.0 I 9.75 NaCl.Ci2H22On.2H2O + NaCl 43.0 I 16.2 NaCl 36.7 17.5 12.7 23.3 C = K2SO4 t = 25° (42)

K2SO4 9.56 18.55 28.16 37-24 47.55 57.00

9.65 8.65 7.42 6.35 5.21 4.24

CIsHsN1Ôs 0-Picraminobenzoic acid C = KOH t = 25° (24) Mol/1 soin. B I C Ci3H8N4O8 + KC13H7N4O8 0.005794 0.006566 0.005775 0.006555 0.005675 0.006725

CuHsO2 Phenanthraquinone C = Salts (79) CnHi 2 N 2 O-C 7 H 6 O 3 Antipyrine salicylate C = NaC7H5O3 Salicylate (82) MoI B/l MoI C/1 soin. ( A + B) C11H12N2O-C7H6O3 O 0.0132 0.05 0.0114 0.1 0.0122 0.2 0.0126

C2QHuOe Phenolphthalein C = Na2O t = 25° (10) ' Wt. % soin. B I C C20H14O4 2.90 0.58 13.74 2.71 22.43 4.25 31.96 6.11 NaC20H13O4-SH2O 36.06 6.95 37.73 7.48 41.16 8.32

C = Na2O.—(Continued) Wt. %soln. B C NaC20H13O4.4H2O 33.34 6.78 37.36 9.31 41.45 9.88 44.06 10.06 Na2C20Hi2O4 45.55 11.00 40.16 12.31 Na2C20H12O4.4H2O 37.79 11.67 34.68 11.98 Na2C20Hi2O4-SH2O 38.42 9.97 33.72 10.17 Na3C20H11O48HH2O 31.00 10.24 27.89 10.37 25.03 11.34 23.28 12.69 Na3C20H11O4-ISH2O 20.51 13.73 10.35 17.48 Na3C20H11O4-^H2O 9.12 19.8 4.28 20.32 1.37 23.46 0.86 25.42 Na3C20H11O4-OH2O 0.11 27.01 0.0 28.03 0.0 30.74 0.23 37.44 Na3C20H11O4-OH2O -f- NaOH-H2O

0.00

I

39.88

Casein C = NaCl t = room (HO) g B/l (A + B)IMol C/1 (A-f B) Casein 0.64 0.0365 1.43 0.0690 1.86 0.0794 2.48 0.0922 2.68 0.0925 2.87 0.1019 3.24 0.1064 3.46 0.1114 3.44 0.1213 3.37 0.1231 3.11 0.1265 2.97 0.1311 2.82 0.1362 2.52 0.1469 2.09 0.1568 1.87 0.1605 1.65 0.1748 1.55 0.1853 1.50 0.2023 1.40 0.2284 1.39 0.2340 1.32 0.2725 H3BO3 C = Alkaloids (»)

Na2Sb2O6-GH2O C = NaC2H3O2

Acetate (145) mg B/l soin. l % C* 2.5%C* 5% C* 18.0 61 31 Tr. 25.0 146 40 Tr. 33.5 205 94 4.2 *°

* Expressed as wt. % aqueous Na acetate.

LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) (i) Abe, 429, 3: 13; 11. (2) Ageno and Valla, 24, 14 H: 331; 12. (3) Archibald and Habasian, 69, 11: 1; 17. ( 4 ) Armstrong, Eyre, Hussey and Paddison, 6, 79: 564; 07. (5) Armstrong and Eyre, 5, 84: 123; 10. ( 6 ) de Baat, Diss., Leiden, 1923. (7) Bailey, 4, 123: 2579; 23. («) Barbaudy, 27, 35: 31; 24. ( 9 ) Baroni and Barlinetto, 476, 60:193; 11. 10, 2: 474; 13. (10) Basset and Halton, 4, 123: 1291; 23. (U) Bertheaume, 84, 150: 1063; 10. ( 12 ) Biilmann and Bentzon, 25, 51: 522; 18. (13) Boldirev, 53, 48: 1869; 16. 0 4 )Brinkley, 1, 44: 1210; 22. O«) de Bruyn, 7, 32: 63; 00. (i7)Bubanovic, 147, 2: No. 33; 12. (18) Cameron and Patten, SO, 15: 67; 11. (19) Carlson, Klason Festkrift, Stockholm, p. 247.

(20) Christiansen, 147,4: No. 2; 18. (21) Cocheret, Diss., Leiden, 1911. 10,2: 448, 460; 13. (22) Colani, 84, 156: 1075; 12. (23) Courtois, 27, 13: 449; 12. ( 24 ) Crocker and Mathews, 4, 99: 301; 11. (25) Crowell, 1, 40: 453; 18. (26) D'Ans and Siegler, 7, 82: 35; 12. (27) Davis, 1, 44: 868; 22. (28) Dehn, 1, 39:1399; 17. (29) Dennis and Bridgman, 1, 40:1531; 18. (30) Dott, 347, 85: 795 ; 10. ( 3 I) Dunlop, 347, 85: 6 ; 10. (32) Dunningham, 4, 101: 431; 12. (33) Emery and Wright, 1, 43: 2323; 21. ( 34 ) Ewan and Young, 54, 40: 109; 21. (35) Falciola, 86, 40 H: 217; 10. (36) Farmer, 4, 117:806; 20. (37) Fastert, 19OB, 33: 265; 12. («) Fischer, 68, 46:125; 14. 1O9 4: 815; 22. 7, 92: 581; 18. (39) Flatt,, Diss., Zurich, 1923. 40 ( ) Fontein, 7, 73: 212; 10. ( 4 I) Forbes and Coolidge, 1, 41: 150; 19. (<2) Fox and Gauge, 4, 97: 377; 10. ( 43 ) Frankfurter and Cohen, 1, 36:1103; 14. ( 4 4 ) Frankfurter and Frary, 50, 17: 402; 12. ( 4 5 ) Freundlich and Seal, 65, 11: 257; 12. («) van Ginneken, 64P, 14:442; 19. (*7) Granger and Nelson, 1, 43: 1401; 21. ( 4 ») Guerini, Thesis, Lausanne, 1912. (*») Hartley, Drugman, Vlieland and Bourdillon, 4, 103: 1747; 13. ( 50 ) Hauser and Wirth, 93, 78: 75; 12. ( 5 I) Heiduschka and Faul, 293, 255: 441; 17. t 5 2 ) Heiduschka and Faul, 293, 256: 122; 18. (53) Hermans, 93, 142: 111; 25. (54) Herz, 93, 65:341; 10. (55) Herz, 93, 66: 93; 10. (56) Herz, 93, 70: 70; 11. (57) Herz, 93, 73: 274; 12. (58) Herz and Knoch, 93, 45: 262; 05. (59) Herz and Martin, 93, 140: 339; 24. (60) HiIl, l, 32: 1186; 10. ( 6 I) Hill, I, 39: 218; 17. (62) Hill, I, 44: 1163; 22. 45: 1143; 23. (63) Hill and Macy, I , 46: 1132; 24. (64) Koffert, 54, 41: 334; 22. (65) Holleman, 70, 29: 394; 10. (66) Hough, Savage and van Merle, 33, 33: 666; 20. (67) Hudson and Yanovsky, 1, 39: 1013; 17. (6«) Iwaki, 429, 1: 81 ; 14. (69) Jacobs, Diss., Leiden, 1914. 10, 4: 760, 767; 22. ( 7 1 ) Jungfleisch and Landrieu, 34, 158: 445; 14. (72) Jungfleisch and Landrieu, 6, 2: 5; 14. (73) Katayama and Yamada, 41, 41:193; 20. (74) Kendall, 5, 85: 200; 11. (75) Kendall and Andrews, 1, 43: 1545; 21. (76) Kernot and Pomilio, Soc. R. Napoli, 17: 353; 11. (77) Kettner, Diss., Amsterdam, 1919. (78) Kirschner, 7, 76: 174; 11. (78.1) Klosky and Woo, 50, 30: 1179; 26. (79) Knox and Innés, 4, 105: 1451; 14. (80) Knox and Richards, 4, 115: 508; 19. (so.i) Knox and Will, 4, 115: 850; 19. (81) Knox and Will, 4, 115: 853; 19. (82) Kolthoff, 70, 41: 135; 22. (83) Kremann and Eitel, 70, 42: 539; 23. (84) Kremann and Janetsky, 57, 44: 49; 23. (85) Krug and McElroy, 320, 6: 184; 92. ( 8 6) Lasausse, 27, 13: 894; 13. (87) Leech, Rabak and Clark, 477, 73: 754; 19. (88) Legerlotz, 293, 256: 123; 18. (89) Macy and Thomas, 1, 48: 1547; 26. (90) Marshall and Bain, 4, 97: 1074; 10. (»*) Massink, Diss., Leiden, 1913. 10, 4: 771; 22. (92) Masson, 4, 101: 103; 12. (93) McMaster, Bender and Weil, 1, 43: 1205; 21. (94) Mees and Piper, 204, 52: 221; 12. (95) van Meurs, 7, 91: 313; 16. (»6) Miller, 53, 45: 560; 13. (97) Moles and Marquina, 132, 12: 383; 14. (98) Nicolardet and Valli-Douan, 27, 23: 455; 18. (99) Orton and King, 4, 99: 1185; 11. (ioo) Osaka and Kara, 429, 2: 147; 17. (ioi) Paul, 9, 23: 65; 17. (102) pellini, 22, 19: 329; 10. (103) Pierrat, 34, 172: 1041; 21. O 0 4 ) Pifia de Rubies, 149, 38: 414; 14. (ios) pucher and Dehn, 1,43: 1753; 21. (106) Riesenfeld and Feld, 93, 116: 213; 21. (io?) Ritzel, 94, 49: 152; 11. (ios) Rivett and Rosenblum, 83, 9: 297; 14. (109) R6zsa, 9, 17: 934; 11. (i i O) Ryd, 9, 23: 19; 17. (i 11 ) Saillard, Bulletin technique et chimique syndicat des Fabricants de Sucre de France, No. 5: 30; 23. ( 1 1 2 ) Sakabe, 429,1: 57; 14. (113) Scheibler, 25, 24: 434; 91. (U 4 ) Scholtz, 293, 250: 418; 12. (US) Schoorl, 70, 42: 790; 22. (H6) Schreinemakers, 7, 25: 543; 98. (H7) Schreinemakers, 7, 26: 237; 98. (U 8 ) Schreinemakers, 18, 15: 80; 10. (U 9 ) Schreinemakers, 176, 7: 211; 10. (120) Schreinemakers and de Baat, 64P, 17: 1111; 15. (121) Schreinemakers and Deuss, 7, 79: 554; 12. (122) Schreinemakers and van den Bos, 7, 79: 551; 12. (123) Schryver, 5B, 83: 96; 10. (124) Seidell, 404, 67: 10; 10. (125) Seidell, 11, 48: 453; 12. 172, 17: 85; 12. (126) Sidersky, 475, 39: 167; 21. (127) Sidgwick, 182, 26: 60; 10. (128) Sidgwick and Spurrel, 4, 117: 1399; 20. (129) Smits and Kettner, 64P, 15: 683; 12. (130) Stepanov, 18, 373: 219; 10. (13l) Svehla, 25, 56: 331; 23. (132) Sziszkovski, 147, 2: No. 41; 13. (133) Sziszkovski, 147, 3: No. 5; 14. (134) Tanret, 27, 15: 613; 14. (135) Taylor and Rinkenbach, l, 45: 44; 23. (136) Thin and Cumming, 4, 107: 361; 15. (137) Thomas and Yu, l, 45: 113; 23. (138) du Toit, 64P, 16: 555; 12. (139) Tomula, 93, 118: 81; 21. (140) Tyrer, 182, 27: 142; 11. (i4i) Wark, 4, 123: 1826; 23. O«) Wibaut, 70, 32: 244; 12. (M 3) Wirth, 93, 87: 7; 14. O 4 4 ) Woudstra, 172, 22: 251; 12. (I 4 S) Würgler, Diss., Zürich, 1914. 10, 4: 810; 22. (MSJ Matsuura, 41B, 2: 44; 27.

FREEZING-POINT—SOLUBILITY DATA FOR NON-METALLIC SYSTEMS CONTAINING MORE THAN THREE COMPONENTS* F. C. KRACEK B = I 2 ; C = C 2 H 6 O; D = KI.-(Continued) Wt. % B; Solid phase « KI R = 40/60 I R ~ 60/40 30 ' 4.7 48.3 O 30.9 32.5 36.4 35 25.3 37.5 15.3 40 6.5 42.1 O

AQUEOUS SYSTEMS A = H 2 O; Standard arrangement; for abbreviations, v. p. 4 B = HCl; C = Ci0H8, Naphthalene; D = Ci6HnN3O7, Naphthalene picrate; E = KCl; F = KC6H2N3O7, Picrate; 20.10C (2). B = HCI; Ci = C6H4O2, Quinone; C2 = C6H6O2, 1, 4-Dihydroxybenzene; Ca = Ci2Hi0O4, Quinhydrone; D = NaCl. SoIubility of C in A+ B + D at 18.10C (30). B = HCl; C = C6H3N3O7, Picric acid; D = KCl; E = KC6H2N3O7, Picrate. One point at 20.10C (2). B = HCl; C * C6H8ClN, Aniline hydrochloride; D = FeCl3. Approximate values of solubility of FeCl3-G(C6H8ClN) and FeCl3.2(C6H8ClN) in aqueous solutions of 5 to 22 % HCl at 25° (23). B = HClO4; C = C2H6O, Ethyl alcohol; D = KClO4. Solubility of KClO4 in 93-98% alcohol solutions containing small amounts of HClO4 (31). B - I 2 ; C = C2H6O, Ethyl alcohol; D = KI (24) R = Wt. ratio A/C; t = 250C Wt. % B tj % D R = 40/60 R = 60/40 I2 O 23.05 3.0 2.5 29.9 10.1 5 36.7 17.4 7.5 43.4 24.9 10.0 49.8 32.6 12.5 56.2 40.5 15.0 62.5 49.1 17.5 68.5 58.9 20.0 71.2 I2 + KIn 19.55 73.3 20.55 74.8 KIn 20.0 72.4 21 70.2 74.0 22 67.4 72.1 23 64.1 70.0 24 60.4 67.6 25 65.2 26 62.7 27 60.1 28 57.4 KIn + KI 24.5 58.6 28.3 56.7 KI 25 51.2 26 37.9 27 26.8 28 18.0 29 10.7 53.1

B = H2SO4; C = HNO 3 ; D = C 7 H 6 N 3 O 6 , 44TNT." SoIubility of TNT. in mixed acids at 250C (21). B = H2SO4 (cone.); C = C2H6O, Ethyl alcohol (absolute); DI = (NH 4 ) 2 Ga 2 (SO 4 ) 2 .24H 2 O; D2 = Cs2Ga2 (SO4)2.24H2O (*) Solvent, cm3 | g D/100 cm3 soin. I B I C I D1 I D2 t = 250C; solid phase = D O O 30.84 1.51 O 50 0.0217 0.00387 O 70 0.00875 0.00356 15 50 0.1613 0.0228

A

100 50 30 35

B = H 2 SO 4 ; C = C6H6O, Phenol; D = C5H5N, Pyridine Li + Ln; room temperature (16) ~ ~ ] B 9763 9763 9763 9~63 EqUlvV1 1 D Q 0.25 0.5 1.0 g/1 in H2O layer] C 20.4 | 177 | 615 I > 1008 B = NH 3 ; C = C2H6O, Ethyl alcohol; D = Cu (resp. Cd; Ni) ammonium complex ( 12 J. B = HNO 3 ; C = C3H6O, Acetone; D = Bi(NO3)3 (6) MB/1 % C I M D/l Il M B/l I % C | M D/l Bi(N03)3; t = ? 0.922 O 2.23 2.3 O 2.04 2.3 16.7 1.89 0.922 6.67 2.17 0.922 13.3 2.08 B = NH 4 NO 3 ; C = (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 ; D = C2H6O, Ethyl alcohol; at 3O0C (32). B = NH 4 NO 3 ; C = CH4O, Methyl alcohol; D = C2H6O, Ethyl alcohol (27) R = Wt. ratio C/D = 51.7/48.4; t = 3O0C; solid phase = NH 4 NO 3 A 29.9 27.3 27.0 26.0 24.8

I

Wt. % B I 70.1 62.8 61.2 58.6 52.1

R O 9.9 11.8 15.4 23.1

[I [I

A I 23.2 22.9 16.4 11.5 3.4

Wt. % B 46.2 43.8 26.0 17.8 11.7

R 30.6 33.3 57.6 71.7 84.9

* Except aqueous solutions containing only strong electrolytes (for which v. p. 270) and except systems containing a refractory oxide (for which v, p. 83).

B - NH 4 NO 3 ; C = C2H6O, Ethyl alcohol; D = AgNO3 ( 27 ) R = Wt. ratio C/A; t = 3Q0C R = 41.8/58.2 I R « 71.2/28.8 | R = 91.3/8.7 Wt. % B |Wt. % DJ Wt. % B |Wt. % DJ Wt. % B| Wt. % D AgNO3 O 45.0 O 19.0 O 7.0 6.41 46.65 4.36 22.1 2.20 7.7 13.18 46.7 9.90 24.3 7.23 9.4* AgNO3 + AgN0 3 .NH 4 N0 3 21.0 I 48.4 I 11.6 I 25.6 | 4.7 | 8.5 AgN03.NH4N03 22.1 46.7 20.1 18.0 5.74 6.58 29.1 37.7 27.6 14.84 AgNO 3 -NH 4 NO 3 H- NH 4 NO 3 44.9 I 24.9 I 28.9 | 14.65 | 9.7 | 4.30 NH 4 NO 3 49.3 12.1 28.2 6.8 9.4 2.09 53.2 O 29.0 O 9JO O * Metastable with respect to AgNOs.

B = NH 4 Cl; C = C3H6O, Acetone; D = BaCl2 (18) Li, Wt. % I Ln, Wt. % B I C D I B I C I D Li H- Lu H- NH4Cl; 180C 8.67 49.3 0.67 3.06 68.7 0.13 9.63 45.4 0.88 2.58 71.7 0.09 Li H- Lu + NH4Cl + BaCl2.2H2O; 180C 11.5 i 42.3 i 1.34 2.4 74.0 | 0.01 Li + Lu + BaCl2.2H2O; 180C 10.4 42.6 1.4 2.25 74.0 0.01 10.1 43.4 1.78 2.22 71.8 0.01 10.0 43.4 1.83 2.12 66.0 0.01 Li + Ln H- NH4Cl; 3O0C 17.5 29.0 0.0 1.5 84.4 0.0 18.0 27.4 2.1 0.9 84.7 0.1 L1 H- Lu H- NH4Cl + BaCl2.2H2O; 3O0C 16.9 24.1 I 3.1 0.63 | 85.2 | 0.1

B = (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 ;C = C2H6O, Ethyl alcohol; D = MnSO4 (26.5) B = (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 ; C = C2H6O, Ethyl alcohol; D = Li2SO4 (26) Li or Lm, Wt. % I Lu or LIV, Wt. % C | B D I C I B D L1 H- Lu + LiNH4SO4; 6.50C 32.05 6.89 2.67 11.33 19.57 7.13 37.37 5.19 1.95 9.21 22.17 7.64 39.41 4.70 1.52 7.59 24.68 7.30 Li + Ln H- LiNH4SO4 H- (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 ; 6.50C 55.51 I 1.76 I 0.343 4.80 | 33.27 | 6.40 Li + Ln + (NH4)2S04; 6.50C 53.2 2.01 0.348 5.0 33.3 5.56 43.5 4.49 0.379 8.2 31.4 2.68 Li H- LiNH4SO4; 3O0C O 19.6 16.3 8.84 13.7 11.9 16.7 11.0 9.09 23.5 8.23 7.08 36.9 3.93 3.38 45.6 2.35 1.96 70.1 0.18 0.15 83.8 0.026 0.22 Li +Lu H- (NH4)2S04; 3O0C 57.0 2.3 O 5.7 37.5 O 63.5 1.13 0.09 3.82 37.3 3.21 66.9 0.82 0.11 3.47 37.2 5.01 Li H- Ln H- (NH4)2SO4 H- LiNH4SO4; 3O0C 67.4 I 0.72 I 0.12 | 3.45 35.8 | 5.69

B = (NH4) 2 SO 4 ; C = C 2 H 6 O; D = Li2SO4.-(Continued) Li or Lm, Wt. % I Ln or LJV, Wt. % C I B • I D j "C I B I D Li H- Ln + LiNH4SO4; 3O0C 65.9 0.76 0.14 3.79 34.6 5.9 49.5 2.34 1.07 7.29 21.7 8.7 48.9 2.36 1.09 7.37 21.6 8.8 39.1 3.88 2.61 10.97 15.6 9.4 35.1 4.66 3.51 13.0 13.5 9.2 Lm + LIV + LiNH4SO4; 3O0C 33.95 i 2.93 | 6.24 | 16.3 | 6.8 | 12.8 Lin + LIV + LiNH4SO4 H- Li2SO4.H2O; 3O0C 39.3 1.96 I 5.03 | 12.94 | 7.1 | 14.8 Lm H- LIV + Li2SO4-H2O; 3O0C 31.0 I 3.02 I 8.63 | 20.2 | 4.87 | 12.0 Li H- LiNH4SO4; 5O0C Ln + LiNH4SO4; 5O0C 47.3 2.08 1.7 O 19.7 16.4 56.4 0.94 0.76 6.0 16.0 13.2 76.3 0.058 0.047 9.5 14.1 11.6 Li +Ln + (NH4)2S04; 5O0C 64.5 1.2 O 4.1 41.1 O 66.9 0.85 0.019 3.66 40.4 2.16 L1 + Ln + (NH4)2S04 H- LiNH4SO4; 5O0C 69.5 0.54 I 0.065 | 3.06 39.9 | 5.12 L1 H- Ln + LiNH4SO4; 5O0C (At this temperature the two immiscible areas present at 3O0C have merged into one) 1.91 0.804 6.21 23.9 8.85 53.5 48.0 2.48 1.47 8.08 18.9 9.85 42.2 3.02 2.83 11.0 13.7 10.4 41.2 2.53 3.69 11.7 10.4 12.9 42.9 2.08 3.54 10.9 10.1 14.0 45.7 1.53 3.31 9.9 9.3 15.6 Li H- Ln H- Li2SO4; 5O0C 33.4 I 2.3 6.8 | 17.8 5.8 | 12.5 B = H3PO4; C = C6H8O7, Citric acid; D = NaOH (25) Concentrations in millimol/liter B I C D II "B I C I D Na2HPO4.12H2O; 2O0C 556 O 1112 564 167.4 1128 1570 343 3140 1553 371 3106 2142 526 4284 C6H8O7.H2O; 2O0C 566 4070 1131 136 4010 272 85.3 3913 171 O 3816 O

NaH2C6H6O7-H2O; 2O0C 542 1105 525 3035 1156 7496 1370 1293 1762 894 1485 1437 1415 1603 1562 768 1675 2129 781 2035 2124 1010 2216 1423 745 2769 3646 657 2958 1275 422 3548 1615

B = CH4O, Methyl alcohol; C = C2H6O, Ethyl alcohol; D = KF. Solubility of KF in aqueous mixtures of methyl and ethyl alcohols at room temp. Two liquid phases (15). B = CH4O, Methyl alcohol; C = C2H6O, Ethyl alcohol; D = KNO 3 (27) R = Wt. ratio B/C = 51.7/48.3; t = 3O0C; solid phase = KNO 3 Wt. % Wt. % A R I D A I R D 68.7 O 31.3 47.1 47.8 5.1 68.4 12.7 18.9 40.1 56.4 3.5 64.3 22.9 12.8 24.0 74.8 1.2 52.3 41.0 6.7

B = CH4O, Methyl alcohol; C = C8H6O, Acetone; D = KF Critical solutions; t = 2O0G (14) Li, Wt. % Li, Wt. % B l C l D B I C I D Li + Lu 0.14 1.08 32.6 22.0 10.4 16.4 0.68 5.25 20.2 22.7 40.4 3.03 1.40 9.90 16.13 23.9 36.2 4.0 1.46 11.40 14.69 25.3 31.6 5.2 2.19 17.02 11.43 25.8 46.3 2.10 2.45 17.3 11.2 26.8 25.7 7.33 2.79 21.6 9.5 28.0 41.3 2.75 3.50 27.1 7.6 28.4 18.3 10.7 3.51 24.8 8.6 29.0 13.8 13.8 4.0 28.7 7.5 29.7 11.1 14.6 8.55 55.3 1.93 30.1 36.1 3.65 ' 8.96 52.8 2.42 31.3 33.0 4.46 9.96 46.0 4.21 32.5 29.6 5.30 8.9 10.3 43.7 4.97 35.2 20.8 10.6 41.4 5.8 42.8 19.4 9.3 10.8 39.2 7.0 33.9 53.0 1.72 15.0 9.2 15.9 35.4 37.9 3.10 15.5 45.9 2.43 37.3 33.9 4.05 16.8 40.6 3.37 39.5 29.0 5.16 17.5 37.4 4.12 42.0 22.3 7.62 20.8 20.9 9.75 44.7 7.9 17.7 B = C2H4O2, Acetic acid; C = CaC4H4O6, Tartrate; D = KC2H3O2, Acetate. Solubilities of Ca tartrate at 250C (*7). B = C2H6O, Ethyl alcohol; C = C5Hi2O, n-Amyl alcohol; D = NaCl (13) Li, Wt. % . LII, Wt. % B I C I D B I C D Li +Ln; 280C 16.9 77.3 1 0.2 6.0 0.6 15.9 0.4 12.6 1.2 10.0 26.3 59.7 29.0 56.6 0.6 11.0 1.0 14.5 2.2 17.5 1.9 13.4 38.5 34.5 2.0 16.4 1.4 15.3 40.3 37.2 Li + Ln + NaCl; 280C O 95.4 0.5 O 0.22 26.35 9.5 86.6 0.10 1.9 0.25 25.3 4.5 0.3 24.0 19.1 75.4 0.25 30.9 59.9 0.58 6.9 0.4 22.6 0.5 21.2 38.7 47.0 1.23 10.3 44.8 31.6 2.81 15.2 1.3 19.3 3.6 15.8 41.5 17.7 6.56 22.1 32.5 10.0 ll.Ocrit. 32.5 10.0 ll.Ocrit. L, Wt. % I L, Wt. % L + NaCl; 280C 55.18 38.42 0.15 56.48 1 10.35 3.98 41.16 48.84 0.36 55.77 11.41 3.97 66.42 19.79 0.69 51.31 4.60 6.49 52.41 32.03 0.96 38.54 13.58 8.26 65.12 8.80 2.39 36.54 8.65 9.95 53.86 23.08 2.13 29.35 5.29 13.0 B = C2H6O, Ethyl alcohol; C = C7H6O2, Benzoic acid; D = CyH9NO2, Ammonium benzoate ( 26 * 5 ). B = C2H6O, Ethyl alcohol; C = AgNO 3 ; D = KNO 3 ( 27 ) t = 3O0C; Wt. ratio B/A = 51.6/48.4 Wt. % S o l i d W t . % Solid C I D phase C | D phase 37\Ö Ö C ïëTs 4.11Ì 36.9 2.62 C + CD 5.15 4.55 D 21.3 4.26 D + CD O 4.8 J

B = C2H6O, Ethyl alcohol; C = NaCl; D = Na2SO4 ( 28 > Wt. % B I Wt. % D I Wt. % C Na2SO4-IOH2O + NaCl; 150C O 5.64 23.39 7.13 3.5 20.8 8.81 3.47 20.25 Na2SO4.1OH2O + Na2SO4 + NaCl; 150C 9.78 2.96 [ 19.94 Na2SO4 + NaCl; 150C 10.11 2.92 19.76 2.06 18.63 13.69 1.78 17.98 15.35 24.77 0.85 14.93 45.42 0.15 8.48 73.86 0.008 2.05 Na2SO4-IOH2O + Na2SO4; 150C 21.45 1.25 14.79 0.68 11.41 30.91 41.90 0.23 7.65 57.64 0.03 2.67 72.0 0.03 O

29

Na2SO4; 150C

43.25 61.87

0.22 8.24 0.03 2.79 0 Na2SO4-IOH2O + Na2SO4; 25 C O 15.22 13.78 6.24 10.10 11.82 11.84 6.41 10.42 20.33 3.26 7.95 29.44 1.51 5.40 37.62 0.69 3.35 53.0 0.4 O Na2SO4 + NaCl; 250C O 6.85 22.85 2.41 19.97 10.69 1.26 17.11 19.09 1.07 16.46 21.03 31.03 0.57 13.20 37.62 0.34 11.48 37.88 0.34 11.12 57.30 0.005 5.88 O 2.52 72.68 Na2SO4; 250C 36.96 0.60 4.79 20.93 2.53 9.35 Na2SO4 + NaCl; 350C O 6.14 23.44 9.88 2.34 20.57 17.72 1.30 17.86 28.35 0.67 14.35 0.45 12.08 36.12 55.52 0.056 6.05 79.94 0.019 1.39 B = C2H6O, Ethyl alcohol; C = NaCl; D = Na 2 CO 3 (3) Li, Wt. % I Lu, Wt. % B I C I D I B C I D Li + Ln + Na2CO3.1OH2O; 3O0C 44.8 O 1.38 3.41 O 26.14 48.5 1.01 1.21 2.93 1.15 26.38 0 Li + Ln + Na2CO3-IOH2O + Na2CO3.7H2O; 3O C 50.65 I 1.39 I 1.0 3.59 1.63 | 25.5 Li + Ln + Na2CO3.7H2O; 3O0C 53.2 I 3.07 I 0.61 | 3.07 5.14 | 24.0 Li + Lu + Na2CO3.7H2O + Na 2 CO 3 -H 2 O; 3O0C 54.92 I 4.03 I 0.59 | 4.79 | 6.51 | 19.45

)

B = C 2 H 6 O; C = NaCl; D = Na2CO3.-(Continued) Li, Wt. % I Lu, Wt. % B I C I D I B I C I D Li + Ln + Na2CO3-H2O; 3O0C 52.15 4.62 0.56 4.89 7.16 19.21 43.5 6.78 1.41 7.31 9.02 16.42 34.6 8.42 3.39 12.29 10.81 12.11 25.7 10.32 5.60 crit. 25.74 10.32 5.60crit. Li, Wt. % H Li, Wt. % Lr + Lu (no solid phase); 3O0C 23.14 9.04 6.69 crit.ll 16.10 O 10.84crit. 18.94 3.29 8.62 crit.|| L + Na2CO3-IOH2O + Na2CO3.7H2O; 3O0C 2.52 1.85 I 25.9 || 51.7 | 1.30 | 0.66 L + Na2C03.7H20 + Na2CO3-H2O; 3O0C 4.15 7.20 j 19.5 64.7 1.72 0.36 59.3 2.83 I 0.44 L + Na2CO3-H2O + NaCl; 3O0C O 14.13 18.0 I 42.0 9.3 1.08 9.06 15.47 10.1 61.8 4.63 0.41 21.0 13.9 6.02 L + Na2CO3-H2O; 3O0C 69.23 3.03 ? 84.9 0.89 78.1 1.18 94.4 0.19 B = C2H6O, Ethyl alcohol; C = NaBr; D = Na 2 CO 3 (3) Li, Wt. % I Ln, Wt. % B C I D B I C I D Li + Lu (critical curve) [no solid phaselj 3O0C 15.6 6.82 10.6 15.9 3.34 10.7 16.1 O 10.8 Li + Ln + Na2CO3.10H2O; 3O0C 44.81 O 1.38 3.41 O 26.1 41.8 2.20 1.62 3.06 1.02 25.7 37.7 5.00 2.02 3.69 2.93 24.6 36.7 5.47 2.11 3.70 3.84 24.2 Li + Lu + Na2CO3-IOH2O + Na52CO3^H2O; 3O0C 34.4 I 6.66 I 2.65 | 3.78 | 4.67 | 22.9 Li + Ln + Na2C03.7H20; 3O0C 33.1 7.45 2.72 4.02 4.96 22.8 29.7 8.9 3.64 5.47 6.51 21.0 22.7 10.0 6.3 8.15 8.52 17.1 15.2 10.8 10.4crit. Li, Wt. % I Li, Wt. % L + Na2CO3-IOH2O + Na2CO3.7H2O; 3O0C 2.58 4.82 24.4 46.3 3.79 0.82 O 0.53 39.4 5.98 1.42 55.7 L + Na2CO3.7H2O + Na2CO3-H2O; 3O0C 10.3 17.2 11.0 49.2 11.5 0.39 21.2 16.9 5.27 62.8 6.09 0.26 34.6 15.3 1.33 73.1 O 0.11 L + Na2C03.H20 + Na2CO3; 3O0C 73.7 I 10.12 ?* u 84.3 ] 5.26 | ? L + Na2CO3-H2O + NaBr.2H2O; 3O0C 8.23 42.7 1.15 II 21.05 36.9 0.41 14.21 39.8 0.69 || 27.8 33.9 0.23 L + Na2CO3-H2O; 3O0C 20.7 36.3 0.54 52.0 21.7 ? 40.6 26.9 ?* L + Na2CO3; 3O0C 59.3 I 18.5 I ?* u 78.2 10.0 | ? L + Na2CO3-H2O + Na2CO3 + NaBr.2H2O; 3O0C 54.7 I 21.0 ' I I I * NaaCOa concentration negligibly small.

B = C2H6O, Ethyl alcohol; C = NaI; D = Na2CO3 (3)

B

16.1 16.5 13.86 11.62 9.56 41.75 29.7 24.9 22.1 9.56

O 9.04 19.31

O 10.5 21.1

41.6 64.0 48.3 L 4.99

Li, Wt. % Ln, Wt. % I C D B C I D 0 LI + Lu (critical curve); 3O C O 10.84 3.01 10.91 5.35 11.4 8.02 13.4 9.47 16.3 LI + Ln + Na2CO3JOH2O; 3O0C 3.98 1.41 2.47 0.67 25.53 8.67 3.47 3.60 4.80 23.28 9.75 4.75 6.06 7.91 21.27 10.54 5.63 9.52 9.20 17.73 9.47 16.26crit. Li, Wt. % || Li, Wt. % L + Na2CO3-IOH2O + Na2CO3.7H2O; 3O0C 9.3 24.3 29.59 11.1 2.49 11.4 14.5 48.86 4.62 0.47 O 0.43 12.1 6.61 55.70 0 L + Na2CO3.7H2O + Na2CO3-H2O; 3O C 25.4 15.3 36.4 19.4 0.74 27,1 6.61 55.1 9.8 0.40 25.3 3.00 73.1 O 0.11 L + Na2CO3-H2O + Na2CO3; 3O0C 37.4 ?* H 20.0 51.5 22.8 Il L + Na2CO3 + NaI.2H20; 3O0C I 40.4 I ?* [I 31.0 | 47.2 | + Na2CO3-H2O + Na2CO3 + NaI.2H2O; 3O0C I 61.6 I ?* I] I I

* Na2COs concentration negligibly small.

B = C2H6O, Ethyl alcohol; C1 = KOH; C2 = KCl; D = K 2 CO 3 ; at 3O0C (32). B = C3H6O, Acetone; C = CuCl 2 ; D = NaCl («) Li, Wt. %

B

I

C

~

J

D

Ln, Wt. %

B

I

c

D

0

19.00 20.20 22.65 23.10 27.50 29.90 41

O 8.8 11.9 22.9

29.1 38.0

L1 + Ln + NaCl; 3O C O 18.50 84.2 O 0.41 3.3 16.60 80.85 1.55 1.66 10.7 12.10 68.20 4.43 3.55 11.2 11.53 64.10 5.07 4.03 13.4 10.60 54.60 8.26 5.60 13.8 10.55 53.50 8.40 5.40 12 8 crit. 41 12 8 crit. L1, Wt. % I Li, Wt. % L + CuCl2.2H20 + NaCl; 3O0C 36.86 10.25 32.5 27.95 5.90 35.60 7.45 57.7 16.40 3.72 34.70 6.70 70.7 9.60 4.00 31.00 5.94 80.6 4.67 3.50 L + NaCl; 3O0C 18.7 5.78 44.5 18.9 5.30 20.9 4.09 61.4 10.35 4.30

B = C3H8O3, Glycerol; C = C6H6O, Phenol; D = NH4A1(SO4)2.12H2O. At ca. 2O0C, a solution saturated with D has 18.5% B, 3.09% C and 4.43% D (*<>).

B = C3H8O3, Glycerol; C = Alkaloids; D = H3BO3 Solution before saturation contains 50 g B and variable quantities of D per 100 cm3. Solubility of C in g/100 cm3 soin. (*) ^T-—-Î_^/100cm3

3

Eserine, Ci5H2IN2O3 Morphine, C n Hi 9 NO 3 Cocaine, C17H2iNO4 Atropine, Ci 7 H 23 NO 3 Codeine, Ci8H21NO3 Quinine, C20H24N2O2 Strychnine, C 2 iH 22 N 2 O 2 . . . Veratrine, C32H49NO9

2.5 5.5 8 10 4

5

7 65

20 3.5 6

15.3

40

B = C6H6O, Phenol; C = C7H3O, o- + m- + p-Cresols (*» 22). For temperatures of formation of two liquid phases in mixtures of phenol with aqueous solutions of various organic and inorganic compounds, v. ( 7 > 8 > 9). B = C2H3ClO2, Chloroacetic acid; C = CaC4H4O6, Tartrate; D = KC2H2ClO2, Chloroacetate. Solubilities of Ca tartrate at 250C (17). B = CaC4H4O6, Tartrate; C = KCl; D = KC2H3O2, Acetate. Solubilities of Ca tartrate at 250C ( 17 ). NON-AQUEOUS SYSTEMS

C2H4O2

15

Acetic acid B = C4H6O3, Acetic anhydride, C = C7H7NO, Benzamide; D = B = C4H10O, Ethyl ether; C = HgI2; D = KI (") C9H9NO2, Acetylbenzoylimide ( 19 ) Mixtures consist of x M % of 1:1 (A + D) with 100-z M % 1: 1 Li, Wt. % I Ln, Wt. % Lm, Wt. % (B+ C) B | C | D | B | C | D | B C | D 0 0 0 x % I C ± 1° Il x % I C + 1° LI + LU + LUI (no solid phase) ; 2O C Solid C Solid D 88.3* 6.2 2.1 23.4 30.8 16.7 23.4 | 30.8 | 16.7 O 90 40 ca. 50 87.9f 6.2 2.2 23.2 30.9 16.6 <-just disappears-> 10 86 50 58 87.0 6.8 2.2 28.5 30.6 15.8 18.4 32.4 | 18.5 20 78 60 66 86.7f 6.8 2.3 33.3 29.4 14.3 <- disappears-» 30 66 70 72 <- disappears f-> 37.7 30.1 13.2 12.8 33.0 20.3 35 58 80 77 85.4 7.7 2.7 38.7 28.7 13.1 12.9 32.9 20.5 39 ca. 50 90 81 85.4 7.5 2.7 39.4 28.8 12.5 12.9 32.6 20.8 j 100 84 77.5 12.8 4.1 47.7 26.6 10.3 12.4 34.2 21.9 78.2 11.2 4.5 49.1 25.9 10.3 10.7 34.5 2 2 . 2 B = C4H6O3, Acetic anhydride; C = C7H5N, Benzonitrile; 68.9 16.6 5.8 58.0 21.9 8.8 10.1 35.9 22.4D = C7H7NO, Benzamide; E = C 9 H 9 NO 2 , Acetylbenzoylimide 69.2 16.8 6.0 58.6 21.6 8.7 9.8 34.7 23.0 (19). See Figure, p. 429. 64.3| 19.2 7.1 64.3 19.2 7.1 10.0 35.2 22.4 B

76.6 44.5 32.7 23.7 9.0 96.2 95.8 86.1 77.0 73.5 69.4 94.7 99.2 93.8 95.4

O 9.4 19.1 35.4 39.0

Li, Wt. % I Ln, Wt. % I C D B I C D Li + Ln H- KHgI3.H2O; 2O0C 14.0 5.3 0.6 51.0 36.4 33.8 14.1 1.4 51.7 33.7 39.6 17.6 2.4 50.3 32.4 42.8 19.7 2.9 49.5 31.7 47.2 26.6crit. 9.0 47.2 26.6crit. LI + Ln + HgI2; 2O0C 1.6 0.2 12.4 10.5 3.5 1.9 0.3 18.3 15.5 4.4 8.7 1.4 50.7 26.5 5.2 14.0 2.5 60.0 22.9 4.3 15.6 3.0 63.0 21.5 4.0 17.9 3.1 69.4 17.9 3.1 L + Ln + KI + KHgI3; 2O0C I 3.0 I 1.2 0.6 51.1 | 38.5 Li + Ln + KI; 2O0C I ca. O I 0.4 | 3.7 1 ca. O | 55.6 Li + Ln + HgI2 + KHgI3; 2O0C 4.3 1.1 «-disappears-» 3.2 1.0 28.8 54.3 15.6 «— disappears—» 24.8 58.2 17.0 Li, Wt. % Il Li, Wt. % Li + HgI2 + KHgI3.H2O; 2O0C 50.3 26.7 45.1 41.0 50.7 22.1 52.6 34.6 50.1 17.0 73.8 19.2 46.0 12.1 84.6 12.0 44.0 11.2 Il

9.5 8.6 4.5 1.5

* Critical concentration, LU = LIU. t Phase disappears without necessarily becoming identical with another phase; not a critical point. J Critical concentration, LI = LU.

C2H3N

~

Acetonitrile B = C 2 H 4 O 2 , Acetic acid; C = C2H5NO, Acetamide; D = C4H6O3* Acetic anhydride ( 20 ) Mixtures consist of x M % of 1:1 (A + B) with 100-z M % 1:1 (C+D) 0 x % I 0C ± 1° Il x % C ± 1° Il * % I 0C + 1° Solid C Solid BC2 (?) Solid B O 50 ca. 32 -22 ca. 58 -29.5 10 37 35 -21.5 60 -26.5 20 +18 40 -22 70 -14.5 30 -14 50 -25 80 -6 ca. 32 -22 ca. 58 -29.5 90 -0.5 100 +2.5 LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) (i) Baroni and Berlinetto, 476, 60: 193; 11. (2) Bronsted, 7, 78: 284; 12. (3) Cocheret, Diss., Leiden, 1911. ( 4 ) Dawson and Mountfort, 4, 113: 932; 18. (5) Dennis and Bridgman, 1, 40: 1531; 18. ( 6 ) Dubrisay, 34, 153: 1076; 11. ( 7 ) Dubrisay, 34, 172: 1658; 21. (*) Dubrisay, 14,17: 222; 22. ( 9 ) Dubrisay and Toquet, 27, 25: 354; 19. (10) Dunlop, 347, 85: 6; 10. (U) Dunningham, 4, 105: 724, 2623; 14. (") Ephraim and Mosimann, 25, 55: 1608; 22. (13) Fontein, 7, 73: 212; 10. (14) Frankfurter and Cohen, I1 36: 1103; 14. 38: 1136; 16. ( 1S ) Frankforter and Frary, 50, 17: 402; 13. ( 1 ^) Hatcher and Skirrow, Jf, 39 : 1939; 17. (17) Henderson and Taylor, 50, 20: 663; 16. («) Jacobs, Diss., Leiden, 1914. (19) Kremann, Rosier and Penkner, 57, 43: 145; 22. 20 ( ) Kremann, Zoff and Oswald, 57, 43: 139; 22. ( 2 I) McHutchison and Wright, 54, 34: 781T; 15. ( 2 2 ) Masse and Leroux, 87, 21: 2; 17. ( 2 3) Osaka, Shima and Yoshida, 429, 7: 69; 24. (24) Parsons and Corliss, 1, 32: 1367; 10. ( 2 S) Pratolongo, 22, 22 I: 387; 13. ( 26 ) Schreinemakers, 7, 59: 641; 07. (26-5) Schreinemakers, 64P, 10: 817; 08. (27) Schreinemakers, 7, 65: 553; 09. ( 28 ) Schreinemakers, 18, 15: 80; 10. ( 29 ) Schreinemakers and de Baat, 7, 67: 551; 09. ( 30 ) Sorensen, Sorensen and Linderstrom-Lang, 14, 16: 283; 21. (31) Thin and Cumming, 4, 107: 361; 15. (32) Wahl, Dias., Leiden, 1910.

OSMOTIC PRESSURE W. E. GARNER In this section are included data on osmotic pressure obtained by direct measurement. With few exceptions, only those pressures are given which are generated by solutions of pure substances when separated from the pure solvent by a semipermeable membrane. Where appreciable amounts of diffusion have occurred or the solution is not opposed by the pure solvent, this is indicated

in the tables. Wherever possible the pressures are expressed in normal atmospheres and the concentrations of the solutions in gram formula weights per 1000 g of the solvent (M/1000) in terms of the table of atomic weights, Vol. I, p. 43. Where the pressures measured are small they are given in mm Hg. Values are given to the last significant figure for which relative accuracy can be claimed.

SOLUTIONS IN WATER MAINLY WITH COPPER FERROCYANIDE MEMBRANES Ci2H22On, SUCROSE, 342.2, P0Sm. IN ATM. (*i) ^7!7lr^^^-__ M/10UÖ

~^—•—-_^_ ^

O

5

10

15

20

25

30

40

50

2.47

2.52

2.56

2.61

2.65

2.50

2.58

2.66

60

70

0.1

(2.48)

0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7

4.76 4.86 4.93 5.03 5.11 5.19 5.09 5.21 5.32 5.48 7.14 7.26 7.39 7.54 7.67 7.79 7.71 7.91 8.04 8.21 9.52 9.69 9.87 10.03 10.22 10.38 10.38 10.69 10.81 10.96 12.00 12.20 12.40 12.65 12.86 13.05 13.09 13.47 13.62 13.78 14.11 14.50 14.73 14.98 15.27 15.52 15.76 15.85 16.28 16.46 16.67 16.96 17.03 17.35 17.65 17.97 18.29 18.59 18.66 19.10 19.37 19.57 19.74

0.8 0.9 I1O

19.65 22.32 25.05

19.99 22.68 25.51

20.34 23.09 25.92

20.72 23.51 26.42

21.09 23.93 26.87

21.44 24.34 27.29

21.56 24.44 27.47

21.99 24.95 27.94

22.31 25.35 28.46

80

2.74

22.52 25.50 28.63

22.76 25.79 28.87

23.26 26.14 29.07

OSMOTIC PRESSURE W. E. GARNER In this section are included data on osmotic pressure obtained by direct measurement. With few exceptions, only those pressures are given which are generated by solutions of pure substances when separated from the pure solvent by a semipermeable membrane. Where appreciable amounts of diffusion have occurred or the solution is not opposed by the pure solvent, this is indicated

in the tables. Wherever possible the pressures are expressed in normal atmospheres and the concentrations of the solutions in gram formula weights per 1000 g of the solvent (M /1000) in terms of the table of atomic weights, Vol. I, p. 43. Where the pressures measured are small they are given in mm Hg. Values are given to the last significant figure for which relative accuracy can be claimed.

SOLUTIONS IN WATER MAINLY WITH COPPER FERROCYANIDE MEMBRANES Ci2H22Ou, SUCROSE, 342.2, P061n. IN ATM. (^1) rr^r M/100Q

-JH__^ 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 T1O

•

^_

O

5

10

15

20

25

30

40

50

60

70

80

(2.48) 4.76 7.14 9.52 12.00 14.50 17.03 19.65 22.32 25.05

2A7 4.86 7.26 9.69 12.20 14.73 17.35 19.99 22.68 25.51

2.52 4.93 7.39 9.87 12.40 14.98 17.65 20.34 23.09 25.92

2.56 5.03 7.54 10.03 12.65 15.27 17.97 20.72 23.51 26.42

2.61 5.11 7.67 10.22 12.86 15.52 18.29 21.09 23.93 26.87

2.65 5.19 7.79 10.38 13.05 15.76 18.59 21.44 24.34 27.29

2.50 5.09 7.71 10.38 13.09 15.85 18.66 21.56 24.44 27.47

2.58 5.21 7.91 10.69 13.47 16.28 19.10 21.99 24.95 27.94

2.66 5.32 8.04 10.81 13.62 16.46 19.37 22.31 25.35 28.46

2.74 5.48 8.21 10.96 13.78 16.67 19.57 22.52 25.50 28.63

14.11 16.96 19.74 22.76 25.79 28.87

23.26 26.14 29.07

Ci 2 H 22 On, 342.2, Posm. IN ATM. — (Continued) M/10000.1 0.3 0.6

1.0 2.0 3.0

4.0

Super5.0 6.0 satd.

O0C (7) 2.256.9114.2224.7654.9] 90.0129.7 3O0C 58.6 95.8141.2193

268.8

(23, 35)

57.70C

62.5 101.5 145.4 195.9 248

(23, 35)

C6H12O6, GLUCOSE, 180.09, P061n. IN ATM. (39, 40)

^Boc^ 0.1 .2 .3 .4 .5

° 2.42 4.69 7.07 9.38 11.75

10

23

10

° 2.41 2.41)^Ò5^| 0.6 14.13*14.43 4.80 4.79 .7 16.51 16.84 7.17 7.21 .8 18.92 19.20 9.60 9.64 .9 21.42 21.56 12.0112.14 1.0 23.78*23.99

23

14.5 17.0 19.4 21.8 24.3

* Berkeley and Hartley's data (v.infra) give 13.4 and 22.9, resp.

M/1000 Atm., O0C

C6HnO6CH3, «-METHYL GLUCOSIDE ( 7 ) Ï 1 2 3 25.0 53.8 86.4

4 120.2

C6Hi2Oe, GALACTOSE (6) g/1 Atm., O0C

250 35.5

380 62.8

C6Hi2O6, GLUCOSE (6) 99.8 199.5 319.2 13.2 29.2 53.2

g/1 Atm., O0C

505 95.8

448.6 87.9

548.6 121.2

C6HuO6, MANNITOL (6) g/1 Atm., O0C

ÏÔÔ 13.1

ÏÎ5 14.6

Ï25 16.7

C6Hi4O6, Isodulcitol, M/1000 = 2, P061n. (O0C) = 54.8 atm. (7). C6H6O, PHENOL, 94.06, 3O0C (24) M/1000 P081n

0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 5~8 0.9 1.462.84[S.935.126.407.628.82 10.05 11.28

Substance Amygdalin Antipyrine Resorcinol

|

Saccharin

Formula | M/1000 [ t, 0C | Atm. | Lit. C20H27NOn 0.0219 O 0.474 I (21) CnHi 2 N 2 O 0.0530 O 1.18 ( 21 ) C6H6O2 0.0097 11 0.207 (31) 0.0100 16 0.206 C7H5NO3S 0.0029 17 0.075 (31)

OSMOTIC PRESSURE OF COLLOIDS Substance Dextrin Gum arabic Egg albumen Gelatin. Horse hemoglobin Cow hemoglobin Sodium caseinogenate Hemoglobins

| Wt. % 1 [ 1 \ 6 [ 18 1.25 1.5 5.27 10.8 3.23 8.0*

| f, 0C | mm Hg | Lit. 15.9 166 (43) 15.2 69 (.43) 15.5 259 15.6 1193 room 22.4 (50) room 8.2 (50) room 58.75 (50) room 109.0 (50) 25 313 (5) 11 334 (38) (1)

* Solutions nearly neutral.

GELATIN, t = 20°; COLLODION MEMBRANE (11J Gelatin | Wt. % | mm Hg Dhéré and Gorgolewski 0.152 TOO Sadikoff 0.169 2.30 7.9 Moerner 0.232

GELATIN.—(Continued) Gelatin j Wt. % Faust 0.17 Dryplate Sleussner 0.17 Technical 1 0.174 2 0.157 3 0.145 4 0.123 5 0.118

| mm Hg 2.28 2.86 1.61 2.07 3.07 3.16 3.58

/^-DEXTRIN, t — 25°; COLLODION MEMBRANE (13) Solubility 1.76% at 22° Wt. % 0.0452 0.0818 0.158 0.321 I 0.513 mm Hg 5.70 8.24 12.7 15.8 | 18.7 DEXTRIN (KAHLBAUM PURIFIED), t — 25°; COLLODION MEMBRANE

O*) Wt. % 0.076 0.125 0268 0.445 0.663Ì 1.02 1.675 mm Hg 3.47 5.75 | 8.1 1 0 . 4 . 1 2 . 3 13.1 |15.0 For other dextrins, see (38). CONGO RED, M. W., 696.5 t = 25° (i 5 ) I t = 25° ( 5 ) l t = 17° (*8) M/1000 1 I mm Hg | M/1000 11 mm Hg | M/1000 1 1 mm Hg 0.306 7.07 1.12 24 4.97 88.7 0.619 13.5 2.23 45 5.13 89.0 0.907 17.3 4.46 106 6.15 106.0 1.25 27.6 8.93 176 7.05 120 1.59 33.2 17.86 326 8.10 145 1.87 42.1 35.7 625 10.05 171.7 Initially against pure 55.6 1020 18.3 310 water; collodion 71.4 1220 37.5 603 membrane. 72.0 1139 86.6 1363 Parchment membrane. Against pure water Osmotic pressure of a solution of congo red at 28.5°, 123 mm Hg; at 62°, 138 mm Hg, parchment membrane (5) ~ ~ T I " " f M/10001 2.84 0.997 Lit. Chicago Blue, 25°; parchment. . { — —— — — { Poem, mm Hg 93 35 (5) 250C, initially against pure water, collodion (12) Chicago Blue KongoreinTuchrot G. A. Brilliantkongo 6B blau „T, mm „T, mm ~ r . mm TTr, _ mm wt. % Hg wt. % Hg wt. % Hg wt. % Hg 0.013 3.3 0.027 6.1 0.023 7.8 0.028 8.6 0.0275 6.0 0.050 15.7 0.043 14.8 0.045 15.0 0,029 7.1 0.0475 18.4 0.045 15.6 0.073 26.5 0.0325 8.5 0.063 22.8 0.066 23.2 0.087 29.2 0.082 21.3 0.076 29.9 0.078 27.3 0.105 22.5 For results on benzopurpurine, primuline, and commercial dyes, see ( 5 ) and ( 12 ). For the effect of electrolytes on the osmotic pressure of dyestuffs, see (5>12,15,18). Wt. % mm H20

Fe2Cl6-14OFe2O3 IRON HYDROXIDE SOL. (I*) 0.15 0.20 0.40 0.80 I 1.84 2.0 5.5 20 70 220

THORIUM HYDROXIDE SOL. Wt. % 0.40 ÖTS6 0 7 9 7 T T O 2770 4~03 mm H20 2.5 13 47 115 240 430 Data are also given for copper ferrocyanide, prussian blue, gum arabic and dialyzed caramel.

0.2686 5.96 2.152 52.32 K ferricyanide 0.1215* 7.58 0.5894* 32.39 0.8509* 47.61 Ca ferricyanide 0.0365 2.56 0.0483 3.23 0.1232 8.68 0.1863 14.33 150C (2) M /1000 1 H2O K2SO4 25.0 50.0 KNO3 25.0 50.0 200.0 KI 25.0 ! 50.0 100.0 * g-mol per 1.

Atm. 1.09 2.01 0.93 1.60 4.50 0.92 1.80 3.37

Piqn n w ÛbU 4 (IOy;

Dil M w

1

24()

DiI

1

2

4 ^ 96 84 61282 724

1Q5 97 5

2.49 4.15 8.3016.60

M w

274

192

176

TfcPl f90K K jjau,û».d;

Dil M w

226

*

240

5

323

• R - q n4 Mu/*.*; -74/n ^JoU

Dil M w

2 10 20 40 80 160 97 3 68 5 64 5 61 7

10

163

20

321

160

40

323

For the osmotic pressure of salt solutions, K and Na salts, nitrates, sulfates, salts of organic acids, alums, etc., see Adie (2), König and Hasenbaumer (30) and Pfeffer ( 43 ); for camphorates, naphthionates, benzenesulfonates, o-nitrobenzoates, silicofluorides, cobalticyanides and other salts, see Berkeley and Hartley (7). Adie's and Pfeffer's results are uncertain by several %; deviations between similar experiments often occur of the order of 10%. Those of Berkeley and Hartley (6> 7) show variations of 1-2%. ADDITIONAL DATA Aqueous Solutions of Non-colloids. —Antipyrine ( 42 ); electrolytes ( 25 > 30); glycerol ( 42 ); mannitol ( 42 ); membranes of chemically inert substances (10); salicin ( 42 ); sucrose ( 3 > 44 > 48). Colloidal Solutions. —Arsenious sulfide ( 33 ); gelatin ( 37 ); gums ( 37 ); hemoglobins (*» 26 > 45 ); influence of electrolytes on osmotic pressure of colloids ( 32 ); proteins ( 34 > 36 > 47 ); serum proteins ( 46 ); starch (37). OSMOTIC PRESSURES IN PYRIDINE, 25°, CAOUTCHOUC MEMBRANE (29)

Cn CO

fcO 05

Cn O

HM

H-I H-* <ï H-i H-

Oi ^ co

H- i—1 OO CO CX) to O5 CO

r-^ IO

0> Hâ co

I-* fcO fcO

H-I

S

O g

H-* OO Cn M 05 fcO

Values of theoretical (cale.) and observed osmotic pressures in cm Hg M/l |0.200|0.150|0.125|0.100|0.075|0.050|0.025 Cale I 372 I 279 I 232 I 186 I 139 I 93 | 46

Q^ I

Mg ferrocyanide 0.2343 6.20 0.3241 8.70 K ferrocyanide 0.0412 2.93 0.0824 5.41 0.1529 9.19 0.2416 13.52 0.3688 19.25 Na ferrocyanide 0.0745 5.33 0.1163 7.83 0.1667 10.69 0.2305 14.23 0.2950 17.69 Sr ferrocyanide 0.1596 3.40 0.3361 6.18 0.4642 8.59 0.6197 12.04 a-Tetramethylammonium ferrocyanide

M/1000 1 Atm. H2O KHCO3 25.0 0.63 50.0 1.17 100.0 2.03 KClO3 50.0 I 1.73 KC2H3O2 50.0 I 1.26 K2C2O4 25.0 1.31 50.0 2.26 KHSO3 25.0 1 0.79 K2C4H4O6 25.0 1.17 50.0 2.30 K(SbO)C4H4O6 25.0 0.75 50.0 1.35 KA1(S04)2.12H20 12.5 1.08 25.0 2.04 KCr (SO4)2. 12H2O 12.5 1.10 25.0 2.27 K4Fe(CN)6 12.5 0.93 50.0 3.47 K6Co2(CN)12 12.5 1.76 25.0 3.0 K formate 50.0 I 1.25 K acetate 50.0 I 1.54 K propionate 50.0 1 1.62 K benzoate 50.0 I 1.95 K oxalate 50.0 I 2.26 NaNO3 25.0 0.60 50.0 1.69 100.0 3.11 Na2S2O3 50.0 I 2.21 Na2HPO4 25.0 1.50 50.0 1.82 Na citrate 25.0 2.12 50.0 4.32 (NH4)2S04 25.0 1.30 50.0 2.64

tr |> op

M/1000 Atm. Ca ferrocyanide 0.1024 2.54 0.2422 5.34 0.4182 9.20 0.6030 14.65 0.7470 20.33 1.075 41.22 1.353 70.84 1.469 87.09 1.617 112.84 1.711 130.66

KPl (7* XIAÛ /*.o; to

Obs.

150C ( 2 )

O0C (»» 9)

MOLECULAR WEIGHTS (M. W.) CALCULATED FROM22OSMOTIC PRESSURES AT VARIOUS DILUTIONS (1/M) ( )

1

OSMOTIC PRESSURE OF ELECTROLYTES WITH COPPER FERROCYANIDE MEMBRANE

NITROCELLULOSE IN ACETONE, 25°, COLLODION MEMBRANE ( 20 ) g/1 11.163.658.3318.8 46.2 67.2106.3141 CmH 2 0 0.622.688.025.4105 210 502 963 OTHER NON-AQUEOUS SOLVENTS Ether, water and glycerol mixtures ( 27 ). Lithium chloride in ethyl alcohol with gutta percha membrane ( 4 ). Pyridine solutions and caoutchouc membranes ( 17 > 28 » 49). Rubber solutions ( 16 ). LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) (i) Adair, 6, 108: 627; 25. (2) Adie, 4, 59 : 344; 91. (3) Barlow, 20I1 13 : 229; 05. (4) Barlow, 3, 11: 595; 06. (5) Bayliss, O, 84: 229; 11. (6) Berkeley and Hartley, 62, 206: 481; 06. (7) Berkeley and Hartley, 6, 92: 477; 16. (8) Berkeley, Hartley and Burton, 68, 209: 177; 09. (») Berkeley, Hartley and Stephenson, 68, 209: 319; 09. (10) Bigelow and Robinson, 60, 22: 153; 18. (U) Biltz, 7, 91: 705; 16. (") Biltz and Pfenning, 7, 77: 91; 11. (13) Biltz and Truthe, 25, 46: 1377; 13. (i*) Biltz and Truthe, 7, 83: 683; 13. («) Biltz and Vegesack, 7, 73: 481; 10. ( 16 ) Caspari, 4, 105: 2139; 14. (IT) Cohen and Crommelin, 7, 64: 1; 08. (i«) Donnan and Harris, 4, 99 : 1554; 11. (1») Duclaux, 42, 7: 405; 09. (20) Duclaux and Wollman, 34, 152: 1580; 11. (21) Flusin, 84, 132: 1110; 01. (22) Fouard, 87, 11: 249; 12. (23) Frazer and Myrick, 1, 38: 1907; 16. (24) Grollman and Frazer, 1, 45 : 1705; 23. (25) Hammersten and Hammersten, 19, 8: No. 27; 23. (2«) Hüfner and Gansser, 203, 1907: 209. (27) Jakovkin, 7, 67: 309; 09. (28) Kahlenberg, 00, 10: 141; 06. 13: 93; 09. (29) Koenig, 60, 22: 461; 18.

(30) Koenig and Hasenbaumer, 92, 22: 1009; 09. (3 *) Ladenburg, 25, 22: 1225; (4°) Morse, Frazer and Rogers, 11, 37: 558; 07. (41) Morse, Holland, Myers, Cash and Zinn, 11, 48: 29; 12. (42) Naccari, 22, 6 I: 32; 97. (43) Pfeffer, 89. (32) Lillie, 131, 20: 127; 07. (33) Linder and Picton, 4, 67: 63; 95. Osmotische Untersuchungen. Leipzig, 1877. (44) Ponsot, 84, 125: 867; (34) Loeb, Proteins and the Theory of Colloidal Behavior. New York, McGraw97. 128, 1447; 99. (45) Reid, 289, 31: 438; 04. 33: 12; 05. (*«) Roaf, Hill Book Company, Inc., 1922. (35) Lotz and Frazer, 1, 43: 2501; 21. Quart. J. of Exper. Physiol., 3 : 75; 171; 10. (47) Starling, 289, 24: 317; 99, (36) Moore and Parker, ISl1 7 : 261 ; 02. (37) Moore and Roaf, 230, 2: 34; 07. (48) Tammann, 7, 9: 97; 92. (49) Wilcox, 50, 4: 576; 10. (38) Moore, Roaf and Webster, 280, 6: 110; 11. (3») Morse, Frazer and (50) Zsigmondy, Kolloidchemie, p. 238, 261. Leipzig, Spamer, 1912. Lovelace, H, 37: 324; 07.

THE PROPERTIES OF SURFACES : SURFACE TENSION, SURFACE ENERGY AND RELATED PROPERTIES CONTENTS SYMBOLS, ABBREVIATIONS, EQUATIONS AND UNITS. TENSILE STRENGTH AND ANGLE OF CONTACT.

MATIÈRES SYMBOLES, ABRÉVIATIONS, ÉQUATIONS ET UNITÉS. RÉSISTANCE À LA TENSION ET ANGLE DE CONTACT.

INHALTSVERZEICHNIS ZEICHEN, ABKÜRZUNGEN, GLEICHUNGEN UND EINHEITEN. ZUGFESTIGKEIT UND RANDWINKEL.

Tensile strength and tensile energy. Angle of contact. METHODS OF MEASURING SURFACE TENSION.

Résistance à la tension et énergie de tension. Angle de contact. MÉTHODES DE MESURE DE LA TENSION SUPERFICIELLE.

Zugfestigkeit und Zugenergie.

INTERFACIAL TENSION FOR SOLID-LIQUID AND LIQUID -LIQUID INTERFACES.

TENSION INTERSUPERFICIELLE POUR LES SURFACES COMPRISES ENTRE SOLIDELIQUIDE ET LIQUIDELIQUIDE. Solide—liquide. Liquide—liquide. SURFACE COMPRISE ENTRE GAZ —LIQUIDE. Liquides purs. Métaux. Liquides purs non-métalliques au dessous de O0C. Tous les liquides purs nonmétalliques au dessus de 36O0C et tous les sels fondus à toutes les températures. Liquides purs non-métalliques à des températures intermédiaires, comprenant quelques données au dessous de O0C (resp. au dessus de 360°).

Solid—liquid. Liquid—liquid. INTERFACE, LIQUID—GAS. Pure liquids. Metals. Non-metallic pure liquids below O0C. All pure non-metallic liquids above 36O0C and all fused salts at all temperatures. Non-metallic pure liquids at intermediate temperatures including a few data below O0C (resp. above 360°).

A-£ Table. C-Table. Solutions. Variations of surface tension with age of surface. Effect of nature of gas at the interface. THE PROPERTIES OF THIN FILMS AND OF SURFACE SOLUTIONS.

Table A-». Table d. Solutions. Variations de la tension superficielle avec l'âge de la surface. Effet de la nature du gaz sur la surface. LES

PROPRIÉTÉS DES COUCHES

MINCES

ET

DES

SUPERFICIELLES.

SOLUTIONS

Randwinkel. METHODEN ZUR MESSUNG DER OBERFLÄCHENSPANNUNG. GRENZFLÄCHENSPANNUNGEN FÜR

FEST-FLÜSSIG

UND

FLÜSSIG-FLÜSSIG.

SIMBOLI,

PAGE INDICE ABBREVIAZIONI,

EQUAZIONI E UNITÀ

RESISTENZA SIONE ED CONTATTO.

433

ALLA TENANGOLO DI

Resistenza alla tensione ed energia di tensione. 434 Angolo di contatto 434 METODI PER LA MISURA DELLA TENSIONE SUPERFICIALE 435 TENSIONE ALLE SUPERFICIE DI CONTATTO, SOLIDO-LIQUIDO E LIQUIDO-LIQUID O.

Fest—flüssig. Flüssig—flüssig. GRENZFLÄCHE, GAS—FLÜSSIGKEIT. Reine Flüssigkeiten. Metalle. Nichtmetallische Flüssigkeiten unter O0C. Alle reine nichtmetallische Flüssigkeiten über 36O0C und alle geschmolzene Salze bei allen Temperaturen. Nichtmetallische reine Flüssigkeiten bei dazwischen liegenden Temperaturen einschliesslich einiger weniger Daten unterhalb O0C (bezw. oberhalb 360°). Ä-Ä-Tafeln. OXTafeln. Lösungen. Änderung der Oberflächenspannung mit dem Alter der Oberfläche. Einfluss der Natur des Gases auf die Grenzfläche.

Solido—liquido 436 Liquido—liquido 436 SUPERFICIE DI CONTATTO, GAS LIQUIDO. Liquidi puri. 439 Metalli Liquidi puri non metallici sotto O 0 C. 441 Tutti i liquidi puri non metallici al di sopra di 36O0C e tutti i sali fusi a tutte le temperature 442 Liquidi puri non metallici a temperature intermedie, compresi alcuni dati sotto O0C (e sopra 360°). 446

DIE EIGENSCHAFTEN DÜNNER SCHICHTEN UND DER OBERFLÄCHENLÖSUNGEN.

PROPRIETÀ DELLE PELLICOLE SOTTILI E DELLE SOLUZIONI SUPERFICIALE 475

Tabella 2V-£ Tabella d Soluzioni Modificazioni della tensione superficiale con l'età della superficie.. Effetto della natura del gas alla superficie di contatto

447 448 463 474 474

(30) Koenig and Hasenbaumer, 92, 22: 1009; 09. (3 *) Ladenburg, 25, 22: 1225; (4°) Morse, Frazer and Rogers, 11, 37: 558; 07. (41) Morse, Holland, Myers, Cash and Zinn, 11, 48: 29; 12. (42) Naccari, 22, 6 I: 32; 97. (43) Pfeffer, 89. (32) Lillie, 131, 20: 127; 07. (33) Linder and Picton, 4, 67: 63; 95. Osmotische Untersuchungen. Leipzig, 1877. (44) Ponsot, 84, 125: 867; (34) Loeb, Proteins and the Theory of Colloidal Behavior. New York, McGraw97. 128, 1447; 99. (45) Reid, 289, 31: 438; 04. 33: 12; 05. (*«) Roaf, Hill Book Company, Inc., 1922. (35) Lotz and Frazer, 1, 43: 2501; 21. Quart. J. of Exper. Physiol., 3 : 75; 171; 10. (47) Starling, 289, 24: 317; 99, (36) Moore and Parker, ISl1 7 : 261 ; 02. (37) Moore and Roaf, 230, 2: 34; 07. (48) Tammann, 7, 9: 97; 92. (49) Wilcox, 50, 4: 576; 10. (38) Moore, Roaf and Webster, 280, 6: 110; 11. (3») Morse, Frazer and (50) Zsigmondy, Kolloidchemie, p. 238, 261. Leipzig, Spamer, 1912. Lovelace, H, 37: 324; 07.

THE PROPERTIES OF SURFACES : SURFACE TENSION, SURFACE ENERGY AND RELATED PROPERTIES CONTENTS SYMBOLS, ABBREVIATIONS, EQUATIONS AND UNITS. TENSILE STRENGTH AND ANGLE OF CONTACT.

MATIÈRES SYMBOLES, ABRÉVIATIONS, ÉQUATIONS ET UNITÉS. RÉSISTANCE À LA TENSION ET ANGLE DE CONTACT.

INHALTSVERZEICHNIS ZEICHEN, ABKÜRZUNGEN, GLEICHUNGEN UND EINHEITEN. ZUGFESTIGKEIT UND RANDWINKEL.

Tensile strength and tensile energy. Angle of contact. METHODS OF MEASURING SURFACE TENSION.

Résistance à la tension et énergie de tension. Angle de contact. MÉTHODES DE MESURE DE LA TENSION SUPERFICIELLE.

Zugfestigkeit und Zugenergie.

INTERFACIAL TENSION FOR SOLID-LIQUID AND LIQUID -LIQUID INTERFACES.

TENSION INTERSUPERFICIELLE POUR LES SURFACES COMPRISES ENTRE SOLIDELIQUIDE ET LIQUIDELIQUIDE. Solide—liquide. Liquide—liquide. SURFACE COMPRISE ENTRE GAZ —LIQUIDE. Liquides purs. Métaux. Liquides purs non-métalliques au dessous de O0C. Tous les liquides purs nonmétalliques au dessus de 36O0C et tous les sels fondus à toutes les températures. Liquides purs non-métalliques à des températures intermédiaires, comprenant quelques données au dessous de O0C (resp. au dessus de 360°).

Solid—liquid. Liquid—liquid. INTERFACE, LIQUID—GAS. Pure liquids. Metals. Non-metallic pure liquids below O0C. All pure non-metallic liquids above 36O0C and all fused salts at all temperatures. Non-metallic pure liquids at intermediate temperatures including a few data below O0C (resp. above 360°).

A-£ Table. C-Table. Solutions. Variations of surface tension with age of surface. Effect of nature of gas at the interface. THE PROPERTIES OF THIN FILMS AND OF SURFACE SOLUTIONS.

Table A-». Table d. Solutions. Variations de la tension superficielle avec l'âge de la surface. Effet de la nature du gaz sur la surface. LES

PROPRIÉTÉS DES COUCHES

MINCES

ET

DES

SUPERFICIELLES.

SOLUTIONS

Randwinkel. METHODEN ZUR MESSUNG DER OBERFLÄCHENSPANNUNG. GRENZFLÄCHENSPANNUNGEN FÜR

FEST-FLÜSSIG

UND

FLÜSSIG-FLÜSSIG.

SIMBOLI,

PAGE INDICE ABBREVIAZIONI,

EQUAZIONI E UNITÀ

RESISTENZA SIONE ED CONTATTO.

433

ALLA TENANGOLO DI

Resistenza alla tensione ed energia di tensione. 434 Angolo di contatto 434 METODI PER LA MISURA DELLA TENSIONE SUPERFICIALE 435 TENSIONE ALLE SUPERFICIE DI CONTATTO, SOLIDO-LIQUIDO E LIQUIDO-LIQUID O.

Fest—flüssig. Flüssig—flüssig. GRENZFLÄCHE, GAS—FLÜSSIGKEIT. Reine Flüssigkeiten. Metalle. Nichtmetallische Flüssigkeiten unter O0C. Alle reine nichtmetallische Flüssigkeiten über 36O0C und alle geschmolzene Salze bei allen Temperaturen. Nichtmetallische reine Flüssigkeiten bei dazwischen liegenden Temperaturen einschliesslich einiger weniger Daten unterhalb O0C (bezw. oberhalb 360°). Ä-Ä-Tafeln. OXTafeln. Lösungen. Änderung der Oberflächenspannung mit dem Alter der Oberfläche. Einfluss der Natur des Gases auf die Grenzfläche.

Solido—liquido 436 Liquido—liquido 436 SUPERFICIE DI CONTATTO, GAS LIQUIDO. Liquidi puri. 439 Metalli Liquidi puri non metallici sotto O 0 C. 441 Tutti i liquidi puri non metallici al di sopra di 36O0C e tutti i sali fusi a tutte le temperature 442 Liquidi puri non metallici a temperature intermedie, compresi alcuni dati sotto O0C (e sopra 360°). 446

DIE EIGENSCHAFTEN DÜNNER SCHICHTEN UND DER OBERFLÄCHENLÖSUNGEN.

PROPRIETÀ DELLE PELLICOLE SOTTILI E DELLE SOLUZIONI SUPERFICIALE 475

Tabella 2V-£ Tabella d Soluzioni Modificazioni della tensione superficiale con l'età della superficie.. Effetto della natura del gas alla superficie di contatto

447 448 463 474 474

SURFACE TENSION AND CAPILLARITY: SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS Cgs Units Are Used Throughout

Partout usage des unités cgs

7 Surface tension (or free surface energy).* 7» Interfacial tension between two non-gaseous phases.

7 Tension superficielle (ou énergie superficielle libre).* ji Tension intersuperficielle entre deux phases non-gazeuses. A7 (7 pour une solution) — (7 pour le solvant pur). JM Énergie superficielle libre moléculaire. a2 Constante capillaire ou ' ' cohésion spécifique. ' ' di (resp. dv) Densité du liquide (resp. de la vapeur saturée).

A7 (7 for a solution) — (7 for the pure solvent). Y M Molecular free surface energy. a 2 Capillary constant or " specific cohesion/' di (resp. dv) Density of the liquid (resp. of the saturated vapor). g Acceleration or intensity of gravity at place of observation. h Effective height of capillary rise. k E The Eötvös constant. JIf Molecular weight, O = 16. n The van der Waals constant. r Internal effective radius of capillary. tc (resp. TC) Critical temperature. XA Mole fraction of substance A.

g Accélération ou intensité de la pesanteur au lieu de l'observation. h Hauteur effective de l'ascension capillaire. TÎE Constante d'Eötvös. M Poids moléculaire, O = 16. n Constante de van der Waals. r Rayon interne effectif du tube capillaire. te (resp. T0) Température critique. XA Fraction moléculaire de substance A.

Das Cgs System wird durchwegs benützt 7 Oberflächenspannung (oder freie Oberflächenenergie).* 7t Grenzflächenspannung zwischen zwei nicht gasförmigen Phasen. A7 (7 für eine Lösung) — (7 für ein reines Lösungsmittel). 7M Molekulare freie Oberflächenenergie.

a2 Kapillaritätskonstante oder "spezifische Kohäsion." di (bezw. dv) Dichte der Flüssigkeit (bezw. des gesättigten Dampfes). g Beschleunigung oder Intensität der Schwerkraft am Standortider Beobachtung. ' h Effektive Steighöhe. ks Konstante nach Eötvös. M Molekulargewicht, O = 16. n van der Waals-Konstante. r Effektiver Innenradius der Kapillare. tc (bezw. Tc) Kritische Temperatur. XA Molenbruch des Stoffes A.

Vengono sempre usate le unità cgs 7 Tensione superficiale (o energia libera superficiale). * 74 Tensione alla superficie di contatto tra due fasi non gassose. A7 (7 per la soluzione) — (7 per il solvente puro). 7M Energia libera molecolare di superficie. a2 Costante di capillarità o coesione specifica. di (o dv) Densità del liquido (o del vapore saturo). g Accelerazione o intensità della gravita nel luogo di osservazione. h Altezza effettiva dell'ascensione capillare. k E Costante di Eötvös. M Peso molecolare, O = 16. n Costante di van der Waals. r Raggio interno del capillare. tc (o Tc) Temperatura critica. XA Frazione di grammimolecola della sostanza A.

EXPERIMENTAL METHODS SYMBOL

(I)

METHODS

Method of capillary height or pressure. (II) Drop-weight method. (Ill) Method of maximum bubble pressure. (IV) Method of capillary waves. (V) Method of vibrating jet. (VI) Drop-height method. (VII) Drop-shape method. (VIII) Method of maximum pressure in drops. (IX) Method of Sentis.

SYMBOLES (I)

(IV)

MÉTHODES ZEICHEN Ascension ou pression (I) capillaire. Poids de la goutte. (II) Pression maximum de (III) la bulle. (IV) Ondes capillaires.

METHODEN SIMBOLO Steighöhe oder Kapil- (I) lardruck. (II) Tropfengewicht. für (Ili) Maximaldruck Blasen. Kapillarwellen. (IV)

METODI Innalzamento oppure pressione capillare. Peso della goccia. Pressione massima della bolla. Onde capillari.

(V)

Jet vibrant.

(V)

Vibration.

(V)

Getto capillare.

(VI) (VII) (VIII)

Tropfenhöhe. Tropfengestalt. in Maximaldruck Tropfen. Methode nach Sentis.

(VI) Altezza della goccia. (VII) Forma della goccia. (Vili) Massimo di pressione della goccia. (IX) Metodo,di Sentis.

(II) (III)

(VI) Hauteur de la goutte. (VII) Forme de la goutte. (VIII) P r e s s i o n maximum dans les gouttes. (IX) Méthode de Sentis.

(IX)

* 7 alone means that the liquid or solution was studied in the presence of its own vapor only. 7 (air) means that air was present above the surface of the liquid and that, therefore, the liquid surface was in contact with air, saturated, of course, with the vapor of the liquid, y (air or vapor) means that some measurements were made under each of the above conditions and that the values given are for either within the limits prescribed. 7 (!!2), resp. (N 2 ), states the. medium in which measurements were made, while 7 (?) indicates that the medium was not stated.

EQUATIONS Formula for capillary rise : y = y2(di - dg)ghr (v. further p. 435) Formula for capillary constant:

°2 - y2(d, - d,)g (-hr for caplllary nse)

t > tc — 35°. Ac = kE(tc — 6) approximately, a relation which has found application as a means of computing te; k E = —-T^ (1) (2)

Formula of Eötvös:

y M - T (J )* = ^ -forffresp.AA - fer) (3) Ac (resp. AK) is a constant evaluated from the experimental data. For normal liquids this linear relation holds up to

Formula of van der Waals : 7 = af 1 — ~- J

(4)

a and n are constants evaluated from the experimental data. Formula of Macleod: 7 = K(di — dv)*, where the constant K is nearly independent of T for normal liquids. M Formula of Sugden : P = -; -ry^ Ul — Uv

P — 0.78Fc approx. for certain normal liquids. Vc = molecular volume in cm3 at the critical temperature.

TENSILE STRENGTH AND ANGLE OF CONTACT

T. FBASER YOUNG AND WILLIAM D. HARKINS TENSILE STRENGTH AND TENSILE ENERGY The free tensile energy of a liquid is defined as equal to 2y. It is the reversible work done on the system (increase of free energy) to rupture a bar of liquid of one cm2 cross section to form two plane surfaces of 1 cm2 area each. The total tensile energy (et) per cm2 is given by the relation: et = 2(y + O = 2/&, (I = latent heat, h — surface energy of unit surface). It has not been found possible to measure the tensile strength of a liquid, since the rupture does not occur simultaneously over more than a minute area. The maximum value of the pull which has thus far been attained, is given below: Maximum negative pressure in megabaryes (13): HÔ = 34 at 24.40C; C2H6OH = 40 at 22.50C; (CA)2O - 73 at 17.70C. The pull necessary to rupture a film of various liquids between two flat steel surfaces of contact, 4.5 cm2 in area, has been found to be as large as 3-4 megabaryes, but this is probably much lower than that corresponding to the true tensile strength of the liquid (4). ANGLE OF CONTACT

That e for liquid-to-glass is zero within the limits of error of the methods employed is indicated in the case of about 100 other liquids by the data used in compiling these tables, which show that the surface tension determined by the capillary-height method on the basis of the assumption that 0 is zero, is the same for each of these liquids as the value obtained by the drop-weight method by the use of the corrections of Harkins and Brown or by the bubblepressure method by the use of the corrections of Sugden. In addition Volkmann (16) found a2 for H2O = constant ± 0.0002 at 20.20C for seven different kinds of glass and Carver and Hovorka ( 5 ) found a 2 for H2O = constant ± 0.0002 at 20° for glass, zinc, copper and silver, TABLE 2.—ANGLE OF CONTACT GREATER THAN ZERO Interface \ t, 0C | 0, °arc | Lit. H2O-azobenzene 14 77° (3) H2O-paraffin 14 106° 43' (3) Hg-glass 4.4 144.48° (2)

3 4 3

148.28° 147.71° 140.00°

The angle of contact (6) between the surface of a liquid and that 9 139.41° (2) of a solid is highly dependent upon the nature of the surfaces, and is in general different for contaminated surfaces from what it is for 16 >139° (i) clean surfaces. In few of the experiments in which 6 has been 18 128° (8) determined has cleanliness of the surface of the liquid been demon- H2O—various plates coated with strated, and the difficulty of cleaning the surface of a solid is so oleic acid (U) great that no experiments with what may be called pure surfaces H2O—plates coated with 65 differhave been carried out with solids. ent organic compounds (18) 6 By use of various optical methods it has been shown (Table 1) For angle of contact of a lens of H2O on CCl4, v. ( ). that O between glass and a small number of liquids is zero provided It should be noted that in cases where the last terms of the the glass is already covered by a film of the liquid. 0 may be Laplace-Poisson equation (v. ( 2 ), p. 8) greater than zero provided the liquid is evaporating ( 14 ), or the , /- . 0 a 2 , a2 /. . 0\ glass surface has become dry (15). h = aV2 sm^ - - + ^—A1 - COS3 2J TABLE 1.—ANGLE OF CONTACT (6) BETWEEN LIQUID AND GLASS COVERED WITH A FILM OF THE LIQUID AT ROOM TEMPERATURE AS DETERMINED BY VARIOUS OPTICAL METHODS Liquid I e I Lit. Water O (i, 3,14,15) Ethyl alcohol O (U) Benzene O ( 14 ) Carbon tetrachloride O ( 14 ) Chloroform O (14) Acetic acid O (3) Aqueous solutions of various salts O (1s) Glycerol O (i) Ethyl ether O (3, 14) Turpentine O (i> 3) Olive oil O (i) Hydrogen peroxide O (î2)

2

are not used, the values of 0 given are often 5 or more degrees in error; r' = r + (\/2 — l)a; h is approximate thickness of a drop of liquid of horizontal radius r which lies on a horizontal plane plate; ju is its radius of curvature. LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) (i) Anderson and Bowen, 3, 31: 143; 16. (2) Bashforth and Adams, An Attempt to Test the Theories of Capillary Action. Cambridge University Press, 1883. ( 3 ) Bosanquet and Hartley, 3, 42: 456; 21. (*) Budgett, 5, 86: 25; 12. (5) Carver and Hovorka, 1, 47: 1325; 25. («) Coghill and Anderson, 30, No. 262; 24. (7) Dupré, Théorie mécanique de la chaleur, p. 69. Paris, 1869. («) Fürth, 75, 126: 329; 17. ( 9 ) Harkins, in Bogue, Colloidal Behavior, p. 181. New York, McGraw-Hill, 1924. (io) Harkins and Feldman, 1, 44: 2665; 22. (U) Langmuir, 83,15 Pt. 3: 62; 20. (12) Maass and Hatcher, 1, 42: 2548; 20. (13) Meyer, Zur Kenntnis* des negativen Druckes in Flüssigkeiten. Halle, W. Knapp, 1911. ( 14 ) Richards and Carver, l, 43: 827; 21. O 5 ) Sentis, 61, 6: 183; 97. O*) Volkmann, 8, 53: 633; 94. (17) Williams, 68, 38: 23; 17. 0») Nietz, 60, 32: 255; 28.

METHODS OF MEASURING SURFACE TENSION T. FRASEK YOUNG AND WILLIAM D. HARKINS For critical discussion of various methods, their sources of error, corrections, precautions, etc., see especially ( 3 > 4 > 5 > 6 > 1 4 ) ; cf. ( 7 ) and the references cited below. The Capillary-Height Method. 2Trry = V(di — d2)g/cos 6, in which di is the density of the fluid of greater density and dz is the density of the other fluid; V is the volume which lies inside a capillary tube of uniform bore, between the small meniscus and the level of a horizontal plane which lies in the surface of the (extremely) large meniscus. V

F/r* 0.692 .658 .626 .597 .570

I

F I ± % Il F/r* | F | 0.2499 I 0.541 0.2430 0.2482 .512 0.2441 0.2464 .483 0.2460 0.2445 .455 0.2491 0.2430 .428 0.2526 .403 0.2559

± %

= 7TT*h,

in which h may be considered as the average vertical distance between the two surfaces. If hQ is the vertical distance between the plane of the large meniscus and a horizontal plane tangent to the small meniscus, then for capillary tubes of very small diameter ( < 1 mm for H2O) : h = hQ + ^ - 0.1288^- + 0.1312^2 (Poisson, Rayleigh) or approximately

azr h = ho + Q 2 -L 2 (Hagen and Desains)

This expression is not equivalent to that given by Rayleigh. For tubes of considerably larger diameter f - > 4.3 J, 1.4142- - loge r = 0.6648 + 0.19785 - + ^ loge - (Rayleigh) a /IQ T A a For tubes of intermediate diameters neither equation is accurate and the tables of Bashforth and Adams (*) should be used to obtain h. See further (2, 5,11,12, 15). Drop-Weight Method. T-=?XF,

m is the mass of a slowly formed drop which falls from a horizontal tip of circular cross-section (radius = r) and sharp edge. F is a function of F/r3, where V is the volume of the drop, and its value may be interpolated from the following table (for theory, v. ( 9 )). EXPERIMENTAL VALUES FOR DROP WEIGHT CORRECTIONS ( 5 ) TVr* «o 5000 250 58.1 24.6 17.7 13.28 10.29 8.190 6.662 5.522 4.653 3.975 3.433 2.995 2.637

I F I ± % Il VM I F I +% l 0.159 2.3414 0.26350 0.1 0.172 2.0929 0.26452 0.05 0.198 1.8839 0.26522 0.05 0.215 1.7062 0.26562 0.05 0.2256 1.5545 0.26566 0.05 0.3 1.4235 0.26544 0.05 0.2305 0.23522 0.25 1.3096 0.26495 0.1 0.23976 0.2 1.2109 0.26407 0.1 0.24398 0.15 1.124 0.2632 0.15 0.24786 0.15 1.048 0.2617 0.15 0.25135 0.15 0.980 0.2602 0.15 0.25419 0.15 .912 0.2585 0.15 0.25661 0.15 .865 0.2570 0.2 0.25874 0.15 .816 0.2550 0.26065 0.15 .771 0.2534 0.1 .729 0.2517 0.26224

FIG. 1.

Method of Maximum Pull on a Ring.—When a circular ring of radius R (center of ring to center of wire) is pulled from the surface of a not-too-viscous liquid into the gas phase above, the surface tension is given by -Y=PXF, where p is the pull in dyne/cm and F is a function of RZ/V whose value may be interpolated from Fig. 1 for any ring of radius R constructed from a wire of radius r. V1 the volume of the liquid T)

lifted by the ring = -T-J -T-T i where di is the density of the liquid g(ai — ctg) and dg that of the gas above it ( 8 > 10 > 13). Other Methods.—v. (3, 4, 7, 14). LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) O) Bashforth and Adams, An Attempilo Test the Theories of Capillary Action. Cambridge Univ. Press, 1883. (2) Desains, 6, 51: 385; 57. ( 3 ) Dorsey, 31 No. 540; 26. (4) Ferguson, 83, 17: 370; 22. Science Progress, 9: 428; 15. 133, Fifth Report on Colloids, etc., 1923: 1. (5) Harkins and Brown, 1, 41: 499; 19. (6) Harkins and Humphery, 1, 38: 236; 16. (7) Harkins and Young, Surface Energy and Colloidal Systems. New York, Chemical Catalog Co., O. (8) Harkins, Young and Cheng, 166, 64: 333; 26. (») Lohnstein, 8, 20: 237, 606; 06. 21: 1030; 06. 7, 64: 686; 08. 84: 410; 13. (10) McDougall, 166, 62: 290; 25. ( 1 M Poisson, Nouv. Théor. de V act. capili, p. 112. Paris, 1831. (12) Richards and Carver, 1, 43: 827; 21. (13) Tichanowsky, 63, 25: 299; 24. 26: 522; 25. O*) Vers chaff elt, 64P, 21: 357, 366, 836; 19. 168, Noe. 42c, 42d, 42e. ( 1S ) Sugden, 4, 119: 1483; 21.

INTERFACIAL TENSION FOR SOLID-LIQUID AND LIQUID-LIQUID INTERFACES T. FRASER YOUNG AND WILLIAM D. HARKINS CONTENTS Solid—liquid Liquid—liquid. Water—organic liquid Aqueous solution—organic liquid

PAGE 436 436 437

INTERFACE, SOLID—LIQUID Free surface energy at the interface solid—liquid No method has as yet been discovered for the determination of the free interfacial energy between a solid and a liquid. For values calculated from the Ostwald-Freundlich equation, v. ( 5 > 25). See further (i> 2, 7, 9, 25, 26, 34). INTERFACE, LIQUID—LIQUID Abbreviations ; see also p. 433 7i Interfacial tension, cgs. 7 Surface tension of organic liquid, cgs. dp (resp. d0 and dw) Density of pure organic liquid (resp. the organic phase, and the aqueous phase), g/cm3. Formula CCl4 CS2 CHBr3 CHCl3 CH2Cl2 CH 2 I 2 CH3 NO2 C2Cl4 C 2 H 2 Br 4 C 2 H 4 Br 2 C2H5Br C2H5I C2H6S C3H4Cl2O C3H5Br3 C3H5ClO C4H7N C4H8Cl2S C4H9Cl C4H9Cl C 4 Hi 0 O C4H10O C5H9N C 5 Hi 0 C5Hi0O C5Hi0O2 C5H10O3 C 5 HnCl C 5 Hi 2 C 5 Hi 2 O C 5 Hi 2 O C6H5Br C6H5Cl C6H5I C 6 H 5 NO 2 C6H6 C6H7N C6H12O C6Hi2O

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PAGE Effect of H-ion concentration 438 Metallic liquid—non-metallic liquid 438 Organic liquid—organic liquid 439 Effect of pressure 439 Except where otherwise noted all values recorded below were obtained by the drop-weight method. Accuracy.—No attempt has been made to estimate accuracy except in cases where independent determinations with different samples are available. The attainable precision by the dropweight method appears to be about 0.1 % at a water interface and 1 % at a mercury interface. Other methods have thus far yielded considerably less accurate results. The interfacial tension at the phase boundary liquid—liquid is in general varied much more by impurities than the surface tension at the liquid—gas interface. It is not yet known how well the drop-weight method applies to the determination of /y; at the liquid—liquid interface since the corrections were determined under the somewhat different conditions existing at the liquid— gas interface.

Interface, Water—Organic Liquid : (T-Table, The C-Arrangement Name | 7; [ 7 (air) | dp \ d0 \ dw \ t, 0 C L i t ! Carbon tetrachloride* 45.0 ± 1.0 26.66 1.590 1.5846 0.9972 20 (Ï2) Carbon disulfide 48.36 31.38 1.261 1.2596 0.9972 20 (i 2 ) Bromoform 40.85 41.53 2.8854 2.8818 1.0004 20 (i«) Chloroform 32.80±0.2 27.13 1.485 1.4831 1.0002 20 (12, 19) Méthylène chloride 28.31 26.52 1.3478 1.3286 1.0018 20 (12) Méthylène iodide 48.50 50.76 3.3190 3.3180 0.99908 20 (") Nitromethane 9.66 36.82 1.1385 1.1288 1.0184 20 (12) Tetrachloroethylene 47.48 31.74 l. 6216 l. 6219 0.99844 20 (16) Acetylene tetrabromide 38.82 49.67 2.9620 2.9588 0.9986 20 (12) Ethylene dibromide* 36.54 38.71 2.178 2.1773 0.9991 20 (12) Ethylbromide 31.20 24.16 1.441 1.4460 1.0001 20 (i2) Ethyl iodide 40.0 29.9 16 ( 8 t 10) Ethylmercaptan 26.12 21.82 0.9982 20 (t2) l, 1-Dichloroacetone 14.43 31.91 1.236 1.0170 20 (12) l, 2, 3-Tribromopropane 38.50 45.36 2.4171 2.4152 0.99892 20 (16) Chloroacetone 7.11 35.27 1.170 1.1581 1.0029 20 (12) Butyronitrile 10.38 28.06 0.79040 0.99426 0.99201 20 (12) ß, 0'-Dichloroethyl sulfide 28.36 42.82 l. 2732 20 (l *) Isobutyl Chloride 24.43 21.94 0.8754 0.8766 0.9973 20 (12) tert.-Butyl chloride 23.75 19.59 0.8422 0.8423 0.9990 20 (l 2) Isobutyl alcohol 2.1 0.8424 0.9834 18 (l- 5 ) Ethylether 10.70+0.2 17.10 0.7174 0.9868 20 («) Isovaleronitrile 14.14 26.03 0.79106 0.79294 0.99622 20 (12) Trimethylethylene 36.69 17.26 20 (12) Methyl propyl ketone 6.28 24.15 0.8067 0.8125 0.9897 20 («) Isovaleric acid 2.73 25.33 0.9295 0.9457 0.9998 20 (12) Diethyl carbonate 12.86 26.31 0.97513 0.99905 20 (12) Isoamyl chloride 15.44 23.48 0.86962 0.87146 0.9955 20 (12) Isopentane 49.64 13.72 0.6200 0.6198 0.9982 20 O2) Amyl alcohol (inactive mixt.) (I) 4.9+2.0 0.804 30 (33) Isoamyl alcohol 5.0 0.8291 0.9952 18 (!•*) Bromobenzene 39.82 36.26 1.5016 1.5013 0.99862 20 (16) Chlorobenzene 37.41 33.08 1.053 1.1047 0.9972 20 (12) lodobenzene 45.67 40.35 16.8 (8, 10, 16) 41.84 39.70 1.8258 1.8255 0.99832 20 Nitrobenzene 25.66 43.38 1.2012 0.9976 20 («) Benzene* 35.00+0.05 28.86 0.8788 0.9980 20 (10,11,12,13,22) Aniline 5.77 42.58 1.022 1.216 0.9990 20 («) CyclohexanoL... 3.92 34.23 16.2 («, io) Ethyl propyl ketone 13.58 25.39 0.8152 0.8152 0.9964 20 (12)

Formula C6Hi2O C6H12O C 6 Hi 4 C 6 Hi 5 N C7H5NS C7H6O C7H7Br C 7 H 7 NO 2 C7H7NO2 C7H8 C7H8O C7H8O C 7 Hi 4 O 2 C 7 Hi 4 O 2 C8H8 C8H10 C 8 Hi 0 C8H10 C8Hi0O C8H16O C8H16O2 C8Hi6O2 C8Hi8 C8Hi8O C8Hi8O C8Hi9N C9Hi2 C9Hi8O2 Ci0H7Br Ci0H7Cl Ci 0 Hi 4

|

Name Methyl butylketone Methyl tert.-butyl ketone n-Hexane* Dipropylamine Phenyl isothiocyanate Benzaldehyde o-Bromotoluene o-Nitrotoluene m-Nitrotoluene Toluène Anisole Benzyl alcohol Heptylic acid* Ethyl isovalerate Styrène Ethylbenzene o-Xylene p-Xylene Phenetole Methyl hexyl ketone Caprylicacid Ethyl caproate* rc-Octane* n-Octyl alcohol* Methylhexyl carbinol Diisobutylamine Mesitylene Isoamyl butyrate a-Bromonaphthalene a-Chloronaphthalene p-Cymene

Cj 0 H 22 Ci 0 H 23 N CnHi 2 O 2 CnHi 4 O 2 CnH 20 O 2 CnH 22 O 2 Cj 2 H 14 O 4 . Ci8H34O2

Diisoamyl Diisoamylamine Ethyl cinnamate Ethyl hydrocinnamate Undecylenic acid Ethyl nonylate Diethyl phthalate Oleicacid

C18H34O3 C20H38O2

Ricinoleic acid Ethyl oleatej

|

7^ [ 7 (air) dp \ d0 \ dw \ t, 0C 9.73 25.49 0.8124 0.8160 0.9956 20 10.81 23.43 0.8055 0.8090 0.9954 20 51.10+0.2 18.43 0.6595 0.6597 0.9972 20 1.66 22.54 0.73853 0.81620 0.98844 20 39.04 41.44 1.1326 1.1331 0.99795 20 15.51 40.04 1.0504 1.0445 0.9981 20 41.15 35.85 1.4218 1.4318 0.99823 20 27.19 41.46 1.168 1.1599 0.9972 20 27.68 40.99 1.168 1.1547 0.9971 20 36.1 25 25.82 35.22 0.99327 0.99270 0.99715 20 4.75 39.71 22.5 7.00+0.5 28.31 20 18.39 23.68 0.8648 0.8658 0.9971 20 35.48 32.14 19.0 31.35 29.62 17.5 36.06 29.89 0.87810 0.87806 0.99707 20 37.77 28.33 0.86444 0.86494 0.99680 20 29.40 32.74 0.96474 0.96474 0.99820 20 14.09 26.79 0.8192 0.8205 0.9980 20 8.217 28.82 18.1 19.80 + 2 25.81 0.8705 0.9978 20 50.81+0.1 21.77 0.7022 0.7021 0.9971 20 8.52+0.2 27.53 0.8252 0.8301 0.9981 20 9.42+0.2 26.52 0.8211 0.8257 0.9974 20 10.28 22.05 0.74428 0.74763 0.99680 20 38.70 28.51 0.86124 0.86140 0.99717 20 23.00 25.19 0.86272 0.86280 0.99672 20 42.07 44.59 1.4836 1.4739 0.99828 20 40.74 41.80 1.1706 1.1700 0.9982 20 34.61 28.09 0.85618 0.85630 0.99702 20 39.41 28.75 13.50 46.80 22.24 0.72216 0.72253 0.99696 20 13.51 0.77628 0.99815 20 21.36 38.42 19.5 20.19 35.08 21.5 10.14 30.64 0.90604 0.90762 0.99610 25 23.88 28.04 20 16.27 37.34 20.5 15.59+0.2 32.50 20 15.68t 32.50 0.8910 0.8908 0.9982 20 14.25 35.81 16 21.34 0.87601 20

Lit. (Ï2) («) (12) («) ( 16 ) («) (") («) («) (37) («) («> io) t11»12) (* 2) («» io) (8, io) (12) (12) («) (12) (8, io) (19) (12) (12) (12) (12) (12) (12) (16) (16) (12) (8, io) (12) (i 9 ) ( 8 > 1°) (*» 1°) (12) (12) ( 8 > i<>) (10,12*) (*, io) (19)

* Between 10 and 4O0C, the 7,. temperature coefficients of the following liquids are approximately constant: d7t./d^ for CCh = —0.098; for C2H4Br2 = -0.108; for CeHe - -0.058; for CeHi14 1 = —0.026; for C7HuO2 = -0.037; for CsHi8 = -0.048; for CsHi8O = +0.039; for sec.-CsHisO = +0.041 ("). For ethyl caproate and heptaldehyde, v. C ). t The oleic acid and water were mixed with each other but were not mutually saturated ( 1 2 ). Î A sample of Kahlbaum's ethyl oleate gave 7» = 18.7 at 20°, but contained an amount of free acid equivalent to 1.65 % oleic acid.

Interface, Aqueous Solution — Organic Liquid CCl4; 22 +2 0 C (28) Salt C* A T it Method Salt C* AT*t Method KBr 0.1 0.8 II FeCl3 0.1 0.9 I 1.0 1.7 II 1.0 -0.1 I MgSO4. . . . 0 . 1 -1.2 I KI 0.1 1.1 II 1.0 0.8 II 1.0 -2.4 I K2SO4 0.1 0.6 II CaCl2 0.1 0.4 I 0.5 0.9 II 1.0 2.3 I NaCl 0.1 1.0 I 1.0 1.5 II 0.1 0.2 I 1.0 2.3 I 1.0 0.1 I NaBr 0.1 0.5 II KCNS 0.1 0.9 II 1.0 0.8 II 1.0 -0.8 II KCl 0.1 0.5 I 1.0 2.1 I Also ji for aqueous H2SO4, 0.1 0.1 II and for mixtures of KCl and 1.0 1.5 II KCNS in water.

CHCl3; 22 C* Ar; t Method 0.1 2.9 I 1.0 3.5 I MgSO 4 .... 0.1 3.2 I 1.0 2.6 I CaCl2 0.1 2.5 I 1.0 2.6 I NaCl 0.1 2.8 I 1.0 3.6 I NaBr 0.1 1.1 II 1.0 0.0 II KCl 0.1 3.0 I 1.0 4.0 I 0.1 1.6 II 1.0 1.8 II Salt FeCl3

+ 20C (28) Salt KBr

KI K2SO4

KCNS

C* AT;t Method 0.1 1.4 II 1.0 1.3 II 0.1 1.1 II 1.0 0.2 II 0.1 3.2 I, II 1.0 1.4 I 0.1 3.2 II 0.5 4.7 II 0.75 3.2 II 1.0 2.4 I, II 0.1 1.2 II 1.0 -0.4 II

*C = M/ls. t ±2.

Salt

^/

*?' Method

I8

±£

C4Hi0O, Ethyl ether; 22 ± 2° (28)

H2SO4

0.2 2.0 FeCl3 0.1 1.0 MgSO 4 .... 0.1 1.0 CaCl2 0.1 1.0 NaCl 0.1 0.5 1.0 NaBr 0.1 1.0 KCl 0.1 1.0

KBr. KI

K2SO4 KCNS

0.1 1.0 0.1 1.0 0.1 1.0 0.1 1.0

0.2 0.4 0.7 1.2 0.8 1.6 0.8 2.2 0.2 0.8 1.0 0.2 .1.5 0.7 0.4 1.4 1.7 0.3 1.4 -0.7 -1.5 0.3 1.3 -0.6 -1.8

II II II II II II II II I I I II II I II I II II II II II II II II II

C6H5NO2, Nitrobenzene; 22 ± 2° (28) H2SO4 0.1 0.2 II 0.2 0.1 II 0.5 0.1 II 1.0 -0.1 II 2.0 -0.4 II FeCl3 0.1 0.6 I 1.0 0.9 I MgSO 4 .... 0.1 0.4 I 1.0 0.4 I CaCl2 0.1 0.5 I 1.0 1.1 I NaCl 0.1 0.0 I 1.0 1.9 I NaBr 0.1 0.0 II 1.0 0.3 II KCl .0.1 0.7 I 1.0 1.7 I 0.1 0.2 II 1.0 0.8 II KBr 0.1 0.3 II 1.0 0.2 II KI 0.1 0.1 II 1.0 -1.6 II

Salt

^/ Is

*?» Method ±-«

C6H6NO2.- (Continued) K2SO4 0.1 1.1 I 1.0 1.1 I 0.1 0.1 II 1.0 0.2 II KCNS 0.1 -0.3 II 1.0 3.1 II C2H3Cl3O2, 0.5* -0.9 I Chloral- 1.0* -2.9 I hydrate.. 2.0* -4.0 I *wt. %.

Ci8H34O2, Oleic acid against 0.116N HCl (II) (12) T» dp d0 dw t 15.99 0.8910 0.8908 1.0006 20 Benzene against aqueous soap solutions (II); sodium oleate (13); effects of oleic acid and of NaOH (22); see further final index under Soaps.

Effect of Hydrogen Ion Concentration on Tension at the Interface Aqueous Phase— Organic Phase Inorganic acids and bases at concentrations up to 0.2 normal have only a very slight effect (> ca. l %) upon the interfacial tension at the phase boundary benzene—aqueous solution, and have in general a marked effect at low concentrations only in case they react with the organic phase. Thus with esters the presence C4H8Cl2S, ß, iS'-Dichloroethyl of a base in the aqueous phase accelerates the hydrolysis. For sulfide; 2O0C; dj° = 1.2732 (I) example, the interfacial tension, ethyl oleate—water, is lowered 14 ( ). Phases not mutually very rapidly as the concentration of strong base in the aqueous saturated. phase is increased, since the rapidity at which sodium oleate is dw ji produced at the surface increases with the concentration of the Vapor 42.82 base. Since the chemical composition of the interfacial region Water 0.998228.36 changes in such a case with the time, no equilibrium values can be 0.1JV HCl 1.000128.90 obtained, but in many cases somewhat definite values are obtained 0.I]VNaOH 1.003212.78 provided the liquids are left in contact only about one-half hour. 0.1 AT Na 2 CO 3 . . . . 1 .0025 18.82 For numerical data see the literature cited below: Ethyl oleate (i 9 ); ethyl caproate O 9 ); chloropicrin ( 20 ); diisoamylamine (19); CoHnNO 3 , Isoamyl nitrate sec.-octyl alcohol (I 9 ); dichloroethyl sulfide (14); benzene (l 3 ). against 0.177N KCl (II) (12) For aqueous solutions buffered by borate or phosphate against Ti 7 dp benzene solutions of organic acids and esters, v. ( 23 ). 30.80 d0 0.99745

27.18 0.99710 dw t 1.0059 20

C6H6, Benzene 1 % aq. soin, chloral hydrate at 22 ± 2° (I), ATi = -3.6 ( 28 ). Aq. soin, of NaCl at 25 ± 0.010C (II) (16-5) M/ls A7* + 0.2 0.3 0.63 0.5 0.86 1.0 1.56 3.0 4.04 5.0 6.59 Aq. solutions of acids: acetic (18); butyric (17.5). Dimethylaniline + benzene or heptane, against water ( 3Î ). Interfacial tensions and distributions for the two-phase system, butyric acid + hexane + H 2 O(IS).

C8H18O, Caprylic alcohol For the pure alcohol, T = 26.35, relative viscosity = 3.126, dj6 = 0.82026, 25° (4) Solution Wt. % T; Water 0.0 9.80 Sucrose 30.0 10.88 Dextrin 10.0 3.85 1.0 10.17 Starch Gum arabic 10.0 9.24

Interfacial Tensions of Liquid Metals against Non-metallic Liquid Phases Ti (resp. THg, 7i) — interfacial tension, resp. surface tension of Hg, resp. surface tension of the second liquid. MEKCTJBY AGAINST A PURE LIQUID H2O, Water (II) (") C4Hi0O. — (Continued) 7i

t, 0C

71

375 72.8 20 CS2, Carbon disulfide (II) (17) 336 I 31.4 I 20 CH2Cl2, Méthylène chloride (II)

(15)

342.5 I 26.5 | 20 CH3I, Methyl iodide (II) («) 304 I 35.0 I 20 C2H4Br2, Ethylene bromide (II) (is) 326 I 38.7 I 20 C2H4Cl2, 1, 1-Dichloroethane (II) (is) 337 I 25 7 I 20 C2H5NO2, Nitroethane (II) (17) 378 I 34.9 I 20 C2H6O, Ethyl alcohol (II) (15) 364 I 22.4 I 20 C3H8O, rc-Propyl alcohol (II) (17)

368 I 23.7 I 20 C4H10O, Ethyl ether (II) (") 379 I 21.8 I 20 C4Hi0O, Isobutyl alcohol (II) (1?)

7i

71

THg

t, 0 C

349.1 345.6

24.3 23.5

480 478

O 10

7i 71 THg t, 0C 342.7 22.7 476 20 341.0 22.0 474 30 340.2 21.3 471 40 339.3 20.5 469 50 C6Hi2O, Iso(?)-amyl alcohol (III) 7i

(3) t, 0C

71

261.6 25 C6H5NO2, Nitrobenzene (II) (15)

350.5 I 43.4 I 20 C6H6, Benzene (II) (17) 7i

71

THg

t, °C

361.3 30.4 478 10 357.2 28.9 476 20 353.7 27.6 474 30 351.4 26.3 471 40 349.8 24.9 469 50 348.8 23.6 467 60 C6H7N, Aniline (II) (17) 7i 71 i, °C 341 42.6 20 C6Hi4, n-Hexane (II) (17) 378 I 18.4 I 20 C7H8, Toluene (II) (17) 359 I 29.0 20 C8Hi0, o-Xylene (II) (17) 359 I 29.0 I 20

H2SO4.- (Continued) d (or N) T» t 1.071 319.7 19.5 1.0559 316 20

C8Hi0, w-Xylene (II) (^) 0

7«

yi

t, C

29.0

357

20

C8H10, p-Xylene (II) (i 7) 361 I 27.0 I 20 C8Hi8, ft-Octane (II) Tt yi THg 377.2 23.7 480 375.8 22.7 478 374.7 21.8 476 373.4' 20.8 474 372.6 19.8 471 371.3 18.8 469 371.1 17.9 467

C2H6O, Ethyl alcohol (IV, VI) (27, 36)

( 17 ) t, 0C O 10 20 30 40 50 60

0.969 0.927 0.825 0.795

* Value determined by Method VI.

C2H4O2, Acetic acid (VII) (32) 1.006 1 344 I 20.0 Pb(C2H3O2), (VII) (6) 2N 348 2o 2N* 338 2o * +0.28 X 10-»AT Hg2(CH3COO)2.

C8H18O, sec.-Octyl alcohol (II) (17)

365.4 27.9 480 O 361.7 27.2 478 10 359.0 26.3 476 20 357.3 25.5 474 30 355.0 24.7 471 40 353.6 23.8 469 50 CioH23N, Diamylamine (II) (") T

T/

ZnCl2 (VI) (27) 1.094 359.0 19.5 1.426 328.7 19.5 1.683 304.7 19.5 2AT 2JV*

20

CdSO4 (VII) (6)

CnHjoOs, Undecylenic acid (U) ( 17 ) 353 I 30.6 I 20

2JV

324

2o

2AT*

283

2o

CuSO4 (VI) (27) 1.012 343.2 19.5 1.067 334.9 19.5 1.103 331.7 19.5

MERCUKY AGAINST AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS

IAT

d — density of aqueous solution, J°/4° N = normality of aqueous soin. HCl (VI) (27) d (or JV) T» t 1.004 362.8 19-20 1.032 356.1 1.122 342.4 1.190 335.7

Li2SO4 (VII) (6) I 365 I 2o

NaOH (VI) (27) 1.006 407.1 19.5 1.079 423.0 19.5 1.296 429.4 19.5 Na2SO4 (VI, VII) (6, 27) 1.010 371.8 19.5 1.057 371.0 19.5 1.098 377.3 19.5 IA" 333 2o IN* 288 2o

H2SO4 (VI, VII) (27, 32)

I 337.5 I 19.5

* +2.8 X 10- »ZV Hg2SO4.

LEAD AGAINST FUSED SALT MIXTURES Equimolar KCl + PbCl2 mixture of (I), t = 555 603° (29) KCl + PbCl2

K2SO4 (VII) (6) 1 354 ] 2o K2C2O4 (VI) (27) 1.029 352.3 19.5 1.145 353.6 19.5 Rb2SO4 (VII) (6) O. IAT I 362 I 2o

IAT

(I) (29)

t

Ti

Wt. %

Ti

KCl 450 232 O 16s 550 216 10 18s 590 21o 20 205 Interface, Organic Liquid— Organic Liquid CS2 AGAINST CH4O, METHYL ALCOHOL Ti I d,CS2 phase | d,CH4O phase | Method | t \ Lit. 1.1 I 1.1333 I 0.7466 | II | 18 | (i-*) Effect of Pressure on Interfacial Tension at 25° (I) ( 30 ) 1 AY Values of IO3- —~; unit of P is one dyne/cm2

~~~-~---^_ in-ep ™ ^^^-^_ Phases ~~-—-^___ Hg

H + 3 % ™O mNU3

69 \ 1-8 J 1.5

138 3.2 3.0

207 4.6 4.8

276 6.5 5.7

345 413 7.99.3 6.98.6

Ether + 3 % HNO3 3.3 5.7 7.6 10.2 12.3 H2O Ether -40.7-81.9-123.9-165.9-207.3 CHCl3 - 0 . 4 - 2 . 4 - 4.8- 5.5- 7.3 CS2 2.7 9.3 15.2 23.7

* +1.66 X 10- W Hg2SO4.

Ci8H34O2, Oleic acid (II) (") 322 I 32.5 I 20

1.015

ZnSO4 (VII) (6) 334 2o 258 2o

* +2.53 X 1Q-*N Hg2SO4.

f, °C

24.6

371

363,2 19.5 361.1 19.5 366.6* O 364.0 19.5

NaC2H3O2 (VI) (27) d (or N) T* i 1.014 379.0 19.5

LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) (i) Balareff, 93, 154: 170; 26. (L«) Antonow, 4X1 5: 364; 07. (2) Calbeck and Harner, 45, 19: 58; 27. (3) Cantor, 8, 47: 399; 92. (*) Clark and Mann, 141, 52: 157; 22. (5) Dundon and Mack, 1, 45: 2479; 23. (6) Goebel, Diss., Freiburg, 1913. (7) Green and Haslam, 45, 19: 53; 27. («) Hardy, 5, 88 : 303; 13. ( 9 ) Harkins and Beeman, 197, 11 : 631 ; 25. (i°) Harkins, Brown and Davies, 1, 39: 354; 17. C 1 1 ) Harkins and Cheng, /, 43 : 35; 21. (") Harkins, Clark and Roberts, 1, 42 : 700; 20. (i B) Harkins, Davies and Clark, 1, 39 : 541; 17. ( 14 ) Harkins and Ewing, 1, 41 : 1977; 19. (i 5 ) Harkins and Ewing, 1 , 42 : 2539 ; 20. ( * « ) Harkins and Feldman, 1 , 44 : 2665; 22. (i«-5) Harkins and Ginsberg, O. ( 1 ^) Harkins and Grafton, 1, 42: 2534; 20. (*7- 5 ) Harkins and King, 1, 41: 970; 19. O 8) Harkins and McLaughlin, 1, 47: 1610; 25. ( 1 ^) Harkins and Mulliken, O. (20) Harkins and Thatcher, O. (21) Harkins, Young and Cheng, 166, 64: 333; 26. (22) Harkins and Zollman, 1, 48 : 69; 26. (23) Hartridge and Peters, 5, 101 : 348; 22. (24) Hulett, 7, 37: 385; 01. 47: 357; 04. (25) Jones, 7, 82: 448; 13. (26) Jones, 5, 41: 441; 13. (27) Lenkewitz, Diss., Münster, 1904. (28) Lorant, 278, 157: 211; 14. (29) Lorenz and Liebmann, 7, 83: 459; 13. (30) Lynde, '2, 22: 181; 06. (3i) Mathews and Stamm, 1, 46: 1071; 24. (32) Meyer, 8, 56: 680; 95. (33) Pound, 4, 123: 578; 23. (34) Stamm, Colloid Symp. Mon., 3: 251; 25. (35) Thompson, 83, 17: 391; 22. (36) Watson, 2, 12: 257; 01. (37) Harkins and Humphery, 1, 38: 242; 16.

SURFACE TENSION OF METALS

W. ROSENHAIN, SPECIAL EDITOR C. BENEDICKS (CB), L. L. BIRCUMSHAW (LLB) C. H. DESCH (CHD), O. F. HUDSON (OFH) AND T. K. ROSE (TKR) Metal

Gas

t, 0C

Agî Au

Air Air

970 1070

Bi

H2

320-472

7

a*

Method (». p. 433)

8Oo 0.172 I, II, VII 580I, II, VII 1000 C 7 - 378 - ] I 0.063 (t - 269) I VIII ] o2 = 0.0765 - ? [ 0.0533 (t - 269) J

Cooperating experts TKR TKR

OFH

Lit. (3,n,i8) (6,n,i8)

Metal Bi

Gas

t, 0C

H2 H2 CO

583 300 300-962 700-800

H2

421-544

7

( )

Cd

7

O2

354 388 Ay /At = -0.073 346 i { 7 = 630 - ] J 0.065 (t - 320) I ] a2 = 0.1604 + I [0.0555« -320) J

Method (». p. 433)

Cooperating experts

III III III I

LLB LLB

VIII

Lit. ( 17 ) (24)

(") (7)

Fig.l Effect of Temperature on Surface Tension of Hg

Metal Cut

Ga Hg*

Gas

,, »C

Vac. 1 MP-1400 H2 1131 1131-1215 CO2 30 Vac. O Vac. O Vac. 60 Vac. v. oZso Fig. Air 15

,

a«

^^

0. 304 ± 2 % 1103 dy/d< = 0.74 358 0.120 47o 0.070s 480.3 0.0721 467.1 0.0709 1 487 0.0732 II,

I III III VI II II II

Cooperating experts

Lit. (8)

LLB LLB CHD TKR

Fig.2

(17)

Ef feet of Time on Surf ace Tension of Hg (16) (2,4) (4) (4) (5, 9, 10,

V, VII

IS)

Air H2 H2 H2 N2 O2 O2 H2O SO2 NH»

K Na

Pbt

Pt Sbt

Snt

CO2 CO2 CO2 Vac. Vac.

H2 H2 H2 H2 H2 CO Air H2 H2 H2 H2 CO

H2 H2 H2 H2 H2

For effect of time, v. Fig. 2 20 466 0.0702 III, VII 19 470 III For effect of temperature, ». Fig. 1 15 49e I 0.0746 V, VII 15 487 I 0.0732 V, VII For effect of time, v. Fig. 2 v. Fig. 1 I 15 437 (Initial) VII 36s (10 min) 337 (24 hr) 15 45o (Initial) VII 42i (10 min) 416 (1 hr) 389 (24 hr) 15 46s V, VII 62 411 II 90 294 II 100 222 VII 250 211 VII ( y = 444- } 366-522 feue3-' vin [o.0 5 37(f- 327) 350 453 I III 350-982 Ay/A« = -0.062 III 750 423 I III 750-1036 dy/dt = -0.096 III 770-780 425 I 2000 18i9 II 640 350 III 640-970 AT/A* = -0.025 III 750 368 f III 750-1100 dy/dt = -0.063 III 840-850 274 | I f T = 531 }

(7,19)

LLB

(24)

(9,19) (9,19)

(9, 16, 19)

Metal

Gas

Snf Zn

CO H2

(9, 16, 19)

CHD CHD Ed. Ed.

(12)

OFH

(7)

LLB LLB LLB LLB

(24)

TKR LLB LLB LLB LLB OFH

O1)

(7)

S1^396

™^~™>

Vm

OFH

253 253-964 878 878-1050

[o.0571(t - 232) J 526 j Ay /At = -0.018 508 I dy/dt = -0.089

III III III III

LLB LLB LLB LLB

(12) (22) (22)

(17) (18)

(24) (24) O7) (17)

(18)

(24) (24) O7) (17)

y

a*

,^'t (t>. p. 433)

Cooperating experts

Lit.

(18) 750-910 480 I CB 477 753 + 10 0.2354 VIII (7) 543 747 + 10 0.2356 (18) Air 590 708 + 40 0.224 I * For a discussion of the discordant data on Hg, v. ( 21 ). t For recent data on Sn, Pb, Sb and Cu, by Method (III), v. ( 25 ). Î Recent values of a2, as given for Ag by ( 26 ) (I) in vacuum: t, 0C I q2 H t, 0G I a2 1000 0.201 1214 1.184 1060 0.193 1272 0.180 1122 0.187 1327 0.178

(24) (17)

t, 0C

Pb-Sn (23).

Alloys Bi-Sn7 Bi-Pb, Cu-Sn, Cu-Sb (*7, 25).

Cast iron (25)

LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) O) Batuecas, 132, 21: 259; 23. ( 2 ) Cenac, 6, 29: 298; 13. ( 3 ) Gradenwitz, 8 67: 467; 99. ( 4 ) Harkins and Ewing, 1, 42: 2539; 20. ( 5 ) Harkins and Grafton, 1, 42: 2534; 20. ( 6 ) Heydweiller, 8, 62: 694; 97. ( 7 ) Hogness, 1, 43: 1621; 21. («) Libman, 86, No. 173; 28. ( 9 ) Meyer, 8, 66: 523; 98. ( 1 0 ) Popesco, 34, 172: 1474; 21. (") Quincke, 8, 134: 356; 68. (12, 13) Quincke, 8, 135: 621; 68. ( 14 ) Quincke, 8, 138: 141; 70. 0 s ) Quincke, 5, 52: 1; 94. ( 16 ) Richards and Boyer, I, 43: 274; 21. ( 1 ^) Sauerwald and Drath, 93, 154: 79; 26. 162: 301; 27. («) Smith, 47, 12: 168; 14. (i») Stöckle, 8, 66: 499; 98. 20 ( ) Hagemann, Zh'ss., Freiburg, 1914. ( 21 ) Burdon and Oliphant, 83, 23: 205; 27. ( 2 2 ) Poindexter, 2, 27: 820; 26. («) Coffman and Parr, 45, 19: 1308; 27. (2*) Bircumshaw, 3, 2: 341; 26. 3: 1286; 27. ( 2S ) Drath and Sauerwald, 93, 162: 301; 27. ( 26 ) Libman, Univ. of Illinois, O.

SURFACE TENSION AND RELATED PROPERTIES FOR TEMPERATURES BELOW O0C* J. E. VERSCHAFFELT Unless otherwise stated, g = 980 and the liquid is in contact with its own vapor. For abbreviations and equations, v. p. 433, 434. 2V-TABLE.—ELEMENTARY SUBSTANCES AND ATMOSPHERIC AIR A, Argon (i) (I). AK = 292; a =39; n = 1.3i; kg = 2.0 T1 0 K a2 I T ± 1% I TM 85.0 0.0190 13.2 122 90.0 0.017? 11.9 112 Cl2, Chlorineft (8) (I). Ac = 263; a = 69; kg = 2.1; n = 1.13 t, 0C a2 I T ± 1% I TM -30 0.0336 25.4 32? -35 .0345 26.4 33? -40 .0355 27.3 347 -45 .0364 28.3 35s -50 .0373 29.2 36s -55 .0383 30.2 379 -60 .0392 31.2 389

Liquid Air, 65% O2 (in contact with the atmosphere) f ( 12 ) (III) *, 0C I a2 T + 1% -190.s(B. P.) i 0.0243 12.2 A-TABLE.—CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS, STANDARD ARRANGEMENT NOCI, Nitrosyl chloride (2) (I). A0 .= 392; CL = 68; kg = 1.4e; n = 0.86 J1 0C ± 0.1° I a2 y± 1% I TM -33.0 0.049 34.5 44i -22.0 .047 33 424 - 5.5 .046 30 4Oo

CO, Carbon monoxide (*) (I). AK = 26s; a. = 30.o; kg = 2.0o; n = 1.225 T9 0 K I a? I T±l% I TM 70.0 0.0292 12.Ii 124.7 75.0 .027i 10.96 114.7 80.0 .0249 9.83 104.7 85.0 .022s 8.74 94.7 CO2, y. p. 447. H2, Hydrogen (9) (I, g = 981.2). et = 5.52; AK = 45.5s; kg = C2H2, Acetylene (U) (I). Ac = 35; a. = 82; kg = 2.4o; n = 1.5i 1.36; n = 1.11 0 *, 0C a2 I 7~±1% TM T, K ±0.02° I a* I T ±0.1% I TM -77.4 0.0604 18.0 22o 20.40 0.05612 1.912 17.83 -75.7 .0599 17.7 218 18.70 .06238 2.197 20.14 -70.5 .0566 16.4 204 .065Oo 2.318 21.Ii 17.99 -69.0 .0557 16.0 2Oo 16.16 .07186 2.633 23.60 -67.0 .054s 15.6 196 14.6s .077Oo 2.882 25.53 -64.0 .053i 15.0 19o He, Helium (13) (I). AK = 5.2; kB = 1.0 (from 4.2 to 2.40K); -62.4 .0517 14.4 184 0 a = 0.63; n = l.ls (from 4.2 to 3.O K) (CHs) 2 O, Methyl ether (10) (I). Ac> = 244; a = 63; kg = 2.0o; !T10K ± 0.02° I a2 I T ± 1% TM n = 1.27 4.20 0.0018l 0.098 0.9s -40.0 0.056s 21.0 324 4.00 .002Ii .12o 1.19 -30.0 .0535 19.4 304 .0028o .177 1.6s 3.50 -20.0 .05Os 17.9 284 3.00 .00350 .239 2.19 -10.0 .0475 16.4 264 .296 2.69 2.50 .00419 (CH2)2O, Ethylene oxide (10) (I). Ac = 37o; a = 74; kg = 1.8o; 2.00 .00477 .339 3.0s n = l.la 1.50 .00496 .353 3.22 -50.0 0.0760 35.8 460 -40.0 .0732 34.2 442 N2, Nitrogen t (*) (I). AK = 249; a = 27.5',kE = 2.0o; n = 1.215 -30.0 .0704 32.5 424 T1 0 K a2 7 + 1% TM -20.0 .0676 30.8 4Oe 70.0 0.0255 10.53 108.7 -10.0 .064s 29.2 38s 75.0 .0234 9.39 98.7 0.0 .062o 27.6 37o 80.0 .0213 8.27 88.7 +10.0 .0592 25.9 352 85.0 .0192 7.2o 78.7 20.0 .0564 24.3 334 90.0 .017i 6.16 68.7 CH3NH2, Methylamine (7) (HI). A0 = 267; kg = 1.2 Nitrogen atmosphere Ne, Neon (**) (I). AK = 85.5; kE = 2.0; a = 14.7; n = 1.20 ^^70 0.078s 29.2 347 24 0.0095 5.90 37.5 -49 .0749 27.0 327 25 .0091 5.50 35.5 -20 .068i 23.6 294 26 .0086 5.15 33.5 -18 .0672 23.1 29o 27 .0082 4.80 31.5 -12 .0649 22.2 28 o 28 .0077 4.45 29.5 (CHs)2NH, Dimethylamine (7) (III). Ac = 29e; kg = l.lo O2, Oxygen t C 1 ) (I). AK = 29s; a = 37.7; ks = 1.92; n = 1.2os Nitrogen atmosphere 11 70.0 0.0302 IsTs Ï6Ô TS 0.0680 25?2 384 75.0 .0286 17.0 15i -50 .0625 22.4 35o 80.0 .0269 15.7 14i -23 .0584 20.2 323 85.0 .0253 14.5 132 O .054s 18.1 29e 90.0 .0237 13.2 122 + 5 .0529 17.5 28e * Except metals, for which see p. 439; and except organic compounds which ar e liquid at 0° and 1 atm., for which see p. 448.

f See also p. 442.

J See also p. 447.

(CHs)3N,

Trimethylamine (7) (III). Ac = 33s; Nitrogen atmosphere t, 0C I a2 I T ± 1% -73 0.0676 24.8 -52 .062o 22.2 -32 .058s 20.2 -19 .055? 18.7 - 4 .0524 17.4 C2H5NH2, Ethylamine (7) (III). Ac = 339; kE Nitrogen atmosphere -74 0.075l 28.9 -33 .0668 24.3 21 5 065o 23 2 O .0614 21.3 +9.9 .0594 20.3

kE = 1.6s

METHOD IV | t, 0C | a2 T ± 1%I TM fa* Lit. 407 1.89 ( 4 ) - 72 0.0410 33.0 -196.00. 0219 8.7 93 1.9o ( 7 ) -182.90.0235 13.2 122 1.9i ( 7 ) - 25 0.0442 32.6 397 2. Is ( 4 ) - 89.30.043s 26.3 286 2.2s ( 6 ) - 29 0.125 41.2 35e 2.2i ( 4 ) -190. s 0. 023s Approx. independent of ( 5 ) composition f - 33 0.047 35 Composition ( 4 ) - 60 0.049 38 1 mole CO2 + 1 mole SO2

Substance TM 45? 41? 38s 36s 339 = 1.25

43o 37e 363 339 32?

Cl2 N, O2 SO2 N2O NH 3 Air Pictet's liquid

* Assuming y M to vary linearly with T up to Te. t T at the B. P. for liquid air of any composition may be calculated by substituting values of di and dv in equation (2), p. 434.

LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) f 1 ) BaIy and Donnan, 4, 81 : 907; 02 (corrected for argon by Rudorf, 8, 29 : 751; 09 and for CO by Crommelin, 182, 30: 248; 14). (2) Briner and Pylkoff, 42, 10: 640; 12. < 3 ) Grunmach, 8, 4: 367; 01. (4) Grunmach, 8, 6: 559; 01. (5) Grunmach, 8, 15: 401; 04. ( 6 ) Grunmach, 8, 22: 107; 07. (7) Jaeger, 93, 101: 1; 17. Jaeger and Kahn, 64P, 18: 75; 15. ( 8 ) Johnson and Mc-

Intosh, 1, 31: 1139; 09. ( 9 ) Kamerlingh Onnes and Kuypers, 168, No. 142. 6 4P, 17: 528; 14. ( 10 ) Maass and Boomer, 1, 44: 1709; 22. (") Maass and Mclntosh, 1, 36: 737; 14. C1 2 ) Magini, 22, 19 II : 184 ; 10. (l 3 ) van Urk, Keesom and Onnes, 168, No. 179a. 64P, 28: 958; 25. (U) van Urk, Keesom and Nijhoff, 168; No. 182b. 6 4P, 29: 914; 26.

SURFACE TENSIONS OF FUSED SALTS ABOVE 20O0C AND LIQUIDS ABOVE 36O0C* ALLAN FERGUSON &-TABLE.—CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS, STANDARD ARRANGEMENT For abbreviations and symbols, v. p. 433 S: In air (*) (I) 0 *, C I d\ I T I TM 445.0 I 1.605 I 38.97 | 456 BiCl3: I n N 2 (3) (III) 271 3.811 66.2 1254 304 3.735 61.8 1187 331 3.682 58.1 1127 353 3.621 55.3 1084 382 3.554 52.0 1032 BiBr3: InN2 (3) (III) ~~ 250 4.598 667s Ï408 281 4.525 63.6 1361 299 4.471 61.6 1328 320 4.416 59.5 1294 346 4.348 56.7 1246 370 4.286 53.8 1191 389 4.237 52.0 1162 417 4.164 48.9 1106 442 4.099 46.2 1056 SnCl2: InN2 (3) (III) 307 3.289 97.0 1449 328 3.263 96.2 1445 361 3.222 93.9 1422 377 3.202 92.0 1402 405 3.166 89.0 1364 430 3.135 86.4 1333 452 3.108 83.9 1302 480 3.072 81.6 1277 PbCl2: In air (5) (I) *, °C

490 500 518 526 539

I

T

138 137 135 134 131

Il

*, °C

541 552 571 590 614

I

T

130 129 128 127 126

* Except metals, for which see p. 439; organic subtances, see p. 448; industrial materials, see Vol. II; and fused salts melting below 20O0C, see p. 447.

TlNO3: InN 2 (3) (III) t, °C

di

T

210 245 264 285 312 339 364 389 430

4.899 4.838 4.806 4.768 4.721 4.674 4.630 4.586 4.515

117.3 115.2 113.8 112.0 109.8 107.4 105.2 102.8 99.5

I

' TM

1682 1666 1653 1635 1614 1589 1566 1540 1507

AgCl: In air (7) (I) t, 0C

I

125.5 124.3 123.6 122.4 121.6

452 468 472 488 494 t, 0C M. P.

I I

M. P.

I

M. P.

I

868.5 897.6 944 985 1029 1065 1117 1156 1208 1270

7

Il

^

t, 0C

7

119.6 116.3 114.3 113.4 112.8

517 532 558 568 573

AgBr; In air (2) 4 T I 121.4 CaCl2: In air (8) (II) 152 BaCl2: In air (8) (II) I 171

TM

I I

LiF: I n N 2 (3) (III) 1.789 249.5Î485 1.775 248.0 1484 1.753 242.3 1462 1.734 238.3 1449 1.713 233.5 1431 1.696 229.8 1418 1.672 222.7 1387 1.653 217.4 1364 1.629 210.6 1335 1.599 201.1 1290

LiCl: I n N 2 ( S ) (III) I dî I T 1.496 137.8 1.483 135.4 1.466 132.9 1.443 128.8 1.425 125,8 1.409 123.2 1.389 119.9 1.365 116.1 1.342 112.6 1.319 108.5 1.296 104.8 Li2SO4: I n N 2 ( 3 ) (HI) 2.004 223.8 1.999 223.1 1.989 221.8 1.978 220.2 1.962 217.4 1.956 216.4 1.947 214.8 1.932 212.3 1.924 211.0 1.917 209.8 1.911 208.8 1.901 207.3 1.884 204.2 1.879 203.4 1.873 202.4 1.869 201.8 1.860 200.3 LiNO 3 : I n N 2 (3) (III) 1.723 111.5 1.699 109.1 1.690 108.4 1.676 106.0 1.650 102.3 1.616 99.0 1.586 96.2 Li2SiO3: I n N 2 (3) (HI)

0

g, C 614 640 680 735 776 814 860 915 968 1022 1075

860 874 897 923 963 977 1001 1039 1057 1074 1090 1112 1157 1168 1184 1192 1214

359 403 418 445 493 555 609 *, °C

I

1254 1380 1421 879 922 968 1012 1055 1097 1150 : 0

t, C

1010 1053 1097 1147 1189 1234 1263 1313 1357

: I

7

Il

*,°C

I

3231 3227 3219 3207 3183 3175 3161 3141 3130 3120 3111 3100 3072 3066 3057 3052 3039

1305 1288 1285 1264 1232 1209 1189 I

374.6 1479 358.2 1550 356.2 1601 LiBO 2 : I n N 2 (3) (HI) 261.8 1198 259.7 1249 256.2 1309 253.1 1355 250.3 1408 247.7 1457 243.6 1520 NaF: InN2 (3) (III) d[

1.936 1.912 1.887 1.859 1.835 1.810 1.794 1.766 1.741

T

199.5 195.5 191.2 185.8 180.5 176.4 173.1 167.5 162.9

TM 1282 1267 1263 1256 1237 1193 1172 1148 1126 1098 1073

T

352.8 348.7 346.6 239.7 234.2 225.8 220.7 212.7 203.1 192.4 I

TM

1552 1533 1513 1485 1455 1435 1417 1385 1360

~

J1 0C 1405 1456 1497 1546

803 811 821 832 859 883 908 931 961 996 1037 1080 1122 1172 M. P.

I

NaF.—(Continued] 4 I T 1.714 157.8 1.685 152.5 1.662 148.7 1.634 143.5 NaCl : In N2 1.547 1.542 1.536 1.529 1.512 1.497 1.482 1.467 1.449 1.427 1.401 1.374 1.347 1.316

(3) (III) 113.8 113.5 112.9 111.9 109.9 108.2 106.4 104.5 102.7 99.7 97.0 94.0 91.3 88.0 113.3*

I

TM 1331 1301 1281 1250

1282 1281 1278 1270 1257 1245 1233 1219 1208 1185 1167 1146 1128 1104

761 810 852 897 942 985 1029 1074 1116 1166 M. P.

NaBr: I n N 2 (3) (III) 2.320 105.8 2.284 102.9 2.250 99.6 2.211 96.2 2.169 92.9 2.125 90.0 2.078 86.2 2.026 84.0 1.974 81.1 1.912 78.0 102.8*

1326 1303 1274 1245 1218 1196 1163 1152 1131 1112

706 746 816 861 M. P.

NaI: InN2 (3) (III) 2.692 85.6 2.649 83..9 2.575 80.5 2.527 77.6 93.9*

Ï248 1237 1209 1180

Na 2 SO 4 : In N 2 (3) (III) 9 Ö Ö 2 . 0 6 1 1 9 4 . 8 3 2 7 5 945 2.039 189.3 3205 990 2.017 188.2 3210 1032 1.997 186.5 3202 1077 1.971 184.7 3199 NaNO 3 : I n N 2 (3HIII) 3 2 2 1 . 9 0 0 1 1 9 . 7 Ï 5 Ô 9 355 1.877 118.1 1501 397 1.850 115.9 1487 427 1.829 114.2 1476 466 1.803 111.8 1459 513 1.771 108.9 1438 559 1.740 105.9 1415 602 1.711 103.4 1397 656 1.675 99.4 1364 693 1.650 96.8 1340 738 1.620 93.7 1313 329 1.895 110.8 \ _ . ,,. 405 1.846 106.5 / In air (1) *In air (») (II).

NaPO 3 : I n N 2 ( S ) (ni) *, 0C 827 871 927 1014 1099 1181 1265 1317 1434 1517

I

• M. P.

I

d{ 2.181 2.162 2.137 2.099 2.062 2.025 1.989 1.966 1.914 1.878

I

T 197.5 194.8 191.6 186.7 181.6 176.6 170.9 166.7 156.2 147.5

CH 3 CO 2 Na: In air (8) (II) I 38.8

699 729 751 777 819 859 904 948 990 1035 1079 1122 1172 1212

Na 2 MoO 4 : I n N 2 2.796 2.777 2.763 2.747 2.720 2.695 2.667 2.639 2.613 2.584 2.557 2.530 2.499 2.473

710 741 788 834 879 932 985 1039 1081 1133 1181 1232 1282 1332 1391 1450 1517 1559 1595

Na 2 WO 4 : In N 2 (3) (III) 3.893 203.3 3.860 201.0 3.812 198.2 3.765 195.2 3.721 191.5 3.671 189.5 3.623 184.2 3.576 181.4 3.541 178.3 3.499 174.6 3.461 172.4 3.424 168.0 3.390 163.8 3.355 160.6 3.318 155.0 3.282 152.0 3.245 147.3 3.224 144.0 3.208 I 142.6

*, 0C 1016 1052 1097 1140 1192

NaBO 2 : In N2 (3) (III) T Il *, 0C 193.7 1234 188.3 1277 180.9 1323 174.7 1372 166.1 1441

*, °C 913 962 1015 1062 inrrr

I

I

KF: In N2 (3) dj 1.869 1.837 1.801 1.770 i T/in

I

(3) (HI) 214.0 210.0 208.1 204.9 202.4 199.0 195.4 191.4 187.7 184.1 181.2 178.8 176.1 174.6

(III) T 138.4 135.2 131.0 127.4 i o/i K

TM 2565 2544 2522 2487 2448 2409 2358 2318 2213 2116

3761 3707 3686 3644 3623 3584 3544 3496 3451 3410 3380 3359 3335 3330 3632 3612 3591 3566 3526 3521 3452 3430 3393 3350 3332 3270 3209 3168 3080 3043 2971 2917 2899 I

T 159.7 150.8 142.9 135.1 126.2

I

TM 1368 1352 1328 1306 1007

KF.—(Continued) d\ "I y I TM 1.713 119.9 1256 1.689 116.1 1228 1.654 112.3 1205 1.627 108.6 1178 1.604 104.9 I 1148 KCl: InN2(S) (III) 800 1.509 95.8 1290 827 1.492 94.0 1275 862 1.470 91.3 1251 885 1.456 89.7 1237 909 1.442 88.0 1221 941 1.421 85.8 1203 986 1.396 82.2 1166 1029 1.370 79.1 1136 1054 1.355 77.2 1117 1.335 75.2 1099 1088 1104 1.326 73.7 1082 1125 1.313 72.5 1070 1167 1.287 69.6 1042 M. P. 98.4* KBr: InN2 (3) (III) 775 2.086 S5~7 1270 798 2.068 83.8 1249 826 2.045 82.0 1231 859 2.019 79.5 1204 887 1.997 77.8 1187 920 1.970 75.4 1161 M. P. 91.0* KI: In N2 (3) (III) 737 2.392 75.2 1270 764 2.364 72.1 1227 812 2.314 69.2 1195 866 2.257 66.8 1173 873 2.250 66.5 1170 M. P. 83.5* K 2 SO 4 : I n N 2 (3) (III) 1070 1.888 143.7 2935 1103 1.870 142.6 2931 1145 1.848 140.6 2913 1199 1.818 136.7 2863 1247 1.792 132.7 2806 1306 1.760 128.8 2757 1347 1.737 126.2 2725 1372 1.724 124.6 2704 1400 1.709 122.4 2672 1440 1.687 119.8 2637 1463 1.674 118.1 2613 1490 1.660 116.1 2584 1530 1.637 114.1 2563 1586 1.607 110.7 2517 1656 1.569 106.8 2468 KNQ 3 : In N2 (3) (III) 3 8 0 1 . 8 3 7 1 1 0 . 4 Ï 5 9 7 436 1.794 106.0 1558 480 1.760 102.8 1531 534 1.719 98.5 1489 578 1.685 95.2 1459 628 1.647 91.6 1426 675 1.611 87.9 1389 722 1.575 84.0 1349 772 1.537 80.2 1307 349 1.869 106.4 1 T . / 1 N /TX 414 1.764 100.7 | ^ ^ (I)(I)

*, 0C 1147 1185 1234 1275 1310

I

KPO3: I n N 2 ( S ) (III) *,°C 897 942 996 1036 1082 1120 1167 1205 1250 1288 1345 1372 1413 1497 1536

d\ 2.069 2.049 2.027 2.010 1.983 1.973 1.953 1.938 1.918 1.901 1.877 1.865 1.848 1.812 1.795

M. P.

KCN: In air (8) (II) I 96.1

I

K2WO4.—(Continued)

T 155.5 151.8 149.0 146.1 143.0 140.3 136.8 133.5 130.2 126.3 122.5 118.5 114.7 105.5 100.3

I

JM 2304 2264 2238 2207 2180 2146 2106 2066 2029 1980 1937 1882 1832 1708 1634

I

PbCl2-KCl: In air (6) (I) *, °C

I

471 502 522 529 538 547

105 555 103 582 102 592 101 602 100 616 99.2 PbCl2.KCl: In liquid Pb (6) (I) 230 531 228 542 223 546 219 599 220 K 2 Cr 2 O 7 : I n N 2 (3) (III)

453 467 494 509 526 t, 0C 420 454 480 504 535

T

Il

*, °C

T

97.9 95.1 94.7 94.4 94.4

2Ï6 214 212 199

dì I T I 7M 2.271 140.1 2.248 139.4 3593 2.229 138.4 3588 2.213 137.0 3568 2.191 135.0 3540 K 2 MoO 4 : I n N 2 (3) (III) 9 3 Ï 2 . 3 6 2 1 5 0 . 5 3 2 6 1 977 2.334 147.3 3217 1021 2.307 145.2 3196 1105 2.255 140.7 3144 1143 2.230 138.6 3120 1189 2.200 135.5 3078 2.144 130.0 3004 1273 1356 2.087 123.6 2908 1438 2.029 118.0 2829 1453 2.018 116.9 2813 1522 1.959 112.5 2761 K 2 WO 4 : In N 2 (3) (III) 925 3.175 161.0 3531 969 3.139 154.1 3406 3.103 150.2 3346 1013 1052 3.071 145.9 3275 3.035 141.9 3207 1097 3.002 138.0 3143 1139 134.1 3076 1183 2.968 1230 2.933 130.3 3013 2.893 124.6 2908 1284

t,°C

d\

1322 1367 1409 1458 1489 1520 9

9

2

T

2.866 120.9 2.834 118.4 2.805 114.3 2.771 110.0 2.751 107.9 2.730 105.6 KBO 2 : In N 2 (3) (III) 1 2 3 . 5

I

TM

2839 2802 2723 2642 2605 2560

1036 1091 1142

112.3 103.0 96.6

803

RbF: InN2 (3) (III) 2.894 127.2

1389

847 887

2.851 2.812

1338 1299

936

2.763

113.0

1273

986

2.711

108.9

1242

2.657 105.2 2.605 102.2 RbCl: I n N 2 (3) (III) 2.088 95.7 2.072 94.2 2.024 89.0 1.981 84.5 1.946 81.1 1.937 79.9 1.914 77.3 1.887 74.7 1.852 71.3 1.809 66.7 1.759 61.4 RbBr: I n N 2 (3) (III) 2.656 87.7

1216 1197

1037 1085 750 770 828 880 923 933 962 994 1037 1089 1150 729

-

121.3 116.7

Ï433 1417 1360 1310 1272 1257 1226 1196 1156 1099 1035 1378

779

2.601

84.1

1340

831 884

2.542 2.486

80.7 77.2

1305 1267

1222

944

2.421

73.1

986

2.375

70.2

1188

1041

2.318

66.7

1147

1121

2.226 60.6 RbI: InN2 (3) (III) 2.827 79.4 2.774 75.8

1071

772

2.719

72.2

1319

822

2.663

68.5

1269

869

2.611

65.1

1222

918

2.557

61.6

1173

968

2.501

58.3

1126

673 722

1016

Ï4Ï4 1367

2.448 55.4 1086 Rb2SO4: InN2 (3) (III) Ï 0 8 6 2 . 5 3 8 1 3 2 . 5 2 9 5 3 1112 2.521 129.7 2903 1145 2.499 127.3 2866 1195 2.466 124.2 2821 1235 2.440 121.8 2786 1289 2.403 118.9 2748 1344 2.367 116.0 2708 1397 2.331 113.8 2684 1415 2.319 113.1 2676 1482 2.275 110.9 2658 1545' 2.233 108.9 2643

t, °C 327 376 428 480 527 578 625 676 726

I

RbNO 3 : InN 2 (3) (III) d\ T 2.467 107.5 2.419 104.0 2.368 99.8 2.318 96.1 2.272 92.5 2.222 88.9 2.177 85.6 2.127 81.4 2.078 77.7

CsI: I n N 2 ( S ) (III) 1

TM 1643 1611 1568 1531 1494 1457 1422 1373 1332

CsF: InN2 (3) (III) 7 2 3 3 . 5 8 3 1 0 4 . 5 Ï 2 7 0 769 3.526 101.0 1241 826 3.456 96.4 1200 877 3.392 92.3 1164 930 3.327 88.1 1125 985 3.259 84.3 1091 1042 3.189 81.3 1068 1100 3.117 78.9 1052 CsCl: In N2 (3) (III) 664 2.772 89.2 1378 717 2.714 85.9 1346 771 2.655 81.9 1302 830 2.592 77.7 1255 881 2.537 73.7 1208 934 2.479 69.7 1160 979 2.421 66.4 1123 1035 2.370 61.6 1056 1080 2.332 56.3 976 CsBr: InN2 (3) (III) 658 3.116 81.8 Î366 694 3.066 78.9 1333 753 '2.99O 74.9 1286 808 2.915 71.6 1250 858 2.846 68.5 1216 916 2.769 65.5 1184 971 2.695 62.7 1154

t, °C 654 713 768 821 879 926 980 1030

I

d{ 3.158 3.086 3.018 2.953 2.883 2.826 2.760 2.699

T 73,1 68.8 65.7 62.5 59.2 56.6 53.8 51.1

I

TM 1383 1321 1281 1236 1187 1153 1113 1073

1036 1063 1105 1165 1221 1275 1331 1372 1423 1470 1530

Cs2SO4: In N2 (3) (III) 3.037 111.3 3.018 108.2 2.988 105.0 2.937 100.8 2.889 97.3 2.841 94.7 2.787 91.7 2.743 89.8 2.690 87.4 2.636 85.5 2.566 83.0

2694 2630 2570 2495 2435 2397 2351 2326 2294 2275 2248

426 460 511 577 602 686

CsNO 3 : In N2 (3) (III) 2.796 91.8 2.758 88.2 2.700 83.7 2.627 79.2 2.599 76.3 2.505 72.5

1554 1507 1451 1398 1356 1321

LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) C 1 ) Bottomley, 4, 83: 1421; 03. ( 2 ) Gradenwitz, 8, 67:467; 99. (3) Jaeger, 98, 101: 1; 17. (*) Kellas, 4, 113: 903; 18. (5) Lorenz and Kaufler, 25, 41: 3727; 08. ( 6 ) Lorenz and Liebmann, 7, 83: 459; 13. (?) Lorenz, Liebmann and Höchberg, 93, 94: 301; 16. (8) Motylewski, 93, 38: 410; 04.

SURFACE-TENSION DATA FOR CERTAIN PURE LIQUIDS BETWEEN O AND 36O0C AND FOR ALL TYPES OF SOLUTIONS AT ALL TEMPERATURES T. FRÄSER YOUNG AND WILLIAM D. HARKINS* LIQUID— GAS INTERFACE For abbreviations and symbols, v. p. 433 The greater part of the surface-tension values listed in the following tables have been corrected, in so far as possible, to agree with certain "standard" values for water and for benzene (C6H6) as determined by the capillary-height method. As the primary standard, the value of y for water is taken as equal to 72.75 ± * Assisted by P. L. K. Gross, Ben. H. Nicolet, Leslie Hellerman, B. R. Mortimer, David M. Gans, L. H. Cheng, O. G. Vogel, A. W. Meyer, W. EJ. Vaughan, B. Ginsberg, E. H. Robinson, and C. M. Marberg.

0.05 dyne/cm at 20° in the presence of air at ordinary pressure. The values used in selecting this standard are those of Richards and Coombs, 1915, corrected 1921 (64) 72.72; Harkins and Brown, 1919 (40) 72.80; Richards and Carver, 1921 (63) 72.73; and Young and Gross (for these tables) 72.80. So far as is known all of these values have been determined with about the same degree of precision, and also with the same order of accuracy with respect to known errors. The " standard" value for benzene in air at 20° is 28.88 ± 0.03, and is based on the work of Richards and Coombs ( 64 ), Richards and Carver ( 63 ) and Harkins and Brown ( 40 ).

t, °C 327 376 428 480 527 578 625 676 726

I

RbNO 3 : InN 2 (3) (III) d\ T 2.467 107.5 2.419 104.0 2.368 99.8 2.318 96.1 2.272 92.5 2.222 88.9 2.177 85.6 2.127 81.4 2.078 77.7

CsI: I n N 2 ( S ) (III) 1

TM 1643 1611 1568 1531 1494 1457 1422 1373 1332

CsF: InN2 (3) (III) 7 2 3 3 . 5 8 3 1 0 4 . 5 Ï 2 7 0 769 3.526 101.0 1241 826 3.456 96.4 1200 877 3.392 92.3 1164 930 3.327 88.1 1125 985 3.259 84.3 1091 1042 3.189 81.3 1068 1100 3.117 78.9 1052 CsCl: In N2 (3) (III) 664 2.772 89.2 1378 717 2.714 85.9 1346 771 2.655 81.9 1302 830 2.592 77.7 1255 881 2.537 73.7 1208 934 2.479 69.7 1160 979 2.421 66.4 1123 1035 2.370 61.6 1056 1080 2.332 56.3 976 CsBr: InN2 (3) (III) 658 3.116 81.8 Î366 694 3.066 78.9 1333 753 '2.99O 74.9 1286 808 2.915 71.6 1250 858 2.846 68.5 1216 916 2.769 65.5 1184 971 2.695 62.7 1154

t, °C 654 713 768 821 879 926 980 1030

I

d{ 3.158 3.086 3.018 2.953 2.883 2.826 2.760 2.699

T 73,1 68.8 65.7 62.5 59.2 56.6 53.8 51.1

I

TM 1383 1321 1281 1236 1187 1153 1113 1073

1036 1063 1105 1165 1221 1275 1331 1372 1423 1470 1530

Cs2SO4: In N2 (3) (III) 3.037 111.3 3.018 108.2 2.988 105.0 2.937 100.8 2.889 97.3 2.841 94.7 2.787 91.7 2.743 89.8 2.690 87.4 2.636 85.5 2.566 83.0

2694 2630 2570 2495 2435 2397 2351 2326 2294 2275 2248

426 460 511 577 602 686

CsNO 3 : In N2 (3) (III) 2.796 91.8 2.758 88.2 2.700 83.7 2.627 79.2 2.599 76.3 2.505 72.5

1554 1507 1451 1398 1356 1321

LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) C 1 ) Bottomley, 4, 83: 1421; 03. ( 2 ) Gradenwitz, 8, 67:467; 99. (3) Jaeger, 98, 101: 1; 17. (*) Kellas, 4, 113: 903; 18. (5) Lorenz and Kaufler, 25, 41: 3727; 08. ( 6 ) Lorenz and Liebmann, 7, 83: 459; 13. (?) Lorenz, Liebmann and Höchberg, 93, 94: 301; 16. (8) Motylewski, 93, 38: 410; 04.

SURFACE-TENSION DATA FOR CERTAIN PURE LIQUIDS BETWEEN O AND 36O0C AND FOR ALL TYPES OF SOLUTIONS AT ALL TEMPERATURES T. FRÄSER YOUNG AND WILLIAM D. HARKINS* LIQUID— GAS INTERFACE For abbreviations and symbols, v. p. 433 The greater part of the surface-tension values listed in the following tables have been corrected, in so far as possible, to agree with certain "standard" values for water and for benzene (C6H6) as determined by the capillary-height method. As the primary standard, the value of y for water is taken as equal to 72.75 ± * Assisted by P. L. K. Gross, Ben. H. Nicolet, Leslie Hellerman, B. R. Mortimer, David M. Gans, L. H. Cheng, O. G. Vogel, A. W. Meyer, W. EJ. Vaughan, B. Ginsberg, E. H. Robinson, and C. M. Marberg.

0.05 dyne/cm at 20° in the presence of air at ordinary pressure. The values used in selecting this standard are those of Richards and Coombs, 1915, corrected 1921 (64) 72.72; Harkins and Brown, 1919 (40) 72.80; Richards and Carver, 1921 (63) 72.73; and Young and Gross (for these tables) 72.80. So far as is known all of these values have been determined with about the same degree of precision, and also with the same order of accuracy with respect to known errors. The " standard" value for benzene in air at 20° is 28.88 ± 0.03, and is based on the work of Richards and Coombs ( 64 ), Richards and Carver ( 63 ) and Harkins and Brown ( 40 ).

2V-» Table H2O (I, II, III, IX) (19,45,61, Cl2 (I). (35);». aZsop.441 63, 64, 66, 75, 77, 78, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101)

«, 0C -8 -5 O +5 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 70

a2 (air)

-y (air)

76.96 ± 0.3 0.1574 76.42 ± 0.2 .1562 75.64 ± 0.1 .1544s 74.92 ± 0 . 1 .15299 74.22+0.05 .15160 74.07+0.05 .15131 73.93+0.05 .151Os 73.78 ± 0.05 .1507s 7 3 . 6 4 + 0 . 0 5 .1504s 7 3 . 4 9 + 0 . 0 5 .15019 7 3 . 3 4 + 0 . 0 5 .1499i 73.19+0.05 .14963 7 3 . 0 5 + 0 . 0 5 .1493? 7 2 . 9 0 + 0 . 0 5 .14909 7 2 . 7 5 + 0 . 0 5 .14881 72.59 + 0.05 .14852 72.44 ± 0.05 .14824 72.28 ± 0.05 .14795 72.13 ± 0.05 .1476s 7 1 . 9 7 + 0 . 0 5 .1473s 7 1 . 8 2 + 0 . 0 5 .147Ii 7 1 . 6 6 + 0 . 0 5 .1468s 7 1 . 5 0 + 0 . 0 5 .14654 71.35+0.05 .14627 71.18+0.05 .14597 7 0 . 3 8 + 0 . 0 5 .1445e 6 9 . 5 6 + 0 . 0 5 .143Is 6 8 . 7 4 + 0 . 0 5 .1417s 6 7 . 9 1 + 0 . 0 5 .14032 6 7 . 0 5 + 0 . 0 5 .13887 66.18+0.05 .13741 64.42 + 0.1 .13449

*, °C

7 = 72(1 -

90 100 110 120 130

60.75 + 0.2 .1284 58.85 + 0.2 .1253 7 (vapor) 56.89 + 0.2 ks 54.89 + 0.2 1.27 52.84 + 0.3

1.0s 1.07 l.ls

25 70 100

t, 0C 0.2 6.2 11.0 13.9 18.2

7 (air)±ca. 0.5 78.9 77.9 77.7 76.6 76.1

Br2 (I, II) ks = 2.0 (22, 40, 57, 73)

I1 0 C O 20 50

7 (air or vapor) ±0.7 45.0 41.5 36.2

7 (air or vapor) ±1.5 33.1 28.8

7 (air)* 35.26 32.92 28.40

a2 = 4.4496 - 0.01199J; at 1250C, 7 = 21.1 «, 0C a2 ±2% 9.0 0.04341 61.7 .03710 65.8 .03660 72.0 .03586

T§

For notes f-§§ see p. 475.

7 (N 2 ) ±2t 56.5 53.6 51.4

PSCl3 (IJ (73)

AsCl3 (III) (30) *, 0C 7 (N 2 ) ±2t -21 43.8 +50.2 36.6 110 31.0

10.Io 3.37 2.52 1.75 1.07

NH3 (I) ks = 1.3 ( 4 ) *, 0C 7 ± 2.0 11.1 23.4 34.1 18.1 59.0 13.0

7 ±0.3 7 ±0.5 (air) (vapor) 33.4 33.4 32.2 32.2 30.9 30.9 28.4 28.4 26.5 26.5 24.1 2 4 . 1

*, C 75.3 121.4 150

Se (II) (57) 7 (air) 92.4 ± 2o

N 2 O 4 (I) ks = 2.2 (61) «, 0C 7 ±1-0 1.6 30.6 19.8 27.5

29.7 29.1 25.2 22.0

PI3 (III) (30)

7 (?)tt

*-•('-&)"•

15 20 50 75

0

N 2 O (I) (84)

-25 + 10 15 20 25

7 (air or vapor) ±0.5

PBr3 (III) (82) 7 (air) *, 0C ±1§§ 24 45.8 33 44.1 59.5 38.4 72 37.1

45.0 44.4

t, 0C 217

27.8

t, 0C

t, 0C 10 20 30 50 65 85

SOBr2 (I) (36)

17 25

33.2 31.4

(61, 73, 82)

* The results of ( 6 1 ) are 2 to 5 dyne/cm lower.

t, °C

60.25 78.95

PCl5 (I) 7 (vapor) (95) POCl3 (I, III) ks = 2.2

SCl2O2 (III) (82)

*, °C

H 2 O 2 (I) (33)

7«

SCl2O (I, III) (61» 82)

t, 0C 13 23.5 47.5

36.6

(14, 40, 61, 73)

33.1 30.3 25.7 22.3 17.8

S2Cl2 (I) ks = 2.2 (61) t, 0C 7 ±1.0 15.5 43.8 46.3 39.3 78.3 35.0

t, C 20 50

34.3

PCl3 (I, II) ks = 2.2

T/TcY-^

*, °C

0

7«

109.4

SO3 (I) (68); cf. (5)

17.5 35.3 60.4 78.3 100.0

', °C

7tt

21.7 20.0 18.4 16.7 15.1 I 13.4

O 10 20 30 40 50

62.61 ± 0.1 .1315

80

P2O3 (I) *ff =2.3 ( 7 *)

'

AsBr3 (III) (30) *, 0C 7 (N 2 ) ±2t 49.6 49.6 121 41.0 179.7 36.1 SbCl3 (III) (95) t, 0C 7 (air) +1.0§§ 109.5 44.51 127.5 41.84 148.5 39.43 166.5 37.38 SbCl5 (III) 7 (air) (95)

CO2 (I) (84, 85) *, °C

7§

9.1s 4.49 2.73 1.90 1.16 0.52 0.06

-25 O +10 15 20 25 30

T-K'-K)"

CCl4 (I, II) (18, 19, 21, 23, 51, 58, 60, 63, 89)

t, 0C 10 20 30 50 75 100 150 200 250 270

7 (air) 7 (vapor) 28.00±0.128.22±0.2 26.77±0.126.95±0.1 25.53±0.125.70±0.2 23.14±0.223.22±0.2 20.19±0.220.20+0.2 17.26±0.2 11.66±0.2 6.53±0.2 2.11±0.2 0.68±0.2

7 (vapor) = 67.671 (lA) 1 ' f i ± a 2 ' 1 0 t o 2 7 0 0 C ' kg = 2.21 from 10 to 10O0C; = 2.2 from 10 to 22O0C. At 20CC, a2 (air) = 0.03426. 7 (vapor) — 7 (air) = 0.18. CCl2O (I) ks = 2.1 (54)

*, °C Tft 16.7 20.1 34.5 17.6 46.1 15.9 CS2 (I, II, III, IX) ks = 2.1 (40, 51, 58, 59, 73, 75, 91, 94)

7 (air or t, 0C vapor) ±0.3 O 35.28 10 33.81 20 32.33 45 28.66 60 I 26.45 CCl3NO2, Chloropicrin (I, II) (26, 73)

*, 0C

7 (air or vapor) ±0.6 10 33.7 20 32.3 95 22.4 For other C-compounds, v. p. 448. SiCl4, Silicon tetrachloride (I) kB = 2.1 (61) J, 0C 7 ±1.0 18.9 16.9 45.5 14.1 C4O4Ni, Nickel tetracarbonyl (I) ks = 2.4 (61) t, 0C 7 ±1.0 19.8 14.7 45.9 11.8

C-Table, the (T-Arrangement For abbreviations and symbols, v. p. 433 CH3NO, Formamide (I, II) CHBrCl2, Dichlorobromomethks = 0.7 (50, 83, 87) ane (I) kg = 2.1 (»o) t, 0C 7 (air) +0.4 «, 0C 7 (air) ±0.3 O 59.9 22.5 32.25 20 58.2 44.0 29.36 50 55.7 61.5 27.11 75 53.3 84.5 24.22 CHBr3,

Bromoform

(I,

II)

(14,25)

t, 0C

55 120 I9 0C 20

(23, 50, 73)

a2 (air) ±0.001

0.0265 0.0211 7 (air) ±0.3 41.53

CHCl3, Chloroform III)

(I,

CH 3 NO 2 , Nitromethane (I, II)

II,

k E = 2.1 (23, 51, 58, 59, 63, 72, 91) 0

t, C T T (air) 10 28.60±0.228.50+0.2 20* 27.24±0.127.14±0.1 60 21.73+0.221.73+0.2 77.5 19.40±0.3

* At 2O0C, a2 (air) = 0.03722; 7(vapor) ~ 7(air) = +0.10.

HCN, Hydrogen cyanide (I, II) ft* = 1.1 ( 8 ) «, 0C 7 (air)tt 10 19.1 17 18.2 25 17.2 . CH2BrNO2, Bromonitromethane (III) (30) t, 0C 7 (N 2 ) ±2f -18.5 48.3 +80 36.4 135.8 28.6 CH2Cl2, Méthylène chloride (U) (23)

At 2O0C, 7 (air) = 26.52 + 0.2 CH2I2, Méthylène iodide (U) (25)

At 2O0C, 7 (air) = 50.76 + 0.3 CH2O2, Formic acid (I, II)

*, 0C O 20 45 100

7 (air) 39.8 ±0.2 36.82±0.1 33.4 ±0.2 26.1 ±0.3

CH4O, Methyl alcohol (I, II) (45, 46, 48, 60, 64) 0

7 (air) 24.49±0.2 22.61±0.1 21.75±0.2 20.14±0.2

t, C O 20 30 50

t, 0C 1 7 ±0.2 ft* 70 18.51 0.9 100 15.67 1.0 150 10.42 1.3 200 4.41 1.7 235 0.34 From 70 to 2350C, 7 = / T V-33 173.245(1 - gjg-j) 243.042(l

-

^1)2

+

3

146.344(1-^1) , ±0.2. At 2O0C, dl° - 0.7918; a 2 (air) = 0.05830. CH4S, Methylmercaptan (I) ft* = 2.1 (6) t, 0C 7 ± < 1.5 9.8 26.44 33.3 22.42 43.5 20.73

JtE = 0.9 (30, 31, 46, 50, 61,

73)

t, 0C 7 (air) 10 38.7±0.5 20 37.6±0.5 50 34.4±0.5 100 29.0±1.0 CH3Cl, Methyl chloride (I) (86) *, °C

O 10 20

7§

19.5 17.8 16.2

T- K' -fl"

CH3I, Methyl iodide (I) (73) At 2.50C, a2 (air) = 0.02960 + 2%; at 43.50C, a 2 (air) = 0.02532 ± 2%, 7 (air) = 25.8

CH6N, Methylamine (III) (30) t, 0C 7 (N 2 ) ±2f -70 29.2 -20 23.0 -12 21.7 C 2 Cl 4 , Tetrachloroethylene (I, U) (25, 73)

t, 0C 10 20 120

7 (air) 32.8 ±0.2 31.74±0.1 21.6 ±0.4

C2HCl3O2, Trichloroacetic acid (III) (30) t, 0C 7 (N 2 ) ±2f 80.2 27.8 136.5 23.4 196 17.8 C2H2Br4, 1, 1, 2, 2-Tetrabromoethane (I, II) kE — 2.5 (23, 90)

*, 0C 20 45 75 100

7 (air) 49.67±0.1 46.54±0.2 42.87±0.2 39.78±0.2

C 2 H 2 Cl 2 O 2 , Dichloroacetic acid (III) (30) t, 0C 7 (N2) ± 2t 25.7 35.4 80.2 30.3 176.2 21.4 C 2 H 2 Cl 4 , 1, 1, 2, 2-Tetrachloroethane (I) ft* = 2.3 ( 90 ) «, 0C 7 (air) ±0.3 22.5 36.03 40.6 33.69 60.3 31.22 76.3 29.23 92.2 27.36 C2H3ClO, Acetyl chloride (I) kE = 2.1 (61) «, 0C 7 ±1-0 14.8 26.7 46.2 21.9 C2H3ClO2, Chloroacetic acid (III)

t, 0C 80.2 136.2 176.3

(30)

7 (N 2 ) ±2| 33.3 28.1 23.5

C2H3Cl3, 1, 1, 2-Trichloroethane (I) (73)

*, 0C 7.1 114 C 2 H 3 N,

a2 (air) ±2% 0.04922 0.03459

7 (air) 22.0

Acetonitrile

(I,

II)

kE = 1.5 ( 1 2 , 3 9 , 6 2 , 7 3 )

t, 0C 10 20 50 90

7 (air) ±0.1 30.62 29.30 25.40 20.21

7 (vapor) 30.62±0.3 29.30±0.3 25.40±0.2 20.21±0.2

C2H3NS, Methyl thiocyanate (I) ( 73 ) a2 = 0.07606 - 0.000186* t, 0C a2 ±2% 7 9.2 0.07435 C2HCl3O, Chloral (I) kE = 2.2 48.5 0.06704 t, 0C 7 ( 61 ) t, 0C 7 ( 73 ) 0.06490 19.4 25.34 20.0 30.01 60.0 73.5 0.06239 45.8 22.18 96.5 20.38 0.05132 23.3 For notes t~§§ see p. 475. | 133.0

C2H4Br2, Ethylene bromide (I, II) ft* = 2.2 (14,21,51, 58, 59, 65, 73)

t, 0C 7 (air)" 7 (vapor) 10 40.05±0.340.05±0.5 20 38.75±0.138.75±0.4 30 37.45±0.137.45+0.4 40 36.15±0.136.15±0.4 50 34.87±0.234.87+0.4 60 33.58±0.233.58+0.4 100 28.40±0.328.40+0.4 130 24.73±0.424.73+0.4 C2H4Cl2, 1, 1-Dichloroethane (I, II) (40, 72)

*, 0C 35.0 57.0

7 (air) ±0.5 23.4 20.5

C2H4Cl2, Ethylene chloride (I, II, III) (40, 65, 72, 91, 94)

t, 0C 10 20 40 60 80

7 (air) ±0.3 33.6 32.2 29.5 26.7 24.0

C2H4O, Acetaldehyde (I) kE = 1.8 (32) *, °C

7tt

0.1 23.9 10.0 22.4 20.0 21.2 29.0 20.1 43.0 18.0 50.0 17.0 C2H4O2, Acetic acid (I, II, III) (3, 45, 46, 48, 60, 73, 91, 94)

/, 0C 10 20 50 75 100 118 150 180 220 250 *, 0C 20 100 150 250

7 (air) 7 (vapor) 28.62±0.228.8±0.5 27.63±0.227.8±0.5 24.65±0.224.8±0.5 22.18±0.222.3±0.5 19.7 ±0.319.8±0.4 18.1 ±0.318.1+0.3 15.0±0.3 12.3±0.3 8.5+0.3 5.7±0.3 kE k'E* 1.3 2.0 1.3 2.05 1.35 2.15 1.45 2.3

* k'E calculated for 04HsO4. C 2 H 4 O 2 , Methyl formate (I, U) (49, 60, 73)

*, 0C O 10 20 30 50 100 150

7 (vapor) ±0.2 28.30 26.68 25.08 23.50 20.40 13.04 6.41

7 (air) ±0.2 28.00 26.50 25.00 23.49

02HUO 2.—(Continued) 7 (vapor) 7 (air) t, C ±0.2 ±0.2 200 0.99 210 0.21 0

' -from"'K'50 -toJEI)" 214 C; 0

±0.2,

kE = 2.09 from O to 10O0C; = 2.1 from O to 13O0C. C2H6Br, Ethyl bromide (I, II) (23,65,73)

I1 0C 7 (air or vapor) 10 25.48±0.2 20 24.15±0.2 40 21.52±0.2 C2H5Cl2OP, Ethoxydichlorophosphine (I) ( 73 ) 2 a = 0.04751 - 0.0001357*; 7 = 19.8 at 116.50C t, 0C a2 ±2% 9.1 0.04627 46.7 0.04118 51.3 0.04055 60.0 0.03937 72.5 0.03767 C2H8I, Ethyl iodide (I, II, III) kg = 2.2 ( 18 > 61, 65, 73, 91) 7 (air) 7 (vapor) t, 0C ±1 ±2

30.6 30.6 29.4 29.4 25.6 25.6 22.4 22.4 Acetamide (I) kg = 1.2 (83) t, 0C 7 (?) ±0.5 85 39.3 95 38.4 105 37.3 120 35.7 C2HsNO, Acetaldoxime (I) kg = 1.5 (U,92) t, 0C 7 ±0.3 35 30.1 60 27.3 80 25.1 110 21.7 145 17.8 C2H6NO2, Nitroethane (I)

10 20 50 75 C2H6NO,

C2HeN2O, Dimethylnitrosoamine (I, II) kg = 1.8 ( 50 > 83) 7 (air or vapor) I1 0C ±0.5 20 38.9 40 36.4 75 31.8 C 2 H 6 O, Ethyl alcohol (I, II, IX) (45, 46, 48, 59, 60, 62, 64, 75) t, 0C O 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 100 150 200 240

T (air) T (vapor) 24.05 + 0.2 23.14±0.1 23.61+0.3 22.27±0.1 22.75±0.3 21.43±0.1 21.89±0.3 20.60±0.2 21.02±0.3 19.80±0.220.14 + 0.3 19.01 + 0.2 19.24±0.3 18.22±0.2 18.34±0.3 15.47 + 0.2 10.16 + 0.2 4.26±0.2 0.13±0.2

230

•• - [

JCE

1

1.0

1.3 1.7 2.1

1

X - sas)" -

304.339^1 - g^)

2

+ 139.756 (l-

5T6~2~)3] ±0'3' fr°m 10 t0 240°C' At 2O0C, d2.0 = 0.7892; a* (air) = 0.0576s. C2H6O2, Glycol (I, II) (52,61)

7 (air or vapor) ±1.5 49.0 47.7 45.3 42.3 36.7

0

t, C O 20 50 80 130

C2H6O4S, Dimethyl sulfate (HI) (82) 0

i, C 18 36.5 55 74.5 93

7 (air) ±1§§ 40.12 37.76 35.46 33.25 31.03

C2H6S, Methyl sulfide (I) kg = 2.1 (6) t, 0C 7 ± < 1.5 11.1 26.50 32.9 23.33 57.7 19.87

A, = 1.7 (61,73)

7 (air or vapor) t, C ±0.5 10 33.4 20 32.2 50 28.5 100 22.5 110 21.2 C2H6NO3, Ethyl nitrate 0

C2H6S, Ethylmercaptan (I, II) kE = 2.1 ( 2 0 , 3 9 , 6 1 )

I1 0C O 10 20

C2H7N, Dimethylamine (III)

(I, II) (50, 73)

t, 0C O 20 85

7 (air or vapor) ±0.7 31.2 28.7 20.5

7 (air or vapor) ±0.7 25.4 24.0 22.5 (30)

t, 0C -78 -23 + 5

7 (N 2 ) ±2f 25.2 20.2 17.7


C2H7N, Ethylamine (III) (30) t, 0C 7 (N 2 ) ±2f -74 29.1 -21.5 23.4 + 9.9 20.4

C2H8N2O3, Dimethylammonium nitrate (I) kE = 0

t, C 69.6 97.6 118.0

0.6 ( 88 ) 7 (air) ±0.5 52.05 50.65 49.75

C 2 H 8 N 2 O 3 , Ethy!ammonium nitrate (I) kg = 0.5 ( 88 ) t, 0C 7 (air) ±0.5 17.5 47.67 20.0 47.62 45.2 46.53 58.5 46.02 C3H2N2, Malononitrile (I) At 360C, a2 = 0.09e; varies with time, temperature and thermal history of the sample, v. ( 89 ). C3H4Br2O2, ctj /3-Dibromopropionic acid (I) (53) t, 0C 7 (?) ±3 50 87 90 56 C3H4Cl2O, a, a-Dichloroacetone (II) (23) At 2O0C, 7 (air) = 31.91 ± 0.2 C3H5Br, 3-Bromopropylene (I) (73)

a2 = 0.042869 - 0.000148*, 7 = 21.35 at 70.O0C t, 0C a2 ±2% 8.0 0.04170 37.5 0.03730 43.5 0.03640 55.0 0.03472 C3H5Br3, 1, 2, 3-Tribromopropane (II) (25) At 2O0C, 7 (air) = 45.36 ± 0.3 C3H6ClO, Chloroacetone (II) (23)

At 2O0C, 7 (air) = 35.27 ± 0.2 C3H5ClO, a-Epichloro hydrin (I, III) (73, 82.7)

t, 0C 10 20 50 85

7 (air or vapor) ±0.3 38.5 37.0 32.9 28.2

C3H5ClO2, Ethyl chloroformate (I) kg = 2.1 (**) t, 0C 7 ±1.0 15.1 27.5 46.5 23.5

C3H5I, 3-Iodopropylene (I) (73) a 2 = 0.03747 - 0.000110/, 7 = 21.4 at 102.O0C 0 t, C a2 ±2% 11.1 0.03625 43.5 0.03269 45.8 0.03249

66.5

0.03016

C3H5N, Propionitrile (I, II) kg = 1.6 ( 4 7 , 6 1 , 6 2 , 7 3 )

7 (air or vapor) ±0.3 If 28.3 27.2 23.8 21.0 19.4

t, 0C 10 20 50 75 90

C3H5NO, Lactonitrile (I) kg = 1.3 (83) t, 0C 7 (?) ±0.5 20 36.7 30 35.8 45 34.3 60 32.9 C3H6NS, Ethyl thiocyanate (I) (61, 73) *, °C

7

36.2 28.8 21.3

20 80 140

C3H5NS, Ethyl isothiocyanate 7 (air) 7 (II) (vapor) I1 0C

30.0 40.0 50.0

(39)

I1 0 C

(I) (61)

31.69 18.4 36.25 30.56 46.0 32.59 29.49 kE = 2.2

C3H6Br2, 1, 2-Dibromopropane (I) (73)

a2 = 0.038869 - 0.0000950*, 7 = 21.2 at 141.50C t, 0C a 2 ±2% 10.0 0.03792 63.5 0.03283 71.7 0.03205 C3H6Cl2, 1, 2-Dichloropropane (I)2 ( 73 ) a (air) t, 0C ±2% ' 7 8 0.05246 98 0.03889 20.0 C 3 H 6 O, Allyl alcohol (I, II) kg = 1.5 (50, 61, 72) 7 (air or t, 0C vapor) ±0.5 O 27.6 20 25.8 50 23.2 95 19.2

C3H6O, Acetone (I, II, III) kB = 1.9 (12, 43, 47, 48, 61,

62, 72, 91, 94)

7 (air or t, 0C vapor) ±0.2 O 26.21 20 23.70 40 21.16 60 18.61 80 16.2+0.3 CsHeO2, Propionic acid (I, II) ks = 1.5 ( 50 > 61» 73 ) 7 (air) 7 (vapor) t, 0C ±0.3 ±0.6 10 27.7 27.7 20 26.7 26.7 50 23.7 23.7 80 20.8 20.8 140 15.7 15.7 C3H6O2, Ethyl formate (I, II) kg = 2.1 (43, 49, 58, 72)

7 (air or t, 0C vapor) ±0.3 O 26.2 20 23.6 50 19.8 80 16.0 130 10.0 185 4.0 210 1.9 C3H6O2, Methyl acetate (I, II) kE = 2.2 (49, 58, 65, 72)

7 (air or t, 0C vapor) ±0.3 O 27.4 20 24.6 50 20.6 80 16.6 130 10.3 180 4.5 215 1.2 C3H7Br, Propyl bromide (I) (73)

a

2

= 0.04184 - 0.0001428*, 7 = 19.65 at 71.O0C t, 0C a2 ±2% 10.0 0.04041 45.2 0.03539 68.5 0.03206 C3H7Br, Isopropyl bromide (I) (73)

a2 = 0.04002 - 0.000145*, 7 = 19.05 at 60.50C 0 t, C a2 ±2% 10.5 0.03849 26.0 0.03625

38.3 52.5

0.03447 0.03241

C3H7Cl, n-Propyl chloride (I) (72)

t, 0C 5.6 47

a2 (air) ±1.5% 0.0533 0.0436

7 (air)

18.3

C3HTClO2,

Monochloro hydrin

(I) ks = 1.5 (89)

I1 0C 17.0 35.0 57.8 80.2 98.5

7 (air) ±0.3 49.19 47.43 45.17 42.97 41.19

C3H7I, n-Propyl iodide (I) (73) a2 = 0.03645 - 0.0001045*, 7 = 20.0 at 102.50C t, 0C a2 ±2% 14.0 0.03499 40.0 0.03227 70.0 0.02914 85.3 0.02754 C3H7I, Isopropyl iodide (I) (73) a2 = 0.034596 - 0.0001045*, 7 = 19.5 at 89.O0C t°, C a2 ±2% 7.0 0.03386 49.5 0.02942 70.0 0.02727 77.0 0.02654 C3H7N, Allylamine (I) (73) a2 (air) *, 0C ±2% T (air) 11.0 0.06786 56 0.05907 21.2 C3H7NO, Acetoxime (I) kE = 1.7(ii)

*, 0C 63.26 76.10 98.50 113.40 117.70

7 ±0.4 26.15 24.61 22.25 20.79 20.68

C3H7NO, n-Propionaldoxime (I) ft* = 1.4 (U) *, 0C 7 ±0.4 23.45 29.01 54.70 25.99 97.84 22.05 C3H7NO, Propionamide (I) JcE = 1.3 (83) *, 0C 7 (?) ±0.5 80 32.1 90 31.2 105 29.8 120 28.4 C3H7NO2, Lactamide (I) k-E = 1.1 (83)

*, 0C 7 (?) ±0.5 80 44.6 90 43.8 105 42.6 120 41.3 C3H8O, w-Propyl alcohol (I, II) kE = 1.3 (47, 6 1 , 6 2 , 6 5 , 7 2 ) 0

*, C - 5.0 +20.0 40.0 60.0

7 (air)* 25.9 ±0.2 23.8 ±0.2 22.15+0.2 20.5 ±0.2

C3H8O.- (Continued] *, 0C 7 (air)* 80.0 18.85+0.3 95.0 17.6 ±0.3 *T (vapor) = same +0.6 to —0.3.

C3H8O, Isopropyl alcohol (I) kg = 1.1 (S 1 » 72)

*, 0C 5 20 50 80

7 (air or vapor) ±0.3 22.8 21.7 19.3 17.0

C3H8O, Methyl ethyl ether (I) kg = 2.2 (6) t, 0C 7 ± <1.5 7.9 17,54 33.5 14.10 45.5 12.60 C3H8O2, Methylal (III) (91) At 18.O0C, 7 (air) = 21.4 + 0.3 C3H8O3, Glycerol (I) (io, 15, 30, 90.5)

*, 0C 20 90 150

7 (air) ±3.0 63.4 58.6 51.9

C3H9N, n-Propylamine (I) kß = 1.9 (73,83) *, 0C 7 (air) ±0.3 10 23.5 20 22.4 30 21.2 45 19.4 C3HgN, Isopropylamine (III) (30)

t, 0C -72 O +25.2

7 (N 2 ) ±2f 28.1 19.4 16.8

C3H9N, Trimethylamine (III) (30)

*, 0C -73 -32 - 4

7 ( N 2 ) ±2f 24.8 20.0 17.3

C 4 H 4 Cl 2 O 2 , Succinyl chloride (III) 7 (air) (96) C4H4N2, Sueeinomtrile (I) kg = 0.6 (87) *, 0C 7 (air) ±0.3 80.1 35.45 99.5 33.79 118.2 32.17 C4H4S, Thiophene (I) (74) t, 0C 7 (air) ±0.3 O 36.2 20 33.1 40 30.1 60 27.1 80 24.3 For notes t~§§ see p. 475.

C4H5Cl3O2, Ethyl trichloroacetate (I) (31, 73) *, 0C 7 (air) ±0.4 10 32.3 20 31.2 50 28.1 70 25.9 165 15.9 C4H5NO2, Methyl cyanoacetate (III) (30) *, 0C 7 (N2) ±2f -16 43.9 +90 31.7 197 20.1 C4H5NS, Allyl isotMocyanate (I, II) kg = 2.1 (39, 73) 7 (air or *, 0C vapor) O 36.8±0.3 20 34.5±0.3 60 29.8±0.3 90 26.5+0.4 150 20.6±0.4 C4H6Cl2O2, Ethyl dichloroacetate (I) (73) a2 (air) *, 0C ±2% 7 (air) 7.3 0.05183 158 0.03143 16.8 C4HeO3, Acetic anhydride (I) kg = 2.2 (61» 73) *, 0C 7 ±0.3 15 33.3 20 32.7 50 29.2 140 18.6 C4H7ClO2, Ethyl chloroacetate (I)2 ( 73 ) a (air) *, 0C ±2% 7 (air) 7 0.05731 17.3 144.5 0.03643 C4H7N, ri-Butyronitrile (I, II) kg = 1.7 (23, 39, 62, 83)

*, 0C 10 20 50 75 110

7 (air) ±0.4 if 28.7 27.6 24.5 21.9 18.2

C4H8Cl2S, ß, ß'-Dichloroethyl sulfide (II) (24) At 2O0C, 7 (air) = 42.82 ± 0.5 C4H8O, Methyl ethyl ketone (I, II) (13, 47)

*, 0C O 20 40 75

7 (air or vapor) ±0.2 26.9 24.6 22.3 18.4

C4H8O2, n-Butyric acid (I, II)

C4H9Cl, Isobutyl chloride (I, II) (23, 73)

kE = 1.6 (50, 61, 73)

t, 0C

7 (air) ±0.3*

t, 0C

O 20

28.8 26.8

10

23.1 ±0.2

20

50 100 160

24.0 19.5 14.5

70

*7 (vapor) = same +0.3 ±0.5.

C4H8O2, Isobutyric acid (I, II) kE = 1.6 ( 50 > 61 » 73 ) 7 (air or t 0C vapor) O 27.1±0.3 20 25.2+0.3 50 22.4+0.4 100 17.9+0.5 150 13.8+0.5 C4H8O2, Ethyl acetate (I, II, III) ks = 2.3 (17, 49, 6 0 , 6 2 , 65, 7 2 , 9 1 )

t, 0C O 20 50 75 100 150 200 240 245

7 (vapor) 26.9 +0.4 24.3 +0.4 20.4 +0.4 17.4 +0.3 14.4 +0.3 8.7 +0.3 3.7 +0.3 0.5 +0.3 0.15+0.3

7 (air) +0.3 26.5 23.9 20.2 17.4

C4H8O2, Methyl propionate (I, II) ks = 2.2 (43, 49, 58, 72) 0

t, C 10 20 40 80 130 180 237

7 (air or vapor) +0.3 26.1 24.9 22.45 17.6 11.8 6.4 1.2

C4H8O2, n-Propyl formate (I, II) kE = 2.2 (49, 58, 65, 72) 0

I1 C O 20 50 100 130 190 240

7 (air or vapor) +0.3 26.8 24.5 21.1 15.5 12.1 5.9 1.5

7 (air)

21.94±0.1

75 105

18.5±0.3 18.6 15.9±0.3 15.9

16.2 ±0.2

130

13.7

C4H9Cl, ieri.-Butyl chloride (II)

C4H9I, Isobutyl iodide (I) (73) a2 = 0.03786 - 0.0001032*, 7 = 17.9 at 119.50C *, 0C a 2 +2% 6.5 0.03719 48.5 0.03286 70.2 0.03062 74.5 0.03017 C4 H 9 NO, Methyl ethyl ketoxime (I) ( 17 ) t, 0C 7 ±0.3 13.8 30.38 150.4 16.64 C 4 H 9 NO 2 , ri-Butyl nitrite (III) (82)

7±l(air)§§ 22.25 20.48 19.12 17.58

C4H9NO2, Methylurethane (D ( 17 ) t, 0C 7 ±0.3 55.9 38.88 101.2 33.39 150.9 27.69 C4Hi0N2O, Diethylnitrosoamine (I) ks = 1.9 (83)

t, 0C 20 30 45 60 75

7 (?) ±0.5 33.1 32.1 30.6 29.0 27.4

C 4 Hi 0 O, w-Butyl alcohol (I, II) (50, 61, 65)

t, 0C O 20 50 100 130

7 (air or vapor) ±0.4 26.2 24.6 22.1 17.8 15.1

C4H10O, Isobutyl alcohol (I, II) (20, 50, 61, 62, 64, 72)

C4H9Br, Isobutyl bromide (I) (73)

a2 - 0.04386 - 0.000141J, 7 = 17.6 at 91.O0C t, 0C a2 +2% 10.1 0.04244 58.0 0.03710 69.5 0.03407

C4Hi0O, d-sec.-Butyl alcohol (I) (76)

(23)

At 2O0C 7 (air) = 19.59 + 0.2

t, 0C 13 28.5 42.5 56.5

C4Hi0O.—(Continued) 7 (vapor) t, 0C 7 (air) ±0.3

At 2O0C, a2 (air) = 0.05821; dy = 0.8019 7 (vapor) *, 0C 7 (air) ±0.3 O 24.4 + 0.2 20 22.8+0.1 23.0 30 22.1+0.1 22.3 50 20.5+0.2 22.7

t, 0C 10 80

7» 23.5 17.4

K* 1.4 1.5

C4Hi0O, dZ-sec.-Butyl alcohol 7s t, 0C

10 80

CD ( ) T»

k*

23.5 17.4

1.4 1.5

(30)

7 (air or vapor) ±0.5 20.7 14.6

7 ±0.2 17.01 13.47 7.97 3.12 0.15

-

±0 2 from 20 to

-'

(73)

a2 = 0.05676 - 0.000217*, 7 = 17.13 at 63.30C t, 0C a2 ±2% 7.5 0.05514

0.05036 0.04700 0.04353

C4Hi0O3S, sî/m.-Diethyl sulfite (I, II) ks = 2.2 (44, 89)

7 (air) 30.4 29.4 26.3 22.2

C4Hi0O3S, Ethyl ethylsulfonate (I) ks = 2.0 (89) t, 0C 7 (air) ±0.3 17.6 36.31 49.7 32.99 71.5 30.80 96.5 28.30 For notes f-§§ see p. 475.

-y (air)

17.6

(30) 0

C 4 Hi 0 O 2 , Dimethylacetal (I)

t, 0C 10 20 50 90

«, 0C 12.3 68

a2 (air) ±2% 0.06371 0.05218

C4Hi1N, tert.-Butylamine (III)

1930C. 7 (air) ±0.2 = 16.96 at 2O0C; kE = 2.2s from O to 10O0C. At 2O0C, d\° = 0.713s; a2 (air) = 0.0486s; 7 (vapor) 7 (air) = +0.05.

29.5 45.0 60.0

7 (N 2 ) ±2f 26.1 19.7 17.4 (73)

(20, 34, 51, 60, 63, 72)

ma)lM

«, C --21 +41 70.8

C 4 HnN, Isobutylamine (I)

C 4 Hi 0 O, Ethyl ether (I, II)

7 (vapor) = 57.358 (l

7 (air) ±1§§ 34.61 32.54 30.86 28.60

C4H10S, Ethyl sulfide (I) (73) t, 0C 7 ±0.4 10 26.5 50 21.9 90 17.3

0

(I) (2, 65)

t, 0C 20 50 100 150 190

(82)

*, 0C 13 32.5 48 JTO

C 4 HnN, n-Butylamine (III)

C4Hi0O, tert.-Butyl alcohol t, 0C 20 80

C4Hi0O4S, Diethyl sulfate (III]

t, C --3O -10 40.5

7 (N 2 ) ±2f 22.5 18.4 15.3

C4HnN, Diethylamine (I) (73; a2 (air) *, 0C ±2% 7 (air) 10.2 0.06069 56 0.04986 16.4 C 4 Hi 2 N 2 O 3 , Diethylammoniun nitrate (I) ks = 0.8 (88) t, 0C 7 (air) ±0.4 99.6 40.31 100.0 40.30 109.0 39.84 114.8 39.51 C6H4O2, Furfural (I, II) (50,73; 7 (air or *, 0C vapor) ±0.4 20 43.5 30 42.2 40 40.9 _160 25.4 C5H5N, Pyridine (I, II) ks = 2.3 (40, 49, 51, 61, 62, 73, 94)

*, 0C O 20 40 60 80 100 115

7 (air)* 40.8±1.0 38.0±1.0 35.0±0.8 32.1±0.7 29.3±0.6 26.4±0.5 24.2±0.5

*7 (vapor) = same +2.0 to —0.5.

C5He, Cyclopentadiene (I) kg = 1.5 (92) t, 0C 7 ±0.4 40.4 31.5 101.1 25.2 139.9 21.0 C6H7NO2, Ethyl cyanoacetate (I) ks = 1.9 (89)

t, 0C 17.5 31.3 61.0 83.9 101.3

7 (air) ±0.3 36.07 34.53 31.33 29.07 27.32

C5H8O2, Acety!acetone (I, II) (39, 69, 92)

7 (air or vapor) 33.3+0.2 31.2±0.2 28.0+0.2 23.0+0.3 18.6±0.3

t, 0C O 20 50 100 145

C5H8O2, ft 0-Dimethy!acrylic acid (I) kg = 1.8 ( 16 ) T (air) t, 0C ±ca. 1.5 85 27.9 110 25.7 137 23.0 155 21.6 177 19.4 C5H8O2, AUyI acetate (I) ( 7 S) a2 (air) t, 0C +2% T (air) 4.5 0.06118 103 0.04106 16.5 C5H8O3, Levulinic acid (III) (30)

t, 0C 25.5 81.5 115

7 (N 2 ) ±2t 39.7 35.5 32.9

C5H8O 4, Dimethyl malonate(II) (39)

t, 0C 10 30 50

7 (air) ±0.4 38.33 35.82 33.30

C 5 HgN, Isovaleronitrile (I, II) (23, 39, 73) 0

t, C 10 20 50 130

.

7 (air) 27.0 ± 0 . 2 26.03±0.1 23.3 ± 0 . 2 16.0 ± 0 . 5

C5HgNS, n-Butyl ate (I) JCE = t, 0C 11.2 55.2 108.5

isothiocyan2.2 (7) 7 ±0.3 31.78 27.21 21.87

For notes f-§§ see P-475.

C5Hi0, Trimethylethylene (I, II) (20, 72)

t, 0C 7 20 37

7 (air) 18.9 ±0.3 17.26 + 0.1 15.1 ± 0 . 3

C5Hi0O, Isovaleraldehyde

(I)

(73)

a2 = 0.06425 - 0.000195/; 7 = 16.3 at 93.O0C t, 0C a 2 ±2% 10.0 0.06230 53.5 0.05382 68.0 0.05099 78.7 0.04890 C 5 Hi 0 O, Diethyl ketone (II) (47)

t, 0C O 15 30.1 45

7 (air) ±0.3 26.90 25.33 23.73 22.20

C5Hi0O, Methyl propyl ketone (I, II) ks = 2.0 ( 5 0 , 6 1 , 6 2 )

7 (air) ±0.5 27.3 25.2 21.9 17.7

I, 0C O 20 50 90

7 (vapor) ±0.8

26.1 22.6

C 5 Hi 0 O 2 , Ethyl propionate (I, II) AJB = 2.3 (43, 49, 58, 72)

7 (air or vapor) ±0.3 25.9 24.2 20.9 15.5 12.4 7.3 2.2

t, 0C 5 20 50 100 130 180 238

C5Hi0O2, Isovaleric acid (I, II) kjs = 1.7 (20, 50, 61, 65, 73)

«, 0C 15 20 40 80 175

7 (vapor) 7 (air) ±1 26.16±0.1 26.16 25.33±0.1 25.33 23.67 ±0.1 23.67 20.4 ±0.3 20.4 12.6 ±0.5 12.6

C5Hi0O2, Isobutyl formate (I) (72) 2

a (air) /,0C ±1.5% 7 (air) 5.2 0.05871 15.8 98.5 0.04149 C5Hi0O2, Methyl n-butyrate (I, II) ks = 2.3 (43, 49, 58, 72)

J, 0C 10 20 40 60

7 (air or vapor) 26.15+0.2 25.00±0.2 22.73±0.2 20.43+0.2

C5Hi0O2.—(Continued) , 7 (air or t, 0C vapor) 100 16.1±0.2 132.5 12.5±0.5 185.0 7.3+0.5 210.0 5.0±0.5 238.0 2.7±0.5 C5Hi0O2, Methyl isobutyrate (I, II) ks = 2 . 3 ( 4 9 , 5 8 , 6 2 , 6 5 ,

72)

t, 0C 10 20 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 237

7 (vapor) 7 (air) ±0.3 ±0.2 24.9 24.92 23.8 23.79 20.4 20.40 17.6 17.60 14.9 12.2 9.6 7.2 4.8 i_8

C5Hi0O2, n-Propyl acetate (I, II) kjg = 2.3 (43, 49, 58, 72)

t, 0C O 20 50 100 130 190 240

7 (air or vapor) ±0.3 26.6 24.3 21.0 15.6 12.4 6.5 2.2

C5Hi0O3, Diethyl carbonate (II, III) (20, S 2 ) t, 0C 7 (air) 13 27.2 ±0.2 - 20 26.31±0.1 40 24.0 ± 0 . 2 65 21.1 ± 0 . 2 C5Hi0O3, dZ-Ethyl lactate (I, II) kE = 2.1 (29, 43, 44) 7 (air or t, 0C vapor) ±0.3 O 31.9 20 29.9 50 26.8 80 23.7 110 20.7 C5Hi0O4, Glyceryl acetate (I) kE = 1.7 (89) t, 0C 7 (air) 43.5 17.0 37.5 41.6 70.0 38.6 (ID ( 39 ) 10.0 41.3 37.5 38.6 C5HuBr, Isoamyl bromide (I) (73)

a2 = 0.04650 - 0.000134*, 7 = 16.3 at 118.50C

C5Hi iBr.—(Continued) t, 0C a2 ±2% 15.1 0.0445 47.0 0.0402 69.5 0.0372 87.5 0.0348 C5HnCl, Isoamyl chloride (I, U) (23, 73) t, 0C 7 (air) 10 24.4 ±0.3 20 23.48±0.1 100 15.7 ±0.3 C5HnI, Isoamyl iodide (I) (14,73)

t, 0C a2 ±2% 5 0.0400 20 0.0384 40 0.0363 70 0.0332 145 0.0253 C5Hi1N, Piperidine (I, II) kn = 2.1 (47, 5 8 , 6 1 , 73)

t, 0C 7 (air) ±0.2* O 32.65 20 30.20 30 28.95 50 26.6 75 23.7 105 20.4 130 17.5 *y (vapor) = same +0.2 ±0.3. C 5 HnNO, Methyl propyl ketoxime (I) ks = 1.9 ( 11 I 6 2) t, 0C 7 (air) ±0.3 10 30.0 20 29.1 50 26.3 100 21.7 145 17.6 C5HuNO, Isovaleraldoxime (I) kg = 1.7 (u» 17) «, 0C 7 +0.3 20 27.8 50 25.0 100 20.6 150 16.4 C5HnNO2, Isoamyl nitrite (III) (82)

t, 0C 7 (air) ±1§§ 14 22.04 35 20.35 56 18.06 73 16.28 C 5 HnNO 2 , Ethylurethane (I) ks = 1.5 (17,83) t, 0C 7 ±0.3 60 31.8 80 29.9 100 27.9 150 22.9 C5HnNO3, Isoamyl nitrate (I, II). (23, 73)

*, 0C 20 143

7 (air) 27.18 ±0.1 20.0 ± 0 . 4

C5Hi2, Isopentane (II) (23) C 6 H 3 Cl 2 NO 2 , 1, 3-Dichloro-4nitrobenzene (III) (30) At 2O0C, 7 (air) = 13.72 ±0.2 t, 0C 7 (N 2 ) ±2f C5Hi2O, Isoamyl alcohol (I, II, 35 41.3 III) (42, 46, 62, 65, 72, 91) 114.9 33.3 0 t, C T (air) ±0.5 204 24.4 O 25.3 24.6 23.8 21.5 17.7 15.1

10 20 50 100 130

C5Hi2O,

tert.-Amyl

alcohol

(I) (71) 0

«, C 3.9 120

a2 (air) ±1.5% T (air) 0.05949 0.04283 I 15.2

C5Hi2O, Ethyl propyl ether (II) (50)

*, 0C O 20

C5Hi3N,

7 (air) ±0.3 21.69 19.46

n- Amy lamine (III) (30)

t, 0C -21 +41.2 99.8

7 (N 2 ) ±2f 25.9 20.4 15.6

C5Hi3N, Isoamylamine (I) kE = 2.0 (73, 83) t, 0C 7 (air) ±0.4 10 24.6 20 23.6 50 20.75 75 18.35 95 16.4 C 5 Hi 3 N, ieri,- Amy lamine (III) (30)

t, 0C -70 +29.3 70

7 (N 2 ) ±2f 27.6 19.7 15.5

C6H3BrN2O4, 4-Bromo-l, 2-dinitrobenzene (I) ( 53 ) t, 0C 7 (?) ±3 40 13 80 12 C6H3ClN2O4, l-Chloro-2, 4-dinitrobenzene (III) (30) t, 0C 7 (N 2 ) ±2t 60.4 45.5 136 38.3 204.2 31.5 C6H3ClN2O4, 4-Chloro-l, 2-dinitrobenzene (I) ( 53 ) t, 0C 7 (?) ±3 30 14 70 12 C 6 H 3 Cl 2 NO 2 , 1, 2-Dichloro-4nitrobenzene (III) (30) *, 0C 7 (N 2 ) ±2t 46 40.2 136 32.0 204 25.6

C6H3Cl2NO2, 1, 4-Dichloro-2nitrobenzene (III) (30) *, 0C 7 (N 2 ) ±2f 60.5 38.3 136 31.5 204 25.0 C6H3Cl3O, 2, 4, 6-Trichlorophenol (III) (30) t, 0C 7 (N2) ±2t 70.2 36.3 156 28.6 196.5 24.1 C6H4BrCl, p-Chlorobromobenzene (III) (") t, 0C 7 (air) ±1§§ 70 33.15 102 29.81 106 29.41 132 26.75 164 23.54 194 20.60 7 (air) =.71.83(l - ^)

12

C6H4BrF, p-Fluorobromobenzene (III) (30) t, 0C 7 (N2) ±ca. 2f -21 39.8 +70 29.4 138 22.4 C6H4BrNO2, o-Bromonitrobenzene (III) (82.6) t, 0C 7 (air) ±1§§ 55.5 43.44 67.5 42.12 80 40.56 94.5 38.94 C6H4BrNO2, ra-Bromonitrobenzene (III) (82.6) *, 0C 7 (air) ±1§§ 63 42.45 71.5 41.36 83 40.10 91 38.94 C6H4BrNO2, p-Bromonitrobenzene (III) («2.6) t, 0C 7 (air) ±1§§ 132 34.58 145 33.12 159.5 31.78 170 30.63 C6H4ClI, p-Chloroiodobenzene (HI) (81)

t, 0C 61 88 113 127

7 (air) ±1§§ 37.57 34.78 32.22 30.80

For notes f-§§seep. 475.

C6H4ClI.- (Continued) t, 0C 7 (air) ±1§§ 167 26.82 7 (air)= 74.71(1-^)1-2 C 6 H 4 ClNO 2 , o-Chloronitrobenzene (III) (»2.6) *, 0C 7 (air) ±1§§ 50.5 42.29 70.5 39.80 91.5 37.23 121 34.04 C 6 H 4 ClNO 2 , m-Chloronitrobenzene (III) (82.6) t, 0C 7 (air) ±1§§ 60.5 41.79 74.5 38.76 90.5 36.27 129 31.77 C 6 H 4 ClNO 2 , p-Chloronitrobenzene (III) (81) t, 0C 7 (air) ±1§§ 97 35.73 111 34.23 127 32.52 141 31.05 156 29.48 179 27.19 186 26.38 7 (air) = 78.6s(l - ^)1'2 C6H4Cl2, m-Dichlorobenzene (HI) (30)

*, 0C 7 (N 2 ) ±2f -22 41.6 +90.7 28.6 160 22.8 C6H4Cl2, p-Dichlorobenzene (HI) (81) *, 0C 7 (air) ±1§§ 68 30.72 96 27.65 117 25.39 139 23.06 150 21.84 166 20.24 170 19.84

T (air) = 71.45(l - gg)1J C6H4FNO2, m-Fluoronitrobenzene (III) (30) J70C 7(N2)±2t O 40.1 104.5 29.7 196 21.4 C6H4FNO2, p-Fluoronitrobenzene (III) (30) t, 0C 7 (N 2 ) ±2f 24.5 38.4 89.3 31.3 194.1 20.3 C 6 H 4 INO 2 , o-Iodonitrobenzene (III) (30) *, 0C 7 (N 2 ) ±2t 61 43.1 136 35.8 205 29.5

C 6 HJNO 2 , m-Iodonitrobenzene (III) (30) i, 0C 7 (N 2 ) ±2f 25.7 47.3 156.1 33.7 216 28.6 C 6 H 4 N 2 O 4 , o-Dinitrobenzene (HI) (30)

«, 0C 126 176 209.1

7 (N 2 ) ±2t 38.4 33.6 30.9

C6H4N2O4, m-Dinitrobenzene (III) (30)

t, 0C 94.8 155 204.5

7 (N 2 ) ±2f 42.3 36.1 31.8

C6H4N2O4, p-Dinitrobenzene (HI) ( 30 ) t, 0C 7 (N 2 ) ±2f 176.2 34.4 210 31.5 226 30.4 C6H4N2O5, 2, 4-Dinitrophenol (III) (30)

t, 0C 125.4 170 215

7 (N2) ±2f 41.1 37.3 32.9

C6H4O2, p-Benzoquinone (III) 7 (air) (96) C6H5Br, Bromobenzene (I, II, III) (25, 40, 73, 81)

«, 0C 10 20 50 100 150

7 (air) ±0.5 37.7 36.5 33.0 27.2 21.7

C6H5BrO, m-Bromophenol (I) kE = 1.8 (28) t, 0C 7 ±0.4 44.5 42.87 69.5 40.51 100.1 37.40 C6H6BrO, • p-Bromophenol

(I)

kE = 1.9 (28)

t, 0C 74.4 99.9

7 ±0.4 42.36 39.54

C6H5Cl, Chlorobenzene

(I,

II, III) (23, 43, 51, 58, 59, 60, 62, 73, 80, 89)

t, 0C 10 20 30 40 50 75 100

7 (vapor) 7 (air) ±0.2 34.40+0.2 34.78 33.19+0.1 33.56 31.98+0.2 32.35 30.79+0.2 31.15 29.63+0.2 29.95 26.77+0.2 27.00 24.00+0.2 24.11

C6H5Cl.—(Continued) 7 (vapor) J, 0C 7 (air) ±0.2 130 20.71±0.2 20.72 150 18.52 200 13.24 250 8.33 300 3.92 330 1.64 7 ( v a p o r ) = 72.20 ( 1 2

2

fr m

10 t0

6aL) " ^ °' ' ° 3330C. ks = 2.21 from 10 to IQO0C; =2.2 from 10 to 25O0C. C6H5ClO, o-Chlorophenol (I) kE = 2.2 (28) t, 0C 7 ±0.4 12.7 42.25 45.2 38.17 73.3 34.20 C6H5ClO, ra-Chlorophenol (I) ks = 1.9 (2«) t, 0C 7 ±0.4 33.0 41.72 78.6 37.23 30.73 138.5 C6H5ClO, p-Chlorophenol (I) kE = 2.0 (28) t, 0C 7 ±0.4 51.6 41.09 72.4 39.08 99.8 35.70 C6H5F, Fluorobenzene (II) ( 40 ) t, 0C 7 (air) ±0.3 9.3 28.49 34.5 25.15 C6H5I, lodobenzene (I, II, III) (18, 25, 40, 73, 81)

t, 0C 15 20 60 100 150 189

7 (air) 40.3+0.3 39.7±0.2 35.2+0.3 30.6+0.5 25.0+0.7 10.8 + 1.0

C6H5NO2, Nitrobenzene (I, II, III, IX) kE = 2.2 (17,23, 47, 61, 73, 75, 81)

t, 0C O 20 50 75 100 150 195

7 (air or vapor) ±0.5 46.4 43.9 40.2 37.3 34.4 29.0 24.1

C6H5NO3, o-Nitrophenol (I) ks = 2.5 (28) t, 0C 7 ±0.4 53.2 37.73 79.7 34.50

C6H5NO3, ra-Nitrophenol (I) kE = 1.7 (28) t, 0C 7* 116.0 48.01 147.0 44.92 *The results of ( 3 0 ) are about 8 dyne/cm smaller.

C6H5NO3,

p-Nitrophenol

(I)

ks = 1.9 (28) t, 0C

7*

129.7 162.5

45.66 42.17

3

*The results of ( <>) are about 4.5 dyne/cm smaller.

C6H5NO4, 2-Nitroresorcinol (III) (30)

t, 0C 7 (N 2 ) ±2f 90.7 39.5 140 34.0 185.5 29.1 C6H6, Benzene (I, II, III, IX) (19, 21, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 66, 75, 77, 78, 80, 87, 89, 94); ^.

aZso p. 446 t, 0C 7 (air) 7 (vapor) 0.0 31.58±0.2 31.70±0.15 10.0 30.22 + 0.05 20.0 28.88 + 0.03 29.02±0.03 30.0 27.56±0.0527.70 40.0 26.26±0.05 50.0 24.98 + 0.1 25.08 + 0.10 23.72 + 0.1 60.0 70.0 22.48 + 0.1 22.52 + 0.15 80.0 21.26±0.15 100.0 18.78 + 0.2 150.0 12.86 ± 0 . 2 200.0 7.4110.2 250.0 2.66 + 0.2 270.0 1.08 + 0.15 280.0 0.42 + 0.1 285.0 0.14 288.5 0.00 7 (air) = 31.58 - 0.137« + 0.0001«2 + 0.2,. from O0C to boiling point; 7 (vapor) =71.926(l - 56Te)'"''i0-2' 0

from O C to TC- kE = 2.22, O to 10O0C = 2.2, O to 22O0C. At 2O0C, df = 0.8788; a 2 (air) = 0.06713, 7 (vapor) — 7 (air) H= 0.14.

C6H6ClN, o-Chloroaniline (III) (30)

t, 0C 7 (N2) ±2f -19 45.7 +80.9 35.1 196.5 26.1 C6H6ClN, p-Chloroaniline (III) (81)

t, 0C 81 117 133 153 185

7 (air) +!§§ 39.72 35.79 34.06 31.93 28.57

7 (air) = 81.37^1 - ^)1'2 C6H6N2O2, m-Nitroaniline (III) (30) 0

t, C 124.2 170 201.3

7 (N 2 ) ±2f 42.7 38.5 35.6

C6H6N2O2, p-Nitroaniline (III)

C6HgN2, Phenylhydrazine

(30)

«, 0C 151 171.5 184.5

(I) (83)

7 (N 2 ) ±2f 46.7 44.8 43.6

C6H6O, Phenol (I, II) ks = 1.85 (If 7, 28, 41, 42, 48, 93)

t, 0C O 20 30 50 80 100 150 180

7 (air or vapor) 43.1 ±0.4 40.9 ±0.3 39.88±0.2 37.70+0.2 34.42±0.2 32.24±0.2 26.8 ±0.3 23.6 ±0.4

C6H6S, Thiophenol (I7 II) ks = 2.0 (39, 89)

t, 0C 10 20 45 75 90

7 (air) ±0.5 41.0 39.8 36.7 33.1 31.3

C6H7ClO4, Dimethyl chloromaleate (I) kE = 2.7 (89) t, 0C 7 (air) +0.3 20.3 37.56 52.6 33.58 75.5 30.84 100.3 27.99 C6H7ClO4, Dimethyl chlorofumarate (I, II) ks = 2.7 (44, 89)

t, 0C 20 50 100

7 (air) 39.0+0.4 35.4+0.4 29.3+0.3

*, °C

T (?)

46.1 44.8 42.1 40.8 (U) ( 39 ) 0 t, C 7 (air) 30 43.5 50 42.2 20 30 50 60

C6HsO4, Dimethyl fumaràte (III) (82.4)

t, 0C 106 123 132 146 163

7 (air) ±1§§ 25.67 23.77 22.75 21.20 19.18

C6H8O4, Dimethyl maleate (III) (82.4)

t, 0C 7 (air) ±1§§ 24 37.31 51 34.12 113 26.85 143 23.42 C6H8O6, Triformin (III) (30) t, 0C 7 (N 2 ) ±2f O 49.6 91.2 39.6 184.8 28.8 C 6 H 9 NO 2 , Propyl cyanoacetate (III) (30) t, 0C 7 (N 2 ) ±2f -16 37.5 +71 29.1 201 17.5 C6Hi0, 1, 5-Hexadiene (I) ( 7 2) a2 (air) t, 0C ±1.5% 7 (air) 4.1 0.05935 58.4 0.04627 14.7 C6Hi0O, Mesityl oxide (I) (14,16)

C6H7N, Aniline (I, II, III) ks = 2.1 (23, 40, 5 1 , 6 2 , 73, 81)

t, 0C 10 20 50 100 150 180

7 (air) ±0.4f 44.0 42.9 39.4 33.7 27.9 24.4

C6H7N, a-Picoline (III) (30) t, 0C 7 (N2) ±2f -70 47.4 +46 31.3 126 22.5 C6HsClN, Aniline hydrochloride (I) ks = 1.7 (56) tj 0C 7 ±ca. 1 211.8 39.3 232.5 37.6 For notes f- § § see p. 475.

t, 0C 7 (air) 24 28.3±0.5 75 22.8±0.8 125 17.4±1.0 C6HioO2, Methylacetylacetone (I) ks ••= 2.2 (92) *, 0C 7 ±0.4 36.3 31.3 75.7 27.2 120.7 22.6 C6Hi0Os, Ethyl acetoacetate (I, II) ( 3 9 , 6 1 , 6 9 , 7 3 )

t, 0C O 20 50 75 90 110 150

7 (air or vapor) 34.8 ±0.4 32.51 ±0.3 29.23 ±0.3 26.5 ±0.4 25.0 +0.4 22.9 +0.5 18.9 ±0.6

CeHioOa, Methyl a-acetopropionate (I) ( 92 ) t, 0C 7 ±0.4 36.0 30.9

97.1 151.4

24.1 18.6

C6Hi0O3, Methyl methylacetoacetate (III) (30) t, 0C 7 (N 2 ) ±2f -71 46.5 +70.2 28.1 156 20.4 CeHK)O4, Dimethyl succhiate (III)

I9 0 C 25.2 . 95 176.2

(30)

7 (N 2 ) ±2f 34.1 26.4 17.5

C6Hi0O4, Diethyl oxalate (I, II) (39, 73) 0

I9 C 10 20 50 70

7 (air or vapor) ±0.3 33.2 32.0 28.7 26.6

C6Hi0O6, Dimethyl d-tartrate (I) kB = 2.0 (37) *, °0 T«

62.0 135.1

39.0 32.2

C6Hi0O6, Dimethyl dZ-tartrate (I) ks = 2.0 (37) t, °C T« 89.6 35.2 159.2 28.8 C 6 HnN, Isoamyl cyanide (I) ks = 1.9 (73, 83) *, 0C 7 20 26.8+0.3 60 23.2+0.3 154 15.6+0.4 CeHuNO, Mesityl oxide oxime (I) k, = 2.1 (U) *, 0C 7 ±0.4 22.10 32.27 54.60 28.69 74.95 26.63 105.00 24.66 C6HnNO2, Ethyl 0-aminocrotonate (I) (53) I9 0C 7 (?) ±3 10 33 60 27 C6H12, Cyclohexane, (II, III) (18,30)

t, 0C 7 (air) 10 26.9±1.0 20 25.3+0.3 80 15.7 + 1.5 C6H12O, Cyclohexanol (II) (18) At 16.20C, 7 (air) = 34.23 ± 03

C6Hi2O, Ethyl propyl ketone (II)

(23)

At 2O0C, 7 (air) = 25.39 + 0.2 CeHÔ, Methyl n-butyl ketone (II)

(23)

0

At 2O C, 7 (air) = 25.49 ± 0.2 C6Hi2O, Pinacolin (I) (73) a 2 = 0.06440 - 0.000206*; 7 = 15.1 at 105.50C 0 t, C 1 a2 +2% 8.6 0.06263 43.4 0.05546 60.2 0.05200 79.0 0.04813 C6Hi2O2, Isocaproic acid (I) ks = 1.7 (61) t, 0C 7 ±1.0 17.0 26.9 46.5 24.5 78.2 21.9 132.3 17.8 C 6 Hi 2 O 2 , act.-Amyl formate (I, II) ks = 2.2 (29, 44)

t,°C O 20 60 110 C6Hi2O2,

7 (air or vapor) +0.4t 26.5 24.6 20.8 16.1 Isoamyl formate (I) (65, 72)

7 (air or t, 0C vapor)+0.5 5 26.1 20 24.7 123 15.0 C6Hi2O2, Isobutyl acetate (I, U) (40, 65, 72)

t, 0C 7 (air) +0.2 5 24.7 20 23.3 60 19.5 110 14.9 C6Hi2O2, Ethyl n-butyrate (I, U) (51, 64, 72)

At 2O0C, a2 (air) = 0.05702; dl° = 0.8789 t, 0C 7 (air) 5.0 26.1 +0.3 20.0 24.54 + 0.2 60.0 20.6 +0.3 119.0 14.7 +0.5 C6Hi2O2, Ethyl isobutyrate (I) (65, 72) T (air or I1 0C vapor) 5 24.83+0.3 20 23.25+0.2 110 13.85+0.3 C 6 Hi 2 O 2 , Methyl isovalerate (I) (65, 72)

t, 0C 20 115

7 (air or vapor) 24.1+0.2 14.6+0.4

C6Hi2O2, /i-Propyl propionate (D ( 72 ) a2 (air) t, 0C ±1.5% 7 (air)

4.5 121.7

0.06040 0.03804

14.3

C6Hi2O3, Paraldehyde (I, II) kB = 2.6 (50, 72) t, 0C 7 (air) +0.5 5 27.5 20 25.9 50 22.6 124 14.5 C6Hi3NO2, Isopropylurethane (D ( 17 ) 0 t, C 7 ±0.3 65.5 28.69 107.3 25.07 152.4 21.32 C6Hi4, n-Hexane (I, II) (13, 21, 23, 39, 72)

t, 0C 7 (air) O 20.52±0.2 20 18.43+0.2 40 16.3 ±0.2 68 13.4 +0.3 C6Hi4O, Methyl isoamyl ether (D ( 73 ) a2 = 0.060369 - 0.0002145* At 91.O0C, 7 == 13.82 tt 0C a 2 +2% 6.5 0.05897 45.3 0.05065

72.6 78.3

0.04479 0.04357

C6Hi4O2, Acetal (I, II) (50, 72) t, 0C 7 (air) ±0.2 5 23.2 20 21.65 40 19.6 100 13.5 C6Hi5N, Di-n-propylamine (I, II) kE = 2.3 (23, 83)

*, 0C 7 (air) 20 22.54 + 0.1 30 21.5 ±0.2 60 18.4 +0.3 C6Hi5N, 72-Hexylamine (III) t, 0C (30) . T (N 2 ) ±2f -18 28.0 +65 21.7 124.5 16.5 C6Hi5N, Isohexylamine (III) *, 0C (30) T ( N 2 ) ±2f -75 30.8 +60 20.3 121 15.9 C6Hi5N, Triethylamine (I, II) (41, 42, 73)

*, 0C O 20 40 90

7 (air) +0.3 22.9 20.9 18.8 13.7

C6Hi5O4P, Triethyl phosphate (III)

t9 0C 15.5 38.5 69.5 87.5

(82)

7 (air) ±1§§ 30.61 28.30 25.44 23.65

C7H5BrO, Benzoyl bromide (I) I9 0C (14) a 2 (air) ±2% 120 0.0439 169 0.0380 C 7 H 5 ClO, Benzoyl chloride (I) (73)

At 194.50C, 7 = 20.25 a 2 = 0.06891 - 0.000150* t, 0C a 2 ±2% 9.8 0.06744 69.5 0.05849 81.5 0.05669 110.5 0.05234 C 7 H 5 N, Benzonitrile (I, II) kE = 2.1 (17, 51, 62, 73, 83)

t, 0C 10 20 50 75 100 150 190

7 (air or

vapor) +0.3 40.2 39.05 35.6 32.7 29.9 24.5 20.6

C7H5NS, Phenyl isothiocyanate (I, II) kB = 2.4 (7, 25, 39, 73)

t, 0C 13 20 50 100 150 200 220

7 (air or

vapor) +0.3 42.47 41.64 38.15 32.4 27.0 21.9 20.0

C7H6Cl2, Benzal chloride (I) (73) At 203.50C, 7 = 20.2 2 a = 0.06432 - 0.000122* t, 0C a2 +2% 11.5 0.06292 48.5 0.05840 76.5 0.05499 93.0 0.05297 C7H6O, Benzaldehyde (II) (23, 47)

t9 0C 7 (air) 20 40.04+0.2 35 38.3 ±0.3 50 36.5 +0.3 C7H6O2, Salicyl aldehyde (III) t, 0C (30) 7 (N 2 ) ±2t O 44.8 90.5 35.0 190 24.9 C7H6O2, Toluquinone (III) 7 (air) (96) For notes f~§§ see p. 475.

C7H7Br, Benzyl bromide (I) (14)

Z, 0C 110 156

a 2 (air) ±2% 0.0472 0.0400

C7H7Br, o-Bromotoluene (I, II) (25,73)

t, 0C 20 180

7 (air) 34.85+0.2 18.6 ±0.5

C7H7Br, p-Bromotoluene (III) (81)

I9 0C 43 60 81 100 122 131 164

7 (air) ±1.0§§ 32.06 30.34 28.23 26.34 24.19 23.32 20.18

7(air)=66.46(l-^)1-2 C7H7Cl, Benzyl chloride (I) (73) a2 = 0.07287 - 0.0001719*, 7 = 19.5 at 178.50C t, 0C a2 ±2% 10.0 0.07115 50.0 0.06428 75.0 0.05998

C7H7NO, Benzamide (I) kE = 1.3 (83) t, 0C 7 (?) ±0.5 130 38.4 140 37.8 150 37.1 160 36.4 170 ' 35.6 C7H7NO, Formanilide (I) kB = 1.6 (83) *, 0C 7 (?) ±0.5 60 39.4 75 38.1 90 36.8 105 35.4 C7H7NO2, o-Nitrotoluene (I, II, III) ( 1 4 , 2 3 , 8 2 . 6 )

t, 0C 20 60 100 150 195

7 (air) 41.46+0.2 37.0 ±0.5 32.7 ±1 27.5 ±1.5 22.9 ±2

C7H7NO2, m-Nitrotoluene (II, IH) (23, 82.6)

*, 0C 20 40 90 115

7 (air) 40.9±0.2 38.7+0.5 33.2±0.5 30.4+0.5

I

C7H7NO2, p-Nitrotoluene (III) C7H7Cl, p-Chlorotoluene (I, III) (73,81)

7 (air or *, 0C vapor) ±1§§ 25 32.08 50 29.38 64 27.90 79 26.31 108 23.30 120 22.08 151 18.95 7 (air or vapor) = 66.65

(!-JLV-' V1 653/ C7H7F, m-Fluorotoluene (III) (30)

t, 0C -71 +25.4 84.9

7 (N 2 ) ±2| 42.1 28.3 22.4 81

C7H7I, p-Iodotoluene (HI) ( ) *, 0C 7 (air) ±1§§ 39 35.66 59 33.64 78 31.73 100 29.56 122 27.35 140 25.68 166 23.20 7 (air) = 69.2s(l - -j)"

t, 0C 56 77 95 122 138 155 179 220

(81)

.

7 (air) ±1§§ 37.23 35.02 33.15 30.39 28.78 27.07 24.70 20.68

7 (air) = 74.06 (l -^)" C7H7NO2, Salicylamide (I) kE = 1.4 (83) *, 0C 7 (?) ±0.5 140 40.8 150 40.0 160 39.3 170 38.4 C7H7NO3, o-Nitroanisole (III) (30)

t, 0C 25.4 117 212

7 ( N 2 ) ±2f 48.4 38.4 26.5

C7H7NO3, p-Nitroanisole (III) (30)

t, 0C 60.5 144.5 220

7 (N 2 ) ±2f 40.9 33.1 24.5


C7H8, Toluene (I, II, III, IX) kE = 2.2

(20,

63, 72, 75, 89, 91)

t, 0C 7 (air) O 30.74±0.2

7 (vapor) ±0.3

10 29.60±0.1 27.7 20 28.43±0.05 28.5 30 27.30±0.1 27.4 40 26.13±0.1 26.2 50 24.99±0.2 25.0 60 23.81±0.2 23.8 80 21.53±0.2 21.5 100 19.39±0.2 19.4 130 16.3 At 2O0C, a2 (air) = 0.0670?; d\Q = 0.8658 C7H8N2O, Phenylmethylnitrosoamine (I) fc# = 2.5 (83) t, 0C 7 (?) ±0.5 20 45.4 30 14.2 45 42.4 60 40.5 75 38.7 90 36.9 C7H8N2O2, 2-Methyl-4-nitroaniline (III) (30) t, 0C 7 (N 2 ) ±2| 142 43.0 184.5 36.3 C7H8N2O2, 4-Methyl-2-nitroaniline (III) (30) t, 0C 7 (N 2 ) ±2f 121 36.4 151 33.1 185 29.8 C7H8N2O2, 2-Methyl-6-nitroaniline (III) (30) t, 0C 7 (N 2 ) ±2f 105 39.2 151 35.2 201.2 30.7 C7H8N2O2, p-Nitromethylaniline (III) (30) t, 0C 7 (N2) ±2f 155.2 46.3 186 43.7 210 40.1 C7H8O, Benzyl alcohol (I, II) kE = 1.6 (18,28,65)

7 (air or t, 0C vapor) ±1 20 39.0 80 33.5 C7H8O, o-Cresol (I) kE = 2.0 (7,28,62)

V0C 10 40 70 100 150 180

C7H8O, m-Cresol (I) kE = 1.8 (28, 62, 65)

40, 43, 58, 62,

7 (air or vapor) ±0.3 39.8 36.7 33.5 30.4 25.1 22.0

7 (air or t, 0 C vapor) ±0.31 10 38.4 20 37.4 50 34.6 100 29.8 150 25.1 180 22.2 C7H8O, p-Cresol (I) kE = 1.7 (28, 65)

t, 0C 7 ±0.4 20 36.7 50 34.0 100 29.3 C7H8O, Anisole (I, II) kE = 2.3 (17, 23, 51, 62, 73, 89)

't, 0C 7 (air) 10 36.41±0.2 20 35.22±0.1 40 32.81±0.2 60 30.41 ±0.2 80 28.02±0.2 100 25.66±0.3 125 22.7 ±0.3 150 19.8 ±0.3 C7H8O2, Guaiacol (I) kB = 2.2 (61)

7

t,°C

19.6. 46.0 78.0 t, 0C 142 179 201

38.66 35.66 31.90 (D (14) 7 (air) 28.1 23.9 21.3

C7H8O2, Resorcinol monomethyl ether (III) (30) t, 0C 7 (N 2 ) ±2f - 20 83.1 + 107 37.5 206 26.8 C7H8O2, Dimethyl-7-pyrone (I) kE = 1.9 (55)

t, 0C 7 (air)« 137 30.8 183 26.3 C7HgN, Benzylamine (I) kE = 2.1(83) t, 0C 7 (?) ±0.5 20 39.5 30 38.3 45 36.5 60 34.8 75 33.1 C7H9N, Methylaniline (I, II) (13, 40, 65)

t, 0C 10 20 60 195

7 (air or vapor) 40.7±0.3 39.6±0.3 35.3±0.3 21.0+0.5

C7H9N, o-Toluidine (I, II, III) (13, 27, 30, 31, 50, 65) 0

t, C O 20 50 100 150 200

7 (air or vapor) ±0.8 42.3 40.0 36.7 31.2 25.7 20.6

C7H9N, ra-Toluidine (I) (65) At 2O0C, 7 = 36.9 ± 0.3 C7H9N, p-Toluidine (I, II, III) (13, 5 0 , 8 1 )

«, 0C 50 100 150 210

7 (air) ±0.3 34.6 29.8 25.0 19.3

C 7 Hi 0 O 4 , Dimethyl citraconate (HI) (82.4) 0

t, C 20 32 53 64 79

7 (air) ±1§§ 35.69 34.51 31.37 30.78 28.20

C7Hi0O4, Dimethyl mesaconate (HI) (82.4)

t, 0C 20 32 63 80

7 (air) ±1§§ 34.68 33.80 29.84 27.68

C7HnBrO4, Diethyl bromomalonate (III) (30) *, 0C 7 (N 2 ) ±2t -20.7 39.1 +66.6 29.3 146 24.2 C7HuCIsO2, ad.-Amyl trichloroacetate (I, II) (29, 44) 7 (air or I1 0C vapor) ±0.2J O 31.25 20 29.3 50 26.4s 100 21.9 150 17.8±0.3 C7HuNO2, Butyl cyanoacetate (III) (30) 0 t, C 7 (N2) ±2f - 21.3 35.2 + 114.5 24.6 213.1 17.6 C7HnNO2, Isobutyl cyanoacetate (III) (30) t, 0C 7 (N 2 ) ±2f -20.5 34.2 +94.5 24.9 213 15.4

C7Hi2O2, Ethyl cyclobutanecarboxylate (III) («2.7) *, 0C 7 (air) ±1§§ 19.5 29.96 47.5 26.58 70 24.10 90.5 21.68 C7Hi2O4, Diethyl malonate (II) (39)

t, 0C 10 30 50

7 (air) ±0.4 33.14 30.99 28.88

C7Hi4O, Dipropyl ketone (II) (44)

/, 0C 10 30 40 60

7 (air) ±0.3 26.69 24.71 23.75 21.93

C 7 Hi 4 O 2 , Heptylic acid (II) (23) At 2O0C, 7 (air) = 28.31 ± 0.3 C7Hi4O2, Ethyl isovalerate (I, II) (23, 72)

t, 0C 20 130

7 (air) 23.68±0.1 13.2 ±0.4

C7Hi4O2, Isoamyl acetate (I, II) kE = 2.3 (47, 62, 72)

/, 0C 7 (air) ±0.2 O 26.6 20 24.7 50 21.8 75 19.5 100 17.1 125 14.7 139 13.4 C7Hi4O2, Isobutyl propionate (I) (72)

t, 0C

a2 (air) ±1.5%

7 (air)

7.2 137

0.05906 0.03544

13.0

C7Hi4O2, Propyl butyrate (I) (72)

Z, 0C

a2 (air) ±1.5%

7 (air)

5.8 143.5

0.06117 0.03621

13.2

C7Hi4O2, Propyl isobutyrate (I) (72)

/,0C 5.7 134.8

a2 (air) ±1.5% 0.05906 0.03544

7 (air)

12.9

C7Hi5NO, Oenanthaldoxime (I) kE = 1.6 (U) t, 0C 7 ±0.4 54.60 26.38 76.78 24.78 107.15 22.41 For notes f-§§ see p. 475.

C7Hi7N, n-Heptylamine (III) (30)

t, 0C -18.5 +70.9 145.5

7 (N2) ±2f 27.5 20.3 14.4

C8H4Cl2O2, sym.-Phthalyl chloride (III) 7 (air) (96) C8H4Cl2O2, unsym.-Phthalyl chloride ( 96 ) C8H7N, Benzyl cyanide (I, II) ks = 2.2 (47, 83) t, 0C 7 (air) ±0.3 20 41.8 45 39.0 60 37.3 C8H7N, o-Tolunitrile (I, II, HI) (39, 82.6, 83) 0

t, C 7 (air) ±0.5 20 38.2 40 36.0 75 32.1 100 29.5 116 28.0 C8H7N, ra-Tolunitrile (I, II, HI) ( 3 9 , 8 2 . 6 , 8 3 )

t, 0C O 20 40 85

7 (air) ±0.5 39.8 37.7 35.5 30.7

C8H7N, p-Tolunitrile (I, II, III)

(39,82.6,83)

Z, 0C 7 (air) ±0.2 30 36.8 40 35.7 70 32.3 96 29.7 C8H7NO, Mandelonitrile (I) kE = 1.9 (83) t, 0C 7 (?) ±0.5 20 44.3 30 43.4 45 41.9 60 40.4 C8H8, Styrène (II) («) At 190C, 7 (air) = 32.14 ± 0.3 C8H8N2O6, 4, 5-Dinitro-l, 2dimethoxybenzene (III) (30) t, 0C 7 (N 2 ) ±2f 130.8 41.0 182 35.7 208 31.5 C8H8O, Acetophenone (I, II) kE = 2.2 (13, 14,50) 7 (air or t, 0C vapor) ±0.3 20 39.8 50 36.2 75

33.3

125 175

27.8 22.8

C8H8O2, p-Methoxybenzaldehyde (III) (30) t, 0C 7 (N2) ±2f O 44.9 101 33.7 210 22.9 C3H8O2, Methyl benzoate (I) ks = 2.4 (62, 73) 7 (air or t, 0C vapor) 10 38.8±0.2 20 37.6±0.2 50 34.2±0.3 75 31.2±0.3 100 28.4±0.3 150 23.0±0.3 200 17.6±0.3 C8H8O3, Methyl salicylate (III) (30)

t, 0C 7 (N2) ±2f -19.8 44.2 +94 31.9 212.2 19.8 C8H9NO, Acetanilide (I) kE = 1.9 (83) 0 t, C 7 (?) ±0.5 120 35.6 130 34.7 145 33.3 160 32.0 C8H9NO, cmtfi-Benzaldoxime tf-methyl ether (III) (82) t, 0C 7 (air) ±1§§ 100 40.93 122 38.62 141 36.80 163 34.53 C8H9NO, em^-Benzaldoxime Omethyl ether (III) (82) *, 0C 7 (air) ±1§§ 16.5 37.03 33.5 34.92 55.5 32.20 73 30.13 C8H9NO, Phenylacetamide (I) kg = 1.6 (83) t, 0C 7 (?) ±0.5 160 34.0 170 33.2 180 32.4 C8H9NOs, p-Nitrophenetole (HI) (30)

t, 0C 7(N 2 ) ±2t 70.2 35.3 140 29.3 220 22.6 C8Hi0, Ethylbenzene (I, II) (18, 40, 65, 66, 72) t, 0C 7 (air) O 31.40+0.2 20 29.20+0.2 35 27.60+0.2 60 24.91+0.2 135 16.9 ±0.3

C8Hi0, o-Xylene (I, II) (23, 40, 66)

t, 0C O 20 40 60

7 (air) ±0.3 32.27 30.10 27.90 25.70

C8Hi0, m-Xylene (I) kE = 2.2s (20, 62, 65, 66, 72, 89)

t, 0C O 20 40 60 100 135

7 (air)U 31.15+0.1 28.90+0.1 26.70 + 0.1 24.57±0.1 20.46+0.2 17.18 + 0.3

7 (vapor) ±0.4 31.15 28.90 26.70 24.57 20.46 17.18

C8Hi0, p-Xylene (II) (23, 40, 65, 66, 72)

I1 0C 5 20 35 60 135

7 (air) 29.92+0.2 28.37+0.1 26.80 + 0.2 24.20±0.2 16.7 ±0.3

C8Hi0O, p-Tolyl methyl ether (D ( 73 ) a 2 = 0.075037 - 0.0001838* «, 0C a2 ±2% 7 5.5 0.0740 48.7 0.0661 75.5 0.0612 92.5 0.0580 17.4 175.5 0.0428 C8Hi0O, Phenetole (I, II)

C 8 Hi 0 O 4 , Dimethyl 3-methylA2-cyclopropene-l, 2-dicarboxylate (III) (82.7) t,°C 7 (air) ±1§§ 42 35.46 63 32.94 81 30.79 95 28.98 C8HnClO4, Diethyl chlorofumarate (I, II) kE = 2.8 (44, 89) t, 0C 7 (air) ±0.3 15 34.8 40 32.3 60 30.2 C8HnClO4, Diethyl chloromaleate (I) kE = 2.6 (««) t, 0C 7 (air) ±0.3 15.5 34.45 33.33 26.3 50.0 30.83 70.75 28.77 97.05 26.19 C8HnN, Dimethylaniline (I, II) kE = 2.4 (20, 40, 62, 63)

At 2O0C, a2 (air) = 0.0781i; 7 (vapor) — 7 (air) = 0.10; dl° = 0.9562 t, 0C 7 (air) 10 37.70±0.1 20 36.56±0.05 50 33.20±0.1 75 30.39+0.2 100 27.6 ±0.3 150 22.4 ±0.3 175 20.0 ±0.3 C8HnN, Ethylaniline (I, II) (13, 31, 40, 65)

ks = 2.4 (23, 5 1 , 6 2 , 7 3 )

t, 0C 20 50 100 150 170

7 (air) 32.74±0.1 29.5 ±0.2 24.2 ±0.2 18.9 ±0.2 16.8 ± 0 . 2

C8Hi0O2, o-Dimethoxybenzene (HI) ( 30 ) 0 *, C 7 (N2) ±2f 0.0 42.5 104.5 29.3 196 20.8 C8Hi oO 2, m-Dimethoxybenzene (I) ( 73 ) 2 o = 0.077718 - 0.0001709* At 2150C, 7 = 17.6 t, 0C a 2 ±2% 10.6 0.0759 72.0 0.0654 87.0 0.0628 C8Hi0O2, p-Dimethoxybenzene (III) (30)

t, 0C 66 146 206

7 (N 2 ) ±2f 34.7 26.4 19.5

7 (air or t, C vapor) ±0.5 10 37.6 20 36.6 60 32.4 210 16.7 C8HnNO2, Ethyl 1-cyanocyclobutane-1-carboxylate (III) 0

(82.7)

*, 0C 7 (air) ±1§§ 13.5 35.68 57 30.92 84.5 27.86 126.5 23.49 C8H12BrN, Phenyldimethylammonium bromide (I) ks = 1.7 ( 88 ) 0 t, C 7 (air) ±0.5 82.0 51.60 97.0 50.24 113.5 48.77 C8Hi2O4, Diethyl fumarate (I, II) kE = 2.7 (44, 89) t, 0C 7 (air) ±0.4 20 32.4 45 29.8 75 26.6

C8Hi2O4, Diethyl maleate (I) kE = 2.6 (89) t, 0C 7 (air) ±0.3 19.8 33.38 41.4 31.08 79.35 27.33

C8Hi6O, Methyl hexyl ketone

C8Hi3BrO4, Diethyl methylbromomalonate (III) ( 30 ) t, 0C 7 (N 2 ) ±2f - 21 35.0 + 114 22.6 197 14.7

C8Hi6O2, Caprylic acid (II) (18) At 18.10C, 7 (air) = 28.82 ± 0.3' C8Hi6O2, Ethyl caproate (II)

C8Hi3NO2, Amyl cyanoacetate (III) (30) t, 0C 7 (N 2 ) ±2f -17.5 32.7 4-89 25.0 201 17.8 C8Hi4, n-Hexylacetylene (I) kE = 2.4 (90) t, 0C 7 (air) ±0.3 23.0 23.89 22.22 39.0 57.0 20.40 73.6 18.75 92.8 16.92 C8H14O3, Ethyl dimethylacetoacetate (II) (39) t, 0C 7 (air) ±0.4 30 29.61 40 28.51 50 27.39 C 8 Hi 4 O 3 , Ethyl ethylacetoacetate (I) kE = 2.4 (92) t, 0C 7 ±0.4 38.8 28.1 97.8 22.3 148.3 17.6 C8Hi4O4, Diethyl succinate (I) kE = 2.3 (31) *, 0C 7 (?) ±2 13.0 31.9 70.6 26.5 C8Hi4O5, Diethyl malate (II) (44)

«, 0C 7 (air) ±0.3 30 35.51 40 32.55 60 30.63 C8Hi4O6, Diethyl d-tartrate (HI) (30) 0

I1 C 7 (N 2 ) ±2f 25 37.6 134.7 26.9 212.7 20.2 C8Hi6, n-Octylene (mixture of 1-n-octylene and 2-n-octylene) (I, II) (i«, 72) t, 0C 7 (air) ±0.3 2 24.0 20 22.2 125 12.4 For notes f-§§ see p. 475.

(U) (23, 47) t, 0C

7 (air)

O 20 30

28.6 ±0.2 26.79±0.1 25.9 ±0.2

(20)

At 2O0C, 7 (air) = 25.81 ± 0.2 C8Hi6O2, Isoamyl 7z propionate

•' ma (air) ( ) 2

0

t, C ±1.5% 7 (air) 4.5 0.06152 160.5 0.03459. 12.4 C8Hi6O2, Isobutyl n-butyrate (D ( 72 ) a2 (air) 0 t, C ±1.5% 7 (air) 5.8 0.06046 157 0.03361 12.0 C8Hi6O2, Isobutyl isobutyrate 7z

CD ( )

a2 (air) t, 0C ±2% 7 (air) 7.9 0.0583 149 0.0337 I 12.0 C8Hi6O2, n-Propyl isovalerate (I)2 ( 7 2 ) a (air) t, 0C ±1.5% 7 (air) 15 0.05857 12.4 155.5 0.03459 C8Hi8, 2, 5-Dimethylhexane (I) (66, 72)

t, 0C 7 (air) O 21.95+0.2 30 18.97±0.2 60 16.16±0.2 110 11.5 ±0.3 C8H18, 2-Methylheptane (I) (66) t, 0C p* 7 ±0.1 0.0 9.6 22.85 34.3 10.4 19.48 61.0 57.2 16.94 * p = pressure of air + vapor (in cm of mercury).

C8H18, n-Octane (I, II) kE = 2.3 (20, 21, 61, 66)

7 (air) 7 (vapor) t, 0C ±0.1 ±0.3 O 23.80 23.80 20 21.80 21.80 40 19.82 19.82 60 17.88 17.88 C8Hi8O, d/-Methylhexyl carbinol(II) kE = 2.1 (9,21,23) t, 0C 7 (air) ±0.1

O 20 40 60

27.96 26.37 24.78 23.02

CsH isO, d-Methylhexyl carbinol (I) ks = 2.0 (76) t, 0C

T**

10 80

26.6 20.8

C8HisO, Z-Methylhexyl carbinol (I) kg = 1.9 (76) t, 0O T**

10 26.5 80 20.9 C8Hi8O, n-Octyl alcohol (II) (20,21)

t, 0C 7 (air) ±0.2 0.16 29.09 20.00 27.53 39.87 25.85 ' 59.67 24.38 C8Hi9N, Diisobutylamine (II,

III)

(23, 30)

0

*, C 7 (air) -70 30.0 ±1.5 -1-20 22.05 + 0.2 125 12.7 ±1.5 C9H7N, Quinoline (I, II) kE = 2.4 (7, 40, 45, 62, 73)

t, 0C 7 (air) ±0.3 10 46.2 20 45.0 50 41.5 100 35.8 150 30.3 200 25.1 230 22.1 CgH I0O 2, Ethyl benzoate (I, III) t, °C

(30,31, 73) 7

±0.5

O 37.5 20 35.5 50 32.5 75 30.0 200 17.5 C9Hi0O3, Ethyl m-hydroxybenzoate (I) kE = 2.2 (28) *, 0C 7 ±0.4 85.8 35.76 115.4 32.99 143.5 30.28 C 9 Hi 0 O 3 , Ethyl p-hydroxybenzoate (I) ks = 2.2 (28) *, 0C 7 ±0.4 119.7 33.71 149.3 31.01 172.8 28.80 C9Hi0O3, Ethyl salicylate (I) ks = 2.4 (28) t, 0C 7 ±0.4 20.5 38.33 61.1 35.06 85.6 31.37 C9HnNO, Methylacetanilide (I) kE = 2.2 (83) *, 0C 7 (?) ±0.5 105 32.4 115 31.5

C9HnNO.—(Continued} t, 0C 7 (?) ±0.5 120 31.0 130 30.0 145 28.5 C 9 HnNO 2 , Phenylurethane (I) ks = 2.2 (17,83) t, 0C 7 (?) ±0.4 60 36.5 80 34.5 100 32.5 150 27.6 C9H12, p-Ethyltoluene (I) (72) a2 (air) 0 t, C ±1.5% 7 (air)

4.5 161.8

0.07088 0.04184

15.2

C9Hi2, Mesitylene (I, II) kg = 2.2 (23, 40, 62, 72)

t, 0C 5 20 50 75 100 125 165

7 (air) 30.1 ± 0 . 2 28.51±0.2 25.5 ±0.2 23.0 ±0.3 20.6 ±0.3 18.2 ±0.3 14.9 ±0.3

C9Hi2,n-Propylbenzene (I) (72) t, 0C 7 (air) ±0.4 4.5 30.6 158.7 15.3 C 9 Hi 2 , Pseudocumene (III) (30) *, 0C 7 (N 2 ) ±2.0t -21 34.1 +86.5 24.0 166 16.2 C9Hi2O, dZ-Phenylethyl carbinol (I) kE = 2.0 (76) t, °C

7«

10 34.9 80 28.4 C9Hi2O, Z-Phenylethyl carbinol (I) ka = 2.0 (76) *, °0

7»

10 34.7 80 28.3 C9Hi3N, Dimethyl-0-toluidine (I) (13,27) t, 0C

7 ±1-0

15 32.9 150 18.2 C 9 Hi 4 O, Phorone (I) (14) t, 0C a 2 (air) ±2% 132 0.0520 160 0.0470 191 0.0418 C9Hi4O3, Ethyl allylacetoacetate (I) kB = 2.6 (92) t, 0C 7 ±0.4 39.2 28.5 105.7 22.2 121.2 20.8 For notes f-§§ see p. 475.

C9Hi4O4, Diethyl cyclopropane1, 1-dicarboxylate (III) (82.7) t, 0C 7 (air) ±1§§ 25 31.28 110 22.62 153 18.52 189 15.52 C 9 Hi 4 O 4 , Diethyl cyclopropane1, 2-dicarboxylate (III) (82.7) *, 0C 7 (air) ±1§§ 11 33.41 14 33.22 54 28.92 71 27.29 90 25.17 C9Hi4O6, GIyeery 1 triacetate (III)

(30)

t, 0C 7 (N 2 ) ±2f -19 37.8 +99.8 30.1 200.3 20.4 C9H16O3, Ethyl w-?-propylacetoacetate (III) (30) t, 0C 7 (N2) ±2t -76.2 43.6 +70 24.8 200.5 14.2 C9HnBrO2, act.-Amyl a (?)-bromo-n-butyrate (I) ks = 2.6 (90) t, 0C 7 (air) ±0.3J 17.1 29.55 44.9 26.96 75.8 24.12 103.5 21.50 C9Hi8O2, ad.-Amyl butyrate (I, II) ks = 2.4 (29, 44) 7 (air or t, 0C vapor) ±0.3t O 27.1 20 25.2 60 21.5 80 19.8 110 17.3 C9Hi8O2, Isoamyl butyrate (II)

(23)

At 2O0C, 7 (air) = 25.19 ± 0.2 C9Hi8O2, Isobutyl isovalerate (I, II) ks = 2.6 (29, 44) 7 (air or t, 0C vapor) ±0.3 O 26.1 20 24.2 60 20.6 105 16.5 C9H2O, Tetraethy!methane (I) kE = 2.2 (38) «, °C

7»

20 22.9 40 21.2 C9H2iN, Tri-n-propylamine (I) kE = 2.7 (83)

t, 0C 20 30

7 (?) ±0.5 23.2 22.3

C9H2iN,—(Continued) t, 0C 7 (?) ±0.5 45 20.8 60 19.4 75 18.0 Ci0HrBr, a-Bromonaphthalene (II)

(25)

At 2O0C, 7 (air) = 44.59 ± 0.3 Ci0H7Cl, a-Chloronaphtbalene (II)

(25)

At 2O0C, 7 (air) = 41.80 ± 0.3 C10H8, Naphthalene (I) (13,14) 7 (air or t, 0C vapor) ±1 127 28.8 170 24.0 190 21.8 Ci0H9BrO2, Methyl a-bromoallocinnamate (III) (82.4) t, 0C 7 (air) ±1§§ 20 43.41 30 42.30 60 38.77 ___81 36.10 Ci0H9BrO2, Methyl ß-bromoallocinnamate (III) (82.4) *, 0C 7 (air) ±1§§ 66 36.04 71 35.23 86 33.54 94 32.70 Ci0H9BrO2, Methyl a-bromocinnamate (III) (82.4) *, 0C 7 (air) ±1§§ 20 45.59 51 41.80 81 38.22 131 31.57 Ci0H9BrO2, Methyl /3-bromocinnamate (III) (82.4) «, 0C 7 (air) ±1§§ 20 44.79 32 42.36 61 39.96 77 37.49 Ci0Hi0O, Benzylideneacetone (I) ks = 2.6 (16) «, 0C 7 (air) ±ca. 1.5 60.0 39.9 67.8 39.2 80.0 37.9 110.5 34.3 137.5 31.5 155.0 29.6 199.0 25.2 Ci0H10O2, Methyl allocinnamate (III) (82.4) *, 0C 7 (air) ±1§§ 20 40.17 41 37.53 62 34.93 78 32.88

Ci 0 Hi 0 O 2 , Methyl cinnamate (I, II, III)

t, 0C 20 50 100

(39, 82.4, 89)

7 (air) ±0.5 39.5 36.5 31.4

Ci 0 Hi 2 O, Anethole (I, II) fa = 2.3 (so» 62) t, 0C 7 (air) ±0.5 10 37.6 20 36.5 50 33.3 100 28.4 150 23.8 200 19.6 220 18.1 Ci 0 Hi 2 O, Cumic aldehyde (I) (73)

a2 = 0.07397 - 0.0001505* At 237.O0C, 7 = 14.8 t, 0C a 2 ±2% 8.8 0.07265

48.4 70.5 94.5

0.06669 0.06336 0.05975

125.5

0.05509

Ci0H12O3, Methyl d-ß-hydroxy-/3-phenylpropionate (I) fa = 2.4 (76) t, °C 7« 10 40.7 80 33.3 Ci0H12O3, Methyl dl-ß-hydroxy-ß-phenylpropionate (I) kE = 2.4 (76) t, °C

10 80

7»

40.0 33.1

Ci0Hi3NO, Ethylacetanilide (I) kE = 2.6 (83) t, 0C 7 (?) ±0.5 60 34.6 75 33.1 90 31.5 105 29.9 Ci0Hi4, 1, 2, 4, 5-Tetramethylbenzene (I) ( 13 ) t, 0C 7 ±0.4 108.5 22.07 210.2 13.45 CI0H H,

p-Isopropy !toluene

(I, II) fa = 2.3 ( 1 8 , 2 3 , 4 0 , 6 2 , 72)

*, °C

7 (air)

5 29.5+0.2 20 28.1 ±0.1 50 25.3±0.2 100 20.7±0.2 150 16.1±0.3 176 13.8±0.4 Ci0Hi4O, Carvol (I) (73) a2 = 0.076947 - 0.000161 It At 227.50C, 7 = 15.6

Ci0Hi4O.—(Continued) t a2 ±2% 10.5 0.07525 45.7 0.06757 91.5 0.06220 137.5 0.05479 Ci 0 Hi 4 O, dZ-0-Phenylethylmethyl carbinol (I) kE == 2.2 (76) t, °C

7«

36.7 30.1

10 80

Ci 0 Hi 4 O, d-/3-Phenylethylmethyl carbinol (I) ks = 2.0 (76) t, °C

7«

36.5 30.3

10 80

Ci 0 Hi 4 O, Z-/3-Phenylethylmethyl carbinol (I) ks = 2.2 (76) t, °C

7«

36.7 30.2

10 80

C10H14O, Thymol (III) (30) t, 0C 7 (N 2 ) ±2f O 34.2 115 25.3 211 17.9 C10H14O4, "labile" Diethyl 3-methyl-A2-cyclopropene-l, 2dicarboxylate (III) (82.7) Z, 0C 7 (air) ±1§§ 26 33.98 50 31.13 77 27.99 C 10 Hi 4 O 4 , "normal" Diethyl 3-methyl-A2-cyclopropene-l, 2dicarboxylate (III) (82.7) t, 0C 7 (air) ±1§§ 41.5 31.42 51 30.33 62 29.12 77.5 27.52 Ci 0 Hi 5 N, Diethylaniline • (I) (13, 31, 65) t, °C

15 20 50 110 210

7

34.7+0.3 34.2±0.3 31.1±0.3 24.9±0.5 14.7±0.7

Ci0Hi6, dZ-Limonene (I) ks = 2.3 (37) t, °C 7» 10 28.1 90 20.8 Ci0HiG, d-Limonene (I) fa = 2.3 (37) *, °C

10.9 90.3

T«

28.5 21.2

Ci0Hi6, Z-Limonene (I) kß = 2.2 (37)

t, 0C

Ci0H22, Diisoamyl (I, II) (23, 47, 72)

t, 0C O 20 30 160

TM

6.2 28.5 95.5 20.5 Ci0Hi6, dZ-Pinene (I) fa = 2.3 (37)

*, °C

7«

Ci0H22O, Isoamyl ether (I) fa = 2.2 (31) *, 0C j 7 (?) ±2 17.8 23.2 64.0 19.5

10 27.0 90 19.5 Ci0Hi6, d-Pinene (I) fa = 2.4 (37)

«, °C

7«

12.6 27.2 91.4 19.8 Ci0Hi6, Z-Pinene (I) kE = 2.3 (37)

t, 0C 7« 11.4 27.3 93.8 19.6 C10H16, Sylvestrene (III) (30) *, 0C 7 (N2) ±2f -70 35.7 +55.5 23.2 149.5 14.6 C10H16, Terebene (III) (30) t, 0C 7 (N 2 ) ±2f -74 35.8 +86.3 21.1 170 13.9 C10H16O2, a-Campholenic acid (III)

(30)

t, 0C 7 (N 2 ) ±2f O 37.0 117 26.4 212 18.8 C10H16O4, Diethyl cyclobutane» 1, 1-dicarboxylate (III) (82.7) t, 0C 7 (air) ±1§§ 15 32.51 49 28.70 81 25.24 C10H18O, Linalool (I) fa = 2.3 (62)

t, 0C 7 (air) ±0.3 8.0 28.74 34.0 26.42 55.0 24.55 78.0 22.83 109.0 20.20 124.7 18.85 CI0HIgO2, a-Dihydrocampholenic acid (III) (30) t, 0C 7 (N2) ±2f O 34.3 95 25.3 195.3 18.9 Ci0Hi8O3, Ethyl diethylaceto« acetate (II) (39) t, 0C 7 (air) ±0.4 30 28.24 40 27.25 50 26.29 For notes f-§§ see p. 475,

7 (air) 23.96±0.2 22.24±0.1 21.41±0.2 10.7 ±0.3

Ci0H23N, Diisoa my lamine (III) (30)

.

t, 0C -20 +80.8 178.5

7 (N 2 ) ±2t 26.5 17.9 10.8

C n Hi 0 O 2 , Ethyl phenylpropiolate (I) fa = 2.4 (89) t, 0C 7 (air) ±0.3 15.6 39.68 35.4 37.57 66.5 34.31 81.5 32.78 99.9 30.94 CnHi2O, Benzylidene methyl ethyl ketone (I) fa = 2.7 (16) 7 (air) ±ca. t, 0C 1.5 59.5 38.5 67.0 37.5 82.0 36.1 110.5 32.9 124.0 31.6 138.0 30.3 180.0 25.7 CnHi2O2, Ethyl cinnamate (I, II) ( 18 > 39, 89)

t, 0C 7 15 20 25 30 41 50 100

71 (air) 39.87 38.93 38.37 37.80 37.2,5 36.09

72 (air)

37.10 36.61 35.52 34.68 29.82

CnHi2O3, Ethyl 0-hydroxy-aphenylacrylate (I) (92) *, 0C 7 ±0.4 37.3 36.0 68.9 32.3 118.9 27.4 CnHi4O3, Ethyl hydrocinnamate (II) ( r 8 ) At 21.50C, 7 (air) = 35.08 ± 0.3 CnHi6, Pentamethy!benzene (I) ( 13 ) 0 t, C 7 ±0.4 108.1 24.65 207.4 16.32

CnHi8O4, Diethyl caronate (Ethyl trans-3, 3-dimethylcyclopropane-1, 2-dicarboxylate) (III) (82.7) *, 0C 7 (air) ±1§§ 12 31.56 54 27.10 75 25.00 93.5 23.15 CnHi8Oe, Diethyl 0-propionylmalate (I) kg = 2.9 (29) «, 0C 7 ±0.3 56.2 28.86 107.4 23.97 20.46 149.0 CnH2O, n-Nonylacetylene (I) kg = 2.5 (90) t, 0C 7 (air) ±0.3 20.3 28.47 36.6 26.90 55.6 25.10 75.8 23.29 92.5 21.82 CnH20O2, Undecylenic acid (II) (23) 0

At 25 C, 7 (air) = 30.64 ± 0.3 CnH20Os, Ethyl isoamylacetoacetate (I) (92) t, 0C 7 ±0.4 35.6 26.8 97.5 21.6 18.1 139.0 CnH22O2, Ethyl n-nonylate (II) (20) 0

At 2O C, 7 (air) = 28.04 ± 0.2 Ci2Hi0, Acenaphthene (I) (13), t, 0C 7 ±0.4 128.6 32.3 178.7 27.4 Ci 2 Hi 0 , Diphenyl (I) (13) *, 0C 7 ±0.4 129.2 29.5 179.7 24.8 Ci 2 Hi 0 N 2 O, Azoxybenzene (III) (82)

'

t, 0C 7 (air) ±1§§ 51 43.34 66.5 41.42 77.5 40.26 89 39.17 Ci 2 HnN, Diphenylamine (I, III)

(14, 3 0 , 5 6 , 8 3 )

7 (air or t, 0C vapor) ± 1.0 80 37.7 150 30.7 200 26.0 275 19.8 Ci 2 Hi 4 O 4 , Diethyl phthalate (I, II) ( 1 8 , 4 4 , 8 9 )

t, 0C 10 20

7 (air) 38.5±0.3 37.5±0.2

kE

3.1

C12H i «O 4.—(Continued) t, 0C 7 (air) kg 50 34.5±0.3 75 32.0±0.3 94 30.1+0.4 2.6 Ci 2 Hi 4 O 4 , dZ-Ethyl benzoyllactate (I, II) kB = 3 . 0 ( 2 9 , 4 4 ) 7 (air or t, 0C vapor) ±0.3 15 37.5 20 36.9 60 32.8 110 27.6 Ci2Hi6O2,7&-Propyl hydrpcinnamate (I) kE = 2.8 ( 8 9) t, 0C 7 (air) ±0.3 19.0 34.50 31.7 33.15 47.9 31.52 62.1 30.05 80.5 28.31 Ci2Hi6O2, Isopropyl hydrocinnamate (I) kE = 2.7 (89) t, 0C 7 (air) ±0.3 18.5 33.27 42.0 30.96 51.7 30.00 71.7 28.07 100.6 25.27 Ci2H18O6, Triethyl aconitate (I) A* =3.2 (»o) t, 0C 7 (air) ±0.3 20.3 34.55 34.8 33.04 51.0 31.36 69.7 29.47 90.6 27.43 Ci 2 H 20 O 6 , Z-Diethyl O-n-butyrylmalate (I, II) kg = 3.3(29, 44) 7 (air or t, 0C vapor) ±0.3 O 33.9 20 31.8 50 28.9 100 24.1 145 20.1 Ci 2 H 22 O 2 , Ethyl a-dihydrocampholenate (III) ( 30 ) *, 0C 7 (N2) ±2t -21 31.0 +95 21.5 194 13.5 Ci2H27N, Triisobutylamine (III) ( 30 ) t, 0C 7 (N 2 ) ±2f -21 24.5 +90.3 18.0 185 11.0 Ci3H6Cl4O, 3, 4, 3', 4'-Tetrachlorobenzophenone (III) ( 30 ) t, 0C 7 (N 2 ) ±2f 154 35.1 186.5 32.1 220 29.3

Ci3H6Cl6, 2, 4, 2', 4'-Tetrachlorobenzophenone dichloride (HI) (30)

*, 0C 156 185.5 218

7 (N 2 ) ±2t 31.2 29.9 27.9

Ci 3 Hi 0 O, Benzophenone (I, II) kg = 2.9 ( 1 3 , 5 0 , 8 9 )

7 (air or vapor) ±0.4 46.2 45.1 41.8 37.4

t, 0C 10 20 50 90

Ci 3 Hi 0 O 3 , Diphenyl carbonate (HI) ( 82 ) /,0C 7 (air) ±1§§ 101 34.28 120.5 32.19 139 30.41 Ci 3 Hi 0 O 3 , Phenyl salicylate (III)

t, 0C O 90.1 211.6

(30)

7 (N 2 ) ±2f 45.7 36.8 26.3

Ci3 Hi2 , Diphenylmethane (I, II) ( 1 3 , 2 4 , 4 0 )

t, 0C 30 60 210

7 (air) 37.1±0.5 34.9±0.5 24 ± 2 . 0

Ci3Hi2O, Benzohydrol (I) ks = 2.2 (28) t, 0C 7 ±0.4 73.55 38.65 90.9 37.06 Ci 3 Hi 4 O 2 , Isobutyl phenylpropiolate (I) kE = 2.3 ( 8 9) t, 0C 7 (air) ±0.3 16.7 35.34 34.6 33.71 62.0 31.23 93.0 28.39 Ci3Hi6O, Benzalpinacolin (I) ks = 2.6 (i 6 ) t, 0C 7 (air) ±ca. 1.5 62.0 32.8 83.0 30.9 110.3 28.6 137.1 26.0 156.0 24.5 199.0 20.6 Ci3H22O6, Z-Diethyl 0-n-valervi-. malate (I) kg = 3.5 (29) t, 0C 7 ±0.3 16.3 31.51 54.7 27.52 107.4 23.20 147.8 19.93 For notes |-§§ see p. 475.

CiIiH 24 O 4 , Di-ad.-amyl maionate (I, II) ks = 2.8 (44, 89) t, 0C 7 (air)t 25 27.9±0.7 60 25.1±0.6 100 21.9±0.5 Ci 4 H 10 O 2 , Benzil (III) 7 (air) ( 96 ) Ci 4 Hi 2 O 2 , Benzyl benzoate (HI) (30)

t, 0C 7 (N 2 ) ±2f 21.8 47.4 90.8 35.8 210.5 26.6 Ci 4 Hi 4 , sî/ra.-Diphenylethane (I) (13) *, 0C 7 ±0.4 108.3 29.09 210.2 19.95 Ci4Hi4, 1, 1-Diphenylethane (II)

(24)

t, 0C 7 (air) ±0.5 20 37.67 25 37.20 Ci 4 Hi 4 N 2 O, o, o'-Azoxytoluene (III)

(82)

*, 0C 7 (air) ±1§§. 69.5 40.41 78.5 39.39 90.5 38.33 101 37.25 Ci4Hi4N2O3, PJ p'-Azoxyanisole (I) ( 67 ) *, °C

7

116.3 133.3 135.1 153.3

38.62 37.27 37.01 35.60 (III)

(30)

t,°C 7 (N2) t 115 40.1 160.5 35.5 211 31.4 Ci 4 Hi 5 N, Dibenzylamine (I) kE = 2.9 (83) t, 0C 7 (?) ±0.5 20 41.1 30 40.0 45 38.4 60 36.8 75 35.1 Ci 4 H 20 O 2 , Amyl hydrocinnamate (II)'( 43 ) *, 0C 7 (air) ±0.3 15 32.45 40 30.30 Ci4H20O2, act.-A.myl hydrocinnamate (I) kE = 2.8 ( 89 ) t, 0C 7 (air) ±0.3t 16.0 33.20 38.4 31.13 57.0 29.43 83.8 27.05 25.64 99.8

Ci 4 H 2 SClO 4 , Di-ad.-amyl chlorofumarate (I, II) kE — 2.9 (44, 89)

t, 0C 30 60 100

7 (air)t 29.6+0.6 27.2+0.5 24.0±0.5

Ci4H2SN, Diisobutylaniline (30)

(III)

t, 0C 7 (N 2 ) ±2f O 32.8 92.5 23.9 195.8 15.9 Ci4H24O4, Di-ac£.-amyl maleate (I) kg = 2.8 (89) t, 0C 7 (air) +0.3t 17.4 29.59 28.7 28.62 42.8 27.47 61.2 25.97 73.2 25.01 96.8 22.62 Ci 4 H 24 O 6 , Z-Diethyl 0-caproylmalate (I) kg = 3.1 (29, 62) 7 (air or t, 0C vapor) +0.3 10 31.8 20 30.9 50 28.3 100 24.0 145 20.1 Ci4H2C1O4, Di-acf.-amyl succinate (I, II) kg = 2.9 (44, 89) t, 0C 7 (air) + 0.7Î 20 28.9 50 26.5 100 22.6 Ci4H26O4, Diethyl sebacate (I) kg = 3.3 (90) *, 0C 7 (air) +0.3 22.5 32.94 38.7 31.30 55.8 29.65 75.0 27.84 97.6 25.78 Ci4H26O5, Diamyl malate (II) (44)

t, 0C j (air) +0.3 30 27.96 40 27.28 60 25.95 Ci5Hi6, 1, 1-Diphenylpropane (II)

(24)

t, 0C 7 (air) +0.5 20 37.15 25 36.64 Ci 5 Hi 6 , Di-p-toly!methane (II) (24)

t, 0C 7 (air) +0.5 20 35.51 25 34.80 Ci5H22O8, Tetraethyl cyclopropane -1, 1, 2, 2-tetracarboxylate (III) ( 8 2.7)

C i oH22 O g.—( Continued) t, 0C 7 (air) ±1§§ 76 29.08 97 27.08 122 24.75 152 21.93 Ci 5 H 26 O 4 , Di-ad.-amyl citraconate (I) kE = 2.9 (89) *, 0C T (air) +0.3J 24.8 28.78 46.5 26.91 66.6 25.29 82.6 24.00 99.9 22.65 Ci5H26O4, Di-ad.-amyl mesaconate (I) kg = 2.9 (89) t, 0C 7 (air) +0.3Î 27.4 29.16 42.0 27.96 60.1 26.45 74.5 25.26 101.1 23.16 C15H26O6, Tributyrin (III) (30) t, 0C 7 (N 2 ) ±2f -20.5 33.0 +99.8 25.5 200.8 18.3 Ci5H26O6, Z-Diethyl O-n-heptoylmalate (I, II) kE = 3.2 (29, 44)

7 (air or Z, C vapor) +0.3 O 32.6 20 30.9 60 27.4 145 20.0 Ci5H33N, Triisoamylamine (I) kE = 3.2 (83) t, 0C 7 (?) +0.5 20 24.5 30 23:6 45 22.3 60 21.1 75 19.8 Ci 6 Hi 4 O 4 , o, o-Dimethoxybenzil (III) 7 (air) (96) Ci 6 Hi 6 NO 2 , Anisaldazine (III) 0

(30)

t, 0C 7 (N 2 ) ±2f 171 32.1 180.5 31.2 230.5 26.8 Ci6Hi8N2O3, p-Azoxyphenetole

(D ( 67 ) t, °C 134.9 165.1 169.4 183.8

7 30.77 28.44 28.06 27.01

t, 0C 142.5 174.5 219

(HI) (30) 7 (N 2 )t 31.6 28.6 25.2

Ci6H22O4, Diethyl ethylbenzylmalonate (III) (30) t, 0C 7 (N2) ±2f O 39.0 106 28.1 206.5 19.7 Ci6H28O6, Z-Diethyl 0-n-octoylmalate (I, II) kE = 3.2(29, 44) 7 (air or t, 0C vapor) O 32.5+0.2 20 30.7+0.2 50 28.1+0.3 100 23.8+0.3 145 20.3+0.3 Ci6H34N2S, Triisoamylammonium thiocyanate (ï)kg = 1.5 (88) t, 0C 7 (air) +0.3 80 30.31 100 29.39 122 28.42 Ci7Hi4O3, Dibenzoylacetone (I) (69)

*, 0C 7 ±ca. 2.0 109.5 35.3 169.7 30.1 Ci7H30O6, Z-Diethyl 0-nnonoylmalate (I, II) kE = 3.9 (29, 44)

7 (air or t, 0C vapor) O 32.5+0.4 20 30.8+0.3 50 28.1+0.3 100 23.8+0.3 145 20.3+0.3 Ci8Hi5O4P, Triphenyl phosphate (III) (82) «, 0C 7 (air) +!§§ 65.5 40.63 74 39.64 84 38.71 Ci8Hi5P, Triphenylphosphine (I) kB = 3.3

(89)

<, 0C 7 (air) +0.4 45.7 42.04 68.8 39.74 95.9 36.94 107.1 35.80 Ci8Hi5Sb, Triphenylstibine (I) kE = 2.9 at 350C; 3.6 at 10O0C (89) t, 0C 7 (air) +0.3 35.1 43.01 63.1 40.37 91.2 37.32 103.0 36.08 Ci8Hi8N2O5, Ethyl p-azoxybenzoate (III) (30) t, 0C 7 (N2) ±2f 114 27.0 140 26.2 230 25.3 For notes f-§§ see p. 475.

Ci8H26O4, Di-acJ.-amyl phthalate (I, II) (44, 89) 7 (air) t, 0C ±0.7t kg 20 31.5 3.3 60 28.6 105 25.2 2.5 Ci8H32O6, Z-Diethyl 0-ndecoylmalate (I, II) kE = 3.7 (29, 44)

7 (air or t, 0C vapor) O 32.8±0.4 20 31.0+0.4 50 28.3+0.3 100 23.0±0.3 145 20.5+0.3 Ci8H34O2, Oleic acid (II) (18,20)

At 2O0C, 7 (air) = 32.50 + 0.3 Ci8H34O3, Ricinoleic acid (II) (18)

At 160C, 7 (air) = 35.81 + 0.3 CiDHi6, Triphenylmethane (I) (56)

At 1250C, kE = 2.1; at 30O0C, kg = 1.5 t, 0C 7 ±ca. 1 108.7 33.8 130.5 31.4 154.0 28.8 208.2 24.5 229.6 23.0 278.7 19.2 335.5 15.4 Ci9Hi6O, Triphenyl carbinol (I) kg = 2.2 (28)

/, 0C 7 +0.4 165.8 30.38 190.5 28.67 C20H38O4, Diisoamyl sebacate (I) kg = 3.4 (90) t, 0 C 7 (air) +0.3 23.5 30.86 35.9 29.83 52.0 28.50 64.8 27.50 80.5 26.23 95.1 25.08 C 20 H 44 IN, Tetraisoamylammonium iodide (I) ks = 1.8 (88)

«, 0C 7 (air) +0.3 99.5 27.27 109.5 26.84 119.0 26.39 130.5 25.88 C 2i H 2 iN, Tribenz y lamine (I) kg = 3.6 (83) t, 0C 7 (?) +0.5 95 33.7 105 32.8 120 31.3 135 29.8

C 2 IH 23 NO 3 , Ethyl p-ethoxyb e n z a l a m i n o-a-methylcinnamate (III) (30) t, 0C 7 (N2) ±2| 85 28.7 123.7 28.3

179

27.7

C2iH38O6, Tricaproin (III) (30) t, 0C 7 (N 2 ) ±2f -20 33.4 +99.8 25.3 200 19.6 C22H42O3, Isobutyl ricinoleate (I) kE = 3.4 (87) *, 0C 7 (air) ±0.3 23 31.30 55.5 28.81 85.3 26.49 C23H4SO2, acJ.-Amyl stéarate (I, II) kE = 3.5 (29, 44) 7 (air or f, 0C vapor) + 0.3Î 30 29.1 50 27.6 100 24.0 150 20.4 C26H54, n-Hexacosane (I) ks = 3.9 (70) t, 0C 7ÎÎ 91.7 24.8 121.8 22.5 158.3 19.9 C27H50O6, Tricaprylin (III) (30) t, 0C 7 (N 2 ) ±2f O 30.1 99.8 25.1 200.2 19.7 C30H62O, Myricyl alcohol (I) ks = 4.2 (70) t, 0C 7» 95.3 26.2 131.3 23.4 158.2 21.6

C33H62O6, Tricaprin (III) (30) t, 0C 7 (N2) ±2f 35.4 27.6 121 23.0 201.2 18.8 C3AoO2, Cholesteryl benzoâte

(I) ( 67 ) t, °C

7«

147.4 177.2 181.4 210.2

23.8 22.9 22.9 21.8

C39H74O6, Trilaurin (III) (30) t, 0C 7 (N2) ±2f 64.7 29.2 139 25.1 200 22.1 C 5 IH 98 O 6 , Tripalmitin (I) ks = 5.4 (87) t, 0C 7 (air) ±0.3 ' 55.7 29.47 65.9 28.78 76.9 27.98 87.6 27.19 96.7 26.56 115.3 25.32 C 57 Hi 04 O 6 , Triolein (III) (30) t, 0C 7 (N2) ±2f 17 40.1 99.8 29.3 200.6 25.0 C57Hn0O6, Tristearin (I) kg = 5.5 (87, 92)

7 (air or t, 0C vapor) 60 29.6 100 26.8 130 24.7 C60Hi22, n-Hexacontane (I) ks = 5.5 (70) *, °C 7» 115.4 24.2 159.9 21.6 190.6 19.8

For notes t~ § §see P- 475.

LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) (l) Aston and Ramsay, 4, 65: 167; 94. (2) Atkins, 4, 99 : 10; 11. (3) Bennett and Mitchell, 7, 84: 475; 13. (*) Berthoud, 42, 16: 429; 18. (5) Berthoud, 4JB1 20: 77; 23. («) Berthoud, ^S, 21: 143; 24. (7) Bolle and Guye, 42, 3: 38; 05. (8) Bredig and Teichmann, 9, 31: 449; 25. ( 9 ) Clark and Mann, 14I1 52: 157; 22. (10) Drucker, 7, 52: 641; 05. (") Dutoit and Fath, 42, 1: 358; 03. (12) Dutoit and Friederich, 27, 19: 321; 98. O 3 ) Dutoit and Friederich, 149, 9: 105; 00. (U) Dutoit and Mojoiu, 42, 7: 169; 09. ( l s ) Elisseev and Kurbatov, 53, 41: 1426; 09. (»«) Getman, 11, 44: 145; 10. (") Guye and Baud, 149, 11: 449; 01. (18) Hardy, 6, 88: 303; 13. ( 1 ^) Harkins and Brown, I1 41: 449; 19. (20) Harkins, Brown and Davies, I1 39: 354; 17. («) Harkins and Cheng, I1 43: 35; 21. (22) Harkins and Clark, O. (23) Harkins, Clark and Roberts, I1 42: 700; 20. (24) Harkins and Ewing, I1 41: 1977; 19. (24.1) Harkins and Ewing, I1 42: 2539; 20. (25) Harkins and Feldman, I1 44: 2665; 22. (26) Harkins and Thatcher, O. (27) Herzen, 14B1 14: 232; 02. (28) Hewitt and Winmill, 4, 91: 441; 07. (29) Homfray and Guye, 41B1 1: 505; 03. (30) Jaeger, 93, 101: 1; 17. (31) Kremann and Meingast, 57, 35: 1323; 14. (32) îVlaass and Boomer, 1, 44: 1709; 22. (33) Maass and Hatcher, I1 42: 2548; 20. (34) Maass and Wright, I1 43: 1098; 21. (35) Marchand, 4S1 11: 573; 13. (36) Mayes and Partington, 4, 1926: 2594. (37) Mitchell and

Smith, 4, 103: 489; 13. (38) Morgan, Carter and Duck, 4, 127: 1252; 25. (39) Morgan and Chazal, 1, 35: 1821; 13. ( ) Morgan and Daghlian, I1 33: 672; 11. (41) Morgan and Egloff, I1 38: 844; 16. ( 42 ) Morgan and Evans, I1 39: 2151; 17. («) Morgan and Griggs, I1 39: 2261; 17. (44) Morgan and Kramer, I1 35: 1834; 13. (45) Morgan and McAfee, I1 33: 1275; 11. (46) Morgan and Neidle, I1 35: 1856; 13. (47) Morgan and Owen, I1 33: 1713; 11. (48) Morgan and Scarlett, I1 39: 2275; 17. ( 49 ) Morgan and Schwartz, I1 33: 1041; 11. (50) Morgan and Stone, Jf 1 35; 1505; 13. ( 51 ) Morgan and Thomssen, 1, 33: 657; 11. ( 5 2 ) Morgan and Woodward, I1 35: 1249; 13. (53) Müller, 7, 86: 177; 14. (54) Paterno and Mazzucchelli, 36, 50 I: 30; 20. (55) Poma, S6, 41 II: 518; 11. ( 5 S) Przyluska, 4S1 7: 511; 09. (57) Quincke, S1 135: 621; 68. (58) Ramsay and Aston, S1 56: 162, 182; 94. 7, 15: 89, 98; 94. (59) Ramsay and Aston, Trans. Roy. Irish Acad., 32A: 93; 02. 60 ( ) Ramsay and Shields, 62, 184: 647; 93. ( 6 *) Ramsay and Shields, 4, 63: 1089; 93. («2) Renard and Guye, J1Z1 5: 81; 07. ( 6 3) Richards and Carver, I1 43: 827; 21. ( 6 4) Richards and Coombs, I1 37: 1656; 15. ( 6 5 ) Richards and Mathews, 1, 30: 8; 08. ( 66 ) Richards, Speyers and Carver, 1, 46: 1196; 24. (67) Schenck, 7, 25: 337; 98. (68) Schenck, 13, 316: 1; 01. (69) Sehenck and Ellenberger, 25, 37: 3443; 04. (70) Schenck and Kintzinger, 70, 42: 759; 23. (71) Schenck, Mihr and Banthien, 25, 39: 1506; 06. (72) Schiff, 13, 223: 47; 84. (73) Schiff, SO, 14: 368; 84. (74) Schiff, 2S1 18: 1601; 85. (75) Sentis, Ann. Univ. Grenoble, 27: 593; 15. (76) Smith, 4t 105:1703; 14. (77) Sugden, 4, 119: 1483; 21. (78) Sugden, 4, 121: 858; 22. (79) Sugden, 4t 125: 27; 24. (so) Sugden, 4, 125: 32; 24. (»i) Sugden, 4, 125: 1167; 24. (82) Sugden, Reed and Wilkins, 4,127: 1525; 25. (82.4) Sugden and Whittaker, 4,127: 1868; 25. (82.6) Sugden and Wilkins, 4t 127: 2517; 25. (82.7) Sugden and Wilkins, 4, 1927: 139. (83) Turner and Merry, 4, 97: 2069; 10. (84) Verschaffeit, 16S1 No. 18. 64V1 1895: 74. (85) Verschaffelt, 168, No. 28. 64Vt 1896: 94. (86) Verschaffelt, Wiss. Natuurk. Tydschr., 2: 231; 25. (87) Waiden, 7, 75: 555; 10. (88) Waiden, 184, 8: 405; 14. (89) Waiden and Swinne, 7, 79: 700; 12. (90) Waiden and Swinne, 7, 82: 271; 13. (»«•*) Weinstein, Metron. Beit., No. 6; 89. (91) Whatmough, 7, 39: 129; 02. (92) Wilborn, Jahresb. Schles. Ges. Vaterl. Kultur, 1912: 56. 10, 4: 99; 21. ( 93 ) Worley, 4, 105: 260: 14. (94) Worley, 4, 105: 273; 14. (95) Sugden, 4, 1927: 1173. (96) Garner and Sugden, 4, 1927: 2877. (97) Brunner, 8, 70: 481; 1847. (98) Morgan and Davis, I1 38: 555; 16. (99) Volkmann, 8, 56: 457; 95. (ioo) Young and Gross, Univ. of Chicago, O. ( 101 ) Humphreys and Mohler, JS1 2: 387; 95. 40

SURFACE TENSION OF SOLUTIONS ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS; v. further p. 433 M = Moles per kg solvent. M/ls = Moles per liter solution. g/ls = grams per liter solution. ZA = Mole fraction of A. CONTENTS Aqueous solutions One solute. PAGE »-Table 463 (T-Table 466 Two or more solutes 470 Non-aqueous solutions. One solute 470 Two or more solutes 474 The values for pure liquids which appear in the tables of this section are not the best values but are those obtained with the liquid actually used in preparing the solutions (corrected, however, for obvious errors, such as the use of too small a tube for the larger tube in the capillary-height method). The use of these values is necessary in order to give the best values of AT and the proper shape to the 7-composition curves. See p. 474, 475 for effect of various inorganic gases and p. 475 for effect of organic vapors on the surface tension at the interface, liquid—gas. Aqueous Solutions, One Solute »-TABLE,* STANDARD ARRANGEMENT (v. Vol. Ill, p. viii)

* Very dilute aqueous salt solutions have been studied by Gradenwitz ( 15 > 22) and Kleine ( 22 » 25 ). The results of these workers indicate that d7/dM decreases as M increases. The value of Ay found by them for relatively large values of M do not agree well with reliable modern determinations. Therefore, their results are not reproduced in these tables. Until their work is repeated the shape of the A-y-M curves in dilute solutions (M < 0.2) will remain uncertain.

C 2 IH 23 NO 3 , Ethyl p-ethoxyb e n z a l a m i n o-a-methylcinnamate (III) (30) t, 0C 7 (N2) ±2| 85 28.7 123.7 28.3

179

27.7

C2iH38O6, Tricaproin (III) (30) t, 0C 7 (N 2 ) ±2f -20 33.4 +99.8 25.3 200 19.6 C22H42O3, Isobutyl ricinoleate (I) kE = 3.4 (87) *, 0C 7 (air) ±0.3 23 31.30 55.5 28.81 85.3 26.49 C23H4SO2, acJ.-Amyl stéarate (I, II) kE = 3.5 (29, 44) 7 (air or f, 0C vapor) + 0.3Î 30 29.1 50 27.6 100 24.0 150 20.4 C26H54, n-Hexacosane (I) ks = 3.9 (70) t, 0C 7ÎÎ 91.7 24.8 121.8 22.5 158.3 19.9 C27H50O6, Tricaprylin (III) (30) t, 0C 7 (N 2 ) ±2f O 30.1 99.8 25.1 200.2 19.7 C30H62O, Myricyl alcohol (I) ks = 4.2 (70) t, 0C 7» 95.3 26.2 131.3 23.4 158.2 21.6

C33H62O6, Tricaprin (III) (30) t, 0C 7 (N2) ±2f 35.4 27.6 121 23.0 201.2 18.8 C3AoO2, Cholesteryl benzoâte

(I) ( 67 ) t, °C

7«

147.4 177.2 181.4 210.2

23.8 22.9 22.9 21.8

C39H74O6, Trilaurin (III) (30) t, 0C 7 (N2) ±2f 64.7 29.2 139 25.1 200 22.1 C 5 IH 98 O 6 , Tripalmitin (I) ks = 5.4 (87) t, 0C 7 (air) ±0.3 ' 55.7 29.47 65.9 28.78 76.9 27.98 87.6 27.19 96.7 26.56 115.3 25.32 C 57 Hi 04 O 6 , Triolein (III) (30) t, 0C 7 (N2) ±2f 17 40.1 99.8 29.3 200.6 25.0 C57Hn0O6, Tristearin (I) kg = 5.5 (87, 92)

7 (air or t, 0C vapor) 60 29.6 100 26.8 130 24.7 C60Hi22, n-Hexacontane (I) ks = 5.5 (70) *, °C 7» 115.4 24.2 159.9 21.6 190.6 19.8

For notes t~ § §see P- 475.

LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) (l) Aston and Ramsay, 4, 65: 167; 94. (2) Atkins, 4, 99 : 10; 11. (3) Bennett and Mitchell, 7, 84: 475; 13. (*) Berthoud, 42, 16: 429; 18. (5) Berthoud, 4JB1 20: 77; 23. («) Berthoud, ^S, 21: 143; 24. (7) Bolle and Guye, 42, 3: 38; 05. (8) Bredig and Teichmann, 9, 31: 449; 25. ( 9 ) Clark and Mann, 14I1 52: 157; 22. (10) Drucker, 7, 52: 641; 05. (") Dutoit and Fath, 42, 1: 358; 03. (12) Dutoit and Friederich, 27, 19: 321; 98. O 3 ) Dutoit and Friederich, 149, 9: 105; 00. (U) Dutoit and Mojoiu, 42, 7: 169; 09. ( l s ) Elisseev and Kurbatov, 53, 41: 1426; 09. (»«) Getman, 11, 44: 145; 10. (") Guye and Baud, 149, 11: 449; 01. (18) Hardy, 6, 88: 303; 13. ( 1 ^) Harkins and Brown, I1 41: 449; 19. (20) Harkins, Brown and Davies, I1 39: 354; 17. («) Harkins and Cheng, I1 43: 35; 21. (22) Harkins and Clark, O. (23) Harkins, Clark and Roberts, I1 42: 700; 20. (24) Harkins and Ewing, I1 41: 1977; 19. (24.1) Harkins and Ewing, I1 42: 2539; 20. (25) Harkins and Feldman, I1 44: 2665; 22. (26) Harkins and Thatcher, O. (27) Herzen, 14B1 14: 232; 02. (28) Hewitt and Winmill, 4, 91: 441; 07. (29) Homfray and Guye, 41B1 1: 505; 03. (30) Jaeger, 93, 101: 1; 17. (31) Kremann and Meingast, 57, 35: 1323; 14. (32) îVlaass and Boomer, 1, 44: 1709; 22. (33) Maass and Hatcher, I1 42: 2548; 20. (34) Maass and Wright, I1 43: 1098; 21. (35) Marchand, 4S1 11: 573; 13. (36) Mayes and Partington, 4, 1926: 2594. (37) Mitchell and

Smith, 4, 103: 489; 13. (38) Morgan, Carter and Duck, 4, 127: 1252; 25. (39) Morgan and Chazal, 1, 35: 1821; 13. ( ) Morgan and Daghlian, I1 33: 672; 11. (41) Morgan and Egloff, I1 38: 844; 16. ( 42 ) Morgan and Evans, I1 39: 2151; 17. («) Morgan and Griggs, I1 39: 2261; 17. (44) Morgan and Kramer, I1 35: 1834; 13. (45) Morgan and McAfee, I1 33: 1275; 11. (46) Morgan and Neidle, I1 35: 1856; 13. (47) Morgan and Owen, I1 33: 1713; 11. (48) Morgan and Scarlett, I1 39: 2275; 17. ( 49 ) Morgan and Schwartz, I1 33: 1041; 11. (50) Morgan and Stone, Jf 1 35; 1505; 13. ( 51 ) Morgan and Thomssen, 1, 33: 657; 11. ( 5 2 ) Morgan and Woodward, I1 35: 1249; 13. (53) Müller, 7, 86: 177; 14. (54) Paterno and Mazzucchelli, 36, 50 I: 30; 20. (55) Poma, S6, 41 II: 518; 11. ( 5 S) Przyluska, 4S1 7: 511; 09. (57) Quincke, S1 135: 621; 68. (58) Ramsay and Aston, S1 56: 162, 182; 94. 7, 15: 89, 98; 94. (59) Ramsay and Aston, Trans. Roy. Irish Acad., 32A: 93; 02. 60 ( ) Ramsay and Shields, 62, 184: 647; 93. ( 6 *) Ramsay and Shields, 4, 63: 1089; 93. («2) Renard and Guye, J1Z1 5: 81; 07. ( 6 3) Richards and Carver, I1 43: 827; 21. ( 6 4) Richards and Coombs, I1 37: 1656; 15. ( 6 5 ) Richards and Mathews, 1, 30: 8; 08. ( 66 ) Richards, Speyers and Carver, 1, 46: 1196; 24. (67) Schenck, 7, 25: 337; 98. (68) Schenck, 13, 316: 1; 01. (69) Sehenck and Ellenberger, 25, 37: 3443; 04. (70) Schenck and Kintzinger, 70, 42: 759; 23. (71) Schenck, Mihr and Banthien, 25, 39: 1506; 06. (72) Schiff, 13, 223: 47; 84. (73) Schiff, SO, 14: 368; 84. (74) Schiff, 2S1 18: 1601; 85. (75) Sentis, Ann. Univ. Grenoble, 27: 593; 15. (76) Smith, 4t 105:1703; 14. (77) Sugden, 4, 119: 1483; 21. (78) Sugden, 4, 121: 858; 22. (79) Sugden, 4t 125: 27; 24. (so) Sugden, 4, 125: 32; 24. (»i) Sugden, 4, 125: 1167; 24. (82) Sugden, Reed and Wilkins, 4,127: 1525; 25. (82.4) Sugden and Whittaker, 4,127: 1868; 25. (82.6) Sugden and Wilkins, 4t 127: 2517; 25. (82.7) Sugden and Wilkins, 4, 1927: 139. (83) Turner and Merry, 4, 97: 2069; 10. (84) Verschaffeit, 16S1 No. 18. 64V1 1895: 74. (85) Verschaffelt, 168, No. 28. 64Vt 1896: 94. (86) Verschaffelt, Wiss. Natuurk. Tydschr., 2: 231; 25. (87) Waiden, 7, 75: 555; 10. (88) Waiden, 184, 8: 405; 14. (89) Waiden and Swinne, 7, 79: 700; 12. (90) Waiden and Swinne, 7, 82: 271; 13. (»«•*) Weinstein, Metron. Beit., No. 6; 89. (91) Whatmough, 7, 39: 129; 02. (92) Wilborn, Jahresb. Schles. Ges. Vaterl. Kultur, 1912: 56. 10, 4: 99; 21. ( 93 ) Worley, 4, 105: 260: 14. (94) Worley, 4, 105: 273; 14. (95) Sugden, 4, 1927: 1173. (96) Garner and Sugden, 4, 1927: 2877. (97) Brunner, 8, 70: 481; 1847. (98) Morgan and Davis, I1 38: 555; 16. (99) Volkmann, 8, 56: 457; 95. (ioo) Young and Gross, Univ. of Chicago, O. ( 101 ) Humphreys and Mohler, JS1 2: 387; 95. 40

SURFACE TENSION OF SOLUTIONS ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS; v. further p. 433 M = Moles per kg solvent. M/ls = Moles per liter solution. g/ls = grams per liter solution. ZA = Mole fraction of A. CONTENTS Aqueous solutions One solute. PAGE »-Table 463 (T-Table 466 Two or more solutes 470 Non-aqueous solutions. One solute 470 Two or more solutes 474 The values for pure liquids which appear in the tables of this section are not the best values but are those obtained with the liquid actually used in preparing the solutions (corrected, however, for obvious errors, such as the use of too small a tube for the larger tube in the capillary-height method). The use of these values is necessary in order to give the best values of AT and the proper shape to the 7-composition curves. See p. 474, 475 for effect of various inorganic gases and p. 475 for effect of organic vapors on the surface tension at the interface, liquid—gas. Aqueous Solutions, One Solute »-TABLE,* STANDARD ARRANGEMENT (v. Vol. Ill, p. viii)

* Very dilute aqueous salt solutions have been studied by Gradenwitz ( 15 > 22) and Kleine ( 22 » 25 ). The results of these workers indicate that d7/dM decreases as M increases. The value of Ay found by them for relatively large values of M do not agree well with reliable modern determinations. Therefore, their results are not reproduced in these tables. Until their work is repeated the shape of the A-y-M curves in dilute solutions (M < 0.2) will remain uncertain.

H 2 O 2 (I) (32)

Wt. %

0.00 12.54 27.22 34.58 56.06 86.31

I 7 (air) ±ca. 0.3 O0C 75.64 76.06 76.41 76.70 77.46 78.46

180C

0.00 12.78 28.14 44.31 60.83 90.66

72.97 73.37 73.82 74.28 74.88 75.82

HCl, 2O0C (I, II) ( 4 4 , 5 1 , 6 1 )

NH4NO3, 20 and 10O0C (I, II, III, IX) ( 1 2 , 3 3 , 4 8 , 5 1 , 5 4 )

M AT (air) 0.5 0.5 ±0.1 1.0 1.0 ±0.1 2.0 1.9 ±0.1 3.0 2.77±0.15 4.0 3.58±0.15 5.0 4.34±0.2 6.0 5.07±0.2 8.0 6.40±0.2 10.0 7.55+0.2 12.0 8.57+0.2 14.0 9.37+0.2 NH4Cl (I, II, III, IX) (12, 14, 25, 33, 51, 54, 61) 0

OC I 1.39 ±0.3 2O0C 0.025 0.05 ±0.03 0.1 0.155±0.03 0.25 0.355±0.03 0.5 0.71 ±0.05 1.0 1.39 ±0.10 10, 20 and 3O0C * 0° and 3O0C for M = 1 ( 3 3). 2.0 2.6 ±0.2 HBr, 180C (I) (51) 3.0 3.7 ±0.2 M AT (air) ±0.2 4.0 4.8 ±0.2 0.699 -0.38 5.0 5.8 ±0.2 1.497 -0.69 6.0 6.9 ±0.2 6.7 7.6 ±0.2 H2SO4,values of y (air or vapor) (I, II) ( 3 4 , 5 1 ) ; „ . Fig. 2 NH4Br, 15-2O0C (I) (Si, 59) 98.5% (I, II) ( 1 , 3 4 , 5 1 ) 0.7 0.94+0 1 T (air or 1.5 1.9 ±0.1 «, 0C vapor) 2.25 2.7 ±0.2 10 55.5+0.5 NH4I, 180C (I) (51) 20 55.1+0.5 0.7 0.52+0.2 100 52.5 + 1.0 1.5 1.11+0.2 150 51 +2.0 200 49 +2.0 (NH4)2S04,10-2O0C (I, III, IX) ( 1 2 , 5 1 , 54) 250 46 +2.0 0 0.5 1.09±0.1 HNO3, 15-2O C (I, III) M 0.5 1.0* 2.0 4.0 6.0 9.0 17.7

AT (air) -0.16+0.1 -0.28+0.1 -0.48+0.2 -0.85+0.3 -1.25+0.3 -2.2 +0.3 -6.8 +1.5

(44,51,64)

M AT (air) 0.7 -0.6 + 0.2 1.5 -1.1+0.2 2.8 -1.8 + 0.5 8.5 -4.4 + 1.0 99.8% (I) (1) 0 t, C T ±co. 2.0 11.6 42.7 46.2 37.2 78.2 32.6 NH4OH, 180C(I,V) ( 7 , 5 1 , 5 5 , 7 0 )

M 0.5 1.0 1.5 3.0 6.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 23.0 34.0

AT (air) - 1.35+0.3 - 2.35+0.3 - 3.1 +0.3 - 5.2 +0.3 - 7.8 +0.4 -10.1 +0.5 -12.0 +0.5 -13.4 +0.5 -14.0 +0.5 -16.0 +0.5

Fig.2 H2SO4

1.0

1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 4.8

2.17±0.2 4.35±0.3 6.50+0.3 8.67±0.3 10.38±0.3 H 3 PO 4 (33)

(NH 4 ) 2 HP0 4 (54) Pb(N03)2, 150C (III, IX) (12, 54)

0.5 0.90±0.2 1.1 2.00+0.3 Pb(C2H302)2, Acetate (3«) ThOH (IQ) ZnCl2, 12.50C (IX) (54) 0.530 I 1.47±0.4 ZnSO4 (I, III, IX) 10-3O0C (12, 4 3 , 5 4 , 6 1 )

0.25 0.5 1.0 2.0 2.4

0.5 ±0.05 0.98+0.1 1.96±0.15 4.3 ±0.2 5.3 ±0.2

ZnSO 4.—(Continued) M AT (air) 2.75 6.3 ± 0 . 2 5.25 I 11.7 +? Zn(N0 3 ) 2 , 210C (IX) (54) 2.31 I 4.85 + 1.0 4O0C (II) (41) 0.6 1.5±ca. 0.3 1.1 3.0±ca. 0.5 2.8 7.8+ca. 1.0 4.2 11.5±ca. 1.5 5.2 13.7±ca. 1.5 6.3 15.3±ca. 2.0 Zn(C 2 H 3 O 2 )2, Acetate (38) CdCl2, 2O0C (II) (13,33) 0.5 0.9+0.1 1.0 1.7+0.2 2.5 4.1+0.3 4.0 6.4+0.3 5.8 8.8+0.4 CdSO4, 150C (I) (59) 0.355 0.96+0.5 0.710 1.37+0.5 Hg(CN) 2 (V, IX) (54, 55)

For 0.25 M, AT (air) from 15 to 2Q0C = -0.28 + 0.15 CuCl2 (54)

CuSO4, 10-3O0C (I, III, IX) (12, 43, 44, 54, 61)

M AT (air) 0.2 0.37±0.05 0.5 0.92+0.1 1.0 1.83±0.1 1.2 2.20+0.1 Cu(CHO2)2, Formate (38) AgNO3 (II, III, IX) (13, 48, 54)

AT (air) 2O0C 10O0C

M

0.5 0.64±0.1 1.0 1.23±0.2 1.3+0.2 2.0 2.31±0.3 3.0 3.28±0.4 3.8+0.4 5.0 4.95+0.3 5.9±0.4 6.2 5.85±0.2 7.2±0.5 -MnCl 2 , 180C (I, IX) (44,54) M AT (air) 0.5 1.49+0.2 1.0 2.97+0.2 2.0 5.92+0.2 3.0 8.90+0.3 4.0 11.84+0.3 4.8 I 14.20 + 0.4 MnSO4, 15-180C (I, III, IX) (54, 59, 64)

0.5 1.0

1.05±0.3 2.1 ±0.5

Mn(C3H6Os)2, Lactate (38) FeCl3, 15-2O0C (I) (44) M Ay (air) 3.30 6.6±0.5 5.24 12.0 + 0.5 0

FeSO4, 2O C (III, IX) (12,54) 0.5 0.75+0.2 1.0 1.55+0.4 1.5 2.30+0.5 Fe 2 (C 2 O 4 ) 3 , Oxalate (38) CoSO4, 150C (I) (59) 0.355 0.79+0.3 0.713 1.56+0.3 NiSO4, 150C (I) (59) 0.354 0.80+0.3 0.707 1.54+0.3 Al 2 (SO 4 )S (IX) (54)

«, 0C 20.5 16.25

M = 0.561 A7 (air) 1.91+0.4 1.86 + 0.4

MgCl2 (I, IX) (14, 25, 54, 61)

I Ay (air) 2O0C 0.025 0.09±0.02 0.05 0.17+0.02 0.1 0.32+0.03 0.25 0.78+0.04 0.5 1.52+0.05 1.0 3.04+0.1 2.0 6.35+0.3 3.0 10.23+0.5 3.65 12.95+0.5 10 and 3O0C 1.0 3.04+0.2 2.0 6.35+0.3 3.0 10.23+0.5 MgSO4 (I, II, III, IX) M

( 1 2 , 2 5 , 4 3 , 5 4 , 6 1 ) ; c/. (33)

1O0C 1.0 2.10+0.1 2.0 4.57+0.1 2O0C 0.025 0.08±0.03 0.05 0.15±0.05 0.1 0.26 + 0.06 0.25 0.53 + 0.05 0.5 1.03 + 0.05 1.0 2.10±0.1 2.0 4.57+0.1 2.7 6.52 + 0.2 0 3O C 1.0 2.10±0.1 2.0 4.57+0.1 4.2 (8.1 ±3.0) Mg(CHO 2 ) 2 , Formate (38) Mg (C2H3Oa)2, Acetate 250C (I) (50 ) ; c /. (54)

0.45 1.14 2.16 3.22 4.55

0.9+ca. 0.5 0.4 + ca. 0.5 -fO.l+ca. 0.5 -1.4 + ca. 0.5 -2.3+ca. 0.5

CaCl2 (I, II, IX) (14,16,41,54,61)

M

0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 0.1 0.25 0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 7.0 11.2

I AT (air) 1O0C 1.52+0.2 3.2 +0.3 6.9 +0.4 11.0 +0.3 14.95+0.2 250C 0.35 + 0.03 0.78+0.03 1.52+0.1 3.2 +0.15 6.9 +0.2 11.0 + 0 . 2 14.95+0.2 18.4 +0.3 25.1 +0.5 35 + 4 . 0

CaSO4 (55) Ca(CHO 2 ) 2 , Formate (38, 59) Ca(C2H302)2, Acetate (38, 59) SrCl2 (I, IX) ( 1 4 , 2 5 , 5 4 , 6 1 ) 0

2O C 0.025 0.10±0.02 0.05 0.18 + 0.02 0.1 0.35+0.03 0.25 0.82+0.05 0.5 1.62+0.1 1.0 3.25+0.1 1.5 5.00 + 0.15 2.0 6.76+0.2 2.6 8.87±0.2 10 and 3O0C 0.5 1.62+0.1 1.0 3.25+0.1 1.5 5.00+0.15 Sr(N03)2 23.70C (IX) (54) 0.561 I 1.27 + 0.4 Sr(CHO2) 2, Formate (38) Sr(C2H3O2),, Acetate (IX) (54) At 12.60C, AT (air) = 0.4 + 0.3 for 0.561M Ba(OH) 2 (IQ) BaCl2 (I, II, IX) (14, 25, 54, 61); c/. (33).

2O0C 0.05 0.19±0.05 0.1 0.33 + 0.05 0.25 0.78+0.05 0.5 1.51+0.1 1.0 2.97+0.2 1.7 5.02+0.3 10 and 3O0C 0,5 1.51+0.1 1.0 2.97+0.2 1.7 5.02+0.3 Ba(NOs) 2 , 20-5O0C (II, IX) (33, 54)

0.3 0.6 + 0.2 0.5 1.0 + 0.3 Ba(CHO2)2, Formate (38, 59)

Ba(C2H8Oa)8, Acetate (59) Ba(C6H9O2)2, Isovalerate ( 56 ) LiOH, 180C(I) (51); c/. (10) M AT (air) 0.7 1.19+0.2 1.5 2.46±0.2 LiCl, 2O0C (I, II) (13,20,51) 0.5 0.81+0.03 1.0 1.63 + 0.05 1.5 2.43+0.10 2.0 3.26+0.1 4.0 6.70 + 0.2 8.0 13.53+0.2 13.0 20.77+0.3 19.4 28.01+0.4 LiBr, 180C (I) (51) 0.7 0.94 + 0.2 1.5 1.95+0.2 0 LiI, 18 C (I) (51) 0.7 0.54±0.2 1.5 1.17+0.2 Li2SO4, 180C (I) (51) 0.7 1.82±0.2 1.5 4.04+0.2 LiNO3, 180C (I) (51) 0.7 0.89+0.2 1.5 1.82+0.2 LiCHO2 Formate (38) NaOH, 180C (I) (7, si); c/. (io) 0.7 1.3+0.1 1.5 2.8+0.2 5.0 10.0±0.4 7.0 14.7+0.4 11.0 22.8 + 1.0 14.0 27.6 + 1.0 NaCl (I, II, III, IX) (12,13,14, 15, 19, 33, 51, 54, 61, 64) O0C

0.82 +0.2 1.64 +0.2 3.28 ±0.2 4.90 ±0.3 2O0C 0.025 0.055±0.02 0.05 0.09 ±0.02 0.1 0.17 ±0.02 0.25 0.42 ±0.03 0.5 0.82 ±0.05 1.0 1.64 ±0.05 2.0 3.28 ±0.1 3.0 4.90 ±0.1 4.0 6.54 ±0.15 5.0 8.17 ±0.2 6.0 9.80 ±0.2 10 and 3O0C 0.5 0.82 ±0.1 1.0 1.64 ±0.1 2.0 3.28 ±0.15 3.0 4.90 ±0.2 4.0 6.54 ±0.2 5.0 8.17 ±0.2 6.0 9.80 ±0.2 0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0

NaClO3, 150C (V, IX) (54, 55) M AT (air) 0.5 0.30±0.2 1.7 0.96±0.4 NaBr, 2O0C (I, IX) (51,54) 0.5 0.65±0.2 1.0 1.30±0.2 1.5 1.97±0.2 2.9 I 3.80±0.4 NaI (I, II) (33,51) O0C 1.0 i 1.01+0.3 2O0C 0,7 0.70+0.1 1.0 1.01+0.2 1.5 1.52±0.2 3O0C 1.0 I 1.01±0.2 Na2SO4 (I, II, III, IX) (12, 33, 43, 44, 51, 54, 61) O0C

0.5 0.2 0.5 0.2 0.5 1.0 0.5 1.0

I 1.36+0.4 1O0C 0.54±0.1 1.36±0.1 2O0C 0.54+0.1 1.36±0.1 2.73+0.1' 3O0C 1.36+0.1 2.73+0.2

Na2S2O3, 4O0C (II) (41) 0.49 1.5+ca. 25% 1.00 2.8 + ca. 25% 3.04 9.3+ca. 25% 5.04 16.3 + ca. 25% 8.34 23.9±ca. 25% 9.73 27.0+ca. 25% 11.18 28.8+ca. 25% NaHSO4, 13.40C (IX) (54) 0.561 I 1.67±0.4 NaNO3, (I, II, III, IX) (12, 3 3 , 4 3 , 5 1 , 6 1 )

O0C 1.2 ±0.2 1O0C 0.25 0.30+0.05 0.5 0.60+0.05 1.0 1.20+0.1 2.0 2.37+0.2 3.0 3.50+0.2 4.0 4.60±0.4 5.0 5.63±0.6 6.0 6.60 + 0.6 2O0C 0.025 0.04±0.02 0.05 0.07±0.02 0.1 0.12±0.03 0.25 0.30+0.05 0.5 0.60+0.05 1.0

NaNO3.- (Continued) M I AT (air) 20 and 3O0C 1.0 1.20±0.1 2.0 2.37±0.2 3.0 3.50+0.2 4.0 4.6 ±0.4 5.0 5.63 + 0.6 6.0 6.6 ±0.6 7.0 7.5 ±0.6 10.0 9.9 ±0.6 12.2 11.3 +0.6 Na3PO4, 16.50C (III) (12) 0.28 0.83+0.3 0.34 0.96+0.3 0.42 1.20 + 0.3 Na2HPO4 (II, IX) (33, 54) For 0.4 M, AT (air) from 18 to 3O0C = 0.81 + 0.2 Na2HAsO4 (IX) (54) 20.O0C 0.28 I 0.64±0.4 21.90C 0.561 I 1,27+0.4 Na 2 CO 3 (I, II, III) (12, 43, 51, 61); c/. (10,38)

0.25 0.5 1.0 0.25 0.5 1.0 1.5 1.0

1O0C 0.65 + 0.1 1.28+0.1 2.65+0.15 2O0C 0.65 + 0.1 1.28+0.1 2.65+0.15 4.0 +0.2 3O0C I 2.65 + 0.15

NaHCO3 (II) (5) For 0.5 M, T (air) at 250C = 1.0 + 0.3 NaCHO2, Formate (38, 59) NaC2H3O2, Acetate (38, 59) Na 2 C 2 O 4 , Oxalate (38) Na2C4H4O6, Tartrate (38) NaC4H7O2, Butyrate (38) NaC7H5O3, Salicylate (38) Na2CrO4, 3O0C (II) (41) M AT (air) 0.51 1.4+ca. 25% 1.95 6.1±ca. 25% 3.31 11.4+ca. 25% 5.10 19.7+ca. 25% 6.12 25.3+ca. 25% 6.99 27.4+ca. 25% KOH, 15-180C (I) (51, 59) ; cf, (10)

0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 3.8

0.89±0.2 1.78+0.2 2.67 + 0.2 3.53+0.3 6.7 +0.5

KCl (I, II, III, IX) (12, 13, 14, 15, 33, 51, 54, 61)

I AT (air) O0C 1.0 I 1.4 +0.3 2O0C 0.1 0.155±0.02 0.25 0.36 ±0.02 0.5 0.70 ±0.05 1.0 1.4 ±0.1 10, 20 and 3O0C 2.0 2.78 ±0.1 3.0 4.15 ±0.1 4.0 5.50 ±0.2 4.4 6.03 +0.2 M

KClO3 (V, IX) (54, 55)

For 0.56 M, AT (air) at 250C = 0.25 + 0.2 KClO4 (55) KBr (I, II, V, IX) (33, 51, 54, 55) 2O0C

0.5 1.0 1.5 3.0 4.8

0.67±0.1 1.32+0.1 1.99±0.2 3.97±0.3 6.31±0.4 O and 3O0C 1.0 ! 1.32+0.2

KI (I, II, IX) (33,51,54)

2O0C 0.5 0.42+0.1 1.0 0.85±0.1 1.5 1.26±0.2 3.0 2.51±0.3 4.0 3.35+0.3 6.2 5.20 + 0.3 O and 3O0C 1.0 I 0.85+0.2 K2SO4 (I, II, III, IX) (12, 33, 43, 44, 51, 54, 61)

10 and 2O0C 0.25 0.63+0.1 0.5 1.29+0.1 0.7 1.79+0.1 3O0C 0.5 I 1.29+0.1 KNO 2 , 2O0C (III) (48) 36.02 22.25 + ca. 0.5 30.07 18.95+ca. 0.5 22.61 15.25±ca. 0.5 17.67 12.25±ca. 0.5 11.75 8.95±ca. 0.5 8.002 6.75±ca. 0.5 5.036 4.65±ca. 0.5 2.938 3.25+ca. 0.5 KNO3, 10-3O0C (I, III, IX) (12, 15, 25, 43, 51, 54, 61)

0.02 0.1 0.25 0.5 1.0 1.5

-

0.03 + 0.02 0.11±0.03 0.26+0.04 0.51+0.05 1.03±0.1 1.55±0.1

KNO3.- (Continued) M AT (air) 2.0 2.05±0.1 2.5 2.50±0.2 3.9 3.70+0.3 K3PO4 (33)

KH2PO4 (33) K 2 CO 3 (I, II, III) (12, 38, 43, 48, 51, 61)

0.25 0.75 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 7.50 0.50 0.75 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 7.00 7.50 8.30 0.75 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50

O0C I 0.7 ±0.4 1O0C 2.20±0.3 2.98+0.3 4.6 ±0.3 6.3 ±0.3 8.1 ±0.7 10.1 ±0.7 14.4 ±0.7 19.1 ±1.0 24.2 ±1.0 34.0 ±1.5 0 2O C 1.46±0.2 2.20±0.2 2.98+0.2 4.58±0.2 6.32±0.3 8.14+0.4 10.1 ±0.5 14.4 ±0.6 19.1 ±0.6 24.2 ±1.0 29.8 ±1.5 32.6 ±1.5 38.0 ±2.0 3O0C* 2.20±0.3 2.98 + 0.3 4.6 ±0.4 6.3 ±0.8 8.1 ±1.0

K2CO3.- (Continued) M I AT (air) 3O0C* 3.00 10.1 ±1.0 4.00 14.4 ±1.0 5.00 19.1 ±1.0 6.00 24.2 ±1.0 7.00 28.8 ±1.5 8.30 36.0 ±2.0 * AT of Reybinder (48) is 0.4 to 0.8 dyne/cm higher at 30 than at 1O0C for solutions more dilute than 4.0 M. The differences are of the opposite sign and much larger for the more concentrated solutions.

KCHO2, Formate (38) KC2H3O2, Acetate (IX) (54);c/. (38).

For 0.56 M, AT (air) at 13.3° = 0.25 ± 0.4 K2C4H4O6, Tartrate (38) K3C6H5O7, Citrate (38) KCN, 15.30C (IX) (54) M AT (air) 2.313 2.11±0.4 KMnO4 ( 54 ) K4Fe(CN)6, 0-3O0C (II, IX) (33,54)

0.25 0.85±0.2 0.55 1.87±0.3 K3Fe(CN)6 (IX) (54) M AT (air) I1 0C 0.280 0.98 + 0.4 12.35 0.561 0.86+0.4 13.5 0.561 2.11+0.4 19.8 0.561 1.86+0.4 20.8 K2CrO4, 10-150C (I) (54, 59) M AT (air) 1.0 2.6±0.5 2.3 6.0+0.7 K2Cr2O7, 160C (IX) (54) 0.28 I 0.78±0.4

(T-TABLE, (T-ARRANGEMENT (v. Vol. Ill, p. VlU)

The surface tensions of aqueous solutions of organic acids and of the higher alcohols as determined by various workers are not in good agreement. The disagreements between values determined by the same method are on the whole as great as when different methods are used. This may be due to the presence of small amounts of impurities, incorrect use of methods of measurement, and in some cases to the formation of semisolid films at the surface.

Wt. % 1.00 2.50 5.00 10.00 15.00 20.00 25.00 30.01

CH2O2, Formic acid; 3O0C (II) (39) T (air) T (air) 150C (I) (60) +0.5 Wt. % +0.5 7 (air) 70.07 40.00 51.97 M/l. ±0.5 68.38 50.00 49.50 i>0 68.88 66.20 60.00 47.16 OÌ5 70^60 62.78 70.00 44.67 71.96 0 .25 60.08 75.00 43.40 72.51 0.125 0 57.92 80.01 42.09 25 and 35 C (I) (») 56.29 90.00 39.34 54.76 100.00 36.51

CH4N2O, Urea 15°C (I) (59)

g/le 100 200

7 (air) 1.1+0.5 1.2 ±0.5

CH4O, Methyl alcohol 3O0C (II) (39) 7 (air) Wt. % ±0.2 1.011 68.44 2.500 65.32 4.997 60.98 9.994 54.60 15.00 49.89 20.00 46.05 25.00 43.00 29.98 40.27 39.98 36.09 50.00 32.92 60.00 30.38 70.00 28.15 75.00 27.08 80.03 26.03

90.01 23.90 100.00 21.76 7

(air) 150C (I) (59) cf. (6Q)

CH5NO2, Ammonium formate ( 38 ) C2HCl3O2, Trichloroacetic 8 acid (I)

()

C2H2O4.- (Cant'd) 7 (air) M ±ca. 0.5 0.0313 72.61 0.0156 72.69 0.00781 72.71 0.00390 72.72

C2H3BrO2, Bromoacetic acid; a2 (air) 220C (I) (58) .

C2H3ClO2, Chloroacetic acid (I) ( 8 ) 7 (air) ±ca. Wt. % 2.0 250C 350C 3.35 66.4065.00 7.70 61.2260.00 10.09 58.9157.89 31.54 50.3449.44 49.97 47.6846.69 60.01 46.8145.43 72.11 45.0943.95

C2H4O, Acetaldehyde 220C (I) (58) a 2 (air) M/18 ±2% 4.54 0.09471 2.27 0.1111 1.14 0.1240 0.568 0.1339 0.284 0.1405

7 (air) ±ca. Wt. % 2.0 250C 350C 3.20 66.8465.14 3.81 65.90 63.95 8.56 57.3355.50 C2H4O2, Acetic acid 15.56 48.9746.90 3O0C (II) (39) 40.16 40.0439.16 7 (air) 71.15 37.6736.55 Wt. % ±0.5 86.84 36.30 35.50 0.000 71.23 C 2 H 2 Cl 2 O 2 , Di1.000 67.98 chloroacetic acid (I) 2.475 64.42 8 5.001 60.11 7 (air) ±ca. 10.01 54.56 Wt. % 2 14.98 50.53 250C 350C 20.09 47.72 3.17 61.7261.20 30.09 43-60 6.60 54.7454.09 40.11 40.68 13.03 44.3644.02 49.96 38.38 47.93 40.4840.14 60.05 36.25 98.42 36.8735.35 69.91 34.26 79.88 32.12 C2H2O4, Oxalic acid 100.00 26.58 2O0C (II) (24); cf. (38, 60) 150C (I) (60) 7 (air) 7 (air) M/18 ±0.5 M ±ca. 0.5 1 60.90 1.000 71.86 0.5 65.06 0.500 72.07 0.25 68.64 0.250 72.23 0.125 70.78 0.125 72.41 0.0625 71.99 0.0625 72.53

()

C2H4O2.-(CWd) (D (8)

Wt. % 7 (air) ±2 250C 350C 2.17 65.3264.16 5.94 59.0658.03 10.99 52.7952.12 19.25 47.8947.05 41.49 40.1939.23 51.84 37.8137.04 65.25 35.1534.16 83.08 31.1130.28 91.37 28.8828.03 93.53 27.8726.90 C2H4O2, Methyl formate 220C (I) (58) a2 (air) M/ls ±2% 2.627 0.07413 1.313 0.1033 0.657 0.1217 0.328 0.1330 0.164 0.1409 0.082 0.1458 C2HsNO, Acetamide 150C (I) (60) 7 (air) M/ls ±2% 1.0 69.79 0.5 71.60 0.25 72.59 0.125 73.04 C 2 H 6 O, Ethyl alcohol 0

15 C(I) (59); c/. (60)

Wt. % 1.96 3.85 9.09 16.7 33.3 44.4 100.0

7 (air) ±0.4 64.60 58.37 49.96 41.74 32.39 29.68 22.88

250C (II) (2) 7 (air) Wt. % ±0.3 0.00 72.20 2.72 60.79 5.21 54.87 11.10 46.03 20.50 37.53 30.47 32.25 40.00 29.63 50.22 27.89 59.58 26.71 68.94 25.71 77.98 24.73 87.92 23.64 92.10 23.18 97.00 22.49 100.00 22.03

C2H6O.- (Cont'd) 3O0C (II) (39) 7 (air) Wt. % ±0.2 0.000 71.23 0.979 66.08 2.143 61.56 4.994 54.15 10.385 45.88 17.979 38.54 25.00 34.08 29.98 31.89 34.89 30.32 50.00 27.45 60.04 26.24 71.85 25.05 75.06 24.68 84.57 23.61 95.57 22.09 100.00 21.47 C2H06O2, Glycol 15 C (I) (60) 7 (air) M/ls 1.0 0.5 0.25 0.125

±2% 70.94 72.36 73.02 73.27

C2H7NO2, Ammonium acetate ( 38 ) C2HgN2O4, Ammonium oxalate (38) C3H4O4, Malonic acid; y (air) 150C

(D ( 60 );

C8He(X-(CWd)

150C (I) (60) 7 (air) M/ls ±ca. 0.5 0.0313 71.73 0.0625 70.43 0.125 68.49 0.25 65.31 0.5 61.06 1.0 55.62

C3H6O2, Ethyl formate 220C (I) (58) a 2 (air) M/l. ±2% 0.675 0.09948 0.338 0.1136 0.169 0.1298 0.084 0.1379

C3H6O2, Methyl acetate 150C (I) (60) 7 (air) M/18 ±2% 1.0 47.47 0.5 55.56 0.25 61.68 0.125 66.09 0.0625 69.20 0.03125 71.06

2O0C (II) (24)

C3H6O, Allyl alcohol 150C (I) (60) 7 (air) M/l. ±2% 1.0 51.49 0.5 59.08 0.25 64.94 0.125 68.73 0.0625 70.85 0.03125 72^29 C3H6O, Propionaldehyde; a 2 (air) 220C (I) (58) C3H6O, Acetone (U) (40)

Wt. % O 5 10 20 25 30 40 50 75 85 90 95 100

7 (air) +0.2 O0C 250C 450C 75.7671.9568.69 59.5455.4552.52 53.2448.9445.87 45.2141.1138.14 42.3338.2535.24 40.0135.9833.18 36.2032.6930.06 33.5330.3827.86 29.5926.7524.46 28.5225.5923.28 27.9625.0222.64 27.2424.1921.71 26.1323.0420.55

C3H6O2, Propionic acid 150C (I) (60) 7 (air)

M/l. ±2.0 1.0 48.60 0.5 55.56 0.25 61.80 0.125 66.21 0.0625 69.35 0.03125 71.24 0.015625 72.40

C3H6O2.-8(CWcZ)

(I) ( )

7 (air) ±ca. 2.0 250C 350C 0.988 64.4663.31 1.914 59.7858.74 5.84 49.os48.45 9.82 43.8643.03 21.71 36.3735.71 49.80 31.6931.06 73.92 29.6728.95 99.99 25.6424.72 2O0C (II) (18) 7 (air) M ±ca. 2.0 0.0157 72.80 0.0317 72.70 0.0528 70.76 0.126 66.98 0.254 64.Oi 0.518 55.62 1.080 48.52 2.55 41.21 5.50 35.54 Wt. %

C3H7N, Allylamine T (air) 150C (I) (6Q) C3H8O, Propyl alcohol 150C (I) (60) 7 (air) M/l. ±0.4 0.0313 70.76 0.0625 68.64 0.125 65.08 0.25 59.34 0.5 51.94 1.0 43.59 C3H8O, Isopropyl alcohol 150C (I) (60) 7 (air) M/I8 ±2% 1.0 46.58 0.5 53.66 0.25 60.37 0.125 65.21 0.0625 68.56 0.0313 70.77

(I, HI) (47) 7 (air) ±3.0 O0C 1O0C 2O0C 0.0 75.90 74.20 72.70 C3H8O3, Glycerol 0.10068.25 65.50 0.23862.50 61.28 60.oo 15-180C (I) (9> 59) 0.95249.22 47.79 46.66 Wt. % A (air) 7 2.00041.00 38.75 5 -0.15+0.5 3.806 35.00 34.53 34.06 10 -0.2 ±0.5 4O0C 6O0C 8O0C 0.0 69.45 66.10 62.82 15 -0.4 ±0.5 0.10063.25 58.50 20 -0.65+0.7 0.238 58.19 56.05 54.26 30 -1.4 ±1.0 0.95245.00 43.65 42.46 50 -3.2 ±2.0 2.00037.70 35.70 3.80633.10 31.86 30.90 85 -7.3 ±2.5 10O0C 98 -9.3 ±3 O 0.0 59. 6o||0.952141. 51 100 -9.7 ±3 Q 0.238 52.51[[3.806!3O.os

M/ls

CgHgN, Propylamine 150C (I) (60) 7 (air) M/l. ±2% 1.0 46.68 0.5 53.03 0.25 59.55 0.125 64.09 68.43 0.0625 0.03125 70.39 C4H4O4, Fumarie acid 2O0C (II) (24) 7 (air) M ±ca. 0.5 0.0500 72.01 0.0250 72.31 0.0125 72.51 0.00625 72.59 150C (I) (60) 0.0313 I 73.19 C4H4O4, Maleic acid 2O0C (II) (24) 7 (air) M ±co. 1.0 0.935 66.80 0.468 69.06 0.234 70.48 0.117 71.41 0.0584 72.03 0.0292 72.35 0.0146 72.56 0 T (air) 15 C (I) (6Q) C 4 H 6 O 4 , Succinic acid 2O0C (II) (24) 7 (air) M ±ca. 2.0 0.500 68.05 69.70 0.250 0.125 70.95 0.0625 71.74 0.0313 72.21 0.0156 72.39 0.00781 72.50 7 (air) 150C (I) (6Q) C4H6O4, Dimethyl oxalate T (air) 150C (I) (6Q) C4H6O5, Malic acid 2O0C (II) (24) 7 (air) M ±ca. 2.0 0.774 67.08 0.387 69.26 0.193 70.67 0.0967 71.53 0.0483 72.10 72.40 0.0239 0.0115 72.61 7 (air) 15CC (I) (60)

C4H6O6, d-Tartaric acid

C4H8O2.- (CWd) (I, III) (47)

20°C (II) (24); cf. (38, 59, 60)

M/ls

M 8.00 4.00 2.00 1.00 0.500 0.250 0.125

7 (air) ±ca. 1.0 74.13 73.26 72.90 72.70 72.68 72.64 72.66

C4H6O6, <#-Tartaric acid (5 9 ) C 4 H 7 NO 4 , Aspartic acid (60)

y (air) ±ca. 2.0 O0C 1O0C 2O0C 0.007 73.65 72.58 71.25 0.021 70.95 69.51 68.12 0.050 65.50 64.80 63.53 0.104 62.00 59.85 58.60 0.246 52.18 51.09 50.30 0.489 45.91 44.00 42.57 1.006 35.87 34.81 33.78 11.04 28.22 26.61 4O0C 6O0C 8O0C 0.007 68.40 65.31 62.21 0.021 65.80 63.45 60.50 0.050 62.21 60.42 58.17 0.104 56.81 55.22 53.86 0.246 48.81 47.48 46.59 0.489 40.92 39.98 39.50 1.006 32.48 31.41 31.12 11.04 23.21 21.45 10O0C 0.007 59.00 0.246 46.05 0.021 57.38 0.489 39.21 0.05055.50 1.00631.00 0.104 52.34 11.04 19.70 (D (8)

C4H8O, n-Butyraldehyde; 7 (air) 150C (I) (6Q) C4H s O 2, rc-Butyric acid (I) (56) 7 (air) M/18 ±ca. 2.0 20C

0.000 0.091 0.182 0.364 0.748

75.39 61.48 54.87 47.29 38.88 180C 0.0000 73.10 0.0242 68.72 0.0363 66.57 0.0545 64.06 0.0817 60.84 0.122 57.23 0.184 53.07 0.276 48.74 0.414 44.09 0.621 39.26 0.931 34.53 250C 0.0000 72.01 0.0275 66.48 62.59 0.0550 0.1098 57.23 0.2193 50.60 0.4385 43.00 0.877 34.79 150C (I) (60) 0.00781 71.85 70.48 0.0156 0.0313 67.60 0.0625 63.25 0.125 56.58 0.25 49.27 0.5 41.15 1.0 33.34

7 (air) Wt. % ±ca. 2.0 250C 350C 0.14 69.3667.96 0.31 64.8263.81 0.73 59.6358.38 1.05 56.os 55.07 3.83 41.5640.85 8.63 32.8432.19 24.96 28.0227.47 79.38 26.9426.69 100.2 J26.oo25.l4 2O0C (II) (18) 7 (air) M ±ca. 2.0 0.0066 72.29 0.013 71.22 0.024 68.72 64.69 0.050 0.101 58.63 54.04 0.159 0.322 46.17 0.663 38.31 1.409 30.95 3.22 28.65 28.29 11.0 117.0 27.40

C 4 HgO 2 , Isobutyric acid (I) (8) For two-layer systems, V. (64) 7 (air) ±ca. Wt. % 1.0 250C 350C 0.10 69.6468.03 0.43 62.5961.4s 0.76 58.4i 57.54 1.92 49.62 48.81 5.65 37.3i 36.48 11.69 29.8229.23

C4H8O2.- (CWd) 7 (air) ±ca. Wt. % 1.0 250C 350C 18.95 27.3o 27.04 69.93 26.50 25.7s 101.1 24.4 9 23.3s 150C (I) (60) 7 (air)

M/I8

±ca. 1.0

0.00781 0.0156 0.0313 0.0625 0.125 0.25 0.5 1.0

71.85 70.17 67.05 62.2l 55.83 48.64 40.74 32.79

180C (I) (56)

0.0000 0.0187 0.0250 0.0375 0.050 0.075 0.100 0.125 0.150 0.200 0.250 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60

0.80

73.Io 68.76 67.44 65.Ii 63.39 60.07 57.8l 55.66 53.69 ' 50.99 48.37 46.4s 43.45 40.8s 38.47

35.12

1.00

32.77

1.20

31.07

250C 0,0250 66.9l 0.0370 64.67 0.0555 62.Oi 0.0833 58.82

0.125 0.187

55.19 51.02

0.281 0.422 0.633 0.949

46.7i 41.98 37.27 32.6l

0.0296 0.0592 0.1185 0.2375 0.475 0.950

20C

68.69 63.9s 58.0s Sl.lo 42.74 35.6l

C4H8O2, Ethyl acetate 150C (I) (60) 7 (air) M/ls ±2% 0.5 42.63 0.25 51.09 0.125 57.77 0.0625 63.29 0.03125 66.94

C4H8O2,-(CWd) 7 (air) M/1« ±2% 0.0156 69.90 0.0078 71.54 C4H8O2, Methyl propionate 150C (I) (60) 0.5 41.61 0.25 51.28 0.125 58.39 0.0625 63.87 0.03125 67.75 0.0156 70.29 0.0078 71.72 C4H8O2, Propyl formate 150C (I) (60) 0.25 48.58 0.125 58.92 0.0625 64.23 0.03125 68.25 0.0156 70.25 0.0078 71.68 C4H8O3, Hydroxyisobutyric acid 150C (I) (60) 0.5 60.87 0.25 65.06 0.125 68.45 0.0625 70.59 0.03125 72.08 C4Hi0O, n-Butyl alcohol 2O0C (II) (i«) 7 (air) M ±ca. 1.0 0.00329 72.80 0.00658 72.36 0.0132 71.26 0.0264 67.17 0.0536 63.U 0.105 56.03 48.Os 0.211 0.433 40.3s 0.854 28.57 C4Hi0O, Isobutyl alcohol 15°C (I) (89)

7 (air) Wt. % ±ca. 1.0 0.249 65.60 0.99 52.99 1.96 45.35 2.91 40.3s 4.76 34.04 7.41 27.97 100 22.9i 150C (I) (60) 7 (air) M/18 ±ca. 1.0 0.0156 69.2s 0.0313 66.3o 0.0625 60.52 0.125 54.25

C4Hi0O.- (Cont'd) 7 (air) M/ls ±ca. LO 0.25 45.29 0.5 36.3i 1.0 27.2l (D (65) 7 (air) Wt. %t, 0C ± Co. 1.0 7.49 15 28.Oo 44 24.37 76 20.76 4.64 16 33.66 46 30.U 65 28.Oi 2.37 14 41.87 50 37.1s 80 33.53 1.20 14 53.64 46 49.55 78 45.34 C4Hi0O, tert.-Butyl alcohol 220C (I) (58) a2 (air) M/18 ±2% 0.337 0.09859 0.169 0.1120 0.084 0.121s C4Hi2ClN, Tetramethylammoniimi chloride O 0 C (I, III)

(47)

AT (air) ±ca. 0.5 0.42 0.65 1.6o

M 0.50 1.00 2.00

C5H8O2, Allyl acetate; 7 (air) 150C (I) (60) CoHi0O2, n-Valeric acid (I) (8) 7 (air) Wt. % ±3.0 250C 350C 0.11 64.9663.81 0.22 58.70 57.40 0.38 53.51 52.05 0.83

41.9941.34

2.34 32.i231.4i 3.17 30.6829.86 87.04 25.4224.09 98.91 26.so 25.57 (IU) ( 47 ) M/ls 0.0103 0.0206 0.0683 0.2049

T (air) ±ca. 2 O0C 2O0C 4O0C 67.03 65.45 63.77 60.55 59.78 58.20 52.10 49.Si 48.85 37.55 35.20 33.85 6O0C 8O0C 9O0C

0.0103 61.94

60.36 59.54

0.0206 57.14 56.33 55.99 0.0683 48.li 48.0248.00 0.2049 33.42 33.37

C5Hi0O2.- (CWcO 17.50C (I) (56) 7 (air) M/l. ±2 0.0093 68.04 0.0140 65.56 0.0210 62,31 58.65 0.0315 0.0475 54.15 0.071 49.80 0.107 44.89 0.160 39.86 0.240 34.70 C5Hi0O2, Isovaleric acid (I) («) 7 (air) Wt. % ±ca. 2.0 250C 350C 0.15 63.7462.82 0.34 56.90 56.27 1.03 45.so 44.02 2.54 34.5733.66 4.24 29.1728.38 89.37 24.5623.52 99.77 24.9224.16 19°C

(I) (56)

7 (air) ±ca. 2.0 70.53 68.05 65.79 63.97 62.22 60.62 58.07 56.03 54.06 51.14 48.66 46.69 40.78 38.53

M/I8 0.00425 0.0085 0.0128 0.0170 0.0212 0.0256 0.034 0.0425 0.051 0.068 0.085 0.102 0.170 0.204 150C (I) (60) 7 (air) M/ls ±2% 0.25 35.93 44.28 0.125 0.0625 52.10 0.0312 59.11 0.0156 65.03 0.00781 67.78 0.00391 71.34

C 5 Hi 0 O 2 , Isobutyl formate; a2 (air) 220C (I) (58) C5Hi0O2, Ethyl propionate 150C (I) (60) 7 (air) M/18 ±2% 0.125 46.79 0.0625 54.68 0.03125 60.53

C5Hi0O2,- (Cont'd) 7 (air) M/l. ±2% 0.0156 65.18 68.69 0.0078 0.0039 70.88 C 5 Hi 0 O 2 , Methyl butyrate 220C (I) (58) a 2 (air) M/ls ±2% 0.123 0.09177 0.0612 0.1120 0.0306 0.1249 0.0153 0.1354 C 5 Hi 0 O 2 , Propyl acetate 150C (I) (60) 7 (air) M/ls ±2% 0.125 44.7s 0.0625 52.7s 0.03125 59.33 0.0156 64.27 0.0078 68.20 70.56 0.0039 C 5 Hi 2 O, Isoamyl alcohol 3O0C (II) (39) For two-layer systems, v. ( 36 ) 7 (air) Wt. % ±ca. 1.0 0.250 54.7o 0.50 47.34 0.75 42.5l 38.8s 1.00 1.50 33.62 2.00 29.6e 2.50 26.60 15 0 C(I) (59); cf. (60, 68)

Wt. % 0.249 0.5 0.99 1.48 1.96 100.0

7 (air) ±ca. 1.0 57.02 49.30 41.07 36.03 32.3l 22.99

C5Hi2O, tert.-Amyl alcohol 150C (I) (60) 7 (air) M/ls ±2% 0.5 36.57 0.25 43.86 0.125 50.55 56.9l 0.0625 0.03125 62.24 0.0156 66.63 0.0078 69.54 0.0039 71.4i

C 6 H 6 O, Phenol 2O0C (I, II) ( 1 7 , 3 5 , 65)

For saturated solutions, v. ( 13 > 36 > 64 ); for other temps., v. ( 65 )

Wt. % 0.00 0.024 0.047 0.094 0.118 0.236 0.471 0.706 0.941 1.412 1.881 2.350 2.819 3.755 4.692 5.623

C6H6O2.- (Cont'd) 7(H 2 ) M/18 ±ca. 2.0 0.30 70.19 0.35 69.65 0.45 69.51 0.50 69.05

T (air) C6H6O3, Pyrogallol (72.8) 2O0C (II) (17) 72.6 + 0.2 0.1 71.71 72.2+0.2 0.2 70.38 71.7+0.2 0.3 68.24 71.3+0.2 0.5 65.74 69.9 + 0.3 0.6 64.87 66.5±0.3 0.75 62.37 64.9±0.3 1.00 60.00 61.1+0.3 1.50 56.10 57.0+0.3 2.00 53.80 54.0+0.3 C 6 H 7 N, Aniline 51.3+0.4 ( 6 5 ) J J ; f o r tWO49.1±0.4 46.0 + 0.4 layer systems, v. ( 64 ) 43.8 + 0.5 C6H8O7, Citric acid 42.3+0.5 (38, 59)

C6H6O2, Pyrocatechol 2O0C (II) (17) T(H 2 ) M/18 ±ca. 2.0 0.03 72.08 0.05 71.66 0.10 69.72 0.20 66.83 0.30 66.44 0.40 62.42 60.78 0.50 0.60 59.67 0.75 57.75 1.0 55.74 2.0 51.56 C 6 H 6 O 2 , Resorcinol 2O0C (II) (17) 0.03 72.12 0.05 71.39 0.10 70.62 0.15 69.62 0.20 68.84 0.30 67.74 0.40 66.80 0.50 66.24 0.60 65.44 64.36 0.75 1.0 63.41 1.5 61.14 2.0 60.46 3.0 58.63 4.0 58.16 5.0 57.57 6.0 57.06 C6H6O2, Hydroquinol 2O0C (II) (17) 72.27 0.05 0.10

71.63

0.20

70.71

C 6 Hi 2 O 2 , n-Caproic acid 190C (I) (56)

M/ls 0.00212 0.00425 0.0064 0.0085 0.0128 0.0170 0.0212 0.0256 0.0340 0.0425 0.051 0.068 0.085

7 (air) ±ca. 2.0 69.95 66.59 63.17 60.25 55.58 51.89 49.16 46.90 42.89 39.90 37.35 34.14 30.89

(HI) (47)

M/lg 7 (air) ±ca. 2.0 O0C 1O0C 2O0C 0.0010 74.00 72.75 71.20 0.0050 65.83 63.69 0.0100 60.05 58.68 57.50 0.0200 53.00 51.10 49.59 0.0250 50.35 48.05 46.38 0.0300 47.96 45.15 43.25 0.0350 45.95 43.00 41.oo 4O0C 6O0C 8O0C 0.0010 68.39 65.42 62.48 0.0050 62.21 60.83 59.61 0.0100 56.00 55.18 55.oo 0.0200 47.55 46.50 46.oo 0.0250 44.03 43.00 42.78 0.0300 41.14 40.10 40.00 0.0350 38.88 38.10 37.70 9O0C 0.0010160.90

C6Hi2O2, Isocaproic acid 18°C

M/18 0.0016 0.0024 0.0036 0.0054 0.0081 0.0122 0.0183 0.0274 0.0411 0.0616 0.0924

(I) (56)

7 (air) ±ca. 2.0 70.87 69.52 67.36 64.15 60.23 55.88 50.95 46.02 41.16 35.89 30.67

C6Hi2O2, Isoamyl formate 220C (I) (58) a 2 (air) M/I3 ±2% 0.0269 0.1002 0.116s 0.0135 C 6 Hi 2 O 2 , Isobutyl acetate 220C (I) (58) 0.1060 0.0269 0.0135 0.1177 C6Hi2O2, Ethyl butyrate 220C (I) (58) 0.0269 0.107s 0.0135 0.12Oo C 6 Hi 2 O 2 , Propyl propionate 150C (I) (60) 7 (air) M/ls ±2% 0.03125 54.45 57.32 0.0156 0.0078 62.85 67.04 0.0039 0.00195 69.99 0.000977 71.68 C 6 Hi 2 O 3 , Paraldehyde 150C (I) (60) 0.5 43.1s 0.25 51.47 0.125 58.44 0.0625 63.78 0.03125 67.64 0.0156 70.17

C 6 Hi 4 O 6 , Mannitol 15°C

(I) (59)

g/ls AT (air) 50 0.4 + 0.2 100 0.8+0.4 C6Hi5N, Triethylamine ( 35 > 36) For two layer system, v. ( 36 ) C6Hi5N, Dipropylamine; 2O0C (II) (18) y (air) M/ls ±ca. 2.0 0.5657 30.06 0.2828 38.13 0.1414 46.79 0.0707 53.40 59.45 0.03535 0.01767 65.66 0.008835 69.88 0.004417 71.03 0.0022085 72.80 C 7 H 6 O 3 , Salicylic acid; 7 (air) (I) 14.50C (68) C7H9N, p-Toluidine; T (air) (I) 160C (68)

C 7 H 9 NO 3 , Ammonium salicylate (38) C 7 Hi 2 O 4 , Diethyl malonate; 2O0C (II) (24) 7 (air) M ±ca. 2.0 0.134 43.69 0.0677 51.12 0.0339 56.71 0.0169 61.25 0.00846 64.83 0.00423 67.70 0.00212 69.75 0.00106 70.97 0.000528 71.71 72.12 0.000264 0.000132 72.40 0.0000659 72.45

For y (air) (I) 170C7 V. (68).

C7Hi4O2, Heptylic acid (III) (47) M/U T (air) ±ca. 2.0 O0C 1O0C 2O0C 0.0010 68.20 67.60 67.oo 0.0038 54.81 54.25 53.84 0.0119 42.5 41.08 40.25 4O0C 6O0C 8O0C 0.0010 65.45 63.30 61.12 0.0038 53.73 53.50 53.oo 0.0119 39.50 39.00 38.90

Continued on p. JfîQ

C 6 Hi 2 O 6 , Dextrose; for lévulose, v. ( 5 ) Wt. % I I1 0C 1 AT (air) | Method | TO 25 0.25±OT2 (ÏÏ) 8.8 15 0.8 +0.4 (I) 15 1.4 +0.4 (I) 17.1

Lit. (5) (59) (59)

C7HuO2.- (Ccwrf'd) 2O0C (II) (18) T (air) M ±ca. 2.0 . 0.000117 72.80 0.000235 72.37 0.000469 69.45 0.000938 65.46 0.00188 59.35 0.00376 53.36 44.87 0.00753 0.0151 35.75 CgH6O3, Piperonal; T (air) (I) 170C (68)

C8H18O, Octyl alcohol 2O0C (II) (i*) M/g 7 (air) H2O ±ca. 2.0 Satd. 37.47 2.5 41.79 1.25 50.48 0.625 58.64 0.3125 67.07 69.00 0.2347 0.15675 71.81 0.078375 72.80 C8H20ClN, Tetraethylammonium chloride

C1OH1GO, Camphor; 7 (air) (I) 170C (68) CioHieO4, Camphoric acid; 7 (air) (I) 16°C (68)

Ci0H20O, Menthol; 7 (air) (I) 150C (68) C10H20O2, Decylic acid (I 8 ) v. p. 474 for effect of time on 7 C12HÔn, Sucrose 15-4O0C (I, II, V) (5, 42, 44, 55, 59)

Wt. % A7 (air) 10 0.55 + 0.2 O0C (I, III) (47) 20 1.0 ±0.2 A7 (air) C8H8O3, Methyl 30 1,4 ±0.3 M ±ca. 0.5 salicylate; 7 (air) 40 2.1 ±0.4 0.50 -0.82 (I) 16°C (68) 55 3.7 ±0.5 1.00 -1.6o C12H22O111H2O C 9 H 9 NO 3 , Hippuric Lactose (I) (59) acid; 7 (air) (I) C8Hi2O4, Diethyl 100 g hydrate per 1 16.50C (68) f urn arate; 7 (air) solution gives A7 0 2O C (II) (24) (air) at 150C C 9 HnNO, p-Aceto0.9 ± 0.4 toluide; 7 (air) (I) 16.50C (68) C12H28ClN, TetraC8H14O4, Diethyl succinate; 7 (air) C9H18O2, Pelargonie propylammonium chloride 2O0C (II) (24) acid; 7 (air) O0C (I, III) (47) 2O0C (II) (18) For 7 (air) (I) A7 (air) 18°C, V. (68). Ci0H13NO2, PhenM ±ca. 0.5 acetin; 7 (air) (I) 0.10 - 3.62 0 16 C (68) 0.30 -.6.4o C8Hi4O6, Diethyl 0.50 - 8.1s C10H14O, Thymol; d-tartrate; 7 (air) 7 (air) (I) 180C (68) 1.00 -10.55 2O0C (II) (24) TWO OR MORE SOLUTES Standard arrangement (t;. Vol. Ill, p. viii) The B -Component Key-formula Does Not Begin with 16 B = NH4NO3.- (Continued) H2O M AT (air) B = HCl; C = Dextrose 5 C B ±ca. 0.5 (5); Lévulose ( ); C = C10H20O2, 1.438 2.303 4.7 Decylic acid (18); C = Dex0.838 1.344 3.0 trose; D = Lévulose ( 5 ); C = 10O0C (III) (48) Sucrose ( 5 ) A7 (air) B = H2SO4 C = C2H5OH (7) M* ±ca. 0.5 oo (58.1) B = (NH4)2SO4; C = A12(SO4)3 76.02 48.2 150C (I) (59); 0.110 Moles of 45.17 45.3 CBA24 per 1 soin, gives A7 20.70 28.0 (air) = 0.94 ± 0.4 11.57 15.1 B = NH 4 NO 3 ; C = AgNO3 6.002 8.9 10O0C (III) (48) 2.155 4.1 M A7 (air) 1.000 2.3 C B ±ca. 0.5 0.444 1.1 oo oo (49.3) B = TlNO 3 ; C = AgNO3, 56.55 90.61 38.0 9O0C (III) (48) 26.59 42.61 30.1 A7 (air) 17.35 27.80 23.3 M* ±ca. 0.5 13.42 21.50 21.3 oo (69.45) 7.825 12.54 15.5 252.37 64.65 5.313 8.513 12.6 102.84 56.55 2.744 4.397 7.7

B = TlNO3.- (Continued) Ay (air) M* ±ca. 0.5 89.02 55.05 27.02 30.85 11.92 16.75 9.16 13.55 5.35 9.65 3.44 7.55 1.528 4.55 0.702 2.65 0.573 2.15 0.255 1.05 *M = Moles B/kg H 2 O = Moles C/kg H2O.

B = Cr2(S04)3;C = K2SO4 (59)* 0.100 Moles CBA24 per 1 of solution gives AT (air) = 0.68 ± 0.4 B = NiSO4; C = K 2 SO 4 (So)* 0.229 Moles CBA6 per 1 of solution gives AT (air) = 0.90 ±0.4 B=Fe 2 (SO 4 )SjC = K 2 SO 4 (S 9 )* 0.099 Moles CBA24 per 1 of solution gives AT (air) =0.76 ±0.4 B = ZnSO4; C = K2SO4 (59)* 0.225 Moles CBA6 per 1 of solution gives AT (air) = 1.17 ±0.4 B = NaC2H3O2, Acetate; C = KC2H3O2, Acetate (38) *By method (I) at 150C.

AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS OF SALT MIXTURES The surface tensions of certain salt mixtures listed below are additive (i.e., 7 = um -f- U 2 72 + • • • - ! - U n Tn) within the limits of precision (±0.1 dyne/cm); 7 is the surface tension of a mixture of two or more solutions; U n is the volume fraction of solution, n, in the mixture; 7n is the surf ace tension of solution, n (52,64). N max. — maximum concentrations studied, in terms of the total number of equivalents of salts to 100 Moles water. NaCl +KCl 3.4 KCl + Na2SO4 1.7 Na 2 SO 4 H-K 2 SO 4 1.3 KCl + K2SO4 1.9 NaCl + Na2SO4 2.2 NaCl + Na2SO4 + NaCl + K2SO4 2.3 KCl + K2SlO4 1.7 The B -Component Key -formula Begins with 16 The (T-arrangement B = CH4O, Methyl alcohol; C = Ethyl bromide, Ethyl iodide, Propyl iodide, Allyl iodide, Ethylene chloride, Ethylene bromide, Ethylidene chloride, Chloroform, Carbon tetrachloride, Tetrachloroethylene, Benzene, Toluene, Aniline, o-Toluidine, p-Toluidine, Phenol, Resorcinol, Hydroquinol, Nitrobenzene, o-Nitrotoluene, p-Nitrotoluene ( 59 ). B = NH4CHO2, Formate; C = NaC7H5O3, Salicylate (38) B = C2H6O, Ethyl alcohol; C = Glycerol ( 7 ); Benzene (64); Phenol (59, 6 4); Aniline (59, 64) B = C4H8O2, Isobutyric acid; C = C5Hi0O2, Isovaleric acid ( 56 ); C = C6Hi2O2, Isocaproic acid, ( 56 ) B = C5H]0O2, Isovaleric acid; C = BaCi0Hi8O4, Isovalerate ( 56 ) B = C6H7N, Aniline; C = NaCl (65) B = C6Hi2O6, Dextrose; C = Lévulose ( 5 ) B = NH4C7H5O3, Salicylate; C = KCHO2, Formate (38) B = Ci 2 H 22 O n , Sucrose; C = NaOH, NaI, Na2SO4, NaHCO3 (5) NON-AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS One Solute INORGANIC SUBSTANCES IN ORGANIC SOLVENTS B = NaBr. — (Continued) CH4O MoI B/la AT (air) ±0.3 Methyl alcohol 0.07 0.51 B = I2 0.12 0.69 1.00 Mole I2 per 1 of solution in CH3OH at 25.60C in air (III) B =NaI gives AT = 0.86 ± ca. 0.2 (6) 0.03 0.44 C2H6O Ethyl alcohol (4) B = NaBr 17-2O0C (I) MoI B/la AT (air) ±0.3 0.02 0.16 0.04 0.37

0.06 0.39 0.94

0.56 1.01 1.54

B = KC2H3O2, Acetate 0.13 0.45 0.31 0.52 0.94 0.78 1.26 0.96

MIXTURES OF Two

CCl4

B = CHCl3, 180C (III) (64) M %B 7 (air) ±0.2 O 27.00 20 26.93 40 26.92 50 26.92 60 26.94 80 27.09 100 27.33 B = C2H4O2, Acetic acid,

B = C3H6O, Acetone (I) (66) I9 0 C 7 (air) ±0.3 M %A 7 (air) ±0.3 Wt. % B = 0.00 O 28.08 14.0 33.19 20 26.70 28.5 31.06 40 26.29 44.0 28.76 50 26.26 Wt. % B = 13.57 60 26.28 16.0 27.71 80 26.52 38.0 25.44 100 27.05 Wt. % B = 34.23 15.0 25.86 B = C2H5I, Ethyl iodide ( 67 ) 29.5 24.10 B = C4H8O2, Ethyl acetate (67) 39.0 22.84 B = C6H6, Benzene (I) (45) Wt. % B = 71.53 *, 0C I 7 ±0.2 18.0 24.21 XB = O 38.0 21.67 11.8 27.98 Wt. % B = 100.00 46.0 23.70 14.4 24.33 78.0 19.93 35.0 21.91 1 XB = ^7 53.0 ' 19.53 13.2 28.63 B = C4Hi0O, Ethyl ether, 180C 24.33 46.6 (HI) (64) 78.4 20.20 Wt. % B 7 (air) ±0.5 x* = K O 32.24 16.0 28.67 46.2 24.32 20 25.35 78.2 20.40 40 21.87 60 20.46 ZB = % 80 18.68 10.8 29.55 46.2 24.83 100 17.47 250C (III) (31) 78.2 20.70 Wt. % B 7 (air) ±1.0 ZB = 1 11.2 30.23 0.00 32.39 46.0 25.57 13.10 27.11 78.0 21.42 34.37 22.63 62.76 19.30 CS2" 100.00 16.92 B = CHCl3, 180C (III) (64) B = C H , Benzene, 180C 6 6 Wt. % B 7 (air) ±0.5 (III) (64) O 32.24 Wt. % A 7 (air) ±0.4 20 30.59 O 28.98 40 29.5C 20 29.13 60 28.42 40 29.36 80 27.78 60 29.79 100 27.33 0 80 30.66 Wt. % B 13.O C |46.4°C |61.2°C 100 32.24 7 ±0.4 (I) (46) 18°C (III)

(64)

0.00 33.40 28.47 26.31 19.81 31.27 26.83 24.85 40.14 30.10 25.62 23.66 60.34 29.12 24.79 22.81 80.32 28.45 24.19 22.30 100.00 28.18 23.84 21.90 B = CH4O, Methyl alcohol, V. (64)

B = C7H8, Toluene, 250C (HI) (31)

Wt. % B 0.00 7.27 37.99 63.24 100.00

7 (air) ±1.0 32.29 31.91 30.17 28.93 27.68

CHCl3 B = C2H4O2, Acetic acid, 180C (III)

(64)

7 (air) ±0.2 28.00 26.98 26.62 26.67 26.70 26.95 27.40

M %A O 20 40 50 60 80 100

B = C2H6O, Ethyl alcohol (I) (46)

Wt. % B 10.0°C|46.2°C|78.2°C 7 ±0.4 O 28.58 23.75 19.68 20 26.58 22.39 18.65 40 25.40 21.63 18.21 60 24.58 21.10 17.98 80 23.95 20.76 17.82 100 23.61 20.47 17.67 B = C3H6O, Acetone, 180C (III)

(64)

M %A

7 (air) ±0.2

O 20 40 60 80 100

23.76 24.38 25.23 25.98 26.72 27.33

B = C4Hi0O, Ethyl ether, 180C (III)

Wt. % B O 20 40 60 80 100

(64)

7 (air) ±0.3 27.33 23.94 21.82 19.88 18.54 17.46 0

B = C6H6, Benzene, 18 C (HI)

Wt. % A O 20 40 60 80 100

(64)

7 (air) ±0.2 28.94 28.57 28.11 27.78 27.59 27.33

B = C8H20BrN, Tetraethylammonium bromide (I) (63) *, 0C I T (?) ±0.3 Wt. % B = O 15.9 27.71 37.0 24.79 Wt. % B = 6.12 25.0 26.81 34.4 25.66 54.0 23.31 Wt. % B = 7.48 20.5 27.58 40.9 25.10 50.6 23.92

CH2O2 Formic acid B = C2H4O2, Acetic acid (28)

CH4O Methyl alcohol B = C2H5I, Ethyl iodide (67) B = C2H6O, Ethyl alcohol (II)

(40)

O0C I 3O0C I 5O0C y (air) ±0.3 0.00 23.91 21.49 19.88 50.45 24.23 21.65 19.91 100.00 24.48 21.80 20.13 B = C3H6O, Acetone (II) (*<>) Wt. % A O0C I 3O0C 7 (air) ±0.2 0.00 26.08 22.34 33.25 25.98 22.55 39.88 25.89 22.52 49.84 25.76 22.46 59.83 25.55 100.00 24.48 21.81 Wt. % A

B = C3H8O, rc-Propyl alcohol ( 28 ) B = C6H6, (II) (40) Wt. % A O 0 C I 3O0C 7 (air) ±0.3 0,00 31.55 27.57 15.04 26.08 19.94 29.12 20.06 25.68 25.00 28.74 25.38 25.10 30.07 28.40 30.13 25.09 24.09 50.04 70.07 26.10

75.15 100.00

22.91 24.48

21.80

C2^Br2 Ethylene bromide B == C2H4O2, Acetic acid (I)

(46) Wt. % A 140C 1 460C I 780C | 1320C 7 ±0.7 0.0 27.67 24.73 21.81 16.70 14.4 28.53 24.83 21.68 16.94 27.8 29.15 25.17 21.90 16.83 49.4 29.84 26.27 22.94 17.69 69.4 31.22 27.58 24.20 18.63 86.6 32.75 29.29 25.90 20.49 93.6 32.94 30.28 28.16 22.71 100.0 40.02 35.66 31.31 24.50

B == C3H6Br2, 1, 2-Dibromopropane (67) B == C6H5Cl, Chlorobenzene (I) (45, 46) Wt. % B 130C I 460C I 780C | 1320C 7 ± 0.5 0.00 40.16 35.66 31.31 24.50 20.12 36.75 32.54 28.69 22.57 39.46 35.77 31.51 27.59 21.41 60.35 35.49 31.29.27.41 21.16 79.95 34.29 30.17 26.37 20.31 100.00 34.43 30.37 26.60 20.53

C2XÎ4C12

Ethylene chloride B = C6H6, Benzene (I) (66) t, 0C I 7 (air) ±0.3 Wt. % A = 0.00 14.0 29.65 45.0 25.63 I 22.40 70.0 Wt. % A = 26.24 30.00 14.0 50.0 25.53 Wt. % A = 48.68 30.39 14.5 45.0 26.56 70.0 23.45 Wt. % A = 68.10 15.0 31.04 41.0 27.71 58.0 25.52 Wt. % A = 100 OO 12.5 33.08 43.0 28.91

C 2-HuO 2 Acetic acid B = C2H5I, Ethyl iodide, 180C (III) ( 64 ) M %B 7 (air) ±1.0 O 28.08 20 26.71 40 26.69 50 26.83 60 27.02 80 27.66 IQQ 28.83 B = C5H6N, Pyridine (I) (66) t, 0C | T (air) ±1.0 Wt. % A = 0.00 13.0 39.39 49.0 34.14 80.0 29.37 Wt. % A = 26.28 17.0 37.66 52.0 33.17 76.0 29.90 Wt. % A = 47.67 12.0 36.88 47.0 33.05 75.0 29.83 Wt. % A = 71.39 14.0 34.50 49.0 30.92 75.0 28.24 Wt. % A = 100.00 14.5 28.19 52.0 24.48 75.0 22.08 B = C6H6 0

3O C (II) (40) Wt. % A 7 (air) ±0.2 0.00 27.56 25.10 26.52 49.77 25.98 61.48 25.85 75.42 25.93 26.61 100.00

B = C6H6,- (Continued) 180C (III) (64) Wt. % A 7 (air) ±0.3 0.00 28.94 34.07 27.89 53.57 27.53 75.47 27.52 100.00 28.00 150C (II) (40) Wt. % A 7 (air) ±0.2 0.00 29.55 55.13 27.79 60.40 27.66 65.20 27.65 100.00 28.13 B = C7H8, Toluene (I) (46) wt. % B 0.00 20.08 40.32 60.02 75.20 87.83 100.00

15.O0C 45.90C 78.O0C 131.60C y ±0.7 27.57 24.74 21.75 16.73 27.55 24.22 20.83 15.59 27.55 24.11 20.66 15.30 27.88 24.32 20.75 15.32 28.36 24.66 21.03 15.40 28.57 24.88 21.23 15.58 29.21 24.48 21.81 16.17

C2H5I Ethyl iodide B = C4H8O2, Ethyl acetate (67) B = C4Hi0O, Ethyl ether, 250C (III) (31) Wt. % B 7 (air) ±1.0 0.00 30.52 21.29 37.20 100.00 16.92 0

B = C6H6, 18 C (III) (64) M %A 7 (air) ±1.0 O 28.94 20 28.74 40 28.64 50 28.61 60 28.64 80 28.67 100 28.83 C2H6O Ethyl alcohol B = C3H6O, Acetone (II) (40) Wt. % A O0C I 2O0C I 450C 7 (air) ±0.3 0.00 26.09 23.58 20.48 20.03 23.40 40.06 23.20 50.00 25.16 23.09 20.54 79.70 22.69 100.00 23.91 22.30 20.28

B = C6H6.- (Continued) C3H6O2 (D ( 46 ) Ethyl formate 0 Wt. % A 1O C |46.2°C|78.2°C B = C7H8, Toluene (II) (37) 7 ±0.3 Wt. % B 150C I 4O0C 0.00 30.39 25.53 21.40 7 (air) ±02 20.17 27.91 23.75 20.11 0.00 24.34 21.21 37.14 26.91 23.01 19.60 27.33 25.33 22.24 57.88 25.82 22.18 18.96 51.13 26.28 23.27 74.51 24.92 21.51 18.44 82.02 27.94 24.97 84.16 24.43 21.10 18.14 100.00 29.12 26.19 100.00 23.61 20.47 17.67 U3H6O2

B = C6H6O, Phenol (II) (40) Methyl acetate O0C 350C B = C4H8O2, Ethyl acetate (28)

7 (air) 7 (air) ±0.4 ±0.3

Wt. % A 0.00 25.39 49.44 50.20 59.73 74.60 100.00

42.99 31.28 29.52 27.10 23.91

39.28 33.23 28.11 24.01 21.09

C3H6O Acetone B = C5HI0O2, Propyl acetate, 150C (II) (37)

Wt. % A 0.00 49.70 100.00

7 (air) ±0.2 24.94 24.47 24.16

B = C6H5Cl, Chlorobenzene,

C3H8O w-Propyl alcohol B = C6H7N, Aniline (28) C3H8O2 Methylal B = C6Hi2O2, Isobutyl acetate, . 180C (III) (64)

M %B

7 (air) ±0.5

O 20

21.43 22.13

40 50 60 80 100

22.72 22.95 23.20 23.66 24.04

C4H5Cl3O2 Ethyl trichloroacetate B = C4H8O2, Ethyl acetate (28) C/4X18O2

150C (II) (37)

Wt. % B 0.00 50.25 100.00

7 (air) ±0.2 24.16 27.50 33.88

B - C6H6 15°C (II) (37)

Wt. % B 7 (air) ±0.2 0.00 24.16 45.22 26.59 100.00 29.55 18.20C (III) (64) Wt. % B 7 (air) ±0.3 O 23.72 20 24.65 40 25.60 50 26.18 60 26.77 80 27.76 100 28.94

B = C6H6O, Phenol B - C6H6 (II) (40) 0 0 O0C 25 C 45 C 7 (air) Wt. % 7 (air) Wt. % 7 (air) Wt. % A ± 0.4 A ±0.2 A ±0.2 0.00 42.99 0.00 28.23 0.00 25.61 38.47 20.04 26.17 19.96 23.94 60.0 31.28 50.06 24.49 25.00 23.67 70.78 29.47 75.04 23.19 29.83 23.43 100.00 26.06 100.00 21.89 100.00 20.28

(II) (40) 350C 7 (air) ±0.2 39.28 31.53 27.07 21.70

Ethyl acetate B = C5Hi2O, Isoamyl alcohol, 180C (III) (64)

M %B O

20 40 50 60 80

7 (air) ±0.3 24.22

24.19 24.17 24.16 24.13 24.15

100 24.29 B = C6H5NO2, Nitrobenzene, 2O0C (I) (21) Wt. % A 7 ±ca. 0.7 0.00 43.21 15.00 36.61 29.24 32.58 36.57 31.35 55.55 28.31 79.89 25.47 24.81 92.02 100.00 23.67 B = C6H6, 2O0C (I) (21)

Wt. % A

7 ±ca. 0.7

0.00 20.90 39.96 60.33 80.40 100.00

29.03 27.69 26.54 25.37 24.57 23.72

B « C 7 Hi 4 O 2 , n-Amyl acetate

(«o

B = C8HnN, Dimethylaniline, 2O0C (I) (21) Wt. % B 7 ±ca. 0.7 0.00 23.67 18.43 25.37 39.89 26.87 50.08 28.69 77.32 31.41 100.00 36.51

B = C6H6, 1O0C (II) (37) Wt. % B 7 (air) ±0.2 0.00 25.34 42.93 27.35 54.55 27.89 100.00 30.21 B = C7H8, Toluene, 1O0C (II) (37)

0.00 51.87 100.00

B = C8Hi4O4, Diethyl succinate W B = C9Hi0O2, Ethyl benzoate («O B == Ci0H22O, Isoamyl ether ( 28 )

C4H8O2 Methyl propionate B = C7H8, Toluene (II) (37) Wt. % B 150C I 4O0C 7 (air) ±0.2 0.00 25.52 22.46 32.67 26.65 23.52 46.20 27.08 24.05 74.99 28.17 25.13 100.00 29.12 26.19 B = Ci4H20O2, Amyl hydrocinnamate (II) ( 37 ) Wt. % B 150C I 4O0C 7 (air) ±0.2 0.00 25.52 22.46 51.52 28.21 25.38 100.00 32.45 30.30

C4Hi0O Ethyl ether B = C6H6, 180C (III) (64) Wt. % A 7 (air) ±0.3 O 28.94 20 25.43 40 22.82 50 21.72 60 20.67 80 18.99 100 17.44 250C (III) (31) Wt. % A 7 (air) ±0.5 0.00 28.25 24.31 24.26 43.08 21.76 71.42 18.24 100.00 16.92

CoHu)O2 Ethyl propionate B = C6HsCl, Chlorobenzene, 10°C

Wt. % B 0.00 50.25 100.00

(II)

(37)

7 (air) ±0.2 25.34 29.95 34.52

25.34 27.58 29.70

C6H6Br

CoHiQO2 Methyl n-butyrate B = C6H5Cl, Chlorobenzene (U)

Wt. % B 0.00 53.51 100.00

(37)

150C I 7 (air) 25.55 29.13 33.88

4O0C ±0.2 22.68 26.18 30.77

B - C6H6 (II) (37) Wt. % B 150C 4O0C 7 (air) ±0.2 0.00 25.55 22.68 33.62 26.83 23.81 50.77 27.49 24.38 77.25 28.65 25.39 100.00 29.54 26.26

CoHiOO2 Propyl acetate B = C6Hi0O3, Ethyl lactate (U)

Wt. % B 0.00 28.68 51.59 78.83 100.00

(37)

150C I 7 (air) 24.94 26.09 27.13 28.77 30.50

B = C7H8.—(Continued) I10C | 7 ±0.3 XB = H 14.5 29.63 46.6 25.75 78.4 22.29 132.5 16.37 XB = 1 15.2 29.17 46.6 25.46 . 78.4 21.66 132.5 16.07

4O0C ±0.2 22.10 23.27 24.36 26.09 27.92

B = C6H6 (II) (37) 0.00 24.94 22.10 54.97 27.32 24.23 100.00 29.54 26.26 B = C6Hi2O2, Amyl formate W

Bromobenzene B = C6H6Cl, Chlorobenzene ( 28 ) B = C7H8, Toluene (67)

C6H5Cl Chlorobenzene B = C6H6 (II) (37) Wt. % B 1O0C I 4O0C 7 (air) ±0.2 0.00 34.52 30.77 30.18 32.81 28.99 44.54 28.24 46.94 32.09 71.19 31.19 72.67 27.09 100.00 30.21 26.26 B = C7H8, Toluene (II) (37) 0.0 34.52 30.77 21.99 33.14 29.54 51.08 31.62 27.99 77.30 30.57 26.95 100.00 29.70 26.19

C6H5NO2 Nitrobenzene B = C6H6, 550C (I) (21) Wt. % B 7 ±ca. 1.5 0.00 38.73 11.85 34.69 35.46 29.27 52.27 27.70 71.77 25.46 89.01 24.27 100.00 23.41 B = C7H8, Toluene, 550C (I) (21)

C5HnN Piperidine B = C7H8, Toluene (I) (45) t, 0C I 7 ±0.3 XB = O 15.2 30.71 46.6 27.13 78.4 23.25 132.5 17.31 XB = H 14.9 30.49 46.6 26.64 78.4 22.95 132.5 17.06

Wt. % A 7 ±ca. 1.5 0.00 23.42 31.62 25.74 71.48 30.67 91.70 35.52 100.00 37.91 B = C7H9N, Methylaniline (28) B = C7H9N, o-Toluidine (28) B = C8HnN, Dimethylaniline (ff) B = C8HnN, Ethylaniline (28) B = Ci0Hi6N, Diethylaniline (28)

C6H6 B = C6H6O, Phenol, 350C (II) (40)

Wt. % A 0.00 24.86 35.18 50.11 100.00

7 (air) ±0.2 39.28 33.63 32.11 30.43 26.91

B = C6H7N, Aniline, 2O0C (I) (21)

7 ±ca. 1.5 44.11 39.61 35.31 29.66 29.03

Wt. % A 0.00 11.41 33.35 88.60 100.00

B = C7H8, Toluene, 180C (III) (64)

M %A 7 (air) ±0.2 O 28.59 20 28.63 40 28.67 50 28.69 60 28.75 80 28.80 100 28.94 Wt. % A 7 (air) ±0.2 10.80C (II) (37) 0.00 29.61 24.98 29.76 50.07 29.85 75.06 30.02 100.00 30.11 4O0C (II) (37) 0.00 26.19

24.99 47.69 74.98 100.00

26.11 26.12 26.15 26.26

250C (III) (31) Wt. % A 7 (air) ±0.3 0.00 27.68 30.59 27.95 66.58 28.14 90.72 28.24 91.56 28.22 100.00 28.25 B == C7H8O, w-Cresol (28) B == C8Hi0, m-Xylene (28) B == C9Hi3N, Dimethyl-otoluidine, 54.60C (I) (21) Wt. % B 7 ±ca. 1.5 0.00 23.26 11.50 23.48 23.36 24.13 44.07 25.18 63.19 25.95 76.99 26.43 89.56 26.91 100.00 27.92

C6H6. — (Continued) B = C5IH98O6, Tripalmitin (I) (62)

t, 0C I j (air) ±0.3 Wt. % B = 1.98 39.8 26.31 32.2 27.28 27.4 27.95 Wt. % B = 4.07 50.3 24.93 40.4 26.16 36.5 26.71 Wt. % B = 7.78 48.9 25.01 39.3 26.32 29.3 27.59 B = C67Hn0O6, Tristearin (I) (62)

I9 0 C | T (air) ±0.3 Wt. % B = 2.08 31.3 27.35 48.4 25.17 25.5 28.12

C6H7N Aniline B = C7H8, Toluene, 2O0C (I) (21)

Wt. % B T ±ca. 1.5 0.00 44.13 19.16 36.89 39.93 33.50 59.05 31.47 74.57 30.12 100.00 28.68 B = C7H9N, o-Toluidine, 540C (I) (21) Wt. % A y ±ca. 0.5 0.00 35.78 16.33 35.94 39.91 36.69 60.53 37.28 82.89 37.84 91.67 38.21 100.00 38.50 B = C8HnN, Dimethy!aniline, 54.70C (I) (21) Wt. % B T ±ca. 0.5 0.00 38.50 19.59 37.00 46.08 35.52 64.42 34.43 82.60 33.33 100.00 32.25

C7H8 Toluene B = C7H8O, ra-Cresol (28)

B = C7H9N, o-Toluidine, 54.50C (I) (21) Wt. % A T ±ea. 1.0 0.00 35.78 17.69 31.51 58.59 26.46 88.84 24.59 100.00 23.45

A = C4H8O2, Methyl propinate; B = C6H6; C = C7H8 (37); B = C5H10O3, Ethyl lactate; C = C6H6; D = C7H8 (37). A = C6Hi0O2, Ethyl propinate; B = C6H6; C = C7H8 (37); B = C6H5Cl; C = C6H6; D = C7H8 (37). A = C5Hi0O2, Methyl n-butyrate; B = C5Hi0O2, Propyl acetate; C = C6H6; D = C7H8 (37); C = C4H8O2, Methyl propionate; D = C6H6; E = C7H8 (37). A = C6H5Cl; B = C6H6; C = C7H8 (37).

B-= C8HnN, Dimethylaniline, 2O0C (I) (21) Wt. % A 7 ±ca. 0.5 0.00 36.51 12.95 34.88 20.86 33.90 39.81 32.10 59.53 30.78 79.24 29.65 100.00 28.68

VARIATION OF SURFACE TENSION WITH AGE OF SURFACE

B = C9Hi0O2, Ethyl benzoate, 250C (III) (31) Wt. % A 7 (air) ±0.5 0.00 35.26 15.28 33.58 47.32 30.37 76.17 28.92 100.0 27.68 B = C9Hi3N, Dimethyl-otoluidine, 54.60C (I) (2 1) Wt. % B 7 ±ca. 1.5 0.00 23.50 28.44 24.53 53.30 25.39 60.12 25.92 80.22 26.71 100.00 27.92 C7H8O m-Cresol B = C7H9N, o-Toluidine (28) B = C8HnN, Dimethylaniline

From experiments on water with the method of the "vibrating jet," Bohr (3) concludes that the surface tension is constant after the surface is 0.06 second old, and that the method gives no evidence in favor of a change prior to this time. Data, obtained by the capillary-height method, have been presented (23, 26, 53) m support of the idea of Lenard (30) that some pure liquids and salt solutions exhibit higher values of 7 at periods of the order of 0.001 to 0.01 second after their formation, than the static or equilibrium value. The evidence of these elaborate experiments suffers from the defect that the variation of the thickness of the liquid film on the walls of the capillary with the time may be great enough to give rise to all of the variations observed, since the effective diameter of the tube of liquid is less at such time intervals than later. The surface tension of an aqueous solution of a surface-active substance decreases with time, since the surface region contains at equilibrium a larger concentration of the solute than the phasal region. The rate of decrease depends upon the concentration of the solution and that of the surface region, and the diffusion coefficient of the solute. VARIATION OF THE SURFACE TENSION OF AN AQUEOUS SOLUTION OF DECYLIC ACID (0.000064 MOLE PER L) WITH THE TIME (t = 2O0C) (I«) Min ÔTÔ 075ÏTÔ 5 J Ö S T O 30.0 7 (72.8)* 65.7 62.0 58.2 57.6 56.0 * Assumed.

EFFECT OF TIME UPON THE INTERFACIAL TENSION OF BENZENE 0.001 MOLE PER L OF SODIUM OLEATE IN WATER AT 2O0C (19) Min 7

Ô7Ô 0.5 1.0 2 0 3.0 5.0 7.510.0 (35.O)* 14.112.911.911.010.710.710.7

* Assumed.

(28)

EFFECT OF NATURE OF THE GAS* AT THE INTERFACE^ C8HiO o-Xylene B = C8Hi0, w-Xylene (28)

Liquid H2O

B = C8Hi0, p-Xylene (28) C8HiO m-Xylene B = C8H10, p-Xylene (28) B = C8HnN, Dimethylaniline (28)

Two or More Solutes I2 + CH3OH + KI (6). A = SiO2; B = CaO; C = Na2O, v. Voi. II, p. 96. A = CHCl3; B = C3H6O, Acetone; C = C6H6 (64). A = C2H4O2, Acetic acid; B = C2H5I; C = C6H6 (64). A = C3H6O, Acetone; B = C6H6; C = C7H8 (37).

CCl4 CS2 CHCl3 CH3OH C2H6OH

Gas t, 0C m(™ " ^ ™(y° ~ yv) Method Lit. '

TA

Vap. 20 0.03s Vap. 20 0.2 CO2 15 -1.1 CO2 18 CO2 20 -1.0 N2O 25.2 H2S 15.2 H2 20 0.0 Various organic vapors CO2 25 CO2 24.8 CO2 17 -2.1 CO2 17 -1.5 Vap. 19 0.5 CO2 25.3 CO2 18 -1.2 H2S 16.1 N2O 25.1

TF

(0.0) (0.0) -0.83 -0.85 -1.29

-1.0 -1.0

-1.0 -1.3 -1.0

(I) (I) (III) (I) (V) (I) (I) (V) (II) (I) (I) (III) (III) (I) (I) (III) (I) (I)

(49) (57) (U) (57) (55) (57) (57) (55) ( 27 ) (57) (57) (U) (H) (57) (57) (U) (57) (57)

Liquid n (C2Hs)2O

C6H6

Gas t, °C 10012^-^1 iOO^TTJIl) Method Lit. _

Vap. Vap. CO2 CO2 N2O Vap. Vap. CO2 CO2 H2S

JA

20 20 25.3 15 25.0 20 18 25.1 17 15.3

TF

(I) ( 49 ) (I) (57) (I) (57) (III) (") (I) (57) (I) ( 49 ) (I) ( 57 ) (I) (57) (III) (U) (I) (57)

0.3 0.4 -1.0 -1.3 -0.8

0.5 0.3 -1.0 -1.8 -1.2

For other values of y (air) - y (vap.), v. Ä-Ä-Table and (T-TabM * Total pressure is one atm. except when only vapor of the liquid is present

VARIATION WITH PRESSURE OF THE GAS; ca. 210C (I) || ( 29 ) Patm.

I

T

I]

CS2-AIr

Patm.

|

T

C2H5OH-H2 51 20.1 155 18.0 (C2H5)2O-Air 1 16.9 32 14.1 141 8.3 (C2Hs)2O-H2 1 17.0 51 15.7 152 13.4 (C2H5)2O-CO2 1 16.1 24 11.0

32.2 28.8 22.3 CHCl3-AIr 1 1 51 0.830 150 0.608 C2H6OH-AIr 1 22.2 24 20.6 212 12.1 C2H5OH-H2 1 I 21.3 1 49 56

NOTES dy t These data are not to be used for the calculation of -77, or any of its derived functions such as the Eötvös constant, &#. Î Prepared from levo-rotatory sec.-butyl carbinol. § No basis for estimation of error. Author considers error to be 0.5 % of largest value. (I The density at pressure, P, assumed equal to that at one atmosphere. ^f For m-xylene, m-cresol, propionitrile, butyronitrile and aniline, Renard and Guye ( 69 ) found that 7 (air) = 7 (vapor) ± 1 %.

**The same apparatus yields for <0-methyl hexyl carbinoli 710° = 26.70 and 780° = 20.76. It is probable that all of the results are 3 or 4 % low due to faulty calibration. 11 There is no basis for the estimation of errors. ÎÎ There is no basis for the estimation of errors. It is probable however that due to faulty calibration results are about 3 or 4 % low. §§ This work may be more accurate than is indicated. The precision is high ( ±0.2 dyne/cm), but as far as can be determined from the data of other observera the surface-tension values are frequently about 0.5 to 1.0 dyne/cm too high. The disagreement may be due to impurities in one of the two samples compared in each case, or it may be due to errors inherent in the present form of the bubblepressure method.

LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) (i) Aston and Ramsay, 4, 65: 167; 94. (2) Bircumshaw, 4, 121: 887; 22. (3) Bohr, 62, 209: 281; 09. (4) Cederberg, 42, 9: 3; 11. ( s ) Clark and Mann, 141, 52: 157; 22. («) Dancaster, 4, 125: 2036; 24. (7) Domke, Abhand. Kais. Normal-Eichungs-Komm., 3: 1; 02. (8) Drucker, 7, 52: 641; 05. (») Drucker and Moles, 7, 75: 405; 10. (io) Faust, 93, 160: 373; 27. .(") Ferguson, 3, 28: 403; 14. (i 2) Forch, 8, 17: 744; 05. 18: 867; 05. ( 13 ) Goard and Rideal, 4, 127: 780; 25. O*) Grabowsky, Diss., Königsberg, 1904. ( J S ) Gradenwitz, Diss., Breslau, 1902. (i«) Harkins and Gilbert, I1 48: 604; 26. (i7) Harkins and Grafton, 1, 47: 1329; 25. (1«) Harkins and King, Kans. State Agr. CoIL, Tech. Bull. No. 9. (i») Harkins and McLaughlin, I 1 47: 2083; 25. (20) Harkins and Wampler, O. («) Herzen, 149, 14: 232; 02. (22) Heydweiller, 8, 33: 145; 10. (23) Hiss, Diss., Heidelberg, 1913. (24) King and Wampler, 1, 44: 1894; 22. (25) Kleine, Diss., Münster, 1908. (26) Kleinmann, 8, 80: 245; 26. (27) Koran, 70, 44: 466; 25. (28) Kremann and Meingast, 57, 35: 1323; 14. (29) Kundt, 8, 12: 538; 81. (30) Lenard, 171, 5: No. 16; 14. ( 3 I) Linebarger, 12, 2: 226; 96. (32) Maass and Hatcher, I, 42: 2548; 20. (33) Morgan and Bole, I, 35: 1750; 13. (34) Morgan and Davis, l, 38: 555; 16. ' ( 3S ) Morgan and Egloff, l, 38: 844; 16. (36) Morgan and Evans, l, 39: 2151; 17. (37) Morgan and Griggs, l, 39: 2261; 17. (38) Morgan and McKirahan, l, 35: 1759; 13. (3») Morgan and Neidle, l, 35: 1856; 13. (40) Morgan and Scarlett, l, 39: 2275; 17. (4l) Morgan and Schramm, l, 35: 1845; 13. (42) Morgan and Woodward, l, 35: 1249; 13. (43) pann, Diss., Königsberg, 1906. (44) Quincke, 8, 160: 337; 77. (45) Ramsay and Aston, 6, 56: 182; 94. (46) Ramsay and Aston, Trans. Roy. Irish Acad., 32A: 93; 02. (47) Rehbinder, 7, 111: 447; 24. (48) Rehbinder, 7, 121: 103; 26. (49) Richards and Carver, I, 43: 827; 21. (50) Rivett, 4, 1926: 1063. ( 51 ) Röntgen and Schneider, 8, 29: 165; 86. (52) Rother, 8, 21: 576; 84. (53) Schmidt and Steyer, 8, 79: 442; 26. (54) Sentis, Ann. Univ. Grenoble, 9: 1; 97. (ss) Stocker, 7, 94: 149; 20. (56) Szyszkowski, 7,64: 385; 08. (57) Tamamushi, 41B, 1: 173; 26. (58) Traube, 25, 17: 2294; 84. (59) Traube, 52, 31, 177; 85. (60) Traube, 13, 265: 27; 91. ( 61 ) Volkmami, 8, 17: 353; 82. (62) Waiden, 7, 75: 555; 10. (63) Waiden, 134, 9: 1021; 15. (64) Whatmough, 7, 39: 129; 02. (65) Worley, 4, 105: 260; 14. (66) Worley, 4, 105: 273; 14. (67) Yajnik, Sharma and Bharadwaj, 488, 3: 63; 26. (68) Edwards, 4, 127: 744; 25. (69) Renard and Guye, 42, 5: 81; 07. (70) Rice, 60, 32: 583; 28.

PROPERTIES OF THIN FILMS AND SURFACE LAYERS N. K. ADAM Films of Metals on Glass Films deposited by cathode sputtering, condensation from metallic vapor in vacuo, or by chemical deposition from solution, vary in properties with the method of deposition, age of the film, heat treatment, surrounding atmosphere, and with any conditions which affect the size and closeness of packing of the metallic aggregates of which these films appear to be composed. Films of nickel are almost amorphous when deposited but a crystalline structure is developed on annealing. The magnetic properties are found only with the crystalline films ( 28 ). The electrical conductivity is always smaller than in bulk metals, when films are less than 2000 A thick; it is usually from one-half to one-fifth of the bulk conductivity; it decreases gradually with decreasing thickness until a critical thickness is reached, when it falls to practically zero.

VOLUME CONDUCTIVITY, K1 OF A TYPICAL SPUTTERED FILM (PT) OP THICKNESS, I (50) ; cf. (20) I1 A |12| 26 1 72 I 238 | 600 | 1320 | 2450 «,ohm-^cm-1 |20|l46oo|233oo|226oo|248oo|242oo|256oo APPROXIMATE AVERAGE CRITICAL THICKNESS Metal I Pt I Pd I Au | Cu | Ag | W /c, A I 70 I 100 120 I 90 I 300 | 100 Lit

| ( 4 0 , 4 2 , 5 0 , 5 8 ) | (42) j (42) | (50)

| (42, 58) j (58)

The temperature coefficient of electrical resistance varies greatly with the structure of the films. It is always less than that of metals in bulk, and may be negative ( 14 > 32 > 37 > 40). The optical properties of metal films vary with the state of aggregation of the particles in the film, with the purity of the metal, and with other factors. There is a rapid change in the

values of the coefficient of absorption and refractive index, at about the same thickness at which the rapid fall of electrical conductivity occurs ( 19 > 35» 39> 42 ). Thermoelectric properties ( 27 ). Change of resistance in magnetic field ( 14 > 40). Photo-resistance effect ( 9 ). Surface Layers on Mercury Approx. thickness, Z, determined optically Layer | Air | Oil I, A I 16 (23) 117.4 to 27.6 (*3) 110.7 to 22 (43) [ <50 (18) The surface tension, 7, of mercury when measured in a vapor of pressure, p, becomes nearly constant when the area, A, per adsorbed molecule (as computed from the Gibbs equation A = -RT (—~^-] ) has decreased to ca. 27 A2 in the case of methyl \ dy /S,T acetate and to ca. 21 A2 in the case of benzene ( 29 ). Films of Insoluble Fatty Substances on Aqueous Solutions The films are one molecule thick, with the polar end of the molecule anchored to the water (1J 34). They exist in the condensed form (i.e., molecules in contact) at low temperatures. Measurement of the areas of films containing a known number of molecules under different conditions give the area of cross-section of various atomic groupings within the molecules, as packed in the films, within ca. 3 %. CONDENSED FILMS, SECTIONS OF ORGANIC GROUPS ~ . . , Maximum T. Substance and group measured . ?2 Lit. Var., hydrocarbon chain, -CnH 2n+ I*. . Amides: -CONH2 Esters of long chain acids: -CH2CH2CO2Rf Acetates of long chain alcohols : -CH2CO2CH3 Alcohols: -CH2CH2OH Saturated acids: -CH2CH2CO2H Isooleic acid:-CH = CHCO2H Ethyl isooleate : -CH = CHCO2C2H5.. Benzene ring _L to surface: -C6H4(OH), (NH2) or (OCH3) Acetanilide: -C6H4-NHCOCH3 Acetamides: -CH2NHCOCH3 Urea derivatives: -NHCONH2 Triglycérides Pentaerythritol tetrapalmitate Glycol dipalmitate Cholesterol Hydrolecithin

20.4 <21

( 2 > 6) ( 2 » 5)

22

(2,5,6)

23 (6) 21.6 (2, 6, 34) 20.4 or 25.IJ (i> 2 > 6, 34) 20.4 or 28.7J (2) 28.7 (5) 23.8 28.2 or 25.8§ 20 A or 24.2§ 20.4 or 25.5§ 63 100 42 39 53

(*) (4) (6) ( 2 > 5» «) ( 2 > 34) (6) (2) (36) ( 36 )

* n > 13. t R is CH3, C2H5, or C3H5. J Two packings depending on acidity of solution. § Two packings stable above and below a transition temp.

Transition Temperatures between Two Forms of Condensed Film (2, 4, 5, 6)

Compressibility of a film of stearic acid in condition of close packed chains is ca. 0.5% for an increase in compression of 10 dyne/cm. Calculated on the thickness, this is approximately the same as for the substance in bulk ( 2 ). Expanded Films Rise of temperature causes a sudden increase in area, at temperature 0 (about 1O0C is generally required for completion of the change). The close packed, vertically oriented structure is destroyed. Expanded films are analogous either to liquids, tending (when one chain only is present in the molecules) to 48 A2 per molecule at no compression, or to gases under high compression.

Both forms have much greater compressibility than condensed films. 6, the temperature of half expansion under 1.4 dyne/cm compression, increases by about 10° near 0° and about 7° near 6O0C, on adding one carbon atom to the hydrocarbon chain. (The increase in O is less than this if several chains are present.) 6 also depends on the nature of the end group of the molecule and on the substances dissolved in the water. 0 is raised slightly by compressing the film. a , , Substance Laurie acid Tridecylic acid Myristic acid Palmitic acid Stearic acid Eicosoic acid Behenic acid Methyl palmitate Ethyl palmitate Hexadecyl alcohol Palmitonitrile a-Bromopalmitic acid Hexadecylphenol Palmitic amide Palmitic aldoxime Hexadecylurea

C atoms . in chain Î2 13 14 16 18 20 22 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16

. Surface

0

du. HCl dil. HCl dil. HCl dil. HCl dil. HCl dil. HCl dil. HCl H2O H2O H2O H2O dil. HCl H2O H2O H2O H2O

0, 0C at 1.4 ~ , ^ , , State* dyne/ cm <0 Î <0 1 9 1 28.5 46 57.5 72.5 27.5 & 13 & 46 6.5 1 3 1 55 36 33.5 48.5

T ._,

Lit.

(3, 8) (3, 8) (3, 8) (3, 8) (3) (6) (3) (3) (3, 8) (6) (*)' (5) (4) («) (S) (S)

* State of expanded film, 1 = liquid, gi = imperfect gas.

Evaporation in Two Dimensions, "Gaseous" Films At very low "pressures," expansion to a "vapor state" occurs. Above areas of 5000 A2, the "pressure" obeys approximately the equation, FA — 1.372T (F = "surface pressure," A1 area per molecule in A 2 ). Between 5000 and 100 A2 the films behave either as "imperfect gases" or as "vapors" in contact with "liquid." There is a critical temperature for each substance below which there is a constant two-dimensional "vapor pressure," Fc (7). "SURFACE VAPOR PRESSURES" AT 150C Qn dilute HCl || On water F0 ~FC Substance dyne/cm Substance dyne/cm ± ca. 0.02 ± ca. 0.02 Tridecylic acid 0.30 Palmitonitrile 0.15 Myristic acid 0.19 Margaronitrile 0.105 Pentadecylic acid 0.11 Stearonitrile 0.035 Palmitic acid 0.04 Tetradecyl alcohol.. 0.12 Hexadecyl alcohol... 0.015 Films Adsorbed at the Surface of Aqueous Solutions These are usually one molecule thick (34). The Gibbs equation may be written — ^ = 1 3727" wêre ^- *s *ê area ^n -^2) which contains one adsorbed molecule, az the activity of the solute (= its mole fraction in the case of ideal solutions), and F1 the difference between the actual surface tension of the solution and that which it would have if adsorption could be prevented, usually taken as the surface tension of the pure solvent. For the following substances, up to 5 dyne/cm, F obeys the equation FA = 1.372T within 10% (phenol within 25%). From 10 to 30 dyne/cm, FA = FB + 1.372T k, B being approximately the area filled by the molecules and k a constant for each substance, which is greater the less the cohesion between the adsorbed molecules.

Substance Phenol ?ï-Butyric acid ?i-Valeric acid yj-Caproic acid n-Capricacid Isoamyl alcohol terJ.-Butyl alcohol Sucrose

Interface

B A 2 per ' 1 1 molecule

k

Lit.

(19) 24.3 24.3 24.3 24-25 22.4 24.0 72.7

0.57 .73 .63 .43 .35 .59 .52 1.00

(22) ( 49 > 50-5) ( 49 > 50-5) ( 49 > 50-5) (49,50.5) («» 50-5) ( 49 > 50-5) ( 49 > 50-5)

H2O or salt soln.-air H20-air H2O-air H2O-air H2O-air H2O-air H2O-Hg H2O-Hg

Films of water adsorbed at the surface of salt solutions, where the salt raises the surf ace tension of the solvent are discussed in ( 2 1 > 2 4 ). Equilibrium data for fatty substances in bulk, in contact with films are given in (13). Soap Films The stable condition of laminae of sodium or potassium oleate solutions, with or without added glycerol or fluorescent dyes, is a stratified condition, the film being built up of superposed unit layers each of a thickness 50 ± 10 A ( 30 > 41 > 59). The thinnest and most stable "black" soap film consists of one layer of this thickness, with excess liquid collected in droplets locally. The electrical conductivity of soap solutions containing a small percentage of glycerol and potassium nitrate is the same as that of the liquid in bulk down to 120 A thickness ( 44 ). In the absence of glycerol and potassium nitrate, the electrical conductivity increases at thicknesses
The minimum thickness of coherent celluloid films as determined optically is 10 to 15 A ( 10 ); but the weight of thin celluloid films is much greater than corresponds to their "thickness" determined optically (33). Rate of formation of tarnish films on metallic surfaces ( 54 > 55). Rate of combination of halogens with silver films ( 25 ). Rate of passage of gas through collodion and soap films ( 16 > 17). The thickness of the film of Pt on a lead cathode which appreciably hinders electrolytic reduction is about 2 A (53).

LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) (M Adam, 5, 99: 336; 21. ( 2 ) Adam, 5, 101: 452; 22. ( 3 ) Adam, 5, 101: 516; 22. ( 4 ) Adam, 5, 103: 676; 23. (*) Adam, O, 103: 687; 23. (•) Adam and Dyer, 5, 106: 694; 24. ( 7 ) Adam and Jessop, 6, 110: 423; 26. ( 8 ) Adam and Jessop, S, 112: 362; 26. ( 9 ) Bartlett, 8, 26: 247; 25. ( 1 O) Barton and Hunt, 58, IU: 861; 24. ( 1 M Becker and Curtiss, 8, 15: 457; 20. (i2)Beilby,5,82:599;09. («) Gary andRideal, 0,109: 318; 331; 25. ( 14 ) Curtiss, 8, 18: 255; 21. ( 1S ) Devaux, Bl1 4: 293; 23. ( 16 ) Dewar, 325, 21: 786; 16. 115, 101: 87; 16. ( 17 ) Dewar, 325, 22: 359; 18. 115, 105: 98; 18. ( 18 ) Fischer, 8, 68: 414; 99. (* 9 ) Fritze, 8, 47: 763; 15. ( 2 0 ) Gauger, l, 47: 2323; 25. ( 21 ) Goard, 4, 127: 2451; 25. ( 2 2 ) Goard and Rideal, 4, 127: 1668; 25. ( 23 ) Haak and Sissingh, 64P, 21: 678; 19. ( 2 4 ) Harkins and McLaughlin, 1, 47: 2083; 25. ( 2 5 ) Härtung, 4, 125: 2198; 24. ( 26 ) Hobbs, 3, 32: 141; 16. ( 2 ?) Holmes, 8, 22: 137; 23. ( 28 ) Ingersoll and De Vinney, 8, 26: 86; 25. ( 29 ) Iredale, 3, 45: 1088; 23. 48: 177; 24. (30) Johonnott, 3, 47: 501; 99. 11: 746; 06. ( 31 ) Kohlschutter and Noll, 9, 18: 419; 12. ( 32 ) Koller, 8, 18: 221; 21. ( 33 ) Laird, 8, 19: 384; 22. ( 34 ) Langmuir, 1, 39: 1848; 17. ( 35 ) Lauch, 8, 74: 55; 24. ( 36 ) Leathes, 289, 58: vi; 23. ( 3 ?) Longden, 8, 11: 40; 00. ( 38 ) Mackeown, 8,23: 85; 24. ( 39 ) Partzsch and Hallwachs, 8, 41: 247; 13. ( 4 0 ) Patterson, 3, 4: 652; 02. ( 41 ) Perrin, 16, 10: 160; 18. ( 42 ) Pogany, 8, 49: 531; 16. ( 43 ) Reeser, 208, 2: 135; 22. (*4) Reinold and Rucker, 62, 172: 447; 81. ( 4S ) Reinold and Rucker, 62, 174: 645; 83. ( 46 ) Reinold and Rucker, 62, 177: 627; 86. ( 4 ?) Reinold and Rucker, 62, 184: 505; 93. ( 48 ) Rickenbacker, 287, 8:139; 16. ( 49 ) Rideal and Schofield, 5,109: 57; 25. ( 50 ) Riede, 5, 45: 881; 14. ( so - s ) Schofield and Rideal, 5, 110: 167; 26. (51) Steinberg, 8, 21: 22; 23. ( 52 ) Stone, 2, 6:1; 98. ( 53 ) Tafel, 7, 34: 187; 00. ( 54 ) Tammann, 70,42:547; 23. ( 5 S ) Vernon, 83,19:839; 24. ( S6 ) Vincent, 6, 19: 421; 00. (") Wait, 2, 19: 615; 22. («) Weber and Oosterhuis, 64P, 19: 597; 17, ( S 9 ) Wells, 16, 16: 69; 21.



In all literature references cited in International Critical Tables the name of the journal or publication is indicated by means of a Key Number corresponding to the list given below. The numbers which follow this key number in a literature citation are, in the order named: (1) the volume, (2) the page, and (3) the last two figures of the year. Thus 64V, 31: 253; 22, indicates Verslag koninklijke Akademie van Wetenschappen te Amsterdam, Vol. 31, page 253, 1922. Series numbers are not given. Key Numbers referring to books and other non-serial publications are preceded by the letter B1 and the volume number is given in Roman numerals. Thus BlO1 IV: 191; 18, indicates Doelter, Handbuch der Mineralchemie, page 191 of Vol. 4 of the 1918 edition. The Key Number O is used to indicate " private communication from."

Le nom du journal ou de la publication de toutes les références bibliographiques citées dans les Tables Critiques Internationales est indiqué au moyen d'un nombre-clé correspondant à la liste donnée ci-dessous. Les nombres qui suivent ce nombre-clé dans un renvoi bibliographique indiquent dans Tordre suivant: (1) le volume, (2) la page, et (3) les deux derniers chiffres de Tannée. Ainsi 64V1 31: 253; 22, indique Verslag koninklijke Akademie van Wetenschappen te Amsterdam, Vol. 31, page 253, 1922. Les numéros des séries ne sont pas donnés. Les nombres-clés se rapportant à des livres ou à des publications non périodiques sont précédés de la lettre B et le numéro du volume est donné en chiffres romains. Ainsi BlO1 IV: 191; 18, indique Doelter, Handbuch der Mineralchemie, page 191 du volume 4 de l'édition de 1918. Le nombre-clé O est employé pour indiquer "communication privée de."

DAS LITERATURVERZEICHNIS In allen Literaturstellen, die in I. C. T. verzeichnet sind, ist der Name der Zeitschrift oder der Publikation mit Hilfe einer Schlüsselnummer, entsprechend der unten folgenden Liste, angegeben. Die Zahlen, welche diesen Schlüsselnummern bei einem Literaturzitat folgen, bedeuten der Reihe nach: (1) der Band, (2) die Seite und (3), die letzten zwei Zahlen des Jahrganges. So bedeutet z. B. 64V1 31: 253; 22, Verslag koninklijke Akademie van Wetenschappen te Amsterdam, Band 31, Seite 253, 1922. SerienNummern werden nicht angegeben. Der Schlüsselzahl wird ein B vorausgesetzt, wenn sie Bücher, oder eine andre nicht periodische Veröffentlichung bezeichnet. Die Bandnummer wird durch römische Ziffern angegeben. Es bedeutet z. B. also BlO1 IV: 191; 18, Doelter, Handbuch der Mineralchemie, Seite 191, des 4 Bandes, der Auflage des Jahres 1918. Die Schlüsselzahl O wird gebraucht, um anzuzeigen, dass es eine "private Mitteilung" ist.

KEY TO THE PERIODICALS Data regarding the libraries which receive many of these periodicals may be found through the following sources : United States and Canada: "Periodicals Abstracted by Chemical Abstracts, 1926" (Chemical Abstracts, Ohio State Univ., Columbus, Ohio); "Union List of Serials in the Libraries of the United States and Canada, 1925-1927" (H. W. Wilson & Co., New York City); "A Catalogue of Scientific Periodicals in Canadian Libraries, 1924" (McGiIl Univ., Montreal, Canada). Great Britain: " A World List of Scientific Periodicals Published in the Years 1900-1921 " (Oxford Univ. Press, London, 1925). Holland: "Chemisch Jaarboekje tevens Jaarboekje der Nederlandsche Chemische Vereeniging, Vol. 3." (Amsterdam, D. B. Centen, 1920.) 1. Journal of the American Chemical Society. 2. Physical Review. 3. London, Edinburgh and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science. 4. Journal of the Chemical Society, London. (Memoirs of the Chemical Society; continued as Quarterly Journal; later Journal.) 5. Proceedings of the Royal Society (London). A. Mathematical and Physical Sciences. 5B. Proceedings of the Royal Society (London). B. Biological Sciences.

INDICAZIONI BIBLIOGRAFICHE In tutte le indicazioni bibliografiche che si incontrano nelle "Tabelle Critiche Internazionali" il nome del giornale o della pubblicazione è espresso con un numero chiave riportato nell'elenco dato più oltre. I numeri che, nella citazione, vengono dopo il numero chiave sono disposti con l'ordine seguente: (1) il volume, (2) la pagina, e (3) le ultime due cifre del millesimo. Cosi 64V1 31: 253; 22, indica la Verslag koninklijke Akademie van Wetenschappen te Amsterdam, Voi. 31, pagina 253, 1922. I numeri di serie non vengono dati. Quando un numero chiave è preceduto dalla lettera B si riferisce a libri o ad altre pubblicazioni non periodiche, e il numero del volume viene allora scritto in cifre romane. Cosi BlO1 IV: 191; 18, indica Doelter, Handbuch der Mineralchemie, pagina 191 del IV0 volume dell'edizione 1918. Il numero chiave O indica " Comunicazione privata da . . . " 6. Annales de chimie et de physique. (Divided into Nos. 14 and 16 in 1914.) 7. Zeitschrift für physikalische Chemie, Stöchiometrie und Verwandtschaftslehre. 8. Annalen der Physik. [Journal der Physik, 1790-1794. Neues Journal der Physik, 1795-1796. Annalen der Physik, 1799-1819; Annalen der Physik und der physikalische Chemie, 1819-1824 (Gilbert). Annalen der Physik und Chemie, 1824-1899 (Poggendorff, Wiedemann). Annalen der Physik, 1900(Drude, Wien and Planck).] 9. Zeitschrift für Elektrochemie und angewandte physikalische Chemie. 10. Tables annuelles internationales de constantes et données numériques. 11. American Chemical Journal. (Combined with No. 1 in 1914-) 12. American Journal of Science. (American Journal of Science and Arts, 1820-79; known also as Silliman's Journal of Science.) 13. Annalen der Chemie, Justus Liebig's. 14. Annales de chimie. 16. Annales de physique. 18. Archives néerlandaises des sciences exactes et naturelles. Series IUA (Sciences exactes). 19. Arkiv for Kemi, Mineralogi och Geologi. 22. Atti della reale accademia nazionale dei Lincei. (Rendiconti classe di scienze fisiche, matematiche e naturali.)

23. 24. 25. 26.

Atti della reale accademia delle scienze di Torino. Atti del reale istituto Veneto di scienze, lettere ed arti. Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft. Berichte der deutschen physikalischen Gesellschaft. See also No. 96. 27. Bulletin de la société chimique de France. (Before 1908 was Bulletin de la société chimique de Paris.) 28. Bulletin de la société chimique de Belgique. (Before 1904 was Bulletin de l'association belge des chimistes.) 29. Bureau of Mines, Bulletins. 30. Bureau of Mines, Technical Papers. 31. Bureau of Standards, Scientific Papers. 31A. Bureau of Standards, Bulletin. 32. Bureau of Standards, Technologie Papers. 33. Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering. (Name changed July, 1918 from Metallurgical and Chemical Engineering.) 34. Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des séances de l'académie des sciences, de l'institut de France. 36. Gazzetta chimica italiana. 37. Helvetica Chimica Acta. 38. Journal of the American Ceramic Society. 38B. Bulletin of the American Ceramic Society. 41. Journal of the Chemical Society of Japan (Nippon Kwagaku Kwai Shi). (Name changed in Jan.j 1921 from Journal of the Tokyo Chemical Society.) 41B. Bulletin of the Chemical Society of Japan. 42. Journal de chimie physique. .43. Journal of the Faculty of Engineering, Tokyo Imperial University. 44. Journal of the Faculty of Science, Tokyo Imperial University. 45. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry. (Name changed Jan., 1923 from Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry.) 47. Journal of the Institute of Metals (London). 49. Journal de pharmacie et de chimie. 50. Journal of Physical Chemistry. 51. Journal de physique et le radium. (Formed from Le radium and Journal de physique, théorique et appliquée.) 52. Journal für praktische Chemie. 53. Journal of the Russian Physico-Chemical Society. (Chemical part.) 54. Journal of the Society of Chemical Industry. 55. Kolloid-Zeitschrift. (Formerly Zeitschrift für Chemie und Industrie der Kolloide.) 57. Monatshefte für Chemie und verwandte Teile anderer Wissenschaften. 58. Nature (London). 59. Nuovo Cimento. 62. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series A, Physical and Mathematical. 63. Physikalische Zeitschrift, vereinigt mit dem Jahrbuch der Radioaktivität und Elektronik. 64P. Proceedings of the Royal Academy of Sciences of Amsterdam. 64V. Verslag koninklijke Akademie van Wetenschappen te Amsterdam. 65. Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. 67. Proceedings of the Physical Society of London. 68. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. 69. Proceedings and Transactions of the Royal Society of Canada. 70. Recueil des travaux chimiques des Pays-Bas. 73. Rendiconti della società chimica italiana. 75. Sitzungsberichte Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien, mathematisch-naturwissenschaftliche Klasse. 76. Sitzungsberichte der preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften.

77. Stahl und Eisen. 78. Transactions of the American Electrochemical Society. 80. Transactions of the American Institute of Mining and Metallurgical Engineers. 81. Transactions of the American Ceramic Society. (Continued in 1917 by No. 38.) 83. Transactions of the Faraday Society. 86. University of Illinois, Engineering Experiment Station, Bulletin. 87. VerhandeKngen der koninklijke Akademie van Wetenschappen te Amsterdam. 89. Wissenschaftliche Abhandlungen der physikalisch-technischen Reichsanstalt. 92. Zeitschrift für angewandte Chemie. 93. Zeitschrift für anorganische und allgemeine Chemie. (Name changed in 1915 from Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie.) 94. Zeitschrift für Krystallographie. (Name changed in 1921 from Zeitschrift für Krystallographie und Mineralogie.) 95. Zeitschrift für Metallkunde. (Formerly Internationale Zeitschrift für Metallographie.) 9& Zeitschrift für Physik. (Verhandlungen der physikalischen Gesellschaft zu Berlin, 1882-1898; Verhandlungen der deutschen physikalischen Gesellschaft, 1899-1902; Berichte der deutschen physikalischen Gesellschaft, 1903-1919; Zeitschrift für Physik, 1920.) 100. Sprechsaal, Zeitschrift für die keramischen, Glas- und verwandten Industrien. 105. Journal of the Society of Glass Technology. 115. Engineering. 124. Silikat-Zeitschrift. 128. Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences. 131. American Journal of Physiology. 132. Anales de Ia sociedad espanola de fisica y quimica. 133. British Association for the Advancement of Science, Reports. 134. Bulletin de l'académie des sciences de l'union des républiques soviétiques socialistes. (Formerly Bulletin de l'académie impérial des sciences de St. Pétersbourg; name changed in 1917 to Bulletin de l'académie des sciences de Russie; présent name dates from 1925). 135. Chemical News and Journal of Industrial Science. (Name changed in 1921 from Chemical News and Journal of Physical Science.) 136. Chemiker-Zeitung. 137. Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskab, Mathematiskfysiske Meddelelser. 139. Ferrum. 141. Journal of Biological Chemistry. 142. Journal of the Society of Chemical Industry, Japan. (Formerly Journal of Chemical Industry, Japan.) 143. Journal of the Franklin Institute. 147. Meddelanden frân K. Vetenskapakademiens Nobelinstitut. 149. Archives des sciences physiques et naturelles. (Bibliothèque britannique, 1796-1815; Bibliothèque universelle des sciences, belles-lettres et arts, 1816-1835; Bibliothèque universelle de Genève, 1836-1845; Supplément à la bibliothèque universelle de Genève. Archives des sciences physiques et naturelles, 1846-1847; Bibliothèque universelle de Genève. Archives des sciences physiques et naturelles, 1848-1857; Bibliothèque universelle, revue suisse et étrangère. Archives des sciences physiques et naturelles, 1858-1861; Bibliothèque universelle et revue suisse. Archives des sciences physiques et naturelles, 1862-1877; Bibliothèque universelle. Archives des sciences physiques et naturelles, 1878.) 152. Carnegie Institution of Washington, Publications.

159. Science Reports of the Tôhoku Imperial University. Series I, Mathematics, Physics and Chemistry. 159B. Science Reports of the Tôhoku Imperial University. Series III, Petrology, Mineralogy and Mineral Deposits. 165. Bulletin internationale de l'académie des sciences de Cracovie. (Name changed to Bulletin internationale de l'académie Polonaise des sciences et des lettres.) 166. Science. 168. Communications from the Physical Laboratory at the University of Leiden. 169. Annales de l'Institut Polytechnique Pierre-le-Grand, Petrograd. 171. Sitzungsberichte der Heidelberger Akademie der Wissenschaften. Mathematisch-naturwissenschaftliche Klasse. Abteilung A. 172. International Congress of Applied Chemistry. 173. Analyst, London. 176. Chemisch Weekblad, Amsterdam. 179. Nachrichten (Iswesti) des Polytechnikums, Petrograd. 180. Anzeiger der Akademie der Wissenschaften, Krakau. 181. Travaux de la société de physique et de chimie de Kharkoff. 182. Proceedings of the Chemical Society, London. 183. Annales de l'Institut électrotechnique Alexander III, Petrograd. 184. American Journal of Pharmacy. 185. Chemisches Centralblatt. 186. Bulletin de la classe des sciences, académie royale de Belgique. 187. Metall und Erz, Zeitschrift für Metalhüttenwesen und Erzbergbau, einschl. Aufbereitung. 188. Nachrichten von der königlichen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen. Geschäftliche Mitteilungen; mathematisch-physikalische Klasse. 189. Centralblatt für Mineralogie, Geologie und Paläontologie. 190. Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie, Geologie und Paläontologie. 19OB. Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie, Geologie und Paläontologie, Beilage Band. 191. Bulletin de la société française de minéralogie. 192. Metallurgie. (Divided into Nos. 139 and 187.) 193. Mitteilungen der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft zu Halle. 194. Journal of the Science Association, Maharajah's College. 195. Sitzungsberichte der Dorpater Naturforscher-Gesellschaft an der Universität. 197. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 201. Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society. 202. Zeitschrift für physiologische Chemie. 203. Archiv für Anatomie und Physiologie. Physiologische Abteilung. Merged with No. 278. 204. Photographic Journal. 208. Physica, Nederlandsch Tijdschrift voor Natuurkunde. 210. Scientific Papers, Institute of Physical-Chemical Research, Tokyo. 213. Sitzungsberichte der mathematisch-physikalischen Klasse der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu München. 214. Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskab, Skrifter naturvidenskabelig og mathematisk Afdeling. 216. Giornale di chimica industriale ed applicata. (Annali dì chimica applicata, 1914; continued as Giornale di chimica applicata; combined with Giornale di chimica industriale, MarCh1 192O1 to form Giornale di chimica industriale ed applicata.) 223. Journal of General Physiology. 228. Denkschriften der kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Wien, mathematisch-naturwissenschaftliche Klasse. 230. Biochemical Journal.

233. Pharmaceutisch Weekblad. 238. Travaux et mémoires du bureau international des poids et mesures. 242. Vierteljahrsschrift der naturforschenden Gesellschaft, Zürich. 245. Zeitschrift für das gesamte Schiess- und Sprengstoffwesen. 273. Berichte der deutschen pharmazeutischen Gesellschaft. See also No. 293. 278. Archiv für die gesamte Physiologie des Menschen und der Tiere. (Pflüger.) 285. Journal of Mathematics and Physics. 286. Chemical Reviews, Baltimore. 287. Kolloidchemische Beihefte. 288. Revue générale des colloides et de leurs applications industrielles. 289. Journal of Physiology. 292. Proceedings and Transactions of the Nova Scotian Institute of Science. 293. Archiv der Pharmazie. (Combined with No. 273 in 1924 to form Archiv der Pharmazie und Berichte der deutschen pharmazeutischen Gesellschaft.) 308. Fortschritte der Mineralogie, Kristallographie und Pétrographie. 320. Journal of Analytical and Applied Chemistry. Merged into No. 1 in 1898. 322. Schriften der Dorpater Naturforscher-Gesellschaft an der Universität. 323. Jahrbuch der königlichen kaiserlichen geologischen Reichsanstalt. 324. Canadian Chemistry and Metallurgy. 325. Proceedings of the Royal Institution of Great Britain. 345. Bulletin des sciences pharmacologiques. 347. Pharmaceutical Journal and Pharmacist. 356. Journal of the Royal Society of Arts. 362. Chemické Listy pro vedu a prumysl. 426. Acta Societatis Fennicae. (1839-1842, Commentationes Societatis Fennicae.) 429. Memoirs of the College of Science, Kyoto Imperial University. (Before 1914 was part of Memoirs of the College of Science and Engineering, Kyoto Imperial University.) 432. Transactions of the Institution of Mining and Metallurgy (London). 445. Zeitschrift des Vereins der deutschen Zucker-Industrie. (Before 1898 was Zeitschrift des Vereins für die Rubenzuckerindustrie.) 451. Memoirs of the College of Engineering, Kyoto Imperial University. See No. 429. 453. Proceedings of the Iowa Academy of Science. 455. Journal of the Chemical, Metallurgical and Mining Society of South Africa. 464. United States Public Health Service. Hygienic Laboratory Bulletins. 469. Bulletin of the Institute of Physical and Chemical Research, Tokyo. 476. Giornale di farmacia, chimica e di scienze affini. 477. Journal of the American Medical Association. 478. Bulletin de l'association des chimistes de sucrerie et de distillerie de France et des colonies. 479. Memoirs of the College of Science and Engineering, Kyoto Imperial University. (Divided in 1914 into Nos. 429 and 451.) 480. Chemical Trade Journal and Chemical Engineer. 481. Tschermak's mineralogische und petrographische Mitteilungen. 482. Quarterly Journal of the Indian Chemical Society.

485. Teknisk Tidskrift. Upplaga C. Kemi och Bergsvetenskap. 490. Atti e memorie della r. accademia di scienze, lettere ed arti in Padova. 492. Bulletin of the U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, Bureau of Soils. 493. Kali (Zeitschrift für Gewinnung, Verarbeitung und Verwertung der Kalisalze). 508. Rivista di mineralogia e cristallografia italiana. B3. Landolt-Börnstein, Physikalisch-chemische Tabellen. 5th ed. Berlin, Springer, 1923.

B50. Gmelin-Kraut's Handbuch der anorganischen Chemie. Heidelberg, Winter, 1906B51. Seidell, Solubilities of Inorganic and Organic Substances. New York, Van Nostrand, 1919. B56. Onnes, Festschrift, Leiden, 1922. B57. Tammann, Krystallizieren und Schmelzen. Leipzig, Barth, 1903. B80. Mulder, Bijdragentol de geschiedenis van het scheikundig gebonden water. Rotterdam, 1864.

IMPORTANT NOTICE ANNUAL TABLES OF CONSTANTS AND NUMERICAL DATA CHEMICAL, PHYSICAL, BIOLOGICAL, AND TECHNOLOGICAL Published by an International Committee, under the authority of the International Research Council and the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry npHE data given in International accessible source of reference to the JL Critical Tables are based upon de- original determinations. terminations published previous to JanThrough special arrangements made uary 1924. with the International Commission in In order to keep always up to date charge of Annual Tables, all purchasers with future progress in physical of International Critical Tables will be measurements, the purchaser of Inter- given special discounts on all purchases national Critical Tables should become of International Annual Tables, as a regular subscriber to International follows : Annual Tables, which will bring to his i. 25% discount on Volumes VI to X inclusive, covering the period 1923-1929. This reduction will only desk each year a volume in which he be valid for each volume during the period known will find assembled and classified all of as the subscription period. the data which have appeared in the world's literature, for the year covered 2 - 25% discount on the index to Volumes I-V, which by the volume. will be published in 1929. Thus, Annual Tables, Volume VI, These discounts apply only on subscripwill contain all the data published in tions addressed to —For United States the literature of 1923-1924; Volume and Canada, McGraw-Hill Book ComVII will contain the data published in pany, Inc., 370 Seventh Avenue, New the literature of 1925-1926; Volume York City, For all other countries, Dr. C. VIII, the data to be found in the liter- Marie, 9 rue de Bagneux, Paris VI, ature of 1927, etc. . . . France. The older volumes of Annual Tables All subscriptions should be accomgo back to 1910 and contain all of panied by draft or money order payable the original determinations published at New York or Paris. during that period and which served IMPORTANT NOTICE as all or part of the basis of selection of Beginning with Volume VII all the texts and all the "best" values recorded in Inter- useful explanations for the comprehension of the national Critical Tables. These older numerical data will be given both in English and volumes thus constitute a handy and in French.

SPECIMEN SECTIONS A free copy of any one of the following specimen sections may be obtained on application to Dr. C. Marie. A : Spectroscopy. B : Electricity, Magnetism, Electrochemistry. C : Radioactivity. D: Crystallography, Mineralogy. E: Biology. F: Engineering, Metallurgy. G: Colloids. The following identification form should be filled out and transmitted with the first subscription. Name Address

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Table of Contents Volume V Viscosity and Fluidity Viscosity of Gases Definitions and Formulae Flow of Gas through a Capillary Tube Flow of Gases through Tubes Gas Mixtures Viscosity of Metals and Alloys Definitions and Meanings of Symbols Viscosity of Solid Metals and Alloys Viscosity of Liquid Metals and Alloys Viscosity of Water, Sulfuric Acid, Liquid Carbon Dioxide and Certain Organic Liquids Formulae and Units Water between 0 and 100°. I.C.T. Values H2O below 0°C H2O: Variation with Pressure Sulfuric Acid Liquid Carbon Dioxide Organic Liquids Viscosity of Aqueous Solutions of Strong Electrolytes Aqueous Solutions Containing a Single Strong Electrolyte Aqueous Solutions Containing Two Strong Electrolytes Aqueous Solutions Containing Three or More Strong Electrolytes Viscosity of Aqueous Solutions of Weak Electrolytes and of All Organic Acids and Bases Weak Bases Amino Acids Monocarboxylic Acids Dicarboxylic Acids SulfonicAcids and Phenol System with Two Solutes Viscosity of Aqueous Solutions of Non-Electrolytes Abbreviations Introduction Systems Containing but One Solute Systems Containing Two Solutes Systems Containing Two Solutes, One an Electrolyte and the Other a Non-Electrolyte Cellulose in Cuprammonium Solutions Fluidity of Non-Aqueous Solutions

1 1 1 1 2 4 6 6 6 7 10 10 10 10 10 11 11 11 12 12 18 19 20 20 20 20 21 21 21 21 21 21 22 24 24 24 25

The A-Component Key-Formula Does Not Begin with 16 Two-Component Systems Three-Component Systems The A-Component Has Key-Formula Beginning with 16 Two-Component Systems Three-Component Systems Kinetics of Physical Processes Velocity of Vaporization (and Gas Evolution) and of Condensation (and Gas Absorption) Evaporation in Vacuo Condensation in Vacuo Evaporation in Still Air and Other Gases Evaporation in a Current of Gas The Velocity of Dissolving of Crystals in Liquids Velocity Constants Temperature Coefficients Relative Velocities for Different Crystal Faces Velocity of Crystallization Formation of Crystal Nuclei Crystal Growth Interdiffusion of Gases and Vapors A-B-Table C-Table Coefficient of Diffusion in Liquids Abbreviation and Conventions Units Accuracy Diffusion in Water (or in a given Aqueous Solutions) A-Table: Elementary Substances B-Table: Chemical Compounds C-Table Non-Aqueous Solutions Diffusion in Methyl Alcohol A-B-Table C-Table: Values of 105∆ Diffusion in Ethyl Alcohol A-B-Table C-Table Diffusion in Benzene A-B-Table C-Table Diffusion in Metals

26 26 30 31 31 51 52 53 53 53 54 54 55 56 58 59 60 60 61 62 62 62 63 63 63 63 63 63 64 69 72 72 72 73 73 73 74 74 74 75

Diffusion in Various Liquids Permeability of Solids to Gases Metals Vulcanized Rubber Pure Para Rubber Diffusion in Solids Diffusion of Ions in Crystalline Solids Diffusion of Oxygen into Silver at 400-630° Diffusion of Zinc in Brass Discussion Heat Capacity Mechanical Equivalent of Heat The Heat Capacity of Gases and Vapors Conversion Factors Abbreviations, Symbols and Units Introduction The Common Gases at 15°C The Common Gases at Low Temperatures

75 76 76 76 77 77 77 77 77 77 78 78 79 79 79 79 80 80

Values of γ = Cp/Cv

80

Values of Cp at t and of Cp, Mean, Between t1 and t2 Special Tables Saturated Vapors

81 81 83

Thermodynamic Quantities: Values of the Heat Capacity, Entropy, Heat Content and “Thermodynamic Potential” for Pure Substances between 0 and 298°K Introduction Heat Capacity of Elementary Substances between 0 and 300°K Entropy, Heat Content and “Thermodynamic Potential” Heat Capacity of Solid and Liquid Elementary Substances above 0°C Solids Liquids The Heat Capacity of Chemical Compounds in the Crystalline State B-Table: Standard Arrangement C-Table: C-Arrangement Thermal Properties of Silica Heat Capacity Latent Heats of Transformation Thermal Conductivity The Heat Capacity of Chemical Compounds in the Liquid State B-Table C-Table: C-Arrangement The Heat Capacity of Certain Pure Liquids

84 84 85 87 92 92 94 95 95 101 105 105 106 106 106 106 107 113

Variation of Specific Heat with Pressure The Heat Capacity of Certain Solutions Aqueous Solutions Non-Aqueous Solutions The Heat Capacity of Alloys, Amalgams and Intermetallic Compounds Symbols Arrangement Ferrous Alloys Amalgams Non-Ferrous Alloys Three- and Four-Component Alloys Heat Capacity of Solutions Two-Component Systems Aqueous Solutions Non-Aqueous Solutions Three-Component Systems Thermal Effects Accompanying Physical and Chemical Processes Latent Heats of Fusion Scope of the Tables Calorimetric Methods Non-Metallic Elementary Substances B-Table: Chemical Compounds C-Table Latent Heat of Vaporization Conversion Factors Elementary Substances and Atmospheric Air Chemical Compounds Special Tables H2O, NH3 and CO2 up to the Critical Point Heats of Adsorption and of Wetting Heat of Adsorption Heat of Wetting Thermal Effects Accompanying Pressure Changes in Homogeneous Systems (Joule-Thomson and Related Effects) Joule-Thomson Effect Change in Temperature on Adiabatic Expansion Heat of Isothermal Compression Heat of Elastic Extension of Metals Heats of Solution of Organic Substances Heat of Dilution Heats of Combustion of Organic Compounds

114 115 115 116 118 118 118 118 119 119 121 122 122 122 125 129 130 130 130 130 131 131 132 135 135 135 135 138 138 139 139 142 144 144 146 147 147 148 160 162

Thermochemistry: Heats of Formation under Constant Pressure (Heats of Solution: Heats of Transition) Explanation Abbreviations, Signs and Forms Conversion Factors A-B Table Oxygen Hydrogen Fluorine Chlorine Bromine Iodine Sulfur Selenium Tellurium Nitrogen Phosphorus Arsenic Antimony Bismuth Carbon Silicon Titanium Zirconium Tin Lead Thorium Indium Thallium Zinc Cadmium Mercury Copper Silver Gold Osmium Iridium Platinum Ruthenium Palladium Manganese

169 169 170 176 176 176 176 176 176 177 177 177 178 178 178 180 180 180 181 181 182 182 183 183 183 184 184 184 184 185 186 187 188 189 189 189 189 190 190 190

Iron Cobalt Nickel Tungsten Uranium Vanadium Tantalum Chromium Molybdenum Boron Aluminum Yttrium Lanthanum Praseodymium Samarium Neodymium Erbium Cerium Beryllium Magnesium Calcium Strontium Barium Lithium Sodium Potassium Rubidium Cesium Partial and Total Heats of Formation of Aqueous Solutions Abbreviations and Symbols HCl H2SO4 NH3 Thermal Conductivity Thermal Conductivity: Gases and Vapors Temperature Variation of Thermal Conductivity of Gases Variation of Conductivity with Pressure Molecular Conductivity of Gases Thermal Conductivity of Non-Metallic Solids Thermal Conductivity of Non-Metallic Solids

190 191 192 192 192 193 193 193 193 193 194 194 194 194 194 194 195 195 195 195 196 197 198 199 200 203 207 207 212 212 212 212 213 213 213 214 215 215 216 216

Pure Inorganic and Miscellaneous Solids Thermal Conductivity of Liquids and Solids Standard Materials Metals and Alloys Non-Metallic Liquids Glasses Crystals Free and Forced Convection of Heat from Bodies of Simple Shape in Gases and Liquids Symbols Units General Relations Table 1. Free Convection Table 2. Forced Convection Radiometry (Heat and Light) Radiation Constants Radiation from a Perfect (Black-Body) Radiator Thermal Radiation from Materials and Selected Sources of Radiation Temperature, Brightness and Efficiency of Selected Sources of Light Optical Constants of Substances which Exhibit Metallic Reflection Introduction Symbols and Numerical Relations

216 218 218 218 226 229 230 234 234 234 234 235 235 237 237 238 242 245 248 248 248

Table 1. Refractions and Absorption of Pure Massive Metals, I, Mn, MoS2 and Steel Table 2. Refraction and Absorption of Alloys Table 3. Refraction and Absorption by Opaque Films of Pure Metals Table 4. Refraction and Absorption of Transparent Films of Pure Metals Table 5. Reflectivity of Pure Metals and Steel: Normal Incidence on Massive Metal Table 6. Reflectivity of Alloys Table 7. Reflectivity of Sulfides which Show Metallic Reflection Table 8. Reflectivity of Opaque Films of Pure Metals Table 9. Transmission, Reflection, and Absorption of Thin Films of Pure Metals Reflectivity: Non-Metals Table 1. Specular Reflectivity

249 250 251 252 253 254 254 255 255 256 256

Table 2. Wave-Length (λm) of Maxima of Specular Reflectivity Table 3. Wave-Lengths of Residual Rays Table 4. Polarisation of Light by Reflection from Liquids Table 5. Albedo: White Light Table 6. Monochromatic Albedo Total (Non-Spectral) Transmission of Radiation Symbols

260 261 261 262 262 264 264

Table 1. Transmission Factor for Radiation (τ) and Light (τl) from a Black-Body

264

Color Filters for Photometry of Black-Body Sources Diffusing Materials Table 2. Absolute Intensity of Light Scattered Laterally by Dust-Free Gases and Liquids Table 3. Intensity Relative to Air, of Light Scattered Laterally by Dust-Free Gases Table 4. Polarization of Light Scattered Laterally by Dust-Free Gases and Vapors Table 5. Relative Intensity and Polarization of Light Scattered Laterally by Dust-Free Liquids

264 264 265 265 265 266

Table 6. Intensity and Polarization of Light Scattered by Dust-Free Liquids and Vapors: Variation with Temperature and Pressure

267

Spectral Absorption of Light and Heat by Pure Inorganic Substances and Miscellaneous Materials (Nonmetals) Absorption of Atmospheric Air Absorption of Pure Non-Metallic Inorganic Substances and Minerals Spectral Filters Filters Special Filters Spectroscopy Spectroscopic Standards of Wave-Length Primary Standard Table 1. Secondary Standards Table 2. Tertiary Standards Emission Spectra of Elementary Substances Wave-Lengths (λ) of Selected Lines in Emission Spectra of Air and of Elementary Substances Air … Cr Cr … Nd Nd … Zr Persistent Lines and Raies Ultimes of the Chemical Elements Bibliography of Absorption Spectra of Solutions Abbreviations, Signs, Symbols and Forms

268 268 269 271 271 272 274 274 274 275 275 276 277 277 290 306 322 326 326

Absorption Spectra of Solutions of Inorganic Compounds Except the Salt-Derivatives of Organic Compounds Organic Compounds and Their Inorganic Salt-Derivatives

327 331

CCl2O … C6H8O2

331

C6H8O2 … C15H10O

340

C15H11NO3 … C54H92N2O18

351

Organic Substances of Mixed or Unknown Composition: Name, Solvent and Literature Reference

356

Quantitative Determination of Ultra-Violet Absorption Spectra in Solutions of Organic Substances Nomenclature Description of Figures Solar Spectrum

359 359 359 380

Table 1. Solar Spectrum: Typical Lines Table 2. Correction for Rowland’s Values of λ Table 3. Correction for 1928 International Standards Unidentified Lines and Bands in Celestial Spectra Table 1. Celestial Sources of Unidentified Lines Table 2. Unidentified Lines in Celestial Spectra Table 3. Heads of Unidentified Bands Table 4. Conversion to Rowland’s Scale Low-Temperature Luminescence Table 1. Intensity of Luminescence Table 2. Wave-Lengths (λ) of Crests of Bands: Photoluminescence Table 3. Wave-Lengths (λ) of Lines and of Crests of Bands: Cathodoluminescence Table 4. Wave-Lengths (λ) of Crests of Bands: Chemiluminescence Table 5. Wave-Lengths (λ) of Crests of Bands: Luminescence Excited by Flames, X-Rays, and Radiations from Radioactive Substances Table 6. Flame Excitation: Temperature Limits Table 7. Frequency Intervals between Bands Table 8. Variation of Luminescence with Concentration Table 9. Miscellaneous Data Fluorescence of Gases Spectral Series of the Elements Introduction Table 1. Term Differences Corresponding to Permissible Lines Table 2. Term Values for Spectral Series Structures of the Optical Spectra of Atoms Molecular Constants Derived from Band Spectra of Diatomic Molecules Introduction Symbols and Constants Table 1. Constants of Diatomic Molecules Table 2. Electronic Energy Levels of Multiple Level Molecules Table 3. Heats of Dissociation Magnetic Resolution of Spectral Lines Introduction Table 1. Values of Landé’s Splitting Factor g Table 2. Bibliographic Index of Elements for which the Zeeman Effect Has Been Investigated Table 3. Zeeman Effect for Cu, Mn, Mo, Ne, Pb, Rh, Sc, Sn, V, and W Pole Effect Emission of Light by Spark Discharges in Liquids Electrically Exploded Wires Photometric Standards Photometric Filters

380 383 383 383 383 384 385 385 386 386 386 387 389 389 389 389 390 390 391 392 392 392 393 408 409 409 410 411 417 418 418 418 420 420 420 432 433 434 434 435

Mechanical Equivalent of Light Definitions and Symbols Table 1. Relative Visibility Factor of Monochromatic Radiation Table 2. Least Mechanical Equivalent of Light Table 3. Luminous Characteristics of a Black-Body Table 4. Luminous Efficiency of Radiation from Electrically Excited Gases and Vapors Table 5. Relative Luminous Efficiency of Radiation from Commercial Illuminations Table 6. Efficiencies of Commercial Illuminants The Properties of Photographic Materials Part I The Photochemical Equivalent of the Silver Halides The Silver Reduction Equivalent of Photographic Developers Photographic Development Velocity Functions and Constants The Temperature Coefficient of Development Suggested Watkins’ Factors Reduction Potentials of Developers The Photometric Constant of the Developed Silver Image Part II Sensitometric Constants of Type Plates and Films Spectral Sensitivity of Photographic Materials Resolving Power, Sharpness, and Astro Gamma Relative Photographic Efficiency of Illuminants Gloss of Photographic Papers Properties of Soaps and Their Aqueous Solutions Symbols and Molecular Weights Conversion Formulae Equilibria within Soap Solutions Viscosity Density (Specific Gravity) Surface Tension Melting Points of the Pure Soaps Phase Equilibria Solubility Freezing-Point Lowering Boiling-Point Elevation Refractive Index Electrical Conductivity of Aqueous Solutions Gold Numbers and Detergent Action Hydration Hydrolysis Literature References

436 436 436 436 437 437 437 437 438 439 439 439 439 440 440 441 441 441 441 442 442 445 445 446 446 447 447 447 447 449 449 451 454 456 456 456 458 458 458 459 461

INTEENATIONAL CRITICALTABLES VISCOSITY AND FLUIDITY COMPLETE INDEX

INDEX COMPLET


INDICE COMPLETO

The Gaseous State Gases and vapors.

L'état gazeux Gaz et vapeurs.

Der Gaszustand Gase und Dämpfe.

Stato gassoso Gas e vapori

The Liquid State Pure liquids. Metals. Non-metals.

L'état liquide Liquides purs. Métaux. Non-métaux.

Der Flüssigkeitzustand Reine Flüssigkeiten. Metalle. Nichtmetalle.

Stato liquido Liquidi puri. Metalli 6 Sostanze non metalliche 10

Solutions Aqueous solutions, containing: Only salts or strong inorganic electrolytes.

Lösungen Wässrige Lösungen, enthaltend : Nur Salze oder starke anorganische Elektrolyte.

Soluzioni Soluzioni acquose, contenenti: Solo sali oppure elettroliti inorganici forti . 12

Non-aqueous solutions. Metallic. Non-metallic.

Solutions Solutions aqueuses, contenant: Seulement des sels ou des electrolytes inorganiques forts. Au moins un electrolyte faible ou un acide ou une base organique. Au moins un non-électrolyte mais aucun electrolyte faible. Solutions non aqueuses. Métalliques. Non-métalliques.

Mindestens einen schwachen Elektrolyten oder eine organische Säure oder Base. Mindestens einen Nichtelektrolyten aber keinen schwachen Elektrolyten. Nichtwässrige Lösungen. Metalle. Nichtmetalle.

Almeno un elettrolita debole oppure un acido organico o una base . . 20 Almeno una sostanza non elettrolita e nessun elettrolita debole. 21 Soluzioni non acquose. Metalliche 7 Non metalliche 25

Plastic Systems Metallic solids.

Systèmes plastiques Solides métalliques.

Plastiche Systeme Metallische feste Stoffe.

Sistemi plastici Solidi metallici

At least one weak electrolyte or organic acid or base. At least one non-electrolyte but no weak electrolyte.

pAGE 1

6

VISCOSITY OF GASES L. L. BIRCUMSHAW AND VAUGHAN H. STOTT DEFINITIONS AND FORMULAE

FLOW OF GAS THROUGH A CAPILLARY TUBE

For small velocities, the rate of shear in a gas is proportional to the shearing stress. The ratio of the latter to the former is known as the viscosity (??). The C. G. S. unit of viscosity is called the " poise." In the case of most gases, the influence of temperature on the viscosity may be represented by the following formula due to Sutherland (1893):

For very small velocities, the following equation due to Meyer may be used:

where 57 and ^0 are the viscosities at the absolute temperatures T and Tot respectively, and C is " Sutherland's constant." C may readily be determined graphically from a number of observations by plotting T against T^ /17, since we have

where F = volume of gas (measured at mean pressure p) flowing per second, p\ — entrance pressure, PZ = exit pressure, I1 r = length and radius of the tube, respectively, and £, the slip coefficient, is approximately equal to the mean free path of the molecules. Except at very small velocities, the above formula requires a considerable correction for kinetic energy. The corrected formula may be written, according to Brillouin ( 3 )

where M = the mass of gas transpired per second and p = the density of the gas at the mean pressure p.

Fisher ( 4 ) gives the following correction to the pressure at the entrance end due to the kinetic energy effect :

A-TABLE.—(Continued)

77, micropoise (10~6 Remarks Lit. poise) where R = the gas constant, T = the absolute temperature, p\ = H2, Vap. B. P. (= f TO the pressure to be used in Poiseuille's law, and p( = the manom- H2, Liq. -252.7) \ 13.00 d = 0.0708 g/ml (40) eter pressure measured in the vessel at the end of the tube. A He O 187.3 C =70 (20,21,22) similar formula with subscripts "2" gives the correction at the 23 198.1 exit end. 23 196.2s (5,10) Rapp ( 28 ) found that the following empirical formula gives the 15 108.6 same results as Fisher's formula within the limits of experimental O 186.0 error : -191.6 87.1 m ( } -252.6 35.0 ,=,'[l+A^^>], -257.4 27.0 where 77 is the corrected value of 77'. The constant A is negative. O (188.7) (16) + 21.43 199.4 1 FLOW OF GASES THROUGH TUBES - 22.8 178.8 Vd - 70.0 156.4 The flow becomes turbulent when the value of K = p — exceeds 1 H -102.6 139.2 I _ / T \Q647 16. ( ) a certain value depending on the material of the tube, where p is -184.35 91.85 I * - 770V^TSl/ the density, t\ the viscosity, V the velocity of the gas, and d the -198.0 81.54 diameter of the tube. For practical purposes, K may be taken -252.9s 35.03 as >2000 for ordinary tubes. -258.1 29.46 J It has been found that when due allowance is made for slip, the Hg 273 494 (") viscosity of a gas is independent of the pressure. The coefficient 313 551 of slip between a solid and a gas depends both on the nature of the 369 641 gas and on that of the solid surface [Van Dyke (39), Millikan ( 14 ) 380 654 3 and States ( S)]. I2 124.0 184 (25) In most measurements of gaseous viscosities, the value for air 170.0 204 at a given temperature is either assumed or determined. Unless 205.4 220 \o-590 otherwise indicated, the viscosity values in the following tables 247.1 240 JC-59Q have been corrected, in cases where the air value assumed or Kr I O I 232.7 I C = 188 [(20,21,22). determined by the author is known, by assuming that for air 7723 = 1822.6 X IO-7 (9) and that C = 120. N2 23 176.5 C = 110.6, («) Bestelmeyer 2V-TABLE.—ELEMENTARY SUBSTANCES AND ATMOSPHERIC AIR Ne I O I 297.3 | C = 56 |(2Q, 2i,"^2) 77, microO2 I 23 I 203.9 I 0 = 127, Eglin | (35,42) 0 6 Gas t, C poise (10~ Remarks Lit. Rn O 212.4 C = 337 (cale.) (20, 21, 22) poise) (cale.) Ä Ö 2 0 9 ^ 1 _ (20, 21, 22) Xe O I 210.1 I 0 = 2 5 2 [(20,21,22) 1 23 221.0 j ° " ^ (IQ) Br2 12.8 151 (24) Atmospheric air based on Harrington's value at 23° ( 9 ) and com65.7 170 puted with C = 120; unit is 10~7 poise 99.7 188 0 0 C I vi Pif. Il C 17 I Di£ 139.7 208 „ ^n C=46 O 1 7 0 9 50 200 ' 2582 38 179.7 227 ° 10 1 7 5 9 49 210 2620 38 220.3 248 20 1808 48 220 2658 38 Cl2 12.7 129 \r_oor ( 23 ) 30 1 8 5 6 48 230 2696 37 99.1 168 J l -325 40 1904 47 240 2733 37 [ C = 72, 50 1951 46 250 2770 36 H2 23 88.2 Breitenbach 60 1997 46 260 2806 36 U = oo, 70 2043 46 270 2842 35 [ Rayleigh 80 2088 45 280 2877 35 O 84.2 ] 90 2132 44 290 2912 34 -192.3 36.2 100 2175 43 300 2946 34 ( -252.5 8.5 ' 110 2218 42 310 2980 34 -257.7 5.7 I 120 2260 42 320 3014 33 O (84.11) Down to .!83°, 130 2302 42 330 3047 33 + 20.8 88.72 _ / T \o.695 140 2344 41 340 3080 33 = -102.9 60.93 * H2731 / ' 150 2385 40 350 3113 33 -183.5 39.22 p = ca. 400 mm («) 160 2425 40 360 3146 33 -202.2 31.93 except for last 170 2465 40 370 3179 33 - 253.06 11.10 value, where p = 180 2505 39 380 3212 33 -253.06 10.6 J 200mm 190 2544 38 390 3245 32

Br

** £ - -A[^r] V + 12*. + een,

Gas

t, 0C

(T-TABLE.—THE (^-ARRANGEMENT (v. Vol. Ill, p. viii)

Atmospheric air.—(Continued) 0

C 400 410 420 430 440 450

i[

-n I 3277 3309 3340 3371 3402 3433

Dif. Il 32 31 31 31 31 30

0

C 460 470 480 490 500

I

Dif. "" 30 30 30 30

-n I 3463 3493 3523 3553 3583

CHCl3

No change in the viscosity of air could be detected in an electric field of 18 000 volt/cm (30). For effect of saturation with vapors, v. p. 6.

A-TABLE.—STANDARD ARRANGEMENT (v. Vol. Ill, p. viii) 77, microt, 0C poise C Substance (IQ"6 poise) H2Q j ^. Table 1 HCl 12.5 138.5 1 357 100.3 182.2 ) HBr 18.7 181.9 \ 375 100.2 234.4 ) HI 20.6 185.7 \ QQn 100.2 238.3 } 39° SO2

O

H2S

NO N2O NH3 PH3

AsH3 CO

15

100

CO2 CS2

I

COS

C2N2 SiH

<

'..

O 14.2 15 100 O 17 100 I* 100

CH3Br CH3Cl

(8)

.

(8)

Chloroform

I Methyl bromide Methyl chloride

CH4

Methane

C2H2 C2H4

I Acetylene Ethylene

,g. (8) (33,41)

.1ß

416

/, 0C

Name

Lit.

117

18 124.2 1 100 161.6 / O 116.6 Ì 17 124.1 [ 100 158.7 J I O I 178 I I O I 135 I - 78.5 67.2 O 91.8 100 129.3 O 106.1 Ì 15 112.0 \ 100 143.8 J O 145.8 Ì 15 114.0 [ 100 198.1 J -191.5 56.1 - 78.5 127 O 166

Formula

C2H6Cl I Ethyl chloride C2H6 Ethane

(26)

331 I I

(41) (41) (26,41)

Ethyl alcohol

C3H6O

Acetone

C3H6Q2 I Ethyl formate C3H6O2 Methyl acetate

|

370 290

(26)

300

(26)

(3i,4~Tj~

C3H7Br C3H7Br C3H8O C3H8O C4H8O2 C4H8O2

I n-Propyl bromide. . . . | I Isopropyl bromide.... j I n-Propyl alcohol | I Isopropyl alcohol | I Propyl formate Ethyl acetate

172

\ 118 n J * v. Table 2 91.1 96.4 119.0 \ 33Q 154.1 / 92.8 ] 98.7 [ 330 127.1 J 112.4 Ì 2 142.4 J ^ 210

C4H8O2 I Methyl propionate... I C4H10 n-Butane U % CiH 6 ). (36) (33)

C 4 Hi 0 I Isobutane C4Hi0O Ethyl ether

|

(26) (

}

Lit.

O 93^6 (29, 36, 41) 14.2 98.9 100 129 Ì 212.5164 }*** | O |103 | | (41) - 15.3 92 (2,41) 15.0104 99.1 137 454 182.4168 302.0211 O 96.9 -181.634.8 (26,41) - 78.5 76.0 O 102.4 O 102.7Ì 17 108.5 [ 198 100 135.2J | O [ 93.5 | | (**) 15.0 99 99.3126 9_ 226 ( ) 182.4151 302.0180 | O | 93.7 | | (41) - 78.5 63.4 (41) Q

C2H6O

**> micropoise . C (10-6 poise)

C4H10O I Trimethyl carbinol. ..|

84.8

100 108 \ KOK /9QN (>>) 212.5140 J 5 2 5 100 93. i \ fi? (29. ( } 212.5124 / 99. 8| 92 j | (i « ) 99.8 98 (is, 29) 100 100 \ ßfin 212.5134 / 6 6 ° 99.8|119 | j (") 99.8| 122 | j (*8) 99.9| 93 | | (1 «) 99.8J109 j | (*«) 99.9| 92 | | (18) O 68.4 (2 ») ; cf. 99.8 96 (l*» 41) 100 94.3 Ì 212.5126 J °OU 99.8J 94 | j (18) 14.783.2 (12) 16.0 83.3 100 108.2 23 | 75.5 | | (IQ) O 67.8 (18,29,36, 14.2 71.6 41) 99.8 98 100 95.5 V 212.5122 J 6ZO 99.8J102 | | (18)

C-TABLE.—The (T-ABRANGEMENT.—(Continued)

P1 atm.

V,

Formula

C4Hi1N C 4 HuN C4Hi1N C6Hi0O2 C6Hi0O2 C5Hi2 C6H6

Name

I rt-Butylamine I Isobutylamirie I Diethylamine I Isobutyl formate I Ethyl propionate Isopentane Benzene

| | | |

micro/, 0C poise C Lit. (10~6 poise) 99.8| 82 | (18) 99.8J 88 | (18) 99.9J 92 | | (**) 99.8J 93 | ) (18) 99.9| 88 I | (* 8 ) 100 87.4 \ -m / 29 x ( } 212.5115 } 14.2 73.8 (29,36) 100 91.8 \ 70n 212.5123 / 7 0 °

TABLE 1.-H2O VAPOR ( 34 ) rj in 10~6 poise 0

I 100.0 I 127

C

rj 0

C -n (obs.) rj (extrap.)*

151.2 207.1 261.3 || C I 145 I 168 I 190 || 650 I O I 15 I 20.6 I 28.9 I 99.95 90.4 97.5 97.5 100.6 132.0 88 93 96 100 127

* Taking C = 650.

0

C 77 C

[I Jj IJ

TABLE 2.—CO2 77 in 10~6 poise (™> 41) 23 I O 147.15 I 137 274* I

-78.5 102

I I 24Ot

* Rankine and Smith,

t Breitenbach.

The following table for CO2 is given by Phillips C 17 ). y in 10~9 poise; d in g/cm3 P1 atm.

83 72 59 56 50 40 20 1

I

77

I 2O0C

823 771 697 186 177 166 156 148

d

I

-n/d

0.835 0.812 0.768 0.190 0.145 0.100 0.036 0.00183

986 950 907 977 122o 166o 433o 80800

0.795 0.781 0.760 0.743 0.716 0.706 0.680 0.664 0.653 0.635 0.287 0.177 0.092 0.0354 0.00177

968 939 913 864 827 800 778 745 732 723 798 1057 1830 4500 86400

120 112 104 93 87 84 80 76 75 74 70 60 40 20 1 114.5 109 96 88 85 80 75 70 60 40 20 1 112 108 100 94 85 80 70 60 40 23.8 1

770 733 693 643 592 565 529 495 478 458 229 187 168 159 153

TABLE 2.—CO2.—(Continued) 77 I d I 320C 788 0.790 741 0.777 695 0.760 627 0.729 586 0.700 560 0.682 528 0.655 448 0.597 406 0.555 254 0.360 214 0.255 187 0.170 175 0.090 162 0.0352 155 0.00176 350C 693 0.755 660 0.741 586 0.696 511 0.653 456 0.626 361 0.494 237 0.289 214 0.227 178 0.163 174 0.085 163 0.0348 156 0.00174 4O0C 571 0.699 540 0.682 483 0.636 414 0.582 269 0.385 218 0.291 200 0.204 187 0.153 176 0.083 169 0.0408 157 0.00173

-n/d 998 954 914 860 837 822 807 751 730 700 840 UOo 195o 46Oo 88100 918 891 841 782 728 731 820 943 1091 2045 4680 89600 817 792 761 712 698 748 981 122o 212o 414o 90800

GAS MIXTURES A-A TABLE.—STANDARD ARRANGEMENT He - H2 rj in micropoises (10~6 poise) (5)

3O0C ÏÏÔTo 104 96 90 82 80 76 74 73 72 70 60 40 20 1

I

%He 100.1 (sic.) 96.094 89.559 86.400

%H2 —— 2—— Cale. I Obs. OTO 189.09 189.25 195.46 195.36 234.08 234.10 3.906 184.60 185.00 192.17 191.77 228.95 229.07 10.431 176.00 175.96 182.02 182.14 220.36 220.33 13.600 172.35 173.27 180.10 179.29 215.27 215.57

/,0C (TOO 13.37 100.05 0.0 15.93 100.22 0.0 12.63 100.02 0.0 16.86 100.05

C 71.4 73.9 89.8 85.7

H 2 - SO2.—(Continued)

2V-Ä TABLE.—(Continued) 0

124 C

1590C

I

1990C

I

"~

—— f—rt, 0C C % H2 I 77 X IQ 7 1 % H2 I ry X IQ 7 I % H2 I 17 X IQ7 Cale. I Obs. 0.00 1714 0.00 1869 0 . 0 0 . 1 2041 75.08724.913159.71160.32ÖTÖ 32.40 1751 32.40 1914 32.40 2087 166.35 165.67 15.86 77.8 53.02 1787 53.02 1931 50.95 2090 198.35 198.47 99.67 67.35 59.716 40.284 142.52 143.06 0.0 1775 67.35 1914 67.35 2068 83.64 1660 83.24 1777 84.88 1924 148.14 147.55 14.67 87.75 178.23 178.40 99.80 100.00 1086 84.88 1722 100.00 1219 100.00 1152 39.857 60.143 122.24 122.67 0.0 127.00 126.53 15.03 75.50 * For these values the temperature reading was obtained by interpolation over more than 50C. 151.73 151.77 100.09 H2 - N 2 18.807 81.193 101.56 101.65 0.0 106.09 106.01 17.0 80.63 12.80C (6), r,ieL to %H2 100 50 O 126.48 126.50 100.15 Q2 = 1 ifre! 0.044930.80140.8690 0.0 100.00 84.10 0.0 H2 - N2O 87.40 87.72 14.79 83.0 0 11.1 C (6), ^ ei. to % H 25 10 O r 2 104.95 104.60 100.5

%He

%H2

O2 =1

11.10C (6)

O 2 - H2 100 97.5 95 90 75 I 0~~ I 1 10.9957 1.0000.99460.97240.4502

%O2 fr,i. . .

O2 - N 2 12.20C (6), q (for 100% O2) = 1 %Q2

I

97.5 95 90 75

lfol.

H

0.9984 0.9941 0.9871 0.9734

%O«

I

66.6 50 33.3 25

lynJ.

I

%O»

0.9550 0.9348 0.9138 0.9051

I

%el.

10 5 2.5 O

0.8847 0.8804 0.8847 0.8750

M

0.75100.74810.7481

H2 - N O 11.10C; values of % H2 and of q relative to Q2 = 1 (6) 100% I 75% I 50% I 25% I 10% | 5% | 0% 0.44821 0.7159 | 0.8224 [ 0.8491 | 0.8609 0.8788 | 0.8661 H2 - NH3 12-130C; values of % H2 and of 77 in 10~7 poise (37) 0.0%|8.2%|20.1%|33.9%|53.6%|68.4%|79.1%|9Q.2%|100~0% 1005 I 10171 1042 I 1068 | 1102 | 1104 | 1089 | 1036 | 915 H2 - CO 11.1°C; r?rel. tQ O2 = 1 (6)

O 2 - CO T7O2 at t° = 1 (6) 12.20C % O2 ifaj. 11.10C % O 2 atei.

100 25 10 5 2~5 O 1 0.90400.88420.87570.87430.8701 100 75 66.7 50 33.3 O 1 0.96660.95930.93610.91290.8664

13.30C

% O 2 . . 100 50 25 ÎÔ 5 2 U ( T " grei. . . . 1 0.8714 0.8071 0.7679 Q. 7559 0.7538 0.7464 12.20C % O 2 . . 100 97.5 95 90 75 O 77rei. . . . 10.9943 0.9872 0.9759 0.9420 0.7510

O 2 - CH4 ^ at t° = 1 (6) % O 2 . . 100 50 25 I 10 5 sTö ~ Tjrei. . . . 10.8076 Q. 6902|0.5983 0.5827 0.5770 0.5629

170C

H2 % TT

0.00 17.85 49.25 70.37 77.14 83.24 100.00

I

H2 - SO2 (38) 450G I 7O0C

1366 1404* 1453 1472 1431 1389 931

%H2 (19)*

0.0 9.97

i4

H2 - CO2 Values of % H2 and of 1^,1. to O2 = 1 (6) 100% 25% ÏÔ~% 0.4493 0.7535 0.7521 100% 97.5% 95% 90% 75% 50% 0% 0.4321 0.4983 0.51570.57220.67860.73390.7470 rj in 10~7 poise %H2 %H2 %-H, -'

(19)*

i4

''

(1)

920G

yy J

'

1468 90.16 1215 (TO Ï464 Ï869 1477 93.58 1111 12.98 1484

(37)

10

0.0 1468 8.5 1483 •

19.85

1491 96.12 1031 15.56

27.75 56.54 73.59 83.92

1499 97.60 991 14.99 1880 22.4 1493.5 1475 98.32 958 48.44 1485 1805 55.4 1485 1399 100 893 82.20 1289 1624 66.7 1450 1307 97.24 991 1195 76.5 1367

100 I

10

1897 17.2 1490

893

1064 82.2 1292 87.9 1901

* Not corrected to standard air value. H2 - CH4 Values of % H2 and of 77™!. to O2 = 1 (6) 0.00 1476 0.00 1576 12.2° I 100% 17.5% 10% 5% 2.5% 0% 19.72 1513 19.72 1609 0.4497 0.5572 0.5629 0.5615 0.5502 0.5544 30.01 1534 30.01 1624 38.25 1551 38.25 1651 12.8° 100% 97.5% 95% 90% 75% 50% 0% 51.77 1564 51.77 1657 0.4616 0.4714 0.4797 0.4965 0.5313 0.5596 0.5481 70.37 1573 76.94 1616 H2 — C 2 H 4 76.94 1528 83.43 1554* 12-13°; r, in 10~7 poise (37) 83.43 1483 83.24 1550* %H2 |0.0|27.1|45.6|63.0|72.6|83.Q|92.4|100.0 83.24 1478* 100.00 1022 100.00 979 77 11016|1Q48|1078|1087| 108611062| 10081 915

^ ^ C% TH T II ^ ^ o /%THI 1Q7 2 1Q7 2

1241 0.00 1274 19.72 1330 49.25 1350 70.37 1324 77.14 1285 83.24 875 100.00

12.8° 12.2°

O2 - CO2 T7O2 at *° = 1 (6)

12.80C

I 100 I 95 I 92.5 I 90 | 75 | O |0.8664|0.8650|0.8635|0.8650|0.8432|0.4586

%CQ T7rei

V X 1Q7

or H TT % 2

^ X 1Q7

NH3 - C2H4 12-13°; t] in IO"7 poise (37) %NH3 0.0 8.0 17.527.542.0158.9Ì81.3 100.0 97 1016 1037 1043 1047 1050 1046 1028 1005 Air - H2 16.10C (6) %H2 1 100 | 95 | 90 | 75 | 25 | O »7rei. (O2 = 1) 0.44340.52820.58800.74880.8790 r?rei. (air = 1) 0.4927 0.5869 0.6534 0.7987 0.9767 l 16.40C % H 2 50 10 5 O %ei. (O2 = 1) 0.8197 0.8888 0.8960 ifrei. (air = 1) 0.9108 0.9876 0.9956 l Air - H2O Saturated at 26°; 1O7I7 = 1904 (air = 1863) ( 1 S). Stearns (35.1) claims that the viscosity of air is decreased by saturating it with moisture, the decrease being Y^ % at 760 mm and 35 % at 14 mm pressures. Air - C2H4 97 in IO7 poise; not corrected to standard air value (1) %C 2 H 4 100 I 90.3 I 69.0 | 54.6 | 30.0 | 13.6 | 0~ TJ (15°) 1011 1078 1236 1345 1548 1692 1809 T; (99.3°) 1282 1367 1674 2069 2209

Air - C2H6OH Saturated at 26°; 1O7Tj = 1878 (air = 1863) (*3). LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) C 1 ) Breitenbach, 8, 67: 803; 99. ( 2 ) Breitenbach, 5, 5: 166; 01. (3) Brillouin, Leçons sur la viscosité des liquides et des gaz. Paris, Gauthier-Villars, 1907. (4) Fisher, 2, 32: 216; 11. ( 5 ) Gille, 8, 38: 799; 15. («) Graham, 62, 136: 573; 46. ( 7 ) Günther, 7, 110: 626; 24. ( 8 ) Harle, S, 100: 429; 21. ( 9 ) Harrington, 2, 8: 738; 16. (iO) Ishida, 2, 21: 550; 23. O ») Koch, 8, 19: 857; 83. (*2) Kuenen and Visser, 64V, 22: 336; 13. 168, 1No. 138a; 13. ( 13 ) Millikan, 3, 19: 209; 10. ( 14 ) Millikan, 2, 21: 217; 23. ( 15 ) Onnes, Dorsman and Weber, 64V, 15: 1375; 13. 168, No. 134a; 13. ( 16 ) Onnes and Weber, 64V, 15: 1385; 13. 168, No. 134b; 13. (") Phillips, S, 87: 48; 12. (*«) Pochettino, 59, 8: 33; 16. ( 19 ) Puluj, 428, 15: 598, 633; 79. (20) Rankine, 5, 83:265, 516; 10. ( 2 I) Rankine, 3, 21: 45; 11. ( 22 ) Rankine, 5, 84: 181; 11. ( 23 ) Rankine, 6, 86: 162; 12. ( 2 4 ) Rankine, 6, 88: 575; 13. (25) Rankine, 5, 91: 201; 15. (26) Rankine and Smith, 3, 42: 615; 21. (27) Rankine and Smith, 67, 34: 181; 22. ( 2 ») Rapp, 2, 2: 363; 13. ( 29 ) Rappenecker, 7, 72: 695; 10. (30) Ray, 3, 43: 1129; 22. (^) Smith, 67, 34: 155; 22. (™) Smith, 3, 44: 289; 22. ( 33 ) Smith, S1 44: 508; 22. ( 34 ) Smith, 5, 106: 83; 24. ( 3S ) States, 2, 21: 662; 23. C 35 - 1 ) Stearns, 2t 27: 116; 26. ( 3 «) Suhrmann, 96, 14: 56; 23. ( 3 ?) Thomsen, 8, 36: 815; 11. ( 38 ) Trautz and Weizel, 8, 78: 305; 25. ( 3 ») Van Dyke, 2, 21: 250; 23. ( 4 0 ) Verschaffelt, 64P, 20: 986; 18. 168, No. 153b; 18. ( 4 M Vogel, 8, 43: 1235; 14. ( 42 ) Yen, 3, 38: 582; 19.

VISCOSITY OF METALS AND ALLOYS

W. ROSENHAIN, EDITOR Definitions and Meanings of Symbols S6 Tensile stress. Sg Shearing stress. e Unit elongation. g Shear. E Young's modulus of elasticity. G Modulus of rigidity. £ "Normal" coefficient of viscosity. ij Tangential coefficient of viscosity, ô Logarithmic decrement of damped vibrations. The coefficients of elasticity and viscosity of an isotropie solid body are defined by the equations:

&-* + 4î *.-<*+$ The coefficient of viscosity of a liquid is defined by: s„ =

d«r

* "d<

The physical significance is different, however, the order of magnitude being 10~12 that for a solid. The logarithmic decrement is the logarithm of the ratio of two successive maximum displacements, on the same side of the equilibrium configuration. NOTE.—For material possessing no symmetry whatever, there are 21 elastic and 36 viscous constants, which are coefficients in the six linear equations giving the six stress components in terms of the six strain components and their time derivatives. The constants in the following tables have been computed on the assumption that the material is isotropie, though this is admittedly not the case in unannealed wires and possibly not in the other materials investigated. In general, the coefficients of viscosity computed on this basis from the logarithmic decrement of vibrations, increase linearly with the amplitude of vibration. This may be due either to "after-effect" or to the fact that terms quadratic in the strain-

velocities are necessary completely to define the stress components in terms of the strain components. For a discussion of the theory, see C 11 ). The values of the coefficients for an amplitude of 6° are designated by £0 and 77r The values of the coefficients of viscosity of solid metals and alloys depend not only upon their chemical composition but very largely on their condition, especially their microstructure. The values given below are to be applied only to material in the same condition and only to specimens whose size is of the same order of magnitude as the specimens for which the results are given. VISCOSITY OF SOLID METALS AND ALLOYS F. P. UPTON "NORMAL" COEFFICIENT OF VISCOSITY FOR ZERO AMPLITUDE AT ROOM TEMPERATURE, CGS UNITS Determined from damping of flexural vibrations of rectangular strips Material g

Al

r. Cd

Cu

Dimensions, 1 r2 cm 1 I m I n

Treatment

10_8^

*

Lit

*

Hammered 26.00.5000.104 0.731 2.85 (5) Annealed at 40O0C... 26.0 0.500 0.104 0.719 2.24 Rolled 26.00.7190.0999 0.709 0.75 (5) Rolled 26.00.3720.0997 0.798 0.82 Annealed at 40O0C.. . 26.0 0.719 0.0999 0.716 1.25 Cast \ , /0.684 0.165J (") T T Cast I T \ 0.934 0.257Î Cast \ . . . /0.892 8.0§ (") f f Cast / f 1 1.22011.4§ [Rolled 26.00.3800.134 0.586 4.86 (*) Rolled... 26.00.3800.134 0.838 5.11 j Rolled 26.00.3730.049 0.903 4.68 Annealed at 30O0C... 26.0 0.380 0.134 0.610 5.16 I Cast.. t t t 0.708 0.2911 ( 1 ^)

°** fe:::::::::::::} t t Cu-Zn Cu, 60; Zn, 40

Period. ênou, sec

Cast Rolled

t

1

t

t ft« 0»:g <"> t

26.00.3540.155

0.732 0.231T

(1M

0.535 1.55

(5)

">•"• {ÏÏïïSîr: :::::::}»^.«».««^^

(*)

"NORMAL" COEFFICIENT OF VISCOSITY.—(Continued) Material

Dimensions, cm Period, —-—: : • 10~8£o Lit.*J

Treatment

J

Fe-C, 0.38

% Composition | t, 0C | IGOi7

l

l

m l

n

Unannealed

sec

^ Ï«

Annealed

^

0.684 3.51

led

Fe-C, 0.67

?™ Annealed

26.oo.5000.123

°f?^ ^ 0.481 4.30

Fe-C, 1.17

nann e d Y , f Annealed Unannealed

26.00.4970.0811

6 (5) i™ 0.701 ™ 4.27 0.766 7.20 ( 5 )

Fe-C, 1.75

26.00.4800.0725

CasUstee,,

t

t

t

'3211E'"'

ça«

t

t

t

S;« JiJt <">

2ZSt^ Rolled Gast

^

--00-5000.I 20 26.00.4970.105 t

t

t

%™ J;«, 0.550 3.05

<"> (s)

0.553 0.96ÎÎ C 11 )

Roiled 9 A o n ^ f i f t f t f i ß Q 0- 9 7 8 2 7-4 i Annealed at 200°C. 26.00.3560.0669 |Q^

(S)

g^

5

* Results of ( ) were each obtained from damping of vibrations in vacuo of a strip loaded at lower end. Results of O 1 ) were each obtained from damping of vibrations of a strip fixed at one end and at the other attached to a heavy disk rotatable in the plane of flexure, the plane of strip when unstrained passing were given. Values of £ are through axis of disk. In (U) only values of -^ Jii computed from values of E given below. In ( 5 ) O= Q1]If]3 £» where M is mass of load and T is period (№8 is called log decrement in the original). In C 1 1 ) ô = ^fTJ3 £ where M' is mass of heavy disk. The results in this table are not corrected for effect of non-rigidity of support. For methods, v. ( 16 ). For more recent data, v. ( 17 ). t Average dimension of strips, 10 X 0.6 X 0.1 cm. Ï Assumed E = 6 570 kg/mm2. If Assumed E = 9 400 kg/mm 2 . § Assumed E = 7 070 kg/mm2. ** Assumed E = 20 750 kg/mm 2 . Il Assumed E = 10 800 kg/mm2. ff Assumed E = Q 000 kg/mm2. JJ Assumed E = 20 300 kg/mm2.

TANGENTIAL COEFFICIENT OF VISCOSITY FOR ZEBO AMPLITUDE (6) Determined from damping of torsional vibrations of annealed wires; for effect of temperature, v. Figs. 1-10 Material Ag Al Au Cu Fe Fe-C, 0.55 Fe-C, 0.9 Fe-C, 1.30 Ni Pt Pt, 85; Rh, 15 W Zn

oC Length, Radius, Period, ' cm cm sec _^ 13 25.5 0.0285 9.671 12.50 15 25.5 0.0315 7.035 25.50 15 25.5 0.0280 9.603 17.00 22 25.7 0.0275 6.899 6.70 16 25.4 0.0295 5.744 12.89 22 25.6 0.0290 5.684 12.90 16 23.7 0.0335 5.693 7.70 19 25.5 0.0275 6.670 9.82 16 25.5 0.0250 6.521 1.65 15 25.6 0.0240 8.198 1.75 17 25.5 0.0195 10.059 4.19 16 25.5 0.0215 7.625 9.37 22 25.5 0.0270 8.642410.7

TrR*T

* O = —4jT *7» where A = radius of wire, I = length of wire, T = period, J = moment of inertia of load (ô is called log decrement in the original paper, and tabulated values are logio); 17 in poises.

VISCOSITY OF LIQUID METALS AND ALLOYS C. H. M. JENKINS (CHMJ), N. E. DOBSEY (NED), O. F. HUDSON (OFH), T. K. ROSE (TKR) % Composition | t, 0C | 10Oq || % Composition | t, 0G | IQOry Bi, 100 (i 3) 304 1.662 Bi, 77.88; Sn, 451 1.280 22.12 306 1.682 600 0.998 444 1.318 600

1.049

% Composition M,0C | 100??

Bi, 58.0; Sn, 42.0 305 445 606

1.690 1.267 1.014

Fe, 96.5; C, 3.5 (is) 1400 1.75 1350 2.00

751

0.886

1300 2.40 1250 2.90

303 399 444 601 750

1.642 1.336 1.234 1.003 0.881

Fe, 96.0; C, 4.0. . 1400 1.45 1350 1.55 1300 1.75 1250 2.10 Hg, 100 (2, 4, 8,

Bi,

46.82;

Sn,

53.18

Cd, 100 (CHMJ)

(i)

349 406 466 506 550 603 Cu, 100 (14) 1145 1179 1187 Cu, 85; Sb, 15 (i 4) 1008 1108 Cu, 72; Sb, 28 (14) 737 895 998 1090 Cu, 61.34; Sb, 38.66(14) 786 890 998 1003 1090 Cu, 56.94; Sb, 43.06(14) 797 790 895 989 1087 Cu, 61.64; Sn, 38.36 803 Cu, 82.0; Sn, 18.0 (14) 1025 1110 Cu, 71.0; Sn, 29.0 (14)..... 898 1001 Cu, 61.64; Sn, 38.36(14) 799 900 1005 1096 Cu, 50.0; Sn, 50.0 (14) 755 903 1005 Fe, 97.5; C, 2.5 (15) 1400 1350 Fe, 97; C, 3.0(15)1400 1350 1300

io, 12) (NED)*. -20 1.85 1.44 O 1.68 1.34 +20 1.55 1.27 50 1.39 1.18 100 1.21 1.15 150 1.09 1.10 200 1.01 3.41 250 0.96 3.19 300 0.92 3.25 350 0.90 3.77 Hg, 98; Cd, 2 (i O) 3.28 (TKR) 14.51.679 20 1.652 6.73 40 1.551 4.42 Hg; Cu (i<>) 3.60 (TKR) 10 1.671 3.08 20 1.620 40 1.520 5.41 Hg, 99; Pb, 1 (") 4.02 (TKR) 13 1.664 3.24 20 1.627 3.23 30 1.586 2.82 48 1.511 Hg, 99.4; Zn, 0.6 4.69 (1O)(TKR).... 13 1.672 4.71 20 1.639 3.72 Pb, 100 (14) 441 2.116 3.14 456 2.059 2.66 551 1.700 703 1.349 5.609 844 1.185 Pb, 51.3; Bi, 48.7 403 1.571 3.62 543 1.276 3.26 682 1.100 833 0.977 4.34 Pb, 70.0; Bi, 30.0 403 1.728 3.56 413 1.668 543 1.370 5.19 704 1.145 3.93 852 1.021 3.16 Pb, 90; Bi, 10.... 545 1.522 2.74 550 1.526 704 1.274 3.65 840 1.114 2.69 867 1.100 2.28 Pb, 83.05; Sb (») (OFH) 292 2.768 2.25 84.60 292 2.579 2.65 87.03 292 2.355 2.025 89.98 292 2.413 2.375 92.39 292 2.654 2.800

* 1/T7 = 59.40+0.264« - 0.000341*2 (2, 4, 8, 10, 12). At p - 1500 atm., r, is 4.8 % greater than at 1 atm. (3).

Fig. 3 Annealed Wires (6)

F.g8 Annealed Steel Wires

Fig-9 Steel Wires Annealed at 90O0C (7)

[RgTs]

Fig.10 Annealed Steel Wires

% Composition | Pb, 5.02; Sn (») (OFH) 9.29 15.54 19.55 30.31 32.99 36.08 39.21 49.38 64.27 69.80 79.57 Sb, 100(14)

*,°C | IQOi?

280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 702 801 902 1002

1.706 1.746 1.830 1.919 2.066 2.052 1.965 2.053 2.189 2.349 2.451 2.716 1.304 1.113 1.010 0.905

% Composition | J1 0C Sb, 57.0; Cu, 43.0 715 802 900 998 1096 Sb, 76.0; Cu, 24.0 644 804 903 1011 Sn, 100 (9) (OFH) 280 296 357 389 Sn, 100 (13) 301 320 351 450

| IQOi7 2.93 2.47 2.12 1.867 1.683 1.886 1.483 1.304 1.176 1.678 1.664 1.421 1.311 1.680 1.593 1.518 1.270

% Composition | t, 0C | 100?? Sn, 100— (Cant'd) 604 1.045 750 0.905

% Composition | t, 0C Sn, 75.0; Cu, 25.0 (14) 685 830 1001

| lOOg 1.833 1.510 1.266

LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) C ) Arpi, 95, 5: 142; 14. ( 2 ) Benard, in Brillouin, Leçons sur la viscosité des liquides et des gaz, I: 152. Paris, Gauthier-Villars, 1907. ( 3 ) Cohen and Bruins, 64P, 27: 873; 24. 7, 114: 441; 24. (*) Emo, Thesis, Torino, 81. 427, 6: 730; 82. (5) Honda and Konno, 159, 11: 435; 22. (6) lokibe andSakai, 109, 10: 1; 21. (7) Kikuta, 159, 10: 139; 21. («) Koch, 8, U: 1;81. (9) Plüss, 93,93: 1; 15. C 1 «) von Seh weidler, 75, 104 Ila: 273; 95. (U) Voigt, 8, 47: 671; 92. O 2) Warburg, 8, 20: 367; 70. (**) Sauerwald and Töpler, 93, 157: 117; 26., (i 4 ) Bienias and Sauerwald, 93, 161: 51; 27. C1 5) Thielmann and Wimmer. 77, 47: 389; 27. ( 16 ) Chevenard and Portevin, 378, 1926 Spec. No. 434 (17) Hettwer, 75, 134 Ha: 51; 25. 1

VISCOSITY OF WATER, SULFURIC ACID, LIQUID CARBON DIOXIDE AND CERTAIN ORGANIC LIQUIDS* N. ERNEST DORSET FORMULAE AND UNITS At a pressure of 1 atm., 77 = a/(b + O n At a pressure of P kg/cm 2 , ^ = rji[l + kt(P - 1) X 10"*]. 771 is the value of 77 when P is 1 kg/cm 2 , which may be taken as the value of 17 at 1 afm. The unit of ?? is the poise unless otherwise stated. WATER BETWEEN O AND 100°. I. C. T. VALUES The following table was prepared from a critical evaluation of all available data. It is estimated that the accuracy is of the order of 0.1% between O and 40° and of 0.5 to 1% at higher temperatures. Linear interpolation may be safely employed throughout the table. Values in millipoises (i, *2, 16, 17, 22, 24, so, 31, 32, 38) *, 0 O 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

C

| 0 17.93s 13.09? 10.087 8.004 6.53e 5.492 4.699 4.07l 3.57o 3.166 2.839

| l 17.320 12.73s 9.84a 7.834 6.41s 5.40s 4.629 4.016 3.52e 3.130 2.82

|

2 16.74o 12.390 9.60s 7.670 6.29s 5.32o 4.56i 3.962 3.48s 3.09s 2.79

|

3 16.19s 12.06i 9.38o 7.51i 6.184 5.23e 4.49s 3.909 3.44o 3.06i 2.76

|

H2O BELOW O0C (39) Values corrected and adjusted to accord with I. C. T. values above O0C 0 t, C -2 î Û ^ ^ S -10 IQQQi7 19.1 20.5 21.4 22.2 24.0 26.0 H2O ABOVE 10O0C (16) Values as recorded by author accord with I. C. T. values below 10O0C; the others are given as he has published them. The pressure is that of the saturated vapor at the temperatures indicated. t, 0C 110 Î2ÔT Î3Ô Î4Ô Ï5Ô Ï60 IQOOi7

2.56

2.32

2.12

1.96

1.84

* For main section of Viscosity of Pure Liquids, see final index.

1.74

4 15.676 11.74s 9.16i 7.357 6.07s 5.15s 4.43i 3.857 3.39e 3.027 2.73

__ t, 0C I

|

p i

5 | 15.18s 11.447 8.949 7.20s 5.97o 5.072 4.36s 3.80e 3.357 2.994 2.70

5

6 | 14.726 11.156 8.74e 7.064 5.86s 4.994 4.30e 3.75e 3.317 2.962 2.67

7 | 14.28s 10.87s 8.55i 6.92s 5.77o 4.91s 4.24s 3.70s 3.27s 2.93o 2.64

8 | 13.872 10.6Oa 8.36a 6.79i 5.67s 4.84a 4.18e 3.661 3.24o 2.899 2.62

H2O: VARIATION WITH PRESSURE Unit of P = 1 kg/cm2 I 10.3 I 30 I 75

500-1.24 1000-0.79 1500-0.45 2 000 -0.21s 3 000 +0.080 4 000 +0.278 5000+0.44 6000+0.58

M.)

p

23.8 -0.62 +0.49+0.72100 -0.46 +0.53+0.76300 -0.29 +0.57+0.75600 -0.160 +0.64 +0.81 100 +0.051 +0.76 +0.84 200 +0.202 +0.87 +0.90 300 +0.332+0.95+1.00400 +0.43 +1.02+1.09500

9 ~ 13.47e 10.34o 8.18i 6.661 5.582 4.77o 4.12s 3.61s 3.20s 2.869 2.59

*

*'

9 1 1 1 15 15 15 15 15

-2.0 -2.14 -1.28 -1.05 -0.55 -0.63 -0.51 -0.54 -0.46

Lit

-

(28) (4) (4) (4) (4) (4) (4) (4) (4)

H2O: VARIATION WITH PRESSURE.—(Continued)

CHLOROFORM.—(Continued)

<, 0 C l O I 10.3 I 30 I 75 I ; ' ~~ P I M3) ' 7000 +0.52 +1.07+1.17600 15 -0.39 (4) 8000 +0.60 +1.12+1.25700 15 -0.33 (4) 9000 +1.16+1.36900 15 -0.30 (4) 10000 +1.17 100 23 -0.47 (*) 11 OOP +1.19 300 23 -0.25 (4) Variation of kt with t, P = 413 600 23 -0.17 ( 4 ) kg/cm 2 (14) 413 20 -0.33 (U) I1 0C 20 30 40 50 310 50 to 80+0.4 (U) kt -0.33 -0.07 +0.17+0.34362 55 +0.6 ( 1 ^) 0 t, C 60 70 80 90 516 40 +0.4 (U) kt +0.48 +0.62 +0.73+0.82

In disagreement with the preceding data, the observations of (29, 37) indicate that at 2O0C and pressures not exceeding 150 kg/cm 2 , kt = -1.7.

" = 3(1 - 0.0075* - 0.00If) Ìf ' lies between U and 9°°C (5, 6, 7, 8, 25, 26). The observations are discordant by ±5% and more; the composition of the acid is indefinite but presumably between 98 and 100%. At 0°, 77 is 45% greater than that given by the formula ( 5 ); cf. ( 19 ); there is only one recorded observation at 0° and none between O and 11°. Ô ÎÎ 1 5 2 0 30 40 50] 60) 70 80 90 484 321 299 267 199 145 107 80 62 49 40

LIQUID CARBON DIOXIDE Under essentially the pressure of its saturated vapor ( 36 ) I1 0 C. . . 5 P1 atm. 40.4 IQ 3 T 7 ... . 0.925

IO 45.7 0.852

Ï5 51.6 0.784

20 25 29 58.2 65.6 73.6 0.712 0.625 0.539

At higher pressures 2O0C (23) p, atm IQSr7

59 72 83 0.697 0.771 0.823 25.10C (36) 70 75 85 95 105 0.628 0.665 0.703 0.741 0.800

P1 atm IQS7J

3O0C (23) J ?> a t m OU

^ I

)

^

1Q3??

72 Q

4 5 8

73 Q

47g

6 000

74 Q

4Q5

onop , 23 x / P, atm 82 90 96 U ° l ; \ IQ3Ty 0.592 0.643 0.693 At the critical point, 1O3T7 is 0.321 (23).

76 Q

5 2 9

104 0.733

80~~ Q

8 000

/C30

11.08

kn

9.6s

10 000

' (3)

12.9s

18.19 J

CH3OH, METHYL ALCOHOL a = 21 000 ± 100, 6 = 175.5, n = 2.858, if t lies between O and 660C (32); cf. (2, 10) 0

t, C. IQ3T7

O 10 20 30 40 50 60 8.08 6.90 5.93 5.15 4.49 3.95 3.49

P /C30 /b76

500 l 000 2 000 4 000 i 4.85 4.69 4.6e 4.89 [ (3) 4.79 4.59 4.4o 4.3? J

P /C30 k75

6 000 8 000 10 000 12 000 i 5.2i 5.7s 6.4s 7.4e [ (3) 4.45 4 . 7 2 5.1i 5.5s J

C2HsOH, ETHYL ALCOHOL a = (8.20 ± 0.04) X IO7, 6 = 200, n = 4.2, if t lies between O and 750C (32); cf. (2i 10, 11, 33, 34, 35)

t, 0C IQ 3 T 7 ...

SULFURIC ACID

/,0C IQ3T7

P

Ö 10 20 30 40 50 60 7Ö~" 17.90 17.52 17.16 16.8l 16.4? 16.1s 15.8l 15.49

P

|

fco

|

400 500 l 000 1 000 2 000 2 000 2 500 4 000 6 000 8 000 10 000 12 000

8.2

O +50 O -40

+50 +100 - 32 -110

fcis.l

I

/C30

I

/C53.5

|

k75

|

LJt.

(9) (3) (») (3) (9) (3) (9) (3) (3) (3) (3) (3)

8.0

5.59 6.07 6.4 4.4 5.8s 6.44 9.6 8.6 6.9 5.0 6.54 7.22 10.2 9.0 7.3 5.5 7.8s 8.2s 9.5? 9.2s 11.92 10.60 15.25 12.27 19.62 14.40 (C2He)2O, ETHYL ETHER Excepting from O to +3O0C, only non-overlapping series of data are available for variation of 77 with t; different series do not agree satisfactorily; for each, rj = c(10)~3/[l + dt(W)~3 + et2 (IO)"6] with average deviation of 8. Actual uncertainty exceeds ô and, except between O and +3O0C, may amount to several %. Range \ c \ d \ e \ d \ Li^ O to +3O0C 2.842 10.40 26.20.1% (32) ; c/. (io, 18, 27, 7.9

8.2

40)

to to to to

2.876*10.40 26.20.2 2.520* 4.39570.20.1 2.898 10.54 26.10.1 2.793 10.87 25.20.5

(is, 16) (is, 16) (4i) ; c/. (20) (4i) ; c/. (20)

5 6 5

110.5 0.770

t, 0C IP3?? t, 0C IQ^

1-110-100-90 -80 -60 -401-30 -20 125.6 16.9 12.4 9.5s 6.37 4.61 4.10 3.62 -10 O +20 30 40 60 80 100 3.232.8422.3322.1281.97 1.66 1.40 1.18

* At pressure of saturated vapor.

ORGANIC LIQUIDS

P

CHCl3, CHLOROFORM: a = 93.3 ±0.5, 6 = 163, n = 1.865, if t lies between -15 and 60° __

/,0C.... lQ3q P /C30 kn

(32); c/. ( 1 3 , 2 1 , 4 0 )

-10 O +10 20 30 40 50 60 7.866.99 6.25 5.63 5.10 4.64 4.24| 3.89| 500 1 000 2 000 4 000 ] 5.7? 6.2s 7.16 8.92 [ (3) 6.81 7 . 2 2 7.3e 7.9e J

1 2 3 4 6 8 10 12

500 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 OOP

I

fcp

(9)

I

9.6 10.4 12.4 15.1

/C20(Q)

I

9.6 10.0 11.3 14.1

/C 3 0 (S)

I

10.92 11.09 11.32 12.0 12.9s 16.69 21.55 28.4s 38.15

fc34(9)

I

JC76

(3)

8.02 8.66 9.62 10.0 10.7i 12.4s 14.7s 17.92 21.75

8.7 9.2 10.5 13.2

C6H6, BENZENE

LITERATURE

a = 14.42 ±0.03, b = 90, n = 1.64; if t lies between O and 750C

(For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) (i) Bingham and White, 96, 80: 670; 12. (2) Bingham, White, Thomas and Caldwell, 7, 83: 641; 13. (3) Bridgman, 65, 61: 57; 26. (*) Cohen, 8, 45: 666; 92. (5) Drucker and Kassel, 7, 76: 367; 11. («) Dunstan, 182, 30: 104; 14. (7) Dunstan and Wilson, 4, 91:83; 07. (») Dunstan and Wilson, 4, 93: 2179; 09. (9) Faust, 188,1913:489. 7, 86:479; 13. (10) Gartenmeister, 7, 6: 524; 90. (U) Graham, 62, 185: 397; 61. (") Grotrian, 8, 8: 529; 79. (13) Guye and Friderich, 27,19:164; 98. (14) Hauser, 8, 5: 597; 01. 0 s ) Heydweiller, 8, 55: 561; 95. (16) Heydweiller, 8, 59: 193; 96. (i7)Hosking, 5, 49: 274; 00. 7: 469; 04. 17: 502; 09. 18:260; 09. 316, 42: 34; 08. 43: 34; 09. (18) Kendall and Wright, 1, 42:1776; 20. (19) Kremann and Erhlich, 75, 116 II B: 733; 07. (20) Kugelmass, 70, 41: 751, 755; 22. (21) Linebarger, 12, 2: 331; 96. (22) LyIe and Hosking, S, 3: 487; 02. (23) Phillips, 5, 87: 48; 12. (24) poiseuille, Parts, Mem. Savants Étrang., 9: 433 ; 46. 84,11:961,1041 ; 40. 12 : 112; 41. 15: 1167; 42. (25) Poiseuille, 6, 21: 76; 47. (26) Pound, 4, 99: 698; 11. (27) Pribram and Handl, 75, 80 II: 17; 79. (28) Röntgen, 8, 22 : 510; 84. (29) Sachs, Dtss., Freiburg, 1883. (30) Slotte, 8, 20: 257; 83. (31) Sprung, 8, 159: 1; 76. (32) Thorpe and Rodger, 68, 185: 397; 94. (33) Tower, lt 38: 833; 16. (34) Traube, 26,19: 871 ; 86. (35) Völlmer, 8, 52: 328; 94. (36) Warburg and von Babo, 8, 17: 390; 82. (37) Warburg and Sachs, 8, 22: 518; 84. (38) Washburn and Williams, 1, 35: 737; 13. (39) White and Twining, 11, 50: 380; 13. (40) Wijkander, 427, 3: 8; 79. («) Archibald and Ure, 4, 1927: 610.

(27, 32, 40); c/. (10) 0

I1 C IQ^

5 10 I 20 30 40 50 60 TOT" 9.00 7.57 6.47 5.61 4.92 4.36 3.893 3.502

For the liquid under the pressure of its saturated vapor the viscosity (-r)p,i) may be calculated by means of the equation ijp,t = in,« [1 - 0.0123(p - I)], if t lies between O and 19O0C, where 771,* is value of 77 at t° and 1 atm. as computed by the preceding formula (771,* = 14.42/(90 -f O1-84), and p is the pressure (in atm.) of the saturated vapor. Observations between O and 10O0C lie on the average 1.3% below the computed values, from 100 to 190° observed and computed agree to within 0.1% ( 15 » 16). P

505

HXX)

kso

9.80

12.23

2000 I 3000

ku

9.8o

10.70

Lit! \

12.45

m

} ^'

14.70

VISCOSITY OF AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS OF STRONG ELECTROLYTES STUART J. BATES AND WARREN P. BAXTER In the following tables, the concentration F, is given in formula weights per 1000 g of water, and rj* is the viscosity referred to that of water at the same temperature as unity, except as otherwise noted. Temperature in 0C is indicated by the subscript. Few of the investigators have determined and applied any correction for failure of their viscometers to obey Poiseuille's law exactly. Where feasible, corrections of this nature have therefore been applied. In general, the last figure given is to be regarded as not being in error by more than 5 units. Where it is given in smaller type, the probable error is somewhat greater, and the last figure may or may not be significant. In cases where it has been possible to estimate the probable error with considerable certainty, this is given. Thus for HCl at 25° and IF the relative viscosity is 1.060 ± 0.003. This indicates that the probable error for all solutions up to a concentration of IF is about 0.3%. For some electrolytes, additional data, chiefly at higher or lower temperatures or at higher concentrations than those covered by the tables, may be found by consulting the literature. Should it be desired to interpolate the viscosity data to other units of concentration, for example to (volume) normal, this may usually be readily done algebraically by noting that, in general, for small changes of concentration, the expression

^

HClO3 F

I HClO4.- (Cont'd)

T 715 (79)

M

0.25 1.004 0.5 1.010 1.0 1.030 F 7725 ( 66 ) 0.1 1.005* 0.25 1.013* 0.5 1.025* 1.0 1.051* * ±0.003. HClO4 (10°) M % 7720 r/50 5 1.05 1.13 10 1.29 1.42 15 1.74 1.89 20 2.51 2.72 25 3.41 3.64 30 4.44 4.77 35 5.75 6.04 40 6.77

HCl (27, 45, 66, 69, 91); c/. (103)

F

1 2 3 1 2 3

1 ^(91)

1.020* 1.040 1.05s , qi , ""t > 1.041* 1.083 1.12s

I

F

]

0.1 0.25 0.5 1 2 3 4 5

-

W

1.007t 1.017Î 1.032J 1.06Ot 1.116 1.175 1.233 1.294

I

F

I

T726

6 1.355 7 1.418 8 1.485 9 1.56 11 1.71 13 1.86 16 2.12 * ±0.005. t ±Q.QQ3.

HBr,- (Cant'd)

TJ 50

,725 ( 1 5 >

F

66,91) 0.25 l.OOSf 0.5 1.016f 1.0 1.031t 2 1.05s 3 1.08i * ±0.005. t ±0.002. HBrO 3 (SO) p *^ } K i m« n 9 Jf i6 j ^ Q ^ HI (88)

F 0.1 0.2

T726 0.996 0.9954

H2SO4

but slowly with the concentration.

AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS CONTAINING A SINGLE STRONG ELECTROLYTE A-TABLE; Standard Arrangement (v. Vol. Ill, p. viii)

,720

45 6.82 50 6.10 65 3.66 75 2.45 80 1.77 2.06 100 0.76 1.03 F T725 (66) 0.25 1.000 0.5 1.003 1.0 1.011 HBr F *(.i) 1 0.987* 2 0.974 3 0.964 F 1710 (91) 1 1.014* 2 1.029 3 I 1.045

changes

* All interconversions between 77 and -n/rjw have been based upon the values for water given on page 10.

%)

Values of 77 F

0.1 0.25 0.5 1.0 2.0 4.0

20° (29)

1.090 1.184 1.405 1.89

25

29

Q5^ ' 40° (29) 60° (29) 80° (29) Wt. % 80° (29)

1.017 1.043 1.09l 1.185 1.406 1.89

1.096 1.188 1.409 1.89

1.103 1.197 1.41 1.89

1.12o 1.21i 1.41 1.90

ÏÔ 20 30

1.24 1.55 2.05

Values of t\ %

0° (67)

9^° f3»

10° (3) 20° (29) £ J 9)

4/i° f3»

W

29 j

~10Ì721.21.21l1.2121.215 20 1.45 1.5 1.535 1.535 1.53? 30 1.9 1.9? 2.02 2.02 2.02 40 2.6 2.6o 2.6s 2.72

60° (29) 75° (67)

1.2231.2s 1.54 1.55 2.02 2.04 2.8

H2SO 4 .—(Continued) Values of r? %

0° (67) 10° (3) 20° (29) 2^ £'

~50sTo 60 6.0 70 11 75 17 80 86 90 26 95 25 98 29

F

NH4I Values of 77

J9J3' 60° (29) 75° (67)

3 ~ 7 4 3 ^ 8 3 3^80 4.2 5.8 5.9 5.8 6 10 10.0 9.3 8 16 14.3 12.8 10 20.3 24.7 23.5 14 21.9 14 27 23.2 20 15 HNO 3 I) NH4OH Values of T7 F \ rj

4o ( 9) now is-(9) 256°6)j9' _jgi(V'"r 0.25 1.005* 66

0.1 0.25 0.5 1

w

—

0.9956 0.992? 0.990s 0.9886

0.9990 0.998? 1.0007 1.01Oo

l.OOli 1.003o 1.0072 1.0197

1.003s 1.0074 1.013s 1.029s

0.5 1 2 3

1.010* 1.019* 1.038* 1.055*

l.OOo 1.14 1.46 1.76 2.00 1.99 1.80 l 27 ' 0.79

1.03s 1.20 1.56 1.82 2.03 2.03 1.86 1 35 ^ 0.89

—-— 6 1.100 1.075 7 l Il4 1.28 0.0272 ^12 g 1.63 0.0353 ^13 g 1.91 0.0445 10 1'15l 2.07 0.0562 n ^16 2.06 0.0581 ^17 12 1.94 0.0427 j'jg 13 1 48 ^ tin poises * ±0.003. 1.04 tlnpolses -

;- 10» (3)2°;sf 40» (3) -4»;t ; ;s

10 25 40 50 60 70 80 90

100 "

I

NH 4 NO 3 Values of 77

|| F \ y

10° (84)|2Q° (84)|40° (84)|5Q° (84)||

1 2 5 7.5 12

0.94s 0.96s 0.912 0.954 0.920 0.98s 0.98s 1.06o 1.18s 1.29s

10° (23) 15° (23) I 20° (23) I 25° (23) | 30° (65) [ 45° (65)

40

\\ F \ r,

0.25 0.5 1 2 3.5 5 6.5 _9

0.892 0.809 0.760 0.764 0.794

0.981 0.986 0.991 0.963 0.971 0.982 0.901 0.917 0.932 0.947* 0.970* 0.840 0.869 0.892 0.80s 0.83s 0.87s O.Slo 0.844 0.894 0.911 0.840 0.87s 0.92e 1.027

*± 0.003.

(NH 4 ) 2 S0 4 Values of 77 *

0° (M) 10° (84) »",P* 25o (43) « T P * eposes». 80, (29)

0 . 0.5 1.0 2.0 2.5 4.5 F

2

5

0 5 3 1.092 1.1Oo 1.13 1.18 1.19s 1.209 1.452 1.46 1.55 1.61 2.32 H8PO4 CH3NH3Cl (43) 7718

1

»725

.

F

1.112 1.134 1.162 1.236 1.269 1.30 1.52 1.57 1.61 1.67 1.74 2.43 2.50 2.56 (C2Hs)3NHCl (43)

7726

F

7726

(57) (66) o.l 1.005 0.1 1.038 0.25 1.064 1.062 0.25 1.014 0.25 1.098 0.5 1.140 1.130 0.5 1.028 0.5 1.199 1 1.294 1.273 1 1.057 1 1.414 2 1.650 (CHs)2NH2Cl (43) (C2H5)4NC1 (90) H3AsO4 0.1 1.010 'F T725 r/ss p 7725(66) 0.25 1.025 0.25 1.089 1.089 Oi l 023 0.5 1.051 0.5 1.190 1.188 0.25 1.060 1 1-099 1 1.436 1.432 0.5 1.126 C2H5NH3Cl (43) (C3H7) 4NC1 (90) 1 1.257 0.1 1.015 0.25 1.216 1.190

25° (23, 43)

PTTNTTHTT CH 3NH3OH

25

°'5 Q

038

iI' 076

0.996 1.012 0.250.993 4 0.981 * 7< } 1 1.154 1.005 1.03 0.5 0.986 5 1.009 02* ÌS (CH3)3NHC1 (43) 1.09 1.13 1.0 0.973 6 1.042 1.19 1.25 2 0.956 1.455 1.535 3 0.960 NH4Cl (CH3)2NH2OH j* -1*439 Values of 77 F T725 (43) ,rH>Nri;48x 0.1 1.025 (CH3) 4NC1 (43) F i«°* f2i 25°f ( 5 » 0 0° (84) 10° (84) 1^ 7^ 23, 32, 40° (84) 60° (84) 0.25 1.064 ^ 1-01* 0.5 1.134 °'25 1-037 1 1.279 ^5 1-073 0.25 0.993 0.997 * -"^ 0.5 0.987 0.994 NH4C2H3O2 (C2He)2NH2Cl (43) 1 0.93l 0.965 0.978 0.991 1.014 1.033 0 1 1 029 2 0.89l 0.940 0.965 0.988 1.02s 1.06s 025 0.25 To 1.058 ^ 58 0^ 25 1073 3 0.863 0.924 0.961 0.993 1.04s 1.09s 4 0.846 0.917 0.963 1.002 1.06s 1.13 1 !-294 5 0.970 1.017 (CHs) NHOH (43) C6H NH Cl"(74) 3 5 3 _6 0.829 0.924 0.983 1.034 1.12 1.20 F ^ 0.1 1~040 * ±0.003. t ±0.005. O-1 !-053 0.25 1.082 NH4Br 0.25 1.139 0.5 1.150 Values of 77 5 282 0 O!1 1.292 0° (84) I IQ (84) I 20° (84) I 25° (23) [ 4Q° (84) | 6Q° (84) 1 I- 599 2 1.568 2 0.830 0.890 0.932 0.945 0.987 1.03s (CH3)4NOH (43) 3 1.855 3.5 0.784 0.856 0.917 0.934 0.997 1.07 0.1 1.028 4 2.18s 6 0.772 0.854 0.930 0.957 1.04s 1.14s 0.25 1.070 5 2.560 At 25°, F = 0.25; 0.993. F = 0.5; 0.985. F = I; 0.970. F = 0.5 1.140 6 2.990 5; 0.94s (23). 1 1.286 7 3.44s

0.5 1

S

1.071 o.i 1M

If

US

5

;-

5

Q °' 75

1

94 1

^ 1<786

36

^ 1>7fio

(C2H5)4NBr (90) 0.25 5 1.087 1.081

1.039 J- ;-jj; ;•£!

J-S

;-jg

wAA

0.1 1.0051.004 O- 2 5 1-012 1.012 (C 3 Hr) 4 NI(OO) 0.25 1.199 1.182 0.5 1.458 1.42e Pb(NOs)2 J?

f28^

01

Y0165

°'s25 o

1 435 ^9 7 i iQ

*• *.<»».••)

0.1 1.019 o.25 1.049 0.5 1.105 1.0 1.255 1.5 1.447 Pb(C2H3Oa)2 (47) F T7I5 T720 0.25 1.140 1.139 1 1.64? 1.60s F T725 T730 0.25 1.138 1.137 1 1.56o 1.55o

TlOH (102) F 0.1 0.25 „ /0.5 n^

u.i 0.25 0.5

nu 0.994 0.987 „ P1 ZnCl2

n 8 T lS 1.187

F

7718 (2) „ 25 (4,

7nfNOi

f95i

Zn(NOa) 2 (95) Ol 0.25 S'Ì6

/030 1.079 im

°'5 *'164 CdCl 2 (SS) 0.1 1.023 0.25 1.063 0.5 1.132

CU(NOa) 2

^ ig ( 2 )

F

w(4> 95)

j x 034 ! 030 0.25 1.089 1.080 0.5 1.188 1.174 1 1.435 2 2.04 2.01 4.5 5.45 5.25 F 1735 7745 ( 94 ) ( 94 ) 2 1.98 1.95 4.5 4.95 4.63

0

Cu(CHO 2 ) 2 (73)

^

F

°-°

5

1

^

032

0 1

1 058

Q2

lws

^

0.3

^

1.157

Cu(C2H3O2), (73) O- 05 i- 041 0.1 1.081

1 156 CdSO, (..) °'2 ^ 0.1 1.060 Cu(C3He02)2 (73) 0.25 1.158 0.05 1.058 0.5 1.344 0.1 1.105 Cd(NOa) 2 (95) 0.2 1.200 4 Ol 1 028 AgNO 3 ( > 70,95)

Sf î'ïï H8Cl2 (33, es, ss)

Ì'SS 032

SÌ5 25

1

°-

^

0^5 0.5

iSg 1.020

i

;

6

1.65

^5

Hg(CN)2 2n 12 1 •*" JiS (6S) 0.1 1.014 AgTl(NOa)2 0.25 1.036 O to 100 % of salt at F ,„(«3, 100° (64) 6S ) w„r, /32 . 9S v 0.1 1.013 MnCl2 (32,95) 0.25 1.034 * "»

%4

1

0:25 iSs

0.1 0.25

^1.012

0^55

^. 46 ( }

1.031 CuCl2

F

0.1 0.25 0.5 1 2 3

r?« (72)

,726 (32' 95)

1.040 1.040 1.100 1.102 1.201 1.208 1.425 1.435 1.943 1.942 2.564

F

32,95) 0.1 1.063 1.061 0.25 1.169 1.161 0.5 1.369 1.357 0.75 1.607 1.598 1 1.875

î ( nQ0 95)

i.udy 1.096 1.187 ZnSO4 F T718 (2) 0.5 1.361 F 77 2 5 ( 4 » 3 2 » 95) 0.1 1.063 0.25 1.167 0.5 1.366 1 1.895 2 3.78

Mn(NOa) 2 ( 32 >

CuSO4

TlNO3 (95)

l

o

11-207 207 J-JJ

o 8Q

' MnSO4 (32,95)

0.1 1.064 0.25 1.169 0.5 1.368 1 1.90 2 3.86 3 7.99

Q

95

CrO3 ( 104 )

)

T 725

0.1 1.033 F 0.25 1.085 2 1 176 4 °- 5 ^ 7 1 i- 370 12 2 1.84 F 3 2.49 FeCls 2 F T70 (56) „„ (56) 4

H 2 CrO 4 (

)

F

Q1

1072

1Q67

7730

T 740

/^

I

7718

I

7725

Green solution 0.25 1.078 1.109 0.5 1.16s 1.22 1 1.39 1.45 Violet solution 0.25 1.160 1.150 0.5 1.34o 1.31s 1 1.75 1.78

Cr2(S04)a (26)

01

0.25 1.18 1.17

CrCl3 ( 6 *)

H2CrO4.-(Cont'd)

7710 7720 7 1.80s 1.83s 1.12 1.14 12 2.74 2.75s 1.31s 1.36s 1.71s 1.76s F 7715(78) 2.675 2.71s 0.25 1.016 T730 T740 0.5 1.032 1.16 1.17 1 1.064 1.39s 1.42 2 1.129

05 l 035 l 036

! 070 j 073 Q 25 ! 18 ! 18 0.5 1.39 1.38 0.75 1.64 1.62 1.0 1.93 1.88 1.5 2.07 2.53 2.0 3.64 3.30 3.0 6.9 5.7 4.7 19.0 12.7 F T 725 ( 43 J 9735 56) (56) 0.05 1.036 1.034

83

F

I

77io

I

7720

I

7725

I

7740

Violet solution Ô7Ï1.2221.1901.1821. 0.2 1.510 1.48s 1.48s 0.3 1.950 1.93s 1.920 Green solution O T l 1 . 1 4 s 1 . 1 2 s 1 . 1 1 7 l . 0.2 1.360 1.32s 1.310 0.3 1.71 1.65 1.65 (NH4)2Cr207 (82) F

T7IO

7720

MgSO4 F

7718 (2,

I

7760

16s1.120 1.43o 1.33 1.84s 1.68s l l o 1 . 1 O o 1.29o 1.25o 1.60s 1.50 Ca(NOa) 2 (58,95)

»725 ( 3 2 >

F

7725

0.25 0.990 1.000 28,84) 95) o.l 1.020 °'75 1 ^60 1 ^57 0.5 0.990 1.011 0.051.0339 1.030 0.25 1.054 °- ^ ^ 1 1.006 1.046 0.1 1.0673 1.061 0.5 1.120 1.5 2.45 2.34 F T730 T740 0.251.1733 1.164 1 1.29o 2.0 3.18 3.00 0.25 1.013 1.027 0.5 1.379s 1.366 2 1.75o 3() 52 3g 0.5 1.032 1.055 1 1.95 1.93 3 2.45o 4.7 11.3 9.8 1 1.081 1.111 2 3.9s 3.8o 4 CoCl2 (5 » 95, 99) F (NH 4 ) 2 Cr0 4 (82) *«8 Ca(C2H3O2), (81) 1 F F F T710 7720 o Q K« ^15 0.1 1.038 0.5 1.052 1.069 0.25 1.212 25 1 098 °^ 5 1 465 1 1.112 1.143 O ^ O- 5 l -202 2.5 1.37 1.422 Mg(NOa)2 1 2.13s 1 1.432 F F T730 7740 *>** (32) F T775 (»») 0.5 1.079 1.095 O- 5 !-165 CaCrO4 (28) 1 374 1 1.164 1.19 ! ^ F 7718 1 CoSO 4 (SSf 2.5 1.47 1.515 2 !-95 0.05 1.026s O l 1.060 3 2 84 5

1

0.5

37

1

35

1.353

Co(NOa) 2 (SS)

AU(SO4), c.) .

nn*

o.l 1.028 0°:f 0.25 1.074 0 15 1 1.162 0 .5 BeCl2 Co(CNS) 2 (") 0.15 F w 0.25 0.5 1.195 p BeSO 0.5 1.185 0^11 0

»cu(»)26

^

o l

^

1036

Jf °'5

0.25 1.094 °'5

1

^ 204

NiSO4 (95) Q.l 1.059

F

'

l'îîwi

Mg(C2H3O2), (68)

Î:JS 1 355

MgCrO^) ^

'

(21) 1.065 1.110 f95) 1060 1 ^ 000 -JS

1<356

MgCl2 T718 7725(32» (28)

0.051.0220 0.1 1.042s 0.25 1.161 0.5 1.361 0.251.102 Ni(NOa) 2 (95) 0.5 1.209s 0.1 1.032 1 0.25 1.083 2 0.5 1.177 3

95)

10°

20°

40°

1 1.521.511.49 2 2.282.232.16

F

CaCl2 ™ (84)

v«

(84)

0°;J5

};S:

0.5

1.272

F

SrCl2

7718 (72) T725 (32,

95) 0.1 1.027 1.027 0.25 1.067 1.069 0.5 1.139 1.146 l 1 300 1 33 ^ ^ 2 1.77 1.81

2 1.72 1.82 3 2.50 2.56 4 3.48 3.72 F T740 (84) 6 9.4 8.2 0.5 1.16 F 7718(28,7725(52, 1 1.35 75,84)84,95)

2

1.85

1.016 0.1 1.030s 1.030 3 2.63 1.034 0.251.0750 1.076 1.093 0.5 1.148s 1.155 Sr(NOa) 2 (95) 1.200 1 1.308 1.33 F ^726 1.468 2 1.74 1.78 0.1 1.019 2.233 4 3.54 3.60 0.25 1.050 3.36l 6 9.Oo 8.5 0.5 1.112

Sr(C2H3O2)2 (81) F

T716

°'25

L212

LiCL-(CWd) f

0,5 1.465 1 2.135 Ti^nTTN fiQ2\ Ba(OHM 2 ) BaCl5 42 54

^ (36,

o i low

„10C36,

LiNO3.-(Cont'd) p

84)

^

(1,

^5

(1)

28)

0,051,00601.0060 0.5 1^069* 1.071 0.1 1.01091.0116 1 1>129 * 1>141 0.251.02591.0277 3 1.454 1.465 0 5 !.05031.0534 6 2.09 2.125 9 3 24 3 23

NaCl 18° (2, 7, 12, 22, 28, 53); 25° (32, 35, 66, 69, 76) ; Q°, 80°, 100° (35, 53); IQ0, 40°, 60° (35, 53, 84) ^^_

Values of T/

0 ; 25 L'o33*

F

0.1 0.25 ^ Ï7io( »î75o( » i.u««8i.iuo8 0.5 84Ì 84\ 14 7.34 2 1.211ol.223o 1 F 0 36 36 3 1 341 1 358 0 ^ 1.045 1 rVU 1.070 1 07n ^ 84) ' ' ^ ' ^ ^ 0.25 2 1 0.5 1.095 1.14 0.5 1.067 1.066 5 \ I'™? ^* 3 1 1 22 1 31 l 1.143 1.143 !-670 !-694 4 > '. 2 , > 32 , 3 1.495 1.515 6 1.874 1.898 5 8 6 2 185 2 215 9 2 730 1Ï2 '72 ' . 2 6 ' 3.28 1 7 2 /"? ) 95) 9 3 0.1 1.024 1.024 14 6.69 6.40 LiC2H3O2 0.25 1.060 1.061 * w> ( 36 ) »7100(36) p I 7 1 6 (Si) 0.5 1.120 1.126 °-5 1^68 }'™ 6 0.25 1.115 1 1.259 1.285 3 0.5 1.234 15f 153° F BaBr2 (17) 6 2.24 2M 1 1.475 r7 F

9 14

__ _ _ _

3 . 2 8 3.26 I 6.16 5.92

0° | 10° | 18° | 25° I 40° | 60° | 80° | 100° 1.004* 1.006* 1.0085t 1.009t 1.010* 1.012* 1.013* 1.013* 1.009* 1.016* 1.0205t 1.022t 1.026* 1.030* 1.031* 1.032* 1.020* 1.032* 1.0405t 1.046t 1.053* 1.060* 1.062* 1.065* 1.047* 1.071* 1.084ot 1.094t 1.108* 1.121* 1.127* 1.13l* 1.147 1.173 1.192 1.205 1.229 1.249 1.26 1.26 1.282 1.312 1.329 1.341 1.36s 1.39 1.40 1.40s 1.450 1.48l 1.498 1.509 1.524 1.54 1.55 1.55s |l.692 1.700 1.706 1.713 1.72 * ±0.005. t ±0.001. Î ±0.002.

NaClO3 15° f79, 84)

o^ 0 (6 ß > 84)

[| NaClO4 || Values of 17 ° (84)

40

° ( 66)

25

NaBrO3

° ( 80)

15

° ( 89)

20

NaOH 0 . 2 5 1 . 0 1 2 1 . 0 2 1 1 . 0 0 8 1 . 0 2 2 1 . 0 2 8 See also (102) 0.5 1.028 1.041 1.018 1.047 1.057 F ^8 T725 l 1.067 1.086 1.10 1.044 1.101 1.11 ( 57 ) ( 43 ) 2.5 1.24 1.265 1.28s 0.1 1.020 1.023 4.5 1.61 1.62s 1.64 0.25 1.052 1.055 NaBr (84) except at 25° ( 66 ) 0.5 1.108 1.110 1 1-234 1.236 Values of 77 1 59 2 ^ 25° II F | 10° | 20° | 25° | 40° | 60° 4 2.78 ~07Ï1.005ï1.0291.0541.062*ÎTÔ81.10 7 8 -° 4 0.25 1.014 2 1.108 1.14l 1.154 1.18 1.21s NaCl and NaI: v. 0.5 1.029 3.5 1.29 1.32s 1.33s 1.36s 1.40s next column * ±0.003. NaIO3 (28) NaI (84) F T7I8 Values of 77 0.2 1.0493 10° | 20° | 30° | 40° | 50° | 60° NaHSO4 (57) 0.5 1.000 1.011 1.017 1.024 1.028 1.033 p ^18 1.5 1.012 1.042 1.060 1.079 1.092 1.10 0.25 1.056 4 1.193 1.227 1.253 1.284 1.312 1. Q.5 1.114 ___8 2.03s 2.03 2.03 2.04s 2.06 2.07 i 1.245 2 1.550 NaN 3 .-(Cont'd) NaH2PO4 (66) Na2C4O4 (50) 5 2 874 F 77s5 7750 F 7725 AcetylenedicarboxN so 1.5 1.135 1.14s 0.1 1.040 ylate 4 2.58 2 . 3 0 F „„'(2,28) ^10 (84, „„ (2, 3 1.35s 1.38s 0.25 1.102 ,F T 726 LiCl 0-05 1.0294 '",i) ^92, 5 1.81 1.80 0.5 1.208 0.1 1.127 F 1718(2, „ (27, 0.1 1.0568 x 6 2.07 2.03 1 1.464 NaHCO2 (66, si) 8,27, 52,62, 1.142o j no* !040 0 .25 Q , 28,36) 70,95) . 1 O 1 • 0«5b 1 . 040 NaH AsO Formate 2 4 (66) n oc i r»nß 0.1 .0160 1.014 U. n O « 1. OUU 0.25 1.096i inß 1.106 NaNO 0.1 1.040 o.l 1.018 3 0.25 .0385 1.035 * 7726 J;' ^9340 0.5 1.217 1.227 F 7710 (84) ,HO (84) 0.25 1.104 95 0 .25 1.045 0.5 .0747 .069 ) ( ) O 75 l 372 l 374 1 1.04l 1.08 0.5 1.217 0.5 1.094 1 .1476 .142 0.1 1.053t 1.049J , , ,fi 2 1.125 1.18 1 !-484 i 1<2 02 2 .298 - . 3 0 2 0 . 2 5 1 . 1 3 6 t 1.128t + r. V 8 4 84 3 .473 .479 , 7, 287 ! , 27j. ^ ô ( » 3 1.24 1.30 Na 2 CO 3 Wowm fS7\ U>ö 0 1 4 .669 .673 !-^ T ^'+ 92) 5 1.58 1.62 See also (1^2) NaHCO 3 (S 7 ) 5 1.891 1.895 * 1.665 1.63 Q -, -, 044 F T718 (2, T725 F *.("•*.(«• ™ 6 2.145 2.155 * ±0.001. t ±0.005. ' 25 1 ' 109 0^5 22,28, (66) 83) 83) 0.25 1.057 7 2.445 2.455 t ±0.01. °^ 1 11 8 2.8Oi 2.8l LiNO 3 0.5 1.226 59,84) 0.1 1.048 1.048 u ' 0 ^ * 9 3.23s 3.23s p ^0 (1) 0.75 l. 36ö 25 1 126 1 130 0.1 1.0048* 1.005t °^ ^ 1 0038 l 1>54 0.251.010i*1.012t °- 5 !-274 i-285 NaC2H3O2 Ì? Mo5 ìli °-05 ^ 1 1 660 F 12 5.U 5.OQ 0.1 1.0070 NaN 3 (U) 0.5 1.021e* 1.025J ^ ^16 ^ 25 3 04 13 6.03 5.94 0.25 1.0166 F 770 i?25 1 1.052l* 1.062t 2 - ° 2 - 93 (81) (66) 14 7.14 6.99 0.5 1.032s 1.5 1.089 1.126 2 1.15 Na 2 C 2 O 4 (SO) o.l 1.035 7 1 0687 3 X 2 9 4 1 343 3 1.27 F 7725 0.25 1.091 1.088 II 9Ì99 IM ! ^ ' ^ 1 022 1 157 2 5 17 1180 11.12 ^ i- 82 i- 82 5 1.60 °-05 ^ * ° - 5 !-184 1-176 20 ' 18Ì9 3 1.274 6 2.10 * ±0.0005. t ±0.003. 0.1 1.046 1 1.389 1.373

1718

0.1 1.018 * ±0.002. Ba(NOs) 2 ( 95 ) LiClO3 (70) ^ im F T726 0.1 1.017 1 1.141 0.25 1.043 3 1.456 Ba(C2H3O2), («i) 7 2.44 F T715 17 9.19 0.25 1.202 35 61 0.5 1.426 LiBr (41, 71) 1 2.019 0.1 I 1.015 Ba(CNS)2 (") LiBrO3 (89) F T72S I 7775 F 7?2o 0.5 1.10611.131 0.1 1.017 LiOH (10); cf. (102) 0.25 1.044 F „0 „ 25 0.5 1.090 l UQ 0.5 1.13 1.12 °- 8 ' 1 1.24 1.23 LiIO3 (28) 2 1.6? 1.6i F T718 4 3.4o 2.8s 0.05 1.015s F 7750 7775 0.2 1.0622 0.5 1.11 1.10 1 1.3815 1 1.22 1.21 3 3.020 2 1.56 1.51 Li2SO4

25

95

U>1

Q

00

NaC2H3O3 (50) Glycolate F

1725

0.1 1.031 0.25 1.078 0.5 1.155 1 1.325 NaC3H5O2 (66, »i) Propionate 0.1 1.043 0.25 1.110 0.5 1.228 1 1.504 NaC3H5O3 (66) Lactate 0.1 1.040 0.25 1.103 0.5 1.216 1 1.464 NaC4H5O6 ( 57 ) Acid tartrate F

7?18

0.25 1.095 0.5 1.195 NaC4H7O2 (66) Butyrate F

1?25

0.1 1.052 0.25 1.133 0.5 1.280 1 1.620 NaC4H7O2 (66) Isobutyrate 0.1 1.056 0.25 1.140 0.5 1.287 1 1.627 NaC5H9O2 (66) Isovalerate 0.1 1.060 0.25 1.153 0.5 1.316 NaC6H11O2 (66) Isocaproate 0.1 1.063 0.25 1.166 0.5 1.355 NaC7H5O2 (66) Benzoate 0.1 1.050 0.25 1.127 0.5 1.264 1 1.581 NaC7H5O3 ( 50 ) m-Hydroxybenzoate 0.1 1.030 0.25 1.086 0.5 1.220 1 1.608 NaC7H5O3 (50) p-Hydroxybenzoate 0.1 1.050 0.25 1.129 0.5 1.277 1 1.653

NaC7H6O3 (66) Salicylate F

Na2C4H2O4 (50) Fumarate

T725

0.1 1.041 0.25 1.102 0.5 1.210 1 ' 1.468 NaC8H7O2 (50) Phenylacetate 0.1 1.056 0.25 1.145 0.5 1.304 1 1.668 NaC8H7O2 (50) o-Toluate 0.1 1.061 0.25 1.157 m-Toluate 0.1 1.038 0.25 1.103 0.5 1.248 1 1.606 p-Toluate 0.1 1.056 0.25 1.146 0.5 1.308 1 1.695 NaC8H7O3 (50) Phenoxyacetate 0.1 1.056 0.25 1.143 0.5 1.294 1 1.654 NaC8H7O3 (50) Anisate 0.1 1.055 0.25 1.142 0.5 1.302 NaC8H7O3 (50) Phenylglycolate 0.1 1.055 0.25 1.143 0.5 1.295 1 '1.658 NaC9H7O2 (50) Cinnamate 0.1 1.054 0.25 1.154 0.5 1.334 NaC9H9O2 (50) Hydrocinnamate 0.1 1.065 0.25 1.165 0.5 1.337 1 1.77s Na 2 C 3 H 2 O 4 (50) Malonate 0.1 1.034 0.25 1.107 0.5 1.252 Na 2 C 4 H 2 O 4 (50) Maleate 0.1 1.035 • 0.25 1.109 0.5 1.270

F

Na5C11HO10.-

NaC7H4BrO2 (™ì

Terephthalate

(Cont'd)

p-Bromobenzoate

T725

0.1 1.060 0.25 1.152 0.5 1.307 Na2C4H4O4 (50) Succinate 0.1 1.068 0.25 1.175 0.5 1.375 Na 2 C 4 H 4 O 4 (50) Isosuccinate 0.1 1.072 0.25 1.177 0.5 1.373 Na2C4H4O5 (50) Malate 0.1 1.062 0.25 1.167 0.5 1.363 Na2C4H4O6 Tartrate F

Na2C8H4O4 (50)

T718

TJ 25 (50,

(57)

62)

F

-TJ25

F

170

î?25

0.1 1.077 0.005 1.012s 0.25 1.201 0.02 1.037s Na2C8H12O4 W O'» L085o 1.087* O

,

,

0.1 0.25

Tl05 1.285

Na 2 C 9 H 14 O 4 (SO) Azelate 0.1 1.164 0.25 1.412 Na3C6H5O7 (50) Citrate 0.05 1.050 0.1 1.102 0.25 1.272 N

B«S°nt(a6-0) cacate

0005

"

10ÏO!

00

TfJ2B

. ^SO

"

SUber

F

0.1 1.055 0.25 1.141 0.5 1.292

1

L CTcO NaC7H4NO4 (.., nifi 1* o-Nitrobenzoate Chloroacetate Q^ ^ QR^ F T715 T725 ^136 0 ' 25 (81) (16) 1 285 0 5 0.1 1.035 l * 628 0.2 1.071 0.25 1.086 NaC7H4NO4 (66) 0 5 1 174 i i 3^4 m-Nitrobenzoate 0 1 1 052 NaC 2 Cl 3 O 2 (Si) ^ ^ X 13 Trichloroacetate °'25 ° p ^15 0.5 1.269 05 1 215 * 1.606 NaCf ,ClO2 (SO) -Chlorobenzoate

25

O' 1

S'Siosu'S °-

1i' 136

054

^

»^2^2 0

25

^1

°-

1 088

1031

^

0 5 l 220 0.1 1.047 1.055U . O Z i . U d l 4 l . O d d 6 1 282 1.07481.0758 °'5 ^ 0.25 1.137 1.1460.05 p l 1.621 0.5 1.318 1.3220.05 1.075s NaC 7 H 4 BrO 2 (SO) NaC 8 H 4 NO 2 (SO) 1 1.790 m-Bromobenzoate m-Cyanobenzoate Na2C5H4O4 (50) Na 5 C 11 HO 10 (OO) o.l 1.053 0.1 1.050 Itaconate Benzenepenta0.25 1.139 0.25 1.128 F T 725 carboxylate 0.5 1.293 0.5 1.269 0.1 1.094 Na20.xSi02 (86) 0.25 1.21l Viscosity in centipoises at 2O0C 0.5 1.36s The solutions employed in determining the data for the followNa2C5H4O4 (50) ing table were commercial solutions of sodium silicate. The only Citraconate sample completely analyzed was Na2O.2.06SiO2; for this the 0.1 1.076 following analysis is given: Na2O, 18.42%; SiO2, 36.84%; Al2O3, 0.25 1.191 0.23%; Fe2O3, 0.16%; CaO, 0.14%; MgO, 0.05%. The com0.5 1.409 positions given in the table below refer to the percentages by Na2C5H4O4 (50) weight of Na2CKxSiO2. For given values of x the original data Mesaconate lie on fairly smooth curves which were interpolated to round 0.1 1.074 concentrations. But for a given percentage composition, particu0.25 1.187 larly in the less concentrated solutions, the viscosity data con0.5 1 . 405 sidered as a function of x are quite irregular and it did not seem Na2C5H6O4 (50) practicable to smooth them. This effect may be due to varying Pyrotartrate amounts of impurities in the different solutions. 0.1 1.084 0.25 1.214 J^\X 3.90 3.36 2.44 2.06 1.69 0.5 1.457 % —. 3.0 3.3 4.2 3 3 Na2C6H8O4 (50) 5.0 4.4 5.5 3.5 4.5 3 Adipate 10.0 6.5 7.3 5.2 7'.5 5.5 0.1 1.088 15.0 9.0 9.0 7.0 10.0 7.5 0.25 1.230 20.0 12 12 9 12 10.5 0.5 1.526 25.0 18 16 12 16 15 Na2C8H4O4 (50) 28.0 28 22 15 19 19 Phthalate 30.0 49 27 19 22 23 0.1 1.085 32.0 180 37 24 27 29 0.25 1.219 33.0 800 44 27 31 34 0.5 1.464 33.60 7 026 Na2C8H4O4 (50) 34.0 55 30 35 39 Isophthalate 36.0 120 43 48 58 0.1 1.080 38.0 270 72 70 95 0.25 1.208 39.0 460 95 90 120 0.5 1.457

KCl.—(Continued)

Na2O-XSiO2.—(Continued)

2.44

2.06

1.69

40.0

130

120

150

42.0

210

190

250

44 46

400 900

310 550

430 750

750

1050

^\*

^^.

/O

47

Values of T7

^\* I /O

• ' 0°

^yJ

50.76

8 496*

I 51.60 6 115f 52.36 55.26

22 900* 87 08Of

I

15°

I

18°

r^\*

O

OTs 1.0 1.25 1.5

r

^-^

^-\* -T

^^

0.5

1.0

2.0

2.5

T22 1.50 1.67 1.86

ÎT28 1.70 1.93 2.30

Ï73Î 1.86 2.21

T42 2.18 2.81 3.80

1.49 2.50 3.43 4.70

3.0

3.3

3.8

3.95

4.2

^^\^

ÖL5 1.0 1.25 1.5

Tel 3.19 4.60 7.32

1768 T79 3.48 4.87 5.42 9.79 9.38 27.65 F = 1.5

^^^\^

20

OTs 2.0 3.95

I79Ö1.87 5.49 6.77 13.4 104

25

40

2 ? 3 5 2 ^ 3 0 3.95 3.80 121.6 103.6

2ÏÏ5 3.33 50.1

25°

I

35°~r 1.06s§ 1.10§

45° 1.10s§ 1.14s§

KClO 3 ( 6 5 > 79); for ig0 (72)

* x = 1.69. t x =-- 2.06.

Viscosity at 25° (53.5)

I

3.0 0.88s§ 0.975Î 0.994J 1.021Î 4.0 0.88s§ 0.994J: 1.017J: 1.05Ot * ±0.001. t ±0.002. Î ±0.003. § ±0.01.

0.1 0.2 0.3 0.5

15° I 18° 0.994* 0.998t 0.990* O.995t 0.987* O.992t 0.981 0.985

*± 0.003.

t ±0.002.

I

Values of rj 25° I 0.999* 0.998* 0.996*

35° 0.999* 0.999* 1.000*

I

45° 1.002J 1.004J 1.006t

î ±0.005.

KBr ( 8 4 ) ; for Q° ( 9 1 ) ; f or 18° (22, 72, 84, 9 1 ) ; f or 25° (31, 91)

Values of ^7 I 18° I 25° I 0.25 0.986* 0.992 0.5 0.974* 0.984 1 0.913 0.92s 0.94 0.954* 0.969 2 0.84s 0.87s 0.9050.930* 0.959 3 0.817 0.967 4.5 0.87 0.9050.952 1.007 5.5 1.050 * ±0.003.

~Ö°

I

5°

I 10°

40°

I 50°

|

60°

l.OOs 1.02 1.04 1.02s 1.05 1.08 1.10

1.14s 1.19

KI for 0° (40, 91); for 5°, 10°, 40°, 50°, 60° (");for 18° (2i 22, 28, 84); for 25° (31» 40, 84, 91)

There is considerable discrepancy between the values at 20° and 25°, probably due to the difference in previous history of the solutions.

Values of T7 I 18°* I 25° I 40° I 50° | 60° 0.1 0.990s 0.993 Na4SiO4 (51) Na 2 Cr 2 O 7 ( 78 ) KOH.-(CWd) 0.976s 0.981 0.25 F ??30 F î?15 F TJ T Q 0.5 0.94o 0.94? 0.956i 0.964 0.99o 1.0Oi 1.009 1 2.89 0.1 1.020 (43) (24) 1 0.860 0.893 0.9060.922s 0.936 0.98s 1.004 1.02o 0.25 1.050 0,1 1.013 1.013 2 0.78? 0.89s 0.915 Na 2 CrO 4 (SZ) Na 2 WO 4 (Si) 0 .25 1.031 1.032 3 0.75s 0.81 0.8450.892 0.916 0.989 1.03s 1.07s F T710 T715 F 7730 0.5 1.064 1.065 5 0.80s 0.8550.916 0.95i 1.04s 1.10s 1.16 (78) 1 1.645 1 1.128 1.134 7 0.865 0.91 0.978 1.03 1.149 1.21 1.28s 0.1 1.039 KOH 2 1.268 1.275 7.5 1.003 0.25 1.101 See also (102) _9 1.20 57 0.5 1.24 1.209 F r/18 ( ) KF (72) * ±0.001. . 1 1.66 0.1 1.009 F T718 IKBrO3 ( 8 O)II KIO3 (28, 72) || KHSO4 (57) F T720 O730 0.25 1.024 0.2 1.026s F 0.25 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.25 0.5 1 2 0.5 1.25 1.25s 0.5 1.050 0.5 1.0674 T715-... 0.994 1 1.65 1.645 1 1.106 1.0 1.134s T718 1.014l 1.027s 1.042 1.0351.071 1.1441.310 F T740 2 1.230 1.5 1.2060 0.5 1,26 4 1.54l 3.0 1.462 K 2 SO 4 (84, 92); for 18° (2, 28, 57, 84, 92); f or 25° (95) 1 1.64s 7.5 2.32s 6.0 2.083 Values of rj KCl 10°* 18°t I 25°* I 30°* I 40°* I 50°* 0° (91, 97) j 15° (6, 12, 65, 91); 18° (2, 6, 12, 22, 28, 59, 84, 98) ; 25° 0.05 1.011 1.011 (31, 69, 91, 95) ; 35 and 45° (65, 8*) 0.1 1.017 1.021 1.022 1.023 1.024 1.025 0.25 1.044 1.051 1.054 1.057 1.062 1.065 Values of T7 0.5 1.087 1.099s 1.109 1.118 1.12s 1.13e 25

0°

I

15°

I

18°

I

25°

I

35°

0° I 0.982*

5°

I 10°

76

I

45°

OTl0.994s*O.997t0.9982*0.999fTOOTf1.003Î 0.25 0.980s* 0.991t 0.994 9 * 0.998f 1.003t 1.008Î 0.5 0.957s* 0.984f 0.989s* 0.997f 1.007t 1.015Î 0.75 0.9423* 0.978t 0.9849* 0.996J l . O l l j 1.023Î 1.0 0.9286* 0.974f 0.981e* 0.995J 1.015{ 1.031Î 1.5 0.909§ 0.969Î 0.980Î 0.997J 1.02s§ 1.04s§ 2.0 0.89s§ 0.968Î 0.982J 1.002Î 1.03s§ 1.06s§ 2.5 0.89§ 0.970Î 0.987J 1.01Ot 1.05§ 1.08s§

* ±0.005.

1 3 4 _6

t ±0.001

0° 0.945 0.926 0.939

I

i

KN3(U) Values of ^7 25° I 35° 1.006 1.019 1.043 1.075 1.077 1.116 1.188 1.23l

i

50° I 1.035 1.120 1.172 1.29?

75° 1.053 1.171 1.237 1.38s

KNO 3 F

r) W (84)

KC2H3O2 (2» 72, 81)

1 2

0.948 1.01 0.94 1.04

F

7718 (2» 7725 (84, 22,28, 95) 59, 84)

0.1 0.994l 0.250.9857 0.5 0.974s 1 0.9630 2 0.975 F

Acétate

77 4o (84)

0.995 0.989 0.982 0.976 0.999

7750

1760

(84)

(84)

F

K3PO4 (57) F

7718

0.1 0.25 0.5 1

1.050 1.130 1.292 1.72l

K2HPO4 (57) 0.1 1.034 0.25 1.091 0.5 1.201 1 1.513 2 2.18 KH2PO4 (57) 0.25 1.064 0.5 1.137 1 1.291 K2CO3 (2» 57, 72) F 7718 772ßt (43)

0.1 1.029* 1.031 0.251.073* 1.078 0.5 1.152* 1.165 1 1.340* 2 1.82 3 2.46 4 3.34 * ±0.003. t ±0.005. K 2 C 2 O 4 (28, 57)

Oxalate 7718

0.05 0.1 0.25 0.5 1

1.0125 1.0235 1.0545 1.110 1.225

KHCO3 (57) 0.25 1.029 0.5 1.059 1 1.123 2 1.261 KHCO2 (81) Formate F

7718

F

1)15

0.5

1.164

K 2 C 4 H 4 O 6 (44, 57)

0.25 1.078 0.5 1.183 0.75 1.30 1.5 1.74 KC2Cl3O2 (8l) Trichloroacetate 7715

0.5 1.164 KC2H2ClO (8l) Chloroacetate 0.5 | 1.10e KCNS F

7718 (72)

0.1 0.25 0.5 1 2 5

0.997 0.989 0.977 0.960 0.950 , 1.036

F

T 726

F

7775

1 1

(99)

0.970 (99)

1.020 K3Fe(CN)6 F

T7L6

0.1 0.25 F

(65)

0.988 0.990 7716

T725 (65,

(65)

95)

0.1 1.007*1.016* 0.251.022*1.044* 0.5 1.062*1.098*

7715

1.039

K4Fe(CN)« 0.1 1.035 1.045 0.25 1.091 1.113 0.5 1.202 1.236 K2CrO4 F

7710 T7I8 (72, (84)

0.1 0.25 0.5 1 2 F

1 2

1.13 1.35

T 7 IO

7725

(82)

(43)

0.1 0.993 1.001 0.25 0.986 1.006 F

78)

1.105 1.038 1.078 1.174 1.425

7730

774o

(84)

(84)

1.20 1.23 1.47 1.51

0.1 0.25 0.5 1.0

10° | 1.005 1.016 1.04o 1.113

(82)

0.1 1.008 0.25 1.024 KNaC4H4O6 ( 5 7) Tartrate

F

T725

0.1 0.25 0.5 1 F

1.009 1.023 1.048 1 . 103 RbCl T 75 *

T 7 IO*

(76)

(76)

0.250.975 0.982 0.5 0.955 0.967 1 0.923 0.941 F

0.1 0.25 0.5 1.0

10° | 1.008 1.022 1.047 1.10s

T7I8

0.25 1.108 0.5 1.246 0.75 1.410 l.S 2.05 RbOH (20)

T7I8 (72, ^ 25 * 76) (76,95)

0.250.99Ot 0.995 0.5 0.98Ot 0.990 1 0.965t 0.983 2 O . 943 * ±0.003. F

A

HCl

Î735

F

T745

0.1 1.001 0.25 1.004 0.5 1.015 RbI (23) F

7726

0.25 0.978 0.5 0.957 1 0.921 2 0.877 3 0.873 3.5 0.883 Rb2SO4; v. next column CsCl F

T7I8

r]25 ( 39 >

(72)

95)

0.250.986* 0.992 0.5 0.973* 0.985 1 0.952* 0.975 2 0.927 * ±0.002.

40° | 50° 1.021 1.027 1.053 1.067 1.10s 1.129 1.21 I 1.25

Values of 77 20° | 30° | 40° | 50° 1.012 1.016 1.020 1.026 1.031 1.040 1.050 1.061 1.067 1.082 1.099 1.117 1.14s 1.170 1.197 I 1.23 CsNO3 ( 5S ) Values of 77 | 10° | 18° J 25° 0.9973 0.9984 0.9986 0.9938 0.9961 0.9971 0.9870 0.9910 0.9932 0.9742 0.9808 0.9853 0.9618 0.9715 0.9784 0.9510 0.9632 0.9723 0.9413 0.9559 0.9668 0.9324 0.9494 0.9621 0.9239 0.9434 0.9579 0.9377 0.9540

AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS CONTAINING TWO STRONG ELECTROLYTES A-TABLE; Standard Arrangement (v. Vol. Ill, p. viii)

t ±0.002.

7720

0° 0.9960 0.9902 0.9796 0.9612 0.9445 0.9288

0.025 0.05 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8

RbBr (14) 0.1 0.995 0.999 0.25 0.989 0.998 0.5 0.979 0.997

Values of 77 20° | 30° | 1.01l 1.017 1.03 1.04s 1.07 1.090 1.15 1.19 Cs2SO4 (93)

7740

F

1718

F

1.251.54 K2Cr2O7

F

Tartrate F

Rb2SO4 (93)

T760 (84)

1 2

* ±0.003.

F

0.5

F

0.1 1.028 0.25 1.064 0.5 1.125 1 1.248 2 1.515 3 1.817 4 I 2.172 KC3H6O2 (»i) Propionate

1.02 1.035 1.06 1.085

1 2

K2CrO4.- (Cont'd)

H2SO4

HNO3 NH 4 NO 3

NH4Cl

I

B CdCl2 HgCl2 CuCl2 FeCl3 CoCl2 NaCl KCl HNO3

K2Cr2O7 Ba(NOs)2 NH4Cl Pb(NO3), Ba(NO3), NaNO3 KNQ3 FeCl3 BaCl2 NaCl KCl

(NH4J2SO4

CuSO4 MnSO4 A12(S04)3 K2SO4

I

t, 0C 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 10 20 40 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 15 20 15 20 25 25 25 25 25

I

Lit. (43) (43, ioi) (ioi) (43) (101);c/.(i03) (69) (69) (3) (3) (3) (43) (43) (43) (43) (43) (43) (43) (43) (43) (12) (12) (12) (12) (43) (43) (43) (43) (43)

&-TABLE.—(Continued) A

I

Pb(NOg) 2 CuCl2

CuSO4

MnSO4 CoCl2

A12(SO4)3 MgCl2 Mg(N0 3 ) 2 CaCl2 Ca(NO 3 ) 2 SrCl2 Sr(NO3)2

B NaNO 3 KNO 3 MgCl2 LiCl NaCl KCl MnSO4 Na2SO4 K2SO4 Na2SO4 K2SO4 MgCl2 LiCl NaCl KCl Na2SO4 K2SO4 NaNO 3 NaCl KNO 3 NaCl NaNO 3 NaNO3 NaCl KNO 3 NaNO 3 KCl KNO 3

BaCl2

Ba(NO3)2 NaCl

Ba(NOs)2 NaOH NaCl

NaI Na2SO4 NaNO3 Na2CO3 Na2SiO3 KCl K2SO4

T

I

t, 0C 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 25 20 20 25 25 15

I

Lit. (43) (43) (ioi) (ioi) (ioi) (ioi) (43) (43) (43) (43) (43) (ioi) (ioi) (ioi) (ioi) (43) (43) (59) (59) (59) (59) (59) (59) (59) (59) (59) (43) (59) (59) (43) (43) (12)

20

(12, 59)

KCl NaNO3 KNO 3 ~l£OH NaNO 3 KCl

25 25 25 25 25 25 15 20

(43) (43) (43) (43) (43) (43) (12) (12)

25

(43, 69, 85)

KI "^K2SO4 KNQ3 K2CQ3 Na2WO4 KNO3 K2Cr2Q7

25 25 25 25 30 25 25

(85) (43) (43) (43) (51) (43) (*»)

"

For solutions containing NH4OH and various salts, v. ( 4 > 5, 43).

AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS CONTAINING THREE OR MORE STRONG ELECTROLYTES I I Lit. HCl + NaCl + KCl 25° (69) MgCl2 + CaCl2 + SrCl2 + NaNO3 20° (59) MgCl2 + Sr(NOs)2 + Ba(NO3)2 20° (59) Mg(NO 3 ) 2 + Ca(NOa) 2 + NaCl 20° (59) Mg(NOs)2 + Sr(NOg) 2 + KCl + KNO 3 20° (59) Mg(NO 3 J 2 + SrCl2 + NaCl + KNO 3 20° (59) LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) O) Applebey, 4, 97: 2000; 10. ( 2 ) Arrhenius, 7, 1: 285; 87. ( 3 ) Bingham and Stone, 50, 27: 701; 23. ( 4 ) Blanchard, 1, 26: 1315; 04. ( 5 ) Blanchard and Pushee, I1 34: 28; 12. (6) Bousfield, 7, 53: 257; 05. (7) Bousfield, 62, 206: 101; 06. (8) Bousfield, o, 88: 147; 13. ( 9 ) Bousfield, 4, 107: 1781; 15. ( 10 ) Briner, Tykociner and Alfimoff, 4$, 18: 3; 20. C 11 ) Briner and Winkler, 42, 20: 201; 23. ( 12 ) Bruckner, 8, 42: 287; 91. C 13 ) Cohen, 5, 45: 666; 92. ( 14 ) Davis and Jones, 7, 81: 68; 13. ( 15 ) Dawson and Crann, 4, 109: 1262; 16. C 16 ) Dawson and Rieman, 4, 107: 1426; 15. ( 17 ) Drucker, 9, 19: 797; 13. ( 18 ) Dunstan,.? #2,30:104; 14. ( 19 ) Dunstanand Wilson, 4, 91: 83; 07. C 2 «) Fricke, 93, 139: 419; 24. ( 21 ) Fricke and Schützdeller, 93, 131: 130; 23. ( 22 ) Getman, 42,5:344; 07. (23) Getman, 1, 30: 721;08. ( 24 ) Goldschmidt and Weissmann, 9, 18: 380; 12. ( 25 ) Graham, 13, 123: 90; 62. ( 2S ) Graham, 11, 48: 145; 12. ( 2 7) Green, 4, 93: 2023; 08. ( 28 ) Grüneisen, 89, 4: 237; 05. ( 29 ) Grunert, 93, 145: 394; 25. ( 30 ) Guy and Jones, 11, 46: 131; 11. (31) Herz, 93, 86: 338; 14. ( 32 ) Herz, 93, 89: 393; 14. ( 33 ) Herz and Anders, 93, 52: 164; 07. ( 34 ) Herz and Martin, 93, 132: 41 ; 23. ( 35 ) Hosking, 3, 49: 274; 00. (3*) Hosking, 3, 7 : 469; 04. ( 37 ) Hrynakowski, Iszy Zjazd Chemikow Polskich, 1923: 16. ( 3 S) Irk, Magyar Chemiai Folyoirat., 13: 93; 13. 10, 4: 72; 21. ( 39 ) Jones and Davis, 152, No. 230: 6; 15. ( 40 ) Jones and Hartmann, 1, 37: 241; 15. ( 4 l ) Jones and McMaster, 11, 36: 325; 06. ( 42 ) Jones and Veazey, 7, 61: 641; 08. ( 43 ) Kanitz, 7, 22: 336; 97. ( 44 ) Kantele, 138, 1: No. 6; 22. 10, 5: 53; 25. ( 45 ) Katayama and Yamada, 41, 41: 207; 20. 10, 5: 52; 25. ( 46 ) Keitanpaa and Rantanen, 60, 54: No. 23; 12. ( 47 ) Kolosovskii, 28, 34: 190; 25. ( 48 ) Kremann and Erhlick, 57, 28: 831 ; 07. ( 49 ) Küster and Kremann, 93, 41: 1 ; 04. (50) Lauenstein, 7, 9: 417; 92. (51) van Liempt, 93, 122: 175; 22. ( 52 ) Linde, 9, 29: 163; 23. ( 53 ) LyIe and Hosking, 3, 3: 487; 02. (53.5) Main, 50, 30: 535; 26. ( 54 ) Mazzetti, 36, 54 II: 891, 908; 24. ( 5S ) Merton, 4, 97: 2454; 10. (56) Moles, Marquina and Santos, 132, 11: 192; 13. 10, 4: 72; 21. C 57 ) Moore, 2, 3: 321; 94. ( 58 ) Muchin and Tarle, 181, 43: 60; 16. 10, 4: 72; 21. (59) Mützel, 8, 43: 15; 91. (60) Noyes and Lombard, 1, 33:1423; 11. ( 61 ) Partington and Tweedy, 58,117 : 415; 26. ( 62 ) Perelzveich, Thesis, Zurich, 1915. ( 63 ) Pissarjewski and Karp, 7, 63: 257; 08. ( 64 ) Rabinovich, 53 (Phys. Pt.), 56: 555; 24. Trans. Karpov Inst. Chem. 1925: No. 4, 41. ( 6S ) Rankin and Taylor, 174, «: 397; 06. ( 66 ) Reyher, 7, 2: 744; 88. ( 67 ) Rhodes and Barbour, 45, 15: 850; 23. («») Rivett, 4,1926:1063. ( 69 ) Ruby and Kawai, 1, 48: 1119; 26. (70) Sachanov, 9, 19: 588; 13. ( 71 ) Schmidt and Jones, 11, 42: 37; 09. ( 72 ) Schneider, Diss., Rostock, 1910. ( 73 ) Sidgwick and Tizard, 4, 97: 957; 10. (7*) Sidgwick and Wilsdon, 4, 99: 1118; 11. ( 75 ) Simeon, 3, 27: 95; 14. (7*) Simon, 34, 176: 437; 23. ( 77 ) Simon, 34, 178: 1076; 24. ( 78 ) Simon, 34, 178: 1606; 24. ( 7 9 ) Simon, 34, 179: 822; 24. («o) Simon, 34, 180: 1169; 25. (»i) Simon, 34, 181: 862; 25. ( 82 ) Slotte, 8, 14: 13; 81 ( 83 ) Slotte, 8, 20: 257; 83. (» 4 ) Sprung, 8, 159: 1; 76. (85) Steam, 1, 44: 670; 22. (86) Stericker, Thesis, Pittsburgh, 1922. (87) Stone, 45, 15: 977; 23. (88) strachan and Chu, Jf, 36: 810; 14. (89) Sugden, 4, 1926: 174. ( 9 O) Taylor and Moore, 68, 28: 461; 08. ( 91 ) Taylor and Rankin, 68, 25: 231; 04. ( 9 2 ) Tigerstedt, 138, 1: No. 5; 22. (93) Tuuha, 60, 57A, No. 18; 15. (9 4 ) Wagner, 8, 18: 259; 83. (95) Wagner, 7, 5: 31; 90. ( 9 «) Walker, 3, 27: 288; 14. (97) WashburnandMaclnnes, ^,33:1686; 11. (98)Washburn and Williams, 1, 35: 737; 13. (") Wernicke, Thesis, Buenos Aires, 1912. ( 1 OO) van Wyk, 93, 48: 1; 06. ( 101 ) Yajnik and Uberoy, 1, 46: 802; 24. (102) Faust, 93, 160: 373; 27. O o3) Howell, 4, 1927: 158. (» o4) Partington and Tweedy, 4, 1927:2900.

VISCOSITY OF AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS OF WEAK ELECTROLYTES AND OF ALL ORGANIC ACIDS AND BASES M. P. APPLEBEY F = Gram-formula-weight, *? = Viscosity, 77«, = Viscosity relative to water at the same temperature. * NH 3 | F/l 25° I -n/-nw± Q.5%

Weak Bases I 1 I 2 I 4 I 6 I 8 | Lit. | 1.02Q| l.Q4Q| 1.081| 1.121J 1.169J (3)

AMINES Values of y/?» ± 0.005 at 25° C (24) 0.125

F/l

NH 3 (for comparison) CH3NH2 (CHs)2NH (CHs)3N . (CHs)4NOH C5H6N, PYBIDINE

0.25

1.003 1.017 1.030 1.068 1.035 (4, 14,

t, G \

0.5

1.0

1.006 1.0105 1.034 1.082 1.063 1.144 1.143 1.299 1.072 1.146 is, 19, 21, 26)

1.0245 1.155 1.304 1.684 1.316

Values of 77A«, ± 0.3% at O and 25°; ±1% at 18°; ± >1 % at higher temperatures. Maxima at 63% for 0° and 66% for 25° ^\^t<%

20

40

60

O 18 25 55 77 100

1.790 1.580 1.530 1.39 1.25 1.20

2.560 2.375 2.065 1.74 1.55 1.43

3.120 2.570 2.475 2.02 1.82 1.69

*> ^>

^^^1

,

80

100

2.410 2.155 2.140 1.96 1.83 1.83

0.745 0.925 0.995 1.18 1.35 1.41

Amino Acids ( 22 )

CH2NH2COOH

Name Glycocoll

CH3CH(NH2)COOtI Alanine C6H6CH2CH(NH)2CQQH

^C/1 0.25 0.5 t, L> ^.

18 40 18 40

1.0 2.0

1.070 1.153 1.362 1.0741.165 1.0591.1331.310 1.1271.281

Phenylalanine 18 8.31 g/1. 77/77«, = 1.027. Monocarboxylic Acids

CO2, CARBON DIOXIDE (30) 77/77«, for the saturated solution at 20° = 1.007. HCO2H, FORMIC ACID (2, s, n, IT, is, 27, 31, se, ss ) Values of 77 in millipoises f r^T^-^' % 20 40 60 80 90 100 t, Q ""-^^ 15 12.75 13.90 15.60 17.95 19.20 19.85 20 11.10 12.50 14.10 16.10 17.10 17.90 25 10.10 11.30 12.85 14.65 15.55 16.05 35 8.25 9.35 10.70 12.20 12.95 13.35 45 6.90 7.85 9.05 10.30 10.85 11.25 55 5.85 6.76 7.75 8.80 9.30 9.60 65 5.10 5.70 6.75 7.70 75 4.45 5.15 5.95 6.80 85 I 3.90 I 4.55 | 5.25 | 6.05 | ]

F/l 77/77«,, 25°

Ì5 13.60 16.30 19.10 21.60 24.75 27.65 30.20 31.05 26.80 13.50 20 12.10 14.15 16.35 18.70 21.35 23.90 26.40 26.95 23.10 12.65 25 10.65 12.50 14.50 16.55 18.70 20.85 22.90 23.65 20.50 11.55 30 9.55 11.10 12.90 14.75 16.60 18.50 20.40 20.95 18.40 10.65 35 8.5510.0011.5013.1514.8016.5018.1518.5516.55 9.90 40 7.80 9.0510.4011.8013.2514.7016.2016.6014.90 9.25 45 7.10 8.20 9.4010.6011.8513.2014.4514.8513.45 8.65 50 6.50 7.45 8.55 9.6510.8011.9013.0513.4012.25 8.10 55 6.00 6.80 7.75 8.80 9.8510.8011.9512.1511.25 7.60 60 5.50 6.25 7.10 8.00 9.00 9.95 10.90 11.05 10.30 7.00 65 5.05 5.75 6.55 7.35 8.20 9.00 10.10 6.75 75 4.40 4.95 5.60 6.30 7.00 7.65 8.55 6.05 85 3.85 4.35 4.90 5.45 6.05 6.60 7.40 5.45 95 3.40 3.85 4.30 4.75 5.30 5.75 6.40 4.90 77/77«,, 25° = [1 + 0.1104 F/l + 0.00208 (F/l)2] ± 0.002 1 up to -n/viw, 18° = U + 0.1169 F/l + 0.0013 (F/l)2] ± >0.002 J 3AT. CLCH2CO2H, MONOCHLOROACETIC ACID (7) F/l 0.1 0.25 0.5 TO 2~5 370 3.84 77/77«,,25°. ... 1.018 1.045 1.088 1.161 1.330 1.536 1.717 ±0.002 '

Values of 17/77» ± >0.002 Formula

CH3CO2H, ACETIC ACID (2, 32, 34, 40) Values of 77 in millipoises, ±0.5% for low, and ± (2-3) % for high concentrations and temperatures \ Wt. \ % 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 75 90 100 0

F/l 77/77U,, 25°

CL2GHCO2H, DICHLOROACETIC ACID ( 24 ) I 0.1 0.25 OU TO 1.024 1.064 1.131 1.265

CL3CCO2H, TRICHLOROACETIC ACID ( ) 77/77«,, 25° = (1 + 0.355n) ± 0.002, up to n = M normal. CH3CHCLCCL2CO2H, TRICHLOROBUTYRIC ACID («) 77/77K,, 25° = (1 + 0.435n) ± 0.002 up to n = 0.2JV. GH3CH2CO2H, PROPIONIC ACID F/l 0.1 |0.25 0.5 1.0 TE 2 7 0 I /18° 1.019 1.048 1.096 1.1911.2911.392Ì Ì (Si, rì/rìw [25° 1.0191.048|l.098|l.098|l.31o|l.430j ± u ' u u ^| 40) 77 in millipoises (±2% at 20°) \ Wt. N. % 10 30 50 70 90 100 Lit. t, 0C \ . I 20 12.95 18.65 24.0 28.05 26.4 11.2 (38) 40 8.6 11.9 15.5 9.0 (37) 60 I 6.2 8.4 10.35 7.35 (37) C4H8O2, BUTYRIC ACID F/l 0.1 0 7 2 5 O T o I 1.0 (31, 40) fri1.025 1.063 1.131 1.280 ±0.002 77/77U,, Zo

<îso_

1 Q26

l

Q66

1 12Q

l 273

±Q

QQ3

CH3CH2CH2CO2H, ^-BUTYRIC ACID 77 in millipoises, ± several %, max. at ca. 72% for 20°

^7>\^*% I 0.1 I 0.25 I 0.5 I 1.0 I Lit. E, ^ ^^ I 1.004 I 1.009 | 1.017 | 1.031 | (31) 20

* All interconversions between i\ and 77/77« have been based upon the values for water given on p. 10. t ± ca. 1 % at 25°; > 1 % at higher temperatures.

±0.005

6

40 60

10

30

50

13.6

22.3

31.3

8.5 6.3

13.3 9.0

17.9 12.0

75 36.0

100

Lit.

16.0 (37,38)

11.8 9.1

(37) (37)

Sulfonic Acids and Phenol

(CHs)2CHCO2H, ISOBUTYRIC ACID ly/iy» ± 0 . 5 % ( * g )

<. . o>\r /0 10 20 t, ^ ^^ 20 1.340 1.765 25 1.320 1.725 30 1.685 35 1.660 40 1.625

30

40

CH8C6H4SO3H, p-TOLUENESULFONIC ACID (6)

50

60

™ r ., , ™> liquid phases 2.210l 2.720 2.990 2.130 2.590 2.890 2.065 2.480 2.780 T

100

1.305 ^ ^ l ^ 3.120 1.400 3.030 1.445 2.945 1.485

CH3CH(OH)CO2H, LACTIC ACID (™, 31)

ÌF/Ì

I

ô~î

0725 I

77/77«,, 25°, ±0.003

1.0255

Wt. % 17/77«,, 25°, ±0.1 %|

10 1.270

1.0585 30 2020

OTs 1.119

50 3.67

70 7.2

'

To 1.250 100 45.3

(CHs)2CHCH2CO2H, ISOVALEBIC ACID (31) o7/r7u,, 25° = (1 + 0.30On) ± 0.003; up to n = 0.25N. C6H5CH(OH)CO2H d-, Z-, OR ^MANDELIC ACID Q 3) Wt. % I 2 4 6 8 ÏÔ rj/^250 1.0471.106 1.171 1.240 1.315 ±0.002 Dicarboxylic Acids HO2CCQ2H, OXALIC ACID F/I 0.1 0.25 I 0.5 TO I T7At0, 18°... 1.018 1.045 1.090 1.200 ±0.003 HO2CCH2CH2CO2H, ÌF/Ì 0.1 Ö1J5 OTo . /18° 1.010 1.026 1.052 rì/rìw \25° 1.012 1.029 1.058

SUCCINIC ACID (23) TO 1.109 V + 0.005Ì 1.117 J ±0.002 J

77/77«,, 25° = (1 + 0.435n) ± 0.02 up to n = 0.2JV. (CHs)3C6H(NH2)SO3H, TBIMETHYLSULFANILIC ACID (25) 77/77*, 25° = (1+ 0.0148 X Wt. %) up to 2% acid. C6H6OH, PHENOL F/kgsoln O J L 0 . 2 5 Ö7H 1 (20) 77/77«,, 18° 1.019 1.049 1.101 ±0.004 il/iiw ± 0.5% up to 80°; less accurate above 80° (i> l*> 35)

"^>^ % t, I» ^^^ 50 60 67.5 75 80 85 90 95

10

1.195 1.185 1.175 1.170 1.170 1.165

20

35

50

~ ~ T T T T™ liquid phase» 1.475 2.135 2.560 1.455 1.945 2.365 1.420 1.880 2.285 1.400 1.855 2 200 1.385 2.180 1.355 2.1251

65

3.065 ^ ^ 2.745 2.640 2.575 2.550

80

100

.

I 6.39 ^ 3.275 5.16 3.160 4.78 3.085 4.59 3.010

SYSTEMS WITH TWO SOLUTES Water—acetic acid—toluene (41). Water—methyl or ethyl alcohol—picric acid (1901). Water—methyl or ethyl alcohol—aniline ( 19>1 ). Water—methyl or ethyl alcohol—toluidine (1901). Water—methyl or ethyl alcohol—piperidine t19'1).

(23 38, ( }

'

LITERATURE ' (2S (

33, }

'

HO2CCH(OH)CH(OH)CO2H, TABTARIC ACID (28) F/\ 0.1 0.25 0.5 1.0 1.5 77/77«,, 18° 1.029 1.072 1.153 1.400 1.712 ±0.004 At 25°, 77/77«, for a 13.04 Wt. % solution = 1.401 for the d- and 1.388 for the dZ-acid (13). HO2CCH(CH3)CH2CO2H, METHYLSTJCCINIC ACID (33) JFA 0.1 ÓU5 OTo 77/77«,, 25° 1.0145 1.037 1.078 ±0.002 CH2 -.C(CO2H)CH2CO2H, ITACONIC ACID (33) 77/77u>, 25° = (1 + 0.143n) ± 0.001 up to n = 0.34AT. HO2CCH(OCOCH3)CH(OCOCH3)CO2H, DIACETYLTABTARIC ACID (8) ÌF/1 1 0.1 (T25 (To TO 77/77«,, 25° 1.026 1.067 1.1421.308 ±0.003

(For key to the periodicals see end of volume) C 1 ) Bingham and White, 1, 33: 1257; 11. ( 2 ) Bingham, White, Thomas and Caldwell, 7, 83: 641; 13. (3) Blanchard and Pushee, Jf, 34: 28; 12. (*) Bramley, 4, 109: 10, 434; 16. ( 5 ) Davis and Jones, 1, 37: 1194; 15. ( 6 ) Dawson and Crann, 4, 109: 1262; 16. ( 7 ) Dawson and Reiman, 4, 107: 1426; 15. (8) Deakin and Rivett, 4, 101: 127; 12. ( 9 ) Dunstan, 4, 85:817; 04. O«») Dunstan, 4, 87: 11; 05. C 11 ) Dunstan and Mussell, 4, 97: 1935; 10. O 2 ) Dunstan and Thole, 4, 95: 1556; 09. ( 13 ) Dunstan and Thole, 4, 97: 1249; 10. (14) Dunstan, Thole and Hunt, 4, 91: 1728; 07. (^) Faust, 7, 79: 97; 12. ( 16 ) Friedländer, 7, 38: 385; 01. ( 17 ) Garner, Saxton and Parker, 11, 46: 236; 11. (18) Gartenmeister, 7, 6: 524; 90. ( 19 ) Ghosh, 4, 117: 1390; 20. O9 - l ) Goldschmidt and Aarflot, 7, 122: 371 ; 26. (20) Grumbach, 6, 24: 472; 12. ( 21 ) Hartley, Thomas and Applebey, 4, 93: 538; 08. ( 2 2 ) Hedestrand, 98, 124: 153; 22. ( 23 ) Herz and Martin, 93, 132: 41; 23. ( 2 *) Kanitz, 7, 22: 336; 97. ( 2 S) Katayama and Yamada, 41, 41: 193; 20. ( 2 6 ) Matthews and Cooke, 00, 18: 559; 14. ( 2 7 ) Merry and Turner, 4, 105: 748; 14. ( 28 ) Moore, 2, 3: 321; 96. ( 29 ) Noack, 8, 28: 666; 86. ( 3 0 ) Ostwald, Zool. Jahrb., 18: 1; 03. ( 31 ) Reyher, 7, 2: 744; 88. ( 32 ) Rivett and Sidgwick, 4, 97: 732; 10. ( 33 ) Rivett and Sidgwick, 4, 97: 1677; 10. ( 34 ) Rudorf, 7, 43: 257; 03. ( 3S ) Scarpa, 42, 2: 447; 04. ( 3 «) Thorpe and Rodger, 62, 185: 397; 94. ( 3 ?) Traube, 25, 19: 871; 86. ( 3 «) Tsakalotos, 34, 146: 1146; 08. ( 39 ) Wijkander, 8 BeibL, 3: 8; 79. (40) Wilsdon and Sidgwick, 4, 103 : 1959; 13. ( 4 1 ) Woodman, 50, 30: 1283; 26.

VISCOSITY OF AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS OF NON-ELECTROLYTES GUY BARR CONTENTS

PAGE

Systems containing but one solute 22 Systems containing two solutes 24 Systems containing two solutes, one an electrolyte and the other a non-electrolyte 24 Cellulose in cuprammonium solutions 24 ABBREVIATIONS F = Gram-formula-weight 17 = Viscosity •n/tiw = Viscosity relative to water at the same temperature.* * All interconversions between TJ and 17/77» have been based upon the values for water given on p. 10.

INTRODUCTION Throughout this section where a table is given under the name of one author only, it may be assumed, unless the contrary is stated: 1. That a viscometer of the Ostwald type was used for the determinations, no mention having been made by the experimenter of a test for the compliance of his instrument with Poiseuille's law, and no kinetic energy correction having been applied to the results. The abbreviation (K. E.) indicates that a kinetic energy correction has been applied. 2. That the mixtures were made up by weight without reduction ad vacuum. In the majority of cases the purity of the solute is of prime importance in determining the viscosity of the solutions; melting

points, boiling points, etc., are therefore quoted where such details are given. The viscosities tabulated for the pure liquid nonelectrolytes may be found to differ from the I. C. T. values for the pure liquids, but it is not possible, in general, to adjust the tables to remove the discrepancy. Systems Containing But One Solute (T-Arrangement (v. Vol. Ill, p. viii) CH3NO, FORMAMIDE, HCONH2 TJ in millipoises (11J 30> 44 ) I 0.0 I 20.0 I 40 I 60 I 80 J l O O 1 8.9 10.0 I 11.6 I 14.6 I 20.7 I 32.7 CH4O, METHYL ALCOHOL, CH3OH (B. P., 64.90C); r, in millipoises (K. E.) (5)

Wt. % r?25

25

tt^T-^

21.41 47.36

35

14.2s 15.6l

71.61 100.00

I

10.89 11.99

11.89 5.48

9.57 4.76

45

55

8.58 9.47

7.02 7.74

7.80 4.17

6.52 3.71

~

SPECIALLY DRIED ALCOHOL 17 in millipoises ( 42 ) Wt. % |84.86|88.79|91.90|95.35|97.52|98.77|99.24|100.0 vn 11.20|lO.Q3 8.98J 7.88| 7.14| 6.76| 6.57J 6.34 CH4N2Q, UREA, CO(NH2)2 (33) ^ F/Ì I 0.25 I 0.5 I 1.0 I 2.0 | 4.0 | 8.0 ly/iy», 20° I 1.010 1.022 | 1.039 | 1.088 | 1.215 [ 1.655 (M. P., 1320C); r; in millipoises (") Wt. % l.Q2|8.13|11.89|15.47|23.12133.28|38.13|46.18 T725 |8.99|9.43| 9.73|10.40|10.93|12.57|13.54|15.68 C2HCL3O, CHLORAL, CL3CCHO Solutions up to 5OM % made from the hydrate (df = 1.6193) ; above 5OM % from chloral (B. P., 97.0-97.20C), (df = 1.5049) (27) AT i % t» (^ c\ II q in millipoises Mole C TTÎ HCl O — 2

0.0 2.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0 35.0 40.0 42.5 45.0 46.5 47.5 49.0 50.0 55.0 60.0 70.0 80.0 90.0 100.0

8

5()0

5.49 10.33 17.35 26.7? 41.65 60.00 87.70 113.86 143.57 156.07 164.06 170.98 174.21 172.99 167.55 141.04 114.17 57.07 26.87 14.50 8.71

|

6QO

|

4.70 5.95 8.41 13.97 20.97 31.Oo 43.58 57.79 72.39 85.74 90.50 91.72 90.91 90.17 88.19 86.82 75.79 60.45 34.07 18.52 11.5s 7.82

7QO

t

4.07 6.87 10.80 16.2s 22.84 30.04 37.62 45.39 50.80 51.6s 51.5i 50.6s 50.27 48.66 47.86 40.72 34.04 21.60 13.57 9.73 6.79

8y

C2H5NO.—(Continued) Values of 17/^ (43) ^>^°C /yl X, 0.1 0.25 0.5 0.75 1.0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

1.089 1.16l 1.179 1.29s 1.344

0.957 0.98s 1.05s 1.095 1.13s

0.982 1.020 1.028 1.08l 1.13s|

0.996 1.01s 1.027 1.069 1 IPs

1.0Oo 1.04s 1.06s 1.074 1.126

1.0Oi 1.017 1.044 1.092 1.15?

0.98s 1.012 1.02s 1.04s 1.12s

0.988 l.OOl 1.052 1.06s 1.08s

C2H6O, ETHYL ALCOHOL, C2H5OH (5» 12) Values of T? in millipoises ± 0.2 % between 20 and 6O0C. Solutions near rçmax. may be used for calibration of viscometers if evaporation is avoided. ^\^°

10 20 30 40 45 50 60 70 80 90 100

3.17 4.75 7.39 10.2? 13.6s 16.9? 19.6? 21.7? 22.5e 22.3s 21.44 21.Os 20.61

19.61

C2H5NO, ACETAMIDE, CH3CONH2 M. P., 820C; rj in millipoises (11J Wt. %...| Q I 0.78 I 5.82 | 17.69 | 25.95 | 37.21 69.26 Iy26 1 8.95 I 8.94 I 9.95 | 12.38 | 14.65 I 18.83 | 44.62

20

25

30

40

50

60 70

C2H6O2, GLYCOL, (HOCH2), (dl* = 1.1110); 77 in millipoises (* °) Wt.

%

I

0.00 14.11 33.11

T 725

[I

8.9s 12.64 16.2s

Wt.

%

T 725

45.13 49.55 60.84

Il

28.7s 32.1s 45.Os

Wt.

%

I

69.52 75.64 100.00

T 725

62.04 92.42 180.9

Wt. % T725

C3H6O, ALLYL ALCOHOL, CH2: CHCH2OH (df = 0.8500); 77 in millipoises (1Q) . I 0.00|14.06|25.9833.70|35.53|36.53|45.21| 46.88 1 8.95|13.55|16.89|17.97J18.42|18.54|18.96| 19.03

Wt. % ?725

|47.3l|47.82|48.56|56.63 65.00|69.56|83.20|lOÖ^ÖQ |18.95|18.99|19.00 18.99|l8.04J17.58|l5.44| 12.37

Wt. % T725

C3H6O, ACETONE, (CH3)2CO (B. P., 56.10C); T7 in millipoises (K. E.) (3, 31) I 0.0 |12.2 |14.4 |23.6 |24.7 | 30.3 |40.7 1 8.95|11.39|ll.82|13.15J13.24| 13.6QJ13.43

Wt. %... im Wt. %... 7720 77 in millipoises ITT^--J' °C Vol. % ^^-^

5.24

10

32.Is 21.62 15.48 13.28 11.53 8.96 7.256.025.09 52.7s 32.3s 21.6s 18.Os 15.39 11.44 8.967.286.06 69.0 40.9s 26.70 22.Os 18.49 13.5s 10.388.266.77 71.5 43.5s 28.67 23.74 19.9l 14.5s 11.168.877.24 70.1 43.1 28.67 23.87 20.07 14.7s 11.389.027.36 66.2s 41.74 28.32 23.6s 20.Oi 14.7s 11.369.047.39 57.1s 37.87 26.42 22.32 19.Oe 14.2e 11.09 8.87 7.27 47.2 32.6823.6920.2s 17.44 13.2s 10.448.416.96 36.4826.6s 19.98 17.38 15.19 11.81 9.507.786.48 26.9420.48 16.Oi 14.22 12.70 10.22 8.356.955.89 17.7614.8012.2111.01 9.97 8.24 6.955.905.06

| &

3.36 4.20 5.50 8.41 11.80 16.1? 20.34 23.9e 27.Oe 28.52 29.02 28.4s 27.4? 26.59 25.5s 24.81 21.7o 18.79 13.Ii 9.04 6.56 5.58

O

O 12.5 25 37.5 50 62.5 75 100

|50.6 |61.2 |70.9 |80.4 |89.9 |100.0 | |12.30|10.25| 8.10| 6.06| 4.37J 3.17J I 0.0 I 0.4l| 0.66| 1.81| 3.29| 9.12|16.76 |10.09|10.18|10.2610.57|10.95| 12.55J13.70 ± ca. 0.5%; Vol. % at 18-2O0C ( 7 > 22) O

15

17.94*

11.45 14.45 29.6* 17.20 18.43 30.6* 17.88 15.29 17.2* 11.26 4.1*

* Values marked with * are from ( 22 ).

25

8.95 10.90 12.76 13.68 13.35 11.82 8.94 3.24*

35

7.21 8.55 9.81 10.37 10.26 9.13 7.26

45

5.97 6.96 7.83 8.26 8.18 7.38 6.02

C3H7NO, PBOPIONAMIDE, C 2 H 5 CONH 2 (M. P., 80-810C); -n in millipoises (ll) | 0.00 | 1.24 | 5.65| 11.71| 22.18| 41.48| 70.65 8.95 I 9.23 | 10.30| 11.Qa] 15.43| 30.43| 60.06

Wt. % T725

C3H8O, n-PROPYL ALCOHOL, C3H7OH (B. P., 97.70C); 77 in millipoises (*2) % 0-00 r,r^\^' vv ^---^ 2010.0920 25 8.95 30 8.Oo

!7.4O

28.62

59.38

73.13

100.00

.2s25.6531.6929.5s21.9s 17.04 21.2? 26.64 25.2o 19.44 14.45 18.1s 23.14 21.7e 17.42

C3H8O3, GLYCEROL, C 3 H 5 (OH) 3 77 in millipoises (K. E.); values of d in vacuo ( l ) <4°

|

1.0000 1.1014 1.1699

T 720

u

10.09 37.34 153.6

d\l

1.1848 1.2057 1.2155

|

I 720

II

235.4 496.7 747.8

Cgg

|

1.2240 1.2463 1.2568

T 720

1108 4093 8717

77 relative to that of 99.5% glycerol at 250C ( 39 ); commercial samples of double-distilled glycerol diluted to d™ = 1.252 may, however, differ in 77 by as much as 8 % ( 2 > 25 ). d? IQr7Af.

1.2539 1.2526 1.2520 1.2510 1.2500 1.2480 10.87 10.00 9.61 8.99 8.40 |7.30

d\* IQr 7 A^ 5

1.2460 1.2440 1.2420 1.2400 1.2370 1.2340 6.35 5.52 |4.84 4.26 3.57 3.00 C4H9NO, (M. P., I 0.00 1 8.95

__ Wt. % T 725

n-BuTYRAMiDE, C3H7CONH2 1160C); 77 in millipoises (") I 1.02 I 8.11 I 16.88 I I 9.10 I 11.27 j 14.64 |

17.92 15.18

C6H6O2, HYDROQUINOL, P-C6H4(OH)2 ( 28 ) Wt. % | ly/ifrM 11 Wt. %| 77/^88 ||Wt.

0.10 0.25 0.50

%| -n/rjwSs ||Wt. %| 17/17» as"

1.171 0.75 1.172 2.00 1.234 4.00 1.275 1.161 1.00 1.206 3.00 1.271 5.00 1.295 1.167 I Scarpa viscometer, t = 2tit2/(ti + fr») __ C6H6Q2, PYROCATECHOL, Q-C6H4(OH)2 ( 2 «)

Wt. % I iy/^,8 I]Wt. %| 77/77^8 HWt. %| 77/77^8 ||Wt. %| ty/i^g

0.10 0.25 0.50

1.132 1.113 1.126

Wt. % in vacuo 9^67 18.66 27.08 34.94 42.33 49.33

0.75 1.132 2.00 1.259 Il 4.00 1.00 1.204 3.00 1.238 ]| 5.00 Scarpa viscometer, t = 2titz/(ti + fa)

~T5° 11.70 15.86 22.3l 33.3 52.4 88.2

1.263 1.251

C6Hi2O6, DEXTROSE 77 in millipoises ( 37 ) | 30° | 35° | 40° | 45° | 50° 10.38 97248~34 T52 6.89 13.9l 12.27 10.89 9.7e 8.84 19.49 17.Oo 15.Os 13.3o 11.9s 28.80 24.7s 21.64 18.9s 16.9o 44.0 37.4 32.2 27.80 24.3s 72.2 60.2 50.9 42.8 369 il/il» ( 43 )

F/l I 5° I 10° I 15° 20° I 0.1 1.212 1.024 1.04s 1.027 0.25 1.36s 1.210 1.197 1.18e 0.5 1.450 1.329 1.266 1.289 0.75 1.739 1.526 1.476 1.447 1.0 1.889 1.637| 1.61l 1.62l

25° | 1.047 1.19s 1.324 1.447 1.58s

30° [ 1.049 1.199 1.294 1.464 1.597

35° | 1.01s 1.169 1.237 1.41i 1.52s

40° 1.02o !.!67 1.18s 1.4U 1.5U

Shelton ( 45 ) gives 77 for confectioner's glucose syrup (Corn Products Refining Company) and for mixtures of this with water and pure dextrose:

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

C6Hi2O6.—(Continued) Solution (77 in poises) | d\\ | ^ 25 Original syrup + dextrose 1.470 16sooo Original syrup + dextrose 1.447 Uooo Original syrup 1.436 5ooo Original syrup + H20 1.420 764 Original syrup + H20 1.379 36.6 Original syrup + H20 1.331 3.7

CeHi2O6, GALACTOSE; 17 in millipoises ( 38 ) Wt. % . . I 0.00 I 1.15 2.30 4.60 | 9.12 | 18.24 T725 1 8.95 I 9.22 9.50 | 10.06 | 11.48 | 15.64 Honey (41). CeHi2O6, LEVULOSE; T/ in millipoises ( 37 ) % 00 /^r"^^ tj O ^~\^ °-

9 58

-

18

-49 26.96 34.81 42.18 49.07

2 0 1 0 . 0 9 13.06 17.63 24.44 36.Oe 25 8 95 11.40 15.3s 21.04 30.3 30 8.00 10.19 13.52 18.37 25.97 35 7.21 9.08 11.8s| 16.1s 22.4s

56.2sl 46.7 39.1 33.2s

95^6~ 77.2 63.5 52.8

Ci2H22On, LACTOSE; 77 in millipoises ( 38 ) Wt. % . . . [ 0.00 I 1.28 2.78 | 5.80 | 11.66 | 17.06 | 23.38 *?25 1 8.95 I 9.28 I 9.72 | 10.61 | 12.97 15.91 I 21.21 Wt. % ??25

C^H 22 Ou, MALTOSE; 77 in millipoises ( 38 ) I Q.OQ I 1.16 I 2.32 I 4.77 | 9.60 | 19.40 1 8.95 I 9.31 I 9.66 | 10.35 | 12.26 | 18.12

Ci2H22Ou, SUCROSE 77 in millipoises (K. E.). Wt. % in vacuo; solutions suitable for standardization of viscometers ( 4 ) % % 20 40 60 ;\^* 60 i,r^^\ t, O ^^^ 20 40 ^ ^^^. O 38.18148.2 50 9.7425.06140.6 5 31.66116.0 55 8.8722.27117.1 10 26.62 98.301139 60 8.1119.89 98.7 15 22.75 74.96 749 65 7.4517.85 83.7 20 19.67 62.23 567 70 6.8816.14 71.8 25 17.10 52.06 440.2 75 6.3714.67 62.2 30 15.10 43.98 340.1 80 5.9213.39 54.2 35 13.36 37.76 266.2 85 5.5212.26 47.5 40 11.97 32.61 213.0 90 11.27 41.7 45 10.74 28.58 172.4 95 10.41 37.3 Supersaturated solutions: 77 in poises ±2% (K. E.) ( 3S ). (The non-sucrose present in crude beet-sugar is equivalent, on the average, to ca. 0.97 of its weight of sucrose in solutions of the concentrations below. But a solution of a crude sugar (90% purity) gave a viscosity only 0.8 of that of a pure sucrose solution of the same density, 1.314 at 190C). Wt. %

60 65

I

T 72 Q

0.57 1.35

I

T 73 Q

0.34 0.78

II

Wt.

%

70 75

I

T 720

4.47

I

7730

1.97 9.6

Ci8H32Oi6.5H2O, RAFFINOSE (0.1 formal soin, had specific conductance of <2 X 10~6 mhos at 250C); fused quartz viscometer (K. E.); F/Un vacuo ( 46 ) 0.0O0C [I 25.OQ0C Il 50 OQ0C F/l at 0° I 77/77«, Il F/l at 25° | 17/17» || F/l at 50° | 77/77«, 0.038083 1.06284 0.037973 1.05602 0.037615 1.04723 0.058632 1.10129 0.058466 1.08809 0.057925 1.07780 0.102676 1.18881 0.102297 1.16262 0.129787 1.19272 0.131202 1.25233 0.130727 1.21713 0.174336 1.27057 0.176625 1.36048 0.175818 1.31230

Systems Containing Two Solutes (L-Arrangement (v. Vol. Ill, p. viii) CH3OH + C2H0OH, METHYL AND ETHYL ALCOHOLS r) in millipoises (K. E.) ( 5 ) 2CH4O.3H20 \ v J O 2 5 5 0 75 100 C2H60.3H20 J Volumes "-\ 100 75 50 25 O T725 23.521.1 18.8 16.8 14.7 ,,35 17.215.6 14.1 12.8 11.1 ,J45 13.0 12.0 11.0 10.1 9.2 ,755 10.2 9.4 8.8 8.2 7.5 Mixture of 1 volume water with 20 volumes of a mixture of equal volumes of methyl and ethyl alcohols; r/ in millipoises (K. E.) (5) /,0C I 25 I 35 I 45 I 55 TI 9.89 I 7.97 I 6.73 j 5.66 C2H5OH -f C3H5(OH)3, ETHYL ALCOHOL AND GLYCEROL N = IF of glycerol per 1 of solution ( 34 ) Liquid I 9/9», 20° Water 1 50% alcohol 2.807 N Glycerol in water 1.275 N Glycerol in 50% alcohol 3.400 JV Glycerol in absolute alcohol. 1.770 C2H6OH + C4Hi0O, ETHYL ALCOHOL AND ETHER

ms (26); *25(20)

C2H5OH + Ci2H22On, ETHYL ALCOHOL AND SUCROSE t\ in millipoises ( 37 ) In 20 Wt % II alcohol Wt. % sucrose | Q | 20 || O |10 | 20 | 30 r?25 1 16.2 I 29.5 Il 23.2 | 30.3 | 45.9 | 77.0 DEXTROSE + ACETAMIDE ( 43 ) SUCROSE -f DEXTROSE OR LEVULOSE 77 in millipoises ( 37 ) % sucrose... .| 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 - . 10 | 5 | O % dextrose... O | 5 . | 10 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 T725 16.8 21.0 I 26.5 I 47.5 | 26.0 | 20.1 16 8 % sucrose.... 20 [ 2 0 | 20 | 20 | 10 | % lévulose. . .| O | 5 10 | 20 | 20 | I725 1 16.8 I 21.4 I 26.2 | 45.2 | 25.3 | Mixture containing 8.2 Wt. % each of sucrose, lévulose had Tj25 = 19.4.

5 | O 20 | 20 19.8 | 16.2 dextrose and

Systems Containing Two Solutes, One an Electrolyte and the Other a Non-Electrolyte Alphabetical arrangement by non-electrolyte ACETONE + CA(NO3)2 (21) ACETONE + CsCL (9) ACETONE + CsNO3 (9) ACETONE + KCNS (2S) ACETONE -f LiBR (22) ACETONE -f- RBCL, RsBR, RB! OR RsNO3 ( 7 ) DEXTROSE + HCL, KOH, OR TARTARIC ACID (43) ETHER + H2SO4 (36) ETHYL ALCOHOL + CA(NO3)2 ( 3 2) ETHYL ALCOHOL + CsCL OR CsNO3 (9) ETHYL ALCOHOL + HCL OR HBR (is.s) ETHYL ALCOHOL -f KI (*9> 47) ETHYL ALCOHOL + KCNS (23) ETHYL ALCOHOL +LiBR (22) ETHYL ALCOHOL -f NA! (1^-S, 47) ETHYL ALCOHOL + NH4BR («)

ETHYL ALCOHOL + NH4I (8, *8) GLYCEROL + CoCL2 (40) GLYCEROL + CsCL OR CsNO3 (6) GLYCEROL + CuSO4 (29) GLYCEROL + KCL («) GLYCEROL + KI (40) GLYCEROL + LiBR (40) GLYCEROL + NANO3 (18) GLYCEROL + RsBR (8) GLYCEROL + RB! (18) GLYCEROL + SRCL2 (18) METHYL ALCOHOL + CsCL OR CsNO3 (9) METHYL ALCOHOL + KCNS (23) METHYL ALCOHOL + LiBR (22) METHYL ALCOHOL + HCL, HBR OR NA! (ie-5) SUCROSE -f LiCL; y in millipoises (K. E.) (17) Mole ratio, LiCl/Ci2H22Oii = | O | 0.05 | 0.50 | 5.0 Sucrose, F/I, 250C | 7725 [ w | ^ 25 | 925 0.2 10.71 10.74 10.92 12.50 0.4 13.08 13.12 13.60 18.27 0.6 1£.37 16.51 17.40 28.46 0.8 21.05 21.28 22.93 48.71 1.0 27.84 28.22 31.23 95.8 1.2 38.07 38.71 44.10 231.7 1.4 54.0 55.2 65.3 778 1.6 79.9 82.1 102.6 1.8 124.8 130.0 172.7 2_0 218 280 310 UREA + HCL, KCL OR NAOH (14) Cellulose in Cuprammonium Solutions 0

17 at 2O C of solutions of 20 g of cellulose in 1 1 cuprammonium hydroxide solution containing 13 g copper and 200 g ammonia per 1 may vary between 28 000 poises (by extrapolation) and 0.4 poise according to the extent of degradation (Joyner) (24). The sliver used in Joyner's work gave 1720 = 5000 poises after boiling with water. The Research Department, Woolwich (48) quotes figures of 216 poises for sliver and 74 poises for wood cellulose at 2O0C, using a solution containing 11 ± 0.2 g Cu, 205 ± 2 g ammonia, and 20 g cellulose per liter. Both the' above workers confirm the conclusion of Gibson, Spencer and McCaIl (16) as to the rapid lowering of 17 on exposure to light or air. Farrow and Neale (*3) find that a carefully bleached cotton cloth should give ?/2o = 10 to 300 poises when dissolved to a 2 % solution in cuprammonium solution containing 15 g Cu and 240 g ammonia per liter. EFFECT OF Cu CONCENTRATION Two per cent cellulose solutions; r) in poises Cag/ 1 10|H.5| 13| 15|18|24|29.4 g/ ( T720 |266| 163|129|101|81|58|53.5 *' ' Cug/1 1 9.5 10.4 I 10.9 I 11.7 ATTT o ^ r / i / y t o x — NH3, 205 g/1 (48) 7720 150 I 137 130 I 121 Effect of Concentration of Ammonia.—Joyner (2 4) finds that with any concentration of copper and with either 1 % or 2 % solutions of various celluloses, increase of ammonia by 10 g/1 decreases logic v by 0.047. Effect of Concentration of Cettulose.—Joyner states that for his solution log 77 = aC, where C = volume concentration and a is a constant for a given cellulose. Farrow and Neale (13), using severely kiered sliver in their cuprammonium solution, find that the equation (1 + A/C) logxo 17/77* = B represents the results

more accurately, A and B being constants, and r?s, the viscosity of the solvent = 0.015 poise. LITERATURE (For key to the periodicals see end of volume) C 1 ) Archbutt and Deeley, Lubrication and Lubricants, p. 161; London, Griffin, 2 1912. O. ( ) Barr, 299, No. 755; 1921. ( 3 ) Barr and Bircumshaw, 299, No. 746; 1921. ( 4 ) Bingham and Jackson, 31 A, No. 14: 59; 19. (») Bingham, White, Thomas and Caldwell, 7, 83: 641; 13. («) Davis, 102, No. 266: 71; 18. ( 7 ) Davis, Hughes and Jones, 7, 85: 513; 13. (») Davis and Jones, 7, 81: 68; 12. ( 9 ) Davis and Jones, 152, No. 230: 6; 15. ( 1 0 ) Dunstan, 4, 87: 11; 05. O 1 ) Dunstan and Mussell, 4, 97: 1935; 10. O 2 ) Dunstan and Thole, 4, 95: 1556; 09. ( 13 ) Farrow and Neale, 415, 15: 157T; 24. ( 1 4 ) Fawsitt, 68, 25: 51; 04. ( 15 ) Gibson, 4, 117: 479; 20. (16) Gibson, Spencer and McCaIl, 4, H7: 484; 20. ( 16 - 5 ) Goldsmith and Aarflot, 7, 122: 371 ; 26. ( » * ) Green, 4, 93: 2049 ; 08. ( » « ) Guy and Jones. 11, 46: 131; 11. 152, No. 180. ( 19 ) Herz and Martin, 93, 132: 41; 24.

( 2 0 ) Horiba, 41, 31: 922; 10. 489, 3: 63; 11. ( 2 M Jones and Bingham, 168, No. 80: 81; 07. ( 2 2 ) Jones and McMaster, 11, 36: 325; 06. 152, No. 80: 126; 07. ( 23 ) Jones and Veazey, 152, 80: 170; 07. ( 24 ) Joyner, 4, 121: 1511, 2395; 22. ( 25 ) Kellner, Z. dent. OeI- undFett-Ind., 40: 677; 20. (2«) Kono, 41, 44: 406; 22. ( 2 7 ) Kurnakov and Efremov, 7, 85: 401; 13. ( 28 ) Luzziani, Sperimentale, 64: 382; 10. ( 29 ) Massoulier, 34, 130: 773; 00. (30) Merry and Turner, 4, 105: 748; 14. ( 31 ) Muchin, 9, 19: 819; 13. ( 32 ) Muchin and Tarle, 181, 43: 60; 16. 10, 4: 92; 21. ( 33 ) Öholm, 147, 2, No. 23: 35; 13. ( 34 ) Öholm, 147, 2, No. 26: 5; 13. ( 35 ) Orth, 475, 29: 137; 11. W Pound, 4, 121: 944; 22. ( 3 ?) Powell, 4, 105: 1; 14. ( 38 ) Pulvermacher, 93, 113: 141; 20. ( 3 ») Ramsbottom, O. ( 4 0 ) Schmidt and Jones, 152, No. 180. 11, 42: 37; 09. ( 41 ) Shaw and Robertson, 33, 30: 473; 24. ( 4 2 ) Tower, 1, 38: 833; 16. ( 43 ) Varicak, Rev. chim., 1: 57; 21. ( 4 4 ) Waiden, 7, 55: 207; 06. ( 4 5 ) Washburn and Shelton, 86, 140: 24; 24. ( 4 6 ) Washburn and Williams, 1, 36: 750; 13. ( 4 ?) Wightman, Davis, Holmes and Jones, 42, 12: 385; 14. ( 4 ») Woolwich Res. Dept., 436, No. 22 III; 23.

FLUIDITY OF NON-AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS EUGENE C. BINGHAM CONTENTS The A-component key-formula does not begin with 16. Two-component systems.

MATIÈRES La formule clé du constituant A ne commence pas par 16. Systèmes à deux constituants.

INHALTSVERZEICHNIS Die Schlüsselformel der A-Komponente beginnt nicht mit 16. Zweikomponenten Systeme.

INDICE PAGE formula chiave del componente A non comincia con 16 Sistemi a due componenti 26 Sistemi a tre componenti 30 Componente A ha una formula chiave che comincia con 16. Sistemi a due componenti 31 Sistemi a tre componenti 5 1

La

Systèmes à trois constituants. Le constituant A possède une formule clé commençant par 16. Systèmes à deux constituants. Systèmes à trois constituants.

Dreikomponenten Systeme. Die A-Komponente hat eine mit 16 beginnende Schlüsselformel. Zweikomponenten Systeme.

INTRODUCTION When the relation between specific volume and volume concentration is a linear one, the fluidity is normally a linear function of the volume concentration. Most of the literature from which the fluidity data are taken contains the corresponding density values, but these have not been reproduced here since such data are very fully given in another volume (v. Vol. Ill, p. 130). The accuracy is very difficult to estimate. Where data of different observers are available the agreement is in many cases not good. Differences of several per cent are not uncommon.

INTRODUCTION Lorsque la relation entre le volume spécifique et la concentration en volume est linéaire, la fluidité est normalement une fonction linéaire de la concentration en volume. La plupart des mémoires dont ont été extraites les données de fluidité contiennent les valeurs des densités correspondantes, mais celles-ci n'ont pas été reproduites ici car de telles valeurs ont déjà été données d'une façon complète dans une autre volume (v. Vol. III, p. 130) . Il est très difficile d'estimer la précision. Lorsque les données d'observateurs différents sont disponibles on constate que l'accord est mauvais dans bien des cas. Des différences de plusieurs pourcent ne sont pas rares.

EINLEITUNG Wenn die Beziehung zwischen dem spezifischen Volumen und der Volumkonzentration linear ist, so ist gewöhnlich die Fluidität eine lineare Funktion der Volumkonzentration. Viele der Literaturstellen denen Daten über die Fluidität entnommen worden sind, enthalten die entsprechenden Dichten, welche aber in diesem Abschnitt nicht angegeben werden, da sie sehr vollständig in einem anderen Band (siehe Bd. III, S. 130) vorgefunden werden können. Es ist sehr schwer die Genauigkeit abzuschätzen. Wo Daten verschiedener Beobachter vorhanden sind, ist in sehr vielen Fällen die Übereinstimmung nicht gut. Differenzen von mehreren Prozenten sind nicht ungewöhnlich.

ABBREVIATIONS, SYMBOLS AND UNITS rj t Viscosity in poises at t, 0C

ABRÉVIATIONS, SYMBOLES ET

ABKÜRZUNGEN, ZEICHEN UND EINHEITEN rj t Viscosität in Poise, bei t, 0C

ABBREVIAZIONI, SIMBOLI E UNIT! rjt Viscosità in poises a t, 0C

t = — Fluidität in rhes (in 77* reziproken Poise), bei t, 0C

(Pt — — Fluidità in rhesfìt (poises reciproci) a i, 0C

Three-component systems. The A-component has keyformula beginning with 16. Two-component systems. Three-component systems.

(Pt=-

Vt

Fluidity in rhes

(reciprocal poises), at t, 0C

UNITÉS t]t Viscosité en poises à t, 0C <£>t = — Fluidité fit

en

rhes

(poises réciproques) à t, 0C

Dreikomponenten Systeme.

INTRODUZIONE Quando il volume specifico varia linearmente con la concentrazione in volume, la fluidità e di regola una funzione lineare di questa. La maggior parte della letteratura dalla quale sono stati tratti i dati di fluidità contiene anche i corrispondenti valori di densità; questi però non sono stati riprodotti qui perché essi sono stati riuniti in un altro volume (v. Voi. Ili, p. 130). È molto difficile valutare la precisione dei dati. La concordanza fra i valori di osservatori diversi in molti casi non è buona. Vi sono spesso differenze di alcuni percenti.

ABB REVIATIONS. — (Continued) g B/l Grams of B in one liter of mixture M B/l Moles of B in one liter of mixture M B/l A Moles of B in one liter of A M B/kg Moles of B in one kilogram of mixture g B /kg A Grams of B in one kilogram of A Wt. % B Grams B in 100 g of mixture M % B Moles B in 100 moles of mixture Vol. % B Volume of B in 100 volumes of mixture ARRANGEMENT The following tables are divided into two sections as shown above in the table of contents. Section I is an 2V -& Table and follows the Standard Arrangement (v. Vol. Ill, p. viii). Section II is a (T-Table and follows the (T-arrangement.

ABRÉVIATIONS. — (Suite) g B/l Grammes de B par litre de mélange M B/l Mol. gr. de B par litre de mélange M B/l A Mol. gr. de B par litre de A M B/kg Mol. gr. de B par kilogramme de mélange g B/kg A Grammes de B par kg de A Wt. % B Grammes de B dans 100 g de mélange M % B Mol. gr. de B pour 100 mol. gr. du mélange Vol. % B Volume de B dans 100 volumes du mélange

ABKÜRZUNGEN. — (Fortsetzung) ABBREVIAZIONI. — (C ont. ) g B/l Gramme von B in g B/l Grammi di B in un 1 Liter der Mischung litro di miscuglio M B/l Mole von B in 1 Liter M B/l Molecole di B in un der Mischung litro di miscuglio M B/l A Mole von B in 1 Liter M B/l A Molecole di B in un litro di A von A M B/kg Molecole di B in un M B/kg Mole von B in 1 Kilogramm der Mischung chilo di miscuglio g B/kg A Gramme von B in 1 g B/kg A Grammi di B in un chilo di A Kilogramm von A Wt. % B Gramme von B in Wt. % B Grammi di B in 100 100 g der Mischung g di miscuglio M % B Mole von B in 100 M % B Molecole di B in 100 Molen der Mischung di miscuglio Vol. % B Volumen von B in 100 Volumteilen der Mischung

Voi. % B Volume di B in 100 di miscuglio

ARRANGEMENT Les tables suivantes sont divisées en deux sections, ainsi qu'il est montré ci-dessus dans la table des matières. La Section I est une Table 2V-Ä et elle suit l'arrangement type (v. Vol. III, p. viii). La Section II est une Table (T et elle suit l'arrangement (L.

ANORDNUNG Die folgenden Tabellen sind in zwei Abschnitte, entsprechend dem obigen Inhaltsverzeichnis, geteilt. Abschnitt I ist eine 2V-!& Tafel und folgt der Standardanordnung (siehe Bd. Ill, S. viii). Abschnitt II ist eine (T-Tafel und folgt der C- Anordnung.

ORDINAMENTO Le tabelle seguenti sono divise in due sezioni, come si è visto sopra, nell'indice. La Sezione I è una Tabella A-A e segue l'ordinamento standard (v. Voi. Ili, p. viii). La Sezione II è una Tabella C e segue l'ordinamento (L.

B = Kl.—(Continued) M B/l
THE A-COMPONENT KEY-FORMULA DOES NOT BEGIN WITH 16 Ä-Ä Table, Standard Arrangement (v. Vol. Ill, p. viii) TWO-COMPONENT SYSTEMS B

H 2 SO 4 B = HNO 3 ( 15 ) Vol. vio
Wt. %B

0.00 0.00 3.00 4.50 7.90 12.50 14.76 1.55 2.55 5.45 25.00 28.77 1.80 2.85 6.30 37.50 42.11 2.60 3.70 8.35 50.00 58.40 5.40 8.25 15.05 62.50 66.89 7.75 11.55 20.10 75.00 78.45 29.25 37.90 59.20 87.50 89.46 41.40 52.35 75.80 100.00 100.00 96.40113.9 147.1

=====

NH

M™-<">
S:S l 10 •

33

S 255 3 ;

4.07 68.46 —— —— B = Cu(NO3MNH, («)

0.105

347.2

0.226 0.362

313.4 287.7

061g

-, oo —

2356

107 o —

B = AgI (48) 0.202 355.9 0.359 335.6

= 'Agi.—(Continued) M B/1 ^-33-5 0.846 284.8 1.98 195.9 o og -mg a ' ' zo 1U 1Z '• B = AgNO 3 (48) * ^ ' U . ID^ o^tf.z 0.276 329.6 0.592 282.7

B = NaNO 3 (48) 0.056 367.1

5:iS 0.182 246

o-°-

310

0.420 528

°' 0.900 53

l

3;30

£:}

f7'-! ööb.l

341 3

328.5

314 7

' 275.7 „

1-0 2.5

113;8

348.3 319.2 254.3

^

=

^H6O, Ethyl alcohol

4

(51 5)

O- O* 23.43*

' jjBr

•At pressure of saturated vapor.

ß =

^^ ^^ ^^

(51-5)

Bi B = BiCl3 (3) M

% A

0.0 9.3 1« 18.6ß M % A 0.0 9.3 18.6 M % A

0.00 9.3 18.6 30.2 40.2

¥>260

270

J2 280

"D _ £O

3.12 3.39 3.70 2.44 2.70 2.98 91Q 2.13 7 $9290 V SOo sw 4.00 4.35 4.65 3.28 3.51 3.85 2.35 2.63 2.90 1.64 1.84 ^)32O

4.88 4.08 3.12 2.02 1.14

^>33o

5.26 4.26 3.33 2.22 1.29

/JJ 7\

A/ , g n L.

94£"7

68

24g 4

13 6 ' . 54 ' Q inft'n S

' *

246 8 '243' 9 0 o' A £0

(può

5.56 4.54 3.51 3.51 .

224

B = KI (48) 0.066 372.8 0.110 366.3 0.187 355.8 0.321 0.545 1.17

4

HCl B = CH4O, Methyl alcohol (51.5)

Cl2 B = CCl4 ( 98 ) Wt. % B ^25* 124.8 97.24 98.18 120.3 98.92 117.3 100.0 112.6 * At pressure of saturated vapor.

B = CHCl3 ("7) 0-0 168.3 I-5 169-9 2 9 168.4 5.7 168.5 11.5 169.2 22.9 168.8 44.9 167.7 B = C2H6O, Ethyl alcohol (ii7) o.O 898 2.1 89 2 4.2 89.0 o A

QQ /»

B =

CzReO—tfontinued)

g A/l

B = CH4O, Methyl alcohol*

16.6 33.2 65.9

87.8 86.4 84.7

B = C4H10O, Ethyl ether (l 1 7) 0.0 416.7 6.7 418.4 13.2 413.7 26.2 403.7 52.0 393.8 95.0 373.1 189.7 333.6 B = C6H6, Benzene (l 1 7) 0.0 165.1 4.1 165.2 7.7 164.8 14.2 164.3 28.4 162.8 56.4 159.8 72.4 154.7

S B = CS2 ( 4 ) Wt. % A ^25 0.0* 282.5 5.35* 261.8 13.12* 235.3 3.61f 268.8 7.92f 256.4 3 25Ì

' 1 3.11*/ 6.60Ì\ 6.31*] * = Rhombic, S^. t = Engel, Sp. î = Magnus, STT.

2604 4 2bU '

235 8

'

SO2 B = CCl4* (98) Wt. % B ^25 0.0 391.3 26.42 352.6 35.79 334.8 48.60 305.1 68.93 239.9 73.28 223.0 85.01 179.0 92.11 149.4 98.870 121.9 99.220 119.7 99.315 118.9 99.672 116.7 100.00 112.7 B = CS2* (98) 97.41 296.8 98.18 295.7 98.91 293.7 100.00 290.0 B = CHCl3* (98) 97.10 199.1 97.44 197.9 98.12 194.6 100.00 184.4 * At pressure of saturated vapor.

B = C7H8.*— (Continued)

(98)

^25

Wt.

% B

0.0 18.16 20.27 25.10 29.29 40.89 51.27 68.76 74.47 91.98 100.00

Wt. % B

86.00 92.52 96.79 98.71 100.00

25

391.3 320.7 310.3 291.2 281.1 239.3 215.5 191.7 188.8 184.4 183.2

B = C3H6O, Acetone (»*) 0.00 390.7 12.32 352.1 20.80 331.5 44.90 293.7 47.83 293.3 57.56 288.1 69.40 291.5 73.48 292.9 77.78 297.2 81.98 301.8 94.66 320.3 100.00 328.9 B = C4Hi0O, Ethyl ether (98) 0.00 390.7 30.46 347.7 50.56 347.2 57.00 356.6 63.71 362.4 66.47 363.2 85.80 409.3 88.30 416.7 91.67 425.0 95.00 434.3 100.00 448.2 B = C6H6, Benzene* (98) 0.00 390.7 26.39 329.8 50.44 265.7 52.58 263.3 80.76 203.7 92.62 185.2 95.48 177.6 97.28 174.2 100.00 167.8 B = C 7 Hi 6 , Heptane* (98) 96.82 268.9 98.29 265.5 100.00 259.4 B = C7H8, Toluene* (98) 0.00 390.7 21.43 326.8 27.95 321.9 52.00 256.7 52.92 256.1 71.96 219.4 72.76 217.5 74.72 215.7 * At pressure of saturated vapor.

204.9 195.3 187.3 183.5 181.4

B = C8H10, Xylene* (98) 187.5 84.57 89.08 178.5 91.22 175.6 93.28 171.8 95.00 169.4 96.48 167.6 100.00 165.5

H2S B = CHCl3* (98) 99.713 192.1 99.807 190.2 100.00 184.4 * At pressure of saturated vapor.

H2SO4 B = C2H4O2, Acetic acid (26) Wt.

% B

0.00 9.93 29.88 50.18 70.07 90.01 100.00

% B

0.00 24.98 50.15 75.02 100.00

B = Ci 2 H 22 Ou, Sucrose (4«) 0.022 367.2 0.039 360.0 0.070 345.0 0.124 321.4 0.220 278.0 0.3918 164.3 0.921 . 44.76 NH4Br B = CH3NO, Formamide (23) M

B/l

0.0 0.1 0.25 0.5

£>15

25

35

23.2 30.7 39.3 22.7 30.6 38.0 22.0 28.9 37.3 20.9 27.7 36.0

*>76.5

NH4I 3.712 19.87 B = CH NO, Formamide (23) 3 2.384 13.94 M A/1 15 25 35 0.729 9.33 0.0 23.8 31.2 40.1 0.872 10.6 0.1 22.9 30.2 38.4 3.190 25.7 0.25 21.9 29.3 37.5 26.20 79.6 0.5 19.6 25.9 33.3 75.00 177.4

B = C2H6SO4, Dimethyl sulfate (26) Wt.

NH3 B = CH4N2O, Urea (48) M B/l ?-3i.i 0.333 356.4 351.9 0.376 0.567 340.2 0.806 319.1 0.966 306.0 2.076 243.0

^25

o

n.5

2.06 18.9 3.19 24.4 5.48 35.6 14.29 66.9 36.60 124.7

B = C4Hi0O, Ethyl ether (i") Wt. % B ^30 0.0 4.76 2.50 5.30 5.00 6.26 10.00 7.64 15.00 7.86 20.00 7.46 25.00 6.68 30.00 6.28 35.00 6.19 40.00 6.96 45.00 9.09 50.00 13.88 56.436 28.74 60.875 45.58 70.399 101.8 78.221 172.7 83.223 229.4 90.172 322.9 93.370 366.3 100.00 468.6

NH4NO3 B = CH3NO, Formamide (63) M

A/1

0.0 0.1 0.25 0.5

i&

22.89 22.35 22.00 21.37

(f>25

35

30.3 38.0 29.5 36.4 29.3 36.4 28.4 35.4

SbCl3 B = C3H6O, Acetone M % B 2& 33.3 5.52 38 5.96 50 10.54 66.6 28.2 75 50.6 100 295.0 M % B
(87, 88) en 18.83 24.86 52.13 84.53 wo 46.34 43.80 39.58 41.44 41.51 42.37

B = C4Hi0O, Ethyl ether (87, 88)

M %A O 25 33.4 50

wo ^32 409.8 429.2 99.2 108.2 51.2 59.6 15.3 18.98

SbCl3.- (Continued) B = C4Hi0O.- (Continued) M

% A

V>25

6.53 5.80 5.55 5.91

70 75 80 85

8.64 7.94 7.49 7.85

B = C6H6, Benzene (84, 85) Wt. % B
B = CisHioO, Benzophenone (84,

Wt.

0.0 33.33 50.0 55.0 60.0 66.67 70.0 75.0 100.0

(84, 85)

^100 65.6 50.4 49.7 49.7 53.4 67.1 120.9

M %B O 15 20 25 34.87 50 100

B = Ci9Hi6, Triphenylmethane (84, 85)

SbBr3 B = CsHgO, Acetophenone (84, 85) M

% A

O 25 40 45 48 50 51 52 60 70 85 100

<£>25

V50

61.8 80.3 153.1 9.43 17.78 40.34 1.64 3.23 19.40 1.27 2.62 15.65 1.108 2.549 14.93 1.036 2.353 14.34 1.069 2.439 13.82 2.45 13.19 1.872 4.44 16.60 3.167 7.39 23.26 15.80 25.11 30.22

% B

O 25 50 64 66.5 68 70 75 100

*>95

7.35 0.552 0.2086 0.1812 0.1766 0.2118

57.3 26.8 19.9 17.7 17.2 17.4 17.7 30.2

£>30

£>40

50

124.1 137.9 149.7 65.5 77.4 89.69 14.56 20.19 26.65 2.27 4.25 7.02 1.73 3.38 5.97 1.91 3.62 6.21 3.21 5.25 8.03 113.8 15.66 20.39 266.7 292.4 321.5

B = C4H8O2, Ethyl acetate (87, 88) % B

O 30 50 64.1 65.4 66.6 67.4 75 100

25

108.8 149.7 166.7 52.82 80.32100.8 15.50 30.93 47.9 2.60 9.79 22.8 2.14 9.16 21.7 1.99 8.89 21.6 2.23 9.53 22.8 8.51 20,2 36.3 226.8 289.9 353

B = C4H8O2, Propyl formate (87,

M

65.6 30.85 29.5 28.9 28.5 29.0 31.0

O 33.33 50 55 60 66.67 100

*>25

(87, 88) M

% B

O 25 50 65 66.6 68 75 100

88)

50

149.7 83.1 23.35 6.53 6.07 6.67 17.06 253.8

70

166.7 111.6 39.56 16.13 15.25 16.49 30.97 307.7

B = C5Hi0O2, Ethyl propionate («o, 81) M

% B

O 10 25 40 50 60 65 65.20 65.87 66.67 67.11 70

B = C5Hi0O2.— (Continued) M

SnCl4 B = C3H6O2, Ethyl formate

M

B = C IsHi2, Dipheny !methane

% A

85)

(pio

108.8 166.4 90.09 149.9 62.62 123.9 34.66 89.29 18.96 65.92 7.47 46.58 4. 07 44.50 4.87 46.17 4.86 47.06 4.97 48.37 5.04 48.3 7.29 53.0

% B

V>25

70

16.7 95.1 189.0

75 90 100

66.6 276.2 304.0

B = C5Hi0O2, Methyl butyrate (87, 88) M

% B

(f>25

50

O 108.8 149.7 166.7 66.5 4.53 20.62 47.8 100 18.32266.0 320.5 B = C6H6, Benzene (87, 88) M %B «?26 ^ 70 O 108.8 166.7 25 140.2 204.5 50 156.7 250.6 75 166.7 266.7 100 164.5 275.5 B = C 6 Hi 2 O 2 , Ethyl butyrate (87,

M

% B

88)

25

70

O 108.8 149.7 166.7 25 52.8 80.3 100.8 50 24.2 34.9 55.8 64 5.32 18.8 41.6 65 5.04 18.7 42.2 66 5.10 18.9 42.5 66.7 5.18 19.1 42.9 67.5 5.50 19.9 44.2 69.2 6.84 22.3 48.1 75 15.56 36.3 66.1 100 159.2 214.6 311.5 B = C9Hi0O2, Ethyl benzoate (87, 88) M

% B

O 25 33.4 35 37.5 40 45 50 70 100

25

50

70

49.2 78.1 104.7 12.6 37.8 64.3 8.63 31.3 56.6 8.49 31.0 56.3 8.43 30.3 55.7 8.44 29.7 53.9 9.48 29.9 54.0 12.1 32.7 57.4 36.8 64.2 91.0 108.8 149.9 166.7

HgCl2 B = CH3NO, Formamide ( 6 4) M A/1

0.0 0.1 0.25

(pis

20

35

23.2 31.0 39.8 22.2 29.6 21.3 28.3

AgI B = CH5N, Methylamine (48) M A/1 vo 1.08 293.9 1.24 282.7 2.31 197.0 B = C2H7N, Dimethylamine (40) M A/1

0.3195 0.6375 1.366

V-33.5

199.1 179.9 125.1

B = C2H7N, Ethylamine (40) M A/1

0.1012 0.1728 0.3494 0.6339 1.116

0>_33.6

165.4 156.9 144.5 125.1 100.4

AgNO3 B = CH5N, Methylamine (48); cf. (75)

0.99 221.6 1.29 180.8 1.48 152.6 1.91 111.1 2.76 55.64 3.57 29.78 B = C2H3N,Acetonitrile(123) Wt. % B ^25 43.07 15.4 68.09 95.6 85.93 190.8 95.20 244.5 100.00 278.6 B = C2H7N, Ethylamine ( 4 O) M A/1

0>-83.5

0.03436 168.2 0.07045 159.5 0.1402 140.8 0.2785 123.9 0.5420 103.1 0.7411 72.78 14.09 1.999 B = C3H9N, Propylamine (40) 0.1387 82.1 0.2802 66.7 B = C5H5N, Pyridine (121) Wt. % B ^25 73.93 17.6 85.12 48.8 90.41 74.3 95.96 90.6 100.00 112.2 B = C6H6ClN, m-Chloroaniline (121) M %B ^25 92.11 10.9 96.91 20.7 98.82 25.5 99.49 27.3 99.81 28.0 99.92 28.4 100.00 28.6 B = C6H7N, Aniline ("i) Wt. % B ^25 89.79 11.16 93.92 16.67 96.98 21.79 98.13 23.47 100.00 27.03 B = C9H7N, Quinoline (121) 94.08 14.4 97.19 21.5 98.60 25.4 100.00 29.6

NaCHO2

CoBr2

LiCHO2

B = CH3NO, Formamide (64)

Formate B = CH2O2, Formic acid (133) MA/1 ^18 0.000 53.6 0.08513 50.6 0.1292 49.3 0.1810 47.9 0.2703 45.2 0.3441 43.4 0.4335 41.5

NaC7H6NO2

m-Aminobenzoate Formate B = CH2O2, Formic acid (13 4) B = CH3NO, Formamide (63) M A/1 is 25 35 M A/l «, 0.0 23.25 31.05 39.84 M A/l Vn 25 M A/l vn VM 0.3027 43.9 96 5.0 0.0 23.2 31.0 0.4925 38.9 97 12.0 0.1 20.1 27.3 0.5642 37.4 M A/1
i5 25 35 0.25 21.2 28.0 35.8 0.5759 43.4 47.5 0.0 22.7 30.1 37.8 0.4669 0.5 19.0 25.5 33.3 0.7435 39.5 0.1 20.2 27.1 33.8B = CH3NO, Formamide (63) B = CH 4O, Methyl alcohol 0.9876 34.2 0.25 17.4 23.5 29.8 M A/1 (pis 25 VSb (42.5) 0.0 22.7 30.0 37.5B = CH NO, Formamide (63) BaCl2 3 KBr 0.15 21.6 28.6 35.8 B = CH3NO, Formamide (23) M A/l Vn V25 !5 ¥?25 3o B - CH3NO, Formamide (63) (42.5) NaC7H5O2 0.0 23.4 31.3 39.8 M A/1 i*> ^35 17.9 24.5 32.0 0.25 17.2 22.3 29.5 0.5 148.4 0.0 22.7 30.1 37.3 22.65 B - CH4O, Methyl alcohol Ba(CNS)2 0.1 20.8 27.7 35.0 45.74 139.5 (42.5) B = C2H7N, Ethylamine (40) 130.2 0.25 18.2 24.7 31.6 76.74 116.94 121.5 M A/1 u M A/l Vn <£> VZb B = CH3NO, Formamide (63) 20.93 50.6 4.74 74.5 0.0 22.7 30.0 37.5 M A/l Vn V25 35 35.01 40.3 8.20 73.4 0.1 21.5 28.5 35.9 0.0 22.8 30.15 37.8 45.16 33.4 13.37 72.2 0.25 19.9 26.8 33.6 0.1 21.2 28.14 35.3 0.5 17.9 24.3 31.0 LiNO3 KNO3 B = CH3NO, Formamide (64) B = CH5N, Methylamine (48) B = CH3NO, Formamide (63) NaC7H3N2O6 M A/1
c/

25

KCHO2 Formate B = CH2O2, Formic acid C1 33) MA/1

M

A/1

0.0 0.1 0.25 0.5

V25

0.0548 0.0733 0.1787 0.1888 0.2099 0.2619 0.2878 0.3195 0.3917 0.4445 0.6104

RbI B = CH3NO, Formamide (64)

59.5 58.9 55.2 54.9 54.6 53.1 52.7 51.5 49.4 48.4 44.7

n

23.80 22.56 21.54 20.22

25

31.18 29.87 28.55 27.66

35

40.06 37.97 36.54 34.90

RbNO 3 B = CH3NO, Formamide (64) M

A/1

0.0 0.1 0.25

KCNS B = CH3NO, Formamide (64) M A/1

25

0.0 0.1 0.25 0.5

23.3 22.9 21.8 20.4

30.7 30.5 28.8 27.4

39.1 38.8 36.9 35.2

RbCl B = CH3NO, Formamide (64) M A/1

0.0 0.1 0.25 0.5

23.3 22.3 20.9 19.1

30.7 29.4 27.7 25.8

39.0 38.1 36.0 33.8

RbBr B = CH3NO, Formamide (64) M A/1

«915

tf>25

0.0 0.1 0.25

23.2 22.4 21.5

30.7 29.5 28.6

39.0 37.8 36.8

V>35

23.3 22.6 21.8

30.7 29.9 29.2

39.0 38.2 37.4

RbCHO2 Formate B = CH3NO, Formamide (63) M A/1 ^25 0.0 30.4 0.1 29.1 0.25 28.1 CsCl B = CH3NO, Formamide (23) M

A/1

0.0 0.1 0.25

n

25

23.2 22.3 21.1

30.8 29.5 28.0

37.7 35.9

CsNO3 B = CH3NO, Formamide (23) M

A/1

0.0 0.1 0.25

25

35

23.2 22.4 21.7

30.8 29.7 28.8

37.9 36.7

THREE-COMPONENT SYSTEMS NH4Br Argon B - CH4O, Methyl alcohol B = O2 C = C3H8O3, Glycerol (52) C = N2 ( Î 4 7 > I 48 ) %A I 0K 1 * 25 I ¥>35 I
B = C2H6O, Ethyl alcohol C = C3H8O3, Glycerol (52) ^25

I

35

I

No solute 0.0 Wt. % C in (B + C) 93.7 I 115.2 I 137.7 25.0 Wt. % C in (B + C) 23.9 I 32.8 I 43.4 50.0 Wt. % C in (B + C) 4.71 I 7.40 I 11.5 75.0 Wt. % Gin (B + C). 0.972 I 1.83 I 3.22 100.0 Wt. % C in (B + C) 0.165 I 0.368 I 0.740 O. IAT NH4Br 0.0 Wt. % C in (B + C) 86.1 I 105.1 i 125.3 25.0 Wt. % C in (B + C) 22.7 I 31.0 I 40.9 50.0 Wt. % C in (B + C) 4.73 I 7.55 1 11.54 75.0 Wt. % C in (B + C) 0.92 I 1.73 I 3.04 100.0 Wt. % C in (B + C) 0.155 I 0.349 I 0.714 Cu(N0 3 ) 2 B = C2H6O, Ethyl alcohol C = C3H6O, Acetone («i) Wt.*

I

^0

I

*>25

No solute O 53.9 90.4 25 96.1 148.9 50 147.0 205.2 75 200.4 264.8 100 244.1 308.9 0.2AT Cu(NO 3 ) 2 Wt.* w O 72.8 25 118.4 50 170.6 75 223.0 100 263.5

B = C5H5N; C = C6H7N.(Continued) Solvent = 1 Vol. B + 4 Vol. C Wt. % A in ^25 solv. 0.00 36.6 3.72 28.0 7.31 21.0 18.29 6.96

CoCl2 B = CH4O, Methyl alcohol C = C3H8O3, Glycerol («5) Vol.

%

B = C5H5N, Pyridine C = C6H7N, Aniline (121) Solvent = I Vol. B + 1 Vol. C Wt. % A in ^25 solv. 0.00 53.8 4.063 40.7 10.67 24.6 17.74 12.22 29.40 25.9

«?35

Ca(N0 3 ) 2

* Wt. = Wt. % C in (B + C).

AgNO3 B = C2H3N, Acetonitrile C = C5H5N, Pyridine (123) Solvent = 1 Vol. B + 2 Vol. C Wt. % A in ^25 solv. 0.00 172.1 5.05 146.2 9.17 120.3 78.7 16.41 29.04 33.3

^25

Gin (B + C) Pure solvents (B + C) 0.0 176.9 204.6 25.0 51.0 65.0 50.0 10.8 15.7 75.0 1.65 2.82 100.0 0.158 0.340 (B + C) H- Q.IN CoCl2 0.0 157.1 181.6 25.0 44.5 57.6 50.0 9.26 13.4 75.0 1.35 2.40 100.0 0.133 0.297 B = C2H6O, Ethyl alcohol C = C3H8O3, Glycerol (135) Pure solvents (B + C) 10 90.1 110.3 25 22.9 31.4 50 4.87 7.56 75 0.92 1.68 100 0.158 0.340 (B + C) + O. IAT CoCl2 10 83.8 101.8 25 20.3 27.7 50 4.08 6.38 75 0.739 1.355 100 0.133 0.297

B = CH3NO, Formamide C = C2H6O, Ethyl alcohol (63) Wt.

%

i5

25

Gin (B + C)

OM A/1 29.66 38.60 48.22 40.40 51.71 63.82 O. IM A/1 25 26.75 35.28 43.90 50 36.05 46.34 56.98 B = CH4O, Methyl alcohol C = C3H6O, Acetone (") Wt. % 0 VK Gin (B + C) Pure solvents (B + C) 0.0 122.2 176.7 25.0 153.9 216.7 50.0 187.4 257.0 75.0 222.2 290.1 100.0 244.1 308.9

25 50

B = CH4O ; C = C3H6O.(Continued) Wt. % (B + C) + ( B + C) + C in O. IN 0.00016N (B + C) Ca(NOs)2 Ca(NOs) 2

B = C 2 H 6 O; C = C3H6O.(Continued) Wt.

%C

161.8 188.0 220.6 255.6 282.1

180.4 217.2 254.7 287.3 307.3

LiBr B = CH4O, Methyl alcohol C = C3H6O, Acetone (67) %

Wt.

W

V25

Gin (B + C)

O 25 50 75 100 O 25 50 75 100 O 25 50 75 100

OM A/1 122.20 176.70 153.90 216.70 187.40 257.10 222.20 290.10 244.10 308.90 0.000625M A/1 119.82 177.46 197.29 173.17 236.18 279.25 242.85 299.42 O. IM A/1 111.18 163.28 183.30 220.87 264.88 232.45 286.96

C = C3H8O3, Glycerol (135) Voi. %

2$

VS5

Gin (B + C) For pure solvents, v. A = CoCl2 (B + C) + O. IN LiBr 0.0 164.0 188.5 25.0 47.5 60.7 50.0 9.88 14.4 75.0 1.53 2.63 100.0 0.147 0.313

B = C2H6O, Ethyl alcohol C = C3H6O, Acetone (67) Wt.

%C

VO

*>25

in (B + C) O 25 50 75 100

O 25 50 75 100

OM A/1 53.9 90.4 96.1 148.9 147.0 205.2 200.4 264.8 244.1 308.9 0.000625M A/1 45.48 81.69 129.34 193.59 258.10 242.85 299.42

Wt. % * |

0.1M A/1 40.96

25

0.0 25.0 50.0 75.0 100.0

V25

VO

in (B + C)

O 73.18 25 121.69 50 136.0 180.05 75 235.99 100 232.45 286.96 C = C3H8O3, Glycerol (135) Voi. %

V25

SS

C in (B + C) For pure solvents, v. A = CoCl2 (B + C) +0.1JVLiBr 10 80.9 101.4 25 21.9 30.3 50 4.52 7.08 75 0.838 1.549 100 0.147 0.313

LiNO3 B = CH3NO, Formamide C = C2H6O, Ethyl alcohol (63) Wt.

%

pit

V25

Gin (B + C)

25 50 75 25 50 75 25 50 75

OM A/1 29.65 38.82 47.87 40.45 51.76 63.49 56.98 70.87 85.32 O. IM A/1 28.39 36.89 46.10 38.12 48.01 59.74 52.77 65.70 79.37 0.25M A/1 26.32 34.73 43.25 34.95 45.07 55.28 47.10 59.52 71.58

KI B = CH4O, Methyl alcohol C = C3H8O3, Glycerol (135) VOI. %

KCNS B = CH4O, Methyl alcohol C = C2H6O, Ethyl alcohol (68)

V25

*>35

Gin (B + G) For pure solvents, v. A = CoCl2 (B + C) + 0.1JV KI 0.0 168.3 194.2 25.0 49.5 63.0 50.0 10.7 15.5 75.0 1.59 2.75 100.0 0.149 0.319 B = C2H6O, Ethyl alcohol C = C3H8O3, Glycerol (i 35) For pure solvents, v. A = CoCl2 (B + C) + 0.1AT KI 10 85.0 104.2 25 22.1 30.4 50 4.86 7.54 75 0.909 1.66 100 0.149 0.319

^0

I

O 25 50 75 100

Wt. %* I

25

OM A/1 110.7 99.7 79.4 61.8 47.4 O. IM A/1 104.2 94.5 74.6 58.6 44.7

O 25 50 75 100

B = C 2 H 6 O; C = C3H6O.(Continued)

165.4 147.3 124.9 105.5 87.4 157.4 140.6 120.9 101.1 79.3

C = C3H6O, Acetone (68) OM A/1 O 110.7 165.4 25 153.9 196.6 50 193.1 222.3 75 230.5 240.6 100 198.2 251.5 0.1M A/1 O 104.2 157.4 25 134.6 185.9 50 177.6 202.7 75 211.6 219.0 100 188.9 242.4 B = C2H6O, Ethyl alcohol C = C3H6O, Acetone (68) OM A/1 O 47.4 87.4 25 86.5 136.4 50 141.2 187.5

75 100 O 25 50 75 100 O 25 50 75 100

vo

m

I

OM A/1 204.1 227.6 198.2 251.5 0.000625M A/1 83.5 131.3 186.0 224.5 249.4 O. IM A/1 44.7 79.3 76.8 128.1 126.0 165.9 186.8 214.4 188.9 242.4

RbI B = CH3NO, Formamide C = C2H6O, Ethyl alcohol (63) Wt.

%*|

25 50 75 25 50 75 50 75

Vl5

I

\

V25

OM A/1 29.7 38.9 40.5 51.7 56.9 70.7 0.1M A/1 28.8 37.6 38.9 49.2 52.7 67.4 0.25M A/1 35.8 45.7 50.1 63.3

V35

48.3 63.4 84.9 46.6 60.7 81.4 56.5 76.4

* Wt. % = Wt. % C in (B + C).

THE A-COMPONENT HAS KEY-FORMULA BEGINNING WITH 16 C-Table, the (T-Arrangement (v. Vol. Ill, p. viii) TWO-COMPONENT SYSTEMS B = C2H2Cl4, 1, 1, 2, 2B = CHCl3 (99» 102) Tetrachloroethane (58)

CCl4

50 Wt. % A

v 116.8 153.8 183.5 206.6

G O 25 40 55 (99) Wt.

% A

0.00 19.27 57.28 81.17 100.00

V25

185.2 175.7 151.7 131.4 113.2 B = C2Cl4 Tetrachloroethylene ( 5 ») 0.0 107.6 20.3 113.2 33.6 120.4 50.3 122.4 67.0 123.5 80.1 122.5 100.0 119.2

Wt. % A 0.0 20.0 33.33 50 66.67 80 100

VK 107.6 101.5 98.3 90.4 82.0 72.8 61.9

B = C2H5I; for data at 25, 35, and 5O0C, v. ("7) B = C2H6O, Ethyl alcohol (46)*

Wt. % B 0.0 4.58 6.71 9.65 20.96 30.2 36.6

0 C 75.6 65.1 64.5 64.0 63.8 64.2 64.8

v 200.4 193.1 191.9 192.3 188.7 188.7 190.1

* Paper also contains density data

B = CH4O ; C = C3H6O.(Continued) Wt. % (B + C) + ( B + C) + C in O. IN 0.00016N (B + C) Ca(NOs)2 Ca(NOs) 2

B = C 2 H 6 O; C = C3H6O.(Continued) Wt.

%C

161.8 188.0 220.6 255.6 282.1

180.4 217.2 254.7 287.3 307.3

LiBr B = CH4O, Methyl alcohol C = C3H6O, Acetone (67) %

Wt.

W

V25

Gin (B + C)

O 25 50 75 100 O 25 50 75 100 O 25 50 75 100

OM A/1 122.20 176.70 153.90 216.70 187.40 257.10 222.20 290.10 244.10 308.90 0.000625M A/1 119.82 177.46 197.29 173.17 236.18 279.25 242.85 299.42 O. IM A/1 111.18 163.28 183.30 220.87 264.88 232.45 286.96

C = C3H8O3, Glycerol (135) Voi. %

2$

VS5

Gin (B + C) For pure solvents, v. A = CoCl2 (B + C) + O. IN LiBr 0.0 164.0 188.5 25.0 47.5 60.7 50.0 9.88 14.4 75.0 1.53 2.63 100.0 0.147 0.313

B = C2H6O, Ethyl alcohol C = C3H6O, Acetone (67) Wt.

%C

VO

*>25

in (B + C) O 25 50 75 100

O 25 50 75 100

OM A/1 53.9 90.4 96.1 148.9 147.0 205.2 200.4 264.8 244.1 308.9 0.000625M A/1 45.48 81.69 129.34 193.59 258.10 242.85 299.42

Wt. % * |

0.1M A/1 40.96

25

0.0 25.0 50.0 75.0 100.0

V25

VO

in (B + C)

O 73.18 25 121.69 50 136.0 180.05 75 235.99 100 232.45 286.96 C = C3H8O3, Glycerol (135) Voi. %

V25

SS

C in (B + C) For pure solvents, v. A = CoCl2 (B + C) +0.1JVLiBr 10 80.9 101.4 25 21.9 30.3 50 4.52 7.08 75 0.838 1.549 100 0.147 0.313

LiNO3 B = CH3NO, Formamide C = C2H6O, Ethyl alcohol (63) Wt.

%

pit

V25

Gin (B + C)

25 50 75 25 50 75 25 50 75

OM A/1 29.65 38.82 47.87 40.45 51.76 63.49 56.98 70.87 85.32 O. IM A/1 28.39 36.89 46.10 38.12 48.01 59.74 52.77 65.70 79.37 0.25M A/1 26.32 34.73 43.25 34.95 45.07 55.28 47.10 59.52 71.58

KI B = CH4O, Methyl alcohol C = C3H8O3, Glycerol (135) VOI. %

KCNS B = CH4O, Methyl alcohol C = C2H6O, Ethyl alcohol (68)

V25

*>35

Gin (B + G) For pure solvents, v. A = CoCl2 (B + C) + 0.1JV KI 0.0 168.3 194.2 25.0 49.5 63.0 50.0 10.7 15.5 75.0 1.59 2.75 100.0 0.149 0.319 B = C2H6O, Ethyl alcohol C = C3H8O3, Glycerol (i 35) For pure solvents, v. A = CoCl2 (B + C) + 0.1AT KI 10 85.0 104.2 25 22.1 30.4 50 4.86 7.54 75 0.909 1.66 100 0.149 0.319

^0

I

O 25 50 75 100

Wt. %* I

25

OM A/1 110.7 99.7 79.4 61.8 47.4 O. IM A/1 104.2 94.5 74.6 58.6 44.7

O 25 50 75 100

B = C 2 H 6 O; C = C3H6O.(Continued)

165.4 147.3 124.9 105.5 87.4 157.4 140.6 120.9 101.1 79.3

C = C3H6O, Acetone (68) OM A/1 O 110.7 165.4 25 153.9 196.6 50 193.1 222.3 75 230.5 240.6 100 198.2 251.5 0.1M A/1 O 104.2 157.4 25 134.6 185.9 50 177.6 202.7 75 211.6 219.0 100 188.9 242.4 B = C2H6O, Ethyl alcohol C = C3H6O, Acetone (68) OM A/1 O 47.4 87.4 25 86.5 136.4 50 141.2 187.5

75 100 O 25 50 75 100 O 25 50 75 100

vo

m

I

OM A/1 204.1 227.6 198.2 251.5 0.000625M A/1 83.5 131.3 186.0 224.5 249.4 O. IM A/1 44.7 79.3 76.8 128.1 126.0 165.9 186.8 214.4 188.9 242.4

RbI B = CH3NO, Formamide C = C2H6O, Ethyl alcohol (63) Wt.

%*|

25 50 75 25 50 75 50 75

Vl5

I

\

V25

OM A/1 29.7 38.9 40.5 51.7 56.9 70.7 0.1M A/1 28.8 37.6 38.9 49.2 52.7 67.4 0.25M A/1 35.8 45.7 50.1 63.3

V35

48.3 63.4 84.9 46.6 60.7 81.4 56.5 76.4

* Wt. % = Wt. % C in (B + C).

THE A-COMPONENT HAS KEY-FORMULA BEGINNING WITH 16 C-Table, the (T-Arrangement (v. Vol. Ill, p. viii) TWO-COMPONENT SYSTEMS B = C2H2Cl4, 1, 1, 2, 2B = CHCl3 (99» 102) Tetrachloroethane (58)

CCl4

50 Wt. % A

v 116.8 153.8 183.5 206.6

G O 25 40 55 (99) Wt.

% A

0.00 19.27 57.28 81.17 100.00

V25

185.2 175.7 151.7 131.4 113.2 B = C2Cl4 Tetrachloroethylene ( 5 ») 0.0 107.6 20.3 113.2 33.6 120.4 50.3 122.4 67.0 123.5 80.1 122.5 100.0 119.2

Wt. % A 0.0 20.0 33.33 50 66.67 80 100

VK 107.6 101.5 98.3 90.4 82.0 72.8 61.9

B = C2H5I; for data at 25, 35, and 5O0C, v. ("7) B = C2H6O, Ethyl alcohol (46)*

Wt. % B 0.0 4.58 6.71 9.65 20.96 30.2 36.6

0 C 75.6 65.1 64.5 64.0 63.8 64.2 64.8

v 200.4 193.1 191.9 192.3 188.7 188.7 190.1

* Paper also contains density data

B = C^.— (Continued}

CCU. — (Continued) B = C2H6O.- (Continued) 0

Wt. % B 58.8 73.0

C

100.0

77.1

226.2

B = C3H6O, Acetone (124, 125)

M %B 0.00 11.40

^0 75.2 87.8

36.44

117.4

51.18

136.2

73.55 86.53 96.67 100.00

177.9 210.1 237.5 250.0

M % B

vo

V2o

138 137 145 154 176 204 247

173 171 183 196 215 258 293

M % B

204 205 218 235 254 301 355

v-13 (43)

9* (43)

117 112 110 109 123 222

140 135 134 138 166 253

O 10 20 30 60 100 Wt. % B

C (46)*

0.00 6.79 12.20 27.4 36.1 53.5 59.6 68.7 80.4 100.0 * Paper also

v

60.2 256.5 62.0 263.2 62.8 272.5 63.0 296.7 62.1 312.5 60.0 346.0 59.2 355.9 58.2 375.9 57.1 387.6 55.4 420.2 contains density data.

B = C4H8O2, Ethyl acetate; for data at 15, 35, and 5O0C, v. (157).

B = C6H6, Benzene (102) 50 Wt. % B 0 C * O 97.1 25 144.2 40 181.8 55 212.8 Wt. % B

0

C (46)*

0.0 10.9 22.8 46.1 53.8 73.4 100.0 * Paper also

0,

75.4 201.2 75.5 216.9 75.8 234.7 76.4 259.1 76.7 266.7 77.6 289.0 79.3 315.5 contains density data.

B = C3H6O, Acetone (43); Vm also (157) M % B

O 40.78 141.6 40 58.60 151.5 60 100.00 166.9 80 (141) 100 M % B Wt. % B VO VlO V20 0.00 74.1 88.2 103.2 O 22.37 83.6 100.0 117.6 40 43.79 91.9 110.1 128.9 60 67.71 100.6 120.2 141.4 80 100.00 110.8 131.5 154.1 100 % B

67.71

163.4 186.6 211.4 178.0 203.1 228.8

% B

0.00 22.37 43.79 67.71 100.00

V60

70

171.5 198.8 219.3 237.0 256.1

191.0 243.3 263.9 284.9

B = Ci0H8, Naphthalene; for data from 15 to 310C, v. ( 7 4 -i).

CS2 B = CH3I (141) Wt.

% A

Q

VlO

V20

0.00 21.60 38.81

168.3 186.6 205.3 193.1 211.4 230.9 207.5 225.7 243.9

48.11

213.2

68.81 82.39 100.00 Wt.

% A

0.00 21.60 38.81 48.11 68.81 82.39 100.00

V-IO

194.6 202.0 227.3 218.8 226.2 247.5 222.2 241.5 253.8 216.9 228.3 254.5 206.6 222.2 250.0 l6
248.1

222.7 242.1 261.8 228.3 248.1 268.1 232.8 253.0 272.5 30

224.8 250.6 263.2 267.4 280.1 288.2 293.5

V40

244.7 271.0 282.5 285.7 299.4 309.6 314.0

Wt. % B 0.00 16.40 39.25 66.41 100.00

279.3 272.5 257.1 240.4 216.5

B = C4Hi0O, Ethyl ether (99) 0.00 279.3 13.10 295.9 34.37 326.8 371.7 62.76 100.00 434.8 B = C6H6, Benzene (99) 0.00 279.3 8.87 266.0 34.86 224.2 75.89 183.8 100.00 166.9 B = C7H8, Toluene (99) 0.00 279.3 7.27 270.3 39.99 239.8 213.2 63.24 100.00 184.8 CHBr3 B = CH4O, Methyl alcohol (ill) M A/1 ^20 0.25 162 0.5 156 1.0 143 (110)

alcohol (27) ^25 273.5 203.0 182.9 176.3 150.2 131.2 118.9 110.3 104.9 105.8 89.8

0.25 0.5 1.0

(ill)

M A/1

79.84 77.10 75.87

B = C 3 H 6 O, Acetone ( H i ) 0.25 286.6 1.0 246.0

V2o

1.0

24.59

B = C6H5NO2, Nitrobenzene (26)

Wt. % B

0.00 9.68 25.85 50.08 65.83 88.39 100.00

vio

V76.5

45.1 99.1 44.4 103.7 42.3 40.3 40.3 41.0 41.5

106.2 110.6 113.5 117.0 117.3

B = C6H6, Benzene (m)

M A/1 1.0

w

B = C2H6O, Ethyl alcohol B = C2H6O, Ethyl Wt. % B 0.00 18.07 26.50 30.05 47.18 60.50 67.69 74.36 80.71 83.09 100.00

B = C5Hi2O, Isoamyl alcohol

VO

V50

136.2 156.0 176.7 149.0 171.5 194.9

100.00 Wt.

V40

V-13

, Ethyl acetate 118.9 135.1 153.0 B = C4H8O2(99)

22.37 43.79

See also ( 157 ) for data at 18, 30 and 4O0C 0

113.2 123.8

0.00

(145)

0.0 17.6 39.1 51.7 63.8 84.3 100.0

0.00 13.73

Wt.

V4o

V25 (99)

Wt. % B

^20 135.4

CHCl3 B = C2H6O, Ethyl alcohol (52)

Wt. % B

0

*

C

0.0 5.78 10.05 10.91 24.02 35.28

60.2 58.5 58.4 58.5 59.8 61.5

250.6 250.0 247.5 246.3 227.3 224.2

44.7 56.1 68.8 83.6

63.5 66.4 69.8 73.4

216.5 213.7 214.1 218.8

100.0

77.1

226.2

MA/1

V20 (46, UO)

0.25 0.5 1.0

102.3 102.6 . 105.4

B = C3H6O, Acetone (157) B = C4Hi0O, Ethyl ether (141)

Wt. % B 0.00 15.94 40.14 59.80 79.30 100.00 Wt.

% B

0.00 15.94 40.14 59.80 79.30 100.00

^0 142.9 147.5 177.9 227.2 285.7 349.6 V20

177.1 189.4 232.6 289.0 355.9 426.5

vio 159.8 168.1 204Ì5 257.7 320.5 387.2 V30

195.7 211.9 261.8 322.6 393.7 471.7

B = C3H8O, Propyl alcohol (ill) 1.0 I 44.2

B = C 4 Hi 2 ClN, Diethylammonium chloride ( 15 O) MB/1 «,25 0.0 171.8 0.1 165.3 0.4 149.7

B - C4H10O, Ethyl ether (ill) 1.0 I 290.7

B = C4H12N2O3, Diethylammonium nitrate (150,151) 0.4 I 142.4

B = CeHoBr, Bromobenzene (124, 125)

w 142.9 133.0 116.6 98.5 83.5 72.5 68.0

M %B 0.00 8.48 23.54 40.17 64.69 86.86 100.00

B = CioHi2,Tetrahydronaphthalene; for data at 2O0C, v. (152.2).

B = Ci0Hi2O, Anethole; for data at 2O0C, v. (152.2). B = Ci0H24ClN, Diisoamylammonium chloride (150, 151) 25 = 160.0 for M B/l = 0.2. B = Ci2H10O,

Wt.

% B

*>25

0.00 185.2 6.97 183.2 23.01 179.5 72.78 172.1 85.83 170.4 100.00 166.9 50Wt. % B (102) 0 C ? O 127.2 25 176.2 40 210.5 55 241.8 70 275.9

B = C6H 12, Cyclohexane; for data at 2O0C, v. (152.2). B = C6H16ClN, Triethylammoniurn chloride (I 50 ) M B/l

*>25

0.1 0.2

163.4 159.2

B = CgHsO, Acetophenone (126)

M %B 0.00 9.92 33.70 50.10 71.25 88.75 100.00

?„ 181.8 152.7 109.3 90.3 74.0 65.4 60.8

B = C8Hi0O, Phenetole (126) M % B 25 = 159.7 for M B/l =0.1. B = Ci0Hs, Naphthalene; for data from 6 to 2O0C, v. (74.1).

Phenyl

ether

(124, 125)

B = C6H6, Benzene (99) . M %B 0.00 18.30 43.04 68.64 100.00

W 185.9 120.5 71.9 45.0 27.3

B = C2H4O2, Acetic acid (21) Wt. % B

^n (55)

0.0 22.7 50.0 68.7 100.0

46.8 44.8 43.5 41.9 39.6

B = C7H9NO2, Aniline formate O 34 ) M B/l ^25 0.08122 58.7 0.1587 56.3 0.3316 51.5 0.4070 50.0 0.6276 44.8 1.0410 36.5

^24.7

0.25

150. 7 (a) CH2Cl2

Méthylène chloride B = C3H6O, Acetone (126) M %B w 0.00 184.2 12.76 186.9 42.35 198.4 60.46 210.5 81.12 226.2 92.27 239.2 100.00 250.0 CH2O2 Formic acid B = CH3NO, Formamide (103) M

% B

25

0.00 62.5 83.3 10.00 51.4 70.0 20.05 43.2 59.3 30.15 39.1 54.1 40.00 35.1 48.4 50.02 32.7 44.8 60.01 31.3 43.3 70.00 30.4 42.7 80.01 30.2 42.5 90.00 29.9 42.2 100.00 29.8 42.0 B = CH6NO2, Ammonium formate (134) M B/l

^ 25

0.00 0.05978 0.1422 0.2868 0.3207 0.3676 0.5221 0.8290 0.8847

61.7 59.5 57.3 53.8 53.0 52.0 48.5 42.5 41.3

63.6 63.2 62.2 62.2 63.0 63.9 66.4 68.4 71.9 77.8 85.2

Wt. % B

157. 9 №

0.25

50.9 50.8 50.0 49.7 50.4 51.5 53.1 55.8 58.8 64.2 70.9

O 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

B = Ci6H20N2O, Camphorquinone a- (ß-)phenylhydrazone (137) M B/kg

CH3NO Formamide B = CH5NO2, Ammonium formate ( 63 ) M B/l

0.0 0.1 0.25

Vm

2$

22.8 30.0 37.9 22.2 29.4 36.8 21.1 28.2 35.4

B = C2H4O2, Acetic acid (103) M

% B

0.0 29.8 42.0 9.62 26.1 38.6 20.39 24.1 34.5 29.74 23.2 34.4 40.56 23.0 34.4 49.82 23.7 35.8 59.89 25.9 38.6 69.42 28.7 42.3 78.95 35.0 49.3 89.10 50.0 68.4 100.00 78.1 101.3 B = C2H6O, Ethyl alcohol (ios) M

% B

0.00 10.00 18.92 29.76 39.29 50.09 59.29 69 .-86 80.09 89.95 100.00 v. also p.

^25

40

29.8 42.0 32.7 46.0 35.9 50.3 39.8 55.6 44.3 61.6 49.7 68.3 55.1 75.8 64.0 87.3 72.7 98.4 81.4 109.2 92.1 121.8 31, A = LiNO3

B= C3H6O2, Propionic acid (*03) M % B

V>25

9W

0.0 29.8 42.0 2.40 26.1 28.2 8.99 17.9 22.3 18.85 14.4 26.62 13.9 21.2 40.13 14.3 22.1 50.24 15.4 24.0 60.21 17.6 28.2 70.08 22.5 34.8 80.51 29.7 44.8 89.98 46.5 65.8 100.00 96.6 118.6 B = C3H8O, Propyl alcohol ( 4 2) Wt. % B
B = C4H8O 2, n-Butyric acid (103)

M %B ^25 0.00 29.8 4.90 20.0 14.30 13.6 20.10 11.7 29.89 10.9 40.04 10.7 49.73 11.9 59.69 14.1 69.87 19.1 79.56 28.3 89.57 42.9 100.00 64.3 B = C4Hi0O, Isobutyl

wo 42.0 30.7 20.9 18.0 17.2 17.2 18.6 22.4 28.9 39.0 57.7 81.5 alcohol

(42)

Wt. % B ^25 10.09 28.7 19.95 27.1 30.00 26.6 39.81 25.9 49.98 26.2 59.88 27.1 69.84 28.4 80.02 30.2 89.96 31.8 95.00 31.9 100.00 29.7 B = C4Hi2ClN, Tetramethylammonium chloride (23, 64) M B/l

25

(f>35

0.0 0.1 0.25 0.5

23.4 22.8 22.2 20.9

31.3 30.2 29.2 28.0

39.8 38.4 37.3 35.8

CH3NO.- (Continued) B = C6H5N, Pyridine (33) Wt. % B ^25 82.88 73.3 88.90 86.2 92.23 94.0 B == C5Hi2O, Isoamyl alcohol (26) Wt. % B

0.00 10.38 30 14 49.84 69.92 90.01 97.18 100.00

W

*>76.5

13.24 79.7 11.66 77.4 9.40 75.7 9.00 76.3 10.08 84.9 11.96 99.5 11.79 103.5 11.32 105.2

Wt. % B (42)

w

10.01 28.03 19.94 26.32 29.98 24.56 39.95 23.52 50.01 23.40 60.00 23.96 69.98 25.04 79.95 26.33 27.11 84.92 89.86 28.00 95.01 27.94 100.00 26.33 B = C8H20NI, Tetraethylammonium iodide ( 23 > 64 ) M B/l

¥?15

23.3 22.6 21.9 20.5

0.0 0.1 0.25 0.5

30.7 30.0 28.7 27.6

3b

39.0 38.4 37.2 35.7

CH4N2O Urea B = CH4O, Methyl alcohol (143)

g A/kg B 0.0 8.693 15.67 29.86 43.35 61.10 91.54

v?40 224.2 219.4 214.5 207.5 201.5 194.0 182.1

B = CH5N^ Methylamine (48)

M A/1 0.93 1.75 3.33

vo 326.2 253.2 156.8

B = C2H6O, Ethyl alcohol (143); c/. (51.5)

M %B 95.465 96.934 98.588 99.266 100.000

¥>25 ^50 80.5 128.8 83.7 132.7 87.7 137.0 89.2 139.6 91.1 142.1

B = C2H6O.- (Continued) M % B *>4o 95.352 104.2 96.335 107.2 97.083 109.6 98.197 113.1 98.917 115.6 99.339 117.1 99.630 118.6 100.000 119.3 B = C5H5N, Pyridine (33) Wt. % B ^25 99.09 106.5

CH4N2S Thiourea B = C5H5N, Pyridine (33) 87.43 49.5 94.48 79.9

(145)

Wt. % B V20 0.0 167.4 • 31.3 164.8 73.2 158.2 100.0 154.8 For data at 20, 35, and 450C, v. (157).

B = C2H6O, Ethyl alcohol (55)

% B Vol.

(16)

^25 177.9 170.6 165.3 161.9 126.8 101.6 95.5 91.6 %

Wt. % B

*>25

177.9 164.5 140.9 93.1 61.1 56.4 54.2 52.2

0.0 11.1 23.8 65.2 91.8 93.75 96.6 100.0

B = C3H8O3, Glycerol v. p. 30, A = NH4Br and A = CoCl2. B = C4H4O4, Acetylenedicarboxylic acid ( 60 ) 3.70 165.5 7.20 148.1 (60); c/. (137)

Methyl alcohol B = C2H5I, Ethyl iodide

Wt.

(55)

B = C4H4O4, Fumarie acid

CH4O

Wt. % B 0.00 8.75 15.23 19.31 58.98 89.6 95.63 100.00

B = C3H8O, Propyl alcohol

*>25

3.35 8.15

166.0 143.1

B = C4H4O4, Maleic acid (137) B = C4H6O4, Succinic acid (60) Wt. % B VK 0.00 181.5 3.62 165.9 5.96 152.3 10.08 135.6 B = C4HuA Ethyl ether (5) 0.00 181.6 23.12 211.2 35.07 232.7 47.40 260.0 60.23 296.0 73.08 338.6 86.33 391.7 100.00 442.5 ^26 = 260.1 at 50 Vol. % B (6). B = C5H6O4, Citraconic acid (137)

B, B = C5H6O4^ Mesaconic acid (137) 250C 0.00 0.0 182.4 209.9 B = C6H5NO2, Nitrobenzene 26.16 26.23 156.6 181.1 (47) 49.60 49.78 135.6 157.4 Vol. % B ^26 73.85 74.15 113.6 134.0 O 178.3 100.00 100.0 91.0 109.1 25 147.8 Wt. % B ^45 55 65 50 116.7 0.00 238.0 269.5 75 87.3 26.16 207.9 236.3 100 55 . 2 49.60 182.4 210.1 241.2 B = C6H6, Benzene 73.85 157.3 183.2 Vol. % B W (17) ^ 25 (48) 100.00 130.6 155.0 181.5 O 178.4 178.4 v. also p. 31, A = KCNS 25 177.3 177.2 B = C3H6O, Acetone (61, 66) 50 176.0 176.0 Vol. % B (PQ 2$ 75 174.7 174.7 O 116.7 171.6 100 173.7 173.7 25 136.2 193.2 Wt. % B 0C (46)* v 50 167.8 231.0 0.00 63.7 306.7 75 212.3 270.1 18.14 59.9 288.2 100 233.2 288.9 58.2 282.5 31.60 v. also p. 31, A = LiBr 41.60 57.6 278.6

B = C6H6.- (Continued) Wt. % B 0C (46)* y 50.1 57.4 278.6 57.2 277.0 63.3 57.3 277.8 70.4 78.5 57.6 276.2 90.4 59.0 276.2 59.6 278.6 91.9 100.0 79.3 315.5 * Paper also contains density data. B = C7H8O, Anisole (5) Vol. % B v>25 50 141.8(6) Wt. % B ^25. 0.00 180.5 15.11 170.5 29.40 160.6 42.91 151.0 55.60 141.4 67.62 130.5 79.00 123.5 89.73 112.9 100.00 99.0 B = C8Hi0O, Phenetole (5) 0.00 180.6 14.83 167.9 28.93 156.1 42.24 143.8 54.88 132.1 67.00 122.6 78.57 111.9 100.00 87.6 B = CgH6O2, Phenylpropiolic acid (60) 5.21 163.5 10.35 147.3 B = CgH8O2, Cinnamic acid (60)

6.25 9.24 11.06

157.8 151.0 143.7

B = C9Hi0O2, /3-Phenylpropionic acid ( 6 O) 4.66 167.5 9.32 151.8 'B = Ci0H8O, a-Naphthol; for data at 2O0C, v. (152.2). B = Ci0Hi2, 1,2,3,4- Tetrahydronaphthalene (59) 0.00 178.3 5.10 170.7 14.15 160.6 23,79 148.9 (50.6) 110.4 B = Ci4Hi0O2, Benzil (143) g B/kg A V16 0.00 158.9 10.94 156.0 18.89 154.3 31.12 151.8 42.93 150.1

B = Ci4Hi0O2.— (Continued) g B/kg A wo 10.74 219.7 20.10 216.3 33.37 211.6 54.77 204.9 CH5N Methylamine B = C6H5N3O4, 1, 2, 4-Dinitroaniline ( 48 ) M B/l ^0 0.161 390.6 0.240 371.3 0.356 339.1 0.512 312.1 0.666 282.0 B = C7H9NO3S, m-Methoxybenzenesulfonamide ( 48 ) 1.27 177.6 1.35 175.5 2.01 90.2 3.76 8.01 B = Ci 2 H 22 On, Sucrose (48) 0.97 29.65 1.44 2.24 Cx2HCl3 Trichloroethylene B = C2HCl6, Pentachloroethane (55, 58) Wt. % A ^26 0.0 46.1 17.9 69.5 30.4 86.3 46.5 105.3 63.5 130.7 77.7 150.8 100.0 182.2

B = C2H6O.— (Continued) Wt.

44.46 51.63 57.85 68.10 70.29 72.37 74.34 75.47 76.20 79.65 82.76 88.20 90.48 92.76 96.64 100.0 Wt.

% A

0.0 125.6 26.24 88.8 36.16 71.1 44.46 57.0 51.63 45.45 57.85 35.90 68.10 24.67 70.29 22.98 72.37 21.59 74.34 21.01 75.47 21.26 76.20 21.91 79.65 25.40 82.76 30.20 88.20 44.29 90.48 50.61 92.76 56.98 96.64 74.02 100.0 99.11 Wt. % A w 0.0 152.2.1 106.50 26.24 36.16 87.64

0

t,o

60

71.58 58.75 48.2 35.1 33.3 31.8 31.2 31.8 32.6 37.0 41.8 56.9 65.4 72.5 89.3 115.1

88.42 74.74 62.7 47.2 44.9 43.9 43.2 43.4 45.1 48.9 54.5 70.2 79.9 86.8 104.1 128.4

*>85

206.2 151.7 128.2 107.6 92.4 79.2 62.5 57.4 58.2 58.6 58.6 59.5 63.8 69.0 85.9 96.1 103.5 120.9 147.7

C

I

209.6 173.6 144.9 123.9 108.5 90.5 86.0 84.0 84.3 85.5 85.6 90.8 97.9 119.3 125.0 135.3 179.5

83)

74.3 Wt. % A 40 21.02 45 25.95 50 Wt. % A 50 31.24 60 43.20 70 58.65 85 84.32 MA/1 *>2o( 110 ) 0.25 74.9 0.5 69.7 1.0 62.3

138.9 97.0 78.7 63.7 51.2 42.03 29.7 27.93 26.54 25.93 26.40 27.23 31.24 36.54 50.28 58.00 64.85 82.03 107.07 wo 179.9 126.74 105.71

% A

0.0 26.24 36.16 44.46 51.63 57.85 68.10 70.29 72.37 74.34 75.47 76.20 79.65 82.76 88.20 90.48 92.76 96.64 100.0

C2HCl3O Chloral B = C2H6O, Ethyl alcohol (82) Wt.

% A

B = C5H12O^ tert.-Amyl alcohol (38) M

%

O 10 20 25 30 40 45 50 52.5 55 57.5 60

B

2S

79.18 51.50 34.14 26.17 19.93 13.53 11.75 11.12 11.13 11.24 11.35 11.66

40

99.11 61.24 49.61 41.44 33.79 26.79 24.71 23.66 23.62 23.85 24.02 24.61

&0

123.6 76.3 62.5 54.7 47.3 39.4 37.3 37.9 35.6 35.8 36.3 38.1

B = C5Hi2O.— (Continued) M

%

B

70 80 90 100 M

% B

O 10 20 25 30 40 45 50 52.5 55 57.5 60 70 80 90 100

2$

14.53 19.27 26.26 27.05

40

!>0

28.55 36.42 46.69 50.63

•
147.7 112.2 96.1 91.1 88.3 77.9 74.3 53.1 72.0 71.9 72.5 75.0 81.8 96.0 113.5 125.3

42.9 52.4 66.1 71.4 ^85

181.5 142.6 125.3 111.4 109.8 108.1 107.8 107.8 106.6 107.6 119.5 136.4 177.9 174.5

C2HCl3O2 Trichloroacetic acid B = C2H4O2, Acetic acid (™) M %A ^25 0.00 89.2 7.37 65.3 17.77 44.9 32.09 29.74 43.48 23.00 52.62 19.32 58.53 17.06 65.81 14.59 100.00 (14.64) B = C3H6O, Acetone (™) M % B V>25 0.00 (14.6) 28.25 17.2 40.29 26.1 49.52 38.9 61.74 69.8 74.57 122.6 86.84 206.0 95.16 271.7 100.00 326.3 B = C4H8O2, Ethyl acetate

B = C8H8O.- (Continued) M %B WS 70.61 26.78 78.79 34.12 86.00 41.64 91.04 47.35 100.00 59.49 B = C4H10O, Ethyl ether (146) Wt. % B ç»18 25.40 34.06 37.37 70.13 57.24 164.2 68.82 225.5 82.37 306.6 100.00 417.9 B = C9Hi0O2, Ethyl benzoate (70)

M %B 0.00 32.42 42.05 50.93 60.18 68.75 79.04 91.13 100.00

^25 (14.64) 11.94 14.15 17.10 21.69 26.94 34.13 43.03 50.46

C2HCl5 Pentachloroethane B = C3H6O, Acetone (126) 0.00 44.3 14.76 51.8 31.78 65.8 51.03 89.3 70.37 143.9 90.68 239.8 100.00 320.5 B = C4H10O, Ethyl ether (126) M %B n 0.00 26.8 13.03 34.0 30.47 48.7 49.68 77.4 74.73 158.7 85.76 224.2 100.00 347.2 B = C8H8O, Acetophenone

(70)

(126)

0.00 (14.64) 29.92 21.23 38.58 28.84 51.22 45.95 61.54 69.0 71.93 99.9 81.60 136.8 88.82 170.2 100.00 236.0 B = C8H8O, Acetophenone

M %B ^25 0.00 44.3 11.63 42.7 32.95 42.4 53.38 44.3 73.13 49.3 89.74 55.6 100.00 60.8 B = C8Hi0O, Phenetole (126) 0.00 44.3 9.71 47.6 22.14 52.1 48.95 62.2 67.98 71.8 90.30 82.9 100.00 89.1

(70)

0.00 31.85 42.06 51.24 59.10

(14.64) 8.97 10.72 13.58 18.05

C2HCl5.- (Continued) B = Ci2Hi0O, Phenyl ether (126) M % B

V25

0.00 26.42 51.09 76.11 100.00

44.3 37.9 33.7 29.8 27.3 C 2Ü2C14

1, 1, 2, 2-Tetrachloroethane B = C3H6O, Acetone (««) M %B vo 0.00 36.1 15.92 43.9 58.07 80.6? 73.08 116.2 81.36 143.9 97.28 229.4 100.00 250 B = C4Hi0O, Ethyl ether («6) 0.00 36.1 21.15 54.3 47.99 88.5 69.81 147.7 82.68 198.8? 94.01 296.7 100.00 347.2 B = CeH5NO2, Nitrobenzene

B = C8Hi0O, Phenetole (123) M %B vo 0.00 36.1 21.76 39.2 51.67 41.5 62.80 44.0 78.37 47.6 100.00 53.1

C2H3N Acetonitrile B = C6H5N, Pyridine (123) Vol. % B m 0.0 278.6 66.7 172.1

C2H4Br2 Ethylene bromide B = C3H6Br2, 1, 2-Dibromopropane; for data at 17, 40, and 850C, v. (157). B = Ci2Hi8O8, Diethyl diacetyltartrate (132) Wt.

%

V67-3

^S2. 2

V99

B 0.00108.5 133.3 154.3 8.43 76.6? 94.5? 108.6? 21.62 96.0? 119.8? 153.6? 53.79 28.02? 42.14? 58.7? 76.58 23.26 36.32 56.5 92.34 14.24 24.41 40.96 100.00 11.17 18.17 32.0

(26) Wt.

% B

V5

0.00 43.6 129.0 39.4 121.4 10.00 34.2 117.1 30.05 48.33 33.3 111.8 69.26 34.4 113.5 89.64 36.0 100.00 37.1 117.0 B = C8H8O, Acetophenone (126)

M % B 0.00 12.55 32.15 . 53.97 73.29 91.42 100.00 Wt. % B

Cx2H4Cl2

V76.5

V25 119.3 112.0 97.8 83.5 72.4 64.3 60.8 vio (26)

0.00 10.19 30.07 50.00 70.01 90.00 100.00

48.5 42.4 36.0 35.2 37.6 41.6 44.0

Wt. % B

V80 (26)

0.00 10.02 31.20 69.93 89.74 100.00

131.1 126.7 119.6 123.6 132.3 136.2

Ethylene chloride B = C6H6, Benzene (4S); cf. also (157) M % B

VO

Vi9. 4

V50

O 92.9 125.0 177.0 30 107.2 144.9 203.3 50 115.2 155.0 219.8 70 119.8 161.3 229.9 80 119.5 162.6 233.6 90 118.7 162.6 237.0 100 117.7 161.6 239.2 B = C8H8O, Acetophenone (126) M % B

V25

0.00 30.58 64.19 88.82 100.00

129.7 100.7 77.9 65.3 60.8

C2H4O Acetaldehyde B = C2H6O, Ethyl alcohol (97)

Wt. % A 0.0 15.1 25.2 30.1 34.4 37.1 40.8 44.2

vo 56.5 48.1 41.6 40.0 38.3 37.8 38.55 40.55

B = C2H6O.— (Continued) Wt. % A vo 47.7 40.7 49.1 40.8 53.1 45.9 55.8 49.3 58.6 55.6 65.7 81.2 70.6 103.2 83.0 194.6 100.0 365.0 Wt. % A vis 0.00 80.6 10.01 72.7 20.80 67.2 67.0 21.61 30.58 64.8 36.36 64.6 42.01 68.1 52.04 82.3 61.56 120.3 193.1 74.10 81.09 248.8 100.00 411.5

C2H4O2 Acetic acid B = C8H6O, Acetone (70) M %B V25 0.00 89.2 9.63 96.5 19.85 108.5 30.32 124.6 40.27 143.0 50.14 164.0 59.51 186.9 69.75 215.7 79.65 247.1 90.04 286.0 100.00 326.3 43

M % B vo ( ) Vis(43) V4 2 (43)

O 30 60 100

42.02 71.8 99.7 76.1 106.8 145.8 122.1 171.5 212.8 250.0 285.7 357.1 50 Wt. % B (102) 0 C v O 104.1 25 150.1 40 187.6 55 219.7 70 250.8 B = C4H6O3, Acetic anhydride (26) Wt. % B

VIS

V76.5

0.00 75.0 177.5 9.97 75.9 181.0 30.07 84.4 191.4 49.97 88.2 200.6 69.95 94.6 206.8 89.95 99.4 215.6 100.00 102.1 216.6 B = C4H8O2, Iso butyric acid (78)

M %B 33.34

vu 59.0

B = C4H8O2.- (Continued) M %B vu 50 53.8 66.67 58.6 100 71.4 B = C4H8O2, Ethyl acetate (70)

M % B V25 0.00 89.2 12.58 106.0 19.89 116.4 30.12 130.4 40.04 145.1 50.15 158.9 60.10 173.5 69.63 187.6 79.30 202.0 89.51 217.9 100.00 236.0 B = C4Hi0O, Ethyl ether (146) Wt. % B vis 0.00 71.7 11.55 84.2 15.15 92.4 30.96 128.1 40.37 156.0 50.64 185.9 72.91 284.0 100.00 417.9 B = C6H6N, Pyridine (43) M % B

O 15 17.5 20 50 100 M

V18.4

74.1 16.64 16.3 17.2 35.3 83.3

% B

V70

O 15 17.5 20 50 100 M%B 0.0 10.4 22.05 38.3 40.1 48.1 57.9 73.8 100.0 Wt. % B 0.000 0.541 0.985 3.23 8.97 13.22 17.08 22.52 29.00 100.00

166.7 69.9 69.0 69.9 100.0 181.8

V40

10.0 35.1 34.1 34.4 59.5 125.0 V99

232,6 120.5 113.0 111.1 133.3 243.9 V2o( 145 ) 77.8 22.6 19.85 33.1 34.6 45.7 56.75 77.6 107.2 V25 (120) 90.1 86.2 82.0 62.1 36.0 28.7 25.0 26.0 26.4 112.5

B = C5H6N.- (Continued) 23 Wt. % B (102) 0 C v O 7.79 25 20.55 40 33.68 55 48.25 70 65.50 For additional data at 20, 40, and 8O0C, t>.'(i s*). B = C6H6, Benzene (29) Wt. % B *>25 0.00 85.2 16.74 112.0 34.93 136.2 48.29 150.2 77.26 167.5 81.42 167.7 89.73 169.3 97.25 168.3 100.00 167.3 g B/l ^20 (105) 0.00 79.0 2.414 79.3 5.48 79.8 9.874 81.2 27.38 83.9 49.368 86.1 136.9 98.1 880 151.8 B = C6H7N, Aniline ("O) Wt.

% B

^25

*>50

0.0 74.6 15.5 13.7 33.8 24.7 8.13 37.9 4.57 17.70 40.9 4.67 17.9 44.5 4.93 19.1 49.55 5.52 62.3 8.48 26.2 100.0 27.62 49.8 44 Wt. % B (110,111) 0 C

O 20

l&

(43)

(43)

VlOO

(43)

99.01 142.9 232.6 5.21 34.13 135.1

B = C6H7N.- (Continued) M

% B

is

59

VlOO

C2H6I Ethyl iodide B = C4H8O2, Ethyl acetate

B = C3H6O.— (Continued) Wt. % B

V25 (27)

0.00 89.7 22.46 139.5 25 4.64 29.7 117.7 (99) 27.77 153.6 30 4.43 28.3 120.5 Wt. % B 35.11 172.3 40 5.12 31.1 125.0 0.00 173.3 36.83 177.3 60 11.49 44.8 142.9 21.80 245.1 43.38 193.7 80 21.7 57.5 166.7 67.43 216.5 44.50 198.9 100 30.5 66.7 192.3 100.0 185.5 51.57 216.5 For data at 18, 35, and 5O0C, B = C6Hi2O3, Paraldehyde (105) 70.34 260.7 V. (157). g B/l vu 100.00 320.0 0.00 76.0 B = C8H10O, Phenetole (124) 50Wt. % B (105) 3.42 75.9 0 M %B ^0 C
25 80.0 59.9 32.54 153.2 0.00 89.21 90.0 56.3 35.97 163.4 9.87 77.34 100.0 52.5 44.76 171.8 19.98 70.42 68.05 244.9 30.02 65.62 B = C3H8O3, Glycerol (52) 100.00 478.2 39.97 62.58 Wt. 25 35 4& 51.15 59.95 B = C3H6O, Allyl alcohol % B 57.47 58.72 (110) O 93.7 115.2 137.7 70.65 57.41 M B/l wo 25 23.9 32.77 43.4 78.93 57.02 0.25 81.9 50 4.71 7.40 11.46 90.02 57.45 0.5 81.2 75 0.972 1.83 3.215 59.49 100.00 1.0 80.9 100 0.165 0.368 0.740 2.0 80.0 B = C9Hi0O2, Ethyl benzoate M B/l ^ 0 ( 1 IO) (70) 4.0 77.4 0.25 74.7 M %B ^25 B = C3H6O, Acetone (105); 0.5 67.0 0.00 89.2 cf. (66) 1.0 56.0 8.68 83.2 g B/l V20 v. also p. 30, A = CoCl2 20.44 75.6 0.000 79.8 31.74 69.2 B = C4H8O2, Ethyl acetate 4.809 80.3 41.78 65.0 (102) 7.375 81.1 52.50 60.6 50 Wt. % B 19.239 83.8 0 61.18 57.9 C * 36.876 88.7 69.55 56.5 O 104.3 43.276 89.6 78.71 53.4 25 144.0 96.196 103.7 89.59 51.3 40 185.3 156.860 119.2 100.00 50.5 55 226.0 184.384 126.4 (43)

(43)

(43)

25

25

C2H6O .—(Continued) B = C4H10O, Ethyl ether (5) Wt. % B ^25 0.00 89.9 23.15 134.9 47.43 209.0 57.51 249.7 64.48 278.6 72.99 317.3 78.37 345.2 86.39 379.5 100.00 442.5 Vol. % B ^25 ( 6 ) 50 212.4 75 319.7

B = C6H6. — (Continued) Wt.

% B

O 25 50 75 100 Wt. % B O 100 Wt.

% B

O 25 50 100

63

B = C5HiOO4, Monoacetin (110)

0.25 0.5 1.0 2.0 4.0

75.6 70.2 58.7 39.5 24.2

B = C5Hi2O, Isoamyl alcohol (105) g B/l

^18.4

0.000 3.170 7.350 8.832 12.684 29.44 44.16 63.41 147.20 220.80 M B/l 0.5 1.0 2.0 4.0

74.9 73.8 74.5 74.5 73.3 71.6 70.9 69.7 63.7 58.4 ^20 (HO) 76.8 74.4 66.0 54.6

B = C6H5ClO, Chlorophenol (136)

21.4 Wt. % B B

25

omp-

68.87 68 . 97 68.78

B = C6H6, Benzene ( 50 ); c/. (46) Wt.

% B

O 25 50 75 100

15

20

75.7 83.9 91.7 90.9 98.3 108.0 113.5 123.5 131.8 139.5 152.2 160.3 142.1 154.1 165.0

B = C6Hi2O3, Paraldehyde (105)

40

101.0 110.0 120.8 119.2 129.5 143.1 146.8 160.5 176.4 175.1 185.9 200.0 177.9 189.9 203.3 70

198.0 202.0 250.0 284.9 ^ 25 (27)

Wt. % B

B = C5H5N, Pyridine ("O) M B/l 2o 0.25 83.0 0.5 84.1 1.0 87.2 2.0 89.9

3!>

0.00 88.5 8.47 98.7 17.00 104.8 28.90 113.2 45.60 128.9 50.91 137.3 67.58 153.5 69.49 154.7 76.53 164.7 80.38 170.0 88.03 176.4 98.86 176.5 100.00 171.8 g B/l ^20 (105) 0.000 77.2 2.708 77.6 3.120 77.6 4.242 77.59 10.832 78.4 15.588 79.05 23.208 79.3 54.160 81.1 97.984 86.3 50 Wt. % B (102) 0 C

M B/l ^20 0.25 73.2 0.5 64.7 1.0 51.9 For o- and m- isomers at 2O0C, v. (152.1).

B = C6Hi0O3, Ethyl acetoacetate ( 35 ) Wt. % B ^25 0.00 93.7 8.05 97.7. 36.28 103.9 46.71 102.1 64.02 96.4 100.00 66.3 B = C6Hi2, Cyclohexane; for data at 2O0C, v. (152.2).

g B/l 0.0 5.64 8.33 22.56 41.68 112.8 208.4 994.8

c?2o 79.8 79.9 80.3 81.3 81.9 85.1 89.2 84.9

B = C6Hi4O2, Acetal ("O) M B/l ^20 0.25 85.4 0.5 87.9 1.0 95.4 B = C7H6O, Benzaldehyde (27.)

Wt. % B 0.00 11.65 20.67 23.60 32.47 53.96 79.32 90.63 100.00

^26 89.9 91.6 95.2 95.2 96.1 86.4 76.5 73.4 69.2

B = C7H6O2, Salicy !aldehyde; for data at 2O0C, v. (152.1). B = C7H8O, Anisole (5) Wt. % B ^25 0.00 89.9 15.21 95.7 29.62 101.1 43.00 105.6 55.67 108.9 67.68 110.6 79.05 110.5 89.98 108.2 100.00 99.2 B = C7H8O2, o-Hydroxybenzyl alcohol (H°) M B/l ^20 0.25 75.5 0.5 68.3 1.0 58.4 B = C7H8O2, Guaiacol; for data at 2O0C, v. (i 52.1). B = C8Hi0O, Phenetole (S) Wt. % B ^25 0.00 89.9 14.97 93.7 28.89 96.6 42.32 99.0 54.97 100.3 67.05 100.9 78.50 100.0 90.25 96.6 100.00 88.1

B = C8Hi0O2, o-Dimethoxy» benzene; for data at 2O0C, • v . (152.1). B = C8Hi4O3, Ethyl ethylacetoacetate (35) Wt. % B ^26 0.00 92.7 5.44 94.0 23.80 96.3 41.24 94.5 71.31 83.1 87.87 72.2 100.00 59.6 B = C9H7N, Quinoline (74) 0.00 92.7 13.30 91.6 23.50 78.56 39.09 71.4 50.23 60.95 62.65 53.28 68.98 49.6 75.69 41.30 38.70 85.57 92.09 34.29 100.00 29.75 B = Ci0H7Br, a-Bromonaphthalene ("O) M B/l wo 0.25 78.6 0.5 75.7 1.0 71.5 B = Ci0Hi2, 1, 2, 3, 4-Tetrahydronaphthalene ( 5 ^) Wt. % B V25 0.0 92.0 24.6 85.4 48.3 78.4 75.8 67.0 92.3 57.3 100.0 49.9 v. also (152.2) B = Ci0Hi2O, Anethole and ar-Tetrahydro-ß-naphtholj for data at 2O0C, v. (152.2). B = Ci0Hi6O, Camphor (UO) M B/l ^20 0.25 80.6 0.5 76.9 1.0 73.2 2.0 66.1 B = Ci0Hi8O3, Ethyl diethylacetoacetate (3S) Wt. % B ^26 0.00 93.7 91.4 15.66 20.74 90.3 28.56 87.9 91.78 45.7 100.00 35.8

B = C14H10O2, Benzil (143) g B/kg A vis 0.00 75.9 6.82 75.6 11.36 75.3 20.39 74.9 g B /kg A «?4o 0.00 119.3 12.06 118.0 25.74 116.7 38.24 115.5 47.17 114.4 B = Ci8H3GO2, Stearic acid (110) M B/l ^20 0.25 77.2 0.5 71.4 1.0 61.5

C3H6O Acétone B = C3H8O, Isopropyl alcohol (158) B = C4Hi0O, Ethyl ether (43) M

O 30 70 100

B = C 34 H 47 NO n , Aconitine ("O) 0.02 80.4 0.04 77.7

0.00 6.25 17.50 28.15 50.15 73.54 84.32 100.00

C2H7N Ethylamine B = C2H8ClN, Ethylamine hydrochloride ( 40 ) M A/l

V-38.5

0.09458 0.1898 0.3817 0.7518 1.489

162.2 150.7 131.3 101.4 53.7

C3H3N3O3 Cyanuric acid B = C6H5N, Pyridine (33) Wt. % B ^25 96.8 96.3

C3H5NS Ethyl thiocyanate B = C5Hi1N, Piperidine (*i) M % B *>5o O 208.3 5 176.4 25 59.5 45 4.42 50 0.924 55 2.06 75 22.8 95 92.9 100 118.3

250.0 225.2 186.6 158.2 115.9 85.4 78.3 66.7

B = C6H6, Benzène (13) Wt.

0.00 4.03 15.26 39.70 50.88 84.70 100.00

% B

Vol. % B

250.0 238.7 208.8 166.1 143.5 104.9 96.7

%

B

(plQ

0.00 253.0 277.8 309.2 18.49 171.8 189.8 210.5 32.38 127.1 144.5 163.7 49.95 71.5 86.1 100.8 60.49 46.8 59.45 72.7 71.01 27.86 37.38 48.76 83.22 14.82 22.37 31.55 91.73 10.64 17.24 25.58 100.00 9.27 15.65 23.75

%

B = C6H7N, Aniline (43) M % B (pl8 4i O 333.3 400.0 40 115.9 170.1 70 53.3 90.1 100 29.6 48.2 50 Wt. % B (102) 0 C* O O 70.3 25 113.4 40 146.7 55 176.5 70 205 . 2

^ 25 (47)

B = C6H6O, Phénol (17) Wt.

B

0.00 14.19 26.72 38.06 49.43 57.79 Wt. % B 30
50 65.22 0.00 339.0 370.4 403 73.74 18.49 238.7 261.8 284 78.94 32.38 175.7 196.9 215 85.39 49.95 112.0 128.7 145.6 60.49 83.4 98.1 112.0 92.85 71.01 59.4 73.1 86.7 100.00 83.22 41.7 53.0 65.5Wt. % B 0.00 91.73 35.1 46.2 57.6 9.57 100.00 32.5 43.1 53.5 19.53 Wt. % B 7o 59.37 137.2 156.0 27.70 68.23 108.9 126.4 37.42 76.99 90.3 105.0 44.67 53.79 84.64 77.6 92.0 60.24 91.08 70.3 84.2 67.19 100.00 66.1 79.0 74.25 80.76 B = C6H5NO2, Nitrobenzene 87.98 Vol. % B ^25 (47) 92.81 O 317.5 100.00 25 203.9 40

317.4 285.1 250.2 212.1 173.7 *> 2 û (i° 5 ) 185.8 172.0 162.1 159.1 157.4 156.4 155.6

O 25 50 75 100 g B/l 699.8 789.3 840.5 858.8 869.7 873.5 880.0

B = C6H5ClO, o-Chlorophenol ( 17 ) Wt.

B = C6H6O2, o- and m-Dihydroxy benzene; for data at 2O0C, v. (152.1).

B = C6Hi2, Cyclohexane; for 278.8 309.6 342.3 0 251.2 280.5 311.1 data at 2O C, ». (152.2). 213.2 240.9 268.2 B = C6H14, Hexane (ios) 173.9 203.6 230.2 g B/l «?20 131.9 154.7 178.7 572.2 295.2

0.0 21.24 49.34 72.14 100.00

B = C6H5Cl, Chlorobenzene M % B
C2H7N Dimethylamine B = C2H8ClN, Dimethylamine hydrochloride ( 40 ) M B/l *>_33.5 0.2843 189.3 0.3585 181.9 0.7857 135.9 0.8535 111.8

^0 (126)

M % B

(154)

77.4 73.4 66.1

(f>u

261.1 307.7 387.6 287.4 341.3 408.2 325.1 380.2 438.6 333.3 400.0 465.1

B = CeH5Br, Bromobenzene

B = C22H20Oi3, Carminic acid 0.03125 0.0625 0.125

(pQ

% B

B = C6H5NO2. — (Continued) Vol. % B ^25 (47) 50 139.1 75 92.1 100 55.2 g B/l *> 20 (i° 5 ) 937.7 74.1 1037.7 66.1 1080.7 61.0 1150.8 54.0 1177.1 52.4 1183.2 51.8 1192.2 51.2 1197.1 50.5 1204.8 49.64

^9.95

¥> 2 0.05

623.8 684.3 685.1 687 .2

289.0 280.4 276.5 276 . 0

B = C7H6O2, Salicylaldehyde; for data at 2O0C, v. (152.1).

B = C7H8O2, Guaiacol; for data at 2O0C, v. (i 52.1). B = C7H14O2, Amyl acétate (3l)

Wt. % B 81.60 91.41 100.00

v-25 160.7 145.4 126.7

277.8 309.6 205.8 233.1 B = C8H10O2, o-Dimethoxy157.5 178.6 benzene; for data at 2O0C, v. 115.2 132.4 (152.1). 79.6 94.8 B = Ci0H8O, /3-Naphthol; for 59.2 72.5 data at 2O0C, ».'(152.2). 42.4 54.0 B = Ci0Hi2, Tetrahydronaph27.25 36.4 thalene; for data at 2O0C, v. 20.2 27.9 (152.2). 13.37 20.1 8.38 13.7 B = C10H12O, ar-Tetrahydro4.98 9.06 ß-naphthol; for data at 2O0C, W.S 40.1 49.8 v. (152.2). 339.0 370.4 403.2 B = C12H10O, Phenyl ether 277.8 304.9 334.4 (126) 226.8 250.6 277.8 M % B ^25 191.9 212.8 237.0 0.0 320.5 149.3 169.5 188.7 10.60 227.8 123.8 140.6 159.2 26.94 140.1 94.5 110.6 125.9 51.57 74.7 75.8 90.8 105.3 27.3 60.3 73.4 87.0 100.00 45.9 57.4 70.2 C3HeO2 36.4 44.8 56.0 Propionic acid 25.5 34.8 44.5 B = C5H5N, Pyridine; for data 20.4 28.9 38.2 0 1 14.1 21.1 30.5at 20, 40, and 8O C, v. ( ^).

C3H6O2 Methyl acetate B = C4H8O2, Ethyl acetate (78)

m 162.2 158.6 155.8 153.4

M %B O 25 50 66.58

C3H7NO Methylacetamide B = C5H6N, Pyridine (33) Wt.

% B

83.56 88.80 93.41

V25

92.4 97.9 103.4

C3H7NO Propionamide B = C5H5N, Pyridine (33) 61.9 76.25 86.34 82.9 92.08 95.5

C3H8O3 Glycerol B = C5Hi2O, Isoamyl alcohol (ill) M A/1 V2o 1.0 14.47

C4H5Cl3O2 Ethyl trichloroacetate B = C4H8O2, Ethyl acetate (78) M %A vu 22.82 110.9 50 80.4 63.47 72.0 100.00 47.6

C3H8O n-Propyl alcohol B = C3H8O3, GIy cerol ("O) M B/l V2o 1.0 29.6 B = C4Hi0O, Ethyl ether (5) Wt. % B V25 0.0 50.7 11.93 71.2 22.99 97.7 34.92 132.8 47.16 178.0 59.89 234.0 72.97 298.2 368.1 86.22 100.0 442.5

C3H8O n-Propyl alcohol B = C6H6, Benzene (29) 0.0 51.0 4.93 85.7 10.01 142.3 29.78 166.9 66.90 169.0 100.0 167.3 B = C6H7N, Aniline (78) M % B
% B

VoO

80

O 148.6 184.8 234.2 10 85.5 25 24.08 40 2.68 40.91 2.64 22.8 45 0.846 4.21 13.27 48 0.402 2.88 12.75 50 0.283 1.82 10.71 52 0.384 2.37 12.78 55 0.581 3.22 13.06 60 1.467 75 9 . 57 90 38.8 134.1 100 73.4 118.3 135.5 B = C6H7N, Aniline (86) M %B
V85

VlOO

25 297 325 50 315.5 351 75 333 357 B = C7H9N, Methylaniline (91) M

% B

O 10 25

25

148.6 85.3 39.2

V50

184.8 115.5 47.06

25

9.82 3.24 2.85 3 . 17 3.98 6.22 18.6 31.9 50.0

40 48 50 52 55 60 75 90 100

VW

19.76 10.29 8.64 12.00 17.5 40.3 62.5 67.8

C4H6O3 Acetic anhydride B = C6Hi2O3, Paraldehyde (26) Wt. % B

C4H5NS Allyl thiocyanate B = C5H5N, Pyridine (W) M %B V25 O 148.6 50 138.5 100 117.1 B = C5HnN, Piperidine ( 9 2) M % B

C3H7NO2 Urethane B = C5H5N, Pyridine (33) 85.04 83.2 90.91 93.5

B = C7H9N.- (Continued) M

0.00 10.00 29.96 50.00 69.99 90.02 100.00

^10

94.5 89.2 82.1 75.2 69.3 66.4 65.5

V76.5

216.6 212.3 211.0 206.7 205.1 207.1 209.2

Vx4H8O2 Butyric acid B = C5H5N, Pyridine; for data at 18, 30 and 4O0C, v. (157). O4H8O2 Ethyl acetate B = C5H5N, Pyridine (*02) 50 Wt. % B 0 C v O 122.0 25 170.0 40 194.0 55 219.2 B = C6H5NO2, Nitrobenzene (99)

Wt. % B ^25 0.00 229.9 22.90 171.8 56.10 112.5 75.53 83.1 100.00 54.5 50 Wt. % B (102) O/"1

^

O 84.02 25 122.6 40 153.8 55 179.3 70 202.9 B = C6H6, Benzene (27); c/. (99)

Wt. % B 0.00 24.05 50.90 51.70 56.07 64.16 66.90 72.96 100.00

<^25 238.5 224.9 209.1 208.2 207.0 200.4 200.4 193.0 171.8

B = C6H6.- (Continued) 50 Wt. % B (102) 0 C
25 0.0 216.5 15.71 214.6 45.30 207.9 71.26 196.5 100.00 185.5 B = C7Hi4O2, Iso (?) amyl acetate (78) M %B vu 20.6 111.4 50 105.0 100 63.3 B = CsHi4O4, Diethyl succinate (78)

M %B W O 151.7 25 101.4 50 67.8 62.5 52.9 75 45.8 90 33.4 100 29.9 B = C9Hi0O2, Ethyl

V64 304.8 221.5 176.7 157.4 146.3 130.1 119.9 benzoate

(73)

M %B 0.00 10.08 20.03 30.11 40.02 49.56 60.27 68.69 79.12 87.84 100.00

V25 235.9 192.7 161.9 138.0 118.0 101.5 86.4 77.4 66.0 58.7 49.6

M % B

vi* ( 78 )

O 25 40 75 100

151.7 111.2 62.7 55.4 38.7

302.9 240.3 158.7 133.4

B = Ci0H22O, Isoamyl

ether

C4Hi0O

(78)

Ethyl ether B = C6H6, Benzene (**) Wt. % B ^25 0.00 434.8 28.58 354.6 56.92 276.2 75.69 228.3 100.00 166.9

Wt. % B 16.83 43.50 74.95 100.00

B = CnHi2O2, Benzyl benzoate (73) M %B ^25 0.0 235.9 10.2 156.1 20.10 109.7 30.27 78.4 41.37 55.9 50.00 43.5 59.99 32.8 69.98 25.77 76.53 21.23 85.74 16.84 92.16 14.28 100.00 11.74

(50) Wt.

O 25 50 75 100 Wt.

Methylurethane B = C10H20O, Menthol (132) Wt.

% B

0.00 33.38 56.80 74.28 84.39 92.46 100.00 Wt.

% B

0.00 33.38 56.80 74.28 84.39 92.46 100.00

Ç555.6

V74.6

43.9 38.0 32.8 25.8 25.9 20.1 15.9

72.9 68.2 55.9 59.5 53.4 42.4 40.5

99

80.8 81.0 101.4 74.6 66.9 54.5 54.0

118.1

101.4 116.9 95.1 88.7 96.1

C4Hi0O Butyl alcohol B = Ci0Hi2, 1, 2, 3, 4-Tetrahydronaphthalene ( 59 ) Wt.

% B

0.00 28.34 57.13 71.30 84.90 100.00

'

*>25

40.6 47.6 53.8 56.0 56.1 49.9

% B

O 25 50 75 100 % B

(PZQ

404.9 320.5 253.2 186.2 142.1

<£>25

425.5 333.3 262.5 207.5 154.1

SO

448.4 347.2 273.8 219.2 165.0 M

471.7 359.7 289.0 232.6 177.9

310.6 245.1 189.8

iQ

2Q

30

0.00 386.0 426.5 469.4 35.15 287.2 319.8 353.2 55.58 235.3 264.3 295.5 79.52 176.7 203.4 230.6 100.00 131.9 154.7 178.7 B = C6H6O2, o- and ra-Dihydroxybenzene; for data at 2O0C, v. (152-1). B = C6Hi4O2, Acetal (124, 125) M

% B

VQ

<£>25

0.00 347 446 9.97 266 21.62 263 28.18 158 45.12 149.5 46.04 89.8 69.73 73.6 70.90 37.9 87.32 19.2 100 10.0 27.5 B = C7H6O2, Salicylaldehyde; for data at 2O0C, v. (152.1). B = C7H8, Toluene (50) Wt.

% B

O 25 50 75 100 Wt. % B

B = Ci0HiS, Decahydronaphthalene (59) 0.00 40.6 32.38 44.4 49.43 46.5 67.12 47.9 82.59 47.1 89.80 46.1 100.00 41.4

(Pi5

(13) Wt.

C4H9NO2

% B

^15

404.9 319.5 253.8 206.6 159.5

423.7 333.0 263.9 213.7 170.6

£>25

448.4 344.8 277.8 224.7 180.8
O 471.7 25 355.9 367.6 50 289.9 302.1 75 238.7 247.5 100 192.3 212.8 B = C7H8O, Benzyl alcohol ( 6 )
B = C8Hi0O, Phenetole (73) M %B ^25 0.0 447.8 9.96 374.0 16.97 327.1 25.18 286.2 31.18 258.7 39.52 227.0 44.21 207.9 48.94 194.0 54.99 175.0 64.84 150.0 69.74 139.8 74.77 127.3 81.45 115.3 90.25 100.1 92.55 97.4 100.00 86 5 B = C8Hi0O2, o-Dimethoxybenzene; for data at 2O0C, v. ( 152 -i). B = Ci2Hi0O, Phenyl ether (73) M %B
%

B i

O 289.0 358.4 10 151.3 178.6 25 17.14 25.9 33.3 2.562 4.574 40 0.1898 0.4404 45 0.0385 0.1049 48 0.01129 0.0450 50 0.00270 0.0204 52 0.0246 0.09575 55 0.0576 0.202 60 0.5057 1.267 75 8.970 13.4 90 38.0 46.3 100 71.6 83.4 M %B WQ 45 0.710 48 0.303 50 0.189 52 0.522 55 0.765 60 3.644 75 22.54 90 60.39 100 102.25

C5H5N Pyridine B = C6H5ClO, o-Chlorophenol ( 17 ) Wt.

%

B

0.00 11.17 21.62 31.57 42.31 51.48 60.15 67.47 72.51 76.93 81.06 85.17 92.51 100.00 Wt.

% B

lQ

75.6 60.2 46.0 33.5 22.5 14.08 8.35 5.47 4.38 3.80 3.71 3.99 5.52 9.27

90.2 72.4 56.7 42.5 29.8 19.7 13.0 9.29 7.84 7.22 7.13 7.54 9.96 15.65

6Q

0.00 121.8 140.1 11.17 100.6 115.9 21.62 80.1 93.2 31.57 63.0 74.0 42.31 46.5 56.4 51.48 33.8 43.3 60.15 25.5 33.56 67.47 21.2 28.33 72.51 19.2 26.46 76.93 18.5 26.04 81.06 18.66 26.46 85.17 19.84 28.17 92.51 24.33 34.01 100.00 32.47 43.10 Wt. % B

0.00 11.17 21.62 31.57 42.31 51.48 60.15 67.47 72.51 76.93 81.06 85.17 92.51 . 100.00

106.3 86.4 68.5 52.5 38.2 27.1 18.94 14.66 12.82 12.15 12.26 13.19 16.75 23.75 173.0 145.8 120.5 98.5 77.5 62.8 51.7 45.8 43.8 43.7 44.8 47.4 54.5 66.1

cpso

¥>no

205.3 176.1 148.8 124.7 101.4 84.4 73.0 67.25 65.4 65.3 66.9 70.2 79.6 93.5

259.7 223.2 193.8 166.7 142.0 125.3 113.0 105.8 103.7 104.0 106.2 110.4 119.5 131.6

B = C6H5NO3, o-Nitrophenol (17) Wt.

%B

0.00 11.32 20.74 27.58 39.62 52.25 60.24 68.32 76.79 86.96 91.25 100.00

v?30

121.8 106.0 92.5 82.6 66.7 53.2 46.5 40.8 36.3 31.8 30.0 27.4

140.1 122.7 107.5 97.1 80.3 66.2 58.4 52.3 46.6 41.5 39.6 36.3

C5H5N.- (Continued) B = C6H5NO3.- (Continued) Wt. % B

0.00 11.32 20.74 27.58 39.62 52.25 60.24 68.32 76.79 86.96 91.25 100.00

960.1

980

173.0 154.6 139.1 127.2 108.1 91.6 82.5 75.5 68.5 61.7 59.2 54.8

205.3 185.5 169.5 157.5 138.1 119.6 109.8 100.8 92.6 83.7 80.6 74.2

B = C6H6O, Phenol (* 7 ) Wt. % B vw 0.00 90.2 17.26 62.7 26.01 48.8 35.14 37.4 45.48 26.6 51.89 19.8 58.46 14.71 66.99 10.12 76.81 7.06 82.86 6.08 91.89 5.32 100.00 4.96 Wt.

% B

(p20

930

940

0.00 106.3 121.8 140.1 8.30 90.2 106.4 120.8 16.12 75.7 90.4 103.6 24.36 62.6 74.7 86.8 32.58 49.8 61.2 72.0 38.94 41.5 50.94 61.3 47.13 31.1 39.77 49.0 54.96 22.9 30.82 39.1 63.81 16.83 23.31 30.8 70.49 13.37 19.34 26.3 77.94 11.02 16.56 23.2 85.17 9.96 15.10 21.8 92.45 9.33 14.46 21.3 100.00 9.06 14.10 21.1 Wt. % B

9eo

980

0.00 8.30 16.12 24.36 32.58 38.94 47.13 54.96 63.81 70.49 77.94 85.17 92.45 100.00

173.0 152.4 132.8 113.8 96.9 83.5 69.6 57.9 48.4 43.5 40.0 40.0 38.6 39.7

205.3 183.8 162.9 140.2 122.7 107.1 92.8 79.2 69.2 63.3 60.4 59.9 60.6 63.3

9110

259.7 233.6 210.5 186.9 165.0 149.5 133.2 118.9 107.0 101.2 98.7 98.8 101.5 106.3

B = C6H7N, Aniline (43) M %B 90 9i9 O 71.4 87.0 50 27.7 48.8 100 11.6 29.1

B = C 6 H 7 N.—(Continued) M

% B

O 50 100 Vol.

958-6

9100

170.1 105.2 66.7

250.0 200.0 160.0 925 (!21)

% B

112.2 53.8 . 36.6 27.0

O 50 80 100

B = C6Hi0O3, Ethyl acetoacetate ( 35 ) Wt. % B 925 0.00 113.6 17.11 107.6 32.09 100.8 51.00 91.74 71.07 81.10 100.00 66.31 B = C7H6O2, Benzoic acid ( 8 ) Wt. % B

O 40 50 56 60 62

9110

9125

272.8 114.2 95.1 78.1 74.7 74.6

141.0 116.9 99.0 95.5 95.9

69.6 64.4 66.4 67.2 67.4. 66.8 66.5

63 66.66 69 72 78 82 86 92 100

90.4 86.7 86.0 89.8 87.6 87.0 85.2 87.0 94.9

^

B = C 7 H 7 NO, Benzamide (34) Wt.

925

% B

5.16 12.46

94.8 75.1

B = C7H7NO, Formanilide (33)

10.32 19.14

91.8 74.9

B = C7H8O, o-Cresol (") Wt.

% B

0.00 12.05 24.55 33.60 45.83 55.91 66.83 77.73 85.72 91.85 100.00 Wt.

%B

75.6 59.9 42.8 31.7 18.81 10.68 5.48 3.17 2.65 2.55 2.52 980

90.2 71.6 52.6 40.2 25.6 15.8 9.36 6.20 5.52 5.44 5.59 940

920

106.3 85.0 64.3 50.4 33.76 22.45 14.61 10.80 9.96 9.99 10.46 960

0.00 121.8 140.1 173.0 12.05 97.8 112.9 142.2 24.55 74.1 87.1 112.5 33.60 58.0 69.6 93.6 45.83 39.1 48.9 70.2 55.91 27.6 36.4 56.0

B = C7H8O.—(Continued) Wt.

% B

66.83 77.73 85.72 91.85 100.00 Wt. %B 0.00 12.05 24.55 33.60 45.83 55.91 66.83 77.73 85.72 91.85 100.00

930

940

960

20.26 28.0 45.8 16.05 23.3 40.6 15.23 22.6 40.6 15.50 23.1 41.7 16.33 24.4 44.6 980 9110 205.3 259.7 170.4 221.7 138.9 184.2 117.4 162.6 94.3 136.6 79.8 119.9 68.2 105.8 63.05 102.0 63.6 103.2 65.45 106.2 69.9 111.5

B = C7H8O, m-Cresol (* 7 ) Wt.

% B

0.00 14.09 27.45 41.40 46.92 55.33 61.80 70.62 75.90 85.17 91.41 100.00 Wt.

% B

90

W

75.6 55.8 37.8 23.36 18.05 11.39 7.79 4.53 3.23 2.00 1.56 1.19

920

90.2 68.2 47.5 30.8 24.9 16.85 12.44 7.78 6.01 4.22 3.50 2.89

930

40

980

9110

259.7 218.8 185.5 154.8 129.0 109.9 99.0 93.1 95.1 97.8 7

B = C7H8O, p-Cresol O ) Wt. % B

0.00 21.03 29.61 40.04 46.71 54.46

90

75.6 45.9 35.8 24.0 17.26 11.53

Wt.

8.06 12.71 18.81 5.24 8.77 13.59 3.205 5.97 9.96 2.005 4.17 7.55 1.381 3.21 6.19 1.016 2.52 5.28

% B

930

940

0.00 121.8 140.1 21.03 73.4 87.8 29.61 61.4 73.0 40.04 47.28 57.9 46.71 38.99 48.4 54.46 30.21 38.5 60.37 24.51 32.1 67.82 18.99 26.1 75.36 15.07 21.46 83.28 12.55 18.46 91.01 10.80 16.61 100.00 9.49 15.29

960

205.3 166.9 136.8 111.0 87.2 71.1 61.4 55.0 54.1 55.2

%B

0.00 14.47 26.75 38.43 50.72 61.52 70.94 82.33 90.88 100.00

60.37 67.82 75.36 83.28 91.01 100.00

960

173.0 120.9 100.5 80.4 68.4 56.4 49.5 42.6 37.0 33.7 31.7 30.5

Wt. % B 980 9110 100.6 0.00 205.3 259.7 81.4 14.06 165.8 217.2 56.5 27.48 133.9 181.4 39.4 41.10 104.7 147.8 32.4 54.03 81.3 121.6 23.5 63.11 68.4 106.4 17.91 71.88 59.0 95.5 12.26 52.9 89.3 10.12 ' 81.72 89.95 51.0 90.0 7.65 100.00 51.6 92.5 6.75 5.92 B = C8H5NO2, Phthalimide

0.00 121.8 140.1 173.0 14.09 91.1 107.4 136.8 27.45 68.4 80.6 105.4 41.40 47.1 57.7 78.9 46.92 39.8 49.45 70.5 55.33 29.85 38.4 57.0 61.80 23.95 31.75 49.5 70.62 17.95 25.03 41.2 75.90 15.34 21.9 38.2 85.17 12.68 19.0 35.1 91.41 11.57 17.9 33.8 100.00 10.56 16.9 33.4 Wt.

B = C7U8O.—(Continued) Wt. % B 9o 910 920

910

920

90.2 54.4 44.4 31.5 23.78 16.69

106.3 68.9 55.3 39.46 32.21 23.72

(33) Wt.

% B

926

5.05 11.93

101.2 84.6

B = C8H14O3, Ethyl ethylacetoacetate (35) 0.00 113.3 12.70 106.9 40.62 90.8 63.99 78.9 85.33 67.1 100.00 59.6 B = Ci0Hi8O3, Ethyl diethylacetoacetate (35) 0.00 113.6 2.83 111.5 6.91 108.4 21.10 98.5 50.83 74.2 100.00 35.8 B = Ci3HnNO, Benzanilide (33)

5.40 9.02 12.75

97.4 89.2 79.9

B = Ci3Hi2N2O, 1, 2-Diphenylurea (33) 5.69 95.7 7.19 92.7

B = Ci3Hi2N2S, l, 2-Diphenylthiourea (33) Wt. % B ^25 7.40 86.3 14.51 70.6 B = Ci4H9NO2, Phthalanil (33)

3.55

I

104.1

C5H8O Ethyl propargyl ether B = CrHi4O2, Isoamyl acetate (60)

Wt. % B 0.00 84.92 91.55 100.00

^26 189.8 137.0 132.6 126.6

B = C 6 Hi 2 O 3 , Paraldehyde (26) Wt.

%B

0.00 10.01 30.00 50.00 69.98 90.02 100.00

(f>io

16.12 21.09 32.19 44.70 56.27 64.48 65.46

076.5

105.3 121.8 147.1 174.8 199.0 208.6 209.2

B = C6H14, Hexane (105) g B/l ois.? 0.0 21.2 540.4 207.4 570.0 226.5 647.1 272.1 653.4 275.4 662.8 285.2 666.0 287.3 B = CioHiöN, Diethylaniline (26)

C5Hi0O Ethyl allyl ether B = C 7 Hi 4 O 2 , Isoamyl acetate (60)

0.00 89.42 94.36

289.7 143.3 135.1

C 5 HioO2 n-Propyl acetate B = C 6 Hi 2 O 2 , Isoamyl formate (78);cf. (55) M

% B

0.0 25.8 70.1 100.0

O12

113.1 123.3 112.7 105.9

(26) % B

0.00 9.98 29.98 50.02 70.00 90.00 100.00

^0

*>80

11.32 112.7 13.82 122.6 19.00 133.6 23.75 143.5 29.90 144.1 34.90 134.1 33.02 120.3

B = C6H6, Benzene (ios) g B/l

549.5 708.0 761.9 799.4 857.0 864.4 864.6 872.0 880.0

%B

0.00 9.97 29.48 30.00 49.92 69.56 89.96 100.00

076.5

11.32 13.22 17.55

105.2

22.13 26.17 27.78 26.05

018.4

104.6 132.6 139.1 144.05 146.8 147.0 148.7 148.1 148.1

127.6 138.2 141.1 138.0 127.7

C5H12O Ethyl n-propyl ether B = C 7 Hi 4 O 2 , Isoamyl acetate (60)

271.2 260.9 249.1 237.7

C5Hi2O Isoamyl alcohol B = C6HsNO2, Nitrobenzene Wt.

Wt.

Wt. % B 0.00 88.84 92.58

025 294.7 144.9 138.6

C6H4Br3N 2, 4, 6-Tribromoaniline B = C7Hi4O2, Isoamyl acetate (139)

MA/IB 0.71

C6H4ClNO2 o-Chloronitrobenzene B = Ci2HnN, Diphenylamine (142)

M %B

^60

0.0 21.5 43.0 61.5 81.0 100.0

22.7 29.0 38.3 47.2 54.4 61.7

C6H4Cl3N 2, 4, 6-Trichloroaniline B = C 7 Hi 4 O 2 , Iso (?) amyl acetate (139) M A/l B ^25 0.71 101.5

C6H5Br Bromobenzene B = C6H5Cl, Chlorobenzene (78); C/. (55) M

% B

O12

70.7 76.7 92.3 99.6

0.0 32.6 79.8 100.0

O61

149.2 164.6 189.1 202.6

C6H5Br2N Dibromoaniline B= C7Hi4O2, Isoamyl acetate (139); for M A/1 =0.71,025 = 96.1 for 2, 4-A; = 100.3 for 2, 6-A. C6H5Cl Chlorobenzene B = C6H6, Benzene (104) 0 C I v 25.16 Wt. % A 0.3 108.0 10.5 128.1 20.2 147.9 30.2 169.3 39.8 190.8 50.2 215.5 60.4 239.2 70.5 260.3 79.9 282.9 50.54 Wt. % A 0.2 103.3 11.1 123.2 20.2 140.0 29.6 158.4 40.6 181.2 49.1 200.2 60.5 223.2 70.4 245.1 79.9 264.4 74.61 Wt. % A 0.2 98.4 10.3 116.3 20.5 133.2 30.0 150.2 40.0 168.8 49.6 187.2 60.1 207.8 70.0 227.2 80.0 244.1

B = C6H6, Benzene (104) ; cf. (157) 0

C

I

O 10 20 30 40

O Wt. % A 109.6 131.9 153.4 177.3 198.7

50 60

226.0 255.0

70

279.1

80 303.5 22.57 Wt. % A 0.1 101.8 8.6 118.0 19.9 140.4 30.3 162.0 40.6 185.2 50.2 207.1 60.4 230.3 253.2 70.5 . 50.24 Wt. % A 0.1 91.2 10.2 108.1 20.3 125.8 30.4 144.2 40.1 163.3 51.4 184.5 60.7 203.6 70.2 223.8 74.75 Wt. % A 0.1 79.8 9.8 93.1 11.0 94.3 19.4 106.3 30.3 123.4 40.1 139.2 49.9 155.3 60.1 172.1 70.5 190.3 100 Wt. % A O 66.0 10 78.0 20 89.5 30 102.2 40 114.7 50 126.0 60 139.1 70 153.5 80 165.6 B = C7H8, Toluene; for data at 20, 35, and 5O0C, v. (157).

B = C6H6O, Phenol (") Wt. % B ^20 0.00 130.2 4.93 121.2 9.78 112.6 21.73 89.1 30.43 72.8 38.90 59.8 49.90 45.1 58.15 36.4 71.41 24.6 81.45 18.01 100.00 9.06 B = C7H8, Toluene; for data at 20, 35 and 5O0C, v. (* 5 7), C6H5ClO o- Chlor ophenol B = C6H7N, Aniline (17) Wt.

% A

O20

O30

0.00 15.87 23.36 31.80 15.54 11.07 17.30 24.69 28.94 7.60 12.92 19.76 40.16 5.60 10.42 16.86

C6H5ClO.- (Continued) B = C6H7N.- (Continued) Wt.

% A

(p\Q

46.61 4.89 51.68 4.46 56.87 4.23 60.61 4.18 65.18 4.25 68.50 4.45 77.80 5.70 89.65 8.94 100.00 15.65 Wt.

% A

9.47 15.65 8.90 14.88 8.58 14.43 8.50 14.39 8.71 14.58 9.12 14.92 11.06 17.24 15.87 23.20 23.75 32.47

V?40

0.00 15.54 28.94 40.16 46.61 51.68 56.87 60.61 65.18 68.50 77.80 89.65 100.00 Wt. % A 0.00 15.54 28.94 40.16 46.61 51.68 56.87 60.61 65.18 68.50 77.80 89.65 100.00

41.6 64.81 90.9 33.95 55.87 81.8 28.25 49.63 75.4 25.06 45.55 71.1 23.8 43.95 69.3 23.1 43.01 68.4 22.8 42.55 68.0 22.7 42.55 68.0 23.0 42.74 68.5 23.6 43.1 69.2 26.4 46.6 73.1 33.2 54.8 81.8 43.1 66.1 93.5 (piiQ
Wt.

*>25 ( 1 4 °)

%A

0.0 29.7 38.6 50.05 58.2 59.6 84.1 91.6 100.0

27.62 15.41 12.97 10.59 10.38 10.52 14.90 18.59 24.33

«P50 ( 1 4 °)

49.75 34.84 32.89 30.67 29.85 30.30 34.72 38.91 49.63

B = C6H8N2, Phenylhydrazine (140) Wt.

% B

0.0 14.75 36.0 46.5 49.3 75.0 100.0

49.63 28.49 . 13.97 12.09 12.22 14.38 21.83

B = C 7 HI 4 O 2, Isoamyl acetate (136); for 80.2 Wt. % B, g>25 = 83.2.

B = C8HnN, Dimethylaniline I (17) Wt.

% B

0.00 9.86 16.19 19.13 24.59 29.50 39.60 47.51 59.35 72.29 85.33

100.00 Wt.

% B

9.27 6.89 6.36 6.32 6.49 6.94 8.40 10.16 14.79 22.99 33.11

15.65 23.75 12.50 21.10 11.88 20.08 11.85 20.00 12.05 20.45 12.56 21.32 14.88 ,24.15 17.61 27.03 23.26 32.79 31.90 41.15 42.74 53.79

49.38 60.42 72.20 ^)30

0.00 32.47 9.86 29.33 16.19 28.21 19.13 28.21 24.59 28.53 29.50 29.33 39.60 32.36 47.51 35.84 59.35 42.55 72.29 52.91 85.33 67.89 100.00 85.47 Wt. % B 0.00 9.86 16.19 19.13 24.59 29.50 39.60 47.51 59.35 72.29 85.33 100.00

¥?60

43.10 66.09 40.82 63.37 40.41 62.77 40.49 62.93 41.67 63.98 43.39 65.62 47.96 70.32 52.23 74.74 60.24 82.64 70.92 92.76 80.45106.4 97.66125.3 ^80 93.5 91.3 91.2 91.7 93.3 95.2 100.5 105.4 113.9 124.4 136.8 152.0

B = C9H7N, Quinoline (") Wt.

% B

iQ

2Q

0.00 9.26815.65 23.75 13.34 2.542 5.501 10.05 27.82 0.746 2.077 4.576 36.58 0.408 1.241 3.163 42.08 0.332 1.083 2.730 45.06 0.331 1.080 2.685 46.72 0.342 1.109 2.710 49.69 0.392 1.214 2.849 51.19 0.444 1.299 2.990 57.16 0.889 1.988 4.233 67.47 2.410 4.503 7.690 83.21 6.89710.52615.11 100.00 14.64 20.83 27.47 Wt.

% B

B = C9H7N.- (Continued) Wt.

% B

51.19 5.58 9.55 20.66 57.16 6.94 11.16 22.73 67.47 10.98 15.75 27.82 83.21 20.53 26.95 42.02 100.00 34.01 41.93 59.84 Wt.

% B

0.00 13.34 27.82 36.58 42.08 45.06 46.72 49.69 51.19 57.61 67.47 83.21 100.00

80

110

93.5 131.6 62.5 99.3 45.35 79.0 39.06 70.9 37.04 68.1 36.04 66.9 35.91 66.6 36.04 66.4 36.23 66.4 38.54 68.4 45.01 75.0 59.77 88.6 80.00107.5

15Q

183.2 153.8 131.8 121.6 117.6 116.3 115.6 115.2 115.1 116.7 122.7 134.2 150.2

B = Ci3Hi3N, Diphenylmethylamine ( 17 ) Wt.

% B

0.00 10.38 20.66 31.24 42.42 49.48 61.65 74.10

86.17 100.00 Wt.

% B

9.27 9.07 8.83 8.55 8.22 8.00 7.51 6.85

«pio

20

15.65 23.75 14.97 22.73 14.31 21.79 13.70 20.88 13.04 19.92 12.58 19.23 11.83 18.08 11.01 16.81

B = C6H7N.—(Continued) Wt.

% A

*>25

69.9 80.65 91.0 100.0 I

7.56 8.03 8.44 8.66

*>50

22.27 23.04 24.18 25.13

B = C 7 Hi 4 O2, Isoamyl ace- • tate (136); for 80.2 Wt. % B ? g>25 = 80.4.

C6H5ClO p-Chlorophenol B = C6H7N, Aniline (UO) Wt.

% B

0.0 9.7 29.8 49.8 58.2 62.8 70.1 77.8 84.6 92.2 100.0

*>25

*>50

27.62 22.12 14.18 8.93 7.63 7.09 6.37 5.85 5.81 5.95

49.7 45.2 32.6 23.9 22.2 20.8 19.5 18.6 18.6 19.5 20.0

B = C7Hi4O2, Isoamyl acetate (136); for 80.2 Wt. %B, y>25 = 78.7.

C6H5Cl2N

Dichloroaniline B = C7Hi4O2, Isoamyl acetate (i 39); for M A/1 = 0.71,^25 6.18 10.15 15.46 = 102.2 for 2, 4-A; = 89.3 for 5.45 9.13 13.792, 6-A.
0.00 32.47 10.38 32.11 20.66 29.76 31.24 28.49 42.42 27.14 49.48 26.29 61.65 24.81 74.10 23.23 86.17 21.58 100.00 19.49 Wt. % B 0.00 10.38 20.66 31.24 42.42 49.48 61.65 74.10 86.17 100.00

43.10 66.09 41.84 63.49 40.16 61.05 38.46 58.47 36.36 55.71 35.09 54.05 32.89 50.89 30.77 47.39 28.57 43.96 26.04 40.32 ^80 93.5 89.3 84.7 80.8 76.9 74.2 70.4 66.7 62.8 57.6

¥?60

C6H5ClO 0.00 32.47 43.10 66.09 13.34 15.60 23.09 41.24 m- Chlorophenol 27.82 7.80 13.09 27.06 B = C6H7N, Aniline (no) 36.58 5.74 10.00 22.10Wt. % A <£>25
C6H5F Fluorobenzene B = C6H6, Benzene (104) °o II u

B = C6H6O,- (Continued) Wt. % A V20 29.97 18.5 41.36 23.9 50.27 28.3 62.04 35.15 72.59 40.6

B = C6H6.—(Continued) 0

C

I

*

75.04 Wt. % A 50.0 232.2 60.3 257.9 70.7 282.6 79.8 304.8

81.88 91.16 95.84 100.00

C6H5I lodobenzene B = C6H6, Benzene (104) 49.95 Wt. % A 0.3 83.2 7.7 94.8 21.2 117.2 30.9 134.0 40.4 154.5 49.7 169.8 59.0 186.6 69.7 207.8 74.81 Wt. % A 0.1 61.3 8.6 75.9 22.1 93.9 30.5 105.2 40.3 119.2 50.1 134.1 61.0 155.0 69.4 163.3 C6H5I2N Diiodoaniline B = C 7 Hi 4 O 2 , Isoamyl acetate (139); for M A/1 = 0.71, 5 ) g A/1

O 952 1088 1155 1183 1193 1199 1201 1205 0

C

£>20

151.8 67.5 56.7 53.0 51.3 50.4 50.2 50.0 49.9
50 Wt. % B (102) O 76.9 25 114.3 40 142.8 55 166.3 70 192.0 Wt. % A ^25 (»») 0.00 166.9 19.95 146.8 62.39 98.3 85.61 69.6 100.00 54.5 B = C6H6O, Phenol (17) Wt. % A vw 0.00 9.06 15.32 13.18

B = C6Hi4.—(Continued) 0 C I *

36.5 Wt. % A 22.85 210 25.10 216 44.6 Wt. % A 18.87 165 19.08 173 20.62 187 22.02 185 23.42 189 25.00 194 50.7 Wt. % A 19.40 133 20.50 143 21.60 154 23.70 161 25.20 165 54.2 Wt. % A 19.92 126 20.12 131 21.70 145 23.25 150 25.40 155 64.4 Wt. % A 18.30 116 18.75 120 20.95 125 22.90 129 24.92 134 70.8 Wt. % A 14.8 100 15.8 104 18.5 109 19.9 111 21.6 114 23.3 116 25.1 120 79.6 Wt. % A 15.09 84.7 16.67 87.0 18.44 89.3 20.51 91.7 22.73 95.2 24.30 97.1 100 Wt. % A 13.5 44.1 18.0 48.3 23.0 52.9 28.0 57.8 32.0 61.3 35.0 64.5

45.3 49.0 50.6 51.8

B = C6H7N, Aniline (77) M

% A

(PQ

V?34.2

O 9.79 39.8 10 13.53 25 18.76 42.5 35 21.59 45 24.89 46.5 50 25.80 55 26.05 47.5 65 28.44 75 29.47 49.3 90 30.95 49.3 100 31.11 48.9 M

% A

O 25 45 55 75 90 100

^65

56.2 61.8 64.1 64.8 64.1 64.0 64.2

^95.8

72.2 79.6 80.1 80.1 79.5 78.0 77.4

B = C6H12O3, Paraldehyde (105)

g B/l ^20 0.0 49.6 5.33 49.6 8.24 49.7 10.89 49.5 21.32 49.5 41.19 49.4 54.47 49.2 106.6 48.8 205.9 48.8 272.4 49.0 B = C6Hj4, Hexane (25) Of^

U

I

I

tf>

0.0 Wt. % A 16.35 310 18.55 313 20.00 314 21.40 319 23.22 323 24.2 Wt. % A 16.90 237 18.45 241 20.02 245 21.42 250 23.15 253 36.5 Wt. % A 17.42 182 17.50 195 17.70 195 18.55 196 20.50 203

B = C7H9N, o-Toluidine (78) M %B Vll 0.00 40.9 33.34 37.9 50 32.8 66.67 27.6 100.00 16.7 B = CgHnN, Dimethylaniline (78) M

% B

0.00 25 32.13

u

(f,77.5

148.3 163.5 50.0

B = C8HnN.- (Continued) M

% B

50 67 68.72 100.00

n

77.&

53.4 56.1 61.3

179.7 191.1 204.0

B = C8Hi1N, Ethylaniline (78) Wt. % B

¥»77.5

26.2 160.6 50 41.8 167.5 80 175.1 100 33.6 170.7 B = C10H8, Naphthalene (8*, 85)

M %B O 20 30 50 70 80 90 100

^80 125.8 123.8 122.6 119.6 117.2 115.7 114.2 112.9

B = C10H15N, Diethylaniline (78)

m 40.1 39.3 36.7 30.7

Wt. % B 33.19 50 66.66 100.00

B = C10H20O, Menthol (132) Wt.

%B

0.00 11.33 36.12 51.11 68.61 86.73 100.00 Wt.

% B

0.00 11.33 36.12 51.11 68.61 86.73 100.00

«P55. e

95.2 99.9 74^0 53.8 47.5 26.8 15.9 ^82.2

137.4 148.8 116.7 102.0 100.0 85.6 54.0

127.7 133.5 101.8 87.0 83.7 64.8 40.5
172.1 187.3 150.8 136.6 143.3 137.0 96.1

B = C12H18O8, Diethyl diacetyltartrate (132) Wt. % B I

CoH.sNO2.~(Continued) B = Ci2Hi8O8.- (Continued)

Wt. % B

j

82.20C 92.74 100.00

24.6 18.17 99.O0C

0.00 24.80 52.45 70.91 82.95 92.74 100.00

172.1 129.1 96.3 76.4 51.0 40.4 32.0

C6H5NO3 o-Nitrophenol B = C6H7N, Aniline (17,154) Wt.

%A

4Q

0.00 31.8 41.6 10.88 33.6 43.1 22.36 34.9 44.3 32.77 35.6 45.0 42.00 35.7 45.1 51.28 35.4 44.8 60.52 34.7 44.0 68.32 33.9 43.0 77.11 32.6 41.4 85.04 31.0 39.8 91.49 29.5 38.3 100.00 27.4 36.3 Wt. % A
%B

*>50

0.0 37.3 20.4 46.5 64.7 54.5 100.0 55.6 B = C9H7N, Quinoline (17) Wt.

%B

0.00 4.46 8.82 13.24 17.59 22.44 32.96 41.80 50.84 58.39 69.31 78.57 89.20 100.00

9?30

V40

27.40 29.32 25.32 24.45 23.70 22.96 21.77 21.19 21.37 22.25 24.24 26.52 29.75 34.01

36.30 35.03 33.84 32.69 31.74 30.77 29.33 28.82 28.86 29.63 31.65 34.15 37.59 41.93

B = C9H7N.—(Continued) Wt.

%B

0.00 4.46 8.82 13.24 17.59 22.44 32.96 41.80 50.84 58.39 69.31 78.57 89.20 100.00

54.8 53.4 52.4 51.3 50.3 49.4 47.8 47.1 47.1 48.0 50.1 52.7 55.9 59.8

74.2 72.9 71.8 71.1 70.4 69.4 68.0 67.3 67.4 68.0 69.6 71.9 75.7 80.0

B = C7H ieO 2, Isoamyl acetate (136); for 78.9 Wt. % B,
g B/l 0.000 4.740 6.768 18.960 33.841 94.800 169.208 822.4 896.9 959.1 989.6 994.8

^20 155.7 155.6 155.6 155.2 155.1 152.5 149.5 98.7 94.1 87.5 85.0 84.9

B = C7H8, Toluene (50) Wt.

% B

O

25 50 75 100 Wt.

% B

O 25 50 75 100 Wt. % B

(f>i&

pio

142.1 154.1

160.3 158.5 152.7 159.5 ^30

165.0

171.2 179.9 167.5 176.7 164.7 174.2 170.6 180.8
177.9 190.5 188.3 185.5 192.3

40

189.8 203.3 200.8 211.9 199.2 210.1 197.6 208.3 202.8 214.6

(f>7Q

O 284.9 305.8 50 285.7 100 287.4 314.5 Wt. % B ^25 (9*) 0.00 166.9 8.44 168.4 33.42 172.7 69.41 179.2 89.01 180.2 100 184.8 50 Wt. %B (102) 0 C
12 ^64 O 137.9 270.8 25 80.9 189.5 50 34.0 144.9 75 12.15 93.9 100 3.37 54.8 B = C8HsO, Acetophenone (18,

B = C9H7N.—(Continued) Wt. % B ^25 45.55 88.6 55.77 74.9 68.84 61.3 73.33 52.4 84.34 42.7 100.00 29.75

116)

Wt. % B ^16 0.00 145.8 21.83 122.0 36.23 113.5 55.26 87.9 71.50 72.7 87.26 60.8 100.00 50.2 Wt. % B ^25 50 105.6 75 78.7 100 59.9 B = C8H14O3, Ethyl ethylacetoacetate (35) Wt. % B V26 0.00 162.7 17.75 149.0 24.98 141.3 36.13 129.4 100.00 60.0 B = C9H7N, Quinoline (74) 0.00 165.0 15.83 128.1 23.33 122.0 32.44 106.9

B = C9Hi0O2, Ethyl benzoate ( 71 ) Wt. % B Vol. % B ^ 25 0.00 0.00 165.3 22.35 19.43 138.0 49.78 98.2 54.19 67.74 63.75 83.3 75.14 71.70 75.4 85.86 83.57 64.2 91.47 90.00 58.5 100.00 100.00 50.2 B = Ci0H8, Naphthalene (71) 0.00 0.0 165.3 8.11 7.3 152.3 17.16 15.2 137.7 22.97 20.6 129.8 28.82 25.8 121.0 34.10 30.8 114.1 37.69 33.9 0 109.0 For data at 10-31 C, y. (74.1). B = C10Hi2,1, 2, 3,4-Tetrahydronaphtbalene; for data at 20°C, V. (152.2),

B = Ci0Hi8O3, Ethyl diethylacetoacetate (35) Wt. % B ^25 0.00 162.7 3.65 160.3 14.16 146.7 49.52 101.3 68.19 75.7 100.00 35.8 B = Ci2Hi0, Diphenyl (71) Wt. % BVoI. % B 2B 0.00 0.0 165.3 18.08 15.8 131.8 30.57 27.3 110.9 53.03 48.9 77.0 B = Ci4H12O2, Benzyl benzoate (14)

Wt.

% B

0.0 25.0 50.0 75.0 100.0 Wt.

% B

26

120.5 76.4 42.4 18.9 5.18

142.5 92.8 48.0 25.0 8.25

166.1 110.3 53.7 32.5 12.06

0.0 203.5 257.9 301.8 25.0 138.8 179.3 212.7 50.0 66.0 86.1 115.6 75.0 45.9 64.3 82.0 100.0 19.07 30.7 44.6 Wt. % B ^90 ^100 50.0 139.3 100.0 52.3 60.4

B = Ci4Hi2O2.—(Continued) Wt. % B Vol. % B ^25 ( 71 ) 0.0 0.0 165.4 38.71 33.08 83.6 65.60 59.91 43.45 79.17 74.84 27.90 90.73 88.44 18.25 95.88 94.78 14.53 100.00 100.00 11.83 B = Ci6H22O4, sec.-Octyl hydrogen phthalate ( 36 ) Wt.

%B

[

V>25

Racemic 5.86 147.8 8.24 139.1 10.61 133.0 14.95 118.6 15.28 116.2 18.29 108.8 Dextro

6.18 10.71 11.16 19.44

19.29

146.1 132.0 131.0 105.0 Levo I 106.2

B = C6H7N.- (Continued) Wt.

% A

23.34 31.28 39.39 47.56 53.81 62.50 69.52 77.02 85.02 92.28 100.00

2Q

^125

13.60 11.25 9.44 8.23 7.58 7.05 6.91 7.04 7.51 8.19 9.06

138.3 133.5 129.9 126.9 125.2 123.3 122.4 122.2 123.0 125.5 129.9

C6H6ClN Chloroaniline B = C7Hi4O2, Isoamyl acetate (139); for M A/l B =0.71, 2& = 108.1 for o-A; = 105.0 for m-A; = 104.3 for p-A. C6H6IN Iodoaniline B = C7Hi4O2, Isoamyl acetate (139); for M A/l B =0.71, «P2S = 98.9. C6H6N2O2 Nitroaniline B = C7Hi4O2, Isoamyl acetate (139); for M A / I B = 0.71, ^26 *= 98.8 for o-A; = 96.1 for m-A. C6H6O Phenol B = C6H7N, Aniline (") Wt.

%A

0.0 7.94 15.31

V?20

«piss

23.36 157.0 19.65 150.2 16.39 144.3

B = C8HnN, Dimethylaniline (17)

Wt. %B

0.00 7.24 14.61 21.86 30.03 37.18 44.25 51.73 59.61 B = C H N, p-Toluidine (17) 66.92 7 9 Wt. %A ^ O V? 40 Wt. % B ^39.9 ^59.9 ^79.8 76.06 0.00 31.8 41.6 0.00 20.88 39.7 63.25 82.70 7.58 27.3 36.5 10.24 18.59 36.0 58.4 90.93 15.96 28.0 27.7 19.81 16.91 33.4 55.4 100.00 23.33 19.7 27.7 28.89 15.95 32.2 53.8 31.65 16.8 24.4 Wt. % B 37.30 15.90 32.1 53.8 39.14 14.6 21.7 44.91 16.63 33.2 55.4 0.00 47.14 13.0 19.6 6.81 53.75 18.42 35.6 58.6 54.00 12.0 18.35 13.92 61.43 20.75 39.0 62.5 61.84 11.2 17.45 21.17 70.14 24.45 43.8 68.1 69.28 11.02 17.15 79.33 29.83 50.4 75.6 29.01 76.86 11.25 17.45 90.15 38.00 60.6 87.0 36.05 84.80 11.99 18.32 100.00 48.08 71.5 99.4 43.86 92.50 13.02 19.6 50.81 Wt. % B ^>99.9 <£>126 100.00 14.10 21.0 58.54 0.00 89.7 129.9 Wt. % A
35 ( 140 ) 58.54 23.75 157.5 194.2 0.00 36.6 67.29 34.31 156.0 192.3 35.1 18.6 75.40 43.69 157.2 193.4 51.4 15.3 83.39 54.39 161.6 197.2 67.9 13.9 92.07 61.76 165.8 201.6 79.7 14.4 100.00 65.58 168.4 204.1 100.0 18.0 76.89 178.6 213.7 Wt. %B M % A
60

C6H6BrN Bromoaniline B = C 7 Hi 4 O 2 , Isoamyl acetate (139); for M A / I B = 0.71, ^25 = 103.5 for o-A; = 101.5 for p-A.

B = C6H8N2, Phenylhydrazine (140) Wt. % B *>«> 0.0 31.2 20.2 19.05 40.2 13.36 50.1 12.47 53.7 12.20 62.8 12.42 80.4 15.26 100.0 21.83

c?io

wo

4.975 9.06 5.09 9.20 5.40 9.71 6.10 10.64 7.42 12.48 9.14 14.82 11.51 17.73 14.37 21.28 18.81 . 26.53 23.89 32.4 31.80 41.4 38.67 48.9 48.17 59.4 60.46 72.1 ^29.8

14.10 14.58 15.43 16.6 18.8 21.3 25.4 30.0 35.3 43.2 51.6 61.4 74.0 85.2 ^59.9

39.5 37.5 42.0 44.0 47.6 51.0 56.8 63.0 70.0 78.9 89.0 99.9 113.9 125.2 ^126

^ 4 0.2

21.1 21.8 22.7 24.1 26.9 29.9 35.0 39.8 45.8 54.35 63.7 73.8 86.3 97.9
63.1 63.8 65.7 67.9 72.5 76.2 82.4 89.4 97.6 106.7 117.4 127.9 141.4 152.0 ^177

4

129.9 204.1 131.4 214.1 134.2 217.4 137.4 220.8 142.2 226.2 147.1 231.5 153.1 237.0 159.5 243.9 168.4 251.3 177.0 259.1 188.3 268.8 196.9 276.2

207.5 284.1 216.9 293.3

CeH6O.—(Continued) B = C9H7N, Quinoline (17)

B = Ci0H9N, a-Naphthylamine (140) Wt.

Wt.

%B

0.00 7.94 16.63 23.12 31.79 39.70 46.80 54.92 62.48 70.24 77.27 85.44 92.46 100.00 Wt.

% B

0.00 8.21 16.51 24.25 32.08 40.11 47.69 55.38 62.86 70.18 78.04 85.08 92.23 100.00 Wt.

%B

0.00 8.21 16.51 24.25 32.08 40.11 47.69 55.38 62.86 70.18 78.04 85.08 92.23 100.00

*>9.8

V20.1

4.98 9.06 4.13 7.48 3.17 6.02 2.61 5.15 2.11 4.30 1.90 3.95 1.97 4.08 2.67 4.92 3.78 6.65 5.96 9.45 8.55 12.74 12.35 17.47 16.16 21.77 20.81 27.51 v?29.9

14.10 11.85 9.90 8.50 7.44 6.76 6.96 8.19 10.36 13.47 17.85 22.25 27.43 39.97
39.68 34.78 30.17 26.95 24.39 22.73 22.94 24.39 27.43 32.05 38.24 44.54 51.28 59.84

21.01 18.12 15.24 13.37 11.92 11.06 11.27 12.58 15.15 18.74 23.84 28.95 34.66 41.95
63.3 56.0 49.3 45.0 41.4 38.7 38.3 39.7 43.3 48.3 55.3 62.4 70.2 80.0

% B

0.00 7.94 16.63 23.12 31.79 39.70 46.8Q 54.92 62.48 70.24 77.27 85.44 92.46 100.00

*>175

129.9 203.3 119.5 194.9 108.9 184.5 103.2 175.4 94.8 165.0 89.4 158.2 86.4 154.1 86.6 153.4 89.2 153.8 94.0 155.8 101.2 160.8 111.0 170.1 119.5 177.3 127.2 182.8

(PSO

14.29 31.2 4.02 11.7 3.72 11.11 3.09 9.17 8.85 8.93

B = Ci2HnN, Diphenylamine (17) Wt.

%B

0.00 7.96 15.41 23.40 31.16 40.35 46.57 53.44 61.40 69.13 76.71 84.82 92.13 100.00 Wt.

% B

0.00 7.96 15.41 23.40 31.16 40.35 46.57 53.44 61.40 69.13 76.71 84.82 92.13 100.00

£>30

14.10 13.78 13.48 13.07 12.64 12.08 11.61 11.14 10.56 9.97 9.33 8.58 7.96 7.37
21.10 20.64 20.1 19.5 18.9 18.15 17.6 16.9 16.1 15.3 14.4 13.5 12.6 11.8 ?81

39.84 39.53 39.00 38.17 37.24 35.84 34.90 33.78 32.42 31.02 29.50 27.86 26.11 23.98

63.5 62.1 61.0 59.5 58.0 56.1 54.7 53.2 51.2 49.4 47.1 44.6 42.4 39.6

*>50( 1 4 0 )

Wt. % B

31.2 26.15 22.93 20.0

0.0 32.4 58.9 79.5

B = Ci2Hi8O8, Diethyl diacetyltartrate ( 132 ) Wt.

Wt.

%B

0.0 52.0 56.5 79.1 92.5 100.0

%B

0.0 30.87 55.45 68.37 84.38 94.58 100.00 Wt.

%B

0.00 30.87 55.45 68.37 84.38 94.58 100.00

39.9 34.7 19.5 12.0 10.26 8.24 ^82.2

67.3

57.4 49.6 30.0 18.9 16.3 14.3 11.17
85.6 125.2 70.6 103.3 44.9 69.3 32.3 45.4 28.7 45.8 24.6 40.3 18.17 32.0

B = C6Hi2.- (Continued) 0 C I
B = Ci3Hi3N, Diphenylmethylamine ( 17 ) Wt. % B

0.00 10.70 21.21 32.90 43.13 51.58 63.08 72.31 82.82 90.52 95.08 100.00 Wt.

%B

0.00 9.95 17.78 26.42 37.88 50.13 64.66 79.96 89.79 95.02 100.00 Wt. % B 0.00 9.95 17.78 26.42 37.88 50.13 64.66 79.96 89.79 95.02 100.00

^9.8

45.63 Wt. % A 37.0 I 90.1 52.1 Wt. % A 29.6 60.2 31.0 68.0 32.0 71.4 35.0 78.7 37.0 82.0 58.75 Wt. % A 31.6 66.2 31.9 67.6 32.4 69.4 33.6 71.9 36.5 78.7 72.78 Wt. % A 27.9 52.6 30.0 55.9 33.0 60.6 36.0 65.4 100 Wt. % A 19.0 22.4 23.0 25.8 26.0 28.4 29.0 31.2 32.0 34.1 35.5 37.6

^20.1

4.98 9.06 5.33 9.54 5.71 10.05 6.20 10.69 6.66 11.30 7.09 11.83 7.66 12.53 8.16 13.09 8.73 13.70 9.12 13.99 9.17 14.12(?) 9.12 13.85
40

14.10 21.10 14.86 22.17 15.38 22.73 15.97 23.36 16.75 24.10 17.54 24.88 18.45 25.77 19.27 26.53 19.49 26.60 19.61 26.43 19.49 26.08 ^60 ^80 39.53 63.09 40.08 63.05 40.49 63.09 40.90 62.93 41.41 62.74 41.75 62.38 42.11 61.58 42.19 60.61 41.67 59.45 41.07 58.55 40.32 57.64

C6H7N Aniline B = C6Hi2, Cyclohexane (25) 0 C I v O Wt. % A 17 97.1 22 107.5 27 116.3 32 126.6 35 133.3 28.45 Wt. % A 30.6 93.5 31.0 97.1 33.0 102.0 35.0 107.5 37.0 112.4 42.85 Wt. % A 31.0 65.8 32.5 78.1 34.0 87.0 36.0 94.3 37.0 96.2 45.63 Wt. % A 31.5 70.4 32.5 76.9 36.0 87.7

B = C6H8IN, Aniline hydroiodide (120) Wt. % B ^25 0.00 27.5 2.04 25.2 4.21 22.2 9.04 17.8 14.05 13.5 18.00 11.4 20.48 9.73 B = C7H8, Toluene (86) Wt. %B &5
% B

O 10 25 35 45 50 55 65 75 90 100 M

% B

O 25 45 55 75 90 100

64

9.79 34.43 57.71 7.18 29.47 52.74 4.23 22.17 46.69 2.87 18.77 43.59 1.95 15.97 40.60 1.66 14.78 1.49 13.98 37.85 1.22 12.80 36.37 1.12 12.27 35.53 1.09 12.14 34.60 1.19 12.34 35.90 £>76.3

£»95.9

64.60 77.11 54.92 69.08 49.42 63.49 47.53 60.93 45.51 59.37 45.32 58.93 45-85 58.99

B = C7H8O.—(Continued) M %B ^25 ( 144 ) 0.0 26.87 30.0 14.71 37.4 12.20 46.1 10.39 54.9 8.993 63.1 8.20 77.8 8.12 100.0 7.75 B = C7H8O, p-Cresol ("O) Wt.

% B

Ç>25

0.0 30.0 53.6 62.7 79.5 90.0 100.0

«P50

27.62 14.39 9.35 8.06 6.94 6.90

49.7 34.1 25.2 23.5 21.6 21.2 21.6

B = C7Hi4O2, Isoamyl acétate ( 139 ) M A/l B
% B

0.00 11.74 21.75 32.30 43.68 54.66 65.69 76.54 88.49 100.00 Wt.

% B

0.00 11.74 21.75 32.30 43.68 54.66 65.69 76.54 88.49 100.00 Wt.

Q

9.95 12.52 15.27 18.25 22.17 26.39 31.20 36.76 44.15 53.76 ^>29.6

V>9.9

15.85 19.12 22.57 26.67 31.15 36.2 41.9 48.2 56.2 65.4

(3l) Wt.

GO

31.8 41.6 64.7 37.0 48.1 71.7 42.0 53.6 78.1 47.3 59.7 85.4 53.5 66.7 93.9 59.9 73.8 102.4 66.9 81.6 111.6 74.9 90.4 121.1 85.5 101.8 132.8 97.1 114.3 145.6
90.9 98.7 105.9 114.0 122.8 131.9 141.6 151.8 165.8 179.2

C6H8N2 Phenylenediamine B = C7Hi4O2, Isoamyl acétate (139); for 0.71 M A/1 B, ^25 = 99.1 for m-A; = 101.7 for o-A.

% B

*>25

86.85 91.42

134.0 131.7

CeHioOa Ethyl acetoacetate B = C7H9U, 2, 6-Lutidine (35) Wt. % B
^20.2

23.47 27.47 31.55 36.4 41.8 47.6 54.4 61.4 70.0 80.6

^4O

% B

0.00 11.74 21.75 32.30 43.68 54.66 65.69 76.54 88.49 100.00

CeHioO Mesityl oxide B = C7Hi4O2, Isoamyl acétate

C 6 Hi4 Hexane B = Ci0H12, 1, 2, 3, 4-Tetrahydronaphthalene; for data at 2O0C,?;. (152.2). B = Ci0H22, Decane (Diisoamyl) (16) Wt.

% B Vol.

%

^25

?S5

B, 250C 0.00 0.00 304.0 353.6 35.50 33.17 228.9 269.2 62.28 59.82 181.0 216.3 100.00 100.00 120.8 149.2 Wt. % B (P50 ^65 0.00 403.8 459.2 35.50 312.6 356.5 62.28 254.6 294.2 100.00 180.5 213.4

C 7 H 7 NO Benzaldoxime B = C7Hi4O2, Isoamyl acetate (137); for M A/kg = 0.25, v>24.7 = 119.4 for a-A;' = 118.5for/3-A.

C 7 H 7 NO 2 ra-Nitrotoluene

B = Ci2Hi8O8, Diethyl diacetyltartrate (132) Wt. % B | ? J = 67.30C 0.00 115.3 25.92 72.2 49.32 49.4 67.74 30.9 80.77 21.8 92.18 13.2 100.00 11.17

B = Ci2Hi8O8.—(Continued) Wt. % B |
% A

0>i2

O 3.37 54.8 25 12.1 91.4 50 40.0 154.3 75 88.3 215.3 100 132.7 268.1 B = C9Hi0O2, Ethyl benzoate (71);tf.

(99)

Wt. % B Vol. % B ^25 0.00 0.00 181.2 22.67 19.51 146.1 47.26 42.56 110.2 73.51 69.64 78.2 81.90 78.90 68.9 87.98 60.4 89.85 100.00 100.00 50.25 B = Ci0H8, Naphthalene (71) 0.0 0.0 181.0 5.73 4.8 171.1 13.72 11.8 156.4 20.12 17.4 145.6 27.31 24.1 133.9 For data at 10-310C, v. ( 74 -i). B = Ci2H10, Diphenyl (71) 0.0 0.0 181.2 21.38 18.6 136.3 32.02 28.2 116.4 38.97 34.8 103.9 B = Ci4Hi2O2, Benzyl benzoate (71) 0.00 0.00 181.2 41.69 35.58 84.5 63.11 56.93 49.6 81.09 76.82 27.7 89.60 86.94 19.7 95.41 94.16 15.0 100.00 100.00 11.83 B = Ci0Hi6 (?), Turpentine (99)

Wt. % B 0.00 24.91

^25 185.5 164.7

B = Ci0H16.—(Continued) Wt. % B ^25 46.30 142.6 79.35 102.2 93.21 83.9 100.00 74.5

C7H8O Benzyl alcohol B = C7Hi4O2, Isoamyl acetate (136) Wt.

%A

17.2

96.6

C7H8O ra-Cresol B = C7H9N, o-Toluidine (78) M %B ^12 64 O 3.37 54.8 25 2.97 53.2 50 3.92 58.4 75 8.12 74.9 100 17.22 101.7 M %A ^ 25 (144) 0.0 27.43 33.0 12.41 49.6 8.92 66.2 7.23 75.1 7.27 100.0 7.75

B = C7HnO2, Isoamyl acetate (136); for 17.2 Wt. % A, v>25 = 85.9 for o-A; = '85.7 for m-A; = 85.5 for p-A. B = C8H11N, Dimethylaniline (78) M

% B

^9

¥>64

2.47 54.8 68.0 6.65 11.8 98.3 21.3

O 25 26.9 50 65.1

¥> 77

71.7 77.3

75

138.3

100

58.0 165.7 202.8 C7H8O

Anisole B = C7H14O2, Isoamyl acetate (136)

m 121.0

Wt. % A 17.2

C7H9N Toluidine B = C7H14O, Isoamyl acetate (139); for M A / I B = 0.71, ^25 = 113. I f or o-A; = 113.4 for m- and p-A.

C7H9NO o-Anisidine B = C7Hi4O2, Isoamyl acetate (139)

M A/1 0.71

^25 108.5

C7H14O2 Isoamyl acetate B = CsHe, Phenylacetylene (60)

Wt. % B 0.00 7.43 100.00

^25 126.6 " 126.4 113.3

B = C8H7NO3, Piperonal oxime ( 1 3 7 )j for M B/kg = 0.25, V24.7Q = 113.0 for a-B; = 109.2 for ß-B.

B = C9H7BrO2, c^s-Allo-1bromocinnamic acid (137) M B/kg ^24.™ 0.25 115.2 B = C9H7BrO2, trans-lBromocinnamic acid (137) 0.25 I 114.7 B = C9H8O2, Cinnamic acid (60) Wt. % B

VM

3.89 5.02

112.1 108.1

B = C8H8, Phenylethylene (60) Wt. % B
B = C9H10O2, /3-Phenylpropionic acid (60) Wt. % B V25 4.01 115.5 5.75 110.2

8.39 I 124.6 B = C8H8O, Acetophenone

B = C9H10O2, Benzyl acetate

C1)

(31)

4.31 124.7 8.28 122.3 B = C8H8O2, Phenyl acetate (136)

20.7 I 107.3 B = C8H8Os, Mandelic acid (36)

Wt. % dl-B 26 6.12 95.4 7.64 90.9 9.86 84.2 12.88 74.9 Wt. % l-B VK 4.72 100.1 7.93 89.4 8.55 87.0 11.39 78.1 B = C8H9NO2, Anisaldoxime (137); for M B/kg =0.25, *>24.7o = 115.7 for «-B; = 114.6 for ß-B. B = C8Hi0, Pheny!ethane (60) Wt. % B ^25 0.00 126.6 7.43 129.9 100.00 164.6 B = C8Hi0O, Methyl benzyl ether (136) 19.0 1 117.9 B = C8H10O, Phenetole (136) 19.0 I 117.0 B = C8H10O, Methyl tolyl ether (136); f or 19.0 Wt. % B, V25 = 115.5 for 0-B; = 113.8 for m-B; = 116.3 for p-B. B = C9H6O2, Phenylpropiolic acid (60) Wt. % B ^26 2.86 116.7 3.81 113.3 5.80 105.7 7.16 100.4

B = CiGHi 4 , Diphenyibutadiene ( 60 ) Wt. % B
B = C12H10, Diphenyl (31) Wt. % B VM 2.94 124.5 4.32 123.1

B = Ci 6 Hi 8 , Diphenylbutane ( 6 O) 1.44 124.0 3.40 117.3

B = C12H11N, Diphenylamine

B = Ci7H14O, Dibenzylideneacetone (31) 2.15 121.1 2.76 119.4

(139)

M B/l A 0.71

VM 93.4

B = C12H12O, Cinnamylideneacetone (31) Wt. % B ^25 1.50 125.6 2.47 123.7 B = Ci3H10O, Benzophenone

(136)

22.4

B = C10H15NO, Carvoxime (138); for 85.8 Wt. % B, ^26 = 90.2 for d-B; = 90.0 for dl-B; for 100 Wt. % B, VM = 21.01 for d-B; =21.10 for dl-B.

(31)

102.7

B = C9H10O3, Ethyl hydroxybenzoate (136); for 24.2 Wt. % B, V25 = 95.7 for o-B; = 63.0 for m-B. B = C9H11NO2, Ethyl p-aminobenzoate (139) M B/l A VM 0.71 88.5 B = C9H11NO2, Ethyl anthranilate (139) 0.71 I 100.8 B = C9H14O, Phorone (31) Wt. % B VM 8.24 122.9 14.90 119.8 B = C10H8O, Naphthol («6); for 21.7 Wt. % B, 25 = 64.6 for q-B; = 62.6 for ß-B.

5.74 6.48

117.5 115.6

B = C13H12N2, Benzaldehyde phenylhydrazone O 37 ); for 0.25 M B/kg, «024.70 = 113.8 for a-B; = 111.98 for ß-B. B = C13H12O, Diphenyl carbinol (136) Wt. % B VM 26.1 66.8 B = Ci3H20O2, Menthyl propiolate (60) 5.37 I 114.9 B = Ci4Hi0, Diphenylacetylene (60) 4.17 120.3

B = Ci0H9N, Naphthylamine (139); for 0.71 M B/l A, ^25 = 97.0 for «-B; 97.1 for ß-B.

B = CnHnNO2, Benziloxime (137); for 0.25 M B/kg,
B = Ci0Hi0O, Benzylideneacetone ( 3 I) Wt. % B VM 5.12 117.8 9.12 110.5

Wt. % B VK 1.39 124.4 4.70 119.1 B = C14Hi4, Dipheny!ethane

B = C10H10O2, Safrol (31) 16.45* 104.4 6.54 120.1 27.30 99.1 B = C10Hi2O, Benzylacetone (31)

3.65 7.92

123.4 120.1

B = Ci0Hi2O2, Eugenol (31) 12.26 103.2 19.61 90.4 7.66* 108.7 94.16 14.51* * JSO-B.

(60)

(60)

4.37 120.9 5.29 119.9 B = Ci 5 Hi 2 O, Benzylideneacetophenone (60) 4.00 117.9 5.45 114.7 B = Ci5H14O, Benzylacetophenone (31) 3.99 120.5 5.10 117.8 B = Ci5Hi4O, Diphenylacetone (31) 4.28 120.2 4.84 119.6

B = C17H14O, Cinnamylideneacetophenone (31) 2.10 122.0 3.31 118.4 B = Ci 8 H 26 O 3 , /-Menthyl dlmandelate Wt. %B 0C (138) y 14.0 25 90.1 100.0 85 15.3 B = I-Menthyl Z-mandelate 14.0 25 92.2 85 15.8 100.0 B = Ci8H34O2, Oleic acid (137) M B/kg

^ 24 . 70

0.25 104.7 B = Ci8H34O2, Elaidic acid (137)

0.25 I 102.7 B = Ci9H26O2, Menthyl cinnamate (60) Wt. % B ^25 1.20 124.4 6.08 111.6 18.48 82.5 B = Ci9H28O2, Menthyl ßphenylpropionate (60) 5.88 114.6 108.5 9.38 B = C20H38O2, Ethyl elaidate (137)

M B/kg ^ 24-70 0.25 109.3 B = C20H38O2, Ethyl oleate (137)

0.25 I 108.0 B = C 2x Hi 8 O, Dicinnamylideneacetone ( 3 I) Wt. % B ^25 0.89 124.4 0.01 123.9

CgHio o-Xylene B = C8H10, m-Xylene (78) M %B viz vu 0.0 105.2 229.1 27.1 112.1 237.1 73.1 121.5 250.2 100.0 126.8 255.2

B = C8H101 p-Xylene (78) M

% B

0.0 18.5 68.1 100.0

105.2 110.0 118.7 125.5

229.2 234.6 249.0 257.1

w-Xylene B = C8Hi0, p-Xylene (78) 0.0 126.7 255.2 125.2 258.2 24.6 125.1 257.8 70.8 100.0 125.6 257.1 B = C8HnN, Dimethylaniline (78) % A

165.9 185.7 229.7 255.2

C8Hi0O Phenetole B = Ci2Hi0O, Phenyl ether (73)

M %B 0.00 9.94 18.73 29.63 39.98 48.95 62.69 67.47 79.28 86.33 100.00

CgHioO2

Ethyl benzoate B = Ci4Hi2O2, Benzyl benzoate (73) 0.00 49.65 10.37 42.17 19.77 36.37 30.94 30.78 40.59 26.74 49.46 23.22 60.55 20.21 70.27 17.56 75.25 16.37 84.51 14.50 95.35 12.44 100.00 11.74

CioHg Naphthalene B = C10H20O, Z-Menthol (132) Wt.

% B

0.00 19.40 35.87 54.17

137.6 117.1 126.8 102.5

69.89 84.76 92.63 100.00 I

Wt.

% B

0.00 31.74 52.89 69.49 82.34 91.9 100.00

«?82.2

87.5 131.0 75.7 123.8 63.7 109.5 54.0 I 96.1

^99.O

179.2 156.4 170.0 139.7

S2.2

99

137.6 179.2 72.78 99.1 63.82 89.4 47.26 71.2 27.84 43.2 25.57 42.4 18.17 32.0

CioHÔ

V?64

63.5 78.3 105.9 126.7

0.0 28.7 73.4 100.0

% B

B = Ci2H18O8, Diethyl diacetyltartrate (!32)

CsHio

M

B = C 10 H 20 O.—(Continued) Wt.

Anethole B = Ci0H20O, Menthol (132) Wt.

% B

0.00 9.90 34.60 53.01 67.87 84.85 100.00 Wt.

%B

0.00 9.90 34.60 53.01 67.87 84.85 100.00

<£>55.6

77.7 78.4 68.4 60.3 46.97 28.44 15.91
123.2 125.2 116.7 111.0 102.0 69.83 54.05

THREE-COMPONENT SYSTEMS B = C 6 H 7 N; C = C7H8.CH3NO (Continued) Formamide M % B I <£>S5 I (PiOO B = C2H6O, Ethyl alcohol 50 M % C C = C4Hi2IN, Tetramethylam35.0 153.4 182.5 monium iodide ( 63 ) 45.0 204.9 235.8 Wt. % B
«P74.6

108.9 111.0 91.0 101.1 84.4 55.2 40.5 «P99.0

163.4 166.4 151.5 164.2 148.2 109.3 96.1

CioHuOg Dimethyl diacetylracemate B = Ci0Hi4O8, Dimethyl diacetyltartrate ( 9 ) Wt. % B ^ 25 O 16.52 10 16.76 40 16.17 60 16.17 90 16.76 100 16.12 C 1.2H1ON 2

Azobenzene B = Ci3HnN, Benzylidene. aniline (19) B = C14H12, Stilbene (19) B = Ci4H14, Dibenzyl (1»)

C13H11N Benzylideneaniline B = CiSH13N, Benzylaniline Of) B = C14H12, Stilbene (I») Ci4Hi2

Stilbene B = Ci4H14, Dibenzyl (19)

C6H6

C3H6O Acetone B = C4Hi0O, Ethyl ether C = C6H6, Benzene (13) VlO

I

I

Benzene B = C6H7N, Aniline C = C7H8O, m-Cresol (76)

^3O

100 Wt. % C 131.9 I 154.7 I 178.7 100 Wt. % B 386.0 I 426.5 | 469.4 100 Wt. %A 278.8 I 309.6 | 342.3 49.39 Wt. % A; 20.54 Wt. % B; 30.07 Wt. % C 252.8 I 286.1 | 318.0

C4H5NS Allyl thiocyanate B = C6H7N, Aniline C = C7H8, Toluene (86) M % B I ^85 I Î00 25 M % C O 296.7 324.7 7.5 227.3 251.9 15.0 149.2 165.3 22.5 83.54 96.15 30.0 43.25 58.79 37.5 32.08 44.95 39.0 34.17 47.78 99.6 52.5 78.80 67.5 137.7 167.8 75.0 168.6 199.6 50 M % C O 315.5 350.9 5.0 274.0 304.9 15.0 156.0 179.2 20.0 114.7 140.4 24.0 100.8 127.4 25.0 94.7 120.3 26.0 103.5 127.9 30.0 124.8 152.0

B = C7H8O, ra-Cresol C = C8H11N, Dimethylaniline (79)

Wt. % A Wt. % B 100 0.00 90.50 8.70 82.60 17.60 74.80 36.30 57.60 56.10 39.80 77.00 21.00 81.40 8.75 74.00 17.70 66.90 36.50 51.60 56.40 35.40 77.50 18.30 71.60 8.80 65.30 17.90 58.90 36.70 45.30 56.50 31.10 77.60 16.00 51.90 8.90 47.50 18.10 42.60 46.90 27.60 78.00 11.30 26.50 9.10 24.10 18.30 21.60 47.50 14.00 78.20 5.80 0.00 0.00

W^9 29.1 23.8 12.55 7.05 2.87 1.41 0.856 18.4 9.8 5.85 2.50 1.34 0.86 12.9 7.61 4.74 2.24 1.27 0.83 6.05 4.08 2.94 1.34 0.796 2.51 2.02 1.68 1.05 0.76 1.28

LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) (1) Arndt, 9, 13: 578; 07. (2) Arpi, 95, 5: 142; 14. (3) Aten, 7, 66: 641; 09. ( 4 ) Aten, 7, 88: 321; 14. (5) Baker, 4, 101: 1409; 12. ( 6 ) Baker, 4, 103: 1653; 13. (7) Barnes, 69, 3 III: 3; 09. (8) Baskow, 53, 50: 614; 18. 1O1 5: 54 ; 25. (9 ) Beck, 7, 48: 641 ; 04. ( 10 ) Bingham, 11,35: 195; 06. (") Bingham, 50,18:157; 14. ( 12 ) Bingham, Fluidity and Plasticity. New York, McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., 1922. ( 13 ) Bingham and Brown, Thesis, Lafayette College, 1921. C 1 *) Bingham and Sarver, 1, 42: 2011 ; 20. (1S ) Bingham and Stone, 50, 27: 701 ; 23. ( 16 ) Bingham, White, Thomas and Cadwell, 7, 83: 641; 13. ( 1 7 ) Bramley, 4,109: 10, 434; 16. ( 18 ) Bregmann, Thesis, Lausanne, 1914. 10, 4: 81; 21. ( 19 ) Brinkmann, Diss., Leipzig, 1903. ( 20 ) Doncaster, 4, 125: 2036; 24. ( 2 I) Davis and Jones, 7, 81: 68; 13. ( 22 ) Davis and Jones, 1, 37: 1194; 15. ( 23 ) Davis, Putman and Jones, 143, 180 : 567; 15. ( 2 4 ) Dolezalek and Schulze, 7, 83: 45; 13. ( 25 ) Drapier, 186, 1 : 621; 11. (26) Drucker and Kassel, 7, 76: 367; 11. ( 2 ^) Dunstan, 4, 85: 817; 04. C 2 ») Dunstan, 7, 49: 590; 04. ( 29 ) Dunstan, 4, 87: 11; 05. ( 3 O) Dunstan, 7, 51: 732; 05. (31) Dunstan and Hilditch, 9, 18: 185; 13. ( 32 ) Dunstan and Jemmett, 182, 19: 215; 03. ( 33 ) Dunstan and Mussell, 4, 97 : 1935; 10. ( 34 ) Dunstan and Mussell, 4, 99: 565; 11. ( 35 ) Dunstan and Stubbs, 4, 93: 1919; 08. ( 36 ) Dunstan and Thole, 4, 97: 1249; 10. ( 3 7 ) Dunstan and Wilson, 182, 22: 308; 07. ( 38 ) Efremov, 53, 50 I: 338; 18. 10, 5: 54; 25. ( 39 ) Egnér, 147, 3: No. 22; 17. (40) Elsey, 1, 42: 2454; 20. ( 41 ) English, 105, 7: 25; 23. ( 4 2 ) English and Turner, 4, 105: 1656; 14. ( 42 - 5 ) Ewart and Raikes, 4, 1926: 1907. ( 43 ) Faust, 7, 79: 97; 12. ( 4 4 ) Faust, 7, 101: 94; 22. ( 4 S) Findlay, 133, 1905: 365. ( 4 6 ) Findlay, 7, 69: 203; 09. ( 4 7 ) Fischler, 9, 19: 126; 13. ( 4 8 Ì Fitzgerald, 50, 16: 621 ; 12. (49 ) Gee, 398, 3: 123 ; 90. (50) Getman, 42, 4: 386; 06. (Si) Gibson, 3, 27: 662; 14. (51.5) Goldschmidt and Aarflot, 7, 122: 371 ; 26. ( 5 2) Guy and Jones, 11, 46: 131; 11. ( 5 S) Haffner, 63, 2: 739; 01. ( S 4 ) Haffner, Diss., Erlangen, 1903. (SS) Herz, OS, 104: 47; 18. (56) Herz and Kühn, öS, 60:152; 08. ( 5 T) Herz and Kühn, 93, 58: 159; 08. (58) Herz and Rathmann, 9, 19: 589; 13. (59) Herz and Schuf tan, 7, 101: 269; 22. ( 6 O) Hilditch and Dunstan, 9, 17: 929; 11. ( 6 l ) Jones and Bingham, 11, 34: 481; 05. ( 62 ) Jones and Davis, 152, No. 180: 179; 13. ( 63 ) Jones, Davis and Johnson, 152, No. 260: 80; 18. ( 64 ) Jones, Davis and Putman, 152, No. 230: 16; 15. ( 65 ) Jones and Mahin, 11, 41: 433; 09. (66) Jones and Mahin, 7, 69: 389; 09. (67) Jones and McMaster, 152, No. 80: 126; 07. (68) Jones and Veazey, 152, No. 80: 170; 07. C* 9 ) Kendall, 147, 2 : No. 25; 13. (70) Kendall and Brakeley, 1, 43: 1826; 21. (71) Kendall and Monroe, 1, 39: 1787, 1802; 17. ( 7 2 ) Kendall and Monroe, I9 43: 115; 21. ( 7 3 ) Kendall and Wright, 1, 42: 1776; 20. (7 4 ) Kernot and Pomilio, 71, 17: 358; 11. (74.1) Kolosovskii, 28, 34: 221; 25. (75) Kraus, l, 36: 35; 14. (76) Kremann and Borjanovics, 57, 37: 59; 16. ( 7 7 ) Kremann and Ehrlich, 75, 116 Ub: 733; 07. (78) Kremann, Gugl and Meingast, 57, 35: 1365; 14. (79) Kremann and Schniderschitsch, 67, 37: 1; 16. (80) Kurnakovand Beketov, 134, 9: 1381; 15. 10, 4: 79; 21. (81) Kurnakov and Beketov, 53, 48:1697; 16. 10, 4: 79; 21. (82) Kurnakov and Efremov,

7, 85: 414; 13. (83) Kurnakov and Efremov, 169, 18: 2386; 13. ./0,4:81; 21. ( 84 ) Kurnakov, Krotkov and Oksman, 53, 47: 583; 15. 10, 4: 81; 21. (85) Kurnakov, Krotkov and Oksman, 134, 9: 45; 15. ( 86 ) Kurnakov and Kviat, 169, 20: 664; 13. 10, 4: 81; 21. ( 8 7) Kurnakov, Perel'muter and Kanov, 169, 24: 399; 15. 10, 4: 77; 21. (88) Kurnakov, PerePmuter and Kanov, 53, 48:1680; 16. 10, 4: 77; 21. ( 8 ^) Kurnakov and Zhemchuzhnui, 93, 60: 1;08. ( 9 Q) Kurnakov and Zhemchuzhnui, 93, 64:149; 09. ( 9l ) Kurnakov and Zhemchuzhnui, 169, 18: 125; 13. ( 92 ) Kurnakov and Zhemchuzhnui, 53, 44: 1975; 12. 7, 83: 489; 13. 10, 4: 81; 21. ( 93 ) Kurnakov and Zhemchuzhnui, 53, 45: 1033; 13. 10, 4: 98; 21. ( 94 ) Kurnakov and Zhemchuzhnui, 169, 19: 355; 13. 10, 4: 98; 21. ( 9 S) Le Bas, 3, 27: 344; 14. ( 9 6) Lees, 3, 1: 128; 01. ( 9 7) deLeeuw, 7, 77:284; 11. ( 98 ) Lewis, 1, 47:626 ; 25. (") Linebarger, 1,17: 615, 690; 95. (ioo) Macleod, 83, 19: 17; 23. ( 1 Oi) Mardles, 64, 42: 207T; 23. ( 1 0 2 ) Mathews and Cooke, 50, 18: 559; 14. (io 3 ) Merry and Turner, 4, 105: 748; 14. (104) Meyer and Mylius, 7, 95: 349; 20. .(i°5) Muchin, 9, 19: 819; 13. (106) Muchin and Tarle, 181, 43: 60; 16. 10, 4: 94; 21. (i°7) Noack, 8, 27: 289; 86. (ios) Noack, 8, 28: 666; 86. (109) oholm, 60, 47: No. 11; 05. (HO) Öholm, 147, 2: No. 24; 13. (Hi) Öholm, 147, 2: No. 26; 13. ( 1 ^) Parka and Schwenck, 50, 28: 720; 24. (U 3 ) Pick, 7, 77: 577; 11. (U 4 ) Pissarshewski and Trachomotowsik, 53, 42: 284; 10. 10, 1: 36; 12. (US) Pluss, Diss., Basel, 1915. 93, 93: 1; 15. (U 6 ) Polliack, Thesis, Lausanne, 1913. (117) Pomilio, 73, 3: 354; 11. (U 8 ) Pound, 4, 99: 698; 11. (U 9 ) Pound, 4, 121: 941; 22. (120) Sakhanov, 7, 83: 129; 13. (121) Sakhanov and Przheborovskii, 53, 47: 853; 15. 10, 4: 77, 81, 95; 21. O 2 2 ) Sakhanov and Rabinovich, 53, 47: 128; 15. 10, 4: 77, 95; 21. (123) Sakhanov and Rabinovich, 53, 47: 861; 15. 10, 4:77, 95; 21. (124) Sakhanov and Ryakhovskii, 7, 86: 529: 13. 10, 4: 81; 21. O 2 S ) Sakhanov and Ryakhovskii, 53, 46: 78; 14. 10, 4: 81; 21. (i 2 6) Sakhanov and Ryakhovskii, 53, 47: 113; 15. (1*7) Schall, 7, 29: 423; 99. (128) Schall, 63, 3: 62; 01. (129) Schall, 63, 7: 645; 06. (150) Schall, 9, 18: 225; 12. (i3i) Schall and Rijn, 7, 23: 329; 97. O 3 2 ) Scheuer, 7, 72: 513; 10. O 33 ) Schlesinger and Coleman, l, 38: 271; 16. (i 34 ) Schlesinger and Martin, l, 36: 1589; 14. (135) Schmidt and Jones, 11, 42: 37; 09. (136) Thole, 4, 97: 2596; 10. (137) Thole, 4, 101: 552; 12. (138) Thole, 4, 103: 19; 13. (139) Thole, 4, 103: 317; 13. (140) Thole,Mussell and Dunstan, 4, 103:1108; 13. ( 1 4 I) Thorpe and Rodger, 4, 71: 360; 97. ( i 4 2 ) Tinkler, 4,103: 2171; 13. 0 4 3) Tower, I , 38: 833; 16. (i 4 4 ) Tsakalotos, 27, 3: 234; 08. O 4 S) Tsakalotos, 7, 71: 667; 10. O 4 6) Tsakalotos, 27, 9: 519; 11. (1 4 7) Verschaffelt and Nicaise, 64V, 24: 1742; 16. 64P, 18: 1659; 16. 168, No. 149b; 16. (1*8) Verschaffelt, 64V, 25: 1210; 17. 64P, 19: 1084; 17. 168, No. 151g; 17. ("») Vriesniewsky, 53, 43: 1383; 11. 10, 2: 30; 13. (ISO) Waiden, 134, 9: 789; 15. 10, 4: 81; 21. (151) Waiden, 134, 9:1021; 15. 10, 4: 81; 21. (isz) Waiden, 7, 100: 512; 22. (i52.i) Weissenberger, Henke and Bregmann, 57, 46: 471; 26. (iss.2) Weissenberger, Schuster and Mayer, 57, 45: 449; 25. O 5 3 ) White, 45, 4: 267; 12. (154) White and Thomas, 45, 4: 878; 12. (155) Wightman, Davis, Holmes and Jones, 42, 12: 385; 14. (156) Wroczynski and Guye, 42, 8:189; 10. ( » 5 7 ) Yajnik, Bhalla, Talwar and Soofi, 7, 118: 305; 25. O 5 «) Parks and Chaffee, 50, 31: 439; 27.

KINETICS OF PHYSICAL PROCESSES COMPLETE INDEX

INDEX COMPLET


Vaporization. Solution. Crystallization. DiU7USiOn. In gases. In liquids. In solids. Permeability.

Vaporisation. Dissolution. Cristallisation. Diffusion. Dans les gaz. Dans les liquides. Dans les solides. Perméabilité.

Verdampfung. Lösung. Kristallisation. Diffusion. In Gasen. In Lösungen. In festen Stoffen. Permeabilität.

INDICE COMPLETO Vaporizzazione Soluzione Cristallizzazione Diffusione. Nei gas Nei liquidi Nei solidi Permeabilità

PAGE

53 55 60 62 63 77 76

LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) (1) Arndt, 9, 13: 578; 07. (2) Arpi, 95, 5: 142; 14. (3) Aten, 7, 66: 641; 09. ( 4 ) Aten, 7, 88: 321; 14. (5) Baker, 4, 101: 1409; 12. ( 6 ) Baker, 4, 103: 1653; 13. (7) Barnes, 69, 3 III: 3; 09. (8) Baskow, 53, 50: 614; 18. 1O1 5: 54 ; 25. (9 ) Beck, 7, 48: 641 ; 04. ( 10 ) Bingham, 11,35: 195; 06. (") Bingham, 50,18:157; 14. ( 12 ) Bingham, Fluidity and Plasticity. New York, McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., 1922. ( 13 ) Bingham and Brown, Thesis, Lafayette College, 1921. C 1 *) Bingham and Sarver, 1, 42: 2011 ; 20. (1S ) Bingham and Stone, 50, 27: 701 ; 23. ( 16 ) Bingham, White, Thomas and Cadwell, 7, 83: 641; 13. ( 1 7 ) Bramley, 4,109: 10, 434; 16. ( 18 ) Bregmann, Thesis, Lausanne, 1914. 10, 4: 81; 21. ( 19 ) Brinkmann, Diss., Leipzig, 1903. ( 20 ) Doncaster, 4, 125: 2036; 24. ( 2 I) Davis and Jones, 7, 81: 68; 13. ( 22 ) Davis and Jones, 1, 37: 1194; 15. ( 23 ) Davis, Putman and Jones, 143, 180 : 567; 15. ( 2 4 ) Dolezalek and Schulze, 7, 83: 45; 13. ( 25 ) Drapier, 186, 1 : 621; 11. (26) Drucker and Kassel, 7, 76: 367; 11. ( 2 ^) Dunstan, 4, 85: 817; 04. C 2 ») Dunstan, 7, 49: 590; 04. ( 29 ) Dunstan, 4, 87: 11; 05. ( 3 O) Dunstan, 7, 51: 732; 05. (31) Dunstan and Hilditch, 9, 18: 185; 13. ( 32 ) Dunstan and Jemmett, 182, 19: 215; 03. ( 33 ) Dunstan and Mussell, 4, 97 : 1935; 10. ( 34 ) Dunstan and Mussell, 4, 99: 565; 11. ( 35 ) Dunstan and Stubbs, 4, 93: 1919; 08. ( 36 ) Dunstan and Thole, 4, 97: 1249; 10. ( 3 7 ) Dunstan and Wilson, 182, 22: 308; 07. ( 38 ) Efremov, 53, 50 I: 338; 18. 10, 5: 54; 25. ( 39 ) Egnér, 147, 3: No. 22; 17. (40) Elsey, 1, 42: 2454; 20. ( 41 ) English, 105, 7: 25; 23. ( 4 2 ) English and Turner, 4, 105: 1656; 14. ( 42 - 5 ) Ewart and Raikes, 4, 1926: 1907. ( 43 ) Faust, 7, 79: 97; 12. ( 4 4 ) Faust, 7, 101: 94; 22. ( 4 S) Findlay, 133, 1905: 365. ( 4 6 ) Findlay, 7, 69: 203; 09. ( 4 7 ) Fischler, 9, 19: 126; 13. ( 4 8 Ì Fitzgerald, 50, 16: 621 ; 12. (49 ) Gee, 398, 3: 123 ; 90. (50) Getman, 42, 4: 386; 06. (Si) Gibson, 3, 27: 662; 14. (51.5) Goldschmidt and Aarflot, 7, 122: 371 ; 26. ( 5 2) Guy and Jones, 11, 46: 131; 11. ( 5 S) Haffner, 63, 2: 739; 01. ( S 4 ) Haffner, Diss., Erlangen, 1903. (SS) Herz, OS, 104: 47; 18. (56) Herz and Kühn, öS, 60:152; 08. ( 5 T) Herz and Kühn, 93, 58: 159; 08. (58) Herz and Rathmann, 9, 19: 589; 13. (59) Herz and Schuf tan, 7, 101: 269; 22. ( 6 O) Hilditch and Dunstan, 9, 17: 929; 11. ( 6 l ) Jones and Bingham, 11, 34: 481; 05. ( 62 ) Jones and Davis, 152, No. 180: 179; 13. ( 63 ) Jones, Davis and Johnson, 152, No. 260: 80; 18. ( 64 ) Jones, Davis and Putman, 152, No. 230: 16; 15. ( 65 ) Jones and Mahin, 11, 41: 433; 09. (66) Jones and Mahin, 7, 69: 389; 09. (67) Jones and McMaster, 152, No. 80: 126; 07. (68) Jones and Veazey, 152, No. 80: 170; 07. C* 9 ) Kendall, 147, 2 : No. 25; 13. (70) Kendall and Brakeley, 1, 43: 1826; 21. (71) Kendall and Monroe, 1, 39: 1787, 1802; 17. ( 7 2 ) Kendall and Monroe, I9 43: 115; 21. ( 7 3 ) Kendall and Wright, 1, 42: 1776; 20. (7 4 ) Kernot and Pomilio, 71, 17: 358; 11. (74.1) Kolosovskii, 28, 34: 221; 25. (75) Kraus, l, 36: 35; 14. (76) Kremann and Borjanovics, 57, 37: 59; 16. ( 7 7 ) Kremann and Ehrlich, 75, 116 Ub: 733; 07. (78) Kremann, Gugl and Meingast, 57, 35: 1365; 14. (79) Kremann and Schniderschitsch, 67, 37: 1; 16. (80) Kurnakovand Beketov, 134, 9: 1381; 15. 10, 4: 79; 21. (81) Kurnakov and Beketov, 53, 48:1697; 16. 10, 4: 79; 21. (82) Kurnakov and Efremov,

7, 85: 414; 13. (83) Kurnakov and Efremov, 169, 18: 2386; 13. ./0,4:81; 21. ( 84 ) Kurnakov, Krotkov and Oksman, 53, 47: 583; 15. 10, 4: 81; 21. (85) Kurnakov, Krotkov and Oksman, 134, 9: 45; 15. ( 86 ) Kurnakov and Kviat, 169, 20: 664; 13. 10, 4: 81; 21. ( 8 7) Kurnakov, Perel'muter and Kanov, 169, 24: 399; 15. 10, 4: 77; 21. (88) Kurnakov, PerePmuter and Kanov, 53, 48:1680; 16. 10, 4: 77; 21. ( 8 ^) Kurnakov and Zhemchuzhnui, 93, 60: 1;08. ( 9 Q) Kurnakov and Zhemchuzhnui, 93, 64:149; 09. ( 9l ) Kurnakov and Zhemchuzhnui, 169, 18: 125; 13. ( 92 ) Kurnakov and Zhemchuzhnui, 53, 44: 1975; 12. 7, 83: 489; 13. 10, 4: 81; 21. ( 93 ) Kurnakov and Zhemchuzhnui, 53, 45: 1033; 13. 10, 4: 98; 21. ( 94 ) Kurnakov and Zhemchuzhnui, 169, 19: 355; 13. 10, 4: 98; 21. ( 9 S) Le Bas, 3, 27: 344; 14. ( 9 6) Lees, 3, 1: 128; 01. ( 9 7) deLeeuw, 7, 77:284; 11. ( 98 ) Lewis, 1, 47:626 ; 25. (") Linebarger, 1,17: 615, 690; 95. (ioo) Macleod, 83, 19: 17; 23. ( 1 Oi) Mardles, 64, 42: 207T; 23. ( 1 0 2 ) Mathews and Cooke, 50, 18: 559; 14. (io 3 ) Merry and Turner, 4, 105: 748; 14. (104) Meyer and Mylius, 7, 95: 349; 20. .(i°5) Muchin, 9, 19: 819; 13. (106) Muchin and Tarle, 181, 43: 60; 16. 10, 4: 94; 21. (i°7) Noack, 8, 27: 289; 86. (ios) Noack, 8, 28: 666; 86. (109) oholm, 60, 47: No. 11; 05. (HO) Öholm, 147, 2: No. 24; 13. (Hi) Öholm, 147, 2: No. 26; 13. ( 1 ^) Parka and Schwenck, 50, 28: 720; 24. (U 3 ) Pick, 7, 77: 577; 11. (U 4 ) Pissarshewski and Trachomotowsik, 53, 42: 284; 10. 10, 1: 36; 12. (US) Pluss, Diss., Basel, 1915. 93, 93: 1; 15. (U 6 ) Polliack, Thesis, Lausanne, 1913. (117) Pomilio, 73, 3: 354; 11. (U 8 ) Pound, 4, 99: 698; 11. (U 9 ) Pound, 4, 121: 941; 22. (120) Sakhanov, 7, 83: 129; 13. (121) Sakhanov and Przheborovskii, 53, 47: 853; 15. 10, 4: 77, 81, 95; 21. O 2 2 ) Sakhanov and Rabinovich, 53, 47: 128; 15. 10, 4: 77, 95; 21. (123) Sakhanov and Rabinovich, 53, 47: 861; 15. 10, 4:77, 95; 21. (124) Sakhanov and Ryakhovskii, 7, 86: 529: 13. 10, 4: 81; 21. O 2 S ) Sakhanov and Ryakhovskii, 53, 46: 78; 14. 10, 4: 81; 21. (i 2 6) Sakhanov and Ryakhovskii, 53, 47: 113; 15. (1*7) Schall, 7, 29: 423; 99. (128) Schall, 63, 3: 62; 01. (129) Schall, 63, 7: 645; 06. (150) Schall, 9, 18: 225; 12. (i3i) Schall and Rijn, 7, 23: 329; 97. O 3 2 ) Scheuer, 7, 72: 513; 10. O 33 ) Schlesinger and Coleman, l, 38: 271; 16. (i 34 ) Schlesinger and Martin, l, 36: 1589; 14. (135) Schmidt and Jones, 11, 42: 37; 09. (136) Thole, 4, 97: 2596; 10. (137) Thole, 4, 101: 552; 12. (138) Thole, 4, 103: 19; 13. (139) Thole, 4, 103: 317; 13. (140) Thole,Mussell and Dunstan, 4, 103:1108; 13. ( 1 4 I) Thorpe and Rodger, 4, 71: 360; 97. ( i 4 2 ) Tinkler, 4,103: 2171; 13. 0 4 3) Tower, I , 38: 833; 16. (i 4 4 ) Tsakalotos, 27, 3: 234; 08. O 4 S) Tsakalotos, 7, 71: 667; 10. O 4 6) Tsakalotos, 27, 9: 519; 11. (1 4 7) Verschaffelt and Nicaise, 64V, 24: 1742; 16. 64P, 18: 1659; 16. 168, No. 149b; 16. (1*8) Verschaffelt, 64V, 25: 1210; 17. 64P, 19: 1084; 17. 168, No. 151g; 17. ("») Vriesniewsky, 53, 43: 1383; 11. 10, 2: 30; 13. (ISO) Waiden, 134, 9: 789; 15. 10, 4: 81; 21. (151) Waiden, 134, 9:1021; 15. 10, 4: 81; 21. (isz) Waiden, 7, 100: 512; 22. (i52.i) Weissenberger, Henke and Bregmann, 57, 46: 471; 26. (iss.2) Weissenberger, Schuster and Mayer, 57, 45: 449; 25. O 5 3 ) White, 45, 4: 267; 12. (154) White and Thomas, 45, 4: 878; 12. (155) Wightman, Davis, Holmes and Jones, 42, 12: 385; 14. (156) Wroczynski and Guye, 42, 8:189; 10. ( » 5 7 ) Yajnik, Bhalla, Talwar and Soofi, 7, 118: 305; 25. O 5 «) Parks and Chaffee, 50, 31: 439; 27.

KINETICS OF PHYSICAL PROCESSES COMPLETE INDEX

INDEX COMPLET


Vaporization. Solution. Crystallization. DiU7USiOn. In gases. In liquids. In solids. Permeability.

Vaporisation. Dissolution. Cristallisation. Diffusion. Dans les gaz. Dans les liquides. Dans les solides. Perméabilité.

Verdampfung. Lösung. Kristallisation. Diffusion. In Gasen. In Lösungen. In festen Stoffen. Permeabilität.

INDICE COMPLETO Vaporizzazione Soluzione Cristallizzazione Diffusione. Nei gas Nei liquidi Nei solidi Permeabilità

PAGE

53 55 60 62 63 77 76

VELOCITY OF VAPORIZATION (AND GAS EVOLUTION) AND OF CONDENSATION (AND GAS ABSORPTION) A. C. EGERTON CONTENTS Velocity in vacuo. Evaporation. General formula. From hot filaments. Through an aperture. From small drops. Accommodation coefficients. Condensation. Temperatures of irreversible condensations. Velocity in still air and other gases. Theoretical equations. From small drops. Pt metals in air. Velocity of vaporization in a current of gas.

MATIÈRES Vitesse dans Ie vide. Evaporation. Formule générale. À partir de filaments chauds. À travers un orifice. À partir de petites gouttes. Coefficient d'accommodement. Condensation. Températures de condensations irréversibles. Vitesse dans Fair calme et dans d'autres gaz. Équations théoriques. À partir de petites gouttes. Métaux du groupe du Pt dans l'air. Vitesse de vaporisation dans un courant gazeux.

EVAPORATION IN VACUO GENERAL FORMULA m = ap (M/2irRT)y* (28, 41 ) ; see further Vol. I, p. 91. m = mass in grams vaporized per cm2 per sec. p = vapor pressure at T1 0K. M = gram-molecular weight. R = gas constant. a = 1 — ?/, where v is the fraction of molecules reflected without condensation ("accommodation coefficient"). EVAPORATION FROM HOT FILAMENTS For more recent critical compilation, v. (83.5) « , , logio m (for p in mm _, ^ T .. Substance „ , ^ Range. OTK Lit. Hg and a = 1)x Carbon* 14.19 -47 OOO/T -1.25 log T 3 100-3 800 (1» 77) Molybdenum 17.11 - 38 600/T -1.76 log T 2 000-2 400 (46) Platinum 14.00 - 27 800/27 -1.76 log T 1 680-2 000 (46) Tungstenf 9.42 - 45 450/77 2 000-3 000 («i *9» 41, 83)

Calcium t

10.978-10 350/77

770-970 (S9)

* /See C1 ) ; a. varies with adsorption layer. t Zwikker gives logio m = 11.92 - 48 400/T - 0.368 logio T - 0.0001677; Langmuir gives logio m = 15.402 - 47 440/T — 1.4 logio T (M. P. 354O0K); Forsythe in close agreement with Zwikker's equation; Fonda's value at 28250K lies between those of Langmuir and of Zwikker. For small crystals m is 30 % greater than for large (18). In N2, m is 6 % of the value in vacuo; 3.9 % in argon (18). Rosenhain and Ewen ( 63 ) found the following ratio of m for coarse and for fine crystals: Zn, 2.3; Ag, 1.2; Cu, 1.4. $ Formula deduced from vapor pressure formula given by Pilling for a = 1 ; the measurements of p included allowance for value of a obtained by comparative measurements with Zn and Cd ( 59 ).

EVAPORATION THROUGH AN APERTURE If the diameter of the aperture is > 0.1 of the mean free path, m is the same as from a free surface, a. = 1. Measurements have been made by this method for Cd, Hg, K, Na, Pb, Zn and benzophenone ( 13 > 35> 62, 73). EVAPORATION OF SMALL DROPS (74, 75) Spherical drop (see general formula for evaporation in vacuo).

INHALTSVERZEICHNIS Geschwindigkeit im Vakuum. Verdampfung. Allgemeine Gleichung. Heisse Faden.

INDICE Velocità nel vuoto. Evaporazione. Formula generale Da filamenti caldi

Verdampfung durch eine Öffnung. Kleine Tropfen. Accomodationskoeffizient.

pAGE 53 53

Attraverso un'apertura 53 Da piccole gocce Coefficiente di accomodamento Condensazione. Temperature di condensazioni irreversibili. . Velocità in aria e altri gas allo stato di quiete. Equazioni teoriche Da piccole gocce Metalli del gruppo del Pt in aria Velocità di evaporazione in una corrente di gas

Kondensation. Temperaturen irreversibler Kondensation. Geschwindigkeit in ruhiger Luft und anderen Gasen. Theoretische Gleichungen. Kleine Tropfen. PIatin-Metalle in Luft. Verdampfungsgeschwindigkeit im Gasstrom.

53 53 53 54 54 54 54

For a drop of mercury resting on plane, m = —1.11 -^- X p , where p is the density of mercury and -TT is the rate of change of radius with time. ACCOMMODATION COEFFICIENTS VALUES OF a FOR SATURATED VAPORS Substance | a \ t, 0C [ Lit. Hg (liquid) 1.00 ± 0.01 60 to -30 (37, 74, 75) Hg (solid) 0.85 -64 (74,75) Cd (solid) 0.98 + 0.2 (ca. 200) (4,14) Th, Ta, W 1.0 (ca. 2000) (42) Benzophenone 0.2 to 0.5 (73) VALUES OF a FOR GASES Q^ Polished 0 C I H2 -190 O CO2 20 O2 20 N2 20 He -100 +200 A 30-260 Ne

ON VARIOUS SOLIDS ( 36 » 43, 64) Pt* pt black Wat Glass a at 2O0C 15QO0K at O0C 0.42 0.71 0.19 0.26 0.26 0.86 0.96 0.83 0.95 0.87 0.60 0.49 0.38 0.85 0.65

* Soddy and Berry found same results for Pd as for Pt surface.

CONDENSATION IN VACUO OBSERVED TEMPERATURE REGION FOR IRREVERSIBLE CONDENSATION Substance NH4Cl Hg* Zn* Cd* Mg -RT

Ol g

! ^ h ^

Lit.

< -183 (39) -140 to -130 (39,81) 1 ,oot 10 0 I; (39) J '8

;

Substance Cd on paraffin Cd on mica Cd on glass Vapor at 280° Vapor at 365°

t, 0C Lit. -70 (9) -80 (9) -90 («) -110(16) -50 (16)

OBSERVED TEMPERATURE REGION FOR IRREVERSIBLE CONDENSATION.—(Continued} On glass, T ., On glass, T . , 0 , , a , , Substance Q^ Lit. Substance Lit. 0~ 5,

Cu

I,

I^

350to 575

(39)

Ag* I2

vv

<575(39) -60 (39)

* Cf. (15, 44).

Vapor Substance (* 6); c/. ( 38 > 44 > 78) pressure, __ mm Hg Cd on glass 0.008 0.03 Cd on copper 0.008 0.03 Cd on silver 0.008 0.03 Hg on silver 0.0083 0.033

Latent heat of adsorption, g-cal/g -107 5200 -86 -111 2940 -83 -86 3540 -66 -120 2560 -88

Z, 0C

Although vaporization occurs according to the cosine law (38, 81 ^ an(j f or Ag, Zn, Sb2Ss, and S ( 40 ), condensation is directed in the case of Cd, Hg, Zn and As but not HgI2 or S, v. ( 23 > 71 > 72 > 75 ). EVAPORATION IN STILL AIR AND OTHER GASES THEORETICAL EQUATIONS (66) For values of diffusion coefficients, v. p. 62. From flush circular area: 7-4TAIo8.^ when PS is small, V = Kps/p [Dalton (11J]. V = rate of evaporation (volume per unit time), ps = saturation pressure at surface of liquid, PQ- pressure of vapor in gas at distance from surface, p = total gas pressure, r = radius of circular area, A = diffusion coefficient ( 50 > 58> 66, 80). From elliptical area (a and 6 = axes of ellipse) approximate formula : V = 4A/55A log« V^-S-0 (58, 60, 66). P — PS

From circular vessels (surface distant h below rim) : V

= 4(Vh* + r2 - h) Alog e ^-^° (6, 47, 68, 69, 70, 80). P — Ps

From vertical tube (distance from upper end of tube to surface of liquid in the tube, greater than the diameter) :

^ - x "-^SA — area of cross section of tube, h — distance from upper end to surface ( 48 > 52, 69, 79). From spherical drop: V = 4irTA loge

P ~P° ( 6 5 ) P ~~ Pa

or

m = 4xrA ^ ( 4 S) (for small values ^) m = mass evaporated per unit time; M — mol. wt.; r — radius of sphere, v. ( 84 > 85). The references refer to experimental work on the subject; the formulae hold only under ideal conditions. The essential conditions are adequacy of rate of supply of heat to maintain temperature of the surface ( 48 ) and absence of disturbance of the atmosphere in the neighborhood of the evaporating liquid ( 50 > 58). EVAPORATION OF SMALL DROPS I2 in air: dm/dt = 1.83 X 10"6T (r radius of drop; m = gcm~ 2 sec-* (54, 84).

Hg in air: dr/dt = 1.4 X 10~10, cm/sec for drops 10~4 to 10~3 cm radius. [Evaporation of small drops is checked by oxidation of droplet, v. («)]. H2O: Evaporation of small drops less than IO"4 cm radius checked by absorption of gases other than hydrogen ( 24 ). Minutes 5 20 45

|

CHANGE IN RADIUS WITH TIME Air | H2, 70%; Air, 30% 0.89 X 10~4 cm 0.99 X 10~4 cm 4 0.86 X 10~ cm 0.90 X 10~4 cm 0.86 X IQ"4 cm 0.74 X IQ"4 cm

PLATINUM METALS IN AIR Loss in weight, g/cm2/sec in air at atmospheric pressure ( 7 ) ~ ^ Pt + 1 % Pt + 2 . 5 % Pt + 8 % * _ Ir Ir Rh 9 0 0 O O i O O 1000 2.2 X 10~7 8.3X10- 7 1.6X10~ 6 1.9X10~ 7 1200 2 ! 2 X l O - 6 3.3 X 10~6 7.0 X IO"6 1.5X10" 6 Crookes ( 10 ) found the following percentage loss of total weight at 130O0C in air but did not mention extent of surface : 8 hr, Ru, 25 %; 22 hr, Ir, 7.3 %; 30 hr, Pd, 0.745 %; Pt, 0.245 %; Rh, 0.131 %. (In case of Ru and Ir oxidation occurred. Ir in vacuo at 130O0C lost 0.069% in 30 hr.) EVAPORATION IN A CURRENT OF GAS In steady horizontal wind (velocity W) : V = k^/W and V = «r1-5 /c and a, constants (circular area of radius r, areas 250 m2 to 10 cm2 or in gentle draughts 25 m2 to 1 cm2) ( 33 > 68). j?or Very large areas, see especially ( 21 ). Numerous meteorological formulae connect evaporation with temperature, hygrométrie and wind conditions (see annotated bibliography ( 49 ). General form: dE/dt = A(ps - pd) + B(ps - pd)W (DaltonWeilermann). E, fall of level due to evaporation in time, t; ps, saturation pressure at temperature of surface; pdj saturation pressure at dew point; Wj wind velocity; A and B, constants, v. also ( 53 ). Typical formula: Emm = 0.425 (p. - pd) (1+0.805TF) (FitzGerald); W measured in km/hr (up to 20 km/hr). p in mm. See especially (5> 17, 61, 67). Similar formulae are used for chemical engineering purposes; 1 2 e.g., 29 evaporation from pans in still air: M = 0.02 (ps — pd) -

c ).

Evaporation from pans in air current: M = (0.031 + 0.0135TF)(ps - pd)^-

M kg mr^r"1; W = air velocity m/sec from 0.5 to 4 m/sec; PQ = 760 mm and pi = barometric pressure; range 20 — 7O0C (28.5, 29, 31).

Notes Rate of evaporation of water approximately proportional to vapor pressure up to (B. P. — 15°) (3). At 5O0C evaporation of water in a current of air (TF = 2.5 m/sec) is 2.8 times as rapid as in still air, and for TF = 5 m/sec, 3.8 times (3). Number of gram-molecules of a liquid evaporated per unit time and unit surface is proportional to vapor pressure, v. ( 26 > 30) • for evaporation of toluene, nitrobenzene, m-xylene, and chlorobenzene in wind tunnel, v. also ( 69 ). Evaporation frohi large areas (lakes, etc.) about two-thirds evaporation from small pans. Evaporation of sea water approximately 5% less than fresh water. Evaporation of ocean approximately 820 mm per annum (34> 8 2).

VAPOR PRESSURE BY STREAMING METHOD

where W is velocity of gas stream and p is partial pressure of vapor in gas. Dependence of velocity of vaporization on pressure, temperature and nature of gas ( 27 > 32). For measurements on Ag, Tl, Pb and Sn, v. (76). LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) ( i ) Alterthum and Koref, 9, 31: 658; 25. (2) Becker, 7, 78: 39; 11. (3) Becker, 117,17: 241; 23. ( 4 ) Bennewitz, 8, 59: 193; 19. ( 5 ) Bigelow, 506, 36: 24; 08. ( 6 ) Brown and Escombe, 62B, 193: 223; 00. (7) Burgess and • Waltenberg, SlA, 13: 365; 16. ( 8 ) Carrier, 45, 13: 432; 21. (9) Chariton and Semenov, 96, 25: 287; 24. ( 1 O) Crookes, 5, 86: 461; 12. ( 1 M Dalton, 398, 5: 535; 1802. ( l 2 ) Edmondson and Egerton, 5, 113: 520; 27. ( 13 ) Egerton, 3, 33: 33; 17. 5, 103: 469; 23. (i4) Egerton and Raleigh, 4, 123: 3019; 23. ( 1 S) Estermann, 7, 106: 403; 23. ( 16 ) Estermann, 9, 31: 441; 25. (^) FitzGerald, 305, 15: 581; 86. O 8) Fonda, 2, 21: 343; 23. ( 19 ) Forsythe, NeIa Research Laboratory, Cleveland, Ohio, O. (20) Gaede, 8, 46: 357; 15. ( 21 ) Giblett, 5, 99: 472; 21. (22) Griboedov, 53 (Phys. Sec.), 25: 36; 93. 51,3: 233; 94. (23) Grossand and Volmer, 96, 5: 188; 21. (24) Gudris and Kulikova, 96, 25: 121; 24. (25) Guglielmo, 428, 19: 568; 83. (26) de Keen, 186, 21: 11; 91. (27) de Keen, 42, 11: 205; 13. (28) Hertz, 8, 17: 177; 82. (28.5) Himus and Hinchley, 54 (Chemistry and Industry), 43: 840; 24. (29) Hinchley, 54, 41: 242T; 22. (30) Hine, 2, 24: 79; 24. ( 31 ) Hill and Hargood-Ash, 5B, 90: 438; 19. ( 3 2 )

Jablczynski and Przemyski, 42, 10: 241; 12. (33) Jeffreys, 3, 35: 270; 18. (34) Kleinschmidt, 507, 38: 205; 21. (35) Knudsen, 8, 29: 179; 09. (36) Knudsen, 8, 34: 593; 11. (37) Knudsen, 8, 47: 697; 15. (38) Knudsen, 8, 48: 1113; 15. (39) Knudsen, 8, 50: 472; 16. (40) Knudsen, 8, 52: 105; 17. (4 1 J Langmuir, 2, 2: 329; 13. (42) Langmuir, 1, 37: 1139; 15. (43) Langmuir, 1, 38: 1145; 16. (44) Langmuir, 197, 3: 141; 17. (45) Langmuir, 2, 12: 368; 18. (46) Langmuir and Mackay, 2, 4: 377; 14. (47) Laval, Mem. Soc. Sd. Phys. Nat. Bordeaux, 5: 107; 83. (48) Le Blanc and Wuppermann, 7, 91: 143; 16. (49) Livingstone, 506, 36: 181, 301, 375; 08. 37: 68, 103, 157, 193, 248; 09. (50) Mache, 75, 119 Ha: 1399; 10. (^) McKeehan, 2, 8: 142; 16. (52) Marcelin, 42, 10: 680; 12. 34, 154: 587; 12. 158: 1419, 1674; 14. ( 53 ) Marvin, 506, 37: 57; 09. (54) Morse, 197, 45: 361; 10. (55) Mullaly, 3, 49: 1222; 25. (56) Mullaly and Jacques, 3, 48: 1105; 24. (57) Naccari, 23, 44: 561; 09. (58) van Pallich, 75, 106 Ha: 384; 97. (59) Pilling, 2, 18: 362; 21. (60) Renner, Ber. deut. botanischen Ges., 29: 125; 11. ( 61 ) Richardson, Weather Prediction by Numerical Process, p. 168. Cambridge, Cambridge Univ. Press, 1922. (62) Rodebush and DeVries, 1, 47: 2488; 25. (63) Rosenhain and Ewen, 47, 8: 149; 12. (64) Soddy and Berry, 5, 84: 576; 11. ( 6 S ) Sreznevskii, 53, 14 I: 420, 483; 82. 15 I: 1; 83. (66) Stefan, 8, 17: 550; 82. 41: 725; 90. 75, 65 II: 323; 72. (67) Sutton, 117, 11: 137; 07. (68) Thomas and Ferguson, 3, 34: 308; 17. (69) Vaillant, 34,150: 689, 1048; 10. (70) Vaillant, 51, 1: 877; 11. (7 1 ) Volmer, 96, 5: 31: 21. (72) Volmer, 96, 9: 193; 22. (73) Volmer, 7, 115: 253; 25. (74) Volmer and Estermann, 96, 7:1; 21. (75) Volmer and Estermann, 96, 7: 13; 21. (76) Wartenberg, 9, 19: 482; 13. (77) Wertenstein and Jedrzejewski, 34, 177: 316; 23. (78) Weyssenhoff, 8, 58: 505; 19. (79) Winklemann, 8, 22: 1; 84. 23: 203; 84. 26: 105; 85. 36: 93; 89. (80) Winklemann, 8, 35: 401; 88. (8ï) Wood, 3, 30: 300; 15. 32: 364; 16. (82) Wüst, 507, 38: 188; 21. (83) Zwikker, 64V, 34: 468; 25. 64P, 28: 499; 25. (83.5) Jones, Langmuir and MacKay, 2, 30: 201; 27. (84) Topley and Whytlaw-Gray, 3, 4: 873; 27. ( 8 S) Whytlaw-Gray and Whitaker, Proc. Leeds Phil. Lit. Soc., 1926 1: 97.

THE VELOCITY OF DISSOLVING OF CRYSTALS IN LIQUIDS R. G. VAN NAME The velocity constant K has usually the value given by equation I or II. As recorded in the tables it has the dimensions [cm min"1] and is independent of the unit of concentration. In cases where it has been necessary to give the constant in the author's or arbitrary units, it is designated by K&Tb. For the case of simple solution in a solvent (reversible) v K <№ _ v Cs-Ci m ~ S(C9 -C) dt * S(I2 -11) C8 - C2

A

m w

3

La constante de vitesse K a ordinairement la valeur donnée par l'équation I ou II. Dans les tables elle a la dimension [cm min"1] et elle est indépendante de l'unité de concentration. Dans les cas où il a été nécessaire de donner la constante dans les unités arbitraires de l'auteur, elle est désignée par K&r\>. Pour le cas d'une simple dissolution dans un solvant (réversible) K

»

dC

=

S (Cs - C) dt

v S(I2 - I1)

m

C8-C1 Cs - C2

Uj

3

in which v = volume in cm , t = time in min, S = surface of contact in cm2, C = concentration at time t, C8 — concentration at saturation, and In = loge. For the case of solution by interaction with a dissolved reagent v dC v C0 K = (il) ~SC~dt ~St[n C

où v = volume en cm , t = temps en min, S = surface de contact en cm2, C = concentration au temps t, C8 = concentration à la saturation et In = loge. Pour le cas d'une dissolution par reaction avec un réactif dissout

in which C0 and C are the concentrations of the reagent at time zero and time t, respectively; other symbols as in I. Since K depends upon the intensity of the stirring and upon the form and dimensions of the apparatus, a quantitative comparison of the results of different investigators is usually impossible. The velocities of dissolving of metals in acids are subject to various disturbing effects, such as passivity, period of induction, large influence of physical state and of traces of certain impurities, evolution of gas, etc., and are often not expressible by definite velocity constants. The results obtained are frequently too complicated and difficultly reproducible to justify their inclusion in the following tables. In the case of magnesium, however, the disturbing effects seem to be of minor importance.

où C0 et C sont respectivement les concentrations du réactif au temps zéro et au temps t; pour les autre symboles comme en I. Comme K dépend de l'intensité de l'agitation et de la forme et des dimensions de l'appareil, une comparaison quantitative des résultats obtenus par différents expérimentateurs est ordinairement impossible. Les vitesses de dissolution des métaux dans les acides sont sujets à des effets perturbateurs variés, tels que: la passivité, la période d'induction, la grande influence de l'état physique et des traces de certaines impuretés, l'évolution du gaz, etc., et de la sorte ne peuvent souvent pas être exprimées par des constantes de vitesse définies. Les résultats obtenus sont fréquemment trop compliqués et difficilement reproductibles pour justifier leur publication dans les tables suivantes. Cependant, dans le cas du magnésium, les effets parasites paraissent être d'importance moindre.

v dC K==

v , C0

~SCTt =Stln^C

(II)

Die Geschwindigkeitskonstante K hat gewöhnlich den nach Gleichung I oder II sich ergebenden Wert und wie aus den Tabellen folgt, besitzt sie die Dimension [cm min~ 1J und ist von der Einheit der Konzentration unabhängig. In Fällen wo es nötig war die Konstante in den vom Autor gegebenen, oder in sonst willkürlichen, Einheiten anzuführen, wird sie mit -K'arb. bezeichnet. Für den Fall der einfachen reversiblen Lösung in einem Lösungsmittel gilt *L__ dC _ v , Cs-C, m K A UJ " S(Cs -c) dt - s(t* - *i) o. - C2 3 Wo v = Volumen in cm , t = Zeit in Minuten, S = Kontaktoberfläche in cm2, C = Konzentration zur Zeit t, C8 = Sättigungskonzentration und In = löge. Für den Fall der Wechselwirkung mit einem gelösten Stoff, hat man _ v dC _ v , C 0 (n}

*~

SC'dt ~ ^ l n C

( ;

Es bedeutet, Co und C die Konzentration des reagierenden Bestandteiles zur Zeit Null bezw. zur Zeit t. Die anderen Zeichen eind die gleichen wie bei I. Da K von der Rührgeschwindigkeit, der Form und der Dimension des verwendeten Apparates abhängt, ist ein quantitativer Vergleich der Ergebnisse der verschiedenen Beobachter meist nicht möglich. Die Lösungsgeschwindigkeit der Metalle in Säuren unterliegt den verschiedenen störenden Einflüssen, wie Passivität und Induktionsdauer. Bedeutend ist der Einfluss des physikalischen Zustandes der Probe, der Spuren von Verunreinigungen, der Gasentwickelung, u.s.w. Dies alles ist nicht durch eine bestimmte Geschwindigkeitskonstante ausdrückbar. Die Ergebnisse sind häufig zu kompliziert und zu schwer reproduzierbar um in diese Tafeln aufgenommen zu werden. Beim Magnesium scheinen sich jedoch die störenden Einflüsse weniger bemerkbar zu machen.

VELOCITY CONSTANTS 1. SALTS IN WATER Rotary stirring, 400 r.p.m.; exposed surface horizontal, below stirrer; 250C ( 30 ) M

t

C

"

*

^

°

°

K, cm/min

g JJ2U

KI KBr KCl NaCl TlCl TlBr PbCl2 PbBr2 BaCl2.2H20 K2SO4 K4Fe(CN)6-SH20 FeSO4.7H20 NiSO4.7H20 CoSO4.7H20 ZnSO4.7H20 MgSO4.7H20 CuSO4.5H20 CdS04.|H20 CaSO4.2H2Q

146.45 67.75 36.32 35.92 0.385 0.057 1.08 0.974 36.9 12.04 32.0 29.7 39.6 37.8 57.9 38.3 22.29 77.0 0.210

* Calculated as anhydrous salt. J (J to cleavage surface, t Fused salt used. § Selenite, || to face (010).

0.186 0.171 0.147 0.105 0.204t O.144f 0.06Ot 0.078f 0.096 0.102 0.048t 0.048 0.033 0.036 0.030 0.030 0.039 0.021 0.021§

Generalmente il valore della costante di velocità K è quello dedotto dalle equazioni I o II. Questa velocità, come è indicato nelle tabelle, ha le dimensioni di [cm min""1] ed è indipendente dalla unità di concentrazione. Nei casi in cui si è dovuto dare la costante in unità arbitrarie, quelle adoperate dagli autori, essa è stata indicata con K&Tb. Nel caso che si tratti di semplice dissoluzione in un solvente (riversibile) v dC _ v C8-Ci K } m w A ~ S(CS - C) dt S(t* - ti) C8 - C2 nella quale v = volume in cm3, t — tempo in minuti, S = superficie di contatto in cm2, C = concentrazione al tempo £, C8 = concentrazione al punto di saturazione e In = loge. Nel caso di dissoluzione con reazione con una sostanza disciolta si ha: v dC vlu, C0 /TT s v K== (II)

-scu=st ^c

nella quale C0 e C rappresentano le concentrazioni della sostanza reagente al tempo O ed al tempo t, mentre gli altri simboli hanno lo stesso significato che nella I. Poiché K dipende dalla intensità della agitazione, dalla forma e dalle dimensioni dell'apparecchio, è impossibile confrontare quantitativamente i risultati dei vari sperimentatori. Le velocità di dissoluzione dei metalli negli acidi risentono molto della azione di varie cause perturbatrici, come ad esempio: passività, periodo di induzione, stato fisico, presenza di tracce di certe impurezze, svolgimento di gas, ecc., e perciò spesso non sono esprimibili con valori ben definiti delle costanti. Spesso i risultati ottenuti sono troppo complessi e difficili a riprodursi per poter essere compresi nelle tabelle che seguono. Nel caso del magnesio tuttavia sembra che le cause perturbatrici non abbiano molta importanza.

2. SALTS IN WATER Rotary stirring, 50 r.p.m.; whole crystal exposed ( 12 ) C«, jç C8, jç. Salt «/100 g/100 «^ 4^ g soin. g soin. K2SO4 7\820.027 11.43 0.071 NaClO3 45.47 0.043 51.22 0.083 K2Cr2O7 5.52 0.026 15.17 0.069 3. METALS IN DISSOLVED IODINE (AND BKOMINE) Disk of metal 40 mm diameter, 0.6 mm thick, supported vertically, whole surface exposed. Rotary stirring, 240 r.p.m.; S = 2.60 cm2, but velocity per unit area not accurately calculable on account of difference in stirring on the two sides of the disk. Aqueous solution of I2 (resp. Br2) in KI (resp. KBr); 25 ± 0.10C (27)*. Metal Hg Cd. Zn Hg Cd

Salt, t- v
Metal Zn Hg Cu Ag

Hg

Salt > l K v
* These and further results in original seem to show that these five metals dissolve in Ia + KI with the same velocity, expressed in equivalents of metal dissolving.

4. METALS IN DISSOLVED IODINE Method as above: Disk 38.3 mm X 0.5 mm. S = 2.36 cm2; velocity per unit area not accurately calculable, (cf. 3); 25 ± 0.10C (26).* 0.5 mole KI and 0.02 mole H2SO4 per 1. Metal Cd Fe Ni Co K X S, cmVmin 6.86 6.88 6.88 6.87 Cd in acid solutions of iodides H2SO4, mole/1 | O | 0.02 | OJ5 || 0.25 Iodide, mole/1 Iodide HI LiI N a I K I MgI 2 CaI 2 BaI 2 CdI 2 KXS, cmVmin |6.45 6.41 6.566.86 6.256.236.45 6.82 * The ,results show that K is independent of the metal but varies to a marked extent with the nature of the other cation present.

5. METALS IN AQUEOUS FERRIC SULFATE, FERRIO CHLORIDE AND CHROMIC ACID Values of K X S1 cm3/min; method and dimensions of disk as in 4 (28) Ferric sulfate (ferric alum)* 24.6 ± 0.10C H2SO4, mole/1 0.01 | 0.25 1.25 | 5.0 Zn 4.38 Cd 4.12 4.15 3.54 1.76 Fe 3.95 3.92 3.37 1.74 Ni 3.80 3.75 3.27 1.71 Sn 3.96 1.72 Cu 3.74 3.30 1.71 Ag 1.67 1.63 1.24 Ferric chloride, 24.6 ± 0.10C HCl, mole/I | 0.1 | 0.5 Cd 4.19 4.17 Fe 4.14 4.35 Cu 3.44 4.20 Chromic acid* (added as CrQ3), 25 ± 0.10C H2SQ4, mole/1 0.25 | 1.25 | 5.0 Cd 7.02 I 5.32 2.67 Ni irregular 2.67 Sn 2.74 Cu 6.95 5.34 2.72 Ag 4.28 1.22 * Velocities for different metals tend to become the same with increasing H2SO4 concn., probably because it increases the viscosity and thus retards diffusion.

6. METALS IN AQUEOUS FERRIC SULFATE (9) 18 ± 0.1 C; no stirring; dissolving surface vertical; S = 22.5 cm2 Metal Cu Fe Cd Sn K, cm/min 0.0142 0.013s 0.0144 0.013? The agreement between the different metals in spite of the low acidity (see 5) is probably due to the slowness of diffusion in the unstirred solutions. 0

7. COPPER IN AQUEOUS FERRIC CHLORIDE AND CUPRIO CHLORIDE All solutions contained NH4Cl, 3.7 to 4.7 mole/1. Variations in concentration of NH4Cl were without effect on K when over 2.5 mole/1 were present. Rotary stirring, 1500 r.p.m.; dissolving surface horizontal; S = 34 to 35.3 cm2; 250C (2). 0 ,, öait

FeCl3 alone CuCl2 alone FeCl3 + CuCl2

No. of Initial concentration, ân' , ,, A, exps. mole/1 ,' . _ _ cm/mm 3 (0.186) (0.191) (0.290) 0.205 2 (0.166) (0.195) 0.205 4 Various 0.204 Mean of the 9 exps. Q. 2044

8. MAGNESIUM AND ZINC IN AQUEOUS ACIDS Rotary stirring, 300 r.p.m.; value of S in doubt, but apparently 0.22 cm2 in all experiments; 250C. K0 = lonization constant ( 22 ). Solution,1 initial concn. in mole/1

T^

\^

O

,, .' * cmVimn*

K0.

Mg

HCl, 0.1 HCl, 0.1 + MgCl2, 0.0671 HCl, 0.1 + MgCl2, 0.1341 HAc (Acetic acid), 0.1 HAc, 0.1 + Mg(Ac)2, 0.1 HAc, 0.1 -f Mg(Ac)2, 0.2 HAc, 0.1 + MgSO4, 0.2 HAc, 0.1 + Na2SO4, 0.2 HAc, 0.1 + NaAc, 0.2 H2SO4, 0.05 H2SO4, 0.05 + KCl, 0.1341 H2SO4, 0.05 + KBr, 0.1341 H2SO4, 0.05 + KI, 0.1341 HCl, 0.02 2,5-Dihydroxybenzoic acid 2,4-Dihydroxybenzoic acid Tricarballylic acid, 0.02 Acetic acid (HAc), 0.02

1.12 1.25 1.31 0.405 0.366 0.326 0.416 0.454 0.441 1.15 1.43 1.64 1.48 1.27 0.774 0.518 0.493 0.449 Zn

HCl, 0.1

0.133

108 52 22 1.8

X X X X

10~5 10~5 10~5 10~5

~ After period of induction

* The value of K is here not wholly independent of the acid concentration „ but for any given acid tends to be larger the higher the dilution.

9. METALS IN AQUEOUS HYDROCHLORIC ACID After period of induction or adequate pretreatment with acid. (a) A plate of the metal with one surface exposed, attached eccentrically to stirrer stem, acts as blade of stirrer. Radius of path not given; 100 r.p.m.; 250C. (6) Same apparatus and temp. Stirrer stationary. . . _ _ , Solution, initial cone, in mole/1 TT (a) Metal —£: — '^ . Lit. HCl j Salt cm/mm Al* 0.5 0.0025 (8) 1.0 0.0037 1.5 0.026 2.0 0.057 3.0 0.088 4.0 0.123 1.0 AlCl3, 0.33 0.044 2.0 AlCl3, 1.0 0.064 1.0 KCl, 1.0 0.0078 Znf 2.0 0.10 (7) Mgt 0.125 0.41 (5) (6) Mg§ 0.0625 0.20 (6) 0.125 0.27 0.25 0.32 * Cut from rolled bar. t Kahlbaum. Î Sheet metal, Kahlbaum. ent sample of Mg from the above, not rolled.

§ A differ-

10. PßS, ZNS AND RELATED MINERALS IN DILUTE SULPURIO ACID Material, screened fragments of uniform size. No stirring. Velocities were proportional to concentration of acid between 0.0125 and 1.25% H2SO4. The relative values of the velocity constant tabulated below were the same at all temperatures between O and 50° ( 15 > 16). Mineral | Locality | Karb. Galena (PbS, about 98%) Clausthal 1.OO Sphalerite (ZnS, about 99%) Spain 3.2 Sphalerite (Pb, 11.4%; Fe, 3.6%) Clausthal 6.3

10.—(Continued) Mineral | Locality | Karb. Sphalerite (Pb, 14.9%; Fe, 3.5%; SiO2, 11%) Bensberg 11.1 Christophite (ferriferous ZnS; Fe, 16%; SiO2, 19%) Breitenbrunn 14.0 11. MINERAL CARBONATES IN AOIDS Material, except in cases of malachite and marble, large crystals. Single exposed surface vertical. Stirring by gas evolved only; 0 9 15 C (* > 2°). Mineral | Acid | K&rb. Remarks Iceland spar (CaCO3) HCl, HNO3 or HI 1. OO Cleavage face^ Velocity with HBr ca. 40% higher Aragonite (CaCO3) . . HCl or HNO3 0.48 Face (010) Dolomite (CaCO 3 .MgCOs).... HCl or HNO3 0.025 Face not specified Witherite (BaCO 3 )... HCl or HNO3 1.28 Face not specified Smithsonite (ZnCO3). HCl or HNO3 0.087 Face not specified Cerussite (PbCO3) .. HNO3 0.76 Face (010) Azurite [2CuCO3.Cu(OH)2]. HCl or HNO3 0.33 Face not specified Malachite [CuCO3-Cu(OH)2]... HClOrHNO 3 0.23 Massive Marble (CaCO3) HCl or HNQ3 1.7 Massive Reaction L-

v

12. COPPER IN AQUEOUS AMMONIA autocatalytic, accelerated by dissolved №

K - o(G Qtr* +i—T a) ~S7 at

=

. . . . .

v

077 o(tz —r\ ti)

i m

^2 +« m •

nCi_i_H- a

a==

Kj 0j

-, - -,

copper.

n

which C = concen-

„ = /v dC\

tration of dissolved copper. fcf ^-° \ " e 7 [ 7 / _ > ^ne initial velocity. For a given concentration of dissolved oxygen KQ and a. are constants. KQ is approximately proportional to the square root of the oxygen concentration; K is practically independent of it. The validity of this equation ends abruptly with the formation of an oxide coating on the metal, due to accumulation of OH~ ions produced by the reaction. This stage is deferred by a higher concentration of ammonia, and also by ammonium salts. Mean values of K for various constant concentrations of ammonia in solutions kept saturated with air. Two copper plates 1.5 X 1.3 cm describe in liquid a circular path 2 cm in radius, 1120 r.p.m.; S = 7.6 to 8.6 cm 2 ; 24.80C (32). K0 = 13.6 X 10~4 a = 0.0020 NH3, mole/1 | NH4 salt, mole/1 K,* cm/min 1 . 0 4 7 O 0 . 6 4 0 1.921 O 0.703 3.963 O 0.653 1.047 (NH4)2SO4, 0.01 0.710 1.088 (NH4)2SO4, 0.05 0.680 1.080 (NH4)2S04, 0.1 0.671 1.080 NH4NO3,^ 0.1 0.681 1.080 NH4Cl, 0.1 0.691 Mean 0.679 * The results show that within these limits K is independent of the concentration of free ammonia and of ammonium salts.

13. SILVER IN AQUEOUS POTASSIUM CYANIDE For constant concentration of dissolved oxygen K = ^ m (C0 — C ~l C) 4- logio ^r in which C = concn. of KCN, C0 = initial concn., m = a constant = 0.4343 KI j~ (k2 = velocity constant of the diffu-

sion of cyanide, ki = velocity constant of the chemical reaction at interface). The validity of this equation is ultimately disturbed by OH" ions produced by the reaction itself, and the sooner the smaller the value of Co. Mean values of K and m for various initial concentrations of KCN for solutions kept saturated with air.* Stirring like last; 2 600 r.p.m.; two silver plates 1.5 X 1.2 cm; S = 7.3 to 8.7 cm , 0 25 C (33). ^ CQ,

Kj

G o?

-"-J

mole/1 cm/min mole/1 0 . 1 4 8 0 Ï 3 5 0 . 2 2 6 0 . 0 0 4 2 1 4 0 0.0632 140 0.230 0.0022 150 0.0316 145 0.231 0.0011 150 0.0158 155 0.222 0.0079 140 0.225 Mean 144.4

cm/min 0.231 0.217 0.209 0.224

AC1 A * In solutions saturated with pure oxygen the velocity of dissolving, ~~^rr • was 2.5 times larger, indicating approximate proportionality with [Oz]^. also increased but in a somewhat smaller ratio.

K was

14. ZINO IN HCL DISSOLVED IN ALCOHOLS AND IN ACETONE A thin rod of zinc mechanically raised and lowered in liquid 72 times per minute. S = 2.78 cm2; organic solvents anhydrous, and contained initially 0.5 mole/1 of HCl; presence of a small amount of H2O in CH3OH, C2H6OH and (CH3)2CQ lowered velocity;20°C (34). HCl in (Methyl alc.j Ethyl ale. | Amyl ale. | Acetone | H2O K, cm/mm \ 0.37 0.17 | <0.01 | 0.42 | oTIT TEMPERATURE COEFFICIENTS M designates mechanical stirring; G, stirring by gas evolved by reaction; O, no stirring T» ,. -, ,. • Comparable velocities Kt + w°r., Reaction and stirring , , , , ——— Lit. at two temperatures Kt Benzoic acid in H2O, M (1.587) 1.5 (2.851)i 7 . 5 1.442 (31) (2.851)I7.5 (4.524)3i 1.40s (4.524) 3 i (5.756)40 1.30? (5.75G)4Q (9.946) 6o 1.314 _____ Cd in I2 + KI, M (3.72) 0 (5.87)» 1.35e (25) (5.87) is (7.62)25 1.29s (7.62) 25 (9.55)35 1.25s (9.55)35 (11.8I)45 1.23? (11.8I)45 (14.26)55 1.207 (14.26)55 (16.93)65 1.187 K Ô in in H H U, O (0.07I)3O.! 1.47 (12) M 4 .8 K 2 bU M
s.i.P.,^

o ggj. g:jjg. ;.»

Cu in K2Cr2O7 + H2SO4, M (8. IS)21 (10.38)»i CuinNH 4 OH(air-satd.), M (2.094)19.8 (2.263)24.8

(10.38)« (13.03)4i (2.263)24.8 (2.588)34.8

1.27* (29) 1.26 1.17 "(**) 1.14

TEMPERATURE COEFFICIENTS.—(Continued) _. j ,. . Comparable velocities Kt + 10 T ., Reaction and stirring , , , , —^— Lit. . ® at two temperatures Kt f (2.5I) 16 (2.82)25 1.13 (33) Ag in KCN(air-satd.), M] (2.82) 25 (3.26) 35 1.16 [ (3.26)35 (3.84)45 1.18 Mg in HCl, G (2054)0 (3059)25 1.17f(6) (3059)25 (5564)50 1.27 (1.0O) 5 Q (1.5I) 75 1.2f ( 3 ) Al in HCl (2AT), M (55)0 (1396)45 2.05 ( 8 ) Al in HCl (ZN), M (248)0 (982) 25 1.73 Fe in HCl, G (2.S) 50 (5.8) 6 i. 4 2.1 <«) (5.8)61.4

FeUiH 2 SO 4 ,

G

Iceland spar in HCl,

G

(19)78.4

2.0

(1.83)2.3 ' ( U - S ) 2 8 - T (11.5)28.7 (26.2)45

2.0 1.7

(26. 2)45

1.9

(63.1)58.5

( 10 )

SODIUM CHLORIDE.—(Continued) Various face s With in pure NaCl formamide, solutions A% 150 g/1, A% Tetrahedron (320) -0.18 Dodecahedron -0.18 -0.4 Trisoctahedron (221) ±0.00 -0.3 Hexoctahedron (321) -0.18 -0.2 Trapezohedron (211) -0.18 -0.2 Octahedron in NaCl solutions containing Urea Formamide KNOs g/1

I

A%

g/1

O 50 96 130 180 230 280

1

±0.04 ±0.00 -0.10 -0.12 -0.17 -0.34 -0.42

23 53 80 110 150 188

I

A%

g/1

±0.0 ±0.0 -0.2 -0.3 -0.4 -0.4

40 80 120 160 200

I

A%

±0.0 ±0.0 -fO.l +0.1 ±0.0

(0.044)0 (0.095)15 1.67 (21) (0.095) » (0.25I) 35 1.62 (0.25I) 35 (0.565)55 1.50 GYPSUM (CASO4.2H20) IN WATER Witherite in HCl, G (0.122)» (0.406)35 1.8 ( 20 ) Azurite in HCl, G (0.031)i5 (0.062)35 1.4 C« = 2.094 g/1 (anhyd. salt). C at all times <0.16C«; rotary Dolomite in HCl, G (0.0024) 15 (0.0046) 35 1.38 stirring; relative velocities for surfaces cut parallel to pinacoid Smithsonite in HCl, G (0.0083)i5 (0.0142)35 1.31 (010), prism (110) and pyramid (111); 25° (23). Malachite in HCl, G (0.022)» (0.037) 35 1.30 F 0 I 0 : Fn0: Fm = 1.00: 1.76: 1.88 Wagner (30) finds at 25° F 0 I 0 : V111 = 1.00: 156. PbS, ZnS (minerais) in Range O to 80° (8 1.54 (is) dilute H2SO4, O temps.), coefficient CuS04.5H2O IN WATER constant Cs = 228.0 g/1 (anhydrous salt) ; C at start = 0.9175C*; method Cu in benzaldehyde dis- (52.S)40 (72~^2)701.36 "(**) like last; 24.9° (24). solved in toluène, 10% by (72.2)50 (106) 6o 1.46 F110: ylTo = 1.00:1.27 Vol. (106)eo (153)70 1.44 O (153)70 (22O)80 1.43 TARTARIC ACID AND SALTS IN WATER (22O)80 (32O)90 1.45 Relative velocities. Two unlike faces acted upon simultaneously. (32Q)90 (455) IQO 1.42 Exposed surfaces vertical; no stirring; ca. 20° (11) * Two other determinations at different concentrations but same temperature Tartaric acid in water (100) (10Î) (110) (1ÏO) (101) (OU)(OOl) range gave 1.29 and 1.30, respectively. 1.00 1.29 1.49 1.55 1.63 1.681.76 t Practically the.same value was obtained also in mechanically stirred solutions. C = 8 7 5 g / l RELATIVE VELOCITIES FOR DIFFERENT CRYSTAL FACES CuSO4.5H2O in water (100) (HO) (111) (010) (110) In the case of simple (reversible) solution in a solvent a differ- C = 168 g/1 (anhyd. salt)... 1.00 1.37 1.28 1.18 1.12 ence in the observed velocities of dissolving of two faces of the K Fe(CN) .3H O in water (010) (110) (Oil) 6 2 same crystal may be partly or wholly due to a difference in the C 4 = 389 g/1 (anhyd. salt) 1.00 .1.79 1.86 solubilities (C*) of the two faces, rather than in their velocity constants K. In some cases the evidence decidedly favors this NANO 3 IN WATER explanation, notably when the velocities for the two faces differ C = 485.5 g/1; no stirring; 25° (13) appreciably only when the solution is nearly saturated. Rhombohedron Rhombohedron Base (0001) SODIUM CHLORIDE IN WATER AND IN VARIOUS SOLUTIONS (10ÏO) (Ï2ÏO) V = 11.8 10.7 10.8 mg/cm2 min"1 Dissolving face vertical. No stirring. 250C (14). The table summarizes results for other faces compared with results MGSO4.7H2O IN WATER for cube. Owing to influence of convection currents, K for cube C = 331 g/1 (anhyd. salt); no stirring (*3) increased linearly with (C8 — C). A face other than the cube Base (001) Pinacoid (010) Prism (110) Sphenoid (111) gave a different value of K and a different rate of increase if C8 V = 3.7 3.5 3.5 3.7HIg^m2HiJn-1 for cube was used in the calculations, but complete agreement was obtained by assuming C8 for the second face to differ by the QUARTZ IN HYDROFLUORIC ACID percentage amount, A. Differences were appreciable only in Sol. I:HF = 97.18 g/1; Sol. II:HF = 201.7 g/1; no stirring (*8) solutions very nearly saturated, and disappeared entirely if saturaBase Prism Prism Rhombohedron (10Ï1) tion was 90 % or less. The author concludes that K has the same (0001) (1120) (10ÏO) value within error of experiment for all faces of NaCl, and that A (I) V = 7.2 1.15 1.17 0.97 mg/cm2 day"1 represents actual percentage differences in the solubility of the (II) V= 18.76 4.37 4.41 3.7 mg/cm 2 day"1 given face from that of the cube. ICELAND SPAR IN HCL Various faces With Single exposed surface vertical. Stirring by gas evolved only. in pure NaCl formamide, solutions, A % 150 g/1, A% 15° (21). For surfaces cut, 1, parallel to principal axis; 27 parallel to cleavage plane; and 3, perpendicular to axis. Octahedron +0.04 -0.4 F1: F2: F3 = 1.00:1.05:1.14 Tetrahexahedron (310) ±0.00 ±0.0

a-CHLOKODINITROBENZENE IN ETHER ( 1 J

Prism (110) was compared with pinacoid (001). When the same value of C8 was used in the calculations for both faces the ratio K(iio) : J£(ooi) varied with the concentration, reaching 0.4 in nearly saturated solution but approaching unity at slightly lower concentration. The author concludes that K (no) = -K(ooi) and that observed differences are due entirely to the fact that prism face is less soluble than the pinacoid. 15.1° and 19.8°; mechanical stirring. LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) O) Andrejev, 03, 40: 397; 08. (2) Bekier and Trzeciak, 4&t 23: 242; 26. (3) Bonsdorff, 147, 3 : No. 8; 15. (*) Brunner, 7, 47: 56; 04. (5) Centnerszwer,

70, 42: 579; 23. («) Centnerszwer, 70, 42: 1065; 23. ( 7 ) Centnerszwer and Sachs, 7, 87: 692; 14. («) Centnerszwer and Zablocki, 7, 122: 455; 26. (9) Collenberg and Bodforss, 7, 101: 117; 22. (10) Friend and Dennett, 4, 121: 41; 22. (») Korbs, 94, 43: 433; 07. («) Le Blanc and Schmandt, 7, 77: 614; 11. (13) Lebrun, 186,1913:953. O*) Ritzel, 94, 49: 152; 09. ( 1 S) Rosenkränzer, 93, 87: 319; 14. C 1 «) Rosenkränzer, 93, 88: 452; 14. (") Schaaf, 93, 126: 237; 23. (l«) Sievertsand Lueg, 93, 126: 193; 23. O 9 ) Spring, 27, 49: 3; 88. (20) Spring, 27, 3: 174; 90. («) Spring, 27, 3: 177; 90. (22) Tarle, Diss., Leipzig, 1912. (23) Tolloczko, 165, 1910 A: 209. (24) Tolloczko and Tokarski, 165, 1910 A: 219. («) Van Name, 12, 43: 449; 17. (26) Van Name and Bosworth, 12, 32: 207; 11. (27) Van Name and Edgar, 12, 29: 237; 10. (28) Van Name and Hill, IiS1 42: 301; 16. (29) Veley, 4, 55: 361; 89. (30) Wagner, 7, 71: 401; 10. (3l) Wildermann, 7, 66: 445; 09. (32) Yamasaki, 159, 9: 169; 20. (33) Yamasaki and Nakashima, 41, 42: 597; 21. ( 34 ) Zecchini, 36, 27: 466; 97,

VELOCITY OF CRYSTALLIZATION H. C. BURGER MATIÈRES CONTENTS Formation of crystal nuclei. Formation des noyaux cristallins. Accroissement du cristal. Crystal growth. FORMATION OF CRYSTAL NUCLEI If extraneous influences are eliminated, the number, N, of nuclei which are formed at a given temperature should be proportional to the volume of the liquid and to the time. This number is a characteristic temperature function of the liquid. Transition in the crystal state from one form to another can occur spontaneously in a similar manner. The measurements of the number of nuclei are however not very accurate, and the values given below represent, therefore, only order of magnitude. The first temperature given is the melting point. N is given in cm~3 sec"1.

INHALTSVERZEICHNIS Bildung von Kristallkeime. Kristall Wachstum.

INDICE pAGE Formazione dei germi cristallini 60 Accrescimento dei cristalli.... 61

BILDUNG VON KRISTALLKEIME Wenn äussere Einflüsse eliminiert sind, sollte die Zahl, N, der bei gegebener Temperatur gebildeten Keime, dem Volum der Flüssigkeit und der Zeit proportional sein. Diese Zahl ist eine für die Flüssigkeit charakteristische Temperaturfunktion. In ähnlicher Weise können im kristallisierten Zustande spontan Übergänge von der einen Form in die andere stattfinden. Die Messungen der Keimzahl sind aber nicht sehr genau, und die folgenden Werte geben deshalb nur die Grössenordnung an. N ist in cm"3 sec"1 gegeben. FORMAZIONE DEI GERMI CRISTALLINI

FORMATION DES NOYAUX CRISTALLINS Si Ton élimine les influences extérieures, le nombre, N, de noyaux qui sont formés à une température donnée doit être proportionnel au volume du liquide et au temps. Ce nombre est pour un liquide une fonction caractéristique de la température. La transition à l'état cristallin d'une forme dans une autre peut se produire spontanément d'une manière analogue. Les mesures du nombre de noyaux ne sont cependant pas très précises et les valeurs données ci-dessous ne représentent par conséquent que l'ordre de grandeur. La première température donnée est le point de fusion. N est exprimé en cm~3 sec"1.

t, 0C N ty 0C N tt 0C N t, 0C N

Diopside (Zermatt) (44) Ï 3 Ï Ô Ï 2 6 Ô Ï 2 Ô Ô 1175 O 60 150 180 Melilite (Alno, Sweden) (44) ÏÏ8Ô ÏÏ30 ÏÏÔÔIÖ8Ö 1060 O 120 300 430 500 Spinel (Amity, N. Y.) (44) 1360 Ï225 1210 I 1200 ÏÏ851175 O 60 180 270420 570 Hedenbergite (Nordmarken) (44) ÏÏ6ÔÏÏ2ÔÏÏÔÔ 1080 O 70 180 250

Quando siano eliminate influenze esterne, il numero, N, di germi che si formano ad una data temperatura, deve essere proporzionale al volume di liquido ed al tempo. Questo numero è una funzione della temperatura caratteristica per il liquido. In maniera simile possono verificarsi trasformazioni (allo stato solido) di una forma cristallina nell'altra. Le misure del numero di germi non sono però molto esatte, ed i valori seguenti danno perciò solo un'idea dell'ordine di grandezza. La prima temperatura data è il punto di fusione. N è dato in cm"3 sec"1.

t, 0C N

Aegirite (Lange Sundfjord) (44) ÏÔ2Ô ÏÔÔÔ O 80

975 130

950 160

3, 4-Dinitrobromobenzene, 3, 4-(O2N)2C6H3Br.—N is the number of nuclei of the stable form (M. P. = 59.5°) in the metastable crystal phase (M. P. = 34.8°) (45). 0 C.. . 10 ±0 ^K) -20 -30 -40 -50 -60I-70 -80 N . . . 0.01 0 . 1 0 . 3 1 1 2 4 2 0.3 0.3

Betol (/3-Napthyl Salicylate) OHC6H4CO2Ci0H7.-N is a maximum at 15 ± 5° and equals 0.7 to 2 (45). Pipeline, Ci 7 Hi 9 NO 3 .—N is a maximum at 40 ± 5° and equals 0.2 to 10 (45); c/. (54).

CRYSTAL GROWTH The linear crystallization velocity at the crystal-liquid boundary is a function of its temperature ( 9 > 10) which, however, is seldom measured ( 10 > 53), the temperature of the surrounding bath only, being known. The maximum linear crystallization velocity (K. G.) of the liquid or transition velocity (U. G.) of one crystal phase to another is a characteristic property of the substance, which, however, is very sensitive to impurities, so that the values recorded below may be 5-10% in error from this cause, in cases where another precision is not indicated. Maximum linear crystallization (K. G.) and transition (U. G.) velocities. The unit is millicentimeters (ICT 3 cm) per sec; M. P. == melting point, 0C; (s) = stable form; (m) = metastable form.

KRISTALL WACHSTUM Die lineare Kristallisationsgeschwindigkeit an der Grenze Kristall-Flüssigkeit ist eine Funktion deren Temperatur ( 9 > 10), welche aber selten gemessen ist ( 10 > 53). Meistens ist nur die Temperatur des umgebenden Bades bekannt. Die maximale lineare Kristallisationsgeschwindigkeit der Flüssigkeit (K. G.) oder die Umwandlungsgeschwindigkeit (U. G.) der einen Kristallphase in die andere ist eine charakteristische Eigenschaft der Substanz, welche aber sehr empfindlich gegen Verunreinigungen ist. Deshalb können die unten angegebenen Werte mit einem Fehler von 5-10% behaftet sein, wenn keine andere Fehlergrenze genannt wird. Maximale lineare Kristallisationsgeschwindigkeit (K. G.) und Umwandlungsgeschwindigkeit (U. G.). Die Einheit ist 10"3 cm pro sec; M. P. = Schmelzpunkt, 0C; (s) — stabile Form; (m) = metastabile Form.

ACCROISSEMENT DU CRISTAL La vitesse de cristallisation linéaire dans la zone cristal liquide est une fonction de sa température ( 9 > 10) qui est cependant rarement mesurée (10J 53). Dans la plupart des cas on ne connaît que la température du bain environnant. La vitesse maximum de cristallisation linéaire (K. G.) du liquide, ou la vitesse de transition (U. G.) d'une phase cristalline en une autre, est une propriété caractéristique de la substance qui est cependant très sensible aux impuretés. Les valeurs données ci-dessous peuvent donc être entachées d'une erreur de 5 à 10% lorsque la limite de l'erreur n'est pas exprimée. Vitesse maximum de cristallisation linéaire (K. G.) et vitesse de transition (U. G.). L'unité est lemillicentimètre (10~3 cm) par sec; M. P. = point de fusion, 0C; (s) = forme stable; (m) = forme metastable.

ACCRESCIMENTO DEI CRISTALLI La velocità lineare di cristallizzazione in corrispondenza della zona di contatto cristallo-liquido è una funzione della temperatura ( 9 > 10) alla quale essa si trova; questa temperatura però raramente è stata misurata direttamente ( 10 > 53). Per lo più si conosce soltanto la temperatura del bagno nel quale il sistema in esame è immerso. La velocità lineare massima di cristallizzazione di un liquido (K. G.) o di trasformazione (U. G.) di una fase cristallina nell'altra è una proprietà caratteristica delle sostanze. Essa risente però molto l'influenza delle impurezze, per modo che i valori sotto riportati possono essere inesatti del 5-10%, quando non siano indicati altri limiti di errore. Velocità lineare massima di cristallizzazione (K. G.) e velocità di trasformazione (U. G.). L'unità è 10~3 cm al secondo; M. P. = punto di fusione, 0C; (s) = forma stabile, (m) = forma metastabile.

^ ^°T Lit. U. G. H3PO4 Orthophosphoric acid, M. P. 36.6°.. 1.8±0.2 (5) Ca(NO 3 )2.4H 2 O Calcium nitrate, 4-hydrate 22.7 + 0.3 ( 2 0 , 2 2 , 2 8 ) Cd(NO 3 )2.4H 2 O Cadmium nitrate, 4-hydrate 50 (22) Na2S2O3-SH2O Sodium thiosulfate, 5-hydrate (s)... 195 (37) Na2S2O3-SH2O Sodium thiosulfate, 5-hydrate (m} . . 185 (37) Na 2 S 2 O 3 -SH 2 O m->s, U. G. = 83 (37) Chloroacetic acid: (M. P.)i = 61.3°; (M. P.)n = 56.2°; (M. P.) m =50.2° C2H3ClO2 m _m f u. G. = 120 (37) II ->I , U. G. = 95 (37) III-> I, U. G. = 410 (37) a, /S-Dibromopropionic acid: s, M. P. = 64°, K. G. = 5.8 (37) nwT) _ C3H4Br2O2 J 37 J W( K G = 72 Formula

Name

C3HsN2O C 4 Hi 0 O 4 CeH3ClN2O4 C6H3N3O7 CeH4 FNOa CeH 4 ClNO 2 CeH 4 BrNO 2 CeH 4 INO 2

( CeHnNO 2 CzHyNO CrH 8 O 2 CsHeO2 CgHiOO 2 Ci 0 H 9 N CioHiiNO 4

{

K G

m->s, U. G. = 1.4 Ethylurea, M. P. = 95° 145 Erythritol (s) 45 3, 4-Dinitrochlorobenzene, M. P. 50° 6.5 Picric acid 1430 m-Fluoronitrobenzene 25 m-Chloronitrobenzene 1500 ra-Bromonitrobenzene 1150 w-Iodonitrobenzene 200 Resorcinol I, M. P. = 110°, K. G. = 700 Resorcinol II, M. P. = 108, K. G. = 450 I -» II, U. G. = . . . . . 0.70±0.07 Ethyl /3-aminocrotonate (s) 58 Formanilide 1.75 Guaiacol 9.3 Phthalide 25 Hydrocinnamic acid 470 a-Naphthylamine Ì10 l-Hydroxy-2(p-nitrophenyl) - e t h y 1 methyl ketone 2.5 Azobenzene, I, M. P. = 115°; II, M. P. = 128° I — I I , U. G. = 530

(37) (37) (4, 37) (37) (4) (22) (22, 48) (3,22) (22) (27) (27) (27) ( 3 ?) (13) ( 15 ) (37) ( 1S ) ( 1 ^) (5)

(37)

T - i i Formula

^T Name

Ci 2 HuN

K. G. or TT ~ U. G. 190 12 24 97±2.5 6.5 + 0.2 1.8 0.45 26 2.1 715 53

T.

Lit.

Diphenylamine (H» is) / Apiol I, M. P. =30° (46) Ci 2 Hi 4 O 4 I II, M. P. = 27.5° (46) Ci3Hi0O Benzophenone (!4) C Salol I, M. P. = 42° (io, is) Ci3Hi0O3* \ II, M. P. = 38.8° (i5) [ III, M. P. = 28.3° (i») Ci 3 HuN Benzalaniline ( 2 ^) Ci 3 Hi 3 N Benzylaniline (22) Ci4Hi0O2 Benzil (4) Ci4HioO3 Benzoic anhydride (i *) Betol (j8-Napthyl salicylate) Ci 7Hi 2O3 I, M. P. = 95° 1.7 (46) III, M. P. = 93° 0.8 (46) Saliperin (Antipyrine salicylate) Ci 8 Hi 8 N 2 O 4 i I, M. P. =91.8° 3.0 (5) II, M. P. = 86.3° 5.0 (5) Ci7Hi9NO3* Piperine Ci 9 Hi 6 Triphenylmethanc 33 + 3 (37) Triphenylguanidine, I, M. P. = 139° 21 (27) II, M. P. = 144.2° ' 6.4 (27) I-»II, U. G. = 1.5 (27) C 57 HiI 0 Q 6 I Tristearin, M. P. = 71°. 2.8 (27) * For effect of electric and magnetic fields on undercooled compound, v. ( 54 ).

I

LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) (i) Bekier, 93, 78: 178; 12. ( 2 ) Berger, 93, 85: 75; 14. ( 3 ) Block, 7, 78: 385; 12. (4) Bogojawlensky, 7, 27: 585; 98. (5) Borodowsky, 7, 43: 75; 03. ( 6 ) Boussu, 34, 176: 93; 23. ( 7 ) Boussu, 34, 177: 119; 23. ( 8 ) Burger, Diss., Utrecht, 1918. (9) Burger, 64P, 23: 616; 20. ( 10 ) Burger, 64P, 23: 691; 20. (U) Dean and Hudson, 1, 26: 1778; 24. ( 12 ) Doelter, 189, 1903: 608. (13) Dreyer, 7, 48: 467; 04. O*) Freundlich, 7, 75: 245; 11. ( l 5 ) Friedländerand Tammann, 7, 24: 152; 97. (i«) Gernez, 34, 95: 1278; 82. (") Gernez, 34, 97: 1298; 83. ( 18 ) Gernez, 34, 97: 1366; 83. ( 1 ^) Gernez, 34, 97: 1433; 83.

( 2 0 ) Grinakowski, 53, 47: 780; 15. ( 2 M Hartmann, 93, 88: 128; 14. ( 2 2) ( 4 0 ) von Pickardt, 7, 42: 17; 02. ( 4 M Schaum and Hörig, 98,132: 77; 23. ( 4 2 ) Hasselblatt, 7, 83: 1; 13. ( 23 ) Isaac, 5, 84: 344; 11. ( 24 ) Jablczynski, Schaum and Unger, 93, 132: 90; 23. ( 4 3 ) Schmidt, 7, 75: 305; 11. ( 4 4 ) 7, 82: 115; 13. ( 2S ) Kittl, 93, 77: 335; 12. ( 2 6 ) Kittl, 93, 80: 79; 13. C 2 ?) Shumov-Deleano and Dittler, 189, 1911: 753. ( 45 ) Tammann, 7, 25: 441; Lautz, 7, 84: 611; 13. ( 27 - 5 ) Le Blanc and Schmandt, 7, 77: 614, 11. 98. ( 46 ) Tammann, 7, 29: 51; 99. ( 47 ) Tammann, 7, 72: 609; 10. ( 48 ) ( 28 ) Leenhardt, Recherches sur la vitesse de la cristallisation des sels hydratés, Tammann, in van Bemmelen, Gedenkboek, p. 297. Helder, Boer, 1910. ( 49 ) Tumlirz, 75, 104: 245; 95. Paris, 1908. ( 2 9 ) Lidbury, 7, 39: 453; 01. 5 30 31 32 ( ) Marc, 7, 61: 385; 08. ( ) Marc, 7, 67: 470; 09. ( ) Marc, 7, 73: 685; ( O) Walton and Braun, 1, 38: 317; 16. (Si) Walton and Judd, 50, 18: 722: 14. (5 2 ) Wigand, 7, 75: 235; 11. (*3) Wilson, 8, 50: 238; 00. ( 54 ) 10. (33) Marc, 7, 75: 710; 11. ( 34 ) Marc, 7, 79: 71; 12. ( 35 ) Marc and Kondoguri, 53 (Phys, Pt.), 58: 279; 26. Wenk, 7, 68: 104; 09. ( 36 ) Moore, 7, 12: 545; 93. ( 37 ) Müller, 7, 86: 177; 14. ( 38 )Olivari, 22, 2211:697; 13. ( 39 ) Ostwald, 7, 22: 289; 97.

INTERDIFFUSION OF GASES AND VAPORS W. P. BOYNTON AND W. H. BRATTAIN By the coefficient of diffusion of one gas or vapor into another is api ô / öpA meant the quantity D occurring in the equation — = *~l ^ T y > t = time, pi = partial pressure of the diffusing gas, and x = a length in the direction of the diffusion ( 1 ^ 15, 22, 24). As D varies only slightly with pi, a good first approximation is -~ = ^TsT* -ôr a giyen Pa^r °f gases (A, B), the value of D for diffusion of A into B is the same as that for B into A; also D = D0 (VV-, where DQ = the value of D at TQ ( = 273°K) and p0 \J- o/ P ( = 1 atm.), D is its value at absolute temperature T and pressure p, and w is a constant which theoretically lies between 1.5 and 2.0, and practically may be taken either as 1.75 or as 2.00, depending upon the gases ( 9 > 10 > 14 » 15). For methods of measurement, see (13, 17, 22). A temperature gradient in a mixture of two gases produces a diffusion of the more massive molecules towards the region of lower temperature (l> 2 > 3> 4» 5). For separation of gases by diffusion through porous septa, see (7, 20 ); for diffusion through metals, see p. 77; through glass, rubber, and other solids, see p. 76. For diffusion of radioactive gases, see Vol. I, p. 364; of ions in gases, consult the index at the end of the last volume.

2V-S-TABLE DIFFUSION OF GASES INTO GASES D = D0 [ Jj1- ) —im= 2.00 for all cases except those marked * for \-l o/ P which m = 1.75 Gases He-Ar H2-O2 O2-N2 O2-CO O2-CO2 O2-air H2-SO2 H2-N2 H2-N20 H2-CO

D D ?' Lit. I Gases °' Lit. cm/sec cm/sec 0.641* (12, 19) H2-CO2 0550* (6» 13, 697* (6» 11» 17,19) 13,17) Hz-CH4 625* (17) 181* (n> i 7 ) H2-C2H4 486* (") 185* (13,17) H 2 -C 2 H 6 ..... .459* (17) 139 (13,17) H2-air 611* (", 21) 178* (") N2O-CO2 096 (13, 17) 480* (13) CO-CO2 137* (13, 17) 674* (U) CO-C2H4 116* (") 535* (17) CO2-CH4 153* ( 13 > 17) 651* (13, 17) CO2-air 138 (13, 17, 23 )

DIFFUSION OF VAPORS INTO GASES Values of Do (cm2/sec), and of m VaPOr

Hg, mercury r . j. I2 lodine ' -H2Q, water

Air I CQ2 I H 2 I Lit. . 0.1124f ( 16 ) / 0.0654t (16) \ 0.097 (13.1) 0.220* 0.1387 0.7516* (9* i°» n.i» 2*)

(L-TABLE.-The (T-Arrangement (t;. Vol. Ill, p. viii) Values of Do (cm2/sec), and of m ° Air I CQ2 I H 2 I Lit. CS2, carbon disulfide 0.0892 0.063 0.3689 ( 2 2 , 2 5 ) CH2O2, formic acid 0.1308 0.0874 0.5104 ( 2 5 ) CH4O, methyl alcohol 0.1325 0.0879 0.5059* (25) C 2 H 4 O 2 , acetic acid 0.1064 0.0716 0.4163 (is, 25) CzH4O2, methyl formate 0.0872* (8) C2H6O, ethyl alcohol 0.102 0.0685 0.3753 (ii.i, 25) C3H6O2, propionic acid 0.0829 0.0588 0.3297 (is, 25) C3H6O2, ethyl formate 0.0840*0.0573*0.3368* (is, 25; C3H6O2, methyl acetate 0.084 0.0567 0.3330 (8, is, 25) C3HyBr, isopropyl bromide 0.0902 O8) C3H7Br, n-propyl bromide 0.085 (i«) C 3 H 7 I, isopropyl iodide 0.0802 (is) C3H7I, n-propyl iodide 0.079 (i») C3H8O, isopropyl alcohol 0.0818 (18) C3H8O, n-propyl. alcohol 0.085 0.0577 0.3153 (>«, 25) C4H8O2, butyric'acid 0.067 0.0476 0.264 (is, 25) C4H8O2, isobutyric acid 0.0679 0.0471 0.2713 O 8 , 25) C4H8O2, methyl propionate 0.0735 0.0528 0.2949 (8, is, 25) C4H8O2, propyl formate 0.0712 0.0490 0.2810 (is, 25) C4H8O2, ethyl acetate 0.0715 0.0487 0.273 (is, 25) C4Hi0O, n-butyl alcohol 0.0703 0.0476 0.2716 O*. 25) C4HwO, isobutyl alcohol 0.0727 0.0483 0.2771 (is, 25) C4Hi0O, tri methyl carbinol 0.087 0«) C4Hi0O, ether 0.0778 0.055250.2964 (8, is, 22, 25) C 4 HnN, butylamine 0.0821 (>«) C 4 HnN, diethylamine 0.0884 (18) C 4 HnN, isobutylamine 0.0853 (i«) C5Hi0O2, isovaleric acid 0.0544 0.0376 0.2123 (is, 25) C6Hi0O2, n-valeric acid 0.050 (»«) C5Hi0O2, ethyl propionate 0.0653 0.0450 0.2365 (is, 25) C5H10O2, isobutyl formate 0.0705 (»8) C5Hi0O2, methyl butyrate 0.0633 0.0446 0.242 (18,25) C5Hi0O2, methyl isobutyrate 0.0639 0.0451 0.2569 (is, 25) C5Hi0O2, propyl acetate 0.067 (n.i, 18) CöHiüO, n-amyl alcohol 0.0589 0.0422 0.2349 ( 2 5 ) C 5 Hi 2 O, amyl alcohol, fermentation 0.0585 0.0419 0.234 ( 2 5 ) CeH6, benzeneî 0.077 0.0528 0.2948* (» Li. 25) CeH 7 N, aniline 0.6095 O3-1) CeHi 2 O 2 , caproic acid. 0.050* (»«) CeHi2O2, isocaproic acid 0.0513* (»*) CeHi2O2, amyl formate .0.0543* (**) CeHi2O2, n-butyl acetate 0.058§ (i«) ' CeHi2O2, ethyl n-butyrate 0.0579 0.0407 0.2236 (is, 25) CeHi2O2, ethyl isobutyrate 0.0591 0.0413 0.2289 (is, 25) CeHi2O2, isoamyl formate 0.058§ (««) CeHi2O2, isobutyl acetate 0.0612*0.0425*0.2364* (is, 25) CeHi2O2, methyl valerate 0.0569* (»«) CeHi2O2, propyl propionate 0.057 0.0395 0.2115 (is, 25) CeHi4O, hexyl alcohol 0.0499 0.0351 0.1997 ( 2 5 ) C7H7Cl, benzyl chloride 0.066 (H.i, 18) C7H7Cl, m-chlorotoluene 0.054* (i«) C7H7Cl, o-chlorotoluene 0.059 (i«) C7H7Cl, p-chlorotoluene 0.051 (is) C7H8, toluene 0.0709 O3-1) C 7 Hi 4 O 2 , ethyl valerate 0.0512 0.0367 0.2052 (is, 25) C 7 Hi 4 O 2 , isobutyl propionate 0.0529* 0.0366* 0.2029* (is, 25) C 7 Hi 4 O 2 , isopropyl isobutyrate 0.059§ (18) C7Hi4O2, propyl butyrate 0.0530 0.0364 0.2059 (18,25) C7Hi4O2, propyl isobutyrate 0.0549 0.0388 0.212 (is, 25) CsHio, ethylbenzene 0.0658* (18) CsHi0, w-xylene 0.059* (18) CsHi0, o-xylene 0.062* (18) CsHio, p-xylene 0.056 (is) Vap r

LITERATURE

(T-TABLE.- (Continued) VaP r

° CsHnO2, amyl propionate C8Hi6O2, isobutyl butyrate C8Hi6O2, isobutyl isobutyrate CsHi6O2, propyl valerate C8Hi8, n-octane C9Hi2, isopropylbenzene C9Hi2, mesitylene C9Hi2, w-propylbenzene C9Hi8O2, amyl butyrate C9Hi8O2, amyl isobutyrate C9Hi8O2, isobutyl valerate CioHs, naphthalene Ci0Hi0O2, isosafrol Ci0Hi0O2, safrol Ci0Hi2O2, eugenol Ci2Hi0, diphenyl Ci 2 Hi 2 N 2 , benzidine CnHio. anthracene * m = 1.75. t Into N2. § Value of m is not known.

Values of Do (cm2/sec), and of m Air CQ2 j H 2 I Lit. 0.046 0.0347*0.1914* (is, 25) 0.0468 0.0327 0.1850 ( 18 > 25 ) 0.0457 0.0364* 0.191 ( 18 > 25 ) 0.0466 0.0341 0.1893 ( 1 8 > 2 5 ) 0.0505 C13«1) 0.0489 ( 18 ) 0.056 ( 18 ) 0.0481 C 18 ) 0.040 (18) 0.0419 0.9307 0.171 (is, 25) 0.0424 0.0308 0.1730 (is, 25) 0.0513 C 13 - 1 ) 0.0455* ( 18 ) 0.0434* ( 18 ) 0.0377 ( 18 ) 0.0610 t 13 - 1 ) 0.0298 O3-1) 0.0421 Q3-1) % Into O2, D0 = 0.0633, m = 1.75 0»).

(For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) (i) Chapman, 3, 34: 146; 17. ( 2 ) Chapman, a, 93: 1; 17. ( 3 ) Chapman, 5, 99: 385; 21. (*) Chapman and Dootson, 3, 33: 248; 17. ( 5 ) Chapman and Hainsworth, 3, 48: 593; 24. («) Deutsch, Diss., Halle, 1907. (7) Fischer, Schrader and Jager, 416, 4: 289; 23. ( 8 ) Griboedov, 63, (Phys. sect.}, 25: 36; 93. (9) Guglielmo, 23, 17: 54; 81. 18: 93; 82. (i O) Houdaille, Thesis, Paris, 1896. C 11 ) Jackmann, Diss., Halle, 1906. O l - 1 ) LeBlanc and Wuppermann, 7, 91: 143; 16. («) Lonius, 5, 29: 664; 09. Diss., Halle, 1909. O 3 ) Loschmidt, 75, 61: 367; 70. 62: 468; 70. (is.i) Mack, 1, 49: 135; 27. (i*) Maxwell, ^, 157: 49; 67. 3, 35: 129, 185; 68. (i 5) Meyer, Kinetic Theory of Gases, p. 247; 1899. C1 «) Mullaly and Jacques, 3, 48: 1105; 24. (17) von Obermayer, 75, 81: 1102; 80. 85: 147, 748; 82. 87: 188; 83. 96: 546; 87. ( 18 ) Pochettino, 59, 8: No. 7, 5c; 15. 10, 4: 744; 22. (i*>) Schmidt, Diss., Halle, 1904. 8, 14: 801; 04. (20) Schmidt and Lücke, 96, 8: 152; 22. (21) Schulze, 7, 89: 168; 15. (") Stefan, 75, 63: 63; 71. 65:323:72. 68: 385; 73. 98:1418; 89. 5,41:723; 90. ( 2 3) Waitz, 8, 17: 201; 82. (2*) Waitz, in Winkelmann, Handbuch der Physik, I, pt. 2: 1415; 08. (25) Winkelmann, 8, 22: l, 152; 84. 23: 203; 84. 26: 105; 85. 33: 445; 88. 36:93:89.

COEFFICIENTS OF DIFFUSION IN LIQUIDS H. R. BRUINS CONTENTS

In In In In In In

PAGE

water methyl alcohol ethyl alcohol benzene metals other liquids

63 72 73 74 75 75

Abbreviations and Conventions A.—Defined by the equation — dì = A —, OX* where c is the concentration of the diffusing substance at the time t and x is the distance in the direction of the diffusion. The diffusion coefficient, A, ("true" diffusion coefficient), is thus a function of c. In the following tables these "true" diffusion coefficients are in all cases marked with an asterisk and they correspond to the concentration given in the c-column of the table, this concentration being also marked with an asterisk. All unmarked values in the A-column of the tables represent some kind of "mean" value of A over a range of concentration: they correspond to a diffusion from an initial concentration, Co, (appearing in the c-column) into the pure solvent (unless otherwise indicated). These "mean" values depend also on the method employed and in some cases on the type of apparatus used; values obtained by different methods are therefore not comparable. As far as possible the experimental methods employed in determining these "mean" values are indicated by Roman numerals as follows : I. Method of steady state. II. Second method of Graham (27, 93). III. Method of Stefan-Schuhmeister (118). IV. First method of Graham ("4, 143). V. Indicator method (2, 127). c = 0* indicates diffusion in very dilute solution. A is then practically identical with A00 (diffusion coefficient for infinite dilution).

Temperature coefficient a = . ,\—

*\> where t\ > tz.

Af 1 (Il — t2J

Units Values of A are in cm /sec. Values of c are in gram-moles per liter except in the case of electrolytes where they are in g-equiv. per liter. Accuracy The values following the ± sign indicate (a) in the case of the "true" A, the estimated possible error in the absolute value; resp. (6) in the case of the "mean" A, the possible deviation from the correct value for the experimental method employed. The actual errors will probably not exceed these values. The reliability of the A values is indicated in many cases as follows: Symbol A B C D E F~~ Error probably <± 2% 3% 5% 7% 10% (?) 2

DIFFUSION IN WATERf (OR IN A GIVEN AQUEOUS SOLUTION) 1. ELEMENTARY SUBSTANCES—^-TABLE Cl»t C

° ê}SP*

1O5A

Method

12 16

(TÌ 0.12§

Te 1.2e[[

ÏÎ

12

0.1

0.9

*, °C

Lit.

(42) (74)

BT2

I

II

I (42)

H 2 ; Cf. ( 6 , 4 3 , 6 6 ) 10 16 21

O* O* O^

4.3*F 4.7*F 5.2*F

(75) (74) I (74)

I2;1[c/. ( 1 7 »42) J1 0C 20

I

C0 I 0.046

IQ5A l.lsA 1.2s A 1.3.1 A 1.35 A

I

C, KI 1# 2N 3AT 4AT

I Method | Lit. II (90)

t For most of the radioactive substances, v. Vol. I, p. 364. Î Hydrolyzed! § Saturated at 1 atm. || Probably too low. 1 In KI. For A in solutions of NH4Br, NHJ, NaBr, NaI and KBr. v. (»<>).

LITERATURE

(T-TABLE.- (Continued) VaP r

° CsHnO2, amyl propionate C8Hi6O2, isobutyl butyrate C8Hi6O2, isobutyl isobutyrate CsHi6O2, propyl valerate C8Hi8, n-octane C9Hi2, isopropylbenzene C9Hi2, mesitylene C9Hi2, w-propylbenzene C9Hi8O2, amyl butyrate C9Hi8O2, amyl isobutyrate C9Hi8O2, isobutyl valerate CioHs, naphthalene Ci0Hi0O2, isosafrol Ci0Hi0O2, safrol Ci0Hi2O2, eugenol Ci2Hi0, diphenyl Ci 2 Hi 2 N 2 , benzidine CnHio. anthracene * m = 1.75. t Into N2. § Value of m is not known.

Values of Do (cm2/sec), and of m Air CQ2 j H 2 I Lit. 0.046 0.0347*0.1914* (is, 25) 0.0468 0.0327 0.1850 ( 18 > 25 ) 0.0457 0.0364* 0.191 ( 18 > 25 ) 0.0466 0.0341 0.1893 ( 1 8 > 2 5 ) 0.0505 C13«1) 0.0489 ( 18 ) 0.056 ( 18 ) 0.0481 C 18 ) 0.040 (18) 0.0419 0.9307 0.171 (is, 25) 0.0424 0.0308 0.1730 (is, 25) 0.0513 C 13 - 1 ) 0.0455* ( 18 ) 0.0434* ( 18 ) 0.0377 ( 18 ) 0.0610 t 13 - 1 ) 0.0298 O3-1) 0.0421 Q3-1) % Into O2, D0 = 0.0633, m = 1.75 0»).

(For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) (i) Chapman, 3, 34: 146; 17. ( 2 ) Chapman, a, 93: 1; 17. ( 3 ) Chapman, 5, 99: 385; 21. (*) Chapman and Dootson, 3, 33: 248; 17. ( 5 ) Chapman and Hainsworth, 3, 48: 593; 24. («) Deutsch, Diss., Halle, 1907. (7) Fischer, Schrader and Jager, 416, 4: 289; 23. ( 8 ) Griboedov, 63, (Phys. sect.}, 25: 36; 93. (9) Guglielmo, 23, 17: 54; 81. 18: 93; 82. (i O) Houdaille, Thesis, Paris, 1896. C 11 ) Jackmann, Diss., Halle, 1906. O l - 1 ) LeBlanc and Wuppermann, 7, 91: 143; 16. («) Lonius, 5, 29: 664; 09. Diss., Halle, 1909. O 3 ) Loschmidt, 75, 61: 367; 70. 62: 468; 70. (is.i) Mack, 1, 49: 135; 27. (i*) Maxwell, ^, 157: 49; 67. 3, 35: 129, 185; 68. (i 5) Meyer, Kinetic Theory of Gases, p. 247; 1899. C1 «) Mullaly and Jacques, 3, 48: 1105; 24. (17) von Obermayer, 75, 81: 1102; 80. 85: 147, 748; 82. 87: 188; 83. 96: 546; 87. ( 18 ) Pochettino, 59, 8: No. 7, 5c; 15. 10, 4: 744; 22. (i*>) Schmidt, Diss., Halle, 1904. 8, 14: 801; 04. (20) Schmidt and Lücke, 96, 8: 152; 22. (21) Schulze, 7, 89: 168; 15. (") Stefan, 75, 63: 63; 71. 65:323:72. 68: 385; 73. 98:1418; 89. 5,41:723; 90. ( 2 3) Waitz, 8, 17: 201; 82. (2*) Waitz, in Winkelmann, Handbuch der Physik, I, pt. 2: 1415; 08. (25) Winkelmann, 8, 22: l, 152; 84. 23: 203; 84. 26: 105; 85. 33: 445; 88. 36:93:89.

COEFFICIENTS OF DIFFUSION IN LIQUIDS H. R. BRUINS CONTENTS

In In In In In In

PAGE

water methyl alcohol ethyl alcohol benzene metals other liquids

63 72 73 74 75 75

Abbreviations and Conventions A.—Defined by the equation — dì = A —, OX* where c is the concentration of the diffusing substance at the time t and x is the distance in the direction of the diffusion. The diffusion coefficient, A, ("true" diffusion coefficient), is thus a function of c. In the following tables these "true" diffusion coefficients are in all cases marked with an asterisk and they correspond to the concentration given in the c-column of the table, this concentration being also marked with an asterisk. All unmarked values in the A-column of the tables represent some kind of "mean" value of A over a range of concentration: they correspond to a diffusion from an initial concentration, Co, (appearing in the c-column) into the pure solvent (unless otherwise indicated). These "mean" values depend also on the method employed and in some cases on the type of apparatus used; values obtained by different methods are therefore not comparable. As far as possible the experimental methods employed in determining these "mean" values are indicated by Roman numerals as follows : I. Method of steady state. II. Second method of Graham (27, 93). III. Method of Stefan-Schuhmeister (118). IV. First method of Graham ("4, 143). V. Indicator method (2, 127). c = 0* indicates diffusion in very dilute solution. A is then practically identical with A00 (diffusion coefficient for infinite dilution).

Temperature coefficient a = . ,\—

*\> where t\ > tz.

Af 1 (Il — t2J

Units Values of A are in cm /sec. Values of c are in gram-moles per liter except in the case of electrolytes where they are in g-equiv. per liter. Accuracy The values following the ± sign indicate (a) in the case of the "true" A, the estimated possible error in the absolute value; resp. (6) in the case of the "mean" A, the possible deviation from the correct value for the experimental method employed. The actual errors will probably not exceed these values. The reliability of the A values is indicated in many cases as follows: Symbol A B C D E F~~ Error probably <± 2% 3% 5% 7% 10% (?) 2

DIFFUSION IN WATERf (OR IN A GIVEN AQUEOUS SOLUTION) 1. ELEMENTARY SUBSTANCES—^-TABLE Cl»t C

° ê}SP*

1O5A

Method

12 16

(TÌ 0.12§

Te 1.2e[[

ÏÎ

12

0.1

0.9

*, °C

Lit.

(42) (74)

BT2

I

II

I (42)

H 2 ; Cf. ( 6 , 4 3 , 6 6 ) 10 16 21

O* O* O^

4.3*F 4.7*F 5.2*F

(75) (74) I (74)

I2;1[c/. ( 1 7 »42) J1 0C 20

I

C0 I 0.046

IQ5A l.lsA 1.2s A 1.3.1 A 1.35 A

I

C, KI 1# 2N 3AT 4AT

I Method | Lit. II (90)

t For most of the radioactive substances, v. Vol. I, p. 364. Î Hydrolyzed! § Saturated at 1 atm. || Probably too low. 1 In KI. For A in solutions of NH4Br, NHJ, NaBr, NaI and KBr. v. (»<>).

0

t, C I C0 I 2 5 0 7 0 5

C0 (resp. c*)

*' ° 19

O* O* O* O^

22

12.—(Continued) IQ5A I C, KI I Method | Lit. 1.2sB 0 . 2 5 A T ( 4 0 ) 1.2sB 0.5AT 1.3sB l.OAT 1.4eB 2.OAT 1.4sB 3.OAT 1.4sB 4.5A r N 2 ; cf. (43) C, NaCl, Li 1UA Lltt % 1.9s*E 1.8*E 1.8*E 2.02*E

20 30 40 O

(3)

H 2 SO 4 ; Cf. (34, 35, 36, 52, 59, 140)

*,°C

~~8

13

10 18

(74)

Q 2 ; C/. (43, 66, 74)

18.0 18

O* O* O* O*

1.9s*±0.04 1 (18,19) 1.7*E 20 (3) 1.6*E 30 (3) 1.1*? 40 (3) Rn; cf. (141) __' O* |1.U*±0.07| I I (112) 2. CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS—A-TABLE Standard Arrangement (v. Vol. Ill, p. viii)

18

20.0

HCl;t C/. (4, 34, 35, 36, 52, 59, 68, 114, 122, 140)

t, 0C

C

O

5

10

13 15 12.Of

16.Ot 13 19

15

I

° (r^Sp' c ) 9 7 4 3 2 0.4 6 1.3 0.4 9 6.5 2.5 0.8 0.5 4.5 0.8 2.5 1-0 0.5 0.25 0.1 0.05 0.02 0.01 0.5 0.1 0.175* 2.0* 3.2* 1.0* 0.3* 0.2* 0.1*

O*

1O5A 2.7 2.4 2.1 2.0 1.8 1.6 2.4 1.9 1.8 3.3 3.0 2.5 2.2 2.1 3.0 2.6(?) 2.9 2.27 + 0.02 2.24 ± 0.02 2.26 ± 0.02 2.29 ± 0.03 2.31 ± 0.03 2.34 ± 0.04 2.38 ± 0.04 2.44 ± 0.03 2.47 ± 0.03 2.3*E 3.8*E 4.5*E 3.0*E 2.7*E 2.7*E 2.5*E

Method II, IV

1O5A

Method

To 0.55 0.24 0.16 0.0s 8.6 0.6 0.3 1.0 2.0 10* 5* 3* 1* 0.4* 0.05* 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.75 0.5 0.25 O1I

1.24D 1.17D 1.17D l.lsD 1.2sD 1.5oD 1.44D 1.34D 1.2i ± 0.06 1.26 ± 0.06 2.7*E 2.2*E 1.9*E 1.6*E 1.5*E 1.5*t 1.5OB 1.56B 1.58B 1.6OB 1.62B 1.63B 1.73B

ïî

("S)

II

(US)

II

(4)

Lit. (H5,116)

16

I

O*

I

Lit.

(134)

II

N 2 O; cf. (66) 1.54*E I

(103)

I ( 75 )

NH 3 ; Cf. (43, 6 6 , 9 2 , 1 4 0 )

3.5

1.24C

0.7

1.24C

8 12 15 8

1.0 1.0 1.0 t

10 15

5

II, IV

(115,116)

II, IV

(115,116)

II

- (115)

1.36C 1.64B 1.77C 1.OsE

II II II I

(4) (4) (i) (75)

t

LUE

I

( 75 )

t

1.26E

I

(75)

HNO 3 ; Cf. ( 3 5 , 5 2 , 5 9 , 140)

6 II, IV

(115,116)

II, IV (115,116) II (93)

9

12 20.0

II

(93) (134) (134)

H2S (in 20% gelatin); cf. (43) I 1.4*F I I (66)

t « = 0.019, between 12 and 160C ( 93 ).

'0^*

20

ITo l.o 0.84 2.0 1.5 0.8

1.7sC 1.82C 1.7sC 2.04C 2.OeC 2.0iC

0.6

1.94C

O.i 0.55 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.25 0.1 0.05 4.0* 1.0* 0.4* 0.1*

2.0oC 2.2iB 2.49B 2.47B 2.5OB 2.58A 2.59A 2.6OA 2.62A 2.9*E 2.7*E 2.6*E 2.4*E

ÏÏ

(us)

II

(US)

II II

(4) (103)

(134)

NH 4 NO 3 ; cf. (52) 15 I 0.4 I 1.3F t Probably too low. J Satd. at 1 atm.

I

II

I(59)

""

NH4Cl; Cf. ( 5 2 , 5 9 , 8 4 , 1 1 5 , 1 4 0 )

^c0

C0 (reap. c ) 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 4.5 2.3 5.0' 0.2

Of 2Of 3Ot 4Ot 8 12 18

CdSO4

Method

1()5A

0.93A 1.64À 2.0?A 2.5oA 1.3E 1.5E 1.7E 1.5C

Lit.

t, °C

6

NH4HSO4 ( 9) Diffuses as a mixture of (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 and H2SO4 1.0 1.0

0.4?B 0.92B

V V

(125) (125)

l5

0.5

0.73F

II

(59)

II

(ios)

1 . 4 6 1.60*B 1.77*B

*

8 14

10

17 B

18.0 O* 1.7i* ± 0.03 For other C-compounds, v. p. 69. Pb(N0 3 ) 2 12 0.8 0.7eC Oj 0.82C ZnCl2 15 I O.i I 0.73F I

(

7

4 , 7 5 , 120) (74,75,120) (74,75,120)

20

(18,19)

II

II

8

20

20

19.0 I 5 18

4* 1* 4*

2.75* 1.25* 0.75* 0.375* 0.125* 0.025* 0.005* 3.0* 0.55* 0.05* 4.0* 0.7* 0.1* 0.5* 270 2.0*

t In 0.5 % agar.

0.l4*F 0.27*F 0.24*F

0.2o*1 0.2s* 0.26* 0.3i* 0.33* 0.42* [ 0.44* 0.3s* 0.42* 0.54*J Zn(N0 3 ) 2 ;c/. (59) 0.89*E 0.92*E 1.02*E Zn(CHO2)2, Formate I 0.54*(?) I Zn(C2H3O2)2, Acetate *O.U*(?) 0.24*(?)

2.0

CuCl2 0.5oE

I (u»)

I

II II II

(130) (130) (130)

III

|(H8)

7

CuSO4; cf. ( > i° > !25) 0.24F III 0.2sF 0.27F III 0.2sF 0.3i ± 0.02 IV 0.3s ± 0.02 0.39 ± 0.02 IV 0.2o*l 0.26* 0.3i* 0.4o* 0.26*

0* l1. U

O Z9 9o* I E U.

0.5* 0.3* 0.1* 0.5* 0,1* 0.01*

0.34*[ 0.38* 0.4s* 0.38* 0.5o* O.5s*J

t0

(US) (US) (143) (143)

(

*

,134. }

3

0.14

0.94C

II, IV

(115,116)

7

5 2

0.7C O.SsC

II, IV

(115,116)

0.3

(59)

9 12

(119,142) (119,142) (119,142)

(

I

Lit.

AgNO 3

(US)

ZnSO 4 ; C/. ( 4 6 , 4 7 , 5 9 , 8 4 , 1 1 8 ) O 15 18

0.6s 0.76 0.92

1.6 2.2 1.1 2.2 2.5 1.2 0.4 2.0* 1.0* 0.3* 0.1* 2.0*

CO 2 ; Cf. (43, 66, 147, 148, 149, 150)

~ ~ T Ö O * 15 O* 20 O*

0.2s*(?)

60

(NH 4 ) 2 S0 4 ; Cf. (46, 47, 58)

3.0 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.25

I

5

Ot 20t

Method

0.25 0.25 0.25

(114)

IV

1O5A

HgCl2

10 13 18

5

20.0

P

° *? ' c ) 19.0 I 2.0* I

V (126) V (126) V (126) V (126) III (u«) III (u«)

H 3 PO 4 ; cf. (52) 0.75 ± 0.03 0.76 ± 0.03 0.79 ± 0.03 0.80 ± 0.03 0.85 ± 0.03 0.89 + 0.03

C (r

1.04G

0.02* 3.9* 0.9* 0.1* 0.1 0.05 0.17

12.0 14.0 15.0

Is

0.5

15

0.5

1.1*E 0.6*E 1.0*E l.l5*E 1.22 ± 0.04 1.33 ± 0.04 1.2s + 0.04 I

MnCl2 0.72F

(134) (134) II (77) II (77) II (77)

I

II

|(59)

II

|(59)

II

|(59)

II

(14)

}

MnSO4 0.35F

Mn(NO 3 ) 2 15

(134)

I (119)

I

0.7F

0.3

I

FeCl2; cf. (59) 0.73 0.69t 0.61Î

15

0.2 0.2 0.2

15

0.5

I

0.39F

I

II

1(59)

0.3

I

Fe(NOs) 3 0.57

I

II

|(14)

__

FeSO4

(119) 15

I

t In 0.1N HCl. Î In 20 % HCl.

CoCl,;t c/. (us, lis) *, °C

ô 20 40

5 20 40

C (r

P

5

° *? ' e )

1O A

___^

Method

Lit.

öl

OTs

(Ì40)

0.1 0.1

1.0 IJ)

(140) (140)

ÔTÏ6 0.16 0.16

NiCUt ( T o 1.0 1.7

(

1

t, °C

4 0 ) (140) (140)

0.4 0.4

20.0

To 1.0 0.75 0.5 0.1 0.05

O 20 30 40

H3BO3 0.94 ± 0.03 0.94 ± 0.03 0.95 ± 0.03 0.96 ± 0.03 1.0111 1.101T

II

( 71 )

ÏÏ

(103)

O 20 40

0.0s 0.0s O.Qs

I

O 20 40

10

TO 1.0 2.2 1.0 0.5 3.2 QA

0.2 7 B 0.5iB 0.3sD 0.3sD 0.3sD 0.3iD 0.39D

V V II

O 20 40

0.2 0.2 0.2

Ca(OH)2f 0.9 1.6 2J>

5 0.4 0.3 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0

CaCl2 î cf. (118,140) 0.82D 0.74D O.SoD 0.6sA l.leA 1.4sA 1.83A

9 0|| 20|| 30 U 40||

14

0.30 0.14

I

0.8F

0.5

Ca(N0 3 ) 2 0.8i ± 0.03 0.85 ± 0.03

I

II

(125) (125) (US)

(140) (140) (140) V

(126)

V

(126)

II

(US)

I (7Q)

(140) (140) (140)

Sk^1-

n

0.02

0.91+0.03

II

0.01 0.55 0.28 0.5 0.05 1.0 1.0

0.93 ± 0.03 0.92 ± 0.03 0.97 ± 0.03 1.06 ± 0.02 1.12 ± 0.02 1.12B 1.32B LiBr l.OE 0.9E LiI 0.92E 0.9oE

0.25 0.1 0.05 13.0 15.0 18.0

(US)

20.OU 30.OU

|(59)

^ (US)

Lit.

(140) (140) (140)

0.8 1.5 2.3

1:1

(140) (140) (140) II

Method

For A in solutions of various organic substances, see ( 10 °). _ _ 0.84] 2.0 0.81

Mg(N0 3 ) 2 15

1O A

LiCl;u Cf. (34, 36,59, 118, 126)

(126) (126) (126) (126)

11.0

II

O*

0.3 0.3 Oj

MgSO 4 ; Cf. (46, 47, 59, 118, 122)

OU 20|| 7

,____

5

Ba(OH) 2 f 0.9 1.5 2.4 BaCl2; cf. («6, 140) 0.6eA 0.6sA l.leA 1.22A 1.4sA 1.8oA 0.7eD 0.7sD RaCl2I I 0.77* I LiOH ;f cf. (59) 0.7 1.3 2J.

1.0 0.1 1.0 0.1 1.0 LO 2.0 O1S

3Ot 4Ot 8

18

MgCl 2 ;I] cf. (36, 59, 140) 0.6iA V 1.12A V 1.42A V 1.7sA V

1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0

O 20 40

2OJ

U02(N03)2 0.6? 0.5i§

18

P

° *? * c / O.i O.i O.i

Ot

Ni(N03)2 (U 3 )

Sr(OH)2f C (

8

4?3 2.3

ÏÔ 13

T2 0.9

0.81 0.83 O.85J

u

(77>81 93)

'

-° 2

(77,81,93)

(86) (86)

ÎÏÏ

(US)

ÏÏÏ

(US)

LÌ2SO4

V V V V

II

t In 2 % agar, probably ca. 10 % lower than in water. Î In 2 % agar, probably ca. 10 % 4- lower than in water. § In 8N HNO3. 1[ Probably too high. Il In 0.5 % agar.

(126) (126) (126) (126)

(77)

15

I

0.6

I

0.53F

I

II

I (59)

.|

II

1(59)

LiNO3 15

I

0.5*

I

1.0*F

NaOH;** cf. (4, 34, 35, 59, I I S , 134, 140)

9 0 . 0 2 * 1 . 2 * F ( 1 3 4 ) 12 4.0* 1.1*E (134) 1.0* 1.2*E 0.1* 1.3*E t In 2 % agar, probably ca. 10 % less than in water. Î In 0.5 % agar. § In 0.01N HCl. (I a = 0.027 between 9 and 180C; cf. ( 93 ). U In 2 % agar. ** a = 0.023 between 8 and 15°; cf. ( 93 ).

NaOH.—(Continued] t, 0C

12 13 8.0

15.0

C

°Ö* S Pc )

0.5 2.0 0.54 0.5 0.1 2.0 1.0 0.5 0.2 0.1 0.05 0.02 Q.Ql

105A

NaBr

Method

1.3sC 1.23C 1.37C 1.19 ±0.01 1.22 ± 0.01 1.36 ± 0.02 1.39 ± 0.02 1.41 ± 0.02 1.45 ± 0.02 1.47 ± 0 . 0 2 1.49 ± 0.04 1.51 ± 0.04 1.54 ± 0.04

II II

t, 0C

Lit.

(4) (4)

5.0

18.0

0.05* 0.1* 0.2* 0.4* 0.6* 0.8* 1.0* 1.5* 2.0* 2.5* 3.0* 3.5* 4.0* 4.5* 5.0* 5.4* 5.4 2.75 0.9 0.5 0.23 0.1 0.05 0.02 0.01 0.9 0.1

1.26* ± 0.02 1.24* ± 0.02 1.21* ± 0.02 1.20* ± 0.02 1.21* ± 0.02 1.22* ± 0.02 1.24* ± 0.02 1.27* ± 0.02 1.30* ± 0.02 1.33* ± 0.02 1.36* ± 0.02 1.39* ± 0.02 1.43* ± 0.02 1.46* ± 0.02 1.50* ± 0.02 1.54* ± 0.02 0.83Ì 0.83 0.84 ~^ U 1 0.84 ™ 0.86 °'02 0.87J 0.89 ± 0.03 0.90 ± 0.03 0.91 ± 0.03 1.23 ± 0.02 1.30 ± 0.02

Lit.

(us)

III

NaI; cf. (59, si)

II (93)

~ J ; S 13

«I«}!.;.»^T^

0.086 0.24

1.13 ±0.04 1.09 ± 0.04

II (77)

NaNO 3 ; cf. (52, ss, lis)

^^

3

5.5

0.66Ü

II, IV

(115,116)

11

1.2 3

0.72C 0.89C

II, IV

(115,116)

13

2 0.5 6.0

0.94C 0.97C 0.89C

II, IV

(115,116)

0.5

1.04C

10

3.9* 0.9* 0.1* 0.02* 0.3

(24,25, 26)

Is

0.73*E 0.9i*E 0.97*E 0.9s*E l.OF

(134)

(59)

II

Na2SO3 15

I

0.5

I

0.59F

I

II

1(59)

Na2SO4JfC/. ( 5 9 , 1 1 8 , 1 2 2 )

O 20

TO 1.0

0.3eB 0.77B

V V

(123) (123)

ÏÔ

TI 0.2

Na2S2O3 0.62D 0.74D

IV

(ne)

NaHSO4 (59) Diffuses as a mixture of Na2SQ4 and H2SQ4.

(93)

II

5 5 9 20 Is

II (93)

5.0Î

0.05

0.89

II

(93,136)

0.05

1.03

II

(93,136)

15.Ot

0.05

1.19

II

(93,136)

20 Ot

0.05

1.39

II

(93,136)

25.Ot

0.05

1.61

II

(93,136)

30.Ot

0.05

1.84

II

(93,136)

18.0

0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 1.0 1.0

1.17 ± 0.02 1.18 ± 0.02 1.19 ± 0.02 1.20 ± 0.02 1.21 ± 0.02 1.23 ± 0.02 1.24 ± 0.02 1.25 ± 0.02 1.27B 1.55B

t « = 0.025 between 18 and 50C; c/. (").

Method

1.0 [D to E 1.1 J

3.7 3.0

II (93)

10.Ot

20§ 30§

^P' 1O5A c ) 4 J Ö 0 . 9 ]

8 10 13

NaClJt Cf. (4, 13, 15, 36, 44, 59, 67, 68, 111, 115, 116, 122, 126, 127, 129, 134, 137, 140, 147)

18.0

Co (r

6

5 12 14 14

(86)

Î Interpolated.

_ § In 2 % agar.

II (us) III (UO) III (US) III (US) II (59)

0.3

Na2C2O4, Oxalate 0.6o I

II

|(H5)

NaCHO2, Formate 0 7 4 0 . 8 o C ÏV (ne) 0_9 0.84C NaC2H3O2, Acetate; c/. (59, 122) ÔL25 ÖJ6C îï (ÎÎ4) 0.4-0.06 0.76C II (78,115) 0.03-0.01 0.82C 0.125 0.87C II (77) 0.105 0.86C II (81)

8 10

(24)

I

I

0.5 2.0 2.4 3.5 0.6

Na 2 CO 3 ;t c/. ( 58 ) 0.5iD 0.37E 0.43E 0.7oE 0.77F

4

I

15

I

Na2C4H4O6, Tartrate 0.25 I 0.5oC I NaC7H6OsS, Sulfobenzoate 0.3 0.80 I II

t In 0.5 % agar. Î Hydrolyzed.

H

K 115 )

I (116)

KOH ;f cf. t 34 » 35, 59, i15, 14°) ^ oc

10.0 18.0

13

13

C0 (resp. c ) 0.45 0.05 1.8 0.9 0.45 0.2 0.1 0.05 0.02 0.01 3.0 1.0 0.75 0.5 0.375 4.0* 1.0* 0.1* 0.02*

KCl.—(Continued)

Method

1()5A

1.76 ± 0.02 1.81 ± 0.02 2.19 ± 0.02 2.15 ± 0.02 2.13 ± 0.03 2.13 ± 0.03 2.15 ± 0.03 2.17 ± 0.04 2.19 ± 0.04 2.20 ± 0.05 2.3C 2.OsC 2.OsC 2.OC 2.OC 2.8*E 2.1*E 2.0*E 1.9*E

II II

Lit.

(93)

1

OQ

(TO

(93)

1.10

1.14 ± 0.02

±0.02

ÏÏ

(93, 95, 102)

1.18

±0.02

II

(93,95,102)

9.0

0.05 0.02 0.01

1.20 ± 0 . 0 3 1.28 ±0.03 1.30 ±0.03

II

(93,95,102)

II

(93,95,102)

II

(93,95,102)

II

(93, 95, 102)

II

(93,95,102)

II

(93,95,102)

II

(16, 27, 31)

ÏÏÎ

(US)

III

(US)

18.0

20.0 24.0 30.0 ^__

ITS

0.251F

Lit.

O.IK

(4)

(134)

Method

1Q5A

7.0

14.0

II

C0 (resp. c*)

20.00

LOU

1.38

0.511 0.25H

1.38 ± 0 . 0 2 1.39 ± 0 . 0 2

±0.02

1.Ot

1.54

O.IH 1. OU 0.25H 1.01Ï 0.25H l.Olf 0.51Ï 0.25H 0.1

1.60 ±0.01 1.61 ± 0.02 1.63 ± 0 . 0 2 1.78 ± 0 . 0 2 1.79 ± 0 . 0 2 2.00 ± 0 . 0 2 2.01 ± 0 . 0 2 2.03 ± 0 . 0 2 1.676 ± 0.005

±0.01

KCl; Cf. (34, 36, 59, 63, 67, 86, 1 1 1 , 118, 122, 126, 134, 137, 140)

For A in solutions of various organic substances, see (10°) 18.0 0.05* 1.55* ± 0.03 (24, 25,26) 0.1* 1.52* ± 0.03 0.2* 1.50* ± 0.03 0.4* 1.49* ± 0.03 0.6* 1.53* ± 0.03 0.8* 1.56* ± 0.03 1.0* 1.59* ± 0.03 1.5* 1.66* ± 0.03 2.0* 1.74* ± 0.03 2.5* 1.82* ± 0.03 3.0* 1.92* ± 0.03 3.5* 2.02* ± 0.03 4.0* 2.13* ± 0.03 O 2.7Î 1.05 ± 0 . 0 3 I (24,61,62) 13 2.7J 1.39 ± 0 . 0 3 I (24,61,62) 18 2.7J 1.63 ±0.03 I (24,61,62) 24 2.7Î 1.77 ± 0 . 0 3 I (24,61,62) O 1.3J 0.99 ± 0 . 0 3 I (24) 15 1.3Î 1.46 ± 0.03 I (24) 18 1.3J 1.53 ± 0.03 I (24) 24 1.3Î 1.79 ± 0 . 0 3 I (24) 18.0 0.4 1.46 ± 0.03 I (24) 0.6 1.48 ± 0 . 0 3 0.8 1.49 ± 0 . 0 3 1.0 1.51 ± 0 . 0 3 1.5 1.54 ± 0 . 0 3 2.0 1.58 ±0.03 2.5 1.62 ±0.03 0§ 1.0 0.94A V (126) 20§ 1.0 1.64A V (126) 30§ 1.0 2.0?A V (126) 40§ 1.0 2.5oA V (126) 5.0 3.6 1.09 ± 0 . 0 2 II (93,95,102) l.OH 1.08 ± 0 . 0 2 0.51T 1.09 ± 0 . 0 2 0

93

t a = 0.021 between 18 and 1O C; cf. ( ). t For C0 = 2.7: At = A0 (1 + 0.02« + 0.0005<2). For C0 = 1.3: A* = Ao(I 4- 0.023« + 0.00047*2). § In 0.5 % agar. 1 1Q6A = A J l + 0.0242(< - 18) -f 0.0001(< - !8)2), where

For co = A =

OTl 1.595

0.25 1.549

OTH 1.537

| |

TO 1.536

Ï2 20

8.0

15.0 9 16

13.0

KBr 1.4D 1.4D 1.4D 1.6D 1.8D 1.8D

To 2.2 2.3 1.4 3.2 4J)

5.3 2.7 0.9 0.46 0.18 0.09 0.045 0.02 0.01 0.46 0.046 1.4 5.4 1.1 1.4 2.4 4.0 6.0 0.09

KI;fc/. (52,59) 1.37 ± 0.02 1.27 ± 0.02 1.21 ± 0.02 1.22 ± 0.02 1.22 ± 0.02 1.23 ± 0.02 1.25 ± 0.04 1.26 ± 0.04 1.29 ± 0.04 1.46 ± 0.02 1.49 ± 0.02 1.3D 1.6D 1.5D 1.5D 1.6D 1.8D 2.OD 1.45 ± 0.05

II

(93)

II

(93)

III

(US)

III

(US)

II

(77)

II

1(59)

K2SO3 15

0.4

0.87F

I

K 2 SO 4 ; C/. ( 4 6 , 4 7 , 5 9 , 1 1 8 ) OJ

2Ot 9 20

1.0

1.0 0.02* 0.95* 0.25* 0.05* 0.005*

0.47C

0.9iB 0.9*E 0.9*E 1.0*E 1.1*E 1.2*E

t a. = 0.0235 between 15 and 80C; c/. ( 93 ).

V

(125)

V (125) (134) (134)

J In 0.5 % agar.

"

KHSO4; t59, 134) Diffuses as a mixture of K2SO4 and H2SO4.

C-TABLB (T-Arrangement (v. Vol. III, p. viii) CH2O2, Formic acid; cf. (133, 140)

KNO 3 ; Cf. (52, 58, 59, 115, 118, 134) 0

t, C 18.0

0.0 15.0 16.0 18.0

19.0 24.0 25.0

5 9 21

14

C

°

ê}Sp'

1O5A

0.05* 0.1* 0.2* 0.4* 0.6* 0.8* 1.0* 1.5* 2.0* 2.5* l.Of O.Sf l.Of 0.5î 0.05 0.1 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 2.6 l.Of 0.5f l.Of 0.5f

1.46* ± 0.02 1.43* ± 0.02 1.39* ±0.02 1.34* ±0.02 1.30* ± 0.02 1.27* ± 0 . 0 2 1.24* ± 0.02 1.19* ± 0 . 0 2 1.15* ± 0.02 1.17* ± 0 . 0 2 0.87 ±0.03 0.89 ± 0.03 1.26 ±0.03 1.29 ±0.03 1.49 ± 0 . 0 2 1.46 ±0.02 1.43 ± 0.02 1.40 ± 0 . 0 2 1.37 ±0.02 1.35 ± 0.02 1.33 ± 0 . 0 2 1.25 ± 0 . 0 2 1.35 ± 0 . 0 3 1.42 ±0.03 1.54 ± 0 . 0 3 0.55 ± 0 . 0 3

16

12.0

18.0

C0 (resp. c ) 1.0 Q*

OG

9 15

12.0

I I I I I

(24) (24) (24) (24) (24)

15 20.0

15

|

15

|

I I I

(24)

0.063 0.03 0.15 0.05 0.016 0.007

K2Cr2O7 0.96C 0.99C 1.09C 1.17C 1.17C 1.24C

(4) (136)

O*

|

1.28*C

|

|(136)

(24) (24) (118)

ïï

(77)

îï

I (14)

II

ÎV

(14)

10

15 20.0

(143)

IV (143)

t For C0 = 1.0: A = 0.87(1 -f 0.023t + 0.00032*2) X 10~5. For C0 = 0.5: A = 0.89(1 + 0.24* + 0.00027*2) x 1Q-«. J Hydrolyzed. § In O.IJST KCI.

RbCl and CsCl ( 9 I) Relative determinations; at 180C, KCl: RbCl: CsCl = 1.00: 1.02: 1.05 (semi-quantitative).

9 15 15

0.7

|

1.17F

|

II

|(59)

C2H2O4, Oxalic acid; cf. (52, no) 0.4 0.7sD II, IV (114,115) 0.8 0.82D II, IV (114,115) 0.25 1.09C II, IV (114,115) 0.16 1.17C 0.1 1.2sC 1.5 0.67E II (4) 0.75 0.8sE 0.15 0.9sE O* l . i *F (136) 2.0 0.91 ± 0.02 II (102) 1.5 0.98 ± 0.02 1.0 1.01 ± 0.02 0.75 1.06 ± 0.02 0.50 1.14 ± 0.02 0.25 1.26 ± 0.03 OJ. 1.41 ± 0.03

4 8 14

1.18

0.4 OA

II

CHgN 2 OaJt Ammonium carbonate

270

K 4 Fe(CN) 6 1.06 0.34§

1.02C 1.04*Eto F

Lit.

CH4O, Methyl alcohol; cf. (1Q4)

KC2H3O2,î Acétate TÔî

K 3 Fe(CN) 6 O l 0 . 9 4 0.3 0.4e§

Method

1Q5A

CH4N2O, Urea; cf. (13, 37, 68, 105, ne) 1.0 0.89B II (96) 0.25 0.96B 0.7 0.96B II (77,78) 0.5 0.96B 0.35 0.97B 0.25 0.97B 0.15 0.98B 0.10 0.97B 0.05 0.99B O* 0.94*(?) (136) 2.0 1.14B II (96) 1.0 1.14B 0.25 1.18B

10.0

10.0 3.0 2_9

•

16

Lit. (24,25,26)

K 2 CO 3 JtC/. (58» 59) 0.6oE III 0.6sE 0.8E

I1O

^

Method

OTi O^ |

O*

C2H3Cl3O2, Chloral hydrate 0764 ÎV 0.5s*D |

C2H3N, Acetonitrile 1.26*C |

(114) (136) 1(136)

C 2 H 4 N^ Dicyanodiamide ( K 2 5 0 . 7 7 ±0.03 ïï 1 (96) 0.40 0.99 ± 0.04 II (96) 0.20 1.04 + 0.04 C2H4O2,! Acetic acid; cf. (*» i<>4, 114, lis, 136,1 4 Q) < P X O 0.69Ì 2.0 0.72 1.0 0.7e C to D II (4) 0.5 0.7s 0.25 0.8o

10.0 20.0

t Hydrolyzed. J a = 0.028 between 18 and 120C; cf. ( 94 ).

^

C4H2N2O4, Alloxan; cf. (105)

C 2 H 4 O 2 .—(Continued) 0

Co (r Sp

*, C

5

^ *

1O A

Method

Lit.

0

Co (

t, C

0.82 ± 0.02 0.84 ± 0.02 0.85 ± 0.02 0.87 ± 0 . 0 2 0.88 ± 0.02 0.89 ± 0.03 0.91 ± 0.04 0.96+0.02 1.03+0.02 0.92 + 0.03 0.94 ± 0.03 0.95 + 0.03

1.0 0.5 0.2 0.1 0.05 0.02 0.01 1.0 0.1 0.93 0.65 0.47

IS.Of

17

II

20.0

15

II

(94)

II

(41)

(96)

15

15

I I

(134)

(136) (i)

C 3 H 6 Cl 2 O, !,-I'-Dichloropropyl alcohol O* I 0.75*C-D I I (136) C3H6O, Allyl alcohol I 0.9o*C-D I

Q*

I

15

I

15 10.0

20.0

15

I

O* O*

I

C3H7NO2, Urethane 0.8o*C-D I

O^

0.72*C-D 0

II

(96)

C 4 H 6 O 6 , rfZ-Tartaric acid 0.4sD ÎÏ 0.44D

1(136)

15

I

O*

T

C5H5N, Pyridine 0.58*C-D ^ I

I (136)

OTo 0.25 0.1 0.5 O1I

20.0

I

10.0 20.0

Îo 20.0

1

CsHi0O5, Arabinose 0.41 + 0.02 ÏÏ 0.44 + 0.02 0.46 + 0.02 0.64 + 0.03 II 0.69 + 0.03

C 5 Hi 2 O, Isoamyl alcohol I 0.69*C-D I C 5 Hi 2 O 4 , Pentaerythritol 074 0.47 + 0.02 ÏÏ 0.2 0.49 + 0.02 0.4 0.67 + 0.02 II 0.2 0.68 + 0.02 C 6 H 3 N 3 O 7 , Picric acid; cf. (45) O* I 0.69*C-D C6H6O, Phenol <0.2* 0.64*(?) <0.2* 0.74*(?) <0.2* 0.84*(?) C 6 H 6 O 2 , Hydroquinol O* 0.66*C-D 0.7 0.74 + 0.02 II 0.5 0.76 + 0.02 0.25 0.77 + 0.02 O*

-

__

(H5,H6)

C 4 Hi 0 O, n-Butyl alcohol I 0.77*C-D I

(96)

t « = 0.028 between 18 and 12 C. Î Hydrolyzed. § a = 0.033, between 20 and 1O0C; cf. ( 96 ). For diffusion into solutions of KCl and LiCl, ». 0<>i).

(96)

O*

I (136)

(136)

II

I

12 16 20 I

0.02 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03

15

15

II

+ ± + + + +

Lit.

C4H8O2, n-Butyric acid (140)

15

C3H8O3,! Glycerol; cf. (68, toi, 104, 105) 5 7 0 0 . 5 6 + 0.02 ÏÎ (96)

0.55 + 0.02 0.57 + 0.02 0.61 + 0.02 0.63 + 0.02 0.75 ± 0.03 0.77 + 0.03 0.78 + 0.03 0.82 ± 0.03 0.83 ± 0.03

077 0_2

|(136)

C3H8O, n-Propyl alcohol 0.87*C-D I

1.0 0.5 0.25 0.125 2.0 1.0 0.5 0.25 0.125

5

970

C 3 HrClO 2 , 3-Chloro-l, 2-dihydroxypropane O* • I 0.76*C-D I |(136)

0.48 0.49 0.61 0.64 0.65 0.66

Method

C4H6O4, Succinic acid; cf. (H4) TO 0.70 ± 0.03 ÏÏ (102) 0.75 0.73 + 0.03 0.5 0.76 + 0.03 0.25 0.79 + 0.03 0.1 0.82 + 0.04 C 4 H 6 O 6 , Tartaric acid; cf. (52, lös, 114, lie, 140) 0.25 0.4iD II (US) 0.25 0.4sD II (US) 0.7 0.4sD 0.7 0.52D II (US) O* 0.6i*C-D (136) 6.0* 0.34*E (134) 2.45* 0.5o*E 0.95* 0.57*E 0.35* 0.62*E 0.1* 0.64*E 0.0125* 0.66*E

|(136)

C 3 H 6 O 2 , Propionic acid; cf. (140) 15

3 5

(136)

C2HrNO2,! Ammonium acetate 0.4 l.iF I II |(59)

15

20.0

9 15 18

15 16

I

Ethyl alcohol; cf. (1Q4) 0.5o*E 0.7o*E 0.7s*E 0.8s*E 1.0o*C-D 0.9oD II

(96)

C2H6O, 3.75* 0.75* 0.25* 0.05* O* 2.0

10

10.0 20.0

C 2 H 5 NO, Acetamide; cf. (io*) 5 l ) 0 . 6 7 + 0.03 ÎÎ 0.5 0.79 ± 0.03 10.0 0.79 + 0.03 II 5.0 0.92 + 0.03 2.0 1.00 + 0.03 1.0 1.03 + 0.03 0.5 1.04 + 0.03 O^ 0.9c>*G

10.0

(94)

1O5A

™ ' c ) 1.0 0.25 1.0 0.5 0.25 0.125

C J

12.5f

SP

(94) (94)

I (136)

(96) (96)

|(136) (136) (136) (136) (136) (96)

C6H6O2, Resorcinol 0

C

t, C

1.0 0.25 2.0 1.0 0.5 0.25 0.125 O*

20

15 |

5 9 21 15 Of lOf 2Of 3Ot 4Ot 5Ot 6Ot 7Ot 10.0

20.0 15

20.0

10.0

20.0

10.0 20.0

10.0

20.0 15

°^c P)

10

15

S

|

O*

105A

Ci2H22On, Maltose; cf. (ios)

Method

0.51 ± 0.02 0.53 ± 0.02 0.61 ± 0.02 0.69 ± 0.02 0.72 ± 0.02 0.75 ± 0.03 0.76 ± 0.03 0.65*C-D C6H6O3, Pyrogallol 0.56*C-D |

Lit.

II

(96)

II

(96)

I1 C

10.0 20.0 15

(136) (136)

C6H8O7, Citric acid; cf. (i*o) Ö ~ 3 0 . 3 9 D ïï (114, lis) l.i 0.4sD n (114,115) C 6 Hi 2 N 4 , Hexamethy le ne te tramine 0.6 | 0.6 | II |(104) C 6 Hi 2 O 6 , Glucose O* | 0.52*C-D | | (136) C6Hi4O6, Mannitol; cf. (37, il4) 0.3 0.26 ± 0.02 IV (117) 0.3 0.40 ± 0.02 IV (117) 0.3 0.56 ± 0.02 IV (H7) 0.3 0.72 ± 0.03 IV (H7) 0.3 0.90 ± 0.04 IV (117) 0.3 1.10 ± 0.04 IV (117) 0.3 1.32 ± 0.05 IV (il 7 ) 0.3 1.56 ± 0.06 IV (117) 0.5 0.39 ± 0.02 II (96) 0.25 0.40 ± 0.02 0.125 0.42 ± 0.02 0.5 0.53 ± 0.02 II (96) 0.25 0.56 ± 0.02 0.125 0.58 ± 0.02 O^ 0.5o*C-D (136) C7H6Q5, Gallic acid (los) CrH8O2, 0-Hydroxybenzyl alcohol TO 0.6o ± 0.02 II (96) 0.5 0.67 ± 0.03 0.25 0.72 + 0.03 C8Hi0N4O2, Caffeine 0.05 1 0.41 ± 0 . 0 3 | II | (94) C 9 Hi 5 NO 3 , Ecgonine TO 0.61 ± 0.03 ïï (96) 0.5 0.66 ± 0.03 OJ 0.70 + 0.03 C I 0 Hi 4 N2, Nicotine TO 0.28 ± 0.02 ïï (94) 0.5 0.37 ± 0.02 0.1 0.46 ± 0.02 1.0 0.32 ± 0.02 II (94) 0.5 0.43 ± 0.02 O1I 0.53 ± 0.04 Ci 2 H 22 On, Lactose Ô ~ 2 0 . 3 2 ± 0.02 ïï (94) """ 0.1 0.32 ± 0.02 0.2 0.41 ± 0.02 II (94) 0.1 0.43 ± 0.02 Q* 0.38*D (136)

t Interpolated.

0

c

es

ofr Pc ) 0.5 0.25 0.1 0.5 0.25 0.1 O^

105A

0.29 ± 0.01 0.31 ± 0.02 0.32 ± 0.02 0.38 ± 0.01 0.41 ± 0.02 0.42 ± 0.02 0.38*D

C 12 H 22 On, t Ï 2 T Ô 2 7 0 0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.25 0.1 0.075 14.0 1.0 0.5 0.25 20.0 2.0 1.0 0.5 0.25 24.0 1.0 0.25 1.0 29.0 0.5 0.25 15 O* 18 2.0* 1.0* 0.3* 0.005*

20.0

Method ïï

(94)

II

(94) (136)

Saccharose; cf. (4, 1Q4, ios, 122) . 2 5 1 0.28 0.30 0.32s 0.34 0.35 0.35s 0.33 0.35 ±0.01 (94,102) 0.36 > to 0.32 0.02 0.38 0.41 0.43 0.43s 0.49 0.50 0.53 0.55 J 0.38*D (136) 0.l5*E (134) 0.2s*E 0.3e*E 0.3s*E Ci3Hi8O7, Salicin 0.4e ± 0.03 0.49 ± 0.03

0.12 0.06

Lit.

ïï

(96)

Ci4H10O9, Tannin (ios, 122) Ci8H32O16, Raffinose; cf. (ios) 1 1 . 0 0 . 2 5 0 . 2 7 l 0.125 0.27 0.1 0.28 ±0.01 II 0.075 0.28 0.05 0.28 20.0 0.25 0.33Ì ^ n m . 0.1 0.36 ^1*0 II 0.05 0.36 J U < U Z 15 O^ 0.33*E

Only the 20

5%t 2.5%t 1.25%t 5-8 %§

(94)

(94) (136)

Colloids order of magnitude has significance Amylum (Starch) 0.067 (9?) 0.072 0.08 0.24(?)

t At = A 20 (I + 0.029« - 20) + 0.0005(t - 2O)2). Î Powder-like. § Dough-like.

~~

C2HBr3O, Bromal: 0.72* (136). C2HBr3O2, Tribromoacetic acid: 1.2s* (136). C2HCl3O2, Trichloroacetic acid: 1.4s* (136). C (r SP «i °C ° c^ ' 1O5A Method Lit. C2H2Cl2O2, Dichloroacetic acid: 1.3e* (136). ) C2H2O4, Oxalic acid: 1.4e* (136). 20 j 0.0i(?) I O.le I I O"*) C2H3BrO2, Bromoacetic acid: 1.3s* (136). Dextrin; cf. (ios) C2H3ClO2, Chloroacetic acid: 1.52* (136). 10 1.0 0.079 (96) C2H3Cl3O2, Chloral hydrate: Lie* (136). 0.5 0.08l C2H3N, Acetonitrile: 2.64* (136). 0.25 0.08s C2H4Br2, Ethylene bromide: 1.9s* (136). 0.1 0.090 C2H4Cl2, Ethylene chloride: 2.2i* (136). O.OQo 0.075 C2H4I2, Ethylene iodide: 1.5e* (136). 20 1.0 O.li (96) C2H4O2, Acetic acid: 1.54* (136). 0.5 0.12 C2H6Br, Ethyl bromide: 2.4o* (136). 0.25 0.12 C2H5I, Ethyl iodide: 2.1e* (136). 0.125 0.12 C2H5NO, Acetamide: 1.5o* O 36 ). C2H5NO3, Ethyl nitrate: 2.2o* (136). Gum arable; cf. (122) C3H5Br, 3-Bromopropylene 2.22* (136). 20 5% 0.23 (96) C3H5BrO2, Bromopropionic acid: 1.3s* (136). 2.5% 0.24 C3H5Cl3, 1, 2, 3-Trichloropropane: 1.7e* (?) (136). For several proteins and ferments, v. (37, 69, 79, 122). C3H5I, 3-Iodopropylene: 1.72* (136). C3H5IO2, Iodopropionic acid: 1.3e* O 3 6 ). NON-AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS C3H6Cl2O, 1, I'-Dichlorohydrin: 1.3e* (136). DIFFUSION IN METHYL ALCOHOL C3H6O, Allyl alcohol: 1.8o* (136). 2V-Ä-TABLE C3H6O, Acetone: 19°, C0 = 3.4, 1O5A = 2.57D (39). I1 C 3 H 6 O 2 , Propionic acid: !.62* (136). tt 0 C I C0 I IQ5A I Method | Lit. C3H6O3, Lactic acid: 1.36* (136). C3H7ClO2, 1-Chlorohydrin: 1.3o* (136). 9 0.1 1.52A II (90) C 3 H 7 NO 2 , Urethane: 1.4i* (136). 20 0.1 1.82AC3H8O2, Propylene glycol: 1.24* (136). LiCl C 3 H 8 O 3 , Glycerol: l.ls* (136). 14 0.65 0.7s] C4H5Cl3O2, Ethyl trichloroacetate: 1.44* (136). 0.25 0.85 , C 4 H 6 O 6 , Tartaric acid: 0.94* (136). H (81) 0.15 0.92 B t o C C4H7ClO2, Ethyl chloroacetate:. 1.77* (136). 0.07 0.92 C4H8O2, Ethyl acetate: 2.1o* (136); ig°, Co = 2.3, 1O5A = 2.OD • NaI 39 ( ). Î 4 0 ? 2 l.Ool C 4 Hi 0 O, Ethyl ether: 2.0o* (136). 0.15 1.02 [ B to C II («i) C4Hi0O4S, Diethyl sulfate: 1.5e* (136). 0.07 l.OaJ C4Hi6N2O4S, Ethylamine sulfate: 0.92* (136). C5H4N4O3, Uric acid: 1.79* (136). NaC2H3O2, Acetate C5H4O2, Furfural: 1.7o*.(136). 14 Ö l Ö ~ 8 4 Ö ïï (5Ï) C5H5N, Pyridine: 1.5s* (136); 15°, Co = 0.5, 1O5A = 1.64 ± 0.2 0.87C 0.06, C0 = 0.2, 1O5A = 1.56 ±0.06 (129). 0.1 0.9iC C5Hi0I2, 2, 3-Diiodopentane: 1.57* (136). KI C5HnI, Isoamyl iodide: 1.7e* (136). Î 4 0 7 2 5 l.li] C 5 H 12 O, Isoamyl alcohol: 1.34* (136). 0.15 1.09 [ B to C II (81) C6Cl6, Hexachlorobenzene: 1.3i* (136). 0.05 l.lsj C6H2Cl4, Tetrachlorobenzene: 1.49* (136). C6H3Br3, Tribromobenzene: 1.49* (136). KC2H3O2, Acetate C6H3Br3O, 2, 4, 6-Tribromophenol: 1.12* (136). 14 OTa O . S e C ï ï (8Ï) C6H3Cl3O, 2, 4, 6-Trichlorophenol: 1.2i* (136). 0.2 O.SsC C 6 H 3 N 3 O 7 , 2, 4, 6-Trinitrophenol: 1.32* (136). 0.1 0,.97C C6H4BrNO2, Bromonitrobenzene: 1.4s* (136). 5 (T-TABLE, VALUES OP 1O Af C6H4Br2, p-Dibromobenzene: 1.5s* (136). C6H4ClNO2, Chloronitrobenzene: 1.6s* (136). CCl4, Carbon tetrachloride : 1.7o* (136). C6H4Cl2, p-Dichlorobenzene: 1.8o* (136). CHBr3, Bromoform: 1.57*; 20°, C0 = 1.0, 1O5A = 1.89 ± 0.04; C6H4N2O4, ra-Dinitrobenzene: 1.5e* (136). C0 = 0.5, 1O5A = 1.93 ± 0.06 (98). C6H4N2O5, 2, 4-Dinitrophenol: 1.4o* (136). CHCl3, Chloroform: 2.07* (136). C6H4O2, Quinone: 1.84* (136). CHI3, Iodoform: 1.3s* (136). C6H5Br, Bromobenzene: 1.7s* O 36 ). CH2ClBr, Chlorobromomethane : 2.5o* (136). C6H5BrO, Bromophenol: 1.34* (136). CH2I2, Méthylène iodide: 1.6s* (136). C6H5Cl, Chlorobenzene: 2.07* (136). CH2O2, Formic acid: 1.92* (136). C6H5ClO, Chlorophenol: 1.32* (136). CH3NO2, Nitromethane: 16°, C0 = 3.3, 1O5A= 2.5aD (39). C6H5I, lodobenzene: 1.6s* O 36 ). CH4N2O, Urea: 1.24* (136). 0 C6H5NO2, Nitrobenzene: 1.8i* (136); 16°, Co = 0.8, 1O5A = t Unless otherwise stated, the temperature is 15 C, c* = ca. l % and the 136 Colloids.—(Continued) Inulin

reliability of A is probably D, E or F in all determinations by Thovert (

).

1.7D (39).

C6H5NO3, Nitrophenol: 1.3s* (136). C6H6, Benzene: 15°, for C0 = 2.0, 1.0 and 0.5, 1O5A = 2.12 ± 0.08, 2.22 ± 0.08 and 2.2o ± 0.08, resp. (II) O2»). C6H6BrN, Bromoaniline: 1.4i* (136). C6H6ClN, Chloroaniline: 1.3?* (136). C6H6N2O2, m-Nitroaniline: 1.14* (136). C6H6O, Phenol: 1.4* (136). C6H6O2, Hydroquinol: 1.2s* (136). C6H6O3, Pyrogallol: 1.0s* (136). C6H7N, Aniline: 1.49* (136). C6H8ClN, Aniline hydrochloride : 1.19* (136). C 6 Hi 2 Cl 2 O 2 , Dichloroacetal: 1.63* (136). C6H13ClO2, Chloroacetal: 1.4?* (136). C6HuO2, Acetal: 1.9e* (136). C7H5ClO2, Chlorobenzoic acid: 1.29* (136). C7H5NO3, m-Nitrobenzaldehyde: 1.24* (136). C7H5NO4, Nitrobenzoic acid: l.ls* (136). C7H6O, Benzaldehyde: 1.6e* (136). C7H6O2, Salicyl aldehyde: 1.7s* (136). C7H6O2, Benzoic acid: 1.3i* (136). C7H6O3, Salicylic acid: 1.2i* (136). C7H6O5, Gallic acid: 0.76* (136). C7H8O, Anisole: 1.96* (136). C7H9N, Benzylamine: 1.2i* (136). C 7 Hi 4 O 2 , Isoamyl acetate: 1.6o* (136). C8H6O4, Phthalic acid: 1.3o* (136). C8H8O2, Phenyl acetate: !.62* (136). C8H8O2, Anisaldehyde: 1.5o* (136). C8H8O3, Vanillin: LOo* (136). C8H8O3, Methyl salicylate: 1.5e* (136). C8H9NO, Acetanilide: 1.5o* (136). C8Hi0N2O, Acetylphenylhydrazine: 1.04* (136). C8Hi0O, Xylenol: 1.3s* (136). C8Hi0O, Phenetole: 1.8s* (136). C9H7N, Quinoline: 1.26* O 3 6 ); 15°, CQ = 0.5, 1O5A = 1.34 ± 0.06, C0 = 0.2, 1O5A = 1.29 ± 0.06 (129). C9Hi0O2, Ethyl benzoate: 16°, C0 = 0.7; 1O5A = 1.4E (39). C9HnNO, Acettoluide: 1.0s* (136). Ci0H6Br2, Dibromonaphthalene: 1.33* (136). Ci0H6Cl2, Dichloronaphthalene: 1.52* (136). Ci 0 H 6 N 2 O 4 , Dinitronaphthalene: 1.32* (136). Ci0H7Br, a-Bromonaphthalene : 1.29* ( 136 ). Ci0H7Cl, a-Chloronaphthalene: 1.3s* (136). Ci 0 H 7 NO 2 , tt-Nitronaphthalene: 1.5o* (136). Ci0H8, Naphthalene: 15°, C0 = 0.2, 1O5A = 1.6o ± 0.07 (II) (129).

Ci0H8O, a-Naphthol: l.lo* (136). Ci0Hi2O, Cumaldehyde: 1.5o* (136). Ci0H14O, Thymol: 1.2o* (136). CnHi 2 N 2 O, Antipyrine: 1.02* (136). Ci2Hi0, Diphenyl: 15°, C0 = 0.2, 1O5A = 1.5e ± 0.07 (II) '( 129 )Ci3H10O3, Salol: 1.29* (136). Ci 4 Hi 3 NO, Acetyldiphenylamine: 0.9s* (136). Ci 4 H 15 N, Dibenzylamine: 0.84* (136). C19H16, Tripheny!methane: 15°, c = 0.05, 1O5A = 0.8s ± 0.05 (II) (129)/

Ci9Hi9N3O, Pararosaniline: 1.09* (136). C20Hi4O4, Phenolphthalein: 0.7s* (136). DIFFUSION IN ETHYL ALCOHOL 2V-Ä-TABLE

Rn t, 0C I c* I IQ5A I Method | Lit. 18 I O* I 2.7*(?) I ( 112 ) 4 HCl ; for diffusion in dilute alcohol, v. ( )

/, 0C

8.0

18.0

!2 IQ 5 A

C0 (resp. c*) |

0.50 0.25 0.10 0.25

0.84 0.8s 0.9o l.lo

Method |

Lit.

II

(«O)

II

(80)

CO2

17 I Q* 3.2*C-D I For other C-compounds, v. the (T-Table infra. HgCl2 10 0.25 0.64 0.25 0. 4o (in 73 % alcohol) 0.25 0.29 (in 44 % alcohol) 0.25 0.3o (in 27% alcohol) 0.25 0.52 (in 9% alcohol) 0.25 0.66 (in 2.5 % alcohol) AgNO 3 14 0.1 0.41 ± 0.02 II 0.07 0.41 + 0.02 Ca(NO 3 ), 14 0.25 I 0.32 + 0.02 | II LiCl 14 (U5 0.31 ± 0.02 ÏÏ 0.3 0.34 ± 0.02 0.15 0.42 ± 0.02 20 0.43 0.36 + 0.02 II ^ NaOH; NaCl; for diffusion in dilute alcohol, v. NaI 7 ÔL2 0.35 ± 0.03 ÏÏ 14 0.2 0.41 ± 0.03 II 0.1 0.44 + 0.03 NaC 2 H 3 O 2 , Acetate ~L2 Ô7Î2 0.35 ± 0.02 ÏÎ 14 0.1 0.38 + 0.02 II C20H8-ZBr4O5Na*, Eosin ~~2Ö 0.005 0.3i ± 0.04 îî 0.0025 0.27 + 0.02 KI 14 I 0.09-0.03 I 0.47 ± 0.03 | II KC2H3O2, Acetate 14 0.25 0.38 ± 0.02 ÎÏ 0.20 0.39 ± 0.02 0.15 0.43 + 0.03

I (120)

(130)

(77)

| (77)

(77, 81) (77,81) (4)

(77, si) (77, si)

(77,81) (77, si) (97)

I (77, 81)

(77)

(T-TABLE (ALL DATA ABE BY METHOD II AND FROM (97) EXCEPT AS OTHERWISE INDICATED) CHBr3, Bromoform C2HCl3O, Chloral (in 96 % t, 0C C0 I IQ5A alcohol) 11 1.0 0.77C t, 0C I C0 I IQ5A 0.5 0.8oC 20 2.0 0.5?C 20 1.0 0.9eC 1.0 0.6iC '• '• CHCl3, Chloroform 11 1.0 I.l9(?) 20 2.0 1.2sB 1.0 1.24B CH4N2O, Urea

12

i°- 4 °-54 ± °-°2t

t Method II (78).

C2H5NO, Acetamide (in 96 % aicohol) "1Ï JfO ^^c 2.0 0.4iC i.o 0.44C 20 5.0 0.5 2 C

1:0 °:llc

C3H6O, Allyl alcohol t, 0C I co IQ5A 20 4.0 0.9iC 2.0 0.94C

C 6 H 6 O 2 .—(Continued) t, 0C I CQ IQ5A 20 2.0 0.4oC 1.0 0.4iC

!•° °- 96C C6H14O2, Acetal C3H8O3, Glycerol (in 96 % 20 2.0 1. IsC alcohol) 1.0 l.lsC 11 2.0 0.26Ì C7H8O2, o-Hydroxybenzyl 1.0 0.32 alcohol °- 5 °'36 20 1.0 0.52C 20 4.0 0.27 C t o D 0.5 0.56C 2 -° °-35 0.25 0.59C ~ « ~ , CioH7Br, a-Bromonaphthalene o'25 o'.5o (in 96% alcohol) ^ TT T ^ . v H 1.0 0.52 C5H5N, Pyridme 05 Q 5g 20 2.0 l.lsB 20 1.0 0.69 B tO 1.0 l.UB 0.5 0.76 1 126 2J! ^ C10H16O, Camphor (in 96% C6HioO4, Monoacetin alcohol) ~~20 ÏTÔ 0 . 3 s C Î Ô 2?Ö 0.47C 2.0 0.4eC 1.0 0.52C 1.0 0.5iC 20 2.0 0.62C 0.5 0.52C 1.0 0.66C 0.25 0.54C 0.5 0.68C CsH12O, Isoamyl alcohol C12H10N2, Azobenzene (in 96% 20 6.0 0.64C alcohol) 4.0 0.69C 10 0.1 0.5?C 2.0 0.74C 20 0.1 0.74Ü 1.0 Q-7sC C16H34O, Cetyl alcohol (in 96% C6H5I, lodobenzene alcohol) ~~~20 TO 0.94 A-B 20 I 1.0 O.SsC-D 0.5 0. 9sA-B C18H36O2, Stearic acid °- 25 °-98A-B -^ O^ OuC C6H6O, Phenolt 0.4 0.47C 10 0.1* 0.64*D 0.2 0.5sC 15 0.1* 0.7i*D C22H20O13, Carminic acid (in 20 0.1* 0.8o*D 96% alcohol) C6H6O2, Hydroquinol (in 96% 20 0.06 O. UE alcohol) 0.03 0.17E 20 1.0 0.47C C 23 H 26 N 2 O 4 , Brucine 8 Ü'L Ü'! ^! 20 0.125 0.27C °- 25 °- 48C 0.062 0.28C C6H6O2, Resorcinol (in 96% C23H25N3, Trimethylrosaniline alcohol) — — 5-^ 20 0.02 0.67(?)

10

01

°- °-^ )

î:S S O 25

?

O 3iC

C34H4TNO11, Aconitine

Î (136); values for c*.

20

| 0.04

| 0.2 7 D

DIFFUSION IN BENZENE A-A-TABLE Rn /,0C 18

|cp(resp. c*) I | 0 * I

IQ5A 2.3e*D

| Method | Lit. I I (112)

Br2

12

I

0.1

I

2.0

I

I (42)

I 2 ; cf. («) t, 0C 6

[CQ (resp. c*) I ÖT25 0.1 0.1 0.05 OJ

20 9

10*A 1.4eB 1.47B 1.93B 1.9sB 1.62B

| Method | Lit. ÏÎ («o) (80) II

(SO)

(T-TABLE, VALUES OF 1O5Af CHBr3, Bromoform: 1.62* (136); 18°,Co = 1.0, 1O5A = !.62 ± 0.05 (98). CHCl3, Chloroform: 2.1i* (136). CHI3, Iodoformi 1.3s* (i 36 ). CH2O2, Formic acid: 2.16* (136). C2H3ClO2, Chloroacetic acid: 1.4s* (136). C2H4Br2, Ethylene bromide: 1.97* (136). C2H4Cl2, Ethylene chloride: 2.4s* (136). C2H4I2, Ethylene iodide: 1.4o* (136). C2H4O2, Acetic acid: 1.92* (136). C3H0Cl3, 1, 2, 3-Trichloropropane: 1.72* (136). C3H8O, Propyl alcohol: 1.6o* (136). C4H10O, Ethyl ether: 2.2i* (136). C6H12O, Isoamyl alcohol: 1.4s* (136). C 6 H 3 N 3 O 7 , 2, 4, 6-Trinitrophenol: 1.39* (136). C6H4BrNO2, Bromonitrobenzene: 1.3s* (136). C6H4Br2, p-Dibromobenzene: 1.37* (136). C6H4ClNO2, Chloronitrobenzene: 1.7o* (136). C6H4Cl2, p-Dichlorobenzene: 1.9o* (136). C 6 H 4 N 2 O 4 , m-Dinitrobenzene: 1.54* (136). C6H4O2, Quinone: 1.6s* (136). C6H5Br, Bromobenzene: 1.8o* (136). C6H5BrO, Bromophenol: 1.34* (136). C6H5Cl, Chlorobenzene: 2.1s* (136). C6H5ClO, Chlorophenol: 1.42* (136). C6H5I, lodobenzene: 1.5o* (136). C6H5NO2, Nitrobenzene: 1.84* (136). C6H6BrN, Bromoaniline: 1.4i* (136). C6H6CiN, Chloroaniline: 1.5e* (136). t, 0C

I

C6H6O, Phenolf IQ5A

5

1.27*

10 15 20 25

1.39* 1.54* 1.6s* 1.84*

I

Lit. (136)

C7H6O, Benzaldehyde: 1.7s* (136). C7H6O2, Salicylaldehyde: 1.7s* (136). C7H6O2, Benzoic acid: 1.3e* (136). C8H6O4, Phthalic acid: 1.37* (136). C8H8O3, Methyl salicylate: 1.5e* (136). C10H6Br2, Dibromonaphthalene: 1.2s* (136). Ci0H6Cl2, Dichloronaphthalene: 1.4o* (136). Ci0H6N2O4, Dinitronaphthalene: 1.2s* (136). C10H7Br, a-Bromonaphthalene: 1.3o* (136). C10H7Cl, a-Chloronaphthalene: 1.2o* (136). C10H7NO2, a-Nitronaphthalene: 1.39* (136). Ci0H8, Naphthalene: 24°, C0 = 1.3, 1O5A = 1.22F (i°4). Ci0Hi2O2, Thymoquinone: 1.2o* (136). Ci2Hi0, Diphenyl: 26°, C0 = 0.5, 1O5A = 1.1?F (104). Ci4Hi3NO, Acetyldiphenylamine: 0.9o* (136). Ci4H14, Dibenzyl: 26°, CQ = 0.4, 1O5A = l.OoF (104).

t Unless otherwise stated, the temperature is 150C, c* = ca. l % and all values of 1O5A have a reliability D, E or F in all determinations by Thovert (136).

DIFFUSION IN METALS, v. also (8«, 8 ^, "«) and p. 77 Solvent Bi Hg

DIFFUSION IN VARIOUS LIQUIDS.—(Continued) C2H2Br4, 1, 1, 2, 2-Tetrabromoethane

Solute t, 0C C° (r^P' 1O5A c y Au 555 (?) 5.2 Au 11 (?) 0.8

Lit.

Solvent

(io») (io»); e/, (s«, 89, 146)

Cd Pb

Au Pt Rh Th-B Ag Au Pb

Sn

20.0

O*

1.52o*±0.0l5

20.0

O*

1.446*±O.Ol5Ì (30,33)

492 550 492 550 340 555 555 555

(29,32) ( 109 ) (109) ( 109 ) ( 109 ) ( 64 ) (1^9) (109) (io 9 )

ca. 3 o % 3 . 5 ca. 3o% 3.7 (?) 1.96 (?) 3.5 O* 2.5* (?) 4.8 (?) 5.4 (?) 3.7

J At 1500 atm.

DIFFUSION IN VARIOUS LIQUIDS, v. also (39) t, 0C

C7H8. Toluene CS2

I 18 1 16

C

° (™p'

10*A

Method

Lit. 112

|

O*

|2.7*D

|

I(

I

Br2 0.1

I 3.6

I

I (42)

)

CCi4

i

OTi

TTi

ïï

CS2

20 8

0.1 0.25

1.36 2.75

II II

( 90 ) (42,80,

0.10 0.05 0.05 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.05

2.7s 2.79 2.8? 2.95 3.12 1.86 1.9s

II II II II

( 80 ) ( 80 ) ( 80 ) (»O) (»O) (80,90)

(»o)

0.1

2.12

II

(80,90)

0.1 0.1

0.134 0.18s

II II

(90) (90)

0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.5 0.25 0.1 0.1 0.1 O. O. O. O. O. O. O. O. O. O. O. 0.1

0.72 0.8s l.Oa 1.8? 2.1s 2.6s 2.7s 2.84 1.02 1.2o 1.6? 1.95 0.8s l.ls 1.Oi 1.24 2.3e 2.67 1.4 2 1.68 0.7? 0.9s

II II II II II II

(90) (90) (90) ( 9 O) (90) ( 8 O)

II II II II II II II II II II II II II II

( 9 <>) (90) (90) (90) (90) (90) (90) (90) ( 9 O) (90) (90) (90) (9O) (9Q)

II

(98)

II II

(98) (98)

II

(98)

90)

CHCl3

20

C2H2Br4, 1, 1, 2, 2- Tetrabromoethane 11 20 C2H4Br2, Ethylene bromide 12 20 C2H4O2, Acetic acid 20 C4H8O2, Ethyl acetate.... 9 20 C4Hi0O, Ethyl ether 7

C6H5Br, Bromobenzene....

9 20 C7H8, Toluene 9 20 C7H8O, Anisole 8 20 C 7 Hi 4 O 2 , Isoamyl acetate. 9 20 C7Hi6, Heptane 9 20 CsHio, m-Xylene 9 20 C8HioO, Phenetole 8 20 C3H6O, Acetone

20

C3O8O, n-Propyl alcohol.. C4HwO, Ethyl ether

17 17

C5Hi2Q. Isoamyl alcohol..

17

10*A

Method

Lit.

C2H2Cl4, 1, 1, 2, 2- Tetrachloroethane

0.0 0.06 0.35 10.0 0.06 0.45 15.0 0.06 0.50 ±0.01 25.0 0.06 0.61 toO.02 35.0 0.06 0.73 50.0 0.06 0.94 C3H8O3, Glycerol C3H8O, n-Propyl alcohol. . 18 TO 2 ~ 3 l C5Hi2Q, Isoamyl alcohol.. 18 1.0 O. Ii C6H6O, Phenol CS2 19 O* 3 ~ ì * CHCl3 10 O* 1.6* C4HwO, Ethyl ether 19 O* 3.6* C5Hi2Q, Isoamyl alcohol. . 19 O* 0.2* For diffusion in anistropic liquids, v. ( 128 ).

2

^ '

Ï

Ï II

O

(") (98) »

« ) (> 3 6 ) ( 136 ) (* 36 )


T

10 16 20 10

°° ê}Sp'

LITERATURE

Rn Solvent

t, 0C

CHBr3 1.0 2.64 0.5 2.69 0.25 2.7i 1.0 0.7i 1.0 3.14 0.5 3.24 0.25 3.2i 1.0 0.4?

O) Abegg, 7, 11: 248; 93. ( 2 ) Adair, 230, 14: 762; 20. ( 3 ) Ardelt, Thesis, Münster, 1904. (*) Arrhenius, 7, 10: 51; 92. (5) Bams, 12, 9: 397; 00. (6) Barus, 152, No. 186: 13. ( 7 ) Barus, 197, 7: 133; 21. (8) Bechhold and Ziegler, 8, 20: 900; 06. ( 9 ) Bechhold and Ziegler, 7, 56: 105; 06. (io) Becker, 12, 3: 280; 97. (U) Behn, 8, 62: 54; 97. O 2) Beilstein, 13, 99r 165; 56. ( 13 ) Békésy, Thesis, Budapest, 1923. ( 14 ) Bicskei, Thesis, Budapest, 1914. (i 5) Brown and Escombe, 62B1 193: 223; 00. ( 16 > Bruins, Thesis, Utrecht, 1922. O 7) Brunner, 7, 58: 1; 07. (18) Carlson, 1, 33: 1027; 11. O 9 ) Carlson, 147, 2: No. 6; 13. (20) Clack, 3, 16: 863; 08. (21) Clack, 67, 21: 374; 08. (22) Clack, 67, 24: 40; 11. ( 23 ) Clack, 67, 27:56; 14. (24) Clack, 67, 29: 49; 17. (25) Clack, 67, 33: 259; 21. (26) Clack, 67, 36: 313; 24. (27) Cohen and Bruins, 7, 103: 349; 23. (28) Cohen and Bruins, 7, 103: 404; 23. (29) Cohen and Bruins, 7, 109: 397; 24. 64V, 33: 199; 24. (so) Cohen and Bruins, 7, 109: 422; 24. ( 3 I) Cohen and Bruins, 7, 113: 157; 24. ( 32 ) Cohen and Bruins, 6Jf, 27: 535; 24. (33) Cohen and Bruins, 64P, 27: 555; 24. ( 34 ) Coleman, 3, 23: 1; 87. (3S) Coleman, 68, 14: 374; 88. ( 36 ) Coleman, 68, 15: 249; 89. ( 3 7) Dabrowski, 180, 1912A: 485. 10, 3: 317; 14. (38) Dojes, Thesis, Leiden, 1877. (39) Dummer, 93, 109: 31; 19. (4°) Edgar and Diggs, 1, 38: 253; 16. (41) von Euler and Erikson, 19, 9: No. 11; 24. (42) yon Euler-Chelpin, 8, 63: 273; 97. ( 43 ) Exner, 8, 155: 321, 443; 75. (44) Fick, 8, 94: 59; 55. (45) Fürth, 63, 26: 719; 25. (46) Fiirth and Bubanovic, 205, 90: 265; 18. (47) Fürth and Bubanovic, 205, 92: 139; 18. (48) Götz and Pamfil, 7, 109: 165; 24. (49) Graham, 62, 140: 1; 50. (50) Graham, 62, 140: 805; 50. ( 5 I) Graham, 62, 141: 483; 51. (52) Graham, 13, 77: 56, 129; 51. ( 53 ) Graham, 13, 80: 197; 51. (54) Graham, 62, 151: 183; 61. ( 55 ) Graham, 3, 23 : 204, 290, 368; 62. (56) Graham, 13, 121: 1; 62. (57) Graham, 3, 26: 409; 64. ( S8 ) Graham, 5, 72: 212; 03. 7, 50: 257; 04. (59) Graham, 7, 59: 691; 07. (60) Griffiths, 3, 47: 530; 99. (61) Griffiths, 67, 28: 21; 16. (« 2 ) Griffiths, 67, 28: 255; 16. (63) Griffiths, Dickson and Griffiths, 67, 28: 73; 16. (64) Groh and Hevesy, 8, 63: 85; 20. (65) Groh and Kelp, 93, 147: 321; 25. (66) Hagenbach, 8, 65: 673; 98. (67) de Heen, 186, 8: 219; 84. (68) Heimbrodt, 8, 13: 1028; 04. (69) Herzog and Kasarnowski, 65, 2: 1; 07. 9, 13: 533; 07. (70) Hevesy, 63, 14: 49; 13. (71) Hevesy and von Putnoky, 63, 14: 63; 13. (72) Höltzenbein, 96, 24: 1; 24. ( 73 ) Hoffman, 8, 21: 239; 06. (74) Hüfner, 8, 60: 134; 97. (75) Hüfner, 7, 27: 227; 98. (76) Humphreys, 4, 69, 243, 1679; 96. (77) Kawalki, 8, 52: 166, 300; 94. ( 78 ) Kawalki, 8, 59: 637; 9.6. ( 79 ) Kasarnowski, Thesis, Basel, 1910. (80) Kelp, Thesis, Budapest, 1923. ( 8 I) Krieger, Thesis, Halle, 1903. (82) Lenz, 504, 30: 57; 82. (83) Littlewood, 67, 34: 71; 22. (84) Long, 8, 9: 613; 80. (85) Mache, 63, 7: 316; 06. (86) Mann, 5, 105: 270; 24. (87) Marino, 22, 4 II: 135; 95. (88) Meyer, 8, 61: 225; 97. (89) Meyer, 8* 64: 752; 98. % (90) Miller, 5, 106: 724; 24. (91) Mines, 201, 15: 381; 10. (92) Müller, 8, 431 554; 91. (93) Öholm, 7, 50: 309; 04. (94) Öholm, 7, 70: 378; 10. (95) Öholm, 147, 2: No. 22; 12. (96) Öholm, 147, 2: No. 23; 12. (97) Öholm„ 147, 2: No. 24; 12. (98) Öholm, 147, 2: No. 26; 12. (99) Öholm, 147, 2: No. 30; 12. 1 ( OO) Öholm, 60, 55A: No. 5; 13. (loi) Öholm, 60, 58A: No. 23; 16. (102), Öholm, Hyllningsskrift tillägnad Ossian Aschan, 1920: 9. ( 103 ) Öholm,, Finska Kemistsamfundet Medd., 30: 69; 21. ( 1Q 4) Padoa and Corsini, 22,. 24 II: 461; 15. ( 105 ) Pickering, 3, 35: 127; 93. (106) Pringsheim, 7, 17r

473; 95. ( 10 ?) Procopiu, 16, 9: 96; 18. (108) Roberts-Austen, 5, 59: 281; 96. (io») Roberts-Austen, 62, 187: 383; 97. (UO) Roberts-Austen, 5, 67: 101; 01. (m) Rolla, 22, 20 II: 47; 11. ( 1 ^) Róna, 7, 92: 213; 17. (U 3 ) Róna, 7, 95: 62; 20. ( 114 ) Scheffer, 25, 15: 788; 82. (us) Scheffer, 7, 2: 390; 88. (H 6 ) Scheffer, 20, 16: 1903; 83. (117) Schefferand Scheffer, 64P, 19: 148; 16. ^F, 25: 67; 16. (n«) Schuhmeister, 75, 79 II: 603; 79. (U 9 ) Seitz, 8, 64: 759; 98. (120) Stefan, 75, 77 II: 371; 78. (12i) Stefan, 75, 78 II: 957; 78. (122) Stefan, . 75, 79 II: 161; 79. (123) Stefan, 75, 98 H: 616, 1418; 89. (124) Stefan, 8, 41: 723; 90. ( 12 S) Stiles, 230, 15: 629; 21. ( 12 S) Stiles, 5, 103: 260; 23. (127) stiles and Adair, 23O1 15: 620; 21. ( 12 ») Svedberg, 55, 22: 68; 18. (129) Svedberg and Andreen-Svedberg, 7, 76: 145; 11.

O 30 ) Szongott, Thesis, Budapest, 1922. (131) Thovert, 84, 133: 1197; 01. ( 132 ) Thovert, 34, 134: 594, 826; 02. (13S) Thovert, 34, 135: 579; 02. ( 134 ) Thovert, 6, 26: 366; 02. ( 13 S) Thovert, 34, 138: 481; 04. (13*) Thovert, 16, 2: 369; 14. ( 137 ) Titow, 7, 84: 15; 13. ( 13 S) Umov, 53 (Physical Section), 23: 335; 91. 427, 1891 I: 368. ( 139 ) Vanzetti, 172, 7thX: 179; 10. (140) Voigtländer, 7, 3: 316; 89. (Ui) Wallstabe, 63, 4: 721; 03. O 4 2 ) Weber, 8, 7: 536; 79. O 4 3 ) Wiedeburg, 8, 41: 675; 90. O 4 4 ) Wiedeburg, 7, 9: 143; 92. (I 4 S) Wiedeburg, 7, 10: 509; 92. O 4 *) von Wogau, 8, 23: 345; 07. O 4 7 ) von Wroblewski, 8, 2: 481; 77. O 4 ») von Wroblewski, 8, 4: 268; 78. O 4 9 ) von Wroblewski, 8, 7: 11; 79. (150) von Wroblewski, 8, 8: 29; 79. ( 1 Si) von Wroblewski, 8, 13: 606; 81.

PERMEABILITY OF SOLIDS TO GASES FRANK PORTER By the permeability of a solid is meant the quantity K in the -

H

equation -TT = — Kp0 — dxdy, where dm is the mass of gas which

e

passes in the direction of z and in time dt through a diaphragm of the solid of area dxdy and thickness Az, the difference in pressure on the two sides of the diaphragm (excess on positive side) being Ap; the — sign indicates that the flow is in the direction of decreasing pressure. p0 is the density of the gas at O0C and pressure = An; dm/po = volume of dm at O0C and An. At very low pressures K may depend upon the pressure ( 12 ). The passage of a

O 20 25 40 60 80 100

gas through a porous septum is approximately given by -77- = -K0 ll

V^ -JT^ dxdy ( ) j whereK 0 is independent of the nature of the gas. In the table, I denotes that the value given is for water vapor when one surface of the diaphragm is in contact with liquid water. Unit of p = I atm.; of 0 = I 0 C; of K (metals and rubber) = 10~6 cmY(atm.-sec); of K (glass) = 10~9 cm2/(atm.-sec).

\

~

K 0.12 0.30 0.34 0.57 1.02 1.68 2.60

I Lit. (4)

0.075 0.21 0.22 0.36 0.66 1.08 1.56

(4)

0.054

I (4)

iï

O 20 25 40 60 80 100 N

25

e 500 750 200 300 400 500 600 400 500 600 700 750 200 300 400 500 600

600 700 800 900 1000 1100

METALS* H-Cu I K 3.5 8 H-Fe 0.83 5 25 100 336 H-Ni 0.95 3.80 8.86 23.8 31.6 H-Pd 400 1820 3160 4450 5750 H-Pt 0.77 2.0 4.3 10.0 17.1 30.2

H-Zn

Lit. (!)

(13)

(i)

(7)

(12)

e 300

K I Lit. 0.4 I (i) He-Pt-Ir Scarcely appreciable up to 0 = 1420° (3) N-MiId Steel 600 0.5 (13) 700 1.6 800 5.0 IQOO 11.6 0-Ag 400 0.0032 (6) 450 0.0097 500 0.021 550 0.057 600 0.146 CO-MiId Steel 400 0.5 (13) 500 1.6 600 5 700 23 800 67 835 133 850, K falls suddenly almost to zero. I

VULCANIZED RUBBERf A 25 I 0.088 | (*)

I 5

25 O 20

25 40 60 80 100 25 25

25 25

I

0.150 |(4) ^ 0.30 .-V (4) 84

°' 0.98 1.77 3.88 4 OO 5.30 C2H5Cl I 68 CH3Cl I 6.3 U Q 16.0 35.0(0 NH^

H-SiO2J:.- (Cant'd) 0 I K I Lit. ~ 6 7 2 ( ï s j 28 (8) 11 (15) 50 (8) 17 (15) 80 (8) 35 (15) 8 °° 100 (5) 55 (15) qon 140 (5) 1000 128 (16) He-SiO2I 200 14 (15) 300 35 (15) 400 70 (15) 500 157 (15) 600 350 («) 1200 210 (14) N-SiO2J 6 °° 0-11 (5) 70 ° °-50

ì'f U Pyrex H ^ inappreciable at 0 = 600° He 610 I 14 |(15) Jena H K inappreciable at e = 80Q ° Thuringian Uoo °

90

I (4) I (4)

(4)

He

/ 4) —

100 200

» i "«.«» o

S

25

2 7

—

GLASS 900 ,00 OUU 400

A-SiO2J I 1.4 H-SiO2J 1.9 7 35 17

—522 I (5) ' (5) (16) (15) (8)

Gas H CO CO2 H2Q

0.000081(10) 0.009

SS L22° £ui | K/KH O = 70O0C 1 0.017 0.0006 0.065

Lit. (9)

PURE PARA 0RUBBERII

LITERATURE

e = 15 C

Gas A H He N _0

I

K/KH I Lit. || 0.19 (2) 1.00 0.3 0.11 0.35


Gas | K/Ku I Lit. CO 0.16 (2) CO2 2.5 C2H5OH 250 H2O 16.0 Air 0.17

* Values for Cu and relative to H are given near end of table. t Relative values for pure Para rubber are at end of table. t Quartz glass. For H, extreme values are given. § v. also beginning of table. Il cf. vulcanized rubber.

(i) Deming and Hendricks, jf, 45: 2857; 23. (2) Dewar, 325, 21: 813; 18. (3) Dorn, 63, 7: 312; 06. (*) Edwards and Pickering, SlA1 16: 327; 20. S3, 23: 17, 71; 20. (5) Johnson and Burt, 48, 6: 734; 22. (6) Johnson and Larose, 1, 46: 1377; 24. (?) Kraus, Brown University, O. ( 8 ) Mayer. 2, 6: 283; 15. ( 9 ) Pilling, 143, 186: 373; 18. (10) Piutti and Boggiolera, 170, 14: 125; 23. (U) Rayleigh and Ramsay, 62, 186: 187; 95. (12) Richardson, Nicol and Parnell, 3, 8: 1; 04. (13) Ryder, 114, 17: 161; 20. 78, 33: 197; 18. (i*) Watson, 4, 91: 810; 10. (15) Williams and Ferguson, Î, 44 ; 2160; 22, (16) Wüstner, 8, 46:1095; 15,

DIFFUSION IN SOLIDS C. H. DESCH A = Coefficient of diffusion. For definition, see Vol. I, p. 36 Diffusing system | t, 0C ) A, cm2/day | Lit. 197 76 X 10~41 f ( i 5); agrees Au in Pb 150 43 X 10~4 j well with 100 2+ X IO"4] [ (10) 935 11 X 10~5 O6) 6 . 885 48 X 10~ (16) AumAg 870 37 X 10~6 (5) 835 21 X IO"6 (16) 916 52 A (from ,< IM solution) i ,- ^ X 10~5 (2) Au solid ^ g47 22 x 1Q_5 mAg

767 11 X10~ 5 1000 Us X10~ 7 1000 55 X 10~8 2027 95 X 10~6 470 1 X 10-» 470 4 X 10~7 470 8 X 10~7 470 3 X 10~7 400 2 XlO^ 324 14 X 10~5 320 47 X 10~6

Cu in Ni Ni in Cu Th in W Po in Au Ra-B+ C in Ag Ra-B + C in Au Ra-B + C in Pt Zn in Cu (a)

™h T

R • PK -BmPb

31

° 300 280 260 310 285

-•••

Po in Pb Th-B in Tl r, -

«

CmT Fe

-

I

\

930

57

25 15 6 13 2

X 10 7

~ XlO- 7 X 10~7 X 10~7 X 10~6 X 10~5

29 X 10~3

930 17 XlO- 3

Discussion The differences between the values for the diffusion of gold in silver obtained by Weiss and by Fraenkel (5> I 6 ) on the one hand and by Braune ( 2 ) on the other may be attributed to the use of an alloy by the latter. It seems certain that the coefficient of diffusion in solids is not a constant, but falls off as the concentration of the solid solution increases. This is shown by Fig. 2. Probably a similar difference accounts for the discrepancy between the results of Tammann and those of Runge for the diffusion of carbon in y-iron.

(2) (*) (8) (4) (17) (17) (17) (17) (8) (7) (7) (7)

(7) (7) (7) (7) (7)

Mnin

.ft$^^

(14)

(il)

DIFFUSION OF IONS IN CRYSTALLINE SOLIDS Na in permutite Ag in permutite Na in natrolite AgJnCu 2 S

20 112 X 10~5 20 164 X 10~5 20 13 X 10~6 1.0

(12) (12) («) (2)

DIFFUSION OF OXYGEN INTO SILVER AT 400-630° , . 13054^^^32, where x = velocity of diffusion in cm3/m2 per hr; p = pressure of oxygen in mm, h - thickness of silver foil in mm, and T = abs. temp. (9). DIFFUSION OF ZINC IN BRASS The values of the diffusion of zinc in a-brass are shown in Fig. 1. The results may be expressed by the equation A = Ae~Q/RT (ls).

It is possible that diffusion does not occur in a single crystal of a metal unless the entering atoms are very different from those of the crystal. Hevesy and Obrutsheva ( 7 ) found no diffusion of thorium B in a single crystal of lead, the coefficient at a temperature only just below the melting point being certainly less than 10~8 cm2/day. On the other hand, polonium diffused into single crystals of lead and into lead foil at about the same rate. Geiss and van Liempt (6) found no diffusion of either carbon or iron into single crystal wires of tungsten, although in the powdered condition diffusion occurred readily. Andrews and Dushman (l) determined the diffusion of carbon into tungsten wires, but did not calculate a coefficient of diffusion. They give a " coefficient

of penetration/' which is not identical with it, and similar empirical coefficients are found by Weiss ( 16 ) and by Bruni and Meneghini (3) for the systems Cu-Ni, Cu-Au, and Ag-Au. LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) C 1 ) Andrewsand Dushman, 50, 29: 462; 25. ( 2 ) Braune, 7, 110: 147; 24. ( 3 ) Bruni and Meneghini, 90, 26: 2; 12. ( 4 ) Dushman and Langmuir, 18, 20:

113; 22. (5) Fraenkel and Houben, 93, 116: 1; 21. («) Geiss and van Liempt, 95, 16: 317; 24. (7) Hevesy and Obrutsheva, 58,115: 674; 25. ( 8 ) Jenkin, University of Sheffield, England, O. ( 9 ) Johnson and Larose, 1, 49: 323; 27. ( 10 ) Roberts-Austen, 62, 187 A: 383; 96. ( l l ) Runge, 93, 115: 293; 20. ( 12 ) Schulze, 7, 89: 168; 15. (13) Sirovich and Cartoceti, 36, 51 II: 245; 21. ( 14 ) Tammann. and Schönert, 93, 122: 27; 22. ( 15 ) Van Orstrand and Dewey, U. S. Geol. Survey, Prof, paper, 95 G : 83; 15. (*«) Weiss and Henry, 84, 175: 1402; 22. (17) Wertenstein and Dobrowolska, 51, 4; 324; 23. ( 18 ) Dunn, 4, 1926: 2973.

HEAT CAPACITY COMPLETE INDEX

INDEX COMPLET

Mechanical equivalent of heat.

Équivalent dynamique de la chaleur. Gaz et vapeurs. Liquides et solides. Substances élémentaires. Entre O et 2980K. Au dessus de O0C. Composés chimiques. À l'état cristallin. À Fêtât liquide. Solutions et mélanges. Métalliques. Alliages et amalgames. Non-métalliques.

Gases and vapors. Liquids and solids. Elementary substances. Between O and 2980K. Above O0C. Chemical compounds. In the crystal state. In the liquid state. Solutions and mixtures. Metallic. A l l o y s a n d amalgams. Non-metallic.

INDICE COMPLETO

GESAMT INDEX VERZEICHNIS Arbeitsäquivalent der Wärme. Gase und Dämpfe. Flüssigkeiten und feste Stoffe. Elementare Stoffe. Zwischen O und 2980K. Über O0C. Chemische Verbindungen. Kristalliner Zustand. Flüssiger Zustand. Lösungen und Mischungen. Metalle. Legierungen und Amalgame. Nichtmetalle.

PAGE Equivalente dinamico di calore 78 Gas e vapori 79 Liquidi e solidi. Elementi. Fra O e 2980K 84 Sopra O0C 92 Composti. Allo stato cristallino.. 95 Allo stato liquido 106 Soluzioni e miscugli. Metalli. Leghe ed amalgame 118 Sostanze non metalliehe 122

MECHANICAL EQUIVALENT OF HEAT

T. H. LABY AND E. O. HERCUS Data based upon electrical measurements have been recalculated to the basis of International ohm = 1.000 52 X IO9 cgsm, International ampere (defined by silver voltameter) = 0.999 97 X IO"1 cgsm, International volt (defined by ampere and ohm) = 1.000 49 X IO8 cgsm, Weston normal cell at 2O0C = 1.0188 X IO8 cgsm. Reduction to the 2O0C, or the mean, calorie is by Callendar's formula ( 3 ). 2 t

O ^04

/

/ \

c = 0.98536 + ^20 + 0.0084 ^ + 0.009 (j^) 0

c = specific heat in gram-calories, t = C.

VALUE OF 1 G CALORIE Unit = IO7 erg, w = weight assigned ~ Observer Rowland; Day* Reynolds and Moorby* Rispail* Griffithsll Schuster and Gannon|| Callendar and Barnes|| Jaeger and Steinwehr|| Bousfield and Bousfield|| Henning-Sutton§§

2O0C Mean , . , . calorie calorie 6 4 . 1 8 2 f ( 4 2 4.1836J 1 4.180 T 2 4.1904** 1 4.1898ft 3 4.1795JJ 3 4.1821 1 4.1767 1 4.1865||||

w

7~ Lit. , 9 ) (?) (8) (5) ( 10 ) (1) (6) (2) (", 12)

Observer

w

2O0C , . calorie

1

Henning-Joly§§

Mean , . calorie 4.1877

T.,

Lit.

("7 12)

Weighted mean Osborne, Stimson and Fiock|] Laby and Hercus*

4.1818 4.1809

4.1853 4.188Uf (") ( 14 )

* Direct method. t As given by Day. Î Corrected from 1 to 100° to O to 100°. Il Electrical method. IT Reduced from 15 to 20° by Callendar's formula. ** Corrected to 20°, for displaced air (»«), and to Clark cell 150C = 1.4336 X 10« cgsm. f t Assumed presence of filter paper increased deposit by 2 in 10 000. tî Calculated on basis of King's determination of their cells = 1.4334 International volt = 1.43410 X IO» cgsm, and Barnes value: 1.4335. § § Latent heat of steam. Il Il Used weights assigned by Henning. 1T1F ± 0.02 % according to the authors.

LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) (i) Barnes, 5, 82: 390; 09. (2) Bousfield and Bousfield, 62, 211: 199; 11. (3) Callendar, 62, 212: 1; 12. (4) Day, 3, 46: 1; 98. ( 5 ) Griffiths, 5, 55: 23; 94. 62, 184: 361; 94. 62, 186: 261; 96. («) Jaeger and Steinwehr, 76, 1915: 424. 8, 64: 305; 21. (7) Reynolds and Moorby, 68, 190: 301; 98. (8) Rispail, 6, 20: 417; 10. (») Rowland, 65, 15: 75; 80. (10) Schuster and Gannon, 68, 186: 415; 95. («) Sutton, 3, 35: 27; 18. (") Henning, 8, 58: 759; 19. (13) Osborne, Stimson and Fiock, 66, 50:152; 28. (i*) Laby and Hercus, 68, 227: 63; 27.

of penetration/' which is not identical with it, and similar empirical coefficients are found by Weiss ( 16 ) and by Bruni and Meneghini (3) for the systems Cu-Ni, Cu-Au, and Ag-Au. LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) C 1 ) Andrewsand Dushman, 50, 29: 462; 25. ( 2 ) Braune, 7, 110: 147; 24. ( 3 ) Bruni and Meneghini, 90, 26: 2; 12. ( 4 ) Dushman and Langmuir, 18, 20:

113; 22. (5) Fraenkel and Houben, 93, 116: 1; 21. («) Geiss and van Liempt, 95, 16: 317; 24. (7) Hevesy and Obrutsheva, 58,115: 674; 25. ( 8 ) Jenkin, University of Sheffield, England, O. ( 9 ) Johnson and Larose, 1, 49: 323; 27. ( 10 ) Roberts-Austen, 62, 187 A: 383; 96. ( l l ) Runge, 93, 115: 293; 20. ( 12 ) Schulze, 7, 89: 168; 15. (13) Sirovich and Cartoceti, 36, 51 II: 245; 21. ( 14 ) Tammann. and Schönert, 93, 122: 27; 22. ( 15 ) Van Orstrand and Dewey, U. S. Geol. Survey, Prof, paper, 95 G : 83; 15. (*«) Weiss and Henry, 84, 175: 1402; 22. (17) Wertenstein and Dobrowolska, 51, 4; 324; 23. ( 18 ) Dunn, 4, 1926: 2973.

HEAT CAPACITY COMPLETE INDEX

INDEX COMPLET

Mechanical equivalent of heat.

Équivalent dynamique de la chaleur. Gaz et vapeurs. Liquides et solides. Substances élémentaires. Entre O et 2980K. Au dessus de O0C. Composés chimiques. À l'état cristallin. À Fêtât liquide. Solutions et mélanges. Métalliques. Alliages et amalgames. Non-métalliques.

Gases and vapors. Liquids and solids. Elementary substances. Between O and 2980K. Above O0C. Chemical compounds. In the crystal state. In the liquid state. Solutions and mixtures. Metallic. A l l o y s a n d amalgams. Non-metallic.

INDICE COMPLETO

GESAMT INDEX VERZEICHNIS Arbeitsäquivalent der Wärme. Gase und Dämpfe. Flüssigkeiten und feste Stoffe. Elementare Stoffe. Zwischen O und 2980K. Über O0C. Chemische Verbindungen. Kristalliner Zustand. Flüssiger Zustand. Lösungen und Mischungen. Metalle. Legierungen und Amalgame. Nichtmetalle.

PAGE Equivalente dinamico di calore 78 Gas e vapori 79 Liquidi e solidi. Elementi. Fra O e 2980K 84 Sopra O0C 92 Composti. Allo stato cristallino.. 95 Allo stato liquido 106 Soluzioni e miscugli. Metalli. Leghe ed amalgame 118 Sostanze non metalliehe 122

MECHANICAL EQUIVALENT OF HEAT

T. H. LABY AND E. O. HERCUS Data based upon electrical measurements have been recalculated to the basis of International ohm = 1.000 52 X IO9 cgsm, International ampere (defined by silver voltameter) = 0.999 97 X IO"1 cgsm, International volt (defined by ampere and ohm) = 1.000 49 X IO8 cgsm, Weston normal cell at 2O0C = 1.0188 X IO8 cgsm. Reduction to the 2O0C, or the mean, calorie is by Callendar's formula ( 3 ). 2 t

O ^04

/

/ \

c = 0.98536 + ^20 + 0.0084 ^ + 0.009 (j^) 0

c = specific heat in gram-calories, t = C.

VALUE OF 1 G CALORIE Unit = IO7 erg, w = weight assigned ~ Observer Rowland; Day* Reynolds and Moorby* Rispail* Griffithsll Schuster and Gannon|| Callendar and Barnes|| Jaeger and Steinwehr|| Bousfield and Bousfield|| Henning-Sutton§§

2O0C Mean , . , . calorie calorie 6 4 . 1 8 2 f ( 4 2 4.1836J 1 4.180 T 2 4.1904** 1 4.1898ft 3 4.1795JJ 3 4.1821 1 4.1767 1 4.1865||||

w

7~ Lit. , 9 ) (?) (8) (5) ( 10 ) (1) (6) (2) (", 12)

Observer

w

2O0C , . calorie

1

Henning-Joly§§

Mean , . calorie 4.1877

T.,

Lit.

("7 12)

Weighted mean Osborne, Stimson and Fiock|] Laby and Hercus*

4.1818 4.1809

4.1853 4.188Uf (") ( 14 )

* Direct method. t As given by Day. Î Corrected from 1 to 100° to O to 100°. Il Electrical method. IT Reduced from 15 to 20° by Callendar's formula. ** Corrected to 20°, for displaced air (»«), and to Clark cell 150C = 1.4336 X 10« cgsm. f t Assumed presence of filter paper increased deposit by 2 in 10 000. tî Calculated on basis of King's determination of their cells = 1.4334 International volt = 1.43410 X IO» cgsm, and Barnes value: 1.4335. § § Latent heat of steam. Il Il Used weights assigned by Henning. 1T1F ± 0.02 % according to the authors.

LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) (i) Barnes, 5, 82: 390; 09. (2) Bousfield and Bousfield, 62, 211: 199; 11. (3) Callendar, 62, 212: 1; 12. (4) Day, 3, 46: 1; 98. ( 5 ) Griffiths, 5, 55: 23; 94. 62, 184: 361; 94. 62, 186: 261; 96. («) Jaeger and Steinwehr, 76, 1915: 424. 8, 64: 305; 21. (7) Reynolds and Moorby, 68, 190: 301; 98. (8) Rispail, 6, 20: 417; 10. (») Rowland, 65, 15: 75; 80. (10) Schuster and Gannon, 68, 186: 415; 95. («) Sutton, 3, 35: 27; 18. (") Henning, 8, 58: 759; 19. (13) Osborne, Stimson and Fiock, 66, 50:152; 28. (i*) Laby and Hercus, 68, 227: 63; 27.

THE HEAT CAPACITY OF GASES AND VAPORS A. LEDUC CONTENTS Conversion factors. Abbreviations, symbols and units. Introduction. Cp1 Cv and 7 for the common gases at 15° and at low temperatures. Values of 7. Values of cp. Special tables. Saturated vapors. CONVERSION FACTORS To convert joule g"1 deg"1 C into g-cali5 g"1 deg"1 C or into BTU60 Ib.-1 deg"1 F, multiply by 0.2389s. For conversion into other units, v. Vol. I, p. 24. ABBREVIATIONS, SYMBOLS AND UNITS Cp (resp. Ct,) Heat capacity per gram at constant pressure (resp. at constant volume). Cp (resp. Cv) Heat capacity per gram-mole at constant pressure (resp. at constant volume). Cm (resp. Cm) Mean capacity. ô Cp — cv. 7

Cp/Cv

INHALTSVERZEICHNIS Umrechnungsfaktoren. Abkürzungen, Zeichen und Einheiten. Einleitung. Cp1 Cv und 7 für die häufigsten Gase bei 15° und tiefen Temperaturen. Werte von 7. Werte von cp. Besondere Tafeln. Gesättigte Dämpfe.

INDICE P AGE Fattori di conversione 79 Abbreviazioni, simboli e unità 79 Introduzione 79 Valori di Cp, Cv e 7 per i gas comuni a 15° e a basse temperature 80 Valori di 7 80 Valori di Cp 81 Tavole speciali 81 Vapori saturi 83

UMRECHNUNGSFAKTOREN Um Joule g-1 Grad-1 C in Gramm-calis g"1 Grad"1 C umzurechnen multipliziere man mit 0,2389s. Für Umrechnungen zu anderen Einheiten, siehe Bd. I, S. 24. ABKÜRZUNGEN, ZEICHEN UND UNITÉS EINHEITEN Cp (resp. CV) Capacité calorifique Cp (bezw. cv) Wärmeinhalt pro Gramm bei konstantem par gramme sous pression Druck (bezw. bei konstantem constante et à volume conVolumen). stant respectivement. Cp (resp. Cv) Capacité calorifique Cp (bezw. C9) Wärmeinhalt par molécule-gramme sous pro Gramm-Mol bei konstantem Druck (bezw. bei pression constante et à volkonstantem Volumen). ume constant respectivement. cm (resp. Cm) Capacité moyenne. cm (bezw. Cm) Mittlere Wärmeinhalt.

FATTORI DI CONVERSIONE Per convertire i joule g"1 gradi"1 C in g-calis g"1 gradi"1 C oppure in BTU60 Ib."1 gradi"1 F bisogna moltiplicare per 0,2389s. Per le conversioni in altre unità, vedi Vol. I, p. 24. ABBREVIAZIONI, SIMBOLI E

MATIÈRES Facteurs de conversion. et Abréviations, symboles unités. Introduction. Cp1 Cv et 7 pour les gaz usuels à 15° et aux basses températures. Valeurs de 7. Valeurs de cp. Tables spéciales. Cas des vapeurs maintenues à saturation. FACTEURS DE CONVERSION Pour convertir les C exprimées en joules g"1 deg"1 C en calis-g g"1 deg"1 C, ou en BTU60 Ib."1 deg"1 F multiplier par 0,2389s. Pour convertir en d'autres unités, v. Vol. I, p. 24. ABRÉVIATIONS, SYMBOLES ET

3 7

= Cp/Cv.

Units: Throughout this section, unless otherwise indicated, the unit of heat energy is the joule, the unit of mass, the gram (or gram-mole) and the unit of temperature, the degree centigrade.

Cp — Cv. Cp/Cv = Cp/Cv.

Unités: Dans cette section, à moins d'indication contraire, l'unité d'énergie calorifique est le joule, l'unité de masse le gramme (ou la moléculegramme), et la température est exprimée en degrés centigrades.

INTRODUCTION Each of the four quantities, cpy c», ô and 7, is capable of independent experimental determination and it is sufficient to know any two in order to calculate the other two, but knowledge of a third serves as a valuable check. The most accurate determinations of 7 are based upon the measurement of the velocity of sound, V1 and the relations:

F

and

=Vf=sV-^K

Fob

<**&«**

" = F0 " ^t) (Kirchhoff) where d is the density of the gas; v, the specific volume; F0bs., the velocity as measured in a tube of radius r > 2.5 cm; JV, the frequency; and k, a correction factor (= ca. 0.65) which depends in an unknown manner upon the properties of the gas (e.g.j upon the viscosity) and upon the nature of the tube.

ô

Cp — Cv.

7

Cp/Cv = Cp/Cv.

Einheiten: Wenn nichts besonderes angegeben, so ist durchgehend in diesem Abschnitt die Einheit der Wärmeenergie in Joule, die Einheit der Masse in Gramm (oder Gramm-Mol) und die Temperatureinheit in Centigraden, angegeben.

UNITA

Cp (oppure e») Capacità calorifica per grammi sotto pressione costante (oppure a volume costante). Cp (oppure C9) Capacità calorifica per grammimolecola sotto pressione costante (oppure a volume costante). cm (oppure Cm) Calore specifico medio. O Cp — cv. 7 CP/CV = Cp/Cv. Unità: In questo capitolo, a meno che non sia altrimenti indicato, l'unità di energia calorifica è il joule, l'unità di massa, il grammo (o la grammimolecola) e l'unità di temperatura, il grado centigrado.

The quantity ô is computed from the thermodynamic relation

(*>\ - \dTj\dTjP

,_ S 1 T(*P\

In preparing the tables in this section the values of dp/dT, dv/dT and dp/dv required in the above equations were obtained by one (or more) of the following methods, preference being given in the order shown: (1) Accurate values based upon direct measurement; (2) values deduced from an equation of state known to correctly reproduce the observed p, v, T for the gas; (3) values deduced from a general equation of state obtained by the author. Method (3) was used in the majority of cases. For details, v. ( 29 » 35). Owing to the fact that the available data give, in many instances, opportunities for frequent cross-checks, it is not always possible to indicate, except partially, the source of all of the experimental data upon which the values given below are based. For a critique of the experimental data in this field and a discussion of the various corrections required, v. (35*5).

In all of the tables given below the quantity recorded is the total heat capacity, that is, it includes, for example, any "heat of dissociation" which may accompany the rise in temperature. Consequently a value given cannot be taken as the "true" specific heat of a molecular species unless it is known that a dissociation equilibrium is not involved.

Gas A Cl2 H2 N2 O2 HCl SO2 H2S N2Q

THE COMMON GASES AT 150C p = l atm. \CP -Cv\ T I CP Il Gas \CP - Cv 8.34:5 1.66s 20.9s NO 8.35s 8.934 1.35s 34.Ii NH 3 8.822 8.316 1.410 28.5s CO 8.349 8.349 1.404 29.04 CO2 8.542 8.349 1.401 29.1? CN 9.08i 8.609 1.41 29.59 CH4 8.38? 9.136 1.29 40.64 C2H2 8.609 8.75s 1.32 36.12 C 2 H 4 8.609 8.579 1.303 36.9i C2H6 8.734

y 1.400 1.31o 1.404 1.304 1.25e 1.31 1.26 1.255 1.22

Cp 29.2s 37.2g 29.04 36.62 44.5? 35.4s 41.72 42.14 48.5s

THE COMMON GASES AT LOW TEMPERATURES See also p. 84 p = l atm. (53)

G^ ^8 A H2

He N2 O2 H2S*

N2O

NO*. CO CO2 CH4 CH4 (37.9) C2H2 C2H4 C2H6

T^r *' C -180 -76 -181 -180 -181 -76 -181 -45 -57 -30 -70 -45 -80 -180 -75 -80 -74 -115 -71 -91 -82

^

T

1.76? 1.45s 1.597 1.66o 1.47 1.415 1.45 1.30 1.29 1.31 1.34 1.39 1.38 1.41 1.37 1.34 1.35 1.41 1.31 1.35 1.28

r

Lp

22?2 26.6 22.3 20.9 30.0 28.7 30.6 39.8 41.7 36.8 35.0 30.0 30.7 30.3 33.8 33.8 33.4 30.2 38.2 36.2 43.7

I

r

Sign of

Lv

dCp/dt Î 2 U 18.3 + 14.0 + 12.6 + 20.4 20.3 21.1 30.7 32.4 28.1 + 26.1 + 21.6 22.2 20.6 24.7 + 25.2 + 24.8 + 21.4 + 29.1 + 26.8 + 34.1 +

* Values doubtful.

VALUES OF 7 = cp/cv 2V-TABLE, ELEMENTARY SUBSTANCES AND ATMOSPHERIC AIR Formula | patm. | t, 0C | 7 I Lit. A 1 0-100 1.67 (43) Br 0.3-1.5 20-350 1.32 (59) Cl 1 16 1.35s (23,45) 0.5 16 1.34 (23) H2 (».p. 82) 1 17 1.407 (2.5) 1 - 21 1.420 1 - 78 1.44s 1 -118 1.480 1 -185 1.60s Hg 0.5-1 360 1.67 (27) I :.. 1 185 1.30 (58) K 1 850 1.77 (65) 1 680-1000 1.69 (51) Kr 1 19 1.68 (49) Na 1 750-920 1.68 (Si) Ne 1 19 1.64 (49)

Formula P Xe Air (v. p. 81)

2K-T AB LE .—(Continued) | patm. I t, 0C 1 7 | Lit. Ï 300 ÎTÏ7 (56) 1 19 1.66 (49) 100 - 79 2.20 (26) 200 - 79 3.33 (26) 3 20 1.41 (54) 1 925 1.36 (22,58) 1 17 1.403 (2.5) 1 - 78 1.408 1 -118 1.415

A-TABLE, CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS Formula p&tm. \ t, 0C 7 I Lit. HCl Ï ÏÔÔ TlO (59) HBr 0.3-1.5 20 1.42 (59) HI 1 20-100 1.40 (59) ICl 1 100 1.31 (59) SO2 0.5 20 1.27 (54) 2.5 20 1.35 (4,60) H2S 1 18 1.30 (60) 0.5 18 1.32 (60) N2O.... 1 O 1.32 (68) 1 100 1.28 (68) NH 3 1 15 1.31 (54) 3.5 15 1.41 (54) CS2 satd.vap. 99.7 1.63 (28,58) SiCl4 0.15 14 1.13 (4) (L-TABLE, C-COMPOUNDS Formula | Name | patm. \t, °C| 7 | Lit. CCl4 Carbon tetrachloride 0.1 20 1.13 (4,62) CHCl3 Chloroform 0.15 201.15 (4) 1 1001.15 (58) HCN Hydrogen cyanide 1 65 1.31 (63) 1 1401.28 (63) 1 2101.24 (63) CH2Cl2 Dichloromethane 0.2 18 1.22 (4) CH3Br Methyl bromide 0.3-0.6 181.27 (4) CH3Cl Methyl chloride 0.8 16 1.28 (4) CH3I Methyl iodide 0.3 20 1.286 (4) CH4O Methyl alcohol (C p = 52.3) 1 771.203 (U) C2H3Br Bromoethylene 0.6 15 1.20 (4) C2H4 Ethylene 1 100 1.18 (68) C2H4Cl2 1, 2-Dichloroethanc 0.06 19 1.13? (4) 0.2 231.134 (4) C2H4O Acetaldehyde 1 301.14 (68) C2H4O2 Acetic acid 1 1361.15 (58) C2H6Br Ethyl bromide 0.3 14 1.19 ( 4 ) C2H5Cl Ethyl chloride 0.3-0.5 161.19 (4) C2H6 Ethane 1 501.21 (io) 1 1001.19 (1°) C2H6O Ethyl alcohol (Cp = 78.3) 1 901.13 (u» 42) C2H6O Methyl ether 1 6-30 1.11 (39) C3H5Br Allyl bromide 0.1 15 1.14s (4) C3H5Cl Allyl chloride 0.2 14 1.13? (4) C3H6O2 Methyl acetate ca. 1 ca.15 1.14 (4) C3H7Br Isopropyl bromide 0.23 12 1.13 (4) C3H7Cl n- and iso-Propyl chloride 0.1 211.13 (4) C3H8 Propane 0.5 16 1.13 (4) C3H8O2 Methylal 1 131.06 (39) 1 401.09 (39) C4H10 Isobutane ca.l ca.15 1.11 (6)

(T-TABLE.—(Continued] Formula | Name I patm. \t, 0C | 7 | Lit. C4Hi0O Ethyl ether (Cp = 116.3) Î 351.08 (30) C6H12 C 5 Hi 2 C6H6 C6H14

Cyclohexane

I rc-Pentane.... Benzene n-Hexane

1

801.086 (Hi 42)

1

801.08 (7)

I CP I ( 123.5 1 atm. .106.3 J [ 131.4

i

t 86 90 80

I T I Lit. 1.08e C 1 1 » 4 2 ) 1.10 (7, U) 1.08 (U)

VALUES OF cp AT t AND OF cp, MEAN, BETWEEN ti AND *, ELEMENTS AND INOKGANIC COMPOUNDS Formula ffatm. | t, 0C Cp Lit. Br I 83-228 0.23o (50) 1 19-388 0.230 ( 59 ) 1 1 206-377 0.141 (59) HCl 1 10-190 0.774 (50) HBr 1 11-100 0.343 ( 59 ) ICl 1 100-203 0.21s (59) SO2 1 10-190 0.561 ( 50 ) H2S 1 10-190 1.01? (61) SO2Cl2 1 19-98 0.477 (61-5) N20 1 25-100 0.887 (50) 1 25-200 0.937 (50,66) 11 30-94 1.017 (37) 31 30-94 1.172 (37) NO 1 10-180 0.971 (50) NO2; v. also (37.5) 1 6.78 (i-S) 27-67 1 27-100 6.11 (I- 5 ) 1 27-150 4.666 (i- 5 ) 1 27-200 3.5e (1-5) 1 27-300 2.6s (1-5) PCl3 1 110-250 0.565 (so) AsCl3 1 160-270 0.469 (50) CCl4 1 O 0.586 (38) 1 30 0.552 (38) 1 70 0.481 (38) CS2 1 80-190 0.657 (50) 0.3 17 0.657 (60) SiCl4 1 90-230 0.552 (so) TiCl4 1 160-270 0.540 (50) SnCl4 1 14^-273 0.39s ( 5 Q) ORGANIC COMPOUNDS Formula ) Name | patm. | *> 0C I CP \ Lit. CHCl3 Chloroform 1 27-1180.60? (66) 1 120-2300.65? (50) CH4 Methane 1 10-200 2.482 ( 9 > 50) 11 30-94 2.620 (37) 31 30-94 2.909 (37) CH4O Methyl alcohol 1 100-2231.917 (SO) C2H4 Ethylene 1 15-1001.67 (50,66) 1 25-2001.80 (66) 11 30-94 1.76 (37) 31 30-94 1.8s (37) C2H4Cl2 1, 1-Dichloroethane 1 110-220 0.96s (50) C2H4Cl2 Ethylene chloride 1 111-221 0. 9e (50) C2H4O2 Acetic acid 1 118-140 6.2s (i-5) 1 140-1805.31 (1-5) 1 180-2203.98 (1-5) 1 220-2602.67 (I- 5 ) C2H6Br Ethyl bromide 1 28-1160.674 (66) 1 80-2000.795 (50)

ORGANIC COMPOUNDS.—(Continued) Formula! Name | patm. | <, 0C | cp [ Lit. C2H6Cl Ethyl chloride Ì 10-1701.15i ( 5 O) 1 15-1001.021 (20) C2H6O Ethyl alcohol 1 100-223 1.90 (50) C3H5N Ethyl cyanide 1 114-223 1.78s (50) C3H6O Acetone 1 26-110 1.402 (50) 1 130-2301.724 (50) C4H8O2 Ethyl acetate 1 110-220 1.67s ( 5 O) 1 35-1891.553 (66) 1 35-1131.410 (66) C4Hi0O Ethyl ether 1 35 !.862 (30) 1 27-1891.933 (66) 1 69-2242.01 (50,55) 1 200-3002.231 (55) 0.28 16 1.92 (60) 0.28 350 2.51 (60) C4Hi0S Diethyl sulfide 1 120-223 1.67 (50) C6Hi0 Amylene ca. 210 2.64 (14) C6Hi2 Isopentane 1 58 1.88 (64) 1 100 1.97 (8) C6H6 Benzene 1 80 1.09 (30) 1 34-1151.26 (66) 1 35-1801.39 (66) 1 100 1.39 (7) 1 120-2201.55 (50) C6Hi2 Cyclohexane 1 100 1.73 ( 7 ) Ci0Hi6 Terebenthene 1 180-250 2.12 (50) SPECIAL TABLES Atmospheric Air EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE p = 1 atm. (2, 9, 16, 46, 48) t, °C

O 100 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000

I

Cp -

CV

I

0.2883 0.2882 0.287s 0.287l 0.287l 0.287l 0.287l 0.287l 0.287l 0.287l 0.287l 0.287l

T

1.403 1.401 1.398 1.393 1.385 1.376 1.365 1.353 1.341 1.329 1.316 1.303

I

CP

1.004 1.006 1.010 1.017 1.034 1.05s 1.07e 1.1Oi 1.13o 1.16o 1.193 1.234

I Cm1 Q tO t°

1.004 1.005 1.009 1.013 1.017 1.02s 1.034 1.042 1.05o 1.06s 1.07e 1.08s

EFFECT OF PRESSURE Values of cp above 0° (52) p&im, \ 0° | 50° | 100° | 150° 200° I 280° 201.0421.03s1.0341.0341.03o1.034 60 l.lls 1.08s 1.07i 1.059 l.OSo 1.042 100 1.172 1.13s 1.08s 1.08s 1.07e 1.05s 140 1.18o 1.13s l.lls 1.092 1.063 180 1.214 1.16s 1.134 1.109 1.07e 220 1.239 1.189 1.15i 1.122 1.084 Values of cp below 0° (67) Patm. I -50° I -100° I -120° | -140° 10 1.02i l.OSo 1.13s 1.707 20 1.05s 1.184 1.34s 2.67s 40 1.147 1.4Oo 2.00s 10.9i 70 1.30e 1.92s 3.252 -78° -185° Lit. 1

1.017

1.055

(53)

P tm

* ' 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200

d, g/cm3 C9 t,

C

(5, 48, 57)

Atmospheric Air.—(Continued) VALUES OF 7 Q° -79.4° 26 67 26 ( ) I ( ) ( ) I ( 67 ) 1.47 1.47 1.57 1.58 1.53 1.53 1.77 1.79 1.59 1.58 2.00 2.06 1.65 1.64 2.20 2.30 1.69 2.40 1.74 2.47 max. 1.78 2.41 1.83 2.33 VALUES cvr MEAN, 15-100° (21) 0.01 [ 0.03 0.719 0.72i H2, Hydrogen; cf. (™) ~

^P

1

~

VARIATION OF cp WITH TEMPERATURE FOR p = 1 ATM. (15) *,.°C 2ÖÖ 4ÖÖ 605 8ÖÖ 1000 1200 1400 CP 1.946 extrap. 1.98o 2.05s 2.1722.33s 2.5442.79e "BEST" VALUES FOR p = 1 ATM. ( 47 ) 0

p = 1 atm. 0.717

Cm,

t, °K

O - t°

( 12 )

„

O 2 8 . 5 s 1 . 4 1 0 2 8 . 5 s 3 5 1 2 . 4 ? 100 28.92 1.404 28.7s 50 12.60 200 29.2l 1.398 28.92 65 12.72 400 29.80 1.38? 29.2i 80 13.U 600 30.3s 1.377 29.50 90 13.64 800 30.97 1.367 29.80 100 14.3i 1000 31.5s 1.35s 30.09 110 15.1s 1200 32.U 1.349 30.3s 196.5 18.37 1400 32.7s 1.34l 30.6s 273.1 20.26 1600 33.3l 1.333 30.97 1800 33.90 1.325 31.26 2000 34.4s 1.31s 31.5s

O2, N2 and CO For best values at 0°, v. p. 81; see also Fig. 2. The following values are from Partington and Shilling ( 47 ) : <°, C I Cp - Cv I 7 I CP I Cm, O to t°~ O 8.362 1.402 29.17 29.17 100 8.332 1.399 29.2i 29.19 200 8.324 1.396 29.29 29.2s 400 8.324 1.391 29.6s 29.34 600 8.320 1.383 30.Oi 29.5o 800 8.320 1.375 30.5i 29.67 1000 8.316 1.365 31.14 29.92 1200 8.316 1.353 31.8s 30.17 1400 8.316 1.342 32.64 30.47 8.316 1.329 33.5e 30.80 1600 1800 8.316 1.316 34.6l 31.1s 2000 8.316 1.303 35.74 31.5s ( Cp = 6.815 + 3.17 X IO"4* + 5.3 X IO^2 g-cali5/mole. 2 \ Cv = 4.82 + 3.3 X 10-4J -J- 4.7 X IO"8*2 g-cal15/mole. J Cp = 6.98 + 1.88 X IO"4* + 6.7 XlO-8J2 g-cal15/mole. 2 c t * = 4-98 + 2-1 X 10-4Z + 5.5 X IO"8*2 g-cali5/mole. H2O VARIATION OP cp WITH TEMPERATURE <, 0C I 1 atm. 2 atm. | 4 atm. | 6 atm. K)O 2.017 120 1.996 2.09s 140 1.984 2.046 160 1.97s 2.02l 2.15s 2.35e 180 1.97i 2.00s 2.1Oi 2.22e 200 1.97i 1.996 2.067 2.15i 250 1.980 1.996 2.034 2.072 300 1.996 2.009 2.034 2.059

H2O.—(Continued) VARIATION OF cp WITH TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE.—(Cont'd) J1 0C I 1 atm. I 2 atm. | 4 atm. | 6 atm. |10 atm. 114 atmt|20 atm, 3502.02l2.02s2.05i2.0672.1092.1472.2U 400 2.05l 2.059 2.07e 2.09s 2.122 2.15s 2.20s 450 2.084 2.09s 2.11s 2.11s 2.139 2.164 2.2Oi 500 2.122 2.126 2.134 2.14s 2.159 2.17e 2.2Oi 550 2.156 .2.159 2.164 2.16s 2.18o 2.189 2.21o

AND PRESSURE ( 17 > 25 ) 10 atm.|l4 atm.| 20 atm.

t, C \CP - Cv 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900

8.927 8.550 8.424 8.378 8.357 8.345 8.337 8.332 8.328

I Cv

y

1.324 1.310 1.304 1.3Oi 1.29e 1.290 1.282 1.27s 1.26s

Fig.2 Air

27.54 27.5s 27.6e 27.8s 28.2i 28.80 29.5s 30.5s 31.6s

I t, 0C \C9 - C.| 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 2300

8.328 8.324 8.320 8.320 8.320 8.320 8.320 8.320

7

I C0

1.252 33.Oe 1.229 36.4i 1.2Oe 40.4? !.!82 45.32 1.16s 42.5e 1.15s 54.2o 1.14s 56.29 1.14e 56.79

Fig.l H2O

MEAN Cp BETWEEN 100 AND £° ( 40 ) t, 0C 1000 1'250 1500 1750 2000 2250 2500 3000 CP1 IQQ-* 0 ...... 28.9e 30.1s 31.39 33.Oe 35.24 37.62 40.Oo 45.4i Cp FOR SLIGHTLY UNDER-SATURATED VAPOR* ( 17 ) 0 «, C 99.1 119.6142.9169.6187.1200.5211.4 2 1 2 4 8 12 16 20 Pj kg/cm cp 2.017 2.08s 2.23i 2.51i 2.817 3.13s 3.49o * These values are not in agreement with those calculated thermodynamically from the temperature coefficient of the latent heat.

' t, 0C 100 120 140

"BEST" VALUES FOR THE I C3, I1.816 1.87l 1.97i

SATURATED VAPOR c. I 7 1.31s 1.373* 1.35e 1.378 1.422 1.380

* This is consistent with Neyreneuf's value of the velocity of sound -C42).

2.64s 2.38i 2.80s 2.15s 2.264 2.46i 2.109 2.159 2.24?

"BEST" VALUES FOR THE SUPERHEATED p, atm. I t, 0C I IQQ | 120 | 140 | 1 I Cp 1.816 1.83s 1.87s I 7 1.365 1.346

VAPOR 150 | 160"~ 1.93 2.00s 1.333 1.314

H2O.-(Confirmed) CO2.—(Continued) "BEST" VALUES FOR THE SUPERHEATED VAPOR.—(Cont'd) VARIATION OF cp WITH PRESSURE, T - > 0 > - ^ < 0 (37.2) op ol P1SiJm. \ t,°G \ 100 I 120 I 140 I 150 | 160 For data near the critical point, v. (1 ) 2 cp 1.87l 1.91s 1.959 2.02e I 13.2° I 38° I 67.6° | 98.1° | 114.9° T 1.37* 1.36 1.344 1.326p,tm. 24.25 1.20s 1.030 3 cp 1.959 54.1 3.06 1.364 1.15l 7 1.37 1.35e 1.34 61.7 3.72 1.833 1.352 1.327 1.31o 4 Cp 2.02e 2.07e 68.2 4.70 2.369 r * At 130° 1.37 1.35 75.8 6.16 3.059 2.02e 1.93 1.61i NH 3 44 85.4 8.83 4.164 2.49s 2.22e VARIATION OF cp WITH TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE ( ) 86.9 I 2.69l 1 19 ^T^nÛ ' O 1 2 4 8 12 16 20 ffatm. ( ) I -10° I 0° I +10° I 20° I 30° t, O ^^-^. Satd. -30 -10 O +20 40 60 80 100 120 150

2.34o 2.48s 2.7Oi 3.030 3.3Oo 3.56i 3.84a 2.020 2.3Oe 2.0432.1952.386 2.05? 2.173 2.3U2.657 2.08s 2.159 2.2442.44e 2.98s 2.116 2.167 2.252 2.35o 2.66s 3.07s 2.149 2.186 2.22e 2.313 2.51s 2.759 3.05s 3.44s 2.184 2.212 2.242 2.30s 2.44s 2.60s 2.789 3.00s 2.22o 2.2U 2.26s 2.312 2.41s 2.52s 2.652 2.792 2.256 2.274 2.293 2.33o 2.409 2.492 2.582 2.679 2.294 2.32? 2.34o 2.36s 2.422 2.48l 2.54o 2.603 VALUES OF cp AT HIGH TEMPERATURES Mean of (13 and 41) +10% t I 309° 422° I 523° Cp 41.4 43.9 47.Os CP 2.43 2.59 2.7e Nernst (41) gives Cp = 8.62 + 0.002J + 7.2 X 10-«t*, g-cal«/ mole. Range O to 680°. For very high temperatures Budde ( 3 ) gives the equation Cp = 11.8 + 0.024 X (t - 1400), g-calu/mole. This gives 11.8 at 1400° and 21.4 at 2200°. CO, v. p. 86 CO2

EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE AT p = 1 ATM. ( 2 > 11J 15 > 48) Cp = 6.63 -f 5.54 X IO"3* - 2.47 X 10~6Z2 + 4.7 X lO"10*3, gcalis/mole (53) *, 0C I Cp-C. 7 I CP I Cmi 0-<° O 1 8.600 1.310 36.33 1 36.33 100 8.429 1.281 38.38 37.37 200 8.374 1.263 40.18 38.25 300 8.349 1.247 42.18 39.09 400 8.337 1.235 43.82 39.92 500 8.328 1.225 45.24 40.76 600 8.324 1.217 46.60 41.43 700 8.324 1.210 47.86 42.27 800 8.320 1.204 49.01 42.98 900 8.320 1.200 50.01 43.69 1000 8.320 1.195 50.89 44.24 1100 8.320 1.192 51.68 44.78 1200 8.314 1.189 52.40 45.24 1300 8.314 1.186 53.02 45.73 1400 8.314 1.184 53.61 46.24 1500 8.314 1.181 54.20 46.75 1600 8.314 1.179 54.74 47.21 1700 8.314 1.177 55.28 47.75 1800 8.314 1.175 55.83 48.25 1900 8.314 1.173 56.33 48.76 2000 8.314 1.171 56.92 49.26 Between -75 and +20°, Cp = 8.71 + 66 X 10~4£ - 22 X 10~7*2 g-cal/mole (is).

20.5 27.3

1.2Oi

1.159 1.117 1.07i 1.03o 1.38l 1.289 1.193 | 1.05s

VARIATION OF c„ WITH t AND d ( 21 ) I d = 0.124g/cm 3 I d = O.lSg/cma" 0 t, C 10 50 100 50 100 CV 0.933 0.824 0.795 0.866 0.862 d, g/cm 3 0.0387 0.077 0.118 0.144 0.7173 0.77Oo 0.81I9 0.8457 Cm, 12-100° cv= 0.165 + 0.02125d + 0.34Od2, g-cal «/g. ' CH4, Methane (»)

I1 0C

I Cp - Cv

O 100 200 300 400 500 600

8.403 8.353 8.337 8.328 8.324 8.324 8.320

7

I

1.307 1.232 1.188 1.160 1.139 1.125 1.113

\ Cm1 Q-t°

CP 35.78 44.36 52.61 60.47 68.01 75.12 81.90

35.78 40.05 44.36 48.42 52.40 56.25 59.97

CH3Cl and C2H5Cl (20, 56) VARIATION OF cp WITH t AND p ^Patm.

t ^^ -30 O +40 80 110

C2H5Cl

"Xpatm.

CH3Cl

0.137|l.37|2.74|g ^x 0-68| 2.72 | 5.46 | 8.2 0.88 -30 0.84 0.92 O 0.88 1.00 1.02 1.03 +30 0.90 0.93 0.96 1.01 1.06 1.09 1.13 70 0.95 0.96 1.00 1.04 1.13 1.17 110 0.97 1.00 1.03 1.07

SATURATED VAPORS Values of cs, the heat required to heat the vapor through I0C and maintain it in the saturated condition, joule per g/deg C. Il H2Q U (C2Hs)2O t, 0C 58 93 148 O 120 -5.9 -5.0 -0.33 0.485 0.557 Cs || C6H6, Benzene || H2 t,°C O 120 210 -257.24 -252.7 cs -7.34 O 0.48 -23.2 -15.8 LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) C 1 ) Bennewitz and Splittberger, 7, 124: 49; 26. (»•«) Berthelot and Ogier, 34, 94: 916; 82. 6, 30: 382; 83. ( 2 ) Bjerrum, 7, 79: 513; 12. 0,17:731; 11. 18: 101; 12. 88, 16: 640; 14. ( 2 - 5 ) Brinkworth, 5, 107: 510; *25. ( 3 ) Budde, 93, 78: 159; 12. (4) Capstick, 62, 185: 1; 95. O, 57: 322; 95. (5) Crofts, 4, 107: 290; 15. («) Daniel and Pierron, 27, 21: 801; 99. (7) Déjardin, 16, 11: 253; 19. ( 8 ) Dieterici, 8, 12: 154; 03. (») Dixon and Crofts, 4, 105: 2036; 14. ( l O) Dixon, Campbell and Parker, 5, 100: 1 ; 21. C 1 1 ) Dixon and Greenwood, 5, 105: 199; 24. ( 12 ) Eucken, 88, 18: 4; 16. 7, 100: 159; 22. 9, 26: 377; 20. (i3)HaberandJamaru, O, 21: 228; 15. ( 1 ^) de Keen, 186, 5: 757; 83. ( 1 S) Hoiborn and Henning, 8, 23: 809; 07. C1 «) Holborn and Jakob, 98, 61: 146;

17. C 1 7 ) Jakob, 98, 56: 1980; 12. ( 1 S) Knoblauch and Jakob, 98, 51: 81, 124; 07. 0») Jenkin and Pye, 62, 213: 67; 13. 215: 353; 15. (20) Jenkin and Shorthose, 5, 99: 352; 21. («) JoIy, 5, 45: 33; 89. 48: 440; 90. 55: 390; 94. 62, 182: 73; 92. (22) Kalähne, 8, 11: 225; 03. (23) Keutel, Diss., Berlin, 1910. (25) Knoblauch and Mollier, 98, 55: 665; 11. (26) Koch, 8, 26: 551 ; 08. 27: 311 ; 08. ( 2 * ) Kundt and Warburg, 8, 157: 353 ; 76. (28) Leduc, 34, 127: 659; 98. 126: 1860; 98. ( 2 9 ) Leduc, 34, 148: 548; 09. ( 3 0 ) Leduc, 34, 152: 1752; 11. 154: 812; 12. (3i) Leduc, 6, 28: 577; 13. 51, 2: 24; 21. (32) Leduc, 34, 160: 338, 516, 601; 15. 178: 1148; 24. ( 33 ) Leduc, 34, 176: 830; 23. ( 3 4 ) Leduc, 34, 176: 1132; 23. ( 35 ) Leduc, Thermodynamique. Paris, Doin, 1924. (35.5) Leduc, 286, 6: 1; 29. (36) Lucchi, 24, 7: 1305; 81. ( 3 7 ) Lussana, 59, 36: 5, 70, 130; 94. 1: 327; 95. 3: 92; 96. 7: 365; 98. (37.2) Lussana, 69, 6: 81; 97. (37.5) McCollum, 1, 49: 28; 27. .(37.9) Millar, 1, 45: 874; 23. (38) Mills and McRae, 60, 14: 797; 10. 15: 54; 11. ( 3 ») Müller, 8, 11: 331; 03. (40) Muraour, 34, 169: 723; 19. 378, 10: 23; 23. .( 41 ) Nernst, 9, 16: 96; 10. 17: 265; 11, (42) Neyreneuf, 6, 9: 535; 86. (*3) Niemeyer, Diss., Halle,

1902. (44) Osborne, Stimson, Sligh and Cragoe, 31, No. 501: 25. (45) Partington, 63, 14:969; 13. 15: 601; 14. 5, 100: 27; 21. (46) Partington and Shilling, 3, 45: 416; 23. (47) Partington and Shilling, The Specific Heat of Gases. London, Benn, 1924. (48) Pier> 7, $2: 385; 08. 66: 759; 09. 9, 15: 536; 09. 16: 897; 10. (49) Ramsay, 5, 86: 100; 12. (50) Regnault, 6, 24:342; 71. ( 5 I) Robitsch, 8, 38: 1027; 12. (52) Rolbuch, 65, 60: 537; 25. ( 53 ) Scheel and Heuse, 8, 40: 473; 13. Z. Sauerstoff Stickstoff Ind., 11: 26; 19. Heuse, 8, 59: 86; 19. (54) Schöler, 8, 45: 913; 14. (55) Scukarev, 8t 59: 229; 96. (56) Shorthose, B40, (57) Siegel, 7, 87: 641; 14. (58) Stevens, 8, 7: 285; 02. (59) Strecker, 8, 13: 20; 81. 17: 85; 82. (60) Thibaut, 8, 35: 347; 11. («) Trautz, 9, 23: 206; 17. (61.5) Trautz, 9, 14: 271; 08. (62) Tyrer, 7, 87: 169; 14. (63) Usherwood, 4, 121: 1604; 22. (64) Vogel, 414, 108-109: 1; 11. (65) Wenz, 8, 33: 951; 10. (66) Wiedemann, 8,157: 1 ; 76. 2:195; 77. (67) Witkowski, 3, 41: 288; 96. 42: 1; 96. (68) Wüllner, 8, 4: 321; 78. ( 69 ) Cornish and Eastman, 1, 50: 627; 28.

THERMODYNAMIC QUANTITIES : VALUES OF THE HEAT CAPACITY, ENTROPY, HEAT CONTENT AND "THERMODYNAMIC POTENTIAL" FOR PURE SUBSTANCES BETWEEN O AND 2980K W. H. RODEBUSH AND ESTHER RODEBUSH CONTENTS Heat capacity of elementary substances. Entropy, heat content and " thermodynamic potential" for pure substances between O and 2980K. INTRODUCTION Unless otherwise indicated, the values given in this section apply in all cases to the form which is stable under 1 atm. pressure at the temperature in question. In all cases, the mass unit is the gram-formula-weight, the energy unit is the joule, and the temperature unit is 0K. The pressure is 1 atmosphere. In all cases, the value of each of the quantities tabulated is assumed to be O at O0K. The number of units uncertain in a given place of significant figures is indicated by the number of bars over the figure in that place, one bar indicating ± 1 to 3 units, two bars, ± >3 units.

MATIÈRES Capacité calorifique des substances élémentaires. Entropie, chaleur totale et "potentiel thermodynamique" pour les substances pures entre O et 2980K. INTRODUCTION À moins d'une autre indication, les valeurs données dans cette section se rapportent dans tous les cas à la forme qui est stable sous une pression d'une atmosphère à la température en question. Dans tous les cas, l'unité de masse est le poids moléculaire, l'unité d'énergie est le joule, et l'unité de température est le degré K. La pression est 1 atmosphère. Dans tous les cas, la valeur concernant chaque quantité mentionnée est supposée être O à O0K. Le nombre d'unités incertaines à une place donnée des chiffres significatifs est indiqué par le nombre de barres se trouvant sur le chiffre à cette place, une barre indiquant ± 1 à 3 unités, deux barres, ± > 3 unités.

Cp

Heat capacity per gramformula-weight.

Cp

Capacité calorifique molécule gramme.

par

S H

Entropy. Heat content. Computed from heats of formation in the case of compounds.

S H

Entropie. Chaleur totale. Calculée à partir des chaleurs de formation dans le cas des composés.

INHALTSVERZEICHNIS Wärmekapazität elementarer Stoffe. Entropie, Wärmeinhalt und "thermodynamisches Potential" für reine Stoffe zwischen O und 2980K. EINLEITUNG Wenn nichts anderes angegeben, so beziehen sich die gegebenen Werte dieses Abschnittes in allen Fällen auf die bei 1 Atm. und der fraglichen Temperatur, stabile Form. In allen Fällen ist die Mengeneinheit das Grammformelgewicht, die Einheit der Energie ist Joule und die für die Temperatur ist 0K. Der Druck ist 1 Atmosphäre. In allen Fällen wird angenommen, dass jede Grosse, welche in der Tabelle angegeben ist, bei O0K selbst Null ist. Die Zahl der Einheiten die an einer gegebenen Stelle einer gewerteten Zahl unsicher sind, werden durch die Anzahl von Strichen über der Zahl an dieser Stelle angezeigt. Ein Strich bedeutet ± 1 bis 3 Einheiten, zwei Striche ± mehr wie 3 Einheiten. Cp Wärmekapazität pro Grammformelgewieht. S H

Entropie. Wärmeinhalt. Berechnet aus der Bildungswärme im Falle einer Verbindung.

INDICE PAGE Calore specifico degli ele85 menti Entropia, capacità termica e "potenziale termodinamico" di corpi puri fra O e 2980K 87 INTRODUZIONE I valori riportati in questo capitolo si riferiscono (a meno che non sia altrimenti indicato) alla forma stabile a pressione atmosferica e alla temperatura in questione. In tutti i casi l'unità di massa è la grammimolecola, l'unità di energia il joule e l'unità di temperatura il 0K. La pressione è 1 atmosfera. In tutti i casi il valore delle, quantità riportate nella tabella è supposto essere O a O0K. Le unità di cui è incerto un determinato numero significativo, sono indicate dal numero di linee stampate sopra la cifra stessa. Una linea indica ± da 1 a 3 unità, due linee ± > 3 unità. Cp S H

Calore specifico per un peso in grammi corrispondente alla formula. Entropia. Capacità termica. Computata, nel caso di composti, dai calori di formazione.

HEAT CAPACITY OF ELEMENTARY SUBSTANCES BETWEEN O AND 30O0K DEWAR'S VALUES OF MEAN ATOMIC HEAT CAPACITY BETWEEN 77.4 AND 20.350K (3) Joules per gram-atom per 0C As, TToT CÏ~ 13.40 Mn^4?94 Kh, 5.4 Au, 12.4 Co, 4.77 Mo, 5.37 Ru, 4.35 B, 0.94 Cr, 2.76 Ni, 4.77 Se, 11.19 Ba, 18.8 Cs, 26.7 Os, 5.82 Sr, 18.84 Be, 0.49 " Di," 18.14 Pd, 7.95 Te, 14.4 Bi, 17.75 Ir, 7.53 P(r), 5.23 Th, 17.95 Br, 14.15 La, 18.0 P(y), 9.37 Ti, 3.84 Ce, 18.18 Li, 5.27 Pt, 10.3 U, 12.9 Rb, 23.65 Zr, 9.33 2V-TABLE.—ELEMENTARY SUBSTANCES Molecular heat capacity, joules per gram-formula-weight per 0C Argon C, Graphite (19) Cd.-(Cont'd) T1 0K

I

Cp

Solid (6) 15 6.3 21 14.7 30 18.8 36 22.8 45

2 7 I' 60 27.6 75 31.4 Liquid (6)_ 84 to 88 I 44.0 Gas (12) _ 90 22.2

100 150 200 250 300

22.2 22.0 21.7 21.4 21.1

A.C.».««) 20 30 40

1.7 4.3s 8.Ü5

S

Ì3'Ì

m

ill

80 Il

7 S ill -

JS

20? flX

lit

2Ü HÌI 2 I:

Al (9, 20, 21) 20 0.3 30 1.Ï 40 2.2 50 3.9o 60 5.8s 70 7.7s 80 9.4s 90 11.2 100 12.9 1 Ô 18.5 200 21.5s 250 23.2 300 24.5

T1 0K

Cp_

20 30 40 50 60

O.Ï 0.25 0.4 0.6 0.75

70

1

^ l.ls 1.4o 1.6 3.2 5.0 6.8s

80 90 100 150 200 250

300 8.6 C, Diamond (20)_ go 0.04 .25 100 125 .8

;g

Cp_

100 150 200 250 300

22.2s 24.2 25.1s 25.7s 26.2

Cl2, Solid (7) jo 0 2£ fi'6 30 35 2Ï 8 4Q 2~' ^7 45 52 3g' 80

3g'g

Q0

4j'5

10Q no 150

43 i 44*7 53 i e

li _!«—«i.

2 g 4'2 62s

200 250

sop Ca 4)1

(

10

T, 0K

°)

Cl2, Liquid (*) 188 to 197| 68.0 Co, v. p. 93 Cu (9, 14,20)

o-? 5

20

°' 4

20

2 T

-

3

l 7

30

4S

4

3

40

»

60 70

«O 90 100 150 200 250 300 Cd 20 30 40 so 60 70 go 90

7 Ts

*»

1

^ l5 5 17.. 19.1 2Ü.4 24.0 25.35 25.65 25.9 (9, 25) 3.2 6.9 11.2 15.0 17.5 19.3s 30.6s 21.6

° ° 50

60 7

' '? 5.86

8I

10

-

° '* 12 5 8 ° ' 90 14.6 100 16.3 15 ° 21.0 200 22.7 250 23.7 300 24.6 Fe (9) 30 0.6 40 2.2 50 4.Ï5 60 6.Ï 70 7.8 80 9.5s 90 11.2 100 12.9 150 18.8

Fe.- (Coned) T1 0K Cp 200 21.8 250 23 . 8 300 25.2 He (2-5) H2, Soud (16,31) 12 I 4.Ï8 H2, Liquid (6, 16, 31) 15 to 21 H2, 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 150 200 250 300

1 .3s + O.IeoT 7 Gas (5) 20.8 20.8 2Ü.8 20. 8 2Ï.1 21.6 22.2 22.8 25.3 26.8 28.0 29. Ï

Hg, Solid (1,22,24,28,29)

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 150 200

4.8 10.0 15.7 18.8 20.9 22.2 23.0 23.9 24 . 1 24.5 26. U 27.2

Hg, Liquid (33) 235 to 298| 28. U >£I2, Solid (17) 15 4.6 21 9.8s 30 12.8 36 15.7 45 17.6 60 20. Ï 75 21.8 90 22.9 105 23 .4 120 23.8 135 24. Ï 150 24.5 180 25. Ï 200 25.6 250 26.8 300 27.8 K (4) 10 6.07 20 lï.o 30 15.2 40 18.35 50 20.8

K.— (Cont'd) T1 0K Cp 60 22.05 70 23.75 80 24.6 90 25.1 100 25.35 150 26.6 200 27.8 250 29.0 300 30. 2 Mg (4, 2l) 20 0.5o 30 l.ls 40 3. Uo 50 6.Ï5 60 8.6 70 10. §s 80 13.15 90 15. Ï 100 16.6 150 21.4s 200 23.3s 250 24.4 300 25.2s N2, Solid (6,15) Ni 15 12.5 21 25.1 30 30. 5 Nu 45 39 . 7 51 42 . 3 60 45 . 2 N2, Liquid (6,15) 64 to 76 55 . 6 N2, Gas (27) 80 30.2 90 30.2 100 30. Ï 150 29.9 200 29.7 250 29.5 300 29 . 1 Na (9,11,30) 20 2J 30 5. §s 40 9.Ï 50 13.4 60 16.75 70 18.95 80 20 . 6 90 2Ï.55 100 22.25 150 24.8 200 26 . 3 250 27 . 4 300 28.55 O2, Solid (6) Oi 15 9.20 18

21

1Ï.25

16.7

O2, Solid.— (Cont'd) T1 0K | Cp On 30 27.9 36 36.8 39 41 . s Om 46 | 45.2 O2, Liquid (6) 57 to 73 | 53.2 O2, Gas (27) 90 32.6 100 32.4 150 29.4 200 29.7 250 28.4 300 29.4 Pb (8,9,13,19)

20 11 .Ï 30 16.6s 40 19.9 50 22.0 60 22.7s 70 23.4 80 23.9 90 24.2 100 24.4s 150 25. Ï 200 25.4s 250 25.9 300 26.4 Pd, v. p. 93 S, Rhombic (19) 10 1.3 20 3.0 30 4.8 40 6.15 50 7.4 60 8.7 70 9.95 80 11.2 90 12.3 100 13.4 150 17.2 200 19.6 250 21.4s 300 23.3 S, Monoclinic (19) 83

1Ï.55

87 12.15 91 1-2.4 97 12.45 102 13 . 2 194 20. 6 200 20.95 Sb (U) 80.4 21.7 81.6 21.2 83.7 21.1 85.6 21.8 86.2 21.8 92.0 22.3 93.3 22.4 98.1 22.9

Si (2l) Sn, White (2, 17, 25) T1 0K Cp T7, 0K Cp 20 0.08 10 1.9 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 150 200 250 300

C

^

.50 l.ï 1.9 2.85 3.0 5.1 6.4s 7.9 13.5 16.2 18.4 20.3s

/2

17 **\

Sn, Gray (2, 17, 25) 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 150 200 250 300

3.5s 6.4 8.9 11.2 13.15 15.2 16.9 18.2 19.58 23.0s 24.4 25.2 25.8s

20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 150 200 250 300

Tl.—(CW'd) T, 0K Cp 250 26.35

4.4 8.6 12.45 15.3 17.3 18.95 20.6 21.5s 22.5 25.0 25.9s 26.5s 26.9s

Ta, y. p. 94 * Te, .. p. 94 Ti, v. p. 94 Tl (2l) 20 8.6s 30 15.0 40 18 2 so 2Ü.3 60 21.8 70 22.8 go 23.45 go 23.8 24.15 100 150 25.2 200 25.9

300 26.8 W (17) 10 O.ï 20 0.7 30 1.7 40 3.05 50 5.7s 60 8.2s 70 10.7s 80 12.95 90 14.9 100 16.5s 150 21.0 20

° ° 300 25

23.Os ' 25.5s

24

1«

S"

HBr, Liquid (7); c,

*•* 19OtQlWe(L7 HI, Solid (7) HIi HCl, Liquid (7); cf. ( 34 ) _ 60 38.95 165 62.2 65 50.o 175 63.1 HIn 185 64.0 85 43.2 HBr,Solid(7);c/.(35) 100 45.0 HBr1 Him _ 22 12.6 140 48.0 25 15.4 155 47.3 30 17.5 160 47.1 155

50 5

Zn (9, 19, 23) 30 3.5 4 O 7.2o 50 10.35 13 60 -I 70 15.3 »O 17.1 18 90 -5 10° I 9 -? 22 9s I50 20 24 ° -2 5 24 25 ° -£ 300 25.4

NO , L i q uid(7) 115t

CO, Gas T1 0 K 83 90 100 150

(27) CP__ 30.4 30.3 30.2 30.0

CH4, Liquid.— (Cont'd) T10K Cp 100 56.6 105 56.6 C6H6 ( 18 > 19» 32)

CO,^,,., » ii-i « a 10 20 O0

4 8 Ü.2 24

30Q

40 50 57

34*4 45*4 56 5

30

A*

co H

29 3

-

-

CH4, Solid (7) 40 55

ro o ^-^-

°1171 7 2 7 NH3, Solid (7)_ 2 2 9 ^ 30 4.6 4 O 8.5 50 12.6 23 5 85 2 1°° Z' 7 3 2 l30 ? 4 15 ° O.7 4 17 ° ^- 3 49 185 -°

CO, Liquid («) 67 to 83 I 7 . 2 T7, 0K 19.4 22.0 23.45 25.4 26.4 29.3 31.8 34.7 37.8 41.3 44.2 80.15 82.0

67.3 72.5 73.4 76.9 78.3 81.5 93.1 97.5 129.0 132.2

19/9 23.4 26.9 31.4 36.0 39.2 44.2 48.8 51.8 56.0 60.9 66.5 69.8 79.2 84.6

I

30 40

70 80 85

2

^1 2 5 -' 33 95 38.1 4Ï.2 42.7

4

A-TABLE.—CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS; v. also p. 89. Standard Arrangement (v. Vol. III, p. viii) HCl, Solid (7); c/. (34) HBr, Solid.— HI, Solid.—(Cont'd) T1 0K I Cp (Cont'd) T, 0K | Cp 0 HCIi T1 K I Cp Him 25 8.95 HBn _ 170 47.1 30 1Ï.95 40 22.55 180 46.8 35 14.25 50 26.15 200 47.5 40 16.9 60 29.25 HI A* io 70 ^ » > Liquid (7) 45 a. 18.85 7U ÓÓ.8 i 5 224to238 68 6 50 20.5 80 44.6 ' ' 55 21.95 HBni NO, Solid ( 7 ) 60 23.35 95 43.6 25 10. i 70 26.35 105 48.4 30 12.6 80 29.0 110 51.4 80 3Ï.5 90 3Ï.9 HBrm _ 85 33.i HCIu _ 120 47.7 90 34.4 105 40.6 135 47.7 IQQ 36 4 Î35

NH3, Liquid (7) T1 0 K Cp 200 77.0 210 76.4 220 76. i

CH4, Liquid (7) 96 | 57.5 CO 2 (6) Cp u T9 0K 4.52 82.75 6.03 84.2 7.4 85.5 8.62 86.4 9.87 88.4 11.9 195.2 13.72 195.3 16.31 196.4 18.33 197.1 21.25 198.0 22.85 198.9 37.0 199.6 37.25 200.5

(C5H8O)3T, Ketone 34.5 38.1 37.7 40.8 40.1 43.1 48.0 49.6 64.6 64.4

50

17.6 2 ^' 1 32.2

60

3

70

4

^7 ?- 8 80 4 ?' 2 90 53.8 100 57.8 150 78.0 200 95.5 2 50 112. o 300 127.1

I

Cp 37.6 38.2 38.8 38.4 38.9 54.2 54.5 54.4 55.4 55.3 55.2 55.6 56.0

resin (2«) 155.3 158.2 203.4 205.4 216.9 218.8 269.9 296.9 298.4

73.0 74.6 92.0 91.0 97.0 98.4 119.7 132.8 135.8

C6H12O6, Glucose (28) 4/96 90~6 6.74 100.6 8.78 102.1 11.71 105.4 14.36 114.1 16.3 130.9 18.16 153.7 21.75 158.0 23.5 200.1 25.9 202.5 28.8 231.5 31.4 251.9 32.6 269.9 37.0 287.2 39.6 296.2

42?! 46.3 46.3 48.1 51.1 58.4 67.6 69.6 86.9 88.7 101.8 110.0 119.5 126.2 135.0

22.3 26.2 38.2 50.6 62.1

PbI2 (21) [I T9 0 K 29.5 89.4 32.85 95.6 44.9 235.0 55.2 332.0 61.8

23.5 26.5 30.0 56.2

Hg2SO4 (24) 25.2 76.6 34.2 85.0 39.4 201.0 58.9 290.0

T1 0K

I

Cp

|

Cp

ENTROPY, HEAT CONTENT AND THERMODYNAMIC POTENTIAL

~

71.5 72.3 784.0 823.0

A-TABLE.—ELEMENTARY SUBSTANCES Argon (6,12) T9 0K I C9 I S I H I F 0 0 0 _ 0 50 25.85 23.4 7Ï2 100 22.Î 130.4 3 Of5 150 21.75 139.4 4 145 200 21.55 145.6 5 2|0 250 21.35 150.4 6 320 273.1 21.30 152.0 6 800 298.1 21.23 154.0 7 3lo

68.2 71.5 108.9 129.2

= H - TS O - 468 -10 005 -16 735 -22 §60 -31 280 - 34 TOO -38 §60

Ag (9, 19, 20)

BeO (IQ)

76.8 78.1 78.6 79.3

0.85 .92 .82 .95

79.7 80.3 82.6 84.9

1.02 0.93 0.99 1.15

21.4 26.3 31.4 37.6 40.7

Ca(OH) 2 (21) 2.06 47.4 2.94 50.4 3.42 53.8 4.54 76.2 5.38 86.0

6.96 9.63 12.34 16.95 21.3

69.9 71.2 72.5 79.0

7.5 7.78 7.95 9.42

CaH2 (IQ) 80.1 80.9 86.2

9.92 9.92 11.48 "

CaCO3, Aragonite (i°) 2 3 7 3 0 7 9 7 387e 26.8 1.16 41.7 29.7 1.53 47.7 31.9 2.18 50.5 34.1 2.86 52.6 35.9 3.54 56.2

25.7 28.3 30.0 31.2 32.8 34.7 36.0

Al2(SO4)SK2SO4.24H2O (2l) 116.5 41.7 136.1 46.0 144.2 50.6 158.8 54.0 175.5 71.9 181.8 84.4 210.0 90.5

Ï7Ô5 5.34 7.7 9.3 10.42 10.85

252.3 302.5 350.0 368.5 503.0 592.0 693.0

IM 708 - 1 805 - 3 280 - 5 Ö6Ö -5970 - 6 §90

50 100 150 200 250 273.1 298.1

11.§ 20.2 23.1 24.Î 25.Ö 25.\ 25 J

5.91 1772 2670 32T8 3873 4Ö~~5 4277

0 50 100 150 200 250 273.1 298.1

O 3.75 13.1 18.63 2Ï.55 23.23 23.85 24.4

Al (9, 20, 2l) O O 1.23 52.1 6.82 465.0 13.22 1 272 18.98 2 285 23.95 3 500 26.1 4040 28.15 4 630

O _1.4 - 2Ï7 7ÏO - 1 505 - 2 Ï80 -3080 - 3 750

O 50 100 150 200 250 273.1 298.1

O 0.54 1.72 3.26 5.ÎU 6.94 7.§2 8.66

C1 Graphite (19) O O 0.29 1ÏT9 1.04 7373 1.97 189 3.18 394 4.44 688 5.ÏO 856 5.8Ï 1 052

~~0 278 31 107 - 242 - 422 - 536 - 678

0 50 100 150 200 250 273.1 298.1

O O 0.29 1.Ï3 2.34 4.Ï8 5.02 6.Î9

C1 Diamond (20) O 1 2 8 O_ 1 282 0.063 1 282 .34 1 326 .80 1 426 1.45 1 589 1.82 1 698 2.28 1 806

19f 1 012 2 095 3 2§Ö 4520 5 TUO 5 7§Ô

2

1 282 1 282 1 276 1 276 1 266 1 227 1 207 1 126

0

T1 K I

50 100 150 200 250 273.1 298.1

Cp

11.46 20.70 24.0 25.3 25.8 25.88 25.97

I

Ca (4,10) S I H

5.58 17.1 26.2 33.3 39.1 4Ï.3 43.5

I F = H - TS

1§9 983 2 Ï10 3 340 4620 5220 5 860

§0 7Ì7 - 1 810 - 3 310 - 5 Ï50 -6060 - 7 120

O 285TB 1 290 2 4gO 3 TOO 4 960 5560 6 210

_0 12Î 980 2 360 4 140 6 130 7 190 8 390

MI 2 Q 7 ) I H

0

T1 K I Cp I S O 0_ 0_ 50 18.ÎI 16.30 100 23.2 31.05 150 24.1 40.7 200 25.65 47.8 250 26.1 53.7 273.1 27.|5 55.9 298.1 27.1 58.4

O 495 1 578 2 770 4 Ö3Ü 5 340 5960 6 650

I F = H - TTS _0 - 320 - 1 527 - 3 330 - 5 520 - 8 060 -9530 -10 750

Cd (», 25)

O 50 100 150 200 250 273.1 298.1

0_ 15.4 22.45 24 .Î8 25 .Î5 25.55 25.9 26.Î

0_ 8.12 22.7 32 .Î5 3
-

K (*> 30) 50 100 150 200 250 273.1 298.1

2ÏT6 2573 26765 27790 2O 2976 307Î5

6.02 16.07 20.85 22.9 23.95 24.§0 24.45

2.47 10.03 17.52 24.U 29.25 31 .|5 33.BO

§2.2 648.0 1 603 2 700 3 860 4420 5020

-

Il 355 1 025 2 ÏOO 3 450 4 Ï30 4990

O 3.77 13 .Ï 18.82 21.85 23 .§5 24.45 25.Î

0_ 1.30 6.78 13.27 19 .Ï2 24 Jo 26.4 28.6

O 50.2 4§4 1 292 2 302 3 455 4010 4 630

-

O 15 if2 698 1 522 2 595 2 Ï90 3 900

MH2 (5, 16, 31)

O 50 100 150 200 250 273.1 298.1

O 10.45 11.3 12.58 13.4 14.03 14.3 14.53

O 50 100 150 200 273.1 298.1

0_ 20.9 24.65 26.2 27.2 28.0 27.g

_0 41.25 4Ü.7 5Ï.5 5§.4 6Ï.4 6|.5 64.0

_0 8ÜO 1 4lo 2 Ol5 2 elo 3 3^0 3 6ÜO 4 050

O - 1 ^25 - 3 540 - 6 Ï35 - 8 §95 -1Ï 990 -13 370 -15 050

Hg ( 1 , 2 2 , 2 4 , 2 8 , 2 9 )

0_ 21.7 37.6 47.8 55.1 74.1 76.5

3§9 - 1 805 - 4 330 - 7 OÏO -10 020 -lï~540 -13 280

50 100 150 200 250 273.1 298.1

6.|7 16.5 21.1 23.6 24.55 25.1 25.15

2.47 10.4 17.95 24.3 29.6 3Ï.8 34.0

^

UO.5 680 1 650 2 780 3 970 4540 5 170

-

33 360 1 040 2 090 3 430 4 Ï40 4 Ü80

MN 2 («I 15, 27)

Fe(S)

O 50 100 150 200 250 273.1 298.1

607 1 795 3 Ö9Ö 4 450 5 |§0 6560 7 §20

Mg (4, 21)

Cu (9, 14, 20)

50 100 150 200 250 273.1 298.1

19755 3670 4975 577Ï 6^77 6^73 6^70

_0 602 1 768 3 040 4 380 7800 8 500

_0 4Ì3 - l 9Ü2 - 4 Ï40 - 6 680 -12500 -14 300

0 50 100 150 200 250 273.1 298.1

0 2Ï.15 15.U 14.1 14.7 14.|5 14.^2 14.g

0 23.15 80.01 86.0 90.4 93.5 94.9 96.1

O 706 4 940 5 710 6 450 7 Ï80 7520 7 890

O 50 100 150 200 250 273.1 298.1

O 13.4 2370 25777 27705 27785 2O5 2SA

Na (9, **>30) 0_ _0 6.49 24T 1972 1 Î77 3|73 2 370 4Î7U 3 650 4772 4 990 4f?7 5620 5272 6 330

O - 452 - 3 061 - 7 Ï90 -11 610 -16 Ï70 -18380 -20 730

O _83 ~~ Z?* - 2 630 - 4 550 - 6 8ÎU -7930 - 9 Î9Ô

^Q2 (6>27) 0 50 100 150 200 250 273.1 298.1

0 22.6 15.Ï 14.5 14.33 14.43 14.53 14.63

0 26.2 8Ï79 9^76 9479 9870 9971 1QÖ75

O 965 5 720 6 170 7 Ï80 7 89Ü 8 230 8 6ÖÖ

_0 - 345 - 2 770 - 7 Î30 -IT 8ÏO -16 6ÎS -18 870 -21 4ÖÜ

Pb ( 8 , 9 , 1 3 , 1 9 , 3 0 ) 0

Cp

0 50 100 150 200 250 273.1 298.1

0 2Ï.62 23.7 25.4 25.9 26.25 26.15 26.5

T1 K I

I

S

H

I

0 2Ï.1 37.2 47.3 54.6 60.5 62.8 65.0

O 577 1 753 2 985 4 250 5^40 6 Ï40 6 500

S, Orthorhombic (*9) ( T ( T J ) 7.§2 O 182

_ O 50

W (17)

F = H - TS _ 0 - 478 - 1 967 - 4 Ï15 - 6 650 - 9 580 -10990 -12 UQO

J ) - 128

100 150

12.85 1675

13.2 1971

605 1 370

- 715 - 1 490

200 250 273.1 298.1

19TÏ2 2Ï7I 227T7 2375

2Ï73 2878 3072 3272

2 29Ü 3 3ÏO 3 8ÏO 4 380

-

2 570 3 890 4 43Ü 5 220

O 50 100 150 200 250 273.1 298.1

0_ 1.53 7.83 12.55 15.57 18.0 18.9 19.99

O 0.71 3.81 7.91 11.85 15.6 17.3 19.0

-

O _7.4 1Ï5.5 386 8Ï2 1 510 1 915 2 360

Si (21)

0

0

0

15.|5 22.45 25.0 26. ï 26.6 26.1 26.U

1Ï.12 24.4 34.0 4Ï.5 47.4 49.6 52.3

.

_ 0 3l4 1 324 2 520 3 810 5 Ï40 5760 6 440

0_ 11.Ï3 19.U 23.0 24.S 25.1 25.35 25.5

0_ 8.Ï2 18.7 27.3 34.8 40.5 42.7 44.7

50 100 150 200 250 273.1 298.1

2077 24705 2572 25785 2673 2675 26.65

1874 3472 4472 5175 57.5 5977 62.2

I

I

S

- 1 550 - 1 525 - 5ÏO 5§0 1 750 2 990 3 570 4 Ï80

'-

1 550 l §30 2 |80 3 540 5 200 7 Ï30 8 Ü80 9 Î20

Tl (21) 524 1 660 2 890 4 170 5 470 6080 6 750

- 396 - 1 760 - 3 740 - 6 130 - 8 920 -10 200 -11 770

I F = H - TS

H

50 100 150 200 250 273.1 298.1

6.02 16. §2 2Ï.15 23.55 24.9 25.2 25.55

2.43 10.09 17.69 24.1 29.6 3Ï.7 33.90

O 50 100 150 200 250 273.1 298.1

0_ 10.57 19.75 23.0 24.3 24.9 25.Ï5 25.55

Zn (9, 19, 23) 0_ _0 4 .§2 ill 15.38 924 23.55 2 010 3Ü.3 3 Ï95 35.85 4420' 38.45 5000 40.6 5 630

83.6 672 1625 2730 3920 4 Ï90 5 T20

§8 3§7 -1025 -2090 -3480 - 4 Ï60 - 4 980

_0 100 6Ï4 - 1 520 - 2 865 -4540 - 5 §00 - 6 570

STANDARD ARRANGEMENT

H2O (24)

O 50 100 150 200 250 273.1 298.1

0_ 8.58 16.1 2Ï.75 23.85 34.7 38.2 75.3

J ) 202 - 1 Ï16 - 2 580 - 4 490 - 6 710 -7770 - 9 T60

Sn, Gray (2,17,25)

O 50 100 150 200 250 273.1 298.1

Cp

A-TABLE.—CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS,

O 28.15 265.5 8Ü1 1 558 2 390 2 805 3 300

Sn, White (2,17,25) 50 100 150 200 250 273.1 298.1

T1 0K I

O 4.78 13.31 20.8 27.75 34.65 37.85 65.7

-282 600 -282 417 -28Ï 777 -280 825 -279 595 -278 060 -277220 -269 300

-282 600 -282 656 -283 108 -283 945 -285 145 -286 720 -287540 -289 200

HCl (34); HBr (35)

O 50 100 150 200 250 273.1 298.1

O 14.69 37.7 50.2 69.4 78.9 82.4 86.6

NH4Cl (T 6.49 24.2 4Ï.5 58.8 83.1 90.2 97.6

C28) -285 960 -285 706 -284 360 -282 100 -279 070 -274 130 -272 320 -270 230

-285 960 -286 031 -286 780 -288 320 -290 830 -294 930 -296 920 -299 430

CO (6, 27)

O 50 100 150 200 250 273.1 298.1

O 45.2 32.0 29.9 29.Ü5 29.15 29.1 29.ÏÏ5

O 30.75 159.3 17Ï.9 180.0 186.5 18Ü.2 195.0

-125 -124 -115 -113 -112 -110 -110 -109

948 918 218 718 228 748 068 348

-125 -126 -13Ï -139 -148 -157 -16Ï -166

948 458 148 518 228 348 668 548

C 6 H 6 (IS, *9> 32)

0

50 100 150

0

0

34.65 55.8 73.9

22.8 53.5 79.5

4Ü 0 5 0

4Ü 0 5 0

49 656 52 000 55 390

4§ 516 40 650 4^ 490

T, 0K I 200 250 273.1 298.1

Cp

103.0 110.5 118.8 133.5

I

CeHe.—(Continued) S \ H 10^.5 125.4 135.0 18Î.O

55 63 6? 80

HgO (IQ)

F = H - TS

670 850 500 850

3Ü 170 si 750 30 700 26 850

PbO (21) -213 660 -213 250 -212 110 -210 485 -208 540 -206 390 -205320 -204 140

-213 660 -213 865 -214 870 -217 005 -219 440 -222 390 -224020 -225 740

-329 460 -330 036 -332 435 -336 300 -34Ï 380 -347 340 -350 380 -353 880

SiC ( i o , 2 i )

O 50 100 150 200 250 273.1 298.1

_0 16.6 28.45 36.55 41.8 44.9 46.Ï 47.f

O 12.3 27.6 43.5 54.6 64.2 68.5 72.5

5 50 100 150 200 250 273.1 298.1

O 40.9 59.2 68.0 72.6 75.4 76.2 76.9

PbCl2 ( 19 ) I) -329 460 29.6 -328 556 6Ï.9 -325 945 90.7 -322 700 111.O -319 180 127.2 -315 540 135.1 -313780 14Ü.9 -31Î 880

~~ O 50 100 150 200 250 273.1 298.1

O 26.8 39.6 44.4 47.5 49.7 50.4 5Î.4

PbS (4) O - 93 860 19.5 - 93 254 4|.0 - 9Ï 542 60.0 - 89 420 73.3 - 87 120 84.0 - 84 710 88.4 - 83 540 9§.8 - 82 260

O 50 100 150 200 250 273.1 298.1

O 33.Ü5 44.7 48.2 50.^ 51.S 52.1 53.U

O 50 100 150 200 250 273.1 298.1

_0 14.59 25.8 33.5 3§.95 43.1 45.0 46.6

TlCl (24) O -19Ï 0 2 0 27.4 -190 163 54.8 -188 136 73.6 -185800 87.5 -183 350 99.9 -180 520 10|.3 -179 320 log.O -178 OOP

ZnS (IQ) J) -190 750 7.99 -190 465 21.7 -189376 3§.4 -187 715 43.8 -185 790 55..8 -183 710 5g. 7 -182 680 60.6 -1ST 500

- 93 860 - 94 229 - 95 842 - 98 420 -10Ï 770 -105 710 -107 640 -109 960

-19Ï 0 2 0 -19Ï 533 -193 616 -196800 -200 850 -205 520 -207 520 -210 200 -190 750 -190 865 -19Ï 546 -192 715 -194 540 -196 910 -193 160 -199 500

T1 0 K I

Cp

O J ) 50 18.18 100 29.3 150 36.0 200 ' 40.3 250 43.4 273.1 44.5 298.1 45.3

S

I J

H

) 12.13 28.45 41.7 52.5 61.8 65.6 69.6

-

83 020 82 631 81 409 79 725 77 810 75 840 74 830 73 700

I F = H - TS -

- 83 020 83 236 84 254 85 975 88 310 91 290 92 730 94 500

HgCl (24)

O 50 100 150 200 250 273.1 298.1

_0 28.6 39.55 45.0 48.0 50.0 50.5 51.0

_0 21.3 45.0 6|.3 75.7 86.5 90.9 95.4

O 50 100 150 200 250 273.1 298.1

_0 28.05 4Ï.9 47.1 50.0 52.1 53.0 53.8

_0 19.2 43.7 61.6 75.5 86.8 9Ï.4 96.0

O 50 100 150 200 250 273.1 298.1

O 28.15 4Ï.O 46.0 49.0 5Ï.4 53.Ï 53.8

AgCl (19,21) J) -114 090 20.8 -113 408 45.0 -11Ï 650 el.8 -109 490 7B.4 -107 110 87.5 -104 620 92.1 -103 410 96.7 -102090

O 50 100 150 200 250 273.1 298.1

_0 31.9 45.7 50.8 52.7 53.8 54.1 54.4

-115 500 -114 814 -113 075 -11Ü 960 -108 660 -106 250 -105 090 -103 820

-115 500 -115 879 -117 575 -120 300 -123 760 -127 850 -129 890 -132 220

CuI (28)

O 50 100 150 200 250 273.1 298.1

O 2.64 18.84 36.66 49.59 57.3 60.0 62.T

-

68 520 67 892 66 080 63 830 6Ï 420 58 870 57 690 5u 330

AgI (21) J) - 63 220 28.65 - 62 388 55.7 - 60 390 75.4 - 58 010 90.0 - 55 480 102.0 - 52 640 106.4 - 5Ï 440 11Î.3 - 50 120 FeS2 (8) 0_ -144 750 O.§3 -144 720 7.11 -144 226 18.4 -142 870 30.75 -140 680 4^.7 -137 990 47.8 -136 630 5ÏÏ.Q -135 100

-

68 520 68 852 70 450 73 080 76 520 80 570 82 590 84 930

__ -114 090 -114 448 -116150 -118 920 -122 390 -126 495 -128 510 -130 890

-

63 220 63 820 65 960 69 310 73 480 78 140 80 540 83 320

-144 750 -144 761 -144 937 -145 630 -146 830 -148 640 -149 730 -150 900

NaCl (20)

MgO ( 1 0 , 2 6 ) 0

T, K I

Cp

I

S

H

I

T, 0K I

Cp

-600 680 -600 674 -600 715 ~600 940 -60Ï 410 -602 260 -602 780 -603 430

O 50 100 150 200 250 273.1 298.1

0_ 15.08 34.05 42.7 46.7 49.0 49.g 50.0

-627 -627 -627 -628 -629 -630 -63Ï -632

O 50 100 150 200 250 273.1 298.1

O 29.§ 42.B 46.§ 48.S 50.6 51.3 51.§

O 50 100 150 200 250 273.1 298.1

(T 21.Ï 39.§ 45 .Ï 47.7 49.1 50.Ï 50.6

I F = H -

-600 680 -600 660 -600 497 -599 822 -598590 -597 010 -596 180 -595 230

O 50 100 150 200 250 273.1 298.1

0_ 0.42 6.91 19.3 27.65 34.35 36.9 39.6

0_ 0.29 2.18 7.?5 14.10 21.0 24.2 27.5

O 50 100 150 200 250 273.1 298.1

0_ 2.§5 16.4 28.8 37.3 41.3 42.9 44.2

CaO (21) O -627 0.88 -627 6.56 -627 15.4 -626 24.75 -624 33.4 -622 37.18 -62T 40.8 -620

O 50 100 150 200 250 273.1 298.1

0_ 4.27 19.3 31.4 38.1 42.5 44.0 45.T

O 1.59 8. §9 18.99 29.95 37.85 41.7 45.6

O 50 100 150 200 250 273.1 298.1

0_ 15.Ü 41.1 57.4 68.1 75.6 78.5 80.4

CaCO 3, Calcite (21) 0_ -1 19Ï 410 7.07 -1 19Ï 118 25.7 -1 189 690 45.8 -1 187 260 63.6 -1 184 250 79.2 -1 180 710 85.9 -1 178 990 92.6 -1177000

O 50 100 150 200 250 273.1 298.1

0_ 0.84 6.28 14.68 23.3 30.3 32.35 34.5

LiH (U) 0_ 0.25 2.09 6.19 11.68 17.6 20.45 23.55

740 705 251 070 460 570 620 540

TS

740 749 907 370 400 920 770 740

CaF2 (8)

-1 19Ï 410 -1 19Ï 468 -1 192 260 -1 194 140 -1 196 950 -1 200 510 -1 202 390 -1204600

I

S

I

H

0_ -396 520 6.Ï5 -396 263 23.75 -394 866 39.7 -392 910 52.6 -390 720 63.2 -388 390 67.6 -387 270 72.0 -386 OOP KBr (20) O -386 190 16.14 -385 587 42.1 -383 675 60.2 -38Ï 440 74.1 -379 090 85.0 -376 660 89.5 -375 480 94.2 -374 220 KCl (2Q) O -42Ï 300 9.71 -420914 31.0 -419319 50.1 -417 190 63.1 -414 860 74.5 -412 400 78.6 -41Ï 280 83.Î -410 OOP Al2(SO4)3Cs2SO4.12H2O (36)

I F = H - TS -396 520 -396 570 -397 241 -398 860 -40Ï 220 -404 190 -405 770 -407 400 -386 190 -386 397 -387 885 -390 490 -393 890 -397 860 -399 880 -402 220 -42Ï 300 -42Ï 399 -422419 -424 720 -427 560 -430 900 -432 700 -434 780

LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) (i) Bridgman, 65, 47: 345; 11. (2) Brönsted, 7, 88: 479; 14. (2.5) Dana and Onnes, 64P1 29: 1051, 1061; 26. (3) Dewar, 6, 89: 158; 13. (*) Eastman and Rodebush, I1 40: 489; 18. (5) Eucken, 76, 1912: 141. (6) Eucken, 88, 18: 4; 16. ( 7 ) Eucken and Karwat, 7, 112: 467; 24. («) Eucken and Schwers, 88, 15: 578; 13. (9) Griffiths and Griffiths, O, 90: 557; 14. (io) Günther, 8, 51: 828; 16. (ii) Günther, 8, 63: 476; 20. (12) Heuse, 8, 59 : 86; 19. (13) Keesom and Onnes, 64P1 23: 792; 14. (U) Keesom and Onnes, 6Jf, 18: 484; 15. 168, No. 147a. (1S) Keesom and Onnes, 6Jf, 18: 1247; 16. 168, No. 149a. ( 1 ^) Keesom and Onnes, 64P, 20: 1000; 18. 168, No. 153a. O?) Lange, 7,110: 343; 24. O«) Maass and Waldbauer, l, 47: 1; 25. (i») Nernst, 8, 36: 395; 11. (20) Nernst and Lindemann, 9, 17: 817; 11. (21) Nernst and Schwers, 76, 1914: 355. (22) Onnes and Hoist, 6Jf, 17: 760; 14. 168, No. 142c. (23) Pollitzer, 9, 17: 5; 11. (24) Pollitzer, 9, 19: 513; 13. ( 2 S) Rodebush, l, 44: 1413; 23. ( 2 «) Russell, 63, 13: 59; 12. (27) Scheel and Heuse, 8, 40: 473; 13. (28) Simon, 8, 68: 241; 22. (29) Simon, 7, 107: 279; 23. (30) Simon, 7, 110: 572; 24. (31) Simon and Lange, 96, 15: 312; 23. (32) Williams and Daniels, 1, 46: 1569; 24. (33) Barnes and Cooke, 2, 16: 65; 03. (34) Giauque and Wiebe, 1, 50: 101; 28. (35) Giauque and Wiebe, 1, 50: 2193; 28. ( 36 J Latimer and Greensfelder, 1, 50: 2202; 28.

HEAT CAPACITY OF SOLID AND LIQUID ELEMENTARY SUBSTANCES ABOVE O0C* LUIGI ROLLA AND GIORGIO PICCARDI Where possible the information is presented in the form of the parameters of the equation Cp = A + B£ + Ct2 -f- . . . , where Cp is the atomic heat capacity in joules per gram atom per 0C and t is the centigrade temperature. Column two contains the value of the parameter A; column three, the value of 1O3B; column four, the temperature range covered by the data from which the equation was derived. When the letter M appears in column three, the value in column two is the mean heat capacity, Cm1 over the temperature range given in column four. When a single temperature appears in column four, the value in column two is the heat capacity at that temperature. Values in bold-face type are "best" values as deduced from all of the information available. The accuracy of these values is difficult to estimate, but, in general, it may be stated that specific heat data on metals are rarely accurate to better than 1%, an uncertanity of several % being not unusual. In cases where no "best" values are given, the available information is discordant, or lacks confirmation. In many cases information of this character is indicated by literature reference only. ^ L'information est présentée partout où cela est possible sous la forme des paramètres de l'équation Cp = A + B£ + Ct2 + . . . , où Cp est la capacité calorifique atomique exprimée en joules par atome gramme et par 0C et t est la température centigrade. La deuxième colonne contient la valeur du paramètre A; la troisième colonne, la valeur de 1O3B; la quatrième colonne, l'intervalle de température comportant les données à partir desquelles on a déduit l'équation. Lorsque la lettre M se trouve dans la troisième colonne, la valeur dans la deuxième colonne, représente la capacité calorifique moyenne Cm, pour l'intervalle de température donné dans la quatrième colonne. Lorsqu'il n'y a qu'une seule température dans la quatrième colonne, la valeur dans la deuxième colonne est la capacité calorifique à cette température. Les valeurs en caractères gras sont les "meilleures" valeurs, telles qu'on les a déduites de toute l'information disponible. La précision de ces valeurs est difficile à estimer, mais, en général il peut être établi que les données de chaleur spécifique se rapportant aux métaux sont rarement d'une précision supérieure à un pour cent, une incertitude de plusieurs pour cent n'étant pas rare. Dans les cas ou les "meilleures" valeurs ne sont pas données, l'information disponible est discordante, ou a besoin de confirmation. Dans plusieurs cas l'information présentant ce caractère n'est indiquée que par une référence bibliographique.

Wo möglich ist die Angabe durch die Parameter der Gleichung Cp = A -f Bt -h C£2 + . . . , gegeben. Hier bedeutet C3, den Atomwärmeinhalt in Joule pro Grammatom und pro 0C, und t ist die Centigrad Temperatur. Kolonne zwei enthält die Werte des Parameters A, Kolonne drei, von 1O3B; Kolonne vier den Temperaturbereich aus welchem die Daten bei der Ableitung der Gleichung herangezogen worden sind. Erscheint der Buchstabe M in der Kolonne drei, dann ist der Wert in der Kolonne zwei der mittlere Wärmeinhalt Cm in dem Temperaturbereich, welcher in der Kolonne vier angegeben ist. Erscheint in der Kolonne vier eine einzelne Temperaturangabe, so ist der in der Kolonne zwei angegebene Wärmeinhalt für diese Temperatur giltig. Zahlen in hervorgehobener Schrift stellen die "besten" dar, die sich aus allen zur Verfügung stehenden Werten ableiten Hessen. Die Genauigkeit solcher Werte ist schwer zu schätzen, man kann jedoch im allgemeinen feststellen, dass die spezifischen Wärmen der Metalle selten genauer als auf l % bekannt sind und Unsicherheiten bis auf einige Prozente kommen nicht selten vor. In Fällen wo kein "beste" Werte angegeben sind, werden die vorliegenden Ergebnisse widersprechend sein, oder es fehlen Bestätigungen. In vielen Fällen sind Ergebnisse dieser Art nur durch die Literaturstellen angegeben.

Tutte le volte che è possibile, i valori sono riportati in forma di parametri dell'equazione: Cp = A + Et + Ct2 + . . . , nella quale C3, è il calore atomico in joules per grammo atomo e per 0C, e t è la temperatura in gradi centigradi. La colonna 2 contiene i valori di A; la 3 i valori di 1O3B; la 4 l'intervallo di temperatura al quale si riferiscono i dati da cui è stata dedotta l'equazione. La lettera M nella colonna 3 indica che il valore della colonna 2 è il calore specifico medio, C7n, entro l'intervallo indicato nella colonna 4. Quando nella colonna 4 è indicata una sola temperatura, il valore riportato nella 2 rappresenta il calore specifico a quella temperatura. I valori in grassetto sono quelli "ottimi" quali si deducono da tutte le fonti disponibili. È difficile apprezzare l'esattezza di questi valori; in genere però si può dire che essa per i metalli raramente supera 1%, e che non sono infrequenti scarti superiori. Quando non sono riportati valori "ottimi," significa che i dati disponibili non sono concordanti tra loro, oppure che non sono confermati. In molti casi, i dati di questo tipo sono riportati solo sotto forma di indicazioni bibliografiche.

* For data below 0°, v. p. 84.

SOLIDS Cp, Cm or A Al

23.42

1O3B 18.4

26.0

0-100 150

Ag As

24.56 9.83 24.7 11 25.11 6.03 24.2

Au

25.44

25.8

t, or At, 0C

200-300 100-590 0-961 28

Lit. (4, 9, 27, 28, 53, 56, 76,94)

(19) (i». *4) (21)

M

0-100

(92); cf. (7)

4.92

0-400

(37,72,94)

Cp, Cm 1O3B I1 or A*, 0C Lit. or A Au.-(CWd) 25.4 5Te 20-850 (73) Higher temps. to 1060 (83> 94) B l.OOs M -253to-196 (16) "Amorph." 3.22 M -191 to -78 (40) M -74 to O (40) "Amorph." 7.60 9.90 33.1 400-900 (49.2) Higher temps. to 230 (51,87) Ba 20 M -253 to -196 (15,16) 39.1 M -185 to 20 (™)

Cp1

Be Bi

C Ca« Ca/3 Cd

Fig. I

Cm 1O2B t, or AJ, 0C Lit. or A 0.52 I M -253 to -196 (!«). Higher temps. to 300 (34, 58> 59) 25. 4l |11.6

Higher temps. v. p. 94 25.5 M 25.5 17.5 27.7 6.38 25.76 11.0

25-200

to 250

0-157 100-400 400-600 0-321

Symbol in Circle indicates mean Cp (O-1°) p lotted atf

(36,37,76,94)

(8S)

(«t ™) (") (19) (14, 22, 23, 27, 37, 53, 69, 94)

Ce Co

26.3 M 30.0 M 15.65 55.4 24.40 18.2 22.5 20 27.3 7.2

0-100 (32) 20-100 (33) -84 to -34 (76, 81) 0-300 (12,16,24,76) 0-950 ( 94 ) 1100-1470 (94); cf. («3)

Cr

22.4

Cs Cu

23.6 24.4s 25.6 26.6 28.1 Higher temps. 29.0 15 24.33 6.63

50 100 200 300 400 to 1600 ( 83 > 94) 0-28 (66) 0-500 (30,53,72,76)

O

Higher temps.

to 1000

Fe

24.61 24.6

0-300

(46,70,72,76,94)

(23,43,67,83,94,95)

("t 29, 90, 94 ; c/. 83)

Ge Hg I In Ir K

La Li

Mg Mn Mo

Na

Ni

v. Fig. 1 24 I M v. p. 113 27.84 27.4 M 26.1 M Other values 29.7s 28.3 4.7 30.7 M 31.4 M 26 M 23

5.7 20.3 M Other values 28.2 27.1 27.2* 27.6f 28.6 M 28.4 27.1 45 27.2 27 22.5 93 25.3425.0 V. Fig. 1 .

* Cooled slowly,

1.8 (55) 0-100 (io) 0-100 (3,85) -186 to 1400 (3, 85) 13.6 (1») 0-63 (66) 0-22 (5) 22-56 (5) 0-100 (32) O

31.7 M 24.46 12.7 25.1 10.9 Higher temps.

^

to 1600 cf. (95) O-440 (59)

t Quenched.

(39,42)

0-100 (6) 0-300 (19,72) 100-615 (19) to 600 ( 47 > 76, 78) 0-1250 (42, 78, 94) -223 (16) -188 to +20 (68) 0-1500 (i 3, 78, 94) O (39) O (66) (11,26) (26) 0-20 (5) 20.4 (18) 0-97 (66) O-70 (11,26,27,28) 70-97 (11,26,27,28) 0-200 (72,76) to 1400

(62, 76, 81, 82, 90, 94); g/. ( 7 9 , 8 3 , 9 5 )

C9,

Os P, red White. Black

Cm 1O3B or A 25 28.10 58.2 24.64 23.Oi 22.1 26.6

Pb

26.19 10.4

Pd

8.5 23.1 21.9 25.3 25.98 26.17 27.56 25.71

M M M M 9.04

25.89

6.23

Pt

J, or Ai, 0C 23 0-200 9 9 30-100 50-100 0-327

Lit. (65) (92) (21) («) (45) (61) (4,27,28,37,53,81, 82)

-263 to -196 (16) -188 to +20 (68) -186 to -79 (4) -79 to +18 (4) 0-1260 (««) 18 (37) 100 (37) 5.46 0-800 (22, 37, 74, so, si, 82, 84, 91, 94)

300-1300 (91)

CPJ

Cm 1O3B or A Rb 287s M 28.6s 10.8 32.5 Rh 25.0 Ru 26.0 M S, rhomb. 23.0 M 23.6 M Monocl. 24.0 M 24.3 M Sb 25. Is 74.5 Higher temps. Se 25.6 M Si 20.41 15.16* Sn 26.53 17.3

t, or Ut1 0C

Lit.

(Î4) (66) (66) (65) (10) (55,92) 73, 80, 84, 85, 87, 93). (92) C, Diamond (48* 49, 56) (55,92) New determinations between 500 and 900° are given in (49.5) (92) /h °n iI ~r / or* ÌI 7* HI ) /Ij 0P iI ~rCp ' ^ ^P [ID t, O Lp O (4, 68, 72,76) (38, 76, 94) O 5.24 350 17.06 720 21.14 . (7) 10 6.66 400 17.88 740 21.24 (49) 20 6.08 450 18.58 760 21.33 (4, 22, 45.1, 45.2, 30 6.50 500 19.24 780 21.41 72, 76) 40 6.92 520 19.47 800 21.48 Higher temps. to 500 (83,95) 50 7.34 550 19.80 820 21.54 100 9.44 600 20.26 840 21.68 24.5 M 8 to 13 ("-s) 200 13.50 650 20.70 860 21.69 26.7 M 13 to 18 ("• 5) 250 16.01 700 21.04 880 21.60 21 M -183 to -78 ( 7 ?) 24.3 M -78 to +14 (77) 300 16.14 25.1 M 14-100 (77) LIQUIDS Higher temps. to 1400 (63) 25.5s 3.7 -182 to +300 (82) Almost no reliable data exist on the specific heats of liquid 26.8 M 0-100 (57) elements. Some of the data found in the literature are presented 16.5 M -185 to +20 («o) below. 28.6 15.6 0-300 (35) In the following table the quantity given is A = C2, (solid) — Cp 26.6 +28 (21) (Hq.) at the melting point; joules per gram atom per deg. C. 25.3 M -180to +20 (68) EIe" TT Ë ï e ^ " ~ Ëïë^ ~ . , A Lit. , A Lit. , A T Lit. 24.6 M -190to -81.2 (71) ment ment ment 26.0 M -74 to ±0 (71) "Ag 2.9 (83) ~CÖ Ts (94)~ ~pb 1.6 (36) 28.66 M 17-100 (64) Al 2.5 (83, -8.6 (83) 0.47 (83) 27.9 M 20-100 (75) 94) Cr 11 (83) Sb 0.7 (94) M 0-100 (8» 64) Au 1.8 (94) Cu 1.8 (94) -3.7 (83) 24.6 M 0-100 (46) 8.2 (83) 4.2 (83) Sn 3.1 (94) 26.1 M 17-97 (13,25) Bi 0.2 (94) Fe 15 (94) 2.3 (36) 21.Oe 6.5 700-2500 (93)q.v. for addi1.5 ( 3 6 > -8.1 (83) l l . i (83) tional Lit.; cf. 83) Ni -1.0 (94) Zn 1.2 (94)

Gray White Ta

Te Th Ti

Tl

U V W

20-35 0-39 50 10-100 0-100 0-35 0-95 0-38 0-52 '0-3OO to 630 22-62 0-700 0-100

(49.2)

Zn

25.10 11 Higher temps. 25.5 I M

Zr

0-300 to 400 0-100

(19, 27, 53, 72, 76) (83) (50, 89)

*C = -9.16 X 10-«.

0

t, C O 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Acheson graphite (i) t, 0C Cp Il t, 0C I Cp 26-76 8.29 35-900 16.3 26-280 9.83 40-925 16.3 25-490 11.3 48-1193 17.6 30-540 11.7 56-1450 19.6 30-750 14.5 For natural graphites, coke, charcoal, etc., v. (7, 15, 16, 31, 41,

I

CP 7.63 8.05 8.39 8.78 9.12 9.47 9.82 10.17 10. 49

C, Graphite (48, 73, 87) » <, 0C I CP Il 90 10.86 100 11.15 110 11.4s 120 11.73 130 12.04 140 12.3l 150 12.59 160 12.8s 170 13.15

<, 0C 180 190 200 210 220 230 240 250

I

CP 13.42 13.6s 13.9s 14. Ie 14.42 14.6s 14.88 15. Ii

The determinations by Magnus (49) between 10 and 83O0C are represented by the equation, Cp = 7.635 + 39.Oe X 10-3J - 43.02 X IQ-6J2 + 29.6? X IO'9*3 11.01 X IO-12*4 93 According to Worthing's determinations ( ), Cp = 19.5 + 0.0035* in the range 900-2100°.

Cd

6.9 0.4

(94) (83)

Pb

-9.2 1.2

(83) (94)

-3.0 -3.8

(36) (83)

Br, Cp = 35.8, l to 45° (2). Cs, Cp = 33.6 - 0.019*, M. P. to 100° (66). Hg, v. p. 113. K, Cp = 23.2 H- 0.109*, M. P. to 100° (66). Na, Cp = 31.1 at 100° (26, 28, 39); 31.3 at 98° (66); 33.4 at 98° (36). Decreases with rising temperature (26, 28). Rb, Cp = 32.9 - 0.0093*, M. P. to 100° (66). S, Cp = 28.2 +0.0215*, 100 to 390° (45). For "viscous" S, V. (52).

LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) C 1 ) Acheson Graphite Co., Niagara Falls, N. Y., O. (2) Andrews, 4, 1: 18; 47. ( 3 ) Bede, 427, 2: 379; 55. 186, 22: 473; 55. (<) Behn, 8, 1: 257; 00. (5) Bernini, 69, 10: 5; 05. 63, 7: 168; 06. («) Bernini, 59, 12: 307; 06. 63, 8: 150; 07. (7) Bettendorf and Wullner, 8, 133: 293; 68. (») Blümcke, 8, 24: 263; 85. («) Bontschew, Diss., Zürich, 1900. 1 C ») Bunsen, 8, 141: 1; 70. (i i) Cohen and Bruin, 64P, 17: 926; 15. (n-5) Cohen and Dekker, 7, 127: 217; 27. (i 2) Corbino, 22, 21 I: 188, 346; 12. (13) Defacqz and Guichard, 6, 24: 139; 01. ( 1 4 ) Deuss, 242, 56: 15; 11. (15) Dewar, 3, 44: 461 ; 72. (i6) Dewar, 5, 89:158; 13. (i 7) Durrer, Dìss., Aachen, 1915. 63, 19: 86; 18. (i«) Eastman and Rodebush, l, 40: 489; 18. (i») Eastman, Williams and Young, I, 46: 1178; 24. (20) Eckardt and Graefe, 93, 23: 378; 00. («) Ewald, 8, 44: 1213; 14. (22) Gaede, Diss., Freiburg, 1902. 63, 4:105; 02. (23) Glaser, 192, l : 103, 121 ; 04. (24) Gobi, Thesis, Zürich, 1911. (25) Goodspeed and Smith, 93, 8:

207; 95. («) Griffiths, 6, 89: 561; 14. (27) Griffiths and Griffiths, S, (60) Nordmeyer and Bernoulli, 88, 9: 175; 07. (61) Person, 6, 21: 295; 47. 8, 88: 549; 13. 6S9 213: 119; 13. (28) Griffiths and Griffiths, 6, 90: 557; 14. 74: 409, 509; 49. (62) Pionchon, 34, 102: 675, 1454; 86. 103: 1122; 86, 68, 214: 319; 14. (29) Harker, S, 10: 430; 05. 106:1344; 88. 6,11: 33; 87. ( 63 ) Pirani, 88,14:1037; 12. (64) Regnault, ( 3 0 ) Harper, SlA, 2: 259; 15. (31) Hecht, Diss., Königsberg, 1913. ( 3 2) 6, 73: 5; 1840. 8, 51: 44, 213; 1840. (65) Regnault, 6, 63: 5; 61. 13, 121 : Hillebrand, 8, 158: 71; 76. (33) Hirsch, 78, 20: 57; 12. (**) Humpidge, 5, 237; 62. 3, 23: 103; 62. (66) Rengade, 34, 156: 1897; 13. 157: 1356; 13. 35: 137; 83. ( 35 ) Hunter and Jones, Rensselaer Polytec. Inst., Eng. and Sd. (67) Richards, 7, 42: 617; 03. (68) Richards and Jackson, 7, 70: 414; 10. 36 3 Series, 1: 11 ; 11. ( ) Iitaka, 109, 8: 99; 19. ( ?) Jaeger and Diesselhorst, (69) Rodebush, l, 45: 1413; 12. 3 89, 3: 269; 00. («) John, 848, 53: 186; 08. ( ^) Kleiner, 149, 22 : 275; 06. (70) Rolla, 36, 44 I: 646; 14. (71) Russell, 63, 13: 59; 12. (72) Schimpff, 7, 71: 257; 10. (73) Schlapfer and Debrunner, 37, 7: 31; 24. (74) Schlett, (40) Koref, 8, 36: 49; 11. (41) Kunz, 8, 14: 309; 04. (42) Laemmel, 3 Diss., Marburg, 1907. 8, 26: 201 ; 08. (75) Schmitz, 5, 72: 177; 03. (76) 8, 16: 551; 05. (4 ) Le Verrier, 84, 114: 907; 92. (44) Levin and Schottky, 139, 10: 193; 13. (45) Lewis and Randall, 1, 33: 487; 11. (45.1) Lorenz, Schübel, 93, 87:81; 14. (77) Siemens, 325, 19: 593; 09. (78) Stucken, 75, 63, 5: 383; 04. (45.2) Lorenz, 8, 13: 422, 582; 81. (46) Mache, 75,106II: 114 II: 657; 05. (79) Sucksmith and Potter, 5, 112: 157; 26. 590; 97. (47) Magnus, 8, 31:597; 10. Diss., Tübingen, 1910. (48) Magnus, (80) Terres and Schaller, 397, 65: 818, 832; 22. (81 ) Tilden, 5, 71: 220; 03. 62, 8, 48: 983; 15. (49) Magnus, 8, 70: 303; 23. (49.2) Magnus and Danz, 201: 37; 03. (82) Tilden, 68, 203: 139; 04. (83) Umino, 159, 15: 597; 26. 8, 81: 407; 26. (49.5) Magnus and Kodier, 7,110: 188; 24. 8, 80: 808; 26. (84) Violle, 34, 85: 543; 77. 3, 4: 318; 77. (85) Violle, 84, 87: 981; 78. (50) Mixter and Dana, 13, 169: 388; 73. («*) Moissan and Gautier, 84, 116: (86) Voigt, 8, 49: 709; 93. /££,1893:211. (87) Weber, 8, 154: 367, 553; 53 924; 93. 6, 7: 568; 96. (52) Mondain-Monval, 34, 182: 58; 26. ( ) 75. 3, 49:161, 276; 75. (88) Weber, 848, 23: 209; 78. (89) Wedekind and 5 5S Naccari, 23, 23: 107; 88. ( 4) Nernst, 8, 36: 395; 11. ( ) Nernst, Koref Lewis, 13, 371: 382; 10. and Lindemann, 76, 1910: 247. ( 56 ) Nernst and Lindemann, 76, 1911: 494. (90) Weiss and Beck, 51, 7: 249; 08. (91) White, 8, 12: 436; 18. (92) Wigand, (57) Nilson, 388, 40: No. 1: 83. 20, 16: 153; 83. 34, 96: 346; 83. (58) 8, 22: 64; 07. (93) Worthing, 8, 12: 199; 18. (94) Wust, Meuthen and Nilson and Pettersson, 388, 37 : No. 6; 80. 25,13: 1451; 80. 84, 91: 1680; Durrer, Die temp. Wärmeinhaltskurven der technisch wichtigen Metalle. 59 80. ( ) Nilson and Pettersson, 7, 1: 27; 87. Berlin, Selbstverlag Ver. deut. Ing., 1918. ( 9S ) Klinkhardt, 8, 84: 167; 27.

THE HEAT CAPACITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS IN THE CRYSTALLINE STATE J. H. AWBERY »-TABLE, STANDARD ARRANGEMENT (Vol. Ill, p. viii) U = Transition temperature Substance H2O

|

t or At, 0C -250 -200 -150 -100 - 80 - 60 - 40 - 20

|

O

cp, joule/g 0.151 0.653 1.030 1.39 1.54 1.68 1.82 1.94

[± % | Lit. 2.5 (5, 125, 193, 2 194,235, 1 236) 1 1 1 0.5 (5» 10» 70, 0/5 i 2 5 » 19S,

2.06

0.5

194,195, 229, 235,

1.97

4

(161)

0.96

5

( 67 )

-30

1.00

2

(230,232)

-20 -10 O 35

1.10 1.09 1.13 0.64

Substance | NH 4 L-(CWd)... (NH4)2SO4

PCl3 As2O3

236, 244)

H2O2 -25 HCl, HBr, and HI, ». p. 86. SO2 -185 to -103 H2SO4

H2S2O7 NO N2O5 NH 3

(6)

».p. 86 -80 to 5 1.00 -103to-188 2.1 v. also p. 86

2 5

NH 4 NO 3

-150

0.790

1

1.280 1.526 1.661 1.735 1.790 0.041

0.5

NH4Cl

-100 - 50 O -f 50 100 -250 -225

0.267

NH4CIa NH4CIjS NH4Br

NH 4 I

AsCl3 Sb2O3 Sb2S3

-200 -150 -100 - 80 - 3OU - 20 O + 50 185 185 -140 -100 - 60 - 20 + 20 60 -150 -100

0.506 0.824 1.100 1.217 1.460 1.496 1.63 1.96 1.42 0.547 0.726 0.809 0.854 0.879 0.888 0.406 0.431

(261) (67) (25,86,322)

Bi2S3 CO

0.25

1

Bi2O3

( 2 8 2 );c/. (48,67,86,

137,199) CO2 0.5

C 2 N 2 .. 1 3 (264) 3 (264) 0.5 (86) 1

SiO2 SiCl4 SiC

t or Af, 0C | cp, joule/g i ± %I Lit. O 0.464 0.5 +50 0.494 -200 0.335 5 (86,125,132, -150 0.816 137) -100 1.184 2 O 1.409 0.5 +50 1.443 1 33 0.85 2 (240,241) -150 0.230 2 (240,262) -100 0.318 1 O 0.489 40 0.509 56 0.74 2 (240) 60 0.391 2 (199, 240) -150 0.226 1 (240,262) -100 0.295 - 50 0.330 O 0.347 + 50 0.360 100 0.370 50 0.238 2 (112, 240) 100 0.248 200 0.258 300 0.264 400 0.268 50 0.251 2 (240) -260 0.239 1 ( R 3) -240 0.705 0.25 -220 1.746 -213U -212 1.792 0.25 -206 1.911 -260 0.046 8 (67, 83,ieo) -250 0.153 6 -225 0.52 4 -200 to -75 1.660 + 0.0048* 3 -188 to 78 0.70 6 (68) For other C-Compounds, v. p. 101 ». p. 105 -200to-80 0.990+0.00278« 1 (143) -240 <0.001 -220 0.0092 8 -200 0.044 2 -100 0.341 1 (60, 106, 171 198 O 0.60 » » + 100

1

8

( 6)

200 400 600

0.81

1

0.96 1.09 1.17

2

262, 313)

Substance SiC.- (Cont'd) TiOz TiCh

GeO2 ZrO2-SiO2, Zircon .. ZrO2 SnO2.. SnCl2 SnCU

SnS SnS3 PbO

|

t or Af, 0C 800 900 O to 500 -200 -175 -150 -100 - 25 50 36 O to 1500 45 60 -200 -150 -100 - 50 56 54 -250 -200 -150

-100 - 50 O + 50 100 200 PbO2

PbF2 PbCl2

PbBr2

PbI2

PbS

cp, joule/g | ± 1.23 1.24 0.703 -h 0.000456* 3 0.394 0.5 0.353 0.624 0.717 0.739 0.54 2 0.55 2 0.433 + 0.000208« 2 0.376 2 0.427 2 0.314 0.5 0.428 0.482 0.529 0.351 2 0.50 2 0.0313 1

% |

Lit.

(203, 240) (143, 240)

(203) (137, 204) (44, 202) (137, 240) (240) (MS, 240, 24l)

(240) (240) (137,170,

0.1012

198,240,

0.139

262,299)

-150

0.151

0.232 0.259 0.272 0.301 0.0238 0.0970 0.1568 0.1920 0.2271 0.2497 0.2718 0.2848 O.2948 0.310 O.335 0.107 0.187 0.210 0.222 0.227 0.230 0.235 0.0706 0.1205 0.1380

-150

0.1531

169,198,

-100

0.1627

240,271)

O + 100 200 250

0.1744 0.183 0.197 0.204

2

2 3 2 1 0.5

(215,262)

(27l) (48,78,82, 98, 147, 169,194, 27l)

1 3 10 3 1

(13,78,98, 240,271)

1

(19«)

0.5

(13,78,138,

1

-220

0.118

5

(39,76,117,

0.144

2

132, 147,

-150

0.176

-100

0.194

1

255,287,

-100

- 50

ThCl Th(SO4)2 In2O8 TlCl

TlBr TlC6H2N3O7 picrate (red) (yellow) ZnO

0.205 0.210 0.214 0.217 0.227 0.233 0.351 0.384 0.481 0.362 0.343 0.305 0.335 0.326 0.128 0.175

0.212

ZnCl2 ZnS, Sphalerite

ZnS

0.2 0.5

-200

50 O + 100 200 400 450 45 58 45 10 55 55 32 60 -150

Substance | ThO2.- (Cont'd)....

0.166 0.188 0.202 0.213 0.218 0.222

- 50 O + 50 9 -260 -240 -220 -200 -150 -100 O + 100 200 300 400 -150 - 50 O + 50 100 200 400 -250 -225 — 200

-

PbSO4 PbS2O3 Pb(NOa) 2 2PbCl2.NH4Cl PbP2O7 Pb3As2O8... PbCO3 PbSiO3 ThO2

|

199,240,

ZnSO4 ZnSO4-H20 ZnSO4.6H20 ZnSO4.7H2O

Zn(NO 3 ) 2 .6H 2 0.... ZnCO3 Zn(C2H3O2) 2 Zn(C2H302)2.3H20.. 2CdCl2.5H2O CdS

3CdS04.8H20

299) 2

4 6 3 2 1 1 2 2 2 1 1

Cd(N0 3 ) 2 .4H 2 0.... HgO (137,240) (217) (137,199) (48) (240) (240) (137) (274) (67,202, 262)

HgCl

tor M, 0C O + 50 30 50 50 -250 -230 -200 -150 -100 O + 100 200 400 390

|

Cp1 joule/g 0.239 0.246 1.70 0.41 0.338 0.056 0.1280 0.1677 0.1931 0.2047 0.2175 0.227 0.233 0.242 0.220

10 10 -200

0.573 0.560 0.155

-100

0.35

O + 100 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 60 -260 -240 -220 -200 -260 -240 -220 -200 -175 -150 -100 O + 100 200 400 50 9 9 -250 -200 -150

0.738 0.960

0.481

-100 - 50 O + 20 40 -250 -225 -200 -100 O + 50 -250

0.636 0.749 0.816 0.836 1.09 0.0347 0.0820 0.1087 0,165 0.203 0.218 0.0556

-200

0.1430

-150 -100 O 50

0.1740 0.1892 0.2087 0.2141

1 2 2

(97)

1 1 3

(48) (48) (64, 170, 173,240)

1

2

2 5 0.5 2 3 0.5 1

( 24 °) (106)

(ioe, 117, 132,137, 147,199, 240)

2

2 2 2 3 1

( 216 ) ( 256 ) ( 256 ) (58, 88, 125, 137,216,

0.5

235,236, 256,270,

1.346 1.437 1.33 0.593 + 0.03193* 1.13 1.71 1.019+0.00350/ 0.227 0.301 0.369 0.386 0.259

-150

Lit.

3 (S7) 2 (202) 2 (202) 2 (98,236, 0.5 262)

0.477 0.54l 0.577 0.62 0.64 0.66 0.6s 0.69 0.57 0.0088 0.0790 0.155 0.202 0.029 0.253 0.386 0.430 0.453 0.464 0.477 0.486 0.493 0.502 0.510 0.73 0.81 1.25 0.063 0.409

-100

O + 50 30 O to 260 45 85 -200 to 20 -150 -100 O + 50 -200

| ± % I

271

0.25 ) 0.5 1 (254) 3 ( 147 ) 2 ( 114 ) 2 (114) 4 ( 277 ) 0.5 ( 262 )

5

(58,59,124,

10

125,277)

4 2 0.5 1 1 0.5

( 254 ) (ioe, 137, 240,262)

0,5

(48,82,169, 235,236,

0.25 0.25

240)

Substance HgCl2

HgBr2 HgI HgI2 (red)

(yellow) HgS

Hg2SO4

Hg(CN) 2 CuO

|

t or At, 0C | cp. joule/g I ± %I Lit. -150 0.203 1 (86,137, -100 0.235 0.5 240) - 50 0.257 O 0.268 + 100 0.280 100 0.217 3 (*09) -120 to +100 0.1498+0.0465« 2 (86, 240) -150 0.147 1 (is, 86, 108, -100 0.159 0.5 109,240) O 0.169 + 50 0.173 100 0.173 206 0.167 10 (ios, 109) -150 0.135 1 (137,240, -100 0.178 0.5 262) - 50 0.200 O 0.2116 0.25 + 50 0.2175 100 0.2187 -250 0.0452 1 (58,235, -200 0.1087 0.5 236,270, -150 0.1713 0.25 271 ) -100 0.2032 O 0.2580 + 50 0.2844 0.25 29 0.42 3 (137) -200 0.144 0.25 (137,169, -100

0.376

O + 100 200 400 600

0.523 0.602 0.648 0.669 0.677

O

0.460

CU2O

CuCl2 CuI

CuS

Cu2S CuSO4

CuSO4-H2O

CuSO4.3H20 CuSO4-SH2O

100 200 300 400 58 -260

0.485 0.506 O.523 0.535 0.58 0.0226

-230 -200 -150 -100

0.1217 0.1907 0.2350 0.2543

- 50 O + 50

0.2668 0.2752 0.2810

-150

0.32

- 75 O + 100 200 300 400 500 600 800 O to 100 104Ü 190 -150 - 50 O + 50 -150 - 50 O + 50 9 -150

CuSO4. (NH4) 2SO4.6H2O

0.61 0.328 0.537 0.618 0.694 0.396 0.617 0.719 0.798 0.956 0.648

Agi

Ag2S 1

(137,169)

2 (240) 0.25 (86,240,

Ag2Se AgNO3

282)

6

(39,262)

4 2 4 5 6 6 5 5 2

(24,240)

2 (24) 0.5 (86,125,. 195,216, 270, 279)

0.5

2

(86,195,270, 279)

(270) (86,125,

0.790

137,240,

0.924

270, 2 7 9 ,

1.058

282)

+ 50 60 UOU 200

1.200 0.437

2

0.437

2

-150 - 75 O

0.85 0.97 1.07

2

Ag3AsS3, Prousti te.. Ag3SbS3, Pyrargyrite AgCN AgCNO..... (AgCNO) 3 AgLPbI2 AuI

MnO MnO2

-

50

AgBr

240,262)

-100 O

Cu2Se

0.43 0.54 0.63 O.72 0.67 0.61 O.56 0.52 0.48 0.449 + 0.00110*

Substance l 2CuO.CO2.H2O, Malachite CuPbSbS3, Bournonite AgCl

(24)

(««)

Mn2O3 Mn2O3-SH20 MnS MnSO4 MnSO4.5H20 Mn(N0 3 ) 2 .6H 2 0.... Fe2O3

t OT At, 0C

I

cp, joule/g

| ± %|

Lit.

57

0.74

2

50 -260

0.31 0.037

5 6

(278) (48,67,78, 82,86,98,

-240

0.143

2

-220

0.231

0.5

-200

0.2655

-100 - 50 O + 50 100 200 300 400 500 -100 - 50

0.331 Q.351 0.355 0.379 0.3885 0.408 0.414 0.421 0.423 0.261 0.265

O + 100 200 400 -260 -240

0.291 0.307 0.312 0.318 0.043 0.102

-220

0.140

-200 -150 -100

0.1706 0.2028 0.2120

- 50 O + 100

0.2175 0.2292 0.248

-150

0.196

-100

0.251

O + 50 100 150 37 to 187 50 16OU 178 192 50

50 -150 to 20 40 40 50 to 250 -100 - 50 O + 50 58 -150 -100 - 50 O + 50 100 58 38 60 61 32 47 -180 -100

O + 100 200 300 350 360 370 400 500 600 700

(204)

169,194, 198,240)

0.25

0.5 1

2

(67,98,240)

1 2 4 2

(25,67,86, 138,169,

1

193,194,

198,240) 0.5 0.25 1 1

(24,255, 278)

0.301 0.313 0.318 0.35 0.29 0.61

3 4

(2*) (109,240)

0.65 0.82 0.34

4 3

(108,109) ( 98 ) (278)

0.32 3 (278) 0.586 + 0.00230* 2 ( 68 ) 0.52 2 (2U) 0.410 2 («») 0.182+0.000114* 2 (25) 0.148 2 (18°) 0.157 1 0.169 0.181 0.66 2 O37) 0.355 1 (137,262) 0.480 0.5 0.573 0.636 0.682 0.703 1 0.68 2 ("«) 0.74 2 ( 137 ) 0.58 2 ( 27 S) 0.76 2 (216) 1.35 2 0 3 7) 1.56 2 (254) 0.171 2 (so, 220, 0.410

0.619 0.76 0.85 0.94 0.98 U 1.06 1.10 1.23 1.36 1.49

240,262)

Substance | 2Fe2O3-SH2O, Limonite Fe3O4

FeS FeS2

FevSs, Magnetic pyrites

t or A«, 0C

I

cp, joule/g

1 ± %I

Lit.

60 -200 -100 O + 100 200 300 400 500 550 Oto700 -280 -225 -200

0.94 2 0.14 10 0.45 5 0.63 0.75 0.85 0.93 1.OO 1.07 1.11 0.567 + 0.00065« 2 0.0042 3 0.0197 2 0.075

-150

0.222

1

-100 - 50 O + 50 100 150

0.352 0.483 0.493 0.535 0.569 0.615

0.5

Al2O3, Corundum, sapphire, etc

(39, 240) (85, se, 117, 132,137, 138,199, 240,299)

Al(OH) 3 1 1.5

10 3 2 2

0.54

2

0.49 1.43 1.56 0.41 0.372 0.485 0.537 0.577 0.583 0.90 1.31 1.98 0.69 0.35 0.111

2 (278) 2 O 37) 0.5 (254) 2 (204,278) 3 (29») 2

2 (216) 2 (137) 0.5 (254) 3 (6 g ) 3 (278) 2 (137, 240,

-100

0.414

1

262)

Cr2(SO4)3 Cr2(SO4)S-SH2O PbCrO4 MoO3

O + 50 50 50 35 54

0.703 0.790 0.72 0.836 0.38 0.56

2 2 2 2

(202) (202) O 37) (240)

WO3

-150

0.15

2

FeAsS FeAs2 FeCO3 Fe2(SiOa)2 FeCuS2, Chalcopyrite

O 100 200 300 350 45 9 -150 -100 - 50 O + 10 55 50 54 59

O 32) (220,240, 314)

0.594 0.657 0.77 0.96 1.11 0.70 1.19 0.67 0.90 1.12 1.36 1.41 0.47 0.36 0.81 0.80

FeSO4 FeSO4.4H20 FeSO4.7H20

48

2

(H7, 147, i«»»)

3 4 3 2 2

(202) (256) (125,137, 256)

NiSO4 NiSO4.6H20 Ni(NO 3 ) 2 .6H 2 O Ni(CO) 4 FeCoNiAs6 Cr2O3

48 48 32 58 -100 O + 100 200 225 58 35 80 -78 to -188 50 -200

-100

3MnWO 4 .2FeWO 4 .. U3O8

Cb2O5 B2O3 (vitreous)

O + 50 O to 300 -150 -100 O + 50 50 to 450 -250 to 200

57 57 15 15

« or A«,0C 200 400 600 800 900

(132, 137,

CeSO4 CeSO4-OH20 Ce2(MoO4)S Ga2O3 Er2O3 Yb2O3 BeO....

1

2 3

(20l) (86, 240,

0.378 0.47 0.42 0.322

2 2 2 2

(240) (240) (55.5) (55.5)

0<7) (262) BeSO4 Al2BeO4, Chrysobéryl Y 2 (MoO 4 )S 3BeO.Al2Os.6Si02, Beryl MgO

cp, joule/g 1.46 1.80 2.06 2.28 2.36

| + % I Lit. 2 ( 172 ) 4

( 6 0 > * 5 » 13Z, 202,220,

0.069 0.225

-100

0.415

234,240

0.598 0.73 0.83 0.89 0.97 l.07 l. 12 1.15 1.17 0.146

262,311)

- 50 O + 50 100 200 400 600 800 1000 -200

l

3 5

l

(i32, 202,

-100

0.433

l

234,240,

O + 50 100 200 300 400 600 800 900 1000 1100 35

0.740 0.845 0.899 0.962 0.995 l.012 l.029 l.034 l.096 l.150 1.255 0.96

0.5

262,311)

3 4 6 6 2

(22)

1.43 1.96

2 2

(22) (264)

35 93 O

l

2

0.82

2

(22,264)

100 35 - 4 50 34

l.52 1.31 1.67 0.77 1.48

2 2 2 l

(22,290) ( 22 ) ( 2 <>2) (22)

52

1.39

2

( 16 )

l l l 2 2 0.5

(132, 147) (202,262) ( 2 <>2) ( 2 »2) ( 55 - 5 ) (202,202)

52 -150 to 40 57 50 15 -150 -100 - 50 O + 50 50 50 15 50 50 50 -200 -190 -180 +

(240,262)

0.222 0.311 0.348 0.41+0.00007« 0.164 0.206 0.281 0.314 0.423+0.00064« 0.805+0.00236«

3 1

A1C13.6H20 A1C13.6NH3 Al2(SO4)S , A12(SO4)3.17H2O... . Al2Ci2Oi2-ISH2O, Mellite Al2SiO5, v. p. 101. 2(AlF)O-SiO2, Topaz Sc2Os Y2O3 La2O3 La 2 (MoO 4 )S CeO2

|

-200 -150

GS)

(204,278) (278) (240) (305)

263)

PbB2O4 PbB4O7 PbMoO4 PbWO4

AlF3

|

2A1F3.7H20 AlCl3 (a)

1

204)

FeCu3S3 CoSO4.7H20 Co(NO 3 ) 2 .6H 2 O... . CoAsS, Cobaltite .. NiS

Substance BN

50

0.86 0.701+0.00275« 0.468 0.314 0.48 0.177 0.251 0.309 0.364 0.397 0.49 0.84 0.53 0.44 0.272 0.272 0.029 0.043 0.065 1.09

3 3 2 2 2 2 3

2

( 2 «2) ( 2 <>2) (ss.5) (202) (202) (202) ( 106 )

(172,202)

100 200 400 600 800 900 50

1.25 1.47 1.76 1.93 2.04 2.08 0.83

2

(202)

50 15

0.84 0.87

3 2

(202) (ss.S)

0.84 0.0027 0.0146 0.066 0.15? 0.314

2 3

57 -240 -220 -200 -180 -150

(202)

2

(132,204) ( 106 )

Substance | MgO.- (Cont'd)....

t or A«,0C -100 -

MgO-H2O, Brucite.. MgCl2 MgCl2.6H20 MgSO4 MgSO4-H20 MgSO4.6H20 MgSO4.7H20 Mg(NO 3 ) 2 .6H 2 0.... MgCO3 Mg3Si4On-H2O, Talc 6MgO-MgCl2.8B2Os, Boracite (hexahedral) (dodecahedral)...

CaO

CaH2 Ca(OH) 2

CaF2

CaCl2 CaCl2.6H2O CaSO3.2H20 CaSO4

I

cp, joule/g 0.54

50

O + 50 100 200 400 600 800 1000 1500 2000 2500 35 48 44 61 9 9 12 55 25

± %|

0.74

.

0.874 0.97 1.02 1.09 1.16 1.22 1.28 1.35 1.49 1.62 1. 7s 1.30 0.81 1.58 0.93 1.00 1.46 1.51 3.71 0.838

Lit. (170,220,

CaCO3, Aragonite..

1

3 5

(«i)

10 2 O37) 1 (137,240) 1 (254) 1 (216,240) 2 (256) 2 (256) 1 (137,256) 1 ( 2S4 ) 0.5 ( 184 )

CaCO8, Spar

CaCO8, Marble. . . . 57

0.87

-50 to 350 0.753 '+ 0.002543« 50 0.90 100 1.00 200 1.22 250 1.37 265U 300 1.69 -240 0.011 -220 0.053 -200 0.142 -150 0.368 -100 0.54 - 50 0.66 O 0.74 + 100 0.824 200 0.857 400 0.882 600 0.91 800 0.92 1000 0.94 1200 0.95 -210 0.141 -200 0.195 -180 0.302 -250 0.029 -200 0.205 -150 0.510 -100 0.765 - 50 0.949 O 1.087 + 50 1.204 -250 0.0117 -200 0.218 -150 0.470 -100 0.640 - 50 0.803 O 0.854 + 40 0.887 80 0.907 61 0.686 -150 0.91 - 75 1.18 O 1.34 9 1.14 O to 400 0.7084 + 0.000609*

2

(204)

4 2

O40) 0 4 °)

5 7 6 2

(86,138,142, 170,195, 198,220, 3 Ii)

1 2

3

0<>6)

3 2 1 0.5

(86,138, I98)

4 3 0.5 0.25

(85, 132, 137,138, 199,240)

2 5 4

36 -260 -240 -220 -200 -100 O + 50

Ca(HCO2)2, Formate CaSiO3, Wollastonite

CaMoO4 CaWO4 CaO. Al2O3(SiO2)2, Anorthite

4

CaO.MgO CaMg(COs)2 CaMg(SiOa)2, Diopside

(240) (67,228)

1 (34) 1 to 3 (137,147,

1.11

1

(132, 137,

0.00530 0.01212 0.0432 0.1018 0.563 0.795 0.828

0.5

(1O6)

t or Al, 0C 20-325 20-500 20-725 -250 -200

|

cp, joule/g 0.92 1.00 1.15 0.0100 0.188

-150

0.410

-100 - 50

0.586 0.698

| ± % | Lit. (2 60) 2 1

(i«5)

7

(137,195)

2

(48,106,132,

O

0.787

+ 50

0.853

i 3 7 » 147 »

100

0.886

199,204.

240)

200 300 -250 -225 -200

0.941 0.979 0.0088 0.0611 0.201

5 3 2

-150

0.452

1

-100 O + 100 200 400 -250

0.590 0.763 0.870 O.902 1.129 0.042

-200 -100

0.280 0.539

(48, 49, ioe, 132,138, 147,170, 204,240)

0.5 1 2

(H3, i»8,

1

222,240, 297,312)

0.790 0.851 0.897 0.918 0.928

O to 100

0.994+0.00046«

2

O* 4 )

O 100 200 400 800 1200

0.72 0.816 0.890 0.982 1.08 1.12

1

(204, sie, 318 )

100 to 1300

Less by 0.006 than Wollastonite 0.69 0.43s

15 15 O 100 200 400 600 800 1000 25 46

0.73 0.86 0.95 1.05 1.11 1.16 1.20 0.879 0.91

1

(316, 318) 2 2

( 55 - 5 ) ( 55 - 5 )

2

(204, 3i8)

0.5 2

O 84) (137, sos)

0.5

(316, si7, s» 8 )

SrCl2 SrSO4 Sr(NOs) 2 . SrCO3 SrMoO4 BaCl2

50 100 200 300 400 600 800 1000 1200 1300 58 48 32 54 15 O to 100

0.81 0.87 0.95 1.02 1.07 1.12 1.17 1.19 1.20 1.20 0.50 0.60 0.76 0.61 0.62 0.3567 + 0.000385«

BaCl2-H20 BaCl2.2H2O

9 O to 50

0.52 2 0.5872+0.003287« 2

1

2 2 2 2 2 1

(240) (137,240) (137) (240) (ss.s) (137, 240, 270,271)

(270,271) (137,270, 271)

Ba(ClO3) 2.H20 BaSO 4 .. 10 6 2

|

- 50 O + 100 200 300

CaSiOs, Pseudowollastonite

199, 312)

Ca(POs)2

CaC2

240,262)

240, 312)

CaSO4.2H20

Substance

32 O to 1000

0.66 2 (137) 0.4650 + 0.000140« 2 to 4 (132, 137, 142, 147, 199, 240)

(106,240) BaS2O3 Ba(NOs)2

58 47

0.68 0.62

3 2

(217) (137,240)

Substance BaCO3

BaCO3, Witherite..

Ba(CHOa)2, Formate BaMoO4 LiH

LiOH

LiF LiCl Li2S2O3 LiNO3 Li2O.Al2O3.4Si02f Spodumene Li2O-Al2O3-SSiO2, Petalite NaF

NaCl

|

t or At, 0C O 100 200 400 600 800 800 900 1000 O to 120 15 -200 -180 -160 - 80 O -f 50 -210 -200 -190 -180 -170 -100 O +50 10 55 58 210 60 58 -150 -100 - 50 O + 100 -250 -200 -150 -100

NaBr

O + 100 200 400 500 600 -150 -100

NaI

Na2SO4

Na2S2O3 Na2S2O3-SH20 NaNOs

NaPO3 Na 4 P 2 O 7 Na 2 HPO 4 .7H 2 O....

O + 100 200 -150 -100 O + 50 -200 -150 -100 - 50 O + 100 9 21 -150 -100 - 50 O +50 100 200 250 30 50 -200 -100 O + 50

|

cp, joule/g 0.418 0.460 0.485 0.514 0.539 0.544 0.581 0.657 0.673 0.572 + 0.0006o< 0.47 0.341 0.667 1.18 3.06 4.10 4.48 0.079 0.119 0.164 0.224 0.295 0.88 1.37 1.49 1.56 1.18 0.385 1.62

| + % | Lit. 2 (132,199, 240) 2 3 ( 142 )

3

1 to 2 (n<) 2 (ss.5) 0.5 (K> 7 ) 2

( 107 )

5 3 1

5 1

(49) (245) (217) ( 98 )

0.90

3

(274)

0.85 0.675 0.886 1.013 1.080 1.167 0.021 0.466 0.657

2 2

(204) (49,138)

0.736

NaCNO (NaCNO) 3 Na2SO4-CuSO4.6H2O Na2B2O4 Na2B4O7 Na 2 B 4 O 7 -IOH 2 O, Borax 3NaF.AlF3, Cryolite Na2O.Al2O3.6SiO2, Albite

3(NaAlSi3O8) + 2(CaAl2Si2O8), Andesine

(49,67,138, 146,170, 194,196, 197,240,

262)

K2O2 KF

1 2 4 KCl

0.5

0.450

0.492 0.518 0.527 0.302 0.324 0.347 0.355 0.315 0.503 0.654 0.770 0.846 0.919 0.92 1.45 0.627 0.807 0.937 .035 .129 .23 .38 .50 0.91 0.95 0.50 1.03 1.47 1.70

Na2CO3 NaHCO2, Formate. NaC2H3O2, Acetate. NaC 2 H 3 O 2 .3H 2 0...

0.25 10 1 0.5

(49, 138,170, 240,272)

1

1

1 3 0.5

1 2 4 2 2 2 1

(86,125,240, 272)

(217,271) (271, 303) (86,98,240, 272)

O +50 45 46 38 O 10 20 40 40 40

-150 -100 O 57 45

KClO4 KBr

KI..

|

cp, joule/g (ToO 1.12

1.69 1.94 1.07 1.28 1.42 1.44 1.72 . 1.98 2.52 0.84 0.69

I ± %I Lit. 2 (!»3,194, 1

195,225)

2 1 4 5

(137, 240) (ii4, 212) (96,212) ( 9 «)

2 2

(»") («")

0.437 0.611 0.824 1.06 0.98

2 (125) 1 0.5 2 (240) 2 (137, 240)

35

1.61

3

43

1.054

0.5

-50 O + 100 200 300 400 600 800 1000 O 100 200 400 600 800 1000 200 to 700 -150 -100 - 50 O + 50

0.640 0.745 0.887 0.991 1.058 1.096 1.154 1.200 1.240 0.75 0.86 0.95 1.08 1.13 1.17 1.19 0.833+0.000116« 0.602 0.727 0.799 0.831 0.853

(137)

2

(22,132, 137, 204) (204,318)

5

(204, sis)

2

1 (170) 1 (49,138) 0.5

-250

0.069

1

-200 -150

0.448 0.588

0.5

-100

0.634

197,198,

-

0.664

240,262)

50

O + 100 200 400

(49, iss, 240, 272) KClO3

0.5

t or Af, 0C -200 -100

0.5

1 2 2 2

0.853 0.908 0.924 0.96 0.97 0.99 0.408

Substance | Na 2 HPO 4 .12H 2 O...

-150

0.680 0.703 0.721 0.749

1 2

0.500

2

-100 O + 50 100 200 225 30 -200 -100 O + 100 200 300 -140 to 80

0.644 0.799 0.857 0.970 1.238 1.355 0.79 0.3254 0.4027 0.435 0.452 0.460 0.463 0.3124 + 0.000230«

-150 -100 O + 100 60 35 -150 -100

0.473 0.577 0.736 0.799 0.82 1.02 0.579 0.740

1

(49,137,138,

146, 170, 194,196,

(86,98,137,

240)

1 2 3 3 (137) 0.5 (49,86,138, 170,194, 240)

1

(49, iss, iss,

1

(86,125,137, 240)

240)

K2SO4 (137) (240) (193, 195) K2S2O3 KHSO4 KNO 3

2 (217) 2 (137) 0.5 (86,93,137, 240)

t or Al, 0C O + 100 200 300 58 33 58 31 47 -100 - 60 - 20 + 20 20 40 60 80 100 35 10 10 35 35 32 -150 -100 O 30 35 30 26 -200 -150 -100 O -'- 50 -200 -150 -100 O -!- 50 31 46 O to 400

Substance | KNO 3 —(Con<'d)...

K4P2O7 KH2PO4 KAsO3 KH2AsO4 K2CO3 K 2 C 2 O 4 -H 2 O

KC2H3O2

KH3C4O8.2H20 K(O-C4H6O6) K(^-C4H5O6) K2C4H4O6 K2SnCl6 K2ZnCl4 K2SO4.ZnS04.6H20. K 2 Zn(CN) 4 K2CuCl4.2H20 K2PtCI6 K3Fe(CN)6 K 4 Fe(CN) 6

K4Fe(CN) e.3H 2 O...

K2SO4.NiS04.6H20. K2CrO4 K2Cr2O7

|

Substance K2O.Al2O3.6Si02, Microcline

cp, joule/g | ± % | Lit. 0.895 1.004 1 1.117 1.22 2 0.80 2 (2*0) 0.87 3 O 37 ) 0.65 2 ( 24 °) 0.73 2 (l37) 0.88 1 (137,240) 0.70 1.5 ( 90 » 137) 0.85 0.93 0.97 1.14 2 ( 114 ) 1.74 2.20 2.63 2.90 1.18 2 O 37 ) 0.97 1 ( 48 ) 0.98 1 (*8) 1.07 2 O37) 0.56 2 ( 137 ) 0.64 2 ( 137 ) 0.49 2 ( 125 ) 0.65 0.81 1.01 2 ( 137 ) 0.82 2 O 37 ) 0.47 2 ( 137 ) 0.97 2 O 37 ) 0.397 3 (193, 194, 0.544 195,270, 271 0.694 2 ) 0.878 1 0.941 0.464 3 (193,194, 0.757 1 195,270, 271 0.937 0.5 ) 1.118 1.192 1.02 2 O37) 0.78 2 (137, 240) 0.746+0.000602« 2 (98,137,

K2O.Al2O3.6SiO2, Adular

K2SO4.MgSO4.6H2O KNaC4H406.4H20.. RbF RbCl RbBr RbI Rb2CO3 CsF CsCl CsBr CsI

I1 0C -250 -200 -150 -100 O +100 200 300 400 600 800 1000 1100 1200

K2B2O4 K2B4O7 K2SO4. Al2(SO4) 3.24H2O

-150 -100 O + 100 57 57

0.81 0.92 1.08 1.23 0.94 0.92

5

(67, 137)

2 2

( 24 <>) ( 24 °)

-250 -200 -150 -100 O -S- 50

0.089 0.560 0.862 1.058 1.355 1.506

1

(22,67,198)

t or At, 0C

|

O 100 200 400 800 1000

K2O.Al2O3.6SiO2> Orthoclase

240)

K2S04.Cr2(S04)3.24H2O

|

cp, joule/g 15.2* 17.9 19.7 22.3 24.3 24.8

100

0.86

200 400 600 800 1000 1100

0.92 1.03 1.1] 1.14 1.17 1.19

I ± %I 0.5

Lit. ( 3 I*)

1

1

O

0.732

100

0.799

2

200 300 400 35 35 10 10 10 10 33 10 10 10 10

0.842 0.937 1.000 1.10 1.37 0.482 0.424 0.311 0.243 0.51 0.333 0.312 0.243 0.200

2 2 1 1 1 1 5 1 1 1 1

(204, 316)

(147, 199, 204,274)

O37) O 37 ) (*») (49,137) (49) (49) ( 137 ) (4») (49) (49) ( 49)

Al2SiO6, CPÎ joule/g ±2% (60, 147, 200) I Cyanite | Andalusite | Sillimanite 0.0025 0.012 0.010 0.077s 0.152 0.133 0.24s 0.33l 0.303 0.42s 0.48i 0.47o 0.70s 0.77o 0.722 0.874 0.954 0.87s 0.983 1.07 0.994 l.OSo 1.13 1.07s 1.096 1.17 1.125 1.16 1.17 1.16 1.19 1.17 1.17 1.23 1.17 1.17 1.17s 1.17 1.24 1.25 1.17s 1.17

* Molecular heat/number of atoms in molecule.

(T-TABLE, C-ARRANGEMENT (v. Vol. Ill, p. viii) Formula

|

Name

CCU


CH2N2 CH2O2

Cyanamide Formic acid

CH4 CH4N2O C2Cl4 C2Cl6 C2HCl3O2

v. p. 86. Urea Tetrachloroethylene Hexachloroethane Trichloroacetic acid

j

t, 0C -240 -200 -160 -120 - 80 - 40 20 - 22 O 20 -40 to O 25 solid

|

cp, joule/g 0.055 0.340 0.55 0.68 0.76 0.84 2.29 1.62 1.80 1.34 0.828+0.00075/ 0.73 1.92

| ±% | Lit. 5 (143) 2

2 3

(211) (177)

1 3 2 3

(166) (240) (137) (233)

Formula C2H2Cl2O2 C2H2O4 C2H204.2H20

|

Name Dichloroacetic acid Oxalic acid Oxalic acid

C2HsClO2 C2H3CUO2 C2H4N4 C2H4O2

Chloroacetic acid Chloral hydrate Dicyandiamide Acetic acid

C2H6O

Ethyl alcohol (crystalline)

I " :

t, 0C solid -200 to 50 -200

-100 O + 50 100 60 32

I

cp, joule/g I ± % I Lit. 1.70 2 (233) 1.084 + 0.00319* 0.5 (194,195) 0.489

1.000 1.414 1.61 1.74 1.52 0.89

1

(120,194,195)

0.5 1 2 (233) 1

(27,258)

O to 204 -200 to +25

1.91 1.382+0.00336*

1 (211) 2 (68, 86, 92, ios,

-190 -180 -160 -140 -130 -190 -180 -175 -170 -190 to -40 40 40 20 40 -210 to -80 - 33 -200 -175 -150 -130 -200 to -160

0.970 1.037 1.179 1.330 1.572 1.09 1.24 1.59 1.67 1.53 + 0.00459* 1.10 1.33 1.15 1.47 2.260+0.0655* 3.04 0.71 1.52 1.97 2.0s 0.212 + 0.0069*

0.5 (95)

178, 2 1 9 )

(vitreous)

C2H6O2 C3H3N3O3 C3H3N3O3 C3H4O4 C3H6N6 C3H6O C3H6O2 C3HsO

Glycol Cyamelide Cyanuric acid Malonic acid Melamine Acetone Propionic acid n-Propyl alcohol

C3H8O8

Isopropyl alcohol Glycerol

C4H6O2 C4H6O4 C4H6O4 C4H6O6 C4H6O6-H2O

C4H7Cl3O2 C4Hi0O C4H10O4 CsH8O4 C5H8O4 C6H3N3O7

Crotonic acid Succinic acid Dimethyl oxalate Tartaric acid Tartaric acid

Chloral alcoholate Trimethyl carbinol. Erythritol Glutaric acid Pyrotartaric acid Picric acid

C6H4BrCl o-Bromochlorobenzene C6H4BrCl ra-Bromochlorobenzene C6H4BrCl p-Bromochlorobenzene

:

-265

-260 -250 -220 -200 -100 O 38 to 70 O to 160 10 to 50 36 -150 -100 - 50 O + 50 78 - 4 60 20 20 -100 O + 50 100 120 - 34 - 52 - 40 O + 40 60

0.038

0.090 0.197 0.355 0.48 0.91 1.38 2.178 - 0.000825* 1.039 + 0.00641* 0.887+0.0184* 1.20 0.468 0.711 0.966 1.288 1.53 2.13 2.34 1.47 1.25 1.26 0.690 1.004 1.100 1.243 1.388 0.803 0.627 0.629 0.713 0.756 0.797

1

(95)

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3

(219, 306) (211) (211) (120) (211) (219) (177) (95)

(219) 10

(93,282,283)

4

2 2 (159) 2 ("4, 120) 2 (114) 2 (137) 2 (86,137) 1

0.5 1 2 (32) 2 (92) 3 (151) 2 (120) 2 (120) 2 (293) 3 1 1 1

(188,189) (188,189) (188,189)

Formula | Name C6H4BrI o-Bromoiodobenzene CeH4BrI m-Bromoiodobenzene C6H4BrI p-Bromoiodobenzene C6H4Br2 0-Dibromobenzene C6H4Br2 m-Dibromobenzene C6H4Br2 p-Dibromobenzene C6H4Cl2 o-Dichlorobenzene C6H4Cl2 m-Dichlorobenzene C6H4Cl2 p-Dichlorobenzene C6H4I2 o-Diiodobenzene C6H4I2 ra-Diiodobenzene C6H4I2 p-Diiodobenzene C6H4N2O4 o-Dinitrobenzene C6H4N2O4 m-Dinitrobenzene C6H4N2O4 p-Dinitrobenzene C6H4O2 Quinone

C6H5BrO C6H6I C6H5NO2

Bromophenol lodobenzene Nitrobenzene

C6H6

Benzene, cf. p. 86

I

-

C6Hi2O6 C6Hi4O6 C6Hi4O6 C7H5ClO2 C7H5ClO2 C7H5ClO2 C7H5NO4 C7H6NO4 C7H5NO4

cp, joule/g I ± % I Lit. 0.5970 + 0.00104* l (i«», 189) 0.597 1 (iss, 189) 0.4859 + 0.00133* 1 (188, 189) 1.04

0.56 0.582+0.0016* 0.774 0.778 0.917+0.0086* 0.456+0.0011* 0.42+0.0011* 0.424+0.0012* 1.054 + 0.00349* 1.038 + 0.00322* 1.083 + 0.0024* 0.130 0.343 0.473 1.182+0.00348* 1.10 0.80 1.50 1.46 1.39 1.38 1.40 1.49 1.65

(188,189)

(188,189) (37,188,189) (188, 189) (188,189) (188,189) (188,189) (188,189) (188,189) (3,4) (3,4) (4) (34,141)

-3 3 2

0.167 0.38

162,182,194,

-200

0.52

232,265)

0.71 0.95 1.25 1.57 1.125+0.00385* 1.150+0.00396* 1.155+0.00418* 1.165+0.00410* 1.126+0.00495* 0.103

-240 -220 -200 -150 to M. P. ? O to 90 40 -250 -200 -100 O 20 20 20 O to 100

80 to 94 to 180 to -163 to 66 to -160 to

M. P. M. P. M. P. M. P. M. P. M. P.

0.160 0.255 0.339 1.12o+0.0039o* 3.1 1.22+0.0040* 2.54 0.0648 0.323 0.669 1.159 1.257 1.15 1.18 1.31

5

(315) (224)

-225

-250

,

2

2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 2 3

-250

-150 -100 - 50 O -160 to M. P. -160 to M. P. -160 to M. P. -163to M. P. -160 to M. P.

Aniline Dextrin Levoglucosane Dextrose

Lévulose Dulcitol Mannitol o-Chlorobenzoic acid ra-Chlorobenzoic acid p-Chlorobenzoic acid o-Nitrobenzoic acid w-Nitrobenzoic acid p-Nitrobenzoic acid

I

36

-25 -50 to 50 - 48.5 - 52 -50 to 53 -50 to 15 -52 to -42 -50 to 80 -160 to M. P. -160 to M. P. 119 to M. P. -250 -225 -200 -150toM.P. 32 40 10 20 40 60 80 100 120

C6H6N2O2 o-Nitroaniline C 6 H 6 N 2 O 2 ra-Nitroaniline C6H6N2O2 p-Nitroaniline C6H6O2 o-Dihydroxybenzene C6H6O2 w-Dihydroxybenzene C6H6O2 p-Dihydroxybenzene

C6H7N (C6Hi0O5)* C6Hi0O5 C6Hi2O6

t, 0C -50 to O -75 to -15 -40 to 50

3 3 3 3 3 10

(4,37,38,68,

(3, 4) (3,4) (3,4) (3,4) (3,4,166) (3,4,141,166)

5 5 5 3 3 (92) 2 (167,284) 3 (211) 3 (166,282) 1 0.5 1 2

(167) (166)

+0.00106*

1

(137,151,167)

0.953 + 0.00353* 0.970 + 0.00305* 1.013 + 0.00232* 1.07s + 0.00357* 1.079 + 0.00383* 1.035+0.00323*

2 2 2 3 3 3

(4) (4) (4) (3, 4) (3, 4) (3,4)

Formula

|

C7H6N3O6

Name Trinitrotoluene

C7H6N5O8

Tetryl

C7H6O2 C:H?NO2 C 7 H 7 NO2 C7H7NOa C7H8O2 C7H9N

Benzoic acid 0-Aminobenzoic acid m-Aminobenzoic acid p-Aminobenzoic acid Dimethylpyrone p-Toluidine

C8H6O4 C8H7NsOe

Phthalic acid Trinitroxylene

C8H8O2 C8H8O2 C8H8O2 C8H9NO2 C8Hi6O2 Ci0H7Br Ci0H7NO2 Ci0H8

|

t, 0C

I

I ±% I

Lit.

0.71*

5

- 50 O + 100

1.06 1.30 1.61

8

-100

0.761*

1

(238,293)

2 5 5 5

(4, 120) (4) (4) (4)

- 50 O + 100 20 to M. P. 85 to M. P. 120 to M. P. 128 to M. P.

50 ' O 20 40

20 -185 to 23 20 to 50 54 to M. P. 54 to M. P. 130 to M. P. 41 to M. P. - 2 41 O to 55 -130 to M. P.

o-Toluic acid ra-Toluic acid p-Toluic acid Hydroxyacetanilide Caprylic acid /3-Bromonaphthalene Nitronaphthalene Naphthalene

Cp, joule/g

-100

0.832 0.887 0.987 1.200+0.00210* 1.064 + 0.0057Of 1.059 + 0.00512* 1.203 + 0.00368*

1.54 1.41 1.62 1.84

(75,238,293)

2 5 2 5

(237) (20)

0.97 1.011 1.771 1.160 + 0.00504* 0.999 + 0.00818* 1.133 + 0.00443* 1.043 + 0.00646* 2.63 1.09 0.989+0.0090* 1.176+0.00464*

2 2 5 3 3 3

(120) (238)

1.004 + 0.00615* 1.056 + 0.00534* 1.13 +0.013* 1.32 +0.013* 1.59 2.91 1.61

2 (4) 2 (4) 2 (21,55) 3 («> gi) 2 (258) 3 (io5) 2 (87)

3 2 2 5

(4) (4) (4) (4) (105) (224) (21,55) (4,20,37,67, 293)

Ci0H8O Ci0H8O Ci0H9N Ci0H14O Ci0Hi6 Ci0H20Oa Ci2Hi0 Ci 2 Hi 0 N 2 Ci2Hi0O4

50 to M. P. 61 to M. P. O to 50 O to 49 35 8 40

a-Naphthol 0-Naphthol a-Naphthylamine Thymol Camphene Capric acid Diphenyl Azobenzene Quinhydrone

Ci2HnN

Diphenylamine

Ci2Hi4O4 Ci 2 H 22 On Ci 2 H 22 On-H 2 O Ci2H22On Ci 2 H 22 On Ci 2 H 24 O 2 Ci3H8N8Oi5 CisHioO

Apiol Lactose Lactose Maltose Sucrose Laurie acid 1 Tetryl + 1 Picric acid Benzophenone

Ci3Hi0O3 Ci4H8O2 Ci4Hi0

Salol Anthraquinone Anthracene

Ci 4 Hi 4 Ci4H28O2 Ci6H32O2

Dibenzyl Myristic acid Palmitic acid

* There is serious discrepancy between the authors.

28

-250 -225 -200 -100 O 26 10 20 20 20 20 -30 to 40 -100 to 100 -150 -100 - 50 O + 20 32 O to 270 50 100 150 28 O to 35 -180 -140 -100 fMean over the range.

1.38

0.0690 0.2558 0.410 0.799 1.071 1.41 1.25 1.20 1.25 1.34 1.25 1.80+0.000114* 1.06 + 0.0030* 0.48 0.72 0.92 1.15 1.27 1.21 1.079 + 0.0029* 1.288 1.464 1.597 1.52 1.593+0.0228* 0.70 0.87 1.05

1

(38,87)

1

(141)

2 3 1 1 1 1 1 2 5 3 1

(20,55) (291) (i67) (167) (i67) (i67) (105,177) (293) (195,291)

1 (55) 1 (12I) 0.5 (121) 1 2 2

(38) (105,268,285) (105,219)

Formula Ci6H32O2

|

Name Palmitic acid.—(Cont'd)

C16H34 C17H12O3

Hexadecane Betol

C18H36O2 C19H16 C21H15N11O20

Stearicacid Triphenylmethane 1 Tetryl + 2 TNT

C27H54Q2

Ceroticacid

|

t, 0C - 50 O + 20 19 -150 -100 O + 50 15 O to 91 -100 O + 50 15

|

cpi joule/g I ±% | Lit. 1.28 1.60 1.80 2.07 2 (16) 0.54 2 (193,195) 0.70 1.04 1.29 1.67 4 (ios) 0.791 + 0.0114* 0.5 (*2i) 0.72 5 (293) 1.17 1.36 1.62 3 (ios)

LITERATURE, v. p. 116.

THERMAL PROPERTIES OF SILICA ROBERT B, SOSMAN HEAT CAPACITY (2, 3, 4, 8, 9, I O , 11, 12, 14, 16, 17, 18, 1 9 , 2 0 , 2 1 , 23, 24, 25, 26)

0

t, C -255 -250 -243 -233 -223 -200 -150 -100 - 50 O + 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 573 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600

VALUES OF cp AT t, 0C, JOULE/G I Quartz | Cristobalite* |

1700 * Made at UOO0C.

0.0226 .0393 .0669 .0983 .171 .324 .465 .590 .696 .782 .854 .917 .973 1.022 1.063 1.098 1.129 1.162 1.217 1.321 1.422(?) 1.133 1.146 1.157 1.168 1.178 1.187 1.194 1.202 1.212 I

0.0284 .046s .0761 .106 .184 .339 .481 .606 .717 .790 .882 .978 1.095 1.033 1.049 1.070 1.091 1.112 1.133 1.150

Vitreous 0.02Oo 0.0322 0.053i 0.082s 0.112 0.181 0.332 0.472 0.594 0.693 0.773 0.840 0.899 0.947 0.988 1.027 1.060 1.088 1.112 1.131 1.141

1.162 1.187 1.208 1.221 1.225 1.230 1.237 1.25 1.26 1.27 1.27

1.150 1.175 1.196 1.208 1.221 1.229 .267 .321 1.371 .417 .447

1.27

.472

VALUES OF cm BETWEEN O AND t, 0C, JOULE/G t, C I Quartz | Cristobalite* j Vitreous -250 0.382 0.399 0.391 -200 .454 .470 .460 -150 .523 .539 .527 -100 .588 .602 .590 - 50 .645 .661 .646 O .696 .711 .693 -I- 50 .740 .750 .736 100 .779 .795 .773 150 .815 .836 .807 200 .847 .888 .836 0

225 225

250 300 350 400 450 500 550

.878 .905 .930 .953 .974 .995 1.019

573 5 73

I1-03^ \ 1.052t 1.055 1.067 1.077 1.085 1.094 1.103 1.110 1.117 1.125

600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 * Made at UOO0C.

l'916t \.937t .949 .966 .978 .991 1.003 1.016 1.029

.861 .886 .907 .928 .949 .966 .983

1.037 1.058 1.075 1.091 1.104 1.116 1.125 1.133 1.141 1.150 1.158

.995 1.020 1.041 1.058 1.075 1.087 1.100 1.116 1.129 1.150 1.166

1.166 t Low modification,

J High modification.

1.183

LATENT HEATS OF TRANSFORMATION (3,13, is, ie, 24, 25) m r xTransformation High-cristobalite—»liquid (fusion) High-quartz-+liquid (fusion) Low-quartz —»high-quartz Low-1100°-cristobalite -» high-11000 cristobalitef Low-1600°-cristobalite -» high-16000cristobalitef

. o ^ t Heat t. C _ 1710 1710* 573

THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY (i, s, 6, 7, 22) Values of 103k; unit of k, joule cm~ 2 sec"1 (0C cm-1)-1 . Quartz || to Quartz J_ to Tr , t, 0ori C •. " . Vitreous axis axis -252 284s -250 213s ca. 5.4 -240 85s -200 ca. 63 o 27e 6.3 -150 31o 15i 8.4 -100 21 s 109 10.5 - 50 167 86 12.5 O 134 71 14.2 + 50 107 62 15.9 100 88 55 ca. 19

absorbed at t°, . , , joule/g 71 210 10.5

230

4.2

270

10.5

* This temperature is not the melting point of quartz; it is selected merely for the sake of the comparison with cristobalite. The difference in heat content between quartz and liquid or vitreous silica at any other temperature can be calculated from this with the aid of the heat capacities. t Cristobalites made at different temperatures differ in inversion point and in various other ways.

LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) C 1 ) Barrati, 67, 27: 81; 15. ( 2 ) Bornemann and Hengstenberg, 187, 17: 313^ 3 20. ( ) Cohn, 38, 7: 359, 475, 548; 24. («) Dieterici, 8, 16: 593; 05. (5) Eucken, 8, 34: 185; 11. ( 6 ) Eucken, 88, 13: 829; 11. ( 7 ) Griffiths and Kaye, 5, 104: 71; 23. (8) Heinrichs, Diss., Bonn, 1906. ( 9 ) Hildebrand, Duscha, Foster and Beebe, 1, 39: 2293; 17. 0°) JoIy, o, 41: 250; 87. O 1 ) Koref, 8, 36: 49; 11. O 2 ) Magnus, 63,14: 5; 13.

O 3 ) Mulert, 93, 75: 198; 12. ( 1 ^) Nernst, 8, 36: 395; 11. ( 15 ) Neumann 19OB, 53A: 1; 26. 93, 145: 193; 25. ( 16 ) Perrier and Roux, Mém. Soc. Sci. Nat. Vaudoise, 1: 109; 23. ( 17 ) Pionchon, 34, 106: 1344; 88. ( 18 ) Schulz, 189, 1912: 481. (» 9 ) Simon, 8, 68: 241 ; 22. ( 20 ) Sosman, Properties of Silica. New York, Chem. Cat. Co., 1927. ( 21 ) Stierlin, 84&, 52: 382; 07. ( 22 ) Tuchschmid, Diss., Zürich, 1883. ( 23 ) White, 12, 28: 334; 09. (24) White, 12, 47: 1; 19. ( 2 S) Wietzel, 93, 116: 71; 21. (26) Wietzel and Günther, 93, 116: 88; 21.

THE HEAT CAPACITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS IN THE LIQUID STATE HOWARD T. BARNES A value in the cp column represents the heat capacity in joules per gram per deg C under atmospheric pressure and at t° (or the mean cp over At0); unless the value is enclosed in parentheses, in which case it represents merely the parameter C 0 in the equation Cp = C0 + a* -f b*2 + . . . which equation is valid over the range given.

Une valeur mentionnée dans la colonne des cp, représente la capacité calorifique en joules par gramme et par degré C, sous la pression atmosphérique et à t° (ou la valeur moyenne cp pour AZ 0 ), à moins que la valeur ne soit comprise entre parenthèses, auquel cas elle représente seulement le paramètre C0 de l'équation 2 Cp = C0 + SLt + bt + . . . cette équation étant valable pour l'intervalle donné.

Ein in der cp-Kolonne stehender Wert bedeutet den Wärmeinhalt in Joule pro Gramm pro Grad C, unter dem Druck 1 Atmosphäre bei Z° (oder das Mittel Cp im AZ0 Intervall). In Klammer gesetzte Werte bedeuten, dass nur etwa der Parameter C0 der Gleichung cp = C0 + ât + bt* + . - . vorliegt. Diese gilt innerhalb des angegebenen Temperaturbereiches.

I valori della colonna cp rappresentano la capacità termica in joules per ogni grammo e grado centigrado alla pressione atmosferica e a Z° (oppure il Cp medio nell' intervallo At0). I valori racchiusi tra parentesi rappresentano soltanto il termine C0 della equazione cp = C0 + ât + bt2 + . . . la quale è valida entro i limiti dati.

»-TABLE Substance H2O H2O2 HCl, HBr, HI ICl SO2 H2SO4 H2S2O7 S2Cl2 SOCl2 SO2Cl2 NO NH 3 CO CO2 SiO2 SiCl4 (CHs)4SiO4 TiCl4 SnCl4 : PbCl2

0

t or A«, C * v. p. 113 0-18 v. p. 86 15-77 ». p. 114 v. p. 114 35 12-70 17-60 15-63 v. p. 86 v. p. 86, 114 v. p. 86 v. p. 114 v. p. 105 12-50 23-115 13-99 14-98 540

c

. f' . joule/g

±%

Lit.

2.42

2

(161)

0.661

1

(286)

1.4 0.921 1.01s 0.975

10 1 1 1

(6) (207) (208) (208)

0.837 2.097 0.804 0.619 0.506

1 0.5 1 1 1

(205) (134) (240) (240) (98)

Substance PbBr2 TlCl TlBr AgCl AgBr AgNO3 MgaSibOc CaCl2.6H20 CaaSibOc LiNO3 NaClO3 Na2S2O3-SH20 NaNO3 NaC2H3O2 NaaSibAlcOd KNO 3 KaSibAlcOd K2Cr2O7

t or A*. 0C . cf' , \ joule/g 550 0.326 480 0.247 500 0.335 490 0.540 500 0.318 250 0.783 >218 0.816 ». Vol. II, p. 101 33-99 | 2.31o v. Vol. II, p. 101 280 1.632 280 1.36o 13-98 2.38s 350 1.8Oo 61.8 3.541 v. Vol. II, p. 101 380 0.139 v. Vol. II, p. 101 >397 | 0.140

+%

Lit.

1 1 1 1 1 1 1

(98) (97) (97) (97) (98) (ios) (98)

1

(228)

1 1 1 1 0.5

(98) (98) (303) (98) (*«)

5

(98)

1

(98)

Formula

|

Name

CCU


CS2

Carbon disulfide

CHCl3

Chloroform

CH2Cl2

Méthylène chloride

C-TABLE, (T-ARRANGEMENT (v. Vol. Ill, p. viii) Cp = CQ + at H- bt2 | t or Al, 0C | CP, joule/g I + % I 103a | 0.5 0.8 0.827 Ô 0.841 1 0.13 20 20 0.833 0.5 0.837 0.2 1.97 30 v. p. 114 0.971 0.5 0.322* f 0.5 1.38 0.946 15° 0.978 0.5 ; { 20 0.5 0.968 20 0.2 1.27 0.979 30 1.205 0.5 15-40 2.078 0.5 2.97 O

CH2O2

Formic acid

CH3NO CH3NO2 CH4 CH4O

Formamide Nitromethane (CaCl2-dried) (P2O5-dried) Methane Methyl alcohol

C2Cl4

Tetrachloroethylene

C2HCl3 C2HCl3O

Trichloroethylene Chloral

C2H2Cl2O2

Dichloroacetic acid

<

C2H2Cl4 C2H3ClO C2H3Cl3 C2H3Cl3O2 C2H3N

Tetrachloroethane Acetyl chloride...Trichloroethane.. Chloral hydrate.. Acetonitrile

C2H4Br2

Ethylene bromide

C2H4Cl2

Ethylene chloride

C2H4O2 C2H4O2

Acetic acid Methyl formate

C2H6Br

Ethyl bromide

20 O 20 55-88 21-76 8-95 13-106 20 - 30 + 20 30 50 60 v. p. 114 13-29 f -100 - 20 5-10 10-15 15-20

C2H6Cl

.lo..oK 20-100 19 17 .. O O v. p. 86 v. p. 114 C 20 < 20 17-53

Ethyl chloride

f

21

i

01

1(~)ß

^j.—iyo •

"

281

0

J +

f

C2H6I

Ethyl iodide

C2H6O

Ethyl alcohol

C2H6O2

,

Glycol

-30 60 i O v. p. 114 [ O -11.1

I (

C3H3Cl3O2 C3H4Cl2O2 C3H6Cl * 10«b = 1.55.

1.83

Methyl trichloroacetate Methyl dichloroacetate Allyl chloride t 106b = 34.2. $ 10'b = 25.3.

+

^

14.9 19.9 20 20 O

4

Range, 0C 20-60 0-70 20-60 20-40 -30 to 60

[ Lit. (247) (182) (319) (321)

40-140

(247) (302) (275) (319) (321) (31) (266)

30-70 15-70

(94) (250) (310) (310) (320) (320)

20-60

(250)

1

2.139 2.201 2.306 1.724 (1.664) (1.76)

0.4 1 0.5 0.5

0.883 0.904 0.933 1.046 1.465 1.464 1.122 1.419 1.113 1.967 2.264 0.766 0.734 0.728 1.168 1.258 1.276 1.316 1.335

1 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.4 1.0 0.5 0.5 0.5 1.0 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5

(250) (US) (US) (27) (156) O 55 ) (US) (250) (US) (27) (153) (30) (247) (247) (247) (275) (247) (275) (247)

2.159 0.816

0.5 1.0

(33) (21)

0.866 0.906 0.894

1.0 0.5 0.5

(21) (251) (241)

0.901 1.790 1.542

0.5 0.5 0.5

(241) (247) ("i)

0.656

0.5

(247)

0.718

0.5

(247)

0.676

0.5

6.91

-30 to 60

(247)

2.277 2.247

0.5 1

5.0

-20 to 200

(91,152,276) (219)

2.310

1

(219)

2.327 2.390 2.406 1.117 1.302

1 1 1 0.5 0.5

(219) (219) (219) (266) (266)

1.310

1

-1.421 -3. lot

2.43

1.69 1.6

-30 to 40

10-140 10-140

(250)

Formula C3H6ClO2

|

C3H6N

Propionitrile

C3H6O

Allyl alcohol

C3HeO

Propionaldehyde

^CTHT O 3 6O

A . Acétone

C3H6O2

Propionie acid

C3H6O2

Ethyl formate

C3H6O2 C3H6O3 C3H8 C3H8O C3H8O2 C3H8O3

Methyl acetate Dimethyl carbonate Propane Propyl alcohol Methylal Glycerol.

C4H6Cl3O2

Ethyl trichloroacetate

C4H6Cl2O2 C4H6O2

Ethyl dichloroacetate Crotonic acid

{

C4H7N C4H8O C4H8O2

ra-Butyronitrile Methyl ethyl ketone ra-Butyric

(

acid

C4H8O2

Isobutyric acid

C4H8O2

Ethyl acetate

C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H9Cl C4H9NO C4Hi0

| t or AJ, 0C | CP, joule/g I ± % I 1.600 0.5 20 2.128 0.5 1 Q-Q* 2.252 0.5 1.615 1.0 21_^6 2.785 0.5 2.18s 1 O [ 3-22.6 0.5 2.15l (2.118) 0.5 O l 2.25l J< 24.2-49.4 ^n 2.210 20 2.166 0.5 2.134 0.5 I O 0.5 1.858 20-137 0.5 2.342 14—49 2.136 0.5 _2Q to 4-14 1.909 0.5 1.96 15 1.892 19.8-88 0.5 2.41 2 O v. p. 114 2.180 1 15-41 v. p. 114 1.235 0.5 f 10-81 1.280 0.5 \ 9-139 1.193 0.5 ( 20 1.377 0.5 20 2.09s 1.0 71.4

Name Methyl chloroacetate

< [ f < I

Methyl propionate n-Propyl formate ra-Butyl chloride Methyl ethyl ketoxime n-Butane Isobutane

C4H10O

w-Butyl alcohol

C4HioO

Isobutyl alcohol

C4H10O

.

1106b = 10.5.

3.3s 0.593

6.3

Range, 0G 10-160

-30to +60

22-50 10-140

-30 to 20

|

Lit. (266) (247) (155) ( 25 °) ( 152 ) (250) ( 158 ) (247) (158) ( 301 ) (319) (302) (265) ( 15 S) (33) (187) (269) (155) (63)

(21)

(266) (266) 1.6

10-140

(266)

(266) 6.37

(159)

0.5

21-113 20-78

1.666 2.290 2.299

0.5 0.5 0.5

°

1.858

0.5

40 20-100 20 20

2.097

0.5

(265)

2.155 1.883 1.921

0.5 1 0.5

(250) (250) (265)

on

2.000

0.5

(300)

1.921 1.921 1.887

0.5 0.5 0.5

(265) (265) (301)

20

Z\j

I

oU

f

-100 - 50 ~— o O

^

[ * 106b = 7.5.

3.2

|

1.749

Q—1^S

20 20 20 21.8-151.5 O O f 21-115 21-115 30 \ -76.2 -33.3 2.3 [ 19.2 f 21—109 < ork

Ether

103a 1.6

80 120 140 180

2.722 2 3

'° 2.30 2.876 2.883 2.436 1.854 1.896 2.201 2.356 2.996 2.525 2.14? 2.164 2.205

(266) 1.6

10-140

(265)

0.5 2

2

0.5 0.5 0.2 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5

1 1 0.5

2.189

1

2.214 2.289 2.888 3.361 3.440 4.357

0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5

(266) (155) (152)

(155) 8

'° 1J 19

-1515toto20 20

11.01*

30-80

13.68f

20-80

(63)

(250) (152) (321) (218) (218) (218) (218) (152) (321) (21) (21) (l« 7 ) (21)

(247) (247) (289) (289) (US) (US)

Formula

|

Name

C4H10S

Ethyl sulfide

C4Hi1N

Diethylamine. ..,

C6H4O2

Furfural

C5H6Cl3O2

Allyl trichloroacetate

. | [ \ [

C6H5N

Pyridine

C5H6Cl2O2 C5H7ClO2 C6H7Cl3O2 C5HsCl2O2 C5H8O2 C5H9ClO2 C6H9N C5Hi0 C5Hi0O C5Hi0O

Allyl dichloroacetate Allyl chloroacetate Propyl trichloracetate Propyl dichloroacetate Allyl acetate Propyl chloroacetate Valeronitrile Amylene Diethyl ketone Methyl isopropyl ketone

C6Hi0O2

Isovaleric acid

C6Hi0O2 C5Hi0O2 C5Hi0O2 C5Hi0O2

n-Butyl formate Ethyl propionate Methyl n-butyrate n-Propyl acetate

C6Hi0O3

Diethyl carbonate

C 5 HnN

Piperidine

C6Hi2

Isopentane

0 | t or Al, _ C [ cp, Joule/g | ± % | 0.5 (1.967) 1.973 0.5 5-10 1.989 0.5 \ 10-15 0.5 1.997 I 15-20 2.003 0.5 [ 20-70 2.168 0.5 22.5

f <

20-100

20 20 21-108 0-20 20 20 20 20 O 20 23-121 O 20-98.5 20-91 20 23-93 20 20 20 20

[

°

< 20-100 [ 20.2-123 20-98 < l f

Q

°

40 O

20

C5Hi2O

Isoamyl alcohol

<

[

C6Hi2O tert.-Amyl alcohol C5Hi2O d-prim.-Amyl alcohol C5Hi3N Isoamylamine C6H4BrCl o-Bromochlorobenzene C6H4BrCl m-Bromochlorobenzene C6H4BrI

o-Bromoiodobenzene

C6H4BrI

Ttt-Bromoidobenzene

C6H4Br2 C 6 H 4 Br 2 C 6 H 4 Cl 2 C 6 H 4 Cl 2 C6H4Cl2 C6H4I2 C6H4I2 C6H4N2O4 C6H4N2O4

o-Dibromobenzene ra-Dibromobenzene o-Dichlorobenzene w-Dichlorobenzene p-Dichlorobenzene 0-Diiodobenzene ra-Diiodobenzene ö-Dinitrobenzene m-Dinitrobenzene

* 10<»b = 17. 1106b = 3.8s.

$ 10«b = 1.3.

21-130 75.5 30 47.9 20-99 22-125 22-91 O O O

o o *,« * o.2—64.o 1,8-34 O 5-100 3.2-64.5 1.7-34.1 1.7-36.2 O O O O 53-99 O 34.2-99.6 O M. P.

1.540 1.749

l l

1.205 1.695 1.804 1.653 1.389 1.657 1.243 1.427 1.802 1.733 2.176 1.18o 2.332 2.198 1.938 2.469 1.921 1.921 1.921 1.921 1.03o

0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 1.0 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 1.0

1.942

103a 0.75

|

Range, 0C 5-70

[ Lit. (241) (24l) (24l) (24l) (24l) (187) (250) (250)

1.6

1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 3.68 1.6

20-110

(266) (301) (153) (45)

] u

| I J

5.93

^

U

10-140

(266)

(133) (250) (152) (152) (266) (105) (265) (266) (265) (265) (250)

1.0

(250)

0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 1.0 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 1.0 0.2

(152) (153) (268) (308) (2l) (265) (265) (247) (152) (250) (321) (158) (152) (152) (134)

1.986 2.189 2.145 2.204 1.93s (2.101) 2.239 2.900 2.911 2.87s 2.385 2.77 3.15 2.978 2.570 0.899 0.888 (0.639) 0.668 0.658 0.657 (0.635) 0.663 0.652 0.644 0.624 0.753 0.734 1.131

0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5

1.131 1.247

0.5 0.5

1.27

0.568 0.586 (1.462)

0.5 0.5 l

0.325 1.39

M. P. to 357

(188) (188) (4)

l

0.0

M. P. to 235

(4)

1.69?

10.21*

0-130

10.67t

0.98 0.98 0.657

30-80

1 [ J

0-100

0.5571

0-100

0.896 0.896 1.27

°~10°

(188) (188) (188) (188) (188) (188) (188) (188) (188) (188) (

>

(188) 0-100

Formula C6H4N2O4 C6H4O2

|

| t or A*, 0C | CP, joule/g | ± % | O (1.169) 1 O (1.35s) 1 0.900 1 O 0.965 0.5 20 90-100 1.03o 1

Name />-Dinitrobenzene Quinone

CeHsBr

Bromobenzene

C6H5BrO

Bromophenol.

C6H5Cl

Chlorobenzene

C6H5ClO

o-Chlorophenol

16.9-65 18-77 f

(

C6H5NOa

Nitrobenzene

C6H6 C6H6Cl4O4 C6H6N2O2 C6H6N2O2 C6H6N2O2 C6H6O C6H6O2 C6H6O2 C6H6O2 C6H7N C6H7N C6Hi0 C6Hi0O C6H10O C6Hi0O2

Benzène Ethylene dichloroacetate o-Nitroaniline. m-Nitroaniline. p-Nitroaniline Phénol .. o-Dihydroxybenzene w-Dihydroxybenzene p-Dihydroxybenzçne a-Picoline ', Aniline 1, 5-Hexadiene...Cyclohexanone.. J Mesityl oxide... : I Allyl propionate..

C6Hi0O3

Ethyl acetoacetate

C6Hi0O4 C 6 HnN C 6 Hi 2 C6Hi2O C6Hi2O C6Hi2O C6Hi2O2

Diethyl oxalate. . ;. Capronitrile i Hexylene . Cyclohexanol... . [ Methyl butyl ketone Methyl isobutyl k|etone Caproic acid '.

C6Hi2O2

Isoamyl formate. .

C 6 Hi 2 O 2 C6Hi2O2 C6Hi2O2 C6H12O2 C6Hi2O2 C6H12O3

Isobutyl acétate Ethyl butyrate... Ethyl isobutyrate Methyl valerate Propyl propionate Paraldehyde

n TT

C6H14

n-Hexane

C6H14O2

Acetal

C6H15N C7H5ClO2 C7H5ClO2 C7H5ClO2 C7H5N C 7 H 5 NO 4 C7H5NO4 C7H5NO4 C7H5N3O6 C7H6O C7H6O2

C7H6O2

TT

Dipropylamine o-Chlorobenzoic acid ra-Chlorobenzoic acid p-Chlorobenzoic acid Benzonitrile o-Nitrobenzoic acid m-Nitrobenzoic acid p-Nitrobenzoic acid 2, 4, 6-Trinitrotoluene Benzaldehyde Salicylaldehyde

Benzoic acid

<

° O 20 0-20 10 30 50 7~

90 I 120 . . . v. p. 115 O O O O 14-26 O O O 22-124 v. p. 115 O 15-18 21-121 20

<

20-100 20 18-156 0-50 15-18 21-127 20 29-105

.<

II

on

û

20 20 20 20 20 O °~50

20_100

gg 22-100 O O M. P. 22-186 O O M. P. ? 22-172 18

O

1.0Oo 1.322 1.14? 1.250 1.294 1.678 1.499 1.420 1.380 1.381 1.435 1.648

0.5 1.0 1.0 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5

1.348 (1.675) (1.641) (1.787) 2.348 (1.935) (1.891) (2.060) 1.816

0.5 1 1 1 0.5 1 1 1 0.5

1.703 1.812 2.182 1.887 1.8Oo 1.99e 1.812 2.26s 2.118 1.745 2.313 1.921 2.231 2.130 1.921 1.921 1.921 1.921 1.921 1.921

1.0 0.5 0.5 0.5 1 1 0.5 1.0 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5

1.825

1

2.205 2.51i

0.4 1

1.954

2.1754 2.498 (1.639) (1.115) 2.290 1.846 (1.315) (1.695) 1.878 1.402 1.792 1.599 (1.774)

103a 2.76 3.41

|

Range, 0C M. P. to 384 M. P. to 273

3.10

10-140

1.6 2.65 2.42 1.45

10-140 M. P. to 219 M. P. to 322 M. P. to 343

2.28 2.66 1.67

M. P. to 304 M. P. to 310 M. P. to 372

3.6s

10-140

2.7e

10-140

2.7e

0-110

Lit. (4) (4) (250) (319) (250) (139) ( 315 ) (250) (266) (319) ( 45 ) (275) (275) (275) (275) (275) (275) (266) (4) (4) (4) (166) (4) (4) (4) (133) (250) (119) (152) (266) (250) (250) (266) (153) (163) (119) (155) (265) (i° 5 ) (139) (265) (265) (266) (266) (265) (265) (250)

(163) (250) (250)

1

0.5 0.5 1 1 1 0.5 1 1 1 0.4 0.5 0.5 1

[

1.50 4.01 0.0

M. P. to 340 M. P. to 359 M. P. to 505

2.5 2.4 0.0

M. P. to 386 M. P. to 366 M. P. to 484

3.22

M. P. to 322

(152) (133) (4) (4) (4) (153) (4) (4) (4) (75) (152) (310) (4)

Formula C7H7Cl C7H7Cl C7H7NO2 C7H7NO2 C7H7NO2 C7H8

|

Name Benzyl chloride Chlorotoluene o-Aminobenzoic acid m-Aminobenzoic acid p-Aminobenzoic acid Toluene

C7H8O

Benzyl alcohol

C7H8O

o-Cresol

C7H8O

w-Cresol

C7H8O

Phenyl methyl ether

C7H8O2 C7H9N

Dimethylpyrone Methylaniline

C7H9N

o-Toluidine

C7H9N

p-Toluidine

C7Hi2O C7Hi2O C7Hi2O C7Hi2O2 C7Hi2O2 C7Hi2O4 C7Hu C7Hi4O C7Hi4O C7Hi4O C 7 Hj 4 O C7Hi4O C7Hi4O2 C7HuO2 C7Hi4O2 C7Hi4O2 C 7 Hi 4 O 2 C7Hi4O2

o-Methylcyclohexanone w-Methylcyclohexanone p-Methylcyclohexanone Allyl butyrate Allyl isobutyrate Diethyl malonate Heptylene (B. P., 98°) o-Hexahydrocresol w-Hexahydrocresol p-Hexahydrocresol Heptaldehyde Dipropyl ketone Heptylic acid Isoamyl acetate Butyl propionate Ethyl valerate Propyl butyrate Propyl isobutyrate

C7H16

n-Heptane (B. P., 98°)

C7H16 C8H6Cl4 C8H6Cl4 C8H8Br2 C8H8Br2 C8H8Br2 C8H8Cl2 C8H8Cl2 C8H8Cl2 C8H8O C8H8O2 C8H8O2 C8H8O2 C8H8O2 C8H9O2

Isoheptane (B. P., 91°) o-Xylene tetrachloride p-Xylene tetrachloride o-Xylene dibromide m-Xylene dibromide p-Xylene dibromide o-Xylene dichloride m-Xylene dichloride p-Xylene dichloride Acetophenone o-Toluic acid m-Toluic acid p-Toluie acid Methyl benzoate Hydroxyacetanilide

C8H10

Ethylbenzene

r» TT C 8Hi0

vi o-Xylene

C8Hi0

w-Xylene

| t or At, 0C | cp, joule/g I ± % I 1.350 0.5 O 1.322 0.5 O 1.82 2 M. P. 1.82 2 M. P. 1.86 2 M. P. ' . . v. p. 115 2.139 1.0 < 22-200 2.261 0.5 2.088 0.5 0-20 2.314 0.5 Q-Q 2.005 0.5 1.697 0.5 20-152 2.021 0.5 2.3 10.0 166 20-197 2.145 0.5 1.9Oo 1 O OOIQK 2.193 0.5 4Q 5 2.084 0.5 1.969 0.5 O 2.503 1 43
103a 3.1o 3.1o 0.0 0.0 0.0

|

Range,0C | Lit. 10-140 (266) 10-140 (266) M. P. to 305 (4) M. P. to 360 (4) M. P. to 378 (4)

3.6o

10-140

2.93

12-139

3.68 3.68 2.76

10-140

2.76

0-110

5.94

30-80

3.1 1.72 5.8 3.14 3.32

M. P. to 304 M. P. to 279 M. P. to 405 10-140 M. P. to 231

3.71

20-70

3.24 4.36

30-80 10-110

(25°) (152) (4S) (153) (45) (266) (15S) (237) (15S) (250) (155) (139) (265) (2°) (20) (267) (119) (119) (119) (266) (163) (119) (119) (119) (250) (152) (105) (265) (265) (266) (265) (26S) (163) (301) (321) (163) (61) (61) (61) (61) (61) (61) (61) (61) (153) (4) (4) (4) (266) (4) (265) (321) (139) (321) (266) (139) (139)

Formula C 8 Hi 0

J

Name m-Xylene (CWd)

| t or A£, 0C | CP, joule/g I + % I 1.678 ÖL2 30 1.603 0.5 ° 1.791 0.5 j( 40.8 1.663 0.2 ( 30 1.697 0.5 O 1.867 0.5 20 1.783 0.5 20 1.749 0.5 < Q 1.695 0.1

C8Hi0

p-Xylene

C8Hi0O C8Hi0O C8Hi0O4

p-Cresyl methyl ether Phenetole Diallyl oxalate

C8HnN

Dimethylaniline

C8Hi4O2 C8Hi4O4 C8Hi4O4 C8Hi4O5 C8Hi6 C8H16O C8Hi6O2 C8Hi6O2 C8Hi6O2 C8Hi6O2

Allyl valerate Diethyl Buccinate Di-n-propyl oxalate Diethyl malate Octylene Methyl hexyl ketone Isoamyl propionate Butyl butyrate Isobutyl butyrate Propyl valerate

C8Hi8

n-Octane

C8Hi9N C8H20SiO4? C9H7N C9Hi0 C9Hi0O2 C9Hi2 C9Hi2 C9Hi2 C9Hi2O C9Hi2O C9Hi3N C9Hi6O4 C9Hi8 C9Hi8O2 C9Hi8O2 C9Hi8O2 C9H20

Diisobutylamine Ethyl silicate Quinoline Benzylethylene Ethyl benzoate Mesitylene Propylbenzene Pseudocumene Ethyl p-cresyl ether Propyl phenyl ether Dimethyl-o-toluidine Dipropyl malonate Nonylene Isoamyl butyrate Butyl valerate Isoamyl isobutyrate Nonane

Ci0H7NO2

a-Nhronaphthalene

Ci0H8

Naphthalene

~'

Ci0H8O Ci0H8O

a-Naphthol j3-Naphthol

O O

Ci0H9N

a-Naphthylamine....

Ci0HiO Ci0Hi0O2 Ci0Hi2

Dihydronaphthalene Allyl benzoate 1, 2, 3, 4-Tetrahydronaphthalene...

Ci0Hi2O

Anethole

18-28 20 15-18 23-233 22 48 ^'

Ci0Hi2O2 Ci0Hi4 C10Hi4O Ci0Hi4O Ci0H14O Ci0Hi4O4 C10H15N C10H18 C10H18O4 Ci0Hi8O4 Ci0H20

Propyl benzoate o-Cymene. Carvacrol m-Thymol 2, 4-Xylyl ethyl ether Diallyl Buccinate Diethylaniline cis-Decahydronaphthalene Dibutyl oxalate Dipropyl Buccinate Diamylene

25.23 20 O 24-233 50 O 20 20 15-18 20 20 20-130

20 20 20 24-186 0-50 22-168 20 20 20 20 <

20-123 22-130 15-98 0-20 O 20 O O 20 O O 21-185 20 0-50 20 20 20 0-50 58.6 61.4 94.3 07

f

<

p«

x& *}

*2

1.887 1.892 1.812 1.989 2.034 2.311 1.921 1.921 1.921 1.921 2.113 2.420 2.390 1.783 1.473 1.644 1.628 1.643 1.674 1.733 1.795 1.795 2.072 1.812 2.030 1.921 1.921 1.921 2.105 1.528 1.581 1.632 1.684

(1.310) (1.626) (1.688) 1.988 1.992

0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.5

103a 3.40 4.36

|

Range, 0C 30-80 10-110

3.89 3.60 3.60 2.76

10-140 10-140 10-140 10-140

3.85

20-100

3.68 2.76 2.76

0-140 0-140 0-140

4.36 3.14 4.36 4.36s 4.35 3.60 3.60

0-140 0-140 10-80 6-60

10-140

2.76

1.0

Lit. (321) (266) (139) (321) (266) (266) (266) (45) (142,250,266)

(266) (266) (266) (152) (163) (152) (265) (265) (265) (265) (163) (152) (133) (206) (45) (266) (266) (266) (265) (266) (266) (266) (155) (266) (163) (265) (265) (265) (163) (55) (55) (267) (20)

1.0 1.0 1.0 0.5 0.5

3.52 3.19 2.61

M. P. to 280 M. P. to 275 M. P. to 236

(4) (4) (4) (55) (267)

0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5

3.14

10-140

3.14 4.36

0-140 10-140

3.60 2.76 3.85

10-140 10-140 10-140

2.76

10-140

(266) (u») (157) (191) (191) (191) (265) (265) (156) (19) (266) (266) (266) (119) (266) (266) (29)

1.448

1.624 1.687 2.139 2.306 2.360 2.561 1.666 1.674 2.415 2.371 1.745 1.892 1.892 1.653 1.846 1.892 2.281

|

(258)

Formula Ci0H2O Ci0H2o02 Ci0H22 Ci0H22 Ci0H22 Ci0H22 CnH 22 CnH 24 Ci2H10O

|

7-Decylene Isoamyl valerate Decane (B. P., 159°) Decane (B. P., 162°) Decane (B. R, 172°) Diisoamyl Undecylene Undecane Diphenyl oxide

Ci 2 HnN

Diphenylamine

Ci2Hi2 Ci2H22O4 Ci2H22O4 Ci2H24 ^ TT O ^ Ci H

ß-Dimethylnaphthalene Diisoamyl oxalate Isobutyl succinate Dodecylene T • acid -j Laurie

^

TT Ci2H 26

T^ ^ Dodecane

CisHioO

/3-Benzophenone

Ci3H10O3 Ci3H26 Ci3H28 Ci4H26O4 Ci4H28 Cj4H28O2 C14H30 Ci5H30 CisH32 Ci6H32O2 C16H34

Salol Tridecylene Tridecane Isoamyl succinate Tetradecylene Myristic acid Tetradecane Pentadecylene Pentadecane Palmitic acid n-Hexadecane (B. P., 275°)

2

24

2

| t or Al, 0C | CPI joule/g I ± % I 1.963 0.4 0-50 1.921 0.5 20 2.470 0.5 21-154 2.072 0.4 0-50 2.101 0.4 0-50 2.469 0.5 21.5-155 2.017 0.4 0-50 2.097 0.4 0-50 1.67 30 54 1.835 0.4 (•/> 1.851 0.4 K0 Oo 1.942 1.0 66 2.017 1.0 O 1.649 0.5 1.879 0.5 20 0.5 1.850 O 0.4 1,913 0-50 2.394 0.5 40-100 _ 2.155 0.5 Oi 2.120 0.5 ~ 0_5Q 2.093 0.4 3—40 1.601 0.5 ~ 1.448 0.5 1.635 0.5 44.1 1.913 0.4 0-50 2.088 0.4 0-50 1.880 0.5 O 0.4 1.896 0-50 2.256 0.5 56-100 0.4 2.080 0-50 1.971 0.4 0-50 2.080 0.4 0-50 2.733 0.5 65-104 0.4 2.076 0-50 1.487 0.2 lQ I 'f (1.249) 0.2 2.302 0.5 75-137

Name

14

Ci7Hi2O3

Betol

Ci8H36O2

Stearic acid

103a

|

Range, 0C

2.76

0-140

6.49

0-40

20

5.58*

19-63

I

Lit.

(163) (265) ( 152 ) ("S) (163) ( 152 ) (163) (163) ( 73 ) (55) ( 55 ) ( 20 ) (20) ( 257 ) (266) (265) (163) (i° 5 ) (i 77 ) (16) (163) (i 95 ) O 95 ) (55) (163) (163) (262) (163) (285) (163) (163) (163) (105) (163) (195) (i 9 *) (105)

* 10«b = 5.61.


THE HEAT CAPACITY OF CERTAIN PURE LIQUIDS J, H. AWBERY Hg, Mercury Solid Hg (13, 69, 83, 138, 209, 235, 236, 243, 282) op

*' C -270 -260 -240 -220 -200 -150 -100 - 50 - 40

Joule/gatom 0.221 4.61 16.95 21.27 23.07 25.76 26.92 27.77 27.99

±%

1 2 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5

H2O, Water

" ^ ^ ' „J ^ '„ ' ! » » » » ; tj

op

° -40 -20 O +20 40 60 80 100

Tnlllp /,, JoUie/g

0.1452 0.1417 0.14030 0.13934 0.13864 0.13814 0.13780 0.1375?

. c/ f op *' ° 0.1 120 0.1 140 0.25 160 0.25 180 0.25 200 0.25 220 0.25 240 0.1 260 280

±%

Joule/g ±0.1% 0.1374s 0.13742 0.1374s . 0.1376o 0.1377? 0.1379? 0.13824 0.1385i 0.1388o

Cp in joules per gram. NOTE.—The values in this table should be increased by 0.12 % to bring them into accord with the I. C. T. accepted value for the joule which is 4.185 calu. p = latm. (8, 9, l«, u, 41, 42, 53, 54, 62, 72, 99, ioi, p — ^he vapor pressure j. oc

-5 O +5 10 15

102,104,126,127,150,214, 242,259)

CP I 4.244 4.220 4.210 4.199 4.190

+ % Il 0 C I cv I ± % | | 0.2 204.184 0.05 0.2 404.180 0.1 0.2 604.186 0.1 0.1 804.192 0.2 0.1 1004.198 0.2

(72,104,242) 0 G I CP \ ±% 100 4.198 0.2 150 4.222 0.2 200 4.255 0.5 250 4.30 1.0 300 4.35 2.5

CO2 Liquid; values of cp and cv, joule /g, p in kg/cm2, v in cm3/g C p ± 5 % (67, 1 3 0 , 162)

p 4

T^"^-^ Ij

L-

°

—^

^5O -40 -30 -20 -10

2.0 2.1

^ py kg/cm 2 O 200 400 600

P1 kg/cm

65

I

T^\7 I1

ÏT94 2.00 2.07 2.17 2.25

[I

65

9

2.1s 2.3 2.8 3.6

2.0s 2.17 2.5o 2.8 3.3

^--^

I»

O +10 20 25 30

ii5

°

t,

2.Oo 2.0? 2.3 2.5s 2.8

L/

^^

O 10 20 30 40

I,

TOO 1.00 1.04 1.19 1.29

(7, 71, 74, 79, 135, 149, 210, 288)

±% 0.1

60

1 .51

80 1.62 100 1.75 120 1.95 140 2.38 150 3.54 11 to 140 1.37+ 0.0012*

I7 J(

9

,

0.5 1

H2SO4 I0to45

1.42+

111,

139,

144,

2.37 2.51 2.58

275,

-100 - 75

1.91 1.92

15° 0.000246 0.000277 0.000338

+0.004 +0.008 +0.013 +0.014 +0.011 +0.008 +0.004 +0.001 -0.009 -0.013 -0.013 -0.013

|

+0.006 +0.010 +0.011 +0.009 +0.004 +0.001 -0.001 -0.006 -0.009 -0.012 -0.012 -0.011

80° 0.0

+0.006 +0.004 +0.001 -0.001 -0.003 -0.003 -0.001 +0.004 +0.031 +0.057 +0.055 +0.003

C3H7OH.- (Continued) Is0. (152, 187, 219,

I1 0C Cp, joule/g -100 1.78 - 50 1.98 O 2.36 +50 3.10

301)

(21,

89, 111,

122,

-100 to 0.984+ + 150 0.00103*

1

321)

± % 3

138,

289)

6atextremes, 3 at O

C2H4O2, Acetic acid

C3H7OH, Propyl alcohol Normal (40, 95, 139, 152, 187,

C2H6OH, Ethyl alcohol 5

|

5.74 5.91 6.16 6.57 7.26

(23, 28,105,148, 153,

3

(2, 21, 36, 40, 95, 111, 122, 152, 187, 243, 247, 273,289,301,321)

-0.001 -0.001 -0.001 -0.000 +0.001 +0.003 +0.002 +0.001 -0.003 -0.011 -0.018 -0.000

p = l atm. CH3OH, Methyl alcohol O 20 40

(56,175,227,228,232)

^-

80 90 100 110 120

CS2, Carbon disulfide

0.5 (40,

SO2

1.37 1.43

5.08 5.19 5.31 5.45 5.59

C2H5QH 20° I 40° | 60° 0.0 0.0 0.0

C2H5OH. — (Continued) t, 0C cp, joule/g ±% - 50 1.98 O 2.24 + 25 2.43 1 50 2.73 100 3.45 3 150 4.41

247, 301)

+20 40

t, O

30 40 50 60 70

}

0.25

,.atop. 88.

(56, 175, 232) -20 1.31 O 1.33

^--^

I;

VARIATION OF SPECIFIC HEAT WITH PRESSURE Values of (specific heat at 1 atm. — sp. ht. at p, kg/cm2) ± 1 % ; joules per gram Hg, Mercury (47,158) 15° I 64° I 91° || p, kg/cm 2 | 15° || p, kg/cm 2 0.0 0.0 0.0 1000 0.000062 5000 0.00002 0.00046 0.00059 2000 0.000092 6000 0.00005 0.00105 0.00129 3000 0.000154 7000 0.00005 0.00146 0.00207 4000 0.000185

Values of cp for the Liquid State p = the vapor pressure SO2.— (Continued) NH3 t, 0C Cp, joule /g ±%

6.72

~

2 66

"T^r^^! ^ T^\/ - 7^r^\. -

CS2, CH3OH and C2H6OH (47, 158) CH3OH j 4QO ! 8QO 2QO 6QO 2QO | 40° I 60° I 80° 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 +0.002 0.0 -0.00043+0.0022+0.0078+0.0170 +0.006 +0.008 +0.011 +0.012 -0.0078 +0.0004+0.0100+0.0310+0.014 +0.011 +0.019 +0.026 -0.0091 -0.0019+0.0095+0.0378-0.007 +0.008 +0.021 +0.026 -0.0061 -0.0013+0.0077+0.0382-0.009 +0.006 +0.017 +0.023 -0.00174 -0.0022 +0.0062 +0.0313 -0.010 +0.004 +0.016 +0.018 +0.0052 -0.0044+0.0054+0.0205-0.011 +0.003 +0.013 +0.016 +0.0118 -0.0074+0.0017+0.0144-0.011 -0.003 +0.009 +0.017 +0.0104 -0.0096 -0.0017 +0.0131 -0.012 -0.007 +0.003 +0.023 +0.0035 -0.0135-0.0039+0.0162 -0.012 -0.011 -0.003 +0.033 -0.0022 -0.0214-0.0050+0.0220-0.015 -0.014 -0.004 +0.051 -0.0017 -0.0264-0.0065+0.0229-0.020 -0.015 -0.001 +0.059 +0.0017 -0.0245 -0.0078 +0.0112 -0.013 -0.013 +0.001 +0.035

t, 0C Cp, joule/g -60 4.383 -40 4.440 -20 4.510 O 4.597 + 20 4.710 40 4.860 60 5.084 80 5.42 90 5.71 100 6.19

(7, 71)

2 66

CS2 j

2

O 500 1 000 2000 3000 4000 5 000 6000 7000 8 000 9000 10000 11000 12 OOP

110

Cv ± 2 %

1 1

116, 249,

0.5

-120 -100 - 50 - 25 O + 25 50

1.80 1.82 1.91 2.01 2.20 2.45 2.74

176, 178, 192, 219, 249, 265, 301)

Oto 80

1.96o + 0.00389*

2

1

C3H8O3, Glycerol (28, 80, 93, 166, 282, 283)

Liquid and vitreous -260 0.18 5 -200 0.46 -150 0.73 2

C3H8O3.— (Continued) t, 0C Cp, joule /g ±% -100 0.97 - 95 1.00 ?U - 85 1.89 - 50 2.03 O 2.26 +50 2.5i 5 100 2.8o

C6H6, Benzene

C6H6.— (Continued) I1 0C Cp, joule/g ±% 80 1.94 90 1.98

(4, 23, 65, 89, 116, 182, 232, 247, 265, 267, 275, 301, 302, 321)

t,°C

Cp, joule/g 5 1.63 10 1.65 20 1.70 40 1.77 60 1.86

± % 2

C7H8.- (Continued) t, 0C Cp, joule /g ±% 80 1.869 100 1.966

C7H8, Toluene

C6H7N, Aniline* (15, 92, 100, 111, 139, 156, 224, 231, 266, 267, 301)

(21, 23, 81, 89, 116, 224, 249, 265, 281, 301, 302, 321)

-97 1.472 -50 1.522 O 1.614 -1-50 1.761


1

O 2.Oo 5 50 2.18 100 2.29 *For more recent data, v. ( 324 ).

THE HEAT CAPACITY OF CERTAIN SOLUTIONS J. H. AWBERY NaOH, 2O0C ( 3 6, HO, 251, 252, 295, 296, 304)

AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS ACIDS (M = Mole)

M % NaOH.... Joule/g +0.1%

HCl ( 5 7 > 1 7 6 , 251, 252, 253, 295, 296, 304, 309)

M~% MHCI Joule/g ±H% HCl Mn 2 O O0C I 1O0C | 2O0C | 4O0C [ 6O0C Ö7Ö0704.2154.1954.1824.1744.182 4.76 .05 3.446 3.446 3.521 3.532 3.265 9.09 .10 3.015 3.015 3.132 3.141 13.0 .15 2.743 2.714 2.852 2.879 2.974 16.7 .20 2.560 2.526 2.643 2.701 2.798 20.0 .25 2.430 2.413 2.476 2.576 2.677 23.1 .30 2.346 2.338 2.350 2.488 2.605 25.9 .35 2.300 2.551

M

J le/

0.0 ÖTöÖ (K99 4.182 4.123 4.045

M % NaOH Joule/g ±0.1%.

16.7 23?ï 2ÌT6 37To 3.341 3.287 3.275 3.270 KOH (11°, 2 5 1 , 252, 295, 296)

jQUle/g

M % K3.272 0S ±0-1%, ±0.5%, 190C 270C 9.09 3.132 3^26

4.76 2.44

M% MH 3

3.396 3.764

M% JJJ1 T~64

H2SO,

M^4

±^

±8g%. H2SO.

*° ^?

MH28Q4

=feff»

100.0 16.7 9.09 4.76 3.23 2.44 1.96 1.64

O 1.397 1.414 0.99 100 4.002 5 2.417 2.242 0.66 150 4.048 10 2.999 2.59 0.497 200 4.077 20 3.467 2.97 0.0 oo 4.182 30 3.663 3.26 40 3.780 3.43 50 3.860 3.53 60 3.911 3.60 C 2 H 4 O 2 , Acetic acid, 380C (*76, 235, 249) M % HAc. . 0.0 3.23 6.98 IeTT 30.9 54.5 100.0 Joule/g 4.17 4.01 3.81 3.44 3.05 2.64 2.24 ALKALIES NH 3 (295, 309) M c, NH 3 . 0.0 5.2 10.5 15.8 20.9 26.1 31.2 36.3 41.4

MNH

* Joule/g ±y2% Mn 2 O 2.4 0 C I 20.60C | 410C | 610C O 4.211 4.182 4.174 4.182 5 4.148 4.186 3.998 4.216 10 4.098 4.170 4.441 4.261 15 4.073 4.144 4.354 4.303 20 4.023 4.144 4.308 25 4.006 4.165 30 4.002 4.197 35 4.023 4.236 40 4.124 C6H5NH2, Aniline, 2O0C (is, 165) M % PhNH 2 100 I 95.0 9OTo 82^3 75.2 Joule/g ±2% 2.08 I 2.17 2.22 2.34 2.43

Joule/g

±0.1%, 190C 3.894

I M% £5 U

0.497

Joule/g

±0.1%, 190C 4.077

3.51 1.23 3.956 0.333 4.094 3.81 0.99 3.998 0.249 4.103 0.0 4.182

H 2 SO 4 (35, 56, 1 1 1 , 175, 221, 232, 233, 268)

~M~% **° +1 r +\-y-

4~76 9.09 3.701 3.498

SALTS NaCl ( 4 3 > 6 6 >

M % NaCl 9.09 6.25 4.76 2.44 1.64 1.23 0.99 0.66 0.497 0.333 0.249

I

M % KCl 0.0 0.99 1.96 2.91 3.85 4.76 5.66 6.54 7.41

>

176

J

239

> 252, 273, 294, 295, 322)

v. also Vol. II, p. 328 Mn2O Joule/g ±0.1% Mî 60C I 2O0C | 330C 10 3.37 3.38 3.39 15 3.457 3.468 3.472 20 3.572 3.593 3.604 40 3.809 3.822 3.834 60 3.910 3.922 3.934 80 3.969 3.980 3.988 100 4.011 4.020 4.021 150 4.054 4.062 4.068 200 4.092 4.092 4.093 300 4.113 400 4.14

t, 0C -15 -25 KCl ( 4 3 >

103

I

12

dj I Joule/g ±1% I 1.114 3.20 1.26 2.71

| 570C 3.41 3.52 3.64 3.86

Lit. (69)

S, 176, 181, 239, 252, 2 7 3 , 294, 295, 296, 322)

MKCI Mn 2 O 0.0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08

60C | 4.202 3.954 3.771 3.611 3.461 3.337 3.222 3.12

Joule/g ±0.1% 2O0C | 330C | 4O0C 4.180 4.170 4.17 3.958 3.962 3.96 3.772 3.788 3.78 3.622 3.633 3.64 3.478 3.492 3.50 3.351 3.367 3.35 3.238 3.254 3.24 3.138 3.16 3.13 3.036

ALCOHOLS B = CH3OH, Methyl alcohol (40,144)

C2H6O B = NaC1.200H20 B = C6H7N.B = C3H8O ±1%( 1 3 6 ) (Con^d) 20 c n-Propyl alcohol . < = ° M % A cp A/T ^ -D Joule/g ±H% , -D Joule/g ±V±% A M M % B M % B Solid, ±2% (95) M % A* cp 82.3 2.79 5- I 20° I 40° "5° I 2 0 - 1 40° 4 08 2 81 50 M % A °-° 86-1 0.0 4.184 4.182 4.176 36.0 3.454 3.626 3.668 °C 89.8 4.20 93.4 2.81 Cp 2.87 4.270 4.195 4.170 45.8 3.245 3.387 3.471 -200 0.92 95.2 4.27 100.0 2.60 5.88 4.253 4.186 4.163 56.7 3.045 3.166 3.266 -190 1.02 97.2 4.20 9.03 4.174 4.157 4.136 69.6 2.852 2.957 3.040 -180 1.11 98.2 4.03 12.3 4.077 4.113 4.107 83.5 2.643 2.727 2.831 Liquid, ±0.5% 99.2f 3.51 C3H8O3 19.4 3.872 4.015 4.015 100.0 2.413 2.509 2.580 -75 1.865 99.7 Î 2.96 Glycerol 27.3 3.668 3.835 3.856 100 2 38 B -50 2.003 -° = C6H7N B = C2H5OH, Ethyl alcohol (36, 40, 52, 164, 165, 273, 323) -25 2 112 *M % A = moles Aniline 2 0le8C2H6 + ±0 % Joule/g O 2! 196 2 ofefA ° 1 <"'> t±l. i+2. Z - 20 C M %B ±0.5%, ±0.5%, ±1%, B=KC1.200H 2 0 0.0 2 . 1 5 30C 230C 410C 2 24 + 1% (136) O-1 0.0 4.211 4.182 4.174 0 1 1 231 I=Vs C O2.02 4.316 4.236 4.241 B = C6H6 0.0 4.04 20.2 2.41 4.16 4.379 4.274 4.291 Ó Z Z>4/ ±0.5% (223, 307) 89.9 4.18 "' 6.46 4.395 4.312 4.320 0 t = 2O C 95.2 4.23 8.91 4.362 4.324 4.324 M %A cp 97.2 4.16 11.5 4.282 4.299 4.299 0.0 1.70 98.2 3.98 C4Hi0O 14.4 4.186 4.241 4.257 15.8 1.80 99.2 3.63 Ether 20.7 3.925 4.077 4.107 B 29.8 1.92 99.7 3.15 = CeH6, Benzene 28.1 3.622 3.847 3.898 42.1 2.03 100.0 2.84 ±2% (275) 37.0 3.367 3.588 3.655 M% c 53.0 2.11 B = C H N *> 47.7 3.132 3.329 3.404 6 7 A 6 C 20 C 62.9 2.175 Aniline ° ° 3.132 61.0 2.802 3.040 71.8 2.22 100 2.24 2.36 + 0 5 % (139) 77.9 2.568 2.760 2.861 75 2 18 2 30 79.8 2.26 Y=40°C ' ' 100.0 2.263 2.417 2.601 50 2 10 2 21 87.2 2.325 2 13 ' ' 0 O _ B = C3H7OH, n-Propyl alcohol (40, 213) 25 1 93.8 2.342 34^ ^ 2.07 2 ' 38 1>69 1 7 7 ^„^ Joule/g ± K % Joule/g ± M % A/r ^ p 100.0 2.405 2.62 ° ^ 60'.8 M % B M % B -^T 20° I 40° 5° I 20- I 40° 0.0 4.203 4.182 4.174 16.7 3.990 4.044 3.986 LITERATURE 1.55 4.308 4.282 4.231 23.1 3.668 3.772 3.810 (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) 3.23 4.395 4.383 4.280 31.0 3.404 3.521 3.617 O) Abt, 527, 1896: 42. (2) Andrews, 4, 1: 27; 49. (3) Andrews, 1, 48: 1287; 5.03 4.466 4.441 4.312 41.2 3.128 3.254 3.408 26. (4) Andrews, Lynn and Johnston, 1, 48: 1274; 26. (5) Armstrong, 6.97 4.538 4.466 4.320 54.5 2.852 2.973 3.203 325, 19: 393; 08. («) Auerbach, 7, 121: 337; 26. ( 7 ) Babcock, 65, 55: 9 9.09 4.517 4.441 4.253 73.0 2.559 2.695 2.961 10 327; 20. (») Barnes, 5, 67: 238; 00. ( ) Barnes, 62, 199: 149; 02. ( ) Barnes, 69, 3 IH: 3; 09. 133, 1909: 403. (U) Barnes and Cooke, 2, 15: 11.4 4.329 4.329 4.165 100.0 2.233 2.384 2.601 65; 02. (12) Barnes and Cooke, 133, 1902: 530. 2, 16: 65; 03. (13) Barschall, 9, 17: 341; 11. (14) Bartoli, Bull. Mensile detta Accad. Gioenia, B = C3H8O3, Glycerol (35, so, 166) 17: 4; 91. (is) Bartoli, 72, 28: 1032; 95. 59, 2: 347; 95. (16) Bartoli and Joule/g Joule/g Stracciati, 17O9 19: 643; 84. 59, 15: 5; 84. (i 7) Bartoli and Stracciati, 487, 15: 761; 91. (18) Bartoli and Stracciati, 72, 28: 469; 95. (19) Barus, M %B ±H% M %B ±H% 0 0 0 0 3, 33: 431; 92. 15 C I 32 G 15 G I 32 C (20) Battelli, 24, 3: 1781; 84. (21) Battelli, 22,16 I: 243; 07. 59, 13: 418; 07. 0.0 4.18 4.17 22.7 3.20 3.17 (22) Baud, 51, 2: 569; 03. (23) Baud, 6, 27: 89; 12. (24) Bellati and Lussana, 24, 7: 1051; 88. (25) Bellati and Romanese, 24, 6: 1043; 83. 5, 2.12 4.03 4.02 43.9 2.80 2.81 34: 104; 83. (26) Berthelot, 6, 12: 529; 77. (27) Berthelot, 34, 85: 646; 4.66 3.88 3.86 100.0 2.32 2.41 77. 6, 12: 550; 77. ( 2 ») Berthelot, 34, 86: 786; 78. 6, 15: 242; 78. (29) 11.5 3.56 3.52 Berthelot, 34, 89: 119; 79. NON-AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS Cp = joule/g

CS2

CH4O

B = C3H8O

B = CH4O

^ = ^H6O

n-Propyl alcohol

±3% (52) t = 2O0C M %A Cp 100.0 1.02 55.8 1.51 29.5 1.97 12.3 2.26 0.0 2.51

1°f ?5°C0) M %A cp loo.o 2.530 2 518 85 2 68 3 2 501 48.Q 2.493 26.4 2.467 0.0 2Ì430

±0 5%

' ( 139 ) Z = 4O0C M %A cp 100.0 2.580 81.7 2.526 65.2 2.530 38 5 2 559 0.0 2.601

(30) Berthelot, 6,17:137; 79. (3i) Berthelot, 34, 93: 291; 81. (32) Berthelot, 6, 27: 389; 82. (33) Berthelot and Ogier, 34, 92: 669; 81. 6, 23: 201; 81. (34) Bichowsky, l, 45: 2225; 23. (35) Blümcke, 8, 24: 263; 85. (36) Blümcke, 8, 25: 154, 417; 85. (37) Bogojawlensky, 322, 1904: 1. (38) Bogojawlensky and Winogradow, 7, 24: 251; 08. (39) Bornemann and Hengstenberg, 187, 17: 313; 20. (40) Böse, 7, 58: 585; 07. (41) Bousfield, 5, 93: 58,7; 17. (42) Bousfield and Bousfield, 62, 211: 199; 11. (43) Bousfield and Bousfield, 62, 218: 119; 19. (44) Bradshaw and Emery, 396, 150: 579; 20. (45) Bramley, 4, 109: 496; 16. ( 46 ) Bridgman, 60, 47: 345; 11. ( 4 7) Bridgman, 60, 49: 1; 13. (48) Brönsted, 9, 18: 714; 12. (49) Brönsted, 9, 20: 554; 14. (50) Brown and Furnas, 79, 18: 309; 27. (51) Bruner, 34, 120: 912; 95. («) Buny and Buignot, 34, 64: 330; 67. (53) Callendar, 62, 212: 1; 12. (54) Callendar, 5, 86: 254; 12. (55) Campetti, 23, 48: 968; 13. (55.5) Cane, 71, 32: 83; 26. (56) Cattaneo, 59, 26: 50; 89. (57) Chauvenet, 6, 23: 425; 11. (58) Cohen, Kruisheer and Moesveld, 7, 96: 437; 20. (59) Cohen and Moesveld, 7, 100: 151; 22. (60) Cohn, 38, 7: 475; 24. (6l) Colson, 34, 104: 428; 87. (62) Cotty, 6, 24: 282; 11. (63) Dana, Jenkins, Burdick and Tim, 382, 12: 387; 26. ( 6 4 )

Day and White, 1, 48: 364; 26. («*) Déjardin, IG, 11: 253; 19. (*6) Démolis, 42, 4: 528; 06. («7) Dewar, 5, 76: 325; 05. (6*) Dewar, 5, 89: 158; 13. ( 69 ) Dickinson, Mueller and George, SlA, 6: 379; 10. ( 70 ) Dickinson and Osborne, SlA, 12: 49; 15. (71) Dieterici, 148, 11: 21, 47; 04. 8,12: 154; 03. ( 72 ) Dieterici, 5,16: 593; 05. ( 73 ) The Dow Chemical Co., Midland, Mich., O. ( 74 ) Drewes, Diss., Hanover, 1903. ( 75 ) E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Co., Wilmington, Del., O. ( 76 ) Eastman and Rodebush, 1, 40: 489; 18. ( 77 ) Eckerlein, 8, 3: 120; 00. ( 78 ) Ehrhardt, 8, 24: 215; 85. ( 79 ) Elleau and Ennis, 143, 145: 189, 280; 98. ( 80 ) Emo, 23,17: 425; 81. (81) Estreicher and Staniewski, 180,1912:834. («2) Eucken, 63, 10: 586; 09. (83) Eucken, 88, 18: 4; 16. ( 84 ) Eucken and Karwat, 7, 112: 467; 24. ( 8S ) Eucken and Schwers, 88, 15: 578; 13. (86) Ewald, 8, 44: 1213; 14. ( 87 ) Eykmann, B85, p. 312. (88) Fittig, Diss., Göttingen, 1909. ( 89 ) Forch, 8, 12: 202; 03. ( 9 O) Forch and Nordmeyer, 8, 20: 423; 06. ( 91 ) de Forcrand, 34, 132: 569; 01. ( 92 ) de Forcrand, 6, 28: 384; 03. 34, 136: 1034; 03. ( 93 ) Gibson and Giauque, 1, 45: 93; 23. ( 94 ) Gibson, Latimer and Parks, 1, 42: 1533; 20. ( 9S ) Gibson, Parks and Latimer, 1, 42: 1542; 20. ( 96 ) Gnesotto and Fabris, 24, 13: 471; 10. ( 97 ) Goodwin, 78, 21: 105; 12. (98) Goodwin and Kalmus, 2, 28: 1; 09. (") Griffiths, 62, 184: 361; 94. (100) Griffiths, 3, 39: 47; 95. (101) Griffiths, Thermal Measurement of Energy. Cambridge Univ. Press, 1901. O ° 2 ) Griffiths, in B2,1: 477. (i °3) Grober, Diss., München, 1908. (i 04) Guillaume, 34, 154:1483; 12. ( l o s ) Guillot, Thesis, Montpelier, 1895. (»os) Günther, 8, 51: 828; 16. ( 107 ) Günther, 8, 63: 476; 20. ( 108 ) Guinchant, 34, 145: 68; 07. ( 109 ) Guinchant, 34, 145: 320; 07. (UO) Hammerl, 34, 90: 694; 80. (»") Härtung, 83, 11: 64; 15. O 12 ) Hauser and Steger, 93, 80: 1; 13. (l 13 ) Hecht, Diss., Königsberg, 1903. ( 114 ) de Heen, 25, 16: 2655; 83. (U 5 ) de Heen, 186, 15: 522; 88. 3, 26: 467; 88. (116) de Heen and Deruyts, 186, 15: 168; 88. ( i17 ) Hengstenberg, Diss., Tech. Hochschule, Breslau, 1920. ( 118 ) Herz and Rathmann, 136, 37: 621; 13. (U 9 ) Herz and Schuftan, 7, 101: 269; 22. (I 2 O) Hess, 8, 35: 410; 88. ( 121 ) Hildebrand, Duschak, Foster and Beebe, l, 39: 2293; 17. O 2 2 ) Hirn, 6, 10: 32; 67. O 23 ) Hirobe, 41, 32: 558; 11. (i 24 ) Holsboer, B85, p. 307. (I 2 S) Jackson, l, 34: 1470; 12. O 2 *) Jaeger and Steinwehr, 8, 64: 305; 21. ( 127 ) Janke, Diss., Rostock, 1910. ( 128 ) Jaquerod, Thesis, Geneva, 1901. ( 129 ) Jenkin and Pye, 62, 213: 67; 13. (ISO) Jenkin and Shorthose, 5, 99: 352; 21. ( i31 ) Jenkin and Shorthose, B67. (l 32 ) JoIy, 5, 41: 250; 86. O 33 ) Kahlenberg, 60, 5: 284; 01. ( 134 ) Kahlenberg and Koenig, 50, 12: 290; 08. ( 13 S) Keyes and Babcock, l, 39: 1524; 17. (* 36 ) Kòlosovskii, 7, 81: 713; 13. ( 137 ) Kopp, 62, 155: 71; 65. (i 38 ) Koref, 8, 36: 49; 11. O 39 ) Kremann, Meingast and Gugl, 07, 35: 1235; 14. (I 4 O) Kroeker, 190, 1892 H: 125. 188, 1892: 122. O 4 I) Lange, 7, 110: 343; 24. (i 4 2 ) Lascenko, 63, 42: 1604; 10. ( 143 ) Latimer, l, 44: 90; 22. (i 44 ) Lecher, 75, 76 II: 937; 78. ( 14S ) Lindemann, 88, 13: 1107; .11. 76, 1911: 316. (l 4 «) Lindemann and Schwers, 63, 14: 766; 13. O 4 7 ) Lindner, Diss., Erlangen, 1903. ( t 4 8 ) Luedeking, 8, 27: 72; 86. ( 149 ) Luedeking and Starr, 12, 45: 200; 93. (ISO) Ludin, B85, p. 300. (151) Louginine, 6, 27: 138; 92. O 52 ) Louginine, 6, 13: 289; 98. O 5 3) Louginine, 149, 9: 5; 00. O 5 4 ) Louginine, 34, 132: 88; 01. (iss) Louginine, 6, 27: 105; 02. (i g «) Louginine, 42, 2:1; 04. (157) Louginine, 42, 3: 640; 05. (iss) Lussana, 59, 4: 207; 12. O 5 ») Lynn, Thesis, Yale, 1925. (160) Maass and Barnes, 5, 111: 224; 26. (i ß l ) Maass and Hatcher, I, 42: 2548; 20. O 6 2 ) Maass and Waldbauer, l, 47: 1; 25. (163) Mabery and Goldstein, 65, 37: 539; 02. ( 164 ) Maclnnes and Braham, Î, 39: 2110; 17. (i«5) Magie, 2, 9: 65; 99. O 6 6 ) Magie, 2, 16: 381; 03. (i* 7 ) Magie, 2, 17: 105; 03. (168) Magie, 2, 4: 287; 14. O« 9 ) Magnus, 8, 31: 597; 10. (i 7 O) Magnus, 63,14: 5; 13. (i7i) Magnus, 8, 70: 303; 23. (i 72 ) Magnus and Danz, 8, 81: 407; 26. ( 173 ) Maier, Parks and Anderson, I, 48: 2564; 26. (i 74 ) Maier and Ralston, l, 48: 364; 26. (i 7S ) Marignac, 149, 39: 217; 70. 13, 8 Suppl.: 335; 72. ( 176 ) Marignac, 6, 8: 410; 76. ( t 7 7 ) Massol and Faucon, 34, 154: 268; 11. (178) Massol and Guillot, 34, 121: 208; 95. (l 79 ) Mathias, 51, 5: 381; 96. (180) Meyer, Thesis, Paris, 1912. (i8l) Mie, 8, 33: 381; 10. (182) Mills and MacRae, 50, 14: 797; 10. 15: 54; 11. (183) Milthaler, 8, 36: 897; 89. (184) Mitchell, 4, 123: 1055; 23. (185) Müller, 25, 16: 214; 84. (186) Naccari, 51, 8: 612; 89. (IST) Nadejdin, 53, 16: 222; 84. (188) Narbutt, 9, 24:339, 342; 18. 322, No. 23; 16. O 8 ») Narbutt, 9, 25: 51; 19. (190) Narbutt, 9, 26: 203; 20. ( 19i ) Nasini and Bresciani, 59, 6: 437; 13. (l 93 ) Nasini and Bresciani, 170, 9: 342; 13. O 9 3 ) Nernst, 76, 1910: 262. O 94 ) Nernst, 76, 1911: 306. 8, 36: 395; 11. 9, 17: 265; 11. (I 9 S)

Nernst, Korff and Lindemann, 76,1910:247. (i 96 ) Nernst and Lindemann, 76, 1911: 494. O 97 ) Nernst and Lindemann, 76, 1912: 1160. (i»8) Nernst and Schwers, 76, 1914: 355. 0") Neumann, 8, 126: 123; 65. (200) Neumann, 93, 145: 193; 25. ( 2 °i) Nilson and Krüss, 388, 44: 287; 87. (202) Nilson and Pettersson, 388, 37: No. 6, 33; 80. ( 2 O 3 ) Nilson and Pettersson, 7, 1: 27; 87. ( 2 04) Oeberg, 388, 42: No. 8, 43; 85. ( 2 OS) Ogier, 34, 88: 970; 79. ( 2 O*) Ogier, 6, 20: 5; 80. ( 2 07) Ogier, 34, 92: 922; 81. ( 2 OS) Ogier, 34, 94: 82; 82. ( 2 09) Qnnes and Holst, 6J1P, 17: 760; 14. ( 2 IO) Osborne and Van Düsen, 365, No. 142: 23. ( 2 U) Padoa, 22, 29: 198; 20. (212) Pagliani, 23, 17: 97; 81. ( 213 ) Pagliani, 59, 12: 229; 82. ( 2 i4) Pagliani, 59, 8: 157; 14. ( 2 I 5 ) Palmaer, 9, 29: 415; 23. ( 2 I 6 ) Pape, 8, 120: 336; 63. ( 2 I 7 ) Pape, 8, 122: 408; 64. ("8) Parks, l, 47: 338; 25. ( 2 I 9 ) Parks and Kelley, l, 47: 2089; 25. ( 22 O) Parks and Kelley, 50, 30: 47; 26. ( 2 2 I) Pascal and Garnier, 27, 27: 8; 20. 315, 20: 29; 23. ( 2 2 2 ) Peirce and Willson, 58, 61: 367; 00. ( 223 ) Perrakis, 34, 178: 83; 24. ( 224 ) Perrot, 149, 32: 145; 94. ( 22S ) Person, 34, 23: 162; 46. 8, 70: 302; 47. ( 226 ) Person, 8, 74: 409; 49. ( 2 2 7 ) Person, 8, 76:426, 586; 49. ( 22 S) Person, 34, 29: 300; 49. 6, 27: 250; 49. ( 229 ) Person, 6, 30: 73; 50. (230) Person, 6, 33: 437; 51. ( 23 I) Petit, 6, 18: 145; 89. ( 232 ) Pickering, 5, 49: 11; 91. ( 233 ) Pickering, 4, 67: 664; 95. ( 234 ) Pirani, 88, 14: 1037; 12. (235) Pollitzer, 5», 17: 5; 11. ( 236 ) Pollitzer, 9, 19: 513; 13. ( 237 ) Poma, 36, 41II: 518; 11. ( 238 ) Prentiss, 471, 4: 117, 184, 242; 24. ( 239 ) Randall and Bisson, l, 42: 347; 20. ( 24 °) Regnault, 6, 1: 129; 41. 8, 53: 61, 243; 41. ( 2 4 J ) Regnault, 6, 9: 322; 43. 8, 62: 50; 44. ( 242 ) Regnault, 151, 21: 729; 47. ( 243 ) Regnault, 34, 28: 325; 49. ( 244 ) Regnault, 8, 77: 99; 49. ( 2 4 S ) Regnault, 6, 46: 257; 56. 8, 98: 396; 56. ( 2 4 6 ) Regnault, 161, 26: 1; 62. ( 247 ) Regnault, 151, 26: 262; 62. ( 24 S) Regnault, 13, 121: 237; 62. 3, 23: 103; 62. ( 249 ) von Reis, 8, 10: 291; 80. (250) von ReiSf 8i 13: 447. 81> (25l) Richards and Rowe, 65, 49: 173; 13. 7, 84: 585; 13. ( 2 52) Richards and Rowe, l, 42: 1621; 20. 43: 770; 21. ( 2 53) Richards, Rowe and Burgess, I , 32: 1176; 10. ( 25 4) Riesenfeld, and Milchsack, 93, 85: 401; 14. ( 255 ) Rolla, 59, 9: 197; 15. ( 25 S) Rolla and Accame, 22, 22 II: 109; 13. ( 25 7) R o th, 9, 16: 654; 10. ( 2 5 S)R 0 ^ 4 AS, p. 1269. ( 259 ) Rowland, 65, 15: 75; 80. ( 26 °) Ruff and Josephy, 93, 153: 17; 26. ( 2 «i) RUSS and Pokorny, 57, 34: 1027; 13. ( 2 * 2 ) Russell, 63, 13: 59; 12. ( 2 « 3 ) Samsoen and MondainMonval, 34, 182: 967; 26. ( 2 « 4 ) Scheffer, 64P, 18: 1498; 16. ( 2 * 5 ) Schiff, 13, 234: 300; 86. ( 2 *6) Schiff, 7, 1: 376; 87. ( 2 *7) Schlamp, Giessen. Oberhess. Ges. Ber., 31: 100; 95. ( 26S ) Schlesinger, 63, 10: 210; 09. ( 2 * 9 ) Schmidt, 7, 121: 221; 26. ( 27 °) Schottky, 7, 64: 415; 08. ( 2 7 I) Schottky, 63, 10: 634; 09. ( 2 7 2 ) Schüller, 8, 136: 235; 69. ("3) Schüller, 8, 5 Ergänz.: 116, 192; 71. ("4) Schulz, 189, 1911: 632. ( 2 75) Schulze, 88, 14: 189, 258, 344; 12. (27«) Schwers, 186, 1908: 814. ( 277 ) Seibert, Hulett and Taylor, l, 39: 38; 17. ( 27 S) Sella, 188, 38: 311; 91. ( 279 ) Sexton, 83, 6: 120; 10. ( 28 O) Shorthose, B40. ( 2 8 I) Siivola, 60, 56: No. 8; 13. ( 2 8 Z) Simon, 8, 68: 241; 22. ( 2 83) Simon and Lange, 96, 38: 227; 26. ( 28 4) Sprochoff, Z. Spiritusind., 45: 217; 22. ( 2 SS) Stohmann and Wilsing, 52, 32: 80; 85. ( 2 S6) Stortenbeker, 7, 10: 183; 92. ( 2 S 7) Streintz, Boltzmann Festschrift, 1904: 196. ( 28 S) Strombeck, 143, 130: 467; 90. ( 28 S) Sutherland, S, 26: 298; 88. ( 29 °) Sutherland, 83, 6: 105; 10. ( 2 9 I) Tammann, B86, p. 312. ( 292 ) Tanatar and Volianskii, 53, 42: 96; 10. ( 293 ) Taylor and Rinkenbach, l, 46: 1504; 24. ( 294 ) Teudt, Diss., Erlangen, 1900. ( 29S ) Thomsen, 8, 142 : 337; 71. ( 298 ) Thomsen, B23. ( 29 7) Thoulet and Legarde, 34,94: 1512; 82. ( 29 S) Tilden, 62, 201: 37; 03. ( 299 ) Tilden, 62, 203: 139; 04. (300) Timofeev, 34, 112: 1261 ; 91. ( 3 Oi) Timofeev, Iswiestja Kiew polyt. Inst., 1905: 1. Diss., Kiew, 1905. ( 302 ) Trehin, 16, 15: 246; 21. ( 3 OS) Trentinaglia, 75, 72 II: 669; 75. ( 3 04) Tucker, 62, 215: 319; 15. ( 305 ) Ulrich, Forsch. Agr. Phys., 17: 1; 94. ( 3 O6) Unkovskaja, 53, 45: 1099; 13. ( 3 O7) Viala, 27, 15: 9; 14. ( 3 OS) Vogel, 7, 73: 429; 10. ( 309 ) Vrevskii and Kaigorodov, 63, 54: 335; 23. (SiO) Waiden, 7, 58: 479; 07. ( 3 U) Wartenburg and Witzel, 9, 25: 209; 19. (312) Weber, 149, 33: 590; 95. ( 3 I 3 ) Weigel, 188, 1915: 297. ( 3 I 4 ) Weiss and Beck, 51, 7: 249; 08. ("S) Werner, 6, 3: 567; 84. ( 3 l«) White, 12, 28: 334; 09. (3i 7) White, 2, 28:461; 09. ( 3 IS) White, 12, 47:1; 19. (319) Williams, l, 47: 1490; 25. (320) Williams, l, 47: 2644; 25. ( 32 I) Williams and Daniels, l, 46: 903; 24. (322) Winkelmann, 8, 149: 1; 73. 159: 152; 76. (323) Zetterman, 51, 10: 312; 81. ( 324 ) Lang, 5, 118: 138; 28.

THE HEAT CAPACITY OF ALLOYS, AMALGAMS AND INTERMETALLIC COMPOUNDS LUIGI ROLLA CONTENTS Ferrous alloys. Amalgams. Non-ferrous alloys. SYMBOLS Cp (resp. Cm) True (resp. mean) heat capacity at J, 0C (resp. 1 1 to J2, 0C), in joules per grammolecular weight per deg C. Cp (resp. Cm) True (resp. mean) specific heat at t, 0C (resp. ti to J2, 0C), in joules per gram per deg C. ARRANGEMENT In each part the alloys are arranged in alphabetical order according to the chemical symbols of the elements which they contain. Thus, Cu-Al alloys will be found under Al; but Cu-Sn alloys will be found under Cu, Zn-Sn alloys under Sn, etc.

MATIÈRES Métaux ferreux. Amalgames. Alliages non ferreux. SYMBOLES Cp (resp. Cm) Capacité calorifique vraie (resp. moyenne) à t, 0C (resp. ti à J2, 0C) en joules par poids moléculaire gramme et par degré C. Cp (resp. Cm) Chaleur spécifique vraie (resp. moyenne) à t, 0C (resp. ti à J2, 0C) en joules par gramme par degré C. ARRANGEMENT Dans chaque partie, les alliages sont arrangés dans Tordre alphabétique en accord avec les symboles chimiques des éléments qu'ils contiennent. Ainsi les alliages Cu-Al seront trouvés sous Al alors que les alliages Cu-Sn seront trouvés sous Cu et les alliages Zn-Sn sous Sn, etc.

FERROUS ALLOYS Fe-C v. also Vol. II, p. 518 Cm(17-1000) = 0.4661 + 0.0184 X % C (From O to 7%) (**) % C i 17_9.no I IO. 17 0735 Ol TOO TAS4.13 cm ( 14 ) J \l0.49560.49850.5Q560.51l90.52l5Q.58l8 % C l i 17_40no / 0.11 0.45 0.89 1.22 1.54 4.06 Cm(l4)\) l 0.52Q70.52490.53620.54250.54450.5919 % C \ 17 -mo / 0.17 0.45 0.89 T22 1.54 4.06 cm ( 14 ) J l 0.547l 0.5475 0.5579 0.5592 0.561? 0.6002 %C i 17_„no / OTÏ7 T54 4~06 Cm ( 14 ) J \ 0.5517 0.555l 0.6019 % C 1 17_fi.no f 0.17 0.45 0.89 1.22 1.54 4.06 Cm ( 14 ) J \ 0.57470.57720.58390.58560.58680.6090 %C \ 1 Lt _ 0.11 0.89 1.00 4.06 7 Rono/ OOU a» (14) / \ 0.5902 0.5969 0.598s 0.616s 0.5% C; cm(-186 to +18°) = 0.3570; (18-100°) = 0.4730 (i). For higher temps., v. Fig. 2. Fe3C, Cementite (i *); Mol, wt. = 179.52 J, 0C 100 250 4ÔÔ 525 640 680 Cm (17-J°) 106.0 114.4 114.7 114.4 113.5 113.8 0.09% C; c = 0.4889 (tempered from 85O0C in H2O); = 0.4922 (annealed 24 hr at 65O0C) (*°). %C(10) 0.29 0.50 0.70 0.89 1.05 1.48 c (normalized) 0.481s 0.4872 0.4939 0.4989 0.5039 0.513e c (annealed) 0.48Oi 0.478s 0.488s 0.4964 0.507s Cast iron (annealed m minutes at 67O0C) (10) m O TU ÏÔ 60 c 0.5739 0.5630 0.550s 0.484? Fe-Ni, Ferronickel 30% Fe; cp = 0.469e at 10O0C (5). Fe-Sb 55% Fe; C1n (0-100°) = 0.363? (").

INHALTSVERZEICHNIS Eisenlegierungen . Amalgame. Eisenfreie Legierungen. ZEICHEN Cp (bezw. Cm) Wahre (bezw. mittlere) Wärmeinhalt bei t, 0C (bezw. J1 bis J 2 , 0C) in Joule pro Gramm- Molekulargewicht pro 0C. Cp (bezw. Cm) Wahre (bezw. mittlere) spezifische Wärme bei t, 0C (bezw. I1 bis J2, 0C) in Joule pro Gramm pro 0C. ANORDNUNG In jedem Teil sind die Legierungen nach dem Alphabet geordnet und zwar nach den chemischen Symbolen der sie zusammensetzenden Elemente. So wird man Cu-Al-Legierungen bei Al finden, aber CuSn-Legierungen bei Cu dann Zn-Sn-Legierungen unter Sn und so fort.

Fig.2

%Fe(23) Cm (0-41°) J, 0C C

I

INDICE PAGE Leghe del ferro 118 Amalgame 119 Leghe non contenenti ferro 119 SIMBOLI Cp (o Cm) Calore specifico vero (o medio) a J, 0C (o fra Ji e J2, 0C) espresso in joule per grammo molecola. Cp (o cm) Calore specifico vero (o medio) a J,0C (o fra Ji e J2,°C) espresso in joule per grammo. DISPOSIZIONE Le leghe sono disposte in ordine alfabetico secondo i simboli chimici degli elementi in esse contenuti. Per esempio, la lega Cu-Al si trova sotto Al; la lega Cu-Sn si trova sotto Cu, la lega Zn-Sn sotto Sn, ecc.

Specific tteat of Fe-C Alloys in joules per gram as a function of % C. (*>)

Fe-Si go 86 50 25 15 5 0.543 0.553 0.606 0.655 0.673 0.692 FeSi (34); MoL wt. = 83.9 17-100 100 200 300 400 500 600 49.7(32) 51.5 54.1 56.2 57.9 59.4 60.4

Special Fe Alloys Fe, 71.6 + Si, 1.7 + V, 26.7; cm(15-100°) = 0.496 (*») / J° -182 to -15 15-100 15-600 (38)" r \ cm 0.3876 0.5023 0.5274

C, 1.25 + Mn, 0.62 + SÌ, 0.46; cp(12°) = 0.513 (3). C, 0.7 + Mn, 0.82 + Ni, 31.4; cp(12°) = 0.506 (3). C, 0.6 + Mn, 5.04 + Ni, 25.0; cp(12°) = 0.496 (3). C, 0.76 + Mn, 0.28 + W, 11.5; cp(12°) = 0.436. C, 0.26 + Si, 5.50; cp(12°) = 0.450 (3). C, 1.09 + Cr, 9.50; cp(12°) = 0.505 (3). C, 0.04 + Al, 1.0 + Cu, 3.75 + Mn, 0.16; cp(12°) = 0.491 (3). S C Cu Mn P Si ^8° = 0.441 % 0.025 0.1 0.035 0.11 0.003 0.18 4°°° = 0.496 (U)

Formula or Wt. % Hg 40.0 50.0 60.0 70.0 80.0 90.0 Hg2Sn Hg2Sn HgSn HgSn HgSn HgSn2 HgSn2 HgSn2 HgSn3 HgSn3 HgSn4 HgSn4 HgSn5 HgSn5 TTT.L

Krupp Steel I. C, 0.01 + Mn, Tr. + P, 0.04 + S, 0.03 + Si, 0.02. II. C, 0.06 + Mn, 0.05 + P, 0.005 + S, 0.019 + Si, 0.005. t° 250 300 350 400 450 500

ct(0-*°)(7) Cn(O-*0) (22) t°

0-504 0.516 0.526 0.537 0.549 0.560 0.511 0.526 0.538 0.546 0.561 0.572 1 550 600 650 700 750 800

C1(O-H (7) CIi(O-*0) t 2 2 ) t° C1(O-*0) (7) C11(Q-E0) (22)

0.570 0.584 850 0.689 0.711

0.584 0.600 0.593 0.612 900 950 0.688 0.675 Q.711.0.707

0.622 0.643 0.669 0.667 Q.701 0.711 1000 1050 1100 0.652 0.6330.642 0.702 0.6990.697

Ferromanganese ( 21 ) C, 0.6 + Mn, 48 + Si, 21.9; cm(-185 to +20°) = 0.446. Ferronickel ( 9 ) C, 0.36 + Ni, 0.24 + Mn, 0.4 t° 0-18 20-100 cm (magnetic) 0.454e 0.4939 Cm (non-magnetic) 0.4274 0.4713

20-270 0.52Oa 0.5186

AMALGAMS Formula or TTT. ^, TT Wt. % Hg 90.4 97 90 9.5 20.1 31.2 37.2 49.0 61.2 67.7 79.7 88.6 HgZn HgZn HgZn2 HgZn2 49.2 49.2 49.2 32.6 32.6 12.2 12.2 10.0 20.0 30.0

op

I

t or Ar. U I Hg-K -22 to +15 I Hg-Na -22 to +15 -21 to +15 Hg-Zn O to 97

-27 to 15 to -32 to 15 to

+15 89 +15 89 Hg-Pb -30to +15 23 to 99 15 to 89 -25 to +15 15 to 89 -34 to +15 15 to 89 Hg-Sn O to 97 O to 97 O to 97

cp or cm, , , joule/g 0.1882

T.

JUt.

|

(35)

0.2257 0.1592

(35)

0.376s 0.351e 0.3403 0.364l 0.345? 0.3202 0.3055 0.2829 0.2683 0.23U 0.27U 0.280e 0.327e

17

( ) ( 17 ) ( 17 ) (17) ( 17 ) (17) (i 7 ) (i 7 ) (i 7 ) (35) (35) (35) (35)

0.144? 0.160s 0.1772 0.140l 0.135s 0.1276 0.1293

(35) (27) (35) (35) (35) (35) (35)

0.2289 0.224s 0.2884

(17) (i 7 ) (î7)

Hg-Sn. —(Continued) cp or c», 0 '_ joule/g O to 97 0.287s O to 97 0.2879 O to 97 0.2867 O to 97 0.282l O to 97 0.269l O to 97 0.252s -23 to +15 0.1649 15 to 89 0.31Oi -30 to +15 0.1709 15 to 89 0.298o 22 to 99 0.3053 -24 to +15 0.1927 15 to 89 0.2729 21 to 99 0.275s -23 to +15 0.2009 15 to 89 0.242i -30 to +15 0.206i 15 to 89 0.245i § -16 to +15 0.2109 15 to 89 0.2319

xw

t° Cp t° CP

O

•

1

/

18-100 18-300 18-600 ÏÔO 100.2 104.6 108.6 101.8 -182 to +15 15-100 15-227 15-410 90.99 102.1 103.3 106.5 Ag2Al, MoI. wt = 242.72; Cp, joule/mole -150 -100 ^5O O +50 57.6 64.6 70.1 74.0 76.1

t° CP

t° CP

» O F At.

NON-FERROUS ALLOYS Two-Component Ag-Al Ag3Al, MoI. wt. = 350.6; C3,, joule/mole --15O -100 ÊO O +50 79.84 87.47 93.49 97.74 100.4 200 300 400 500 600 106.1 109.2 111.6 114.5 116.9

*° Cp.... t° CP

t° CP

TT

T. -kl".

(17) (17) (17) (17) (") O7) (35) (35) (35) (35) (27) (35) (35) (27) (35) (35) (35) (35) (35) (35)

(32) (34) (34) (36)

(32) •

18-10018-30018-600100 200 300 400 500 600 (34) 76.2 78.9 82.9 77.579.781.884.9|88.192.7 AgAl12 (36), MoI. wt. = 431.4 -182 to +15 15-100 15-300 15-495 261.3 325.3 343.0 378.0

t° CP

Ag-Au CP, joule/g (31) t° -136 -39 +12 Cp 0.1921 0.2072 0.2147 Ag-Mg AgMg, MoI. wt. = 132.2; Cp, joule/mole _ -150 -100 -50 O +50 17-100 (32) 36.6 41.4 45.0 47.5 48.9 48.9

t° CP

18-10018-300 100 200 300 400 500 600 (34) 49.3 51.5 50.452.153.955.657.759.2

Ag, 80% Au, 20%

t° Cp.

Ag-Sb Ag3Sb, MoI. wt. = 445.41; C3,, joule/mole -150 -100 -50 O +50 86.0 94.2 99.9 103.4 103.5

*° CP

ÏÔÔ 104.4

2ÖÖ 107.0

300 117.5

18-100 103.3

18-300 107.0

(32) (34)

Ag-Te Ag2Te (36), Mol, wt. = 343.26 -182 to +15 15-100 15-180 15-390 74.1 96.6 98.6 | 95.3

t° Cp

Al-Bi Al, 94%; cm(20-100°) = 0.436? (33). Al-Cu Al2Cu, Mol, wt. = 117.49 t°. .. -150 -1001-50 O +50 (32) 18-100 18-300 18-600 (34) Cp.. 48.8 58.7166.171.173.7 73.6 61.1 79.2

-150 31.7

t° CP

1° C9

ÏÔÔ 2ÖÖ~~ 3 Ö Ö 4 0 0 1 8 - 2 0 0 49.6 51.7 53.5 56.6 49.6

+50 (32) 48.4

18-400 51.5

Al2Cu3, Mol, wt. = 244.63 ÎÔO 2 Ô Ô 3 0 0 i 400 500 92.4 96.0 98.7 100.8 102.3

t° Cp

(34)"

(34)"

AlCu2, Mol, wt. = 154.1 ÏÔÔ 200 300 400 5ÔÔ (34) 70.5 73.2 75.7 77.7 81.3

t° Cp

AlCu3, Mol, wt. = 217.67 -150 -100 -50 O +50 (32) 68.0 79.8 88.7 94.5 97.5 joule/mole

t° CP

t° Cp

AlCu, Mol, wt. = 90.53 -100 -50 O 38.1 43.0 46.4

18-100 18-300 18-400 (34) 97.3 101.1 104.8 joule/mole Al, 11.3%, soft bronze; cm (20-100°) =0.437 ("). Al, 60%; cm (20-100°) = 0.702 (33) joule/g.

Al-Mg Al, 92%; ^(room) = 1.15 joule/g (38). Al-V Al, 32.1%; C-1(IS-IOO0) = 0.655 joule/g («). Al-Zn Al, 60%; cm(20-100°) = 0.565 joule/g (33). As-Sb CP, joule/g (3Q) t° 29.6% As | 16.75% As | 5.56% As -190 to -88 0.217e 0.2059 0.193s -75 to O 0.2264 0.2264 0.2097 O t o 25 0.2390 0.233i 0.218s Au-Cu Au, 80%; Cp = 0.1636 at -136°, =0.1799 at -39°, = 0.1829 at +12°, joule/g (31). Au-Mg Form. Mol. wt. t° -150-100-50 O +50 AuMg 221.52 Cp 36.3 41.345.147.949.8. , . . ,,.. AuMg2 245.84 Cp 52.1 59.565.7 70.3 73.6 J°ule/m°le ( ) AuMg3 270.16 Cp 65.7 77.286.393.097.1 Bi-Cd cm(17-100°) = 0.234? - 0.00108 X % Bi, from 40 to 90 % Bi (14). Bi-Pb cm(0-100°) = 0.1298 +0.00013 X (% Bi), fromO to 50% (29). C^(O-IOO0) = 0.1471 - 0.00217 X (% Bi), from 50 to 96%. Bi-Sn Wt. %Bi 99 97 94 90 85 cOT(0-100°) 0.126e 0.1315 0.134p 0.139s 0.143s joule/g (29) Wt. % Bi cOT(0-100°)

50 25 Ï5I 7 3 0.1817 0.208s 0.222l 0.223e 0.226e joule/g (29)

Bi, 56.9%; cm,(17-99°) = 0.188s, cm(146-257°, liq.) = 0.19Oo (25). Bi, 44%; cm(44-56°) = 0.1759 («). Cd-Sn Cd, 32.2%; cm(-77 to +20°) =0.2317; (20-100°) =0.2344 (35). Co-Sb CoSb, Mol, wt. = 180.74 (32) t° 17-100-150 -100 -50 O +50 CP 51.2 38.1 42.7 46.5 49.3 51.1 joule/mole

t° CP

Co-Sn Co2Sn, Mol, wt. = 236.64 -150 -100 ^ O +50 17-100 (32) 56.7 64.6 70.9 75.8 79.2 79.4

t° CP

18-10018-200 100 200 300 400 500 600 joule/ 79.4 84.4 81.986.889.291.793.595.2 mole (34)

Cr-Sb CrSb2, Mol. wt. = 295.55; CTO(17-100°) = 83.2 joule/mole (32) CrSb, Mol, wt. = 173.78 (32) t° -150 -100 ^5O O +50 CP 35.5 41.5 46.5 50.3 53.1 Cu-Mg Cu2Mg, Mol. wt. = 151.46 -150 -100 ^ 5 O O +50 45.4 52.2 57.3 60.7 62.4

t° CP *° CP

18-100 73.5

18-300 76.4

18-500 100 200 300 400 (34) 80.5 75.178.081.386.5

CuMg2, Mol. wt. = 112.21 (32) -150 -100 ^5O O +50 49.7 57.7 63.9 68.4 71.2 joule/mole

J0.... CP Wt. %Gu 90 68

t° Cp Cp

Wt. % Cu 95(31) 90(31)

t°

Cu-Mn =: -136 39 0.323 0.376 0.346 0.400 Cu-Ni -136 0.3059 0.3072

Cp Cp

W t . % Cu t° 40(I 1 ) Cp Constantan

O 0.4102

+12 0.396 joule/g (31) 0.414 ^39 0.357s 0.3662

t° CP

t° CP

ÏÔÔ 79.2

t° CP

-150 81.7

2ÔÔ 81.7

3ÔÔ 84.0

+12 0.3792 0.38Oo

Ï 8 Ï Ô Ô 0.4089 0.4269

Cu-Sb Cu2Sb, Mol, wt. = 248.91 -150 -100 -50 O 60.6 67.3 72.3 75.6

t° Cp....'...

(32)

18-100 77.7

+50 (32) 77.1

18-300 80.5

(34)

Cu3Sb, Mol, wt. = 312.48 -100 -50 O +50 17-100 (32) 90.8 97.6 102.0 104.1 102.5

18-200 18-400 ÏÔÔ 200 300 ÏÔÔ(34) 105.0 107.0 106.6 109.5 112.5 116.4

Cu-Si Cu3Si, Mol. wt. = 218.77; C»(17-100°) = 97.4 joule/mole. Cu-Sn Cu, 80%, bell bronze; cm(15-98°) = 0.36 (28); C7n(IS-IOO0) = 0.2279 + 0.001550s X % Cu, joule/g (from 10 to 90 %) (»).

Cu-Zn, Brasses cm(18-100°) = 0.3863 + 0.0000232 X % Zn, joule/g (from IO to 90%)(8). Cu, 60%;c m (-186 to -79°) = 0.311 (i> 2) ; (-187 to +19°), = 0.414 (3) = 0.339 (2); (20-100°), = 0.384 (37). Cu, 60%; with 1.2% Si+0.44% Pb; c m (-79 to +18°) = 0.460 (2). Ir-Pt cm(20-100°) = 0.1352 for 10 % Ir (26). Mg-Ni MgNi2, Mol, wt. = 83.01 t° -79to + 17 17-100 (32) Cp 63.3 74.4 t° Cp

18-10018-30018-500 100 200 300 400 500 600 (34) 74.4 74.5 81.9 77.381.283.686.687.889.4

Mg-Si Mg2Si, Mol, wt. = 76.70 t°. . . -150 -100 -50 O +5017-100 (32) 100 300 600 (34) Cp... 41.4 52.360.866.770.2 70.3 72.278.884.7

t° Cp

1° Cp t° Cp

Mg-Sb Mg3Sb2, Mol. wt. = 316.5 -150 -100 ^5O O 90.4 105.6 116.3 123.4 Mg-Zn MgZn2, Mol, wt. -150 -100 -50 57.3 63.9 69.1 18-10018-300 100 75.0 78.4 76.6

+50 125.9

= 145.08 5 +50 17-100 72.7 7 5 . 0 7 5 . 0 200 300 400 80.0 83.9 94.1

(32)

(32) (34)

Mn-Ni (y:

e CP

t° CP

t° CP t° Cp

t° CP

95

90

55

1-136 -39 +12 -136 -39 +12 -136 -39 +12 0.3870.4350.4450.3860.4350.4590.3860.4480.464

Ni-Si Ni2Si, Mol. wt. = 145.44 -150 -100 ÛO O 42.9 53.6 61.9 67.6

+50 70.7

(32)

1 100 2ÖÖ 3ÖÖ 4ÔÔ 500 600 (34) 72.4 76.1 78.5 80.4 82.5 84.4 NiSi, Mol, wt. = 86.75 -150 -100 -50 O +50 17-100 (32) 25.8 33.5 39.5 43.7 46.3 46.3 300 4ÖÖ 500 605 (34) 52.1 __ 54.0 55.8 57.3

NiTe (36), Mol, wt. = 186.19 -182 to +15 15-100 15-180 15-385 44.8 65.7 53.7 54.8 Pb-Sb cw(20-100°) = 0.2078 - 0.000790 X % Pb (from 21 to 90%) (6); = 0.1301 + 0.000815 X % Sb (from 5 to 96%) (i 5) joule/g. Pb-Sn Pb, Wt. = 63.7% t° -178 to -79 -79 to +18 12-99 Cm I 0.1507(2) 0.1628(2) 0.1705(28) Pb-Tl Pb, 35%; cro(0-25°) = 0.1281 (31). t° CP

%S(3) cOT(0-41°) * S rhombic,

4 0.3742

S-Se 9 28.8 0.39Oe 0.47Oo

90.35 0.683i*

90.35 O.7158f

f S monoclinic.

S-Te cm(0-41°) = 0.3202 (for 80% S); = 0.291s for 60% S (23). Sb-Zn SbZn (32), MoI. wt. = 187.15 t° -150 -100 -50 O +50 Cp 40.74 45.9l 49.59 51.7s 52.49

t° Cm

Sn-Te SnTe (36), MoI. wt. = 373.7 -182 to +15 15-100 15-180 73.7 77.1 76.5

15-327 77.6

Sn-Zn cw(16-100°) = 0.2294 +0.001636 X % Zn (from 10 to 90%) ( 8 ). THREE- AND FOUR-COMPONENT ALLOYS Heussler alloy, Al, 9; Mn, 17; Cu, 74; c™ (0-46°) = 0.4432; = 0.4482 after tempering; for values up to 320°, v. (39) d'Arcet's alloys %Bi I %Pb I %Sn I t° I fin I Lit. 49.2 27.6 21.2 -68 to +20 0.1456 (35) 20 to 86 0.2444 (35) 49.2 27.6 21.2 49 32.5 18.5 12 to 50 0.2051 (25) 49 32.5 18.5 14 to 80 0.2511 (25) 49 32.5 18.5 107 to 136 0.1967* (25) 49 32.5 18.5 136 to 300 0.1506* (25) 49.2 32.4 18.4 5 to 65 0.1557 . ( 19 ) 49.2 32.4 18.4 120 to 150 0.1670* (") Rose metal %Bi I %Pb I %Sn I t° I cm I Lit. 48.9 27.5 23.6 -77 to +20 0.1490 (35) 48.9 27.5 23.6 20 to 89 0.2310 (35) 48.9 27.5 23.6 19 to 74 0.2545 (27) 48.7 24 27.6 5 to 65 0.1765 (") 48.4 24.1 27.5 199 to 338 0.1765* (25) 32 31.8 36.25 18 to 52 0.1770 (27) 32 31.8 36.25 11 to 98 0.1873 (24) 32 I 31.8 36.25 143 to 330 0.1925* (24) * Liquid.

Lipowitz alloy Bi, 50.7; Cd, 10.1; Pb, 25.0; Sn, 12.2; cm(5-50°) = 0.1444; (100-150°, liq.) = 0.1783 (19). Wood's metal Bi, 52.43; Cd, 6.99; Pb, 25.9; Sn, 14.7; cm(5-50°) = 0.1473; (100-150°, Hq.) = 0.1783 (19). Manganin Cu, 84; Ni, 4; Mn, 12; cp(0°) = 0.406; (18°) = 0.4073; (100°) = 0.4202 joule/g ("). Phosphor bronze Cu, 88; Sn, 12; P, 0.94; cm(-188 to +18°) = 0.334s ( 4 ); (20100°) = 0.3657 (37). LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) (i) Behn, 8, 66: 237; 98. (2) Behn, 8, 1: 257; 00. (3) Brown, 434, 9: 59; 07. (*) Dewar, 5, 76: 325; 05. (5) Dumas, 149, 27: 352, 453; 09. (6) Durrer, 63, 19: 86; 18. ^) Harker, S, 10: 430, 05. (*) Herlevi and Leikola, 60, 54A: No. 25; 12. (9) Hill, 88, 3: 113; 01. (10) Honda, 437, I: 71; 22. O 1 ) Jager and Diesselhorst, 89, 3: 269; 00. (12) Laborde, 34, 123: 227; 96. 51, 5: 547; 96. («) Levi, 24, 68 H: 47, 345; 09. (14) Levin and Schottky, 139, 10: 193; 13. O 5 ) Linnavuori, 138, 1 : No. 10; 22. (16) Louguinine, 6, 27: 398; 82. (i 7) Marttinen and Tilhonen, 138, 1 : No. 11; 22. (i«) Matignon and Monnet, 84, 134: 542; 02. (i») Mazzotto, 2S, 17: 111; 81.

(20) Meuthen, Diss., Tech. Hochsch. Aachen, 1912. (21) Nordmeyer and Bernoulli, 96, 9: 175; 07. (? 2 )Oberhoff er, 77, 27:1764; 07. 192, 4: 447; 07. (23) Padoa, 36, 52 I: 25; 22. (24) Person, 34, 23: 162; 46. 8, 70: 300; 47. (25, Person, 6, 24: 129; 48. 5, 76: 426, 586; 49. (26) Person, 5, 74: 409, 509; 49. (27) Regnault, 6, 1: 129; 41. 8, 53: 243; 41. (28; Regnault, 6, 9: 322; 43. 8, 62: 50; 44. (29) Richter, 8, 42: 779; 14.

(30) Rolla, 22, 23 I: 693; 14. (ai) Rolla, 86, 441: 38, 646; 14. 59, 9: 215, 393; 15. (32) Schimpff, 7, 71: 257; 10. ( 33 ) Schmitz, 398, 48: No. 6; 04. (34) Schübel, 93, 87: 81; 14. (35) Schuz, 8, 46: 177; 92. (36) Tilden, 62, 203: 139; 04. (37) Voigt, 188, 1893: 211. 8, 49: 709; 93. (38) The Dow Chemical Co., Midland, Mich., O. ( 39 ) Sucksmith and Potter, o, 112: 157; 26.

HEAT CAPACITY OF SOLUTIONS B. L. VANZETTI CONTENTS Two components. Aqueous systems. £-Table. (T-Table. Non-aqueous systems. Three components.

MATIÈRES Deux constituants. Systèmes aqueux. Table ». Table (L. Systèmes non aqueux. Trois constituants.

The values recorded are the true heat capacity at constant pressure, c, (at t°) or the mean heat capacity, cm (over A$). The unit in all cases is absolute joules per g of solution per 0C. 1 abs. joule = 0.23895 cal« = 0.2391s CaI20 = 0.0009482 BTU 60 . (See further, Vol. I, p. 24.) Where equations are given, p = Wt. % of solute. In general, values computed from these equations may be relied upon to ca. ±0.01 joule. TWO-COMPONENT SYSTEMS Aqueous Solutions »-TABLE, STANDARD ARRANGEMENT (v. Vol. Ill, p. viii) H2O2, 20-5O0C (54) HBr, 13-960C, HNO 3 .-(Cont'd) %

30.59 34.25 60.48 71.54 74.54

Cm

3.98 3.68 3.27 3.19 (3.28)

HF, Room temp. ( 41 > 48) % c 5 3.96 10

3.80

15 20 25

3.65 3.49 3.33 30 3 17 ' 35 3 02 ' TTCl « n 11*5 HCl, ,.p. 115 HClO3, 180C (24) 4 4 < oo 5 3.96 10 3 74 15 3*52 20 3 26 25 3 OO HClO4, 130C (3,49) 2.5 4.06 5 3.96 10 3.76 15 3.57 20 3.37 45 (2.24) 47.5 2.12

INHALTSVERZEICHNIS Zwei Komponenten. Wässerige Systeme. »-Tafel. (t-Tafel. Nichtwässerige Systeme. Drei Komponenten. (NH2OH)2.H2SO4, 18.60C (15) % c 15.4 3.97 4.36 4.08s H3PO, 0-15'C, with 19.04%, *, VT For C-Compounds, v. p. 124

INDICE Due componenti. Sistemi acquosi. Tabella » Tabella (L Sistemi non acquosi Tre componenti

InBr3, 180C (24) % c 5 3.97 10 3.76 15 3.54 f.

Jf 0

30

287

2.78

32 0

PAQE 122 124 125 129

CdSO4, 190C (™, 22), c = 4.167 47.49 X 10~3p + 164.3 X 10~6p2, range, 2-45%. HgCl2,0-98'C (') % 42 z

4 06 *' UD 3 3 97 ^ ' % c 2 4.12 4 4.05 6 3.99 CuCl2, 19-510C (39)

TlF, 18 C (24) 5 3 94 ZrO2,* 3-8O C (23) 1() 3 ' 73 %H 2 0 Cm 15 3' With 25%, Cm = % C 0 °t °-55 '28 20 3 2.99 (58); 16-2O C, 90 2.23 0.007s 0.60 25 3 ' 07 with 4.3%, cm = 98 1.99 8 -25 0.70 30 2 ' 87 3.948(50). NH 4 NO 3 , 320C 0 17.3 0.92 ' HI, 16-2O C, with (12); cf. (39, 57, 0 24.3 1.24s ZnCl , 0-5O C (7> 2 % Cji 6.7%, cm = 3.855 63), c = 4.1737 33.0 1.67s 39), 4.1853.5 4.00 3 Cm= (50). 32.051 X 10- p 38.2 1.81 37.61 X 10~3p + 5 3.94 128.944 X 10~6p2 mo 18oC (24) 56.9 2.565 29.04 X KT6P2, IQ 3*73 9 3 ' 270.89 X 10P , % c 71.7 3.37 range, 0-65%. 15 3^54 ran e 8 3 85 S > 5-70%. ^Colloidal, t Ignited. 20 3.37 ZnSO4, 19°C (12), NH4Cl, 180C (57); 10 3 77 (16, 39, 63), c 15 3 6Q cj, Pb(NOs) 2 , 180C c = 4.185 - 51.626 25 3.20 30 3 03 ' = 4.189 43.63 (5, 24, 39, 37) 7 C = X 10~3p + 323.6 X 20 3 42 x 10-3p + 429.9 X 4.156 - 40.9 X 10-6p2, range, 2.5- 35 2.87 25 3 ' 24 40 10-6p2, range, 5-28%. 10~3p +• 66.1 X 35%. 2-70 30 (3 05) 10-Vl range 3-48%. ^5 £ r,,nvrn l ia Kn»r5 3.92 15 3.50 30 3.2 5 4.07 Cu(HO,),, 18-60 C 3 72 10 20 3.27 ( 35 3.06 3.976 „ ' 10 15 3.55 25 3.04 40 2.91 3.87 % 64 30 3.08 3.9 with 3.5%; = % c 15 3.54 40 2.80 4.03 with 4 % (57). 5 3.93 CdI2, 190C (12), 17.5 3.44 45 2.77 (NH4) 2SO4, 180C 10 3.68 c = 4.1816-35.62 X AgNO3, 25-520C 3 50 2.74 (39, 57)^ c = 4.1605 15 3.43 10~ p - 177.5 X ( 3 ») 60 2.65 - 42.58 X 10~3p 20 3.19 10~6p2 + 2344 X 8.5 3.83 25 2.93 10-9P3, r a n g e , 8 10 3.77 . 70 2.55 + 296 X 10~6p2, 80 2.43 range, 3.5-33%. 27.2 2.87 -45%. 15 3.59 0

J

AgNO8-(Co^d) %

Ni(NOs) 2 , 24-550C

BeSO4, 21-520C

(38)

(39)

Cm

3.41

20

25 3.22 27.5 3.13 MnCl2, 20-5O0C (7,39) 3.5 3.98 5 3.9! 10 3*70 15 3 52 20 3.34 30 3.03 40 2 76 50 2*51 MnSO 20-5O0O ?39x o QQ 4 o'04 «0 I7* 3' 15 iwr nvrr* ^

A5?a^

20-50 C (39) ° 3.94 d 1U -'d 15 3 52 ' Mn(C 2 H 3 Oa) 20, Acetate, 19-52 C ( 39 ) 5 4.03 10 3.89e 15 3.766 FeCl3,0-980C ( 7 ), cm = 4.274 - 54.72 X 10~3p + 461.6 X 10-6P2, range, 2044%. FeSO4, 25-450C (1); cf. (57) % cm 1 4.09s 2 4.00 5 3.829 10 3.63s 15 3.474 20 3.33s 25 3.20 30 3.066 35 2.95 CoCl2, 15-490C (56)

8.9 3.62 16.4 3.21 18-9O0C 8.9 3.75 16.4 3.294 NiCl2, 24-550C (38) 5 3.87 10 3.61 15 3.38 20 3.17 NiSO4,26-560C (38) 5 3.94 10 3.72 15 3.49

%

%

Cm

5 3.93 10 3.71 ™ 3.52 20 3.33 25 3.15 28.9 3.00 Ni(C2H3Og)2, Acetate, 26-560C (39) 5 4.03 10 3.907 15 3.78 Cf 03, 150C (9, 39) ' c = 4'185 " 0.4612p + 0.0002p2, range, 0-62%. (NH 4 ) 2 Cr0 4 , 21530C (39), cm= 4.174 - 35.12 X

lo"^v +range ' 4 25% ~ 10

~'

25%

67 1

X

Cm

2.5 4.07 5 3.98 10 3.79 15 3.61 20 3.44 Be(NO3)2, 180C (24) % c 3 4.03 5 3.94 10 3.71 15 3.48 20 3 26 ' MgCl2, 20-520C (39); cf. (20) („. Fig. 1 and Vol. II, p. 328), Cm = 4.185 65.7 X 10'3P + 565 X 10 &P

*>

rang6

' 5~

> - MgBr - , 18 C (24) 0

CaCl2.-(Cont'd) SrCl2, 19-510C (39) value of t between % cm -25 and 2O0C (U). 4 3.95 See further Fig. 2 5 3.90 and also Vol. II, p. 10 3.65 328. 15 3.42 CaS2O3, R o o m temp. (4), c = 4.147 - 44.9 X IQ-3P, Sr(NOs)2, 19-510C range, 3-25%. (39) Ca(N0 3 ) 2 , 215 3.96 5 1 0 C ( 3 9 ) , Cm IQ 3.75 = 4.163 - 42.61 15 3.56 X IQ-3P + 213.8 20 3.38 X IQ-V, range, 547.5%. Ca(C 2 H 3 0 2 ) 2 , Sr(C2H302)2 Acetate, 20-520C Acetate, 20-520C (39)

% 5 10 15

3.996 3.83 3.67 3.56

2

Alcls> 18oC ( 2 4 ) >

%

c

c = 4.165 - 69.51 2.5 3.95 X I0~3p + 321.9 X 5 3.74 10-6p2, range, 210 3.33 15%. 15 2.96 A12(SO4)3, 2117.5 2.78 53°C (39), Cm = MgSO4, 180C (5, 4.187 - 38.13 X 36,42,57) io-3p + 241.3 X 3 3.99 IQ-6P2, range 35 3.90 20%. 10 3.67 Al(NOs)3, 180C 15 3.46 (24), c = 4.181 20 3.28 52.71 X 10~3p + Supersaturated 274 X 10~6p2, range, solutions 3.5-25%. 25 3.11 AlNH4(SO4),, 2O0C 30 2.94 (5), c = 4.156 35 2.75 - 38.21 X 10-3P + 37.5 2.65 118 X 10-6p2, range, Mg(NOs) 2 215-37.5%. 520C (39), Cm = La(NOa) 3 , 180C 4.173 - 46.29 X (24) 10~3p + 237.8 X % c 10-6p2, range, 55 3.94 35%. 10 3.71 Mg(C2H3O2),, 15 3.49 Acetate, 21-520C 20

5 10 15 18.6

3.26

25 3.04 30 2.81 Sa(N03)3, 180C (24) 5 3.96 10 3.76 15 3.55 20 3.36 25 3.15 BeCl2, 180C (24) 2 4.06 5 3.88 10 3.53 14 3.33

2

'09

LiClO3, 180C (24) 5.0 3.98 I0 3.78 15 3.58 20 3.36 25 3.14

LiBr, 180C (24) 5.0 3.94 10 3.71 15 3.47 20 3.22 25 2.97 0 LiI, 18 C (24) 5.0 3.96 10 3.73 15 3.49 20 3.26 25 3.02 30 2.77 MgCl2

(39)

% cm 5 4.03 10 3.89 14 3.78 CaCl2, 180C, c = 15.401 - 17.016d -f 5.608d2 between d\8 = 1.09 and 1.41 (59); cf. (14), Cm =17.297 - 19.92d -j6.696d2 0.00263 (20° - O, for dj° = 1.175 to 1.250 and for any

^1 ïï.« ' ' > 0.6 4.16 2 '° \-f *- u *'** ™ *'™ ^ ^( f f'3f Jo (3.13) ^ ^ ^ * 40

(39)

Cm 4.02 3.87s 3.74

LiOH, 2O0C (49) % c 0.5 4.17 1.0 4.12 2.5 4.06 5.0 3.99

P^1 °aU2 BaCl2,18 C (7,16, Ba(C2H3O2),, 39, 57), c = 4.223 Acetate, 19-520C 3 - 58.38 X IQ- P (39) + 318 X 10~6p2, % cm range, 4-25%. 6 3.95s Ba(NO 3 ) 2 , 180C 10 3.81 (39, 57), c = 3.90 15 3.65 with 6.8 %. 20 3.49 0

LiIO3, 180C (24) 8.0 3.85 10 3.78 15 3.59 20 3.41 25 3.22 30 3.04 35 2.86 LiNO3, 2O0C (49) 1.0 4.15 5.0 4.01 10 3.82 13 3.70 NaOH, v. p. 115 NaCl, v. p. 115 NaBr, 180C (i*> 24, 39}, c= 4.155 45.34 X 10"3P + 135.9 X IQ-6P2, range, 5-35%. NaI, 180C (™, 24, 39, 57), c = 4.180 47.55 X 10~3p + 126.3 X 10~6p2, range, 4-40 %.

Na2SO4, 180C (39, 56, 57), e = 4.167 -

Na2CrO4, 21-520O

K2C2O4, 21-520C (39)

(39), cm = 4.159 -

47.36 X 10-3p + 43.13 X 10~3p + 675 X 10-V, range, 363.5 X 10"6P2, 3-24%. range, 5-25%. NaHSO4,210C (39) NaHCO2, Formate, %

16 C (

e

3 5

4 08

4.01 3.88 3.75 3.65

10 15 20

)

Q «6 AL ^ 4.04 J.8 3.90 ó 76 1 1 ^ ' NaC2H3O2,0 Acetate, 18-2O C (5, 39, 57)

% 5 10 15

cm 3.95 3.73 3.53

KC2H3O2, Acetate, 20-510C (39) ^5 5 ^ ^ is 3.68 20 3 54 ' 2ô 3.4Ü

C-Table, (T-Arrange men t (v. Vol. Ill, p. viii) MA/MB = Moles H2O per Mole Solute CH2O2, Formic acid, C2H2O4, Oxalic C3H6O2, Propionic 16-5O0C (is, 33) add, 20-520C (39) acid, 22-5O0C MA/MB C1n MA/MB cm (IB9 33) 200 4.15 200 4.11 MA/MB cm 100 4.12 100 4.03 100 4.16 50 4.06 50 3.94 50 4.12 40 4 U 40 4.02 ^ T T O I T™ 30 3.97 C 2 H 4 Cl 3 NO 21 Am30 4 Q9 on

Q nn

Il I'™ 10 3.73 NaNO 3 , 2O0C (39, 8 3.66 47, 49, 57), c= 4.175 JJ 3.26 % Cw 6 3.54 -37.42XlO-3P+ 2 4.12 JJ J'J 5 3.46 216.6 X 10-«p», 5 4.02 T: ," 4 3.38 range, 1-39%. 3.88 g ^g 10 3 3.28 0 15 3 76 2 3.02 NaPO3, 24-55 C ' 3 65 1.5 2.94 (39) 20 K2CrO4, 180C (16, 3 54 39 25 1.0 2.91 % CTO ' )> c = 4-1723 5 3 4 Q7 30 3.44 50.52 X 10~ p + J;•*> 2 24 5 KOH, i», p. 115 234.7 X 10-«p», 4 'oo ° ' 0 10 3.83 KF, 18 C (24), range, 5-30%. CH 4 N 2 O, Urea, 15 3 67 e - 4.176 - 54.7 X 0 («t 31, 34, 18 5 3.56 10-3P + 380.9 X KAl(SO4)., 2O0C 16-2O C 36) 5 c 4 205 10-V,range, 4-20%. 4L42 ( )> = % cm NaH2PO4, 24-550C KCl, ^ p 115 X 10-»p + 39 0 1 4.16 ( ) KClO3, 2O C (5), 254.4 X 10~V, 25 4 11 3 4.07 c = 4.170 _ 56.33 range, 6-40%. 5 405 7.5 3.9S c = 4 01 wlth 4 7 %; 10 3.90 15 3.70 25 <7 ' ' 12 3.85 20 3.56 KBr, 180C (", =3.59 with 16.7%.

.» i:S UPÎZÏ. "s^??-

Na2HPO4, 24-550C ,3'9x 38 4 02 7'3 3;91 Na4P2O7, 24-550C ( 39 ) 3.6 4.04 6.8 3.92 NaH20AsO4, 2657 C (39) K o QO 10 3 ' 82 15 3 ' 66 18.5 3^50 25 3.35

56 C(39)

Na2HAsO4, 25-

°

39 5?)

' > c = 4'177 -3 47.81 X 10- p, ran e S > 3-30%. KI, 180C (16» 39, 55, 57) %

4 5 I0 20 30 4

c

4 OO 3.95 3.71 3

^ 2.75 O (2 - 32) 50 (1.9) 60 (1.5) K2SO4, ca. 180C (39,55,57) \

\' ™

! 5-S

RbCl (49) RbBr, 18 C (24) % c 7.5 3.82 10 3.70 15 3.45 20 3.19 25 2.93 RbNO 3 (49) 0

CsCl, 2O C (49) 2 4.08 5 3.94 10 3.70 15 3.47 CsBr

8» 10

10

CH4O, Methyl alcohoi, V. p. 116

0

ÌÌ O.4

!?

4Ï2 to« 4. Uo

6-5

3.95

On

4 /\n

20

3.96

30

3.75

40

353

50

3>38

60 70 8

° on

3.18s ' 2 82 o' AQ

3 01

ion oil 100 2.356 C2HCl3O2, Trichlor- C2H7NO2, Ammooacetic acid, 140C nium acetate, 17.50C (18) (18) 200 4.09 2.1 4.13 100 4.00 4.1 4.08 50 3.84 7.9 3.98

(29,34,35,36)

%

i 5 10

c

4.160 4.09? 4.01

C4H6O6, Tartaric acid, 180C (57) MA/MB

° 200 4.08 100 3.98 50 3.81 25 3.58 10 3.12 C4H8O2, n-Butyric acid, 23-5O0C (33)

18 C

5 3.97 o o 77 O O. Il -ir 15 10 3.79 ^ o /39 n 3 9n KN 20 P ( IK Q R4 ° ' ° ' 20 47 49 57 63 > ' > ), c = o. 25 17.5 3.57 4172 '' — 44.0 vX QQ Na2CO3, 2O0C (39, io-3p -}- 421.2 X 35 57) io-«pa, range, 2.54Q % c 20%. 0 2.5 4.05 K2CO3, 21-52 C CsNO3, 5 3.94 (39), c = 4.179 2.5 10 3.77 49.23 X IO"3? + 5 15 3.66 331.2 X 10~6^ 10 20 3.59 range, 5-45%. 15

° ^ 24 )

CH5NO2, Ammonium formate, 8.50C (18)

monium trichloro-

acetate, 120C (») ^ Î'S % ^ 10 3.88 J^ 4.09 8 3 76 4 04 9 3 ' ' 6 3.63 C2H4Cl3NO3, 5 3.55 Hydroxylamine 4 3.43 trichloroacetate, 3 3.26 190C (15) 2 3.03 5.18 4.08 1.5 2.91 9.85 3.99 1.0 2.82 C2H4O2, Acetic °'5 2.48 2 19 acid, ,.p. 115 ° C2H6NO, AcetC3H6O3, Lactic acid, ca 16 C (18 amide, ca. 2O0C " ° ) (34) MA/MB c 4 14 1.6 4.156 20° ' 10 4 n 3.2 4.13 ° 50 4.06 C2H6O, Ethyl alco3.96 25 hoi,, p. 116 CAO> propyl C2H6O0 2, Glycol, alcohol, v. p. 116 2O C (53) % c C3H8O3, Glycerol, 10 4.15 ca. 2O0C; cf. p. 116

^67!

3.61 O Ol 3.31 3.00 ïo 29 68 2 40 2'15 ^94 2O0C (49) 4.07 3.96 3.74 3.54

C2H2Cl2O2, Dichlor™„^; - M icon oacetic acid, 18 C

TVT /TVT MA/MB 200 100 100

c 4 12 406 4 '00 C2H3ClO2, Chloroacetic acid, 180C (18) 200 4.16 100 4.10 50 4.01 25 I 3.85

' Pwn A C3H6O, Acetone, ca. i rc (5 i)

O 10 2 ° 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

4.18l ' 4 08 ' 3.98 3.87 3.7s 3.56 3.3a 3.Oi 2.66 2.196

4 15

• MA/MB 50 40

30 20 15

10 8 6 5 4 3 2 1.5

Cm 4.17 4.06

4.00 *9 3 81 ' 3.64 3.54 3.41 3.32 3.21 3.06 2.86 2.79

C4H8Oj.-(Cont'd) MA/MB «W 1.0 2.65 0.5 2.42 O 2.11

C6H7N, Aniline, v. C6HuO6, Dulcitol, p. 115 ca. 2O0C (s«), c = 4.136 with 2.5% C6H8O7, Citric acid, =4.147, with 2%. 180C (5S) C6HuO6, Mannitol, MA/MB e ™. 2O0C (35) 200 4.03 % e 100 3.90 l 4-17 50 3.72 5 4.1O4 25 3.45 10 4.0s 15 3.19 C8H24N2O4S, Tet10 2.98 r ameth yl ammonium sulfate, 180C, c = 4.08 with 6.35 % C6Hi2Cl3NO2, Tet- / 15 v ramethylammor' H O L n i u m t r i c h l o r o - t 12 ^ 1^0 "c acetate, 190C, c = = 3.97e with 8.7%; 4056 with 6.17% = 4 0 4 with 596 ^

C4H10O, Isobutyl alcohol, 26-290C, c„ = 4.55 with 7.6%; 25-28°C, Cn = 4.47 with5.5% (44). ^ TT ™*T m C4H12ClN, Tetramethylammonium chloride, 190C, c = 4 07 w i t h 2.94% (15) '

C 6 H 6 O, Phenol, ( '• (35). 18-980C (29); cm = C 12 H 22 On, MaI4.152 with 2.54%; C 6 Hi 2 O 6 , Dextrose tose, ca. 2O0C, c = for data at 70-740C, co. 2O0C (34, 37, 55) 4.04 with 5.96%; = v. (16-5). % c 4.074 with 4.54% 5 4.04 (35). 10 3 93 C6H6O2, Hydro' C 12 H 22 O 11 , Su-

«^.«M(-, » 1 5 2'0

C6H6O2, Pyrocatechol, ca. 2O0C (35) 4 !•5 -!65 2.0 4.16

3 60

^ 3.49 3.37 3.27 3.13

30 35 40 45 5Q

3 io

3.03

55 C 6 H 12 O 6 , ca. 2O0C 4.8 3.2 2.4

C 6 H 6 O 2 , Resorcinol, ca. 2O0C (35) 1.5 4.15s 2.0 4.15

B = ZnCl2

nt d)

%B° ' c 15 2.51 18 2 45 B = MnCl2 5 2 76 7.5 2Ì73 10 2 70 15 2.65 20 2.60 25 2.55

%

2. Both Components Organic Compounds <£-Table.—

CCl4 B = CHCl3 ( 62 ) MB 1.00 0.75 0.50 0.25 0.00

I

MA I 0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00

c c c c c

30

3 3g

40 3.U 50 2.94

Lévulose 60 2.8s (35, 36) Ci4H10O9, Digal4.09 lic acid> ca- 18°c> 4.12 c = 4.10 with 4.28% 4.13s ( 29 )-

Non-Aqueous Solutions

I 2Q0C 0.967s 0.920 0.886 0.853s 0.833

3Q0C | 0.981 0.932 0.895s 0.860 0.8494

4O0C | 5O0C 0.997 1.017 0.947 0.965s 0.908 0.923s 0.868 0.879s 0.853s 0.860

B = C 6H6 (62)

c

5 4.04 10 3.89 15 3.7? 20 3.64

C5H5N

c Pyridine, 220C (40) 2.584 B=AgNO3 2 554 c %B 2.44 1.06 1.6Oo 2.32s B = AgCNS 2.19 1,03 | 1.593 2.06 B = HgCl2 1.94 1.68 | 1.637 1.85s B = HgI2 1.75 [ 2.79 | 1.583

%B 8 -5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45

;:« Tî,f,^"'

25

4 158 4'15

B = HgCl2.-

MB I MA I I 2O0G | 3O0G | 1.00 0.00 c 1.707s 1.737 0.75 0.25 c 1.387s 1.400 0.50 0.50 c 1.138 1.158s 0.25 0.75 c 0.962 0.971 0.00 1.00 c 0.833 0.849s ^2|

2O0C

350C

5O0C

^

4O0C | 5O0C | 60°cT 1.763 1.816s 1.904 1.421 1.456 1.551 1.179 1.203 1.239 0.983s 1.004 1.038 0.853s 0.860 0.889 2O0C

350C

5O0C

O1.765s 1.9862.205s601.0041.1971.39s 10 1.63o 1.85l 2.06s 70 0.927 1.102 1.27o 20 1.493 1.716 1.92s 80 0.85s l.Olo 1.147 30 1.35s 1.580 1.786 90 0.81e 0.93o 1.034 40 1.222 1.429 1.654 100 0.807 0.878 0.939 50 1.1Oo 1.30s 1.527

1. One Component an Inorganic Compound

H2SO4

CS2

B = HNO3

ca. 2O0C (38)

0

2O C (45) c %B O 1.402 5 1.423 10 1.44o 20 1.490 25 1.51s 30 1.54s 40 1.5905 50 1.632 60 1.682 70 Ì- 747 75 1.77s 80 1.816 90 1.902 95 1.933 100 1.98s

B = C6H7N, Aniline, 250C (21)

C2H6O

Ethyl alcohol> 99.3% B = Br rfj5 , 0.797; Cn = %B c 2.858; 0-980C ( 7 ) 51 0.730 B = FeCl3 B=I %B c 14.3 0.916 5 2.72 7.72 0.954 7.5 2Ì67 B=S 10 2 624 29.6 0.958 15 2 .54 17.4 0.97i 20 2A5 9.5s 0.97i 25 2.35 4.0s 0.984 so 2Ì26 B=P 32.1 2Ì226 62 0.916 B=HgCl2 45 0.929 3 2.75s 29 0.942 5 2.71s 16.9 0.95s 7.5 2*66 9.27 0.960 10 2.60s

% B c %B c

I O [ - I O I 20 I 30 I 40 I 50 I 0.854 I 0.99 1.12 I 1.24s | 1.36s j 1.48 60 I 1.60

I

70 I 80 1.72 I 1.82

90 I 1.93

| 105""" | 2.02e

CS2 B = CHCl3 (52) % A I -3O0CI -IQ 0 CI O 0.9590 0.969s 10 0.942 0.956 20 0.92e 0.94i 30 0.91i 0.93s 40 0.9Oo 0.92s 50 0.89i 0.922

+2O 0 ClI 0.978e 0.973 0.97i 0.9685 0.96s 0.967

% A [ -3O0C | 60 0.887 70 0.88e 80 0.89s 90 0.91s 100 0.972s

B = CH4O, Methyl alcohol, v. p. 116

-10°C| 0.91s 0.92i 0.927 0.95o 0.985o

+2O0C 0.96ss 0.97i 0.977 0.98s l.OOSo

CS2.—(Continued) B = C 4 Hi 0 O, Ethyl ether (52) % A -3O0C I -IQ 0 CI +20°G|| % A | -3O0C -10°C| +2O0C O 2.067s 2.1412 2.253s 60 1.34s 1.41o 1.49i 10 1.93s 2.014 2.126 70 1.24? 1.29s 1.369 20 l.Slo 1.887 1.99s 80 1.14s 1.18o 1.24s 30 1.69i 1.76s 1.800 90 1.05s l.OSo 1.122 40 1.576 1.650 1.74l 100 0.972s 0.984s 1.005e 50 1.45s 1.530 1.613 B = Ci0H8, Naphthalene, at co. 180C, c = 1.084 with 14.2% B (* 7 ) CHCl3 B = C 3 H 6 O, Acetone (62) MA I MB I I 2O0C I 3O0C | 4O0C 1.00 0.00 c 0.967? 0.9807 0.9969 0.75 0.25 c 1.172 1.183 1.197 c 1.356 1.377 1.404 0.50 0.50 0.25 0.75 c 1.6856 1.701 1.745 0.00 1.00 c 2.166 2.232 2.369 % B (52) I -4O0C I -IQ0C I +2O0C I 350C O 0.9542 0.969s 0.978e 0.985o 10 1.333 1.270 1.19l 1.144 20 1.65l 1.50e 1.392 1.3U 30 1.8U 1.674 1.572 1.48o 40 1.87e 1.78l 1.727 1.62s 50 1.87 1.84s 1.833 1.74s 60 1.82 1.896 1.92s 1.85e 70 1.8o 1.942 2.009 1.96s 80 1.82 1.992 2.084 2.067 90 1.8s 2.042 2.147 2.15s 100 1.987s 2.0897 2.1912 2.226s B = C4H10O, Ethyl ether (52) %A I -5O0C I -3Q0C I -IQ 0 G | O0C +2O0C O1.9552.0672.141s2.179e2.253s 10 2.13s 2.239 2.17s 2.1s 2.17e 20 2.296 2.334 2.2Oe 2.17 2.094 30 2.41l 2.379 2.2U 2.15o 2.01o 40 2.47s 2.374 2.19s 2.099 1.919 50 2.492 2.320 2.13s 2.034 1.822 60 2.41s 2.22l 2.032 1.92s 1.70s 70 2.23l 2.05s 1.873 1.76e 1.55i 80 1.942 1.787 1.62s 1.55o 1.373 90 1.490 1.404 1.32o 1.28i 1.17s 100 0.947s 0.96l 0.9697 0.973 0.978s B = C 6 H 6 , Benzene (52) % A I 60C I 2O0C 550C || % A | 60C | 2O0C | 550C O1.5591.76s1.2796601.27s1.37s1.554 10 1.527 1.704 2.15s 70 1.202 1.28e 1.42o 20 1.48s 1.642 2.037 80 1.12i 1.18e 1.27s 30 1.442 1.57s 1.91s 90 1.042 1.084 1.13e 40 1.392 1.514 1.793 100 0.974 0.979 0.994 50 1.33e 1.447 1.672 B = Ci0H8, Naphthalene, at 180C, c = 1.033 with 9.6% B (i?) CH2O2 Formic acid B = C 2 H 4 O 2 , Acetic acid (30) MA MB I Range, 0C | cm 0.5 I 0.5 I 65-18 2.1Oi CH4N2O Urea B = C 2 H 6 O, Ethyl alcohol, ca. 2O0C (34), c = 2.504 with 2.9%A; =2.507 with 1.7% A

CH4O Methyl alcohol B = C2H6O, Ethyl alcohol, v. p. 116 B = C3H8O, rc-Propyl alcohol (30);v. also p. 116 MA I MB I Range, 0C | cm 0.25 0.75 65-17 2.574 0.5 0.5 65-18 2.532 2.52e 0.75 0.25 64-16 B = C6H7N, Aniline, 250C (21) I O I 10 I 20 I 30 I 40 I 50 I 2.532 I 2.53 I 2.52 I 2.51 | 2.49 2.46

%B c

%B... c

I 60 I 70 I 2.42 I 2.37

MB/MA cm, 18-60°

C2Cl6 B = C7H8, Toluene (46) I 7.5 | 10 15 | 20 i 1.52 I 1.5s I 1.63 |~1.66

I 80 I 2.28

I 90 | 2.14

| 1(X)~ | 2.02e

| 40 | 1.7i

C2H4Cl2 Ethylene chloride B = C6H6, Benzene (52) % A I 2O0C I 350C 50° || % A 2O0C | 350C | 5O0C O 1.765 1.98e 2.206 60 1.457 1.564 1.67l 10 1.71s 1.92 2.119 70 1.40s 1.49s 1.58s 20 1.667 1.8s 2.03l 80 1.357 1.42e 1.494 30 1.6U 1.77 1.940 90 1.307 1.35e 1.40e 40 1.56l 1.7l 1.849 100 1.258 1.287 1.31e 50 1.50s 1.63e 1.76o

MA 0.5 0.49 %... c

C2H4O2 Acetic acid B = C3H6O3, Lactic acid (30) I MB Range, 0C | I 0.5 I 65-14 I B = C4H8O2, Isobutyric acid (3Q) I 0.51 I 65-18 B = C3H8O3, Glycerol, co. 2O0C (34) 1 5.3 I 2.75 I j 2.497 I 2.497 I

cm 2.243 2.042 1.4 2.5Oo

C2H6O Ethyl alcohol B = C3H8O, n-Propyl alcohol A = 99.6%; equimolal mixture ( 19 ); v. also p. 116 T, 0K I 80 I 90 I 95 | 98 | 110 | 200 | 260 | 270 c |0.985| 1.09 I 1.26 I 1.66 I 2.00 I 1.88 2.15 I 2.20 B = C 6 H 6 , Benzene, 150C (61); y. also p. 116 %B O 1 10 I 20 I 30 I 40 I 50 c 2.424 I 2.392 2.35 | 2.32 2.274 2.23 I 60 I 70 I 80 I 90 [ 10(P I 2.17s 2.10s I 2.03 | 1.9i j 1.70 B = C 6 H 6 O 2 ; A = 90%; ca. 2O0C (35) B I 0.8%B I 0.6%B Hydroquinol 2.13 2.18 Pyrocatechol 2.19 2.15 Resorcinol 2.22 2.10 B = C 6 H 7 N, Aniline, v. p. 116 % B c

B = C 7 H 14 O 2 , Isoamyl acetate (30) I MB I Range, 0G | I 0.51 I 65-17 | B = C 9 Hi 0 O 2 , Ethyl benzoate (30) I 0.5 I 55-17

C3H6O Acetone B = C 4 Hi 0 O, Ethyl ether (52) ^ 0 0 0 0 % A I -4O C I -2O C I O C I +2O C O 2.011s 2.1044 2.1797 2.253s 10 1.946 2.042 2.139 2.22s 20 1.879 1.986 2.099 2.204 30 1.819 1.93s 2.05 2.18o 40 1.766 1.88s 2.01 2.156 50 1.72s 1.846 1.97? 2.13s 60 1.707 1.82s 1.956 2.12e 70 1.707 1.822 1.946 2.119 80 1.735 1.846 1.96l 2.12i 90 1.82l 1.917 2.02 2.U 100 1.988 2.056p 2.123 2.1912 B = C 6 H 5 ClO, o-Chlorophenol, 0-2O0C («) %B I O I 10 I 20 I 30 I 40 I 50 cm |2.0925J 2.042 I 1.97s | 1.93s | 1.892 | 1.85e

I 60 I 70 I 80 I 90 I 1.82s I 1.79s I 1.765 1.72 B = C6H6, Benzene (52) % A I IQ0C I 3O0C I 5O0C Il % A I IQ0C | 3O0C O 1.619 1.9120 2.205s 60 1.83s 2.01s 10 1.645 1.917 2.197 70 1.884 2.04s 20 1.674 1.92s 2.187 80 1.952 2.087 30 1.70s 1.94i 2.180 90 2.044 2.14s 40 1.742 1.960 2.176 100 2.157 2.216 50 1.786 1.984 2.177

%B cm

| 100 | 1.67s | 5O0C 2.184 2.194 2.20s 2.224 2.26e

MA 0.49 0.5

MA 0.5

cm 1.83s

C3H8O tt-Propyl alcohol B = C6H7N, Aniline (30) OTs (K2 65-23 I 2.77i 0.35 0.65 65-22 2.47s B = C 6 Hi 2 O 2 , Isoamyl formate (30) 0 . 7 4 2 0 . 2 5 8 6 5 - 1 9 1 . 9 4 e 0.3 0.7 65-18 1.976

C 3 HgO 3 Glycerol B = C6H7N, Aniline (34); v. also p. 116 MB/MA I 12.5 25 | 50 | cm, 14-160C I 2.27l I 2.22s | 2.19s j

100 2.1825

C4H10O %B c.... %B c

^2"?

I

60

I

70

I

80

I

90

|

100

I 1.77o I 1.672 I 1.590 | 1.512 | 1.43i 50C

2O0C

"~~02.1977 10 2.024 20 1.866 30 1.72o 40 1.59s 50 1.487 B %A I c, 6° C1 20°

'% A c, 6° c, 20° %B c, 20° %B C1 20°

350C

^2?

50C

2O0C

350C

2.253s 2 . 3 0 9 e 6 0 1 . 4 0 4 1 . 4 1 s 1 . 4 7 e 2.06s 2.147 70 1.35e 1.36i 1.392 1.9Oo 1.987 80 1.352 1.33s 1.35e 1.747 1.83s 90 1.38s 1.34s 1.362 1.62o 1.69s 100 1.524s 1.45s 1.407s 1.504 1.57s = C6H6, Benzene (52) v. also p. 116 O I 10 I 20 I 30 I 40 I 50 1.559 1.772 1.887 1.95s 1.999 2.039 1.765 1.9Oi 1.994 2.052 2.1Oi 2.135

I 60 I 70 I 80 2.07s 2.1O 6 2.140 2.16s 2.190 2.2U B = C 6 H 7 N, Aniline (21) I O I 10 I 20 I 2.260 I 2.26 | 2.25 . .| 60 I 2.16

I 70 I 2.12

90 | 100 2.17i 2.201 2.23e 2.2536

I 30 | 2.23

I 40 | 2.21

I

50 2.18s

80 I 2.07

I 90 | 2.03

| 100 | 1.97s

C5H5N Pyridine B = C 6 H 5 ClO, o-Chlorophenol («) %B I O I 10 I 20 I 30 I 40 I 50 c, 0-20° 1.65s 1.626 1.60 1.58 1.57i 1.58o c, 0-100°...... 1.72o 1.712 1.70s 1.709 1.717 1.739 %B c, 0-20° c, 0-100°

%B cm, 0-20°

% B cm, 0-20°

C4H5Cl3O2

1.582

Ethyl ether B = C6H5NO2, Nitrobenzene, 2O0C (21) I O I 10 I 20 I 30 I 40 I 50"~ 2.260 I 2.17s I 2.1Oo | 2.0Oo | 1.94o | 1.86o

C3H6O2 Methyl acetate B = C4H8O2, Ethyl acetate (30) I MB Range, 0C | I 0.5 I 55-16 I

cm 2.16

MA 0.25 0.5 0.75

Ethyl trichloracetate B = C4H8O2, Ethyl acetate (30) MB I Range, 0C 0.75 54-17 0.5 54-15 0.25 54-16

cm 1.707 1.39 2.17e

%A cm, 0-20°

MA 0.5

C 4 HgO 2 Ethyl acetate B = C 6 Hi 2 O 2 , Isoamyl formate (30) I MB I Range, 0C | I 0.5 j 65-16 I

cm 2.197

MB/MA cm, 19-60°

%A cm, 0-20°

I

60 I 70 I 80 I 90 | IQQ 1.634 1.67o 1.702 1.71 1.67s 1.76s 1.77s 1.75s 1.72o 1.65? B = C7H8O, o-Cresol (8) O I 10 I 20 I 30 I 40 I 50 1.653 1.65s 1.67s 1.69s | 1.72o | 1.75s

I 60 I 70 I 80 I 90 | 100 1.8Oe I 1.87o I 1.942 2.01e | 2.08s B = C7H8O, m-Cresol, (8) I O I 10 I 20 I 30 I 40 I 50 1.65s I 1.656 | 1.66s | 1.68e | 1.70? | 1.734 I 60 I 70 I 80 90 | 100 I 1.766 1.807 1.86s | 1.92o | 2.00s CeH4Br2 p-Dibromobenzene B = C7H8, Toluene (*6) I 7.5 | 10 | 15 20 | 40 . 1.52 I 1.57 I 1.6s I 1.66 j 1.7i

C6H5Br Bromobenzene B = C6H5Cl, Chlorobenzene (62) MB I MA 20° I 40° | 60° | 80° 1.00 (TOO c 1.294 1.319s 1.363? 1.425 0.75 0.25 c 1.1727 1.198 1.243 1.3016 0.50 0.50 c 1.0796 1.109 1.142e 1.198? 0.25 0.75 c 1.020 1.041 1.0734 1.114 c 0.964s 0.975 0,996 1.025 0.00 1.00 MA 0.20 0.675

I

MB 0.80 0.325

I

I

Range, 0C 65-17 65-18

|

cm (30) 1.302 1.15i

C6H5ClO %A cm, 0-20°

o-Chlorophenol B = C 8 HnN 7 Dimethylaniline (8) I O I 10 I 20 I 30 40 I 50 I 1.7495J 1.79l 1.82s | 1.85s | 1.895 1.94o

%A cmi 0-20° ^

60 I 70 I 80 I 90 100 I 1.955 I 1.930 | 1.88? | l.Slo I 1.67s B = C9H7N, Quinoline (8)

% A

I

cmi 0-20°

I 1.473 I 1.46s I 1.473 | 1.5Io | 1.55o 1.6Oo

O

I

10

I

20

I 70

I

30

%A

I 60

cm, 0-20°

I 1.66? I 1.702 1 1.70?

I 80

I

40

I 90

1.69

I

| 100

| 1.67s

lodobenzene B = C6H7N, Aniline (46) I 2.5 | 5 10 | 15 | 20 1.504 1.70s I 1.864 I 1.93 | 1.97

% A O 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 MA 0.75 0.75 0.5 0.5 0.25 0.43 0.46 0.49

|

750C 2.573s 2.42s 2.282 2.139 2.00? 1.87e 1.749 1.602 1.54? 1.454 1.392o cm 1.53 1.574 1.689 1.60? 1.883 1.69s

B MA I MB I 1.00 0.00 c 0.95 0.05 c 0.875 0.125 c 0.75 0.25 c c 0.50 0.50 0.25 0.75 c 0.00 1.00 I c

Benzene = C7H8, Toluene (62) I 2O0C 3O0C [ 4O0C | 1.706 1.722 1.762 1.698 1.719 1.759e 1.711 1.720 1.756 1.702 1.733 1.766 1.682 1.712 1.744 1.663 1.692 1.724 1.640? 1.671 1.701

MB I Range, 0C 0.5 I 55-15 B = C7H8O, m-Cresol (30) I 0.46 I 65-18 B = C8Hi0, m-Xylene (30) 0.5 I 55-15

MA 0.5

I I

0.54 0.5

cm 1.77l

5O0C | 1.824 1.816s 1.811 1.807 1.781 1.759e 1.735

6O0C 1.915 1.892 1.885 1.864 1.827 1.801 1.7714

| I

cm (30) 1.666

|

2.05i

I

1.576

C7H8

Toluene B = Ci0H7Br, ff-Bromonaphthalene (46) MA/MB I 1 I 5 I 10 I 20 cm, 22-60° I 1.29 I 1.55 | 1.64 | 1.70 B *= Ci0H8, Naphthalene (46) MA/MB... I 5 I 10 I 20 cm, 20-50° I 1.69s I 1.72 I 1.736

C7H8O

MA 0.75 0.5 0.25 0.53 0.5

MA 0.269 0.729 0.815 0.32

w-Cresol B = C7H9N, o-Toluidine (30) I MB I Range, 0C | 0.25 64-14.5 0.5 64.5-14 0.75 64-15 B = C8HnN, Dimethylaniline (30) I 0.47 65-17 0.5 54-17

I

C8HiO o-Xylene B = C8H10, m-Xylene (30) MB I Range, 0C 0.731 64-19 0.271 65-20 B = C8Hi0, p-Xylene 0.185 65-16 0.68 64-20

Cn 1.78s 2.05i 2.03 1.82s 1.88?

' |

cm 1.78e 1.80s 1.754 1.82s

C8HiO MA 0.754 0.293

1.70? 1.699

B = Ci0Hi5N, Diethylaniline MB I Range, 0C | 0.5 I 65-19 I

C6H6

C6H5NO2 Nitrobenzene B = C6H6, Benzene ( 5 2) I IQ0C I 3O0C I 5Q0C 1.6186 1.9120 2.205s 1.54s 1.81e 2.084 1.480 1.72o 1.966 1.41s 1.62s 1.846 1.365 1.55s 1.734 1.322 1.48l 1.62s 1.289 1.41s 1.52s 1.27? 1.373 1.464 1.30s 1.352 1.40s 1.366 1.35? 1.373 1.4990 1.42Oo 1.3804 B = C6H7N, Aniline (3Q) I MB Range, 0C | 0.25 65-13 0.25 98-15 0.5 65-15 0.5 98-18 0.75 65-15 B = C7H9N, Methylaniline (30) I 0.57 I 65-17 B = C 8 HnN, Dimethylaniline ( 3 O) I 0.54 I 65-18 [ B = C8HnN, Ethylaniline (30) I 0.51 I 65-16 [

I I

50

C6H5I MB/MA cm, 19-60°

MA 0.5

0.734 0.287

m-Xylene B = C8H10, p-Xylene (30) I MB I Range, 0C | 0.246 65-18 0.708 65-17 B = C8Hi1N, Dimethyaniline (30) I 0.266 65-19 I 0.713 65-18

Cn 1.674 1.724 :

1.70? 1.80s

THREE-COMPONENT SYSTEMS H2O + H2SO4 + HNO3, t = 2O0C (45); v. Fig. 3 % H2O I H2SO4I HNQ3] c \\ % H2O | H2SO4I HNO3 10 45 45 1.88? 15 70 1 15 20 40 40 2.12 30 10 60 40 30 30 2.54s 50 10 40 50 25 25 2.74s 75 10 15 60 20 20 2.93 40 40 20 75 12.5 12.5 3.51 10 80 10 85 7.5 7.5 3.8 5 5 90 10 10 80 2.13 2.5 70 27.5 10 30 60 1.97 5 25 70 10 50 40 1.88

c 1.84 2.55 2.74 3.37 2.45 1.76 2.00 1.67 1.92

H2O, moles 200

100

50

25

H2O + Ci2H22Oi1 + NaCl, t = 21.40C (*) NaCl Ci2H22Ou Moles | % Moles % 1 1.59 O O 0.75 1.17 0.25 2.29 0.5 0.76s 0.5 4.49s 0.25 0.37s 0.75 6.62 O O 1 8.67 1 3.14 O O 0.75 2.29 0.25 4.47 0.5 1.46 0.5 8.55 0.25 0.702 0.75 12.38 O O 1 15.95 Î
4.0865 4.054 4.02? 3.99i 3.969 4.00s 3.95? 3.90s 3.854 3.796 3.8825 3.77s 3.68s 3.60s 3.522 3.67s 3.5Oo 3.364 3.26o 3.163


H2O + C2H6OH + a salt, t = ca. 2O0C; v. also p. 116 ~ Moles C2H6OH per200 molesH2O -f 1 mole salt . rt at 100 50 I 40 I 35 I 30 I 15 I 10 * NaCl |3.632*|4.072|4.152|4.16ot|4.243|4.264t|4.23i (26) KCl 13.574 |3.984|4.12e|4.156 |4.20e|4.236 | | (27) NaNO3 3.616 |4.02i|4.126|4.16o |4.20e|4.248 | | (27) KNO3 |3.59i |4.02i|4.122|4.126 |4.193|4.649 |4.18s| (27) | | |4.09s| | | | | (28) NaBr KBr I I 14.0721 I | | | (28) NaI I I 14.05 I I I I |(28) KI I I |4.024| I I I |(28) * For C2H6OH = 200 moles, c « 3.277. t CaHsOH = 33.3s moles, i C2H6OH = 20 moles.

H2O + C2H6OH + x (29); 80 moles C2H6OH + 200 moles H2O + 1 mole X1 t = ca. 180C ~C3H8O3, C6H6O Ci2H22On, Tannic acid Glycerol Phenol Sucrose (Digallic?) c I 4.120 I 4.168 I 4.122s | (4.10)

(i) Agde and Holtmann, 93, 158: 316; 26. (2) Balareff, 93, 71: 70; 11. (*) Berthelot, 34, 93: 291; 81. (<) Bichowsky, 1, 45: 2225; 23. ( 5 ) Bindel, Diss., Erlangen, 1888. 8, 40: 370; 90. («) Blaszkowska, 27, 33: 562; 23. (7) Blümcke, 8, 23:161 ; 84. («) Bramley, 4,109: 496; 16. (») Büchner and Prins, 7, 81: 113; 12. (10) Cohen and Moesveld, 7, 95: 305; 20. (") Cohen and Moesveld, 7, 100: 151 ; 22. (i 2 ) Cohen, Heldemann and Moesveld, 64P, 27: 565; 24. 7, 112: 135; 24. (13) Dickinson, Mueller and George, SlA, 6: 379; 09. (14) Drecker, 8, 34: 952; 88. (i 5 ) Ellingson, 1, 37: 699; 15. O6) Faasch, Diss., Rostock, 1911. O 6-5) Ferguson, 50, 31: 757; 27. O 7) Forch, 8, 12: 202; 03. ( 18 ) Fuchs, quoted from Recueil de constantes physiques, 1913, p. 316. (!9) Gibson, Parks and Latimer, 1, 42: 1542; 20. (20) Gumlichand Wiebe, 8, 66: 530; 98. 474, 2: 17, 39; 98. ( 2 *) Härtung, 83, 12: 66; 17. ( 2 2 ) Holsboer, 7, 39: 691; 02. (23) Hüttig and Wehling, 287, 23: 354; 26. (24) jauch, 96, 4: 441; 21. (25) Koch, 148, 29: 37; 22. (26) Kolosovskii, 186, 1912: 591. 7, 81: 713; 13. (27) Kolosovskii, 186, 1913: 36. 7, 83: 79; 13. 63, 45: 22; 13. (28) Kolosovskii, 186, 1913: 329. (29) Kolosovskii, 186, 1913: 340. (30) Kremann, Meingast and Gugl, 57, 35: 1235; 14. ( 31 ) Krummacher, 145, 46: 302; 05. 51: 317; 07. ( 3 2) Lange and Dürr, 7, 121: 361; 26. (33) Lüdeking, 8, 27: 72; 86. (34) Magie, 2, 9: 65; 99. (35) Magie, 2,13:91 ; 01. (36) Magie, 2, 16: 381; 03. (37) Magie, 2, 17: 105; 03. (38) Marignac. 149, 39: 217; 70. (3») Marignac, 149, 55: 113; 76. 6, 8: 410; 76. (40) Mathews, Krause, and van Bohnson, 1, 39: 398; 17. (-") Mülert, 93, 75: 198; 12. (42) Pagliani, 23, 16: 595; 80. (43) Pagliani, 23, 17: 97; 81. (44) Pagliani, 69, 12: 229; 82. (45) Pascal and Garnier, 27, 27: 8; 20. (*6) Perrot, 149, 32: 145, 254, 337; 94. (47) Person, 6, 33: 437; 51. (««) Ray, 6, 101: 509; 22. (49) Richards and Rowe, 65, 49: 171; 13. (50) Richards and Rowe, l, 43: 770; 21. (5i ) Sandonnini, 22, l : 448; 25. (52 ) Schulze, 88, 14: 189, 258, 344; 12. (53) Schwers, 186, 1908: 814. (54) Spring, 186, 29: 479; 95. (55) Telkessy, Diss., Budapest, 1911. (56) Teudt, Dtss., Erlangen, 1900. 427, 1900 II: 306. (57) Thomsen, 8, 142: 337; 71. (58) Tolloczko and Meyer, 225, 35: 645; 10. (59) Tucker, 62, 215:319; 15. (60) Vaillant, 34, 141: 658; 05. (6i) Viala, 27, 15: 5; 14. (62) Williams and Daniels, l, 47: 1490; 25. (63) Winkelmann, Diss., Bonn, 8, 149: 1; 73.

THERMAL EFFECTS ACCOMPANYING PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROCESSES COMPLETE INDEX

INDEX COMPLET


INDICE COMPLETO

Physical Processes

Processus physiques

Physikalische Vorgänge

Trasformazioni fìsiche

Latent heat of fusion.

Chaleur latente de fusion.

Metals and alloys. Non-metallic substances. Latent heat of vaporization.

Métaux et alliages. Substances non-métalliques. Chaleur latente de vaporisation.

Metals.

Métaux.

Latente Wärme beim Schmelzen. Metalle und Legierungen. Nichtmetallische Stoffe. Latente Wärme beim Verdampfen. Metalle.

PAGE

Calore latente di fusione. Metalli e leghe; Voi. II, p. 458 Sostanze non metalliche . 130 Calore latente di evaporazione. Metalli, Voi. II, p 458 Vol. Ill, p 204 Sostanze non metalliche . 135 Calore latente di trasformazione. Metalli, Voi. II, p 458 Sostanze non metalliche . 169 Calore di assorbimento e di inumidimento 139 Effetti termici che accompagnano la espansione dei sistemi monofasici (effetto Joule- Thomson, ecc.) 144 Calore di miscuglio dei liquidi 148 Calori di soluzione e di precipitazione 169 Calore di diluizione 160

Metals. Non-metallic substances. Heat of adsorption and of wetting. Heat effects accompanying the expansion of one-phase systems (Joule-Thomson effect, etc.).

Substances non-métalliques. Chaleur latente de transformation. Métaux. Substances non-métalliques. Chaleur d' adsorption et de mouillage. Effets calorifiques accompagnant l'expansion des systèmes à une phase (effet JouleThomson, etc.).

Nichtmet allische Stoffe. Latente Wärme der Umwandlung. Metalle. Nichtmetallische Stoffe. Absorptions- und BenetzungsWärme. Wärmeeffekte welche bei der Expansion einphasiger Systeme auftreten (JouleThomson Effekt, u.s. w.).

Heat of mixing of liquids.

Chaleur de mélange des liquides.

Heats of solution and of precipitation. Heat of dilution.

Chaleurs de dissolution et de précipitation. Chaleur de dilution.

Mischungswärme von Flüssigkeiten. Lösungs- und Fällungs- Wärme.

Chemical Processes

Processus chimiques

Chemische Vorgänge

Trasformazioni chimiche

Heat of neutralization of acids and bases. Heat of combustion of organic compounds.

Chaleur de neutralisation des acides et des bases. Chaleur de combustion des composés organiques.

Neutralisationswärme von Säuren und Basen. Verbrennungswärme organischer Verbindungen.

Calore di neutralizzazione di acidi e basi . . . . . 169, 212 Calore di combustione di composti organici . , 162

Thermochemical Data

Données thermochimiques

Thermochemische Daten

Dati termochimici

Heat of formation (includes all thermochemical data not included above).

Chaleur de formation (comprend toutes les données thermochimiques non mentionnées ci-dessus).

Bildungswärme (enthält alle oben noch nicht angeführte Daten).

Calore di formazione (sono compresi tutti i dati termochimici non inclusi nelle tabelle precedenti). 169

Non-metallic substances. Latent heat of transformation.

Verdünnungswärme.

LATENT HEATS OF FUSION R. DE FORCRAND AND L. GAY Scope of the Tables.—The data given in the following tables are based solely upon the best available direct calorimetrie determinations and do not take into account the values, sometimes more reliable, which can be computed by indirect methods. For such values the reader should consult the appropriate sections of I. C. T. as indicated in the index under, " Fusion, heat of." Calorimetrie Methods. A.—m grams of the pure substance which has been in the crystalline state for a long period of time (hereafter referred to as the "stable" crystalline form) is taken at a temperature slightly below its fusion point tp and is introduced into a calorimeter, the temperature of which is slightly above tp. The final state of the substance is liquid. The total effect produced is composed of (a) the heat absorbed by the solid up to tp, (b) the heat absorbed by the liquid between tp and the final temperature, and (c) the heat of fusion. Knowing the two specific heats, the heat of fusion, Lp, at the M. P., is obtained by difference. B.—As in Method A, but in the reverse order, the liquid substance slightly above its fusion point is introduced into the calorim-

eter, where it crystallizes. This experiment gives directly the heat of solidification, L0, rather than the heat of fusion, Lp. The heat of solidification is sometimes less than the heat of fusion, because at the moment of solidification the substance does not always liberate its entire heat of fusion. The determination of LF is therefore preferable. C.—Two samples of the pure substance are employed, one in the "stable" crystalline form, the other in the form of the supercooled liquid, and both at the same temperature, which is substantially that of the calorimeter. In two separate experiments the substance is brought to the same final state which may be anything, but is the same for the two samples. The difference between the two values found gives directly the heat of fusion. In this case there is no difference between Lp and LD if the crystalline sample employed is in the "stable" form. In most cases the final state in such an experiment is a solution in the calorimetrie liquid, but obviously it might be any state. The value finally obtained by Method C is the heat of fusion at the temperature of

the calorimeter and is identical with the heat of fusion at the melting point only in case the calorimeter is operated in the neighborhood of this temperature. D.—The super-cooled substance is maintained in the calorimeter until temperature equilibrium is secured, and crystallization is then produced by seeding. This method gives LD. E.—In this method (Wigand) the "stable" crystalline substance is melted in the calorimeter by means of a measured amount of electrical energy. This method gives Lp directly, but requires a calorimetrie liquid with a melting point lower than tp. F.—The method of thermo-analysis (W. Plato) gives reliable results in cases where LF is known for an analogous substance having approximately the same melting point. The method is a relative one. G.—In the method of L. Meyer, a Bunsen calorimeter is employed, the calorimetrie liquid being the pure substance at its melting point. The determination consists in measuring the variation in volume, AF, which accompanies the fusion of l g of the "substance. In a second experiment, a known quantity of heat Q is introduced into the calorimeter electrically and the accompanying volume change AF' is measured. AF'/AF* gives the mass m of the substance melted. The heat of fusion is then

Ö -- -A 0 F- A m ' A K7The temperature tp being constant, a knowledge of the specific heats is unnecessary. H.—Special methods, for which see the literature cited. /.—Method not given by the author. Conversion Factors.—l Kilojoule per g = 238.9 calis g"1 = 430.1 BTU60 Ib.-1 = 9.869 1-atm. g"1 = 2.778 X 10~4 kw hr g-1. For other factors, v. Vol. I, p. 24. NON-METALLIC ELEMENTABY SUBSTANCES* „ , Formula A O H Cl Br S

Te N P

*/r 1 M. TP.. 0~ '

T I per Joule

Kilojoule ,, ,, , per Method g-atom -190 28.1 Ï 7 Ï 2 ~ A -219 13.8 0.221 A 63 ± 6 0.063 E 58.6 + 0.3 0.0591 A -103.5 96.1 3.40s A, E - 7 . 3 2 6 7 . 7 + 0 . 7 5.41o A 115 39.21s 1.257 B 118.95 43.6 ± 1.2 1.40 E 119 55.2 1.77 B 37.05 1.188 E 446 -210 25.5 0.36 A 44.2 21.07 0.6538 B

T., Lit.

(Î8) (* 8 ) (42) (70) (17, is.s) (62) (54) (84) (40) (74) ( 90 ) (I«) (54)

* For heats of fusion of metallic elementary substances, v. Vol. II, p. 458.

A-TABLE.—CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS (STANDARD ARRANGEMENT) (v. Vol. Ill, p. viii) p

M

Formula H2O H2O2 HBr HCl HC1.2H2O HI ICl(a) IClOS) SOa H2SO4

"

''

Joule per g

Kilojoule per gformula-wt.

"g tfjj §

O 333.6±0.336.0099 E -1.7 310 + 1.25 10.5 + 0.04 A -86 32.1 2.60 E -86.8 29.7 2.41 E -114 58 2.11 E -114 54.6 1.99 E -18.5 144.6s 10.48s C -53 23.76 3.04 E 27.2 68.75±1.0 11.16 + 0.16 A 15.2 + 1.3 58.6 +0.65 9.52 + 0.1 C, A -30 99.4 7.96 C 10.352 100.6±0.7 9.865 + 0.07 A

Lit. (I4.i) (47) (is.S) (87) ( 18 - 5 ) (86) (8) (18.5) (73) (6, 73) ( 30 ) (57)

20-T AB LE.—(Continued) p ''

Joule per g

Kilo joule per gformula-wt.

'g -5 j|

Lit.

10.49 8.56*

95To 108.7s 163.6±3.0

9.36 10.665 19±0.35

A A A

(43) (U) ("» 46,

M

Formula

"

H2SO4.- (C ont'd) H2SO4-H20

57)

H2S2O7 NO N2O4 N 2 O 5 .. NH3 HNO 3 H 3 PO 2 ..., POCi3 AsBr3 SbCl3 SbBr3 Sb2S3 CO CO2 SiCl4 TiCl4 SnCl4 SnBr4 PbCl2 PbBr2 PbI2 TlCl TlBr TlOC2H5 Zn(NO 3 ) 2 .6H 2 0 Cd(NO 3 ) 2 .4H 2 0 HgBr2 HgI2 Cu(NO 3 ) 2 .6H 2 O AgCl AgBr AgNO 3 c/.(89) OsO4 Mn(NO 3 ) 2 .6H 2 O Co(NO 3 ) 2 .6H 2 O Ni(N0 3 ) 2 .6H 2 0 MgCl2.6H20 Mg(NO 3 ) 2 .6H 2 0 CaCl2 CaCl2.6H20 Ca(NO 3 ) 2 .4H 2 0 SrCl 2 ... BaCl2 LiNO3 Li2SiO3 Li2SiO3Xi20 NaOH NaF NaCl NaClO3 Na2SO4-IOHuO Na2S2O3.5H20 NaNO 3 Na2HPO4.12H20 Na2CrO4.10H2O KOH KF KCl KNO 3 K2Cr2O7 RbOH RbCl CsOH * +0.06.

:

35 75.0 + 4 1.35 D 0-S) -163 77 2.32 E ( 1 S-S) -10.14 135 to 155.5 12.4 to 14.35 A ( 61 ) 29.5? 320.9s? 34.665? I (3) -75 452.5 7.7 A (49) 35i 5.9s E (18.5) -77.6 -47 39.9s 2.51s C (3) 17.4 146.5 9.68 C (78) 2 83 12.7 A (81) 31 37.4 11.75 B (79) 73.2 55.6s 12.69 B (79) 94 40.8s 14.77 B (79) 540 73.5 24.9 B (35,41) -206 33.5 0.094 A («) -56.2 189.6 8.35 A (47.5) For other C-compounds, v. (T-Table 70.3 45.42 7.7s E (44) -25 49.27 9.348 E (44) -33 35.16 + 0.8 9.160 E (44) 25.5 26.2±0.1 11.5 B, C ( 5 » 79) 485 87.5±1.8 24.3 B (16) F C58) 498 77.5 21.5 B ( 31 ) 490 51.65±1.5 18.96 + 0.55 B (16) 488 41.5 15.2 B (31) 375 48.1 + 1.2 22.2 + 0.55 B (16) 427 69.5 16.7 B (31) 460 53 15.1 B (31) 4.4 1.1 C (26-5) 36.4 130 38.6 B (63) 59.5 106 32.7 B (63) 235 53.6 19.32 B (34) 250 41 18.6 H (33) 24.4 123 36.4 B (63) 451 128.5 18.4 B (64) 455 89 12.8 B (31) 430 52.5 9.9 B (31) 208 74.25±0.75 12.6 + 0.1 H (33) 218 63.5 10.8 B (31) 40.1 56.6 + 1 14.4 + 0.2 G ( 8 LS) 25.8 120.5 34.6 B (63) 126.5 36.8 B (63) 56.7 152.5 44.3 B (63) 116.7 172.5 35.1 B (63) 90 160 41 B (63) 773.9 227.15 + 1.35 25.21+0.14 F (58,67) 29 + 0.5 170.5 37.3 B (55) 42.1+0.1 142.2±2.2 33.6±0.5 A (57) I ( 76 ) 872.3 106.5 + 0.5 16.85±0.05 F (58) 958.9 115 24 F (58) 250 370.5 25.5s B (31) 335.5 30.2 F (68) 260 31.1 F (68) 6.7 F (37) 318.4 167.5 992.2 779 32.71 F (ss.i) 804.3 517 30.2 F (58) 255 205.0 + 2.5 21.825 + 0.27 B (23,31) 31 214.5 69 B ( 12 ) 31.5 239 77.0 B (45) 200.0 + 0.5 49.65 + 0.15 B (45) 333 189.5 16.1 B (31) 36.1 279.5 100.1 B (55) 23 to 30 164.0 to 150.8 56.12 to 51.59 C ( 5 ) 360.4 119.5 6.72 F (37) 859.9 452 26.3 F (58.1) 772.3 310 + 50 23.1 + 3.7 F (58) 308 106.5 10.8 B ( 3 I) 397 124.5 36.7 B (31) 301 66 6.7s F (37) 159 19.2 F (58) 272.3 45 6.7 F ( 3 7) ~~~

(T-TABLE

The (T-Arrangement (v. Vol. Ill, p. viii) Formula

Name

CCl4 CH2N2 CH2O2 CH4 CH4O

Carbon tetrachloride Cyanamide Formic acid Methane Methyl alcohol

C2HCl3O2 C2H2Cl2O2 C2H3Br3O2 C2H3ClO2 C2H3Cl3O2 C2H4Br2 C2H4O2

Trichloroacetic acid Dichloroacetic acid Bromal hydrate Chloroacetic acid (a) Chloroacetic acid (0) Chloral hydrate Ethylene dibromide Acetic acid

C2H6O C2H6O2

Ethyl alcohol Glycol

C8H4O2 C3H5N3O9

Acrylic acid Trinitroglycerol Stable form Metastable form Acetone

CsH6O C8H7NO2 C8H8O C8H8O3 C4H4N2 C4H4O3 C4H6O2

C6H4Br2O C6H4Br3N C6H4ClNO2

Urethane Isopropyl alcohol Glycerol Succinonitrile Succinic anhydride Crotonic acid(a) Crotonic acid(a) Crotonic aeid(Cjs) Methyl oxalate Chloral alcoholate Thiosinamine n-Butyric acid. n-Butyl alcohol fertf.-Butyl alcohol tert.-Butyl alcohol Levulinic acid Glutaric acid tert.-Amyl alcohol 2, 4, 6-Tribromophenol o-Bromochlorobenzene m-Bromochlorobenzene p-Bromochlorobenzene o-Bromoiodobenzene m-Bromoiodobenzene p-Bromoiodobenzene o-Dibromobenzene rrc-Dibromobenzene p-Dibromobenzene 2, 4-Dibromophenol 2, 4, 6-Tribromoaniline m-Chloronitrobenzene

C6H4Cl2

p-Chloronitrobenzene Q-Dichlorobenzene

C4H6O4 C4H7Cl3O2 C4H8N2S C4H8O2 C4H ioO CsH8Os CoH8O4 C5Hi2O C6H3Br3O C6H4BrCl C6H4BrI C6H4Br2

* Also C ( 25 > 80; and G ( 50 ). t Heat of crys. at 0°. $ Also J ( 51 ).

M. P., 0C

Joule per g

^ 2 4 1 7 . 4 ± 0.25 42.9 208.5 ± 3 8.0 ± 0 . 6 246.5 ± 1.9 -182.6 60.8 -97 68.6 -97.8 92.2 59.1 36 10.8 59.5 46 70.7s 61.2 130 56 147 138.9 9.55 56.62 16.58 ± 0.04 187.1 ± 6 . 7 16.7 181 -114.4 104.2+3.7 -11.5 181.1 -12.3 174 13 155 12.3 96.3s 21.8f 13 138.9f -95.5 98 -94.6 82 48.7 171 -88.5 88 18 198.8 54.5 49 119 204 67.4 106.0 71.4 152.4 ± 4 71.23 146.15 49.5 178.5 9 100.6 77 140 -5.7 126 89.2 125.3+0.2 25.45 87.8 25.4 91.6 33 79.4 99.3 156.5 52.5 93 56 -12.6 64.5 -21.2 64 64.6 98 21 51 -9.3 43 90.1 69.5 18 53.5 56 -6.9 86 + 1 86 + 1 12 58.5 122 70.5 43.8 123 44.16 131.9 82 89.5 -17.5 88

Kilojoule per gformula-wt. 2^68 11.27 11.34 0.974 2.20 2.95 5.9 7.6s 21.1s 12.3 13.8 22.97 10.637 11.23 10.9 4.80 11.24 10.8 11.2 21.88 4.95f 31.5f 5.69 4.76 15.2 5.34 18.3 3.92 20.4 9.11 13.1 12.57s 21.05 19.45s 16.2s 11.1 9.280 6.50s 6.78 9.21s 20.65 4.6s 18.5s 12.3s 12.2s 18.7s 14.4s 12.2 19.6s 12.6 13.2 20.3 14.7s 23.2s 19.4 20.775 14.1 12.9

Method

Lit.

IE B A1B E A E B B B B B C B B* E A, E A E 7 B D D E B B E B / 7 B B B B C B E E C E C B 7 B 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 BI C B B B B 7

(44) (60) (32,56) (18.5) (4») (53.5) (57) (57) (10) (57) (57) (4) (14) (46,56) (53.7) (29,53.5) (24) (53.5) (66) (52) (38) (38) (53.7) (48) (19) (53.7) (28) (76) (76) (io) (46.5) (9-1) (io) (7) (89) (53.6) (53.5) (25) (53.6) (8) (36) (76) (89) (51) (51) (Si) (51) (51) (51) (51) (51) (9, 10) (83) (64) (10) (9) (10) (51)

Formula

Name

C6H4Cl2

w-Dichlorobenzene p-Dichlorobenzene

C6H4I^

C6H4O2 C6H5BrO C6HsNO2 C6H5NO3

o-Diiodobenzene m-Diiodobenzene p-Diiodobenzene o-Dinitrobenzene w-Dinitrobenzene p-Dinitrobenzene Quinone p-Bromophenol Nitrobenzene o-Nitrophenol

C6H6

Benzène

C6H4N2O4

Kilojoule per gformula-wt. Ï 2 U 18.25

M. P., 0C

Joule per g

-24.4 52.7+0.2

86 124.2+0.8

23.4 34.2 129 116.93 90.08 173.5 112.85+0.5 64 5.72 ±0.10 42.8 44.51 5.42+0.02

42.5 48.35 67.8 135.0 ± 4 103.4 + 4 167.4 ± 4 171.0+4 85.8 + 1.3 94.25 ± 0.25 112 129.35 127.0 ± 1.4

14.1 15.95 22.4 22.84 17.36 28.1 18.4e 14.85 11.6 15.6 17.98 9.91

5.40 69 69.3 111.8 147.5 25.37 104.3 109.65+0.5 172.3 -7.03 22.1 102 18 87 49 23.2+0.8 12.6 140.2 154.25 239.7 145.8 141.1 239.2 79 70 121.8 27.6 + 1.2

126.5 ± 4 155.5 116.7 171.5 152.6 121.5 206.8 193.4 246.0 87.7 152.0 ± 0.6 242.5 149.55 147 90 17.55+0.3 104.75 164.5 ± 4 152.4+4 206+4 167.7 + 4 115.5 ±4 221.0 ±4 93.5 + 3.5 110.5 141.9 + 4 87.3+3

9.88 19.8s 16.12 23.7o 21.10 11.4 22.7e 21.29 21.7o 8.16 16.43 34.9s 21.84 26.2 16 1.756 13.83 25.76 23.8e 32.3 28.02 19.30 36.9o 21.23 20.1 17.3 14.93

34 145 180 188.5 34 132 40.01+0.12 .". 86 95 95 77 55 34 100 74.9 76.58 77

78.5 148.5+4 159.2+4 152.6+4 110 235 167.0+2.4 88 92.5 101.5 89.8 121.5 111.5 137 106.5 125.6 134

17.1 20.38 21.83 20.9i 11.9 29 17.88 21.45 22.55 26.79 23.7 21.25 19.55 23.95 14.45 17.09 18.2

Method 7

Lit.

( S B / I / / B B B B C G1 I B B A*

Ì ) (io) (51) (51) (51) (51) (1-4) (1-4) (1-4) (46.5) (83) (50,76) (10) (») ( 9 » 14)

B B B B B E B B B A A B B F F B1C A B B B B B B I 7 B B A 7 B B B B B B

(1-4) (i O) (1-4) (1-4) (1-4) (74) (1-4) (1-4,67) (1-4) (25) (46) (S3) (53) (77) (77) (26,85) (46) (46.5) (46.5) (46.5) (46.5) (46.5) (46.5) (14.2,76) (76) (46.5) (56) (46) (76) (i-4) (1-4) (1-4) (io) (59) (2,14)

(22, 48)

C6H6ClN C6H6N2O2

p-Chloroaniline 0-Nitroaniline ra-Nitroaniline

C6H6O C6H6O2 C6H7N C6H8N2 C6H8O4 C6Hi0O4 CeHioOe C6Hi2O C6Hi2O3 CyH5ClO2 C7H5NO4 C7H5N3O6 C7H6N2O4 C7H6O2 C7H7Br C7H7I C7H7NO2 C7H8O C7H8O2 C7H9N C8H6Cl4 C8H8Br2 C8H8Cl2 C8H8O2

p-Nitroaniline Phénol o-Dihydroxybenzene m-Dihydroxybenzene p-Dihydroxybenzene Aniline Phenylhydrazine Methyl fumarate Methyl succhiate dZ-Dimethyl tartrate d-Dimethyl tartrate Cyclohexanol Paraldehyde o-Chlorobenzoic acid ra-Chlorobenzoic acid p-Chlorobenzoic acid o-Nitrobenzoic acid ra-Nitrobenzoic acid p-Nitrobenzoic acid 2, 4, 6-Trinitrotoluene 2, 4-Dinitrotoluene Benzoic acid p-Bromotoluene p-Iodotoluene o-Aminobenzoic acid m-Aminobenzoic acid p-Aminobenzoic acid p-Cresol Dimethyl-y-pyrone p-Toluidine o-Tetrachloroxylene., p-Tetrachloroxylene o-Xylene dibromide ra-Xylene dibromide 0-Xylene dichloride m-Xylene dichloride p-Xylene dichloride Phenylacetic acid

* Also 7(2i), G(SO), ^(SS)1 ^(9),

7 7 7 7 7 7 7 B B B

(13) (13) (13) (13) (13) (13) (i 3) (io) (9) (64)

Formula CgH8O2

C8H9NO2 C8Hi0 C8Hi0O2 C8Hi6O2 CgH8O2 CgH8O2 CgHi0O2 C9Hi8O2 CI0HyNO2 CioHs

M. P., 0C

Name

103.7 108.75 179.6 91.3 ± 0.1 16 22.7

o-Toluic acid m-Toiuic acid p-Toluic acid Hydroxyacetanilide p-Xylene Veratrol , n-Caprylic acid Allocinnamic acid Cinnamic acid Hydrocinnamic acid n-a-Pelargonic acid n-ß-Pelargonic acid a-Nitronaphthalene Naphthalene

Kilo joule per gformula-wt. 148.2 ± 4 2 0 . 1 s 115.5 ± 4 15.74 167 ± 4 22.7l 140.6 21.26 164.5 17.45 114.9+1.25 15.87 Joule per g

Method B B B B / B, A

Lit. (1^) (1-4) (1-4) (1-4) (1S) (46,64)

16.34 58

148.2 114.5

21.36 17

B

(27) (65)

133 48 12.35

152.8s 117.7s 128.2 163.4

22.63s 32.74 20.27 25.84

B B B B

(53) (53) (27) (27)

56 79.9 + 1.1

106.5

18.43

B

(2)

148.9+0.4

19.07

B

(1,2,46.5,

163+4 131 + 4 95.7s

23.5 18.8 15.32s

B B B

53, 57)

Ci0H8O CioH8O2 CioHgN

CioHio CioHi0O2 CioHi2O Ci0Hi4O Ci0Hi6BrO Ci0Hi5NO

Ci2H9N Ci2Hi0 Ci 2 Hi 0 N 2

1, 4-Dihydronaphthalene Methyl cinnamate Anethole Thymol Bromocamphor d-Carvoxime £-Carvoxime d Z-Carvoxime Z-a-Menthol n-Capric acid n-Undecylic acid(a) ft-Undecylic acid(#) Carbazole Diphenyl Azobenzene

Ci2Hi0N2O Ci 2 HnN Ci 2 Hi 2 N 2 Ci2Hi4O4 Ci2H24O2

Azoxybenzene Diphenylamine Hydrazobenzene Apiol n-Lauric acid

Ci3Hi0O CiSHi 2 CisHisN Ci4H8O2 Ci4Hi0 Ci 4 Hi 0 Ci4Hi0 Ci4Hi0O2 Ci4Hi2 Ci 4 Hi 2 Ci 4 Hi 4 Ci4H28O2 CiGH32O2 Ci6H34O Ci8Hi4Os Ci8H34O2 Ci8H36O2 Ci 9 Hi 6 C5THiI0O6

Benzophenone Diphenylmethane Benzylaniline Anthraquinone Anthracene Phenanthrene Tolane Benzil Dihydrophenanthrene Stilbene Dibenzyl Myristic acid Palmitic acid Cetyl alcohol Cinnamic anhydride Elaidic acid Stearic acid Triphenylmethane Tristearin

Ci0H20O Ci0H20O2 CnH 22 O 2

95 120.6 18

a-Naphthol ß-Naphthol Methyl phenylpropiolate a-Naphthylamine

47.5

93.5

13.35

B

(1O)

48.9

92.Os

13.17

B

(14)

50.1 150

107.1 ± 0.8 21.8s

B 7

(7I) (76)

34.5 + 1.5

111+1.5

21.5 48.5

108.0 + 1.3 115 174 97.5 98 103 78 + 1 162.7

71.5 71 91 42 31.2 28.25 236

71 69.1 66 68

... .

(4^-5) (4^-5) (53)

15.33 2.84 17.99

16 + 0.19 17.3 40.2 16.1 16.15 17.0 12.2 28.01

/, B

(53,76)

B B B F F F B B

(4^) (i») (2) (77) (77) (77) (1O) (27)

134.8 179.6 176

25.09 33.43 29.4s

B B /

(27) (27) (76)

109.2 ±0.6 121 117

16.84 22.1 21.2s

B B B

(82) (19) (1O)

135.6

24.69

B

(53)

34.6

90.5

17.9

B

(1O)

53.4+0.6 134 29.26 43.85 ± 0.15

105.6 ± 5.3 95.7s 108.0+0.2 183 ± 2

17.86 17.63 23.99 36.63

B 7 B B

(9>71) (76) (75) (72)

B

(27)

48.25 + 0.25

98.5 + 0.55

17.95

B

(1O, 75)

26.3 36

105.5 91.5

17.7 16.7b

Ì I

(76 (76)

282 216.55

156.9+1.2 162 ± 0.4

32.64 28.8s

B B

(39) (39)

98.2 + 1.8

101.5 ±2.5

18.1

B

(64)

60 94.94 94

120.05 92.7 73.4s

21.38 19.45 13.25

B B B

(53) (9) (53)

124 51 55 47 48

47 64 92.3 56

167

30.2

/

(76)

129.8s 198.7s 164 141.5 117.7s

23.64s 45.35 42.05 34.25 32.74

7 B B 7 B

(76) (72) (1O) (76) (53)

7 B B 7

(76) (1O) (39) (76)

218 199 74.5 + 0.8 191

61.5s 56.5 18.2 170

LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) C 1 ) Alluard, 6, 57: 438; 57. (!•«) Andrews, Lynn and Johnston, 1, 48: 1274; 26. (i-») Auerbach, 7,121: 337; 26. ( 2 ) Battelli, 24, 3: 1781; 84. Battelli and Martinetti, 22, l : 621 ; 85. ( 3 ) Berthelot, 6, 6: 145; 75. (*) Berthelot, 6, 12: 559; 77. ( 5 ) Berthelot, 84, 87: 573; 78. 6, 15: 185; 78. ( 6 ) Berthelot, 6, 21: 370; 80. (7) Berthelot, 6, 27: 389; 82. (») Berthelot, B73. (») Bogojawlenski, in B57. ( 9 * 1 ) Bogojawlenski, 185, 1905 H: 945. ( 1 O) Brimer, 25, 27: 2102; 94. (") Brönsted, 7, 68: 693; 09. ( 12 ) Cohen, 7, 14: 53; 94. ( 13 ) Colson, 34, 104: 428; 87. ( 1 ^) Demerliac, 51, 7: 591; 98. (14-1). Dickinson and Osborne, SlA, 12: 49; 15. ( 14 - 2 ) E. I. Dupont de Nemours & Co., Wilmington, Del., O. ( 1S ) Efremov, 134, 13: 765; 19. (i6) Ehrhardt, 8, 24: 215; 85. (^) Estreicher and Staniewski, 180, 191OA : 349. ( 18 ) Eucken, 88, 18: 4; 16. ( 18 - 5 ) Eucken and Karwat, 7, 112: 467; 24. ( 1 ^) Eijkmann, 7, 4: 497; 89. ( 2 0 ) Favre and Silbermann, 6, 37: 406; 53. < 21 ) Ferche, Diss., HaUe, 1890. 8, 44: 265; 91. ( 2 2 ) Fischer, 8, 28: 400; 86. ( 23 ) Foote and Levy, 11, 37: 494; 07. ( 2 4 ) de Forcrand, 34, 132: 569; 01. ( 25 ) de Forcrand, 34, 136: 945, 1034; 03. (26) de Forcrand, 34, 154: 1767; 12. (26.5) de Forcrand, 34, 182: 1191; 26. ( 2 7 ) Garner and Randall, 4, 125: 881; 24. (28) Gibson and Giauque, l, 45: 93; 23. ( 2 9 ) Gibson, Parks and Latimer,'l, 42:1542; 20. (30) Giran, 27, 13: 1049; 13. ( 3 M Goodwin and Kalmus, 2, 28: 1; 09. ( 32 ) Guillot, B59. ( 33 ) Guinchant, 34, 145: 68, 320; 07. ( 3 *) Guinchant, 34, 149: 479; 09. ( 3 S) Guinchant and Chrétien, 34,138: 1269; 04. ( 3 «) Hess, 8, 35: 410; 88. ( 3 ?) Hevesy, 7, 73: 667; 10. ( 3 «) Hubert and Fuller, I , 35: 978; 13. ( 39 ) Hildebrand, Duschak, Foster and Beebe, l, 39: 2293; 17. (40) litaka, 159, 8:99; 19. ( 41 ) Jaeger, 64V, 20: 497; 11. (*1) Jaeger and van Klooster, 93, 78: 245; 12. («) Keesom and Onnes, 168, No. 153a; 18. 64P, 20: 1000; 18. (*3) Knietsch, in Hantzsch, 7, 61: 257; 08. ( 4 4 ) Lati-

mer, l, 44: 90; 22. (45) Leenhardt and Boutaric, 34, 154: 113; 12. 27, 13 : 651; 13. (46) Louguinine and Dupont, 27, 9: 219; 11. (46.5) Lynn, Thesis, Yale, 1925. (47) Maass and Thatcher, l, 42: 2548; 20. (47.5) Maass and Barnes, 5, 111: 224; 26. (48) Maass and Waldbauer, l, 47: 1; 25. ( 4 9 ) Massol, 34, 134: 653; 02. (50) Meyer, 7, 72: 225; 10. ( 51 ) Narbutt, 9, 24: 339; 18. 25: 51; 19. (5 2 ) Nauckhoff, 92, 18: 11; 05. ( 53 ) Padoa, 22, 28 H: 239; 19. (53.5) Parks, l, 47: 338; 25. (53.6) Parks and Anderson, I1 48: 1506; 26. (53.7) Parks and Kelley, l, 47: 2089; 25. (54) Person, 6, 21: 295; 47. (55) Person, 6, 27: 250; 49. (56) Pettersson, 52, 24:129, 293; 81. (57) Pickering, 5, 49:11; 91. (58) Plato, 7, 55: 721; 06. ( 5 8.l) Plato, 7, 58: 350; 07. (59) Poma, 36, 41 II: 518; 11. (60) Pratolongo, 22, 22 H: 716; 13. (6l) Ramsay, 7, 5: 221; 90. (62) Regnault, 6, 26: 278; 49. ( 63 ) Riesenfeld and Milchsack, 93, 85: 401; 14. (64) Robertson, 4, 81: 1233; 02. (65) Roth, in Meyer, 9, 17: 976; 11. (66) Riiber and Schetelig, 7, 48: 345; 04. (67) Sackur, 7, 78: 550; 11. (68) Schwarz and Sturm, 25, 47: 1730; 14. (69) Shükarev, 7, 71: 90; 10. (70) Simon and Lange, 96, 15: 312; 23. (7l) Stillmann and Swain, 7, 29: 705; 99. (72) Stohmannand Wilsing, 52, 32: 80; 85. (7 3 ) Stortenbeker, 7, 10: 183; 92. (74) Stratton and Partington, 3, 43: 436; 22. (75) Tammann, 7, 29: 51; 99. (76) Tammann, 188, 1913: 335. 7, 85: 273; 13. (77) Tammann, 7, 87: 357; 14. (78) Thomsen, B23, U: 212. (79) Tolloczko, 165, 1901A: 1. (»0) de Visser, 70, 12: 101; 93. (81) Waiden, 93, 68: 307; 10. (8l.5) Wartenberg, 13, 440: 97; 24. (82) Washburn and Read, 197, 1: 191; 15. (83) Werner, 6, 3: 567; 84. (84) Wigand, 7, 63: 273; 08. (85) Cauquil, 34 180: 1208; 25. (86) Giauque and Wiebe, l, 50: 101; 28. (87) Giauque and Wiebe, l, 50: 2193; 28. (88) Magnus and Oppenheim, 93, 168: 305; 28. (89) Robertson, 182, 18: 139; 03. (90) Umino, 47, 28: 381; 28.

LATENT HEAT OF VAPORIZATION The values recorded in this section are based upon direct calorimetrie determinations. For values based upon vapor pressure data, see the vapor pressure sections of Vol. Ill, p. 201, 204, 207, 213, 215, 302, and for metals, v. Vol. II, p. 458; Vol. Ill, p. 204. CONVERSION FACTORS 1 joule = 0.2392 g-ca!20; = 0.2389 g-cali5; = 2.778 X 10~7 kw. hr; = 0.7376 ft. Ib.; = 9.870 X 10~3 1-atm.; = 9.482 X 10~4 BTU60. ELEMENTARY SUBSTANCES AND ATMOSPHERIC AIR* ARTHUR WHITMORE SMITH Symbol A Br H2 H2 H2 H2 H2 He I2 N2 N2 N2 N2 N2 O2 O2 O2 O2 O2 P S

*• g - C a 1 ' 6 L ' k j Per per g g-atom 377e 6728 43.7(?) 14.6(?) 108 0.455 108 0.455 109.2 0.460 110.8 0.467 112.2 0.473 6 0.100 24(?) 12.7 47.6 2.790 48.3 2.830 49.4 2.9Oo 50.5 2.960 51.6 3.02s 50.9 3.410 52.0 3.480 53.2 3.560 54.5 3.650 55.5 3.720 130 17.0

At

*> °° or p, mm -186° + 63° -252.8° 760mm 600mm 400mm 200mm -268.6° +184° -195.55° -198° -202° -206° -210° -182.9° -188° -194° -200° -205° +287°

LÛT (1°, **) (6, 19) ( 1 O) (13) O4) (17) (22) (is, 16) (i1) (i) (io) (14) (i) (2) (io) (13) (12) O- 5 )

*For metals, v. Vol. II, p. 458; Vol. Ill, p. 204.

OxYGEN-NITROGEN MIXTURES UNDER ONE ATMOSPHERE The quantity recorded below is the difference in heat content between the liquid at its boiling point and a vapor of the same composition at its initial condensation temperature. Accuracy: 0.2 % absolute, 0.1 % relative (7.5).

%O2inliq I, joule/g % O2 in Hq I, joule/g %O2inliq I, joule/g

O 5 10 15 20 25 30 119.8201.1202.4203.7204.9206.2207.4 35 40 45 50 55 60 65~ 208.5209.5210.4211.2212.0212.7213.3 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 213.7214.1214.4214.4214.1213.9213.4 LITERATURE

(For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) (i) Alt, 8, 19: 739; 06. 0«S) Awbery, 67, 39: 417; 27. (2) Barschall, 9, 17: 345; 11. (3) Baxter and Grose, 1, 37: 1061; 15. (*) Baxter, Hickey and Holmes, 1, 29: 127; 07. (5) Beckmann and Liesche, 93, 85: 31; 14. (6) Berthelot and Ogier, 6, 30: 410; 83. (?) Crommelin, 64P1 16: 477; 13. 168, No. 138c; 13. (7.5) Dana, 60, 60: 241; 25. («) Dewar, 182, 14: 241; 99. (9) Dodd, 1, 42: 1579; 20. ( 1 O) Eucken, 26, 18: 4; 16. (") Favre and Silbermann, 6, 37: 406; 53. (12) Kaye and Laby, Physical and chemical constants and some tables of mathematical functions, New York, Longmans, 1921. (13) Keesom, 168, No. I37e; 11. (14) Mathias, Crommelin and Onnes, 34, 176: 939; 23. (15) Onnes, 64P1 13: 1093; 11. 168, No. 119: 11. (16) Onnes, BS, p. 1475. (!7) Onnes and Keesom, 64P, 16: 440: 13. 168, No. 137d; 13. (*8) Pellaton, 42, 13: 426; 15. (19) van der Plaats, quoted by O 2). (20) Richards, 143, 187: 581; 19. (21) Shearer, 2, 17: 469; 03. (22) Simon and Lange, 96, 15: 312; 23.

CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS FAERINGTON DANIELS AND J. HOWAED MATHEWS lv = latent heat of vaporization, joules per gram, at t, 0C to produce saturated vapor at t°, the liquid being under its own vapor pressure during evaporation. The values marked with an asterisk (*) were obtained by measuring the heat of condensation. All other values were obtained by measuring the input of electrical energy necessary to evaporate a given weight of liquid. The results by condensation methods (*) are usually too low on account of premature condensation and are unreliable also, because the specific heat of the liquid is usually not accurately known. Most of the results published before 1900 may be too low by 10 joules or more. For the substances marked with a dagger (f) the value given is taken from the detailed tables of the next section, p. 138.

Parentheses ( ) around the temperature indicate that the temperature was not recorded in the original communication and that the normal boiling point has been taken. The corresponding value of Tr ou ton's ratio is also enclosed in parentheses. lv = chaleur latente de vaporisation, joules par g à t, 0C nécessaires pour produire la vapeur saturée à 2°, le liquide étant sous sa propre tension de vapeur pendant T evaporation. Les valeurs marquées d'un astérisque (*) ont été obtenues en mesurant la chaleur de condensation. Toutes les autres valeurs ont été obtenues en mesurant l'apport d'énergie électrique, nécessaire pour évaporer un poids donné de liquide. Les résultats obtenus par les méthodes de condensation (*) sont ordinairement trop faibles par le fait d'une condensation prématurée et sont aussi moins digne de confiance par le fait que la chaleur spécifique du liquide n'est généralement pas connue d'une façon précise. La plupart des résultats publiés avant 1900 peuvent être trop faibles de 10 joules et plus. Pour les substances marquées d'une croix (f), la valeur donnée est extraite des tables détaillées de la section suivante, p. 138. La température marquée entre parenthèses ( ) indique que la température n'a pas été mentionnée dans le mémoire original et que le point d'ébullition normal a été choisi. La valeur correspondante du rapport de Trouton est aussi mise entre parenthèses. lv = latente Wärme der Verdampfung, in Joule pro Gramm bei t, 0C für die Erzeugung von gesättigten Dampf bei 2°. Während der Verdampfung befindet sich die Flüssigkeit unter ihrem eigenen Dampfdruck. Die mit einem Stern (*) bezeichneten Werte sind durch Messung der Kondensations-Wärme erhalten worden. Alle anderen Werte sind durch Messung der angewandten elektrischen Energie erhalten, die notwendig ist, eine gegebene Gewichtsmenge Flüssigkeit zu verdampfen. Die nach der Kondensationsmethode (*) erhaltenen Werte sind gewöhnlich zu niedrig, einmal wegen der vorzeitigen Kondensation, dann aber auch deshalb, weil die spezifische Wärme der Flüssigkeit gewöhnlich nicht genau bekannt ist. Viele der Werte die vor dem Jahre 1900 publiziert worden sind, dürften deshalb um etwa 10 oder mehr Joule zu niedrig sein. Für die mit einem Schwert (f) bezeichneten Stoffe ist der angegebene Wert einer besonderen Tabelle des folgenden Abschnittes, S. 138, entnommen. Die in Klammer ( ) gesetzten Temperaturen bedeuten, dass diese nicht in der Originalmitteilung angegeben ist und der normale Siedepunkt genommen ist. Der entsprechende Trouton'sche Quotient ist ebenfalls in Klammer gesetzt. Iv = calore latente di vaporizzazione, joules per g necessari a tj C per produrre vapore saturo a t°, supponendo il liquido durante l'evaporazione sotto la sua tensione di vapore. I valori segnati con un asterisco (*) sono stati ottenuti misurando il calore di condensazione. Tutti gli altri sono stati ricavati dal consumo di energia elettrica necessaria ad evaporare un dato peso di liquido. I risultati ottenuti con il metodo di condensazione (*) sono per lo più troppo bassi a causa di una condensazione prematura e sono incerti anche perché il calore specifico dei liquidi in genere, non è esattamente conosciuto. La massima parte dei risultati pubblicati prima del 1900, possono essere più bassi .di 10 joules o anche più. Per le sostanze segnate con (f) il valore dato è preso dalle tabelle riportate nella sezione seguente a p. 138. Le temperature chiuse tra parentesi ( ) significano che non trovandosi indicata la temperatura nella memoria originale si è preso il punto di ebollizione normale. Il valore corrispondente del rapporto di Trouton è anche chiuso tra parentesi. 0

rr

.

,

Lv

..

Mlv

Trouton s ratio, -^ = ^ 1 .

t

!&-TABLE .*op Trouton's .'J0ule ,' ratio, Lit. L.IT per gram H 2 Of ÏÔO 2258 109.0 v. p. 138 HF 17 15io 104 (33)* HCl - 84.3 413.1 79.8 (23) - 85.0 443.1 85.8 (28-5) HBr - 69.9 203.6 81.2 (23) - 66.72 217.7 85.3 («) HI - 37.2 142.0 77.1 (23) SO2f : - 10.08 397 96.7 v. p. 138 SO3 53 496 122.1 (29)* H2S -61.4 552.2 88.9 (23) H2SO4 326 51i 83.7 (65)* S2Cl2 138 207 67.6 (62)* 138 267 87.7 (33.5) SOC1? 82 228 76.4 (62)* SO2Cl2 69.1 206.9 81.6 (74)* S2O5Cl2 140 256 133.3 ( 63 )* ClSO3H 151 461 126.7 (63)* NH 3 f -33.4 1369 98.1 ». p. 138 HNO3 86.0 48i 84.4 (6)* N 2 Of v. p. 138 N2O4 18 39i 123.6 (U)* NH4Cl (solid) 350 33o (53)* PCl3 78 215 84.2 (i)* Si(OCHs)4 121 194 75.0 (40) Si(OC2Hs)4 .. 156 141 42.5 (61)* CO (-192) 211.1 (73.0) (24) CO21 . v.p. 138 SiCl4 57 151 77.7 (*o) SnCl4 112 12? 85.9 (i)* BCl3 10 16o 66.3 («)* C-TABLE—(T-Arrangement (v. Voi. Ili, p. viii) Formula

t, 0C

Formula | Name CClN Cyanogen chloride CCl41 Carbon tetrachloride CSat Carbon disulfide CHCl31 Chloroform CHN Hydrocyanic acid CH2Cl2 Méthylène chloride CH2O2 Formic acid CH3Cl Methyl chloride

CH3I CH3NO2 CH4 CH 4 Of C2Cl4 C2N2 C2HCl3 C2HCl3O C2H2Cl2O2 C2H2Cl4 C2H3ClO C2H3Cl3O2 C2H3N C2H4Br2 C2H4Cl2

Methyl iodide Nitromethane Methane Methyl alcohol Tetrachloroethylene Cyanogen Trichloroethylene Chloral Dichloroacetic acid 1, 1, 2, 2-Tetrachloroethane Acetyl chloride Chloral hydrate Acetonitrile Ethylene bromide Ethylene chloride

C2H4Cl2

Ethylidene chloride

C2H4O C2H4O C2H4O2f C2H4Oa

Acetaldehyde Ethylene oxide Acetic acid... Methyl formate

1 f, 0C | lv at t° \ 13 56s 76.75 194.3 46.25 352 61.5 247 20 880 40.5 329 101 502 - 23.8 428 + 15.0 402 20.0 399 25.0 396 (42) 192 99.9 565 -159 578 64.7 1100 120.7 209.5 O 43i 85.7 239.6 226 194.4 323 145.0 (51) 96 80 130.8 0.0 82.3 0.0 (60) (21) 13 118.3 31.3

230.5 33o 552 727 193.5 357 323.7 321 28i 57o 58o 405 470.3

Lv/T \ Lit. 121.4 »)* 85.4 ». p. 138 83.8 v. p. 138 87.9 v. p. 138 81.1 (9)* 89.1 (57) 61.8 (* 5 ) 75.1 ( 72 ) (79.5) (79.5) (79.5) (86.5) ( 54 ) 92.5 (57) 81.0 (« 7 ) 104.3 v. p. 138 88.2 ( 57 ) 82.1 O 9 )* 87.8 (57) (7)* 89.1 (*7)* 92.6 (57) (79.9) (U)* 274.4 (7)* 84.5 (38)* 90.0 ( 57 ) (36)* 90.1 ( 57 ) (36)* (83.5) (13)* (85.3) («)* 89.3 (i°)* 62.1 v. p. 138 92.8 ( 57 )

C-TABLE.—(Continued)

(T-TABLE.—(Continued) Formula | Name C2H6Br Ethyl bromide C2H6Cl Ethyl chloride

C2H6ClO C2H5I C2He

2-Chloroethyl alcohol.... Ethyl iodide Ethane

C 2 H 6 Of C2HeO2 C2H7N C3H6N C 3 H 6 Of C3H6O C3H6O2 C3HeO2

Ethyl alcohol Glycol Ethylamine Propionitrile Acetone AUyI alcohol Ethyl formate Methyl acetate

C3H6O2 C3H6O3 C3H8

Propionic acid Dimethyl carbonate Propane

C3H8Of C3HsOt C3HsO2 C4H4O C4H6O3 C4H7ClO2 C4H7N C4HsO C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4HsO2 C4HsO2 C4H8O2 C4H9I C4H9NO C 4 Hw

n-Propyl alcohol.. . Isopropyl alcohol Methylal Furane Acetic anhydride /3-Chloroethyl acetate.... n-Butyronitrile Methyl ethyl ketone n-Butyric acid Isobutyric acid Ethyl acetate Methyl propionate n-Propyl formate n-Butyl iodide Methyl ethyl ketoxime... Butane

C 4 Hw

Isobutane

C4HwO C 4 HwO C4HwO C4HwO C 4 Hi 0 Ot C 4 HuN C5H4O2 C5H6N C6H9N C5Hi0 CoHioO C6Hi0O C6Hi0O2 C6HwO2 C6Hi0O2 CsHi0O2 C5Hi0O2 C5HwO2 C5Hi0O2 C6Hi0O2 C6Hi0O3 C5HuBr C 6 HuI C 6 HnN C 5 Hi 2 C6Hi2O C5Hi2O

n-Butyl alcohol Isobutyl alcohol sec.-Butyl alcohol «erf.-Butyl alcohol Ethyl ether Diethylamine Furfural Pyridine n-Valeronitrile Amylene Diethyl ketone Methyl isopropyl ketone. n-Butyl formate Isobutyl formate Ethyl propionate Methyl n-butyrate Methyl isobutyrate n-Propyl acetate n-Valeric acid Isovaleric acid Diethyl carbonate n-Amyl bromide n-Amyl iodide Piperidine Isopentane n-Amyl alcohol Isoamyl alcohol

t, 0C \ lv at t° \ L„/T 38.4 250.8 87.8 4.7 389 90.3 15.0 387 86.6 20.0 386 25.0 385 126.5 514.6 103.7 71.2 190.9 86.5 O 314 - 10 341 - 20 364 - 30 386 - 40 408 - 90 !Oso 177.3 78.3 855 112.0 197 800 105.6 (15) 61i (95.5) 97 562 83.6 56.1 521 91.9 (96) 684 (107.5) 53.3 406.8 92.3 0.0 477 56.3 410.6 92.3 139.3 413.6 74.3 90 369 91.5 20 349 + 10 362 O 375 - 10 387 - 20 399 - 30 410 97.2 688 111.6 82.3 667 118.4 42 37e 90.8 31 399 89.3 137 27? 68.9 141.5 338 99.9 117.4 481 85.1 78.2 443.4 91.0 163.5 477 96.2 154 467 96.3 0.0 427 79.0 366.5 91.7 80.0 368.9 92.0 129.5 192.1 87.8 182 485 92.8 20 366 10 376 O 383 81.4 20 333 -f 10 345 O 356 - 10 366 80.8 116.8 591.3 112.4 106.9 578 112.7 98.1 562.5 112.3 83 546 113.6 34.6 351 84.5 58 381 84.1 160.5 450 99.6 114.1 449.4 91.8 129 403 83.3 12.5 3U 77.1 101 380 87.5 92 376 88.7 105.1 363.1 98.0 97.0 328.6 90.7 97.6 335.2 92.3 102.6 334 90.8 91.1 327.0 91.7 100.4 336.0 91.9 184.6 432 96.4 176.3 423 96.1 126 306 90.6 129 202 (75.9) 155 199 (92.1) 106 374 84.0 13 371 93.5 131 503 109.7 130.2 501.4 109.3

|

|

Lit. (76) (37) (79.5) (79-5) (79-5) (57) (57) ( 19 « s ) (19«5) (19«5) (19«5) (19-5) (67) v. p. 138 («)* (28)* ( 47 )* v. p. 138 (««)* (57) (3 6)* (57) (57) ( 46 )* (i 9 « 5 ) O9-5) (19-5) (19-5) (19.5) ( 19 -5) v. p. 138 v. p. 138 (12)* (57.2) (4)* (57) ( 49 )* (57) (i 5) (i 5) ( 36 )* (57) (57) (57) ( 49 )* (l 9-5) (i 9 -5) O9-5) O9-5) ( 19 -5) ( 19 - 5 ) (i 9 -5) (57) (57) (57) (15) v. p. 138 ( 59 )* (57) (57) (3»)* ( 5 )* ( 46 )* ( 46 )* (57) (57) (57) (15) (57) (57) (15) O5) (47)* (9)* (9)* ( 4 7)* (78) ( 68 )* ( 5 7)

t,0C | lv at t° \ LJT \ Lit. " 102 443 104.1 (16) 60.0 346 91.5 (60) 95 413 97.8 (3«)* 155.9 241.1 88.2 (57) 130.6 324.8 90.5 (57) 210 331 84.3 (*9)* 80.2 394.8 87.2 v. p. 138 183 434 88.6 (2-5) 129 380 88.0 (39)* 81.6 371.2 85.9 (57) 128 359 87.8 (46)* 185 283 90.3 (**)* 142.0 313 89.4 ( 6 O) 156 369 83.5 ( 47 )* 80.0 358.3 85.4 (57) O 388.3 (36)* 161.1 453 104.5 ( 60 ) 127 345 86.3 ( 46 )* 124.0 309 90.4 O5) 118.9 312.6 92.6 (57) 109.2 301.6 91.6 (57) 123 308 90.3 (i fi ) 115.5 308.7 92.3 ( 57 ) 116 29s 87.4 (6»)* 116 303 90.4 (15) 120.6 306.2 90.3 (57) O 373 (36)* 66.9 342.1 86.7 (75) 68 332 83.8 (52)* Ethyl isobutyl ether 79.0 313 90.8 ( 6 <>) Acetal 102.9 277 87.0 (46)* Di-n-propylamine 108 317 84.2 (39)* Benzonitrile 189 367 81.9 ( 3 «)* Benzaldehyde ... 179 362 84.9 (*«)* Salicylaldehyde 196 313 81.5 (5O)* o-Chlorotoluene 158.1 304 89.2 (57) p-Chlorotoluene 160.4 306.1 89.4 ( 57 ) Toluene 109.6 362.2 87.2 (57) Phenyl methyl ether 153 341 86.5 ( 49 )* Benzyl alcohol 204.3 470 106.4 (57) m-Cresol 202 421 95.8 ( 4 7)* Methylaniline 194 400 91.7 ( 49 )* o-Toluidine 198 398 90.5 ( 49 )* 198 382 86.8 ( 45 )* Dimethylcyclopentane... 91 339 91.4 (52)* Methylcyclohexane 99.9 321.9 84.7 (57) Dipropylketone 143.5 317 86.9 ( 4 6)* Methyl n-amyl ketone... 149.2 346 93.6 ( 57 -2) n-Butyl propionate 144.9 300.3 82.0 (57) Isobutyl propionate 137 27e 76.8 (69)* Ethyl n-valerate 98 32s 99.3 (69)* Ethyl isovalerate 144 284 77.7 O5) Isoamyl acetate 143.6 289 79.2 (i 5 ) n-Propyl n-butyrate 143.6 286 78.3 O5) n-Propyl isobutyrate 134 267 74.9 (69)* n-Heptane 97.5 319.4 86.3 ( 57 ) n-Heptyl alcohol 176 439 113.5 0s) Acetophenone 203.7 323 81.4 ( 4 7)* Ethylbenzene 135.2 339.6 88.3 ( 5 ?) o-Xylene 141.4 346.9 88.8 (57) w-Xylene 138.5 342.6 88.3 (57) p-Xylene 137.1 339.1 87.7 (57) Dimethylaniline 193 338 87.8 (^)* Dimethylcyclohexane.... 118.5 300 85.9 (52)* Methyl hexyl ketone 173 310 89.1 ( 48 )* Isoamyl propionate 161 273 90.7 0s) Isobutyl n-butyrate 157 270 90.5 O5) Isobutyl isobutyrate 148 265 90.7 O5) n-Propyl isovalerate! 156 270 90.7 O6) 4-Methylheptane 117.2 296.5 86.7 (57) n-Octane 125 297 85.2 (52)* n-Octyl alcohol 196 408 113.2 (i 5) cft-sec.-Oetyl alcohol 180 395 113.5 (i 5 ) Diisobutylamine 134 275 87.3 (38)* Ethyl benzoate (213) 270 (83.5) ( 44 )* Mesitylene 165 311 85.3 (16) n-Propylbenzene 157 3Oi 84.1 (69)* Pseudocumene (169) 308 (83.8) ( 4S )* Isoamyl n-butyrate 169 259 92.7 ( 1S )

Formula | Name | C5Hi2O tert.-Amyl alcohol C6Hi2O Ethyl propyl ether C6Hi3N n-Amylamine C6H6Br Bromobenzene C6H6Cl Chlorobenzene CeH6NO2 Nitrobenzene CeHet Benzene CeH7N Aniline C6H7N a-Picoline CeHio Cyclohexene CeHioO Mesityl oxide C6HwO4 Diethyl oxalate CeHnCl Cyclohexyl chloride C 6 HuN Capronitrile C6Hi2 Cyclohexane CeHi2 Hexylene CeHi2O Cyclohexanol CeHi2O Methyl n-butyl ketone... CeHi2O2 n-Butyl acetate CeHi2O2 Ethyl n-butyrate CeHi2O2 Ethyl isobutyrate CeHi2O2 Isoamyl formate. ... CeHi2O2 Isobutyl acetate CeHi2O2 Methyl n-valerate CeHi2O2 Methyl isovalerate CeHi2O2 n-Propyl propionate C6Hi4 n-Hexane C6HuO CeHi4O2 CeHi 5 N C7H5N C7HeO C7HeO2 C7H7Cl C7H7Cl C7H8 C7H8O C7HsO C7HsO C7H9N C7H9N C 7 Hi 4 C 7 Hi 4 C 7 Hi 4 O C 7 HwO C 7 Hi 4 O 2 C7HuO2 C 7 HuO 2 C 7 HuO 2 C 7 HuO 2 C 7 HuO 2 C 7 HuO 2 C 7 Hi 6 C7Hi6O CsH8O CsHi0 CsHi0 CsHi0 CsHio C 8 HuN CsHi6 CsHieO CsHi6O2 C8Hi6O2 CsHi6O2 CsHi6O2 CsHis CsHi8 CsHi8O CsHO CsHi9N C9Hi0O2 C9Hi2 C 9 Hi 2 C9Hi2 C9Hi8O2

C2H6O (is, 16, 46,

(T-TABLE.—(Continued) . Formula | C9HisO2 C9Hi8O2 C9Hi8O2 CioHs CwHi2O Ci0Hi4 CwHi 4 O Ci0Hi6 CioHie Ci0H20O2 Ci0H20O2 CwH 22 Ci0H22O CnH 22 Q 2

Name

t, 0C

I

Isoamyl isobutyrate Isobutyl n-valerate Isobutyl isovalerate Naphthalene p-Anethole p-Cymene Carvacrol Limonene Turpentine Ethyl caprylate Isoamyl n-valerate n-Decane n-Amyl ether Ethyl nonylate

| lv at t° \

168 169 169 218 232 176 237 165 156 207 187 160 (170) 227

LJT

24i 86.5 242 86.6 253 90.5 316.0 82.4 299 87.7 283 84.5 285 83.9 291 90.4 28? 91.1 253 90.7 23s 88.0 252 82.7 29i (104) 243 90.5

58, 80)

t)

I

°C

I 2494 2482 2471 2459 2448 2436 2425 2413 2402 2390 2379 2368 2357 2345 2333 2321 ZOZJL

NH3 (23, so, 35, 64 ) -45 1401 -40 1388 1373 ~35 -33.4 1369 +0.2% CH (15, 16, o54, 4_O — w • *< / u __ _ __ __ /\\

100

2258 ±0.1% 2244 2230

-10 1296 - 5 1280 O 1262 Continued below

t,°C -30 -20 -10 O +10 20 30 37

I 284 276 263 246 217 171 96 0.0

60 80 80.2

408.0 394.2 394.8 ±0.1% 100 379.1 120 362.8 140 345.7 160 328.5 180 310.1 200 286.6 220 259.9 240 226.4 260 183.3 114.7 280 288.5 0.0

:

s s 3 ss r*ia .s » - ™ s i 105 110 115 2215 120 2200 Continued below

CO2 (2, 3, 17, 43, si.5,57.5,58, 80 \

-78.5 SO2 (17,22,23, 57.5,58,71,80)

577* ±2% 365 349

-60 -50 -40

333

550(?) 397 ±2% 397

~30 ~ 20 ~10 °

312

O

382

* For the solid.

+10 20

367 352

Continued below C6H6 (is, 16, 32,

338

57, 58, 60, 69, 73.5,

-60 -10.08 -10

30

40 50 60 157

323 309 294 0.0

288 263 234

79) O 20 40

JJ

64 7

' ^ 100 120 -^Q 160 180 200 220

) Ethyl alcohol t, 0C I O 920 20 910 40 900 60 880 78.3 855 ±4% 80 850

100 120 140

^? ^-QQ/0 1010 950 g^Q 810 730 620 460 0.0

6Q

39Q?

WQ

40Q?

118.3

405 ±3 %

395 ° 340 0.0

tj

°C

100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260

l

±1% 683 637 593 537 484 426 355 264 139

261 0.0 C3H8O (15, 16,46, 57) 1 1 0

Tr IS '

+2% 238 0 O P T T (WiS 16 41

CCl4.-(ConVd) ^ oc

80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240

j

±0.3% 193.3 185.5 176.8 167.7 159.4 148.7 137.0 123.7 107.4

84.3 43.8 0.0

260 280 283.1

^HCi3 (.-,.T,ss, 75 79

'

)

°

271

20

263

«i ^"-r ' « »

Ethyl ether ™ß ' W O 387 '° f/ 20 366 OSQ 80 34.6 351 231 m ±2% 2fif) on 40 346 -^ ^ 60 326 CS2 (57, 58, 79) 80 303 o 374 100 282 20 366 120 257 356 40 140 228 352 46.25 160 186 ±0.3% 180 125 6o 344 190 0.0 80 331 CCl4 (54, 57, 58, I0Q 316 75, 79) 120 300 O 217.9 140 282 76.76 194.3 273 Q.O

H2O, NH 3 AND CO2 UP TO THE CRITICAL POINT OSCAR G. BEIDGEMAN H2O (34) NH 3 .-(Cont'd) CO,.*—(Cont'd) /, 0C I t,°C I t, 0C J 120 2199 O 1263 -35 308 125 2185 + 5 1245 -30 299 130 2170 10 1226 -25 290 135 2155 15 1207 -20 280 140 2139 20 1187 -15 269 145 2123 25 1167 -10 257 150 2107 30 1146 - 5 244 155 2091 35 1124 O 230 160 2074 40 1101 + 5 214 165 2057 45 1076 10 195 170 2039 50 1051 15 174 175 2021 132.5 O 20 147 180 2003 25 112 30 50 CO2* (19, 36.5, 31.1 O

1

37

m 480 360 160

C3H6O (58, 77, 79, 80) Acetone O 564 20 552 40 536 56.1 521 ±2% 60 517 80 495 100 472 235 I 0.0 C3H8O (is, 16, 58, 70) n-Propyl alcohol O 810 80 721 97. 2 688

C 2 H 4 O 2 (is, 16,25, 55,58) Acetic acid 20 365?

140 18 447 8 O 434.4 220 421.4 32I

m

-™

JJO

240

810 760 710

200 220

240

t, 0C O 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 /O

CiH8CX-(CWV*)

80

( 69 )* ( 69 )* ( 15 ) («<>) ( 5 O* 0«) (Si)* (6*)* ( 68 )* ( 15 ) ( 69 )* (46)* (26)* (* 5 )

SPECIAL TABLES ARTHUR WHITMORE SMITH I1 joule/g; normal boiling points in bold-face type H2O (i«, 21, 31, N2O (17, ss, 57.5, C6H6.-(Cont'd) 34, 42, 56, 66, 73)

55, 57, 58, 75, 79,

\ Lit.

NH 3 (23, 27.5, 34, 64,65.7,78.2) -20 1239 _15 1313 10 -IU

12Q7

1^97

57.7,65.5) -56.6 339 —55 337 _50 330 ooo 4-45 ÔZ6

-

1280

-40

5

316

* This table is based primarily upon the data of (ST.S) whiie the table given above is in agreement with the da *a of ( 5i. S) and the o]der literature.

LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) (i) Andrews, 8, 75: 501 ; 48. (2) Andrews, 1, 47: 1597; 25. (2-5) Awbery and Griffiths, 67, 36: 303; 24. (3) Behn, 8, 1: 270; 00. (*) Berthelot, 6, 9: 174; 76. ( 5 ) Berthelot, 6, 9: 289; 76. (6) Berthelot, 6, 12: 529; 77. (7) Berthelot, 6, 12: 536; 77. (8) Berthelot, 6, 15: 185; 78. (») Berthelot, 6, 18: 385; 79. (io) Berthelot, 6, 27: 374; 82. (") Berthelot and Ogier, 34, 92: 769; 81. (12) Berthelot and Ogier, 6, 23: 201; 81. (13) Berthelot and Ogier, 6, 23: 225; 81. ( 14 ) Berthelot and Ogier, 6, 30: 382; 83. ( 1S ) Brown, 4, 83: 987; 03. (16) Brown, 4, 87: 265; 05. (i7) Cailletet and Mathias, 51, 5: 549; 86. 6: 414; 87. (18) Carlton-Sutton, ö, 93: 155; 17. O 9 ) Chappuis, 6, 15: 498; 88. ( 1 ^- 5 ) Dana, Jenkins, Burdick and Tim, 382, 12: 387; 26. (20) Diaconoff, 27, 38: 172; 82. (2l) Dieterici, 8, 37: 494; 89. 16: 593; 05. (22) Estreicher, 165, 1904: 183. (23) Estreicher and Schnerr, 165, 191OA: 344. (24) Eucken, 88, 18: 4; 16. (25) Faucon, 34, 146: 470; 08. (26) Favre and Silbermann, 34, 23: 411; 46. (26.5) Fletcher and Tyrer, 4, 103: 517; 13. (27) de Forcrand, 34, 136: 1034; 03. (27.5) de Forcrand and Massol, 34, 134: 743; 02. (2&) Gautier, quoted in BS, p. 1479. (28.5) Giauque and Wiebe, l, 60: 101; 28. (29) Giran, 34, 157: 375; 13. (30) Goodenough and Mosher, 86, No. 66: 13. (31) Griffiths, 62, 186: 261; 96. (32) Griffiths and Marshall, 3, 41: 1; 96. ( 33 ) Guntz, 34, 96: 1659; 83. (33.5) Harvey and Schuette, 1, 48: 2065; 26. (3*) Henning, 8, 21: 849; 06. 29: 441; 09. 58: 759; 19. (35) Holst, 168, No. 144b, c, d; 13. (36) Jahn, 7, 11: 787; 93. (36.5) Jenkin and Pye, 62, 213A : 67; 13. (37) Jenkin and Shorthose, B67. (38) Kahlenberg, 50, 5: 215; 01. (39) Kahlenberg, 50, 5: 284; 01.

(40) Kahlenberg and Koenig, 60, 12: 290; 08. (41) Keyes and Beattie, 1, 46: 1753; 24. (42) Koref, 8, 36: 49; 11. (43) Kuenen and Robson, 3, 3: 622; 02. (44) Kurbatov, 53, 34: 766; 02. (45) Kurbatov, 53, 35: 319; 03. (46) Louguinine, 6, 13: 289, 334; 98. (47) Louguinine, 149, 9: 5; 00. (48) Louguinine, 6, 26: 228; 02. ( 49 ) Louguinine, 6, 27: 105; 02i (50) Louguinine, 42, 2: 1; 04. (51) Louguinine, 42, 3: 640; 05. (51-5) Maas» and Barnes, 5, 111: 224; 26. (52) Mabery and Goldstein, 11, 28: 66; 02. (53) Marignac, 149, 33: 169; 68. (54) Marshall, 3, 43: 27; 97. (55) Marshall and Ramsay, 3, 41: 38; 96. (56) Mathews, 50, 21: 536; 17. (57) Mathews, 1, 48: 562; 26. (57.2) Mathews and Keenan, Univ. Wisconsin, O. (57.5) Mathias, 34, 106: 1146; 88. (57.7) Mathias, Thesis, Paris, 1890. (58) MiUs, 1,31: 1099; 09. (5») Nadezdin, 53 (Phys. Sect.), 16: 222; 84. (60) Nagarnov and Rotinjanz, 7, 77: 700; 11. (61) Ogier, 6, 20: 5; 80. (62) Ogier, 34, 92: 922; 81. (63) Ogier, 34, 96: 648; 83. (64) Osborne and Van Dusen, 31 A, 14: 439; 17. (65) Person, 8, 70: 302; 47. (65.5) Regnault, Exps. Ill, 925. (65.7) Regnault, 6, 24: 423; 71. (66) Richards and Mathews, 65, 46: 511; 11. (67) Satterly and Patterson, 69,13HI: 123; 19. (68) Schall, 25, 17: 2199; 84. (69) Schiff, 13, 234: 338; 86. (70) Schlamp, 7, 14: 272; 94. (71) Schnerr, B8Ô, p. 325. (72) Shorthose, B40. (73) Smith, 2, 25: 145; 07. 33: 173; 11. (73.5) Sutcliffe, Lay and Prichard, 5, 115: 88; 27. (74) Trautz, 9, 14: 271; 08. (75) Tyrer, 4, 99: 1633; 11. (76) Tyrer, 4, 101: 81; 12. (77) Tyrer, 4, 101: 1104; 12. (78) Vogel, 7, 73: 429; 10. (78.2) von Strombeck, 143, 131: 71, 470; 91. (78.5) Wilson and Bahlke, 45, 16: 115; 24. (7») Wirtz, 8, 40: 439; 90. (79-5) Yates, 3, 2: 817; 26. (80) Young, 117, 12: 374; 10. («) Giauque and Wiebe, 1, 50: 2193; 28.

HEATS OF ADSORPTION AND OF WETTING H. R. KRUYT AND J. G. MODDERMAN CONTENTS Heat of adsorption. Abbreviations and units. Gases on charcoal. Gases on metals. Gases on SiO2 and meerschaum. Solutes from aqueous solutions. Heat of wetting.

4 2

MATIÈRES Chaleur d' adsorption. Abréviations et unités. Gaz par le charbon de bois. Gaz par les métaux. Gaz par SiO2 et l'écume de mer. Corps dissouts à partir des solutions aqueuses. Chaleur de mouillage.

HEAT OF ADSORPTION Abbreviations and Units Total amount of gas adsorbed per g of adsorbent, expressed in cm3 reduced to NTP, unless otherwise indicated. Total heat evolved by the adsorption of A, joules.

Gases on Charcoal A, cm3/g I Q1 joule P, range mm Hg | AQ/'AA Coconut C, heated to 550°, and out-gassed at 400° (d = 1.86) (**) N2, O0C 0.258 0.356 0-10.7 1.38i 2.210 2.122 10.7-91.6 0.904 91.6-178.9 0.83s 4.169 3.754 7.237 6.46s 178.9-342.2 0.88s

10.052 13.049 5.407 30.157 60.394 90.290 115.725 127.045 132.387 135.873

8.934 342.2-524.4 11.589 524.4-748.9 NH3, O0C 11.389 50.87? 96.430 140.18l 177.652 195.332 203.97l 209.63s

0-2.9 2.9-28.8 28.8-78.7 78.7-161.0 161.0-319.2 319.2-490.0 490.0-636.4 636.4-746.7

0.879 0.88? 2.1Oe 1.59s 1.50? 1.46s 1.47s 1.56s 1.61s 1.62s

INHALTSVERZEICHNIS Absorptionswärme. Abkürzungen und Einheiten. Gase in Holzkohle. Gase in Metallen. Gase in SiO2 und Meerschaum. Gelöste Stoffe, wässriger Lösungen. Benetzungswärme.

INDICE p AG u Calore di assorbimento. Abbreviazioni e unità. . . 139 Gas nel carbone di legno 139 Gas nei metalli 141 Gas nella SiO2 e nella 141 schiuma di mare Sostanze disciolte da soluzioni acquose 142 Calore di inumidimento . . . 142

A, cm3/g I Q1 joule | P, range mm Hg | AQ/AA Coconut C, heated to 550°, and out-gassed at 400° (d = 1.86) (*4) CO2, O0C 2.286 3.3Oo 0-2.2 1.44s 11.310 15.542 2.2-18.7 1.35? 22.556 29.916 18.7-55.1 1.27s 33.416 43.539 55.1-122.1 1.204 43.904 56.43e 122.1-229.3 1.23o 50.850 64.92l 229.3-337.7 1.222 (71.69s) 337.7-471.3 (1.1U) 56.937 61.639 77.34s 471.3-605.5 1.199 65.112 81.467 605.5-730.9 1.187 Active coconut C, out-gassed at 350° ( 11 J CCl4, O0C 23.56 70.6 O-« 4 2.9939.50 111.4 «4-<4 2.5& 60.94 174.6 < 4-4 2.95 78.32 215.6 4-10 2.3& CS2, O0C 23.91 58.3 0-«3 2.44^ 48.40 111.8 «3-« 3 2.1s70.02 157.5 «3-<3 2.1i 97.94 215.2 <3-3 2.0? 127.67 273.7 3-12 1.97 153.19 321.7 12-40 1.8»

Gases on Charcoal.—(Continued) __ A1 cm /g I Qj joule [ P, range mm Hg I AQ/AA Active coconut C, out-gassed at 350° (l 1) CHCl3, O0C 22.30 62.4 0-«7 2.80 45.49 123.1 «7-<7 2.62 78.36 204.4 <7-7 2.4? 107.10 274.2 7 2.4s CH3OH, O0C 21.67 56.0 0-« 13 2.59 47.42 115.7 «13-« 13 2.32 75.27 179.0 «13-<13 2.2? 103.27 240.4 < 13-13 2.193 127.40 293.3 13-18 2.192 C2H5Cl, O0C 29.10 67.2 0-«15 2.3i 42.66 96.3 « 15-« 15 2.15 67.01 145.6 «15-<15 2.02 102.81 214.3 < 15-15 1.92 124.80 255.4 15-52 1.8? C2H5Br, O0C 48.90 124.9 0-<10 2.5e 91.73 219.9 < 10-10 2.2 2 120.48 281.0 10-37 2.13 C2H5I, O0C 34.42 90.9 0-<2 2.64 67.52 173.3 <2-2 2.49 99.17 251.0 2-5 2.4e 124.72 310.2 5-39 2.32 C2H5OH, O0C 4.59 15.1s O 3.3o 8.40 26.24 2.9i 14.23 42.64 2.8i 27.83 79.9s 2.7s 46.91 129.8 2.6i HCO2C2H5, O0C 32.30 91.9 0-«10 2.8s 62.88 168.5 «10-<10 2.5o 96.73 249.8 < 10-10 2.4o 120.15 305.5 10-35 2.3s (C2H5)A O0C 18.10 56.0 0-<«10 3.1o 37.68 109.1 <«10-«10 2.7i 58.07 163.5 «10-<10 2.6? 86.77 225.1 < 10-10 2.1s 99.34 253.7 10-63 2.2s C 6 H 6 , O0C 28.37 80.2 0-<2 2.8s 54.70 150.2 <2-2 2.64 9 81.03 219.9 2-3 2.647 102.04 273.3 3-13 2.04 3

Inactive coconut C, out-gassed at 350° (ll) CCl4, O0C 24.33 68.6 0-<21 2.82 36.27 94.4 < 21-21 2.1e CH3OH, O0C 32.65 83.5 0-<2 2.5e 60.95 149.0 <2-2 2.32 88.35 211.0 2-4 2.2e 117.09 274.7 4-14 2.22 C 6 H 6 , O0C 18.48 55.9 0-<4 3.02 36.28 106.5 <4-4 2.84 47.93 138.8 4-9 2.77

A, cm3/g I Q1 joule I P, range mm Hg | AQ/AA SO2 on blood C (puriss. Merck) out-gassed at 45O0C (d = 1.63); measurements at -1O0C (16) 21.4 41.9 0-1.0 1.956 54.2 97.3 1.0-3.6 1.69i 87.4 151.3 3.6-9.2 1.62e 123.5 205.2 9.2-16.4 1.492 159.2 256.7 16.4-(31.1) 1.44s 193.8 304.0 (31.1)-45.0 1.36e 226.5 353.4 45.0-(71.8) 1.51o 256.8 398.3 (71.8)-(103.2) 1.48s 283.2 437.2 (103.2)-136.4 1.472 323.4 493.9 136.4-(246.3) 1.41i 352.1 533.3 (246.3)-397.3 1.37i 369.7 556.4 397.3-533.0 1.31s 386.4 575.2 533.0-(653.2) 1.12s 409.9 600.4 (653.2)-720.5 1.073 439.9 631.6 720.5-755.0 1.039 466.3 659.5 755.0-764.0 1.059 C from the wood of Evonymus europaeus, out-gassed at red heat ( 3 ) Air, O0C 7.44 I 3.37 I 0-705 | 0.45s CH3Cl, O0C 32.17 65.47 0-3.77 2.03s 62.16 124.5 3.77-147.81 1.96s 72.31 144.8 147.81-675.4 1.997 Active C de-ashed and out-gassed at 90O0C O2, O 0 C 0.403 5.23 0.806 8.87 2.24 12.56 5.17 15.4s 10.19 19.96 H2O, O0C*

0.921 2.710 4.56 6.42 0.31 0.74 5.52 3.70 14.92 24.75 34.45 3.80 12.04 31.06 6.92 14.04 22.21 29.9s 37.04 47.36

0.307 0.672 1.012

32.89 112.37 194.27 275.7l Cl2, O0C 1.8o 3.77 27.79 NH3, O0C 9.37 26.Ii 40.93 55.03 CO2, O0C 5.69 16.15 40.47 (C2H5)A O0C 21.93 42.39 63.1s 82.4s 94.4l 107.6 CCl3NO2, Chloropicrin, O0C* 20.84 42.4s 59.89

* A in millimoles per gram.

(8) 12.9s 9.03 2.57 1.Oo 0.89

35.7 44.4 44.3 43.8 5.8i 4.5s 5.02 2.5s 1.5i 1.5i 1.4s 1.5o 1.27 1.2s 3.17 2.87 2.54 2.5o 1.6s 1.2s

67.9 59.3 51.2

A1 cmVg I Q, joule I P, range mm Hg | AQ/AA Activated C dried at 150° and out-gassed at 100° (15) O2, O0C 4.39 3.22 0-370 0.733 6.13 370-802 0.702 8.54 CO, O0C 4.84 4.01 0-233.1 0.83 9.40 • 7.60 233.1-540.1 0.79 CH4, 0°; P corr. for N2 (10%) present 4.71 4.6i 0-63.0 0.9s 9.23 8.9s 63.0-169.2 0.9e 13.57 12.8l 169.2-320.3 0.89 17.72 16.2? 320.3-517.0 0.83 1 0 O2 on * NoIJt" out-gassed at 90O C (2) 0 C I A I Q I P, range | Q/A 15 0.216 2.59 O12.o 20Of 0.302 6.43 0-2 21.3 310 0.158 5.07 0-2.7 32.i 450 0.133 5.55 0-3.4 41.7 t Above 200° COz is formed and a correction has been applied for this heat of reaction.

H2 on Ni and Cu at room temperature. The H2 contained an unknown but negligible amount of N2 (*) A, cm3 I Q | P , range | AQ/AA On Ni reduced from NiO at 300°; results are greatly affected by previous treatment of the Ni 0.403 0.998 0-2.7 2.4s 0.865 2.086 2.7-8.7 2.3s 1.123 2.792 8.7-703.4 2.73 On Cu reduced from CuO by H2 at 145° 0.438 I 0.786 I 0-760 | 1.79s Gases on Ni at 0° and from O to 760 mm (6) H2 Out-gassed Q/A at t, 0C _ _^ 304 5.2 15.7o 3.03 240 3.7 10.9s 2.97 196 2.9 8.5e 2.9s 145 2.1 5.49 2.6i 120 1.8 4.2s 2.3s 90 1.5 3.22 2.15 O 0.54 l.le 2.1s Gas I A I Q I Q/A C2H4 0.88 1.04 1.18 C2H6 0.75 0.78 1.05 H2 and O2 on Pt-black at 0° and from O to 760 mm (*2) ; f or H2 on Pt-black carefully freed from O2, A = 0.87 cm3 and AQ/AA = 2.58; for O2 the values of Q/A vary from 6 to 18 joule/cm3. The authors consider 6.6 as the best value.

Various gases on coconut C at -1850C; A is cm3 of gas adsorbed per cm3 (0.5-1 g) of charcoal from O to ca. 760 mm ( 4 ) Gas I A I Q l Q/A A 175 104.6 0.59s He 15 8.3? 0.55s O2 230 142.3 0.619 H2 135 38.9 0.28s N2 155 106.7 0.68s CO 190 115.1 0.606 2H 2 + O2 150 71.1 0.474 Gases on SiO2 and on Meerschaum 2CO + O2 195 144.4 0.740 On meerschaum (d = 2.76) (3) Gases on various kinds of charcoal at room temperature and A I Q I P, range | AQ/AA from O to ca. 760 mm; A and Q vary with the nature of the charcoal but the ratio is approx. constant ( 5 ) SO2, 0° 24.24 46.82 0-98.9 1.932 Gas I HCl I HBr | HI | N2O 46.14 74.13 98.9-377.1 1.247 Q/A I 0.429 I 0.692 | 0.984 | 0.332 377.1-687.4 1.05s 67.75 96.99 Gases on Metals NH3, 0° 7 H2 on Ni catalysts at 0° ( ) 24.23 92.9s 0-0 3.84 A, cm3 I Q I AQ/AA 48.26 150.07 0-5 2.3s 72.29 201.Ii 5-37.1 2.12 Catalyst I. Prepared by heating NiCO3 at 300-320° for 120 29.3-214.96 1.6s 95.26 239.64 hr and out-gassing at 300°; adsorbs 0.9 cm3 H2 per g at ATP 116.74 270.22 214.96-575.6 1.42 0.0396 0.1895 4.77 CH3Cl, 0° 3.1s 0.0772 0.3086 20.96 41.07 0-34.9 1.959 0.114 0.4184 2.93 66.7s 34.9-484.9 1.38o 39.59 0.180 0.5949 2.6s 41.72 69.67 484.9-561.9 1.35s 0.260 0.7936 2.49 0.795 2.0296 2.34 On SiO2 gel dried at 300° for 2 hr and out-gassed at 250°; conCatalyst II. Reduced for 60 hr; contained 13.5% ThO2; adsorbs tained 3.5-5.5% H2O (13) 3 0.72 cm H2 per g at NTP A \ Q \ P, range | AQ/AA 0.0315 0.0804 2.5e SO2, 0° ~~ 0.0612 0.232s 5.1i 19.80 41.8s 0-4.2 2.11s 0.0918 0.4187 6.0s 32.42 64.87 4.2-11.8 1.824 0.1211 0.5832 5.57 56.43 108.0 11.8-40.1 1.79e 0.2082 1.014s 4.9s 80.71 145.6 40.1-102.5 1.549 0.2453 1.1646 4.Oi 102.5-388.8 1.562 123.1 211.8 0.332 1.358l 2.23 142.3 233.5 388.8-611.2 1.13o 2.14 0.722 2.1933 H2O on the same gel, 0°; A in millimoles CO2 on Ni catalyst at 0° (?) 1.826 113.0 0-0.3 61.8s Catalyst III. Reduced from the oxide for 260 hr at 300-320°; 6.361 349.0 0.3-0.8 52.04 contained 4% Ce2O3 12.85 657.0 0.8-2.1 47.4o 0.082 0.27i 3.29 15.35 771.7 2.1-3.4 45.8s 0.619 1.04 1.43 19.94 975.1 3.4-4.6 44.3i 0.874 1.24 0.789

From Aqueous Solutions Crystal violet on wetted blood charcoal (Merck) at room temp.; A in millimoles ( 9 ) A I Q I AQ/AA 0.31 13.42 43.3 0.42 14.03 5.5s Salts on wetted blood charcoal (Merck) at room temp.; A in millimoles (10) Salt I A I Q I Q/A On Charcoal I. Heat of wetting = 25.11 J LiNO3 0.214 5.3e 25.o NaNO3 0.270 7.1i 26.4 CsNO3 0.354 12.Os 34.i On Charcoal II. Heat of wetting = 35.15 J LiNO3 0.202 7.53 37.2 KNO 3 0.24s 10.80 43.5 CsNO3 0.336 16.49 49.0 LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) C1 ) Beebe and Taylor, 1, 46: 43; 24. ( 2 ) Blench and Garner, 4, 125: 1288; 24. (3) Chappuis, 5, 19: 21; 83. (*) Dewar, 5, 74: 122; 04. 6, 3: 5; 04. (5) Favre, 6, 1: 209; 74. (.«) Foresti, 36, 53: 487; 23. 54: 132; 24. 55:185; 25. (7) Fryling, SO, 30: 818; 26. («) Keyes and Marshall, I 1 49: 156; 27. (9) Kruyt and van der Spek, 55, 24: 145; 19. 1 C «) Lachs and Lachman, 7, 123: 303; 26. (U) Lamb and Coolidge, 1, 42: 1146; 20. O*) Mond, Ramsay and Shields, 7, 25: 657; 98. ( 13 ) Patrick and Greider, 50, 29: 1031; 25. ( 1 ^) Titov, 7, 74: 641; 10. ( 15 ) Whitehouse, 54, 45: 1ST; 26. (16) Williams, 68, 37: 161; 16.

HEAT OF WETTING Except as otherwise indicated the values given represent heat of complete wetting, Q, in joules per g of the dry material. Index.—The numbers are table numbers except those in ( ) which are literature references (v. p. 143). Liquid I Fibers | Soils Colloids | PbSO4 H20 6( 1 2 » (i» 6, 7, ïo, 11 Î8 2O 1 28,

8, 9, 10,

34)

11,15,26,

Liquid

Clays Starch, J ^ , „ ' SiO 2 and cellu,, , earths lose, etc. H2O 1,2,6, 1,3,4, 1,2,11, 1,6,8, 12 to 16 5, 6, 11, 13 9 12 CS2, Carbon disulfide 1, 2, 15 1 1, 2 1 CCl4, Carbon tetrachloride 1, 2 1, 3 1, 2 1 C2C14, Tetraehloroacetylene 15 CHCl3, Chloroform 1,2 1,7 1,2 1 Hydrocarbons CsHio, Amylene 2 C6Hi2, Pentane 1 1 1 1 C6H6, Benzene 1, 2, 15, 1, 3, 4 1, 2 1 16 C6Hi0, Cyclohexene 2 C6Hi2, Hexamethylene. . . . 2 2 C6Hi4, Hexane 1,2 1 1,2 1 C7H8, Toluene 4, 7 C10H16, Pinene 2 2 Alcohols CH3OH, Methyl 1,2,15 1 1,2 1 C2H5OH, Ethyl... 1,2,15 1,3 1,2 1 C8H7OH, Propyl 1 1 1 1 C5H11OH5AnIyI 1,2 1,7 1,2 1 C6H6CH2OH, Benzyl 1 1 11

^~

SiO2

Ethers, esters, ketones, acids C3H6O, Acetone 1,2 1 C4H8O2, Ethyl acetate 2 C4H10O, Ether 1,15 1,7 Fatty acids 1 1 Naphthenic acids N compounds C5H6N, Pyridine 4,7 C6H6NH2, Aniline 3 C6H6NO2, Nitrobenzene... 4 Miscellaneous Petroleum products 2 Vegetable oils

Clays

Starch

1,2 2 1,2 1 2

1

H 2 O.. CH3OH C2H5OH C3H7OH C5H11OH C6H5CH2OH HCOOH CH3COOH C3H7COOH CH3COCH3 CHCl3 C2H5OC2H6 C6H6 CCl4 CS2 C6H12-C6H14

52.7 46.0 45.2 42.7 42.3 38.9 50.2 38.9 32.6 33.5 37.7 24.3 24.3 7.5 7.1 5.0

64.0 64.0 61.5 56.5 56.5 56.5 60.7 56.5 56.5 56.5 33.5 35.2 33.9 33.9 15.1 13.0

1 1

2 Cu 17 17

2

TABLE 1.—POWDEKS DRIED AT 100° Experiments at 12-13° (**) T • .i ^1 Amorph. 0. , Liquid Clay ^J Starch

Sugar ^^

85.4 1 23.4 20.5 29.3 13.0 17.6 33.5-41.8 12.6-16.7 12.6-16.7 8.4 8.4 9.2 5.0 7.1 2.1 1.26

16.3 48.1 28.9 23.4 15.5 15.5 50.2± 25.1 25.1 15.1 9.6 5.0 17.6 6.3 16.7 1.67

TABLE 2 (i?)

30, 35)

^1 Char, coal

C

Liquid

Clay

Amylene 329.8 H20 Cyclohexene CH3COCH3 . 86.2 Pinene CH3OH 115.5 CH3CO2C2H5 C2H5OH 102.5 C6H5NH2 C5H11OH 85.4 C2H5OC2H6 CHCl3 65.7 C6H6 45.2 CCl4. 41.4 CS2 39.3 Hexamethylene C6H14 i 30.1 Petroleum f B. P., 220-225° fractions* \ B. P., 150-155° Gasoline, B. P., 80-85° [MoI. wt., 405 Naphthenic < MoI. wt., 298 acidsf i MoI. wt., 221

"Floridin" 239.0 126.0 117.6 114.2 91.2 77.4 72.0 56.1 45.6 43.9 35.2 23.4 19.3 17.6 17.6 16.3 22.2 18.8 17.6 59.4 56.5 53.6

/^

77.4 80.8 72.0 73.7 69.1 69.1 44.4 58.6 46.5 35.2 58.2 38.5 37.2 56.1 49.4 39.8

* Treated with fuming H2SÛ4 to remove unsaturated and aromatic hydrocarbons, t Diluted with 20 vol. % of gasoline to decrease viscosity.

TABLE 4.—SiO2 OUT-GASSED AT TABLE 3 (31) RED HEAT (25) .. SiO2 ., Mean diam., cm T . T . Liquid i Liquid 1 4 gel " 5 X IQ-4I 9.6 X IQ"4 H20 80.4 H20 57.8 28.9 C2H6OH 94.7 C6H6NO2 46.2 26.2 C6H6 46.6 C6H6CH3 35.6 20.3 CCl4 35.2 C6H6 17.1 17.1 C 6 H 5 NH 2 73.4 C 5 H 6 N 50.8 [ 20.8 TABLE 5.—SiO2 WITH H2O (29) Specimen SiO2 SiO2 SiO2 SiO2 SiO2 SiO2

Q at -7°

(glass wool) 3.85 (fine gray sand)..... 0.96 I (precipitated) 47.3 II (precipitated).... 30.1 II (precipitated)... . 31.6 (Q at 24°)

Joule/m* cm"^"îiU /\ iu I r T o 4 6 7 0 100. 41.8 2.5 43.5 4.0 43.9

Heat of Complete Wetting per g Dry Material (QO Powders containing varying initial amounts of hygroscopic moisture, i = mg H2O per g dry powder. TABLE 6.—WITH H2O Powder | i | Q{ Cellulose (22,23); dried in vacuo 14 33.9o at 116° 41 19.67 54 16.74 Animal charcoal at 0° (22,23). ö 87.5i 49 73.9i 90 64.2o 218 49.34 350 33.0? 437 25.32 SiO2 gelato 0 (4) 23 77.09 57 50.9s 87 38.5o 129 32.14 188 27.2o Wood fiber (12) ? I 67 I

TABLE 11.—COLLOIDS WITH H2O (9) Colloid I Q || Colloid | Q Al(OH)3 89.6 Silica gel 101.5 Fe(OH)3 39.3 Fuller's earth 88.9 Quartz 1.88 TABLE 12.—SILICA AND ANIMAL CHARCOAL, WITH WATER (13)

I

Q

Silica (dried at 200°) 55.41 Charcoal (puriss. ) 59.55 TABLE 13.—WITH H2O (i »> *») Coconut charcoal (out-gassed) 43.9 Bone charcoal.. . 77.4 Coconut charcoal (containing 0.04 Fuller's earth.... 134 gH 2 0) T.....|14.6 TABLE 14.—WITH H2O Graphite preheated in vacuo. Q — 2.85 joule/g (27). TABLE 15.—"BAYER" CHARCOAL AT ROOM TEMPERATURE ( 2 ) Liquid I Q [I Liquid | Q C2H6OC2H6 118.4 CH3OH 126.4 C6H6 123.0 C2Cl4 137.3 CS2 125.6 H20 51.5* C2H6QH 118.9 * With 0.66 cm3 H2Û per g. Possibly incomplete wetting.

i | Q1 74 10.89 261 4.61 563 659 718 753 930

13.Oe 6.60 4.5e 1.2i O

275 399 565 769

22.5? 15.4s 6.9s 0.80

TABLE 7.—SiO2 GEL WITH VARIOUS LIQUIDS ( 4 ) Liquids I i I Qi || Liquids | i I ft C6H6CH3 23 32.7s C6HnOH 17 51.3s CHCl3 13 32.52 C2H6OC2H5 31 68.59 C5H6N 18 60.Os C2H6OC2H6 276 37.04 C6HnOH 27 55.8? TABLE 8.—STARCH WITH H2O AT 0° (HEAT OF SWELLING) The starch has been dried for 21 days in partial vacuum above H2SO4, Q = 110.5 joule/g (32). TABLE 9.—DEXTRIN WITH H2O Q = 67.6 joule/g (33). TABLE 10.—HEAT OF SWELLING AND OF SOLUTION, PER G MATERIAL (36) Material j Amount Ì +H2O j Q Gelatin t =42.5° Ig 5g +13.0 « = 42.5° I g + 100% H2O 4g -4.18 «=34.3° l g + 2 0 0 % H2O 3g -4.18 J = 25° l g + 3 0 0 % H2O 2g O 5 ^ u / l-g S +37.6 GumarablC \ lg+50%H20 2g -2.5 Gum tragacanth Ig 5g +43. l

TABLE 16.—VARIOUS CHARCOALS WITH H2O AND C6H6 The activity, a, is taken as proportional to the adsorptive power for H2 ( 21 ). d is approximate. a I d I H2O I C 6 H 6 I] a I d | H2Q | C6H6 10 20.9 25.1 75 1.87 154.8 209.0 20 41.8 54.4 90 188.3 251.1 25 1.45 50.2 71.1 98 2.00 205.1 272.0 _50 104.6 138.1 100 209.0 280.4 TABLE 17.—Cu WITH OILS All samples (except kerosene) diluted 1:2 with C6H6; Q for C6H6 taken as O (3)

Oil

I Q

Il

Oil

I

Q

Castor oil 0.51 Paraffin oil 0.16 Linseed oil 0.58 Kerosene 0.24 Lubricating oil, distillate 0.60 Kerosene + 1% oleic Lubricating oil, refined.. 0.26 acid 0.89 For temperature rise on wetting charcoal with oils, v. (3*5). TABLE 18.—PsSO4 WITH ITS SATURATED AQUEOUS SOLUTION For total surface of 5840 to 32 400 cm2/g, Q=O (24). LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) (M Anderson, 341, 28: 927; 24. (2) Andreas and Beri, 7, 122: 81; 26. ( 3 ) Bachmann and Brieger, 55, 36, Zsigmondy No.: 142; 25. ( 3 * 5 ) Bachmann and Brieger, 55, 39: 334; 26. (*) Bellati and Finazzi, 24, 61: 4; 02. ( 5 ) Beri and Wachendorf, 55, 36, Zsigmondy No.: 36; 25. («) Bouyoucos, 232, 14: 431; 22. (7) Bouyoucos, 232, 17: 135; 24. («) Bouyoucos, 166, 60: 320; 24. ( 9 ) Bouyoucos, 232, 19: 153, 478; 25. ( 10 ) Bouyoucos, 232, 20: 67; 25. C 11 ) Bouyoucos, Second Colloid Symposium, p. 126; 1925. ( 12 ) Dunlap, Forest Products Lab., Madison, Wis., O. (13) Ercolini, 59, 9: 110; 99. ( 1 ^) Gaudechon, 34, 157: 209; 13. (1S) Gilè, J. Am. Soc. Agrori., 17: 270; 25. (i<*) Gurvich, 53, 47: 805; 15. (1M Qurvich, 55, 32: 80; 23. ( 18 ) Harkins and Ewing, 197, 6: 49; 20. (") Harkins and Ewing, 1, 43: 1787; 21. C 20 ) Hedges, 83, 22: 178; 26. ( 2 M Herbst, 55, 38: 314; 26. ( 22 ) Katz, 64P, 13: 958; 11. ( 23 ) Katz, 64P, 26: 549; 23. ( 2 *) Koehler and Mathews, I 1 46: 1158; 24. ( 2 S) Linebarger, 2, 13: 48; 01. ( 26 ) McCool and Weidemann, 232, 18: 117, 181; 24. ( 2 7) Magnus, 8, 70: 303; 23. ( 2 ^-S) Martini, 3, 47: 329; 99. 50: 618; 00. 5: 595; 03. 24, 8: 502; 97. 9: 927; 98. 59 H: 675; OO . 61 H: 647; 02. ( 2 «) Masson, 5, 74: 230; 04. ( 2 ») Parks, 3, 4: 240; 02. (30) Pate, 232, 20: 329; 25. ( 3 M Patrick and Grimm, 1, 43: 2144; 21. ( 32 ) Rodewald, Untersuchungen über die Quellung der Stärke. Kiel, 1896. ( 33 ) Sprockhoff, Z. Spiritusind., 45: 217; 22. (3*) Volbehr, Untersuchungen über die Quellung der Holzfaser. Diss., Kiel, 1896. ( 35 ) Wheeling, Mich. Agr. Expt. Sta., Tech. Bull, No. 62: 24. (3*) Wiedemann and Lüdeking, 8, 25: 145; 85. ( 3 ?) Williams, 83, 18: 87; 22.

THERMAL EFFECTS ACCOMPANYING PRESSURE CHANGES IN HOMOGENEOUS SYSTEMS (JOULE-THOMSON AND RELATED EFFECTS) J. R. ROEBUCK CONTENTS Joule-Thomson effect. Inversion temperature.

MATIÈRES Effet Joule-Thomson. Température d'inversion.

INHALTSVERZEICHNIS Joule-Thomson Effekt. Inversionstemperatur.

Heat of adiabatic compression.

Chaleur de compression adiabatique. Chaleur de compression isothermique. Chaleur d'extension des métaux.

Wärme bei adiabatischer Kompression. Wärme bei isothermer Kompression. Dehnungswärme der Metalle.

Heat of isothermal compression. Heat of extension of metals.

JOULE-THOMSON EFFECT

M

INDICE PAGE Effetto Joule-Thomson 144 Temperatura di inversione 146 Calore di compressione 146 adiabatica Calore di compressione isotermica 147 Calore di estensione dei metalli 147

= (^sY' ^ = U + pv

2V-TABLE, ELEMENTARY SUBSTANCES AND ATMOSPHERIC AIR Air, values of IQV, unit, °C/atm. (20); cf. (») . Values of M in °C/atm. (U) 0 G I O I 20 I 40 I 60 I 80 I 100 p, aim. I 0° I 50° | 100° | 150° | 200° | 250° | 28O0C 1 266 189 133 93 62.5 40.2 29.7 H2 -0.013( 0.018 0.023 0.028 0.033-0.039 He v. (17) 20 249 178 124 86 56.4 34.6 24.6 60 214 153 106 71 44.7 25.1 16.1 N2 +0.333 0.291 0.250 0.215 0.187+0.159 O2 +0.366| 0.328 0.289 0.255 0.224+0.193 100 178 128 89 59 34.7 16.4 7.8 140 145 105 72 46.7 25.8 9.3 + 1.1 Air, values of 103a and 105b in the equation, ^ = a — bp, for p 180 113 83 58 36.6 18.5 +2.7 - 5.4 in kg/cm2, and /* in °C/kg cm~2 ( 14 ) 220 81 63 45 28.6 12.7 -2.0 -11.0 0 G I -55 I -34 I -0.6 1+49.2| 99.5 | 149.7 | 199.3 | 249.9 3 10 a 448 375 272 Ì97 138 84 52 18 106b 176 129 81 56 36 18 13 10 ^^ o/-< ^\ PJ B,tm^\^ 1 20 40 60 80 100

-25 -50 -75 -100 -110 . 317 378 462 576 637 297 358 442 562 627 276 336 417 534 598 255 309 378 472 541 232 275 335 386 367 211 248 288 284 242

Air, values of 1O3M, unit, °C/atm. (25) ( NV V °C* -120 -130 -140 -150 \^ -25 -50 P1 atm>x 710 807 936 1100 120 187 214 710 819 967 1200 140 164 172 577 776 245 52 160 143 155 527 362 106 40 180 125 130 299 141 67 34 200 108 110 158 87 43 21 220 93 91 Air, values of p in °K/atm. (8)

P1 atm. , p; _2 90° ^ kg/cm 5 O 2 . 0 4 5 1 . 2 6 5 1 . 0 25 25.84 -0.005 37.17f 38.40 -0.010 50 51.67 -0.014 75 77.50 -0.020 100 103.33 -0.026 125 129.18 -0.031 150 155.00 -0.035 175 180.83 -0.038 200 206.7 -0.041 * Critical temperature.

emP>?

400.0 390.0 380.0 370.0 360.0 350.0

120°

132.6°*

150°

180°

-75 -100 -110 -120 -130 -140 -150 242 192 147 116 82 69

203 158 102 57 28 +11 142 108 69 38 17 O 103 76 47 +22 + 3 - 1 2 75 52 28 8-8-22 48 29+13-3-17-29 31+14-2-15-28-42

210°

240°

30O0K

270°

4 6 0 . 8 3 3 0 . 6 0 2 0 . 4 5 9 0 . 3 6 1 0 . 2 0.059 1.065 0.847 0.619 0.458 0.345 0.028 0.723 0.787 0.599 0.443 0.332 0.013 0.136 0.641 0.555 0.420 0.315 0.000 0.036 0.266 0.436 0.362 0.282 -0.010 0.010 0.130 0.299 0.295 0.247 -0.020 -0.005 0.062 0.203 0.233 0.211 -0.026 0.025 0.135 0.182 0.175 -0.032 0.000 0.079 0.130 0.139 -0.036 -0.017 0.029 0.080 0.101

8 5 0 . 2 2 7 0.266 0.212 0.254 0.204 0.244 0.195 0.221 0.178 0.196 0.159 0.172 0.142 0.148 0.124 0.124 0.106 0.099 0.089

f Critical pressure.

O 0.6475 0.6755 0.7080 0.7415 0.7790 0.8195

I

1 0.6440 0.6725 0.7045 0.7335 0.7750 0.8150

A-TABLE, CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS CO2, unit, °C/atm. (2) Pressure in atmospheres I 10 I 20 I 40 I 60 Vapor phase above line 0.6210 0.5950 0.5375 0.4790 0.6485 0.6200 0.5595 0.4965 0.6780 0.6475 0.5835 0.5165 0.7100 0.6775 0.6160 0.5405 0.7455 0.7110 0.6420 0.5685 0.7850 0.7500 0.6780 0.6020

I

72.9 0.4410 0.4560 0.4742 0.4952 0.5200 0.5500

I

80 0.4225 0.3850 0.4505 0.4705 0.4930 0.5210

I

100 0.3635 0.3235 0.3855 0.3995 0.4155 0.4340

o emp

'' 340.0 330.0 325.0 320.0 315.0 310.0 305.0 304.1 300.0 295.0 290.0 285.0 280.0 275.0 270.0 260.0 250.0 240.0 230.0 220.0

p. Ï »v Hi T p HV in

O 0.8640 0.9140 0.9425 0.9710 1.0020 1.0360 1.0710 1.0775 1.1070 1.1480 1.1920 1.2395 1.2900 1.3455 1.4050 1.5375 1.6885 1.860 2.060 2.2855

I

1 0.8595 0.9095 0.9375 0.9665 0.9985 1.0320 1.0675 1.0740 1.1045 1.1455 1.1900 1.2385 1.2900 1.3455 1.4060 1.5405 1.6954 1.870 2.070 2.3035

I

10 0.8290 0.8795 0.9075 0.9380 0.9705 1.0055 1.0445 1.0505 1.0840 1.1270 1.1750 1.2280 1.2845 1.3470 1.4155 1.5735 1.7570 1.974 -0.0168 -0.0294

CO2—(Continued) Pressure in atmospheres I 20 I 40 1 60 I 72.9 | 80 | 100 0.7950 0.7205 0.5425 0.5872 0.5550 0.4500 0.8450 0.7720 0.6925 0.6331 0.5945 0.4490 0.8745 0.8025 0.7230 0.6605 0.6165 0.4220 0.9050 0.8360 0.7570 0.6900 0.6380 0.3570 0.9395 0.8735 0.7970 0.7223 0.6500 0.2210 0.1585 0.9765 0.9160 0.8435 0.7554 0.6100 1.0155 0.9640 0.9000 0.7468 0.2690 0.1270 1.0240 0.9735 0.9100 0.6050 ~ 0.2420 0.1215 1.0600 1.0175 0.9675 0.2147 0.1650 0.1005 1.1090 1.0805 0.19900.1324 0.1134 0.0794 1.1635 1.1525 0.1156 0.9999 0.0815 0.0619 1.2245 1.2400 0.0761 0.06355 0.0586 0.0478 1.2915 1.3470 0.0515 0.0454 0.0425 0.0364 1.3645 0.04140.0355 0.0324 0.0309 0.0275 1.4455 0.0274 0.0246 0.0228 0.0221 0.0202 1.6375 0.0106 0.0101 0.00973 0.0096 0.0090 0.03735 0.03733 0.03731 0.03730 0.08729 0.03727 -0.00723 -0.00742 -0.00761 -0.00774 -0.00781 -0.00801 -0.0171 -0.0177 -0.0183 -0.0187 -0.0190 -0.0195 -0.0304 -0.0323 -0.0341 -0.0353 -0.0359 -0.0375 Liquid phase below line

Supplementary values at graphically determined intersections of isotherms and isobars of /z with the saturation curve Ï 5 ÏÔ 15 20 30 40 50 60 65 70 72.9 (193.5) 216.2 233.4 245.05 254.1 268.15 279.0 288.0 295.7 299.15 302.35 304.1 (3.055) 2.510 2.135 1.922 1.773 1.545 1.371 1.211 1.043 0.937 0.801 0.6050 (?) -0.0346-0.0083-0.0031+0.0046 0.0245 0.0575 0.1182 0.2225 0.2985 0.418 0.6050 216.9 220.0 230.0 240.0 250.0 260.0 270.0 280.0 285.0 290.0 295.0 300.0 5.15 5.95 8.8 12.65 17.6 23.9 31.55 41.0 41.0 52.55 59.0 61.3 2.475 2.410 2.200 2.020 1.841 1.675 1.515 1.354 1.354 1.174 0.961 0.914 -0.3375 -0.0290 -0.0167 -0.0074 + 0.0007 0.0115 0.0285 0.0625 0.0938 0.1386 0.2095 0.3235

T /i....

Values below correspond to regions of rapid rates of change of n along isotherms 230.0 304.1 304.1 304.1 304.1 304.1 310.0 310,0 315.0 315.0 5.0 70.0 72.0 74.0 76.0 90.0 85.0 90.0 85.0 90.0 2.132 0.822 0.767 0.382 0.310 0.159 0.360 0.250 0.569 0.443 fj. as a function of p along isenthalpic (or total heat) curves Pressures in atmospheres; temperatures in 0K; ju in 0K per atm. O I 1 I 20 I 40 I 60 I 72.9 | 80 | Vapor isenthalps 379.94 380.63 393.12 404.56 414.39 420.00 422.88 0.7080 0.7029 0.6118 0.5284 0.4564 0.4154 0.3944

430.22 0.3407

T n

356.30 0.7924

357.10 0.7860

370.92 0.6748

383.40 0.5745

394.00 0.4892

400.00 0.4410

403.05 0.4165

410.74 0.3546

T ^

331.40 0.9054

332.30 0.8974

347.99 0.6582

361.90 0.6348

373.52 0.5317

380.00 0.4742

383.27 0.4452

391.43 0.3728

T u.

304.30 1.0760

305.35 1.0655

323.77 0.8816

339.76 0.7220

352.85 0.5914

360.00 0.5200

363.57 0.4844

372.35 0.3967

T /i

272.42 1.3750

273.88 1.3590

297.03 1.0885

316.46 0.8620

331.83 0.6826

340.00 0.5872

344.00 0.5405

353.64 0.4280

T M

226.91 2.1272

229.09 2.0948

263.56 1.5620

290.42 1.1470

310.15 0.8422

320.00 0.6900

324.63 0.6184

335.27 0.4540

T M

208.69 2.5786

211.26 2.5338

[252.26] [1.8181]

282.91 1.2826

304.56 0.9046

315.00 0.7223

319.82 0.6381

330.59 0.4501

T p ,u

220.0 " 5.0 2.387

p

I

315.0 95.0 0.312

100

T /i

O 181.28 3.4295

1 I [184.70 [3.3588

CO2.—(Continued) 20 I 40 I 237.43 274.42] 2.2620 1.4928]

60 I 298.85 0.9850

72.9 | 310.00 0.7533

80 314.97 0.6500

| 100 325.60 0.4290

T v

157.40 4.343

[161.24 [4.2514

226.49 2.6950

269.35 1.6727

295.97] 1.0380]

307.50 0.7630

312.48 0.6442

322.77 0.3998

T M

120.90 6.000

[126.80 [5.832

212.44 3.400

264.32 1.926

293.71] 1.091]

305.50 0.7560

310.36 0.6179

319.77 0.3508

T /i

76.00 8.396

[81.40 [8.114

292.77] 1.1200]

304.50 0.7264

309.09 0.5724

317.42 0.2926

T A*

0.00 13.580

[13.38 [13.01

293.70 1.049

304.10] 0.6050]

307.80 0.4470

313.82 0.1906

T fji

[195.21 [3.7974

198.25 3.6800

198.40 260.85 4.288 2.1915 Critical isenthalp 182.77 260.56 5.783 2.463 Liquid isenthalps 251.57 281.51 2.0194 1.0744

297.44] 0.5716]

303.50 0.3804

305.92 0.3041

310.43 0.1618

T At

[245.42 [1.6720

247.07 1.6312

271.83 1.0210

287.94 0.6239

297.79] 0.3812]

302.00 0.2774

303.81 0.2329

307.48 0.1423

T A*

[265.03 [0.9102

265.92 0.8924

280.04 0.6108

290.11 0.4099

296.87] 0.2751]

300.00 0.2127

301.41 0.1846

304.45 0.1239

T /i....

[275.86 [0.06978

275.93 0.06936

277.16] 0.06202]

278.34 0.05514

279.39 0.04901

280.00 0.04543

280.32 0.04357

281.14 0.03873

T A<

[259.24 [0.01096

259.26 0.01094

259.46] 0.01064]

259.67 0.01027

259.88 0.00993

260.00 0.00973

260.07 0.00962

260.26 0.00931

T.. A*

[240.54 [ -O.00704

240.53] -0.00705]

240.40 -0.00723

240.29 -0.00742

240.10 -0.00761

240.00 -0.00773

239.94 -0.00781

239.79 -0.00801

T At

[222.19 [-0.02537

222.17] -0.02548]

221.66 -0.02778

221.08 -0.03040

220.44 -0.03329

220.00 -0.03528

219.74 -0.03464

218.98 -0.03989

p

I

H2O Vapor, unit, ^C/kg cm"2 (S) C I Î2Ô Ï5Ô200 250 300 350 400 M 5.33 3.63 2.20 1.50 1.15 0.90 0.75 At 1650C and 3.86 kg/cm2, M = 3.182 (24).

CHANGE IN TEMPERATURE ON ADIABATIC EXPANSION

0

H2O, values of IO 5 (j^\ unit, °C/kg cm-2

Lit.

kg/;m2

CH4, values of /i = ^-^-2 °C/atm. ±ca. 0.05 (21); cf. («) p ti, 0C y

25 -77 0.75

17 -78 0.75

Ï 4 ~ 6 2 7 -78 +10 0.74 0.35

55~~ 10 0.40

C2H6Cl, values of M in °C/atm. for pressures less than 3 atm. (10) C.. .. .O 20 40 60 80 100 5.22 4.51 3.86 3.31 2.84 2.43 M 0

Inversion Temperatures At = O at I1 0C and at patm. t I p Il Gas \ t \ p \ Lit. Air (20) He -173 (1) (17) 300.4190.1H2 80.5* 113 (15) 283.0 137.0T . . / -133 150 - - ( 8 » 1 2 ) 252.8 176.7 q' air \ -140 125 («, 12) 240.1 199.1 CO 2 (Hq.) - 2 4 . 0 18 to 100 (2) * Temperature at which a drop from p to 1 atm. gives zero integrated cooling effect.

1 1 2 3 4 6 8 10 12

1 500 000 500 000 000 000 000 000 000 OOP

(18H (1H (*) I ( 1 8 )|( 1 8 )l ( 1 H( 1 S)I (i)| (*)[(") 0° I 20° I 25° I 37° I 40° | -130-16+137+ 66 260 287 - 20 +68 175 130 273 300 + 64 132 220 167 279 309 116 183 248 188 279 316 150 215 263 203 279 322 189 251 280 223 284 325 260 283 240 323 194 289 336 355 333 330 320

54° j 60° [ 390 417 371 417 357 413 344 406 335 397 325 381 366 349 337 330 320

80° 548 492 500 468 462 445 427 423 403 406 367 382 344 308 279 257 238

For calculated values O - 3O0C and 1 to 1000 atm., v. (23). Miscellaneous Substances p Substance

Benzene Urethane

-c 90 80

1 I 500| IQOOl 1500 I 2000 | 2500 | 3000

io*g|(i») 255020001620 1390 12101 1090 13001072 884 765 702| 639

990

Miscellaneous Substances.—(Continued) p 1 500| 1000| 1500 I 2000 | 2500 | 3000 Substance

10*$g(»)

oc

Mix. A* Phenol p-Toluidine Mix. B* Ethyl alcohol....

90 240018901560 1300 1110 090 880 80 1130 999 883 802 726 648 80 1300 1158 1034 80 11601016 905 782 691 644 30 14501180 965 805 715 658 0 - 1 3 0 -20 +64 +116 +150 +173 +189 80 492 468 445 423 406 392 382 25 437 407 380 352 327 308 294 98.2 625 570 520 475 441 O 785 700 628 564 507 468 448

Water

^lycer'01 Castor oil

* Mix. A is 75 mol % Benzene + 25 mol % Urethane. Phenol + 25 mol % p-Toluidine.

Mix. B is 75 mol %

KcT0 AP

°'747 I I

A*

I

-0.07 -0.05 -0.11 -0.12 -0.15

101 200 300 400 498

7

-U

I

Af

I

-0.05 -0.16 -0.26 -0.44 -0.55

3 94 7 69

19 43

-

A*

Il

-0.21 -0.39 -0.60 -0.72 -0.96

10

'

AP

I

-<*"

A*

I

-0.10 -0.15 -0.24 -0.42 -0.55

101 200 300 400 498

A*

-0.21 -0.34 -0.49 -0.67 -0.79

2 85 5 55 8 n

ss - - SJ: - - AP

101 200 300 400 498

I

At

I

-0.11 -0.12 -0.25 -0.38 -0.54

Al

U

-0.12 -0.32 -0.38 -0.58 -0.79

Wt. % C2H5OH

AP

I

ÏÔÎ 200 300 400 498

A£

I

-0.02 -0.04 -0.10 -0.18 -0.27

At

4~99

Wt. % NaCl

0.62 I

At

ÏÔÎ 200 300 400 498

Al

-0.09 -0.16 -0.24 -0.32 -0.45

10.18

0.60 j

AP

I

-0.05 -0.10 -0.17 -0.24 -0.36

-0.006 -0.01 -0.01 -0.04 -0.10

0

40° | 60° | 8O C 11.6 14.6 16.5 17.3 20.9 23.2 23.1 27.0 29.3 28.7 32.9 35.3 34.5 38.8 40.8 3

Calculated values for CS2, ether, alcohol and H2O ( ), Calcu0 lated values at O C for ethylene chloride, ethyl chloride, ethyl bromide, ethyl iodide, methyl acetate, ethyl acetate, benzene, toluene, xylene, cymene, bromine, mercury, acetone, carbon 13 disillude, carbon tetrachloride, chloroform and ether ( ). HEAT OF ELASTIC EXTENSION OF METALS At aT -T- = j,1 where Ar = tension increase and At the correcd

AT

5 63

TaQ

I 0° I 20° I 6.4 8.9 10.6 14.0 19.6

sponding temperature increase, a = the coefficient of thermal expansion, d the density, c the specific heat per gram and T the temperature in 0K; Q — heat absorbed.

AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS ( 22 ) Changes of temperature on adiabatic expansion W

2

p, kg/cm 4 000 6000 8 000 10 000 12 OOP

Ar, kg/cm 2 Steel at 1656 3312 4968 German silver 969

j A*, 0C I Q1 g-cal^/cm* 0 23.9 C, d = 7.93 g/cm 3 (4) -0.1369 0.1279] -0.2737 0.2556 [ ± 0 . 4 % -0.4106 0.3836 J at 16.40C, d = 8.40 g/cm 3 (?) I -0.1405 I 0.1135+3%

TEMPEKATURE CHANGE IN PLASTIC EXTENSION (6) 100 Al/lo = % elongation. Att = Temp, rise with tension maintained. AtT = Temp, rise on relief of residual tension. Atvf = Temp, rise to be expected from work done by tension. —— At^

= R = Ratio of heat evolved to work done. 100A

î

A*

-0.04 -0.09 -0.13 -0.19 -0.24

Steel Cu Al Al, single crys

...

^° max.* 13.10 17.45 23.06 52.72

A f e I t , 9.00 6.29 5.68 8.77

~

0.37 0.86s 0.31 0.92 0.28 0.93 0.19 0.95

* R is independent of A l/lo up to the maximum value studied.

Liquid NH3, values of I = (^)r (16)

LITERATURE Unit, joules per kg/atm. (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) -44.1-39.0-24.2-0.216.5 26.5 35.4 40.3 (i) Bridgman, 65, 48: 307; 13. (2) Burnett, 2, 22: 590; 23. Bull. Univ. -57 -59 -70 -91-111-127-145-155 Wisconsin, Eng. Series, 9: No. 6; 26. (3) Ciampini, 59, 3: 101; 12. (*)

0

C

I

HEAT OF ISOTHERMAL COMPRESSION

Q = f0Pt(p№ H2O, values of IQ5Q, unit g-cal/g (*) P1 kg/cm I 0° I 20° I 40° | 60° 2

O 500 1 000 2 000 3 000

0.0 0.2 0.6 1.9 4.0

0.0 0.7 1.6 3.8 6.4

0.0 1.5 2.9 5.8 8.7

|

0.0 2.1 4.1 7.9 11.4

Compton and Webster, 2, 5: 159; 15. (5) Davis, 5, 45: 241; 10. («) Fan-en and Taylor, 5, 107: 422; 25. (7) Haga, 8, 15: 1; 82. («) Hausen, 414, No. 274; 26. (9) Hoxton, 2, 13: 438; 19. (io) Jenkin and Shorthose, B67. (U) Joule and Thomson, 62, 152: 579; 62. (12) Knoblauch, 97, 5: 21; 24. (13) Lewis, 7, 81: 626; 13. (14) Noell, 414, No. 184; 16. O 5 ) Olszewski, 165, 1901A: 453. 3, 3: 535; 02. 58, 65: 576; 02. (16) Osborne and Van Dusen, SlA, 14: 433; 19. (17) Perry, 50, 8O0C 28: 1108; 24. (i«) Pushin and Grebenshchikov, 4, 123: 2717; 23. (i») 0.0 Pushin and Grebenshchikov, 4, 125: 2043; 24. (20) Roebuck, 65, 60: 535; 25. (21) Roessler and Hasslacher Chemical Co., 2.6 Perth Amboy, N. J., O. (22) Rogóyski and Tammann, 7,20: 1; 96. (23) 5.0 Tammann, Über die Beziehungen zwischen den inneren Kräften und Eigen9.2 schaften der Lösungen. Leipzig, Voss, 1907. (24) Trueblood, 65, 52: 731; 13.1 17. (25) Roebuck, Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison, Wis., O

HEATS OF SOLUTION OF ORGANIC SUBSTANCES

ERNEST ANDERSON CONTENTS 1. Binary aqueous systems 2. Binary organic systems Tables 1 and 2 form a complete index to the whole.*

TABLE 1.—(Continued) 148 150

TABLE 1.—HEATS OF SOLUTION OF ORGANIC SUBSTANCES IN WATER O is expressed as kilo joules evolved per mole solute, at infinite dilution. These systems are arranged according to the (L- arrangement (v. Vol. Ill, p. viii). Inorganic salts of organic acids will be found immediately following the acid. -Formula n i CHCl3 CH 2 N 2 CH2O2 CHaNO 2 CH4N2O CH4N2S CH4O

X T Name Chloroform Cyanamide Formic acid (solid) Formic acid (liquid) Nitromethane Urea Thiourea Methyl alcohol

* 0on t, C 16 7 7

10

Lit. and table numbers
Formula C2H6O2 C2H6N2O3 C2H6O4S

C2H7N C2H8ClN C2H8N2 C 2 HwCl 2 N 2 C2Hi2NeO4S C3H2Br2O4 C3HaN3Oa C3H4Br2O2

75, 8 1 ) ; 6

CH6N CH8N3O4 CHeN4Oa C2HBr3O2 C2HCl3O2

Methylamine Urea nitrate Guanidine nitrate Tribromoacetic acid Trichloroacetic acid (solid).. Trichloroacetic acid (liquid). Na trichloroacetate Dibromoacetic acid Dichloroacetic acid Glyoxal Glyoxal bisulfite Oxalic acid Oxalic acid Bromoacetic acid Chloroacetic acid (solid) Chloroacetic acid (liquid).... Chloral hydrate Oxamic acid K oxamate Acetaldehyde Acetic acid (solid)

(47) -45.2 (Hi) —42.7 O 11 ) 4.69 ( 115 ); 5 12.1 (ioe, iis) ; 5 15 22.08 (11S) 7.28 O° 6 ) CaH2Br2O2 11.7 ( 115 ); 5 C2H2Cl2O2 4.69 (i oe, 115) ; 5 C2H2O2 - 5 . 2 3 (66) -40.4 (66) C2H2O4 - 9 . 5 8 (96, ios) C2H2O4.2H2O -35.5 (96) C2H3BrO2 -12.8 ( 1J 5) ; 5 C2H3ClO2 16 -14.0 (i oe, 115) 16 1.12 (i 06, 115) C2H3Cl3O2 - 3 . 7 7 (20,88,122) C2H3NO3 12 -29 (i") -31.0 (11O) C2H4O 15.1 (8) C2H4O2 7 - 8.91 (io) 14 - 9.42 (10) Acetic acid (liquid) 7 1.67 (3 7). 5 23 1.00 (io) C2H4O2 Methyl formate 15 4.73 (41) C2H4O8 Glycolic acid -11.55 (66) Ba glycolate -21.26 (66) Ca glycolate - 6.78 (66) Ca glycolate (3H2O) - 29.55 (66) Ca glycolate (5H2O) -32.6 (66) Cu glycolate - 6.78 (66) K glycolate - 6.86 (66) K glycolate (0.5H2O) -19.7 (66) Mg glycolate -18.41 (66) Na glycolate -10.30 (66) Na glycolate (0.5H2O) -14.6 (66) NH 4 glycolate -13.52 (66) Pb glycolate -24.02 (66) Sr glycolate - 5 . 0 2 (66) Zn glycolate - 2.76 (66) C2H4O4 Glyoxylic acid 11 -10.5 (67) Caglyoxylate - 9 . 3 7 (67) Na glyoxylate -20.1 (67) C2H5NO Acetamide 23 - 8.33 (122) C2H6NO2 Glycocoll -14.98 (106) C2H5NO3 Ethyl nitrate 4.14 (15) C2H6O Ethyl alcohol 13 10.63 (14, 48, 75, si, 138); 3, 6 C2H6Q Dimethyl ether 17 34.7 (2i) * The numbers in the last column not in parentheses are numbers of other tables in this section which should be consulted for further data.

C3H4N2O2 C3H4O4

C3H4O6

C3H5N CsH6N2O2 C3H6N2O3 C3H6O C3H6O C3HeO C3H6O2

CsHeO2 C3H7N CsH7NO CsH 7 NO 2 CsH8N2O C 3 HsN 2 Oa CsHsO C3HsO CsH8O2 CaHsO3

N

a

^

e

"

ÏGlycol Urea formate Ethyl suif uric acid. Ba ethylsulfate Ba ethylsulfate (2H2O) Na ethylsulfate Na ethylsulfate (H2O) Ethylamine Ethylamine hydrochloride... Ethylenediamine Ethylenediamine dihydrochloride..... Guanidine sulfate Dibromomalonic acid KH dibromomalonate K 2 dibromomalonate Cyanuric acid a-Dibromopropionic acid K a-dibromopropionate K ot-dibromopropionate (H2O) Hydantoin Malonic acid Ag2 malonate KH malonate K 2 malonate K 2 malonate (2H2O) LiH malonate Li2 malonate NaH malonate Na2 malonate Na2 malonate (H2O) NH 4 H malonate (NH 4 ) 2 malonate Tartronic acid KH tartronate K 2 tartronate Na2 tartronate Propionitrile Acetylurea Hydantoic acid Allyl alcohol Propionaldehyde Acetone Propionic acid Ba propionate K propionate Na propionate Ethyl formate Allylamine Propionamide Urethane Ethylurea Urea acetate n-Propyl alcohol Isopropyl alcohol Methylal Glycerol

~

C

Q

7TÏ -30.1

19

13

14 10

10 15 23 14

Lit. a n d table numbers (23, 73); 3 (i")

2.9 (14) -18.0 (14) - 4 . 2 (14) -13.0 (14) 26.49 (6,22,58) - 9.33 (87) 31.8 (60) -31.60 (60) -28.25 ( 11 I) 8.45 (i° 8 ) -23.4 (l °8) - 41.60 (i °8) t). p. 182 6.86 (12S) 2.18 ( 12S ) -12.1 ("S) -25.1 ( U l ) -18.8 (i°8) -41.0 (i°8) -21.3 (108) 8.8 (l °8) - 23.4 (i °8) -5.9 ( 10 S) 14.6 O 08 ) -25.5 (i° 8 ) 13.0 (i° 8 ) 6.3 (i 08) -25.1 (108) -10.5 ( 1 OS) -15.69 ( 1 OS) -31.4 O 08 ) -19.88 ( 108 > -12.6 (108) - 3.26 (120) -28.5 (H°) -27.2 (Hi) 8.37 O 4 ) 17 O4) 10.5 ( 1 4 );4 2.59 ( 108 ); 5 28.75 ( J 1 ) 12.64 ( 1 OS) 12.76 (108) 8.8 ( 41 ) 19.59 (58,87) - 4 (35) -15.9 ( 12 2) -9.6 (11l) - 36.8 (1 * l ) 12.76 (49, 70). Q 15.74 (7 5, 76) 13.4 (40) 6.3 (8, 14, 71, 72, 89, 100); 4

CsH9N CsH9N CsHioClN C4H2N2O4 C4H4O4 C4H4O4 C 4 H 5 NO 2 C 4 H 6 N 4 Oa C4H6O4

Propylamine Trimethylamine Trimethylamine h y d r o chloride. 18 Alloxan Fumarie acid Maleic acid Succinimide 22 Allantoin Succinic acid Il KH Buccinate KH Buccinate ( H 2 O ) . . . . . . . . I

25.74 36.62

( 58 ) (22, s8)

- 2 . 1 (22) -17.6 (U 2 ) -24.7 (83, 86) -18.58 (83,86) -18.0 (122) -31.4 (i i O) -26.8 (54) -22.39 (l« 8 ) -31.8 ( 54 )

TABLE I.—(Continued)

TABLE 1.—(Continued) TI Formula C4H6O4

C4H6O4

C4HeO4 C4H6O6

C4H6O«

C4H7Cl8O2 C 4 H 7 NO 4 C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C 4 Hi 0 N 4 Oo C4Hi0O C 4 Hi 0 O C4Hi0O C4Hi0O4 C 4 HnN C 4 HuN C 4 Hi 2 ClN C5H4N4O2S C6H4N4Oa C6H6N C6HeN2Oa C6HeN4O4 C6HeO4 C5H6O4 C6HeO4 C6H8O2 C6H8O3

CsH8O4 C6H8O4

^T Name K 2 Buccinate K 2 Buccinate (H2O) NaH Buccinate Na2 Buccinate Na2 Buccinate (6H2O) NH 4 H Buccinate (NH 4 ) 2 Buccinate Isosuccinic acid KH isosuccinate KH isosuccinate (H2O) K 2 isosuccinate K 2 isosuccinate (H2O) K 2 isosuccinate (2H2O) Na 2 isosuccinate Dimethyl oxalate Malic acid KH malate KH malate (H2O) K 2 malate NaH malate NaH malate (H2O) Na 2 malate d-Tartaric acid KH tartrate K 2 tartrate K 2 tartrate (0.5H2O) KSbO tartrate KSbO tartrate (0.5H2O) NaH tartrate NaH tartrate (H2O) NaK tartrate NaK tartrate (4H2O) Na2 tartrate. Na2 tartrate (2H2O) ^-Tartaric acid <#-Tartaric acid (H2O) meso-Tartaric acid Chloral alcoholate Aspartic acid n-Butyric acid Nan-butyrate Na w-butyrate (3H2O) Isobutyric acid Ca isobutyrate (5H2O) Ethyl acetate Urea oxalate Isobutyl alcohol Trimethyl carbinol Ethyl ether Erythritol Diethylamine Isobutylamine Diethylamine hydrochloride. Thiouric acid (1.5H2O) K 2 thiourate Na2 thiourate Uric acid Kurate Pyridme Dimethylparabanic acid Pseudouric acid K pseudourate (H2O) Citraconic acid Itaconic acid Mesaconic acid Acetylacetone Levulinic acid (solid) Levulinic acid (liquid) Klevulinate Na levulinate Glutaricacid KH glutarate K 2 glutarate Pyrotartaric acid KH pyrotartrate KH pyrotartrate (H2O) K 2 pyrotartrate

0«,o,

t, C

^ Q

Lit. and table , numbers

0.8 ( 54 ) -14.2 (54) -11.7 (io») 10.0 ( 1 OS) -46.0 ( 54 ) -20.5 (54) -14.6 (io») 6 -14.31 (io«) -15.74 (io«) -19.08 O °8) 13.06 O °8) 8.16 O 08) 5.90 (io«) 20.5 O 08) - 9.37 O 8) 15 -13.8 O 0 7 » 1 0 8 ) 20 -13.18 (85) -24.3 O 07 ' 108) -27.6 ( 1 OS) - 6 . 4 9 (107, ios) 21 - 6.95 O 0 7 ' 1 0 8 ) 18 -11.17 (io«) 21 7.45 O 0 7 ' 1 0 8 ) -14.44 (36) 12 -48.5 (95) -14.90 (io) - 23.27 (i O) 12 -21.3 (91) -22.2 (»i) -23.69 (io) - 35.74 O °) - 7.83 (io) - 51.64 (i O) - 4.69 ( 1 O) - 24.61 O O) -22.68 (36, 108) - 28.88 (36) —21.93 (36, 108) 0.0 (24) 16 - 30.34 (32) 5 17.74 (U) 14.40 (i i) 4.2 (84) 13.0 (53) 15 12.81 (i 8) 17 -74.5 (i") 12.1 (i 4, 70) 15 13.52 (77) 13 -24.7 (^) -22.2 (38,74) 34.40 (58) 25 (58) - 6.24 (7) -44.8 ( 1 ^) -69.5 O 1 2 ) -26.8 ( 112 ) 22

-35.2 (1^) 8.87 (30, 58) -19.46 O l °) J2

19

- 28.9 O ) —11.7 (83) -24.78 (83) -23.0 (83) - 2 . 6 8 (61, 120) -15.02 (i24) - 5.82 (!24) 6.03 (124) 5.65 ( 124 ) -22.6 ( 1 OS) -18.58 ( 1 OS) 19.13 ( 1 OS) - 21 (l °8) -13.0 ( 108 ) -17.6 O os) 19.3 O °8)

T-,

i

Formula

C5HsO4 C5Hi0O2 C6Hi0O2 C 6 HnN C6Hi2ClN C6Hi2O C6Hi3N C5Hi4ClN CeH3Br3O2 CeH3N3O7

CeH4O2 CeH5BrO CeH6ClN2 CeH6NO3 CeH6NO3 CeH6NO3 CeHeO2 CeHeO2

I I

XT

Name

Monoethyl malonate K ethyl malonate Isovaleric acid Trimethylacetic acid K trimethylacetate Piperidine Piperidine hydrochloride.. .. Isoamyl alcohol Amylamine Amylamine hydrochloride... 1, 3-Dihydroxy-2, 4, 6-tribromobenzene Picric acid Bapicrate Ba picrate (H2O) Ba picrate (6H2O) Ca picrate Ca picrate (6H2O) Cu picrate Cu picrate (8H2O) K picrate Mg picrate Mg picrate (8H2O) Na picrate NH4 picrate Pb picrate Pb picrate (2H2O) Sr picrate Sr picrate (6H2O) Zn picrate Zn picrate (8H2O) Quinone p-Bromophenol Phenyldiazonium chloride... o-Nitrophenol Na o-nitrophenate............ w-Nitrophenol Na ra-nitrophenate p-Nitrophenol Na p-nitrophenate Catechol Resorcinol

. O^ *• °C

n Q 2.5 -2.72 2.9

16 21

10

Lit. and table numbers (1O8) (1O8) (12)

30.76 (10) 27.04 (30, 58) -4 (59) 11.7 (»4, 70) 21.13 (58,87) - 5.73 (87) -9.2 ( 4S ) -29.7 (9) -19.7 (12*) -39.3 (l29) -61.73 (l29) 9.2 029) -62.4 ( 12 9) 13.8 (129) -73.7 ( 12 9) -42 (9, "9) 61.5 ( 12 9) -66.5 ( 12 9) -26.95 (9, 129) -36.4 (9, ^9) -29.7 O 29 ) -55.2 029) 3.3 (129) -60.3 (129) 48.1 ( 12 9) -66.5 (1^) -16.7 ( 44 ) -15.5 (13S) - 7 . 7 0 (12S) - 26.4 O) — 7.5 (1) —21.8 (1) 13.0 (1 °6) -18.8 O) 11.3 O) -14.6 ("t 78) -16.57 (44,78,88, 122)

CeHeO2 CeHeO3 CeHeO3 CeHeClN CeHeClN CeHeClN CeH 6 N 2 O 2 CeHeO CeHeO3S

CeHeO4S CeHeOe CeHeO7S2 CeH7Cl2N CeH7Cl2N CeH7Cl2N CeH7N CeH8ClN CeH8N2 CeH8N2 CeH8N2 CeH8N2O3

Hydroquinol Phloroglucinol Phloroglucinol (H2O) Pyrogallol o-Chloroaniline m-Chloroaniline p-Chloroaniline p-Nitroaniline Phenol (solid) Benzenesulfonic acid Ba benzenesulfonate Ba benzenesulfonate (3H2O) Na benzenesulfonate Na benzenesulfonate (2H2O) o-Phenolsulfonic acid Ba o-phenolsulfonate (H2O) K o-phenolsulfonate (2H2O). Aconitic acid Phenol-2, 4-disulfonate Ba phenol-2, 4-disulfonate (4H2O) o-Chloroaniline hydrochloride m-Chloroaniline hydrochloride p-Chloroaniline hydrochloride Aniline Aniline hydrochloride Phenylhydrazine (liquid)... . Phenylhydrazine (H2O) w-Phenylenediamine p-Phenylenediamine Aniline nitrate

14

-18.4 - 6.91 - 28.0 -15.5 - 2.34 - 3.47 -21.39 -15.65 -10.9

(44,78) ( 44 ) (") ( 44 . 78, 88) ( 1 Oe) O° 6 ) ( 1 Oe) ( 1 Oo) (8,78,88,100)

10.9 -10.9 -3.3 -14.2

O3) (1S) O3) (13)

-56.5 (») -40.6 (2) -17.6 (7)

16 24 21

-33.1

(3)

-18.33

O 06 )

-16.45

O 06 )

-14.61 006) - 0 . 7 5 (29) - 2.30 (29) — 11.43 (29) 1.21 (33) -31.0 (33) —13.4 (1SS) —15.9 O 32 ) —28.17 (29)

TABLE 1.—(Continued) Formula CcH8O6

CeH8O7

CeHaClNa CeHwO3 CeHi0O4 CeHuCl3N2 CeHi 2 N 4 CeHi2O CeHi2O6 CeHi3ClN4 CeHi3NsO3 CeHi4N4O4S CeHi4NeO6 CeHuO6 CeHi4O6 CeHi5IS CeHi 5 N CeHi6N CeHi6ClN C7H4O7 C7H6ClO2 C7H5NO4 C7HeNO4 C7H6NO* C7HeO2 C7HeO2 C7HeO2

C7HeO3 C7HeO3 C7HeO3 C7HeO4 C7H6O5 C7H7NO2 C7H7NO2 C7H7NO2 C7H8ClNO2 C7H8O C7H8O C7H8O2 C7H8O2 C7H8O3S CvH9N

^ Tricarballylic acid KH2 tricarballylate K2H tricarballylate K3 tricarballylate Na3 tricarballylate Citric acid KH 2 citrate K2H citrate K3 citrate NaH2 citrate Na2H citrate Na3 citrate. Phenylhydrazine hydrochloride Ethyl acetoacetate Na ethyl acetoacetate Diethyl oxalate o-Phenylenediamine trihydrochloride (5H2O) Hexamethylenetetramine Cyclohexanol (solid) Cyclohexanol (liquid) Inositol Hexamethylenetetramine hydrochloride Hexamethylenetetramine nitrate Hexamethylenetetramine sulfate Hexamethylenetetramine dinitrate Dulcitol Mannitol Triethylsulfonium iodide Dipropylamine Triethylamine Triethylamine hydrochloride Meconic acid o-Chlorobenzoic acid K o-chlorobenzoate (0. 5H2O) o-Nitrobenzoic acid Na o-nitrobenzoate w-Nitrobenzoic acid Na m-nitrobenzoate p-Nitrobenzoic acid Na p-nitrobenzoate Salicylaldehyde p-Hydroxybenzaldehyde. . . . Benzoic acid Ca benzoate K benzoate Na benzoate NH 4 benzoate o-Hydroxybenzoic acid Na o-hydroxybenzoate w-Hydroxybenzoic acid p-Hydroxybenzoic acid 2>Hydroxybenzoic acid (H2O)....! 3, 4-Dihydroxybenzoic acid (H2O) Gallic acid (H2O) o-Hydroxybenzamide Na o-hydroxybenzamide ra-Hydroxybenzamide Na m-hydroxybenzamide... . p-Hydroxybenzamide Na p-hydroxybenzamide.... m-Hydroxybenzamide hydrochloride o-Cresol p-Cresol Orcinol Orcinol (H2O) o-Hydroxybenzyl alcohol p-Toluenesulfonic acid K p-toluenesulfonate Benzylamine

OC

TABLE 1.—(Continued) O

-27.2 - 28.0 -16.7 13.0 27.6 -22.6 -33.5 -28.0 11.8 -26.57 - 5.11 22.05

Li

*-^ table numbers

Oo») O <>8) O °8) O <>8) O °8) (88,108) O 08 ) O 08 ) (108) 0<> 8 ) O 08 ) (1O*)

15

-24.94 (114) 5.27 (80) 18.4 (79) 12.89 O 8 )

18

-34.3 O 33 ) 20.1 ( 62 ) 8.12 (") 9.8 (") -14.15 (31)

15

-16.49 (62)

Formula C7H9N C7H9NO2 C7Hi0ClN C7Hi0ClN C7Hi2O6 C8H6N4O8 C8HeO4

CsH6O4 C8H8O3 CsH8O3 CsHsO3 CsH8O4 CsHi0N4O2 C 8 HuNO 4

CsHi6Oi CsHwN C9HwO4 Ci0HuNO4

-23.02 (62) Ci0Hi2Oz - 6.70 (62) CioHisNOs 23

-59.8 (62) -24.7 O4) -22.01 (14, 122) -24.06 ( 7 ) 31.60 (58) 42 (58,87) - 2.22 (87) -38.1 (27) - 26.9 ( l ! 6) 1.51 O i 6 ) - 22.2 0»90) 16.3 C1) -23.4 0» 106> - 4.6 0» K> 6 ) - 37.2 O) — 4.19 (!) 0.4 (25) -20.5 ( 25 ) -27.2 (9, 108) 19.7 (9) - 6.3 ( 9 ) 3.3 (9) -11.3 (9) - 26.57 ( 4 6) — 9.17 (108) —25.86 ( 46 ) -24.19 ( 46 )

Ci0Hi6Cl2N2 Ci0Hi6O2 CioHieO4 Ci0H20O Ci2H6Oi2 Ci2Hi0O4 Ci2Hi3ClN2 Ci 2 Hi 4 Cl 2 N 2 Ci 2 Hi 6 N 2 O 4 S Ci2H20Oi0 Ci2H22On Ci2H22On Ci3Hi8O7 Ci4Hi0N2O4 Ci4Hi0Og Ci7H22N2 Ci8H32O16 C20H22N2O4 C20H24N2O4 C36H62Q3I

N a ^ e " ^ C p-Toluidine Pyridine acetate Benzylamine hydrochloride.. p-Toluidine hydrochloride... Quinicacid Alloxantin (2H2O) Phthalic acid Na2 phthalate Na2 isophthalate Na2 terephthalate Piperonylic acid Anisic acid Mandelicacid Vanillin Vanillic acid Caffeine Caffeine (H2O) Diethyl cyanomalonate Ba ethyl cyanomalonate Ba ethyl cyanomalonate (4H2O) Na ethyl cyanomalonate Caprylic acid Diisobutylamine Veratric acid Nitrocumic acid Na nitrocumate Cumic acid Na cumate Nitrocamphor Hydrated nitrocamphor Nicotine dihydrochloride.... Campholenic acid Camphoric acid Menthol Melliticacid Pipericacid Benzidine hydrochloride Benzidine dihydrochloride... Aniline sulfate Dextrin Lactose Lactose (H2O) Sucrose Salicin m, m'-Azobenzoic acid Na2 m, m'-azobenzoate.. Na2 p, p'-azobenzoate Tannic acid Tetramethyldiaminodiphenylmethane Raffinose Raffinose (5H2O) Azocumic acid Na 2 azocumate Hydrazocumic acid Na2 hydrazocumate Inulin

17

18 14

g

Lit. a n d table numbers -18.8 O) 8.069 O° 9 ) -16.03 (87) -13.60 ( 7 ) -12.76 (27) - 44.4 (l 12) -20.38 (57) 1.00 (57) - 3.3 (57) - 2 . 5 (57) — 38.1 ( 26 ) -33.1 (26) -12.93 (26) -21.8 (26) -21.59 (26) -11.47 0«) -18.67 O 12 ) 10.0

(93)

-20.5 (93) —10.9 (93) 0.67 O °8) 29.50 (58) -25.5 (26) —5.0

23 18

15.9 O) - 7 . 5 (42) —11.7 ( 42 ) 27.45 (58) -13.4 (34) - 2 . 1 (27) O (88) 15.36 (27) -43.9 (26) -31.4 O 14 ) -24.7 (l 14 ) -19.38 (29) - 1.12 (136) 10.5 (96) -15.5 (96) - 5 . 5 2 (l 4 , 100, 122) -12.26 (26) 18.4 — 7.5

18

(!)

O) O) O °°)

0.25 (l 34 ) 35.2 (38) -40.6 (38) 28.9 43.1 - 0.4

O) (l) Q36)

-32,31 (46) 17

-29.7 (25) -29.7 (25) -18.16 O) 1.46 (!) —17.41 (106) 5.9 O 06 ) —22.56 (l) 8.0 (l) -29.3 O 06 ) - 8 . 8 (28) -8.8 (28) -10.9 (44) -22.6 (44) -13.4 (25) - 20.9 10.71

(26) (58, 87)

TABLE 2.—HEATS OF SOLUTION OF BINARY ORGANIC SYSTEMS (T-Table.—(L-Arrangement The B-component where italicized is the solvent. Q is expressed in solute, dissolved in more than one perature where not given. Formula

B-Component \ Name (and temp., 0C)

ecu CS2 CHCIz CH4O

(v. Vol. Ill, p. viii) is the solute, and otherwise kilo joules evolved per mole mole solvent; at room tem-

Carbon bisulfide. Chloroform Methyl alcohol

Q

Lit. and Table No.*

- 1.76 ( 127 ); 3 3 0.67 (W)

* The numbers not in parentheses are numbers of other tables in this section which should be consulted for further data.

TABLE 2.—(Continued) Formula CH4O C2H4Br2 C2H4O2 C2F4O2 C2H6O C3F6O C3H8O CAO2 C4H10O C4F10O C5H5N C5H6N C6H6 C6F6 C6H7N C6F7AT C7F6O2 C7F6O3 C7F8 C7F9ATO2 C7H16 C7F16 C12F24O2 C22F42O2

CFCZ3 C2H4Br2 C2F6O C3F6O C4F8O2 C4F10O CfiF6 C6H12O3 C7F8 C7F16 C10F7ATO2 C10F8 C10H16 C12F10AT2 C12F11AT

C7F8

CH4O C2F3CZ3O2 C2H4Br2 C2H4O C2H4O2 C2F4O2 C2H6O C3H6O C3F6O C3F7ATQ2


B-Component Lit. and Q | Name (and temp., 0C)"" Table No.* CCl4.- (Continued) Methyl alcohol - 6 . 7 (127) Ethylene bromide 3 Acetic acid - 0.8 ( 127 ) Acetic acid - 1.88 (!27) Ethyl alcohol 0.88 (127) Acetone - 1.7 (127) Propyl alcohol 0.8 (127) Ethyl acetate - 0.29 (127, 130); 3 Isobutyl alcohol -1.3 (127) Ethyl ether 2.1 (127) Pyridine 1.3 (127) Pyridine - 1.3 (127) Benzene - 0 . 6 7 (127); 3 Benzene - 0.50 (127); 3, 4 Aniline - 4.52 (127); 3 Aniline - 8.8 (127) Benzoic acid -14.6 (127) Salicylic acid -11.3 (127) Toluene 3,4 Pyridine acetate - 0.448 (l°*) Heptane - 0.71 (127) Heptane - 1.00 (127) Laurie acid -35.6 (127) Erucic add -50.6 (127) CS2 Chloroform Ethylene bromide Ethyl alcohol Acetone Ethyl acetate Ethyl ether Benzene Paraldehyde Toluene Heptane Nitronaphthalene Naphthalene Pinene Azobenzene Diphenylamine

CHBr3, Bromoform I Toluene |

- 2.43 (127); 3, 4 3 - 6.7 (127); 4 - 7.5 (127); 4 - 6.53 (127); 3 - 4.2 (127); 3 - 2 . 8 0 (127); 3, 4 3 4 -2.85 (127) -22.68 (88) -20.9 (88) 3 -20.84 (88) -15.0. (88)

|3

CHCl3, Chloroform Methyl alcohol 4.77 (127); 3 Chloral hydrate (22°) -25.07 (122) Ethylene bromide 3 Acetaldehyde 3 Acetic acid 2.43 (127) Acetic add 2.1 (127) Ethyl alcohol 6.03 (127); 3 Acetone 4.85 (127); 3, 4 Acetone 8.0 (127,128) Urethane (24°) -19.3 (122)


C6F6O C6H7N C6F7AT C6F10 C6F12 C6H12O3 C7F6O2 C7F8 C7F9AT C7F9ATO2 C7F16 C8F9ATO C8F10 C8H18 C10F7ATO2 C10F8 C12F10

B-Component Lit. and Table No | Name (and temp., 0C) -* CHCl3.- (Continued) w-Propyl alcohol 4.69 (i 2 7); 3 Ethyl acetate 5.61 (127); 3 Ethyl acetate 9.08 (127) Ethyl ether 8.41 (127); 3 Ethyl ether 8.8 (127); 4 Isobutyl alcohol 3 Pyridine 6.19 (127) Pyridine 7.70 (127) Isoamyl alcohol 3 Chlorobenzene 3 o-Nitrophenol -17.03 (88) Benzene 1.00 (127); 3 Benzene 1.80 (127, 130); 3,4 Phenol -16.7 (127) Aniline O (127) Aniline - 1.3 (127) Cyclohexene 3 Cyclohexane 3 Paraldehyde 3 Benzoic add -13.4 (127) Toluene 3 p-Toluidine (23°) -14.61 (122) Pyridine acetate 5.047 (i« 9 ) Heptane 3.06 (127) Acetanilide (25°) -18.4 (122) p-Xylene 3 Octane - 2.34 (127) Nitronaphthalene . -17.45 (88) Naphthalene (23°) -16.11 (122) Acenaphthene (21°) -18.8 (122)

C2H6O

CH4N2O, Urea I Ethyl alcohol (24°)....... 1-15.11 | (122)

C2H4O2

CH2O2, Formic 1 Acetic acid

Formula C3H8O C4H8O2 C4F8O2 C4H10O C4F10O C4H10O C5H5N C5F5A^ C5H12O C6F5CZ C6F5ATO3 C6H6 C6F6

C2F2O4 C2F2O4 C2H4O2 C2F4O2 C2H6O C3F6O C3F7ATO2 C3H8O C3H8O C4H8O2 C4F8O2 C4H10O C4H10O C5H5N C5F5AT C5F12O C6F6ATO3 C6H6 C6F6 C6F6O2

acid |

|3

CH4O, Methyl alcohol Oxalic acid - 3.64 (126) Oxalic add (2F2O) -21.8 (126) Acetic acid... O (127) Acetic add 0.79 (127) Ethyl alcohol 3, 4 Acetone - 2.09 (127); 3 Urethane (24°) -18.20 (122) n-Propyl alcohol 3, 4 " Isopropyl alcohol 3 Ethyl acetate - 5.44 (127) Ethyl acetate. - 3.10 O 2 7 ) Ethyl ether - 2.5 (127); 3 Isobutyl alcohol 3 Pyridine 2.30 (127) Pyridine 4.19 (127) Isoamyl alcohol 3 o-Nitrophenol -20.1 (127) Benzene -11.7 (127) Benzene - 1.51 (127); 4 Resordnol 0.84 (127)

TABLE 2.—(Continued) B-Component Formula C6H7N C6JMT C7H5NO4 C1HsNOt C7H6O2 C7F6O3 C7H6O3 C7H7NO2 C7H7NO2 C7H7NO2 C7H8 C7H16 C7H11 C8F9A^ CoF8O2 C10F8 Ci2Fi0 Ci2F24O2 Ci4F28O2 Ci6F32O2 Ci9Fi6 C2H6O C3H8O C2H6O C3H8O C2H6O C3H6O C4H10O C7H8 C2F4CZ2 C2H4O2 C2F4O2 C6F5CZ C6F6 C6FiO C6F12 C6Fi4 C7F8 C8Fi0 C9Fi2 CioFi4 C6F6 C7F8 C2H6O C4Fi0O C2H6O C2F6O C3H6O C3F6O C3H6O3 C3H8Q

Name (and temp.,0C)

TABLE 2.— (Continued)

Lit. and Table No.*

CH4O.—(Continued) Aniline 0.08 (127) ; 3 Aniline 2.85 (127) o-Nitrobenzoic acid -17.2 (127) m-Nitrobenzoic add -15.1 (l27) Benzoic add (13°) -12.1 (126, 127) Salicylic acid -13.0 (126, 127) m-Hydroxybenzoic add - 8.79 (127) o-Aminobenzoic add -12.6 (127) m-Aminobenzoic add -19.7 (127) p-Aminobenzoic add — 9,21 O 2 7 ) Toluene - 4.60 (127) Heptane - 9.63 (127) Heptane - 4.65 (127) Acetanilide (24°) -18.8 (122) Cinnamic acid (13°) -15.9 O 26 ) Naphthalene (24°) -17.70 (122) Acenaphthene (24°) -25.9 (122) Laurie add -41.4 (127) Myristic add -51.06 (127) Palmitic add -61.52 (127) Triphenylmethane -24.6 (127) C2H2O4, Oxalic acid Ethyl alcohol - 5.31 (126) Propyl alcohol - 7.87 (126) C2H2O4.2H2O, Oxalic acid I Ethyl alcohol -23.4 (126) I Propyl alcohol -27.6 (126) C2H3Cl3O2, Chloral hydrate Ethyl alcohol (24°) - 4.73 ( 88 > 122) Acetone - 2.89 (88) Ethyl ether... O (88) Toluene (24°) -31.4 (122) C2H4Br2, Ethylene bromide Ethylene chloride 3 Acetic acid 5 Acetic add 5 Chlorobenzene 3 Benzene 3 Cyclohexene 3 Cyclohexane 3 n-Hexane 3 Toluene 3 p-Xylene 3 Mesitylene 3 p-Cymene 3 C2H4Cl2, Ethylene chloride Benzene 3 Toluene 3 C2H4O, Acetaldehyde Ethyl alcohol 3 Ethyl ether 3 C2H4O2, Acetic acid Ethyl alcohol - 1.05 (7) Ethyl alcohol. - 2.01 (127) Acetone 1.38 (127) Acetone 0.84 (127) Lactic acid 3 Propyl alcohol - 1.42 (M)


B-Component Formula C3F8O C4H8O2 C4F8O2 C4Fi0O C4Hi0O C6F5A^ C6H6 C6F6 C6F6O C6Fi2 C6F7AT C7H8 C7Fi6 Ci0F8 C2H6O

*

Name (and temp., 0C)

Lit. and Table No.*

C2H4O2.—(Continued) Propyl alcohol - 3.06 (127) Isobutyric acid 3 Ethyl acetate 0.54 (127) Ethyl ether 1.67 (127) Isobutyl alcohol - 2.76 (* 2 7) Pyridine 27.2 (127) Benzene -1.88 (127); 5 Benzene - 2.26 (127); 3, 4, 5 Phenol -10.00 (««) Cyclohexane 3 Aniline 28.9 (127) Toluene - 1.3 («• «7) ; 3 Heptane - 5.40 (127) Naphthalene -17.45 (88) C2H5NO, Acetamide I Ethyl alcohol (23°) 1-15.11 | (122)

C3H6O C3H7NO2 C3H8O C3F8O3 C4F5ATO2 C4H8O2 C4F8O2 C4Hi0O C4Hi0O C5H5N C5F5AT C5Hi2O C6F4AT2O4 C6H6 C6F6 C6F6O C6F6O2

C2H6O, Ethyl alcohol Acetone - 5.11 (127); 3 Urethane (24°) -19.80 (122) n-Propyl alcohol 3,4 Glycerol (24°) - 3.18 (««) . Sucdnimide (22°) -22.85 (»«) Ethyl acetate - 7.53 (127) Ethyl acetate - 4.81 (127); 3 Ethyl ether - 3.8 (127); 3 Isobutyl alcohol 3 Pyridine 0.54 (127) Pyridine 2.26 (127) Isoamyl alcohol 3 m-Dinitrobenzene -17.66 (88) Benzene -16.7 (127); 4 Benzene -1.51 («7); 3, 5 Phenol - 2.5 ( 88 > 127) Resordnol (23°) 2.89 ( 88 ,122,

C6F6O3 C6H7N C6F7AT C6F8O7 C6Fi5O4P C7H6NO^ C7F6O2 C7F6O3 C7F6O3 C7F7ATO C7H7NO2 C7H7NO2 C7H7NO2 C7F9AT C7Hi6 C7Fi6 C8F9ATO C9F8O2 Ci0F8

Pyrogallol.. Aniline. Aniline Citric add Triethyl phosphate m-Nitrobenzoic add Benzoic add Salicylic add m-Hydroxybenzoic acid Benzamide (24°) o-Aminobenzoic add m-Aminobenzoic add p-Aminobenzoic add p-Toluidine (24°) Heptane Heptane Acetanilide (23°) Cinnamic add Naphthalene (24°)

Ci0Fi4O C10F20O C12F10

Thymol Menthol Acenaphthene (24°)

127)

3.60 (88) - 2.26 (127) 1.00 (127) -17.87 (88) - 0.8 ( 5 2) -12.1 O 2 7) -12.6 (126, 127) -11.3 (126,127) - 6.70 (127) -17.74 (122) -11.3 (127) -18.4 (127) - 7.53 (127) -15.28 (122) - 3.3 (127) - 2.64 (127) -17.6 (122) —15.5 (i 26 ) -20.34 ( 88 > 122, 127)

- 8.79 (88) - 7.91 (88) . . . - 2 4 . 7 (122)

TABLE 2.—(Continued) B-Çomponent Formula


TABLE 2.—(Continued) ^

Lit. and Table No.*

C12H10 Ci2HwN2 C12H24O2 Ci4Fi0 CwHvO2

C2H6O.—(Continued) Diphenyl -17.79 («*) Azobenzene -21.97 (88) Laurie acid -40.6 (127) Phenanthrene (24°) -18.04 (122) Erucic acid -56.08 (127)

C3H7NO2 C3H8O C4^8O2 C4Fi0O C6H6ClO C6H6 C6F6 C6F6O C6F6O2 C6F6O3 C6F7N C6F8O7 C7F6O2 C7F6O3 C7H9NO2 C7F16 C10H7NO2 C10F8 CwH9N C10F9N C12F10 Ci2HwN2 Ci2HnN C22F42O2

C3HeO, Acetone Urethane -15.86 (88) Isopropyl alcohol (112.5) Ethyl acetate - 0.63 (127); 3 Ethyl ether 3 o-Chlorophenol 4 Benzene - 1.3 (127) Benzene - 1.09 (127) Phenol - 0.59 (88) Resorcinol 4.19 (127) Pyrogallol 5.82 (88) Aniline 5.44 (127) Citric acid -13.4 (88) Benzoic acid -12.1 (127) Salicylic acid -10.9 (127) Pyridine acetate - 1.385 (i° 9 ) Heptane - 7.20 (127) Nitronaphthalene -29.17 (88) Naphthalene -18.29 (88) a-Naphthylamine -10.84 (88) ß-Naphthylamine -15.61 (88) Diphenyl -18.71 (88) Azobenzene -23.10 (88) Diphenylamine -13.52 (88) Erucic acid -63.6 O 27 )

C4F8O2 C6F6

C3H6O2, Methyl acetate Ethyl acetate Benzene

C3H8O C7H8

C3H7NO2, Urethane Propyl alcohol (25°) -25.32 (122) Toluene (23°) -26.8 (122)

C4F8O2 C4Fi0O C4Hi0O C5H6N C6Hi2O C6H6 C6F6 C6F6O2 C6F7AT C7H5NO4 C7F6O2 C7F6O3 C7Hi6 C7Fi6 C9F8O2 Ci0F8 C12Fi0 Ci2F24Q2

3, 4 4

C3H8O, n-Propyl alcohol 1 Ethyl acetate - 5.48 (127); 3 Ethyl ether 3 Isobutyl alcohol 3 Pyridine 0.17 (127) Isoamyl alcohol 3 Benzene -14.6 (127) Benzene - 2.26 (127); 4 Resorcinol - 0.84 (127) Aniline - 1.51 (127); 3 o-Nitrobenzoic acid -20.9 (127) Benzoic acid -14.2 (126, 127) Salicylic acid -13.8 (126, 127) Heptane - 9.21 (127) Heptane - 1.63 (127) Cinnamic acid (13°) -15.9 (126) Naphthalene -20.5 (122, 127) Acenaphthene (13°) -28.50 (122) Laurie acid -40.2 (127)


B-Component o

Formula C4F8O2 C4Fi0O C4Hi0O C6H6N C6Hi2O C6F4]V2O4 C6H6 C6F6 C6F6O2 C6F7AT C6Hi2O2 C7F6ATO4 C7F6O2 C7F6O3 C7F6O3 C7F9ATO2 C7Hi4O2 C7Hi6 C7Fi6 C9H]0O2 Ci0F8 Ci2F24O2 C22F42O2 C6F6AT C6F6 C7Fi6 C4Fi0O C6H6N C6Hi2O C6F4AT2O4 C6F6ATO3 C6H6 C6F6O C6F6O3 C6F7]V C6Fi2O3 C7F6O2 CwH7NO2 Ci0F8 Ci0F14O Ci0F20O Ci2Hi0N2 Ci2FnAT C6Fi2O C6F6 C7F16 C6H5ClO C6F6ATO3 C6F6 C6F6O C6F6O2 C7F8O C7F8O


^

Lit. and Table No.*

C4H6Cl3O2, Ethyl trichloroacetate I Ethyl acetate | |3 C4H8O2, Ethyl acetate Ethyl ether 3, 4 Isobutyl alcohol - 6.70 (127); 3 Pyridine - 0.25 (127) Isoamyl alcohol. 3 m-Dinitrobenzene 14.790 (56) Benzene - 0.67 (127); 3 Benzene - 0 . 5 9 (127); 4 Resorcinol 1.3 O 27 ) Aniline 3.01 (127) Amyl formate 3 o-Nitrobenzoic acid -13.4 (127) Benzoic acid -13.0 (127) Salicylic acid - 8.37 (127) m-Hydroxybenzoic acid.. . . — 7.95 ( 12 7) Pyridine acetate - 0.988 (109) Amyl acetate 3, 4 Heptane - 5.06 (127) Heptane.. - 5.61 O 2 7 ) Ethyl benzoate 3 Naphthalene -17.2 (127) Laurie acid -41.0 (127) Erucic acid -56.5 | (127) C4H9Cl, Isobutyl chloride Pyridine 1.3 (127) Benzene - 0.96 (127) Heptane. - 2.01 (127) C4Hi0O, Ethyl ether Isobutyl alcohol 3 Pyridine - 0.84 (127) Isoamyl alcohol 3 m-Dinitrobenzene -22.64 (88) o-Nitrophenol -17.6 («*) Benzene - 0.42 (127); 4 Phenol - 0.36 (88) Pyrogallol - 1.7 (88) Aniline 3 Paraldehyde 3 Benzoic acid -10.0 (127) Nitronaphthalene -24.20 (88) Naphthalene -20.30 (88) Thymol - 4.48 (88) Menthol -19.29 (88) Azobenzene. -20.67 (**) Diphenylamine -14.6 (88) C4Hi0O, Isobutyl alcohol Isoamyl alcohol 3 Benzene - 3.18 (127) Heptane - 1.7 (127) C6H5N, Pyridine I o-Chlorophenol 4 o-Nitrophenol -10.0 (127) Benzene O (127) Phenol 7.11 (127) Resorcinol 20.9 (127) o-Cresol 4 m-Cresol j4

TABLE 2.—(Continued) B-Component Formula

C6Hi2O2 C8Hi0 C6H6 C7H16 C6H6 C6H5Cl C6H6 C6H6 C8Hi0 C6HuN C9H7N C6H7N C7H9N C8Hi1N C8HnJV Ci 0 Hi 6 N C6H6 C7HuO2 C6H6O C6H6O2 C6H7N C6H7N C6Hi2 C 6 Hi 4 C7H6O2 C7H6O3 C7H8 C7H8O C7H9]VO2 C7Hi6 C7H16 C8Hi0 C8H18 C10H7JVO2 Ci0H8 C10Hi4O Ci0Hi6 Ci0H20O Ci2Hi0 Ci2Hi0AT2 C12H11JV C12H24O2 C14H28O2 Ci6H32O2 Ci9Hi6 C22H42Q2

0

Name (and temp., C)


Lrt. and Table No.*

C5Hi0O2, Propyl acetate I A™yl formate i |3 C6Hi2O, Amyl alcohol \p-Xylene | [4 C 6 Hi 2 O, Isoamyl alcohol Benzene - 2.9 (127) Heptane - 1.3 (127) CeH4N2O4, ra-Dinitrobenzene I Benzene .|-15.86 | (88) CeH6Br, Bromobenzene Chlorobenzene 3 Benzene 3 C6H5Cl, Chlorobenzene Benzene.... (121) p-Xylene... . . 3 C6H6ClO, o-Chlorophenol Dimethylaniline... 4 QuinoKne 4 C6H6NO2, Nitrobenzene Aniline 3 o-Toluidine 3 Dimethylaniline 3 Ethylaniline 3 Diethylaniline 3 C6H6NO3, o-Nitrophenol Benzene -20.9 ( 88 > 127) Isoamyl acetate -14.73 (88) C6H6, Benzene Phenol -18.41 (88, 127) Resorcinol -15.78 (88) Aniline - 2.51 (127) Aniline - 4.85 (127) Cyclohexane 3 n-Hexane , 3 Benzoic acid -14.2 (127) Salicylic acid -23.9 (127) Toluene 3, 4 m-Cresol 3 Pyridine acetate - 0.866 (109) Heptane - 2.89 («7) Heptane - 4.39 (127) ra-Xylene 3 Octane - 2.9 (127) Nitronaphthalene -22.52 ( 88 ) Naphthalene -18.50 ( 88 > «7) Thymol -23.8 ( 88 > 127) Pinene 3 Menthol -28.0 ( 88 ) Diphenyl -18.0 ( 88 ) Azobenzene -21.18 ( 88 ) Diphenylamine -16.99 ( 88 ) Laurie acid... -40.6 (127) Myristic acid -50.2 (127) Palmitic acid -59.0 O27) Triphenylmethane -17.6 (l 27) Erucic acid -56.5 (127)


B-Component Formula C6H7N C6H7N C7Hi4O2 C 6 Hi 4 C7Hi6 C8H10 CwH7NO2 Ci0H8 C6Hi4 C7H8 C8H10 C7H8

-

C7H8O C7H16 C8H10 Ci0H8 Ci2Hi0 Ci2H24O2 Ci9Hi6 C7H9N C8HuN CwH7NO2 C12H10]V2 Ci2HnAT C8Hi0 C8H10 C8Hi0 C8HnN


0

. Lit. and Table No.*

C6H6O, Phenol I Aniline. | | (103) C6H6O3, Pyrogallol Aniline.. 11.51 (88) Amyl acetate O (88) C6H7N, Aniline Hexane (99) Heptane -10.17 (127) p-Xylene 4 Nitronaphthalene. -17.54 (88) Naphthalene -19.80 (88) C6Hi2, Cyclohexane n-Hexane 3 Toluene 3 p-Xylene 3 C7H6O2, Benzoic acid (Toluene 1-14.2 | (127) C7H8, Toluene ra-Cresol 3 Heptane - 2.26 (127) p-Xylene. 3 Naphthalene (23°) -17.87 (122) Acenaphthene(2Z°) -20.05 (122) Laurie acid -38.1 (127) Triphenylmethane -17.2 (i 27) C7H8O, m-Cresol o-Toluidine 3 Dimethylaniline 3 C7H14O2, Amyl acetate Nitronaphthalene.. -18.75 (88) Azobenzene -20.67 (88) Diphenylamine -14.86 (88) C8Hi0, o-Xylene m-Xylene 3 p-Xylene 3 C8Hi0, w-Xylene p-Xylene 3 Dimethylaniline 3

TABLE 3 The concentration is expressed by XAJ the mole fraction of the Acomponent in the mixture. Q is expressed in kilojoules evolved per mole mixture. The temperature is between 15 and 20° unless otherwise indicated. H2O B = C2H6O2.B = C2H6O2.B = C2H6O (51) (Continued) (Continued) x Ethyl alcohol * Q XA Q XA, t Q 0.4 0.6349 0.4 0.5311 0.640 77° -0.078 0.5 0.7286 0.5 0.6148 0.843 79.2° 4-0.159 0.7713 0.6 0.6696 06 B = C 2 H 6 O 2 (US) 0.7 0.7433 0.7 0.6725 Glycol 0.8 0.7110 0.8 0.6457 XA I Q 0.9 0.519 0.9 0.429 t =17° t = 32° t = 55° 0.1 0.175 0.1 0.147 0.1 0.136 0.2 0.349 0.2 0.295 0.2 0.271 0.3 0.423 0.3 0.357 0.3 0.328

B = C2HeO2»— (Continued) XA Q 0.4 0.4838 0.5 0.5574 0.6 0.6056 0.7 0.6211 0.8 0.5867 0.9 0.397 t = 76° 0.1 0.136 0.2 0.271 0.3 0.329 0.4 0.4708 0.5 0.5311 0.6 0.5604 0.7 0.5796 0.8 0.5679 0.9 0.371

CCl4 B = CS2 (94.1)

t = 0.0934 0.1425 0.2838 0.4001 0.5393 0.6693 0.8153

25° -0.127 -0.180 -0.276 -0.307 -0.311 -0.264 -0.179

B = CHCl3 C 94 - 1 ) t = 25° 0.1150 -0.103 0.2428 -0.176 0.3623 -0.219 0.4331 -0.228 0.5411 -0.226 0.7295 -0.185 0.8178 -0.146

B = C6H6.- (CWd) XA Q 0.443 -0.110 0.507 -0.111 0.538 -0.106 0.636 -0.098 0.764 -0.072 B = C6H7N (94) Aniline t = 25° 0.0942 -0.408 0.1848 -0.707 0.3005 -0.991 0.4152 -1.181 0.4827 -1.218 0.5504 -1.245 0.6215 -1.209 0.7175 -1.129 0.7888 -1.030 0.8627 -0.787 0.9092 -0.623 B = C7H8 (5) Toluene 0.216 0.0150 0.327 0.0193 0.475 0.2578 CS2 B = CHCl3 (94.1) t = 25° 0.1897 -0.313 0.3492 -0.474 0.4046 -0.513 0.5906 -0.534 0.6720 -0.502 0.8193 -0.352 0.9351 -0.143

B = C 4 Hi 0 O(Continued) XA Q 0.7305 -0.397 0.7703 -0.358 0.9246 -0.157 B = C6H6 (94.1, 118)

t =25° 0.2020 -0.338 0.5224 -0.565 0.6229 -0.541 0.7259 -0.465 0.8384 -0.339 0.9025 -0.227 B = C6H12O3 (94.1) Paraldehyde t = 25° 0.2974 -0.959 0.3908 -1.126 0.5498 -1.268 0.6365 -1.250 0.6972 -1.193 0.8243 -0.916 0.9082 -0.580 B = C10H16 (94.1) Pinene t = 25° 0.2845 -0.264 0.4719 -0.367 0.6532 -0.379 0.7353 -0.353 0.7976 -0.318 0.8998 -0.200 0.9585 -0.095

CHBr3 B = C7H8 (5) Toluene 0.067 0.082 0.238 0.248 0.444 0.326 0.780 0.223 0.940 0.075

B = C2H4Br2 (94.1) B = C2H4Br2 (94.1) Ethylene bromide Ethylene bromide t = 25° t = 25° 0.1607 -0.378 0.1146 -0.198 0.3728 -0.693 0.2817 -0.406 0.5184 -0.788 CHCl3 0.3733 -0.472 0.5683 -0.792 B = CH4O (94.1) 0.4835 -0.509 0.8300 -0.521 Methyl alcohol 0.5404 -0.511 0.9206 -0.280 * • = 25° 0.7565 -0.414 B = C H O (94.1) 0.1154 0.434 4 8 2 0.8455 -0.274 Ethyl acetate 0.2041 0.594 B = C4H8O2 (51) t = 25° 0.3001 0.607 Ethyl acetate 0.2199 -0.729 0.4715 +0.349 t = 74.8° 0.4690 -1.123 0.6345 -0.014 0.308 I -0.259 0.5249 -1.145 0.6645 -0.080 0.6522 -1.112 0.8042 -0.314 B = C6H6 (94.1) 0.9141 -0.393 0.7578 -0.946 t = 25° 0.8119 -0.821 B = C H Br (94.1) 2 4 2 0.2996 -0.091 0.9130 -0.468 Ethylene bromide 0.3506 -0.106 t = 25° B = C4H10O (94.1) 0.5012 -0.107 0.2991 0.087 0.6177 -0.104 Ethyl ether 0.4246 0.103 0.7309 -0.089 t = 25° 0.5352 0.109 0.8675 -0.054 0.1462 -0.200 0.6293 0.108 0.3571 -0.396 (5) 0.8476 0.048 0.033 -0.013 0.4167 -0.436 1 0.8902 0.030 0.256 -0.086 0.6014 -0.456

B = C2H4O (94.1) Acetaldehyde t = 25° 0.2125 0.652 0.2562 0.782 0.3833 1.058 0.4144 1.109 0.4348 1.121 0.5787 1.208 0.6759 1.133 0.7226 1.076 B = C2H6O (94.1) Ethyl alcohol t = 25° 0.1216 0.508 0.1765 0.644 0.3175 0.624 0.3777 0.489 0.4770 0.246 0.5716 +0.009 0.7470 -0.365 0.8350 -0.457 0.9412 -0.387 B = C3H6O (5l) Acetone XA, t 0.262 57° O . 359 59° 0.614 62°

XA

I

Q 1.214 1 .569 1.544

Q

t = 25° (94.1) 0.2481 1.167 0.3967 1.715 0.4578 1.868 0.5004 1.921 0.5476 1.973 0.6486 1.900 0.6981 1.775 0.7558 1.573 0.9808 0.159 B = C3H8O (94.1) n-Propyl alcohol t = 25° 0.0486 0.212 0.1640 0.415 0.2794 0.342 0.3399 +0.244 0.5011 -0.131 0.5123 -0.151 0.6823 -0.516 0.7411 -0.587 0.8347 -0.637 0.9359 -0.449 B = C4H8O2 (94.1) Ethyl acetate t = 25° 0.2145 1.109 0.3766 1.748 0.4581 1.967 0.5850 2.034 0.6255 1.985 0.6955 1.841 0.7158 1.778 0.9102 0.721

B = C4H10O (94.1) Ethyl ether XA I Q t = 25° 0.1819 1.445 0.3627 2.405 0.4805 2.701 0.5031 2.708 0.5243 2.714 0.5841 2.599 0.6563 2.402 1.915 0.7516 B = C4H10O (94.1) Isobutyl alcohol t = 25° 0.0586 0.080 0.0822 +0.089 0.1980 -0.015 0.2804 -0.214 0.5146 -0.743 0.6103 -0.873 0.8225 -0.882 0.9502 -0.455 B = C5H12O (94.1) Isoamyl alcohol t = 25° 0.0129 0.102 0.0789 0.157 0.1972 +0.144 0.3742 -0.139 0.4590 -0.336 0.5793 -0.556 0.7986 -0.752 0.9402 -0.483 B = C6H6Cl (5) 0.204 0.102 0.339 0.149 0.4344 0.168 0.561 0.1753 B = C6H6 (5) 0.067 0.063 0.193 0.230 0.340 0.268 0.584 0.360 0.737 0.306 0.201 0.850 t = 25° (94.1) 0.1461 0.197 0.3115 0.324 0.4584 0.401 0.5601 0.424 0.7572 0.369 0.8681 0.239 B = C6H10 (5) Cyclohexene 0.100 0.0410 0.290 0.0891 0.1096 0.525 B = C6H12 (5) Cyclohexane 0.255 -0.5102 0.410 -0.6424 0.578 -0.6278 0.696 -0.5487 0.873 -0.2942

B = C6H12O3 ( 94 -i) Paraldehyde XA | Q t = 25° 0.2406 1.349 0.3982 1.988 0.4981 2.231 0.5916 2.311 0.6996 2.142 0.8519 1.373 0.9428 0.611 B = C7H8 (5) Toluene 0.075 0.184 0.260 0.5374 B = C8H10 (5) p-Xylene 0.097 0.285 0.298 0.720 0.875 0.425 0.490 0.912 0.772 0.672 0.856 0.473

CH2O2 Formic acid B = C2H4O2 (loi» 104)

Acetic acid 0.50 I 0.303

CH4O Methyl alcohol B = C2H6O (94.1) Ethyl alcohol t = 25° 0.4421 -0.003 0.6110 -0.008 0.7082 -0.009 B = C3H6O (94.1) Acetone t = 25° 0.2426 -0.541 0.4244 -0.686 0.5163 -0.671 0.5966 -0.635 0.6014 -0.632 0.6870 -0.556 0.8067 -0.387 0.9315 -0.149 B = C3H8O (94.1) n-Propyl alcohol t = 25° 0.4451 -0.091 0.6666 -0.097 0.7962 -0.074 B = C3H8O (loi, 104)

Isopropyl alcohol XA, t

0.25 0.25 0.50 0.50 0.75 0.75

14.6° 34.2° 15.2° 30° 16.3° 34.1°

Q

0.082 0.073 0.080 0.060 0.051 0.040

CH4(X-(CWd) B = C4H10O (94.1) Ethyl ether XA I Q t = 25° 0.2173 -0.414 0.3197 -0.502 0.5582 -0.410 0.6386 -0.336 0.7101 -0.257 0.8221 -0.153 0.9259 -0.049 B = C4H10O (»4.1) Isobutyl alcohol t = 25° 0.5140 -0.170 0.7135 -0.165 0.8508 -0.116 B = C5H12O (94.1) Isoamyl alcohol t = 25° 0.5140 -0.191 0.7683 -0.187 0.8684 -0.132 B - C 6 H 7 N (94) Aniline t = 25° 0.0855 -0.018 0.1639 -0.016 0.2558 +0.015 0.3297 0.053 0.4359 0.116 0.5261 0.149 0.6205 0.187 0.7228 0.215 0.8172 0.208 0.8397 0.200 0.9362 0.121 0.9486 0.094

C2H4Br2 Ethylene bromide B = C2H4Cl2 (5) Ethylene chloride 0.215 I -0.123 B = C6H6Cl (5) Chlorobenzene 0.070 -0.086 0.332 -0.286 B = C6H6 (5) 0.054 -0.0590 0.186 -0.1762 0.364 -0.2624 0.535 -0.2888 0.648 -0.2616 0.821 -0.1728 0.946 -0.0590 B = C6H10 (5) Cyclohexene 0.107 -0.2440 0.296 -0.0544 B = C6H12 (5) Cyclohexane 0.098 -0.490 0.182 -0.841

B = C6H12.C2H4O (Continued) Acetaldehyde XA Q B = C2H6O (104.1) 0.308 -1.184 Ethyl alcohol 0.375 -1.297 XA Q 0.495 -1.381 0.1621 -1.530 0.529 -1.364 0.2475 -2.750 0.555 -1.360 0.2709 -2.979 0.687 -1.168 0.2910 -3.300 0.690 -1.168 0.3059 -3.269 0.765 -0.992 0.3422 -3.756 0.842 -0.741 0.3906 -3.974 0.949 -0.2745 0.4211 -4.131 0.4244 -4.104 B = C6H14 (5) 0.4422 -4.177 n-Hexane 0.4973 -4.188 0.94 I -0.4009 0.5114 -4.029 B = C7H8 (5) 0.5285 -3.599 Toluene 0.5470 -3.085 0.078 +0.0732 0.5812 -2.826 0.250 -0.0121 0.6478 -2.321 0.450 -0.0691 0.6717 -2.160 0.567 -0.0975 0.8110 -1.658 0.710 -0.114 B = C4H10O (94.1) 0.830 -0.109 Ethyl ether B = C8H10 (5) t =25° p-Xylene 0.3477 -0.523 0.082 0.087 0.5434 -0.565 0.272 0.175 0.6588 -0.515 0.7473 -0.428 0.486 0.106 0.602 0.036 0.8740 -0.250 0.642 +0.010 C2H4O2 0.722 -0.036 0.868 -0.0632 Acetic acid 0.966 -0.029 B = C3H6O3 ( 10 4) Lactic acid B = C9H12 (5) 0.5 I 0.258 Mesitylene 0.110 0.350 0.486 0.638 0.749 0.878

0.0737 +0.0360 -0.0636 -0.1331 -0.1632 -0.1163

B = C10H14 (5) p-Cymene 0.100 -0.00862 0.320 -0.0866 0.454 -0.1787 0.610 -0.2611 0.804 -0.297 0.900 -0.2335 C2H4Cl2

Ethylene chloride B = C6H6 (5) 0.74 I -0.0732 B = C7H8 (5) Toluene 0.079 0.0427 0.262 0.0783 0.385 0.661 0.537 0.025 0.618 +0.0025 0.803 -0.0314 0.944 -0.0184

B = C4H8O2 C 104 ) Isobutyric acid 0.49 I 0.206 B = C6H6 (4) t =5.3° 0.1528 -0.064 0.1765 -0.083 0.2120 -0.126 0.2500 -0.197 0.3289 -0.301 B = C6H12 (5) Cyclohexane 0.2424 -1.2743 0.417 -1.5945 0.540 -1.4145 0.643 -1.5246 0.701 -1.4380 0.772 -1.197 0.825 -0.983 B = C 7 H 8 (S) Toluene 0.189 -0.2256 0.258 -0.2754 0.324 -0.3281 0.437 -0.368 0.482 -0.3729 0.537 -0.3720

C2H6O

C3H6O

Ethyl alcohol B = C3H6O (94-1) Acetone XA I Q t = 25° 0.1710 -0.705 0.3404 -1.055 0.4417 -1.123 0.5400 -1.117 0.5558 -1.117 0.6325 -1.050 0.7392 -0.879 0.8947 -0.444

Acetone B = C4H8O2 (94.1) Ethyl acetate XA I Q t = 25° 0.2062 -0.093 0.3237 -0.120 0.5046 -0.133 0.5965 -0.131 0.6644 -0.123 0.7535 -0.098 0.9128 -0.045

B = C3H8O n-Propyl alcohol t = 25° (94.1) 0.3541 -0.023 0.6031 -0.027 0.8030 -0.021 t =25° (US) 0.158 -0.013 0.303 -0.018 0.439 -0.020 0.566 -0.020 0.684 -0.017 0.796 -0.012 0.902 -0.007 B = C4H8O2 (94.1) Ethyl acetate t. = 25° 0.1932 -0.934 0.5346 -1.320 0.5445 -1.166? 0.5812 -1.216? 0.7077 -1.045 0.7776 -0.846 0.9051 -0.421 B = C4H10O (94.1) Ethyl ether t = 25° 0.0882 -0.382 0.2756 -0.668 0.4379 -0.677 0.5889 -0.569 0.6675 -0.478 0.7191 -0.434 0.8380 -0.254 0.9695 -0.040 B = C4H10O (94.1) Isobutyl alcohol t = 25° 0.3519 -0.050 0.5914 -0.064 0.7748 -0.046 B = C5H12O (94.1) Isoamyl alcohol t = 25° 0.3440 -0.057 0.6977 -0.067 0.8302 -0.058 B = C6H6 (51) XA, t

Q

0.420 68.2° -0.963 0.649 68.5° -1.507 0.807 68.9° -0.812

B = C4H10O Ethyl ether t = 25° (94.1,117)

0.1155 0.249 0.2068 0.385 0.2943 0.461 0.4998 0.505 0.7270 0.385 0.8295 0.258. 0.9077 0.159 XA, t

0.334 0.456 0.594 0.789

Q (51)

37.1° 40° 40.5° 46.3°

-0.473 -0.404 -0.557 -0.312

C3H6O2 Methyl acetate B = C4H8O2 Ethyl acetate (101, 104)

XA 0.50

Q 0.052

C3H8O n-Propyl alcohol B = C4H8O2 (94.1) Ethyl acetate t = 25° 0.1382 -0.852 0.2784 -1.318 0.4406 -1.521 0.4779 -1.523 0.4875 -1.511 0.6248 -1.406 0.7880 -0.990 0.9101 -0.509 B = C4H10O (94.1) Ethyl ether t = 25° 0.1056 -0.431 0.2110 -0.637 0.4258 -0.732 0.5322 -0.685 0.5548 -0.662 0.6949 -0.518 0.8135 -0.327 0.9311 -0.129 B = C4H10O (94.1) Isobutyl alcohol t = 25° 0.3242 -0.005 0.5943 -0.008 0.7167 -0.009

B = C5H12O (94.1) Isoamyl alcohol XA I Q t = 25° 0.4247 -0.002 0.6166 -0.008 0.8204 -0.005 B = C6H7N (104) Aniline 0.35 0.791 0.80 0.481

C4H5Cl3O2 Ethyl trichloroacetate B = C4H8O2 Ethyl acetate (101, 104) XA, t

0.25 0.25 0.50 0.50 0.75 0.75

16.7° 34.1° 15.9° 34.2° 16.5° 33.5°

Q

-0.144 -0.100 -0.176 -0.130 -0.156 -0.089

C4H8O2 Ethyl acetate B = C4H10O (94.1) Ethyl ether XA I Q t = 25° 0.0875 -0.091 0.2269 -0.200 0.4372 -0.255 0.4560 -0.256 0.4803 -0.256 0.5815 -0.251 0.7256 -0.200 0.8419 -0.139 B = C4H10O (94.1) Isobutyl alcohol t = 25° 0.0979 -0.655 0.2968 -1.518 0.3678 -1.687 0.5444 -1.810 0.5846 -1.772 0.7146 -1.572 0.8564 -0.958 B = C5H12O (94.1) Isoamyl alcohol t = 25° 0.1824 -1.053 0.2358 -1.353? 0.4192 -1.748 0.5701 -1.739 0.5912 -1.718 0.6260 -1.684 0.7666 -1.355 0.8931 -0.776 B = C6H6 (94.1) t = 25° 0.0943 -0.033 0.2479 -0.062 0.3694 -0.091 0.5065 -0.098

B = C6H6.(Continued) XA Q 0.6324 -0.094 0.7976 -0.075 0.8760 -0.040 B = C6Hi2O2 (101> 104)

Amyl formate 0.50 I 0.036 B = C7H14O2 (i°i> 104)

Amyl acetate 0.49 I 0.216 B = C9H10O2 (loi» 104)

Ethyl benzoate 0.50 I -0.227

C4Hi0O Isobutyl alcohol B = C5H12O (94.1) Isoamyl alcohol XA I Q t = 25° 0.3349 -0.005 0.5251 -0.006 0.7520 -0.015 CoIiIoO2 Propyl acetate B = C 6 H 12 O 2 (ioi, 104)

Amyl formate -0.003 0.299 0.742 -0.013 C6H5Br Bromobenzene B = C6H5Cl (ioi,

C4H10O Ethyl ether 104) B = C4H10O (94.1) Chlorobenzene Isobutyl alcohol 0.212 0.0121 t = 25° 0.674 0.0154 0.1097 -0.266 B = C 6 H 6 (5) 0.2467 -0.552 0.255 I -0.038 0.3654 -0.732 C6H5Cl 0.4813 -0.839 0.5449 -0.867 Chlorobenzene 0.6828 -0.836 B = C8H10 ( 5 ) 0.8614 -0.549 p-Xylene 0.9478 -0.252 0.198 0.080 0.330 0.106 B = C5H12O (94.1) 0.425 0.116 Isoamyl alcohol 0.790 0.076 t = 25° 0.939 0.028 0.1245 -0.271 0.3187 -0.592 C 6 H 5 NO 2 0.4137 -0.699 Nitrobenzene 0.5539 -0.770 B = C H N (ioi, 104) 6 7 0.5705 -0.776 Aniline 0.7034 -0.739 XA, t Q 0.8132 -0.603 0.25 87.6° 0.306 0.8825 -0.465 0.25 51.6° 0.322 0.25 16.5° 0.519 B = C 6 H 7 N(94) 0.50 86.39° 0.343 Aniline 0.50 52.16° 0.452 t = 20° 0.50 14° 0.552 0.75 86.3° 0.318 0.1031 0.129 0.75 15° 0.398 0.1933 0.206 B = C7H9N (ioi, 104) 0.3060 0.338 o-Toluidine 0.3833 0.406 0.50 17.6° 0.243 0.4947 0.498 0.50 14.2° 0.239 0.5961 0.542 B = C8H11N (ioi, 0.6802 0.538 104) 0.7927 0.461 Dimethylaniline 0.8579 0.354 XA I Q 0.9294 0.225 t = 15° B = C 6 H 12 0 3 (94.i) 0.46 I -0.031 Paraldehyde B = C8H11N (ioi, t = 25° 104) 0.2360 -0.210 Ethylaniline 0.4174 -0.299 0.51 I 0.112 0.5545 -0.314 B = C10H15N (ioi, 0.5958 -0.315 104) 0.6546 -0.300 0.7694 -0.244 Diethylaniline 0.9077 -0.132 0.50 I -0.062

C6H6 B = C6H12 (5) Cyclohexane XA Q 0.097 -0.3013 0.670 -0.7140 0.752 -0.6068 0.859 -0.4028 0.924 -0.2323 B = C6H14 (5) n-Hexane 0.579 -0.912 0.687 -0.841 0.844 -0.5177 0.940 -0.2172

B — C8H10.— (Continued) XA Q 0.767 -0.4369 0.920 -0.1954 pTTJ Toluene B = C7H8O

B = C7H9N.— (Continued) u** Q °'25 20;4° ^1'590 0.50 22.1' -2.469 0.50 55.9° -2.072 0.50 90.5° -1.988 o.75 19.4° -2.406 0.75 54.6°

-1.871

B = CgHi0.— (Continued) XA Q 0.269 0.0092 0.729 0.0067 ß = C8Hi0 »-Xvlene noto O011 U.äiy

U.UlI

m-Cresol (ioi, 104) 0.75 90° -1.716 0.815 0.004 0.47 I 0.686 C8H10 B = C8Hi0 (5) B = C8H11N m-Xylene (ioi, 104) p-Xylene Dimethylaniline B = C8Hi0 0.232 -0.00565 0.50 16.3° f -0.144 p-Xylene 0.350 -0.0084 0.50 15.3° | -0.128 -0.0109 Q 392 0.480 -0.0092 0.754 -0.0013

B = C7H8 (5) Toluene 0.324 -0.0619 0.490 -0.0753 0.500 -0.0791* 0.600 -0.0703 0.750 -0.0561 0.857 -0.0360

№0 C8H10 m-Cresol (ioi, 104) 0-Xylene (ioi, 104) B = C7H9N B = C8H10 o-Toluidine m-Xylene

* (101, 104).

The concentration is expressed as weight per cent of the A-component in the mixture. Q is expressed in joules evolved per gram of mixture.

B = C7H8O (ioi, 102, 104)

w-Cresol 0.54 I 0.866 B = C8H10 (ioi, 104)

m-Xylene 0.5 I 0.239 B = C10H16 (94.1) Pinene t = 25° 0.2128 -0.424 0.4758 -0.739 0.5399 -0.730 0.6251 -0.725 0.7634 -0.624 0.8686 -0.470 0.9382 -0.234 C 6 Hi2 Cyclohexane B = C6H14 (5) n-Hexane 0.75 I -0.2000 B = C7H8 (5) Toluene 0.053 -0.1247 0.165 -0.3465 0.324 -0.561 0.671 -0.586 0.743 -0.5114 0.832 -0.3926 0.946 -0.1448 B = C8H10 (5) p-Xylene 0.077 -0.1461 0.185 -0.3139 0.329 -0.4604 0.460 -0.5265 0.5114 -0.5432 0.5753 -0.5457 0.657 -0.5189

B -CAjN Dimethylaniline °'287 °-011 0.734 0.013

TABLE 4

H2O B = C3H6O (118.1) Acetone %A I Q t = 15° 19.04 6.9 29.91 13.5

40.29 50.00 55.60

22.9 28.5 30.4

60.00 65.00 66 67 7ft nn T'™

31.1 32.2 32.0 QI A ll'l

!?•?; 21 ï'2 9?1 Qn'oo ?11 •X'X îÏ1 . -°° 95

B = r» C3TT H8On8 Glycerol (63)

10 20 30

17.6 18.8

18.8 16.3 13.4 8.0 (98)

15.3 25.9 37.8 55.2 64.2 75 4

86.1 90.2 92.8 96.2

12 16 18 18 17 13

8

-2 6.0 4.6 2.6

— ^l4 B = C6H6 (118.2) 10

JJ

Z()

30

540

I0 301 _J-JOJ U oy ' * -0.816 -0.963 1 030

° --1--030 6

6 ° 870

-0.912

° -°" 90 -0.452

B = C7H8 (118.2) mi Toluene ^ = 17° 10

7.5 1-0.9 15.5

50 60 70 80 90

B = C3H8O3.(Continued) %A Q

20 so 40

S60

^ 0.138 O 197 O'264

o°.0.335 -3i8

70 O 326 so 0.276 go 0.172 =========. CS2 B = CHCl3 (118.2) Chloroform * = 13° 10 -2.55 20 -4.44 30 -5.65

CHCl3.- (Coned) %A Q 40 -6.40 50 60 70 80

-6.65 -6.28 -5.27 -3.89

90

-2.22

B = C2H6O (137) Ethyl alcohol / _ o° * ~ ° 1 -*-U* 20O 5 488

~~7--483

30 5040

-8.706

9 203 ~-9-010 -

60 ™

-8.513 — O.91U

ou

t = 3 2 to 5 5

'

'

Il ™ 3 ° 4 °

"5^3 -C'??? -7.551 ~ 8 ' 844

JJ

~^J -».»44 "I'8^

5J

-;•«;

8

°

t

10 2° 30 40 50

60 70 80

~~

5<0

- 3.229 - 5 - 89 6 - 8.041 ~ 9 - 29 6 -10.47 -10.52 - 9.524 ~ 8-658

CS2.- (Continued) B = C3H6O (118.2) Acetone %A I Q t = 16° 10 - 5.78 20 -11.80 30 -16.45 40 -19.92 50 -20.93 60 -20.80 70 -17.62 80 -16.15 90 -10.80 B = C6H6 (137) t =0° 10 -2.117 20 -3.85 30 -5.235 40 -6.305 50 -6.690 70 -6.101 80 -4.860 90 -3.001 t =4° 10 -2.109 20 -3.827 30 -5.220 40 -6.257 50 -6.600 70 -6.040 80 -4.847 90 -2.997 2 = 14.5° 10 -2.090 20 -3.807 30 -5.127 40 -6.109 50 -6.468 70 -5.920 80 -4.782 90 -2.976 t = 18° (118-2) 10 -2.59 20 -4.85 30 -6.78 40 -7.70 50 -7.95 60 -7.83 70 -6.82 80 -5.15 90 -2.93 B = C7H8 (118.2) Toluene t = 18° 10 -1.38 20 -2.64 30 -3.52 40 -4.44 50 -4.73 60 -4.60 70 -4.02 80 -3.01 90 -1.72

CHCl3 Chloroform B « C3H6O (118.2) Acetone %A Q t = 14° 10 4.77 20 9.83 30 14.31 40 19.38 50 23.27 60 25.53 70 25.07 80 21.55 90 13.56 B = C4Hi0O (U 8-2) Ethyl ether t = 14° 10 7.49 20 13.89 30 18.71 40 23.48 50 26.53 60 25.99 70 23.77 80 18.83 90 10.21 B = C6H6 (118.2) t = 18° 10 1 . 13 20 2.01 30 2.64 40 3.10 50 3.31 60 3.31 70 3.18 80 2.89 90 2.05 CH4O Methyl alcohol B = C2H6O Ethyl alcohol t = o.3° (48) 32.17 -0.322 67.83 -0.272 85.87 -0.146 t = 16° (118.2) 10 0.209 20 0.343 30 0.393 40 0.398 50 0.360 60 0.314 70 0.268 80 0.184 90 0.100 t = 20.8° (48) 32.3 -0.029 49.6 -0.029 B = C3H8O n-Propyl alcohol t = 0.3° (48) 32.84 -2.059 47.44 -2.239 70.84 -1.892

B = C3H8O.(Continued) %A | Q t = 14° (118.2)

10 -0.75 20 -1.46 30 -2.05 40 -2.34 50 -2.30 60 -2.05 70 -1.72 80 -1.26 90 -0.71 t = 21.3° (48) 25.56 -1.507 50.03 -2.101 67.46 -1.908 82.41 -1.427 B = C 6 H 6 (118.2) t = 15° 10 - 9.33 20 - 9.54 30 -10.17 40 - 9.50 50 - 8.29 60 - 6.65 70 - 4.98 80 - 3.35 90 - 1.72 C2H4O2

Acetic acid B = C6H6 (118.2) t = 16° 10 -2.39 20 -3.68 30 -4.81 40 -5.52 50 -5:98 60 -5.69 70 -5.06 80 -3.93 90 -2.39 C2H6O Ethyl alcohol B = C3H8O (48) n-Propyl alcohol t = 0.27° 45.2 -0.469 62.17 -0.594 t = 21° 32.86 -0.586 49.58 -0.523 B = C6H6 (137) t = 0° 10 -4.045 20 -5.253 30 -6.055 40 -6.410 60 -6.120 70 -5.697 80 -4.414 90 I -2.550 t = 3.1 to 5.9° 10 -4.320 20 -5.769

B = C6H6.(Continued) %A Q 30 -6.550 40 -6.767 60 -6.411 70 -5.812 80 -4.469 90 -2.572 J = 15° 10 -5.416 20 -6.706 30 -7.338 40 -7.556 60 -6.867 70 -6.067 80 -4.578 90 -2.658

C3H8O n-Propyl alcohol B = C6H6 (118.2) t = 15° %A Q 10 -10.30 20 -12.64 30 -13.56 40 -13.22 50 -12.26 60 -11.09 70 - 8.29 80 - 5.52 90 - 2.76 C 4 HgO 2

Ethyl acetate B = C4H10O (118.2) Ethyl ether C3H6O t = 14° Acetone 10 -1.09 B = C6H6ClO (50) 20 -1.76 o-Chlorophenol 30 -2.34 t =0° 40 -2.76 13.90 32.58 50 -2.97 17.10 38.00 60 -2.76 19.10 40.52 70 -2.43 21.90 44.28 80 -1.88 23.70 45.70 90 -1.13 26.00 47.08 B = C 6H6 (118.2) 27.55 47.79 t = 17° 29.35 48.55 10 -0.879 31.15 48.67 20 -1.310 33.80 48.42 30 -1.465 37.60 47.63 40 -1.528 42.70 45.57 50 -1.515 44.05 45.11 60 -1.444 50.00 41.93 70 -1.327 53.45 39.24 80 -1.109 62.00 33.30 90 -0.682 C3H6O2 B = C7H14O2 Methyl acetate Amyl acetate (U 8.2) B = C4H8O2 (118.2) t = 15° Ethyl acetate 10 -0.67 t = 16° 20 -1.00 10 -0.326 30 -1.55 20 -0.594 40 -1.84 30 -0.757 50 -1.88 40 -0.850 60 -1.76 50 -0.866 70 -1.46 60 -0.787 80 -1.13 70 -0.678 90 -0.67 80 -0.511 C4H10O 90 -0.293 Ethyl ether B = C6H6 (118.2) B = C6H6 (118.2) t = 17° t = 15° 10 -2.39 10-90 I 0.00 20 -4.52 30 -5.86 C5H5N 40 -6.36 Pyridine 50 -6.32 B = C6H5ClO (50) 60 -5.69 o-Chlorophenol 70 -4.81 t =0° 80 -3.64 15.0 63.19 90 -2.13 22.0 73.61

B = C6H5ClO.-

(Continued) %A Q 25.1 78.01 30.0 85.08 34.0 89.18 38.1 91.15 41.1 90.19 46.9 84.70 55.1 72.74 61.0 63.44 B = C7H8O (50) o-Cresol t = 0° 17.5 52.94 25.05 68.63 30.7 76.25 36.4 80.64 39.9 81.11 40.2 81.31 44.85 79.39 48.7 75.79 49.9 74.79 50.85 73.53 57.25 64.74 57.65 64.66 63.0 53.15 B = C7H8O (50) ra-Cresol t =0° 9.85 26.03 19.5 45.87 27.5 57.54 33.1 61.60 36.8 63.70 42.2 63.24 49.05 58.97 54.25 54.66 61.00 47.54 68.25 38.54 82.9 21.42 C5Hi2O Amyl alcohol B = C8H10 (55) p-Xylene J=O0 20.6 4.48 39.2 6.57 46.5 6.78 53.1 6.40 64.8 5.23 72.7 3.81 C6H5ClO o-Chlorophenol B = C8H11N (50) Dimethylaniline t = 0° 40.5 20.51 45.7 22.23 49.0 23.30 51.2 23.87 54.2 24.81 57.4 25.80 60.5 26.40 62.6 26.38

B = C8H11N.(Continued) %A Q 64.85 25.88 67.25 25.08 69.85 23.87 73.65 22.24 80.0 18.84 B = C 9 H 7 N(SO) Quinoline * = 0° 33.0 56.50 38.8 64.74 43.9 71.98 46.75 74.74 47.9 76.08 50.1 76.46 51.2 76.79

B = C9H7N.(Continued) %A Q 51.7 76.79 52.6 76.63 53.6 76.33 54.7 75.79 57.5 72.74 61.4 65.83 66.75 57 =—= C6H6 B = C7H8 (««.2) Toluene J = 16° 10 -0.335 20 -0.603 30 -0.829 40 -0.917

B = C7H8.(Continued) %A Q 50 -0.933 60 -0.921 70 -0.778 80 -0.519 90 -0.264 PTTN ^JR A *Ìm%5ì B = ^10 (55) ?-X_^ne '~U ^7.6 9.96 6l 7 ' ™'™ f'1 ]1'22 W °° 'f 9 4 ™ ^ 78>6

b b5

TABLE 5 The concentration is expressed by the number of moles of solvent, M8, added to one mole of solute. The B-component where italicized is the solute, and is otherwise the solvent. Q is expressed in kilojoules evolved per mole solute. H2O B = C2F2CZ2O2 B = C3F6O2 (64) B = CF2O2 ( 64 ) Dichloroacetic Propionic acid Formic acid a™d M8 | Q M8 Q M8 I O *=8° 0.135 0.348 * = 15.9° (US) 0.216 -1.40 O 28 O 744 I96 9-63 0.456 -2.00 398 10 80 045 1 061 ' 0.720 -2.29 1Ì430 776 11.59 1.027 -2.46 0;85 1.10 1.460 1.718 -2.62 1.70 1.445 2-740 -2.52 4 110 5.96 1.299 ^ „rrn„ - 2 - 35 48.55 1.257 B=C 2 FgBrO 2 9.590 -1.79 Bromoacetic acid 14.570 —1.48 (solid) 38.270 -1.26 B = C2FBr3O2 < = !5.45° (U 5 ) 78.110 -1.25 Tribromoacetic acid 199 -13.84 3 (solid) 65 -13.45 B = C4F8O2 (64) t = 15.2° (US) 712 -13.15 n-Butyric acid 206 1.05 * = 9° 417 1.99 0.25 -1.00 799 2.62 R=TFO °'54 -1-49 77 -2 L«_ Acetica* Of* ^ I- 2 2 -1.93 ( 64) l B = C2FCZ3O2 0.25 -0.293 'f ' 2^ 2 Trichloroacetic 0.58 -0.527 ^ ~2.08 OCM(SoUd) -LU -0.624 ^.05 -2.08 t = 15.31° (115) 1.42 -0.624 J-™ |'99 7 33 245 10.48 1.95 -0.544 ' ^f 498 11.32 5.00 -0.310 JJ-g ij'g 936 11.29 6.19 +0.056 JJ-JJ J-JJ 30.00 0.386 ^' uu -U."> 63.33 0.449 B = C2F2Br2O2 * = 18.5° (us) C2H4Br2 Dibromoacetic 139 i. 12 Ethylene bromide acid (solid) 197 1.53* B = C2F4O2 ( 4 ) t = 15.3° (US) 207 1.15 Acetic acid 364-1.18 411 i;37 0.55 0.30 479 -3.76 « 1.90 0.528 0.845 712 -3.42 * 13.6°. 1.06 1.318

B = C2F4O2.B = C6F6.- (CWd) (Continued) M8 Q M8 Q 0.304 -0.481 1.47 1.544 0.333 -0.514 2.04 1.803 0.385 -0.552 2.944 2.108 0.515 -0.661 3.67 2.281 0.77 -0.820 4.98 2.486 0.775 -0.824 B = C2H4O2 (4) 1.25 -1.004 Acetic acid 2.137 -1.251 0.201 0.498 5.17 -1.515 0.34 0.716 7.75 -1.569 0.273 0.621 15.52 -1.689 0.49 0.883 0.68 1.050 *= 6 6oL 0.943 1.243 J^4 -J-J2 1.887 1.594 J-JJJ^ -J-JJJ

3 333

-

1 820

^

C2H4O2 Acetic acid B = C6F6 (4) 0.2143 -0.370 0.2500 -0.414

B = C6H6.(Continued) M8 Q 3.00 -1.542 3.29 -1.578 4.00 -1.653 4.666 -1.724 C2H6O Ethyl alcohol

B = C6H6 (131) _ Q 2§9 __ x ^8 1 642 2.19 -2.093 2 -633 -2.427 -2.930 3.284 3.940 -3.390 Q 2675

S:2f :S:S 4-586 -3-850 0,80 1.29 1.30 1.942 2.60

-0.804 -1.063 -1.063 -1.282 -1.434

6 569

'

7>88 8

-^ ' '

9 195 10 5

-4.637 -5.608 "foo« -0-^36 -6.738

TABLE 6 The concentration is expressed as the mole per cent of the Acomponent in the mixture. Q is expressed in kilojoules evolved per mole B. H2O B = CH4O.B = C2H6O (49) B = CH4O (49) (Continued) Ethyl alcohol M %A Q M %A I Q Methyl alcohol M %A I Q 50 1.632 t =0° * = 0° 55 1.896 5 0.088 5 0.159 60 2.218 10 0.176 10 0.310 65 2.591 15 0.289 15 0.460 70 3.055 20 0.410 20 0.607 75 3.666 25 0.498 25 0.762 80 4.357 30 0.590 30 0.925 85 5.114 35 0.691 35 1.105 90 5.989 40 0.824 40 1.297 95 6.838 45 1.004 45 1.511 50 1.251 50 1.766 * = 42'37° 55 1.523 5 55 2.038 °-071 60 1.900 10 60 2.381 °-151 65 2.385 15 0 25 65 2.783 - 1 70 3.038 20 0 356 70 3.306 75 3.972 25 75 3.967 °-473 80 5.428 30 80 4.763 °-594 85 7.407 35 85 5.750 0.724 9 856 90 40 90 6.905 °-866 95 12.54 45 95 8.328 L013 * = 17.33° t = 19.69° 50 1.193 5 0 .042 5 0.134 55 1.402 10 0 092 60 10 0.272 !-632 15 0.167 65 15 0.419 !-908 20 0.251 20 0.569 70 2.264 0.335 25 25 0.716 75 2.691 30 0.423 80 3 185 30 0.862 35 0.519 85 3 35 1.017 -725 40 0 ^6 90 4 352 40 1.197 45 0.757 95 4 997 45 1.398 ' 50 0.946

H 2 O.-(Cont'd) B = C2H6O.(Continued) M %A Q 55 1.201 60 1.507 65 1.925 70 2.478 75 3.218 80 4.269 85 5.821 90 7.801 95 9.818

B= C3H8O (49) n-Propyl alcohol M %A | Q t = 0° 5 -0.011 10 -0.021 15 -0.027 20 -0.019 25 -0.008 30 +0.010 35 0.042 40 0.092 45 0.167 50 0.264 55 0.419 60 0.590 0.883 65 70 1.264 75 1.354 go 2.758 go 4.323 go 7.382 95 12.68 J = 21.03° 5 -0.042 IQ -0.084 is -0.121 20 -0.159 25 -0.197 so -0.230 35 -0.243 40 -0.243 45 -0.209 so -0.167

B = C3H8O.(Continued) M %A Q 55 -0.084 60 +0.038 65 0.201 700.431 75 0.778 80 1.335 85 2.264 90 4.110 95 7.981

(30) Berthelot, 6, 21: 372; 90. (3l) Berthelot, 6, 21: 416; 90. (32) Berthelot, 6, 23: 563; 91. (33) Berthelot, 6, 4: 117; 95. (34) Berthelot, 6, 7: 50; 96. (35) Berthelot and Fogh, 6, 22: 18; 91. (36) Berthelot and Jungfleisch, 6, 4: 147; 75. ( 37 ) Berthelot and Louguinine, 6, 6: 289; 75. ( 3 «) Berthelot and Matignon, 6, 21: 409; 90. (39) Berthelot and Matignon, 6, 30: 565; 93. (40) Berthelot and Ogier, 6, 23: 199; 81. ( 4 M Berthelot and Ogier, 6, 23: 200; 81. (42) Berthelot and Petit, 6, 20: 5; 90. (43) Berthelot and Petit, 6, 20: 13; 90. (44) Berthelot and Werner, 6, 7: 103; 86. (45) Berthelot and Werner, 6, 7: 117; 86. (46) Berthelot and Werner, 6, 7: 145; 86. ( 4 7 ) Bonnefoi, 34, 127: 516; 98. (4«) Böse, 188, 1906: 309. (49) Böse, 7, 58: 585; 07. (50) Bramley, 4, 109:496; 16. (Si) Carroll and Mathews, I9 46: 30; 24. (52) Cavalier, 34, 122: 1486; 96. ( S3 ) Chancel and Parmentier, 34, 104: 474; 87. ( 54 ) Chroustchoff, 6, 19: 422; 80. ( 5 S) Clark, 63, 6: 154; 05. (56) Cohen and Moesveld, 7, 93: 385; 19. (57) Colson, 6, 8: 282; 86. (5«) Colson, 6, 19: 407; 90. ( 5 ») Colson, 34, 111: 266; 90. (60) Colson and Darzens, 34, 118: 250; 94. (6l) Combes, 27, 49: 910; 88. (62) Delépine, 34, 123: 888; 96. (63) Drucker and Moles, 7, 75: 405; 11. (64) t = 42.05° * = 43.44° Faucon, 6, 19: 70; 10. (65) Favre, 34, 51: 316; 60. (66) de Forcrand, 6, 5 0.0029 5 -0.105 3: 187; 84. (6 7 ) de Forcrand, 34, 101: 1495; 85. ( 68 ) de Forcrand, 34, 1 10 0.0063 ^ -0.205 102: 551; 86. (69) de Forcrand, 34, 102: 1398; 86. lö ( 7 O) de Forcrand, 6, 11: 445; 87. ( 7 I) de Forcrand, 6, 11: 483; 87. ( 72 ) de 15 0.013 -0.306 Forcrand, 34, 107: 270; 88. ( 7 3) de Forcrand, 6, 20: 433; 90. ( 7 4) de 20 0.023 20 -0.402 Forcrand, 6, 26: 201; 92. (75) de Forcrand, 6, 27: 525; 92. ( 7 6) de For25 0.042 25 -0.498 crand, 34, 114: 420; 92. ( 77 ) de Forcrand, 34, 114: 1062; 92. (™) de 30 0.075 30 -0.590 Forcrand, 6, 30: 56; 93. (™) de Forcrand, 34, 118: 922; 94. (80) de Forcrand, 34, 118: 1101; 94. («i) de Forcrand, 34, 120: 737; 95. («2) 35 0.109 35 -0.670 de Forcrand, 34, 154: 1768; 12. (»3) QaI and Werner, 34, 103: 1019; 86. 40 0.167 40 -0.737 (84) GaI and Werner, 27, 46: 801 ; 86. (85) QaI and Werner, 27, 46: 803; 86. 45 0.243 45 -0.778 (86) GaI and Werner, 27, 47: 158; 87. ( 87 ) Gautier, Thesis, Paris, 1888. 50 0.343 50 -0.795 (88) Gehlhoff, 7, 98: 252; 21. (89) Gerlach, 91, 24: 106; 84. (90) Goldschmidt and Maarseveen, 7, 25: 91; 98. ( 9 I) Guntz, 6, 13: 388; 88. 55 0.465 55 -0.795 (93) Haller and Guntz, 34, 106: 1473; 88. ( 94 ) Härtung, 83, 12: 66; 17. 60 0.649 60 -0.770 («4.1) Hirobe, 44, 1: 155; 26. ( 9S ) Joannis, 6, 26: 530; 82. (96) Jorissen 65 0.870 65 -0.728 and van de Stadt, 52, 51: 102; 94. ( 97 ) Katayama and Tomiyama, 41, 36: 70 1.209 70 -0.644 745; 15. ( 9 8) Katz, 64P, 13: 958; 11. (") Keyes and Hildebrand, l, 39: 2126; 17. 75 1.691 75 -0.502 (100) de Kolossovsky, 28, 1913: 340. (i°i) Kremann, 57, 37: 11; 16. (102) 80 2.356 80 -0.259 Kremann and Borjanovics, 57, 37: 59; 16. ( 103 ) Kremann, Kerschbaum 85 3.281 85 +0.176 and Pilch, 57, 31: 203; 10. (104) Kremann, Meingast and Gugl, 57, 35: 90 4.528 OO 0.586 1235; 14. (104.1) de Leew, 7, 77: 284; 11. (lös) Lemoult, 34,123: 559;96. (106) Louguinine, 6, 17: 229; 79. (io 7 ) Massol, 34, 113: 800; 91. (los) 95 6.236 95 3.055 Massol, 6, 1: 145; 94. (io 9 ) Mathews, l, 33: 1291; 11. (HO) Matignon, 6, 28: 70; 93. (i") Matignon, 6, 28: 77; 93. (H2) Matignon, LITERATURE 6, 28: 289; 93. (i 12.5) Parks and Chaffee, 50, 31: 427; 27. (H3) Parks and Schwenck, 50, 28: 720; 24. ("*) Petit, 6, 18: 145; 89. (H5) Picker(For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) ing, 4, 67: 664; 95. (H6) Rivals, 34, 122: 480; 96. (H 7 ) Sameshima, l, C 1 ) Alexeiev and Werner, 27, 2: 717; 89. ( 2 ) Allain-Le Canu, 34, 109: 306; 89. 40: 1482; 18. (U8) Sameshima, l, 40: 1503; 18. (H«.i) Sandonnini, 22, (3) Allain-Le Canu, 34,109:442; 89. (4) Baud, 6, 27: 89; 12. (5) Baud, 27, 1: 448; 25. (H8.2) Schmidt, 7, 121: 221; 26. ("») Schwers, 28, 1908: 17: 329; 15. ( 6 ) Baud, Ducelliez and Gay, 34, 158: 629; 14. ( 7 ) Berthelot, 833. B73,U. (8) Berthelot, 6, 29: 289; 73. (9) Berthelot, 6, 29: 328; 73. (120) Shükarev, 7, 71: 90; 10. (*2i) Sidgwick and Turner, 4, 121: 2256; 22. (10) Berthelot, 6, 4: 74; 75. C 11 ) Berthelot, 6, 6: 325; 75. (l 2 ) Berthelot, 6, (i 22 ) Speyers, l, 18: 146; 96. O 2 3 ) Swietoslawski, 25, 43: 1479; 10. 6: 334; 75. ( 13 ) Berthelot, 6, 9: 297; 76. ( 14 ) Berthelot, 6, 9: 307; 76. ( 124 ) Tanatar, 53, 23: 243; 91. 4, 64 II: 108; 93. O 2 5 ) Tanatar, 63, 24: (16) Berthelot, 6, 9: 316; 76. ( 17 J Berthelot, 6, 9: 328; 76. ( ls ) Berthelot, 365; 92. 4, 64 II: 358; 93. O 2 6 ) Timofeev, 34, 112: 1137; 91. O 2 7 ) 6, 9: 338; 76. ( 19 ) Berthelot, 6, 9: 344; 76. Timofeev, 185, 76 II: 429; 05. O 2 8 ) Tsakalotos and Guye, 42, 8: 340; 10. (20) Berthelot, 6, 12: 536; 77. ( 21 ) Berthelot, 6, 23: 176; 81. ( 22 ) Berthelot, ( 129 ) Tscheltzow, 6, 8: 233; 86. 6, 23: 243; 81. ( 23 ) Berthelot, 6, 27: 383; 82. (2*) Berthelot, 6, 27: 389; (130) Tyrer, 4, 101:81; 12. (isi) Viala, 27, 15: 5; 14. (132) Vignon, 34, 106: 82. ( 25 ) Berthelot, 6, 7: 170; 86. ( 26 ) Berthelot, 6, 7: 179; 86. (") 1671; 88. (133) Vignon, 34, 109: 477; 89. (134) Vignon, 34, 115: 354; 92. Berthelot, 6, 7: 193; 86. ( 28 ) Berthelot, 6, 7: 200; 86. ( 29 ) Berthelot, 6, (135) Werner, 6, 3: 567; 84. (136) Wiedemann and Lüdeking, 8, 25: 145; 85. (137) Winkelmann, 8, 30: 592; 73. (138) Winkelmann, 7, 60: 626; 07. 21: 355; 90.

HEAT OF DILUTION FRANK R. PRATT INTRODUCTION If to a solution having an initial concentration Ci and at the temperature £, 0C water at t° is added in sufficient amount to change the concentration to C2, it is necessary to abstract from the system H joules of heat in order to keep its temperature constant, the amount of solution being that shown by the quantities in which Ci is expressed. For example, in the table for KCl below; if to a solution composed of 1 gram-mole of KCl and 25 gram-moles of H2O, Ci ( = 400) at 180C, 25 gram-moles of H2O at 180C be added, the final concentration will be C2 (=200) and 794 joules of heat must be supplied (because of the negative sign) to the resulting mixture in order to maintain it at 180C. It is the quantity H which (unless otherwise indicated) is recorded below. The values

given have been interpolated from the original drawings of the graphs of Pratt, 143, 185: 663; 18. TABLE Ethyl alcohol (Squibb's), Ci =0= 400 = IM C 2 H 5 OH and 25M H 2 O T

' O 5 10 15 20 25 30 33.5

^

C C * 300 I 240 I 200 I 160 | 100 309 447 531 602 702 301 443 523 594 694 293 435 514 585 686 288 422 506 577 677 280 414 493 569 665 272 406 485 560 656 263 397 477 552 648 255 389 468 544 635

80 | 60 | 40 | 20 744 782 732 765 719 753 v. further 711 736 p. 162 694 719 681 702 677 690 656 673

ca

Resorcinol, Ci =0= 400 = IM C6H6Q2 and 25M H2Q

~7^ ' O 5 10 15 20 25 30 33.5

r

1.17 NH4Cl, Ci =0= 400 = 1.17M NH4Cl and 25M H2Q

~

7

c

^

*

300 | 240 | 200 | 160 | 100 | 80 | 60 |'40 | 20 300 | 240 | 200 | 160 | 100 | 80 | 60 | 40 | - 21 - 50 - 84 -125 -217 -251 -293 -343 -376 O -255 -431 -556 -698 -920 -983 -1037 -1087 2 -238 -397 -514 -640 -836 -899 - 937 - 978 - 38 - 79 -113 -167 -272 -301 -360 -418 -468 4 _230 -364 -472 -585 -757 -811 - 840 - 861 - 54 -100 -142 -201 -309 -360 -418 -485 -560 6 _201 -334 -431 -535 -669 -711 - 744 - 753 _ 67 -125 -171 -234 -364 -418 -481 -560 -635 8 -184 -305 -389 -468 -594 -619 - 644 - 644 - 84 -151 -205 -272 -410 -460 -544 -627 -744 10 -167 -276 -351 -418 -518 -544 - 552 - 552 -100 -176 -230 -314 -460 -527 -615 -744 -828 12 -151 -247 -309 -368 -452 -468 - 460 - 477 -334 -u? -201 -268 -343 -502 -585 -669 -773 -920 14 -138 -230 -272 -318 -385 —393 — 385 - 339 -226 -134| -226 -293 -376 -544 -619 -719 -836-1003 16 -125 -201 -238 -272 -314 -314 - 309 - 255 -142 Pyrocatechol, Ci O 400 = IM C6H6Qz and 25M H2Q 18 -109 -167 -201 -226 -247 -238 - 222 - 167 - 42 Ö 326 544 TU 899 ÏÎ87 Ï275 Ì359 Ï432 20 - 92 -134 -163 -176 -176 -167- 151- 84 + 84 5 293 489 635 811 1070 1162 1233 1296 NH4Cl, Ci =0= 400 = IM NH4Cl and 25M H2Q 10 259 439 573 727 970 1045 1108 1171 15 226 376 502 635 840 920 983 1045 22 -63 -88 -96 -96 -96 -96 -96 -84 -21 20 188 326 426 543 732 794 857 920 24 -46 -59 -67 -67 -42 -25 8 71 159 25 151 272 351 452 619 673 736 794 26 -33 -42 -33 -29 4 33 84 155 251 30 121 217 280 363.7 506 552 606 669 28 -17-13 O 13 59 84 142 234 334 33.5 I 100 167 226 301.0 418 460 502 552 30 - 4 8 25 42 100 125 192 272 385 32 8 33 50 71 134 167 209 293 418 HeHydroquinol, Ci =C= 400 = IM C6H6Q2 and 40OM H2Q 33.5 21 46 67 92 155 192 230 305 439 O 10.0 13.8 14.2 12.5 - 3.3 -13.4 5 6.3 8.4 8.4 6.3 - 7.9 -15.1 KCl, Ci =0= 400 = IM KCl and 25M H2Q 10 3.8 4.2 3.3 0.4-11.7-18.0 O -594 -974-1246-1547-2095-2308-2530-2718-2843 15 1.3 O - 1.7 -• 5.4 -15.1 -19.2 2 -564 -924 -1179 -1484 -2007 -2195 -2404 -2575 -2663 20 - 2.1 - 5.0 - 7.5 -11.3 -20.1 -23.0 4 -543 -907 -1129 -1409 -1902 -2091 -2279 -2438 -2509 25 - 5.9 -10.0 -13.0 -16.7 -23.0 -25.5 6 -518 -845 -1087 -1346 -1819 -1999 -2174 -2329 -2366 30 - 8.8 -14.2 -17.1 -20.5 -25.5 -27.2 g -481 -807 -1037 -1288 -1735 -1902 -2070 -2195 -2245 33.5 -12.1 -18.4 -21.7 -24.2 -26.7 -27.2 10 -460 -761 - 983 -1217 -1631 -1781 -1944 -2086 -2111 ^Mannitol, Ci =O= 400 = IM CeHnOe and 5OM H2O 12 -439 -727 - 937 -1162 -1547 -1697 -1835 -1957 -1982 14 -418 -702 - 891 -1100 -1463 -1589 -1735 -1840 -1848 Ö 4 ~ 2 sTs 2.1 - 3 . 3 -14.6 16 -397 -661 - 845 -1037 -1388 -1505 -1639 -1748 -1748 5 6.7 8.4 6.7 5.0 - 0.8 18 -376 -619 - 794 - 983 -1325 -1421 -1547 -1631 -1631 10 7.1 10.5 11.3 11.3 11.3 20 -355 -585-753-928-1233-1338-1455-1534-1505 15 7.5 12.5 15.1 19.2 25.1 22 -326 -552- 707- 878-1162-1258-1363-1432-1421 20 9.2 16.3 21.7 28.4 39.7 24 -313 -518- 665 - 828-1091-1179-1267-1325-1296 25 9.2 16.7 23.8 33.0 50.2 13.0 21.7 30.1 41.8 64.8 13.4 23.8 33.4 46.8 76.9 Dextrose. Ci =O= 400 = IM CeHi 2 Qe-H 2 Q and 25M H2Q

30 33.5

-

—

5 10 15 20 25 30 33.5

—

—

167 268 343 167 268 343 167 268 343 167 268 343 431 560 606 652 690 167 268 343 427 544 585 623 656 167 268 343 418 527 560 594 623 167 268 343 414 510 543 564 594 Sucrose, Ci =C= 400 = IM Ci2H22Ou and 25M H2O 247 393 48Ï 564 673 707 736 769 247 393 485 573 694 732 773 815 247 397 493 585 719 761 807 857 247 397 497 594 744 794 849 916 247 401 502 606 769 824 891 962 247 401 510 619 790 853 924 1008 247 406 518 631 819 886 962 1054 247 410 522 644 836 907 991 1095 1.847 NaOH, Ci =O= 800 = 2M NaOH and 25M H2O

Ö 5 10 15 20 25 30 33.5

~

c

O 5 10 15 20 25 30 33.5

C

ï

26 28 30 32 33.5

-293 -280 -272 -251 -238

14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 33.5

^SrCl2, Ci =0= 400 = IM SrCl2 and 5OM H2Q -33 -54 -59 -46 -25 8 54 -17 -33 -13 13 54 88 146 O 33 33 63 134 171 230 21 50 84 121 209 251 309 42 92 134 184 276 330 389 59 117 163 217 334 389 460 75 142 197 268 414 460 535 92 171 230 314 456 514 594 117 201 272 351 506 577 661 134 226 301 397 560 631 727 146 251 330 426 602 677 773

Ö 2 4 6 8 10 12

HSrCl2, Ci =0= 400 = IM SrCl2.6H2O and 5QM H2O ^TO -117 -146 -184 -234 -59 -100 -125 -151 -171 -52 - 84 -105 -113 -125 -46 - 71 - 75 - 84 - 88 -40 - 59 - 54 - 54 - 54 -33 - 42 - 38 - 38 - 29 -25 - 2 5 - 2 5 - 1 7 + 4

26 28 30 32 33.5

HBaCl2, Ci O 400 -125 -192 -226 -105 -151 -167 - 84 -117 -125 - 63 - 75 - 75 - 42 - 42 - 38 - 21 4 38 O 33 63 21 63 109 42 105 151 63 134 201 84 163 226

720 | 300 | 200 | 140 | 80 | 60 | 40 | 20 -63 -1534-2279-2885-3617-3847 -42 -1200 -1831 -2300 -2835 -2989 -3169 -3345 -21 - 911 -1401 -1756 -2132 -2237 -2354 -2467 4 - 619 -1016 -1254 -1480 -1559 -1647 -1714 14 8 - 334 - 606 - 778 - 928 - 978 -1020 -1066 16 12 - 63 - 242 - 355 - 447 - 477 - 489 - 493 18 17 171 84 21 - 42 — 50 - 63 - 67 20 21 343 326 284 251 247 247 247 22 1.645 KOH, Ci O= 800 = 2M KOH and 25M H 2 Q 24

T^c O 5 10 15 20 25 30 33.5

°2

""

640 | 300 | 200 140 | 80 | 60 | 40 0 - 3 5 5 -719 -1003 -1317 -1422 -1547 1 3 - 9 6 -385 - 544 - 753 - 828 - 899 25 138 4 - 100 - 209 - 251 - 293 38 355 326 284 251 251 263 50 560 606 652 690 719 773 63 744 870 953 1066 1129 1204 71 903 1087 1213 1392 1484 1589 79 983 1204 1346 1555 1651 1756

O 2 4 6

-489 -460 -439 -410 -389

-

627 585 556 523 493 -

773 -1020 -1104 -1183 -1237 -1191 723 - 953 -1033 -1104 -1145 -1087 681 - 891 - 962 —1003 -1041 - 974 635 - 815 - 907 - 932 - 962 - 853 594 - 773 - 828 - 874 - 899 - 786 159 401 251 493 334 585 427 669 506 753 585 828 669 911 744 978 799 1024 857 1095 920 1158

= IM BaCl2 and 25M H2O -251 -272 -276 -251 -180 42~~ -188 -192 -188 -146 - 63 167 -117 -105 - 8 - 4 2 50 251 - 63 - 17 4 59 163 376 O 63 92 159 255 447 59 134 167 247 343 573 109 201 251 314 426 635 167 280 326 401 510 732 226 347 397 489 552 794 272 418 468 564 594 857 309 460 523 615 619 920

MBaCl2, Ci =0= 400 = IM BaCl2.2H2Q and 5OM H2Q -226 -364 -468 -577 -753 -824 -903 -1003 -209 -330 -418 -514 -656 -702 -753 -811 -184 -293 -372 -452 -564 -598 -619 - 652 -155 -259 -322 -385 -472 -489 -502 - 502

20

MBaCh, Ci =0= 400 = IM BaCl2.2H2O and 5OM H 2 Q.-(Cont'd) t

oC

' 8 10 12

O 5 10 15 20 25 30 33.5 O 5 10 15 20 25 30 33.5 O 5 10 15 20 25 30 33.5 O 5 10 15 20 25 30 33.5

Cl 300 I 240 [ 200 I 160 | 100 [ 80 | 60 | 40 [ 20 -146 -230 -280 -330 -385 -393 -393- 376 -125 -197 -230 -268 -293 -293 -276- 234 -109 -163 -188 -205 -201 -192 -159- 84 NH4NQ3, Ci =0= 400 = IM NH4NO3 and 25M H2Q -1108 -1819 -2299 -2843 -3721 -4014 -4327 -4641 -5017 -1024 -1693 -2132 -2634 -3420 -3679 -3972 -4223 -4515 - 983 -1589 -1986 -2425 -3094 -3345 -3596 -3847 -4139 - 899 -1442 -1827 -2216 -2843 -3040 -3261 -3491 -3763 - 836 -1338 -1672 -2019 -2571 -2759 -2969 -3157 -3387 - 773 -1233 -1568 -1852 -2362 -2530 -2697 -2885 -3010 - 727 -1150 -1442 -1723 -2153 -2320 -2446 -2592 -2697 - 669 -1066 -1355 -1622 -2028 -2174 -2362|-2425 -2488 NaNQ3, Ci =0= 400 = IM NaNQ3 and 25M H2O -1233 -2007 -2659 -3261 -4348 -4725 -5184 -5561 -5895 -1087 -1798 -2333 -2885 -3847 -4223 -4599 -4975 -5226 -1003 -1647 -2132 -2634 -3512 -3847 -4181 -4515 -4766 - 911 -1497 -1915 -2375 -3178 -3470 -3763 -4056 -4265 - 836 -1380 -1756 -2174 -2885 -3178 -3408 -3658 -3805 - 769 -1254 -1631 -2007 -2592 -2822 -3044 -3219 -3387 - 690 -1154 -1497 -1840 -2341 -2542 -2709 -2885 -3010 - 661 -1087 -1396 -1714 -2174 -2341 -2475 -2592 -2676 KNQ3, Ci =0= 400 = IM KNQ3 and 25M H2Q -1547 -2634 -3408 -4348 -6062 -6815 -7526 -8362 -9073 -1505 -2509 -3219 -4014 -5561 -6104 -6690 -7359 -8069 -1421 -2341 -2969 -3721 -5059 -5519 -6021 -6564 -7108 -1338 -2174 -2843 -3512 -4683 -5101 -5519 -5979 -6439 -1212 -2007 -2592 -3219 -4348 -4683 -5101 -5519 -5853 -1150 -1923 -2425 -3094 -4014 -4390 -4725 -5101 -5477 -1095 -1840 -2383 -2885 -3805 -4139 -4474 -4808 -5101 -1045 -1756 -2258 -2759 -3721 -3930 -4181 -4515 -4808 MBa(NQ3K Ci =S= 400 = IM Ba(NOa)2 and 25M H2Q -197 -334 -443 -564 -761 -836 -911 -1003 -1087 -171 -293 -376 -468 -640 -702 -761 - 836 -1003 -151 -255 -334 -418 -556 -606 -665 - 711 - 732 -138 -226 -293 -364 -472 -514 -552 -125 -201 -255 -314 -401 -431 -460 -113 -176 -222 -268 -351 -376 -389 - 96 -159 -192 -251 -318 -330 -334 - 84 -146 -176 -234 -284

MSr(NOa)2, Ci =O= 400 • IM Sr(NOa)2 and 50 MH2O t

oC

' O 5 10 15 20 25 30 33.5

Cl

300 I 240 I 200 I 160 j 100 | 80 | 60 | 40 \ 20 -978 -1568 -2049 -2571 -3512 -3847 -4181 -4641 -5184 -gii -1497 -1902 -2363 -3177 -3428 -3742 -4076 -4453 -832 -1359 -1735 -2132 -2835 -3073 -3324 -3617 -3888 -753 -1212 -1568 -1923 -2530 -2718 -2948 -3157 -3387 -686 -1108 -1401 -1714 -2216 -2404 -2592 -2739 -2843 -602 - 974 -1233 -1526 -1965 -2091 -2216 -2341 -518 - 845 -1087 -1321 -1706 -1819 -1902 -2007 -435- 732- 983 -1171 -1526 -1589 -1672 -1735

HEAT OF DILUTION OP AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS OF ETHYL AND METHYL ALCOHOLS If m grams of water are added to M grams of solution containing N gram-molecular-weights of the alcohol per 1000 g of HÔ the heat (Q) evolved per mole of water added is given by Q = A - 10~3 X Bm, g-caloo/Mole Q = a - 10~3 X bra, joule/Mole up to ra = 800 g. All weights in vacuo, t = 250C. Braham, Atmospheric Nitrogen Corporation, Syracuse, N. Y., O. MacInnes and Braham, 1, 39: 2110; 17. N

1 2 3 4

C2H5OH, M = 9611 g* A | B | a | b | 2.00 0.51 8.37 2.13 8.80 1.3s 36.8 5.7s 21.8s 2.48l 91.4 10.38 40.60 4.450170.0 18.63

*A= a = t A= a =

[I

CH3OH, M = 9600 gf A | B | a | b 1.10 0.00 4.22 0.00 4.44 0.21 18.6 0.88 10.30 0.82s 43.10 3.45 18.53 1.8 77.5 |

0.56JV + 0.80^2 + 0.72JV3 - 0.0&/V4. 2.345JV + 3.35^2 + S.OUtfs _ 0.335AK - 0.2ON + 1.21^2. - 0.83?JV + 5.03^2.

HEATS OF COMBUSTION OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS Proposed Secondary Standard.—Salicylic acid, Q = 5242 g-cali5 ( = 22699 abs. j.) per gram in air; =5238 g-cali6 ( = 21921 abs. j.) per gram in vacuo ( 4 ). Other Standards.—The best values for cane sugar and naphthalene may be obtained from the following carefully determined Units ratios of Q per gram in air ( 2 ). The values recorded in the tables are expressed in 1922 Inter- Naphthalene = Benzdcacid = l ^ Naph. = national Combustion Calories1 per gram-formula-weight (in Benzoic acid Sugar bugar vacuo) of substance in the liquid state (unless otherwise indicated Calculation of Heat of Combustion from Structural Formula by g = gas and s = solid) when the combustion takes place at The heat of combustion of any organic compound in the liquid constant pressure (1 atm.) and at 18 — 2O0C, to form gaseous CÜ2 and N 2, liquid H2O, and such compounds of other elements state may be calculated from its structural formula with an accuracy, in most cases, of better than 1%. For most purposes present as are indicated under the individual entries. for which heats of combustion are required this accuracy is Standard Substances for Combustion Calorimetry sufficient. Indeed it is equal to or better than the accuracy of Primary Standard.—The Third Conference of the International most of the experimental values now available. For a full Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (Lyons, 1922) adopted the description of the method of calculation and comparison between benzoic acid standard with the following values: Q = 6324g-cali5 observed and calculated values, see ( 1 J. ( = 26466 abs. j.) per gram in air; =6319 g-cali5 ( = 26445 abs. ^ Heats of Formation j.) per gram in vacuo; cf. ( 3 > 5). These values define what may be The heat of formation, H1 of any compound (CaH&BrcCldcalled the "1922 International Combustion Calorie." FJ/N0OÄ) out of its elements in their standard states (v. p. 1 Calories instead of joules have been employed in this section in deference to 169) may be calculated from its heat of combustion, Q, as given the wishes of the Committee on Thermochemistry of the International Union of below, by means of the equation H = (-Q + 94.38a + 34.196 + Pure and Applied Chemistry. Source of the Data All of the values given in this section have been taken from the critical compilation by Kharasch ( 1 ) to which the reader is referred for bibliography and critical discussion.

MBaCh, Ci =0= 400 = IM BaCl2.2H2O and 5OM H 2 Q.-(Cont'd) t

oC

' 8 10 12

O 5 10 15 20 25 30 33.5 O 5 10 15 20 25 30 33.5 O 5 10 15 20 25 30 33.5 O 5 10 15 20 25 30 33.5

Cl 300 I 240 [ 200 I 160 | 100 [ 80 | 60 | 40 [ 20 -146 -230 -280 -330 -385 -393 -393- 376 -125 -197 -230 -268 -293 -293 -276- 234 -109 -163 -188 -205 -201 -192 -159- 84 NH4NQ3, Ci =0= 400 = IM NH4NO3 and 25M H2Q -1108 -1819 -2299 -2843 -3721 -4014 -4327 -4641 -5017 -1024 -1693 -2132 -2634 -3420 -3679 -3972 -4223 -4515 - 983 -1589 -1986 -2425 -3094 -3345 -3596 -3847 -4139 - 899 -1442 -1827 -2216 -2843 -3040 -3261 -3491 -3763 - 836 -1338 -1672 -2019 -2571 -2759 -2969 -3157 -3387 - 773 -1233 -1568 -1852 -2362 -2530 -2697 -2885 -3010 - 727 -1150 -1442 -1723 -2153 -2320 -2446 -2592 -2697 - 669 -1066 -1355 -1622 -2028 -2174 -2362|-2425 -2488 NaNQ3, Ci =0= 400 = IM NaNQ3 and 25M H2O -1233 -2007 -2659 -3261 -4348 -4725 -5184 -5561 -5895 -1087 -1798 -2333 -2885 -3847 -4223 -4599 -4975 -5226 -1003 -1647 -2132 -2634 -3512 -3847 -4181 -4515 -4766 - 911 -1497 -1915 -2375 -3178 -3470 -3763 -4056 -4265 - 836 -1380 -1756 -2174 -2885 -3178 -3408 -3658 -3805 - 769 -1254 -1631 -2007 -2592 -2822 -3044 -3219 -3387 - 690 -1154 -1497 -1840 -2341 -2542 -2709 -2885 -3010 - 661 -1087 -1396 -1714 -2174 -2341 -2475 -2592 -2676 KNQ3, Ci =0= 400 = IM KNQ3 and 25M H2Q -1547 -2634 -3408 -4348 -6062 -6815 -7526 -8362 -9073 -1505 -2509 -3219 -4014 -5561 -6104 -6690 -7359 -8069 -1421 -2341 -2969 -3721 -5059 -5519 -6021 -6564 -7108 -1338 -2174 -2843 -3512 -4683 -5101 -5519 -5979 -6439 -1212 -2007 -2592 -3219 -4348 -4683 -5101 -5519 -5853 -1150 -1923 -2425 -3094 -4014 -4390 -4725 -5101 -5477 -1095 -1840 -2383 -2885 -3805 -4139 -4474 -4808 -5101 -1045 -1756 -2258 -2759 -3721 -3930 -4181 -4515 -4808 MBa(NQ3K Ci =S= 400 = IM Ba(NOa)2 and 25M H2Q -197 -334 -443 -564 -761 -836 -911 -1003 -1087 -171 -293 -376 -468 -640 -702 -761 - 836 -1003 -151 -255 -334 -418 -556 -606 -665 - 711 - 732 -138 -226 -293 -364 -472 -514 -552 -125 -201 -255 -314 -401 -431 -460 -113 -176 -222 -268 -351 -376 -389 - 96 -159 -192 -251 -318 -330 -334 - 84 -146 -176 -234 -284

MSr(NOa)2, Ci =O= 400 • IM Sr(NOa)2 and 50 MH2O t

oC

' O 5 10 15 20 25 30 33.5

Cl

300 I 240 I 200 I 160 j 100 | 80 | 60 | 40 \ 20 -978 -1568 -2049 -2571 -3512 -3847 -4181 -4641 -5184 -gii -1497 -1902 -2363 -3177 -3428 -3742 -4076 -4453 -832 -1359 -1735 -2132 -2835 -3073 -3324 -3617 -3888 -753 -1212 -1568 -1923 -2530 -2718 -2948 -3157 -3387 -686 -1108 -1401 -1714 -2216 -2404 -2592 -2739 -2843 -602 - 974 -1233 -1526 -1965 -2091 -2216 -2341 -518 - 845 -1087 -1321 -1706 -1819 -1902 -2007 -435- 732- 983 -1171 -1526 -1589 -1672 -1735

HEAT OF DILUTION OP AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS OF ETHYL AND METHYL ALCOHOLS If m grams of water are added to M grams of solution containing N gram-molecular-weights of the alcohol per 1000 g of HÔ the heat (Q) evolved per mole of water added is given by Q = A - 10~3 X Bm, g-caloo/Mole Q = a - 10~3 X bra, joule/Mole up to ra = 800 g. All weights in vacuo, t = 250C. Braham, Atmospheric Nitrogen Corporation, Syracuse, N. Y., O. MacInnes and Braham, 1, 39: 2110; 17. N

1 2 3 4

C2H5OH, M = 9611 g* A | B | a | b | 2.00 0.51 8.37 2.13 8.80 1.3s 36.8 5.7s 21.8s 2.48l 91.4 10.38 40.60 4.450170.0 18.63

*A= a = t A= a =

[I

CH3OH, M = 9600 gf A | B | a | b 1.10 0.00 4.22 0.00 4.44 0.21 18.6 0.88 10.30 0.82s 43.10 3.45 18.53 1.8 77.5 |

0.56JV + 0.80^2 + 0.72JV3 - 0.0&/V4. 2.345JV + 3.35^2 + S.OUtfs _ 0.335AK - 0.2ON + 1.21^2. - 0.83?JV + 5.03^2.

HEATS OF COMBUSTION OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS Proposed Secondary Standard.—Salicylic acid, Q = 5242 g-cali5 ( = 22699 abs. j.) per gram in air; =5238 g-cali6 ( = 21921 abs. j.) per gram in vacuo ( 4 ). Other Standards.—The best values for cane sugar and naphthalene may be obtained from the following carefully determined Units ratios of Q per gram in air ( 2 ). The values recorded in the tables are expressed in 1922 Inter- Naphthalene = Benzdcacid = l ^ Naph. = national Combustion Calories1 per gram-formula-weight (in Benzoic acid Sugar bugar vacuo) of substance in the liquid state (unless otherwise indicated Calculation of Heat of Combustion from Structural Formula by g = gas and s = solid) when the combustion takes place at The heat of combustion of any organic compound in the liquid constant pressure (1 atm.) and at 18 — 2O0C, to form gaseous CÜ2 and N 2, liquid H2O, and such compounds of other elements state may be calculated from its structural formula with an accuracy, in most cases, of better than 1%. For most purposes present as are indicated under the individual entries. for which heats of combustion are required this accuracy is Standard Substances for Combustion Calorimetry sufficient. Indeed it is equal to or better than the accuracy of Primary Standard.—The Third Conference of the International most of the experimental values now available. For a full Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (Lyons, 1922) adopted the description of the method of calculation and comparison between benzoic acid standard with the following values: Q = 6324g-cali5 observed and calculated values, see ( 1 J. ( = 26466 abs. j.) per gram in air; =6319 g-cali5 ( = 26445 abs. ^ Heats of Formation j.) per gram in vacuo; cf. ( 3 > 5). These values define what may be The heat of formation, H1 of any compound (CaH&BrcCldcalled the "1922 International Combustion Calorie." FJ/N0OÄ) out of its elements in their standard states (v. p. 1 Calories instead of joules have been employed in this section in deference to 169) may be calculated from its heat of combustion, Q, as given the wishes of the Committee on Thermochemistry of the International Union of below, by means of the equation H = (-Q + 94.38a + 34.196 + Pure and Applied Chemistry. Source of the Data All of the values given in this section have been taken from the critical compilation by Kharasch ( 1 ) to which the reader is referred for bibliography and critical discussion.

O X c + O X d + 75.6e - f O X / + O X 0 + O X f c + 69.3t) k g caliô. This equation applies where the products of combustion are C02(0), H2O(O, Br2(O, Cl2(Sf), HF dilute aqueous solution, I2(s), N2G/), SO2(^). If the products of combustion are: HBr (a#), the numerical coefficient of c is 28.54. HCl (aq), the numerical coefficient of d is 39.46. HNOaac, the numerical coefficient of g is 49.80. H2SO4Og, the numerical coefficient of i is 207.5. To obtain H in kj per g.f.w. multiply by 4.185 the value given by the above equation. Tables The compounds are arranged in groups as follows: 1. (C, H), Hydrocarbons. 2. (C, H, O), Alcohols (carbinols). 3. (C, H, O), Carboxylic acids. 4. (C, H, O), Acid anhydrides and lactones. 5. (C, H, O), Carbohydrates (sugars, starch, cellulose, etc.). 6. (C, H, O), Other C, H, O-compounds. 7. Nitrogen compounds. 8. Halogen compounds. 9. Sulfur compounds. T^ i 1 ormula

CEU C2H2 C2H4 C2H6 C3H4

XT Name 1. HYDROCARBONS Methane (g) Acetylene (ethine) (g) Ethylene (g) Ethane (g) Allylene (propine) (g)

kg-calia , per mole

C6H8

Dihydrobenzene

CeHio C6Hi0

Bicyclohexane (O, 1, 3) Diallyl (g)

CeHio CeHio C 6 Hi 2 CeHi2 C 6 Hi 2 C 6 Hi 4 CeHi4 C7H8 CvHi 2 CvHi2 CvHi 2 CvHi 2 CvHi 2

Dimethylmethylenecyclopropane Tetrahydrobenzene (cyclohexene) Cyclohexane Hexylene Methylcyclopentane Diisopropyl (g) n-Hexane Toluene Bicycloheptane Cycloheptene Heptine-1 Methylenecyclohexane l-Methyl-3-cyclohexene

210.8* 312.0 332 368.4f 456. IJ 473.0§ 490.2 496.8 526.3|| 647.2 683.4t 803.4 783.6 784.2 803.6 796.0 843.5 838.3 838.3 833.4 842.6(?) 787.2 783.4 847.8 853. 5** 882.9ft 833.2Jt 847.8§§ 912.5 928. Iff 903.4** 898.0 892 939 952.6 937.9 993.9 990.6 936 1030. s 1049.9 1091.2 105o 1043. 6

* Average of nine determinations, max. d. = 1.1 %. t Max. d. = 1.1 %. t Thomsen. § Berthelot. 11 Max. d. = 0.9 %.

t Max. d. = 0.4 %. ** Berthelot. tt Thomsen. lì Swietoslawski.

C3He C3H6 C3H8 C4H8 C 4 HiO CsHio C5HiO CsHio CâHio CsHi2 C 6 Hi 2 C5Hi2 CsHi2 C5Hi2 C6H6 C6H6 C6H6 C 6 He

Propylene Trimethylene ( g ) . . . Propane (a) Isobutylene (g) Isobutane (trimethylmethane) (g) Amylene Cyclopentane Methylcyclobutane Trimethylethylene (a) (liquid) Isopentane (g) (liquid) TO-Pentane (g) (liquid) Tetramethylmethane Benzene (g) (liquid) Dimethyldiacetylene (2, 4-hexadiine) Dipropargyl (1, 5-hexadiine)

Formula CvHi2 CvHi4 CvHi 4 CvHi4 CvHi 6 CvHi 6 CvHis CvHi 6 CvHi 6 CvHi 6 CvHie CyHi 6 CvHu C8H6 CsH8 CsHio CsHio CaHio CsHio CsHia CsHi2 CsHia CsHi4 CsHi4 CsHi4 CsHi4 CsHi4 CsHi6 CsHi6 Cslîis CsHis CsHis CsHis CsHis CsHis CsHis CsHis CsHis CsHi8 CsHis CsHio CsHio CsHi2 CsHi2 CsHi2 CsHi2 C9Hi4 CaHis CsHi8 CsHis CsHis CsHis CsHis Ci0H8 CioHio CioHio CioHio CioHia CwHi 2 Ci0Hi2 CioHi2 CioHia Ci0Hi4 CioHi4 Ci 0 Hi 4 Ci0Hi4 Ci0Hi4 Ci 0 Hi 4 Ci0Hi6 Ci0Hi6 CioHie CioHie CioHis CioHie CioHie Ci0Hi6 CioHie §§ Stohmann.

kg call 5 ' 1 per mole 1-Methyl-l-cyclohexene 1040.9ÎÎ 1048. i|| Il Cycloheptane 1087.8 1, 3-Dimethylcyclopentane 1090.7 Methylcyclohexane 1091.8 2, 2-Dimethylpentane 1148.9 2, 3-Dimethylpentane 1148.9 2, 4-Dimethylpentane 1148.9 3, 3-Dimethylpentane 1147.9 3-Ethylpentane 1149.9 n-Heptane 1149.9 2-Methylhexane 1148.9 3-Methylhexane 1148.9 2, 2, 3-Trimethylbutane 1147.9 Phenylacetylene (phenylethine) 1024.2 Styrène (phenylethylene) 1046 Ethylbenzene 1091. 2 o-Xylene 1093 m-Xylene 1089.6 p-Xylene 1089. i 1, 4-Dimethylcyclohexa-l, 3-diene 1152. 2 1, 3-Dimethyldihydrobenzene 1148.2 1, Methyl-3-methylene-l-cyclohexene 1149.2 1, 3-Dimethyl-3-cyclohexene 1194.5 Ethylenecyclohexane 1207.7 1-Ethyl-l-cyclohexene 1203.7 Laurolene 1192.7 t-Laurolene (1, l f 2-trimethylcyelopent-2-ene) .. 1193.a 1, 1-Dimethylcyclohexane 1242.5 1, 3-Dimethylcyclohexane 1238(?) 1, 4-Dimethylcyclohexane 1229(?) Diisobutylene 1252.4 Methylcycloheptane 1244.5 1, 2, 4-Trimethylcyclopentane 1245.4 2, 5-Dimethylhexane 1303.3 3, 4-Dimethylhexane 1303. 7 3-Ethylhexane 1302.3 Hexamethylethane (s) 1301.8 2-Methylheptane 1306. i n-Octane 1305 2, 2, 4-Trimethylpentane 1303.9 a-Methylstyrene 1202. 9 /8-Methylstyrene (p-tolylethylene) 1202.4 Isopropylbenzene 1247.3 Mesitylene 1243. e n-Propylbenzene 1246.4 Pseudocumene (1, 2, 4-trimethylbenzene) 1241.7 l-Methyl-4-ethylcyclohexa-l, 3-diene 1310.8 1-Isopropylcyclohex-l-ene 1340.8 Ethylcycloheptane 1406.8 Methyl-Z-n-propylcyclopentane 1401.4 1, 3, 3-Trimethylcyclohexane 1395(?) 1, 2, 3-Trimethylcyclohexane 1396. o 1, 3, 4-Trimethylcyclohexane 1383(?) Naphthalene (s) 1231.8 Ai-Dihydronaphthalene. 13Oo A2-Dihydronaphthalene (s) 1298.3 l-Phenyl-3-butine 1340. o a-/3-Dimethylstyrene (s) 1357. 2 /3-Ethylstyrene 1346. l l-Phenyl-3-butene 1356.9 l-Phenyl-2-butene 1361.2 Tetrahydronaphthalene 134o tert.-ïïuty !benzene 1400.4 Hexahydronaphthalene 1419. 8 4-Isopropyltoluene (cymene) 1405 3-w-Propyltoluene 1405 3-Isopropyltoluene 1409 1, 2, 4, 5-Tetramethylbenzene (durol) (s) 1393. 6 Borneocamphene 1470. 2 Camphene (s) 1468 d-" Citrene " 1473. o Cyclene (tricyclene) (s) 1467.3 1, 5-Dimethyl-3-vinyl-l-cyclohexene 1455.7 1-Isobutenyl-l-cyclohexene 1461.8 d-Limonene 1471,2 Z-Limonene 1457. 2 l-Methyl-4-isopropylcyclohexa-l, 3-diene 1470. 7

Name

|||| Roth and Auwers.

T-, , Formula

x,

Name

1. HYDROCARBONS.—(Continued) Octohydronaphthalene d-a-Pinene (australene) f-a-Pinene (terebenthene) /3-Pinolene Sylvestrene Terecamphene (inact.) a-Terpinene cts-Decahydronaphthalene frans-Decahydronaphthalene l-Ethyl-5-dimethylcyclohexene Fenchane Menthene (A8-terpene) (A3-menthene) Thujane Diamylene p-Menthane (l-isopropyl-4-methylcyclohexane) MethyH-n-propyl-3-cyclohexane Decane Diisoamyl l-Phenyl-2-pentene Pentamethylbenzene (s) 1, 5-Dimethyl-3-isopropene-l-cyclohexene Acenaphthene (s) (periethylenenaphthylene)... Diphenyl (s) fl, 0-Diethylstyrene Hexamethylbenzene (s) Triisobutylene [(CHs) 2 CHC(CH 2 CH(CHs) 2 ): CHCH(CHs)2]. CisHio Fluorene (s) CnHi2 Diphenylmethane (s) CuHio Anthracene (s) CuHio Phenanthrene (s) CuHi 2 Stilbene (sym.-diphenylethylene) (s) CuHi 2 Isostilbene CuHu Dibenzyl (s) CuH26 3, 3-Dimethyldicyclohexyl(m-hexahydroditolyl) CuHu a-0-Methylphenylstyrene (s) CuH 10 Diphenyldiacetylene (s) CuHu Diphenylbutadiene (s) CieHu cts-cts-Diphenylbutadiene (s) CuHu
kg-calis . per mole 1461.7 1471.9 147? 1469.s 1464.7 1466.7 1470.4 1502.5 1498 1504.5 1502.8 1523.2 1506.4 1582. 2 1514(?) 1502.9 1610. 2 1615.8 1510. o 1554. o 1615.0 1491.8 1493.6 1664.9 1711.9 1858.3 1584.9 1655.o 1695 1693 1765.0 1770.9 1810. 6 2106 1929 1975. 6 2057 2035 2030 2559 2139 2288(?) 2341 2342 2307 2372 2378 2384 2496 3183 2937 3102 3383 170.9 328 281.9 428.9 442.4 482 474.8 431.0 436.1 397.0 639 638.2 629.3 567 504.1 748 753 708 696.l 694.2 787 792 785

Formula C6Hi2O4 C6Hi2O5 CeHi2O CeHi2O CeHi2O C6Hi2O2 CeHi2O2 C0Hi2O5 CeHi2O6 CeHi4O CeHi4O CeHuO2 CeHi4O6 CeHuO6 CyH8O C7Hi2O CvHuO CvHuO C 7 HuO CvHuO CrHuO C7HuO C 7 HuO C 7 HuO 2 C 7 Hi 6 O C7Hi6O C7Hi6O? C8HuO CsHuO CsHuO2 CsHieO CsHi6O CsHi6O C8Hi6O CsHi6O CsHi6O CsHi6O2 CsHi6O2 CsHi8O CsHisO CpHsO CgHi0O2 C9Hi0O2 CgHi6O CaHi6O CgHi8O CgHi8O CgHi8O CgH18O CgH20O Ci0Hi2O2 CioHisO CioHisO CioHisO CioHisO CioHisO CioHisO CioHisO Ci0H20O Ci0H20O Ci0H22Oa CnH22O Ci2Hi6O2 CuHi2O CuHuO 2 CuHuO 2 CuHisO Ci6H34O CigHieO C 2 iHieO

Name

kg-cahs per mole Pentaerythritol (s) 661 Arabitol (s) 612 Allyldimethyl carbinol. 886.of 913.7Î Cyclohexanol 891 /3-Methylcyclopentanol 888 Cyclohexan-1, 2-diol (as) 841.6 Cyclohexan-1, 2-diol (trans) 842.7 Quercitol (s) 704 Inositol (inosite) (s) 662 Pinacolyl alcohol 939 Methyldiethyl carbinol 927 Pinacol (s) 897.6 Dulcitol (s) 729. i§ 723.7(1 d-Mannitol (s) 727.6 Benzyl alcohol 893 Diallyl carbinol 1028 Allylmethylethyl carbinol 1050. l Cycloheptanol 1050.2 Cyclohexyl carbinol 1047. 2 1, 3-Dimethylcyclopentan-2-ol 1030. 5 1, 3-Dimethylcyclopentan-3-ol.. 1034. o l-Ethylcyclopentan-2-ol 1039 0-Methylcyclohexanol 1038 ct's-l-Methylcyclohexan-1, 2-diol 992.6 ïrons-1-Methylcyclohexan-l, 2-diol 995. i n-Heptyl alcohol 1104. 9 Triethyl carbinol 1080 Perseitol (d-mannoheptol) (s) 836 Amylpropargyl alcohol t 1192 Diallylmethyl carbinol 1181 Tetramethylbutindiol 1142 Allyldiethyl carbinol 1207 Allylmethylpropyl carbinol 1202 1, 2-Dimethylcyclohexan-2-ol 1196. 5 1, 3-Dimethylcyclohexan-2-ol 1196 1, 3-Dimethylcyclohexan-3-ol 1192. 5 1, 3-Dimethylcyclohexan-5-ol 1183 Tetramethylbutenediol (fumaroid) 1176 Tetramethylbutenediol (maleinoid) (s) 1172 Octyl alcohol 1262 Methyldipropyl carbinol 1233 Phenylpropargyl alcohol** 1137 Hydrinden-1, 2-diol (cis) 1098.5 Hydrinden-1, 2-diol (trans) 1096. 7 Hexylpropargyl alcohol 1340 1, 3, 5-Trimethylcyclohex-6-en-5-ol.. 1295 Allylmethyl-n-butyl carbinol 1365 Allylmethyl-tert.-butyl carbinol 1363 Cycloheptylmethyl carbinol 1342 l-Methyl-3-ethylcyclohexan-3-ol 1322 Ethyldipropyl carbinol 1386. 5 1, 2, 3, 4-Tetrahydronaphthalenediols, all forms 1250 Borneol (synthetic) 1466 Borneol (Borneo camphor) 1470 a-Borneol (s) 1466. 6 Z-Borneol 1467. 2 Diallylpropyl carbinol 1472 Terpineol (s) 1469 to 1480 Thujyl alcohol 1477.5 Allyldipropyl carbinol 1518.off 1549.6ÎJ Menthol (s) 1509 Terpinehydrate (s).. 1451 Allylmethylhexyl carbinol 1667 1-Phenylcyclohexan-l, 2-diol (cis and trans)... . 1564 Diphenyl carbinol (s) 1615 Hydrobenzoin (s) 1723 Isohydrobenzoin (s) 1728 Amylphenylpropargyl alcohol 1901 Cetyl alcohol (s) 2504 Triphenyl carbinol (s) 2341 Diphenylphenylethinyl carbinol 2572

t Swietoslawski. $ Louguinine. § Berthelot. Il Stohmann. U C6Hn.C:C.CH2OH.

** C6H6.C:C.CH.OH. ft Swietoslawski. J$ Louguinine.

^, , Formula

XT Name

kg-cahs , per mole ~"

3. C, H, Q, ACIDS CH2Û2 C2H2O1 C2H4O2

Formic Oxalic («) Acetic

C2H4O3 Glycolic (s) C2H4O4 Dihydroxyacetic (glyoxylic) (s) CsH4O2 Acrylic CaH4Oa Pyroracemic, pyruvic C3H4O4 Malonic (s) C3H4O6 Tartronic (s) C3H4Oc Mesoxalic (dihydroxymalonic) (s) C3HeO2 ' Propionic C3HeO3 Lactic (s) , C4H2O4 Acetylenedicarboxylic (s) C4H4O2 Tetrolic (s) C4H4O4 Fumarie (trans) (s) C4H4O4 Maleic (cis) (s) C4HeO2 Crotonic (s) C4HeO2 Trimethylenecarboxylic C4HeO4 Methylmalonic (s) C4HeO4 Succinic (s) C4H6Os J-Malic C4H6Oe d-Tartaric (s) C4H6Oe (fl-Tartaric (anhydr.) (s) C4H6O6 Mesotartaric (s) , C4H8O2 n-Butyric C4H8O2 Isobutyric C4H8O3 Hydroxyisobutyric (s) C4H8O3 d/-0-Hydroxybutyric (s) C5H4O3 Pyromucic (s) CsH6O4 cis-Citraconic (methylmaleic) (s) CsHeO4 Itaconic (methylenesuccinic) (s) C6H6O4 frans-Mesaconic (methylfumaric) (s) CsHeO4 ot, a-Trimethylenedicarboxylic (s) CsH6O4 a, /3-Trimethylenedicarboxylic (s) C6H8O2 Allylacetic C6HsO2 Angelic (s) C8H8O2 a, /8-Pen tenie (s) C6H8O2 /3, T-Pentenic (s) CsHsO2 Tetramethylenecarboxylic C6HsO2 Tiglio (s) CsHsO3 Levulinic (/S-acetylpropionic) (s) C6H8O4 Dimethylmalonic (s) C6HsO4 Ethylmalonic (s) C6HsO4 Glutaric (s) : C6H8O4 Methylsuccinic (s) C6HsO7 Trihydroxyglutaric (s) C6Hi0O2 n-Valeric CeH6O6 Aconitic (s) CeHsO2 Sorbic (s) C6H8O4 Allylmalonic (s) C6H8O4 a, 0-Hydromuconic (s) C6HsO4 ß, 7-Hydromuconic (s) CeH8O4 a, a-Tetramethylenedicarboxylic (s) C6H8O4 a, 0-Tetramethylenedicarboxylic (s) C6HsO4 a, y-Tetramethylenedicarboxylic (s) CeHsOe Tricarballylic (s) CeH8Or Citric (anhydr.) (s) C6H8O7-H2O Citric (cryst.) (s) CeH10O2 Hydrosorbic CeH10O4 Adipic (s) . C6H10O4 si/ra.-Dimethylsuccinic (anti) (s) C6H10O4 S2/m.-Dimethylsuccinic (anti) (s) CeH10O4 cM-sym.-Dimethylsuccinic (s) C6H10O4 S2/w.-Dimethylsuccinic (para) (s) C6H10O4 wnsym.-Dimethylsuccinic (s) C6H10O4 Ethylsuccinic (s) CeH10O4 Methylethylmalonic (s) C6H10O4 a-Methylglutaric (s) C6H10O4 Propylmalonic (s) C6H10O4 Isopropylmalonic (s) C6H10O8 Allomucic (s) CeH10Os Mucic (s) CeH12Oa Caproic CeH12Q2 * Berthelot. t Roth.

Diethylacetic

,

62.8 60. Is 209.4* 207.lt 166.6 125.5 327.5 279.1 206.8 165.4 128.2 365 326.0 305.9 452.4 320.0 326.1 477.7 481 363. 6 356.8 320.1 275.1 273.0 276.0 520 517.4 471.8 487.9 489.7 479.1 475.3 476.4 483 484 641.6 634.8 623. 7 632.2 640 626.4 576.8 515.1 517.7 514.8 515.3 388.3 679 475.1 743 638 628.8 629.1 642.0 642.1 639.4 516.0 474.5 471.4 795 668.8 674.2 673.0 671.5 670.6 671 671.2 672 670.6 674 674 494.2 483.6 831.OÎ 838.2§ 831

J Sweitoslawski § Fischer and Wrede.

Formula

Name

CeH12O2 C7H4O7 C7HeO2 C7H6O3 C7H6O3 C7H6O3 C7HeO4 C7H6O6 C7H6O6 C7H6O8 C7H10O2 C7H10O2 C7H10O4 C7H10O4 C7H12Os C7H12O4 C7H12O4 C7H12O4 C7H14O2 C7H14O2 CsH6O4 CsHeO4 CsH6O4 C8H6O4 CsH8O2 CsHsO2

Isobutylacetic Meconic (s) Benzoic (s) Salicylic (s) w-Hydroxybenzoic (5) p-Hydroxybenzoic (s) 2, 4-Dihydroxybenzoic (s) Gallic (s) Pyrogallolcarboxylic (s) «, a, ß, /8-Trimethylenetetracarboxylic (s) At-Tetrahydrobenzoic (s) A2-Tetrahydrobenzoic (s) a, /3-Pentamethylenedicarboxylic (s) Teraconic acid (y-dimethylitaconic) (s) Hexahydrobenzoic Diethylmalonic (s) Pimelic (isopropylsuccinic) Trimethylsuccinic (s) Ethylpropylacetic Heptylic o-Phthalic (s) Isophthalic (s) Terephthalic (s) Piperonylic (s) Phenylacetic (s) o-Toluic (s)

CsH8O2

m-Toluic (s)

^^V* per mole 833 490.8 711.2|| 723.1 725.4 724.6 676.5 633.7 633.4 482.7 857 886 781.5 796 934 829 827 829.9 990 986.1 771. o 768. a 770.4 803.5 930 928.9t 921.0** 928.6lf 922.2** 926.9U 887.3 878.7 877.8 879. 5 882. s 890 894. 6 903 842. e 835.6 842. i 844.9 882 881 1083 1045 1042 930 928. 2 929. i . 1088 1089 .2 1086 987 985 986. 7 983 983.4 989 889 1146 1021 767. o 1047 1040 1044 996 991 928. s 1085 1085 1200 1232 1366 1363

CsHsO2 p-Toluic (s) CsH8O3 o-Hydroxymethylbenzoic (s) CsH8O3 1, 2, 3-Hydroxytoluicft (s) CsH8O3 1, 2, 4-Hydroxytoluicft (*) CsHsO3 1, 2, 5-Hydroxytoluicft (s) CsH8O3 1, 2, 6-Hydroxytoluicft (s) CsH8O3 Mandelic (s) CsH8O3 p-Methoxybenzoic (s) C8HsO3 Phenoxyacetic (s) CsHsO4 Dihydroterephthalic (s) CsHsO4 Ai'^Dihydroterephthalic (s) CsHsO4 A^-Dihydroterephthalic (s) CsHsO4 A2'5-Dihydroterephthalic (fum.) (s) CsH10O4 Ai-Tetrahydroterephthalic (s) CsH10O4 A2-Tetrahydroterephthalic (s) CsH12O2 Amylpropiolic. CsH12O2 Cyclohexene-1-acetic (s) CsH12O2 Cyclohexylideneacetic (s) CsH12O4 trans-1, 2-Cyclohexanedicarboxylic (s) CsH12O4 cts-Hexahydroterephthalic (s) CsH12O4
Formula

CgHi6O4 CgHi6O4 CsHi8O2 Ci0H6O8 CioIÏ8O4 Ci0H8O4 Ci0H8O4 Ci0Hi0Oz CioHioOz CioHioO2 CioHioOa CioHioOa CioHioOa CioHioOa CioHioO4 Ci0Hi0O4 CioHioOs CioHioOe Ci0Hi2O2 Ci0Hi6O2 Ci0H ieO a Ci0Hi6O4 CioHisO2 Ci0Hi8O2 Ci0Hi8O4 Ci0Hi8O4 Ci0Hi8O4 Ci0H20O2 CnH8O2 CnH8O2 CuHi0O2 CuHi0O2 CnHi0O4 CnHi0O4 CnHi0O4 CnHi2Os CnHi2Os CnHi8O2 CnH20O2 CnH20O4 CnH20O4 CnH 22 O 2 Ci2H6Oi2 Ci2HsO4 Ci2Hi0O4 Ci2Hi2Os Ci2Hi2Os Ci2Hi2Oi2 Ci2Hi4Oa Ci2HuOa Ci2H22O4 Ci2H22O4 Ci2H24O2 Ci3Hi6Oa Ci 3 Hi 6 Oa CuHz4O4 Ci 4 Hi 2 O 2 Ci 4 Hi 2 Oa Ci4Hi8Oa Ci4Hi8Oa Ci4H28O2 Ci6Hi4O4 Ci6Hi4O4 Ci6Hi6O2 Ci6H32O2 CnHieOs Ci8Hi6O4 Ci8H32O2 Ci8H34O2 Ci8H34O2

Name 3. C, H, O, ACIDS.—(Continued) Azelaic (s) Dipropylmalonic (s) . Heptylacetic .' Pyromellitic (s) cts-Allopiperonylacrylic (s) frons-Piperonylacrylic (s) Benzalmalonic (s) a-Methylcinnamic (s) /3-Methylcinnamic (s) cts-Phenylisocrotonicîî (s) cis-(aZZo)-p-Methoxycinnamic (s)
kg calls " per mole

1141.4 1140 1287 776.8 1076 1067 1056 1198 1197 1195 1172 1163 1167 1161 1082. 5 1082. 8 1090 1025 1238 1379 1327 1244 1412 1396 1297 1297 1301 1453 1232 1227 1319 1311 1212 1208 1195 1323 1316 1538 1580 1456 1453 1610 788 1244 1319 1413 1410 923 1476 1470 1611 1619 1772 1631 1637 1769 1651 1618 1790 1791 2086 1810 1087 1954 2380 2035 2083 2629 2664 2657tf 2682***

ÎÎ C6H6.CH:CH.CH2COOH. §§ M. P. 170° (liq. cryst.); clears at 185°. Il II The heat of combustion of the acetone addition product of a-diphenylsuccinic acid (easily sol. form) is given as 2237.9 kg-cal. U Emery and Benedict. *** Stohmann. ttt Exposed to the action of light.

Formula C18H36O2 Ci9H36O4 C20H40O2 C22H40O2 C 22 H 42 O 2 C22H42O2 C22H44O2 C 22 H 44 O 4 C24H2oOs

Name

kg-calis per mole 2698 289s 301o 3255 3290 3297 3338 3236 2639

Stearic (s) Cetylmalonic (s) Arachidic (s) Behenolic Brassidic (s) Erucic (s) Behenic (s) Dihydroxybehenic (s) Cinnamylidenemalonicttt 4. C, H, O, ACID ANHYDRIDES AND LACTONES

C4H2O3 C 4 H 4 Os C4HeOs

Maleic anhydride (s) Succinic anhydride (s) Acetic anhydride (flr) (liquid) Itaconic anhydride (s) Glutaric anhydride (s) Methylsuccinic anhydride (s) Dimethylsuccinic anhydride (sym.) (s) Dimethylsuccinic anhydride (unsym.) (s) Ethylsuccinic anhydride Propionic anhydride Saccharic acid lactone (s) Z-Gulonolactone (s) d-Mannolactone (s) Z-Mannolactone (s) Trimethylsuccinic anhydride (s) Terebic acid (7, 7-dimethylparaconic acid) (s). . Glucoheptonic acid lactone (s) Phthalic anhydride (s) Phthalide (s) cis-Hexahydrophthalic anhydride (sol.) (s) Jrans-Hexahydrophthalic anhydride (sol.) (s). . s^/m.-dZ-Diethylsuccinic anhydride (s) onh'-Diethylsuccinic anhydride (s) Diethylsuccinic anhydride (unsym.) (s) Tetramethylsuccinic anhydride (s) Glucooctonic lactone (s) Phenylsuccinic anhydride (s) Meconine (dimethoxyphthalide) Camphoric anhydride (s) Triethylsuccinic anhydride (s) 4-Methyl opianate (s) Naphthalic anhydride (s) Tetraethylsuccinic anhydride (s) Diethylacetic anhydride (s) Benzoic anhydride (s) Heptylic anhydride (s) Diphenylmaleic anhydride ett-Diphenylsuccinic anhydride (s) Cinnamic anhydride (s) Diphenylacetic anhydride (s) Dibenzylacetic anhydride (glassy) (s)

CaH4Oa C5H6O3 CeH6Oa CeHsOa C6H8Os CeHsOs CeHi0Oa CeHioOs CeHioOs CeHioOo CeHi0Oe CvHi0Oa CTHi0O4 CvHi2O? C8H4Oa CsH6O2 CsHi0Oa CsHiaOa CsHi2Os CsHi2Oa C8Hi4Os Ci0HsOa Ci0Hi0O4 Ci0Hi4Oa CioHieOa CnHi2Os Ci2HeOa Ci2H20Oa C12H22Oa Ci4Hi0Oa Ci4H26Oa CieHioOa CieHi2Os Ci8Hi4Oa C28H22Os Cs2H30O3

333.9 369.5 458.3 431.9 481.5 528.0 527.7 680 682.6 684.8 746.6 656. 6 614.7 618.7 616.3 836. i 778. s 726. a 781.5 884 932.0 937.8 997.6 997. 2 998 993 836.7 1094 1137 1252 1310 1263 125s 1621 1669 1555 1985 1769 1816 2091 3308 3931

5. C, H, O, CARBOHYDRATES: CELLULOSE, STARCH, ETC. C 5 Hi 0 O 5 CsHi0O5 CeHi0O5 CeHi2O5 C6Hi2Os C6Hi2Os CeHi2Oe C6Hi2Oe CeHi2Oe CeHi2Oe CrHi4O? Ci2Hi8Os Ci2H22Ou Ci2H22Ou Ci2H22OiLH2O Ci2H22Ou Ci2H22On.H2O Ci2H22On Ci2H22Ou Ci2H22On Ci6H22On Ci6H22On CisH32Oie.H2O * o. p. 162.

Arabinose (s) Xylose (s) Z-Glucosan (s) Fucose (s) Rhamnose (s) Rhamnose (s) Galactose (s) d-Glucose (dextrose) Z-Fructose (s) Sorbinose (d-sorbose) (s) Glucoheptose (s) Rhamnose triacetate (s) Cellobiose (anhydr.) (s) Lactose (anhydr.) (s) Lactose (s) Maltose (s) Maltose (cryst.) Sucrose (s)* Trehalose (cryst.) Trehalose (mycose) (s) Galactose pentaacetate (s) Glucose pentaacetate (s) Melezitose (s)

559 561 678 712 718 711.5 670 673 675 668 783.5 1351 1350 1350.8 1344. 7 1350. 6 1339. 2 1349. 6 1341. 5 1349.4 1726 1726 2042

-^1 i Formula Ci8H32Oi6 CiSH32Oi6-SH2O Ci8H32Oi6 C28H38Ow C28H38Oi9 C28H38Ow C2SH38Qw

XT Name

kg-cahs , per mole

Raffinose (melitose) (s) Raffinose (cryst.) Stachyose (anhyd.) (cale.) (s) Cellobiose octoacetate (s) Lactose octoacetate (s) Maltose octoacetate (s) Sucrose octoacetate (s) Name

2025.5 2018.9 2709 3032. 6 3029. 3 3030. e 3033. s |

g-calis per gram 4Ï79 4499 4130 4190 Inulin acetate 4522 Dextrin 41io Glycogen 4186.8 Cellulose . 4181 Cellulose acetate 4496 426o Xylan Xylan acetate 4548 6. OTHER C, H, O-COMPOUNDS (partial list only; for complete list, v. ( l ) ) ^ i -KT kg-cahs Formula Name per mole

Starch Starch acetate Inulin

CH2O 1/n (CH2O)n C2H4O

Formaldehyde (0) Paraformaldehyde (s) Acetaldehyde (g)

134 122 280.5 279.0 C2H4O2 Methyl formate (g) 240.2 (liquid) 233.1 C 2 HeO Dimethyl ether (fir) 347.6 C3HeO Acetone 427 C3HeO2 Ethyl formate (g) 398.4 (liquid) 391.7 C3HeO2 Methyl acetate (g) 397.7 (liquid) 381.2 CaH8O Methyl ethyl ether (g) 503.4 C3H8O2 Methylal 462.8 C4HsO Methyl ethyl ketone 582 C4H8O2 Ethyl acetate (g) 544.4 (liquid) 538. 5 C4H8O2 Methyl propionate (g) 552.3 C4Hi0O Diethyl ether (g) 660.3 (liquid) 651.7 C5Hi0O Diethyl ketone 736 CsHioO Methyl propyl ketone 736 CsHioO Methyl isopropyl ketone 734 C5Hi0Oa Ethyl propionate 690.8 C6H4O2 Quinone (s) 656.5 CeHeO Phenol (s) 732 CeHeO2 Pyrocatechol (s) 685 CeHeO2 Resorcinol (s) 683 CeH6O2 Hydroquinol (s) 683 CeH6O3 Pyrogallol (s) 639 CeHioOs Ethyl acetoacetate 753. 6 CeHi2O2 Ethyl n-butyrate 851. 2 CeHi 2 O 2 Ethyl isobutyrate 845.7 CyHi 4 O Dipropyl ketone 1051 CyHi4O2 Amyl acetate 104o CyHuO 2 Ethyl valerate 1017 CsH8O Acetophenone (s) 989 CsH8O2 Methyl benzoate 943.5 CsHsO3 Methyl salicylate 898. S CsHieO Methyl hexyl ketone 1205 C9Hi0O2 Ethyl benzoate 1099 CgHi0O3 Ethyl p-hydroxybenzoate (s). 1043 C9Hi0O3 Ethyl salicylate 1051 CioHsO a-Naphthol (s) 1185 CioHsO 0-Naphthol (s) 1187 CioHieO Camphor (s) 1411 Ci3Hi0O Benzophenone (s) 1557 Ci4HsQ2 Anthraquinone (s) 1545 7. NITROGEN COMPOUNDS (partial list only; for complete list, v. O)) CH3NO Formamide 135 CH 3 NO 2 Nitromethane 169.4 CH 4 N 2 O Urea (s) 152 CH 6 N Methylamine (g) 259 (liquid) 256

Formula ___ C2N2 C2H3N C2H3NO C2H3NO C2HsNO3 C2H4N2O2 C 2 H 5 NO C2H5NO2 C 2 H 5 NO 2 C 2 H 5 NO 2 C2H5NO3 C2H7N C2H7N C2H8N2.H2O CsH2N2 C3H2N2O3 CsH4N2O2 C3H5N CsH5NO CsH5NsOa CsHeN2O2 CsHeN2O3 CsH7N C 3 H 7 NO C 3 H 7 NO 2 CsH 7 NO 2 C 3 H 7 NO 2 C 3 H 7 NO 2 C3H7NO2 C 3 H 7 NO 3 CsHsN2O CsH9N CsH9N C4N2 C 4 H 2 N 2 O 4 -H 2 O C4H6N C4H5N C4H5N C 4 H 5 NO 2 C4H6N2O2 C4H7N C 4 H 7 NOi C4H7NsO C4HsN2O2 C4H8NsOa C4H8N2O3-H2O C4H9NO C4H9NO C4H9NO2 C4H9NsO2 C4H9NsO2.H2O C 4 HnN C 4 HnN C 4 HnN C 4 HnN C 4 HnN C5H4N4O3 C5H5N C5HsNsO C5HeN2O2 C5H6N2O2 C 5 HeN 4 O 4 CsH 8 N 2 O 2 C 5 H 9 NO 4 CsHnN C 5 HuNO 2 CsHisN CeH3N3Oe CeH 3 N 3 O 6 CeH3N3O7 CeH 4 N 2 O 4

Name Cyanogen (g) Acetonitrile (g) (liquid) Glycolic nitrile Methyl isocyanate Oxamic acid (s) Oxamide (s) Acetamide (s) Nitroethane Ethyl nitrite (g) Glycine (aminoacetic acid) (s) Ethyl nitrate (g) Dimethylamine (g) (liquid) Ethylamine (g) (liquid) Ethylenediamine Malononitrile (s) Parabanic acid (s) Hydantoin (s) Propionitrile Ethyl isocyanate Trinitroglycerol Malonamide (s) Hydantoic acid (s) Allylamine (g) (liquid) Propionamide (s) Alanine (s) d-Alanine (s) Nitropropane Sai-cosine (s) Urethane (s) Isoserine (s) Ethylurea (s) Propylamine (g) (liquid) Trimethylamine Carbon subnitride (acetylenedicarboxylic acid nitrile) (s) Alloxan (s) Allyl cyanide Trimethylene nitrile Pyrrole Succinimide (s) Diketopiperazine (s) n-Butyronitrile Aspartic acid (s) Creatimene (s) Succinamide (s) Asparagine (s) . Asparagine (cryst.) w-Butyramide (s) Isobutyramide (s) Isobutyl nitrite (g) Creatine (anhydr.) (s) Creatine (cryst.) n-Butylamine Isobutylamine sec.-Butylamine tert.-Butylamine Diethylamine (g) (liquid) Uric acid (s) Pyridine Guanine (s) 4-Methyluracil (s) 5-Methyluracil (s) Pseudouric acid (s) 4-Methylhydrouracil (s) Glutamic acid (act.) (s) Piperidine d-Z-a-Aminoisovaleric acid (s) Isoamylamine 1, 2, 4-Trinitrobenzene (s) . . 1, 3, 5-Trinitrobenzene (s) 2, 4, 6-Trinitrophenol (s) o-Dinitrobenzene (s)

kg-cal« per mole 260 310.4 302.4 256.7 269.4 130 203 283 322.2 333 234 322 422 417 413 408.5 452.6 394.8 212.4 311.7 456.4 424.5 432.4 359 308.6 528.1 524.8 440 388.5 387.5 477.9 401 397 343.7 472 572.3 558.3 578.6 515 276.3 575 581 567.7 438 474.6 613.3 384.9 563.4 509.2 463.3 459.7 596.0 596.0 644.6 558 553.1 710. e 713.6 713 716 731 722:8 460.2 660 586 566 565 454.2 618 542.4 826.6 701 867 674 664 620 703.2

Formula

CeH4N2O4 CeH 4 N 2 O 4 CeH4N2Os CeH6NO2 C6H6NO3 CeH6NO8 CeH6NO3 C6H6N2O2 CeH6N2O2 CeHeN2O2 CeHeN2O3 CeH7N CeH7N CeH7N C6H7N CeH7NO CeH8N2 C6HsN2 CeHi 2 N 2 O 3 . C 6 Hi 2 N4 C 6 HuNO 2 C 6 Hi 6 N CeHi 6 N C7H6N C 7 H 6 NO 3 C 7 H 6 NO 4 C 7 H 6 NO 4 C 7 H 6 NO 4 C 7 H 6 N 3 Oe C 7 H 6 N 3 Oe C7H6NsO6 C7HsN3Oe C7H6N3O6 C 7 H 6 N 3 Oe C 7 H 6 N 6 Os C 7 HeN 2 O 4 C 7 HeN 2 O 4 C 7 HeN 2 O 4 C 7 HeN 2 O 4 C 7 HeN 2 O 4 C 7 HeN 2 O 4 C 7 H 7 NO C 7 H 7 NO C 7 H 7 NO 2 C 7 H 7 NO 2 C 7 H 7 NO 2 C 7 H 7 NsO 4 C7H8N2O2 C7HsN4O2 C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C 7 Hi 7 N CsH6NO C8H6NO2 CsH6NO2 C8H7N C8H7N C8H7NO2 CsH7NsO8 CsHsN2Oa CsH8N2O3 C8H8N2O3 CsH9NO C8H9NO2 C8H9NO3 C8H9NO3 CsH9NO3 C8H40N4O2 C 8 HnN C8HnN C8Hi2N2O CsHnN CsHi9N C»H7N

Name 7. NITROGEN COMPOUNDS.—(Continued) m-Dinitrobenzene (s) p-Dinitrobenzene (s) 2, 4-Dinitrophenol (s) Nitrobenzene o-Nitrophenol (s) m-Nitrophenol (s) p-Nitrophenol (s) o-Nitroaniline (s) w-Nitroaniline (s) p-Nitroaniline (s) m-Nitrophenylhydroxylamine Aniline a-Picoline 0-Picoline 7-Picoline Phenylhydroxylamine Phenylhydrazine (s)

^01*1 per mole

697 695 648 739 689 684 686 766 765 761 766 812 815 812 816 804 875 805 p-Phenylenediamine (s) 843 d-Alanine anhydride (s) 786 Hexamethylenetetramine (s) 1006.7 Leucine (s) 856 Hexylamine 1022 Triethylamine 1037 Benzonitrile 866 m-Nitrobenzaldehyde (s) 800 o-Nitrobenzoic acid (s) 735 w-Nitrobenzoic acid (s) 729 p-Nitrobenzoic acid (s) 728 2, 3, 4-Trinitrotoluene 833 2, 3, 5-Trinitrotoluene (s) 824 *?, 3, 5-Trinitrotoluene 825 2, 4, 6-Trinitrotoluene (s) 821 3, 4, 5-Trinitrotoluene (s) 828 3, 4, 6-Trinitrotoluene (*) 826 Tetryl (a) 842 2, 3-Dinitrotoluene (s) 859 2, 4-Dinitrotoluene (s) 853 2, 5-Dinitrotoluene (s) 855 2, 6-Dinitrotoluene (s) 854 3, 4-Dinitrotoluene (s) 860 3, 5-Dinitrotoluene (s) 853 Benzamide (s) 848 Formanilide (s) 861 0-Nitrotoluene 897 m-Nitrotoluene 893 p-Nitrotoluene (s) 889 2, 4-Dinitromethylaniline (s) 884.5 p-Nitromethylaniline (s) 924 Theobromine (s) 845 Benzylamine 967 Methylaniline 973.5 o-Toluidine 964 m-Toluidine 965 f. . p-Toluidine '. . 958 Heptylamine 1179 Benzoyl cyanide (s) 940 !satin (s) 868 Phthalimide (s) 850 Benzyl cyanide 1024 Indole (s) 1022 Dioxindol (s) 916 Methyltetryl (s) 1009 o-Nitroacetanilide (s) 974 w-Nitroacetanilide (s) 970 p-Nitroacetanilide (s) 968 Acetanilide (s) 1010 Phenylglycine (phenylaminoacetic acid) (s). . . . 955 o-Nitrophenetole 1021 m-Nitrophenetole 1009 p-Nitrophenetole 1006 Caffeine (*).., 1014 Dimethylaniline 114s Ethylaniline 1122 Veronal (5,5-diethylbarbituric acid) (s) 983 Coniine 1275 Diisobutylamine 1348 Quinoline 1123

Formula

Name

C9H9N C9H9N C9H9NO3 C9HnNO CgHnNO2 C9HnNO3 C9Hi3N CwH9N Ci0H9N Ci0H9NO4 Ci0Hi3N Ci0Hi3NO2 Ci 0 Hi 4 N 2 CioHuN Ci0H23N CnH 7 N CuH 7 N Ci2H9N Ci2Hi0N2 Ci 2 HnN Ci 2 Hi 2 N 2

3-Methylindole a-Methylindole Hippuric acid (s) Propionanilide (s) Phenylalanine («) Tyrosine (s) Benzylethylamine a-Naphthylamine (s) /3-Naphthylamine (s) Hemipinimide (s) Tetrahydroquinaldine Phenacetin (s) Nicotine. Diethylaniline Diisoamylamine a-Naphthonitrile (s) /3-Naphthonitrile (s) Carbazole (s) Azobenzene (s) Diphenylamine (s) Hydrazobenzene (s)

Ci 2 Hi 2 N 2 Ci 2 H 27 N Ci 3 HnNO Ci 3 Hi 2 N 2 O Ci 3 Hi 2 N 2 O Ci 4 Hi 6 N Ci6H33N CuHi 0 N 2 O 2 Ci 6 Hi 3 N Ci 6 Hi 3 N Ci 7 Hi 9 NOs-H 2 O CisHisN Ci 8 H 2 iNO 3 .H 2 O Ci 9 H 2 INO 3 C 20 H 2 INO 4 C20H27NOn C 2 iH 2 iN C 2 IH 22 N 2 O 2 C 22 H 23 NO 7 C23H26N2O4 C23H27NOs.2H2Q

Benzidine (s) Triisobutylamine Benzanilide (s) S2/m.-Diphenylurea (s) wnsj/m.-Diphenylurea (s) Dibenzylamine (s) Triisoamylamine Indigo (s) Phenyl-a-naphthylamine (s) Phenyl-/9-naphthylamine (s) Morphine (s) Triphenylamine (s) Codeine (s) Thebaine (s) Papaverine (s) Amygdalin (s) Tribenzylamine (s) Strychnine (s) Narcotine (s) Brucine (s) Narceine (s)

'

kg call 5 ' 1 per mole 117o 1169 1012 1168 lili 1070 1290 1264 1261 1099 1382 1285 1428 1452 1660 1326 1321 1475 1546 153s 1597 1599 : . 1561 1974 1576 '1612 1614 1853 2459 1815 2004 1998 2146 2268 2328 2441 2478 2348 2762 2686 1644 2933 2803

8. HALOGEN COMPOUNDS (partial list only; for complete list, v. C 1 )). Final states: dil. solution of HCl; Br vapor; solid I 2 CCl4 Carbon tetrachloride (g) 44.5 (liquid) 37.3 CHCl3 Chloroform (g) 70.3 (liquid) 89.2 CHI3 Iodoform (s) 162 CH2Cl2 Méthylène chloride (g) 106. 8* CH2I2 Méthylène iodide 178 CH3Br Methyl bromide (g) 184 180 CH3Cl Methyl chloride 164 173 CH3I Methyl iodide (g). .'. 200.5 (liquid) 194.7 C2HCI3O2 Trichloroacetic acid (s) 92.8 C2H3ClO Chloroacetaldehyde 234.4 C2H3ClO2 Chloroacetic acid (s) 171.0 C2H4Cl2 Ethylene chloride (g) 271.0 C2H4Cl2 Ethylidene chloride (g) 271.1 (liquid) 267.1* C2H5Br Ethyl bromide (g) 340 329 C2H6Cl Ethyl chloride (g) 316.7 326.9 C2H5I Ethyl iodide (g) 358 (liquid) 356 C3H5Cl Allyl chloride (g) 440.8 C3H7Br Propyl bromide (g) 497 C3H7Cl Propyl chloride (g) 478.3 C3H7I n-Propyl iodide 514.3 C3H7I Isopropyl iodide 509.1 C4HeCl2O2 Ethyl dichloroacetate 463.4 * HCl gas.

Formula 04HyClOa C4H9Cl CoChOz CeHCIsOa CeH2Cl2O2 CeH2Cl2Oi CeH2CUO2 CeH3ClO2 CeH3ChO2 CeH4Cl2 CeH4Cl2O2 CeH6ClO2 CeH6I CvHsClO C7H7Cl C8H4Cl2Q2

Name Ethyl chloroacetate Isobutyl chloride Tetrachloroquinone (s) Trichloroquinone (s) 2, 6-Dichloroquinone (s) Chloroanilic acid (s) Tetrachlorohydroquinol (s) Chloroquinone (s) Trichlorohydroquinol (s) o-Dichlorobenzene (s) 2, 6-Dichlorohydroquinol (s) Chlorohydroquinol (s) Phenyl iodide Benzoyl chloride Benzyl chloride Phthalyl chloride (s)

kg-cahs per mole 493.9 635.5 517.7 546.4 578.9 484.9 563 616.6 593 671.8 614 646 771 783 886.4 802

9. SULFUR COMPOUNDS, final state: dilute H2SO4 aq., except as otherwise noted COS CS2 CH4N2S CH4S C2H3NS C2H3NS C2HeS C2HeS C2H7NOsS C3H4N2OS C 3 H 6 NS

Carbonyl sulfide (g) Carbon disulfide Thiourea (s) Methylmercaptan (g) Methyl thiocyanate (g) (liquid) Methyl isothiocyanate (g) (s) Dimethyl sulfide (g) Ethylmercaptan (g) (liquid) Taurine (s) Thiohydantoin (s) Ethyl thiocyanate

130.5* 246.6* 342.8f 297.6* 397.4* 453.1 390.5* 442.9 455.6* 452. O* 517.2 382.9 503.0 613.8

Formula C3H5NS C3HeN2O2S C4H4S C4HsNS C4H8N2S C 4 H 9 NS 2 C4H9NS2 C4H9NS2 C4H10S C5H4O2S CsHsO2S C5Hi0N2S2 C5Hi0N2S2 C5Hi0NaS2 C 5 HnNS 2 C 0 HnNS 2 C 6 Hi 2 N 2 O 4 S 2 C6Hi3NS2 C6Hi3NS2 C 6 Hi 3 NS 2 C 7 H 5 NS CgHnNS2 Ci 8 Hi 4 N 2 O 2 S * Gaseous SO2.

kg-cahs per mole Ethyl isothiocyanate 604.1 Thiohydantoic acid (s) 498.5 Thiophene (liquid) 670.5 (0) 608.2 Allyl mustard oil (liquid) 733 (g) 673* Allythiourea (s) 792 Dimethyl 7V-methylcarbimidedithiolate 969 S-Methyl ^-dimethyldithiocarbamate (sol.).. . 954 Methyl formothialdine 964.5 Diethyl sulfide (g) 769* (liquid) 829 a-Thiophenecarboxylic acid (s) 646 Tetrahydro-a-thiophenecarboxylic acid (s) 755 Dimethyl formocarbothialdine (sol.) 1098 Carbothialdine (sol.) 1086 Pentamethylenediamine disulfine (sol.) 1113 S-Ethyl AT-dimethyldithiocarbamate 1122 Dimethyl AT-ethylcarbimidedithiolate 1130 Cystine (s) 994* S-Methyl JV-diethyldithiocarbamate 1272 Diethyl JV-methylcarbimidedithiolate 1289 Thialdine (sol.) 1264 Phenyl isothiocyanate 1024 Dimethyl JV-phenylcarbimidedithiolate 1545 Benzonaphthoquinonethiazine (s) 2278 f H2SO4.200H2O. Name

LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) (i) Kharasch, 6J&\ 2: 359; 29. ' (2) Schläpfer and Fioroni, 37, 6: 713; 23. (3) Swietoslawski, 48, 22: 583; 25. (*) Verkade and Coops, 70, 42: 205; 23. (5) Verkade and Coops, 7, 118: 123; 25.

THERMOCHEMISTRY: HEATS OF FORMATION UNDER CONSTANT PRESSURE (HEATS OF SOLUTION. HEATS OF TRANSITION) F. RUSSELL BICHOWSKY EXPLANATION Arrangement.—Standard, v. Vol. Ill, p. viii. Column 1. Formula.—The formula appearing in Column 1 identifies the substance whose heat of formation per g.f .w. (gramformula-weight) is shown in Column 3. Polymorphic forms or states requiring further description than that given in Column 2 are indicated by arbitrary signs in parentheses; e.g., by Greek letters, Roman numerals, or descriptive phrases. The polymorphic forms are further identified by the transition temperature given in Column 4 as superscript after the abbreviation, Tr. Column 2. Physical State.—For each substance the physical state to which the heat of formation refers is indicated in Column 2. See list of abbreviations below. All states are for 1 atm. and 180C, unless otherwise indicated by superscript in Column 3. Numerals or formulae in Column 2 indicate that the substance is in solution, one g.f.w. being dissolved in X g.f.w. of the solvent. Where the solvent is not explicitly stated, water is to be understood. Where the solvent is given but the concentration not stated, the solution is "dilute." Thus, 200 = "1 g.f.w. of the substance (Column 2) dissolved in 200 X 18 g H2O;" 20Oc2H6OH = "1 g.f.w. of the substance dissolved in 200 X 46.0 g C2H5OH;" CS2 = "1 g.f.w. of the substance dissolved in a large amount of CS2," etc. Column 3. Heat of Formation.—The values in Column 3 are the number of kilo joules, kj (absolute), of heat evolved when one g.f.w. of the substance (shown in Column 1), in the state given in Column 2, is produced out of its elements, in their standard states, at 18° and 1 atm. According to the above definition the heat of formation of an element in its standard state is zero. The

standard state of any element may be located by this fact and by the abbreviation "Def." in Column 3 opposite the formula of the element. Heats of formation of ions are based on the arbitrary value, O, for H+, and are for dilute solutions of completely ionized electrolytes. Accuracy.—All the values recorded in this table have been recomputed from the original experimental data, using consistent values for all subsidiary quantities. Heats of reactions and of dilution may therefore be computed by difference with an accuracy as high as known. Estimated accuracy is indicated by number of significant figures. This accuracy is not the absolute accuracy, but the accuracy of the particular reaction used to compute the figure given (v. Column 4). The absolute accuracy will be less than that of the least accurate determination in the total chain of reactions used to calculate the heat of formation from the elements. Column 4. Method.—In Column 4 an attempt has been made to indicate in a general way the reactions which have been employed in computing the values given. See list of abbreviations below. Formulae in this column, e.g., MOH, indicate that the heat of formation of M + depends on the value in the table for the heat of formation of dilute MOH solution. Numerals in this column, e.g., 3.65, not preceded by the abbreviation Tr., indicate the experimentally determined heat of solution, on which the value in Column 4 is based, e.g., 3.65 kj. Numerals in this column following the sign, Tr., e.g., Tr. 0.8, indicate the experimentally determined heat of transition, e.g., 0.8 kj. Superscripts indicate the temperature at which the reaction was measured. Column 5. Literature References.—References are to the original publication, except in the case of Thomsen, where values

are usually quoted from his book. Where the method used by the author is non-calorimetric, e.g., temperature coefficient of EMF, etc., the reference is starred. If the reference contains values determined at other temperatures, it is followed by the symbol, °. If it contains values for the partial heat of solution or other "partial" thermal quantities, the reference is followed by the symbol, f • By partial thermal quantities is meant -T^where Ni is the concentration of the substance, 1, in any units, usually mole fractions. Computations To compute the heat of any process involving the disappearance of a substance or substances in the states given in the table and the appearance of other or the same substances in states given in the table: Add together the heats of formation of the products of the process in the final states and subtract therefrom the sum of the heats of formation of the reactants in their initial states. Thus: Heat of Reaction.—CaO (crys.) -f H2O (Hq.) = Ca(OH) 2 (crys.), AQ = QCa(OH)2 - [CCaO + QH2O] = 988 - [634.9 + 286.2] = 66.9 kj. Heat of Solution.—If a direct experimental determination is available, it will be found in Column 3 in the form 8.66Jo0 which indicates that the heat of solution of one g.f.w. of the substance in 400 moles of H2O at 18° is 8.66 k'j. When the temperature or dilution is not indicated, the precise value is not given in the original, and the value is for "room temperature" and for a "dilute" solution. If the heat of solution is not directly given in Column 4 it may be found by writing the reaction and proceeding as with heats of reaction above. For example, to find the heat of solution of SrCl2.2H2O in 400 moles of water, write: SrCl2.2H2O = SrCl2(4oo) + 2H2O; AQ = 874.7 + 2 X 286.2 - 1438.4 = 8.7 kj. Heat of Dilution.—The molai integral heat of dilution, i.e., the heat of diluting, with y moles of H2O, a solution of one g.f.w. of the substance in x moles of H2O is the excess of the heat of formation of 1 g.f.w. of the substance in the final solution over its heat of formation in the initial solution. Thus: The heat of diluting one mole of H2SO4 in 99 moles of water to one mole of H2SO4 in 799 moles of water is 871.6 - 867.8 = 3.8 kj. Heat of Transition.—If both forms of the substance can be obtained at 18° and one atmosphere, subtract the heat of formation of the final form from that of the initial form. For transitions • which can be realized under 1 atm. only at temperatures other than 18°, the heat of transition will be found in Column 3 after the abbreviation, Tr. For example, the heat of transition from Mn« to Mn^ is given in the form Mna . . . Tr.; 5.5^100 which means that 5.5 kj of heat is evolved when one gram-atomicweight of «-manganese changes to ß-manganese at 1100°. Heats of lonization.—The heat of formation of a completely ionized solution of a substance can be considered as the sum of the heats of formation of its ions. Therefore, if the heat of formation of a completely ionized solution is known, and that of all but one of its ions is known the heat of formation of the other ion may be calculated. This method has been used in calculating the heats of formation of ions given in the table, the heat of formation of H+ being arbitrarily taken as zero. Conversely, knowing heats of formation of the ions, the heat of formation of a dilute solution of a strong electrolyte may be found by addition of the heats of formation of its ions; e.g., the heat of formation of (NH4)2SeO4 (aq.) = 2QNHt + QSeOr = 2 X 132.7 + 613 = 878.4 kj. Similarly, the heat of ionization of a weak electrolyte may be computed by summing the heats of formation of its ions and subtracting therefrom its heat of formation; e.g., H2O = OH" + H+; AQ = QOH" _|_ QH+ - QH2O = 228.2 -f O - 286.2 = -58.0 kj.

ABBREVIATIONS, SIGNS AND FORMS Abbreviations amorp. aq. c coll. Def. dil. dissoc. extrap. gis. (ideal)

liq. mix. N ppt. sat.

Amorphous, crytocrystalline or ill defined solid state. Dilute aqueous solution. Macrocrystalline. Colloidal gel or sol. Standard state. Depends upon a heat of dilution. Depends upon a heat of dissociation. Extrapolated. A glass or solid supercooled liquid. In the condition indicated by the formula, e.g., for N2O4 the word "(ideal)" in Column 2 indicates that the heat of formation is for a gas composed of N2O4 molecules only. Liquid. Heat of mixing. From heat of neutralization. Precipitated or from heat of precipitation. In saturated solution in H2O. Signs

* & 00

IN THE TABLE By indirect non-calorimetric methods. By several different methods. In an infinite amount of H2O unless otherwise indicated.

IN THE LITERATURE REFERENCE COLUMN By indirect non-calorimetric methods. Includes determination or compilation of "partial" quantities. 0 Includes determinations at temperatures other than 18°. Forms +X 2 Deduced from heat of reaction with X2. Tr.; 0.92J12/ The heat of transition to crystalline form "I1' is 0.92 kj at 427°. * t

260035

SUPERSCRIPTS A superscript indicates the temperature.

SUBSCRIPTS The dilution of the final solution is 100 moles of H2O per gram-formula-weight of substance. 365KOH In a dilute KOH solution. 365KOH(IOO) The solvent is one mole KOH to 100 moles H2O. 36S24KCN The solvent is a solution containing 24 moles of KCN per mole solute. 365ioo

Illustrative Examples H2O.—The information given in Columns 2 and 3 is equivalent to the following: "When two atomic weights (2.0154 g) of hydrogen gas (H2) at 18° and 1 atm. react with one atomic weight (16.00 g) of oxygen gas at 18° and 1 atm. to produce one g.f.w. (18.0154 g) of liquid H2O at 18° and one atm., 286.2 kj of heat are evolved." This is equivalent (see conversion factors given below) to 0.23895 X 286.2 = 68.39 kg-calu and to 0.94823 X O 94823 V 286 2 286.2 = 270.4 BTU60; it is also equivalent to -—lg Q^4—- X 453.59243 = 6831 BTU60 per Ib. of H2O produced or to O Q4Ä93 V 9Rfi 2 X 453 59423 = 16 O 7693 BTU60 per Ib. O2 consumed. Cl~.—The information given in Columns 2, 3 and 4 is equivalent to the following: "The heat of formation of a completely ionized

solution containing one g.f.w. (35.458 g) of Cl" and the equivalent amount of some positive ion (e.g., a solution of Cl" + H+ = HCl00) is the sum of the heat of formation of Cl", Q = 165.55, and of H+, Q = O , which is Q = 165.55 kj." HiOt(IQQ).—The information given in Columns 2 and 3 is equivalent to the following: "When two gram-atomic-weights (2 X 1.0077 g) of hydrogen gas at 18° and 1 atm. react with two gram-atomic-weights (2 X 16.00 g) of oxygen gas at 18° and 1 atm. and the product, 1 g.f.w. (34.0154 g) of H2O2, is dissolved in 200 g.f.w. of H2O (18.0154 X 200 = 3603.08 g), 188.2 kj of heat is given out." The resulting solution contains 1 g.f.w. of H2O2 in 200 g.f.w. of H2O. The mole ratio of water in the solution is therefore 200, the mole ratio of H 2 O 2 is 0.005. The mole fraction i 200 of H 2 O 2 is 20Q l = 0.004925; of H2O is 2QQ _._ l = 0.995075. 1000 The concentration in g.f.w. H2O2 per 1000 g water isonn 1Q ni ,. ZUU

A OTTK

rpU

i

.-

.

-

34.0154 X

X. lo.UlOT:

100

= 0.2775. The solution contains (20o X 18.0164) + 34.0164 = 0.935 Wt. % of H2O2. Explication Arrangement.—Type, voir Vol. Ill, p. viii. Colonne 1. Formule.—La formule présentée dans la colonne 1 identifie la substance dont la chaleur de formation par "mol gr. (poids moléculaire en grammes) est indiqué dans la colonne 3. Les formes ou états polymorphiques nécessitant une description plus ample que celle donnée dans la colonne 2 sont indiqués par des signes arbitraires entre parenthèses, par exemple au moyen de lettres grecques, de chiffres romains ou de phrases descriptives. Les formes polymorphiques sont de plus identifiées dans la colonne 4 par la température de transition inscrites après l'abréviation Tr. Colonne 2. État physique.—L'état physique auquel la chaleur de formation se rapporte est indiqué pour chaque substance dans la colonne 2. Voir la liste des abréviations ci-dessous. Tous les états sont considérés sous 1 atm. et à 180C, à moins d'une annotation inscrite dans la colonne 3. Les chiffres et formules de la colonne 2 indiquent que la substance est en solution, une mol gr. étant dissoute dans X mol gr. du dissolvant. Dans le cas où le dissolvant n'est pas défini explicitement, il s'agit de l'eau. Lorsque le dissolvant est donné mais que la concentration n'est pas établie, la solution est "diluée." Ainsi 200 = "1 mol gr. de la substance (colonne 2) dissoute dans 200 X 18 g H2O;" 20Oc2H5OH = "Imol gr. de la substance dissoute dans 200 X 46,0 g C2H6OH; CS2 = "1 mol gr. de la substance dissoute dans une grande quantité de CS2," etc. Colonne 3. Chaleur de formation.—Les valeurs consignées dans la 3ème colonne sont le nombre de kilo joules, kj (absolu) de chaleur dégagée lorsqu'une mol gr. de la substance (indiquée dans la colonne 1) sous l'état donné dans la colonne 2 est produite à partir de ses éléments sous leur état type, à 18° et 1 atm. Conformément à la définition donnée ci-dessus, la chaleur de formation d'un élément se trouvant dans son état type est égale à zéro. L'état type de chaque élément peut être fixé par ce fait et par l'abréviation "Def." dans la colonne 3, en regard de la formule de l'élément. Les chaleurs de formation des ions sont basées sur la valeur arbitraire, O, pour H+ et sont pour les solutions diluées d'electrolytes complètement ionisés. Précision.—Toutes les valeurs consignées dans ces tables ont été recalculées à partir des données expérimentales originales, en se servant de valeurs compatibles pour toutes les quantitées subsidiaires. Les chaleurs de réaction et de dilution peuvent donc être calculées par différence avec une précision aussi grande que possible. L'estimation de la précision est indiqué par un certain nombre de chiffres significatifs. Cette précision n'est pas la précision absolue, mais la précision de la réaction particulière utilisée pour calculer le chiffre donné (voir colonne 4).

La précision absolue serait moindre que celle de la détermination la moins précise dans la série totale des réactions utilisées pour calculer la chaleur de formation à partir des éléments. Colonne 4. Méthode.—Dans la colonne 4, on s'est efforcé d'indiquer d'une manière générale les réactions qui ont été employées pour le calcul des valeurs données. Voir la liste des abréviations ci-dessous. Dans cette colonne, les formules, par exemple MOH, indiquent que la chaleur de formation de M + dépend de la valeur dans les tables de la chaleur de formation de solutions diluées de MOH. Les chiffres se trouvant dans cette colonne, par ex. 3,65, non précédés de l'abréviation Tr., indiquent la chaleur de dissolution déterminée expérimentalement, sur laquelle est basée la valeur indiquée dans la colonne 4, par ex. 3,65 kj. Si les chiffres de cette colonne suivent le signe Tr., par ex. Tr. 0,8, cela indique que la chaleur de transition déterminée expérimentalement est par ex. 0,8 kj. Des annotations indiquent la température à laquelle la réaction a été mesurée. Colonne 5. Références bibliographiques.—Les références se rapportent à la publication originale, excepté dans le cas de Thomsen où les valeurs sont ordinairement tirées de son livre. Dans le cas où la méthode employée par l'auteur n'est pas calorimétrique, par ex. coefficient de température de F.E.M., etc., la référence est munie d'un astérisque. Si la référence contient des valeurs déterminées à d'autres températures, elle est suivie du signe, °. Si elle contient des valeurs concernant la chaleur partielle de dissolution, ou autres quantités thermiques "partielles" la référence est suivie du signe, f. On entend par quantité thermique partielle le rapport ^r où N est la concentration de la, substance, 1, en unités quelconques, ordinairement des fractions de molécules. Calculs Pour calculer la tonalité thermique d'un processus entraînant Ia disparition d'une ou de plusieurs substances sous les états donnés par les tables, et l'apparition d'autres ou des mêmes substances sous des états donnés dans les tables: additionner les chaleurs de formation des corps produits par le processus dans les états finaux, et soustraire de ce nombre la somme des chaleurs de formation des substances réagissantes prises dans leurs états initiaux. Ainsi: Chaleur de réaction, ou tonalité thermique de la réaction.—CaO (crist.) + H2O(Hq.) = Ca(OH)2(crist.), AQ = QCa(OH)2 - [QCaO + QH2O] = 988 - (634,9 + 286,2) = 66,9 kj. Chaleur de dissolution.—Si une détermination expérimentale directe est disponible, elle se trouvera dans la 3ème colonne sous la forme 8,6O41O0 qui indique que la chaleur de dissolution d'une mol gr. de substance dans 400 mol gr. d'H2O à 18° est de 8,66 kj. Si la température ou la dilution n'est pas indiquée, la valeur précise n'a pas été donnée dans l'original et la valeur est à considérer pour la "température ambiante" et pour une solution "diluée." Si la chaleur de dissolution n'est pas directement donnée dans la colonne 4, elle peut être trouvée en écrivant la réaction et en procédant au calcul comme avec les chaleurs de réaction ci-dessus. Par ex., pour trouver la chaleur de dissolution de SrCl2.2H2O dans 400 mol d'eau, il faut écrire SrCl2.2H2O = SrCl2(400)+ 2H2O; AQ = 874,7 + 2 X 286,2 - 1438,4 = 8,7 kj. Chaleur de dilution.—La chaleur moléculaire intégrale de dilution c.à.d. la chaleur obtenue en diluant avec y mol d'H2O, une solution d'une mol gr. de la substance dans x mol d'H2O, est l'excès de la chaleur de formation d'une mol gr. de la substance dans la solution finale sur sa chaleur de formation dans la solution initiale. Ainsi: la chaleur de dilution d'une mol d'H2SO4 dans99 mol d'eau, portée à une mol d'H2SO4 dans 799 mol d'eau estégale à 871,6 - 867,8 = 3,8 kj. Chaleur de transition.—Si les deux formes de la substance peuvent être obtenues à 18° et sous une atmosphère, il faut

soustraire la chaleur de formation de la forme finale de celle de la forme initiale. Dans le cas de transitions qui ne peuvent être réalisées sous une atmosphère qu'à des températures différentes de 18°, la chaleur de transition se trouvera dans la colonne 3 après l'abréviation Tr. Par ex. la chaleur de transition de Mn« à Mn# est donnée sous la forme Mna . . . Tr.; 5,501ÛO, qui signifie que 5,5 kj de chaleur sont dégagés lorsqu'un atome gramme de a-manganèse se transforme en ß-manganese à 1100°. Chaleurs d'ionisation.—La chaleur de formation d'une solution complètement ionisée d'une substance donnée peut être considérée comme la somme des chaleurs de formation de ses ions. C'est pourquoi, si l'on connaît la chaleur de formation d'une solution complètement ionisée et celles de tous ses ions sauf un, la chaleur de formation de ce dernier ion peut être calculée. Cette méthode a été utilisée pour calculer les chaleurs de formation des ions données dans la table, la chaleur de formation de H+ étant arbitrairement prise comme zéro. Inversement, connaissant les chaleurs de» formation des ions, on peut trouver la chaleur de formation d'une solution diluée d'un electrolyte fort, par addition des chaleurs de formation de ses ions; par ex., la chaleur de formation de (NH4)2SeO4(aq.) = 2QNH^ + OSeO;* = 2 X 132,7 + 613 = 878,4 kj. D'une façon analogue, la chaleur d'ionisation d'un electrolyte faible peut être calculée en totalisant les chaleurs de formation de ses. ions et en soustrayant du résultat sa chaleur de formation; par ex., H2O = OH~ + H+; AQ = QOH- + QH+ QH2O = 228,2 + O - 286,2 = -58,0 kj. ABRÉVIATIONS, SIGNES, FORMES amorp. aq. c coll. Def. dil. dissoc. extrap. gis. (idéal)

liq. mix. N ppt. sat. * & »

* t 0

Abréviations Amorphe, état cryptocristallin, ou état solide mal défini. Solution aqueuse diluée. Macrocristallin. Gel ou sol colloïdal. État type. Dépend d'une chaleur de dilution. Dépend d'une chaleur de dissociation. Extrapolé. Un verre ou un solide provenant d'un liquide surfondu. Dans la condition indiquée par la formule, par ex., pour N 2 O 4 le mot " (idéal) " dans la colonne 2 indique que la chaleur de formation est celle pour un gaz composé seulement de molécules de N2O4. Liquide. Chaleur de mélange. De la chaleur de neutralisation. Précipité ou de la chaleur de précipitation. En solution saturée dans 1'H2O. Signes dans la table Par méthodes indirectes non calorimétriques. Par plusieurs méthodes différentes. Dans une quantité infinie d'H2O à moins d'une autre indication. SIGNES DANS LA COLONNE DES REF. BIBL. Par méthodes indirectes non calorimétriques. Comprend la détermination ou la compilation de quantités "partielles." Comprend des déterminations à des températures différentes de 18°. Formes

4-X2 Tr.; 0,92(5)

Déduit de la chaleur de réaction avec X 2 . La chaleur de transition dans la forme cristalline I est 0,92 kj à 427°.

260035 365ioo 36ÖKOH 365KOH(IOO) 36024 KCN

EXPOSANTS AINSI Un exposant indique la température. INDICES La dilution de la solution finale est de 100 mol H2O par mol gr. de substance. Dans une solution diluée de KOH. Le solvant est constitué par une mol KOH dans 100 mol H2O. Le solvant est constitué par une solution contenant 24 mol de KCN par mol de corps dissout.

Exemples Explicatifs F2O.—L'information donnée dans les colonnes 2 et 3 est équivalente à ce qui suit: "Lorsque 2 atomes gr. (2,0154 g) du gaz hydrogène (H2) à 18° et sous 1 atm. réagissent avec un atome gr. (16,00 g) d'oxygène à 18° et sous 1 atm. pour produire une mol gr. (18,0154 g) d'H2O liquide à 18° et une atm., il y a dégagement de 286,2 kj de chaleur." Ceci est équivalent (voir les facteurs de conversion donnés ci-dessous) à 0,23895 X 286,2 = 68,39 kg-calis, etc. Cl~.—L'information donnée dans les colonnes 2, 3 et 4 est équivalente à ce qui suit: "La chaleur de formation d'une solution complètement ionisée contenant une mol gr. (35,458 g) de Cl~ et la quantité équivalente d'un ion positif (par ex. une solution de Cl" + H+ = HCl00) est égale à la somme de la chaleur de formation de Cl-, Q = 165,55etdeH+, Q = O , qui est Q = 165,55 kj." #202(2oo>.—L'information donnée dans les colonnes 2 et 3 est équivalente à ce qui suit: "Lorsque 2 atomes grammes (2 X 1,0077 g) du gaz hydrogène à 18° et sous 1 atm. réagissent avec 2 atomes gr. (2 X 16,00 g) du gaz oxygène à 18° et sous 1 atm. et que le produit 1 mol gr. (34,0154 g) d'H2O2, est dissout dans 200 mol gr. d'H2O (18,0154 X 200 = 3603,08 g), il y a dégagement de 188,2 kj de chaleur." La solution résultante contient une mol gr. H2O2 dans 200 mol gr. d'H2O. Le rapport moléculaire de l'eau dans la solution est ainsi de 200, le rapport moléculaire de H2O2 est 0,005.

La fraction moléculaire de H 2 O 2 est 57^—:—^ = 0,004ÛU -p 1

200 925; celle de H2O est ortn , ., = 0,995075.

La concentration en 1000 mol gr. H 2 O 2 par 1000 g d'eau est de 200 X 18 0154 = 0>2775. T i *• 1-4. 34,0154X100 ' AftOE La solution contient (200 X 18,0154) + 34,0154 = °'935 pourcent poids de H2O2. ÛU -f- 1

ERKLÄRUNG Anordnung.—Standard, siehe Bd. Ill, S. viii. Reihe 1. Formel.—Die Formel, welche in der ersten Reihe erscheint, bezeichnet den Stoff dessen Bildungswärme per l G.F.G. (Gramm-Formel-Gewicht) in der Reihe 3 erscheint. Polymorphe Formen, oder Zustände, die eine besondere Beschreibung erfordern, als die, welche in der Reihe 2 angegeben ist, sind durch willkürlich gewählte Zeichen in Klammern angeführt, z.B. durch griechische Buchstaben, römische Zahlen, oder Bemerkungen. Die polymorphen Formen sind weiter durch die Umwandlungstemperatur gekennzeichnet, welche in der Reihe 4 als hinaufgesetzter Index zu Tr. angegeben ist. Reihe 2. Physikalischer Zustand.—Für jeden Stoff ist der physikalische Zustand, auf den sich die Bildungswärme bezieht, in der Reihe 2 angegeben. Abkürzungen siehe unten. Alle Zustände gelten für l Atmosphäre und 180C, wenn nicht durch hinaufgesetzte Zeichen in der Reihe 3 etwas anderes angegeben ist. Zahlen oder Formeln in der Reihe 2 bedeuten, dass der Stoff in Lösung sich befindet: es ist l G.F.G. gelöst in X G.F.G. des Lösungsmittels. Wasser ist das Lösungsmittel dorten, wo nichts besonderes bezeichnet ist. Ist das Lösungsmittel gegeben, aber

die Konzentration nicht festgestellt, so ist die Lösung " verdünnt." Z.B. 200 = "l G.F.G. von dem Stoffe (Reihe 2) ist gelöst in 200 X 18 g H2O;" 20Oc2H5OH = "l G.F.G. des Stoffes gelöst in 200 X 46 g C2H6OH;" CS2 = "l G.F.G. des Stoffes gelöst in einer grossen Menge CS2;" u.s.w. Reihe 3. Bildungswärme.—Die Zahlen in der Reihe 3 bedeuten Kilojoule, kj (absolut), als diejenige Wärmemenge, welche entwickelt wird, wenn l G.F.G. des Stoffes (in der Reihe l angegeben) in dem in der Reihe 2 angegebenen physikalischen Zustand, aus dem im Normalzustand befindlichen Elementen bei 180C und bei l Atmosphäre, entsteht. Entsprechend des gegebenen Definition, ist die Bildungswärme eines Elementes im Normalzustande Null. Der Normalzustand irgend eines Elementes kann so gefunden werden und auch durch die Abkürzung "Def." in der Reihe 3, gegenüber dem Zeichen des Elementes. Die Bildungswärmen von Ionen gründen sich auf der Basis, dass für H+, willkürlich Null gesetzt wird, sie gelten für verdünnte Lösungen vollständig ionisierter Elektrolyte. Genauigkeit.—Alle in dieser Tabelle angegebenen Werte, wurden nach dem im Original befindlichen experimentellen Daten neu gerechnet, indem festgelegte Werte für alle Hilfsgrössen benützt wurden. Die Reaktions- und Verdünnungs-Wärmen können also durch Differenzen berechnet werden, deren Genauigkeit so weit als bekannt geht. Die geschätzte Genauigkeit ist durch die Anzahl der gross geschriebenen Zahlen ausgedrückt. Diese Genauigkeit ist nicht die absolute Genauigkeit, aber die Genauigkeit der Teilreaktion die verwendet worden ist, um die der angegebenen Zahl zu berechnen (siehe Reihe 4). Die absolute Genauigkeit wird kleiner sein, als die wenigst genaue Bestimmung in der gesamten Kette der Reaktionen, die gebraucht worden sind, um die Bildungswärmen aus den Elementen zu berechnen. Reihe 4. Methode.—In dieser Reihe ist ein Versuch gemacht worden, in einer allgemeinen Weise die Reaktionen zu verzeichnen, die bei der Berechnung der angegebenen Werte verwendet worden sind. Abkürzungen siehe unten. Formeln in dieser Reihe, z.B. MOH, zeigen an, dass die Bildungswärme von M+ von den in der Tafel Angaben der Bildungswärme der verdünnten Lösung von MOH abhängt. Zahlen, z.B. 3,65, in dieser Reihe, welchen nicht ein Tr. vorausgeht, geben die experimentell bestimmte Lösungswärme an, auf Grund derer die Zahl in der Reihe 3 ruht. In diesem Zusammenhang bedeutet die Zahl 3,65, dass die experimentell bestimmte Lösungswärme 3,65 kj beträgt. Zahlen in dieser Reihe, welche Tr. folgen, z.B. Tr. 0,8, bedeuten die experimentell bestimmte Umwandlungswärme in kj, (0,8 kj). Hinaufgesetzte Indizes bedeuten die Temperatur bei welcher die Reaktion gemessen worden ist. Reihe 5. Literatur-Verzeichnis.—Die Hinweise beziehen sich immer auf die Originalarbeit, ausser im Falle von Thomsen, wo gewöhnlich die Werte aus seinem Buche genannt werden. Sind vom Author nicht-calorimetrische Methoden angewendet worden z.B. Temperaturkoeffizient der elektromotorischen Kraft, u.s.w., so ist die Literaturangabe mit einem Stern versehen; enthält sie Werte die bei einer anderen Temperatur bestimmt worden sind, so erhält sie das Zeichen, °, oder enthält sie partielle Lösungswärmen oder andere "partielle" Werte einer thermischen Grosse, wird sie mit dem Zeichen, t, versehen. Unter partielle thermische Grossen versteht man den Ausdruck —•^r in welchem NI die Konzen-

Reaktionsprodukte des Prozesses in dem Endzustand zusammen und subtrahiert davon die Summe der Bildungswärmen der Ausgangsprodukte in ihren Ausgangszuständen, z.B. Reaktionswärme.—CaO (krist.) + H2O (flüss.) = Ca(OH)2 (krist.), AQ = QCa(OH)2 - [QCaO + QH2O] = 988 - [634,9 + 286,2] = 66,9 kj. Lösungswärme.—Ist eine direkte experimentelle Bestimmung vorhanden, findet man in der Reihe 3 die Form 8,6O41O8O, das bedeutet, die Lösungswärme für l G.F.G. des Stoffes in 400 Molen Wasser bei 180C ist 8,66 kj. Ist die Temperatur oder die Verdünnung nicht angegeben, so ist der genaue Wert nicht im Original zu finden, der Wert gilt dann für "Zimmertemperatur" und eine "verdünnte" Lösung. Ist die Lösungswärme nicht direkt in der Reihe 4 angegeben, so kann man sie finden, wenn man die Reaktion niederschreibt und dann so vorgeht, wie oben, bei der Bestimmung der Reaktionswärmen. Um z.B. die Lösungswärme von SrCl2.2H2O in 400 Molen Wasser zu finden, schreibe man, SrCl2.2H2O = SrCl2(4oo) + 2H2O; AQ = 874,7 + 2 X 286,2 - 1438,4 = 8,7 kj. Verdünnungswärme.—Die molare integrale Verdünnungswärme ist die Wärme, welche bei der Verdünnung mit y Molen Wasser, einer Lösung von l G.F.G. des Stoffes in x Molen Wasser, entsteht. Sie ist der Überschuss der Bildungswärme die entsteht, wenn l G.F.G. des Stoffes zur Endkonzentration gelöst wird, gegen die Bildungswärme bei der Herstellung der Anfangskonzentration. Z.B. die Verdünnungswärme eines Moles H2SO4 in 99 Molen Wasser zu l Mol H2SO4 in 799 Molen Wasser ist 871,6 - 867,8 = 3,8 kj. Umwandlungswärme.—Können beide Formen des Stoffes bei 180C und l Atmosphäre erhalten werden, subtrahiere man die Bildungswärme der Endform von der der Anfangsform. Für Umwandlungen, die bei l Atmosphäre nur bei einer von 180C verschiedener Temperatur beobachtet werden können, kann man die Umwandlungswärme in der Reihe 3 nach der Abkürzung Tr. finden. Z.B. ist die Umwandlungswärme von Mna, zu Mn^ durch die Form M« . . . T r . ; 5,5^100 gegeben, das bedeutet, bei UOO0C, wenn die Umwandlung von l Grammatom a-Mangan in ß-Mangan vor sich geht, werden 5,5 kj entwickelt. lonisationswärmen.—Die Bildungswärme einer vollständig ionisierten Lösung eines Stoffes kann betrachtet werden, als die Summe der Bildungswärmen seiner Ionen. Deshalb, kennt man die Bildungswärme einer vollständig ionisierten Lösung und ist die Bildungswärme aller Ionen bis auf eines bekannt, so kann die Bildungswärme des anderen Ions berechnet werden. Diese Methode ist verwendet worden um die, in der Tabelle angegebenen, Bildungswärmen für die Ionen zu berechnen. Die Bildungswärme für das Wasserstoff-Ion H+ wurde willkürlich Null gesetzt. Umgekehrt, kennt man die Bildungswärmen der Ionen, kann man die BiI dungswärmen der verdünnten Lösung eines starken Elektrolyten durch Addition der Bildungswärmen seiner Ionen finden. Es ist z.B. die Bildungswärme von (NH4) 2SeO4(aq.) = 2QNHt + QSeOl = 2 X 132,7 + 613 = 878,4 kj. Ähnlich, kann man die lonisationswärme eines schwachen Elektrolyten berechnen, indem man von der Summe der lonisationswärmen seiner Ionen, die Bildungswärmen desselben subtrahiert. Z.B. H2O = OH~ -jH + ; AQ = QOH- + QH+ - QH2O = 228,2 -f O - 286,2 = -58,0kj.

tration des Stoffes l in irgend einer Einheit, gewöhnlich in Molbrüchen, bedeutet. Berechnungen Die Wärmetönung irgend eines Prozesses, der das Verschwinden eines Stoffes oder mehrerer, von einem in der Tabelle angegebenen Zustand und das Auftreten anderen Stoffen, oder derselben Stoffe, in einem Zustande der in der Tabelle angegeben, zur Folge hat, bestimmt man, wie folgt: Man addiere die Bildungswärmen der

ABKÜRZUNGEN, ZEICHEN UND FORMEN Abkürzungen amorp. Amorph, kryptokristallinisch, oder schlecht definierter Zustand. aq. Verdünnte wässrige Lösung, c Makrokristallin, coll. Kolloidales Gel oder Sol. Def. Normalzustand.

dNi

dil. dissoc. extrap. gls. (ideal)

Hängt von einer Verdünnungswärme ab. Hängt von einer Dissoziationswärme ab. Extrapoliert. Ein Glas oder eine feste unterkühlte Flüssigkeit. Betrifft die Bedingungen, welche die Formel ausdrückt, z.B. für N 2 O 4 bedeutet das Wort "(ideal)" in der Reihe 2, dass die Bildungswärme für ein Gas gilt, welches nur aus N2O4 Molekeln besteht. liq. Flüssig. mix. Mischungswärme. N Von der Neutralisationswärme. ppt. Niedergeschlagen, oder von der Niederschlagswärme. In wässriger gesättigter Lösung. sat. Zeichen IN DER TAFEL * Durch eine indirekte nicht kalorimetrische Methode. & Durch mehrere verschiedene Methoden. o, In einer unendlich grossen Menge Wasser, wenn nichts anderes angegeben. IN DER REIHE DER LITERATURANGABE * Durch eine indirekte nicht kalorimetrische Methode, t Enthält Messungen oder Sammlungen von '' partielle '' Grossen. 0 Enthält Messungen bei einer von 180C verschiedenen Temperatur. Formen 4-X2 Abgeleitet von Reaktionswärme mit X2. Tr.; 0,92*" Die Umwandlungswärme zur Kristallform, I1 ist 0,92 kj bei 4270C. HINAUFGESETZTER INDEX 260036 Der Index bedeutet die Temperatur. HINUNTERGESETZTER INDEX 365100 Der Index bedeutet, dass die Verdünnung der Endlösung ist 100 Mole Wasser auf l G.F.G. des Stoffes. 36ÖKOH In einer verdünnten KOH-Lösung. 36ÖKOH(ioo) Das Lösungsmittel ist l Mol KOH auf 100 Mole Wasser. 36024 KCN Das Lösungsmittel ist eine Lösung, welche 24 Mole von KCN pro l Mol des gelösten Stoffes enthält. Beispiele H2O.—Die in der Reihe 2 und 3 gegebenen Daten entsprechen dem folgendem: "Wenn 2 Grammatome, (2,0154 g) Wasserstoffgas (H2), bei 180C und l Atmosphäre mit l Grammatom (16 g) Sauerstoff (O), bei 180C und l Atmosphäre, miteinander reagieren und dabei l G.F.G. flüssiges Wasser (18,0154 g) bei 180C und l Atmosphäre geben, so werden 286,2 kj Wärme entwickelt." Das ist äquivalent (siehe die unten angegebenen Umrechnungsfaktoren) 0,23895 X 286,2 = 68,39 kg-calu, u.s.w. ClT.—Die Daten, welche in der Reihe 2 und 3 gegeben sind, entsprechen dem folgendem: "Die Bildungswärmeeiner vollständig ionisierten Lösung, die l G.F.G. von Cl" enthält (35,458 g) und die gleiche Menge eines positiven Ions (z.B. eine Lösung von Cl"" H- H+ = HCloo), ist die Summe der Bildungswärmen von Cl", Q = 165,55, und von H+, Q = O, zusammen also 165,55 kj." #202(200).—Die Daten, welche in der Reihe 2 und 3 gegeben sind, entsprechen dem folgendem: "Wenn 2 Grammatome (2 X 1,0077 g) Wasserstoffgas bei 180C und l Atmosphäre mit 2 Grammatomen (2 X 16 g) Sauerstoff gas von 180C und l Atmosphäre, reagieren und das Reaktionsprodukt l G.F.G. (34,0154 g) H2O2 gelöst in 200 G.F.G. von H2O (18,0154 X 200 = 3603,08 g) ist, so werden 188,2 kj als Reaktionswärme frei." Die sich ergebende Lösung enthält l G.F.G. von H2O2 in 200 G.F.G. Wasser. Das Molenverhältnis des Wassers ist also in der Lösung 200, das Molen Verhältnis des H2O2 ist 0,005. Der Molenbruch für

1

200

H2O2 ist200 + 1 = 0,004925; für H2O 2QQ + 1 = 0,995075. Die Konzentration in G.F.G. H2O2 pro 1000 g Wasser ist 1000 _ o 0775 200X18,0154 -O^ 770 ' Die Lösung enthält (200 x 18,0154?+34,0154 = °'935 Gewichts' prozent auf H2O2. SPIEGAZIONE Disposizione.—Standard, vedi Vol. Ill, p. viii. Colonna 1. Formula.—Le formule contenute nella colonna 1 indicano le sostanze di cui nella colonna 3 sono riportati i calori di formazione per p.f.g. (peso in grammi corrispondente alla formula). Le forme polimorfiche o gli stati i quali richiedono per essere definiti indicazioni più ampie di quelle riportate nella colonna 2 sono indicati con segni arbitrari tra parentesi, p.e. con lettere greche, numeri romani, o altri qualificativi. Le forme polimorfiche sono inoltre indicate con la temperatura di trasformazione che è riportata nella colonna 4 dopo l'abbreviazione Tr. Colonna 2. Stato fisico.—Per ogni sostanza, lo stato fisico al quale si riferisce il calore di formazione è indicato nella colonna 2. Vedi più oltre la lista delle abbreviazioni. Tutti gli stati, quando non è diversamente indicato nella colonna 3, sono considerati alla pressione di 1 atmosfera e alla temperatura di 180C. Le formule nella colonna 2 indicano che la sostanza è in soluzione e che un p.f.g. è disciolto in X p.f.g. di solvente. Dove il solvente non è indicato, si intende che si tratta dell'acqua. Dove è indicato il solvente, ma non la concentrazione, s'intende che si tratta di soluzione diluita. Così 200 = 11I p.f.g. della sostanza (della col. 1) disciolta in 200 X 18 g di H2O;" 20Oc2H6OH = "1 p.f.g. della sostanza disciolta in 200 X 46,0 g di C2H5OH; " CS2 = "1 p.f.g. della sostanza disciolta in una grande quantità di CS2," etc. Colonna 3. Calore di formazione.—I valori della colonna 3 sono in numero di kilojoules, kj (assoluti) di calore svolti quando un p.f.g. della sostanza (che figura nella colonna 1 e nello stato indicati nella colonna 2) si forma dagli elementi considerati nelle condizioni normali alla temperatura di 18° e alla pressione di 1 atm. Secondo la definizione data sopra il calore di formazione di un elemento nel suo stato normale è O. Lo stato normale di un elemento qualsiasi può essere riconosciuto da questo fatto e dall' abbreviazione "Def." nella colonna 3 in corrispondenza del simbolo dell'elemento. I calori di formazione degli joni sono riferiti al valore arbitrario O per H+ e si riferiscono a soluzioni diluite di elettroliti completamente ionizzati. Precisione.—Tutti i valori riportati in questa tabella sono stati ricalcolati dai dati originali sperimentali usando valori ben vagliati per tutte le quantità sussidiarie. I calori di reazione e di diluizione possono quindi essere calcolati per differenza con l'accuratezza maggiore che è possibile. La precisione che si può raggiungere è indicata dal numero delle cifre significative. Questa precisione non è quella assoluta; ma la precisione della particolare reazione usata per calcolare il valore adottato (v. colonna 4). La precisione assoluta è inferiore a quella della determinazione meno accurata nella serie di reazioni utilizzata per il calcolo del calore di formazione a partire dagli elementi. Colonna 4. Metodo.—Nella colonna 4 si è fatto il tentativo di indicare in una maniera generale le reazioni utilizzate per il calcolo dei valori riportati. Vedi la lista delle abbreviazioni più oltre. Le formule di questa colonna per es. MOH, indicano che il calore di formazione di M + dipende dal valore che nella tabella è riportato per il calore di formazione della soluzione diluita di MOH. Le cifre di questa colonna, p. e. 3,65; quando non sono precedute dall'abbreviazione Tr., indicano il valore sperimentale del calore di soluzione sul quale è basato il valore della colonna 4, p.e. 3,65 kj. I numeri di questa colonna preceduti da Tr., per es. Tr. 0,8; indicano il calore di trasformazione determinato speri-

mentalmente, per es. 0,8 kj. I numeri scritti sopra indicano le temperature alle quali le reazioni sono state misurate. Colonna 5. Letteratura.—La citazione si riferisce alla pubblicazione originale; solo i valori del Thomsen sono generalmente presi dal suo libro. Quando il metodo usato dall'autore non è quello calorimetrico (come per es. quando il valore è dedotto dal coefficiente di temperatura della F.E.M., etc.) la citazione è munita di asterisco. Se la citazione contiene valori determinati ad altre temperature, è seguita dal simbolo, °, e se contiene valori. per il calore parziale di soluzione o altre quantità termiche " parziali," la citazione è seguita dal simbolo, t- Per quantità termiche

i calori di formazione dei suoi joni: per es., il calore di formazione di (NHOsSeO4 (aq.) = 2 QNH^ + QSeO^ = 2 X 132,7 + 613 = 878,4 kj. Similmente il calore di jonizzazione di un elettrolita debole si può calcolare sommando i calori di formazione dei suoi joni e sottraendo poi il suo calore di formazione: per es., H2O = OH- + H+, AQ = COH- + QH+ - QH2O = 228,2 + O - 286,2 = -58,0 kj.

ABBREVIAZIONI, SEGNI E FORMULE Abbreviazioni amorp. Amorfo, criptocristallino o stato solido mal definito. aq. Soluzione acquosa diluita. parziali si intendono i valori T^ dove Ni èia concentrazione della e Macrocristallino. sostanza, 1, in qualsiasi unità, generalmente frazioni di coli. Gelo o solo colloidale. grammimolecole. Def. Condizioni normali. Calcola dil. Dedotto da un calore di diluizione. Dedotto da un calore di dissociazione. Per calcolare il calore di qualsiasi processo che implica la dissoc. Estrapolato. scomparsa di una o più sostanze negli stati indicati nella tabella, extrap. Un vetro o un liquido sopraraffreddato. e la comparsa di altre o delle stesse sostanze negli stati indicati gls. Nelle condizioni indicate dalla formula," p. es. per nella tabella, si sommano i calori di formazione dei prodotti (ideai) N2O4 la parola " (ideai) " nella colonna 2 indica che finali e dalla somma si sottraggono i calori di formazione delle il calore di formazione si riferisce ad un gas sostanze reagenti nei loro stati iniziali. Per esempio: formato soltanto di molecole N2O4. Calore di reazione.—CaO (crist.) + H2O (liq.) = Ca(OH)2 Liquido. (crist.), AQ = QCa(OH)2 - [QCaO + OH2O] = 988 - [634,9 + liq. mix. Calore di mescolamento. 286,2] = 66,9 kj. Dal calore di neutralizzazione. Calore di soluzione.—Se esiste un valore sperimentale, lo si N Precipitato o dal calore di precipitazione. trova nella colonna 3 sotto la forma 8,66joo la quale indica che il ppt. In soluzione satura in H2O. calore di soluzione di un p.f.g. della sostanza in 400 moli di H2O sat. a 18° è 8,66 kj. Se la temperatura o la diluizione non sono Segni indicate, vuoi dire che non lo sono nel lavoro originale, ed i valori NELLA TABELLA si riferiscono alla temperatura ambiente e a soluzioni diluite. * Con metodo indiretto non calorimetrico. Se il calore di soluzione non è direttamente indicato nella colonna & Con parecchi metodi differenti. 4, lo si può stabilire scrivendo la reazione e procedendo nel calcolo O0 In una quantità infinita di H2O se non è altrimenti come è indicato sopra per i calori di reazione. Per es., si supponga indicato. di voler calcolare il valore di soluzione di SrCl2.2H2O in 400 moli NELLA COLONNA DELLE CITAZIONI di acqua; allora si ha: SrCl2.2H2O = SrCl2(4oo) +2H 2 O; AQ = * Con metodi indiretti non calorimetrici. 874,7 + 2 X 286,2 - 1438,4 = 8,7 kj. t Include la determinazione o la compilazione di Calore di diluizione.—II calore molecolare integrale di diluizione quantità "parziali." (e cioè il calore che si ha nel diluire con y moli di H2O una soluzione 0 Include determinazioni a temperature diverse da 18°. di un p.f.g. della sostanza in x moli di H2O), è la differenza tra Forme il calore di formazione di un p.f.g. della sostanza nella soluzione H-X2 Dedotto da calore di reazione con X2. finale e quello nella soluzione iniziale. Per es. il calore che si ha 4 7 diluendo una soluzione di una mole di H2SO4 in 99 moli di acqua Tr.; 0,92( I^ II calore di trasformazione nella forma cristallina "I" è 0,92 kj a 427°. fino a raggiungere la concentrazione di una mole di H2SO4 in 799 moli di acqua è 871,6 - 867,8 = 3,8 kj. NUMERI SOPRASCRITTI Calore di trasformazione.—Se tutte le due forme della sostanza 260035 Un numero soprascritto indica la temperatura. possono ottenersi a 18° e alla pressione di 1 atmosfera, si sottrae NUMERI SOTTOSCRITTI il calore di formazione della forma finale da quello della forma La diluizione della soluzione finale è 100 moli di iniziale. Per le trasformazioni che possono effettuarsi al di sotto 365100 H2O per p.f.g. di sostanza. di 1 atm. soltanto a temperature diverse da 18°, il calore di trasIn una soluzione diluita di KOH. formazione si trova nella colonna 3 dopo l'abbreviazione Tr. Per 36ÖKOH es., il calore di trasformazione da Mn« a Mn^ è indicato così: 36OKOH(IOO) II solvente è una mole di KOH in 100 moli di H2O. Mna . . . T r . ; 5,50100, il che significa che quando un grammo 36524 KCN H solvente è una soluzione contenente 24 moli di KCN per mole di sostanza disciolta. atomo di «-manganese si trasforma in ^-manganese a 1100° si Esempi Illustrativi svolgono 5,5 kj. H2O.—Le notizie riportate nelle colonne 2 e 3 significano quanto Calore di jonizzazione.—II calore di formazione di una soluzione completamente ionizzata di una sostanza può considerarsi come segue: "Quando due grammi atomi (g 2,0154) di idrogeno gassoso la somma dei calori di formazione dei suoi joni. Quindi se si (H2) a 18° e una atm. reagiscono con un grammo atomo (g 16,00) conosce il calore di formazione di una soluzione completamente di ossigeno gas a 18° e una atm., per produrre un p.f.g. (g 18,0154) jonizzata, e si conosce o ammette quello di tutti i suoi joni meno di H2O liquida a 18° e a una atm., si sviluppano 286,2 kj." Questi uno, si può calcolare il calore di formazione di quest'ultimo. equivalgono (vedi i fattori di conversione dati più sotto) a Questo metodo è stato usato per calcolare il calore di formazione 0,23895 X 286,2 = 68,39 kg-ca!15. CZ".—Le notizie date nelle colonne 2, 3 e 4 significano quanto degli joni dati nella tabella, assumendo arbitrariamente eguale a O il calore di formazione di H+. Inversamente conoscendo i segue. "Il calore di formazione di una soluzione completamente calori di formazione degli joni si può stabilire il calore di forma- ionizzata contenente un p.f.g. (g 35,458) di Cl" e la quantità zione di una soluzione diluita di un elettrolita forte addizionando equivalente di un jone positivo qualsiasi (per es. una soluzione di

Cl + H + = HClco) è la somma del calore di formazione di Cl , Q = 165,55, e di H+, Q = O, e cioè Q = 165,55 kj." HzOt(ZQO).—I numeri riportati nelle colonne 2 e 3 significano quanto segue. "Quando due gr. atomi (g 2 X 1,0077) di idrogeno gassoso a 18° e a una atm. reagiscono con 2 grammi atomi (g 2 X 16,00) di ossigeno gassoso a 18° e a una atm., e il prodotto, 1 p.f.g. (g 34,0154) di H2O2 si scioglie in 200 p.f.g. di H2O (18,0154 X 200 = 3603,08 g) si sviluppano 188,2 kj." La soluzione risultante contiene un p.f.g. di H2O2 in 200 p.f.g. di H2O. Il rapporto fra il numero di molecole di acqua e di acqua ossigenata è perciò 200, e quello tra le molecole di H2O2 e di H2O è di 0,005. La frazione

Formula

|

State

|

Q, kj

|

Method

|

Lit.

Hydrogen.—(Continued) H2O

Hq.

286.2

H2 + O2; &

(2, 16, 100.5, 165, 308, 322, 358.5, 4 5 9 . 5 , 704, 890, 916, 970,

971,

976) gas

242.0

->liq.

(260,461, 508,* 509,* 510,* 524,* 864,

865,

926)

di mole di H2O2 è 0,995075.

1 2QQ + l

= 0,004925; e di H2O è ^î =

H2O2

La concentrazione in p.f.g. di H2O2 per 1000 g acqua è

1000 _ Q 2775 200X18,0154 ~ u > z "°T i • .• . 34,0154 X 100 La soluzione contiente: (200 x 18;0154) + 34,0154

=

|

Q1 kj

Method

|

0

MlD O2

gas c

O

c

736

O

gas

-341

Os

gas

-

O4

aq. gas

- 136 + 0.5

144

187.9 187.8 186.9

dil.

(3»9) dil. dil.

Fluorine Def. KF

gas aq.

O 327.3

HF(ideal)

gas

267.8

H 2 + F2; &

(HF)3.3[HF at 745 mm].. HF

gas liq.

958.4 397

dissoc.* 19

600

316.8

dil.

400

316.2 (HF ff )48.4^ o (167, 1032)

(464,465, 1032)

(923*) (464,

200

HF2" HeFeudeal)

12 6.5 2.2 1.7 0.5 aq. gas

465)

(157,797)

316.2

dil.

316.2 315.8 314.3 312.8 307.6 624.4 1774

dil. dil. dil. dil. dil. KHF 2 dissoc.*

(464,465)

(923*)

Def. aq.* 19.00 aq. dissoc.*

(548*) (762) (1052*) (507,* 991,*

Chlorine Cl2

gas aq. (ideal) CCU aq. gas

-

O 3o 19.0 22 120.3

1033,* 1061,4i

Def. Tr.; 0.701^31 (346)

ClC12-7H2O

aq. c1»

165.55 95o

ClOClO2

aq. liq.

-

108 126

gas

-

+Pt 6 0 disSOC.* disSOC.; &

aq. aq. aq. gas aq. c

70.7 80 167 - 76.4 - 36.9

8* dissoc.*

HCl dissoc.*; &

(599,* 988*) (393,615,* 958*)

1050) Pt

3.46 2.53 1.00

1062*)

Tr.; 0.073^0 ( 346) 13.8 13.8* (426,1047,*

aq.

188.2 +KMnO 4 ; & (72,93,146,

Lit.

Oxygen Û2 Ot (IJ)

200

F2 F-

Cl |

(389) (251,* 651,

976)

. M. °'935 ***

ft-» Table State

1.9}JQ -»liq.*

1066*)

Conversion factors To convert kj to: ( Multiply by Pour convertir kj en : Multiplier par ,. J 1 ist zu multiplizieren Logio = TT Um k jJ zu verwandeln in : ., mit Per convertire i k j in : | Moltiplicare per kg CaIi5 0.23895 Ï.378304 BTU60 0.94823 Ï.976912 CTUi6 0.52679 Ï.721639 1-atm 9.8690 0.994272 kg m 101.972 2.008479 ft. Ib 737.56 2.867798 h.p. hr (elee.) 0.00037236 4.570959 cheval vap. hr 0.00037767 4.577116 kw hr (abs.) 0.00027778 4.443698 volt Faraday (abs.) 0.010363 2.015473 volt amp. sec"1 1000. 3.000000 quanta sec"1 1.5258 X IQ36 36.183494

|

186.3 137.7

641.1,*

cento in peso di H2O2.

Formula

liq. gas

98.3

NaOCl —»gas disSOC.

(727) (197.5,347) (76,547,575, 739, 790*)

(368,* 888*) (636*)

ClO? ClOl Cl2O HCl(D

-

58

( 2) (223,227, 692*)

27.6 ( 2 2 3 ) NaClO3 KClO4 39.5«, ("6) =HC1O Tr.; 1.23^17)4 (348, loss.S)

Hydrogen Hz

gas sat.

O 5.94

in Pt

as Pd2H

Def. 5.94

(980,* I 0 4 7 f )

57.8

+ Pt

(357,

74.2

+Pd

(357,445,*

727)

HCl (see also p. 212)

gas CCl4 C2H5OH

726)

H

gas

-211

dissoc.*

(299.5,313.5,

400

92.2 H 2 + Cl2; & 107.6 136.4 165.55 165.39

(2,48.1,484, 976) 15.40 (762) 44.4 dil. dil. (64,745, 866,0-j- 976,0-j940,-j- 1003,-f10210.J.)

605, 606, 607,* 641.1,* 915.5, 1063*)

200 H+

oo

O

165.16

73.0^ 0 ; &

(I58,o 6 43,* 760,* 976,

Def.

1021,0 1 112)

OH-(c/. p. 212)

C2H5OH aq.

-

29.0 HCl02H5OH 228.2 KOH; &

( 311 )

100 50

164.81 164.23

dil. dil.

Cl + H + = HClco) è la somma del calore di formazione di Cl , Q = 165,55, e di H+, Q = O, e cioè Q = 165,55 kj." HzOt(ZQO).—I numeri riportati nelle colonne 2 e 3 significano quanto segue. "Quando due gr. atomi (g 2 X 1,0077) di idrogeno gassoso a 18° e a una atm. reagiscono con 2 grammi atomi (g 2 X 16,00) di ossigeno gassoso a 18° e a una atm., e il prodotto, 1 p.f.g. (g 34,0154) di H2O2 si scioglie in 200 p.f.g. di H2O (18,0154 X 200 = 3603,08 g) si sviluppano 188,2 kj." La soluzione risultante contiene un p.f.g. di H2O2 in 200 p.f.g. di H2O. Il rapporto fra il numero di molecole di acqua e di acqua ossigenata è perciò 200, e quello tra le molecole di H2O2 e di H2O è di 0,005. La frazione

Formula

|

State

|

Q, kj

|

Method

|

Lit.

Hydrogen.—(Continued) H2O

Hq.

286.2

H2 + O2; &

(2, 16, 100.5, 165, 308, 322, 358.5, 4 5 9 . 5 , 704, 890, 916, 970,

971,

976) gas

242.0

->liq.

(260,461, 508,* 509,* 510,* 524,* 864,

865,

926)

di mole di H2O2 è 0,995075.

1 2QQ + l

= 0,004925; e di H2O è ^î =

H2O2

La concentrazione in p.f.g. di H2O2 per 1000 g acqua è

1000 _ Q 2775 200X18,0154 ~ u > z "°T i • .• . 34,0154 X 100 La soluzione contiente: (200 x 18;0154) + 34,0154

=

|

Q1 kj

Method

|

0

MlD O2

gas c

O

c

736

O

gas

-341

Os

gas

-

O4

aq. gas

- 136 + 0.5

144

187.9 187.8 186.9

dil.

(3»9) dil. dil.

Fluorine Def. KF

gas aq.

O 327.3

HF(ideal)

gas

267.8

H 2 + F2; &

(HF)3.3[HF at 745 mm].. HF

gas liq.

958.4 397

dissoc.* 19

600

316.8

dil.

400

316.2 (HF ff )48.4^ o (167, 1032)

(464,465, 1032)

(923*) (464,

200

HF2" HeFeudeal)

12 6.5 2.2 1.7 0.5 aq. gas

465)

(157,797)

316.2

dil.

316.2 315.8 314.3 312.8 307.6 624.4 1774

dil. dil. dil. dil. dil. KHF 2 dissoc.*

(464,465)

(923*)

Def. aq.* 19.00 aq. dissoc.*

(548*) (762) (1052*) (507,* 991,*

Chlorine Cl2

gas aq. (ideal) CCU aq. gas

-

O 3o 19.0 22 120.3

1033,* 1061,4i

Def. Tr.; 0.701^31 (346)

ClC12-7H2O

aq. c1»

165.55 95o

ClOClO2

aq. liq.

-

108 126

gas

-

+Pt 6 0 disSOC.* disSOC.; &

aq. aq. aq. gas aq. c

70.7 80 167 - 76.4 - 36.9

8* dissoc.*

HCl dissoc.*; &

(599,* 988*) (393,615,* 958*)

1050) Pt

3.46 2.53 1.00

1062*)

Tr.; 0.073^0 ( 346) 13.8 13.8* (426,1047,*

aq.

188.2 +KMnO 4 ; & (72,93,146,

Lit.

Oxygen Û2 Ot (IJ)

200

F2 F-

Cl |

(389) (251,* 651,

976)

. M. °'935 ***

ft-» Table State

1.9}JQ -»liq.*

1066*)

Conversion factors To convert kj to: ( Multiply by Pour convertir kj en : Multiplier par ,. J 1 ist zu multiplizieren Logio = TT Um k jJ zu verwandeln in : ., mit Per convertire i k j in : | Moltiplicare per kg CaIi5 0.23895 Ï.378304 BTU60 0.94823 Ï.976912 CTUi6 0.52679 Ï.721639 1-atm 9.8690 0.994272 kg m 101.972 2.008479 ft. Ib 737.56 2.867798 h.p. hr (elee.) 0.00037236 4.570959 cheval vap. hr 0.00037767 4.577116 kw hr (abs.) 0.00027778 4.443698 volt Faraday (abs.) 0.010363 2.015473 volt amp. sec"1 1000. 3.000000 quanta sec"1 1.5258 X IQ36 36.183494

|

186.3 137.7

641.1,*

cento in peso di H2O2.

Formula

liq. gas

98.3

NaOCl —»gas disSOC.

(727) (197.5,347) (76,547,575, 739, 790*)

(368,* 888*) (636*)

ClO? ClOl Cl2O HCl(D

-

58

( 2) (223,227, 692*)

27.6 ( 2 2 3 ) NaClO3 KClO4 39.5«, ("6) =HC1O Tr.; 1.23^17)4 (348, loss.S)

Hydrogen Hz

gas sat.

O 5.94

in Pt

as Pd2H

Def. 5.94

(980,* I 0 4 7 f )

57.8

+ Pt

(357,

74.2

+Pd

(357,445,*

727)

HCl (see also p. 212)

gas CCl4 C2H5OH

726)

H

gas

-211

dissoc.*

(299.5,313.5,

400

92.2 H 2 + Cl2; & 107.6 136.4 165.55 165.39

(2,48.1,484, 976) 15.40 (762) 44.4 dil. dil. (64,745, 866,0-j- 976,0-j940,-j- 1003,-f10210.J.)

605, 606, 607,* 641.1,* 915.5, 1063*)

200 H+

oo

O

165.16

73.0^ 0 ; &

(I58,o 6 43,* 760,* 976,

Def.

1021,0 1 112)

OH-(c/. p. 212)

C2H5OH aq.

-

29.0 HCl02H5OH 228.2 KOH; &

( 311 )

100 50

164.81 164.23

dil. dil.

Formula

|

State

|

Q, kj

Method

|

Formula

Lit.

HCL- (Continued)

HCl HC1.2HiO HClO HClO3 HClO4

HClO4-H2O

25 10 5 3 2 1 In mixtures C-" 200 400

163.21 160.3 155.3 148.6 140.2 115.2

HI...

dil. dil. dil. dil. dil. dil.

713 aq. 124.6 +HI; & 80 H 2 SO 4 + BaClOa 81 85JJ0 166 +KOH; & 165.8 dil. 166.1 dil. 165.5 dil. 164.3 dil. 163.2 dil. 160.6 dil. 143.7 dil. 134.9 dil. 117 dil. 420 32

liq. 200 96 42 9.5 6 4.15 3.08 2.33 1.43 1 c

Hq. gas

-

C

O 32.0

10.8

Def. ->liq.

-»liq.

3

3*

5

5

111.7

dissoc.*

aq.(ideal)

|

Q, kj

|

Method

|

Lit.

-

24.8 80.SjJ ; &

(138, 300, 939,* 9 7 6 )

(soo, t * 50i* t) (83,882) (69,976) (77,976) ("4) ( 105 > 976 > O04)

HI3 HIO HIO 3

oo 200

55.8 55.7

100

55.6

50 20 10 5 3 2 aq. aq.

55.4 dil. 54.8 dil. 53.0 dil. 48.0 dil. 37 dil. 28 dil. 91 I 2 + HI; & 95 N = HClO

C

236.0

extrap. HCl+ PbI2; &

(81,976)

dil.

(64,976)

-9.0

aq.

227

HI + KIO3

HIO4 HIO=H2IO=H3IO= H4IO-

aq. aq. aq. aq. aq.

190 663 716 761 729

=H 5 IO 6 K3H2IOc K2H3IOe KH 4 IOe

H5IO6

c aq. c c

772 766 353 28

-0-8JS 00 +SnCl2; & -23.9JJ 00 I + C1;&

(1034) (82,314,976)

( 8 <>» «i» 92«.* 976)

(i°«)

O«-*» i« 8 »

2HIO3-I2Os IC1(«)

(9?6)

("«) (82) (» 4 )

836,* 882,*

ICl(/8)

C

27

-K«)

(951,963)

976)

ICl

liq.

19

-»(a)

(»si, 963,

ICl3 IBr

c liq.

7o 11

I + Cl; 4 I + Br

40

disSOC.*

(228,* 506,* 545,* 8 4 5 , 846, 1 0 4 8 * )

Sat.

State gas

Bromine Br2

|

Iodine.—(Continued)

Chlorine.—(Continued)

976)

gas

(1048*)

-

(94) (94) (214,* 738*)

(126,811, 976)

Br

gas

-

(210,* 599,*

Sulfur

788,* 789*)

BrBrF Br^ BrOBrOI HBrf HBr™, HBr HBr

HBr.2H2O HBr3 HBr6 (?) HBrO HBrO3

119.7 130 149 91 51

aq. aq. aq. aq. aq. c c gas co 400 200 100 50 25 10 6 5 3 2 cr15 200 oo aq. 200

HBr HBr3 HBr5 KBrO HBrO3 Tr. 0.692^7 (348) Tr. 0.473^ (348) 36.2 83.2JJj 0 (64,976) 119.7 extrap. 119.6 dil. 119.4 Br2 + KCl; & (48.1, si, 976) 119.3 dil. C 6 4 » 883 » 9 7 6 ) 118.9 dil. 118.3 dil. 115.9 dil. 112.4 dil. 109.7 dil. 102.6 dil. 94 extrap. 688 dissoc.; & (64,883*) 130 Br2 + HBr; & (648*) 149 Br3 + Br(aa.) (648*) 107 N=HClO 53 +SnCl2; & (81,976)

Iodine I

c

I2

gas

I

Hq."4 aq.(ideal) gas

63

- 2o - 23 -106.59

C*

->gas* -23* dissoc.*

I2O6

C

Hl(D ' HI(Ii)

c c

c

"

O

-

Def.

0.29 Tr.; 0.29

(240,* 642, 702,

SX S^

'

S~ S2 SJ" SJ" S-....' Se S8 SO2

liq. liq. gas aq. gas aq. aq. aq. gas gas gas

1.6 3.3 - 162 - 42 - 124 - 40 - 33 - 27 - 95 - 84 290

-»Strhom.) -»SA dissoc.* Na 2 S dissoc.* Na2S2 Na2S3 Na2S4 dissoc.* dissoc.* S + O2; &

956*)

(642) (642,* 730) (6 41.1*) (641.i*)

(831*) (83i,* 1077) (97,428.1, 976)

Hq.

315.0

—»gas

(265,344,345, 672)

325.8 324.5 323.0 321.2 319.8 319.2 468 432

35.8 34.4 33.0 31.2 29.8 29.2 Na2SO3 156

(345,646,* 647,* 942, 976 )

SOSO3 (ice form)

2000 1000 500 200 100 75 aq. c

SO= SO= S2O= S2O= S2O= S2O= S2O7 S2O= S3O=

liq. gas 200 aq. aq. aq. aq. aq. aq. c aq. aq.

423 383 582 614.4 885.0 590 665 948.7 1148 356(?) 1296 1093

(34,* 3 5 9 )

(34*) (502,*o 904|) (200,231, 937,* 1061*)

aq. aq. aq. aq.

Scmonod.)

Def.

599,* 641.1,*

I!3-. 1O3 IO?.W.

C

(52, 450.5, 932*)

O -

Scrhom.)..

55.8 91 227 610 176.0

HI HI3 KIO3 K 5 IO 6 -7.5JJ00

(904*) (82,314,976)

Tr.; 0.526ft1,9,4 (348) Tr.; 0.295^5 (348)

163 9

- uoo 206 = H2SO4 K2SO3 K2SO4 Na2S2O3 Na2S2O4 = HSOl Na2S2Oe +aq. K2S2O8 Na2S3Oe

(450-5»976) ( 98 > 4 so.5)

(448J

Formula

|

State

Q, kj

|

Method

|

Lit.

Formula

Suif tir.— (Continued) S4O" S5O* HSH2S

aq. aq. aq. gas

1096 112o • 15 22

Na2S4O6 K2S5O6 KHS H-I 2 ; &

H2Se

40 41.3

H2S.7H2O

C-30

1670

H2S5 + Sx HSOHSOH2SO2 H2SO3 H2SO4 (see also p. 212)

liq. aq. aq. aq. 200 Hq. c oo 1599 799 399 199

gas 19.1;& disSOC.*

(64l.i,* 823, («4*) (976,1052*) (257,* 424,* 897*)

(897)

H2SeO4

(243) (56,243,498)

H2SeO4-H2O

99

867.8

dil.

(138,t243,*o

H2SO4-H2O H2S2O3 H2S2O4 H2S2Oe H2SO4-SO3

49

866.8

dil.

358,458,

19

864.9

dil.

672,748,0

H2S2O8 H2S3O6 H2S4O6 H2S5O6 S2Cl2

aq. 400 liq. c aq. aq. aq. aq. gas liq.

S2Cl4 SOCl2 SO2Cl2

60

S + Cl

803,812, M 9760)

89

(2*3) (57,243) (976) (745,976) ( 243 ) (1076) ( 135 )

(504,* 770) ( 7 7 0 , 976)

liq. gas liq. gas liq.

60+ 174 201 338 367

S 2 Cl 2 + Cl2 (17,36) -»liq. ( 7 7 0 ) 164ROH ( 77 °» 771 ) -»liq. (77l, H09) 263800 ( 77 °» 771 »

liq. gas liq. Hq. c

677 623 583 8.4 0.0

+KOH (770,771) -*liq. (770,771) SOs + HCl ( 7 7 2 ) S + Br (770,795) S + I (770)

976)

S2OsCl2 SO3-HCl S2Br2 S 2 I 2 (?)

Q1 kj

|

Method

|

Lit.

gas

-

66

aq.

-

56.1

+1; &

(2os,* sso,

IO1«

(350,424,*

Se2Cl2 SeCl4 SeO2-SO8

c aq. aq. c aq. liq. c 200 1000 c liq. liq. c c

4 +XH 2 O dissoc.* (424*) 522 NaHSeO3 604 NaHSeO4 535.8 -17.2 (549) 518.6 =SeO2(aa.) 530 704oo (696) 545 55.9400 ( 6 9 6 ) 6Oo dil. = H2SO4 603 SeO2 + HClO; (976) à 856 31.240o ( 6 9 6 ) 837 514oo ( 6 9 6) 92.7 Se + Cl2 ( 9 7 6 ) 193.2 Se + Cl2 ( 9 7 6 ) 134 (696) 683 ^4Uo0

Tellurium (50,53,843, 9760)

859.5 dil. 858.0 dil. 856.4 dil. 854.3 dil. 851.3 dil. 847.9 dil. 843.1 dil. 835.9 dil. 830.9 dil. 822.1 dil. 809.7 dil. 1108.3 aq. 1127.6 aq. 580 Na 2 S 2 O 3 + HCl 659 N = H2SO3 1148 N, Na2S2O6 1230 aq. 1241.0 -> liq. 1297 +FeSO4; & 1096 N = H 2 S 2 O 6 1098 N = H 2 S 2 O 6 112o N = H2S2Oe 23.6 -»liq.

|

878,* 1 1 0 1 )

H 2 Se+ XH2O HSeOHSeO" H2SeO3

10 +I(aq.) 617.3 KHSO3 878 KHSO4 463 N=H2SO3 607.2 = SO2(aq.) 794.1 74.3JJ0 804.5 + aq. 880.0 =SO= 873.6 dil. 871.6 dil. 869.8 dil. 868.4 N, Na 2 SO 4 ; &

9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1.5 1.0 0.5 liq. c 1500

State

785.5,* 878*),

976)

liq. aq.

|

Selenium.—(Continued)

Te(metallic)

Te(amorpbou8) TeO2 TeO2-H2O TeO3 TeO^ TeO= H2Te H2TeO4 H2TeO4.2H2O TeCl4 TeBr4 2Te02.SOs

C

O

amorp. c aq. c c aq. aq. gas aq. c c Br2 c

Def.

-

11.4 +Br 2 (302, 351,91») 327.7 Te + 2H2O* ( 7 i i , 9 i 5 ) 320 TeCl4 + H2O (976) 606 O (975) 348 +Na 2 O (7U) 580 K2TeO3 722 K2TeO4 -142 +FeCl3; & ( 3 Si) 708 TeO2 + Br; & (351,976) 1294 - 14.OjJ 0 ( 6 9 6) 324 Te + Cl2 (976) 278 Te + Br2 ( 3 Si) 257 (696) 1280 KOH

Nitrogen N2 N N« a ) ...... N" NO

gas gas c aq. gas

O -540

N2O

gas

-

liq. c° gas(ideal) aq. aq. aq. gas(ideal)

-

- 245 - 90

Def. dissoc.* (197.5) Tr.îO.22^ 37 - 6 ( 3 4 6 ) BaN 6 N O + C 2 N 2 ; (71,90, 755,* &

N2O.6H2O NO2 NO 2 NON2O= N2O4

71

+CO; &

976) (90,954,976)

78.4 —>gas ( 6 7 2 ) 1692 dissoc.* (i 016*) - 31.1 N0 + 0;*& (212,* 64i.i*> 107 NaNO 2 208.4 HNO 3 - 15 Na 2 N 2 O 2 7.8 dissoc.; & (7l, 209,* 911,* 1068*)

N2O5 NH 3 (see also p. 213)

Hq. c-io gas c gas

21 +Cl2; & 33.6 -»liq. 5 124.71"* 69 61 -S41O0O 45.8 dissoc.; &*

(71,994.5) (835) (55, 303*) <55) (485,486, 487,* 488,

liq.

66.3

(733,848,

200

81.3

50

81.2

955)

—>gas

952) 35

- 4 2?0

( 3 3 . 66» 3 59,

dil.

(66,976)

976,1021)

Selenium Se

(T)(in3oluble)

Sec«) (soluble) **>«««.)

C

amor

°

P-

-

6

-°

Def

"

+Cl2'&

C730-1'795)

C

-

1.6

+Cl 2 ; &

Se(rapidly cooled)

gis.

-

4

+Cl 2 ; &

Se2 Se" SeO2

gas aq. c aq.

146 Se^ (317) - 112 Na2Se 236.1 -3.8 (549,976) 232 SeCl4 + H2O; (976) & 515 Na2SeO3 613 Na2SeO4 - 154 KHSe

SeO" SeOJ HSe-

aq. aq. aq.

(730.1,795) (795)

NH+ N2H4 N2H4H+ N2H4H++ HN 3 NH 3 -HNs

81.1 dil. 81.0 dil. 79.7 dil. 75.9 dil. 132.7 NH4Cl 13.6 N2H4JI2SO4 (2l, 1094) +Ba(OH) 2 27 N2H4.HC1 27 N2H4.2HC1 -228 N (163) - 84 dissoc. (163) 7 - 113 - 28.2J (21/163)

25 15 3.2 1.0 aq. aq. -

aq. aq. aq. c aq.

Formula

[

State

[

Q, kj

|

Method

|

Lit.

Formula

Nitrogen.—(Continued) HNOa HNO 8

200 ,

gas liq. œ 400 200

NH2OH

100 50 25 20 10 5 3 2 1 O aq.

NH4OH NH 2 OHJI +

200 aq.

NH 4 NO 2

NH 4 NO 3 (IV)

121

NaNO2+ (7i, 954) HCl 147.9 Hq. (55) 177.3 30.010 (SS) 208.4 extrap. 208.41 —>dil. 208.87 HNO 2 + Cl2; ( 71 ) & 208.43 dil. (63, g67,o 208.52 dil. 976) 208.67 dil. 208.5 dil. 207.9 dil. 205.2 dil. 201.2 dil. 197.3 dil. 191.0 dil. 177.3 dil. 87 NH 2 OH+ (79,330,976) HCl; & 367.5 = NH 3 aq. 126 NH2OH.HC1

C

260.1

400

240.6

N

c

368.0

-26.5**

-19.9J20; &

(71,976)

c

Tr.;1.67f2 *•

o c œ 1000 500

340.9 341.05 341.16

200

341.58

100

342.01

50 25 20 10 5 3 2.5 NHzOH.HNOs H2N2O2 N2H4HOH N 2 H 4 .HNO 3 N 2 H 4 .2HN0 3 NH 4 F

c aq. aq. c aq. aq. aq. c aq.

342.97 344.70 345.0 346.8 349.4 350.7 352.4

(45.1,234,* '

728, 1083.5)

T 1 -: 1 - 3 Ci 8 II) (45.i, 234*) Tr.; 4.3^ (45.1,234*) extrap. dil. dil. N dil.

CCl4 gas

N2H4.2HC1

NH4CLSNH3 NH 4 CLoNH 3 NH2OH.HC1 NH4ClO4 NOBr NOBr 3 NH4Br(Ii)

dil. dil. dil. dil. dil. dil. dil.

(286, 325,t

NH 4 Id) NH4I(Ii)

(762,903) (238, 64i.i,* 953,* 986,*

(NH 4 ) 2 S NH4S2 NH 4 S 4 4J2S6

NH2OH.H2SO4 N2H4-H2SO4 (NH 4 J 2 SO 3 (NH4)2SO3.H2O (NH 4 J 2 SO 4

1005.1*)

NH4Cl(II)

c

Tr.; 4.2^

(235,* 905,* 1037*)

314.2 -1G.3™Q',&

(9,49,54, 295,0 313,-j623,0 729, 834, 890,| 934,| 976, 10460)

NH4Cl(III) NH4Cl (see also p. 161)

c œ 1000 500

|

Lit.

200 100 50 25 10 c aq. c aq.

297.90 297.84 297.88 298.08 300.2 2147 192.0 383.0 357.0

N (49, so, 976«) dil. («53,f 827,0 976 dil. ) dil. dil. -22.8JJ0 (*») N; & (21) -25.9JJ 0 (*») BaCl 2 + (21, 163) N2H6SO4; & analogy dissoc.* (225, 994*) -13.8^ n (79) 4ÖU

c c c

560 805 304.5

400

290.6

c aq. gas liq. gas liq. c

327.7 -26.6^ (104) 301 N (104) 73.4 —>gas (987*) 47 +KOH; & (987*) 20 —>liq. (987*) 7 +KOH; & (987*) 270.8 ~18.6^0 C 1 1 » 562 »*

+

N

Tr.; -1.5^1 (349,922) 298.3 dil. 298.13 dil. 298.04 dil.

(79,330,976)

c 200 c c 200 c c c

Tr.; 3.2^ (235*) 252.2 N N = HCl Tr.;2.9 ( -^* (235*) 203.2 -14.9^0 ( 9 7 6 ) 188.3 N - 133 dissoc. (174) 4 948 77|2OH(200) ("io) 163 -14 (56, 237, 541,* 1025*)

992,*

c

Method

542,* 656,*

NH4HSO3 NH4HSO4

359 +O 2 (isi) 334 -25^0 (isi) 35 Na 2 N 2 O 2 (133) 264.7 8.0^0 ( 2 l ) 272.7 = N 2 H 4 aq. 235.7 N (2i) 443.9 N (2l) 467.5 -6.3 ( 4 6 4 ) 461.2 N (464,465, -229.5 +HCl; & - 53.0 +KOH; &

NS N2O3(SOs)2 NH4HS

029,0729, 827,0976, (NH 981°)

989,* 990,*

NH4Cl(I)

|

929,I 9 7 6 )

NH4Br(D

(78,976)

976)

NCl3 NOCI

N2H4.HC1

Tr.; -0.5(-v» (19,45.4, 729)

NH 4 NO 3 (Ii) NH4NO3(D (see also p. 162)

NH 4 CL-(Continued}... .

(54, 459, 729,0

234,* 286

NH 4 NO 3 (IiI)

J Q, kj

(71,976)

976, 981,o

c

State

Nitrogen.—(Continued)

10460)

NH4NO8(V)

|

(NH 2 OH) 2 -H 2 SO 4 (NH4J2S2O5 (NH 4 J 2 S 2 O 8 NSe NH4HSe (NH 4 J 2 Se

aq.

149.3

200 c aq. c aq.

231.2 135 117 133 115

C

271

aq. aq. c 800 400

235 750 1006.2 1008.5 1007.2

200 100 50 20 10 aq. c aq. c aq. c c

1006.1 1005.3 1004.8 1004.3 1002.8 1001 939 903 879.7 873.4 1178 1162.0

400

1152.1

200 100 50 30 10 c aq. c aq. c aq. c c aq. aq.

1152.4 1152.9 1153.7 1154.5 1155.6 1158 1133 1240 1314 1602 1563 - 177 102 82 163

NH3+ (NH 4 ) 2 S N +I 2 -18}3Q +I 2 -18 + !*

(56,976) (56,976) (897) (897) (897) (897) (897)

-36JJ00 ( 897) =(NH 4 ) 2 S 2 O 5 (378) (976) -0-1JJ 0 dil. (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 + (so, 976) H2SO4 dil. ( 9 7 6 ) dil. dil. dil. dil. N (79,330) +O 2 (79) "35.7JJ00 (21) -6- 4 ^ 0 (378> N (378) -18.213 (378, sos) -10.OJJj0 ( 9 7 6 ) N

(50» 224, 9760)

dil. ( 9 7 6 ) dil. dil. dil. dil. (79) ~ 2 4 - 3 9oo N -26^40 (378) N (378) - 38 Jo 0 O ( 135 °) N (1350) dissoc. (17S) 1 -21 ^00 (3SO) N (350) N (350)

Formula

|

State

|

Q, kj

|

Method

|

Lit.

Formula

Phosphorus0 Plwhite)

c

O

P(red)

C

18

P2 PO"

CS2 aq.

POJP2O5

P2Op P2H

PH3 HPO3

-

3.8 984

Def. +Br?; &

(354,447, 995*)

-3.8CS2 NaPO3

(768)

c amorp. gis. aq.

Na3PO4 P + O2 ~>c -NJ Na4P2O7

(447) (308,447) (447)

C

50

+Br 2

(628,768)

HPO-

gas c aq. aq.

HPO-

aq.

1287

Na2HPO4

H2PO-

aq.

596

NaH 2 PO 2

H2PO"

aq.

H 2 PO 4 H3PO2

aq. liq.

H 3 PO 4 .èH 2 O HPaOf H2P2O" H2P2O= H3P2OH4P2O6 H4P2O6 H4P2Oe.2H20 H4P2O;

H 4 P 2 O 7 -HH 2 O

,

1280.7

dil.

1280.3 1279.3 1277.5 1272.4 1265.9 1439.6 2260 1424.7 1608 2261 2260

dil. dil. dil. dil. dil. 15.8 Na3HP2O? 0.6 Na 2 H 2 P 2 O 5 Na2H2P2O7 NaH3P2O7

t *«)

N 31.4Ji0

(•) ( 567)

aq. c aq. c liq. Hq. c aq. liq. C

1608

-31.4+ Q 581.5+ Q 545 + Q 2215.4 2224.9 2258.1 2655 2668

890,976)

18.8

(449,450)

—>liq. 272.6J» 00

(14,847) (159,976)

PCl5

C

446

516.62J 0 0

(2,15,976)

aq.

1553

N

(162)

aq. aq.

1540 1664

N N

(162) (162)

c c c c CS2 c

254 447 107 46 59 83

302.12J00 (159,976) H C l + PH3 (237) +H 2 O; &' (159,237, 447)

P2I4 PH 3 -HI

C

50.5

Lit.

P + Br +H 2 O -12.7 P +I 14CS2 +H 2 O -20

(769) (769) (767,768) (769) (769) (769)

c amorp.

AS(brown)

amorp.

AsO=4aAs203(opaaUe)

-

O O

Def. +Cl2

(521, 795)

15

+Cl2

(177,*7 9 5 )

aq.

874

c

654

C

619

As203(octahedral)

C aq.

645 622

As2O6

c aq.

As4O6

gas

Na3AsO4 -31.5}«aOH(looi («76) -»As2O3(octa)

H 2 + As2O3* AsCl3 + H 2 O; & 911.9 25.1 937 As + Br + H 2 O; & 1121 ->As203(m0no)

( » » 6 , * 1043*)

( 9 14*) (48-1, »76) (710,976) (iss, 976) («96,* 925.1,* 941.1,* 1043*)

AsH3 AsH3.6H20 HAsO= HAsO=

gas C-i» aq. aq.

H2AsOH2AsOH 3 AsO 3 .... H3AsO4

aq. aq. aq. c

711 902 740 899.7

NaH2AsO3 NaH2AsO4 = As2O3 aq. -1.7JJ 0 ;&

aq.

898

= As2O5 aq.

C

303

As + Cl 2 ; &

AsCl3

AsI3 As2S2

Hq. c liq. c c

Sb(D

c

Sb(U,

c

AsBr3

-182 1535 656 897

182.0 194 182 60 80

+Br 2 dissoci Na2HAsO3 Na2HAsO4

->c82 250 KOH -»c I93K0H +H2*

(766,768) ( 4 2 O*)

( 9 76) (84,795,976)

( 9 g 4) (84)

(»83) (84)

(553*)

Antimony Tr.; 0.2«™

O -

9.9

(«o)

Def.

Sb(explosive)

C

+Br2; &

(288)

SbO=Sb203(prism)

aq. c

883 692

Na3SbO4 427HFuoo>

(464,465,

C

692

427HF(100)

(322, 4 6 5 ) (465, 7 1 0 )

710) SbiOsionUnary)

C

697

Na2O2; &

SbH3 H3SbO3

aq. c c aq. gas aq.

537 884 966 954.0 -145.7 698

H3SbO4

aq.

906.3

= H3SbO3 +Na 2 O 2 +Na 2 O 2 = H3SbO4 dissoc.; & SbCl3 + H 2 O; & SbCl6 + H 2 O; &

Sb2O4 Sb2O5

....

C

906

aq. aq.

899 1856.0

SbCl3

C Hq.

382.5 369.5

SbCl6

c liq.

H3SbF6

SbOCl Sb4O6Cl SbBr3

(767,768)

« Heat of mixing H3PO4 + HPOs (2»); P4 = P2 (g) (830, 943 ); PF3 +KOH: AQ = 450.7 (forms a fluorophosphoric acid) ( 12S ).

(»«S) (i«2)

Arsenic As As(biack)

SbF3

PBr8 POBr3. PH3-HBr PI3

|

(NH4)2HP04£ = (NH 4 ) 2 (HP0 4 ) (NH 4 J 3 PO 4

Sb2O3(octahedraI)

-2.2JJ 0 (567J —»c (567) 42.8 ( 4 4 7 ) 33.5 (447) +H 2 SO 4 ; & ( 4 4 7 ) 31.9 (449,450)

293 322 615.8 13o 190

Method

= (NH!|2>P04

5

gas liq. Hq. c liq.

|

+O 2 N

(566,797,

PCl3

POCl8 PHs.HCl PBr3

Q, kj 314 1419

NaH2PO3 NaH 2 PO 4 9.1}J0 ( » 7 6 )

100

50 20 9 3 1 liq. aq. c aq. aq. aq.

|

c aq.

A S 2 0 3 ( m 0 noclinic,....

400 200

220 110 55 liq. c aq. liq. c

H3PO4

962 1285 581.8

+O 2 ; & (628,768) 40.8 ( 4 4 7 ) +H 2 O ( 4 4 7 ) Na2HPO3

591.6 -0-7JJ 0 (976) 591.8 dil. 590.9 BaH 4 P 2 O 4 + ( 9 7 < J ) H2SO4 590.8 dû. (797) 588.8 dil. 587.8 dil. 945.2 12.3} J0 ( 9 ™) 958.1 0.5J^ 0 (976) 957 +Br 2 ( 9 76) 22 4 (976) 1258.6 - 2Uo n 3 1268.6 ' llQ (566»976) 1281.3 dil. 1281.0 P2O5 + aq. (447,976)

c 450 250

H3PO8

25 941.2 981.4 961

State

P3N5 NH4H2PO4 (NH4)2HPO4a JtI

1250 1531 1535.4 1555.1 2246 -

i

Phosphorus.—(Continued )

SbI3 Sb2S3(0range)

gas c c c liq. CS2 c c

(7iO) ( 7 K>) (170, 946) (464, 976; ( 97 6)

-7 20 0

(464,465)

Sb2O3 + HF SbF3 + HF

(464, 465) (464,465)

Sb + Cl2 —>C

(464,976) (982,984)

449.1 —>liq.*; & (35,* 722) 438.9 SbCl3 + Cl2; (464, 976) & 392.6 —>liq. ^ 2 32) 373.3 +HF (464,465) 1448 +HF (464,465) 257 +HF (170,466) 243.9 -»c ( 9 g 4) 8 242 15* g2 (288) 185 149

+HF (466) +Na2S; & C 1 27)

Formula

I

State

I

Q, kj

|

Method

|

Lit.

Formula

Antimony.—(Continued) Sb2S8(black)

c

150

-I-Na2S; &

(127,463, 27

»

463

Sb2S8(HIaO

(?)

132

+Na 2 S; &

O

Sb2S8ibrown)

(?)

155

+Na 2 S; &

(127,463)

)

Bismuth c c ppt.

H3BiO8 BiCl3 BiOCl

aq. c c

Bi2S8

O Def. 567 +Na 2 O 2 572+ BiCl 3 + X286 NaOH; & 716 = Bi2O3.XH2O 379.2 Bi + Cl2 367 BiCl3 + H2O

C

H2C2O4.- (Continued)...

disSOC.*

C

(«graph.) (low temp.) Qdiamond)

C

gas

-

C

C

° 638 1

C2H3O-

aq.

492

NaC2H3O2

C'

503

-9-°I5o

liq. gas 200

Def

' C

(586, 587, 588)

(705)

+O 2 +O 2

(885) (885)

2.0

— -

2 2

C(sugar) C0(i) CO

amorp. c gas

-

("••«") (885,886, 887)

10

+O2 (705) Tr.; 0.60J1Yy2-7 ( 3 4 6 ) 110.6 +O 2 ; & (81,90,322,

C2H6OC 2 H 5 OH (see also p. 162)

551,* 906,* 976, 1 1 0 2 * ) CO2

sat.

125.0

14.4*

gas

395.0

C + O2

sat.

414.9

19.9

(1049*) (308,885,886, 887)

(3, ss, 218,* 976)

CO2(On charcoal)

CO2.6H2O COC2O"

c-io aq. aq.

CH4

gas

C2H2

gas aq.

426

CO2 + C

1779 674 816.9

dissoc.* Na 2 CO 3 K 2 C 2 O4

(•")

(loie*) (958*)

(lois*)

C 4 H 4 O= HC 4 H 4 O" H 2 C 4 H 4 O 6 CdOrO H2C4H406oneSo) (H 2 C 4 H 4 O 6 ) 2 (do

40

+O 2

(709,976)

98 414 689.1

+O 2 NaHCO 2 dissoc.*; &

(ies, 976)

H2C4H4O6(J, I, or dl)

80

-227.4 - 210

+O 2

+O 2 ; & 17; &

(165,976)

(705) (153, l o i e , 1053*)

Q2H2.6H20

co

C2H4

gas

C2H6 HCOHCO-

gas aq. aq.

HCHO2

C

Hq. gas

H2CO3 CH 3 OHd) CH3OH (see also p. 162)

981 -

dissoc.

(578*)

426

-9-87joO

(56, 800, 957)

415.2 394.0

+O 2 ; & —»liq.

(164,976) (250.5,358.1)

0.7}8 Q

(68,352,976)

200

415.8

100 50 2 1 0.5 aq. c liq'. gas

415.8 415.7 415.9 415.9 415.6 701.1 251.1 213.0

|

Lit.

dil. dil. dil. dil. dil. =CO2aq. Tr.; 0.58^2 (778) +O 2 (861,948) —»liq. (250.5,546.5, 6 6 7 . 5 , 904.5, 1003.5, 1053.5)

HC2O-

aq. 33.8 16.0 7.11 4.15 2.67 1.19 0.44 aq.

259 258.0 257.7 256.6 255.4 254.4 252.9 252.0 814.8

8.4 dil. dil. dil. dil. dil. dil. dil. NaHC2O4

H2C2O4

C

824.6

+O 2 ; &

(763*) (56,68,976) (56,459,571, 571.5, 976)

(553,* 786*)

+O 2 ; &

-

amorp. amorp.

Method

H2C2O4.2H2O

(976) (759,* 976)

+ <>• +O 2

amorp.

|

-»c* -9.5^0; & -35.9^

HC2H3O2

^0 0.7

C(acetylene)

Q, kj 734.0 814 1422

(710) (976)

-

Cigas carbon) C(charcoal) Oì-free)

|

gas aq. c

Carbon0 Ctfgraph.) C(ordinary graphite)

State

Carbon.—(Continued) 553,* 786«)

Bi Bi2O8 Bi2O3-XH2O

|

CCl 4 .....

COCl2

492.6 471.4

+O 2 -»liq.

494.1

dil.

dil. dil. dil. dil. dil. dil. dil. dil. dil. NaC2H5O —»liq.

(49»68,235,* 800) (164,838) (250.5,668.5, 1072) (158,0352, 976)

100 50 20 8 4 2 1.5 1.0 0.5 C2H5OH gas

494.0 493.7 493.3 492.6 492.1 491.9 491.9 491.9 492.0 264 233.5

liq.

275.8

+O 2

(15.5,20,164, 546.5, 650.5, 848, 861)

200

286.99

dil.

(75, 223.50,

100

286.50

dil.

50 25 10.2 5.94 3.84 1.70 0.64 0.28 aq. aq. c c c

286.35 285.8 284.0 281.8 279.8 277.5 276.4 276.1 1239 1245 1263 1269.5 2541

dil. dil. dil. dil. dil. dil. dil. dil. K2C4H4O6 KHC 4 H 4 O 6 +O 2 -21.9 .-45.4

400

1247.5

-15. I»

200 100 50 20 6 c gas

1247.7 1247.8 1248.0 1248.6 1248.9

dil. dil. dil. dil. dil. Tr.îS^ 8 - 5 +H 2 ; &

liq.

138.9

gas

218

106.3

(904.5, 1053.5, 1072|)

326,652,* 827

°)

( 7 7 6) (71) (71,962)' (54,71,976)

(613) (211.5, 976)

—»gas

(667.5,848, 1003.5, 1053.5, 1 0 7 2 )

-O 2 ; &

(is,* 85,211,* 2 1 3 , 526,* 641.1,* 782,* 976)

COBr2 (CS)x CS2

liq. gas c gas

242.7 92 -(54)x - 120

-»gas dissoc.* +O 2 liq.

(44It) (358*) O 0 8 *) (is.s, 593,j 7 9 2 . 5 , 848, 1046.5)

(75) (223.5)

liq.

-

92

+O 2

(101,136,592, 976)

+KOH; &

(84, 641,* 944,

COS

gas

92

C2H5SOJ C2HeSO4

aq. aq.

904 906

CNC2N2

aq. liq. gas aq. c c

976)

(56,949,976, 1013)

0 For other compounds of carbon, see the section on Heats of Combustion, p. 162. For various reactions in C2HsOH, cf. (309, s i i ) .

NCN 3 NCN3(poiymer.)

-

146 274 296 268 39o 346

NaC2H5SO4 C2H4 + (74) H2SO4; & KCN -»gas (2«5) +O 2 (147, 976) -28 (149,496) dissoc. (304) dissoc. ( 304 )

Formula

|

State

|

Q1 kj

|

Method

|

Lit.

Formula

State

Carbon.—(Continued) CNOCsN3O-CN2HHCN

aq. aq. aq. gas liq.

145 NaCNO 558 Na3C3N3O3 - 95 NaHCN 2 -126 +O 2 ; & - 99.1 ->gas;*&

(53,976) (53,233,*

C-!5

-

Uq.*

(791,* 817*)

aq. gas aq.

-

25 +O 2 51

(53» 255) (626) (221,741,

CNCl

499,* 791*)

CH 3 NH 2

91.6

100 31 81

976)

CH 3 NHt CN 2 H 2

NH 4 CN (CHs)2NH

aq. c liq. aq. c aq. gas

-

136 36 45 52 4 14 32

|

Q, kj

Method

CH3NH3Cl +O 2 ( 6 2 6 ) ->c* (826 1 ) -I 5 JJ 0 0 («•) -18.2400Î& (70,543*) N (™) +Oa (627,741, 976)

C 2 H 6 NH 2

aq. gas

93 52

61.378o (221) +O 2 (102,027,

(CHs)3N

aq. gas

106 26

54.0 (221) +O 2 (102,627,

C3N3Cl3 CH3NH2-HCl CsN6ClH4 CNI CNSHCNS NH4CNS HSbOC4H4O6 HSbOC4H4O6.4C4H6O6...

gas

-153

741,976)

(CN 2 H 2 ) 2 HCNO NH4HCO8

2NH3-CO2

80 54.2 ( 2 2 1 ) 10.9 +O 2 (626) - 35.0 -24.115 ( 6 2 6 ) 153 +NH 4 OH (™) 850 - 28 Î2 0 o ; & C 5 0 ' 3 6 1 ) 822.7 dil. (976) 823.1 dil. 824 N; & ( 1 5 O) 824.4 dil. 650.0 -25; & (236,* 237,* 621,* 679, 685,* 8 3 4 )

CO(NH 2 ) a

aq. c

626 328.5

N; & +O 2

aq.

314.5 -14.0; &

(50,679,976) (171,331,598, 950)

( I 7 i , 789-so, 976)

NH 4 CNO (NH 4 J 2 CO 8 NH 4 CHO 2 NH4CH3CO2

NH4HC2O4 CHsNH2-H2CO3 (NH 4 J 2 C 2 O 4 (NH4)2C204.H20 (CH3NH2)2.H2C03 HCsN3OJH2C3N3OC3N3HsO3 C3N3H303.2H20 NH 4 H 2 C 3 N 3 O 3 NH4H2CsN3O3-H2O (NH 4 J 2 HCsNsO 3 (NH4)SCsN3O3 NH4HC4H4O6 (NHO2C4H4Oe

c aq. aq. c 400 c 400 200 100 50 25 10 5 2 400 aq. c 400 c aq. aq. aq. c aq. c aq. c aq. aq. 400 400 200 100 50 30 21

Lit.

liq. c aq. c c aq. aq. aq. c aq. c aq.

- 118 29 3Oo 105 -177 - 188 - 76 - 77 81 57 1461 6467

Hg(CN) 2 + ( 7 O) Cl2; & —»gas ( 70 ) +O 2 ; & ( 6 2 6 ) N ("I) +O2 (626) KCN + I ( 7 <>) -11^J0 ( 7 °) KCNS N (««) -23.712 (5S) N (»») +HF; & (468) HSbOC4H4O6 ( 46 S) + C4H6O6

Silicon Si

c amorp.

SiO2

gis.

-

Def. Si + O 2 ;&

O 4 830

SÌ + O 2

976)

aq. c aq. aq. c 400 200 100 40 c

|

Carbon.—(Continued)

308 CO(NH 2 ) 2 ; & ( 1 0 2 6 ) 282 N ( 1026 ) 935 ions 560 -12-°120 C 5 5 » 73 » 976 ) 548 N, analogy 625 1.O 2 J 0 ( 55 ) 625.9 N ( 55 ) 625.8 dil. (325,f 976) 625.4 dil. 624.9 dil. 624.0 dil. 622.3 dil. 620.1 dil. 618.6 dil. 948.7 N (73) 820 N (74M 1118 -33 (73) 1085 N ( 7 3) 1419 -48 ( 73 ) 930 N (741) 608 Na2HC3N3O3 650 NaH 2 C 3 N 3 O 3 693 +O 2 ( 6 2 6 ) 679 -13 ( 6 2 6) 1281 -28.8 ( 6 2 6 ) 781 N (626) 1114 -46.9JJ 0 ; & (626) 869 N (626) 955 N (626) 1376 N (»«) 1507 N (56) 1507.7 dil. ( 976 ) 1508.0 dil. 1509.6 dil. 1511.0 dil. 1511.9 dil.

Si

C

°*(«auartZ)

SÌ0

SÌO

Wnstobalite 16 Oor--(ôcn8tobalite16oo>

•

C

C C

Si

C

°'C/3 tridymite)

839 5

-'

+ HF

'

C

SÌO

V? cristobalite 1000,

Tr

573 0.6 __ (aauartz)

SÌ 2

° («cnstobalite 1000)

+ HF

'

C

âuart Z )

Si02

842 6

(998, 1029) (706,825, 1029) C 7 4 «, 839. 1042) <1042>

C0"'

1

^ °- 6 («crist.) ^^

838 9

+HF

'

^^

Tr

- °" 2(«crist.) ^^ Tr

''

^°^

(see also p. 106) SiO2-H2O SiO2^-6H2O) SiO 2 (C 0 H 2 O) SiH4 H4SiO4 SiF4

0.1 «* tridymite) +HF ( 7 4 O) +HF ( 7 4 O)

coll. coll. coll. gas coll. gas

826 827 825 5o 1397 1512

SiFH2SiF6

aq. 200

2289 2281

Na2SiF6 HF + SiO2

4 liq. gas liq. liq.

2264 3303 597 624 383

dil. ( 10 °0) 33 (iooo) —>liq. ( 7 f i 8) Si + Cl2; & (•*. 7 68, 998) 83J000 (84)

dissoc.; & = SiO2 œ HF + SiF4

(768, 1029) (464,465, 1000)

(464,465, 1000)

H2SiF6.4H2O SiCl4 SiBr4 Sil

<

c

116

86

Uo

SiS2Uvhite)

C

134

SiS2(yeiiow) Si3N4

c c

121 634

(NHO2SiF6

c aq.

2592 2557

SiC (C2H6O)4SiO4

c liq.

6 1309

391»

.

<84> (897)

4510 (897) SiO 2 + N 2 + (681) O2* (1 "35LoO °°2) SiF4 + (1002) NH 4 F; & O2; & ( 7 0 6 ) 90 (768)

Titanium* Ti TiO2 Tl

c c amorp.

O 910 896

Def. Ti + O 2 ; & Ti + O 2 ; &

( 7 09, loss) (709> l038)

°2(ITI) mutile) TïO* 11U2 (II)

C

P C

Tr lr

(609) \ '

TïOt a)

c

Tr.; 3. I^

(609)

TiO2(III) (anatase)

C

™>. ( I I )

C

Ti02(I) TiO2-XH2O

c coll.

TiF= H2TiF6

aq. aq.

a

• 1 ^540 " 1 ^(III)

Tr

-' 1^(6In)

Tr.; l.ogw analogy

880 + xH2O 2327 Na2TiF6 2331 TiO2.xH2O + HF

<609)

(609) ( 709 )

( 9 7 «) •

TiCl3 (brown) heat of solution 48.6, TiCl3 (blue) heat of solution 45.8 ( 207 ).

Formula TiCU HaTiCIe

| State | Q. kj | Method | Lit. Titanium.—(Continued) 242 (2 7 976) liq. 768 2ooo ° ' aq. 135o TiCh -f HCl (976) aq.

Zirconium0 e O gis. 748 ppt. aq. c c c c c c c c c c c c c c 146

Zr ZrO2 Zr(OH)4 ZrOCl2 ZrOCl2.2H20 ZrOCl2.3èH20 ZrOCl2.6H2O ZrOCl2.8H2O ZrOBr2.3èH2O ZrOBr2.8H2O ZrO(N03)2.2H20 ZrO(NOs) 2 .3H 2 O(?) ZrO(NO3)2.3èH2O ZrO(NO 3 ) 2 .6H 2 0 ZrOSO4.4H2O ZrOSO4-SO3 ZrOSO4-H2SO4 ZrC

Def. Zr + O2 ( 104 °) N (270)

67 (26») 38 (269) 3 (269) -13 (269) 37.7 ( 271 ) -8.4 (271) 9.1 (273) -2.1 (273) -8.0 (273) -24.7 (273) 43 (272) 137.2 (272) 86 (272) 8 8 ZrO-FC* t * *)

Formula Pb Pb(atick) Pb+-*-

c

Sn(tetrag )

C

Sn(8r.y)

o

Tr.;0.04(^trag) (1045)

-

O

Def.

2.2 Tr.;2.2?tetra8) (*«,*«, 698)

Sn++ Sn + +++ SnO Sn02(fu8ed) SnO-

aq. aq. c c aq.

Io 4 292 578 456

SnCl2 SnCl4 +O2 (322,708) Sn + O2; & (308) Na2SnO2 Tr.; 1.3J&0!)

SnO2(II) (cassiterite)

C

SnO2(D (cassiterite^ Sn(OH)2

c coll.

H4Sn04(fresh) SnFH2SnF6 SnCl2 SnCl2(2HCl) SnCl2.2H20 SnCl4 SnCUc2HCl)

coll. aq. aq. c aq. c liq. gas aq.

SnClH2SnCU

aq. aq.

SnBr2 SnBr2 SnBr4

c aq. liq.

Tr.; 1.9$^ ( 609 ) SnCl2 + (976) NaOH 1357 SnCl4 + KOH (976, ioi4) 1963 N = H2SiF6 1967 SnCl4 + HF (976) 339.6 1.5JJ0 (84,976) 341.1 +Zn; & (759,976) 936 " 22 ô 0 (« 4 » 185 » 9 76) 533 I25-2^ ( 84 > 97 6) 495 -»liq. (is.s, 1072) 658.2 SnCl 2 + (69,976) HClO; & 988 K2SnCl6 989 = SnCl4 + HCl 257 -7 (84,185) 251 +KCl ( 84 ) 386 ->c«i (««, 433,f

c aq. c aq. c c c c c c c c c c c c c c

398 69 467 SnCl4 + KBr 15o analogy 138 +KCl 614 +58.6HCl 678 dissoc.* 1067 dissoc.* 384 dissoc.* 487 +HCl; & 585 +HCl; & 759 dissoc.* 1069 dissoc.* 263 dissoc.* 365 +HCl; & 460 +HCl; & 637 dissoc.* 953 dissoc.* 1Oo +H2*

•

(609)

570.7

983)

SnI2 SnCl2.2^NH3 SnCU.4NHs SnCl2.9NH3 SnBr2.NH3 SnBr2.2NH3 SnBr2.3NH3 SnBr2.5NH3 SnBr2.9NH3 SnI2.NH3 SnI2.2NH3 SnI2.3NH3 SnI2.5NH3 SnI2.9NH3 SnS a

Includes 0-2 % Hafnium.

( 84 » 984) (84, sii) ( 185 ) ( 84 ) (185*) (188*) (iss*) (iss*) (iss*) (iss*) («s*) (iss*) (iss*) (i««*) C 185 *) (iss*) (iss*) (S53*)

|

Q, kj |

Method

|

Lit.

c o aq.

-

O 0.3 2

Def. +Hg* Pb(NOs) 2

( 4 39*)

PbO(red)..

C

219.6

+H 2 ;* &

(931,* 993*°f 1088*)

PbO2

c

262

+SO2; &

(274,305,* 709)

Pb2O Pb3O4 Pb(OH) 2 PbF2

PbCl2

c c ppt. C

c

214.5 +H2C2O4 729 dissoc.* 576 Pb(NOa) 2 + NaOH

(512) (620, ssi*) (58,976)

6 6 7 . 1 Pb(NOs) 2 +

(464,465)

358.5

HF Pb +Cl 2 *; & (229,230, 248,* 439,* 594,* 780)

aq.

331.1

-27.4

(55, 245,f 976)

PbCl2.PbO PbCl2.2PbO PbCl2-SPbO PbBr2

PbI2

Sn(rhom.)

State

Lead«

PbBr2.PbO PbBr2.2PbO PbBr2.3PbO

Tin

|

PbI2.HI.5H2O PbS

c c c c aq. c c c C

c ppt.

PbS04(I) PbS04(II)

c c

PbS2O3

c

PbS2O6 PbS206.4H20 PbS3O6 PbSe

aq. c c aq. ppt.

PbSeO4

c c

PbTe PbN6

c c

Pb(NOs)2

597 820 1037 277.3 235.3 501 717 935 175.1

453.2

421.3 423.5

FbCh-NHi PbCh.UNHs PbCl2.2NHs PbCl2.3iNHs PbCh.SNHs 2PbCl2-NH4Cl

c c c c c c

PbBr2.NH3 PbBr2.2NH3 PbBr2.3NH3 PbBr 2 -OfNH 3 PbBr2.8NH3 PbI 2 -INH 3 PbI2.NHs PbI2.2NH3 PbI2-SNH3 PbI2.8NHs. PbSO4.(NH4)2S04

c c c c c c c c c c c

PbHPO3

c

(229,230, 439,* 967)

" 16 JJ 0 ( 130) Pb(NOs)2 + (60, 553,907,* Na2S 976) Tr.; 17.0g«« (l°9i) 898 Pb(NOs) 2 + (976) H2SO4; & 616 Na 2 S 2 O 3 + (369) NaC2H3O2 1150 Pb + + + S2O62330 - 35 - 7 4oo ^ 976 ) 1119 -20.9 (369) 1097 ions 99 Pb(C 2 H 3 O 2 J 2 (350) + H2Se 52 +Br aq. (350) 627 Na2SeO4 + (696) Pb(NOs) 2 23 (?) +Br (35l) - 421 dissoc. (i 113)

C

Pb(NO3)2.PbO

Pb + I; &

1678 93

400 200

100 40 c

76HC1 (") 167HCl (ll) 265HCl C11) K2C4H4O6; & (229,976) -42.OjJ 00 (976) 104HBr ( 11 J 209HBr (") 316HBr ( 11 J

-31.8JJ0'

(54,959,976)

dû. PbCl 2 + (976) HNOs; & 426.7 dil. 431.8 dil. 707 Pb(NOs)2 + (976) NaOH 456 dissoc.* («4*) 506 dissoc.* (i«4*) 552 dissoc.* (184*, 335) 659 dissoc.* (184*) 1040 dissoc.* (184*) 1032.7 PbCl2 + ( 2 4 4 ) NH4Cl 388 dissoc.* (184*) 482 dissoc.* (184*, 335*) 567 dissoc.* (184*) 777 dissoc.* (184*) 977 dissoc.* (184*) 228 dissoc.* (184*) 279 dissoc.* (184*) 372 dissoc.* O 8 **) 631 dissoc.* (184*, 335*) 866 dissoc.* (184*) 2068.0 PbSO4 + (30) (NH4)2SO4 970 Na2HPO3 + ( 8 ) Pb(NOa) 2

PbCO3 « Alloys with Sn (655).

c ppt.

707 703

+HNO 8 +HNQ 3

(58,668) ( 668 * 976)

Formula

|

State

|

Q, kj

I

Method

I

Lit.

Formula

|

PbCO3-PbO PbCO3.2PbO PbC2O4

c c c

928 1151 863

Pb(CHO2)2

c aq.

859 830

Pb(CHsCO 2 ) 2

c aq.

979.3 985.4

Pb(CH3CO2)2.3H2O PbO.Pb(CH3CO2)2

c c

1867 1226

Pb(CN)2.2PbO.H20 Pb(CNS) 2

c c

523 - 120

+HNO 3 (668, iocs) dissoc.* (ioos) Pb(NOs) 2 + (58,668) K2C2O4 -29"> (*5) Pb(OH) 2 + (S5) HCHO2 5.9JJ 0 («*) PbO+ (55,976) HC2H3O2; & -23Jo0 < 55) Pb(C2H3O2J2 ( 9 ™) + NaOH; & 154 (555) HNO3 Pb(C2H4O2)2 (*«) + KCNS

c aq. c c

O 998 1385 - 179

Th(OH)4(driedppt.)

PPt.

Th3(OH)4(conden8ed)

ppt.

1360

ThCl4

c aq. c c c c c c c aq. c c c c aq. c c c aq. c c c c c c c c c c c c c (?)

1402 1641 2041 2675 3582 3882 1410 1669 1176 1470 3379 4291 4895 1334 1221 1212 1781 3812 277o 3893 5090 2069 5114 1920 2142 2297 2194 2435 2672 2864 3127 3304 3579

ThCl4.2H2O ThCl4.4H2O ThCU7H2O ThCl4.8H2O ThOCl2 ThCl3OH.H20 ThBr4 ThBr4.7H2O ThBrUOH2O ThBr4.12H2O ThOBr2 ThI4 ThOI2 ThOI2-JH2O ThI3.OH.10H2O Th(SO4)2 Th(SO4)2.4H20 Th(SO4)2.8H2O ThCl4.2NH4Cl ThCl4.2NH4C1.10H20.... ThCl4.4NH3 ThCl4.6NH3(a) [Th^NH3]Cl4(P) ThCU.7NH3(a) {Th.6NHsJCl4.NH3(/9).... ThCl4.12NH8(a) [Th.6NH3]Cl4.6NH3(/3) . . ThCl4.18NH3(a) [Th.6NH«]Cl4.12NH3(/9) Th(COa)2

1407

c O aq. 113 c 100 c 187 c 363 c 538 aq. 608 InBr3 c 407 aq. 472 InI3 c 136 aq. 280 InCUNH 3 c 675 InCl3.2NH3 c 806 InCl3.3NH3 c 934 InCl3.5NH3 c 1125 ' Indium amalgams, heat of dilution (873).

Method

InCl3.7NH3 InCl3-ISNH3 InBr3.3NH3 InBr3.5NH3 InBr3.7NH3 InBrs.lSNHs InI 3 -NH 3 InI3.2NH3 InUSNH 3 InI3.7NH3 InI3.9NH3 InI3.13NH3 InI3.21NHa

c c c c c c c c c c c c c

1288 2246 797 10Ot 1170 1810 367 486 826 1012 1176 1491 2101

|

Lit.

dissoc.* dissoc.* 72HC1<22) 129HC1(22) 228nci(22) dissoc.* dissoc.* 59HC1(22) 116HCK»2) 194HC1(22) dissoc.* dissoc.* dissoc.*

(io98*) (io98*) (1098*) (io98*) (i«98*) (» °98*) (io98*) (io98*) O 098 *) (1098*) (io98*) (1098*) O °98*) ("45)

Thallium« c c aq. aq, c

O 4 - 123 176.4

Tr; 0.212^ Def. TlOH TlBr3 -12.9JJ 0

(268,1028) (6")

TlOH

C

238.0

-13.2^5

+HCl

(268)

+HCl

(268)

Tl(OH) 3 TlF HTlF2 TlCl

Def. ThCl4 Th + O2 dissoc.

23716; & (268, 1028) Th + HCl (268) 171.9 (268) 109.8 (268) 61 (268) 47.9 (2«8) 117.8 (268) 199 (268) 293.7 (268) ions ( 2 6 8 ) 94.4 ( 2 6 8 ) 41.2 (268) 10 ' (268) 117.0 (268) ions (268) 90.1 (268) 42 (268) 35.3 (268) ions 21 (591) -31 ( 591 ) 166.6 (268) -16 (268) 258HC1 ( 268 ) 306.0HC1 C 268 ) 148HCI ( 268 ) 346.3HC1 ( 268 ) 142.9HC1 (268) 585HC1 (268) 392HC1 (268) 896HC1 (268) 719HC1 (268) ThSO4.4H2O ( 591 ) + K2CO3

Indiuma In In+++ In2O3 InCl InCl2 InCl3

| Q, kj |

T1(I) T1(II). Tl+ Tl+++ Tl2O

Thorium Th Th++++ (?) ThO2 ThH4

State

Indium.—(Continued)

Lead.—(Continued)

TlCl3 T1C13.4H2O TlBr TlBr3 TlBr3.4H2O TlBr2Cl TlBr2CUH2O TlI Tl2S

aq. c aq. c c c

Tl2SO4

c 800 200

Tl2Se Tl2Te TlN3 TlN03a) T1N03(II) T1N03(III) TlC1.3NHi TlBr.SNHa T1I.3NH» TlOC2H6 TlC2H3O2 TlONC

224.8 +HCl 607.1 +HBr 323.5 N 637.4 HF + TlF 203.8 Tl +PbCl2*; & 161 -42JS00 337.9 +35.3800 373.2 ions 1527.1 -8.93oo 171.8 Tl2SO4 + HBr; & 236.1 +SO2 1390.2 -9.44so 282 TlBr3 + TlCl3 1438.9 -12.I330 126.0 Tl2SO4 + HI 92 Na2S + TlNO3 911.4 -34.6j|00 876.8 N; & 878.2

dil.

(422,976)

(976) ( 9 ™) (422,793) ( 7 9 3) (439,* 976) (972) ( 9 7 «) ( 9 ^)

( 9 ™) ( 9 7 «) (972) (972) (976) ( 9 7 «) ( 9 7 «) ( 9 7 «) ( 9 7 «) (422,976)

+Br (3S1) TlC2H3O2 + H2Se ( 3S1 ) c 30 +Br («*) c -229 dissoc. (II13) 1 c Tr; 3.2 ^ (234*) c Tr;1.0^n) (234*) c 246.1 -41.7JJ 0 ( 97 *) aq. 204.4 N ( 9 7 6) c 431 dissoc.* (* 9 «) c 398 dissoc.* ( 196 ) c 353 dissoc.* 0 9 «) c 230 -2.2 (423.5) C2H5OH 232 Tl + C2H6OH (423.5) aq. 488 N; & ( 4 2 2 ) c - 109 dissoc. (ll1*) c ppt.

5o 5o

Zinc6 Zn

Def. InCl3 +O 2 (315) + K B r + Cl2 (1099*) +KBr + Cl2 (1099*) In + Cl2 O °99*) 71 HCI (22) (1098*> 65HC1(22) (1098*) ions 44HC1(22) (10M*) ions 64HC1(22) (1098*) 66HCl(22) (1098*) 70HCK«) (»«»«*) 144HC1(22) (1Q98*)

.

aq. c aq. 800 caq. c aq. c c

(26,976)

c gas

O —131

Def —»C*

(329,*

460,*

516,*

517,*

536,*

657,*

693,*

792,*

876,* 1069*)

Zn++ ZnO(fUSed)

aq. c

153 353

ZnSO4 Zn + O 2 ; &

(444) (16,95,307, 308, 3 1 5 , 3 2 3 , 359, 3 9 0 , 4 9 0 , 659, 666, 7 1 1 ,

730.5,1067)

ZnOdow temp.)

c

349

105.6H2SO4UWO); ( 3 9 °» 6 5 8 ' 6 6 6 )

&

<> Tl 2 SO 4 -IONH 3 (343). Thallium amalgams ( 860 ' 87 °» » 7 3). 6 For heat of dissociation of the ammines of various zinc salts, v. (335, 339, 341). Alloys with Sn («".).

Formula

|

State

|

Q, kj |

Method

|

Lit.

Formula

Zn(OH) 2 C?) Zn(OH) 2

c amorp.

Zn(OH) 2 .H 2 O(ordin.ppt.).. ZnO2.2H2O ZnO.HH2O ZnsO6.2H2O ZnF2 ZnCl2

amorp. c c c aq. c 400

663 79H2SO4(2oo) 642.3 ZnSO4 + KOH;

&

( 390 > 717)

858, 872, 919, 933, 1087,* 1099)

ZnCl2.3Zn0.5H20 ZnCl2.4ZnO.llH2O ZnCl2.5Zn0.8H20 ZnCh.8ZnO.10H20 ZnBr2 ZnBr2.4ZnO.13H20 ZnI 2 ZnI 2 .5ZnO.llH 2 O ZnS ZnSO2 ZnSO4

480.8 477.3 471.0 461.9 456.4 448.6 2952 5040 4536 6188 326 389

c c 650 c c ppt.

5517 208 257 3935 192 173

aq. c

616 960.5

dil. < 9 7«) dil. dil. dil. dil. dil. 257HCl O1) 321HCl C 11 ) 400HCi C 11 ) 621HC1 (1M 62.9 (11,976) ZnSO 4 + (Si 1,976) BaBr2; & 326HBr C 11 ) 49; & * (loss, 1093*) Zn + I2 («os«) 484HI (966) +Na 2 O 2 (7««) Zn(C 2 H 3 O 2 ) 2 (60,976) + H2S; & Zn + SO2 (78) 77.6JJ 0 (458,694,* 976)

ZnSO4-H2O ZnSO4.6H2O

400

1038.1

200

1038.1

100 50 20 c c

1038.0 1037.8 1036.4 1282.4 2759

|

Q, kj |

Method

+NaOH; & dil.

dil. dil. dil. 41 8 - JJ 0 - 3 - 5 JJ 0

ZnBr2.2NH3 ZnBr2.4NH3

c c

644 849

dissoc.* dissoc.*; &

c c c c c c c c ppt.

1032 1319 345 471 695 878 2735 3962 809

c

1562

dissoc.* 153nBr dissoc.* dissoc.* 93.6HIî & dissoc.* dissoc.* -55 ZnSO 4 + Na2CO3 ZnSO4 + K2C2O4 326HCi; & 17JJ0 ZnSO4 + NaCHO2 "10JJS0 41*J0 Ba(C2H3O2)2 + ZnSO4; & dil. dil. dil. 29JJ0 ISjJ 0 14HC1 95HC1 358HF(2o%) 416HF
( 9 76) (390,976)

ZnBr2.6NH3 ZnBr2.6NH3.H2O ZnI2.NH3 ZnI2.2NH3 ZnI 2 .4NH 3 ZnI 2 .6NH 3 Zn(NH 4 ) 2 (S0 4 ) 2 .2H 2 0.... Zn(NH 4 ) 2 (SO 4 ) 2 .6H 2 O... . ZnCO3 ZnC2O4.2H20 Zn(C2Hs)2 Zn(CHO 2 J 2

liq. c 250

31 961 978

Zn(CH02)2.2H20 Zn(C2H3O2J2

c c 400

1560 1093 1134.1

200 100 50 c c c c c gis. c c c c c

1130.4 1126.0 1120.9 1392 1689 68 167 1199 1450 1487 25 54 17 21

Zn(C2H302)2.H20 Zn(C2H3O2)2.2H2O Zn(CN) 2 3Zn(CN) 2 .ZnO ZnSiO3 Zn2SiO4 ZnSn2.0 ZnSn0.6 ZnSno-21 ZnSn0.!

c

3059.2

-17.9JJ0

(429,458, 694, 976)

ZnS2O4 ZnS2Oe ZnS2Oe-OH2P ZnSe •''...

aq. 400 c c ppt.

818 1301 3028.0 140 131

ZnTe ZnN 6 Zn(NOs) 2

c c 400 200 100 50 20 15 10 3 c c c c c c

139 -213 569.6 569.7 569.9 570.2 570.0 569.0 565.2 556 1450 2311.1 566 693.2 884 1068

ions ions -9.4 +Br 2 Zn(C 2 HsO 2 ) 2 + Na2Se +Br dissoc. ions dil. dil. dil. dil. dil. dil. extrap. ->liq. -24.5JJ0 dissoc.* +HCl; & +HCl; & +HCl; &

c c c c c c c c

1370 1231 757 3254 3478 3822 5639 514

dissoc.* 196HC1 57.5Hcl(ioo) 40HC1 27 68HCl 400HC1 dissoc.*

Zn(NOs)2.3H2O Zn(N03)2.6H20 ZnCl2-NH3 ZnCh.2NH3 ZnCl2.4NH3 ZnCl2.6NH3

-

Cd(a) Cd(j8)

c c

-

g

-

O 0.23

Def. a*

112

-»a*

Cd(NOs)2 Cd + O ; &

Cd++ CdO

aq. c

73 273

Cd(OH)2(ordin. ppt.)

PPt.

559

(« 93 »* 339 *) ( « « » 193 » 332 »* (193*) C 11 ) ( l93 *) (« 93 *) C 193 »* 966 > (193,* 339) (2"*) (334,458) ( 58 ) (««) ( 467 ) ( 5S ) ( 5S ) < 55) ( ss ) (55,976)

(55) ( 5S ) (152, sss) C 152 ' 55S ) ( 74 °) ( 74 °) ( 74 °) ( S11 ) (S11) (SU) ( 511 )

CdF2 CdCIa

1200 c

721.9 389.2

(443*) (228,* 329,* 370,* 657,* 792,* 881,* 1069*)

(285) (Sis, 7is, 730.5)

( 9 76) ( 35 °) ( 35 °)

CdSO4 + ( 9 7«) KOH; & CdCl2 + AgF (793) 13-OjJ0 (197,283, t

( 3 Si) (1113)

858, 869, 871, 976)

("«)

(H°5) (732,976) O 93 *) (193,* 539) (193,* 539) (i93,*222,*

CdCl2.H2O. CdCl2.2£H2O CdCl2.4H2O CdCl2.2HC1.7H20 CdCl2.CdO.H2O CdBr2

400

402.1

dil.

200 100 50 20

401.3 400.6 400.1 397.6

dil. dil. dil. dil.

10

390.7

dil.

(193,* 334*) (««) (1M t 11 ) (««) (1M (J1) (193*)

( 9 76)

(283,976)

c c c c c c 400

685.5 1129.9 1938 2744 988 317.2 319

+ 2 -6jJ 0 -12.3JJ 0 J(Sc dissoc.* -1OjJ 56jj5a 1.8JJ0 Cd + Br; &

c

1494.1

-30.5jJQ

( 9 76)

(810°) (283,o* 969*) (1020*) («oo) ( 9 «*) ( 9 7«) (su, 754,

c c 400

911 202.5 198.5

60 0 - HBr Cd + I 2 ; & 4 - -°Jo9o

(966)

976)

339,* 539*)

ZnCl2-IONH3 ZnCh.5NH3.H2O ZnCh.2NH3.iH2O ZnCl2.ZnO.8NH4Cl 3ZnCl2.6NH4Cl.H2O. . . . 3ZnCl2-ZnO. 1ONH 4 Cl.... 6ZnCl2.ZnO.12NH3 ZnBr 2 -NH 8

Lit.

Cadmium"

( 9 7 «) (*58, 976*) ( 287 . 355,

-

429,* 749,*° 880,* 9 7 6 )

ZnSO4.7H2O

|

334*)

(390,976)

928.5 -J-H2SO4 (39°) 1056 62.2 H 2804(200) ( 39 °) 454 64. Sn2SO4C2Oo) ( 39e ) 1543 201.4H2SO4(2oo) ( 39 °) 804.8 ZnCl2 4- AgF (793) 416.6 65.8JJ 0 (32, su, 976) 482.4 Zn +HGl; & (188,197,

200 100 50 20 10 5 c c c c c 400

{ State

Zinc.—(Continued )

Zinc.—(Continued )

CdBr2.4H2O CdBr2.CdO.H20 CdI2

(284,* 969*) (284,29i,* 976)

« Cd(ClO3)2.6NH3, Cd(ClO3)2.4NHs, Cd(IOs)2.4NH3; heat of dissoc. (3*i*). Alloys with Pb, Sn («ss).

Formula

|

State

|

Q, kj

|

Method

|

Lit.

Formula

CdI2-CdO-H2O CdS

CdSO4

CdSO4.2.67H20

c c ppt.

756 142 145

108.2^1 +Na 2 O 2 CdSO4 + Na2S 912.0 44.7JS 0 ; & 956.72 dil. 955.9 +BaCl2; & 955.24 dil. 954.40 dil. 952.20 dil. 950.81 dil. 948.86 dil. 945.37 dil. 1709.2 10-6^0

c 400 200 100 50 30.6 20.6 15.6 13.6 c

H2HgCl4

(»e«) (™5) (»76)

aq.

1221

CdSe

ppt.

9o (?)

CdTe CdN 6 ... Cd(NOa) 2

c . c c 400

7o 66 -445 489.9

c c c c c c c c c ^ c * c c c c c c c c c c c PPt.

758.6 1655.7 510 630 806 1651 991 1292 1729 438 552 917 1383 1485 410 779 1126 1307 1497 11 17 748

Cd(NOa) 2 -H 2 O Cd(NOa) 2 .4H 2 0 CdCl2-NH3 CdCl2.2NH3 CdCl2.4NH3 CdCl2.4NH4Cl CdCl2.6NH3 CdCl 2 -IONH 3 2CdCl2.2NH4Cl.H20 CdBr 2 -NH 3 CdBr2.2NH3 CdBr2-ONH3 CdBr2.12NH3 2CdBr 2 .2NH 4 Br.H>O.. . . CdI2.2NH3 CdI2.6NH3 2CdI2.2NH4I.H2O CdSO4.4NH3 CdSO4.6NH3 CdSb Cd3Sb2 CdCO3 Cd(CN) 2 . Cd(ONC) 2 Cd(CN) 2 -CdO-OH 2 O CdZn(o.36) CdZn{1.28) CdZn(4.«i)

Hg

c c c c c c

- 154 - 151 1955 15 - 29 - 25

Mercury» liq. O

Hg++ Hg2^+ HgO(red).

HgO(yeiiow) Hg20.1

-

aq. aq.

- 174 - 168

C

PPt. c

60.2

91

87 90

C 525 ' 544 »*

BaS 2 O 6 + (976) CdSO4 CdSO4 + ( 3 50) Na2Se +Br (350) +Br ( 3 Si) dissoc. ( 1113 ) CdSO 4 + (976) Ba(NOs) 2 17 -5j* 0 C976) -21.1Jg0 (976) dissoc.* (iosi*) 35 8 (966 1081 } - HCi ' * dissoc.* (losi*) -57.5^ (»««) dissoc.* (334,* iosi*) dissoc.* (iosi*) -44.9" (966, i o s i ) dissoc.* (iosi*) 32 5 - HBr (»««. 10«») dissoc.* (332*) dissoc.* (losi*) 6 -60' ( 9 6«) 8 5OJj J; & ( 9 ««*) dissoc.* (332*) -66.Qi8 ( 9 ««) dissoc.* (335*) dissoc.* (335,* 538*) +Br 2 (i««) +Br 2 0*«) CdSO4 + Na2CO3; & ( 976 ) 35fr02g04; & C 5 5 5 ) dissoc. (1113) 53H2SO45 & (555) +Br 2 (Sii) +Br2 («") +Br 2 («H)

Def. -»liq.

Hg2Ch

c aq. PPt.

223.6 210 263.7

599.5,792.5)

Hg(NOs) 2 Hg 2 (NOs) 2 +Hg 2 ; &

HgCl2 + KOH; & Hg2Cl2 + KOH;

HgCl2

&

-13.9JjJ 0 +KI; & +KI; &

(242,1008)

(los, 976) (976,1008)

(«,811,976) («9, 976) (439,* 637,* 976,

1008,

1065*)

HgCl2-HgO c 317 59|jCI C11»12) 131 HgCl2.2HgO c 409 HCl C 11 » 12 ) 210 HgCl2-SHgO c 496 Hd C11»12) HgCl2.4HgO c 583 289HCl ("»12) 0 Amalgams, cf. other metals. Amalgams with Sn, Cd, Bi, Pb, v. ( 65 S). In <«73), Tl ( 8 7 0 , 8 7 3 ) .

I

Q, kj

|

Method

|

Lit.

aq.

548

HCl + HgCl2 (754, 976,

HgBr2

c

174

Hg + Br2; & (754, 976,

Hg2Br2

aq. ppt.

156 206

HgBr2-HgO HgBr2.2HgO HgBr2.3HgO HgBr2.4HgO (?). H2HgBr4 HgI2(red)

c c c c Ï500 c

270 360 453 524 424 106

HgI2(yeiiow) Hg2I2(yeiiow) Hg2I2(yeliow-green)

c c ppt.

H 2 HgI 4

aq.

1008)

(29Qo } ( 290 »°t 5 2 5 ) ( 9 ™) ( 5 2 5 t)

(460.5, 584.5, gas

State

1008)

941t)

CdS2Oe

I

Mercury.— (Continued)

Cadmium.—(Continued)

"14KB1. +Br; &

<106) (754,976, 1008)

HgS(red)

HgScred) HgS(black) HgSO4 Hg2SO4

C11'12) HBr C 11 » 12 ) 430 5 - HBr C 11 » 12 ) 572 HBr C11'12) HgBr2 + HBr (i° 7 , i on ) Hg + I + KI; (i°° 8 ) & 93 Tr.; 13^ (loi, 104) 120.8 +KI; & (1O08) 120.2 Tr.; 0.6(êllow); O™ 8 ) & 357.1 HgI2 + HI (786, ioos)

C

45.6

amorp. amorp. c 4H2SO4(100) c

148 5 - HBr 291

HgS(black)

45.4 HgS(black) 44 HgCl2 + H2S 680 +HCl; & 701 HgSO4 + H2SO4 718.1 +KI; &

O008)

( 1008 ) ( 60 ) O008) (i° 08 ) (292, sos, 1008)

3HgO-SO3 HgS04.2H2S04

HgSe Hg 2 (Ns) 2 Hg(NOs) 2 Hg 2 (NOa) 2 Hg 2 (NOs) 2 Hg2(NO3)2.2H20 (Hg(NOs) 2 ) 2 .H 2 0 Hg(NO 3 ) 2 .2HgO.H 2 0.... (Hg2N)2O (Hg 2 N) 2 O-H 2 O (Hg2N)20.4H20 (Hg 2 N) 2 O-SH 2 O (NHg 2 Cl) 2 -H 2 O

38H2SO4C200) ( 1 0 0 8 ) HgSO 4 + (i° 0 8 ) H2SO4 200 1569.4 HgSO 4 + (K><> 8 ) H2SO4 c 17 +Br (350,786*) ppt. 22 HgCl 2 + Na2Se (350, 786*) c -408 dissoc. (176, ms) aq. 243 +NaOH ( 9 76) aq. 249.0 Hg 2 (NOs) 2 + ( 9 76) KCl HNO 3 (IOO) 245.6 Hg 2 (NOs) 2 .(976, ioos) 2H2O + c 870 HNO 3 ; & (»76, ioos) -52gN03; & c 100

899 1566.6

c c c aq. c c c c

(NHg 2 CLH 2 O) 2 HgCl2.2NH3 HgCl2-SNH3 HgCl2.9£NH3 Hg2Cl2.2NH3 NHg2CLNH4Cl NHg2C1.3NH4Cl (NHg 2 Cl) 2 .NH 3 NHg 2 CLNH 3 (NHg 2 Cl) 2 -HgCl 2 HgBr2.2NH3 HgBr2.8NHs (NH 4 ) 2 .HgBr 4

c c c c c c c c c c c c 1500

NHg2Br (NHg 2 Br) 2 -HgBr 2 (NHg2Br)4-HgBr2 NHg 2 Br-NH 4 Br NHg2Br.3NH4Br HgI 2 -INH 3 HgI2.2NH3 HgI2-SNH3 HgC2O4 Hg(C2H302)2

c c c c c c c c c c aq.

782 1029 - 322 - 307 23 870 1582 23o 531 527 932 1046 475 592 1212 47 66 201 398 817 670 -

62 91 15 238 789 181 301 610 670 829 812

-5.9 4 HNO 3 î ( 1008 ) & 16HNO3; & ( 1008 ) 63224KCN ( 43S ) +KCN (435) 61924KCN (43S) 58724KCN ( 435 ) 57724KCN ( 43S ) N2Hg4O.4H2O (435) + HCl 51424KCN ( 435 ) 43HC1(8); & (i° 8 i*) dissoc.* (i 08V*) dissoc.* (i08i*) dissoc.* ( 2 2 2 > 537) 22824KCN ( 43S ) 20424KCN ( 435 ) 5OS24KCN ( 43S ) dissoc.* (435) 67924KCN ( 43S ) 85KCN(i6) (iosi*) dissoc.* (losi*) NH 4 Br+ (1012) HgBr2 25324KCN ( 43S ) +KCN (435) 109724KCN ( 43S ) 21O24KCN ( 43S ) +KCN (435) dissoc.* (I08i* } 90KCN(i6) (iosi*) dissoc.* (iosi*) 2 O- 4 HCl(IOO) ("4) - 17 JJ 0 <114> HCl: & (H4)

Formula

|

State

|

Q, kj

|

Method

1

Lit.

Formula

HgH2(C2H3O2)4 Hg 2 (C 2 H 8 O 2 ) 2 Hg(C2H302)2.HgO Hg(CN) 2

Hg(CN)^ Hg(C2N2O2)

aq.

1807

c c

851 916

C

-

aq. aq. c

260

- 272 - 515 - 270

HC 2 H 3 O 2 + (n*) Hg(C2H3O2)2 +KI; & (ioos) Hg(C2H3O2)2 (ioos) + KOH -13

Hg(CN) 2 .NH 4 Cl Hg(CN) 2 .NH 4 Cl.|H 2 0... Hg(CN) 2 -NH 4 Br Hg(CN) 2 .NH 4 Br.H 2 0.... Hg(CN) 2 .NHJ Hg(CN) 2 .NHJ.iH 2 0.... Hg(CNS)2

c c 400 600 c aq. 500 c 500 c 500 c c

HgSn*

liq.

- 164 -653 - 256 - 248 - 38 - 61 26 272 18 312 75 48 -211

CuCl2.-(Continued) ....

57HC1 (555) O.Snci ( 5 *5) mix. (****) mix. (1009) -23H (106) mix. (106) mix. (i°09) -31.6 (1009) mix. (1009) -43.9 (1009) mix. ( 1 Oo*) -51.3 (1009) HgCl 2 + ("S) KCNS dû.* (513,873,

Hq. liq. liq. liq. c

-

11.3 10.5 11.0 11 0.2

H g + Pb* dil.* dil.* dil.* H g + Pb*

(««) (862,* 960) («62) ( 8 «2) (241,* 439,*

liq. liq. 4400 8400 4800 1000 c 1000 c liq. c 4400 8400 4800 600 c 600 1000 c 100 c

-

9.4 9.7 556 713 957 60 1999 150 2226 2.1 23.7 485 640 809 131 742 49 223 933 339 2043

Zn + Hg* dil. mix. mix. mix. mix. -56.O** mix. -87" C d + Hg* Cd + Hg* mix. mix. mix. mix. -39" mix. mix. -52i* . mix. -93"

(»6'*) ( 862 *) (1012) (1012) (1012) (»009) (ioo9) (1009) (1009) («63,* 960) (443,* 534*) (1012) (1012) (1OiZ) (ioo9) (ioo9) (1009) (1009) (1009) (i«09) (loo»)

Def. CuCl2 H2SO4; &

(16, 416, 557,

505*)

Hg32Zn Hg66Zn HgBr2.ZnBr2 2HgBr2-ZnBr2 HgBr2.2ZnBr2 Hg(CN) 2 .ZnCl 2 Hg(CN) 2 .ZnCl 2 .7H 2 0.... Hg(CN) 2 .ZnBr 2 Hg(CN) 2 .ZnBr 2 .8H 2 O .. . Hg66Cd HgCd (10% amalgam).. HgBr2.CdBr2 2HgBr2. CdBr2 HgBr2.2CdBr2 Hg(CN)2.CdCl2 Hg(CN) 2 .CdCl 2 .2H 2 0.... Hg(CN)2.CdBr2 2Hg(CN)2.CdBr2 Hg(CN) 2 .CdBr 2 .3H 2 O.. . 2Hg(CN)2-CdI2 2Hg(CN)2.CdI2.8H20... .

-

-

-

Copper* Cu Cu++ CuO

c 400 c

-

O 69 146

713, 902, 976, 993,* 1055*) ClI2O

C

Cu(OH)2(biue) Cu(OH)2(green)

PPt. PPt.

3CuO.H20(brown)

PPt.

CuF2 CuCl

400 c

167

disSOC.;* &

(16,322,874,* 976, 993*)

438.2 439.3

+H2SO4; & 60.5ij8N03

(416,976) (^*, 9 02)

66' 0 HNO 3

(416'902)

730

585 136

HCl

109

Method

-27^HCl

(91»759»780)

CuO + HCl;

257.6

Cu(ClOs)2

400

93

|

Lit.

254.6 250.9 247.5 240.6 816.2

CuCl2.3CuO HCuCl3 CuCl2.3CuO.-

c 550 c

672 439 1909

c c 400

103 134 168

c c c

1319 1532 66

dil.

dil. dil. dil. dil. 15-5JJ 0

( 51 »

91

»

75

M

879,976) (51,849,1 97

«)

( 312 't 900 ' 976)

Ba(ClOs) 2 + CuSO4 230HC1 CuCl2 + HCl 138HC1

(976)

N;& ^S0 CuSO 4 + BaBr2; & -6 136nBr CuSO4 + K I ; & +NH 3 analogy ions

(215,* 976) (»01,0976) (511,876, 97 «) ( 901 ) (901) (»1,215,* 976 )

O °3) (759) ( 103 )

4H2O(atacamite).

CuBr CuBr2

CuBr2.4H2O CuBr2.3Cu(OH)2 CuI CuI2

c

13

aq.

38

CuS

C

Cu2S(D

c

Cu2S(II)

C

CuSO4

c

48.6

34

Cu + S

Tr.; 3.8^ 79.4

748.0

Cu + S

66.5JU0; &

(976,1027)

( 4S ' S ) (4,* 60, 830,* 1027)

(360.5, 458, 810,o 910, 976,

CuSO4.H2O

1058*)

dil.

800

814.6

200

814.4

CuCl 2 +

(51,976)

814.1 813.9 1061.6

H2SO4; & dil. dil. 39.11J0

C976) (976) (32 o,* 458,

100 60 c

910, 920,

976)

CuSO4.3H2O CuSO4.5H2O

c c

1281 2257.1

+H2O;* & -11.7JJ0;*

7

( *i*) (320,360.5, 429,* 4 5 8 , 630,* 810,

909, 9 7 6 )

726 1071 2523 92o 1581 2o

88 (844) ions (9?6) -20-54oo +CuO*; & ( 85 O*) 20In2SO4 ( 902 ) Cu(£52HsO2)2 ( 35 °) + H2Se TT.S4.7»!0) ( 45 - 5 ) +Br ("O) +KOH (696) -11.1 (696) +Br (351) dis80C (ms) 43 8 - 280 ( 482 ) Ba(NOs) 2 + (416,976) CuSO4; &

Cu2SO4 CuS2O6 CuS2O6-SH2O CuSO4-CuO CuSO4.3CuO.4H2O CuSe

c aq. c c c ppt.

Cu2Se(I) Cu2Seai) CuSeO4 CuSeO4.5H2O Cu2Te CuN 3 Cu(NOs) 2

c c 400 c c c c 200

31 538 1980 17 -238 303 346.5

100

346.7

Cu(NO3)2.3H2O Cu(NOs) 2 -OH 2 O

50 20 15 12 10 c c

347.2 347.4 346.6 345.4 343.5 1216 2108.4

dil. dil. dil. dil. dil. -IO18 ~44.8jJ 0

Cu(NOs) 2 .3CuO.3H 2 O... [Cu.4NH 3 ]+ + ...

c 400

1711 329

[Cu.6NHsl++

500

501

142HNO3 (902) CuSO 4 + (224) NH 3 ; & CuSO 4 + (224) NH3; &

552,* 759,*

c 215.2 46.5JJ 0 (900,976) 800 262.0 dil. I 400 261.6 diL " CuTl2(SO4)2.6H2O, heat of dissociation (261). Heat of dissociation of ammines of Cu(IOs)2; CuS4O6; Cu(CNS) 2 ; Cu(ClOs)2; Cu(NOs) 2 ; CuS2O6; Cu(ClO4J2; CuC2O4; Cu(HCO2)2; Cu(C2H3O2J2 (340). Alloys with Cd, Ag (913).

|

259.5

CuCl2.2H20

780, 9 7 6 )

CuCl2

Q, kj

50 30 20 10 c

CuCl2 + AgF ( 793 ) Cu2O + HCl; (««»* 328,* &

200 100

960)

HgC30Pb HgiooPb Hg260Pb HgioooPb HgPb2

|

&

(53,976)

HgCl2 + KCN (ios, 976) Na 2 Hg(CN) 4 dissoc. (172,1097, 1113)

Hg(CN) 2 -HgO 3Hg(CN) 2 -HgO Hg(CN) 2 .NH 4 CN Hg(CN) 2 .2NH 4 CN Hg(CN) 2 .HgCl 2

1 State

Copper.-— (Continued)

Mercury.—(Continued)

dil.

(51,432,976)

( 9 02) (902,976)

Formula

|

State

|

Q, kj

|

Method

|

Lit._

Formula

[Cu-SNH3]++

600

(Cu.l2NH 3 ]++

900

Cu0.28NH3

CuCLNH 3 CuCl2.2NH3 CuCl2.2NH4Cl CuCl2.2NHs-iH20 CuCl2.5NH3 CuCl2.2NH4C1.2H20 CuCUNH3 CuCl 2 .3£NH 3 .. CuCla.4NH3 CuCl2.4NH3.2H20 CuCl2.5NH3.|H2O CuCl2.5NHs.l№0 CuCl2.6NH3 CuCl2-IONH8 2CuC1.3NH3 CuBr.NHs CuBr2.2NH3 CuBr.3NH3 CuBr2.3èNHs CuBr2.5NH3 CuBr 2 -IONH 3 2CuBr.3NH3 CuLeNH 3 CuLNH 3 . CuI.2NH3 CuI.3NH3 CuI 2 .2NH 3 CuI 2 -SfNH 3 CuI2-SNH3 CuI 2 -IONH 3 CuSO 4 -NH 3 CuS04.2NH3 CuS04.(NH4)2S04 CuS04.(NH4)2S04.2H20.. CuSO4. (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 .6H 2 O.. CuS04.4NH3 CuS04.4NH3.1.5H20 CuSO4-ONH3 CuS04.6NH3 (?) CuSO4-ONH3 CuSO4-SNH3 CuS04.12NH3 Cu3Sb CuCO3 Cu(CH0 2 ) 2

3000

1500 500 c c c c c c c c aq. c c c aq. c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c aq. c c c aq. aq. aq. c ppt.

Cu(C2H302)2.H20 CuCh.CO.2H2O

c aq. c c aq. c c

Cu(C 2 H 6 S0 4 ) 2

aq.

Cu(CHO2)2.4H2O Cu(C 2 H 3 0 2 ) 2

CuCN

c

CuONC Cu3Sn Cu2Zn3

c c c

|

State

I

Q, kj

[

Method

667

CuSO4-I- ( 2 2 4 ) NH3; & 995 CuSO 4 + ( 2 2 4 ) NH3; & 245.2 Cu(OH) 2 -f (224) NH3; & 245.1 dil. 244.7 dil. 251.1 dissoc.* (196,* eso*) 493 33.3Hci; & (224, ioso*) 827 20^0 (224) 561 Ui 2 NH 3 (224) 793 dissoc.* (ioso*) 1393 -26 (224) 428 dissoc.* (196,* eso*) 632 -23NH3 (224,335*) 660 mix. ( 2 2 4 ) 1293 -522NH3 (224) 929 -39 (224) 1217 -40 (224) 832 mix. (224) 182 dissoc.* (ioso*) 601 dissoc.* (196,* eso) 210 dissoc.* O 9 «*) 402 20HCl(2o) (io«o*) 389 dissoc.* (196,* eso) 550 dissoc.* (i 08°*) 716 dissoc.* (ioso*) 1108 dissoc.* (ioso*) 521 dissoc.* (196,* eso) 122 dissoc.* 0»«*) 176 dissoc.* (196*) 268 dissoc.* (196,* eso) 358 dissoc.* (196,* 650) 277 +NH 3 * (ioso*) 420 +Br(ioso) 591 dissoc.* (ioso*) 963 dissoc.* (loso*) 891 9227NH3 (224) 1018 4626NH3 (224) 1925 41.214 (224) 2493 dissoc.* (*«*) 3728 -44.4 (355,458) 1235 -7.6 24N H 3 ;& (224,335*) 1215 mix. ( 2 2 4 ) 1682 30NH3 ( 2 2 4) 1343 dissoc.* (335*) 1346 +NH 3 ( 2 2 4 ) 1386 mix. ( 2 2 4 ) 1551 mix. (224) 1879 mix. ( 2 2 4 ) 10 +Br 2 O 8 «) 592 CuSO 4 + (58) K 2 CO 3 751 2.2ij> 0 (55) 753 N (55) . (55) 1930 -33oS0 898 10j;o (5S) 908 +Ba(OH) 2 '(97B) 1193 0.7JJ 0 (55,976) 1000C?) CuCl + HCl (495) + CO 1785 Ba(C 2 H 5 SO 4 ) 2 (»76) + CuSO4 -117 Hg(CN) 2 + (1007) CuI - 99 dissoc. ( 1113 ) 33 +Br (isi, s i i ) 67 +Br (28, isi, 432,

Ag+ Ag2O

oo c

-

104 AgNO3 29.1 dissoc.;*&

c

12

+Br

(isi, 186)

Silver» Ag

c

Ag(ppt. by Cu) a

PPt.

(il, 144, MS, 713,

Ag2O2 AgF AgF(red) AgF.H2O AgF.2H20 AgF.4H2O Ag2F AgF.HF AgCl

c c amorp. 400 c c c c aq. ppt.

22.6 +HClO4; & 203.8 18.010 203.8 1816 221.8 +HCl; & 504.3 3.610 «00.4 -610 1387.1 -20.613 210.5 11.5 546.6 mix. 126.6 +Hg;* &

Def.

4(?)|

+Hg

439,* 494,* 594, 635,* 760,* 1065*) C

128

+PbCl2*

(239,* 552,* 572,* 594,* 857, 1065*)

Ag 2 Cl(?) AgClO3 AgClO4 AgBr

aq. c c aq. c aq. c

-

68 conductivity* (695*) 130 +KCN ( 4 70) 7 -31.5 (371) 24 ions; & ( 38 *) 51.2 9.1 (253) 60.3 +HCl; & ( 1094 ) 99.8 Ag + Br; & (58, 573, t 584,* 594,* 976,

Agin)

Tr.; 5.32}«)

(«••».

1036) 66

°»

1084)

AgI(H)

ppt.

62.5 Ag + I ; &

(230,367, 439,* 442,* 570,* 584, 594,* 9 6 7 , f 968,

3AgI.HI.7H2O Ag2S(D

c c

2256

Ag2SaI)

C

Ag2SO4

c

1036)

10

-9 Tr.; 4.OJ17J5)

( <>) ( 451 » S53'

21

AgNO3+

695

H2S; & +KOH; &

(62,362,* 9

786*)

76) (146, 665,* 976)

Ag2S2Os (?) Ag(S 2 Os) 2 +++ Ag2S2Oe Ag2S2Oe.2H20 AgSe Ag2Se(D Ag2Se(Ii) Ag2SeO4 AgN 3 AgNO 2 AgNO3(I) AgNO3(Ii) AgNO3

aq. c aq. aq. c ppt. c c c c c aq. c c 400

676 +KOH; & (976) (?) (3«9) 1159 Na3Ag(S2Os)2 ( 369 ) 938 ions (9?6) 967 ~ 43 - 4 ìoo 4.0 AgC 2 H 3 O 2 + (3so, 786*) H2Se Tr.; 6.9^ ( 45 -5) 4.0 +Br2 (350) 401 AgNO 3 + (* 9 «) K2SeO4 -277 dissoc. (1113) 53 -37 (55,71) 15 ions ( 5S , 71) Tr.; 2.4^ ( 234 *) 126 -22.9J8 Q ;& (795,976 103.2 +HCl; & (58,124,546,* 734, 783,* 976)

Ag 2 N 2 O 2 Ag(NHs)+. AgNO 3 -NH 3 AgNOs.2NHs

c aq. c c

-

122 104 251 358

N (169) AgClO4.2NH3 dissoc.* ( 33 7) -37.9 (154, 253, 337,* 5 5 4 )

aq.

320

ions; &

(i54, 253, 554, 561, 626)

AgNO3.3NH3

c

444

aq.

401

aq. c c

829 224 271

(141)

For heat of solution of various silver salts of organic acids, v. (600, 889); organic ammines of silver ( 561 ); alloys with Cd ( 913 ). Ammines with AgBrO3, AgClO8, AgNO2, AgMnO4 ( 33 7).

976)

0° 94 ) ( 481 ) (481) (465,793) ( 481 ) (481) (464,481) (4«s) (464) (no, 230,367,

-43.7

(253,327,* 554,

I

O -

Lit.

581,* 641.1,*

511)

Cu2Cd3

|

Silver.—(Continued )

Copper.—(Continued)

Ag(NHs) 8 OH AgCLNH 3 AgCLUNH 3

AgNO 3 + NH 3 ; & Ag2O + NH 3 dissoc.* dissoc.*; &

560)

( 2 5 3) O 54) ( 195 ) (i95, 539)

Formula

|

State

|

Q, kj

|

Method

|

Formula

Lit.

|

AgCLSNH8 AgClO4.2NH3 AgC104.3NH3 AgBr.NHa AgBr.HNHs AgBr.3NH3 AgLeNH 3 AgLNH 3 .. AgLIeNH 3 AgL2NH 3 AgL3NH3 Ag2C2 Ag2CO8

e c 2000 c 3000 c c c c c c c c c

405 323 277 406 359 190 234 357 110 151 189 226 301 - 351

c

506

ppt.

49o

Ag2C2O4

c

668

Ag2C4H4O6

c

1047

AgC2H3O2

c

406

Ag2C2-AgCl 2Ag2C2-AgCl Ag2C2.AgI Ag*C2.2AgI Ag2C2-Ag2SO4

aq. c c c c c

388 - 210 547 - 215 - 282 357

2Ag2C2-Ag2SO4 AgCN

c c

57 -140

aq. aq. c c c

- 245 - 403 -209 - 181 99

Ag(CN)Ag(CN)= Ag2(CN)2 AgONC AgCNO Ag2C2-AgNO8 Ag3CaN3O8 AgCN.NHa AgC2H6NH+

aq.

- 205

c

374

c aq.

33 148

AgH2C3N3O3

c

AgCLCH 3 NH 2 AgBr-CH3NH2 AgLCH 3 NH 2 AgCNS

c c c c

600.6 209 182 151 - 88

aq. c

- 177 1402

Ag3Hg4

C

3.0

AgLPbI2 AgLCuI AgL2CuI

c c c

Au(£)

c

AgSbOC4H4Oe

dissoc.*; & -44.8 +HCl -46.8 +HCl dissoc.* dissoc.* dissoc.* dissoc.*; & dissoc.*; & dissoc.*; & dissoc.*; & dissoc.*; & C2H2 + AgNO3.2NH3 AgNO 3 + K2CO3; & AgNO3 + K2CO3; & K2C2O4+ AgNO 3 AgNO 3 + K2C4H4O8 -18.4 N 49 97 53J1^1 58.0jj8cl C2H2+ Ag2SO4 164HC1 AgNO 3 + KCN; & KAg(CN) 2 K 2 Ag(CN) 3

80.6HCi;& dissoc. AgNO 3 + KCNO Ag2C2 + AgNO 3 ; & Na3C3N3O3 + NH3 + AgNO 3 dissoc.* Ag++ C2H5NHAgNO 3 + NaH2C3N3O3 dissoc.* dissoc. dissoc. AgNO 3 + HCNS -89* AgNO 3 + KSbOC4H4Oe +Hg

(19S»539) («3) ( 2 «) (2«3) (2S3) ( 195 *) ( s «°*) ( 560 *) (195,* seo) («s*) ( 195 *) (»»s*) ( 195 *) C1") ( 58 ) 58

( ) 56

( ) <*•) (ss, 457, eoo, sstf) ( 5 S) (»53) O53) (isa) ( 153 ) <«») ( 153 ) (113,976, 1011 ) (»76) ( 626 ) (1113 ( 626 ) (l 53 ) (

626

O

Au2O3 Au(OH) 3 AuCl

c ppt. c

AuCl2 (?)

c

-

(•") (sso*) (sso*) ( 550 *) ( 55S ) 583

( ) ( 468 )

Q, kj

|

Method

|

Lit.

Def. AuCb +

54 418 43

H2SOa Na2O2 +HCl aq. +HCl; &

79

+HCl

c

113

+ 18 - 6 JSo

( 679 »* 787 » 798,* 976)

aq. aq. c aq.

132 316 711 316

c c c c c

1189 1485 19 34 56

AuBrJ

aq. aq.

41 192

AuHBr 4 AuHBr4.5H20 AuI AuCLNH 3 AuC1.2NH3 AuCLoNH 3 AuBr.NHs AuBr.2NH3. AuBr.3NH3 AuBr.4NH3 AuBr.6NH 3 AuLNH 3 AuI.2NH 3 AuLSNH 3 AuLONH 3 AuLSNH 3 Au(CN) 2 AuSn AuZn AuCd AuHgioo

aq. c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c aq. Hg Hg Hg liq.

AuCl^ AuCl3.2H20 AuHCl4 AuHCl4.3H2O AuHCl4.4H2O AuBr AuBr2 (?) AuBr3

+HBr N = ^H 2 PtCIe (9?6) -7- 1 JUo AuCl3 aq. + ( 97 «) HCl -14.9 ( 976 ) (976) -24ô +HBr; & (698,976) +HBr ( 7 9 «) -15.7JJ00 C 338 '* 698 '* 976)

192 1872 4 192 297 600 155 256 337 416 575 105 190 282 521 614 - 226 50 60 4o 8

+HBr; & ( 9 7 «) N = ^H2PtCl6 +SO2; & ( 97 S) (9?6) ~ 47 - 7 ìooo +H2SO3; & ( 9 7 «) 122KCN(7o) ( l078 ) dissoc.* (338*) 97KCN(7o) O 078 *) 103KCN(To) (i°78*) 93KCN(7o> 0°78*) dissoc.* (1078*) dissoc.* (1078*) dissoc.* (io?8*) 84KCN(7o) (i<> 78 *) dissoc.* (1078*) dissoc.* (1078*) dissoc.* (1078*) dissoc.* (1078*) KAu(CN) 2 Sn + AuHg ( 96 °) Zn + AUHK ( 96 °) Cd + AuHg ( 96 °) Au + Hg (960)

Osmium Os OsO4

c c liq.« gas

Ir IrO2 IrCl2

IrCl3

c c c c c

Pt

c

O 391 376.8 334

PtH (?)

C

80

Pt(OH)2 PtCl PtCl 2 ... PtCl3 PtCU

ppt. c c c c aq. aq. c aq. aq. aq. c c c aq. aq. aq. aq. c c aq.

367 7o 15o 21o 262 343 511 1782 693 510 693 1040 2392 168 209 376 483 483 3071 7o 218

Def. +O 2 ->c*° ->c*

(1031) (1031) (103l*)

("«)

( 713 ) (976) (338,* 679,* (796)

!

O 21 86 170 253

Def. dissoc.* dissoc.* dissoc.* dissoc.*

(1064*) (iosa*) O 059*) (ios9*)

Platinum

(142,649)

787,* 9 7 6 )

OAgCuCl 4 , beat of dissociation (780.5).

|

Iridium (seo*) (***)

Gold* «(«

AuCl8

)

Tr.; -10.7 (45.2) Tr.; - 12.3 (45.2) Tr.; - 36.3 (*5.2)

*•(«) ,ta. A n Q u - « > , > < ? >

State

Gold.—(Continued)

Silver.—(Continued)

PtClPtCh.5H2O PtCl= H2PtCl4 H2PtCl6 HPtCl5.2H2O H2PtCle.6H20 PtBr4 PtBrPtBrH2PtBr6 H2PtBr6.9H2O PtI4 PtI"

O

Def. Pt + H 2

(115,356)

+HCHO2 ( 9 7 6 ) dissoc.* (loso*) dissoc.* (1060*) dissoc.* (1060*) 104yci(3oo) (sis, loeo*) +HCl ( 8 15) K2PtCl4 -7.7400 ( 815 ) K2PtCl6 N = H2PtCl6 +NaOH; & (815,976) 60.0HC1 ( 815 ) 18.2600 ^ 815 ) 41iooo ( 81S ) +Co; & ( 8 15) K2PtBr4 K2PtBr6 N = H2PtCIe -12.0 (8I5) SlNaI ( 816 ) Na2PtIe

Formula

|

State

| Q, kj

I

Method

(

Lit.

Formula

Platinum.—(Continued) Pt(NH8)Pt(NH 3 MOH) 2 (NH4)2PtCl4

aq. aq. c aq. c

419 875 812 777 500

PtCl2.4NH3

c aq.

766 749

PtCl2.4NH3.H2O PtCl2-SNH3 PtI2.2NH3 PtI2.4NH3 PtI2.6NH3 Pt(NHa) 4 SO 4 Ag2PtCIe

c c c c c aq. c

1071 855 Q 226 + Q 396 + Q 1303.4 544

Ag 2 PtBr 6 . . . /

c

407

Ru RuO 2 .. RuCl8

c c c

PtCh.2NH8

Ruthénium O 220 263

Pt(NHiO4Cl2 N . (976) -35.2 (976) ions PtCl2 + NH 3 ; (540) & analogy = PtCl2.4NH3.H20 -36.7 (»76) dissoc.* (343*) dissoc.* (343*) dissoc.* (343*) N (976) H 2 PtCl 0 + ( 815 ) AgNO3 H2PtBr6 + (*i 5 ) AgNO 3 Def. dissoc.* dissoc.*

(852*) (852,* lose*)

Palladium Pd PdO Pd2H

O Def. 90 dissoc.* 74.2 H 2 + Pd; &

c c c

|

(1054*) (357,445,*

MnCl2.2H20 MnCl2.4H20 MnBr2 MnBr3 (?) MnI2 MnS

ppt.

384

Pd(OH)4 PdCl2 PdCl= PdClH2PdCl4 H2PdCl6 PdBr2 PdBrPdI2 PdI2.H2O

ppt. c aq. aq. aq. aq. c aq. c ppt.

703 182 532 707 531 709 117 367 75 374

c

441

c c c c

662 309 509 -205

PdCl2.2NH3 PdCh.4NH3 PdI2.2NH3 PdI2.4NH3 Pd(CN)2

x

.

K 2 PdCl 4 + (556,976) KOH; & K2PdCl6 + (»76) KOH + KC1 (556,976) K2PdCl4 K2PdCl6 +KOH (976) N = H2PtCl6 Pd + Br; & (556) K2PdBr4 PdI2 + H2O analogy K2PdCl4 + (556, 976j KI; & . PdCl2 + (««) NH 3 ; & +HCl; & (540) PdI2 + NH3 ("O) +HI; & (540) K 2 PdCl 4 + (556) KCN; &

Manganèse0 Mn ( a ) Mn (0)

c c

Mntfrom amalgam)

amorp.

Mn++ Mn+++ MnO MnO2

aq. aq. c c amorp. amorp.

MnO2(hydrated ppt.) Mn2O8 MnOMn8O4 HMnO 4 .... Mn(OH) 2

'...

c aq. c aq. ppt.

Mn(OH) 3

ppt.

MnF2 MnF3 MnCl2

aq. aq. c 400 100

O -

15

Tr.; 5.5»» 0 Def. +HCl

0°69) (472)

208 10s 38o 525 5Oo 485

MnCl2 MnBr 3 +O 2 (619) dissoc.; & ( 619 ) +Na 2 O 2 (712) KMnO 4 + ( 9 76) MnSO4; & 950 +O 2 ; & (*99) 516 KMnO 4 1372 Mn + O (619,893) 516 N=HCl ( 9 76) 684 MnSO 4 + (976) KOH; & 920 MnF 3 + (793) NaOH 862 AgF + MnCl2 (793) 1090 ions 471.6 67.Oj^ 0 (976) 539 dil. (976) 537 Mn + HCl (472, 976)

" MnCl2(conc.) + nHCl(Conc.) + Cl2(gas) = MnCh.nHCl; AQ = 9.2 (99). MnCl2.2H2O, NH4Cl solid solutions, v. ( 3 7 I). Manganèse sait ammines ( 3 3 2 > 335).

c c c aq. aq. aq. ppt. c

MnSO4

C

400

MnSO4.H2O MnSO4.5H20 MnSO4.7H20 MnS2O6 MnS2Oe.6H20 MnSe MnN 6 Mn(NO 3 J 2

736*)

Pd(OH) 2

State

|

Q, kj |

Method

|

Lit.

Manganese.—(Continued)

Mn(NO3)2.3H2O Mn(N03)2.6H20 MnCl2.NH3 MnCl2.2NH3 MnCl 2 .2NH 4 C1.2H 2 0.... MnCl2.6NH3 MnBr2.NH3 MnBr2.2NH3 MnBr2.2NH4Br MnBr2.6NH3 MnSO4. (NH4)2SO4.6H2O. Mn 8 (PO 4 ) 2

200 100 50 20 c c c 400 c ppt. c c c 400 6 3 c c c c c c c c 400 c c coll.

c Mn8C

c

1076 1677 380 447 456 320 198 25o(?) 1034

34.33oo (371,900) 6.4JJ 0 (976) 67(analogy) ions Mn + Br ( 3 5 O) ions MnSO 4 + (60,976) Na2S; & Mn + S (1019) 57

-74?0

(458,976)

1092.3

H 2 SO 4 + (976) MnCl2; & 1092.6 dil. 1091.9 dil. 1091.2 dil. 1090.1 dil. 32 6 (976) 1345 - Joo 2523 0.2JJ 0 (219,458,976) 3117 dissoc.* («») 1355 ions (9?6) 3081 - 8 ^ 1 JoO 114(?) MnSO 4 + ( 3 5 O) Na2Se 100 +Br 2 ( 3 5 °) - 386 dissoc. 0113) 5 (482) 570 S- 1 JJ 0 624 Ba(NOs) 2 + analogy MnSO4 615.6 -*c (nos) 613 analogy (nos) 1499 ->liq. (7S2) 2367 - 25 - 7 JS 0 <976) 608 dissoc.* (««*) 733 dissoc.* (i 90*) 1730 -23.8 ("I) 1125 dissoc.* (190,* 332*) 518 dissoc.* (190*) 649 dissoc.* ( 19 O*) 700 mix. 0 0 ^) 1072 dissoc.* (190,* 334*) 4002 -41 ( 4 5 S) 3081 MnCl2 + O29) Na2HPO4 3068 MnCl2 + O 29 , ses, Na2HPO4; & 5 6 9 ) 52 +O 2 (619,893, 997)

MnCO8

c ppt.

891 872

MnC2O4

ppt.

1086

Mn(CH02)2

c aq. c c aq. c c gis.

1014 1033 1617 1142 1194 2331 1253 1217

8400 4400 4400

773 616 1075 Iron0

Mn(CH02)2.2H2O Mn(C2H3Os)2 Mn(C2H302)2.4H20 MnSiO3 MnBr2.2HgBr2 MnBr2.HgBr2 2MnBr2.HgBr2

+O2 (619, lois) MnCl2 + (", 976) K2CO3; & MnCl 2 + ( 5S ) K2C2O4 IgJJ0 ( 55 ) +KOH ( 55 ) (5S) -12^0 SlJJ 0 ( 9 7 6 ) N (55) 7j« fl (976) 222.1(20% HF) ( 7 4 °) MnCO 3 + (619, 740, SiO2 i° 19 ) mix. (i o 12 ) mix. (1012) mix. (1012)

Def.

Fe(a)

c

Fe03)

c

Tr.; 1.3$

("1,774,

Fe ( < y ) ....

c

Tr.; 1.4$

(«", en.

O

936, 1 0 7 1 )

774, 8 1 8 )

0

Fe 2 O 3 ; heat of hydration (717). Reciprocal heat of mixing of Fe2(SO4)a solutions with Cu(NOs) 2 ; Zn(Ac) 2 ; Zn(NOs) 2 ; MnCl2; Mn(Ac) 2 ; FeSO4; MnSO4 (51, 69). Heat of dissociation of ammines of FeBr2 and FeI2; Fe2(SO4)3.12NH3; FeBr3.6NH3; FeCls.6NH3; FeS04.6NH3; K2FeCl6-ONH3; heat of dissociation (335,

343)

Formula

|

State

|

Q, kj

|

Method

|

Formula

Lit.

Fe(5)

c

Tr.; 0.42^°°

(« 9 7 » 818 » 819 > 1069)

Fe++ Fe+++ FeO

aq. aq. c

87 40 268

FeCl2 FeCl3 -f H 2 ;* &

+Na 2 O 2

C

798

Fe3O4(fU8ed).

c

1113

Fe3O4(IID (magnetite)

C

Fe(OH)2

ppt.

Fe(OH)3

ppt.

FeF2 FeF3

1200 150

FeCl 2 .... : FeCl2.2H2O FeCl2.4H20 FeCl3

1200 c 400 c c c 1000

FeCl3.2.5H2O FeCls.6H20 Fe(ClOa)3

200 100 50 20 c c 600

FeCl3.2HCl

500

FeBr2 FeBr3 FeI2 FeI3 FeS

aq. 1000 aq. 1000 c

1117

+Na 2 O 2

568.6

FeCl 2 + NaOH 826 FeCl3 + NaOH 741 FeCl2 + AgF 1015 FeCl3 + AgF; & 1018 FeCl3 + AgF 342.6 74.9^ Q 417.5 Fe + HCl 953 36^0

Fe2(C2O4)S

(715)

Fe(C2HsO2)3

c 100 400 1800

775 2553 2552 1495

Fe(CN)=Fe(CN)=" Fe 4 (Fe(CN) 6 )S

600 300 aq. aq. ppt.

1500 1501 -613 - 510 - 1335

FeCO(CN)=Fe 2 CO(CN) 5 HFe(CN)= HFe(CN)=H 2 Fe(CN)H 2 Fe(CN)= H 3 Fe(CN) 6 H 3 Fe(CN)-

aq. c aq. aq. aq. aq. aq. aq.

- 181 -393 -614 -510 -617 -511 -620 - 511

H 4 Fe(CN) 6

c aq.

-514 - 512

(NH4)4Fe(CN)6 (NH 4 ) 4 Fe(CN) 6 .3H 2 0.... H3FeCO(CN)5 H 3 FeCO(CN) 6 -H 2 O H 4 Fe(CN) 6 . (C 2 Hs) 2 O.... Fe3Si

aq. c aq. c c c

18 904 - 181 83

(976) (793) C793) (74°» 793 ) C793) (976) ( 869 > 9 7 6 ) C 898 )

(898) U- 5 Jo 0 133 (624) FeCl2 + ( 898 » 9 7 6 ) HClO; & 532 dil. C624) 528 dil. 515 dil. 430 dil. ( 793 ) 1163 88^00 (»98, 900) 2229 24^00 ( 898 > 9 <>0) 282 Ba(ClOa) 2 + ( 9 7 6 ) Fe 2 (SO 4 ) 3 864.4 FeCl 2 + (793,976) HClO; & 326 ions 398 ions; & ( 35 °) 199 ions 207 ions 96.5 Fe + S; & (sss,* 662,

1550 403 536

98

FeSO4 + Na2S

FeS(natural)

C

8o

+Na 2 O 2

FeS2(pyrite)

c

149

Na 2 O 2 ; &

149

+Na 2 O 2

FeS2(marcasite)

FeSO4

C

FeSO4.H2O FeSO4.4H2O FeSO4.7H2O

c 400 200 c c c

909.1 970.7 970.5 1226.1 2109.4 2992.7

Fe2(SO4)S

1200

2685.8

Fe2(SO4)8.3H2SO4

400 300 150 50 1200

2685 2684 2682 2661 5302

-

80

c ppt.

80 60

FeTe FeNOFe(NOs)Z Fe(NO«)s

c aq. aq. 800 200

32 40 503 663 667

Lit.

62.36JJ0 +HCl +HCl; & 31 5 - 2oo 6.7JJ 0 -18-1^0

(715)

( 577 »* 7 1 S ) (715)

(417,976) (976) (976) (41?)

(417) (289,417,

Fe2(SO4)3 + (69,822,* BaCl2; & 961,976) dil. ( 51 » 624, 976) dil. dil. dil. Fe2(SO4)3 + (« 9 ) H2SO4 +Br (350) FeSO4 + (350) Na2S +Br (351) FeNOSO4 ions N (55) dil.

Na2CO3 + ( 58 ) FeSO4 dissoc.* (618*) +KOH; & («24) +KOH; & (624) Ba(C 2 H 3 O 2 ) 2 (51,976) + Fe2(SO4)S dil. ( 51 ) dil.; & ( 70 ) K 3 Fe(CN) 6 K 4 Fe(CN) 6 K 3 Fe(CN) 6 + (™) FeSO4; & K 3 FeCO(CN) 6 +O 2 (744) K 2 HFe(CN) 6 K 3 HFe(CN) 6 KH 2 Fe(CN) 6 K 2 H 2 Fe(CN) 6 N ( S5S ) KH 3 Fe(CN) 6 1 7 ^ J 0 V * (2??) H 3 Fe(CN) 6 + ( 7 0 , 2 7 7 , 5 5 5 ) Br2; & N (555) -28" ( 5 SS) 22^00 (744) +O 2 ( 744 ) 255 (2?7) KOH +O 2 ; & (258,259,

775,997)

FeSiO3

c

1107

ZnFe(CN) 6

c

- 167

FeCO 3 + (618, 619, 1 SiO2; & Oi8) K 4 Fe(CN) 6 + (555) ZnSO4 I

Cobalt«

( 60 » 97 *)

458,976)

FeSe

|

-38i50 ( 55 ) FeCl2 + NO; (437,661) & 483 dissoc.* (19°) 614 dissoc.* (19°) 1027 dissoc.* (332) 923 FeSO4 + NO ( 43 T, 6«i) 3881 -41 ( 458 ) 1919 mix. ( 51 ) 5423 -69 ( 48 -*) 19.25 +CO2;* & (69l,* 892,*

779)

ppt.

Method

908,* 9 9 7 )

892)

Tr.; 0.47^ Tr.; 2.44^

c c

|

3276 372

(609, i o 4 i ) (*<>9)

(34.5, sos, 327,* 715,

Fe3O4(I) Fe3O4(ID

c aq.

75o

Tr.; 4^.^ ( 6 1 8 )

Fe + 0 ; &

Fe(NO3)s.9H2O FeNOCl2

ppt.

(618, 6 1 9 , 7 1 5 , 912,* 993*)

Fe203(ordinary)

Q, kj

FeCO3

912,* 9 7 7 ,

802

|

c c c aq. c 1000 c c

993*)

amorp.

State

FeCl2-NH3 FeCl2.2NH3 FeCl2.6NH3 FeNOSO4 FeSO4.(NH4)2SO4.6H2O . Fe 2 (SO 4 )S-(NHe) 2 SO 4 NH4Fe(S04)2.12H20 Fe3C

C 327 »* 618' 7 1 5 , 893,*

Fe2O3(calcined)

[

Iron.—(Continued)

Iron.—( Continued)

Co(II) Co(1) Co++ CoO

Co3O4 Co(OH) 2 .....

c c aq.

69

C

241

amorp. c ppt.

210 806 537

Co(OH) 3

ppt.

CoF2 CoCl2

aq. c 400 c c c aq. c aq. ppt. ppt. 800 200

CoCl2.2H20 CoCl2.6H2O CoBr2 CoBr2.6H2O CoI2 CoS Co2Ss CoSO4

O

Def. Tr.; 0.33^° («l», 1069) CoCl2 +O 2

+Na 2 O 2 +Na 2 O 2 CoSO 4 + NaOH; & 918 Co(OH) 2 + NaOCl; & 723.2 CoCl2 + AgF 77 2 322.0 - 4 5o 399.2 C o + HCl 41 2 930.3 - "0 2128.2 -11.9JJJ0 230 77; & 307 Co + Br2 2030 -5.4 179 ions; & 83 Na 2 S+ CoSO4 167 (?) analogy 942.0 +HCl 941.6 +HCl

(322,372,712)

( 712 ) ( 7 12) ( 9 7 «) ( 9 ?6) (793) ^976) (isi, 976) (9 0) ° ( 9 ™) ( 3 Oi) (soi, sso) ( 3 «i) (8l5) (553,976) ( 976 ) ( 9 7 6)

o CoI2 ammines, heat of dissociation (i» 3 , 19°). CoCl3-(NHs)6, heat of dissociation (18°). CoSO4 ammines, heat of dissociation (335). CoSO4(NH4)2SO4.6H2O, heat of dissociation (262).

Formula

) State

|

Q, kj

|

Method

|

Lit.

Formula

Cobalt—(Continued) CoS04.7H2O CoSe

c c ppt.

2960 56 48

Co(N03)2.6H20 [Co.5NH3.H20]+++

c c 3 aq. c aq.

48 436 470 486 2223 747

[Co.5NH3.NO3]++

aq.

667

[Co.5NH8.NOa](NO,)2...

c aq.

1146 1084

[Co.5NH3.H20](N03)3...

c aq.

1437 1372

CoCh.NH3 CoCl2.2NH3(a rose) lCo.5NH3.Cl]++

c c aq.

457 581 613

(Co.5NH3.Cl]Cl2

c aq.

996 943

c

1000

CoTe Co(NO8H

CoCh.6NH3

c aq.

1265 1238

CoBrz.NHs CoBr2.2NH3 (NH4J2CoBr4

c c aq.

367 503 904.2

[Co.5NH3.Br]++

aq.

575

[Co.5NH3.Br]Br2

c aq.

867 814

CoBr2.6NH3 [Co.5NH3.H2O]Br3

c c aq.

963 1145 1107

Co(C2H6SO4)2

aq.

1872

*CoBr2.HgBr2 CoBr2.HgBr2 2CoBr21HgBr2

4200 4400 4800

316 475 791

-14-98?o (976) +Br2 ( 35 °) Na2Se -f ( 3 «0) CoSO* +Br2 ( 35 M A)JJ0 (*82) -»c O 105 ) ions -20^0 ( 976) [Co.5NH3.H2O](NOa)3 [Co.5NH3.NO3](NOs)2 -62.42* (602) +Na2S = ( 602 ) Co2S3 + etc. -64.42« (602) +Na 2 S = (602) Co2S3 + etc. dissoc.;* & (183*) dissoc.* ( 183 ) [Co.5NH3.Cl] Cl2 -52.025 (602) +Na2S = ( 602 ) Co2S3 + etc. dissoc.* ( 183 »* 190 »* -27.025 (602) +Na 2 S = (602) Co2S3 + dissoc.* (183*) dissoc.* (i«a*) CoBr 2 + (*oi2) NH4Br [Co.5NH3.Br]Br2 -53.02« (602) +Na2S = ( 602 ) Co2S3 + etc. dissoc.* ( 18 M 334 ) -38.6*5 (602) +Na 2 S = (««») Co2S3 + etc. CoSO 4 + ( 976 ) Ba(C2H6S04)2 mix. (ioi2) mix. (1012) mix. (1012)

Nickel« Ni(a) Ni(/J)

c c

O

Def. Tr.; 0.33^

(6io, 611, sis, 1041,1045,

1069)

Ni + + NiO

aq. c

64 242

NiCl2 Ni + O;*&

(322,712,784, 894, 993,* 1055*)

NiSO 4 + ( 976 ) KOH; & Ni(OH) 3 ppt. 823 Ni(OH) 2 + (»76) NaOCl NiF2 aq. 717.3 NiCl2 + AgF (740,793) (976) NiCl2 c 313.8 8°-24oo 800 394.5 dil. 400 394.1 Ni + HCl ( 976 ) 200 393.4 dil. ( 976 ) 100 392.5 dil. 50 391.2 dil. 20 386.7 dil. NiCl2.2H2O c 92.3 43JJ0 ( 9 °0) NiCh.6H2O c 2115.7 -4.8^0 ( 976 ) NiBr2 c 223 79; & ( 3 Oi) aq. 303 ions; & (soi, 350) NiBrg.SHgO c 1160 I1O ( 30 M «For other ammines (iao, 333, 34l). NiSO4(NH4)2SO4.6H2O, heat of dissociation C 262 ). Ni(OH)2

ppt.

543.2

State

|

Q, kj I

Method

J

Lit.

Nickel.—(Continued)

332)

[Co.5NH3.H20]Ch

|

NiI2 NiS

aq. ppt.

175 87

NiSO4

400

950.2

NiS04.7H2O NiS2Oe NiS2Oe.6H2O NiSe

c aq. c c ppt.

2971.8 1214 2941 56 62

NiTe NiN6-H2O Ni(NOs) 2

c c c 400 c c c c c c c c c

45 - 133 430 479 2227.5 450 575 1041 356 488 928 - 16o - 97.3

Ni(N03)2.6H2O NiCh.NHs NiCl2.2NH3 NiCl2.6NH3 NiBr2.NH3 NiBr2.2NH3 NiBr2.6NH3 Ni3C Ni(CN)2

ions NiSO4 + Na2S NiCl 2 + H2SO4 -17-8J90 ions -10^4J0 +Br NiSO4 + Na2Se +Br dissoc. 49J|0 ions ~31-3Îoo 74HCi; & 82Hdî & 185Hci; & dissoc.* dissoc.* dissoc.* +O 2 NiSO 4 +

( 976 ) ( 976 ) (976)

(9?6)

(3*0) ( 3 SO) ( 3 SO) (m 3 ) (*82) (9?6)

( 182 ) ( 182 > 3 3 2 t) ( 182 » 3 3 2 t) ( 190 t) O90I) ( 19 M 3 3 4 t) (*9<) (ioio, i o i i )

KCN; &

Ni(CN)NiBr2.2HgBr2.. 2NiBr2.HgBr2

aq. 4200 4400

- 338.4 628 470

K 2 Ni(CN) 4 mix. mix.

(1012) (i o 12 )

(845) (307,64S)

Tungsten0 W W(wire, WO2

c c c

O O 528

Def. W + 02 WO3 + H2*

WO3

C

801

W + O2; &

(307,645,707, 730.5, 1 0 3 9 )

W2O8 H2WO4

c c aq.

1302 1172 1172

(««») (530*) («2°)

W03.H2Os

aq.

1363

WO3.2H2O2

aq.

1514

WO8-SH2Oa

aq.

2126

+H2O dissoc.* Na2WO4 + H2SO4 H 2 WO 4 + H2O2 H 2 WO 4 + H2O2 H 2 WO 4 + H2O2

U UO2 UOj+. UO 3 ... U3O8 UO3.iH2O U03.H20 UO 3 .lfH 2 O U03.2H20 UO4.2H2O

c c aq. c c c c c c c

O 1074 1010 1214 3537 1357 1520 1672 1820 1841

UO2-Cl2

aq.

1340

U02.Ch.H20 UO2SO4

c aq.

1600 1881

U02S04.3H20 UO 2 (NOa) 2

c c aq.

2720 1348 1427

UO 2 CNOs) 2 -H 2 O U02(N03)2.2H20 U02(N03)2.3H20

c c c

1663 1979 2278

Def. +Na 2 O 2 UO2Cl2 +Na 2 O 2 +Na 2 O 2 ; & dissoe.* 62.1HNO3UOO) diasoc.* 51.8HNO3(ioo) H2O2+ UO2SO4 UO3.2H2O + HCl; & 2S11J00 UO3.2H2O + H2SO4; & 211^00 79JJ0 UO3 + HNO3; & 49 ^f 0 21 1 ^ M0 7.7JJ 0

UO2(NO3)2.6H2O UC2 UO2(Ç2H3Q2)2

c c aq.

3167 121 1994

~ 22 - 8 220 UO 2 + C ions

("O) (»20) («20)

Uranium (7") ( 7 *«) ( 7 I*) (sso*) («»»"<») (530*) (7' 421 > 53°) ( 8 2 O) (7) (7) (7, 820, (7) (421,667) (42l) (421)

( 421 » 6 6 7 ) C 7,296, 421, 667) (42l)

(S»*)

« Hg + Cl- + W(CN)J- = HgCl + W(CN)~; AQ = 70.5 (loss*).

Formula

j

State

|

Q, kj

I

Method

I

Lit.

Formula

Ü02(C2H302)2.2H20 UO2(C2H3Os)2.NH4C2H302.6H20 UO2CrO4 U02Cr04.5|H20

o

~ 18 îooo

2585

c aq.

16

4353 1862 3463

c

|

- IS00 ions - 26 I 0 M

(7)

(7)

(7)

c aq. aq. aq. c

O 1066 1006 944 875

Def. KVO3 KVO4 KVO5 +Na 2 O 2

(714,891,

V2O3 V2O4 V2O6 VCl2 VCl3 VCl4 VOCl3

c c c c liq. liq. liq.

1463 1712 183o 616 783 678 842

+Na 2 O 2 +Na 2 O 2 +Na 2 O 2 ; & +O 2 +O 2 +NaHO 2 +NaHO 2

(714,891) (714) (714, 89l) (»»M ( 891 ) («9») (891)

Ta Ta2O6

c c

895)

Tantalum Def. Ta + O 2

O 1256

(730.5)

6

Chromium

-

O

aq. c

256 569

Def. Tr.; 0.54«°

(•")

irS.1 +++ sa Cr

l J(blue)

(Cr.6H2O)+++ CrO3

[Cr]Cl3 10.3j*

(250,733,

+Na2O2 N 1 Na 2 CrO 4

(707,716) (120,899,

899)

CrO3(fU8ed) CrO3

c 80.0

583 579.2

976)

CrO= Cr2O3 Cr2O= Cr3O^0 H2CrO4 [Cr](OH)3 [CrOH](OH)2
49.9 25.2 10.1 4.03 3.32 aq. c amorp. hydrated aq. aq. aq. ppt.

579.0 578.6 577 574.4 573.0 853 1119 1114 1200 1438 2023 865 1029

PPt.

1011

dil. dil. dil. dil. dil. Na 2 CrO 4 +Na 2 O 2 +Na 2 O 2 +Na 2 O 2 K2Cr2O7 K2Cr3O10 = CrO3 aq. [CrCl2]Cl + NaOH +HCl =

[CrOHlCl2)

ppt.

[Cr]F3(violet) H3[Cr]F6 CrCl2

aq. aq. c aq.

1227.0 2177 417 495

[Cr]Cl3(violet)

aq.

752

[CrCl2 )Cl(green)

aq.

712

CrCl2.4H2O CrCl3(I-OBe) (forms

(250,733)

(Cr.6H2O)Cl3 CrCl3-IOH2O = (Cr. 4H2O.C1)C12.6H2O (Cr.4H2O.Cl)Cl2 CrO2Cl2

c

1631

solution)

c

584

(CrCl2.4H2Q)C1.2H2Q...

c

2429

I

Method

I

Lit.

c c gas liq.

2416 3574 1822 513.5 549

50.3(to blue) O 35 liq. +H2O

( 841 ) (««) (518) (37) (87,88,119,

[CrJBrjKbiue) [CrBr2]Br(green) (Cr.4H2O.Br2)Br.-

aq. aq.

613 565

C

2279

(Cr.6H2O)Br3 [Cr]2(S04)3(vioiet)

2H2O(green)

c aq.

2270 3155

[Cr2SO4]2(SO4)2 [Cr2(S04)2]SO4 Cr2(SO4)3(modified by heat) = [Cr.(S04)«].(OH)t + H2SO4 (?) [Cr2(S04)3](green) Cr2(SO4)S. 14H2O(violet) = (Cr.6H2O)2(SO4)3.2H2O (Cr.6H2O)2(S04)3.3H2O. . Cr2(SO4)S. 17H2O(violet) = (Cr.6H20)2(SO4)2.5H2O Cr2(S04)3.6H20(ereen).... H2Cr2(SO4)4

aq. aq.

3135 3106

aq. aq.

3076 3059

H4Cr2(SO4)S

aq.

H6Cr(SOO6

aq.

(NH 4 ) 2 Cr0 4

c aq. c

1148 1120 1758

600

1705

c c

7119 7412

c c aq.

7995 4718

+HCl* ("•*) +HCl* (199*) +NaOH = (842) [CrOH] (OH) 2 +NaOH ( 8 4 2 ) +NaOH ^842) +2.S 260

(842)

-60.0 ( 8 4 2) [Cr](OH)3 + ^9, 293, 976) H2SO4 +KOH (293) +KOH (293) +NaOH; & (843) +NaOH (843) 42.3 34.7

(918) (918)

26 (843,918) 56 (843,918) +2NaOH; (842) AQ = 139 +4NaOH; (842) AQ = 28o +6NaOH; (842) AQ = 4Oo 24 (899) " JoO N; & (119, 733) "54Js0 (H9, 725, (119,725, 733)

c c c c

Mo MoO2

c c

719.2 996.0 544 913

dissoc.* dissoc.* Cr2O3 + C* Pb(NOa)2+ K 2 CrO 4

(343*) (343*) (*i 4 *) ( 4 56)

O 55o

MoO3

c

728

Def. Mo + H2O;* («7,* 711) & Mo + O 2 ; & (306, 711,

MoO4

aq.

681

MoO3 + H2O2 (725, 820,

MoO=

aq.

1020

MoO5

aq.

596

MoO=

aq.

1303

K2MoOs

H 2 MoO 4

c aq.

1034 1032

c c

1337

dissoc.* (530*) H 2 SO 4 + (820) Na 2 MoO 4 dissoc. («20) +NaOH (297)

Molybdenum

730.5) 821)

Na 2 MoO 4

(785, 820, 821)

MoO3 + H2O2 (78S, 820, 821)

(78S, 820, 821)

(842)

« NaOH + V4F4 (793). V2O4.H2O + H2SO4 ( Si). 6(Cr(NHs) 6 NO 3 )Br 2 ; (Cr(NHa) 6 NO 3 )SO 4 ; CrCl3.6NH3; CrCl3.3NH3; heat of dissociation ( 343 ). Chromium probably has the coordination number of 6 in all chromic compounds listed. Where the coordination number is not filled out (shown by square brackets) the missing part is water molecules. In calculating heats of formation, the molecular weight taken has been that shown (i.e., Q does not include heat of formation of water molecules not shown).

N

CrCMNH3 CrCl2.6NH3 Cr3C2 PbCrO4

(«4«)

-0.215o(togreen) C 8 4 *) 4

921 834 746

(*«)

+HCl; AQ = (842) 42 +NaOH (793) HF + [Cr]F3 (793) 78 (* 42 ) -f O2 = (842) [CrOH]Cl2 [Cr](OH)3 + (842) HCl K 2 Cr 2 O 7 + (122, 976)' HCl + KI; & 8 (8*2) 128

aq. aq. aq.

733)

(707,716) (TOT, 716) (707,716)

a green

CrCl3.6H2O(green) -

c

[Cr]Cl(OH)2(vioiet) [Cr]Cl2OHCvioiet) [CrOH]Cl2(fromCrCl2 + 02).

(NH 4 ) 2 Cr 2 O 7

[Cr]Cl3

[Cr(OH)2]OH

Q, kj

724)

V VOJ VOVO" V2O2

c c

I

CrCl3.6H20(gray) -

Vanadium0

Cra Cr0

State

Chromium.—(Continued)

Uranium.—(Continued)

H4MoO5 24MoO3.2SiO2.4H2O

Boron B BO^"

amorp. aq.

BO™~

aq.

O 729 90

°

Def. NaBO2; & Na3BO4

(*40)

Formula

|

State

|

Q, kj

|

Method

|

Lit.

Formula

|

State

Boron.—(Continued) B2O8

B4O" H8BO3 BF8 BFHBF4 BCl3 BBr8 (NH 4 )BO 2 (NHO 2 HBO 3 (NH 4 ) 3 BO 8

e (?) aq.

aq. c aq. gas aq. aq. aq. gas liq. liq. 200 1320 300 aq.

1171 1202

+KOH = H3BO3

2668 1053

Na2B4O7 -22-6«o

1030 1075 1178 1498 1498 373 392 179 863 862.0 1241 1327

BCl3-+ H2O 102 H3BO3 + HF N = HCl H3BO3 + HF B + Cl3 gas 3504oo N dû. N N

(86,88)

86 88 976

( » »

Yt Yt+++ YtCl8

Al+++ Al2O8(corundum) Al2O3(powder)

c c aq. C amorp.

(496) (976) (740,976) (84,998) (»4) (84) (50) (50) (*<>) (50)

AlF3 AlF=H3AlF6 A1F3.5H2O AlF3.3№0(80iuble) •

ppt.

Def. Tr.jO.39 5 ^

(6io,6ii)

529 167o 1630

AlCl3 +Na 2 O 2 Al + O 2 ; &

(716) ( 27 , 143, 363,

c aq. aq. aq. c c

AlF 8 .3èH 2 0(insoluble)

C

AlCl3

c

1275

1377 1507 2474 2467.5 1571 2516 2518

698

AlCl 3 +

NH4OH analogy AlCl3 + HF K3AlF6 AlF3 + HF 107HF(2o%) -6.9" +HF

326

(32,84,976)

(48.1,794) ( 32 ) (32)

A l + HCl

c

2686

55j«0

c aq. c aq. c c aq. c c c c c

530 887 298 671 1443 299o 3699 5181 8816 1030 870 729

357^00 +NH 4 OH 372 22oo +KCl 314* dissoc.* +BaCl2 234 34 312.4 315.0 315 .OjJ 00

( 8 <) (»97) (iosa*) (318,976) (359) (359) ( 3 Z) (32) (32)

AlN

C

5"5O

+O 2

(364,365,

AlFs.2NH4F.lèH2O AlCUNH. A1C13.NH4C1 A1C1..3NH. A1C13.5NH3 A1C13.6NH3 A1C13.NH4C1.6NH3 A1C13.9NH3 NH4A1(S04)2.12H20 Al 4 C 3 ...

c c c c c c c c c c

2894.8 904 1069 1183 1435 1527 1905 1764 5900 341

Al2Os.SiO2(andalusite)

C

2311.8

+HF

(756)

Al2O3.SiO2(disthene)

C

2309.9

+HF

(756)

Al203.Si02(8illimanite)

C

A12(S04)3.6H20 Al2(SO4)USH2O A1C13.SO2 AlCl3-SSO2 A1C13.5H2S

976)

(900) ( 8 <) (84,881)

-35.7 228" 253. IjJ 0 126.815 37 9 - 23oo 2 6.6^co; & -11.5 33.2; & - 40 JJ 00 +O 2

2321.4

+HF

41Oo 3955 6127 218o 993 28o (?) 1Oo 39o 834 105 134 360

C + O2 C + O2 +HF +O 2 393 +Br 2 +Br 2 +Br 2 317 1550HCK8) 445HCU8; 2368HCl(S)

Def.

Yt2(SO4J3 Yt2(SO4)3.8H20

aq. aq. c

496 + Q 2586 + 2Q 4830+ 2Q

ions +BaCl 2 44.7JJ 00

( 9 7 6) (976)

Yt(OH) 3

ppt.

711 + Q

Yt 2 (SO 4 ) 3 + Ba(OH) 2

La La+++ La2O8

c aq. c

O 751 1912

amorp. amorp.

188o 2010

analogy 352(^C1100); & (677, 976)

c c aq. c c aq. c

670 1116 1247 678 1328 4131 6403

+HCl 1311J00 La2O3 + HCl 133HC1 300HC1 +BaCl2 17^400

( 919 ) C677) (677) (179) (179) (976) (976)

c

9oo(?)

+O 2

( 7 Si)

( 9 7 6)

Lanthanum Def. LaCl8 La + 02

(597,730.5, 752)

La2O8("uncondensed") La2Os(hydràted)

LaS2 La2S3 La2(SO4)S La2(SOO3-SH2O LaAl4

Pr Pr+++ PrO2 Pr2O8 Pr6Ou PrCl8

PrCls.H20 PrCl8.7H20 Pr(NOs) 2

c aq. c c c amorp. c aq.

O 650 900 1745 535s 172o 1006 1146

c o aq.

1311 3127 132o

( 32 ) (32) (32) (32)

Sa Sa+++ Sa2O8 Sa2O8(from ozalate) SaCl8 SaCl3-NH3 SaCl3.2NH3 SaCls.3NH3 SaCl3.4NH3 SaCl3-SNH3 SaCl3-SNH3 SaCls.9iNH3 SaClUOJNH8

< » 343 t*) (32) (32) (359)

Nd Nd+++ Nd2O8 NdCl8

(143,1104) NdI8

(756)

(276) ( 27 S) (756) (1038) (32) (»79) («79) (879,881) (32) ( 186 ) ( 186 ) ( 186 )

(75I) O103) ( 7 Si) (U 0 3 ) (75I) (675)

(675) (675)

(•") (nos)

:...

c aq. c amorp. c aq. c c c c c c c c

O Q 462+ Q 462 + Q 339 + Q 495 + Q 471 + Q 586 + Q 695 +^Q 798 + Q 894 + Q 1173 + Q 1305 + Q 1473 + Q

Def. +HCl +HCl ISÔeoo ions dissoc.* dissoc.* dissoc.* dissoc.* dissoc.* dissoc.* dissoc.* dissoc.*

(«75) ( 6 7 S) ( 6 7 S) (675) (689*) (689*) (689*) (689*) (689*> (689*) (689*) (689*)

Def. NdCl8 Nd + O2 analogy 149^00

(75l)

Nd203(amorp.)

(674)

Neodymium

(32) 32

Def. PrCl3 180HN03(6) P r + O2 1130HNO3^) analogy 140 U00 Pr2O3(am0rp.) +HCl 121 JJ00 22JJ00 Pr 2 Os+HNOs

Samarium

(84)

682)

Al2O3.2SiO2(from kaolinite). amorp. Al2O3.2SiO2.H2O(kaolinite). amorp. 3Al2O3.2SiO2(mumtc) c Al3Ti2 c AlCU.f ZnCh c AlCu c AlCu8 c Al2Cu c AlCl3-AgCl c Al3Fe c AlCo c Al6Co c « AlCl3 in liq. COCl2 ("O).

Lit.

( 677 )

(188,869, 933,

Al2S8 A12(SO4)3

|

189.9JJ0

(32)

(si, 32, 84,

1024

AlI8

Method

Praseodymium

(32) (.794)

600

AlBr8

|

c

900, 9 7 6 )

A1C18.6H20

Q, kj

O Q 306+ Q

La3H8 LaCl3

O

730.5) Al(OH) 3

c

)

Aluminum0 Al(a) Al(j9)

|

Yttrium

Nd2S3 Nd2(SOO8

Nd2(SO4)8.5H2O Nd2(SO4)3.8H2O NdCl3-NH3 NdCls.2NH3 NdCls.4NH3 NdCl3-SNH3 NdCls.SNHs NdCl 3 -IlNH 3 NdCls.l2NH3

c aq. c amorp. c

O 686 1820 179o 1032

aq.

1181

c aq. c c aq.

650 855 1099 3848 4001

c c c c c c c c c

5397 6262 1163 1279 1486 1584 1862 2118 2200

(« 7 «)

+ HCl 205 (6?4) 2ooo Nd2O3 + HI (678) +HCl («78) 153«» (67*) H2SO4 + (678, 976) Nd2O3 35 ( 6 78) 284ooo (678,976) dissoc.* (690*) dissoc.* (690*) dissoc.* (690*) dissoc.* ( 6 9o*) dissoc.* (690*) dissoc.* (690*) dissoc.* (690*>

Formula

|

State

|

Q, kj |

Method

|

Formula

Lit.

Erbium0 Ce CeO2

e c

O 983

Def. Ce + O2

Ce+-1"1CeCl8 Ce2(SO4)S Cej(SO4)i.4f|H2O CeAl4 Ce3Al

aq. 60 600 aq. c c c

69o 1178 1186 3318

CeCl3 Ce + HCl20 analogy +BaCl2 67.5 2596 H CU8);& 2496 H CK8);&

Be Be++

Béryllium c O aq. 354

(520,730.5, 752)

BeOdowtemp.)

Be(OH) 2

( 194 ) ( 194 ) ( 97 6) (»76) ( 194 > 7S1 ) C 194 » 7S1 )

591

Be + HF

(298,299, 687, 7 0 0 )

ppt.

865

+HCl; &

(687,740,

BeCl2.4H2O BeBr2 BeI2 BeSO4

1007.9 1643.0 471 685 656 787 378 282 1157

BeSO4.H2O BeSO4.2H2O BeSO4.4H2O

aq. c c c

1235 146o 1715 2375

MgBr2 MgI2 MgS MgSO3 MgSO3.3H20 MgS03.6H20 MgSO4

Q, kj

I

Method

804 c 400 c aq. c c c c C

519 700 363 572 344 998 1922 2809 1260

MgCl 2 + H2O* !SI*6 ions 208 ions; & 159 HCi 7°-6HCl 4 9 - H ci 23 6 - - Hci 85JJ 0

400

1344.8

dil.

200

1344.6

MgSO4-H2O

100 50 20 c

1344.3 1344.2 1343.0 1575

MgSO4 + BaCl2 dil. dil. dil. 56JJ0

MgSO4.2H2O MgS04.4H20 MgS04.6H20 MgSO4.7H2O

c c c c

1871.0 2471.7 3062.2 3364.1

46- 2 JJ 0 1 7 - 7 4 JJ -0.QjJ 0 -16-2JJ 0

Def. BeCl2

C

aq. aq. c aq. HC1.9H2O c c c c

j

BeCl2 + AgF (794) Be + HF (298) B e + Cl2 ( 7 0 0 ) 214 (687,824) 185 (io82) dissoc.* (1082*) 233HC10) (1082) 262HC1(9) (iosa) 144NaOHî* & ( 5 9 6 » 66 M +BaCl2 +H 2 O* 8 -°looo 4.6

(«87, 976) (596) C596» 687) (596,687, 824, 9 7 6 )

BeCl2.2NH3 BeCl2.4NH3 BeCl2.6NH3 BeCl2.12NH3 BeBr2.4NH3 BeBr2.6NH3 BeBr 2 -IONH 3 BeI2.4NH3 BeI2.6NH3 BeI2.13NH3

aq.

773

c c c c c c c c c c

982 1225 1384 1849 1162 1321 1625 1085 1257 1807

BeSO 4 + Ba(NOs) 2 dissoc.* 12OHClO) dissoc.* dissoc.* 141HC1(9) dissoc.* dissoc.* 146HC1(9) dissoc.* dissoc.*

C6»7) (io§2*) (1082*) (1082*) (1082*) (1082*) (1082*) (1082*) (1082*) (1082*) (1082*)

Magnésium Mg Mg + + MgO(bomb)

-

c aq. amorp. (?)

O Def. 461.2 MgCl2 610 Mg + O 2 ; &

Mg(OH)2(brucite) MgF2

ppt.

915

c

935

ppt.

1104

C

400

641

MgCl 2 + 150 6

' 800

791.5 M g + HCl

(464,465,

793) ( 1 5 7.5-, 9 7 6 )

(iss, sss, 869, 933, 960, 9 7 6 )

MgCh.2H2O MgCl2.4H2O MgCl2.6H2O

200

791.0

100 50 20 10 c c c

790.2 789.0 785.5 775.5 1278 1894 2495.8

c c c

1762 3379 6310

dil.

dil. dil. dil. dil. 85*J0 42jJ Q 12.3*J0; &

(324,976)

(900,976) (900, 976) (522,633, 976)

MgCh.MgO MgCh.MgO.6H2O MgCl2. MgQ. 16H2Q

( 43 ) (43) (976) ( 897) (5 3) ° (5 3) ° (5 3) ° (157.5,458,

61HC1 151Hci 92Hçi

(") C 11 ) C 11 )

0 2Er(C2H3O2)3(i6oo) + 3Ba(OH) 2(4 oo>; ^Q18 = 107.5 (»76). Er(C2H3O2^H2O + 150OH2O; AQ20 = 5.7 (»76). fc Mischmetall, 40% CeOz, heat of combustion I g = 6.926 kj (752).

665.5,976)

( 9 7 6) ( 97 6) (36°* 806» (976)

( 97 6) (9?6)

(iS7.5,o 3i 2 ,f

810, 880, 890, 976)

MgS2O6

aq.

1608

MgS206.6H20 Mg(HS)2

c aq.

3337 491

Mg3N2 Mg(NOa) 2

Mg(NO 3 ) 2 .6H 2 0 (Mg(NH 3 ) 2 ) ++ MgCl 2 -NH 3 MgCl2.2NH3 MgCl2.6NH3

MgSO 4 + (976,1089) NaOH +Na 2 O 2 (717) AgF; &

MgCl2

(720*)

429,* 458, 806,o 807,

c 400

495 876.8

200 100 50 20 15 12 c aq. c c aq. c

876.5 876.5 876.7 876.7 876.1 875.0 2611 622 774 906 953 1263

c c c c c c c

655 785 1223 645 1116 3885 4254

MgSO 4 + BaSO4 - 12 - 4 J? 0 Mg(OH) 2 + H2S +HCl; & Ba(NOs) 2 + MgSO4 dil. dil. dil. dil. dil. dil. 17 7 - - JJ 0 Mg(NHs) 2 Cl 2 dissoc.* dissoc.* mix. dissoc.;* &

(315,666,674, 730.5, 877, 1028)

Mg(OH) 2

Lit.

976)

665.5, 6 8 7 )

Be(NOa) 2

I

806, 810,

794, 9 7 6 )

BeF2 H2BeF4 BeCl2

State

MgOHCl

Cerium6

16o 92

j

Magnesium.—(Continued)

(»76) (976)

( 9 76) (680,735) ( 9 7 S) (324,f 976)

<811»976) (1Z8) ( 19 Z*) (192*) ( 128 ) (^*,* 222, 332*)

MgBr2.NH3 MgBr2.2NH3 MgBr2.6NH3 MgI 2 .2NH 3 MgI2.6NH3 MgSO4.(NH4)2SO4.2H2O MgSO4. (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 .6H 2 O. 3MgSO3. (NH4J2SO3.6H2O 3MgSO3. (NH4)2S03.18H2O Mg3(PO4)U

c

5757

+37.1HCU2oo) (*os>

c coll.

9321 383o (?)

MgHPO4

coll.

174o

-93.2HCK200) ( 5 <> 3 ) MgSO 4 + (129) Na3PO4 MgSO 4 + (129) Na2HPO4 Mg(NHs) 2 Cl 2 (129) + Na2HPO4 N (203) N (203) N (203) Mg(NHs)2Cl2 (129) + H3AsO4

Mg(NH4)PO4.6H2O

c

MgHAsO4 MgH 4 (AsO 4 ) 2 Mg3(AsO4)2 Mg (NH4) AsO4.6H2O

aq. aq. c c

1351 2263 3061 3197

C

1119

MgCO3

MgCN 2 ... Mg(CN)2

c aq.

3773

248 169

dissoc.* (192*) dissoc.* (192*) dissoc.* (334*) dissoc.* (192,* 334*) dissoc.* (192,*334*) + 4H2O ( 2 6 2 ) -41 (458)

MgSO4 +

(58, 663,

Na2CO3 i«»**) +O 2 ( 4 2 7 ) Ba(CN) 2 + (ioo7> MgSO4

Formula MgSiO3 Mg2Sn MgZn2

I

State

I

Q, kj

I

Method

I

Lit.

Magnesium.—(Continued) c 1450 MgO+ SiO2 (275) c 205 1092FeCl 3 + (»*») HCl(S) c 55 +HCl; & (iss, sai, 1030)

MgCd(Ii) MgCd(D MgHg4 MgBr2-HgBr2. MgBr2.2HgBr2 2MgBr2.HgBr2 Mg(CN) 2 -Hg(CN) 2 Mg(CN)2.2Hg(CN)2 MgCh.2Hg(CN)2 MgCl 2 .2HgCCN) 2 .6H 2 0.. MgBr2.2Hg(CN)2 MgBr2.2Hg(CN)2.8H20... MgI2.2Hg(CN)2 MgI 2 .2Hg(CN) 2 .8H 2 0... Mg4Al3 MgCe Mg8Ce

c 38 +HCl; & (i". •«) c Tr.; 1.21»" c ssi) liq. 72.4 +HCl ( 9 6 0 ) 4400 868 mix. (ioi2) 4200 1025 mix. (ioi2) 4800 1576 mix. (K"2) 600 - 50 mix. (ioi2) 900 - 316 mix. (ioi2) 1000 248 mix. (io<>9) c 2008 43^ (io<>9) 1000 161 mix. (1009) c 2518 66.8" (*°°*) 100 53 mix. 0<>09) c 2426 -84« O««») c 205 +HCl; & (iss, ssi) c 54 109OHCK20) ( 194 ) c 71 1997HCU20) ( 194 )

Calcium« Ca

Ca+* CaO

Formula CaBr2 CaBr2.6H2O CaBr2.3CaO.3H2O CaBr2.3CaO.16H2O CaI2

CaO2 CaO2.8H20 CaH (?) CaH2

aq. c

542 634.9

CaCl2 194.4nci; &

(436,617,

635

Tr.; 1.2J11O 194.SHCI

( 585 » 608 ) (67,299,436,

652 3007 80 192

Q, kj |

Method

|

102

617, 674) 48 387

79.2HCI ( >* ) +HCl (387) dissoc.* (721) 346Hci; & ( 2 5 0 > 4 7 9 ' 589,

(8ii, 976,

aq. c c c c

782 2503 3718 7581 538

ions -^6ISo 409 HBr 266 -°HBr 115 9 - 4?o

aq. c c c aq. c

654 2936 7450 475 501 1731

ions 7.32« (966) 265HI ( 966 ) 110 0 - HC1 (897) N (796) +S (178)

(9?6) (964) (966)

(411»811>

CaI2.8H20 CaI2.3Ca0.16H20 CaS CaS03.2H2O CaS04(anhydrite)

C

1405

22

(396, 7 1 7 )

CaSO4(SOlUbIe)

C

1416.0

11.1

( 39 6, 523, 717)

CaSO4.eH2O

aq. c

1427 1555

N; & 15

CaSO4.2H20

c

1999.6

-1

(976) (266,396, 523*)

(30, eos.s,

641.1,*

CaS2Oe CaS2O6.4H20 Ca(HS)2 CaI2.4SO2 CaSe CaN6 Ca3N2

» 350 230 116 33.5 aq. c aq. c c c c

1132 1132.2 1132.1 1131.5 1130.4 1688.4 2866 575 1876 370 -317 456

ions dil. (178) dil. dil. dil. ions (9T6) -33:34?0 N (976) dissoc.* (3«*) 146HC1 ( 35 °) dissoc. (m 3 ) 1432HCi; & (478,479, 735)

721)

Ca(OH)2

c

988

128HC1

(321' 589' 662, 9 7 6 )

aq. Ca(OH)2.H2O2 CaF2 CaCl CaCl2(fu8ed)

c ppt. c c

999.2 1217 1198 409 798

+HCl; & H2O2+ Ca(OH)2 N 302 HCK2OO) 75.3JJ0

(«7, 386, 479,

(***) <46> (32,157.5,0

400 200 100

(324,501.5,0

873.0 dil. 976, ioosf) 873.0 Ca + HCl; & (i«*»!", 872.3 dil. 250,299,

50

871.8

dil.

479,480,

20

869.3

dil.

"9)

CaCl2.H20 CaCl2.2H2O

10 6 c c

862.5 854 1110 1395

CaCl2.4H2O

c

2010

7.7JJ 0

(75o,* 884,

CaCl2.6H2O

c

2609.1

-1 O- 1 JJ 0

( 3 I 2 ,* 3 i6,

dil. CaCl2.6H2O (741) 49*J0 (900,976) 42JJ0 (750,* 884, 976)

976)

360.5, 5 2 2 , 750,* 811,

CaCl2.4HCl CaCl2.2CaO CaCl2.3CaO CaCl2.3Ca0.3H20 CaCl2.3CaO.16H2O Ca(ClO)2 CaOCl2 CaOCl2-H2O

aq. c c c c aq. c aq. c

884, 976) 50

2115 274o 3810 7674 760 748 789 1043

416HCl 616HC1 409HCi; & 265HC1 ions 41.1 +H 2 O 2 ; & 31.5

( If) ( 10 ) ( 10 ) (10»966) (10)

O 33 ) ( 55 > 360 * s »

c c

1697 943

+Br2 16 ^0

400 4

959 961

Ca(NO3)2.2H2O Ca(N03)2.3H2O Ca(N03)2.4H2O

c c c

154o 184o 2134

ions -»Ca(N03)2.4H2O dissoc.* dissoc.* - 30 - 3 J?o

Ca(NH 2 ) 2 Ca(NO3)2.Ca(OH)2 Ca(N03)2.Ca(OH)2.2£H2O CaCl2-NH3 CaCl2.2NH3 CaCl2.4NH3 CaCl2-SNH3

c c

382.9 1935

426]°CI(2oo) 141HNO3

( 48 O) ( 1044 )

c c c c c

2686 914 1023 1201 1550

104HNO8 dissoc.* dissoc.;* & +HCl; & +HCl; &

C1044) («"*) (527,* 539) ( 527 >* "9) (334,* 527,*

CaBr2.NH3 CaBr2.2NH3 CaBr2.4NH3 CaBr2.8NH3 CaI 2 -NH 3 CaI2.2NH3 .'.... CaI2.6NH3 CaI2-SNH3 CaSO4. (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 .H 2 O... 2CaSO4. (NH4)2S04 5CaSO4.(NH4)2SO4.H2O . Ca3(PO4J2

c c c c c c c c c c c c

803 920 1299 1473 666 792 1209 1371 2877.4 3991 8570 411o

dissoc.* dissoc.* dissoc.* dissoc.* dissoc.* dissoc.* dissoc.* dissoc.* -9.0 18.3 9.7 Na 3 PO 4 + CaCl2; &

(527,* 539) (527,* 539) (527,* 539) ( 527 ,* 539) ( 527 >* 539) (527,* 539) (527,* 539) (527,* 539) ( 30 ) ( 3< >) ( 30 ) (86,88,129, s«9)

N

(86, 88, 129, 569)

N; &

(86,88,129,

811, 976)

( *7)

976) dil.

Ca(N02)2.4H20 Ca(NOa)2

719, 9 7 6 ) 3

316, 360.5, 623,o su,

873.2

Lit.

976)

O

c c c c

|

976)

CaS2Oa

Def.

c

c amorp.

State

Calcium.—(Continued) c 679

1009)

976)

CaO(Ii) CaOaoooo)

|

(324,f890f) (732,813) (esi*) ( 63 I*) ( 5S » 360'5' 811, 976)

539)

CaHPO4

COlI.

4090

ppt.

181o

569)

(765) (535) (535,758, 764, 7 6 5 )

a Wollastonite to pseudowollastonite (?) heat of reversion, 1.16 cal per mol (S). Cement, "heat of burning" (753).

CaHP04.2H2O

c

2393

CaH 4 (PO 4 ) 2 Ca3(AsO4)2

ppt. ppt.

311o 332o

CaHAsO4

ppt.

143o

Na2HPO4 + (86, 88, 129, CaCl2 569) N N (86, ss, 129, 201, 5 6 9 )

N

(201)

Formula

J

State |

Q, kj

| Method

[

Formula

Lit.

|

State

CaH4(AsO4J2 CaC2

PPt. c

2340 61

N 254.OHCI

(zoi) (379,427,

CaCOs

coll.

1205

CaCl 2 + Na2CO3 CaCl2 + K2CO3; &

(6l)

595, 8 9 4 . 5 )

CaCO3(calcit,e)

c

1209

(25, ss, ei, 563,* 564 » 617, 976, 1075*)

CaCO3(aragonite)

C

1207

CaC2O4

ppt.

1395

Ca(CHOs)2

c 400 c aq. c aq. c c c c c

1368 1371 1795 1789 1498 1527 1789 947 1534 3245 356

CaC4H4O8 Ca(C2H3Oz)2 Ca(C2H3O2)2.H20 Ca(C2H6Oh Ca(C2H6O)2.2C2HfiOH... 3CaO.4C2H6OH CaCN2

) Q, kj

|

Method

+HCl; &

(23,25,612, 617) 58

K2C2O4+ ( ) CaCl2 1 2.8 ^0 (") ions; & (55) N (S6) N (56) 29JJ0 (55,359) ions; «Se (55) 24 5 (55) - Joo 16 (415) SnCi (no) 154Hci(iio) ( 415 ) 389HC1 ( 38 °) +O2; & c 319 » 427 '

Sr Sr++ SrO

c aq. c

O 545 589

c c c c

641 643 176 957

Def. SrCh 125.5»00

Sr(OH)2.H2O Sr(OH)2.8H2O SrO2.9H2O SrF2 SrCl SrCl2 (see also p. 161)

93

-OHCl(9oo> 732#CJ 368J101^ 43.2JJ00; &

253 6729 37o 94o 157o

N (555) (555) HCl +O 2 HOST) +O 2 (1057) CaCO 3 + (275,276, 393

SiO2

Ca2SiO4 CaSn3

gis. c

181o 180

CaCO 3 + SiO2 118UFeQ8+

618,619)

( 189 )

CaZn4 CaZnio Ca2Zn3 CaCd3 CaBr2.HgBr2 CaBr2.2HgBr2 . Ca(CN) 2 -Hg(CN) 2 Ca(CN) 2 .2Hg(CN) 2 ...... CaCl2.2Hg(CN)2 CaCl2.2Hg(CN)2.6H20... CaBr2.2Hg CCN) 2 CaBr2.2Hg(CN)2.7H20. . CaI2.2Hg(CN)2 CaI 2 .2Hg(CN) 2 .6H 2 O.... Ca(Âg(CN) 2 ) 2

o 123 c 201 c 17o c 126 4400 950 8400 1107 900 33.0 900 - 233 1000 330 c 2108 1000 242 c 2328 1000 132 c 1943 500 31

CaAgC3N3

1000

Ca2Fe(CN)6 Ca2Fe(CN)6.12H20 CaH2Fe(CN)6 CaO.B2O3 CaO.2B2Os 2CaO.B2O3 3CaO.B2Oa CaAl3. CaO-Al2O8

aq. c aq. c c c c c gis.

578 4031 34 1936 3145 2646 3339 213 23oo

2CaO.Al2O3

gis.

29oo

3CaO.AhO3

gis.

35oo

o

5264

919HC1 (20) (197,881) 1594HC1 (20) (»»7,881) 919HC1(20> ( 197 ) 668HC1 (M) < 1 9 7 ) mix. (1012) mix. (i'oi2) mix. (1009) mix. O™*) mix. (i°° 9 ) -61. V* (loo») mix. (1009) -82.91* (i°°9) mix. (ioo0) -94 (ioo9) Ca(CN) 2 + (ion) AgCN Ca(CN)2 + (ion) AgCN N (555) -19i° («*) N (555) 94HC1 (462) 87Hci 213HC1 348. 8HC1 1900HCK8) (197) CaCO 3 + (275,276) Al2O3 CaCO 3 + (275,276) Al2O3 CaCO 3 + (275,276) Al2O3 1451 (")

3CaCl2.4AlCl3 CaO. Al2O3.-

287

1001

C

327o

1197HF(Mr 0 )

o

622o

Ca3Mg4 CaCl2.2MgCl2.2H2O MgCO3.CaCO3(dolomite)..

c c c

180 2934 2239

CaCO3 + (276) Al2O3 + SiO2 3350HCK8) ( i « « , « " ) 93*8 ( 5 2 2 ) 132.1Hci (24>701)

(67,385,976)

623,o 810, 976) 2000

875.22

dil.

(324,325,653, 827

1000 500 200

875.12 dil. ) 874.78 dil. 48 874.7 Sr + HCl; & ( °» 483» 976)

SrCl2.2H20 SrCl2.4H20

100 50 c c

874.61 874.57 1438.4 2031.6

dil. dil. 8.7^0 ( 9 0 0 ) ~12.lJ 0 8 0 (13,* 42»,*

SrCl2.6H20

c

2623.2

- 3 I- 4 JJ 0

810, 9 7 6 )

(55, 157.5, 360.5, 9 7 6 )

SrCl2.SrO.H2O SrCI2.SrO.9H20 SrBr2 SrBr2.H2O SrBr2.2H20 SrBr2.4H20 SrBr2.6H20 SrBr2.Sr0.3H20 SrBr2.SrO.9H2O SrI2 SrI2.7H20 SrS SrSO4 SrS2O6 SrS2O6 4H2O Sr(HS)2 SrI2.2SO2 SrI2.4S02 SrSe SrN6 Sr3N2 Sr(NO) 2 Sr(NO) 2 -SH 2 O Sr(NOs)2 (see also p. 162)

(74°)

6SiO2(heulandite)

3CaO.Al2O3.2SiO2

(4*) («O) (67,404,976)

22 (385) 1264 -°noo 3350 - 59 - 7 noo (* 7 » 9 7 6 » 4 0 4 ) 3301 7.3^ (MO) (385) 1209 AgF + SrCl2; ( 4 « 4 » 793) & 446 264^^ (46) 828.0 46.7JJ0 (32,46, I57.5,o 360.5,

c c

+HCl

(385)

c c c ppt.

(275,276)

HCl («

(«7,400, 40l,

aq.

576, 595,

aq. c c c gis.

Lit.

404, 9 7 6 )

SrOj Sr2O SrH2 Sr(OH)2

603, 9 7 3 )

Ca(CN) 2 3CaO.Câ(CN) 2 .15H 2 0... CaSi CaSi2 CaSiO3

|

Strontium0

Calcium.—(Continued)

Sr(NO3)2.4H2O

c c c aq. c c c c c c c aq. c c aq. c aq. aq. c aq. c c c aq. c c aq. c c 1000 400 200 100 50 20 c

1828 164.5^ (100> <* * > 4211 70.0^ ( «M» (11) 716 67J8Q (sso.5, 966, 976 784 ions ) 1029 41^0 (»76) 1330 26}J0 ( 976 ) 1928 OjJ0 ("6) 2528 -27-°Joo (360.5,976) 2313 161HBr ( 966 ) 68 8 4122 - HBr ^ 966) 570 85.612 (966) 656 ions 2678 -18.71« (9*6) (897) 473 U3Hd 503 N; & 0»76) 1428 O; & (30,976) 1428 N; & («, 279, 976) 1693 ions (976) 2876 -38-7Îoo (9?6) 577 N (976) 1129 dissoc.* (342*) 1912 dissoc.* (342*) 377 141HC1 ( 35 °) 427 N (350) - 205 dissoc. (IH3) 386 1513.5HC1 (200) ( 48 °) 528 N; & (««) 1984 26.8HC1 ( S6 ) 8 981 -19.5j 0 (55, 360.5, «10,0 976) 961.8 dil. 962.1 ions; & (55) 963.2 dil. (827,0976) 963.8 dil. 967.9 dil. 973.2 dil. 2158 -51.5j80 (55, seo.s,

464 Sr(NHz) 2 c 346 HCl (200^ Sr(NH3)e c 516 dissoc.* « SrCl2 + HCl, partial heat content of HCl ( 5 ^ 1 î).

810,976) (480)

(I9i*)

Formula

|

State

|

Q1 kj

|

Method

|

Formula

Lit.

|

SrCl2-NH3 SrCl2.8NH3 SrBr2-NH3 SrBr2.2NH3 SrBr2.8NH3 SrI2.NH3 • SrI2.2NH3 SrI2.6NH8 SrI2.8NH3 SrSO4. (NH4)2SO4 Sr3(PO4)2 SrHPO4 (?) SrH4(P04)2 (?) Sr3(As04)2 SrHAsO4 SrH4(AsO4)2 (?) SrCO3 SrC204.2№0 Sr(CH02)2 Sr(CHO2)2.2H2O Sr(C2H302)2 Sr(C2H3O2MH2O Sr(CN)2 Sr(CN)2.4H20 SrSiO8 SrHg.co)

e c c c c c c c c c ppt. ppt. ppt. ppt. ppt. ppt. ppt.

915 1571 830 929 1479 692 803 1197 1381 2594 41Oo 182o 312o 333o 143o 2340 1219

c c aq. c

2107 1370 1373 1967

c aq. c aq. c gis. liq.

SrBr2.HgBr2 SrBr2.2HgBr2 2SrBr2.HgBr2 Sr(CN)2-Hg(CN)2 Sr(CN)2.2Hg(CN)2 SrCl2.2Hg(CN)2 SrCl2.2Hg(CN)2.6H20... SrBr2.2Hg(CN)2 SrBr2.2Hg(CN)2.6H20... SrI2.2Hg(CN)2 SrI2.2Hg(CN)2.7H20 . . . . Sr(Ag(CN) 2 ) 2

4400 8400 4800 600 900 1000 c 1000 c 1000 c 500

SrAg(CN)3

600

Sr3(FeCO(CN)6)2

c aq. c 220

Sr3(FeCO(CN)6)2.4H20.. SrNi(CN)4 3SrCl2.4AlCls

c

dissoc.* (528*) dissoc.* (528*) dissoc.* (528*) dissoc.* (528*) dissoc.* (528*) dissoc.* (528*) dissoc.* (528*) dissoc.* (528*) dissoc.* (528*) 30 -13.4i5oo ( ) N; & ^86, 129, 569) N (86, "9, 569) N (««, 129, 569) N (20i) 201 N ( ) N (20l) SrCl 2 + (55,58,565,* Na2CO3; & »76) N (56) 2.6J[J0 (55) N; & (55, 976) - 2 2 - 8 JJ 0 (5S» 9 7 6 )

23 3 1505 - 2oo ( 55 > 9 7 6 ) 1529 N; & (55, 976) 22 1650 -°220 C55» 976) 254 N (555,0976) (555 } 1416 - 1 7 - 4 2oo ° 152o SrCO3 + SiO2 (275) 249 NaHg + (»28*) SrCl2 aq. 951 mix. (1012) 1109 mix. (1012) 1744 mix. (1012) 34 mix. (ioo») -231 mix. (1009) 331 mix. (1009) 2115 -66« 0<>°9) 244 mix. (K>09) 2039 -78« ( 1 OO 9 ) 134 mix. (i<>09) 2228 -91« (io<>9) 30 Sr(CN) 2 + (ion) AgCN 145 Sr(CN) 2 + (ioii) AgCN 1 1115 167 J00 (747,748) 1282 N; & (747, 748) 2291 +136S700 (747» 748) 201 Sr(CN) 2 + C 1 « 1 «) Ni(CN)2 5344 1375.9JJ00 (32)

c aq. c

O 537 557

Def. BaCl2 150.OjJ0 ;&

BaO2

aq. c

708 635

= Ba(OH)2 92 HCP &

BaH2 Ba(OH)2

932 3576 623

c c 400

171 945.2 993.9

BaO2.H2O2 BaF2

c c c pptaq.

1250 3344 865 1204 1192 ?) |

« Ba(NO 2 J 2 -Pb(NOs) 2 , solid solutions ( BaCl2-HCl, heat content of HCl (soi).

959

Q, kj

80HC1 H.4HC1 738»^^

c c

J

Lit.

BaCl2.2H2O

Ba(ClOa) 2 Ba(ClOa)2

-.

868.58

dû.

1000 400 200

868.29 867.76 867.55

dil. dil. Ba + HCl

100 50 c

867.43 867.58 1460.9

dil. dil. -20.61JJ0

5

- Jeo -60.71L

o 60

HCl N; & -2; &

(4

° (67, 404, 921, 976) 92 3 7 7 )

^ ' (464,793) (793)

). Ba2P2Oe (?) heat of ppt. (

568

(477,480,

(53, seo.s,

Ba(ClOs) 2 -H 2 O Ba(ClO 4 ) 2

..

aq.

757

c

660

Cl 2 + (69) Ba(OH) 2 dissoc. ( 2 5 2 ) '28Io0 +SO 2 ; & - 47 -°Joo -71J0 N; & -39iooo +HCl 771^1

(5S) (77, 976) (55'976) (55,976) fi04, 976) ( 5S ) f") (i 1,964)

728 700 1033 880 872 1770 2421 3045

c c 400 c aq.

3899 755 776 1366 73o

c c c aq. c

2031 2949 606 649 2680

c aq. c c c

1026 990 1324 1905 3998

BaS2O6 BaS2Oe.2H2O

c . aq. ppt. ppt. aq. aq. c

465 496 117o 1445 1420 1686 2287

(897) HCl N (60,976) N ( 3 74) N; & (58, 748,o 976) ions; & ( 6 9 5 t) +H2SO4 ( 9 7 6 ) -29.O1JJ0 ( 9 7 6 )

BaS2O8 BaS2Os.4H2O Ba(HS)2 Ba(HSOs)2 BaSO4-H2SO4

aq. c aq. aq. c

1855 3049 570 1787 2260

+H2SO4 (135) (135) ~ 49 noo N (976) N (374) 1 59.6 ^60 (i 017 )

BaSO4.2H2SO4.H2O BaI2.2SO2 BaI2.4SO2 BaSe BaSeO4

c c c c ppt.

3380 1281 1943 369 1163

101

BaN 6

c aq. c c aq. c c 1600

82 49 380 777 753 1075 997.2 956.0

BaSO3 BaSO4

4)

(653, 827,0

c 200 c c 800 c c c

BaS

HCi' & (477> ^ 7 Je 0 (67,404,976) N, BaCl2; & (9,67,476,

2000

976)

Ba(ClO)2

Ba(IO3)2.H2O BaI2.Ba0.2H20 BaI2.Ba0.9H20

(92) (92,384) (46)

(46) (32,53, 157.5,° 359,

429,o 910,

BaI 2 .7H 2 0...,

t 92 ' 519'*

236{*cl(^ 8.7^0

976)

Ba(IOs)2

47

49

Method

930o t )

BaBr2.BaO.2H2O BaBr2.BaO.5H2O BaI2

(67,404,976)

466 859.3

.

367

29

|

590, 623,o

BaBr2.2H20 Ba(BrO) 2

940, 9 7 6 )

Ba(OH)2-H2O Ba(OH)2-SH2O

\

910, 976)

BaCl2-BaO-SH2O BaBr2

616*)

c c c

BaCl BaCl2 (see also p. 161, 162)

Ba(ClO4)2.3H2O BaCl2.Ba0.3H20 BaCl2.BaO.5H20

Barium0 Ba Ba++ BaO

BaO2-H2O BaO2-IOH2O Ba2O

State

Barium.—(Continued )

Strontium.—(Con tinned )

Ba3N2 Ba(N0 2 ) 2 Ba(NO 2 ) 2 .H 2 O Ba(NOs) 2 (see also p. 162)

HCl (»») - 4oo (976,1009) ions (976) - 17 - 5 4oo Ba(OH) 2 + («i) Br 141HBr (96S) 83 HBr <965) 43.1« (965) ions ( 9 6 5 ) ~28-7lo0 C976) 20 8

(278) -19k82so4 ions +Na 2 SO 4 ( 2 7 «) 139^ ( 9 6 5 ) 49.2^ (965) 114

-°226o ( 1017 ) dissoc.* (342*) dissoc.* (342*) 142HC1 ( 35 °) BaCl2 + (696) H2SeO4 -33650 ( 1 6 4) +H2SO4 (164) 1498 HCl (soo) (4?6 ' 4 8 0 ) (71) - 23 ^ 8 Jo 0 +H2SO4; & (71) (71) ~ 36 Joo - 39 -6^ o (55, 934 t ) dil. (198, 827,o 934t)

).

800

956.7

400 200

957.6 960.2

N; &

dil. dil.

(55,58,976)

Formula

|

State

|

Q, kj |

Method

|

Lit.

Formula

|

Barium.—(Continued) BaNH Ba(NH 2 )Z Ba(NHs) 8 BaCl2-SNH3 BaBr2.NH3 BaBr2.2NH3 BaBr2.4NH3 BaBr2.8NH3 BaI2.2NH3 BaI2.4NH3 BaI2.6NH3 BaI2.8KH3 BaI2.9NH3 Balj.lONHs Ba3(PO4J2 BaHPO 4 C?) Ba(H2P02)2 Ba(H2PO2)2.H20 BaH4(PO4)2 (?) Ba8(AsO4J2 BaHAsO3 BaHAsO4 Ba(H2AsOs)2 Ba(H2AsO4J2 BaCO3 BaC

°3(II) (witherite)

c e c c c c c c c c c c c c coli. c PPt. aq. c ppt. ppt. ppt. ppt. ppt. ppt. ppt.

446 224 Ha (200> (480) 4 330 73.3«ÌC, (m} (476,480) 313 dissoc.* (»»i) 1485 dissoc.* ("i*) 851 dissoc.* (531*) 941 dissoc.* (531*) 1118 dissoc.* (53i*) 1468 dissoc.* (BS i*) 809 dissoc.* (sai*) 996 dissoc.* (ssi*) 1180 dissoc.* ("i*) 1361 dissoc.* (531*) 1449 dissoc.* (531*) 1527 dissoc.* (53i*) 408o N; & (86, 129) 415o N («e» 129) 1810 N (86,129,568) 1733 +H2SO4 (976) 2018 1.2«0 (»76) 301o N (««) 3422 N (202) 1194 N ("6) 1435 N (202) 1961 N (»7«) 2334 N (.202) 1217.2 Na 2 CO 3 + (55,58,565,* BaCl2 9 7 6 )

C

BaCOstI) BaC204.H20

c ppt.

1663

Ba(HCO2J2

c aq. c aq. c c c c aq. c c aq. c c c aq. c c c c gls.

1376 1366 1500 1522 2383 911 3035 3063 2354 2905 239 247 544 838 891 829 1588 2470 3512 4111 149o

Ba(C2H3O2J2 Ba(C2H3O2)2.3H2O Ba(C2H6O)2 3BaO.4CH3OH 3BaO.4C2H6OH Ba(C 2 H 6 SO 4 J 2 Ba(C2H6S04)2.2H20 Ba(CN) 2 Ba(CN)2-H2O Ba(CN)2.2H20 Ba(CNO) 2 BaHC3N3O3-IJH2O Ba(H 2 C 3 N 3 0 3 ) 2 .2H 2 0.... Ba(SbOC4H4Oe)2 Ba(SbOC4H4O6)2.2H20.... BaSiO8 BaSiF6 BaBr2.HgBr2 BaBr2.2HgBr2 2BaBr2.HgBr2 Ba(CN) 2 -Hg(CN) 2 Ba(CN) 2 .2Hg(CN) 2 BaCl2.2Hg(CN)2 BaCl2.2Hg(CN)2.5H20... BaBr2.2Hg(CN)2 BaBr2.2Hg(CNj2.6H20.... BaIs.2Hg(CN)2 BaI 2 .2Hg(CN) 2 .4H 2 O.... BaAg(CN) 3

c 2835 4400 945 8400 1101 4800 1731 600 27 900 -239 1000 325 c 1827 1000 237 c 2041 900 126 c 1363 1200 136

Bi(Ag(CN) 2 J 2

500

BaPtCl6

c aq. c aq. c aq. c aq.

BaPtCle.6H2O Ba2Fe(CN)6 Ba2Fe(CN)6.6H20 BaH2Fe(CN)6 Ba8(FeCO(CN)6)2

20 1192 1230 2952 565 2329 32 1186 1256

Tr.; 7.SfJ10J ( 608 ) (NH 4 J 2 C 2 O 4 (56) + BaCl2 - 10 - 2 5 00 < 53) ions; & ( 7 3 ) 22JJ0 (ss) +H2SO4 (53, ss, 976) -3.4 (55) 82.7« (373) 469.3HC1 C 380 ) 205 C380) IJ0O +H2SO4 O» 76 ) 20 (9?6) ô 7.4» (sss) N; & ("«) -9« ( 55 S) -20* (sss) -62i6oo (626) +HNO 3 ; & (626) 9OH2SO4 C626) 37.3H2SO4 ( 626 J 48Hci; & ( 468 ) 18Hci; & ( 468 ) BaCO 3 + (275) SiO2 N; &* (» 090*J mix. (1012) mix. (1012) mix. (ibi 2) mix. (ioo9) mix. (1009) mix. 0<>09) -72« ( 1 OO*) mix. (*oo9) -88« O009J mix. O 0 0 ») -92« (1009) Ba(CN) 2 + (i° 08 ) AgCN Ba(CN) 2 + O 0 0 8 ) AgCN 38»*00 (483*) ions* (453*) -4.4 (453*) N (555J -48« (555) N ( 555 J 71 5 J 0 OOO ( 747 » 748 J N (747,748)

State

|

Q, kj |

Method

|

Lit.

Barium.—(Continued) Ba 3 (FeCO(CN)S) 2 -IlH 2 O Ba(CN) 2 -Ni(CN) 2 BaCrO4

c aq. ppt.

BaCl2.2AlCl3 3BaCl2.4AlCl3

c c

Li Li+ Li2O 4LÌ20.3H20 Li2O2

c

- 29 Ig 0 OO C747'748J mix. ( l o i o j BaCl2 + ( 2 7 9 ) K2CrO4 642 ( 3 2 ) 1295 (32)

4433 200 1398 2273 5404

Lithium" c c c aq.

LiH

C

O 278.1 593 3686 627 657

Def.

90

131

220 ;& ( 40 > 400 °) (4 3) ^ JS0 ° 30.120; & (388) +HCl (388) 6 1

131

2?00

(473,529,* 718)

LiOH

c co 2000

18 7

487 - uo (3»7, 403) 506.4 dil. 506.89 Li + H 2 O; & (473, 7is,o 976, 1 0 7 4 )

400

506.18

dil.

200

505.97

dil.

100 50 25 c c c c aq. 400 c

LiOH.H20 LiOHJ^H2O LÌ202.H202.3H20 LiF LiHF2 LiCl

(4 o o, 4 o i, 867,o 9 7 6 )

505.71 dil. 505.41 dil. 504.9 dil. 789.2 3.0^0 (397,403) 536.5 4.3J* (403) 1710 19JJ0; & (388) 609.1 -4.3Jf0 (410) 604.7 N (793) 920.7 LiF + HF (793) 407.7 35.6i»0 C 45, 493, 604, 757, 8 1 1 )

400

443.77 443.44

dil. dil.

(324,f 604,o 625, 867 t o 1003f)

200

443.27

N

(742,868, 976)

LiCLH2O LiC1.2H2O LiC1.3H2O LiBr LiBr.H2O LiBr.2H20 LiBr.3H2O LiI LiLJH2O LiLH2O LiI.2H2O LiI.3H2O Li2SO4(D Li2SO4(U) Li2SO4.H20

LiLSO2 LiI.2SO2 Li2Se Li2Se.9H20 Li3N LiNO8

:

100 50 25 10 5 3 c c c c 200 c c c c 200 c c c c c c 800

442.98 dil. (604J 442.61 dil. 442.06 dil. 440.05 dil. 435.49 dil. 427.79 dil. 712.2 17.2 (217,533*) 1011.5 4.1 (217,533*) 1310.3 dissoc.* (533*) 350.4 47.IjJ0 (206, 533*) 397.84 N (»68) 665 dissoc.* (533*) 969 -5.0; & (205,533) 1270 dissoc.* (533*) 272.0 61.8iJ0 (45,206) 333.79 N (533,868) 435.5 dissoc.* (532*) 595 dissoc.* (352*) 906 dissoc.* (532*) 1216 dissoc.* (532*) Tr.; 2.85^ ( 1091 ) 1414 26.7 (810,976) 1440 N; & (»76, 1074)

C

1712

14

c c c aq. c c c

603 932 399 444 3070 192 484.7

dissoc.* (342*) dissoc.* (342*) 44.62« (350) N (350) -5I300O (350J 549 ( 4 7 4 ) !-8JJ0 (493,811,

- 3 ÌJ 0

(810,0976)

976)

co

486.59

dil.

400

486.46

dil.

o LiCl + HCl1 partial heat content of HCl ( 500 J,

(8670)

Formula

I

State

|

Q, kj

|

Method

|

Formula

Lit.

LiNO«.—(Continued)....

LiNO3-SH2O LiNH2 Li(NHa) 4 Li2NH LiCLNH3 LiC1.2NH3 LiC1.3NH3 LiC1.4NH3 LiCLSNH3 LiBr-NH 3 LiBr.2NH3 LiBr.SNHs LiBr.4NH3 LiBr.5NH3 LiBr.6èNH 3 LiLNH 3 LiI.2NH3 LiI.3NH3 LiI.4NH3 LiLSNH3 LiI.5|NH3 LiI.7NH3 Li2C2 Li2CO3

LiHCO3 LiCH3O(CH3OH) LiC2H6O(C2HsOH) LiCN LiCLCH 3 NH 2 LiC1.2CH3NH2 LiCLSCH3NH2 Li2SiO3 Li2SiF6 LiCLThCl4 LiCl.ThCl4.8H2O 2LiCLThCl4 LiHg LiHg2 LiHg3 LiHg99 LiBr.HgBr2 2LiBr-HgBr2 4LiBr.HgBr2 LiCN.Hg(CN) 2 2LiCN.Hg(,CN)2 LiCLHg(CN) 2 LiBr.Hg(CN) 2 LiBr.Hg(CN)2.3|H2O.. .. LiLHg(CN) 2 LiI.Hg(CN) 2 .3èH 2 O

200 100 50

486.36 486.25 486.15

25 3 c c Hq. c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c

C»680)

N dil. dil.

486.05 dil. 481.3 analogy 1374.0 ->liq. (731) 179 232»C1(100Ì («o 328 dissoc.* (<«*) 472 (480) 217 Hd 502.3 22.4}J0; A (187,* 220*) 594.8 11.2 JJ 0 ; & (187,* 220*) 685.8 1.6«0; & (187,*220*) 767.6 1.0Jj 0 ; & (187,* 220*) 846 dissoc.* ( 187 ) 450 28.713|0; & (187, 220*) 548 12.6J 40 ; & (187, 220*) 640 1.2JJ 0 ; & ( 187 » 220 *) 729 -6.5« ;& (187, 220*) Dl)O 809 dissoc.* (i 87*) 921 dissoc.* ( 187 *) 385 dissoc.* (is?*) 489 dissoc.* (187*) 585 dissoc.* O 8 ?*) 680 dissoc.* ( 187 *) 759 dissoc.* (187*) 797 dissoc.* (187*) 910 dissoc.* ( 187 *) 57 155« (47S)

C

1217

aq. 500 CH3OH C2H5OH 200 c c c gis. c c aq. c c c c c c liq. 4200 4400 4800 400 600 1000 1000 c 1000 c

12

-8^ 0

1230 N; & 972 +HCl aq. 482 Li + CH3OH 491 Li + C2H0OH 131 N 496 27.93oo 577 28.O400 653 33.05oo 1560 Li2CO3 + SiO2 182o gis. 2835.3 7.6800 2842.9 LiF + SiF4 1822 262.2 4269 105.1 2239 288.0 84 Li + Hg 94 +H 2 SO 4 105 +H 2 SO 4 82.0 Li + Hg* 559 mix. 962 mix. 1765 mix. -112 mix. 41 . mix. 172 mix. 128 mix. 1168 -38.31S 73 mix. 1118 -43,316

c gas

0

O -

105

State

I

Q, kj

l_

Method

|

Lit.

Na+ Na2O Na2O2 Na3O (?) NaH

« c c c c

240.8 415 495.6 425 55

NaCl; & 236 175.OHCi; & 409 109JJ0; &

NaOH(/3)

c

426.5

43.1 JJ 0

(ss,o 392,976)

468.88 468.90 468.92 468.98 469.14 469.48 469.54 470.23 469.5 469.1 465.5 456.6 577 725 393 570.4 567.9 909 883 411.64

Tr.;4.l299- 6 dil. dil. dil. dil. Na + H2O dil. dil. dil. dil. dil. dil. dil. 35JJ0 30 1 ^ Ig 0 +HNO 3 ; & -2JJ 0 N; & " 26 IoO NaF + HF -5.36JJ0

(««) (65,408,827,° 867,0 897, 976 »° 1 0 0 3 t)

402

742

( > (742) (376) (376) (io° 7 ) (221) C221) (22M ( 2 7 S) (9I7) (iooi) ( 1001 ) (26g) (268) (268) (i° 7 4 ) (1074) (1074) (639*) (1012) (ioi2) (1012) (K><>9) (ioo9) (i™ 9 ) (ioo9) (ioo9) (io<> 9 ) (ioo9)

NaOH (a) (see also p. 161)

NaOH.|H20 NaOH.HzO NaHO2 NaF NaHF 2 NaCl

c » 500 400 200 100 50 25 13.5 9 7 5 3 c c aq. c aq. c 400 c

(392) (6S* 392) (574) (4«4) (740,976) (464)

(976) («» «4, 157.5,0 241,I 777, 837,Of 909,o 934, 976, 10 06,o-j10460)

gas

184

-> (c) dil.

(366» 492)

oo

406.28

500

406.26

dil.

653, 827,0

400

406.26

dil.

8 3 7, t 867,0 909, 9 34,-j-

(6,* J 22, 623,

9 3 8 , f 976, 10700)

200

406.30

N; &

100

406.50

dil.

(6,* so, 187, 646,0670,"

50 25

406.99 407.86

dil. dil.

671,742,0 867,0940,

10

409.2

dil.

976,010060)

330, 580,0

NaClO NaClO3 NaClO4 NaBr....

800 c aq. c aq. c

349 N; & (»76) 344.6 +KNO 3 ;* & (55,246*) 322.5 N; & (976) 421 "15^0 ( 52 » 5S ) 407 ions (i° 4 ) 361.3 -0.8jJQ (55, seo.s,

200

360.54

976) 100

N; &

361.0-

dil.

NaBr.2H2O

14 6.8 c

363.3 365.1 953

dil. dil. 19 7 - - 3oo

NaBrO.... NaI

aq. c

331 290.7

( 867 °) (313,t324|)

( 5 S » 3 6o.s, 976)

(438,* 489,* 491,* 8 7 5 * )

NaOH + Br î, 976) 5 9 - 2oo (*s, seo.s, 811, 976,

Heats of solution of melted salt mixtures:

I Fresh fused | Old fused Na2SO4-MgSO4 71.6« 69.8*9 2NaCLCaCl2 62.4i° 62.91* 2NaCLSrCl2 36.912 35.3" Na2SO4-SrSO4 2.8 5.418 2NaCLBaCl2 -3.9 3.4 Na2SO4-BaSO4 8.2" 8.7« 2Na2SO4.BaSO4 11.2is 5.4™ NaCLLiI -44.4200 NaCl + HCl, partial heat content HCl ( 50 °). 2NaCLBaCl2, heat of dilution (»30),

(6» 359, 558, 854,976)

295,o 623,o

)

Def. —> C*

(39,40,383, 8 S*0) ( 383 ) ( 38 3) (394,579,* 736,* 9 9 6 )

(402,565*)

Sodium0 Na

|

Sodium.—( Continued)

Lithium.—(Continued)

1009)

1

Lit. (157.5)

NaI.2H2O

( 868 °) (55, seo.s,

200 c

296.59 885.7

N -16.8^J0

c 400

376 440.3

65; & N; &

(sss, 897) (so, 60, 897,

200 100 50 20 10

440.4 440.8 441.2 442.3 443.7

dil. dil. dil. dil. dil.

(897)

976)

Na2S

976)

(777) (**).

Formula

|

State

|

Q, kj

|

Method

|

Lit.

Formula

Sodium.—(Continued) 21

c c

1749 1899

- IJ00 -28I000

Na2S.9H2O Na2S2 Na2S3 Na2S4

c aq. aq. c aq. c

3086 442 449 414 455 1085

- Io00 +HI +HI 41}^ +HI 10 IO

800

1096

c c oo 800

3145 1365.6 1367.1 1367.5

70

N

(897)

^897) (89?)

(897) C» 9 ?) (897) (897) 375 ( ) (375,646,0

NaHSeO3 NaHSeO 4 ...

600 aq.

Na2TeO4

c aq. c aq.

NaNO2 NaNO3 (see also p. 162)

976)

Na2S03.7H2O Na2SO4

46

- ^0 2.3^0 extrap. dil.

N; & dil. dil. dil. -79.1^0

(281,355, 807,o 976, 978,o 979, 1100)

Na2S2O3.5H2O(a) Na2S2O3-SH2O(/8) Na2S2O4 Na2S2O5

c aq. c c aq. c 1200

Na2S2O6

1064 1071 2550 2546.1 1146 1452 1430

71^0 +HClO -47.6^0 Tr.; 3.871^ +O2 ~22l°oo N

(H7, 369) (132,976) (121, 976) (737°) (78) (3?5)

-23.8^0 t 9 7 «) ions (976) -48.SjJ0 ( 9 76)

Na2S2O6.2H2O

1653 1629 2250

Na2S3O6 Na2S3O6-SH2O Na2S4O6

aq. c aq.

1575 2475 1578

Na2S4Oe.2H2O NaHS2

c c

2191 239

+Br2; & (isi) (131) - 4 2 JJ 0 O Na 2 S 2 O 3 + (isi, 976) I; & (131) -41ô 18™ (897)

400 200 100 50 20 10 c 600 c 800 400 200 100 50 20 10 c c c c aq. c c c 800 c 400 aq.

257.2 257.3 257.6 258.0 259.7 265.7 836 858 1109.8 1116.8 1115.9 1114.8 1114.2 1114.0 1113.6 1111.8 1402 955 1615 291 369 1690 2989 4980 997 1094 1094 187

dil. N;& (897,976) dil. (897) dil. dil. dil. -6-4400 (897) = Na2S2Os 5 '°HQ (5<>, 976) dil. (976) dil. N; & (843,976) dil. dil. dil. dil. -1.2 (355) dissoc.* (342,* 425*) dissoc.* (342,* 425*) 77 8 - 2 00 ( 350 > N (350) -33 (350) -44 (350) - 92** (350) o (J(JU N (976) Se + Na2O2 ("*). N; & (696, 976) N ( 3 50)

NaHSO4-H2O NaI.2SO2 NaI.4SO2 Na2Se Na2Se.4|H2O Na2Se.9H2O Na2Se-IOH2O Na2SeO3 Na2SeO4 NaHSe

Lit.

600

763 844.7 1283 1205 362 348 470.6 449.1s 449.32

N (976) Na 2 SeO 4 + (696,976) H2SeO4; & 7 Te + Na2O2 ( ^) N (696) -14.726o (686,954) +HCl + (686, 954) CO(NH2)2 -21.0^0 (53,246,* dil. 493,909, dil. 934,f 976,

449.66

( 52 » 67l, 867,«

N

Na 3 P0 4 (?)

Na3PO4

900

1972.4

N

5467 1042+ H4P2O6 3160 3210 6120 837 1199 1202 1940 1525.9

61

NaNH 2 NaNH 3 NaCLSNH 3 NaBr.5iNH 3 NaI.4èNH 3 NaI.6NH 3 . Na2SO4. (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 .H 2 O.. NaPO3

(ieo, iei, 976)

Na3P04.12H20 Na 4 P 2 Oe

c aq.

( 3 75, 9 7 6 )

c 400 c

NaHS.2H2O NaHSO3 NaHSO4

|

c c c c c c c c 600 c

Na 2 (NO) 2

(976,o iooeo)

360.5, 458,

Na2S2O3

Method

450.34 dil. (198, 3i2,f 451.44 dil. 827,0 867, 453.27 dil. 890, t 934.J 458.0 dil. 935) 466 Sr(NO)2.5H2O ( 1 3 S) + NaSO4; & 135 130" C382) 67.6 dissoc. (559) 808 dissoc.* (187*) 1045 dissoc.* (187*) 674 dissoc.* (187*) 790 dissoc.* (187*) 3719 -54.41S (688) 1209 16.615 (447) 1225 N (447) 1871 P + Na2O2 (7l°)

(so, 53, 671, 745, 843,

Na2SO4-IOH2O

|

976)

100 50 25 6 aq.

9760)

1369.0 1370.9 1373.7 4309.0

Q, kj

10460)

200

979, 1 0 0 6 0 )

200 100 50 c

|

978,o 1006,0

891, 976,

1367.9

c œ

400

375

( ) (53, 157.5,0 246,* 36o.s, 458,707, 804,o 807,

400

State

Sodium.—(Continued)

Na2S.4№0 Na2S.5H20

Na2SO3

|

Na4P2O7 Na 4 P 2 O 7 -IOH 2 O NaH 2 PO 2 NaH 2 PO 3 NaH 2 PO 3 .2èH 2 O

c 1600 c aq. c 600 c 300

"

^0

N

(569)

(567)

49 6

- s?o ^976) N ( 447 , 976) -48.8^0 ( 9 7 6 ) N ( 9 7 6) 3.1^0 (8) N (8, 976) (8) ~ 22 5oo N ( 16 O, isi, 976)

NaH 3 P 2 O 6

aq.

NaH3P2O7

c 1200 c c aq. c c

NaH 2 PO 4 -H 3 PO 4 Na2HPO3 Na2HPO3-SH2O Na 2 HPO 4

246+ H4P2Oe 2498 2501 2803 1403.8 1442 2892 1736.7

N

(567)

2.816 (447) N; & (447, 976) 15 4.7 ( 44 6, 4 4 7 ) (8) 38.3^ N (8) -19.215 (8) v 500 ' 23 6 - Ì00 («01,802, 976)

600

1760.3

c c

2334.3 3812

N

(160,161, 976)

Na2HPO4.2H2O Na2HPO4.7H2O

-1.618 (976) -48^0; & (430,* 749,* 801, 802, 976)

Na2HPO4.12H2O

c

5289.9

-95.518

c aq. aq.

2088 2090 492+ H4P2O6 2753

IjJ 0 0 N N

(8) (8, 359) (567)

-9.5

(447)

(216,749,801, 802,

Na 2 H 2 P 2 O 6 Na 2 H 2 P 2 O 6 Na2H2P2O7

c 1200

Na 2 H 2 P 2 O 7 -OH 2 O... Na3HP2O6 Na3HP2O7

c aq. c

2744

4519 728+ H4P2O6 2954

N

976)

(447, 9 7 6 )

-58.2 N

(447) (567)

28.3

(447)

Formula

|

State

|

Q, kj |

Method

|

Lit.

Formula

Sodium.—(Continued] Na8HP2O7-(CWd) . . . . Na8HP2O7-H2O Na3HP2O7-OH2O NaNH 4 HPO 4 NaNH4HPO4.4H20 Na3AsO4 Na3AsO4.12H2O NaH2AsO3 NaH2AsO4 Na2HAsO3 Na2HAsO4 Na3SbO4 3Na2S-Sb2S3

aq. c c aq. c c 500 c 400 300 400 400 c aq. 1200

2982 3264 4729 1652 2842 15Oo (?) 1597 5084 952 1143 1137 1377 1653 1605 1561

c c c

1181 -20 1132.3

N 4.7 -29.6 N -45-°8oo As + Na2O2 N ~ 53 6oo N N N N Sb + Na2O2 N; analogy +HCl; &

(4*7) («7) ("?) (129, 160) (7io) C976) (569)

C ) C 9 7 «) ( 9 7 «) C976) ( 71 °) 0*7, us,

Bi + Na 2 O 2 272HCi; & 23.6JJ0; &

(7io) (381,673) (H3, 361,706,

400

1155.8

N;&

200 100 50 30 c

1157.1 1158.9 1161.6 1164.0 1432.6

dû. dû. dil. dil. 9.41^0

(50,742,976)

c c

3204.2 4085.2

"45^0 -67.6JJ0

( 3 2°»t 976 ) (53, 360.s,8io,

c 450 c c 400 c

1322.5 1299.2 -105 657.1 654.9 952

-23i5oo N 61; & 2 - Û0 N -18»; &

( 56 ) C 53 » 9 7 6 ) C 673 ) C 55 ) (73,976) ( 56 > 263 *)

(60i,t976)

NaHC2 NaCHO2 NaHCO3

200

NaHCOs.H2O NaCH3O NaHC 2 O 4

c CH3OH c 400

NaHC204.H20 NaC2H3O2

934.7

1064 452 1079 1056

c c 400

1382 716.3 732.8

100 50 25 10 3

732.7 732.5 732.1 730.7 730

NaHC4H4O6 NaHC4H4O6-H2O NaC2H3O2-HC2H3O2 NaC 2 H 3 O 2 ^HC 2 H 3 O 2 ... . NaC2H60.2C2H6OH NaC2H6O-SC2H6OH Na2C4H4Oe Na2C4H406.2H20 NaC2H5SO4 NaCN NaCN-JH2O NaCN.2H20 NaCNO Na3C3N3O8 NaCN2H NaH2C3N3Oa

c C2H6OH c c aq. c c c c c c aq. c aq.

1610 463 413 1509 1486 1807 1219 1740 998 1276 1725 1721 2318 1145

c 200 c c c aq. c aq. aq. c

96 94 241 685 406 386 1274 1280 146 911

Method

|

Lit.

N

N

N -37.11^

(«26) («26)

Na2HC3N3O3

c aq. c aq. gis.

1098 1091 179 165 1545

(626)

c c aq.

1544 2766 2755

- 7 - 4 uoo N - 13 - 9 ÎS 0 N SiO 2 + Na2O2 234.IHF N N; &

NaCNS Na2SiO3 Na2SiF6

(53,976)

(53,976) (55, sio,o 976) (73, H4, 671,

dil. (51,976) dil. dil. dil. -^NaC2H3O2.- (455) 3H2O -19.24oo (53) Na+C 2 H 6 OH (376) 56.420 (373) -23.7 (56,134) N (56,134) -35.7 (56, 134) S350 (««) -20 (53) 43.8 (373) 51.4 (373) -4.7 (56, 134) N (56,134) -24.6 (56,134) Ba(C2H6SO4)2 ( 9 7«) + Na2SO4 - 2 -l? 0 o <555) N ( 9 76) ~4-2n0 ( 555) 18 5 (555) ~ - Î 00 - 2 O-IjJ 0 0 ("6) +HCl («2«) 6.IjJ 00 (•«) N (.«2«) N ("•) -20.S3Oo0 ( 626 )

(«2«) ° (555) (275,706)

(1 23)

C 683 » 74 °) (iooi, 1090*) (976, 1001, 1090*)

Na2O2.TÌO3 (from Ti + Na202) Na2TiF6 NaSn

c aq. c

2102 2808 46

Ti + Na2O2 (706) N = H2SiF6 ( 189 ) 48OHCK8)+ ( 189 ) FeCl3

NaSn2

c

63

741HCK8) +

C 189 )

FeCIs

Na2Sn

c

50

74 IHCK s) +

C189)

FeCl3

Na4Sn

c

88

Na4Sn3

c

151

Na2SnO2

aq.

Na4SnO4 ( ? ) . . . . .

c aq.

1549 1897

NaPbO3 2Na2S2O3-PbS2O8

c c aq. c c c c aq. c c c c c c c liqliq. liq. liq. liq. 4200 4400 4800 aq. 400 600 1000 c 1000 c 1000 c c

842 2770 2753 4933 2244 778 2364 2406 3551 36 52 681 46 78 53.8 82.01 82.82 83.1l 83.29 83.41 522 887 1614 2259 - 149 - 32 134 526 90 713.1 35 655 684

c c

601 1881

NaCLThCl4-IOH2O 2NaCl-ThCl4 Na2ZnO2 Na2Zn(SO4)J!

(50,56,976)

dissoc.* (263*) Na + CH3OH (376) -232oo ( 53 ) -403oo 16.5JJ0 N;&

890 1214

937.3

(320,t 976)

976)

NaC2H302.3H20 NaC2H6O

1

1218HCK8)+ FeCl3 1695HC1(8) + FeCl3

976, 9780)

Na2C2O4

Q, kj

aq. c

976

976, 9 7 8 « )

Na-,C03.7H2O Na2CO3-IOH2O

I

NaH2C3N3O3.- (CWd). NaH2C8N1O3JI2O

(976)

777, 810,o

Na2CO3-H2O

State

Sodium.—(Continued)

463)

Na3BiO4 (?) Na2C2 Na2CO3

1

Na2Zn(SO4)2.4H20 NaCd2 NaCd6 Na2CdO2 (?) NaHg2 NaHg4 Na3Hg NaHg 27 -S NaHg69-O NaHgU 6 NaHg290 NaHg688 NaBr.HgBr2 2NaBr.HgBr2 4NaBr.HgBr2 4Na2S-HgS NaCN.Hg(CN)2 2NaCN.Hg(CN) 2 NaCLHg(CN) 2 NaCLHg(CN) 2 -IiH 2 O... NaBr.Hg(CN) 2 NaBr.Hg(CN) 2 .2H 2 0.... NaLHg(CN) 2 NaI.Hg(CN)2.2H2O Na 2 O.CuO 2 .

HSnCl3 + NaOH Sn + Na2O2 SnCl4 + NaOH Na2O2 + Pb -17 mix. -24.0 209.4 Na2O2 + Zn +41 mix. -0.7 +Br +Br Cd + Na2O2 195HCl 163HC1 199.3Hg dil. dil. Na + Hg dil. dil. mix. mix. mix. Na2S + HgCl2 mix. mix. mix. -33.9» mix. -50.5» mix. -48» Cu + Na2O2

C 189 ) C189) ( 9 7 «) ( 7 <>8) (976) (709) (3«9) (3«9) ( 2 «8) ( 2 «8) (* 12 ) (459) (459) (459) ( 187 ) 0*7) ("«) C89) (89> ( 103 °) (256,| 859 t ) («M 8 5 9 t) («46,* i030) ( 25 M 8 5 9 t) ( 25 M 8 5 9 t) ( 1012 ) (l012) (1012) ( 14 °) ( 1009 ) ( 1009 ) (1009) (ioo9) (1009) ( 1009 ) ( 1009 ) (ioo6) ( 71 3)

Na2O-Ag2O2 (?) (from Ag

SHdNa 2 O 2 ) Na3Ag(S2Os)2 NaAg(CN) 2 Na2Ag(CN)8

500 1200

-

18.2 78

A g + Na2O2 AgNO 8 + Na2S2O3 AgCN+ NaCN AgCN+ NaCN

("•) (369) ( 1011 ) ( 101 M

NaClO8 + AgClO3(S0Hd solutions)

(371)

C

Na2PtCl4

c aq.

Na2PtCIe

c aq.

950 992 1138 1173

42; analogy Na2PtCl4 + CuCl; & 35.6^0 +Co

( 97 «) (»76) (»76)

Formula

|

State

|

Q, kj

I

Method

]

Formula

Lit.

|

State

Na2PtCl6.2H2O

c

1747

- 0.81^0

(»76)

Na2PtCl6.6H2O Na2PtBr8

c c aq. c aq. c aq. c aq. c c aq. c c c aq. c c 900 aq.

2935 924 966 2719 699 1426 1458 4978 1014 1120 2406 2460 2601 4218 522 542 2577 833 1028 143

(976)

c 800 10

1325 1335 135o

~44-4JSo 41 6 - 8Uo +Co 36 - soo +Co 32 2 - J2oo +Co -86.OjJ00 ions Mn + Na2O2 54 mix. 13 -41 2OjJ00 N -31U0O Co + Na2O2 mix. Ni(CN) 2 + NaCN 10 -°JÎ0 N -^Na2CrO4.1OH2O " 32 IJ 0 O - 66 ^zOO ions Tr.; 61.1^ Na2O2 + Mo N Tr-; 39.8^™ W + Na2O2 17; analogy U + Na2O2 18OH2SO4 UO2SO4 + Na2O2 + H2SO4 UO 2 SO 4 + Na 2 O 2 + H2SO4 V2O6+ NaHO2 V + Na2O2 N

Na2PtBr6-OH2O Na2PtI6 Na3RhCl6 Na3RhCl6.12H2O Na2PdCU Na2MnO4 Na2SO4-MnSO4 Na2SO4.MnSO4.2H20.... Na2SO4.MnSO4.6H2O.... Na3FeCO(CN)6 Na3FeCO(CN)6.7H20.... Na2CoO3 2NaBr1CoBr2 Na 2 Ni(CN) 4 Na2CrO4

Na2CrO4.4H2O Na2CrO4.10H2O Na2Cr2O; Na2MoO4(J) Na2MoO4(II)

c c aq. c c 400 c c aq. c c aq.

1624 1607 1759 1910 5773

c

5780

NaVO6

aq.

118o

Na3VO4 NaBO2

c 300

188o 969

Na2WO4a) Na2W04(II) Na2UO4 Na 2 U 2 O 7 -HH 2 O (Na2O2J2UO4 (Na2O2)2UO4.9H2O

2510 4262 1920.3 1514 1501

K +

(976)

(»76) (976)

("«) (453)

(453) (453) (7l2) («8) C458) (458) («s«) (™i) (747, 748) (747,748) (712) (1012) (ion) <87' 7°7' 716) ( 9 76) (731) (86)

K K2O K2O3 K2O4

C

KOH03)

c

KOH(a) (see also p. 161)

Method

(7M) ( 82 °) ( 82 °)

-

Def. ->c KCl; & 314JJ0 182.3»so4 142.9H2SO4

O 86 252.4 361 517 550 59

disSOC.*

426.9

NaAlO2 3NaF.AlF8 3NaF.AlF3.3*H2O NaCLAlCl3 NaCl.AlCl3.6NH3 3NaC1.2AlCl3 Na2O.Al2O3.3SiO2êhydr. natrolite) Na2O.Al2O3.4SiO2(dehydr. analcite)

Lit.

Tr.; 6.4$ (515) 480.64 dil. 480.47 dil. 480.3s K + H 2 O;& (359,558.

100 50

480.30 480.29

dil. dil.

KOH.fH2O

25 15 9 7 5 3 c

480.18 479.80 478.73 477.61 475.10 468.85 678

dil. dil. dil. dil. dil. dil. 1 S-O^5

KOH-H 2 O

C

752

14 9

(219,392)

1052 561.2 578.4

-0-1I70 17.2JJ0 N; &

(65,219) (4io, 465) (157, 465, 740„

576.8 573.9 1159.7 1748.7

dil. dil. -9-°u0 -25.8

( 412 ) (412, 465) (412)

854,

KOH.2H20 KF

c c 400

97

(219,392)

- i7 5

KF.2H2O KF.4H2O

c c

KHF 2

C

918

-25Io0

(412,464,

400

893

N; &

( 464 » 46S ,

c c c

1242 1561 436.5

465) 976)

KF.2HF KF.3HF KCl (see also p. 161)

-33 (*") -36 (47l) -18.6j;o;& (ie, 157.5,0 245,f 290, 295,o 312, f 493, 623,o

729, 777, 810,o 840, 934,f 976, 1006,o 10460)

( 7 U) 59, 84,

aq. c

3149 6119

N -108.2}J00

(so, 59, 976) (216, seo.s,

c aq. c c aq. c c c c

1405 1622 1137 3113 3256 4208 1134 1936 2693

B2O3 + Na2O2 N Na 2 O+Al 2 O 3 123(19% HF) mix. -54.1; & 296jJQ 23.5 573 ^J0O

( 7 <>7) (*<>, 59, 976) ( 716 ) ( 32 ) ( 32 ) (32) (32) (32)

gas

C (?)

3689

790(2o%

C (?)

« 1000

(48.1, 350,

HF)

(32)

( 7 4 °)

5733

970(20% HF)

( 7 4 °)

Na4CeO4 (?)

c

(?)

(709)

2Na2SO4-CaSO4 2Na2SO4.CaSO4.2H2O.... NaSrPO4.9H20 NaSrAsO4.9H2O NaBaPO4.9H20

c c c c c

2782 4731 4802 4295 4674

NaBaAsO4.9H2O

c

4289

Ce2O3 + Na2O2 13.0iooo 8.82200 N N BaCl2 + NaH2PO4 BaCl2 + NaH2AsO4

( 3 <>) ( 30 ) (569) (569) (569) (569)

6)

976)

5.76 3.90

cso,

43

976)

(65,408,827,0 867,0897,

(8»i)

3106

(40,854) («•) ( 418 ) (49,55,65,

( 82 O)

c

(366*)

(579,* 736*)

54.2JJ6

500

220

—»C

(366,* 492*)

417.99 417.91

dil. dil.

(198,245, 501.5,0623,0

417.88

dil.

653,827,0 868,0 890,| 909, 934,| 938,| 10060)

976)

Na 3 BO 3 Q?)

|

c œ 400 200

361)

Na2B4O7JOH2O

Q, kj |

219,392, 976)

(86)

(785) (i°»i) (712) (785) ( 1 O 91 ) (707)

c gas « c c c

KH

976)

Na2B4O7

|

Potassium0

Sodium.—(Continued )

a

Heats of solution of melted salt mixtures: I Fresh melt | KCl-NaCl -20.2 KC1.2NaCl -22.615 2KCLNaCl -30.413 KI.NaCl -23.3i5o K2SO4-Na2SO4 -2312 K2SO4.2Na2SO4 -16.112 2K2SO4-Na2SO4 -55.712 K2CO3-Na2CO3 34.412 K2CO3.2Na2CO3 64.9" K2CO3-SNa2CO3 97.5" K2CO3.4Na2CO3 129.31* 2K2CO3-Na2CO3 55.312 3K2CQ3-Na2CQ3 10113

Old melt -20.816 -25.1™ -35.7^ 3 -21.21« ~15.li« -52.0"» 33.91* 64.2i 5 94.1" 127.51« 55.5 K)IIS

|

Lit. (157.5,777, 1023) ( 4S )

(1S7.5)

KCl-BrCl2 mixtures, partial heat of dilution ( 93 S). Solid solutions of KCNS and NaCNS, heats of formation (i°23). KAuCl4, heat of dissociation (780-5). KCl, HCl, partial heat content of HCl (soo, soi). K2SO4.CoSO4.6H2O, K2SO4-ZnSO4-OH2O, K2SO4. NiSO4.6H2O, heats of dehydration (262).

Formula

|

State

| Q, kj

|

Method

|

Lit.

Formula

KCl.-(Continued)

KClO

200 100 50 25 400

KClO3

C

417.93 N (so, 742, 868,0 418.02 dil. 976) 418.73 dil. 419.53 dil. 360.5 KOH + Cl2; (976) & 376.1

[

State

|

Q, kj

|

Method

- 43 -OjoO

(55,216,428, 934,

947,

K2SaH2O K2S4.2H2O K2SO3 K2SO3-H2O K 2 SO 4(I) K2SO4(II)

c c c 600 c c c

633 1085 1113 1119 1400 1417.1

-9.212 -31™ J0V & N; & 53oo Tr.; 10.75(*«J -27.4JJ 0 6

KClO4

500 400 250 125 c

1000 500 sat.

415.3 417.0 421 420

dil. (934 f) dil. N; & (947,976) dil. dil. +NH 4 C 6 H 2 - ( 174 ) (N0 2 ) 3 0 dil. (934f) dil. (76l) dil. -49.0 (174, 76l

c

393.5

-21.2^0; &

(55,67, 157.5,0 245, f 976, 1 0 2 4 )

gas

184

oo 200 50

372.0 372.30 372.5

10 aq. aq. aq. c

375.4 382 401 344 347.8

-» C

ions N; & dil.

810,

K2S2O3

œ 800 400 200 100 50 c

1389.1 1389.5 1389.7 1390.8 1392.4 1394.9 1116

ions dil. dil. N;& dil. dil. 21 " JS0

976)

KBr3 KBr5 KBrO KBrOs

976)

305.0 305.6 305.9 306.0

500 400 250

dil. dil. N dil.

KBr.KCl(80lid solutions). . . .

KI

(1 57.5, 959, 1023)

c gas

329.6 134

oo

308.1

-21A1^0 -> c

K2S2O3-H2O K2S2Os

K2S2O6

K2S2O7 K2S2O8

K2S3O6

(Ui, 976) ( 366 °)

ions

(55,909)

200

308.35

N

(63, 868,0

KI3 KIO

100 aq. aq.

308.5 301 331

dil. I2 + KI; & KOH + I 2

( 3 24) (i, 94, s i i ) ( 82 , 924, 925)

KIO 3

C

508.4

-28.3J 0 8 0

(82,934,976)

KIO 4 K3IO6 K 6 IOe KH 4 IO 6 KI03.HI03 K 2 H 3 IO 6 K 3 H 2 IO 6

479.2 479.7 480.1 480.7 409 1186.7 1871 981 758 709 1265 1473

dil. dil. N; & dil. N N N N -49i2 Q mix. N N

(934)

(976) (976) (80,976) (976) (82) (976) (80,976) (80,976)

C

765

-38

KI.KBr(fresh melt)

c

718

-38

K2S

C

369

94

(359,856, 897)

dil. N; & dil. dil. dil. dil. dil. 16}800

( 897 ) (897,976)

K2S.2H20 K2S.5H20 K2S4

462.8 463.1 463.4 464.1 464.5 459.3 453.6 1019

c c aq.

1915 476 481

I

-22Io00 5}00 +HI

C

1095 1407 1500 1452 1643 1707.1

500 c aq. c aq.

1653 1954 1938 1861 1800

c

1650

N -2614 - 47 -°45o N - 47 ^ 5 Js 0 dissOC.

( 9 76) ( 999 ) ( 118 > ( 118 ) ( 118) (669,976)

-54.4 J J0 -16 dissoc. 61 - S300 BaS2O8 + K2SO4; & -52. IjJ 0 ; &

(976) (53) (53)

+Br 2 -55-°5oo ions -42 ions -552Soo dil. N dil. dil. dil. dil. 3 2 - }J 00 N -lô^Jïo

( 131 )

(1350)

(1350) («i, 669,

KHS.iH20 KHSO3 KHS04aiI) KHS0 4(H)

c

KHS04(I) KHSO4

c 800 400 200 100 50 20 c c aq. c c c aq. aq. aq. aq. c c c co 1000 500

K2S4O6 K2S6O6 K 2 S 6 O 6 ^H 2 O KHS

1598 1655 1600 1666 1624 2108 267.7 267.8 269.3 272.1 272.4 268.6 336 869.4 1142

(669)

(«69) C 131 ) (897) (976)

(897> (116,976) (52'355'458> 976)

(80,82,976)

KI.KClcfresh melt)

400 200 100 50 20 10 7 c

aq. c c 600 c

aq. c aq. c aq. c 400 200 50 20 10 6 c 400 c

976)

500 400 250 aq. aq. aq. 400 c aq. aq. aq.

0",123,

976)

(934) (976)

( 2 4 M 8 9 0 t) (looeoj (748,976)

669)

K 2 S 2 O 6 -^H 2 O (?)

dil. ( 9 76) KBr + Br2* («48*) KBr 3 + Br2* (648*) ions ~ 42 Î? 0 ( 81 > 93 M

909,

976, 978,0 10060)

(366*)

(63,868,0976) (324, f 890, f

(897) ( 89 7) (116»669) (116,976) (116) (i09i) (49, 157.50 355, 359, 805,o

934f)

KBr

Lit.

245,

976, 1 0 1 9 )

332.2 332.9 333.1 333.8 334.9 469

|

Potassium.—(Continued)


KI.4SO2 K2Se

(45,157.5)

(iST.s, ioas)

(»97) C897) ( 8 97) («97)

K2Se.9H2O K2Se.l4H20 K2Se.l9H2O KHSe K2TeO3 K2TeO4 KNO 2 KN0 3(I) KN03(in) KN03(II) (see also p. 162)

Tr.; 2.OJfJ 1 J Tr.; 0.4OJ16J4J dil. dil. N; & dil. dil. dil. dissoc.* 36JJ00 N -80J000 -85J000 -123" N N N N; & Tr.; 2.6^ Tr.; 4.9 g» 497.1 -35.41J0 460.81 dil. 460.94 dil. 461.06 dil.

1128.9 1127.2 1126.1 1125.5 1125.4 1125.6 1654 357 393 3048 4484 5952 198 1085 1227 359

(235*) ( 235 *) (52, 976) (52,976)

(976) (342*) ' ( 3 SO) (350) ( 350) ( 35 °) (350) (350) (696) ( 69 6) (58,954) (45.3,234*) (45.3,234*) (9, 52, 294,o f 493,634, 729, 8io,o 909,o 9 34,f

Formula

|

State

|

Q, kj

|

Method

|

Formula

Lit.

|

KNO 3 (Ii).-(Continued). .

»76,

978

»°

K3C3N3O3

1006,0 10460)

200

461.69

N; &

(52,868,0976)

100

462.74

dil.

(52,198,827,° 867,o 890, 934 t )

50 25 K 2 (NO) 2 KNH 3 KBr.4NH 3 KI.4NH3 KI.6NH3 K3PO4 KH 2 PO 2 KH2PO3 KH2PO4 K2HPO3 K2HPO4 K3AsO4 KH2AsO3 KH2AsO4 K2HAsO3 K2HAsO4 K2CO3

464.49 467.17

Bat.

468.0

aq.

489

c c c c aq. aq. aq. c aq. aq. aq. 400 800 c 400 400 400 c

73 696 641 794 2006 849 1214 1557 1537 1465 1783 1631 963 1175 1155 1160 1402 1150.7

dil. dil. dil.

(iooso) (294,934t)

Sr(NO) 2 + ( 133 ) K2SO4 dissoc.; & ( 559 ) dissoc.* (187*) dissoc.* (187*) dissoc.* (187*) N (»76) N (976) N (»76) -20 (458) N (,»76) N (»76) N (»76) N (»76) N (»76) -20 (458) N (»76) N (»76) N (»76) 27.2j;o;& (53, 157.5,0 614, 777,

K2C03.èH2O K 2 COUeH 2 O K2C2O4

K2C204.H20 7K2CO3.2CO2.9èH2O KHCO 2

400

1177.9

dil.

200

1178.5

N;&

100 50 10 c c c 3200 1600 800 400 200 133 c c c

1179.3 1180.5 1181.0 1303.0 1608.7 1341 1321.6 1321.7 1322.0 1322.5 1323.8 1325.1 1639.0 1233.4 669.1

dil. dil. dil. 17.914 -!-6Jo0 -20 dil. dil. N; & dil. dil. dil. -31.01^0 -91.4^00 -3.9^0

665.2

N

400

KHCO3

c

968

-22.3^0; &

945

N; &

»76)

KCH3O KHC2O4 KC2H3O2

KC 2 H 6 O KHC2O4-H2C2O4 KHC 4 H 4 O 6 ... K 2 C 4 H 4 Oe

CH3OH c 400 c 400 200 100 50 25 10 5 C2H5OH c c aq. C

(405, 890,f »76) (9?6)

(55»° » 7 «) (56) (318) (318) (56,976) (318) (318) (318) (»76) (406) (55) (55,68,976)

(53,264,* (52, 742, 9 7 6 )

464 K + CH3OH (376) 1107 -40 (459) 1067.3 N (56,976) 730.2 14.0*>0 (55,976) 744.2 N (49,976) 744.0 dil. (»76) 743.7 dil. 743.2 dil. 742.5 dil. 740.7 dû. 737.4 dil. 481.9 K + C2H5OH (3io, 376) 1946 -66 (459) 1545 -43nci (468,555) 1497 N (56,134,962) 1755

-U- 9 ^ 0

(56,134,468, 810)

aq.

1743

N

(55, 134, i so,

K 2 C 4 H 4 O6.èH 2 O K2C4H4Oe.2H2O

c c

1912 2363

-25.7^0 -43.6

(56, aio, 962) (»62)

KCN

C

118

-12» 0

200 c aq.

105 419 397

N; & ~ 21 - 6 loo +HCl; &

962)

KCNO

|

Q, kj

KH2C3N3O3 KHC3N3O3-H2O K2HC3N3O3 KCNS

KHCN 2 KCNS.S02 2KCNS-SO2 KSbOC4H2O5 KSbOC4H4O6 KSbOC4H4OaH2O K2SiF6 K2SnCl6

K2SnCl4JI2O KCLPbCU1^0H2O KC1.2PbCl2 2KI-PbI 2(me lt).. 2KI.PbI2.2H20

•

c aq. c aq. c c aq. c aq.

1341 1317 938 902 1233 1114 1088 227 176

aq. c c c c aq. c c aq. c 600

159 562 792 1453 1763 1741 1907 2854 2794 1507.3 1493.2

c c c c c

1520 896.0 1162.8 838 1429

4KI.3PbI2lfresh melt)

C

1839

4KI.3PbI2.6H2O K2SO4-PbSO4

c c

3608 2336.1

c c c c c c aq. c c c Hq. c aq. c

4621 2313 2394 2998 4194 122 825 60 121 167 109.0 669 629 963

(52,742,976)

406, 632*)

200

State

|

Method

I

Lit.



(55,70,976)

(70, 139, 976) (5S)

O37)

KCl.ThCl4.9H2O 2KCLThCl4 K 2 Zn(SO 4 ) 2 K2Zn(S04)2.2H2O K2Zn(S04)2.6H20 2KCN-Zn(CN) 2 8KCN-Zn(CN) 2 KHg2.9 KHg9 K2Hg9 KHg86.5 KCLHgCl2 KCLHgCl2-H2O 2KCLHgCl2

KCLHg(CN) 2 JE 2 O KC1.2Hg(CN)2 2KCLHg(CN)2 4KCLHg(CN) 2

c 400 c c aq. c c 4200 c c 4400 660 4800 c c c 600 aq. aq. 400 c 600 c 500 c 1000 600 800

1116 1053 1408 2449 2308 3330 577 533.6 877 962 910 921 1661 444 731 778 737 1048 1980 - 137 52 7 184 146 476 - 126 565 1402

8KCLHg(CN)?

1200

3075

2KCLHgCl2-H2O 4KC1.3HgCl2 4KC1.3HgCl2.3H20 KBr-HgBr 2 KBr-HgBr2-H2O 2KBr-HgBr2

4KBr-HgBr2 KLHgI 2 . KLHgI2-H2O 2KLHgI 2 3KI-HgI2 6KI-HgI2 KCN-Hg(CN) 2 .... 2KCN-Hg(CN) 2 KCLHg(CN)2

- 25^J00 j ( 6 26) N («26) -35.9isoo («26) N («26) -45.4^00 (626) -261665 (62G) N (626) -Slioo (555, 1023) K2S3+ (sss, 1023) KCN; & N (626) dissoc.* (342*) dissoc.* (342*) 2 (469) -2112 (469) N (469) -22^ (469) N (iooi) N; &* (1090*) -14.1^0 (»76) KCl + (»76) SnCl4 (9?6) - 56 - 2 e?o KCl + PbCl2 (246*) KCl + PbCl2 (246*) -46.1 ("I) - 66 - 2 }? 0 o (111) -81l400

(1U)

(111) "132^0O K 2 SO 4 + (30, 245*) PbSO4; & 12.8 (268) 1673 (268) 33 1 ^ JSo (458,976) 2.01^0 (»76) - 49 - 4 J? 0 (458,976) 63^ (140, 638*) mix. (139) 193HCl ( 14 °) 133HCl ( 89 ) 341HC1 (89) K + Hg (638,* 927) (1 6) ~ 40 ^ 0 ° mix. (i°6) -47.31^0 (i° 6 ) (1 6) - 62 - 9 î 0 4 oo ° mix. (»76 -68.6JJ0 (ice, 976) -141" (i<>6) mix. (i°6) -164 O «6) -H&r(lfl0) O 0 6 ) mix. (i°6, loi2) -25KBr(ioo) (106,976) -40.8^0 O 06 , »76) mix. (ioe, 1012) mix. (»76) mix. (1012) +aq. (i<>6) +aq. (106) 41 0 (9?6) - - 82o HgI2 + KI (»76) HgI 2 + KI (109) HgI2 + KI (109) mix. (1009) -59 (106) mix. ( 1 4 0 ) -38 (io») mix. (i o 9) -43 (109) mix. ^09) mix. (109) mix. (109)

mix.

("»)

Formula

I

State

|

Q, kj

I

Method

I

Lit.

Formula

KBr.Hg(CN)2

KBr.Hg(CN)2.HH2O.... KBr.2Hg(CN)2 2KBr.Hg(CN)2 4KBr.Hg(CN)2 8KBr.Hg(CN)2 KLHg(CN)2

c 151 500 102 c 584 1000 - 170 600 475 800 1222 1200 2714 c 97 500 47

KLHg(CNMH 2 O KI.2Hg(.CN)2 2KLHg(CN) 2 4KLHg(CN)2 8KLHg(CN)2 KCLCuCl2 2KCLCuCl

c 1000 600 800 1200 c c

2KCLCuCl2 2KCLCuCl2.2H20

c c

171 - 224 360 980 2216 662.7 1016 1103.2 1696

I

-50" mix. -53" mix. mix. mix. mix. -50" mix.

(io6) (106) (ioe, ioos) ("S) (io«) (ios) (106) (i06) (106)

c

2164

-52" (106) mix. (106) mix. (i° 6 ) mix. (io«) ' mix. (io«) 9 (1 22) 14- ^0 ° KCl+ (2**) CuCl;* -5.9j«0 (226) -26.7JJ0 (226, seo,

40.6i«0

("0,976)

K2S04.CuS04(0)(prepared 180-200°>

C

2179

K2S04.CuS04(fU8ed) K2S04.CuS04.2H20 K.S04.CUS04.6H.O

bet.

c c c

2169 2782 3978

K2Cu(C03)2(V) K2Cu(C03)2(II) K,Cu(C03)2(IV) KIAgI KLAgLeH 2 O 2KLAgLeH2O 3KLAgI 3KLAgLeH2O KAg(CN)2

c c c c c c c c c 500

26

(360.5,808)

35.2 -4.8«, ; & -56.4»,

(458,808) (»«.* "«) (***> 360 - 5 >

49.5HC1 60.5HC1 51.9HCi +aq. +aq. +aq. +aq. +aq -35.SJ5, KCN+AgCN KCN + AgCN AuCl+KCN (8)

( 814 ) ( 814 ) ( 814 ) (»«) (»») («*) ("*) (»«) (••.««) (i40,ioii)

458, 8 1 0 )

K 2 Ag(CN) 3 KAu(CN) 2

1200 aq.

K2IrCl6

K8IrCl6 K2PtCh

'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.

K2PtCIe K2PtBr4 K2PtBr6 K2PdCh K2PdCIe K2PdBr4 KMnO4 KFe(S04)2 KFe(SO4)2.12H2O K2Fe(SO4)2.4H20 K2Fe(S04)2.6H20 K3Fe(CN)6 K4Fe(CN)6

1788 1777 1786 408 527 865 1071 1193 28 7 101 26

C aq.

H70 Hl7

c c aq. c

153o 1066 1015 1254

aq. c aq. c aq. c aq. c aq aq.

1198 925 881 1040 988 1094 1037 1214 1151 872

c 600 aq. c c c c aq. c

813 769 2038 5539 3551 4123 205 144 551

aq.

499

c c aq. c

1427 598 576 1623

disSOC.* -1316

(i40,ioii) (lors) (4SI, 453) (453)

K2IrCl6 + Co (453,454) -50.7; & (»™) +Co; & (»76) Na 2 PtCl 6 + (976) KCl; & -57.6 (»7«) -44.2 (»76) +Co; & (816,976) -51.3; & (976) +Co; & (976) -57.OJJ0 (976) +Co; & (556, 976) -63 (976) +CuCl; & (976) Pd + KBr + (556) -43.SJJ 00 ;A (55,723,976) +H 2 O 2 ; & («*. 976) mix. (69,976) -67 ( 35 9) dissoc.* (262) -46 (458) -60.JJj0 (555) +Br 2 ; & ( 5 SS) -MjJ 00 <". •". •", N

(277,555, 743)

K4Fe(CN)6.3H20 K3FeCO(CN)6 KsFeCO(CN)6.3èH20....

|

Q, kj

KH2Fe(CN)6 KH 3 Fe(CN) 8 K 2 HFe(CN) 6 K 2 H 2 Fe(CN) 6

aq. aq. aq. aq.

K3HFe(CN)6

aq.

247

1

Method

I

Lit.

-69JJ00 (", "O) -22JJ 00 ( 7 4 6 ) N (746) (746) ~ 46 22oo

- 364 - 259 - 109 6

K 2 Ni(CN) 4

aq.

166

K2Cr04(I) K2Cr04(II)

c c 800 c

1379 1357.2 2016.0

œ 1200

1939.1 1942.9

1000 500 250 166 sat. c c aq. aq. c 600 aq. aq.

1943.0 1945.4 1947.7 1949.1 1953.3 1016 2584 2525 2274 1263 1241 1524 1808

c aq. aq. aq. c aq. c c c c 600 c c c gis.

2764 1318 1258 1196 3217 3232 4322.7 1190 2082 2833 2549 6026 1984 5789 5700

N N N N

(««) (277,743) (555) (277,555, 743)

N

(277, sss, 743)

K2Cr2O7

Ni(CN) 2 + (*oii) KCN Tr.; 17.0««^ O 091 ) -22.O640 (458,733) N (976) -73.OjJ00 (120,458,733, 934,| 9 7 6 )

dû. N

(H9, 122, 899, 9 7 6 )

1022)

K2S04.CuS04(tt)(prepared bitowmo,

State



KOCrClO2 K2Cr3Oi0 KCr(S04)2 KNH4CrO4 K2MoO4 K2MoO6 2KC1.UO2C12.2H2O KVO3 KVO4 KVO5 3KRAlF3 3KF.A1F3.3|H2O KCLAlCl3 SKCLAlCl3 3KC1.2A1C13 KA1(S04)2 KA1(S04)2.12H20 KC1.A1C13.6NH3 K2O.A1203.4SÌ02 K2O.Al2O3.6SiO2(adularia).

C

7579

dil. (934 f) dil. dil. dil. dil. 19.S5OO (733) -59 (««) N; analogy +KOH (122,976) -2236o (899) N ( 8 99) N (785) K 2 MoO 4 + ( 78 S) H2O2 -16 (7) +H2O2 (821) +H 2 O 2 (821) ions +HF (32) +HF (32) AlF3 + KF (32) 262.OJJ0 ( 32 ) 106.2JJ00 (32) 469.OjJ00 (32) +KOH (976) -42.3||00 ( 359 » 9 7 «) -12.7 («*) +HF (740) +HF ( 7 4 0 ) 109420%HF

(74°)

K2O.A12O3.6Si02(microcline)

C

7466

+HF

gis.

7345

132820%HF 11818

(740)

( 74 °)

KCLMgCl2(melt)

C

1091

KGl.MgCli.6HiO 2KCLMgCl2(melt) 4KCLMgCl2 K2Mg(SO4).

c c c c

2939 1530 2407 2690

-12.9» 98" 66» 44JJ0

(l

57.5)

K2Mg(S04)2.2H20 K2Mg(S04)2.4H20 K2Mg(S04)2.5H20 K2MgCS04)2.6H20

c c c c

3303 3922 4200 4493

3.8JJ0 dissoc.;* & -34-5JJ0 - 4 I- 9 JJ 0

1684 3133 8809 1859 2844 737 8 25 22 5 1740 1732 2928 844

25" (i«-«) -30.2 ( 3 O) 3.0 (") +O 2 ( 6 2 2) -26.1iooo ( 30 ) 14.0180 ( 45 ) 368.8 (558) 546.7 743 559 7.8 (56) N (56) -50.8 (56, 247, 359> -150.7 (»»«)

(»"••) 0"-») (157.5) (157.5, 808, 810, 976)

( 976 ) (262) ( 976 ) C 458 ' 81 °» 976)

2KCl.CaCl2(meit) K2S04.CaS04.H20 K2S04.5CaS04.H20 KCaFeCO(CN) 6 -OH 2 O... K2S04.SrS04 KI.LiCl(melt) NaK NaK2 NaK3 Na2K KNaC4H4O6 KNaC4H4Oe.4H20 3KCNS.NaCNS

c c c c c c Hq. liq. liq. Hq. c aq. c c

Formula

|

State

|

Q1 kj

|

Method

|

Lit.

Formula

State

Rubidium0 Rb Rb+

c «

Rb2O

O

Rb2O2 Rb2O4 RbOHOS) RbOH(a)

RbOH.(H20)o.ei3 RbOH.H2O RbOH.2H20 RbF RbF.èHaO RbF.ièH 2 O RbHF2 RbCl

O 256

:...

347

c c c c 100 3.18 c c c c 400 c c c 400 c

Cs

Def. RbCl 3351»

(41,853,854)

+H2SO4 ( 419 ) analogy ( 419 ) 59.7JJ0 (397) Tr.; 7.1g« (SIS) 483.9 Rb -f H2O (4i, 854) 472.9 dû. ( 408 ) 32 1 5 ^HO ( 397 > 16 (397) 754 ^n 0 1058.5 -2-7n0 ( 397 > 24 557.9 ^JJ 0 ( 411 ) 582.2 N (4*4) 661.6 15-7}}0 t 413 ) 1014.0 -2.6Jf 0 ( 4 *3) 919.4 -22.2^ 0 ( 414 ) 897.3 N ( 414 ) 439.3 -17.7^0 (399,493, 448 565 423.5

1073)

RbBr RbBr3 RbBrCl2 RbBr2Cl RbI RbI 3 ... RbICl2 RbIBr2 Rb2S Rb2SO4 RbHSO4 RbI.4SO2 RbNO3(ID RbNO3(D RbBr.3NH3 RbLoNH 3 Rb2CO3 Rb2CO8JK2O Rb2COsU^H2O Rb2C03.3|H20 RbHCO3 4Rb2CO3.CO2.5|H20 RbCNS 2RbCNS.S02 2RbCLThCl4 2RbCl.ThCl4.9H2O 4RbCLThCl4 2RbCLCuCl2 2RbCl.CuCl2.2H20

400 c 400 c c c c aq. c c c c aq. c 440 c 330 c c c 200 c c c aq. sat. c c c c aq. c c aq. c c c c c c

420.7 402 375 381 437 421 338 311 285 421 364 367 470 1422.8 1395.5 1147.1 1131.3 1666 500.6 464.5 629 801 1146 1183 1179.0 1457 1612 2199 965 945 6758 238 179 571 2401 5046 3208 1116 1720

Q, kj |

Method

|

Lit.

Cesium.—(Continued}

N; analogy -24.9j{Q (411) ions dissoc.* (336*) dissoc.* (336*) dissoc.* (336*) -27-2Jf 0 ( 411 ) ions dissoc.* ( 3 3 6 t) dissoc.* ( 3 36f) dissoc.* («ef) 103 («'«) N (»s«) -27.9JJ 0 (399) N (399) - 15 - 6 22o ( 399) N (399) dissoc.* (342*) -36.72J0 (493) Tr.; 4.4}«*, ( 234 ) ions dissoc.* ( 187 t) dissoc.* ( 187 t) 36.6 ( 4 °2) N (402) dil. («os) 12 ^Jf0 ( 40S ) ~°- 8 îf 0 <405) 15 ( - ^n0 *°5) - 19 - 8 îf 0 (2« 4 »t 4 0 6 ) N (405) -32.3 ( 4 <>7) -60 analogy ions dissoc.* (342*) 81 (««) 11 (268) 115 (*•«) - 12.8JJ0 ("6) ~44-5Joo 1 ("6)

*°< CsOHOS) CsOH(a)

o c c 400 sat. c c 400 c c c aq.

CsOH.H2O CsF CsF. IH2O CsF.UH2O CsHF2 CsCl(O)

C

CsCl(a).

CsBr CsBr3 CsBrCl2 CsBr2Cl CsI

!...

CsI3 CsICl2 CsIBr2 CsI2Br Cs2S Cs2SO4 CsHSO4 CsI.4SO2 CsNOi111, CsN03(I)

Cs2CO3

Cs2CO3-SlH2O CsHCO3

6Cs2CO3.CO2.llH2O 6Cs2C03.C02.182LH20.... Cs2ThCIe Cs2ThCUSH2O Cs4ThCIs 2CsCLCuCl2. 2CsCl.CuCl2.2H20 CsLiICl(meit) CsNaICldnelt) CsKICl

c gas 400 200 100 50 c aq. c c c c aq. c c c c c aq. c 440 c 220 c c c 400 200 100 60 c aq. sat. c

S76 138£S04(2406) 419.6 68-7U0 Tr.;7.4(2|3 488.9 Cs + H2O 476 dil. 756.4 18-0Jf0 552.3 35.OjJ0 587.5 ions 760.5 17.7Jf0 1012.6 4.1Jf0 918.1 -15.6 902.5 N 445.6

243 425.89 426.15 426.62 427.40 407.9 380 388 442 425 350.5 317 300 428 372 357 366 480 1427 1406 1152 1137 1693 509.7

469.50 471.08 472.22 473.49 1143.1 1193.6 1192.8 2209.3

C

968

aq. c c c c c c c c c c

950 10760 12770 2357 4770 3261 1134 1727

-19.2JJ0

(4") ( 42 , 397) (sis) ( 44 . 8 * 4 ) ( 408 ) ( 397 ) ( 4 °i) ( 413 ) ("3) (4»4) (414) (42,399,493)

Tr.; 5.6^ C 107 ») -> c* (366) N ( 42 ) dil. (867°) dil. dil. -28.2Jf 0 (399) ions dissoc.* (336*) dissoc.* (336*) dissoc.* (336*) -34.5Jf0 ( 3 99) ions dissoc.* (336*) dissoc.* (336*) dissoc.* (336*) dissoc.* (336*) 114 ( 8 «6) N ( 8S «) (399) -20.8JJ0 N (399) (399) -15-622o N (399) dissoc.* (342*) -40.22J0 («3) Tr.; 3.5^» (234*) ions dil. (867°) dil. dil. 49.5J25Q (402) N ( 4 «2) dil. ( 4 °2) -15-lJ|0 ( 40S ) -18JIo

(262,* 406)

N ( 4 °6) -34.4 ( 4 <>7) -108.0 ( 4 «7) 136 (268) 10 (268) 83 (268) ( 6) ~19-7JJ0 " ~41-°JJ0 < 226) 1.6340 ( 4S ) - 38.2340 (4*) -50.246o ( 4 ^)

LITERATURE

Césium6 Cs Cs+

c co

O 260

Def. CsCl

CS2O

C

344

348JJ0

(For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) (44,853,854)

« RbCl + KCl; heat of solution, (959). Rb2SO4.CuSO4.6H2O, heat of dissociation (262). Rb2SO4, double salts with CdSO4, MnSO4, CoSO4, ZnSO4, NiSO4, MgSO4, heat of dissociation of hydrate (262). » CsCNSjSO2, heat of dissociation (342). Cs2SO4.CuSO4.6H2O, heat of dissociation (««• 262). Cs2SO4. X SO4.6H2O, X = Cd, Mn, Co, Zn, Ni, Mg; heats of dissociation ( 2 «2). CsAuCl4, heat of dissociation (7so.5).

(M Abel and Halla, in BSl9 IV: 440; 13. (2) Abria, 34, 22: 372; 46. ( 3 ) Adolph and Henderson, 141, 50: 463; 22. ( 4 ) Allen and Lombard, 12, 43: 175; 17. (5) Allen, White and Wright, 12, 21: 89; 06. (6) Allmand and Polack, 4, 115: 1020; 19. (7) Aloy, 84, 122: 1541; 96. ( 8 ) Amat, 6, 24: 289; 91. (9) Anderson and Noyes, 50, 17: 249; 13. (10) Andre, 34, 92: 1452; 81. O 1 ) Andre, 6, 3: 66; 84. («) André, S4, 98: 298; 84. (13) Andreae, 7, 7: 241; 91. ( 14 ) Andrews, 4, 1: 27; 48. ( 1 5 > Andrews, 8, 75: 27; 48. ( 15 - 5 ) Andrews, 8, 75: 501; 48. (*6) Andrews, 3% 32: 321; 48. (") Aten, 7, 54: 55; 06. (* 8 ) Atkinson, Heycock and Pope» 4, 117; 1410; 20. (l9) Atlas Powder Co., S3, 20: 320; 19.

( 2 0 ) At water and Rosa, ^, 9: 214; 99. ( 21 ) Bach, 7, 9: 241; 92. (22) Backlung, 60, 54: No. 22; 11. (23) Bäckström, 147, 4: No. 11; 21. (24) Bäckström, 4, 125: 430; 24. (25) Bäckström, l, 47: 2432; 25. (26) Bahr, 93, 71: 79; 11. (2 7 ) Baille and Fery, 6,17: 246 ; 89. (2 » ) Baker, O1 68: 9 ; 01. (29 ) Balareff, 03, 71: 70; 11. (30) Barre, 6, 24: 145; 11. (31) Baud, 84, 132: 553; 01. (32) Baud, 6, 1: 8; 04. (33) Baud and Gay, 6, 17: 398; 09. C 34 ) Baxter, Hickey and Holmes, 1, 29 : 127; 07. (34.5) Baykoff, 74, 8: 315; 11. (35) Beckmann, 93, 55: 175; 07. (36) Beckmann, 7, 65: 289; 08. (37) Beckmann, 93, 77: 90; 12. (38) Bedeau, 6, 24: 553; 11. (39) Békétoff, 25, 12: 856; 79. ( 4 °) Békétoff, 134, 32: 186; 88. ( 41 ) Békétoff, 134, 33: 173; 90. (*2) Békétoff, 134, 34: 169; 92. (4 3 ) Békétoff, 134, 34: 291; 92. (44) Békétoff, 134, 35: 541; 94. (45) Békétoff, 93, 40: 355; 04. ( 4 S -i) Bellati and Lussana, 24, 1: 1058; 89. ( 45 - 2 ) Bellati and Romanese, 24, 1: 1050; 83. (45.3) Bellati and Romanese, 84, 3: 653; 85. ( 45 - 4 ) Bellati and Romanese, 24, 6:1395; 87. (45.5) Bellati and Romanese, 24, 7: 1051; 89. ( 4 6 J Benoit, B22. (47) Benoit, 27, 33: 908; 23. (48) Bergius, BlS: p. 68. (48.1) Berthelot, B73. (49) Berthelot, 6, 29: 328; 73. (50) Berthelot, 6, 29: 433; 73. (5M Berthelot, 6, 30: 145; 73. ( 5 2 ) Berthelot, 6, 30: 433; 73. (S 3 ) Berthelot, 6, 30: 456; 73. ( 5 4 ) Berthelot, 34, 77: 24; 73. (55) Berthelot, 6, 4: 1; 75. (56) Berthelot, 6, 4: 74; 75. (57) Berthelot, 6, 4: 154; 75. (58) Berthelot, 6, 4: 160; 75. ( 5 *>) Berthelot, 6, 4: 180; 75. (60) Berthelot, 6, 4: 186; 75. (6l) Berthelot, 6, 4: 205; 75. (62) Berthelot, 6, 4: 288; 75. ( 63 ) Berthelot, 6, 4: 445; 75. (64) Berthelot, 6, 4: 467; 75. (65) Berthelot, 6, 4: 513; 75. (66) Berthelot, 6, 4: 526; 75. (67) Berthelot, 6, 4: 531; 75. ( 68 ) Berthelot, 6, 5: 289; 75. (69) Berthelot, 6, 5: 318; 75. (70) Berthelot, 6, 5: 433; 75. ( 7 M Berthelot, 6, 6: 145; 75. (72) Berthelot, 6, 6: 209; 75. (73) Berthelot, 6, 6: 325; 75. (74) Berthelot, 6, 9: 297; 76. (75) Berthelot, 6, 9: 307; 76. (76) Berthelot, 6, 10: 162; 77. (77) Berthelot, 6, 10: 377; 77. (78) Berthelot, 6, 10: 389; 77. (79) Berthelot, 6, 10: 433; 77. (80) Berthelot, 6, 12: 312; 77. (81) Berthelot, 6, 13: 1; 78. (82) Berthelot, 6, 13: 20; 78. (83) Berthelot, 6, 14: 368; 78. (84) Berthelot, 6, 15: 185; 78. (85) Berthelot, 6, 17: 129; 79. (86) Berthelot, 6, 17: 132; 79. (87) Berthelot, 6, 17: 137; 79. (88) Berthelot, 6, 18: 345; 79. (89) Berthelot, 6, 18: 442; 79. (90) Berthelot, 6, 20: 255; 80. ( 9 M Berthelot, 6, 20: 504; 80. (92) Berthelot, 6, 21: 153; 80. (93) Berthelot, 6, 21: 164; 80. (94) Berthelot, 6, 21: 370; 80. (95) Berthelot, 34, 90: 1511; 80. (96) Berthelot, 34, 91: 17; 80. (97) Berthelot, 6, 22: 422; 81. ( 98 ) Berthelot, 6, 22: 429; 81. (99) Berthelot, 6, 22: 464; 81. (100) Berthelot, 6, 23: 85; 81. (loo.S) Berthelot, 6, 23: 176; 81. ( 101 ) Berthelot, 6, 23: 209; 81. ( 1 0 2 ) Berthelot, 6, 23: 243; 81. ( 103 ) Berthelot, 6, 23: 566; 81. ( 104 ) Berthelot, 6, 27: 214; 82. ( 1 O 5 ) Berthelot, 6, 27: 222; 82. (io«) Berthelot, 6, 29: 201; 83. (io?) Berthelot, 6, 29: 231; 83. (i° 8 ) Berthelot, 6, 29: 234; 83. (109) Berthelot, 6, 29: 239; 83. (UO) Berthelot, 6, 29: 244; 83. (Ui) Berthelot, 6, 29: 249; 83. ( 112 ) Berthelot, 6, 29: 271; 83. (U 3 ) Berthelot, 6, 29: 277; 83. ( 1 1 4 ) Berthelot, 6, 29: 351; 83. (««) Berthelot, 6, 30: 519; 83. ( l l 6 ) Berthelot, 6, 1: 73; 84. (117) Berthelot, 6, 1: 79; 84. ("«) Berthelot, O, 1: 81; 84. ("») Berthelot, 0, 1: 92; 84. (120) Berthelot, tf, 1: 93; 84. (121) Berthelot, 6, 1: 94; 84. (122) Berthelot, 6, 1:101; 84. O 2 3 ) Berthelot, 6, 4: 59; 85. (l24) Berthelot, 6, 4: 66; 85. (125) Berthelot, 6, 6: 358; 85. (126) Berthelot, 6, 7: 410; 86. ( i 2 7) Berthelot, 6, 10: 123; 87. (128) Berthelot, 6, 11: 310; 87. O 2 9 ) Berthelot, 6, 11: 350; 87. (130) Berthelot, 6, 13: 88; 88. ( 131 ) Berthelot, 6, 17: 436; 89. O 3 2 ) Berthelot, 6, 17: 480; 89. (133) Berthelot, 6, 18: 571; 89. ( 134 ) Berthelot, 6, 23: 563; 91. ( 13S ) Berthelot, 6, 26: 526; 92. ( 1 3 «) Berthelot, 0,28: 126; 93. (137) Berthelot, 6, 11: 145; 97. I 138 ) Berthelot, 6, 13: 77; 98. (139) Berthelot, 6, 17: 453; 99. (140) Berthelot, 6, 17: 458; 99. O 4 I ) Berthelot, 6, 22: 307; 01. (i42) Berthelot, 6, 22: 317; 01. (143) Berthelot, 6, 22: 464; 01. ( i 4 4 ) Berthelot, 34, 133: 555; 01. (l 4 5 ) Berthelot, 6, 22: 479; 01. O 4 6 ) Berthelot, 6, 25: 78; 02. (1 4 7) Berthelot, 34, 139: 93; 04. (148) Berthelot, 34, 139: 97; 04. (149) Berthelot, 6, 3: 163; 04. (150) Berthelot and André, 6, 11: 332; 87. (*«) Berthelot and André, 6, 21: 384; 90. (l 5 2 ) Berthelot and André, 6, 17: 433; 99. (153) Berthelot and Delépine, 6, 19: 5; 00. (i 5 4 ) Berthelot and Delépine, 6, 19: 57; 00. (155) Berthelot and Engel, 6, 21: 284; 90. (156) Berthelot and Fahre, 6, 14: 92; 88. (157) Berthelot and Guntz, 6, 3: 362; 84. (1S7.S) Berthelot and Ilosvay, 6, 29: 295; 83. (» 8 «) Berthelot and Louguinine, 6, 6: 289; 75. (159) Berthelot and Louguinine, 6, 6: 305, 75. (160, lei) Berthelot and Louguinine, 6, 9: 23, 33; 76. (l 6 2 ) Berthelot and Louguinine, 6, 9: 28; 87. (163) Berthelot and Matignon, 6, 27: 289; 92. (164) Berthelot and Matignon, 6, 27: 310; 92. (165) Berthelot and Matignon, 6, 30: 547; 93. (166) Berthelot and Matignon, 6, 2: 144; 94. (167) Berthelot and Moissan, 6, 23: 570; 91. (i 6 8 ) Berthelot and Ogier, 6, 30: 410; 83. (169) Berthelot and Ogier, 6, 4: 230; 85. (170) Berthelot and Petit, 6, 18: 65; 89. 0«) Berthelot and Petit, 6, 20:

1; 89. (172) Berthelot and Vieille, 6, 21: 564; 80. (173) Berthelot and Vieille, 6, 27: 202; 82. (174) Berthelot and Vieille, 6, 27: 225; 82. (175) Berthelot and Vieille, 6, 1: 91; 84. (176) Berthelot and Vieille, 6, 2: 339; 94. (!77) Bettendorff, 13, 144: 110; 67. (178) Bichowsky, 1, 45: 2225; 23. (179) Buta, 05,71:427; 11. (180) Biltz, 93, 83: 177; 13. (181) BUtz, 93, 134: 25; 24. (182) Biltz and Fetkenheuer, 93, 83: 163; 13. (183) Biltz and Fetkenheuer, 93, 89: 97; 14. (184) Biltz and Fischer, 93, 124: 230; 22. (185) Biltz and Fischer, 93, 129: 1; 23. ( 18 6) Biltz and Haase, 93, 129: 141; 23. (187) Biltz and Hansen, 93, 127: 1; 23. (iss) Biltz and Hohorst, 93, 121: 1; 22. (189) Biltz and Holverscheit, 93, 140: 261; 24. (190) Biltz and Hüttig, 93, 109: 88; 19. (19l) Biltz and Hüttig, 93, 114: 241; 20. (192) Biltz and Hüttig, 93, 119: 115; 21. (193) Biltz and Messerknecht, 93, 129: 161; 23. (i94) Biltz and Pieper, 93, 134: 13; 24. (195) Biltz and Stollenwerk, 93, 114: 174; 20. ("«) Biltz and Stollenwerk, 93, 119: 97; 21. (197) Biltz and Wagner, 93, 134: 1; 24. (197.5) Birge and Sponer, 2, 28: 259; 26. (198) Bishop, 2, 26: 169; 08. (199) Bjerrum. 7, 73: 724; 10. (200) Bjerrum, 7, 81: 281; 12. (20l) Blarez, 34, 103: 639; 86. (202) Blarez, 34, 103: 746; 86. (203) Blarez, 34, 103: 1133; 86. (204) Bockhorst, Diss., Amsterdam, 1915. ("S) Bodisko, 53, 20: 500; 88. (206) Bodisko, 53, 21: 7; 89. (207) Bock and Moser, 57, 34: 1825; 13. (208) Bodenstein, 7, 29: 429; 99. (209) Bodenstein, 7, 100: 68; 22. (210) Bodenstein and Cramer, 9, 22: 327; 16. ( 2 U ) Bodenstein and Dunant, 7, 61: 437; 07. (2ii.S) Bodenstein and Günther, 78, 49: 227; 26. ( 2 i2) Bodenstein and Katayama, 9, 15: 244; 09. ( 2 13) Bodenstein and Plaut, 7, 110: 399; 24. (214) Bodenstein and Schmidt, 7, 123: 28; 26. (215) Bodländer and Storbeck, 93, 31: 458; 06. ( 2 16) Bogorodskii, OS, 42: 1262; 10. (217) Bogorodskii, 53, 43: 1248; 11. ( 2 I 8 ) Bohr, 8, 68: 500; 99. (219) Botte, 7, 80: 338; 12. ( 2 2 O) Bonnefoi, 34, 127: 367; 98. ( 2 2 M Bonnefoi, 34, 127: 516; 98. ( 222 ) Bonnefoi, 6, 23: 317; 01. ( 2 2 3) Booth and Bowen, 4, 127: 342; 25. ("3.5) Böse, Muller and Bose, 7, 58: 585 ; 07. ( 2 2 4 ) Bouzat, 6, 29: 305 ; 03. (2 2 S) Bouzat, 6, 4: 149; 05. (226) Bouzat and Chauvenet, 34, 117: 1293; 23. (227) Bowen, 4, 123: 1199; 23. ( 228 ) Braune, 93, 111: 109; 20. ( 2 2 9) Braune and Koref, 9, 18: 818; 12. ( 2 3 O) Braune and Koref, 93, 87: 175; 14. ( 2 3 I) Braune and Ramstetter, 7, 102: 480; 22. (232) Braune and Tiedje, 93, 152: 39; 26. ( 2 3 3 ) Bredig and Teichmann, 9, 31: 449; 25. ( 2 3 4) Bridgman, 65, 51: 581; 16. ( 2 3 S) Bridgman, 65, 52: 91; 16. ( 236 ) Briggs and Migrdichian, 50, 28: 1121; 24. (237) Briner, 34, 142: 1416; 06. ( 238 ) Briner and Pylkoff, 42, 10: 640; 12. (239) Bronsted, 7, 50: 481; 05. (240) Bronsted, 7, 55: 371; 06. (241) Bronsted, 7, 56: 645; 06. (242) Bronsted 7, 65: 744; 09. (243) Bronsted, 7, 68: 693; 10. (244) Bronsted, 7, 77: 129; 11. (245) Bronsted, 7, 77:315; 11. (246) Bronsted, 7, 80: 206; 12. (247) Bronsted, 137, 12: 6; 12. (248) Bronsted, 9, 19: 754; 13. ( 24 9) Bronsted, 7, 88: 479; 14. (250) Bronsted, 9, 20: 81; 14. ( 2 so.5) Brown, 4, 83: 987; 03. ( 2 5 I) Bruhl, &5, 28: 2847; 95. (252) Bruni and Levi, 36, 45 II: 161; 15. ( 2 S 3 ) Bruni and Levi, 36, 47 I: 259; 17. ( 2 54) Büchner and Prins, 7, 81: 113; 12. (255) Bussy and Buignet, 6, 3: 231; 64. ( 2 S 6) Cady, 50, 3: 127; 99. (257) Cailletet and Bordet, 34, 95: 58; 82. (258) Campbell, 140, 59: 211; 01. (259) Campbell and Hartman, 1, 20: 690; 98. (260) Carlton-Sutton, 5, 93: 155; 17. ( 2 6 I ) Caven and Ferguson, 4, 121: 1406; 22. (262) Caven and Ferguson, 4, 125: 1307; 24. (263) Caven and Sand, 4, 99: 1359; 11. ( 2 64) Caven and Sand, 4, 105: 2752; 14. (265) Chappuis, 6, 15: 498; 88. ( 2 6 6) Chassevent, 34, 179: 44; 24. ( 2 67) Chaudron, 6, 16: 221; 21. (268) Chauvenet, 6, 23: 425; 11. (269) Chauvenet, 6, 28: 536; 13. (270) Chauvenet, 34, 164: 630; 17. (271) Chauvenet, 34, 164: 816; 17. (272) Chauvenet, 34, 165: 25; 17. (273) Chauvenet and Nicolle, 34, 166: 781; 18. (274) Cheltzov, 34, 100: 1458; 85. ( 2 ?5) Chernobaev, 74, 21: 729; 05. (276) Chernobaev and Vologdine, 84, 154: 206; 12. (277) Chretien and Guinchant, '84, 137: 65; 03. (278) Chroustchoff, 6, 13: 443; 88. (279) Chroustchoff and Martinoff, 6, 11: 234; 87. (280) Clark, 12, 7: 1; 24. ( 2 8 I) Cohen, 7, 14: 53; 94. (282) Cohen, 7, 30: 623; 99. (283) Cohen and Bruins, 64P, 20: 587; 17. (284) Cohen and Bruins, 64V, 25: 1277; 17. (285) Cohen and Helderman, 64P, 17: 1050; 15. (286) Cohen and Helderman, 7, 113: 145; 24. ( 2 87) Cohen and Inouye, 7, 75: 219; 10. (288) Cohen and Strengers, 7, 52: 129; 05. ( 2 89) Cohen and Visser, 7, 36: 517; 01. (290) Cohen, Helderman and Moesveld, 7, 96: 259; 20. ("l) Cohen, Hetterschij and Moesveld, 7, 94: 210; 20. (292) Cohen, Kruisheer and Moesveld, 7, 96: 437; 20. (293) Colson, 6, 12: 433; 07. ( 2 9 4) Colson, 34, 161: 414; 15. ( 2 9 S) Colson, 34, 161: 458; 15. (296) de Coninck, 34, 131: 1219; 00. ( 29 7) Copaux, 93, 74: 351; 12. ("8) Copaux and Philips, 34, 171: 630; 20. ( 2 9 9) Copaux and Philips, 34, 176: 579; 23. (299.5) Copeland and Bichowsky, O. (300) Cottrell, 50, 2: 492; 98. ( 3 Oi) Crut, B20. (302) Damiens, 14, 18: 282; 22. (303) Daniels and Bright, 1, 42: 1131; 20. ( 3 <>«) Darzens, 34, 154: 1232; 12. (305) Debray, 84, 86: 513; 78. (306) Delépine, 27, 29: 1166; 03.

^307) Delépine and Hallopeau, 84, 129: 600; 99. ( 308 ) Despretz, 6, 37: 180; 1828. (309) van Deventer and Cohen, 514, 18: 87; 94. (310) van Deventer and Reicher, 7, 5: 177; 90. ( 311 ) van Deventer and Reicher, 514, 17: 93; 91. ( 312 > 313 ) van Deventer and van der Stadt, 7, 9: 43; 92. (313.5) Dieke and Hopfield, 96, 40: 299; 26. (3i4) Ditte, 84, 70: 935; 70. (315) Ditte, 84, 72: 858; 71. 73: 109; 71. f s i e j Ditte, 34, 85: 1103; 77. (3") Dodd, 1, 42: 1579; 20. ( 3 * 8 ) Doerinckel, 93, 66: 20; 10. (319) Dolch, 9, 26: 455; 20. (320) Donnan and Hope, 88, 5: 244; 09. ( 3 2 i ) Drägert, Dias., Berlin, 1914. (322) Dulong, 34, 7: 871; 38. (323) Dulong, 6, B: 180; 43. (324,325) Dunnington and Hoggard, 11, 22: 207; 99. ( 3 2 6 ) Dupre and Page, 8, 5 Erganzb.: 221; 70. (327) Eastman, l, 44: 975; 22. (328) Edgar and Cannon, l, 44: 2842; 22. (329) Egerton, 3, 33: 33; 17. (330) Ellingson, l, 37: 699; 15. (331) Emery and Benedict, 181, 28: 301; 11. (332) Ephraim, 25, 45: 1322; 12. (333) Ephraim, 86, 46: 3103; 13. (334; Ephraim, 7, 81: 513; 13. ( 33 S) Ephraim, 7, 83: 196; 13. ( 33 *) Ephraim, 25, 50: 1069; 17. (337) Ephraim, 26, 51: 706; 18. ( 33 S) Ephraim, 86, 52: 241; 19. ( 33 *) Ephraim and Bolle, 86, 48: 638; 15. (340) Ephraim and Bolle, 86, 48: 1770; 15. (341) Ephraim and Jahnsen, 86, 48: 41; 15. (342) Ephraim and Kornblum, 25, 49: 2007; 16. (343) Ephraim and Millmann, 86, 50: 529; 17. ( 3 4 4) Estreicher, 165, 3: 183; 04. (345) Estreicher and Schnerr, 166, 7A: 345; 10. (346) Eucken, 88, 18: 18; 16. (347) Eucken, 13, 440: 111; 24. (348) Eucken and Karwat, 7, 114: 467; 24. (349) Ewald, 8, 44: 1213; 14. (350) Fahre, 6, 10: 472; 87. ( 3 Si) Fahre, 6, 14: 110; 88. ( 35 2) Faucon, 6, 19: 70; 10. ( 3 5 3 ) Favre, in B73. (354) Favre, 49, 24: 311; 53. (355) Favre, 34, 77: 101; 73. ( 3 5 6) Favre, 34, 77: 649; 73. ( 3 57) Favre, 84, 78: 1257; 74. (358) Favre and Quaillard, 34, 50: 1150; 60. (358.i) Favre and Silbermann, '84, 23: 411; 46. (sss.sj Favre and Silbermann, 6, 34: 357; 52. (359) Favre and Silbermann, 6, 37: 406; 53. (360) Favre and Valson, 34, 73: 1144; 71. (seo.S) Favre and Valson, 34, 77: 577; 73. (36l) Favre and Valson, 84, 77: 802; 73. (362) Feising, BlQ. (363) Fichter, 88, 21: 539; 19. (364) Fichter, 93, 54: 322; 07. ( 36 S) Fichter and Jenny, 37, 5: 448; 22. ( 3 ß 6) Fiock and Rodebush, l, 48: 2522; 26. (367) Fischer, 93, 78: 41; 12. ( 36 S) Fischer and Tropsch, 86, 50: 765; 17. (369) Fogh, 6, 21: 43; 90. (370) Fogler and Rodebush, l, 45: 2080; 23. ( 3 7i) Foote and Saxton, l, 36: 1695; 14. (372) Foote and Smith, l, 30: 1344; 08. ( 3 73) de Forcrand, 6, 3: 129; 84. ( 3 74) de Forcrand, 6, 3: 187; 84. (375) de Forcrand, 6, 3: 242; 84. (376) de Forcrand, 84, 101: 318; 85. (377) de Forcrand, 84, 103: 59; 86. ( 3 78) de Forcrand, 6, 11: 277; 87. ( 3 79) de Forcrand, 84, 120: 682; 95 (380) de Forcrand, 84, 120: 737; 95. ( 3 8 I) de Forcrand, 34, 120: 1215; 95. (382) de Forcrand, 34, 121: 66; 95. ( 383 ) de Forcrand, 84, 127: 514; 98. (384) de Forcrand, 34, 130: 834; 00. ( 38 S) de Forcrand, 34, 130: 1017; 00. (386, 387) de Forcrand, 34,130: 1308; 00. ( 38 S) de Forcrand, 34, 130: 1465; 00. (389) de Forcrand, 84, 130: 1620; 00. (390) de Forcrand, 6, 27: 26; 02. ( 3 9i) de Forcrand, 34, 133: 157; 02. ( 3 9 2) de Forcrand, 34, 133: 223; 02. ( 3 93) de Forcrand, 84, 133: 1304; 02. ( 3 9 4) de Forcrand, 34, 140: 990; 05. (395) de Forcrand, 6, 9: 234; 06. ( 3 9 6) de Forcrand, 87, 35: 781; 06. (397, 398) de Forcrand, 34, 142: 1252; 06. (399) de Forcrand, 34, 143: 98; 06. (400) de Forcrand, 6, 15: 433; 08. ( 4 O i ) de Forcrand, 34, 146: 217; 08. (*oz) de Forcrand, 34, 146: 511; 08. (*03) de Forcrand, 34, 146: 802; 08. ( 4 0 4 ) de Forcrand, 84, 147: 165; 08. ( 4 OS) de Forcrand, 34, 149: 97; 09. (406) de Forcrand, 34, 149: 719; 09. (407) de Forcrand, 34, 149: 825; 09. ( 4 OS) de Forcrand, 34, 149: 1341; 09. (409) de Forcrand, 34, 150: 1399; 10. (410) de Forcrand, 0,24: 256; 11. (4H) de Forcrand, 34,152: 27; 11. (4") de Forcrand, 34, 152: 1073; 11. (413) de Forcrand, 34, 152: 1208; 11. ( 4 1 4 ) de Forcrand, 34, 152: 1556; 11. (*15) de Forcrand, 6, 26: 216; 12. (418) de Forcrand, 34, 157: 441; 13. (.417) de Forcrand, 84, 158: 20; 14. (418) de Forcrand, 84, 158: 843; 14. (419) de Forcrand, 84, 158: 991; 14. (420) de Forcrand, 84, 160: 467; 15. (421) de Forcrand, 14, 3: 5; 15. (422, 423) de Forcrand, 84, 176: 873; 23. (423.5) de Forcrand, 84, 182: 609, 1191; 26. (424) de Forcrand and Fonzes-Diaçon, 6, 26: 247; 02. (425) de Forcrand and Taboury, 84, 169: 162; 19. ( 4 2 6 ) Fox, 83, 5: 68; 09. (427) Franck and Hochwald, 9, 31: 581; 25. (428) Frankland, 3, 32: 182; 66. (428.1) Frost and Bichowsky, O. (429) Frowein, 7, 1: 5; 87. (430) Frowein, 7, 1: 362; 87. (431) Gain, 6, 14: 224; 08. (432) Galt, ISS, 69: 246; 99. (433) Garelli, 36, 28 II: 253; 98. (434) Gaudechon, 34, 144: 1419; 07. (435) Gaudechon, 6, 22: 145; 11. (436) Gautier, 34, 128: 939; 99. (437) Gay, Dias., Paris, 1895. (438) Gebhart, in Kröner, 8, 40: 438; 13. (439) Gerke, Ì, 44: 1684; 22. (440) Germann and Mclntyre, 50, 29: 102; 25. ( 4 4 I) Germann and Taylor, 1, 48: 1154; 26. (442) Gerth, 9, 27: 287; 21. (443) Getman, l, 39: 1806; 17. (444) Getman and Gibbons, 11, 48: 124; 12. (445) Gillespie and Hall, l, 48: 1207; 26. (446) Giran, 34, 134: 711; 02. ( 4 4 7 ) Giran, ff, 30: 203; 03. (448) Giran, 84, 140: 1704; 05. (449) Giran, 34, 146: 1270; 08. (450) Giran, 6, 14: 565; 08. (4so.S) Giran, 87, 13: 1049; 13. (4Si, 452) Gire, 34, 174: 1700; 22. (453) Gire, 14, 4: 183; 25. (454) Gire, Jf4, 4: 370; 25. (4S5) Gnesotto and Fabris, 24, 70 II: 471; 11. ( 4 S6) Golblum and Stoffella,

48, 8: 135; 10. (457) Goldschmidt and Maarseveen, 7, 25: 91; 98. (458) Graham, 3, 22: 329; 43. (459) Graham, S, 24: 401; 44. (459.5) Grassi, 49, 8: 170; 45. (460) Greenwood, 5, 83: 483; 10. (460.5) Greenwood, 116, 92: 419; 11. (461) Griffiths, 68, 186: 261; 95. (462) Griveau, 34, 166: 933; 18. (463) Quinchant and Chrétien, 84, 139: 51, 288; 04. (464) Guntz, 6, 3: 5; 84. (465) Guntz, 34, 98: 303, 512; 84. (466) Guntz, 34, 101: 161; 85. ( 4 6 7) Guntz, 84, 105: 673; 87. (468) Guntz, 6, 13: 388; 88. ( 4 6 9 ) Guntz, 6, 13: 395; 88. ( 4 70) Guntz, 34, 112: 1212; 91. ( 471 ) Guntz, 27, 13: 114; 95. ( 4 72) Guntz, 34, 122: 465; 96. ( 4 73) Guntz, 34, 123: 694; 96. ( 4 7 4 ) Guntz, 34, 123: 995; 96. ( 4 75) Guntz, 34, 126: 1866; 98. ( 4 76) Guntz, 34, 136: 1071; 03. ( 4 77) Guntz, 6, 4: 5; 05. ( 4 78) Guntz and Basset, 34, 140: 863; 05. (479) Guntz and Basset, 42, 4:1; 06. (480) Guntz and Benoit, 14, 20: 5; 23. (481) Guntz and Guntz, 14, 2: 101; 14. (482) Guntz and Martin, 87, 5: 1004; 09. (483) Guntz and Roederer, 34, 142: 400; 06. (484) Haber, B14. p. 89. ( 48 S) Haber, 9, 20: 597; 14. ( 4 8 6) Haber, 98, 27: 473; 14. ( 4 8 7) Haber and van Oordt, 93, 44: 341; 05. ( 4 8 S) Haber and Tamaru, 9, 21: 191; 15. ( 4 8 9 ) Haber and Zisch, 96, 9: 302; 22. ( 4 90) Hablutzel, Thesis, Stanford University, 1926. ( 4 9i) Hackspill, 34, 154: 877; 12. ( 4 92) Hackspill and Grandadam, 14, 5: 218; 26. ( 49 3) Haigh, 1, 34: 1137; 12. (494) HaUa, 9, 14: 411; 08. (495) Hammerl, 34, 89: 97; 79. (496, 497) Hammerl, 34, 90: 312; 80. (498) Hantzsch, 7, 61: 257; 07. (499) Kara and Shinozaki, 148, 26: 884; 23. (500) Harned, 1, 42: 1808; 20. ( 5 Oi) Harned and Brumbaugh, 1, 44: 2729; 22. (501.5) Harrison and Perman, 83, 23: 1; 27. ( 5 02) Hartley and Campbell, 4, 93: 741; 08. (503) Hartog, 84, 104: 1793; 87. ( 5 04) Harvey and Schuette, 1, 48: 2065; 26. ( 5 05) Henderson and Stegeman, 1, 40: 84; 18. (506 ; Henglein, 96, 12: 245; 22. (507) Henglein, 93, 123: 137; 22. (508) Henning, 8, 21: 849; 06. (509) Henning 8, 29: 441; 09. 51( ( >) Henning, 8, 58: 759; 19. (SU) Herschkowitsch, 7, 27: 123; 98. (512) Herschkowitsch, 93, 115: 159; 21. ( 513 ) van Heteren, 93, 42: 129; 04. (514) Heusler, 93, 154: 353; 26. (Sis) Hevesy, 7, 73: 667; 10. (516) Heycock and Lamplough, 182, 28: 3; 12. (5i7) Heycock and Neville, 4, 71: 383; 97. (Sis) Higley, 1, 26: 613; 04. (Si9) Hildebrand, l, 34: 246; 12. (520) Hirsch, 78, 20: 57; 11. (52i) Hittorf, 8, 126: 193; 65. (522) van't Hoff, Kenrick and Dawson, 7, 39: 27; 02. (523) van»t Hoff, et al., 7, 45: 257; 03. (524) Holborn, Scheel and Henning, B63. (525) Holsboer, 7, 39: 691; 02. (526) Horek, B16. (527) Hüttig, 93, 123: 31; 22. (528) Hüttig, 93, 124: 322; 22. (529) Hüttig and Krajewski, 93, 141: 133; 24. (530) Hüttig and Kurre, 93, 126: 167; 23. («i) Hüttig and Martin, 93, 125: 269; 23. (532) Hüttig and Pohle, 93, 138: 1; 24. (533) Hüttig and Reuscher, 93, 137: 155; 24. (534) Hulett, 78, 15: 435; 09. (535) Hurter, 118, 224: 71; 77. (536) ütaka, 159, 8: 99; 19. (537) lsambert, B17. ( 53 S) Isambert, 34, 70: 456; 70. (539) Isambert, 34, 86: 968; 78. (540) Isambert, 34, 91: 768; 80. (54i) Isambert, 34, 92: 919; 81. (542) isam. bert, 34, 95: 1355; 82. (543) Isambert, 6, 28: 332; 83. ( 5 4 4) Ishikawa, 142, 43: 560; 22. (545) Lmardi, 8, 61: 264; 20. (546) jahn, 8, 28: 491; 86. (546.5) jahn, 7, 11: 787; 93. (547) jahn, 93, 60: 337; 08. (548) Jakowkin, 7, 29: 613; 99. (549) Jannek and Meyer, 93, 83: 51; 13. (550) jarry> #t 17; 327; 99. (ssi) Jellinek and Diethelm, 93, 124: 203; 22. (552) Jellinek and Uloth, 7, 119: 161; 26. (553) Jellinek and Zakowski, 93, 142: 1; 25. (554) jirsa and Diamant, 7, 123: 261; 26. (««) Joannis, 6, 26: 482; 82. (556) Joannis, 34, 95: 295; 82. (557) Joannis, 34, 102: 1161; 86. (558) Joannis, 6, 12: 358; 87. (559) Joannis, 6, 7: 5; 06. (560) Joannis and Croizier, 34, 118: 1149; 94. ( 5 6i) Job, 34, 176: 1805; 23. (562) Johnson, 7, 65: 36; 08. (««3) Johnston, l, 30: 1357; 08. (564) Johnston, 7, 62: 330; 08. ( 5 6 5 ) Johnston, 7, 65: 737; 08. (566) J0Iy, 34, 100: 447; 85. (567) j0iy> 3^ io2: 259; 86. (568) joly, 34, 103: 1197; 86. (569) joly, 34, 104: 1702; 87. (570) Jones and Hartmann, l, 37: 752; 15. (571) Jorissen, 7, 74: 308; 10. (571.5) Jorissen and van der Stadt, 68, 51: 102; 95. (572) Jouniaux, 34, 129: 883; 99. (573) Jouniaux, 48, 1: 609; 04. (574) joyner, 93, 77: 103; 12. (575; Kailan and Jahn, 93, 68: 243; 10. (576) Kameyama, 43, 10: 249; 20. (577) Kamura, 33, 24: 437; 21. (578) Kendall, 50, 18: 736; 14. l, 36: 1486; 16. (579) Keyes, l, 34: 779; 12. (580) Keyes, Gillespie and Mitsukuri, l, 44: 707; 22. (ssi) Keyes and Hara, l, 44: 479; 22. (582) King and Partington, 4, 1926: 925. (583) Kirschner, 7, 79: 245; 12. (584) Klein, 7, 36: 361; 01. (584.5) Knudsen, 8, 29: 179; 09. (585) Kohlschütter and Feitknecht, 37, 6: 337; 23. (586) Kohn, 96, 3: 143; 20. (587) Kohn and Guckel, 96, 27: 305; 24. (588) Kohn and Guckel, 218, 12: 139; 24. (589) Kohnert, Diss., Berlin, 1914. (590) Kolosovskii, 53, 57: 22; 25. (591) Koppel, 93, 67: 293; 10. (592) Koref, 93, 66: 73; 10. (593) Koref, 8, 36: 49; 11. (594) Krahmer, 9, 26: 97; 20. (595) Krase and Yee, l, 46: 1358; 24. (596) Krauss and Gerlach, 93, 140: 61; 24. (597) Kremers and Stevens, l, 45: 614; 23. (598) Krummacher, 145, 46: 302; 04. (599) Kühn, 218, 14: 600; 26. (599.5) Kurbatov, 7, 43: 104; 03. (eoo) Von Laar, 7, 17: 545; 95. (*oi) Laksonen, 138, 1: No. 12; 21. t 602 ) Lamb and Simmons, I1 43: 2188; 21. ( 6 0 3 J Landis, 66, 14; 87; 16. ( 6 0 4 )

Lange and Dürr, 7, 121: 361; 26. <«<>5) Langmuir, l, 34: 860; 12. («o*) (750) Muller-Erzbach, 7, 21: 545; 96. (751) Muthmann and Beck, 13, 331: Langmuir, l, 37: 417; 15. («07) Langmuir and Mackay, l, 36: 1708; 14. 46; 04. (752) Muthmann and Weiss, 13, 331: 1; 04. (753) Nacken, 146, («o«) Lashchenko, 53, 42: 1604; 10. («<>9) Lashchenko, 118, 2 II: 8; 13. 11: 245, 257; 22. (754) Nernst, 7, 2: 23; 88. (755) Nernst, 93, 49: 213; 06. («10) Lashchenko, OS, 46: 311; 14. («") Lashchenko, 118, 3: 59; 14. («12) (756) Neumann, 93, 145: 193; 25. (757) Neumann and Bergve, 9, 21: 152; Lashchenko, 53, 48: 793; 16. (613) Latimer, l, 44: 90; 22. i « i 4 ) Lebeau, 15. (758) Neumann and Müller, 92, 38: 193; 25. (759) Noyes and Chow, 0, 6: 422 ; 05. (« i s ) Le Chatelier, 34, 99: 1074 ; 84. (61 e ) Le Chatelier, 34, l, 40: 739; 18. 115: 654; 92. («17) Le Chatelier, 34, 116: 390; 93. ( 61 ») Le Chatelier, 34, (760) Noyes and Ellis, l, 39: 2532; 17. ( 7 «i) Noyes and Sammet, 7, 43: 513; 120: 623; 96. («19) Le Chatelier, 34, 122: 80; 96. 03. (762) Noyes and Tuley, l, 47: 1336; 25. (7«3) Noyes and Wobbe, l, («20) Le Chatelier, 27, 17: 791; 97. («21) Lecher, 75, 78 H: 711; 78. («22) 48: 1882; 26. (7«4) Nydegger, 33, 29: 1141; 23. (7«5) Ochi, 142, 26: 1; 23. Lecocq, 28, 25: 72; 11. («23) Lehtonen, 138, l : No. 13; 21. («24) Lemoine, (7««) Ogier, 34, 87: 210; 78. (7«7) Ogier, 34, 89: 705; 79. (7«8) Ogier, 6, 6,30: 289; 93. («25) Lemoine, 34, 125: 603; 97. («2«) Lemoult, 6, 16: 338; 20: 5; 80. (7«9) Ogier, 34, 92: 83; 81. 99. («27) Lemoult, 6, 10: 395; 07. (« 2 «) Lemoult, 34, 145: 374; 07. («2») (770) Ogier, 34, 92: 922; 81. (771) Ogier, 34, 94: 82; 82. (772) Ogier, 34, Lerner-Steinberg, 7, 122: 121; 26. 96: 646; 83. (773) Osborne and Van Düsen, SlA, 14: 439; 18. (774) 631 («30) Lescoeur, 6, 21: 511; 90. v ) Lescoeur, 6, 21: 524; 90. («") Lescoeur, Osmond, 34, 103: 743, 1135; 86. (775) Osmond, 34, 113: 474; 91. (776) 6, 25: 423; 92. («33) Lescoeur, 6, 2: 78; 94. («34) Levalt-Ezerskii, 63, 44: Ossipoff, 6, 20: 371; 90. (777) Ostwald, 52, 25: 1; 82. (778) parks, l, 3 63 665; 12. («35) Lewis, I , 28: 158; 06. (« «) Lewis, I, 46: 2027; 24. ( 7) 47: 338; 25. (779) Parravano and Cesaris, 36, 47 I: 144; 17. 3 Lewis and Brighton, l, 39: 1906; 17. t« ») Lewis and Keyes, l, 34: 119; 12. (780) Parravano and Malquori, 36, 56: 3; 26. (781) Partington and Hunting(«39) Lewis and Keyes, l, 35: 340; 13. ford, 4, 123: 160; 23. (782) paterno and Mazzucchelli, 36, 50 I: 30; 20. («40) Lewis and Kraus, l, 32: 1459; 10. («4l) Lewis andLacey, I, 37: 1976; 15. (783) Pearce and Farr, 60, 18: 729; 14. (784) pea8e and Cook, I , 48: 1199; (641.1) Lewis and Randall, Thermodynamics and the Free Energy of Chemical 26. (785) Pechard, 6, 28: 537; 93. (785.5) Pelabon, 7, 26: 659; 98. (786) Substances. New York, McGraw-Hill, 1923. («42) Lewis and Randall, Pélabon, 6, 25: 365; 02. (787) pellaton, 42, 13: 426; 15. (788) Perman 1, 33: 476; 11. («43) Lewis and Randall, l, 36: 1969; 14. («44) von and Atkinson, 7, 33: 215; 00. (789) Perman and Atkinson, 7, 33: 577; 00. Liempt, 93, 120: 267; 22. («45)von Liempt, 93, 129: 263; 23. («*«) (789.5) Perman and Lovett, 83, 22: 1; 26. Lindner, 57, 33: 613; 12. («47) Lindner, 75, 121 Ub: 261; 12. ( « 4 8 ) (790) Perrin, 8, 11: 5; 19. (791) p ry and Porter, l, 48: 229; 26. (792) er Linhart, l, 40: 158; 18. («49) Littleton, 135, 74: 289; 96. Person, 6, 21: 295; 47. (792.5) Person, 8, 70: 302, 386; 47. (793) petersen, («50) Lloyd, 50, 12: 398; 08. (sso.5) Louguinine, 6, 13: 289, 334; 98. («si) 7, 4: 383; 89. (794) Petersen, 7, 5: 259; 90. (795) Petersen, 7, 8: 601; Maass and Hiebert, l, 46: 2693; 24. (« 5 2 ) Maclnnes and Braham, l, 39: 91. (796) Petersen, 52, 46: 328; 92. (797) Petersen, 7,11: 174; 93. (798) 5 2110; 17. («53) Magie, 2, 35: 265; 12. (« 4) Magnus and Braner, 93, 151 : Petit, 27, 37: 615; 25. (799) petterson, Diss., Upsala, 1879: 36. 140; 26. («55) Magnus and Mannheimer, 7, 121: 267; 26. («s«) Magnus8 8 °2) son, 50, 11: 21; 07. («57) Maier, l, 48: 356; 26. ( 65 S) Maier, Parksand (800) Petterson, 62, 24: 293; 81.803 ( <>i) Pfaundler, 25, 4: 773; 71. ( 804 Pfaundler, 75, 64: 340; 71. ( ) Pfaundler, 76, 71 u: 155; 75. ( ) Anderson, l, 48: 2564; 26. («59) Maier and Ralston, l, 48: 364; 26. 8 Pickering, 4, 45: 686; 84. ( <>5) Pickering, 4, 47: 98; 85. (806) Pickering, (««0) Mallard and Le Chatelier, 34, 97: 102; 83. (««i) Manchot, 93, 140: 22; 8 808 4, 47: 100; 85. ( °7) Pickering, 4, 49: 260; 86. ( ) Pickering, 4, 49: 24. (««2) Mannheimer, 510, 37: 47; 24. (««3) Marc and Simek, 93, 82: 1; 86. (8<> 9 ) Pickering, 4, 51: 75; 87. 17; 13. (««4) Marchai, 34, 175: 270; 22. (««5) Marchai, 34, 176: 299; 23. («10) Pickering, 4, 51: 290; 87. ( 8 U) Pickering, 4, 53: 865; 88. («") Picker(665.5) Marchai, 42, 22: 413, 493; 25. («««) Marignac, 18, 42: 209; 71. ing, 4, 57: 64; 90. («") Pickering, 5, 49: 11; 90. (814) Pickering, 4, 99: (««7) Marketos, 34, 155: 210; 12. (««7.5) Marshall, 3, 43: 27; 97. (««») 800; 11. («i 5 ) Pigeon, 34, 110: 77; 90. («l«) Pigeon, ^, 2: 433; 94. («17) Marshall and Bruzs, 50, 29: 1184; 25. (668.5) Marshall and Ramsay, 3, Piloty and Steinbock, 25, 25: 3101; 02. (818) Pionchon, 34, 103: 1122; 86. 41: 38; 96. («« 9 ) Martin and Metz, 93, 127: 83; 23. (819) Pionchon, 34, 106: 1344; 88. («70) Mathews, l, 33: 1291; 11. («7i) Mathews and Germann, 50, 15: 73; 11. 82 I) Pissarjewsky, 7, 40: 368; 02. («22) («72) Mathias, 6, 21: 69; 90. («73) Matignon, 34, 124: 1026; 97. («74) (820) Pissarjewsky, 93, 24: 108; 00. ( 82 Pissarjewsky, 63, 35: 1204; 03. ( 3) Pollizer, 93, 64: 121; 09. ( 82 4) Matignon, 6, 8: 243; 06. («75) Matignon, 6, 8: 402; 06. («7«) Matignon, 6, Pollok, 4, 85: 603; 04. (825) Potter, 78, 11: 259; 07. ( 8 26) Pratolongo, 22, 8: 426; 06. («77) Matignon, 6, 8: 433; 06. («7») Matignon, 6, 10: 104; 22 II: 716; 13. ( 82 7) pratt, 143, 185: 663; 18. ( 828 ) Prescott, l, 48: 2534; 07. («7») Matignon, 6, 14: 5; 08. 26. (829, 830) Premier and Brockmöller, 7, 81: 129; 12. (««O) Matignon, 34, 154: 1351; 12. («»!) Matignon, 27, 13: 791; 13. («82) 83 Matignon, 186, 38: 894; 14. (« 83 ) Matignon, 27, 35: 29; 24. («84) (83l) Premier and Schupp, 7, 68: 219; 09. ( 2, 833) See (4«3). (834) Raabe, 70, 1: 158; 82. (835) R , 7, 5: 221; 90. ("ß) Ramsay and Young, amsay Matignon and Delépine, 6, 10: 130; 07. («85) Matignon and Fréjacques, 4, 49: 453; 86. ( 837 ) Randall and Bisson, l, 42: 347; 20. (838) Raoult. 6t 27, 31: 307, 394; 22. («8«) Matignon and Marchai, 27, 27: 254: 20. («87) 8 2: 66; 84. ( *9) Ray, 5, 101: 509; 22. Matignon and Marchai, 27, 39: 167; 26. ( 688 ) Matignon and Meyer, 34, (840) von Rechenberg, 52, 19: 143; 79. ( 8 4i) Recoura, 6, 10: 5; 87. ( 84 2) 166: 686; 18. («89) Matignon and Trannoy, 34, 140: 141; 05. Recoura, 34, HO: 1029; 89. («43) Recoura, 6, 4: 494; 95. ( 84 4; Recoura, («90) Matignon and Trannoy, 6, 8: 284; 06. (« 91 ) Maxwell and Hayes, I, 34, 148: 1105; 09. ( 8 45) Regnault, 6, 8: 19; 43. ( 8 4«) Regnault, 6, 26: 48: 584; 26. (« 92 ) Mayer, 7, 113: 220; 24. («93) Mazzetto, 23, 17: 111; 268; 49. ( 84 7) Regnault, 151, 26: 535; 62. (848) Regnault, 6, 24: 375; 71. 81. ( 694 ) Mees, Diss., Utrecht, 1916. (« 9S ) Melcher, 1, 32: 50; 10. (849) Reicher and van Deventer, 7, 5: 559; 90. (696) Metzner, 6, 15: 203; 98. ( 697 J Meuthen, 139, 10: 1; 12. («98) (850) Reinders and Goudriaan, 93, 126: 85; 23. (8 s l) Reinders and HamMeyer, 34, 148: 346; 09. («") Meyer and Rötger, 93, 57: 104; 08. burger, 93, 89: 71; 14. (852) Remy and Köhn, 93, 137: 365; 24. (853) (700) Mielenz and Wartenberg, 93, 116: 267; 21. (70i) Mitchell, 4, 123: Rengade, 34, 145: 236; 07. ( 85 4) Rengade, 6, 14: 540; 08. ( 85 S) Rengade 1055; 23. (702) Mitscherlich, 8, 88: 328; 52. (703) Mixter, 12, 12: 347; and Costeanu, 27, 15: 717; 14. ( 85 6) Rengade and Costeanu, 34, 158: 946; 01. (704) Mixter, 12, 16: 214; 03. (70S) Mixter, 12, 19: 434; 05. (706) 14. (857) Ribalquine, 134, 34: 165; 91. (858) Richards and Burgess, I, Mixter, 12, 24: 130; 07. (707) Mixter, 12, 26: 125; 08. (708) Mixter, 12, 32: 431; 10. (859) Richards and Conant, l, 44: 601; 22. 27: 229; 09. (709) Mixter, 12, 27: 393; 09. (860) Richards and Daniels, l, 41: 1732; 19. ( 8 «i) Richards and Davis, /, (710) Mixter, 12, 28: 103; 09. ("I) Mixter, 12, 29: 488; 10. (712) Mixter, 42: 1599; 20. ( 8 «2) Richards and Garrod-Thomas, 7, 72: 165; 10. (8«3) 12, 30: 193; 10. (713) Mixter, 12, 32: 202; 11. (714) Mixter, 12, 34: 141; Richards and Lewis, 65, 34: 87; 98. (864, 865) Richards and Mathews, 12. (715) Mixter, 12, 36: 55; 13. (7l«) Mixter, 12, 39: 295; 15. (717) 65, 46: 512; 11. l, 33: 863; 11. (8««) Richards and Rowe, l, 42: 1621; 20. Mixter, 12, 40: 23; 15. (718) Moers, 93, 113: 179; 20. (719) Moissan, 27, (8«7) Richards and Rowe, l, 43: 770; 21. ( 8 « 8 ) Richards and Rowe, 1. 21: 928; 99. 44: 684; 22. (869) Richards, Rowe and Burgess, I , 32: 1176; 10. (720) Moldenhauer, 93, 51: 369; 06. (721) Moldenhauer and Roll-Hansen, 93, 87 82: 130; 13. (722) Moles, 7, 90: 70; 15. (723) Moles and Crespi, 7, 100: (870) Richards and Smyth, l, 45: 1455; 23. ( I) Richards and Tamaru, l, 44: 1060; 22. (872) Richards and Thorvaldson, l, 44: 1051; 22. (873) 337; 22. (724) Moles and Gomez, 7, 80: 513; 12. (725) Moles and GonRichards and Wilson, 7, 72:129; 10. (874) Roberts and Smyth, l, 43: 1061 ; zalez, 132, 21: 204; 23. (726) Mond, Ramsay and Shields, 62, 191: 105; 21. (875) Rodebush and De Vries, l, 47: 2488; 25. ( 8 7«) Rodebush and 98. (727) Mond, Ramsay and Shields, 7, 25: 666; 98. (728) MondainDixon, l, 47: 1036; 25. ( 87 7) Rogers, 12, 43: 301 ; 92. (878) Rolla, 22, 21 : Monval, 34, 176: 301; 23. (729) Mondain-Monval, 34, 176: 889; 23. 278; 12. t 879 ) Rolla, 69, 9: 5, 384; 15. (730) Mondain-Monval, 34, 182: 58; 26. (730.i) Mondain-Monval, 34, 182: (880) Rolla and Accame, 22, 22 II: 109; 13. ( 88Î ) Roos, 93, 94: 329; 16. ( 88 2) 1465; 26. (730.5) Moose and Parr, 1, 46: 2656; 24. (731) Morgan and Roozeboom, 70, 3: 73; 84. ( 883 ) Roozeboom, 7, 2: 449; 88. ( 88 4) RoozeBenson, 1, 29: 1168; 07. (732) Morgan and Owen, 1, 29: 1439; 07. (733) boom, 7, 4: 31; 89. ( 88 S) Roth, 9, 21: 1; 15. ( 88 «) Roth, 9, 26: 288; 20. Morges, 34, 86: 1443; 78. (734) Mortimer and Pearce, 50, 21: 275; 17. ( 887 ) Roth and Wallasch, 25, 46: 896; 13. (888) Rothmund, BlS, p. 391. (735) Moser and Herzner, 67, 44: 115; 23. (736) Moutier, 34, 79: 1242; 74. ( 889 ) Rudolphi, 7, 17: 277; 95. (737) Müller, 7, 86:177; 13. (738) Müller, 7,123:1; 26. (739) Mulder and (S90) Rümelin, 7, 58: 449; 07. ( 89 *) Ruff and Friedrich, 93, 89: 279; 14. ( 89 2) Meulen, 70, 1: 73; 80. Ruff and Gersten, 25, 45: 63; 12. ( 89 S) Ruff and Gersten, 25, 46: 394; 13. (740) Mulert, 93, 75: 198; 12. (741) Muller, 27, 44: 608; 85. (742) Muller, 6, ( 894 ) Ruff and Gersten, 25, 46: 400; 13. (894.5) Ruff an(j Josephy, 93,153 : 15: 517; 88. (743) Muller, 6, 20: 384; 00. (744) Muller, 6, 9: 263; 06. 17; 26. (895) Ruff and Martin, 92, 25: 39; 12. (896) Rushton and Daniels, (745) Muller, 27, 13: 1053; 13. (746) Muller, 27, 15: 491; 14. (747) 1, 48: 384; 26. ( 8 »7) Sabatier, 6, 22: 5; 81. ( 8 » 8 ) Sabatier, 34, 93: 56; 81. Muller, 27, 15: 494; 14. (748) Muller, 27, 23: 8; 18. (749) Muller( 899 ) Sabatier, 34, 103: 267; 86. Erzbach, 7, 19: 135; 96.

(»•0) Sabatier, 27, l : 88; 89. (901) Sabatier, 84,118: 980; 94. (»02) Sabatier, 34,125: 301 ; 97. (»03) Sainte-Claire Deville and Hautefeuille, 84, 69: 152; 69. (»o*) Sammet, 7, 03: 641; 05. (904.5) Schall, 26, 17: 2199; 84. (905) Scheffer, 64V, 24: 1513; 16. (906, 908) Schenck, Semiller and Falcke, 25, 40: 1704; 07. (»o?) Schenck and Borkenstein, 03, 142: 143; 25. (»o») Scholz, £, 45: 193; 92. (910) Schottky, 7, 64: 415; 08. (•»)• Schreber, 7, 24: 651; 97. (912) Schreiner and Grimnes, 93, 110: 311; 20. (»") Schreiner and Seljesaeter, 93, 137: 389; 24. (914) Schuhmann, l, 46: 1444; 24. (»") Schuhmann, l, 47: 356; 25. (915.5) Schüler and Wolf, 96, 33: 42; 25. 35: 477; 26. (»") Schuller and Wartha, 5, 2: 359; 77. (»") Schwarz and Sturm, 25, 47: 1730; 14. (918) Sénéchal, 34, 156: 552; 13. (919) Sieverts and Gotta, 9t 32: 105; 26. (920) Siggel, 9, 19: 340; 13. (921) Sill, I , 38: 2632; 16. (922) Simon, 8, 68: 241; 22. (923) Simons and Hildebrand, l, 46: 2183; 24. (924) Skrabal, 9, 17: 665; 11. (925) Skrabal and Buchta, 57, 35: 697; 14. (92S.1) Smellie, 54, 42: 466; 23. (926) Smith, 2, 34: 173; 11. (927) Smith and BaU, l, 39: 179; 17. (928) Smith and Braley, l, 39: 1545; 17. (929) Smith and Lombard, l, 37: 38; 15. (930) Smith, Stearn and Schneider, l, 42: 32; 20. (931) Smith and Woods, l, 45: 2632; 23. (932) Smits and Schoenmaker, 4, 125: 2554; 24. (933) Somermeier, 2, 1: 141; 13. (934) Stackelberg, 7, 26: 533; 98. (935) Stahlberg, 60, 17: 57; 14. (936) Stansfield, 140, 56: 169; 99. (937) starck and Bodenstein, 9, 16: 961; 10. (938) Stearn and Smith, l, 42: 18; 20. (939) Stegmüller, 9, 16: 85; 10. (940) yon Steinwehr, 7, 38: 185; 03. (»«) von Steinwehr, 7, 88: 229; 14. (941.1) Stelzner, Diss., Erlangen, 1901. (942) Stiles and Feising, l, 48: 1543; 26. (943) Stock, Gibson and Stamm, 2ß, 45: 3527; 12. (9*4) Stock, Siecke and Pohland, 26, 57: 719; 24. (9*5) stock and Wrede, 26, 40: 2923; 07. (946) stock and Wrede, 26, 41: 540; 08. (947) Stohmann, 62, 19: 115; 79. .(948) Stohmann, Kleber and Langbein, 62, 40: 202; 89. (949) Stohmann, Kleber and Langbein, 62, 40: 341; 89. (950) Stohmann and Langbein, 62, 44: 336; 91. ( 9 Si) Stortenbeker, 7, 10: 183; 92. (952) Strombeck, 143, 131: 71, 470; 91. (953) Sudborough and Millar, 4, 59: 73; 91. (954) Swietoslawski, 7, 72: 49; 10. (955) Tamaru, 142, 35: 81; 16. (956) Tammann, 8, 68: 629; 99. (957) Tammann, B67: p. 232. (958) Tammann and Krige, 93, 146: 179; 25. (959) Tammann and Krings, 93, 130: 229; 23. (960) Tammann and Ohler, 93, 135: 118; 24. (•«) Tananaev, 7,114:49; 24. (962) Tanatar, 53, 23: 243; 91. (963) Tanatar, 53, 25: 97; 93. (964) Tassilly, 34, 122: 82; 96. (965) Tassilly, 34, 122: 812; 96. (966) Tassilly, 6, 17: 38; 99. (967) Taylor, l, 38: 2295; 16. (968) Taylor and Anderson, I, 43: 2014; 21. (969) Taylor and Perrott, l, 43: 484; 21. (970) yon Than, 26,10: 947; 77. (97l)von Than, 8, 13: 84; 81. (972) Thomas, 6, 11: 204; 07. (973) Thompson and Lombard, 33, 8: 617, 682; 10. (974) Thomsen, 8, 148: 368; 73. (975) Thomsen, 26, 6: 528; 73. (976) Thomsen, B23. (977) Tigerschioeld, 220, 107: 67; 23. (978) Tilden, 5, 38: 401; 84. (979) Tilden, 135, 52: 111; 85. (980) Timofejew, 7, 6: 141; 90. (981) Tollinger, 75, 72: 525, 535; 75. (982) Tolloczko, 7, 30: 705; 99. (983) Tolloczko, 165, 1:1; 01. (984) Tolloczko and Meyer, 226, 35: 641; 10. (985) Trautz, 9, 21: 329; 15. (986) Trautz, 171, 1914 I: 31. (987) Trautz and Dalal, 98, 110: 1; 20. (988) Trautz and Geissler, 98, 140: 116; 24. (989) Trautz and Hinck, 98, 93: 177; 15. (990) Trautz and Schlueter, 93, 136: 1; 24. (991) Trautz and Stäckel, 98, 122 : 81; 22. (992) Trautz and Wackenheim, 93, 97: 241; 16. (993) Treadwell, 9, 22: 414; 16. (994) Troost, 34, 88: 578; 79. (994.5) Troost and Hautefeuille, 84, 73: 378; 71. (995) Troost and Hautefeuille, 6, 2:145; 74. (996) Troost and Hautefeuille, 34, 78: 809; 74. (997) Troost and Hautefeuille, 6, 9: 56; 76. (998) Troost and Hautefeuille, 6, 9: 70; 76. (999) Troost and Hautefeuille, 6, 7: 157; 76. (looo) Truchot, 84, 98: 821; 84. (looi) Truchot, 84, 98: 1330; 84. (1002) Truchot, 34, 100: 794; 85. (iocs) Tucker, 62, 215: 319; 15. (looa.s) Tyrer, 4, 99: 1633; 11. 101: 81; 12. (1004) Tzentnershver and Bruzs, 7, 114: 237; 24. (loos) Tzentnershver, FaIk and Awerbuck, 7, 115: 29; 25. (1005.1) Vago, Diss., Budapest, 1911. (ioo6) Varali-Thevenet, 69, 4:

186; 02. (1007) Varet, 84, 121: 598; 95. ("°«) Varet, 6, 8: 79; 96. (1009) Varet, 6, 8: 240; 96. (loio) Varet, 34, 122: 1123; 96. ("U) Varet, 34,123: 118; 96. ("«) Varet, 34, 123: 497; 96. ("13) Verkade, Hartmann and Coops, 70, 45: 373; 26. (1014) Vignon, 34,108: 1049; 89. (lois) Villard, 34,120:1262; 95. ("") Villard, 6, 11: 289; 97. (ioi7) Volchowsky, 53, 42: 1187; 20. ("i«) Vologdine, 34, 157: 121; 13. ("") Vologdine and Penkiewitsch, 34, 158: 498; 14. (1020) Vorobiev, 58, 28: 458; 96. (l021) Vrevskii and Savaritskii, 7, 112: 90; 24. (1022) Vriens, 7, 7: 194; 91. (l023) Vrzhesnevskii, 93, 74: 95; 12. (1024) Waiden, 7, 58: 479; 07. (1025) Walker and Lumsden, 4, 71: 428; 97. (1026) Walker and Wood, 4, 77: 21; 00. (1027) Von Wartenberg, 7, 67: 446; 09. (i ° 28) von Wartenberg, 9, 15: 866; 09. (» °29) von Wartenberg, BIS, p. 459. (1030) von Wartenberg, 9, 20: 443; 14. ("3l) Von Wartenberg, 13, 440: 97; 24. (1032) von Wartenberg and Fitzner, 93, 151: 313; 26. (1033) von Wartenberg and Weigel, 93, 142: 337; 24. (ios4) Washburn and Strachan, l, 35: 681; 13. (loss) Webb, 50, 27: 448; 23. ("36) Webb, B18. ("37) Wegscheider, 93, 103: 207; 18. ("38) Weiss and Kaiser, 93, 65: 345; 10. (1039) Weiss, Martin and Stimmelmayr, 93, 65: 279; 10. (i040) Weiss and Neumann, 93, 65: 248; 10. (i041) Weiss, Piccard and Carard, 149, 43: 113, 199; 17. (1042) Weitzel, 93, 116: 71; 21. (io43) Welch and Duschak, 30, No. 81; 15. ("44) Werner, 6, 27: 570; 92. ("45) Werner, 93, 83: 275; 13. (l 046) Winkelmann, 8, 149 : l ; 73. ("46.5) Winkelmann, 8, 9: 208, 358; 80. (1047) Winkler, 7, 9: 171; 92. O« 4 «) Winkler, 136, 23: 687; 99. ("49) Winkler, 26, 34: 1408; 01. (1050) Winkler, 7, 55: 344; 06. ("5l, ios2) Winkler, 144, 25: 86; 07. ("53) Winkler, BS, l: 767; 23. (loss.S) Wirtz, 8, 40: 438; 90. ("54) Wohler, 9, 11: 836; 05. ("55) Wöhler and Balz, 9, 27: 406; 21. ("56) Wohler, and Balz, 93, 139: 411; 24. ("57) Wöhler and Müller, 93, 120: 49; 21. (1058) Wöhler, Plüddemann and Wähler, 25, 41: 703; 08. ("59) Wöhler and Streicher, 26, 46: 1577; 13. (1060) Wöhler and Streicher, 26, 46: 1591; 13. ("«») Wohl, 7, 110: 166; 24. (1062) Wohl, 0,30: 36; 24. ("63) Wohl, 9, 30: 49; 24. ("64) Wohler and Witzmann, 9, 14: 97; 08. ("65) Wolff, 9, 20: 19; 14. ("66) Wolffenstein, 25, 27: 3307; 94. ("67) Woods, 3, 2: 268; 51. ("68) Wourtzel, 34, 169: 1397; 19. ("69) Wüst, Meuthen and Durrer, 150, No. 204: 1; 18. (1070) Wüst and Lange, 9, 30: 523; 24. ("7l) Yamada, 140, 105: 409; 22. (1072) Young, 117, 12: 374; 10. ("73) Zhemchuzhnui and Rambach, 93, 65: 403; 10. ("74) Zukowsky, 93, 71: 403; 11. ("75) Andrussov, 7, 116: 81; 25. (1076) Auerbach, 7, 121: 337; 26. ("77) Awbery, 67, 39: 417; 27. ("78) Biltz and Wein, 93, 148: 192; 25. ("so) Biltz, Bröhan and Wein, 93, 148: 207; 25. ("8l) Biltz and Mau, 93, 148: 170; 25. ("82) ßiltz and Messerknecht, 98, 148: 157; 25. ("83) Bodenstein, Günther and Hoffmeister, 92, 39: 875; 26. ("83.5) Cohen and Helderman, 7, 113: 145; 24. ("84) Cohen and Joss, 64V, 36: 980; 27. (1085) Collenberg, 7, 109: 353; 24. ("86; Dewar and Jones, 5, 85: 574; 11. (1087) Foxton and Shutt, 83, 23: 480; 27. ("88) Fried, 7, 123: 406; 26. (1088.5) Qiauque and Wiebe, l, 60: 101; 28. ("89) Qjaldbaek, 93, 144: 269; 24. ("»0) Hantke, 92, 39:1065; 26. ("U) Hare, 3, 48: 412; 24. ("92) Ishikawa, 41B, 2: 294; 27. ("93) Ishikawa and Shibata, 41B, 1: 169; 26. ("94) Jirsa, 98, 158: 33; 26. ("95) jones and Becker, 4, 1927: 2669. ("96) Kameyama and Oka, 41, 30: 317; 27. ("»7) Käst and Seile, 26, 59: 1958; 26. ("98) Klemm, 93, 163: 240; 27. ("99) Klemm and Bräutigam, 93, 163: 225; 27. (1100) Matsui, Fukushima and Nakada, 41, 30: 330; 27. O"I) McAmis and Feising, l, 47: 2633; 25. (i "2) Meyer and Scheffer, 70, 46: 754; 27. (l 103) Prandtl and Huttner, 93, 149: 235; 25. (i"4) prescott and Hincke, l, 49: 2744; 27. (i"5) Riesenfeld and Milchsack, 93, 85: 401; 14. (i"6) Roth, 7, 130: 539; 27. (i"7) Schenck, Krägeloh and Eisenstecken, 93, 164: 313; 27. (i"9) Trautz and von Dechend, 9, 14: 271; 08. (ilio) Vaughen and Bichowsky, O. (1112) Wilke and Kieninger, 7, 116: 215; 25. (in 3 ) Wöhler and Martin, 245, 12: 1; 17.

PARTIAL AND TOTAL HEATS OF FORMATION OF AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS F. RUSSELL BICHOWSKY 6O0C: NH3 + 4H2O (in solution) = 0.4NH3 + 3.6H2O (in solution) + 0.6NH3 (gas) + 0.4H2O (vapor). XI Mole fraction of H2O ("solvent")From the table we find: XZ Mole fraction of solute. 76.59 + 4 X 28542 = 0.4 X 78.68 + 3.6 X 284,83 + 0.6 X 46.566 + 0.4 X 242.3s + H » S Hence ~H — 36.61 kilojoule. For further details, v. Lewis and % Weight per cent solute. —H Total heat of formation of solute in solution, from its Randall, Thermodynamics (1923), Chapters 4, 7, and 8. elements in their standard states at the same tem- HEAT OF NEUTRALIZATION OF STRONG ACIDS AND BASES AT 2O0C perature (v. p. 169). The solutions contain 1 mole per 100 mole of H2O in each case. - dH The values tabulated are joule/equiv., on the assumption that ~~Hz dxl' Ig-CaI20 = 4.181 joule (Richards and Rowe, I1 44: 684; 22). - dH I LiOH100 I NaOH100 | KOH100 Hl ~ dïï I Q I dQ/dt I Q I dQ/dt I Q I dQ/dt To calculate the heat of any reaction involving these solutions HCl 58254-231.6 58095-220.3 58593-202.4 100 at constant T and p, proceed as in the case of pure substances 58 572 57 878 58 484 ' but use partial heat of formation H1 instead of heat of HBr100 HI100 58220 57614 58179 formation H. HNO ...... 57 961 -224.1 57 852 -211.1 58 894 -188.6 3 1 0 0 Example: To compute the heat of the following reaction at ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS

OJ2 = HCl gas 92.1579 O0C 92.1956 2O0C 92.2332 4O0C 92.2667 6O0C X2 = H2SO4 liq. 794.581 0° 794.049 20° 793.51s 40° 792.98e 60° 791.919 100° 789.257 200° 786.596 300°

X2 0.3 N 2.33 % 46.5 ^#144.4 -H2 126.8 -Hi 294.3? -H 144.4 -Ei 126.8 -Hi 293.62 -tf 144.8 -#2 126.4 -Hi 293.4 -// 145.6 -#2 126.0 -Hi 293.0 X2 N % -H -H2 -Hi -H -H2 -#i -H -H2 -Hi -H -H2 -Hi -H -#2 -HI -H2 -F2 -H1 -H -m -H1

HCl 0.05 0.02 0.01 0.005 J 0.0 XI = H2O 19.0 49.0 99.0 199.0 °o gas liq> 9.63 4.00 2.00 1.00 0.0 160.9s 162.5o 162.84 162.80 162.4e 241.89 286.84s 158.6s 161.62 162.54 162.8s 162.4e 286.97o 286.86s 286.85i 286.722s 286.84s 162.650 164.29s 164.82e 165.64 165.8s 241.9s 286.1Oa 159.84e 163.29o 164.19s 165.39 165.8s 286.25o 286.1222 286.109e 286.104e 286.10s 165.Oe 166.7s 167.57 168.32 169.1 242.1o 285.45o 161.7i 165.60 166.7s 167.6s 169.1 285.617 285.4727 285.45s 285.453s 285.45o 166.69 168.61 169.37 169.9i 172.0 242.3s 284.79s 163.1s 167.4o 168.4s 169.07 172.0 284.98e 284.823e 284.8Os 284.802 284.79s H2SO4 0.80 0.60 0.50 0.40 0.20 0.10 0.05 0.002 0.00 Xi=H 2 O 0.25 0.6667 1.00 1.50 4.00 9.00 19.0 499.00 » 95.6 89.1 84.5 78.4 57.8 37.66 22.29 1.04 O liq. 802.35 814.61 822.77 830.30 848.97 858.64 862.40 870.40 885.25 286.848 794.94 796.87 802.68 812.10 832.61 847.17 860.39 867.26 885.25 318.06 313.50 306.93 298.98 290.94 288.14 286.97 286.852 286.848 803.27 813.73 830.68 830.01 849.30 857.17 864.12 871.99 884.08 286.103 795.40 796.57 801.97 810.89 832.52 846.21 860.52 868.43 884.08 317.47 312.45 306.43 298.85 290.31 287.34 286.25 286.112 286.103 803.73 813.61 821.81 829.80 849.64 855.79 864.24 873.58 882.91 285.450 795.90 796.28 801.22 809.71 832.44 845.16 860.65 869.60 882.91 316.97 311.49 306.01 298.85 289.77 286.63 285.63 285.459 285.450 804.27 812.77 821.35 829.55 845.83 854.28 864.37 875.13 881.78 284.798 796.36 795.99 800.51 808.50 832.35 844.24 860.77 870.73 881.78 316.47 310.57 305.63 298.81 289.23 285.92 285.00 284.806 284.798 805.28 812.14 820.39 829.01 850.60 851.48 862.86 878.31 879.44 283.500 797.28 795.40 799.04 806.07 832.19 842.27 861.23 873.07 879.44 315.47 308.64 304.84 298.81 288.10 284.54 283.70 283.513 283.500 807.7 809.8 818.2 827.8 852.5 845.0 861.7 886.4 873.62 280.23 802.3 793.9 795.6 800.2 831.6 837.4 861.7 878.9 873.62 312.95 303.87 302.83 298.68 285.84 280.98 280.39 280.23 280.23 810.2 807.3 816.5 825.7 854.20 836.6 860.9 893.9 868.0 278.09 801.8 792.6 791.8 793.9 831.1 832.4 862.1 884.7 868.0 311.4 300.1 301.7 300.1 283.7 278.7 277.0 278.09 278.09

0.2 4.0 33.6 152.3 140.6 289.77 152.4e 139.90 289.242 153.3s 139.1s 289.02 154.0 138.9 288.5s

1.00 0.00 100.00 794.56 794.56 320.45 794.06 794.06 320.57 793.52 793.52 321.12 792.97 792.97 320.91 791.93 791.93 321.28 789.3 789.3 322.54 786.8 786.8 330.2

0.1 9.0 18.2 158.84 154.84 287.28s 159.87 153.7l 286.76o 161.3s 154.47 286.18s 162.8s 156.10 285.55i

NH3 S2 = NH 3 I %as I H<ï-

45.495l

I a? ~M~ %

ô~5 0.4 1 1.5 48.59 38.66

67.33?

0.3 2.333 28.84

-H 76.1? 78.6s 79.724 -H 2 69.89 75.3s 77.21s QOC —~HI 293.0 289.02 288.3o 45.867e I 66.039 -H 73.24 77.Oo 78.72o I -Jf2 66.12 72.82 76.1? 20° -Hi 293.4 289.18 287.1s 46.219l 64.909 -H 70.7s 76.2 78.17e -#2 62.7s 71.1s 75.3s 40° -#i 293.4 289.1s 286.? 46.566s 63.319 —H 75.3s 77.54s -# 2 69.4? 74.0? 60° -Hi 286.2s 47.2109 60.892 -H (76.79) -#2 (72.40) 100° -Hi (288.3)

0.2 4 19.16

0.1 9 9.50

0.05 19 4.74

0.02 49 1.92

0.01 99 0.946

0.00 0.0

80.64s 79.3Oe 287.1? 79.51s 78.092 286.459i 79.09? 77.67s 285.8Oe 78.469 76.59 285.42 (77.42) (75.3s) (286.3)

81.27s 80.6Os 286.96l 80.31o 79.682 286.17Os 79.8Os 79.3Oe 285.5Os 79.13s 78.6s 284.83l (77.42) (77.Oi) (284.2o)

81.69i 81.35e 286.857 80.519 80.31o 286.114e 80.059 79.97s 285.45s 79.3Oe 79.264 284.799? (77.42) (77.42) (288.3s)

81.942 82.9Os 286.82? 80.68? 80.64s 286.106? 80.14s 80.109 285.451s 79.34s 79.34s 284.79? (77.42) (77.42) (284.15s)

81.56e 84.9e 286.81s 80.77i 80.77i 286.103s 80.18s 80.163s 285.4509 79.389 79.389 284.79? (77.84) (77.84) (284.15s)

81.23i 81.23i 286.84s 80.77i 80.77i 286.103s 80.18s 80.18s 285.45o 79.43i 79.43i 284.79? (77.84) (77.84) (284.15s)

si = H2Q gas

hq

"

241.89

286.84s

241.97

286.1Os

242.1o

285.45o

242.3s

284.79s

(242.9o)

(284.15s)

THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY COMPLETE INDEX Standard materials. Gases and vapors. Single crystals. Non-metallic solids. Metals, alloys and amalgams.

INDEX COMPLET Matières types. Gaz et vapeurs. Cristaux uniques. Solides non-métalliques. Métaux, alliages et amalgames.

Non-metallic liquids. Commercial glasses. Industrial materials.

Liquides non-métalliques. Verres du commerce. Matières industrielles.

Heat transfer by convection.

Transport de chaleur par convection. Convection libre et forcée dans les fluides.

Free and forced convection in fluids.

GESAMT INDEX VERZEICHNIS Standardstoff«. Gase und Dämpfe. Einkristalle. Nichtmetallische feste Stoffe. Metalle, Legierungen und Amalgame. Nichtmetallische Flüssigkeiten. Handelsgläser. Industriematerial.

INDICE COMPLETO pAGB Materiali campioni 218 Gas e vapori 213 Cristalli singoli 218 Solidi non metallici 216 Metalli, leghe e amalgame . 218

Liquidi non metallici 218 Vetri commerciali 218 Materiali industriali Voi. II, p. 312, 316 Temperaturüberführung durch Trasmissione di calore per Konvektion. convezione. Freie und erzwungene KonConvezione libera e vektion in Flüssigkeiten. provocata nei fluidi. . . 234

THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY: GASES AND VAPORS T. H. LABY AND E. A. NELSON Thermal conductivity, k, is defined by the relation dQ _ , , de dt = ~k dxdVdz' where dQ/dt is the time rate at which heat is conducted in the direction of the temperature gradient, d0/dz, across a parallel slab of area dx • dy. Theory.—See (l-i, 1-2, 22.1, 22.2). Useful Formulae.—The relation, k = facv exists between the thermal conductivity, k, the viscosity, rj, and the specific heat at constant volume, cv, where / is "constant," e.g., k KTJ if the temperature varies. / depends on the number of atoms in the molecule: for diatomic gases / = ca. 1.75; for triatomic ca. 1.4; for monatomic 2.5, which is the theoretical value for spherically symmetrical molecules (13). Accuracy of Values of k.—The experimental determination of the thermal conductivity of gases is subject to very large error. For example, the 19 determinations of k for air deviate on the average from the weighted mean (given below) by 7 per cent. The number of observers whose observations were used in deriving the weighted means which follow is equal to the number of literature citations, excluding (8). Units.—In all of the tables of this section the thermal conductivity, k, is expressed in kilo-erg cm~2 sec"1 (0C, cm"1)"1. Conversion Factors.—1 [kilo-erg cm"2 sec"1 (0C, cm"1) "1I = 10~4 [joule cm~2 sec"1 (0C, cm"1)"1] = 0.239 X IO"4 [cal cm"2 sec"1 (0C, cm"1)"1] = 0.192 X IO"4 [BTU ft."2 sec"1 (0F, in."1)"1]. See further Vol. I1 p. 16.

STABLE.—ELEMENTARY SUBSTANCES AND ATMOSPHERIC AIR Formula | t, 0C |

k 1.58

Lit.

A

O

(6,7,18,26,36)

Cl2

O

H2

O

15.9

(4,6,7,8,10,11,17,22,23,30,36, 38, 4 4 ) ; cf. (10.5, 24.5, 49)

He

O

13.9

(6,7,8,26,36)

Hg

203

0.718 (7)

0.772 (24)

N2

O

2.28

Ne

O

0.444 (1,36,37)

O

2.33

O2

(6,7,11,33,36,38) (6,7,11,31,33,36,38)

Stafford's data ( 29 ) at various temperatures appear not to be comparable with the data in this and the following tables.

S Air

2.23 O

•

(2,3, 4 , 8 , 9 , 1 0 , 1 3 , 1 7 , 1 8 , 2 0 , 2 3 , 26, 29, 30, 33, 36, 38, 44, 45, 46); Cf. (10.5, 24.5, 49)

A-TABLE.—CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS Formula | t, 0C k \ Lit. H2O ÏOÔ 27Ï7 ( Î 9 ) " SO2 O 0.768 (7) H2S O 1.20 (7) N2O

O

1.44

(7,31,36,38)

NO*.

O

2.08

(7,33,38)

*

~

~

NH3 S2 = NH 3 I %as I H<ï-

45.495l

I a? ~M~ %

ô~5 0.4 1 1.5 48.59 38.66

67.33?

0.3 2.333 28.84

-H 76.1? 78.6s 79.724 -H 2 69.89 75.3s 77.21s QOC —~HI 293.0 289.02 288.3o 45.867e I 66.039 -H 73.24 77.Oo 78.72o I -Jf2 66.12 72.82 76.1? 20° -Hi 293.4 289.18 287.1s 46.219l 64.909 -H 70.7s 76.2 78.17e -#2 62.7s 71.1s 75.3s 40° -#i 293.4 289.1s 286.? 46.566s 63.319 —H 75.3s 77.54s -# 2 69.4? 74.0? 60° -Hi 286.2s 47.2109 60.892 -H (76.79) -#2 (72.40) 100° -Hi (288.3)

0.2 4 19.16

0.1 9 9.50

0.05 19 4.74

0.02 49 1.92

0.01 99 0.946

0.00 0.0

80.64s 79.3Oe 287.1? 79.51s 78.092 286.459i 79.09? 77.67s 285.8Oe 78.469 76.59 285.42 (77.42) (75.3s) (286.3)

81.27s 80.6Os 286.96l 80.31o 79.682 286.17Os 79.8Os 79.3Oe 285.5Os 79.13s 78.6s 284.83l (77.42) (77.Oi) (284.2o)

81.69i 81.35e 286.857 80.519 80.31o 286.114e 80.059 79.97s 285.45s 79.3Oe 79.264 284.799? (77.42) (77.42) (288.3s)

81.942 82.9Os 286.82? 80.68? 80.64s 286.106? 80.14s 80.109 285.451s 79.34s 79.34s 284.79? (77.42) (77.42) (284.15s)

81.56e 84.9e 286.81s 80.77i 80.77i 286.103s 80.18s 80.163s 285.4509 79.389 79.389 284.79? (77.84) (77.84) (284.15s)

81.23i 81.23i 286.84s 80.77i 80.77i 286.103s 80.18s 80.18s 285.45o 79.43i 79.43i 284.79? (77.84) (77.84) (284.15s)

si = H2Q gas

hq

"

241.89

286.84s

241.97

286.1Os

242.1o

285.45o

242.3s

284.79s

(242.9o)

(284.15s)

THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY COMPLETE INDEX Standard materials. Gases and vapors. Single crystals. Non-metallic solids. Metals, alloys and amalgams.

INDEX COMPLET Matières types. Gaz et vapeurs. Cristaux uniques. Solides non-métalliques. Métaux, alliages et amalgames.

Non-metallic liquids. Commercial glasses. Industrial materials.

Liquides non-métalliques. Verres du commerce. Matières industrielles.

Heat transfer by convection.

Transport de chaleur par convection. Convection libre et forcée dans les fluides.

Free and forced convection in fluids.

GESAMT INDEX VERZEICHNIS Standardstoff«. Gase und Dämpfe. Einkristalle. Nichtmetallische feste Stoffe. Metalle, Legierungen und Amalgame. Nichtmetallische Flüssigkeiten. Handelsgläser. Industriematerial.

INDICE COMPLETO pAGB Materiali campioni 218 Gas e vapori 213 Cristalli singoli 218 Solidi non metallici 216 Metalli, leghe e amalgame . 218

Liquidi non metallici 218 Vetri commerciali 218 Materiali industriali Voi. II, p. 312, 316 Temperaturüberführung durch Trasmissione di calore per Konvektion. convezione. Freie und erzwungene KonConvezione libera e vektion in Flüssigkeiten. provocata nei fluidi. . . 234

THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY: GASES AND VAPORS T. H. LABY AND E. A. NELSON Thermal conductivity, k, is defined by the relation dQ _ , , de dt = ~k dxdVdz' where dQ/dt is the time rate at which heat is conducted in the direction of the temperature gradient, d0/dz, across a parallel slab of area dx • dy. Theory.—See (l-i, 1-2, 22.1, 22.2). Useful Formulae.—The relation, k = facv exists between the thermal conductivity, k, the viscosity, rj, and the specific heat at constant volume, cv, where / is "constant," e.g., k KTJ if the temperature varies. / depends on the number of atoms in the molecule: for diatomic gases / = ca. 1.75; for triatomic ca. 1.4; for monatomic 2.5, which is the theoretical value for spherically symmetrical molecules (13). Accuracy of Values of k.—The experimental determination of the thermal conductivity of gases is subject to very large error. For example, the 19 determinations of k for air deviate on the average from the weighted mean (given below) by 7 per cent. The number of observers whose observations were used in deriving the weighted means which follow is equal to the number of literature citations, excluding (8). Units.—In all of the tables of this section the thermal conductivity, k, is expressed in kilo-erg cm~2 sec"1 (0C, cm"1)"1. Conversion Factors.—1 [kilo-erg cm"2 sec"1 (0C, cm"1) "1I = 10~4 [joule cm~2 sec"1 (0C, cm"1)"1] = 0.239 X IO"4 [cal cm"2 sec"1 (0C, cm"1)"1] = 0.192 X IO"4 [BTU ft."2 sec"1 (0F, in."1)"1]. See further Vol. I1 p. 16.

STABLE.—ELEMENTARY SUBSTANCES AND ATMOSPHERIC AIR Formula | t, 0C |

k 1.58

Lit.

A

O

(6,7,18,26,36)

Cl2

O

H2

O

15.9

(4,6,7,8,10,11,17,22,23,30,36, 38, 4 4 ) ; cf. (10.5, 24.5, 49)

He

O

13.9

(6,7,8,26,36)

Hg

203

0.718 (7)

0.772 (24)

N2

O

2.28

Ne

O

0.444 (1,36,37)

O

2.33

O2

(6,7,11,33,36,38) (6,7,11,31,33,36,38)

Stafford's data ( 29 ) at various temperatures appear not to be comparable with the data in this and the following tables.

S Air

2.23 O

•

(2,3, 4 , 8 , 9 , 1 0 , 1 3 , 1 7 , 1 8 , 2 0 , 2 3 , 26, 29, 30, 33, 36, 38, 44, 45, 46); Cf. (10.5, 24.5, 49)

A-TABLE.—CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS Formula | t, 0C k \ Lit. H2O ÏOÔ 27Ï7 ( Î 9 ) " SO2 O 0.768 (7) H2S O 1.20 (7) N2O

O

1.44

(7,31,36,38)

NO*.

O

2.08

(7,33,38)

*

~

~

CO2 + H2 (36) Q0C

A-TABLE.—CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS.—(Continued) 0

Formula I t, C | k I NO2 55 4.01

%

Lit.

(33)

NH3

O

2.00

(7, 22, 40, 47); f/. (4.5)

CO CO2

O O

2.15 1.37

(7,16,19,31,38) (4, 6, 7, 10, 17, 23, 29, 31, 33, 36, 38, 44, 47)

CCl4 CS2

100 O

0.807 (19) 0.636 (7)

* Observed value reduced to 0° by Sutherland's formula, using C =» 195 from viscosity data. (T-TABLE

Formula CHCl3 CH2Cl2 CH3Br CH3Cl CH3I CH4

|

\t, 0C | k \ Lit. O 0.608 (™) O 0.615(19) O 0.574 (**) O 0.841 (l 9) O 0.433 (19) O 2.94 (7,31,36,

Name Chloroform Méthylène chloride Methyl bromide Methyl chloride Methyl iodide Methane

38, 48)

CH4O CH6N C2H2 C2H4

Methyl alcohol Methylamine Acetylene Ethylene

C2H6Br C2H6Cl C2H5I C2H6 C2H6O C2H7N C2H7N C3H6O C3H6O2 C3H9N C3H9N C4H8O2 C4Hi0O C 4 HnN C 4 HuN C6H12 C 6 Hi 2 C6Hi3N C6H6 C6Hi2 C 6 Hi 2 C6Hi4 C 6 Hi 6 N C 6 Hi 6 N

Ethyl bromide Ethyl chloride Ethyl iodide Ethane Ethyl alcohol Dimethylamine Ethylamine Acetone Methyl acetate Propylamine Trimethylamine Ethyl acetate Ethyl ether Diethylamine Isobutylamine n-Pentane Isopentane n-Amylamine Benzene n-Hexylene Cyclohexane n-Hexane Di-n-propylamine Triethylamine

O 1.32 (19) 6.51.51 (14) O 1.73 (7) O 1.64 (7,16, 31, 38)

4.60.685 (19) O 0.873 (19) O 0.571 (19) O 1.80 (7,19,48) 100 1.96 (19) 6.5 1.40 (14) 6.51.34 (14,22) O 0.906 (19) O 0.938 (19) 6.51.19 (14) 6.51.30 (14) 100 1.52 (") O 1.21 (19,22) 6.5 1.20 (14) 6.51.18 (14) O 1.16 (19) O 1.15 (19) 6.51.11 (14) O 0.825 (19) O 0.962 (19) 101.8 1.64 (19) O 1.03 (19) 6.5 1.02 (14) 6.51.06 (14)

GAS MIXTURES % = volume % of first named constituent. The values of k in italics are taken from the 2V-Table A + He (34) O0C A -f N 2 .—(Cont'd) O2 + H 2 .-(Confa) % k % k % k O 13.9 38.920 2.047 33.33 9.922 5.39 12.29 64.130 1.855 50.0 7.639 15.32 9.700 79.617 1.745 75.0 4.649 54.63 4.503 100 1.609 80.0 4.14 72.96 3.100 84.64 3.84

m

L££_ O02 +H 2 (35) 22°c

"•*

2'!J

iS

In

5'2

A + N2 (36) O0C 5.26 15.65 — 1^ O 2.366 14.29 13.45 N2 + H2 (36) O0C 21.961 2.189 25.0 11.49 57.4 | 6.150

k

I

O 5.705 16.545

H

17.40 15.01 11.70

%

k

I

39.318 63.017 82.989

7.204 4.323 2.539

^

I

%

I

k '

90.596 1.993 92.47 1.872 100 1.419

TEMPERATURE VARIATION OF THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF GASES As k is not a linear function of the temperature, whenever possible a Sutherland equation, 273+ C / T YA kT - A273 T + c ^273^ has been fitted to the observations, where T is the absolute temperature, and the value of the constant C so obtained is used to compute 1 /dk\ ao

- £273 VdZy273

and kr/k-w. When no value of C is given, no Sutherland equation would fit the observations, and the directly observed values of fct/fco or of kt are given. In parentheses is given the temperature interval over which Sutherland's equation may be applied with accuracy. If ce is required for a gas not given below, it may be calculated by using a value of C obtained from viscosity observations on that gas. ^-TABLE.—ELEMENTARY SUBSTANCES AND ATMOSPHERIC AIR Hg (24)

A (6) *, °C

-182.4 - 78.4 O + 100

fc|/fco

0.366 0.750 1.0 1.31

H2 (4, e, 7,23)

Air (4, 6, 19, 23, 47)

«182.5 to 215° =

0.0074 N2 (6) c = 114 a0 = 0.00291 *, 0C \kt/k0 (-191.4 to +100°) _m 4 0323

C ~ 94 -150 0.494 ao = 0.00277 _100 068Q (-252.2 to +100°) _ 50 0 848 -252.2 0.067 Q l Q -200 0.304 + 50 1U -150 0.511 100 127 -100 0.693 ' -50 0.855 ^6J45; 0 1 0 ^ «0 = 0.00235 + 50 1.13 (-181.4 to IQQ 1.26 +105.8°) -181.4 0.452 He (6,7) -150 0.572 C = 33 -100 0.736 «0=0.00223 - 50 0.876

r-252 2 to 4-100°ì

O

( Zo z. z t o + iuu ; -252.2

0.154*

u

+50

1.0

"

1.11

-252.2

0.120

105.8 1.23

-200 1^0 -15Ü

0.399 O W* U . 590

O 2 (6) r - 144. L- 144

-100 - 50 O i ff\

0.749 0.882 1.0 t -n

+ 50

1.11

100 1.20 * Obs. value; but kt/ko = 0.120 according to Sutherland's equation which fits observations above -252°.

ao = 0.00310 (-191.4 to -(-100°) -191.4 0.302 „ r^ ^ A^n

-150

0.472

-100 _ 50 Q

0.664 0.839 ^ Q i iK L. Lo 1.29

'

û 100

C = 125

a0 = 0.00298 t, 0C | fc,/fe0 (-191.1 to 212.5°) -191-1 0-316 -!5O 0.485 -100 0.674 _ 50 0844 O 1.0 +50 1.14 100 1.28 I50 1.40 212.5 1.55 32.5 1.09* 253.2 i.78* 430.6 2.58* 539 3.67* <° *. 32-5 1.99 253.2 3.24 430.6 4.69 539 6.67 * These values values of of' A kt1// *These ko calculated calculated from from the the observations of Stafof ford(z») ford( 29 ) when plotted plotted of against t, give a curve of opposite to opposite curvature curvature to thafc obtained from the that obtained from the of other observresults of ers. Caution is is necessary, therefore, therefore, in incomcombining bining his observations ^ ^ ih the others 6n with the others given. The values given in The in the the table are are calculated relaUve to the value of fcsz.s fcsz.s tive obtained from Sutherland's formula, using Ç C = 125. 125.

A-TABLE.—CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS H2O(IO)

t° 46 100

NH3 (7, 47)

k 1.80 2.17

N2O (7, 47)

k Jk9 71.8 0.771 Q 1>0 + 100 1.45 -

t° kt/k0 - 57.6 0.744 - 36.1 0.859 O 1.0 +100 1.55

r

^? -71.4 O

(

n. * 0.750* 1.0*

* These values satisfy Sutherland's formula, with C = 195, obtained from viscosity measureinents.

CCl4 (19) t° kt 46 0.656 100 0.807 184 L^ CS2 (7, 22) O 0.636 7.5 0.668 CHCl 3 (IS)

e U

46 100 184

k t/k,

A

-u

1.21 1 53 204 :

CH2Cl2 (19) J! 46

loo

212 5

Î1.26 ™

1.62

2 44

CH8Br (i»j 0 100

JW 46 100 184 212.5 CH3I O 46 100 CH4 -181.6 - 75.6 Q

1>0

!-70

ÏÏ 1.36 1.76 2.45

CO2 (4, 6, 29, 47)

t° kt/ko -78.4 0.667 -50 0.782 O 1.0 +50 1.24 10 L51

°

i'18* 282.1 2.66* 506.7 4.62* 555 5 56 - * fc *° « 36.8 1.25 2 2 84 ^- 1 506.7 4.93 36 8

CO (7, 38) C = 156 «o = 0.00316 (-191.0 to +7.5°) _igl 0296 _150 0;465 _ 100 _ 50

+

^ 7.5

0.658 O 836 ' 1'^ 1.02

C-TABLE CH3OH («) 1° kt/ko O 1.0 100 1.54 C2H4 (7, 47)* -71.1 0.636 -50 0.739 O 1.0 50 + m

1 29 1 ^60

^ * Sutherland's

formula: C = 105 giving «o =

0.00548.

^55 5.94 * The above values are based upon k**.s/ko obtained from the results of other observers.

CH3CO2CH3 («) t° kt/k9 O 1.0 20 1.14 CH8CO2C2H6 (i») t° k 46 1.13 100 1.52 184

2 24

-

(c.H.)iO o») f

k/k

«'°

!-0 1 29 46 ^ 100 1.70 184 2.45 212 5 2 71

C 1 - IA/ 2 P +Cv - IQ 1 O (MTi-M T +17 -~4\273irpoTCp-Cv-l*™(M1) T I where T is the absolute temperature, po, (gram) is the mass of 1 cm3 of the gas at 273° and 1 dyne cm"2 pressure, and CP, CVJ its heat capacity at constant pressure and constant volume, respectively. M — molecular weight of the gas and 7 = CP/CV. (In calculating the dimensions of e, temperature is assumed to have the dimensions of kinetic energy.) Experiment shows that the heat transferred is smaller than this theoretical value, but approaches it as a limit for rough plates, i.e., for complete exchange of energy, v. (25). e e

MOLECULAR CONDUCTIVITY OF GASES Calculated value, conduction between absolutely rough surfaces, e = 1819 ^7L= X ^±1

184

2 45 ' 212.5 2.76

*-CA,(i») n i n

" 2Q

;•" 1 11

C2H6 (7, 19) -70.4 0.640 -33.6 0.806 O 1.0 +100 1.78

^ ISO-C6H12 (19) O 1.0 46 1.32 100 1.75

C,H.OH(T)

-,H.(f.f

!24 -2J J-4J

2.79 -JÎÏÏ L™. (19) C2H6NH2 (22) 1.0 «o-ioo = 0.006113 1.26 (CHs)2CO (19) 1.64 f kt/ko (7) O 1.0 0.315 46 1.29 0.691 100 1.72 l.Q 184 2.56

1 0 ° ^ 46 1.41 100 1.98

184 2.92 212.5 3.38 C6H12 (19) Hexylene O 1.0 100 1.80 W-C 6 Hi 4 (I 9 ) O 1.0 20 1.10

VARIATION OF CONDUCTIVITY WITH PRESSURE According to the dynamical theory of gases, the thermal conductivity of a gas is independent of the pressure if the mean free path is small in comparison with the thickness of the conducting layer. According to Knudsen (i 5 ), when the free path is large in comparison with the distance between two parallel plates, the quantity

VMT

0

T-I

At O C, H2, e = 460 g"1 cm"1 sec (i.e., unit of heat = 1 erg; O2, e — 117; Cl2, e = 127. If unit of heat is the calorie, e for H2 at 0° = 10.97 X IO"6. Observed value, Knudsen (I5). H2 at O0C, e = 121 g-1 cm"1 sec for conduction between glass and rough surface; e = 70 for glass and glass, surfaces being cylindrical. Schreiner's values (25), using a fine drawn platinum wire along the axis of a glass tube: mean free path must be not less than 40 times diameter of wire for data to be valid, cf. (27, 28).

A

°

C 2 H 6 Cl(Io) O 1.0 100 1.73

75 J'5 2 J

of heat, Q erg, passing in time t sec, from the plate at a temperature BI to that at a temperature 02, is Q = 6A(Oi- B2)pt where A cm2 is the area of each plate, p dyne cm~2 the pressure, and e, the " molecular coefficient of conductivity," is a function of B and depends on the nature of the surfaces and on the nature of the gas. For a complete interchange of energy when the molecule hits the plates, e, (g"1 cm"1 sec) has the theoretical value,

t°

O - 78 -183

I I e

O2

I t0 \

I e

H2*

I *° I e

I

CO

\ t° \

I e

N2

\ t° \

e

58 O 92 O 138 O 98 O 93 69 - 78 115 - 74 168 - 78 121 - 78 120 104 -204 204 -190 325 -206 221 -204 213

* If unit of heat = 1 calorie: e for Ha at 0° = 3.31 X 10"6.

LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume. The papers giving values of the temperature coefficient are marked by an asterisk) (i*) Bannawitz, 5, 48:577; 15. (i-M Chapman, 62, 211: 433; 11. (»-2) Chapman and Hainsworth, 3, 48: 593; 24. (2*) Christiansen, 8, 14: 23; 81. ( 3 ) Compan, 34, 133: 1202; 01. (*) Eckerlein, 8, 3: 120; 00. (4-5) Edwards and Worswick, 67, 38: 16; 25. (s*) Eichhorn, 8, 40: 697; 90. («) Eucken, 63, 12: 1101; 11. ( 7 ) Eucken, 63, 14: 324; 13. («) Gallo, Rend, dell'Istituto Sperimentale Aeronautico, 2 I: 37; 21. ( 9 ) Giacomini, 26, 20: 94; 18. (10) Grätz, 8, 14: 232; 81. (i°- 5 ) Gregory and Archer, 6, 110: 91; 26. (U*) Günther, Diss., Halle, 1906. (12*) Henderson, 2, 15: 46; 20. (13) Hercus and Laby, 5, 95: 190; 18. (l*) Höfker, Jahresber. d. Progym., Wattenscheid, 1893. (15) Knudsen, 8, 34: 593; 11. O 6 ) Krey, Diss., Halle, 1912. 427* 68 II: 698; 12. (17) Kundt and Warburg, 8, 156: 177; 75. (i*) Mehliss, Diss., Halle, 1902. 0») Moser, Diss., Berlin, 1913. (20) Müller, 8, 60: 82; 97. (2l*) Müller, 63, 2:161; 01. (22) pauli, 8, 23: 907; 07. (22.1) Pidduck, 5, 101: 101; 22. (22.2) pye, Dictionary of Applied Physics, I: 415; 22. (23*) Schleiermacher, 8, 34: 623; 88. (24) Schleiermacher, 8,36: 346; 89. (24.5*) Schneider, 8, 79: 177; 26. (25) Schreiner, 7, 112: 1; 24. (26*) Schwarze, 8, 11: 303, 1144; 03. 63, 4: 229; 03. (27) Soddy and Berry, o, 83: 254; 10. ( 2 «) Soddy and Berry, ö, 84: 576; 11. (29) Stafford, 7, 77: 66; 11. (30) Stefan, 75, 65 n: 45; 72. (3l) Stefan, 75, 72 II: 69; 75. (32J Stefan, 75, 74 H : 438; 77. (33) Todd, 5, 83: 19; 09. (34) Wachsmuth, 6S, 9: 235; 08. (35) Wassiljewa, 63, 5: 737; 04. (36*) Weber, 8, 54: 325, 437, 481: 17. (37*) Weber, 64P, 21: 342; 19. ( 3 «) Winkelmann, 8, 156: 497; 75. (39*) Winkelmann, 8, 157: 497; 76. (40*) Winkelmann, 8, 159: 177; 76. (4l) Winkelmann, 8, 11: 474; 80. (42*) Winkelmann, 8, 19: 649; 83. (43*) Winkelmann, 8, 29: 68; 86. (44*) Winkelmann, 8, 44: 177, 429; 91. (45) Winkelmann, 8, 43: 180; 93. (4«*) de Wit, Diss., Zürich, 1913. (47) Wüllner, 8, 4: 321; 78. (4»*) Ziegler. Diss., Halle, 1904. (49) Hercus and Laby, 3, 3: 1061; 27.

THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF NON-METALLIC SOLIDS M. S. VAN DUSEN For industrial materials, see Vol. II, p. 312, 316; single crystals, p. 230; SiO2, p. 106. Data for other non-metallic solids, and for such of the preceding as are of special importance in the construction of scientific instruments are given in the following

table. Data for crystalline materials and for compressed powders are too scanty to permit any general conclusion to be drawn; the values tabulated are subject to considerable uncertainty. For conductivity of powders under reduced gas pressure, see Vol. II, p. 315.

THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF NON-METALLIC SOLIDS Am. = amorphous, Art. = artificial, Crys. = crystalline, Nat. = natural; B 183 = boils at 1830C; d = density of the specimen at 2O0C, not of the individual grains of a powder; D = thermal diffusivity near tR; Kt = thermal conductivity at t,0C; M 114 = melts at 1140C; p — hydrostatic pressure; P [PP] — compressed [highly compressed] powder; iR = room temperature. Kt — C{ I + orf(lO)- 4 } if t lies within the range indicated; unless O0C lies within the range, C is not K0. Ktyp = Kt,i J l -f bp(10)~6}. In the portion for inorganic solids, the "remarks" in section A apply also to the corresponding entries in section B. Unit of Kt and C = IO"4 watt/(cm°C); of D = 1 cm2 sec"1; of d = l g cm"3; of p = 1 atm.; J0, M1 B and range are 0C Pure organic solids Formula |

Substance

| t \ Kt \ C \

C2H2O4 C3H8O3 CeH6NO3 C6H7N C7H9N Ci0H8

Oxalic acid Glycerol p-Nitrophenol Aniline p-Toluidine Naphthalene

Ci0H8O Ci0H8O Ci0H9N Ci0Hi4O Ci 2 HnN Ci2H22On CnHi2O3 CnHi2O3

a-Naphthol 3524 /3-Naphthol 35 24.6 Naphthylamine 3315 Thymol 1215 Diphenylamine 022 Sucrose 058 /3-Naphthyl salicylate -8022 /3-Naphthyl salicylate -8012

a \

O 90 90-58 O 30 30-17 027 27-19 -4028.924-51 3016 O 38 38-33

Range -190 to O - 90 to +10 - 50 to +50 -100 to -40

\

C 38 25 18

-160 to +80

\

a

\

Range

|

Remarks

| Lit.

(») + 10 -180 to -90 d = 1.263; solid* (32) - 4 7 -180 to -50 M 114 (32) -103 -180 to -100 B 183; M -8 (32) M 45 (30) M 79 (»» 30, 32)

< O 25 - 5 < O

-170 to +100 M 50 M 13 M 54

D = 0.00108 22-6.5 58-45 20-13 14+20

-180 to +30 - 80 to O -190 to O -190 to -80

Crystalline Amorphous

(30) (30,32) (30) (*) (32) (9) (») (9)

* Probably a glass.

PURE INORGANIC AND MISCELLANEOUS SOLIDS A. One temperature and effect of pressure Substance AgCl AgCl AgCl AgBr. Al2O3.. Al2O3 C(Dia)t C(Gr)J

| t, 0C Art. O Nat.* O PP IR O 15 P tR Crys. O Art. O

|

Kt \ 109 110 75 103 1 050 68 15000 15000

Remarks d = 3.06 d = 7.2 d = 5.9 d = 1.84 D =* 1.5 Z) = 1.5

|

Lit. ( ) (^) (50) C 16 ) (31) (28) ( 10 ) (7, 10, is, 16

20, 23, 41,45)

C

Am.

O

Jl

D = 0.04 to 0.4

(3, 7, is, 19,20,

44, 49)

C(Gr)it..

P

40

119

C(Gr) 2 J C(Gr) 3 J C(LB)J C(CDt)J CaF2 CaF2 CaCl2-OH20 CaSO4.2H2O

P P P P

Art.

40 40 40 40 O -190 24 ÌR

CaSO4.2H2O CaSO4.2H2O

Art. Nat.ll

ÌR ÌR

74 130

Ca3(PO4J2 CaCOs

PP Nat.t

tR 30

41 219

38 18 6.5 11.2 1 100 3 900 63 38

d=0.70; (<5) F§ 20 on 40 d = 0.42;F§40 (*5) d=0.48;F§100 (45) d =0.165 (*5) d=0.73 ( 4S ) (9) (9) (30) d = 1.36; (49) D = 0.0025 d = 2.13 (19) d = 2.88; («) D = 0.0042 (so) d = 2.602; (6) b = 1.0

Substance CaCO3

| t, 0C Nat.If 75

|

Kt \ Remarks Ï88 d = 2.602;

|

Lit. («)

6 - 6.7

CdO Co2O3 Cr2O3 CuO CuO CuCl2 CuS CuS CuSO4.5H20 FeO Fe2Os Fe2O3 FeS FeSO4.7H20 FeC2O4** H2O (ice)

P P P P

PP

P P PP Crys.

tR ÌR tR 15 tR 15 15 tR 15 tR 15 100 15 15 tR O

68 42 45 330 102 54 580 82 73 56 126 49 710 56 52 209

d = 3.39 d = 1.96 d = 2.35 d = 2.19

d = 2.24

d = 0.92; D = 0.011tt

H2O (snow)

Crys.

§§

(2») (2«) (28) (31) (28) (31) (31) (50) (31) (28) (31) (S) (31) (31) (50) (2,13,32, 35,36, 42)

(i» 22, 24, 26, 36, 38)

HgCl

PP

HgBr 1 KCl KCl KI

...PP

tR

tR 30 O -190 O

61

53 44 670 2100 500

(50)

d = 1.97

(50) (*0) (9,16) (9) 0«)

| t, 0C

Substance K2Cr2(SO4)*.24H2O MgO MgO P MgSO4.7H2O MgCO3 P MgSiO3 PP NaCl

O 15 IR 15 IR ÌR O

|

Kt

\

55 126 55 48 43 36 670

Remarks

d = O.SO d = 3.0

|

Lit. (9) (31) (28,50) (31) (52) (50) (6,9,29, 3l, 33, 49)

NaCl NaCl NaCl NaClO3 Na2HPO4.12H2O.. NiO NiS04.7H20 NiCO3 PbO PbO Pb3O4 i Pb3O4 PbF2 PbCl2 PbCl2 PbBn PbI2 PbS S S

Nat. || U Nat. H «

P

PP

P P PP PP PP PP Crys. Crys.

-190 30 75 O 25 ÌR 15 IR 15 IR 15 IR IR 15 IR ÌR tR 15 -190 O

2600 368 316 112 54 94 48 58 210 72 210 55 40 54 33 26 24 65 64 21

S Am. Si SiO2 (glass) TlCl TlBr ZnO ZnO P ZnS04.7H20 Basalt (diabasic)..

O 30 O O O 15 tR 15 30

20 8 400 145 98 82 380 59 61 169

Basalt (diabasic)..

75

173

Canada balsam Catlinitef If Chalk

IR 30 tR

11 183 71

Fibre (white) Ivory ( J.axis) Ivory (I) axis) Mica Micanite

O 80 80 tR tR

29 45 to 52 57 40 to 60 20 to 40

Paraffin

O

24

b = 36 0 = 36

d = 1.45

d = 5.84 d = 4.7

v. also p. 106 d = 6.6 d = 7.1 d = 2.89 d b d 6

= = =

2.924; 4.7 2.924; 2.2

d d D d

= = = =

2.84 1.547; 0.0054 1.22

0 = 0.0024; M 50-54

(9) (6) (6) (9) (30) (28) (3l) (50) (3i) (28, 52) (31) (52) (50) (31) (50) (50) (50) (31) (9) (9,19,29,

Rubber (hard)

O

16

= = = =

2.234, 4 1.2, 0.0016

(9) (27) (3, 9, 11) (16) (i«) (31) (28,52) (31) («)

(«) (12,29) (6) («) (so, 46) O 7) (") (17,43) (i 7, 43, 45 ) (9,14,25, 29,30,

(«) (3,8,9, i 6 , 17, 21,29,

30, 33, 37,46)

Rubber (soft)

tR

13 to 16

Shellac

tR

25

Tale

30

307

>90 % pure

O 7, 29, 33, 47)

(29,30, 33)

Vaseline

te

d = 2.751, 6 = 15.7

(6) ( 30 » 34)

18

B. Variation with temperature Substance AgCl AgBr C(Dia)t

| Art. Crys.

C \ a 109 -45 103 -45 15 000 | O

Am.

C(Gr) 1 J C(Gr) 2 J C(Gr) 3 J C(LB)J C(CD)J CaF2 Fe2O3 H2O (ice)

P P P P P

H2O (snow)

a \ -3.3

Range, 0C | Lit. O to 2 000 (7, io, is, 20, 23,41,45)

JJ

>0?

P Crys.

100 33 16 6.4 10.3 1100 39 209

+48 +40 +34 +6 +23 -37 +25 -17

Crys.

§§

OtooOO

(3, 17, is, 19, 20, 44, 49)

( 45 ) (4S) ( 45 ) (45) ( 4S ) (9) (5) (2,13,32,35,

40 to 100 40 to 100 40 to 100 40 to 150 30 to 150 -80 to +100 100 to 700 -170 to O

36, 42)

(1,22,24,26, 36, 38)

-180 to +100 (9, is) —80 to +100 (6,9,29,31,

KCl NaCl

670 670

-44 -44

NaClO3 S

112 21

-52 -25

-80 to O O to 100

(9) (9,19,29,30,

20 145 98 29 24

+10 +23 -43 +12 -16

-190 to O -250 to +100 O to +100 O to 80 -180 to +30

(9) (3, 9, 11) ( 16 ) ( 3 O, 46) (9,14,25,29,

33, 49)

Crys.

33, 36, 37)

S SiO2 (glass) TlCl Fibre (white) Paraffin

Am.

30, 32, 33, 34, 37, 39, 47, 48, 51)

Rubber (hard)

16

+6

(3, », 9, 16,

-200 to +100

17,21,29,

48, 51)

d 6 d D

C

C \ 15 000

30, 33, 37,

34, 37,

109

|

36, 37)

39, 47,

30 to 75

Art.

30, 33,

32, 33,

Pyrex glass

Substance C (Gr)t

\ Range, 0C | Lit. O to 100 (l«) O to 100 (16) -200 to +100 ( 10 )

I

46

)

* Horn silver, cerargyrite. t Diamond. If t < — 20O0C, K decreases with t. % (Gr) = graphite, (LB) = lampblack, (CD) = coal dust. § F 20 on 40 means that the powder passed a sieve of 20 meshes to the inch, but was caught by one of 40; F 40 means that it passed a sieve of 40 meshes but that no indication of the limit of fineness of the powder is given. Il Gypsum. ' 1T Limestone, nearly pure CaCOs. ** Ferrous oxalate. 11 In the range O to -3O0C. JJ Values of Jt0 and C vary from 400 X 10~< to 4000 X 10~* watt/(cm, 0C). §§ In the range O to -3O0C, JC » (2.1 + 42d + 216d8) X IQ-* watt/(cm 0 C), D = (d-i + 20 + 103e*2) X 10-* cms sec.'1 Il I) Rock salt, clear crystalline. ^fU Catlinite = pipestone.

p K30.

1 2 000 4 000 6 000 8 000 10 000 12 000 atm. 183 212 228 235 240 245 249 X 10~4 watt/(cm, 0 C)

LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) ( i ) Abels, Repertorium f. Meteorologie, St. Petersburg, 16, No. 1; 93. ( 2 ) Andrews, O1 40: 544; 86. ( 3 ) Barra«, 67, 27: 81 ; 15. ( 4 ) Barus, 3, 33: 431 ; 92. (5) Bidwell, 2, 10: 756; 17. ( 6 ) Bridgman, 12, 7: 81; 24. (7) Cellier, 8, 61: 511; 97. («) Dina, 59, 9: 461; 99. ( 9 ) Eucken, 8, 34: 185; 11. (io) Eucken, 26, 13: 829; 11. (") Eueken, £7, 6: 689; 25. ( 12 ) Feeke, 8,67: 132; 99. (i 3 ) Forbes, 174, 23: 133; 61. ( 14 ) Forbes, 68,8: 62; 75. ( 15 ) Gehlhoff and Neumeier, 26, 15: 1069 ; 13. 0«) Giacomini, 26, 20: 94; 18. O7) Griffiths and Kaye, 5, 104: 71; 23. O 8 ) Hansen, 78, 16: 329; 09. (19) Hecht, 8, 14: 1008; 04. (20) Hering, 129, 29: 485; 10. ( 21 ) Herschel, Lebour and Dunn, 133, 1879: 58. ( 2 2 ) Hjeltstrom, 388, 46: 669; 89. (23) Icole, 6, 25: 137; 12. (24) Ingersoll and Koepp, 2, 24: 92; 24. ( 2 S) Jakob, 97, 7: 475; 26. (26) Janssen, 388, 58: 207; 01. (27) Koenigsberger and Weiss, 8, 35: 1 ; 11. (28) Kresta, 75, 122 Ua : 1923; 13. (29) Lees, 62, 183: 481; 93. (30) Lees, 62, 191: 399; 98. (31) Lees, 398, 42: No. 5; 98. (32) Lees, 62, 204: 433; 05. (33) Lodge, 3,.5: 110; 78. ( 34 ) Melmer, 75, 120 Ha: 269; 11. (35) Mitchell, 68, 13: 592; 86. (36) Neumann, 6, 66: 183; 62. (37) Niven, 5, 87: 535; 12. (38) Okada, Abe and Yamada, 219, 4: 385; 08. (39) Peczalski, 34, 160: 766; 15. ( 4 O) Pochettino and Fulcheris, 23, 58: 493; 23. ( 41 ) Queneau, 78, 17: 210; 10. ( 42 ) Straneo, 09, 7: 333; 98. ( 43 ) Symons and Walker,'46,48: 674; 12. ( 44 ) Tadokoro, 159,10: 339 ; 21. ( 4 S) Taylor, 459, 75:1054 ; 19. ( 46 ) Taylor, 2, 13: 150; 19. ( 4 ?) Van Dusen, 382, 7: 202; 20. ( 48 ) Weber, Diss., Jena, 1878. ( 4 9) Weber, 149, 33: 590; 95. (50) Weber, Dm., Munich, 1900. (51) Weber, 8,11:1047; 03. (*2) Williams, 33, 26: 739; 22. (53) Worthing, 2, 4: 535; 14.

THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF LIQUIDS AND SOLIDS T. BARRATT AND H. R. NETTLETON CONTENTS Standard materials. Metals and alloys. Relation to electrical conductivity. Effect of stress.

MATIÈRES Matières types. Métaux et alliages. Relation avec la conductibilité électrique. Effet de la tension.

Conductivity at O0C of pure metals. Variation with temperature.

Conductibilité à O0C: métaux purs. Variation avec la température. Alliages et amalgames. Liquides non métalliques. Comparaison des conductibilités observées et calculées. Liquides purs. Mélanges binaires. Propriétés exceptionnelles: solutions aqueuses. Effet de la pression. Conductibilité. Liquides purs et divers.

Alloys and amalgams. Non-metallic liquids. Comparison of observed and computed conductivities. Pure liquids. Binary mixtures. Exceptional behavior: aqueous solutions. Effect of pressure. Conductivity. Pure and miscellaneous liquids. Aqueous solutions. Sea water. Glasses. Crystals. Type and orientation of thermal ellipsoid. Thermal conductivity. Variation with temperature.

Solutions aqueuses. Eau de mer. Verres. Cristaux. Type et orientation de l'ellipsoïde thermique. Conductibilité thermique. Variation avec la température.

STANDARD MATERIALS The materials in the following table are suitable for standardizing, calibrating, or checking of scientific apparatus and instruments. Kt = K 0 (I + «oO, 0° < J < 10O0C; Kt = K20[I + «2o(* - 2O)], 0° ^ t ^ 8O0C; t = centigrade temperature. Unit of K = 1 watt/(cm 0C) = 0.2389 cali 5 /(cm sec 0C) = 1.338 X IO"3 BTU6o/(in. sec 0F) I

Ag Cd Pb

X0 4.19 0.933 0.352

I

ao (I I Kn I «20 -0.00017 H20 0.00587 + 0.00281 -0.00038 C 2 H 5 OH. . . 0.00182 -0.00071 -0.00016 SiO2;v.p. 106

METALS AND ALLOYS About 75 % of all measurements of the thermal conductivity of pure metals and of alloys were for the purpose of testing either Wiedemann and Franz's law (115), that the ratio of the thermal (K) to the electrical (
INHALTSVERZEICHNIS Normalstoffe. Metalle und Legierungen. Beziehungen zur elektrischen Leitfähigkeit. Einfluss der Spannung (Druck). Leitfähigkeit bei O0C, reine Metalle. Änderung mit der Temperatur. Legierungen und Amalgame. Nichtmetallische Flüssigkeiten. Vergleich der beobachteten und berechneten Leitfähigkeiten. Reine Flüssigkeiten. Binäre Mischungen. Abweichendes Verhalten : wässrige Lösungen. Einfluss des Druckes. Leitfähigkeit. Reine und verschiedene Flüssigkeiten. Wässrige Lösungen. Seewasser. Gläser. Kristalle. Type und Orientierung des thermischen Ellipsoides. Wärmeleitfähigkeit. Änderung mit der Temperatur.

INDICE PAGE Materiali "tipo" 218 Metalli e leghe. Relazione con la conducibilità elettrica 218 Effetto dello sforzo 219 Conducibilità a O0C: metalli puri 220 Variazione con la temperatura 220 Leghe ed amalgame 222 Liquidi non metallici. Confronto tra conducibilità osservate e calcolate 226 Liquidi puri 227 Miscugli binari 227 Comportamento eccezionale : soluzioni acquose 227 Effetto della pressione . . . 227 Conducibilità. Liquidi puri e varie . . . 227 Soluzioni acquose 229 Acqua del mare 229 Vetri 229 Cristalli. Tipo ed orientazione dell'elissoide termico .. 230 Conducibilità termica. . . 231 Variazione con la temperatura 233

On t he electron theories of Riecke ( 92 * 5 ), Drude (22.5) and others, K/crT = $i(eo/e)2 = 3(&o/e)2, a quantity which is independent of the metal and of Tj &0 = Boltzmann's molecular gas constant, e = electronic charge. With the values accepted for I. C. T., this gives IWK /
I A_i7o| A_ioo| A0 I A is I AIOO Cr-Fe,* chrome steels . . . . . 1.50 1.812.09 2.192.27 2.04 2.292.33 2.362.37 % Cr| A 30 I A 30 J 2.45§ 2.41§ o 2 86 2 79 1110§ 770§ 0.5 3 Ol 2 73 2.39 2.432.40 2.432.44 i 2 91 2 79 1.85 2.172.30 2.292.32 2 279 275 3.10 2.982.97 2.762.85 3 3 14 280 1.77§ 1.60§ 5 3 ' 2 4 2^75 3.08§ 3.17§ 8.5 2.72 2.92 2.592.59 2.402.44 10 326

TABLE 1.—(Continued) Pb Pd Pt Rh Sn Ta Zn Mean

I A-ITO] A_ioo| Ao I Ai 8 I AIOO Cr-Fe,* chrome 2.55 2.542.53 2.462.51 steels 2.181 2.16§ % CrI A 3 ot| A 3 QÎ 2.47§ 2.59§ is 2.73 1.55§ 1.33§ I5 2.86 2.48 2.512.49 2.532.49 17 2.74 2.88§ 2.78§ 20 3.03 2.20 2.392.45 2.312.33 2.34 2.412.41 2.412.38 ( 67 ) (M)

* See Fig. 1 (75). t Annealed 90O0C. Î Quenched UOO0C. §( 6 ). Il Graphite (omitted from mean).

Fe-C, steel, iron, nickel (53) || Manganin Material | 30° | 200° | 400° 600°1 800° || t \ At' Carbon Steel -170 5.94 C* =0.18% 2.59 2.63 2.76 2.68 3.02 -1004.16 C* =0.64% 2.56 2.70 2.94 2.95 3.15 03.41 C* = 1.02% 2.77 2.76 3.11 3.27 3.25 183.14 C* = 1.50% 2.58 2.48 2.78 2.93 3.14 1002.97 Swedish iron 2.85 3.03 3.08 3.00 3.28 (57,67) Ni I 2.17 2.53 2.67 2.73 2.75 * Krupp carbon steel, same specimen as in Table 4 " Tool or high carbon steel"

TUNGSTEN STEELS

CHROMIUM STEELS

FIG. 1.—Thermal (K) and electrical (
Fe-W, tungsten steels; t = 3O0C (52); (see Fig. 2)

vû °-3 H^^l0'3!0-6 ^r^c °-3 °-6" 0 0.5 1 2

2.472.68 2.512.62 2.582.52 2.682.49

3 5 6 10

12.50 2.68 2.662.53 |2.51

15 20 25

2.712.51 2.632.53 2.672.48

FIG. 2.—Thermal (K) and electrical (
TABLE 2.—THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY (K) OF METALS: EFFECT OF STRESSES K varies nearly linearly with hydrostatic pressure (P) and with tensile stress (S); under torsion, K varies approximately as the square of the twist (T). KQ = conductivity of unstressed material at O0C; K1 KPi K89 KT= conductivity at the same temperature unstressed, under stress P1 S1 T. Kg = apparent conductivity under stress S1 assuming dimensions are the same as for unstressed specimen. Smi rm — maximum values used in measurements.

TABLE 2.—(Continued) Op s W(KP - K)IKP^1 O8 = IW(K8 - K) /KS-, d's s IW(K8' K)/KS',

A7 s 100(Kr - K)/Kr 2

Unit of P and S = 1 kg/cm2 = 9.81 X IO5 dyne/cm 2 = 0.97 A n ; of T = l°/cm = 0.0174 radian/cm = 30.5°/ft. Material KQ \ 8P* \\ Sm \ M Il &4 ^ || r | AT§ Ag 4.19 - 3.7 790 -2.0 Al 2.03 545 -3.8 46313.8 1.84 -0.27 Bi 0.0837 -31 Cd 0.933 + 7.4 Cu 3.88 -7.51080-2.1 463 8.00.74-0.64 Cu-Zn|| 1.05 463 6.31.32-0.57 Fe 0.619 -0.32050-1.9 1.13-0.59 Steel 0.485 1235 6.20.88-2.78 Ni 0.586 -12 1900+0.48 9 6 4 4 . 2 0 . 8 1 - 0 . 6 1 Pb 0.352 +17.3 1.10-0.21 Pd 0.674 770 -0.20 Pt . . . . 0 . 6 9 5 - 1 . 6 790-1.35 Sb 0.186 -21 Sn 0.657 +12 0.74-1.83 Zn 1.13 + 2 . 1 4638.20.59-2.01 Lit

(14 );c/ . (71)

(15);c/.

(59)

( 103 )

(18,68); C/. ( 1 0 4 )

* Metals very pure, maximum hydrostatic pressure = 12 000 kg/cm2, t Metals very pure, allowance made for change in dimensions due to stretching. Probable errors range from 2.4 % for Al to 23 % for Ni. -t Approximately 70 % of elastic limit. § Metals not annealed. Il Brass.

TABLE 3.—THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY (KQ) AT O0C OF PURE METALS KQ = weighted mean of best determinations; "Range" = limiting values between which the true value probably lies. Unit of K = 1 watt/(cm 0C) = 0.2389 cali5/(cm sec 0C) = 1.338 X IO"3 BTU 60 /(in. sec 0F) = IO7 erg/(cm sec 0C). Symbol | Jg0 | Ag

Range

Ï7Ï9

4.05

1 . 9 5 -2.15

|

-4.30

Lit. ( 3 5 , 4 6 , 5 7 , 6 7 , 9 9 , H0) ; c /. (34)

Al

2.03

Au Bi C* Cf

2.96 2.85 -3.10 0.08370.080-0.091 0.03450.0325-0.0365 0.1570.150-0.165

(6, 57, 77) ; c/. (35, 99, ioo) (30, 33, 57, 60, 70) (7); cf. (28, 116) ( 7 > 55); cf. (ios)

Cd

0.933 0.91

(24,57,67,70,96,110)

Cot

-0.95

A/so = 0.692 3.85

-3.95

(4,57,58,67,73,96,117)

(51)

Cu

3.88

Fe

0.6190.57 -0.67 (8,12, 40, 53, 57, 67, 70,102); c/.

(36,57,62,67,77,89,93,96) (9, 27, 34, 79, 97, 109)

Fe§

0.485 0.44

-0.51

(1 7, 36, 53, 57, 67) ; c/. (34, 64)

Hg

0.08360.0820-0.0845 ("» 12, si, 112); c/. (2, 32, 48,

Ir K Li Mg Mo Na Ni

0.59 0.99 0.70 1.55 1.46 1.35 0.586

Pb

0.352 0.34

Pd Pt Rh Sb Se Sn

0.674 0.61 -0.69 0.6950.685-0.700 0.894 0.87 -0.91 0.186 0.16 -0.21 (See Table 4) 0.657 0.625 -0.675

69, 8 0 , 1 1 1 )

0.56 -0.62 (6) (54) 0.63 -0.77 (78) 1.50 -1.65 (70,73) 1.38 -1.54 (6) 1.25 -1.45 (S4) ; ^. (19,90) 0.565 -0.605 (5, 53, 57, 67) ; c/. (8) -0.36

Symbol Ta Te Tl W Zn

(3» «» 34, 57, 61, 67, 70, 85); c/. (4, 63)

1.13

* Gas carbon. t Graphite.

1.06

-1.19

(12, 57, 63, 67); c/. (34)

t With 0.24 % C, 1.4 % Fe, 1.1 % Ni, 0.14 % Si. § Steel with ca. 1 % C.

TABLE 4.—THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY (K) OF METALS, Cu2S, FE2O3, AND ZNO: VARIATION WITH TEMPERATURE For alloys of definite composition, see Table 5. In certain cases the recorded values of K have been adjusted so as to give in each case a KQ which agrees with the weighted mean given in Table 3. These cases are indicated by an a in the column "Notes." s = solid; I = liquid; t', t" = limits of temperature range within which the formula of variation applies; a, ß = coefficients defined by the equation Kt = KV[I + 10-V« - t') + 10-*ß(t - t')2] if " (Ko) " or KQ is written in the Kt' column, the equation is Kt = K0[I + 10-3crf + 10-W or Kt = K'Jil + 10-3orf + 10-W depending upon whether O0C does or does not lie within the range defined by t' and t". In the latter case the value of KQ is always given. Example: For Ag, Kt = 4.19(1 - 0.00017/), if 0° ^ t < 100°; Kt = KQ(! - 0.00054* - 0.00000266*2), if 18° i> t > - 170°. If KQ = 4.19 and t « -10O0C, K-IQQ = 4.19[1 - 0.00054(-10O) -0.00000266(-10O)2] = 4.19(1 + 0.054 - 0.0266) = 4.19 (1.0274) = 4.30. For Al, the data from (67) give Kt = K 0 (I + 0.0001750, if 18 °> t > -125° and Kt = 1.98[1 - (10)-31.49(* + 125)], if -125° > t > -170°. Unit of K = 1 watt/(cm 0C) = 0.2389 cali5/(cm sec 0C); of a = (I0C)-1; of ß = (I0C)"2; t = centigrade temperature. Symbol I Notes \ ? \ ?' \ Kt' \ a \ ß Ag a O 100 4.19 -0.17 a 18 -170 (Ko) -0.54 -2.66 Al a O 100 2.03 +0.29 a O 100 2.03 +0.184 18-125 (Ko) +0.175 a -125-170 1.98 -1.49 s, a O 650 2.03 -0.275 -0.34 I, a 650 800 0.90 -0.32 100 400 2.19 +0.137 -K-252.4* = 1.55; X.251.4 = 1.63; K-iss.a = 1.90; K0 = 1.93 Au a O 100 2.96 +0.04 O 100 (IiCo) -0.07 a X-251.6 = 12.4; X-m.e = 3.08; KQ = #21.5 = #!00.6 = 2.96

Bit

I Lit. (57) («?) (57) (70) (67) (67) (65) (65) (*5)

(96) (57) (6) (77)

a

O 100 0.0837 -1.97 I (57) O 100 (K0) -0.17 I (70) ±8 % a K-IOO = 0.220; #_ 78 = 0.0945; Km = 0.080 ( 30 » 33 );c/. (72)

s, a I, a

(12,34,57,62,63,67,70,72,77, 85, 88, 96)

(6,57,99) (6,57,77,97) (6) (12,24,30,70)

TABLE 3.—(Continued) | K0 \ Range | Lit. 0.544 |0.52 -0.57 (e) #45=0.06 (US) 0.39 (i«) 1.60 (113);c/. (6)

C§

Xioo = 0.0770; Km = 0.0756; Kz50 = 0.0775 (65) Km = 0.176; Km = 0.159; #500 = 0.157; #6oo = 0.156 (65) Ai = 25: #_i83 = 0.266; K0 = 0.113 (2S) A\ = 0.017: #_i83 = 0.098; K0 = 0.068 (25) Xt-iso = 0.209; KQ = 0.0812; #100 = 0.0507 ( 30 ) (Except graphite) (Da O 100 0.0345 +1.5 (7) (2) 30 150 0.00111+2.3 (i<>6) (3) 1427 1827 0.084 +0.12 (H9) (4) 30 3500 mean K = 0.068 (*5) (5) #100 = 0.059; #200 = 0.063; #300 = 0.059; #4oo = 0.046; #500 = 0.050; #3000 = 0.0071 («) (6) #230 = 0.372; #425 = 0.520; #620 = 0.540; #750 = 0.574; #1050 = 0.602 (47)



Symbol | Notes | t' \ t" \ Kt' \ a \ ß I Lit. C|| (Graphite) (l)a O 100 0.157 +0.33 (7) (2) O 555 (K0) -2.36 +24.2 (") (3) 50 100 0.441 +1.2 O« 6 ) (4) Km = 1.92; Km = 1.50; Km = 1.32; Km = 1.18; Km = 1.11; Km = 1.03; Kmo = 0.0071 (4S) (5) #245 = 1.41; X323 = 1.36; #4io = 1.28; Kw = 1.22; #750 = 1.17; Ki050 = 1.05 (47) (6) 30 2830 mean K = 0.68 ( 47 ) (7) 40 100 0.0119 +4.8 ( 1 Oe) (8) 40 100 0.0386 +4.0 ( 1 OS) (9) 40 100 0.00183 +3.4 (106) Cd a O 100 0.933 -0.38 ( 57 ) -170 +18 (K0) -0.564 ( 67 ) s,o O 320 0.933 +1.2 0«) I, a 320 440 0.451 +2.8 ( 16 ) #_252.7 = 2.35; #-25i.9 = 2.00; #-251.5 =• 1.81; #-250.7 = 1.67; #_i85.i = 1.03 ( 9 6) Cuf a O 100 3.88 -0.12 (57) a O 100 3.88 -0.26 (57) a -125-170 4.18 -2.4 (67) 18-125 (K0) -0.31 +2.5 (67) 76 362 (K0) -0.09 ( 62 ) 100 600 3.78 -0.13 ( 95 ) a #-252.4 = 17.45; #_25i.i = 13.0; #_i84.5 = 4.72; #-77.1 = 3.97 ( 7 7 » 96 ) (1) #_252.7 = 127.1; #-252.6 = 124.6; #-252.0 = 120.5; #-200 = 8.16; #_i9o.i = 5.94 (»6) (2) #+i48 = 4.37; #184 = 4.05; #235 = 3.90; #320 = 3.78; #368 = 3.59; #750 = 3.43; #1050 = 3.26 (47) (3) An, #150 = 3.77; D, #100 = 3.68; C, #ieo = 3.22 O»7) (4) 157! 1 3.18 I 1 (»") (5) An, #i7s = 2.09; D, Ki65 = 2.18 ( 117 ) (6) 0.63 % P, #30 = 1.05; 1.98 % P, #30 = 0.523 ( 89 );c/. (3«) Cu2S 161 5551 0.00444J+4.06 1 (55) Fe Wrought iron, C ^ 0.1 %; v. also ( 2 7 > 29 ) O 100 (#o) -0.14 (57) O 100 (#o) -0.65 ( 57 ) O 100 (#o) -0.23 (70) 28 58 (#o) -0.3 ( 4 O) -50-170 0.623 -1.16 -8.26 ( 67 ) 0*# a** 18 -50 (#o) -0.136 (67) ft #30 = 0.561; #100 = 0.545; #200 = 0.515; #300 = 0.486; #4oo = 0.444; #500 = 0.402; #6oo = 0.364; #700 = 0.352; #soo = 0.322; #8so = 0.326 ( S3 ) Cast iron.îî C ^ 3 %; v, also ( 9 , 43) 1 #200 = 0.32; #300 = 0.43; #4oo = 0.60; #450 = 0.67; #500 = 0.80; #550 = 0.86 (42) 2 #114 = 0.448 ( 38 ) 3 #113 = 0.436 (38) 4 20| 75| (#)0 1-1.0 |(#0 = 0.643) (") 5 #54 = 0.479; #102 - 0.466 ( 17 ) Mild steel,§§ C = 0.1 % ca.: 1 0|-170| 0.485 1+0.15 | (« 7 ) 2 #27 = 0.555; #59 = 0.544 ( 39 ) 3 #200 = 0.916; #414 = 0.846: #5oe = 0.771; #672 - 0.800; #750 = 0.754; #1050 = 0.745 ( 4 7 ); cf. («3) Tool or high carbon steels, || || C = 1 % ca. : 1 O 100 (#o) 1-0.09 (57);c/. (34)

2

3

30 Kf = 0.559 - 0.1350 0.0812e Ka = 0.509 - 0.08336 - 0.0774e # = 0.537 - 0.1306 0.129e 40 L, 0.425 0.60 Unv. 40

T, 0.0062

2.5

Unv.

Symbol | Notes | t' \ Fe2(MIf 150 720 Hg a O

8

Ir K Mg

a a a

Mo Na Ni

a a a

O ); e/.

ß

\

Lit. ( 1 S) 1 ( S) (ii,iz,82);

-44-193 #-263.3 =

1.67;

0.28

(*2)

-5

#-268.3

= 1.13 (*6) O 100 0.59 -0.51 («) O 60 0.99 -1.34 (54) O 100 1.55 O ( 7 O) #100 = 1.39; #200 = 1.35; #300 =» 1.30; #4oo = 1.30; #500 = 1.33 ( 9 S) O 100 1.46 -0.45 («) O 90 1.35 -1.23 (54) O 100 0.586 -0.31 (57); c/. (1,38)

a

Pb

a 8, a I, a a a

+ 18-170 (#o) +0.504 #o = #100 = 0.586; #200 = 0.578; #300 0.555; #400 = 0.524; #500 = 0.550: #6oo = 0.572; #700 = 0.590; #soo = 0.617; #350 = 0.625 #100 = 0.608; #5soo = 0.575; #300 = #4oo = #500 = 0.537; #6oo = 0.565; #700 = 0.590 O 100 0.352 -0.16 90 210 (#o) -0.17 O 325 0.352 -0.40 325 600 0.165 -0.20 0-75 0.352 -0.24 -75-170 0.357 -0,99 #_262.6 = 0.577; #_25o = 0.508; #_is4 = 0.414

Pd

a

Pt

a a

Rh Sb

a a

a Se Sn

Ta

a a a s,a Z, a «,a I, a a

Tl

s

Wfft

1 1 2 3 a a s, a I, a

ZnO

(67)

(53) ( 9 S) (57) (62) ( 65 );c/. (85) ( 65 ); c/. (»») (67) (67) (72,77,96)

O 100 0.674 +0.68 O 100 (#o) -0.08 O 100 0.695 +0.53 O 100 (#o) +1.8 #-252.4 = 3.62; #_m.7 = 0.758; #o = 0.695; Kn.i - 0.697; #100.7 = 0.702 O 100 0.894 1-1.0 O 100 0.186 1-1.4 #_i83 = 0.2025; #o => 0.1716 (A*** =» 0.0141) #-183 = 0.4519; #o = 0.2452 (A*** = 14.3) #_19o = 0.367; #_so = 0.217; #o = 0.186; #100 = 0.179 # changed by illumination, but effect is very small. (See p. 230.) O 100 0.657 -0.8 +18-100 (#o) -1.0 -100-170 0.723 -1.54 O 232 0.657 -0.41 232 500 0.369 -0.66 O 232 0.657 -0.47 232 500 0.342 —0.20 O 100 0.544 -0.10 1427 1827 0.73 +0.34 #M = 0.392; #100 = 0.405; #iso = 0.389; #m = 0.445 350 0.247 I O 100 (#o) 1-0.10 #1227 = 1.01; #1427 = 1.07; #1627 = 1.12; #1827 = 1.17; #2027 = 1.21; #2227 - 1.25; #2427 = 1.29 #727 = (0.84); #i227 = 0.99; #1727 = 1.11;

Zn

(102) (106);c/. (37, 87) 06

Kt' \ a. I 0.00523+1.93 0.0109 +1.53 0.0836 O

Cf. («)

8

(102) O02)

t" \ 720 1050 100

#2227 = 1.21 J

#2527 -

(57) (6) (57) (6) (77) (6) (70) ( 2 S) ( 2 S) ( 31 );c/. ( 2 4)

(57) (67) (67) (^) (»•) (65) (65) (6) ( 119 ) ( 16 ) ( 16 ) (6) Cl20);c/.(66)

(1-27) ( 2 9 )

O 100 1.13 -0.15 +18-125 (#o) -0.081 -125-170 1.13 -0.74 O 420 1.13 -0.10 -0.83 420 600 0.587 -0.13 #100 = 1.07; #200 = 1.02; #300 = 0.99 ? I j 0.00695 I |

(57) (67) (67) (65) (65) (9S) ("6)

(37,87)

20

T, 0.0197

1.0

20

5P.0.0057

1.9

85 85 85 85

77,0.0164 T, 0.0125 T, 0.0094 T, 0.0106

1.0 5.3 1.2 6.0

Asp. Var.

(106);c/. (37, 87) 106

( );c/. (37, 87)

4 (a) (6) (e) (d)

(»06) (>oe) (1Oe) (1OS)

* Commercial aluminium. t See also p. 231, Table 15. A= mean area of crystals; unit = 1 mm*. J Bi powder, compressed 5000 kg/cm2. § (1) = Gas carbon, d = 1.42 g/cm». (2) = Lampblack. (3) = Untreated lamp filaments. (4) = Carbon " Idler." (5) = Petroleum coke. (6) — Carbon electrodes for furnaces, # measured under operating conditions. Il (1) = Graphite, d = 2.11. (3) = Solid graphite, d « 1.58. (4) » Acheson graphite. (5) = Graphite electrodes, # measured under operating condì-

tions. (6) = Graphite "Idler." (7), (8), (9) = Powdered graphite, comAg-Cd(ioo) pressed 3 kg/cm2; d = 0.70, 0.42, and 0.48, respectively; the powder passed Cd sieves of 8, 16, and 40 meshes per cm, respectively. At. % Wt. % 0K0 "K100 T[ (1) = Natural crystal. (2) = Cu electrode, K measured under operating O O 4.19 4.12 conditions. (3) = Electrolytic Cu; An = annealed, Cu = 99.98 %; D = harddrawn, Cu = 99.97 %; C = cast, Cu = 99.98 %, (4) = Lake Cu, cast, Cu = 5.7 5.9 1.65 1.92 99.76 %. (5) Contains Cu, 99.44 %; Ni, 0.20 %; Fe, 0.036 %; As, 0.231 %; An 11.6 12.0 1.05 1.32 = annealed: D = hard-drawn. (6) Cu containing P, as indicated. Additional 19.9 20.5 0.80 0.96 4 8 1J 20 34 3S 61 63 76 91 references for Cu: ( > > » » » » » » > ). 27.7 31.4 0.73 0.92 ** Contains 99.4 % Fe, 0.14 % Mn, 0.13 % Ni, 0.1 % C. 11 Swedish charcoal iron. Ag-Cu (105) U (1) 3.5 % C, 0.64 % Mn, 2.2 % Si; Soft gray. (2) Very brittle, d = 7.06; Southern. (3) 3.64 % C, 1.33 % Si, 0.59 % P; Gun-iron. (4) 3.5 % C, 0.52 % Cu X62 Cu X 62 Mn, 1.40 % Si, 0.55 % P, 0.052 % Cu, 0.106 % S. (5) 3 % C, 1 % Mn, 3 % Si, 1 O 4.05 5 0 3.12 %P. 5 3.52 55 3.14 §§ 2. Open hearth, boiler plate; 0.1 % C, 0.35 % P. 3. Cold-rolled mild steel; 15 3.43 60 2.75 electrodes. IHI 2. Krupp carbon steels; 12 kinds: C, 0.14 % to 1.5 %; Si, 0.05 % to 0.34 %; 25 3.30 70 2.63 Mn, 0.27 % to 0.67 %; P, 0.01 % to 0.051 %; S, 0.014 % to 0.044 %; Cu, 0.05 % to 35 3.19 80 2.67 0 0.13 %. / = forged; o = annealed in vacuo, 90O C, 1 hr; q = quenched in oil 40 3.11 90 3.02 from 90O0C. In the equations in the table, b = sum of atomic percentages of 45 3.13 95 3.25 Mn and Si; c = % C. 3.11 100 3.82 t = I 30 I 100 I 200 I 300 I 400 | 500 | 600 | 700 | 800 | 85(T47 C. % I 1000 Kt (53) Ag-Pb (105) 0.18 452 452 452 427 402 372 360 364 305 309 0.44 339 339 339 335 326 305 297 259 305 309 n /n* 0.64 439 439 435 410 410 337 355 339 251 259 W" 0988 0.80 423 435 423 423 402 389 352 393 297 293 "-rr: 1.02 431 423 431 414 414 402 381 414 309 318 fi "'1*1 1.30 360 360 368 368 360 339 318 414 326 322 ^ "•;;; 1.50 360 360 364 355 347 326 309 372 272 272 40 U.ool For relation of K to electrical conductivity, see Table 1, Fe-C. 50 0.489 3. Steel stampings, stacked. L = along the laminations, T ^ across them; 60 0.439 by inserting suitable material between the sheets, K can be increased some 3 or 70 0.395 4 times. "W. A." silicon steel gave results similar to those tabulated. Unv. = unvarnished: Asp. = coated with asphalt paint; Var. = varnished. ™ J!'{!J yu 4. Sheet steel, sheets stacked and under pressure of 8.7 kg/cm2; about 3 % of u. 00/5 total volume = air space and 9.5% = varnish, (a) = ordinary sheet steel; mn n Q/I^ (&) — same, enamelled; (c) = silicon sheet steel, oxide coated; (d) = same, 122 I^ enamelled. T denotes that K is measured across the laminations. Ag-Pd (99) ^fI Compressed powder. 0 Pd "K2& Pd K 25 *** A — Mean area of crystals; unit = 1 mm2. O 4.17 60 0.27 ttt 1. "Pladuram." 3. Aged W filaments, values in parentheses are extrapolated. 10 1.44 70 0.32

TABLE 5.—THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY (K) OF ALLOYS AND AMALGAMS For certain commercial metals (Fe, Cu, etc.), see Table 4. The alloys are arranged in alphabetical order of the symbols of their constituents. A superior a prefixed to a conductivity (aK, °0.208) denotes that the observations have been adjusted to accord with the conductivities of the pure constituents as given in Table 3. d = density; I = liquid; s = solid; /', t" indicate the range over which the temperature formula applies; a, ß are the coefficients in the equation Kt = Kt' [1 + (1O)-M* - tf) + (lOrW* - O 2 I unless "(Ko)" is written in the Kt' column, then Kt - K0 [1 -f(lQ)~3at -f (10)-60*2], «o always refers to the equation Kt = K0 (1 + (10)-3«o/); ff — electrical volume resistivity. Unless otherwise indicated, the composition is expressed in grams of constituent per 100 g of alloy. All temperatures are centigrade. Unit of K = 1 watt/(cm 0C) = 0.2389 cali5/(cm sec 0C) = 1.338 X 10-3BTU6o/(in. sec 0F); of d = 1 g/cm3. Ag-Au (ioo) Au u Au At. %|Wt. % °KQ "Klo° Il At. %|Wt. % °K° °glo° O O 4.19 4.12 50.9 65.4 0.64 0.92 5.0 8.8 2.33 2.53 55.1 69.2 0.76 0.94 9.7 16.4 1.60 1.69 59.9 73.2 0.71 0.96 14.5 23.6 1.43 70.3 81.3 0.80 0.98 20.0 31.4 0.99 1.28 81.3 88.8 0.98 1.26 30.2 44.2 0.87 1.04 89.3 93.8 1.38 1.62 39.7 52.3 0.78 1.00 95.1 97.3 1.86 2.15 45.4 60.3 0.76 0.97 100.0 100.0 2.96 2.95

Ag-Zn (ioo) Zn At. % Wt. % "K0 O O 4.19 4.0 2.5 2.14 8.8 5.6 1.60 11.9 7.6 1.49 16.3 10.5 1.43

"K100 4.12 2.28 1.81 1.72 1.65

Al-Cd-Cu-Mg-Mn-Zn (22) "Dow-metal" alloys, sand cast a b c 2 0 8.3 A1 80 10 2 0 1.0 Cd 1 O 3 8 2.0 Cu 92 O 88 O Mg. 90 0 0.2 0.2 Mn 05 Zn g 20 ' 0 '.'..'.'.. Q.753 1.22 0.'737 AUCr-Cu-Fe-Si ' * 30° ( 73 ) Cr

CU

Fe

SÌ

d

0.87 1.78 0.920.38% 2.74 Annealed 30 min at 450°, K - 1.09; chill cast, K = 1.05. Al-Cu Aluminium-bronze (3) Cu = 90%; K = 0.753; t = ? Al-Cu (105); see also Al-Mg û jj, p,u j Ä63 j^ Ä53 ^

^

O 2.11 60 0.753 10 1.61 70 0.744 20 1.45 80 0.293 30 1.30 90 0.316 50 1.06 100 3.85 20 0.85 80 0.37 Al-Cu-Fe-Mg-Mn-Ni-Si30 0.58 90 0.48 Sn_Zn (7 3) 40 0.46 100 0.67 t = 30o. Klj chm Cast; K2, 50 °- 32 annealed 30 min at 45O0C. Ag-Pt (") K(ris approximately same for 0 a Pt K2B M these alloys. O 4.17 "T 10 1.00 a Cu Si Fe Mn 25 o 39 30 a 0.1370.509 0'31 b U 88 33 O'SO °'80 c 12.21 0.30 0.62 Ag-Sn (105) d 12 17 0 22 Q 64 0 98 Sn A60 Sn K60 g 42 Q.27 0.70 0.71 e O 4.05 60 0.611 f 4 32 Q.38 0.87 0.55* 10 0.297 70 0.611 g 8>07 0.38 0.63 ~ZÎT 20 0.196 80 0.611 h 2.70 0.39 0.57 Î2"02 27.5 0.393 90 0.602 i 2 57 0>37 0 57 20 32 40 0.490 100 0.632 ; ; ; 50 O 577 Alloy | d \ K1 \ K2 a 2.70 1.86 2.00 I îJ 0 b 2.67 1.31 1.78 2 93 1 24 1 48 c , _ 53 O 755 ' ^ ^ J

n' «

ntr

*- ° 5 5 °-57 Ag-Tl (46) 2.73%T1 4.76 %T1 t K t K 23.5 1.58 48.5 1.10 37.5

1.62

88.0

1.15

d

2 92

e

2.81 2 78 2.83 2.94 3.20

f g

h i

'

°'93

1

^33

1.02 1.35

1 22

1<52

1.39 1.67 1.32 1.33 1.07 1.08

* Also. Mg « 0.42; Zeppelin alloy.

Al-Cu-Fe-Mn-Si-Zn (i i7) \

a \ b \ c \ d \ e Al 99.49 91.17 92.05 91.44 91.33 Cu 0.07 7.61 6.78 7.30 8.04 Fe 0.30 0.56 0.58 0.59 0.63 Mn 0.35 0.36 0.41 Si 0.30 0.31 0.23 0.23 Zn 0.07 Tr. Tr. 0.03 t 136° 163° 173° 172° 154° K 1.97 1.38 1.42 1.38 1.46 a = No. 1 commerciai hard drawn aluminium. 6 = All pig Al, sand cast, c = Scrap Al, sand cast. d = 50 % pig Al, 50 % scrap Al, sand cast. e = All pig Al, chill cast. Al-Cu-Fe-Mn-Sn-Zn (21) Manganese bronze; high tensile brass Al I Cu I Fe I Mn I Sn I Zn 0.95 57.14 1.84 2.33 0.26 37.48 t' t" Ko OL ß O 400 0.670 0.72 0.16 Al-Cu-Sn Al-Mg (22) Aluminium-bronze ( 117 ) "Dow-metal" alloy, sand cast Al Cu Sn t K Mg K 200 I Mg K200 9.09 89.87 0.47 240 0.73 85 0.611 94 0.841 88 0.670 96 0.942 90 0.720 98 1.11 92 0.774 100 1.57 Al-Mg (105) \ a \ b \ c \ d \ e \ f* Al O 4.12 10.12 99.88 97.52 95 Mg 99.95 95.82 89.82 O O 0.5 Cu 0.027 0.48 4 Fe 0.028 0.028 0.028 0.030 0.66 Mn 1.07 0.5 Si 0.014 0.019 0.023 0.059 0.27 K 63 1.50 0.665 0.485 2.09 1.69 1.85 * Composition approximately as given.

Al-Mg-Mn (22) "Dow-metal" alloy; sand cast Al Mg Mn #2oo 5.8 94.0 0.2 0.845 Al-Sb (105) Sb K62 Sb K 62 O 2.11 60 0.477 10 1.84 70 0.418 20 1.59 80 0.218 30 1.41 90 0.243 40 1.00 100 0.201 50 0.807 Al-Sn(ios) Sn K6i Sn K6i O 2.11 70 1.14 10 1.86 80 0.950 30 1.73 90 0.811 50 1.39 100 0.628 60 1.25 Al-Zn (105) Zn K60 O 2.11 10 1.62 20 1.36 30 1.32 60 1.19 100 1.16

Au-Cd (ioo) Cd At. % Wt. % 0K0 0Ki00 O O 2.96 2.95 5.4 3.1 1.24 1.48 8.7 5.1 0.96 1.17 17.2 10.6 0.72 0.80 Au-Cu (ioo) Cu At. % Wt. % -K0 «K100 O O 2.96 2.95 9.5 3.3 1.10 1.35 20.0 7.4 0.68 0.80 30.2 12.2 0.58 0.69 68.1 30.7 0.59 0.63 79.3 55.3 0.69 0.72 89.6 73.5 1.04 1.28 100 100 3.88 3.83

Pd O 10 20 30

Au-Pd t = 250C (99) «K Pd 0K Pd 2.96 40 0.38 80 0.92 50 0.35 90 0.56 60 0.35 100 0.42 70 0.39

«K 0.41 0.52 0.67

Au-Pt t = 250C (99) Pt "K O 2.96 10 0.69 20 0.38 30 0.28 40 0.24 Au-Zn (99) Zn At. % Wt. % «Ko 0K100 O O 2.96 2.95 4.9 3.0 1.18 1.33 10.1 6.5 0.67 0.81 Bi-Cd-Pb-Sn I

a* of

Bi

I

48 50

Cd

13 11

I

Pb

26 25

Bi-Cd (105) Cd O 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

K66 0.079 0.129 0.163 0.209 0.251 0.339 0.393 0.489 °'597 °-720 Q- 94 I

80

^ 100

I

Sn

t

I

I

K<

7 0.133 O 0.184

13 14

* a = Wood's alloy, melts 7O0C ( 11 O); 6 = Lipowitz's alloy, melts 650C ( 67 ). t a o = 0.268 if 18° >t ^L -17O0C.

Bi-Pb t = ?; Volume Pb O 0.43 0.76 1.53 1.65 2.69 l'f

% (98) K 0.0778 0.0787 0.0725 0.0540 0.0498 0.0490 Ö.0540

Bi-Pb.- (Continued) pb K 94.41 0.310 100 0.335 pb = 46% (weight) (16) t' t" Kt, a o 130 0.100 -0.48s 130 300 0.90 +1.2 Z Bi-Pb-Sn Rose's metal (114) Bi

74.1?

Olii

50

Pb

25

Sn

25

' * 12.50.167

Bi-Sb (a) Cast metal (30) Values of IQQO *K %Sb I -190° I -77° I 0° I 100° O 214 89 83.7 80 9 55 49 54 58 11 41 36 44 62 13 45 42 52 66 20 46 44 53 71 50 60 61 68 80 70 71 76 81 97 100 367 218 I 186 | 179 (o) Pressed powders ( 30 ) Value of 1000 K, pressure = 5000 kg/cm2 %Sb I -190° I -80° I 0° I 100° O 208 81 51 5 58 60 67 7 49 57 11 160 90 65 13 93 88 81 100 137 121 105 Bi-Sn (117) Bi-Sn.-(Continued) t = 12.5 (98) Sn* K Sn ) K 2.87 0.0460 9.74 0.0527 33.3 0.096 0.117 50.0 0.234 23.87 66.7 0.423 50.10 0.209 100 0.636 75.07 0.368 O* 0.0795 95.73 0.561 0.46* 0.0585 100 0.627 0.95* 0.0527 * Volume %; t = ?

Hg 5.14 5.14 10 10

Cd-Hg (46) t K 56 0.84 95 0.83 64 0.72 82.5 0.71

Cd-Sb (24) Values of aK Sb -190° -70° O 0.113 0.933 33.3 0.139 0.118 50 0.055 0.276 51.7* 0.386 0.214 66.7 0.272 0.179 100 0.290 0.218

0° 0.933 0.112 0.0226 0.0138 0.0136 0.186

* Equimolecular.

Cd-Sn (105) KM O 0.942 10 0.875 20 0.837 30 0.783 40 0.754 50 0.699 60 0.653 70 0.645 80 0.594 90 0.557 95 0.536 100 0.628 Sn

' Tl O 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 IQQ

Cd-Tl(IOS) X63 0.970 0.865 0.799 0.754 0.703 0.662 0.582 0.535 0.494 0.444 0.440

Cd-Zn(ios) Zn K53 O 0.941 10" 0.954 20 0.966 30 0.996 40 1 02 60 104 S 107 on i OQ JJ }-g

IQO

j;g

Co-Fe (5l) Cu-Fe-Pb-Sn-Zn (21) Cobalt iron a = Phosphor bronze, 6 = Admiralty gun-metal, c — Ordinary Wt. % of impurities in " Fe " gun-metal, d = 70:30 Brass, e = Monel metal, / = White bearing = 0.09 C, 0.288 Cu, 0.31 Mn, metal. 0.03 P, 0.026 S, 0.11 Si; in "Co" I Cu I Fe I Pb I Sn I Zn = 0.24 C, 1.4 Fe, 1.1 Ni, 0.14 a* 87.82 0.17 Tr. 11.28 Tr. Si. 6 87.24 0.21 0.35 10.02 2.18 Co #30 c 85.05 0.21 0.98 8.72 5.04 O 0.457 d 70.29 0.31 0.34 0.35 28.71 5 0.402 «t 29.07 2.68 0.84 67.05 10 0.395 /t 4.00 0.14 0.12 87.80 15 0.409 * a contains 0.35 P. t e contains 0.30 Si. I f contains 7.73 Sb. 20 0.438 30 0.503 I f I r l K0 l « l ß 40 0.599 a O 400 0.481 1.2 O 50 0.712 & O 400 0.544 0.98 -0.48 70 0.721 c O 400 0.682 0.49 -0.15 80 0.512 d O 400 0.963 0.87 -O."87 90 0 402 e O 400 0.239 2.3 -2.8 100 0.692 / I O 200 0.259 3.1 O Similar curves found for other properties. Cu-Mn-Ni, Manganai Cu = 84, Mn = 12, Ni = 4 % f I • t" I Kf I a I ß I Lit" O 100 0.208* +2.7 (57,67) Cr-Fe O -170 "0.208 +2.65 +4.5 (67) Chromium steels ( 75 ) * K0 = 0.208 ± 0.005. Annealed from 90O0C Cr K Cu-Mg (22) Ni (ioo) O 0.418 "Dow-metal" alloy; sand cast At. % Wt. % 'K0 0A100 0.5 0.416 Mg K200 O O 3.88 3.83 1 0.402 96.0 0.325 5.4 5.0 1.02 1.20 2 0.400 10.8 10.0 0.61 0.87 3 0.374 21.4 20.0 0.36 0.46 5 0.305 Cu-Mn(ios) 41.9* 40.0 0.22 0.29 10 0.218 Mn K59 62.8 60.9 0.24 0.28 15 0.186 O 3.84 82.8 81.6 0.27 0.27 20 0.179 10 0.272 100 100 0.59 0.57 Quenched at 110O0C 20 O 171 * Eureka, Constantan; K0 = 0.218 O 0.410 on n'-ioj. ± 0.005 C 6 > •• S7 );c/. ( » ) ; i f O ° < « < 0.5 0.371 40 S 100». ..-+2.4 PT)..,- +0.7 C). 1 0.369 QQ O 113 Cu-Ni-Sn-Zn 2 0.364 80 O.'105 "Rotguss" (57) 3 0.291 Cu Ni Sn Zn 5 0.186 85.7 0.58 6.39 7.15 8.5 0.162 Cu-Ni (i os) *' *" K-V <* 13 0.140 Ni K57 O 100 0.572| 2.4 17 0.130 10 0.389 Cu-Ni-Zn See Fig. 1. 30 0.242 German silver (67) 40 0.226 Cu = 62, Ni = 15, Zn = 22 50 0.226 t' t" Kf a. ß _ _. /in,, 60 0.226 O 1000.239* 2.7 ( M\66 Nl 70 0.289 18 -170 (-K0) 1.81.95 ^ 5 80 0.306 O -1700.243t 2.74.5 ° °'117 100 O 586 *KQ = 0.239 ± 0.015 («7, 70, H5 ); 126 60 °' Cf. (34, 79, l l l ) = 2.7 (70). 70 °-109 t Platinoid, approximately same 90 0.197 composition as German silver ( 67 ). :

f ao

!22

°-5*6

Co-Cr (ios) Cr O 10 30 40

#B9 0.490 0.142 0.130 0.105

Cu-As-Ni-Sb (21) Arsenical copper; Pb, Sn = 0 Cu i As Ni Sb KQ 99.530|0.389 0.022 0.003 2.13 ao = 0.088 if 0° ^ t <: 400°.

Cu Ni Cu-Pb-Sb-Sn-Zn ~~ Eureka, Constantan, etc. « s> A< R bearing alloys" ( n7 ) i Lit Ni K > Cu Pb Sn Sb 3.94 38.5 0.89 (46) fl 3 5g 0 1992 49 3>74 3.94 56.5 0.91 (46) & ^16 0 1286 92 7 9 17.3 53.5 0.37 (46) c 7076394 28.84 17.3 75 0.39 (46) 79.04 9 55 io.83 d* 46 18 0.202 (36) „ Also 0 30 % p

Nickel steels (50) Cu-Pb-Sb-Sn-Zn.- (Cant'd) Fe-Mn Cu Pb Sn Zn Manganese steels ( 7 *); cf. (»*) Alloys of low carbon steel and e 84.93 5.01 5.14 4.92 Wt. % of other substances in commercial nickel. Wt. % of / 86.60 0.0410.55 2.81 "Mn" = 1.90 Al, 0.07 C, 0.24 impurities of steel = 0.09 C, g 85.29 8.26 5.56 0.89 Fe, 0.46 Si; in "Fe" = 0.206 C, 0.288 Cu, 0.31 Mn, 0.03 P, 0.26 ^ ~t #7"" 0.114 Mn, 0.05 P, 0.04 S, 0.06 S, 0.11 Si; of Ni = 0.29 C, 4.2 Cu, 1.25 Fe, 0.35 Mn, 0.17 S, a 0.385 d 245 0.456 Si- Points of inflection near b 0.260 e 232 0.962 "Mn" = 1 % , they exist also 0.15Si. "Ni," 1000 #30 c 0.318 / 247 0.585 *n curves representing other Wt. % A* Cf g 230 O 741 properties of these steels. : O 410 410 %"Mn" X30 5 320 302 Cu-Sn, 5% Sn (46) J.ll 0.544 10 258 255 ^ ft,_JT 0.31 0.468 n QQ K & = 15 218 214 * °'77' *"•' = °'83 0.6 0.422 20 175 192 0.8 0.399 23 171 188 Cu-Zn (io«) 1.1 0.412 25 130 192 Zn 1.6 0.356 30 83 188 At. % Wt. % "#0 0Ki00 2.0 . 0.316 31.5 78 157 O O 3.88 3.83 3.0 0.260 33 81 134 7.1 7.3 2.11 2.29 5.0 0.184 35.5 81 14.0 14.3 1.55 1.70 7.9 0.155 40 86 27.3 27.8 1.29 1.45 8.8 0.147 60 151 32.4 33.0 1.21 1.39 9.8 0.148 80 236 % Zn (46) t Kt 90 304 3.1 41.5 2.74 100 349 3.1 73 2.76 * Annealed from 90O00C. 5 38 2.13 tPrecooledto -19O C. 5 75.5 2.09 % Zn (114) j£lg . ^ Fe-m (56) (3) Ferro-nickel (3) Ni = 25, C =0.27% (weight); 11 1.14 Nickel-iron, Invar, etc. Kt = 0.181, t = ? 13 1.25 #65 %Ni Fe W 18 1.30 O 0.597* " Tungsten steel, (52); c f. Fig. 2 32 1.08 1 0.445 2 0.422 %C = I 0.3 I 0.6 I 0.6" 5 A* I A* I Qf Zn = 18%; A = mean area of Jj'J^ %W 1000 K crystals, unit = 1 mm* ( 25 ) }° „^ 0 457 422 A JC J? ' 0.5 419 374 0.6 0.660 1.270 JJ 0.209 25 1 411 360 343 11 0.650 1.295 , „ 2 402 350 Brass, Zn = 3 0 % JjJ J- g 3 356 280 r r K* * Lit. sf o.iio 5 390 O 100 1.05*+1.5 (70) 45 0.14b 6 387 356 238 O -75-1.05 +1.47(67) 75 0.289 1UU U ÖÖD 10 332 -75 -17000.94 +2.34 (67) 15 324 309 Yellow brass, K0 =0.855 (70) * <")• ' ; ; t Invar (Fe Ni) contains about 35 20 270 276 182 Red brass, K0 = 1.03 (70) % № Other 2properties also have 25 221 231 167 * Ko = 1.05 ± 0.05 ( 1 2 » 26 » 6 7 » 70 » maximum or minimum at Ni = 30 to 114); cf,

(4, 34).

* Annealed from 90O0 0C. t Quenched at 1IQO C.

40%

Nickel steel (Krupp) (58) Ni = 30.4, Mn = 0.84, Cu = 0.26, Si = 0.14% (weight) Heat treatment Forged Annealed: 700°, 3 hr Cooled: t -26°, 2 hr and -29°, 1 hr -70°, 7 hr; -76°, 4 hr; -78°, 2 hr -165°, 3 hr and -185°, 1 hr

|

#26 0.121* 0.119 0.120 0.120 0.124

* Ko = 0.116; 26° <> t < 71.5°, «o = 1.78. t Cooled for successive and consecutive periods to temperatures below those indicated; e.g., in fourth case the specimen was cooled below -7O0C for 7 hr, below - 760C for 4 hr, and below — 780C for 2 hr, a total of 13 hr.

Ir-Pt (6) Kn Km 0.590 0.565 0.176 0.176 0.234 0.247 0.310 0.314 0.690 0.711 K-Na (54) Equi-atomic mixture t Kt -15 0.2965 -10 0.292s + 5 0.2291 20 0.243 I 30 0.249 I 40 0.257/

% Pt O 80 85 90 100

Mn-Ni Ni 10 30 40 50 70 80 90 100

(ios) KW 0.092 0.105 0.096 0.092 0.155 0.176 0.310 0.585

Pb-Sb (ios) Sb #64 o 0.347 10 0.263 20 0.230 so 0.218 40 0.213 so 0.202 60 0.202 7o 0.197 80 0.188 90 0.202 100 0.202 .sb

pb Pb

^

Q7QK IQ (l*\ = ^7' ^b =" 13 (16)

^

Q 24g

380

^

Q Q 13Q

^^ +366Z

Pb-Sn (105) gn

R

o 10 20 30 40 50 60 80 100

0M348 0.360 0.372 0.385 0.414 0.465 0.489 0.544 0.632

Pb-Sn Pb = 38, Sn = 62 (16) t' t" Kt, a O 180 0.506 -0.56s 180

420

0.209

-f 1.671

Pb-Tl (105) Tl #63 Q 0.347 io OÌ284 0^251 20 so 0.226 40 0.201

so 60 70 80 90 94 96 98 100

0.201 0.226 0.259 0.322 0.376 0.402 0.364 0.385 0.440

Pt O 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Rh

o

Pd-Pt (99) X26 0.67 0.56 0.44 0.40 0.38 0.37 0.34 0.36 0.42 0.43 0.70 Pt-Rh (6) K17

0.690

K100

T1-s

0.711

^ 1EE_ Sb-Sn(ios) Sn K 57 O 0.201 10 0.188 20 0.176 30 0.197 40 0.213 50 0.268 60 0.306 70 0.352 80 0.398 100 0.628

-J2

Sn-Zn, t = ? (»*) Zn, Vol. % X? O 1.045 29.81 0.933 46.17 0.886 63.05 0.779 76.66 0.745 87.22 0.674 91.07 0.657 100 0.628 Sn = 92, Zn = 8 (i«) t' i" Ki' a O 200 0.590 +0.425 s 200 440 0.230 +2.5 I q

, 105 v

ii om

o" 10 20 30 40 46.6 50 53.8 60 70 80 90 100

; 0.139 0.301 0.255 0.259 0.289 0.330 0.372 0.385 0.418 0.436 0.486 0.557 0.632

LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) C 1 ) Angeli, 8, 33: 421; 11. ( 2 ) Angstrom, 8, 123: 628; 64. ( 3 ) Aubel and Paillot, 61, 4: 522; 95. («) Badior, 8, 31: 737; 10. (5) Baillie, 174, 39: 361; 97. («) Barratt, 67, 26: 347; 14. (?) Barratt, 67, 27: 81; 14. («) Beck, 848, 55: 103; 10. (») Beglinger, 372, 75: 33; 96. ( 1 O) Bellati and Lussana, 84, 5: 19; 87. ( 11 J Berget, 61, 7: 503; 88. 9: 135; 90. (12) Berget, 34, 105: 224; 87. 106: 1152; 88. 107: 171; 88. 110: 76; 90. O 3 ) Bid well, 8t 10: 756; 17, (*«) Bridgman, 65, 57: 77; 22. ( 1 S) Bridgman, 65, 59: 119; 23. ( 16 ) Brown, 8, 22: 171; 23. ( 1 ^) Callendar and Nicolson, 133, 1897: 418. (*») Calthrop, 67, 36: 168; 24. ( 1 ^) Calvert and Johnson, 3, 16: 381; 58. 62, 148: 349; 58. 84, 47: 1069; 58. 5,9: 169; 59. (20) Child and Quick, 8, 2: 412; 95. (21) Donaldson, 47, 34: 43; 25. (22) The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, Mich., O. (22.5) Drude, 8, 1: 566; 00. 3: 369; 00. (23) Ettingshausen and Nernst, 8, 33: 474; 88. (24) Eucken and Gehlhoff, 86, 14: 169; 12. ( 2 S) Eucken and Neumann, 7, 111: 431; 24. (26) Eumorfopoulos, 3, 39: 280; 95. f 2 ? ) Forbes, 174, 24 : 73; 67. (2 a ) Forbes, 68, 8: 62 ; 73. (2 » ) Forsythe, NeIa Park Laboratory, Cleveland, Ohio, O. (3O) Gehlhoff and Neumeier, 86, 15: 876; 13. ( 3 M Gehlhoff and Neumeier, 86, 15: 1069; 13. (32) Gehlhoff and Neumeier, 86, 21: 201; 19. ( 33 ) Giebe, 86, 5: 60; 03. Diss., Berlin. 1903. ( 34 ) Glage, 8, 18: 904; 05. ( 35 ) Gray, 68, 186: 165; 95. (**) Grüneisen, 8, 3: 43; 00. (37) Grünzweig, 98, 27: 223; 14. (38) Hall, 65, 27: 262; 92. (39) Hall, 66, 31: 271; 96. («») Hall, 8, 10: 277; 00. ( 41 ) Hall, 8, 11: 329; 18. ( 42 ) Hall, 8, 19: 237; 22. (43) Hall and Ayres, 65, 34: 281; 99. («*) Hall, Hull and Imdoff, 8, 18: 326; 21. (43) Hansen, 78, 16: 329; 09. ( 46 ) Hardebeck, Diss., Aachen, 1909. (47) Hering, 129, 29: 485; 10. (48) Herwig, 8, 151: 177; 74. (49) Hevesy, 96, 10: 84; 22. (50) Honda, 169, 7: 59; 18. (*l) Honda, 159, 8: 51; 19. (5 2 ) Honda and Matushita, 159, 8: 89; 19. (53) Honda and Simidu, 159, 6: 219; 17. (54) Hornbeck, 8, 2: 217; 13. (55) Icole, 6, 25: 37; 12. (56) Ingersoll et al, 2, 16: 126; 20. ( 57 ) Jaeger and Diesselhorst, 89, 3: 269; 00. ( 58 ) Jakob, 98, 66: 688; 22. ( 59 ) Johnstone, 67, 29: 195; 17. (60) Kaye and Roberts, 5, 104: 98; 23. («) King, 8, 6: 437; 15. ( 62 ) King, 8, 11: 149; 18. ( 63 ) Kirchhoff and Hansemann, 8, 9: 1; 80. 13: 406; 81. (64) Kohlrausch, 8, 33: 678; 88. 3, 25: 448; 88. (65) Konno, 159, 8: 169; 19. 3, 40: 542; 20. (66) Langmuir, 2, 7: 151; 16. (67) Lees, 68, 208: 381; 08. (68) Lees and Calthrop, 67, 35: 225; 23, («») Lorberg, 5, 14: 291, 426; 81.

(70) Lorenz, 5, 147: 429; 72. 13: 422, 582; 81. (Tl) Lussana, 69, 7: 333; 98 15: 130; 18. 25: 115; 23. (72) Macchia, 88, 16 I: 507; 07. (73) Masumoto, 159, 13: 229; 25. (74) Matushita, 169, 8: 79; 19. (75) Matushita, 159, 9: 243; 20. (76) Meissner, 86, 16: 262; 14. (77) Meissner, 8, 47: 1001; 15. (78) Meissner, 96, 2: 373; 20. (79) Mitchell, 174, 33: 535; 88. (80) Nettleton, 3, 19: 587; 10. (*i) Nettleton, 67, 26: 28; 13. (82) Nettleton, 67, 27: 129; 15. (83) Neumann, 6, 66: 183; 62. 3, 25: 63; 63. (84) Northrupp and Pratt, 143, 184: 675; 17. (85) O'Day, 8, 23: 245; 24. (86) Onnesand Hoist, 64P, 17: 760; 14. 168, No. 142c. (87) Ott, 414, No. 35: 53; 06. 98, 51: 1145; 07. («8) Peczalski, Thesis, Paris, 1916. 34,160: 766; 15. (89) Pfleiderer, Ges. Abhandl. Kennt. Kohle, 4: 409; 19. (90) Porter and Simeon, 67, 27: 307; 14. (91) Quick and Lamphear, 8, 3: 1; 95. (92) Reitzsch, 8, 3: 403; 00. (92.5) Riecke, 8, 66: 353, 545; 98. (93) Schaufelberger, 8, 7: 589; 02. (94) Schenck, 8, 32: 261; 10. (95) Schofield, 5, 107: 206; 25. (96) Schott, 86, 18: 27; 16. (97) Schulze, 8, 63: 23; 97. (98) Schulze, Dtss., Marburg, 1902. 8, 9: 555; 02. (99) Schulze, 86, 13: 856; 11. ( 1 OO) Sedström, 8, 59: 134; 19. 75: 549; 24. Diss., Stockholm, 1924. (loi) Sieg, 8, 6: 213; 15. (»<«) Simidu, 159,*: 111; 17. (los) Smith, 8, 28: 107; 09. (104) Smith, 8, 28: 429; 09. (»o5) Smith, Ohio State Univ., Eng. Exper. Bull., 2: No. 7; 25. ( 1 OS) Taylor, 108, 75: 1054; 19. (107) Taylor, 107, 76: 1159; 20. (lös) Tesche, 97, 5: 233; 24. (*09) Weber, 8,146: 257; 72. 3, 44:481; 72. 11 C 0) Weber, Monatsber. Berlin Akad., 1880: 457. ( 11 M Weber, 8, 10: 472, 80. O 1 *) Weber, 8, 11: 1047; 03. ( 113 ) Weber, 8, 64: 165; 17. ( 114 ) Wiedemann, 8, 108: 393; 59. 6, 58: 126; 60. 3, 19: 243; 60. ( 11 S) Wiedemann and Franz, 8, 89: 497; 53. 6, 41: 107; 54. 3, 7: 23; 54. ( » i « ) Williams, 33, 26: 739; 22. O 1 ?) Williams and Bihlman, 80, 69: 1065; 23. ( 11 S) WoId, 8, 7: 169; 16. ( 1 ^) Worthing, 8, 4: 535; 14. (120) Worthing, 8, 10: 377; 17.

NON-METALLIC LIQUIDS For glasses, see p. 229 and Vol. II, p. 315 The data pertaining to the thermal conductivity (K) of liquids are of such a character that it is very difficult to determine from them the correct value of K1 and its temperature coefficient for any liquid. The data for water are the best; for the temperature coefficients of other liquids we rely almost exclusively upon a single observer (*). For only 16 liquids (Table IQ-I, p. 227) is it possible either to set useful limits between which K probably lies, or to determine a reliable value for the temperature coefficient of K. Having decided upon the values for these liquids the data for other liquids which have been determined relatively to these are adjusted accordingly. Similarly, in estimating a value of JfC for a liquid which has been studied by a single observer, his data are modified in accordance with the way in which his data for liquids which had been studied by others departed from what seemed to be the appropriate values. The grade of the observations, or the degree of confidence with which the data here given should be accepted is indicated qualitatively by the letters A, B1 C1 D. A denotes a pronounced consensus of opinion; B that the value is supported by at least one strong observer; and D1 that no great confidence should be placed in the value. Several expressions relating K to other properties of the liquid have been proposed. Some, such as K < CT?, are inequalities which seem to be too pronounced to be of practical value (15). An equality, which was early proposed, is :F(~J~) ~ constant, where c = specific heat, d = density, M = molecular weight. In the absence of reliable data for K and c, it is not known whether the relation is valid ( 1 J 1 4 * 34, 35). A third relation, involving (v) the velocity of sound and e0 ( = translational energy of a molecule of ideal gas at I 0 K) is K = 2eQv/o*, where 5 = mean distance between centers of adjacent molecules. Taking 6 = (m/dfó, where m = mass of one molecule, results approximating closely to those observed are obtained, see Table 6.

TABLE 6.—COMPARISON OF OBSERVED (K) WITH COMPUTED (Kc) CONDUCTIVITY ( 4 ) Kc = 2w(d/m)K Unit of v = IO5 cm/sec; of (d/m)** = 1O 14 CnT 2 JOfE:,^ = 10~5 watt/(cm 0C); t = 3O0C. Formula [ Substance | v \ (d/m)** \ Kc \ K H2O Water 1.50 10.4 630 601 CS2 Carbon disulfide 1.18 4.61 219 159 CH4O Methyl alcohol 1.13 6.00 274 211 C2H6Br Ethyl bromide 0.90 3.97 145 120 C2H6I Ethyl iodide 0.78 3.81 121 111 C2H6O Ethyl alcohol 1.14 4.74 218 180 C3H6O Acetone 1.14 4.00 185 179 C3H8O Propyl alcohol* 1.24 3.94 197 154 C4Hi0O Butyl alcohol* 1.05 3.49 149 167 C4Hi0O Ethyl ether 0.92 3.19 119 137 C5H12O Isoamyl alcohol 1.24 3.13 157 148 * Kc computed for n-propyl and isobutyl alcohols, and K observed for isopropyl and n-butyl alcohols.

Two formulae have been proposed for computing the conductivity of a binary liquid mixture. One ( 21 ) is (î + V2) Kn = v\K\ + VzK", where VI, V2 are the volumes of the pure constituents and n is & constant which depends upon the constituents. The other, proposed by the compilers, is new and is easy to use if a table of hyperbolic sines is available, v. ( 3 > 28 > 29). It is K sinh 100/* = KI sinh pip + K2 sinh p2/*, where p\ and p2 are the percentages, by weight, of the constituents and p depends upon the •constituents, and the temperature. Satisfactory data for testing the formula are available for only 6 mixtures, for these it fits well within the limits of experimental error; for values of /*, see Table 7. TABLE 7.—THEKMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF BINARY LIQUID MIXTURES AT 2O0C (12, 20, 21) K sinh (lOOju) = KI sinh pm + K2 sinh p2p; G = degree of -confidence (see p. 226). Constituents | 100^20° | G Water-ethyl alcohol Tsi W Water-methyl alcohol 1.30 B Water-glycerol 0.40 C Water-acetic acid 0.90 C Methyl alcohol-ethyl alcohol 0.48 B Glycerol-ethyl alcohol 0.98 B In general the formula K = Kw(l — otp) represents the conductivity of aqueous solutions, p = grams of solute per 100 g of solution, Kw = conductivity of pure water at the same temperature, and «(= depression coefficient) is a constant depending upon the solute and probably upon the temperature. In certain cases (notably HCl) the linear relation is not applicable, and for some dilute solutions one observer finds K > Kw and increases with the concentration (see Table 8) ; additional observations are desirable. For aqueous solutions containing two solutes, in general, ap = cupi + a2p2. (See Table 11.) TABLE 8.—ILLUSTRATING EXCEPTIONAL VARIATION OF THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY WITH CONCENTRATION: AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS (18) For these solutions K > Kw and increases with the concentration (C). Accuracy very low, degree of confidence = Z). Unit of C = 1 g-equiv./liter; of K = 10~5 watt/(cm 0 C); tabular values are K; t — 90C. ~^^

—-____^'

O 0.00010.0010.01 0.1

1

TABLE 9.—THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF LIQUIDS UNDER PRESSURE (4) Quantity tabulated is rt = 1000 Kp/Ka where Kp = conductivity at temperature t and pressure P1 and K0 = conductivity at temperature t and 1 atm. Unit of P = 1000 kg/cm2 = 967.8 atmosphere = 14 223 lb./in2; grade = C (v. p. 226). F °i~ mula HÔ CS2 CH4O C2H5Br C2H6I C2H6O C3H6O C3H8O C4Hi0O C4Hi0O C6Hi2 C6Hi2O C7H8

H2O CS2 CH4O C2H6Br C2H6I C2H6O C3H6O C3H8O C4H10O C4Hi0O C6Hi2 C6Hi2O C7H8

P ~^TTr^-^ 4 6 8 10 12 i Substance ^ 2 Water 1113 1210 1293 1366 1428 F* 30 Carbon disulfide 1310 1512 1663 1783 1880 1962 30 Methyl alcohol 1342 1557 1724 1864 1986 2097 30 Ethyl bromide 1327 1517 1657 1768 1858 1928 30 Ethyl iodide 1232 1394 1509 1592 1662 1724 30 Ethyl alcohol 1363 1574 1744 1888 2014 2122 30 Acetone 1315 15111659 1786 1900 F* 30 Isopropyl alcohol 1352 1570 1743 1894 2028 2150 30 n-Butyl alcohol 1307 1495 1648 1780 1900 2008 30 Ether 1509 1800 2009 2177 2322 2451 30 w-Pentane 1483 1777 1987 2163 2325 2481 30 Isoamyl alcohol 1320 1524 1686 1828 1955 2069 30 Toluene 1286 1470 1604 1716 F* 30 Petroleum ether 1460 1752 1970 2143 2279 2379 30 Water 1123 1225 1308 1379 1445 1506 75 Carbon disulfide 1366 1607 1789 1935 2054 2154 75 f Methyl alcohol 1365 16011785 1939 2072 2191 75 f Ethyl bromide....... 1390 1609 1772 1907 2022 2121 75f Ethyl iodide 1265 1442 1570 16711757 1837 75 Ethyl alcohol 1400 1650 1845 2007 2152 2278 75 f Acetone 1325 1554 1738 1891 2024 2137 75 f Isopropyl alcohol 1399 1638 1812 1962 2093 2211 75 n-Butyl alcohol 1358 1559 1720 1859 1985 2099 75 Ether 1518 1814 2043 2231 2394 2537 75f n-Pentane 1534 1855 2112 2335 2543 2740 75 f Isoamyl alcohol 1348 1557 1724 1868 1998 2126 75 Toluene 1355 1573 1738 1872 1987 2089 75 Petroleum ether 1466 1780 2026 2232 2409 2561 75 f Kerosene 1314 1502 1654 1792 1925 2054 75

* Freezes under this pressure. t Boils at 750C and 1 atmosphere, but liquid at pressure of a few 100 kg cm2; -RTa obtained by extrapolating the (Kp, P) graph.

TABLE 10.—THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY (K) OF PURE AND OF MISCELLANEOUS LIQUIDS For conductivity of solutions, see Table 11 ; of binary mixtures, see Table 7 Section I contains all liquids for which the data are of grade A or B; see p. 226; Section II contains pure organic liquids, grades C and D; Section III contains miscellaneous liquids. For change in K on fusion, see C7H9N, Ci0H9N, C10H14O, CaCl2.6H2O, Na2HPO4.12H2O. Kt = K20 [1 + ct(t - 2O)], 0° < t < 8O0C; the true value of K20 is believed to lie between "Min." and "Max." G = grade of the data; t = centigrade temperatures; M. P. = melting point, 0C. Only for liquids in Section I are values of "Min.," "Max." and a. given, s = solid; I = liquid. Unit of K = 10~5 watt/(cm 0C) = 100 erg/(cm sec 0C) = 2.389 X IO"6 cali5/(cm sec 0C); of a = (I0C).-1 I. Liquids: grades A and B (v. p. 226) Formulai Substance EUOWater

|Kw\ Min. | Max.) 1000« | G \ Lit. 587 580 595 +2.81 A ( 4 » * 4 » *«» 20, 25, 3 5 ) ; c/. (6, 7, 10, 18,

C2HCl3O2, trichloroacetic .510 acid H3BO3, boric acid 510 KCl,* potassium chloride... 510

22, 23, 32, 34,

518 513 511

611 519 565

678 563 637

* Data at variance with those of other observers, cf. Table 11.

725 810 584 726 740

36)

CS8

Carbon disulfide

161 145

175 -1.18 .B

(*» »» 35) ; c/. (6,

CH4O

Methyl alcohol

209 200

220 -0.53

(4, 9, 20, 35) ; c/.

10, 34)

A

(6,11)

TABLE. 10—(Continued) Formula | Substance CsH6O Ethyl alcohol

!#201 Min. | Max.) IQOOa | G I Lit.j 182 172 190 -0.71 A (4, 12, 16, 20, 3 5 ) ; cf. (6, 7, 10, 11, 23, 34)

C2H6Br C2H6I C8H6O C8H8O CaH8O3

Ethyl bromide Ethyliodide Acetone Isopropyl alcohol Glycerol

121 Ill 179 153 290

100 90 160 140 275

130 120 190 170 310

-0.995 -0.33 B -1.345 -0.245 +2.62 A

(*); c/. («) • (<); cf. (35) (*» *) (4> 9) (»,20,31,38, 36 V, cf. (7, io, 22, 23, 34)

C4HwO C4Hi0O

n-Butyl alcohol Ether

168 140 138 120

200 -0.50 B («) 145 - 0 . 4 7 5 (4, ») ; c/. (io,

C6Hi2 C6Hi2O C7H8

n-Pentane Isoamyl alcohol Toluene Petroleum ether Kerosene

136 148 160 131 151

150 160 190 160 170

34, 35)

110 120 140 120 130

-1.03 5 -0.385 -1.445 -0.71 5 -1.465

( 4 ); cf. ( 9 ) ( 4 ); c/. C 11 » 3S) (4,9,17,30,35) (4); cf. 0<>» 36) ( 4 ); c/. ( 6 » 36 J

II. Pure organic liquids: grades C and D (v. p. 226) Formula CCU C2Cl4 CHCl3 CH2O2 C2H4Br2 C2H4Cl2 C2H4O2 C2H6O2 C3H6O C3H6O2 C3H6O2 C3H6O2 C3H7Br C3H7Cl C3H7I C3H8O C4H6NS C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2

[

Substance | t Carbon tetrachloride "O Tetrachloroethylene 22 Chloroform 12 Formic acid 12 1, 2-Dibromoethane 21 1, 2-Dichloroethane...... 20 Acetic acid... 20 Glycol O Acetone 20 Ethyl formate 12 Methyl acetate 12 Propionic acid 12 Propyl bromide 12 Propyl chloride 12 Propyl iodide 12 Propyl alcohol O Allyl isothiocyanate 12 n-Butyric acid 12 Isobutyric acid 12 Ethyl acetate 19

\ Kt \ G Lit. ÏÏO C (»}; cf. (35) 126 C (3°) 138 D (34, 35) 271 D (35) 118 C (30) 158 C (30) 172 C (20,35) 265 C (») 179 B (4,9) 169 D (35) 171 D (35); cf. (U) 173 D (35) 126 D (35) 136 D (35) 111 D (35) 167 C («); cf. (35) 170 D (35) 163 D (35) 157 D (35) 174 C (30) ; cf. ("* 35)

C4H8O2 C4H9Br C4H9Cl C4H9I C4Hi0S C4Hi0O C6Hi0O2 C6Hi0O2 C6Hi0O2 C5Hi0O2 C6HnBr C6HnCl C6HnI C6Hi2O C6Hi2O C6H6Br C6H6Cl C6H6NO2 C6H6

Propyl formate Isobutyl bromide Isobutyl chloride Isobutyl iodide Ethyl sulfide Isobutyl alcohol n-Valeric acid Isovaleric acid Methyl butyrate Propyl acetate Amyl bromide Amyl chloride Amyl iodide w-Amyl alcohol Dimethylethyl carbinol. Bromobenzene Chlorobenzene Nitrobenzene Benzene

C6H7N

Aniline

C6Hi2O2 C 6 Hi 2 O 2

Isocaproic acid Ethyl butyrate.

12 162 12 134 12 134 12 106 12 153 12 157 12 152 12 147 21 168 12 152 12 118 12 136 12 104 O 144 . O 124 12 129 12 143 12.5 158 20 170

D (35) D (35) D (35) D (35) D (35) D (35) D (35) D (35) C ( 3 O) ; c/. (35) D (35) D (35); c/. (U) D (35) D (35) C (») C (9) D (35) D (35) C (») D (9,n,34, 35)*

O 180

C (»t 35); c/. (23)

12 24

142 166

D (35) C ( 3 O); cf. (35)

Formula | Substance C6Hi2O2 Methyl valerate

| t \ Kt \ G \ Lit. 21 Ï 5 3 C (30);cf. (U, 35)

C6Hi4 C7H9N

C7Hi4O2 C7Hi4O2

Hexane.. .. 4 142 D (*> 13) p-Toluidine (M. P., 450C) 26 159s C (20) 38 138s C (20) 51 121 I C (20) 64 1131 C (20) Amyl acetate 12 143 D ( 35 ); c/. (U) Ethyl valerate 20 149 C (30); c/. (l l,

C7Hi6 C8Hi0 C8Hi0

Heptane o-Xylene. w-Xylene

35)

C8Hi6O2 Isobutyl butyrate C8Hi8 Octane C9Hi0O2 Ethyl benzoate C9Hi8O2 Isobutyl valerate C9Hi8O2 Amyl butyrate Ci0H9N a-Naphthylamine (M. P., 5O0C). Ci0Hi4 Ci0Hi4O Ci0H20O2 CnHi 4 O 2 Ci 2 Hi 6 O 2

4 21 21 18 4 32 21 18 25 41 52 62

141 156 155

D (13) C (»); cf. (")f C ( 9 > 30); c/. (11H 144 C (30) 157 D (13) 160 D (U) 137 C (30) 142 C (30) 163 s C (20) 146s C (20) 117/ C (20) 1171 C (20)

Cymene (p-methylisopropylbenzene) 12 132 Thymol (M. P., 130C).. . 12 150 s 13 131 l Amyl valerate 21 138 Isobutyl benzoate 21 144 Amyl benzoate 23 141 |

D ( 35 ); c/. (U) D (2) D (2) C (30) C (30) C (30); cf. (U)

III. Miscellaneous liquids Substance | t \ Kt Calcium chloride (M. 24 627s P., 290C). 30 477/ 41 4431 Na2HPO4.12H2O Disodium phosphate 24 548s (M. P., 350C). 32 514 s 39 502 Z 49 477 / Olive oil 4 175 |

Formula CaCl2.6H2O§

\ G Lit. D (20) C (20)

C (31,33) ; of. C*' 34)

Castor oil 4 Poppy oil 4 Turpentine o i l . . . . . . 12

181 169 127

C (31, 33) C (31,33) D (35); cf. 6, 10)

{

Sweet almond oil.. . . 4 177 D Sesame oil 4 175 D Lemon peel oil. 6 170 D Peanut oil 4 168 D Nutmeg oil 4 156 D Copaiba oil 4 115 D Canada balsam 4 115 D Kerosene See section I Petroleum ether See section I Tar ("Holzteer"). . . 79.5 135 D Vaseline 15 184 C

(32, 33) (32,33) (7, 34) (32,33) (32,33) (32,33) (32,33) (*) (20) ; cf. ( 24 )

* In deriving Kt, the values for alcohol and toluene were considered. t In deriving Kt, the value for ra-xylene was considered. $ In deriving Kt, the value for toluene was considered. § Part of the apparent change on fusion may be due to a difference in the experimental errors pertaining to the measurement of K in solid and in liquid phase.

TABLE 11.—THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY (K) OF AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS K = Kw(l — W~5ap), Kw = conductivity of water at same temperature as applies to K1 p grams of solute per 100 g of solution. In section II, computed conductivity is Kc — Kw [1 — 10~5 (aipi + «2p2)], the a's being those given in section I. Data are relative to the following values for water: #17.5 = 583, K^ — 587, JiTs2 = 606.8, unit is 10~8 watt/(cm 0C). For exceptional solutions, see text and Table 8; G = grade of the data (v. p. 226). Unit of K = IO"5 watt/(cm 0C). ^ Solute HCl

H2SO4 NH 3 Ci 2 H 22 Ont Pb(NOs) 2 ZnCl2 ZnSO4. CuSO4 MgCl2 MgSO4 CaCl2 SrCl2 Sr(NOs)2 BaCl2 NaCl NaBr Na2SO4. NaNO3

.

Na2CO3 NaC2H3O2I: KOH

KCl KBr KI K2SO4 KNO3 K2CO3

I. p I 12.5 25 38 30 60 90 26 25 52 67 36 . . . 17.5 35 16 32 18 11 22 22 15 30 25 36 21 12.5 25 20 40 10 22 44 10 13 23.1 21 42 20 40 20 40 60 10 10 20 20 I

One Solute K32 I a I G I Lit. 528 C (") 482 441 521 464 C (", ss) ; c/. (6) 438 354 452* 885 B (20) 506* 556 B (20) 422* 361* 563 200 C (") 555 473 C (U) 508 473 C (U) 578 275 C (14,34) 555 577 272 C (", 84) 576 488 C (U) 540 592 144 C (14) 579 309 C (14) 550 574 216 C (14) 560 214 C (14) 584 176 C (14) 587 248 C (14) 570 564 302 D (14) 539 606 20 C (") 571 235 C (U) 549 587 320 C (14) 589 210 D (14) 578 579 221 C (14) 550 558 400 C (I 4 );c/. («) 492 473 D (14) 527 586 D (14) 472 395 603 (70) C (14) 591 347 C (14) 559 575 265 C (14)

II. Two solutes (14); grade C Si I S2 I P1 I Pb(NOs)2 Sr(NOs)2 16 CuSO4 ZnSO4 8 BaCl2 CaCl2 7 NaCl KCl 10 NaNQ3 KNO3 20

(v. p. 226) P2 I K32 18 564 12 569 12 575 10 575 10 563

I

Ke 564 573 577 567 557

III. Sea water (*.»); t = 17.50C; grade C (v. p. 226) O l 2 3 3.5 4 583 569 563 | 560 558 557

p§ K

* KM; for NH3, d = 0.907 g/cm8. f Cane sugar. grams of total salts per 100 g of sea water.

Î Sodium acetate.

§ p=>

LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) C 1 ) van Aubel, 7, 28: 336; 99. (2) Barus, 3, 33: 431; 92. ( 3 ) Blakesley, 67, Special Pubi.; 1890. (*) Bridgman, 65, 59: 141; 23. (S) Chree, 3, 24: 1; 87. («) Chree, O1 42: 300; 87. 43: 30; 87. (7) Christiansen, 8, 14: 23; 81. ( 8 ) Ernst, 70, 111: 923; 02. (») Goldschmidt, 63, 12: 417; 11. (10) Grätz, 8, 18: 79; 83. 25: 337; 85. O » ) de Keen, 186, 18: 192; 89. («) Henneberg, 8, 36: 146; 89. (13) Hernquist, 20, 8: No. 9; 13. (U) Jager, 70, 99 Ila : 245; 90. 428, 27: 42; 91. O 5 ) Jager, 75, 102 Ha : 253, 483; 93. (16) Jakob, 8, 63: 537; 20. 76, 1920: 406. ( 1 ^) Jakob, Verlag Ver. deut. Ing., 1922: 137. ( 18 ) Kohlrausch, Diss., Rostock, 1904. 0») Krümmel, Meteor. Zeits., 24: 525; 07. Handb. der Ozeangraphie, I: 281. Stuttgart, Engelhorn, 1907. (20) Lees, 68, 191: 399; 98. ( 2 M Lees, 3, 49* 286; 00. ( 2 2 ) Lorberg, 8, 14: 291; 81. ( 23 ) Mache and Tagger, 75, 116: 1105; 07. ( 2 <) Melmer, 75, 120: 269; 11. ( 2 s ) Milner and Chattock, 3, 48: 46; 99. ( 2 6) Nusselt, 380, 38: 477, 490; 15. t 2 ?) Sluginov, 63, 23: 456; 91. 51, l : 405; 92. ( 2 ») Smithsonian Mathematical Tables. Washington, D. C., Government Printing Office. ( 2 9 ) Smithsonian Physical Tables. Washington, D. C., Government Printing Office. (30) Stankevié, 487, 1890: 383. (31) Streit, Diss., Zürich, 1910. ( 3 2 ) Wachsmuth, Diss., Leipzig, 1892. 8, 48: 158; 92. (33) Wachsmuth, 63, 3: 79; 01. (34) Weber, 8, 10: 103, 304, 472; 80. (35) Weber, 76, 1885: 809. 428, 22: 116; 86. (36) Weber, 8, 11: 1047; 03.

GLASSES See also Vol. II, p. 101 and errata sheet Many of the best measurements of the conductivity of glasses have been merely incidental to the measurement of some other quantity; in such cases the exact composition of the glass has not been known and the kind of glass has been indicated only vaguely. The two observers ( 3 > *3) who have especially studied the variation of K with the composition, have not used the most convincing methods for measuring K. Consequently, for values of K for glasses of known composition, we must rely on the work of a single observer, but his values receive considerable support from the observations of others who have less precisely defined the character of their glasses. TABLE 12.—THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY (K) OF GLASSES OF TYPICAL COMPOSITIONS Value of temperature coefficient is uncertain; it is probably > O ( 2 , 6 , 8 , 9 , 14).

OC = ordinary crown; BC = borosilicate crown; PPC = potash phosphate crown; BPC = baryta phosphate crown; HLS = heavy lead sand; OF = ordinary flint; HF = heavy flint. Unit of K — 10~6 watt/(cm 0C); composition is by weight; grade C (v. p. 226). Glass = I OC I BC I PPC | BPC | HLS | OF | HF K46 1000* 1130 825 760 670 855 720 Lit

P2O6 As2O6 SiO2 PbO ZnO B2O3 Al2O3 MgO BaO Na20 K2O

*

(3); cf. (3); cf. (3); cf. (3); cf. (3, 7); (S); cf. (2, 13) (2, 13) (2, 13) (13) c/. (2, (2, 13) 10, 13)

69.c5 1.5 65.9 2.0 2.5 9.6 5.0 15.0

59.5 1.5

71.0 14.0 5.0

20.0 80.0 3.0 10.0 4.0

45.1 46.4

0.2 29.3 67.5

0.5 8.0

3.0

3.0 8.0 28.0

10.0 12.0

* Grade B; limits of ^45 = 980 to 1090; (3, 7); cf. (i» », io, 12, 13, 14, is, is).

TABLE 13.—CONTRIBUTIVE THERMAL CONDUCTIVITIES (O) OF OXIDES IN GLASSES ( 3 ); c/. (13) 100 K = Oipi + OzPz + • • • OnPn1 K = thermal conductivity of the glass, pn = percentage by weight of oxide "n." [For other formulae, see (3» 13, 19).] Example: Typical flint glass, 46.4% PbO, 45.1% SiO2, 0.5% Na2O, 8.0% K2O; hence, 100 K = 518 X 46.4 + 1320 X 45.1 + 294 X 0.5 4- 250 X 8.0 = 85 714; K = 857 of the units of the table = 857 X 10~5 watt/(cm 0C) = 0.00857 watt/(cm 0C), which agrees well with critical value of Table 12. Unit of Op/100 = 10- b watt/(cm°C) = 2.389 X 10~6 calu/(cm sec 0C); t = 450C. Oxide I Q Il Oxide I O P2O6 979 Al2O3 1082 As2O6 -5506 MgO 1552 Sb2O3 118 CaO 396 SiO2 1320 BaO 526 PbO 518 Na20 294 ZnO 504 K20 250 B2O3 837

that is taken as the c axis, except in the monoclinic system, where it is the 6 axis. When the crystal is in its normal position, c is vertical and the plane including c and the line of sight either includes the a axis or bisects the angle between two interchangeable a axes which are not mutually perpendicular. If a j£ b ^ c T* a and axes are mutually perpendicular (orthorhombic system) the axes are always so chosen that a < 6, and usually so that a < 6 < C1 a is called the brachy-axis, b the macro-axis. In the monoclinic system, o is the unique axis, c is the inclined axis which is parallel to the prismatic faces; the normal orientation of the crystal is such that a slopes downwards towards the observer. When there is uncertainty regarding which faces belong to the prism, a standard work on mineralogy should be consulted. The acute angle between c and a is denoted by ß. In the triclinic system c is the axis parallel to the prismatic faces (same uncertainty as before), usually a < 6, and the orientation is such that the a axis slopes downward towards the observer. The angles between the positive directions of the axes are denoted by a, ß, 7; a = Z6c, ß = Zca, 7 = ZaO. TABLE 14.—TYPE AND ORIENTATION OF THERMAL ELLIPSOID

LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) O) Dina, 69, 9: 461; 99. ( 2 ) Eucken, 8, 34: 185; 11. ( 3 ) Focke, 8, 67: 132; 99. («) Georgiewski, 53, 35: 609; 03. («) Hecht, 8, 14: 1008; 04. (*) Krüger, 8, 5: 919; 01. ( 7 ) Lees, 62, 183: 481; 92. (») Lees, 5, 62: 286; 98. ( 9 ) Lees, 62, 191: 399; 98. (10) Meyer, 188, 1888:41. 8, 34: 596; 88. C 11 ) Niven and Geddes, 5, 87: 535; 12. (I 2 ) Oddone, 22, 6 I: 286; 97. ( 13 ) Paalhorn, Diss., Jena, 1894. (U) Peirce and Willson, 65, 34: 3; 98. («) Tadokoro, 159, 10: 339; 21. 0«) Venske, 188, 1891: 121. (*?) Vesely, 100, 44: 441; 11. 0») Voigt, 188, 1898: 166. 8, 64: 95; 98. ( 19 ) Winkelmann, 8, 67: 160; 99. (20) Winkelmann, 8, 67: 794; 99. ( 2 M Winkelmann and Schott, 8, 51: 730; 94.

CRYSTALS The isothermal surfaces surrounding a single, constant, point source of heat in the interior of a crystal of any type are coaxial ellipsoids of constant axial ratios, provided that the distance of the surface of the crystal from the source is great as compared with that of the isothermal surface. The thermal conductivities (A, B, c) along the several principal axes of these ellipsoids are proportional to the squares of the lengths of the semi-axes. These are the principal conductivities of the crystal, and the surface O*2

<£/2

B

C

In the mathematically most general case there are certain rotation coefficients ( 67 ), but these have never been found in any actual crystal; gypsum, dolomite, apatite, and erythrite have been carefully examined for them ( 63 > 64 > 7S ); for these crystals they are certainly <0.05% of A. Hence the conductivity of a crystal is completely specified when the values of A, B, and C and the orientation of the thermal ellipsoid with reference to the crystalline axes are known, the conductivity along any1 axis of the thermal ellipsoid being equal to the square of the length of that semi-axis.2 If A = B - C1 the crystal is thermally isotropie; if A = B ^ c, it is uniaxial, the axis being in the direction of the C axis, if A j£ B ?£ c T* A1 the thermal ellipsoid has two, and only two, central circular sections, and the crystal is thermally biaxial, the directions of the axes being the normals to these sections. If, of A1 B1 C1 the one of intermediate value is less than the average of the other two, the crystal is said to be thermally +, in the .contrary case it is —; in the former case the thermal ellipsoid is prolate, in the latter it is oblate. By convention, the crystallographic axes of a crystal are denoted by the letters a, bi c, if three; if more than three, the interchangeable ones are denoted by a i, a 2, . . . If there is a unique axis, 1

Not merely along a principal axis. For an experimental test by directly measuring conductivities other than principal ones, see ( 1 2 ). 2

Cubic Trigonal Tetragonal Hexagonal Orthorhombic Monoclinic

Triclinic

/yZ

h — + — = 1 is called the thermal ellipsoid of the material.

A

Crystal system

Optical and thermal Thermal axes and orientation character Isotropie A=B=C 1 A = B ?£ C; C coincides with c. \ Uniaxial If A = B < C1 crystal is + ; if J A = B > C1 it is —. Biaxial A 7* B ?* C 7* A; A1 B1 Ccoincide with a, &, c. Biaxial A 7e B 7* C 7* A; B coincides with 6, C is that one of the other axes which is nearest to c] 9 = ZcC measured in direction of Zca. Biaxial A 7* B 7* C 7* A. For no crystal of this system have the thermal properties been completely investigated; for important work on CuSO^SH2O, see (54).

Empirical Relations Thermal.—There is some indication (see Table 16) that K 250K; in region 2O0K to 250K, K increases rapidly as T is reduced; diamond, however, shows little change until T is small, and then seems to decrease markedly. Until additional observations have been made we can do no more than assume that K <= T~l holds approximately over ordinary ranges of T (24, 25, 28). On basis of same observations, it has been suggested that the smaller the number of atoms in the molecule of the crystal and the higher the melting point the greater is K. At their melting points, crystals of di- or tri-atomic molecules have approximately the same K (24). Light.—In specimens of Se which are electrically sensitive to illumination, the thermal conductivity is increased by illumination, but much less than the electrical. The effect is difficult to detect. It is claimed that the effect increases with the wavelength of the light and decreases with the temperature ( 4 > 45> 53> 62).

Electrical.—It is claimed that the higher the electrical, the lower the thermal conductivity, and that whatever increases the former reduces the latter. (For theoretical treatment, see ( 32 ).) On the other hand, for any single crystal it is maintained that as the orientation changes, the reciprocal of K varies linearly with the electrical volume resistivity ( 12 ).

Magnetic.—No uniform agreement between direction of maximum K and that of maximum /*; in calcite they coincide, in gypsum they do not ( 71 ); cf. (4°> 41). For effect upon Bi, see note, Table 15 (section I). Mechanical.—No data for effect of a pure strain; for effect of longitudinal compression of SiO2, see note, Table 15 (section III); for negligible effect of torsion on Al, see no te, Table 15 (section I). Theoretical Relations As the quantum theory has developed, several relations connecting K with certain atomic constants have been proposed ( 16 > 17,18, 23). Unfortunately, they can not be satisfactorily tested until more data are available. The type of formula is illustrated by the following expression for K, which is based upon considerations of the oscillation of the atoms in the space lattice ( 23 ): K = 3™fcoâ(^)>/*°V2(eh^ - I)H where n = a numerical factor depending on the character of the space lattice; kQ = Boltzmann's gas constant (1.37 X 10~16 erg deg."1); v — frequency of one of the lines in the " rest-strahlen " of Rubens; N — number of atoms per unit area perpendicular to the direction of flow of heat in the crystal; a — "centered distance" between two neighboring atoms in the direction of flow of heat; h = Planck's constant (6.554 X 10~27 erg sec); T = absolute temperature. TABLE 15.—THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF CRYSTALS For position of axes, see Table 14 A1 B1 C — principal conductivities, G = grade of accuracy (see p. 226); S = chemical symbol; t = temperature, 0C; Hex, Mon, Rhô, Tri, Têt denote the crystal systems hexagonal, monoclinic, orthorhombic, trigonal, tetragonal. The crystals are arranged in the table in accordance with the usual scheme except that all crystals containing Si have been grouped together under the Si position, and of these, all containing Al have been grouped under the SiAl position.

TABLE 15.—(Continued) Unit of A, B, C = 1 watt/cm 0C = 107cgs = 107erg/(cm sec 0 C) = 0.239 cal/(cm sec 0C). I. Elementary substances S I System | t A \ A/C \ G Al* Cub 30 2.08 C Bi Tri 18 0.09241.39t A

Lit. (U) (33, 36, 44, 55) ; c/. (34, 35, 46)

CÎ C§ Cu Sb Si Te

O 2ca. D (25) 30 3.55 4.0 C, D (35,37,38) O 4.1 C (60) 2.53 C (34,35) 30 0.84 C (37,38) 0.66 C (35)

Cub Tri Cub Tri Cub Hex

* A twist of 1.04° per cm produces no change >0.1 %. t Magnetic field (H) = 4980 gauss, normal to c, increases A/C by 26.8 % C 44 ). J Diamond. § Graphite.

II. Compounds: cubic crystals, t = O0C; G=D; A=B=C=K Formula

|

TlCl TlBr AgCl AgBr CaF2 NaCl NaClO3 KCl KI KCr (SO4) 2.12H2Q * Cerargyrite, hornsilver. f Fluorite.

K 0.00978 0.00815 0.0109 0.0110* 0.0103 0.103f 0.0697Î 0.0111 0.0696§ 0.0502 0.00554

\

Lit. (28) (28) (28) (28) (28) (24); cf. (56) ( 2 4 ); cf. (70, 76) (24) (24, 25, 28) (28) (24)

Î Halite, rock salt.

§ Sylvite.

III. Compounds: non-cubic crystals Formula H2O* (NH 4 )H 2 PO 4 (NH4)H2AsO4 Sb2S3 Sb2(Pb, Cu2)3S6 Bi2(Te, S)31 CO(NH 2 ) 2 C4Hi0O4 Ci2H22Ou SiO2; v. also p. 106

j

Substance Ice Stibnite Bournonite Tetradymite Urea Erythritol Cane sugar Quartz§

| System | Optically | A/C \ B/C \ Tri <1 Tet 1.28 Tet 1.42 Rho 0.47 0.29 Rho 0.60 0.58 Tri much > 1 Tet + 0.79 . Tet 1.14 t Ï Tri -f 0.575J:

6

\ G

\

Lit. (3, 26) ; c/. (68) C (40) C (40) C (34) ; c/. (33, 61) C ( 34 ); qf. ( 61 ) D (35) D (40) C (41) D (24) B (7,24,29,33,34, 35, 42, 47, 59, 61, 70); c/. (26,

56)

ZrSiO4 (Zn, Mn)2SiO4t NiSiF6.6H2O (Al silicates)

Zircon Troostite

AIi2Si6Fi0O2Of Al3B2Si4HnO2IT[

Mica (biaxial) || Mica (ca. uniax) || Topaz Tourmaline

Be3Al2Si6Oi8 (Mg, Fe)6(AI, Fe) 24 Si n H 4 O 66 T (Mg 7 Fe) 5 Al 2 Si 3 H 8 OiSt Ca4Al6Si6O2Stt Ca4(Al, Fe)6Si6O25-H2O Ca7R4Al2Si6O^t (Na2, Ca)Al2Si4Oi2.6H2O

Emerald Staurolite Penninite Scapolite Epidote Vesuvianite Chabazite

Tet Tri Hex Mon Mon Rho Tri

0.81 + 0.73 + 0 . 8 6 5.84 5.29 0.94 l .35

6.30 6.00 0.95

v. s. v. s.

C (34, 35) C (34,35) C (40) C (34) C (34) D (?) D (34, 35); c/. (56, 6l, 66, 69)

..Hex Rho Tri** Tet Mon Tet Tri

+

0.81 0.94 1.35 0.71 0.87 0.90 0.97

C (7,34,35,61) 0.81 C (34) C (34,35) C (34, 35) l .18 +14.5 C (34) D (7, 34, 35, 6l) D (34) ; cf. (35)

III. Compounds: non-cubic crystals.—(Continued) Formula | Substance | System | Optically | A /C \ Na6K2Al8Si9O34J Nephelite Hex ~~Ï700 KAlSi3O8 Orthoclase Mon 0.63 Be2SiO4 Phenacite Tri 0.92 CaFe6Si4Oi6-H2O^ Ilvaite Rho 1.33 CaMg3Si4Oi2 Tremolite Mon 0.36 Ca(Mg, Fe)3Si4Oi2t Hornblende Mon 0.50 Nai3(Fe, Ca)6(Si, Zr)2ClO18U Eudialyte Tri + 1 . 2 8 K2Ca8SiI6O41.16H2O Apophyllite Tet + much > 1 TiO2 Rutile Tet + 0.62 TiO2 Octahedrite Tet 1.80 SrSO4 Celestite Rho 1.08 SnO2 Cassiterite Tet 0.7

B/c

\

B

0.90

4U

1.01 0.57 0.64

5 5

1.17

\ G C C C C C C C D C C C D

\

Lit. (35) (34) ; c/. (56, 61) (35) (34) (34) (34) (34,35) (35) ; c/. (34) (7,34,35,61) (35); cf. (34) (34) (7, 34,35) ; c/.

D C D C C C D D D C C C C D B D D C C C C C C C C

(35) (35) (34) (40) (34,35) (35) (35) (35) (<0) (35,61) (35) ( 40 ) (35) (35) (7, 33, 34, 35); cf. ( 2 > 6 1 ) (35) (35) (35); cf. (34) (40) (35); c/. (34, 6l) (35); c/. (34) (*0) (34,35) (34) ( 34 ); c/. (H> 59,

(61)

Pb2Cl2O Pb2Cl2CO3 PbSO4 PbS2O6.4H2O PbI0P6Cl2O24 PbMoO4 ZnCO3 ZnO Hd(NH 4 ) 4 Cl 6 Hg2Cl2 HgS Cu(NH 4 ) 2 Cl 4 .2H 2 O Ag8GeS6 MnCO3 Fe2O3 FeTiO3 Fe7S8 FeCO3 NiS04.6H2O Al2O3 MgCO3 MgPt (CN) 4.7H2O Mg2Fe(COs)3 CaSO4 CaSO4.2H2O

Matlockite Phosgenite Anglesite Pyromorphite Wulfenite Smithsonite Zincite Calomel Cinnabarite Argyrodite Rhodochrosite Hematite (red) Ilmenite Pyrrhotite Siderite Corundum. Giobertite Mesitite Anhydrite Gypsum

,

Tet Tet Rho Hex • Hex Tet Tri Tri Hex Tet Tri Tet Tri Tri Tri Tri Hex Tri Tet Tri Tri Tet Tri Rho Mon

+ -

+ -

+ +

much > 1 1.00 1.25 1.03 0.95 1. OO >1 >1 1 1.2OJ 1.23 l. 14 l .12 1.14 0 . 8 5 l. 10 1 . 1 8 1.12 0,94 0.64

1.30

0.89 0.42

+17

6l)

CaS2O6.4H2O CaI0P6(F, Cl)2O24

Apatite

CaCO3

Calcite

CaCO3 CaCu(C2H3O2)4.8H2O CaWO4 CaCe2F2C2O6IT CaMg(COa) 2

Aragonite Ca Cu acetate Scheelite Parisite Dolomite

BaSO4 KH2PO4 KH2AsO4 K4CdCl6 2KNa(NO 3 ) 2 + K 4 Fe(CN) 6

Barite

Hex ....Hex

-

0.92 0.85

C D

(*<>) (7, 33, 34) ; c/.

-

0.84J

A

(7,34,35,42,61, 70

(75)

Tri Rho Tet Tet Hex ...Tri

+

>1 0.83 0.90 l .25 1.10

);c/. (se)

<1

D ( 34 ); c/. (7) C ( 4 O) C (35) C (35) C ( 7 > 34 » 35 ); c/.

l .05

C (34);cf. ( 7 > 5 ^) C (40) C (40) C (40) C (*Q)

(75)

Rho Tet Tet Hex Hex

l .13 1.45 1.29 + 0 . 8 7 1.16

* Thermal conductivity of single crystals of ice has not been studied; indirect evidence (especially from orientation of crystals) indicates A < C, but can give no estimate of magnitude of A/C ( 3 » 2 6 )î cf. ( 68 ). t Composition variable. In vesuvianite, A4 = Ca2, (AlOHh, (AlO2Hh, or Ü4. Hornblende contains Al and Na. Î For SiO2, ABO = 0.065 ( 24 » * 5 » 29 » 42 » 70 ); cf. (26f 5«. 76), grade B; Fe2O3, Aw = 0.146 ( 3S ), grade C; Calcite, Cso = 0.0418 C*2» ™); cf. (24, 56) f grade B; Ci 2 H 22 Ou, not cubic, conductivity in direction not stated = 0.0058 at O0C ( 24 ), grade D. § Ratio A/C is increased by pressure || to c-axis and diminished by pressure JL to c-axis; change in A/C (pressure not stated) amounted to about 10 % ( 61 ) ; cf. ( 34 ). II These micas not clearly defined. Conductivity (undefined mica) in direction JL plane of cleavage = 0.0057, t = 5O0C ( 2 9 ); cf. ( 4 ^). ^Composition variable and doubtful. Parisite contains La and Dy. ** Perhaps strictly monoclinic. ft Contains Fe, Na, Cl, %% Q varies from +4° to —4°.

TABLE 16.—THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY (K) OF CRYSTALS: VARIATION WITH TEMPERATURE It has been suggested that K varies as T"1; compare the values of KT/K
C Ci 2 H 22 OiI SiO2

Diamond (1) (2) (3) Cane sugar Quartz (I)]V. also p. 106 (2) (3)

CaF2 CaCO3 NaCl NaClO3 KCl

T~^ I — ; Axis I Cubic

~ Substance

* C A, B A1B A, B Cubic A, B Cubic Cubic Cubic

,

Fluorite Calcite Halite Na chlorate Sylvite (1) (2)

373

j

Ï96

I

1.06 1.08 0.66 0.77

1.35 1.26 0.77 0.83 0.69 0.71

1.43 1.393

273/T = | 0.732

195 | 88 ^ ITr KT/K™ 0.85 1.02 0.89 1.35 1.44 1.39 2.89 2.74 1.46 1.34 1.50 1.41 1.49 2.61 1.400 | 3.106

Ì

83

| Lit.

(25) (25) (25) (24) (24) (24) (25) (25) (24) (24) (24) (24) (24) (24)

3.60 3.39 3.77 3.68 3.82 3.00 | 3.289 |

* Direction is not stated; crystal is not cubic.

C SiO2 KCl

Substance* (25) Diamond (2) (3) Quartz (2) (3).... Sylvite (2)

|

T = Cubic

|

23.1

A, B A9 B Cubic 7.02 273/T = I 11.82

|

23

|

22.3

|

22

|

21.9

33.0 29.5 I 11.87

32.5 | 12.24

|

21.6

I

21.4

35.2 34.4

7.46 | 12.41 | 12.47

21 0.769 0.483 39.4

36.8 | 12.64

| 12.76

8.40 | 13.00

* Continuation of preceding portion of table, same specimens.

LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) O ) Badior, Diss., Marburg, 1908. 8, 31: 737; 10. ( 2 ) Bäckström, 388, 1888 : 533. 1894: 545. ( 3 ) Barnes, 58, 83: 276; 10. (4) Bellati and Lussana, 24, 5: 1887. 427, 11: 818; 87. (5) Bertrand, 34, 27: 557; 48. ( 6 ) Bonnet, 34, 27: 49 ; 48. (7 ) von Botez and Hertenstein, 63, 14: 332 ; 13. (8 ) Boussinesq, 34, 65: 104; 67. ( 9 ) Boussinesq, 34, 66: 1194; 68. (i O) Boussinesq, Jour, de Math., Liouville, 14: 265; 69. (i * ) Bowman, 269, 12 : 353; 00. (i2)Bridgman, 0£, 61: 101; 26. C 1 3) Cailler, 149,18: 457; 04. (U) Calthrop, 67, 38: 207; 26. ( 15 ) Clark, 166, 36: 415; 12. ( 16 ) Compton, 2, 7: 341 ; 16. (* 7 ) Debye, in Vorträge über die kinetische Theorie der Materie und der Elektrizität (Kommission der Wolfskehlstiftung). Leipzig, Teubner, 1913. (18) Debye, Math. Vorlesung an der Univ. Göttingen, 6: 19; 15. (19) Duhamel, Journ. de l'École Polytechnique, 13: 356; 1832. (20) Duhamel, 34, 25: 842, 870; 47. 27: 129; 48. ( 2 1 ) Duhamel, Jour, de l'École Polytechnique, 19: 155; 48. ( 2 2 ) Einstein, 8, 35: 679; 11. ( 23 ) Endo, 159, 11: 183; 22. (24) Eucken, 8, 34: 185; 11. ( 2 S) Eucken, 26, 13: 829; 11. 63, 12: 1005; 11. (26) Forbes, 68, 8: 62; 73. (27) Friedlander, Beiträge zur Geophysik, 11: 85; 12. (28) Giacomini, 26, 20: 94; 18. (29) Griffiths and Kaye, 5, 104: 71; 23. (30) Hess, 112, 218: 183; 75. (*i) Hess, 510, 21: 96; 08. Diss., Marburg, 1906. ( 3 2 ) Hevesy, 96, 10: 84; 22. (33) Jaeger, 149, 22: 240; 06. 64V, 14: 779; 06. 15: 27; 06. ( 3 ^) Jannettaz, 6, 29: 5; 73. 34, 75: 940, 1082, 1501; 72. 78:413, 1202; 74. 81: 1254; 75. 95: 996; 82. (35) Jannettaz, 94, 3: 637; 79. 34, 114: 1352; 92. Bull. soc. géol. France, 9: 196; 81. (36)

Kaye and Roberts, 5, 104: 98; 23. (37) Koenigsberger, 26, 14: 9; 12. ( 3 ») Koenigsberger and Weiss, 8, 35: 1; 11. ( 39 ) Lamé, Analy. Théorie de la Chaleur. Paris, 1861. (40) von Lang, 75, 1866 H: 163. 8, 135: 29; 68. ( 41 ) von Lang, 75, 108 Ila: 557; 99. 94, 35: 208; 01. (*2) Lees, 62, 183: 481; 92. <*3) Lodge, 3, 5: 110; 78. (44) Lownds, 3, 5: 141; 03. (45) Martin, 2, 26: 475; 25. (46) Matteucci, 6, 43: 467; 55. (47) Mayer, 3, 44: 257; 72. (48) Minnigerode, Diss., Göttingen, 1862. (49) Minnigerode, 190, 1888 I: 1. (50) Morin, 34, 66: 1332; 68. (51) Moutiet, Bull. Soc. Philomath., 8: 134; 84. ( 5 2 ) Muller, Diss., Jena, 1913. (53) Nannei, 59, 20: 185; 20. (54) pape, 8, 1: 126; 77. 94, 1: 507; 77. ( 5 S) Perrot, 34, 136: 1246; 03. 149, 18: 445; 04. (56) Pf a ff, 8, 113: 647; 61. (57) Rebenstorff, 010, 9: 229; 96. (58) Richarz, Naturw. Rundschau, 17: 478; 02. (59) Röntgen, 8, 151: 603; 74. £4, 3:17; 79. (60) Schott, 26,18: 27; 16. (6l ) de Senarmont, 6, 21: 457; 47. 22:179; 48. 23 : 257; 48. 34, 25: 459, 707, 829; 47. 8, 73: 191; 48. 74: 190; 48. 75:50, 482; 48. 76: 119; 49. 80: 175; 50. ( 6 2 ) Sieg, 2, 6: 213; 15. (6 3 ) Soret, 34, 114: 535; 92. 149, 27: 373; 92. (64) Soret, 149, 29: 322, 355; 93. 32: 631; 94. (65) Starkl, 94, 20: 216; 92. (66) Stenger, 8, 22: 522; 84. (67) Stokes, Cambridge and Dublin Math. Jour., 6: 215; 51. Collected Works, HI: 203. 1901. (.««) Straneo, 22, 6 H: 299; 97. 69, 7: 333; 98. (69) Thompson and Lodge, S, 8: 18; 79. (70) Tuchschmidt, Diss., Zürich, 1883. 427, 8: 490; 84. (7l) Tyndall, Athenaeum, 1855: 1157. (7 2 ) Voigt, 188, 1896: 207. 8, 60: 350; 97. (73) Voigt, 5, 64: 95; 98. (74) Voigt, 51, 7: 85; 98. (75) Voigt, 188, 1903: 87. 427, 59 II: 585; 03. (76) Weber, Bull. soc. sei. not. Neuchâtel, 23: 17; 95. 149, 33: 590; 95. (77) Weinhold, 511, 18: 62; 87.

FREE AND FORCED CONVECTION OF HEAT FROM BODIES OF SIMPLE SHAPE IN GASES AND LIQUIDS CHESTEE W. RICE The data are here correlated on the film theory which assumes that the hot body is surrounded by a stationary film of fluid through which the heat is carried entirely by conduction. By this approximation the convection loss from bodies of simple geometric form, under widely different fluid conditions, can be computed by means of a few convenient equations. Such a correlation seems more needed at the present time than a plurality of complex equations giving a more exact representation of specific experimental conditions. When the effects of such specific conditions need to be considered, the original sources should be consulted. For the method of correlation and summaries of the data used, see ( 100 > 101> 102). The constants there given for the forced convection from cylinders, rough pipes, and large plane surfaces have here been revised to include the more recent data ( 29 > 34 > 61). The results obtained for a particular object under given flow conditions can be strictly applied only to a geometrically similar object under geometrically similar flow conditions. The importance of this limitation is well illustrated by the wide divergence found between the results of different investigators, which is mainly due to a lack of complete geometric similarity between the systems tested, rather than to errors of measurement. The loss by free convection is the amount of heat, other than that lost by radiation, which leaves a hot body at rest in a large expanse of unstirred fluid. The loss by forced convection is the heat carried away by a stream of fluid flowing over the hot body. Only those cases of forced convection will be considered in which the velocity of the stream is large as compared with that of the natural free convection currents, so that the free convection loss may be neglected. Heat transfers which are accompanied by a change of state (as between condensing vapors and evaporating liquids) are not considered. Symbols After certain definitions are symbols in [ ]; these indicate in each case the relation of the unit of the quantity defined to the fundamental units, as explained in the next section. A Area of the surface from which the convective loss is W.; [P]. a, b Experimental exponents depending upon the geometrical shape of the hot body and the type of convection. B Effective thickness of the film of stationary fluid which surrounds the hot body; [Z]. C A coefficient, not dimensionless, used in approximate equations for convection from large bodies in air. Cp Specific heat of the fluid at constant pressure; [hm~l X
m P R

t v

The unit of mass. Pressure of the gas. Mechanical resistance to the flow of the fluid through the pipe; = retarding force per unit of area of the pipe; [mZ-^r2]. Absolute temperature of the fluid, ambient fluid, and hot body, respectively; [O]. Average film temperature, Ta = (Ti + T2)/2; [0]. Geometric mean film temperature, Tm — -\/TiT2; [B]. Excess in temperature of the hot surface above that of ambient fluid, AT7 = T2 - Ti', [0]. Unit of time. Mean velocity of fluid relative to the hot body;

Wc

Total convective loss from area A per unit of time;

T9 Ti9 TZ T0 Tm AT

[Zr1I.

[AT1].

a.

Fractional change in density of the fluid per unit change in temperature; [0"1J. (For a perfect gas, <* = MT3 Per 0C.) ß, y, dj c Exponents used in approximate equation for convection from large bodies in air. 0 The unit of temperature difference. (j, Viscosity of the fluid; [ml~H~*\. P Density of the fluid; [raZ~3]. & =J T j kdT = A)6AT7, where ke may be called the effective average conductivity of the fluid between the temperatures Ti and T2. Units For any of the equations in this report the units of temperature [0], of heat [A], of length [Z], of mass [m] and of time [t] may be chosen as convenient, unless the contrary is definitely stated or definite units are named, but a choice once made should be consistently adhered to for all the quantities involved in the equation under consideration. The unit of each of the other quantities is built up of those named, as indicated in the list of symbols, each symbol in [ ] being replaced by the name of its chosen unit, as in the following examples. Under these conditions the numerical values of dimensionless quantities, such as Fi9 F2, F3, K, and K81 are independent of the particular choice of units for 0, A, Z, m and t. For example, if the units chosen are 0 = I0C, h = 1 joule, Z = 1 cm, m = l g, and t = 1 sec, then the unit of k[ht~H~lB~l]9 is 1 joule cm"1 sec"1 (0C)-1 = 1 watt cm.-1 (0C)"1, that of cp [hnrle-*\, is 1 joule g-1 (0C)-1, of E[ml-H-^]9 is l g cm"1 sec"2 = 1 dyne cm-2, etc.; if the chosen units are 0 = I0F, h = 1 BTU, Z = 1 cm, m = l Ib., and t = 1 sec, the unit of k is 1 BTU cm"1 sec"1 (0F)-1, of Cp is 1 BTU Ib-1 (0F)-1, of A is 1 Ib. cm-1 sec~2, etc. The numerical values of Fi9 F2, F3, K and Kg are the same in each case. In all cases in which nothing is said regarding units, the following equations are, as they stand, equally valid whatever the choice of units for 0, h, m9 Z and t, provided the choice is consistently adhered to. In certain cases a departure from consistency is allowable, but no such departure should be made without due consideration. General Relations For both free and forced convection Wc = -^r

n 4-^2«/D^

for cylinders and tubes, and W0 =g(l + -frj&v for spheres; D is the diameter of cylinder, tube, or sphere.

If D is great as com-

pared with the film thickness B (say, D > 1OB), each expression reduces to Wc = (AA
TABLE 1.—FREE CONVECTION If D/B is great, Wc = A(A
the

Values

Of

1OO [W c (observed)

— TFc(calculated)]/TFc(calcuiated).

The serial number N serves to indicate corresponding items in the two sections of the table.

N 1 2 3 4 5

Type of surface Cylinder, Cylinder, Cylinder, Sphered Ribbon, ticali

D

horizontal f horizontalj vertical § horizontal, plane

Gases and .„, ,. ., Gases* liquids K I a I b I K0 I b

Diameter Diameter § Diameter

2.6 0.25 0.54 2.1 0.25 0.50 2.27 0.50 8.70.66 2.0 0.50

Breadth**

1.460.50

ver-

N 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Type of surface

D

Q | g |

^ ^

^

Cylinder, horizontalt Diameter Cylinder, horizontal^ Diameter 7.9 0.50 1.25 0.25 0.123 Cylinder, vertical § § 17 0.661.330 0.415 Sphere)) Diameter 8.80.501.250.250.123 Ribbon, horizontal, plane vertical^f Breadth** 12 0.501.250.250.123 Large plane, vertical t Î tt 2.00.501.250 O Large plane, horizontal, face up f t tt 2.60.50 1.25 O O Large plane, horizontal, face down§§§ tt 1.30.501.250 O TransferbetweenverticalplanesJlHH tt 1.20 1.250 O

N I Type of surface 1,2 Small wires Small wires, large AT, Small wires

]

Fluid 1 P I Air 0.5 to 2.25 Air, H2, Hg 1 vapor Air, H2, COa 1 to 150

-

% I Lit. 5 ( 46 ) 5 ( 51 )

+ 10 ( 86 t 87)

Small wires in liquids ÎÎ Wire Large cylinders See also ( 4 > 5> 6>

3 4

6

15

C6H7N, CCl4, C3H8O3, C7Hs Air Air

± 5 (26) 1 +10 ( 2 ) 0.1 to 1 - 5 (l°°)

> 39, 54, 65, 70, 83, 88, 124)

Large vertical cylinder§§ Air 1 ± 5 ( 3S ) See also (Si, 72) Spheres, D = 15, 20, 30 cm.... Air 1 -10 ( 83 ) Sphere, D = 4 cm Air 1 +13( 6 *) See also ( 4 > 22 » 32 ); data of ( 2 2 ) are very discordant; probably the thick coat of lampblack on the small sphere introduced an error. Disks, D = diameter = 19.1 cmIl U Air 1 -30 (53) Vertical planelflf Air 1 +15 ( 35 > Vertical plate*** Air 1 -10 (3i> Vertical piatettt Air 1 +10 («?> Vertical cylindçrsîîî Air 1 + 8 ( 35 > See also ( 4 > ««)

* Approximately ideal gases, such as air. t Good data covering wide experimental range, gases and liquids; 0.0003 ^ F2 < 50. J This is a convenient approximation. § Only observations available are for one cylinder (D = 17.43 cm) in air. As 6 is essentially %, DFÖ2 is essentially independent of D, and for computational purposes D may be given any finite value, conveniently unity. Il Data are very scanty and for air only. If Rough approximation based on an average of all available data for vertical plane surfaces. ** Vertical breadth. 11 Rough approximation for surfaces at least 100 cm by 100 cm and for T0 equivalent to 750C ± 5O0C. For the sake of obtaining an expression which is convenient for calculation, dimensional requirements have been violated. As S = O, D does not enter into the expression for Wc. ÎÎ CeH 7 N = aniline, CsH8Os = glycerol, C7H8 = toluene. §§ D = 17.43 cm.; height of cylinder = 28.8 cm. U I I Polished silver and calorized copper; vertical, face up, and face down. 1Tl Polished aluminum, 127 cm by 127 cm. *** Lampblack covered steel plate 24.4 cm high and 38.1 cm long. t t t Lampblack covered steel plate 80 cm high and 33.2 cm long. JÎÎ Lampblack covered; D = 17.43 cm, heights = 4.65, 8.0, 15.2 and 28.8 cm (cf. N = 3). §§§ No downward projecting edge. Derived from ratio to vertical surfaces ( 53 ). HIHI Transfer between two planes x cm apart (1.27 ^= x ^ 5.08) in air at atmospheric pressure. For this range in x, Wc is independent of x and of division into cells by horizontal partitions. Based entirely on (3S).

TABLE 2.—FORCED CONVECTION If D/B is great, TF0 = A(A
TABLE 2.—(Continued) are

the

Values

Of

100[TFc(ob8erved) ~

LITERATURE

Wc(calculated)]/We(calculated).

The serial number N serves to indicate corresponding items in the two sections of the table. N

Type of surface

Gases and ., r liquids K I a I o I 2 . 8 0 . 4 0.57

D

1

Cylinder, horizontal, flow trans- Diameter versef 2 Cylinder, horizontal, flow transversej Diameter 3 Pipe, smooth; approximate § Diameter 60 4 Pipe, rough; approximateIl 1 220 5 Large plane, smooth; approximate** U 220 6 Large plane, rough; approximate** f 150 7 Large plane, very rough^ffl ; approximate** IT UO Typeoisuriace

f

D

~ Gases* K0 I 6 3.150.57

0.500.83 70 0.501.0 255

0.83 1.0

0.501.0 255

1.0

0.501.0 175

1.0

0.501.0 128

1.0

e \ 07 a I e

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Cylinder, horizontal, flow transverse t-. . Diameter 9 . 7 0 . 5 7 0 . 4 3 0 . 2 4 6 Cylinder, horizontal, flow transverset. . Diameter 8.5 0.50 0.50 0.123 Pipe, smooth; approximate! Diameter 9.7 0.83 0.17 0.71 Pipe, rough ; approximate || If 19 1 . 0 0 1.0 Large plane, smooth; approximate**... . 1" 19 1.0 O 1.0 Large plane, rough; approximate** i[ 28 1.0 O 1.0 Large plane, very rough^; approximate** Tf 38 1.0 O 1.0

N

I

1,2

3

4

Type of surface

|

Fluid

|

P

\ %\

Lit.

Small wires 11 Air 1 - 5 ( 47 ) Small wires Air 1 - 5 (46, S 2 ) Small wires Air 0.5 to 4 + 5 ( 45 ) Small wires Water; oils ± 10 (29) Large cylinders Air 1 —15 ( 40 ) Large cylinders Air 1 ±10 ( 34 ) See also («» 41 » 69, ^*, U9, 120, 124, 125) Brass tubes Water -10 (l 12) Brass tubes Air 1 +20(81) Copper tubes Water +10 (H4, ns) ; cf. ( 1 ^) Copper tubes Water - 15 (l13) 42 Copper tubes Air 1 +10 ( ) Steel tube Water ± 30 (21) -10(62) Tubes Water; oils Tubes (summary) Water - 10 ( 63 ) Brass tube Gases 1.5 to 16 ± 5 (73, 74) Seealso ( 7 > 33> 36> 37 > 43 > 44 > 58 > 60 » 68 > 71 » 94 > 103 > 104 > 109 > 117 > 121 » I23 ) Rough tube ÎÎ Water ± 10 ( 114 » 11 S); Cf. ("2)

Tubes and ducts §§ Air 1 ±10(61) See also (60, IQQ) * Approximately ideal gases, such as air. t Good data covering wide experimental range in gases and liquids; 0.00002 ^ F3 < 3.0. J Convenient approximation for large cylinders. § For very turbulent flow. More accurate results for gases and liquids are given by the equation TT0 = 0.0009/^'6APvcP(A!T)[I + 84.8/^J'35], which for ideal gases becomes W6 = 0.00105^p0cp(AT)[I +84.8Fs'35]; choice of units as for the equations involving K and Kg. For air only, TF0 = [0.000375APv(AT)/T0] [1 + 1.35!To'614/CPZ>0)0-36]; units as for the equation in C. All these equations assume that the pipe is smooth. Il Roughness of medium sand; approximation suitable for engineering work. If In this case 6 = 1, hence, as Fa = n/p Dv, DF^ is independent of D, and for the computations for the equations in K and K0, D may be given any finite value, most conveniently unity. Also, as 5 = O, the value of D is not involved in these special equations for air. ** Based on average results; convenient approximation for engineering work when flow is parallel to surface and the velocity is high. 11 Data for v < 100 cm/sec have not been used. tî Crossed threads approximately 0.025 cm deep. §§ Ducts were built up of laminated iron.

U Roughness of coarse sand.

(For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) O) Aichi, »19, 2: 140; 20. ( 2 ) Ayrton and Kilgour, 62, 183: 371; 92. ( 3 ) Badger, Heat Transfer and Evaporation. New York, Chem. Cat. Co., 1926. (*) Barrati and Scott, 67, 32: 361; 20. (5) Barrus, 438, 23: 791; 02. («) van Bijlevelt, Diss., Dresden, 1915. ( 7 ) Blake and Peters, 45, 16: 845; 24. ( 8 ) Blasius, Z. f. Math. u. Physik, 56: 1; 08. (9) Boussinesq, 34, 132: 1382; 01. ( 10 ) Boussinesq, 34, 133: 257; 01. (11) Boussinesq, Théorie analytique de la chaleur, H. Paris, Gauthier-Villars, 1903. ( 12 ) Boussinesq, 34, 138: 1134, 1189; 04. O 3 ) Boussinesq, 34, 140: 15, 65; 05. ( 14 ) Boussinesq, 408, 1: 285; 05. (15) Brill, 438, 16: 827; 95. ( 16 ) Cardani, 59, 27: 245; 90. ( 17 ) Cardani, 69, 28: 10; 90. ( 18 ) Cardani, 59, 30: 33; 91. ( 19 ) Carpenter, Heating and Ventilation of Buildings. New York, Wiley, 1903. (20) Carrier and Busey, 438, 33: 1613; 11. (2l) Clement and Garland, 86, No. 40: 09. (22) Compan, 6, 26: 488; 02. (2 3 ) Davis, 3, 40: 692; 20. (2 4 ) Davis, 3, 41: 899; 21. (25) Davis, 3, 43: 329; 22. (26) Davis, 3, 44: 920; 22. (2 7 ) Davis,3, 44: 940; 22. (28) Davis, 3, 47:972; 24. (29) Davis, 3, 47: 1057; 24. ( 30 ) Desains and La Provostaye, 6, 16: 337; 46. (31) Doherty and Carter, 129, 43: 824; 24. ( 3 2) Dulong and Petit, 6, 7: 225, 337; 1817. ( 33 ) Fry, 438, 39: 709; 17. ( 34 ) Gibson, 3, 47: 324; 24. ( 3 S) Grifîiths and Davis, B84. ( 36 ) Gröber, 380, 43: 301; 20. Die Grundgesetze der Wärmeleitung und des Wärmeüberganges. Berlin, Springer, 1921. ( 37 ) Gröber, Einführung in die Lehre von der Wärmeübertragung. Berlin, Springer, 1926. (38) Gündel, 8, 78: 697; 26. ( 39 ) Heilman, 45, 16: 451; 24. ( 4 <>) Hughes, 3, Sl: 118; 16. ( 41 ) Jakemann, in B83. («) Jordan, 403, 4: 1317; 09. ( 43 ) Josse, .^5, 86: 802; 08. ( 44 ) Karman, 513, l : 233; 21. ( 45 ) Kennelly and Sanborn, 241, 53: 55; 14. ( 46 ) Kennelly, Wright and van Bijlevelt, 129, 28: 363; 09. ( 47 ) King, 618, 214: 373; 14. ( 48 ) Kreisinger and Barkley, 30, No. 114: 15. ( 49 ) Kreisinger and Ray, 29, No. 18: 12. (SO) Lanchester, 299, No. 94: 40; 13. (51) Langmuir, 2, 34: 401; 12. (52) Langmuir, 129, 31: 1229; 12. (SS) Langmuir, 78, 23: 299; 13. ( 54 ) Langmuir and Mackay, l, 36: 1708; 14. (55) Latzko, 513, l : 268; 21. (56) Lees, 5, 91: 46; 15. (57) Leprince-Riguet, 34, 152: 436; 11. ( 58 ) Loeb, 306, 27: 255; 15. (59) Lorenz, 8, 13: 582; 81. (60) Luke, 129, 42: 636; 23. (61) Luke, 39, 45: 1070; 26. ( 62 ) McAdams and Frost, 45, 14: 1101; 22. (6S) McAdams and Frost, 382, 10: 323; 24. (64) McFarlane, 5, 20: 90; 72. (65) McMillan, 438, 37: 921; 15. (««) Montsinger, 129, 35: 599; 16. ( 67 ) Montsinger and Cooney, 129, 43: 814; 24. (68) Morley, 355, 137: 596; 24. (69) Morris, 115, 96: 178; 13. (70) Nelson, 2, 23: 94; 24. ( 71 ) Nicholson, in B83. (72) Norton, 438, 19: 729; 98. (7S) Nusselt, 98, 53:1750; 09. (7 4 ) Nusselt, 98, 53: 1808; 09. (75) Nusselt, 98, 54: 1154; 10. (76) Nusselt, 98, 60: 541, 569; 16. (77) Nusselt, 98, 61: 685; 17. (78) Nusselt, Festschrift techn. Hochschule, Karlsruhe, 1925. (79) Nusselt and Jürges, 380, 45: 641; 22. (80) Oberbeck, 8, 7: 271; 79. (81) Pannell, 299, No. 243 H: 22; 16. ( 82 > Parsons and Harper, 32, No. 211: 22. (83) Péclet, Traité de la chaleur considérée dans ses applications, III: 418. Paris, Massen, 1860. ( 84 ) Perrin, 106, 17: 3; 25. ( 8S ) Perry, The Steam Engine and Gas and Ou Engines, p. 588. London, Macmillan, 1909. (86) Petavel, 62, 191: 501; 98. (S7) Petavel, 62, 197: 229; 01. (88) Petavel, 133, 1912: 567. Trans. Manchester Assoc. Engineers, 1915: 33. Discussion by Lander, ibid., p. 120. (S9) Poensgen, 98, 60: 27, 47; 16. (90) Pohl, 125, 12: 361; 23. (91) Pohlhausen, 513, 1: 115; 21. (*2) Porter, 3, 39: 268; 95. ( 93 ) Pramanik, 512, 7: 115; 22. ( 94 ) Prandtl, 63, 11: 1072; 10. (95) Raleigh, 68, 32: 314; 85. (96) Raleigh, 58, 95: 66; 15. (97) Raleigh, 299, No. 497: 15; 17. ( 98 ) Ray, 018, 6: 95; 21. (99) Reynolds, 398, 14: 7; 75. ( 1 OO) Rice, 129, 42: 653; 23. ( 1 Oi) Rice, 129, 43: 131; 24. O 0 2 ) Rice, 45, 16: 460; 24. ( 103 ) Richter, 33, 22: 551; 20. ( 104 ) Royds, B83. ( 1 OS) Russell, 3, 20: 591; 10. ( 1 Oe) Schack, 98, 67: 807; 23. O 0 7 ) Schack, Ver. deut. Eisenhüttenleute, Mitteilungen d. Wärmestelle, No. 51: 23. (108) Schack, 513, 4: 249; 24. 009) Schemkel, 63, 27: 332; 26. ( 1 IO) Seeliger, 63, 26: 282; 25. O 11 ) Ser, Traité de Physique Industrielle, I i 142. Paris, Masson, 1887. (112) Soenneken, Diss., K. Techn. Hochschule. München, 1910. (113) Stanton, 62, 190: 67; 97. ( 114 ) Stanton, 299, No, 243 I: 16, 17. ( 11 S) Stanton and Marshall, 299, 243 HI: 31; 17. (116) Taylor, 299, No. 272: 423; 16. ( 117 ) Taylor, 438, 42: 233; 21. (118) Thomas, 3, 39: 505; 20. (119) Thomas, 67, 33: 149; 21. (i2O) Thomas, 3, 43: 277; 22. ( 12 I) Walker, Lewis and McAdams, Principles of Chem. Eng. New York, McGraw, 1923. (122) Weber, 8, 54: 325, 437; 17. (123) Webster, Trans. Inst. Eng. Shipbds. Scotland, 57: 58; 13. ( 124 ) Wood, 189, 43: 1258; 24. O 2 5 ) Worthington and Malone, 143, 184: 115; 17.

RADIOMETRY (HEAT AND LIGHT) COMPLETE INDEX Radiation constants of perfect radiator. Radiation by a perfect radiator.

INDEX COMPLET Constantes de radiation du corps noir. Radiation par le corps noir.

Emissivity of selected stances and surfaces.

sub-

Pouvoir émissif de substances et de surfaces choisies.

Characteristics of selected sources. Metals: Optical properties.

Caractéristiques de sources choisies. Métaux: Propriétés optiques.

Non-metals : Reflectivity: Specular and diffuse. Transmission, absorption, scattering: Total.

Non-métaux. Reflexion: Spéculaire et diffuse. Transmission, absorption, dispersion: Total.

Spectral absorption : Pure inorganic substances, air, miscellaneous. Pure organic substances and solutions. Radiation filters. Photometric filters. Mechanical equivalent of heat.

Absorption spectrale: Substances inorganiques pures, air, divers. Substances organiques pures et solutions. Filtres de radiation. Filtres photométriques. Équivalent dynamique de la chaleur. Équivalent mécanique de la lumière.

Mechanical equivalent of light.

GESAMT INDEX VERZEICHNIS Strahlungskonstanten eines perfekten Strahlers. Strahlung von einem perfekten Strahler. Emission besonderer Stoffe und Oberflächen. Charakteristik besonderer Strahlungsquellen. Metalle : Optische Eigenschaften. Nichtmetalle : Reflexion : An polierten Oberflächen und zerstreute. Umwandlung, Absorption, Streuung: Total. Spektrale Absorption. Reine anorganische Stoffe, Luft, verschiedenes. Reine organische Stoffe und Lösungen. Strahlungsfilter. Photometrische Filter. Arbeitsäquivalent der Wärme. Das mechanische Lichtsäquivalent.

INDICE COMPLETO PAGE Costanti d'irradiazione di un radiatore perfetto . . . . 237 Irradiazione di un radiatore perfetto 238 Potere emissivo di alcune sostanze e di alcune superfici 242 Caratteristiche di alcune sorgenti 245 Metalli: Proprietà ottiche. 248 Non metalli: Potere riflettente : Speculare e diffuso Trasmissione, assorbimento, diffusione : Totale Spettri d'assorbimento: Sostanze inorganiche pure, aria, varie Sostanze organiche pure e soluzioni Filtri di radiazione Filtri fotometrici Equivalente dinamico del calore Equivalente meccanico della luce

256 264 268 326 271 435 78 436

RADIATION CONSTANTS W. W. COBLENTZ For a perfect (black-body) radiator, the total hemispherical radiation (over all wave-lengths) at the absolute temperature T is J = o-T*; a- is known as the Stefan-Boltzmann constant of total radiation. The hemispherical radiation included in the spectral region (X - J£dX) to (X + J£dX) is JxdX = C1X-5 [ec*/*T - I]-^X; Ci and C2 are known, respectively, as the first and the second radiation constants, and J\ as the monochromatic intensity of the hemispherical radiation. At each temperature T1 there is a wavelength Xm at which J\ is a maximum; w( — XTOT) is independent of T, and is known as Wien's displacement constant; Cz = aw, where a = 4.9651 is a pure numeric. STEFAN-BOLTZMANN CONSTANT (a) OF TOTAL RADIATION J= o-T4; (T0 = observed, or reported value;
| Year | «TO |
I

Method Bolometer Thermometer Thermopile Pyrheliometer Gas-conduction Bolometer Thermometer Pyrometer*

Emissivity t Pyrheliometer t Bolometer Thermometer Emissivityf Thermometer Pyrheliometert

"

Observer I Year |
WIEN's DISPLACEMENT CONSTANT (w) AND THE CONSTANT (C^) OF SPECTRAL RADIATION /x = CiX-5 [eCt/XT - l]-i; w = XWT; W0 = observed (recorded) value; wc = value after correction for reflection, etc.; C'z = 4.965Iw and values derived from isochromatics; Cz = probable value f 14 200 Ì after corrections have been applied. Note: < . ßm > denote I

iTC UUU J

14 200 to 14 600. Unit of w and of C2 = 10~4 cm, 0K = l/i, 0K. Observer Paschen (*5)

| Year | W0 \ 1899 2 891 2 2 907 2 1900 2 921 2

wc | 891 907* 894

Lummer and Pringsheim ( 14 ). 1900 2 8 7 9 2 8 7 9 2 8762 876 2 9402 882 Warburg, et al. (21-26) ion 1912 1912

C^

| Cz 14 360

14290 14 310 f i4 200 l 1 14 600 i f 14 3001 \ 14 400 J 14 360

|

Remarks Fluorite prism T is questioned

Fluorite prism* f 14 300 Fluorite prism Fluorite prism Quartz prism

WIEN'S DISPLACEMENT CONSTANT (w) AND THE CONSTANT (C^) OF SPECTRAL RADIATION. — (Continued) Observer | Year \ W0 \ we Warburg, et al. — 1913 2 894 (Cont'd) 1915 1915 Coblentz (4. 5) . . 1913 2911 1916 2 894 1920 R u b e n s and 1921 Michel (17) .... Average value. . .

\

f \ f \

2 885

C'2 \ Cz i Remarks 14 370 Quartz prism 14 25OJ 14 300 1 14300 Quartz prism f 14 400 J 14456 Fluorite prism 14 369 Revised § 14 311 1 14 318 Zero correction]] 14 326 J 14 300 14 30Of 14 320

* Temperature scale is questioned, t Calibration of prism is questioned. Î Temperature deduced from Stefan-Boltzmann law. § Calibration of prism revised and preceding data recomputed. (I Correction for zero setting of bolometer. f Adopted in testing Planck's equation.

LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) (i) Bauer, 404, 1913 : 45. (2) Bauer and Moulin, 34, 149 : 988; 09. 150 : 167; 10. 250, 1910: 58. (3) Coblentz, SlA, 12: 553; 16. Coblentz and Emeron, SlA, 12: 503; 16. ( 4 ) Coblentz, SlA, 15: 529; 20. ( 5 ) Coblentz, 31 A, 10:1; 13. 13: 459; 16. 17: 39; 20. («) Féry , 34, 148: 915; 09. ( 7 ) Féry and Drecq, 61, 1: 551; 11. 34, 155: 1239; 12. («) Gerlach, 8, 38: 1; 12. 50: 259; 16. 96, 2: 76; 20. (») Hoffman, 96, 14: 301; 23. (10) Kahanowicz, 59, 13: 142; 17. 22, 28: 73; 19. (U) Keene, 5, 88: 49; 13. '181, 70: 541; 12. (i*) Kurlbaum, 8, 65: 746; 98. 88, 14: 576; 12. (™) Kussmann, 96, 25: 58; 24. (* 4 ) Lummer and Pringsheim, 88, 1: 23, 215; 99. 8, 3: 159; 00. O 5) Paschen, 76, 21: 405, 959; 99. 8, 4: 277; 01. (16) Puccianti, 59, 4: 322; 12. (17) Rubens and Michel, 444, 38: 590; 21. (i») Shakespear, 5, 86: 180; 12. (i») Todd, 5, 83: 19; 09. (20) Valentiner, 8, 31: 275; 10. 39: 489; 12. Kurlbaum and Valentiner, 5, 41: 1059; 13. (21) Wachsmuth and Vierheller, 96, 2: 36; 21. (22) Warburg, 88, 18: 1; 16. (23) Warburg, Hupka and Müller, £43, 32: 134: 12. 34: 125; 14. ( 24 ) Warburg, 76, 1910: 925. Warburg and Leithäuser, 243, 30: 118; 10. 31: 124; 11. (25) Warburg, Leithäuser, Hupka and Müller, 76, 1: 35; 13. 8, 40: 609; 13. ( 26 ) Warburg and Müller, 243, 35: 98; 15. 8, 48: 410; 15. (27) Westphal, 88, 14: 987; 12. 15: 897; 13.

RADIATION FROM A PERFECT (BLACK-BODY) RADIATOR F. E. FOWLE The following tables, giving the hemispherical radiation (J) and the monochromatic intensity (/\) of the hemispherical radiation of a perfect radiator, have been computed from the values of Ci ( =3.703 X IO"5 erg cm"2 sec"1), C 2 ( = 1.433 cm, 0K), and
T

\ 0.1 3.1 13.1 23.1 33.1 43.1 53.1 63.1 73.1 83.1

A \ n \ \ t \ 5.71 9 i -180 5.272 3 -170 1.681 O -160 1.626 1 -150 6.852 1 -140 1.970 2 -130 4.539 2 -120 9.050 2 -110 1.630 3 -100 2.722 3 - 90

T \ 93.1 103.1 113.1 123.1 133.1 143.1 153.1 163.1 173.1 183.1

A \ 4.289 6.451 9.342 1.311 1.792 2.394 3.137 4.040 5.126 6.417

n 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4

I 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 8 6 4 2 O + 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 t -

T I A I 193.1 7.937 203.1 9.714 213.1 1.177 223.1 1.414 233.1 1.686 243.1 1.994 253.1 2.343 263.1 2.735 265.1 2.820 267.1 2.906 269.1 2.993 271.1 3.084 273.1 3.176 275.1 3.270 277.1 3.366 279.1 3.464 281.1 3.565 283.1 3.668 285.1 3.772 287.1 3.879 289.1 3.988 291.1 4.100 293.1 4.213 295.1 4.330 297.1 4.448 299.1 4.569 301.1 4.692 303.1 4.818 305.1 4.947 307.1 5.078 309.1 5.211 311.1 5.348 313.1 5.486 315.1 5.628 317.1 5.772

n H t I T I A I n 4 I 46 319.1 5.918 5 4 48 321.1 6.070 5 5 50 323.1 6.221 5 5 52 325.1 6.377 5 5 54 327.1 6.535 5 5 56 329.1 6.697 5 5 58 331.1 6.862 5 5 60 333.1 7.029 5 5 70 343.1 7.912 5 5 80 353.1 8.875 5 5 90 363.1 9.923 5 5 100 373.1 1.106 6 5 200 473.1 2.860 6 5 300 573.1 6.158 6 5 400 673.1 1.172 7 5 500 773.1 2.039 7 5 600 873.1 3.318 7 5 700 973.1 5.119 7 5 800 1073.1 7.570 7 5 900 1173.1 1.081 8 5 1 000 1273.1 1.500 8 5 1 500 1773.1 5.643 8 5 2 000 2273.1 1.524 9 5 3 000 3273.1 6.552 9 5 4000 4273.1 1.903 10 5 5 000 5273.1 4.414 10 5 6 000 6273.1 8.841 10 5 7 000 7273.1 1.598 11 5 8000 8273.1 2.674 11 5 9000 9273.1 4.221 11 5 10 000 10273.1 6.358 11 5 1500015273.1 3.106 12 5 2000020273.1 9.644 12 5 25 000 25273.1 2.329 13 5

TABLE 2.—MONOCHROMATIC INTENSITY (Jx) OF HEMISPHERICAL RADIATION OF PERFECT (BLACK-BODY) RADIATOR J\ = Ci X~8[e^2/xr — I]"1, T — absolute temperature, X = wave-length of the radiation. Total hemispherical radiation in range X20

/

J\dX. If Ci = 3.703 X 10~5 erg cm2 sec"1, C2 = 1.433 cm, 0K and unit of dX = 1 cm, then Jx = A X 10" erg Cm-3SeC-1,

where A and n have the values tabulated below. 1 erg Cm-3SeC-1 = 2.389 X 10~8 calis Cm-3SeC-1 = 6.118 X 10-10BTU60 m.^sec"1 X (dX)^n, where (dX)cm indicates that unit of dX = 1 cm. For each T the maximum value of J\ is printed in bold face. In column X, unit of X = Iju = 1O4A = IO"4 cm; T — absolute temperature, 0K. T I 25 I 50 I 75 I 100 I 125 | 150 | 175 | 200 | 225 | 250 X \ A \ n \ A \ n A \ n \ A \ n \ A \ n \ A \ n \ A \ n \ A \ n \ A \ n \ A \ n 1.0 3.7 234 1.3 IÜ9 4.1 68 2.2 47 6.0 35 1.2 26 1.0 20 2.8 16 8.1 13 4.7 W 1.5 4.9 152 4.9 69 2.3 41 1.6 27 3.1 19 1.1 13 1.0 9 8.8 7 1.8 4 1.23 2 2.0 3.9 111 6.8 49 3.8 28 8.8 18 1.5 11 2.1 7 1.9 4 3.2 2 1.72 O 4.2 1 2.5 9.9 87 6.4 37 2.4 20 4.8 12 4.6 7 9.6 4 2.27 1 1.36 1 3.26 2 4.2 3 3.0 1.6 70 5.0 29 3.3 15 2.7 8 3.8 4 2.26 1 2.12 1 6.5 2 9.2 3 7.7 4 3.5 5.1 59 1.9 23 1.4 ÏÏ 1.17 5 4.2 2 9.8 O 4.8 2 9.1 3 8.8 4 5.4 5

4 5 6 7 8 9 10 12 14 16 18 20 25 30 40 50 75 100 T X 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5

2.1 1.9 1.6 6.1 8.6 1.4

50 38 30 25 21 17

2.8 1.5 8.6 3.7 3.1 9.3

4.7 15 1.32 2.7 11 6.3 1.1 8 8.9 9.8 7 5.9 2.90 5 2.39 4.14 4 6.9

19 13 10 7 5 4

6.5 3.0 7.1 3.1 4.8 3.8

9 5 3 1 O 1

1.00 4.2 2.03 2.84 1.88 7.6

3 Ï 1 2 3 3

1.29 1.30 2.40 1.70 6.76 1.84

O 2 3 4 4 5

1.54 5.9 5.8 2.60 7.4 1.55

2 3 4 5 5 6

4.6 9.1 5.62 1.83 4.05 7.02

3 4 5 6 6 6

6.0 7.1 3.11 7.87 1.46 2.19

4 5 6 6 7 7

4.40 3.47 1.18 2.46 3.95 5.30

5 6 7 7 7 7

2.16 1.25 3.38 6.13 8.75 1.08

6 7 7 7 7 8

2 1 O 1 2 2

1.87 1.81 8.1 2.30 4.84 8.2

2 3 3 4 4 4

2.21 9.7 2.46 4.56 6.84 8.95

4 4 5 5 5 5

3.89 1.06 1.92 2.73 3.36 3.76

5 6 6 6 6 6

2.63 5.20 7.50 9.02 9.76 9.83

6 6 6 6 6 6

1.03 1.62 1.99 2.13 2.10 1.96

7 7 7 7 7 7

2.87 3.81 4.15 4.06 3.73 3.31

7 7 7 7 7 7

6.36 7.42 7.36 6.72 5.87 5.00

7 7 7 7 7 7

1.204 1.264 1.167 1.011 8.47 6.99

8 8 8 8 7 7

4.18 2 4.00 3 7.68 Ï 1.08 4 2.16 1 2.80 4 1.25 2 3.85 4 7.5 2 3.50 4 1.20 3 |2.24 4 I 273 I 275 \ A \ n \ A \ n 5.9 8 8.8 8 3.1 l 4.0 l 4.6 2 5.6 2 2.88 4 3.37 4 3.84 5 4.36 5 2.16 6 2.41 6

1.82 5 1.233 6 2.62 5 1.295 6 3.07 5 1.035 6 2.65 5 7.15 5 1.327 5 2.712 5 6.43 4 1.160 5 | 300 | 325 \ A \ n \ A \ n 6.7 6 2.6 4 7.2 O 8.4 l 4.9 3 3.10 4 1.91 5 8.3 5 1.86 6 6.3 6 8.3 6 2.38 7

3.91 6 3.41 6 2.18 6 1.331 6 4.33 5 1.725 5 | 350 \ A \ n 6.1 3 6.8 2 1.51 5 2.92 6 1.80 7 5.85 7

8.49 6 1.490 7 2.289 7 6.58 6 1.063 7 1.525 7 3.619 6 5.36 6 7.24 6 2.058 6 2.859 6 3.713 6 6.06 5 7.89 5 9.77 5 2.316 5 2.920 5 3.536 5 | 373 | 375 | 400 \ A \ n \ A \ n \ A \ n 7.6 2 9.4 2 1.03 Ï 3.7 3 4.2 3 2.08 4 5.3 5 5.8 5 1.93 6 8.0 6 8.8 6 2.27 7 4.16 7 4.56 7 9.94 7 1.20 8 1.27 8 2.52 8

3.22 7 2.071 7 9.24 6 4.60 6 1.167 6 4.158 5 | 500 \ A \ n 1.32 3 2.46 6 6.92 7 4.00 8 1.08 9 1.96 9

4.26 7 2.647 7 1.133 7 5.52 6 1.362 6 4.777 5 | 600 \ A \ n 1.58 5 5.94 7 7.55 8 2.69 9 5.32 9 7.68 9

4 5 6 7 8 9

7.2 3.26 7.56 1.22 1.60 1.84

6 7 7 8 8 8

7.9 3.54 8.05 1.29 1.68 1.92

6 7 7 8 8 8

2.36 8.4 1.66 2.40 2.89 3.12

7 7 8 8 8 8

5.90 1.75 3.07 4.06 4.59 4.71

7 8 8 8 8 8

1.30 3.30 5.19 6.37 6.81 6.70

8 8 8 8 8 8

2.44 5.45 7.90 9.15 9.36 8.90

8 8 8 8 8 8

2.57 5.68 8.18 9.42 9.61 9.11

8 8 8 8 8 8

4.66 9.17 1.218 1.327 1.298 1.194

8 8 9 9 9 9

2.80 3.85 4.04 3.73 3.23 2.710

9 9 9 9 9 9

9.25 1.006 9.07 7.51 6.01 4.75

& la 9 9& 9

10 12 14 16 18 20

1.96 1.90 1.660 1.381 1.122 9.04

8 8 8 8 8 7

2.03 1.96 1.706 1.414 1.147 9.24

8 8 8 8 8 7

3.14 2.83 2.35 1.880 1.484 1.158

8 8 8 8 8 8

4.56 3.87 3.08 2.40 1.851 1.434

8 8 8 8 8 8

6.28 5.07 3.90 2.96 2.246 1.716

8 8 8 8 8 8

8.12 6.32 4.73 3.52 2.632 1.986

8 8 8 8 8 8

8.30 6.43 4.81 3.53 2.664 2.011

8 8 8 8 8 8

1.060 7.92 5.78 4.22 3.103 2.317

9 8 8 8 8 8

2.236 1.489 1.020 7.07 5.01 3.627

9 9 9 8 8 8

3.71 2.36 1.530 1.024 7.076 5.032

9* & & 9 8 &

25 30 40 50 75 100

5.29 3.206 1.332 6.379 1.544 5.366

7 7 7 6 6 5

5.39 3.255 1.349 6.458 1.557 5.416

7 7 7 6 6 5

6.59 3.892 1.572 7.409 1.754 6.050

7 7 7 6 6 5

7.85 4.550 1.799 8.37 1.952 6.683

7 7 7 6 6 5

9.15 5.23 2.028 9.35 2.151 7.32

7 7 7 6 6 5

1.039 5.865 2.242 1.025 2.335 7.906

8 7 7 7 6 5

1.051 5.920 2.262 1.033 2.351 7.958

8 7 7 7 6 5

1.188 6.626 2.496 1.132 2.551 8.60

8 7 7 7 6 5

1.767 9.53 3.453 1.535 3.357 1.116

8 7 7 7 6 6

2.371 & 1.252 & 4.426 7 1.935 7 4.166 6 1.374 6

I

0.41 0.42 0.43 0.44 0.45

3.4 8.5 2.04 4.7 1.04

2 2 Ï Ï O

2.1 4.3 8.5 1.61 3.0

2 2 2 3 3

7.2 1.27 2.19 3.7 6.0

4 5 5 5 5

4.6 7.4 1.16 1.78 2.67

6 6 7 7 7

1.04 1.56 2.26 3.24 4.6

8 8 8 8 8

1.18 1.65 2.30 3.10 4.17

8.2 1.10 1.46 1.91 2.45

0.46 0.47 0.48 0.49 0.50

2.2 4.5 9.1 1.74 3.3

O O O 1 1

5.3 9.2 1.57 2.60 4.2

3 3 4 4 4

9.5 1.49 2.28 3.42 5.0

5 6 6 6 6

3.9 5.6 8.0 1.11 1.53

7 7 7 8 8

6.3 8.5 1.14 1.51 1.97

8 8 9 9 9

0.51 0.52 0.53 0.54 0.55

6.0 1.06 1.85 3.16 5.3

1 2 2 2 2

6.7 1.05 1.60 2.40 3.50

4 5 5 5 5

7.3 1.04 1.45 2.02 2.74

6 7 7 7 7

2.08 2.74 3.60 4.7 6.1

8 8 8 8 8

2.54 3.22 4.07 5.1 6.3

9 9 9 9 9

0.56 0.57 0.58 0.59 0.60

8.6 1.38 2.19 3.38 5.2

2 3 3 3 3

5.2 7.5 1.05 1.46 2.02

5 5 6 6 6

3.7 5.0 6.4 8.4 1.08

7 7 7 7 8

7.7 9.8 1.22 1.51 1.86

0.61 0.62 0.63 0.64 0.65

7.8 1.15 1.68 2.41 3.44

3 4 4 4 4

2.76 3.70 4.96 6.5 8.5

6 6 6 6 6

1.38 1.75 2.18 2.71 3.36

8 8 8 8 8

0.66 0.67 0.68 0.69 0.70

4.83 6.7 9.3 1.25 1.69

4 4 4 5 5

1.10 1.41 1.80 2.27 2.84

7 7 7 7 7

4.08 5.0 6.0 7.2 8.6

0.71 0.72 0.73 0.74 0.75

2.26 3.00 3.96 5.14 6.6

5 5 5 5 5

3.52 4.35 5.3 6.5 7.9

7 7 7 7 7

0.76 0.77 0.78 0.79 0.80

8.5 1.08 1.36 1.72 2.13

5 6 6 6 6

9.4 1.13 1.34 1.61 1.88

0.90 1.00 1.5P 2.PP 2.5P 3.PP 4.PP 5.PP IP.PO

1.43 6.17 3.18 1.49 2.94 3.9P 4.16 3.39 7.41

7 7 9 IP IP IP IP IP 9

7.6 2.21 3.46 8.96 1.23 1.29 1.P4 7.15 1.16

800 A \ n 6 58 1.5 20 1.8 8 1.28 2

I 1 OOP \ A \ n 2.1 42 9 13 2.7 3 1.00 2

TABLE 2.—(Continued) I 1 200 I 1 400 I 1 600 I 1 800 I 2 OOP \ A \ n \ A \ n \ A \ n \ A n \ A \ n 5.1 32 1.3 24 4.7 Î9 1.0 Î4 2.8 ÎÎ 1.4 7 6.9 4 4.1 1 6.0 1 3.2 3 7.9 O 2.3 3 1.65 5 4.5 6 6.5 7 3.9 4 2.8 6 6.8 7 8.2 8 6.0 9

T X ÔTÏO 0.20 0.30 0.40

I 2 200 \ A \ n 1.9 8 8.3 4 5.7 8 3.08 10

I 2 400 \ A \ n 4.3 6 1.25 6 3.46 9 1.19 11

I 2 600 I 2 800 \ A \ n \ A \ n 4.3 4 2.2 2 1.24 7 8.9 7 1.60 10 5.9 10 3.75 11 1.00 12

9 10 10 10 10

4.01 5.2 6.6 8.4 1.04

10 10 10 10 11

1.52 1.90 2.35 2.87 3.47

11 11 11 11 11

4.65 5.6 6.8 8.2 9.6

11 11 11 11 11

1.22 1.45 1.71 2.00 2.31

12 12 12 12 12

5.46 9 3.09 7.2 9 3.87 9.2 9 4.77 1.15 10 5.9 1.44 10 7.1

10 10 10 10 10

1.27 1.54 1.86 2.22 2.60

11 11 11 11 11

4.15 4.93 5.75 6.7 7.7

11 11 11 11 11

1.13 1.30 1.50 1.71 1.94

12 12 12 12 12

2.64 3.01 3.41 3.82 4.23

12 12 12 12 12

1.79 2.20 2.65 3.18 3.80

10 10 10 10 10

8.5 1.01 1.19 1.40 1.62

10 11 11 11 11

3.05 3.52 4.07 4.66 5.30

11 11 11 11 11

8.8 1.01 1.13 1.27 1.42

11 12 12 12 12

2.17 2.43 2.69 2.97 3.27

12 12 12 12 12

4.73 5.18 5.67 6.17 6.69

12 12 12 12 12

8 8 9 9 9

7.6 9 4.50 9.2 9 5.29 1.11 10 6.2 1.33 10 7.1 1.56 10 8.2'

10 10 10 10 10

1.86 2.14 2.44 2.76 3.10

11 11 11 11 11

5.98 6.68 7.5 8.3 9.2

11 11 11 11 11

1.58 1.74 1.91 2.09 2.27

12 12 12 12 12

3.58 3.89 4.21 4.54 4.89

12 12 12 12 12

7.22 7.8 8.3 8.9 9.4

12 12 12 12 12

2.26 2.73 3.27 3.92 4.61

9 9 9 9 9

1.85 2.15 2.50 2.88 3.31

10 10 10 10 10

9.4 1.07 1.21 1.36 1.53

10 11 11 11 11

3.47 3.87 4.29 4.74 5.21

11 11 11 11 11

1.01 1.10 1.21 1.31 1.42

12 12 12 12 12

2.46 2.66 2.86 3.06 3.28

12 12 12 12 12

5.23 5.57 5.93 6.28 6.64

12 12 12 12 12

1.00 1.05 1.11 1.16 1.22

13 13 13 13 13

8 8 8 8 8

5.5 6.4 7.4 8.6 9.9

9 9 9 9 9

3.78 4.30 4.86 5.5 6.1

10 10 10 10 10

1.71 1.90 2.10 2.31 2.53

11 11 11 11 11

5.71 6.22 6.76 7.32 7.91

11 11 11 11 11

1.53 1.64 1.76 1.88 2.00

12 12 12 12 12

3.49 3.70 3.92 4.14 4.36

12 12 12 12 12

6.99 7.34 7.7 8.0 8.4

12 12 12 12 12

1.27 1.32 1.37 1.42 1.47

13 13 13 13 13

1.02 1.21 1.40 1.64 1.90

9 9 9 9 9

1.13 1.28 1.45 1.64 1.84

10 10 10 10 10

6.8 7.6 8.4 9.2 1.02

10 10 10 10 11

2.77 3.02 3.28 3.55 3.83

11 11 11 11 11

8.52 9.12 9.76 1.04 1.11

11 11 11 12 12

2.13 2.26 2.38 2.51 2.64

12 12 12 12 12

4.57 4.79 5.01 5.23 5.44

12 12 12 12 12

8.7 9.1 9.4 9.7 1.00

12 12 12 12 13

1.52 1.57 1.61 1.66 1.70

13 13 13 13 13

7 8 8 8 8

2.19 2.52 2.90 3.26 3.71

9 9 9 9 9

2.06 2.31 2.56 2.84 3.14

10 10 10 10 10

1.11 1.22 1.32 1.44 1.55

11 11 11 11 11

4.12 4.42 4.74 5.06 5.39

11 11 11 11 11

1.18 1.24 1.32 1.39 1.46

12 12 12 12 12

2.77 2.90 3.03 3.16 3.29

12 12 12 12 12

5.66 5.87 6.08 6.28 6.49

12 12 12 12 12

1.04 1.07 1.10 1.12 1.15

13 13 13 13 13

1.74 1.78 1.82 1.85 1.89

13 13 13 13 13

8 9 IP IP 11 11 11 IP 10

1.08 2.41 1.7P 2.96 3.22 2.9P 1.93 1.19 1.61

10 10 11 11 11 11 11 11 IP

7.21 1.33 5.3P 6.98 6.43 5.2P 3.P3 1.76 2.P8

IP 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 IP

2.99 4.78 1.25 1.33 1.P8 8.11 4.31 2.37 2.56

11 11 12 12 12 11 11 11 IP

9.03 1.29 2.43 2.2P 1.64 1.15 5.72 3.P3 3.P4

11 12 12 12 12 12 11 11 IP

2.19 2.86 4.15 3.31 2.29 1.52 7.24 3.71 3.54

12 12 12 12 12 12 11 11 IP

4.51 5.5P 6.44 4.63 3.P3 1.961 8.83 4.421 4.P33

12 12 12 12 12 12 11 11 IP

8.25 9.47 9.27 6.16 3.79 2.412 1.P48 5.15 4.53

12 12 12 12 12 12 12 11 IP

1.38 1.60 1.269 7.85 4.7P 2.888 1.219 5.89 5.04

13 13 13 12 12 12 12 11 10

2.14 2.23 1.662 9.71 5.62 3.38 1 395 6.64 5.54

13 13 13 12 12 12 12 11 IQ

9 9 9 9 9

TABLE 2.—(Continued]

T X

I 3 OQO I 4 OOP I 5 OOP | 6 OOP | 7 OOP | 8 OOP | 9 OOP | 10 OOP | 15 OOP | 20 OOP | 25 OOP \ A \ n \ A \ n \ A \ n \ A \ n \ A \ n \ A \ n \ A \ n \ A n \ A \ n \ A \ n \ A \ n

0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40

6.7 Ï 1.02 5 1.32 8 4.9 8 1.92 11 6.9 12 1.86 11 9.9 12 1.08 14 2.36 12 4.66 13 2.80 14

1.57 7.5 5.32 9.25

10 13 14 14

4.8 4.1 1.66 2.18

11 14 15 15

6.2 1.49 3.90 4.16

12 15 15 15

4.51 4.04 7.69 6.88

13 15 15 15

2.21 8.95 1.296 1.034

0.41 0.42 0.43 0.44 0.45

2.79 3.26 3.77 4.33 4.93

12 12 12 12 12

5.13 5.60 6.06 6.54 7.00

13 13 13 13 13

2.95 3.08 3.21 3.34 3.45

14 14 14 14 14

9.46 9.68 9.79 9.91 9.98

14 14 14 14 14

2.18 2.18 2.18 2.16 2.14

15 15 15 15 15

4.10 4.04 3.97 3.90 3.82

15 15 15 15 15

6.72 6.54 6.37 6.19 6.01

15 15 15 15 15

1.000 16 3.44 16 6.74 16 1.049 17 9.66 15 3.25 16 6.29 16 9.71 16 9.32 15 3.06 16 5.86 16 9.02 16 9.00 15 2.89 16 5.48 16 8.38 16 8.67 15 2.732 16 5.13 16 7.79 16

0.46 0.47 0.48 0.49 0.50

5.56 6.25 6.93 7.65 8.41

12 12 12 12 12

7.46 7.91 8.35 8.77 9.16

13 13 13 13 13

3.54 3.64 3.72 3.79 3.85

14 14 14 14 14

1.006 1.010 1.011 1.010 1.008

0.51 0.52 0.53 0.54 0.55

9.18 12 9.99 12 1.08 13 1.16 13 1.24 13

9.56 9.92 1.03 1.06 1.09

13 13 14 14 14

3.91 3.95 3.98 4.01 4.04

14 14 14 14 14

1.002 15 1.97 15 3.30 15 4.95 15 6.87 15 1.947 16 3.488 16 5.17 16 9.96 14 1.94 15 3.21 15 4.78 15 6.61 15 1.846 16 3.282 16 4.84 16 9.89 14 1.90 15 3.12 15 4.62 15 6.35 15 1.746 16 3.089 16 4.54 16 9.79 14 1.86 15 3.03 15 4.46 15 6.10 15 1.657 16 2.910 16 4.266 16 9.72 14 1.82 15 2.95 15 4.31 15 5.87 15 1.572 16 2.745 16 4.009 16

0.56 0.57 0.58 0.59 0.60

1.33 13 1.41 13 1.50 13 1.58 13 1.66 13

1.12 1.15 1.18 1.20 1.22

14 14 14 14 14

4.05 4.06 4.06 4.05 4.05

14 14 14 14 14

9.58 9.46 9.34 9.20 9.06

14 14 14 14 14

1.78 15 2.86 15 4.16 15 5.64 15 1.492 16 2.589 16 3.771 16 1.745 15 2.78 15 4.01 15 5.43 15 1.417 16 2.447 16 3.547 16 1.703 15 2.70 15 3.87 15 5.21 15 1.347 16 2.313 16 3.345 16 1.665 15 2.61 15 3.74 15 5.00 15 1.279 16 2.187 16 3.154 16 1.623 15 2.53 15 3.60 15 4.80 15 1.217 16 2.071 16 2.978 16

0.61 0.62 0.63 0.64 0.65

1.74 1.82 1.90 1.98 2.06

13 13 13 13 13

1.24 1.26 1.28 1.29 1.30

14 14 14 14 14

4.03 4.01 3.99 3.96 3.93

14 14 14 14 14

8.92 8.77 8.62 8.47 8.31

14 14 14 14 14

1.584 15 2.46 15 3.48 15 4.62 15 1.158 16 1.961 16 2.812 1.547 15 2.381 15 3.36 15 4.45 15 1.103 16 1.858 16 2.660 1.507 15 2.308 15 3.24 15 4.28 15 1.049 16 1.762 16 2.516 1.469 15 2.235 15 3.13 15 4.11 15 9.99 15 1.671 16 2.381 1.429 15 2.165 15 3.01 15 3.96 15 9.53 15 1.587 16 2.256

0.66 0.67 0.68 0.69 0.70

2.13 2.20 2.27 2.34 2.40

13 13 13 13 13

1.30 14 3.91 14 8.16 14 1.393 15 2.099 15 2.91 15 1.31 14 3.86 14 7.99 14 1.357 15 2.032 15 2.81 15 1.32 14 3.82 14 7.84 14 1.319 15 1.970 15 2.713 15 1.325 14 3.78 14 7.68 14 1.286 15 1.908 15 2.614 1.327 14 3.74 14 7.51 14 1.250 15 1.848 15 2.525

0.71 0.72 0.73 0.74 0.75 0.76

2.46 2.52 2.58 2.63 2.68 2.73

13 13 13 13 13 13

1.330 1.332 1.329 1.329 1.326 1.321

0.77 0.78 0.79 0.80 0.90 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00 4.00 5.00 10.00

14 14 14 14 14 14

3.69 3.64 3.59 3.54 3.49 3.44

14 14 14 14 14 14

7.37 7.20 7.05 6.90 6.74 6.59

15 15 15 15 15

14 14 14 14 14 14

2.12 2.10 2.07 2.04 2.01

15 15 15 15 15

3.74 3.66 3.57 3.48 3.39

15 15 15 15 15

5.83 5.64 5.47 5.29 5.12

15 15 15 15 15

14 15 16 16

8.35 8.04 7.73 7.44 7.15

2.63 9.84 6.58 3.62

15 15 15 15 15

3.81 15 3.66 15 3.52 15 15 3.39 15 3.26

16 16 16 16

2.86 17 3.31 17 1.525 17 7.24 16

1.204 18 6.98 17 2.647 17 1.133 17

2.578 16 4.80 16 7.26 16 2,435 16 4.49 16 6.76 16 2.300 16 4.21 16 6.32 16 2.176 16 3.96 16 5.90 16 2.058 16 3.714 16 5.52 16

9.10 15 8.67 15 8.28 15 15 7.91 15 7.55

1.508 16 1.433 16 1.363 16 15 1.297 15 1.235

16 16 16 16 16

2.139 16 2.027 16 1.925 16 16 1.829 16 16 1.737 16

1.217 15 1.790 15 2.437 15 3.14 15 7.23 15 1.178 16 1.653 16 1.184 15 1.735 15 2.356 15 3.03 15 6.91 15 1.123 16 1.573 16 1.151 15 1.682 15 2.274 15 2.918 15 6.61 15 1.071 16 1.497 16 1.121 15 1.627 15 2.195 15 2.812 15 6.33 15 1.022 16 1.428 16 1.089 15 1.561 15 2.120 15 2.710 15 6.06 15 9.76 15 1.360 16 1.059 15 1.527 15 2.047 15 2.610 15 5.80 15 9.32 15 1.297 16

2.77 13 1.317 14 3.39 14 6.44 14 1.030 15 1.482 15 1.979 15 2.518 15 5.56 15 8.91 15 1.238 16 2.82 13 1.313 14 3.34 14 6.30 14 1.003 15 1.436 15 1.916 15 2.431 15 5.34 15 8.52 15 1.183 16 2.86 13 1.304 14 3.28 14 6.15 14 9.75 14 1.391 15 1.850 15 2.342 15 5.12 15 8.15 15 1.129 16 2.89 13 1.298 14 3.23 14 6.01 14 9.48 14 1.348 15 1.788 15 2.261 15 4.91 15 7.80 15 1.079 16 3.12 13 1.193 14 2.71 14 4.75 14 7.19 14 9.93 14 1.289 15 1.602 15 3.316 15 5.15 15 7.04 15 3.15 13 1.059 14 2.235 14 3.70 14 5.49 14 7.413 14 9.46 14 1.161 15 2.316 15 3.537 15 4.784 15 2.11 13 4.88 13 8.47 13 1.245 14 1.672 14 2.120 14 2.578 14 3.049 14 5.476 14 7.96 14 1.048 15 1.162 13 2.316 13 3.626 13 5.03 13 6.49 13 7.99 13 9.51 13 1.105 14 1.889 14 2.687 14 3.487 14 6.59 12 1.187 13 1.768 13 2.372 13 2.990 13 3.622 13 4.258 13 4.899 13 8.15 13 1.143 14 1.471 14 3.892 12 6.63 12 9.53 12 1.252 13 1.558 13 1.862 13 2.176 13 2.489 13 4.065 13 5.651 13 7.24 13 1.572 12 2.497 12 3.454 12 4.419 12 5.410 12 6.40 12 7.40 12 8.40 12 1.341 13 1.844 13 2.348 13 7.41 11 1.132 12 1.531 12 1.935 12 2.343 12 2.752 12 3.160 12 3.572 12 5.626 12 7.70 12 9.76 12 6.05 10 8.60 10 1.116 11 1.373 11 1.630 11 1.888 11 2.144 11 2.404 11 3.666 11 4.988 11 6.277 11

TABLE 3.—EFFECT OF A CHANGE IN C2 If d/x = increase produced in J\ by an infinitesimal increase (dC2) in C2, then (dJ\)/J\ = — J£(dC2)/C2; for the units of Table 2 and C 2 = 1.433 cm, 0K, -K has the appropriate value tabulated below. Example: If C2 = 1.433 cm, 0K, then, at 30O0K and X = 2/*, /x = 4900 (Table 2) and K = 24 (Table 3); hence, if C2 = 1.434, (dC2)/C2 = 0.0007, (dJ\)/J\ = -24(0.0007) = -0.017, d/x = -(0.017)(4900) = -83 and Jx = 4900 - 83 = 4817. Unit of X = IM = 1O4A = 10~4 cm; T = absolute temperature, 0K. X | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 15 [ 20 |100 | X IO.llO.2lO.3IO.4lO.5lO.6lO.7lO.8lO.9ll.Ol 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 T I K I T I K 25 573 287 1191 143 115 96 82 72 64 57 34 29 6 800 17990 60 45 36 30 26 22 20 18 9 6 4 4 50 287 143 96 72 57 48 41 36 32 29 17 14 3 1 000 14372 48 36 29 24 20 18 16 14 7 5 3 3 75 191 96 64 48 38 32 27 24 21 19 11 10 2 1 500 9648 32 24 20 16 14 12 10 10 5 3 3 3 100 143 72 48 36 29 24 20 18 16 14 8 7 2 2 000 72 36 24 18 14 12 10 9 8 7 5 2 2 2 200 72 36 24 18 14 12 10 9 8 7 4 3 1 3 000 48 24 15 12 10 8 7 6 6 5 3 2 1 1 250 57 29 19 14 11 10 8 7 6 6 3 3 1 4 000 3618 12 9 7 6 5 4 4 3 2 1 1 1 300 47 24 16 12 10 8 7 6 6 5 3 3 1 5000 2914 ' 8 7 6 5 4 3 3 3 2 1 11 350 40 20 13 11 8 7 6 5 4 4 3 2 1 7 500 20 9 6 5 4 3 3 3 2 2 1 1 1 1 400 36 18 12 9 7 6 5 4 4 3 3 2 1 10 000 14 7 5 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 500 29 14 10 7 6 5 4 3 3 3 2 2 1 20000 7 3 3 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 600 24 12 8 6 5 4 3 3 3 3 2 1 1 2 5 OOP 6 3 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

THERMAL RADIATION FROM MATERIALS AND SELECTED SOURCES OF RADIATION W. W. COBLENTZ For radiation from a " black-body," see p. 238. At wave-length X, the monochromatic intensity of the normal radiation of a body is /„x, where Jn\d\ = amount of radiant energy, having wave-lengths lying between (X — O.SdX) and (X -f 0.5dX), which the body emits in a direction perpendicular to its radiating surface per unit of time, of surface, and of solid angle; Jn = I Jn\d\ is the normal intensity of the total radiation of the ,/o body. If the emission satisfies Lambert's law, as is the case for the substances here considered, the hemispherical intensity of the total radiation is J = TrJn = total emission per unit of time and of area, and the monochromatic intensity of the hemispherical radiation is J\ = TTJn\. If the corresponding quantities for a perfect radiator (black-body) at the same temperature be indicated by /6 and /x&, and if ex = J\/J\b and et = J/Jb, then e\ and et are, respectively, the monochromatic and the total emissivity of the body. If Jc = value of the hemispherical intensity of the total radiation of a black-body at such a temperature that it has the same color as that of the body considered, ec = J/Jc is the color emissivity of the body; and if ev = I I

JxdXJ ^ ( I

/x&dxV

where Xi and X 2 mark the limits of visible spectrum (about 0.4/z and Ò.75/i), e v is the visible emissivity. The Crova wave-length is that at which y- -^FT = j -JTF'

Usually the quantities directly

observed are JnX and Jn, and J\ and J are computed from them on the assumption that Lambert's law is valid. TABLE 1.—MONOCHROMATIC EMISSIVITY (ex) OF ELEMENTARY SUBSTANCES AND OXIDES: TEMPERATURE OF FUSION(I) Assumes C2 = 14 450 micron 0C. A micropyrometer was used, s = solid, I = liquid. Unit of e\ = 0.01 = 1 %; of X = Ip = 0.001mm = 10000 A. X = I 0.55 I 0.65 [I X = | 0.55 | 0.65 Symbol \ s \ l \ s \ l \\ Symbol \ s \ l \ 8 I Ag* <35 <35 4 7 Cr 53 39 39 Au* <38 <38 14 22 Cu* 38 36 10 15 Be 61 8161 61 Er 3 0 5 5 38 Cb 61 49 40 Fe 37 37 Co 36 37 Ir 30

X = I 0.55 I Symbol s [ I \ Mn Mo* Ni 44 46 Pd 38 Pt* 38 Rh.. Th 36 Ti 75 75 U 77 V 29 W* Yt Zr

0.65 Il X= 0.55 s \ I \\ Symbol | g | l 59 59 BeO 43 40 CbO1 36 37 Co3O4 33 37 Cr2O3 33 38 Fe3O4 29 30 Mn3O4.... 36 40 NiO 63 65 ThO2 54 34 TiO2 35 32 U3O8 39 V2O3 35 35 Yt2O3 32 30

0.65 s \ I 37 71 77 63 60 63 53 47 89 68 57 69 52 51 30 31 69 61

*See also Table 2.

TABLE 2.—EMISSIVITY AND HEMISPHERICAL RADIATION: AG, AL, Au, Cu, Mo, PT, AND W ex, GC, ev and e t = monochromatic, color, visible, and total emissivity, respectively. X = wave-length; s, l = solid, liquid; M. P. = melting point; Jx = monochromatic intensity of hemispherical radiation; / = hemispherical intensity of total radiation ; I1 T = temperature, 0C, °K(absolute). Unit of ex, ec, e«, et — 0.01 = 1%; of / = 1 watt cm"2; of X = 1 m/x = 10~7 cm. Ag, liquid* (i«)

H

X

Il

AuQy) H Cu, Solid (i«) | Liquid*"^ Q4.Q0 1 rtfi7° „w»o 11^0 *= 991° 1035° 1090° 1174° IUo 1 1177

{ 500 525 550 575 600 625 650 675 700 (i) 550 650

I

6

X

I

*X

X

I

«y.

I

475.0 8.17 9.48 496.1 53.1 8.49 9.03 518.6 49.5 8.06 8.27 541.8 37.1 7.75 7.74 564.9 30.1 7.17 7.58 589.5 22.9 6.97 7.37 614.9 17.4 7.22 7.30 640.9 14.4 6.90 7.41 671.2 11.5 6.66 7.21 701.4 10.3 M. P. s M. P. I (i) M. P. s <35 <35 550 <38 I 4 7 650 14

exZ

50.3 47.3 43.4 39.0 34.7 30.4 26.3 23.2 20.3 18.4 M. P. I <38 22

||

X

I

ex

I

ex

I

ex

|

*x

J 500 38.9 525 35.5 550 30.8 575 23.7 600 17.3 625 13.0 650 10.4 675 9.5 700 7.7 (i) M. P. s 550 38 650 10

42.1 36.7 31.9 25.7 20.1 15.0 12.4 11.1 9.4

37.4 40.2 33.0 34.9 29.8 28.6 25.1 24.4 21.0 19.7 17.1 16.7 14.8 14.6 12.3 13.0 10.6 12.4 M. P. I 36 15

Al, liquid t 700 800 850 900 950 1000 X = 650 ex 12 12 13 14 15 17

Pt, (Jx) ( 3 ).—(Continued)

(l2.l)

X

Mo (i«), assumes C2 = 14 330 micron deg.; M. P. of Au = 13360K X = 475 T I ex

273 300 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 2400 2600 2800 2895

42.5 42.4 42.1 41.5 40.9 40.3 39.8 39.3 38.8 38.3 37.9 37.5 37.1 36.8 36.5 36.3

I 665 I Visible | Color | TotaT I ex I «. I ec I et

42.0 41.9 41.5 40.6 39.8 39.0 38.2 37.5 36.7 36.0 35.3 34.7 34.1 33.6 33.1 32.8

39.3 38.6 37.9 37.3 36.7 36.2 35.7 35.2 34.8 34.4 34.2

36.1 34.7 33.3 32.1 30.9 29.7 28.7 27.7 26.8 26.0 25.5

T cL7 TaT

J

9.6 0.55 12.1 1.43 14.5 3.18 16.8 6.30 18.9 11.3 21.0 19.2 23.0 30.7 24.8 47.0 26.5 69.5 28.1 98 29.0 116

5.32 5.23 5.16 5.10 5.04 4.99 4.94 4.90 4.86 4.83 4.81

Mo, at M. P. and X = 650; solid, e\ = 43; liquid e\ = 40 C 1 )

Pt, intensity (Jx) of monochromatic radiance; unit of J\ = (arbitrary) (3) x

5 646 698 757 836 934 1054 1197 1357 1526 1698 1868 2033 2190 2410 2546 2801 2921 3037 3150 3367 3569 3760 4031 4446 4638 4827 5001 5168 5486 6240

Lâ* lUoo 8

11.52 26.79 52.46 85.60 126.7 166.4 176.9 188.5 187.8 176.2 158.5 141.1 115.1 103.4 94.76 84.61 77.10 70.93 64.54 50.80 40.09 35.78 29.50 28.30 25.20

1174

°

9 16.49 31.19 56.85 101.7 167.2 234.8 275.2 289.2 287.0 276.9 253.9 225.4 197.4 152.5 139.4 123.1 115.9 99.78 89.82 75.19 67.03 47.78 42.84 38.06 34.00 30.63 26.52

1216

°

4 31.51 55.73 101.3 200.1 319.5 459.1 603.1 680.4 676.1 646.0 617.7 548.3 462.0 399.7 321.7 284.2 252.0 232.1 211.6 178.0 149.6 121.2 96.99 84.12 74.64 62.53 56.00 40.39 27.61

1271

1353

°

3 36.42 55.02 105.0 212.6 339.9 494.1 615.6 692.1 682.0 658.3 614.1 559.9 469.1 408.1 313.0 279.3 255.4 235.9 202.3 174.7 155.6 125.7 96.80 85.05 72.13 64.46 57.26 48.46 30.59

1442

°

.

°

3 34.92 65.60 107.8 201.6 314.0 425.0 514.2 569.8 567.6 528.1 492.3 441.5 380.2 350.0 251.2 224.2 206.9 191.0 158.3 137.7 120.0 103.6 74.86 65.90 55.93 50.40 46.92 36.32 25.12

0 118.4 187.9 293.6 501.1 772.1 1141 1395 1544 1560 1409 1302 1135 1014 835.8 712.2 538.6 464.3 426.6 384.5 328.1 283.5 252.2 198.5 147.2 129.3 111.4 101.1 88.60 75.35 41.72

^0

1625°

1691°

||

Pt, total emissivityf ( 7 ) T

eeaie.

eobs.

589 37.38 126.0 162.4 3ÖÖ ÏTÏÏ 3.59 646 94.80 257.1 295.0 350 4.77 4.10 698 154.6 348.9 461.9 400 5.43 4.66 757 237.3 549.5 724.7 450 6.06 5.30 836 382.4 830.3 1064 500 6.68 5.98 934 581.9 1176 1436 550 7.29 6.71 1054 859.2 1639 1815 600 7.90 7.50 1197 1073 1840 2096 650 8.48 8.25 1357 1217 1929 2225 700 9.07 9.05 1526 1225 1901 2140 750 9.61 9.79 1698 1143 1728 1885 800 10.14 10.52 1868 1047 1528 1675 850 10.7 11.3 2033 932.4 1238 1442 900 11.2 12.0 2190 830.3 1156 1279 950 11.7 12.7 2410 699.8 869.0 1015 1000 12.2 13.4 2546 624.0 811.4 841.7 1050 12.7 14.1 2801 444.8 599.5 640.5 1100 13.2 14.7 2921 394.0 530.5 563.0 1150 13.7 15.3 3037 364.0 460.0 497.3 1200 14.1 15.9 3150 318.8 432.5 445.6 1250 14.6 16.5 3367 270.8 358.0 362.8 1300 15.0 17.1 3569 238.5 292.9 315.0 1350 15.5 17.6 3760 206.0 265.0 273.2 1400 15.9 18.2 4031 168.8 225.1 217.2 1450 16.3 18.7 4446 123.8 152.0 158.7 1500 16.7 19.2 4638 105.0 140.0 140.8 Pt, monochromatic emissivity 4827 92.60 125.3 114.2 — ^ ^ 5001 80.22105.0 107.4 ^ V(Uj.'.'.V.'.'. 36 3 34.8 ; 5168 75.79 90.61 98.79 * — —— 5 5486 61.34 69.20 78.81 X"n( ^ 6^ 6240 35.81 38.66 44.92 ^_( ^ ' " ^8 ™* M 6 1 6852 22.50 25.64 29.28 * " * "^ * For platinum black, see Table 4.

W (18), data apply to aged tungsten filaments X= T 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100 2200 2300 2400

I 467 ex 50.5 50.1 49.8 49.5 49.2 49.0 48.8 48.6 48.4 48.2 48.0 47.8 47.6 47.5 47.3 47.2 47.0 46.9 46.7 46.6 46.4 46.3

I 665 I ex 47.0 46.8 46.6 46.4 46.2 46.0 45.8 45.6 45.4 45.2 45.0 44.8 44.5 44.3 44.1 43.9 43.7 43.5 43.3 43.1 42.9 42.7

[Visible] Color | Total I ev \ ec \ et 3.2 4.2 5.3 6.4 7.6 8.8 10.1 46.4 39.6 11.4 46.3 39.3 12.8 46.2 39.1 14.4 46.0 38.8 15.8 45.9 38.6 17.4 45.7 38.3 19.2 45.6 38.1 20.7 45.5 37.8 22.2 45.4 37.6 23.6 45.3 37.3 24.9 45.2 37.0 26.0 45.0 36.7 27.0 44.9 36.4 27.9 44.8 36.2 28.8 44.7 35.9 29.6

| Crovâ \ Xc

607.7 603.8 600.4 597.1 593.4 590.2 587.4 585.0 582.6 580.6 578.5 576.9 575.3 573.7 572.4

" J

0.0015 0.006 0.019 0.048 0.105 0.206 0.379 0.654 1.072 1.691 2.576 3.82 5.55 7.77 10.59 14.22 18.25 23.72 29.86 37.18 45.9 55.8

T_ dJ Taf

5.35 5.35 5.35 5.35 5.29 5.23 5.15 5.07 4.99 4.91 4.85 4.79 4.74 4.69 4.64

X = T 2500 2600 2700 2800 2900 3000 3100 3200 3300 3400 3500 3655

W (l*).—(Continued) I 467 I 665 I Visible I Color | Total |Cro va I 6x I ex ev \ ec \ et \ \c 46.2 42.5 4 4 Ü 3 5 ^ 6 30^2 571.1 67.6 46.0 42.3 44.4 35.3 31.1 570.1 80.8 45.9 42.1 44.3 35.0 31.8 569.1 96.2 45.8 41.9 44.2 34.7 32.3 568.2112.9 45.6 41.7 44.1 34.5 32.9 567.4132.1 45.5 41.5 44.0 34.3 33.4 566.6153.9 45.4 41.3 43.8 34.1 33.7 565.9177.5 45.2 41.1 43.7 33.8§ 34.1§ 565.2203 45.1 40.9 43.6 33.5§ 34.4§ 564.5232 45.0§40.7§ 43.5§ 33.2§ 34.8§ 563.8264§ 44.9§40.5§ 43.4§ 32.9§ 35.1§ 563.1300§ 44.7§40.2§ 43.3§ 32.4§ 35.4§ 562.1360§

T dJ J9 ^T 4.59 4.55 4.51 4.47 4.43 4.40 4.37 4.34 4.31 4.29 4.27

W, t = 2000 to 320O0C, e\ = 49, same for X = 536 as for X = 647; independent of t (10); others (8> 12) have found e\ varies with t. For solid W at M. P., X = 650, e\ = 39 (*). * Fused in H. t Radiator was a Pt wire in a highly evacuated enclosure; ecalc. = 0.751 X VTp — 0.63277P + 0.670 (Tp)Yi — 0.607 (Tp)z, where p = resistivity (ohm-cm), and T = absolute temperature ( 0 K); e0bs. = observed emissivity. Î Between 2O0C and 171O0C, e^ is independent of t. § Extrapolated values.

TABLE 3.—TOTAL EMISSIVITY (e{) OF OXIDIZED METALS (15) Surfaces were oxidized at t ^ 60O0C; Unit of et = 0.01 = 1% Metal I 20O0C | 40O0C | 60O0C Ag, Silver 2.0 3.0 3.8 Al, Aluminum* 11.3 15.3 19.2 Cu, Copper t 18.0 18.5 19.0 Cu, Copper* 56.8 56.8 56.8 Cu-Zn, Brass* 61.0 60.0 58.9 Fe, Cast iron 21.0 Fe, Cast iron* 64.3 71.0 77.7 Steel t -. 52.1 54.7 57.0 Steel* 79.0 78.8 78.7 Ni, Nickel* 36.9 42.4 47.8 Ni-Cu, Monel* 41.1 43.9 46.3 Pb, Lead* 63.1 Pt, Platinum 6.0 8.6 11.0 Zn, Zinc* 11.0 * Oxidized,

t Calorized surface.

TABLE 4.—TOTAL EMISSIVITY (et) OF PLATINUM BLACK AND OF LAMPBLACK: VARIATION WITH THICKNESS (11J Deposited upon Pt. The lampblack was covered with lacquer. D8 = surface density of the black. Unit of Ds = 10~6 g cm~2 = 0.001 mg cm"2; of et = 0.01 = 1 % . Temperature = 10O0C. Pt Black Lampblack Ds

et

D8

et

37 150 224 257 286 327 412 599 827 942 1072 1140 1897 3185

7.8 12.9 23.4 31.1 46.5 58.5 72.9 89.3 93.5 94.2 94.9 95.3 96.8 96.7

22 25 79 79 90 97 126 173 242 267 300 332 339 527 1182

33.0 40.7 58.0 64.0 72.9 77.6 82.5 89.8 93.1 94.9 94.2 94.5 94.0 93.1 88.2

TABLE 5.—EFFICIENCY OF COATED SHEETS AS SUN-SHIELDS, AND RELATIVE EMISSIVITIES OF PAINTS AND COATINGS (6) While one side (upper) of a sheet was continuously exposed normally to the sun, the radiation (r) proceeding normally from the other side (lower) was measured. If TI and r 2 are simultaneous values for two sheets similarly exposed, r*/ri measures the relative efficiency of the second with reference to the first; if the sheets are unperforated and are good thermal conductors, T^/TI"is the ratio of the emissivities of the two lower surfaces. All sheets were approximately at 5O0C. Unit of r 2 /ri = 0.01 = 1%. Sheet 1 Upper

I

I'

Lower

Sheet iron*

Asbestos

Asbestos

Iron, 6mmt

BlackJ

Oxidized

Iron, 0.5 mmf

Black Black

Alpaint d.§ White lead

Black Black Unpainted Rubber Unpainted

Lampblack Enamelll Unpainted Cloth Unpainted

(2)

Unpainted

Unpainted

(3)

Unpainted

Unpainted

Duck, 11 Hft

Unpainted

Unpainted

Duck, 4 H f t Duckft (12 H; 4 H)JJ Ducktt (12 H; 4 H)U

Unpainted Unpainted Unpainted

Unpainted Al paint Unpainted

Cypress, 12.7 mm t Rubberized clothlf Leatheroid** ( 1). :

Sheet 2 Upper

Asbestos Al paint Al paint I White lead Black Black Black Black Black Black Unpainted Al paint Unpainted Al paint Unpainted Al paint Unpainted Al paint Unpainted Al paint Unpainted Unpainted | Unpainted

|

Lower Al paint Al paint Oxidized Oxidized Alpaintp.§ Lampblack Al paint Enameljl Enamel|| Al paint Al paint Cloth Al paint Unpainted Al paint Unpainted Al paint Unpainted Al paint Unpainted Al paint Al paint Unpainted

55 72 50 30 100 95,100 28,29 98,100 95,98 27,30 43 45 44 30 39 25 47 27 14, 15 22,23 22,25 80, 81 58

* Corrugated asbestos roofing. Temperature in shade = 290C; temperature of sheet with asbestos on both sides = 440C; asbestos upper, Al lower = 450C; Al both sides = 520C; Za sprayed on both sides = 550C. t Thickness of sheet, î Asphalt paint. § d., p. = dull, polished. || White, vitreous enamel. t Balloon fabric. ** Artificial leather: ( 1) Single fabric. (2) Double fabric enclosing thin layer of rubber-friction stock. (3) Similar to (2), but of double-texture fabric. All three were coated on upper side with a black, rubber composition. f t Cotton duck; 11 H is 13.08 oz./yd.2; 4 H is 24.54 oz./yd.2; 12 H is 11.45 oz./yd.2 ft Sheet 1 is 12 H; sheet 2 is 4 H.

TABLE 6.—Loss OF HEAT FROM VERTICAL BRICK WALL ( 2 ) In still air at 210C, the wall, at the surface temperature I1 lost heat, from one side, at the rate E. E is the same for the natural color (red), for brick coated with Ca(OH)2, and for brick coated with lampblack. Uncertainty in t is about 2%. Unit of E = 0.001 watt/cm2 = 2.39 X 10~4 cal cm-2 sec"1 = 6.12 X 10~6 BTU in.~2 sec"1. 470C 660C 30.8 61.7

t E

860C 92.5

1310C 185

1990C 370

2180C 431

TABLE 7.—NORMAL IRRADIATION (R) BY HEFNER STANDARD LAMP AND BY SPERM CANDLE: DISTANCE = 1 METER R = radiant power, per unit area of receiving surface, which is received by a surface which is normal to the direction of propagation of the radiation and 1 meter from the source. Unit of R = IO-5 watt/cm-2 = 2.389 X 10~6 cal cm~2 sec'1 = 6.118 X 10~8 BTU in.~2 sec-1. Source 1 Sperm candle !Hefner lamp

* No diaphragm,

|

R 12.1 10.9* 9.6f 9.471 9.4Of 9.431

|

Remarks

Amyl acetate, ordinary Amyl acetate, pure Isoamyl acetate

f Diaphragm, opening 14 mm by 50 mm.

| Lit. (4) (4) (4) (9) (9) (9)

TABLE 8.—MONOCHROMATIC EMISSIVITY (e\) AND MONOCHROMATIC INTENSITY (J\) OF RADIATION OF WELSBACH GAS MANTLE (14) The mantle contained 0.993 ThO2 per 0.007 Ce2O3; /x depends upon relative amount of Ce2O3. e\ is computed on assumption that true absolute temperature of mantle = 180O0K. Unit of X = Iß = 0.001 mm = 1O4A; of J\ = (arbitrary); of ex = 0.01 = 1%.

X I 0.45 0.50 0.55 0.60 0.70 1.0 1.2

Jx 3.8 11.5 22.0 24.0 25.8 34.3 34.3

I

ex Il X I /x I ex || X | Jx | e\ 86 1.5 34.0 0.9 8.0 23.9 21 72 2.0 25.5 0.7 9.0 29.9 39 49 3.0 17.0 0.9 10.0 27.4 52 24 4.0 7.6 0.8 12.0 19.1 70 6.2 5.0 7.0 1.4 15.0 8.9 79 1.9 6.0 7.9 2.7 18.0 5.0 81 1.2 7.0 15.0 8.4

TABLE 9.—MONOCHROMATIC INTENSITY (J\) OF RADIATION FROM A CYLINDRICAL ACETYLENE FLAME (5) The value of J\ for a flat flame, whether viewed flatwise or edgewise, is different from that for a cylindrical flame. J^ is the intensity of the radiation from a black-body at 236O0K, assuming C2 = 14350 micron 0K. Unit of X = lO"3/* = 10~7 cm = 10 A; of /x = of /x = (arbitrary); of J\/J( = 0.01 = 1%. X I /x I 400 5 425 7 440 8.5 450 10.0

/x i 3.3 5.5 7.6 9.25

J'JJ* Il X I A I /x I 4/Jx 66 460 11.8 11.2 94.9 79 475 15.0 14.6 97.4 89.4 500 20.9 21.0 100.5 92.5 520 27.5 27.3 99.3

X I /x I /x |/x//x Il X I A I /x Ux//X 525 29.2 29.2 100.0 650 91.2 92.1 101.0 540 34.6 34.6 100.0 660 97.6 98.5 100.7 550 38.9 38.8 99.8 675 107.5 108.0 100.4 560 42.9 43.1 100.4 680 110.9 111.3 100.7 575 49.8 49.9 100.2 700 124.1 124.1 100.0 580 52.2 52.4 100.3 720 137.5 137.2 99.8 600 62.5 62.9 100.6 725 141.0 140.5 99.6 620 73.3 74.0 101.1 740 151.0 150.2 99.5 625 76.1 76.8 100.8 750 157.9 157.2 99.5 640 85.0 86.0 101.1 750 163.0 157.2 96.5 TABLE 10.—MONOCHROMATIC INTENSITY (Jx) OF RADIATION OF A GAS-FILLED TUNGSTEN LAMP (13) Color temperature = 28480K; efficiency = 15.6 lumen per watt. Unit of X = 10~2M = 10~6 cm = 100Â; of J\ = (arbitrary). X = 40 42 44 46 48 50 52 54 56~ /x= 35 45 57.5 73.5 94.0116.5 141 167.5 196 X = 58 60 62 64 66 68 70 72 74 /x= 224 252 280 307.5336.5365 ,393 421 450 LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) C 1 ) Burgess and Waltenberg, SlA, 11: 591; 15. ( 2 ) Celite Products Co., Chicago, 111., O. ( 3 ) Coblentz, SlA, 9: 81; 12. («) Coblentz, SlA, 11:87; 15. ( 5 ) Coblentz, SlA, 15: 639; 20. ( 6 ) Coblentz and Hughes, 32, No. 254; 24. (7) Davisson and Weeks, 48, 8: 581; 24. (8) Foote, 128, 6: 317; 16. (9) Gerlach, 63, 14: 577; 13. (10) Henning and Heuse, 96, 16: 63; 23. (") Kurlbaum, 8, 67: 846; 99. (12) Langmuir, 2, 7: 302; 16. ( 12<1 ) Moeller and Miething, Giesserei-Ztg., 21: 444; 24. ( 13 ) Priest, 48, 6: 27; 22. (**) Rubens, 8, 18: 725; 05. 20:593; 06. ( 15 ) Randolph and Overholser, 2, 2: 144; 13. 0«) Stubbs, 5, 88: 195; 13. ( 17 ) Stubbs and Prideaux, 5, 87: 451; 12. (*8) Worthing, A. S., National Electric Lamp Assn., NeIa Park, Cleveland, O., O,

TEMPERATURE, BRIGHTNESS AND EFFICIENCY OF SELECTED SOURCES OF LIGHT W. E. FORSYTHE (All data and computations not credited to another have been supplied by the NeIa Research Laboratory, Cleveland, Ohio, U. S. A.) Definitions The brightness temperature of a body (B) for a stated wavelength (frequently, X = 0.665/*) is the temperature at which an ideal black-body has, at this wave-length, the same brightness as B. The color temperature of a body (B) is the temperature at which an ideal black-body has the same integral (or apparent) color as B. The radiation temperature of a body (B) is the temperature at which the rate of total energy radiation from an ideal black-body is equal to that from B. By the brightness of a source is meant the brightness in the direction perpendicular to the emitting surface. TABLE 1.—BRIGHTNESS TEMPERATURE (X = 0.665ju) CORRESPONDING TO TRUE TEMPERATURE T T = true absolute temperature, 0K

1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600

C* (8) Ï70ÔÏ67 1800 1766 1900 1862 2000 1958 2100 2054 2200 2150 2300 2245 2400 2340 2500 2600 2700 2800 2900 3000

Mo (14)

Ni (14)

Pt (14)

Ta (14)

W (12)

êmst «tower

Ô Ï 5 7 4 Ï 5 5 Î Ï592 Î5971598 1658 1634 1680 1684 1705 1741 1717 1766 1771 1814 1824 1800 1851 1857 1922 1905 1935 1943 2030 1986 2018 2026 2140 2065 2099 2109 2250 2143 2180 2192 2361 2220 2260 2274 2472 2297 2339 2356 2373 2417 2437 2448 2495 2516 2523 2571 2595 2647 2673

NQTl1

C*

Mo

Ni

Pt

Ta

W

(8)

(14)

(14)

(14)

(14)

(12)

8^Yj*

^

995 1092 1189 1286 1382 1478 1574

958 1049 1139 1228 1316 1403 1489

956 950 1047 1037 1137 1124 1226 1211 1315 1296 1403 1381 1466

966 1058 1149 1239 1329 1418 1506

966 1058 1149 1240 1330 1420 1509

959 1065 1271 1277 1384 1491

~ 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500

Au CUf Fef (14) (3) (3) 908 990 1071 1151 1255 1335 1412

FeOî Ni2O3J Ni-Cr§ Slagf (3) (3) (3) (3) 1000 999 997 1099 1098 1095 1197 1196 1193 1295 1292 1289 1392 1389 1383 1489 1484 1475

TABLE 1.—(Continued) I

Au

CUf

Fef

(14)

(3)

(3)

1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100 2200

FeOt Ni2O3J Ni-Cr§ Slagt (3)

(3)

1413 1499 1490 1586 1566 1673 1759 1844 1929 2016

(3)

(3)

1580 1646 1738 1831 1924

* Untreated carbon filament, t Molten. Î Solid. § Nichrome, chromel.

TABLE 2.—COLOR TEMPERATURE CORRESPONDING TO TRUE TEMPERATURE (T) ( 9 ) AND TABLE 1 T — true absolute temperature,0K T ÎÔOÔ 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100 2200 2300 2400 2500 2600 2800 3000

C*

1300 1396 1492 1590 1687 1785 1884 1984 2086 2187 2288

Mo 1ÖÖ4 1105 1207 1309 1411 1513 1616 1720 1823 1927 2032 2138 2244 2350 2456 2563 2672 2891

Ni

Pt

Ta

ÏÔ20ÏOÏÏ 1125 1116 1231 1222 1336 1328 1442 1435 1546 1542 1649 1757 1865 1974 2083

1532 1642 1751 1859 1967 2075 2182 2288 2393 2497 2601 2705 2911

N

*™st glower

W 1ÖÖ6 1108 1210 1312 1414 1517 1619 1722 1825 1929 2033 2137 2242 2347 2452 2557 2663 2878 3094

1517 1631 1744 1857 1968 2074 2173 2265 2345 2426 2502.

* Untreated carbon filament.

TABLE 3.—COLOR TEMPERATURE CORRESPONDING TO BRIGHTNESS TEMPERATURE (TB) (9) AND TABLE 1 TB = brightness temperature, absolute,0K

T8 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100 2200 2300 2400

I

C* 1414 1515 1616 1718 1820 1923 2028 2134 2240

* Untreated carbon filament. t Treated carbon filament, "Gem."

I

Cf

. 1620 1735 1852 1962 2064 2161 2255

I

Qs 1444 1562 1680 1799 1919 2045 2168 2295 2427 2556 2688

TABLE 4.—RADIATION TEMPERATURE CORRESPONDING TO TRUE TEMPERATURE (T) T = true absolute temperature,0K I Cu* CuO Fe* FeO Mo Ni2O3 Pt W~~ (3) (3) (3) (3) (14) (3) (13) (5) 1000 880 963 557 892 562 581 1100 961 1060 633 1003 632 659 1200 1156 1156 708 1112 704 738 1300 815 1245 1251 786 1220 775 819 1400 873 1334 1346 864 1332 849 905 1500 934 1424 1092 1442 945 1442 922 991 1600 1000 1514 1163 1024 995 1080 1700 1235 1106 1070 1167 1800 1307 1187 1146 1254 1900 1382 1272 1222 1342 2000 1456 1354 1297 1428 2200 1523 1601 2400 1693 1775 2600 1866 1945 2800 2039 2116 3000 2286 * Molten.

TABLE 5.—BRIGHTNESS* (B) CORRESPONDING TO TRUE TEMPERATURE № T = true absolute temperature, 0K; B = A X 10 . Examples: 2 0 W has a brightness of 0.00012 candle/cm at 100O K, of 2.26 at 170O0K, and of 347 candle/cm2 at 260O0K. Unit of B = 1 candle/cm2 = 6.452 candle/in.2 = 3.142 lambert. ~ T

n

1000 -4

1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100 2200 2300 2400 2500 2600 2700 2800 2900 3000 3100 3200 3300 3400 3500 3600

-4 -2 -2 -1 -1 -1 O O O 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3

B. B.fl

W

I Mo I Ta I Ct |Nernst§| Pt | Ni n A 2To 1.2 1.0 2TÔ 0.7 0.9 -4 21 10 8.1 17.4 6.2 8.0 -4 1.30 0.6 0.50 1.1 0.430.52-2 6.4 2.9 2.4 5.4 2.042.5 -2 2.35 1.1 0.89 . 1.9 0.5 0.740.90-1 7.22 3.3 2.7 3.2 6.0 2.2 2.4 2.8 -1 20.5 9.2 7.65 9.1 16.2 7.8 6.43 -1 5.06 2.261.87 2.21 4.05 2.27 1.61 O 11.25 5.054.13 5.04 8.89 6.0 3.56 O 22.9 10.408.3410.3518.5 14.0 7.5 O 4.39 2.001.59 2.02 3.44 2.93 1.43 1 7.94 3.562.86 3.63 6.30 5.70 1 13.62 6.134.85 6.2310.69 10.6 1 22.47 10.057.95 9.4524.45 20.6 1 3.50 1.5701.23 1.46 3.72 2 5.31 2.3751.86 2.22 7.75 3.4702.70 3.24 11.30 4.9803.91 4.57 15.80 6.94 5.40 6.16 21.60 9.49 28.9012.57 37.6016.47 48.5021.10 61.1026.85 7.42 3.37 8.82 4.22 10.30 5.74

* Computed from brightness of black-body ( 6 ) and data in Table 2. t Black-body ( 6 ) ; data for T = 1000 to 1600° and 2700 to 3600° are calculated. Î Untreated carbon filament. § Nernst glower.

TABLE 6.—BRIGHTNESS* (B) COBBESPONDING TO COLOR TEMPERATURE (Tc) Tc = absolute color temperature, 0K. Unit of B = 1 candle/ cm2 = 6.452 candle/in.2 = 3.142 lambert.

T

C

t

I

1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100 2200 2300 2400 2500 2600 2700 2800

0.20 0.62 1.8 4.4 9.9 20.0 39.0 68 117 187

I

Ct B

lc

Os

0.15 0.43 1.15 2.60 5.7 11.0 20.5 35.0 59.0 93.0 144.0 209 306 427 590

1.8 4.1 8.9 17.4 32.5 57.5 102 171

* Computed from brightness of black-body ( 6 ) and data of Table 2. t Untreated carbon filament. Î Treated carbon filament, "Gem."

TABLE 7.—TEMPERATURE, BRIGHTNESS AND EFFICIENCY OF SELECTED SOURCES OF ILLUMINATION T1 TBt Tc — true, brightness, and color temperature, absolute scale, expressed in 0K; E = efficiency; B = intrinsic brightness; C = carbon, Os = Osmium, Ta = Tantalum, W = Tungsten; 50-w. = 50 watt; w.p.c. = watt per candle; cp. std. = candle power standard. Unit of B = 1 candle/cm2 = 6.452 candle/in.2 = 3.142 lambert; of E = 1 lumen/watt. Source Candle: sperm Paraffin Kerosene : Round Hefner lamp Pentane lamp* Gas:flamet Mantle Acetylenet

Vacuum lamps: C, 4 w.p.c 3.1 w.p.c 2.5 w.p.c 50-w 50-w Vacuum lamps: Os, 2 w.p.c Ta, 2 w.p.c 50-w W, 10-w 25-w 40-w 60-w.

| T

flat

TB

Te \ E \ 1 930 1 925 1 500 2 055 1 530 1 920 1 880 1920 2160 l 875 2 380 1 6602 465 17302360

2 030 2 080 2 065 2 165 21302195 2 095 2 080 2130 2195

2.5 3.2 4.0 2.5 4.0

2 0 3 5 2 1 8 5 6.3 2 0 0 0 2 2 6 0 6.3 2180 2 2 6 0 6.3 2 355 2 390 7.7 2 450 2 493 9.8 2 460 2 504 10.0 2 465 2 509 10.1

B 1.0

| Remarks Bright spot

1.2 1.5 0.7

Bright spot Bright spot Bright spot 10 cp. std. Batswing Candle 6.2 Bright spot Whole flame 6.7 One spot 10.8 Mees burner 55 71 78 55 78

Filament Treated Gem Untreated (*) Gem (5)

61 53 53 128 193 206§ 211

(«) Straight§§ («) Straight§§ ( 5 ) Straight§§ (*) Straight§§ (5)

Source | T \ TB \' T0 \ E \ B I Remarks W, Bulb frosted on inside ( 9 ): 15-w 2470 8.4 2.3 Coiled 25-w 2505 9.5 4.1 Coiled 40-w 2535 10.0 5.2 Coiled Gas-filled lamps («): W, 50-w 408 White mazdal! 50-w 2685 267010.0 469 75-w 2 735 2 705 11.8 563 White mazdaf 100-w 2760 274012.9 605 200-w 2 840 2 810 15.2 781 200-w 2 860 10.0 "Daylight" 500-w 2 960 11.2 "Daylight" 750-w 3 065 Photographic 900-w 3 290 3 220 27.3 2 660 Special** 1000-w 2 990 2 980 20.0 1 225 1000-w 3 185 3 175 24.2 2 065 Stereopticon 1500-w 3 105 Photographic 2000-w 3 020 3 000 21.2 1 350 Mazdaft 10 kw 3 350 3 300 31.0 3 050 Special** 30 kw 3 350 3 300 31.0 3 050 Special** Bulb frosted on inside 9 ( ): 50-w 2650 10.0 7.8 Coiled 60-w 2 655 11.1 9.2 Coiled 100-w 2765 13.4 12.3 Coiled Electric arc: SolidC 33853780 9200 0<>) Cored C 30753420 4130 O«) Graphite (C) 3 735 3 775 17 300 0°) Hg, 385-w ( 2 ) Direct current 2.2 110 volt 430-w (2) Alternating current 2.4 110 volt 500-w (2) Quartz tube 350 100 volt 7 0.8 Average Clear sky ( ) 4 Moon ( ) 0.25 Bright spot Sunti (as observed from surface of earth) 165 000 (As observed from top of earth's atmosphere) 224 000 * Color-matched by Bureau of Standards. t Mixture of coal gas and water gas, heating value ca. 600 BTU/ft. 3 ; "batswing" and "candle" refer to the shape of the flame; the candle-shaped flame was about 10 cm high. J For first two lines, the burner was from a "prest-o-lite" automobile headlight, reflector removed; for third line, a Mees burner was used. §For frosted bulb, B = 2.5; for "golden mazda" bulb, B = 2.0 (9). Il For bulb, B = 1.3. f Filament, sprayed; for bulb, B = 2.1. ** For special illumination. ft For inside surface of coil, B = 3 000; for frosted bulb, B - 130. %% Calculated from data of O). §§ Straight filament.

LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) O) Abbott, Annals of Astrophys. Obs. 3: 115; 13. ( 2 ) Buttolph, CooperHewitt Electric Co., Hoboken, N. J., O. (*) Foote and Fairchild, in Pyrometry, p. 324. New York, Am. Inst. Min. Met. Eng., 1920. ( 4 ) Forsythe, 08, 111: 533; 23. (5) Forsythe and Worthing, 21, 61: 146; 25. («) Hyde, Forsythe and Cady, 2, 13: 45; 19. O) Kimball, 84, 16: 255; 21. (*) Mendenhall and Forsythe, 21, 37: 380; 13. (9) NeIa Research Lab., Cleveland, O., O. 0°) Priest and Fairchild, National Bureau of Standards, Washington, D. C., O. (U) Wiegand, 96, 30: 40; 24. O 2 ) Worthing, 2, 10: 377; 17. O 3 ) Worthing, in Pyrometry, p. 367. O 4 ) Worthing, NeIa Research Lab., Cleveland, O.f O.

OPTICAL CONSTANTS OF SUBSTANCES WHICH EXHIBIT METALLIC REFLECTION JOSEPH VALASEK CONTENTS Introduction Symbols and numerical relations Refraction and absorption. Massive materials. Pure metals, iodine, manganese, molybdenite, and steel. Alloys and amalgams Opaque films of pure metals Transparent films of pure metals Reflectivity. Massive materials. Pure metals and steel Alloys Sulfides which show metallic reflection Opaque films of pure metals Transmission, reflection, and absorption of thin films

INTRODUCTION

PAGE

248 248 249 250 251 252 253 254 254 255 255

Index of refraction for normal incidence = ratio of wave or phase velocity of light in vacuo (V) to that in the substance (v)\n — V/v = Xo/X. ne Index of refraction for angle of incidence 0; ne = sin 0/sin p. R 100 X reflectivity; R = 100Jr/Ji. A0 Value of R when B=O. ^H № j_] Value of R when incident light is plane polarized with electric vector parallel [perpendicular] to the plane of incidence. T 100 X transmissivity of a thin film; T = 10Q/T/J«. u\\ [UJL] Component of amplitude of reflected light with electric vector I] [JL] plane of incidence. A Difference in phase of u\\ and uj_. X Wave-length in metal of refracted light. Xo Wave-length in vacuo of incident light. p Angle of refraction; p = sin"1 (n0~l sin 6). B Angle of incidence. 0 Principal angle of incidence = value of O at which A = *90°. ^ Azimuth of restored plane of polarization, measured from plane of incidence; tan ^ = u\\/uj_. \l/ Principal azimuth = value of ^ when 9 — 0, i.e., when A = 90°. For transparent metal films, see (8> 17); for massive metals and opaque films the following relations apply ( 10 > 61): n

When the angle of incidence is not zero, the light reflected from a metal is elliptically polarized unless the incident light is plane polarized either in or perpendicular to the plane of incidence. Since the reflectivity and the ellipticity are very sensitive to changes in the condition of the surface, published values of the optical constants are quite discordant. The values are here tan A = sin Q tan 2P classified according to the preparation of the mirror, since this cos 2 ^ = cos Q sin 2P seems to affect the results in many cases. To obtain the dispersion of the optical constants of some materials, it may be where _ [n*(l -f- /c2)2 - 2n2(l - /c2) sin2 0 + sin4 0]i necessary to use data from several tables. It should also be xan i — ~~~~—— '.——"—• " sin B tan B observed that the reflectivity may be calculated from the indices 2 of refraction and absorption with the aid of the foritiula given in = (n\/l 4- /c )/sin 0 tan 0, approximately; the following section. The values in the reflectivity tables may be supplemented in this way, if necessary. | *"*-*(! -!K*-ria«» For all substances in which the index of absorption is not zero, ! tan Q = k, approximately. both it and the index of refraction vary with the angle of incidence ; P _ I 0 0 ^ ( I +fc 2 )-2n +1 (27.1,45.1). 1 ^0 " 1UU n 2 (1 + k*) + 2n + 1 2 Optical constants of dyes and vapors of mejfcals, and data in P = inn (^0 - cos 0)2 + ml fc , 2 regard to spectra, emissivity, magneto-optics, photoelectricity, "-L . (me +cos 0) +m%kl 2 photoconductivity, X-rays, and 7-rays are covered by other reports; R\\ = (me - sin 0 tan 0) + ml fcjj 2 m see index, R± ( e + sin 0 tan 0) + ml fcjj where me — ne cos p 2m$ = V(n 2 - nV - sin2 0)2 + 4n4fc2 + (n2 - n2/c2 SYMBOLS AND NUMERICAL RELATIONS sin2 0) A 100 X absorption by a thin film; A .= 100 - (R + T). 2 2 2 4 2 2 2mm = V(n - nV - sin 0) + 4n /c - (n - nW JQ, Jx Intensity of parallel light at two planes within the sin2 0) substance, the planes being perpendicular to the direction of propagation of the light, and separated sin 0 tan 0 - W(I-+*) [l - *(~) ^f%y + by the distance x. Ji1 JT, Jr Intensity of the incident, transmitted and reflected Ô Y\ O 1 / / 1 +Lk) 72\ 2 3of ~ W(1 light. approximately; k Index of absorption for normal incidence in the direction of x; Jx = JtfT**nkx/**, x and X0 are to be 4. O T 7 Tl • 0 . ( \ 0 • t a n 2 * = * [1 +îg-^Tfei) + ( FT^2J r^TT^ + expressed in the same units. k0 Index of absorption for incidence at an angle O with . . . = k, approximately. the normal x; Jx = JQe^vnk^^. 1

1

fc2

SÌn4

§( - Im-O ) ^rn^ - • • • J SÌEl2

l

SÌn4

>

TABLE 1.—REFRACTION AND ABSORPTION OF PURE MASSIVE METALS, I, MN, MoS2 AND STEEL Jx = JQe~**nlcx^; x and X0 expressed in same unit. Unit of X = IM = 1O4A = 10~4 cm. Ag (34) C, Graphite (47); cf. (?», 57, 62) X

n

k

0.226 .231 .250 .257 .293 .298 .322 .332 .336 .346 .361 .395 .450 .500 .550

1.41 1.43 1.49 1.53 1.57 1.56 0.83 .40 .26 .22 .20 .16 .16 .17 .18

0.75 0.78 0.92 0.84 0.62 0.58 0.49 1.61 3.21 5.01 7.22 12.3 14.5 17.1 18.8

.589

.18

20.6

.589 .20* 17.1* .630 .2Of 19.5t *(89). t( 9 ). A1 (

}

0.431 .486 .527

0.78 0.93 1.10

2.85 3.15 3.39

IS .ö»y .657 —

M** 1.44 1.48

36 3 o.b4 t* 3.92

AU (53); C/. (S1, 50, 61)

0.400 .420 .440 .460 .480 .500 .520 .540 •580 .620 .660 .700

1.58 1.13 1.57 1.15 1.54 1.17 1.45 1.20 1.28 1.32 0.94 1.87 .67 2.99 .54 4.32 .42 6.65 .35 8.95 .32 11.20 .28 13.60

Bi (31);c/. (i) 0.257 0.99 1.01 .275 0.99 1.15 .298 0.97 1.37 .326 0.98 1.52 .361 1.09 1.64 .398 1.26 1.66 .436 1.8OZ* 1.79 Z* .441 1.38 1.64 . 468 l. 47 l. 64 .508 1.55 1.64 .546 2.35 Z* 1.63 J* .579 2.48 Z* 1.6OZ* .589 1.78 1.57 .668 1.96 1.58 * ( « T ) ; / • liquid Bi.

Cu (34, 53); cf. (9, 39, 48, 50) X

n

0.231 .257 .275 .298 .347 .395 .450 .460 .480 .500 .520 .540 .560 .580 .589 .589 .600 .620 .640 .660 * ( 34)

1.39* 1.40* 1.37* 1.26* 1.19* 1.17* 1.13* 1.19 1.17 1.17 1.15 1.07 0.855 .600 .62t .64t .565 .580 .615 .655 (39) i (so

k

Hg.—(Continued) X

n

k

1.05* 0.441 1.01 3.39 1.01* .468 1.15 3.21 1.01* .508 1.31 2.99 1.05* .589 1.62 2.71 X n k 1.23* . 630 1.72 2.73 0.436 1.90 0.36 1.50* *(12). t(38). .492 1.94 .34 1.90* j(31) .546 1.96 .34 1.93 0.326 1.70 0.49 .578 1.97 .33 2.00 65 361 .623 2.00 .33 2.03 OQO o ofi fio 2.11 '2J 2'S '£ Cb (57) 2.25 ' ' ' 46g 3 og 4 ? 0.578 | 1.80 | 1.17 2.83 '5Q8 3'31 '37 4.66 '-Ä0 '17 Q' Cd (») 4.1t —— — ^0.436 O.39Z* 9.13Z* 4.08Î Ir (57) .546 0.76 Z* 6.4H* 5.51 0.578 2.13 2.28 .579 0.82Z* 6.27Z* 5.72 .660 2.40 2.10 .589 1.13 4.43 5.82 7 i i O C N .630 1.31 4.05 5.77 K (n, 35) * ( 2 7 ) ; ; = liquid Cd. 0.472 0.070 14.3 t .546 .060* 21.5* Co 34 53 ( ' ); cf- (9) Fe (9, 30, so) -589 .068 22.1 0.231 1.10* 1.30* 5 0.589 2.36 1.36 "^ '066 26 ' 8 .257 1.25* 1.45* .589 2.18* 1.25* — .275 1.41* 1.52* .589 2.41t 1.41t Mg (») .298 " 1.50* 1.56* ^ ^* 1.61* .589 3 2.36J 1.36t 0.589 0.37. 11.8 * (so), t ( °i.63 .40 11.5 395 1 63* 1 7g* '420 1'68 1'83 Crystal axis* J_ (20) 0.416 0.260 5.95 Steel (34, 5l, 53) 44 I:TI i:87 -'4go ° 1 84 l 86 99Fe + 1C .440 .290 6.10 -9n ,l.öo 1l.yö QS Ä„ 0.227 1.30 1.26 .496 .285 6.37 .5A) .231 1.32 1.28 .520 .335 6.97 .560 j 2.09 1.83 .257 | 1.38 1.35 .560 .337 6.38 -JJ Hl {-g.298 ! 1.40 1.43 .589 .340 6.25 680 250 178 .326 1.37 1.53 .620 .315 6.97 *(34) .361 1.52 1.63 .650 .323 6.94 '" ~ " i .400 l. 68 l. 62 Crystal axis * || (2 O) Cr ("); c/. (57) ! .420 l.79* l. 58* 0.416 0.305 4 ; 9e 0.257 1.64 2.25 \ .440 1.86* 1.55* .440 .340 3.87 .275 1.27 2.45 .460 ! 1.93t 1.54t .496 .365 5.06 .298 1.21 2.23 .480 2.07* 1.46* .520 .385 5.57 .325 1.26 2.31 .500 2.13t 1.46t -560 .420 4.62 .340 1.26 2.35 .520 2.26* 1.38* .589 .390 5.05 .347 i.42 2.12 .540 2.30t 1.41t -620 .420 5.48 .361 1.53 2.10 .580 2.44t 1.36t .650 .423 5.18

.398 .415 .444 .468 .480 .502 .508 .533 .588 .608 Cs

2.13 1.90 2.13 2.36 1.88 2.47 1.88 2.65 1.79 2.93 1.56 3.06 1.53 3.45 1.41 3.59 1.26 3.28 1.31

1>72

> Cs-glass mirror (37) 0.455 0.362 2.37 -489 .339 2.70 -540 .326 3.41 -589 .321 3.70 .641 .326 4.01 .680 .350 4.34

.620 .660

2.54J 2.64J

.700 2.70t *( 53 ). t( 5 1 ).

1.34J 1.31t

1.31t

Hg, Liquid (12, 31,38) 0.257 0.61* 2.94* .275 0.62* 3.03* .298 0.65* 3.10* .302 0.55t 4.09t .313 0.44t 5.75t .325 0.69* 3.35* .326 0.68 3.32 .361 0.77 3.51 .365 0.64t 4.64t .398 0.92 3.44 .405 0.79t 4.30t .436 0.88t 3.94t

* Principal axis J_ [||] to plane of incidence.

Mn 0.257 .274 .297 .325 .340 .347 -360 .397 .414 .439 .468 .479 .507 .532 .578

(14, so, 57) 0.661 1.79 0.762 1.67 1.01 1.58 1.03 1.71 1.02 1.75 1.10 1.76 1.16 1.79 1.29 1.83 1.39 1.80 1.54 1.79 1.65 1.71 1.69 1.75 1.84 1.78 1.85 1.77 2.49* 1.56*

Mn.-(Continued) X n k 0.588 2.25 1.67 .589 2.41t 1.61t .625 2.23 1.74 .668 2.62 1.55 *( S7 ). t( 3 °). MoS2, Molybdenite (32) 0.330 2.22 1.00 .350 2.64 0.98 .370 3.21 .96 .390 3.85 .89 .410 4.00 .81 .430 4.50 .66 .450 4.68 .58 .470 5.00 .47 500 5.67 .34 0.435 .472 .546 .546 .589 .665 *(»•).

Na (U, 35) 0.058 31.7 .057 33.3 .052 42.6 .047* 47.3* .044 55.0 .051 55.0 ~ 77 Nb; see Cb

0.420 .460 .500 .540 .580 .588 .589 .620 .660 .700 *(so).

1.79 1.89 1.93 1.97 1.98 2.06* 1.86t 1.99 1.98 l.97

0.436 .546

.579

1.63«* 2.42«*

2.282* 1.841*

2.56 i* 1.77 z*

.589 .630

2.01 1.97

1.73 1.74

Pb (>,«); c/. a)

0.578

Pd (57) | 1.62 |

2.10

0.578 .660

Rh (s?) 1.54 1.81

3.00 2.94

0.589 .630

Sb (•) 3.04 3.17

1.63 1.56

/oi w i • Se (2l, 3l) 1 73 ^ °'725 1.82 .736 2.46 .635 2.75 .546 2.65 .518 2.88 .426 2.93 .359 2.94 .320 2.92 .281 2.85 .221 3.2*

o

°-257 .275 .298 .326 -361 .398 .441 .468 .508 .589 -589

2 7g

161

Crystal axist -L (33> 49 > S8) 0.30 2.2 0.7 -35 2.6 .6 .40 2.9 .6 -45 3.1 .5 -50 3.2 .4 3 -55 «3 .3 60 3A ' *3 > 65 3.4 .3 -7O 3.5 .3 Crystal axist || (33> 49> 58) 0.30 3.4 0.7

;2 1:1 45

:!

;55

40 /„

4;3

5 \

60

4 4 /g

3 '„

'

'65

;70

4;5

;„

;3

* (2>). t Principal axis X [||I to plane of incidence. Si (26, 30, 57)

Pt (9, 39, 62)

0.439 1.63 466 l 71 i 477 l Ì72 *488 1Ì76 503 l 79 .517 1.85 .589 2.07 .589 2.06* .589 2.03t .630 2.16* .633 2.22 .665 2.34 .704 2.43 *( 9 ). t( 39 ).

0.455 -489 .540 .589 .641

668

Ni (9, so, 53) 1.42 1.46 1.54 1.63 1.73 1.58* 1.79t 1.82 1.95 2.03 9 t( ).

*(») ;i -i iq uidpb.

Rb (36) n k 0.137 5.28 .134 6.49 .140 7.97 .131 9.28 .140 10.51

2.08 2 11 2^14 2:il 2 15 2.12 2.12 2.06* 1.96t 2.06* 2.10 2.08 2.11

Jg u.oöy LOO to 2 3 25 Sn(9, 0.257 .275 .298 .325 .347 .361 .398 .425

J-J. 4.^4 4.07t

".1J .114 -095t

. 12, 27) ;c /. (i) 1.12 2.98 1.12 2.95 1.04 2.66 0.98 2.45 1.01 2.20 0.91 2.13 0.68 2.82 0.70 3.55

Sn.-(Continued) X n k 0.436 1.18Z* 3.44Z* .447 0.72 4.03

:Z 2:™ 1:S

.502 0.78 4.58 .533 0.89 4.41 .546 1.73 Z* 3.08Z* .579 1.771* 3.09Z* .588 1.12 4.03 .589 1.48t 3.55t .620 1.25 3.83 .630 1.66t 3.30t .668 1.42 3.53 * Liquid (27) ;c/. (i). t (»). Ta (57) 0.578 | 2.05 | 1.13 Te (33) Crystal axis f Il 0.300 1.5 0.1 .350 2.0 .2 .400 2.4 .2 .450 2.5 .3 .500 2.6 .4 .550 2.7 .5 .600 2.5 .6 .650 2.0 .5 Crystal axist _L 0.300 1.9 0.3 .400 2.4 .3 .450 2.9 .4 .500 3.0 .5 .550 3.1 .6 .600 2.9 .6 .650 2.4 .6

X 0.578

V (") n 3.03

k 1.16

°-578 ' 2-76 i °-98 Zn (», 3l) 0.55 0.46 0.47 0.60 0.72 0.85 0.93 1.05 ! 41

1.10 2.56 3.41 3.72 3.63 3.45 3.40 3.32 2.92 >508 2.41 589 1 93 .589 2.12(») 2.60(*) .630 2.36 2.34 .668 2.62 l. 94 Crystal axist J- (20) 0.455 1.00 3.55 .486 1.35 3.14 .520 1.47 2.94 .560 1.92 2.60 .589 2.58 2.29 .630 2.47 2.47 .650 2.47 2.15 Crystal axist || (20) 0.455 0.78 4.58 .486 1.09 3.80 .520 1.32 3.49 .560 1.61 3.08 .589 2.02 2.86 .630 2.27 2.79 .650 2.07 2.60

0

257 275 .298 .326 .361 .398 .441 .468

t Principal axis J. [|[] to plane of incidence.

TABLE 2.—REFBACTION AND ABSORPTION OF ALLOYS Grouped according to number of components; in each group the arrangement is alphabetical by chemical symbols. At. %, V %, Wt. % = atomic %, volume %, weight %; C = composition. Jx — Joe~4irnkx/xo; x and Xo expressed in same unit. Unit of X = IA* = 1O4A = IO'4 cm. Ag-Cu (39) Ag-Cu.-(Continued) X = 0.589, C = Wt. % Cu X n k C n k 0.361 0.63 1.82 O 0.20 17.1 .398 .59 2.20 3 .25 11.4 .441 .60 3.26 6 .52 6.5 .468 .58 3.83 10 .49 7.5 .508 .58 3.61 30 .36 6.6 .589 .37 6.68 50 .31 7.6 .668 .32 9.38 72 .24 13.8 80 .42 7.1 Ag-Pt (39) £0 .51 5.7 X = 0.589, C = Wt. % Pt 95 .64 5.0 C n k 100 .62 4.1 O 0.20 17.1 Ag-Cu(Si) 15 0.71 5.92 C = 50Wt. %Cu 30 1.15 3.69 X n k 40 1.13 2.74 0.257 0.86 0.94 45 1.26 2.42 .275 .89 0.88 50 1.57 2.15 .298 .85 1.05 90 2.12 1.85 .326 .72 1.40 100 2.03 1.96

Ag-Sn (2) X = 0.578, C = Wt. % Sn C n k 4 1.05 3.79 Ag-Tl (2) X = 0.578, C = Wt. % Tl 12.16 2.73 0.332 4.76 0.423 10.14 Al-Cu (30) X = 0.589, C = V % Al O 0.64 4.08 19 0.80 3.70 36.4 1.32 2.56 51.4 1.97 1.62 57.8 2.24 1.58 76 1.68 2.35 100 1.44 3.64 B- TT Liquid T - -i (2 /»7\ Bi-Hg, 7) \ /lOß n A A ny TT X = rv0.436, C = At. % Hg n i Rn i 7Q

/o 100

1:2 3.39* ì:S 1.01*

Cd-Hg (2) X = 0.578, C = Wt. % Hg C n k 5.14 1.69 2.75 10 0.79 6.08 Cd-Pb, Liquid (27) X = 0.436, C = At. % Pb O 0-39 9.13 12 0.55 6.53 22 0.81 4.61 33.5 1.02 3.74 64 1.27 2.88 79.5 1.52 2.37 100 1.63 2.28 X =0.546 O 0.76 6.41 12 1.14 4.20 22 1.14 4.20 33 -5 1.58 3.07 L .\J&

"^

io

'

°

ö

1 84 '-i?™\= ° 579 8 2

0

4.O4

ö

627

UO

J.«50 2=35

163 1.Od

12

X 43

'

3S1

d/ì

9 94.

17«

^

1>4t5

ò-0

Î«

2'ï*

335

1 69

2 98

64

1

2- 40 2 05 ' LIL-

IM

X-0579 248 2.'38 1.62

O 160 4? Ì:S 100 2.80* *( 31 ). Bi-Pb, Liquid (27) X = 0.436, C = At. % Pb O 1 80 1.79 6 1 85 1 70 18 1*82 l'.77 26.4 1.73 1.90 48 1.74 1.95 61 1.74 1.98 75 1.78 1.99 86 1.63 2.28 100 1.63 2.28 X == 0.546 O 2.35 1.63 6 2.35 1.64

26.4 *:S i:«« S 61 75 86 100

2.34 ì'% 2.32 2.42 x 2 = 42 579

1.79 ÎW 1.84 1.84 1.84

O 2.48 1.60 6 2.52 1.59 19 2.48 1.63 26.4 2.56 1.64 48 2.56 1.64 60 2.55 1.67 75 2.62 1.67 86 2.56 1.77 100 2.56 1.77 C-Fe, Steel; see Fe, Table I

^

^" 79 5 2 21 ' ' _ì~ ^ Cu-Fe(SO) X = 0.589, C = V O 0.64 27.6 1.77 2 24 53A ' 77 6

2 62

-

% Fe 4.08 1.53 1<32 1<3

° 10.0 2.41 1.41 Cu-Ni (30); cf. (2, 9) X = 0.589, C = V % Ni O 0.64 4.08 25 1.61 2.15 40 2.09 1.47 50 2.33 1.55 60 2.12 1.55 75 2.01 1.57 100 1.79 1.85

0

^ V87^* ^

/ S6)I 6 ' 66 , l 1Q | ' 2 4 32 X = 0.60 (56) 32 | 1.22 | 2.7 5

63 xI= ° 055

Cu-Zn (2) X = 0.578, C = Wt. % Zn 3.11 0.50 8.39 5.0 0.45 9.57 Fe-Mn (30) x = 0.589, C = V % Mn O 2.36 1.36 50 2.42 1.53 75 1.55 2.43 100 2.41 1.61

Fe-Ni (30) X = 0.589, C = V % Ni C n k O 2.41 1.41 1.7 2.44 1.41 6.2 2.38 1.40 20.0 2.31 1.47 22.8 2.30 1.48 25.8 2.25 1.52 33 2.23 1.50 44.2 2.16 1.63 73 2.01 1.74 100 1.79 1.86 K-Na (35) X = 0.546, C = Wt. % Na 0.0 0.060 21.5 15.7 0.088 17.6 25.8 0.124 12.8 34.0 0.137 12.5 45.0 0.115 15.6 55.0 0.108 16.8 63.8 0.100 18.5 82.7 0.081 27.2 100.0 0.047 47.3 Ni-Si (30) X = 0.589, C = V % Si O 1-79 1.85 16.3 2.04 1.56 29.1 2.35 1.32 39.3 2.61 1.12 47.4 2.87 0.99 100 4.24 0.114 Pb-Sn, Liquid (27) X = 0.436, C = At. % Sn O 1.63 2.28 14.5 1.46 2.61 1.24 3.09 62.5 93 1.25 3.18 100 1.18 3.44

Pb-Sn.-(Continued) C I n \ k X = 0.546 O 2.42 1.84 14.5 2.00 2.30 62.5 1.91 2.52 93 1.70 3.05 100 1.73 3.08 X = 0.579 O 2.56 1.77 14.5 2.24 2.14 62.5 2.03 2.50 93 1.89 2.81 100 1.77 3.09 Pt-Rh ( 57 ) x = 0.578, C = Wt. % Rh i0.0 I 1.79 I 2.35 X = 0.660 lo.O I 2.08 I 2.22 Wood's metal (», 3l); c/. (i); C = Wt. % 50Bi -f 25Pb 412.5Sn + I2W \ n k 0.257 0.58 2.68 .275 0.68 2.73 .298 0.76 2.86 .326 0.85 2.81 .sei 2.80 0.96 .393 l. u 2.69 .441 i. 22 2 . 67 .468 1.28 2.46 .508 1.53 2.36 .589 1.80 2.24 .589 2.03* 2.29* .589 2.1OZ* 2.15Z* .668 2.04 2.10 *(•);* - Hguid.

TABLE 3.—REFRACTION AND ABSORPTION BY OPAQUE FILMS OF PURE METALS Cath, Chem, Elee = film deposited by cathode sputtering, by chemical reaction, by electrolysis. Jx = /^-^w^/Xo. x ancj ^0 expressed in same unit. Unit of X = 1/x = 1O4A = 10~4 cm. Ag, Cath (28); cf. (16, 17, 43) Ag, Chem.—(Continued) X

0.546 0.578

n

k

0.168 19.6 0.172 19.3 Chem (13, si) 0.460 0.270* 12.0* 0.500 0.273 * 13.0* 0.540 0.279* 14.0* 0.580 0.284* 14.8* 0.620 0.291* 15.5* 0.650 0.19 18.1 0.660 0.299* 16.3 0.700 0.308* 16.9* 0.750 0.16 28.6 0.940 0.15 36.2 1.15 0.23 31.2 1.47 0.36 23.9 1.00 14.3 2.10 2.89 1.39 13.7

X

n

k

3.38 2.06 11.1 4.04 2.98 9.5 4.37 434 74 Chem (51), on glass, light incident through the glass 0.460 0.339 6.90 .500 .343 7.72 .540 .348 8.51 .580 .356 9.26 .620 .365 9.93 .660 .375 10.46 .700 .386 10.96 *( 51 ). 0.546 0.578

Au, Cath (28) 0.45 5.36 0.30 8.93

Au.—(Continued) \ n \ k Elee (13,31,51) 0.257 0.92* 1.24* 0.275 1.06* 1.20* 0.298 1.10* 1.25* O 326 1.26* 1 29* 0.361 1.30* 1.35* 0.398 1.29* 1.41* 0.441 1.18* 1.57* 0.460 1.66 1.10 0.468 1.10* 1.66* 0.480 1.53 1.22 0.500 1.33 1.51 0.520 1.10 1.98 0.540 0.94 2.72 0.560 0.81 3.50 0.580 0.73 4.14 0.600 0.67 4.86 0.620 0.65 5.29 0.640 0.63 5.69 0.660 0.64 5.86 0.670 0.28f IS.Of 0.680 0.62 6.26 0.870 0.21f 26.Of 1.07 0.25f 28.6t 1.41 0.36f 26.Ot 1.69 0.40J 28.6f 2.11 0.5Ot 28.6t 2.87 0.73t 22.0J 3.14 0.8Ot 23.6t 3.50 0.96t 23.6t 4.13 1.6Ot 18.Ot 4.83 1.83f 18.Ot S W- t ( 1 3 ) -

C*» Elee.—(Continued) x

\

Cu, Cath (13, 28, 43, 46) 0.546 0.901* 2.70* 0.546 0.925t 2.09t 0.97J 2.76J 0.546 0.578 0.515* 4.91* 0.578 0.501t 3.98t 0.810 0.43 9.8 1.03 0.43 13.0 1.27 0.37 19.1 1.53 0.53 15.1 1.77 0.73 13.0 2.28 0.68 16.8 3.05 0.90 15.9 3.25 1.08 15.1 3.59 1.39 13.6 4.20 1.92 11.9 Elee (13, si) 0.460 1.57 1.44 0.480 1.53 1.50 0.500 1.50 1.58 0.520 1.43 1.68 0.540 1.38 1.79 0.560 1.27 2.02 0.580 1.07 2.66 0.600 0.98 3.25 0.640 0.96 3.68 0.660 1.00 3.72 0.700 1.03 3.69 0.740 1.25§ 3.6§ 0.900 1.93§ 2.6§

n

k

1.10 3.09§ 1-32 4.32§ 3.11 4.74§ 3.60 7.12§ 4 -61 7.61§ *( 2 *). t ("). K").

2.0§ 1.5§ 1.7§ 1.3§ 1.3§ i(").

Fe, Cath(3l) 1.01 0.95 0.92 0.99 1.04 1.17 1.28 1.34 1.38 1.51 1.70

0.874 0.841 0.903 0.923 1.05 1.11 1.07 1.03 1.08 1.08 1.08

0-257 -275 -298 -326 -361 .398 .441 .468 .508 -589 .668

Ir, Cath (13); c/. (43) 0.860 3.28 1.63 1.16 4.26 1.61 1.57 5.16 1.54 2.77 6.55 1.43 3.36 8.80 1.28 4.60 12.28 1.19 Ni, Cath (28, 31) 257 1.09 1.10 275 1.09 1.06 1.09 1.04 >2 98 .326 1.08 1.00 .361 1.08 1.01 .398 1.09 l.OS .441 Li 6 1.06 .468 1.17 1.17 .508 1.19 1.29 .546 1.81* 1.57* .578 1.84* 1.61* .589 1.30 1.52 .668 1.35 1.61 Elee (31) 0.257 0.87 1.42 .275 1.12 1.46 .298 1.31 1.39 .326 1.32 1.41 .361 1.28 1.47 .398 1.37 1.70 .441 1.46 1.85 .468 1.44 2.00 ! so 508 2 .06 .589 1.58 2.16 .668 1.74 2.18 *(««).

0

Pt, Cath (i3, 28);c/. 0.546 1.83* 0.578 1.92* 1.00 3.42 1.52 4.71 1.97 5.92 3.29 7.50 3.41 8.82 4.65 10.9

(29, 44) 2.09* 2.10* 1.83 1.76 1.65 1.62 1.56 1.41

Pi.—(Continued) I n I k Elee (3l) 0.257 1.17 1.41 .275 1.29 1.51 .298 1.28 1.67 .326 1.28 1.72 .361 1.38 1.77 .398 1.74 1.71 .441 1.94 1.63

X

Pt, Elee.— (Continued) X n k 0.468 2.09 1.57 .508 2.29 1.48 .589 2.63 1.35 .668 2.91 1.26 * ( 28 ). W, Cath (30) ; c/. (42) 2.8 0.579 0.589 35

TABLE 4.—REFRACTION AND ABSORPTION OF TRANSPARENT FILMS OF PURE METALS Films are deposited by cathode sputtering. T = thickness; Jx = J"0e-47rnAa;/xo; x and Xo expressed in same units. Unit of r = Im/t = 10"V = 10~7 cm; of X = 1/z = 1O4A = 10~4 cm. Ag (16), x = 0.436 T

0.9 2.4 2.8 28.6 53.2 0.6 0.9 2.4 2.8 5.5 28.6 53.2 96.2 53.2

0.9 2.8 Au 1.0 1.5 3.4 9.2 23.1 32.2 50.3 72.6 113.2 1.0 1.5 3.4 9.2 23.1 32.2 50.3 72.6 113.2

1.5 3.4 9.2 23.1 32.2 50.3 113.2

n

Cu (16); c/. (3, 43) k

2.27 0.58 1.56 0.68 1.34 1.38 0.58 3.71 0.71 2.92 X = 0.546 4.50 0.067 4.25 0.45 3.23 0.45 2.53 0.78 2.07 0.83 1.22 2.25 0.81 3.23 0.21 14.9 X = 0.579 I 0.90 I 3.19 X =0.622 4.83 0.46 2.90 0.68 (44), x = 0.500 1.96 0.46 1.59 0.85 1.34 1.22 1.12 1.62 1.02 1.80 1.06 1.69 1.06 1.64 1.09 1.58 0.85 1.94 X =0.600 2.09 0.40 2.25 0.89 1.63 1.64 0.77 3.74 0.66 4.39 0.73 3.75 0.77 3.48 0.77 3.43 0.35 7.12 X = 0.700

3.31 2.14 1.13 0.58 0.63 0.63 0.20

0.55 1.42 3.10 5.79 4.92 4.62 12.8

r

l

0.8 13.7 20.2 0.8 13.7 20.2 37.2 40.1 44.8

0.8 13.7

n

l

X = 0.436 3.23 1.93 1.80 X = 0.546 1.96 1.50 1.45 1.26 1.23 1.13 X = O 622 0.60 0.92

k

0.15 0.47 1.10 0.41 1.50 1.64 1.91 1.95 1.95

1.43 1.62

Pd (44), x = 0.600 0.2 3.10 0.58 0.4 3.40 0.20 1.7 2.94 0.57 3.1 2.84 0.65 5.1 2.60 0.82 6-4 2.46 0.89 9.6 2.20 1.05 22.0 2.10 1.24 33.1 2.01 1.41 39.7 1.65 1.60 56.3 1.70 1.76 71.1 1.86 1.56 89.7 1.72 1.66 111.5 1.95 1.39 T = 232mM \ n k 0.500 1.74 1.24 0.550 1.76 1.36 0.600 1.92 1.31 °-650 1.94 1.41 0.700 2.05 1.40

r

Pt (44), x = 0.600 n k

1.4 2.6 4.9 7.0 11.7 16.8 26.0

3.45 3.17 2.65 2.25 2.16 2.10 2.04

0.29 0.74 1.09 1.30 1.39 1.44 1.47

TABLE 5.—REFLECTIVITY OF PURE METALS AND STEEL: NORMAL INCIDENCE ON MASSIVE METAL R0/100 = Jr/Ji. For qualitative comparison with speculum metal for X = 0.103 to 0.160/*, see Gardner ( 18 ) for Ag, Al, Au, Cu, Steel, Pt, and Si, and Hulburt (25) for Ni. Unit of X = l/i = 1O4A = 10~4 cm. Ag (7, 22) Au, Polarized lightf Cd (5) X Ro (Continued) X R0 0.45 88.0* O R\\ 1.06 70.8 0.50 90.0* 40 86.2 1.71 85.0 0.55 91.5* 60 81.5 3.06 93.0 0.60 92.7* 70 80.4 5.24 95.9 80 82.8 6.75 97.0 0.65 93.5* 0.70 94.1* 85 90.1 9.38 98.4 0.80 95.1* 9 = 60° 12.03 98.2 0.90 96.0* X A± 1.00 96.4 0.500 68.3 Co (5, 25) 1.50 97.3 0.540 83.2 2.00 97.3 0.580 90.8 0-188 33* 3.00 97.3 0.660 94.3 0-200 37* 4.00 97.7 X -R\i 0.251 44* 5.00 97.3 0.500 33.2 0.305 51* 7.00 98.5 0.540 59.5 0.357 54* 9.00 98.9 0.580 74.3 1-06 67.5 1-71 71.5 11.00 99.0 0.660 84.8 14.0 * (7).

98.8 .

9

Al (5); cf. ( ) 1 HA 7Q JL

• "U

1.71 3.06 3.96 5.24 6.75 8.02 9.38 10.49 12.03

I

ft

* From black-body at temperature t, 0C. t Ä j _ [ Ä j j ] = R when electric vector is _L [||] to Plane of incidence; 6 = angle of incidence.

80.8 88.3 91.4 93.8 95.2 96.9 97.4 96.9 97.3

, '- *(4) ^ radiation* J** 97.7 97.6 97.5 96.8 95.7 93.7 91.0

87 pT Polarized,,lightJf

(6 *X =0.620 nLn

e

5 24

/»
O . O

f.

Bi (»);*(•) X A0 3.00 71.7 4.00 75.2 5.00 77.2 7.00 79.5 9.00 81.4 11-00 83.2 14.00 81.6 C, Graphite (6, 25) ; C/. (19, 5 7 , 6 2 )

Cnn 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500

3.06 3.96

R

O 20 40 60 70 80 85 0

± 88.0 88.4 91.2 94.2 97.2 98.7 97.8 RU

O 20

88.3 87.7

°-

20

0 .25

18

* 19*

QQ

J-J. J-J? ^ ^ 1

76.7 80.7 86 2 Q2 y ' y±.o f*n

^ f'S 96 6 '

Cr (6,25) ^ ^ ^200 ^ Q 251 32* Q 305 3?* 357

0.50

0 70

41*

55

56

°' ° o 35 o 40 0.50 0.60 o 7o 0.80 i oo

19

* 19*

^ OO l 40

57 59

21 22.5 23.5 2 4.0 25.0 26.8

l' 60 2'00 2 ' 50 3 00 ^ 00 5 oo

61 63 66 70 76 81

1

28 3 ' 3o. O

o-«« 8 00

S* 89

3

20 i^40

1 60

^ 2.00 2.50 3.00 3.50 4. OO 5.00 6.00 7.00 8.00 9.00 10.00 *(«»).

32

'° 35.2 39.5 43.0 46.0 47.5 50.5 52.0 53.5 55.5 57.5 59.0

9:

°°

10.00

Steel.—(CWd)

X 0.251 0.288 0.305 0.326 0.357 0.385 0.420 0.450 0.500 0.550 0.600 0.650 0.700 0.800 1.00 1.50 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 7.00 9.00 11.00 14.00

Fe

X

R0 25.9 24.3 25.3 24.9 27.3 28.6 32.7 37.0 43.7 47.7 71.8 80.0 83.4 88.6 90.1 93.8 95.5 97.1 97.3 97.9 98.3 98.4 98.4 97.9 /s)

92

93

*(25). Cs, Cs-glass mirror ( 37 ) 0.455 37.2 0.489 45.7 °-540 54.1 0.589 58.6 0.641 62.9 0.680 63.2

0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80 1.00 1-40 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 7.00 8.00

55.0 57.5 59.5 61.5 65.0 71.5 78.0 84.5 89.5 91.5 93.0 94.0 94.0

Q OH Î7 . LFTJ

Î7O .0

Q^

Steel (22,25, si) 99 Fe + 1 C 0.188 22* 0.200 27*

5 4 °-^ ^ 0 0: °'

251

0.357 0.460 0.500

38

*

50* 55.5 56.0

S'SS fl

0.580 0.620 0.660 0.700 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 9.00 14.00

57.3 57.3 58.0 58.0 63f 771 831 88J 93f 96f

I

ft

K (15)

A0

Polarized light I (61) X = 0.580 O R± o 55 5 10 55.5 57.3 2o 59.9 30 40 63.4 so 68.5 60 74.6 70 81.1 75 86.9 80 89.5 82.5 93.0 * Jj11 o 55.8 10 54.7 54.1 2Q 50.9 30 40 47.0 so 40.8 60 34.0 70 26.2 75 2 4.0 80 27.0 82.5 33.8 S = 60° X Ä± 0.500 73.6 0.540 74.4 0.620 75.4 0.660 75.5 x A|| 0.500 34.1 0.540 33.7 0.620 34.3 0.660 35.6 *(25). t(»;. t Ä j _ [ Ä | | ] - * when

*

Q

Q

Cu (22); cf. (9,39,48,50)

electric vector . is . _L [||] to plane of incidence; 9 = angle of incidence.

X

R0

0.254 0.265 0.280 0.313 0.334 0.365 0.405 0.436 0.546

10.6 17.6 25.2 33.2 58.0 74.0 79.0 88.0 92.5

Mg (6,25) 0.188 13* 0.200 21* 0.251 32* 0.305 37* 0.357 45* 0.50 72 0.60 73 1.00 74.0 1-40 75.0 2.00 77.0 2.50 79.0 3.00 80.5 4.00 83.5 5.00 86.0 6.00 88.0 7.00 91.0 8-00 93.0 93 0-OJ -° — Mo (6, 25). 27* 0 188 32* 0 200 0;251 24* 43* 0.305 41* 0 357 44 O 0 40 446 0 46 * ' J-JJ JJ-J 0.60 47.6 U

'/u n Q^ U . oU 1. OO

1.20 U 1 ^ Hfcg"? b-fd with Hg (22)

OÌ50

72°8

J-JW J-^

7

S:S S:5 2

I' f'l

°™ ^ Ir 1 06

^ ' 5 24 ' 6 75 9 38 12.03 3 06

4y

-0 (-Q Q OZ. o 58. 2

63.6

1>40

69 0

1 60

74 2 81Ì6

2 ; 00 25()

855

3-°°5

87 6

4.00 5.00 6.00

90.5 92.0 93.0

3

8

-°

-°°

lo.OO I 2 .OO *(25).

89' 2

-

93 7

-

94.5 95.2

(5) 79 4

' 94 2 ' 94 7 95 6 96.1 91 4

Na(IS) 0.254 78.0 0.265 81.0 0.280 80.0 0.313 78.0 78.0 0.334

Na.—(Continued) X

0.365 0.405 0.436 0.546

Sn.—(Continued)

V.—(Continued)

AO

X

AO

X

Ao

78.5 80.5 87.5 96.0

3.96 5.24 6.75 8.02 9.38 10.49

71.7 76.7 80.3 83.2 87.0 87.0

6.00 8.00 9.00

85 89.8 92

Pd (5,25) 1.06 74.8 1.71 79.3 3.06 87.5 3.96 88.1 5.24 90.4 6.75 93.3 8.02 94.7 9.38 95.3 10.49 96.6 12.03 96.5

12 03

Ta(S, 0.188 0.200 0.251 0.305 0.357 0.50

869

25) 13* 13* 15* 29* 25* 38

W (6,25, 59) 0.188 14* 0.200 16* 0.251 16* 0.305 25* 0.357 28* 0.40 47.0 0.46 48.2 0.50 49.3 0.60 51.3

WS."» ss - °- "•« 0.188 0.200 °-251

60^ 38* 42*

°-*£

!?;

2.00

n nn

ne ,

2

j

OQ

7g 5

l 2Q

84 0

0.80 ! oo l 20

90.5

1.27

95.4

.50 3 0()

91.6 92 3

1.40 l 60

S'S SI Jf ,

-°°

-°

9.00 25

— Rh (6) 0.500 76.0 0.800 81.0 1.00 84.0 1.40 88.3 2.00 91.0 3.00 92.0 4.00 92.5 5.00 93.0 7.00 93.5 900 04.5

Sb (6) 0.600 53 1.00 55 1.60 58 2.00 60 3*00 65 4*00 68 70 6 OO 9 OO 72 : Sl( ' 0.500 34 0.600 32 0.800 29 1.00 to 1 28 9 °° L

Sn(S) 1.06 1.71 3.06

54.0 59.3 68.6

4

93

5.00 7.00 8.00 12.00 *( 25 ).

93.0 93.5 93.8 95.0

Te (6,25) Q 188 21* 22* 0'2()o 0*251 23* o 305 32* 0^357 41*

0.60 0.80 1-00 1-20 1-60 2.00 3.00 4.00 6.00 8.00 9.00 *(25l.

49 48 49.5 50 51 52 53 57 63 72 78

y (6)

o go 0.70 1.00 1.40 2.00 3.00 4.00

57

o

58.5 61.3 64.5 69 74.3 78.8

1 90

^

55|

62 6g

3 2

7Of 73.8 78 o

83t

2.00 84.6 2.50 89.2 92f 2.90 3.00 90.5 3.50 92.0 4.00 92.8 5.00 94.0 6.00 94.6 7.00 95.1 8 95 6 -°° 9 95 5 -°° 1 00 95 5 ^ ' 96 3 12 -°° ' *(25)' ^(59)'

Zn (5, 7) 0.45 54.0* 0.50 55.0* 0.55 56.0* 0.60 57.5* 0.70 61.0* 0.80 61.5* 0.90 55.5* 1.00 49.0* 74 7* l 20 140 85g * l 75 92 0* 2 O0 94 0* 3.06 95.5 5.24 97.2 6.75 97.2 9.38 98.1 12.03 98.3 * ( 7 ).

TABLE 6.—REFLECTIVITY OF ALLOYS All compositions expressed in weight %; tabular values are R0; ÄQ/100 = Jr/Ji', unit of X = Iß = IQ4A = IQ"4 cm X | l | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 l 8 0.188 23 0.200 25 0.251 25 67.0 29.9 35.8 0.288 29 70.6 37.7 37.1 0.305 31 72.2 41.7 37.2 0.326 33 75.5 39.3 81.2 51.0 43.3 0.357 37 0.385 41 83.9 53.1 44.3 0.420 44 83.3 56.4 47.2 83.4 63.5 60.0 56.5 49.2 0.450 46 0.500 48 83.3 65.8 63.2 57.8 49.3 0.550 52 82.7 68.3 64.0 59.0 48.3 0.600 83.0 70.1 64.3 60.2 47.5 0.650 82.1 71.0 70.0 65.4 61.8 49.7 0.700 83.3 71.8 71.2 66.8 63.7 54.9 0.800 84.3 73.0 67.2 63.1 71.1 1.00 84.1 74.0 72.4 70.5 72.3 69.8 74.3 1.50 85.5 75.3 77.8 75.0 78.2 79.1 78.1 2.00 86.7 76.8 82.3 80.4 83.8 82.3 87.0 3.00 87.4 80.0 85.6 86.2 88.7 85.8 90.1 4.00 88.7 82.8 88.3 88.5 91.0 87.1 91.9 5.00 89.0 89.5 89.1 87.3 92.6 7.00 90.0 92.7 90.1 88.6 93.6 9.00 90.9 93.0 92.2 90.3 11.00 90,7 93.4 92.9 90.2 14.00 92.2 94.2 93.6 90.3 1. Al-Cu, Duralumin («); 94.19 Al + 4.20 Cu + 0.37 Fe + 0.51 Mn + 0.54 Mg + 0.19 Si. 2. Al-Mg, Mach's mirror magnalium (22); 69 Al-f 31 Mg. C-Fe Steel; see Fe, Table 5. 3. Co-Cr, Stellite ( 7 ); secret composition. 4. Cu-Ni, Constantan (22); 60 Cu + 40 Ni. 5. Cu-Sn, Speculum metal; Ross's metal (22); 68 Cu + 32 Sn. 6. Cu-Fe-Ni, Monel metal (7); 68 to 70 Ni + 1.5 Fe + 30.5 to 28.5 Cu. 7. Cu-Fe-Ni-Sn, Brandes and Schumann alloy (22); 32 Cu -f34 Sn + 29 Ni + 5 Fe. 8. Cu-Ni-Zn, German silver (41); 52 Cu + 26 Zn + 22 Ni. TABLE 7.—REFLECTIVITY OF SULFIDES WHICH SHOW METALLIC REFLECTION ( 5 > 8 > 54) FeS2 = Pyrites, MoS2 = Molybdenite, PbS = Galena, Sb2S3 = Stibnite; A0/100 = Jr/Ji', unit of X = 1/x = IQ4A = IQ"4 cm X I FeS2 I MoS2 I FoS | Sb2S8 0.24 49 53 40 52 0.25 48 57 40 51 0.27 48 56 42 57 0.30 50 50 49 61 0.35 46 48 48 60 0.40 38 50 41 54 0.45 44 53 37 51 0.50 52 47 34 49 0.55 53 42 37f 42* 0.60 54* 421 36f 41* 0.70 60* 42f 421 44f 1.0 62f 39f 35t 4Of 3.0 62f 39t 31t 37f 6.0 62t 31t 37t 11.0 62t 31t 37t 13.0 62t 30t *( 54 ). t( 5 ).

TABLE 8.—REFLECTIVITY OF OPAQUE FILMS OF PUBE METALS Ao/100 = Jr/Ji] unit of X = 1/z = 1O4A = 10~4 cm Deposited by cathode sputtering ( 25 ); tabular values — RQ X I 0.188 0.200 0.251 0.305 0.357

Ag* 22 25 33 17 67

I

AIf 25 31 53 64 70

I

Au 17 20 25 36 45

I

Bi 17 18 24 30 36

I

Cd 20 23 36 49 60

I

Cu*" 23 31 26 29 32

X I 0.188 0.200 0.251 0.305 0.357

Ni* 35 44 38 46 49

I

Pb 16 18 20 22 26

I

Sb 31 33 53 64 71

I

Si 64 73 75 73 60

I

Sn 8 9 17 21 27

I

Zn 17 22 39 48 51

* Ag is chemically, and Cu and Ni are electrolytically deposited; see below for other data, t Cf. ( S5 ).

Deposited by cathode sputtering ( 22 ); tabular values = R0 X I Ag I Au I Pt [I X I Ag I Au I Pt 0.65 94.6 89.1 63.8 7.00 98.3 95.7 93.0 1.00 95.5 93.6 70.4 8.00 98.1 96.1 92.5 1.50 94.8 75.3 9.00 98.1 96.1 92.5 2.00 96.8 94.9 79.8 10.00 98.5 96.4 93.1 3.00 97.4 95.6 88.5 11.00 98.8 96.5 92.7 4.00 97.6 96.0 91.6 12.00 98.1 97.2 94.9 5.00 97.3 95.7 90.8 14.00 96.7 94.7 Chemically (Chem) and electrolytically (Elee) deposited Ag, Chem Kg.—(Continued) Ag, Chem (22, 25, si) Chem on glassi (51) (Lacquered) (?) ft

\

O 188 O 200 O 251 0:288 0305 O 'o l f i om rt'ooo 0357 0*385 O 420 0450 0460

o'soo

0*500

0*540 ' ^ n

0

n0.580 *«n

22 * 25* 34 1 21 2 91 A2 14*6 55'5 74*5 8l'4 86 6 905 90 'fit

92'?! 91 3

93'ot Q9 7

0.600 O 620 O 650 U. DOU

oT»t 94. »Î 92.6 95 Ot 93 5 .

0 660 0.700 0.700 0.800 1.00 1 50 3.00 4.00 5.00

95.2f 94.6 95.3f 96.3 96.6 97.9 98.1 98.5 98.1

7. OO

14.00

98.5

98.8

RQ

\

81 ° '46° '° 84 °-500 '° 86 2 °-540 8 5 °-580 ^ 620 9 2 °' 660 ^ 91 9 °93 °-700 '° X Av(«)§ 92 °'779 '° 910 94 4 °' ' 1.096 96.0 1>329 97 3 ' 1>718 97 5 -

2 204

98

3 842

98

-

-°

4 ' 810

9 '° 1

6.264

98.2

-

7 737

-

A

0.779 0.910

Î'329 '7 8 2 2 4 ' ^

^

98 5

-f4l\t

Kof

£ ^ 85.2 86.5 CQ Q

89

^ -9 9 J- 9 3 842 9d 6 ' 4>81 M 1 ° ' 9 ^4 f -Jj 9 2 J25737 ^ .f JôIZfidf" 9

§An/ [A0/] = R for new

[old]

film.

X

RQ

I

Before exposure * 68 6 °'55 ' 60 73 5 °77 °'65 '° 70 79 8 °- 75 ' O81.9 1 00 87 8 ^ 1.25 90.8 1 50 93 2 ^ ' 2 95 -°° '° After exposure* 62 °'55 '° 60 68 7 °' 65

73 8

°-70 75

77 5

°-

°-

-

80 ' 5

-

* Exposed six hours to Hght fr m a 15 amp<

carl >on ° arc 0.5 meter away. Deterioration due presumably to the effect of ultra-violet light on the lacquer.

Au, Elee 0.251 0.288 0.305 0.326 0.357 0.385 0.420

(22,51) 1 38.8 34.0 31.8 28.6 27.9 27.1 29.3

O . 450

33 .1

0.460

37.0*

Au, Elee.—(ConVd.) X

Cu, Elee (25, si)

AO

X

0.480 38.0* 0.500 43.0* 0.520 53.0* 0.540 61.8* 0.560 70.8* 0.580 75.8* 0.600 79.2* 0.620 81.2* 0.640 84.0* 0.660 85.2* 0.680 85.3* 0.700 92.3 0.800 94.9 1.50 97.3 2.00 96.8 4.00 96.9 5.00 97.0 7.00 98.3 9.00 98.0 11.00 98.3 14.00 97.9 *<">• Au, Chem (22) 0.65 89.6 0.70 91.3 1.00 94.7 1.50 96.7 2.00 96.5 3.00 96.7 4.00 97.2 5.00 96.9 7.00 97.3 9.00 96.7 11.00 97.7 14.00 98.7

AO

0.188 0.200 0.251 0.305 0.357 0.460 0.480 0.500 0.520 0.540 0.560 0.580 0.600 0.640 0.660 0.700 * ( 25 >.

23* 31* 26* 29* 32* 46.0 48.0 49.0 51.2 54.0 57.5 65.5 71.0 76.5 77.7 78.6

Ni, Elee (22,25) o'. 188 35* o 200 44* 0^251 37.8 0 28g

o 305 0*326 o 338 0*357 0.385 o 420 0.450 0.500 0.550 0.600 0.700 0.800

42 7

44 2 45*2 46 5 48.8 49.6 56 6 59.4 60.8 62.6 64.9 68.8 69.6

Ni, Elee.—(ConVd) X

RQ

1.000 72.0 2.00 83.5 3.00 88.7 5.00 94.4 7.00 94.3 9.00 95.6 11.00 95.9 14.00 97.2 * (2S).

Pt, Elee (22) 0.251 33.8 0.288 38.8 0.305 39.8 0.326 41.4 0.357 43.4 4 °-385 ^.4 51 8 °-420 0.450 54.7 0.500 58.4 °-550 61.1 0.600 64.2 °-650 66.5 0.700 69.0 0 800 70 3 1 00 72 9 ^ 1-50 77.7 2.00 80.6 3 -00 88.8 4.00 91.5 5.00 93.5 7.00 95.5

TABLE 9.—TRANSMISSION, REFLECTION, AND ABSORPTION OF THIN FILMS OF PURE METALS tfo/100 = Jr/Ji] T/100 = Jt/Ji] A = 100 - (A0 + T)] T = thickness of film. Ag is chemically deposited on glass, Au and Pt are deposited on quartz (SiC^) by cathode sputtering. Unit of r = Im/* = 10~3 M = 10~7 cm; of X = 1/x = 1O4A = 10~4 cm. r I 48.6 I 79.0 I 100.4 X

0.221 0.251 0.288 0.305 0.310 0.316 0.321 0.326 0.332 0.338 0.357 0.385 0.420 0.450 0.500 0.55 0.60 0.65 0.7

I

Ag (23); c/. (24,52), T

7.0 6.8 10.2 23.2 33.4 39.8 44.1 39.4 27.6 20.7 11.8 9.90 8.85 6.80 5.32 4.12 3.36 2.78 2.55

2.5 1.20 2.92 10.3 14.6 26.7 31.6 25.4 15.9 10.2 4.16 2.38 1.30 0.84 0.40 0.27 0.142 0.106 0.079

1.32 4.6 8.2 19.7 22.5 16.9 10.0 3.63 0.81 0.43 0.32 0.24 0.10 0.076 0.050 0.034 0.025


r

I

X

I

48.6

Pt (4Q), x = 0.400

79.0

I

100.4

I

1.95 1.40 1.29 1.16

0.052 0.029 0.024 0.036

0.017 0.010 0.006 0.007

I 53.3 I 73.2 I 101.1 I 20.9 | 51.5 | I Au (23), T j Pt (23), T

0.326 0.357 0.385 0.42 0.45 0.50 0.55 0.60 0.65 0.7 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.5 2.0 2.5

2.87 3.98 4.15 5.10 6.62 10.03 6.66 3.97 3.02 2.31 1.67 1.48 1.01 0.639 0.285 0.159

0.91 1.06 1.41 1.74 2.80 4.12 2.42 1.38 0.726 0.555 0.288 0.227 0.127 0.074 0.039 0.031

7.7 7.6 7.6 7.1 7.0 6.7 6.1 5.9 5.8 5.6 5.1 4.2 4.0 4.1 3.9 3.6

0.306 0.309 0.440 0.685 0.929 0.519 0.283 0.202 0.172 0.101 0.040 0.027 0.016

89.9

O 1.0 2.7 4.2 10 15 22 50

I\

P* Kf

7.9 9.9 12.8 15.7 25.8 28.1 28.6 26.4

I\

P*q K

7.9 5.8 5.0 6.0 11.7 14.7 19.4 19.3

I\

P* Kf

9.2 10.8 13.2 17.2 29.5 41.7 47.5 49.8

II

P* Kg

1I

9.2 7.2 5.4 5.7 13.2 21.3 33.4 34.2

T1

91.5 80.8 65.0 54.8 30.0 19.1 10.0 0.5

II

A* Af

O 8.4 21.8 28.0 40.5 39.2 42.5 49.7

II

A * A q

O 12.0 29.6 39.5 56.8 59.6 56.6 65.3

* A/, Af [Rq1 Aq] = value of R, A when light is incident on film [on quartz] side of plate.

LITERATURE

0.49 0.51 0.57 0.54 0.52 0.55 0.51 0.51 0.52 0.49 0.53 0.50 0.50 0.52 0.50

0.027 0.021 0.022 0.024 0.023 0.021 0.020 0.019 0.022 0.028 0.038 0.041

Pt (40), x = 0.300 T

II

O 1.0 2.7 4.2 10 15 22 50

Ag (23); g/. (24, S 2 ), T

0.8 1.0 1.2 1.5

r X

T

T1

II

82.6 67.4 53.6 46.9 24.7 19.2 9.1 0.5

A * Af

I\

O 15.1 27.2 31.6 46.1 50.0 60.9 73.0

A g* A

O 21.0 38.4 45.9 62.8 65.2 70.5 80.6

(For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) C1) Aster, 2, 20: 349; 22. (2) Bernoulli, 9, 15: 646; 09. (3) Betz, S1 18: 590; 05. (4) Burgess and Foote, SlA, 12: 91; 15. (5) Coblentz, 152, No. 65: 91; 06. SlA, 2: 457; 06. (6) Coblentz, 31 A, 7: 197; 11. (?) Coblentz, 81 A, 16: 249; 20. (8) Coblentz and Hughes, 31 A, 19: 577; 24. (») Drude, 8, 39: 481 ; 90. (10) Drude, 8, 64: 159; 98. ( 1 ^) Duncan and Duncan, 2, 1: 294; 13. (12) Erochin, 8, 39: 213; 12. (i 3) Forsterling and Fréedericksz, 8, 40: 201; 13. (i*) Fréedericksz, 8, 34: 780; 11. (is) Frehafer, 8, 15: 110; 20. ( 16 ) Fritze, 8, 47: 763; 15. O?) Galli and Forsterling, 188, 1911 I: 58. ( 18 J Gardner, 21, 45: 30; 17. C1*») Gaubert, 34, 177: 1123; 23. (20) Graber, 2, 26: 380; 25. (2i) Gripenberg, 63, 14: 123; 13. (22) Hagen and Rubens, 8, 1: 352; 00. 8:1; 02. 11: 873; 03. ( 23 ) Hagen and Rubens, 8, 8: 432; 02. (24) Hartley, 172 (7th) 9: 88; 10. (25) Hulburt, 21, 42: 205; 15. ( 26 ) Ingersoll and Littleton, 2, 31: 489; 10. (27) Kent, 2, 14: 459; 19. (27.1) Ketteier, Theoretische Optik, p. 122 ; 1885. (2 8) Lauch, 8,74: 55 ; 24. ( 29 ) Lewis and Hardy, 2, 14: 272; 19. (30) Littleton, 2, 33: 453; 11. (31) Meier, 8, 31: 1017; 10. (32) Meyer, 48, 13: 557; 26. (33) Miller, 48, 10: 621; 25. (34) Minor, 5, 10: 581; 03. (3S) Morgan, 2, 20: 203; 22. (36) Nathanson, 2, 11: 227; 18. (37) Nathanson, 2, 25: 75; 25. (38) O'Brien, 2, 27: 93; 26. (39) Oppitz, 2, 10: 156; 17. (40) Partzsch and Hallwachs, 8, 41: 247; 13. ( 4 I) Paschen, 8, 4: 304; 01. (42) Pirani, 63, 13: 753; 12. (43) Planck, 63, 15: 563; 14. (44) Pogâny, 8, 49: 531 ; 16. (45) Quincke, 8, Jubelband : 336; 74. (45.1) Schuster, Theory of Optics, p. 236; 1904. (46) Rother and Lauch, 63, 24: 462; 23. (47) Senftleben and Benedict. 8, 64: 65; 17. (48) Shea, 5, 47: 177; 92. (4») Skinner, 2, 9: 148; 17. (50) Statescu, 8, 33: 1032; 10. (51) Tate, £, 34: 321; 12. (52) Tear, 2, 23: 641; 24. (53) Tool, 2, 31: 1; 10. (54) Tyndall, 2, 21: 162; 23. (55) Uljanin, 63, 11: 784; 10. (56) Voigt, 8, 23: 104; 84. ( 5 T) von Wartenberg, 88, 12: 105; 10. ( 58 ) Weld, 48, 6: 67; 22. (59) Weniger and Pfund, 143, 183: 354; 17. («0) Wheeler, 12, 35: 491; 13. (61) Wilsey, 2, 8: 391; 16. («2) Zakrzewski. 180, 3: 77; 10.

REFLECTIVITY: NON-METALS E. P. T. TYNDALL CONTENTS For reflection of X-rays, see Vol. VI. For fluorescence and phosphorescence, see p. 386. Specular reflection. Reflectivity Wave-lengths of maxima of reflectivity Residual rays Polarization by reflection Diffuse reflection. Diffusion diagrams Albedo : white light Albedo : monochromatic light

PAGE 256 260 261 261 261 262 262

TABLE 1. — SPECULAK REFLECTIVITY Tabular values are R = 1007V//;; /, = intensity of radiation specularly reflected when intensity of incident radiation is Ii. Xm = wave-length at which A is a local maximum, Rm = value of R

at Xm; |(o, ||o, ||b, ||c, [_Lo] = incident light is plane polarized with electric vector parallel to optic axis, to a, 6, c crystallographic axis [_L to optic axis]. >[ ] indicates that dA/d\ has the same sign [is essentially zero] throughout the region covered by the symbol; {indicates that R lies between the values so connected. In most cases, angle of incidence is nearly O. Table is spectrally subdivided; elementary substances are indicated by their symbols, others by the following key numbers (Nk): Nk Ii I8 2 3 4 6

Substance H2O, Water H2O, Ice H2SO4 NH4Cl NH4Br Sb2S3, Stibnite

| Nk 6 7 8 9 10 11

Substance CS2 CH3OH, Methyl alcohol C2H6OH, Ethyl alcohol C3HsQ3, Glycerol C6H6, Benzene C7H8, Toluene

Nk 12 13 14

15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23

| Nk Substance C8Hi0, Xylene 24 C9H8O, Cinnamic aldé- 25 26 hyde C10H7Br, a-Bromonaph- 27 28 thalene 29 SiO2, (see Vol. VI) PbCl2 PbS, Galena 30 PbSO4, Anglesite 31 Pb(NOs) 2 ZnS, Sphalerite 32 ZnSeO4 33 (ZnFe)S, Zinc blende 34 ZnCO3, Smithsonite 35 CuS, Covellite 36 Cu2S, Chalcocite

Substance | Nk Substance |Nk Substance (CuOH)2CO3, Malachite 37 BaSO4, Barite 46 Mica (muscpyite) 38 BaCO3, Witherite 47 Porcelain Fe2O3, Hématite 39 BaHgI4.5H2O 48 Tourmaline Fe3O4, Magnetite 40 NaCl, Rock sait 49 Cassia oil FeS2, Pyrites 41 NaNO 3 60 Collodion FeCO3, Siderite LiNa(SeO4) 51 Kerosene (Fe,Ni)S, Pentlandite 42 KCl, Sylvite 52 Naphtha Co(NH4) 2(Se04)2 43 KBr 53 Paraffin Ni(NH 4 ) 2 (Se0 4 ) 2 44 KI 64 Paraffin oil MoS2, Molybdenite NiK2(SeO4)2 55 Vaseline (melted) A12(S04)3(NH4)2S04.2445 Carborundum H2O, Ammonium alum CaF2, Fluorite Additional data: (a) Infra-red: Aniline dyes ( 29 ), esters and salts CaCO3, Aragonite of organic acids ( 22 ), inorganic salts ( 82 ). (6) Aqueous solutions: CaCO3, Calcite Nitrides (X = 1 to 10/*) ( 4 ), inorganic salts ( 22 ), effect of chlorides, SrSO4, Celestite nitrates, and sulfates in shifting the water maximum near X = 3/i SrCO3, Strontianite ( 5 ). Unit of X = IM = IO4 A = 10~4 cm

X I Br 0.185 0.20 0.21 <4 0.23 0.25 0.27 0.29 0.31 0.32 0.33 0.40

I

C*

I

Te

I

<4

Lit.

(27)

|

6

|

8

|

3.7

9

|

10

|

5.5

12

|

50 I j, 63

13

|

14

|

6.0 9.0 6.0 2.0

0.5 2.0 4.0 2.0

I 17

(53)

30 30 30

(81,88)

2.0

4.0

4.0

4.0

f 40

\ 50

\ 45

f 40 \ 50

f 40 \ 45 (27,42,

18, 32,

49)

(49)

26

1 50 [

f 40

(12,15,

|

40

0.8

I

16

6.0

6.0 9.0 4.0 1.0

21

0.44

0.45 0.546 0.600 0.645 0.72 0.75

6

(49)

(49)

(49)

(27,42,

(27,42,

(12,15,

49)

49)

32, 87)

25

(12,32)

fj)

X

0.185 0.20 0.21 0.23 0.25 0.27 0.29 0.31 0.32 0.33 0.40 0.44 0.45 0.546 0.600 0.645 0.72 0.75 Lit.

I

27

30

I

32

8f

I

34

1

39

13

I

40

I

49

I

51

I

52

I

53

I

54

I

66

8 3.1

3.2

3.5

3.5

3.5

2.2

2.2

2.5

2.2

2.5

(49)

(49)

(49)

( 4 9 ) ( 4 9 ) "

<4 47 I OO I 39 43 I 53 53 I 62

54 58

I 48 j I 59 41{ 451 43J 51Î 47

(12,15,

(13,15,

33, 87)

16, 18, 33, 87)

0.5 2.0 4.0 2.0 <4

0.8

3§ 3 (47)

. (36)

(27,42, 49)

(36)

(27,42, 49)

TABLE 1.—(Continued) X « 1 to 21ju; incident light unpolarized; for 1, 7, 8, 10, 11, 34, 45, 46, 47, 48, see infra I C* I S I 6 I 16 I 19 I 22 I 23 I 26 | 26 | 27 I 29 | 16.5 40 30 10 45 15 12 5 30 15 8 i

X 1 3

6 7 10 11 12 13 14 19

30 30

50 I I * 56

40

30 10

8

30

j 76

56

12

I 38

(13)

(13)

(12,32)

(12)

(63)

(13,70, 74 )

li

I

1.

Lit. ?;';,"• («) 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.4 2.6 2.8 3.0 3.2 3.4 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 5.6 5.8 5.9 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0 8.5 9.0 9.5 10.0 10.5 11.0 11.5 12.0 12.5 13.0 13.5 14.0 14.5 15.0 15.5 16.0 16.5 17.0 17.5 18.0

10 I 10

(47)

(86)

30

I 48

(12,15, 18,32,

(12,15, 32,87)

(12,18)

(12,15, 33,87)

(13)

(13,15, 16,18,

87)

I

8

16.5

Lit.

X

| 32 | 60 3

ÏT98 1.95 1.74 1.45 1.25 1.35 3.40 4.10 3.25 2.95 2.20 2.14 2.00 1.68 1.67 1.40 1.50 2.00 2.28 2.46 2.34 2.10 1.95 1.75 1.67 1.60 1.44 1.24 0.95 0.85 0.75 1.10 2.00 2.00 3.10 3.40 4.10 4.80 5.30 5.4 5.3 6.0 6.6 6.9 6.7

ÏT72 1.62 1.62 1.13 0.73 0.70 1.60 5.10 3.90 2.81 1.75 (22) Iz o » '<3 4.00

I

7

3

I

33, 87)

8

1.80 2.80

11

3

()

T05 1.95 1.85 1.77

2^ 25 2.20 2.05 1.82 1.67 1.45 1.75 2.10 2.00 2.12 2.50 2.60 2.40 2.20

sTso 3.81 3.75 3.55 3.35 3.40 3.60 3.35 3.45 3.67 4.00 3.84

3.90 3.90 3.85

1.35 1.95 2.05 1.80 1.92 2.15 2.15 2.15

3.70 3.60 3.80 3.65 3.55 3.77 3.95 3.90 3.90 3.60 3.80

2.05

3.00

2.10

I

()

6.65

2.50

3

(V72)

4.70

3.20

10

()

2.00 2.00 2.03 2.20 2.30 1.70 2.05 3.03 10.75 2.40 2.70 2.80 2.65 2.85

3.25

I

X Ui

8.20

3.00

8.7

3.0

9.8

2.8

11.3

2.9

(3 9 22 7 2, 73 ) '

18.5 19.0 20.0 21.0

T5 8.4 8.9 8.2

X I 1.0 2.0 2.5 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0 8.5 9.0 9.25 9.5 9.75 10.0 10.25 10.5 11.0 11.25 11.5 12.0 12.5 13.0 13.5 14.0 14.25 14.5 15.0 Lit,

1

Ii

ô"

7

8

10

11

( 22 )

(3)

<3' 72)

(3)

(3)

13.7

84Ü I Mj 25.0

21.0

17.0 13.0 11.0 3.0 90.0 95.0 45.0 32.0

20.0 17.0 15.0 11.0 11.5 9.0 9.0 9.0

21.0

8.0

2.9

I 46 I 15.0

17.0 18.0

18.0 17.0 14.0

22.0

7.0

26.0 27.0 24.0

2.0 89.0 50.0 17.0

18.0

13.0

15.0 25.0 22.0

8.0 8.0 11.0

46

7.0 6.0 32.0 80.0

94.0 98.0 91.0 63.0 55.0 53.0

| 47 |

8.0

48Jj | 4ST" 5.9 5.5 5.7 5.5 5.6 5.3 5.5 5.7 4.9 5.1 4.2 4.5 3.3 3.8 1.0 3.4 0.5 2.7 17.0 3.0 12.0 1.0 3.0 2.0 12.0 37.0 11.0 21.0 30.0 30.0 38.0 25.0 40.0 20.0

7.0 5.5

25.0 15.0

17.0 8.0

2.0

9.0 8.0 5.0 10.0 7.0 3.0

2.0 25.0 24.0 2.0 30.0 39.0

2.0

15.0

1.0 3.0 3.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 4.0 35.0 38.0 29.0 40.0 27.0

13.0 10.0

1.0

0.5 9.0 13.0 16.0 13.0

j (52) I (52) I (13) |. (12, 13)| (13) j (13, 63) j (13, 63)

* Diamond. t ( 36 )Î41, 45, 43, 51 correspond to X = 0.590, 0.610, 0.640, 0.69; X m at 0.250, 0.450, 0.610, 0.690/i. At -16O0C, X« shifted from 0.61 and 0.69 to 0.595 and 0.655/i, and maxima are enhanced. § R = 3 from X = 0.6/* to X = 7.0. IJ o = ordinary, e = extraordinary ray.

X = 1 to 2IfJLîncident light polarized (79) Substance

|

ZnSeO4 ZnSeO4 Co(NH4)2(Se04)2

||o Io Ua ||e ||c IU life

Ni(NH4)2(Se04)2

X=

I

22

S

I1 2 3 4 9 16 18 20 24 31 32 40 42 43 44

X= 17 ||& 17 ||c 21 IJ 0 21 ±o 28 ||o 28 ±o 33 ||a 33 IJb 33 ||c 34 \\0 34 J_o 86 ||a 85 Jj 6 35 IJc 86 IJ 0 36 JLe 37 ||a 37 IJ 6 37 Ile 88 Ì|0 38 _Lo 41 ||o 41 ±0 48 i|0 48 J_o 48ÎÎ ||0 48JÎ ±o

23

I

27

I

I

Xm [ 11.43 11.48 11.56 11.22 11.12 11.42 11.30

Rm 30 18 9 6 5 9 6

||

6.9 7.2 8.5 6.5

6.2 35.4 4.4

55.3 2.1 2.3 3.8 5.6

5.4 6.2 5.4 1.5 2.4 6.0 6.9 6.3 2.1 4.5 1.7 3.5 33.7 33.9 29.2 32.3

..

X = 22 to 310/x; incident light not polarized 33 I 39 I 52 I 63 I 83

I

94

I

|| || JL Il Il ||

117

I

9.2

6.5 8,8 3.8 6.0 5.8 10.2

22 I 3.2 2.5 2.2 3.7 5.7 5.5 0.84 1.5 1.9

|

NiK2(Se04)2

UU

I

Substance Ni(NH 4 )2(SeO 4 )2.—(Cont'd) LiNaSeO4.. ,

27

15.4 21.7 30.8 42.4 .

0.6 2.4

I

7.2 7.9 3.1 3.8 5.5 6.9 5.5 73.7 32.4 5.7 83.0 1.7 1.6 3.2 4.4

3.1 51.9 23.6 9.2

9.3 16.9 79.5 55.1 5.2 23.3 5.0 30.3 20.0 18.9 30.0 80.2 39.9 2.2 2.2

310

\m \ 11.15 11.42 11.30' 11-32 11.56 11.18

|

Rm 5 13 19 15 17 10

Lit. """ (13,70,74)

10.6 18.7 54.7 66.4 6.3 43.2 29.4 27.7 23.5 18.0 25.2 64.5 80.0 18.0 2.3

10.9 17.7 32.3 41.5 7.5 61.8 63.7 25.5 24.2 16.0 21.6 27.5 37.5 82.8 30.2

11.1 17.7 26.3 28.8

71.4 55.8 25.0 24.0 15.1 20.4 24.3 24.4 56.3 75.0

12.7** 18.4 23.4 24.4 8.5 58.9 50.8 24.4 22.2ft 17.7 20.6 19.9 17.4 21.9 23.0

15.1** (69) 21.7 (69) 19.8 (69) 21.1 (69) 9.4 (69) 51.8 (69) 36.9 (38) 23.5 (38) 20.8 (38) 17.8 (38) 19.9 (69) 17.9 (69) 14.0 (69) 14.9 (69) 15.8 (69)

X = 22 to 310/u; incident light plane polarized 33 I 39 I 52 I 63 I 83 I 94 I 110 I 117 J 310 | Lit. 43.7 36.2 32.8 20.5 18.5 17.4 17.2 (37) 55.4 54.9 35.3 22.9 18.7 18.5 18.3 (37) 20.4 29.0 79.0 75.9 41.5 31.9 29.6 25.7 (38) 45.5 32.6 59.5 50.4 33.8 31.7 29.5 25.4 (38) 20.2 30.2 69.7 41.5 25.7 22.5 21.1 17.7 (38) 46.5 31.0 39.1 31.7 25.9 24.3 23.5 22.3 (38) 60.3 66.0 44.3 28.8 22.9 22.7 19.9 19.7 (37) 67.1 71.8 51.2 27.4 21.4 27.7 28.8 27.9 (37) 62.5 51.7 42.1 29.2 24.2 24.7 22.4 21.8 (37) 50.4 29.5 8.2 2.2 48.4 80.8 48.3 28.9 (37) 64.5 43.2 25.8 15.9 26.2 58.0 38.5 27.2 (37) 8.8 30.6 57.2 33.4 54.3 44.1 31.3 25.6 (37) 6.1 14.4 57.5 66.7 15.5 13.9 53.7 54.5 (37) 10.2 41.4 48.7 21.9 28.5 27.7 26.2 23.9 (37) 18.9 48.0 62.0 42.5 25.5 22.1 20.3 19.1 (39) 24.9 50.5 39.0 28.2 23.5 22.1 20.5 19.3 (39) 5.7 6.4 41.2 55.5 36.4 45.5 34.3 25.2 (37) 5.7 5.9 40.9 56.5 13.4 33.0 52.2 43.3 (.37) 8.2 22.2 68.1 37.5 24.2 17.4 29.4 26.7 (37) 12.9 40.4 86.0 78.9 37.7 26.1 24.4 21.1 (38) 15.0 52.1 66.5 38.1 28.4 25.2 24.6 21.6 (38) 6.6 21.0 22.2 11.1 4.1 2.9 36.7 38.0 (38) 8.7 26.5 29.9 18.1 11.7 8.5 20.9 19.1 (38) 17.2 16.2 15.8 17.7 18.1 18.1 (38) 24.2 22.6 21.3 22.0 22.2 21.1 (38) 14.4 19.9 17.3 15.2 16.8 19.0 18.3 17.8 (37) 22.1 24.2 23.1 17.1 22.1 21.5 21.3 20.0 (37)

t For X = 24M. ** At O0C, «HTM = 11.8, Ä310M - 14.9; at 3O0C, AUTM = 13.2, ASIOM = 17.1. ft For X = 110. ÎÎ Red tourmaline.

TABLE 2.—WAVE-LENGTHS (X m ) OF MAXIMA OF SPECULAR REFLECTIVITY Incident light unpölarized except for ZnSeO4 to NiK2(SeO4) 2 where data are marked thus: ||0, ||0, ||b, ||c, [J_o] = plane of electric vector is parallel to optic axis, to a, 6, c crystallographic axis, [perpendicular to optic axis]. Additional Data.—Am for Nd-compounds, visible ( 34 ); effect of water of crystallization on \m in infra-red, alums, sulfates, selenates ( 9 » 77 ); aqueous solutions of salts of strong acids ( 5 ). Unit of Xm = Ifji = 1O4A = ICT4Cm. See also Tables land 3. Substance

_|

AgClO3 Ba(ClOs)2 KClO3 NaClO3

Xm 10.76 10.24 10.12 10.04

16.38 19.6 16.22 16.04

(80)

AgBrO3 Ba(BrOa)2 Cd(BrOs)2 NaBrO3

12.3 12.3 12.2

12.6 12.64

13.1

7.2 8.6 8.9 8.82 8.68

8.4

8.6 9.6

10.4 11.35 15.8 16.04 14.84 15.96

9.08

15.88

9.25 9.02 9.04 9.1 9.2 9 9 9.04

16.08f 15.74 15.75 16 16 16.74

1

8.21 I 11.44 11.52 11.20 11.36 11.44

ZnSeO4 LiNaSeO4

11.44

Co(NH 4 ) 2 (SeO 4 ) 2 Ni(NH 4 ) 2 (SeO 4 ) 2 NiK2(SeO4)2

.

I

Uo

J-O

11.43 11.42

11.48 11.30

II«

«6

lie

11.56 11.42 11.32

11.22 11.30 11.56

11.12 11.15 11.18

(12, 54, 78)

HNO 3 AgNO3 Ba(NOs) 2 HgNO3 KNO3 NaNO3

7.85 10.55 7.45 7.3 13.7 8.06 12.5 10.08 7.13 7.12 12.04

'

13.9 12.3 12.36

Substance

15.9 15.2 15.36

\m (12, 35)

AlPO4 BiPO4 Ca3(PO4)2 Li3PO4 Mg 3 (PO 4 ) 2 Na3PO4 Pb 3 (PO 4 J 2 Sr3(PO4)2 Zn 3 (PO 4 ) 2 Na4P4Oi2

9.25 9.7 . . . 9.2 to 10.010.9 16.6 to 18.15 18.6 to 19.15 9.5 9.25 16.4 to 19.1 9.4 10.5 I 17.1 9.6 17.5 to 18.0 10.15 17.25 to 18.7 8.7 to 9.8 9.4 I 16.6 7.9 to 9.15 to 11.16 19.0 |

_

Ag4P2O7 K4P2O7 Na4P2O7 Pb2P2O7

9.2 to 7.75 to 8.5 to 8.0 to

11.2 14.3 to 19.3 9.05 11.2 to 14.8 18.7 to 19.15 10.9 12.5 to 13.6 17.4 to 18.7 8.95 9 . 9 t o l l . l 13.5

Substance

\m

[

Xm

(12, 13, 4 5 , 5 7 , 76)

BaCOsK CaCO34If Cu 3 (COs) 2 (OH) 2 *-

6.85 11.6 6.7 11.4 7.0 11.92 10.54 7.2 11.56 6.65 9.64 6.9 11.5 6.8 11.5 6.62 11.32 6.7 11.42 7.0 11.48 7.1 11.97 6 74 n 6 6.76 11.4

CaMg(COs) 2 Jt FeCO3§§ MgCOsIIII MnCOsITIF Na2CO3 PbCO3*** SrCOsttt ZnCQstìt Substance

:

•••• |

.

14.5 14.2 14.16 13.32 12.14 14.7 13.7 14.0 14.56 15.0 14 32 13.71

X1n

(11,57,79)

(79)

CdSeO4 CuSeO4 K2SeO4 Mn2(SeO4)3 NiSeO4

\m 7.72 7.24 7.28

(CuOH) 2 CO 3 )It-.. 15.92 15.32

(57)

KHSO3

Pb(NOs) 2 Rb(NO 3 ) Sr(NOs)2

Substance

9.05 9.05 9.15 9.1 9.05 8.83 8.76 8.70 8.72f

| (12, 54, 78)

13.2

(12, 31, 54, 61, 76)

H2SO4 H2SO4* BaSO4 BeSO4 CaSO4 CdSO4 CoSO4 CuSO4 FeSO 4 ..... Fe2(S04)3 K2SO4 Li2SO4 MgSO 4 .. Na2SO4 NiSO4 SrSO4 ZnSO4 M(NH 4 ) 2 (SO 4 ) 2 î MK2(SO4)2J K, Alum§

Substance

15.6 15.9 14.44

Ag2CrO4 Ag2Cr2O7 BaCrO4 CaCrO4 K2CrO4 K2Cr2O7 Li2CrO4 MgCrO4 PbCrO4 SrCrO4 C3H803§§§

11.45 to 11.95 10.78 to 11.15 11.54 to 11.88 14.05 11.08 11.58 10.96 10.88 to 11.10 10.35 12.5 10.75 10.90 11.45 to 11.65 to 12.10 10.65 to 11.35 to 11.80 4.8 I 9.7 (54)

* H2SO4 + ^H2O. t Thenardite. Î M = Co, Cu, Mg, Mn, Ni, or Zn. § A12(SO4)3.K2SO4.24H2O; nearly same \m for other alums. Il Witherite. ^[ Same Xm for calcite, marble, and aragonite. ** Azurite, ft Malachite. ît Dolomite. *** Cerussite. §§ Siderite. ttt Strontianite. Il II Magnesite. ÎÎÎ Smithsonite. UTf Rhodochrosite. §§§ Glycerol.

TABLE 3.—WAVE-LENGTHS OF RESIDUAL RAYS After many reflections from a given material the reflected radiation contains only a few ("residual") wave-lengths in the range 18/x to 150/*. Unit of X = 1/x = IQ4 A = IQ"4 cm. Substance | X | Xmean | Lit. NH4Cl 46.3 5 4 ~ 0 5 1 . 5 (48,75) NH4Br 55.3 62.3 59.3 (75) SiO2 (see Vol. VI) PbCl2 74 92 114 91 (68) TlCl 91.6 (75) TlBr 117 (75) TlI 151.8 (75) HgCl2 95 .(68) Hg 2 Cl 2 ... 91.6 117.8 98.8 (68) AgCl 74 90 81.5 (68) AgBr 112.7 (68) AgCN 93 (75) MgCO3* 30.2 (13) CaFi f . : 24.0 31.6 (66,74) CaF 2 ft 22.0 33.0 (* 9 ) CaCO3§ 29.4 (6) CaCO3H 93 116 98.7 (67,68) CaCO3U 39 (37) SrCO3** 43.2 (48) BaCO 3 ft 46 (48) NaClJt 47 54 52 (48,68,

Substance (SQ) C5Hi2, n-Pentane C5Hi2O, Amyl alcohol C6H5NO2, Nitrobenzene C6H6, Benzene C7H8, Toluene C8Hi0, m-Xylene C8Hi8, Octane Ci6H32O2, Palmitic acid Ci8H34O2, Oleic acid Olive oil

|

k 170 150 131 107 194 202 66 190 210 107

* Rayleigh ( 62 ) gives for H2O, k = 42.

Diffusion Diagrams.—When light is diffusely reflected, the intensity (Ire) of the light reflected at the angle 0 depends upon the intensity (Ii) of the incident light and also upon the angle (i) of incidence, and varies with 0. The distribution of the reflected light when the surface is illuminated by a beam of parallel light may be shown by a diffusion diagram (Figs. 1 to 4) in which the value of (Ir0) for any value of 0 is represented by a point at a distance equal to (Ire) from a common center and in the direction 0. If Ire — Irò cos 0, these points will lie upon a circle tangent to the surface. Data additional to Figs. 1 to 4: Diffusion by nonmetals (1J 7 > 23 > 24 > 43» 90), by roughened metals ( 44 ); polarization and depolarization by diffuse reflection ( 10 > 46 ).

70, 71)

NaClJ ÌÌ NaBr KC1§§

52 50 to 55 62.3

KC1J§§ KBr KBrJ KI Kit H 2 KAl 3 (SiO 4 ),Il»

70.6

63.4

86.0

83.3

63 74.0 83 96 94 18.4

21.5

(i») (6) (68,70, 71 ) (19) (6,68,71) (19) (68,71) (19) (13, 74)

* Magnesite, t Fluorite. Î Using only one reflecting surface and plane polarized light incident at the polarizing angle. § Marble. ft Witherite. Il Calcite. ÎÎ Rock salt. j IT Aragonite. §§ Sylvite. ** Strontianite. || || Muscovite (mica).

TABLE 4.—POLARIZATION OF LIGHT BY REFLECTION FROM LIQUIDS When unpolarized light is reflected at the boundary of two substances it is partially polarized; if for the reflected light /|| [/jj = amplitude of component of the electric vector parallel [perpendicular] to the plane of incidence, I ± > /j|. The angle at which (/H//J_) is a minimum is called Brewsterian angle; at that angle (/||//j_) = k X 10~5. Data apply to clean surfaces. 60

Substance ( ) H2O, Water CCl4, Carbon tetrachloride CS2, Carbon disulfide CH4O, Methyl alcohol C2H6O, Ethyl alcohol C3H6O, Allyl alcohol C3H6O, Acetone C3H8O, n-Propyl alcohol C3H8O, Isopropyl alcohol C3H8O3, Glycerol C4Hi0O, ra-Butyl alcohol C4Hi0O, Isobutyl alcohol

j

fc 75* 84 142 69 66 110 81 96 110 O 92 87

FIG. 1.—Diffusion diagram: MgO («9). X = 0.55/*; unit intensity = (Iro)i-o.

FIG. 2.—Diffusion diagram : Rhodamine B on white drawing paper ( 89 ), Unit intensity = (I,o)»-o for MgO. In A, in B, X = 0.55/*.

X = 0.65/i,

X = 0.55/*;

FIG. 3.—Diffusion diagram: Roughened milk glass (**). White light, glass roughened with emery paper; unit intensity = (Ir»),-.».

N 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 FIG. 4.—Diffusion diagram: CaSO4 plaque (8S). White light; plaster of Paris (CaSCh) cast on a glass surface, reflection from the smooth surface; unit intensity =«= (Jr»)t-o.

TABLE 5.—ALBEDO: WHITE LIGHT A = Albedo = Fr/F; Fr = total luminous flux (in complete hemisphere) reflected from a plain surface coated with the material and uniformily illuminated with white light, the total luminous flux incident upon it being F. Pg = ground pigment; Pt = applied and dried paint; w Pg = white pigment. Paints and pigments are arranged in the order : Black, white, gray, red, yellow, green, blue, purple. Same system of key numbers (N) for Tables 5 and 6. Unit of A = 0.01 = 1%. JV I Substance [ A Lit. 2 H2O, snow 93* ( 5 I) 3 H3BO3 94* (51) 4 Al2O3 94* (51) 9

MgO

11 HSbO2 13 ZnO 14 CaCO3 15

97*

89 91 95*

w Pg

88

(21)

NQ #7 N5 #3

74 47 24 9

(«») (5*) (59) (59)

MgCO3

17 BaSO4 18 Munsell cards: Gray

Red Yellow

98

(21) (21) («) (30,55,84)

Nl

2

(59)

r'% r % r Y2 yJ4

46 22 9 50

(59) (59) (59) (59)

y%

28 (59)

J 3A

10

(59)

Green

g% g %

49 25

(59) (59)

g 3A

9

(59)

Blue

b% b %

49 26

(59) (59)

I

!

Purple

b K

9

(59)

p % p.H

51 25

(59) (59)

9

(59)

P3A

21 22 23 24 26 28 31 32 33 34

(26, 51, 55)

w Pg w Pg

China clayf Flat white x Gloss white X Lithopone Titanium oxide White leadj Gray, light Gray, medium Pink, light Fi, red-brown § F2, red-brown§

Pg Pt Pt Pg Pg Pg Pt Pt Pt Pt Pt

84 (21) 71 (21 j 65 (21) 91 (21) 91 (21) 90 (21) 49 (21) 30 (21) 67 (21) 6.37 ( 58 ) 6.46 (58)

44 45 46 47 48 49 50

I

Substance | A \ Lit. Red Pt Î3 (2Ï) Venetian red Pg 11 («) Vermilion (Amer.) Pg 14 (41) Burnt sienna Pg 11 («) Chrome yellow Pg 55 («) Yellow, light Pt 65 (21) Cream, light Pt 74 (21) Chrome green Pg 20 («) Ai, green§ Pt 32.0 (5») A2, green§ Pt 32.4 (58) Green, dark Pt 12 (21) Green, light Pt 47 (21) Cobalt blue Pg 7 («) C1, blue§ Pt 19.6 (58) C2, blue§.. Pt 19.1 (58) Blue, light Pt 61 (21) Blue, medium Pt 36 (21) B1, red-purple § Pt 24.8 (58) B2, red-purple § Pt 24.6 (58) Airship fabric (Al coated)... 33 (20) Airship fabric (black r.) ||.... 6 (20) Black velvet ca. l (U, 83) Brown soil 32 (28) Green leaves ca. 25 (2, 14, 28) Ink (various kinds) 1 to 4 ( 5 O) Paper, white 70 to 80 (2, 28, 55, 83) Print 60 (50) Science abstracts 62 (50) Azof A (matt) 72 (50) Azof C (glossy) 74 (50) Plaster (raw) 45 ( 50 ) Plaster (finished) 65 ( 5 O) 84 Cement and lampblack, see ( )

* Value corrected to agree with A — 98 % for MgCOs. t Kaolin. J Basic carbonate. § Camouflage paint. [I Coated with black rubber. ^f Photographic paper.

TABLE 6.—MONOCHROMATIC ALBEDO AX = Monochromatic albedo = F\r/F\', F\r = total flux (in complete hemisphere) of radiant energy of wave-length X reflected from a plain surface coated with the material and uniformly illuminated with radiation of wave-length X, the total radiant flux of this X incident upon it being F\. Normal incidence: Pg = powdered pigment; Pt = applied paint; b = black, gn = green, gy = gray, w = white, y = yellow. Same system of key numbers (N) for Tables 5 and 6. Additional data: Flowers (6*), paints ( 25 ), pigments (ultra-violet) (17). Unit of A\ = 0.01 = 1%; of X = IM = 1O4A = IO-4 cm. X JV I Material 1 S 13 ZnO 24 Lithopone 25 Timonox 27 Titanox 28 White lead* 29 White lead t * Basic carbonate, t Sublimed.

Pg Pg Pg Pg Pg Pg

|0.2536|0.313l|0.3655|0.4047|0.4358 | A x (56) 7 8 18 2 70 93 5 70 77 95 5 35 60 85 90 5 30 80 87 5 60 75 75 90 5 17 17 70 83

I 0.44 I 0.46 I 0.50 I 0.52 I 0.54 I 0.56 I 0.58 I 0.60 I 0.62 I 0.64 I 0.66 I 0.68 I 0.70 I 0.74 A x ( 40 > 58)

_X N I Material . 9 MgO| 37 Vermilion (Amer.)§ 38 Burnt sienna§ 39 Chrome yellow § 43 Ai, greenil A2, greeny 50 Bi, red-purple|| B2, red-purple|| 47 Ci, bluejl C2, blue U 34 Fi, red-brown|| F2, red-brown||

Pg Pg Pg Pt Pt Pt Pt Pt Pt Pt Pt

8 4 5

6 4 5 23 22 27 28 36 37 4 5

5 4 8 28 38 22 23 29 39 4 7

Î Effect of thickness (t) of MgO applied to colorimeter plate; kind of plate is not stated ( ss ): t I 0.1 I 0.35 I 0.6mm~" 100 Ared/Agreen 100 Ablue/Agrcen

99.3

100.0

100.3

101 • 5

100.0

99.3

§ From Sherwin Williams Paint Co. Il Camouflage paint ( 58 ).

#| 5 6 7 8 9 10 12 13 13 15 19 19 20

28 30

X Material CaO w Pg Co2O3 gy Pg Cr2O3 gn Pg CuO b Pg MgO w Pg PbO Pg ThO2. Pg ZnO y Pg Zinc oxide No. 1041[ Pt MgCO3 wPg Lampblack Pt Lampblack (various flames) Platinum black, paint Pt Electrolytic, 1 min. **.... Electrolytic, 2 to 3 min.** Electrolytic, 3 min. ** (65) Electrolytic, 4 to 6 min.** White lead No. 1031[ Pt Zinc lead white No. 107 I f . . Pt

|0.6|0.95|4.4|8.8[ 24 | îx (l 4 ) 85 22 4 6 3 4 14 13 6 27 45 33 5 8 24 15 4 86 16 3 9 52 51 26 10 86 47 7 10 8286 9 3 5 68 72 8589 11 4 9 3 3.4 3.5 3.8 4.4 1.0 1.0 1.5 4 2 2.7 5.9 8.712.1 1 1.5 25 1 1.511 7.5 1.56 7 l 1.5 2 4 76 79 70

^f In linseed oil; Sherwin Williams Paint Co.'s number. ** Electrolytically deposited on Pt ( 14 ) [on Ag ( 65 )] for time indicated.

LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) C1) Angstrom, 8, 26: 253; 85. ( 2 ) Angstrom, 388, 1898: 253. (3) Angstrom, 20, 8: No. 26; 13. (4) Angstrom, 7, 86: 525; 13. (*) Angstrom, 2, 3: 47; 14. (6) Aschkinass, 8, 1: 42; 00. (7) Blondel, 34, 120: 311; 95. (8) Bode, 8, 30: 326; 09. (9) Brieger, 8, 57: 287; 18.

6 5 18 33 45 21 22 25 28 5 5

6 6 48 37 36 21 23 22 18 5 5

9 9 66 36 31 22 22 19 15 5 6

11 14 75 34 27 26 24 16 13 7 6

24 18 78 28 27 32 28 14 13 9 8

39 20 79 24 27 32 31 13 13 11 8

53 21 81 21 28 29 33 12 14 10 9

61 23 81 18 39 27 43 10 22 11 14

66 24 81 16 54 24 58 9 37 10 26

65 25 81 15 67 23 70 9 55 10 42

13 17 21 76 9 71 9 63

( 10 ) Chimyrow and Slatowiatsky, 63, 7: 533; 06. (ll) Clark, 21, 35: 48; 12. O 2 ) Coblentz, 152, No. 65: 06. ( 13 ) Coblentz, 152, No. 97: 08. (*<) Coblentz, SlA, 9: 283; 13. (15) Coblentz and Hughes, SlA, 19: 577; 24. (16) Coblentz and Kahler, SlA, 15: 121; 18. ( 17 ) Cochrane, 68, 35: 146; 14. (18) Crandall, 2, 2: 343; 13. O 9 ) Czerny, 96, 16: 321; 23. (20) Edwards and Long, 32, No. 128; 19. ( 2 I) Gardner, 84, 17: 318; 22. ( 22 ) Gehrts, 8, 47: 1059; 15. (23; Gilpin, 84, 5: 854; 10. (24) Gorton, 2, 7: 66; 16. ( 2S ) Hallett, 66, 23 U: 379; 23. (26) Henning and Heuse, 96, 10: 111; 22. ( 2 7) Hulburt, 21, 46: 1; 17. (2*) Hutchins, 12, 6: 373; 98. (29) Johnson and Spence, 2, 5: 349; 15. (30) Karrer, 48, 5: 96; 21. (31) Koch, 8, 26: 974; 08. ( 32 ) Koenigsberger, 8, 43:1205; 14. (33) Koenigsberger and Reichenheim, 189,1905: 454. (34) Koller, Thesis, Freiburg, 1914. 10, 4: 537; 21. (35) Langford, 2, 33: 137; 11. (36) Lewis and Hardy, 2, 14:272; 19. (37) Liebisch and Rubens, 76, 1919: 198. (38) Liebisch and Rubens, 76,1919: 876. ( 39 ) Liebisch and Rubens, 76, 1921: 211. (40) Luckiesh, 143, 184: 73; 17. (41) Luckiesh, 84, 17: 315; 22. (4 2 ) Martens, 8, 6: 603; 01. (43) Messerschmidt, 8, 34: 867; 88. (44) Meyer, 88, 16: 126; 14. (45) Morse, 21, 26: 225; 07. (4«) Navrât, 75, 120 Ila: 1229; 11. (47) Nichols, 76, 1896: 1183. (48) Nichols and Day, 2, 27: 225; 08. (49) Nutting,.#, 13: 193; 01. (50) Nutting, 84, 10: 379; 15. («) Nutting, Jones and Elliott, 84, 9: 593; 14. (52) Nyswander, 2, 28: 291; 09. (53; Peter, 96, 15: 358; 23. (54; Pfund, 21, 24: 19; 06. ( 5 S) Pfund, 143, 189: 371; 20. (56) Pfund, 66, 23 II: 369; 23. (ST) Porter, 21, 22: 229; 05. ( 5 S) Priest, 48, 4: 388; 20. ( 5 «) Priest, Gibson and McNicholas, 32, No. 167; 20. («o; Raman, C. V., Calcutta, India, O. (*i) Randall, 21, 34: 308; 11. ( 62 ) Rayleigh, Collected Works, 3: 511 ; 02. (63) Reinkober, 8, 34: 343; 11. (64) Richtmyer, 48, 7: 151; 23. (65) ROyds, 3, 21: 166; 11. 63, 11: 316; 10. (66) Rubens, 8, 69: 576; 99. (*7; Rubens, 88, 13: 102; 11. (68) Rubens, 76, 1913: 513. («9) Rubens, 88, 17: 315; 15. (70) Rubens and Aschkinass, 8, 65: 241; 98. (71) Rubens and Hollnagel, 88, 12: 83; 10. 76, 1910: 26. (72; Rubens and Ladenburg, 76, 1908: 274, 1140. (73) Rubens and Ladenburg, 88, 11: 16; 09. (74) Rubens and Nichols, 8, 60: 418; 97. (75) Rubens and von Wartenberg, 76, 1914: 169. (76) Schaefer and Schubert, 8, 50: 283; 16. (77) Schaefer and Schubert, 8, 50: 339; 16. (78) Schaefer and Schubert, 5, 55: 577; 18. (79) Schaefer and Schubert, 96, 7: 297; 21. (80) Schaefer and Schubert, 96, 7: 309; 21. (81) Sieg, 48, 7: 147; 23. ( 82 ) Sihvoren, 96, 20: 272; 23. (83) Sumpner, 3, 35: 81; 93. (84) Taylor, SlA, 16: 421; 20. (85) Thaler, 8, 11: 996; 03. (86) Trowbridge, 2, 27: 282; 08. (87) Tyndall, 2, 21: 162; 23. (88) Van Dyke, 48, 6: 917; 22. (89) Woronkoff and Potrowski, 96, 20: 358; 24. (90) Wright, 3, 49: 199; 00. 8, 1: 17; 00.

TOTAL (NON-SPECTRAL) TRANSMISSION OF RADIATION JOHN W. T. WALSH AND H. BUCKLEY Data for the transmission of long electric waves, X-rays and gamma rays are excluded from this section; for the rest of the spectrum reliable quantitative data for the total transmission are available for only a very few substances. For spectral transmission, v. p. 268 and 359. CONTENTS Symbols Transmission factor, black-body radiation (Walsh) Filters for photometry of black-body (Walsh) Diffusing materials (Walsh) Scattering of light by dust-free gases and liquids (Buckley). Absolute intensity : gases Relative intensity : gases Polarization of scattered light : gases and vapors Relative intensity and polarization : liquids Effect of temperature : liquids and vapors

/ [F]

PAGE 264 264 264 264 265 265 265 266 267

Color Filters for Photometry of Black-Body Sources Suitable dilutions of stock solutions A and B may be used to produce a color match between two sources which, in the visible spectrum, radiate approximately like black-bodies (19). Stock A1 yellow: 100 g CoSO^NH^SO^ôHaO + 0.733 g K2Cr2O7 + 10 cm3 HNO3(d = 1.05) + H2O to make 1 1 of solution. Stock B1 blue: 50 g NiSO4(NH4)2SO4.6H2O + 10 g (NH2)4SO4 + 55 cm3 NH4OH (d = 0.90) + H2O to make 1 1 of solution. Stock A is to be diluted with H2O; stock B with a solution of 10 g (NH4) 280 4 in 1000 cm3 H2O. For transmission, v. Figs. IA1 lAh and IB.

SYMBOLS (v. also Vol. I, p. 16; others defined where used) Intensity of radiation incident upon [transmitted by] fao

a given plate of material.

/

7 = I /xd\; /' =

JT7^-

•/o

r°° A\I\d\.

Ii [I1]

Luminous intensity of I [F].

P p St

Pressure. % defect in polarization = 100 w/s. Intensity of light scattered by the substance at temperature t. Intensity of light scattered by air at t = O0C, P = 760 mm of Hg [by liquid (C2H5)2O at 350C]. Strongest [weakest] plane polarized component of the scattered light. Temperature, 0C. See s. Absorption factor = (I — I')/I = 1 — r; CL1 = 1 — TI. Reflection losses taken as zero. Angle observed light makes with incident beam. Angle of view [of incidence] measured from normal to surface.

S0 [SeZf] s [w] t w a ß 0 [
Visibility factor.

Ii = I

Ii = I

A\/\dX.

r

Transmission factor = I ' / I ] T1 = Ii/Ii, reflection losses being taken as zero. TABLE 1.—TRANSMISSION FACTOR FOR RADIATION (T) AND LIGHT (T1) FROM A BLACK-BODY T = temperature of the black-body ( 0 K); x = thickness of transmitting plate (mm)

T Substance H2O, Water

l2400Ì3600*l5000i2400tl3600*|5000:t | x \ 10Or ' | lOOaz 10 22.5 50 69 0.10 0.08 0.07 (*» 2 » 14) 100 9 31.5 54 1.04 0.84 0.74 0» 2, 14) SiO2, Quartz 10 90 98.5 99 Practically zero C 13 ) 10084 95 98 Practically zero ( 13 ) NaCl, Rock salt Very great Practically zero ( 13 ) KCl, SyIvite Very great Practically zero C 13 ) CaF2, Fluorite Very great Practically zero ( 13 ) Glass, Crown § 1085 91 97 1.35 1.38 1.40 10065 74 80 12.5 12.6 12.7 Glass, Light flint! 1086 92 97 1.22.1.25 1.28 10066 75 80 life 11.5 11.7 * Corresponds to plain carbon arc. t Corresponds to W-filament vacuum lamp at 9 lumens per watt. J White light; approximately noon sunlight. § Typical data.

FIG. 1.—Factors for solutions A and B. Source: Carbon filament lamp at 4 watts per candle. Solution is 1 cm thick. Unit of concentration (C) = 1 cm3 stock per 100 cm3 of solution. C-I [W-I] » carbon [tungsten] filament lamp; w. p. h. c. = watts per horizontal candle; w. p. m. s. c. == watts per mean spherical candle. A. Multiplication factor for solution A at 2O0C. Iix [lis] — luminous intensity of source x [of standard C-I at 4 w. p. c.]; in section S [X], filter is in front of standard [of source x]. For S, T1 = Iix/Iis and logio T1 = -0.245(0.01C)0'9; for X, T1 = Iis/Iix and logio T1 = -0.366(0.01C)1-08. Color match: a = Hefner lamp, 6 = Pentane lamp, c = W-I at 1.25 w. p. h. c., d = W-I at 0.65 w. p. m. s. c. At. Variation of transmission factor (rz) of solution A with temperature. Ordinates are Cr1)*0/(T-J)ao°. B. Transmission factor (TJ) of solution B at 2O0C. TI is practically independent of temperature; logio T1 = -0.539(0.01C)1'03. Color match: a = W-I at 0.5 w. p. m. s. c., b = W-I at 0.65 w. p. m. s. c., c — W-I at 1.0 w. p. h. c., d = W-I at 1.25 w. p. h. c., e = C-I at 3.1 w. p. h. c.

Diffusing Materials On transmission through a plate of diffusing material, such as opal glass, light is scattered in all directions; the apparent brightness of the second surface depends on (a) the material, its thickness, and the state of its surface; (6) the angle of incidence of the light; (c) the angle of view, and the relation between the plane of incidence and that of the direction of view. The first (a) is so dependent on small variations in manufacture that only typical data can be given ( 4 > 21 > 27); see Figs. 2, 3.

In general logio T1 = az6, where x is the thickness and a and b are constants of the material; for a certain opal glass ( 12 ) a = —0.282 and 6 = 0.80 if unit of z is 1 mm.

Pressure (P) = ca. I atm.; room temperature; ß = 90°;.S [Sa] = intensity of light scattered by the gas [by air] under same conditions of t and P. Method and source of light: (a) Visual: C-arc ( 40 ) for H and (C 2 HB) 2 O. (b) Photographic: Hg-arc (7, 40) ; sun (ii) ; C-arc ( 3 7 V 4 0 ). Gas I S/Sg I Lit, u Gas | S/Sa \ Lit. Air , . 1.00 O2 A 0.79 (7) Xe H2 0.23 (7,40) N20 He 0.017 (37) CO2 Kr 1.95 (U) (C2Hs)20 N2 1.02* (7) * Adjusted; recorded values are < 1 for both N and O.

FIG. 2.—Diffuse transmission: Variation of brightness with angle (B] of view ( 27 ). Opal glass; incidence normal (
TABLE 4.—POLARIZATION OF LIGHT SCATTERED LATERALLY BY DUST-FREE GASES AND VAPORS (For intensity of scattered light, v. Table 3; for variation with t and P7 see Table 6.) Pressure (P) = ca. I atm.; room temperature; ß = 90°; B. P. = temperature just above the boiling point; p = % defect in polarization = 100 w/s. Values by different observers may differ in ratio of 2 to 3. Method and source of light: (a) Visual: Sun ( 8 > 9 > 10, 16, 26, 29, so, 33, 34) ; C-arc (40) for (C2H5)2O. (b) Photographic: Hg-arc (40); sun (io, il, 17, 26); tungsten arc (36); C-arc (37, 40).

Gas Air A H2 He Kr N2 Ne FIG. 3.—Diffuse transmission: Variation of brightness with angle (^) of incidence ( 39 ). Opal glass; angle of view normal (0 = O). Curve A is for rough (depolished) and B is for polished glass.

I .

..

p I Lit. 4 ~ 3 ( i o , so, 36) 0.50* (H,37) 3.7 (io, so, 36) <6.5 (37) 0.55 (U) 3.6 (io, 17, 36) <1.0 (U)

O2

8.9

Xe HCl H2S NO

0.55 1.0* 1.0* 2.6

N20

NH 3 TABLE 2.—ABSOLUTE INTENSITY OF LIGHT SCATTERED LATERALLY BY DUST-FREE GASES AND LIQUIDS

0.93* (?) 5.45 (") 3.40 (40) 2.62 (7) 26.8 (40)

CO

CQ2

15.0

1.0* 3.4f

11.0

(10, 17, 30, 36)

(il) (34) (34) (io) (10, 17, 26, 30, 36)

(17,34) (10,34,40)

(10, 17, 26, 30, 36)

Vapor I t, 0C p Lit. CCl4, Carbon tetrachloride B. P. 2.5 (16, 29, 40) CS2, Carbon disulfide B. P. 15.0 ( 8 , 1 6 , 2 6 , 4 0 ) CHCl3, Chloroform B. P. 3.2 ( 1 6 , 2 6 , 2 9 , 4 0 ) CH4, Methane 20 1.5 (9) CH4O, Methyl alcohol B. P. 2.7 (16) 3 8 Unit of R = 1 cm- ; of P = 1 mm of Hg; of A = 1 A = 10~ cm; C N , Cyanogen 20 12.0 (4°) 2 2 t is 0C C2H4, Ethylene 20 3.0 (40) C2H4O2, Methyl formate B. P. 4.6 (16) Substance \ t \ P \ \ \ R \ Lit. C2H6, Ethane 20 1.6 («) Air, gas S» 76Ö 3030 3.65 X 1(T8 (5) C2H6O, Ethyl alcohol B. P. 1.7 (16) tR* 760 3340 2.70 X 10~8 (5) B. P. 5.2 (16) A, gas 27 760 4358 1.34 X IO"8 (6, 7) C3H6O, Allyl alcohol C3H6O, Acetone B. P. 4.8 (16) CO2, liquid 30.5 V. P. 5400 2.79 X 10~4 (3) C3H6O2, Ethyl formate B. P. 3.3 (16) tc Pc 5400 9.76 X 10~4 (3) C3H6O2, Methyl acetate B. P. 4.8 (16) * Temperature not stated; probably room temperature. C3H8, Propane 20 1.6 ( 9 ) C3H8O, n-Propyl alcohol B. P. 2.0 (16) TABLE 3.—INTENSITY RELATIVE TO AIR, OF LIGHT SCATTERED C3H8O, Isopropyl alcohol B. P. 1.9 (16) LATERALLY BY DUST-FREE GASES * Correction for non-parallelism of incident light reduces p to about 0.8 for HCl, H2S, and NH3, and to 0.25 for A; it is suggested that for A, p is actually (For absolute values, v. Table 2; for polarization of scattered zero (34). light, v. Table 4.) t By (i«) p = 1.7 for CO. Iu[Iiß] = Luminous intensity of incident light [of light scattered at angle ß to the incident beam]; v = volume of the gas which participates in the scattering; V. P. = pressure of saturated vapor; te, Pc — critical temperature and pressure. If ß — 90°, I iß = RvIu.

Vapor C4H8O, Methyl ethyl ketone C4H8O2, Propyl formate C4H8O2, Ethyl acetate C4Hi0, n-Butane C4H10O, rc-Butyl alcohol C4H10O, Isobutyl alcohol C4H10O, Ethyl ether C6H10, 2-Methyl-2-butene C5H10O, Methyl propyl ketone... . C8H10O2, Propyl acetate C6H12, rc-Pentane

\ t, 0C I B. P. B. P. B. P. 20 B. P. B. P. B. P. B. P. B. P. B. P. B. P. 22.5

p 4.4 3.5 3.4 1.7 2.8 1.8 3.0

I

TABLE 4.—(Continued) Lit. || Vapor C5Hi2, Isopentane C6H5Br, Bromobenzene C6H5Cl, Chlorobenzene C6H6, Benzene

(i 6) (16) (16) (9) (16) (16) (16, 26, 29, so, 40) 6.1 (16) 3.2 (16) 3.2 (16) 3.0 (16, 30) 1.2 (9)

C6H12, Cyclohexane C6H14, n-Hexane C7H8, Toluene C7H16, Heptane C8H10, m-Xylene C8H18, Octane

U

0

C | 22.5 B. P. B. P. B. P.

p \ 1.2 7.8 7.8 6.9

20 B. P. 28.5 B. P. B. P. B. P. B. P.

1.1 3.3 1.5 6.4 3.1 6.7 2.7

Lit. """ (9) (16) (16) (8,16,26,30, 32,40) (33) (16) (9) (16) (16) (16) (16)

TABLE 5.—RELATIVE INTENSITY AND POLARIZATION OF LIGHT SCATTERED LATERALLY BY DUST-FREE LIQUIDS (For variation with temperature and pressure, v. Table 6.) ß = 90°; S [Se] = intensity of light scattered by the liquid [by liquid (C2Hs)2O at same temperature] W1 R1 G1 B — white, red, green, blue; subscript i [s] indicates color filter is in incident [in scattered] light (if liquid does not fluoresce the value for i — that fors). Temperature: 180C (8, is, 22, 23, 24), 3O0C (20, 35), 20°C (25), 350C (29). Method and source of light: (a) Visual: Sun (8, 18, 20, 35, 41), C-arc (22), W-arc (23,24,25), (fr) Photographic; Sun (29). p = % defect in polarization = lOQw/s SubstanCe S/Se Llt -W I Lit. \\W\K\R. I ft I O. I B, I B8 I Lit. H2O, Water 0.20 (20, 24, 29) 9.0 («, 18,20,23,29) 9.6 8.511.8l 7,9 9.514.5 9.9 (20) SO2, Sulfur dioxide 1.70 (22) 22.0 (22) CCl4, Carbon tetrachloride 1.10 (20, 29) 9.0 (8, 20, 29) CS2, Carbon bisulfide 14.0 (20, 24, 29) 70 (8, is, 20, 24, 29, 35) 69 68.5 70 71 73 (*o) CHCl3, Chloroform 1.40 (20, 29) 2 0.0 (20, 23, 29) CH2Cl2, Méthylène chloride 1.24 (20) 31 (20) CH2O2, Formic acid 1.22 (20) 55 (20) CH4O, Methyl alcohol* 0.56(20,24,29) 8.0(20,22,29) 8.2 6.0 8.0 12.6 7 . 4 ( 2 0 ) C2H4Br2, Ethylene bromide 3.42 (*o) 61 (20) C2H4Cl2, Ethylene chloride 1.44 (20) 36 (20) C2H4O, Acetaldehydë 0.89 (20) 20 (20) 20.018.919.4 21.619.0 (20) C2H4O2, Acetic acid 1.19(20) 47 (20) 47 47 47 48 48 (20) C2H4O2, Methyl formate 1.09 (20) 28.1 (20) C2H6Br, Ethyl bromide 1.58 (20) 25.0 (20) C2H6S, Methyl sulfide 1.22 (20) 12.9 (20) C2H6O, Ethyl alcohol 0.60(20,24,29) 7.3(20,24,29) 10.5 6 . 8 ( 2 0 ) 6 .8 5.3 7.1 C3H5Br, Allyl bromide 3.10 (20) 59 (20) C3H6Cl, Allyl chloride 1.47 (20) 36 (20) C3H6O, Allyl alcohol 1.22(20) 29.3(20) 29.329.629.434 31 38 37 (20) C3H6O, Acetonef 0.81 (20) 26 (20, 35) C3H6O2, Propionic acid 1.24 (20) 41 (20) 41 41 42 42 41.5 49 47 (20) C3H6O2, Ethyl formate 1.00(20) 22.1 (20) 22.121.321.6 20.719.6(20) C3H7Br, Propyl bromide 25.0 (20) C3H7Cl, n-Propyl chloride 1.34 (20) ie.3 (20) C3H7Cl, Isopropyl chloride! 1.38 (20) 15.2 (20) C3H8O, n-Propyl alcohol 0.66(20,24) g.O (20, 24) 7.6 7.1 9.9 U.O 7.2 (20) C3H8O, Isopropyl alcohol 0.60 (20) 7.2(20) 7.2 5.0 6.7 10.7 7 . 2 ( 2 0 ) C4H6O3, Acetic anhydride 1.01 (20) 43 (20) C4H8O, Methyl ethyl ketone t 0.80 (20) 17.4 (20) 17.416.618.1 25.518.2 (20) C4H8O2, Butyric acid 1.19 (20) 40 (20) 40 36 39 41.5 44 68 55 (20) C4H8O2, Propyl formate 0.94 (20) 21.0 (20) 21.021.021.118.120.418.617.7 (20) C4H8O2, Ethyl acetate 0.95 (20, 22) 23.0 (20, 22) C4H9Br, Isobutyl bromide 26.4 (20) C4H9Cl, Isobutyl chloride 1.59 (22) 17.0 (20, 22) C4H10S, Ethyl sulfide 1.33 (20) |is.2 (20) C4H10O, »-Butyl alcohol 0.65(20) jll.5 (20) 11.59.311.0 14.911.0(20) C4Hi0O, Isobutyl alcohol 0.76(20,24) 10.0(20,24) H.2 7.311.8 16.3 9 . 0 ( 2 0 ) C4Hi0O, tert.-Butyl alcohol 0.69 (20) , 6.2 (20) 6.2 4.1 5.8 9.2 5.6 (20) C4Hj0O, Ethyl ether 1.00 | 9.0 (is, 20, 24, 29, 31) 9.1 8.0 9.3 8.3 8.910.9 8 . 8 ( 2 0 ) . C6H10, 2-Methyl-2-butene 1.54 (20) J25.8 (20) C6Hi0O, Diethyl ketone t 1.06(20) J36 (20) 136 18.036.0 78 24.9| (20)

Substance

S/S.

C5Hi0O, Methyl propyl ketone C5H10O2, Propyl acetate C5H12, n-Pentane C5H12, Isopentane C5H12O, Âmyl alcohol..... C5H12O, Isoamyl alcohol C6H5Br, Bromobenzene C6H5Cl, Chlorobenzene C6H5NO2, Nitrobenzene C6H6, Benzene

Lit.

19.6 (20) 21.7 (20) 7.5 (20, 23) 5.6 (20) 11.9(20) 11.99.812.5 9.0 (15) 65 (20) 54.0(20,22,23,24) 55 57.558 61 70.0 (20, 23, 38) 4 8 . 0 ( 8 , 1 5 , 1 8 , 2 0 , 2 4 , 2 5 , 47 47 47 43

32)

* Liquid became dark brown,

3.42 1.41 0.87 1.05

J Background not perfect.

TABLE 6.—INTENSITY AND POLARIZATION OF LIGHT SCATTERED BY DUST-FREE LIQUIDS AND VAPORS: VARIATION WITH TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE Sat. vap. = saturated vapor; Unsat. = unsaturated vapor; G = vapor above critical temperature; Gd = G at constant density, d; V. P. = pressure of saturated vapor; St,'[S0], [SM] = intensity of light scattered by the gas at t,°C, P = I atm. [by the gas at O0C and P = 1 atm.], [by liquid (C2H6)2O at 350C]; p = % defect in polarization. Unit of P = 1 atm.

CO2.—(Continued) Liquid '5 10 15 1 J? 15

36°0

v p

V. P. V. P. "

48014 68010 ^

76

470

C0 * ( 2S ) P I St/S. I *, 0C I St/SQ I P I St/S* I p G1 t = 350C Gdj d = 0.320 Unsat., t = 3O0C 61 290 40 1 620 68 | 1 078 | 67 680 50 1410 Sat. vap. 72 1 170 Unsat., t = 3O0C t, 0C St/SQ p 77.5 3 200 P St/So p 5 102 81 4 230 15 22 10 195 87 1750 20 33 15 347 5.8 91 1430 30 54 9 20 567 4 40 83 8 24 1030

Gdi d = 0.320 «, 0C St/S0

50 55

30.5 72.5 5480 30.5 76.5 2 OH)

QO 32

A 55 KRA 4

°

0°

35

2 730

65

RH

W7

à. K

665

4

307 4.5

9»

28

30

61

56

55

(20)

48

50

51

(20)

l 190 1890

3

8 OOP

15 20 20 Il 25 25 f

30 5

^ *AH

'

3560

84

'°

30.5 86.5 1.5

31

l

55 58

52 56

71 73

53 54

(20) (20)

55 61

52.552.552 65 62 63

55

51

57.559 67 66

(20) (20)

53 40 57 66

53

55

53 42 64 67

(20) (20) (20) (20)

54 40 56

66

53 38 60 67

°97

940

V. P. 35 OOP

59 41 61 68

|

§ Not quite free from dust par tides.

82 428 V.P. 9908 10 8° 13 fp 1280 V. P. i 880 5 V. P. 12 100 f ^ 83 778 25 25 90 9 25 92 eoo 2 J £ £ Ï SS ! 30 FPUOOO 30.5 V. P. 22 500

25 26

27.910.8(20)

(20) (20) (24) (24)

f Showed tendency to decompose.

6

.

29,32)

60 (20) 44 (20) 8.0 (24) 10.0 (20, 24) 65.0 (38) 3.21 (20) 55 (20) 3.50(20) 53 (20) 9.4 (20) 82 (20) 9.8 (20) 83 (20) 3.5 (20,24,29) 51.0 (is, 20, 24, 29) 2.93(20) 65 (20) 1.00 (20) 11.0 (20, 25) 3.18 (20) 53 (20) 40 (20) 3.87(2°) 57 (20) 4.61(20) 66 (20) 3.55 (24) 52.5 (24) 1.35 (22) 17.3 (22) 0.96 (20) 12.9 (20) 6.5 (22) 55 (22) 18.2 (22) 78 (22) v. Table 6 1.13| (2Q) 5.8 (20)

140 197

.

[I W \ RJ \ R» \ 0-t I Cr8 | Kj \ tfs \ Lit.

Lit.

Jy I

0.95 (20) 1.25 (20, 41) 1.06 (20) 0.74(20) 0.84 (24) 4.92 (20) 4.1 (20,24) 10.5 (20) 3.2 (20,24,29,

C6H7N, Aniline§ C6H10O3, Propionic anhydride C6H12, Cyclohexane C6H14, Hexane C7H5N, Benzonitrile C7H6Cl2, Benzal chloride C7H7Cl, Benzyl chloride C7H7NO2, o-Nitrotoluene§ C7H7NO2, m-Nitrotoluene§ C7H8, Toluene C7H8O, Benzyl alcohol C7H16, Heptane C8H10, Ethylbenzene C8H10, o-Xylene C8Hi0, m-Xylene C8Hi0, p-Xylene C8H10, o-, m-, p-Xylene|| C8H16O2, Isobutyl butyrate C8H18, Octane C9H10O2, Ethyl benzoate C10H7Cl, a-Chloronaphthalene Ci0H8, Naphthalene SiCl4, Silicon tetrachloride

p = % defect in polarization = IQQw/s — .. . . . , ,

-—.

C4H10O, Ethyl ether (31) 2, 0C | St/Seu G 194 378 196 172 198 126 200 84 202 64 212.5 27 217 21 Sat. vap.* <>c ' s]/S u ^ Q^ 54 0.075 75 o 150 gl 0 ' 22 108 OÌ46 123.5 0.71 144.5 1.31 f

Iß4

27 '

C4H10O.—(C ont1 d) Sat. vap.* t, 0C St/Sess 186.5 21 190 42 191 63 Liquid t, 0C St/S.u p 33 1.00 8 61 1.23 8 80 1.85 7 1.90 91 104 2 3 7 125 3 -° 7 5 139

9.1

183.5

13.0

3g

ß

145

4.9 153 6.3 170 12.0 179 22 185 38 190.5 82

3 1.7 1.7 1.3 1.3

*From t = 160 to 200'C, p varies from 1.5 t0

179.2

|| Mixture of xylenea'

1

^?

n

°

Chan

«e

in

passing through critical temperature.

C5H12,rc-Pentane(4i) C6H12.- (Cont'd) < , ° C i A/5.,, I p t, 0C I St/S«, I p G Liquid 200 48.5 36.5 1.61 7.2 203 30.8 80 7.2 210 20.8 86.6 2.84 6.7 214 15.2 103.8 3.40 117.0 4.25 5.2 128.0 5.36 5.2 138.0 6.37 148.6 8.18 1.7 Sat. vap. 156.8 9.10 1.5 87 0.235 173 1.5 125.2 0.73 137 1.20 145 1.95 2.5 149 2.10 154 2.42 C6H6, Benzene 155.4 2.66 Sat. vap. (32) 167 3.90 2.0 35 7.2 172 5.88 100 6.2 183 13.4 1.5 182 0.95 3.5 187 17.8 204 1.56 3.4 189 22.1 228 3.00 2.5 190.5 23.3 247 4.9 2.0 193 30.8 267 11.9 1.5 196

70.8

1.5

280

C6H6.- (Cont'd) «,°C|&/&„| p Liquid (32) 35 3 2 43 3.67 32 125 5 43 19 182 7.21 14 205 228 11.0 9.5 20.5 3.0 268 2.8 283 102

*,°C St/ S20 I p Liquid (25) O 49f 5 48J 10 48 20 1,00 49 100 1.33 39 200 2.40 15.4 250 6.0 6.1 260 10.7 4.5 270 19.4 2.5 280 62.0 1.5

0.9

tUnder-cooled.î M.P.

C7Hi6, Heptane C7Hi6-(CWd) Ci0H8, Naphthalene <, 0C I St/Sto \ p t, 0C I /VS20 I P t,°C\ St/Sso\ P Liquid (25) Liquid (25) Liquid (25) 10 20 1.00 12.7 240 -1 2.0 g0 i 00| 71 0 100 1.30 10.0 250 13.4 1.7 200 1.04 63.5 200 3.97 3.8 260§ 16-8 1-65 300 1.30| 41.0 225 6.8 2.6 270§ 28.1 1.55 § At critical temperature St/Sw is very great. LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) (i) Aschkinass, 8, 55: 401; 95. ( 2 ) von Aufsess, Diss., Munich, 1903. ( 3 ) Bhattacharyya, 512, 8 IV: 277; 23. ( 4 ) Blondel, Éclairage Électrique, 3: 583; 95. (5) Cabannes, 34, 160: 62; 15. («) Cabannes, 34, 171: 852; 20. (7) Cabannes, 16, 15: 5; 21. («) Cabannes, 01, 3: 429; 22. ( 9 ) Cabannes and Gauzit, öl, 6: 182; 25. O °) Cabannes and Granier, 51 , 4 : 429 ; 23. ( J J ) Cabannes and Lepape, 34, 179 : 325; 24. O 2) Channon, Renwick and Storr, 5, 94 : 222; 17. O3) Coblentz, 81, 16: 701; 20. ( 1 ^) Ewan, 6, 57: 117; 95. ( 1 S) Ganesan, 2, 23: 63; 24. ( 16 ) Ganesan, 3, 49: 1216; 25. < 17 ) Gans, 8, 65: 97; 21. < 18 ) Gans, 96t 17: 353; 23. ( 1 ^) Ives and Kingsbury, 84, 9: 795; 14. 10: 253; 15. (2°) Krishnan, 3, 50: 697; 25. ( 21 J Luckiesh, 1 07, 60: 1040; 12. 61: 883; 13. (22) Martin, 50, 24: 478; 20. (23) Martin, 50, 28: 1284; 24. (24) Martin and Lehrman, 50, 26: 75; 22. (25) Martin and Lehrman, 50, 27: 558; 23. (26) Narayan, 67, 36: 32; 23. (27) Nutting, 84, 11: 92; 16. (28) Raman and Ramanathan, 5, 104: 357; 23. ( 2 ») Raman and Rao, 3, 45: 625; 23. (30) Raman and Rao, 3, 46: 426; 23. (31) Ramanathan, 5, 102: 151; 22. (32) Ramanathan, 2, 21: 564; 23. (33) Ramanathan, 5, 110: 123; 26. (34) Ramanathan and Srinivasan, 3, 1: 491; 26. (35) Ray, 2, 22: 78; 23. ( 36 ) Rayleigh, 5, 97: 435; 20. (37) Rayleigh, 5, 98: 57; 20. ( 3 «) Rocard, 34, 180: 52; 25. (3») Sharp and Little, 84, 10: 727; 15. (40) strutt, 5, 95: 155; 18. («) Venkataswaran, 4, 121: 2655; 22.

SPECTRAL ABSORPTION OF LIGHT AND HEAT BY PURE INORGANIC SUBSTANCES AND MISCELLANEOUS MATERIALS (NONMETALS) JEAN BECQUEEEL AND J. ROSSIGNOL Order of Substances.—Atmospheric air, elementary substances, pure inorganic compounds, minerals of variable composition.

w

X ABSORPTION OF ATMOSPHERIC AIR w = equivalent thickness of liquid H2O in a column of air 117 m long (P = 1 atm., t < 4O0C) = volume of liquid H2O obtained by condensing the H2O vapor contained in a column of air of unit sectional area and 117 m long. O = opacity of the atmosphere (source of light at zenith) = /»//?; Ii[Ig] = intensity of radiation beyond atmosphere [at surface of earth]. / = /Oe~^(lo)n; I =» length of path in which intensity is reduced from /o to /. All 7's refer to radiant energy, not to its visibility. Unit of fc(10)n = I c m - ^ o f Z = I c m j o f w = lem; of X = IM = 1O4A = 10~4 cm. X I k Dry air (12), w = o, n = -3 0.186 I 4.82 I Moist air (?), n = -5 ~ I 0.008 I 0.082 j 7 i 1— — 1.3 to 1.75 0.54 1.7 1.75 to 2.2 1.25 2.9 2.2 to 3.2 2.3 4.5

w \ 0.008 X | k 3.2 to 4.0 27Ï 4.0 to 4.9 3.3 4.9 to 5.4 1 . 7 5.4 to 5.9 5.4 5.9 to 6.4 8.7 6 4 fo 7 Q

. «0 '° tQ 8 '°

7 n 7

g g

9 2

* ^

I 0.082 \ k 3.95 5.9 4.7 16 30

3Q

oo '

8 3

Moist air (7), n = — 5 I 0.003 I 0.03 I

\

k

\

k

\

0.3

I

3~

k

\

k

0.9 3.05 5.9 12 1.4 5.1 10.3 26 1.5 4.8 9.2 26 5.1 16 26 >40 1.2 4.7 16 >40 < 0.1 0.17 4.4 5.9 < 0.1 < 0.1 < 0.1 1.4 < 0.1 0.17 0.44 4.4 < 0.1 < 0.1 0.35 0.9 < 0.1 < 0.1 1.2 1.9 >40 >40 >40 >40 20 >40 >40 >40 10(?) 14(?) 20(?) >40 >40(?) >40(?) >40(?) >40 >40 >40 >40 >40 Opacity of atmosphere* ( 6 ) [LogioO [I X I LOg10 O u X I Logio~ 6.36 0.2931 4.36 0.2997 2.22 5.78 .2936 4.12 .3022 1.77 5.39 .2946 3.73 .3052 1.40 5.08 .2956 3.33 .3104 0.99 4.82 .2963 3.10 .3143 0.84

3 to 4 4to5 5to6 6 to 7 7to8 8to 9 9to 10 lOto 11 11 to 12 12to 13 13 to 16 16 to 20 20 to 30 30 to 40 40 to 50

X 0.2898 .2906 .2912 .2917 .2922

* Average conditions, no clouds, value of w is not indicated.

ABSORPTION OF PUBE NON-METALLIC INOBGANIC SUBSTANCES AND MINEBALS / = /o6~*z(lo)n, I = length of path in which intensity is reduced from /o to 7; 7 and 70 refer to radiant energy, not to its visibility; d = density. For metals, v. p. 248. Unit of k(W)n = 1 cm-1; of I = 1 cm; of P = 1 mm of Hg; of d = 1 g cm~3; of X = IM = 1O4A = 10~4 cm; t is 0C. Br (24), t = 16°, Br.-(Cont'd) C.—(Continued) P = 66, n = -2 X k X | k X k 0.510 51 ±1 0.430 11 0.356 10.6±0.1 .557 19.6 + 0.4 .550 <1 .3641 22.4 + 0.2 t = 620° .600 3 .3713 38.9 + 0.4 0.344 18.3 + 0.4 .3838 75.3±0.8 .358 37.6±0.8 C, Graphite (37)f .3900 98 +1 .379 74 +1 0.430 1455+25 .4009 129 +1 .395 97 +2 .450 1410 ±25 .4070 136 +1 .420 1 1 3 + 2 .500 1305+25 .421 135 +1 .433 1 1 3 + 2 .550 1225 + 20 .433 128 +1 .459 97 ±2 .600 1155 + 20 .449 112 +1 .484 74 +1 .650 1110 + 15 .487 76 +4 .530 37.9 + 0.8 .700 1070 + 15 .510 57 +3 .577 16.3+0.3 .526 38+2 C, Amorphous (30) f .546 23 +1 C, Diamond (22)* 0.430 198.0 + 1.0 .572 12.1+0.6 0.226 1477 .450 188.0 + 1.0 .608 3.1±0.2 .23Is 678 .480 174.5 + 1.0 t = 320°, .255 74 + 1 .500 166.0+1.0 0.354 21.3+0.4 .275 59 + 1 .530 155.5 + 1.5 .377 65 +1 .300 43 + 1 .550 149.5 + 1.5 .406 115 +2 .320 32 + 1 .580 141.5 ±1.0 .428 122 +2 .350 21 ±2 .600 137.0 ±1.0 .439 115 +2 .380 15 + 1 .630 131.5±0.5 .471 85 +2 .400 12 *n — 2 . f n - + 3. __ Cl, t = 0°, P = 760, n = -2 K

(21)

0.226 .230 .235 .245 .250 .254 .255 .260 .265 .270 .275 .280 .285 .289 .290 .295 .297 .300 .303 .310 .313 .3142 .3192 .320 .321 .3238 .327 .330 .331 .334

K

(10)

K

(24)

62 62 62 43 43 2.5 50 60

12.8 80 93 123 157

77.1 74.8

187 211 278

300 367 415 571

129± 2 225 ± 4 508 315 ± 6 445± 9 529 ±10 560 565 ±11 684

KI

(21)

0.338 .340 .346 .350 .3525 .3593 .360 .365 .366 .370 .373 .380 .381 .385 .390 .405 .410 .411 .435 .436 .472 .480 .496 .509 .545 .546 .579 .580 .614 .643

O3, Ozone, t = 0°, P = l, n = O x k k k < 19) < 13) ( 5 > ° 200 T79 .'210 26A .220 44.3 115 -230112 240241 26 219 -.250284 374 ° 276 .254 430 .260291 .265

276

2.0 2 55

341

3.6 25 8

*:** «:« -K—"? s s., s s.. Uf S 0.440 445

08 4*0

-31° - 32 3°

2 83

-^

0.2l

-I3^P-

!L26.

' °'81

Ì450 e.'ö

19

.455 9 .460 10

13

23 27

.47515 .480 16 .485 17 .49019

29 45 d = 67 X H)-«, 40 55 U = —2 54 64 k X 64 68 ^ 27

H20> Liquid

(12)j

n = -2 ,oß fio

:sss il f, soas,'),^, 0:S S:5

(24)

568 ±11 527 529 ±10 477

.500 21

75

.505 20 .510 19

77 7l 76 68

.515 .520 .525 .530

16 14 13 13

.53513

68 60 52 48 42 38 36 35

32 34

.540 .545 .550 .555 .560 .565 .570 .575 •580 .585

14 14 14 15 15 14 13 11 9 8

29 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 18

.590

7

.595

72

34 33 31 29 26 23 21 20 19 20

422

A

370

0.186

192+ 4 212

', K

-.

109

O (12) / = 0 ° p _ 7an _ Q r - /OU, n o 0.186 20.6 0.193 335

130 ± 2 158 183 277 41.6 211

20

^n R <0 5

fi1n 610

-

_

3.7+0.1 117

17.1 4.2 2.4 1.05 0.47 61

0.018 0.003 82

t X 0.210 .220 .230 .239 .254 t X

1220° k 0.33 0.26 0.19 0.13 0.06 1580° k

0.210

>4.5 >4.5

.220

•

1400° k 0.73 0.50 0.32 0.22 0.13 1760° k

.200 210 * 2 20 ^

9.0 6 l 5*7 ^

.240

3.2

.260 300

2.5 l 5

'

TT.

\

Se, Vitreous,

0 * 15

n = +3 \ k k / 3 6 \ /Ì7\ ^ > ^ > °'260 613 .275 611 .300 652 325 580 ' 4ÖU - ÖDU

n = —3 Äl-(D ( ) t (4 Je (2i

o35

' 420 .'43O*

0 ' 32

0.*23

440

^50 4ß()

0 16

0 .200.12 Q n

470

Ì480 -490 ^500 510

0 12

0.20 O! 13 0.140.02 0 .200.15 o 220 16

380

;520

.415 660 425 594 .440 525

300

.530 0.080.190.03 .540* 0.090.210.11 -550 0.360.230.26

A7n AAn

OKO

-

490 382

.510 K 1 K 970 -^ f™ .551) 17b

203

*59° -640

1

^5'5 47.1

^0

84

-°™ U

' 10.1

.760

^ r, ~™ ,* O 2 ,P = 760 (î + 273)/273, n = 0(35)

o

'

14

P =760 n = -5

284

-460

.500 15 .550 7

.400 726

N 2 (12) ^ = O 0

280 ± 6

n

16 20

456 ± 9 366± 7

0.51 0.41 |

H2O.-(Cont'd) X k 1.404 19.3 1.45 11.4 1-50 4.2 1.80 3.7 1.85 18.7 1.885 25.8 l1.UOO 935 18 8 lö.ö 1.97 12.0

"-5""2-V^ :-" ISS

K

K/

(10)

I, Solid (17), n = +3 X k 0.325 318 .360 462 .400 466 .440 437 .470 384 510 300 .0IU OUU .590 120

Se, Gas (U), < = 7nn°r ^ - m o v j0_;^_ ^ X

'

0.435 45Q R1n '^ *525 .580

~

k

43 39 oo ** 19

<0.5 "

HoO Gas(3) / - 0°

0.92 1.77 ^^^ ou

Ul

"V ó

.230

0.54 0.97 * ~~ ' > n ~ ~~

.239 .254

0.37 0.67 0.21 0.42

1.35 1.37

4.6 g.7

-560

-570

-

580

O 'i8o'i80.02

0-300.270.40

0.200.330.43

* 0.260.420.50

-590 0.780.700.89 .600 1.601.071.65 .610 1.901.182.20 2.121.242.40 620

-630 .640 Q50 .660 -670 .680

2-241.302.50 2.351.372.75 2.501.483.05 2.801.623.25 3.001.83 3.402.10

.690 4.002.50 -?oo 0.503.00 -710 7.903.90 -720 11.5 4.70 -730 17.5 5.70 -740 23.0 - 75 S 4 - 1 - 80 20 - 4 (3) ^5 69 -90 161 -95 311 -995 416 472 1 05

^

*Li^d

n = -3.

368 H2

°'

^ 16 ^

X 10.4358 0.546110.5780 fe|0.12 0.34 |o.64

Agi.—(Cont'd) C&F2.—(Cont'd) X k X I k 0.350 111 ± 2 n = O (25) 1-05 0.368 12.0 25.9 24 >8.5 .355 104 ± 2 28 9 1.085 0.333 13-° A oc crk .360 101 ± 2 52 5.7 1095 0.188 15.0 35.7 4.25 50 .365 98 ± 2 61 5.02 1.13 0.60 i 8 - 0 (25) 29 - 9 4.30 61 .370 95 ± 2 1.17 1.12 24 >0.46 4.33 63 1.21 1.30 52 4 35 >0 .46 6Q CaCO3, Calcite .375 93 ± 2 61 1.243 1.22 >0.46 (2°) .380 90 ± 2 4 40 38 n = o (23) 1 25 1.24 108 4.23 ' .281 1.17 314 2.42 4.45 27 .385 8 8 + 2 0.215 3.36 .30 1.48 4.50 20 .390 87 ± 2 .230 1.25 .35 2.14 HBr,Gas(33); C /.(38) ^ ^ n 2 .395 86 ± 2 .240 0.58 .40 3.05 < = 0 ° , P = 760, 1.2 4 ; 69 .400 85 ± 2 .250 0.40 .45 20.1 n = -3 ' 475 .405 85 ± 2 .260 0.29 • 29.9 CS2, Liquid (25), .50 38.4 26.4 A /c ^ .410 88 ± 2 .270 0.20 n .56 15.0 0.207 44.4 =° .415 101 ± 2 .280 0.16 24 5 .60 9.2 .253 3.20 -l .420 128 ± 3 fcotj n = o (18) .677 5.2 52 0.20 .4227 138 ± 3 i 02 O OO •708 11.4 HI, Gas (34); c/. (38) Q.3Q 61 .425 117 ± 2 1.25 0.00 = 'Il 12*7 * °° SiO2! , v. Vol. VI .430 33 ±10 !.45 0.00 'on Ji'I P = 760, n = -3 '.S 86 0.207 62.2 AgCl ( « ) , n - O -435 10 ±3 L 72 0.03 24 4 8 .440 5.1± 1.5 2.07 0.13 1.956 123 .253 29.0 ' 1.97 104 52 >27 .445 3.1± 1.0 2.11 0.74 2.00 70 SO2, Gas (8), t = 0°, 61 >27 - 4 Ô 1.1± Q- 3 2.30 1.92 2.08 35.6 p = 760 n = o Fe3O4, Magnetite 2.44 3.00 2.10 31.6 AgBr, Fused (31), 2.147 27.8 U.Û O/ ,o (14), n= +3 2.53 1.92 2.15 24.7 .2225 18.5 n = +d X k 2.60 1.21 2.237 19.6 280 32 0.360 6.7 0.440 242 2.65 1.74 2.30 25.9 285 .370 5.0 35 5 .460 222 2.74 2.36 380 3 8 I'll Ul '.29O 39'.5 .480 201 2.83 1.32 n=+2 -295 42.5 -39O 2.79 .500 183 2.90 0.70 4 x ïj *(*) .300 41 - JO 2.00 .520 169 2.95 1.80 l 6 2.6 5.32 .305 34 '41U ' * .540 158 3.04 4.71 420 2.8 22.4 20 0.90 310 .560 150 3.30 22.7 33^2 273 73'3 ^315 6.3 - 4 Ô 0.60 .580 145 3.47 19.4 44 If 664 .320 4.0 - O 0.41 .600 138 3.62 9.6 3.4 UA .450 0.27 .620 133 3.80 18.6 3 6 4 9 NO, Gas (12), t = 0°, Agi (28) n = +3 .640 126 3.98 «, 2 4 P = 76 If '° 4 47 °> W = ~ 3 X Jb .660 118 . 4.35 6.6 200 142 2 4^70 5.45 ' °0.215 85.3± 1.9 .680 109 4.52 14.3 5.27 3.08 .210 95.1 220 88.0+ 2.0 .700 98 4.66 11.6 5.42 3.42 .220 84.1 .225 87 7 ± 2 . 0 4 83 6 1 ' ^ 5.47 3.35 g i 230 52.1 .230 88.5± 2.0 Fe203.CuO, Cupro5 25 8 ' '° 6.0 21.4 -240 24.0 235 g8.8± 2.0 ferrite (14), n - +3 0.440 270 M, n = 0 ( 1 8 ) 6.09 25.3 .250 3.18 240 96 3± 2 1 2 49 .460 230 ' O' 14 6.2 20.0 .300 0.80 >245 99 5± 2l 2<87 480 200 O'08 3 43 6Ì73 8.7 ' Gas(12i * - 0 ° -25° 102 ± 2 co 500 179 -0° O' 255 104 2 3 28 1 32 6.765 8.8 p l 7 f ibU n n - S ± *520 162 ' ^ 6 6.92 8.2 ^ - ' > .260 113 ± 2 *540 3.38 0.89 146 6.955 8.3 0.186 7.64 o Oß. 1QQ 65 38 ± 3 '560 3.59 1.79 118 70 89 IQQ 2 n '07n .iyo z.io , A 0~A 7.11 8.2 -270 2"6 ± 6 3 76 2 04 200 0 Q. JUU U 95 580 90 ' ' 7.275 8.45 ' ' .2712 282 ± 6 '600 3.90 1.17 go 7.41 7.9 n = -3 (29) 275 259 ± 5 '620 4.02 0.89 72 1A* I'1 1.96 0.3 .280 235 ± 5 ;640 4.41 1.07 64 8J 1 2.12 0.3 .285 220 ± 4 7;545 4 67 2 40 660 55 ' ' 7.65 7.65 2.28 0.03 .290 208 ± 4 *680 4.91 1.25 47 7.70 7.85 2.40 1.7 .295 198 ± 4 ;700 5.04 2.13 38 2 5 5 7 5.34 4.41 I'll 7*75 ' ° ' -30° 188 ± 4 2.60 11.5 .305 179 ± 4 CaF2, Fluorite 12.8 7;94 6;9 5.50 8.0 7.55 2.70 13.4 .310 171 ± 4 n = O (23) fko for ordinary and k* 8-065 7.85 2.80 11.4 .315 167 ± 4 0.186 I 0.22 for extraordinary ray. n = O (26) " I13 I'f 2.90 6.5 .3191 167 ± 4 3.00 2.7 .320 167 ± 4 6 <0.01 NaCl, Rock salt 8;22 7 ' 16 8 0.17 8.28 7.65 3.10 1.1 .325 165 ± 4 n=0(23) 8 38 6 9^ 3.20Ì .nM .330 158 ± 3 9 0.61 0.186 0.36 10 1.8 .210 0.26 3 8 «'S 77-255 - °/ -335 144 ± 3 3 90 1 11 4.6 .231 0.15 ' 7O ^ ^3 -340 124 ± 3 9'0 12 >7 .280 0.046 lO.'o 7.'o5 4.0 4.1 .345 117 ± 2 H2O.- (Cont'd) n = O x *0) *(»)

u

HjO.—(CW'd) x * < i ) k (9) 12 -° -°

CO2—(Cont'd) X k 4.10 12.0

NaCL- (Cant'd) X I k n = o (27) 6 to 8 <0.001 9 to 11 0.005 12 0.007 13 0.024 14 0.071 15 0.167 1 ^ 0.41 ^ 0.66 1 ^ 1-29 2 34 19 20.7 5.1 » =0(25) 24 10.7 52 >16 61 >16 ^n q , -, "M7J? ( I0 o 012 J J'J ' }J J'J£ Î2 J-JJ; O 025 14 15 0 ' 047 16 0'066 17 O ' ogl lg 0'14g 19 0'77 2Q 0'35 1 86 24 :

Biotite (l«), n = O, t = 25° 1.52 42.0 1.82 19.0 2.25 8.1 2.76 6.8 2.91 6.2 2.96 6.1 3 4 7 '° ' 3 04 4 6 ' ' 3.12 4.2 3 22 3 4 ' ' 3 85 3 6 ' ' 4 06 3 8 ' ' n = 0 , ^ = 250° 1.50 63 1.80 42 2 21 34 ' 2.72 22 2.92 19 3.0 17 3 19 16 ' 3.4 13 3.6 12 3.8 10 4.01 11 MÌCE

n = +2 (25) 2 4 1.8 52 3.2 61 3.0 n = +2 (20) 108 3.3 314 1.1

LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) (i) Aschkinass, 8, 55: 401; 95. ( 2 ) d'Aufsess, 8, 13 : 678; 04. (3) Dreisch, 96, SO: 200; 24. (*) Ewan, 3, 33 : 317; 92. (5) Fabry and Buisson, 34, 156: 782; 13. (6) Fabry and Buisson, öl, 2: 197; 21. 21, 54: 297; 21. (7) Fowle, 302, 68: No. 8; 17. (*) Garrett, S, 81: 505; 16. (9) Goldhammer, Dispersion und Absorption des Lichtes. Leipzig, Teubner, 1913. (»O) Halban and Siedentopf, 7, 103 : 71; 22. (") Koenigsberger and Küpferer, 8, 37: 601; 12. («*) Kreusler, 8, 6: 412: 01. («) Krüger and Moeller, 63, 13: 729; 12. ( 1 ^) Loria and Zakrzewski, 180, 191OA: 278. 10, 1: 93; 10. (15) Martin, 6t 96: 185; 19. 0«) Martin, SO, 26: 471; 22. O 7) Meier, 8, 31: 1017; 10. ( 18 ) Merritt, 2, 2: 424; 95. (19) Meyer, 8, 12: 849; 03.

(20) Owen, M, 68: 504; 12. (2l) Peskov, SS, 47: 918; 15. (22) peter, 96, 15: 358; 23. (23) Pflüger, 63, 5: 215; 04. (24) Ribaud, 6, 12: 107; 19. (25) Rubens and Aschkinass, 8, 65: 241; 98. (26) Rubens and Nichols, 2, 4: 314; 97. (27) Rubens and Nichols, 2, 5: 98; 97. (28) Schell, 8, 35: 695; 11. (29) Schmidt, 8, 42: 415; 13. (30) Senftleben and Benedict, 8, 54 : 65; 17. (3i) Slade fand Toy, 5, 97 : 181 ; 20. (32) Vogt and Koenigsberger, 96, 13 : 292; 23. (33) Warburg, 76, 1916 : 314. (34) Warburg, 76, 1918 : 300. (35) von Wartenberg, 63, 11 : 1168; 10. (3«) Wood, S, 3: 607; 02. (37) Zakrzewski, 180, 191OA: 116. 10, 1: 93; 10. (3«) Tingey and Gerke, 1, 48: 1838; 26. * Errors in computation have been corrected by Becquerel and Rossignol.

SPECTRAL FILTERS K. S. GIBSON The filters here considered cover the spectral regions commonly designated as ultra-violet (UV), visible (v), and infra-red (IR). The numerical data are based on quantitative measurements, but, owing to the variability of much of the material or to the insufficiency of the details given by the authors, they are, in general, to be considered as illustrative only. As a rule, only such glasses, crystalline material, and simple, well-known substances as have a relatively sharp transition between the regions of free transmission and of strong absorption are noted. Many of these filters, especially those having selective transmission between X = 0.3/* and 0.7/i, can be practically duplicated by means of dyes and other solutions.

Class 2.—Strong absorption over wide region in which X is greater than Xc, and free transmission over a wide adjacent range for which X < Xc. For the substances considered here, the long wave-length boundary of the absorption lies far in the IR, but transmission at still greater values of X may be of much importance. For summary of such data, and bibliography to 1921, see ( 46 ). Crystalline SiO2 is notably transparent if X > 50/tJ if sufficiently thin, many substances transmit if X > ca. 100/x, and there is considerable transmission through 1 mm of CaF2, KCl, NaCl, and amorphous SiO2, but there seems to be no transmission through this thickness of H2O or of glass.

Filters Spectral filters may conveniently be divided into three classes: Class 1.—Strong absorption if X is less than a certain value, Xc, and free transmission over a wide adjacent range where X > Xc. Radiation in range 0.002/* < X < 0.12/i is not transmitted by any solid or liquid; of ordinary gases, H2 is the most and O 2 is the least transparent in this region (31). The UV-limit of transmission of air is near that of H2O (Xc of Wi, ca. X = 0.17/*) (31). Curves similar to those of Fig. 1 may be obtained between 0.2/* and 0.35/i by use of organic liquids (1J 2 > 47), between 0.3/x and 0.7fj, by use of solutions or of dyed films of gelatin (15), and in IR (4, 43, 46) by use of thin layers of lampblack or various thicknesses of black paper or cardboard.

FIG. 2.—Filters of Class 2: Transmission near Xc. See also C of Fig. 1. For description of filters, see Table 1. Curves for F, RS, and S have been corrected for reflection at surfaces, others are uncorrected. IM = 10-« cm = 10 000 A.

FIG. 1.—Filters of Class 1: Transmission near Xc. For descriptions of filters, see Table 1; C is of Class 2. For Fi, F2, Qi, Qa, Wi, RS, G' and Gi, only value of Xe is indicated; curves for C, Ca, EA, G", Gl and Wz have been corrected for surface and window losses (reflection and absorption), other curves are uncorrected. 0.1/i = 10~6 cm =» 1000 A-

Aqueous (H2O) solutions of Cu salts completely absorb the IR while freely transmitting the visible spectrum (c/. C, Fig. 1); at least 2 cm of the solution should be used ( 6 > 1^). For glasses which visually approximate filter C, see (16, 20, 22) j they all transmit some IR (11I 12). For isolating the region X < 0.3/u, see Class 3. Class 3.—Strong absorption except over certain narrow regions of the spectrum. In Figs. 3, 4 and 5 are shown the transmissions of certain filters of this class. By a suitable choice of these filters, assisted by those of classes 1 and 2 as may be necessary, it is possible to isolate any one of many narrow spectral regions (19). No known filter transmits only the region X < 0.3/*; the best consists of quartz (SiO2) cells filled with Cl and Br gas (37) ; see Fig. 3. For transmission of Cl, see also (24, 36)? of ßr (49). Aqueous solutions of acetone (C8H6O) (l), of p-nitrosodimethylaniline (C8Hi0N2O) (37, 45)^ etc., may assist in isolating the UV, especially when presence of radiation at X > 0.5/* can be ignored, as in usual photographic work. See ako Fig. 4 and Special Filters, 4.

I = G980A 2=69848 3*6985 B 4s 6986 A

FIGS. 3, 4, 5.—Transmission of filters of Class 3. For description of filters, see Table 1.

much of IR, either with or without v, by filters of Class 1 (Fig. 1). For isolation of X < 0.3/*, see text for Class 3; of 0.7/* < X < 1.5/*, use W (or Gl) + D3, or W (or Gl) + Gc4 (or GN8) + a red glass, of I/* < X < 3/*, use Gi4 (or D2) + G^ + Gc;; of 2/* < X < 3/*, use Gi 4 (or D2) + G i + GC^. Certain regions (residual rays) between X = 8/* and X = 152/* may be isolated by multiple reflection from SiO2 (X = 8 to 9/*), TlI (X = 152/*), and other substances (3> 4» 46 ); (see also p. 261). 5. Isolation or Removal of Certain Lines from a Line Spectrum.— [See also (32).] In combination with the following, filters of Classes 1 and 2 may be used to absorb the UV and IR. (a) Hg-arc in SiOz.—X = 0.578/* is absorbed and X = 0.546/* is transmitted by filter X. The visible lines (0.578, 0.546, 0.436, 0.405/*) may be readily isolated from one another by glasses Special Filters (19, 22), solutions ( 28 > 4 8 ), or otherwise (i 5 ). Certain of the Filters, for isolating or for removing certain radiations emitted UV lines (0.365, 0.335, 0.313, 0.303, 0.254, etc.) maybe more or less by the source being used, are especially convenient for the follow- isolated by Cl (36), Cl-Br, Ag, GNl, and GN2. In the IR, the ing purposes (see also Class 3, supra): group between 1.0 and 1.8/* (strongest at 1.014 and 1.129/*) may 1. Eye Protection.—The cornea may bB seriously injured by even be isolated from the other lines and in part from one another (see .a short exposure to UV at X < 0.31/*. When exposed to the 4, supra). There is radiation at 300/* also. quartz Hg-arc, unscreened metal arc or spark, or other source (b) Hydrogen Tube.—For isolation of visible lines, see ( 22 ). which is intense in this region, the eyes should be protected by a (c) Helium Tube.—For isolation of some of visible lines, see ( 22 ). filter which absorbs completely all radiations of X < 0.35/*, such In IR there is an intense line at 1.084/* and a weak one at 2.026/*. AS Gi, DI, etc. (Fig. 1). Radiations of greater X do not damage The yellow line is absorbed by X. the eye unless so intense as to cause discomfort. Glasses are (d) Bunsen Flame.—Most of the energy is concentrated at 4.4/« available for reducing the brightness and for absorbing most of and may be isolated by a gelatin filter of type D3 (12). the IR (7, 11, 20) (see also 5/). (e) Flame Spectra.—Sodium D-lines absorbed by X (16). 2. Trichromatic Photometry.—The three filters typified by Gi 4 (f) Copper Arcs.—Blinding yellow glare absorbed by X ( 22 ). (red), Gc8 (green), and Gc5 or Gc4 (blue) form a set which is Classified References.—Commercial filters, see ( 15 > 16, 41> 44) • usually satisfactory; see also ( 17 ). discussion of special filters (6, *S i°> 13, 14, 17, 19, 21, 22, 25, 28, 32, 3. Elimination of Stray Light.—In spectrophotometric work at 34, 36, 37, 40, 47, 48, 49) • germicidal action of UV (13); absorption 18 X < 0.5/* or X > 0.65/*, stray light may introduce error ( ). For data of special value in construction of filters, quantitative work in blue and violet it may be eliminated by filters of type (1-6, 8, 9, 12-14, 17-24, 26, 27, 29, 30, 37-39, 42); qualitative Gc4, in red by Gi4, and in far red by Gc4 + Gi4, by D2, or by D3. ( 3 1 , 3 3 , 4 5 ) . 4. Isolation of Certain Spectral Regions.—Extra-focal methods TABLE 1.—FILTERS AND THEIR SYMBOLS .assist in isolation in UV (10) and IR (43, 46). , Some of UV can be isolated from all other radiation by Gn1, Gn2? or Ag; most of v T = thickness of absorber, unit .= 1 mm. IR-limit [UVby G6 + C, see also (25); all of v and UV to X = ca. 0,3/* by C; limit] = wave-length bounding the transmission band on its

TR [UV] edge: All filters except Cl and S are represented in

Fig. 6. Symbol | Filter I Lit. | Ag Ag chemically deposited on SiO2; T of Ag = 7.9 X IO-5; no IR is transmitted ( 2 3 ); c/. (38) C Aqueous (H2O) solution: 57.0 g CuSO4-SH2O per 1 of solution; T = 10.00; transmits UV to about X = 0.3/*; for IR-limit, see ( 6 ) ( 17 ) C-K Two aqueous (HuO) solutions in different glass cells; 57.0 g CuSO4.5H2O per 1, and 72.0 g K2Cr2O? per 1: r — 10.0 for each; transmits practically no IR, but c/. ( 6 ) ( 17 ) Ca Calcite (CaCOs): transmission _L axis; r — 6.1; for IR-limit, see (35) (39) Cl Cl-gas in quartz (SiO2) cell (3?) Cl-Br Cl-gas and Br-vapor in quartz (SiO2) cells: combined transmission ( 37 ) Di, D2, Da Dyed gelatin films: no data beyond 0.7/*; (most of curves G 4 to Gi4 can be approximately duplicated by such films) (l 5) ; cf. («) EA Ethyl alcohol (C2H5OH), chemically pure: T — 10; IR-limit approximately that of H2O (W, Fig. 2) ( 39 ) F Fluorite (CaF2), colorless: T = 10', for UVlimit, see Fi and F2, Fig. 1 (42) Fi Fluorite (CaF2), best quality, colorless: thin plates, value of r is not stated; for IR-limit, see F, Fig. 2 (31) Fs Fluorite (CaF2): transmission by prism and lenses; value of r is not stated; data from Schumann's map; for IR-limit, see F, Fig. 2. (31) G'* Cover-glass, special crown for UV transmission; r is very small (31) G"* Glass, special crown for UV transmission; r = l (31,44) G"'* Glass, special for UV transmission: r = 0.39. (22) Gi* Glass, common cover-glass; T is very small. . . . (31) G'I Glass: r = 11.9; for UV-limit, see (22) (9) Gs* Glass, crown: r = 1.68 (20, 22) Gg Glass, crown: r = 2.18; for UV-limit, see G 2 Fig. 1 (7,ii) Ga* Glass: r = 8.30 (22) Gì* Glass: r = 2.05 (20) Gs* to Gi4* Glass, yellow, orange, or red: principal coloring agent is CdS or Se; T = 0.88 to 4.23. (is, 20, 22) Gc4 Glass; Co:t r = 4.62 (16,22) Gc; Glass; Co:f r = 3.13 (12) Gc6 Glass; Cot + Cu:fr = 2.59 (16,22) Gc; Glass; Cof + Cu:f T = 2.40 O2) Gee Glass; Cot + Cu:fr = 2.99; IR transmission is somewhat similar to that of GC' ( 22 ) Gc7 Glass; Cu:f T = 5.55 O6»22). GcC Glass; Cu:f T = 4.93 (12) Gc8 Glass; Crf + C u r f r = 2.99; IR transmission is somewhat similar to that of GC^ and GC£ • • ( 16 » 22 ) Gc9 Glass; Mnf + Cr:fr = 2.46; should be tested for possible violet transmission (12, 16, 20) GcJ Glass; Mnf + Cr:fr = 2.46; should be tested for possible violet transmission (12) GNI Glass; Ni:f r = 4.37; no IR transmission (»«» 22) GN 2 Glass; Ni:fr = 2.68; no IR transmission (12). (16, 22) GN 3 Glass; Ni:f T = 3.20 (16,22) GN; Glass; Ni:f r = 2.85 (12) G 980 AJ Glass for UV transmission: T = 5.0; practi(i 9 ) cally no absorption if 0.3/t < X < 0.8/t G 984 Bt Glass for UV transmission: T = 5.3; middle of the transmission band at 0.5/t to 0.6/* has greater X than that of Gc8 (19) G 985 BÎ Glass for UV transmission: T = 5.0 O9) G 986 AJ Glass for UV transmission: T = 5.0 (l 9 ) Gl Glycerol, chemically pure: T = 10; IR-limit approximately that of W, see («> 38) (39) M Mica: T = 0.01; for IR-limit, see (3) (13) Qi Quartz (SiO2), crystalline: T = 0.2; for IRlimit see Q3, Fig. 2 (31) Q2 Quartz (SiO2), crystalline: T = 2.0; no great difference between dextro, levo, transmission JL, or U to axis; for IR-limit, see Q3, Fig. 2 (31)

Symbol Q3

FigT

RS

3

RSi S

1 W 3

Wi

! 3

W2

3

Filter | Lit. Quartz (SiO2), crystalline: T = 4.77; for UV9 limit see Qi and Q2, Fig. 1 ( ) Rock salt (NaCl) : value of r is not stated; for IR-limit, see RSi, Fig. 2 ( 3 I) Rock salt (NaCl): T = 10; for UV-limit, see RS, Fig. 1 ( 42 ) Sylvite (KCl): T = 10; strong, narrow absorption bands at X = 3.18/* and X = 7.08/*; free transmission through visible and into UV... . ( 5 > 42 ) Water (H2O) in cell with thin quartz (SiO2) windows: r = 10; for UV-limit, see Wi, Fig. 1. ( 9 ) Water (H2O), distilled, in cell with fluorite (CaF2) windows: long exposure; T = 0.5; for IR-limit, see W, Fig. 2 (31) Water (H2O), pure, in cell with quartz (SiO2) windows; T = 20(?); for IR-limit, see W, Fig.

2

| Fig.

(29,31)

2 1 2

2 2

1

1

Glass ( 22 » 38) or solution ( 4S ) containing "didymium" (mixture of Nd and Pr) 6 * So far as known, all white, yellow, orange, and red glasses have IR transmissions similar to those of Gi and G 2 (Fig. 2), cf. Fig. 6. Those containing Fe-impurities have a broad, weak absorption band at X = 1.1/*, cf. (ll> 12). t Principal coloring material. Î Trade designation; made by Corning Glass Works, Corning, N. Y., U. S. A. X

1

1

2

1

1 1 ! 1 1 2 i 2 1 1 j 3 5 3 5 3 3 5 3 3 5 3 3 3 5

Fio. 6.—Filters of all classes: Regions of absorption and of transmission. For more exact data, see Figs. 1 to 5; filters described in Table 1.

4

LITERATURE 4 4 4 1 1 1

1

(For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) (l) Bielecki and Henri, 34, 155: 456; 12. (2) Brode, 50, 30: 56; 26. (3) Coblentz, 152, No. 35; 05. No. 65; 06. (*) Coblentz, 162, No. 97; 08. (5) Coblentz, SlA, 7: 619; 11. (6) Coblentz, 81 A, 9: 81; 13. (7) Coblentz, 143, 188: 255; 19. («) Coblentz, 81 A, 17: 267; 21. (9) Coblentz, 31 A, 17 : 725; 22. 0«) Coblentz, 48, 7: 439; 23. (U) Coblentz and Emerson, 32, No. 93; 19. (12) Coblentz, Emerson and Long, SlA1 14; 653; 19. O 3 ) Coblentz and Fulton, 31 A, 19: 641; 24. (i*) Coblentz and Kahler, SIA, 15: 121; 20. (l 5) Eastman Kodak Co., Wratten Light Filters. 8th ed. 1927. Rochester, N. Y. (16) Gage, Trans. Soc. Motion Picture Eng., 1924: 37. (17) Gibson, 48, 9: 113; 24. (l») Gibson, 48, 10: 169; 25. O 9 ) Gibson, 48, 13: 267; 26.

(20) Gibson and McNicholas, 32, No. 119; 19. (2i) Gibson, Tyndall and McNicholas, 2, 14: 261; 19. ( 22 ) Gibson, Tyndall and McNicholas, 32, No. 148; 20. (23) Hagen and Rubens, 8, 8: 432; 02. (24)v. Halban, 9, 28: 496; 22. (25) lyes, 143, 188: 217; 19. (26) Johnson and Spence, 2, 5 : 349; 15. (27) Kayser, Handbuch der Spektroscopie, III. Hirzel, Leipzig, 1905. (28) Köhler, 528, 27: 329; 10. (29) Kreusler, 8, 6: 412; 01. (30) Luckiesh, 143, 184: 73, 221; 17. (31) Lyman, Spectroscopy of the extreme ultraviolet. London, Longmans, 1914. ( 32 ) McCay, 1, 45: 2958; 23. ( 33 ) Mees, Atlas of absorption spectra. London, Longmans, 1909. ( 34 ) Mees,

B2, IV: 176; 23. ( 3 S) Nicholson and Pettit, 2, 22: 199; 23. (36) Oldenberg, 96, 29: 328; 24. ( 3 ^) Peskov, 53, 47: 918; 15. 60, 21: 382; 17. ( 3 «) Pettit, 21, 66: 43; 27. ( 39 ) Pflüger, 63, 5: 215; 04. (40) Potapenko, 53, 48: 790; 16. Brit. J. Phot., 68: 507, 522, 534; 21. (41) Powell, B2, IV : 108 ; 23. (42) Rubens and Trowbridge, 8, 60: 724 ; 97. (*3) Rubens and Wood, 76, 1910: 1122. (44) Schott and Gen., Jena glass for optical work. List 1105; 13. (45) Uhler and Wood, 152, No. 71; 07. (46) Weniger, 48, 7: 517; 23. (*?) Williamson, 2, 21: 107; 23. (4») Wood, Physical optics. New York, Macmillan, 1911. (49) Wood, 21, 43: 310; 16.

SPECTROSCOPY COMPLETE INDEX Standards in spectroscopy. Emission spectra of elementary substances. Selected lines (optical). Persistent lines and raies ultimes (optical). X-ray spectra Absorption spectra Radiation niters (optical). X-ray absorption. Solar spectrum. Stellar spectra. Unidentified lines in celestial spectra. Luminescence at low temperatures. Fluorescence of gases and vapors. Line spectra of atoms (optical) Term values. Spectral structure. Band spectra: Constants of diatomic molecules. Resolution of spectral lines by a magnetic field. Pole effect. Spark discharges in liquids. Electrically exploded wires.

INDEX COMPLET Étalons utilisés en spectroscopie. Spectres d'émission des substances élémentaires. Lignes choisies (optique). Lignes persistantes et raies ultimes (optique). Spectres de rayons X. Spectres d'absorption. Filtres à radiation (optique). Absorption des rayons X. Spectre solaire. Spectres stellaires. Lignes non identifiées des spectres célestes. Luminescence à basses températures. Fluorescence des gaz et vapeurs. Spectres de lignes des atomes (optique). Valeurs du terme. Structure spectrale. Spectres de bandes: Constantes des molécules biatomiques. Résolution des lignes spectrales par un champ magnétique. Effet de pôle. Décharges d'étincelle dans les liquides. Fils rompus électriquement.

GESAMMT INDEX VERZEICHNIS Normalien in der Spektroskopie.

INDICE COMPLETO pAGB Costanti spettroscopiche . 274

Emissionsspektra elementarer Stoffe. Ausgewählte optische Linien. Persistente Linien und Raies ultimes. Röntgenspektra. Absorptionsspektra. Strahlenfilter. Absorption von Röntgenstrahlen. Sonnenspektrum . Sternenspektra. Nicht identifizierte Linien in den Spektren der Himmelskörper. Luminescenz bei tiefen Temperaturen. Fluorescenz von Gasen und Dämpfen. Linienspektra der Atome.

Spettri d'emissione di elementi. Righe scelte (ottiche) . . 276 Righe persistenti e righe ultime 322 Spettri di raggi X . . Vol. VI Spettri d'assorbimento. 326, 359 Filtri spettrali 271 Assorbimento di raggi X Vol. VI

Term-Werte. Spektrale Struktur. Banden Spektra: Konstanten zweiatomiger Moleküle. Auflösung von Spektrallinien im magnetischen Feld. Einfluss des Poles. Funkenentladungen in Flüssigkeiten. Durch elektrische Aufladung zur Explosion gebrachte Drähte.

Spettro solare 380 Spettri stellari . .Vol. I, p. 384 Righe non identificate in spettri stellari 383 Luminescenza a bassa temperatura 386 Fluorescenza di gas e vapori 391 Spettri di righe degli atomi (ottici). Valore dei termini . . . 392 Strutture spettrali . . . 408 Spettri a bande: Costanti di molecole biatomiche . 409 Risoluzioni magnetiche delle righe spettrali . . . 418 Effetto polare 432 Scariche elettriche nei liquidi 433 Fili disintegrati elettricamente 434

SPECTROSCOPIC STANDARDS OF WAVE-LENGTH CH. FABRY All wave-lengths (X) given below are expressed in international angstroms and are the wave-lengths in dry atmospheric air at 150C and a pressure of one normal atmosphere. Some of them differ slightly from the corresponding values internationally accepted for use as secondary or tertiary standards. These differences are made necessary by the high precision of modern measurements and the very recent elimination of irregularities produced by the pole-effect (see p. 432). All arc lines refer to arcs in air at atmospheric pressure (not to arcs in a vacuum) ; those produced by arcs which are not satisfactorily defined are marked (*). PRIMARY STANDARD It is internationally agreed that in dry atmospheric air at 150C and a pressure of one normal atmosphere the red line of cadmium,

produced under the conditions described by Michelson (1I 9) and specified below, has the wave-length (3) Xcd = 6438.4696 A = 0.64384696/x This defines the length of the international angstrom and of the micron (/A) as used in the measurement of wave-lengths. As so defined, I A = 10~10 m and 1/x = 0.001 mm within the limits of experimental error. The primary (cadmium) standard of wave-length shall be produced by high-voltage electric current in a vacuum-tube having internal electrodes and the form described by Michelson (ll). The tube shall be maintained at a temperature not higher than 32O0C, and shall have a volume not less than 25 cm3. The effective value of the exciting current shall not exceed 0.05 ampere. At room temperature the tube shall be non-luminous when connected to the usual high-voltage circuit.

(20) Gibson and McNicholas, 32, No. 119; 19. (2i) Gibson, Tyndall and McNicholas, 2, 14: 261; 19. ( 22 ) Gibson, Tyndall and McNicholas, 32, No. 148; 20. (23) Hagen and Rubens, 8, 8: 432; 02. (24)v. Halban, 9, 28: 496; 22. (25) lyes, 143, 188: 217; 19. (26) Johnson and Spence, 2, 5 : 349; 15. (27) Kayser, Handbuch der Spektroscopie, III. Hirzel, Leipzig, 1905. (28) Köhler, 528, 27: 329; 10. (29) Kreusler, 8, 6: 412; 01. (30) Luckiesh, 143, 184: 73, 221; 17. (31) Lyman, Spectroscopy of the extreme ultraviolet. London, Longmans, 1914. ( 32 ) McCay, 1, 45: 2958; 23. ( 33 ) Mees, Atlas of absorption spectra. London, Longmans, 1909. ( 34 ) Mees,

B2, IV: 176; 23. ( 3 S) Nicholson and Pettit, 2, 22: 199; 23. (36) Oldenberg, 96, 29: 328; 24. ( 3 ^) Peskov, 53, 47: 918; 15. 60, 21: 382; 17. ( 3 «) Pettit, 21, 66: 43; 27. ( 39 ) Pflüger, 63, 5: 215; 04. (40) Potapenko, 53, 48: 790; 16. Brit. J. Phot., 68: 507, 522, 534; 21. (41) Powell, B2, IV : 108 ; 23. (42) Rubens and Trowbridge, 8, 60: 724 ; 97. (*3) Rubens and Wood, 76, 1910: 1122. (44) Schott and Gen., Jena glass for optical work. List 1105; 13. (45) Uhler and Wood, 152, No. 71; 07. (46) Weniger, 48, 7: 517; 23. (*?) Williamson, 2, 21: 107; 23. (4») Wood, Physical optics. New York, Macmillan, 1911. (49) Wood, 21, 43: 310; 16.

SPECTROSCOPY COMPLETE INDEX Standards in spectroscopy. Emission spectra of elementary substances. Selected lines (optical). Persistent lines and raies ultimes (optical). X-ray spectra Absorption spectra Radiation niters (optical). X-ray absorption. Solar spectrum. Stellar spectra. Unidentified lines in celestial spectra. Luminescence at low temperatures. Fluorescence of gases and vapors. Line spectra of atoms (optical) Term values. Spectral structure. Band spectra: Constants of diatomic molecules. Resolution of spectral lines by a magnetic field. Pole effect. Spark discharges in liquids. Electrically exploded wires.

INDEX COMPLET Étalons utilisés en spectroscopie. Spectres d'émission des substances élémentaires. Lignes choisies (optique). Lignes persistantes et raies ultimes (optique). Spectres de rayons X. Spectres d'absorption. Filtres à radiation (optique). Absorption des rayons X. Spectre solaire. Spectres stellaires. Lignes non identifiées des spectres célestes. Luminescence à basses températures. Fluorescence des gaz et vapeurs. Spectres de lignes des atomes (optique). Valeurs du terme. Structure spectrale. Spectres de bandes: Constantes des molécules biatomiques. Résolution des lignes spectrales par un champ magnétique. Effet de pôle. Décharges d'étincelle dans les liquides. Fils rompus électriquement.

GESAMMT INDEX VERZEICHNIS Normalien in der Spektroskopie.

INDICE COMPLETO pAGB Costanti spettroscopiche . 274

Emissionsspektra elementarer Stoffe. Ausgewählte optische Linien. Persistente Linien und Raies ultimes. Röntgenspektra. Absorptionsspektra. Strahlenfilter. Absorption von Röntgenstrahlen. Sonnenspektrum . Sternenspektra. Nicht identifizierte Linien in den Spektren der Himmelskörper. Luminescenz bei tiefen Temperaturen. Fluorescenz von Gasen und Dämpfen. Linienspektra der Atome.

Spettri d'emissione di elementi. Righe scelte (ottiche) . . 276 Righe persistenti e righe ultime 322 Spettri di raggi X . . Vol. VI Spettri d'assorbimento. 326, 359 Filtri spettrali 271 Assorbimento di raggi X Vol. VI

Term-Werte. Spektrale Struktur. Banden Spektra: Konstanten zweiatomiger Moleküle. Auflösung von Spektrallinien im magnetischen Feld. Einfluss des Poles. Funkenentladungen in Flüssigkeiten. Durch elektrische Aufladung zur Explosion gebrachte Drähte.

Spettro solare 380 Spettri stellari . .Vol. I, p. 384 Righe non identificate in spettri stellari 383 Luminescenza a bassa temperatura 386 Fluorescenza di gas e vapori 391 Spettri di righe degli atomi (ottici). Valore dei termini . . . 392 Strutture spettrali . . . 408 Spettri a bande: Costanti di molecole biatomiche . 409 Risoluzioni magnetiche delle righe spettrali . . . 418 Effetto polare 432 Scariche elettriche nei liquidi 433 Fili disintegrati elettricamente 434

SPECTROSCOPIC STANDARDS OF WAVE-LENGTH CH. FABRY All wave-lengths (X) given below are expressed in international angstroms and are the wave-lengths in dry atmospheric air at 150C and a pressure of one normal atmosphere. Some of them differ slightly from the corresponding values internationally accepted for use as secondary or tertiary standards. These differences are made necessary by the high precision of modern measurements and the very recent elimination of irregularities produced by the pole-effect (see p. 432). All arc lines refer to arcs in air at atmospheric pressure (not to arcs in a vacuum) ; those produced by arcs which are not satisfactorily defined are marked (*). PRIMARY STANDARD It is internationally agreed that in dry atmospheric air at 150C and a pressure of one normal atmosphere the red line of cadmium,

produced under the conditions described by Michelson (1I 9) and specified below, has the wave-length (3) Xcd = 6438.4696 A = 0.64384696/x This defines the length of the international angstrom and of the micron (/A) as used in the measurement of wave-lengths. As so defined, I A = 10~10 m and 1/x = 0.001 mm within the limits of experimental error. The primary (cadmium) standard of wave-length shall be produced by high-voltage electric current in a vacuum-tube having internal electrodes and the form described by Michelson (ll). The tube shall be maintained at a temperature not higher than 32O0C, and shall have a volume not less than 25 cm3. The effective value of the exciting current shall not exceed 0.05 ampere. At room temperature the tube shall be non-luminous when connected to the usual high-voltage circuit.

Table !.—Secondary Standards (2, 4, s, 6, 7, s, io) In arriving at the values here given, the papers mentioned have been critically compared. The table is divided into 3 sections: Fe-lines, Cu-, Ni-, and Si-lines that fill gaps occurring in the Fespectrum, and Ne-lines. Unit of X = 1 Int. A = 10~V = 10~8 cm. FE-LINES As far as possible the values here tabulated refer to the Pfund arc (11) in air at atmospheric pressure. That arc satisfies the following conditions: Anode is below and consists of a bead of iron oxide supported on a massive rod of iron or other good conductor of heat; cathode is above and consists of a rod of iron 6 or 7 mm in diameter, having close to its lower end a massive cooling cylinder of copper or brass. Current not over 5 amperes, 110 to 250 volts, arc 12 to 15 mm long; zone used is midway between the electrodes and not over 1.5 mm wide. These values are the most accurate and are unmarked. Others, obtained with the arc between two rods of iron 6 to 7 mm in diameter, current about 6 amperes and no statement of either length of arc or of portion used, are marked (*). Xpe

*2373.737 *2413.310 *2562.541 *2588.016 *2628.296 *2679.065 *2714.419 *2739.550 *2778.225 *2813.290 *2851.800 *2874.176 *2912.157 *2941.347 *2987.293 *3030.152 *3075.725 *3125.661 *3175.447 *3225.790 *3271.003 *3323.739 *3370.789 *3399.337 3445.153 3485.343 3513.821 3556.882 3558.518 3606.682 3640.392 3676.314 3677.630 3724.381 3753.615 3805.346 3843.261 3850.820 3865.527 3906.482 3907.937 3935.816 3940.882

Xp6

3977.744 4021.870 4074.789 4076.638 4095.973 4107.492 4118.549 4134.680 4147.673 4156.803 4175.639 4184.894 4191.436 4203.987 4219.364 4233.609 4245.260 4282.406 4315.087 4352.738 4375.933 4427.313 4466.556 4494.568 4531.152 4547.851 4592.655 4602.945 4647.437 4691.414 4707.282 4710.287 4733.596 4736.782 4741.533 4772.818 4789.654 4859.749 4878.219 4903.318 4919.001 4924.776 4939.691

Xr6

Xp6

4966.097 4994.132 5001.872 5012.072 5041.759 5049.825 5083.343 5110.414 5123.723 5150.843 5167.491 5192.353 5202.339 5216.277 5232.948 5250.650 5266.564 5270.361 5302.309 5324.187 5328.534 5341.026 5371.493 5405.779 5434.527 5455.613 5497.520 5506.783 5569.626 5586.763 5615.652 5658.825 *5763.013 6024.065 6027.058 6065.489 6136.620 6137.697 6191.563 6230.729 6265.141 6318.023 6335.338

6393.606 6430.852 6494.985 6546.245 6592.920 6677.994 6703.573 6733.164 6750.157 6752.724 6806.851 6828.612 6841.355 6843.676 6855.179 6885.772 6916.709 6933.628 6945.211 6951.271 6978.857 6988.531 6999.912 7022.976 7038.255 7068.418 7090.410 7107.464 7112.178 7130.946 7132.996 7164.472 7181.222 7187.341 7207.422 7219.690 7223.670 7239.896 7284.843 7288.764 7293.073 7307.938 7311.103

FE-LINES.—(Continued) Xp6

Xp6

Xp6

Xp6

7320.694 7386.394 7389.423 7401.691 7411.184 7418.676 7443.031 7445.778 7491.678 7495.092 7507.300

7511.047 7531.178 7546.177 7568.931 7583.801 7586.050 7620.538 7653.783 7661.230 7664.306

7710.397 7748.282 7780.594 7832.233 7937.172 7945.882 7998.980 8028.356 8046.084 8085.207

8198.960 8220.413 8327.069 8331.956 8387.787 8468.422 8514.088 8661.915 8688.641 8824.238

Cu-,

Nl- AND Sl-LlNES

(a) Copper: Arc between rods of Cu 4 mm in diameter, current = 4 to 5 amperes. (&) Silicon: Arc between ordinary rods of carbon; light from electrodes is eliminated, (c) Nickel: Arc between rods of Ni 5 mm in diameter, current = 6 amperes. Xcu Xcu Xcu Xsi *2112.105 *2242.622 *2369.891 *2528.516 *2126.047 *2276.261 X81 XNi *2189.631 *2303.134 *2435.159 *5857.759 *2218.107 *2334.816f *2506.904 *5892.882 * No statement of length of arc or of portion used,

f A Sn-line.

NE-LINES The lines are emitted by a tube containing Ne at a pressure of a few mm of mercury. XNe

XNe

XNe

XNe

5400.562 5852.488 5881.895 5944.834 5975.534 6029.997 6074.338

6096.163 6143.062 6163.594 6217.280 6266.495 6304.789

6334.428 6382.991 6506.528 6532.883 6598.953 6678.276

6717.043 6929.466 7032.412 7173.938 7245.165 7535.785

Table 2.—Tertiary Standards (U) All the following tertiary standards are Fe-lines emitted by a Pfund arc under the conditions stated in Table 1. Their wavelengths have been determined by interpolation from those of the secondary standards, and the published values have been corrected so as to make them accord with the values adopted for the secondary standards. Unit of X = 1 Int. A = 10""4^ = IO""8 cm. Xp8

3370.786 3379.023 3380.115 3392.657 339G.982 3399.337 3401.523 3402.261 3407.465 3413.136 3417.845 3418.511 3424.288 3427.124 3445.153 3447.282 3450.334 3458.307 3465.864 3476.706

Xp6

3485.343 3489.674 3495.290 3497.111 3497.844 3506.501 3513.821 3521.265 3529.820 3541.087 3542.080 3545.642 3556.882 3558.518 3565.382 3576.761 3581.196 3582.202 3584.664 3585.322

Xpe

Xpe

3586.116 3589.109 3594.635 3603.207 3606.683 3608.863 3617.792 3618.771 3621.465 3623.189 3625.149 3630.353 3631.467 3632.043 3638.301 3640.393 3645.826 3647.845 3649.510 3651.472

3659.521 3669.524 3676.314 3677.630 3679.917 3684.113 3687.460 3690.732 3695.055 3702.035 3704.464 3705.569 3707.051 3711.227 3715.916 3719.936 3722.566 3724.381 3727.623 3732.400

Table 2.—(Continued) XFO

Xpe

^Fe

Xpe

3733.320 3734.869 3737.135 3738,310 3742.624 3745.564 3745.904 3748.265 3749.489 3753.615 3756.943 3758.237 3760.054 3763.792 3765.544 3767.196 3774.827 3776.459 3781.191 3785.951 3786.681 3787.883 3790.096 3794.342 3795.005 3797.518 3798.514 3799.550 3805.346 3806.702 3807.540 3808.732 3814.527 3815.843 3821.161 3824.445 3825.885 3827.826 3833.313 3834.225 3839.260 3840.440

3841.052 3843.261 3846.805 3849.971 3850.821 3852.577 3856.373 3859.914 3865.527 3867.220 3871.752 3872.505 3873.764 3878.022 3878.575 3883.286 3884.362 3886.286 3887.051 3888.518 3895.658 3899.709 3902.950 3903.902 3906.483 3907.937 3910.847 3917.185 3920.260 3922.914 3925.945 3927.921 3930.299 3932.631 3935.816 3937.331 3940.883 3942.443 3948.778 3952.605 3956.459 3956.680

3966.066 3967.423 3969.260 3971.325 3977.744 3981.774 3983.960 3986.176 3990.378 3997.395 4005.246 4009.716 4014.534 4021.870 4031.964 4044.614 4045.816 4062.486 4066.979 4067.275 4067.983 4074.789 4076.638 4085.008 4095.973 4098.183 4100.740 4107.492 4109.806 4114.449 4118.549 4120.210 4121.805 4122.519 4127.611 4132.060 4132.902 4134.680 4137.000 4143.418 4143.870 4147.673

4154.501 4156.803 4170.904 4175.639 4177.596 4181.758 4184.894 4191.436 4202.030 4203.987 4213.649 4216.185 4219.364 4226.423 4233.609 4245.260 4250.789 4266.968 4267.830 4271.764 4282.406 4285.447 4294.128 4298.041 4305.455 4307.907 4315.087 4325.764 4327.099 4337.050 4346.559 4351.550 4352,738 4358.505 4367.583 4369.776 4375.933 4383.549 4387.898 4390.955 4404.753 4407.715

Xpe 4408.419 4415.126 4422.572 4427.313 4430.620 4435.153 4442.345 4443.197 4447.723 4454.384 4459.122 4461.655 4466.556 4476.022 4489.742 4490.085 4494.568 4514.190 4517.528 4528.619 4531.152 4547.851 4587.134 4592.655 4602.006 4602.945 4619.296 4630.126 4632.915 4638.017 4647.437 4654.502 4667.458 4673.168

Table 2.—(Continued) XFC XFe 4678.453 5166.286 4691.414 5167.491 4707.282 5168.901 4710.287 5171.599 4733.596 5192.353 4736.782 5198.712 4741.533 5202.339 4745.805 5216.277 5227.189 4772.818 4786.809 5232.948 4788.759 5242.492 4789.655 5250.650 4802.881 5266.564 5269.537 4859.749 4878.220 5270.361 4903.318 5302.309 4919.002 5307.361 4924.776 5324.187 4939.691 5328.534 4966.099 5332.901 4994.132 5341.026 5001.872 5371.493 5012.072 5397.132 5041.074 5405.779 5041.759 5429.700 5049.825 5434.527 5051.637 5446.920 5083.343 5455.613 5098.704 5497.520 5110.414 5501.469 5123.723 5506.783 5127.364 6027.058 5150.843 6065.489 5151.914

XFO 6127.913 6136.622 6137.697 6157.730 6165.364 6173.340 6191.564 6200.319 6219.287 6230.730 6252.563 6254.263 6265.141 6297.799 6318.024 6322.692 6335.338 6344.157 6380.749 6393.607 6421.357 6430.853 6462.733 6475.633 6494.987 6518.376 6546.247 6575.023 6592.920 6609.118 6663.447 6677.994 6750.160

LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) O) Babcock, 538, 2: 40; 25. (2) Babcock, 81, 66: 256; 27. (3) Benoît, Fabry and Perot, 238, 15: 1913. (<) Buisson and Fabry, 51, 7: 169; 08. (5) Burns, J+8, 11: 301; 25. ( 6 J Kayser, Trans. International Union for Cooperation in Solar Research, 3: 30, 139; 11. (7) Meggers and Kiess, SlA, 19: 273; 24. («) Meggers, Kiess and Burns, SlA, 19: 263; 24. (») Michelson, 238, 11: 1895. 1 ( O) Mitra, 16, 19: 315; 23. (") St. John, 538, 1: 35; 22.

EMISSION SPECTRA OF ELEMENTARY SUBSTANCES H. KAYSER In the following table are given the wave-lengths (X) of selected lines from the spectra of air, of all known elements except Ac, Ma, Pa, Po, Re, UX2, and certain doubtful, or unidentified elements. The number of lines given in each case is determined by the spectroscopic importance of the element and by the number of lines which its spectrum contains; the strongest and the most easily reversed lines throughout the spectrum have been given, and the distribution of the lines has been chosen so that the list will satisfy the practical requirements of such a table and will exhibit all the characteristics of the spectrum. In the spark-spectrum of air all the observed lines are given, although many of them are false, being metallic lines. For each element, are given the more important literature references from which the data were taken; for a more complete list of references, see Kayser, Handbuch der Spektroscopiej Vols. 5 to 7, or Watts, Index of Spectra. It is assumed that the wave-length of a line is the same in the arc as in

the spark, that changes in X arise only from pressure, magnetic and electric fields, pole-effect, and apparent shifts from unsymmetrical broadening. The data given refer to atmospheric pressure, except in those cases in which the observation must be made under reduced pressure. The precision of measurements in the infra-red is so low that the correction from the Rowland to the international scale is unimportant; in all other cases X is expressed in international angstroms. The values given for X are weighted means of the best determinations available, and consequently are to some extent arbitrary. The relative intensities of the lines depend upon so many conditions, frequently undefined or even undefinable, that an average is meaningless. But the intensity of a line is an important characteristic of it, and in very many cases the relative intensities vary from one type of spectrum.—arc, spark, Geissler tube — to another much more than they vary with the conditions in any one

type; for this reason a kind of average, or typical value of the relative intensity is given. Spectra obtained by means of the arc, spark, or Geissler tube are generally mixtures of different spectra. Some of the lines belong to the neutral atom (denoted by A or AI), some to the simply ionized atom (A+ or All), some to the doubly ionized atom—the atom which has lost two electrons—(A++ or AIII), etc. It is now possible to determine in many cases the particular type of atom to which a given line belongs. In such cases, the type is indicated in the following table by placing before the wave-length the proper symbol (I, II, III . . . ). WAVE-LENGTHS (X) OF SELECTED LINES IN EMISSION SPECTRA OF AIR AND OF ELEMENTARY SUBSTANCES There are no data for Ac, Ma, Pa, Po, Re, and UX2. For basis of selection of lines given, etc., see preceding text. Uncertainty in X is not over 3 units in the last figure. Numbers in the columns A, S, and G indicate the relative intensities of the lines in the arc, spark and Geissler-tube spectrum, respectively; in each case 1 generally denotes the weakest and 10 the strongest line, but very weak lines may be marked O, and very strong ones 15, 20, 25, or SO. I, II, III . . . indicate that the line is emitted by the neutral, the simply ionized, the doubly ionized . . . atom; R = easily reversed, u = unsharp, broad; U = very unsharp, "very broad; r [v] = unsymmetrically broadened, the excess broadening is on the red [violet] side, i.e., towards the longer [shorter] wave-lengths; the number of components of an unresolved multiple line is indicated by the letters d, tr, qr, qn, s; where d = 2, tr = 3, qr = 4, qn = 5, s = 6. Unit of X = I A = 0.1 m/i = 10-V = 10"8Cm. Air (3, 74, 75, 91,101,102,128, Par.—(Continued) 186,198,199,255,259,274)

8 8

8 8 8

8

7 7 7 7 7

X 719.2 12.0 03.8 692 86.4 83.7 80.6 30.0 594 446.8 242.8 30.2 23.5 16.7 11.1 00.7 188.4 85.3 952.3 51.1 47.8 775.6 74.3 72.1 635.7 515.2 05.8 479 68.7 58.7

S O O O O O I 2 O O 5 4 O 4 7 2 1 4 4 2 3 4 6 7 10 1 O O O 10 O

E* N N N N N N O N O N N N N N N O O O O O O A A A O N

X

7 442.7 32,9 24.0 7 384.5 7 157.4 7 067.6 6 965.9 50 6 887.6 64 11.9 6 721.3 6 654.8 40.7 10.4 6 563.2 6 482.0 56 6 379.3 70.7 58.1 41.5 6 284.3 6 171.0 58.1 5 952.4 41.6 40.5 31.8 27.8 5 767.4

* Symbol of elementary substance to which the line is due.

S

E

*

10 N O 8 N 1 A 9 O(?) O A I A OU 1 O O 1 2 O 6 N 3 H 5 N O O 2 N O O N O N 1 N 2 O O O 4 N 10 N l N" 7 N 4 N 2 N

Air.—(Continued) \ S 5 747.5 1 30.6 2 10.7 2 5 686.2 3 79.5 10 75.9 3 66.6 5 45.6 1 5 592.3 O 66 O 52.0 2 43.4 3 35.2 .5 30.2 3 26.2 2 5 495.7 2 80.1 I 78.1 O 62.8 1 54.1 1 52.1 1 32.1 O 11.5 1 5 356.4 O 51.2 O 41.2 1 38.7 1 28.6 O 25.1 O 20.5 1 5 281.7 O 63 O 50.6 1 06.5 1 5 190.6 1 85.1 O 83.2 O 79.4 1 75.9 2 73.4 1 72 I 60.1 O 50 O 43.6 O 36 O 5 073.5 O 61.8 O 45.1 2 32 O 25.7 2 22.9 1 16.4 2 13.9 O 10.6 2 07.4 3 05.2 6 01.4 6 4 994.4 3 91.3 1 87.4 1 64.7 O 5 5 I 43.0 1

E * N N N N N N N N O N N N N N N N N N N N N N(?) N N N N N N O N N

N(?) O N N O N N N N O O

N N N N N N

N N N N N N N N O O

Air.—(Continued) X S E * 4 942.5 1 N 41.0 1 N 34.8 1 N 24.6 2 O 06.8 1 O 4 895.3 1 N 90.9 O O 79.7 1 N 71.6 O O 60.3 1 N 56.8 1 O 47.7 1 N(?) 10.3 2 N 05.9 1 N 03.3 5 N 4 793.7 2 N 88.2 4 N 81.2 O N(?) 79.8 2 N 74.2 1 N 64.6 1 N 51.2 1 O 35.7 1 N 18.4 2 N 09.9 2 O 05.4 3 O 05.1 1 N 03.1 O O 4 699.2 3 O 97.6 O N(?) 76.2 3 O 74.9 1 N 61.6 5 O 54.5 1 N 50.8 2 O 49.1 4 O 43.1 4 N 41.8 3 O 40.5 1 N 38.8 2 O 34.0 1 N 30.53 10 N 21.39 4 N 13.84 3 N 09.4 1 N 07.14 4 N 01.48 4 N 4 596.12 3 O 90.93 3 O 52.5 2 N 44.8 1 N 29.9 2 N 14.8 2 N 07.62 2 N 4 477.7 1 N 69.4 1 O 67.8 2 O 65.4 2 O 60.1 1 N 52.4 2 O 47.04 6 N 43.3 I O 34.0 O ! N

Air.—(Continued) X S E * 4 432.4 2 N 30.1 1 N 25.9 1 N 17.0 5 O 14.9 6 O 01.2 1 N 4 396.0 I O 92.4 O N(?) 79.6 1 N 71.4 I N 69.2 1 0 66.87 3 O 61.6 O N 51.3 2 0 49.40 4 O 48.0 2 N 47.44 2 O 45.54 3 O 36.8 2 O 31.9 1 O 31.04 1 N 28.5 I O 27.5 1 O 25.7 1 O 19.62 3 O 17.11 3 O 03.7 1 O 4 275.9 I N 66.4 2 N 53.7 2 O 41.75 2 N 36.8 3 N 28 2 N 23.3 I N 11.1 1 N 06.7 2 N 4 199.3 O N 89.8 6 O 85.5 4 O 76.2 2 N 69.36 I O 53.5 3 O 45.90 3 N 43.7 I O 42.2 I O 33.70 2 N 32.88 2 O 29.5 1 O 24.1 2 O 21.5 2 O 20.5 2 O 19.3 4 O 14.0 O O 12.09 I O 10.84 2 O 05.00 3 O 03.3 2 N 4 097.2 3 N 93.00 2 O 89.1 1 O 85.20 2 O 78.9 2 O 75.93 8 O 72.25 8 O

Air.—(Continued) X S E * 4 069.90 8 O 63.2 1 N 57.8 1 N 41.3 3 N 34.9 2 N 25.7 1 N 14.0 I O 3 995.1 10 N 82.76 2 O 73.30 4 O 68.4 1 A(?) 55.9 4 N 54.4 1 O 47.45 1 O 45.1 1 O 40,2 1 N 33.6 O ? 19.10 6 N 12.1 3 O 09.1 1 N 07.6 1 O 3 893.3 1 N 82.3 2 O 64.6 1 O 56.7 1 N 51.2 1 O 50.6 1 N 48.04 I O 45.1 O N 42.8 1 N 39.1 2 N 30.7 1 N 04.0 1 O 3 770.9 1 N 59.8 1 O 54.5 1 O 49.51 5 O 29.3 1 N 27.34 4 O 12 7 2 O 09.2 1 O 07.3 1 O 02.9 1 3 639.6 3 09.8 1 3 594.6 1 89.0 1 77.2 1 70.3 1 60.6 1 14.8 1 3 491.9 2 71.2 2 50.9 1 37.32 3 N 08.3 2 O 3 390.3 2 O 77.2 2 O 74.0 2 N 70.9 1 N 67.3 I N 65.8 1 N 54.08 I O 44.8 1

Air.—(Continued) X S E * 3 331.8 2 N 29.5 2 N 25 I O 20.7 2 O 18.8 1 12.5 1 O 01.9 1 3 288.9 1 65.2 I O 3 158.7 1 39.3 2 O 35.3 I O 30.1 1 3 059.15 2 47.0 1 07 I O 2 927.5 1 2 858.3 1 2 795.5 1 55.9 2 49 1 46.7 1 39.8 1 2 599.5 2 14.5 1 07.2 2 2 445.5 1 O 33.6 I O 06.9 1 04.9 2 2 399.4 1 95.62 1 82.1 2 18.5 I O 2 287.9 1 N A (83, 129, 162,

175, 181, 184,

202,237)

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

X Rdf 13 719 4 13 505 4 12 500 30 11 590 8 10 640 12 9 658.9 7 9 225.9 5 9 123.7 10 8 521.442 5 8 424.648 10 08.213 6 05 6 8 264.523 5 8 115.308 10 03.692 3 8 014.785 3 06.157 8 7 948.176 5 7 724.210 23.759 5 7 635.106 6 7 514.650 4

Bl|

1 1

1 1 1 1

I

A.—(Continued) X Rdf 7 503.868 4 7 435.5 1 7 383.979 5 72.119 1 53.316 1 15.9 1 11.6 1 7 272.935 3 06.986 1 7 147.042 1 7 067.217 5 30.250 2 6 965.430 6 37.666 2 6 888.8 1 71.290 4 6 786.3 1 56.4 1 52.831 5 19.2 2 6 698.9 3 84.4 1 77.282 5 64.1 3 60.7 3 40.2 04.9 3 6 513.7 1 6 493.9 2 81.0 2 66.5 3 31.6 3 16.307 6 6 384.5 4 69.6 3 64.8 3 * 07.6 3 6 296.8

O

3

78.6

2

48.5 43.4 15.9 12.4 6 172.9 72.2 70.1 65.1 55.1 45.4 27.4 21.7 19.5 14.8 13.4 05.8 04.5 01.1 6 098.7 90.8 67.7 64.7 59.4

3

t Rd [Bl] = intensity of the line in the red [blue] spectrum.

Blf

2 4 4 4 4 3 3 3 4 3 2 2 3 2 4 2 2 4 3 1 3 5

A.—(Continued) X Rdf 6 052.6 4

BIf

A.—(Continued) X Rd t 5 152.5 3

43.2 32.127 25.4 13.6 05.8 5 999.2 87.3 71.7 68.4 64.5 49.3 43.0 40.9 28.5 27.1 16.6 12.1 00.5 5 888.7 82.7 60.4 32.1 02.2 5 772.3

6 6 3 3 2 2 3 3 2 2 3 3 2 4 2 2 5 1 4 3 3 1 1 2

45.40 42.0 5 063.0 62.1 60.2 54.3 49 24.3 17.2 09.3 4 972.2 65.1 55.1 42.9 33.2 04.8 4 894.8 88.7 88.1 82.3 79.9 67.5 65.9 47.77

39.7 5 691.7

3 1

05.99 4 768.4

82.4 59.2 50.8 48.8 18.1 07.0 5 597.7 81.6 '72.6 59.7 58.8 25.1 06.4 5 495.9 73.6 67.2 57.8 51.7 43.3 42.1 40.1 21.6 10.6 5 373.6

2 3 5 2 2 6 2 2 4 2 5 2 2 6 2 2 2 5 2 1 2 4 2 2

64.85 35.87 26.83 02.317 4 657.88 37.17 I 28.445 09.56 4 596.096 89.89 79.35 47.7 45.06 I 22.325 I 10.733 02.95 01.5 4498.5 91.0 88.2 81.83 33.90 31.00 30.18

05.8 5 287.0 54.4 52.9 21.6 17.0 5 188.3 87.3 77.6 76.4 65.8 62.4

6 3 2 3 3 2 3 3 1 3 4

4 I

25.99 01.00 00.09 4 379.64 71.31 70.75 I 63.78 62.04 52.21 48.0 I 45.168 I 35.29

Blf

4 4 1

6 3 1 2 1 5 6 3 4 2 2 4 2 1

2 1

2 6 4 4 6 8 1

4 5 4 4 4 3 5 6 5 6 6 2 6 4 8 3

1 2 2 2 5 2 4 4 8 5 4 6 5 5 3 3 4 10 7 6

A.—(Continued) X Rd t I 4 333.561 7 32.04 31.17 09.15 00.66 I 00.101 8 4 282.88 77.5 I 72.169 8 66.4 66.286 8 59.362 9 I 51.184 5 37.21 28.2 26.98 22.64 18.66 03.4

01.9 I 00.678 I 4 198.316 I 91.027 I 90.714 I 81.884 79.30 78.38 I 64.180 I 58.591 56.14 52.7 31.78 28.6 12.82 03.95 4 099.45 82.41 80.61 79.61 77.03 76.70 72.43 72.02 I 54.50 52.96

I

45.88 44.419 42.89

38.83 35.45 33.85 I 32,96 13.84 3 992.03 79.40 74.52 68.37 60.45 58.40 I 48.980 I 47.55 46.10 44.30

Bit

3 7 2 2 4 8 6 6 4 7 3 4 3 2

2 9 8 8 5 7 3 3 7 9

4 3 6 3 3 9 2 4 2 4 2 6 4 7

3 4

4 8 6 4 3 3 2 7 4 5 4 4 3 3

7 4 4 5

A.—(Continued) X Rd t 3 932.56 31.20 28.61 25.76 14.78 11.56 07.70 13 899.90 2 I 94.64 3 91.99 91.39 80.29 75.25 72.14 68.55 I 66.14 1 50.56 45.37 1 34.65 5

30.43 26.80 09.46 08.58 03.23 3 799.47 95.38 86.42 I 81.33 80.89 I 75.4 70.61 70.4 66.14 65.32 63.59 53.5 37.92 29.33 24.53 20.46 18.25 17.21 13 696.5 I 90.9 80.1

78.31 70.7 60.52 59.5 56.12 55.35 50.9 I 49.9 I 43.1 39.86 37.86 37.08 I 34.46 I 32.65 22.18 I 06.53 13 599.3 88.49

Bit 5 3 8 4 5 3 3 6 4 3 5 4 7

9 3

3 4 4 2 3 3 5 4 3 7

1 3 3 3 6 4 3 5 9 3 3 5 3

1 1 4

5 3 3 2 2 4 3 3 2

4 4 3 4 4 4 5 1 9

3

I I I I I

I I

3

I

I 3

I

3

A.—(Continued) X Rdt 582.39 81.66 76.65 72.27 2 67.68 4 65.06 64.41 64.3 2 63.2 3 61.06 59.54 56.0 2 55.31 2 54.31 4 48.53 45.86 45.64 35.37 21.97 21.29 20.02 14.40 11.16 09.80 09.36 03.59 499.68 91.57 91.29 80.51 78.26 76.79 66.3 64.20 61.06 3 54.15 30.48 29.69 21.67 393.8 3 92.8 2 91.77 88.54 76.47 73.5 2 70.93 66.61 58.51 50.97 44.73 36.15 25.49 2 19.30 2 11.19 07.23 01.81 295.3 2 93.65 85.77 81.71 63.58 49.83 43.72 12.62

Blf 6 5 8

3 2 6 7

3 7 7 5 2 3 4 6 5 4 2 2 3 8 5 5 4 7 3 4 3 2 2 3

3 3

3

2

2

2

2 2

5 5 4

2 2 2 4 4 4 4 2 5 4 6

4 7 5 3 3 3 2

2

A.—(Continued) X Rdf 204.35 181.09 69.71 61.44 39.06 093.40 34.6 3 33.6 29.0 21.8 3 979.1 68.3 2 67.2 5 55.4 43.0 31.5 24.7 896.8 91.7 84.1 78.8 73.4 3 65.9 55.2 42.6 33.5 3 06.2 02.1 3 796.7 69.6 62.0 53.8 44.8 32.6 08.3 647.5 14.5 4 562.2 44.7 16.7 16.2 4 15.5 12.2 00.3 499.4 90.9 80.8 79.1 52.9 . 38.7 15.6 04.3 395.6 64.1 50.5 44.3 37.7 31.6 16.4 13.9 09.3 281.5 52.3 43.6

Blf 3 4 5 5 5 6

2 2 1

3 4

6 5 7 2 3 2 4 4 3

1 1

1 1 1

4 3 2

6 2 6 3 8 8 6 8 8 6 6 8 8 3 4 4 6 5 6 1 6 6 4 4 4 4 5 5 4 4 4 <* 5 4 4

A.—(Continued) X Rdt 234.6 19.8 050.4 886.1 79.7 77.7 73.2 68.7 65.9 55.7 43.1 36.3 31.4 30.6 20.0 788.1 675.6 73.5 69.7 00.7 589.5 460.1 335.8 34.5 33.7

ItB 4 4 1 7 8 8 10 8 8 9 9 9 9 10 7 5 7 7 7 5 4 5 7 7 5__

Aldebaranium, see Yb

223,274,276)

I I I I I I I

I I

I

A 8 5 1 1 1 3 1 10 10 4u

I

1 I I

1 1

g

Ag (24, 59, 75, 90, 91, 101, 111, 123, 128, 181, 205, 214,

X 39 951 889 18 382 307 17 415 16 819 12 551 8 273.58 7 687.85 6 037 5 970 5 666.4 5 590 70 58 45.65 29.9 23.7 5 494 89 71.51 65.43 03 Ol 5 333.3 29.7 5 276.4 09.04 4 888.3 74.16 48.1

I

Ag.—(Continued) X A S 4 677.9 2u 1 68.54 8r 3 15.9 3U 1 4 556 3U 1 4 476.06 6 4 47.0 1 4 396 2u 1 85 1 79.24 2u 11.05 2r 2 4 212.01 8R 4R 4 085.9 3 55.25 8R 3 3 985 2 81.63 4r 1 49.4 1 2 3 840.79 2 1 10.7 2u 1 3 710 1 3 682.3 2u 1 24.2 Iu 16 1 3 542.5 3 2 20 1 07 1 05.1 1 3

J

69.2

1

1

56 13

1 1

^*

09

S

2 1 2u Iu IU IU

4r 2 3 6 10

IU 3U 5 6 IU IU

2r 4r Ir 1OR 2u 2r 2U

8 1

I 3 382.88 64 52 49 31.8 12.6 05.7 01.5 3 299.4 89.2 80.67 67.33 52.8 49.8 44.97 41.3 33 23 16.7 15.6 07.3 00.0 3 191.8 87.8 85.1 80.7 73.6 72.3 70.6 53.1 30.0 17.8

1

1OR

9R 1 1

1 2 1 2

1OR

3u 2

2 3

2 2 2 9R 1 1 1 3 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 1

Ag.—(Continued) X A S 3 115 1 3 099.11 2 1 12.9 1 2 983.52 1 38.5 4 4 34.2 6 29.3 5 20.0 3 I 02.08 4

2 896.46 73.59 2

2

2

2

2

24.40 15.6 799.64 86.5 67.5 56.4 43.9 21.79 12.1 688.4 81.4 60.4 56.8 28.6 14.5 06.14 595.6 80.7 75.5 67.15 64.42 53.41 35.3 06.65 04.07 486.7 85.78 80.42 77.30 73.88 72.94 62.27 60.32 53.37 47,91 44.20 37.77 29.65 20.12 13.22 11.38 02.57 395.66 92.97 90.57 86.8 86.32 83.20 75.0 63.99 62.19 58.85

2 6

3

3

4U

2

2

3 4

4U

Ag.—(Continued) X A 2 357.92 31.35 4 25.1 24.63 2 21.52 20.24 2 17.03 2 12.4 4U 09.54 6R

4 4

2 279.97 77.38

1 4 6 3 8 6 3 2 4 3 4 5 6 2 6 6 3 6 Iu 2 3 2 5 5 4 2 2 4 6 7 2 4 5 6 7 4 8 7 5 8 7 3 2 2 3 2 3 2 3 4 3 5

75.24 53.46 48.73 46.38 40.42 38.36 29.51 26.12 19.70 11.18 08.4 05.9 02.1 2 192 86.76 71.7 70.9 66.5 62.0 45.6 25.4 20.4 13.8 2 070.0 65.9 61 33.8 00.6 1 999.5 56.9 32.3 16.3 1 889 80 73 60 39 16 02 1794 72 69 51 22 1 693 74 56.8 1 566 39 1 496 86 45

1

3 3 2

1 1 2 1 2 2 1 1 2

Al (13, 32, 34, 59, 60, 62, 74, S 6 6 4 6 3 6 5 2 4

5 2 2 2 3 3 2 2 4 2 2 2 1 2 2 1 3 1 1 2 2 3 1 2 3 1 4 1 4 3 2 3 2 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 4 4 4 4 6 3 6 2 5 6 4 4 ; 4 ! 5_

Al.-(Continued)

75,78,90,91,106,111,163,205,

I I I I I I I I I I I I II II II III III

210,276) X A 39 108 21 166 21 098 16 752 20 13 151 25 11 255 8 774.5 5r 7 836.9 6r 7 466 7 362.5 2r 6 698.73 3 96.07 3 6 243.347 31.759 6 176 Iu 51.7 Iu 5 861.53 5 722.65 5 696.45

II 5 593.23 I 57.95 I 57.05 III 5 163.90 III 50.86 I 05 III 4 701.65 II 4 663.054 II 4 585.820 III 29.176 III 12.534 III 4 479.968 II 4 226.812 I 3 961.537 I 44.025 II 00.68 III 3 713.10 III 02.09 II 3 655.00 III 12.35 III 01.62 II 3 587.06 II 3 443.65 I 3 092.85 I 92.718 I 82.162 66.16 64.31 59.93 II 57.15 54.70 II 50.08 III 2 907.5 II 2 816.3 III 2 762.81 II

60.394 52.484 31.73 575.44

10 7 7 6 5

10 2 2 7 5

d

1OR 1OR

6R 1OR 1OR 4 4 2 4 4 4

2 669.17

I I II I 2

S

6 10 6 6 5u 5u 6 8R 8R 2 3u 2u 8d 7u 7u 1Outr 6 4R 8R 8R 2 2 1 10 2 8 10 1Ou 9 10

1OR 1OR 3R

5R 4R 7u 2

^

i II II I I I I II I II I 1 I I I I I I 1 I I II II

2 575.112 67.996 45.60 2 378.43 73.36 73.13 72.06 69.30 67.06 21.56 12.4 2 269.21 69.09 63.73 63.45 58.0 10.05 04.63 2 199.57 74.02 68.00 2 094.8 16.1

A

S

1OR 1OR

6R 6R 6 1 2R 4R 3 4 4R 6 1

3 2R 8R 3 1 8R 2 2R 4R 2 4R 2 2R 2R 1 IR IR

2R 2R

1 1 5 1

II 1 989.8 III 35.2 II 30.3 III 1 862.90 II 62.48 II 58.15 III

54.67 18.3 1 792 77 II 67.6 II 65.7 II 63.9 II 61.9 II 60.1 52 II 50 II 25 U 21 II 19 II l 671 HI 12 III 06 IU 1 384 19? 10? II i 211.93 II l 191.83 II 1 190.07 Hi 856.80 HI 854.98 m 696.23 m 695.82

8 7 2 10 10 7 10 2 3 4 9 7 1Od 7 7 3 2 10 9 9 10 8 8 5 6 6 1 2 2 3 3 2 3

AS (13, 23, 59, 90, 91, 118, x

6 170 I0

154,280) A S 6 6

138,

G

As.—(Continued)

A 6 5 5 5

023 837.9 731.8 684.8 57.0 51.3 20.6 5 558.1 5 497.8 96.9 5 331.3 5 205.3 5 182.2 61.1 07.6 05.5 4 985.4 15.3 4 888.6 11.8 02.1 4 799.5 87.1 30.7 07.6 4 672.5 29.9 19.4 07.3 02.5 4 590.8 52.2 49.0 43.6 39.8 28.4 15.9 4 494.4 74.4 66.4 61.1 58.6 31.6 27.2 20.9 13.5 12.0 4 371 52.9 52.1 36.7 24.0 15.7 02.1 4 299.4 43.1 28.2 21.0 07.8 4 197.5 90.2 57.5 4 082.4

A

S

As.—(Continued)

G

6 1 1 1 10 1 10 10 5 8 1 7 8 8 5

2 1 1 1 1

2 2 2 3 3 4 1 2 4

5 5 5

1 3 2 2 3 2

6 6 7 8 10 10 8 7 6 7 6 7 7 8 8 9 7 8 6 6 6 6 8 7 7 7 7 5 7 7 7 9 7 8 7 7 7 8 7 8 7 8 7 7 7 7 7 8 7 7 7 7 8 6 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7

X

I A

S

4 065.4 2 62.6 37.0 6 06.2 3 3 948.6 3 31.1 2 22.5 10 3 842.9 4 3 787.2 3 3 671.7 3 551.6 13.0 3 255 2 3 180.6 26.9 1 19.6 4 7 16.5 3 13 075.32 2 5 1 32.84 4 8 03.8 2 1 2 990.99 2 4 59.6 7 26.2 1 1 2 898.73 4R 6 I 60.46 4R 8 30.4 4 1 2 780.23 8R 10 I 45.00 6R 5 2 602.9 2 2 492.91 2 5 56.52 4R 7 37.22 1 5 1 2 381.20 4R 5 70.77 4R 5 69.67 4R 5 I 49.84 1OR 6 1 2 288.14 1OR 3 71.39 4 1 28.7 2 1 06.0 2 05.2 2 2 192.1 2 83.0 1 1 65.5 4 2 44.2 4 1 34 2 2 13 2 3 2 074 12 31 10 1972 4R 36 5 1 890 4R 1 742.9 2 0 33.0 15 00.2 10 1287 10 67 40 08 30 1 171 15 06 10 1 093 20 81 50 09 10

G 7 7 6 6 6 7 7 7 6 6 5 6 6 6 6 5 7 5 6 6 5 6 6 6 7 8 8 7 6 4 5 3 5 4 4 4

As.—(Continued) X A S 1 001 10 984 10 63 10 56 8 52 8 26 8 878 8 73 8 27 5 529 1

Au.—(Continued) X A 2 963.77 2 54.4 32.19 5 13.5 4 07.1 05.90 6 1 2 891.95 4 I 83.45 4 38.0 25.4 22.7 19.98 02.21

G

Au ( 1 8 J 24, 59, 60, 62, 75, 90, 91,

2780.83

111,136,154,222)

X I 7 510.7 16278.2 I 5 957.0 I 5 863.0 I 37.41 5 759.9 I 5 655.8 5 230.30 I 5 064.61 I 4 811.61 I 4 792.62 I 4 607.4 I 4 488.25 I 37.29 I 4 315.1 I 4 241.82 I 4 084.14 I 65.08 52.8 I 40.95 16.1 I 3 909.39 I 3 897.89 74.7 53.6 25.7 04.0 3 706.8 3 649.1 33.25 14.0 3 586.7 53.55 I 3 320.16 I 08.31 3 230.61 I 04.74 I 3 194.71 I 22.79 22.5 17.0 3 033.4 I 29.21 2 995.0 90.3 73.25 70.41

A 5 4 2 2 4 2 2 2 3 8 4 4 4 1 1 1 6 2 2 4 1

2 3 2 3 4 4 6R 4 2U 6v

2U 2

I

S 3 3 3 6 3 2 3 2 2 6 2 4 3 3 3 2 8 5 2 4 2 8 2 2 3 5 4 3 3 2 5 4 2 2 3 3 2 8 5 1 2U 5 5 5 J

S 1 4 4 10 4 3 2 3 3 4 3 8 10 3

48.26

6R

4

l 00.88 1 2 688.70 88.2 87.6 I 75.95 I 41.50 1 2 590.07 I 44.2 I 10.51 03.3 1 2 427.98 1 2 387.77 I 76.25 1 64.58 I 52.67 40.22 14.67 04.80 2 291.51 83.3 42.7 29.0 01.3 2 110.7 2 082.0 00.6 1 977.3 I 51.2 21.0 I 18.9 03.9 1 889.8 86.3 I 79.1 71.1 61.1 50.1 45.7 22.4 02 1 795 84 67 40 27 26 20 1 699

4 4

3 3 3 3 10 4 2 2 2 5 1OR 3 2 2 3 3 3 4 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 4 4 2 2 4 3 3 3 2 3 4 5 5 5 3 4 3 4 3 3

1OR 4 4 4 4 1OR 4 3 4 4

Au.—(Continued) X A 1 694 73 59 39 29 22 OO 1 590 62 34 OO 1 488 35 02 975 864 854 832 458

S 6 6 3 3 3 4 3 3 3 3 4d 4d 4 2 20 5 4 5 1_

B (28, 33, 36, 48, 80, 90, 91,

124, 191)

II I I

I I III III I I II III III III III

X 3 451.2 2 497.733 96.778 2 266.9 66.3 2 089.6 88.8 67.9 i 66.4/ 1 826.41 \ 25.87/ 1 624.4 758.68 758.47 677.16 677.01

A

1OR 9R

S 10 1OR 9R 2 2 2 1 0 2

, 8qn „ 6

_ ö

Ba.—(Continued) X A 1 15 000 4 14 325 3 211 3 160 3 078 4 13 957 2 811 4 1 207 4 057 1 12 815 1 554 3 II 084 5 11 978 2 886 5 608 2 I 304 2 116 2 016 4 10 692 2 II 651 8 474 6 I

326

I

273

234 I 189 n 034 002 I 9 832 713 611 527 370.1 219.7 189.4 8 915.00 860.96 I 799.7 654.03 582.1 567.6 559.91 210.32

5

6 1 6 3 7 2 10 10 3 2 2 4 4 2u 4 4 3 10 10

Ba (59, 60, 62, 74, 75, 78, 90,

147.8

2

91,135,148,163,174, 224,252,258)

12 ().5

3

I I I I

I I

X 30 934 687 469 29 791 224 27 751 26 221 25 516 23 255 22 313 221 21 477 20 712 19 988 075 18 204 17 182 065

A 3 2 2 4 5 3 2 5 3 2 2 2 4 3 2 2 1 1

! 7 911 35

S

I

905.772 839.577 780.500 672.099 642.9 488.095 459.7 417.55 I 392.44 280.314 228.815 I 195.262 II 120.30 I 059.96 6 865.69 I 693.86 I 675.29 I 595.35 I 527.323

S

6

7 5 8 7 5 5 5 4 6 8R 5 6 6 8R 5 6R 6R 7R 8R

2 2 3 3

Ba.—(Continued) X A I 6 498.77 8R II 496.91 1OR 482.93 7R I 450.85 7 I 341.70 7R II 141.74 1OR I 110.80 8R I 063.16 8R I 019.49 7R 15997.102 7R I 71.714 10 I 07.6 6 II 5 853.7 8R I 26.30 7R 05.71 5R 00.34 7 I 5 777.7 1OR 5 680.17 5 I 5 535.53 1OR I 19.11 8R I 5 424.63 7r II 4 934.10 1OR I 02.88 4r II 4 899.96 8 I 4 726.46 8r I 00.45 6r 4691.63 7R I 73.61 7v I 28.83 5v I 19.98 5r 4 599.75 6R 79.66 8R 73.88 6R II 54.037 1OR II 24.95 8 23.25 8r 05.94 8 I 4 493.64 5v I 88.97 7v 31.91 7 02.55 8 4 350.38 8 I 32.91 4v I 23.00 4v I 4 283.12 8 II 4 166.04 5r 32.44 5 II 30.68 8R I 3 993.40 8R I 37.88 5 I 35.72 7r I 09.92 6r 3 892.65 5 II 91.78 8r 89.32 5 3 630.65 8r I 3 579.7 6r I 47.7 4u I 44.7 6r I 25.0 6r I 01.12 8R I 3 421.5]'I 21.0 [ 10 I 20.3J

S 4 1OR 3 3 3 1OR 5 4 3 3 3 2 5 4 2 2 5 1 6 5 3 1OR

10 5 1 4 2 1 1 2 8 4 1OR 1Or 3 5 2 2 6 6 5 1 1 8 1Or 3 1OR 6 3 6r 6r 8R 2 2 2

2

Ba.—(Continued) X A S 13 377.4\ I 77.0/ I 56.9 6r 13 262.4 3R 13 071.60 8R 6R I 2 785.26 6r II 71.4 2 3r I 02.65 6r 2 II 2 647.29 4 4 II 34.80 5 8r 1 2 596.68 6r II 28.51 6r II 2 347.58 5 7 II 35.25 6R 1OR II 04.22 6R 8R II 1 869 5 II 1 694 6 74 4 1 554 3 04 4 1 415 3 1 331 2_

Be (35, 90, 9i, 230, 273) X A S 23 110 \ 097/ 22 239 2 21 897 2d 560 3 17 571 2 16 794 2 15 951 400 393 013 006 14 904 3 13 227 6 12 355 6 329 4 141 7 10 674 4 283 5 II 5 274.28 4 II 4 674.55 8 4 572.69 8 1 II 4 362.21 7 I 3 322.303 8 2 I 22.042 8 2 I 21.969 8 2 II 3 275.57 5 II 3 198.01 4 II 31.972 9 5 II 31.324 9 10 II 3 047.86 4 I 2 651 10 10s 1 2 494.720 7 3 I 94.575 7 3 I 94.532 7 3 I 2 351.50 6

Be.—(Continued] \ A 2 348.62 8R I 2 175.72 10 I 2 056.71 4

II 1 776.339 II 76.118 II 1 512.451 II 12.303

S 3

8 6 10 8

Bi.—(Continued) X A 4 340.6 28.6 08.56 4

08.20 02.13 4 259.64 4 121.85

4

3__

21.52 4 079.22 3 888.22

6

Bi (13, 59, 74, 75, 78, 90, 91, 138, 154, 170, 200, 223, 276)

87.94 3 792.9

2

II 1 036.32

X 25 554 14 332 12 691 167 11995 711 556 073 10 540 302 106 9 829 9 657.2 9 342.6 9 058.6 8 907.8 8 761.5 I 8 754.9 8 627.9 8 579.7 44.5 01.8 8 210.8 7 840.3 38.7 7 502.3 7 441.3 7 335.0 7 036.2 6 991.1 6 809.1 6 600.1 6 497.5 76.2 75.5 6 134.85 28.1 5 861.14 5 742.55 5 599.41 52.24 5 209.28 5 144.50 24.4 4 797.5 33.8 29.9 22.7 22.5 22.2 4 561.15

A 1 3 3 4 1 10 1 1 1 2 2 2 • 10 4 2 2 3 2 1 1 2 1 10 2 3 2 1 1 2 4

S

7 7 4 3 3 5 6 3 8

1 4 4 3 10 6 4 3

2r 8 10 10

3 8 8 5 8

3 695.53 3 596.11 10.85 3 405.23 3 397.21 3 076.67 67.73 24.64 2 993.34 89.04 38.31 2 897.98 09.63 2 780.52 30.50 2 696.76 27.93 2 524.52 15.68 2 489.4 30.5 00.89 2 328.2 09.3 2 276.57 30.62 28.25 14.1 03.1 2 189.59 77.3 64.1 56.9 53.5 52.9 44.4 43.6 34.4 33.6 13.8 10.3 2 061.7 1 973.2 59.6 02.5 1 823.5 1 791.7 87.1 76.7 1 533.7 1 346 17

6 2

3R 6R 2R 5R 3 9R 8R 9R 9R 1OR 1OR 8R 7R 5Rd 6Rd 8R 7R 6R 5U 2u 8R 2u 4U 5R 8R 6R 3 4u 6R 6R 4R 4R 4R 7R

8R 7R 3 8R 8R

3 4 3 3 5

Bi.—(Continued) X A 1 306 1 051 45 967 791 670

S 4 3 2

2 10 10 4

Br.—(Continued) X S G 4 601.4 5 4 575.77 6 42.93 2 8 38.75 1 5 29.80 5 25.6 8 13.47 1 5 4 490.48 5 77.78 10 72.64 8

S 10 10 10 3 2 1

4 10 1 1 8

8 4 5 1 2 2 6R 4R 4 5R 8R 5R 2 4 2R 4R 4 2 1 1

Br (25, 86, 91, 104, 147, 195,

41.74

268)

25.13 365.58 291.38 36.85 23.85 193.45 79.62 75.76 40.22 35.64 024.04 08.78 07.30 986.53 80.43 80.01 68.65 55.35 50.60 39.70 35.16

6 6 6 6 5 5 5 5 5 5

7

5 2 4R 2R 1 1

5

5

1

5 4 2 2 1 2 3 3 3 1 5 4 4 4 3 10 15

4

X 682 31.8 560.0 350.8 149.7 23.3 18.7 940.6 852.2 30.8 719.0 11.0 657.6 00.7 589.9 36.3 490.4 88.8 66.2

35.1 25.0 22.8 396.5 32.0 04.1 272.7 38.3 183.9 82.4 64.4 054.7 979.77 30.6 28.7 848.80

16.72 4 785.48 80.33 76.43 67.1 66.07 42.70 35.47 19.76 04.83 4 693.30 78.70 72.58 52.00 22.7 14.6

S

2 3

1 1 1 8 10 2 2 2 3

3 10 5 8 1 1 3

G 2 5 4 10 10 3 4 4 5 7 4 4 4 4 8 4 7 6 5

4 4 4

4 3

5 5 7 5 10 7 4 8 4 7 5 4 4 5 5 6 8 10 6 7 8 5 8 5 8 10 3 8 6 6 8 6

29.57 24.09 23.36 20.68 19.6 14.26 3 891.64 71.23 57.21 34.71 3 794.00 3 693.5 3 562.4 40.1 17.4 06.5 "

3 417 3 396.9 33.0 3 282.1 3 168 3 074 20.8 2 968 26 2 892 72 2 660 2 594 57 41 22

g

4 2 1 1 1

1

1 2

2

1 1

3 3 10 8 5 5 5 4 5 3 3 4 4 4 5 3 3 3 3 4 4 4

5 8 6 6 6 6 8 5 6 5 5 6 5 8 10 5 5 8 7 5 6

6 8 6 6 6 10 8 6 6 6 4

Br.- (Continued) X S 2 389.8

3

86.8 633.6 582.4 76.5 75.0 40.8 31.9 488.6 384.6 251.8

3

1 1

1 1 1

G

Ca (l» «• 74, 78, 90, 91, 119, 154 158 163 1 7 > > > °» 1 7 4 » 1 8 1 » 192, 203, 250)

10 8 6 9 6 7 8 8 4_

C ( 2 7 , 32, 33, 60, 79, 90, 91,

I I I I I I I I

I I I

j

98.1, 1 5 4 , 166, 167, 190, 193, 262, 262.1, 287)

X A S G 117236.19 8u II 31.12 6u II 6 582.85 8 II 78.03 10 III 4 652.68 7 HI 51.46 2 III 48.70 3 II 4 267.27 1Ou II 67.02 8u II 3 920.773 8 II 19.061 6 II 2 992.63 4 112837.602 8 II 36.710 10 II 2 747.31 6u II 46.50 4u I 2 478.3 10 10 10 III 2 297.59 2 10 III 1 930.98 5 7d 1 657 6 6qr I 1 561.3 5 5 5 IV 50.9 3 1 335.7 10 i 1Q 34.5 10 f 29.6 8 \ 29.1 8 / 23-7 7 7 1 176 10 15qn II 1 036.8 \10 5 II 36.2 J 5 10 I -! 9 10 III 977.02 12 II? 904 4 lOqr I I 858.2 8 8 8 I I 687.1 8 7 8 651 2 6d II 636.2 2 II 594.9 4 5 574 4 6 II 560.5 2 II 543.4 2 IH 538.4 7 II 533.9 1 HI 459.7 6 372 1 313 1

X 22 656 625 610 19 947 936 918 865 857 817 777 507 453 m

A

S 4 3 1 1 3 1 4 4 1 6 3 5 4

^ 433

j

200

! I62 i 145 is 038 i I2 822 i I0 345 9 695 9 547 9 251 n 8 662.1 n 8 542.1 II 8 498.0 7 610 j 7 326.12 7202.18 7 148.18 ! 6 717.7 i g 572.75 i 6 499.64 ! 93.762 I 71.68 I 62 57 55.57 49.82 I 39.060 1 6 169.60 i 69.08 I 66 .49 ! 63.80 I 6 2.20 i 61.32 i 22 . 2 4 I 02.73 5 867.62 57.49 5 602.84 1 01.26 5 598.46 ! 94.47 90.10 88.74 81.96 i 12.93 5 349.46 I 5 27o.27 65.55 I 64.23 62.23

^

3

2 2

3 5d 10 7 7 3 9 10 8 6r 8

8 10 8

2

2 5

1 4 5 5

8

5 6R

3 5 1OR 7 4 4 4 1OR 5 1OR 8R 4r

6

2

3 8 3 3 2

2 8R 2 1OR 8R

8 8 10

I0 5 4 8

8

6

10 io 8

6 io 4

8

2

10

10

10 8 6 6

5 10 8 5 5

Ca.—(Continued) X A 5 261.70 6 I 60.39 4 I 5 188.84 6 41.65 8r I 4 878.17 1Or I 4 685.2 4v I 4 585.91 2 I 85.84 6 I 81.45 8 I 78.57 8 I 26.98 6 4 499.90 I 56.62 4 I 55.880 8R I 54.780 1OR I 35.682 8R I 34.964 1OR I 25.444 1OR I 4 355.2 6u I 18.645 8R I 07.74 8R I 02.527 1OR I 4 298.987 6 I 89.362 8R I 83.003 8R I 40.44 4 I 26.728 1OR I 4 098.6 4r I 3 973.7 6r II 68.473 1OR I 57.07 6r I 48.91 4r I I 33.673 1OR I 3 875.7 3 II 3 736.905 6 II 06.03 6 I 3 644.76 5 I 44.39 10 I 30.96 5 I 30.73 6 I 24.10 6 I 3 487.61 6r I 74.78 4r I 68.48 4r I 3 361.91 6v I 50.19 6v I 44.49 5v I 3 286.1 5 I 25.8 4r I 15.1 3v II 3 181.3 4 II 79.34 6 II 58.87 8 19.66 13 009.21 2 I 06.85 4 I 00.87 4 I 2 997.31 3 I 94.95 3 24.33 8 2 899.78 9 2 493.00 7 I 2 398.58 8R 12275.5

1

S 5 3 5 3 8r 1 8 6 5 5 10 5 8 1OR 8 1OR 10 2 8R 8R 1OR 8R 8R 8R 2 1OR 2r 3r 1OR 2 1 1OR

II II II II II II II II II II II II II

Ca.—(Continued) X A S 2 208.7 3 3 2 197.8 3 3 12.7 2 3 03.2 2 3 2 040 4 35 4 1 851.3 7 43.7 6 40.2 10 38 9d 15.0 8 07.8 7 1667 5 1 562 4 55 8d 53 7 1 434 6 902 10 840 6 832 10 718 6 688 5 669 6 655 6 537 5 410 6 404 6

IR

Cb* ( 7 8 > 9°> ^) X A 6 828.14 4 6 723.66 6 6 677.34 8 6 544.67 6 6 430.50 8 5 983.26 7 00.62 1Od 5 866.5 6 38.66 8 19.47 6 5 787.53 6 29.2 6 5 671.1 7 65.57 6 64.72 6 5 551.38 6 5 437.29 7 5 350.72 7 44.15 10 5 276.20 10 71.53 9 5 180.30 6 64.36 7 60.33 6 34.73 5 5 095.29 10 78.95 8 39.04 6 4 989.0 5 24.84 3

4R

* Columbium = Niobium.

1OR 8r 4 1 1 1 1 1 1

10 1OR 1OR 8 2 4 2 2 2

S 1 1 1 1 2 2 3 5 3 2 2 1 3 2 2 2 3 5 3 3 2 2 3 2 3 3 2 2 8

Ci).—(Continued) X A 4 816.33 7 10.57 6 4 733.88 5 13.48 5 08.26 7 4 675.38 10

1 1 1 1

Cb.- (Continued) X A S 3 554.62 1Od 2 37.50 10 2 35.30 10 3 10.30 3 8 3 498.62 10 2 3 358.38 10

72.10

10

9

63.83 48.94 30.12 06.76 4 581.64 73.09 46.83 23.40 4 447.22 37.23 10.22 4 377.90

9 7 10 10 10 10 10 8 10 10 10 10

4 3 10 10 5 5 4 3 3 8 3 4

10 10

3 3

Cd (13, 16> 59, 74, 75, 81, 90, 91,132,154,176,204,

51.60 31.42

I I I

S 1 3 3 3 4 8

41.95 II II II II II II II II II II

3 236.44 25.47 3 194.95 63.37 30.78 3 094.19 2 950.91 41.57 27.82 2 697.07 2 584.03

10

4

3 5 5 5 8 10 6 4 8 3 2

10 10 10 10 10 10 10 8 10 7 6

26.37

10

3

205,206,207,247,251,

01.10

10

5

273,276,284,287)

4 299.63 62.10 29.15 17.95 14.74 05.32 4 192.07 90.91 68.13 64.66 63.64 52.63 39.74 37.13 29.97 23.85 00.97 4 079.73 58.97 32.55 3 966.23 37.47 14.71 3 818.92 10.48 02.98 3 798.11 91.24 90.14 87.08 59.57 42.41 40.80 39.82 26.24 13.05 3 697.84 3 580.27 75.85 63.53

8 8 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 ' 10 10 10 10 10 10 1 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10

4 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 5 5 10 5 4 4 3 4 6 6 10 3 3 3 3 8 3 4 4 4 3 3 3 3 5 3 3 3 3 3 2 2

X I 39 086 I 16 482 I 432 I 402 I 15 711 258 I 154 I 14 849 I 473 I 354 I 327 I 13 979 I 11 630 I 268 I 10 394.6 1 8 200.1 I 7 399 I 82.3 I 46.0 1 6 777.7 II 25.83 II 6 464.98 I 38.4696 II 6 359.93 I 29.94 I 25.1 1 6 116.12 I 11.5 1 6 099.1 I 31.4 5 637.3 I 04.7 1 5 598.8 5 497 II 5 381.82 II 78.12 78 I 39 38.5

A

S

6 6 2 7 7 10 2 8 8 10 10 2 4 10 Iu 5 2u Iu 2u

10 5 5 3 3 5 3 5 2 3

15 10 1OR 10 1 1

1Ou 10 10 3 2 10

Ca.—(Continued) X A II 5 337.49 3 I 5 297.7 3 I 5 085.823 1OR II 4 881.73 I 4 799.912 1OR I 4 678.151 10 4 415.68 1 II 12.31 4 245.6 16.9 4 191.6 II 34.78 27.0 4 094.8 57.5 II 29.08 3 988.2 77.3 76.6 40.3 3 852.1 I 3 729.06 4r I 3 614.4 7 I 12.875 8R I 10.510 1OR II 3 535.67 II 3 495.36 I 67.656 8R I 66.200 1OR II 17.40 I 03.653 1OR 3 298.97 4 I 61.05 1OR I 52.525 8r II 50.29 3 185.53 I 33.167 2r 29.23 3 095.5 I 80.828 8r I 2 980.622 8R I 2 881.24 4R I 80.78 8R I 68.3 6r I 36.92 8R I 2 763.9 6R II 48.58 I 12.6 6r I 2 677.6 8d I 39.50 6R II 2 573.04 4 I 53.6 4r 2 469.76 2 329.27 8R II 21.15 1 II 12.88 4 06.63 4R I 2 288.03 1OR 67.47 4R II 65.03 4R 39.86 6R II 2 194.62 l II 44.39 4R

S 25

10 10 10 10 6 10 4 6 4 15 4 4 5 10 4 5 5 5 3 7 9 1OR 20 15 10 8R 10 10 4R 7 6u 25 5 5r 5u 5r 3r 6 3U 6 3r 6U 3U 10 Iu 3u Iu 10

4 6 7 1OR 3 1OR 2 1OR 3 4R 6R

Ca.—(Continued) X A S 2 062.0 5 55.3 3 04.2 5 1 995 3 I 42 2 39 2 21.8 2 00.7 6 1 873.6 15 56.0 15 44.5 10 1 773.1 6 68.8 6 47.9 6 07.5 8 1 628.7 6 1 514 20 1 472 8 66 8 62 20 1 397 20 69 20 847 10 396 1__ Ce («» 61, 78, 90, 91, 145, isi, 154, 155) X A S 8 772.08 3 8 647.59 2 12.62 2 8 560.60 2 8 495.64 3 8 396.20 2 71.90 2 63.82 2 55.32 2 10.22 2 00.58 2 8 261.03 2 45.10 2 34.12 3u 8 171.32 2 8 025.59 2 02.66 2 7 860.54 2 59.05 2 35.81 2 7 797.73 2 7 689.13 2 7 397.78 2 29.92 2 7 252.72 3 38.38 2 7 150.21 2 7 086.31 3 61.69 3 30.98 2 6 999.87 2 86.00 2 24.80 3 6 899.07 2 98.49 2

Ce.—(Continued) X A 6 774.27 2 04.40 3 00.67 3 6 665.65 3 52.75 3 28.90 3 06.87 3 6 555.65 3 13.63 3 6 473.69 3 67.40 3 66.89 3 58.06 3 6 393.06 3 71.13 4 43.98 4 10.03 3 00.22 3 6 295.58 3 72.05 4 32.47 3 28.98 4 09.00 3 6 186.16 3 23.66 4 6 098.35 4 69.48 3 57.99 3 43.39 5 24.18 5 13.41 5 5 975.87 4 40.86 4 34.40 4 28.34 4 10.00 5R 5 871.58 3 62.49 4 38.12 4 12.9 5 04.42 4 5 788.15 4 73.12 4 68.94 4 43.54 5 25.84 4 19.04 5 5 699.22 5 96.99 5 77.74 4 69.96 5 55.14 5 14.73 3 01.28 5 5 556.27 4 12.06 8 5 472.27 5 09.23 6 5 393.39 7 30.53 5 5 274.23 5 11.91 4 5 191.63 5 87.44 6

S

1 1

2 1 1

1 2

1

1

1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 3 3 3 2 3 1 2

Ce.—(Continued) X A 5 117.14 4 5 079.68 5 44.02 4 22.85 4 4 971.50 4 4 893.93 3 82.44 4 4 773.93 4 37.24 4 25.09 4 14.01 4 4 684.61 4 54.28 4 28.15 10 06.41 4 4 593.93 10 72.28 10 62.35 10 39.74 10 28.47 10 27.35 10 09.18 4R 4 471.24 10 60.21 10 49.33 9 18.78 7 4 396.58 3R 91.66 8 82.17 8 75.18 8 49.79 8 37.76 9 20.73 8 06.73 8 4 296.68 9 89.94 9 55.79 8 48.67 8 22.62 10 4 186.60 10 65.61 9 52.01 8 49.94 1OR 37.64 9 33.82 10 06.89 5R 4 083.24 10 73.49 9 40.76 9 12.40 10 3 999.25 10 93.83 9 92.39 9 56.29 9 52.58 9R 42.75 10 3 890.00 8 78.37 9 75.04 6R 53.16 8 01.53 10 à 786.63 8 64.12 8 16.36 9

S 1 2 1 1 2 2 3 3 3 2 3 3 2 10 5 10 10 10 5 5 5 3 5 10 4 5 2 8 5 3 4 4 3 4 8 6 3 6 5r 10 10 10 10 10 10 3 5 4 8 10 6 4 3 3 8r 5 3r 2 2 2 8 3 3r 3

3 3

3

3

3

3

Ce.—(Continued) X A 709.29 8 679.42 6 67.97 9 55.85 10 23.84 7 13.70 1OR 577.45 8 60.82 8 39.08 7 17.38 7 488.55 7 85.06 8 76.84 6 42.38 7 26.20 8 377.13 7 66.56 7 44.76 7 04.84 7 285.23 6 72.25 7

S 3r 2 3 3 3 2 4r 4r 2 2 1 2 2 1 1 2 1 2 1 1 2

34.17 21.17 01.72

7 7 7

1 1 1

3 194.83 71.63 46.40 03.38 3 063.00 51.98 17.18 2 976.90 2 896.75 33.30 2 791.42 2 696.06 51.02 1 373 32 830 741 399

7 6R 6 6 6 5 4 4 4 4 4 4 4

1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1

1 20 20 20 5 1

Cl (2, 29, 31, 32, 85, 91, 125)

X 5 634.9 5 457.1 44.2 43.4 23.2 5392.1 21.3 17.8 5 078.2

S

1 2 2 1 1 2

G 1 3 3 5 6 4 4 3 4

Cl.—(Continued) X S G 4 904.7 2 4 4 896.7 2 5 19.4 10 9 10.0 10 9 4 794.5 10 10 81.3 3 5 68.6 2 4 4 601.0 4 4 572.6 1 5 26.3 5 4 490.0 1 3 75.3 4 69.4 5 38.6 4 03.4 5 4 389.8 8 87.6 5 79.9 8 73.0 2 6 71.6 5 69.5 6

63.3 43.7 36.3 23.4 07.6 04.1 4 291.8 53.4 41.3 34.0 26.4 09.7 4 158.0 32.5 04.8 4 032.2 3 914 3 868.7 61 51.5 51.0 45.7 45.4 43 33.4 27.7 20.3 05.2 3 798.8 81.2 50.0 3 650.1 02.1

3 522.0 3 392.8 53.3 40.3 29.0 20.5 15.3 3 289.7 59.2 3 191.4

5 2 3 1 2 2

2 10 2 1 5 3 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 1 4

3 3 2 1 1 2 3

8 10 5 6 6 4 5 9 8 5 7 5 4 3 4 5 5 6 10 8 10 8 8 5 8 5 5 6 5 5 5 4 2

6 8 7 8 8 8 6 6 4 7

Cl—(Continued) X

3 139.2 3 076.6 71.3 63.0 2 996.5 2 782.4 10.37 2 691.49 88.03 85.40 84.75 65.5 61.5 58.7 24.72 20.07 16.99 11.4 09.50 03.5 01.2 2 580.7 77.1 32.5 19.5 2 471.1 48.6 34.5

03.2 2 370.4 59.6 2 283.9 51.5 51.0 2 093.4 87.1 1 821.9 1 577.7 47.2 1 145.0 1 070.9 !4.9 08.6 984.8

VII VII VI

V V V V

IV

60.4 888.0 40.9 13.00 00.70 787.8 30.31 12 -6 663.2 53.7 39.24 35.31 33.18 29.33 586.9 74.3 61-5 56.4 38.08

S

1

Co («, 16, 24, 54, 75, so, 91, G 6 7 6 6 5 6 6 6 6 5 5 6 4 4 6 6 8 5 7 6 5 8 6 7 6 4 4 5

153,154,177,216,226, 267)

X ig 779 ig 274 176 17 080 005 I6 574 447 388 257 I33 15 210 14 958 681 611 559 062 n 895 634 453.4 340.8 293.5 275.5 10 366.6 284.6 272.9 236.4

5 4 4 4 5 5 4 5 2 2 3 2 4 4 4 4

213.3 210.8 206.1 189.2 020.7 9 597 9 44 5 9 357 o 9 095.4 37 9 8 958.5 26.2

6 4 6 2 3 4 4 4 4 4 5 6 6 6 4 4 4 4 3__

19>2 s 575.3 s 378.4 72.8 s 299.0 69.4 08.7 8 193.1 52.0 16.4 s 094.0 66.5 56.0 43.3 29.3 22.2 07.3 7 987.4 26.6

04i7

8 870.8 50.7 35.2

A 3 2 3 3 5 3 2 3 5 5 2 3

2 4 2 4 1 2

2 2 10 6 8

6 10 s 4 10 8

10 4 7 10 5 8 8 8 6 7 10 7 8 8

7 7 10 7 8

7 7

S

7 7 7 7 I 7 I

7 7 I

Co.—(Continued) X A S 908.8 10 871.4 6 69.9 6 55.9 7 40.1 7 38.2 8 734.3 6 12.7 9 610.3 6 590.6 6 54.0 8 457.4 8 17.4 8 388.7 7 54.6 6 285.3 7 193.60 8 59.16 8 54.7 8 34.33 8

I 7 084.97 54.04 I 52.85 27.82 I 16.6 6 937.8 6 872.38 I 14.96 I 6 771.05 I 6 678.81 32.44 17.30 6 595.90 63.40 6 490.32 77.89 55.02 I 50.23 29.89 17.80 6 395.19 47.79 20.35 I 6 282.65 71.40 57.61 I 31.02 11.13 I 6 188.98 22.68 07.93 I 6 093.14 86.66 82.46 49.06 07.63 06.30 00.71 5 991.88 I 84.19 46.51 15.53 5 890.48 30.06

10 8 10 8 10 7 7 2 10 1 10 2 6 6 2 1Od 1 6 m 3 9 * 3 7 1 9 10 5 10 6 7 8 1 7 1 10 1 10 2 10 4 10 10 3 7 3 8 1 8 3 10 2 7 1 6 2 7 2 10 5 10 2 8 2 8 2 8 1 10 5 10 2 8 1 8 3 7 2 7

5 15 I 15

15 I I 5 I I

5 I 14

Co.—(Continued) X A 647.22 8 590.73 8 30.77 8 483.35 10 54.55 9 44.56 8 369.59 7 62.76 8 53.48 7 52.05 8 43.38 7 42.68 8 280.63 5 66.49 6 30.21 5 12.70 5 176.07 6 33.45 5 22.76 5 971.95 6

14 867.88 I 40.28 I 13.49 14 792.87 I 49.69 I 4 682.36 1 I

63.41 29.38 4 596.90 94.62 1 81.62 65.61 49.664 I 30.97 1 4 469.57 4 339.64 4 252.30 I 4 190.71 60.7 I 21.327 1 18.78 I 10.54 1 4 092.40 I 86.32 I 66.39 I 45.40 I 20.898 13 997.905 1 95.312 I 74.731 1 57.935 1 41.736 I 35.974 13 894.085 I 76.84 I 73.117 I 61.168 I 45.478 I 42.06 3 755.450 I 45.50 32.398 1 04.06 3 683.054

S 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1

1 1

8 8 8 7 8 7

8 8 10 7 3 3

8 8 6 6 8 7 6 7 8 5 5 7 1 1OR 8R 9 8R 8 7R 8R 7R 7R 8R 5R 6R 5R 6R 9R 8R 9R 7R 1OR 6R 6R 6R 8 8 8

4 4 3 3 8 7 5 10 5 3 2 4 8 1OR 10 10 8 9 5 5 5 10 10 4 4 4 10 10 5 10 10 10 10 4 10 7 7 8

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

I I I I I I I I

Co.—(Continued) X A 3 676.555 8 39.44 10 27.81 8R 02.083 5R 3 587.19 8R 75.36 6R 74.96 5R 69.38 7R 64.95 5R 50.60 5R 33.361 6R 29.814 8R 29.037 4R 26.853 9R 23.438 4R 21 57 5R 20.087 4R 18.352 6R 13.483 4R 12.642 4R 10.419 4R 09.847 4R 06.316 6R 02.282 5R 3 495.683 6R 89.404 5R 85.345 7 74.019 9R 65.794 6R 62.808 6R 53.514 6R 49.445 6R 49.172 6R 43.646 3R 33.041 6R 12.335 4R 09.177 4R 05.120 7R 3 395.379 1OR 88.175 9R 85.228 9R 77.06 8R 54.383 6R 46.941 10 34.151 5R 19.48 10 3 283.45 1OR 65.347 6 R 60.814 7R 54.20 1OR 47.17 7R 43.84 8R 3 159.66 6R 58.76 6R 49.30 6R 47.06 7R 39.94 7R 37.32 6R 3 086.77 6R 82.61

I 72.34 I 44.00 I 2 989.59 I 87.17

S 6 2 4 4 10 5 4 10 4 3 4 6 3 6 5 5 3 7 4 6 4 5 8 6 5 7 3 8 5 5 10 5 5 6 6 4 6 10 5 5 4 1 4 2 4 2 3 l 2 2 2 2 1 3 2 3 3 3 3

5R

3

5R 8R 6R 5R

3 4 3 3

2 2

2

2

I

2

I I I 2

2 2 2 1

1 1 1 1 1

Co.—(Continued) X A 886.45 5 15.55 4 766.22 4 45.10 4 31.11 4 675.99 4 63.53 4 48.65 4 32.4 574.36 3R 64.04 3 59.40 3 41.95 2 28.97 3R 19.8 1 11.1 2R 06.4 3 464.2 2 47.7 32.3 3R 24.9 3R 15.3 3R 11.6 3R 07.3 3R 397.4 1 88.9 2 78.6 2 63.8 2 07.9 2 286.2 2 76.6 3 13.9 3 196.6 5 65.6 3 05 4 011.5 974.1 69.4 56.6 55.2 50 40.3 28 882.2 46 790.4 72.7 631.6 580 74 02 128 937 342

Cr.—(Continued) S 2 1 2 3 2 4 10 10 10

10 10 10 2 10 4 10 8 10 5 2 3 2 10 1OR 10 10 6R 6R 1 1 2 1 7 4 5 5 4 4 6 5 4 4 4 5 3 5 5 3 3 5 1__

Cp, see Lu Cr (74, 75, 78, 90, 91, ios, 146, 154, 181, 192, 212, 213,226)

X 26 232 25 902 850

A 2 1 2

S

X

A

25 816 785 709 665 584 560 490 460 18 717 654 584 479 15 861 680 13 462 11 611 483 392 337 312 158 016 10 906 820 673 486 082 9 948 9 734.5 9 670.5 9 574.2 9 447.0 9 294.1 90.4 9 142.6 41.1 40.4 9 035.9 I 21.8 I 17.08 I 09.97 8 976.8 47.2 8 548.8 8 455.2 50.3 8 348.3 8 235.9 8 163.2 7 942.0 08.3 7 722.9 I 7 462.4 I 00.3 I 7 355.97 I 6 979.81 78.50 I 25.23 I 24.15 6 883.04 I 82.41 I 81.65 6 715.42

1 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 2 10 4 5 4 2 9 8 6 4 3 4 2 2 10 5 10 10 8 10 1 1 1 3 4 5 10 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 2 2 2 10 10 10 7 10 9 10 9 9 9 3

Cr.—(Continued) S

X

6 669.26 61.12 6 537.95 01.23 1 6 362.87 I 30.11 6 261.27 6 102.71 5 884.44 5 791.02 87.98 85.02 83.93 83.13 81.81 12.77 5 698.33 94.73 64.03 1 5 409.80 1 5 348.31 I 45.80 I 28.35 1 5 298.28 I 96.69 I 75.16 I 65.73 I 64.15 I 47.56 I 08.429 I 06.039 I 04.54 5 166.24 5 013.31 4 954.80 22.26 4 887.01 70.80 29.36 01.04 4 789.35 56.13 37.34 18.45 08.04 1 4 652.165 I 46.172 I 26.187 I 16.132 I 00.75 1 4 591.41 I 80.06 I 45.96 40.71 11.92 1 4 496.860 65.35 58.53 1 4 384.98 I 71.28 I 59.63 I 51.770 I 51.05

A

4 5 3 3 5 6 3 3 3 10 9 8 9 8 7 4 5 5 4 10 10 10 10 6 5 4 5R 6R 5R 1OR 1OR 9R 3 3 4 4 3 3 5 5 5 6 5 7 7 6R 7R 6R 6R 6R 6 7 5R 4 4 6R 4 4 6R 6R 6R 7R 5R

S 2

3 3 1 1 2 8 6 3 3 3 1 2 2 2 2 8 5 6 8 10 6 5 3 5 3 10 10 10 4 2 2 3 3 3 4 2 3 8 3 6 3 5 10 5 6 4 2 3 6 6 6 10 4 3 7 9 8 9 4

I I I I I I I

I I I I I I I

I I I

II II

II II II II

Cr.—(Continued} X A S 4 344.510 7R 8 39.72 5R 4 39.45 6R 5 37.57 6R 9 4 289.725 1OR 10 74.802 1OR 10 54.340 1OR 10 4 179.26 4 3 63.63 4 4 09.58 4 1 4 058.79 4 3 26.17 4 2 01.45 4 2 3 991.13 6R 4 83.92 7R 5 76.68 7R 8 69.75 7R 8 63.70 7R 8 41.50 5R 3 28.65 6R 3 21.03 5R 3 19.17 7R 5 08.76 6R 3 3 894.05 4R 3 85.22 5R 3 04.80 5 3 3 749.00 4R 3 43.88 4R 3 43.56 4R 3 3 639.81 6R 5 36.59 5R 3 05.330 1OR 10 3 593.484 1OR 1OR 78.687 1OR 1OR 50.64 4 2 3 433.60 5R 2 22.74 3 10 21.21 3 9 08.76 3 10 03.32 2 10 3 382.68 2 10 68.05 4 10 60.32 3 10 58.50 3 10 46.73 4R 1 42.58 3 10 39.80 3 10 07.05 1 8 3 217.40 3 8 09.18 2 10 3 197.08 3 10 80.73 3 10 32.053 4 10 24.974 4 10 20.37 4 10 18.65 3 10 3 053.883 6R 2 50.14 2 10 40.852 5R 10 37.049 5 R l 34.197 5R 1 21.57 6R 2 18.502 5R 1 17.58 6R 2

II II II II II

II II II II II

Cr.—(Continued) X A S 3 014.92 6R 1 14.77 5R 1 05.067 5R 1 2 998.796 4R 1 96.583 4R 1 95.111 4R 1 89.19 2 10 86.470 6R 2 85.32 2 10 79.74 2 10 71.90 2 10 67.64 4R 1 10.91 4R 1 2 893.26 3R 1 79.28 3R 1 62.58 3 10 55.68 4 10 49.83 4 10 43.25 5R 1OR 35.64 5R 10 30.48 2 10 22.38 2 10 12.01 2 10 00.77 1 10 2 792.16 1 10 80.71 7R 69.91 6R 1 66.54 4R 10 62.60 3 10 57.11 4R 2 52.87 3R 1 51.87 3 10 50.73 3 10 43.63 3 8 31.90 5R 1 2 691.05 4 10 78.79 4 10 77.17 5R 10 2591.86 4R 1 38.3 5 2 408.67 2 1 2 324.9 4 2 226.5 2 2 2 150.7 3 1 33.5 3 1 2 039.3 3 34.4 2 1 816.4 10 1 018.7 3 04.4 3 925.5 2 885.2 10 840 3 681.3 5 67.1 5 48.7 5 37.8 6 29.9 6 19.9 6 575.3 5 469.8 4 64.0 4 56.8 4 438.3 4

Cr.—(Continued) X A 202.6

S 1 II

II Cs (56, 61, 78, 90, 91, 174, 181,

182,205,223,264)

I

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I I I

II II II II II II II II II II II

X 74 250 71 930 71 110 69 310 68 070 42 202 39 180 36 128 34 893 30 963 103 29 317 14 695 13 605 589 10 124 026 9 209 9 172.2 8 944 8 761.3 8 521.2 8 079.8 \ 79.1/ 16.9 \ 16.2/ 7 944.0 7 609.0 7 280.0 28.6 6 983.4 73.3 55.5 6 723.3 6 587.1 86.5 62.8 6 354.5 6 217.5 13.0 6 128.6 6 010.4 5 925.7 5 831.2 5 563.0 5 419.7 02.8 5 371.0 5 274.0 49.4 27.0 5 096.6 43.8 4 972.6 52.8

A 1 1 1 2 2 4 1 2 7 4 6 8 10 8 10 10 6 4 6R 4 1OR

8 8 5r 5r 6 1OR 1OR 5r 10 4 3 8 4

16.1 U

S

1 1 1 3 4 3 1 5 1 1 2 4 2 5 5 4 5 4 6 4 6 8 4 6 5 6

Cs.—(Continued) A S A S 4870.0 6 30.2 6 4 763.6 5 4 646.5 5 23.1 4 x X

03.8

1 4 593.18 I 55.5 II 38.9 II 26.7 01.5 II 4 435.7 05.3 II 4 384.4 II 73.0 00.6 II 4 288.4 II 77.1 64.68 32.19 13.3 4 158.6 II 4 068.8 68.0 39.8 06.5 3 974.2 II 65.2 II 25.6 II 3 897.0 88.4 76.2 II 05.1 II 3 785.4 3 699.5 61.4 08.3 3 597.4 59.8 3 411.3 3 350 41 16 OO 3 268.3 11 3 152.7 49.6 3 067 2 977 63 38 31.1 2 894 87 59 45 38 11 2 776 07 OO

4

10

10

1OR 1OR

3 4 6 7 7 4 7 5 6 6 7 9 10 6 6 4 6 6 9 6 6 6 6 7 2

2 1

6 5 5 6 5 6 5 9 8 8 8 8 10 6 6 8 10 6 8 8 10 8 10 10 10 8 6 10 10 8

Cs.—(Continued) X A 2 631 OO 2 597 73 44 26 2 495

S 10 8 10 8 10 10 8

2 274.5 68.3 21.3

10 10 10

2

2 1 1

06.3 180.2 47.5 42.2 32.4 02.4 089.2 80.6 35.7 935.2 889.2 84.0

10 9 10 10 10 10 8 8 8 8 6 6__

Ct, see Lu Cu (3, 14, 59, 62, 74, 78, 90, 91,

111,113,170,174,181, 214,223)

I 1 I 3 3

00.54 3 621.23 02.04 1 3 599.137 33.74 30.384 27.49 20.00 I 12.11 3 483.75 I 57.850 54.72 50.33 02.23 3 381.428 65.36 37.850 17.20 07.950

3293.92 90.546

A 5 7 4 5 10 10 5 6 .6 5 5 5 4 6 6 5 2 1 4 6

S

6 4 1 1 4 5

79.80 I 73.965 I 47.549 43.15 31.17 08.20 I 3 194.10 46.82 42.43 40.33 28.67 26.10 16.33 08.60 3 099.92 94.00 73.82 I 63.42 36.10 10.843 2 997.37

I 18.203 I 5 153.26 I 05.545 5 016.63 4 704.60 4 674.78

10 8 7 2 4 5

10 8 6 2 2 3

61.183 2 882.95 24.38 1 2 766.39 13.6 01.1

51.17 4 587.00 I 30.84 09.39 I 4 480.38 4 378.2 4 275.13 48.97

8 10 8r 6 7 8 8 6

7r 10 2 3r 2 8 8 4

I I I I I I

18 16

8 7 7 6 6 6 6

6 6 I 5 I 5 5 I

X 229 194 653 008 092.77 933.23 570.1 905.9 741.4 672.23 485.16 74.20 325.4 268.3 782.15 00.24 554.94 35.8 292.54 20.06

1

4 4

Cu.—(Continued) X A 177.7 6 063.4 6 62.7 10 22.70 10 861.75 3 771.9 3 41.25 3

I 2 618.39 2 529.43 06.4 1 2 492.15 73.46 1 41.62 00.10 1 2 392.64

S 2 1 7 8 1 1 1

3 6 8

1 2 2

8 7 7 5 4 6 6 4 6 7 4 3 6 8 5

2 1 2 1 1 3 3 1 3 6 1 1 2 3 2

9

7

4R

2R

10

6

5 1OR 1OR 6 4 6 8 6 7 6 6 7 7 8 6 6 5 7 8 7 6

3 1OR 1OR 4 2 2 3 2 2 2 2 3 2 5 3 2 2 3 2 1 4

9 6 10 10 1 1

6 3 5 4 5 5

1OR 1 1 5R 1 5 2 7

3 5 6 2 4 2 5 "1

I

I

I I

I

Cu.—(Continued) X A 2 369.88 5 56.63 2 2 294.34 3 93.85 6R 76.24 1 63.1 3R 46.98 3 42.60 2 30.08 4R 27.75 4R 14.57 4R 2 199.62 4Rd 49 1 1 999.6 5 79.2 4 1 840 1 783 69 50 41 22 02 1 687 79 72 70 52 42 1 594 788.3 77.3 452.8 358.0 29.2 24.5 155.7 Dy (70, 90, 91) X A 6 899.40 4

35.51 747.96 667.93 579.42 486.62 21.95 6 386.89 43.32 6 259.12 6 168.47 6 088.27 10.85 5 974.52 15.18 5 868.18 05.55 5 740.23 02.91 5 685.57 51.99 00.68 5 547.27 15.40 5 423.30 6 6 6 6

6 3 6 6 5 6 5 5 10 6 6 5 5 3 3 3 3 4 4 6 5 5 5 5

S

8 4 5 3 4 2 6R 6 2 2 2 2 3 2 1 8 3 4 6 6 6 5 6 6 6 6 6 8 5 6 5 7 5 5 6 O S

1

Dy.- (Continued) X A 6 5 389.58 80.68 6 01.59 5 5 260.58 5 5 197.66 8 6Q.64 6 39.58 8 20.01 5 5 032.98 6 5 03.86 4 957.41 I0 23.14 6 4 890.12 5 32.43 5 25.00 5 4 775.81 6 45.79 6 31.84 10 4 698.72 4 12.27 8 4 589.35 10 77.81 6 03.25 5 4 449.72 8 09.40 8 4 375.33 5 58.50 5 08.66 5 4 295.02 6 56.33 8 25.14 6 21.12 8 15.13 6 11.74 10 4 194.85 8 86.80 8 83.68 6 67.99 10 46.06 6

11.35 8 03.34 8 4 077.98 10 46.00 10 00.50 8 3 996.72 5 78.57 6 68.42 10 44.69 10 3 898.54 6 36.49 6 06.25 6 3 786.20 6 57.37 4 24.42 5 3 698.17 4 94.75 6 76.56 3 45.40 8 00.34 6 3 576.89 6 63.12 6 50.21 8 46.83 6

S

1

2 1 1 1 1 1 2 3 2 4 5 3 2 4 3 2 2 4 5 3 3 3 3 5 4 4 3 4 2

4 8 10 4 10 4 10 10 10 10 4 10 5 3 5 10 10 10 10 10 3 4 10 4

3 3

3

3

3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2

Dy.—(Continued) X A 536.04 5 31.70 10 24.03 5 494.47 8 84.66 6 54.36 6 13.77 6 07.77 8 393.58 6 85.03 6 53.57 5 19.87 6 08.87 6 282.78 5 69.12 5 35.87 5 16.60 5 162.79 4 41.09 4 043.46 4 16.98 3 985.92 3 48.30 3 06.39 3 877.90 3 16.38 3 772.59 3 634.80 3 00.17 3 560.19 3 422.75 3 Em

7 7 7 7 7 6 6

S 5 10 10 5 3 10 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3

1 3 3 3 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 2

5 4 4

4

18.22 188.91 33.83 27.41 042.06 28.90 07.24 951.73 00.09 872.09 61.60 48.83 " 31.14 20.33 795.50 62.65 51.55 31.61 24.54

» see Rn

4 4 4 4 6 5 5 6 5 8 5 6 5 5 5 6 5 5 5 4

5

1

4 679 07

Er (65, 66, 90, 91) X A S 680.00 3 469.46 5 316.29 3 135.69 3 001.44 3 951.87 3 897.53 3

48.11 6 759.88 21.93 6 616.75 01.11 6 583.47 6 441.33 6 388.19 26.13 08.79 6 299.43 21.01 6 076.46 06.80 5 902.10 5 826.78 5 762.80 57.62 39.17 10.88

Er.—(Continued) X A 5 665.45 4 26.52 4 01.19 4 5 593.40 4 5 485.93 5 56.58 5 54.25 5 22.79 5 14.63 6 5 395.86 6 44.49 5 02.31 5 5 279.31 5 55.93 6

1

1 1 1 1 1

75.61 30.91 06.62 4 563.28 52.12 22.67 00.75 4 473.51 19.62 4 374.95

19.95 4 276.50 30.19 4 194.81 51.11 23.10 4 087.6$ 48.34 07.96 3 987.64 69.46 38.65 06.34 3 896.26 92.72 30.54 3 797.08 87.88 66.26 29.56

^!—(Continued) S 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 1

5 5 5 5 5 5 5 8 5 5 5 6 8 6 8 6 6

2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 3 4 3 1 2 3 4 3 3 2

6 6

3 3

6

5

5 6 5 6 6 6 8 5 8 10

10 4 3 3 4

5 6 6 1OR 6 6 10 5 10 5 5 8 10 6 6 6 6 6 10 5

6 4 10 6 3 3 3 2 4 1 3 4 1 2 4 10 6 2 6 3 3 3 5

X

A

3 692.65 38.68 3 599.84 3 499.12 64.50 01.84 3 372.77 68.07 12.42 3 267.11 30.95 3 154.28 3 070.77 25.91 2 964.52 10.36 Eu x

6 5 10 5 4 10 6 6 5 5 4 4 4 4 5

F (26, ss.i, 103.1, 161, 217, S

10 1 8 10 2 4 10 4 5 4 3 2 2 3 4

(69, 90, 91)

7 217.55 7194.80 7077.14 6 864.57 02.78 6 645.20 6 501.57 6 437.63 6 350.02 03.42 6 262.26 6 188.10 73.03 6 083.89 5 967.09 5 831.98 5577.12 70.31 47.44 5 452.95 51.52 02.77 5 357.61 5 223.48 5 133.52 5 022.91 4 911.40 4661.90 27.26 4 594.07 22.56 4 435.54 4 205.01 02.01 4 129.72 3 971.95 30.51 07.10 3 819.64 3 724.97 3 688.42 3 334.32 3 111.43 2 906.68 2 727.77

A 8 8 8 10 10 10 7 10 10 10 10 10 10 9 10 10 9

10 10 9 9 10 9 5 5 6 8 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 1OR 10 10 5 5 5 4

S

263)

X 7 800.6 7 754.9 7 573.5 52.2 7 482.95 26 17 398.8 32.1 11.2 7 202.4 17 037.56 16 909.88 I 02.49 16 870.25 I 56.05 I 34.29 j 6 774 OQ 02.9 6 569>72

10 5 1 3 2 2 3 1 1 3 1 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 2 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 2 l 5 6

16413.65 16348.50 I 6 239.66 4 446.8 4 299.1 46*3 4 103.4 4 025 1 3898;8 51 7 50;0 47.i 3 602*7 Ol 3 598.9 05.8 03.3 01.9 3 475.2 73.5 16.4 3 262^7 40.8 oi.l 3 i64*.l 5i.7 i 958.49 I 55.53 i 5478 i 61;81 jy 679.19 iv 77.17 iv 76.06 HI 58 34 m 56.86 m 56.10 u 08.06 n 07 48 06Ì95 n n Q6.8i u 06.27 u 05.67 iv 572.65 n 46.84

G 4 5 2 2 1 3 6 5 4 3 9 7 9 7 10 8 6

2 2

5 6 6 10

8 I0 10 10 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 10 9 8 5 5 4 3 3 3 4 3 5 6

7 5 5 5 4 8 6 7 8 i 7 4 9 7 8 4 4

S 1 2 2 2 2 6 10 10 7

III III

F.—(Continued) X G 467.70 7 30.15 4 20.1 1 378.6 1

Fe.—(Continued) X A 7 748.285 4 7 664.304 4 7586.07 7 I 68.931 4 31.18 4

S

Fe (40, 43, 109, 177, 178, 179,

193, 194, 197, 212, 215, 225, 245,246,260,275)

X 26 229 25 987 16 317 166 15 821 815 771 625 396 296 213 054 14 828 711 558 513 402 288 237 13 899 564 12 034 11 975 884 641 10 144 063 9 738.7 I 9 350.5 9258.5 10.0 9 118.9 00.5 9 089.4 88.2 79.6 8 999.5 8 866.9 38.4 I 24.254 I 8 688.640 I 61.92 I 8 468.42 I 8 387.786 I 31.95 I 27.06 8 220.42 8 085.21 I 46.086 I 7 998.98 45.887 I 37.18 7 832.24 7 780.595

A 2 3 2 2 3 3 4 3 3 4 4 2 2 2 4 8 10 4 4 5 5 3 8 5 3 3 2 2 1 3 2 4 2 4 4 4 4 3 2 6 7 6 7 8 6 8 7 5 5 6 7 9 6 5

S

11.05

9

I 7 495. 10

8

I

9

45.781

I 11.19 1 7 389.43 86.40 1 7 293.08 I 88.78 I 39.90 I 07.42 7 187.34 I 64.48 I 30.95 1 7 090.414 68.420 6 978.860 45.213 16.710 6 885.77 55.182 43.681 41.36 28.614 6 750.16 6 678.00 63.45 09.12 6 592.92 69.23 46.250 6 494.99 62.735 I 30.855 21.36 ' 11.67 08.04 00.02 6 393.61 36.84 I 35.34 18.026 I 01.52 16 297.802 I 65.142 52.565 46.34 30.732 I 13.439 6 191.566 I 73.344 57.733 37.700 36.623 6 065.491 27.058 24.06 5 952.745 34.68

S

8 7 4 6 4 4 10 10 9 10 6 5 7 7 4 4 6 4 5 4 4 5 4 4 5 5 5 5 4 5 4 5 4 5 5 4 4 4 5 3 4 4 4 5 3 5 3 2 4 4 4 3 4 4 4

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 1 1 3 1 1 1 3 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 3 1 3 1 1 3 3 2 1 2 1 1

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I I I I I I

Fe.—(Continued) X A 5 930.17 5 14.16 6 5 883.842 4 62.35 4 5 763.01 4 31.772 3 17.85 3 09.39 3 01.553 3 5 658.83 4 24.55 5 15.66 6 5 598.30 3 86.769 6 76.10 4 72.85 5 69.630 5 63.609 3 06.783 4 01.470 4 5 497.521 4 73.911 3 55.614 6 46.920 6 34.527 6 29.701 6 24.06 4 15.19 4 05.780 6 5 397.133 6 83.37 5 71.495 7 41.027 5 28.536 4 28.044 7 24.190 6 02.31 5 5 283.63 7 81.80 5 70.360 8 69.540 10 66.566 8 42.496 3 32.95 8 27.191 8 16.28 5 02.340 5 5 198.715 4 94.948 5 92.35 8 91.46 7 71.601 7 69.03 2 67.492 8 66.288 3 51.916 3 50.844 4 39.48 8 39.27 6 33.68 5 27.364 3 23.725 4 10.415 4

S 1 1 1 1 1 4 1 4 1 3 2 1 2 2 2 1 6 6 5 6 8 6 6 6 6 6 2 2 6 5 2 2 2 4 8 3 1 5 4 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 5 4 1 1 1 3 2 2 1 1 1

Fe.—(Continued) X A 1 5 107.646 4 1 5 098.706 7 I 83.344 4 I 79.743 3 I 79.228 3 I 51.640 4 I 49.826 5 I 41.760 3 41.077 3 I 12.072 4 I 06.131 '5 01.87 5 1 4 994.135 3 83.858 4 66.10 5 I 57.61 10 I 57.31 7 I 38.825 5 I 20.515 10 I 19.00 8 I 03.32 5 1 4 891.50 9 I 90.77 7 1 78.220 5 I 72.149 6 I 71.330 8 I 59.75 2 4 789.655 3 86.812 3 41.533 3 36.78 5 I 33.597 3 10.288 3 I 07.28 5 4 691.416 4 78.855 5 67.461 4 I 54.503 4 47.438 4 38.019 4 I 32.918 3 30.128 3 19.297 4 11.290 4 I 07.662 4 I 02.946 3 1 4 592.656 4 47.853 3 I 31.154 5 I 28.621 7 1 4 494.570 4 89.745 3 I 82.262 4 76.024 7 69.387 4 66.556 5 61.657 4 I 59.125 5 I 47.724 5 I 42.346 5 I 30.621 4 27.313 5 22.572 4

S 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 1 8 3 1 8 4 2 5 4 2 3 4 2 2 1 1 3 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 4 1 2 1 2 2 2 2 6 5 1 4 4 3 3 2 3 2 2 1 2 2

Fe.—(Continued) X

Fe.—(Continued)

A

S

I 4 415.128 I 08.420

8 4

10 1

I 04.754 I 4 383.549 75.933

8 10 5

10 10 2

69.777 52.739 37.052

3 4 5

2 2 2

25.767 15.089 07.908 4 299.24 I 94.130 82.408 I 71.765 60.484 I 50.792

9 5 8 7 6 6 8 10 8

10 3 10 4 4 3 10 10 6

50.130 47.438 38.82 35.95 33.611 27.439 25.463 22.224 19.365 16.188 10.357 I 02.033 4 199.099 98.313 91.44 87.807 87.048 84.895 81.760 75.642 56.804 54.816 I 47.675 I 43.873 43.420 34.683 I 32.062 27.615 18.551 14.453 09.810 07.494 4 076.638 74.792 I 71.744 67.986 67.277 66.983 I 63.600 62.448 I 45.818 21.871 14.536 09.717 I 05.248

7 5 4 8 6 7 4 5 5 4 6 7 6 6 6 6 6 4 6 4 4 4 4 7 5 5 7 4 6 4 4 5 5 3 7 5 3 4 8R 4 8R 5 4 5 7

4 2 2 4 3 4 1 2 3 1 3 6 5 3 3 4 4 2 4 2 2 2 1 5 3 2 4 1 3 1 2 2 2 1 8 1 1 1 10 2 10 2 2 2 6

I

I I I

X

I I

I I I I I

A

S

3 998.059 97.397

5 6

2 3

83.963 77.745 71.327

5 5 4

2 2 1

69.262 67.425 66.068

7 4 5

5 2 2

56.682 56.461 52.607 51.168 49.957 48.780 42.445 40.883 35.817

6 4 4 4 4 4 3 4 4

3 2 1 2 2 2 1 1 1

7R 6 6R 6 4 5 3 5 3 7 6 4 4 5 4 4 7 6 7R 4 6R 6 4 6 3 6 7R 5 6R 5 6 5 6R 6R 5 7R 4 6R 8R 6R 6 8R 7R 6 4

4 4 4 4 1 2 1 3 1 5 4 2 2 3 2 1 4 3 5

30.302 27.924 22.916 20.261 18.646 I 17.186 07.938 I 06.484 03.903 I 02.949 13 899.711 I 98.01 97.895 I 95.660 93.396 91.932 I 88.519 I 87.053 I 86.286 78.66 I 78.576 I 78.022 73.765 I 72.505 67.221 I 65.527 I 59.913 59.215 I 56.373 I 50.821 I 49.970 43.261 I 41.052 I 40.440 39.259 I 34.226 33.313 I 27.826 I 25.885 I 24.445 21.182 I 20.430 I 15.843 I 12.967 I 07.541

5 4 2 4 2 4 6 2 5 2 4 2 5 4 2 6 1 8 8 5 3 10 10 4 2

I I I

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

I I I

I

I

Fe.—(Continued) X A 3 806.701 6 05.346 6 3 799.550 6 98.513 6 97.518 5 95.005 6 90.095 4 87.883 6R 85.950 5 67.195 6R 65.543 6 63.791 6R 60.053 5 58.236 7R 53.615 5 49.488 8R 48.265 6R 45.902 6 45.564 7R 43.470 4 38.309 4 .37.135 7R 34.868 9R 33.320 6R 32.399 6 27.622 6R 24.380 6 22.565 6R 19.938 8R 16.449 6 09.250 6 07.922 5 07.825 3 05.568 6R 04.464 5 01.086 6

S 3 3 5 4 3 5 2 4 2 5 3 6 2 8 2 10 4 4 5 6 2 6 10 3 1 5 2 4 10

I

I I I I

I I I

4 4d 4 2 2

Fe.—(Continued) X A 3 621.463 6 18.770 6R 17.789 6 12.079 4 08.861 6R 06.682 5 05.461 5 03.206 5 3 589.454 3 89.107 4 86.988 6 86.115 5 85.709 5 85.321 6 84.960 5 84.664 5 82.203 4 81.197 8R 76.761 4 71.998 7 70.24 7 70.102 7R 68.979 4 65.382 6R 58.519 5 56.881 6 54.928 8 53.744 5 45.642 5 42.080 6 41.089 6 40.129 4 37.730 4 36.558 6 33.196 5 33.006 4

S 3 6 3 1 6 4 3 3 1 1 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 10 1 2

10 1 5 4 2 4 2 1 3 3 1 1 3 2 1

3 694.002 89.459

6 6

2 2

30.384 27.796

4 4

1 1

87.459 86.000 84.112 83.058 82.24 79.916 77.631 76.314 69.524 59.520

6R 5 5 4 6 5 6 4 6 5

4 .2 2 2 3 3 2 1 2 1

26.673 26.468 26.378 26.167 26.02 24.242 24.076 21.265 13.821 06.500

5 4 3 5 4 4 4 5 5 5

1 1 2 2 1 1 3 3 1

55.467 51.741

4 6

1 3

13 497.844 97.111

5 4

3 2

49.509 47.846 45.825 40.392 38.299 37.862 34.336 32.041 31.465 31.098 25.149

6 6R 4 6 6 4 5 6 6R 5 4

3 6 2 3 2 1 1 2 6 1 1

90.576 89.673 85.343 83.010 76.707 75.653 75.456 68.849 65.865 59.917 52.280

6R 4 6 4 5 4 6R 4 6R 4 4

4 1 1 1 3

23.188 22.007

5 6

2 3

51.919 50.333

6 6

1 1

I I I I

I I I I I I

3 1 3 1 1

Fe.—(Continued) X A 3 447.282 6 45.153 4 I 43.881 6R 42.365 4 I 40.991 6R I 40.612 7R 28.197 6 27.123 6 26.640 6 I 26.389 4d 24.289 6 22.663 4 18.511 5 17.845 6 13.136 7 07.463 7d 04.354 6d 02.262 4 3 399.338 6 94.591 4 92.658 5 92.309 4 83.985 5 83.698 4 80.115 5 79.024 4 78.683 4 70.787 6 55.234 4 47.932 4 41.912 4 37.670 4 28.870 4 23.741 4 14.746 6 06.358 8 05.978 8 3 298.137 5 92.60 5 92.03 5 90.993 4 86.761 8 84.593 4 82.90 4 80.265 5 71.008 6 68.25 4 65.623 6 65.053 3 64.521 4 57.599 4 54.368 4 51.24 5 48.211 6 46.973 4 44.189 8 39.441 8 I 36.227 5 34.621 5 33.975 6 33.056 5 28.262 4 27.816 4

S 1 2 3 1 4 4 2 4 1 1 2 2 2 2 3 4 2 1 2 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 3 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 2

2 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 2 1 I 2 1 5

:

Fe.—(Continued) X A II 3 227.757 4 25.791 8 22.072 6 19.817 4 19.58 5 17.387 4 15.943 5 14.046 8 II 13.32 4 12.000 4 11.696 4 10.836 5 10.245 4 05.400 7 00.479 6 1 3 199.527 6 96.940 4 92.807 5 91.664 5 88.838 5 I 84.901 4 81.53 4 I 80.765 4 80.227 8 78.014 6 75.449 6 71.35 4 66.442 4 61.947 5 60.660 6 57.878 4 57.042 4 51.347 6 43.985 6 42.891 4 42.447 4 I 34.114 5 29.337 4 I 25.664 6 20.436 4 19.496 4 I 16.636 5 I 00.671 4 1 00.309 4 1 3 099.97 4 I 99.901 4 I 91.582 4 I 83.747 4 I 75.725 5 68.180 4 I 67.253 5 67.123 4 I 59.092 5 R I 57.453 5 55.268 4 53.071 4 I 47.611 6 45.086 4 I 42.673 5 I 42.028 4 I 41.748 4 40.434 4 I 37.393 5

S 5 3 3

1 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 3 2 4 2 3 3 1 3 3 3 1 3 2 1 2 2 3

Fe.—(Continued) X A I 3 031.643 5 31.219 4 30.155 4 I 26.469 6 I 25.848 5 25.639 4 I 24.038 5 I 21.077 6R I 20.645 6R I 20.498 5 I 18.989 5 I 17.633 5 11.486 4 I 09.576 5 08.145 5 I 07.287 4 07.148 4 I 00.953 5 00.454 4 2 999.517 5 I 94.436 6R 90.396 4 I 87.296 5 II 84.834 4 I 81.448 4 I 73.237 4 I 73.137 4 I 70.108 4 I 69.483 4 I 66.901 6R I 65.258 5 59.997 4 I 57.370 5 I 53.943 4 50.25 6 48.44 4 I 47.878 5 47.66 4 44.40 4 I 41.345 8 37.81 6 I 36.904 7R I 29.006 7 II 26.58 7 18.029 5 I 12.160 8 2 899.420 4 95.04 4 94.51 4 87.81 4 77.303 5 I 74.177 7 72.34 4 I 69.310 6 66.63 4 I 63.867 5 63.434 4 I 58.898 4 51.800 8 48.718 4 45.595 4d 43.97 7 43.63 5

S 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 2 2 2 1 2 2 1 1 2 1 2 3 1 1 6 2 2 2 2 2 3 2 2 2 2 1 1 3 4 4 3

2 1 3 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 2 1

2 I I I 2

1 I I I I I I 1 I II I

I II II II I II I I II I II I I

Fe.—(Continued) X A 838.120 6 32.435 6 31.56 3 27.89 4 25.69 4 25.56 6 23.278 7 13.289 9 06.985 7 04.524 7 797.777 4 91.79 3 89.81 3 88.107 6 87.94 4 83.69 3 81.80 4 79.30 3 78.85 4 78.228 6 74.73 4 73.23 4 72.112 6 72.08 4 67.518 7 66.91 4 64.33 4 63.11 4 62.029 5 61.81 4 61.785 5 59.816 4 57.32 4 56.332 5d 55.74 8 54.03 4 53.69 4 53.29 4 50.87 4 50.15 6 49.324 7 49.183 4 46.987 7 46.486 7 44.53 5 44.07 8 43.199 6 42.41 6 42.258 4 39.551 9 37.31 6 36.971 4 35.479 8 34.27 4 34.01 4 33.580 9 30.74 4 28.03 4 27.541 5 27.39 3 26.24 3 26.06 4 24.96 4

S 1 1 4 1 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 2

5 1 4 1 1 2 1 1 5 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 10 1 1 5 2 10 8 10 1 1 8 1 1 10 1 4 2 1 1 2 3 1 6 2 1 1

Fe.—(Continued) X A 2 724.89 3 I 23.581 6 I 20.909 7 19.43 4 19.036 7 18.45 4 14.88 4 II 14.417 6 11.66 5 10.55 4 08.58 4 06.59 5 04.00 3 2 699.11 4 96.29 5 96.00 4 94.54 4 92.61 3 89.84 4 89.22 5 84.76 3 81.59 4 79.064 6 66.82 4 66.64 3 64.67 3 56.15 3 51.72 3 41.65 3 35.82 4 32.25 4 31.33 6 31.05 6 30.08 3 I 29.60 5 28.300 6 II 25.68 8 25.50 4 23.54 4 21.674 6 20.70 3 20.42 3 19.08 3 18.03 4 17.624 6 13.84 8 II 11.88 8 07.098 7 06.83 5 2 599.57 3 II 99.40 6 98.377 7 92.80 4 II 91.55 4 88.006 5 87.96 3 II 85.884 7 84.542 4 II 82.591 4 82,31 4 77.94 4 76.87 4 76.70 4

S 3 2 2 2 2 1

5 1 1 2 4 1

4 1 2 4 2 4 4 1 1 1 1 1 3 4 2 3 8 4 3 1 4 2 2 2 1 6 8 10 10 10 8 4 4 3 10 1 4 3 3

Fe.—(Continued) -X A 2 575.76 4 74.37 3 70.86 3 70.54 3 66.921 4 63.482 5 II 62.541 5 I 49.62 6 44.72 4 43.926 5 42.11 5 I 40.977 6 37.18 6 I 35.612 6 33.7 I 29.84 6 I 29.139 6 I 27.44 4 25.4 I 24.29 6 23.66 4 I 22.86 4 I 18.11 6 17.66 4 12.37 4 11.8 I 10.839 6 07.90 4 2 496.54 5 93.3 I 91.16 4 I 90.66 4 I 89.76 6 I 88.15 4 87.37 4 86.07 4 86.69 4 86.38 4 I 84.19 6 83.54 4 83.28 5R I 79.78 4 74.82 5 73.16 4 I 72.91 4 I 72.87 5 72.35 5 68.88 5 65.16 5 I 62.65 6 I 62.19 6 57.60 6 53.48 4 I 47.72 4 44.5 43.87 4 42.57 4 39.75 4 13.31 6 11.07 6 II 10.53 6 06.66 6 II 04.89 6

S 1 4 3 1 3 4 5

1 1

5 1 2 4 1 1 3 1 1 5 1 1 1 8

2 1 1 1 3 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 4 1 1 1 3 3 5 4 6

Fe.- (Continued) X A 2 404.43 4 2 399.24 6 II 95.63 8 95.42 4 89.98 4 88.63 6 83.25 4 II 82.04 8 80.76 4 79.28 4 II 75.19 4 II 73.73 6 73.62 4 70.5 6 II 68.59 7 66.59 5 64.83 8 62.1 8 II 60.3 5 59.11 6 54.9 6 51.2 4 48.3 5 48.12 5 44 3 4 43.50 7 38.01 6 32.80 6 27.39 6 13.1 5 10.01 5 00.1 5 I 2 299.2 5 I 98.2 7 I 97.8 6 92.5 5 91.1 6 90.6 5 89.0 6 876 5 87.3 5 80.2 6 79.9 6 I 76.0 5 74.1 5 72.8 5 67.6 5 67.1 5 66.9 5 65.2 5 60.8 6 55.8 7 53.2 6 51.9 6 49.2 7 48.9 6 45.6 6 40.6 5 31.2 7 29.1 6 21.3 4 13.6 4 00.7 5

S 2 5 4 3

3 2 10 3 3 4

Fe.- (Continued) X A S A O 2 199.5 5 96.0 5 91.8 5 78.1 5 . 71.3 5 66.8 6 65.8 5 59.9 5 51.7 5 44.4 5 39.7 5 06.4 4 2 093.7 4 84.2 4 63.7 3 40.6 3 20-6 3 00.3 3 1 953.6 2 14 -2 3 13.3 4 1 895.6 4 69.7 4 43.9 2 1 788.3 5 87.0 5 24.0 2 18.3 2 02.0 3 1 630.9 2 1 597.7 2 38.3 2 32.3 2 25.5 2 1 430.6 2 09.4 2 1 387.8 2 73.9 2 1272.2 2 60.8 2 54.1 2 28.9 2 1 186.4 2 43.4 2 1 062.1 2 31.8 4 17.6 6 06.0 2 983.8 3 29.2 3 863.2 3 59.9 4 669.9 4 66.9 4 09.1? 9 02.4 4 552.1 7 417.5 4 392.9 7 81.1 4 65.8 5 294.3 [ 2

Ga (46, 78, so, 9l, 149, 269, 271, 282)

X I 6 413.74 I 6 396.8 4 864.9 4 172.05 4 033.01 3 806.8 3 575.3 3 004.1 I 2 944.20 I 43.65 I 2 874.24 2 780.2 I 19.66 I 2 659.87 I 2 500.18 I 2 450.07 18.70 2 371.30 38 2 294 1 845.0 13.9

A 8R 10

1OR 1OR

5R 1OR 1OR 3 2 2 1 1 1 IR IR

Ga.—(Continued) X

S

5 5 1OR 1OR 5 7u 6 1 2 2 9 8 7 7 4 4 3 2 8 9

02.3

7

1 799.2 1 625.3 1 586.3 34.5 1 495.4 83.9

7 7 8 10 10 6

A

511 509 425 124

3 3 4 0__

Gd ( 68 > 90» 91 » 144) * A S 7 846.36 3 7 733.50 4 7 563.02 6 7 464.37 4 7 394.91 4 24.91 5 13.28 4 01-24 4 7 262.7 5 52.72 5 01.43 4 7 189.64 5 72.30 6 68.3 10 47.37 5 22.58 5

18-90

4

7 068.07 4 54.61 4 50.97 4 37.24 5 06.13 5 6996.77 10

6

14.4

10

91-89

1 338.1

7

85.86

7

03.5

10

57.71

4

1 299.5 95.9

9 10

93.5 85.3

6 7

79.2 67.1 64.6 58.8 28.0 1 195.0 92.9 70.4 63.5 56.1 36.9 35.9 33.6 26.1 20.6 02.7 1 050.2 989.5 938.5 909.3 874.4 860.4 839.9 828.8 800.4 645

7 7 6 9 7 6 6 9 6 7 5 5 6 5 5 7 6 6 6 5 6 5 5 5 5 2

S

16-58 6 887.65

7 5

57.14 5 46.61 8 28.30 6 752.67 6 634.4 6 305.16 6 114.07 5 913.56 5 754.20 51.85 33.86 01.35 5 696.20 43.24 17.91 5535.16 5 393.64 70.69 53.21 50.36 42.98 5 155.84 03.46 5 092.24 15.03 4 821.69 01.03 4 786.80

6 5 5 5 6 4 5 5 6 5 8 5 5 7 8 5 5 5 5 6 5 5 6 6 5 5

1 1 1 1

Gd.- (Continued) X A 4 767.23 6 58.67 6 43.64 6 32.58 5 28.46 6 4 683.34 5

Gd.—(Continued) X A S 3 850.69 7 4 13.99 9 6 3 796.43 9 10 70.70 4 6 68.40 10 10 58.29 5 4

01.03

5

5

43.41

7

10

4 597.90 96.97 82.50 40.01 19.62 06.24 4 476.13 38.23

4 4 5 4 5 6 5 5

5 4 3 10 3 2 3 8

30.87 19.48 16.38 12.71 3 697.74 87.76 71.24 64.64

5 9 5 6 5 5 10 7

5 10 4 10 5 5 8 10

36.18

6

10

56.15 7

8

22.44

6

3

54.64

7

8

21.27 19.04

3 5

8 8

46.19 10 13.42 5

10 4

06.67 01.86 4 387.63 47.25 46.45

4 5 5 5 8

10 3 3 3 2

42.18 41.25

10 7

10 5

27.11 25.66

8 9

16.05 4 280.54 62.09 51.75 38.77 25.87 25.10 17.15 14.97 12.00 4 197.68 84.28 37.10 32.29 30.39 4 098.91 98.64 85.59 78.73 78.46 73.80 70.36 63.46 49.90

1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 3 1

S 2 2 3 4 4 2

49.44 37.89 37.34 3 994.20 59.51 57.69 34.81 16.57 3 894.72 52.50 51.00

5 8 7 9 5

8 10 10 10 5

81.83 81.33

5 6

5 8

4 5

50.38 40.06

5 7

6 6

5

3

39.21

6

5

7 9 8 5 7 5 5 6 7 5 9 6 5 10 5 8 8 5 5 8 9 10

5 10 10 4 3 3 5 5 5 5 10 8 5 10 4 6 8 3 4 8 5 5

8

6

6 7 9 5 7 5 6 9 6 10 7

4 5 6 3 6 5 3 8 4 8 5

3 592.69 84.96 49.37 45.78 3 494.41

22.46 8 10 18.72 7 4 16.93 5 4 3 362.25 6 10 58.60 7 8 50.48 7 10 3 145.00 5 4 00.51 8 8 3 082.00 10 6 34.06 7 6 32.85 7 8 27.60 6 6 10.15 5 6 2 999.06 5 4 55.50 10 04.73 10 2 717.30 8 2 679.41 8 55.59 6 28.12 10 2 564.51 6__ Qe (46, 90, 91, 123.1, lei.i, 228,231)

x 6 434.2 g 021.04 5 893;42 5 701.88 5 691>94 21.4L 06.98 5 564.72 5 229.37 5 178.57

A

S

G 5 10 10

4 6 6

1 5

6 7

Ge.-(Continued) X A S G 5 134.71 31.69 7 4 854.74 6 14.70 9 4743.8 2 14685.84 5 10 4 291.56 3u 60-81 1

7

U?!'?

I 3 269.50 I 3 124.83 3067.04 I 39.09 2845.4 29.01 2 793.94 I 54.59

8

Gl, see Ee — U £ 51j 89) 120j 165) 187.1, 202,

10

208, 218, 236, 278)

ÎS

First spectrum (G) 74 000

10 10 10 5 7 1 1OR 1OR 4 3 2 3 2 10 1OR

* ITX ™ ,™ JJ ?J ,, °g 817 1 JJJ A W W 6273

io

8

*•* ™ * £-S 1I 10?

12691.35 I 51.58

1

10

Ge.-(Continued) X A S G 847.9 5 760.3 3 547.0 1_

44.18 I 2 592,55 I 89.20 56.29 I 33.24 I 2 497.97 17.28 2379.15 27 93 ' 14.22 2 198.71 1 733 1 500.6 1 402.8 1 393.8 1 237.0 29.8

2 2 10 1OR 3 5 1 3 6 3 7 3 10 1 3 1

1

1189.0 83.4 73.7 60.8 59.5 oo 38.0

16.8

05.0 1 098.6

SI S:Ì

sì

3 2R 6 6 6 8 6 10 6 8 8 o8

67.7 JJ-J XT" ~'* 62.2 61 2

6 5

~"! „'"

3

io8

ft

I™?'™ ìm™

-^ , ™-™ S ™-™ -g-g "'?' 2-95 ' 369715 m« If"™ 86.83 ?j|'f? I?'f ™-;4 ', ' 7 J.-34

6

e !

«

16.5

8

11 2

9

04.2 996.5 95.7 89.;0 38.9 36.7 15.0 892.6 68.3

L SIS 2S:£

10 10 10 1OR

6 8 8 6 6 9 8 5 6

TO

r:-"

"•;

S:5 ;»•«

»•"

97254 972 54 ' Second spectrum X G 7 072 10 6 962.6 10 40.4 10 35.8 10 6 327.04 8

H.—Second spectrum.— (Continued) X G 6 299.40 6 38.37 7 24.81 9 6 199.38 6 82.98 6 35.35 8 27.3 6 21.78 10 6 095.98 6 90.93 6 79.80 9 70 OO

gj.'g

27.98 18.30 K OQO

KK

~:S 4Q 01

38*62 31'4 5 888.16 36 0 12\8

5775*0

7

JQ

T

I

"

X

7

J

6 7

Q 6 6

£f 548109 34 g4

« 5 5

1990 - osa'9 fifi'î 66

6

Ï 5

03 16 5266'04
7 5 fì 5

4 84 ^55 ' 07

2'22? S'? 4 873.'03 49.32 4 797.74 23.00 19.01 4 683.78 62.77 34.0 31.88 27.96 25.3 4 582.60 80.03 72.72 68.11 4 498.10 90.45 60.96 4 9

581

ö

Ì4026:?9 3964 73 ' I 3 888.65

Z J

19 60

1 3 613.64 I 3447 - 59

•

17 ! T < 1* 201 203.17 J

3 187 74

' J 2945 10 1 2 829.06 2 763.80

5 5

6

I 2 511 M 611.^ I 2 385.39

£ 9 5 5 5 6 6 6 5 9 9 6 5 6 7 6 7 6 6 6

Î 2 2526.8? n

'

1640?

H 1 215? 585? * Hf ("2) X A 7 131.8 6 6 819.0 6 6 789.4 6 6 644.7 6 5 902.9 6 5 719.2 . 6 5 552.1 6 50.6 6 5 463.3 6 5 373.9 6 54.7 ; 6 11.5 6 5 298.0 6 5 181.9 6

241)

G

20

^y

7 281 35

79 ï1 4438Î'93 oo7.9o 4 ; ^3.76

7

5

0

' I 7 065.19 J 6 678 149 1 5 875.620 I 4 921.928 ' J 4713'143

7

55

20

!' S

7

5 688:20

5

(93, 185, 202, 203,

* I 40 540

ß

13 18

He

6 9

Oi QQ

3 6'° 51

H.—Second spectrum.— (Continued) X G 4 447.56 5 12.25 5 4 212.51 6 05.10 7 4 177.07 6 71.29 5 4087.75 4 69.65 6 62,49 6 3991.9 4 90.03 | 4

I

A

3

5 6

10 4 3

o

2 5 4

10 4

3 2

88 8 6

4 2 5ö 5 2 5 10

S

3 4 4 4 3 3 2 4 3 3

5 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3

UL-(Continued) X A 040.8 6 37.3 6 18.1 6 975.2 6 800.5 6 620.8 6 598.9 6 417.9 4 356.3 5 50.5 4 36.7 5 232.4 4 093.2 6 44.4 8 918.1 6

S 6 1 4 5 6 5 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 3 6

2

2

2

2

HL-(Continued) X A 647.3 6 41.4 6 38.7 6 22.8 6 571.7 5 51.4 5 16.9 6 13.0 6 12.7 6 469.2 4 60.5 6 47.2 5 17.7 5 10.1 5 351.2 5

S 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 5 5 6 6 6 6 6 6

6

6

Hg ( 1 4 > 45, 82, 90, 91, 135, 164,

01.1

5

6

203, 204, 205, 206, 265,

3 682.2

6

6

273, 276, 283, 287)

6 5 5 6 5 6 6 5 6 6 6 5 6 5 6 6 6 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 6 6 5 6 6 5 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 5 6 6 6 5 6 6 5

6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 5 5 6 5 6 6 5 5 6 5 5 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 5 6 6

3719.3

3

3 3

3 3

3

2

2

2

2

44.3 16.9 569.0 61.6 52.7 05.2 479.2 10.2 399.8 52.0 32.7 18.0 12.9 255.3 53.7 194.2 76.9 72.9 62.6 45.3 34.8 09.1 01.4 ; 080.8 72.9 67.4 31.2 16.8 , 12.9 975.9 68.9 29.6 19.6 16.5 898.3 66.4 61.7 61.0 22.7 20.2 773.4 38.7 06.7 05.6 683.4

.

x A 40 159 8 i 39 425 10 2 36 492 I 23 253 1 I9 7 0 1 id I8 3 3 3 1 I 17 110 2 I 073 2 i I6 921 2d is 295 5 I 13 950 4 i g 673 I 570 6 i n 888 1 i 287 9 i IQ 140 10 7729.2 6 i 7 082.0 4 i 6907.5 10 i 6 234.35 8 6 123.47 6 i 6 072.63 5 ! 5 790.66 10 i 69.60 10 i 5 675.8 5 i s 460.73 1OR 4 960.3 5 ! 16.0 5 1 4 358.34 10 i 47.50 6 i 39.23 6 1 4 077.8 7 i 46.56 10 3 983.99 6 i 06.4 6 i s 663.27 6 i 62.87 4 1 54.83 7 i 50.15 10 I 3 341.48 6 i 3 131.84 7 i 31.56 7 i 25.6 8 i 3 Q21.50 5

S

5 5 1OR 1 1OR 1 1 5R 1OR 8

5 4 5 9R 5 4R

5R 8R 4

Hg.—(Continued) X A S 12967.28 5 8R I 2 893.6 5 5 II 47.7 8 I 03.5 4 I 2 752.8 4 4 2 698.9 3 I 52.0 5 2 12536 1OR 1OR I 34.8 4 2 I 2 482.7 3 I 2 399.4 3 I 78.3 3 I I 2 224.7 4 4 II 1 942 10 5 I 1 849 10 10 1 798.7 9 38.3 8 1 677.9 10 II 50 10 1 599 7 92 8 27 5 I 1 269.7 5_ Ho ( 77 > 9°» 91) X A S 6 694.3 7 29 O 10 04.9 10 6 550.9 10 6 372.6 10 05.4 10 6 255.7 10 34.2 10

Ho.—(Continued) X A S 3796.73 10 10 57.26 10 10 48.19 10 10 3 685.16 3 8 62.28 10 5 27.18 8 8 26.68 10 8 3598.77 10 10 74.80 5 10 56.77 8 10 46.00 10 10 15.58 10 IQ 3 494.8 - 10 10 84.8 10 10 74.26 10 10 61.96 10 10 56.00 10 10 53.13 10 10 28.10 10 10 25.35 10 10 21.62 10 10 16.46 10 10 14.90 10 10 10.25 10 8 3 398.97 10 IO 43.56 10 IO 3 289.37 5 IO 3 181.50 4 IO 71.71 5 8 66.61 5 8 2 936.77 1OR 2 774.70 10 2 433.0 10

6133.6

10

6 081.8 5 982.9

8 10

X 6 585.0

48.0 33.7 21.8 5 883.0 60.3 5 691.5

10 10 10 10 10 10

60.3 6 488.1 6 359.1 39.5 37.9 6 293.9

74.7 5 566.5 4 742.0 4 649.8 29.1 4 356.72 50.73 4 254.42 4 173.22 27.15 08.5 03.84 4 065.08 53.92 45.44 40.81 3 891.01 88.96 61.68 54.07 10.73

10 8 10 8 8 8 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 8 10 10-

57.4 04.7 i 6 127.4 6 082.3 74.9 23.9 5 950.1 5 893.8 30.0 5 787.1 74.8 39.5 38.5 10.4 5 690.8 78.1 25.7 12.9 5 598.7 5 496.9 93.3

4 10

1(91,152,268,289)

3 1 5 8 5 8 5 5 10 5 8 10 3 10 10 10 10 10

S

G 4

4 4 4 6 4 6

1

1

1 1 1 1 2

4 6 8 10 6 6 10 8 6 6 10 10 IO 10 1Od 1Od 10 & 6d lOqa 8d

5

5

5

5

5

I. —(Continued) X S G 491.5 8d 64.7 5 10 37.9 8 35.7 1 10 07.3 1 10 05.3 1 lOqr 369.7 1 10 45.1 3 10 38.2 3 10 09.0 8 269.4 1 10 65.2 1 1Od 45.6 4 10 34.6 10 16.2 1 10 04.1 10 161.2 10 10 19.3 10 065.5 6

4 987.0

4

4 4

4 4 4 4 4 3

3 3

3 3 3 3

3 3 3

16.9 896.7 62.3 50.4 06.5 763.4 30.5 08.0 675.6 66.5 40.8 32.4 574.3 28.1 12.6 453.0 34.3 10.1 399.0 42.1 221.1 128.7 940.1 31.1 897.4 08.2 741.9 24.9 688.3 86.6 583.3 61.2 498.0 81.8 61.0 350.1 42.5 03.0 288.3 75.0 194.0 081.7 77.9

10

1 1

2 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 3 2

5 5 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 1 3 2 3 3 10 5 10 8 1

10 10 10 10 8 10 8 8 10 10 10 10 10 8 8 10 10 10 8 8 10 10 10 10 10 10 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 10 10 10 8 5 6

In

I.—(Continued) X S G 3 055.2 10 3 38.4 4 5 2 062.1 10 1 876.4 7 44.5 9 30.4 10 1 782.9 9 1 642.5 7 41.1 7 1 518.3 7 14.8 9 1 459.2 6 58.2 6 25.7 8 1 390.9 5 55.5 6 36.7 6 1 234.2 3__ (46, 75, 90, 91, 137, 154, A 6

S 10

8 4 5

1OR 8R 6R 1OR 1OR

6R 8 6R 6R 1OR 4R 8R 4R 8R 4R 6R 4R 8R 6R 5 4

2 2 1

S 9 9 8 5 8 9 7 6 6 6 6 5 3 4 4 1 2 1 -Q_

Ir (78, 90, 91, 127, 131, 175.1)

211, 251, 271)

X 6 900.37 6 891.3 I 47.8 6 197.8 6 097.0 5 819.9 I 5 709.7 5 644.87 5 248.6 4 681.9 56.6 38.9 14511.31 I 4 101.8 I 3 258.54 I 56.06 13 039.36 08.2 2 983.0 41.24 I 32.66 2 890.23 36.9 1 2 753.89 i 13.94 I 10.25 I 2 601.8 J 2 560.2 I 23.9 I 21.4 12468.0 I 60.1 I 2 399.2 I 89.6 I 40.2 I 06.1 2 079.2 62.7 1 977.3 66.7 m i 749.2 m 1 625.6

In.—(Continued) X A 1 533.5 21.6 III 1488 35 06 1 381 20 1 233 22.5 1 082 54 31.5 973 54.7 882 752 684 583 161.8

6 7 10

10 10 10 10 10 10 10 3 8R 4R 10 6 8 4 5

X 7 834.32 7 183.74 7 037.85 6 929.9 6 893.4 88.72 30.06 6 686.08 24.74 6 496 9 6 334.45 6 288.3 11.33 6 110.68 6067.85 26.12 5 894.09

A 5 5 4 5 4 4 4 7 5 4 6 7 4 8 7 5 10

87.38 82.29

5 9

73.49 28 54 5 778*28 68.89 36.23 09.32 5 625.55 20.05

5 7 4 4 5 6 10 6

3 1 3 1 3

5454.50

10

1

49.50 5 390.98

10 7

85.62 64.32 40.74

7 10 8

5 273.77 38.92 5 177.93 23.66 5 046.06 15.00 02.70 4 999.72 70.46

6 10 8 8 8 10 10 10 8

7 10 8 8 9 12 10

S

Ir.—(Continued) X* A 4 938.07 10 4 778.15 4 4 616.37 6 4 426.29 6 4 399.48 6 11.50 5 4 268.09 4 59.12 4 4 115.80 4 4 069.93 4 33.77 4 20.05 5 3 992.14 6 76.33 5 15.38 4 3 895.6 00.10 6 3 747.21 5 34.75 2 31.35

3 675.00 61.72 53.20 36.22 28.69 17-23 09.78 05.83 3 573.74 22.05 15-96 13-67 3 448.99 37.05 3 368.50 34.19 3 277.28 66.45 41.52 29.28

2 2 4 8 4 5 2 5 8 4 8 6 10 6 8 6 6 6 8

4 3 6 3 5 4 3 10 6 4 3 8 4 4 3 3 2 3

5 5

3 3

20.79 8 3 198.93 5 68.88 • 5 33.31 6 20.77 5 00-42 8 3 042.63 2 39.25 5

5 1 3 5 3 3 6 3

2951.23

1

4

4 5 1 6 7 6 6 2 6 6 6 9 7 8 8 5 4 8

S

5

3

7 5

4 3

34.63 24.81 2 849.74

6 8 7

3 4 4

39.18 33.23 24.44 23.18 2 774.98 12-72 2 694.22 64.77 61.99

6 4 6 5 2 4 6 5 6

2 10 4 2 5 2 3 3 3

43.17 36.71

2 2 2 2 2

Ir.—(Continued) X A 543.98 5 12.57 2 475.11 4 372.78 4 221.1 092.7 51.1 24.4

X (53, 74, 90, 91, 134, 174,

202, 205, 256,

X

I 85 100 I 84 520 I 74 260 I 64 610 . I 310 I 62 360 I 030 I 40 115.5 I 37 370.7 I 354.3 I 075.6 I 36 626.4 I 372.7 I 31 596.8 I 395 I 27 215.0 065.6 I 15 165.8 I 12 523.0 I 434.3 I 11 771.73 I 689.76 I 028.0 I 9 590 I 8 908 I 8 500 7 931 I 7 699.01 I 64.94 I 6 939.0 I 11.3 I 5 832.0 I 12.4 I 01.9 I 5 782.6 I 5 359.7 I 43.2 I 39.9 I 23.4 I 5 112.5 I 5 099.3 I 97.6 I 84.3 05.58 I 4 965.3 I 56.6 I 52.0 I 42.9 4 608.43 4 505.34 4 466.66 4388.13

S 4 5 2 2 5 3 5 4__ 192,

261)

A

S

1 1 1 1 1 2 2 6 1 4 3 3 1 4 8 1 2 10 9 10 10 10 10 1 1 1

1OR 1OR 10 10 7R 6R 6R 5R 5R 4R 4R 4R 3R 3R 2R 2R IR IR IR IR

5R 5R 6 4 4 3 4 3 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 5

1 6 5 4 5

K.—(Continued) X A 4 309.0 4 263.3 25.6 23.0 4 186.1 49.2 34.7 I 4 047.22 1OR I 44.16 1OR 01.2 3 897.9 3 681.5 18.43 08.88 3 530.71 I 3 447.38 6R I 46.37 8R 40.4 3 385.3 81.1 64.7 63.3 45.7 13 217.6 4R I 17.2 6R I 3 102.2 2R I 02.0 4R 3 062.4 I 34.8 4Rd I 2 992.2 IRd I 63.2 IR I 42.7 IR 2 550 2 358 2 241 2 190 2 078 1 944 1 787 71 03 1 669 765.7 612.5 470.4 382.5 Kr ( 7 > 156, 187, 201,

X 8 8 8 8

928.72 776.73 508.85 298.07 81.02 63.22 8 190.02 12.89 04.33 8 059.47 7 854.81

G0* 1 3 2 6 3 4 6 10 7 4 7

S 5 8 4 5 10 5 5 1OR 1OR 5 8 4 5 5 8 2 3 3 4 4 6 8 5 1 1

7 7 6 6 6 5 5 5 5 4 4

4

1 5

4 3 5 3 5 6 10 5 4 6 9 4d 3 3 4 2_ 238)

G0*

7 694.53 8 * GC — with condenser (Leyden jar) ; G0 = without condenser.

Kr.—(Continued) X G0 685.22 7 01.55 10 587.40 10 904.6 5 456.3 5 056.1 2 870.917 10 681.9 60.1 3 33.0 570.291 10 62.2 6 19.4 4 498.0 3 829.7 3 07.0 4 765.7 62.45 38.96 34.1 4 694.9 80.5 71.23 10 58.9 33.88 24.28 10 19.12 15.30 582.7 4

77.2 56.6 24.6 23.1 02.2 01.0 4 489.9 75.0 63.68 53.91 36.80 4 399.9 76.1 62.6 55.47 19.58 18.55 18.0 00.5 4 292.94 82.97 73.97 4 145.12 09.2 4 098.7 88.36 65.05 57.01 50.5 44.6 3 997.9 94.8 54.7 20.4

G0

5 6

6 5 7 4 4 5 5 6 5 4

6 4 4 5 9 7 4 4 10 10 4 6 10 9 10

10 8

5 5 6 4 10

I

6 6 7 8 8 8 5 * 5 5 6 5 8

Kr.—(Continued) X G0 3 917.6 12.3 06.2 3 894.7 75.4 63.8 60.4 3 796.9 4 83.2 78.11 54.2 44.8 41.69 35.8 21.3 18.6 18.0 3 690.6 86.1 80.4 79.5 4 69.0 53.96 31.9 07.9 3 599.9 89.6 35.3 07.4 03.2 3 488.6 74.6 70.0 60.1 46.5 39.5 05.1 3 351.9 30.7 25.7 20.3 11.5 3 268.5 64.8 45.7 40.4 39.5 07.8 00.4 3 191.2 89.1 41.3 24.4 3 063.1 46.9 2 967.3 2 892.2 33.0 16.5 2 795.8 12.4 2 681.2 48.2

G0 6 5 8 5 7 5 5 10 10 5 9 10 5 7 8 10 5 6 7 9 10 10 9 6 7 6 9 6 8 7 7 6 7 6 7 6 7 9 10 6 7 8 10 6 6 8 6 6 7 6 6 5 5 5 5 6 6 5 8 4 4

Kr.—(Continued) X

G0

2 639.8 20.4 2 592.5 06.6 2 478.9 64.8 59.6 57.7 56.1 53.3 52.3 46.5 42.6 39.2 28.3 26.4 20.2 18.2 15.0 13.9 09.1 08.5 06.3 2 398.3 94.0 92.8 75.6 71.5 62.9 59.9 44.5 29.2 20.8 16.2 15.4 14.1 11.9 01.6 00.3 2 287.7 82.8 77.4 73.1 45.3 37.0 27.9 La (61,

G0

4 4 5 9 4 8 7 8 8 6 6 8 7 8 10 9 10 10 9 9 8 7 6 10 8 7 10 8 8 10 8 8 6 10 9 8 8 8 8 10 10 7 6 6 5 6__

74, 77, 78, 90, 91, 145, 229, 286)

X 8 748.42 8 674.38 8 545.43 8346.55 24.69 7 483.48 7345.34 34.17 7282.33 7161.22 7 068.34 66,21 6 925.26 6 774.28

A 2 3 3 3 3 4 4 5 5 4 4 5 3 6

S

3

La.—(Continued) X A

6 753.07 09.51 6 671.41 61.41 50.81 16.60 6 578.54 43.17 26.98 6 456.00 54.53 11.00 6 399.04 94.24 90.48 25.93 20.39 6 296.11 93.60 66.06 62.29 49.94 6 165.73 34.42 29.57 26.09 11.74 08.49 6 068.74 38.59 5 930.59 5 894.83 80.63 63.70 55.59 48.36 45.03 29.73 23.83 21.99 08.32 05.76 5 797.59 91.33 89.23 69.97 69.35 69.07 61.84 44.41 40.65 5 648.25 5 588.34 41.26 01.35 5 464.39 55.14 5 301.96 5 183.41 22.96 14.54 06.22 4 999.46 86.83

4 4 4 4 4 4 5 8 8 5R 6 10 5 6R 5R 5R 5R 5R 4R 4R 5R 7R 5R 5R 5R 4R 4R 5R 4R 4R 6R 4R 5R 5R 4R 4R 4R 4R 4R 6R 5R 5R 7R 7R 6R 5R 7R 7R 5R 5R 6R 5 4R 4R 6R 5 6 5 8 5 6 6 6 6

S

2 1 3 1 4 3 1 3 ; 5 6 7 1 ! 5 5 2 1 6 5 3 3

3 2 2

1 1 2 2 1 1

1 3 1 1

1 1 1 1 5 ; 3 3 1 3 2


4 921.80 20.98 4 899.92 60.90 24.06 09.00 4 748.72 43.08 40.27 28.41 4 692.49 71.81 68.90 63.76 62.51 55.49 19.83 13.38 4 580.06 74.85 70.02 67.90 58.45 49.50 26.11 25.29 22.38 4 452.17 29.90 27.56 4385.18 83.45 78.09 54.39 34.97 33.80 22.53 4 296.06 86.95 75.64 69.49 63.59 49.99 38.39 30.95 17.55 04.04 4 196.55 92.34 52.78 51.97; 41.75 23.23 4 099.55 86.71 77.35 67.39 50.09 42.92 31.70 25.87 3 995.75 88.52 49.10

7 7 7 6 6 6 6 8 8 7 5 4 5 5 6 7 5 6 6 8 6 6 7 6 8 6 9 6 10 7 5 6 7 8 6 10 6 9 8 4 6 6 5 10 4 6 5 10 7 4 8 10 10 7 10 10 6 6 8 7 6 10 10 10


S

5 5 4 3 4 3 5 10 5 3 5 5 8 8 4 10 6 5 3 5 1 1 5 1 8 8 10 1 10 8 4 8 4 10 8 10 5 8 10 4 10 8 6 10 6 10 4 10 8 5 10 10 10 10 10 10 8 10 10 10 4 5 10 10

3 929.21 21.54 16.03 3 886.34 71.63 49.00 40.70 3 794.76 90.82 59.07 15.52 13.55 3 650.17 45.41 3 517.1 3 380.91 44.56 37.49 03.11 3 265.65 49.35 45.12 3 171.7 2 808.36 2 651.7 10.34 2 476.7 2 379.4 2 297.8

Li (61,

8 7 7 7 8 6 5 8 8 8 5 5 5 6 8 8 8 6 6 5 6 5 4

90, 91, 123,

134,

S

10 10 10 10 10 10 5 10 10 10 4 6 4 8 10 10 7* 10 5 4 3 4 10 3 8 5 7 10 7_

174,

205)

X I 74 360 I 40 475 26 891 I 875 I 24 467 23 991 I 19 290 18 697 I 17 552 13 566 I 12 782 I 232 I 8 126.4 I 6 707.86 I S 240.6 I 6 103.6 I 4 971.9 I 4 636 I 03.0 I 02.0 I 4 273.3 I 4 148 I 32.3 I 3 985.7 I 15 I 3 794 I 19 I 3 232.7 I 2 741.3

A 1 1 1 2 8 2 1 5 2 2 2 1 10 1OR 1 1OR 7 3 9R 9R 5

S

1OR 10 4 10 10 2

5 1 3 2 R l 5 3 8R 3R 6R 2R

Li.—(Continued) X A I 2 562.5 5R I 2 475 4R 25.6 3R I 2 394.4 IR

S

3

LU* ( 65 > 7 6, 90, 91, 130) X

7 7 6 6 6 6 6 6

125.85 031.18 917.28 793.80 523.16 463.16 345.44 242.42 35.39 21.88 6 199.73 60.00 6 055.05 04.54 5 984.11 83.65 5 775.39 36.54 5 476.70 02.57 5 135.11 5 001.14 4 994.13 04.87 4 839.52 4 785.45 4 658.00 4 518.54 4 296.02 81.03 4 184.24 24.73 4 054.46 3 876.65 41.15 3 684.34 47.77 36.26 23.97 3 567.84 54.43 44.93 08.41 07.40 3 472.49 3 397.02 76.54 59.59 12.12 3 281.75 78.96 54.31 3 198.13 91.78 18.42

A

7 4 7 5 10 10 7 7 5 10 5 6 6 10 10 10 6 10 10 10 10 6 10 5 4 5 10 10 5 5 10 10 5 10 7 4 5 10 10 10 10 5 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 2 7

2

S

2 3

2

1 1 4

2

1

2

1 1 1 1 10 1 1 1 3 1 1 3 3 5 1 1 10 5 2 10 2 2 3 10 5 10

3 10 10 10 5 5 5 5 4 10 10 10 3

* This list is more or less uncertain. Lutecium =» Cassiopeium = CeI ti urn.

Lu.—(Continued) X A 081.48 9 77.62 10 57.96 56.74 10 20.56 4 969.81 6 63.33 7 51.68 3 11.40 10 00.32 10 894.86 10 47.50 5 796.64 4 72.60 54.19 4 657.83 4 15.42 10 03.32 578.79 4

S 3 10 10 10 10 10 10 8 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 5

Mg (47, 72, 90, 91, 97, 98, 100,

111,

132,

158,

174,

198,

A 1 1 1 6 4 1 6 10 5 10 2 3 1 3 3 1 2 5

S

203)

X 23 991 977 963 17 108 15 768 759 028 14 877 12 083 11 828 054? I 10 970 I 963 I 813 I 9 258 24 I 8 929 I 8 806.8 II 7 896.3 II 77.1 I 7 658 II 6 347.1 I 18.5 I 5 711.13 I 5 528.48 I 5 183.602 I 72.680 I 67.33 II 4 851.1 II 4 739.6 I 03.07 I 4 571.12 I I I I I I I I I I

5 4 2 4 2 5 10 1OR 1OR 8R

10 5

1 5 10 10 10 5 5 5 2

II 4 481 II 34.0 II 28.0

10 8 7

II 4 390.6

10

84.6

8

II

I 51.9 I 4 167.6 II 3 850.4

8 4

2 1 6

Mg,—(Continued) X A II 3 848.2 I 38.29 1OR I 32.17 1OR I 29.36 8R II 3 538.8 II 35.0 I 3 336.69 10 I 32.17 10 I 29.94 8 II 3 104.8 II 04.7 I 3 096.92 1OR I 93.05 8R I 91.09 8R I 2 942.06 6 I 38.5 5 I 36.8 4 II 36.6 4 II 28.7 3 15.5 3 I 2 852.130 1OR I 48.42 5 I 46.78 4 II 02.712 1OR II 2 798.0 II 95.540 1OR II 90.83 4 82.988 6R I 81.43 6R I 79.85 8R I 78.29 6R I 76.71 6R I 36.6 4 I 33.55 4 I 2 698.2 5 I 95.3 4 I 93.8 2 I 72.6 8 I 69.7 6 I 68.2 3 II 60.82 II 60.76 I 2 026 6 1 931 6 1 886 5 64 4 56 5 I 28 3 II 1 753.6 II 50.9 44 5 41 5 II 37 2 I I 3 5 1 323.2 20.9 231.6 Mn

(39,

1OR 10 8 1OR 1 1 1OR 10 1OR 1OR 6R 6R 8R 6R 6R 1 1

267,

A 2 8 10

I I I I I I

I I I I

5 5 6 I I I

6 5 7 6 4 5 2

54, 75, 90, 91,

146, 154, 226,

X 17 608 336 15 965

S 7 1OR 1OR 1OR 6 5 8 5 3 10 10 2 2 1 2

I I I I

103,

285)

I

S

I

Mn.—(Continued) X A 15 263 10 218 8 14 970 3 13 997 10 864 10 685 8 626 10 500 10 416 8 318 3 294 5 12 976 4 900 8 307? 11 782 6 614 4 378 2 8 740.9 3 03.7 3 8 672.1 ^ 70.8 2 54.6 2 8 212.4 2 7 942.9 2 7821.3 2 7 764.8 5 12.4 5 10.2 5 7 680.20 5 46.34 3 7 326.55 7 02.92 6 7 283.80 6 47.83 5 7 184.29 5 51.33 8 7 069.86 4 6 989.94 4 42.55 5 6 605.57 ' 4 6 491.71 7 40.97 5 6 382.19 3 6 078.40 3 21.79 10 16.64 10 13.50 10 5 848.97 3 5 780.17 5 38.28 4 5 567.765 4 51.99 5 37.748 7 16.773 8 05.877 6 5481.397 6 70.639 8 32.555 6 20.366 7 13.696 7 07.432 7 5 399.506 8 94.677 7

S

1 1 1

1 1 2 2 1 1 2 1 3 2 2 3 2

5 I 5 5 4 I 4 I 4 I I I I I I I I 4 I 4 I 4 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 4 I 4 I 1 I I I 4 I 4 I I I I I I I I I I I 3 I 3 I I I I

Mn.—(Continued) X A S 377.634 8 3 41.071 10 8 255.330 5 2 196.603 5 1 965.856 5 1 823.523 10 4 783.433 10 4 66.424 6 3 65.859 5 2 62.375 9 4 61.527 5 2 54.048 10 8 39.002 5 2 27.462 7 2 09.704 7 2 626.54 5 2 502.221 7 4 498.900 7 4 90.09 5 3 72.80 7 3 70.143 7 4 64.681 7 5 62.033 9 8 61.092 6 4 58.265 6 5 57.554 6 4 57.041 5 2 55.823 5 3 55.320 6 3 55.019 6 3 53.012 5 3 51.59 9 3 36.357 7 5 14.87 8 6 374.942 4 2 281.097 5 5 65.919 5 5 57.668 5 4 39.729 5 5 35.29 8 10 35.144 8 189.99 4 4 76.60 4 4 31.12 4 4 083.638 6 6 82.947 6 6 79.43 6 5 79.25 6 5 55.554 8 8 48.760 4 8 45.20 4 5 41.366 8R 10 35.730 5R 8 34.489 8R 1OR 33.63 3R 3 33.074 8R 1OR 30.760 6R 1OR 18.105 8 8 985.24 4 3 843.99 6 4 41.09 4 6 39.77 4 5 34.36 6R 8 33.865 6 4

Mn.—(Continued) X A

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

I I I I I I I I I I I I II I II II I I

I I I

II

3 823.897 23.512 09.599 06.86 3 610.30 08.48 07.520 3 586.55 77.881 70.102 69.799 69.495 48.187 48.022 47.792 32.11 31.999 31.838 3 495.840 88.686 82.918 74.139 60.330 41.997 3 330.674 20.698 17.30 3 258.420 56.141 48.521 43.785 36.786 28.099 12.893 3 178.528 48.190 10.69 3 079.63 62.13 54.38 44.570 2 949.21 40.39 39.31 '33.06 25.59 14.61 2 889.52 86.68 79.49 01.080 2 798.271 94.821 11.6 05.74 01.70 2 695.36 72.58 55.8 38.17 32.35 25.6 18.15 05.69

4 4R 6 6 6 6 8 5 8R 4R 8R 6R 4R 4R 5R 5R 5R 4R 5 4 4 4 3 5 4 4 6u 4 4 4 4 6 5 6 8 4 5 5 4 4 4 6 6 6 6 6d 8d 3 2 I 6R 6R 6R 2 3 1 1 1 1 4 5R

S

4 6 6 8 3 3 3 5 5 3 4 5 3 3 4 3 3 2 6 10 10 10 10 10 3 1 1 2 2 3 2 3 3 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 10 1 10 10 1 1 10 6 5 5R 5R 5R 5 8 5 5 5 5 5 8 8 8 1OR

Mn.—(Continued) X A S II 2 593.733 4R 1OR 92.95 5 1 II 76.12 5R 1OR 75.51 5 1 II 2 452.52 2R 10 1 993 5 52.1 3 04 5 1 892.0 4 1 789 10 1 573(?) 5 1 438 5 1 118 5 13 5 893 10 648 2 311 1_

Mo

(74, 75, 78, 90, 91, 115, 146, 154, 157, 221, 281)

X

A

S

9 348.01 8 695.53 18389.28 I 28.43 I 8 245.06 7 720.74 17656.74 I 7 485.73 I 7 391.36 7 245.87 I 42.54 I 7 134.09 I 09.87 I 7 060.23 6 989.01 14.05 6 886.37 38.95 6 746.28 I 33.99 6 650.38 I 19.15 6 519.84 6 424.37 6 357.21 I 6 030.66 I 5 928.82 I 5 888.32 I 58.28 15 791.84 I 51.42 I 22.77 I 5 689.15 I 50.13 I 32.47 I 5 570.46 I 33.03 I 06.50

2 2 6 5 3 4 5 7 5 4 7 4 8 4 4 5 4 4 5 7 7 9 4 8 5 9 9 10 8 10 10 8 9 8 9 10 10 10

1 1 1 8 3 8 3 10 10 10 10 10 10 7 10 6 8 10 10 10

Mo.—(Continued) X A S 5 473.35 6 6 I 5 360.59 10 8 I 5 240.94 6 3 I 38.20 7 3 15174.15 9 2 I 72.94 9 1 4 979.12 5 2 4 868.03 5 2 30.52 10 4 19.26 10 4 4 760.20 9 9 31.45 10 7 07.25 10 5 I 4 626.45 10 4 21.35 7 2 I 4 595.15 7 2 I 76.49 8 2 I 24.34 7 2 4 491.29 6 2 68.27 10 2 34.96 10 4 II 33.51 1 8 11.71 10 8 4 381.65 10 8 II 77.76 1 10 II 63.65 1 10 26.14 9 4 I 4 293.89 9 3 I 93.24 10 4 I 92.21 9 4 II 79.03 2 10 I 77.26 10 6 76.92 10 5 51.86 1OR 2 50.69 1 10 32.61 10 5 4 188.32 10 5 85.82 8 4 43.56 9 5 I 02.16 7 3 4 084.39 8 3 69.91 9 8 3 961.49 3 IO II 41.50 1 10 I 02.96 1OR 10 I 3 864.12 1OR 10 33.76 7 3 I 3 798.26 1OR 1OR II 02.56 2 8 II 3 692.66 2 9 II 88.33 1 10 51.14 1 8 35.15 2 10 14.25 8 3 3 524.62 2 7 04.41 6 2 3 447.13 10 3 02.81 1 8 I 3 384.62 8 2 I 58.12 9 2 47.02 6 1 44.75 8 2 I 27.30 10 1 25.67 10 1

Mo.—(Continued) X

A

S

l 10 1OR 1OR

10 2 2 2

58.16

9R

2

32.60

1OR

2

21.99 16.08

2 1

10 8

2 4 5 2 4 1 5 5 3 3 2 3 2 2 2 3 2

10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 7 4 2 4 1_

3 292.32 08.85 I 3 193.98 I 70.35 I

3 087.61 II 2 923.40 II 11.91 03.07 II 2 871.50 53.19 II 48.21 II 16.15 2 780.04 75.40 II 01.42 112684.13 72.84 II 60.58 II 44.33 II 38.75 2 538.46 1 809.8 697 692 548 377

N (32, 34, 49, 91, 95, 99, 141,

142,

162, 188, 191, 199, 219,

I II II II II II II

II I II II II II II

I I III III II II II II II II

255)

8

8

8 8

8 I 7 I I I 6 I 6 I 6 I I I 16

X 729.07 18.99 11.87 03.42 686.38 83.61 80.35 29.61 594.34 68.04 242.47 23.28 16.46 10.94 00.59 188.16 85.05 468.74 42.56 23.88 722.60 644.97 10 484.88 83.77 82.74 41.70 008.49

G 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 3 3 5 2 1 3 3 5 4 3 5 7 4 8 4 9 5 9

II II III III II II II II II III III I I

III I I II II I III

N.—(Continued) X G 5 999.46 5 41.9 7 31.9 4 5 686.2 5 79.5 10 75.9 5 66.5 10 5 543.4 3 35.2 6 30.2 4 5 495.9 6 62.7 3 5 328.67 5 5 179.5 4 5 045.0 6 25.6 3 15.4 3 10.6 3 07.4 3 05.1 6 01.34 7 4 994.4 4 87.3 4 35.03 9 14.92 4 4 895.3 3 67.14 4 58.82 3 10.3 3 03.3 5 4 793.8 3 88.2 4 79.8 3 74.2 3 4 667.2 3 54.5 3 43.0 9 40.6 6 34.1 6 30.5 8 21.4 7 13.9 6 07.1 7 01.5 7 4 552.4 4 30.0 6 14.8 4 10.8 4 4 494.68 5 92.45 5 47.0 10 32.6 5 4 379.0 8 58.29 7 05.46 6 4 241.8 8 36.9 8 27.7 4 23.09 5 06.5 4 00.0 5 4 195.7 3 79.7 3 76.1 5

I

I III III II II

II II

II II II I I II II II I I

I I II V

III III IV IV IV IV IV II III

N.— (Continued) X G 4 171.6 4 51.44 9 45.8 4 33.6 3 09.94 10 03.4 7 4 097.3 10 43.5 3 41.3 7 35.0 5 26.0 4 3 995.0 10 55.8 7 40.0 3 19.0 6 3 870.0 4 56.1 3 42.8 3 39.0 4 30.0 6 22.0 5 3 650.1 5 3 437.1 7 3 329.2 3 3 006.8 7 1 745.31 5 42.81 5 1 657.2 7 1 561.1 7 1 494.78 3 92.83 3 1 335.3 10 1 276.0 lOtr 42.2 4 00.4 10 1 184.1 10 1 085 lOqr 991.66 3 89.90 2 24.31 23.68 23.18 22.57 22.02 16.82 2qr 685.5 5qr

Na.—(Continued) I I I I I I I I I

I I

I I I I I I I I I I

X

A

S

5 682.8 75.8 4 983.2 79.0 4 752.0 48.1 4 669 65 4 393 3 711 3 631 3 533.1 3 302.94 02.34 3 285 3 189 29 3 093 78.5 56.3 2 984.3 80 51.4 2 853.0 52.8 47 2 680.4 80.3 2 593.9 93.8 43.9 43.8 12.2 12.1 2 493.3 90.7 1 787.4 73.5 70.8 49.3 03.5 1 698.9? 69.3 68.7 59.7 376.6? 372.3

8

8r 8 4r 4 2r 2 3u 3u 1 3 5 8 8R 9R 5 4 6 6 4 3 4 4 5

Na (61, 81, 90, 91, 134, 174, 192, 202, 205, 256, 261, 288)

X I 90 850 I 480

I I I I I I I I I I I I

74 430 40 449 18 459.5 11 404.2 382.4 8 194.93 83.33 6 160.8 54.4 5 895.932 89.965 5 688.3

A

IR 8R 10 10 10 10 8 5 4 8R 1OR 10

S 4 3

4 3 10 10 8r

6r 5r 4u 3u 4r 3r 3

8R 9R

4RÌ 5RJ 4

3R 4R 2R 3R IR 2R IR IR

à

2 IR

4 6 6 8 9 10 4 4 4 1 2__

Nb, see Cb Nd ( H , 6 2 , 78, 9 0 , 9 1 )

X

A

8 456.80 8375.23 8 143.29 41.72 8 043.33 00.75 7 982.34 65.69 58.93 7 862.84 08.53 7 696.60 7 538.27

3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4

S

Nd.- (Continued) X

A

7 529.03 13.77 11.15 7 448.73 18.18 7 189.41 29.36 7 066.90 37.34 6 846.74 03.98 6 790.42 40.10 6 655.67 50.56 30.16 6 485.69 6 385.18 41.48 10.48 6 178.55 6 073.97 71.70 66.05 07.63 5 804.00 5 729.28 08.25 5 688.49 20.58 5 594.40 5 485.68 31.53 5 361.47 19.80 5 293.17 49.54 5 192.62 4 920.66 4 859.01 25.47 11.33 4 706.54 4 634.21 4 579.30 63.21 41.25 01.82 4 462.96 51.55 46.37 11.03 00.84 4 385.68 75.00 58.20 51.23 27.93 25.77 14.50 03.61 4 282.51 47.37

4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 8 7 7 4 4 4 4 4 5 4 5 6 8 8 7 4 5 9 9 7 6 9 5 8 5 7 5 5 6 5 7 10 10 10 8 10 10 10 9 9 7 10 7 10 10 10

S

4 4

4

3 1 1 3 2 1 1

3

2 2 3 5 5 4 3 4 4 5 4 3 3 5 8 5 4 3 4 5 5 5 10 10 10 5 5 8 6 8 8 5 5 8 10 8 8

3 3 3 3 3 3

"Nd.-(Continued) X A 232.40 8 178.68 6 77.34 9 56.16 10 35.33 9 09.47 9 09.09 8 075.24 7 69.26 5 61.09 10 21.76 7 12.28 9 994.70 8 90.13 9 63.12 7 51.15 9 41.53 7 05.90 7 00.25 6 894.65 6 92.06 6 90.96 7 90.59 6 89.95 6 75.85 6 63.37 10 51.73 8 780.40 5 35.59 7 653.10 6 09.78 5 592.58 5 43.33 5 410.21 4 388.01 5 28.26 5 00.14 4 275.20 4

S 5 3 10 10 7 8 6 2 4 10 3 10 5 6 6 8 8 4 6 3 4 4 4 3 2 8 5 3 5 2 1 2 2 1 1 2 2 2

17.10 4 1 3 133.56 4 2 3 092.91 4 2 N6 ( 7 > 41 > 44 > 18 °» 181 » 194 > 20 V 220,

275,

X

9 300.70 9 220.28 01.88 9 148.72 8 865.72 53.97 8 783.75 80.63 8 681.86 79.52 54.380 34.63 8 591.25 8 495.37 18.41 8 377.62 00.35 8 266.02 59.36

277) G

2 2 2 2 3 3 4 4 3 3 6 5 6 7 7 7 7 5 4

Ne.—(Continued) X G 8 236.42 7 8 136.41 4 8 082.46 8 7943.19 8 7 544.052 8 35.784 8 7 488.887 5 72.455 6 38.89 8 7 245.165 10 7 173.938 10 7 059.115 4 51.30 4 32.411 6 24.046 6 6 929.466 9 6 717.043 5 6 678.276 8 6 598.953 8 32.883 5 06.528 10 6 444.70 6 21.68 5 09.71 6 02.246 10 01.08 5 6 382.991 10 64.96 5 51.8 5 34.428 9 30.89 6 28.15 7 13.65 6 04.789 5 6 293.7 5 66.495 10 58.78 5 46.71 5 17.281 9 13.88 6 05.76 5 6 182.15 5 63.594 8 50.27 5 43.062 10 42.51 5 28.45 6 6096.163 8 74.338 9 29.997 7 00.95 5 5991.68 6 87.93 7 75.534 8 74.64 9 65.44 10 61.63 5 44.834 9 39.32 5 18.92 7 13.63 7 06.44 5 02.48 5

Ne.—(Continued) X G 5 881.895 10 72.84 9 72.17 5 68.4 5 52.488 10 28.91 6 20.17 9 11.42 7 04.45 9 04.10 6 5 764.42 9 48.65 6 48.29 9 19.53 6 19.22 9 18.90 7 5 689.81 7 62.55 6 56.66 8 56.03 5 52.57 5 5 563.05 5 62.76 8 62.44 6 33.68 5 5 448.51 6 33.65 7 18.56 6 12.66 7 00.56 10 5372.31 5 60.02 6 58.02 10 55.40 6 55.18 6 .49.21 6 43.29 9 41.097 10 30.78 10 26.41 5 01.77 5 5 298.20 6 08.87 5 03.90 6 5 193.23 6 93.12 6 88.61 6 51.96 5 45.01 8 44.93 8 22.34 6 22.25 6 16.49 6 13.66 5 5 080.38 6 37.74 8 31.34 7 05.15 8 4 994.92 5 57.12 5 57.03 8 55.38 5 4892.08 7

Ne.—(Continued) X G 4 884.91 8 37.31 7 27.59 6 27.34 8 21.93 6 18.79 5 17.64 6 10.07 5 4 790.22 8 88.93 10 80.34 6 58.72 5 52.73 8 49.56 6 15.34 10 12.06 8 10.06 8 08.86 10 04.39 10 02.53 5 4679.13 5 78.21 6 61.09 5 56.38 6 45.41 6 28.30 7 09.91 7 4 582.45 5 82.05 5 75.86 10 75.06 6 40.38 8 38.31 6 37.76 10 37.68 6 36.31 5 4 488.09 6 83.19 5 25.42 5 24.81 6 22.52 6 3 727.3 6 13.3 9 01.22 7 3 694.4 9 85.73 7 82.23 7 64.3 7 33.660 6 09.17 5 00.16 6 3 593.632 7 93.522 8 74.9 6 68.7 8 20.470 10 15.189 6 01.214 6 3 498.063 5 72.573 8 66.578 6 64.337 5 60.524 5

Ne.—(Continued) X G 3 454.195 6 47.703 7 17.903 8 3 369.905 10 69.81 8 55.2 6 35.1 7 3 148.60 5 26.19 6 3 079.18 5 78.87 5 76.97 6 63.69 6 57.39 7 2 992.44 6 92.42 6 82.66 7 74.71 7 47.30 6 32.72 5 13.17 6 2 872.66 5 2 795.10 5 2 675.64 6 75.24 6 51.01 6 47.42 8 45.70 5 45.51 6 2 595.21 6

Ni.—(Continued)

A 2 2 6 2 2 5 10 2 3 2 2 3 5 2 3 4 5 4 3 3 5 2 3 4 7 5 8 6 10

A

7 727.68 15.64 14.27 7 619.24 17.02 7 574.10 55.67 25.18 22.87 7 481.49 22.34 14.51 09.35 7 393.67 86.24 85.23 I 7 291.30 I 61.94 I 7 197.07 I 82.06 I 22.29 I 7 024.76 I 6 914.58 I 6 842.08 I 6 772.36 I 67.79 I 6 643.66 35.14 I 6 598.54 I 86.33 I 6 482.84 21.47 I 6 384.69 I 78.22 I 39.17 I 14.66 I 6 256.39 I 23.97 1.6 191.23 I 86.77 76.80 I 75.44 63.36 I 16.16 I 08.14 I 6 086.34 I 5 892.882 I 57.759 31.60 I 05.20 I 5 760.84 I 54.67 I 15.09 I 09.55 5 694.97 82.20 25.28 I 14.79 I 5 593.74 I 92.24 I 5 476.91 I 35.87

10 7 8 9 10 7 9 8 8 5 9 6 9 10 7 7 8 8 4 9 10 8 7 6 9 10 10 6 6 6 7 7 7 7 10 10 7 6 7 7 10 10 8 9 7 10 9 10 8 10 6 6 8 8 7 7 7 6 6 7 10 7

1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 10 1

6

1

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

Ni (8, 12, 54, 75, 87, 90, 91, 109, 114, 177, 193, 212, 216,226)

X 18 040 17 986 16 999 868 495 409? 363 313 14 874 102 13 969 829 722 553 11 591 198 10 980 378 330 301 195 I 9 519.99 9 106.33 I 8 862.60 I 7 917.47 I 7 863.70 I 7 797.66 I 88.95 48.94

X

S

11.20

S

5 I I I I I I I I I 5

I I I 4

1

1

1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

4

4

4

4 4

3 3

3 3

I 3 I I I I I I I I I I

Ni.—(Continued) X A 176.55 6 68.66 8 55.76 9 46.48 10 42.76 10 37.09 8 29.38 8 25.20 7 15.42 9 099.97 7 84.07 6 81.12 9 80.53 8 35.36 10 17.59 7 984.12 9 80.17 9 04.42 9 866.28 7 55.42 8 31.19 5 29.03 8 786.542 10 56.526 7 15.757 8 14.420 10 686.21 5 48.655 10 04.991 9 00.366 8 592.535 9 470.484 9 62.462 8 59.044 9 01.551 10 858.33 10 31.690 6 07.14 8 783.53 8 75.57 8 36.812 6 22.48 6 674.13 6 19.392 10 10.47 9 597.700 8R 71.872 7R 66.375 1OR 24.539 1OR 15.056 9R 10.339 7R 00.852 6 492.962 1OR 83.781 6R 72.55 7R 61.661 1OR 58.467 1OR 52.891 6R 46.262 1OR 37.281 6R 33.57 9R 23.710 8R 14.77 1OR

S 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 1 1 3 3 3 2 2 2 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 8 3 3 3 1 4 3 3 8 8 8 2 8 5 5 3 1 3 10 4 6 3 10 10 10 10 4 10 4 5 10 10 5 10 5 6 5 10

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

I I I I I

Ni,—(Continued) X A 3 413.940 3R 13.480 5R 3 392.992 1OR 91.051 7R 80.883 4R 80.577 1OR 74.224 4R 71.993 5R 69.57 1OR 66.170 5R 65.771 4R 61.558 5R 20.259 5R 15.669 7R 3 243.064 8R 34.656 5R 32.944 8R 25.030 5R 21.660 4R 3 197.120 5 34.104 1OR 01.880 9R 01.561 9R 3 097.121 5 80.757 6 64.625 6 57.648 1OR 54.318 8R 50.825 1OR 37.939 9R 12.007 9R 03.627 9R 02.491 1OR 2 994.46 7R 92.599 6 81.652 7 43.922 6 2 821.296 4 2 798.66 4 2 545.92 1 10.89 4 2 437.90 1 16.14 1 2 394.56 2 75.43 1 45.53 2R 25.81 3R 20.08 5R 12.36 3R 10.99 3R 2 029.1 21.0 19.0 1 979.3 29.7 1 855 1 767 09 1 693 53 1 527 1 499 1 398 I

Nt, see Rn S 2 3 8 4 2 6 2 3 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 2 2 2 4 3 4 2 2 2 4 4 6 4 5 4 5 3 2 3 2 2 1 6 10 10 10 10 8 8R 2 1 1 2 6 6 6 6 5 5 6 6 7 6 2 2 2__

O* (26,

49, 52» 121,

161, 202, 240,

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

X 13 163 11 300 294 287 9 263.9 8 446.77 46.37 7 775.42 74.20 71.97 7 002.22 6 456.08 54.55 53.69 6 158.21 56.78 55.99 6 046.34 5 958.53 50.60 5 436.83 35.76 35.16 5 330.65 29.58 28.97 5 299.00 5 146.06 5 020.13 19.34 18.78 4 968.76 67.86 67.40 4 803.00 4 773.36 72.89 72.54 4 655.36 4368.30 4 233.32 22.78 17.09 3 947.58 47.48 47.29 3 825.07 23.56 3 692.44 2 883.84 1 358.7 55.7 06.1 05.0 02.3 1 041.7 41.0 39.3 28.2

140,

141,

255)

A 1 2 2 4 7

6 8 10 4 9 7 6 10 8 7 7 6 5 8 6 5 10 7 6 5 5 5 4 3 6 5 4 4 5 4 3 4 10 7 5 4 4 7 10 6 7 7 6 5 8 10 10 10 5 8 8 7

* Spark spectrum is given after arc.

O.—(Continued) X A I 1 027.5 8 I 25.8 9 I 978.6 4 I 78.0 5 I 76.5 5 I 73.9 4 I 73.3 5 I 71.8 8 I 53.0 2 I 52.4 4 I 50.9 4 I 50.2 4 I 48.7 4 X S I? 7 952.3 5 I? 50.8 5 I? 47.7 6 7 157.3 10 6 654.7 4 41.3 4 6 549 5 6 265 5 6 115 5 05 5 4 943.2 6 41.0 4 II 24.60 6 II 06.88 5 4 857.0 4 4 751.5 4 05.2 6 4 699.0 5 76.246 5 61.650 5 50.853 5 49.148 9 41.827 8 38.865 5 4 596.189 7 90.983 8 4 448.3 4 16.974 9 14.888 10 4 366.906 6 51.275 7 49.435 7 47.429 5 45.570 6 19.647 6 17.160 6 4 254.1 4 4 189.793 8 85.453 8 53.310 6 32.99 5 20.267 6 19.222 8 05.001 6 4 097 4 92.9 4 89.3 5 85.2 5 75.869 10

II II

III III II III II III II

O.—(Continued) X S 4072.156 10 69.903 9 3 982.725 6 73.266 7 54.368 7 45.033 5 11.951 5 3 882.2 5 3 759.86 5 54.72 4 27.36 5 12.7 4 2 881.5 8 2 631.3 4 2 528.6 5 24.1 4 16.1 7 14.3 4 06.8 5 2 478.5 6 35.2 6 2 182.72 4 1 961.60 3tr 1 787.0 7 81.4 7 60.9 8 43.1 5 1 277 5 47.7 lOtr 17.62 10 OO lOtr 1 175.6 10 52.6 6 34.8 1Od 32.3 10 28.4 5 1 085.2 10 66.3 5 41.71 7 41.00 8 39.26 8 36.9 7 26.0 5 10.5 10 991.5 1Od 90 1Od 78.62 4 78.00 5 76.50 5 73.92 4 73.26 5 71.76 8 17-8 Ì 15 16.4/ 04.7 10 889.7 8 35.288 9 35.094 3 34.462 10 33.741 8 33.326 9 32.926 7 32.756 8

II V V V V V V II II III III III III II II II II II IV IV IV IV III III III III

O.—(Continued) X 796.605 62.004 61.131 60.457 60.232 59.453 58.685 18.567 18.495 03.853 02.898 02.817 02.327 673.752 72.913 44.159 17.064 16.309 580.975 80.409 55.23 54.52 54.07 53.33 25.79 08.180 07.684 07.384 374.3 05.7 136.6

Os ( 78 >

90

>

91

>

131

Os.—(Continued) X A S 4 260.85 10 5 4 175.62 7 2 73.24 9 2 72.55 6 1 35.80 10 5

S 6 4 4 5 3 4 4 7 7 7 6 6 6 5 5 6 5 5 4 3 ô

6 6 5 4 4 3 O

> 175.1, 232)

X 7852.18 7 602.96 7 407.97 7 253.52 7 148.89 45.50 7 060.62 6 955.96 6 806.61 6 729.54 6 576.81 6 403.18 6 227.74 5 995.99 5 857.57 5 780.81

A 3 6 4 5 6 8 6 8 7 9 6 8 10 10 10 10

21.94

10

S

4

12.03

10

4 091.83

9

2

66.71

10

3

3 977.24 63.63 3 876.80 57.09 49.96 40.29 36.03 3 793.90

10 10 7 10 10 10 10 10

3 3 3

1 2 3

90.12

9

3

82.20

10

4

52.7 20.13 19.50

10 10 10

7 2 2

3 670.90 56.90 3 598.11 60.88 59.82 28.60 3 370.60

7 7 9 9 9 9 7

2 1 2 4 3 3 2

01.56

9

2

3 267.94 32.05 3 156.25 3 058.66 2 909.08

8 6 7 7 7

3 3 3 4 5

p (29, 30, 31, 32, 90, 91, 105,

248, 249) X

5 584.43 23.56 5 416.33 5 149.73 4 865.61 4 794.00 4 631.83

10 10 10 7 10 10 10

3 2

16.78

10

2

4 550.40 4 420.46 4 394.87

6 10 8

3 10 3

11.39

10

3

4 293.95

8

3

III 6 043.05 III 24.14 5 676.9 5 499.7 25.9 5 296.1 53.5 4 943.4 4 727.5 4 602.0 4 587.9 4 479.7 4 385.3 III 4 247.87 I I I 23.34 4 178.4 III 4 081.18 I I I 60.41 3 978.3 3 827.4 3 706.1 3 556.5 I 3 424.91 IV 3 371.1 IV 64.4

A

1

S

G

9 8 5 3 7 7 7 4 8 5 8 2 7 6 5 8 5 8 2 5 2 6 7 7 7 7 5 8 7 7 6 6 6 8 3 7 6 7 2 6 3 6 5 5 6 6

P.—(Continued) X

IV III III V III III IV IV I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

V V IV III III III III III III V V III IV IV TV

A

3 347.7 3 234.54 20.23 3 176.06 2 896.17 84.75 2 739.3 25.67 2 644.2 2 554.95 53.31 35.62 33.98 2 154.77 53.63 49.81 36.79 36.10 2 034.02 32.98 24.98 23.98 1 859.36 58.85 51.11 46.8 34.5 1 787.5 82.7 74.8 1 693.8 85.8 71.5 1 128.039 18.015 1 035.54 03.64 998.03 21.86 18.69 17.14 13.99 871.420 65.475 59.69 27.95 24.76 23.21

Pb (46,

3 3 4 2 7 6 8 8 6 7 6 6 7 6 8 6

S

G

6 6 6 5 5 5 2 4 1 4 5 5 4

6 6

5 4 5 1

7 6 8 8 6 7 6 6 7 6 8 6 7 4 6 7 7 4 5 3 10 10 4 5 5 5 5 5 4 5 4 6 6 6 5

59, 62, 74, 75, 90, 91,

133, 150, 154, 172, 223, X

A

315 744 102 564 971 888 651 500 291 7 228.98 6 002 5 895.7

3 3 4 4 3 1 6 10 10 6 5 5

15 14 13 12 10

5 5

276) S

Pb.—(Continued) X A 5 608.8 4 5 005.45 3 4 386 4 245.2 42.5 4 168.04 3 4 062.15 3 57.830 5R 19.64 3 3 854.0 3 739.950 5R 3 683.472 3R 39.584 6R 3 572.739 5R 3 176.5 37.8 3 043.87 1 2 873.32 6R 33.07 6R 23.20 4R 02.007 5R 2 663.17 1OR 14.203 6R 13.68 3R 2 577.280 6R 2 476.39 4R 46.20 4R 43.86 4R 11.75 4R 01.94 4R 2393.81 5R 32.47 4R 2 246.90 6R 37.42 3R 03.5 3 2 175.6 4R 70.0 6R 59.6 3R 15.0 5R 2 088.2 5R 60 7R 59 7R 1 869 2 2 8 1 796.5 6 81 2 6 6 1 682.5 6 71 60 1 554 34 1 434 1 349 16 1 267 50 32 13 03 1 166 1 029 04

S 10 2 10 10 10 10 10 1OR 10 10 4R 1OR 1OR 10 10 10 10 1OR 1OR 1OR 1OR 1OR 5R 3R 3R 2R 4 4 2 3 3R 2 4R 2R 4R 2R

7 10 5 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 10 7 10 3 10 7 10 7 3 7 7 10 3

Pb.- (Continued) X A 954 927 907 894 890 884

S 3 7 7 5 3 5_

Pd (55, 78, 90, 91, 127, 131,

I II II II

175.1)

X I 8 132.85 I 7 915.89 I 7 763.99 I 7 486.93 I 7 368.14 7 194.11 I 6 916.56 I 6 833.42 I 6 784.6 I 74.6 I 6 508.4 I 6 130.60 I 5 739.66 I 5 695.08 I 70.04 1 5 542.79 I 5 395.26 5 295.60 I 5 163.80 I 4 817.52 I 4 788.20 I 4 473.61 I 4 212.98 I 3 958.65 I 3 894.21 I 32.32 I 3 799.20 I 18.91 I 3 690.37 I 34.68 I 09.55 I 3 571.17 I 53.09 I 16.95 I 3 489.78 I 81.16 I 60.75 51.36 I 41.41 I 33.44 I 21.23 I 04.59 I 3 373.00 I 02.14 I 3 258.78 I 51.64 I 42.71 I 3 114.05 I 3 065.31 I 27.92 2 980.66 I 22.51 2 854.60 2 787.94

A 6 7 10 7 10 6 9 8 10 6 6 8 4 9 10 10 10 10 10 9 8 7 6R 5R 6R 10 5R 4R 6R 1OR 9R 5R 7R 8R 4R 7R 7R 6R 5R 8R 1OR 6R 6R 6R 5R 1OR 5R 4R 4R 1 7R 2

S

I I II I

1

1 1 1 2 1 2 2 4 10 10 10 10 8 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 8 6 10 8 4 6 10 3 10 10

II II II II II II II II

Pa..—(Continued) X A 2 776.87 63.09 8R 2 658.74 2 35.92 2 28.24 1 2 565.51 1 51.78 1 05.72 2 2 498.79 3 88.92 4 86.53 1 76.43 1OR 47.92 1OR 46.18 1 33.11 2 26.87 1 18.73 1 2 372.16 2 67.96 1 1 781.8 41.0 04.3 1 693.4 67.6 25.8 1 596.8

S 10 6 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 2 8 10 10 10 10 10 10 6 6 8 6 7 5 5_

Pr.- (Continued) X A S 4 783.39 4 1 36.72 4 2 4 628.74 4 3 4 563.13 5 3

34.15 17.58 10.15 4 496.43 68.67 49.84 29.23 08.83 05.84 4 368.33 33.98 05.80 4 297.75 80.09 72.27

41.03 25.34 23.00 06.72 4 189.52 79.43

64.19 43.14 41.26 18.49

pr ( 1 1 , 6 2 , 7 8 , 9 0 , 91)

X 7 721.82 7 645.68 7 451.72 7 114.58 7021.55 6 827.70 6 798.69

47.17

A 3 3 4 4 6 6 8

S

6

6 673.68

10

56.9

6

6 566.8

5

6 478.1 31.9 29.7

5 5 5

6 6 6 6

359.07 281.34 161.20 055.13

5 5 5 6

17.82

5

2

5 6 6

2 1 1

8

1

5 939.94 5 879.18 23.70

15.24

1 2

5 707.60 5 668.46 05.63 5 509.16 5 469.88 5 381.27 22.77 5 220.11 5 173.92

6 6 5 4 5 4 5 5 6

2 3 3 4

10.79 10.40

6 6

3 2

2 2

00.75 4 062.83 56.54 54.87 08.73 3 994.81 89.70 82.06 72.15 64.82 47.63 18.85 08.43 08.05 3 877.22 16.10 00.31 3 762.35 39.19 3 687.05 45.66 3 355.66 2 985.77 80.51 2 488.75

6 6 10

4 2 10

10 9 8 10 10 8 9 10 10 8 8 9

10 8 4 10 10 5 8 8 10 5 4 5

4

10

10

3

10 10 10 10 10

10 10 10 10 10

10 10 10 10

10 10 6 10

10 10 9 9 10 10 10 9 8 9 9 7 10 7 10 9 5 4 4 4 3 3

10 8 8 6 8 5 5 6 3 4 4 5 8 4 10 8 4 1 3 3 1 1 8 8 5__

Pt (24, 78, 90, 91, 127, 131,

154, 175.1, 266)

X

8 7 7 6 6 6

224.79 217.58 113.75 842.60 710.39 523.5

6 5 5

A

6 6 10 8 10 4

S

5 5 5 4 4

4 4 3 3

Pt.—(Continued) X A 326.6 10 840.13 4 478.50 10 75.78 10 368.99 10 01.02 10 227.64 10 059.48 10 684.09 5 57.95 6 552.41 10 20.90 10 498.75 10 42.55 10 327.07 6 118.69 10 922.98 8 672.00 8 28.11 10 485.27 8

08.14 3 301.87 3 204.05 00.72 3 156.56 39.37 3 064.71 42.62 2 997.96 29.79 2 893.87 30.29 2 794.21 71.67 33.94 19.02 05.89 02.40 2 659.44 50.86 46.89 28.05 2 487.18 67.44 28.05 24.90 2 357.10 10.97 2 288.19 1 928.5 1 889 1 723 1 680 1 597 1 473 61 1 287 26 13 1 199 18 1 056 935 930

8 10 9 7 8 8 6R 4R 7R 8R 6 8R 5R 4R 8R 5R 5R 6R 1OR 4R 6R 7R 4R 6R 8R 1 4R 3 6

S 1 1 2 2 1 5 2 3 1 3 10 4 10 5 3 10 10 3 4 3

8 5 4 3 3 3 10 4 10 4 3 5 6 2 6 4 5 6 10 4 4 5 2 2 2 10 2 5 3 5 5 4 5 3 4 4 5 5 3 3 3 3 3 3 .

Pt- (Continued) X A 805 714 702 696 390

S 3 3 3 3 1_

Ra (90, 91, 242)

6 6 6 6 5 II 5 5 5 5 4 4 I II II II II

4 4 4 4

II 3 II 3 2 2

X 446.1 337.0 200.4 167.2 958.2 813.7 660.6 16.6 01.5 501.8 406.6 00.1 971.7 856.1 25.94 682.20 533.17 436.22 340.67 0 5 814.44 649.60 813.73 708.94

A 5 1 5 1 1 3 5 1 1 2 2 2 5 10 10 10 5 10 3 10 10 10 8

S 8 6 10 8 10 10 10 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 10 10 10 10 10 7 10 10 10 8

I I

I I

Rb (57.1, 7 8 , 9 0 , 9 1 , 1 3 4 , 174, 201, 205, 223, 228.1)

X I 74 280 72 690 I 65 670 I 64 360 I 52 313 I 46 960 I 190 I 39 898 I 827 I 38 511 I 15 290 1 14 754 I 13 667 I 444 I 237 I 10 082 I 7 947.63 I 7 800.30 I 7 408.4 I 7 280.2 6 775.1 I 6 298.6 I 06.5 I 5 724.5 5 699.2 36.0 5 522.8

A 3 2 2 2 2 8 1 6 3 3 10 10 10 10 10 10 8R 1OR 10 10 10 8 4

S I I

I I

Rb.—(Continued) X A 5 152.1 4 885.6 4 782.9 76.0 4 648.6 22.4 4 571.8 30.3 4 430.7 26.1 01.4 4 380.7 77.1 71.8 48.3 4 293.9 73.1 44.4 15.6 1OR 01.8 1OR 4 193.0 36.2 04.3 4 083.9 3 978.1 40.6 3 801.9 3 699.6 62.7 00.7 3 591.6 4R 87.1 4R 31.6 3 492.7 61.6 34.2 3 393.1 50.9 5R 48.7 4R 40.6 21.5 3 271.0 29.1 2R 28.0 2R 3 198.8 11.4 3 086.9 23.7 2 956.1 2 807.6 2 631.8 2 561.9

S 6 5 7 9 10 10 10 6 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 9It 9R 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 4R 4R 10 10 10 8 7 5R 4R 8 8 7 2R 2R 8 6 5 5 10 6 6 5_

7 7 7 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 3

3

3

3

3 Rh (78, 90, 91, 127, 131, 175.1,

233)

9 3 2 2 6 6 6

X 425.51 136.20 045.40 830.05

A 2 4 7 6

24.91

10

7 791.61

9

8 8 8 7

S

3 3

Rh.—(Continued) X A 495.22 10 75.74 10 270.82 10 101.68 10 965.65 10 879.94 10 752.40 10 630.16 10 519.72 10 414.7 8 102.72 8 983.58 8 831.57 10 06.86 10 686.36 10 599.43 10 44.60 10 35.02 10 424.04 10 390.43 10 79.08 10 54.38 10 193.12 10 851.62 10 675.02 10 528.73 10 379.93 8 74.82 1OR 288.72 1OR 11.14 1OR 135.29 1OR 28.90 1OR 097.54 8 82.80 10 958.86 1OR 34.23 1OR 856.50 1OR 33.87 1OR 28.47 1OR 22.35 1OR 799.31 1OR 93.22 1OR 65.08 1OR 48.22 9 00.92 1OR 692.35 1OR 90.72 1OR 57.99 1OR 26.60 1OR 597.15 1OR 96.19 1OR 83.10 1OR 28.03 1OR 02.53 1OR 478.91 1OR 74.78 1OR 70.76 1OR 62.04 1OR 34.90 1OR 396.82 1OR 23.10 1OR 283.56 1OR 80.54 1OR 63.14 9

S 2 2 2 2 2

Rh.—(Continued) X A 968.67 5 715.30 2 05.62 3 625.40 2 520.53 2 490.76 3

S 1 10 10 8 10 10

1

1 1 2 1 1 1 3 1 1 2 3 3 5 3 3 5 5 3 10 8 10 10 10 4 5 10 6 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 8 10 10 10 7 8 8 10 10 10 5 5 2

Rn* (234, 235, 243, 279) X

G

7 057 6 309 5 977 45 5 716 5 582.4 5 393 5 084.5 4 979.0 4 817.5 4 797 68.8 21.7 02 4 681.0 44.4 25.7 09.7 04.6 4 578 08 4 460 35 4 371.7 49.9 08 4 203.3 4 188 66.5 14.7 4 017.9 3 981.8 71.8 57.3 3 867.6 3 665 12

3 5 3 2 6 8 3 10 10 7 2 7? 5 5 10 10 10 7 9 8 6 7 5 5 10 10 10 4 10 6 7 9 7 5 3 5 4

* Radon =» (Radium) => Niton.

Emanation

Ru (78, 9 0 , 9 1 , 1 2 7 , 131, 175.1, 233)

X 8 710.76 8 264.95 7 924.46 7 881.48 09.18 7791.87 7621.52 7499.78 7 393.92

A 2 4 5 10 9 8 6 10 8

S

Ru.—(Continued) X A 7 238.95 9 I 7 027.93 10 6 981.99 10 23.22 10 6 824.06 10 6 690.0 10 I 6 444.81 9 I 5 921.45 10 I 5 814.99 10 I 5 636.24 8 5 510.72 10 I 5 484.33 10 54.82 10 27.61 10 01.00 10 5 361.75 10 I 09.26 10 I 5 171.03 10 I 36.55 10 I 4 869.16 10 I 15.50 10 I 4 757.85 10 I 09.48 10 I 4 584.45 10 I 54.52 1OR I 4 460.04 8 I 4 372.21 10 I 4 297.72 10 I 12.08 10 I 4 199.91 1OR I 12.76 9 1 4 080.62 1OR 3 923.48 8 I 3 799.34 1OR I 98.89 1OR I 90.50 1OR I 86.04 1OR I 42.28 1OR I 30.43 9R I 28.02 1OR I 26.93 1OR I 3 661.35 8R 34.94 1OR I 3 596.17 1OR I 93.03 1OR I 3 498.95 1OR I 36.74 1OR 28.32 1OR 17.35 1OR 3 339.55 8 I 3 294.13 8 3 177.03 3 3 064.83 7 2 976.58 4 65.55 3 45.67 3 16.26 8 2 875.00 7 2 734.34 4 12.40 4 2 692.1 5 78.73 4 2 402.72 3

S (29, 30, 31, 32, 84, 91, 183,

S

1 1 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 3 3 3 5 8 10 8 10 10 8 10 5 10 5 10 10 10 10 3 8 8 8 10 3 6 6 8 5 3 3 2 8 8 2 10 10 10 3 2 10 10 .10 10 10

227, 239)

X I 9 237.71 I 28.17 I 12.80 8 694.3 8 585.6 7 696.7 86.1 79.6 7 244.8 I 6 757.2 I 48.8 I 43.7 6 538.1 I 6 415.5 I 08.1 I 03.5 I 6 052.8 I 46.0 I 42!0 1 5 706.2 I 00.4 I 5 696.8 60.1 47.1 40.0 14.3 06.1 5 579.1 64.9 09.6 I 07.0 5 473.6 53.8 32.8 28.7 5 345.7 .20.7 5 279.0 78.6 78.1 12.6 01.0 5 032.5 14.0 09.6 4 925.3 4 696.3 95.5 94.2 4 525.0 4 362.5 32.7 4 294.42 84.97 53.60 4 189.9 74.31 63 53.2 45.1 42.5 4 028.8

S

1

1

5 1 3 2 2

G 3 2 2 4 6 8 6 4 6 7 6 5 6 4 3 2 7 6 5 8 7 6 6 8 8 5 8 6 8 10 5 8 10 10 9 8 8 6 5 3 8 6 8 8 6 6 6 8 10 6 6 5 8u 8 10 5 7 10 8 10 8 6

3 3 3 3 IV 3 VI V IV V IV IV IV IV IV

S.—(Continued) X S 993.5 83.7 28.5 838.29 8 37.37 4 717.7 5 497.3 8 098.36 5 933.418 5 854.81 5 815.97 5 786.51 6 744.92 5 48.40 5 50.23 5 53.75 6 661.42 6

Sa ( 67 >

;

8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 7

6 6 6

69

90

91

G 5 5 8 8 7 6

> 244)

A 2 2 3 3 4 4 3 3 4 5 6 5 5 6 5

S

31.86

6

6 679.25 01.84 6 569.34 6 487.65 26.63 6 256.69 6 159.49 5 965.70 38.91 5 874.22 14.88 5 787.04 73.77 5 696.74 44.11 26.01 5 550.38 19.64 5 498.22 93.72 5 341.26 5 271.38 5 071.20 44.27 4 910.41 4 883.78 44.20

>

5 5 6 4 4 5 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 4 6 5 6R 5 6 6 5 4 4 4 4 4 4

4

4

X 913.66 859.76 717.89 632.83 510.92 305.79 230.34 161.88 068.47 082.40 39.24 20.47 955.33 861.14 794.20

>

4

4

143

>

4

Sa.—(Con tinned) X A 760.28 5 04.42 5 676.92 5 15.71 5 595.31 5 43.95 5 19.64 8 467.33 5 34.34 6 24.35 6 390.86 5

S 2 3 4 4 5 5 5 10 8 10 10

18.95

5

8

4 280.80 56.40 29.70 03.03 4 118.57 4 092.29 3 986.66 3 745.60

5 5 6 6 6 5 4 5

4 5 4 6 5 4 2 3

39.16 24.91

6 6

5

3 661.36 34.27 3 592.62 3 408.66 3 365.86

4 4 5 3 3

4 4 5 3 3

Sb (13, 59, 74, 78, 90, 91, 138,

154, 257, 276)

X

2 1 1

12 118 11 864 268 190 109 082 013 10 880 840 743 678 587 263 080 9 951 9 520 7 7 6 6

924.6 844.4 806.3 778.4

6 611.4 6 129.9

1 1 1 1 1 3

A

S

2 4 4 1 2 2 2 3 5 5 10 5 4 4 2 2 6 4 6 6

3 6

1

2 3

6 079.6

6

1

05.0

6

3

5 730.4 5 639.7 32.0 5 568.0 4 693.0

4 2 4 3

5 3 10

4 591.8

5

4 352.2 4 265.0

10 10

4 195.1

8

I I I I I I I I

I I

I I I I

I I

Sb.—(Continued) X A 4 033.5 6 3 722.8 8 3 637.8 9 3 504.5 3 3 498.5 73.9 3 383.2 5 3 267.5 8R 41.2 32.5 8R 3 040.7 29.8 8R 2 913.3 2 877.920 1OR 51.1 4 2 790.4 69.95 1OR 27.22 5R 18.90 3R 2 692.27 3R 82.77 4R 70.67 5R 52.60 3R 12.32 3R 2 598.076 1OR 90.29 28.54 6R 2 478.34 2 45.55 3R 26.36 3R 2 383.64 3R 73.7 4R 11.5 6R 06.5 5R 2 179.25 4R 75.9 5R 2 068.4 4R 54.0 39.7 23.9 1 926.6 1 870.6 67 10 1 783 62 31 25 12 1 585 66.3 14 1 438 1 307 1 225 11 05 1 193 71 68 62 1 048 42 12

S 4 5 6 10 10 10 2 10 10 10 10 10 5 1OR 4 10 1OR 8 10 3 5 5 8 8 1OR 10 1OR 6 6 3 4 3 1OR 4 3R 3R 1 6 5 4 5 10 8 5 10 10 5. 6 6 8 8 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10

^.—(Continued) \ A 981 976 861 805 723 691 456

Sc.—(Continued) S 10 10 6 5 3 2 1__

Sc (78, 90, 91, 96, 123.1, 175.2, 216.1)

X

8 8 7 7 7 7 6

I I I I I I 1 II

I I II II II II II II II I I I I I I I I II II II II II

241.18 194.87 800.44 741.20 697.76 136.13 835.03 29.52 19.51 17.10 6 737.90 6 604.62 6 413.37 6 305.70 6 258.98 10.67 5 711.75 00.15 5 686.86 71.81 57.90 5 526.82 20.50 5 481.98 5 349.29 5 239.82 5 081.57 31.03 4 743.82 4 670.41 4 415.56 00.40 4 374.50 25.00 20.73 14.10 4 246.84 4 165.21 4 082.42 54.55 47.82 23.70 20.41 3 996.61 11.81 07.50 3 651.81 45.32 42.80 30.76 13.83

A

4 4 10 10 10 6 10 10 10 10 10 4 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 9 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 6 10 8 7 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10

S

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 3 1 1 1 2 2 4 4 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 3 3 2 8 8 2 6 6 10 10 10 10 10

X

II 3 590.50 II 89.65 II 80.96 II 76.36 II 72.55 II 67.71 II 58.55 35.73 II 3 372.15 II 68.95 II 61.95 II 61.29 II 59.69 53.74 I 3 273.64 I 69.92 3 065.1 52.92 45.73 39.94 I 19.33 2988.95 2 734.10 2 699.12 II 2 560.26 II 52.39 2 438.62 2 272.9 2 062 1 993 1 880 1 603 1 214 791

A

S

10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 5 5 10 10 10 10 10 10 4 6 5 10 5 4

10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 8 8 8 10 2 2 5 4 3 2 1 3 8 10 6 10

4 5 5 5 6 5

Se (80, 169, 189)

I I I I I I I

I I I

I I I

X 7 061.9 6 831.0 6 746.4 6 699.6 79.5 6 325.6 5 961.9 5 866.2 42.6 5 753.3 47.6 18.1 5697.9 23.1 17.8 5 591.2 67.0 22.6 5 455.8 5 374.1 69.9 65.4 05.3 5 271.1 53.7 27.5

G 5 5 6 6 5 6 5 6 6 7 7 7 8 9 5 8 9 8 7 10 10 8 9 8 7 9

S

2

A

Se.—(Continued) X G S 5 176.0 9 2 42.1 8 1 5 096.5 8 1 68.6 8 1 31.3 8 4 992.9 8 1 75.7 8 4 844.8 10 1 40.5 8 1 4 763.6 8 2 I 42.4 8 I 39.1 9 I 30.9 10 4 648.4 8 5 18.7 8 3 04.3 9 5 4 563.9 9 4 16.2 8 2 4 467.6 9 3 49.2 8 2 46.0 8 01.0 9 3 4 382.8 10 6 20.4 9 3 4 280.3 8 2 4 182 9 10 76 9 10 69.0 10 3 08.8 8 3 4 083.2 8 3 46.7 10 3 08.1 8 2 3 901.6 8 3877.3 8 4 49.6 8 2 00.9 10 8 3 738.7 10 10 11.6 10 6 3 637.5 10 10 3 544 10 10 14 10 8 3 387.2 10 6 79.8 8 3 23.1 8 3 3 225.9 8 3 3 185.5 9 3 3 094.3 8 3 69.9 8 2 60.8 10 38.7 8 2 2 951.7 10 3 14.9 9 3 2 880.4 8 3 37.2 8 4 2 777.7 9 3 67.4 10 3 2 685.9 8 4 30.9 8 5 2 591.4 10 5 2 459.5 7 3 2 354.3 5 3 2 073 3 63 8 3 8 8

A

8 8 2

Se.—(Continued) X G S l 993

A 5

1OR

10

60

l 854

7_

Si (73, 79, 90, 91, 94, 154, 160,

161, 168, 217) X

II 6 371.359 II 47.091 II 5 978.970 II 57.612 III 5 739.762 I 08.400 II 5 056.020 II 41.063 III 4 574.777 III 67.872 III 52.654 II 4 130.884 II 28.053 IV 4 088.863 I 3 905.515 II 3 862.592 II 56.021 II 53.657 III 06.56 I I I 3 796.11 I I I 91.41 I I I 3 590.46 IV 3 165.72 IV 49.56 III 3 093.423 III 86.225 12987.647 I 2 881.587 I 2 631.28 III 2 541.83 I 28.516 I 24.118 I 19.212 I 16.119 I 14.322 I 06.904 I 2 435.159 IV 2 287.08 I 16.685 I 2 124.140 II 2 072.61 II 71.94 I 58.20 I l 988.97 l 885 II 17.06 II 08.14 II l 711.0 II l 533.55 II 26.38 III 00.39 IV l 402.9 IV l 393.9 II l 265.04 II 60.66 III 06.9

A

S

10

5 1OR 5 1OR 1OR 8R 1OR 8R 1OR 5R 3

G

2 8 5 10 7 5 8 5 2 10 l 8 l 4 2 7 3 9 6 10 5 8 6 10 5 10 4 6 5 8 3 3 3 5 7 4 6 3 2 8 8 6 6 7 4 10 6 10 8 8 5 10 5 6 5 10 3 6R 10 8 5R 5 10 10 8 6 10 8 5 8 10 10 8 10

Si.—(Continued) X A S II l 194.89 III 10.47 IV l 066.3 IV 818.0 IV 815.0 IV 749.7 IV 457.7 IV 361.6

G

5 5 8 7 7 3 3 l

2 2 2 2

Sm, see Sa Sn (4, 46, 59, 90, 9l, 138, 154,

167, 171, 223, 251, 276, 291)

X 13 022 12 983 11 934 853 827 740 672 618 457 279 194 10 896 808 458 9 852 8 552.6 8 114.1 6 844.2 6 579.2 6 453.5 6 310.8 6 171.5 54.6 49.6 6 069.0 54.9 37.7 5 970.3 5 799.4 31.70 5 589.4 62.7 5 333 4 585.6 24.74 3 801.03 3 352.3 30.60 3 283.5 62.33 3 175.047 3 034.116 32.78 09.135 2 913.54 2 863.322 50.61 39.987 13.58

A 2 5 10 4 4 9 2 6 6 10 7 4 l l l 7 7 2

3 4 4 5 6 7 5 5 5 7

6 9R 6R 1OR 1OR 9R 3R 9R 6R 8R 6R 8R 5R

S

2 2

2

2 2 4 6 l l l l l

10 3 10 10 10 10 10 8R 10 6 10 5R 9R 8R 3 8R 4 8R 7R 1OR 4R

l

l l l

Sn.—(Continued) X A 785.02 3R 79.81 4R 06.50 7R 661.25 5R 58.61 594.43 4R 71.60 5R 46.56 5R 495.72 5R 83.40 5R 29.505 7R 21.699 6R 08.18 4R 354.84 5R 34.80 4R 17.22 5R 286.68 4R 68.92 3R 46.05 3R 31.73 4R 09.63 3R 199.3 3R 94.5 3R 71.3 3R 51.4 3R 48.6 3R 40.6 3R 21.2 3R 13.9 4R 00.8 4R 096.3 4R 91.6 3R 72.9 5R 40 4R 983.4 3R 51.4 3R 899 3 11 757 570 475 37.7 10.8 387.0 70 47 27 14.7 251 24 158 32 089 86 62 58 44 19 956 910 907 902 892

S 4 5 7R 4R 10 3R 5R 5R 4R 4R 8R 8R 3 6R 4R 4R 3R 3R 3R 2 2R 2R 2R 2 l l

IR l

10 10 10 4 6 10 5 5 4 4 7 10 20 10 20 12 5 5 3 3 15 15 10 3 3 15 3

Sn.—(Continued) X A 784 752 508 502 410 392 Sr (59, 6l,

S 3 3 2 2 2 ]_

74, 75, 78, 90, 91,

110,158,174,223,253)

X I 30 665 482

A

I 110 5 I 29 225 6 28 964 516 I 27 356 6 26 947 I 915 6 806 714 I 024 6 20 767 705 I 262 10 17 446 170 137 I 11 242 10 II 10 915 10 II 328 10 II 038 10 7 673.10 6 I 21.53 5 I 7 309.45 7 I 7 232.24 5 I 7 167.30 6 I 7 070.15 1OR I 6 878.37 10 I 6 791.07 6 6 643.55 5 17.27 6 6 550.27 6 46.80 5 04.01 8 6 408.48 9 I 6 388.27 6 I 86.53 7 I 80.74 5 I 69.98 4 I 63.95 4 5 598.4 6 I 43.32 5 I 40.04 5 I 34.80 5 I 21.76 6 I 04.19 5 I 5 486.13 5 I 80.87 7 5 256.91 6 38.56 6 29.28 5 25.12 22.21

5 5

S

l l 2 3 3 2 4 4 l l l l l l 2 2 2 3 3 2 4 3 l l l l

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II II II II I I II II I I I I I I I I II II II II II

Sr.- (Continued) X A S 5 156.08 5 1 4 967.92 4 1 62.25 6R 2 4 892.01 6 2 76.31 6 1 76.07 6 1 72.48 6 2 55.07 4 1 32.07 6 3 11.86 6R 4 4 741.91 5 1 22.27 6 3 4 607.342 1OR 6R 4 438.04 6 3 4 361.71 4 2 05.47 4 4 4 215.515 9R 9R 4 161.81 4 3 4 077.714 1OR 1OR 30.38 5 4 3 940.80 5 2 3 464.47 6 7 3 380.72 5 6 66.33 5 2 51.26 6R 2 30.01 4 2 22.23 5 1 07.54 4 1 01.74 5 2 2 569.50 3R 2 428.11 3R 2 354.3 IR 2 166 IR 1 1 778 9 69 8 1 620 5 1 613 4

4 4 4 4 4

4 4 4 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 2

Ta (75, 78, 90, 91, 126, 196)

X

A

6 966.16 6 866.20 6 675.51 73.70 6 516.11 14.36 6 485.36 50.36 30.76 6 389.42 09.56 6 268.66 56.62 6 045.4 5 997.24 5 882.29 11.09 5 776.71 5 664.88 5 518.89 5461.29 5 136.47

2 3 5 4 10 9 10 10 9 8 8 8 8 5 7 5 8 7 6 3 4 3

S

1 2 1 3 3 10 5 5 3 3 2 2

2

6 6 6 6 6 5 5 5 5 5 5

2 3 2 2 3

5

Ta.- (Continued) X A 936.40 3 812.74 4 740.14 4 691.89 3 81.87 5 574.32 5 30.82 5 10.98 8 415.73 3 279.06 3 05.88 6 175.22 4 29.42 5 067.91 6 26.95 4 918.51 3 642.05 10 26.61 9 07.40 7 566.72 4 11.03 8 497.85 5 36.00 5 06.94 5 361.63 5 17.91 7 11.14 9 242.05 4 23.83 4 170.28 4 24.96 4 03.25 5 049.54 5 12.53 5 965.1.5 4 33.56 5 891.85 4 02.07 3 758.31 3 14.67 3 647.46 3 Tb (71, 90, 91) X A 896.37 5 794.58 5 85.12 4 677.94 6 331.68 4 038.97 4 967.35 5 851.07 5 03.11 5 785.18. 5 47.58 6 685.72 5 524.11 5 470.34 5 24.10 5 375.98 5 69.71 5 54.87 5 19.23 5

S 1 2 2 2 5 3 3 3 3 2 2 3 2 2 2 2 2 3 2 1 2

1 2 1 1 3 2 1 1 1 1 3 4 2 1 1 1 2 2 S

Tb,- (Continued) X A 5 228.11 5 5089.11 5

S

1

65.79 4 993.85 70.99 31.79 15.91 4 881.14 75.58 37.58 13.77 4 752.50 47.79 39.92 34.19 16.08 02.40 4 681.86 62.79 45.29 41,98 4 578.68 63.69 11.52 4 493.08 36.13 23.11 4 367.31 56.84 53.20 42.53 18.85 13.25 4 278.54 4 187.16 44.46 4 094.44 66.22 61.59 33.07 12.85 05.57 3 981.90 76.86 39.54 25.45 3 899.19

5 6 5 6 6 6 6 6 6 10 6 6 6 6 8 8 6 9 8 8 6 6 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 6 10 5 5 5 5 6 8 7 8 10 10 10 10 8

10 4 3 2 8 5 10 10 10 10 10 8

74.19 48.76 776.50 65.14 11.75 03.93 02.85 676.35 58.87 50.42 38.45 28.20 568.52 61.75 09.18 454.06

10 10 8 6 10 8 6 8 8 7 7 8 7 10 10 7

10 10 8 8 4 8 10 10 8 8 5 3 5 10 10 4

3

3

3 3

2 1 1 8 1 1 2 1 2 3 3 1 2

1 3 2 3 2 3 1 10

Tb,- (Continued) X A 3 413.77 5 3 324.40 8 3 293.08 5

3 3 2 2 2

74.24 18.95 139.65 078.87 913.28 09.24 891.29 658.91

6 5 4 4

S 4 5 8

5 3 8 10 10 10 10

2 539.91

8__

Te ( 7 5 , 9 0 , 9 1 , 1 5 4 , 2 7 0 )

X 6 438.0 5 755.8 08.1 5 649.3 5 449.7 5 045.2 4 866.5 3 175.13 2 769.65 2 530.73 2 385.78 83.27 2 265.52 59.02 55.50 08.88 2 160.12 47.33 43.0 2 081.8 1 826 1 461 1 345 1 297 91 23 19 16 1 174 67 50 23 17 07 1 064 07 04 931 928 813 634 509

A

9 9 7 1OR 1OR 5R 8R 5R 6 6 8 9R 8

S 10 8 10 10 5 4 4 2 4 5 1OR 1OR 3 3 3 2 1 1 1 5 7 7 5 5 7 7 7 7 10 5 7 5 5 5 5 5 4 4 5 1 1_

Th ( 7 8 , 9 0 , 9 1 , 1 5 7 )

X 7 054.8 6 993.1 89.7 6 584.0

A 4 4 4 4

S

6 6

6

6 6 6 5 5 5 5

Th.—(Continued) X A 531.3 4 462.64 5 57.26 4 16.10 4 11.91 4 396.4 4 76.94 4 58.64 4 42.86 4 274.14 4 61.06 4 120.56 4 12.84 4 04.79 4 099.08 4 87.28 5 15.41 4 989.02 7 14.38 4 870.51 4 15.38 4 749.32 4 07.07 4 639.71 5

04.48 5 539.89 5 462.58 35.86 5 325.10 5 277.45 47.65 5 148.17 5 067.97

1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1

4 5 4 4 4 5 5 4 5

1 2 1 1 2 2 2 2

49.77 28.59 17.24

7 5 8

3 2 3

4 987.16 64.15 19.80 4 863.17 32.78 18.62 4 774.27 61.10 52.41 40.47 4 619.50

5 5 9 9 5 4 5 5 6 6 7

3 1 6 8 2 4 2 3 4 4 3

02.88 4 510.54 4 391.12 81.89 4 208.85 4 178.04 16.75 4 085.05 69.23 19.14 3 752.58 41.21 3 659.51 27.40 17.07 01.05

5 4 5 5 4 3 2 3 3 5 4 5 3

1 5 10 10 8 5 6 7 7 10 6 6 6 2R 5 7

4 3

Th.—-(Continued) X A ^ 3 538.75 1 11.64 5 07.57 3 469.94 4 3 392.05 4 13.69 1 00,54 1 3 290.59 32.08 1 21.27 2 16.58 3 188.22 5 08.26 4 3 097.92 2 978.68 2 898.92 2 686.17 2 512.72 2 463.72 41.30 31.74 27.98 13.50

S

S 10 6 10 5 5 10 10 10 7 10 8 5 5 6 8 6 6 8 7 9 7 8. 6__

Ti (9, 37, 38, 75, 78, 88, 90, 91,

92, 146, 154)

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

X 8 518.2 8 435.6 26.5 7 251.7 44.86 09.45 6 861.47 6 743.15 6 556.09 6 303.77 6 261.10 58.72 58.11 15.26 6 126.22 6 091.18 85.24 5 999.666 78.535 65.821 53.155 41.748 22.103 18.542 5 899.290 66.435 5 766.33 62.276 15.124 08.231 02.683 5 689.475 75.427 62.92 62.164 44.137

A 4 5 4 6 5 8 5 5 6 6 9 9 9 7 9 7 7 6 8 8 8 7 7 6 9 9 7 7 8 5 6 8 7 7 7 7

S

1 3 5 3 9 9 9 10 5 5 4 2 8 10 10 4 4 3 10 10 3 2 2 1 2 3 4 3 8 10

TL- (Continued) X A I 5 565.470 7 I 14.540 8 I 14.349 7 I 12.531 8 I 5 488.228 6 I 77.727 9 II 5 336.80 3 I 5 297.248 7 I 83.449 7 II 26.554 3 I 10.391 8R I 5 192.970 8R II 88.692 4 I 73.743 7R I 5 064.66 10 I 39.960 9 I 38.407 9 I 36.471 9 I 35.912 7 I 25.582 8 I 24.850 9 I 22.870 9 I 20.027 8 I 14.25 10 I 07.214 9 I 4 999.511 10 I 91.07 9 I 81.73 9 I 4 885.088 8 I 70.138 7 I 40.882 9 I 20.417 7 I 4 759.281 8 I 58.131 8 I 31.172 5R I 4 698.769 8 I 91.339 8 I 81.912 9 I 67.592 10 I 56.461 8 I 23.106 9 II 4 571.98 6 II 63.767 4 I 55.494 9 II 49.63 5 I 48.772 9 I 44.690 9 I 36.053 6R I 35.921 6R I 35.576 8R I 34.781 9R I 33.249 1OR I 27.316 10 I 22.809 9 I 18.030 9 I 12.74 10 II 01.28 5 II 4 468.50 6 I 57.439 9 I 55.33 10 II 43.808 6 I 27.106 8 II 4 395.044 7

S 8 8 8 10 3 4 10 3 3 10 9 10 10 7 5 3 8 8 9 3 3 5 5 9 10 10 10 10 5 3 4 3 6 5 3 3 4 6 5 3 3 10 10 3 10 3 3 4

3 4 5 4 4 4 4 10 10 5 4 10 4 10

TL- (Continued) X A S II 4 337.924 5 10 I 14.807 7 3 II 07.89 8 I 05.915 10 8 I 01.084 10 3 I 00.555 10 2 II 00.058 6 8 I 4 298.675 10 4 II 94.108 6 10 I 90.94 8 2 II 90.230 4 10 I 89.083 10 4 I 87.417 9 4 I 82.714 6 3 I 74.59 10 4 II 4 171.92 3 10 II 63.656 4 10 I 4 078.478 6 4 I 24.578 7 3 I 09.662 7 4 I 3 998.643 10 6 I 89.764 10 6 I 64.274 7 3 I 62.859 7 3 I 58.212 10 5 I 56.343 10 4 I 48.679 10 4 I 47.774 8 3 II 13.47 5 10 II 00.544 5 10 I 3 882.88 9 3 II 3 761.327 8 10 II 59.298 9 10 I 52.866 10 5 II 41.646 3 10 I 41.065 10 2 I 29.812 8R 4 II 06.22 2 8 II 3 685.190 1OR 10 II 62.24 4 10 II 59.77 4 10 I 53.497 1OR 4 I 42.680 1OR 3 II 41.335 4 10 I 35.467 9R 3 II 3 535.41 4 10 II 20.26 3 8 II 10.846 8 10 II 04.89 7 10 II 3 477.188 9 10 II 61.504 9 10 II 56.392 2 9 II 52.476 1 8 II 44.318 4 10 II 3 394.58 2 10 II 87.835 8 10 I ' 85.949 8R II 83.765 8R 10 II 80.285 7 10 II 72.80 10 1OR I 71.456 9R 2 I 70.438 9R 2 II 61.215 8R 1OR

I II II I II II II II II II II II II II II II II II I I II I II II II II II II II III I I I I, II I II II II II II II I II I, II I I I I I I I I III III III II III I I III III

TI—(Continued) X A S 3 354.641 8 3 49.408 9R 1OR 49.039 6R 8R 41.874 6R 1OR 35.192 7 10 32.108 5 8 29.458 6R 10 22.940 8R 10 3 261.601 4 10 48.604 4 10 41.989 7 10 39.042 7R 6R 36.579 7R 6R 34.521 8R 1OR 24.24 5 8 22.84 7 8 17.061 8 8 02.540 6 10 3 199.924 9R 3 92.002 9R 1 90.877 7 10 86.462 9R 3 68.522 9 10 62.572 9 6 3 088.032 10 1OR 78.646 9 6 75.232 9 4 72.971 8 3 72.106 8 3 2 984.8 10 67.220 8 2 56.132 10 2 48.250 9 2 41.991 9 4 12.092 8 2 2 884.102 7 8 41.935 8 4 28.067 3 8 17.84 10 10.302 4 10 05.0 10 2 758.074 6 1 51.7 8 42.328 7 4 2 669.598 6 2 61.966 5 46.638 9 2 44.263 9 3 41.09 9 2 19.940 5 1 11.28 7R 1 2 599.914 6 2 63.4 10 40.0 10 27.8 10 25.616 4 10 16.0 10 2 418.363 3 1 14.0 10 2 384.527 3 1 75.0 6 46.8 6 2 074.6 2

^!.—(Continued) X A IV 2 068.3 1 671.2 58.7 1 437.3 III 1 298.8 III 94.3 64.6 I 120.5 13.4 834.0? 781.6 324

S 2 10 10 5 2 2 5 5 5 2 10 1_

Tl (46, 59, 62, 74, 75, 87, 90, 91,

137, 154, 167, 170,

203,

205, 251)

X

A

71 170 70 230 55 590 51 058 39 286 I 246 I 215 I 38 131 I 35 950 I 680 I 33 393 I 27 889 024 I 21 803 397 20 486 I 16 340 I 123 I 14 598 I 593 I 515 I 13 014 I 12 736 728 I 492 II 691 I 594 I 513 I 482 I 10 496 I 492 I 292 I 9 513 I 9 171 I 36 I 8 376 6 714 I 6 550

1 1 1 2 6 2 2 5 2 1 1 4 1 3 1 1 10 10 3 1 10 10 10 2 2 1 8 10 5 8 5 6 3 2 2 1 5 8

I I I I

5 I 5 5 4 I 3 I 3 I I 3 I 2

948.9 350.47 153.3 738.1 775.73 529.41 19.22 229.76 921.53

8 1OR 1OR 8R 1OR 1OR 6R

S

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

III

III

Tl.—(Continued) X A S 2 918.34 1OR 1 2 826.2 8R 2 767.89 1OR 10 10.7 4R 4 09.24 8R 6R 2 609.75 4R 08.98 6R 2 2 585.6 4R 1 80.16 8R 6R 52.9 2R 52.5 6R 17.44 4R 2 379.60 8R 1OR 16.0 6R 4 2 237.8 6R 3R 07.1 4R 2 1 893 10 28 6 15 10 1 793 9 1 660 10 1 561 8 59 10 1 492 4 78 4 1 337 4 1 266 8 1 082 4 29 4 908 2 817 3 697 4 662 3 395 1

3 3 3

3

3

3

Tu* (65, 91)

2 3 8 10 10 10 1OR 10 1OR 1 1

X

A

7 731.52 7 481.08 6 845.99 44.30 6 779.77 6 657.72 04.95 6 460.26 5 975.01 5 895.63 38.73 5 764.29 5 631.39 4 675.27 4 582.35 22.55 19.56 4 359.93 4 242.15 06.01 4 187.61 4 094.18 52.21 3 958.08

4 5 8 8 8 5 8 10 5 6 5 5 6 5 6 5 6 8 10 3R 1OR 1OR 8 6

49.27 5 * Thulium « Neothulium.

Tu.—(Continued) X A 916.50 7 00.83 6 847.99 10 38.20 6 761.91 8 61.33 8 51.82 5 25.07 5 17.91 1OR 04.83 .5 01.37 9 00.27 10 694.75 5 78.89 5 78.18 5 68.08 6 65.79 5 53.62 5 08.77 9 566.47 5 65.90 5 36.57 5 36.20 5 35.53 5 17.62 4 462.21 10 53.68 10

10 5

41.53

7

29.97

5

4

25.12

7

7

3 397.50 62.63 02.47 3 283.40 3 172.82 57.34

6 7 5 5 9 6

4 7 3 4 10 6

3 2 2 2

6

51.03

7

9

33.87

9

9

31.26

10

10

042.36 640.75 509.10 480.18

4 5 3 3

2 1 2

S

U

S 2 2 10 4 7 7 2 3 4 2 9 9 2 3 2 3 3 3 4 3 8 2 3 3

(78,

90,

91, 117,

146,

154,

181)

10 1 5 8 1 5 5 3 3 1

X 8 691.26 07.92 8 540.17 04.66 8 496.10 50.04 45.38 8 381.93 18.4 8 262.09 23.08 7 970.44 7881.91 7 784.11

A 3 5 3 4 3 4 4 3 3 4 4 3 4 5

S

U.—(Continued) X A

7631.72 19.34 7 533.91 7 425.49 7 128.88 01.61 7 074.78 6 826.90 6 465.00 49.19 6 395.46 72.46 6 171.88 6 077.28 51.74 5 997.32 76.32 15.39 5 837.7 5 798.54 80.56 58.18 23.63 5 669.45 21.50 10.88 5 564.16 27.84 5 492.94 81.20 75.71 5 280.38 5 027.38 4 899.27 19.48 4 772.70 56.79 31.60 4 689.07 46.60 27.08 4 543.64 4 472.34 4 393.60 41.67 4 287.87 41.68 4 171.61 63.70 56.65 4 090.13 3 985.80 32.04 3 859.57 31.45 3 670.07 3 566.61 2 008 1 985 81 1 833 1 587 764 397

3 3 5 3 4 3 4 4 4 10 6 5 4 4 4 4 5 8 4 4 4 6 5 4 4 5 5 10 8 5 5 4 5 4 4 4 5 5 5 4 5 5 5 5 5 4 5 5 5 5 6 5 5 5 4 4 4

V (37, 62, 78, 90, 91, 146,

8 8

1

1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 4 4 3 3 1 4 2 2 3 2 3 4 4 5 8 6 2 4 3 4 3 2 2 4 2 3 3 3 3 2 5 5 5 5 5 5 1_

154,

159)

S

I 8 I 7 6 I 6 I I 6 6 I 6 I I I I I I I I I 6 I I I 6 I I I 5 I I I I 5 I 5 5 5 I 4 I I I I I 4 I I 4 I 4 I I I

4

X 919.8 255.8 53.5 41.6 03.0 161.03 16.76 338.90 753.03 531.43 04.18 452.38 326.87 296.53 92.83 85.18 74.67 68.85 51.83 43.10 42.85 30.78 16.35 199.20 19.54 11.67 090.24 81.47 39.74 737.07 31.28 27.04 07.02 03.61 698.53 70.87 27.66 507.75 487.9 15.28 01.95 194.85 38.44 28.54 881.57 75.48 64.75 51.50 07.56 796.94 86.52 76.48 619.68 594.10 86.367 80.402 77.17 71.79 60.72 49.65 45.40 488.90 69.71

A 3 4 4 4 4 4 5 4 4 10 4 4 5 10 9 9 5 5 9 9 4 10 8 8 1OR 10 1OR 10 10 7 8 1OR 8R 1OR 1OR 9 8 5 5 10 7 4 6 8 1OR 1OR 1OR 9 10 7 6 6 8 1OR 8 8 8 6 7 6 9 8 8

S

4 I

I I I I

6 4 4 6 7 7 8 5 8 4 10 9 10 8 8 9 10 6 10 7 5 10 9 10 10 8 9 8 8 8 8 8 10 9 10 10 9 8 8 8 8 9 9 10 9 9 8 10 9 8 8 10 8

I I I I I I 4 I I I I I I I 4

I 4 I I I I I I I I 4 I I

3

I 3 I I I I

I

V,—(Continued) X A 462.367 9 60.31 1OR 52.03 8 44.22 8 41.686 7 37.841 8 21.586 8 16.61 08.516 6R 08.209 6R 07.65 8R 06.65 8R 00.588 9 395.24 10 89.987 1OR 84.73 1OR 79.240 1OR 52.88 10 41.01 9 32.830 8 30.031 6 284.06 7 76.96 6 71.56 6 68.64 8 09.85 6 05.08 2 02.44 1 183.4 2 34.47 9 32.00 1OR 28.074 10 16.70 1OR 16.479 8 15.180 10 05.166 10 099.796 10 92.692 10 90.59 10 35.62 2 23.38 2 05.71 3 998.73 8 97.13 3 90.57 10 73.64 3 51.96 3 16.40 2 14.31 2 09.88 6R 02.258 8R 878.73 1 75.081 8R 64.861 8 55.852 9R 47.32 4 18.241 8

15.51 13.495 3 794.96 87.15 70.97 45.80 32.75

3 8 8 2 3 3 5

S 9 1OR 10 8 8 6 5 10 1OR 1 4R 5R 10 10 1OR 1OR 1OR 6 10 10 10 10 8 8 8 8 10 8 10 10 10 10 7 7 2 4 2 3 10 10 10 10 4 8 6 10 10 8 8

3 I 3 I I I

3

3 3 3

I 3

I I I

II II II II II II II 3

2 10 2 3 3 10 3

10 3 3 8 10 10 10

2

II II

V.—(Continued) X A 727.46 15.47 6 03.566 8 00.34 1 695.867 8 92.22 8 90.29 8 88.070 8 69.42 1 67.72 8 18.95 1 593.33 5 92.02 5 89.75 5 66.17 3 56.80 4 45.20 6 30.77 6 24.73 3 17.30 5 04.44 4 496.94 3 57.13 2 337.9 279.84 3 76.12 10 71.11 10 67.706 10 54.75 2 37.87 6 17.11 6 02.38 5R 198.098 5R 90.67 7 88.51 5 87.70 5 85.406 1OR 83.99 1OR 83.415 1OR 39.73 1 36.51 2 34.93 2 30.270 5 26.21 6 25.288 8 18.383 1OR 10.71 8 02.303 10 093.14 4 66.37 4R 60.45 3R 56.35 3R 50.88 3R 44.93 4R 01.20 3 989.59 l 77.55 8 76.53 8 76.21 8 74.24 8 68.38 8 57.52 8 55.80 8 52.08 8

S 10 10 3 8 3 4 4 3 8 3 8 10 10* 10 8 10 10 10 8 10 10 8 10 8 10 1OR 1OR 1OR 8 10 10 2 2 1OR 8R 8R 2R 2R 2R 8 8 8 1OR 4R 2 1OR 1OR 1OR 1OR IR

2 3 1 8R 3R 1 3 2 1 1OR 6 8R

V.—(Continued) X

II 2 944.6 43.20 42.35 II 41.43 II 30.813 II 24.650 II 24.021 23.626 II 20.383 19.99 14.925 II 11.055 10.385 10.021 08.811 II 07.47 06.13 04.130 2 893.321 92.67 92.46 91.65 84.79 82.51 10.238 2 762.6 15.69 06.19 00.962 2 687.99 79.35 78.600 77.830 2 074.5 1 454 37.3 1 112 723 684.5? 483.0

W.—(Continued)

A

S

X

A

2 8 1OR 3 8 8 8 8R 8 8 10 6 8 8 8R 8 8 8 10 10 10 10 6 6 2

8R 1 2 1OR 5R 8R 8R

6 693.12 6 538.15 6 445.15 04.22 6 292.05 6 012.80 5 947.58 5 804.86 5 735.10 5 648.39 5 514.72 5 492.34 5 224.68 5 071.74 53.30 15.34 06.17 4 843.829 4 680.52 4 588.74 70.66 4 484.20 4 302.12 4 294.62 15.38 4 074.37 08.76 3 867.98 3 736.24 3 641.41 17.52 13.79 3 592.42 72.47 45.23 08.74 3 401.90 3 376.14 3 077.50 49.68 46.44 41.86 17.44 2 946.98 44.41 34.99 2 896.44 96.01 79.40 79.11 18.07 2 774.48 74.01 70.90 69.76 68.99 64.28 62.34 02.1 2 658.02 2 589.14 79.6 79.3

5 4 4 4 4 4 4 7 8 7 10 10 10 5 10 8 8 9 8 7 7 8 8 6R 3 7 10 5 1 4 8R 3 3 3 6 6 1 1 1 6R 5R 5R 6R 8R 7R 5R 6R 4R 5R 5R 5R 5R 5R 4R 4R 4R 4R 4R 1 2 2

10 8 8 10 8 7 7

3 2 2 3R 4R 4R 8R 3R 4R 1 5R 5R 6R 10 8 8 2R 5 3R 5R 5R 4 3 4 15 2 2 2 3 5 5

W (10, 24, 75, 78, 90, 91, 116,

146)

X

8 613.22 8 594.38 85.07 8 123.78 7 940.92 7 784.11 7 688.93 14.07 7 569.87 7 483.34 7 385.08 7 296.57 7 140.51 6 984.29 34.28 6 820.7

A

3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4

S

1

W.—(Continued) S

2 2 2 3 2 5 8 10 10 10 10 10 2 8 10 5 5 3 3 4 5 9 8 6 10 5 10 10 2 10 10 10 3 5 8 10 10 1 1 1 2 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 3 2 1 1 1 8 2 10 8 8 7 5

X

2 572.3 71.46 2 488.8 46.4 2 397.11 1 895.5 1 788.3 87.0 85.5 1 679.2 1 550.2

Xe.-II. Spectrum.—(Cont'd)

A

2 2 1 2

S

6 6 6 8 10 6 5 5 5 3 I 3

Xe ( 7 , 5 0 , 1 7 5 , 1 8 7 )

I. Spectrum X 8 819.38 8 409.17 8 280.08 31.62 7 642.04 7 393.80 7 285.36 6 882.07 6 727.90 6 469.70 6 318.06 6 182.44 4 923.246 4 844.333 29.705 07.019 4 734.154 4 697.020 71.225? 24.275? 03.028 4 582.746? 24.680? 00.978 4 193.5 16.1 09.7 4078.8 3 967.6 51.0 3 650.2 II. Spectrum X 6 557 6 097.6 51.2 36.2 5 976.5 5 751.1 19.6 5 667.6 59.5 16.8 5 531.1 5 472.7 60.4 39.0 19.2 5 372.4

G 6 4 10 10 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 5 10 4 7 8 6 10 9 10 4 6 8 8 7 5 10 4 10 4 G 10 7 7 6 7 5 6 6 5 6 7 7 6 8 10 8

X

G

5 339.4 14.0 5 292.2 5 080.7 4 921.5 4 890.1 83.5 76.5 62.5 44.3 23.3 4 698.0 52.0 03.0 4 592.0 85.5 77.2 45.2 40.9 4480.8 62.2 48.1 34.2 14.8 4 395.7 93.2 30.5 4 245.4 38.2 08.5 4 193.1 80.0 09.0 4 057.4 50.0 3 992.7 50.6 22.5 07.9 3 895.0 80.5 77.8 41.5 3 781.0 76.3 3 676.6 24.1 3 596.6 83.6 79.7 52.1 42.4 3 468.2 67.2 58.8 54.3 3 330.8 22.2 3 285.8 42.8 39.3 3 196.2 51.0

9 8 10 7 6 5 6 7 8 10 6 5 6 10 6 10 6 8 8 7 10 10 6 7 10 10 10 10 10 6 8 10 6 5 6 5 8 10 7 6 6 8 7 10 7 7 8 5 6 6 6 6 5 5 5 7 6 6 8 7 6 5 6

Xe.—II. Spectrum.—(Cont'd) X G 3 150.7 6 38.3 6 3 091.1 5 83.6 6 65.2 6 2 993.0 5 79.4 6 57.7 5 37.9 6 2 871.2 5 16.0 5 14.5 6 2 794.9 5 17.4 7 2 677.2 8 05.6 10 2 475.9 10 Yb* ( 6 5 , 9 0 , 9 1 )

X

7 7 6 6 6 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 3 3 3

3 3 3

699.49 527.58 799.66 667.85 489.14 837.13 720.02 652.00 556.47 39.05 481.95 352.94 35.14 277.07 935.51 786.60 81.90 26.07 576.22 439.22 316.96 180.84 35.13 988.01 795.76 70.09 694.20 19.83 560.69 60.33 20.24 478.84 76.30 64.33 54.07 41.50 31.12 362.60 42.96 37.17 289.37 192.87

A

10 5 10 10 10 8 10 9 10 10 8 5 6 6 10 10 8 8 10 8 2 10 4 10 3 7 10 5 8 8 4 8 8 10 5 10 6 10 10 8 10 3

S

3

3

2

2 2 2 2

1

Yb,- (Continued) X A S 169.05 3 8 53.86 3 10 40.91 4 10 26.1 10 17.78 4 10 07.87 10 1OR 065.03 4 10 31.12 10 5 29.6 10 17.57 3 10 09.39 3 8 05.76 5 10 994.80 3 8 70.56 6 5 19.36 4 10 14.23 2 10 859.81 3 6 51.17 4 10 750.49 5 10 672.64 3 4 42.53 1 8 464.53 IQR

Yt (58, 62, 66, 78, 90, 91, 130,

145, 290)

X

1 1 1 10 10 3 2 5 5 8 10 5 3 10 8 5 3 10 10 4 5 10 3 3 4 5 2 10 8

* Ytterbium = Neoytterbium = Aldebaranium.

II 7 881.7 II 7 450.2 7 346.3 II 7 264.16 7 191.65 6 979.87 II 51.67 50.32 6 887.22 45.23 II 6 795.41 I 93.71 35.99 00.71 I 6 687.57 64.37 II 13.75 6 538.58 I 6 435.03 I 6 222.58 I 6 191.72 I 38.45 I 6 023.42 09.20 5 945.72 II 5 781.68 II 28.90 06.73 5 662.95 48.46 44.69 30.13 5 581.88 77.42 56.45 II 44.60 27.55

A

2 4 4 4 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 4 5 4 8 6 7 4 4 5 4 4 4 4R 7R 4R 4R 6R 5R 4R 4R 5 6R

S

1 1 1 1 3 2 8 2 4 2 2 3 1 2 2 2 10 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 3

^.—(Continued) X A

II 5 521.62 II 09.91 03.45 II 5 497.41 66.46 II 02.78 II 5 205.71 II 00.41 II 5 123.21 II 5 087.42 II 4 900.12 II 4 883.69 59.83 II 54.88 52.69 45.68 39.86 II 23.31 II 4 682.31 I 74.84 58.31 I 43.69 4 527.79 27.26 05.96 II 4 422.60 II 4 398.03 II 74.95 II 58.72 48.79 II 09.62 02.30 4 251.18 II 35.71 20.62 II 4 177.52 I 74.14 I 67.52 I 42.87 I 28.32 I 02.38 I 4 083.71 I 77.38 I 47.65 II 3 982.61 II 50.35 II 3 788.69 II 74.33 II 47.55 II 10.30 3 668.48 I 20.94 II 11.05 II 01.92 II 00.73 I 3 592.91 84.51 48.99 3 496.09 3 361.99 II 27.88 II 3 242.28 II 16.67

6R 9 8 5 10 5 10 10 6 10 10 10 6 10 6 6 9 4 5 8 6 8 7 8 8 10 8 10 7 9 10 10 7 8 7 10 7 8 8R 8R 9R 7 6R 7 10 10 9 10 6 10 3 10 10 10 10 8 4 10 9 5 10 10 10

Yt- (Continued) X A

S

3 4 2 8 3 8 10 10 4 10 10 10 3 10 4 5 10 10 10 5 3 5 3 5 3 10 10 10 10 3 10 3 2 5 1 10 4 4 8 8 8 3 5 4 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 8 10 10 10 4 10 10 10 10 10 10 10

II 3 203.32 II 00.26 II 3 195.61 73.05 29.93 II 3 095.88 2 946.0 2 817.0 2 422.20 14.7 2 367.2

7 7 8 4 3 6 1 4

S

10 10 10 10 8 2 10 10 8 10 10

Zn, (59, 60, 62, 74, 75, 78, 90, 91, 107, 111, 123, 139, 203, 204, 206, 207, 251, 254, 273, 276,

284, 287) X

I I I I I I I I I I I I I II II II

I I I II I I I I II II II II II I I I I I I I II II I I I

A

16 504.0 4 503.9 4 485.7 4 15 679.7 4 14 038.5 10 13 786.1 4 781.4 2 197.5 10 150.4 10 053.2 10 11 054.2 10 10 979 4 970 4 7 799.1 4 32.63 7 588.61 7 478.73 4 7 338.9 4 7 264.2 4 7 026.1 4 6 943.4 4 38.5 6 28.4 8 6 482.98 79.0 7 6 362.345 10 6 239.20 5 37.9 6 14.65 6 111.56 02.54 2 6 021.26 1 5 894.39 8 5 777.1 5 75.6 6 72.2 8 5 310.90 4 10.18 6 08.57 8 5 181.948 5 4 924.0 10 11.6 10 4 810.534 1OR 4 722.162 1OR 4 680.138 1OR

S

10 15 20

15 10 12 10 20 15 20

1 30 25 10 10 10

I II II I

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I II II I I II II II

I I I

Zn.—(Continued) X A 4 629.810 8 4 057.87 6 3 840.34 06.39 3 345.9 8 45.6 8R 45.0 1OR 02.9 8R 02.6 8R 3 282.30 8R 3 075.88 8R 72.10 1OR 35.80 1OR 18.38 6 2 802.0 3R 00.8 7R 00.0 8R 2 771.0 6R 70.9 8R 56.47 6R 12.50 6 2 684.19 6 70.57 4 08.6 8R 2 582.5 8R 70.72 69.92 6R 57.95 8 02.0 3 2 491.5 6 2 393.80 4 2 246.8 4 2 138.5 3R 00.0 2 061.9 4 25.5 4 1 864 39.3 34 11 1 767.8 50 46 43 07 1 673.2 51.9 45.0 39.5 29.4 22.9 20.0 01.2 1 589 1 457 677.9

S

1 15 10 2 10 10 10 10 10 6 10 6 3 10 8 5 3 3 1 3 2 2R 1 10 10 1 1 2R 5 4R 2R 5 6 7 7 7 7 8 10 7 7 7 8 9 9 7 6 6 10 8 5__

Zr (5, 61, 77, 78, 90, 91,

157,

272)

X 7 318.2 7 280.3 I 7 169.1

A 3 4 6

S

Zr.—(Continued) X A 17097.7 4 6 990.82 5 53.83 5 6 846.95 4 6 769.12 6 6 489.64 6 70.21 6 6 313.01 7 6 299.63 7 I 6 143.19 7 I 27.44 7 5 879.77 8 I 5 680.88 6 20.13 6 5 528.39 5 02.13 6 5 385.12 7 11.39 5 5 191.58 4 55.44 4 5 064.90 5 46.58 5 4 959.41 5 09.57 6 I 4 815.63 6 I 4 772.32 8 I 39.48 9 I 10.07 10 4 688.45 7 I 87.80 10 33.98 7 4 575.51 7 I 35.75 8 4 442.99 6 4 379.77 8 47.89 7 I 4 282.20 6 I 27.75 8 4 161.21 7 56.23 8 49.20 10 I 4 081.21 9 48.67 7 II 3 998.97 9 91.13 9 II 58.22 8 15.93 5 I 3 890.32 7 II 36.75 5 I 35.97 7 3 796.49 3 51.59 6 09.27 6 3 698.16 6 II 74.71 6 II 14.77 6 11.89 4 II 3 576.86 7 II 72.47 10 II 56.60 9 42.62 5 I 19.60 8 II 05.66 5 05.48 4

S

II 3

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 4 5 5 4 5 2 3 3 9 10 3 6 4 8 9 10 5 9 10 10 10 10 4 10 2 8 10 10 10 10 10 8 10 10 10 10 3 8 8

II II II 3 II 3 II II I 3

Zr.—(Continued) X A 496.21 10 81.15 8 79.39 7 63.01 4 38.23 10 30.53 7 391.98 10 57.26 8 56.09 8 284.71 8 79.27 8 73.05 8 182.87 7

S 10 10 9 10 10 9 10 4 4 4 4 9 5

Zi.-(Continued) X A 3 106.57 6 3 029.52 6

11.74 2 985.39 68.95 2 875.98 44.58 2 752.21 34.84 2 678.64 2571.41 68.87 2 449.84

5 4 6 4 4 4 5 5 6 5 4

S 4 1

1 1 3 4 3 5 5 8 6 3

LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) C 1 ) Anderson, Sl, 59: 76; 24. (2) v. Angerer, 99, 22: 200; 24. (3) Aretz, 99, 9: 256; 11. (4) Arnolds, 99, 13: 313; 14. (5) Bachern, 99, 8: 316; 10. (6) Bakowski, 99, 6: 73; 08. (7) BaIy, 68, 202: 183; 03. (*) Barnes, 21, 63: 127; 26. (9) Behner, 99, 23: 325; 25. O o) Belke, 99, 17: 132, 145; 17. ( » » ) Bertram, 99, 4: 16; 06. ( 12 ) Bloch, 34, 158: 784; 14. (13) Bloch and Bloch, 34, 158: 1416; 14. ( 1 ^) Bloch and Bloch, 34, 171: 909; 20. (»6) Bloch and Bloch, 34, 172: 803; 21. (17) Bloch and Bloch, 34, 172: 851; 21. (18) Bloch and Bloch, 34, 172: 962; 21. (19) Bloch and Bloch, 34, 177: 1025; 23. (20) Bloch and Bloch, 34, 178: 472; 23. (21) Bloch, Bloch and Déjardin, 34, 178: 766; 23. (22) Bloch and Bloch, 34, 179: 1396; 24. (23) Bloch and Bloch, 61, 2: 229; 21. (24) Bloch and Bloch, 61, 6: 105; 154, 25. (25) Bögemann, Diss., Münster, 1918. (26) Bowen, 2, 29: 231; 27. (27) Millikan and Bowen, 2, 23: 1; 24. ( 28 ) Bowen and Millikan, 2, 23: 664; 24. (29) Bowen and Millikan, 2, 25: 295; 25. (30) Bowen and Millikan, 2, 25: 591 ; 25. ( 3 I) Millikan and Bowen, 2, 25: 6OO ; 25. (32) Bowen and Millikan, 2, 26: 150; 25. (33) Bowen and Millikan, 2, 26: 310; 25. (34) Bowen and Millikan, 2, 27: 144; 26. (35) Bowen and Millikan, 2, 28: 256; 26. (36) Bowen and Millikan, 3t 48: 259; 24. (37) Buchholz, J., Diss., Bonn, 1919. (38) Buchholz, N., Diss., Bonn, 1918. (39) Burns, 621, 8: 27; 13. (40) Burns, 08I1 7: 149; 13. 34, 156: 1611; 13. 99,12: 207; 13. 13: 235; 14. (41) Burns and Meggers, 31, No. 251; 15. ( 42 ) Burns, 48, U : 301; 25. (43) Burns, Meggers and Merrill, 31, No. 274; 16. ( 44 ) Burns, Meggers and Merrill, Sl1 No. 329; 18. (45) Cardaun, 99, 14: 56, 89; 14. (46) Carroll, 62, 225: 357; 26. (47) Catalan, 1S8, 14: 584; 16. (48) Catalan, 138, 15: 432; 17. (49) Clark, 81, 40: 332; 14. (50) Collie, 6, 97: 349; 20. ( 5 I) Croze, 34, 152: 1574; 11. (52) Croze, Diss., Paris, 1913. (53) Datta, 6, 99: 69; 21. (54) Dhein, 99, 19: 289; 20. (55) Dhein, 99, 11: 317; 12. (ss.i) Dingle, 5, 113: 323; 26. (56) Dunoyer, 34, 173: 350; 21. (57) Dunoyer, 34, 173: 472; 21. ("•») Dunoyer, 61,3: 261; 22. (58) Eberhard, 99, 7: 245; 09. (59) Eder, 76, 122 Ila: 607; 13. (60) Eder, 75, 123IIa:615; 14. («») Eder, 76,123IIa:2289; 14. (62) Eder, 76, 124 Ua: 101; 15. (6S) Eder, 75, 124 Ua: 707; 15. (66) Eder, 75, 125 Ua: 383; 16. (67) Eder, 76, 125 Ila: 883; 16. (68) Eder, 75,1251Ia: 1467; 16. (69) Eder, 75, 126 Ila: 473; 17. (70) Eder, 76, 127 Ila: 1099; 18. (7i) Eder, 75, 129 Ha: 421; 20. 131 Ha: 199; 22. (72) Eder, 8881 74: 45; 03. (73) Eder and Valenta, 75, 107 Ila: 41 ; 98. (74) Eder and Val»ntav 75,118 Ha : 511 ; 09. (75) Eder and Valenta, 76, 118 Ila: 1077; 09. (76) Eder and Valenta, 75, 119 Ila: 3 ; 10. (77) Eder and Valenta, 75, 119 Ila: 9; 10. (78) Eder and Valenta, 75, 119 Ila: 519 ; 10. (79) Eder and Valenta, 888, 60: 241 ; 93. (80) Eder and Valenta, 888, 60:307; 93. ( 8 I) Eder and Valenta, 888, 61: 347; 94. (82) Eder and Valenta, 888, 61: 401; 94. (83) Eder and Valenta, 888, 64: 1; .96. (84) Eder and Valenta, 888, 67: 97; 98. (") Eder and Valenta, 888, 68: 1; 99. (86) Eder and Valenta, 888, 68: 523; 99. (87) Eder and Valenta, 888, 68: 531; 99. (88) Evans, 81, 29: 160; 09. (89) Evershed, 68, 201: 457; 03. (90) Exner and Haschek, B86, II. (91) Exner and Haschek, B86, III. (92) Fiebig, 99, 8: 73; 10. (93) Fowler, 680, 73: 62; 12. (94) Fowler, 680, 76: 196; 16. (95) Fowler, 680, 80: 692; 20. (96) Fowler, 68, 209: 447; 08. (97) Fowler, 5, 89: 133; 13. (98) Fowler, 68, 214: 225; 14. (98.1) Fowler, 5, 105: 299; 24. (99) Fowler, 6, 107: 31; 25. (ioo) Fowler and Reynolds, 6, 89: 137; 13. (ioi) Frings, 99, 15: 165; 15. (102) Frost and Adams, 81, 16: 119; 02. (»OS) Fuchs, 99, 14: 239, 263; 14. (103.1) Gale and Monk, 81, 59: 125; 24. (»04) Galitzin and Wilip, 604, 19: No. 9; 06. (i« 5 ) Qeuter, 99, 5: 1; 07. (i«6) Qrunter, 99, 13: 1; 13. (!07) Hagenbach and Schumacher, 99,19:129; 19. (»08) Hall, Diss., Bonn, 1921. (109) Hamm, 99, 13: 105; 14.

(no) Hampe, 99, 13: 348; 14. (i") Handke, Diss., Berlin, 1909. (^) Hansen and Werner, 137, 5: No. 8; 23. (H3) Hasbach, PP, 13: 399; 14. (U*) Hasselberg, 40Ä, 28: No. 6; 96. ("S) Hasselberg, 468, 36: No. 2; 02. (ii«) Hasselberg, 468, 38: No. 5; 04. (i") Hasselberg, 468, 45: No. 5; 10. (us) Herpertz, 99, 4: 185; 06. ("») Holtz, OS, 12: 101; 13. (120) Hopfield, 2, 19: 548; 22. ("i) Hopfield, 2, 20: 573; 22. «1,59:114;24. (122) Hopfield and Leifson, 81, 58: 59; 23. (123) Huppers, 99, 13: 46; 13. (123.1) Ireton, 69,18HI: 103; 24. («*) Jevons, 6, 91: 120; 14. («6) Jevons, 5, 103: 193; 23, (««) Josewski, 99, 17: 79; 17. (12V) Kail, 75, 123 Ha: 1267; 14. («») Kasper, OS, 10: 53; 11. (*29) Kayser, 76,1896: 551. 01,4: 1;96. (130) Kayser, 524, 1903: Anhang, (isi) Kayser, 81, 7: 93, 173; 96. (132) Kayser and Runge, 684, 1891: Anhang. (133) Kayser and Runge, 524, 1893: Anhang No. 3. («*) Kayser and Runge, 8, 41: 302; 90. (135) Kayser and Runge, 8, 43: 384; 91. ( 13 B) Kayser and Runge, 5, 46: 225; 92. (137) Kayser and Runge, 8, 48: 126; 93. (*38) Kayser and Runge, 8, 52: 93; 94. O 3 ») Kayser and Runge, 8, 52: 114; 94. (140) Kiess, 525, 4: 170; 22. (Mi) Kiess, 525, 4: 363; 22. (M2) Kiess, 166, 60: 249; 24. (i* 3 ) Kiess, Sl, No. 442; 22. (M*) Kiess, 81, No. 466; 23. (M«) Kiess, Hopkins and Kremers, Sl, No. 421; 21. (M6) Kiess and Meggers, Sl, No. 372; 20. (M*) Kimura, 489, 4: 127; 20. ( 148 ) King, 81, 48: 13; 18. 51: 179; 20. (M9) Klein, 81, 56: 373; 22. (iso) Klein, 99, 12: 16; 13. (1S1) Klein, 99, 18: 45; 18. («2) Konen, 8, 65: 256;98. (is 3 ) Krebs, 99,16: 292; 17. (154) Lang, 68, 224: 371; 24. («S) Laufenberg, Diss., Bonn, 1911. («6) Lewis, 81, 43: 67; 16. (157) Lohse, PMO. Astrophys. Obs., Potsdam, 12: 109; 02. (is«) Lorenser, Diss., Tübingen, 1913. (is*) Ludwig, 99, 16: 157; 17. (l«0) Lunt, 81, 22: 256; 05. (i") Lunt, Ann. Cape Obs., 10 H: 5B; 06. (161.1) Lunt, 620, 85: 38; 24. (i«2) Lyman, 81, 33: 98; 11. (163) Lyman, 21,35: 341; 12. (i<**) Lyman, 81, 38: 282; 13. (is5) Lyman, 81, 43: 89; 16. #, 3: 503; 14. (»«•) Lyman, #5, 45: 313; 10. ( 167 ) McLennan, Ainslieand Fuller, 5, 95: 316; 19. (168; McLennan and Edwards, 3, 30: 482; 15. (169) McLennan and Young, 3, 36: 450; 18. (170) McLennan, Young and Ireton, 5, 98: 95; 20. (171) McLennan, Young and McLay, 69, 18 HI : 57; 24. O 7 2 ) McLennan, Young and McLay, 69,18 HI: 77; 24. ("*) Meggers, Sl, No. 312: 18. (I 7 S) Meggers, 31, No. 414; 21. (175.1) Meggers, Sl, No. 499; 25. (175.2) Meggers, National Bureau of Standards, O. ( 176 ) Meggers and Burns, O. ( 177 ) Meggers and Kiess, Sl, No. 324; 18. (178) Meggers and Kiess, Sl, No. 479; 24. (179) Meggers and Kiess, 31, No. 478; 24. (180) Meissner, 8, 58: 333; 19. (181) Meissner, 8, 50: 713; 16. («*) Meissner, 8, 65: 378; 21. (183) Meissner, 63, 15: 668; 14. (184) Meissner, 6S, 17: 549; 16. (185) Merrill, 81, 46: 357; 17. (186) Merrill, 81, 51: 236; 20. (187) Merrill, Sl, No. 346: 19. (187.1) Merton and Barrât, 62, 222: 369; 22. (188) Merton and Pilley, 6, 107: 411; 25. (189) Messerschmidt, 99, 5: 249; 07. (190) Millikan, et. al., 21, 53: 150; 21. (i»i) Millikan, 197, 7: 289; 21. (i»2) Millikan and Bowen, 8, 23: 1; 24. (i* 3 ) Millikan, Bowen and Sawyer, 81, 53: 150; 21. 0»*) Monk, 81, 62: 375; 25. O 9 5 ) Morrow, 117, 13: 269; 12. (196) Morsch, 99, 3: 181; 05. ( 197 ) Müller, Diss., Bonn, 1921. 0»») Nacken, 99, 12: 54; 13. (»»») Neovius, 526, 17: No. 8; 92.

(200) Offermann, Diss., Bonn, 1920. (20l) Ofcsuka, 96, 36: 786; 26. (202) Paschen, 8, 27: 537; 08. (2os> Paschen, 8, 29: 625; 09. (204) Paschen, 8, 30: 746; 09. (205) Paschen, 8, 33: 717; 10. (*««) Paschen, 8, 35: 860; 11. (207) Paschen, 8, 40: 602; 13. (208) paschenf 8, 50: 901; 16. (209) Paschen, 8, 60: 405; 19. 63: 201 ; 20. (210) Paschen, 8, 71: 142, 537; 23. (211) Paschen and Meissner, 8, 43: 1223; 14. (212) Pickhan, Diss., Münster, 1920. (2l 3 ) Pifia de Rubies, 132, 15: 110; 17. (2M) Pifia de Rubies, 1S8,15: 215; 17. (««) Pifia de Rubies, 132, 15: 434; 17. (216) Pifia de Rubies, 138, 16: 338; 18. («••!) Pifia de Rubies, 34, 181: 108; 25. (2l 7 ) Porlezza, 36, 42 II: 42; 12. (218) Porlezza, 88, 20 I: 819; 11. 20 II: 176; 11. («») Porlezza, 88, 20 H: 584, 642; 11. (220) Priest, 128, 2: 1; 12. (221) puhlmann, 99, 17: 97; 17. (222) Quincke, 99, 14: 249; 15. (223) Randall, 81, 34: 1; 11. (224) Randall, 81, 42: 195; 15. (225; Randall and Barker, 81, 49: 42; 19. (226) Randall and Barker, 81, 49: 54; 19. (227) Ranken, Diss., Helsingfors, 1897. (228) Richter, Dt'ss., Bonn, 1927. (228.1) Reinheimer, 8, 71: 162; 23. (229) Rowland and Harrison, 81,7: 273; 98. (230) Rowland and Tatnall, 81, 1: 14; 95. ( 23 I) Rowland and Tatnall, 81, 1: 149; 95. (232) Rowland and Tatnall, 81, 2: 184; 95. (233) Rowland and Tatnall, 81, 3: 286; 96. (234) ROyds, 3, 17: 202; 09. (235) Royds, 5, 82: 22; 09. (236) Ruark, 81, 58: 46; 23. (237) Runge, 81, 9: 281; 99. (238) Runge, 81, 10: 73; 99. (239) Runge and Paschen, 8, 61: 641; 97. (240) Runge and Paschen, 81, 8: 70; 98. (*«) Runge and Paschen, 76, 1895: 639, 759. (242) Runge and Precht, 8, 14: 418; 04. (243) Rutherford and Royds, 3, 16: 313; 08. (244) Rütten and Morsch, 99, 3: 181; 05. (245) St. John and Babcock, 81, 53: 260; 21. (246) gt. John and Ware, 81, 36: 14; 12. 39: 5; 14. (247) v. Salis, 8, 76: 145; 25. (248) Saltmarsh, 3, 47: 874; 24. (249) Saltmarsh, 5, 108: 332; 25. (250) Saunders, 81, 32: 153; 10. 40: 377; 14. 52: 265; 20. ( 2 Si) Saunders, 81,4Ai 234; 16. ( 252 ) Saunders, 81, 51: 23; 20. (253) Saunders, 81, 56: 73; 22. (254) Sawyer, 81, 52: 286; 20. («5) Scharbach, 99, 12: 145; 12. (256) Schillinger, 75, 118 Ua: 605; 09. (257) Schippers, 99, 11: 235; 13. (258) Schmitz, 99, 11: 209; 12. (259) Schulemann, 99, 10: 263; 12. (260) Schumacher, 99, 19: 149; 19. (261) Shaver, 69, 18 HI: 23; 24. (262) Simeon, 5, 102: 484; 22. 104: 368; 23. (262.1) Simeon, 5, 104: 368; 23. (263) Smythe, 81, 54: 133; 21. (264) Sommer, 8, 75: 163; 24. (265) Stiles, 81, 30: 48; 09. (266) Symons, 99, 12: 277; 13. (267) Takamine and Nitta, 429, 2: 117; 17. (268) Turner, 2, 27: 397; 26. (269) Uhler and Browning, 18, 42: 389; 16. (270) uhler and Patterson, 18,SB: 135; 13. (27l) Uhler and Tanch, 81, 55: 291 ; 22. (272) Vahle, 99, 18: 84; 18. (273) Volk, Dias., Tübingen, 1914. (274) Wagner, 99, 10: 69; 11. (275) Wallrath, Diss., Bonn, 1923. (276) Walters, Sl, No. 411; 21. (277) Watson, J, 81: 181; 08. (278) Watson, 6, 82: 189; 09. (279) Watson, 5, 83: 50; 09. (280) Watteville, 99, 7: 279; 09. (281) Weigand, 99, 11: 261; 12. («") Weinberg, 5, 107: 138; 25. (283) Wiedman, 8, 38: 1041; 12. (284) Wiedmann, Diss., Tübingen, 1912. ( 28 S) Wirminghaus, 99, 20: 229; 21. (286) Wolff, 99, 3: 395; 05. (287) Wolff, 8, 42: 825; 13. (288) Wood and Fortrat, 81,43:73; 16. (289) Wood and Kimura, 81, 46: 181; 17. (290) Yntema and Hopkins, 48, 6: 121; 22. (291) Zumstein, 8, 28: 150; 26.

PERSISTENT LINES AND RAIES ULTIMES OF THE CHEMICAL ELEMENTS W. F. MEGGERS The spectrochemical detection of the chemical elements is based on the identification of certain spectral lines which are characteristic of the atoms, and the most sensitive lines depend, in general, on the type of excitation. Sources in* which the excitation is moderate (flames, ordinary arcs, uncondensed discharges in Geissler tubes) leave most of the atoms in a neutral condition, and the class / spectra predominate. More vigorous excitations (high potential condensed sparks, discharges in gas or vapor at low pressure, etc.) which ionize most of the atoms develop the class II spectra, while still more violent discharges bring out the III and higher classes of spectra corresponding to successive stages of ionization. Successive ionizations are increasingly difficult to produce, the spectra shift into the far ultraviolet and are for the most part still unknown; practical spectrochemical identifications are therefore limited almost entirely to arc and first spark spectra. The following lines have been established empirically or from the rules of spectral structure to be persistent in these spectra; the most sensitive line or raie ultime is printed in bold face. In many cases, e.g. , the halogens, the true raies ultimes lie in the Schumann region (vacuum spectroscopy), and the persistent lines

in the region readily observed by ordinary spectrographic methods (2000 to 9000 A) are far less sensitive. The true raies ultimes are the strongest lines in the spectra; they arise from the most probable electron transitions in the atom. In general, the excitation of these lines involves a transition of a single electron in such a way that the atomic energy is changed from the normal state to one in which the quantum numbers I and j are each increased by one unit. The combinations of spectral terms (energy states) giving rise to these lines appear in the last column; they show which spectra have been analyzed as to spectral structure and describe the normal states of the atoms (I = O, 1, 2, 3, etc., for S1 P1 D1 F1 etc., terms; j, the inner quantum number, appears as a subscript to the term symbol; v. p. 392). PERSISTENT LINES AND RAIES ULTIMES Arranged by Elements The wave-lengths (X) tabulated below refer to air at 150C and 1 atm., except those shorter than 1800 A, which are vacuum values. Unit of X = 1 A = 10~8 cm.

(no) Hampe, 99, 13: 348; 14. (i") Handke, Diss., Berlin, 1909. (^) Hansen and Werner, 137, 5: No. 8; 23. (H3) Hasbach, PP, 13: 399; 14. (U*) Hasselberg, 40Ä, 28: No. 6; 96. ("S) Hasselberg, 468, 36: No. 2; 02. (ii«) Hasselberg, 468, 38: No. 5; 04. (i") Hasselberg, 468, 45: No. 5; 10. (us) Herpertz, 99, 4: 185; 06. ("») Holtz, OS, 12: 101; 13. (120) Hopfield, 2, 19: 548; 22. ("i) Hopfield, 2, 20: 573; 22. «1,59:114;24. (122) Hopfield and Leifson, 81, 58: 59; 23. (123) Huppers, 99, 13: 46; 13. (123.1) Ireton, 69,18HI: 103; 24. («*) Jevons, 6, 91: 120; 14. («6) Jevons, 5, 103: 193; 23, (««) Josewski, 99, 17: 79; 17. (12V) Kail, 75, 123 Ha: 1267; 14. («») Kasper, OS, 10: 53; 11. (*29) Kayser, 76,1896: 551. 01,4: 1;96. (130) Kayser, 524, 1903: Anhang, (isi) Kayser, 81, 7: 93, 173; 96. (132) Kayser and Runge, 684, 1891: Anhang. (133) Kayser and Runge, 524, 1893: Anhang No. 3. («*) Kayser and Runge, 8, 41: 302; 90. (135) Kayser and Runge, 8, 43: 384; 91. ( 13 B) Kayser and Runge, 5, 46: 225; 92. (137) Kayser and Runge, 8, 48: 126; 93. (*38) Kayser and Runge, 8, 52: 93; 94. O 3 ») Kayser and Runge, 8, 52: 114; 94. (140) Kiess, 525, 4: 170; 22. (Mi) Kiess, 525, 4: 363; 22. (M2) Kiess, 166, 60: 249; 24. (i* 3 ) Kiess, Sl, No. 442; 22. (M*) Kiess, 81, No. 466; 23. (M«) Kiess, Hopkins and Kremers, Sl, No. 421; 21. (M6) Kiess and Meggers, Sl, No. 372; 20. (M*) Kimura, 489, 4: 127; 20. ( 148 ) King, 81, 48: 13; 18. 51: 179; 20. (M9) Klein, 81, 56: 373; 22. (iso) Klein, 99, 12: 16; 13. (1S1) Klein, 99, 18: 45; 18. («2) Konen, 8, 65: 256;98. (is 3 ) Krebs, 99,16: 292; 17. (154) Lang, 68, 224: 371; 24. («S) Laufenberg, Diss., Bonn, 1911. («6) Lewis, 81, 43: 67; 16. (157) Lohse, PMO. Astrophys. Obs., Potsdam, 12: 109; 02. (is«) Lorenser, Diss., Tübingen, 1913. (is*) Ludwig, 99, 16: 157; 17. (l«0) Lunt, 81, 22: 256; 05. (i") Lunt, Ann. Cape Obs., 10 H: 5B; 06. (161.1) Lunt, 620, 85: 38; 24. (i«2) Lyman, 81, 33: 98; 11. (163) Lyman, 21,35: 341; 12. (i<**) Lyman, 81, 38: 282; 13. (is5) Lyman, 81, 43: 89; 16. #, 3: 503; 14. (»«•) Lyman, #5, 45: 313; 10. ( 167 ) McLennan, Ainslieand Fuller, 5, 95: 316; 19. (168; McLennan and Edwards, 3, 30: 482; 15. (169) McLennan and Young, 3, 36: 450; 18. (170) McLennan, Young and Ireton, 5, 98: 95; 20. (171) McLennan, Young and McLay, 69, 18 HI : 57; 24. O 7 2 ) McLennan, Young and McLay, 69,18 HI: 77; 24. ("*) Meggers, Sl, No. 312: 18. (I 7 S) Meggers, 31, No. 414; 21. (175.1) Meggers, Sl, No. 499; 25. (175.2) Meggers, National Bureau of Standards, O. ( 176 ) Meggers and Burns, O. ( 177 ) Meggers and Kiess, Sl, No. 324; 18. (178) Meggers and Kiess, Sl, No. 479; 24. (179) Meggers and Kiess, 31, No. 478; 24. (180) Meissner, 8, 58: 333; 19. (181) Meissner, 8, 50: 713; 16. («*) Meissner, 8, 65: 378; 21. (183) Meissner, 63, 15: 668; 14. (184) Meissner, 6S, 17: 549; 16. (185) Merrill, 81, 46: 357; 17. (186) Merrill, 81, 51: 236; 20. (187) Merrill, Sl, No. 346: 19. (187.1) Merton and Barrât, 62, 222: 369; 22. (188) Merton and Pilley, 6, 107: 411; 25. (189) Messerschmidt, 99, 5: 249; 07. (190) Millikan, et. al., 21, 53: 150; 21. (i»i) Millikan, 197, 7: 289; 21. (i»2) Millikan and Bowen, 8, 23: 1; 24. (i* 3 ) Millikan, Bowen and Sawyer, 81, 53: 150; 21. 0»*) Monk, 81, 62: 375; 25. O 9 5 ) Morrow, 117, 13: 269; 12. (196) Morsch, 99, 3: 181; 05. ( 197 ) Müller, Diss., Bonn, 1921. 0»») Nacken, 99, 12: 54; 13. (»»») Neovius, 526, 17: No. 8; 92.

(200) Offermann, Diss., Bonn, 1920. (20l) Ofcsuka, 96, 36: 786; 26. (202) Paschen, 8, 27: 537; 08. (2os> Paschen, 8, 29: 625; 09. (204) Paschen, 8, 30: 746; 09. (205) Paschen, 8, 33: 717; 10. (*««) Paschen, 8, 35: 860; 11. (207) Paschen, 8, 40: 602; 13. (208) paschenf 8, 50: 901; 16. (209) Paschen, 8, 60: 405; 19. 63: 201 ; 20. (210) Paschen, 8, 71: 142, 537; 23. (211) Paschen and Meissner, 8, 43: 1223; 14. (212) Pickhan, Diss., Münster, 1920. (2l 3 ) Pifia de Rubies, 132, 15: 110; 17. (2M) Pifia de Rubies, 1S8,15: 215; 17. (««) Pifia de Rubies, 132, 15: 434; 17. (216) Pifia de Rubies, 138, 16: 338; 18. («••!) Pifia de Rubies, 34, 181: 108; 25. (2l 7 ) Porlezza, 36, 42 II: 42; 12. (218) Porlezza, 88, 20 I: 819; 11. 20 II: 176; 11. («») Porlezza, 88, 20 H: 584, 642; 11. (220) Priest, 128, 2: 1; 12. (221) puhlmann, 99, 17: 97; 17. (222) Quincke, 99, 14: 249; 15. (223) Randall, 81, 34: 1; 11. (224) Randall, 81, 42: 195; 15. (225; Randall and Barker, 81, 49: 42; 19. (226) Randall and Barker, 81, 49: 54; 19. (227) Ranken, Diss., Helsingfors, 1897. (228) Richter, Dt'ss., Bonn, 1927. (228.1) Reinheimer, 8, 71: 162; 23. (229) Rowland and Harrison, 81,7: 273; 98. (230) Rowland and Tatnall, 81, 1: 14; 95. ( 23 I) Rowland and Tatnall, 81, 1: 149; 95. (232) Rowland and Tatnall, 81, 2: 184; 95. (233) Rowland and Tatnall, 81, 3: 286; 96. (234) ROyds, 3, 17: 202; 09. (235) Royds, 5, 82: 22; 09. (236) Ruark, 81, 58: 46; 23. (237) Runge, 81, 9: 281; 99. (238) Runge, 81, 10: 73; 99. (239) Runge and Paschen, 8, 61: 641; 97. (240) Runge and Paschen, 81, 8: 70; 98. (*«) Runge and Paschen, 76, 1895: 639, 759. (242) Runge and Precht, 8, 14: 418; 04. (243) Rutherford and Royds, 3, 16: 313; 08. (244) Rütten and Morsch, 99, 3: 181; 05. (245) St. John and Babcock, 81, 53: 260; 21. (246) gt. John and Ware, 81, 36: 14; 12. 39: 5; 14. (247) v. Salis, 8, 76: 145; 25. (248) Saltmarsh, 3, 47: 874; 24. (249) Saltmarsh, 5, 108: 332; 25. (250) Saunders, 81, 32: 153; 10. 40: 377; 14. 52: 265; 20. ( 2 Si) Saunders, 81,4Ai 234; 16. ( 252 ) Saunders, 81, 51: 23; 20. (253) Saunders, 81, 56: 73; 22. (254) Sawyer, 81, 52: 286; 20. («5) Scharbach, 99, 12: 145; 12. (256) Schillinger, 75, 118 Ua: 605; 09. (257) Schippers, 99, 11: 235; 13. (258) Schmitz, 99, 11: 209; 12. (259) Schulemann, 99, 10: 263; 12. (260) Schumacher, 99, 19: 149; 19. (261) Shaver, 69, 18 HI: 23; 24. (262) Simeon, 5, 102: 484; 22. 104: 368; 23. (262.1) Simeon, 5, 104: 368; 23. (263) Smythe, 81, 54: 133; 21. (264) Sommer, 8, 75: 163; 24. (265) Stiles, 81, 30: 48; 09. (266) Symons, 99, 12: 277; 13. (267) Takamine and Nitta, 429, 2: 117; 17. (268) Turner, 2, 27: 397; 26. (269) Uhler and Browning, 18, 42: 389; 16. (270) uhler and Patterson, 18,SB: 135; 13. (27l) Uhler and Tanch, 81, 55: 291 ; 22. (272) Vahle, 99, 18: 84; 18. (273) Volk, Dias., Tübingen, 1914. (274) Wagner, 99, 10: 69; 11. (275) Wallrath, Diss., Bonn, 1923. (276) Walters, Sl, No. 411; 21. (277) Watson, J, 81: 181; 08. (278) Watson, 6, 82: 189; 09. (279) Watson, 5, 83: 50; 09. (280) Watteville, 99, 7: 279; 09. (281) Weigand, 99, 11: 261; 12. («") Weinberg, 5, 107: 138; 25. (283) Wiedman, 8, 38: 1041; 12. (284) Wiedmann, Diss., Tübingen, 1912. ( 28 S) Wirminghaus, 99, 20: 229; 21. (286) Wolff, 99, 3: 395; 05. (287) Wolff, 8, 42: 825; 13. (288) Wood and Fortrat, 81,43:73; 16. (289) Wood and Kimura, 81, 46: 181; 17. (290) Yntema and Hopkins, 48, 6: 121; 22. (291) Zumstein, 8, 28: 150; 26.

PERSISTENT LINES AND RAIES ULTIMES OF THE CHEMICAL ELEMENTS W. F. MEGGERS The spectrochemical detection of the chemical elements is based on the identification of certain spectral lines which are characteristic of the atoms, and the most sensitive lines depend, in general, on the type of excitation. Sources in* which the excitation is moderate (flames, ordinary arcs, uncondensed discharges in Geissler tubes) leave most of the atoms in a neutral condition, and the class / spectra predominate. More vigorous excitations (high potential condensed sparks, discharges in gas or vapor at low pressure, etc.) which ionize most of the atoms develop the class II spectra, while still more violent discharges bring out the III and higher classes of spectra corresponding to successive stages of ionization. Successive ionizations are increasingly difficult to produce, the spectra shift into the far ultraviolet and are for the most part still unknown; practical spectrochemical identifications are therefore limited almost entirely to arc and first spark spectra. The following lines have been established empirically or from the rules of spectral structure to be persistent in these spectra; the most sensitive line or raie ultime is printed in bold face. In many cases, e.g. , the halogens, the true raies ultimes lie in the Schumann region (vacuum spectroscopy), and the persistent lines

in the region readily observed by ordinary spectrographic methods (2000 to 9000 A) are far less sensitive. The true raies ultimes are the strongest lines in the spectra; they arise from the most probable electron transitions in the atom. In general, the excitation of these lines involves a transition of a single electron in such a way that the atomic energy is changed from the normal state to one in which the quantum numbers I and j are each increased by one unit. The combinations of spectral terms (energy states) giving rise to these lines appear in the last column; they show which spectra have been analyzed as to spectral structure and describe the normal states of the atoms (I = O, 1, 2, 3, etc., for S1 P1 D1 F1 etc., terms; j, the inner quantum number, appears as a subscript to the term symbol; v. p. 392). PERSISTENT LINES AND RAIES ULTIMES Arranged by Elements The wave-lengths (X) tabulated below refer to air at 150C and 1 atm., except those shorter than 1800 A, which are vacuum values. Unit of X = 1 A = 10~8 cm.

A/ X Terms p—sz 1048.26 1066.70 p—s4 6965.430 s5—p2 7067.217 S5-^3 7503.868 S2-Pi 8115.308 S6-P9 Ag/ 3280.67 2^1-2P2 3382.89 2S1-2Pi Ag 7/ 2246.43 3D3-3P4 2437.77 3D3-3P2 Al/ 3082.162 2P1-2D2 3092.718 2P2-2D3 3092.85 2P2-2D2 3944.025 2P1-2Si 3961.637 2P2-2Si Al// 1 1671.0 S0-1Pi 1856.00 3P0-3Si 1858.13 3Pi-3S1 1862.48 3P2-3S1 Al/// 1854.67 2S1-2P2 1862.90 2S1-2P1 As/ 4 1889.9 S2-4P3 4 1936.9 S2-4P2 4 1972.0 S2-4P1 2288.14 2D3-2P2 2349.84 2D2-2P1 2780.23 2P2'-2P2 2860.46 2PiJ-2P1 Au/ 2427.96 2S1-2P2 2675.95 2S1-2P1 B/ 2496.778 2P1-2S1 2497.733 2P2-2S1 B// 1362.46 1S0-1P1 3452.33 Ba/ 5424.63 3P2-3D3 5519.11 3P1-3D2 6535.63 1S0-1P1 3 5777.7 P0-3D1 Ba// 4554.037 2S1-2P2 4934.09 2S1-2Pi Be/ 2348.62 1S0-1P1 3321.01 3P0-3S1 3321.09 3Pi-3S1 3321.35 3P2-3Si Be// 3130.42 2Si-2P2 3131.06 2S1-2P1 Bi/ 2061.71 4S2-4P3 2276.57 4Sr-4P2 2780.52 2D2

Bi /.—(Continued) X Terms 2809.63 2D3-2P2 2897.98 2D2-2P1 2938.31 2D3 2989.04 2D2 3067.73 4S2-4Pi Br/ 1540.8 1633.8 Br //(?) 4704.83 4785.48 4816.72 C/ 2478.6 I 1S0-1P1 CII 1334.54 2P1-2D 1335.72 2P2-2D 4267.02 2D2-2P3 4267.27 2D3-2P4 Ca/ 4226.728 1S0-1P1 4454.780 3P0-3D1 4455.880 3P1-3D2 4456.62 3P2-3D3 Ca// 3933.670 2S1-2P2 3968.475 2Si-2P1 Cb/ 4068.97 6D5-6P6 4079.73 6D4-6P5 4100.97 6D3-6P4 4123.85 6D2-6P3 4137.13 6D1-6P2 Cb// 3094.19 5F5-5G6 3130.78 5P4-5O5 3163.37 5P3-5G4 3194.95 5F2-5Gs 3225.47 5P1-5G2 Cd/ 2288.03 1S0-1P1 3403.653 3P0-3D1 3466.201 3P1-3D2 3610.510 3P2-3D3 Cd// 2144.39 2S1-2P2 2265.03 2S1-2P1 Ce// 4012.40 4040.76 4165.61 4186.60 Cl/ 1379.6 1396.5 4794.5 4810.0 4819.4 Co/ 3453.614 4P5-4G6 3465.794 4P5-4G6 3529.814 4P4-4G5

Co// X Terms 2286.16 6P5-5G6 2307.84 6P4-5G5 2378.62 5P5-5D4 2388.90 5P5-5P5 Cr/ 4254.342 7S3-7P4 4274.802 7S3-7P3 4289.725 7Sr-7P2 5204.54 5S2-5Pi 5206.039 5S2-5P2 5208.429 5S2-5P3 Cr// 2835.64 6D5-6P6 2843.25 6D4-6P5 2849.83 6D3-6P4 2855.66 6D2-6P3 2860.94 6D1-6P2 Cs/ 8621.15 2S1-2P2 2 8943.6 Si-2Pi 2 4555.3 S1-2P2 2 4593.2 Si-2Pi Cu/ 3247.548 2S1-2P2 3273.964 2S1-2P1 Cu// 2135.98 3D3-3P4 2192.27 3D2-3P3 2247.80 3D3-3P2 Dy/ 4000/50 4046.00 4077.98 4167.99 4211.74 Er/ 3499.12 3692.65 3906.34 Eu/ 4129.72 4205.03 F/ 6856.01 4P3-4D4 6902.46 4P2-4D3 Fe/ 3719.938 5D4-5P5 3737.135 5D3-5P4 3745.564 5D2-6F3 3748.264 5Di-5F2 3745.902 5D0-5F1 Fe// 2382.04 6D5-6F6 2395.63 6D4-6F5 2404.886 6D3-6F4 2410.53 6D2-6F3 2413.312 6D1-6F2 Ga/ 4033.01 2P1-2S1 4172.05 2P2-2S1 Gd/ 3646.19 3768.40

Ge/ X " Terms 2651.15 3P2-3P2 2651.60 3Pj-3P1 3039.08 1D2-1P1 3269.49 1D2-3Pi 4226.61 1S0-1Pi Gl; v. Be H/ 1215.7

A(I-I2)

6562.79

ß( I1-I1)

4861.33

*(£-£)

He/ 1 584.4 S0-1Pi 3 3888.64 Si-3P2 5875.63 3P2-3D3 He// 303.8

4A(I2-I2)

1640.5

4A(2Vlp)

4685.81

4A(A2-I2)

Hf/ 2898.25 2904.42 2916.48 2940.76 3072.88 4093.17 Hf// 2513.02 2516.88 2641.42 2773.36 2820.23 3134.72 Hg/ 1 1849.6 S0-1P1 1 2536.52 S0-3P1 3650.15 3P2-3D3 3654.83 3P1-3D2 3662.88 3P0-3D1 Hg// 2 1649.8 S1-2P2 2 1942.3 S1-2P1 Ho/ 3748.19 3891.02 Ho// 2936.8 I I/ 1782.9 2062.1 5161.2 5464.6 In/ 4101.76 2P1-2S1 4611.31 2P2-2S1 Ir/ 2849.74 2924.81 3220. 79 3437.05 3513.67

K/ X Terms 4044.16 2Si-2P^ 4047.22 2Si-2Pi 7664.94 2S1-2P2 7699.01 2S1-2Pi Kr/ 5570.291 5870.917 La/ 5455.11 2D3-2Dj 5930.59 2Dy-2F4 6249.92 4F5-4G6 La// 3949.10 3D3-3F4 4077.35 3D1-3F2 4123.23 3D2-3F3 Li/ 3232.67 2S1-2P1,, 6707.86 2S1-2P1,, Lu/ 4518.54 I Lu// 2894.86 2911.40 3397.02 3472.49 3554.43 Mg/ 2852.130 1S0-1P1 3829.36 3P0-3D1 3832.31 3Pi-3D2 3838.29 3P2-3D3 Mg// 2795.540 2Si-2P2 2802.712 2Si-2Pi Mn/ 4030.760 6S3-6P4 4033.074 6S3-6P3 4034.489 6S3-6P2 Mn// 2576.12 7S3-7P4 2593.733 7S3-7P3 2605.69 7S3-7P2 Mo/ 3798.26 5S2-5P3 3864.12 5Sr-5P2 3902.96 5S2-5P1 Mo// 2816.15 6D5-6F6 2848.21 6D4-6F5 2871.50 6D3-6F4 2891.00 6D2-6F3 2909.11 6Di-6F2 N/ 4 1199.5 S2-4P3 4 1200.2 S2-4P2 4 1200.7 S2-4Pi 4099.96 2Pi-2D2 4109.94 2P2-2D3 N// 3 5666.6 Pi-3D2 3 5675.9 P0-3D1 3 5679.5 P2-3D3

X 989.8 991.6 4097.3 4103.4

N/// Terms 2 Pi-2D 2 P2-2D 2 Pi-2Si 2 I P2-2S1

Na/ 3302.34 2S1-2P2 3302.94 2Si-2Pi 6889.965 2S1-2P2 5895.932 2S1-2P1 Nb; ». Cb Nd/ 3951.15 4177.34 4303.61 Ne/ 735.95 p—S4 743.73 p—52 5400.56 S4-î 5832.488 S2-P1 6402.246 S5-^9 Ni/ 3414.771 3D3-3F4 3492.965 3D2-3P1 3515.057 3D2-3F3 3524.543 3D3-3P2

Ni// 4 2253.9 F2-^G3 4 2264.45 F3-4G4 2270.24 4F4-4G6 4 2287.1 F5-4G6

1302.27 1304.96 1306.12 7771.97 7774.01 7775.68

O/ 3 P2-3S1 3 P1-3S1 3 P0-3Si 5 S2-5P3 5 S2-5P2 5 S2-5P1

Os/

3262.30 3267.94 3301.56 3752.54 3782.20 P/

1774.8 1782.7 1787.5 2136.8 2149.8 2536.38 2554.02

4

S2-4P3 S2-4P2 4 S2-4P1 2 D3-2P2 2 D2-2Pi 2 P^-2P2 2 Pj-2P1 4

Pb/ 3 2170.0 P0-3D1 3 2833.07 P0-3Pi 3639.584 3Pi-3Pi 3683.472 3Pi-3P0 4057.830 3P2-3Pj Pb// 2 1682.4 Pi-2Si 2 2203.57 P2-2Si

Pd/ X Terms 3404.59 3Z)^-3F4 3421.23 3D2-3D2 3516.95 3D2-3P1 3609.55 3D2-3F3 3634.68 3D3-3P2 Pd// 2488.92 2498.79 2505.72 2658.74 2854.60 Pr/ 4062.83 4179.43 4189.52 4225.34 Pt/ 2659.44 3D3-74 2830.29 3D3-43 2929.79 3D3-33 2997.96 1D2-S3 3064.71 3D3-I2 Ra/ 4825.94 I 1S0-1Pi Ra// 3814.44 2S1-2P2 4682.20 2S1-2P1 Rb/ 4201.81 2Si-2P2 4215.58 2S1-2P1 7800.30 2S1-2P2 7947.63 2S1-2P1 Rh/ 3323.10 4F4-4O5 3396.82 4F5-4F; 3434.90 4F5-4O6 3657.99 4F4-4D3 3692.35 4F5-4D4 Ru/ 3436.74 5F4-5O5 3498.96 5F5-5O6 3596.17 5F3-5O4 Ru// 2678.73 2692.10 2712.40 2945.67 2965.55 2976.58 S/ 3 1807.4 P2-3S1 3 1820.5 P1-3Si 3 1826.4 P0-3S1 5 4694.2 S2-5P3 5 4695.5 S2-5P2 5 4696.3 S2-5P1 5 9212.8 S2-5P3 5 9228.2 S2-5P2 5 9237.7 S2-5P1 Sa/ 4390.87 4424.35 4434.34

Sb/ X 2068.38 2175.88 2311.50 2528,53 2598.08 3232.52 3267.48

Terms 4 S2-4P3 4 S2-4P2 4 Sr-4Pi 2 D3-2P2 2 Dr-2Pi 2 P2'—2P2 2 P^-2Pi

Sc/ 3907.49 2D2-2F3 3911.81 2D3-2F4

Sc// 3613.83 3D3-3F4 3630.75 3D2-3F3 3642.81 3D1-3F2 Se/ 3 P2-3Si 3 P1-3S1 3 P0-3S1 5 S2-6P3 5 S5^-5P2 5 S2-5Pi Si/ 2506.904 3Pi-3P2 2516.119 3P2-3P2 2528.516 3P2-3P^ 2881.587 1D2-1Pi 3905.52 1S0-1Pi Si// 1526.83 2Pi-2Si 1533.55 2P2-2Si Sn/ 2839.987 3Pr-3P2 2863.322 3P0-3Pl 3009.135 3Pi-3P', 3034.116 3P1-3P0 3175.047 3P2-3P1' 3262.33 1D2-1P1 4524.74 1S0-1Pi Sr/ 4607.342 1S0-1P1 4832.07 3P2-3D3 4872.48 3P1-3D2 4962.25 3P0-3Di Sr// 4077.714 2S1-2P2 4215.515 2Si-2P1 Ta/ 3311.14 3318.85 3406.65 Tb/ 3509.18 3561.75 3848.76 3874.19 Te/ 2142.75 3P2-3Si 2383.27 3P0-3Si 2385.78 3P1-3S1 2530.73 3Pi-5S2 2769.65 1D2-3Si

1960.2 2039.7 2062.6 4730.9 4739.1 4742.3

Th/ X Terms 3538.75 3601.05 4019.14 Th// 3290.59 I Ti/ 3635.467 3F2-3O3 3642.680 3F3-3O4 3653.497 3F4-3O5 4981.73 5F5-5O6 4991.07 5F4-5O5 4999.511 5F3-5O4 5007.214 5F2-5O3 5014.25 5F1-5O2 Ti// 3349.039 4F5-4O6 3361.215 4F4-4O5 3372.80 4F3-4O4 3383.765 4F2-4O3 Tl/ 3775.73 2P1-2S1 5350.47 2P2-2Si Tu/ 3462.21 3761.34 3761.91 U/ 3552.20 3672.59 4241.68 V/ 3183.415 4F3-4O4 3183.96 4F4-4O5 3184.00 4F2-4O3 3185.406 4F5-4O6 V// 3093.13 5F5-5O6 3102.30 5F4-5O5 3110.71 5F3-5O4 3118.38 5F2-5O3 3125.29 5Fi-5O2 W/ 4008.76 7S3-7P4 4294.62 7S3-Z2 4302.12 7S3-5P3 W// 2397.11 2589.2 3613.79 Xe/ 1295.8 p—S2 1469.9 p—S4 4500.978 4624.275 4671.225 Yt/ 4643.69 2D2-2F3 4674.84 2D3-2F4 Yt// 3710.30 3D3-3F4 3774.33 3D2-3F8 3788.69 3D1-3F2

Yb/ X Terms 3289.37 3694.20 3988.01 Zn/ 1 2138. 5 S0-1P1 3282.32 3P0-3D1 3 3302.6 P1-3D2 3 3344.5 P2-3D3

Zn// Terms 2 Si-2P2 2 A1-2P1 Zr/ 3519.605 3F4-3O5 3547.691 3F3-3^4 3601 . 19 3F2-3O3 4687.803 5F5-6O6 4710.075 5F4-5O5

X 2025. 5 2061.9

Zr /. — (Continued) X Terms 4739.477 5F3-5O4 4772.313 5F2-5O3 4815.62 5F1-5O2 Zr// 3391.976 4F5-4O6 3438.23 4F4-4O5 3496.208 4F3-4O4 3572.472 4F2-4O8

PEESISTENT LINES AND RAIES ULTIMES Arranged by wave-lengths Unit of X = 1 A = 10~8 cm. 2528.516 Si 2061.9 Zn // 303.8 He // 28.53 Sb 62.1 I / 584.4 He / 30.73 Te 62.6 Se / 735.95 Ne / 36.38 P 743.73 Ne / 68.38 Sb / 36.52 Hg 989.8 N /// 2135.98 Cu // 54.02 P 991.6 N /// 36.8 P / 76.12 Mn 38.5 Zn / 1048.26 A / 89.2 W 1066.70 A / 42.75 Te / 93.733 Mn 44.39 Cd // 1199.5 N / 98.08 Sb 1200.2 N / 49.8 P / 2605.69 Mn 70.0 Pb / 00.7 N / 41.42 Hf 15.7 H / 75.88 Sb / 51.15 Ge 95.8 Xe / 92.27 Cu // 51.60 Ge 1302.27 O / 2203.57 Pb // 58.74 Pd 46.43 Ag // 04.96 O / 59.44 Pt 06.12 O / 47.80 Cu // 75.95 Au 34.54 C // 53.9 Ni // 78.73 Ru 64.45 Ni // 35.72 C // 92.10 Ru 65.03 Cd // 62.46 B // 2712.40 Ru 70.24 Ni // 79.6 Cl / 76.57 Bi / 69.65 Te 96.5 Cl / 73.36 Hf 86.16 Co // 1469.9 Xe / 87.1 Ni // 80.23 As 1526.83 Si // 80.52 Bi 33.55 Si // 88.03 Cd / 95. 540 Mg 40.8 Br / 88.14 As / 2802.712 Mg 1633.8 Br / 2307.84 Co // 40.5 He // 11.50 Sb / 09.63 Bi 16.15 Mo 48.62 Be / 49.B Hg // 71.0 Al // 49.84 As / 20.23 Hf 82.4 Pb // 78.62 Co // 30.29 Pt 82.04 Fe // 1774.8 P / 33.07 Pb 35.64 Cr 82.7 P / 83.27 Te / 82.9 I / 85.78 Te / 39.987 Sn 87.5 P / 88.90 Co // 43.25 Cr 1807.4 S / 48.21 Mo 95.63 Fe // 49.74 Ir 20.5 S / 97.11 W // 26.4 S / 2404.886 Fe // 49.83 Cr 49.6 Hg / 10,53 Fe // 52.130 Mg 54.67 Al /// 13.312 Fe // 54.60 Pd 56.00 Al // 27.96 Au / 55.66 Cr 58.13 Al // 37.77 Ag // 60.46 As 62.48 Al II 60.94 Cr 78.6 C / 62.90 Al /// 88.92 Pd // 63.322 Sn 89.9 As / 96.778 B / 71.50 Mo 1936.9 As / 97. 733 B / 81. 587 Si 42.3 Hg // 98.79 Pd // 91.00 Mo 60.2 Se / 2505.72 Pd // 94.86 Lu 72.0 As / 06.904 Si / 97.98 Bi 2025.5 Zn // 13.02 Hf // 98.25 Hf 39.7 Se / 2904.42 Hf 16.119 Si / 61.71 Bi / 16.88 Hf // 09.11 Mo

/ / / / / / // // // / // // / / // / / // // // / // / / // // / // // / / // / // // // // / // // / // / // / // // / / / //

PERSISTENT LINES AND RAIES ULTIMES.—-Arranged by wave lenjgths.—(Continued) 2911.40 Lu 16.48 Hf 24.81 Ir 29.79 Pt 36.8 Ho 38.31 Bi 40.76 Hf 45.67 Ru 65.55 Ru 76.58 Ru 89.04 Bi 97.96 Pt 3009.135 Sn 34.116 Sn 39.08 Ge 64.71 Pt 67.73 Bi 72.88 Hf 82.162 Al 92.718 Al 92.85 Al 93.13 V 94.19 Cb 3102.30 V 10.71 V 18.38 V 25.29 V 30.42 Be 30.78 Cb 31.06 Be 34.72 Hf 63.37 Cb 75.047 Sn 83.415 V 83.96 V 84.00 V 85.406 V 94.95 Cb 3220.79 Ir 25.47 Cb 32.52 Sb 32.67 Li 47. 548 Cu 62.30 Os 62.33 Sn 67.48 Sb 67.94 Os 69.49 Ge 73.964 Cu 80.67 Ag 82.32 Zn 89.37 Yb

II I 7 / II / / // II II I / / / / 7 7 7 7 7 7 77 77 77 77 77 77 77 77 77 77 77 7 7 7 7 7 77 7 77 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7

3290.59 3301.56 02.34 02.6 02.94 11.14 18.85

Th Os Na Zn Na Ta Ta

21.01 Be 21.09 Be 21.35 Be 23.10 Rh 44.5 Zn 49.039 Ti 61.215 Ti 72.80 Ti 82.89 Ag 83.765 Ti 91. 976 Zr 96.82 Rh 97.02 Lu 3403.653 Cd 04.59 Pd 06.65 Ta 14. 771 Ni 21.23 Pd 34.90 Rh 36.74 Ru 37.05 Ir 38.23 Zr 52.33 B 63. 514 Co 62.21 Tu 65.794 Co 66.201 Cd 72.49 Lu 92.965 Ni 96.208 Zr 98.95 Ru 99.12 Er 3509.18 Tb 13.67 Ir 15.057 Ni 16.95 Pd 19.605 Zr 24.543 Ni 29.814 Co 38.75 Th 47.691 Zr 52.20 U 54.43 Lu 61.75 Tb 72.472 Zr

77 7 7 7 7 7 7

7 7 7 7 7 77 77 77 7 77 77 7 77 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 77 77 7 7 7 7 77 7 77 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 77 7 77

3596.17 Ru 3601.05 Th 01.19 Zr 09.55 Pd 10.510 Cd 13.79 W 13.83 Sc 30.75 Sc 34.68 Pd 35.467 Ti 39.584 Pb 42.680 Ti 42.81 Sc 46.19 Gd 50.15 Hg 53.497 Ti 54.83 Hg 57.99 Rh 62.88 Hg 72.59 U 83.472 Pb 92.35 Rh 92.65 Er 94.20 Yb 3710.30 Yt 19.938 Fe 37.135Fe 45.564 Fe 45.902 Fe 48.19 Ho 48.264 Fe 52.54 Os 61.34 Tu 61.91 Tu 68.40 Gd 74.33 Yt 75.73 Tl 82.20 Os 88.69 Yt 98.26 Mo 3814.44 Ra 29.36 Mg 32.31 Mg 38.29 Mg 48.76 Tb 64.12 Mo 74.19 Tb 88.64 He 91.02 Ho 3902.96 Mo 05.52 Si ; 06.34 Er

7 7 7 7 7 77 77 77 7 7 7 7 77 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 77 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 77 7 7 77 7 77 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7

3907.49 Sc 11.81 Sc 33.670 Ca 44.025 Al 49.10 La 51.15 Nd 61.537 Al 68.475 Ca 88.01 Yb 4000.50 Dy 08.76 W 12.40 Ce 19.14 Th 30.760 Mn 33.01 Ga 33.074 Mn 34.489 Mn 40.76 Ce 44.16 K 46.00 Dy 47.22 K 57.830 Pb 58.97 Cb 62.83 Pr 77.35 La 77.714 Sr 77.98 Dy 79.73 Cb 93.17 Hf 97.3 N 99.96 N 4100.97 Cb 01.76 In 03.4 N 09.94 N 23.23 La 23.85 Cb 29.72 Eu 37.13 Cb 65.61 Ce 67.99 Dy 72.05 Ga 77.34 Nd 79.43 Pr 86.60 Ce 89.52 Pr 4201.81 Rb 05.03 Eu 11.74 Dy 15.515 Sr 15.58 Rb 25.34 Pr

7 7 77 7 77 7 7 77 7 7 7 77 7 7 7 7 7 77 7 7 7 7 7 7 77 77 7 7 7 777 7 7 7 777 7 77 7 77 7 77 7 7 7 7 77 7 7 7 7 77 7 7

4226.61 Ge 26.728 Ca 41.68 U 54.342 Cr 67.02 C 67.27 C 74.802 Cr 89.725 Cr 94.62 W 4302.12 W 03.61 Nd 90.87 Sa 4424.35 Sa 34.34 Sa 54.780 Ca 55.880 Ca 56.62 Ca 4500.978 Xe 11.31 In 18.54 Lu 24.74 Sn 64.037 Ba 55.3 Cs 93.2 Cs 4607.342 Sr 24.275 Xe 43.69 Yt 71.225 Xe 71.84 Yt 82.20 Ra 85.81 He 87.803 Zr 94.2 S 95.5 S 96.3 S 4704.83 Br 10.075 Zr 30.9 Se 39.1 Se 39.477 Zr 42.3 Se 72.313 Zr 85.48 Br 94.5 Cl 4810.0 Cl 15.62 Zr 16.72 Br 19.4 Cl 25.94 Ra 32.07 Sr 61.33 H 72.48 Sr

7 7 7 7 77 77 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 77 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 77 77 7 7 7 7 77 7 7 7 7 7 7 77 7 7 7 77 7 7 7 7 7

4934.09 Ba 62.25 Sr 81.73 Ti 91.07 Ti 99.511 Ti 5007.214 Ti 14.25 Ti 5161.2 I 5204.54 Cr 06.039 Cr 08.429 Cr 5350.47 Tl 5400.56 Ne 24.63 Ba 55.11 La 64.6 I 5519.11 Ba 35.53 Ba 70.291 Kr 5666.6 N 75.9 N 79.5 N 5777.7 Ba 5832.488 Ne 70.917 Kr 75.63 He 89.965 Na 95.932 Na 5930.59 La 6249.92 La 6402.246 Ne 6562.79 H 6707.86 Li 6856.Ol F 6902.46 F 65.430 A 7067.217 A 7503.868 A 7664.94 K 99.01 K 7771.97 O 74.01 O 75.68 O 7800.30 Rb 7947.63 Rb 8115.308 A 8621.15 Cs 8943.6 Cs 9212.8 S 28.2 S 37.7 S

77 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 77 77 77 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7

BIBLIOGRAPHY OF ABSORPTION SPECTRA OF SOLUTIONS

EMMA P. CARR AND MARY L. SHBRRILL CONTENTS Abbreviations, signs, symbols and forms. Inorganic compounds in solution, except the metallic salt-derivatives of organic compounds.

MATIÈRES Abréviations, signes, symboles et formes. Composés inorganiques en solution, à l'exception des sels métalliques dérivés des composés organiques.

Bibliography and index. Infra-red. Ultra-violet and visible.

Bibliographie et index. Infra-rouge. Ultra-violet et visible.

Numerical data for the ultraviolet and visible.

Données numériques pour l'ultra-violet et le visible.

Organic compounds and their metallic salt-derivatives.

Composés organiques et leurs sels métalliques dérivés.

Bibliography and index. Infra-red. Ultra-violet and visible.

Bibliographie et index. Infra-rouge. Ultra-violet et visible.

Numerical data Jor ultraviolet and visible.

Données numériques pour Pultra-violet et le visible.

ABBREVIATIONS, SIGNS, SYMBOLS AND FORMS All literature referred to contains an absorption curve of the substance in question unless otherwise indicated. t

The article contains some description of the absorption but no curve. Î The article contains either numerical data or a curve on quantitative based measurement of the extinction coefficients.

ABRÉVIATIONS, SIGNES, SYMBOLES ET FORMES Toutes les sources bibliographiques mentionnées, contiennent une courbe d'absorption de la substance en question, à moins d'une autre indication, f L'article contient une description de l'absorption mais aucune courbe. ï L'article contient ou des données numériques ou une courbe basée sur la mesure quantitative des coefficients d'extinction.

EtOH, Et2O, alk., etc. Abbreviations for solvents in which the determinations were made. EtOH + HCl The solvent is a mixture of the two ingredients indicated.

EtOH, Et2O, alk., etc. Abréviations pour les solvants dans lesquels les déterminations ont été faites. EtOH + HCl Le solvant est un mélange des deux substances indiquées.

EtOH, (+HCl), (+alk.), etc. The solvents are ethyl alcoand hol, EtOH + HCl, EtOH + alkalies (as NaOH, KOH, etc.). P The absorption measurements are made of the pure substance in the liquid state.

EtOH, (+HCl), (+alk.), etc. Les solvants sont l'alcool éthylique, EtOH + HCl, et EtOH + alcalis (comme NaOH, KOH, etc.). P Les mesures d'absorption ont été faites pour la substance pure à l'état liquide.

Vap. The absorption measurements are made in the vapor state.

Vap. Les mesures d'absorption ont été faites pour la substance à l'état de vapeur.

INHALTSVERZEICHNIS Abkürzungen, Zeichen, Symbole und Formen. Anorganische Verbindungen in Lösungen, die Metallsalzabkömmlinge organischer Verbindungen ausgenommen. Literatur und Index. Infrarotes Gebiet. Ultraviolettes und sichtbares Gebiet. Numerische Daten für das ultraviolette und sichtbare Gebiet. Organische Verbindungen und deren Metallsalzabkömmlinge. Literatur und Index. Infrarotes Gebiet. Ultraviolettes und sichtbares Gebiet. Numerische Daten für das ultraviolette und sichtbare Gebiet.

INDICE PAGB Abbreviazioni, segni, sim326 boli e formule Composti inorganici in soluzione, eccezione fatta dei sali metallici derivanti da composti organici . Bibliografia e indice. Infrarosso 327 Ultravioletto e visibile 327 Valori numerici per l'ultravioletto e il visibile 327 Composti organici e loro derivati metallici di natura salina. Bibliografia e indice. Infrarosso 331 Ultravioletto e visibile 334 Valori numerici per l'ultravioletto e il visibile 359

ABKÜRZUNGEN, ZEICHEN, ABBREVIAZIONI, SEGNI, SYMBOLE UND FORMEN SIMBOLI E FORMULE Sämtlich hier angegebene Tutte le pubblicazioni alle Literatur enthält eine Absorp- quali ci si riferisce contengono tionskurve der in Frage ste- una curva di assorbimento della henden Substanz, ausser es ist sostanza in questione a meno che etwas anderes angegeben. non venga altrimenti indicato. t Der Abschnitt enthält einige t L'articolo contiene qualche Angaben über die Absorption indicazione sopra l'assorbiaber keine Kurve. mento ma non contiene curve. J Der Abschnitt enthält ent- Î L'articolo contiene valori weder numerische Daten oder numerici oppure una curva eine Kurve, die sich auf basata su misure quantitative Grund quantitativer Mesdei coefficienti di estinzione. sungen des Extinktionskoeffizienten ergeben. EtOH, Et2O, alk., etc. Abkür- .EtOH, Et2O, alk., etc. Abbrezungen für die Lösungsmitviazione per solventi nei quali teln in welchen die Messunfurono fatte le determinagen ausgeführt worden sind. zioni. EtOH + HCl Das Lösungs- EtOH + HCl II solvente è mittel ist eine Mischung der - una miscela delle due soszwei angegebenen Kompotanze indicate. nenten. EtOH, (+HCl), (+alk.), etc. EtOH, (+HCl), (+alk.), etc. Die Lösungsmitteln sind I solventi sono alcool etilico, Äthylalkohol, EtOH + HCl EtOH + HCl, e EtOH + und EtOH + Alkalien (wie alcali (come NaOH, KOH, NaOH, KOH, u. s. w.). etc.). P Die Absorptionsmessungen P Le misure degli assorbisind an reinen Stoffen in menti si riferiscono alla sosflüssigem Zustande gemacht tanza pura allo stato liquido. worden. Vap. Die Absorptionsmessun- Vap. Le misure dell'assorbigen sind an Stoffen im gasmento si riferiscono allo stato förmigen Zustande ausgedi vapore. führt worden.

ABSORPTION SPECTRA OF SOLUTIONS OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS EXCEPT THE SALT-DERIVATIVES OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

Formula I Solvents and literature Fe(NOa)3 (S) Fe2(SO4)3.(NH4)2SO4.24H2O (ios, 345j) Fe(C2H3O2), (5Of) ScCl3 With chlorides of Yb, Yt, La (103) YCl3 With chlorides of Sc, Yb, La (ios) LaCl3 With chlorides of Sc, Yb, Yt (i 03) La(NO3), ("S)

Scope.—Complete literature references are given for absorption measurements of solutions of inorganic substances in the infra-red region. For the visible and ultra-violet region an index is given below to the numerical data, and literature references for work published since 1910 except that of H. C. Jones and his collaborators who have examined the absorption spectra of several NdCl3 hundred inorganic substances in solution. The results of their NdBr3 work have been collected elsewhere (341.5, 343, 343.5, 344, 345) Nd2(SO4)S Nd(NO 3 ), and are supplementary to this report.

(342, 343); EtOH (344)

(342) (342) (103,342,343)

Nd(C 2 H 3 O 2 ),

TABLE 2\-A.—STANDAKD ARRANGEMENT (v. Vol. Ill, p. viii) The solvent is water unless otherwise stated Formula

HCl I

I Solvents and literature Infra-red (M 9 1 ) CCl4 ( 169 t); EtOH, CS2 (99)

H2SO4 NH 3

(1,f 103, 489) ( I , f l 6 9 , f 200)

HNO8

(M 4 8 9 )

NH 4 NO 8

(107, 207,| 343,| 489)

NH4Cl

NH4Br (NH4)2S04 SiHCl3

(207,f343t)

(344) ( 169 t) ( 347 I)

ZnSO4

(107, 344, 582)

Zn(NOa) 2 CuCl2

(107,344,582) (50,1107,166,1326J)

CuBr2

(3261)

CuSO4

(SO,f 53,| 78,-j- 166,-f 452,J 4 8 9 f ) ; c/.

CuSO4.4NH3.H2O Cu(C2H3O2), AgNO3

( 50 t) (5Of) (107)

CoF2

(326J)

CoCl2 CoBr2

(106, 326J); MeOH, EtOH, PrOH ( 345 J) (326J)

CoI2

(326J)

Fig. 5

CoSO4

(326,J345,J489f)

Co(NOs)2

(326,J 345,J 489-f-)

Co salts NiCl2 NiBr2

(781) ( 326 t); MeOH, EtOH, PrOH (345J) (328f)

(342)

(i 03 ) With chlorides of Sc, Yt, La (103)

(Pr, Nd)(NOs) 8 YbCl3 MgCl2

(107,207,343,344,582)

MgBr2

(344, 582)

MgSO4

(344, 582)

Mg(NOs) 2

(107); EtOH, Me2CO (344)

CaCl2.2H2O

(207, 343, 344, 582)

SrCl2

(107)

LiOH

(107, 200)

NaOH

(107, 200)

NaCl

(107, 1 6 6 , - ( - 3 4 7 J )

O 07 ) (344) (103,489) (i 03 ) (107, 200.J)

Na2S2O3 NaNO3 Na2O.Si02 Na2B4O7 KOH KCl

(91, 207,| 343,-j- 344, t 582f)

KNO3

(343,t 489 j)

KMnO 4

(103, 345J)

K3Fe(CN)6 K4Fe(CN)6 K2Ni(SO4), K2CrO4 K2Cr2O7 Cr2(SO4)3.K2SO4.24H20 KCr(C 2 O 4 ), A12(S04)3.K2SO4.24H20 CsOH

H2O2 HCl HClO

HBrO

(5Of) (5Of) (5Of) (50,f53f) (50,fi66f) (so,f 106|) (I66f) (ios, I48,f i69f) (200)

Ultra-violet and Visible (552) ( 8 l t ) ' , c f . Fig. 1 (562, 568)

(568)

NiSO4

(106, 3 4 5 , J 4 8 9 f )

HBrO,

(568, 660)

Ni(NOs) 2

(SO,t 106, 345J)

I

(176-2); CCl4 ( 8 3 . 2 , 9 4 , 6 1 2 ) ; CS2,

NiCl2.6NH, Ni(C2H302)2 Ni salts

(345J) (i06f) (78 f)

Ac2O,

PhMe,

CHCl3

(94,

C6H4Me2

116,

387,

(485);

485,

612,

646); MeOH, H2O (612); EtOH

CrCl3

(345J)

(83.2, 94, 116, 386, 387, 485,

Cr2(SO4)3

(106, 345J)

Cr(NOs)8 UCl4 AlCl3

(345J) (SOf) (»o?)

612); PrOH, iso-PrOR, sec.-BuOH, NaOH (623); AcEt (646); C6H6

Al 2 (SO 4 ),

(107, 1 6 9 , f 2 0 7 , 343)

(94,

485,

646);

C 6 Hi 4 (U 6 ,

611,

387,

646); H2O -f KI (83.2); Et2O (U6, 387)

Al(NOs)3 (107) A12(S04)3.(NH4)2S04.24H20 (ios, i69 t ) FeCl2 (5)

S

CCl4, CS2, C6H6 (654)

H2S

(659, 66Of)

FeCl3

(5, 50, t 169,f 326)

H2SO,

FeBr3 FeSO4 Fe2(SO4)S

(5, 326) (5, 166 t) (5> 489 t)

(!»it 1 7 4 » t 1 8 2 »t 661); c/. Fig. 7

H2SO4

(471.5J); metallic salts: («4f)

HNO2

(182,J660)

HIO,

(182, 5 6 8 , 6 6 O f )

562

>

567

>

660

>

Formula | Solvents and literature Ultra-violet and Visible.—(Continued) HNO3

( 1 8 2 Î ) ; P' ( 5 6 4 ); H2O ( 5 6 2 , 5 6 3 , 564); Et2O (562, 563, 564); EtOH (562, 563);

Vap. (564)

NH2OH NH 2 NO 2 NH 4 NO 3 NH2ORHCl NH4Br N02.S03H HONO.S03H NH2.S03H NH4.HSO8

(2 Sf) EtOH (25) ( 561 ) H2O (276 t) ( 81 t) H2SO4 (25) (25f) H2O (25) ( 174 )

H3AsO3

(182,J659,660t)

H3AsO4

( 182 Î)

AsCl3

C 422 1)

As2S5 SbCl3 Sb (complex salts) BiCl3 Bi(ClO4)3 BiBr3 Bi2(S04)3 Bi(NO3)3 Bi (complex salts) Si(C6H5), Si(OH)2(C6H5CH2)2 [SiOH(C6H5CH2)2]2O [SiO(C6H5CH2)2]3 Si3(OH)2[(C6H5CH2)2]3O2 Ge Sn (complex salts)

( 7 9 t) (422U ( 407 ) ( 4 2 2 IO; in various solvents (569) ( 566 > 569 ) H2O, (+HBr), Et2O (569) H2SO4 (569) ( 566 ) ( 569 ) CHCl3 (522) EtOH, (+alk.) (ssi) EtOH (ssi) CHCl3 (551) EtOH (551) ( 4 8 5 - 5 t) ( 587 > 588)

Pb(NOg) 2

Formula

|

Solvents and literature

CuSO4

( 8 7 , f 2 2 1 , 4 5 2 J ) ; c / . Fig. 5

Cu(NO3),

(163, 561, 566); EtOH, Me2CO (332); c/. Fig. 6

Cu(NO,),.6NH, CuCl2.6NH3 Cu(HON(XSO,) Cu salts Cu (complex salts)

(163) (488) H2SO4 (25) H2O, EtOH, CHCl3 (16») (*M 587 > 589 > 59°)

Ag2SO4 AgNO 3

(272f) (272,f 561, 562, 566, 657J)

Ag (complex salts)

(587, 588)

Au SOIS

(49.5, 483J)

Ir (complex salts) H2PtCl6 CuPtCl6.18NH3 Pt (complex salts) Rh (complex salts) MnCl2 MnCl3 MnCl4 MnSO4 Mn2(SO4), Mn(NO 3 ) 3 Zn(MnO 4 ) 2 Mn (complex salts) Fe (complex salts)

( 4 > 408) H2O, EtOH (221, 230) (488) (408, 587, 588) (408) (340) (340) (340) (340) (340) (561) (458, 503) ( 407 ) ( 88 > 407, 408)

CoF2

(320, 328,

CoCl2

(330);

330)

EtOH

(UO,

227, 3 3 2 ) ;

Me2CO (332); H2O (UO); MeOH (408)

CoBr2

(no» 328, 330); EtOH, Me2CO

(272, 561)

CoI2

(328,

Th(N03)4 ThCl4 Tl2SO4 TlNO3 ZnCl2 Zn (complex salts) CdCl2 Cd (complex salts) Hg

( 2 7 2 >t 561 > 566) ( 2 7 2 t) ( 2 7 2 t) (272»t566) (isiJOjc/. Fig. 3 ( 587 > 588) («i J),-c/. Rg. 3 (587, 588) ( 1 7 6 ' 2 t)

CoSO4

(320, 328, 330)

Co(NO 3 ) 2

(162, 320, 328, 330, 460,J 5 6 1 ) ;

Co (complex salts)

(407, 408, 420, 444, 470, 492, 585,

NiCl2

(327,J 328,J); EtOH, Me2CO (332J)

HgCl2

(113, 1 8 1 , J 390);

Hg(C104)2

(113,390)

HgI2

(113,390)

HgNO3

(113,562,566)

Hg(N03)2 Hg(CH3)2 Hg(C2H5), Hg(C6H5)2 Hg(C6H5CH2), HgCH3Cl HgC2H5Cl HgCH3Br HgCH3I HgC2H5I HgN(CH2CO)2OH Hg(C3H5ONH)2 Hg (complex salts) CuCl2 Cu(C104)2

CuBr2

330)

EtOH, Me2CO (332) 586, 591, 643); CHCl3 ("Sf)

c/.

Fig. 3

(390)

HgBr2

(332)

(U 3) Et2O (US) EtOH (US) EtOH (386) ; CHCl3 (537) CHCl3 (537) (390); EtOH (US) (390); EtOH (US) EtOH ("3) EtOH (US) EtOH (US) (390) (390) ("3, 341, 587) (8M 110 > 178 »t 179 » 181 J); EtOH, Me2CO (332); c/. Fig. 5 (221)

("t); EtOH, Me2CO (332)

NiBr2

(327,J328,J332J)

NiI 2

(327,J328J)

NiSO4

(327,J32SJ)

Ni(NO 3 ) 2

(164, 327,J 328,J 332,J 561)

Ni(CO) 4

Ni (complex salts) H2CrO4 Cr2(SO4), Cr (complex salts) UCl2 USO4 U (complex salts) AlCl3

Al (complex salts) Ce(NO3),

(408)

(*™, 589, 590) (221) (197) ( 88 > 167, 407, 589, 590) Various solvents (459,f 461 f) Various org. solvents ( 4 5 9f) (**M 450,f 451) ( 1 7 9 J ) ; C / . Fig. 3

(588) (566)

PrCl3

(4, 15,f 48,-j- 321,f 662)

Pr2(SO4), Pr(NO3),

(is t) (15,t 32l t)

NdCl3

(4,f 15,f 47,f 49,f 110, 173,-f 321, 596,-j- 662)

Nd2(SO4), Nd(NOs) 3

Di salts SaCl3 Sa(NO3),

(15) (15, 4 7 , f 3 2 1 f )

(4, t 529 t) (662) (499 t )

FlG. B

FIG.l

FIG. 3

Formula I Solvents and literature Ultra-violet and Visible.—(Continued) Eu(NO3),

(498, 499)

DyCl3

(662)

HoCl3

(662)

Ho(N03)3 ErCl3 TmCl3 Be(N03)2 Mg

(3221) (662) (662) (566) MeNH2 (!88J); Hq. NH3 -("M 188J)

MgCl2

( 1 8 1 , J 4 9 5 J ) ; c / . Fig. 2

Mg(NOg) 2

EtOH (563)

Ca CaCl2 Ca(NOs)2 Ca(MnO4)2 Ca2Fe(CN)6 SrCl2 Sr(NO3), BaCl2

MeNH 2 , Hq. NH3 (188 J) (1814 495j). c/. Fig. 2 (561); EtOH, H2O (240) (2f); H2O, Me2CO, MeOH, C5H5N, Me2CNOH, EtOH (458 j) (230) (181,j 495J); c/. Fig. 2 (561) (181,j 495J); c/. Fig. 2

LiNO3 Na

Formula

Solvents and literature (sei) MeNH2 (188I); Hq. NH3 (I87,j

NaCl

(81,j 544); c/. Fig. 1

188J) NaClO

NaClO2 NaBr NaBrO NaBrO3 NaI NaIO3

Na2S

NaHS NaHSO3

("M !824 562, 567, 660); c/. Fig.

NaNO2

7 (113,660)

NaNO3

( 1 1 3 > !82,J 209,J 561, 562, 563);

Fig. 6 H2O (25) (659,660|) ( 182 t) («s»tt 660 t) (659,|660|)

Ba(MnO4)2 Li

(sos) ; H2O, various solvents (458) MeNH 21 Hq. NH 3 (188J) (81,J 544); c/. Fig. 1

Na2HAsO3

LiI

(81J)

.(659, 66Of)

H2SO4 (567); c/. Fig. 7 (66Of)

(NaON)2O Na3AsO3 Na3AsO4 NaH2AsO3

(544)

(81,J 544) (568, 66Of)

(1 9 4 182,J

(!82,J 209,J 5 6 1 ) ; c/. Fig. 6

LiCl

(380,f 562, 568)

( 568 ) (»14544) (568) (568,66Of)

Na2SO3

Ba(NOs) 2

LiBr

j

Na2PtCl6

Na4Fe(CN)6

(221,230)

(230)

562, 660, 661); H2O,

cf.

Fl G. S

FIG. 4

F/G.6

/7(5.7

K KOH KBr

Formula | Solvents and literature Ultra-violet and Visible.—(Continued) MeNH2, Hq. NH3 (* 88 }) ( 471 ' 5 t) (8i{); H2O + Na2S2O3 (»3.2)

KI

(SI,} 544); H2O + Na2S2O3 (83.2)

KIO3 K2SO4 K2S2O6 K2S2O8 KHSO3

(182}) (471-50 (i9,} 567 );c/. Fig. 7 H2O, H2SO4 (471-5}) (19,}174})

KNO2

KNO3

Formula j Solvents and literature Ultra-violet and Visible.—(Continued) ( 182 J) 18

( 2,t 209,J 561, 562, 563, 565, 625, 657) ;c /. Fig. 6 H2O (25)

(KSOa)2NO

(KSOs)2NOH K3AsO3 K2PtF6 K2PtCl4 K2PtCl6 K2PtBr6

H2O (25) ( 182 J) (58°) ( 408 ) ( 2 2 1 > 408 > 58 °) (580)

K2PtI6

(580) 2

KMnO4

K 2 MnO 4 KCo(NH3)2(NO2)4 K 2 Co(CNS) 4 K 3 Co(CN) 6

3

193

20

34

503

(> > » M °» > > 645J); H2SO4, MeOH, Me2CO, AcOH, C6H5N, KOH (228); various solvents ( 458 ) 34 ( °) H2O, MeOH, C5H5N (221) (227) ( 407 > 588) ( 2 2 1 , 5 7 4 J ) ; KOH (213J); cf. Fig.

K2Cr2O7 K3Cr(CN)6

4 ( 221 ) ( 407 )

K3Fe(CN)6 K4Fe(CN)6

(177,407,492) (I"» 221, 230, 492, 588)

RbCl RbI RbHSO3 Cs

(81 î); cf. Fig. 1 («0 ( 174 t) MeNH2 (188J)

CsI

(81 ß

Scope.—The following bibliographic index serves also as an index to the numerical data, given as curves, on p. 359-379. The bibliography includes all organic substances, exclusive of dyes, whose absorption spectra have been measured. In the infra-red region all measurements are quantitative; in the ultra-violet a very large proportion are purely qualitative and are based on the change of the limits of absorption with the length of the path. Arrangement.—The organic compounds are arranged according to the "(L-arrangement" and their inorganic salt-derivatives are grouped immediately after the parent compound. Substances to which a formula cannot be assigned are listed at the end of each section (p. 334 and p. 356). For reference texts, see (297, 348). The solvent is ethyl alcohol unless otherwise stated. (T-Table.—(T-Arrangement . (v. Vol. Ill, p. viii) Formula | Name, solvents and literature Infra-red CCl2O Phosgene («7) CCl2S Thiophosgene ( 4 ^f) CCl4 Carbon tetrachloride (ioi, 126,j 169,j S36,f 347,j 5011)

Carbonyl sulfide (346) Carbon disulfide (6, 7, 12, 101, I26,f 169,-j- 336,f 347,J 501,f 555f) ; Vap. (6,f 7 » 9, 12, 856,f 5 5 7 f )

Bromoform (152,I69,f 336,-f 347J) Chloroform (i,f 52*4> 101> 149» 151 »t

CHI3

Iodoform (ioi)

Name, solvents and literature Hydrogen cyanide (46, 85, 3i3f) ; Vap. (85) Méthylène bromide (152) Méthylène chloride (152, 169,f 336f) Méthylène iodide (152, I69,f 336J) Formic acid (if); Vap. (373f) Methyl chloride: Vap. (556,f SSTJ) Methyl iodide (i,f 100»t 1 0 1 > 1 5 2 > 169 »t 33M 50M 502)

Nitromethane (ioi) Methane: Vap. (6,f 7> 1M n »

100

CH4O

Methyl alcohol (i,f 8» 73 »t 169 »t

345

C2Cl4 (CN) 2 C2HCl3 C2HCl3O2 C2H2

Tetrachloroethylene (101, 1691) Cyanogen: Vap. (**, 556,f 557-f) Trichloroethylene (592.2) Trichloroacetic acid (52.4) Acetylene: Vap. («,f 9 >t 85» 100 »t

C2H2Cl2 C2H2Cl2O2 C2H2Cl4 C2H3ClO2 C2H3Cl3O2 C2H3N C2H3NS

Dichloroethylene (592.2) Dichloroacetic acid (52.4) Tetrachloroethane (592.2, 627) Chloroacetic acid (52.4) Chloral hydrate (102) Acetonitrile (i°i) Methyl isothiocyanate (ioo, l Ol

C2H4

Ethylene (7, 9,f IOO, IOI, 126, j 313,f 349, 436, 556,,

C2H4Br2 C2H4Cl2 C2H4Cl2 C2H4O C2H4O2 C2H5Br C2H5Cl C2H5I

Ethylene bromide (ioi, 152, i69f) Ethylene chloride (152, 169,-j- 336,-f 592.2) 1, 1-Dichloroethane (336f) Acetaldehyde (i,f 169't 376 »t 652 ) Acetic acid (i,f 52 - 4 » 101 ) Ethyl bromide (i,f 152 » 169 >t 336t) Ethyl chloride (152) Ethyl iodide (i,f ioo,f 101,152,169,f 336,f so2f) ; Vap. (349-f) Nitroethane (I Ol) Ethyl nitrate (1 f) Ethane (ioo,f 101, 313, 375f) Ethyl alcohol (i,f 8 > 73,t ioi, 169,| 336,-f 3454

>t

101

»

108

»t

109,| 124,-f 125,-j- 126,-f 313,f 541,f 556,-f- 557f)

»t 347 4 375 »t

376,f 377,| 501,f 502,f 652); Vap. (l°»f 373f)

349,j 376,•)• 556,j 557J)

101

» 126't 313»t

557 t)

ORGANIC COMPOUNDS AND THEIR INORGANIC SALTDERIVATIVES

CHBr3 CHCl3

|

CH3NO2 CH4 547

K2CrO4

COS CS2

Formula CÎÏN CH2Br2 CH2Cl2 CH2I2 CH2O2 CH3Cl CH3I

C2H5NO2 C2H5NO3 C2H6 C2H6O

347,J 377,•(• 417, 501,-f 555,•(• 558,f 592.2, 652, 653-j-) ; Vap. (373,f 556,f 557,f 5 5 8 f ) . Na salt (652)

C2H6O

Methyl ether (ioi, soi,f) ; Vap. (»,f i°°>t 313)

C2H6O2

Glycol (169,f652)

C2H6S C2H7N C2H8N2 C3H4O C3H5Br C3H5Cl C3H5I C3H5N C3H5NS C3H6Br2 C3H6O C3H6O

Ethylmercaptan (ioi, 347J) Ethylamine (I69f) Ethylenediamine (I 6 9 f) Acrolein (437 f) Allyl bromide (169f) Allyl chloride (1691) Allyl iodide (I69f) Ethyl cyanide (i 01 ) Ethyl isothiocyanate (l oo, 101 -j-) Trimethylene bromide (I69f) Allyl alcohol (i,f 5 Oi,f 652) Propionaldehyde (378,f 437)

C3H6O

Acetone ( I O I , 152, 169,f 374,-f 375,-f 376,| 378,f 437, 627) ; Vap. (101)

C3H6O2 C3H6O2

Propionic acid (i f ) Methyl acetate (52.4, 91,101,169,f 366,f 376,|-

C3H6O3 C3H7Br C3H7I

Methyl carbonate (ioi) Propyl bromide (152) Propyl iodide (i>f 152)

592.2,652); Vap. (349f) 152

>

169

336,-f 347,J 437, 627); Vap. (!26,J 149, 373-f)

»t

KNO2

KNO3

Formula j Solvents and literature Ultra-violet and Visible.—(Continued) ( 182 J) 18

( 2,t 209,J 561, 562, 563, 565, 625, 657) ;c /. Fig. 6 H2O (25)

(KSOa)2NO

(KSOs)2NOH K3AsO3 K2PtF6 K2PtCl4 K2PtCl6 K2PtBr6

H2O (25) ( 182 J) (58°) ( 408 ) ( 2 2 1 > 408 > 58 °) (580)

K2PtI6

(580) 2

KMnO4

K 2 MnO 4 KCo(NH3)2(NO2)4 K 2 Co(CNS) 4 K 3 Co(CN) 6

3

193

20

34

503

(> > » M °» > > 645J); H2SO4, MeOH, Me2CO, AcOH, C6H5N, KOH (228); various solvents ( 458 ) 34 ( °) H2O, MeOH, C5H5N (221) (227) ( 407 > 588) ( 2 2 1 , 5 7 4 J ) ; KOH (213J); cf. Fig.

K2Cr2O7 K3Cr(CN)6

4 ( 221 ) ( 407 )

K3Fe(CN)6 K4Fe(CN)6

(177,407,492) (I"» 221, 230, 492, 588)

RbCl RbI RbHSO3 Cs

(81 î); cf. Fig. 1 («0 ( 174 t) MeNH2 (188J)

CsI

(81 ß

Scope.—The following bibliographic index serves also as an index to the numerical data, given as curves, on p. 359-379. The bibliography includes all organic substances, exclusive of dyes, whose absorption spectra have been measured. In the infra-red region all measurements are quantitative; in the ultra-violet a very large proportion are purely qualitative and are based on the change of the limits of absorption with the length of the path. Arrangement.—The organic compounds are arranged according to the "(L-arrangement" and their inorganic salt-derivatives are grouped immediately after the parent compound. Substances to which a formula cannot be assigned are listed at the end of each section (p. 334 and p. 356). For reference texts, see (297, 348). The solvent is ethyl alcohol unless otherwise stated. (T-Table.—(T-Arrangement . (v. Vol. Ill, p. viii) Formula | Name, solvents and literature Infra-red CCl2O Phosgene («7) CCl2S Thiophosgene ( 4 ^f) CCl4 Carbon tetrachloride (ioi, 126,j 169,j S36,f 347,j 5011)

Carbonyl sulfide (346) Carbon disulfide (6, 7, 12, 101, I26,f 169,-j- 336,f 347,J 501,f 555f) ; Vap. (6,f 7 » 9, 12, 856,f 5 5 7 f )

Bromoform (152,I69,f 336,-f 347J) Chloroform (i,f 52*4> 101> 149» 151 »t

CHI3

Iodoform (ioi)

Name, solvents and literature Hydrogen cyanide (46, 85, 3i3f) ; Vap. (85) Méthylène bromide (152) Méthylène chloride (152, 169,f 336f) Méthylène iodide (152, I69,f 336J) Formic acid (if); Vap. (373f) Methyl chloride: Vap. (556,f SSTJ) Methyl iodide (i,f 100»t 1 0 1 > 1 5 2 > 169 »t 33M 50M 502)

Nitromethane (ioi) Methane: Vap. (6,f 7> 1M n »

100

CH4O

Methyl alcohol (i,f 8» 73 »t 169 »t

345

C2Cl4 (CN) 2 C2HCl3 C2HCl3O2 C2H2

Tetrachloroethylene (101, 1691) Cyanogen: Vap. (**, 556,f 557-f) Trichloroethylene (592.2) Trichloroacetic acid (52.4) Acetylene: Vap. («,f 9 >t 85» 100 »t

C2H2Cl2 C2H2Cl2O2 C2H2Cl4 C2H3ClO2 C2H3Cl3O2 C2H3N C2H3NS

Dichloroethylene (592.2) Dichloroacetic acid (52.4) Tetrachloroethane (592.2, 627) Chloroacetic acid (52.4) Chloral hydrate (102) Acetonitrile (i°i) Methyl isothiocyanate (ioo, l Ol

C2H4

Ethylene (7, 9,f IOO, IOI, 126, j 313,f 349, 436, 556,,

C2H4Br2 C2H4Cl2 C2H4Cl2 C2H4O C2H4O2 C2H5Br C2H5Cl C2H5I

Ethylene bromide (ioi, 152, i69f) Ethylene chloride (152, 169,-j- 336,-f 592.2) 1, 1-Dichloroethane (336f) Acetaldehyde (i,f 169't 376 »t 652 ) Acetic acid (i,f 52 - 4 » 101 ) Ethyl bromide (i,f 152 » 169 >t 336t) Ethyl chloride (152) Ethyl iodide (i,f ioo,f 101,152,169,f 336,f so2f) ; Vap. (349-f) Nitroethane (I Ol) Ethyl nitrate (1 f) Ethane (ioo,f 101, 313, 375f) Ethyl alcohol (i,f 8 > 73,t ioi, 169,| 336,-f 3454

>t

101

»

108

»t

109,| 124,-f 125,-j- 126,-f 313,f 541,f 556,-f- 557f)

»t 347 4 375 »t

376,f 377,| 501,f 502,f 652); Vap. (l°»f 373f)

349,j 376,•)• 556,j 557J)

101

» 126't 313»t

557 t)

ORGANIC COMPOUNDS AND THEIR INORGANIC SALTDERIVATIVES

CHBr3 CHCl3

|

CH3NO2 CH4 547

K2CrO4

COS CS2

Formula CÎÏN CH2Br2 CH2Cl2 CH2I2 CH2O2 CH3Cl CH3I

C2H5NO2 C2H5NO3 C2H6 C2H6O

347,J 377,•(• 417, 501,-f 555,•(• 558,f 592.2, 652, 653-j-) ; Vap. (373,f 556,f 557,f 5 5 8 f ) . Na salt (652)

C2H6O

Methyl ether (ioi, soi,f) ; Vap. (»,f i°°>t 313)

C2H6O2

Glycol (169,f652)

C2H6S C2H7N C2H8N2 C3H4O C3H5Br C3H5Cl C3H5I C3H5N C3H5NS C3H6Br2 C3H6O C3H6O

Ethylmercaptan (ioi, 347J) Ethylamine (I69f) Ethylenediamine (I 6 9 f) Acrolein (437 f) Allyl bromide (169f) Allyl chloride (1691) Allyl iodide (I69f) Ethyl cyanide (i 01 ) Ethyl isothiocyanate (l oo, 101 -j-) Trimethylene bromide (I69f) Allyl alcohol (i,f 5 Oi,f 652) Propionaldehyde (378,f 437)

C3H6O

Acetone ( I O I , 152, 169,f 374,-f 375,-f 376,| 378,f 437, 627) ; Vap. (101)

C3H6O2 C3H6O2

Propionic acid (i f ) Methyl acetate (52.4, 91,101,169,f 366,f 376,|-

C3H6O3 C3H7Br C3H7I

Methyl carbonate (ioi) Propyl bromide (152) Propyl iodide (i>f 152)

592.2,652); Vap. (349f) 152

>

169

336,-f 347,J 437, 627); Vap. (!26,J 149, 373-f)

»t

Formula C3H7I C3H8O C8H8O

Name, solvents and literature Infra-red. — (Continued) Isopropyl iodide ( 152 ) Isopropyl alcohol ( 1 J t 3 7 7 > 652 ) Propyl alcohol (i,f 73 »t 169 »t 345 »î 3 4 7 »î 3 7 7 »t 6 2 7 >

C3H8O2 C3H8O8 C3H9N C3H12N6O3 C4H4S C4H6N C4H6NS C4H6O3 C4H6O6 C4H8O C4H8O C4H8O C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H9Br C4H9Cl C4H9I C4H9NO2 C 4 HiO C 4 Hi 0 O C4H10O

Propyleneglycol (652) Glycerol (i,f 101 > 105 > 169 > 489 > 652 ) n-Propylamine (52.3, 153.3) Guanidine carbonate (57°) Thiophene (ioi) Pyrrole (100,101, AUyI isothiocyanate (ioo,f loi) Acetic anhydride (52.4, I69f) Malic acid (102) Butyraldehyde ( 378 »f 437f) Isobutyraldehyde (437 1) Ethyl methyl ketone ( 378 f) Butyric acid (652) Isobutyric acid ( 1 J 652 ) Ethyl acetate (!«»if 652) Methyl propionate (652) Isobutyl bromide ( 152 ) Isobutyl chloride (152) Isobutyl iodide (152) Butyl nitrite (152) Butane (ioo, ioi,f 349f) Methyl n-(iso)propyl ether (592.2) Butyl alcohol (M 73 >î 347 4 375 »t

652)

Isobutyl alcohol (i,f

37

M

592 2

' »

16

M 336»t 345 »t 34M 375 »t

sec.-Butyl alcohol (652) /er/.-Butyl alcohol ( 377 t) Ethyl ether (iff 101 > 152 > 555,f 592.2); Vap. (6,f 556,f 557,f 558 1)

C4H10O3 C4H10O4S C4H10S C4H11N C4H11N C6H4O3 C6H5N C6H8O C6H8O C6H8O2 C6H8O4 C6H10O C6H10O C6H10O C6H10O2 C6H10O2 C6H10O2 C6H10O2 C5H10O2 C6H10O2 C6H10O2 C6H10O3 C6H10O3 C6H11Br C5H11Cl C5H11I C6H11N C6H11NO2

7

16

M

336

» 9 >f "»

Methylglycerol ( 3 7 7 f) Ethyl sulfate (loi) Ethyl sulfide (M 101 ) Diethylamine ( 1 6 ^f) n-Butylamine (52.3, 153.3) Citraconic anhydride (i f ) Pyridine (ioo, 101, soi,f 595) AUyI methyl ketone ( 37 Sf) Ethyl propargyl ether ( 3 7 4 f) Acetylacetone ( 376 t) Dimethyl malonate ( 375 t) Isovaleric aldehyde ( 378 t) Diethyl ketone ( 378 f) Isopropyl methyl ketone ( 378 t) Valeric acid ( 1 ^f 1 0 1 ) Butyl formate ( 375 I) Isobutyl formate ( 375 t) n-Propyl acetate (592.2) Ethyl propionate (592.2, 652) Methyl butyrate (652) Methyl isobutyrate (652) Ethyl lactate (592.2) Ethyl carbonate ( 101 > 592.2) Amyl bromide (iff 169t) Amyl chloride (I69f) Amyl iodide (i|f 169t) Piperidine (100,101,595) Amyl nitrite (i f)

Name, solvents and literature Pentane (152, 153); yap. (556,f 557f) Amyl alcohol (iff 101 > 16M 34 M 627 » 652 ); Vap. (373)

C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O3 C5H13N C6H5Br C6H5Cl C6H5F C6H5I C6H6NO2 C6H6

Isoamyl alcohol (345,{ 377, f 652) tert.-A.myl alcohol ( 377 ,f 652 ) Methyl iso(w~, sec.-, tert.-) butyl ether (592.2) Ethylglycerol ( 3 7 7 f) Isoamylamine (52.3, 153.3) Bromobenzene ( 1 ^f 101» 528 ); Vap. ( 528 ) Chlorobenzene (ioi,f 437, 528) . yap. (528) Fluorobenzene ( 437 ) lodobenzene (528); Vap. (528) Nitrobenzene (i,f 101» 169 >t 627 ) Benzene (i,f 52 » 46 - 5 >t 74 » 100 > 101> 105» 149 » 152 »

C6H6O C6H6O3 C6H7N

Phenol (ioo,f 1 01(1 ) Phloroglucinol ( >2) Aniline (i,f si, 52.i,f ioo, 101, 153.2, 153.3, 169,f

C6H7N C6H10O3 C6H10O4 C6H10O4 C6H10S C6H11I C6H11N C6H12 C6H12O C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O3 C6H12O6 C6H12O6 C6H14 C6H14 C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O3 C6H14O6 C6H15BrS

a-Picoline (ioo, loi, 595) Ethyl acetoacetate (i,f 37 6f) Ethyl oxalate (i,f 37S, f 376,f 652) Methyl succinate ( 3 7 5 f) AUyI sulfide ( 1 ^t 1 0 1 ) Hexyl iodide (if) Amyl cyanide 37 ( 1 6 9 f) Cyclohexane ( M 376,f 437) Isobutyl methyl ketone ( 7 3 >t 378 f) Caproic acid (*oo,f ioi) Isocaproic acid (101) Amyl formate (37S, f 592.2) Isoamyl formate (652) Ethyl butyrate ( 37 5,f 592.2, 652) Isobutyl acetate (652) Methyl valerate ( 3 7 5 f) Methyl iso valerate (652) Propyl propionate ( 3 7 5 f) Paraldehyde (i,f 101, 169f) d-Fructose (102) d-Glucose (102) Diisopropyl ( 1 6 ^f)

367, 436); Vap. (367)

377, f 652)

C4H10O C4H10O C4H10O

I

153.2, 169, 1 347, J 376, | 436, 437, 501, 502, 528, SSSf); Vap. (6,f 10,f 149, 373,f 528, 558f)

652); Vap. (373 -(r)

C4H10O

Formula C5H]2 C5H12O

»t 12

>

34

M

100

»t

373

>

373

>

C6H15N C6H15N C7H5N C7H6NS C7H6O C7H6O2 C7H7Cl C7H7NO C7H8 C7H8O C7H8O C7H9N

Hexane ( 73 4 IOI, 152, 169,f 347, J 437)

Methyldiethyl carbinol (592.2) Methyl iso(n-, tert.-) amyl ether (592.2) Hexyl alcohol ( 377 t) Methyl diethylcarbinyl ether (592.2) Propylglycerol ( 377 t) Mannitol (102) Triethylsulfonium bromide: C2H2Cl4, C6H5NO2, C3H7OH, C5H11OH, PhCH2OH, Me2CO (627) Di-Ti-propylamine (52.3, 153.3) Triethylamine (ioi) Benzonitrile (l o l , 1 6 9 f ) Phenylisothiocyanate (100, loi) Benzaldehyde (ioo,f 101, 169,f 378,f 436) Benzoic acid (595) Benzyl chloride (l,f I69f) o- (p-) Nitro toluene (l°i) Toluene (8, 46.5,f IOO, IOI, 152, 169,f 436, 437, 501, f 502, 55 5 -J-)

Benzyl alcohol (37M 627) Anisole (ioo, ioi) Benzylamine (52.2, 153.3)

Formula C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H12O4 C7H12O4 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O2 C7H14O2 C7H1B C7H16O C7H16O3 C8H6 C8H8O C8H8O2 C8H8O2 C8H8O2 C8H8O3 C8H1Q C8H1Q C8H1O CgH1O CgH1O C8H10N2O C8H1QO2 C8H11N C8H11N C8H11N C8H11N C8H14O4 C8H16 C8H16O C8H16O C8H16O2 C8H16O2 C8H17N C8H18 C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O2 C8H19N C9H7N C9H10O C9H1OO2 C9H12 C9H12 C9H12 C9H12O C9H12O C9H13N C9H13N C9H13N C9H14 C9H14O6 C9H16ClNO3 C9H16O2 C9H16O4 C9Hi6O4 C9Hi8O

Name, solvents and literature Formula Infra-red. — (Continued) C9H18O2 Methylaniline (51, 101, 153.3) C9H18O2 o-Toluidine (ioi) C9H2oO p-Toluidine (153.3, 436) C9H21N Diethyl malonate (375, f 376, f 652) C10H7NO2 C10H8 Dimethyl glu tarate ( 3 7 5 f) C10H8O Dimethylcyclopentane (I 01 t) C10H9N Methylcyclohexane ( 437 ) C10H1QO2 Heptaldehyde ( 378 t) C10H12O Dipropyl ketone ( 378 t) Amyl acetate (376, f 592.2) C10H12O C10H12O Isoamyl acetate ( 652 ) Heptane (152, 153) C10H12O C10H12O2 Heptyl alcohol ( 377 t) C1QH14 Butylglycerol ( 377 t) C1QH14 Phenylacetylene ( 3 7 4 t) C10H14O Acetophenone ( 3 7 8 f) Anisaldehyde (374,-f 378-j-) C10H14O C10H14N2 Phenyl acetate (ioi) Methyl benzoate (592.2) C10H15N C10H15N Methyl salicylate (i,| 100 »t 101) Ethylbenzene (*6.s,f 436, soi ft C10H16 Xylene (169,JSSSf) C10H16 o-Xylene (46.5,f 100, 101, 436, 437,f soi,f 502) C10H18O ra-Xylene (46.5, | 101,-j- 153.2, 436, 437, soi C10ft H18O 4 p-Xylene ( 6.s,f ioo,f 101, 152, 436, 437,f soif) C1QH18O3 p-Nitrosodimethylaniline (101I 489 ) C10H2O C10H20O Dimethylresorcinol ( 376 t) Dimethylaniline (l, 51, 101, 153.2) C10H20O Ethylaniline (Si, 153.2) C1QH2OO2 Xylidine (ioo, ioi) C10H20O2 Methyl-p-toluidine (153.3) C10H20O2 Diethyl succhiate (ioi, 376,f 652) C10H22 C10H22O Dimethylcyclohexane ( 374 »| 437 ) C10H22O Hexyl methyl ketone ( 378 I) Octyl aldehyde ( 378 I) C1OH22O2 Butyl butyrate (652) C10H23N Isoamyl propionate (652) C11H11N Coniine (595) C11H12O Octane (ioo, 101, 152) C11H12O2 7i-Octyl alcohol ( 37 6,f 377 I) C11H12O3 C11H14O sec.-Octyl alcohol ( 377 t) Butyl ether (152) C11H16N2O2 Octyl alcohol ( 65 2) C11H17N C11H22O a-Dimethyl-/3-isobutylglycol (3 77 ft Di-n-butylamine (52.3) C11H24O Quinoline (101,595) C11H24O2 Ethyl phenyl ketone ( 378 I) C12H1O Ethyl benzoate (l ft C12H1QN2 Cumene (loi) Ci2H10O3 Mesitylene (46.5,f ioo,f 101, 152, 153, 436, 437f) Ci2H11N Ci 2 Hi 3 N Propylbenzene ( 374 t) Phenylpropyl alcohol ( i f ) Ci 2 Hi 3 N Benzyl ethyl ether ( i f ) Ci2Hi4O3 Methylethylaniline (51, 153.2) Ci 2 Hi 4 O 4 Propylaniline (51, 153.2) Ci2H19N Dimethy 1-p-toluidine (153.3) Ci2H22O6 Cyclohexylpropine ( 374 t) Ci 2 H 22 Ou Triacetin ( 374 ) C12H22O11 Ecgonine hydrochloride (595) Ci2H22O11 Ci 2 H 24 Amyl crotonate ( 37 M 376 I) Ci2H26 Diethyl glutarate ( 376 t) Dimethyl ß-methyladipate ( 375 t) Ci2H26O Nonyl aldehyde ( 378 ) C12H26Og

Name, solvents and literature Isoamyl butyrate (652) Isoamyl isobutyrate (652) Nonyl alcohol ( 377 I) Tri-n-propylamine (52 « 3 » 153.3) a-Nitronaphthalene ( 597 ) Naphthalene (52, 101, 436) ; CS2, CCl4 (597) «(0)-Naphthol: CCl4, CS2 (5» 7 ) a(/3)-Naphthylamine: CCl4, CS2 (153.3, 597) Safrole (ioi) Cumic aldehyde (101 ) Anethole (i,f 374 »t 376 t) Isopropyl phenyl ketone (375,-j-378-j-) Propyl phenyl ketone ( 3 7 5 f) Eugenol (loo,-)- ioi) Cymene (ioi, 436) Diethy!benzene ( 4 6 ' 5 f) Thymol (ioo,f ioi) Carvacrol (ioo,f ioi) ; Vap. ( 34 ^f) Nicotine (595) Butylaniline (51, 153.2) Diethylaniline (51) Limonene (io°,f ioi) Pinene (ioo,|ioi) Eucalyptol (l 00,^101) Terpineol (ioo, t 101) Ethyl diethylacetoacetate (l ft Decylene ( 7 3 îOi) Menthol (ioo,f ioi) Decyl aldehyde ( 3 7 8 f) Methylhexylcarbinyl acetate (652) Amyl valerate ( 376 t) Isoamyl iso valerate (652) Decane (ioi) Decyl alcohol ( 3 7 7 f) Amyl ether (l ft a-Dimethyl-/8-hexylglycol ( 377 I) Diisoamylamine (52.3, 153.3) Methyl-a-naphthylamine (153.3) Allylacetophenone (374,| 3 7 5 f) Ethyl cinnamate (374,| 375 f) Ethyl benzoylacetate ( 3 7 6 f) Isobutyl phenyl ketone ( 378 I) Pilocarpine (595) Isoamylaniline (51, 153.2) Undecyl aldehyde ( 378 I) Undecyl alcohol ( 377 I) a-Methyl-a-ethyl-0-hexylglycol ( 377 I) Diphenyl: CCl4, C6H6 (ioi) Azobenzene (101) Ethyl salicylate (592.2) Diphenylamine: P (52.1, 153.3) Dime thy 1-a-naph thy lamine (153.3) Ethyl-a-naphthylamine (153.3) Eugenylacetate (i°i) Diethyl phthalate (592.2) Dipropylaniline (51, 153.2) Dibutyl tartrate ( 375 f) Saccharose (i° 2 ) Lactose (i° 2 ) Maltose (102) Dodecylene (734 101) Dodecane ( 1 0 1 )Dodecyl alcohol ( 377 I) a-Methyl-a-propyl-ß-hexylglycol ( 377 I)

Formula

I

Name, solvents and literature Infra-red. — (Continued) Tri-n-buty lamine (52.3) Ci 2 H 27 N Chlorotridecane (i°i) CisH^Cl Dibenzylamine (52.2, 153.3) Ci4H16N Diethy 1-a-naphthy lamine (153.3) Ci4Hi7N Dibutylaniline ( 5 I, 153.2) C14H23N Diamyl tartrate (375f) Ci4H2COe Chlorotetradecane ( 101 f) Ci4H2gCl 0-Eucaine (595) Ci5H2INO2 Eserine (595) Ci5H2IN3O2 Diethyl dibutylmalonate (3 75 1) Ci5H2SO4 Pentadecylene (73,f l 01 ) Ci5H3Q Triisoamylamine (52.3, 153.3) C15H33N l-Phenyl-2-benzoylpropane (378) Ci6Hi6O Homoatropine (595) Ci6H21NO3 Hexadecylene (?3,f loi) C16H32 Hexadecane (101) C16H34 Piperine (595) C17H19NO3 C17H22ClNO4 Cocaine hydrochloride (595) Atropine (595) Ci7H23NO3 Chloroheptadecane (101 ) Ci7H35Cl Triphenylamine: P (52.1, 153.3) Ci8H15N Ethyl dibenzy !acetate (if) CisH2oO2 Codeine (595) Ci8H21NO3 R&ffinose (102) C18H32O16 Oleicacid (ioi, 104, 105) C18H34O2 Octadecylene (ioi) C18H36 Stearic acid (101) C1SH36O2 Octadecane (ioi) C18H38 Cinchonidine (595) C 19 H 22 N 2 O C19H36 Hydrocarbons (101) Quinidine (595) C 20 H 24 N 2 O 2 Quinine (595) C 20 H 24 N 2 O 2 Tribenzylamine (52.2, 153.3) C21H21N Narcotine (595) C 22 H 23 NO 7 Hydrocarbons (101) C 22 H 42 Brucine (102,595) C23H26N2O4 Tricosylene (ioi) C23H46 Tricosane (loi) C23H4S Tetracosylene (l 01) C24H4S Tetracosane (ioo, 101) C24H50 Cerotic acid (loi f) C26H52O2 Myricyl alcohol (ioo, ioi) C30H62O Aconitine (595) C34H47NOn C40H50N4O8S Quinine sulfate (595) Organic Compounds of Mixed or Unknown Composition Alcohols (CJI2n+1OH) (374f).

«-Alcohols (R.CH-.CHOH) (374f). ^-Alcohols (R.CH:CHCH2OH) (374f). Asphaltum (mixed hydrocarbons) ( 10 i> i°3, 4 I" 7 ). Bakelite (ios). Belladonna (C17H21NO4 and C17H23NO3) (595). Boxwood oil (399). Bromocarbinols (CH2BrCHBr.CHOHR) (374J). Castor oil (653). Catfish oil (105). Celluloid (399, 653f).

Cottonseed oil (ios, 152, 153, 186). Fatty acid esters ( 374 t)Gelatin (104). Illuminating gas: Vap. (101). Jumper oil ( î 4 8 ).

Kerosene (153); c/. Vol. II, p. 153. Ketones ( 374 t). Lard oil (105,153). Lavender oil (148 f ). Linseed oil (io 4 ). Linseed oil fatty acids (i°5). Nitrocellulose (celluloids, pyralin) (i°3, l°5). Ohio oils (ioi). Olive oil (M 104 > 105 > 14M 555 t). Paraffin oil (ios, 169,j- 555,f 558f) ; c/. Vol. II, p. 153. Peanut oil (i° 5 ). Petroleum (ioi, 153, sssf) ; c/. Vol. II, p. 153. Poplar oils (399). Resin (ioi). Rubber (102, sss,f 558,f essf). Rosemary oil (I 4 8 t)Salicylic acid esters (HOC6H4COOR) (374). Sassafras oil (I 48 t). Silk, oiled ( 555 t). Soya bean oil (i°5). Tung oil (105). Turpentine (i,f 101, I48f). Vinyl carbinols (CH2:CH.CHOHR) (374f).

Formula CBrN3O6 CBr 2 N 2 O 4 CBr4 CClN3O6 CCl2O CCl2S CCl4 CI4 CN4O8

Name, solvents and literature Ultra-violet and Visible Bromonitroform: EtOH (198) Dibromodinitromethane: EtOH (198) Carbon tetrabromide ( 4 4 0 f) Chloronitroform: EtOH (198) Carbonyl chloride: Liq., Vap. ( 8 3 f) Thiocarbonyl chloride: EtOH (536-f) Carbon tetrachloride (261, f 440 f) Carbon tetraiodide: EtOH ( 4 4 2f) Tetranitromethane: EtOH (259, 421, 664) ; EtOH and other solvents (259, 421); CHCl3 (421)

CS2 CHBrN2O4

Carbon disulfide: Liq., Vap. (486) Bromodinitromethane: H2O (259, 291) ; HCl (259,291); Et2O (291); K salts: H2O (198, 291)

CHBr3 CHCl3 CHI3 CHN CHNO CHNS

CHN3O6

Bromoform ( 4 4 Of) Chloroform (26i,f 44Of) Iodoform: EtOH (l™, 386, 442, f 493,f 573 j) ; CCl4 (493,f 573J); C6H6 ( 4 9 3 f); hexane ( 573 O Hydrocyanic acid ( 262 t) Cyanic acid, K salt: H2O (2 «Of) Thiocyanic acid, Co salt (22 7) ; Et2O (320); Hg salt: EtOH (U 3) Nitroform (228); H2O (291); H2SO4 (198, 255); EtOH (259); Et2O (291); Ag salt: H2O, Et2O (255); Hg salt: H2O, CHCl3, EtOH (255); K salt: H2O (198, 255, 29i) ; Na salt: EtOH (244f)

CH2Br2 CH2Cl2 CH2I2 CH2N2O4 CH2N2O6S2

Méthylène bromide ( 4 4 Of) Méthylène chloride ( 4 4 Of) Méthylène iodide: EtOH (i", 4 4 2 f) Dinitromethane (228); Et2O (291); H2O (255, 291); H2SO4, NaOH (255); Na salts: EtOH (2 44); K salt: H2O (W) Diazomethanedisulfonic acid, K salt: KOH (247)

Formula CH2O CH2O2

CH2S3 CH2S4 CH3I CH3NO2

Name, solvents and literature Ultra-violet and Visible. — (Continued) Formaldehyde (54, 83); Vap. (83, 538); EtOH (534 t ) ; c /.p. 359 Formic acid (S4,J 56,J 57,J 60,J 182,| 240, 298J); p (252); H2O (240,252, 659,| 660);

Formula C 2 H 3 NO C2H3NO3

Name, solvents and literature Methyl isocyanate: P (2 8 Oj) Isonitrosoacetic acid : EtOH, EtOH -f alk.

C 2 H 3 NO 4

Nitroacetic acid: EtOH, Et2O (255); K salt:

(31) H2O (255)

EtOH (240, 252); Ba, Ca, K, Li, Mg, Sr salts: C2H4 H2O = ? (660); Co salt: H2O (320) ; Na salt: O2H4Ol2 H2O (182, 659,-f 660); NH4 salt: H2O (240, O 2 H 4 I 2 660) C2H4NO3 Trithiocarbonic acid: CHCl3, C6H5CH3, ligroin C2H4N2O3 ( 2 1 2 J); Ba salt: H2O ( 2 1 2 J) Perthiocarbonic acid: CHCl3, C6HsCH3, ligroin C 2 H 4 N 2 O 3 C2H4N2O4 ( 212 J); Na salt: H2O ( 212 J) C2H4N4 Methyl iodide (*«t); EtOH (H«) Nitromethane ( 6 SSf); H2O (291,664); EtOH C 2 H 4 N 4 O 2 (25,255,664); H2SO4 (255); alk. (25,255, C2H4O 664); Vap. (540); Na salt: H2O (291); EtOH (244)

CH3N3O3 CH4 CH 4 N 2 CH4N2O CH4N2O2

Nitrourea: EtOH + alk. (25) Methane (I92f) Hydrazomethane ( 247 ) Urea (25, 594); c/. p. 359 Methylnitroamine and salts; EtOH (25); CQ salt: H2O (162); Cu salt: H2O (163); Ni salt:

CH4N2S CH4N2S CH4N4O2 CH4O CH4O3S CH6N CH6ClN CH6ClN3 C2Cl4 C2Cl6 C2I2 C2HCl3O C2HCl3O2

Thiourea (424); cf. p. 359 Ammonium thiocyanate (424) Nitroguanidine: EtOH + alk. (25) Methyl alcohol (54, 56, 286, f 438-f) Methylsulfonic acid, Na salt (567) Methylamine (63) Methylamine hydrochloride : H2O ( 276 f) Guanidine hydrochloride: cf. p. 359 Tetrachloroethylene: EtOH (441 f) Hexachloroethane: EtOH (441 •)•) Diiodoacetylene ( 42 SJ) Chloral: Et2O, Vap. (538); c/. p. 359 Trichloroacetic acid O 8 2 J); H2O (182,J231,

C2H4OS C2H4O2

C2H2

240); HCl, H2SO4 (231); NH 4 salt: H2O, EtOH (240); Na salt: H2O (I82,j 659) Acetylene (261, f 303, 600,60i) ;E tOH, Me2CO (441 ft

C2H2Br2 C2H2Cl2 C2H2Cl4 C2H2I2 C2H2N2O4 C2H2O C2H2O2 C2H2O4

C2H3ClO C2H3ClO2

C2H3Cl3O2 C2H3N C2H3N

Dibromoethylene, cis and trans: v. p. 359 Dichloroethylene, cis and trans: EtOH, hexane (I54f) ; c/. p. 359 st/w.-Tetrachloroethane: EtOH (441 f) Diiodoethylene (423 J); c/. p. 359 Azodicarboxylic acid; K salt: KOH (247) Ketene: hexane (370, J 371 j) ; c/. p. 359 Glyoxal: EtOH (538); hexane (418,J419J) ; Vap. (418, 538); c/. p. 359 Oxalic acid (54, 56,J 58,J 66,J 428,| 645.5-)-); H2O (252,659,f660f); EtOH (252); c/. p.

359; Co salt: H2O (320) ; K salt: H2O (252, 659-f); Na salt: H2O (66Of) Acetyl chloride: hexane (252) Chloroacetic acid: ( 182 J); HCl (240) ; H2O (231, 659f) ; EtOH (231, 240); K, NH 4 salts: H2O (240); Metallic salts: H2O ("i); Na salt: H2O (I82,j659f) Chloral hydrate: EtOH (538); c/. p. 359 Methyl isocyanide (63J) Acetonitrile (63J)

Acetic acid (54,J 55,J 56,J 57,J 58,J 59,J 60,J 64,J 66,J 67,J 298,J 382f); H2O (65, 182,J 204,J 231, 240, 252); p (240, 252); EtOH (231,

240, 252); Et2O, hexane (240); MeOH, C6HnOH (252); Hgroin (231, 252);c/. p. 359; Ba salt: H2O (231, 660-f) ; Ca salt: H2O (««°t)î

H2O (163,164)

240, 659J); EtOH, Et2O (240); Hgroin (231,

Ethylene: Vap. (261, f eoi, 602) Ethylene chloride (26 i f ) Ethylene iodide: EtOH (H6, 423) Nitroacetaldoxime (25S-)-) Ethylnitrolic acid : MeOH (245); K salt : MeOH (245); t'so_K salt: MeOH (245) Methazonic acid: Et2O, H2O, NaOH (255) Dinitroethane and K salt: H2O (291) Tetrazine: Vap. (386) Azodicarbonamide ( 24 T) Acetaldehyde (54,J se,j 59,j es,j 176.2-j- 309,j 31 o, j 538, j 571); hexane (419 J); EtOH, Vap. (538) ; „. p. 359 Thioacetic acid and K salt (252)

Co Salt (331, J 388); Cu Salt (331, J 382); Hg salt (96); H2O (113); K salt: H2O (231, 240,

252, 660-)-); Li, Mg salt: H2O (660f) ; NH 4 salt: H2O (231, 240, 660|); Ni salt: H 2 O (331J); Na salt: ("2J); H2O (240, 659,f 660 1); Pb salt: H2O (272); Sr, Zn salt: H2O (660-J-)

C2H4O2 C2H4O2 C2H5Cl C2H5ClO

Methyl formate (SS1J 57,j 60, j 240, 252) Glycollic aldehyde: H2O, EtOH (42 Sf) Ethyl chloride ( 2 «if) Ethylene chlorohydrin (592. 3); p} Q6H6, Vap.

C2H6ClO C2H6I

Ethyl hypochlorite: ligroin (562, 568) Ethyl iodide: EtOH (lie, 386, 573j) ; C6H6 (386); H2O, hexane, CCl4 (573j) Acetaldoxime (63f) ; H2O ( 2 ™f) Acetamide (63 f); cf. p. 359 Aminoacetic acid: v. p. 359; Co salt (397-j-) ; H 2 O

(372.2 -J-)

C2H6NO C2H6NO C2H6NO2

(396); Cu Salt

(3« 2 t); H2O (391)

Nitroethane (228); EtOH (25, 255, 664^ ; aik. C2H6NO2 C2H5NO2 C2H6NO3 C2H6N3 C2H6N3O2 C2H6N2 C2H6N2O C2H6N2O2

(255, 664)

Ethyl nitrite: EtOH, EtOH + EtSH (259) Ethyl nitrate: EtOH (240, 562); ligroin (566)

Triazoethane : v. p. 359 Biuret (594) Azomethane (247) : Vap. (540.5) Dimethylnitrosoamine : EtOH (25) Ethylnitroamine, Co derivative (162); Cu salt (163); Ni Salt (164)

C2H6N2O2

Ethylnitrosohydroxylamine, Cu salt: H2O

C2H6O C2H6O3S C2H6S C2H7N C2H7N C2H7NO C2H8N2

Ethyl alcohol (54,{ 56,J 298,J 438J)

(163)

Ethylsulfonic acid, K salt (567) Dimethyl sulfide: EtOH (242) Ethylamine (63J) Dimethylamine ( 63 J) Colamine: v. p. 359 Ethylenediamine (63 J); ( +HCl) cf. p. 359

Formula

I Name, solvents and literature Ultra -vi ölet and Visible. — (Continued) Cyanuric chloride: EtOH (2 8 Of) C3Cl3N3 Pentabromoacetone ( 176 ) C3HBr6O Parabanic acid : v. p. 359 C3H2N2O3 Nitromalonic acid, salts: H2O ( 255 ) C3H3NO6 Thiazole (554) C3H3NS Cyanuric acid: H2O (262, 280) ; c/. p. 359 C3H3N3O3 Nitrocyanacetamide: H2SO4, Et2O (258); Na C3H3N3O3 salt: H2O (258) Dibromomalonamide : H2O (198) C 3 H 4 Br 2 N 2 O 2 Dichloroacetone (176) C3H4Cl2O Pyrazole (554) C3H4N2 Glyoxaline (554) C3H4N2 Oxaluric acid (594); c/. p. 359 C3H4N2O4 Acrolein (59,j 539) ; H2O, hexane, Et2O ( 418 I); C3H4O Vap. (418, 539) ; c/. p. 359 Acrylic acid: hexane ( 418 J); cf. p. 359 C3H4O2 Methylglyoxal : v. p. 359 C3H4O2 Pyruvic acid (62, J 66, j 68j) ; c/. p. 359 C3H4O3 Malonic acid (54,| 56,j B8{); H2O (659,1 C3H4O4 66Of); Na salt: NaOH (82); H2O (659,f 66Of)

C3H6Br C3H6BrN2O2 C3H6ClO C3H6NO

AUyI bromide: EtOH, Vap. (539) Bromomalonamide : H2O ( 198 ) Chloroacetone (176); EtOH, Vap. (538) Ethyl isocyanate: P ( 2 8 Of); hexane (370,j

Formula C3B7NO2 C3H7NO2 C 3 H 7 NO 2

Name, solvents and literature Urethane: EtOH + NaOEt (82) a-Alanine (594); EtOH (650 j) ; c/. p. 359; Co salt ( 3 9 7 f); Cu salt ( 382 I); H2O (39i) ; 0-Alanine, Cu salt: EtOH (391) l(2)-Nitropropane: EtOH, EtOH + MeONa

C3H7NO2

Dimethyl thiosulfocarbamate, Co salt: CHCl3

C3H7NO5 C 3 H 7 NO 2 C3H8N2O2 C3H8N2O2 C3H8O C3H8O C3H8O2 C3H9N C3H9N C 4 HBr 2 NO 2 C 4 H 2 BrNO 2 C4H2O3

Glyceryl a. (ß) -mononitrate: H2O ( 3 U) Serine ( 2 65,f 594 f) a(ß)-Diaminopropionic acid ( 391 Î) Propylnitroamine : H2O ( 162 ) Propyl alcohol (54,{ 56,j 58,j 438-f) Isopropyl alcohol ( 2 6 If) Methylal (534f) Propy lamine ( 63 J) Trimethylamine (63J); EtOH (286) Dibromomaleinimide: EtOH (389) Bromomaleinimide: EtOH (389) Maleic acid anhydride ( 17 IJ); AcOH, H2SO4 (500); c/. p. 359 Acetylenedicarboxylic acid ( 423 ) Aminochloromaleinimide : EtOH (389) Violuric acid: H2O, EtOH ( 2 69f); Na salt: H2O ( 2 69f) ; cf. p. 359 Nitrobarbituric acid ( 228 ); H2O, H2SO4, NaOH ( 2 S 5) Succinbromoimide: EtOH (199) Succinchloroimide: EtOH (199) Barbituric acid ( 129 t); H2O ( 2 6 9f); cf. p. 359 Alloxan ( 1 2 9 f); H2O ( 2 6 9f); K salt: EtOH

(664) (123)

C4H2O4 C4H3ClN2O2 C4H3N3O4 C4H3N3O5

371J)

C3H6NO2 C3H6N3O9 C3H6N2 C3H6N2O2 C3H6N2O3 C3H6N2O3 C3H6N2O4 C3H6N2O7 C3H6N6 C3H6O

Isonitrosoacetone (176); EtOH, alk. (31) Nitroglycerol: H2O (3 U) Pyrazoline ( 55 4) Malonamide: H2O, NaOH (82, 198) Urethanediazohydroxide, Na salt: H2O ( 247 ) Nitrosourethane: EtOH (25) Nitrourethane: EtOH, alk. (25) Glyceryl a-j3(T)-dinitrate: H2O (3U) Melamine: H2O (280) AUyI alcohol: hexane (58,j 418); p (261 f) ;

C3H6OS2 C3H6O

C3H6O2 C3H6O2

(269 t )

C4H4O2 C4H4O2 C4H4O4

Xanthic acid .-ligroin (211, f 252); EtOH (211, f 252); Et2O (2Ut); K salt: H2O (252)

C4H4O4

Maleic acid (58, f 64,| 423, 607); EtOH («9,f

Acetone (54, J 56, J 59,J 61, t 62,| 65,| 66,J 67,J 69,J 98, 175, 176, 191,-f 228, 294, 308, J 309,J 310,J 410, 534, 545,J 574, 598,J 601); H 2 O (82, 204,J 497,J 609); EtOH (82, 220, 404, 497, J 538, 546,f 609); NaOH, HCl (82); yariOUS SOl. (546, t 573J); Vap. (538f) ; c/. p. 359

C4H4O5

(418, 539);

Propionaldehyde (54,j 56,j 59J); EtOH, Vap. Ethyl formate (5S,J 57,j 60J) ; p, ligroin, Et2O, EtOH (252) Methyl acetate (54,j 56,j 57,j 60}); H2O, EtOH, Et2O, hexane (240) Propionic acid (54,j 55,j 56,{ 57,j 58,j 60,j 252); H 2 O (659, t 660 t ); c/. p.

C4H4O

(237, 429,-j- 430, f 607); Na salt: H2O (659f)

c/. p. 359

(538); c/. p. 359

C3H6O2

C 4 H 4 BrNO 2 C4H4ClNO2 C4H4N2O3 C4H4N2O5

Furan: EtOH ( 2 73,f 5 i i f ) ; Vap. (511); cf. p. 359 Methyl propiolate ( 58 J) Diketocyclobutane: hexane, Et2O (370, j 371 J) Fumarie acid (64,j 423) ; H2O (659f) ; EtOH

EtOH (428, 539); Vap.

C3H6O

359;

Ba, Ca,

C4H4O5 C4H4O6 C4H4S C4H5ClN2 C4H5ClO2 C4H5Cl3O2

66Of)

C3H6S3 C3H7NO C3H7NO

Monoethylthiocarbonic acid (252) Lactic acid (58j) ; CHCl3 ( 134 ); cf. p. 359 Ethyl trithiocarbonate: ligroin, Et2O ( 2 1 2 J); K salt: H2O (21 2 J) Trithioformaldehyde (534f) Propionamide (63 j) ; EtOH (390);c/.p. 359; Hg salt (390) Acetoxime (63, J 276-j-); c/. p> 359

430|);Et 2 0 ( 237 );c/. p. 359 Oxalacetic acid and salts: H2O, HCl, EtOH, Et2O ( 23 7) Hydroxyfumaric acid: Et2O ( 23 7) Dihydroxyfumaric acid: EtOH ( 2327) Thiophene: P (486,| su f); EtOH ( 73,f siif); Vap. (486,f5ii.f); C /. p. 359 3-Methyl-5-chloropyrazole (554) 0-Chlorocrotonic acid (84,j 424); H2O ( 2 S 2 ); jS-Chloroisocrotonic acid ( 84 >J 424 ) Ethyl trichloroacetate: EtOH, Et2O ( 2 40) ; ug. roin (231,240)

C4H5N C4H5N C4H5N

K, Li, Mg, Na, NH4, Sr salts: H2O (659, j C3H6O2S C3H6O3 C3H6S3

I

C4H5N C4H5N C4H5N C4H5NO2 C4H6N2O C4H6N2O C4H6N2O2 C4H6N4O3

Vinylacetonitrile ( 84 J) Trimethylene carboxylicnitrile ( 84 J) Pyrrole: P, Vap. (5U); EtOH (273, f 361, 362, sii); hexane ( 171 J); cf. p. 359 Crotononitrile ( 84 J) Isocrotononitrile ( 84 J) Methylacrylonitrile ( 84 J) Succinimide (199); H2O (389); EtOH (S90) ; Mg salt: H2O (389); Hg salt (390) Dimethylglyoxime anhydride (I- 5 ) 3-Methyl-5-pyrazolone (554) Ethyl diazoacetate: EtOH (247) Allantoin ( 594 t); cf. p. 359

Formula C4H6O C4H6O2 C4H6O2 C4H6O2 C4H6O2 C4H6O2 C4H6O3 C4H6O4 C4H6O4

Name, solvents and literature Ultra-violet and Visible. — (Continued) Crotonaldehyde: EtOH (539); Vap. (392, 539); hexane ( 392 Î); cf. p. 359 Vinylacetic acid ( 84 Î) Trimethylenecarbonic acid ( 84 Î)

Formula C4Hi0O3S

Diacetyl (36, 59, J 62, J 66, J 69,! 175, 176, 294, 410); hexane (369,J 37OJ); Vap. (370,J 538);

C5Cl5N C5HCl4N cf. p. 359 Crotonic acid (58, J 59, J 64, j 66, j 84j) ; H2O C5H2Cl3N (252, 497J); EtOH (539, 607); Vap. (539); c/. C5H2Cl3N C5H2Cl4 p. 359 C5H2Cl4N2 Isocrotonic acid ( 84 J) Acetic anhydride: Et2O (252) C5H3Cl2N Dimethyl oxalate: P, MeOH, EtOH, ligroin C5H4N4O (120, 252) C5H4N4O2 Succinic acid (54,J 56,J 58,J 64,J 66J) ; H2O C5H4N4O3 Na salt: H2O (659,f eeof) Malic acid (58J) d(Z)-Tartaric acid (58 J); H2O ( 4 29,f 608, 66Of); Co salt: H2O (320) ; Na salt: H2O (66Ot)

C4H6O6 C4H6O6 C4H7ClO2 C4H7NO C4H7NO2 C4H7NO2 C4H7NO3 C4H7NO4 C4H7N3O C4H8 C4H8N2O2 C4H8N2O3 C4H8N2O3 C4H8N2O3

^-Tartaric acid ( 5 SJ); H2O (608) Mesotartaric acid (608) Ethyl chloroacetate: P (240) ; EtOH (231, 240) 0-Hydroxybutyronitrile ( 84 J) Diacetylmonoxime (i« 5 ) Isonitrosomethylacetone: EtOH, alk. (31) Acetylgly cine : v. p. 359 Aspartic acid: v. p. 359 Creaturine: H2O (266) Isobutylene: Vap. (601, 602) Dimethylglyoxime ( 36 ); Cu salt (i' 5 ) d (Z)-Asparagine: H2O ( 4 2»f); cf. p. 359 Nitrosomethylurethane: Et2O (247) Urethanediazohydroxide methyl ether: Et2O

C4H8N2O7 C4H8O

Glyceryl methyl ether dinitrate: H2O (3U) Methyl ethyl ketone (54, J 56, j 59, J 62, J 176, 294, 545J); p, H2O, heptane, CHCl3 ( 5 ^f);

C4H8O C4H8O C4H8O2 C4H8O2

Butyraldehyde (54,J 56,j 59j) Isobutyraldehyde : v. p. 359 Methyl propionate (55,J 57,j 58,j eoj) Ethyl acetate (54,J 55,j se,j 57,j 204,j 309,j

C4H8O2

w-Butyric acid (54, J 56, j 57, j eoj) ; p? Hgroin

(247)

EtOH (538,-j- 546, t 609); Vap. (538f)

C5H4O2 C5H4O2 C5H4O3 C5H4O3 C5H5N

(659 t )

Propyl formate (55, 57, 60) 1, 4-Thioxan: EtOH (is») Diethylene disulfoxide: H2O (l 8 ^) Diethylene disulfide: EtOH (is») Isobutyl iodide: EtOH (H«) tert.-Nitrosobutane: Et2O (25) Creatine: v. p. 359 Piperazine: EtOH; Vap. ( B *0f) Diethylnitrosoamine: EtOH (25) Ethyl ether (592.3) n-Butyl alcohol (54,J se,j 438) tert.-ïïutyl alcohol (43S) Isobutyl alcohol (237f) Methyl orthoformate : P, H2O, EtOH (240)

Uric acid ( 1 2 2 , J 5 9 4 f ) ; H2O (127,f 269f);

cf,

p. 359; Li salt: H2O (26»f) 7-Pyrone: EtOH, EtOH + NaOEt (21) Furfuraldehyde: P, Vap. (511); H2O («0) ; EtOH (iso, 273,f5ii); c/. p. 359 Pyromeconic acid : EtOH, EtOH + NaOEt (2 1 ) Pyromucic acid (Furan-a-carboxylie acid): EtOH (273 1); cf. p. 359 Pyridine O 4 , 38,j 428); p (486,508); H2O (33,f

39J); EtOH

(223, 263,f

312, f 486,

171, J 606J); Et2O (606J); Vap. (312,486, 508, 606 J);c /. p. 359

C5H5NO

a(/3, 7)-Pyridone: EtOH (+HCl) (+NaOEt)

C5H6 C5H6ClN C5H6ClN C5H6ClN5O C5H6N2 C5H6N2O2 C5H6O2 C5H6O3 C5H6O4 C5H6O4 C5H6O4 C5H6O5 C5H7BrO4 C5H7NO C5H7NO2

Cyclopentadiene: EtOH, Et2O (618); c/. p. 359 Pyridine hydrochloride : H2O ( 2 7 6 f) Pyridonium chloride: H2O, H2SO4 (241) Guanine hydrochloride: EtOH (269 f) a-Aminopyridine: EtOH (+HCl) (386) Aminomethylmaleinimide : EtOH (389) Furfuralcohol (66J); cf. p. 359 Triketopentane: CHCl3 (410) Citraconic acid (58,J 64j) ; EtOH (607) Itaconic acid (58 J); EtOH (607) Mesaconic acid (58, J 64j) ; EtOH (607) Acetone-1, I'-dicarboxylic acid ( 176 ) Dimethyl bromomalonate : EtOH (1^8) Acetylacetonemonoxime anhydride : EtOH (l - 5 ) Ethyl cyanoacetate: H2O, EtOH (+NaOH)

C5H7NO3

Isonitrosoacetylacetone ( 40 °); EtOH (+alk.)

C5H7N3O2 C5H7N3O3 C5H8

3, 5-Dimethyl-4-nitropyrazole (554) Ethyl fulminurate: H2O (255) iS-Methylbutadiene (Isoprene) : Vap. (601, 602); cf. p. 359 3, 5-Dimethylpyrazole (554) Methyl allyl ketone: Et2O, Vap. (539) Methyl propenyl ketone: Et2O, Vap. (539)

(14)

(82) (31) ^

(252); H2O (252, 6 5 9 , f 6 6 0 t ) ; EtOH (252,

C4H8O2 C4H8OS O4H8O2O2 C4H8S2 C4H9I C4H9NO C4H9N3O2 C 4 Hi 0 N 2 C4Hi0N2O C4Hi0O C4Hi0O C4Hi0O C4H10O C4Hi0O3

Diethyl sulfate: P (562) Diethy lamine (63J) Tetramethylenediamine (putresceine) hydrochloride: v. p. 359 Pentachloropyridine (14); Vap. (520) 2, 3, 4, 5-Tetrachloropyridine (14); Vap. (520) 2, 3, 5-Trichloropyridine: Vap. (520) 3, 4, 5-Trichloropyridine (14, sosj); Vap. (520) Tetrachlorocyclopentadiene (41°) Tetrachloro-2-aminopyridine : Vap. (520) 3, 5-Dichloropyridine (504); Vap. (520) 6-Hydroxypurine (59 4 f); H2O (I27f) 2,6-Dihydroxypurine ( 5 ^ 4 I); H2O (I27f)

606J); CHCl3, HCl (223); hexane (ise,j

31OJ); P, EtOH (240, 252); R 2 O (240)

607); K salt: H2O (252); Na salt (««oj) ; H2O

Name, solvents and literature Diethyl sulfite (sym. and unsym.) (567, 661); P (562)

C4Hi0O4S C4H11N C4H14Cl2N2

(659, •(• 6 6 O f ) ; EtOH (120, 423, 607); c/. p. 359;

C4H6O6 C4H6O6

I

C5H8N2 C5H8O C5H8O C5H8O2


Acetylacetone (24, 62,J 69,J 294, 204,J 370J) ; EtOH (1-5, 22, 24, 269,f 475, 476, 478); Vap.

(538); c/. p. 359; metallic derivatives (22); Al, Be, Th (24); Ba, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Li, Sc, Th, Yt, Zn (476); Cu (i-«) Allylacetic acid (58,J 64,j 66j) Acetylpropionyl (176) Ethyl pyruvate (66,J 67,J 68,j 294); EtOH (609)

Formula C6H8O3 C5H8O3 C5H8O4 C5H9BrN2O2 C5H9NO2 C5H9NO4 C5HiO C5HiO C5HiO C5HiO C5Hi0ClNO2 C 5 Hi 0 N 2 C 5 Hi 0 N 2 O 2 C5H10N2O2 C5H10O

Name, solvents and literature Ultra-violet and Visible. — (Continued) Methyl acetoacetate (62 {) Levulinic acid: v. p. 359 Dimethyl malonate: H2O, EtOH (+NaOH) (198); (+NaOH) (+HCl) («2) Bromomalondimethylamide: EtOH ( 198 ) Methylnitrotetramethylene: EtOH (553) Glutamic acid: v. p. 359 Trimethylethylene: hexane (418); Vap. ( 602 ); cf. p. 359 Methyltetramethylene: EtOH (553^ Cyclopentane: EtOH (553) Amylene:P, EtOH (26if) Glutamic acid hydrochloride : EtOH (649) Diethylcyanamide: hexane (370, j 371 I) Nitrosopiperidine: EtOH, Vap. (520) Acetylacetonedioxime (i« 5 ) Diethyl ketone (54,j 56,j 62,j 176, 545J) p, H2O, heptane, CHCl3 (546 f) ; EtOH (538, 546-J-); Vap. (538)

C5Hi0O

Methyl isopropyl ketone (176, 294, 545 j) ; p? H2O, heptane, CHCl3 (546 f) ; EtOH (546, f

C5Hi0O

Methyl propyl ketone (545 J); p, H2O, heptane,

C5Hi0O C5Hi0OS2 C5Hi0OS2

Cyclopentanol: EtOH (553) Diethyl dithiocarbonate : EtOH (536) Ethyl xanthate: EtOH (252, 536) ; Et2O, ligroin (252); K salt: H2O (252) Propyl acetate ( 5 4,J 55,j 56,j 57,j eoj) n- Valeric acid (57, J 6OJ) Iso valeric acid and Na salt: H2O ( 6 5 9 f) Methyl butyrate (54, J 57, j 60 j) Ethyl propionate (55,J 57,j 6OJ) Diethyl thiocarbonate : EtOH (252, 536f) ; K salt: H2O, EtOH (252) Diethyl thioncarbonate : EtOH (252, 536 -f) Diethyl carbonate: EtOH (536 f) Diethyl trithiocarbonate : EtOH (212, J 536); CHCl3, ligroin (2 12 J) Isoamyl iodide: EtOH (H6) Piperidine (398J); p (S09f) ; EtOH (263,f

Formula C6H3Cl2NO2S

Name, solvents and literature 4-Chloro-2-nitrophenylsulfur chloride: CHCl3;

C6H3Cl3N2O C6H3Cl3O C6H3Cl3S

2, 3, 4-Trichloropicolinamide (506) . Vap. ("O) 2, 4, 6-Trichlorophenol: EtOH, Vap. (519) 2, 5-Dichlorobenzenesulfur chloride: CHC1»

C6H3N3O6

C6H3N3O7

1, 3, 5-Trinitrobenzene: EtOH (34, 218, 249); NaOEt, PhNMe2, C6H6 + (C6H4 :CH)2 (34); Na salt: EtOH (249): NaOEt (244) Picric acid (148.5); H2O (77, 659|); EtOH (34,77); heptane, NaOEt, PhNMe2, C6H6, (C6H4:CH)2, piperidine (34); HCl (34, 86); NaOH (86f) ; K, Na salts (209) ; H2O (659, f

C6H4BrCl

o(m, p)-Chlo rob romobenzene: EtOH, Vap.

C6H4Br2

o(m)-Dibromobenzene: P,f EtOH, f Vap. (515); p-Dibromobenzene: EtOH (386, 524) ; Vap. (524) p-Benzoquinone chloroimide: EtOH (282) p-Nitrobenzenediazonium chloride: H2O ( 24 7) o(m, p)-Dichlorobenzene (l ? ); P,f Vap. (515,

(174.2 J)

(174.2J)

66Of) (524)

C6H4ClNO C6H4ClN3O2 C6H4Cl2

609) CHCl3 (546-J-); EtOH (546,-f 609)

C5Hi0O2 C5Hi0O2 C5Hi0O2 C5Hu)O2 C5H10O2 C5Hi0O2S C5Hi0O2S C5Hi0Os C5Hi0Ss C5HuI C 5 HnN

312, f 395,f 509,-f 520); (+acid) (520); Vap. (312, f 508)

C5H11NO2 C 5 Hi 2 BrN C5H12ClN C5H12ClNO2 C 5 Hi 2 N 2 O 2 C5Hi2O C5Hi4ClNO C5Hi6Cl2N2 C6Br4O2 C6Cl4O2 C6Cl6 C6HCl3O2 C6HCl6N C6H2Br2O2 C6H2Cl2O2 C6H2Cl3NO2 C6H3BrO2 C6H3Br3O C6H3ClO2

Amyl nitrite: EtOH (25); (+EtSH) (259) Neurine hydrobromide : v. p. 359 Piperidine hydrochloride: EtOH ( 3 9 5 f) Betaine hydrochloride: v. p. 359 Piperidine hydronitrite : EtOH (259) n(tert.)-Amyl alcohol ( 438 ) Choline hydrochloride: v. p. 359 Cadaverine hydrochloride: v. p. 359 Tetrabromobenzoquinone ( 4 i°) Tetrachlorobenzoquinone: CHCl3 (403, 409, 411); C6(CH3)6 (411) Hexachlorobenzene (261 f); EtOH, Vap. ( s * 4 t) Trichlorobenzoquinone: EtOH (409, 61 0) 2, 3, 4-Hexachloropicoline (506) ; Vap. (520) Dibromobenzoquinone ( 4 l°) Dichlorobenzoquinone: EtOH (409, 41 1, 61 0) 2, 3, 4-Trichloropicolinic acid ( 5 <>6) Bromo-p-benzoquinone: EtOH ( 6 I °) 2, 4, 6-Tribromophenol: EtOH, Vap. (519) Chlorobenzoquinone: EtOH (409, 610)

524); EtOH (28, 515})

C6H4Cl2N2 O6H4Ol2O C6H4I2 C6H4N2O C6H4N2O3 C6H4N2O4 C6H4N2O4 C6H4N2O5 C6H4N2O5 C6H4N2O5 C6H4N4O6 C6H4O2

p-Benzoquinone dichloroimide : EtOH (282) 4-Chlorobenzenesulfur chloride (174.2J) o(w)-Diiodobenzene: P, t EtOH, t Vap. (517) p-Benzoquinonediazide : EtOH ( 89 > 247) Oxalosuccinonitrile (175) Pyrazine-2, 3-dicarboxylic acid and Fe, Na salts: H2O (394) o(p)-Dinitrobenzene: EtOH (540,640); m _ : P (54Of); EtOH (540, 640); hexane (640) 2, 3(5)-Dinitrophenol ( 645 J) 2, 6-Dinitrophenol: H2O, HCl, NaOH (86) ; Na salt (209J) 2, 4-Dinitrophenol: H2O (77,86,660); EtOH (77); HCl, NaOH (86); Na salt: H2O (660) Picramide: EtOH (472) p-Benzoquinone (410, 432,J 594,f 637); H2O (288,

610); EtOH (36, 234, 244, 288, 405,

406, 409, 411); Et2O (288); EtOH + p-C6H4-

C6H4O4 C6H5Br

(OH)2, PhOH + CHCl3 (234); hexane (356 j); Vap. (288, 408, 531);c/. p. 359 Dihydroxyquinone: EtOH (409) Bromobenzene: P (51 4f); EtOH (386, 486, f 514,f 610); Vap. (202, 486, 514, 658)

C6H5BrN2O4S C6H5BrO C6H5Cl

p-Bromobenzenediazonium sulfate: H2O ( 2 4 7) p-Bromophenol: EtOH (385, 519); EtOH + NaOEt (385); Vap. (519) Chlorobenzene (37J); p (5i4f) ; EtOH (17, 20, 386, 486,| 514,| 530); Vap. (202, 301, J 486, 514, 647, 658)

C6H5Cl2N C6H5F C6H5I

Benzenediazonium chloride: H2O ( 24 7) 0-Chlorobenzene-antó(si/n)-diazosulfonic acid, K salt: H2O (247) o-Chlorophenol: EtOH (386, 540); Vap. (540) m-Chlorophenol: EtOH, Vap. (540) p-Chlorophenol: EtOH (385,540); EtOH + NaOEt (385); Vap. (540) 2, 4-Dichloroaniline: EtOH, acid, Vap. (519) Fluorobenzene: EtOH (386); Vap. (624) lodobenzene: P (5i7f); EtOH (386, 486,|

C6H5IO

p-Iodophenol: EtOH, Vap. ("9)

C6H5ClN2 C6H5ClN2O3S C6H5ClO C6H5ClO C6H5ClO

517f); Vap. (202,| 486, 517)

Formula C6H6NO C6H6NO2

C6H5NO2 C6H6NO2 C6H6NO2 C6H6NO3

Name, solvents and literature Ultra-violet and Visible. — (Continued) Nitrosobenzene: EtOH (25, 26) Nitrobenzene (37j) ; p (34, 540f) ; H2O (*37) ; EtOH (20, 34, 118, 434, 486,-f 540, 637); J16X-

ane (637); PhNMe2, H2SO4 (34); Vap. (540) p-Nitrosophenol: EtOH (+NaOEt) ( 26 , 282 ) Picolinic acid (388); H2O (394); C0 salts (388); Fe salt: H2O (394) Nicotinic acid: v. p. 359 o-Nitrophenol («2, J 637, 638, 660); H2O (43, 286); EtOH (26,43, 185, 386-J-); ( + NaOEt)

C6H5NO3 C6H6NO3

(26, 43, 185); ligroin (43); Vap. (540); Na salt (660) m-Nitrophenol (286,f 432, J 637, 638); H2O, ligroin (43); EtOH (+NaOEt) (26, 43) p-Nitrophenol (228, 386, j 432, J 637, 638, 660); H 2 O (43, 255, 286); EtOH (26, 43, 77, 185, 255); EtOH +alk. (26, 40, t 43, 185, 255);

C6H6NO4 C6H6NO6S C6H6N3 C6H6N3O3 C6H5N3O3

ligroin (43, 255); Na salt (660) Citrazinic acid: H2O (14) m-Nitrobenzenesulfonic acid: H2SO4 ( 34 ) Triazobenzene : v. p. 359 p-Nitrobenzenenitrosoamine : CHCl3 (247) p-Nitrobenzenediazonium hydroxide: Et2O,

C6H5N3O4 C6H6N3O4 C6H5N3O6 C6H6N3O6 C6H6N3O6 C6H6

2, 4-Dinitroaniline: EtOH (477) 3, 5-Dinitroaniline: EtOH (218) 4, 6-Dinitro-3-aminophenol: EtOH (477) Picramic acid: EtOH, HCl, NaOH (453) Isopicramic acid: EtOH, HCl, NaOH (453) Benzene (132,-f 191,-f 299, 300, 386, sso,

KOH (247)

592.3); p (486); EtOH (20, 271, f 274,f 286, 335, t 431, f 443,| 483.5, 486-J-); hexane ("6,J 171, 604J); Yap. (170, 202, 271, 300, 483.5, 486, 584, 599, 601, 606,J 658); c/. p. 359

C6H6 C6H6 C6H6BrN

Dipropargyl: EtOH, Vap. (eoo, eoi) Dimethyldiacetylene (423) o (m, pt)-Bromoaniline: EtOH (+acid), Vap.f

C6H6ClN

o(m, p)-Chloroaniline: EtOH (+acid) (28); Vap. (540) Hexachlorocyclohexane : EtOH, Vap. ( 5 2 4 f) o(m, p)-Iodoaniline: EtOH, (+acid), Vap.

(519)

C6H6Cl6 C6H6IN

Name, solvents and literature

Formula C6H6O.- ((Wd)

66Oj); EtOH

(27,281,351,j;384,385,638);

CHCl3, ligroin (385); hexane (352, J 355,j 37Of); pentane, CCl4 (3SiJ); C6H6CH2OH (350); NaOH (27,385,386,638); HCl (386, 636f); Vap. (161, t 351, 540, 658); c/. p. 359

C6H6O2

Catechol: P, Vap. (540); H2O (427, 429f) ; EtOH (267) ; hexane (352 J); cf. p. 359

C6H6O2

Quinol: H2O (228, 427, 429-J-); EtOH (267);

C6H6O2S C6H6O3

NaOH (27); hexane (352 J); Vap. (288, 540f) ; cf. p. 359 Resorcinol: H2O (427, 429f) ; EtOH (267) ; hexane (352 J); cf. p. 359 Benzenesulfinic acid and Na salt: EtOH (189) Pyrogallol: H2O (281,286,290); HCl, NaOH

C6H6O3

Phloroglucinol: H2O (281, 290); Et2O, NaOH,

C6H6O3 C6H6O3S

Triacetic lactone: EtOH, NaOEt (21) Benzenesulfonic acid (182, J 660); Na salt

C6H6O6

Aconitic acid (58,j64j) ; EtOH («07); c/. p. 359 Phenylmercaptan: EtOH (161, 536 f) ; NaOH, Vap. (161) p-Bromophenylhydrazine: EtOH, HCl (40)

C6H6O2

(2.90) HCl (290)

(182J)

C6H6S C6H7BrN2 C6H7N

a-Picoline (14, t 506); p (509f); EtOH (312f); Vap. (312,508)

C6H7N C6H7N C6H7N

ß-Picoline (14 1); EtOH, Vap. (3l2f) Picoline (263); EtOH (262) Aniline (37,j 38,j B30) ; p (SiO); H2O (*««t); EtOH (20, 286, 386,f 395, 410, 486|); hexane (354J); HCl (20, 386f); NaOEt (38«f); Vap.

C6H7NO C6H7NO

C6H8 C6H8 C6H8 C6H8BrN C6H8ClN

m-Aminophenol: EtOH, Vap. (519) p-Aminophenol: EtOH, EtOH + NaOH + Na2SO3, HCl (27) a-Methyl-ß-pyridone (l 4) Pyrocinchonimide: H2O, EtOH (389) Nitro-m-phenylenediamine : EtOH (218) Nitro-p-phenylenediamine : EtOH ( 47 7) p-Nitrophenylhydrazine: EtOH (40) Dimethylvioluric acid: EtOH (+HCl) (+KOEt) (+LiOEt) (+NaOEt) (2Si) ; Cs, K, Li, Na, Pb salts: phenol, benzene (2S1) Dimethylnitrobarbituric acid: H2O, H2SO4, NaOH (255) Hexatriene (42, 423) A^-Cyelohexadiene (663); Vap. (599, 601) A1«4-Cyclohexadiene (663) Pyridine methobromide : EtOH (223) Pyridine methochloride : H2O (223, 228, 24l ;

C6H8ClN C6H8ClN C6H8IN

Aniline hydrochloride (395) a-Picoline hydrochloride (506) Pyridine methiodide: H2O (228, 242); EtOH,

C6H8N2

(202, 358, 486, 510, 658);c/. p. 359

C6H7NO C6H7NO2 C6H7N3O2 C6H7N3O2 C3H7N3O2 C6H7N3O4

(519)

C6H6N2O2 C6H6N2O2

Benzenediazonium hydroxide, K salt ( 147 ); Na salt (247) Benzene-owJi-diazonium hydroxide, Na salt (247) Thionylphenylhydrazine: EtOH (334) o-Nitroaniline (3*6f) ; EtOH (90, 472, 540) ; (+HCl) (+NaOH) (90); Vap. (540) m-Nitroaniline: H2O (286); EtOH (26, 43) p-Nitroaniline: H2O (286); EtOH (26, 43, 90); HCl (26, 90); NaOH (90) p-Benzoquinonedioxime, EtOH (282) a-Amino-/3-pyridinecarboxylie acid : EtOH

C6H6N2O3

2(2, 3, 4, .5)-Nitro-4(5, 4, 3, 2)-aminophenol :

C6H6N2O3S

Benzene-an£i(st/n)-diazosulfonic acids, K, Na salts: H2O (147,247) p-Sulfobenzene - anti(syn) - diazonium hydrox ide, K, Na salts (147)

C6H8N2 C6H8N2 C6H8N2 C6H8N2

Benzeneazomethane (247); EtOH (621); EtOH + CHCl3 (40) 2, 5-Dimethylpyrazine: EtOH (279) Phenylhydrazine: EtOH (40, 512|); HCl (40) o(m)-Phenylenediamine ( 64 2) p-Phenylenediamine: EtOH (521,642); Vap.

Phenol (530,636,637,642); p (351, J 540); H2O (286, 350, 3514 385, 636,-j- 638, 659,f

C6H8O2

Dihydroresorcinol (176); Derivatives (27|)

C6H6N2O C6H6N2O C6H6N2OS C6H6N2O2 C6H6N2O2 C6H6N2O2

C6H7N3O5

242); EtOH (223)

(386)

CHCl3, C5HnOH (223, 228)

EtOH (477)

C6H6N2O4S C6H6O

(521)

Formula CêHsO2

C6H8O2

I Name, solvents and literature Ultra- violet and Visible. — (Continued) 1, 4-Diketohexamethylene: EtOH ( 2 7 3 t) Dime thy !dike to tetrame thy lene (371 J) ; H2O,

Formula C 6 Hi 2 C6Hi2 C6H12O

EtOH (37OJ)

C6H8O4 C6H8O4 C6H8O4 C6H8O5

C6H8O6 C6H8O7 C6H9N3O2 C6H9N3O3 C 6 HiO

Ethyl acetylglyoxylate (66 J) Ethyl diketobutyrate (69J) Lactide: CHCl3 (134) Dimethyl oxaloacetate: H2O, HCl, MeOH, EtOH, Et2O, ligroin (237) . Na salt: H2O, Na2CO3, NaOCH3 (237) Tricarballylic acid (5«, J: 6^); EtOH (607) ; c/. p. 359 Citric acid ( 58 t) Histidine: v. p. 359 Trimethyl isocyanurate : H2O ( 80 ) Cyclohexene (592.3,663); py Vap. (599); EtOH (279, 599)

C6HiO C 6 HiO C6HiQ C6Hi0ClN3O2 C6H10N2 C6Hi0O

2, 4-Hexadiene: Vap. (601, 602) Diallyl: Vap. (602) ; c/. p. 359 a, a(j8, 7)-Dimethylbutadiene: Vap. (602) ; cf. p. 359 Histidine hydrochloride : 50% EtOH (649J) 1, 3, 5 (and 3, 4, 5)-Trimethylpyrazole (554) Mesityl OXide (66, J 67, J 68, J 69, J 1 76, 294, 574J); H 2 O (204J); EtOH (82, 2 0 4 , J 5 3 9 ) ;

C6Hi0O C6Hi0O C6Hi0O

hexane (204,J573J) ; MeOH, CaCl2 soin. (573J); Vap. (539); c/. p. 360 Diethylketene: hexane (370,j 371 j) ; cf. p. 360 Cyclohexanone (66, J 176, 294) Allylacetone (59,J 66,j 67,j 69j) ; EtOH, Vap.

C6Hi002

Acetylmethylacetonic acid, vanadyl salt : EtOH

C6HioO2

Ethyl crotonate (68J); EtOH (252) ; H2O, hexane (2° 4 t); c/. p. 360 Methylacetylacetone (24, 69, J 176) ; H2O, hexane (204J); EtOH (204, J 475, 478); c/. p. 360 Acetonylacetone (59,J 62, J 66J) ; EtOH (23, f

(539) (475)

C6Hi0O2 C6Hi0O2

609);alk. (609); c/. p. 360

CeHiOO2S2 O6Hi0O2Os C6Hi0Os

Diethyl dithiooxalate : EtOH (536) Xanthic thioanhydride : EtOH (252) Ethyl acetoacetate (22, 59,j 62, J 68, J 255-f); p (220); H2O (33, t 220, 228, 609); EtOH (24, 33,f 220, 228, 478, 609); Et2O (228); hexane ( 2 2 0 , 2 2 8 ) ; Hgroin (222); MeOH (228); alk. (22, 24, 220, 228, 294, 385); HCl (22, 220,

C6Hi0Os

228); c/. p. 360; Al derivatives: EtOH (22) /3-Ethoxycro tonic acid and Na salt: EtOH (252)

C6Hi0OsS C6Hi0O4

Diethyl thiooxalate: EtOH (536) Diethyl oxalate: P, ligroin (252); EtOH (252, 536 t )

C6Hi0Os C6Hi0Os C 6 HnBrN 2 O 2 C 6 HnNO 2

Dilactylic acid: CHCl3 ( 134 ) Lactic anhydride: CHCl3 (134) Bromural: v. p. 360 Oi1 a-Methylnitrocyclopentane: EtOH (553, 664)

C 6 HnNO 2 C 6 H n NO 2

Nitrocyclohexane: EtOH, CH3ONa (664) Nitrosoisopropylacetone (228); H2O, EtOH (25)

C 6 HnNO 2

Cyclopentylnitromethane:

EtOH,

NaOEt

(553)

C 6 HnNO 2

C 6 Hi 2

Ethyl j3-aminocrotonate: EtOH, HCl (22) Cyclohexane (664); EtOH (279)

C6H12O

C6Hi2O

I

Name, solvents and literature Hexylene: Vap. («oo) Methylcyclopentane: EtOH (664) Methyl butyl ketone (59,J 62,J 545 j) ; p, H2O, EtOH, heptane, CHCl3 (546 f) Methyl isobutyl ketone (59,J 62, J 66, J 67,| 176, 294, 545J); P, H2O, EtOH, heptane, CHCl3 (546f) ; c /. p. 360 Methyl tert.-butyl ketone (59,J 62, J 294, 545,J eoi); EtOH (546,f609); CHCl3, heptane (546f)

C6H12O C6Hi2OS2 C6Hi2O2 C6H12O2 C 6 Hi 2 O 2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2S C6H12Os C6H12Oe C6H12O6 C6H12S3 C6H13ClN2O4S2 C6H13NO2 C6H14N2 C6H14N2O2 C6H14N4O2 C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O2 C6H14S2 C6H15IS C6H15N C6H15N C6H16ClN C7H2Br3N3

Ethyl propyl ketone (59,J 62,J 545j) ; p, H2O, EtOH, heptane, CHCl3 («46 f) Ethyl ethylthiolthioacetate: EtOH (536-)-) Butyl acetate (54,J 55, J 56,J 57J) Ethyl butyrate (5 5, J 57,j 60 J) Propyl propionate ( 60 J) Methyl valerate (55,J 57,j 60 J) Ethyl ethylthiolacetate: EtOH (536 f) Paraldehyde (534, f 571); c/. p. 360 Lévulose: H2O (532) Dextrose (265, f 594); H2O (532)

C7H5Br3O

Trithioacetaldehyde ( 534 t) Cystine hydrochloride: 50% EtOH (649J) Leucine ( 594 t); cf. p. 360 0(7)-Dimethylpiperazine: EtOH, f Vap. (520) Lysine: v. p. 360 Arginine: v. p. 360 Hexyl alcohol (438) Methyl n-amyl ether (592.3) Acetal (534f) /S-Diethylthioethane: EtOH (536) Triethylsulfonium iodide: CHCl3, EtOH (242) Triethylamine (63,J 395-f) Dipropylamine (63J) Triethylamine hydrochloride ( 395 t) Tribromobenzene-arUi(s2/n)-diazonium cyanide: Et2O (247) Quinolinyl chloride: Et2O (578) Trichlorotoluquinone: EtOH (61 0) p-Chlorobenzenediazonium cyanide ( 147 ) o-Sulfobenzoic acid dichloride: Et2O ( 578 ) Methyl 2, 3, 4-trichloropicolinic acid (506) Chelidonie acid, Na salts: H2O (21) Phenylbromodinitromethane: EtOH (198) p-Bromobenzoic acid and Na salt: EtOH, NaOH (317) Tribromophenyl methyl ether: EtOH, HCl

C7H5ClO C7H5ClO

Benzoyl chloride: EtOH (523) o(m, p)-Chlorobenzaldehyde: EtOH, Vap.

C7H5ClO2 C7H5ClO2 C7H5Cl2N3O2 C7H5Cl3 C7H5IO2 C7H5N

o(m)-Chlorobenzoic acid (527); EtOH (576) p-Chlorobenzoic acid ( 527 ) 3, 5-Dichloro-4-hydroxybenzeneazoformamide : EtOH, NaOH (293) Benzotrichloride (642) o(m, p)-Iodobenzoic acid (527) Benzonitrüe (20, 37,{ 530); EtOH (524); Vap.

C7H5NO C7H5NO C7H5NO2 C7H5NO3

Phenyl isocyanate: hexane (370, J 371 j) Anthranil: EtOH, Et2O, hexane (575) o-Oxycarbanil (479 j) ; EtOH (283) o(m, p)-Nitrobenzaldehyde (640); EtOH, Vap.

C7H3Cl2NO2 O7H3V^l3O2 C7H4ClN3 C7H4Cl2O3S C7H4Cl3NO2 C7H4O6 C 7 H 5 BrN 2 O 4 C7H5BrO2

(406)

(523)

(524, 624)

(540)

Formula C7H6NO3S C7H5NO4 C7H6NO4 C7H6NO4 C7H6NO4 C7H6N3O7 C7H6N6O8 C7H6ClNO2 C7H6ClN3O2 O7Ji6Ol2 C7H6N2 C7H6N2O3 C7H6N2O4

Name, solvents and literature Ultra-violet and Visible. — (Continued) Saccharin: H2O (134) Quinolinic acid: H2O (394) ; EtOH (262, 578) ; cf. p. 360 Lutidinic acid (262) o(m)-Nitrobenzoic acid (527) p-Nitrobenzoic acid (527); EtOH, NaOH (317) 2, 4, 6-Trinitroanisole: EtOH (34, 86). various soins. (34) Picrylmethylnitroamine: EtOH, KOH (165) Chlorotoluquinone oxime : EtOH (2 1 7) ; K salt : EtOH + KOH (217) 3-Chloro-4-hydroxybenzeneazoformamide : EtOH, EtOH + NaOH (293) Benzylidine chloride (642); EtOH, Vap. (523) Phenyldiazomethane : v. p. 360 p-Nitro-an£i(s2/n)-benzaldoxime: EtOH ( 80 I 217); NaOEt (80) Phenyldinitromethane: EtOH, CHCl3 ( 259 >

p-Aminobenzaldehyde: EtOH (30, 519) ; EtOH + HCl (30); Vap. (519) an/i(s?/n)-Benzaldoxime (637, 639, 642); EtOH (80,523); NaOEt («0) ; Et2O (278) ; Vap. (523) o(m, p)-Nitro toluene: Vap. (540); EtOH (43,

(30)

C7H7NO C7H7NO2

637)

C7H7NO2

Phenylnitromethane (228,664); EtOH, Et2O, MeOEt (255) o(m, p)-Aminobenzoic acid ( 42 Sj-); H 2 O ( 429 )

C7H7NO3 C7H7NO3

H2SO4 (32); ligroin (43); Vap. (540) w-Nitroanisole (637) p-Nitroanisole (26, 637); EtOH (26, 32) ; H2SO4

C7H7NO3 C7H7NS C7H7N3O C7H7N3O2

Nitro-p-cresol: EtOH (+NaOEt) (43) Thiobenzamide: H2O (252) Phenylazocarbamide ( 24 7) Quinonemonosemicarbazone : EtOH (+NaOH)

(20, 540, 604, J 636 j); EtOH, HCl, CHCl3 (636 1); Vap. (540, 624); c/. p. 360

C7H7N3O3

p-Nitrobenzenemethylnitrosoamine :

Thiobenzoic acid: H2O, EtOH (252); Hg, K salts: EtOH (252) o-Hydroxybenzaldehyde (38, J 637); EtOH

C7H7N3O3

C7H6N4O5 C7H6N4O6 C7H6N4O7 C7H6O

Picrylmethylamide: EtOH, KOH (165) 2, 3, 5-Trinitroaminoanisole ( 453 ) Benzaldehyde (37, J 38, j 66, j 534, 637); EtOH

472)

C7H6O2

C7H7NO

O-Nitroanisole (540,637); EtOH ( 2 6 , 3 2 , 4 3 ) ;

o(w, p)-Nitrophenylnitromethane: EtOH, CHCl3 (291); K salt: H2O (291) 3, 5-Dinitro-p-tolylnitrosoamine: EtOH (471,

C7H6OS

Name, solvents and literature p-Chlorotoluene (", 386f) ; EtOH (28) p-Chlorobenzylmercaptan : ligroin (2 1 2 J) Toluene-p-sulfonedichloramide: EtOH (199) o(ra)-Iodotoluene: P,f EtOH, f Vap. (517) Benzamide: EtOH (285) o-Aminobenzaldehyde: EtOH, EtOH + HCl

C7H7NO2 C7H7NO3

291); K salt: H 2 O ( 1 9 8 , 2 5 9 , 2 9 1 )

C7H6N2O4

Formula C7H7Cl C7H7ClS C7H7Cl2NO2S C7H7I C7H7NO C7H7NO

(39, t 523, 634, 636, f 638); H2O, HCl, CHCl3 (636-)-); NaOEt (634); Vap. (523)

(32); Vap. (540)

(293)

EtOH

(247)

C7H7N3O4 C7H7N3O4 C7H7N3O4 C7H7N3O5 C7H8

p-Nitrobenzenediazonium hydroxide methyl ether (247) 2, 4-Dinitromethylaniline: EtOH (477) Dinitro-o(ra)-toluidine: EtOH (477) 2(3), 6(5)-Dinitro-p-toluidine: EtOH (472) 2, 6-Dinitro-4-aminoanisole: EtOH, HCl (453)

C7H6O2

ra-Hydroxybenzaldehyde (636, 638); H2O, HCl

C7H6O2

p-Hydroxybenzaldehyde (636, 638) ; H2O, HCl

Toluene (20,f 37, J 133, 202, f 530, 642); p ( 4 8 6 , S l S f ) ; EtOH (386,f443,f 483.5, 486);

(636); EtOH (523, 634, 636); NaOEt (634);

hexane (353,{ 355{); Vap. (111,202,271,

(636f); EtOH (523, 636f) ; Vap. (523)

Vap. (523)

C7H6O2

C7H6O2 C7H6O3

483.5, 486, 647, 658); c/. p. 360

Benzoic acid (182, { 527, 64.5.Bf) ; H 2 O (286) ;

C7H8ClN EtOH (136, 238, 285, 317, 384, 457); hexane C7H8ClNO2S (95, J 96,J 606!); H 2 SO 4 (238); NaOH (317); C7H8N2 Vap. (624); c/. p. 360; Ag, K salts: H2O (285); C7H8N2O Na salts: H2O ( I 8 2 , j 6 5 9 f ) C7H8N2O Toluquinone (36); EtOH (409, 410); Vap. C7H8N2OS (531); cf. p. 360 C7H8N2O2 Salicylic acid: H 2 O (182, J 286, 427, 429, 6 S 9 f ) ; C 7 H 8 N 2 O 2 EtOH (267, 384, 386); hexane + Et2O (96J); C7H8N2O4S

(199)

Na salt: H 2 O (182, J 659,-|- 66Of); EtOH (386);

C7H6O6S

cf. p. 360 ra-Hydroxybenzoic acid: H2O (427, 429); EtOH (267, 386); hexane + Et2O (96J) ; cf. p. 360 p-Hydroxybenzoic acid: H2O (286, 427, 429) ; EtOH, (267, 386); hexane + Et2O (96J); cf. p. 360; Na salt (660f) ; EtOH (386) o-Sulfobenzoic acid: EtOH (578); NH 4 salt:

C7H7Br C7H7BrO C7H7Cl C7H7Cl

o (w)-Bromo toluene: P, EtOH, Vap. (515) p-Bromoanisole: EtOH, Vap. (526) Benzyl chloride (642) ; EtOH, Vap. (524) o-Chlorotoluene (17, 386f) ; Pj f Vap. (515);

C7H7Cl

m-Chlorotoluene (17); P,f Vap. (515); EtOH

C7H6O3 C7H6O3

H 2 O (134)

EtOH (28, 515 f) (28, S l S f )

Chlorolutidine (504) Toluene-p-sulfonechloramide: EtOH (199) Formaldehyde phenylhydrazone : EtOH ( 4 °) o-Aminobenzaldoxime: EtOH + HCl (30) Phenylmethylnitrosoamine ( 14 7); EtOH (25) Thionylmethylphenylhydrazine: EtOH (334) 3-Nitro-p-toluidine: EtOH (43) Nitrotoluidine (9 forms): EtOH (477) Nitro toluene-p-sulfonamide : EtOH ( + NaOEt)

C7H8N4O2 C7H8N4O2 C7H8O

Theobromine (I29,f 269f) ; c/. p. 36o Theophylline (I29f); cf. p. 360 Benzyl alcohol (20,f 37,j 642); H2O, C6H5OH

C7H8O

Anisole (20, 37,j iso,f 636f) ; EtOH (27, 32,

(350); Vap. ( 5 2 4 , 6 2 4 ) 386,f 5 2 6 f ) ; H2SO4 (32); CHCl3 (537); Vap. (526,f 537)

C7H8O C7H8O C7H8O

o-Cresol ( 6 60f) ; p,f Vap. (540) ; EtOH (27, 220,267); aik. (27,220); hexane (355j) ; c/. p. 360; Na salt: H2O (««Of) m-Cresol: EtOH (267) ; (+NaOH) (27); Vap. (540) ;c/. p. 360 p-Cresol (660f) ; P? f Vap. (540) ; EtOH (27, 267); (+NaOH) (27); hexane (3«t); cf. p. 360; Na salt: H2O (66Of)

Formula C7H8OS

Name, solvents and literature Ultra-violet and Visible. — (Continued) Ketothiodimethylpyrone: EtOH, Et2O, H2SO4 (241)

C7H8O2 C7H8O2

Dimethylpyrone (76); EtOH (21,76, 24i) ; NaOH, HCl (21) Guaiacol: P, t Vap. (54°); H2O (636,f 638, 6 6 O f ) ; EtOH (27, 636,f 638); ( + NaOH) (27)

C7H8O2

C7H9N C7H9N

Hydroquinol methyl ether (2 7 j) Phenylmethylsulfone: EtOH (189) Toluene-o-sulfonic acid: H2O ( 578 ) Hydroxybenzylsulfonic acid: EtOH ( 523 t) Benzylamine (642) ; p, EtOH, Vap. (510) o-Toluidine (386-f); p, Vap. (S10) ; EtOH (2 6 3 1); EtOH +acid (28); hexane (354J) ; cf. p. 360 m-Toluidine (386 f) ; p, Vap. (SiO); EtOH (+acid) (28); c/. p. 360 p-Toluidine ( 507 ); acid (28, 263 ^) ; hexane (354J) ; c /. p. 360

C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9NO C7H9NO C7H9NO2S C7H9N3O2 C7H10BrNO6 C 7 HioBr 2 O4 C7H10ClN C7H10ClN C7H10INO C7H10N2O2 C7Hi0N2O4 C7H10O3 C7H10OeS C7H11BrO4 C7H11ClO4 C7H11N C7H11NO5 C7H11NO6 C7H12O C7H12O C7H12O C7H12O2 C7H12O2S2 C7H12Oa C7H12Oa C7H12Oe

C7H13BrN2O2 C7H13NO2

C7H13NO2 C7H13N3O C7H14 C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O C7Hi4O

C8H4Cl2O2 C8H4Cl2O6

Resorcinol monomethyl ether ( 2 7 f); H2O, EtOH (636 f)

C7H8O2 C7H8O2S C7H8O3S C7H8O4S C7H9N C7H9N

Formula C7H14O2 C7H14O2 C7H16O C7H16O3

Methylaniline: P, Vap. (Sio) ; EtOH (20) 2, 4-Lutidine: Vap. (508) 2, 6-Lutidine (14); Vap. (508) T-Lutidone: EtOH (+HCl) (+NaOEt) (U) o(p)-Anisidine: EtOH (+HCl) (27, 386f) ; Vap. (526) p-Toluenesulfoneamide: EtOH (199) 4-Nitro-2, 5-tolylenediamine: EtOH (477) Diethyl bromonitromalonate : EtOH (198, 255) Diethyl dibromomalonate : EtOH (198) o(p)-Toluidine hydrochloride : EtOH (263) 2, 6-Lutidine hydrochloride (14) Pyridonium ethiodide: H2O, CHCl3 (242) Met'hylaminomethylmaleinmethylimide: EtOH, HCl (389) Diethyl diazomalonate : v. p. 360 Diacetylacetone: H2O, EtOH, alk. (21) Dimethylpyrone sulfate: H2SO4 (241) Diethyl bromomalonate : EtOH (198) Diethyl chloromalonate : EtOH (198) 1, 2, 5-Trimethylpyrrole (362) Diethyl isonitrosomalonate : EtOH ( +alk. ) (3 1 ) Diethyl nitromalonate : EtOH (198, 255); H2O, H2SO4, CH3OH, CHCl3, Et2O (255) Suberone: v. p. 360 o(p)-Methylcyclohexanone (294) w-Methylcyclohexanone (I 76 » 294) Dimethylacetylacetone ( î 7 6 ) Diethyl dithiomalonate : EtOH ( 5 3 «f) Ethyl methylacetoacetate : EtOH, hexane, NaOEt, H2O (220) Ethyl levulinate (66, J 67,j 68J); EtOH (609) Quinic acid: v. p. 360 Adaline: v. p. 360 Piperidylacetic acid (395, f 398 j) ; Cu salt: EtOH (391) a, a-Methymitrocyclohexane : EtOH (664) a, ß-Mesityl semicarbazone (656) Methylcyclohexane: EtOH (664) Methyl amyl ketone (i ?6 ) Dipropyl ketone (59,J 62, J 176, 294, 545 J) Diisopropyl ketone (294, 545J) Ethyl isobutyl ketone (176, 545 f)

Name, solvents and literature Propyl butyrate (6 o J) Amyl acetate: P, ligroin, EtOH (252) Heptyl alcohol (438 f) Ethyl orthoformate and salts (240, 252); K salt: H2O (252) Phthalyl chloride: Et2O, hexane (5 77 ) p-Dichlorodioxyterephthalic acid: H2O, EtOH, Et2O, HCl (236)

C8H4O3 C8H5NO2 C8H5NO2 C8H5NO2

Phthalic anhydride: EtOH (284); AcOH, H2SO4 (500) Isatin (36,f 479,j 648J); EtOH (275); various solvents (435J) o(m)-Cyanobenzoic acid: EtOH, NaOEt (576) Phthalimide P 8 «f); EtOH (284, soo) ; H2SO4 (500)

C8H5NO3 C8H5NO3 C8H6 C8H6N2O2 C8H6N2O2 C8H6N2O2 C8H6N2O2 C8H6N4O8 C8H6N4O8 C8H6O2

Anthroxanic acid: EtOH, Et2O, HCl (575) Phthaloxime (soo) Phenylacetylene (423, 61 9) ; EtOH (386) p-Nitrobenzyl cyanide and K, Na salts : EtOH (405); K, Na salts: EtOH, MeOH (405) p-Nitrophenylacetonitrile: EtOH, NaOH (317) Nitrosophthalimide: EtOH, NaOEt (*oo) Phenylcyanonitromethane: EtOH (255); Na salt: H2O (255) Alloxantin: H2O (269f) 2, 3, 5-Trinitro-4-acetylaminophenol : EtOH (+alk.) (455) o(m, p)-Phthalic aldehyde (640); EtOH, Vap. (523)


Phthalide (386); EtOH, H2SO4, NaOH (soo) Piperonal: EtOH, Vap. (533) Phthalic acid (386f); H2O (284, 286,

429);

C8H6O4

EtOH, H2SO4 (soo) Isophthalic acid: H2O (429); EtOH (284); K salt: H2O (284) Terephthalic acid (284); H2O (429); K salt

C8H6O4

Piperonylic acid (287); EtOH (140, 533); Vap.

C8H6O6 C8H7Cl C8H7ClS3

Dihydroxyterephthalic acid: MeOH (236) «(co)-Chlorostyrene: EtOH (393) p-Chlorobenzyltrithiocarbonic acid : ligroin (2 12); K salt: H2O (212) Indole (648J); hexane (I 7 IJ); v. p. 360 Phenylacetonitrile (3 7 J); EtOH (3i7, 524) ; NaOH (3 1 7 ); Vap. (524) o(p)-Tolunitrile (386-f) ; EtOH (28, 524) ; Vap.

C8H6O4

(284) (533)

C8H7N C8H7N C8H7N

(524)

C8H7N C8H7NO C8H7NO C8H7NO C8H7NO2 C8H7NO2 C8H7NO4

w-Tolunitrile: EtOH (28, 524); Vap. (524) Phthalimidine: EtOH, H2SO4 (*oo) Mandelonitrile: EtOH (523f) Methylanthranil: H2O, HCl (+ EtOH), Et2O, hexane ( 575 ) a, 0-Dioxindol (648J) co-Nitrostyrene: EtOH (25) p-Nitrophenylacetic acid: EtOH (+ NaOH) (317)

C8H7N3O6 C8H7N3O6

o(p)-Acetoxynitrobenzene (637) Anisole-an^(s2/n)-diazonium cyanide O 4 7 ); H2O + HCN (247) 3, 4, 5(6)-Trinitro-o-xylene: EtOH (43) 3, 5-Dinitro-4-aminophenyl acetate: EtOH

C8H7N3O6

3, 5-Dinitro-4-acetylaminophenol: EtOH (454)

C8H7NO4 C8H7N3O

( + KOH)

(454)

Formula

|


Ultra-violet and Visible. — (Continued) C8H8

Styrène: EtOH (25, 383, 384, 386, 393, 423, 619)

C8H8BrN3O2 C8H8ClNO C8H8ClNO C8H8ClNO C8H8N2O2 C8H8N2O3 C8H8N2O4 C8H8N2O4 C8H8N2O5 C8H8N4O5

5-Bromo-4-hydroxy-m-tolueneazoformamide: EtOH (+NaOH) (293) Acetylchloroaminobenzene : H2O (497.5) Chloroacetanilide: EtOH (199) p-Chloroacetanilide (497.5) Nitrosoacetanilide: Et2O (247) p-Nitrobenzaldoxime methyl ether (four /orras): EtOH (80) 3, 4(5)-Dinitro-o-xylene: EtOH (43) 4, 5-Dinitro-o-xylene: EtOH (43) 2, 4-Dinitrophenetole: H2O ( 86 ) 2, 5-Dinitro-p-tolylmethylnitrosoamine : EtOH (471, 472)

C8H8N4O6

3, 5-Dinitro-p-tolylmethylnitroamine: EtOH

C8H8N6O6 C8H8O

Murexide:H 2 O (269, f 402) Acetophenone (37, J 66, J 540, 636, 637, 642) ;

C8H8O C8H8O2 C8H8O2 C8H8O2

o (TO, p)-Toluic aldehyde: EtOH, Vap. ( 5 23) Methyl benzoate: EtOH ("«) Phenyl acetate (76, 636 f) Phenylacetic acid (20, 37,j 527) ; H2O ( 6 5 9 f); cf. p. 360; Na salt: EtOH + NaOH (317,

Formula C 8 H 9 NO 2

Name, solvents and literature Phenylaminoacetic acid and K salt: EtOH

C8H9NO3 C 8 H 9 NO 3 C 8 H 9 NO 4

o(w, p)-Nitrophenetole : EtOH, ligroin (43) Nitro-p-cresetole: EtOH (43) Nitroquinol dimethyl ether: H2O, hexane (254) ; EtOH (32,43); aniline, pyridine, ligroin, C6H6 (43) ; CHCl3 (43,254); H2SO4

C8H9NO4 C 8 H 9 NO 4 C8H9NS C8H9N3O2 C8H9N3O3

Hematinic acid imide: Et2O ( 1 7 1 I ) ' , cf. p. 360 Ethyl citrazinate: EtOH (+NaOEt) (U) Thioacetanilide and Na salt ( 44 S) 4-Hydroxy-w-tolueneazoformamide : EtOH (+NaOH) (293) 2-Nitro-4-acetyl-p-phenylenediamine : EtOH

C8H9N3O4 C8H9N3O4

3, 4-Dinitro-5-amino-o-xylene: EtOH (472) 3, 5-Dinitro-4(6)-amino-o-xylene (477); EtOH

C8H9N3O4 C8H9N3O4 C8H9N3O4 C8H9N3O4 C8H9N3O4 C 8 HiO

4(6), 5-Dinitro-3-amino-o-xylene: EtOH (472) 2, 4-Dinitrodimethylaniline: EtOH (218, 477) 3, 4-Dinitrodimethylaniline: EtOH (218) 2, 3-Dmitromethyl-p-toluidine: EtOH (471) 3, 5-Dinitromethyl-p-toluidine (472) o(m, p)-Xylene (37J); EtOH (27, 133, 263,-f 379,486); hexane ( 353 J); Vap. (202, f 271,

C 8 HiO

Ethylbenzene

(386)

(32)

(477)

(471,472)

(472)

EtOH (20) ; CHCl3 (392)

386) ; H 2 O (386, 659-f)


o(w, p)-Toluic acid (487, 527) ^, m-Toluic acid ( 487 ) p-Xyloquinone (36); EtOH (409, 410) ; Vap.

C8H8O2

o-Methoxybenzaldehyde (636, f 637); EtOH

469, 486); c/. p. 360

C 8 HiO C8HioBrClO2

(531)

C 8 HioBr 2 O 2

m-Methoxybenzaldehyde:

C8H8O2

p-Methoxybenzaldehyde:

EtOH

(+HCl)

C8HioBr2O2

(523, 634,

C8H10ClN OsHi0Ol2O2

(636 t )

EtOH

636 1); (+HCl) (6361)

C8H8O3 C8H8O3 C8H8O3 C8H8O3 C8H8O3

Mandelic acid (527); EtOH (386) Piperonyl alcohol: EtOH, Vap. (533) Vanillin: EtOH (523, 606 j) ; H2O, Et2O (606J); hexane (604, f 606 1); Vap. (52 3); cf. p. 360 Methyl o-hydroxybenzoate : EtOH (386) o(p)-Methoxybenzoic acid and Na salts: EtOH (386)

C8H9BrO C8H9FO C8H9NO C8H9NO C8H9NO

Phenoxyacetic acid: EtOH (+NaOEt) (386 f) Dehydracetic acid: EtOH (+NaOEt) (21) Isodehydracetic acid: EtOH (21) Dimethylpyronecarboxylic acid: EtOH (21) Hematinic acid anhydride ( 48Î Î); Et2O (171J); C /. p. 360 Acetaldehyde p-bromophenylhydrazone : EtOH (40) p-Bromophenetole : Vap. (526) p-Fluorophenetole: EtOH, Vap. (526) Acetanilide (199, 64i) ; EtOH (43, 119) Acetophenoneoxime : EtOH (U 9 ) o(p)-Aminoacetophenone: EtOH (+HCl)

C8H9NO

Benz-cwtó-aldoxime N(0)-meihyl ether: EtOH

C8H8O3 C8H8O4 C8H8O4 C8H8O4 C8H8O5 C8H9BrN2

Dimethylfulvene: Vap. (602) 4-Bromo-4-chloro- 1 , l-dimethylcyclohexan-3, 5-dione:EtOH (199) Dibromothymoquinone : EtOH ( 61 °); Vap. (531)

(634, 636); EtOH + HCl (636t)

C8H8O2

(20,386,423); EtOH (286,

486,f 619, 65lf); Vap. (202, 271, 486, 651)

C8Hi0N2

620); AcOH (40)

C8H10O C8Hi0O2 C8H10O2

Benzeneazoethane: EtOH (247, 620, 621) Nitrosodimethylaniline: EtOH (268) 3-Nitromethyl-p-toluidine: EtOH (43, 472) 5(6)-Nitro-4-amino-m-xylene: EtOH (477) ra(p)-Nitrodimethylaniline: EtOH (43) Caffeine (129|); H2O (264, 269f) ; cf. p. 360 o(m)-Cresol methyl ether: EtOH (27) Phenetole (20) ; EtOH (27, 526) ; Vap. (526) w, 4-Xylenol: EtOH (+NaOEt) (385, 533); Vap. (533) p-Xylenol: EtOH (+NaOEt) (385) 4-Hydroxy-3-methoxytoluene ( 137 ) Quinol dimethyl ether ( 3 2) ; EtOH (27, 638);

C8Hi0O2

Resorcinol dimethyl ether (2 7, f 636); EtOH,

C8H10O2

o-Dimethoxybenzene (Veratrole) ( 2 7 t)>* hexane (604, j 606 j) ; c/. p. 300 Triacetic lactone ethyl ether: EtOH (21) Diethyl acetylenedicarboxylate ( 58 J) 4-Bromo- 1 , l-dimethylcyclohexan-3, 5-dione:EtOH (199) 4-Chloro-l, l-dimethylcyclohexan-3, 5-dione: EtOH, NaOEt ("o)

C8H10N2 C8H10N2O C 8 Hi 0 N 2 O 2 C 8 Hi 0 N 2 O 2 C 8 Hi 0 N 2 O 2 C8H10N4O2 C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O

H2SO4 (27) H2SO4 (32)

(30) (80)

C 8 H 9 NO 2 C8H9NO2

Methylanthranilic acid: EtOH (395) Anilinoacetic acid: EtOH (391); Cu, Na salts:

C8H9NO2

3(4)-Nitro-0-xylene: EtOH, ligroin (43)

H2O (391)

4-Dibromo-l, l-dimethylcyclohexan-3, 5-dione:EtOH (199) a-Chlorocollidine (504, 535 f) 4-Dichloro-l, l-dimethylcyclohexan-3, 5-dione:EtOH (199) Acetaldehyde phenylhydrazone : EtOH (40,

C8H10O3 C8H10O4 C8HuBrO2 C8H11ClO2

Formula

Name, solvents and literature Ultra -violet and Visible. — (Continued}

C8H11ClO5

Trimethylpyroxonium perchlorate: H2SO4

C8H11ClO5S

Dimethyl-2, 6-mercapto-4-pyroxonium perchlorate: H2SO4 (241) Methoxy-4-dimethyl-2, 6-pyroxonium perchlorate: H2SO4 (241) Dimethylmethoxypyroxonium perchlorate : H2SO4 (242) Dimethylmethoxypyroxonium iodide: H2O,

Formula C9H5BrN2O3

C9H5N3O10

Name, solvents and literature p-Bromophenyloximidooxazolone : Et2O ( 24 3); metallic salts: CHCl3, C5H5N, PhOH (243); Ba, Cs, K, Li, Na, NH 4 , Rb salts: EtOAc + Me2CO (243) 5, 7-Dibromo-8-hydroxyquinoline : EtOH (+NaOH) (158J Trinitrophenylmalonic acid, K salt: H2O,

C9H6O2

Phenylpropiolic acid (423,527); EtOH (386,

C9H7ClN2 C9H7ClN2O C9H7N

3-Phenyl-5-chloropy razole (554) 1-Pheny1-3-chloropy razolone (554)

(241)

C8H11ClO6 C8H11ClO6 C8H11IO2

CHCl3 (242)

C8H11N C8H11N C8H11N C8H11N C8H11N C8H11N

3-o-Xylidine: P, EtOH, Vap. (Sio) 2-m-Xylidine: P, EtOH, Vap. (Sio) 4-ra-Xylidine (507) Collidine (504, 535) ; Vap. (508) Ethylaniline (37J); p, EtOH, Vap. (510) Dimethylaniline (386); P1 Vap. (5io) ; EtOH

C8H11NO C8H11NO C8H11NO3

o(p)-Phenetidine: EtOH, Vap. (526) m-Dimethylaminophenol: EtOH, Vap. ( 519 ) Isonitrosodimethyldihydroresorcinol,1 and Na salt: EtOH (400) Dimethylaniline hydrochloride: EtOH ( 384 ) Collidine hydrochloride (504) Veronal: v. p. 360 Azoisobutyronitrile ( 247 ) Dimethyldihydroresorcinol:EtOH (+alk.) (27) 1, l-Dimethylcyclohexan-3, 5-dione ( 176 ); EtOH (+NaOEt) (i»9) Ethyl /3-acety lerò tonate: H2O, hexane (204j) Ethyl acetoacetylacetate: EtOH (+NaOEt)

C9H5Br2NO

EtOH (249)

607, 619)

C9H7N

HI (223); yap. (509-f); cf. p. 360 Isoquinoline: EtOH (386, 606{) ; Et2O ( 6 06J); EtOH +HCl (386); hexane (I56,j 603,j

C9H7NO C9H7NO C9H7NO

a-Hydroxyquinoline (*™t); EtOH (275) 6-Hydroxyquinoline: EtOH ( 1 SS) 8-Hydroxyquinoline: EtOH (+NaOH)

C9H7NO C9H7NO2 C9H7NO2 C9H7NO2 C 9 H 7 NO 2 C 9 H 7 NO 2 C9H7NO4 C9H8ClN C9H8Cl2N2 C9H8N2 C9H8N2O C9H8N2O C9H8N2O2 C9H8N4O8 C9H8N4O8

.jS-Indole aldehyde (648) /3-Indolecarboxylic acid (648) Methyl o-cyanobenzoate : Et2O ( 576 ) Methylisophthalimide: Et2O (576) Methylisatin and ^ form: EtOH (275) a-Hydroxy-ß-indole aldehyde ( 648 J) o(m, p)-Nitrocinnamic acid (527) Quinoline hydrochloride: EtOH (263 -f) 3-Phenyl-5-chloropyrazole hydrochloride (554) 1-Phenylpyrazole (554) l-Phenyl-3, 5-pyrazolone (554); NaOEt (554) l(3)-Phenyl-5-pyrazolone (554) N- Methyl-p-nitrobenzyl cyanide: MeOH (405) 2, 3, 5-Trinitroacetylaminoanisole : EtOH (453) 2, 3, 6-Trinitroacetylaminoanisole : EtOH, NaOH (453) Cinnamic aldehyde: EtOH, Vap. (523) Allocinnamic acid: EtOH ( 619 ) Cinnamic acid: H2O (35, 182, J 613, 614, 6S9f) ;

(20, 384)

C8H12ClN C8H12ClN C 8H 12N 2O 3 C 8 H 12 N 4 C8H12O2 C8H12O2 C8H12Os C8H12O4

(21)

C8H12O5

C8H13NO C8H13NO2 C8H13NO6 C8H13NO6

Ethyl oxaloacetate: EtOH (+alk.) (23f) ; hexane, NaOH (370,{ 371 j) ; Na salt: H2O + Na2CO3, CHCl3 (237) Tropinone: v. p. 360 Aminodimethyldihydroresorcinol : EtOH (27) Diethyl nitroisosuccinate : EtOH (198) Diethyl nitromethylmalonate : EtOH, CHCl3 (255)

C8Hi4Br2O3

Ethyl ß-ethoxycro tonate dibromide: EtOH

C8H14O

Methylheptenone (««,J 67,{ 176, 294) ; c/. p. 360 Dipropylketene : hexane ( 370 >{ 371 J) Dipropyl dithiooxalate: EtOH (536) Diethyl dithiosuccinate : EtOH (536 f) Ethyl ethylacetoacetate (59, J 68j) : EtOH (22,

606 J); cf. p. 360

( + HCl) (158)

C9H8O C9H8O2 C9H8O2

(235)

C8Hi4O C8Hi4O2S2 O 8 Hi 4 O 2 O 2 C8Hi4O3

59J)

C8Hi4O3

Ethyl /3-ethoxycrotonate (22, 228, 255f) ; H2O, hexane, NaOEt (220) ; EtOH (220,226,235,

C8Hi4O3

Ethyl dimethylacetoacetate (228); EtOH (220, 226, 235); hexane (220) Tropine: v. p. 360 Methyl hexyl ketone (*9,j 62, f 294, 545J) ;

38 5); c/. p. 360

C8Hi5NO C8Hi6O

EtOH (609)

C8Hi6O C 8 Hi 7 N C8HiS C8Hi8O C8Hi8O C8H20IP

Pentamethy !acetone ( 294 ) Coniine: P, EtOH, Vap. (509) Octane (286-f) n-Octyl alcohol («8f) Isooctyl alcohol ( 2 ^ i f ) Tetraethylphosphonium iodide: H2O, EtOH, CHCl3, amyl alcohol (242)

Quinoline (65OJ); p (509f) ; EtOH (143,262, 263, f 386, 509f) ; HCl (!4S, 223, 386); CHCl3,

EtOH (35, 119, 383, 384, 385, 386, 393, 423, 527, 607, 613, 614, 617, 619); NaOEt, HCl (35); C6H6 (494J); c/. p. 360; Na salt (182J); H2O (659f)

C9H9NO4 C9H9NO4 C9H9N3O

Atropic acid: EtOH (H«) o-Coumaric acid: EtOH (43, 385); (+NaOEt) (43); Na salt: EtOH + NaOEt (43) m-Coumaric acid: EtOH (385) p-Coumaric acid: EtOH (385) o(m, p)-Acetoxybenzaldehyde (636, 637) a(/3)-Methylindole: hexane (171D JV(0)-Ethyl-o-oxycarbanil (283, 479J) Hippuric acid: H2O (286, 594,-f 659f) ; c/. p. 360; Na. salt: H2O («59 -f) o-Carbamylphenoxyacetic acid: EtOH (456) Dimethyl quinolinate: Et2O (578) a(ß)-4-Acetyl-3, 4-tolylenediazoimide : EtOH

C9H9N3O3 C 9 Hi 0 C9H10N2O

Acetyl-p-benzoquinone semicarbazone (293) a(/3)-Methylstyrene: EtOH (384) Pyruvaldehyde phenylhydrazone : EtOH, NaO-

C9H10N2O3

Nitroaceto-p-toluidine: EtOH (43)

C9H8O2 C9H8O3 C9H8O3 C9H8O3 C9H8O3 C9H9N C 9 H 9 NO 2 C9H9NO3

(474)

Et (45)

Formula C9H10N4O6

| Name, solvents and literature Ultra-violet and Visible. — (Continued) 2, 3, 6-Trinitrodimethyl-p-toluidine: EtOH (471)

C9H10O C9H10O2

Phenyl ethyl ketone (20) ß-Phenylpropionic acid: EtOH (20, 37,j 386,

C 9 H 10 O 2 C 9 H 10 O 3 C9H10O3

Cf.

C9H14O

p. 360; Na

salt: H2O (659-f) Benzyl acetate (2Of) Ethyl benzoate (37J) Tropic acid: EtOH (136); cf, p. 360 Ethyl o-hydroxybenzoate and Na salt: EtOH

C 9 HuBrN 2 C9H11IN2 C9H11N C9H11NO C9H11NO C9H11NO

Methylacetanilide: EtOH (43) p-Dimethylaminobenzaldehyde: EtOH

C9H11NO2 C9H11NO2 C9H11NO2 C9H11NO2 C9H11NO2 C9H11NO3 C9H11NS C9H11N3O2 C9H11N3O2 C9H11N3O4 C9H11N3O4

Phenylalanine : v. p. 360 Dimethylanthranilic acid: EtOH (395) Methyl methylanthranilate : EtOH (395) Methyl anilinoacetate ( 386 t) Nitromesitylene: EtOH (43) Tyrosine (594|) ; H 2 O (286); c/. p. 360 N-Methylthioacetanilide (445) Phenetoleazoformamide: EtOH (293) Acetone p-nitrophenylhydrazone : EtOH (40) 2, 5-Dinitrodimethyl-p-toluidine: EtOH (471) 2, 6 (and 3, 5)-Dinitrodimethyl-p-toluidine:

C9H11N3O4

C9H12ClN

3, 5-Dinitro-4(6)-methylamino-o-xylene: EtOH (477J Mesitylene (37 J); Vap. (271) Propylbenzene (2Of, 386 f) Tetrahydroquinoline hydrochloride : EtOH

C9H12ClNO2 C9H12ClNO3 C 9 H 12 N 2

Phenylalanine hydrochloride: EtOH (649 J) Tyrosine hydrochloride: EtOH ( 6 4 9 J) Acetaldehyde phenylmethylhydrazone : EtOH

C 9 H 12 N 2

Propionaldehyde phenylhydrazone : EtOH + AcOH (40) Acetone phenylhydrazone: EtOH, AcOH

(158)

C9H14O5 C9H14O5

( 30 >

C9H15BrO4 C9H15NO3 C9H15N3O3 C9H15N3O3 C9H1C C9H17NO2 C9H18N6 C9H18O

519); HCl (30); Vap. (519)

EtOH (471, 472)

CgH12

(263 t )

(40)

C 9 H 12 N 2

C9H19NO2 C 9 H 21 N C1QHeCl2 C 10 H 6 N 2 O 4

CHCl3, ZnCl 2

Diethyl acetonedicarboxylate (58 J, 1 76); EtOH (+alk.) (23f) Diethyl hydroxymethylenesuccinate : EtOH

C9H12N2O C 9 H 12 N 2 O 2 C 9 H 12 N 2 O 2 C 9 H 12 N 2 O 4 S C9H12O

Dimethylbenziminazolol : EtOH ( 63 I) 2-Nitrodimethyl-p-toluidine: EtOH (471) 3-Nitrodimethyl-p-toluidine: EtOH (43, 471) 7-Cumenediazonium sulfate: H2O ( 24 7) Benzyl ethyl ether (37J) ; EtOH (20) ; Vap.

C9H12O2 C9H12O3 C9H13N C9H13N C9H13NO C9H13NO2 C9H13NO3 C9H14ClN

Tetramethylpyrone (2 i f ) Phloroglucinol trimethyl ether: EtOH (281) Mesidine: P, EtOH, Vap. (5io) Dimethyl-o-toluidine: EtOH (384, 386) 7-Ethoxylutidine (14) Ethyl dimethylpyrrolecarboxylate (363, 364) Adrenaline («8t) Phenyltrimethylammonium chloride: EtOH

C9H14ClN

Dimethyl-o-toluidine

(624)

H 2 O (394)

C10H7BrN2O3 C10H7Cl C10H7ClN2

a(0)-Chloronaphthalene: EtOH, Vap. (518) a-Naphthalenediazonium chloride: H2O, dil.

C10H7NO2

a(jS)-Nitronaphthalene: EtOH (43, 518); Kg. roin, C6H6 (43) Cinchoninic acid: v. p. 360 Acetylisatin: EtOH ( 435 J) Naphthalene (42, 133, 324); EtOH («,f 261, f

CioHeOs

C1QHeO4 C10H7Br

Et2O (243)

acid (89, 247)

C10H7NO2 C10H7NO3 C10H8

263,-|- 379, 386,-|- 431, 518, 599, 6 0 6 J ) ; hexane

(156,J 306,J 372, J 606J); Et2O ( 6 0 6 J); Vap. (304, 305, 372, 518, 599);c/. p. 360

C10H8O4

2-Dipyridyl: EtOH, Vap. (263,-f 520) a-Nitro-/3-naphthy lamine: EtOH (518) 4- Nitro- 1 , p-nitrophenyl-3-methyl-5-py razolone (554) «(0)-Naphthol: EtOH ( 36 O, 432, J 518); c/. p, 360 Benzylidenemalonic acid: H2O, EtOH (+NaO-

C10H9BrN2O C10H9ClN2 C10H9N C10H9N C10H9NO C10H9NO C10H9NO

1, p-Bromophenyl-S-methyl-S-pyrazolone (554) l-Phenyl-3-methyl-5-chloropyrazole (5 5 4) a-Naphthylamine: EtOH (518); c/. p. 360 ^-Naphthylamine: EtOH (478, 51 8); c/. p. 360 p-Methoxyquinoline: v. p. 360 6-Methoxyquinoline: EtOH (135) Carbostyril Ar(0)-methyl ether (275) ; EtOH

C10H8N2 C10H8N2O2 C10H8N4O5 C10H8O

(39S)

hydrochloride : EtOH

Dipropyl bromomalonate (V98) Ecgonine: v. p. 360 Triethyl isocyanurate (120) ; EtOH (280) Triethyl cyanurate (120) Geraniolene: Vap. (602) Ethyl piperidoacetate ( 3 9 Sf) Triethyl (iso)melamine: EtOH (280) Hexamethylacetone (294, 545J); p? H2O, EtOH, heptane, CHCl3 (546 J) d-T-Nonyl nitrite: P (490 j) Tripropylamine ( 6 3 J) Dichloronaphthalene (10 isomers): hexane, Vap. (372.3) Quinoxalindicarboxylic acid and Fe, Na salts: a-Naphthoquinone ( 36 , 410, 432 J) ; EtOH (409, 518); Vap. (531); 0-Naphthoquinone (409); EtOH, Vap. (518) Hydroxymethyleneindandione : H2O (+HCl) (401); Na salt ( 4 Oi) Phthalyl acetic acid: AcOH, H2SO4 (500) a(/3)-Bromonaphthalene: EtOH, Vap. (51 8); cf. p. 360 p-Bromophenyloximidoxazolone methyl ether :

C1QHeO2

(40)

(384)

Ethyl l-amino-2, 5-dimethyl-4-pyrrolecarboxylate (362) Phorone (14, 66,j 67,j 70,j 176, 411); EtOH (404, 406, 410, 573J); H2O, hexane, AcOH

(22)

Veratric acid: EtOH (no, 287) Acetone p-bromophenylhydrazone: EtOH ( 40 ) Dimethylbenziminazolium iodide: H2O ( 631 ) Tetrahydroquinoline: EtOH (263-)-) 8-Hydroxytetrahydroquinoline: EtOH (+HCl)

CgH12

Name, solvents and literature Phenyltrimethylammonium iodide: EtOH

(573J); H2SO4 (406, 573J); (406); Vap. (539 1); c/. p. 360

(385) CgHiQO 4

I

(395)

C 9 H 14 N 2 O 2

423, 607, 619); H 2 O (659f);

C 9 H 10 O 2

Formula C 9 H 14 IN

Et) (35)

(479J)

Formula

| Name, solvents and literature Ultra-violet and Visible.— (Continued) Isonitrosophenylmethylpyrazolone : EtOH Ci 0 H 9 N 3 O 2 (+NaOEt) (402) l-ra-Nitrophenyl-5-methyl-5-pyrazolone (55 4) Ci0H9N3O3 1, 4-Dihydronaphthalene (42); EtOH (379) CioHio Dibromothymoquinone: EtOH ( 61 °); Vap. CioHioBr2O2 (531)

C10Hi0ClN CioHioClN

Quinoline methochloride : H2O, EtOH (223) a(/3)-Naphthylamine hydrochloride : EtOH

Ci0Hi0ClNO 010x11001202

6-Methoxyquinoline hydrochloride (135) Dichlorothymoquinone: EtOH ( 61 °); Vap.

(518)

(531)

Ci0H10IN Ci 0 Hi 0 IN

Quinoline methiodide: EtOH, CHCl3 (223) Isoquinoline methiodide: EtOH (631); CHCl3

Ci 0 Hi 0 N 2 O Ci 0 Hi 0 O

l-Phenyl-3(5)-methyl-5(3)-pyrazolone (554) Benzylideneacetone: H2O (534) ; EtOH (13,

CioHi0O2

Benzoylacetone: EtOH (23,f 475, 478);aik. (23f) ; Al salts: EtOH, alk. (23f) ; y salts:

Ci 0 Hi 0 O 2

o(m, p)-Diacetylbenzene: EtOH, CHCl3, hexane (642) (Iso)Saf role: EtOH ("») a-Methylcinnamic acid: EtOH (384, 393) j3-Methylcinnamic acid: EtOH (384) Methyl coumarate: EtOH, NaOEt (385) Meconin: EtOH, Et2O (606 j) Dimethyl terephthalate (284) Opianic acid: EtOH, Et2O (603, { 605, j eoej) Dimethoxyterephthalic acid (236) Hemipinic acid: EtOH, Et2O ( 606 J) Benzylideneacetoxime ( 534 ) 0-Indoleethyl alcohol (648 f) Ethyl p-nitrophenylacetate: EtOH (+NaOH)

(223)

35); H2SO4 (13)

Formula C10H13N3O4 Ci0Hi4 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14BrClO C10H14Br2O C10H14BrNO3 C10H14BrNO3 C10Hi4ClNO3 Ci0Hi4Cl2O2

(578)

C 10 Hi 4 N 2 C10H14N2 Ci 0 Hi 4 N 2

Acetone phenylmethylhydrazone: EtOH (40) Propionaldehyde phenylmethylhydrazone : EtOH (40) Nicotine: P, Vap. (509) ; EtOH (136, 264,

Ci 0 Hi 4 N 4 O 3 Ci0Hi4O Ci0H14O C10H14O

Ethoxy caffeine: EtOH (269) Carvacrol: EtOH, Vap.f (533) Carvone (294); Vap. (532) Thymol: H2O (286); EtOH (385, 533); EtOH

C10H14O2

Camphorquinone (4i6f); EtOH (415,609); C6H6 (415); toluene (644j) ; Vap. (532) Camphoric anhydride: Vap. (532) Tetraacetylethane: EtOH (+NaOEt) (21) a-Bromocamphor: EtOH (412, 413) ß-Bromocamphor: EtOH (412) d-a-Bromocamphor-ß-sulfonic acid, NH 4 salt:

509)

EtOH (475)

Ci0Hi0O2 Ci 0 Hi 0 O 2 Ci 0 Hi 0 O 2 C10H10O3 CioHioO4

Ci0Hi0O4 C10H10O5 C10H10O6 Ci0Hi0Oe Ci 0 HnNO Ci 0 HnNO C10H11NO4

+ NaOEt (66Of); Vap. (533); Na salt (66Of)

Ci0H14O3 C10Hi4O4 C10H1OBrO C10H15BrO C i0H15Br O4S

EtOH (525)

O10Xi1OBrO4O C10H15ClO Ci0Hi5ClO4S

C10H15N C10H15NO Nitrodiacetylphenylenediamine : EtOH ( 4 7 7 ) C10H15NO2 4(6), 5-Dinitro-3-acety lamino veratrole: Neu- C10H15NO2 C10H15NO2S tral and alk. sol. (19°) Dicyclopentadiene: Et2O, EtOH (618) C10H15NO3 1, 2, 3, 4-Tetrahydronaphthalene (42); EtOH (379); Vap. (518) Ci0Hi6N3O3 1, 4, 6, 9-Tetrahydronaphthalene (42) Diacetylphenylhydrazone: EtOH, NaOEt (45) C10H i6 Pyruvaldehyde phenylmethylhydrazone (45) C10H i6 3-Nitromethylaceto-p-toluidide: EtOH (43) C10H i6 Anethole (122, isof) C10HiG Cumaldehyde: EtOH, Vap. (523) C10HiB «(A-Ethoxystyrene: EtOH (383) C10HiG Methylchavicole ( 1 5 Of) C10H1G ar-Tetrahydro-a()3)-naphthol: EtOH (360) Ci0H IG Eugenol and isoeugenol ( 1 5 Of); EtOH (H«, CioHie 533, 628J); Vap. (533f) C10Hi6 Ethyl phenylacetate (20,f 37 j) C10Hi6BrNO3S Thymoquinone (36); Vap. (531) Ci0H16ClNO3S Ethyl phenoxy acetate ( 20 ) Ci0H16N2O Methyl dimethylanthranilate : EtOH (395) Ci0H16N2O2 Ethyl anilinoacetate: EtOH (395) C10H16N2O2 o-Benzobetaine: EtOH (395) 3, 5-Dinitro-4(6)-dimethylamino-o-xylene : Ci0Hi6O (317)

C 10 HnN 3 O 4 C10H11N3O7 Ci 0 Hi 2 'Ci 0 Hi 2 Ci0Hi2 Ci 0 Hi 2 N 2 O Ci 0 Hi 2 N 2 O Ci 0 Hi 2 N 2 O 3 Ci 0 Hi 2 O Ci0H12O C10Hi2O Ci 0 Hi 2 O Ci 0 Hi 2 O Ci 0 Hi 2 O 2 Ci 0 Hi 2 O 2 Ci0H12O2 C10H12O3 C10H13NO2 C10H13NO2 C10H13NO2 C10H13N3O4

EtOH (477)

C10H13N3O4

3, 5-Dinitro-4(6)-ethylamino-o-xylene: EtOH (477)

Name, solvents and literature Diethyl-2(3), 4-dinitroaniline : EtOH (218) Cymene: EtOH, Vap. (271) ra-Cymene: EtOH (225) tert.-Butylbenzene (20,-f 37J) a, a'-Chlorobromocamphor: EtOH (412) a, a'(/3)-Dibromocamphor: EtOH (412) a, «'-Bromonitrocamphor: EtOH (412) /3(7r)-Bromonitrocamphor: EtOH, Et2O, C2H4Cl2 (412); Na salt: EtOH («2) a, a'-Chloronitrocamphor: EtOH (412) Camphoryl chloride, as and tis-trans: Et2O

CioHieO

a-Bromocamphor-x-sulfonic acid, NH 4 salt: EtOH (413) a-Chlorocamphor:H2O, EtOH (412, 413) a-Chloroeamphor-j3-sulfonic acid, K salt: H2O, NaOH (413) Diethylaniline: P, EtOH, Vap. (510) Carvoneoxime: EtOH (532) Ethyl trimethylpyrrolecarboxylate (363, 364) Isonitrosocamphor: EtOH (+alk.) (31) Camphor-/S-sulfonanhydramide : EtOH (413) Nitrocamphor: EtOH, Et2O, C2H4Cl2 (412); Na salt: EtOH (412) Ethyl 2, 5-dimethyl-l-ureido-4-pyrrolecarboxylate (362) Bornylene: Vap. (602) Camphene: Vap. (602) Dipentene (225) Limonene (120); EtOH (225); Vap. (602) a(j3)-Phellandrene: EtOH (225) ; Vap. (602) a-Pinene: EtOH (225); Vap. (602) Sylvestrene: EtOH (225); Vap. (602) Terpinene (120) Terpinolene (120) Turpentine ( 2 6 Of) a-Bromocamphor-TT-sulfonamide: EtOH (413) a-Chlorocamphorsulfonamide : EtOH (413) a(j8)-Camphorquinonehydrazone (368) Methyl y-diazocamphonanate (349.5) Ethyl l-amino-2, 3, 5-trimethyl-4-pyrrolecarboxylate (362) Camphor (294, 416); EtOH (31, 26l,j 270, 412, 415,J 525); Et2O, C2H4Cl2 (412); cyclO-

hexane (««{); Vap. (532) Carvenone (120)

Formula


Ultra-violet and Visible. — (Continued) CioHieO

Citral

(66,{67t);

EtOH

(533,539); Vap.

(539); c/. p. 360

CioHieO C1(JI16O C IuH16O Cu)H16O2 C1QH16O4

Dihydrocarvone (12°) Fenchone (294); Vap. (532) Pulegone (120) ; EtOH, Vap. (533) Buccocamphor ( 447 ) Camphoric acid: EtOH (26if) ; Na salt: H2O

CioHieOo CioHieOo

Diethyl acetylsuccinate : EtOH (+alk.) (23f) Diethyl ethoxyfumarate : EtOH (23,f 237) ;a ik.

CioHieOs C10H17N C10H17NO C10H17NO2 Ci0H17NO3S CioHÔ CioHisO C10H18O C10H18O C10H18O C10H18O C10H18O2 C10H18Os

Diethyl dimethyloxalacetate : EtOH (237) Camphorimide: EtOH (532) Camphoroxime: EtOH (31, 525) Nitrocamphane: EtOH (+NaOH) (412) Camphor-/3-sulfonamide: EtOH (413) dffi-Borneol: EtOH (225) Cineol: EtOH (225) Citronellal: EtOH (533) Z-Linalool: EtOH (533f) Geraniol: EtOH (533-f) Menthone (294); EtOH (533) Acetylmethyl hexyl ketone (176, 294) Ethyl diethylacetoacetate ( 6 S, J 2S5-f) ; EtOH

C10H19NO C10H20O C11H6Cl3O2 C11H7BrN2O4

Menthone oxime: EtOH (533) Menthol: EtOH (533) Cyclopentadienechloranil ( 4 U) p-Bromophenylacetyloximidoxazolone : Et2O

(578)

(23 t )

Formula C11H12N2O C11H12N2O2 C11H12N4O6 C11H12O2 CnHi 2 O 2 CnHi 2 O 2 CnHi 2 O 3 CnHi 2 O 3 CnHi 2 O 3

CnH 12 O 4

(21)

CnHi2Oe C n Hi 3 Br 2 N 3 O 2

Diethyl chelidonate (21) Dibromo-4-hydroxy-2-methyl-5-isopropylbenzeneazoformamide: EtOH (+NaOH)

C n H 13 N C n Hi 3 N C n Hi 3 NO 2 CnH13NO3

Dimethyldihydroisoquinoline: EtOH (631) Corydaldine: H2O (i 4 O, 287) Hydrohydrastinine:Et2O (i 4 *); hexane (606 J) Hydrastinine: hexane ( 6 0 6 J); EtOH O 4 O,

C11H13NO4 C n Hi 3 N 3 O 4 C n Hi 4 BrN 3 O 2

Ethyl 0-carbamylphenoxyacetate: EtOH ( 45 6) 2, 4-Dinitrophenylpiperidine: EtOH ( 4 ? 7 ) 3-Bromo-4-hydroxy-2-methyl-5-isopropylbenzeneazof ormamide : EtOH (+NaOH)

C n Hi 4 Br 2 O 2

Cyclohexanespiro-4, 4-dibromocyclohexan-3y 5-dione:EtOH (199) Hydrastinine hydrochloride : H2O ( î 4 5 ) 4-Aminoantipyrine hydrochloride: EtOH ( 478 ) Cyclohexanespiro-4, 4-dichlorocyclohexan-3, 5-dione:EtOH («») Cytisine: v. p. 360 Formylcamphor anhydride ( 4 I 6 ) ar-Tetrahydro-a(ß)-naphthyl methyl ether:

(293)

(204,J 220, 226, 609); H 2 O (204J); c/. p. 360

(243)

C11H7N C11H8O2 C11H8O3

a(ß)-Naphthonitrile: v. p. 360 a(/3)-Naphthoic acid: v. p. 360 ß-2-Naphthol-3-carbonic acid, Na salt: EtOH (385)

C11H9BrIN C11H9I2N C11H9N C11H9N CuH 9 NO 2 C11H9NO3 C11H10 CnHio

Iodophenylpyridinium bromide: EtOH (338) Iodophenylpyridinium iodide: EtOH (338) Phenylpy ridine, salts and derivatives (338) 4-Phenylpyridine: Vap. (520) Diketo-o(w, p)-tolylpyrroline: EtOH ( 512 J) Quininic acid: v. p. 360 a-Methylnaphthalene (432 J); c/. p. 360 ß-Methy !naphthalene ( 43 2J); hexane, Vap.

CnHioIN CnH 10 N 2 O 3 CnHioO C11H10O2 C11H10O2 C 1 IHi 0 O 2

Phenylpyridinium iodide: CHCl3 (338) Anisalhydantoin, derivatives: EtOH ( 9 3) o(j8.)-Naphthyl methyl ether: EtOH (360) 2, 3-Dimethylchromone: EtOH (+alk.) (292J) Ethyl phenylpropiolate ( 423 ) Methyloxindone (230); Na, Rb salts: EtOH

Ci1H10O2 C11H10O4

Cinnamylideneacetic acid ( 42 3) Ethyl coumaranonecarboxylate and Na salt: EtOH ( 4 56) 1, o-Tolyl-3(5)-methyl-5(3)-chloropyrazole

C11H11ClN2

(554)

C11H11NO C11H11NO2 C11HnNO3

8-Ethoxyquinoline: EtOH (+HCl) (158) ß-Indolepropionic acid (648) co-Aminoethylpiperonylcarboxylic anhydride :

CnH11NO3 C11H11NO4 C11H12N2O C n H 12 N 2 O

Ketohydrastinine: EtOH (I 4 O, 287) Ethyl o(w, p)-nitrocinnamate: EtOH ( 43 ) l-Phenyl-2, 3-dimethyl-5-pyrazolone (554) I1 o-Tolyl-3(5)-methyl-5(3)-pyrazolone (554)

EtOH (I 4 O, 287)

287, 606J); H2O, Et2O (I 4 5 ,

606

U

(293)

C n Hi 4 ClNO 3 C n Hi 4 ClN 3 O C n Hi 4 Cl 2 O 2 C n Hi 4 N 2 O C11H14O C n Hi 4 O

EtOH (360)

C n Hi 4 O 2 CnHi4O3 CnHi4O7

Methy lisoeugenol ( 1 5 ° f ) Ethyl o-hydrocoumarate and Na salt: EtOH (+NaOEt) (385) Diethyl xanthochelidonate : H2O, EtOH, CHCl3 (21)

CnH15BrO2

(3 72 J); c/. p. 360

(230)

Name, solvents and literature 1, p-Tolyl-3-methyl-5-pyrazolone ( 554 ) Tryptophane: EtOH ( 64 8,J 649); c/. p. 360 2, 4, 6-Trinitrophenylpiperidine: EtOH ( 4 ?7) a, /3-Dimethylcinnamic acid: EtOH (393) Ethyl cinnamate (37J) ; EtOH (35) Anisalacetone: EtOH, H2SO4 (13) Ethyl o (m)-coumarate: EtOH (+NaOEt) (385) ß-Ethoxycinnamic acid: EtOH (383) Ethyl benzoylacetate: EtOH (23); (+NaOEt) (23,385); Al salts: EtOH (+NaOEt) (23); Na salt: EtOH (383) Diacetyldimethylpyrone; EtOH (+NaOEt)

C11HiOBrO2 C11H15N CnH15NO CnH15N3O2 CnH16BrNO2 C11H16Br2O CnH16N2 C11H16O C n Hi 6 O 2 CnHi6O2

Cyclohexanespiro-4-bromocyclohexan-3, 5-dione: EtOH (i»») Bromoformylcamphor (41 6) 4-Phenylpiperidine: EtOH (+acid), Vap. (520) p-Toluidineacetaldehyde condensation compounds (507) 4-Hydoxy-2-methyl-5-isopropylbenzeneazoformamide: EtOH + NaOH (293) Bromocamphorcarboxylic amide ( 4 Î 4 ) a, co-Dibromomethylcamphor: EtOH ( 4 t 2 ) Diethyl ketone phenylhydrazone : EtOH + AcOH (4O) Methylenecamphor ( 4Î6 ) Formylcamphor: EtOH, NaOEt ( 4 I 6 ) Hydroxymethylenecamphor ( 56 °); EtOH (+alk.) (23,f416)

CnHi6O2 C n Hi 6 O 3 CnHi7BrO C11H17NO

Cyclohexanespirocyclohexan-3, 5-dione : EtOH (+NaOEt) (199) Camphorcarboxylic acid and Na salt ( 4 Î 4 ) a(ß, co) -Bromomethy!camphor: EtOH ( 4 i 2 ) Aminomethylenecamphor: EtOH (+HCl) (416)

| Name, solvents and literature Ultra-violet and Visible. — (Continued) Isonitrosocamphor-0-methyl ether: EtOH (31; CnHi 7 NO 2 Camphorcarboxylic amide ( 414 ) CnH17NO2 a (ß)-Camphorquinonesemicarbazone (368) CnHi7N3O2 Ethyl 2, 3, 5-trimethyl-l-ureido-4-pyrroleCi1Hi7N3O3 carboxylate ( 362 ) Methylcamphor: EtOH (412) C11H18O a-Methyleamphorsulfonamide: EtOH (413) CuH19NO3S Fenchone semicarbazone ( 245 ) CnHi 9 N 3 O Diethyl diethylmalonate : EtOH (82, 198); CnH'2o04 (H-NaOEt) (82) Methyl nonyl ketone (176, 294, 545j) ; EtOH CuH22O Formula

(609)

Ci 2 H 6 Br 4 N 2 O 2 Ci 2 H 6 N 8 Oi 2 Ci2H6O2 Ci2H6O2 C12H7NO3 C12Hg C12H8Br2N2O C 12 H 8 N 2 C 12 H 8 N 2 O 2 C12H8N4O6 C12H8O C12H8OS2 C12H8S2 C12HgBr C12HgCl

C12H9ClN4

a(0)-Tetrabromo-p-azophenol: EtOH (549) Hexanitrohydrazobenzene : MeOH, CHCl3, HCl, NaOEt (248) Diphenoquinone: EtOH (409) Acenaphthenequinone : EtOH ( 36 ) Resorufm: EtOH (482 J) Acenaphthylene: EtOH (42) Benzeneazo-2, 6-dibromophenol (250) Phenazine: EtOH (234) Benzoquinoneazine (44) Phenylpicramide: EtOH (218, 248) ; (+NaOEt) (248) Diphenylene oxide: EtOH (138) Thianthrene sulf oxide: EtOH (189) Thianthrene: EtOH (189) 4-Bromoacenaphthene : EtOH ( 5 I 8 ) 4-Chloroacenaphthene: EtOH (518) Benzeneazobenzenediazonium chloride: EtOH (319)

Ci2H9Cl2NS

2, 5-Dichlorobenzenesulfuranilide: CHCl3

Ci2H9I Ci 2 H 9 IN 2 C12H9N C12H9N3O3

4-Iodoacenaphthene: EtOH (518) lodoazobenzene: EtOH, HCl (319) Carbazole: v. p. 360 o(m, p)-Nitrobenzeneazophenol: EtOH (+NaOEt) (44) p~Nitrobenzeneazophenol: EtOH (44, 496, 592); K salt: EtOH (592); Na salt (496);

Formula C12H10N4O2 C12H10N4O4

(90)

C12Hi0O C12H10O C12H10OS C12H10O2

EtOH (592)

C 12 H 9 N 3 O 4 C12H9N3O4 C12H9N5O4 C12H9N5O4

p-Dinitrodiphenylamine, Na salt: EtOH ( 2 4 4) Phenyl-2, 4-dinitroaniline : EtOH (21 8) m, p-Dinitrodiazoaminobenzene and derivatives: EtOH (593) p, p'-Dinitrodiazoaminobenzene, Na salt: EtOH (244)

C12HiO Ci 2 HiO Ci2H10N2

C12H10N2O C12H10N2O

C12Hi0N2O2

Diphenyl (37, J 42); EtOH (431 J); Vap. (S2i) ; cf. p. 360 Acenaphthene (42); EtOH, Vap. (518) Azobenzene (196,J229) ; EtOH (29,40,83.3,

C12H10O4

Diphenol: EtOH (409) Diphenyl sulfone: EtOH (189) Diphenyl disulf oxide: EtOH (189) Acetyloxindone, Ca, Cs, Li salts: EtOH (230) Cinnamylidenemalonic acid: EtOH (35, 614); H2O, HCi, NaOEt (35) Ethyl oxindonecarboxylate, Ag, f Ba, f Ca, Cs, K, Li, Na, t Rb, t Sr, f TIt salts: EtOH (230)

C12H10O4S2 C12H10O4 C12H10O4 C12H10S C12H10S2 C12H11N

Diphenyl disulfone: EtOH (189) Piperic acid: EtOH (136) Quinhydrone: EtOH (288, 405) ; yap. (288) Diphenyl sulfide (189); EtOH, Vap. (iei) Diphenyl disulfide: EtOH (iei, 189) Dipheny lamine: EtOH (13, 410, 537); Vap.

C12H11NO4

6, 7-Dimethoxyisoquinoline-l-carboxylic acid

C12H11N3

p-Aminoazobenzene:

(521); c/. p. 360 (137)

EtOH

(29, 183, 486,f

521, 634); acid (29, 319); Vap. (521)

C12H11N3

Diazoaminobenzene: EtOH (247, 521); Vap.

C12H11N3O C12H11N3O4S

p- Aminobenzeneazophenol : EtOH, HCl (318) Dipheny lamine- p- diazonium sulfate: H2O, acid (247) Dimethylnaphthalene: hexane, Vap. ( 3 7 2J); cf. p. 360 Diethyl p-dichlorodihydroxy terephthalate : MeOH, C5H11OH, CHCl3 (224, 236); EtOH,

(521)

Ci 2 Hi 2 Ci2Hi2Cl2Oe

Et2O (236)

C12H13ClN2 C12H13N C12H14Br2Oe

Benzidine: EtOH (90, 52i) ; Vap. (521) Hydrazobenzene: CHCl3 (537) Luminal: v. p. 360 Cinnamylideneacetone: EtOH (+NaOEt) (35) 6(7, 8)-Methoxy-2, 3-dimethylchromone : EtOH (+alk.) (292J) 1, o-Tolyl-3, 4-dimethyl-5-chloropyrazole ( 55 4) a(/3)-Dimethylnaphthylamine: v. p. 360 Diethyl dihydroxy terephthalate dibromide :

C12Hi4Cl2Oe

Diethyl ß-dichlorosuccinylsuccinate : EtOH

Ci 2 Hi 2 N 2 C12H12N2 C12H12N2O3 C12H12O C12H12O3

EtOH (235) (235)

Ci 2 Hi 4 N 2 O 117, 213, -f 216, 247, 422, J 486, -f 521, 537); C12H14O4 acid (29, 83.3, 216, 633); CHCl3 (216, 537); C12H14O4 MeOH (216); ligroin (83.3); Vap. (S2i) ; cf. C12H14O4 p. 360 C12H14Oe Azoxybenzene: EtOH (521, 526,-j- 434j) ; Vap. (521) C»HiJNO(?) Benzeneazophenol ( 196 O; EtOH (183, 250, Ci2H15NO 550,592,633); R2SO4 (216); HCl, NaOEt C12H15NO3 (633); K salt (592); Li salt: Et2O (250); Rb salt: EtOH, C5H5N (250) Azophenol: EtOH (219, 549, 634); Et2O (219) ; (+NaOEt) (634)

Diphenyl ether: EtOH (I6lf) ; CHCl3 (537); Vap. (161, t 521) o-Hydroxydiphenyl: EtOH (+NaOEt) (385) Diphenyl sulfoxide: EtOH (189) Cinnamylideneacrylie acid: EtOH (+NaOEt) (35)

C12H10O2 C12H10O2S C12H10O2S2 C12H10O3 C12Hi0O4

(174.2J)

C12H9N3O3

Name, solvents and literature p-Nitroazoaminobenzene, Na salt: EtOH ( 244 ) 3, 3'(5)-Dmitrobenzidine: EtOH, HCl, NaOH

C12Hi6NO4

1, o-Tolyl-3, 4-dimethyl-5-pyrazolone (554) Apiole: EtOH (i") Isoapiole: EtOH (l l») Diethyl phthalate: Et2O (577) Diethyl dihydroxy terephthalate : EtOH (235); MeOH, CHCl3 (236) Anisylpyridinium iodide: CHCl3 ( 338 ) Benzoylpiperidine: EtOH, Vap. (520) Hydrocotarnine (I44f); HCl (223); hexane (603, j 605J); var. solvents (606j) Cotarnine: EtOH (I44,f 264, eoej); H2O, Et2O, hexane (I44,j 606j) ; CHCl3, NaOH (144 t )

Name, solvents and literature Ultra-violet and Visible.— (Continued) Diethyl tetrabromosuccinylsuccinate : EtOH Ci2Hi6Br4O6 (235) 6, 7-Dimethoxy-3, 4-dihydroisoquinoline Ci2Hi6ClNO2 methochloride: H2O (631) Cotarnine hydrochloride : EtOH (I44,f 223 ) Ci2H16ClNO4 Formula

H 2 O (223, 606J); CHCl3, HCl (223)

Ci2H17NO4

Cotarnine hydroiodide: EtOH (223) Methyl duryl ketone (176) Diethyl succinylsuccinate : Et2O, AcOH + H2SO4, MeOH, EtOH (235) 6, 7-Dimethoxy-2-methyltetrahydroisoquinoline: CHCl3, Et2O (631) Diethyl 2, 5-dimethyl-3, 4-pyrroledicarboxylate

C12H1S C12H18N2

Hexamethylbenzene: EtOH (386, 403, 524-j-) Diethyl ketone phenylmethylhydrazone : EtOH

Ci2H16INO4 C12H16O C12H16O6 Ci2Hi7NO2

C13H11N3O4

Name, solvents and literature p-Nitrobenzaldehyde phenylhydrazone: EtOH (314) Benzaldehyde p-nitrophenylhydrazone : EtOH (+NaOH) (314) o-Tolyl-2, 4-dinitroaniline (217); EtOH, CHCl3

C13HnN3O4

m-Tolyl-2, 4-dinitroaniline: EtOH,

Formula C13H11N3O2 C13HnN3O2

(218)

Ci2H2OOs Ci2H22 Ci 2 H 22 Ou Ci2H22Ou Ci 2 H 24 O 2 Ci2H26O C12H28IN

a-Glucose phenylhydrazone ( 45 ) Acetylcamphor: EtOH (+NaOEt) (416) Camphorylacetic acid (559) Methyl camphocarboxylate : NaOEt ( 414 ) Diethyl diacetylsuccinate : EtOH (+alk.) (23-f) Methyl bornylxanthate : EtOH ( 9 7) Methyl fenchylxanthate ( 97 ) Tetraethyldiketocyclobutane: hexane ( 370 »Ì 371 J) Diethyl diethyloxalacetate: EtOH (237) Dimethyldecadiene ( 56°) Cane sugar (265,-f 532, 594) Lactose: H2O (532) Laurie acid: EtOH (252) d(Z)-Laurinol: EtOH (225) Tetrapropylammonium iodide: CHCl3, EtOH

Ci 3 H 8 N 2 O 4 Ci3H8O Ci3H9ClN2 Ci 3 H 9 NO Ci 3 H 9 NO 2 C13H1Q C13H1QN2 Ci3H10N2O2 C13H10N2O2 C13Hi0N4O6 Ci3H10N4O6 C13Hi0O

Dinitrofluorene: EtOH (43) Fluoreneketone: EtOH (615) 2-Fluorenediazonium chloride: H2O, acid ( 247 ) Fluorenone oxime: EtOH (+NaOEt) (400) Nitrofluorene: EtOH (43) Fluorene (42); EtOH, ligroin (71); cf. p. 360 Diphenyldiazomethane : v. p. 360 Benzylidene-ra(p)-nitroaniline: EtOH (43) o(m, p)-Nitrobenzylideneaniline: EtOH (43) a(0)-Methylphenylpicramide: EtOH (217) o, p-Tolylpicramide: EtOH, NaOEt (248) Benzophenone (37, 410, 571, J 572J) ; EtOH

C12H18N2O5 C12H18O2 Ci2H18Os C12H18Oa C12H18O6 C12H2oOS2 Oi2H20Oo2 C12H2OO2

(242)

(5.5, 71, 201, 253, 406, 537, 540, 615); CHCl3

Ci3Hi0OS2 C13H1QO2 CuHiOO2S Ci3Hi0O3 Ci3Hi0O3 C13H10S3 Ci3H11ClN2O2S

+ ZnCl2 (406); yap. (540) ; cf. p. 360 Diphenyl dithiocarbonate : EtOH (536) Phenyl benzoate: EtOH (384) Phenyl thiocarbonate (536) Phenyl carbonate: EtOH (536) Phenyl salicylate: EtOH (384, 386) Phenyl trithiocarbonate : EtOH (536) 4-Chloro-2-nitrophenylsulfurmethylanilide: CHCl3 (174.2 J)

C13H11ClN2O4 Ci3HnIN2 Ci3HnN Ci 3 HnNO Ci3HnNO

C13H11N3O2

Phenazonium methylperchlorate : EtOH (234) Phenazonium methiodide: EtOH (234) Benzylideneaniline (337); EtOH (43) Benzanilide: EtOH (l 1 9) Benzophenoneoxime: EtOH ( 119 »400); (+NaOEt) (400) o (m)-Nitrobenzaldehyde phenylhydrazone : EtOH (40)

CHCl3

(218)

C13H11N3O4 C13H11N3O4 C13H11NS C13H12

p-Tolyl-2, 4-dinitroaniline: EtOH (218) 2, 4-Dinitrobenzylaniline: EtOH (477) Thiobenzanilide (445) Diphenylmethane (37J) ; EtOH (13, 443,-f

C13H12IN

Benzylideneaniline hydroiodide (337); EtOH

O13H12N2

Benzaldehyde phenylhydrazone: EtOH ( 4 O,

C13H12N2O C13H12N2O

Benzeneazoanisole ( 196 J) Benzeneazo-ra(p)-cresol: EtOH, HCl, NaOEt

Ci3Hi2N2O Ci3H12N2O Ci3H12N2O Ci 3 H 12 N 2 O 2 C13H12N2S C13H12N2S C13H12O

s-Benzoylphenylhydrazine : EtOH ( 457 ) Benzeneazophenyl methyl ether ( 196 J) 1, l/(2)-Diphenylurea: EtOH (522) p-Methoxybenzeneazophenol: EtOH ( 63 4) s-Diphenylthiocarbamide: EtOH (522) Benzeneazothioanisole (16°) Phenyl benzyl ether: CHCl3 (537); Vap.

C13H12O C13H12O3 C13H12Os

Diphenylcarbinol: EtOH (483.3) Ethyl /3-2-naphthol-3-carbonate: EtOH (385) Ethyl coumaranonecarboxylate acetate : EtOH

C13H13N C13H13N3 C13H13N3O3S

Benzylaniline (537) o-Toluidineazobenzene: EtOH, HCl (233) o-Toluidineazobenzenesulfonic acid: EtOH

C13H13N3O10

Ethyl trinitrophenylmalonate: CHCl3 ( 249 );

C13H14N2O3 C13H14N2O8

Cyanohydrocotarnine ( 14 4) Ethyl dinitrophenylmalonate (249); K salt:

C13H1GO3 C13H17NO3

Ethyl 0-ethoxycinnamate: EtOH (385) Ethyl 3-hydroxy-l, 1-dimethylcyclohexenylidene-5-cyanoacetate:EtOH, NaOEt (H2) 3, 5-Dinitro-4(6)-piperidino-o-xylene: EtOH

483.3, 537); Vap. (521); Cf. p. 360

(43)

(362)

(40)

I

620); (+AcOH) (620)

(633)

(521, 537)

(456)

(23Sf) H2O (244)

EtOH (244, 249)

C13H17N3O4

(477)

C14H8O2 C14H8O3

Camphorylideneacetone (559) Acetoxymethylenecamphor ( 4 I 6 ) Diethyl 1, 2, 5-trimethyl-3, 4-pyrroledicarboxylate (362) Glucose phenylmethylhydrazone (45) Ionone (176,410) Ethoxymethylenecamphor (416) Propionylcamphor: EtOH (+NaOEt) (416) Methyl methylcamphorcarboxylate (414) Ethyl camphorcarboxylate: NaOEt (414) Dimethylundecatriene (560) Menthyl pyruvate: C6H6 ( 559 ) Anthraquinone (36, 432, J 464) ; EtOH (409); Vap. (531) Phenanthraquinone (36, 406, 432J) 9-Ketofluorene-4-carboxylic acid: EtOH

C14H9NO2 Ci4H9NO3

Phthalanil: EtOH, H2SO4 ( g oo) Nitroanthrone: EtOH, CHCl3 (246)

C13H1SO2 C13H1SO3 C13H19NO4 C13H20N2O5 Ci3H2oO C13H20O2 C13H20O2 C13H20O3 C13H20O3 C13H22 C13H22O3 C14HsO2

(616)

Formula

|


Ultra-violet and Visible. — (Continued) C14H1Q

Anthracene

(42, 191J^); EtOH

(213, f 261,

335,| 426,f 431,J 483.3); (CHs)2CO, CHCl3,

CnHi 0 C14H1Q C14H1J)O Cl4HloO2 Cl4HloO2 C14H1QO2S2 C14H1QO3

Cl4H1QOs

ligroin, xylene, isoBuOH, Et2O, amyl ale. ( 4 2 6 ) Phenanthrene (42, 195J); EtOH (261, 43ij) ; hexane ( 606 t) Tolane (423) ; EtOH (619) Diphenylketene : hexane ( 370 >{ 371J) Indoneeyclomethylacetoethylene (51 3) Benzil (36) ; EtOH (253); cf, p. 360 Diphenyl dithiooxalate : EtOH (536f) o-Benzoylbenzoic acid: EtOH (253); Na salt: NaOH (253) Oxyphenylphthalide, and neutral alkali salts (462, 463)

C14H1QO4

C14H11NO2 C14H11NO2 C14H11NO3

Diphenyl oxalate: EtOH (536) an^(sz/rc)-Benziloxime: EtOH (217); Na salts: EtOH +NaOH (217) p-Nitrostilbene: EtOH (3*5) p-Nitro-p'-hydroxystilbene: EtOH (+NaOH) (315)

C14H11Os C14H12 C14H12

Formula C14H14N2

2, 4-Dihydroxy-o-benzoylbenzoic acid (484.2) Dihydroanthracene ( 42 ) Diphenylethylene : hexane (37 °> J 3 71 Î) ; cf. p. 360

C14H12

Stilbene: EtOH (42,117,247,315,384,385, 393, 423, 619); CHCl3 (3*3); C/, p. 360

C14H12IN C14H12IN C14H12N2O C14H12N2O2

Phenanthridine methiodide (629) Acridine methiodide: EtOH, NaOH (629) Phenylglyoxal phenylhydrazone ( 45 ) p-Acetylbenzeneazophenol: EtOH (+NaOH)

C14H14N2

Benzeneazophenyl acetate ( 196 J) Piperonal phenylhydrazone: EtOH (+AcOH)

C 14 H 12 N 2 O 4

dZ-ra-Azophenolmandelic acid: EtOH, NaOH

C14H12N4O6 C14H12O C14H12O C14H12O C14H12O2 C14H12Os

C14H13N3O3 C14H13N3O4 C14H13N5O4

Methyl-0(p)-tolylpieramide: EtOH (218) Phenyl benzyl ketone: EtOH, Vap. (537) Desoxybenzoin: CHCl3 ( 392 ) />-Hydroxystilbene:EtOH (+NaOH) (315,385) Benzoin: v. p. 360 3-Acetyl-l-phenyl-4-methyl-l, 3-cyclobutadiene-2-carboxylic acid: EtOH (513) 1, 2-Diketo-5-acetyl-3-phenyl-4-methyl-A3cyclopentene, and Na salt: EtOH (513) 4-Keto-3-acetyl-5-benzylidene-2-methylhydrofuran (513) 1, 2-Diketo-5-acetyl-3-phenyl-4-methyl-A3cyclopenteneoxime : EtOH ( 513 ) tf (S)-Methylthiobenzanilide (445) Acetylaminoazobenzene : EtOH ( 634 ) Acetophenone p-nitrophenylhydrazone : EtOH + NaOH (314) o(m, p)-Nitrobenzaldehyde phenylmethylhydrazone:EtOH (40) o(w, p)-Nitrobenzeneazophenetole ( 4 4 t) 3, 5-Dinitro-4(6)-anilino-o-xylene:EtOH (477) Ethyl- w, p-dinitroazoaminobenzene : EtOH

C14H13N5O4

ra(p)-Nitrobenzeneazoethylamino-p-nitro-

C14H14

benzene: EtOH (593) Dibenzyl ( 37 ,J 42, 423); EtOH (^ 7 , 3 »4, 393, 61 9); cf. p. 360

(620)

(40)

C14H14N2O C14H14N2O3 C14H14N4 C 14 Hi 4 N 4 O 2 C14H14N4O4 C14H14OS C14H14O2S C14H14O4

Azoxyanisole (526, 548) Glyoxal phenylosazone (45) ra(p)-Nitrobenzeneazodimethylaniline (44) m(o)-Dinitrotolidine (477) Dibenzyl sulfoxide: EtOH («») Dibenzyl sulf one: EtOH (l 8 ^) Dimethyl cinnamylidenemalonate : H2O, EtOH

C14H14S C14H15N C14H15NO2 C14H15N3

Dibenzyl sulfide: EtOH (i«9, 536f) Dibenzylamine: EtOH (537) Diketo-2>cumylpyrroline: EtOH ( 5 1 2 f) p-Dimethylaminoazobenzene: EtOH (29, 216,

C14H14N2O C14H14N2O C14H14N2O C14H14N2O C14H14N2O

(633)

(35)

228,229,634); (229, 233)

Ci4H12Os C14H13NO3 C14H13NS C14H13N3O C14H13N3O2 C14H13N3O2

(593)

acid

( 2 9 , 2 1 6 , 2 2 9 , 2 3 3 ) ; a]k.

C14H15N3O

p-Dimethylaminobenzeneazophenol : EtOH,

C14H15N3O3S

Dimethylaminoazobenzenesulfonic acid : H2SO4 (229); Na salt: H2O (229) Tetramethylnaphthalene ( 3 24) Dimethylaminoazobenzene hydrochloride : EtOH + HCl (216) Diethyl p-dichlorodimethoxyterephthalate :

HCl (318)

C14H1B C14H16ClN3

(83.5)

C14H12Os

Name, solvents and literature Acetophenone phenylhydrazone: EtOH + AcOH (40) Benzaldehyde phenylmethylhydrazone : EtOH Anisaldehyde phenylhydrazone: EtOH + AcOH (620) Benzeneazo-m(p)-cresetole: EtOH, HCl (633) Benzeneazophenetole (196,J 25OJ); EtOH (293, 6SS); HCl (633) Benzoylcarbinol phenylhydrazone (45) p-Hydroxybenzaldehyde phenylmethylhydrazone: EtOH, NaOEt (634) Salicylaldehyde phenylmethylhydrazone : EtOH, NaOEt(634) p-Tolueneazo-p-cresol: EtOH, HCl, NaOEt

C14H14N2O

(316)

C14H12N2O2 C14H12N2O2

I

C14H1CCl2Oe

(236)

C14H16N4

Phenylazodimethyldihydroresorcinol : EtOH (+C5H5N), (+NaOEt) (401) p-Aminobenzeneazodimethylaniline: EtOH +

C14H16N4

Dimethylaminobenzeneazoaniline : EtOH +

C14H16O

5-Acetvl-3-phenyl-4-methyl-A3-cyclopentene:

C14H1SOe C14H19NO4 C14H2OO2 C 14 H 2 QO 3 C14H2oO4 C14H2oOe

Diethyl dimethoxyterephthalate (236) Diethyl collidinedicarboxylate : EtOH ( 386 ) Myrtenyl ero tonate (560) Ethyl camphorylideneacetate : P (559) Methyl camphocarboxylate acetate: ( 41 4) Diethyl dimethylsuccinylsuccinate : EtOH

C14H21NO4

Diethyl dihydrocollidinedicarboxylate ( 14 );

C14H22O2 C14H22O2 C14H24O3 C15H8N2O C15H9O2 C15H10N2O3

Butyry !camphor ( 41 6) Myrtenyl butyrate ( 56 O) Menthyl acetoacetate : P (559) Ketohydrindenophenazine (5J 6 f ) Benzylidene phthalide: EtOH, H2SO4 (500) Benzeneazocarbonylcoumaranone : EtOH (+NaOEt) (457) Phenylbenzoylacetylene: EtOH (619)

C14H16N2O2

HCl (229) HCl (229)

C6H6 (513)

(235)

EtOH (386)

CisHioO

Formula Ci 5 HnNO 3

| Name, solvents and literature Ultra-violet and Visible.— (Continued) Isonitrosodibenzoylmethane : EtOH, NaOEt (400)

Ci5H11N3O C16H11N3O C15H12N2 C15H12N2 C15H12N2O3 C15H12N2O3 C15H12N4O C15H12O C15H12O2 C15H12O2 C15Hi2O2S2 C15H13NO3 Ci5H13N3O3 C15H14 C15Hi4N2O2 C15H14N2O2 C15Hi4O Ci5H14O Ci6H14O C16H16N3O2 C16H15N3O4

Quinolineazophenol: EtOH (159) 5-Benzeneazo-8-hydroxyquinoline: EtOH, HCl (!59) Phenanthridine methocvanide: Et2O, CHCl3 (629) 3, 5-Diphenylpyrazole ( 554 ) Furfuramide: EtOH (273f) Benzenehydrazocarbonylcoumaranone : EtOH (+NaOH) (457) o-p-Aminobenzeneazo-S-hydroxyquinoline: EtOH (159) Benzalacetophenone (534, 619) a-Phenylcinnamic acid: EtOH (384) Phenyl cinnamate ( 384 ) Diphenyl dithiomalonate: EtOH (536 -j-) p-Nitro-p'-methoxystilbene: EtOH (315) p-Nitrobenzaldehyde phenylhydrazone, acetyl derivative: EtOH (314) a-Methylstilbene: EtOH (384, 393) p-Acetylbenzeneazo-p-cresol: EtOH (+NaOH) (316) Benzeneazophenyl propionate (I 96 ) Benzylacetophenone: EtOH (619) Dibenzyl ketone: EtOH (537) Methoxystilbene: EtOH (315, 385) Nitroacetophenone phenylmethylhydrazone : EtOH (40) 4, 6-Dinitro-3-p-toluidino-0-xylene: EtOH (477)

C15H16N3O4

3, 5-Dinitro-4-p-toluidino-o-xylene: EtOH

C16H15N3O4

3, 5-Dinitro-4-benzylamino-o-xylene: EtOH

Ci6H16N3O5

3, 5-Dinitro-4-o(z>)-anisidino-0-xylene: EtOH

(477)

(477)

(477)

C16H15N3O5

C15H le Ci6H16N2 C15Hi6N2 C16Hi6N2O Ci5Hi6N2O

Phenyl-2, 4-xylylmethane : EtOH (537) Benzylidene-p-dimethylaminoanil (337) p-Dimethylaminobenzylideneanil (337) s-Dibenzylcarbamide: EtOH (522) Anisaldehyde phenylmethylhydrazone: EtOH

Ci6Hi6N2O

o-Methoxybenzaldehyde phenylmethylhydrazone: EtOH (634) p-Tolueneazo-p-cresetole: EtOH, HCl (633) Benzeneazophenyl propyl ether ( 196 J) Pyruvaldehyde osazone ( 45 ) Piero toxinine: EtOH (264) p - D i m e t h y l a m i n o benzylideneanil hydrobromide (338) Dimethyl-0-toluidineazobenzene : EtOH, HCl

(634)

Ci5H17N3

(233)

C16H17N3O C15H17N3O3S C16H1S C15H18ClN3

p-Methoxybenzeneazodimethylaniline : EtOH, HCl (229, 318) Dimethyl-0-toluidineazobenzenesulfonic acid : MeOH, EtOH + HCl (233) Azulene (365) Benzeneazophenyltrimethylammonium chloride (229); H2O, HCl (233)

I

Name, solvents and literature Benzeneazophenyltrimethylammonium iodide (229, 319); EtOH (29, 216); H2SO4, HCl (29)

C16H18N2O2 C15H18N4O2 C15H18O3 C15H18O6 C16H21NO3 C15H24 C15H24O3 C15H28O2 C16H8O4 C16H9NO2 C16H1Q Ci6H11NO2 C16H11NO2 Ci6H11NO2

P h e n y l m e t h y l hydrazodimethyldihydroresorcinol: EtOH (401) Antipyrine-4-azoethyl methyl ketone: EtOH (+NaOEt) (478) Santonin: EtOH (448) Diethylbenzoylsuccinate (24); EtOH ( + NaOH) (2 3) Ethyl ethoxy-1, l-dimethyl-A3-cyclohexenylidene-5-cyanoacetate: EtOH (112) Caryophyllene: EtOH (225) Diethyl camphocarboxylate (414) Menthyl isopropylacetate (560) Diphthalyl: AcOH (soo) Cyanobenzalphthalid (500) Diphenyldiacetylene: EtOH (619) Diphenylmaleinimide: EtOH (389) 1, 3-Diketo-2-benzylidenehydrindamine : EtOH, AcOH (516) 2, 3-Diketo-4, 5-diphenylpyrroline : EtOH (512)

C16H11NO6 C16H11N3O3 C16H11N3O3S C16H11N3O4

Berberidic acid (287); H2O (140) o(w, p)-Nitrobenzeneazo-a-naphthol: EtOH, NaOEt (44) Diphenylthiovioluric acid: ( 402 ); Li salt: MeOH (402); K salt: Me2CO (402 f) Diphenylvioluric acid: CHCl3 (228,251); AIk. salt: Me2CO, CHCl3, AcOH (251); Cs salt: Me2CO, CHCl3 (228); Li salt: Me2CO (228)

C16H12N2O

Diphenylbutenine: EtOH (619) 2, 5(6)-Diphenylpyrazine (635) ß-Naphthoquinone phenylhydrazone: EtOH, NaOEt (634) Benzeneazo-
C16H12N2O3

p-T o l u e n e a z of ormyloxycoumarone : EtOH

Ci6Hi2O2 Ci6Hi2O3

Diphenyldiketocyclobutane: Et2O (370, J 371 J) E t h y l 9 - ketofluorene-4-carboxylate : EtOH

Ci 6 Hi 3 BrN 2 Ci6H13ClN2 Ci 6 Hi 3 N Ci 6 Hi 4 Ci 6 Hi 4 Ci6Hi4O2S2 Ci6Hi4O3 Ci6H15N Ci6H16N3O C16H16 Ci6Hi6 Ci6H16N2O2 Ci6Hi8 Ci6H18N2

2, 5(6)-Diphenylpyrazine hydrobromide (635) 2, 5(6)-Diphenylpyrazine hydrochloride (635) or(j3)-Phenylnaphthylamine: v. p. 360 Distyrene, solid and liquid: EtOH (622) Diphenylbutadiene: EtOH (61 9); c/. p. 350 Diphenyl dithiosuccinate : EtOH (536 f) Ethyl o-benzoylbenzoate: EtOH (253) Cinnamylidene-p-toluidine : EtOH (632) Phenyl styryl ketone semicarbazone (295) p-Dimethylstilbene: EtOH (393) a, /3-Dimethylstilbene: EtOH (393) Benzeneazophenyl butyra te (I 96 J) Diphenylbutane: EtOH (393, 619) Cuminal phenylhydrazone: EtOH (+AcOH)

Ci6Hi8N2O C16Hi8N2O2 Ci 6 Hi 8 N 2 O 3 Ci 6 Hi 8 N 4 Ci6Hi8N4 Ci 6 Hi 8 N 4 O 3

Benzeneazophenyl butyl ether (I 96 J) Azophenetole: EtOH (+NaOEt) (634) Azoxyphenetole: EtOH (526-f) Diacetyl phenylosazone : EtOH ( 45 ) Glyoxal phenylmethylosazone ( 4S ) Antipyrine-4-azoacetylacetone : EtOH (+NaOEt) ( 4 78)

C16H12 C16H12N2 C16H12N2O

(183,

634)

(457)

3, 5-Dinitro-6-0(p)-anisidino-o-xylene: EtOH (477)

Ci6Hi6N2O Ci5Hi6N2O Ci5H16N4 Ci5H16O6 Ci 6 Hi 7 BrN 2

Formula C15H18IN3

(616)

(620)

Formula

| Name, solvents and literature Ultra-violet and Visible. — (Continued) Ci6Hi9BrN2O Camphorquinone p-bromophenylhydrazone : EtOH, NaOEt (45) Ci6Hi9Br2NO3S a-Bromocamphor-ß-sulfon-p-bromoanilide: EtOH +NaOEt (413) Benzoylecgonine : v. p. 360 C16H19NO4 p-Azotoluenedimethylamine : EtOH ( 24 7) C16H19N3 a (ß) -Camphorquinone phenylhydrazone : (368) • Ci6H20N2O EtOH, NaOEt (45) Tetraallyldiketocyclobutane : ( 3 7 1 J); hexane Ci6H2OO2

( 370 W

C16H21NO3 C16H21NO3S

Homoatropine : v. p. 360 Camphor-/3-sulf onanilide : EtOH,

C16H22 C16H22O C16H24BrNO2 O16H2SOlO3 C16H25NO2 C16H26O3 C16H26O4 C16H2SO2

Dimethylphenyloctadiene (560) Benzoyltetramethylcyclopentane : P (559) Bromocamphorcarboxylic piperidide ( 414 ) Amyl chlorocamphorcarboxylate ( 414 ) Camphocarboxylic piperidide ( 414 ) Amyl camphocarboxylate : NaOEt ( 414 ) Menthyl diacetoacetate : C6H6 (559) Tetrapropyldiketocyclobutane : hexane (370J, 371 J) Cetyl alcohol (438) 2, 3-Diketo-4-phenyl-5-piperonylpyrroline : EtOH (512) Benzeneazocarbonyl-2-acetylcoumaranone:

+ NaOEt

(413)

C16H34O C17H11NO4 C17H12N2O4

EtOH C457)

C17H12O3 C17H12O4 C17H13ClO4 C17H13NO2 C17H13NO3

8-Phenylindoneacetic acid: EtOH (616) Bis(furfurylidenemethyl)-pyrone: EtOH ( 7 6) Bis (f urf urylidenemethyl)pyrone hydrochloride: HCl, EtOH ( 7 6) 2, 3-Diketo-4-phenyl-5-o(w, p)-tolylpyrroline : EtOH (512) 1, 3-Diketo-2-anisylidenehydrindamine: AcOH (516)

C17H13NO3 C17H13N3

2, 3-Diketo-4-phenyl-5-p-anisylpyrroline : EtOH (512) 2(3), p-Tolyl-a, ß-naphtho-(iso)triazole: EtOH (473)

C17H13N3O6S C17H14N2O

Toluene-p-sulf onyl- 1, 6-dinitro-/3-naphthylamine: EtOH (472) a-Naphthoquinone phenylmethylhydrazone :

Formula Ci 7 H 20 N 2 O 2 C17H20N4O4 C17H20O

Toluene- p-sulf onyl- 1-nitro-ß-napthy lamine : EtOH (472)

C17H14O C17H14O C17H14O4 C17H16N2

C17H22ClNO4 C17H22N2O C17H22N6O4 C17H23NO3 C17H23NO3 C17H25NO7S C17H26O2 C18H9ClO3 C18H9NO4 C18H9N2O7 C18H10O2 C18H10O3

C17H17ClN2 C17H17NO2 C17H18ClNO2 C17H19NO3 C17H19NO3 C17H19N3O2 C17H20N2O

Ethyl phenylhydrazinocoumaranoneearboxylate: EtOH (457) a-p-Toluidino-7-phenylisocrotononitrile hydrochloride: EtOH (632) Apomorphine (195 J); EtOH + HCi (264) Apomorphine hydrochloride : EtOH (264, 606 J) Piperine: EtOH (136, 264) ; Vap. (520) Morphine: (137, I95j) ; EtOH (140,264,287, eoe j); HCl, NaOH (75) Ethyl dimethylanilineazobenzoate : EtOH (229) 4, 4'-Tetramethyldiaminobenzophenone : EtOH (30, 201 f, 409); HCl (30)

w-Hydroxybenzylidenecamphor: EtOH (214) Apoatropine (I 94 J) Hyoscine: EtOH (136) Cocaine (i94j) ; EtOH (95J, 136) a (ß)-Camphorquinone phenylcarbamylhydrazone (368) Cocaine hydrochloride: EtOH (95 J); cf. p. 360 Camphorquinone phenylmethylhydrazone (45) o-Nitrobenzenediazo-4-semicarbazinocamphor (157) Atropine (I 9 4 J); EtOH (136) Hyoscyamine: EtOH (136) Hyoscyamine bisulfate: H2O ( 95 J) Myrtenyl hexahydrobenzoate (560) l-Chloro-6-hydroxynaphthacenequinone: EtOH, NaOEt, H2SO4, H3BO3 ( 4 I) Diketohydrindylidenediketohydrindamine: AcOH (5l 6); NH 4 salts (516) l-Hydroxy-2, 6-dinitronaphthacenequinone : EtOH, NaOEt, H2SO4, H3BO3 ( 4 I) Naphthacenequinone: EtOH, NaOEt, H2SO4, H3BO3 ( 4 I) aZZo-Chrysoketone-1-carboxylic acid: EtOH (238, 616); H2SO4, AcOH (238)

C18H10O3 C18H10O4 C18H10Oo C18H10O7S C18H11Cl3N2

1-Hydroxynaphthacenequinone : EtOH, NaOEt, H2SO4, H3BO3 ( 4 I) 1, 6(7, 8, 9, 10)-Dihydroxynaphthacenequinone: EtOH, NaOEt, H2SO4, H3BO3 ( 4 M 1, 2, 6-Trihydroxynaphthacenequinone:EtOH, NaOEt, H2SO4, H3BO3 ( 4 Î ) 1, 5-Dihydroxynaphthacenequinonesulfonic acid: EtOH, NaOEt, H2SO4, H3BO3 ( 4 I) Dichlorophenylphenazonium chloride: EtOH (16)

C18H14N2O2

Quinophthalone: EtOH (489.5) l-Amino-6-hydroxynaphthacenequinone: EtOH, NaOEt, H2SO4, H3BO3 (4l) 1- Amino-6, 8 (9)-dihydroxynaphthacenequinone: EtOH, NaOEt, H2SO4, H3BO3 («) Quinophthalonedisulfonic acid, Na salt (489.5) Chrysene (42); EtOH (43l J) Hydroxyaposafranone: NaOH, HCl (16) Quinolineazo-8-hydroxyquinoline: EtOH (159) p'-Nitro-z/'-hydroxy-p-bisazobenzene : EtOH (496); Nasalt: (496) Aminophenylphenazonium chloride: H2O (289) Benzeneazophenyl phenyl ether (196 J) p-A c e t y l b e n z e neazo-a(/3)-naphthol : EtOH (+NaOH) (316) Acetyl-/3-naphthoquinone phenylhydrazone :

C18H14N2O2

Benzeneazo-a(ß)-naphthyl

C18H11NO2 C18H11NO3 C18H11NO4 C18H11NO8S2 C18H12 C18H12N2O2 C18H12N4O C18H13N6O3

Dibenzalacetone (410, 411); EtOH, H2SO4 (13, 406); AcOH + H2SO4, CHCl3 + SnCl4 (406) Cinnamylideneacetophenone : EtOH ( 6 I 4 ) Ethyl benzil-0-carboxylate: EtOH (253) a-p-Toluidino-7-phenylisocrotononitrile : Et2O C18H14ClN3 (632)

C17H16N2O3

Name, solvents and literature p-Dimethylaminobenzylideneanil acetate (3 3 7) Ethyl antipyrine-4-azoacetoacetate : EtOH (4-NaOEt) ( 4 78) Benzylidenecamphor (416, 534, 560) • EtOH (214, 415J)

C17H20O2 C17H21NO2 C17H21NO4 C17H21NO4 C17H21N3O2

EtOH (634)

C17H14N2O4S

I

C18H14N2O C18H14N2O2

(634)

acetate:

EtOH

(634)

C18H14N2O4 C1SH14O3 C18H14O6 C18H15As

dl-m- Azo-ß-naphtholmandelic acid : EtOH, NaOH (83.5) Methyl 7-phenylindoneacetate : EtOH (616) Monoethyl benzil-o-dicarboxylate (keto and lactone forms): EtOH (253) Arsenic triphenyl: CHCl3 (537)

Formula Ci8Hi6ClN4 Ci8Hi6N C18Hi6O4P Ci8Hi6P Ci8H16N2 Ci8Hi6N2O

|


Ultra-violet and Visible. — (Continued) Phenosafranine chloride: H2O, HCl (16) Triphenylamine (4iO) ; EtOH (13)' Triphenyl phosphate: EtOH, Vap. (242) Triphenylphosphine: EtOH, Vap. (242) Diphenyl-p-phenylenediamine ( 41 °) Benzeneazo-a-naphthyl ethyl ether : EtOH

C19H14O6S C19Hi6Cl

Name, solvents and literature Phenolsulf onephthalein : EtOH, KOH (333}) Triphenylchloromethane : EtOH (i 3, 406,

Ci9H16N C19Hi5N C19H16N Ci9H16NO2

Diphenylmethylidenephenylimine (337) Dihydrophenylacridine (146) Benzophenoneanil: CHCl3 (543) p-Nitrotriphenylmethane and Na salt: EtOH

Ci9H16NO2 C19H15NO6S C19H15N3 C19H16

Phenyldiphenylcarbamate: EtOH, Vap. (522) Phenylacridonium sulfate: EtOH (223) Benzylideneaminoazobenzene ( 496 ) Triphenylmethane: EtOH (13,443^,483.3);

C19H16BrN C19H16ClN: C19H16IN

DiphenylmethyHdenephenylimine hydrobromide (337) Benzophenoneanil hydrochloride : CHCl3 ( 54 3) Diphenylmethylidenephenylimine hydroiodide

C19H16O

Triphenylcarbinol ( 4 I 9 - 2 ); H2SO4 (13); EtOH

Ci9Hi6O C19H16O2 C19H16O4S C19H17NO2

p-Hydroxytriphenylmethane ( 5 »6) p-Hydroxytriphenylcarbinol ( 5 «6) Triphenylcarbonium sulfate (228, 406, 579) 2, 3-Diketo-4-phenyl-5-p-cumylpyrroline : EtOH (512) Triphenylguanidine: EtOH (522) Triphenylmethylphosphonium iodide: EtOH,

Formula

483.3); CHCl3 + SnCl4 (406); Et2O (5.5)

(244)

(634)

Ci8H16N2O2 Ci8H16N2O2

1 , 3- Diketo-2-p-dimethylaminobenzylidenehydrindamine : AcOH ( 516 ) p, p'-Dimethoxy-2, 5(6)-diphenylpyrazine: CHCl3 (635)

Ci8H16N2O4S Ci8Hi6O2

Toluene-p-sulfonylmethyl-1-nitro-ß-naphthylamine: EtOH (472) Dimethyldiphenyldiketocyclobutane : hexane

Ci8Hi6O2

Benzylideneanisylideneacetone : EtOH, H2SO4

Ci8Hi6O4 Ci8Hi6O4 Ci 8 H n BrN 2 O 2

a-Truxillic acid: EtOH (614, 617) /3-Truxillic acid: EtOH (617) Pj p'-Dimethoxy-2, 5(6)-diphenylpyrazine hydrobromide: CHCl3 (635) p, p'-Dimethoxy-2, 5(6)-diphenylpyrazine hydrochloride: CHCl3 (635) Corydic acid: H2O (140,287) Retene: (!»if) Piperonylidenecamphor (2 1 4) Codeine (140|, 195}, 264) ; EtOH (606}) o-Hydroxycodeine hydrobromide : H2O (I 4 2 f) Codeine hydrochloride : H2O (606}) Glucosazone (45) m(p)-Tolylidenecamphor: EtOH (214) m-Methoxybenzylidenecamphor: EtOH (214) Anisylidenecamphor: EtOH (214) Dipropylaminobenzeneazophenol: CHCl3 (250) Anisylcamphor: EtOH (214) p-Toluenediazo-^-semicarbazinocamphor (157 ) Benzyl menthylxanthogenate : EtOH ( 97 ) Amyl camphor carboxy la te acetate (414) Ethyl camphorcarboxylate valerate (414) Stearolic acid (423) Menthyl a, a-diethylacetoacetate : C6H6 (559) Elaidic acid (423) Stearic acid (423) l-Hydroxy-5(8)-methoxynaphthacenequinone: EtOH, NaOEt, H2SO4, H3BO3 (41) Bromodinitrotriphenylmethane : EtOH ( 2 4 4); Na salt: EtOH +C 6 H 6 (244) Fluorenoneanil: CHCl3 (543) Phenylacridine: CHCl3, EtOH (223) Trinitrotriphenylmethane: CHCl3 (244) ; Na salt: EtOH + C6H6 (244) p-Trinitrotriphenylcarbinol: CHCl3, MeOH

(37OJ, 371J)

Et2O (5-5)

(337)

(13)

Ci8Hi7ClN2O2 C18H17NO6 C18H18 C18H2oO3 C 18 H 2 INO 3 C18H22BrNO4 C18H22ClNO3 C 18 H 22 N 4 O 4 Ci8H22O Ci8H22O2 Ci 8 H 22 O 2 Ci8H23N3O Ci8H24O2 Ci8H26N6O2 C18H26OS2 Ci8H28O4 C18H28O4 C18Ha2O2 Ci8H32Oa Ci8H34O2 Ci8H36O2 C19H12O4

Ci9Hi3BrN2O4 C19H13N C19H13N C19H13N3O6 C19H13N3O7

(239)

C19H14ClN C19H14N2O C19H14N2O2 C19H14N2O2 C19H14N2O2 C19H14N4O2 C19H14O Ci 9 Hi 4 O 2 Ci9H14Os

Fluorenoneanil hydrochloride : CHCl3 ( 534 ) Benzoylazobenzene: EtOH (457) Benzeneazophenyl benzoate (I 9 6 O p-Benzoquinonebenzoylphenylhydrazone(633) p-Benzoylbenzeneazophenol ( 6 3 S)- EtOH (H-NaOH) (316) p-Nitrobenzylideneaminoazobenzene ( 496 )

(13, 483.3); Et2O (5.5)

C19H17N3 C19H18IP

CHCl3, H2O (242)

C19H18O3 C19H19NO4 C19H21NO3 C19H22ClNO3 C 19 H 22 N 2 O C 19 H 22 N 2 O C 19 H 22 N 2 O

( + HCl) (143); c/. p. 360

C 19 H 22 N 2 O 2 C19H22N2O2.2H2O C 19 H 22 N 2 O 4 C19H22O C19H23ClN2O Ci 9 H 24 N 2 O 2 C19H26O3 C19H28O2 C20H6Br4Cl4O4 C20H6Cl4I4O4 C2oH8Br4O5 C2oH8I4O5 C 2 oHioBr 4 O 4

Cupreine (I 4 0 J); EtOH (135) Apoquinine: v. p. 360 Quitenine: v. p. 360 Cinnamylidene camphor (534) Cinchonine hydrochloride; v. p. 360 Hydrocupreine : v. p. 360 Menthyl benzoylacetate : C6H6 (559) Menthyl hydrocinnamate (560) Tetrabromophenoltetrachlorophthalein: EtOH, KOH (333}) Tetraiodophenoltetrachlorophthalein (3 3 3 }) Eosin: H2O (439); alk. (467) ; EtOH (482}) Erythrosin: H2O (439) Tetrabromophenolphthalein : EtOH, KOH (333}); NaOH (462, 467); Neutral alkali salts (462)

C2OH1QCl2O3 C 2 oHioCl 4 O 4

Dichlorofluoran: EtOH (484.2) Tetrachlorophenolphthalein: EtOH, KOH

C 2 QH 1 Ql 4 O 4

Tetraiodophenolphthalein: EtOH, KOH

(184,333}) (333})

C2oH12O3 C2oH12O6

Fuchsone (5.6, 228, 483.4, 579)

Benzaurin: EtOH, HCl (483.4, 484.3) Aurin: KOH, EtOH, HCl (483.4)

Dianisylideneacetone: EtOH, H2SO4 (13, 406); CHCl3 + SnCl4 (406) Bulbocapnine (140) ; EtOH (287) Thebaine: EtOH (264) Thebaine hydrochloride: H2O ( 6 <>6}) Cinchonidine ("Of); EtOH (264) Cinchotoxine : v. p. 360 Cinchonine (264) ; EtOH (140, 143, 287) ;

C2oH14 C2oH14

Fluoran: EtOH, H2SO4 (484.2) Fluorescein (462); H2O ( 4 3 9 ,t 4 6 6); EtOH, AcOH, H2SO4, HCl, KOH t 4 « 4 - 2 ); Neutral alk. salts ( 4 62) ; Na salt: H2O ( 4 66) Benzylidenefluorene: EtOH (392) ft 0-Dinaphthyl: EtOH, C6H6 (323)

Formula C20Hi4N2O

Name, solvents and literature Ultra- violet and Visible.— (Continued) a, a-Azoxynaphthalene, (two forms): EtOH (121)

C2OUi4O C2C)Hi4O C2oHi402 C2oHi4O2

Benzoylfluorene: EtOH (392) Diphenylenephenylvinyl alcohol: EtOH (392) Phthalophenone: EtOH, H2SO4 ( 5 OO) Diphenylphthalide: EtOH, H2SO4, KOH

C2OHi4O2 C2oHi4O2S C2QHi4Os

Terephthalophenone: EtOH, ligroin (71) /3-Naphthol sulfides : EtOH (US) Ethyl aWo-chrysoketone-1-carboxylate: EtOH

C20H14Os

Hydroxydiphenylphthalide : EtOH, H2SO4 (462, 463); Neutral alk. salts (462, 463) Phenolphthalein (462); EtOH, KOH (333J);

(483.2)

C2QHi4O4

(616)

H2SO4

(463,465);

CHCl3 +SnCl 4

(463);

C2oHi6

H2O, Na salt (466); NaOH (467); Neutral alk. salts (462, 463) Isophenolphthalein (483.2) Diphenyl phthalate: EtOH (522) a-Phenylstilbene: EtOH (384); CHCl3 (392,

C20Hi6ClN

Phenylacridoniummethochloride: CHCl3, HCl

C20Hi4O4 C20Hi4O4

393) (223)

C20H16IN C20Hi6N2O

Phenylacridonium methiodide: CHCl3 (223) Benzilphenylhydrazone : EtOH ( + NaOEt)

C20H16N2O2 C20Hi6N2O2

o-Benzoylbenzeneazo-p-cresol : EtOH (633) p-Benzoylbenzeneazocresol : EtOH (+NaOH)

C20H16O C20Hi6O C20Hi6O2

Triphenylvinyl alcohol: CHCl3 (392) Fuchsone of o-cresyldiphenylcarbinol ( 5 » 6 ) Triphenylacetic acid: EtOH (522) Quinolphthalein, alkali salts (462); NaOH

(45)

(316)

C20Hi6O6

Formula C20H2ICl2N3 C 20 H 2 iN0 4 C20H21NO4 C20H22ClNO4 C 20 H 22 N 2 O 2

Name, solvents and literature Fuchsine hydrochloride (228) Papaverine: EtOH (l 40, 264,- 287, 606 J) Tetrahydroberberine ( 1 3 7f); EtOH (l 40, 287) Papaverine hydrochloride: H2O ( 606 J) 1, 4-Dibenzoyl-2(3)-dimethylpiperazine: EtOH

O 20 H 22 N 2 O 2 C 20 H 22 O 2

Hydroquininone : v. p. 360 Camphorylidenebenz y liden eacetone: C6He.

C 20 H 24 N 2 O 2 C 20 H 24 N 2 O 2 C 20 H 24 N 2 O 2 C 20 H 24 N 2 O 2 C20H24O4 C20H25ClN2O2 C20H25NO4 C20H25NO4 C 20 H 26 N 2 C 20 H 26 N 2 O 2 C20H28N2O5 C20H28N4O4 C21H16N2

Chinotoxine: v. p. 360 Quinidine (!4O, 264) Isoquinine: v. p. 360 Ethyl camphorcarboxylate benzoate (414) Quinine hydrochloride ( 13 S); cf. p. 360 Laudanine: EtOH (139, 1 4l) Tetrahydropapaverine (1 3 7, f 2 87); EtOH (140) Ethylidenexylidine (507) Hydrochino toxine : v. p. 360 Nitrocamphor anhydride: EtOH (412) Glucosemethylosazone (45) Phenylacridine methocyanide : Et2O, CHCU

C21H16N4O

Triketohydrindene diphenylhydrazone : EtOH

C21H16O C21H16O2 O21H17OlO2

Benzylidenedesoxybenzoin (534) a, a'-Distyryl-7-pyrone: EtOH, H2SO4 (76) a, a'-Distyryl-y-pyrone hydrochloride: EtOH, HCl (76) Benzil phenylmethylhydrazone (45) Benzoylbenzeneazo-p-cresetole (633) Dicinnamylideneacetone (410); EtOH, CHC1$ + SnCl4, H2SO4 (+AcOH) (406) o-Cresolsulfonephthalein : H2O, acid, alk. ( 484 J) Trithiobenzaldehyde (534) Antipyrine-4-azonaphthylamine hydrochloride: EtOH (478) Antipyrine-4-azo-ß-naphthylamine-6'-sulfonic acid hydrochloride: EtOH (478) Phenylglyoxalmethylosazone (45) Antipyrine-4-azobenzoylacetone : EtOH, +NaOEt (478) Triphenylcarbinyl ethyl ether: Et2O (5-5, 0-Cresolbenzein: EtOH, HCl, H2SO4, KOH

(520)

(559)

(629) (516)

C21H18N2O C21H18N2O2 C21H18O C21H18O5S

(467); H 2 O (466)

C20Hi7NO

#-Methylphenylacridol: MeOH, CHCl3, Et2O (146); Salts (21 5 1)

C20HnN3O C20H18ClNO4

p-Methoxybenzylideneaminoazobenzene ( 496 ) Berberine chloride: EtOH, +KOH (630) ; H2O

C20H18N2 C20Hi8N2O C20H18N2O2

Desoxybenzoin phenylhydrazone (45) a(ß)-Benzoin phenylhydrazone (45) 1, 2- Diketo- 5-acetyl- 3- phenyl- 4- methyl- A3cyclopentene phenylhydrazone: EtOH (513) Berberine nitrate: H2O (!4O) Phenylglyoxalosazone (45) p - A c e tylbenzeneazophenol phenylhydrazone : EtOH + NaOH (316) 3- M ethyl-4-hy droxy triphenylcarbinol (5 • 6 ) Dimet hyl ß - benzoyl-T - phenylvinylmalonate : EtOH (92) Dimethyl 3-benzoyl-2-phenylcyclopropanedicarboxylate: EtOH (92) Berberine (287); EtOH (606J, 630j); H2O

C20H18N2O7 C 2 oH 18 N 4 C20H18N4O C2QH18O2 C20H18Og C20H18Os C20H19NO6

( 606 O

(63Of)

C20H20ClN3 C 20 H 20 N 2 O 4 C20H20Oo C20H21BrN2O4 C20H21ClN2O4

Fuchsine: dil. HCl (229, 233) m, m', p, p'-Tetramethoxy-2, 6-diphenylpyrazine: CHCl3 (635) Dimethyl 7-benzoyl-ß-phenylethylmalonate : EtOH (92) m, m', P1 p'-Tetramethoxy-2, 6-diphenylpyrazine hydrobromide : CHCl3 (635) m, m', PJ p'-Tetramethoxy-2, 6-diphenylpyrazine hydrochloride : CHCl3 (635)

Quinine (135, 140, 143, 264, 287); c/. p. 360

C2IH18S3 C21H20ClN5O C21H20ClN5O4S C21H20N4 C 2 IH 20 N 4 O 3 C21H20O C2IH20Os

(484.3)

C21H21N C21H21NO4 C21H21NO6

Dimethyl 2-phenyl-3-methylbenzoylcyclopropanedicarboxylate: EtOH ( 92 ) Dimethyl ß-anisoyl-7-phenylvinylmalonate : EtOH (92) Dimethyl 3-anisoyl-2-phenylcyclopropanedicarboxylate: EtOH (92) Tribenzylamine: Et2O (522) Methyldihydroberberine: EtOH (630) Hydrastine: EtOH (140, 287, 603j) ; Et2O

C21H21O4P C21H22ClNO4

Tri-o(p)-tolyl phosphate: EtOH (522) Methyldihydroberberine hydrochloride : EtOH

C21H22N2O2 C21H22O5

Strychnine: EtOH (264) Dimethyl benzoylphenylpropylmalonate : EtOH (92) Dimethyl 7-anisoyl-ß-phenylethylmalonate : EtOH (92)

C21H20Os C21H20Oe C21H20Oe

(603J); H 2 O (606J)

(630)

C21H22Oe


Formula

Ultra-violet and Visible. — (Continued) C2IH23NO5 C2IH24ClNO4 C21H24ClNO6 C 2 iH 24 Oio C 2 iH 25 N0 4 C 2 IH 26 N 2 O 3 C21H27NO4 C21H28N2O2 C21H2SO3 C21H3oO3 C 22 Hi 4 C 22 Hi4 C22H14Oe C22H15N3 C22H16ClN3 C22H17N3O C22H1SO2 C22H18O4 C22H19NO2

Cry p topine ( 137 ) Heroine hydrochloride : H2O ( 606 J) Cryp topine hydrochlo ride (137) Phlorizine (286) Corybulbine: EtOH (i 4 o, 287) Yohimbine: v. p. 360 Laudanosine (I37f) ; EtOH (139, 141) Optoquinine: v. p. 360 Menthyl benzylideneacetoacetate : C6H6 ( 559 ) Menthyl benzylacetoacetate : C6H6 ( 559 )j Picene: C6H6 (323, 325) Dinaphthanthracene: C6H6 (323, 325) 1, 8(9)-Diacetoxynaphthacenequinone: EtOH, NaOEt, H2SO4, H3BO3 (41) 4, 5-Diphenylpyrrolinophenazine : EtOH ( 5 I 2 ) Aminophenylnaphthophenazonium chloride : H2O (289) 2, 3-Diketo-4, 5-diphenylpyrroline phenylhydrazone: EtOH (512) Triphenylvinyl acetate: CHCl3 (392) Phenolphthalein dimethyl ether and esters: CHCl3 + SnCl4, H2SO4 (465) Dimethylisopropylquinophthalone : EtOH (489.5)

C22H22Oe

Dimethylisopropylquinophthalonesulfonic acid, Na salt: H2O (489.5) Phenyl styryl ketone phenylsemicarbazone : EtOH (+NaOEt) (296) Trimethoxytriphenylcarbinyl chloride: (419.2) Trianisylmethane: EtOH (13) Trianisylcarbinol: H2SO4 (13, 406) Trimethoxytriphenylcarbinol: H2O -f Me2CO + acid (419.2) Diethyl a (ß, 7)-dibenzoylsuccinate: EtOH

C22H23NO7 C22H23NO7

Gnoscopine (I 4 0 f) Narcotine: EtOH (140, 264, 287, 603 J, 605 j,

C22H19NO8S2 C22H19N3O C22H21ClO3 C 22 H 22 O 3 C 22 H 22 O 4 C 22 H 22 O 4

0 6 J ) ; E t 2 O (603J)

C23H16O2

Hydroxynarcotine: EtOH + AcOH (264) Camphor quinone diphenylhydrazone (45) Diacetylcodeine: EtOH (264) Dehydrocorydaline nitrate: H2O (140, 287) Corydaline (I37f) ; EtOH (140, 287) Fenchylxanthic acid thioanhydride ( 97 ) Bornylxanthic acid thioanhydride: EtOH ( 97 ) Bornyl dixanthogenide : EtOH ( 9 7) Fenchyldixanthogenide ( 97 ) Behenolic acid ( 42 3) Erucic acid (423, 424) Isoerucic acid ( 424 ) Brassidic acid (424) p-Benzoylbenzeneazo-«(ß)-naphthol : EtOH (+NaOH) (316) 1, 3-Dibenzoyl-2-phenylcyclopropene: EtOH

C23H17N3

4-Phenyl-5, p-tolylpyrrolinophenazine : EtOH

(92) (512)

C23H18N4O3 C23H18O2

Benzeneazoacetylcarbonylcoumaranone phenylhydrazone: EtOH (457) 1, 3-Dibenzoyl-2-phenylcyclopropane: EtOH (92)

C23H19N3O

C23H2o02 C 23 H 20 O 4 C23H21ClO4 C 23 H 22 N 4 O 3 C23H22O3 C23H23N5O

2, 3-Diketo-4-phenyl-5, p-tolylpyrroline phenylhydrazone: EtOH (512)

Name, solvents and literature Bis (a, ß-dibromoanisylmethyl)pyrone : EtOH (+NaOEt) (76) a, 7- Dibenzoyl-ß-pheny !propane: EtOH ( 92 ) Bis(anisylidenemethyl)pyrone: EtOH, AcOH (76)

Bis(anisylidenemethyl)pyrone hydrochloride : EtOH, CHCl3 (76) dl(d and Z)-Phenyl(p-dimethylaminobenzene azobenzoylaminoacetic acid: EtOH (83.4) Dimethoxycinnamylideneacetone : H2SO4 (+AcOH) (406) Antipyrine-4-azoethyl-ß-naphthylamine: EtOH (478)

C23H24ClN5O C 23 H 24 N 2 O C 23 H 24 O C23H24O5 C 23 H 26 N 2 O C 23 H 26 N 2 O 4 C23H26O C23H27NO8 C23H36O2S4 C 24 H 14 N 2 O 5 C24H15NO3 C24H17Cl2N3 C24H18N4O2 C24H2oO6 C24H22O6 C 24 H 26 O 6

(234)

6

C22H23NO8 C 22 H 24 N 2 O C22H25NO5 C22H26N2O8 C22H27NO4 C22H34O2S3 C22H34O2S3 C22H34O2S4 C22H34O2S4 C22H4oO2 C 22 H 42 O 2 C22H42O2 C22H42O2 C23H16N2O2

Formula C23H2oBr404

C24H27NOS2

Antipyrine-4-azoethyl-ß-naphthylamine hydrochloride: EtOH (478) Tetramethyldiaminofuchsone (228) Diphenylmethylenecamphor (560) Tetramethoxytriphenylcarbinol: Me2CO + acid (419.2) Camphorquinone phenylbenzylhydrazone (45) Brucine: EtOH (264) Dipheny lcamphomethane (560) Narceine (264); EtOH (140, 287, 605,{ 606{) Méthylène fenchylxanthate ( 97 ) 2-Nitro-6-anilino-l-hydroxynaphthacenequinone: EtOH, NaOEt, H2SO4, H3BO3 (41) l-Anilino-6-hydroxynaphthacenequinone: EtOH, NaOEt, H2SO4, H3BO3 (*i) Phenylaminochlorophenazonium phenylchloride (16) Bis(benzeneazo)diphenol: EtOH (550) Tribenzoin: EtOH (522) Bis (anisylidenemethyl)py rone formate: EtOH (76)

Pentamethoxy triphenylcarbinol : Me2CO + acid (419.2) 1 , 2-Diphenyl-3-f enchyl-imidoxanthogenide (97)

C25H3oO2 C25H3oO3 C26H19NO C 26 H 2 Q C26H 2 oO C26H22 C 26 H 22 N 4 C26Hz2N4O2 C26H24N2O4S C26H3oO3

Diphenylmethyl menthylxanthate : EtOH ( 9 7) Eucupino toxine hydrochloride: v. p. 360 Eucupine dihydrochloride : v. p. 360 2, 3-Bis (p-dimethylaminoanilo)-a-hydrindone : EtOH (516) Tetraacety !morphine: EtOH (279) 2, 4, 2', 4', 2", 4"-Hexamethoxytriphenylcarbinol (419.2) Menthyl a(0)-phenylcinnamate (560) Menthyl benzoylphenylaceta te : C6H6 (559) Phthalophenone anilide (soo) Tetraphenylethylene: CHCl3 (393) ß-Benzopinacolin: CHCl3 (392) Tetraphenylethane: CHCl3 (393) Benzilosazone (45) Bis(tolueneazo)diphenol: EtOH (550) Benzyliden eaniline sulfate (337) Menthyl benzylidenebenzoylacetate : C6H6

C27H34O3

Menthyl diphenylmethylacetoacetate : C6H6

C28H19Cl2N3 C28H28AsI

Naphthy laminochlorophenylphenazonium hydrochloride ( i6 ) Tetrabenzylarsonium iodide: H2O, CHCl3

C28H34Os

Menthyl a-styrylbenzoylacetate (559)

C24H3oOS2 C24H35ClN2O2 C 24 H 36 Cl 2 N 2 O 2 C 25 H 24 N 4 O C25H27NO7 C25H28O7

(559) (559)

(242)

Name, solvents and literature Formula ultra-violet and Visible. — (Continued) Psycho trine ( 137 ) C28H36N2O4 Cephaeline ( 137 ) C28H38N2O4 Emetine C1 37) C 29 H 40 N 2 O 4 Triphenylmethyl menthylxanthate : O3QH34Ob2 EtOH (97) Melissyl alcohol («8f) C3OHe2O Tetraphenyldithiopurpuric acid: MeOH ( 402 ) C32H21N6O4S2 Tetraphenylquinonedimethane : EtOH, Et2O C 32 H 24 (293)

C32H24N6O6S2 C 32 H 26 C 32 H 49 NO 9 C 33 H 26 N 2 O C 34 H 24 Cl 2 N 4 C34H25ClN4 C 34 H 39 ClN 4 O 4 C 34 H 47 NOn C 34 H 48 N 2 O 10 S C 34 H 48 N 2 O 10 S C35H36N4O5 C35H56O14 C 36 H 40 N 4 O 6 C38H30 C 40 H 26 C40H50N4O8S C40H50N4O8S C40H54N4O8S C40H56 C40H56O2 C 42 H 54 N 4 O 8 S C 54 H 92 N 2 O 18

Congo red (232); Na salt: acid, alk. (232) Te traphenyl-p-xylene (41 °) Veratrine: EtOH (264) Benzoyldianilinostilbene: EtOH ( 155 ) Phenylaminonaphthylaminochlorophenazonium phenylchloride ( 16 ) Phenylaminonaphthylaminophenazonium phenylchloride ( 16 ) Mesoporphyrin hydrochloride ( 4 3 3 J); EtOH (171J) 5 C/. p. 360 Aconitine (264) Atropine sulfate: H2O (9BJ) ; cf. p. 360 Hyosciamine sulfate: H2O ( 95 J); cf. p. 360 Phyllocyanine ( 433 J) Digitalin:EtOH (264) Hematoporphyrin dimethyl ether ( 171 J); cf. p. 360 Hexapheny !ethane (13) Tetranaphthyl (323f) Quinine sulfate: v. p. 360 Quinidine sulfate: v. p. 360 Hydroquinine sulfate: v. p. 360 Carotin: Et2O ( 131 f) Xanthophyllin : Et2O (13 i t) Methylquinine sulfate: v. p. 360 Solanine: EtOH (264)

ORGANIC SUBSTANCES OF MIXED OR UNKNOWN COMPOSITION. NAME, SOLVENT AND LITERATURE REFERENCE Albumin (265). Albuminoids (129). Allochlorophyllan: CHCl3 (339). Amino acids (^,f 357 !) Blood sera ( 381 J). Cadaverine extract; v. p. 359 Casein (122,J 265|). Chlorophyll (205,j 206j) ; Et2O ( 13 Of). Chlorophyllan: CHCl3 ( 339 ). Rematine: acid, alk. ( 171 J); cf. p. 360 Hematoporphyrin ( 433 J). Hematoporphyrin hydrochloride: EtOH, H2O ( 171 J). Hemin, a. and /3-bromo-derivatives: EtOH, H2O ( 171 J), cf. p. 360 a-Hemin: EtOH, H2O ( 171 »J 433 J); cf. p. 360 Hemoglobin derivatives : H2O (481J). Hemoglobin, reduced ( 258 J). Hemoglobin, oxy- (I29,f 258J); R 2 O ( 433 ,J 48 <>,J 4 SiJ). Methemoglobin: H 2 O(+Na 2 CO 3 ) (257J). Neochlorophyllan: CHCl3 ( 339 ) Nucleic acid ( 12 2) Nucleic acid deriv. ( 1 2 9 f). Petroleum, crude oils and products of refining ( 64 S- 1 J). Phycocyan: H2O (625.5).

Phycoerythrin: H2O (625.5). Phylloerythrin ( 433 J). Polypeptides (di- and tri-peptides) ( 357 t). Starch (from maize) ( 265 t). LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) (i) Abney and Festing, 68, 172: 887; 81. (1^) AcIy and French, 1, 49: 847; 27. (2) Adinolfi, 88, 29II : 38; 20. ( 3 ) Adinolfi, 88, 29 II : 87; 20. (4) Albuquerque, Rev. chim. pura applicada, 1: 1916. ( 5 ) Anderson, 68, 33: 35; 13. ( 5 - 5 ) Anderson, 1, 50: 208; 28. ( 5 -6) Anderson and Gomberg, 1, 50: 203; 28. ( 6 ) Angstrom, 8, 39: 267; 90. ( 7 ) Angstrom, 388, 47: 331; 90. (8) Angström, 80, 8: 261; 13. (9) von Bahr, 8, 29: 780; 09. ( 10 ) von Bahr, 8, 33: 585; 10. (") von Bahr, 8, 38: 206; 12. (12) von Bahr, 88, 15: 710; 13. (is) Baker, 4, 91: 1490; 07. ( 14 ) Baker and BaIy, 4, 91: 1122; 07. (15) Ball, 5, 87: 121; 12. (i«) Balls, Hewitt and Newman, 4, 101: 1840; 12. (") BaIy, 4, 99: 856; 11. (18) BaIy, 3, 29: 223; 15. (19) BaIy and Bailey, 4, 121: 1813; 22. ( 2 0 ) BaIy and Collie, 4, 87: 1332; 05. (21) BaIy, Collie and Watson, 4, 95: 144; 09. (22) BaIy and Desch, 4, 85: 1029; 04. (23) BaIy and Desch, 4, 87: 756; 05. (24) BaIy and Desch, 81, 23: 110; 06. (25) BaIy and Desch, 4, 93: 1747; 08. (26) BaIy, Edwards and Stewart, 4, 89: 514; 06. (27) BaIy and Ewbank, 4, 87: 1347; 05. (28) BaIy and Ewbank, 4, 87: 1355; 05. (29) BaIy and Hampson, 4, 107: 248; 05. (30) BaIy and Marsden, 4, 93: 2108; 08. ( 3 I) BaIy, Marsden and Stewart, 4, 89: 966; 06. (32) BaIy and Rice, 4, 101: 1475; 12. (33) BaIy and Rice, 4, 103: 91; 13. (34) BaIy and Rice, 4, 103: 2085; 13. (35) BaIy and Schaefer, 4, 93: 1808; 08. (36) BaIy and Stewart, 4, 89: 502; 06. (37) BaIy and Tryhorn, 4, 107: 1058; 15. (38) BaIy and Tryhorn, 4, 107: 1121; 15. (39) BaIy and Tryhorn, 3, 31: 417; 16. (40) BaIy and Tuck, 4, 89: 982; 06. (41) BaIy and Tuck, 4, 91: 426; 07. (42) BaIy and Tuck, 4, 93: 1902; 08. (43) BaIy, Tuck and Marsden, 4, 97: 571; 10. (44) BaIy, Tuck and Marsden, 4, 97: 1494; 10. ( 4 S) BaIy, Tuck, Marsden and Gazdar, 4, 91: 1572; 07. (46) Barker, 8, 23: 200; 24. (46.5) Barnes and Fulweiler, 1, 49: 2034; 27. (47) Baxter and Chapin, 93, 70: 1; 11. (48) Baxter and Stewart, 1, 37: 516; 14. (49) Baxter and Woodward, 1, 33: 270; 11. (49.5) Beaver and Muller, l, 50: 304; 28. (50) von Beer, 8, 86: 78; 52. (Si) Bell, 1, 47: 2192; 25. (52) Bell, 1, 47: 2811; 25. (52.1) Bell, 1, 48: 813; 26. ("•*) Bell, Jf, 48: 818; 26. (52-3) Bell, I9 49: 1837; 27. (52.4) Bennett and Daniels, 1, 49: 50; 27. ( 53 ) Bernard, 89 35: 385; 52. (54) Bielecki and Henri, 34, 155: 456; 12. (55) Bielecki and Henri, 34, 155: 1617; 12. (56) Bielecki and Henri, 86, 45: 2819; 12. (57) Bielecki and Henri, 86, 46: 1304; 13. («) Bielecki and Henri, 86, 46: 2596; 13. (59) Bielecki and Henri, 86, 46: 3627; 13. (60) Bielecki and Henri, 34, 156: 550; 13. (61) Bielecki and Henri, 34, 156: 884; 13. (62) Bielecki and Henri, 34, 156: 1322; 13. (« 3 ) Bielecki and Henri, 34, 156: 1860; 13. (64) Bielecki and Henri, 34, 157: 372; 13. (65) Bielecki and Henri, 63, 14: 516; 13. (66) Bielecki and Henri, 86, 47: 1690; 14. (67) Bielecki and Henri, 34, 158: 567; 14. (68) Bielecki and Henri, 34, 158: 866; 14. (69) Bielecki and Henri, 34, 158: 1022; 14. (70) Bielecki and Henri, 34, 158: 1114; 14. (71) Böeseken, Cohen and Langedijk, 70, 44: 173; 25. (72) Bonino, 36, 53: 555; 23. (73) Bonino, 36, 53: 575; 23. (74) Bonino, 36, 53: 8, 583; 23. (75) Bontempi, 550, 99: 209; 25. (76) Boon, Wilson and Heilbron, 4, 105: 2176; 14. (77) Bortini, 7, 87: 104; 14. (78) Bottomley, 398, 7: 66, 177; 82. 135, 42: 56; 80. (79) Boutaric and Vuillaume, 34, 177: 259; 23. (80) Brady, 4, 105: 2104; 14 ( 8 I) Brannigan and Macbeth, 4, 109: 1277; 16. (82) Brannigan, Macbeth and Stewart, 4, 103: 406; 13. ( 83 ) Bredig and Goldberger, 7, 110: 521; 24. (83.2) Brode, 1, 48: 1877; 26. ( 83 -3) Brode, 1, 48: 1984; 26. (83.4) Brode and Adams, 1, 48: 2193; 26. («3.5) Brode and Adams, 1, 48: 2202; 26. (84) Bruylants and Castille, 501, 8: No. 3; 25. ( 85 ) Burmeister, 88, 15: 589; 13. (86) Buttle and Hewitt, 4, 95: 1755; 09. (87) Byk, 7, 61: 1; 08. (88) Byk and Jaffe, 7, 68: 323; 10. ( 8 9) Cain, 25, 46: 101; 13. (90) Cain, Macbeth and Stewart, 4, 103: 586; 13. (91) Callow, Lewis and Nodder, 4, 109: 55; 16. ( 9 2) Carr and Burt, 1, 40: 1590; 18. (93) Carr and Dobbrow, 1, 47: 2961; 25. (94) Carrelli, 71, 27: 274; 21. (95) Castille, Bull. acad. roy. méd. belg., 5: 193; 25. (96) Castille and Klingstedt, 34,176 : 749; 23. (97) Chugaev and Ogorodnikov, 7, 85: 481; 13. (98) Clarke and Stewart, 63, 14: 1049; 13. (99) Coblentz, 8, 16: 35; 03. (ioo) Coblentz, 81, 20: 207; 04. (ioi) Coblentz, 168, No. 35; 05. (*02) Coblentz, 168, No. 65; 06. (ios) Coblentz, 168, No. 97; 08. (!«*) Coblentz, SlA, 7: 619; 11. (ios) Coblentz, 31, No. 418; 21. (io6) Coblentz, Emerson and Long, SlA9 14: 653; 19. (107) Collins, 8, 20: 486; 22. (io 8 ) Cooley, 8, 21: 376; 23. (109) Cooley, 81, 62: 73; 25. (HO) Cooper, 81, 31: 339; 10. (i") Cremer, 99, 10: 349; 12. (««) Crossley and Gilling, 4, 97: 518; 10. (H3) Crymble, 4, 105: 658; 14. (U 4) Crymble, 4, 101: 266; 12. ("«) Crymble, Ross and Smiles, 4, 101: 1146; 12. (116) Crymble, Stewart and Wright, 86, 43: 1183; 10. (U 7) Crymble, Stewart and Wright, 861 43: 1188; 10. (i i 8 ) Crymble, Stewart and Wright,

SS1 43: 1191; 10. (i™) Crymble, Stewart, Wright and Glendenning, 4, 99: 451; 11. (120) Crymble, Stewart, Wright and Rea, 4, 99: 1262; 11. (121) Gumming and Steel, 4, 123: 2464; 23. (122) Damianovich and Williams, 660, 98: 241; 24. (123) Delépine and Compin, 27, 27: 474; 20. (124) Deslandres, 34, 169: 1365; 19. (125) Deslandres, 84, 180: 1454; 1980; 25. ( 12 6) Deslandres, 34, 181: 387; 25. O 2 ?) Dhéré, 34, 141: 719; 05. (128) Dhéré, 27, 1: 834; 07. (129) Dhéré, Diss., Freiburg, 1909. (130) Dhéré and de Rogowski, 84, 155: 653; 12. ("i) Dhéré and Ryncki, 34, 157: 501; 13. (132) Dickson, 99, 10: 166; 11. (133) Dickson, 99, 10: 181; 11. (134) Dietzel and Täufel, 279, 49: 65; 25. (135) Dobbie and Fox, 4, 101: 77; 12. (is«) Dobbie and Fox, 4, 103: 1193; 13. ("T) Dobbie and Fox, 4, 105: 1639; 14. (138) Dobbie, Fox and Gauge, 4, 103: 36; 13. (139) Dobbie and Lauder, 138, 1903: 166. (140) Dobbie and Lauder, 4, 83: 605; 03. (141) Dobbie and Lauder, 4, 83: 626; 03. (142) Dobbie and Lauder, 4, 99: 34; 11. (143) Dobbie and Lauder, 4, 99: 1254; 11. (144) Dobbie, Lauder and Tinkler, 4, 83: 598; 03. ( 14 S) Dobbie and Tinkler, 4, 85: 1005; 04. (146) Dobbie and Tinkler, 4, 87: 269; 05. (147) Dobbie and Tinkler, 4, 87: 273; 05. (i 4 8) Donath, 8, 58: 609; 96. (148.5) Dorcas and Forbes, I 1 49: 3081; 27. O 49) Dreisch, 96, 30: 200; 24. (ISO) Durrans, 617, 12: 370; 21. (isi) Ellis, 2, 19: 546; 22. (152) Ellis, 2, 22: 200; 23. 23: 48; 24. (153) Ellis, 48, 8: 1; 24. (iss.2) Ellis, 1, 49: 347; 27. (153.3) Ellis, 1, 50: 685; 28. (154) Errera and Henri, 34, 180: 2049; 25. (155) Everest and McCombie, 4, 99: 1752; 11. (156) Fischer and Steiner, 84, 175: 882; 22. (157) Forster, 4, 89: 222; 06. O 58 ) Fox, 4, 97: 1119; 10. (159) Fox, 4, 97: 1337; 10. (160) FOX and Pope, 4, 101: 1498; 12. (i«i) Fox and Pope, 4, 103: 1263; 13. (162) Franchimont and Backer, 4, 101: 2256; 12. (163) Franchimont and Backer, 70, 32: 158; 13. (164) Franchimont and Backer, 70, 32: 321; 13. (165) Franchimont and Backer, 70, 32: 325; 13. (166) Franz, 8, 94: 337; 55. (167) French, Thesis, Zurich, 1914. (168) French and Lowry, 6, 106: 489; 24. (169) Friedel, 5, 55: 453; 95. (170) Friederichs, 99, 3: 154; 05. (i ") Friedli, Bull. soc. chim. biol., 6: 908; 24. (172) Fryer and Fryer, 173, 44: 363; 19. (173) Garnier, 149, 40: 93; 15. (174) Garrett, 4, 107: 1324; 15. (174.2) Gebauer-Fülnegg, l, 49: 2270; 27. (175) Gelbke, 63, 13:584; 11. (176) Qelbke, 200, 10: 1; 13. (176.2) Qerke, 1, 49: 2671; 27. (177) Getman, 50, 25: 147; 21. (178) Getman, 60, 26: 217; 22. (179) Getman, 60, 26: 377; 22. (180) Getman, 60, 28: 397; 24. (»81) Getman, 50, 29: 853; 25. (181.5) Getman, 50, 30: 266; 26. (182) Ghosh and Bisvas, 9, 30: 97; 24. O 83 ) Ghosh and Watson, 4, 111 : 815; 17. (* 84 ) Gibbs, Howe and Tyndall, 2, 10 : 779; 17. (!«s) Gibbs and Pratt, 267, 7: 371; 13. ("«) Gibson, 348, 4: No. 5, 53; 20. O 8 7) Gibson and Argo, 2, 7: 33; 16. O 88 ) Gibson and Argo, 1, 40: 1327; 18. O 8 9 ) Gibson, Graham and Reid, 4, 123: 874; 23. (i 9 0 ) Gibson, Simonsen and Rau, 4, 111: 69; 17. O 9 I ) Glatzel, 63, 1: 173, 285; 00. (i» 2 ) Glocker, 197, 11: 74; 25. O«) Gombos, 205, 151: 1; 24. (i 94 ) Compel and Henri, 84, 156: 1541; 13. O 9 5 ) Compel and Henri, 34, 157: 1422; 13. (196) Gorke, Koppe and Staiger, 25, 41: 1156; 08. O 9 7 ) Graham, 11, 48: 145; 12. O 9 8 ) Graham and Macbeth, 4, 121: 1109; 22. (i") Graham and Macbeth, 4, 121: 2601; 22. (200) Grantham, 2, 18: 339; 21. ( 2 Oi) Grandmougin and Favre-Ambrumyan, 25, 47: 2127; 14. (202) Grebe, 99, 3: 376; 05. (203) Grebe, 99, 9: 130; 10. (204) Grossman, 7, 109: 305; 24. (205)van GuHk, 8, 23: 277; 07. ( 2 0 6 ) van Gulik, 8, 46: 147; 15. ( 2 07) Guy, Shaeffer and Jones, 63, 14: 278; 13. (208) Hagenbach and Percy, 87t 5: 454; 22. ( 2 <>9) von Halban and Ebert, 7, 112: 321; 24. (210) yon Halban and Geigel, 7, 96: 214; 20. ( 2 U) von Halban and Hecht, 9, 24: 65; 18. ( 2 I 2 ) von Halban, Mackert and Ott, 9, 29: 445; 23. (213) von Halban and Seidentopf, 7, 100: 208; 22. (214) Haller and Lucas, 34,176: 45; 23. (215) Hantzsch, 25, 42: 68; 09. ( 2 J 6) Hantzsch, 25, 42: 2129; 09. ( 2 17) Hantzsch, 25, 43: 1651 ; 10. (218) Hantzsch, 25, 43: 1662; 10. ( 2 I 9 ) Hantzsch, 25, 43: 2512; 10. ( 2 2 O) Hantzsch, JeB, 43: 3049; 10. (221) Hantzsch, 7, 72: 362; 10. ( 2 2 2 ) Hantzsch, 186, 44: 1771; 11. (223) Hantzsch, 25, 44: 1783; 11. ("4) Hantzsch, 13, 384: 135; 11. (225) Hantzsch, 25, 45: 553; 12. (226) Hantzsch, 25, 45: 559; 12. (227) Hantzsch and Shibata, 93, 73: 309; 12. ( 228 ) Hantzsch, 9, 18: 470; 12. ( 22 9) Hantzsch, 25, 46: 1537; 13. 2 ( 30) Hantzsch, 7, 84: 321; 13. ("i) Hantzsch, 7, 96: 624; 14. ("2) Hantzsch, 26, 48: 158; 15. («3) Hantzsch, 26, 48: 167; 15. ("4) Hantzsch, 26, 49: 511; 15. ("5) Hantzsch, 25, 48: 772; 15. ( 23 6) Hantzsch, 26, 48: 797; 15. (237) Hantzsch, 26, 48: 1407; 15. (238) Hantzsch, 25, 49: 226; 16. (239) Hantzsch, 25, 50: 1413; 17. 2 ( 40) Hantzsch, 26, 60: 1422; 17. ("i) Hantzsch, 25, 52: 1535; 19. ( 2 42) Hantzsch, 26, 62: 1544; 19. ( 2 43) Hantzsch and Heilbron, 25, 43: 68; 10. ( 2 4 4) Hantzsch and Hein, 25, 52: 493; 19. ( 2 4 S) Hantzsch and Kanasirski, 25, 42: 889; 09. ( 2 46) Hantzsch and Korczynski, 25, 42: 1216; 09. (247) Hantzsch and Lifschitz, 25, 45: 3011 ; 12. (248) Hantzsch and Lister, 25, 43 : 1685; 10. ( 2 49) Hantzsch and Picton, 25, 42: 2119; 09. (250) Hantzsch and Robertson, 25, 43: 106; 10. ( 2 5 I) Hantzsch and Robison, 25, 43: 45; 10. ( 2 52) Hantzsch and Scharf, 25, 46: 3570; 13. ("3) Hantzsch and Schwiete, 26, 49: 213; 16. ( 254 ) Hantzsch and Staiger, 86, 41: 1204; 08. (255) Hantzsch and Voigt, 25, 45: 85; 12. ( 2g 6) Hantzsch

and Voigt, 7, 79: 592; 12. (257) Hari, 205,103: 271; 20. (258) Hari, 205, 115: 52; 21. (259) Harper and Macbeth, 4, 107: 87; 15. (260) Hartley, 4, 37: 676; 80. (261) Hartley, 4, 39: 153; 81. (262) Hartley, 4, 41: 45; 82. (263) Hartley, 4, 47: 685; 85. (264) Hartley, 62, 176:471;85. (265) Hartley, 4, 51: 58; 87. (266) Hartley, 5, 43: 529; 88. (267) Hartley, 4, 53: 641 ; 88. (268) Hartley, 4, 85: 1010; 04. (269) Hartley, 4, 87: 1796; 05. (270) Hartley, 4, 93: 961; 08. (271) Hartley, 62, 208: 475; 08. (272) Hartley, 4, 101: 820; 12. (273) Hartley and Dobbie, 4, 73: 598; 98. (274) Hartley and Dobbie, 4, 73: 695; 98. (275) Hartley and Dobbie, 4, 75: 640; 99. (276) Hartley and Dobbie, 4, 77: 318; 00. (2 ^ 7) Hartley and Dobbie, 4, 77 : 498; 00. (278) Hartley and Dobbie, 4, 77: 509; 00. (279) Hartley and Dobbie, 4, 77: 846; 00. (280) Hartley, Dobbie and Lauder, 4, 79: 848; 01. ( 2 8i) Hartley, Dobbie and Lauder, 4, 81: 929; 02. (282) Hartley, Dobbie and Lauder, 133, 1902: 99. (283) Hartley, Dobbie and Paliatseas, 4, 77: 839; 00. (284) Hartley and Hedley, 4, 91: 314; 07. (285) Hartley and Hedley, 4, 91: 319; 07. ( 28 6) Hartley and Huntington, 62, 170: 257; 79. (287) Hartley, Japp, Dobbie and Lauder, 133, 1903: 126. ( 288 ) Hartley and Leonard, 4, 95: 34; 09. (289) Havas, 25, 47: 994; 14. (290) Hedley, 4, 89: 730; 06. ( 2 9i) Hedley, 25, 41: 1195; 08. (292) Heilbron, Barnes and Morton, 4, 123: 2559; 23. (293) Heilbron and Henderson, 4, 103: 1404; 13. (294) Henderson, Henderson and Heilbron, 25, 47: 876; 14. (295) Heilbron and Wilson, 4, 101^ 1482; 12. ( 2 9 6) Heilbron and Wilson, 4, 103: 1504; 13. ( 29 7) Henri, Études de photochimie. Paris, GauthierVillars, 1919. ( 29 8) Henri, 25, 46: 3650; 13. ( 2 9 9 ) Henri, Résumé des communications, soc. franc, phys., 1921: 19. 10, 5: 665; 25. (300) Henri, 61, 3: 181; 22. (30i) Henri, 84, 176: 1298; 23. (302) Henri and Fromageot, 27, 37: 845; 25. (303) Henri and Landau, 34, 156: 697; 13. (304) Henri and de Lâszlo, 34, 178: 1004; 24. (305) Henri and de Làszló, 5t 105: 662; 24. (306) Henri and Steiner, 34, 175: 421; 22. (307) Henri and Walter, 34, 176: 746; 23. (308) Henri and Wurmser, 34, 155: 503; 12. (309) Henri and Wurmser, 34, 156: 230; 13. (310) Henri and Wurmser, 51, 3: 305; 13. (3U) Hepworth, 4, 115: 840; 19. (312) Herrmann, 99, 18: 253; 19. (313) Hettner, 96, 1: 345; 20. (314) Hewitt, Johnson and Pope, 4, 105: 364; 14. (315) Hewitt, Lewcock and Pope, 4, 101: 604; 12. (316) Hewitt, Mann and Pope, 4, 105: 2193; 14. (317) Hewitt, Pope and Willett, 4, 101: 1770; 12. (318) Hewitt and Thomas, 4, 95: 1292; 09. (319) Hewitt and Thole, 4, 97: 511; 10. (320) Hill and Howell, 3, 48: 833; 24. (321) Hoffmann and Höschele, 25, 47: 238; 14. (322) Holmberg, 93, 71: 226; 11. (322.5) Holton and Hopkins, 1, 50: 255; 28. (323) Homer and Purvis, 4, 93: 1319; 08. ( 32 4) Homer and Purvis, 4, 97: 280; 10. (325) Homer and Purvis, 4, 97: 1155; 10. (326) Houston, 68, 31: 521; 11. (327) Houston, 68, 31: 538; 11. (328) Houston, 68, 31: 547; 11. (329) Houston, 68, 32: 40; 12. (330) Houston and Brown, 68, 31: 530; 11. (331) Houston and Cochrane, 68, 33: 147; 13. (332) Houston and Gray, 68, 33: 137; 13. (333) Howe and Gibson, 2, 10: 767; 17. (334) Hutchinson and Smiles, 25, 47: 514; 14. (335) Hyatt, 2, 19: 391; 22. (336) ikie> 63t 6: 271; 04. (337) Lsmailski, 63, 50: 167; 18. (338) Izmailski, 63, 52: 303; 20. (339) Jacobson and Marchlewski, 11, 48: 111; 12. (340) Jaeschke and Meyer, 7, 83: 281; 13. (341) Job, 84, 180: 1932; 25. (341.5) jones and Anderson, 162, No. 110; 09. (342) jones and Guy, 11, 49: 1; 13. (343) jones and Guy, 162, No. 190; 13. (343.5) jones and Strong, 162, No. 130; 10. No. 160; 11. (344) jones et al, 162, No. 210; 15. (345) jones et al., 152, No. 260; 18. (346) Julius, 18, 22:310; 88. (347) Julius, 87, 1: 3; 93. (348) Kayser, B96. (349) Kemble, 2, 8: 701; 16. (349.5) Kendall and Noyes, 1, 48: 2404; 26. (350) Kepianka and Marchlewski, 27, 35: 1613; 24. (351) Klingstedt, 34, 174: 812; 22. (352) Klingstedt, 34, 175: 365; 22. (353) Klingstedt, 34, 175: 1065; 22. (354) Klingstedt, 34, 176: 248; 23. (355) Klingstedt, 34, 176: 674; 23. (356) Klingstedt, 34, 176: 1550; 23. (357) Kober, 141, 22: 433; 15. (358) Koch, 99, 9: 401; 10. (359) Koenigsberger and Vogt, 63, 14: 1269; 13. (360) Komatsu, Masumoto and Kumamoto, 429, 7A: 287; 24. (361) Korshun and Roll, 53, 49: 153; 17. (362) Korshun and Roll, 27, 33: 55; 23. (363) Korshun and Roll, 63, 55: 253; 24. (364) Korshun and RoU, 27, 37: 130; 25. (365) Kremers, 1, 45: 717; 23. (366) Lamble and Lewis, 4, 105: 2330; 14. (367) Langley, 6, 9: 433; 86. (368) Lankshear and Lapworth, 4, 99: 1785; 11. (369) Lardy, 34, 176: 1548; 23. (370) Lardy, Diss., Zürich, 1923. (371) Lardy, 42, 21: 281; 24. (372) de Làszló, 34, 180: 203; 25, (372.2) de Laszló, 1, 49: 2106; 27. (372.3) de Laszló, 1, 50: 892; 28. (373) Lecher and Pernter, 8, 12: 180; 81. (374) Lecomte, 34, 178: 1530; 24. (375) Lecomte, 34, 178: 1698; 24. (376) Lecomte, 34, 178: 2073; 24. (377) Lecomte, 34, 180: 825; 25. (378) Lecomte, 34, 180: 1481; 25. (379) Leonard, 4, 97: 1246; 10. (380) Lewis, 4,101: 2371; 12. (381) Lewis, 5B, 89: 327; 16. (382) Ley, 25, 42: 354; 09. (383) Ley, 25, 51: 1808; 18. (384) Ley, 99, 18: 177; 19. (385) Ley, 7, 94: 405; 20. (386) Ley and Engelhardt, 7, 74: 1 ; 10. (387) Ley and Engelhardt, 98, 72: 55; 11. (388) Ley and Ficken, 25, 50: 1123; 17. (389) Ley and Fischer, 25, 46: 327; 13. (390) Ley and Fischer, 98, 82: 329; 13. (391) Ley and Hegge, 26, 48: 70; 15.

(392) Ley and Manecke, 85, 56: 777; 23. (393) Ley and Rinke, 85, 56: 771 ; 23. (394) Ley, Schwarte and Münnich, 25, 57: 349; 24. (395) Ley and Ulrich, 25, 42: 3440; 09. (396) Ley and Winkler, 25, 42: 3894; 09. (397) Ley and Winkler, 26, 45: 372; 12. (398) Ley and Zschacke, 25, 57: 1700; 24. (399) Liebisch and Rubens, 76, 1919: 876. (400) Lifschitz, 86, 46: 3233; 13. (401) Lifschitz, 86, 47: 1401; 14. («02) Lifschitz, 86, 47: 1068; 14. («osj Lifschitz, 86, 49: 2050; 16. (404) Lifschitz, 99, 16: 101; 16. (405) Lifschitz and Jenner, 86, 48: 1730; 15. (406) Lifschitz and Lourié, 99, 16: 269; 17. (407) Lifschitz and Rosenbohm, 99, 19: 198; 19. («os) Lifschitz and Rosenbohm, 7, 97: 1; 21. (*09) Lifschitz, et al, 70, 43: 269; 24. (410) Lifschitz, et al, 70, 43: 403; 24. (4") Lifschitz, étal, 70, 43: 654; 24. (412) Lowry and Desch, 4, 95: 807; 09. (413) Lowry and Desch, 4, 95:1340; 09. (414) Lowry, Desch and Southgate, 4, 97: 899; 10. (415) Lowry and French, 4,125:1921; 24. (416) Lowry and Southgate, 4, 97: 905; 10. (417) Lubovich and Pearen, 69, 16 III: 195; 22. (418) Lüthy, 7, 107: 285; 23. (419) Lüthy, 34, 176: 1547; 23. (419.2) Lund, 1, 49: 1346; 27. (420) Luther and Nikolopulos, 7, 82: 361; 13. (421) Macbeth, 4, 107: 1824; 15. (422) Macbeth and Maxwell, 4, 123: 370; 23. (423) Macbeth and Stewart, 4, 111: 829; 17. (424) Macbeth, Stewart and Wright, 4, 101: 599; 12. (425) McCleland, 4, 99: 1827; 11. (426) McDowell, 2, 26: 155; 08. (427) Magini, 88, 12 II: 87; 03. (428) Magini, 59, 6: 343; 03. (429) Magini, 48, 2: 403; 04. (430) Magini, 68, 5: 69; 04. (431) Marchlewski and Moroz, 87, 33: 1405; 23. (432) Marchlewski and Moroz, 87, 35: 473; 24. (433) Marchlewski and Moroz, 87, 35: 705; 24. (434) Marchlewski and Moroz, 87, 35: 37; 24. (435) Marchlewski and Moroz, 87, 37: 404; 25. (436) Marsh, 3, 49: 971; 25. (437) Marton, 7, 117: 97; 25. (438) Massol and Faucon, 87, 11: 931; 12. (439) Massol and Faucon, 87, 13: 217; 13. (440) Massol and Faucon, 87, 19: 350; 16. (441) Massol and Faucon, 34, 164: 308; 17. (442) Massol and Faucon, 34, 164: 813; 17. (443) Massol and Faucon, 34, 166: 819; 18. (444) Matsuno, 44, 41: No. 10; 21. (445) May, 4, 103: 2272; 13. (446) Mayer, 88, 23 I: 358; 14. (447) Mayer, 88, 23 I: 439; 14. (448) Mayer, 88, 23 I: 442; 14. (449) Mazzucchelli and d'Alceo, 88, 221: 41; 13. (450) Mazzucchelli and d'Alceo, 88, 21 II: 850; 13. (451) Mazzucchelli and Perret, 88, 22 II: 445; 13. (452) Mecke and Ley, 7, 111: 385; 24. (453) Meldola and Hewitt, 4, 103: 876; 13. (454) Meldola and HoUeIy, 4, 105: 410; 14. (455) Meldola and Küntzen, 4, 97: 444; 10. (456) Merriman, 4, 103: 1838; 13. (457) Merriman, 4, 103: 1845; 13. (458) Merton, 4, 99: 237; 11. (459) Merton, 5, 87: 138; 12. (460) Merton, 4, 103:249; 13. (461) Merton, 4, 105: 23; 14. (462) Meyer and Fischer, 86, 44: 1944; 11. (463) Meyer and Fischer, 86, 46: 70; 13. (464) Meyer and Fischer, 86, 46: 85; 13. (465) Meyer and Hantzsch, 86, 40: 3479; 07. (466) Meyer and Hantzsch, 86, 40: 3603; 07. (467) Meyer and Marx, 86, 41: 2446; 08. (468) Mies, 99, 7: 357; 09. (469) Mies, 99, 8: 287; 10. (470) Moir, Trans. Roy. Soc. South Africa, 8: 45; 19. (471) Morgan and Clayton, 4, 99: 1941; 11. (471.5) Morgan and Crist, 1, 49: 338; 27. (472) Morgan, Jobling and Barnett, 4, 101: 1209; 12. (473) Morgan and Micklethwait, 4, 103: 71; 13. (474) Morgan and Micklethwait, 4, 103: 1391; 13. (475) Morgan and Moss, 4, 103: 78; 13. (476) Morgan and Moss, 4, 105: 189; 14. (477) Morgan, Moss and Porter, 4, 107: 1296; 15. (478) Morgan and Reilly, 4, 103: 1494; 13. (479) Morton and Rogers, 4, 127: 2698; 25. (480) Nashimo, 489, 2: 199; 17. (481) Newcomer, 141, 37: 465; 19. (482) Nichols and Merritt, 8, 31: 376; 10. (483) Nordenson, 7, 90: 603; 15. (483.2) Orndorff, Gibbs and McNulty, 1, 48: 1994; 26. (483.3) Orndorff, Gibbs, McNulty and Shapiro, 1, 49: 1541; 27. (483.4) Orndorff, Gibbs, McNulty and Shapiro, 1, 49: 1545; 27. (483.5) Orndorff, Gibbs, McNulty and Shapiro, 1, 50: 831; 28. (484) Orndorff, Gibbs, Scott and Jackson, 8, 17: 437; 21. (484.2) Orndorff, Gibbs and Shapiro, 1, 50: 819; 28. (484.3) Orndorff and McNulty, 1, 49: 1588; 27. (485) Ornstein and Burger, 64V, 29: 573; 21. (485.5) papish, Brewer and Holt, 1, 49: 3028; 27. (486) Pauer, 8, 61: 363; 97. (487) Perkin and Simonsen, 4, 91: 840; 07. (488) Peters, 93, 77: 137; 12. (489) Pfund, 81,M: 19; 06. (489.5) Phillips and Goss, 1,48: 823; 26. (490) Pickard and Hunter, 4, 123: 434; 23. (491) Pihlblad, 7, 92: 471; 17. (492) Piutti, 86, 45: 1830; 12. (493) Plotnikov, 7, 75: 337; 10. (494) Plotnikov, 7, 79: 357; 12. (495) P00I, 96, 29: 311; 24. (496) pope and Willett, 4, 103: 1258; 13. (497) Porter and Iddings, 1, 48: 40; 26. (497.5) Porter and Wilbur, 1, 49: 2145; 27. (498) Prandtl, 86, 53: 1726; 20. (499) Prandtl, 93, 116: 96; 21. (500) Pratt and Smith, 867, 8A: 399; 13. (501) Puccianti, 69, 11: 241; 00. (502) Puccianti, 63, 1: 494; 00. (503) Purvis, 201, 15: 247; 09. (504) Purvis, 201, 14: 435; 08. (80S) Purvis, 201, 14: 568; 08. (506) Purvis, 4, 95: 294; 09. (507) Purvis, 4, 97: 644; 10. ( 508 ) Purvis, ^, 97: 692; 10. (509) Purvis, 4, 97: 1035; 10. (SiO) Purvis, 4, 97: 1546; 10.. (Sii) Purvis, 4, 97: 1648; 10. (*«) Purvis, 4, 97: 2535; 10. (sis) Purvis, 4, 99: 107; 11. (514) Purvis, 4, 99: 811; 11. (515) Purvis, 4, 99: 1699; 11. (516) Purvis, 4, 99: 1953; 11. (517) Purvis, 4, 99: 2318; 11. (5i») Purvis, 4, 101: 1315; 12. (519) Purvis, 4, 103: 1638; 13.

(520) Purvis, 4, 103: 2283; 13. (521) Purvis, 4, 105: 590; 14. (522) Purvis, ^ 105:1372; 14. (523) Purvis, 4,105: 2482; 14. (524) Purvis, 4,107:496; 15. (525) Purvis, 4, 107: 643; 15. ("6) Purvis, 4, 107: 660; 15. (5*7) Purvis, 4, 107: 966; 15. (528) PurvisÔi, 21: 556; 23. (529) Purvis, 801, 21: 781; 23. (530) Purvis, 201, 21: 785; 23. ( 5 Si) Purvis, 4,123:1841; 23. (532) Purvis, 4, 123: 2515; 23. (53S) Purvis, 4, 125: 406; 24. (534) Purvis, 4, 127: 9; 25. (535) Purvis and Foster, 201, 14: 381; 07. ( 53 6) Purvis, Jones and Tasker, 4, 97: 2287; 10. (537) Purvis and McCleland, 4, 101: 1514; 12. ( 53 S) Purvis and McCleland, 4, 101: 1810; 12. (539) Purvis and McCleland, 4, 103: 433; 13. (540) Purvis and McCleland, 4, 103: 1088; 13. (S40.S) Ramsperger, 1, 50: 123; 28. (541) Randall, 84I9 62: 326; 23. (542) RauSchoff, Diss., Berlin, 1896. (543) Reddelien, 86, 47: 1355; 14. (544) Retschinsky, 8, 42: 1580; 13. (545) Rice, O1 91: 76; 14. (546) Rice, j, 42: 727; 20. (547) Rideal and Norrish, 5, 103: 366; 23. (548) Riwlin, 6Jf, 23: 807; 21. (549) Robertson, 4, 103: 1472; 13. (550) Robertson and Brady, 4, 103: 1479; 13. ( 5 Si) Robison and Kipping, 4, 105: 40; 14. (552) Rozanov, 53, 44: 1146; 12. (553) Rozanov, 53, 47: 591; 15. (554) Rozanov, 53, 48: 1221; 16. 10, 4: 581; 21. (555) Rubens and Aschkinass, 8, 65: 241; 98. (556) Rubens and von Wartenberg, 63, 12 : 1080; 11. (557) Rubens and von Wartenberg, 88, 13: 796; 11. (558) Rubens and Wood, 76, 1910: 1122. (559) Rupe, Krethlow and Langbein, 13, 423: 324; 21. (560) Rupe and Silberstrom, 13, 414: 99; 17. (561) Schaefer, 99, 8: 212, 257; 10. (562) Schaefer, 9, 21: 181; 15. (563) Schaefer, 93, 97: 285; 16. (564) Schaefer, 93, 98: 70; 16. (565) Schaefer, 93, 98: 77; 16. (566) Schaefer, 99, 17: 193; 18. ( 56 7) Schaefer, 93, 104: 212; 18. (568) Schaefer, 7, 93: 312; 19. (569) Schaefer and Hein, 93, 100: 249; 17. (570) Schaefer and Schubert, 8, 50: 283; 16. (571) Schaum, 99, 14: 216; 14. (572) Schaum, Schaeling and Klausing, 13, 411: 161; 10. (573) Scheibe, 86, 58: 586; 25. (574) Scheibe, May and Fischer, 86, 57: 1330; 24. (575; Scheiber, 86, 44: 2409; 11. (576) Scheiber, 86, 45: 2398; 12. (577) Scheiber, 25, 46: 2366; 13. (578) Scheiber and Knothe, 86, 45: 2252; 12. (579) Schlenk and Marcus, 25, 47: 1664; 14. (580) Schlesinger and Tapley, ^/46: 276; 24. (ssi) Schulz, 99, 20:1; 20. (582) Shaeffer, Paulus and Jones, 63, 15: 447; 14. (585) Shibata, 44, 37 : No. 2, l ; 15. (586) Shibata, 44, 37: No. 8, 1; 16. (587) Shibata, 41, 40: 463; 19. (588) Shibata, Fukagawa and Asado, 41, 40: 311; 19. (589) Shibata and Matsuno, 41, 39: 661; 18. (590) Shibata and Matsuno, 44, 41 : No. 6, 1; 20. (591) Shibata and Urbain, 34, 157: 593; 13. (592) Sircar, 4, 109: 757; 16. (592.2) Smith and Boord, l, 48: 1512; 26. (592.3) Smith, Boord, Adams and Pease, 1, 49: 1335; 27. (593) Smith and Watts, 4, 97: 562; 10. (594) Soret, 149,10: 429; 83. (595) Spence, 21, 39: 243; 14. (596) stahl, 199, 6: 215; 09. (597) stang, 8, 9: 542; 17. (598) stark, 63,14:845; 13. (599)stark and Levy, 200,10:179; 13. (600) stark and Lipp, 200, 10: 175; 13. ( f i oi) Stark and Lipp, 7, 86: 36; 13. (602) stark, Steubing, Enklaar and Lipp, 200, 10: 139; 13. (603) Steiner, 34, 176: 244; 23. (604) Steiner, 34, 176: 744; 23. («oB) Steiner, 34, 176: 1379; 23. (606) Steiner, Diss., Zürich, 1924. (607) Stewart, 4, 91: 199; 07. (608) Stewart, 4, 91: 1537; 07. (609) Stewart and BaIy, 4, 89: 489; 06. (610) Stewart and BaIy, 4, 89: 618; 06. ( 6 U) Stewart and Wright, 86, 44: 2819; 11. (612) Stewart and Wright, 4, Ul: 183; 17. (613) Stobbe, 25, 43: 504; 10. (614) Stobbe, 26, 44: 960; 11. (615) Stobbe, 86, 44: 1481; 11. (616) Stobbe, 25, 48: 441; 15. (617) Stobbe, 25, 52: 1021; 19. (618) Stobbe and Dünnehaupt, 86, 52: 1436; 19. (619) Stobbe and Ebert, 86, 44: 1289; 11. (620) Stobbe and Nowak, 86, 46: 2887; 13. (621) Stobbe and Nowak, 25, 47: 578; 14. (622) Stobbe, and Posnjak, 13, 371: 287; 10. (623) Stobbe and Schmitt, 99, 20: 57; 20. (624) Strasser, 99, 14: 282; 15. (625) Suhrmann and Huppert, 7, 116: 319; 25. (62s.S) Svedberg and Lewis, I , 50: 525; 28. (626) Tadokora, J. Coll. Agric. Hokkaido, Imp. Univ., 10: 50; 21. (627) Taylor and Lewis, 4, 121: 665; 22. (628) Thompson, 4, 123: 1594; 23. (629) Tinkler, 4, 89: 856; 06. (630) Tinkler, 4, 99: 1340; 11. (63l) Tinkler, 4, 101: 1245; 12. (632) Tinkler, 4, 103: 885; 13. ( 63 S) Tuck, 4, 91: 449; 07. (634) Tuck, 4, 95: 1809; 09. (6ss) Tutin and Caton, 4, 97: 2524; 10. (636) Valiasko, 63, 42: 751; 10. (6S7) Valiasko, 63, 42: 961; 10. (63S) Valiasko, 63, 45: 199; 13. (639) Valiasko, 53, 46: 1822; 14. (640) Valiasko and Boltina, 53, 46: 1741; 14. (641) Valiasko and Boltina, 53, 46: 1780; 14. (642) Valiasko and Boltina, 53, 46: 1788; 14. (643) Valla, 88, 20 II : 406; 11. (644) Vedeneeva, 5, 72: 122; 23. (645) Viterbi, 36, 55 : 127; 25. (645.1) viès and Gex, 34, 180: 140; 25. (645.5) vies and Gex, 34, 180: 1342; 25. (646) Waentig, 7, 68: 513; 10. (647) Walter, Diss., Zürich, 1924. (648) Ward, 230, 17: 891; 23. (649) Ward, 230, 17: 898; 23. (650) Ward, 230, 17: 903; 23. ( 6 Si) Weimer, 99, 12: 33; 13. (652) Weniger, 2, 31: 388; 10. (653) Weniger, 48, 7: 517; 23. (654) Wigand, 7, 77: 423; 11. (655) Williams, l, 47: 2644; 25. (656) Wilson and Heilbron, 4, 103: 377; 13. (657) Winther, Baggesgaard-Rasmussen and Schreiner, 99, 22: 33; 22. (658) Witte, 99, 14: 347; 15. (659) Wright, 4, 103: 528; 13. (660) Wright, 4, 105:669; 14. (66l) Wright, 4, 105: 2907; 14. (662) Yntema, l, 45: 907; 23. (663) Zelinskii and Gorskii, 86, 44: 2312; 11. (664) Zelinskii and Rozanov, 7, 78: 629; 12.

QUANTITATIVE DETERMINATION OF ULTRA-VIOLET ABSORPTION SPECTRA IN SOLUTIONS OF ORGANIC SUBSTANCES VICTOR HENEI NOMENCLATURE /o (resp. /) X (resp. X0) (1) (2) (3) (4)

I J= Joe~»1 / = J0rl / = JQIQ~Kl J = JQW~€Cl

Intensity of the incident (resp. emergent) ray. Wave-length of the light in the medium (resp. in vacuo). X/Xo = l/n\. Length of path in the medium. p is the absorption coefficient. r is the transmission coefficient. K is the extinction coefficient. € is the molecular extinction coefficient.

-4*Kl

(5) / = Joe x K is the absorption index. The above coefficients are connected by the following relations: /z = 2.3026cc -logio r = ce K = 0.7956 fj.\ - (X in cm) K = 1.832 ecX • (X in cm) e I logio € I M I K/X I 0.01 -2 0.023026 0.01832 0.1 -1 0.23026 0.1832 1 O 2.3026 1.832 10 +1 23.026 18.32 100 +2 230.26 183.2 1000 +3 2302.6 1832 10 000 +4 23 026 18 320 100000 +5 1230260 [ 183 200

r I d 0.9773 100cm 0.7943 10cm 0.1 1 cm IO"10 O.lcm IO"100 0.01cm IO"1 °°° 0.001cm IO"10 °°° 0.0001 cm IQ"100 OOQ 0.00001cm

In the above table d represents for a normal solution (c = 1) the path length in which 90% of the incident light is absorbed. It is called the "active region" ("l'épaisseur active") since it represents the layer within which photochemical reactions occur. DESCRIPTION OF FIGURES The figures are drawn to the same scale to facilitate comparison. They are based upon the best data recorded in the literature and many of them have been checked in the author's laboratory. Index to Figures (T-ABRANGEMENT (v. Vol.

Ill, p. VUi)

CH2O, Formaldehyde; Fig. 30 CH4N2O, Urea; Figs. 24, 37, 55 CH4N2S, Thiourea; Fig. 37 CH6ClN3, Guanidine hydrochloride; Figs. 24, 37 C2HCl3O, Chloral; Figs. 30, 59 C2H2Br2, cis and £rans-Dibromoethylene; Fig. 43 C2H2Cl2, cis and frcms-Dichloroethylene; Fig. 43 C2H2I2, cis and tfrcws-Diiodoethylene; Fig. 43 C2H2O, Ketene; Fig. 82 C2H2O2, Glyoxal; Figs. 76, 85 C2H2O4, Oxalic acid; Fig. 77 C2H3Cl3O2, Chloral hydrate; Fig. 59 C2H4O, Acetaldehyde; Figs. 29, 30, 73, 81, 82, 84 C2H4O2, Acetic acid; Figs. 24, 62, 77, 81, 84 C2H5NO, Acetamide; Fig. 24 C2H6NO2, Aminoacetic acid (Glycocoll); Figs. 35, 93 C2H5N3, Ethylazide (Triazoethane) ; Fig. 69 C2H7NO, Colamine; Fig. 35 C2Hi0Cl2N2, Ethylenediamine hydrochloride; Fig. 55 C3H2N2Oa, Parabanic acid; Fig. 38 C3H3N3O3, Cyanuric acid; Fig. 38

C3H4N2O4, Oxaluric acid; Fig. 37 C3H4O, Acrolein; Figs. 73, 83, 84 C3H4O2, Acrylic acid; Fig. 84 C3H4O2, Methylglyoxal; Figs. 31, 32, 76 C3H4O3, Pyruvic acid; Fig. 81 C3H6O, AUyI alcohol; Fig. 25 C3H6O, Acetone; Figs. 46, 62, 74, 81, 85 C3H6O, Propionaldehyde; Figs. 29, 31, 32, 73 C3H6O2, Propionic acid; Figs. 81, 93 C3H6O3, Lactic acid (a-Hydroxypropionic acid); Fig. 93 C3H7NO, Propionamide; Fig. 93 C3H7NO, Acetoxime; Fig. 24 C3H7NO2, a-Alanine; Figs. 35, 71, 72, 93 C4H2O3, Maleic anhydride; Fig. 70 C4H3N3O4, Violuric acid; Fig. 38 C 4 H 4 N 2 O 3 , Barbituric acid; Figs. 36, 38 C4H4O, Furfurane (Furan); Figs. 20, 91 C4H4O4, Maleic acid; Fig. 77 C4H4S, Thiophene; Fig. 20 C4H5N, Pyrrole; Figs. 20, 26, 33, 70 C4H6N4O3, Allantoin; Fig. 37 C4H6O, Crotonaldehyde; Fig. 73 C4H6O2, Diacetyl; Fig. 85 C4H6O2, a-Crotonic acid; Figs. 77, 84 C4H6O4, Succinic acid; Fig. 77 C4H7NO3, Acetylglycine; Fig. 35 C4H7NO4, Aspartic acid; Fig. 71 C4H8N2O3, Asparagine; Fig. 71 C4H8O, Isobutyraldehyde; Fig. 31 C4H9N3O2, Creatine; Fig. 35 C 4 Hi 4 Cl 2 N 2 , Putresceine hydrochloride; Fig. 55 C5H4N4O3, Uric acid; Figs. 38, 45 C5H4O2, Furfuraldehyde; Fig. 91 C5H4O3, Furan-a-carboxylic acid (Pyromucic acid); Fig. 91 C5H5N, Pyridine; Figs. 21, 33, 47 C5H6, Cyclopentadiene; Fig. 20 C5H6O2, Furfuralcohol; Fig. 91 C5H8, Isoprene; Fig. 25 C5H8O2, Acetylacetone; Figs. 57, 61, 85 C5H8O3, Levulinic acid; Fig. 81 C5H9NO4, Glutamic acid; Fig. 71 C5Hi0, Trimethylethylene; Fig. 25 C5Hi2BrN, Neurine hydrobromide; Fig. 34 C5Hi2ClNO2, Betaine hydrochloride; Fig. 34 C5H14ClNO, Choline hydrochloride; Fig. 34 C5Hi4N2, Cadaverine extract; Figs. 41, 42 C5Hi6Cl2N2, Cadaverine hydrochloride; Fig. 55 C6H4O2, Paraquinone; Figs. 86, 87 C6H5NO2, Nicotinic acid; Fig. 47 C6H5N3, Phenylazide (Triazobenzene) ; Fig. 69 C6H6, Benzene; Figs. 1, 4, 10, 21, 26, 27,33, 39,58,63,67,78,79,89 C6H6O, Phenol; Figs. 5, 6, 8, 72, 79 C6H6O2, Hydroquinol; Figs. 5, 79, 86 C6H6O2, Pyrocatechol; Figs. 5, 7 C6H6O2, Resorcinol; Fig. 7 C6H6O6, Aconitic acid; Fig. 77 C 6 H 7 N, Aniline; Figs. 3, 10, 58, 80 C6H8O6, Tricarballylic acid; Fig. 77 C6H9N3O2, Histidine; Fig. 71 C6Hi0, Diallyl; Fig. 25 C6Hi0, Dimethylbutadiene; Fig. 25

C6H10O, Mesityl oxide; Figs. 68, 74 C6Hi0O, Diethylketene; Fig. 82 C6Hi0O2, Methylacetylacetone; Fig. 61 C6Hi0O2, Ethyl crotonate; Fig. 44 C6Hi0O2, Acetony!acetone; Figs. 81, 85 C6Hi0O3, Ethyl acetoacetate; Figs. 44, 62 C 6 HnBrN 2 O 2 , Bromural; Fig. 37 C6Hi2O, Methyl isobutyl ketone; Fig. 68 C6Hi2O3, Paraldehyde; Fig. 30 C6Hi3NO2, Leucine; Fig. 71 C6Hi4N2O2, Lysine; Fig. 55 C6Hi4N4O2, Arginine; Fig. 71 C7H6NO4, Quinolinic acid; Fig. 47 C7H6N2, Phenyldiazomethane; Fig. 94 C7H6O, Benzaldehyde; Figs. 67, 88 C7H6O2, Benzoic acid; Figs. 13, 27, 35, 39, 40, 63, 72 C7H6O2, Toluquinone; Fig. 87 C7H6O3, Oj m, p-Hydroxybenzoic acids; Fig. 13: o-(Salicylic acid); Fig. 72 C7H8, Toluene; Fig. 1 C7H8N4O2, Theobromine; Fig. 45 C7H8N4O2, Theophylline; Fig. 45 C7H8O, o, p-Cresols; Figs. 8, 9: ra-; Fig. 9 C 7 H 9 N, o, m, p-Toluidine; Figs. 11, 12: p-; Figs. 3, 10 C 7 Hi 0 N 2 O 4 , Diethyl diazomalonate; Fig. 94 C7Hi2O, Suberone; Fig. 46 C7Hi2O6, Quinic acid; Fig. 49 C7Hi3BrN2O2, Adaline; Fig. 37 C8H7N, Indole; Figs. 26, 33, 56, 72 C8H8O2, Phenylacetic acid; Fig. 39 C8H8O3, Vanillin; Fig. 67 C8H8O6, Hematinic acid anhydride; Fig. 70 C8H9NO4, Hematinic acid imide; Fig. 70 C8Hi0, o-, m-, p-Xylene; Figs. 2, 4: p-; Fig. 1 C8Hi0N4O2, Caffeine; Fig. 45 C8Hi0O2, o-Veratrole; Fig. 67 C8Hi2N2O3, Veronal; Fig. 36 C8Hi3NO, Tropinone; Fig. 46 C8Hi4O, Methylheptenone; Fig. 74 C8Hi4O3, Ethyl ß-ethoxycrotonate; Fig. 44 C8Hi5NO, Tropine; Fig. 46 C9H7N, Isoquinoline; Fig. 21 C9H7N, Quinoline; Figs. 21, 26, 48, 49, 56, 60, 65, 66 C9H8O2, Cinnamic acid; Fig. 39 C9H9NO3, Hippuric acid; Fig. 35 C9Hi0O2, Phenylpropionic acid; Fig. 39 C9Hi0O3, Tropic acid; Figs. 27, 39 C9HnNO2, Phenylalanine; Fig. 72 C9HnNO3, Tyrosine; Fig. 72 C9Hi4O, Phorone; Fig. 74 C9H16NO3, Ecgonine; Fig. 46 Ci0H7Br, a(ß)-Bromonaphthalene; Fig. 16 Ci0H7NO2, Cinchoninic acid; Figs. 49, 50 C10H8, Naphthalene; Figs. 21, 78, 89 C10H8O, a(j3)-Naphthol; Fig. 17 C10H9N, a(/3)-Naphthylamine; Fig. 22 Ci0H9NO, p-Methoxyquinoline; Fig. 48 Ci0Hi6O, Citral; Fig. 74 Ci0Hi8O3, Ethyl diethylacetoacetate; Fig. 44 CnH7N, a(£)-Naphthonitrile; Fig. 19 CnH8O2, a(0)-Naphthoic acid; Fig. 18 CnH9NO3, Quininic acid; Fig. 49 CiiHio, aGS)-Methylnaphthalene; Fig. 14 CnHi2N2O2, Tryptophane; Figs. 41, 72 C11Hi4N2O, Cytisine; Fig. 66 Ci2H9N, Carbazole; Fig. 80

Ci2Hi0, Diphenyl; Figs. 78, 90 Ci2Hi0N2, Azobenzene; Fig. 80 Ci 2 HnN, Diphenylamine; Fig. 80 Ci2Hi2, 2, 6(2, 7)-Dimethylnaphthalene; Mg. 15 Ci2Hi2N2O3, Luminal; Fig. 36 Ci2Hi3N, a(/3)-Dimethymaphthylamine; Fig. 23 Ci3Hi0, Fluorene; Fig. 89 Ci3Hi0N2, Diphenyldiazomethane; Fig. 94 C13H1QO, Benzophenone; Fig. 88 C13Hi2, Diphenylmethane; Fig. 89 Ci4H10O2, Dibenzoyl (Benzil); Fig. 88 Ci4H12, 1, 1-Diphenylethylene; Fig. 90 Ci 4 Hi 2 , Stilbene; Fig. 90 C14Hi2O2, Benzoin; Fig. 88 C14Hi4, Dibenzyl; Fig. 89 Ci6Hi3N, a(/3)-Phenylnaphthylamine; Fig. 23 Ci6Hi4, Diphenylbutadiene; Fig. 90 Ci6Hi9NO4, Benzoylecgonine; Figs. 27, 40, 63 Ci6H2iNO3, Homoatropine; Fig. 40 Ci7H22ClNO4, Cocaine hydrochloride; Figs. 27, 40, 41 C19H22N2O, Cinchotoxine; Fig. 50 Ci9H22N2O, Cinchonine; Figs. 28, 50, 65 Ci9H22N2O2.2H2O, Apoquinine; Figs. 53, 54 Ci9H22N2O4, Quitenine; Fig. 64 Ci9H23ClN2O, Cinchonine hydrochloride; Fig. 28 Ci9H24N2O2, Hydrocupreine; Fig. 53 C20H22N2O2, Hydroquininone; Fig. 95 C20H24N2O2, a-Isoquinine; Fig. 52 C20H24N2O2, Quinine; Figs. 51, 65 C20H24N2O2, Chinotoxine; Figs. 52, 95 C20H26ClN2O2, Quinine hydrochloride; Figs. 51, 64 C20H26N2O2, Hydrochinotoxine; Fig. 95 C2IH26N2O3, Yohimbine; Fig. 56 C2iH28N2O2, Optoquinine; Fig. 54 C24H36Cl2N2O2, Eucupine dihydrochloride; Figs. 54, 64 C24H36ClN2O2, Eucupinotoxine hydrochloride; Fig. 54 C34H32BrFeN4O4, a(j3)-Bromohemin; Fig. 92 C34H32ClFeN4O4, a-Hemin; Fig. 92 C34H33FeN4O5, Hematine; Fig. 75 C34H39ClN4O4, Mesoporphyrin hydrochloride; Fig. 75 C34H48N2Oi0S, Atropine sulfate; Fig. 40 C34H48N2O10S, Hyosciamine sulfate; Fig. 40 C36H40N4O6, Hematoporphyrin dimethyl ether; Fig. 75 C40H60N4O8S, Quinine sulfate; Figs. 51, 52, 53, 54, 60, 65, 95 C40H60N4O8S, Quinidine sulfate; Fig. 52 C40H54N4O8S, Hydroquinine sulfate; Figs. 53, 64 C42H54N4O8S, Methylquinine sulfate; Fig. 64 LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) (i) Bielecki and Henri, 25, 46: 2596; 13. (2) Bielecki and Henri, 34, 158: 567; 14. (3) Bielecki and Henri, 25, 46: 3627; 13. 47: 1690; 14. (<) Castille, Bull. acad. roy. med. belg., 5: 193; 25. (5) Castille, 186, 12: 498; 26. («) Castille, 28, 36: 292; 27. (?) Castille and Klingstedt, 34, 176: 749; 23. (*) Errera, 51, 7: 215; 26. (9) Fischer, Die physikalische Chemie in der gerichtlichen Medizin und der Toxikologie. Zürich, Institut d. Univ. Zürich, 1925. (io) Friedli, Bull.^soc. chim. UoL, 6: 908; 24. (") Grossman, 7, 109:305; 24. (12) Henri, Etudes de photochimie. Paris, Gauthier-Villars, 1919. (l 3 ) Klingstedt, 34, 174: 812; 22. (U) Klingstedt, 34, 175: 365; 22. (15) Klingstedt, 34, 175: 1065; 22. (l«) Klingstedt, 34, 176: 248; 23. (17) Klingstedt, 34, 176: 674; 23. (i*) Klingstedt, 34, 176: 1550; 23. (l9) Klingstedt, 054, 3: No. 5; 24. (20) Lardy, 42, 21: 353; 24. (21) de Laszlo, 34, 180: 203; 25. (22) de Laszlo, 5, 111: 355; 26. (23) Light, 7, 122: 414; 26. (24) Lüthy, 7, 107: 285; 23. (25) Lüthy, 34, 176: 1547; 23. (26) Lüthy, 7, 107: 285; 23. (27) Menczel, 7, 125: 161; 27. (28) Schou, 34, 182: 965; 26. (2») Schou, 34, 184: 1452; 27. (30) Steiner, 34, 176: 744; 23.

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F/G. 7/ I a -ALANlNEfI), LEUCMEfil .OLUTAMfC ACID f3)/5PART/CACID f4), ASPARAOINEfS), H/Sr/D/NEfoÂND ARGININE' '(7)/N WATER 1 r

f

F/G. 72

CC-AL ANINEfi); PHENYL -. ALANINE(Z), TYROSINE (4. PHENOL f6) AND I TRYPTOPHANE Cr)IN WATERlBENZOICAClD 3)AND /NDOLEfO)/N HEXANE',SALICYLIC ACID NETHER+ HEXAUEfe)

1 F/G. 74MESITYL OXIDE(I), \ _ METHYLHEPTENOME f^))_ ACETONE(Z), CITRAL (4)tAND PHORONECS) IN HEXANE\

I I Fi*n\ I

TJ

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I I W.?* I I ,ACROLElNfU CROTONALDEHYDEfr) PROP/ONALDEHYDE (3),AND ACfTALDEHYDEfI)/N HEXANE^ \

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l

ACE77C (0,SUCClWCfc), - TRfCARBALL YUC (3), 1 Ct-CROTOMC'&•), MALEICfS) .ACOMT/CfyAND OXAUC ~ACIPS(T)/NALCOHOL I >

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SOLAR SPECTRUM HAROLD D. BABCOCK AND W. S. ADAMS CONTENTS PAGE Typical lines: wave-length, classification, and behavior in spots 380 Correction for Rowland's values 383 Correction for 1928 international standards. 383 TABLE 1.—SOLAR SPECTRUM: TYPICAL LINES An R placed after a wave-length (X) indicates that it has been derived from Rowland's measurements ( 4 ) by means of Table 2; all other values of X are derived from measurements made at Mount Wilson ( 3 ) in terms of internationally accepted standards. They all represent the value of X in air at 150C and a pressure of one normal atmosphere. Accidental errors exceeding 0.002 A or 0.003 A are improbable. The source of the line is generally that determined by Rowland. The spot intensities refer to typical spots; in "Spot 5X" are given the separations of the ^-components in large spots, reduced to a common field strength (H = 3400 gauss). A line which is incompletely resolved from other nearby details of the spectrum blends with them, and is called a blend. Unit of X = 1 Int. A = 10~4 M = 10-8cm; of 5X = IO"3 A = IQ-11Cm. .

Intensity Source — Sun Spot (4)

3 7 4 1 . 0 6 7 T i 4 48.273 Fe 10 52.417 Fe 3 56.943 Fe 4 58.247 Fe 15 60.538 Fe 4 69.996 Fe 4 81.193 Fe 3 90.659 1 3804.016 Fe 3 10.762 Fe, C 3 21.188 Fe 4 33.319 Fe 4 42.057 Co 3 50.828 Fe 4 63.404 C 3N 73.769 Fe 4 85.521 Fe 4 91.936 Fe 4 3906.492 Fe 10 06.756 Fe 4 16.739 Fe 5 20.271 Fe 10 24.535 Ti 4 37.339 Fe 3 49.963 Fe 5 60.288 Fe 4 71.334 F e 5 77.752 Fe 6 95.992 Fe 3 4007.281 Fe 3 20.907 Co 3 29.647 Fe-Zr 5 40.649 Fe 3

Spot

Group

OX(3)

(1|S|8)

al e(?) 61 o

d 6

5 8 4 3 5 3 5 5 3 2 3 4 3

11 12 10 12 9 14 10 7 8 14 5 6 10 14 8

b d al d(?) o al al 6 O 6 64 6 6 e

Temp. , class

IA IV II III IV IV IV, IV IV II II IV III V I V IV I II IV III I I I III IV IV I

TABLE 1.—(Continued) .

Source (4)

4053.273 62.451 70.778 71.751 95.983 4104.135* 14.453 25.888 36.530 39.939 54.507 54.815 67.279 75.645 84.9021 95.342 4202.042 07.135 08.612 20.349 22.223 33.613 46.838 57.663 65.268 79.492 82.413 83.016 91.475 4302.540 18.660 26.764 27.112 37.056 38.273 51.556 52.745 65.906 69.781 73.570 75.946 83.559 88.416 4404.763 15.137 16.829 25.446 27.319 35.158 43.203 54.390 61.662 69.385

Fe Fe Fe Fe Fe Fe Fe Fe Fe Fe Fe Fe Mg(?) Fe Fe, Cr Fe Fe Fe Fe Fe Fe Fe Sc+ Mn Fe Fe Fe Ca Fe Ca Ca,Mn(? Fe Fe Fe F e Fe Fe Fe Fe Fe Fe Fe Fe Fe Fe Fe-JCa Fe Fe Fe Fe Fe Fe

Intensity Sun Spot 2 5 4 15 3 5 4 3 4 6 4 4 8 5 4 5 8 3 3 3 5 6 5 2 2 2 5 4 2 4 4 2 3 5 1 2 4 2 4 2 6 15 3 10 8 2 4 5 2 3 3 4 4

2 5 3 15 3 5 4 2 4 7 4 4 6 5 4 5 9 3 3 3 6 8 4 3 2 2 6 7 3 7 6 2 2 7 1 2 6 2 4 2 10 15 3 10 8 O 6 9 4 3 4 7 4

Spot /(3) Ï2 10 11 7 8 17 10 19 4 9 12 17 13 9 13 13 10 10 10 9 11 10 8 15 13 6 14 8 19 12 16 11 16 9 9 13 18 10 19 13 14 13 22 14 15 11 7 16 14 9 13 14 19

i Group (1> 3) 5)

6

Temp. , class

61 d(?) d 6

III III II IV V IV

d a 6 d

UA III IV

6 6 d 61 6 d(?) 6 d d5

III 111,111 IV I IV V IV III III IVA II

61

III I IA I I, -

a3

6 63 6 6 63

V II IV III

63

III

a3 61 d(?) 61 61

I II IV II II

a3 a 63 63 a3 d

I I UA III III IB IV

TABLE 1.—(Continued) x

a Source (4)

4481.618* 84.229 85.685 94.575 4502.225 12.745 17.536 34.788 47.856 63.767 71.104 78.562 89.955 4602.951 07.655 17.280 25.054 30.130 38.019. 47.445 78.857 4704.956t 22.165 33.598 41.537 72.824 89.660 4802.888 10.539 24.143 32.721 40.886 48.254 59.749 66.278 85.436 4904.420 09.390 17.237 24.778 27.874 30.313 37.350 38.179 39.244 46.397 67.905 69.924 94.139 98.232 5005.720 10.944 20.033 24.852 25.568 28.135 39.966 49.829 60.076 74.755 81.121

Y Q Fe Fe Fe Mn Ti Fe Ti Fe Ti+ Mg Ca Ti+ Fe Fe Ti Fe Fe Fe Fe Fe Fe Zn Fe Fe Fe Fe Fe Zn Fe, Cr+ Fe Ti Cr+ Fe Ni Fe Fe Fe Fe Fe Fe Ni(?) Fe Fe Fe Fe Fe Fe Ni Fe Ni Ti Ti Ti Fe Ti Fe Fe Fe Ni

Intensity Sun Spot ï 4 3 6 2 3 3 4 3 4 5 3 3 6 4 3 5 4 4 4 6 4 3 4 3 4 3 2 3 3 3 3 2 4 2 3 3 2 2 3 2 2 3 2 2 3 3 3 3 1 4 O 2 3 1 2 3 6 3 5 3

Î 4 3 8 2 6 3 .6 4 3 8 7 2 8 4 5 6 4 4 6 6 4 1 6 3 5 3 1 1 2 2 6 OO 6 1 2 2 2 2 4 1 2 1 2 2 3 2 2 6 OO 4 O 6 7 3 2 5 8 6 4 3

TABLE I.—(Continued)

. Spot

^ Group

ox(3)

(lflfi)

a

35 17 36 15 28 25 36 18 18 17 19 10 23 22 14 20 41 26 31 21 22 99 60 18 27 23 25 31 36 48 25 20 26 46 21 44 60 31 46 31 55 15 32 43 27 56 35 46 30 17 34 24 22 28 37 33 31

d e(?) c4

Temp. , class

al

IV IV III III II

al

II VE II

b d al d

'IB(I) V II IV

d(?) 6

IV IV V

6 b 6 o

Iß(?) V III V

al

I

c5

III III V

d

6

V III

d d(?) d e a d al al al a a e

IV IB III V II II III V I III V III

. X-

Intensity Source — Sun Spot (4)

Spot 5X(3)

5 0 8 2 . 3 5 1 N i 2 O 4 0 99.938 Ni 2 2 50 5110.409 Fe 5 9 23.732 Fe 3 3 31.478§ Fe 2 1 126 41.748 Fe 3 5 34 50.854 Fe 4 7 59.065 Fe 2 2 42 71.612 Fe 6 8 85.910 Ti 2 1 38 91.467 Fe 4 5 94.951 Fe 4 7 97.578 Fe+ 2 1 28 5210.394 Ti 3 6 40 25.53511 Fe 2 3 131 29.862 Fe 4 4 51 42.501 Fe 2 2 38 50.218 Fe 2 2 182 50.656 Fe 3 4 60 63.316 Fe 4 4 65 73.172 Fe 3 3 54 81.800 Fe 5 8 47 88.533 Fe 2 2 44 97.387 Cr 2 4 45 5302.308 Fe 5 6 57 07.370 Fe 3 5 46 22.051 Fe 3 3 28 29.149 Cr 3 5 75 36.795 Ti+, 4 3 58 45.809 Cr 5 10 44 49.471 Ca 4 6 40 64.883 Fe 5 5 30 67.478 Fe 6 7 39 69.976 Fe 6 6 40 83.381 Fe 6 6 42 89.488 Fe 3 3 54 93.178 Fe 5 6 63 97.143 Fe 7 14 49 5410.920 Fe 4 4 42 15.211 Fe-V 5 5 43 24.081 Fe 6 6 46 34.536 Fe 5 8 10 36.304 Fe 1 1 84 45.055 Fe 4 4 49 62.971 Fe 3 3 40 66.407 F e 3 3 5 O 73.911 Fe 3 3 65 80.867 Fe 1 1 96 87.756 Fe 3 4 58 97.5281[ Fe 5 13 222 5501.478 Fe 5 12 144 06.793** Fe 5 12 146 12.991 Ca 4 8 40 34.849 2 1 27 54.902 Fe 3 2 75 62.718 Fe 2 2 96 76.101 Fe 4 4 O 81.981 Ca 4 8 54 88.766 Ca 6 10 39 90 128 Ca 3 7 49 93.748 Ni O OO 46

Group (1|8fi)

a a a

Temp. , class

V IB IB

a

Iß

a

II

d a

IV IB

al a d a a 6 d d d

I IA V

d a 6(?)

e e e e

IA IV V

II V III(?) II VE1 I III V V V V

d5 a4 e e e a4 &(?) e e d d d

IV IB V V, V IB

a3 a3 a3

Iß Iß Iß III

V

e d5

IV III III III III

TABLE 1.—(Continued) . X 5601.288 14.784 18.645 24.033 33.955 38.274 41.450 50.696 55.502 62.527 67.526 79.034 82.650 84.497 88.220 90.435 5701.113 01.559 08.408 11.098 17.844 31.775 52.043 54.669 63.005 72.152 75.091 87.930 93.926 5806.736 09.228 16.384 48.126 52.232 53.690 62.371 66.464 89.977 92.885 95.943 5905.684 16.261ft 27.801 34.669 48.552 56.709 75.356 83.693 84.830 6003.027 07.973 13.503 16.653 21.808 27.064 39.745Ä 42.108 56.018 58.177Ä 65.499

Intensity Temp. Source — Spot Group class , Sun Spot (4) (3) /1,3,5) ( } 4 ; ( ) (3) ^ ° (2) Ca 3 6 52 III Ni O OO 60 V Fe 1 1 81 d Fe 1 1 48 d5 Fe 3 3 53 d Fe 3 3 52 d5 V Fe 2 2 52 d Fe 1 O 78 Fe 2 2 58 d V Fe 4 3 51 d V Fe 2 2 110 e(?) Fe 3 3 84 e(?) Na 5 10 40 Si 3 1 60 Na 6 12 43 Si 3 1 86 Si 1 OO 98 Fe 4 5 50 e(?) III(?) Si 3N OO 73 Mg 6 6 43 Fe 4 4 41 d Fe 4 3 101 d Fe 4 4 79 e(?) Ni 5 6 77 II Fe 6 6 55 d V Si 3 O 53 Fe 4 4 94 d Cr 4 9 63 III Fe 2 2 104 d(?) Fe 5 5 58 e(?) F e 4 4 7 O d Fe 5 5 44 Fe 3 2 88 d Fe 3 4 80 Ba+ 5 9 72 III Fe 6 6 59 e V Ti 3 10 49 al II Na 30 100 I Ni 4 4 50 II Na 20 60 I Fe 4 3 34 d V Fe 3 5 80 Fe 2 2 28 e(?) Fe 5 5 57 d V Si 6 2 54 Fe 4 10 32 6 Fe 3 3 46 64 Fe 5 5 62 d V Fe 6 6 62 e IV Fe 6 6 98 d V Fe 4 4 89 e Mn 6 11 155 III Mn 6 12 192 III Mn 6 12 106 III Fe 4 4 64 64 V V O 6 135 I Fe 3 2 38 e V Fe 5 5 50 e V V OOON 3 330 UA dm Fe 7 8 28 64 III

TABLE 1.—(Continued) . X

" Intensity | " ~ T e m p . Source — Spot Group , Sun Spot (4) (3) (1 3 5) 3 ( } { } ( } class

6078.504 81.458Ä 82.723 90.222 96.675 6102.188 02.733 08.130 11.666Ä 19.535Ä 22.231 27.918 35.375Ä 36.631 37.709 50.156Ä

Fe V Fe Ti, V Fe Fe Ca Ni V V Ca Fe V Fe Fe V

57.739 61.302 62.185 66.446 73.348 80.216 91.577 99.195Ä 6200.327 13.443 13.877Ä 19.294 24.512Ä 32.655 42.853Ä 46.333 51.846Ä 52.571 58.368Ä 61.299Ä 65.148 68.878Ä 70.237 85.182Ä 92.828Ä 96.513Ä 97.808 6301.517 14.676 15.822 18.035ÎÎ 22.701 35.345:» 36.837 Î t 55.043 58.695 80.756 93.620ÎJ 6400.328 08.033ÎÎ 11.665 21.367 30.863 39.090

Fe Ca Ca Ca Fe Fe Fe V Fe Fe V Fe V Fe V Fe V Fe V V Fe V Fe V V V Fe Fe Ni Fe Fe Fe Fe Fe Fe Fe Fe Fe Fe Fe Fe Fe Fe Ca

(*)

()

5 O l 2 3 6 9 6 Od(?) 1 10 3 0ON 8 7 ON d(?) 5 4 15 5 5 5 9 O 6 6 000 6 000 3 000 8 OO 7 OOON 0000 5 OOON 3 0ON 000 0000 3 7 4 1 6 4 6 7 4 6 4 7 2 5 7 7 5 8

5 7 l 8 3 5 25 7 10 8 30 3 8 10 9 12

81 145 173 59 127 109 179 95 188 121 48 51 188 35 98 154

6 9 35 9 4 7 9 8 8 6 5 8 5 4 5 7 7 9 O 000 8 4 3 6 4 4 8 1 5 2 8 6 10 7 6 8 3 8 4 7 9 10 8 12

198 124 166 79 236 45 69 178 124 237 149 160 146 275 184 148 164 67 149 196 152 176 31 154 187 160 69 148 115 108 40 145 61 204 114 176 33 36 147 60 44 162 140 33

m

e

V I

6(?) -,I d e

V II II II I II

b 64 64

III III I

64

V III II III III

64 6(?) 64 64 64 64 d d5 6 64

II I IV III I III I V I V I III UA UA III UA

6

64 d5 64 6 64 d5 6 a 6 64 d5 d d5 6 64

I I I III IV II III III III V III IA V III III V IV III III II

TABLE 1.—(Continued) _

bouree —

A

(4)

6449.827 55.613 71.676 81.886 93.796 95.001 96.480 96.916 99.663 6546.260 69.232 92.934 93.892 6609.126 43.648 63.455 78.007 6717.697 50.173 67.793 6810.276 28.612 41.356 43.672 55.183

Intensity

Sun

SjJJt

C a " 6 Ca 2 Ca 5 Fe 3 Ca 6 Fe 8 Fe 2 Ba+ 4 Ca 4 Fe-Ti 6 Fe 5 Fe 6 Fe 4 Fe 3 Ni 5 Fe 3 Fe 5 Ca 5 Fe 3 Ni 4 Fe 4 Fe 2 Fe 3 Fe 3 Fe 3

Spot

Group

SA (3)

(1,3,*)

Î I 4 8 8 45 10 149 4 144 12 48 9 86 2 97 6 52 8 71 8 48 4 122 6 62 5 84 4 5 4 5 8 3 4 2 2 3 2 2

Temp. , C

j^S

ÏÎ II II b M d b4, a4 64 54 6 b b4 &

II II II 111,111 V III IV IV I IV III III IV I

TABLE 2.—CORRECTIONS FOR ROWLAND'S VALUES OF A Rowland's value exceeds the International value (i.e., system of standards adopted in 1922) by an amount A which varies with X. §§ Unit of X = 100 A = IQ"6 cm; of A = 0.001 A = IQ"11 cm. X 38 40 42 44 46 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 A 137 149 158 158 173 184 177 174 169 164 172 200 X 55 56 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 6S A 204 216 211 212 214 206 204 204 204 213 227 242 TABLE 3.—CORRECTIONS FOR 1928 INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS ( 7 ) Each X in Table 1 is too great by an amount C which varies with X. Error in C is probably < 0.001A Unit of X = 100 A = IQ-6 cm; of C = 0.001 A = IQ-11 cm. X 37.539.540.541.542.543.545 46 47 49 C 1.5 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.6 3.1 3.0 2.8 X 51 55 57 59 60 62 64 66 67 C 2.6 2.3 3.0 3.8 4.7 6.5 8.410.211.2 * Blend in spot. ** Complex in spot, t Fe predominant. f t Probably blend in spot. Î Blend with complex line in spot. ÎÎ Components blended in spot. § Doubtful. Jl Complex in spot. §§ See also (6). IT Line complex; OX is for outer n-components.


d(?) d(?) d(?) d(?)

(!) Gale and Adams, 2I1 35: 10; 12. ( 2 ) King, 21, 37: 239; 13. 39: 139Î 14. 56: 318; 22. ( 3 ) Mount Wilson Obs., Pasadena, Calif., O. (*) Rowland, 21, 1: 29, 131, 222, 295, 377; 95. 2: 45, 109, 188, 306, 360; 95. 3; 141, 201, 356; 96. (5) St. John and Ware, 81, 39; 5; 14. (6) St. John et al, 152, No. 396; 28. ( 7 )Comm. Report., 538, 3: 93; 28.

V V V V

UNIDENTIFIED LINES AND BANDS IN CELESTIAL SPECTRA F. E. BAXANDALL In the following tables, only the stronger of the unidentified lines are given; others will be found in the articles quoted. PAGE Celestial sources of unidentified lines 383 Wave-lengths of unidentified lines 384 Heads of unidentified bands 385 Conversion to Rowland's scale 385 TABLE 1. — CELESTIAL SOURCES OF UNIDENTIFIED LINES For bands, v. Table 3 Sym. = symbol by which the source is indicated in Table 2; Scale max. = maximum of the intensity scale adopted by the authority indicated in the Lit. column; Min. included = lowest intensity, by that authority, which is included in Table 2; No. = number of lines from that source which is included in Table 2; they lie between Xmin. and Xmax. Unit of X = 1 A = 10~8 cm. Source

Sym.

Aurora

A

Corona

Cor

Lit.

Scale max.

(3,28,

inNo. Xmin Xmax , j , eluded 3 5577 5573

Chromosphere

Fraunhofer spectrum

Chr

Fra

30 100

4 3

^n

iJo

2

(i°) (7) ( 18 ) (25)

80 2

3 1

40

4

13 48

31

3328 6374 3231 578

°

3033 9638

Min. inNo. Xmin. Xmax. ' eluded

gcale

Source

Sym.

Lit. max

Planets PIa (27) Neb ( 37 ) 360 10 Nebulae Nova Aquilae No. 3 NoA (") Nova Geminorum N o . 2 . . . N o G ( 2 , si) 8 5 NoP ( 14 ) 10 3 Nova Persei

7 17 1

Wolf-Rayet stars u Sagittarii 36r9Eridani R. Aquarii 6 Aurigae a Canum Venaticorum. . . . 77 Carinae o Ceti

W-R < Sag Eri RAq 0Au CaV Car Cet

Mln<

34)

( 8 )* (U)

TABLE 1. — (Continued)

«Cygni H. P. 1311 (A. G. C. 8631) € Ursae Majoris

^^

JJj

29 3414 5304

4 50

2 2

10

3

10

3

5 5 2 5 6 13

3938 4278 3954 4621 4658 4701 3954 4376 3983 4815 4244 4889

( ) f (32) J

24

3852 4838

go

4

(29)

10

3J

5

A

4

3J

10

3

( 2 ^) ( 33 ) (19) (15) (5) (22)

^

5093 6677 3426 6583 4603 4603 2 4610 4639 5 3868 4720

C)12 1

Cyg

^

HP UMa

(39) (9) ( 30 )

25 30204876 2 5

4059 4606 3911 4275

* A summary of records of many observers. The X's are probable values as derived from the collective records. Scale max. of no observer exceeds 30. Every unidentified line recorded by any observer as of intensity > 4 is included in Table 2. t The record used is the spectrum of the nucleus of planetary nebula B. D. -f 30°, 3639, which contains almost all the lines of the Wolf-Rayet stars more sharply defined than in the Wolf-Rayet stars themselves.

TABLE 2.—UNIDENTIFIED LINES IN CELESTIAL SPECTRA Only the stronger lines in the spectra of the sources listed in Table 1 are given. The symbol (v. Table 1) indicating the source is followed by a number indicating the authority (v. Lit.). Absorption lines are indicated by an a preceding the value of X; values in {probably refer to the same line. The wave-lengths of lines of o Ceti recorded by Stebbins (32) and by Adams and Joy (!) have here been corrected for the mean Telocity shift. For maximum of intensity scale, number of lines for each source, etc., v. Table 1. Sym. = symbol of the source, / = intensity, X = wave-length. Unit of X = 1 Int. A = 10~8 cm (for reduction to Rowland's scale, v. Table 4). X 03020.2 03033.41 03035.73 03038.8 03047.7 o 3050. 11 03053.41 03059.52 03096.45 03125.27 03177.51 03231.32 03236.15 03245.97 03251.92 o 3255 a 3258 03261.62 03281.21 03285.60 03288.60 03289.44 03308.81 03324.C6 3328.1 03366.17 3388 03407.22 3414 o 3416. 11 3426.3 03438.99 3445 3455 03465.74 { a 3468. 71 \o3468.77 ( a 3471. 39 \o3471.47 03487.95 03493.44 03513.93 03561.67 03570.27 03572.47 03573.74 03576.32 03585.33 3601.15 3611 3631 3640.5

Sym. Cyg (39) Fra (25) Fra (25) Cyg (39) Cyg (39) Fra (25) Fra (25) Cyg (39) Cyg (39) Fra (25) Cyg (39) Chr (10) Chr (i °) Fra (25) Fra (25) Cyg (38) Cyg (38) Fra (25) Cyg (38) Cyg (38) Chr (10) Cyg (38) Fra (25) Fra (25) Cor (8) Chr (10) Cor (8) Cyg (38) W-R (23) Cyg (38) Neb (37) Chr (10) Neb (37) Cor (8) Cyg (38) Cyg (38) Chr (10) Chr (io) Cyg (38) Chr (10) Cyg (38) Fra (25) Chr (10) Fra (25) Fra (25) Chr (io) Fra (25) Cyg (38) Cor (8) W-R (37) W-R (23) W-R (23)

/ 3 5 5 3 3 4 7 3 3 5 3 3 3 4 4 2 3 4 3 2 3 2 5 4 5 3 30 2 5 2 20 4 13 8 2 2 3 3 2 3 3 4 3 4 4 3 4 3 15 3 3

X 3643 3687 3726.15* 3728.90* 3734 03748.60 3769 3769.75 3813.5 3852.21 03859.95 03867.20 /3868 \3868.65 03911.25 03936.90 3938.05 3938.19 03938.40 03938.45 03938.45 03938.60 03945.05 3952.15 /03954.15 \o3954.40 3967.51 3967.58 3969. 86 1 03973.44 03983.85 3986.75 3991.15 4006.82 4021.45 04024.45 04032.96 a 4038 04040.90 04044.08 4049 4056.55 4059J 4068.62 4070 / a 4076 \o4076.15 4076.22 4086 4086.55 04105.05 04109.35

Sym. Cor (8) W-R (23) Neb (37) Neb (37) W-R (23) Cyg (38) W-R (23) Cyg (38) W-R (23) Cet (32) Cyg (29) Chr (10) NoP (14) Neb (37) UMa (30) Chr (10) Chr (16) Cet (32) Fra (25) Cyg (29) UMa (30) Sag (24) Cyg (29) Chr (16) 0Au(IS) Eri (33) Neb (37) Cet (32) NoP (U) Chr (10) CaV(S) Cor (8) Chr (16) Cet (32) Chr (16) Cyg (29) Sag (24) CaV (5) Chr (10) Sag (24) W-R (23) W-R (37) HP (9) Neb (37) W-R (37) CaV (5) 0Au(IS) Neb (37) Cor (8) Chr (16) Chr (10) Chr (10)

I 5 4 50 30 3 3 3 3 3 4 3 3 10 70 3 3 3 8 4 3 3 3 3 4 4 2 70 8 10 4 5 3 9 3 3 2 3 2 4 55 10 60 55 3 20 6 3 4 3

X 04128.7 a 4132. 4 4137.3 4138.64 4143.11 4155.2 4156.3 a 4159. 19 4163.6 4165.87 04184.00 04188.73 f a 4190. 99 \a4191.6 a 4198. 24 f a 4200. 5 \ a 4200. 5 (a 4200. 96 4229.4 4231.2 /4233. 15 § \4233.26§ 4244.09 a 4275. 4 4276.85 a 4278. 40 4287.29 4291.48 a 4301. 10 4302.78 a 4303. 94 4316.64 4325.6 4342.58 4343.09 4358.94 4359 /4363.2011 \ 4364 4372.68 / a 4376. 8 \ a 4377 .44 4407.9 4413.87 4416. 26 U 4441.2 4446.38 a 4448 4448.13 4451.94 4456.89 4457 4457.80 4458.62 4462.1 a 4465. 6 4474.70 4496.6 4511.56 a 4516 4516.4 4518.30 4521.37 4555 4559.70

Sym. UMa(SO) UMa(SO) Chr (16) Cet (12) Chr (U) W-R (3 7) Chr (16) Fra (25) W-R (37) Cet (12) Fra (25) Fra (25) Eri (33) 0Au (15) Fra (25) Sag (24) 0Au(IS) Eri (33) W-R (37) Cor (8) Cet (32) Cet (12) Car (22) UMa (30) Car (22) Sag (24) Car (22) Cet (12) Fra (25) Chr (U) Fra (25) Chr (2l) W-R (37) Car (22) Chr (2l) Car (22) Cor (8) Neb (37) NoP (14) Cet (32) 0Au (15) Eri (33) Chr (16) Car (22) Car (22) W-R (37) Chr (U) CaV (5) Cet (i) Car (22) Cet (12) W-R (37) Car (22) Cet (12) Chr (16) W-R (37) Car (22) Chr (16) Cet (12) CaV ( 5 ) W-R (37) Chr (2l) Cet (12) W-R (37) Cet (12)

/ 3 5 3

3 50 3 5 50 4 4 2 3 4 2 3 4 15 8 12 g 3 5 2 10 4 3 4 2 50 4 2 10 6 80 7 9 3 2 3 8 9 40 3

6 20 5 3 3 3 50 3 20

X 4561.97 4567 4583. 90§ 4586 4597.72 4600.6 4603.7 f 4606** \ 4608** ( 4610** 4615.2 a 4621. 72 4622 4633.54 4634.76 /4636ft \ 4639.0ft 4639.08 4658.2 4666 4669.44 4698.72 a 4699. 33 a 4700. 16 4701.4 4711.4 4720 4728.17 4739 4740.2 4756.54 4757.3 4761.8 4768.27 4786.2 4801.15 4810.8 4814.60 a 4815 4838.50 4849.15 a 4876. 5 4889.46 4958.9111 5006.8411 a 5093 5130.7 a 5210 5250.9 5272.4 5299.8 5302.9 5304.8 5425.29 a 5428 5477.00 5490.71 5577.35 5577.83 5578.0 5669.3 5755 a 5762 5780.6 a 5973

Sym. Cet (12) Cor («) Cet (12) Cor («) Chr (2l) Chr (16) NoA (17) HP (9) W-R (23) NoG (2) Chr (") Eri (33) W-R (23) Cet (12) Cet («) NoP (14) NoG (31) Cet (12) RAq (19) W-R (37) Chr (2l) Chr (U) Fra (25) Fra (25) RAq(IO) Neb (37) NoP (14) Car (22) W-R (23) Neb (37) Cet (12) Chr (16) Chr (16) Chr (2l) W-R (37) Cet (12) Chr (16) Car (22) CaV (5) Cet (12) Chr (2l) Cyg (35) Car (22) Neb (37) Neb (37) PIa (27) W-R (37) PIa (27) W-R (37) W-R (37) Chr (16) Cor (8) W-R (37) Chr (2l) PIa (27) Chr (U) Chr (2l) A (3) A (28) A (3 4) Chr (16) Neb (37) PIa (27) Chr (16) PIa (27)

/

6 4 2 3 12 3 5 3 2 io

3

40 2 3 4 4 10 6 5 3 20 3 4 2 20 3 5 2 3 3 200 360 25 20 15 3 20 15 4 3 2

3 20 4

X 06191 6302 6374 6648.1« 6583. 6tt a 6677 a 7165. 57

Sym. 7 Pia (2 7) Neb (37) io Cor («) Neb (37) 70 Neb (37) no PIa (27) Fra (^ 8 ) 2

»Theoretically identified as OJJ lines («). t Much too strong to be due solely tO He. J Described by Harvard observers as double, the more refrangible component being the wider and fainter. § In o Ceti the bright lines other than those of H are generally considered to be lines of low temperature, hence these lines can not be identified with the enhanced Fe lines at 4233.33 and 4583. 90. U Theoretically identified as OJJJ Unes (6). 1f Probably involves enhanced Fe lines 4417.00; all the other prominent enhanced Fe lines occur in rj Carinae.

X 07691.58 ö8648.41 o 9095. OL a 9255. 87 09415.07 o 9556. 11 09638.45

Sym. Fra (i«) Fra (i») Fra (7) Fra (7) Fra (7) Fra (7) Fra (7)

/ 2 2 1 1 1 2 1

** Probably identical in origin and X; broad and hazy; possibly, but not surely, identical with oxygen line 4609.40 which appears to behave differently from other O lines. 1 1 These two X's, obtained from different records, probably refer to the same line; line is broad and diffuse, and occurred in the later stages of the Novae. ÎÎ As neighboring C line at 6577.5 does not appear in nebular spectra, 6583.6 is probably not the C line at 6583.0; it and 6548.1 are probably of gaseous origin, like the great majority of nebular lines of known origin. Both have been theoretically identified as N JJ lines ( 6 ).

TABLE 3.—HEADS OF UNIDENTIFIED BANDS For additional information and list of possible bands in sun-spot spectra, v. ( 4 ). R indicates that the band extends from the head towards the red end of the spectrum, V towards the violet. Unit of X = 1 A = IQ"8 cm. X I Source | Lit. 4313.2* R o Ceti (32) 4395.4 V R types (26) 4409.2 V R types (26) 464Of R S types and R Cygni (20, 36) 4713.0 R o Ceti (32) 4736.9t R et Herculis (32) 4752.8§ V N types (13) 4841.6 R o Ceti (32) 4855.3 V 132 Schjellerup, etc (!3) 4871.4 R 152 Schjellerup, etc (13) 4890.1 V N types (13) 4891.9 V R types (26) 4900.9 R 78 Schjellerup, etc (13) 4906 R 152 Schjellerup, etc (13) 5438.1 R o Ceti (32) 555Of R R Cygni (20, 36) 5721.2 R 115 Schjellerup, etc (13) * Not the hydrocarbon band 4314. J Not the "Swan" band 4737.

t Probably due to ZrO. § Probably due to a C compound.

TABLE 4.—CONVERSION TO ROWLAND'S SCALE X on International scale + C = X on Rowland's scale. Unit of X and C = 1 A = 10~8 cm Range of X 2950 to 3125 3125 to 3250 3250 to 3450 3450 to 4150 4150 to 4350 4350 to 4550 4550 to 5125 5125 to 5300 5300 to 5325 5325 to 5375 5375 to 5400

|

C 07Î2 0.13 0.14 0.15 0.16 0.17 0.18 0.17 0.18 0.19 0.20

\\ Range of X 5400 to 5500 5500 to 6050 6050 to 6500 6500 to 6570 6570 to 6750 6750 to 6850 6850 to 7000 7000 to 7200 7200 to 7400 7400 to 7700

|

C ÔL2Ï 0.22 0.21 0.22 0.23 0.24 0.25 0.26 0.27 0.28

LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) C 1 ) Adams and Joy, Pubi. Ast. Soc. Pacific, 30: 193; 18. 08, 101: 492; 18. (2) Adams and Pease, 81, 40: 294; 14. (3) Babcock, 81, 57: 209; 23. ( 4 ) Baxandall, 520, 84: 568; 24. ( 5 ) Belopolsky, Astron. Nach., 196: No. 4681; 14. («) Bowen, 58, 120: 473; 27. (?) Brackett, 81, 63: 121; 21. (8) Campbell and Moore, 521, 10: 8; 18. ( 9 ) Cannon, Ann. Astron. Obs. Harvard College, 28 H: 233; 01. (io) Davidson and Stratton, Mem. Roy. Ast. Soc., 64: 105; 27. (**) Dyson, 62, 206: 403; 06. (12) Frost and Lowater, 21, 58: 265; 23. (*3) Hale, Ellerman and Parkhurst, Decennial Pubi., Univ. Chicago, 8: 253; 03. ( 14 > Lockyer, 5, 69: 133; 01. (1S) Lockyer and Baxandall, 6, 77: 550; 06. ( 16 ) Lockyer et al., 62, 197: 151; 01. ( 1 ^) Lunt, 680, 80: 519; 20. (**) Meggers, Pubi. Allegheny Obs., 6: No. 3; 21. (l«) Merrill, P. W., Mt. Wilson Obs.f Pasadena, Calif., O. (20) Merrill, 81, 56: 457; 22. (21) Mitchell, 81, 38: 407; 13. (22) Moore and Sanford, 521, 8: 55; 13. (23) Plaskett, Pubi. Victoria Dominion Ast. Obs., 2: 287; 24. (2*) Plaskett, Dominion Obs., Victoria, B. C., O. (25) Rowland, 81, 1: 29, 131, 222, 295, 377; 95. 2: 45, 109, 188, 306, 360; 95. 3: 141, 201, 356; 96. 4: 106, 278; 96. 5: 11, 109, 181; 97. 6: 384; 97. (26) Rufus, Pubi. Ast. Obs., Univ. Michigan, 2: 103; 16. (27) Slipher, Lowell Obs. Bull., No. 42; 11. (28) Slipher, 81, 49: 266; 19. ( 2 ^) Solar Physics Committee, Catalogue of 4?0 of the brighter stars. London, H. M. S. O., 1902. (30) Solar Physics Committee, Researches on the chemical origin of various lines in solar and stellar spectra. London, H. M. S. O., 1910. (31) Solar Physics Committee, Phenomena of new stars. London, H. M. S. O., 1914. ( 32 ) Stebbins, 521, 2 : No. 41 ; 03. (33) Struve and Hujer, 81, 65: 300; 27. ( 3 ^) Vegard, Geofysiske Pubi. Norske Meteorol. Inst., 2: No. 5; 22. ( 3S ) Waterman, 681, 8: 3; 13. ( 36 ) Wright, 520, 72; 548; 12. ( 3 ?) Wright, 621, 13: 191; 18. (3S) Wright, 521, 10: 100; 21. ( 3 ^) Wright and Applegate, 521, 12: 81; 26.

LOW-TEMPERATURE LUMINESCENCE

E. L. NICHOLS AND E. MERRITT CONTENTS

PAGE

Intensity of luminescence 386 Wave-lengths of crests of bands. Photoluminescence 386 Cathodoluminescence 387 Chemiluminescence 389 Luminescence excited by flames, X-rays, and radiations from radioactive substances 389 Flame excitation : temperature limits 389 Frequency intervals between bands 389 Variation of luminescence with concentration 390 Miscellaneous data 390 Luminescence at low temperatures (<1000°C) maybe produced by light, X-rays, cathode rays, radioactive radiations, chemical reaction, or as a continuing after-effect of a luminescence due to any cause. That which persists for a time after the withdrawal of the exciting cause is generally called phosphorescence; that which exists during the excitation is often calledfluorescence,but in this section that term is restricted to the cases in which the luminescence is produced by light, X-rays, or 7-rays. Some substances can be caused to luminesce when pure, others only when they contain an activating impurity, generally a metal. The nature of the luminescence depends upon both the substance and the impurity, and its intensity varies rapidly as the concentration of the latter is increased, passing through a maximum and finally becoming zero while the concentration is still low. Cf. Table 8; see also (*). TABLE 1.—INTENSITY OF LUMINESCENCE For variation with concentration, see Table 8 BQ = brightness of luminescence immediately after withdrawal of exciting radiation. Its value depends upon the intensity and the spectral distribution of the exciting radiation, and the latter affects the ratio of the values of B0 for any two substances. Br = relative brightness of the luminescence when ozone is passed through the solutions at a fixed rate. / = fluid solution, s = solid. Unit of BQ = 1 millilambert = 0.001 lambert; of Br is arbitrary. Chemiluminescence when ozone is passed through solutions of esculin (Ci5Hi6O9) ( 14 ); (for N and P-vapor, see Table 9) Solvent I Jg1. H Solvent I Br H2O, Water 1 C3H6O, Acetone 3 CH4O, Methyl alcohol 3 C3H8O, Propyl alcohol.... 5 C2H6O, Ethyl alcohol 5 C3H8O3, Glycerol O Fluorescence excited by Fe-spark with light-filter transmitting the region between ca. X = 0.3/z and X = 0.4ju ( 2 2 ) Substance I B0 C20Hi2O5 Fluorescein (4.2 to 5.2)... . / 4.7 Luciferin (14.5 to 16) / 15.2 Ci2H7NO3 Resorufin / 3.0 Rhodamine 6G (4.2 to 12) / 8.1 Rhodamine B / 5.2 Tetrachloroeosin / 4.2 ZnS Sidot blende (3.08 to 10.9) s 7 Zn2SiO4 Willemite (synthetic) (12.5 to 14) s 13.2 Zn2SiO4 Willemite (natural) s 5.3 Cd3(PO4)2 Cadmium phosphate s 0.0182 Uranium glass s 7.31

TABLE 1.—(Continued) (NH 4 ) 2 UO 2 (SO 4 ) 2 UO2(NO3)2.6H2O UO2(C2H3O2) 2 PbUO2(C2H3O2)4.4H2O CaS CaCO3 K3UO2F5 K2UO2(SO4)2.2H2O KUO2(NOs)3 Rb2UO2Cl4.2 H2O CsUO2(NOg)3 CsUO2(C2H3O2)3

Substance NH4 uranyl sulfate Uranyl nitrate Uranyl acetate Pb uranyl acetate Baimain's paint Calcite K uranyl fluoride K uranyl sulfate K uranyl nitrate Rb uranyl chloride Cs uranyl nitrate Cs uranyl acétate

s s s s s s s s s s s g

| BQ 23.0 6.61 5.39 3.75 l. 26 0.132 4.69 35.2 7.53 8.11 5.71 4.56

TABLE 2.—WAVE-LENGTHS (X) OF CRESTS OF BANDS: PHOTOLUMINESCENCE For ultra-violet luminescence of 128 organic compounds in alcoholic solution, see ( 19 ) In some cases only the principal bands are here listed. C = concentration, parts by weight or fraction of normal (N); N = normal concentration; Hg-arc = Hg arc in quartz tube. Tabular values are Xo. Solvent is ethyl alcohol (C2HsOH) unless otherwise indicated. Unit of X = 1 A = 10~8 cm; A(1/X) = cm-1. CeH6, Benzene C = Mooo; Zn-spark (8) 2599, 2635, 2679, 2754, 2827, 2910. C - Kooo; Hg-arc (33) 2700, 2757, 2829, 2943. C=OMN; t = -1930C; Hgarc (18) 3390, 3460, 3520, 3570, 3650,

CrH6O3, p- Hydroxybenzoic acid C = 0.05#; Hg-arc (", ") 3790, 3920, 4050, 4210, 4330. C7H8, Toluene ^ 00 ° ; /n-sPark (*) 2622 > 2646> 2676> 2740> 2809> 288 f' C = °-05Ar>' t = ~193°C' Hg~ C =

SSffffg"* cji.o.ph„.i

4M

«*4120 »AU as», °- '

C = Kooo; Zn-spark (8); 2776 C = 0.05AT; t = -1930C; Hgarc (18) 3510, 3610, 3710, 3830, 3960,

C7H8O, o-Cresol C = 0.05AT; t = -1930C; Hgarc (18) 3530, 3630, 3740, 3850, 3970.

12Ë2: C6H6O2, Hydroquinol C = Kooo; Zn-spark (8); 3Q32 C6H6O2, Resorcinol C = (?); Hg-arc (33); 3000 C6H7N, Aniline C = Kooo, Zn-spark (8); 3084 C = 0.05AT; t = -19O0C; Hga r c (i6, 17) 3720,3830,3960,4110,4240. C7H5N, Benzonitrile C = 0.05AT; Hg-arc (ie, IT) 3790, 3810, 3870, 3950, 4050, 4120, 4210, 4310, 4410, 4510. C7H6O2, Benzoic acid C = 0.05AT; Hg-arc (i«, ") 3660, 3790, 3910, 4050, 4160.

C7H8O, m-Cresol 3540, 3620, 3730, 3850, 3970, 4080. C7H8O, p-Cresol 3630, 3730, 3850, 3980, 4110. __ __ 0^\Â H* C = °-05^ * = 77\90 C' H^ arc (16,17) 3470, 3600, 3670, 3800, 3910. C8H6O4, o-Phthalic acid C = (?); Hg-arc (33); 3100 C8H7N, o-Tolunitrile c = 0.05JV; t = -19O0C; Hgarc ( i6 » l 7 ) 3750, 3800, 3930, 4000, 4110, 4180, 4260.

TABLE 2.—•(Continued) C8H7N, m-Tolunitrile CgHi2, Mesitylene 8 3790, 3910, 3960, 4050, 4160, C = Mooo; Zn-spark ( ) 2698, 2712, 2747, 2786, 2863, 4220, 4290, 4440, 4550, 4650. 2972. C8H7N, p-Tolunitrile 0 C =Q.05N;t = -19O C; 3770, 3890, 3950, 4020, 4150, Hg-arc (16, 17) 4220, 4290, 4450, 4520, 4600. 3570, 3620, 3690, 3760, 3850, CgH8O 2, Phenylacetic acid 3920, 4000. 0 C = 0.05AT;* = -19O C; C9Hi2, Pseudocumene Hg-arc (16,17) 0 C =0.05N;t = -19O C; 3440, 3570, 3640, 3790, 3860. Hg-arc (16,17) C8H8C^, o-Toluic acid 3560, 3650, 3770, 3880, 4000, 0 C = 0.05N; t = -19O C; 4120, 4270. Hg-arc (16,17) Ci0H8, Naphthalene 3670, 3790, 3920, 4040. C = Kooo; Hg-arc (33) C8H8O2, m-Toluic acid 3157, 3223, 3269, 3320, 3349, 3740, 3860, 4000, 4120, 4250. 3386, 3457, 3500, 3537. C = Kooo; Zn-spark (8) C8H8O2, p-Toluic acid 3000, 3046, 3098, 3142, 3190, 3730, 3840, 3980, 4100, 4240. 3235, 3292, 3340, 3386, 3447, C8Hi0, o-Xylene 3498, 3558, 3627, 3654. 8 C = Jôoo; Zn-spark ( ) Ci0H8O, a-G8)-Naphthol 2603, 2636, 2680, 2713, 2793, C = Kooo; Zn-spark (8) 2896, 2986, 3038, 3135. X« = 3185, 3250, 3379; A0 = C = 0.05AT;* = -1930C; 3274, 3348. Hg-arc (l«) 3480, 3560, 3610, 3670, 3790, Ci H N, a-(ß)-Naphthylamine 0 9 3830, 3900, 4000, 4070, 4130. C = Kooo; Zn-spark (8) Xa = 3553; X0 = 3579. C8Hi0, w-Xylene (8) 2685, 2715, 2802. Ci0Hu, Cy mene (18) 3540, 3610, 3670, 3730, C =0.05AT;£ = -19O0C; 3820, 3880, 3970, 4090, 4160, Hg-arc (16,17) 4230. 3530, 3640, 3730, 3850, 3970. C8HiO, p-Xylene (8) 2681, 2739, 2801, 2865. (18) 3550, 3650, 3700, 3770, 3890, 3950, 4010, 4120, 4190, 4270. C8Hi0, Ethylbenzene C =0.05N;t = -1930C; Hg-arc (18) 3450, 3580, 3640, 3780, 3870, 4050, 4120. C8Hi0O, o-Methylcresol C =0.05AT;Z = -1930C; Hg-arc (18) 3550, 3620, 3760, 3850. C8Hi0O, m-Methylcresol 3570, 3660, 3770, 3900, 4000. C8Hi0O, p-Methylcresol 3660, 3770, 3900, 4000, 4120. C8Hi0O, Xylenol C = 0.05AT; Hg-arc (16, 17) 3570, 3660, 3780, 3890, 4010. . C9H7N, Quinoline C = Kooo; Zn-spark (8); 3840 C9Hi2, Propylbenzene C =0.№N;t = -1930C; Hg-arc (18) 3440, 3580, 3650, 3790, 3890, 4050, 4130.

Ci2Hi0, Diphenyl C - Kooo; Zn-spark (8) 2864, 2893, 2921, 2966, 3022, 3113, 3186, 3321. Ci 2 HnN, Diphenylamine C = Kooo; Zn-spark (8); 3158 C IsHi2, Diphenylmethane C = Kooo; Zn-spark ( 8 ) 2650, 2684, 2742, 2815, 3736, 3924, 4144. Ci4H8O5, Purpurin in ethyl ether (C4Hi0O) C = (?); sunlight (31); 5440 Ci4Hi0, Anthracene C - Kooo; Hg-arc (33) 3857, 4000, 4300, 4357. C = Kooo; Zn-spark (8) 3658, 3762, 3897, 4115, 4354. Ci4Hi0, Phenanthrene C == Kooo; Hg-arc (33) 3014, 3100, 3166, 3271, 3343, 3400, 3486, 3529, 3557, 3643, 3700, 3749, 3834, 3943, 4043, 4243, 4443. C = Kooo; Zn-spark (8) 2971, 2995, 3065, 3154, 3231, 3302, 3382, 3439, 3494, 3545, 3614, 3733, 3797, 3926, 3992, 4134, 4229.

Ci4Hi0O, Anthranol = Kooo; Zn-spark (8) 2781, 2829, 2882, 2939, 3063, 3119, 3190, 3441, 3735, 3930, 4139. Ci5Hi6O9, Esculin C = (?); white light (26); 4600 Ci9Hi6, Triphenylmethane C = Kooo; Zn-spark ( 8 ) 2688, 2704, 2757, 2832, 3717, 3823, 4032, 4258. C20H8Br4Os, Eosin in water C = (?); white light (26); 5800 C20H8I4Os, Erythrosine in gelatin C = (?); Hg-arc (32); 4150 C20Hi2Os, Fluorescein in concentrated H2SO4 C = Kooo; Hg-arc (33) 3200, 4700, 5100. C 20 Hi 4 O 4 , Phenolphthalein C = (?); Hg-arc (33); 3000 C40H50N4O8S, Quinine sulfate in water C = (?); white light (26); 4370 C40H50N4O8S, Quinine sulfate C = Kooo; Zn-spark (8); 3355 Cyanin in gelatin C = (?); Hg-arc (32); 4000 CiSH8O4, 3, 6Dihydroxyxanthone C = (?); Hg-arc (33); 4200 Rnodamine in water C = (?); white light (26); 5540 Pt(CN) 2 and double Pt-cyanides, Fe-spark gives same bands as cathode-rays (3), see Table 3. UO2SO4 in water (1S); C = (?) 4918.3 5133.95369.45626.8 5160.25395.85654.0 5910.16219.5 5938.8 UO 2 (NO 3 ) 2 in water (13);
UO 2 (NH 4 ) 2 (SO 4 ) 2 in water (13); C = (?) 4912.6 5124.55355.45607.4 4934.7 5147.85380.15633.3 5881.1 6184.0 5908.0 6215.7 Al2O3, Ruby in sunlight ( 5 ) -19O0C (lines) 6918, 6932, 6976,* 6985,* 7006, 7036, group at 7060 to 7130. + 180C (bands) 6590, 6690, 6760, 6790,* 6926, 6941, group f 7016, 7046, 7060,* 7130.* +2250C (bands) 6610, 6945, 6960; 4 diffuse bands* at 7016 to 7130. * Not recorded in extraordinary spectrum, t Not recorded in ordinary spectrum.

CaCO3, Calcite; Fe-spark (25); 2 sets of bands;* for each, A(1/X) = 420 cm-1. 5084, 5195, 5311, 5432, 5559, 5692, 5831, 5977, 6131, 6293, 6464. 5025, 5133, 5247, 5365, 5488, 5618, 5754, 5896, 6046, 6203, 6369, 6545. * Same sets for CaO excited by H-flame ( 12 ), and in cathodoluminescence of CaO activated with Mn ( 34 ).

NaUO 2 (C 2 H 3 Og) 3 , Sodium uranyl acetate in water (13). C = (?); 6 sets of 5 bands; for each set, AX"1 = ca. 851 cm"1. 4732.5 4932.55148.65384.5 4950.25167.85404.5 4762.3 4964.95184.95424.0 4769.2 4972.15192.25431.6 4785.8 4990.2 4794.6 4999.25221.45463.5 5642.71 5663.415685.8(5694.6 Na2UO2(SO4) 2 in water

( 13 );C - (?)

4891.5 5101.25330.05578.5 5125.45354.75604.6

TABLE 3.—WAVE-LENGTHS (X) OF LINES AND OF CBESTS OF BANDS: CATHODOLUMINESCENCE For effect of solvent upon wave-length of maximum brightness of solid solutions, see Fig. 1 B. P. = boiling point, d = diffuse, e = edge of band, / = fine, narrow band, g — gas or vapor, m — maximum, n = nebulous, s = strong, w = weak, D — very diffuse, D' — very, very diffuse, etc.; similarly for S1 S', S", W1 and W. Tabular values are X; bands unless lines are indicated. Unit of X = 1 A = 10~8 cm. A (21) g at B. P. of H: 5607.4S, 5648.3 Phosphorescence (afterglow): 475Os, 535Ow Ca ( 15 ) g lines coincide with arc lines but differ in intensity 3179.5Ow 3181.43W 3630.87 3644.53 3706.18 3737.06s 3933.81S' 3957.22W 3968.635' 3973.91 4108.60 4226.905" 4240.61 4302.7Ow 4355.5Os 4425.60 4435.17« 4435.88w 4455.005 4456.1Ow 4527.35s 4581.77w 4586.22 4685.35 4878.38 5041.83w 9 20 Cd ( » ) gr single line spectrum: 3260.17

TABLE 3.—(Continued) 4478 46945 48095 4940 5660 5833TF 67201F

4500 47095 4837w 495Os 569Ow 58805

Dy in AhOs ( 29 ) solid solution 4519w 4545 4571s 47215 47615 47685 486 IS' 4895 4919s 497OS 499 Iw 5544 w 574 Iw 5770 58035 58915 5945s 5961

4601 47885 4924s 5652 58185 6545TF'

Dy in CaO (3S) solid solution, concentration = 1 % Dy2Oa 4728 4748 47975 48905 5708 58485* 5958 67505 Dy in CaWO4 ( 29 ) solid solution 4479 4546s 462OW7 4690Z) 4739 4782s 4868s 5063 W 5212w 5342s 5449s 549Od 5511 5606 5656 569Os 57475 5787s 5816s 6022 W 6450 W 6588sd 6662d 36 Er in CaO ( ) solid solution, concentration = 1 % Er2Oa 40405 40855 4095 4460 4520 45505 45905 5280* 5330* 5595 Eu in Al2Oa ( 29 ) solid solution 5040wn 5438d 5584d 5509&<2 5995sd 61585d 6304d 6588d 6930sd Eu in CaO ( 36 ) solid solution, concentration = 1 % Eu2Oa 41605 41955 42455 42605 4330 4466 4490 4655 46855 4755 5405 58955 59305 5970 61285 6155* 6180* 62455 29 Eu in CaWO4 ( ) solid solution; rose color 410Oe 535Om 572Oe 5901 5952Z) 6061Z) 611Os 61485 . 6199 6545Z) Fe ( 15 ) g lines coincide with arc lines 3440.762 3441.155 3570.273 3581.349s 3609.008w 3618.919w 3631.605MJ 3647.988w 3680.069W 3687.610W 3705.708w 3720.0845 3722.729«; 3727.778W 3735.014s 3737.281s 3745.717s 3748.408 3749.631 3758.375 3763.945w 3767.341W 3813.100 W 3815.987«; 3820.586 3824.591 3826.027 3834.364w 3840.580W 3856.524 3860.0555 3878.720 3886.434 3920.41Ow 3923.054w 3928.075w 3930.45Ow 4045.975w 4308.081W 4325.939Tf 4383.720 4404.927W 4540 5830*

FIG. 1.—Wave-length (Xm) of maximum intensity of cathodoluminescence of solid solutions: Effect of solvent ( 34 ). In each section, the activating metal (Bi, Cu, Mn, or Pb), and at each point, the corresponding solvent is indicated. M = molecular weight of solvent.

3088.5* 3153.05*

3052.9 3128.9 3189.4 3285.4s 3533.3s

Gd in CaO ( 3S ) solid solution, concentration — 1% 3094.0* 3134.Of 3140.55t 3144.Ot 3147.05 3155.5* 3158.55* 9 Hg ( » 20) g single line spectrum: 2536.72 Mg ( 9 > 2°) g single line spectrum: 2852.22 N (21) g at B. P. of H: 55565, 5617s, 5654 Phosphorescence (afterglow): 5231s Na ( 39 ) g lines; those marked AT are attributed to nitrogen 3078.9w 3092.3s 3055.4 3073.9 3077.4 3134.9 3149.0 3158.8 3163.9 3169.2w 3213.6 3225.8w 3235.0 3257.9 3274.1 3302.8 3304.8 3318.2 3327.6 3371s 3536.5 3576 3582 3631.6s 3710.8

3754.8 3898.8AT 3914A^s 4262ATw 4278.2 4389.4 4454.5w 4541.3 4752.2 5221.Ow Bands: 5946 6276 361371, 3685W 40385 4415e 4482e 4673w 53055 39205 45755

3805.1 3901. ZN 4236 4265A7W 4308.7w 4392.8 4481.5 4544.8 4862w

Na.—(Continued) 3882.6 3884.8 3Q03N 3905AT 4248w 4252ATw 4268Nw 4270Nw 4321.4 4324.7 4404.8w 4418.6w 4484.5 449Ow 4664.7s 4668.4s 4979.3s 4983.5s

3894.OATw 3907 AT 4256AT 4271.5Nw 4341.1 4421.9 4493.8 471Ow 5149.2

3896.6N 3908.7AT 4259 4273.0Nw 4344.0 4448w 4497.3 4748.3 5153.7

5700 6000 6328

5744 5792 5843 5894 6053 6112 6164 6218 6388 6455 6515 6565 29 Nd in Al2Oa ( ) solid solution 3634 3651n 3661w 3665d 367Od 3917w 3923e 3930e 39435 4006s 40695 4081s 4306e 431Oe 434Os 4426e 4439e 4453e 4466e 4472e 4495e 4589e 4595e 4626e 4645e 4709s 4851 48845 4913s 4948w 5505s 5672 36 Nd in CaO ( ) solid solution, concentration = 1 % Nd 2 Oa 3980 41905 42205 42305 42955

Nd in CaWO4 ( 29 ) solid solution, continuous spectrum, blue Pr in CaO (36) solid solution, concentration = 1 % Pr2Oa 48755 4940 5170 60455* 60655* 615Of 620Of 62605 63405 29 Pr in CaWO4 ( ) solid solution 4756Z) 48745 4989d 5092Z) 5189D 5284Z) 53245 5412d 5495wd 5574w 5683sd 5748TFd 5773TTd 594Od 6034s 6100Z) 6194s 6278 6394 65005 6540wd Pt(CN) 2 and double Pt-cyanides of Ba, Ca, K, K2Ca, KLi, KNa, Mg, NÜ4, Na, and Sr ( 3 ). Positions of bands are same for all, but relative intensities differ; positions depend upon hydration. 4100 4300 4620 Dehydrated salts: 4740 5370 5780 6480 6560 4140 4300 4610 Salts not dehydrated: 4720 4920 5340 5760 5920 6370 Sa in Al 2 Oa ( 29 ) solid solution 470On 485On 5079 W 5175 W 5353 wd 544Ou; 5465w 5550 56445 57305 5817s 5857w 61075 61945' 6230/ 62655 5909 5990 6387w 6505w 6618 6753 Sa in CaO ( 36 ) solid solution, concentration = 1 % Sa2Oa 5486 5561 56835 57625 60525* 61505* 6265 6605t 6740t Sa in CaWO4 ( 29 ) solid solution 5272e 530Om 546Oe 5545d 5628s 5689d 5885d 59525 59945 60505 60725 6124d 6368d 64205 64605 6544d 710Ow 7900 W Tb in Al2Oa ( 29 ) solid solution 3532Tf 3543n 3565n 3591n 361In 3646w 3653w 366Ow 3685 3702s 376Os 3778s 3795s 3797 38125 38285 3847s 3853s 38895 39065' 3986e 4014 40295 4099 41025 4121e 4122w 4131w 4141s 4159s 417Ow 4180 41915 4212s 42295 42305' 4306 43305 43695 43925" 44145' 44375' 44615 44905 4554 46005 46065 4664w 4743s 4767s 4788s 4813w 4832 48625 4878e 5009 50185' 5454n 55175 55735' 5807 5856 5886w 592Os 5989n 6264s Tb in CaO (3*) solid solution, concentration = 1 % Tb2O3 37705 37875 38055 38805 39005 41805 41905 42005 42105 43505 43705 43955 48555 54255 54955* 55215* 55505 58435 58785 59555 60175 63305 Tb in CaWOi ( 29 ) solid solution 3720 W 3762w 3789 3819 3853 4100 414Os 4168 4243w 431 Iw 4332w 43555 4379 4398 4427 4563 4588 4707 48595 48795 4906s 4951s 4738 4759 499Ow 5425e 54585' 54915' 5517s 5808 5839 58815 5891s 5951 5979 W 6168s 62145 6257s 6293d 6412d 6456d 6542 6717s 6822TF 7400TF Zn (9. 20) g gingie Hne spectrum: 3075.99 * Overlaps the similarly marked adjacent band. t Overlaps the similarly marked adjacent band.

TABLE 4.—WAVE-LENGTHS (X) OF CRESTS OF BANDS: CHEMILUMINESCENCE Certain chemical reactions proceeding at low temperatures give rise to luminescence. The bands recorded below are due to oxidation, s, w = strong, weak; S, W = very strong, very weak. Tabular values are; X unit = 1 A = 10~8 cm. P, Phosphorus ( 7 ) 2381W 2387W 2398s 2454s 2458£ 2474S 2507TF 2517W 2531ÏF 2544TF 2579ÏF 2587TF 2613 W 3339 W For brightness and efficiency of luminescence of N saturated with P-vapor, see Table 9. C6H6O3, Pyrogallol (30) ; 4590 (width = 350 A) TABLE 5.—WAVE-LENGTHS (X) OF CRESTS OF BANDS: LUMINESCENCE EXCITED BY FLAMES, X-RAYS, AND RADIATIONS FROM RADIOACTIVE SUBSTANCES Fl, X, RR = excitation by flame, X-rays, radioactive radiations. C, Diamond (30) RR : 4030, 4120, 5510 Cb2O6, Fl(23) two sets of bands: 4831, 5500, 6748; and 5020, 5747, 6196. BaPt(CN)4 RR ( 30 ) 5430 to 6040 wide crest BaPt (CN) 4 X (2) continuous spectrum BaSO4 X (28) 3120 to 4760 crest 3640 2700 to 5000 crest 3830* CaPt(CN)4 RR (30) 4770 to 5170 crest 4900 CaI2 X (28) 4170 to 5000 crest 4570 5130 to 5880 crest 5520 CuI2 X (28) 4080 to 4760 crest 4350 HgI2 X (28) 5400 to 5710 crest 5560 KLiCl2 X (28) 2780 to 3330 crest 3100 3850 to 5000 crest 4500 K 2 Pt(CN) 4 X (2) continuous spectrum KLiPt(CN)4 RR (30) 5550 to 5970 crest 5760 KNaPt(CN) 4 RR (30) 5340 to 5790 crest 5670 Li2Pt(CN)4 X (2) continuous spectrum LiRbPt(CN)4 RR (30) 5400 to 5820 crest 5590 MgPt(CN) 4 X (2) continuous spectrum (NH4)2Pt (CN) 4 X (2) continuous spectrum Rb 2 Pt(CN) 4 RR (30) 4600 to 4850 crest 4760 Rb 2 Pt(CN) 4 X (2) continuous spectrum Th[Pt(CN) 4 J 2 X (2) continuous spectrum ZnO X (28) 4350 to 5130 crest 4830 5400 to 5880 crest 5630

TABLE 7.—FREQUENCY INTERVALS BETWEEN BANDS A0[Ai] = interval in 1/X between adjacent members of a set of bands in the absorption [luminescent] spectrum. Frequency intervals are CA0 and cAj. Unit of A0 and of AI == 1 cm.""1 Uranyl (UO2) compounds ( 24 ); for absorption, see ( 4 ) Compound Cs2UO2Cl4 K2UO2C14.2H20 (NH4)2UO2C14.2H20 Rb2UO2Cl4.2H20 UO2SO4.3H20 Cs2UO2(SO4)2.2H20 K2UO2(SO4) 2.2H20 (NH4)2U02(S04)2.2H20 Na2UO2(SO4)2.3H20 Rb2UO2(SO4) 2.2H20 UO2(NO3)2.6H20 NH 4 UO 2 (NOs) 3 (NH4)2U02(N03)4.2H20 KUO 2 (NOa) 3 K 2 UO 2 (NOs) 4 UO2(C2H3Oa)2 (acetate) UO2(C2H3O2) 2.2H20 AgUO2(C2H3O2)S Ba(U02)2(C2H302)6.6H20 Ca(UO2) 2(C2H3O2)6.8H20 KUO 2 (C 2 H 3 O 2 )S LiUO2(C2H3O2)s.3H20 Mg(UO2)2(C2H3O2)6.7H20 MnUO2(C2H3O2)4.6H20 NH 4 UO 2 (C 2 H 3 O 2 )S NaUO2(C2H3O2),. PbUO2(C2H3O2)4.4H20 RbUO 2 (C 2 H 3 O 2 )S. Sr(UO2)2(C2H3O2)6.6H20 Zn(UO 2 ) 2 (C 2 H 3 O 2 ) 6 .7H 2 O

| '

AI 834.4 835.8 833.2 835.0 852.0 857.0 830.0 837.0 843.0 832.0 859.0 877.0 842.8 869.0 867.2 859.6 857.2 847.4 850.8 838.8 845.7 845.0 851.9 851.9 844.0 852.2 851.2 848.6 847.4 845.1

|

A0 705.4 702.2 710.6 708.4 696.0 704 703.0 703.0 713.0 698.0 714.3 743.7 698.7 730.7 734.0 710.4 723.5 700.1 713.6 705.4 691.8 702.7 706.0 712.5 701.9 704.6 712.1 707.8 701.1 707.7

* Exposure twice as long as for preceding entry.

TABLE 6.—FLAME EXCITATION: TEMPEBATUKE LIMITS ( 27 ) Certain substances luminesce below 100O0C when placed in that portion of a H-flame which lies between the reducing and the oxidizing zones. The temperature limits (ti and tz) between which luminescence occurs, and the color of the luminescent bands are given below. Substance | h, 0C I E 2 , 0C I Color Al2O3 55 692 Pale green CaF2 58 310 Yellow-green CaO O 600 Red CaO 40 725 Green CaS 60 330 Blue-green Cb2O6 (?) (?) see Table 5 Cd3(PO4)2 50 733 Yellow MgO 75 680 Blue-green SiO2 85 367 White ZnO 568 704 Red ZnO 704 948 Green ZnS O 123 Yellow ZnS 211 575 Blue-green ZrO2 76 372 Blue-green ZrQ2 440 720 Red

FIG. 2.—-Mean frequency interval between bands of cathodcK luminescence of solid solutions: Effect of atomic weight of activating element ( 34 ). Elements in solid solution in CaO;* cathodoluminescence ( 34 I Sets I At [I I Sets | "AT" Ag 2 212 Bi 1 146 Al 1 598 2 202 Ba 1 199 Ca 2 426 2 203 2 512 Be,. 2 1145 Cb 1 215 2 255 * CaCO3 excited by Fe-spark (2S), CaO excited by H-flame ( 12 ) f and cathodoluminescence of CaO activated with Mn ( 34 ), all emit the same two series of bands characterized by Aj = 420 cm"1; see Fig. 2.

TABLE 7.—(Continued) TABLE 9.—MISCELLANEOUS DATA I Sets I Az || I Sets | ài Fatigue (14).—Esculin (Ci5Hi6O9) in H2O, concentration = 4 in 100 000, continuous excitation by Hg-arc in SiO2 tube, time (T) Cd 1 187 Mo (Continued). 2 236 measured from beginning of exposure, brightness (B) in an arbi2 226 Na 2 700 trary unit. Ce 1 172 Nb see Cb T O 3 6 H) 15 21 25 3 Î 4 1 55 min 2 223 Nd 1 183 B I 83 68 57 39 22 12 7 3 2 1 Co 2 322 2 201 2 399 Ni 2 367 If 55 > r > 21 min, £-°-5 = -0.15 + 0.021r. Cr 2 364 Pb 1 165 Decay of Luminescence ( 35 ).—N at pressure = 0.22 mm of Hg, 2 423 2 185 excitation by electrodeless discharge for 3.95 sec, time (T) measured Cu 2 340 Pr 1 170 from end of excitation, brightness (B) in an arbitrary unit. Dy 2 182 2 218 T 3.70 5.85 8.8511.3014.6019.50 25.65 sec Er.. 2 183 Rb 4 256 B 100 50 25 |15 10 6 3.5 Fe 2 374 Sa 1 167 5 For this range of TJ £-°= +0.026 + 0.02Or. Ga 3 302 2 208 Energy Emitted during Phosphorescence ( 10 ).—ZnS activated Gd 2 186 Sb 1 191 by Cu, 1 g Cu to IO5 g ZnS. Total light = 0.248 candle-second Ge 2 284 2 212 per cm2; total energy = 6680 erg = 22.5 kg-cal per g-atom of Gl see Ee Sn 1 199 Cu = 0.42 quantum of radiation (X = 5330 A) per atom of Cu. Hg 1 171 2 206 Efficiency of Chemiluminescence (l).—N saturated with vapor 2 180 Sr 2 225 of P at 250C. B = 0.0215 millilambert, efficiency = 1.1 lumen Ho. 1 186 2 275 per kilowatt of energy emitted during the reaction. K 2 465 Ti 2 424 Effect of Pressure (p) upon Luminescence of N (35).—Excited by 2 512 Tl 1 174 continuous electrodeless discharge; brightness (B) in an arbitrary La 2 196 V 2 392 unit. Li 1 1218 2 405 p 0.0800.1060.1440.1920.2570.3230.440mm 2 1236 Yt 1 223 B 63.3 173 364 902 2 200 4 576| 20 400 Mg 1 657 2 243 B = 129 00Op3. Mn 2 340 Zn 2 326 Variation of Fluorescence with Depth.—Owing to absorption, the 2 420 Zr 1 227 intensity of the active constituents of the exciting radiation proMo 2 209 2 242 gressively decreases as the radiation penetrates the substance; the Other substances Substance | Excited | Series | A^ | Lit. brightness (Bx) of the fluorescence excited in the layer at depth X1 likewise decreases. The values of Bx for (a) uranium glass, (6) CaO H-flame 1, 2 420 (12) quinine sulfate (C4OH5ON4OsS) in H2O with trace of HNOa, and CaCO3 Fe-spark 1, 2 420 (25) (c) fluorescein (C2oHi2O5) in H2O with trace of NaOH are as Cb2O5 H-flame 1, 2 210 (23) follows (U): Unit of 05 = 1 mm; of Bx is arbitrary TABLE 8.—VARIATION OF LUMINESCENCE WITH CONCENTRATION x I a I b I c B = brightness; C = m/M7 m[M] — mass of substance [of 0 ÏTëÔ 4~2Ö 1.72 solvent*]; e = too weak for measurement. For each mixture the 1 3.31 2.88 1.11 excitation is same for all values of C. Unit of B is arbitrary. 2 2.24 2.04 0.54 Type Cathodoluminescence Fluorescence (38) 3 1.70 1.59 0.34 Substance Sm2O3 | MnQ I MnO* Fluorescein (C20H12O5) 4 1.37 1.10 0.17 CaO CaO Ca3(PO4)2 H2O with trace of 5 1.14 0.76 0.12 k°iVent (6.1) (6.1) (6.2) NH4OH 6 0.95 4 C ~ B C I B/C \ IQ Bf 7 0.60 8 0.48 ~~Ô Î ÖTö Ö 5 X IO"9 21.8 0.001 9 0.36 0.00001 1 2 e I X 10~8 20.6 0.002 0.00010 2 4 e 2 X 10~8 18.7 0.004 Within about ± 10 % these can be represented by the expression 0.00055 4 6 4 X 10~8 18.8 0.007 B = Boe-f" where M« = 0.28, ß = 0.34, The value x b Mc = 0.56. 8 0.0010 6 9 8 8 X10~ 17.1 0.014 of p will vary with the concentration. 8 0.0018 8 16 X 10~ 17.2 0.028 16 6 X 1 0 - 6 1 7 . 2 1.0 0.0020 LITERATURE 0.0050 21 12 X IO-6 17.3 2.1 0.0055 10 10 25 X 10~6 15.7 3.9 (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) 0.010 9 9 20 5 X IO"5 14.3 7.2 C 1 ) Adams, 84, 20: 392; 25. ( 2 ) de Beaujeu, 51, 4: 257; 23. (2-1) Becquerel, 4 0.013 8 8 I X 10~ 10.2 10.2 Becquerel and Onnes, 64P1 12: 76; 09. 168, No. 110; 09. (3) Berrel, 99, 11] : 163; 12. (") Boardman, 2, 20: 552; 22. (5) du Bois and Elias, 8, 0.03 7 2 X IO"4 4.39 8.8 35: 617; 11. («-i) Brüninghaus, 6, 20: 519; 10. («-2) Brüninghaus, 6, 0.05 e 4 X IO"4 I 4.0 21: 210; 10. ( 7 ) Centnerszwer and Petrikaln, 7, 80: 235; 12. (») Dickson, 0.06 6 99, 10: 166; 12. (*>) Franck and Hertz, 88, 16: 512; 14. 0.1 4 e (1°) Guntz, 34, 179: 361; 24. (i Hattwich, 75, 122 Ila: 1829; 13. O2) Howes, 2, 17: 469; 21. (13) Jones and Strong, 11, 43: 37; 10. (U) 0.3 O Kearney, 3, 47: 648; 24. (is) King and Carter, 21, 44: 306; 16. 0«) 0.4 4 1 O Kowalski, 63, 12: 956; 11. (17) Kowalski and de Dzierzbicki, 34, 152: 83; 1.0 O O O 11. (i«) Kowalski and de Dzierzbicki, 34, 151: 943; 10. (i») Ley and *For thè solvent Ca3(PO4)2, M is mass of the equivalent amount of CaO. t Computed from B/C, which is corrected for absorption and radiation other than that due to active molecules.

Engelhardt, 7, 74: 1; 10. (20) McLennan and Henderson, 5, 91: 485; 15. McLennan, 5, 92: 305, 574; 16. (21) McLennan and Shrum, 5, 106: 138; 24. (22) Nichols, 166, 55:

157; 22. (23) Nichols, 2, 25: 376; 25. (24) Nichols, Howes, Merritt, Wilber and Wick, 152, No. 298; 19. (25) Nichols, Howes and Wilber, 2, 12: 351; 18. (26) Nichols and Merritt, 2, 18: 403; 04. 19: 18; 04. (27) Nichols and Wilber, 8, 17: 453; 21. (28) Ferrine, 2, 22: 48; 23. (2») de Rohden, 14, 3: 338; 15.

(30) Schaum, 99, 9: 414; 11. (31) Schmidt, 8, 68: 103; 96. (32) Stark, 63, 8: 248; 07. (33) Stark and Meyer, 63, 8: 250; 07. (34) Tanaka, 48, 8: 287; 24. (35) Trowbridge, 2, 32: 129; 11. (36) Urbain, 6, 18: 305; 09. (37) Urbain and Brüninghaus, 6, 18 : 293; 09. (38) Walter, 8, 36 : 502; 89. (39) Wood and Gait, 21, 33: 72; 11.

FLUORESCENCE OF GASES C. D. CHILD There are several distinct types of fluorescence in gases : 1. The simplest type is an atomic phenomenon in which the emitted radiation has the same frequency as the exciting light (8, 18, so, 53). This has been called resonance radiation. The following table shows the wave-lengths (X) which have been used to excite such radiation in various vapors (unit of X = 1 A). Vapor Bi Cd Hg

I

X 2277, 3068 2289, 3262 1849, 2537

I

Lit. (42, 57) (22, 43) (3,12,16,19, 21, 39, 40, 41, 51, 61, 64, 71

Li Na Pb Tl Zn

6708 3303, 5890, 5896 2833 2768, 3776 2139, 3075

of the radiation in type 1, and the intensity in type 3. The effect on type 1 varies with the direction of emission, and depends on the direction of the field with respect to the direction and plane of polarization of the incident light. In this respect resonance radiation is very sensitive, responding markedly to a field strength of one gauss in the case of Hg2537, and to a field strength of less than 100 gauss for the D lines of sodium. Observations on type 3 have shown that, at least in the case of iodine vapor, the fluorescence is practically extinguished in fields stronger than 30 000 gauss. General discussion of fluorescence of gases ( 4 > 45, 63).

)

(i) (56, 60, 66) (42,57) (28, 42, 57) (52, 59)

2. In some cases an atomic vapor will emit certain lines of its arc spectrum of wave-lengths different from those of the exciting light ( 14 » 42, 57). Such lines are said to be optically excited. Many of the mercury lines have been excited in this manner and also XBI = 4723; XPb = 3640, 4058; XTh = 5351, 3530 A. 3. In a third type, which is a molecular phenomenon, a spectrum of 20 to 40 lines is emitted, one line being of the same frequency as that of the exciting radiation, one to three lines being of higher, and the remainder of lower frequency (6, 23, 25, 27, so, 32, 33, 34, 36, 38, 47, 56, 62, 68, 69). Such spectra are called resonance spectra. In the vapors of I, Na and K they have been excited by a great number of wave-lengths. 4. In a fourth type there is no simple relation between the emitted and the exciting radiation (7, 9, 26, 31, 35, 37, 42, 46, 54, 57). In this type the emitted spectrum usually consists of many lines, in some cases it contains bands, and with Hg-vapor at pressure of 0.45 mm Hg it seems to be continuous from the yellow to 3000 A. This type has been observed with many pure gases, and with the . vapors of Hg, I, K and Na when they are mixed with other gases. In some cases the exciting radiation may be changed through wide limits without producing any change in the character of the emitted radiation. Polarization (5, 17, 20, 32, 33, 44).—Jn the absence of a magnetic field, the radiation in types 1 and 3 is generally polarized in the same direction as the exciting light. The amount of polarization depends upon the gas and upon many external conditions, and in some cases is greatly affected by a weak magnetic field. The radiation in type 4 has never been found to be polarized. Effect of Magnetic Fields (2, 10, 11, is, 24, 49, 55, 58, 67, 70)._ Magnetic fields are known to affect the polarization and intensity

LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) (i) Bogros, 34, 182: 124; 26. ( 2 ) Breit, 3, 47: 832; 24. 48, 11: 465; 25. (3) Cario and Franck, 96, 37: 619; 26. ( 4 ) Child, 337, No. 30: 28; 23. (5) Datta, 96, 37: 625; 26. («) Daure, 34, 183: 31; 26. (7) Diestelmeier, 99, 15: 18; 15. (8) Ditchburn, 201, 23: 78; 26. ( 9 ) Dunoyer, 51, 4: 17; 14. (10) Eldridge, 2, 24: 234; 24. (U) Ellett, 58, 114: 931; 24. (^) Foote, 2, 30: 288, 300; 27. O 3 ) Franck and Grotrian, 96, 4: 89; 21. (**) Füchtbauer, 63, 21: 635; 20. (i 5) Gaviola and Pringsheim, 96, 25: 367; 24. 34 : 1; 25. (16) Goos and Meyer, 96, 35: 803; 26. (17) Hanle, 96, 35: 346; 26. (i«) Hartley, 5, 76: 428; 05. («) Hayner, 2, 26: 364; 25. (20) Heisenberg, 96, 31: 617; 25. ( 21 ) Hughes and Thomas, 2, 30: 466; 27. (22) Kapuscinski, 96, 41: 214; 27. ( 23 ) Kemble and Witmer, 2, 28: 633; 26. (24) Keussler, 8, 82: 793; 27. (25) Landau and Stenz, 3, 40: 189; 20. (26) van der Lingen and Wood, 21, 54: 149; 21. (27) Loomis, 2, 29: 112; 27. (28) Loria, 2, 26: 573; 25. (2») McCurdy, 3, 2: 529; 26. 3 ( O) McLennan, 5, 91: 23; 14. ( 3i ) McLennan and Ainslie, 5, 103: 304; 23. (S2) MacNair, 2, 29: 677; 27. ( 33 ) MacNair and Ellett, 197, 13: 583; 27. (3*) Mannkopff, 96, 36: 315; 26. (35) Marsh, 4, 123: 3315; 23. 125: 418; 24. (S6) Mecke, 8, 71: 104; 23. (") Meyer and Wood, 3, 30: 449; 15. (38) Oldenburg, 96, 38: 370; 26. 197, 11: 595; 25. ( 39 ) Orthmann, 8, 78: 601; 25. (40) Orthmann and Pringsheim, 96, 35: 626; 26. (41) Phillips, ß, 89: 39; 14. (42) Ponomarev and Terenin, 96, 37: 95; 26. ( 43 ) Power, 2, 26: 761; 25. (44) Pringsheim, 96, 7: 206; 21. 8:126; 21. 38:161 ; 26. (45) Pringsheim, Fluoreszenz und Phosphoreszenz im Lichte der neueren Atomtheorie. Berlin, Springer, 1923. (46) Pringsheim and Reimann, 96, 29: 115; 24. (47) Ramsauer, 96, 40: 675; 27. (4«) Rasetti, 22, 33: 38; 24. (49) Rayleigh, 5, 111: 456; 26. (50) Ruark, 3, 3: 1051; 27. (Si) Rump, 96, 31: 901; 25. («2) Soleillet, 34, 184: 149; 27. (53) Steubing, 63, 10: 787; 09. (54) Steubing, 8, 33: 553; 10. 63, 14: 887; 13. (55) Steubing, 8, 58: 55; 19. (56) Strutt, 5, 91: 388, 511; 15. 96: 272; 19. (57) Terenin, 96, 31: 26, 25. 37: 98, 676; 26. (58) van Vleck, 197, 11: 612; 25. (59) Winans, 197, 11: 738; 25. (60) Wood, 3, 10: 513; 05. 15: 581; 08. (6l) Wood, 3, 18: 240; 09. (62) Wood, 3, 21: 309; 11. 22: 469; 11. 23: 689; 12. 24: 673; 12. 35:236; 18. (6S) Wood, Researches in Physical Optics, II. New York, Columbia Univ. Press, 1919. (64) Wood, 5, 106: 679; 24. 3, 50: 774; 25. 4:466; 27. (65) Wood, 3, 2: 611; 26. (66) Wood and Dunoyer, 3, 27: 1018; 14. (67) Wood and Ellett, 2, 24: 243; 24. (68) Wood and Franck, 3, 21: 265; 11. (69) Wood and Kimura, 3, 35:252 ; 18. (70) Wood and Ribaud, 3, 27: 1009; 14. (7l) Zemansky, 2, 29: 513; 27.

SPECTRAL SERIES OF THE ELEMENTS1 H. M. HANSEN AND V. THORSEN CONTENTS Introduction: Spectral séries Permissible lines Notation used in this report Other notations Term values for spectral series

PAGE 392 392 393 393 393

INTRODUCTION Spectral Series.—In most line spectra there have been found certain groups of lines which are distributed in a regular manner. Each of these groups is called a spectral series. In any series the wave number (1/X) of every line can be written as a difference between two spectral terms (1/X = Ti — T2)—combination principle of Rydberg-Ritz ( 76 > 234 ). Throughout this report X is the wave-length of the line in a vacuum. For each spectrum, the terms (T7), which are much less numerous than the lines, can be arranged in sequences characteristic of the element producing it. On Bohr's theory, h*>(=hc/X) = E2 — Ei, where E2 and Ei denote the energy of the emitting atom in two "stationary " states; on this theory, except for an additive constant, Ti = — J57i/hc, T2 = — Ei/hc. Hence the spectral terms are often called energy levels of the atom. If we neglect the "fine structure" of the lines, atoms containing only one electron external to the nucleus (H, He+, etc.) emit spectra having only one series of terms; TH = NH/m 2 , T7He+ = 4A7HeM2, where NK = 109 677.7 cm-1, #He = 109 722.1 cm"1, m = 1, 2, 3, . . . , ». N is called the Rydberg constant, or wave-number, and on Bohr's theory its value for an atom of mass M is NM = 27T2 In0C4Ii-3C-1 M/(M + m0) = N00Mf(M + m 0 ). The best available values for NH are 109 677.7 ± 0.2 (*«) and 109677.26 ± 0.23 ( 246 ); the former is used by Paschen (228) and others, and is accepted for this report. Taking MH/mo = 1847 (cf. Vol. 1, p. 18), this gives NM = 109 677.7 -f 59.37 M\

-r-r

r ) approx. and N00 = 109 737.1; the latter differs

At». Wu./

notably from the value derived from the fundamental constants accepted for the I. C. T. (cf. Vol. I, p. 17, 18), the difference arising from slight errors in the accepted values for e, h, and e/mo, especially the latter. If the atom contains more than one external electron, there is more than one sequence of terms. The different sequences are generally designated by the letters s, p, d, /, . . . , and the general terms by ws, mp, . . . (sometimes by (m, s), (m, p), . . . ) where m is an integer. In the simplest case the general scheme is as shown in (1) Is 2s 3s 4s 2p Sp 4p 3d U 4/

5s 5p od 5/ 50

... ms ... . . . mp . . . . . . md . . . ... m/ . . . . . . mg. . . mh . . .

(1)

In each sequence the value of the term approaches zero with increasing m and often can approximately be represented by NM/(m + «)2, where a is a constant. For closer approximations, 1 This section contains data and bibliography to March, 1928, but the report was originally prepared in 1925 and it has been impossible to change the notation and the arrangement of the tables so as to make them accord with the more recent theoretical work (see ( 125 )). The numerous, more or less isolated, sets of multiplets which have been discovered are included by literature, reference only. All additions to the 1925 report have been made by V. Thorsen, who also took part in the preparation of that report.

see ( 76 ); cf. ( 90 ). In most spectra the p-terms, d-terms, . . . are multiple, being divisible into 2 or more sequences, denoted as mpi, mpzj . . . mdi, md2, . . . In many spectra 2 or more such systems of multiple-term sequences with different multiplicities occur, the different systems in any spectrum exhibiting either all even or all odd multiplicity. In several spectra there is in addition a distinctly different scheme of terms in which the members of a sequence are approximately represented by the expression A -f NM -, :—r;. These terms are called anomalous, displaced, or (m -j- a)2 ' ^ primed terms. Permissible Lines.—When more than one sequence of terms exists, we do not find lines corresponding to the differences of all possible pairs of terms, but only of certain particular pairs. For the simplest case, scheme 1, lines are rarely found except for the cases indicated in Table 1; these correspond to "permissible " lines. TABLE 1.—TERM DIFFERENCES CORRESPONDING TO PERMISSIBLE LINES Series Principal 1st subordinate! Fundamentalt

| 1/X* | m || 1/X |TO|| 1/X | mi | m 2 Is-mp >l 2s-mp >2 mis-mzp >0 >mi 2p-md >2 3p-md >3 mip-myi >1 >rai 3d-mf >3 4d-mf >4 mid-mrf >2 >m\ etc. etc. etc. 2nd subordinate! 2p-ms >1 3p-ms >2 imp-mzs >1 ^mi 3d-mp >2 4d-mp >3 mid-mzp >2 ^m\ 4f-md >3 5f-md >4 mif-mxi >3 ^ mi etc. etc. etc. * Generally the strongest of the series. J Bergmann series. t Diffuse subordinate series. § Sharp subordinate series.

There are similar limitations upon the line-producing differences between the components of multiple terms, as between pi and d/, and between terms belonging to different systems of sequences. The general features of series spectra may be interpreted on Bohr's theory by assuming that in each of the several stationary states involved in the emission of the lines of a series, one electron, the so-called series electron, is moving in an orbit which is large as compared with those of the other electrons, and which differs from state to state, and that this electron has a general central motion; i.e., it has a plane periodic motion on which is superposed a rotation of the orbit in the plane, the plane itself performing a uniform precession around an invariable axis fixed in the atom. For such a motion, the stationary states are characterized by 3 quantum numbers, n, k, j. The main quantum number n is correlated with the period of revolution of the electron, k with the rotation of the orbit in its plane, and j with the precession of the orbital plane. We may write : Angular momentum of electron in plane of orbit = kh/2ir', total angular momentum of electron = jh/2ir. For this type of motion, n may change by any integral number at any transition, but the correspondence principle restricts the actual transitions to such as correspond to a change of k by one unit and of j by either one or no unit. This interprets the empirically discovered selection rules of Table 1 if k = 1 for the s-sequence, 2 for the p-, 3 for the d-, etc. It also interprets the observed restrictions in the intercombination of the multiple terms if to each component of a multiple term is ascribed a certain value of j. The anomalous or primed terms are interpreted as arising from the simultaneous excitation of more than one electron. It is possible to assign to these terms such quantum numbers k and j that the selection rules governing pairs of primed terms are the same as those for ordinary terms; but those governing combinations involving a primed and an ordinary term, which are characterized by

special Zeeman patterns, differ, in that k must remain unchanged makes a. < 1 or nearly = 1 in the expression NM/(m +a) 2 ; in or must change by two units. On this theory, the capricious most spectra this requires our 2p term to be called Ip1 our 3d appearance of lines corresponding to combinations that do not term to be called sometimes 2d and sometimes Id1 etc. 2. Sequence Notation.—Fowler uses Greek letters
PIG. 1. Notation Used in This Report.—In view of the uncertainties mentioned, we have refrained from basing the term notation entirely upon the quantum symbols. As the theory is incomplete, we take no account of the theoretical values of n, now used as serial number by Paschen ( 233 ), but in general we follow the notation hitherto used by him ( 234 ) : 1. The serial number of the terms is in accordance with scheme (1) (Ritz-notation), the number 1 being used for the first s-term, 2 for the first p-term, etc. But if the normal state of the atom is not an s-state or if the first s-term is not the largest term in the system, the first s-term is called 2s. (2) The letter notation of the sequences is in accordance with scheme (1); if there are two systems, capitals are used for sequences of lower multiplicity; in other cases small letters are used. (3) Components of multiple terms are denoted by numerical subscripts, as p\, pz, p*. The subscript 1 is assigned to that term which, from the combination rules and the relative intensities, is inferred to correspond to the highest value of .;*; this term is the smallest in the ordinary and the largest in the inverse type of system. (4) The so-called anomalous, displaced, or accented terms giving sequences of the type A +

NM

'

(—4]—\2 are denoted by primes, etc. (p'y p", . . . ). Primes, . . . are also used for distinguishing the several components of the multiple sets of multiple terms occurring in the systems of Cr, Mo, and Mn. (5) The spectrum of a multiply ionized atom is indicated by placing after the chemical symbol a Roman numeral denoting the multiplicity of the ionization; thus, Si /, Si U1 Si IH1 SiIV. Other Notations.—(1) Serial Number.—In his later work, Paschen (233) uses the theoretical value of n as the serial number, but the theory is incomplete. Fowler uses that value of m which

Term values are calculated from wave-lengths expressed in the international scale and reduced to vacuum (by tables of Bureau of Standards ( 199 )). Only terms calculated from observed lines are given. Value of n for first term in each sequence is printed in bold face, if known; value of k is indicated by term symbol (for s, k = 1; P1 k = 2; etc.), and of j by lower index of the RussellSaunders' notation (given in parentheses)—the index = j if the multiplicity is odd, = j + M if even. For terms greater than 1000 cm"1 the "effective" quantum number (n*) is given in italics (n*2 = r*NM/T where T = term value and (r - 1) = degree of ionization); errors in n* may amount to 0.001. For wave-lengths used, see ( 76 > 119> 233, 234 )t and references mentioned in the table. Graphical representations, see ( 21 ). ( ) indicates value is uncertain; int. = international; O = uncertainty in term value; n, fc, j = quantum numbers, N — Rydberg constant, based on N00 = 109 737.1; series notation, see p. 392. Unit of T1 B1 and N = 1 cm-1 if 1 int. A = 10~8 cm. A Z = 18. NA = 109 735.6. A / (204, 205, 206, 272,

273).

A 7/7(124).

Ag Z = 47.

NAS = 109 736.5.

Ag / (129, 239, 243, 283).

m ras (m^Si) n; n* mpz (raîPi) n; n* rapi (ra2p2) n; n*

I

Limits (76).

1 I 2 I 61 095.918 540.0 9 5; 1.330 2.433 31 543.6 12 5; 1.865 30 623.0 12 5; 1.893

3 I 4 I 5 I . 6 ' 209.0 5 516.2 3 676.6 2 606.5 3.451 4.46! 5.539 6.489 798.7Î 2.981 595.8J 2.951 \

t In ( 7S ) new series formulae have been calculated, X is expressed in int. Abut NH is used for all elements; in (233, 234) most X's are on Rowland's scale; in (233) it is not stated whether term values are based on int. A or Rowland's scale, and in some instances the scale is not the same for all sequences of the same element. $ Calculated from (p, p) combinations; confirmed by observations ( 283 ).

Ag 7.—(Continued] m mdì Cm2Z)2) n; n* mdi (m2Z>3) n; n* mf (mW) n; n* m ms (m*Si) n*

I

1

I

2

| |

Al II. Triplet system.—(Continued)

I 3 I 4 I 5 l 12 351.6 6 891.4 4 394.3 3 5; 2.981 S.990 4.997 12 331.3 6 880.7 4 388.6 3 ö; 2.983 3.994 6.001 6 891.3 4 386.2 1; 3.990 5.002

6 040.2 6.008 035.9 6.012

7 | 8 | m | 7 | 8 | 9 l 957.5 l 526.6 mdi Cm2Z)3) 2 224.6 l 698.3 l 337.3 7.488 8.478 n* 7.024 8.039 9.059

Ag II (9, 184).

Al Z = 13. NM = 109 734.9. Al / (130, 202, 222). m ms (m*Si) n; n* mpz (m*Pi) n; n* mpi (m2P2) n; n* mdi (m2Z)2) n; n* mdi (m2Z)3) n; n* m/(m*F) n; n*

Limits (76).

I

2 I 3 I 4 I 22 933.3 10 591.6 6 136.8 ±; 2.187 3.219 4-228 48 280.9 15 331.7 8 009.2 3; 1.508 2.675 3.702 48 168.8 15 316.5 8 003.2 3; l.009 2.677 3.703 15 845.5 9 351.7 3; 2.631 3.426 15844.2 9347.2 3\2.631 3.427 6962.3 J | | 4; 3.970

5 I 4 007.7 5.233 4 946.0 4-710 4 943.2 4.711 6 047.4 4.260 6.043.3 4.261 4451.2 4.965

6 2 833.2 6.223 3 352.6 5.722 3 350.6 5.724 4 114.3 5.165 4112.1 5.166 3087.7 5.961

m | 7 I 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 mds C m 2 Z ) 2 ) 2 936.0 2 187.1 l 684.6 l 338.6 l 088.9 n* 6.113 7.084 8.071 9.055 10.039 mdi Cm2Z)3) 2 935.1 2 185.7 l 684.3 l 336.9 l 091.0 n* 6.114 7.086 8.071 9.060 10.029

Al IL Terms: singlet (278) ; cf. (253) ? triplet (232). is analogous to that of Mg /. Singlet system m mS Cm1Ao) n; n* mP Cm1Pi) n; n* TnZ)-(W1^z) n; n* mF Cm1F3) n; n*

| l | 2 151 860.456 3; 1.700 92 3;

m mS Cm1Ao) n* mP Cm1Pi) n* mD Cm1D2) n* mF Cm1F3) n*

I

7 I 7 218.5 7.798 8 901.5 7.022 12 573.6 6.908 9 258.8 6.885

| 3 512.035 2.787 010.744 2.184 66 3;

8 I 5 670.3 4 8.798 6 921.3 5 7.964 9 253.4 7 6.887 7 078.5 5 7.875

| 4 495.219 3.794 942.225 3.125 381.4 41 2.571 28 4; 9 I 571.6 9.779 562.9 8.883 080.2 7.874 583.9 8.886

| 5 084.013 4.796 993.716 4-109 772.9 27 3.242 392.3 18 3.982

Spectrum

| 6 " " 061.1 9 499.6 5.797 6.798 943.1 11 943.7 5.090 6.062 068.4 17 946.3 4.027 4.946 177.0 12 617.5 4-914 5.898

10 I 11 I 12~" 3 763.3 3 153.5 2 680.6

4 591.6 3 858.4 3 281.0 9.777 5 586.0 4 517.2 3 727.7 8.865 9.856 4 516.2 3 727.8 3 128.8 9.859

m I 13 I 14 I 15 I 16 I 17 I 18 mS Cm1A0) 2305.7 2003.8 mP Cm1Pi) 2808.5 2425.6 2112.4 1852.8 mF Cm1F3) 2 661.2 2 291.8 1 994.2 1 750.7 1 549.31 380.7t t 191F3 = 1 238.2; 2O1F3 = 1 116.3.

Triplet system m ms (m3Si) n; n* mps Cm3P0) n; n* ^p2 C^3Pi) n; n* mpi Cm3P2) n; n* mds Cw»Z)i)t n; n* mdi Cm3Z)2)I n; n* mdi Cm3Z)3Jt n; w*

|

2 | 3 | 4 J 5 | 6 . | 7 . 60 589.231 770.619 648.0 13 363.7 9 680.6 7 336.1 4; 2.692 3.716 4.726 5.732 6.734 7.736 114 468.446 436.126 159.9 16 851.4 3;1.908 3.075 4.096 5.104 114 406.646 422.026 154.2 16 848.3 3; 1.959 3.075 4.096 5.105 114 281.146 392.726 141.4 16 841.511 767.4 8 680.8 S; 1.960 3.076 4.098 5.106 6.107 7.111 56311.630379.2 Z; 2.792 3.801 56 312.530 379.5 3; 2.792 3.801 56 313.630 380.1 19 040.713 048.5 9 497.6 3\ 2.792 3.801 4.802 5.800 6.798

m m/s Cm3F2) n; n* m/2 Cm3F3) n; n* mfi Cm3F4) n; n* m/(?)§ n; w* mg Cm3O) n; n*

|

2

|

3

l

4 l 5 | 6 | 7 " 28 444.5Î 18 425.4 13 341.7 10 778.0 4; 3.928 4.881 5.737 6.382 28 442.4$ 18 420.0 13 324.0 10 752.9 4; 3.928 4.881 5.740 6.389 28 439.6* 18 413.1 13 301.2 10 719.9 4; 3.928 4.882 5.745 6.399 28 392.3J ±\3.932 12 271.7 9 011.2 6-, 6.981 6.979

m I 8 I 9 I ms (ms5i) 5 751.6 4 631.4 n* 8.733 9.734 mdi (m3Z)3)t 7 221.5 5 675.4 n* 7.796 8.794 mh Cm3F2) 8 597.7 6 733.9 n* 7.145 8.074 m/2 Cm3F3) 8 590.6 6 731.5 w* 7.148 8.075 m/i Cm3F4) 8 579.8 6 728.3 w* 7.153 8.077 mg Cm3G?) 6 895.7 5 445.9 w* 7.978 8.978 m m/i Cm3F4)

I 14 I 2 590.9

I |

10 I 11 I 3 807.9 3 188.4

4 577.6 9.792 5 363.7 9.047 5 362.6 9.048 5 361.2 9.049 4 409.4 9.977

12

I

13

3 770.4 4 360.6 10.034 4 360.2 10.034 4 359.6 10.034 3 642.8

15 I 2 234.9 |

3 611.7 3 611.3 3 610.8 3 037.9 3 060.0

16 I 1 947.2 |

18 ' 1 516.9

t d-terms are inverse. $ 4/-terms are double; unusual in triplet systems. A4/3 = 0.254, A4/2 = 0.490. A4/i = 0.100, A4/ = 0.489. § Position of this term is not clear. Paschen denoted it by F.

Al III (l 71 » 231). are inverse. m ms Cm2Ai) n; n* mpz (m2Pi) n; n* mpi Cm2p2) n;n* mdi Cm2X)2) n;n* mdi Cm2Z)3) n;w* m/2 Cm2F3) n;ri* mfi Cm2F4) njn* mg Cm2G) n;w* mh Cm2ZZ) n; n*

|

Spectrum analogous to that of Na /; d-terms

l | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 229 454.0103 291.4 58 816.037 952.0 3; 2.074 3.092 4-098 5.103 175 774.1 85 821.751 023.533 797.6 3; 2.370 3.392 4.399 5.406 175 536.1 85 741.650 984.4 3; 2.372 3.394 4-403 113496.763667.5 3; 2.950 3.938 113 499.063 668.740 578.528 079.6 3',2.95O 3.938 4.933 5.931 61 841.9 39 578.7 4; 3.996 4.995 61 841.6 39 578.5 27 484.5 4; 3.996 4.995 5.995 39526.227452.7 5; 4.998 5.998 27 446.7 6; 5.998

m l mdi Cm2Z)3) 20 n* mfi Cm2F4) 20 K*

7 | 573.6 15 6.929 193.0 15 6.994

8 | m 712.6 mg Cm2G) 7.928 n* 461.9 mh Cm2Zf) 7.993 n*

(

7 | 20 171.815 6.997 20 166.5 15 6.998

8 1 9 ' 443.3 7.997 438.2 12 198.8 7.998 8.998

As Z = 33. NAM = 109 736.3 (248). Au Z = 79. NA* = 109 736.8. Au/ (173, 174, 309). Hicks ("«) gives a different arrangement. m ms Cm2Ai) n;n* mpz Cm2Pi) n;n* mpi Cm2P2) n; w* mdz (mWz) n;n* mdi Cm2Z>3) n; n*

J l l 2 j 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 ' 74407.619922.7 9665.1 5728.2 3790.9 2662.9 6;1.215 2.347 3.369 4.377 5.380 6.419 37 048.8 6; 1.721 33 233.4 6;1.818 12 455.5 6 938.5 4 437.93 053.If 6; 2.969 3.977 4.973 5.995 12 373.7 6 895.6 4 398.33 015.lt 6; 2.978 3.989 4.995 6.033

t For m = 7, mdz = 2 240.5, n* = 6.998 and mdi = 2 206.1, n* = 7.053.

B Z = O . NB = 109 731.6. B 7 (22, 279); c/. (25, 44). Terms (275), m ms (Wi2Si) n;n* wip2 (Wi2Pi) n; n* wipi (Wi2P2) n; n*

2 I 3 I m 27 043 12 075 md (wi2D) 3;#.0J4 3.015 n; n* 67 082 2;1.279 67 067 2; 1.279

I

B II (279).

|

Ba I.

3 I 4 | 5 12 315 7 084 4 594 3;2.985 3.936 4-886

Terms (28). Singlet system

wi I 1 l 2 I wi 1 2 I m | 3 ~ * mS (wiiSo) 194 325.966 665.1 mP (Wi1Pi) 120 929.4 wiD (wiiD2) 48 410.3 n; n* 2; 1.604 2.666 n;n* 2', 1.905 n; n* 3; 3.QJ1

Triplet system m | 2 | 3 j wi "" ms (Wi8Si) 72 930.836 655.5 md (m*D) n; n* 3; 2.453 3.461 n; n* WiP3 (Wi8Po) m/ (wi8F) 8 wip2 (Wi Pi) 165362.759010.0 n; n* n; n* i; 1.689 2.727 mpi Cm8P2) 165 343.9 59 006.5 n; n* 2; 1.629 2.727

B III (25).

g = +5,

I 3 I 4 | 52 054.228 640.4 Z; 2.904 3.914

5 ""

17 795.7 4; 4.007

Spectrum analogous to that of Li /.

m I 1 I 2 i ww? (Wi2Si) 305 938 125 736 n; n* 2; 1.797 2.805 wip2 (Wi2Pi) 257 579 n;n* 2; 1.958 mpi (W2P2) 257 545 n; n* | 2; 1.958

m wid (m*D) n; n* m/ (Wi2F) n; n* wi0 (Wi2G) n;n*

I

3 I 109 870 3; 2.998

4

i

5

61 742 4; 3.999 39 515 | 5; 6.000

Ba Z = 56. ATBa = 109 736.7. Ba / (239, 266, 267). Terms: normal (26»), anomalous (257). Singlet system wi wiS (mi-So) n;n* wiP (wiiPi) n;n* mD (WiID2) n;n* wiF (Wi1F8) n; n*

| l | 2 | 3 | 42 029.4 16 399.6 6;1.616 2.687 23 969.2 9 482.2 5 6; 2.139 3.402 30 634.1 13 5; 1.898 13 4;

m mP (rniPi) n*

j

wi wis (Wi8Si) n; n* WiP3(Wi8Po) n;n* WIp 2 (Wi 8 Pi) n;n* wipi (Wi8P2) n;w* rods (Wi8Di) n;n* wid2 (wi*D2) n;n* mdi (Wi8D3) n;n* m/a (Wi8F2) n;n* mfz (Wi8F3) n;n* wi/i (Wi8F4) n; n*

|

7 I 8 I 2 044 1 606 7.327 8.266

4

|

5

|

6

039.5 3 529.9 2 721 4.667 5.575 6.350 800.4 7 931.5 4 988.3 2.820 3.720 4.690 475.2 6 136.7 4 254.4 2.854 4.228 5.079

wi wiD (wiVDg) n*

I

7 I 8 3 473.2 2 532.5 5.620. 6.683

Triplet system, normal terms 2 | 3 | 4 l 5 | 6 | 7 15869.3 8124.3 4934.0 3366.5 2 4 0 4 . 5 7; 2.629 3.675 4.716 6.710 6.756 29763.311286.4 6186.9 6; 1.924 3.118 4.211 29 392.811 214.2 6 137.3 6; 1.936 3.128 4.228 28 514.811 042.3 6 057.2 6; 1.961 3.152 4.256 32 995.611 333.9 6 320.1 4067.5 2 888.7 5; 1.824 3.111 4-167 5.194 6.162 32 814.1 11 279.0 6 267,3 4 055.4 2 871.4 Sl 1 .829 3.119 4.184 6.202 6.181 32 433.011 211.6 6 244.2 4 041.0 2 843.8 5; 1.840 3.128 4.192 5.210 6.212 7 426.8 4 634.6 3 213.8 2 351.2 4; 3.845 4.866 6.844 6.832 7 412.8 4 610.4 3 210.1 2 348.7 4; 3.847 4.879 5.847 6.835 7 398.6 4 505.3 3 204.2 2 346.3 4; 3.851 4.935 5.852 6.839

Triplet system, normal terms.—(Continued)

m '1 8 I 9 I 10 1 11 I 12 I 13 wids (Wi8Di) 2 137.1 w* 7.166 mdi (Wi8D2) 2 134.8 1 649.1 n* 7.170 8.157 mdi (Wi8D3) 2 124.2 1 646.8 n* 7.171 8.164 mfz (Wi8F2) 1 790.5 1 415.4 1 134.2 932.2 w* 7.829 8.805 9.836 mh (Wi8F3) 1788.0 1407.8 1132.8 932.9 782.6 665.2 n* 7.834 8.829 9.842 8 wi/i (Wi F4) 1 785.2 1 401.6 1 132.2 933.0 781.9 664.7f n* 7.840 8.849 9.844 t 14/1 = 572.4, 15/1 = 499.

Triplet system, anomalous terms wi WiP 3 (Wi 3 PO) »ip'a (Wi8Pl) wipi (wi8P'2)

I

2 18820.3 18 549.3 18 110.5

I

I

3 7535.6 7 205.9 6 412.8

'

Ba II (165, 244). Term values calculated from data ( 76 ) and 4/-limit ( 90 ); corrected to int. scale. Spectrum analogous to that of Cs 7. wi | l | 2 | 3 l 4 | 5 J 6 wis ( Wi2Si) 80 655.438 300.422 630.3 14 973 10 704 n; n* *\ 2.333 3.403 4.404 5.415 6.404 wip2 (Wi2Pi) 60 393.9 n;n* 6; 2.696 wipi (Wi2P2) 58 703.0 n;w* 6; 2.734 wid2 (Wi2D2) 75 781.7f34 706.020 856.3 13 981 £ n; w* 5; 2.407 3.557 4.688 5.608 2 mdi (Wi D3) 74 980.6f34 500.720 760.8 13 928$ n; n* 5; 2.419 3.567 4.598 6.618 mfz (Wi2F3)I 32 396.321 714 16 184 n;n* t\8.681 4.495 5.209 2 mfi (Wi F4) t 32 171.821 482 15 960 n;n* 4; 3.694 4.521 5.244 t Suggested changes (234, 237) have been made in the values of the 3d- and the /-terms. Î For wi = 7, wid2 = 10 099, n* = 6.593; mdi = 10 054, n* - 6.607.

Be Z = 4. NB« = 109 730.5. Be / (31); cf. (234, 236). Only the triplet system is known. Symbol Term n; n*

I (2»Si) I (28P0) I (28P1) | (28P2) | (38Ai) | (38D) 23 110.253 212.953 212.253 209.810 685.013 137.5 3; 2.179 2; 1.436 2; 1.436 2; 1.486 3.204 8; 2.89O

m wis (Wi8Ai)

I

4 I 5 I 6 186.9 4 033.0

n*

md (Wi8D) n*

4.212

6.216

7 249.2 8.890

4 589.7 4.889

6

3 165.7 5.888

I

7

I

8

2 315.5 1 760.1 6.886 7.896

Be II (31); cf. ( 212 ). Spectrum is analogous to that of Li /. wi wis (Wi2Si) n; n* wip2 (Wi2Pi) n; n* mpi (Wi2P2) n; n* md (Wi2D) n; w* mf (Wi2F) n; n*

I

1 1 2 I 3 I 4 1 5 146 880.5 58 649.3 31 424.8 19 546.3 2; 1.729 2.735 8.738 4.739 114 951.7 2;1.954 114 945.1 50 384.7 28 120.2 17 910.2 2; 1.954 2.951 3.951 4-950 48 827.4 27 460.4 17 574.6 Z] 2.998 3.998 4.997 27435.0 17558.0 4; 4.000 5.0OO

Bi Z = 83. JVsi = 109 736.8. Bi 7 (108,311,312); cf. (248). System is tentative; inner quantum numbers not assigned. m wis n;n* 2py n* 58 745 1.355

\

1

I

2 1 26 157 1 T', 2.048 2pe 2p6 n* n* 47 327 43 308 1.523 1.611

3 I 11 373 8.106 2p4 n* 37 086 1.720

4 I 6 491 4.112 2p3 n* 37 084 1.720

5 1 4 194 6.116 2p2 n* 25 580 2.071

6 2 930 6.119 2pi n* 17 618 2.496

Bi L—(Continued) m _ n* mda n* mdz n* mdi n*

I

l | 1

2

i

3 l 4 [ 5 4 8 3 3 7 7 2 7 2.720 3.769 13 928 2.807 13 880 7 588 8.818 3.803 12 830 2.924

l

6 4 868 4-748

"

4 770 4.797

__

CZ = Q. Nc = 109 731.7. C / (22,249).

C // ( 78 ); cf. (22, 87). Limits are not accurately known, and are calculated for 4A/H instead of 4Ncm I 2 I «t (?) 100 165 n* 2.093 ms (m*Si) 80 121 39 n; n* 3; 2.340 mpz (W2Pi) 196 670 64 n; w* 2; 1.494 mpi (W2P2) 196 612 64 n;n* 2; 1.494 wd2 Cm2D2) 51 n;n* 3; mdi (W2Z)3) 51 n;n* 3; mf (w2P) n; n* t This term combines with pi C III

3

I

4

I .

5

I

425 23 311 (15 387) 3.336 4.338 5.340 934 34 140 2.599 3.585 923 34 134 2.600 3.585 108.928 535.1 2.930 3.921 107.628 534.7 18 164 2.930 3.921 4-915 27 680 17 703 *\3.981 4.978 and p2.

6

I

7

(10 912) 6.341

(12 558) 5.911 12 283 5.976

Ca 7.—(Continued) Triplet system, normal terms

~

(9 193) 6.908 (9 017) 6.974

(28).

w ws (w3Si) n; n* wp3 (w3Po) n; n* Wp 2 (W 3 Pi) n;n* mpi (w3p2) n;n* mdz (w3Di) n; n* mdi (w3D2) n;n* mdi (w3D3) n; n* mf (w*F) n; n*

w mdi (w3D3) w/ (w3F)

I

Singlet system Triplet system

Spectrum analogous to that of Li /.

w I 1 1 2 I ms (W 2 Ai) 520 034 217 302 n;n* 2; 1.838 2.843 mpi. (W2Pi) 455 553 n; n* 2; 1.963

mpi n; md n;

m (W2P2) n* (m2D) n*

I

2 I 455 445 2; 1.963

3

~ ~

195 333 3; #.£££

C a Z = 20. JVca = 109735.6. Ca / (128, 154, 222, 257, 265, 267). Terms (76) based on (270). Anomalous terms (41, 104, 237, 257). Singlet system w mS (WiAo) n; n* mP (wiPi) n; n* mD (WiZ)2) n;n* mF (WiF3) n; n*

|

m (wIAO) n* (wiPi) n* (WiD2) n* (wiPs) n*

I

wS wP mD mF

5 I 6 3 565.6 2 556.2 0.548 6.552

4 342.7 6.027 6 561.4 4.090 6 559.7 4.090 6 556.9 4.091 4 541.5 4-915

4 255.5 5.078 4 254.0 5.079 4 252.2 6.080 3 139.5 5.912

13 869.6 660

I

14 733.8

I

15 627.9

I

16 541.0

I

17 473.5

I

6

Triplet system, anomalous terms

w [ 2 I 3 I m I 2 I 3 I 4 ms (m«Si) 146 197.2 mpi (w3P2) 331 939.2 124 685.8 n;n* 3; 2.698 n; n* 2; 1.725 2.815 mp3 (W3P0) 124 704.1 md (m*D) 114 387.2 n; n* 2; 2.815 n; n* 3; 2.939 mp2 (m»Pi) 124698.6 mf (m*F) 62600.0 n; n* *\ 2.815 n; n* 4; 3.37^

5 = ±100.

2 I 3 I 4 I 17 765.1 8 830.3 5 323.8 5; 2.485 3.525 4.540 34 146.9 12 752.5 6 789.6 4; 1.793 2.934 4-020 34094.6 12750.3 6785.6 4; 1.794 2.934 4.022 33 988.7 12 730.3 6 777.8 4', 1.797 2.936 4.023 28 969.1 11 556.4 3; 1.946 3.082 28 955.2 11 552.6 3; 1.947 3.083 28 933.511 547.0 3; 1.947 3.083 7 133.9t 4; 3.922

m I 7 I 8 I 9 I 10 I 11 I 12 ws ( w 3 £ i ) 1 922.4 1 498.6 1 201.1 984.1 819.8 n* 7.556 8.557 9.559 md3 (w3Di) 3 002.4 2 268.2 1 848.9 1 551.2 1 272.7 n* 6.046 6.958 7.704 8.411 9.286 Wd 2 (w3D2) 3 000.6 2 264.5 1 838.7 1 547.0 1 270.7 n* 6.047 6.961 7.726 8.428 9.293 mdi (w3D3) 2 998.2 2 259.3 1 828.8 1 539.1 1 268.2 1 045.4 n* 6.053 6.969 7'.747 8.444 9.302 10.246 mf (w3F) 2298.1 1 754.1 1 382.3 1 117.7 921.3 772.8 n* 6.911 7.910 8.910 9.908

IS(I1So)I 375 463.1 !n = 2; n* =» J .g&8|2P(2iPi)|273 l l l . O j n = 2; n* = 1.902

C /F (212).

I

l | 2 | 3 | 4 | 49304.815988.2 7518.4 5028.0 4; 1.492 2.620 3.820 4.672 25 652.4 12 573.1 7 625,9 4; 2.068 2.954 3.794 27 455.312 006.3 3; 2.000 3.023 6961.3 4; 3.970

5 | 3417.3 5.667 5 371.4 4-520 6 385.5 4.145 4500.0 4.938

6 2469.4 6.666 3 879,6 5.318 4 314.7 6.044 3122.6 5.928

7 I 8 I 9 I 10 I 11 I 12 1 867.7 1 461.5 1 176.0 7.665 8.666 9.660 2 824.6 2 120.3 1 638.2 1 305.9 1 071.6 888.5 6.234 7.194 8.185 9.167 10.120 2 994.7 6.053 2 289.7 1 749.8 1 379.8 1 116.3 919.3 6.923 7.919 8.918 9.915

w

I

2

I

mp'3 (m*P'Q) 10887.1 mp2 (w3Pi) 10839.9 wpî (w3p£) 10 753.0 t 4/-term is a triplet.

3

780.6 767.1 741 1

I

4

I

5

"

-4977.5 -8306.4 -4983.6 -8313.1 -10063 -4 999.8 -8 333.6J -10 086

Ca 77 (74,75,165,244). Term values calculated from data ( 76 ) and 4/-limit ( 90 ); corrected to int. scale. Spectrum analogous to that of K 7. w ws (W2Si) n;n* mp2 (W2Pi) n; n* mpi (W2P2) n; n* mdt (W2D2) n;w* mdi (W2D3) n;n* mf (W2F) n ; n* t For w = 7, wdi

|

l | 2 | 3 | 4 ' | 5 | 6 95 723.743 556.725 046.1 16 294 11 447 4; 2.141 3.175 4-186 5.190 6.192 70 532.1 4; 2.495 70 309.3 ±\2.499 82 073.5 38 884.5 23 001.6 3; 2.313 3.360 4.368 82012.738865.322992.9 15 216f 3; 2.314 3.360 4.369 5.371 27 670 17 707 12 295f I . 4 ; 3.983 4.980 5.975 = 10 799, n* = 6.375 and mf = 9 044, n* = 6.967.

CbZ = 4L ATCb = 109 736.5 (187). Cd Z = 48. ATCd = 109 736.6. Cd 7 (70, 90, 128, 131, 222, 223, 225, 227, 259, 264, 326).

Terms

(76, 274). Not much difference between value of 2P-limits used here and those of Fues (90) when corrected to int. scale. Singlet system mS n; mP n; mD n;

w (wiSo) n* (wiPi) w* (WiD2) n*

m mS (wiSo) n*

I

I

1 I 2 I 72 538.819 229.3 9 5; 1.230 2.388 28 846.6 12 5; 1.949 13 5;

.7 I 1 995.6 7.418

w wP (wiPi) n*

3 I 4 [ 5 I 6 452.1 5 634.1 3 739.2 2 665.7 3.407 4.413 6.418 6.416 633 7 038 4 480 3 100 2.947 3.948 4.949 6.950 319.2 7 404.9 4 701.7 3 246.3 2.870 3.850\ 4.831] 6.841 I

7 I 2 273 6.949

8 I 9 1 739 1 371 7.943 8.947

Cd 7.—(Continued) Triplet system m

I

2

ms (w3£i) n; n* mP3 (m3P0) n; n* WIp 2 (WSP 1 ) n; n* mpi (m3p2) n; n* mds (m 3D1) n; w* mdz (m3Z)2) n; n* mdi (w3D3) n; n* mf (w3P) n; n*

21 *', 42 fi; 41 5; 40 5;

m

I

|

ms (w3£i) n* mdi (w3£>3) n*

3

054.7 9 2.286 424.514 1.608 882.614 1.618 711.513 1.642 13 5; 13 S; 13 5;

8

I

975.6 3.817 147.9 2.785 077.2 2.792 903.1 2.810 052.4 2.899 040.7 2.901 022.5 2.903

|

4

I

Cr I.—(Continued) Quintet system 5

I

5 857.3 3 856.6 4.328 6.335 7 542.9 4 709.2 3.814 4.827 7 517.5 4 696.7 3.821 4-834 7 446.0 4 663.6 3,839 4.850 7 185.3 4 549.9 3.908 4.911 7 179.5 4 546.3 3.909 4.913 7 171.3 4 541.3 3.912 4.915 6 9 5 7 . 1 (4445.1) 4; 3.971 4.969

9

|

10 |

l 576.8 l 257.0 8.342 9.344 1751.3 1379.3 1114.3 7.916 8.919 9.924

6

I

7

2 732.9 2 037.6 6.337 7.338 3 224.3 5.834 3 217.4 5.840 3 198.6 2 331.5 5.857 6.861 3 139.2 5.913 3 138.5 5.913 3 134.3 2 294.5 5.917 6.916

11 |

920.3

12 |

771.6

13

658.1f |

t 14di = 566.7.

m mS (W5S2) n;n* wP3 (W5Pi) wP2 (W5P2) wPi (W5P3) wP's (W5P^)

I

2 I 3 I 4 I 5 I 46 950.0 16 660.0 8 575.1 5 221.4 4>;1.529 2.566 3.577 4.585 27 741.5 15 632.3 10 066.6 7 477.0 27 747.2 27 755.9 25 122.1 13 612.8 9 188.5

mP( (W5P^)

24 958.4

13 560.1

9 180.7

mP( (w&P'3)

24 718.5

13 499.5

9 165.1

wPg' (W5P")

20 408.1

10 417.0

wP" (W5P")

20 352.5

10 356.3

wP" (W5P^')

20291.5

wDs wD4 W-D3 WJD2 mDi wP6 wP4 wP3 wP2 wPi

(w5£>0) (W 5 Di) (W5D2) (W5D3) (W5D4) (W5Pi) (W5P2) (W5P3) (W5P4) (W5P5)

6

10283.4 46 46 46 46 46

792.4 732.4 615.9 448.2 235.5

8 8 8 8 23 23 23 23 23

972.6 954.3 922.7 877.5 755.8 684.4 577.8 436.7 262.7

13 13 13 13 13

636.7 571.7 457.0 318.2 149.4

9 9 9 9 8

440.5 372.8 287.6 156.4 998.4

Septet system Cd // ( 261 ). Spectrum analogous to that of Ag /. m ws (m*5i) n; n* Wp 2 (TW2Pi) n; n* mpi (w2P2) n; n* w<*2 (ro*D2) n; n* wdi (w2Z>3) n; n* w/2 (w2p3)t n; n* /n/i (W2P4) t n; n* mg (wi«ö) n; n*

I

1

I

2

I

3

136 376.653386.4 5; 1.791 2.868 92241.341 665.8 6;2.181 3.245 89 758.1 40 992.5 5;2.210 3.272 46 685.3 5; 3.066 46 531.0 ti; 3.071

I

4

I

18 335.512 4.893. 24 001.715 4.276 23 886.3 15 4.287 26 202.1 16 4.093 26 128.616 4.099 27955.1 4; 3.962 27 942.3 17 4; 3.963

[__

m | ws (w2Si) n* mdz (w2£>2) n* mdi (w2Z>3) n* w/2 (w2p3) n* w/i (w2p4) n* mg (m*G) n* t Some /-pairs are inverse.

7 8 8 9 9 8

7 | 8 033.8 5 540.6 7.900 8.901 678.8 6 667.6 7.112 8.114 663.9 6 657.7 7.118 8.120 092.5 6.948 126.5 6.986 977.9 6 872.1 6.992 7.992

|

5

I

6

624.3 9 223.2 5.896 6.899 722.4 5.285 668.0 5.293 854.0 11 762.4 5.104 6.108 814.211 738.9 5.109 6.114 12386.8 5.953 828.7 12 403.0 4.962 5.949 12 223.2 6; 5.993

9

|

5 275.8 9.121

Cl Z = 17. Na = 109 735.4. Cl // (24, 122, 124); Cl /// Cl VI (27). Cl VII (26).

Co Z = 27.

(24, 232); Cl IV (24); Cl V (24, 2 1 3 ) ;

Nco = 109 736.1.

C0 7 (56, 57, 200, 316).

Cr Z « 24. Ncr = 109 736.0. Cr 7 (47, so, si, 52, 96, 98, 138, 141, 146). Terms (97) have been corrected to int. scale; an additional quintet p-term is given (7664.7, 7 575.7, 7 521.1) which is not included here. Here (') and CO do not indicate that the term is anomalous. 2P terms are inverse.

w I 1 I 2 I 3 I ws (w'Ss) 54 542.817 647.5 8 899.5 n;n* i\ 1.419 2.494 3.511 Wp3 (W^P2) 31 238.4 n; n* 4; 1.874 rap2 (W7P3) 31 157.0 n;w* 4; 1.877 mpi (w*P4) 31 044.5 n;n* 4; 1.880 Wp3 (wlP^) 26 814.5 n; n* 4; 2.023 Wp2 (w*P'3) 26 723.9 n;n* 4; 2.026 wpi (w?P^) 26 608.1 n; n* 4; 2.031

wd5 n; wd4 n; Wd 3 n; wrf 2 n; wdi n;

w I 3 I 4 (mWi) 12 289.5 6 843.7 n* 4; 2.988 4.004 (w?D2) 12 288.3 6 842.4 n* à; 2.988 4.004 (m*D3) 12 286.7 6 840.5 n* ±-,2.989 4.005 (w?Z>4) 12 281.5 6 837.7 n* 4; 2.989 4.006 (W^D5) 12 281.7 6 833.2 n* 4; 2.989 4.007

Cr 77 (138,194); Cr 777 (95); Cr IV ( 9 4) ; Cr V (**). Cs Z = 55. JVc8 = 109 736.7. Cs 7 (15, 127, 163, 221, 224, 238, 239, 258, 263) s_? ^ d-terms

(76),/.,g., /Uerms (202,203). w ws (W2Ä!) n;n* wp 2 (m»Pi) n;n* mpi (wSP2) n ; n* mdz (w2/>2) n; n* mdi (w2£>3) n;n* mfr (w2p3)f n-n* mfi (w2p4)f n;n* mg (w2(7)t n;n* mh (w2#)f n;n*

I 1 I 2 I 3 I 4 I 5 I 31 404,612 868.9 7 087.8 4 494.9 3 105.5 6; 1.869 2.920 3.934 4.941 5.944 20 226.3 9 639.2 5 695.3 3 768.4 6; 2.892 3.374 4-390 5.396 19 672.3 9 458.1 5 614.7 3 723.3 6 ; 2.862 3.406 4.421 5.429 16905.0 8815.6 5356.5 5; 2.548 3.528 4.526 16 807.1 8 772.8 5 335.6 5; 2.555 3.537 4.535 6 934.2 4 435.1 ±',3.977 4-976 6 934.4 4 435.3 4; 3.977 4.975 4 395.6 5; 4-997

m ms (w2Si) n* Wp2 (w2pi) n* mpi (w2p2) n* Wd2 (w2/)2) n* wdi(w2D 3 ) n*

I

7 I 1 738 7.946 2 002.2 7.403 1985.1 7.435 2 575.7 6.527 2567.5 6.537

8

1 551.0 8.411 1539.6 8.442 1 936.1 7.629 1931.7 7.537

I

9

1 238.6 9.412 1230.6 9.443 1 508.3 8.580 1505.0 8.539

I

10

1 010.1 10.423 1004.8 10.451 1 208.6 9.529 1 207.5 9.583

I

11

I

6 2 274.0 6.947 2 678.2 6.401 2 651.4 6.433 3592.7 5.527 3 581.1 5.535 3 076.9 5.972 3 077.0 5.972 3 059 5.990 3 049.2 6; 5.999 12

836.5

707.1

996.4

828.5

988.7

823.1

Cs 7.—(Continued)

H.—(Continued}

m m/2 (m2F3)t n* mfi(m*FÌ)ì n*

I

m mpi (m2Pz)

I 13 I 14 I 15 I 16 I 17 I 18 I 605.4 | 525.1 | 459.3 | 405.8 | 359.9 | 322.3

m mpi (m2p2)

7 I 8 I 9 I 10 I 11 I 2258.5 1727.7 1364.1 1104.3 912.1 6.970 7.969 8.969 9.969 2258.5 1727.8 1364.2 1104.3 912.1 6.970 7.969 8.969 9.969

12

765.8

m JVH/m2

I I

19 I 303.82|

20 I 274.19|

21 I 22 ) 248.70| 226.611

23 I 207.33|

m JVH/m2

I I

25 I 175.481

26 I 162.25|

27 I 150.45|

29 I 30 130.4l| 121.86f

28 I 139.90|

24 ' 190.41

Series observed: mi = 1 0«7) f 2 («> 327) f 3 (221), 4 (33). discussion of data (162); theory of fine structure (is, 19, 294). t JVH/(31)2 = 114.13.

I 19 I 20 I 21 I 22 I 23 I 24 I 25~ I 289.1 I 261.6 | 238.3 | 217.5 | 199.6 | 183.3 | 169.4

m I 26 I 27 I 28 I 29 I 30 I 31 I 32 mpi (m2p2) I 157.1 | 145.4 | 135.9 | 125.4 | 117.7 | 109.6 | 103.2 t Not quite consistent with terms s, p, d\ /-terms are inverse. CS II (5).

Cu Z = 29. JVcu = 109 736.2. Cu 7 ( 8 > 129 > 133> 239 > 283 » 284 > 285 > 291 > 293 I 301). Limits ( 76 ). Higher terms ( 307 ) from observations ( 116 > 323).

He Z = 2. Afa« = 109 722.2. He 7 has 2 systems of terms; He 77 has one. He 7 (126, 170, 221, 222, 250, 268). Terms ( 234 ) Singlet system ("Parhelium") m mS (m*S) n;n* mP (miP) n;n* mD (miD) n;n* mF (m*F) n; n* mG (m*G) n; n*

m |l| 2 I 3 I 4 I 5 I 6 ms (m2£i) 62 308.0 19 171.1 9 459.5 5 636.7 3 739.22 659.2 n;n* 4; 1.327 2.892 3.406 4-412 6.417 6.424 mpz (mZPi) 31 772.8 12 957.7f n;n* 4;î.8o9 2.909 mpi (m2p2) 31 524.4 12 925.Of n;n* 4; 1.865 2.913 mdi (m2Z>2) 49 062.6J 12 372.8 6 920.8 4 415.23 061 n;n* (3)1.496 4; 2.978 3.982 4.986 5.988 mdi (m2Z)3) 51 105.2Î 12 365.9 6 917.1 4 413.43 059.7§ n; n* (3)1.466 4; 2.979 3.983 4-987 5.989 mf (m*F) 6 879.2 4 401.8 n; n* 4; 3.994 4-993 t From combinations with 2d found by Werner ( 320 )f see ( 21 ). J 2di and 2d2 are inverse. § For m = 7, mdi = 2 257.2, n* = 6.974', for m - 8, mdi = 1 721.8, n* = 7.982.

Cu 77 ( 28 6). F Z = 9. NF = 109 734.0. F 7 (22>

35

, 3 7, 42, 67, 68, 69).

F 77, F 777 and F IV ( 22 ). Fe Z = 26. NFe = 109 736.0.

Fe 77 (I 94 ). Ga Z = 31. ^Ga = 109 736.3. Ga 7 ( 23 S). Limits ( 3 * 4 ). 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 593.6 10 797.5 6 224.3 4 050.8 2 852.3 2.156 3.187 4-199 5.204 6.202 382.2 8 006.4 4 941.4 1.507 3.703 4-712 555.9 7 965.3 4 920.5 l .619 3.712 4.722 13 600.5 7 579.4 4 807.9 4; 2.841 3.805 4-778 13 594.2 7 570.9 4 803.4 3 306.8 2 357.1 4; 2.842 3.807 4-780 5.761 6.823 value of ( 21 ) to accord with observations of ( 15 °).

23 5; 48 4; 47 i;

Ga 777 ( 24 O). Ge Z = 32. Ge 7 ( 9 I, 176, 242); Qe IV ( 43 > 2 8 8 ).

Gl Z = 4; see Be.

H Z = I. Nn = 109677.7, i = N* (^ + ^), mi < m2. m JVH/m2

I 1 I 2 I 3 I 4 I 5 I 6 """ [109 677.7 |27 419.4 112 186.4l|6 854.85J4 387.11J3 046.60

m JVnM2

j 7 I 8 I 9 I 10 I 11 I I 2 238.32J 1 713.711 1 354.05|l 096.78| 906.43| j I

13 I 648.981

14 I 559.58|

j

7 I 8 I 9 I 2 331.8 1 776.0 1 397.9 6.860 7.861 8.861 2 231.6 1 709.4 1 351.1 7.013 8.012 9.012 2 2 4 0 . 7 1715.3 1355.5 6.998 7.998 8.999

m mP (miP) mD (miff)

I

10 I 11 I 12 1 128.6 780.7J 9.860 1 094.6 904.8 760.4 10.013 1097.9 907.4 762.5 9.998

13 I 14 I 15 I 16 I 648.1 558.9 486.9 428.0 649.8 560.1

m ms (m^Si) n;n* mp* (m*Pi) n; w* mpi (m2p2) n;n* md (m2D) n;n* mf (m*F) n; n* mg (m*G) n; n*

315, 317).

m JVH/m2

m mS (m*S) n* mP (miP) n* mD (mW) n*

5 | 6 647.2 3 195.8 4.859 6.860 368.3 3 035.8 5.013 6.012 392.5 3 050.0 4.998 5.998 390.7 5.000 391 4.999

17 I 18 ' 379.1 338.2§

Doublet system ("Orthohelium")

Fe / (50, 54, 55, 98, 99, 113, 114, 1 5 7 , 160, 188, 254, 297, 304,

m | ms (m*Si) n;n* mp2 (m2Pi) n; n* mpi (m2p2) n; n* mdi (w2JD2) n;fn* mdi (m2Z>3) n;t n* t n changed from

| l | 2 | 3 | 4 | 198 284.1f 32 033.313 445.9 7 370.5 4 I; 0.744 1.851 2.857 3.859 27 175.912 101.4 6 818.1 4 Ì; 2.010 3.011 4.012 12 205.8 6 864.3 4 3; 2.998 3.998 6 857.8 4 4; 4.000 4 5;

15 I 487.46|

16 } 17 I 428.43l 379.5l|

12 ~ 761.65~ 18 338.51

[ 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 38454.715073.9 8012.5 4 9 6 3 . 7 3374.5 2 4 4 2 . 4 2; 1.689 2.698 3.701 4.702 5.703 6.703 29 222.9 2;1.938 29 223.912 746.1 7 093.6 4 509.9 3 117.8 2 283.3 2; 1.938 2.934 3.933 4.932 5.933 6.933 12 209.1 6 866.2 4 393.5 3 050.6 2 241.0 3; 2.998 3.998 4.998 6.998 6.998 6 858.2 4 389.0 4; 4.000 5.000 4 391 5; 4.999

m ms (m*Si) n* mpi (mzp2) n* md (m2£>) n*

I

m ms (m2Si) mpi (m2p2) md (m*D)

I

8 I 9 I 10 J 11 I 12 I 13 I 14 1 8 4 9 . 2 1 4 4 8 . 6 1 1 6 5 . 2 958.0 801.3 680.0 583.9 7.704 8.705 9.705 1743.91375.31112.4 918.0 770.6 655.9 565.1 7.932 8.933 9.932 1715.61355.41097.7 907.2 762.3 649.5 560.1 7.998 8.998 9.998 15 I 16 I 17 I 18 I 19 I 20 [ 21 ' 508.4 491.9 432.1 382.5 341.0 305.9 275.9 250.2|| 488.0 428.6 379.7 338.3 303.6 273.6 248.5

2p-terms are inverse; 5G and 5g from (233); theoretically doublets should be unresolved triplets, hence Russell-Saunders' notation is doubtful, cf. ./-values (220, 247); several series which violate the k selection rule have been observed in electric fields (Ti, 147, 164, 3oo, si3) ; Lyman (1™) records a line which he thinks represents a combination between a doublet and a singlet term. t

(88, 1 6 9 ) .

J 135 = 655.2. § 19P = 303 6, 2OP - 274.0 H 22pi = 227.9.

He/7.

x m

|

l

=4ArHe

|

2

(à" A)>

|

3

Hg /.

mi
|

4

|

5

|

6

4JVHeM2 1438 888.8 |109 722.2 |48 765.4 |27 43Q.55J17 555.55J12 191.36

m

I

4ATHe/m2 |

m

7

I

8 156.9l|

1

13

I

4JVHe/m2 I 2 596.98|

8

1

9

1

10

1

11

I

12

6 857.64| 5 418.38) 4 388.891 3 627.18J 3 047.84

14

1

15

i

16

I

17

1

18 ~

2 239.23[ 1 950.62) 1 714.41| 1 518.65| 1 354.59

m 4JVHe/m2

I 19 I 20 j 21 """ I 1 215.76 | 1 097.22 | 995.21 Series observed: mi = 1 (17O) 1 2 (is«), 3 (73), 4 («2«); for mi = 4, lines corresponding to even values of m 2 are observed in stellar spectra and there called Pickering lines of H. Theory of fine structure (i 8 » 19» 294 ).

Hg Z = 80. NRe = 109 736.8. Hg I ( 90 > 128 > 131» 166 > 221 > 222 > 223 > 225 > 226 > 227 > 252 » 259 > 264, 277, 324, 326). Terms: g, h, i (H5) very inaccurate, others ( 2 34) nearly identical with Fowler's ( 76 ). Differentiation of Fand/-terms not certain. Dingle ( 66 ) gives different arrangement. Singlet system m mS (miSo) n;n* mP (m'Pi) n;n*

|

l | 2 | 84 181.2 20 253.0 9 6; 1.142 2.328 30 112.512 6; 1.909

3 | 4 | 5 | 6 776.6 5 777.1 3 815.7 8.350 4-358 5.363 886.1 7 319.Of 5 368.2 4 217.2 2.919 3.872 4.522 5.102

mD (miZ>2)

12 848.0 7 117.2

4 520.7 3 123.9

n;n* mF (miF3) n; n*

6; £.0&8

4.5#7 4 438.3 4-973

m mP (mlPi) n* mD (miZ)2) n*

I

S.0#tf 6 939.8 5; 3.976

5.027

7 I 8 I 9 I 10 I 11 I 12 """ 3 026.9 2 237.6 1 717.2 1 355.1 1 097.3 900.8Î 6.021 7.003 7.994 9.000 10.000 2 288.1 1 745.8 1 376.1 1 111.5 6.926 7.929 8.930 9.936

m ms (msßi) n* mp2 (m'PO n* mpi (m3P2) n* mdi (msZ>3) n*

I

2 I 3 I 21 830.810 219.9 t',2.242 3.277 46 536.214 664.5 6; 1.535 2.735 44768.914519.1 6; 1.565 2.749 40 138.312 973.5 6; 1.653 2.908 12 845.0 6; 2.922 12 785.0 6; 2.930 12 749.9 6; 2.934

I

8 I 1590.3 8.307 1 802.3 7.803 1759.3 7.898 1 734.5 7.954

4 I 5 964.8 4.289 7 734.4 3.767 7714.6 3.771 7 357.8 3.862 7 096.5 3.932 7 073.2 3.938 7 051.7 3.945 6 938.4 5; 3.976 6 936.9 5; 3.977 6 937 5; 3.977

9 I 1265.6 9.312 1 415.4 8.805 1387.7 8.892 1 366.4 B.962

In Z = 49. Njn = 109 736.6. In / (130, 235) Limits (314). m | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 ms ( m 2 S i ) 2 2 289.210 360.4 6 025.2 3 943.4 2 781.2 2 063.0 n;n* 6; 2.219 3.254 4.268 6.276 6.281 7.294 mp2 (mapo 46 662.1 7 801.2 4 836.7 3 290.7 2 386 n;w* 5;\ 1.538 3.751 4.764 5.774 6.782

mpi (m2p2) n;n*

44 449.3 5; 1.571

mdz (m2Z>2) n;fn* mdi (m2D3) n;f n*

7 689.9 4 780.1 3 261.3 2 364 3.777 4.792 5.801 6.813 13 770.0 7 613.5 4 824.0 3 322.8 2 437 5; 2.823 3.796 4.770 5.747 6.710 13 746.1 7 564.8 4 800.3 3 304.3 2 439.6 5\2.825 3.808 4.782 5.763 6.707

m I 8 I 9 I 10 I 11 I 12 ms (m2Si) 1 594 1 220 n* 8.298 9.484 mpi (m2P2) 1 798 n* 7.812 mdi (m2D3) 1 849 1 450 1 168 960 803 n* 7.704 8.700 9.693 21 15 t n changed from value of ( ) to accord with observations of ( °).

In III ( 2 40). Ir Z = 77. #^=109736.8. Ir/(i97). K Z = 19. ATx = 109 735.6. K / (14, 15, 127, 163, 221, 224, 238, 258, 263).

p-terms (65);

others ( 76 ) corrected to limit calculated by ( 6S ).

Triplet system m ms (m'Si) n;n* mps (msPo) n;n* mp2 (maPi) n;n* mpi (m3p2) n;n* mds (m»Di) n; n* md2 (m3Z>2) n;n* mdi (m3Z>3) n;n* m/s (mspî) n;w* m/2 (m3F3) n;n* m/i (m3F4) n;n* mg (m3
Triplet system.—(Continued)

m I 14 I 15 [ 16 I 17 I 18 I 19 ' ms (m^Si) 532.0 464.1 409.4 mpi (m3p2) 568.3 493.5 436.0 388.5 347.0 mdi (m3D3) 559.1 486.8 427.2 376.9 335.4 301.0** t From (319). î 13P = 761.0. §From (u 5 ). ![ 802 = 1739.4, n* = 7.942. 1 8/2 = 1723.2, n* = 7.980. ** 2Qdi = 269.2, 21di = 243.8.

5 I 6 I 7 "~ 3 912.8 2 765.0 2 057.5 5.296 6.299 7.303 4 805.8 3 279.6 2 381.3 4.779 5.784 6.788 4768.7 3 2 6 4 . 7 2373.7 4-798 5.798 6.800 4 570§ 3 158.4 2 307.4 4.900 6.893 6.896 4 502.7 3 110.2 2 279.4 4.936 5.940 6.939 4 491.0 3 104.5 2 273.1[| 4.943 5.945 6.948 4 478.7 3 096.3 2 269.6 4.950 6.953 6.954 4 436.3 4.974 4 432.2 3 074.8 2 254.lt 4-977 5.974 6.977 4 432 4.977 4 395 3 053 2 243 5; 4-997 5.995 6.995 (3 038) (2 237) 6; 6.010 7.004 (2 216) 7; 7.037

10 I 11 I 12 I 13 1030.7 855.1 616.8 10.318 1 142.0 9.802 1120.1 925.2 775.6 662.8 9.898 1 105.2 911.7 764.2 650.5 9.966

m ms (m*Si) n;n* mp2 (m2Pi) n;n* mpi (m*P2) n;n* md (m2D) n;n* mf (m2F) n;n* mg (m20r) n;n* mh (m?H) n; n* m

I 1 I 2 I 3 I 35 008.513 982.9 7 558.3 4; 1.771 2.802 '3.8OO 22 023.4 10 307.0 4; 2.232 3.263 21 965.710 288.3 4; 2.235 3.266 13 472.9t S; 2.854

m mpi (m2P2)

5 I 3 243.1 6.817 3 938.7 6.279 3 934.3 5.282 4 824.5 4-770 4406.8 4.991 4 389.0 5; 4.999

6 2 360.1 6.819 2 780.8 6.281 2 778.5 6.284 3 312.4 5.756 3059.1 6.990

3 042.7 6; 6.005

I

ms (m*Si) n* mpz (m2pj) n* mpi (m2p2) w* md(m*D) n* mf (m2F) n*

m mpi (m2p2)

4 I 4 735.4 4.814 6 011.9 4.272 6 003.8 4.275 7 610.9Î 3.797 6881.1 4; 3.994

7 • I 1 794.1 7.821 2 068.4 7.284 2 066.7 7.^57 2 410.0 6.748 2 246.9 6.989

8 I 9 I 10 I 1 410.3 1 138.8] 939.2 8.821 9.816 1 598.4 8.286 1 597.3 1 271.7 1 036.2 8.289 9.290 10.291 1 830.4 1 436.2 1 158.9 7.743 8.741 9.731 1 717.4 7.994

11

I

860.8

12

726.3

958.5

j 13 1 14 1 15 1 16 1 17 1 18 I 621.2 \ 537.1 | 469.2 | 413.4 | 366.9 I 327.9 I

19

I

20

I

21

I

266.4 I 242.0 |

22

I

23

I

24

220.8 |

202.3 |

186.0

I 25 I 26 I 27 I 28 I I 171.4 | 158.7 | 147.2 | 137.0 | t 3d is double and inverse: 3di - 3dz = 2.74 ( 64 ). J Term value uncertain, lines 2p — 4d abnormally faint.

29 I 127.8 j

30 119.6

m mpi (m2p2)

I 294.8 |

'

K /.—(Continued) m mpi (m2p2)

I 31 I 32 I I 112.0 I 105.1 |

m

I

37

mpi (m2P2)

I

78.9 I

I

38

I

74.6 |

33 I 98.9 |

34 I 93.3 |

35 I 88.2 |

39

40

41

I

70.6 |

I

66.8 |

I

63.8 |

36 ~ 83.3 42§~

m

59.8

mS Cm1So) n;n* mP (Tn1Pi) n;w* mD (Tn1D2) n;w*

§ 43pi = 57.4. K II (34, 36, 62, 63, 219, 249). K IV

Mg / (86, 128, 131, 222, 259, 264). Terms (76); anomalous terms, see C 111 ). Singlet system

(124).

Kr Z = 36. N-Kr = 109 736.4. Kr II (135). La Z = 57. ^La = 109 736.7.

|

m

I 1

La 7 (106, 107, 190, 191, 192, 237).

mP (Tn Pi)

LaJ/ (107,237).

n* mD (Tn1Z)2) n*

Li Z = 3. Nu = 109 728.5. LJ / (15, 127, 149, 163, 221, 224, 258, 263).

m ms (m2S) n;n* mp (m2p) n;n* md (m*D) n;n* mf (m2F) n;n* mg (m*G) n;n* mh (m2#) n; n*

I

1 I 43 486.316 2', 1.588 28 2;

Limits (76).

I

2 I 3 I 4 I 5 I 6 280.5 8 475.2 5 187.8 3 500.4 2 535.6 2.596 3.598 4-599 5.599 6.578 582.5fl2 560.4 7 018.2 4 473.6 3 099.2 1.966 2.956 3.954 4-953 0.951 12203.1 6863.5 4389.6 3 0 4 7 . 0 3; 2.999 3.998 5.000 6.001 6 856.1 4 381.8 4; 4-000 5.005 4 386 5; 5.002 3 042 6; 6.006

7 I 2 273.3 6.948 2 237.4 7.003

8 I 9 I 10 I 11 I 12 "~ 1 736.3 1 372.7 1 113.6 917.2 771.7 7.749 8.941 9.927 1 699.0 1 345.2 8.036 9.032

m mp (m2p) n* md (m»Z>) n*

I

m mp (m*P)

I 13 I 14 I 658.3 | 560.7

15 490.7

16 I 429.4 |

17 I 18-"" 381.2 | 340.3

m mp (m'P)

I 19 I 20 I 304.9 | 275.0

21 248.9

22 I 228.3 |

23 I 24 "^ 207.7 | 188.9

m mp (m2P)

I 25 I 26 I 175.8 | 160.8

27 149.9

28 | 142.0 |

29 | 131.1 |

m

I

mp (wi»P)

31

I

32

33

I 114.6 I 107.8

m I mp (m2p) I t 2p is double, 2p2 Li II (214, 215,

34

101.4

|

35

95.0 |

|

90.9 |

I

1 I 2 I (607 000) 118 718 1; (0.851) 1.923 108 263 2; 2.013

1

Term n*

36 85.8

37 I 38 39 40 | 41 | 42 81.6 | 77.7 73.9 69.4 | 65.4 | 62.0 2pi = 0.34 (132, 329). 280, 281, 282, 302, 321, 322). Terms (322.5).

Spectrum analogous to that of He /. Singlet system ("Parlithium") m mS (W1S) n;n* mP (Tn1P) n;n* mD (Tn1Z)) n;n* mF (Tn1F) n;n*

30 122.5~

__

3 I 51 300 2.925 48 330 3.014 48 804 Z\2.999

4 I 28 486 3.925 27 247 4.014 27 454 3.998 27 435 4; 4- OOP

1

1

5 ' 18 083 4-927

I 6 12 503 5.925

17 568 4-998 17 557 5.000

12 200 5.998 12 194 6.000

1

1

T S T Z ) T ? 8 Z ) 8 ? 9 153 8 962 8 958 6 863 6 857 6.925 6.998 7.000 7.997 8.001

Triplet system ("Ortholithium") ms n; mp n; md n; mf n; f83F

m | 2 | 3 | 4 | (mSS) 134 041 55 327 30 097 n* 2; 1.810 2.817 3.819 (m»P) 115 812 50 578 28 191 n* 2; 1.947 2.946 3.946 (mW) 48 834 27 467 n* *',2.998 3.998 (m*F) 27 435 n* 4; 4.000 = 6 858, n* = 8.000.

Mg Z = 12. NM = 109 734.7.

5 | 18 895 4-820 17 947 4-945 17 574 4.998 17 557 5.000

6 | 12 957 5.820 12 422 5.944 12 203 5.997 12 193 5.999

7 9 438 6.820

8 964 6.997 8 9581 7.000

l

|

2

61 672.118 3;1.334 26 3;

7

2 277

|

3

|

4

|

5

|

6

169.0 9 115.8 5 485.7 3 661.6 2.457 3.470 4-473 5.474 620.712 325.5 6 972.6 4 461 3 103 2.030 2.984 3.966 4.960 5.947 15 268.9 8 537.4 5 363.6 3 648.7 312.681 3.586 4.524 6.484

I

8

I

9

I

10

I

11

I

12

1 741

6.942 7.939 2 631.6 1 982.7 1 544.9 1 237.0 1 012.3 845.4f 6.457 7.440 8.428\ 9.418 10.412

Triplet system m ms CmSS1) n;n* mpa (msPo) n ; n* mpz (msPi) n;n* mpi (m3p2) n;n* md (m3Z)) n;n* mf (mW) n; n*

| 2 | 20 474.5 9 4; 2.315 39 821.3 3 ; 1.660 39 801.4 13 3; 1.660 39 760.513 ^\ 1.661 13 Z',

m

I

8

I

3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 799.3 5 781.3 3 817.0 2 709.1 2 022.1 3.347 4.357 5.362 6.364 7.366

824.1 2.818 820.0 7 2.818 714.7 7 2.829 6 4;

419.0 3.846 479.5 3.830 994.8 3.960

9

10

I

4 653.2 4.866 4 651.9 3 184.5 4.857 5.870 4 704.1 3 229.3 2 352.9 4.830 5.830 6.829 4 469.0 4.956

I

11

I

ms ( T O ' S i ) 1 567.1 1 250.3 n* 8.368 9.369 md (m3JD) 1 790.3 1 408.5 1 136.4 936.1 n* 7.829 8.827 9.826 t 13Z) = 716.2. î Ud = 574.0.

12

I

784.2

13

667.6*

Mg // (74, 75, 165,245). Term values calculated from data (76) and 4/-limit ( 90 ), corrected to int. scale. Spectrum analogous to that of Na 7. m ms (m*Si) n; n* mpz (miPi) n;n* mpi (m2p2) n;n* mdz (m2D2) n;n* mdi (m2D3) n;n* mf (wi»F) n;n*

|

l | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 121 268.851 463.628 482.618 070.712 484.1 9 139.0 3; 1.903 2.920 3.925 4.928 5.930 6.931 85 599.440 648.023 813.9 15 645.7 3; 2.265 3.286 4.293 5.297 85 507.840 617.523 799.8 15 638.1 3; 2.266 3.287 4-294 5.299 49 778.4 Z\ 2.970 49 777.427 956.7 17 847.7 12 367.9 3\2.970 3.962 4.960 5.957 27468.817578.612206.2 4; 3.997 4-997 6.997

mg (m2G)

12 196.0

n; n*

6; 5.999

m ms (m2Si) n* mdi (Tn2Z)3) n* mf (m*F) n* mg (m2G) n*

I 6 9 8 8

7 I 976.6 7.932 070.8 6.956 967.0 6.996 958.9 6.999

5 6 6 6

8 I 9 I 10 I 11 I 12 502.2 8.932 933.1 5 473.1 7.956 8.956 865.2 5 423.7 4 393.1 3 630.5 3 050.4 7.996 8.996 9.996 860.6 5 420.7 4 390.8 3 628.7 3 049.1 7.999 8.999 9.999

Mn Z = 25. JVMn = 109 736.0. Mn / (49, so, 105, ITS). Terms (45) according to theory (296) ; /-terms ( 2 ) have been corrected. All d- and /-terms of sextet system are inverse. Here ('), ("), . . . do not indicate that the terms are anomalous. Sextet system I

mS

In 1 2 3

(m*S3)

I

mP3 (m6P2)

I

mP2

j

(m*P3)

mPi (/^P4)

|

mP^ (m'P^)

\

mP^ (m«P'3)

59 937.5t 18 533.5Î 35 158.2 35 149.5 35 135.2 24 247.4 24 211.7 9 032.9§

t n* = 1 353.

Î n* = 2.432.

§ n* = 8.486.

Mn /. mP(

I w

Sextet system.—(Continued) mP'3'

I

(m'P^)

2

I

(m'P'/)

wP'; (w«P'/)

\

mP'[

|

(WP'/)

wP'/'

|

wP ~

(w'P'/') j (w«P'3")

24 167.5 14 943.6 14 781.4 14 678.3 10 049.5| 9 925.1||

mDs

I

I

wDi

I raDa |

mDz

6

(w^Da)

(m*Dt)

(m«Di)

3

42 300.3 42 369.0 42 485.9 42 665.5 42 885.1 mD'4

w

j

mD'3

(wBDg)

3

|

(m'Dj)

ml/

j

(m*D'j

wD'5

|

m i

(W D2)

mDi

|

(rn«De)

m D j j (m«Dj)

(ro«!/)

N JJ (22, 59, 84, 137, 249). Fowler («i) gives relative values for a singlet and a triplet system. N JJJ (22). Na Z = 11. A^Na = 109 734.5. Na J (15, 64, 127, 148, 163, 221, 224, 258, 263, 328).

w

17 738.8

m D " j

(m«D")

17 994.0 17 883.8 18 004.8 18 148.0 12 717.7 12 719.4

mD"j

i

mD"j (m6D")

mD"j

(m*Df")

(m«D'3')

3

12 722.0 12 725.5 12 730.2 11 619.5 11 636.5 11 666.5^[

mFe

I

mPs

|

(m»D"')

mU'"

mD"'j

m

I

(m^D")

wD"'|

mF4

(m*D'")

\

mFs

I

\

mFz

mFi

Cm6F1) (m fi F 2 ) (m«F3) Cm6F4) Cm6F6) j (W6Fe) 16 264.5 16 293.0 16 342.0 16 413.3 16 508.9| 16 624.2

m 4

Octet system m

|

ms

CmSS4) n* rops (m«P3) n* mpz (m»P4) n* mpi (mSPs) n*

2

|

3

|

4

|

5

|

m

20506.1 9 7 7 9 . 9 5 7 5 7 . 4 3793.1 2.314 3.346 4-365 5.379 41 535.0 7 448.5 1.625 3.838 41405.8 7441.1 1.0^5 3.535 41 232.1 13 956.1 7 431.6 4 675.4 1.631 2.804 3.843 4-844

m

I

mdi (mSDe) n* mf (m*F) n*

3

I

13224.9 2.880

4

md6 (m*D2) n* WtJ4 (w8D3) n* mdz (m*D*} n* md2 (m8D6) n*

I

7234.7 3.894 6 962.9 3^969

[

5 4561.8 4-904 4 438.3 4.973

m

I

3D^ C35D^) 26 908.2 3D'/ C35D'0') 22 460.4

2

I

3

I

4

I

3D74 (35D1' ) 26 661.8 3D'/ CS5D^) 22 267.4

m

I

48 792.218 720.1 9 455.3 1.500 2.421 3.406 30636.9 30 723.8 30 845.3 26 261.4 3D" (35D'/) 21 981.3

\

3

mZ>s (m^Do) mZ>4 (m5Di) WDsCm 5 D 2 ) wD2 C^5D3) mDi Cm 5 D 4 )

I 3D^ (35D/) 1 3D^ (35D^ ) 25 605.5 3D" (35D'/) 21 592.1

48 594.6 48417.6 48106.1 47 702.0 47 214.3 3D1' (35D47) 24 479.4 3D" (35D7/) 21 137.6

Septet system m ms (WS 3 ) n; n* mps (w'P2) mp2 (w'Ps) mpi (m7p4) mp[ (W7P2*) wpg (w7P'3)

I

1 I 2 I 59 560.419 885.0 &;1.357 2.349 33 946.1 33688.6 33 239.9 28 260.4 28 027.0

MOJJ (193,325).

NZ = T. NN = 109 732.9. N / (123, 1 3 9 , 1 4 0 , 2 4 9 ) .

m mp[ (m'P^) mdt (m 7 Di) md4 Cw^D 2 ) Wd 3 (^D 3 ) md2 (m^D 4 ) mdi (W 7 D 6 )

I

I 2 I 27 647.0

3

14624.7 14 620.0 14613.1 14 603.3 14 590.5

7

I

|

3

|

4

248.3 3.647 181.6 S.133 176.1 3.133 276.2 2.990

|

5 077.3 4.640 6 408.8 4.138 6 406.3 4.139 6 900.4 3.988 6860.4 4; 3.999

5

|

3 437.3 5.650 4 152.8 6.140 4 151.3 5.141 4 412.5 4.987 4390.4 5.000 4 389.8 5 ; 5.000

13

8

I

9

I

10

1

1466.0 1175.5 966.1 8.652 9.662 1 655.4 8.142 1654.1 1312.3 1065.9 8.146 9.145 10.147 1 720.9 1 357.2 1 098.7 7.986 8.992 9.994

I

634.9 647.7

6 2 480.7 6.651 2 908.9 6.141 2 907.5 6.143 3 061.9 6.987 3041.5 6.006

14

I

15

I

16

1

1

12 679.5

883.4

743.3

907.1

761.7

17

1

18

421.1

373.9

19 I 20 I 299.5 I 270.3 |

21 I 245.1 |

22 I 223.4 |

23 I 24 204.7 | 187.9

w mpi (W2P2)

25 I 26 I 173.3 I 160.3 |

27 I 148.1 |

28 I 137.9 |

29 I 128.7 |

30 120.3

m mpi Cw2p2)

31 I 112.8 I

33 I 99.9 I

34 I 94.2 [

35 I 89.0 |

36 84.2

39

I

m

37

WPiCm^P 2 )

548.1 559.0

11 804.4

478.6 491

w wpi (m2P2)

MnJJ (2, is*) Mn JJJ (95). Mo Z = 42. NMO = 109 736.5. Mo J (48, 52, 193, 325). Terms and limits (136); mp-terms are inverse; here (') and (") do not indicate terms are anomalous. (Limits calculated by Catalan ( 4 ^, 52) differ from those used here.) Quintet system

2

1874.5 7.651 2 150.7 7.143 2149.8 7.144 2 248.6 6.986

mpi (W2P2) md (w2D)

112Pj"= 9838.4. t 3D"' = 11 711.5; 3D'/' = 11 769.6.

mS Cm6S2) n* wP3 Cm5Pi) mP2 Cm6P2) mPi Cm5P3)

I

w

6

|

3 046.3 6; 6.002

ms (m2Si) n* mpz (W2P1) n* mpi (W2P2) n* md (w2D) n*

3145.3 5.907

l

41 449.0 15 709.5 8 3; 1.626 2.643 24 492.811 Z\2.116 24 475.711 3; 2.117 12 $*,

m

3

13231.3 2.880 13 230.4 £.SS0 13229.1 2.880 13 227.3 2.880

I

|

ms (m2Si) n;n* mpz (w2Pi) n;n* mpi (W2P2) n; n* md (w'D) n; n* mf (w*F) n;n* mg (m2(?) n ; n* mh (w2#) n; n*

mD"

(m*D")

Limits

( 76 ).

32 I 106.1 I

I

38

I

I

333.5

79.7 I

75.5 I

71.7 |

40 | 68.l|

41 | 64.9 |

42 61.9

m mpi Cm^P2)

I

43 I 59.0 |

44 I 56.3 |

45 I 53.8 1

46 I 51.5 |

47 I 49.4 |

48 47.3

m mpi (m2p2)

I I

49 J 45.5 |

50 I 43.6 |

51 I 41.9 |

52 I 40.3 |

53 I 38.8 |

54 37.4

m wpi (w*P2)

I I

55 36.1

I I

56 35.0

I I

57 . 34.4

I |

58 33.8

Na JJ (89). Nb Z = 41; see Cb. Ne Z - 10. ATNe = 109734.2. Ne Jhas2systems:"Normal" and " Displaced;" actually, both are equally normal. The term values for normal state (173 918 and 173 918 -J- 781) correspond to the L3- and L2-X-ray levels; ionization potentials = 21.466 and 21.562 volts. Ne J—P = Paschen's original notation, R-S = Russell-Saunders notation. Term values from Paschen (229, 230)who states that

for some sequences the term value is A + ir*jf• p

R_g-jw WS4 mSi n; n* ms6mSz n; n* mpsmPo n;n*

Normal terms 2 I . 3 I 4 1 5 I 6 39470.2 (15 141.5)t 8016.7 4962.1 3372.4 3; 1.668 2.692 3.700 4.702 5.705 39 887.6 (15 332.2)J 8 101.3 5 004.8 3 396.7 *\ 1.658 2.675 3.681 4.683 6.684 40.05 173 918|| 23012.0 10528.1 6062.1 3952.7 2; 0.794 2.183 3.229 4.265 5.269

Ne 7.—(Continued) PR g

- t . m mp7 mPia n; n* mpwmPib n;n* mpsmPta n;n* mpsmPzb n; n* mptmP* n;n* mdtmDo n;n* mdzmDia n; n* md^mDib n;n* ma" mDza n;n* mdzmDzb n; n* md{ mDaa n;n* mdtmDab n; n* md'tmDi n; n* m WiS4 mSi n* mssmSz n* mp3mPo n* mpi mPia n* mpiomPib n* mptmPto n* mpsmPzb n* mp9mP3 n* mds mDo n* mdzmDia n* mdsmDib n* md" mDza n* mdamDtb n* md'imDsa n* mdtmDtb n* mdtmDi n*

p R_g m m8SmS'Q n; n* mszmS( n; n* mpimP'Q n ; n* mpz ™>P'la n;n* mp5 mPflb n;n* mptmPf2 n; n* ms[ mD( n ; n*

2

10§

| 7 | 2 440.01 6.706 2 456.11 6.684 2 780.6 6.281 2 871.42 6.181 2 920.12

Normal terms | 3 | 4 | 23807.9 10916.8 Z; 2.14? 3.171 25 671.7 11 411.5 3; 2.067 3.101 23613.6 10891.0 3; 2.166 3.174 24 105.2 11 030.3 3; 2.133 3.164 24 272.4 11 098.7 3; 2.126 3.144 12419.9 6961.8 3; 2.973 3.970 12292.9 6902.5 Z', 2.988 3.987 12405.2 6954.1 3; 2.974 3.972 12229.8 6881.9 3; 2.995 3.993 12 322.3 6 917.9 3; 2.984 3.983 12 228.1 6 880.8 3\ 2.996 3.994 12337.3 6928.4 3; 2.983 3.979 12339.2 6929.5 3; 2.982 3.979

8 | 848.51 7.705 858.11 7.685 1

Ne /.—(Continued) P R-S 5 | 6 6289.8 4089.9

4.176 6 479.9 4.116 6280.7 4-180 6 338.1 4.161 6 370.3 4*151 4446.4 4-968 4412.4 4.988 4441.0 4-971 4403.1 4.992 4 420.9 4.983 4 402.6 4.993 4427.1 4.979 4427.8 4.979

9 | 10 | 11 | 447.6Ì1 164.9 957.1 8.707 9.706 454.11 169.6 960.9 8.688 9.687 602.1 8.277 126.21 638.01 299.21 057.5 7.184 8.185 9.191 10.187 156.5 6.130 7.134 2 869.22 126.21 638.01 299.21 057.5 6.184 7.184 8.186 9.191 10.187 2885.82137.81642.6 6.166 7.165 8.173 2 896.52 142.41 647.21 306.2 6.154 7.157 8.162 9.166 2 260.31 729.1 1 364.51 104.9 912.0 6.968 7.966 8.968 9.966 2 246.61 720.31 358.61 100.2 6.989 7.987 8.989 9.987 2 257.51 727.61 363.51 104.0 911.5 6.972 7.970 8.971 9.970 2 244.21 718.41 357.31 099.2 908.5 6.993 7.992 8.992 9.992 2248.11722.71360.11101.5 909.4 6.987 7.982 8.983 9.981 2 2 4 3 . 9 1 7 1 8 . 2 1 3 5 7 . 2 1 0 9 9 . 2 908.2 6.993 7.992 8.992 9.992 2 2 5 3 . 7 1 7 2 4 . 2 1 3 6 1 . 4 1 1 0 2 . 2 910.6 6.978 7.978 8.978 9.978 2 254.01 724.31 361.61 102.3 910.6 6.978 7.978 8.978 9.978

5.179 4 181.3 6.123 4085.6 6.182 4 114.7 6.164 4 132.3 6.163 3081.2 6.968 3061.5 6.988 3078.1 6.971 3056.6 6.992 3 066.5 5.983 3 056.2 5.992 3070.5 5.979 3071,0 6.978

12 | 13 800.7

803.4

765.8

651.9

.

m

2

|

ms"mD'2a 780.5 n;n* ms""mD'2b780.3 n ; n* ms"fmD'z 780.4 n;n* m mszmS'Q n* ms2 mS( n* mpimP'Q n* mpz mPâ n* mp5mP^ n* mpi mP'2 n* m8lmD[ w* ms" mD2a n* ms"" mD^ n* ms"' mZ>'3 n*

|

Anomalous 3 | 11509.5 3; (2.988) 11 520.8 3 ; (2.987) 11 519.3 3; (2.987)

terms^f (Ne I) 4 | 5 | 6 6132.5 3640.1 2287.3 (3.984) (4.982) (5.981) 6 134.5 3 640.5 2 289.5 (3.983) (4.982) (5.979) 6 133.6 3 639.8 2 287.0 (3.984) (4.983) (5.981)

7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 1675.1 1077.3 674.2 389.5 (6.684) (7.685) (8.684) (9.683) 1667.7 1072.5 670.0 386.2 (6.695) (7.695) (8.697) (9.696) 2016.0 1264.3 747.9 422.9 232.8 115.4 (6.263) (7.324) (8.472) (9.447) (10.404) 2 126.2 (6.143) 2107.1 1355.8 864.0 (6.163) (7.166) (8.168) 2 101.4 1 356.0 (6.169) (7.166) 1468.4 940.4 578.6 319.9 128.7 (6.985) (7.985) (8.984) (9.984) 1471.0 942.3 580.0 321.0 129.1 (6.981) (7.980) (8.980) (9.979) 1471.5 942.3 579.9 320.9 129.1 (6.980) (7.980) (8.980) (9.979) 1470.8 942.2 579.9 320.9 129.1 (6.981) (7.980) (8.980) (9.979)

t Lande ( 151 ) has given j-values for all terms, and has shown ( 152 ) that each system may be regarded as compounded of two; the normal of a triplet and a quintet, and the anomalous of a singlet and a triplet. This resolution can not always be uniquely effected, and this type of resolution is not the only one possible ( 117 ), hence the upper index of the R-S notation has been omitted and the 2 terms of same lower index are distinguished (153) by a and 6, a denoting the smaller. J Calculated; not based on observed lines. § Adding A makes only a little improvement; A not considered in computing n*. Il From (172). 1 Grotrian (112) claims these correspond to a residue which differs from that for normal terms by 781 cm"1 in energy level. Here all terms (normal and anomalous) are reckoned from same zero level, but n* is calculated from the real term value, which for an anomalous term is (781 + tabulated value) ; the values of n* which do not correspond to the tabulated term values are placed in ( ). ** This sequence does not follow the formula closely; A could as well be taken as 781.

763.3 764.3

649.3

762.9

646.5

Ne 77 ( 3 8 , 3 9 , 4 0 , 1 3 4 , 2 6 0 ) .

Ni Z = 28. Afa = 109 736.1. Ni 7 (10, 12, 183, 318).

765.0

651.3

765.0

651.4

Anomalous terms^f (Ne I) 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 ~ 780.8 39 110.8 (14 651.9)î 7 323.1 4 223.5 2 616.6 3; (1.658) (2.666) (3.680) (4.683) (5.683) 781.3 38040.7 (14 506.5)t 7273.0 4201.8 2 6 0 5 . 4 3; (1.681) (2.679) (3.692) (4.693) (5.693) 730.O** 173 9181| 20 958.7 9 643.5 5 342.4 3 240.0 2 ; (0.793) (2.247) (3.244) (4.233) (5.223) 763.0** 22891.0 10221.7 5570.8 3351.0 3; (2.153) (3.158) (4.156) (5.155) 783.4 23157.3 10272.1 5573.9 3344.5 3; (2.141) (3.151) (4.155) (5.157) 780.4 23 070.9 10 220.8 5 550.7 3 332.2 S; (2.145) (3.158) (4.163) (5.165) 780.6 11 493.8 6 121.7 3 633.4 2 284.6 3 ; (2.990) (3.987) (4.986) (5.983)

Ni 77 (287).

O Z = 8, No = 109 733.4. O 7 (221, 251). Terms: 2P (17, 121), others (76). 2 P-terms are inverse. Triplet system m mS (w»»5i) n;w* mPz (maPo) n;n* mPz (mSPi) n;n* mPi (m*Pz) n;n* mD (m*D) n; n* m mS (m3Si) n* mD (m*D) w*

|

'

l

I

| 2 | 33 043.3 13 3; 1.823 109 607 2; 1.001 109 674 2; 1.000 109 833 21 2; 1.000 12 3', 7 I 2 340.9 6.847 2 255.4 6.975

3 | 4 | 5 | 6 " 612.5 7 425.6 4 672.8 3 210.2 2.840 3.843 4.846 5.847

207.210 2.285 350.0 6 2.981

8 I 1 780.3 7.851 1 721.4 7.984

157.5 5 968.6 3.286 4.288 929.9 4 429.2 3 072.3 3.981 4.978 5.977 9 1 401.7 8.849 1 360.3 8.982

I

10 1 130.6 9.851 1 103.7 9.971

O L—(Continued) Quintet system m ms (m*Si) n;n* mpz (w*Pi) n;n* wp 2 ( W^P2) n;n* mpi (W6P3) n;n* md (m*D) n; n*

|

m ms (WÂ2) n* md (w*Z>) n*

'

l

I

Pb I .—(Continued)

|

2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 36 069.0 14 358.5 7 720.8 4 817.9 3 291.9 3; 1.745 2.762 3.770 4-773 5.773 23 211.9 10 744.3 3; 2.174 3.19S 23 209.2 10 743.7 3; 2.174 3.193 23 205.810 742.5 Z', 2.175 3.192 12 417.3 6 971.7 4 451.5 3 085.7 3; 2.973 3.966 4.965 5.963

7 I 2 391.6 6.774 2 263.9 6.962

8 I 1 815.7 7.774 1 731.4 7.961

9 I 1 425.1 8.775 1 367.1 8.963

10

O III

(22, 83, 208, 209, 210, 211).

O IV

(22).

O V (30).

1 106.1 9.961

m wd2 (m*D2) n; n* wdi (m*Dz) n; n*

|

1 2 I 3 187 687.9 105 479.2 4; 3.058 4.081 346 661.4 158 032.4 3\ 2.251 3.332 346432.8157.973.7 Z\2. 251 3.334 345 964.9 157 825.3 3; 2.253 3.335

m wds (m»Di) n* wd2 (mWz) n* mdi(m^D3) n; n*

|

3

|

4 "" 121 344.0 3.804 121 338.4 3.804 225185.0121.330.7 Z-,2.793 3.804

•

| 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 ~ " 540.7147 858.7 3.303 4.307 841.8220 339.0 2.502 3.528 046.9220 055.1 2.511 3.531 320 295.0179 101.1 3', 2.927 3.913 171909.4110036.5 ±',3.995 4.994 109 818.4 76 278.5 5; 4.998 5.997 76 255.2 6; 5.998

Pb Z = 82. NPb = 109 736.8. Pb 7 (3, 101, 102, 182, 299, 305, 305.5, 308, 310); p_and d-nptations are tentative; small changes in arrangement of d-terms have been made, and a new series of d-terms suggested; 3d 3 does not combine with 2pi. |

4

I

5

I

6

I

7

7709.1 4808.0 3274.92389.9$ 3.773 4.778 5.789 6.776 7 501.1 4 728.8 3 246.72 371 3.825 4.818 5.814 6.803 7 311.8 4 652.7 3 210.72 344§ 3.874 4.856 5.846 6.842 7 399.3 3.851 § Sd2 = 1786, n* =

Pd 77 (180).

I

1 I 82 862.1 1',2.3Ol

2 39 457.0 3.335 61 510.4 7; 2.671 56 653.2 t',2.784

I

3

I

4

34 118.1 T-, 3.587 33 621.8 7; 3.613

; |

Rb Z = 37. #Rb = 109 736.4. Rb 7 (is, 127, 163, 221, 224, 238, 239, 258, 263).

P V ( ). Spectrum analogous to that of Na 7.

J m 1 ms n;n* 0 wp4 n* 1 mp3 n*

14367.7 2.763 13 750.2 2.825 13 742.7 2.826 13 482.3 2.853

w ms (WSS1) n;n* wp 2 (w2Pi) n;w* mpi (W2P2) n;n* Wd2 (w2/)2) n;w* mdi (w2Z>3) n; n*

Only triplet

26

w | l | 2 ws (m*Si) 524 491.2251 n;n* Z', 2.287 mpz (w*Pi) 435 n;n* 3; mpi (W2P2) 435 n; n* 3; md (w2D) n;n* mf (w2F) n;n* mg (m*G) n; n* mh (w2#) n; n*

I

Pb 77 (103). Pd Z = 46. Npd = 109 736.5.

3 I 4 "~ 126461.4 Z',2.795 126 450.070 904.5 3; 2.795 3.732

P/F( 2 7 ). Spectrum analogous to that of Mg/. system is known. Triplet system m ms (m*Si) n; n* Wp3 (w3Po) n; n* Wp 2 (TnSP 1 ) n; n* mpi (wsp2) n; n*

2

Pt Z = 78. Npt = 109 736.8. Pt 7 (175.5, 197). Ra Z = 88. AW = 109 736.8. Ra 7. Spectrum not yet analyzed. Ra 77 (90, 244). Teyms (76) calculated by ("»).

O VI (30).

2 I 3 I 125497.8 6 7 2 9 2 . 8 ±',2.815 3.832 243 332.1 101 957.8 3; 2.014 3.112 242 772.5 101 821.2 3; 2.016 3.115

2 I 49 160.8 1.494 38 353.2 1.691

Pd 7 (7, 11, 179, 180, 197).

Os Z = 76. Nos = 109 736.8. Os I (197). P Z = 15. NP = 109 735.2. P 7 (262). p // (23). P III (24, 213). Spectrum analogous to that of Al /. I

I

t 8s = 1628, n* = 8.210. Î Sd4, = 1812, n* = 7.782. 7.839; Qdz = 1400, n* = 8.854.

O II (22, 29,60, 61, 82, 85, 207, 255).

m ms (m*Si) n; n* wp2 (w2Pi) n; n* mpi (W2P2) n; n*

J m 2 wp2 n* 2 mpi w* 2 mat n* 2 Wd3 n* 1 Wd2 n* 3 mdi n*

2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 J 7 24 524.011 124.3 6 300.7 4 091.2 2 872.72 123.5f 1', 2.115 3.141 4.173 5.178 6.180 7.189 59 811.2 1.354 51 992.0 1.453

Term values

(76). w ws (w2Si) n;n* wp 2 (w2px) n;n* mpi (W2P2) n;n* Wd2 (w2Z>2) n;n* mdi (w2Z>3) n; n* mf (m*F) n; n* mg (w2(?) n;n* mh (w2ff) n; n*

I 1 I 2 I 3 I 4 I 5 I 6 33 689.1 13 557.9 7378.1 4 6 4 2 . 9 3191.2 2328.5 5; 1.805 2.846 3.856 4.862 5.864 6.865 21 110.2 9 974.1 5 854.2 3 854.8 2 729.9 5; 2.280 3.317 4-329 5.336 6.340 20 872.6 9 896.6 5 819.2 3 835.5 2 719.6 5; 2.293 3.331 4.342 6.349 6.351 14 334.3 7 988.9 5 002.4 3 409.6 ±',2.767 3.706 4.684 5.673 7 985.9 5 000.2 3 407.7 5; 3.707 4.685 5.675 6 897.6 4 418.2 3 068.0 ±',3.989 4.984 5.981 4 389.9 5; 5.000 3 044.0 |6; 6.004

m (w2£i) n* Wp2 (w2Pi) n* mpi (W2P2) n* Wd2 (w2Z>2) n* mdi (w2Z>3) n* mf (w2F) n*

I

ws

7 || l 773.8J 7.865\ 2 033.8J 7.345\ 2 028.2| 7.35^ 2 468.2J 6.668 2 467.0| 6.669\ 2 252.4 6.980]

8 I 1 397.4 8.862

9

I

10

I

1 573.3 1 254.8 1 024.2 8.351 9.353 10.351 1 868.8 1 464.6 (1 182.7) 7.663 8.656 9.633 1 867.6 1 463.5 1 176.7 7.665 8.660 9.657

11

I

849.3

12

718.0

w wpi (W2P2)

! I

13 I I 14 I 15 I 16 I 17 I 614J6 I 531.7 | 464.1 j 409.7 | 363.6 |

w wpi (W2P2)

I I

19 I I 20 I 21 I 292.JO I 265.2 | 240.8 |

22 I 23 I 24 219.2 | 201.7 | 186.0

w mpi (W2P2)

I I

25 j I 26 I 170.b I 157.5 |

28 I 136.2 |

f31pi = 111.1.

I

27 I 146.3 |

18 325.3

29 I 30 127.1 | 119.lt

Se7 (i 77 , 251). Terms ( 76 ). Only the quinte t system is known.

Rh Z = 45. Nnh = 109 736.5. R h / ( 1 9 7 , 292, 293).

Ru Z = 44. Ru 7 (

195

>

ATRu = 109 736.5.

196

> I

97

» 289, 290).

S Z = 16. Ns = 109 735.2. S 7 (124, 251). Terms: triplet ( 17 ) from measurements (120); others ( 76 ), Is is from measurements of ( 201 ). Triplet system 2 3 4

mS ( w ' S i ) w P 3 (mWo) wP2 (wSPi) wPi (m^Pz)mD (mW) n; n* n; n* n; n* n; n* n; n* 28 229 82 982 83 156 83 554 4; 1.972 3-, 1.150 3; 1.149 3; 1.146 12 204 15 665 2.999 Z', 2.648 6 835 (9 288) (9 290) (9 291) 4.QQg 3.437 3.437 3.437

Quintet system s ( w « S 2 ) m d (wsZ)) n £? '> n* _ 5 4502.5 5290.2 4-936 5; 4-654 6 3111.6 3568.3 5.939 5.046 7 2278.9 2565.7 6.940 6.539 8 1 741.1 1 931.8f 7.939 7.536 t For w = 9, md = 1 506.8, n* = 5.533; for w = 10, wd = 1 207.8, n* = 9.533. m ws (w*S2) n; n* wp3 (W6Pi) n;n* Wp2 (w5P2) n;n* Wp1 (W5P3) n; n*

I 2 I 3 "" 30 936.9 4; 1.883 20114.7 9 6 4 9 . 5 4; 2.336 3.372 20 103.4 9 645.9 4; 2.337 3.373 20 085.5 9 639.9 l\2.338 3.374

~

m

S 77, S 777. Spectrum not yet analyzed. S IV. (24, 213). Spectrum analogous to that of Al 7. w ws (W2Si) n; n* Wp 2 (W2P1) n; n* wpi (W2P2) n;n*

2 I 200 109.2110 e',%.963 381 541.4 168 3; 2.145 380 591.2 167 3; £.148

3 I 531.0 3.986 034.0 3.233 824.0 3.234

m wd2 (W2Z)2) n; w* mdi (W2Z)3) n;n*

I 229 3; 229 3;

3 4 """ 414.3 2.766 400.0126 151.6 2.766 3.731

S V ( 27 ). Spectrum analogous to that of Mg 7. Only triplet system is known. Triplet system w I 2 3 I ws ( w 3 S i ) 2 7 3 075.0 n; n* '4; 3.^70 wp3 (w3Po) 501618.2235568.6 n; n* 3; 2.339 3.413 wp 2 (WSP1) 501 252.4235 480.7 n; n* 3; 2.340 3.413

S VI (26). w ws (W2Si) n;n* wp 2 (W2Pi) n ; n* wpi (W2P2) n; n* mdz (W2D2) n; n* mdi (W2Z)3) n; n* w/(W 2 F) n;n* mg (W2G) n; n*

w wpi (wsp2) n; n* md (mW) n; n*

I

2 I 3 "" 500 497.7235 191.6 3; 2.341 3.415 349700.0 3; 2.801

Spectrum analogous that of Na 7. I

1 I 2 I 3 710 264.2 347 264.0 3; 2.358 3.373 604 398.2 309 083.5 3 ; 2.557 3.575 603 131.1 308 625.9 3; 2.558 3.577 462 854.4 3', 2.921 462 818.2 3; 2.921

4

5

~

Sc 7 ( 4 6 > 50 > 50 ' 5 » 58 > 94 > 100 > 1° 9 » 186, 256) Sc 77 ( 5 0 - 5 > 186, 194, 237, 256).

|

l

|

2

|

3

|

4

158 159.5 5; 4.998

|

5 | 6 4 449.1 3 085.0 8; 4.967 5.964

19 416.2 5; £.377 19 37.1.4 5; 2.380 19 267.7 5; 2.386 5 112.5 3 462.1 5; 4.633\ 5.629

m ws (w^2) n* md (W5Z)) n*

I

. 7 I 2 261.5 6.966 2 498.2 6.628

8 I 1 729.3 7.965 1 887.9 7.624

9

I

1 472.2 8.634

10

I

1 184.3 9.627

ll"

973.2

Si Z = 14. NBI = 109 735.0. Si 7 («O). Si 77 (24, 79, so). Si 777 (7*>, 80). 77 Si IV (8Q). Terms ( ) corrected (26) to basis of AT8i. w ws (W2Si) n;w* wp 2 (W2Pi) n;w* Wp1 (W2P2) n;n* md (w2Z)) n;w* mf (W2F) n; n* mg (m*G) n;n* mh (w2#) n; n* t From (178).

|

l | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 364 109 170 138 98 699 3; 2.196 3.212 4.218 292 822 145 850 87 613 3; 2.449 3.470 4-477 292 362 145 688 87 538 41 719f 3; 2.451 3.472 4.479 6.487 203 738 114 109 72 627 m = 7 w = 8 3; 2.936 3.922 4.916 35 925 27 49If 109 987 70 399 48 895 6.991 7.992 4; 3.995 4.994 5.993 35 868 70 277 48 813 6.996 5; 4.999 5.997 48 797 6; 5.998

Sn Z = 50. TVsn = 109 736.6. Sn 7 (4, no, 181, 299, 306). j-yames (299). j w 1 ws n;n* 0 Wp3 n* 1 Wp 2 n* 2 Wp1 n* ? mXz n* 2 W^T2 n* 0 mXi n* t wds n* 1 Wd2 n* § Wd1 n*

I

2 I 3 I 4 I 24 245 10 936 6 135 6; 2.127 3.168 4.229 59 158 1.S62 57 466 1.382 55 731 1.404 55 443 l.407 50 546 1.473 41 997 1.616 15 015 8 147 2.704 3.670 14 650 7 995 £.737 3.7QJ 14 583 7 405 2.743 3.850

j m I 8 I 9 I 1 ws 1 633 1 303 w* 8.197 9.178 t j 3 = 2, ;4 = je = 1. ÎJ3 = y« = 1, .74 = 2.

247 612.1 4; 3.994

Sb Z = 51. Nsb = 109 736.6 (248). Sc Z = 21. Nsc = 109 735.8. Sc 777 (92). Se Z = 34. Nse = 109 736.3.

I

w ws (w5S2) n; w* Wp 3 (WoP1) n;n* wp2 (W^P2) n;n* wpi (W^P3) n;n* md (w*Z)) n; n*

Sn 77 (216, 217). of In 7. w ws (W2Si) n; n* wp 2 (W2P1) n; n* Wp1 (W2P2) n; n* Wd2 (Wi2Z)2) n; n*

Terms ("O). I

2 60 821 6; 2.686 117 704 5; 1 .931 113 451 5; 1.966

|

I

5 I 4 021 5.223

6I 7 2 856 2 129 6.198 7.180

5 146 4-618

3 466 5.626 3 414 5.670 3 351 5.723

2 499 6.627

10 I 11 ~ 1 059 873 10.180 §y 3 = J 4 = 3, ;e = 1.

Spectrum analogous to that

3 33 000 3.646 46 213 3.081 45 329 3.111 46 301 5; 3.075

I

4 20 293 4.650 24 980 4.191 24 623 4.221 27 467 3.P77

I

5

Sn II.—(Continued) m mdi (mWt)

I

2

I

n; n*

3 45 658

4 27 360

S; 8.100

mf (wi2F) n; n*

Sn /// Cd/.

Sr /.

I

I

5 17 857

4-005

4-956

28 416 4; 8.930

18 056 4.930

(241). Terms (»0). Spectrum analogous to that of Singlet system

m mS (mi
I

n; n*

1 I 243 235

2

I

3

I

m mF (miFa)

|

n; n*

4; 4-006

S\2.015

mP (WIiP1)

163 327

80 517

n; n*

5; 2.459

3.502

mD (WIiD2) n; n*

4 | 5 61 475 39 611

39 133

n; n*

5; 5.024

99 650 5; 3.148

Triplet system m ms (WSS1) n; n* mpz (mSPo) n;n* mpz (WSP1)

I

n; n* mpi (wsp2)

n;n*

2 I 3 I w 103 604 mdi (m*Dz) 6; 3.088 n; n* 189 691 83 302 w/3 (m*F2) S; 2.282 3.443 n; n* 188 044 83 026 m/2 (wSF3)

5; 2.291

3.449

184 Oil

81 802

S; 2.817

3.475

mda CmSD1) n;n* mdz (w3D2) n;n*

101 921 5; 3.113 101 716 5; 3.116

|

3 | 101 404 5; 3.121

4

|

5

4; 3.931

m/i (w*F4)

63 802

n; n*

4; 3.934

mg (m*G) n;n*

39 158 5; 5.000

Sr Z = 38. ATsr = 109 736.4. Sr / (72, 128, 239, 259, 267). Terms: normal (271); anomalous (257).

Singlet system m mS (TO1So) n;n* mP (WiIP1) n; n* mD (WIiD2) n; n* mF (WiF3)

| l | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 45925.615334.5 7481.6 4873.1 3329.6 2412.8 5; 1.546' 2.675 3.830 4.745 5.741 6.744 24 227.1 11 827.5 7 019.0 4 753.5 3 463.4 *', 2.128 3.045 3.953 4.805 5.628 25 776.3 11 110.0 6 192.4 4 093.7 4; 2.063 3.143 4-209 5.177 6 387.0 4 406.9 3 086.8

n; n*

| (4) 4.145

m mS (miSo) n* mP (Wi1Pi) w* mD (WIiD2) n* mF (WiF3) n* t 13F = 648.1.

I

1 2 2 2

4-991

5.962

7 I 8 I 9 I 10 I 11 I 12 828.3 7.747 598.8 1 989.2 1 559.8 1 251.0 1 022.0 6.498 7.428 8.388 9.366 10.362 904.7 2 145.0 6.146 7.153 269.9 1 735.8 1 370.0 1 106.9 913.9 765.6f 6.953 7.951 8.950 9.957

Triplet system, normal terms m ms (TO»SI) n;n* mps (mSPo) n; n* mpz (WiSP1) n;n* mpi (m3p2) n;n* mdz (WtSD1) n; n* mdz (WiSD2) n; n* mdi (WiSD3) n;n* m/s (WiSF2) n;n* mfz (WiSF3) n;n* mfi (mSF4) n; n*

| 16 6; 31 6; 31 5; 31 5;

2 | 3 | 4 | 886.8 8 500.9 5 163.2 3 2.549 3.591 4.610 608.012 109.8 6 525.0 1.863 3.010 4.101 421.1 12 068.4 6 510.2 1.869 3.015 4-106 026.8 11 963.6 6 479.1 1.880 3.024 4.115 27 766.010 918.3 6 4; 1.988 3.170 27 706.410 903.3 6 4; 1.991 3.172 27 606.010 880.5 6 4; 1.994 3.176 7 174.6 4 4; 3.911 7 172.9 4 l\8.911 7 170.2 4 4; 3.912

5 | 6 | 7 473.7 2 498.0 1 882.0 5.620 6.629 7.636

239.4 4.193 234.5 4.195 222.2 4-200 560.4 4.905 559.6 4.905 558.7 4.906

8 I 1 467.7 8.647 2 123.7 7.189 2 120.5 7.194 2 116.4 7.201 1 753.5 7.911

9

I

10

1 641.7 8.176 1 638.4 1 8-184 1 634.0 1 8.195 1 380.5 1 8.915

I

307.0 9.163 300.3 9.187 115.3 9.920

11

I

12

I

1 065.4 10.149 1 060.5 881.5 10.173 919.7 769.6

13

% 651.2

wi mp'3 (Wi3P0') mp'2 (TO'P'p mp( (m3P'2)

I

2 10 731.8 10 525.5 10 250.7

I

3 1 399.8 1 329.6 1 195.9

Î Hd1 = 638.0, ISd1 = 552.8.

Sr// (74, 75, 165, 244). Term values calculated from data (76) and 4/-limit ( 90 ); corrected to int. scale. Spectrum analogous to that of Rb /.

63 937 4; 3.930 63 900

n; n*

I

Triplet system, anomalous terms

4-994

mG (mi£4)

Triplet system, normal terms.—(Continued)

w wis (msSO n* wds (WiSD1) n* mdz (WiSD2) n* mdi (m'D») n* mfi (WiSF4) n*

4 061.1 2 858.7 5.197 6.195 4 056.5 2 855.1 5.200 6.199 4 051.0 2 850.6 5.204 6.204 3 160.5 2 314.5 5.892 6.886 3 159.9 2 312.6 5.892 6.888 3 147.6 2 301.1 5.904 6.906

m ms (m*Si) n;n* mpz (WiSP1) n; n* mpi (W2P2) n;n* mdz (w2D2)

|

l | 2 | 88 854.741 118.223 t\2.222 3.267 65 139.5 5; 2.595 64 338.0 5; 2.611 74

n;n*

3 | 4 | 891.1 15 614.8 4.286 5.302

|

6

297.9 35 568.4 21 332.2 14 233.0

4; 2.431

mdi (w2D3)

5

3.513 4.536

5.552

74 017.835 482.821 292.1 14 211.7f

n; n*

4; 2.435

3.517 4-541

5.558

m/(wi2F) 27 862.617 798 12 314f n; n* 4; 3.962 4.966 5.970 t For wi = 7, WId1 = 10 195, w* = 6.561 ; mf = 8998, n* = 6.985.

Te Z = 52. NTe = 109 736.6. Te/(177). Ti Z = 22. NTI = 109 735.9. Ti / (50, 100, 142, 144). Ti// (94,194, 303). Ti IV (92).

Tl Z = 81. JVri = 109 736.8. Tl/ (130,222). m ms (W2A1) n;n* mpz (Wi2P1) n; n* mpi (Wi2P2) n; n* Wd 2 (Wi2D2) n;tn* mdi (W2D3) n;în* w/(w2F) n; n*

Limits (76).

. | 22 7; 49 6; 41 6;

2 | 3 | ' 4 786.710 518.3 6 098.2 2.195 3.230 4.242 264.215 104.6 7 895.9 1.493 2.696 3.728 471.514 103.4 7 523.2 1.627 2.790 3.819 13 146.2 7 252.8 6; 2.889 3.889 13 064.3 7 215.2 6; 2.898 3.900 6945.8 5; 3.975

m I 8 I 9 I ms (W2A1) 1 610.2 1 282.3 n* 8.256 9.251 mpi (w2P2) 1 786.2 1 416 n* 7.839 8.803 mdi (w2D3) 1760.1 1385.9 n* 7.896 8.898 t Sp2 = 1 821.6, n* = 7.762. î n from ( 15 °). § 14s = 536.5. Jl Udì = 565.7, ISd1 = 491.9.

6 | 7 808.92 085.0 6.250 7.254 324.92 410.4f 5.746 6.747 220.62 347.1 5.837 6.837 165.82 314.1 5.887 6.886 153.92 306.4 5.898 6.898 2244.9 6.992

10 I 11 I 12 I 13 1 040.0 865.3 730.5 626.0§ 10.272 1 135 933 805 9.833 1120.3 923.5 774.6 659.0|| 9.897

V Z = 23. Nv = 109 735.9 V / (13, 50, 53, 100, 155, 156, 185). V / / (189, 194). V /// (94). V IV (93).

| 5 | 3 968.2 2 5.259 4 883.3 3 4.740 4 701.7 3 4.831 4 591.6 3 4.888 4 571.5 3 4.899 4440.7 4.972

W Z =74. Nw = 109 736.8. W 7(158, 159). Yt Z = 39. ATYt = 109 736.4.

I

Y t / (186, 193, 198). Y t / / ( 1 9 3 , 237). Yt ///

(32).

m | 2 | 3 | ms ( w 2 S i ) 1 5 7 822.9 78 572.6 n; n* O; 2.502 3.546 Wp2 (w2Pi) 123 888.7 n; n* 5; 2.823 wpi (w2P2) 122 335.0 n; n* 5; 2.842

m | wd 2 (mW2)165 n; n* 4; Wd1 (m*D3) 164 n; n* 4; mf (m*F) n; n*

3 | 4 ~" 289.2 76 910.4 2.444 3.584 565.8 76 711.4 2.450 3.588 64 200.0 4; 3.916

Zn Z = 30. JVzn = 109 736.2. Zn / ( 90 > I 2 8 » 131f 76

222

>

223

,

22

S, 227, 259, 264, 276, 277, 326).

274

Terms ( > ). Not much difference between value of 2Plimits used here and those of Fues ( 90 ) when corrected to int. scale. Singlet system mS n; mP n; mD n;

m (wi&>) n* (wiPi) n* (WiZ)2) n*

I 1 I 2 I 75 766.8 19 978.7 9 4 ; 1.204 2.343 29 021.712 4; 1.944 13 4;

3 I 4 I 5 I 6 729.5 5 763.7 3 812.5 2 709.4 3.358 4.363 5.365 6.364 857.9 7 160.6 4 559.1 3 141.7f 2.921 3.914 4.906 5.910 308.6 7 428.9 4 719.2 (3 276) 2.871 3.843 4.822 5.788

Triplet system m ws (WSS1) n;n* wp3 (w3Po) n; n* Wp2 (W3Pi) n; n* wpi (w3P2) n; n* mdi (W3Di) n; n* Wd2 (w3D2) n; n* wdi (W3D3) n;n* w/(W 3 P) n; n*

I

2 I 22 094.4 10 5', 2.228 43 455.014 4\1.589 43 265.014 4\ 1.592 42 876.314 4; 1.599 12 4; 12 4; 12 4;

3 334.4 3.259 519.4 2.749 492.7 2.752 436.5 2.757 997.6 2.905 994.2 £.£0tf 988.7 2.906

4 I 6 019.7 4.269 7 695.8 3.776 7 686.0 3.779 7 664.9 3.783 7 187.0 3.908 7 185.9 5.£OS 7 183.9 3.908 6931.3 4; 3.979

5 I 6 I 7 3 943.2 2 780.5 2 068.2 5.276 6.281 7.285 4 789.2 3 270.2 2 375.9 4.787 5.793 6.796 4 784.5 3 267.6 2 374.0 4.790 6.795 6.799 4 774.2 3 262.0 2 370.3 4.795 5.800 6.805

4 553.1 4.909 (4442.3) 4.971

3 139.9 2 295.6 5.912 6.914

w I 8 I 9 I 10 I 11 I 12 I 13 ws (W3Si) 1 597.5 1 270.8 n* S.2SS P. 293 mdi (W3D3) 1 751.0 1 380.1 1 114.4 917.0 772.6 654.4 w* 7.917 8.917 9.923 t For w = 7, wP = 2 298.2, w* = 6.911; for w = 8, wP = 1 755.5, w* = 7.907.

Zn II ( 261 ). Spectrum analogous to that of Cu /. w ws (w2Si) n;n* Wp2 (w2Pi) n;n* wpi (W2P2) n;w* Wd2 (w2D2) n;n* mdi (w2D3) n; n* w/2 (w2F3) n;w* mfi (w2p4) n;n* mg (w*G) n; M*

I

1 I 2 I 3 I 4 I 5 I 144 890.256 454.4 30 393.9 19 011.6 13 014.2 9 4; 1.741 2.788 3.800 4.805 5.808 96 410.1 43 525.4 25 002.4 4; 2.134 3.176 4.190 95 536.5 43 280.3 24 931.616 219.0 4; 2.143 3.185 4.196 6.202 79 450.Of 47 982.226 922.4 17 4; 2.350 3.025 4.038 82 169.Of 47 931.426 898.2 17 4; 2.311 3.026 4.040 17 681.1 12 5; 4.983 27 628.0 17 691.7 12 4; 3.986 4.981 12 6;

t Values of w* show these do not belong to wd-series. -pairs are inverse.

6 468.1 6.809

261.3 5.043 248.3 5.045 287.3 5.977 252.1 5.985 207.3 5.996

These and some of the

Zn II—(Continued) m I 7 I 8 I 9 I w I 7 I 8 Wd2 (w2D2) 12 010.2 8 839.0 (6 777.0) w/i (w2p4) 9 002.0 6 885.1 n* 6.045 7.047 8.048 n* 6.983 7.985 mdi (w2D3) 12 003.0 8 834.5 6 773.8 mg (m*G) 8 968.1 n* 6.047 7.049 8.050 n* 6.996 w/2 (w2p3) 8 999.2 n* 6.984

Zn /// (lei). Zr Z =» 40. Nzr = 109 736.4. Z r / (143). Z r / / a n d Zr/// (145). Zr IV (32). w ws (W2Si) n;n* wp2 (ro2pi) n; n* wpi (w2p2) n; n*

I

2 I 238 545.9 5; 2.713 194827.4 5; 3.002 192344.4 5; 3.021

w wd2 (m2D2) n; n* wdi (W2D3) n; n* w/ (mzF) n;n*

I

3 I 276 803.5 4; 2.527 275553.3 4; 2.523

4

117725.0 4; 3.86'2

LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) (i) Back, in B92. (2) Back, 96, 15: 206; 23. (3) Back, 96, 37: 193; 26. ( 4 ) Back, 96, 43: 309; 27. («) Baiasse, al, B: 311; 27. (6) Bahner, 8, 25: 80; 85. (7) Beals, O1 109: 369; 25. (») Béais, 5, 111: 168; 26. (») Béais, 3, 2: 770; 26. 1 ( O) Bechert, 8, 77: 537; 25. (i i) Bechert and Catalan, 96, 35: 449; 26. ( 12 ) Bechert and Sommer, 8, 77: 351 ; 25. O3) Bechert and Sommer, £ff, 31: 145; 25. (14) Bergmann, 99, 6: 113; 08. (i 5 ) Bevan, 5, 83: 421; 10. 85: 54; 11. 86: 320; 12. (i 6) Birge, ^, 17: 589; 21. (17) ßirge, 48, 8: 233; 24. (i«) Bohr, 3, 29: 332; 15. (19) Bohr, 214, 4: No. l, I: 18. (20) Bohr, 214, 4 : No. l, III: 22. (21) Bohr, 8, 71: 228; 23. (22) Bowen, 2, 29 : 231; 27. (23) Bowen, 2, 29: 510; 27. (24) Bowen, 2, Sl: 34; 28. (25) Bowen and Millikan, 197, 10: 199; 24. (26) Bowen and Millikan, 2, 25: 295; 25. (27) Bowen and Millikan, 2, 25: 591; 25. (28) Bowen and Millikan, 2, 26: 310; 25. (29) Bowen and Millikan, 58, 118: 410; 26. (30) Bowen and Millikan, 2, 27: 144; 26. (3l) Bowen and Millikan, 2, 28: 256; 26. (32) Bowen and Millikan, 2, 28: 923; 26. (33) Brackett, 21, 56: 154; 22. (34) de Bruin, 96, 38: 94; 26. (35) de Bruin, 96, 39: 869; 26. (3«) de Bruin, 64P, 29: 713; 26. ( 37 ) de Bruin, 58, 118: 804; 26. (38) de Bruin, 96, 44: 157; 27. (39) de Bruin, 68, 119: 925; 27. (40) de Bruin, 96, 46: 856; 28. (4l) del Campo, Trab, del Lab. invest. Fis. Univ. Madrid, No. 68; 23. (42) Carragan, 21, 63: 145; 26. (43) Carroll, 62, 225: 357; 26. (44) Catalan, 132, 15: 432; 17. (45) Catalan, 62, 223: 127; 22. (46) Catalan, 132, 20: 606; 22. (47) Catalan, 132, 21: 84; 23. (48) Catalan, 132, 21: 213, 527; 23. (49) Catalan, 132, 21: 321; 23. (50) Catalan, 132, 21: 464; 23. (so.5) Catalan, 132, 22:497; 24. (Si) Catalan, 34, 176: 84; 23. (52) Catalan, 34, 176: 247, 1063; 23. (53) Catalan, 132, 22: 72; 24. (54) Catalan, 132, 22: 398; 24. (55) Catalan, 58, 113: 889; 24. (56) Catalan, 96, 47: 89; 28. (57) Catalan and Bechert, 96, 32: 336; 25. (58) Crookes, 5, 95: 438; 19. (59) Croze, 34, 180: 277; 25. (60) Croze, 34, 180: 432; 25. (61) Croze and Mihul, 34, 185: 702; 27. (6*) Dahmen, 88, 6: 19; 25. (63) Dahmen, 96, 35: 528; 26. (64) Datta, 5, 99: 69; 21. (65) Datta, 5, 101: 539; 22. (66) Dingle, 5, 100: 167; 21. (67) Dingle, 5, 113: 323; 26. (68) Dingle, 68, 119: 86; 27. (69) Dingle, 5, 117: 407; 28. (70) Foote, Takamine and Chenault, 2, 26: 165; 25. (71) Foster, 2, 23: 667; 24. (72) Fowler, 21, 21: 81; 05. (73) Fowler, 520, 73: 62; 13. (74) Fowler, 5, 89: 133; 13. (75) Fowler, 62, 214: 225; 14. (76) Fowler, B93. (77) Fowler, 5, 103: 413; 23. (78) Fowler, 5, 105: 299; 24. (79) Fowler, 58, 113: 802; 24. (80) Fowler, 62, 225: 1; 25. ( 8 I) Fowler, 5, 107: 31; 25. (82) Fowler, 5, 110: 476; 26. (83) Fowler, 6, 117: 317; 28. (84) Fowler and Freeman, 6, 114: 662; 27. (85) Fowler and Hartree, 5, 111: 83; 26. (86) Fowler and Reynolds, 5, 89: 137; 13. (87) Fowler and Selwyn, 5, 118: 34; 28. (88) Franck, 96, 11: 155; 22. (89) Frisch, 218, 15: 507; 27. (90) Fues, 8, 63: 1; 20. (9i) Gartlein, 2, 29: 357; 27. (92) Qibbs and White, 197, 12: 598; 26. (93) Qibbs and White, 2, 29: 426; 27. (94) Qibbs and White, 2, 29: 655; 27. (95) Qibbs and White, 2, 29: 917; 27. (96) Gieseler, 8, 69: 147; 22. (97) Gieseler, 96, 22: 228; 24. (98) Gieseler and Grotrian, 96, 22: 245; 24. (99) Gieseler and Grotrian, 96, 25: 165; 24. (10°) Gieseler and Grotrian, 96, 25: 342; 24. (i°i) Gieseler and Grotrian, 96, 34: 373; 25. (102) Gieseler and Grotrian, 96, 39: 377; 26. 0°3) Gieseler, 96, 42: 265; 27. (104) Götze, 8, 66: 285; 21. (i°5) Goudsmit, 68, 113: 238; 24. (106) Goudsmit, 218, 12: 851; 24. (107) Goudsmit, 64P, 28: 23; 25. (108) Goudsmit and Back, 96, 43: 321; 27. (i°9) Goudsmit, van der j Mark and Zeeman, 64P, 28: 127; 25.

O 10 ) Green and Loring, 2, SO : 574; 27. (t 11) Green and Petersen, 21, 60: 301 ; 24. (112) Grotrian, 00, 8: 116; 21. (113) Hagenbach, J 40, 1: 231; 19. (114) Hagenbach and Schumacher, 8, 71: 19; 23. (i 1S) Hansen, Takamine and Werner, 214, S: No. 3; 23. (i 16) Hasbach, 00, 13: 399; 14. (i 17) Heisenberg, 00, 33: 879; 25. O") Hicks, 5, 38: 1; 19. (ii«) Hicks, A Treatise on the Analysis of Spectra. Cambridge, Cambrige Univ. Press, 1922. (120) Hopfield, 68, 112: 437; 23. 0«) Hopfield, ^, 59: 114; 24. («2) Hopfield, A, 26: 282; 25. O 2 3) Hopfield, 2, 27: 801; 26. (124) Hopfield and Dicke, 8, 27: 638; 26. O 2 5 ) Hund, JSJ. (126) Ignatiev, 5, 43: 1117; 14. (127) Kayser and Runge, 8, 41: 302; 90. (128) Kayser and Runge, 8, 43: 385; 91. (129) Kayser and Runge, 8, 46: 225; 92. (130) Kayser and Runge, 8, 48: 126; 93. ("i) Kayser and Runge, 8, 52: 114; 94. (l 32 ) Kent, 81, 40: 337; 14. (133) Kichlu, 96, 39: 572; 26. (134) Kichlu, 58, 119: 671; 27. 0«) Kichlu, 68, 120: 549; 27. O 36) Kiess, SlA, 19: 113; 23. 0") Kiess, 166, 60: 249; 24. (««) Kiess, 4#, 10: 287; 25. (139) Kiess, 45, 11: 1; 25. 14 ( <>) Kiess, 166, 61: 468; 25. 0*1) Kiess and Kiess, 166, 56: 666; 22. (*«) Kiess and Kiess, Jf£5, 13: 270; 23. (143) Kiess and Kiess, 53£, 31: 647; 23. (i**) Kiess and Kiess, 48, 8: 607; 24. (145) Kiess and Kiess, 45, 14: 140; 27. (i 48 ) Kiess and Laporte, 166, 63: 234; 26. (1*7) Koch, 5, 48: 98; 15. (l* 8 ) Konen and Hagenbach, 68, 4: 592; 03. (149) Konen and Hagenbach, 63, 4: 801; 03. (ISO) Kühn, 542, 7: No. 12; 26. (isi) Lande, OS, 22: 417; 21. (i52) Lande, 96, 17: 292; 23. O") Lande and Heisenberg, 00, 25: 279; 24. (is*) Lang, 21, 64: 167; 26. (155) Laporte, 215, 11: 779; 23. (is«) Laporte, 03, 24: 510; 23. (157) Laporte, 96, 23: 135; 24. 26: 1; 24. 0»») Laporte, 218, 13: 627; 25. O 59 ) Laporte, 2, 25: 886; 25. 18 ( P) Laporte, 197, 12: 496; 26. (181) Laporte and Lang, 2, 30: 378; 27. (»««) Lau, OS, 25: 60; 24. O 8 *) Lehmann, 5, 5: 633; 01. ( 18 «> Liebert, 5, 56: 589, 610; 18. (i® 5 ) Lorenser, Zhsa., Tübingen, 1913. (i«6) Loyarte and Williams, 63, 28: 383; 27. (i« 7 ) Lyman, 21, 23: 181; 06. 43: 89; 16. (i 88 ) Lyman, 68, 104: 314; 19. O 69 ) Lyman, 58, 110: 278; 22. (170) Lyman, 21, 60: 1; 24. (171) Lyman, 68, 114: 641; 27. (172) Lyman and Saunders, Bull. Amer. Phys. Soc., 1: No. 3, 16; 25. (173) McLennan and McLay, 6, 108: 571; 25. (174) McLennan and McLay, 5, 112: 95; 26. (175) McLennan and McLay, 69, 20 III: 89; 26. (175.5) McLennan and McLay, 69, 20 III: 201; 26. ( 1 ^ 8 ) McLennan and McLay, 69, 20 III: 355; 26. (177) McLennan, McLay and McLeod, 3, 4: 486; 27. ( J 78) McLennan and Shaver, 69, 18 IH: 1; 24. (179) McLennan and Smith, 69, 20 IH: 157; 26. (180) McLennan and Smith, 6, 112: 110; 26. (181) McLennan, Young and McLay, 69, 18 III : 57; 24. (i 82) McLennan, Young and McLay, 69, 18 III : 77; 24. (183) Majumdar, 96, 39: 562; 26. (184) Majumdar, 58, 120: 918; 27. (185) Meggers, 128, 13: 317; 23. 14: 151; 24. (186) Meggers, 128, 14: 419; 24. (187) Meggers, 128, 14: 442; 24. (188) Meggers, 21, 60: 60; 24. (189) Meggers, 96, 39: 114; 26. (190) Meggers, 128, 17: 25; 27. O 9 I) Meggers, 48, 14: 140; 27. ("*) Meggers, 45, 14: 191; 27. (193) Meggers and Kiess, 45, 12: 417; 26. O 9 *) Meggers, Kiess and Walters, 45, 9: 355; 24. ("S) Meggers and Laporte, 166, 61: 635; 25. O 98 ) Meggers and Laporte, 128, 16: 143; 26. ( Î9 7) Meggers and Laporte, 2, 28: 642; 26. (198) Meggers and Moore, 128, 15: 207; 25. (i") Meggers and Peters, 21, 50: 56; 19. (200) Meggers and Walters, SlA, 22: 205; 27. (201) Meissner, 63, 15: 668; 14. (202) Meissner, 5, 50: 713; 16. (203) Meissner, 8, 65: 378; 21. (204) Meissner, 96, 37: 238; 26. (205) Meissner, 96, 39:172; 26. (206) Meissner, 96, 40: 839; 27. (2 o 7) Mihul, 34, 183: 876; 26. ( 2 O 8) Mihul, 34, 183: 1035; 26. ( 2 O9) Mihul, 34, 184: 89; 27. (210) Mihul, 34, 184: 874; 27. ( 2 U) Mihul, 34, 184: 1055; 27. (212) Millikan and Bowen, 58, 114: 380; 24. (213) Millikan and Bowen, 2, 25: 600; 25. (214) Mohler, 2, 23: 108; 24. (215) Morand, 34, 178: 1528, 1701, 1897; 24. (218) Narayan and Rao, 68, 120: 120; 27. ( 2 17) Narayan and

Rao, 96, 45: 350; 27. (2") Nissen, 63, 21: 25; 20. (219) Nissen, 21, 57: 185; 23. (220) Ornstein and Burger, 96, 26: 57; 24. (221) Paschen, 5, 27: 537; 08. (222) Paschen, 8, 29: 625; 09. ( 22 S) Paschen, 5, 30: 746; 09. ( 22 *) Paschen, 5, 33: 717; 10. ( 225 ) Paschen, 5, 35: 860; 11. ( 228 ) Paschen, 5, 36: 191; 11. ( 2 2 7) Paschen, 5, 40: 602; 13. 42: 840; 13. ( 228 ) Paschen, 8, 50: 901; 16. (229) Paschen, 8, 60: 405; 19. (230) Paschen, 5, 63: 201; 20. ( 2 3 I) Paschen, 5, 71:142; 23. (232) paschen, 5, 71: 537; 23. (233) Paschen, in BS, ( 23 4) Paschen and Götze, B92, (235) Paschen and Meissner, 5, 43: 1223; 14. (236) Popov, Verh. d. Schw. Naturf. Gesell., 2: 150; 13. (237) Popov, 5, 45: 147; 14. (238) Ramage, 5, 70: 303; 02. (239) Randall, 5, 33: 739; 10. (240) Ra0, 67, 39: 150; 27. (241) Rao, 67, 39: 161; 27. ( 2 42) Richter, 215, 15: 266; 27. (243) Ritz, 5, 12: 264; 03. (244) Ritz, 63, 9: 521; 08. (245) Roshdestvenskii, WA. d. Opt. Inst. Petrograd, 2: No. 8; 21. (g-series). (246) Ruark, 21, 58: 46; 23. (247) Ruark, Foote and Mohler, 45, 8: 17; 24. (248) Ruark, Mohler, Foote and Chenault, 31 A, 19: 463; 24. (249) Rudy, 143, 202: 659; 26. ( 25 °) Runge and Paschen, 21, 3: 4; 96. (251) Runge and Paschen, 5, 61: 641; 97. 21, 8: 70; 98. (252) Runge and Paschen, 21, 14: 49; 01. 5, 5: 725; 01. (253) Russell, 58, 113: 163; 24. (254) Russell, 21, 64: 194; 26. (255) Russell, 2, 31: 27; 28. (256) Russell and Meggers, 2, 29: 606; 27. (257) Russell and Saunders, 21, 61: 38; 25. (25*) Rydberg, 468, 23: No. 11; 90. (259) Rydberg, 5, 50: 625; 93. ( 28 O) Saha, 3, 4: 223; 27. ( 2 8 I) von Salis, 5, 76: 145; 25. ( 282 ) Saltmarsh, 3, 47: 874; 24. (263) gaunders, 21, 20: 188; 04. (264) Saunders, 2, 20: 117; 05. (265) Saunders, 21, 21: 195; 05. (266) Saunders, 21, 28: 223; 08. ( 287 ) Saunders, 21, 32: 153; 10. (288) Saunders, 21, 50: 151; 19. ( 289 ) Saunders, 21, 51: 23; 20. (270) Saunders, 21, 52: 265; 20. ( 2 7i) Saunders, 21, 56: 73; 22. ( 2 72) Saunders, 197, 12: 556; 26. (273) Saunders, 2, 27: 799; 26. (274) Saunders, Harvard University, O. (275) Sawyer, 218, 15: 765; 27. (276) Sawyer and Beese, 58, 116: 936; 25. (277) Sawyer and Beese, 166, 64: 44; 26. (278) Sawyer and Paschen, 5, 84: 1; 27. ( 279 ) Sawyer and Smith, 2, 29: 357; 27. (280) Schüler, 218, 12: 579; 24. (281) Schüler, 5, 76: 292; 25. (282) Schüler, 96, 37: 568; 26. (283) Shenstone, 3, 49: 951; 25. (284) Shenstone, 2, 28: 449; 26. (285) Shenstone, 166, 63: 641; 26. (286) Shenstone, 2, 29: 380; 27. (287) Shenstone, 2, 30: 255; 27. (288) Smith, 58, 120: 728; 27. (289) Sommer, 218, 13: 840; 25. (290) Sommer, 96, 37: 1; 26. ( 2 9 I) Sommer, 96, 39: 711; 26. ( 292 ) Sommer, 96, 45: 147; 27. (293) Sommer, 2, 29: 358; 27. (2 9 4) Sommerfeld, 5, 51 : 1; 16. ( 295 ) Sommerfeld, 5, 63: 221; 20. ( 298 ) Sommerfeld, 8, 70: 32; 23. (297) Sommerfeld, 208, 4: 115; 24. ( 298 ) Sommerfeld, B94. (299) Sponer, 96, 32: 19; 25. (300) stark, 5, 56: 577; 18. ( 3 Oi) Stücklen, 96, 34: 562; 25. (302) Sugiura, 51, 6: 323; 25. (303) Sur, 58, 114: 611; 24. (304) SUT, 58, 117: 380; 26. (305) Sur, 3, 2: 633; 26. (aos.S) Sur, 3, 3: 736; 27. (306) Sur, 96, 41: 791; 27. (307) Thorsen, recalculated from (H8). (308) Thorsen, 218, 11: 78; 23. (309) Thorsen, 218, 11: 500; 23. (310) Thorsen, 218, 12: 705; 24. (3H) Thorsen, 96, 40: 642; 26. (312) Toshnivall, 3, 4: 774; 27. (313) Tschulanowsky, 96, 16: 300; 23. (314) Uhler and Tanch, 21, 55: 291; 22. (315) Walters, 128, 13: 243; 23. (316) Walters, 128, 14: 407; 24. (317) Walters, 45,8:245; 24. (318) Walters, 128, 15: 88; 25. (319) Wentzel, 96, 19: 53; 23. (320) Werner, in ( 2Î ). ( 3 2 I) Werner, 58, 116: 574; 25. (322) Werner, 68, 118: 154; 26. (322.5) Werner, Diss., Copenhagen, 1927. (323) Werner, University of Copenhagen, O. (324) Wiedemann, 5, 38: 1041; 12. (325) Wilhelmy,5, 80:305;26. ( 32 6) Wolff,5,42:825; 13. (327)Wood,S, 44: 538; 22. (328) wood and Fortrat, ^,43:73; 16. ( 3 29)Z e eman, 63f u: 405; 13

STRUCTURES OF THE OPTICAL SPECTRA OF ATOMS W. F. MEGGERS (For compilation of our knowledge in 1922 of regularities in line spectra, see ( 38 » 59 > 105); for atomic structure and its relation to spectra, see Vol. I, p. 47, and Emission of X-rays, Vol. VI; for term values for series in atomic spectra, see p. 392; for structure of band spectra of compounds, see p. 409.) The most important features of any optical system may be represented by the values of two quantum numbers 1 and r; l indicating the type of term corresponding to the lowest atomic energy (normal or unexcited state), and r the maximum multi-

plicity of sub-levels occurring in the spectral terms. The types commonly denoted by S, P1 D1 F, G, . . . correspond to I = O, 1, 2, 3, 4, . . . In the following table are given all the values of I and r which are now (February, 1928) definitely known. Presented for spectra of atoms in the order of increasing atomic number (Z), these data illustrate the alternation and displacement laws of spectroscopy as well as periodic regularities in the values of I and r.

TABLE 1.—VALUES OF THE QUANTUM NUMBERS (I1 r) FOR THE OPTICAL SPECTRA OF ATOMS Z = atomic number; values of I and r are given in the form r1 for the spectra of normal atoms (7) and of atoms in successive stages of ionization (77, 777 . . . ), the values of I being those for the term of zero energy (normal state). There are no data for Z = 43, 59 to 73, 75, 84 to 87, and 89 to 92, inclusive. The sources from which the data were obtained are indicated in the paragraph following the table. The symbols of the elements are there arranged alphabetically, and the atomic numbers are printed as subscripts. Z I (1) I 7 I 77 I 777 I IV \ V \ "1 H 2 1 2 4 2 He 1, 3° 2 3 Li 2° 3(?) 4 Be 3° 2 5 B 2° 1°, 3 2° 6 C 1, 3 21, 4 3 2 7 N 2, 4 1, 3 2 3 1 8* O 3,5 2 3, 5 2 3 9 F 2, 4 3, 5 2 3 10 Ne 1°, 3 2, 4 11 Na 2° t 12 Mg 1°, 3 2° 13 Al 21 1°, 3 2 ° 14 Si 1, 31 21, 4 1°, 3 2° 15 P 2 3 2, 4 3 2 16 S 31, 5 17 Cl 2 3, 5 2, 4 3 2,4 18 A 1°, 3 19 K 2 1, 3 20 Ca 1°, 3 2 21 Sc 22, 4 1, 32 22 s 22 Ti 1, 3 , 5 2, 43 33 22 3 2 23 V 2, 4 , 6 3, 5 4 3 2

Z \ (1) | 7 | 77 ( 777 | IV \ V * Cr 3 , 5 , 7 ° 2,4,6 5 3 25* Mn 4, 6°, 8 5, 7° 6 26 Fe 3, 52, 7 4, 62 27 Co 2, 4«, 6 3, 5 28 Ni 1, 33, 5 2, 4 29 Cu 2°, 4 1, 3 30 Zn 1°, 3 2° 1°, 3 31 Ga 21 3 2 32 Ge t 2 33 As 2, 4° 34 Se 31, 5 35 Br 2 36 Kr t t 37 Rb 2° f 38 Sr 1°, 3 2° 39 Yt 21, 4 1°, 3 22 40 Zr 1, 33, 5 2, 43 2 41 Cb 4, 6 52 42 Mo 5, 7° 4, 6° 44 Ru 3, 53 45 Rh 43, 6 46 Pd 1°, 3, 5 2

* For VI, r = 2 for Os, Cr24, Te52; for FJJ, r = 2 for Mn2S.

Ag47 /

Ir 77 7 (117).

( 4 3 , 6 9 , 1 2 9 ) , //

(7,106,157).

Al13 / (43, 69, 129), 77 and 777 (127, 151). As33 / ( 100 > 107 > 134). Au79 / ( 4 3 >

69

>

96

>

129

>

17

°).

(17, 152). Ba56 / ( 43 > 69 >

85

B5 7 (43, 129), 77 (20, 21, 152), 777

>

129

»

144

), // ( 43 > 69 > 129).

Be4 7

(23, 43, 129), 77 (23). Bi 83 7 (^3, 1 7 1 , 1 7 2 ) . Br 35 / (* 7 3 ). C6 7 (43, 49.5, 129), 77 (14, 17, 20, 123), 777 (20, 21), JV (17). Ca20 7 (43, 69, 85, 129, 144), 77 (43, 69, 129, 149.5). Cb41 7 (109), 77 (U 4 ). Cd48 7 (43, 69, 129, 133), 77 (43, 69, 129, 146). Ce58 IV (50). Cl17 7 (26, 73, 173); 77 (16, 72, 128); 777, JV1 and V (16). CO27 7 (35, 3 5-5, 120, 138), 77 (120). Cr24 7 ( 33 , 56), 77 (84, 115), 777 (53), V (54), VI ( 5 1 , 5 2 ) . Cs55 7 ( 4 3 , 6 9 , 1 2 9 ) , 77 (159). Cu29 / ( 6 >

43

>

69

>

129

> 154, 162), 77 (155).

F9 J (26, 27, 38, 39),

77 (i 4 , 27), 777 and IV (i 4 ). Fe26 7 (58, 88, 91, ios, 120,123.5, 176), 77 (137).

Z \ (1) | 7 | 77 [ 47 Ag 2° 1^3 48 Cd 1°, 3 2° 49 In 21 3 50 Sn l, 31 2 51 Sb 2, 4° 52* Te 1, 3 53 I 2 54 Xe f 55 Cs 2° f 56 Ba 1°, 3 2 57 La 22, 4 1, 33 58 Ce 74 W 52, 7 76 Os f 77 Ir f 78 Pt 1, 3 79 Au 2° 80 Hg 1°, 3 2° 81 Tl 21 1 82 Pb l, 3 21 83 Bi 2, 4° 88 Ra 2°

777 | 77"JT"

2 3

2 2

2 2

2 2

t See literature reference in next paragraph.

SOURCES OF DATA A 18 7 ( 4 2 , 1 2 1 , 1 4 9 ) .

\

Ga31 / ( 4 3, 69, 129, 174), 77 (131), 777 (31, 87,

K 19 7 (43, 69, 129), 77 (25, 27, 37).

Kr 36 / (68, 168),

77 (77). La57 7 (111,113), 77 (61, 112, 113), 777 (50). Li3 7 (43, 69, 129), 77 (153, 166, 1 7 7 ) . Mg12 7 and 77 (43, 69, 129). Mn25 7 ( 1 , 3 2 , 4 3 , 6 9 , 9 7 , 1 2 9 , 1 3 8 , 1 8 0 ) , 77 ( 1 , 3 2 , 9 7 , 1 3 8 , 1 8 0 ) ,

777 (53), F77 (51, 52). MO42 / ( 34 , 79, 114, 178), 77 (114, 178). N7 7 (74, 80), 77 (14, 36, 44, 48), 777 (14, 17, 20), JV (20). Na11

7 (43, 69, 129), 77 (126). Nb, see Cb. Ne10 / (2, «, 43, 67, 69, 9 4 , 9 5 , 1 2 9 ) , 77 ( 2 8 , 7 8 ) . Ni28 7 (8, 12), 77 ( 1 2 0 , 1 5 6 ) . Q8 7 ( 4 3 , 6 9 , 7 0 , 7 1 , 8 9 , 1 2 9 ) , 77 ( 1 4 , 4 6 , 4 9 , 1 4 1 ) , 777 ( 1 4 , 4 7 , 1 2 2 ) , IV (14, 17, 20), V and VI (22). Os76 7 (U 7 ). P15 7 (147, 167), 77 (15), 777 (16, 124, 148), IV (20, 148), V (18). Pb82 7 (3, 60, 65, 165, 169, 179), 77 (57), IV (31). Pd46 7 (5, 10, 103 104, 117), 77 (103). Pt78 7 (66, 117). R a88 77 (43, 69, 129). Rb37 7 (43, 69, 129).

77 (132).

161).

S16 7 ( 3 O, 43, 69, 70, 73, 129).

Rh46 7 (114, 117, 160, 163).

Ru44 7 (116, 117,

Sb51 7 (100, 107), V (86).

Gl, see Be. H1 7 (43,69,

Sc21 7 and 77 (143), 777 (51, 52,158). Se34/ (43, 69, 70, 101,129).

129, 164). He2 7 (41» 43, 69, 75, 93, 129), 77 (43, 69, 129). Hg80 7 ( 2 9 , 4 3 , 6 9 , 1 0 5 , 1 2 9 , 1 5 0 ) , 77 ( 3 1 , 4 3 , 6 9 , 1 2 9 ) . I 53 J (173).

Si14 7 (43, 45, 76, 129), 77 (16, 127), 777 and IV (45). Sn60 / (4, 62, 64, 165, 181), 77 (125), 777 (131), IV (31, 86, 87,

In49 /

130, 131.5).

130,131.5).

Ge32 7 (99), IV (Si).

( 4 3 , 6 9 , 1 2 9 , 1 7 4 ) , 77 (131), 777 ( 3 1 , 8 6 , 8 7 , 1 3 0 , 1 3 1 . 5 ) .

Sr38 7 (43, 69, 85, 129, 144), 77 (43, 69, 129).

Te52 /

(101), VI (86). Ti22 / ( 59 > 82 > 14°), // ( 136 > 139), /// ( 142 ), IV (51, 52, 142). Tl81 / (43, 69, 129, 133), /// (31). V 23 / ("• 136 > 138, 139), U (HO), UI (55), IV (54), V (Sl, 52). W 74 / (13, 40, 90). Xe54 / O 0 2 ). Yt39 / (114,118,119), U (114,119), /// (50). Zn30 / (43,69,129,150,165), // (43,69,129,146), ///

(92).

Zr40 / (*1> H 4 ), /7 (83, 114), IV (50).

LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) (i) Back, 96, 15: 206; 23. (2) Back, 8, 76: 317; 25. (3) Back, 96, 37:193; 26. (4) Back, 96, 43: 309; 27. (5) Beals, 6, 109: 369; 25. («) Beals, 5, 111: 168; 26. (7) Beals, 3, 2: 770; 26. ( 8 ) Bechert, 8, 77: 537; 25. (io) Bechert and Catalan, 188, 23: 457; 25. C1 i) Bechert and Sommer, 96, 31 : 145; 25. (12) Bechert and Sommer, 8, 77: 351; 25. O 3) Beining, 96, 42: 146; 27. (i*) Bowen, 2, 29: 231; 27. (") Bowen, 2, 29: 510; 27. 0«) Bowen, £, 31: 34; 28. (") Bowen and Millikan, £, 24: 209; 24. («) Bowen and Millikan, 2, 25: 295; 25. 0») Bowen and Millikan, A, 25: 591; 25. (20) Bowen and Millikan, 2, 26: 150; 25. («) Bowen and Millikan, A, 26: 310; 25. (22) Bowen and Millikan, 2, 27: 144; 26. (23) Bowen and Millikan, 2, 28: 256; 26. (24) Bowen and Millikan, 2, 28: 923; 26. (25) de Bruin, 96, 38: 94; 26. (26) de Bruin, 96, 39: 869; 26. (27) de Bruin, Disa., Amsterdam, 1927. (28) de Bruin, 96, 44: 157; 27. 46: 856; 28. (29) Buisson, 84, 178: 1270; 24. (30) Bungartz, 8, 76: 709; 25. (31) Carroll, 62, 225: 357; 26. («) Catalan, 62, 223: 127; 22. (33) Catalan, 34, 176: 84; 23. (34) Catalan, 182, 21: 213; 23. (35) Catalan, 96, 47: 89; 28. (35.5) Catalan and Bechert, 96, 32: 336; 25. (36) Croze, 34, 179: 1603; 24. 180: 277; 25. (37) Dahmen, 96, 35: 528; 26. (38) Dingle, 6, 113: 323; 26. (39) Dingle, 5, 117: 407; 28. (40) Dorgelo, 96, 36: 467; 26. (41) Dorgelo and Abbink, 96, 37: 667; 26. (* 2 ) Dorgelo and Abbink, 96, 41: 753; 27. (43) Fowler, B93. (44) Fowler, 5, 107: 31; 25. (45) Fowler, 62, 225: 1; 25. (46) Fowler, 5, 110: 476; 26. (47) Fowler, 5, 117: 317; 28. (48) Fowler and Freeman, o, 114: 662; 27. (49) Fowler and Hartree, 6, 111: 83; 26. (49.5) Fowler and SeIwyn, 5, 118: 34; 28. (50) Gibbs and White, 197, 12: 551; 26. ( 5 I) Gibbs and White, 197, 12: 448, 598; 26. (52) Gibbs and White, 197, 12: 675; 26. (53) Gibbs and White, 197, 13: 525; 27. (54) Gibbs and White, 2, 29: 426; 27. (55) Gibbs and White, 2, 29: 655; 27. (56) Gieseler, 8, 69: 147; 22. 96, 22: 228; 24. (57) Gieseler, 96, 42: 265; 27. (58) Gieseler and Grotrian, 96,25:165; 24. (59) Gieseler and Grotrian, 96, 25: 342; 24. (60) Gieseler and Grotrian, 96, 34: 373; 25. 39: 377; 26. (61) Goudsmit, 64P, 28: 23; 25. (62) Goudsmit and Back, 96, 40: 530; 26. (63) Goudsmit and Back, 96, 43: 321; 27. (64) Green and Loring, 197, 13: 347; 27. (65) Grotrian, 96, 18: 169; 23. (66) Haussmann, 21, 66: 333; 27. (67) Hertz, 218, 13: 489; 25. (68) Hertz and Abbink, 218, 14: 648; 26. (69) Hicks, A Treatise on the Analysis of Spectra. Cambridge, The Univ. Press, 1922. (70) Hopfield, 68, 112: 437; 23. (") Hopfield, 21, 59: 114; 24. (72) Hopfield, 2, 23: 766; 24. (73) Hopfield, 2, 26: 282; 25. (74) Hopfield, 2, 27: 801; 26. (75) Houston, 197, 13: 91; 27. (76) Kichlu, 48, 14: 455; 27. (77) Kichlu, 58, 120: 549; 27. (78) Kichlu, 67, 39: 424; 27. 40: 41; 28. (79) Kiess, 31 A, 19: 113; 23. (80) Kiess, 48, 11: 1; 25. («) Kiess and Kiess, 532, 31: 647; 23. (82) Kiess and Kiess, 48, 8: 607; 24. (83) Kiess and Kiess, 532, 33: 255; 25. (84)

Kiess and Laporte, 166, 63: 234; 26. (85) Lang, 21, 64: 167; 26. («*) Lang, 197, 13: 341; 27. (87) Lang, 2, 30: 762; 27. (88) Laporte, 96, 23: 135; 24. 26: 1; 24. («») Laporte, 218, 12: 598; 24. (90) Laporte, 218, 13: 627; 25. (91) Laporte, 197, 12: 496; 26. (92) Laporte and Lang, 2, 30: 378; 27. (93) Lyman, 21, 60: 1; 24. (94) Lyman and Saunders, 2, 25: 886; 25. (95) Lyman and Saunders, 197, 12: 92; 26. (»6) McLennan and McLay, 5, 108: 571; 25. 112: 95; 26. (97) McLennan and McLay, 69, 20 III: 89; 26. (98) McLennan and McLay, 69, 20 IH: 201; 26, (99) McLennan and McLay, 69, 20 III: 355; 26. (ioo) McLennan and McLay, 69, 21 III: 63; 27. (i°i) McLennan, McLay and McLeod, 3, 4: 486; 27. (i<> 2 ) McLennan and Ruedy, 68, 120: 333; 27. (103) McLennan and Smith, 5, 112: 110; 26. (104) McLennan and Smith, 69, 20 III: 157; 26. (ios) McLennan, Smith and Peters, 69, 19 HI: 39; 25, (106) Majumdar, 58, 120: 918; 27. (107) Malurkar, 201, 24: 85; 28. (108) Meggers, 21, 60: 60; 24. (io9) Meggers, 128, 14: 442; 24. (UO) Meggers, 96, 33: 509; 25. 39: 114; 26. (Hi) Meggers, 128, 17: 25; 27, (112) Meggers, 48, 14: 191; 27. (H3) Meggers and Burns, 48, 14: 449; 27, (114) Meggers and Kiess, 48, 12: 417; 26. ("S) Meggers, Kiess and Walters, 48, 9: 355; 24. (H6) Meggers and Laporte, 128, 16: 143; 26, (i 17) Meggers and Laporte, 2, 28: 642; 26. (i i 8 ) Meggers and Moore, 128, 15: 207; 25. (H9) Meggers and Russell, O. (120) Meggers and Walters, 31 A, 22: 205; 27. ("i) Meissner, 96, 37: 238; 26. 39: 172; 26. 40: 839; 27. (122) Mihul, 34, 183: 1035; 26. 184: 89, 874, 1055; 27. (123) Mihul, 34, 184: 1648; 27. (123.5) van Milaan, 96, 38: 427; 26. (124) Millikan and Bowen, 2, 25: 600; 25. (125) Narayan and Rao, 96, 45: 350; 27. (126) Newman, 3, 5: 150; 28. (127) paschen, 8, 71: 142; 23. (128) Paschen, 8, 71: 537; 23. (129) paschen and Götze, B92. (130) Ra0, 67, 39: 150; 27. O si) Rao, 67, 39: 161; 27. (isi.S) Rao, 67, 39: 408; 27. O 3 2 ) Reinheimmer, 8, 71: 162; 23. (133) Ruark, 48, 11: 199; 25. (134) Ruark, Mohler, Foote and Chenault, 31 A, 19: 463; 24. (135) Russell, 58, 113: 163; 24. (1S6) Russell, 21, 61: 223; 25. (137) Russell, 21, 64: 194; 26. (138) Russell, 21, 66: 233; 27. O39) Russell, 21, 66: 283; 27. (140) Russell, 21, 66: 347; 27. (141) Russell, 2, 31: 27; 28. (142) Russell and Lang, 21, 66: 13; 27. (143) Russell and Meggers, 81 A, 22: 329; 27. (144) Russell and Saunders, 21, 61: 38; 25. (146)Von Salis, 8, 76: 145; 25. (147) Saltmarsh, 3, 47: 874; 24. (148) Saltmarsh, 5, 108: 332; 25. (*«»> Saunders, 197, 12: 556; 26. (M 9.5) Saunders and Russell, 21, 62: 1; 25. (150) Sawyer and Beese, 166, 64: 44; 26. (isi) Sawyer and Paschen, 8, 84: 1;. 27. (152) Sawyer and Smith, 48, 14: 287; 27. (i 53 ) Schüler, 218, 12: 579;. 24. 8, 76: 292; 25. (154) Shenstone, 2, 27: 511; 26. (155) Shenstone, 2, 29: 380; 27. (is6) Shenstone, 2, 29: 917; 27. 30: 255; 27. (is7) Shenstone, 2, 31: 317; 28. (iss) Smith, 197, 13: 65; 27. (159) Sommer, 8, 75:; 163; 24. (160) Sommer, 218, 13: 392; 25. (161) Sommer, 96, 37: 1; 26. (162) Sommer,. 96, 39: 711; 26. (163) Sommer, 96, 45: 147; 27. (164) Sommerfeld and. Unsold, 96, 36: 259; 26. 38: 237; 26. (165) Sponer, 96, 32: 19; 25. (166) Surgiura, 61, 6: 323; 25. (i67) Sur, 58, 116: 542; 25. (i68) Taylor, 197,, 12: 658; 26. (169) Thorsen, 218, 11: 78; 23. (170) Thorsen, 218, 11: 500; 23. (171) Thorsen, 96, 40: 642; 26. (172) Toshniwal, 3, 4: 774; 27. (i73) Turner, 2, 27: 397; 26. (i74) Uhler and Tanch, 21, 55: 291; 22. (176) Walters, 48, 8: 245; 24. (177) Werner, 58,. 115: 191; 25. 116: 574; 25. (178) Wilhelmy, 8, 80: 305; 26. ("»> Zumstein, 2, 26: 189; 25. (180) Zumstein, 2, 26: 765; 25. (i81) Zumstein, 2, 27: 150; 26.

MOLECULAR CONSTANTS DERIVED FROM BAND SPECTRA OF DIATOMIC MOLECULES1 RAYMOND T. BIRGE CONTENTS Introduction Symbols and assumed constants Constants of diatomic molecules Electronic energy levels Heats of dissociation

PAGE 409 410 411 417 418

INTRODUCTION Among spectroscopists it is customary to use in place of the true frequency (in sec"1) the " wave-number;" i.e., the number of waves in one cm in a vacuum. As a matter of convenience, a frequency so indicated is often referred to as the " frequency in 1

Results prior to Dec., 1927.

cm * units." Furthermore, on the quantum theory, certain quantities, such as a spectral line, are associated with both definite frequencies and definite amounts of energy, the numerical ratio of the energy to the frequency being the same in all cases. Hence it is often very convenient to express both the energy and the frequency by the same numerical magnitude, and for this the wave-number (in cm"1) is always used. Throughout this report, in the symbolic expressions as well as in the tables, all quantities of the nature of either frequency or energy are expressed in such cm"1 units. The multiplication of such values by c ( =2.99796 X IO10 cm sec"1) gives the true frequencies (in sec"1), and by he( = 1.9658 X IO"16 erg cm) gives the true energies (in ergs). From spectral data it is possible to evaluate a set of energy levels for molecules, as well as for atoms. Certain relatively widely spaced levels in molecules seem to correspond to those

known for atoms, and hence are similarly designated and are said to be related to the electronic configuration. A transition from one, often multiple, electronic configuration to another gives rise to an entire system of bands. Each type of transition is correlated with bands of a definite structure. For details, see (4°> 41). In addition to these levels of atomic type, diatomic molecules have two other sets of levels. One corresponds to the mutual vibration, and the other to the mutual rotation, of the two nuclei. To each electronic level corresponds a distinct set of vibrational levels. To a first approximation, the energy corresponding to the level of each member of such a set above the associated electronic level is obtained by giving successive positive integral values to n in the expression n (coo — uoxn + . . . ); x is a positive constant. The frequency (co) of vibration is obtained by differentiating this with respect to n; co = coo(l — 2xn -}-...). It varies with n; at the lowest level, that at which the amplitude and energy of vibration are vanishingly small, n — O and co = co0. A transition from one vibrational level to another gives rise to a single band. As w is the derivative with respect to n of the expression for the vibrational energy, the heat of dissociation is D=

/»no

I udn, •/o where n0 is the value of n for which co = O. Hence, if the bands can be experimentally followed to w = O, D can be determined from spectroscopic data. Usually this cannot be done, but Birge and Sponer (6) have found that, for the normal state of certain types of molecules, fairly trustworthy values of D can be obtained by assuming co = coo(l — 2xn) throughout the range n = O to n = n0; then D = co§/4cooo:. It seems that whenever an excited molecule is dissociated, one of the resulting atoms is also excited. If the amount of this excitation is known, it is possible to derive the value (D") of D for the normal molecule from that (D') of the excited level (see Table 3). To each vibrational level corresponds a distinct set of rotational levels. These account for the individual lines of a band. To a first approximation, the rotational energy, relative to the vibrational level, is Bm2(l — m2u2 + . . . ); m is a function of the quantum number j, but, in general, is not quantized; for zero rotation, m = O. Usually BI = h/87T2c = 27.70 X 10~40 g cm, where I — moment of inertia of the molecule about an axis through its center of mass and perpendicular to the line joining its nuclei. B and / vary with the vibrational energy, and become B0 and /o when that is zero; the corresponding nuclear separation is TQ = \//O/M> where JJL — W 0 WiW 2 /(WI + ^2). For multiple levels, like 2P, B010 is not given accurately by h/87r2c; see (22, 31). If IQ > IQ the band is degraded towards the red. As the vibrational energy increases, the direction of degradation of the bands of a system may reverse. The relative positions of the energy levels of a molecule may be unambiguously determined from its band spectra, but the interpretation of these levels depends on theory. The new 1926 mechanics (N. M.) of Heisenberg and Schrödinger, and the old (1918-1926) quantum mechanics (O. M.) differ as regards the position of the true electronic level with reference to the observed lowest level of a given set of vibrational and rotational levels. Hence, in general, the derived constants also differ. All data in the following tables refer to O. M.; they may be converted to N. M. by the following relations, in which symbols referring to N. M. are indicated by a bar over them: J0 = /o(l + u2/2) X (1 - a/2J50), ro = ro(l + u2/4)(l - a/4B0), Uo = co0(l + x) (I— a/4co0); CO0Z = coo#, ve = Ve + s" — s' where s = 0.5co0(l -fO. on?). These transformation equations are based on the Bj(J + 1) form of the rotational energy, in the N. M. Further refinements seem to indicate that the true form is B(j + J^)2, and in that case the factors containing uz/2, w2/4, and <*/4co0 should be omitted.

The value of a is known for only a few systems (for CN, NO, and AlO, a/BQ = 0.01; for H2, a/BQ = 0.04), and is not given in the following tables; it is positive, and a/2B0 is of the order of 0.01; x is of the same order; neither is negligible; u2/2 and a/4coo are of the order of 10~4 to 10~6 and are negligible. A full account of the quantum analysis of molecular spectra (O. M.) is given in ( 1 J; previous tables of constants derived from band spectra (1J 36> 37 > 38); complete bibliography ( 36 > 38> 38»!). The O. M. is used consistently in (36) and, excepting BO bands, in (*), and is normally used in (37> 38), but occasionally in these, N. M. values given by the original investigators are inadvertently copied. SYMBOLS AND CONSTANTS (The values used for h, c, and especially R differ from those given in Vol. I); see Introduction regarding units. B A quantity, of the nature of (length)"1, related to the moment of inertia of the molecule in such a way that the rotational energy, relative to the vibrational level,* is given to the first approximation by Bm2 (I — m2u2 + . . . ) • It varies with the vibrational energy; B = B0 - an. Usually BI = h/87T2c = 27.70 X 10~40 g cm. BQ Value of B when vibrational and rotational energies are each zero. For multiple levels like 2P, B0I0 9^ h/87T2c (22, 31).

c Velocity of light in vacuo; c = 2.99796 X IO10 cm/sec. D Heat of dissociation of the molecule. D1j D" Value of D for upper state, for lower (in Table 3, normal) state, of molecule. Ee Wave-number =o elevation of electronic energy above normal level. (In line spectra, the corresponding quantity is so defined as to indicate the depression of a given level below ionization.) e Electronic charge; e = 4.774 X IO""10 cgs electrostatic unit. e/hc The reciprocal of the potential difference that corresponds to the transition that gives rise to radiation of wave-length X is eX/hc; e/hc = 2.428 X 10« cgse = 81Oo volt"1 cm"1. h Planck's constant of action; h = 6.557 X 10~27 erg sec. 7 Moment of inertia of the molecule about the line through its center of mass and perpendicular to the line joining its two nuclei. /o Value of I when vibrationa.l and rotational energies are zero. IQ, IQ Value of /o for upper state, for lower state, of molecule. m A parameter in the approximate expression, Bm2 (1 — w2w2 -f . . . ), giving the rotational energy relative to vibrational level. It is a function of j, the quantum number correlated with the resultant angular momentum of the molecule, but, in general, is not quantized. m0 Mass of atom of unit atomic weight; m0 — wn/1.0077 = 1.650 X IO-24 g. WH Mass of atom of hydrogen; WH = 1.663 X 10~24 g. WI, W 2 Atomic weights of the two atoms composing the molecule. n A positive and integral parameter in the equations expressing the vibrational frequency, co = co0(l — 2xn + . . . ) , and the vibrational energy, TI(COQ — cooxn -j- . . . ), relative to the electronic level. N. M. New mechanics (1926) of Heisenberg and Schrödinger. O. M. Old quantum mechanics (1918-1926). R Rydberg's wave-number = 109 678.3 cm"1. Continued on p. 417

TABLE 1.—CONSTANTS OF DIATOMIC MOLECULES These data are derived on the O. M. basis from the quantum analysis of band spectra; many have been recomputed, either directly from the observations or from the value of #0; the former are indicated by an r and the latter by a 6 placed after the Lit. number. All assume that both vibrational and rotational energy are vanishingly small. Each line of the table refers to one system of bands, i>e is the spacing of the two electronic levels involved. (O), (H), indicates that ve is derived from origin, from head, of the 0-0 band. The (H) values may be in error by 5 to 20 cm"1, being too great for the R, and too small for the V, bands. After the value of coo# is given the sign, if known, of the next higher term in the expression, n(co0 — woxn + . • • ), for the vibrational energy. When only thefirsttwo vibrational levels are known, wo — W0X, o their resulting separation, is given in ( ). It is known ( 25 ) that J0, and hence r0, is essentially the same for each of the 2P sublevels involved in the NO /3-bands, and it is probable [cf. ( 22 > 31)] that the same is true in other cases, the true value of J0 in each case being essentially the mean of the two values here given. Symbols, p. 410. See p. 409. Unit of ve,
Carrier

^ . ^

I

U

ve

Silver bromide

AgBr R

g 31 387(H)

Silver

AgH R

29 898(O)

Silver iodide

AgI

Aluminum hydride Aluminum Gold chloride A Gold chloride B

R

7

PPer i

Lower

— I

(1490)

(1690)

R

AlO

R

205.8 |

23 477.0(O) (1082) (1625.1) 20 635.3(O)

AuCl R AuCl R AuH R AuH R

BO-P

B110 B(IS)-S, 10.. B-O B {» «;îgj } i».. B11O R 42 865.2(O) BWO R 42 856.0(O)

BO/9-group BO/S-group

1270.2 1306.2

VJ-^^|1270.2

BO "combination"

B-O

VJ^^;9(O)

Barium

BaF

fluoride..

Barium oxide Beryllium Beryllium oxide Bismuth oxide Bromine Swan

R

BaO fluoride

BeF R BeO(?) R BiO Br2 C 2 (?) V

19 997.3(H)

R

14 664(H) 510

2.7 664 1.5

21231.6(H) R R

1354

22 196(H) 410 16 463(H) 151 19 379.2(O)t

1773.42

1

S - 1S

1.630

O)

1.690

1.658

43.38

1.667

46.02

O)

4.74

O)

1

S - 1P

O)

1.618

3.93 1

„.„ W t {»:» ii;S 1873.7 11.71 0)t 18.53 1928.1 12.39 0)t 17.48 1248.5

465.0

12

530

Lit.

*S - *S

O)*

1.69 S- 1 S

1

1.54

S- 1 S

O)

10.6 0) t

(1)f

17 4g

1.85

';»» 15.68 14.81

18.53

|.^..J

1™\

1.3121

J 1 ^^

J;™

«:£}

<«„

1.3126 1.2074 *S - 2S 1.3121 1.2078 *S - *S !.«126

J^

^ ~ *}

O)§ (i)§

£ I £}

0>l

(i)||

(37,38)

25 - zp

(37,38) (1^

8.9 3

_ Type r o o

f

381.5 1.30 O ) 381.5 1.30 O1)

12g6>3n 7

1.75

1157 8 125 (^ ?on/S 1^cSo loU^xi; J°

1.665

««.i

10 53

452.9

Lower, // 1 Q

1

10.07

J13062

o

«».r u.« <„t ft;g »;s î:™ i:Ei SiSl e«»

10.07 10.53

B11O

4.41

2249.4 34.0 34.0 O)

11.7

BO "combination"

J

0*)r

970 7.0

79 2249.4

Upper, /

4.38

4.58

311.3 0.70 314.85 1.45

Gold Gold

BÖ—P

0.56

3.75

27 342.1(O) 1630 38230.0(0) (1548)

4.57

(l)

864.4

19 078.5(H) 19 396.8(H)

Upper, Lower, T.. jf—r Lit. *£) „ "Ve «o I "o* 0.81 (i3)r

O)

31 148(H)

AlH

:

Tl

"o I 247.2

1465 7

1.8219.35

12.7

1

O)

S- 1 S

(37, 38) 326.6 1629.88

( 33 )r

1.72 11.67

(«)

15.84

* Using 26.96 for atomic weight of Al. t In terms of O. M., the origins and nuclear separations are not the same for each isotope, For values in N. M., see O). Î The two isotopes have essentially the same ro, but different Jo; ZP doublet is inverted. § Data for /" and r" are taken from «-group,finalstate; for l'Q and r'Q, from initial state plus Co (38.5) of 0-group. Il Data for /^ and r" are taken from «-group, initial state; for J^ and r'Q, as in note §. The 2P doublet is inverted ( 24 ). f From (46).

1

*

S -

17.03

1.265

J

S(?)

1.311

«P - «P

(l)

TABLE 1.—(Continued) Name of band

Carrier

High pressure carbon

"§

Cs(?)

Triplet carbon

»

V

CH CH

Violet cyanogen Red cyanogen

: CN . C N

Fourth positive group of carbon AngstromCO Third positive group of carbon 3A bands of CO CameronCO a' - X CO F-XCO Infra-redCO

R

£ 7

:

R

V R

{J{| ^3(O) }

1105 9 8

25 797.8(O)

(^ 374^?)

2143.9

} 1728 ' 5

20.2513 5

'

CO+

{20 sie 1(O)

} 1550 ' 46

"Combination"

CO+

{25 153(Q)

} 1 6 9 7 -8

R

CaH

Calcium hydride B Calcium hydride C

CaH CaH

Calcium oxide

CaO

Chlorine absorption Chromium oxide

R

CaF

Calcium hydride A

45 637.7(O)

V

CS

„ . . . , ., Cadmium hydride

(i)

1.90

1.95 O)

2055.64

2055.64

13.75

13.75

O)

1.11 2.21

1697.8

38796.3

V

24.33 14 07

'

24.33

1062.2

[ ™ JJJÎ™

|

2197.03

+

2198 6

14.140

10.05

14.647

1.151

2.93

Cl2 CrO R

3.3 848

19 563(H)

4 .,_

1374

742 9

-5

89i

P - 2S

2

S - S

O)

§ ^S-1P 1.236

1.122 3 P - 3S

14.9 14.05

14 05

1.17

1<26(?)

'

1.15

1

S

2

1.11

^ 1 1 ( * I I£ j

S- S

O)

(1)§ §

1

S -

1

P 2

6.56

O)

O)

2

(»7, >•)

6.29 5.64

P - 1S

1

1.15

(26)

6.77

1

'S-3P

{ TP\ ~L Ig}

2.75

O)

2

2.04

6.56 6.56

1

^? 1 ê

2.01

{* I ^}

2 01

2.01

2

S-2P

<">

S-2S (20) 2 S-2S (2»)

(37)

185.5 \

17.31

2

1.172

O)

'(")

/22278(0) \ (23 m\O) }

{ JJ 5^™

-
( 2 °) («)

23 057(H) 740

R

15.4 17 7

6.00

15 753.84(O) 28 353.04(O)

R

_„ CdH ?

14.07+

582.4

M^^X} V V

O) C1)

'

O) 1.13

(îf I !£)}

15.17

1276.5

P - 2D 1.20

O)

15 00

'

1550.46

588.1

Lit. °_

2

1.13 1.95

CO R 64 765(H) 1499.0 17.24 2154.7 12.70 (i, 19) CO V 22 164(O) 2132 50 1499.0 17.24 (i, i») 14.26 CO V 35 300*(H) (2214) (?) 1724.78 14.47 O) CO V 43 60Of(H) (2133) 1724.78 14.47 (2, io) CO R 48 50Ot(H) 1724.8 14.5 2154.7 12.70 ( i, 19) ; c/. (2) CO R 58 927(O) 1155 9 2154.7 12.70 (19) CO R(?) 99 730(O) 1914 198 2154.7 12.70 || CO R Zero 2148 9.7 2148 9.7 (i) 14.9

CO+ R

fluoride

Lower, Upper, Lower, J, // Type o o ?

4

0)

23 163.3(O) (2851) (2797) and (2815) 25 715(O)

V

_.„. 1 Upper, J7-^ Lit. T, w/ "o I "o* C1)

(1714)

'

Comet-tail

Calcium

Lower

• Tf "o I V 1537.3 I 11.88

First negative group of carbon

Carbon sulfide

PP

er

r-

I 22 972.7(H)

C + H(?)

C + H(X4300) C + H(X3900)

U

4.836

C1)

,..

570 4.6

/4.647 (4.594 (3S)r

2 5.201 1-679 1.776 S-2PiI 5.201 1-669 1.776 2 S - 2 P 2 / 1

O)

S- 1 S?

(37,38)

* ve at least 5-fold, varying from 35 288 to 35 390. t ve at least 5-fold, varying from 43 556 to 43 655. $ ve at least 5-fold, varying from 48 534 to 48 438; W0 and «Oa; are from 3rd and 4th positive groups. § The 2P doublet is assumed inverted because for BO it is found ( 2 4 ) to be inverted. Il Hopfield and Birge O 9 ) absorption system; /'0'; for higher values, V1 Ir being
TABLE 1.—(Continued) , „ Name of uband

Upper

^ . 1 ^

Carrier

v*

Lower

j

295.12 293.50 292.59 290.95

—,— "o I 1.008 0.997 0.991 0.980

7

Tl

Upper, T.x : jj-j-, Lit. V "o I "Q* 312.70 0.800 310.98 0.791 310.01 0.786 308.28 0.778

Lower, Upper, Lower, J, ,.// ' ^ „ j> ô (43) («3)* (43)* (43)*

Copper Copper Copper Copper

bromide bromide bromide bromide

A A A A

Cu Br^ R Cu63BrSi R Cu65Br^ R Cu65BrSi R

20 20 20 20

I 489.2(H) 489.2(H) 489.2(H) 489.2(H)



B B B B

Cu63BrVs R Cu63BrSi R Cu65Br?* R Cu65BrSi R

23 23 23 23

029.3(H) 029.3(H) 029.3(H) 029.3(H)

282.90 281.34 280.47 278.89

1.323 1.309 1.300 1.286

313.16 310.44 310.42 308.73

0.908 0.898 0.892 0.883

(43) (43)* (43)* (43)*



C C C C

Cu63BrVa R Cu63BrSi R Cu65Br79 R Cu65BrSi R

23 23 23 23

452.4(H) 452.4(H) 452.4(H) 452.4(H)

294.78 293.16 292.25 290.61

1.423 1.407 1.398 1.383

313.83 312.10 311.13 309.39

0.888 0.878 0.873 0.863

(43) (43)* (43)* (43)*

Cu6SCl35

R

18 997.7(H)

407.9

1.90

415.7

B B B B

63

35

Cu Cl Cu65Cl35 Cu63Cl" Cu65Cl"

R R R R

20 20 20 20

479.7(H) 479.7(H) 479.7(H) 479.7(H)

399.04 396.84 392.05 389.81

1.668 1.649 1.610 1.591

415.22 412.93 407.94 405.62

Copper chloride C Copper chloride C Copper chloride C Copper chloride C

Cu63Cl35 Cu65Cl35 Cu63Cl" Cu65Cl"

R R R R

20 20 20 20

626.0(H) 626.0(H) 626.0(H) 626.0(H)

397.45 395.26 390.48 388.26


chloride chloride chloride chloride

D D D D


R R R R

22 22 22 22

961.7(H) 961.7(H) 961.7(H) 961.7(H)

393.16 390.94 386.27 384.07

1.839 1.819 1.775 1.755

415.57 415.28 408.29 405.96

1.679 1.656 1.616 1.597

(43) (43)* (43)* (43)*



E E E E


R R R R

23 23 23 23

071.2(H) 071.2(H) 071.2(H) 071.2(H)

404.07 401.84 396.99 394.73

1.818 1.798 1.755 1.735

414.90 412.61 407.63 405.30

1.278 1.264 1.234 1.220

(43) (43)* (43)* (43)*

Copper chloride A Copper Copper Copper Copper


CopperfluorideA CopperfluorideB CopperfluorideB CopperfluorideC CopperfluorideC Copper hydride Copper Copper Copper Copper

iodide iodide iodide iodide

A B C D

Copper iodide E

63

Cu63F Cu63F Cu65F Cu63F Cu65F

Rf Rf Rf Rf Rf

CuH

R

Cu63I Cu63I Cu"! Cu63I

R R R R

Cu"! R

17 19 19 20 20

556.7(H) 752.9(H) 752.9(H) 270.0(H) 270.0(H)

23311.15(O) 19 21 21 22

708.2(H) 748.3(H) 852.2(H) 931.6(H)

23 982.7(H)

1.90

(43)

1.682 1.664 1.624 1.605

(43) (43)* (43)* (43)*

ô

Type [o

Lit.

1.654 415.53 1.648 (43) 1.636 413.24 1.630 (43j* 1 596 408.25 1.591 (43)* 1.578 405.92 1.573 (43)*

638.33 647.62 645.31 640.88 638.59 1655.70

3.488 3.725 3.698 4.188 4.158 44.63

612.84 3.625 612.84 3.625 610.65 3.599 618.70 3.950 616.49 3.922 1903.68

37.36

(43) (43) (43)* (43) (43)* O)

4.097

211.05 241.8 229.17 211.86

2.215 1.88 0.528 0.917

264.93 0.719 (43) 265.4 1.0 O) 263.90 0.728 (43) 263.83 0.704 (43)

228.28

0.954

263.81

0.671

3.544

1.582

1.471

1-S- 1 S

O)

O)

Fluorine F2 R 17 439(O) 1104.9(?) 2.9(?) 1071.5(7) 9.9 ("U 29J 1.4 ^S- ig(?) Q7) * Calculated from observed bands of main (first listed) isotope of the system. (E.g., Cu63Br79 is the main isotope of CuBr for each of the three systems, A, B, and C.) All systems of each molecule have the same lower level, t CuF is the only known case for which band sequences degrade to V while bands degrade to R; cf. CaH, A bands. Î Analysis by Gale and Monk ( 16 > 1 ^) is very uncertain. An intercomparison of the halogens gives as more probable predicted values: ve = 23 000 to 25 000,
TABLE 1.—(Continued) ,, , Name of band

^ .3 ^

Carrier

Hydrogen A-B ultra-violet Hydrogen A-C ultra-violet Hydrogen^ Hydrogen B Hydrogen 2*P - 3*S Hydrogen a (Fulcher) Hydrogen ß Hydrogen^ Hydrogens Hydrogen« Hydrogen f

Upper

H2 H2 H2 H2 H2 H2 H2 H2 H2 H2 H2

v»

R R V V R R R R R R R

-, g 90 083(O) 99 086(O) 21 573.8(O) 27 133.9(O) 16 692.0(O) 16611.43(O) 22 263.24(O) 24 839.05(O) 26 224.21(O) 27 054.45(O) 27 592.52(O)

HBr near infra-red HBr far infra-red

HBr HBr

R Zero 2603 Zero Zero

HCl near infra-red HCl far infra-red.

HCl HCl

R Zero 2940.8 Zero Zero

HF near infra-red HF far infra-red

HF HF

HIfar infra-red He2 main P series (X4648)

Zero

He2

R

21 507.3(O)

He2

R

27 193.0(O)

He2 main P series (X3356)

He2

R

29 785.5(O)


He2

R

31180.0(O)

He2 main P series (X3071) He2 He2 He2 He2

main main main main

S series (X6399) S series (X4546) S series (X4030) D series (X5733)

He2

•.

R

Tr

"o I

53.6+ Zero

Zero


. Upper, Lower, Upper, Lower, • TTi Lit. *f/ / // Type Lit. r // J r r V I "o I "o*" ô Q o o 1325 15.9 4262 113.5 (3) 1.99 0.480 1.55 0.76 1*8-2*8 (3) 2380 66.5 4262 113.5 (3) 0.942 0.480 1.06 0.76 US - (?) (3) 2373.8 12.36(?) 1325 15.9 (3) !.99 1.55 2^S - 3*P (3) 2325.6(?) 1325 15.9 (3) 1.99 1.55 2*S - 4*P (3) 2390 73 (3) 0.78 0.97 2W - 3*8 (3) 2306.94 62.94 2593.82 68.41 (3) 1.072 0.965 1.136 1.08 23,S - 3*P (3) 2276.45 63.08 2593.82 68.41 (3) 1.089 0.965 1.145 1.08 2^S - 4*P (3) 2251 58(?) 2593.82 68.41 (3) 1.135 Q.965 1.168 1.08 2a,S - 5*P (3) 2229(?) 54(?) 2593.82 68.41 (3) 1.130 0.965 1.166 1.08 23,S - 6'P (3) 2593.82 68.41 (3) 0.965 1.08 23S - 7'P (3) 2593.82 68.41 (3) 0.965 1.08 2'S - 8^P (3) ;

44 2603 44 Zero

R Zero 3987 Zero Zero

HI

Lower

(i, 7)*

2940.8

50 3987 50 Zero

3.303 3.3180

53.6

(i)J

1.35 1.3465 4.3146

(1627.8)

(1731.8) (52)

32 556.8(O)

4.3146

1.6170 ^.861 .

3 65Q

(1731.8) (52) (1731.8)

(52) ||

1.279 (8)&

^'°^

(8)5

21^ _ o. yöy o OQO 3.650 ^JJ

*-°^ 3.650

( 52 H ( 52 H ( 52 J ( 52 )

(i)

^052 ( 4 <>)6§ 2*Sm - 3*Pm i.Uoi i 084 1.052 2*Sm - 4ipw (40 )6 §

Q 070 3.650 J'^

1.085 1

Q52

51p^

1 OSfi 2^Sm - 7^Pm

3.84 3.784 1.079 3.88 3.784 1.084 3.784 1.071 2^Pm - 5*Sm 3.666 3.784 1.054

2^Pm - 3^Dm

19 476.9(O)

(1790.1) (52)

^.86

He2 secondary P series (X4002)

He2

R

24 978.6(O)

(1790.1) (52)

^™

3.62

^^

1.047

2^S8 - 4^P.

(40 )& §


He2

R

27 509.9(O)

(1790.1) (52)

^'^

3.62

j'^

1.047

2^S, - 5^P,

(-»°)6§


He2

R

28 875.0(O)

(1790.1) (52)

^.86

He2 combination (X600.13)

He2

R

166 631(H)

o

21)Ss

y

_ 3iPs

1.071

R

o

1 Q^

21Pm - 3^Sm 21Pn-^Sn

He2

3 Q2

o Qf\

, j ., Mercury hydride

TT TT

HgH

/24933.9(0) \ TT V|28617.1(Q) /

3 ß2

1.08

l Q47

2*S, - Qip,

/in.m (1940)

/1308 104- \ \1308 104- /

. . . . . / 4.220 \ 4.181

(*<>)b

i.uy no

(40 )6§ I1S. - 2*SS

(1)tt

( 4 0 )& ( 40 )6

(4 o )& |

-j

( 47 )

(40) 6 §

(40) b §

1.071 1.071


I

1.08 .

(40)&§

JL . uyy i 08fi 1.052 2i&» - 6ipm

^ SQ *ï 1.052

J'^

(i)

(«)&

1.082

3 ß5()

*S

*S

i£

o.yuu

*-°^

3.885 I

He2 R 15 623.9(O) He2 R 21 992.8(O) He2 R 24 804(O) He2 V 17 436.6(O)

1.6170

(i) (8)&

1.35 0.924 0.924 1.3465 0.9233 0.9233 *S

(1731.8) (52) i ' (1731.8) (52)

i I

(1623.8)

*S

0» 30)f 2.645 2.645 1.279 2.6593 2.6593 1.2823 1.2823 *S

Zero (1643.5)

3.303 1.418 1.418 3.3180 1.4213 1.4213 *S

(47)**

5.143 1.597 1.763 *S - *Pi \ 5.143 1.589 1.763 »S - «P, |

* From 1st harmonic at X = 1.988 /* ( 7 ). t Second overtone at X = 1.190/z (45) indicates third term of con is +; values of W 0 and woz from ( 3 O). J From 1st harmonic at X = 1.27/* (45). § Double values of Jo are due to sigma-type doubling in P-levels. Il Two more 1P series bands at ve = 32 926.4 and 33 189.0 cm"1; other constants unknown. f The 1-1 band also observed. ** The assignment of this band is extremely doubtful, ft Mecke's ( 37 ) values («J = 2036.1, «0»' = 98.3) are based on older and incorrect assumption that28 617.1 cm"1 band is 0-0 band of short X-system.

(1)

,..

TABLE 1.—(Continued) Name of band

Carrier

"g

Iodine Iodine monochloride

I2 ICl

Near red potassium

K2

Magnesium

fluoride

v, R R R

MgF V

-f

Lower UoDer Lower Uooer Lower» ^-^ Lit. 1T/ ' rn ' / ' H Type Lit. r r «o I V "o I "o* *o ô o o 127.2 0.834213.67 | 0.592- 0)r 951.6 742.6 3.015 176.3 3.025(382) (i7.5) r j—,

I 15 598.3(H) 15 390(H)

15 368.6(H)

Upper

Tt

74.72

27 825.5(H)

0.30

713.5

3.80

Magnesium hydride

MgH V

19 271(O)

1568.7

34.75

Manganese oxide

MnO R

17 906(H)

758.9

10.2

N2 N2 N2 N2 N2 N2

1st positive group 2nd positive group 4th positive group ultra-violet new ultra-violet new ultra-violet

N2 N2 N2 N2 N2 N2

V V V R R R

N2+

V

25 565.9(O)

Nitrogen hydride ß

NH

R

29 750(O)

<••"«•—

S nitric oxide e nitric oxide Greensodium Red sodium

Sodium hydride (X4333) Sodium hydride (X4655) ~ , , . Oxygen, atmospheric Oxygen, Schumann-Runge Oxygen,firstnegative Oxygen, second negative Watervapor Sulfur Sulfur oxide

0.29

684.1 1462.2

(44 j 93 Sj

2392.3

22.8-

(SO)-j.

5.05

2187.4

13-

1888.31

Na 2 Na 2

V V

52 260(H) 2347 (approx.) 53 271(H) 2324 27

R R

NaH V NaH V ^

O2 O2

O2+ O 2 + (?) V OH

124.13 115.7

0.84 0.43

T5R / 13 122.97(O) \ 1 / < 1 K1415 A1 - 17 1t (13 124.87(O) / '° R 49 359.3(H) 708 R

1

^911' 12.4-

1.81 14.05

13 7 (?f ?noîîS 1 885-2 ^dO lüöTT(.il) ) 1180.3 17.8

R

32 410(O) R

R

32 140(H) 36 890(H) 623

3084.7

1026.1

724.5 1094.6

6.3

1.70

16.98

1.149 ap _ (?)

14.41

1.74 *S - *P

*S - *P 1.212

1.075

1.08 *S - ^P 16.35

»•»

*8 - iP

(51)

»P - *P

(27) r (27) r

3.597 3.206

5.111 4.067

1.117 *S - *S

(i)

(21)

1.068

1.152

{'p* I 2f }

( 1 8 )il

72.1

1.503 1.419

2.35

1.791 1.598

1.95 1A - iP 1 S-^P (27) (27)

/19.928 19.262 1.229 1.208\ , 0 1 10/9 , (9)o \19.757 19.143 1.223 1.204/ ^-1W) 3 0)r 34.22 1.609 'S - S(?) (i)

11.375 O)

2p

_ 2p

( 37 » 38 )11T

(3568.4)

(i, 23)

2.91

(**)

(i)

»•» >•- >•-> {?;:?;}<">

(«);e/.(i5)tt 104.7 ( 15 )tt

11.1

97.8

424.4 2.7 6

1565.37

4.86

0.730.54

1859.9HH 16.53

16 592.2(H)

^

/Q .. t (9)§§

ft11

1.647

13 - iP 1 S - (?) 1 S - (?) 13.35

(32, 34)^f (34) r **

158.5 157.8

23 099(O) 21 544(O)

S2 SO

20 301.7(H) 15006.7(H)

15.24

(i)

(i)

1888.31 13.88 1888.31 13.88

4 . 62

(i. 5) (5) (5)

»°i » {S£:£g --s ?:îïïï SiS A} NO§ NO§

2.079

(i)r$ (i)

16.3

13.88

87.4

(37,38)

(«)

} 2352

139.5

O)

(37,38)

31.25

836.7

(I5) r »

3.70

9 518.59(H) 1718.40 14.4371446.46 13.92929653.1(H) 2018.66 26.0471718.40 14.43744 218(H) 1718.40 14.437(i) 68 957.0(H) 1679.2 13.845 2345.16 14.445 103 671.7(H) 104 415.6(H)

First negative group of nitrogen

Third positive, or T, of nitrogen NO§ V

91.86

2.663 1S - iß(?)

1.634

i.500

1.022

(37, 38)

* By a different analysis ( 42 ), v = 16 103 -f 74n' — 9On". tt Origin and head almost coincide, t Changed to O. M.; Mecke ( 37 , 38) gives values in N. M. ÎÎ Data poor; lower level same as for green band. J Constants of ( l ) revised to agree with numbering of ( 41 * 5 ). §§ Lower level same as for Schumann-Runge bands. § In spite of apparent numerical discrepancies, all 4 of NO systems have the same lower level* |[|| Undoubtedly too small, see O). Il Values of i" extrapolated from Guillery's /'', /", i". Tf Tf Origin and analysis very uncertain, see ( 38 ). f v« is mean of doublet; w" and oa'^x" are from y-bands. ***These values of l"Q and r" correct an accidental error in ( ! ); see also (31). ** ve is mean of doublet.

0.979

*P - *S

O)***

(15)

(15)

TABLE 1.—(Continued) .. , Name of band

Carrier

„. ^j

Upper

I

v»

-,

Lower

•

-,

g

Scandium oxide

ScO

Selenium

R

/ J J j^J™

Se2

Siliconfluoridea system Siliconfluorideß system

Silicon nitride A

Si*«F(?) Si2»F(?)

R

R V

SiN(?) R

Silicon oxide

SiO

24 234.2(O)

{26 649(H) R

Strontium

fluoride

SrF

Strontium

fluoride

SrF

R

SrO

R

Strontium oxide Tellurium Titanium oxide (green)

„ . , , . , Zmchydnde

709.5 1015.8

}

Te2 TiO VO

V

1016.3 '

R

17.77+

3

22 671(H) 163

„ _ ^ ZnH V 123

17 424(H)

O)

95.4

38.0

2.261

2.259

1.571

1.558

(29)

^S - *S

(3»)&

zp _ 2p

(i)

i£ - IP

497.7

1.85

(37,38)

497.7

1.85

(37,38)

648 3.9

25 - zp

(37,38) 250.4

Ì

1552

37.4

(39)

.1.91

(852) 1008

/23263.6(0) \

594 Q(Q) ]

6.57

95.6 (29)

2.22

1

( 1Q 34Q ^ A f f J ì

(29)

SS:2 î:2}

R < ™ **' *^{ > 833.3 4.55 (^ I» ooo.Dl(Xl; j R

1145.0

î:22

/ J e ^ ' f S ) 504.6 I Io U/o.o^xl; J 17 302.6(H) 487.1

Lit.

(44)

4.55 4.55

6.4

1236 6.0

Si:î

1.32

860.5 860.5

1025.9

42 643(H) 844 5.8

24 638(H) 516

397.5

7.05 4.75

694 3 3

Lower, I Upper, Lower, ^, / // Type 7 r r O o O %

(37, 38)

247.2 2.3

•«* - {S S:5g

*• -*-«•

Vanadium oxide

867 8.7 967 3.8

27 307(H)

22 880.5(H) 34 561.4(H)

Si«N R

Silicon nitride new

j

.. Upper, i T 77 Lit %,
77 I

"o

0.53

1003.6 6

(44) 4.52

(4)

(37,38) 1CKO

(1)

,.. \ 3.708

/3.874 4.234

4.234 1.505 |

1.538 1.608 *S - (1) ^P1 \ 1.608 *S - *P* /

...

SYMBOLS AND CONSTANTS.—(Continued from p. 410) R Spectral band is degraded towards the red, and usually has sharp head on violet side. For such bands, /' > /" J-Q x> I . r Nuclear separation of the two atoms. r o Value of r when vib rational and rotational energies are zero; r 0 = V/O/Mu Symbol for 2£0/W V Spectral band is degraded towards the violet, and usually has sharp head on red side. For such bands, l'Q < /". x A positive constant in equations for vibrational frequency and energy; see n. a A positive constant in B = B0 — an. \ Wave-length in vacuo. (Either actual or, as in frequency limits, virtual.) ft Symbol for m 0 mim 2 /(mi -j- ra2). p Frequency, or term value, serving to specify an energy level. ve A quantity that is experimentally the frequency of a certain line in a certain band, called the "origin of the band system/' and is theoretically the spacing of two electronic energy levels. co Frequency of vibration of the molecule; co = coo(l — 2xn 0


I

Ee

C

99 086 111 427 111518.1 111 656.8 117169.9 117.216.9 119744.2 121130.2 121 961.0 122 498.3 124237

X A

B X a a' A 6 B C c E F G X' X'

I

Ee

I

ojo

O 1 873.7 / 2 3 521.3 \ \ 2 3 6 4 7 . 5 / l 248'5 42 865.2 1 270.2 0 48 500§ 58 927 64 765 83 825 86 929 91 923 92 093 92 923 99 730 105 266 114 966 O

A

' B'

{££?.«} 45 637.71

A B

O 90 083 94 73511 94906.7 95 46911

I UiOX j Jo I r o I Type | y'RJ v BUO ( 2 4 )* 11.71 15.68 1.2074 *S /20.03 1.3647 'P2 10 6 ' \19.62 1.3506 «Pi 2 10.07 18.53 1.3126 S

CO (19); c/. (2) t 1 2 154.7 12.70 S 0.9767 8 1 724.8 14.5 P 1.2846$ 1. 155 9 1.3990 1 499.5 17.24 17.31 1.236 ip 1.4781 (2214) »S 1.8767 1 2 132 | 50 14.26 1.122 S 1.9778 1 (2133) St?) 2.1817 I »S(?) 2.1898 (2134) 2.2306 1914 198 2.6830 3.3626 2197 15.17 14.05 1.11 CO+ « + CO (i) 2197 15.17 14.05 1.11 *S 1550 46

1697.8

4262 1325 2390 2593.82

14 07

- + 1"(T)LM(T) 24.33 | 15.4 1.17 H2 (3) 113.5 0.4800.76 15.9 1.99 1.55 73 0.78 0.97 68.41 0.9651.08

{£ 2 S I1S 21S 23P 23S 21P

0.9396 1.7920 1.9281|| 1.9337 1.952611

I
Jo

2306.94 2373.89 2276.45 2325.6(?) 2251 2229(?)

62.94 12.36(?) 63.08

1.0721.136 1.0891.145

58(?) 54(?)

1.1351.168 1.1301.166

2247

61.4

O 164287.2 166 630.6 169071.8 184 695.7

I (1731.8) (1790.1)

185794.5

(1643.5)

I

ro

I Type [ ^/WTv

0.942 1.06

0.9271.056

2.0882 33S 2.9261 3 3 P 2.9365 31P 2.9526 43P 3.9395 41P 3.9526 53P 4.941 63P 5.942 73P 6.942 83P 7.942 H2+ *

3.6501.052 3.62 1.047 3.7841.071 3.84 1.079

I1Ss 0.743 21An 1.788 21S, 1.853 21Pm 1.928 31Sm 2.810

186508.4 191 064.6

—2

191 609.2

j ^ ^ j 3'A. 2.928 { 33H I'™ } 3.P. 2.964

!86 107.5

coo Value of co when energies of vibration and rotation are vanishingly small. =c= Signifies equivalent to, or corresponding to.

1

coo

He2 ( 5 2 , 4 0 6 , 47)f

+ ...).

TABLE 2.—ELECTBONIC ENEBGY LEVELS OF MULTIPLE LEVEL MOLECULES In most molecules only a few electronic levels are known, and their relative positions can be readily deduced from Table 1, the vibrational and rotational constants being, within limit of error, the same for each of the correlated systems of bands. Data for more involved cases are given below. The value of \/R/v is calculated from ionization potential, if known. In column 1 is given the accepted designation, if any, of the level. Symbols, p. 410 and Table 1. See p. 409. Unit of E€i co0, and U0X = 1 cm-1, for Ee - 1.965s X 10~16 erg, for co0 and co0z - 2.99796 X IO10 vibration sec"1; of J0 = 10~40 g cm2; of r o = 10~8 cm.

I

3.6661.054 3.88 1.084

31Dm 3.013 41Sm 3.818

{ ^ J;™ j

41P8 3.965

{^ L-r )--*•(1627.8)

51Sa, 4.812

193 876

194 140.5 195 467.2

(1623.8)

195 505.6 196304.1

621.9)

196844.0

Ll95 :0°9895

51P

4 928

4*U

51P

4 966

in

» "

'

'

*'*** '^

6*Pm 5.927

! 'on 4.JU

&lp

1.'?Q Io

» 5'964

i'mî'm

^P» 6.928

««££

8^7.928 91Pm 8.930 1O1Pm 9.928 He2+ «

197 213.6 197 476.2 198 589 N 2 ( l » 5 » 6 » 41.5)**

X A a B 6 c C D X'

O 66 260ft 68 957.0 75 778.6 103 671.7 104 415.6 105 431.7 119 996.6 136 890

2345.16 1446.46 1679.2 1718.40

14.445 13.92913.84614.437-

2018.66

26.047-

2187.4

16.3

^S 0.895 S 1.246 P 1.271 16.98 1.212 *P 1.340 1.817 1.838 3 15.24 1.149 P 1.867 2.548 14.41 1.117 N2+ | « 8

1

NO (1» 1 8 , 2 5 , 3 2 , 34){J

* A C D X'

/ \

O 121 44 193 /45 486.12 \45515.58 52260 53 271 76 140

1892.12 14.424+ 1891.98 14.454+ 2352 131029.43 7.460+ 1030.88 7.455+ 2347 (approx.) 2324 27

Ì ('P1 1.20020 / l b ' 2 9 1 ^ 150 \2P 2 1.20116 14.05 1.068 *S 1.85287 \ /'P1 1.89154 / ° \ *P2 1.89246 2.143 2.190 + I NO QO

* In terms of O. M., the origin and nuclear separations are not the same for each isotope; note that here they have essentially the same ro but different Jo. For values in N. M., see O). t The upper level (c) of the 3A-bands at 92 093 is apparently different from the absorption level (C) at 91 923. See also Table 1, notes. % At least 5-fold, ranging from 1.2840 to 1.2849. § At least 5-fold, ranging from 48 438 to 48 534. II Calculated levels. T All absolute values of E« for He2 are extremely uncertain, being based on the extremely doubtful assignment of the X600 band to I1Sa — 21S.. ** Ionization potential assumed = 16.9 volt. 11 Assumed on basis of 8.18 volt (6) as corrected by ( 41 - 5 ). JJ Assumed ionization potential == 9.4 volt.

TABLE 3.—HEATS OF DISSOCIATION D', D" = heat of dissociation of excited, of normal, molecule, as derived from spectroscopic data (see p. 410); many of the values have been recalculated by Birge from the original data. £>" = value based in whole or in part on chemical data. Probable error is often great. Each numerical value is the number of volts through which a single electron must run in order to acquire an amount of energy that is equal to the corresponding heat of dissociation. Unit = 8100 cm"1 per molecule =c= l electron volt per molecule = 2.306 X 104g-cali5perg-mole. I

AgBr(IS) Agl(i2) Br2(33)

D'

0.387

C,(?)t

CN CO(6) CO+(6) Cl2(SS) Csl(i4,49) H2(3>53) HJ(3) HI(12) HgH Ia(«) ICl(17.B)

K 2 (IS) KBr(U)

D" 2.3* 2.34* 1.96*

I

D" 2.6 2.0 2.0

7.0

0.233

0.547 0.30

0.57

KCl(I*)

KI(14) N2(S, 48) Nf( 6 ) NO(6) Na 2 ( 3 S)J NaBr(14) Nal(i4,49)

I

9.5 11.2 9.8 2.54* 3.25* 4.42 2.6 2.9 0.4 1.532* 2.20*

10.8 2.47 3.34 4.2 3.0 1.6 2.20

0.89* 3.9* 4.5*

0.57

3.25* 11.7 9 7.9 0.98* 3.9 <3.2

11.4 8.3

3.0

I 02(6) O2+(S) S 2 (44) Se2(44) Te2(44)

I

D' 0.9611

I

0.97 0.44 0.42

D" 7.02* 6.5 4.9 3.6(?) 2.8(?)

I

D" 6.5

* Deduced from D', see p. 410. t Carrier of Swan bands. J Green bands. See also (1S). U Schumann-Runge bands. Value of D' corrects an error in (•).

LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) O) Birge, 837, 11: No. 57, p. 69; 26. ( 2) Birge, 8t 28: 1157; 26. (3) Birge, 197, 14: 12; 28. 08,121:134; 28. ( 4 ) Birge and Christy, O. 2, 29: 212; 27. ( 5 ) Birge and Hopfield, O. 2, 29: 356; 27. ( 6 ) Birge and Sponer, 2, 28: 259; 26. (7) Brinsmade and Kemble, 197, 3: 420; 17. (8) Czerny, 96, 44: 235; 27. (9) Dieke and Babcock, 197t 13: 670; 27. (10) Duffendack and Fox, 81, 65: 214; 27. (") Ferguson, 68, 120: 298; 27. (12) Franck and Kühn, 96, 43: 164; 27. (13) Franck and Kühn, 96, 44: 607; 27. (i 4 ) Franck, Kühn and Rollefson, 96, 43: 155; 27. (l 5 ) Fredrickson and Watson, 2, 30: 429 ; 27. ( i 6 ) Gale and Monk, 81, 59: 125 ; 24. ( i 7 ) Gale and Monk, 2, 29: 211; 27. ( 17 - 5 ) Gibson and Ramsperger, 2, 30: 598; 27. ( i 8 ) Guillery, 96, 42: 121 ; 27. ( i 9 ) Hopfield and Birge, 2, 29: 922; 27. (20) Hulthén, 2, 29: 97; 27. (21) Hulthén and Nakamura, 58, 119: 235; 27. (22) Hund, 96, 36: 657; 26. (23) Jack, 5, 115: 373; 27. (24) Jenkins, 197\ 13: 496; 27. (25) Jenkins, Barton and Mulliken, 2, 30: 150; 27. (26) Jevons, 6, 117: 351; 28. (27) Johnson, 2, 29: 85; 27. (28) Johnson, 62, 226: 157; 27. (29) Johnson and Jenkins. 6, 116: 327; 27. (30) Kemble, 48, 12: 1; 26. ( 3 I) Kemble, 2, 30: 387; 27. (32) Knauss, 2, 31: 918 ; 28. (33) Kühn, 96, 39: 77; 26. (34) Leifson, 21, 63: 73; 26. (35) Loomis, 2, 29: 607; 27. (36) Mecke, 63, 26: 217; 25. (37) Mecke, 96, 42: 390; 27. (38) Mecke and Guillery, 68, 28: 479, 514; 27. (3«.i) Mörikofer, in Gehrcke, Handbuch der physikalischen Optik, II. Leipzig, Barth, 1927. (38.5) Mulliken, 2, 25: 259; 25. ( 39 ) Mulliken, 2, 26: 319; 25. (40) Mulliken, 2, 28: 1202; 26. (4l) MuUiken, 8t 28: 481; 26. 29: 391, 637; 27. 30: 138; 27. (*!«5) Poetker, 2, 30: 812; 27. ( 42 ) Pringsheim, and Rosen, 96, 43: 519; 27. (43) Ritschi, 96, 42: 172; 27. (") Rosen, 96, 43: 69; 27. (45) Schaefer and Thomas, 96, 12: 330; 23. (*«) shea, 2, 30: 825; 27. ( 47 ) Sommer, 197, 13: 213; 27. (48) Sponer, 96, 41: 611; 27. (*9) Terenin, 96, 44: 713; 27. (50) Watson, 2, 27: 801; 26. (51) Watson and Rudnick, 8t 29: 413; 27. (52) Weizel and Füchtbauer, 96, 44: 431; 27. (53) Witmer, 2, 28: 1223; 26.

MAGNETIC RESOLUTION OF SPECTRAL LINES P. ZEEMAN INTRODUCTION Symbols used exclusively in the table are explained there; those used in the introduction are as follows, X, c, e, h, m 0 having their usual significance (Vol. I, p. 16) : v Wave-number corresponding to X, v = 1/X. TT Designates components with electric vector parallel to H. In other connections, it has its usual significance, TT = 3.14159.
In Bohr's theory (33), „ -= (^1 _ #2)/h, where Ei and Ez are the energy levels of two stationary states. An energy level in an atom is called a term. For a neutral atom, a term sequence is approximately given by N/(n + a)2, where N is characteristic of the atom, a is an empirical constant, and n = 1, 2, 3 . . . According to the vector atomic model (98, 123, 124, 125, 126, 186, 219, 231, 238, 239) an(j ^]16 assumption that the moments of momentum of all rotary motions within the atom are quantized, an energy state, or level, is defined by certain quantum numbers: 1. The n in the term sequence. This was given by Bohr and is related to the size of the electron orbit. 2. The azimuthal quantum number (fc) is related to the shape of the orbit, and is the moment of momentum of the individual electron in its orbit. If the atom contains more than one electron, the total orbital moment of momentum of the entire group is the quantized vector sum of the individual orbital moments. Recently, k has been replaced by I = k — 1, and the vector sum of the Z's is quantized and denoted by L. Terms corresponding to I = O, 1, 2 are denoted by S, P, D, respectively, and the corresponding orbits by s, p, d. 3. The moment of momentum of the spin of each electron on its axis is also quantized and gives the quantum number r, the unit

TABLE 3.—HEATS OF DISSOCIATION D', D" = heat of dissociation of excited, of normal, molecule, as derived from spectroscopic data (see p. 410); many of the values have been recalculated by Birge from the original data. £>" = value based in whole or in part on chemical data. Probable error is often great. Each numerical value is the number of volts through which a single electron must run in order to acquire an amount of energy that is equal to the corresponding heat of dissociation. Unit = 8100 cm"1 per molecule =c= l electron volt per molecule = 2.306 X 104g-cali5perg-mole. I

AgBr(IS) Agl(i2) Br2(33)

D'

0.387

C,(?)t

CN CO(6) CO+(6) Cl2(SS) Csl(i4,49) H2(3>53) HJ(3) HI(12) HgH Ia(«) ICl(17.B)

K 2 (IS) KBr(U)

D" 2.3* 2.34* 1.96*

I

D" 2.6 2.0 2.0

7.0

0.233

0.547 0.30

0.57

KCl(I*)

KI(14) N2(S, 48) Nf( 6 ) NO(6) Na 2 ( 3 S)J NaBr(14) Nal(i4,49)

I

9.5 11.2 9.8 2.54* 3.25* 4.42 2.6 2.9 0.4 1.532* 2.20*

10.8 2.47 3.34 4.2 3.0 1.6 2.20

0.89* 3.9* 4.5*

0.57

3.25* 11.7 9 7.9 0.98* 3.9 <3.2

11.4 8.3

3.0

I 02(6) O2+(S) S 2 (44) Se2(44) Te2(44)

I

D' 0.9611

I

0.97 0.44 0.42

D" 7.02* 6.5 4.9 3.6(?) 2.8(?)

I

D" 6.5

* Deduced from D', see p. 410. t Carrier of Swan bands. J Green bands. See also (1S). U Schumann-Runge bands. Value of D' corrects an error in (•).

LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) O) Birge, 837, 11: No. 57, p. 69; 26. ( 2) Birge, 8t 28: 1157; 26. (3) Birge, 197, 14: 12; 28. 08,121:134; 28. ( 4 ) Birge and Christy, O. 2, 29: 212; 27. ( 5 ) Birge and Hopfield, O. 2, 29: 356; 27. ( 6 ) Birge and Sponer, 2, 28: 259; 26. (7) Brinsmade and Kemble, 197, 3: 420; 17. (8) Czerny, 96, 44: 235; 27. (9) Dieke and Babcock, 197t 13: 670; 27. (10) Duffendack and Fox, 81, 65: 214; 27. (") Ferguson, 68, 120: 298; 27. (12) Franck and Kühn, 96, 43: 164; 27. (13) Franck and Kühn, 96, 44: 607; 27. (i 4 ) Franck, Kühn and Rollefson, 96, 43: 155; 27. (l 5 ) Fredrickson and Watson, 2, 30: 429 ; 27. ( i 6 ) Gale and Monk, 81, 59: 125 ; 24. ( i 7 ) Gale and Monk, 2, 29: 211; 27. ( 17 - 5 ) Gibson and Ramsperger, 2, 30: 598; 27. ( i 8 ) Guillery, 96, 42: 121 ; 27. ( i 9 ) Hopfield and Birge, 2, 29: 922; 27. (20) Hulthén, 2, 29: 97; 27. (21) Hulthén and Nakamura, 58, 119: 235; 27. (22) Hund, 96, 36: 657; 26. (23) Jack, 5, 115: 373; 27. (24) Jenkins, 197\ 13: 496; 27. (25) Jenkins, Barton and Mulliken, 2, 30: 150; 27. (26) Jevons, 6, 117: 351; 28. (27) Johnson, 2, 29: 85; 27. (28) Johnson, 62, 226: 157; 27. (29) Johnson and Jenkins. 6, 116: 327; 27. (30) Kemble, 48, 12: 1; 26. ( 3 I) Kemble, 2, 30: 387; 27. (32) Knauss, 2, 31: 918 ; 28. (33) Kühn, 96, 39: 77; 26. (34) Leifson, 21, 63: 73; 26. (35) Loomis, 2, 29: 607; 27. (36) Mecke, 63, 26: 217; 25. (37) Mecke, 96, 42: 390; 27. (38) Mecke and Guillery, 68, 28: 479, 514; 27. (3«.i) Mörikofer, in Gehrcke, Handbuch der physikalischen Optik, II. Leipzig, Barth, 1927. (38.5) Mulliken, 2, 25: 259; 25. ( 39 ) Mulliken, 2, 26: 319; 25. (40) Mulliken, 2, 28: 1202; 26. (4l) MuUiken, 8t 28: 481; 26. 29: 391, 637; 27. 30: 138; 27. (*!«5) Poetker, 2, 30: 812; 27. ( 42 ) Pringsheim, and Rosen, 96, 43: 519; 27. (43) Ritschi, 96, 42: 172; 27. (") Rosen, 96, 43: 69; 27. (45) Schaefer and Thomas, 96, 12: 330; 23. (*«) shea, 2, 30: 825; 27. ( 47 ) Sommer, 197, 13: 213; 27. (48) Sponer, 96, 41: 611; 27. (*9) Terenin, 96, 44: 713; 27. (50) Watson, 2, 27: 801; 26. (51) Watson and Rudnick, 8t 29: 413; 27. (52) Weizel and Füchtbauer, 96, 44: 431; 27. (53) Witmer, 2, 28: 1223; 26.

MAGNETIC RESOLUTION OF SPECTRAL LINES P. ZEEMAN INTRODUCTION Symbols used exclusively in the table are explained there; those used in the introduction are as follows, X, c, e, h, m 0 having their usual significance (Vol. I, p. 16) : v Wave-number corresponding to X, v = 1/X. TT Designates components with electric vector parallel to H. In other connections, it has its usual significance, TT = 3.14159.
In Bohr's theory (33), „ -= (^1 _ #2)/h, where Ei and Ez are the energy levels of two stationary states. An energy level in an atom is called a term. For a neutral atom, a term sequence is approximately given by N/(n + a)2, where N is characteristic of the atom, a is an empirical constant, and n = 1, 2, 3 . . . According to the vector atomic model (98, 123, 124, 125, 126, 186, 219, 231, 238, 239) an(j ^]16 assumption that the moments of momentum of all rotary motions within the atom are quantized, an energy state, or level, is defined by certain quantum numbers: 1. The n in the term sequence. This was given by Bohr and is related to the size of the electron orbit. 2. The azimuthal quantum number (fc) is related to the shape of the orbit, and is the moment of momentum of the individual electron in its orbit. If the atom contains more than one electron, the total orbital moment of momentum of the entire group is the quantized vector sum of the individual orbital moments. Recently, k has been replaced by I = k — 1, and the vector sum of the Z's is quantized and denoted by L. Terms corresponding to I = O, 1, 2 are denoted by S, P, D, respectively, and the corresponding orbits by s, p, d. 3. The moment of momentum of the spin of each electron on its axis is also quantized and gives the quantum number r, the unit

quantum being J^ (h/2ir). It is supposed that all electrons within an atom spin in the same plane, but not in the same sense. The resultant moment of momentum of the spin of all the electrons is denoted by R. The maximum term multiplicity is 2R -f- 1. 4. The total moment of momentum of the whole atom is J = L + R. This is the inner quantum number j of Sommerfeld. The number of electrons in each orbit defines the configuration of the atom and is indicated thus s2p2d, if there are 2 electrons each in the s- and p-orbits, and one in the d-orbit. From these quantization rules and Pauli's selection rules, it is possible to predict the spectral structure which corresponds to a, given configuration of the atom ( 100 > 101). The general term symbol is a group of the quantum numbers written in the form nrkj, where k is commonly replaced by the S1 P1 D notation, already defined, and whenever j is an odd number of halves, it is replaced by j + /4- The last is for typographical simplicity. Effect of External Magnetic Field (262). i. Normal Zeeman Effect.—Zeeman (2so) discovered that a magnetic field (H) splits a line into polarized components. When viewed at right angles to H there are 3 components; the central one (x-component) coincides •with the unresolved line, and its electric vector is parallel to H] the outer (a) components are equidistant from the central one and their electric vectors are perpendicular to H. When viewed along H there are only two components; these are in the same positions as the ^-components, and are circularly polarized in opposite directions. Various theoretical explanations have been given ( 33 > 51> 129, 230, 250). On the quantum theory the effect of a magnetic field on a spectral term E is AE = horn, or Av = om, where, according to the vector model, the magnetic quantum number m is the projection of j upon the direction of Hj and o = eH/4ircmo is the normal resolution. In combination with the selection rules and the polarization rule for m (Am = O for TTcomponent, Am = ± 1 for ^-component) this gives an explanation of the normal Zeeman effect. 2. Anomalous Zeeman Effect.—For large values of H1 all lines exhibit the normal effect (183), but in weaker fields most lines are split into a greater number of components. This is known as the anomalous effect, of which there are many types. The type is the same for all lines of a spectral series, and for analogous lines of atoms which exhibit the same spectral structure (192). In every case the Zeeman pattern is quite symmetrical about the center, as to distance, polarization, and intensity, and the distances differ little from rational fractions of the normal resolution o (212). See Fig. 1. Hence the effect may be symbolized thus: ± [(1) (3) 5 7 9]/5, indicating, in this case, that ideally the line is split into 10 components, symmetrical about the center and at distances J£, /'ii %i 1Ai and % of the normal resolution o; that the 7r-components are the first and second, in ( ) ; and that the strongest components are the first and fifth, printed in bold-face. This symbolism is used in this report; for comparison with observed distances, which are frequently not rational fractions of o, the ratios are expressed decimally. The formalistic theory of Lande (17) is quite successful in explaining the anomalous effect. On this theory, a magnetic field splits a term into 2j -f- 1 magnetic sublevels having the magnetic quantum numbers m = j, j — 1, . . . , 1 — j, — j. Generally the effect is anomalous and Az/ = ogrm, where g, Landé's splitting factor, measures the spacing of the magnetic sublevels. To represent the observations best, g must be determined in accordance with the matrix mechanics ("), giving g = 1 -fUO' + 1) + r(r -f 1) - k(k + l)]/2j(j + 1). See Table 1. For many atoms the Zeeman effect deviates markedly from the theoretical pattern so determined, g having values not given by the formula. These deviations appear to depend upon two factors. They increase with increasing atomic number, and for a given spectrum they are usually small for the lowest level and increase

progressively as the level increases. In such cases it is supposed that the vector coupling is not normal ( 87 ). These terms are said to be anomalous. In several cases it is not possible to find the theoretical values of g for the individual terms, but Pauli (185) has shown that in all cases the sum of the gr-values for all terms of the same j of a particular configuration is the same as the sum of the theoretical ^-values' (principle of permanence of the

Term Combination 1 s

<°V

Tune '!/P*

\

±(o)i

I

2

Cs1P1)

2

i<—Q, >f<, . Q __^

I

j

H

'(P1D2) 2

I

(PZD2)

Cs1P0)

|j

I ! • :

im

CP2D3)

3

J

±№ 3

l

I I i I I I

K1P2)

2

'

U

®««

±

J I I I

im

I

±a$*

I

±

im

I

№$m

taug*«» I

±

ep

'(W) M I ! I I tfi^s '(S1P2) - M I I l J I I l ±o$ur 3

PoO1)

Ml

*^

'(P1D1)

M l

I

I

**§*-'

J

"w.|

M i l l

I

I*^5

3

IP1D2)

M M !

'(P2D2) '(P2D3)

i i I I! ! (I Ul

Jill

Ml

±m

r

i

!I I I I *T* I) (I I

itSMNfni*

FIQ. 1.—Schematic representation of the types of regular resolution of spectral lines. Dotted lines are 7r-components. Unit of displacement is that of the ^-components of the * (SoPi) lines.

gr-sum). All these rules are empirical; for the heavier atoms departures from them are possible and, when they occur, of importance in the interpretation of the mechanics of the atom.

TABLE 1.—VALUES OF LANDÉ'S SPLITTING FACTOR g 9^1+ [J(J + 1) + r(r + 1) - k(k + l)]/2j(j ">^ /c ^^ O 1 2 3 O g 1 1 2 1 3 1 4 l O 2 I g I i 2 i I $ 3 i U 4 i 0 2 1 5V i 2

S

3 4

§

i

Singlets r =O

2 1 3 l i f f I J9Q2 S H f O « |§ V I ift !! t » II W 2 ¥ ift ¥

i Jè I Quintets r « 2 I

V !8 fi W

O l i u i i Si Jg 18 è

0 1 2 3

§

è i

Triplets r = 1

2 ? ÎI

i i

I

2 y W VH 4 2¥

I

if If

¥

¥

¥ Ii SS

La57

¥

Doublets r = i

S P £ F G S P D f g S

Quartets r =i

i! Sextets r = I

p

V

-i IS II I! W O » » M

Septets Ï r - 3

3 2 Î i« § I i 1 I

I

I

4 5 6 7

K 19 Kr36

+ 1)

*>

lì IH

H

^ O

Octets r = I

Ä P

If HI

D

IS

4 -i § g li le SS ¥ -è H et §3 W m fit A y - I 1 : 2 :3 :4: 5 : 6 : 7 | § : j : I : g : y : y: y

P

Ii

g |

TABLE 2.—BIBLIOGRAPHIC INDEX OF ELEMENTS FOR WHICH THE ZEEMAN EFFECT HAS BEEN INVESTIGATED The atomic number is written as a subscript to the chemical symbol. (The following have not yet (Jan., 1928) been investigated: Ac89, As3S, Cp7I, Cs5S, Dy6C, Em8G, Er68, Eu6S, Ga3I, Gd64, Ge32, Hf 7 2, Hoß7, In49, Lu 7 I, Ma43, Ndeo, Nt8e, Pis, Pa9I, Po84, Pr59, Rb37, Re75, Rn86, Si6, Sa62, Se34, Ta73, Tb65, Te52, Tu69, U92, Xe54, Yb70.)

(34, 183) (132,133)

(220)

Li3 MgI 2

(13, 69, 110, 154, 155, 183, 259, 260) (1, 2, 12, 43, 44, 59, 106, 107, 154, 155, 158, 169, 178, 179, 198, 204, 205, 208, 210, 216, 237)

Mn25 Mo42 N7 Nan

( 5 > H> 1 3 » 7 6 > 135, 136, 154, 155, 157, 158, 191, 198, 200) (5,41,102,103,245) (9, 30, 45, 49, 52, 68, 71, 72, 73, 74, 195, 196) (10, 13, 44, 69, 70, 71, 73, 74, 120, 122, 132, 133, 154, 155, 166, 183, 188, 191, 201, 208, 216, 221, 222, 246, 252, 259, 260,263)

Nb41

(See Cb)

Neio Ni 28 O8 Os76 Pb82 Pd46 Pt78

( 1 4 > I 3 2 , 133, 165, 168, 173, 201, 236) ( 5 , 12» 21, 88, 109, 136, 173, 187, 205, 225, 235, 249) (47,49,75,156,180,183) (160,161) (15,94,194,199,200) (21, 130, 131, 136, 187, 193, 195, 200) (97,139,151,197,200)

Ra88

(217)

Rh45 Ru44 Sb51

(193,195,200,229) (150,193,195,226,227) (94,194,199,200)

Sc21

(8ft)

Sii4 Sn50 Sr38 Th90 Ti22 Tl81 V23 W 74 Yt39 Zn30

(205) (16» 91, 92, 94, 154, 155, 194, 199, 200, 251) (106, 107, 158, 163, 189, 216) (5,44,121,122,162) (5, 7, 8, 25, 115, 116, 117, 118, 198, 200, 218) (10,154,155,208,216,240) (3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 120, 145, 197, 200) (5, 28, 57, 102, 103, 121, 233) (5,160,161,189,220) (2, 7, 44, 59, 65, 67, 73, 74, 109, 154, 155, 158, 177, 178, 179, 184, 191, 198, 204, 205, 208, 210, 216, 221, 222, 232, 240, 241, 242, 243, 249, 251) (160, 161)

A18 Ag47 Al13 Au79

(30,58,132,135,136,154) (21, 23, 154, 155, 199, 200, 216) (184,205,216) (1, 95, 136, 154, 155, 169, 194, 199, 200)

B5 Ba56

(I»») (*> 7 » 8 »

Be4 Bi83

(10,106,107,188) (94, 137, 194, 199, 200, 240)

Br35 C6

(30,113,206) (68,72,154,155,205)

TABLE 3.—ZEEMAN EFFECT FOR Cu, MN, Mo, NE, PB, RH, Sc, SN,

Ca20 Cb41 Cd48

(i 2 » 2 1 » 1 0 6 » i ° 7 » 1 5 8 > 1 6 3 > 1 7 8 > 1 7 9 > 1 8 4 > 189 > 2 0 5 > 2 1 6 > 26 °) (104,105) (2, 7, 8, 44, 65, 109, 137, 154, 155, 158, 177, 178, 179, 184, 190, 191, 198, 204, 205, 208, 210, 216, 221, 222, 232, 240, 251, 252) (121,143) (114) (88,109,220)

For explanation of type notation, see p. 418. Unit of displacement is o = ejo"/47rcm0; o/H = 0.04695 cm"1 per kilogauss. B = broad; 2B0, 2BC = observed, calculated, overall breadth of the resolved line = sum of the displacements of the extreme components: dj D = diffuse, very diffuse; / = displacement of strongest
Ce58 Cl17 Co27 Cr24 Cu29 F9 Fe26

10

»

16

°»

161

>

189

>

191

> 216 « 220)

(See Be)

H1 He2

(30, 31, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 53, 54, 63, 66, 154, 155, (30, 50, 89, 90, 93, 132, 133, 134, 154, 155, 159, 183, 201) ( 1 8 > I 9 » 20, 30, 32, 77, 78, 83, 84, 85, 89, 90, 106, 132, 133, 137, 138, 140, 142, 154, 155, 165, 166, 171, 174, 178, 179, 205, 209, 211, 213, 214, 215, 244, 247, 254, 255, 256, 257, 258, 260) (30,135,248)

I63

Ir77

V, AND W

( 3 > 5 » 6 » 7 » 8 > 5 6 > 5 7 » 6 1 » 62 » 76 I 79 > 95 I I 1 6 » 1 3 6 J 1 5 6 > 1 5 7 I 198, 200, 202, 207, 261) (1, 1°, 22, 61, 62, 95, 136, 154, 155, 165, 169, 191, 199, 200, 216, 228, 251) (35, 36) (2, 5 I 6 » 7 » 21, 25, 26, 27, 55, 88, 95, 109, 116, 117, 118, 120, 136, 152, 153, 154, 155, 172, 204, 205, 235, 249, 253, 254, 260)

Gl4

Hgso

Zr40

(

197

)

176, 183) 164, 165,

107, 109, 167, 170, 216, 222,

Int.

I

X

I

Terms

|

cur

3 1

5554.94 Z0 (0.00) Zc (0.03) 5352.68 Z0 (0.00) Zc (0.29)

4

|

«Dj - *I>4 | ( 22 ) | 1.88 (0.09) (0.14) 1.29 1.34 1.40 1.46 1.51 1.57 I 2p3 _ 4/>4 | (228) | 2.15 (0.86) (1.43) 2.86 2.28 1.72 1.14 0.57 0.00 |

Type

Cu29.—(Continued)

Cu29.—(Continued) Int. 8R 200

Id

100

I

X 5292.55 5218.20 Z0 (0.00) Zc (0.07) 5200.95 Z0 (0.00) Zc (0.26) 5153.26

I

Terms | 4 | Type Cu /.—(Continued) 4 4 228 D4 - D 4 ( ) Z0 (0.00) 1.42; Zc (0.00) 1.43 2 P2 - 2D3 ( 228 ) 1.01 (0.20) 1.00 1.14 1.27 1.40 I 2F3 - 4D3 \ ( 228 ) | 0.73 (0.77) (1.28) 2.15 1.62 1.12 0.60 0.09 228 22Pi - SW2 ( ) Z0 (0.00) 0.89; Zc (0.07) 0.73 0.87

1 50

2 1

4 5111.94 DÎ - 4Di ( 228 ) 5105.58 2/)3 _ 22P2 ( 228 ) Z0 (0.00) 1.10 Zc (0.07) (0.20) 1.00 1.14 1.27 1.40 5016.63 «Da - 4Di ( 228 )

15

4797.07 Z0 (0.00) Ze (0.20) 4767.5 4704.60 Z0 Ze (0.10) 4651.13 Z0 (0.00) Ze (0.05) 4586.97 Zo (0.00) Ze (0.07) 4530.84

4

4509.40

8

4509.39

10 20

4480.38 4275.13 Zo (0.00) Zc (0.09) 4253.34 Z0 (0.00) Ze (0.02) 4248.97 4104.23

Id

20 20

Id 8 3 100

100 2

10 3 2

10 2

10 6

3 3

10

40"62.69 Zo (0.00) Zc (0.07) 4022.67 3648.39 Zo (0.00) Ze (0.02) 3621.25 3614.22 3609.30 Zo (0.97) Ze (0.93) 3602.04 3594.02 Zo Ze (0.20) 3530.39 Zo (0.00) Ze (0.11) 3524.24 Zo (0.00) Ze (0.18) 3457.86 Zo (0.25) Ze (0.27) 3440.52 Z0 Ze (0.20) 3337.85 Z0 (0.00) Zc (0.02)

4

4

F3 - D4

Int. 3 100Or 100Or 8 5

Z0 = Zc (0.00) 0.00 4 Z0 (0.54) 1.63 0.54; Ze (0.60) 1.80 0.60

10

228

( ) 2.05 (0.60) (1.00) 2.43 2.03 1.63 1.23 0.83 0.43 2 D2 - 2D3' ( 228 ) Z0 (0.00) 0.69; Zc (0.00) 0.80 4 F4 - 4Z)4 ( 228 ) (0.65) 1.42 (0.29) (0.48) (0.67) 0.76 0.95 1.14 1.34 1.53 1.72 1.91 4 4 228 I F5 - D4 | ( ) | 1.30 (0.14) (0.24) (0.33) 1.00 1.10 1.19 1.28 1.38 1.48 1.57 4 4 228 1 F4 - D3 1 ( ) | 0.88 (0.20) (0.33) 0.90 1.04 1.17 1.31 1.41 1.57 22P2 - 32Ai ( 228 ) Z0 (0.33) 1.00 1.69; Ze (0.33) 1.00 1.67 4 F2 - 4Di (22) Z0 (0.23) 0.23 0.64; Ze (0.20) 0.20 0.60 4 F2 - 4Di ( 228 ) Z0 (0.21) 0.45; Ze (0.20) 0.60 0.20 22Pi - 32Ai ( 2 2 8 ) Z0 (0.65) 1.33; Ze (0.67) 1.33 4 P3 - 4D4 ( 228 ) 1.13 (0.26) (0.43) 1.00 1.17 1.34 1.52 1.69 1.86 4 I F4 - W3 | ( 228 ) | 1.14 (0.06) (0.10) 1.34 1.30 1.26 1.22 1.18 1.14 4 4 228 Pi - Di ( ) Z0 (1.31) 1.31; Ze (1.33) 1.33 4 P2 - 4Di ( 228 ) Zo (0.87) 2.62 0.87 Zc (0.87) 2.60 0.87 22P2 - 4 2 D 3 (228) 1.06 (0.20) 1.00 1.14 1.27 1.40 2 2 Pi - 42D2 (228) Zo (0.00) 0.82 Ze (0.07) 0.73 0.87 2 2 F3 - G4 (228) 1.05 (0.05) (0.08) 0.97 0.94 0.91 0.87 0.84 0.81 4 4 D 2 - Dg ( 22 S) Z0 (0.00) 1.10; Ze (0.00) 1.20 4 D3 - 4Dg ( 228 ) Z0 (0.00) 1.43; Zc (0.00) 1.37 2 D2 - 4Pi (228) 0.00 0.13 1.73 4 D4 - 4D4 I (228) Z0 (0.00) 1.48; Ze (0.00) 1.43 2 D3 - 4P3 | (22) 0.99 (0.60) (1.00) 0.60 1.00 1.40 1.80 2.20 2 I D2 - "F3 I ( 228 ) | 1.14 (0.34) 1.37 1.14 0.91 0.69 2 | ^3 _ 4p£ | (228) | 1.50 (0.57) (0.95) 2.19 1.81 1.43 1.05 0.67 0.29 2 4 | D 3 - P2 | ( 22 ) | (0.79) 0.33 0.84 (0.80) 0.40 0.93 1.47 2.00 I 2D2 - *F2 | (22) | 0.60 (0.60) 0.20 0.60 1.00 2 I D3 - 4F4 | (228) | 1.28 (0.06) (0.10) 1.34 1.30 1.26 1.22 1.18 1.14

3 10 20 6 4 8 10 6 10 10 20 8 20 2

I

X

I

Terms 4 | Type Cu /.—(Continued) 2 3279.82 | D2 - 2F3 | ( 22 ) | Z0 0.00 1.56 (?) Ze (0.03) (0.09) 0.94 0.89 0.83 0.77 (?) 2 2 3273.97 I Ai - 2 Pi (228) Z0 (0.66) 1.34; Ze (0.67) 1.33 3247.55 I2Si - 22P2 (228) Z0 = Ze = (0.33) 1.00 1.67 4 4 3243.16 F4 - F'5 (228) Zo (0.00) 1.30 Zc (0.05) (0.14) (0.24) (0.33) 1.67 1.57 1.48 1.29 1.19 1.10 1.00 4 4 3235.71 I F2 - F3 | (228) | Zo 0.61 Zc (0.31) (0.94) 1.97 1.34 0.71 0.09 3208.23 I 2D2 _ 4#3 | (22) | Zo (0.19) (0.57) 1.67 Ze (0.28) (0.85) 0.51 1.08 1.66 2.23 3194.10 I 2D2 - 4Da | ( 228 ) | Zo (0.44) 1.05 Ze (0.20) (0.60) 1.40 1.00 0.60 2 3156.62 D2 - «D'; (22) Z0 (0.31) 1.10 Zc (0.40) 0.40 1.20 4 3142.43 «P2 - S2 (228) Zo 0.40 Zc (0.13) (0.40) 2.14 1.87 1.60 4 3108.60 I P3 - 2^ I (228) I Zo 0.51 Ze (0.23) (0.69) (1.15) 0.01 0.45 0.91 1.37 3093.99 I 2D3 - 4D4 | (22) | Zo (0.00) 1.78 Zc (0.11) (0.34) (0.57) 0.85 1.08 1.31 1.54 1.77 2.00 2 3073.80 I D3 _ zp3 I (22) I Z0 (0.30) 1.10 Ze (0.17) (0.51) (0.86) 1.71 1.37 1.03 0.69 0.34 2 3073.80 I D3 _ zp3 | (228) | Z0 0.64 1.51 Ze (0.19) (0.51) (0.86) 1.71 1.37 1.03 0.69 0.34 2 2 3063.42 I D 2 - P2 | (228) | Zo 0.52 1.18 Zc (0.27) (0.80) 1.60 1.06 0.53 2 3036.10 D2 - 2j[/2 (22) Z0 (0.42) (?) Zc (0.00) 1.333 (?) 2 4 3010.84 D3- D3 (228) Zo (0.00) 1.15 Zc (0.09) (0.26) (0.43) 1.63 1.46 1.29 1.12 0.94 2 f 2997.36 I D2 - W 3 \ (228) | Zo (0.21) (0.60) 1.85 Ze (0.20) (0.60) 1.80 1.40 1.00 0.60 2 2961.18 I D3 - 2F4 | (228) | Zo (0.00) 1.17 Ze (0.03) (0.09) (0.14) 1.00 1.06 1.12 1.17 1.23 1.29 2 2 2882.94 | D3 - P2 | (228) | Z0 (0.00) 1.16 Ze (0.07) (0.20) 1.00 1.14 1.27 1.40 2824.38 W3 - W3 (228) Z0 (0.00) 1.23; Ze (0.00) 1.20 2768.89 W* - 32Pi (228) Z0 (0.00) 0.96 Zc (0.07) 0.73 0.87

50Ä 5R 4Ä 2 2Ä

2Ä 2R 2R 2Ä

2 2618.38 D3 - 32P2 ( 228 ) Zo (0.00) 1.12 Ze (0.07) (0.20) 1.00 1.14 1.27 1.40 2 2492.14 | Si _ 4p2 | (228) | Zo (0.00) 1.80 Ze (0.13)1.60 1.87 2 4 2441.62 Si - Pi (22) I Z0 (0.00) 2.27; Ze (0.33) 2.33 2 2369.88 D2 _ ^p3 (228) | Zo (0.00) 1.13 Ze (0.03) (0.09) 0.94 0.89 0.83 0.77 2 2263.09 D2 - 2P^ (228) Z0 (0.00) 0.79 Zc (0.07) 0.73 0.87 2 2230.07 W3 - F4 (228) Zo (0.00) 1.05 Ze (0.03) (0.09) (0.14) 1.00 1.06 1.12 1.17 1.23 1.29 2 2227.74 | D 2 - W3 \ (228) | Zo (0.00) 0.79 Ze (0.03) (0.09) 0.94 0.89 0.83 0.77 2215.65 W2 - W2 (228) Z0 (0.00) 0.96 Ze (0.00) 0.80 2214.56 W3 - 2P2 (228) Z0 (0.00) 1.18 Ze (0.07) (0.20) 1.00 1.14 1.27 1.40 2199.65 W3 - 2D3 (228) Z0 (0.00) 1.17 Ze (0.00) 1.20

Mn26 (H); Int. and X ("); cf. (l12); Terms (U, 37) ; in column (4) are notes and symbols Int. 10Ä

9Ä

9Ä

2 3 9

9 8 7 10

8

6 6

6 6 2 2 4 2 8 4

10 5 9Ä QR

I

X 4823.522

I

Terms »Pe -

8

S4

[ MnJ

4

|

Type

Mn25.—(Continued) Int.

' IQR

r

[(1) (3) (5) (7) 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 231/9 Z0 (0.1108) (0.3324) (0.5540) (0.7756) 0.9973 1.219 1.441 1.662 1.884 Zc (0.111) (0.333) (0.555) (0.778) 1.00 1.22 1.44 1.66 1.89 2.11 2.33 2.55 4783.432 »P4 _ 8£4 I *f [(2) (6) (10) (14) 112 116 120 I 124 128 132 1361/63 Z0 (0.211) 1.785 1.845 1.905 1.966 2.026 2.087 2.147 Ze (0.033) (0.095) (0.158) (0.222) 1.778 1.840 1.904 1.968 2.031 2.094 2.158 4754.058 *P3 - 8S4 r [(D (3) (5) 9 11 13 15 17 191/7 Z0 (0.143) (0.429) (0.716) 1.278 1.565 1.851 2.173 Ze (0.143) (0.429) (0.715) 1.286 1.572 1.857 2.143 2.429 2.175 4 4312.546 | P3 - 4 D 2 | \ [(1) (3) 5 7 9 ll]/5 r Z0 (0.206) (0.618) 1.385 1.797 2.209 Zc (0.2) (0.6) 1.0 1.4 1.8 2.2 4 4284.084 ! P2 - 4Di \ r \ [(13) 13 39J/15 Z0 (0.861) 0.861 2.575; Ze (0.867) 0.867 2.601 4 4281.097 I ^P3 - D3 | r \ [(4) (12) (20) 36 44 52 60 68]/35 Z0 (0.1113) (0.3375) (0.5637) 1.030 1.256 1.482 1.709 1.935 Z6 (0.1143) (0.3429) (0.5715) 1.029 1.257 1.486 1.714 1.943 4 4265.920 | P2 - 4 D 2 | r J [(4) (12) 14 22 30J/15 Zo (0.794) 0.926 1.456 1.986 Ze (0.2667) (0.800) 0.933 1.466 2.00 4 4257.653 | Pi - 4 D i | $ | [(4) 4]/3 Z0 (1.332) 1.332; Z6 (1.333) 1.333 4 4 4239.723 I Pi- Z) 2 | r | [7 (11) 29J/15 Z0 0.4623 (0.7356) 1.895; Z6 0.467 (0.733) 1.933 4 4 4235.306 P3 - D4 I r§ [(3) (9) (15) 35 41 47 53 I 59 651/35 Z0 (0.0865) (0.2595) (0.4325) 0.995 1.168 1.341 1.514 Ze (0.0857) (0.257) (0.429) 1.00 1.171 1.343 1.514 1.686 1.857 4235.125 2 - «Dj r [(U) 17 391/15 Z0 (0.728) 1.135 2.598; Ze (0.733) 1.133 2.600 4055.553 6Z)4 - «Z>4 Ts [(O) 1001/63; Z0 (O) 1.580; Z0 (O) 1.587 4048.760 "D3 - «£>£ r [(U) (33) 141 163 185 2071/105 Z0 (0.1025) (0.3075) 1.345 1.550 1.775 1.960 Ze (0.105) (0.314) 1.343 1.553 1.762 1.972 4041.366 6D6 - 6Dg Ts [(O) 141/9; Z0 (O) 1.554; Ze (O) 1.555 4035.730 «D4 - ^Dg Tp [(77) (231) (385) 3115 3269 3423 3577 3731 37851/2205 Z0 (O) 1.501 4034.489 | «S3 - 6P2 | r | [(1) (3) 7 9 11 131/5 Z0 (0.1997) (0.5991) 1.412 1.811 2.210 2.609 Ze (0.2) (0.6) 1.4 1.8 2.2 2.6 4033.074 *S3 - «P3 ft [(2) (6) (10) 60 64 68 72 761/35 Z0 (0.251) 1.700 1.830 1.946 2.070 2.190 Ze (0.0571) (0.1714) (0.2860) 1.714 1.829 1.943 2.057 2.172

8

8

6 2 5

9

6

10 3

3

4 4 6 6

6

3

5

6

I

X

I

Terms | 4 | Type Mn J.—(Continued) 4030.760 | *S3 - «P4 | r | [(1)(3)(5) 7 9 11 13 15 17J/7 Z0 (0.142) (0.426) (0.710) 0.994 1.278 1.562 1.846 2.130 2.414 Ze (0.143) (0.429) (0.715) 1.000 1.287 1.573 1.862 2.145 2.434 4018.108 6D5 - 6D4 Tp [(1) (3) (5) (7) 9193 95 97 99 101 103 1051/63 Z0 (O) 1.505 3843.985 | 6Di - 6P2 | r |[1 (17) 331/15 Z0 0.076 (1.135) 2.199; Ze 0.067 (1.133) 2.20 3841.081 I 6D2 _ ep3 I r | [(29) 51 (87) 109 167 2251/105 Z0 (0.2794) 0.4831 (0.8316) 1.037 1.592 2.146 Ze (0.2762) 0.4857) (0.8286) 1.038 1.590 2.143 'Z)x - «Ft %% [4 (6)]/3; Z0 1.337 (1.987)5 Z0 3839.777 1.333 (2.000) 3834.363 'D8 - «P4 ** [(287) (861) (1435) 1645 2219 2793 3367 3941 45151/2205 Z0 (0.1297) (0.3891) (0.6485) 0.7393 0.9988 1.258 1.518 Ze (0.1302) (0.3905) (0.6508) 0.7460 1.006 1.276 1.527 1.787 2.047 3833.864 ] 6Z)2 - ep2 | §§ | [(6) 10 (18) 22 341/15 Z0 (0.398) 0.648 (1.194) 1.444 2.240 Ze (0.40) 0.666 (1.20) 1.466 2.266 3829.674 | 6Z)2 -Bp 1 | w \[g (19) 47]/15 Z0 0.605 (1.262) 3.128; Zc 0.600 (1.266) 3.133 3823.896 W3 - 6P8 r [(6) (18) (30) 28 40 52 64 761/35 Z0 (0.173) (0.520) (0.866) 0.787 1.133 1.479 1.825 2.171 Ze (0.71) (0.513) (0.857) 0.798 1.142 1.486 1.830 2.174 3823.515 6Z)4 - 6p8 [(53) (159) (265) (371) 623 r 729 835 941 1047 1153 1259 13651/693 Z0 (0.0764) (0.229) (0.382) (0.535) 0.901 1.053 1.206 1.359 1.512 1.665 Ze (0.0765) (0.229) (0.382) (0.535) 0.899 1.052 1.205 1.358 1.511 1.664 1.817 1.970 3809.599 6Z)4 - 6p, [(6) (18) (30) (42) 58 70 82 94 r 106 118 1301/63 Z0 (0.1124) (0.2990) (0.4856) (0.6722) 0.940 1.128 1.314 1.501 1.688 1.874 2.061 Ze (0.095) (0.286) (0.476) (0.666) 0.921 1.111 1.302 1.492 1.682 1.873 2.063 3806.866 6Z) 6 -Bp 6 2>|||| 3790.215 6Z)5 _ ep6 Qp [(6) (18) (30) (42) (54) 100 112 124 136 148 160 172 184 1961/99 Z0... (0.586).. . 1.460. ..-,Ze... (0.545)... 1.494... 3629.739 ep4 _ ez), Ts[(1) (3) (5) 55 57 59 61 63 651/63 Z0 (O) 1.769 Ze (0.029 0.086 0.143) 1.57 1.63 1.69 1.74 1.80 1.86 3623.790 | "P5 - BZ)2 | Ts- \ [(1) (3) 195 197 199 201J/105 Z0 (O) 1.885 Ze (0.0095) (0.0286) 1.857 1.876 1.895 1.914 3619.399 | 6p2 _ 6Z)1 | | [(7) 29 431/15 r Za (0.459) 1.931 2.869; Ze (0.466) 1.933 2.866 3610.296 I 6P2 _ 6Z)2 | [(4) (12) 24 32 401/15 r Z0 (0.268) (0.805) 1.621 2.152 2.684 Ze (0.266) (0.800) 1.800 2.133 2.666 6 3608.484 P3 _ 6Z)3 [(4) (12) (20) 46 54 62 70 r 781/35 Z0 (0.115) (0.345) (0.571) 1.319 1.549 1.779 2.009 2.240 Ze (0.114) (0.343) (0.572) 1.314 1.543 1.771 2.000 2.230 3607.530 6p4 _ 6Z)4 ^ [(4) (12) (20) (28) 80 88 96 104 112 120 1281/63 Z0 (0.421) 1.308 1.429 1.550 1.671 1.792 1.913 2.034 Ze (0.064) (0.191) (0.317) (0.444) 1.270 1.397 1.523 1.651 1.778 1.904 2.031 3595.112 I 6P2 -BZ)3 I r | [(13) 19 (39) 45 71 971/35 Z0 (0.3661) 0.538 (1.105) 1.276 2.015 2.754 Ze (0.371) 0.543 (1.113) 1.285 2.027 2.769 3586.540 *P3 _ ez)4 [(329) (987) (1645) 1855 2513 r 3171 3828 4485 5145]/2205 Z0 (0.145) (0.435) (0.725) 0.8495 1.139 1.429 1.719 2.009 2.299 Ze (0.149) (0.447) (0.745) 0.842 1.139 1.438 1.736 2.035 2.333 3577.880 6P4 - 6Z)6 I r [(5) (15) (25) (35) 63 73 83 93 I 103 113 123 1331/63 Zo (0.0768) (0.2304) (0.3840) (0.5376) 0.9977 1.151 1.304 1.458 1.620 1.770 Zc (0.0793) (0.238) (0.397) (0.555) 1.000 1.159 1.317 1.476 1.635 1.794

Int.

I

X

I

Mn25.—(Continued] Terms | 4 |

Mo42.—(Continued) Type

""

Mn /.—(Continued) 2801.076 I «S3 - 8P2 I [(D (3) 7 9 11 13]/5 Z0 (0.199) (0.597) 1.395 1.793 2.191 2.589 Zc (0.2) (0.6) 1.4 1.8 2.2 2.6 Mn II 6 6 3497.540 | P2 - 6 D i | r 1 [(O) (2) 9 11 13]/6 Z0 (O) (0.332) 1.493 1.825 2.157 Zc (0.0) (0.333) 1.5 1.833 2.166 8 3495.840 «Pi - 6Z)0 T [(O) 5]/2; Z0 (O) 2.498; Ze (0.0) 2.5 6 8 3488.618 Pi - *Z>i r [(2) 3 5]/2 Z0 (0.9987) 1.499 2.498; Ze (1.0) 1.5 2.5 7 3482.918 | "P2 - 6Z)2 | r | [(2) (4) 7 9 11 13J/6 Z0 (0.3312) (0.6624) 1.165 1.496 1.827 2.158 Ze (0.333) (0.666) 1.166 1.50 1.833 2.167 6 8 3460.332 | P2 - 6Z)3 | r | [(O) (2) (4) 5 7 9 11 13]/6 Z0 (0.0) (0.329) (0.658) 0.8294 1.159 1.488 1.817 Z0 (0.0) (0.333) (0.666) 0.833 1.166 1.50 1.833 2.167 6 9 3441.999 P3 - 5Z)4 *** [(O) (1) (2) (3) 6 7 8 9 10 11 12]/6 Z0 (0.0) (0.1655) (0.331) (0.4965) 0.9992 1.165 1.330 1.496 Ze (0.0) (0.166) (0.332) (0.498) 1.00 1.166 1.333 1.50 1.66 1.83 2.00 10 2949.207 | "S2 - 6P3 | r | [(O) (1) (2) 3 4 5 6 7]/3 Z0 (O) (0.336) (0.672) 0.995 1.331 1.667 2.003 Ze (0.0) (0.333) (0.667) 1.00 1.333 1.667 2.00 2.333 6 9 2939.315 | S2 - "P2 | fff | [(D (2) 10 11 12 13]/6 Z0 (0.331) 1.837 2.01 Ze (0.167) (0.334) 1.667 1.833 2.00 2.167 6 8 2933.066 | S2 - "P1 | r | [(O) (1) 3 4 5]/2 Z0 (O) (0.501) 1.490 1.991 2.492 Ze (0.0) (0.5) 1.5 2.0 2.5 9 2605.695 | 'S8 - 7P2 | rd \ [(O) (1) (2) 4 5 6 7 8]/3 Z0 (0.0) (0.347) (0.694) 1.275 1.622 1.969 2.316 Ze (0.0) (0.333) (0.666) 1.333 1.667 2.00 2.33 2.67 7 9 2593.734 A3 - ^p3 \\\ [(2) (4) (6) 17 19 21 23 25 27]/12 Z0 (0.495) 1.760 1.920 Ze (0.167) (0.334) (0.500) 1.417 1.584 1.750 1.916 2.083 2.250 7 10 2576.116 S3 - ^P4 r [(O) (1) (2) (3) 4 5 6 7 8 9 10]/4 Z0 (O) (0.248) (0.496) (0.744) 0.992 1.240 1.488 1.736 Ze (0.0) (0.25) (0.5) (0.75) 1.0 1.25 1.50 1.75 2.0 2.25 2.5 * Very asymmetric; disturbed by preceding line, t Resolution is complete for o-, but not for TT. J The TT- and tr-components coincide. § Disturbed by following line. || Disturbed by preceding line. I All components very broad. ** Partial coincidence with following line, ft Very asymmetric; ^-components not completely resolved. JÎ Possibly disturbed. §§ Partial coincidence with preceding line. II Il Qualitatively correct, but not measurable. ^fTf Only the ^-components on short-X side are completely resolved. *** TT-components completely resolved;
Int. 6

6 3

3

3 3 2 3

2 1 1 4 2

2 3

2

3 1 3 3

3 2 2 3

3

Mo42 ( 2 4 5 ); Int. (96); X (245) ; cf. ("2); spectral structure (39, m, 6030.65

4 4

3

4 4 4 6

148, 245) Mo I 6 Pa - 6Z)4 *

2 [(O) (1) (2) (3) 6 7 8 9 10 11 121/6

Zo 1.0 Ze (O) (0.167) (0.333) (0.500) 1.000 1.167 1.333 1.500 1.667 1.8332.000 6 6 5791.88 I Pi - Z)2 I I [(O) 1 (2) 3 5]/2 Z0 (O) 0.503 1.006 1.509 2.515 Ze (O) 0.500 1.000 1.500 2.500 5751.42 I 6P2 - 6Z)2 | | [(2) (4) 7 9 11 13]/6 Z0 (0.332) (0.664) 1.163 1.494 1.826 2.159 Ze (0.333) (0.667) 1.167 1.500 1.833 2.167 6 5722.78 P3 - 6Z)2 \ w \ [(O) (1) (2) 8 9 10 11 12]/6 Z0 (O) (0.17) (0.34) 2.00 Ze (O) (0.167) (0.333) 1.333 1.500 1.667 1.833 2.000 6 5689.22 | Pi - 'D1 | | [(2) 3 5]/2 Z0 (0.990) 1.485 2.475; Zc (1.000) 1.500 2.500 6 6 5650.15 I P2 - Di I [(O) (2) 9 11 13]/6 Zo (O) (0.334) 1.505 1.838 2.173 Ze (O) (0.333) 1.500 1.833 2.167 5632.48 "Pi - 6Z)0 [(O) 5]/2; Z0 (O) 2.51; Ze (O) 2.50 6 6 5570.57 S2 - Pi [(O) (1) 3 4 5]/2 Z0 = Zc = (O) (0.500) 1.500 2.000 2.500

3 3 2 10 2 2 2 10

3 3 2 1 2 10

I

X

I

Terms | 4 | Type Mo Z.—(Continued) 6 5533.06 i S2 - 6P2 | | [(D (2) 10 11 12 13]/6 Z0 (0.168) (0.334) 1.670 1.838 2.006 2.173 Ze (0.167) (0.333) 1.667 1.833 2.000 2.167 5506.54 I BA2 - 5P3 I I [(O) (1) (2) 3 4 5 6 7]/3 Z0 = Ze = (O) (0.333) (0.667) 1.000 1.333 1.667 2.000 2.333 6 4662.94 | *P( - Z) 3 \ f | [(O) (2) (4) 5 7 9 11 13J/6 Z0 (O) (0.324) (0.650) 0.809 1.136 1.455 1.780 2.111 Ze (O) (0.333) (0.667) 0.833 1.167 1.500 1.833 2.167 6 4626.65 P3 _ 6^4 J [(O) (1) (2) (3) 6 7 8 9 10 11 12]/6 Z0 (O) (0.163) (0.327) (0.488) 0.975 Ze (O) (0.167) (0.333) (0.500) 1.000 1.1671.333 1.500 1.6671.8832.000 6 4595.32 | P1' - 6Di | | [(2) 3 5]/2 Z0 = Zc = (1.00) 1.50 2.50 6 6 4576.67 | P2 - Z)2 [ \ [(2) (4) 7 9 11 13J/6 Z0 = Ze = (0.333) (0.667) 1.167 1.500 1.833 2.167 6 6 4558.29 P1' - Z)0 [(O) 51/2; Z0 = Ze = (O) 2.500 6 4524.50 Pg - 5D3 (1) (2) (3) 7 8 9 10 11 12]/6 Z0 (0.166) (0.332) (0.498) 1.163 1.327 1.493 1.660 1.824 1.990 Ze (0.167) (0.334) (0.500) 1.167 1.333 1.500 1.667 1.833 2.000 4485.15 Z0 (O) (0.478) (0.957) (1.435) O 0.478 0.957 1.435 1.914 2.392 4472.20 Z0 (O) 0.996 | | 4391.70 Z0 (O) (2.06) 1.03 3.09 5.15 4381.85 Z0§ (0.372) (0.651) (0.929) (1.207) 1.485 1.7632.041 2.319 6 4380.49 Z)4 - sp4 [(3) (6) (9) (12) 18 21 24 27 30 33 36 39]/20 Z0 0.6 1.4 Ze (0.15) (0.30) (0.45) (0.60) 0.90 1.05 1.20 1.35 1.50 1.65 1.80 1.95 6 6 4369.25 | D3 - P3 | \ [(D (2) (3) 3 4 5 6 7 8]/4 Z0 (0.243) (0.485) (0.730) 0.730 0.970 1.214 1.455 1.700 1.940 Ze (0.250) (0.500) (0.750) 0.750 1.000 1.250 1.500 1.750 2.000 6 4350.52 I Z)2 - W2 \ \ [(1) (2) (3) 1 2 3 41/2 Z0 (0.500) (0.999) 0.500 0.999 1.499 1.998 Ze (0.500) (1.000) 0.500 1.000 1.500 2.000 4341.58 Z0 (O) 0.797 6 Z)i - 6Pi [(3) O 3]/2 4326.90 Z0 (1.503) O 1.503; Zc (1.500) O 1.503 4326.29 Z0 (O) (0.343) (0.686) O 0.343 0.686 1.029 1.372 4296.34 Z0 (O) 1.051 5 4294.03 Z)0 - 5Pi [(O) O]; Z0 = Z6 = (O) O 6 4293.42 Z)2 - 6P3 [(O) (1) (2) 3 4 5 6 7]/4 Z0 (O) (0.252) (0.504) 0.756 1.008 1.260 1.512 1.764 Ze (O) (0.250) (0.500) 0.750 1.000 1.250 1.500 1.750 6 4292.37 | Z)i - 6P2 | | [(O) (1) 1 2 3]/2 Z0 = Ze= (O) (0.500) 0.500 1.000 1.500 4291.40 Z0 (O) 1.171 4289.58 Z0 (O) 1.065 6 4288.82 Z)3 - 6Fi \\ [(O) (3) (6) (9) 18 21 24 27 30 33 36J/20 Z0 (O) 0.9 Ze (O) (0.15) (0.30) (0.45) 0.90 1.05 1.20 1.35 1.50 1.65 1.80 6 4277.49 Z)4 - 6P6 [(O) (1) (2) (3) (4) 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18J/10 Z0 1.0 Ze (O) (0.1) (0.2) (0.3) (0.4) 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 4269.47 Z0 (O) 1.200 Z0 (O) 1.133 4255.10 4232.82 Z0 (O) 1.09 If 4120.29 Z0 (O) 1.176 \ 4105.24 Z0 O 1.02 7 3903.11 A3 - 7P2 [(O) (1) (2) 4 5 6 7 8]/3 Z0 = Ze = (O) (0.333) (0.667) 1.333 1.667 2.000 2.333 2.667 6 6 3901.93 Z)4 - Z)3 [(O) 3J/2; Z0 (O) 1.498 6 3886.98 Z)3 - 6Z)^ [(O) 3]/2; Z0 (O) 1.507 6 6 3869.23 D2 - Z)J [(O) 3]/2; Z0 (O) 1.500 7 3864.30 A3 - 7P3 ** [(1) (2) (3) 21 22 23 24 25 26J/12 6 6 3851.54 Z)1 - Z)0 ft [(O) 3]/2; Z0 (O) 1.460 6 5 3833.88 D4 - D4 [(O) 3]/2; Z0 (O) 1.497 5 3829.02 D3 - 6Z)3* 1(0) 3]/2; Z0 (O) 1.498 5 6 3826.85 D2 - D2 [(O 3]/2; Z0 (O) 1.499 3825.50 Z0 (O) 0.756 5 3823.13 Di - 6Z)J [(O) 3]/2; Z0 (O) 1.515 7 3798.41 A3 - 7P4 [(O) (1) (^ 3) 4 5 6 7 8 9 10J/4 Z0 (O) (0.248) (0.495) (0.743) 0.990 1.238 1.485 1.733 1.980 2.203 2.475 Zc (O) (0.250) (0.500) (0.750) 1.000 1.250 1.500 1.750 2.000 2.250 2.500

Mo42.—(Continued)

Mo42.—(Continued) Int. 2 2 2 2 1 1 3 3 2 2 2 2 1 2

8§§ 10

2 10

10 2 2 2 6 5 15 6 5 3 6 8 10 15 3 4 4 8

I

X

I

Terms | 4 | Type Mo J.—(Continued) 3797.42 ^D0 - 5D1' [(O) 3]/2; Z0 (O) 1.498 3781.78 BD2 - 6Di [(O) 3]/2; Z0 (O) 1.464 6 3770.60 6D2 - D3 [(O) 3]/2; Z0 (O) 1.501 3763.50 6D3 - 6D4 [(O) 3]/2; Z0 (O) 1.490 3728.41 Z0 (O) 1.222 3717.04 Z0 (O) 1.060 3695.14 Z0 (O) (0.266) (0.532) 0.055 0.321 0.587 0.853 1.119 3680.81 Z0 (0.963) 1.360 1.568 1.775 1.985 2.194 3677.64 Z0 (O) 1.570 3640.78 Z0 (O) 1.161 3626.36 Z0 (O) 1.500 3612.61 Z0 (O) 1.216 3571.41 Z0 (O) 1.134 3475.19 Zo (1.116) 1.116 2.232 3447.29 5D4 - 6F6 [(O) (1) (2) (3) (4) 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 181/10 Z0 0.9 Zc (O) (0.1) (0.2) (0.3) (0.4) 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 3443.42 Z0 (O) 1.500 3438.97 Zo (O) 0.776 3422.47 Z0 (O) 1.512 3404.50 *D3 - 5F3 [(D (2) (3) 3 4 5 6 7 8]/4 Z0 (0.263) (0.526) (0.789) 0.789 1.060 1.322 1.590 Ze (0.250) (0.500) (0.750) 0.750 1.000 1.250 1.500 1.750 2.000 6 D3 - 6F4 [(O) (3) (6) (9) 18 21 24 27 30 3384.80 33 36]/20 Z0 0.8 3382.66 Z0(O) 1.468 3363.98 'D2 - 'P3 [(O) (1) (2) 1 2 3 4 5]/2 Z0 (O) (0.502) (1.005) 0.502 1.005 1.507 2.010 2.501 Ze (O) (0.500) (1.000) 0.500 1.000 1.500 2.000 2.500 3358.26 I *D2 - 6F3 | ÎÎ | [(O) (1) (2) 3 4 5 6 7]/4 Z0 (O) (0.243) (0.487) 0.725 0.965 1.215 1.458 1.700 Ze (O) (0.250) (0.500) 0.750 1.000 1.250 1.500 1.750 5 3347.17 Do - 6Fi Z0 = Ze (O) O 3344.90 ^D1 - 5F2 [(O) (1) 1 2 31/2 Z0 (O) (0.503) 0.503 1.006 1.509 Ze (O) (0.500) 0.500 1.000 1.500 3194.11 I ^S3 - tP'i I I [(O) (1) (2) 4 5 6 7 8]/3 Z0 (O) (0.327) (0.647) 1.302 1.615 1.940 2.271 2.591 Ze (O) (0.333) (0.667) 1.333 1.667 2.000 2.333 2.667 3132.70 7£3 - 7Pi [(O) (1) (2) (3) 4 5 6 7 8 9 103/4 Z0 (O) (0.252) (0.505) (0.758) 1.010 1.263 1.515 1.768 2.020 2.247 2.525 Z6 (O) (0.250) (0.500) (0.750) 1.000 1.250 1.500 1.750 2.000 2.250 2.500 MoIJ 4433.70 I 4P 1 -^ 2 I I [(U) 7 29J/15 Z0 (0.730) 0.464 1.929; Ze (0.733) 0.466 1.933 4377.92 I «Pi - 4Di | | [(4) 4}/3 Z0 (2.672) 2.672; Ze (2.666) 2.666 4363.10 Z0 (0.283) (0.749) 0.433 0.999 1.565 2.131 4328.19 Z0 (0.135) (0.406) 0.677 0.948 1.219 1.390 4279.20 ^p2 - 4/)2 I I [(4) (12) 14 22 30J/15 Z0 (0.270) (0.806) 0.942 1.480 2.022 Ze (0.267) (0.799) 0.933 1.465 2.000 4250.85 Z0 (0.171) (0.514) (0.856) 0.514 0.856 1.199 1.541 1.883 4227.23 | 4p2 _ ^1 | | [(13) 13 39J/15 Z0 (0.885) 0.885 2.655; Z* (0.866) 0.866 2.600 4147.02 Z0 (0.20) 0.93 1.33 4125.80 Z0 (O) 1.159 I 4122.52 Z0 (O) 0.716 TpB \ 4119.78 Z0 (0.169) (0.506) (0.843) 0.506 0.843 1.180 3961.61 Z0 (0.099) (0.297) (0.495) 0.829 3786.52 Z0 (0.495) 1.155 | | 3755.63 Z0 (0.108) (0.323) (0.538) 0.753 0.968 1.183 1.398 1.613 3744.55 Z0 (O) 0.986 3742.49 *D2 - *F2 \ \ [(2) (6) O 4 8J/5 Z0 (0.396) 1.888 O 0.792 1.584 Zc (0.4,00) 1.200 O 0.800 1.600 3702.72 I 4D1 _ W2 I I [(l) l 3J/5 Z0 (0.204) 0.204 0.612; Z6 (0.200) 0.200 0.600 3692.82 2/0 = 1.58 I T PB 3688.49 Z0 (O) 1.263 | Tp 3670.87 Z0 (0.150) 0.150 0.300 3658.41 Z0 1.227 I 3652.61 Z0 (O) 1.171 I 3651.30 ZoIIII (0.108) (0.325) (0.541) . . . 1.793

Int.

I

X

I

Terms | 4 [ Type Mo II.—(Continued) 3 3591.84 Z0 (O) 0.618 2 3528.04 Z0 (O) 1.096 2 3346.35 Z9 (O) 1.462 2 3287.35 Z0 (0.696) 2.087 3 3254.83 Z0 (1.33) 1.133 3 2965.40 "D4 - «F3 [(43) (129) (215) 285 371 457 543 629 7151/315 Z0 (0.136) (0.410) (0.683) . . . 2.270 Ze (0.136) (0.410) (0.683) 0.905 1.178 1.451 1.724 1.997 2.270 4 2963.92 "D3 - *F2 [(31) (93) 81 143 205 2671/105 Z0 (0.296) (0.890) 0.775 1.368 1.962 2.551 Ze (0.295) (0.886) 0.771 1.362 1.954 2.543 5 2934.41 6Di - 6Fi [(6) 4]/3; Z0 = Z0 (2.000) 1.333 4 2930.60 6D2 - 6F2 [(6) (18) 10 22 341/15 Z0 (0.398) (1.196) 0.664 1.461 2.258 Ze (0.400) (1.200) 0.667 1.468 2.267 12 2923.50 6D3 _ 6^3 ^ [(6) (18) (30) 28 40 52 64 761/35 Z0 (. . . ) 0.803 1.147 1.490 1.835 2.179 Zc (. . . ) 0.800 1.143 1.486 1.828 2.171 10 2912.02 I 6D4 _ 6F4 [(6) (ig) (30) (42) 58 70 82 94 I 106 118 130J/63 2B0 = 4.17, 2Be = 4.127 6 8 2909.20 I JT)1 _ 6F2 [(17) _ i 33J/15 Z0 (1.133) 0.000 2.200; Zc (1.133) -0.066 2.200 2896.22 6£)6 _ 6F6 [(5) (i5) (25) (35) (45) 99 109 119 129 1391/99 2f0 = 1.96, 2/e = 2.00 5 2894.52 *D6 - *F6 [(6) (18) (30) (42) (54) 100 112 124 135 148 160 J/99 2B0 = 3.96, 2Be = 4.2 4 2891.10 I 6/)2 - 6F3 [(29) (87) 51 109167 2251/105 Zo (0.275) (0.825) 0.483 1.033 1.583 2.132 Zc (0.276) (0.829) 0.486 1.038 1.590 2.143 10 2871.61 6D3 - 6F4 [(41) (123) (185) 235 317 399 481 563 6451/315 2/0 = 1.54, 2/e = 1.49 12 2848.30 «D4 - 6F6 [(53) (159) (265) (371) 623 729 835 941-J/693 2/0 = 1.70, 2/e = 1.798 6 3 2729.71 I P2 _ 6D3 [(13) (39) 19 45 71 971/35 Z0 (0.369) 1.108 0.539 1.277 2.014 2.751 Ze (0.371) 1.115 0.543 1.286 2.028 2.771 6 10 2701.49 I P2 - 6D2 I I [(4) (12) 24 32 401/15 Zo (0.267) (0.799) 1.698 2.131 2.664 Ze (0.267) (0.800) 1.600 2.133 2.667 8 2683.30 I 6P2 _ 6D1 I | [(7) 29 43J/15 Zo (0.468) 1.938 2.873; Z0 (0.467) 1.933 2.867 10 2660.69 6D6 - 6D4' [(1) (3) (5; (7) 91 93 95 97 99 101 103 1051/63 2/0 = 2.85, 2/e = 2.88 7 2653.47 | 6D 4 - 6D3' [(U) (33) (55) 445 489 511 533 5551/315 2f0 = 2.86, 2/e = 2.825 8 2646.57 | 6D3 - 6D2 [(U) 33141 163 185 207J/105 2fo = 2.72, 2/e = 2.68 7 2636.74 | 6D2 - 6D1 [(U) 17 391/15 Z0 (0.734) 1.135 2.604; Ze (0.733) 1.133 2.600 3 2619.40 6D1 - 6D1' [(O) 10J/3; Z0 = Ze - (O) (0.333) 8 5 2602.92 6Di - D2 [(U) 17 39J/15 Zo 0.737 1.139 2.612; Ze 0.733 1.133 2.600 4 2593.82 | 6D2 - 6D3 [(U) 33 141 163 185 207J/105 2/0 = 2.64, 2/e = 2.68 6 2586.01 6D4 - 6D5 [(1) (3) (5) (7) 91 93 95 97 99 101 1031/63 2/0 = 2.6, 2/e = 2.88 * Number (21) of components is correct, but components are not measurable. t Measured components on one side, others obscured by X = 4662.11. J Resolution of «r-components is visible, but not measurable. § All ^-components of same intensity. Type is extraordinarily asymmetric. II Components resolved, but not measurable. If Pseudo-type with narrow components. *•* Not resolved, but type is qualitatively correct, ft Obscured. JJ Asymmetrically distorted; not completely resolved. §§ From ( 64 ). Il Il The inner
Nei«, (14); Int. and X ( 181 > 182); Terms (101); letters in column (4) indicate the ground type: type a: Jx > jy, gx < gv, ± [(O) 1 3 4 5]/2; type b: Jx > jyj gx > gy, ± [(O) 1 3 4 6]/2; type c: J* = Jv9 9* 7* ffv, ± [ 1 2 3 4 5 6]/2; type d: Jx or J11 = O, gx = gv, ± [(Q) 41/2. Int. 10 10

10

2

9

15 6 15

20

12 10

6

15 15

12 12

6 8

10 10 12

10

20

50

I

X

I

Terms

| 4 | Type "" NeJ 7245.165 I 3Pi - 3S1 | c \ [(8) 22 30J/15 Z0 (0.515) 1.454 1.979; Ze (0.533) 1.467 2.000 7032.410 I 3P2 _ 3Si I a | [(O) (1) 2 3 4]/2 Z0 (O) (0.488) 1.013 1.5006 1.988 Zc (O) (0.500) 1.000 1.500 2.000 6929.465 | iPi - 3P2 | 6 | [(O) (6) 31 37 43J/30 Z0 (O) (0.1933) 1.026 1.224 1.423 Zc (O) (0.200) 1.033 1.233 1.433 6717.042 I IP1 - Wi \ c \ [(1) 30 31J/30 Zo (0.0442) 0.9908 1.035; a>s not completely resolved Ze (0.0333) 1.000 1.033 6678.275 | iPi - 3Z)2 | b \ [(O) (8) 31 39 47]/30 Z0 (O) (0.260) 1.035 1.297 1.559 Ze (O) (0.2667) 1.033 1.300 1.567 6598.953 | IP1 - 3P1 | c | [(9) 31 40]/30 Z0 (0.2996) 1.0343 1.335; Z6 (0.300) 1.033 1.333 3 6532.881 P0 - 'P1 d [(O) 2]/3; Z0 (O) 0.6639; Ze (O) 0.667 3 6506.527 P1 - iD2 a [(O) (5) 12 17 22J/15 Z0 (O) (0.3289) 0.8064 1.137 1.468 Ze (O) (0.333) 0.800 1.133 1.467 3 6402.246 | P2 - 3Z>2 | a \ [(O) (1) (2) 6 7 8 9 10J/6 Zo (O) (0.1643) (0.3286) 0.9951 1.164 1.334 1.503 1.672 Zc (O) (0.1667) (0.333) 1.000 1.1667 1.333 1.500 1.667 3 6382.991 | P1 - iPi | c | [10 (12) 22]/15 Z0 0.6689 (0.7875) 1.469; Ze 0.667 (0.800) 1.467 3 6334.428 | P2 - 1D2 | c | [(U) (22) 23 34 45 56J/30 Z0 (0.3670) (0.7340) 0.7723 1.139 1.497 1.845 Zc (0.367) (0.733) 0.767 1.133 1.500 1.867 3 6304.789 | P1 _ sp2 | a | [(0) (7) 30 37 44J/30 Z0 (O) (0.2272) 0.9964 1.235 1.473 Ze (O) (0.233) 1.000 1.233 1.467 3 6266.495 P0 _ 3D1 d [(O) 1]/1 ; Z0 (O) 0.9937; Z0 (O) 1.00 3 6217.279 P2 _ Ip1 5 [(O) 4 (5) 9 14]/6 Zo (O) 0.6680 (0.8228) 1.4985 2.329 Ze (O) 0.667 (0.833) 1.500 2.333 3 6163.594 P 0 - 3P1 d [(O) 4]/3; Z0 (O) 1.339; Zc (O) 1.333 3 6143.061 P2 _ sp2 c [(8) (16) 29 37 45 53J/30 Z0 (0.2718) (0.5436) 0.9646 1.233 1.499 1.768 Ze (0.2667) (0.5333) 0.9667 1.233 1.500 1.767 6128.457 | 3P1 _ 3D1 | | [(7) 15 22J/15 c Z0 (0.4730) 0.9860 1.455; Zc (0.4667) 1.000 1.467 6096.162 I 3P1 _ 3£>2 I a \ [(Q) (5) 34 39 44J/30 Z0 (O) (0.1650) 1.133 1.303 1.474 Zc (O) (0.1667) 1.133 1.300 1.467 3 6074.337 P1-IAo d [(O) 22]/15; Z0 (O) 1.465; Z0 (O) 1.467 6029.999 3P1 _ Sp1 [(2) 20 22J/15 c Z0 (0.1240) 1.333 1.470; Z6 (0.133) 1.333 1.467 5975.534 | 3P2 _ 3^1 | \ [(Q) (1) 2 3 4]/2 b Z0 (O) (0.4902) 1.025 1.516 2.007 Ze (O) (0.500) 1.000 1.500 2.000 5944.834 | 3p2 _ 3£>2 | | [(2) (4) 11 13 15 17]/10 c Z0 (0.204) (0.409) 1.101 1.304 1.506 1.708 Ze (0.200) (0.400) 1.100 1.300 1.500 1.700 3 5881.896 | P2 - 3P1 | 6 | [(O) (1) 8 9 10]/6 Z0 (O) (0.1533) 1.349 1.505 1.662 Ze (O) (0.1667) 1.333 1.500 1.667 5852.487 IP1 - 3P0 d [(O) 31]/30; Z0 (O) 1.034; Zc (O) 1.033

Pb82 ( 15 ); spectral structure ("i 82)

Pbg2.—(Continued) Int.

I

X

I

Terms

|

4

|

Type

Pb J.—(Continued) 4057.92 I 2p3P2 - 2s3Pi | | [(O) (1) 18 19 20J/15 Z0 (O) (0.075) 1.194 ^f Zc (O) (0.067) 1.200 1.267 1.333 3 4019.62 2pi/)2 - Sd3F3 | Tyf | [(O) (7) 14 53 60 67 74 81J/60 Z0 (O) (0.102) 0.202 0.913 1.015 Z0 (O) (0.117) 0.233 0.883 1.000 1.117 1.233 1.350 5 3740.00 I 2pi£>2 - Ss3P2 | [(8) (16) 29 37 45 53]/30 Z0 (0.269) (0.538) 0.957 1.225 1.490 1.752 Zc (0.267) (0.533) 0.967 1.233 1.500 1.767 6 3683.47 2p3Pi - 2s3Po [(O) 3]/2; Z0 (O) 1.494; Ze (O) 1.500 3 3671.50 2pi£>2 - Ss3Pi ^f Î f(0) (S) 34 37 40J/30 Z0 (O) (0.066) 1.149 1.255 Z6 (O) (0.100) 1.133 1.233 1.333 Better | | [(O) (2) 35 37 39]/30 Ze (O) (0.067) 1.167 1.233 1.300 6 3639.57 | 2P3P1 _ 2S3P1 | | [(1) 8 9]/6 Z0 (0.166) 1.336 1.502; Z6 (0.167) 1.333 1.500 5 3572.77 | 2pi£>2 - 3siPi | | [(O) (3) 34 37 40J/30 Zo (O) (0.113) 1.142 1.239 1.337 Zc (O) (0.100) 1.133 1.233 1.333 Tyf 4 2873.29 | 2p3P2 _ 3^D2 | | [(7) (14) 5 12 19 26J/15 Z0 (0.477) (0.953) 0.316 0.796 1.269 1.748 Ze (0.467) (0.934) 0.333 0.800 1.267 1.734 6 2833.06 2p3Po - 2S3P1 § [(O) 4]/3; Z0 (O) 1.340 ;Z C (O) 1.333 4 2823.20 2p3P2 - Sd3P2 Tps[(O) (1) (2) 74 75 76 77J/60 Z0 (O) 1.260 Ze (O) (0.017) (0.034) 1.233 1.250 1.267 1.284 5 2802.01 2p3p2 _ 3rf3ps [(0) (9) (18) 49 58 67 76 s, r 851/60 Z0 (O) (0.155) (0.310) 0.808 0.962 1.116 1.271 Zc (O) (0.150) (0.300) 0.817 0.967 1.117 1.267 1.417 4 2663.17 I 2p3P2 - Ss3P2 | | [(7) (14) 31 38 45 52]/60 Z0 (0.221) (0.442) 1.039 1.266 1.493 1.719 Ze (0.233) (0.466) 1.033 1.267 1.500 1.733 5 2614.20 2P3P1 - 3<№ | || | [(O) (1) 4 5 6]/4 Z0 (O) (0.249) 0.995 1.246 1.499 Ze (O) (0.250) 1.000 1.250 1.500 I 3 2613.68 I 2P3P1 - 3O3Z)1 | l | [(19) 26 45]/30 Zo (0.632) 0.793 1.507; Zc (0.633) 0.864 1.500 3 4 2577.28 | 2p P2 - 3S^P1 | | [(O) (2) 17 19 21J/15 Zo (O) (0.147) 1.135 1.270 1.420 Ze (O) (0.133) 1.131 1.267 1.400 4 2476.39 2P3P1 - 3s3p2 [(O) 3]/2; Z0 (O) 1.506; Zc (O) 1.500 4 2446.20 2P3P1 - 3s3Pi [(1) 8 9]/6 Z0 (0.188) 1.307 1.495; Zc (0.167) 1.333 1.500 (Better) Zc (0.200) 1.300 1.500 [(2) 13 15]/10 4 2443.84 2p3Pi - 3s3Po [(O) 3]/2; Z0 (O) 1.505;ZC (O) 1.500 4 2401.94 2P3P1 - 3S^P1 [(U) 34 45]/30 Zo 0.378 1.126 1.505; Z6 0.367 1.133 1.500 5 2393.80 I I ** I Pb II Int. (60) 10 6660.05 [(2) 4]/3; Z0 (0.669) 1.340; Ze (0.667) 1.333 15 5608.90 [(1) 3 5]/3 Zo (0.336) 0.988 1.656; Zc (0.333) 1.000 1.667 5 2203.41 I I I [(1) 3 5]/3 Z0 (0.324) 1.004 1.682; Zc (0.333) 1.000 1.667 * Deviation 2 %. t Distance of components ; the unit is o = normal resolution. Î Distorted, but completely resolved. § Reversed in Pb-arc, sharp in Sn-arc. Il Distorted by X = 2613.68. Tf Distorted by X = 2614.20. Very asymmetric. Calculated type is based on 4062 and 3639, and accords with distorted type of 2613. ** Not resolved; type considered similar to that of 2802. 6

Pb I 4 3

4

5005.45

2PiSo-SsIP 1

[(O) 17J/15; Z0 (O) 1.112; Zc (O) 1.133 4168.04 2pi£>2 - Sd D2 [11 (13) 24 (26) 37 50]/30 Z0 0.367 (0.428) 0.796 (0.856) 1.234 1.656 Ze 0.367 (0.433) 0.800 (0.866) 1.233 1.667 4062.15 I 2piZ>2 - 3d*Di \ | [(O) (1) 26 37 48]/30 Z0 (O) (0.366) 0.865 1.232 1.597 Zo (O) (0.367) 0.867 1.233 1.600 3

*

Pt78 ( 97 ); Int. (108); Terms (97, 139, I5i) ; terms ÌA ( ) are uncertain Pt I 6 6 4 2

5478.50 5475.78 5390.80 5387.88

Zo Z0 Z Z0

(O) (0.32) (O) (0.45)

1.33 1.26 1.38 0.88

Pt?s.—(Continued)

Pt7S.—(Continued) Int. 4

O O 6 3 0 6

1 1 Od 5 4 2 2 4 0 4 1 1 2 4 5 1 4 4 4 5d 5d 5d 1 6 3 2 5r 3 1 3d 1 3 1 4 6 4d 3 2 3 4 2d O 2 4

I

X

I

Terms [ 4 | Type Pt J.—(Continued) 5368.99 | 3Fz _ (pg) | | Qx = o.92, gv = 1.19 Z0 (O) (0.27) (0.55) 1.73 Zc (O) (0.27) (0.54) 0.65 0.92 1.19 1.46 1.73 5328.60 Z0 (O) 1.03 5324.59 3Pi - (os) Z0 (O) 1.51 5319.34 Z0 (O) 1.05 5301.02 Z0 (O) 1.15 1 5260.86 G4 - (Fs) Z0 (O) 0.81 5257.48 Z0 (O) 1.29 3 5227.66 P2 _ (D2) Qx = 1.19,* Qy = 1.37* Z0 (0.36) 1.29 Zc (0.18) (0.36) 1.01 1.19 1.37 1.55 5199.26 Z0 (O) (1.05) 5193.91 Z0 (O) (1.03) 5130.91 (3Di) - (Po) QX = 0.50, gy = O Z0 = Zc (O) 0.50 1 5118.44 Z)2 - (I)2) Z0 (O) 1.00 5108.45 Z0 (O) 1.10 5095.82 Z0 (O) 1.08 5082.35 Z0 (O) 1.12 5059.50 Z0 (O) 1.24 5033.54 Z0 (O) 1.15 5002.65 Z0 (O) 1.34 4997.98 Z0 (O) 0.95 Z0 (O) 1.15 4940.15 4879.55 Z0 (0.31) 1.23 4862.40 Z0 (0.33) 1.17 4853.93 Z0 (O) 1.50 4831.97 Z0 (O) 1.26 4772.32 Z0 (O) 1.37 Z0 (O) 0.79 4768.12 4737.50 IZ)2 - (Pi or Zh) gx = 1.00, gy = 1.50 Z0 (O) (0.50) 0.50 1.02 1.52 Zc (O) (0.50) 0.50 1.00 1.50 4684.10 I 3^p2 _ (D1) I Igx = 0.92,* gy = 1.13* Z0 (O) 0.86 Zc (O) (0.21) 0.71 0.92 1.13 4657.95 Z0 (O) 1.46 4650.07 Z0 (O)' 1.15 3 4640.82 (F2) - ( Di) gx = 0.82,* gv = 0.50* Z0 (O) 1.13 Z0 (O) (0.32) 0.50 0.82 £.24 4577.42 | sp2 _ (^2) | ] Qx = Q.92,* gy = 1.17* Z0 (0.35) 1.2 Zc (0.21) (0.50) 0.67 0.92 1.17 1.42 4554.59 | 3P1 _ (^2) | | Qx = 1.42,* gy = 1.40* Z0 (O) 1.35 Ze (O) (0.02) 1.38 1.40 1.42 4552.42 Z0 (0.36) 1.2 4523.00 Z0 (O) 1.23 4520.91 Z0 (O) 1.20 4515.66 Z0 (O) 1.61 4498.75 Z0 (O) 1.13 4493.16 Z0 (O) (0.57) 1.12 1.75 4486.73 Z0 (O) 1.23 4484.72 Z0 (O) 1.20 4481.64 Sp1 _ (P0) Qx = 1.42; 9v = O Z0 = Ze (O) 1.42 4480.33 Z0 (0.63) 1.29 4473.45 Z0 (O) 1.36 4465.13 Z0 (0.31) 1.24 4458.65 Z0 (O) 1.04 4457.06 _ Z0 (O) 0.92 4445.56 Wi - (Dz) gx = 0.45, gy = 1.37 Z0 (O) (0.88) 0.45 1.39 2.21 Zc (O) (0.88) 0.50 1.37 12.24 4442.52 | 3F3 - (Dz) | gx = 1.03, gy = 1.37 Z0 (O) (0.33) (0.68) 0.33 0.68 1.04 1.36 1.69 Z, (O) (0.34) (0.68) 0.35 0.69 1.03 1.37 1.71 4437.31 Z0 (O) 1.28 4430.24 Z0 (O) 1.10 4414.28 Z0 (O) 1.55 4411.43 Z0 (O) 1.34 4364.46 Z0 (O) 0.80 4358.36 Z0 (0.22) 1.09 4343.70 Z0 (O) (0.57) 1.15 1.74 4334.70 Z0 (O) 0.95 4327.07 Z0 (O) 1.37

Int.

2 4

1 2 2 1 2 4 4 5 1 2 2 3 3 1 4 4 5 3 2 4 4 5 2 3 4 4 4 4 4 1 4 1 6 6 3 5 2

3 6 5

4 2 4 6 4

I

X

I

Terms | 4 | Pt J.—(Continued)

Type

4309.18 Z0 (O) 1.51 Z0 (O) 1.10 4304.91 4290.97 Z0 (O) 1.10 3 4288.08 P2 - (Fz) gx = 0.92,* gy = 0.82 Z0 (0.23) 0.90 Ze (0.10) (0.20) 0.72 0.82 0.92 1.02 4281.78 I Sp2 - (Di) I |0* = 1.20,* gv = 1.13* Z0 (O) 1.21 Zc (O) (0.07) 1.13 1.20 1.27 4269.25 Z0 (O) 1.03 4263.53 Z0 (O) 1.04 4259.97 Z0 (O) 1.57 4251.16 Z0 (O) 0.88 4201.14 _ Z 0 (O) 1.06 4192.43 3P2 - (Dz) gx = 1.20,* gv = 1.17* Z0 (O) 1.16 Ze (0.03) (0.06) 1.14 1.17 1.20 1.23 4164.54 I 3p3 _ (P3) I \gx = 1.04,* gv = 1.19* Z0 (0.36) 0.92 1.41 Zc (0.15) (0.30) (0.45) 0.74 0.89 1.04 1.19 1.34 1.49 4118.69 Z0 (O) (0.60) 1.42 1.67 4081.48 Z0 (O) 1.29 4065.94 Z0 (0.37) 1.25 4054.78 Z0 (O) 1.21 _ Zo (O) 1.05 4000.72 3996.59 Sp2 - (Jp2) Qx = o.92, gv = 1.40 Z0 (0.51) (0.92) 0.42 0.92 1.41 1.90 Ze (0.49) (0.98) 0.43 0.92 1.41 1.90 3966.35 Z0 (0.53) 1.52 3953.63 _ Z0 (0.75) 1.56 3948.38 3p2 _ (p2) gx = 1.20, gy = 0.82 Z0 (0.34) (0.73) 0.73 1.20 1.58 Z0 (0.38) (0.76) 0.44 0.82 1.20 1.58 3925.34 Z0 (O) 1.33 3922.97 Z0 (O) 1.34 3910.90 Z0 (O) 1.23 3906.27 Z0 (O) 1.02 3898.74 Z0 (0.36) 1.36 3819.88 Z0 (O) 1.08 3818.69 Z0 (O) 1.36 3720.74 Z0 (O) 1.15 3706.54 _ _ Z0 (0.41) 1.04 3699.89 ^p2 _ (^2) gx = 1.20,* gy = 1.40* Z0 (0.44) 1.27 1.61 Ze (0.20) (0.40) 1.00 1.20 1.40 1.60 3687.45 Z0 (O) 1.36 3683.02 Z0 (O) 1.54 3 3674.05 Di - (Dz) gx = 0.59, gy = 1.17 Z0 (O) (0.60) 1.15 1.76 Z0 (O) (0.58) 0.59 1.17 1.76 3672.00 I I \gx = 1.04,* 0y = 1.17* Z0 (O) 1.00 Zc (O) (0.13) (0.26) 0.78 0.91 1.04 1.17 1.30 3668.39 Z0 (O) 0.98 3663.09 Z0 (O) 1.18 3652.26 Z0 (O) 1.35 3643.16 Z0 (O) 1.16 3638.78 Z0 (O) 1.20 1.80 3628.84 Z0 (O) 1.30 3628.11 Z0 (O) 1.34 3610.91 sp2 _ (P1 or DI) gx = 0.92,* gy = 1.50* Z0 (O) 1.01 Ze (O) (0.48) 0.34^0.82 1.50 3 3587.38 | Pi - (P0) | | Qx =.1.50, gv = O Z0 (O) 1.49; Zc (O) 1.50 3 3485.27 | Di - (Fz) \ \ gx = 0.49, gv = 0.87 Z0 (O) (0.38) 0.88 1.25 Ze (O) (0.38) 0.49_0.87 1.25 3483.42 | 3^3 _ (p2) | | Qs = i.04,* gy = 0.87* Z0 (O) 1.43 Ze (O) (0.17) (0.34) 0.70 0.87 1.04 1.21 1.38 3464.43 Z0 (O) 0.81 3427.94 Z0 (O) 1.16 3421.72 Z0 (0.29) 1.02 3417.05 Z0 (O) 0.87 3343.90 Z0 (O) 0.48 3323.80 Z0 (O) 1.60 3315.03 Ze (O) 1.72

Pt?8.—(Continued) Int. 6

4 4 2 4 6 5 4 5 5 6 4 5

6Ä

4Ä 7Ä

4 2 4 8Ä 3 4

4 2 4 5 6 4 4 4 2 fcA 4 6 5Ä 4 4 4 4Ä 4 4 4 8Ä 6Ä 4 5Ä 6 4 5Ä 4 10Ä 4Ä 6Ä 5 4 4 4

I

X

I

Terms

|

4

|

Rh4S.—(Continued) Type

Pt I.—(Continued) 3290.20 I Wi - (Di) I I Qx = 0.51, gy = 1.39 Z0 (O) (0.86) 1.36 2.27 Zc (O) (0.88) 0.51 1.39 2.27 3268.38 Z0 (O) 1.28 3261.67 Z0 (O) 1.00 3261.08 Z0 (O) 1.29 3259.72 Z0 (O) 0.93 1 3255.93 So - (Di) Qx = O, gv = 1.13 Z0 = Zc = (O) 1.13 3251.97 I 3Di - (Po) | | Qx = 0.46, gv = O Zo = Ze = (O) 0.46 3250.33 Z0 (O) 1.39 3240.20 Z0 (O) 1.03 3230.29 Zo (O) 1.17 3204.06 Z0 (O) 1.31 3200.69 Zo (O) 1.13 3 3156.56 Di - (Pi) g» = 0.50, gy = 1.10 Zo (0.60) 1.10 Zc (0.60) 0.50 1.10 _ 3 3064.69 | D3 - (£2) gx = 1.33,* gv = 1.37* Z0 (O) 1.25 Zc (O) (0.02) (0.04) 1.30 1.32 1.33 1.35 1.37 3042.63 I Z0 (O) 1.61 1 2997.97 D2 - (F3) \ gx = 1.00,* gv = 1.19* Zo (O) (?) 1.15 Zc (O) (0.19) (0.38) 0.81 1.00 1.19 1.38 1.57 2989.80 Zo (O) 1.45 2983.74 Z0 (0.72) 2.13 2959.09 Z0 (O) 1.59 2929.79 Z0 (O) 1.64 2921.40 Zo (O) 1.39 8 2919.35 P2 - (Fa) gx = 1.20,* gy = 1.19 Zo (O) 1.16 Ze (O) (0.30) 0.90 1.20 1.50 2913.57 Z0 (O) (0.82) 2.02 2913.30 Zo (O) 1.11 2905.90 Z0 (O) 1.10 2897.89 Z0 (O) 1.26 2893.87 Zo (O) 1.66 2893.26 Z0 (O) 1.00 2888.20 Zo (O) 1.15 2870.47 Z0 (O) 1.51 2839.23 Z0 (O) 1.34 2830.29 Zo (O) 1.52 2818.23 Z0 (O) 1.23 2803.22 IA0-(Pi) g» = 0,gy = 1.04; Z0 <= Zc = (O) 1.04 2794.20 Z0 (O) 1.42 2793.28 Zo (O) 1.28 2773.99 Z0 (O) 1.45 2773.28 Z0 (O) 1.28 2771.65 Zo (O) 1.12 2754.90 Z0 (O) 1.33 2747.59 Z0 (O) 1.21 2738.45 Z0 (O) 1.17 2733.96 Z0 (O) 1.20 2719.02 Zo (O) 1.42 2713.09 Zo (O) 1.65 2705.88 __ Zo (O) 1.51 1 2698.40 So - (Pi or I)1) Qx = O, gy = 1.49; Z0 = Zc = (O) 1.49 2694.20 Zo (O) 1.29 2677.13 Zo (O) 1.71 2674.54 Z0 (O) 1.58 2659.44 Z0 (0.40) 1.20 2650.84 Z0 (O) 1.55 2646.87 Z0 (O) 1.43 2639.83 Z0 (O) 1.27 2619.56 Zo (O) 1.29 2596.00 Zo (O) 1.55 2505.93 Z0 (O) 1.69

Int. 6

5

5

7

7

5

3

4

6

4

4 5

4

5 0 5

5

4

4 4

5

2 4 5

1

4

4 4 4

* This value is assumed known from other calculations.

4

7

4842.40 Z0 (0.00) Zc (0.14) 4675.03 Z0 Ze (0.14)

Rh45 ("9) _ Rh 7 4P8 _ 4p4 0.50 (0.40) (0.77) 0.66 0.99 1.20 1.46 1.74 2.00 I 2p4 - 4Z>4 | | 0.94 (0.43) (0.71) (1.00) 0.43 0.71 1.00 1.28 1.57 1.86 2.14

5

I

X

I

|

4

|

Type

Rh /.—(Continued) 4 4569.01 I P3 - 404 I I Z0 (0.25) 0.000.49 Zc (0.31) (0.93) (1.55) O1OS 0.57 0.67 1.29 1.91 2.53 4528.74 | 2p3 _ 4p4 | | Z0 (0.00) • 1.76 Zc (0.18) (0.57) (0.95) 0.29 0.67 1.05 1.43 1.81 2.19 4 4379.93 | P3 - 2Z)3 | | Zo (0.71) 1.21 Ze (0.20) (0.60) (1.00) 0.66 1.00 1.40 1.80 2.20 4374.81 I 2^4-- 4(Jf6 | | Z0 (0.00) 1.26 Zc (0.02) (0.06) (0.10) (0.14) 1.02 1.06 1.10 1.14 1.18 1.22 1.261.30 4288.72 | 2p3 _ 4^4 | | Z0 (0.00) 1.21 Z0 (0.00) (0.19) (0.32) 0.67 0.80 0.92 1.05 1.18 1.30 4211.15 I 2p4 _ 4p5 I I Z0 (0.00) 1.74 Ze (0.01) (0.29) (0.48) (0.67) 0.67 0.86 1.05 1.24 1.43 1.62 1.81 2.00 4 4196.51 P3 - 2^4 Zo (0.41) 0.87 Ze (0.35) (1.06) (1.77) 0.17 0.54 0.88 1.25 1.95 2.66 2 4135.30 I P4 _ 4p4 I YS \ Z0 (0.00) 1.15 Zc (0.05) (0.14) (0.33) Œ91 1.00 1.10 1.19 1.28 1.38 1.48 2 4128.93 I P3 _ 2p4 I I Zo (0.00) 1.59 Ze (0.14) (0.43) (0.71) 0.43 0.71 1.00 1.29 1.57 1.86 2 2 4121.72 I P3 - D3 I I Zo (0.00) 1.00 Zc (0.17) (0.51)^0.86) 0.34 0.69 1.03 1.37 1.71 4077.59 *D'3 - ( 4 Dj) * I Z 0 (0.00) 1.30; Zc (0.00) 1.2OT 2 3996.16 P2 - (4Dj) * | Zo (0.00) 1.10 Ze (0.03) (0.07) 1.30 1.35 1.40 1.44 4 3995.62 | P2 - 4Ps | | Z0 (0.00) 1.33 Zc (0.06) (0.19) 1.41 1.54 1.66 1.79 3984.41 _*P2 - 4p2 Zo (0.19) 1.52; Ze (0.00) 1.73 2 3975.32 D 3 - (4D^) * Z0 (0.00) 1.19; Z0 (0.00) 1.2O 2 3958.86 p3 _ ^ 4 Z0 (0.00) 1.07 Zc (0.02) (0.05) (0.08) 0.81 0.84 0.87 0.91 0.94 0.97 4 4 3942.71 I P2 - Pi t gX0 = 1.56, Qy0 = 2.06 QXC = 1.73, gye = 2.67 3934.23 | 2p4 _ 4#4 Zo (0.44) 1.09 Ze (0.08) (0.24) (0.55) 0.54 0.75 0.90 1.06 1.22 1.38 1.54 3922.18 2]j)2 _ 4.D1 Z0 (0.36) 0.36 1.09; Ze (QAO) 0.40 1.20 2 3856.51 F4 - 2G5 Z0 (0.00) 1.19 Ze (0.02) (0.05) (0.08) (0.12) 1.00 1.03 1.06 1.09 1.13 1.16 1.19 1.22 2 3833.87 | p3 _ 2jD2 | | Z0 (0.00) 0.97 Ze (0.03) (0.09) 0.77 0.83 0.89 0.94 4 4 3828.47 P3 - P3 Ts Z0 (0.00) 1.48; Zc (0.00) 1.60 3822.25 2p3 _ 2p3 Zo (0.16) 0.99; Ze (0.00) 0.86 4 3818.20 P3 - 4P2 Ts Z0 (0.00) 1.46 Zc (0.06) (0.19) 1.41 1.54 1.66 1.79 2 3816.46 I ^2' _ (2p3') I * I Z0 (0.00) 1.09 Zc (0.03) (0.09) 0.77 0.83 0.89 0.94 3806.77 I 4Ps - 4D3 | | Zo 0.60 1.16 Ze (0.17) (0.51M0.86) 0.51 0.86 1.20 1.54 1.89 2 3805.92 D3 - 2D31 Zo (0.28) 1.19; Ze (0.00) 1.20 2 3799.32 P4 - 2P4 Ts Z0 (0.00) 1.12; Zc (0.00) 1.14 2 3793.22 p4 _ zDs Zo (0.00) 1.56 Zc (0.03) (0.09) (0.14) 1.00 1.06 1.12 1.17 1.23 1.29 3788.58 I 2Da - 2D3 t Qx0 = 1.15,

5

Terms

gxc = 3765.08 gxt = gxc =

Qy0 —

0.88

1.20, gyc = 0.80 2 I P4 _ 4O3 1.19, gVo = 0.98 1.14, gye = 0.57

t

Rh45.—(Continued) Int. 5 4

4 8 5

3 10 4 6 5 4 7

3 8 6 7

5 4 5 5 6 4 4 4 5 4 7 4 4

8

7

I

X

I

Terms | 4 | Type Rh /.—(Continued) 4 3748.23 | P2 - 4Z)3* I | Z0 (0.20) 0.60 0.98 1.40 1.82 Zc (0.18) (0.54) 0.83 1.19 1.55 1.92 3744.18 I 2p2 _ (4£>2) I * I Z0 (0.00) 1.26 Zc (0.06) (0.19) 1.39 1.26 1.14 3735.28 | 2Z)3 - (2K) I * I Z0 (0.00) 1.19 Ze (0.03) (0.09) (0.14) 1.00 1.06 1.12 1.17 1.23 1.29 3700.90 I 4P4 - 4Gs I | ' Z0 (0.00) 1.15 Ze (0.03) (0.10) (0.17) (0.23) 0.94 1.00 1.07 1.141.201.271.331.40 3698.61 I 2£6 _ (2p2) I * I Z0 (0.00) 1.02 Ze (0.02) (0.05) (0.08) (0.11) 1.00 1.03 1.06 1.09 1.13 1.161.191.22 3698.27 | 4Pi - 4Dj I I Z0 (0.77) 0.37 1.91 Ze (0.73) 0.47 1.93 4 3692.36 I P6 - 4Z)4 I I Z0 (0.00) 1.27 Ze (0.05) (0.14) (0.24) (0.33) 1.00 1.10 1.19 1.28 1.38 1.48 1.57 1.67 3690.72 2£>3 _ 4£>2 Ts Z0 (0.00) 1.06; Ze (0.00) 1.20 2 3681.06 P2 - (2Dl) * Z0 (0.00) 1.40 Ze (0.07) (0.20) 1.00 1.14 1.27 1.40 4 3674.77 Pi — 2P2 Z0 (0.63) 0.63 1.92 Ze (0.67) 0.67 1.99 2 3666.92 P2 _. 2p| TS Z0 (0.00) 1.26; Zc (0.00) 1.33 4 3666.23 F3 - 4P4 Ts Zo (0.00) 1.18 Ze (0.10) (0.31)^0.52) 0.71 0.92 1.13 1.34 1.55 1.76 3661.88 I 2G4 - (4K) I * I Z0 (0.00) 0.69 Ze (0.06) (0.17) (0.28) 0.62 0.73 0.85 0.96 1.07 1.18 3658.00 I 4F4 - 4Z)3 I I Z0 (0.00) 1.19 Ze (0.07) (0.20) (0.33) 0.90 1.04 1.17 1.31 1.44 1.57 4 3639.53 Pj - 4Dj I Z0 = Ze = (1.33) 1.33 4 3626.61 Ps - 4Z)'4 I Z0 (0.00) 1.01 Ze (0.09) (0.26) (0.43) U)O 1.17 1.34 1.52 1.69 1.86 3620.47 I 2P3 - 4Pa I I Z0 (0.20) 0.20 0.72 Ze (0.37) (1.11) 0.25 0.49 1.23 1.97 3614.78 I 2£4 _ (2p2j I * I Z0 (0.00) 0.81 Ze (0.02) (0.05) (0.08) 0.81 0.84 0.87 0.91 0.94 0.97 4 3612.47 P2 - 4Di Z0 (0.23) 0.23 0.69 Ze (0.20) 0.20 0.60 4 4 3605.88 P2 - Dg t Qx0 » 1.60, 0„0 - 1.17 Qx0 = 1.73, Qyc_ = 1.20 2 3597.15 I Ds - 4G4 Z0 (0.00) 0.72 Ze (0.11) (0.33) (0.55) 0.43 0.65 0.87 1.09 4 4 3596.19 I F3 - Z)2 I I Z0 (0.00) 1.02 Zc (0.09) (0.26) 0.77 0.94 1.11 1.29 4 3583.09 I P 4 - 4Ps | 1 Zo (0.00) 1.36 Ze (0.05) (0.14) (0.24) (0.33) 1.00 1.10 1.19 1.29 1.38 1.48 1.57 1.67 4 4 3570.18 I P2 - Ps t Qx0 = 0.84, Qy0 = 0.47 gxe = 1.03, gyc = 0.40 2 3543.97 Z)2 - 2Z)2 Zo (0.24) 0.85; Ze (0.00) 0.80 4 3541.92 Pi-2Pg Z0 (0.64) 0.64 1.95; Zc (0.67) 0.67 1.99 4 3528.03 P4 - 4P4 Z0 (0.28) 1.23; Ze (0.00) 1.24 2 2 3513.11 Pi - Pi Z0 (0.33) 1.73 1.03 Ze (0.33) 1.67 1.00 4 4 3507.32 P3 - G4 Zo (0.00) 0.91 Ze (0.02) (0.07) (0.11) 0.87 0.92 0.96 1.01 1.05 1.10 4 4 3502.54 I P5 - G5 I I Z0 (0.63) 1.30 Zc (0.08) (0.24) (0.40) (0.57) (0.73) 0.61 0.77 0.93 1.04 1.26 1.42 1.58 1.74 1.90 4 3498.74 | P2 - 2Z)3 t Qx0 = 0.52, Qy0 =1.03 gxc = 0.40, gyc = 1.20

Rh45.—(Continued) Int. 4 4 5

4 4

I

X 3484.04 Z0 (0.00) Ze (0.03) 3478.91 3474.79 Qx0 = Qxe = 3470.67 3462.04

I

Terms | 4 | Type Rh I.—(Continued) 2 I Z)3 - 2P4 | Ts \ 1.12 (0.08) (0.14) 1.00 1.06 1.12 1.17 1.23 1.29 2 2 Z)3 - Z)3 Z0 (0.30) 1.07; Zc (0.00) 1.20 4 P2 - 4G3 f 0.94, QVO = 0.48 0.57, gye = 0.40 4 P2 - 4P2 Z0 (0.14) 0.53; Ze (0.00) 0.40 4 P3 - 4P3 t

Qx0 = 1.08,

7 8

6

0.80

Qy0 =

gxc = 1.03, gye => 1.03 4 3434.90 I P5 - 4O6 Zo (0.00) 1.18 Zc (0.03) (0.09) (0.15) (0.21) (0.27) 1.00 1.06 1.12 1.18 1.24 1.30 1.36 1.42 1.49 1.55 _ 4 3399.68 | P3 - 2P4 | Ts \ Z0 (0.00) 1.13 Ze (0.06) (0.17) (0.29) 0.86 0.97 1.09 1.20 1.32 1.43 4 4 3396.82 P6 - P5 Zo (0.28) 1.34; Ze (0.00) 1.33 4 3372.84 P3 - 4G3 Zo (0.42) 1.03 Ze (0.23) (0.69) (1.14) O1Il 0.34 0.80 1.26 1.71 4 4 3368.38 | P3 - P2 t Qx0 = 1.04,

0.48

Qy0 =

Qxe = 1.03, gyc = 0.40 4 6 3323.09 I P4 - 2G6 Zo (0.00) 1.07 Ze (0.06) (0.19) (0.32) (0.44) 0.67 0.79 0.92 1.05 1.18 1.30 1.42 1.55 4 2 4 3283.57 | P3 - G4 | | Zo (0.00) 0.67 Ze (0.06) (0.17) (0.28) O.62 0.73 0.85 0.96 1.07 1.18 4 4 3280.54 I P4 - 2P4 I I Z0 0.39 1.25 Ze (0.05) (0.14) (0.24) (0.32) 0.91 1.00 1.10 1.19 1.28 1.38 1.48 2 2 8 3271.61 I Z)3 - Z)2 I I Zo (0.00) 1.38 Zc (0.20) (0.60) CK60 1.00 1.40 1.80 2 8 3263.14 I Z)3 - 2Ps I I Zo (0.28) 1.05 Ze (0.17) (0.51) (0.86) 0.34 0.69 1.03 1.37 1.71 2 6 3191.18 I Z)2 - 4Z)3' t Qx0 = 1.24, Qy0 = 0.81 g xe = 1.37, Qy6 = 0.80 * Second term—(D) 1 (F)—not positively established. t If type deviates from the theoretical one, the author gives only g-values.

Sc2I ( 86 ); Int. and X ( 64 ); cf. ( 147 ); spectral structure (38, 40, so, 10 30 20 15 30 30 5

20 20 30 20 20

86, 146, 149) Sc I 4047.81 I Z)3 - Z)2 I I [(1) (3) 5 7 9]/5 Zo 1.77 1.39 0.98 (0.59) (0.19) (0.19) (0.56) 0.96 1.33 1.71 Ze 1.80 1.40 1.00 (0.60) (0.20) (0.20) (0.60) 1.00 1.40 1.80 2 4023.68 | D3 - 2Z)J | s | [(O) 6]/5 Zo 1.21 (O) 1.21; Zc 1.20 (O) 1.20 4020.40 I 2D2 _ 2£>2' I g I [(o) 4]/5 Z 0.80 (O) 0.81 ; Zc 0.80 (O) 0.80 2 3996.61 I Z)2 - 2D3* | | [(i) (3) 5 7 9)75 Zo 1.79 1.40 1.00 (0.62) (0.19 (0.19) (0.56) 0.98 1.40 1.76 Ze 1.80 1.40 1.00 (0.60) (0.20) (0.20) (0.60) 1.00 1.40 1.80 2 3911.88 Z)3 - 2P4 s»* [(1) (3) (5) 35 37 39 41 43 45]/35 2

2

Zo 1.07 (O) 1.06; Ze 1.00 (O) 1.00 3907.54 | 2Z)2-2P3 | s _* | [(!) (3) 27 29 31 33J/35 Zo 0.90 (O) 0.91 ; Ze 0.94 (O) 0.94 2 2 3269.84 | Z)2 - Pi | W1 d \ [(1) 11 13J/15 Zo 0.87 (O) 0.76 Ze 0.86 0.74 (0.07) (0.07) 0.74 0.86 ScIZ 4415.55 I "p; _ 3p2 I s Zo 0.69 (O) 0.67; Zc 0.67 (O) 0.67 4400.39 I 3P3" - 3P3 I s Zo 1.09 (O) 1.10; Ze 1.08 (O) 1.08 3 3 4374.51 I P4 - P4 I s Z0 1.28 (O) 1.37; Zc 1.25 (O) 1.25 3 3 4325.00 I P2" - Z>i | S0* Zo 0.79 (O) O 79; Ze 0.83 (O) 0.83 3 4320.75 P^ - *D'2 s»*

Z0 0.98 (O) 0.96; Z0 0.92 (O) 0.92

I [(o) 2]/3 | [(0) 13]/12 | [(O) 5]/4 | [(O) (1) 3 4 5]/6 [(O) (1) (2) (3) 11 12 13 14 15 16]/12

Sc2i»—(Continued] Int.

I

X

I

Terms | 4 | Type Sc 11.—(Continued) 30 4314.09 «Fi - 3Dg s»* [(O) (1) (2) (3) 12 13 14 15 16 17 181/12 Z0 1.09 (O) 1.10; Zc 1.00 (O) 1.00 50 4246.88 sZ0 0.99 (O) 0.98 3 20 3651.99 D2 - 3F2 tî [1 (3) 4 (6) 7 10J/6 Z0 1.58 1.00 0.57 0.57 1.04 1.67 Zc 1.67 1.17 (1.00) 0.67 (0.50) 0.16 0.16 (0.50) 0.67 (1.00) 1.17 1.67 15 3645.48 W3 - W3 ± D* [(3) (6) (9) 7 10 13 16 19 22]/12 Z0 (?) 0.69 0.68 (?) Zc 1.21 (0.75) (0.75) 1.21 3 50 3642.96 | Di - 3F2 B, S0* \ [(O) (1) 3 4 5]/6 Zo 0.78 (O) 0.77; Zc 0.83 (O) 0.83 3 100 3630.75 I 3D2 - F3 s»*§ [(O) (1) (2) (3) 11 12 13 14 15 I 16]/12 Z0 1.03 (O) 1.03; Zc 0.92 (O) 0.92 100 3613.83 I W3 - 3^4 [(O) (1) (2) (3) 12 13 14 15 16 Si* I 17 18J/12 Z0 1.11 (O) 1.12; Zc 1.00 (O) 1.00 3 3 10 3590.52 I D3 - D2 | «0*111" [(O) (1) (2) 6 7 8 9 10]/6 Z0 1.42 (O) 1.51; Zc 1.67 (O) 1.67 10 3589.67 I 3£)2 _ 3^1' I Jif [(O) 3 4 7 ll]/6 Z0 1.83 1.17 0.65 (O) 0.61 1.18 1.76 Zc 1.83 1.17 (0.67) 0.50 (O) 0.50 (0.67) 1.17 1.83 20 3580.98 | 3Di - W{ \ s \ [(O) l]/2 Z0 0.51 (O) 0.51; Ze 0.50 (O) 0.50 3 3 30 3576.37 | D2 - D 2 " | s | [(O) 7]/6 Z0 1.14 (O) 1.19; Ze 1.17 (O) 1.17 3 3 50 3572.57 | D3 - Dg | s | [(O) 4]/3 Z0 1.31 (O) 1.34; Ze 1.33 (O) 1.33 3 20 3567.72 | Wi - D2" \ % \ [(O) 3 (4) 7 11J/6 Z0 1.83 1.16 0.64 (O) 0.64 1.15 1.82 Ze 1.83 1.17 (0.67) 0.50 (O) 0.50 (0.67) 1.17 1.83 20 3558.56 | W2 - W'3 \ S0* \ [(O) (1) (2) 6 7 8 9 10]/6 Zo 1.63 (O) 1.64; Ze 1.67 (O) 1.67 10 3535.74 I Z9 1.98 (O) 1.02 10 3372.16 I 3D3 - 3Pi «t* [(O) (1) (2) 6 7 8 9 10]/6 Zo 1.16 (O) 1.13; Ze 1.00 (O) 1.00 8 3359.69 | W* - 3Pi | _L D* | [(2) (4) 5 7 9 11J/6 Z0 (?) 0.66 0.66 (?) Ze 1.33 (0.67) (0.67) 1.33 20 3353.74 | | d \ Z0 1.00 (O) 1.00 * Only strongest components of Ze are given decimally, t Asymmetric; inner components too weak. Î Measured on plate with two states of polarization. § Splitting-up is too great, cf. X = 4320.75. U Splitting-up is too simple, cf. X = 3558.56. t The 1.42 of X = 3590.52 coincides with the 1.76 of X = 3589.67

Sn60 ( 9 2 )j cf. (16); spectral structure (ie, 92, 141, 175, 203, 264) 3 15 30 5 20 100 3 100 5 6Ä 8 50 10 20 10 30

Sn 7; Int. («<); X 0«); Terms (92) Ss3Pj - 2P1Sj Z0 = Ze = (O) 1.38 Ss1Pj - 2P1Sj Z0 = Ze = (O) 1.115 3 1 Ss Pj - 2^ Dg Z0 = Z0 = (O) (0.34) 0.715 1.06 1.40 1 3655.78 SdW1 - 2P Sj Z0 = Zc = (O) 0.64 3 1 3330.60 Ss Pg - 2P D^ Z0 (0.44) (0.89) 0.59 1.07 1.51 1.96 Ze (0.45) (0.90) 0.60 1.06 1.51 1.96 3262.33 | Ss1Pj - 2pW'2 | | Z0 (O) 1.01 Ze (O) (0.07) 0.97 1.04 1.12 3218.690 4s3Pj - 2P1Sj I * I Z0 = Z0 - (O) 1.32 3175.039 Ss3Pj - 2p3P2 | I Zo (O) 1.50 Ze (O) (0.07) 1.38 1.45 1.53 3141.81 (?)3d3Pi - 2P1Sj Z0 = Ze = (O) 1.22 3034.16 353Pj - 2p3Pi Z0 = Ze = (O) 1.51 3032.78 Sd1P^ - 2P1Sj Z0 = Ze = (O) 1.055 3009.138 Ss3Pj - 2p3Pi t Z0 (0.12) 1.44 Ze (0.12) 1.38 1.50 2913.542 4O3D1 - 2P1Sj Z0 = Zc = (O) 0.845 2863.320 Ss3Pf - 2p3P0 Z0 = Ze = (O) 1.38 2850.61 Sd3D2 - 2P1Da Z0 (0.30) 0.94 Ze (0.19) (0.38) 0.67 0.86 1.05 1.24 2839.99 | Ss3P2 - 2p3P2 | | Z0 (O) 1.50 Ze (0.05) (0.10) 1.42 1.47 1.52 1.57 5631.69 4524.74 3801.031

Sn60.—(Continued) Int.

I

X

I

Terms | 4 | Type Sn /.—(Continued) 4 2813.58 I 3^3F2* - 2piD2 | | Z0 (O) 1.09 Ze (O) (0.08) (0.16) 1.05 1.13 1.21 3 2785.027 Sd3Di - 2P1D2" Z0 (O) 1.39 4 2779.814 Sd3F3" - 2P1D2* Z0 (O) 1.30 Ze (O) (0.12) (0.23) 0.935 1.05 1.17 1.28 1.39 10 2706.50 Ss3Pj - 2P3P1 Z0 = Ze = (O) 1.51 3 2661.25 Ss1Pj - 2p3Pi Z0 (0.38) 1.15 1.50 Ze (0.38) 1.14 1.51 3 1 5 2571.60 Sd D3 - 2P Dg $ Z0 1.46 Ze (O) (0.19) (0.38) 0.86 1.05 1.24 1.43 1.62 3 3 1 2456 Sd Fg - 2p P2 Z0 1.01 (O) 1.24 Ze 1.125 (O) 1.125 1 1 6 2421.70 Sd Fg - 2P D2* Z0 (O) 1.00 Z6 (O) (0.025) (0.050) 0.975 1.000 1.025 1.050 1.075 3 3 4 2334.799 | Sd Di - 2p Pi | | Not resolved, but ji = h Sn II; Int. and X (175) ; Terms ( 92 ) 2 20 6452.79 6 Ai - 62P2 Z0 (0.36) 1.01 1.66; Ze (0.33) 1.00 1.67 2 2 25 5799.35 5 D23 - 4 F34 Z0 (O) 1.07 2 2 8 5598.15 6 P2 - 6 D 2 Z0 (0.80) 0.55 1.06 1.60 Ze (0.27) (0.80) 0.53 1.07 1.60 30 5589.44 5 2 D 2 - 42F3 I Z0 (O) 0.90 30 5562.92 62P2 - 6 2 D 3 | Z0 (O) 1.04 Ze (0.07) (0.20) 1.00 1.13 1.27 2 30 5333.23 6 Pi - 62D2 Z0 (O) 0.835 Ze (0.07) 0.73 0.87 2 2 30 3352.42 P D3 - 4 F34 cf. X = 5799 Z0 (O) 1.06 30 3283.54 P2D2 - 42F3 cf. X = 5589 Z0 (O) 0.91 Sn III; Int. (6*) 3 5369.5 63P0 - 53Di Z0 (O) 0.48; Ze (O) 0.50 3 4 5349.37 6 Pi - 53D2 Z0 (O) 0.96 Ze (O) (0.33) 0.83 1.17 1.50 1 5291 63Pi - 53Di Z0 (0.95) 0.47 1.41; Zc (1.00) 0.50 1.50 1 1 5 5224.92 5 D2 - 6 Pi D Z0 (O) 1.04; Ze (O) 1.00 3 3 7 5100.56 6 P2 - 5 D3 Z0 (O) 1.10 Ze (O) (0.16) (0.33) 1.00 1.17 1.33 1.50 1.67 3 1 5020.7 I 6 P2 - 53D2 | | Zo (0.67) 1.29 Ze (0.33) (0.67) 0.83 1.17 1.50 1.83 6 4924.12 63Ai - 63Po Z0 (O) (1.97); Ze (O) 2.00 6 4858.12 63Si - 63Pi Z0 (0.55) 1.49 2.02; Z6 (0.50) 1.50 2.00 3 1 O 4715.82 5 D2 - 6 Pi Z0 (O) 1.20 Ze (O) (0.16) 1.00 1.16 1.33 3 20 4585.62 | 6 Si - 63P2 | | Z0 (O) (0.50) 1.02 1.52 Ze (O) (0.50) 1.00 1.50 2.00 5 4330.13 63Si - 61Pi Z0 (0.93) 0.99 2.00; Z0 (1.00) 1.00 2.00 3 1 3550 P2" - P2 D§ Z0 (O) 1.75 Ze (O) (0.50) 1.00 1.50 2.00 * Very asymmetric, f Outside components are resolved, but not measurable. % Shaded symmetrically. § Obscured by lines of band. V28 (24); Int. (US); X (64,112); Terms ( 2 4 , 4 2 , 8 0 , 1 2 7 , 1 4 4 ) VJ 7 6266.28 | W'3 - 6F2 | | Z0 (0.25) (0.67) 1.40 1.91 2.38 Ze (0.30) (0.89) 0.77 1.36 1.95 2.54 5 6261.18 6D2 - *f( Z0 0.78 (1.12) 3.05; Ze 0.60 (1.27) 3.13 2 6245.14 6#J - 6^1' Z0 1.47 (1.94); Z6 1.33 (2.00) 6 6240.09 6D2 - «Fj Z0 0.84 (1.05) 1.50 2.21 Ze (0.40) 0.67 (1.20) 1.47 2.27 12 6233.10 I *D'3 - *F'z \ \ Z0 0.74 1.42 Zc (0.17) X0.51) 0.80 (0.86) 1.14 1.49 1.83 2.17

V2S.—(Continued)

V23.—(Continued] Int. 1

15

1

3

I

X

Terms

|

4

|

Type

V J.—(Continued) 6221.18 I "Pi - 4Z)J I I Z0 0.54 Zc 0.17 (0.52) 0.86 (1.54) 1.88 6 6213.83 I Z>5 - 6Pg | | Z0 0.45 1.48 Zc (0.06) (0.18) (0.30) (0.42) (0.54) 1.01 1.13 1.25 Ì.37 1.491.62 1.74 1.86 1.98 6 6190.49 I P3" - 4Z)3" | | Zo 1.16 Zc (0.26) 0.60 (0.77) 1.12 (1.29) 1.63 2.14 2.66 6 6189.34 I Z/3 - 6P4' I I

Zo 15

I

Int. 2

2

1

2

1.00

(?)

Zc (0.13) (0.39) (0.65) 0.75 1.01 1.27 1.62 1.79 2.05 6150.11 I «Z)'5 - 6P^ I I

1

1.14

(?)

Zo

Zc (0.05) (0.15) (0.25) (0.35) (0.45) 1.00 1.10 1.20 1.30 1.40 1.50 1.60

12

1.70 1.80 1.90 2

6017.94

0.74

Zo 1 2

1

1

1

1-f 1

1

4

2

1

1 1

4

10 2 8

12 5

5 5

4

3

(?)

X

I

Terms | 4 | Type V I.—(Continued) 4 4070.78 I Ps - 6Pj I I Zo 0.38 1.32 Zc (0.05) (0.15) (0.25) (0.35) (0.45) 0.97 1.07 1.17 1.27 1.37 1.48 1.58 1.68 1.78 4 4068.00 I P3 - 6P2* 1 I Zo (O) 1.03 Zc (0.04) (0.11) (0.19) 1.04 1.12 1.20 1.28 1.35 1.43 4 4052.47 I P* - 6Pi I I Zo 0.53 (?) Zc (0.08) (0.24) (0.40) (0.56) 0.84 1.00 1.16 1.32 1.48 1.74 1.90 4 6 4048.61 I Pa - P2 I I Zo (O) 0.98 Ze (0.02) (0.06) (0.99) 1.03 1.08 1.12 4 4032.85 P2 - 6Pj Zo (?) 0.90 Ze 0.13 (0.53) 0.94 4 2 3943.65 D4* - Z)

1.44

Zo (O)

4p2 _ 4Z)2

I

[

O

5

Zc 0.27 (0.80) 0.93 1.46 2.00 4 6008.68 Pi - 4Z)i 4 6002.30 P3 — 4D 4

Zo 3

I

I

Z0 1.26 (1.40); Zc 1.33 (1.33) 12

1.33

Zo (O)

1.16

Z0 (0.09) (0.26) (0.43) 1.00 1.17 1.34 1.52 1.69 1.86 1.94 4 5980.81 I P2 - 4 D 3 I I Zo ? 1.02 Ze (0.18) 0.54 0.83 1.19 1.55 1.92 4 5610.20 I P5 - 6P4' I I Z0 (O) 1.26 Ze (0.03) (0.09) (0.16) (0.22) 1.11 1.18 1.24 1.30 1.36 1.43 1.49 1.56 4 6 5593.02 I P4 - Z)3 I I Zo (?) 1.49 Ze 0.19 (0.21) 0.62 (0.66) 1.03 (1.05) 1.45 1.86 2.29 4 5588.47 I Z>4 - 6Z)4 I | Z0 (0.48) 1.55 Ze (0.08) (0.24) (0.40) (0.56) 1.03 1.19 1.35 1.51 1.67 1.83 1.99 4 6 5578.33 Z)2 - Di Z0 O (1.06) ; Ze 0.13'(1.0O) 2.27 4 5573.98 P4 - 6Pg Z0 (O) 1.10 Ze (0.04) (0.11) (0.19) 1.04 1.12 1.20 1.28 1.35 1.43 4 6 5565.93 I Da - D2 | | Zo (?) 1.59 Ze (0.33) 0.87 (1.00) 1.54 2.20 4 5547.04 I Z)4* - 6D6 | | Z0 (O) 1.77 Ze (0.06) (0.19) (0.32) (0.44) 1.11 1.24 1.36 1.49 1.62 1.75 1.87 2.00 4 6 5545.91 I Z)3" - D4 I | Zo (O) 1.92 Ze (0.11) (0.32) (0.54) 1.05 1.26 1.49 1.70 1.92 2.13 4 6 5542.69 I P3 - P2 I I Z0 (O) 0.96 Zc (0.02) (0.06) 0.97 1.01 1.05 1.08 4 5517.18 P 2 - 6P1' Zo (0.42) 0.79; Ze (0.53) 0.93 4 5515.05 P5 - 6Pj 0.13 Zo (?) 1.74 Ze 0.06 (0.18) (0.30) (0.42) (0.55) 0.91 1.03 1.15 1.27 1.40 1.52 1.64 1.76 1.88 2.00 4 4932.03 I P3 - 4P2' I I Z0 (O) 1.52 Ze (0.07) (0.20) 1.40 1.53 1.67 1.80 4 4925.66 P3 - 4Pg Zo (O) 1.62; Ze (O) 1.60 4 4886.82 P2 _ 4pJ Z0 (O) 1.74; Zc (O) 1.73 4 4 4880.56 P2 - Pg Zo (O) 0.90 1.65 Zc (0.07) (0.20) 1.40 1.53 1.67 1.80 6 4 4412.16 Z)1' - P1' I Z0 (0.37) 2.94; Ze (0.33) 3.00 6 4392.10 Z)2 - 4P2 I Zo 1.98 1.76 Ze (0.07) (0.20) 1.67 1.80 1.93 6 4363.53 Z)3* - 4Pg Z0 = Z0 - (O) 1.60 4 4124.09 P3 - (4)Z>3 * Zo (0.55) 1.11 Zc (0.20) (0.60) 0.60 (1.00) 1.00 1.40 1.80 2.20 4 4107.48 I P2 - (2)Z)2 I * I Zo 0.39 (0.43) 1.26 (1.35) Ze 0.33 (0.47) 1.26 (1.40) 2.20 4092.40 I 4Pi - <2)Z> 2 I * [ Zo (0.17) (0.55) 0.76 1.14 1.50 Z0 (0.27) (0.40) 0.80 0.93 1.47 2.00

Ze (0.11) (0.34) (0.57) 0.86 1.09 1.31 1.54 1.77-2.00 3936.32 | 4Z)3- 2Z)2 | | Zo (0.29) 0.51 (0.86) 1.09 1.66 2.23 Zc (0.26) 0.48 (0.77) 1.09 1.60 2.08 3922.46 | 4Z)J -2Z)3 | |

5

Zc (0.09) (0.26) (0.43) 0.94 1.11 1.29 1.46 1.62 3920.49 I 4Z)2 - 2Z)2 | |

0.53 0.60 0.98 1.40

Zo 5

Ze (0.20) (0.60) 0.60 1.00 1.40 4 3910.78 Z)J - 2Z)2

Z0 (0.39) 0.41 1.20; Ze (0.40)

0.40 1.20 6 6

15 10 8 4 10

4

2

3906.75 Z)J - Z)2 4 3397.50 P3 - 4Pa Z0 (O) 1.48 Ze (0.07) (0.20) 1.40 1.53 1.67 1.80 4 3377.61 I P3 - 4Pj 4 3377.37 P2 - 4P^ 3376.06 3366.88 3365.57

4

4

4

4

P2 Pi 4 Pi -

P2 P^ P2

4

Z0 (O) 1.44; Ze (O) 1.20

Zo (O) 1.49; Ze (O) 1.60 Zo (0.45) 1.21 2.10; Zc (0.47) 1.27 2.20 Zo (O) 1.59; Z0 (O) 1.73 Zo (O) 2.54; Ze (O) 2.66 Zo (0.46) 1.07 2.05; Ze (0.47) 1.27 2.20

4 3356.36 P2 - 4P3" Zo (O) 1.38 Zc (0.07) (0.20) 1.40 1.53 1.67 1.80 4 5 3259.53 | Z)3" - 4P2" | | Zo (O) 1.02 Zc (0.18) (0.54) 0.83 1.19 1.55 1.92 4 9 3255.65 | Z)J - 4Pg | | Zo(OX?) 1.15 Ze (0.09) (0.26) (0.43) 1.00 1.17 1.34 1.52 1.69 1.86 4 3 3243.29 Z)J - 4Pj Z0 (1.30) 1.28; Ze (1.33) 1.33 4 4 3241.17 Z)g - 4Pg Zo (0.49) 1.43 Ze (0.11) (0.34) (0.57) 1.03 1.26 1.49 1.72 1.95 * The (4) and the (2) are uncertain.

10

W74 ( 28 ); Int. (2 9 ); X (29, 112); spectral structure (128) . Int.

I

X

I

6 6 8 6 4 6

5514.712 5224.680 5053.300 4843. 829 4757.565 4680.539

6 8 6 3 3 6

4659.886 4570.64 4484.197 4460.523 4378.501 4302.123

3 5 6

4274.554 4269.399 4074.374

2 4

4071.939 4070.618

__

Zo

(0.000) (1.041) 0.459 1.501 2.542 (0.000) (0.435) (0.870) 0.734 1.069 1.504 1.939 2.374 (0.968)1.4332.401 (0.413) (0.826) 1.056 1.469 1.883 2.296 (0.000) 2.046 (0.280) (0.560) (0.840) 0.926 1.206 1.486 1.766 2.046 2.327 (0.000) 2.532 (0.000) (0.487) (0.974) 0.521 1.008 1.495 1.982 2.469 (0.000) (0.417) 1.527 1.9442.361 (0.000) (0.534) 0.570 1.1041.638 (0.000) (0.360) (0.720) 2.090 2.450 2.8103.1703.530 (0.241) (0.482) (0.723) 1.318 1.559 1.799 2.041 2.282 2.523 (1.344) 1.612 2.956 (0.000) (1.184) 2.367 (0.253) (0.505) (0.758) 1.334 1.586 1.839 2.092 2.344 2.597 (0.000) (0.371) 1.666 2.0362.407 (0.000) (0.324) (0.648) 0.931 1.255 1.579 1.903 2.227

W74.—(Continued) Int.

I

X

I

Zo

"~

W I.—(Continued) (0.000) (0.812) (1.624) 0.487 1.299 2.111 2.923 3.735 (0.000) (0.312) (0.624)(0.936)0.853 1.171 1.483 1.795 2.107 2.419 2.731 (0.000) (0.433) (0.865) (1.298) 0.405 0.838 1.270 1.703 2.136 2.659 3.001 (0.000) (0.280) 0.976 1.2561.536 (0.332) (0.663) 0.251 1.5831.9142.246 (0.926) 1.636 2.562 (0.737) (1.474) (2.211) 0.100 0.637 1.374 2.111 2.848 3.585

5 8

4045.615 4008.769

5

3867.986

5 5 5 6

3846.225 3835.058 3768.448 3707.929

8

3617.522 (0.440) (0.880) (1.321) 0.891 1.331 1.771 2.211 2.652 3.092 3311.389 (0.000) (0.575) (1.150) 1.153 .728 2.303 2.878 3.453 2964.520 (0.000) (0.545) (1.090) 1.225 .7702.3152.8683.414 2946.992 (0.590) (1.180) (1.769) 0.596 .186 1.776 2.366 2.956 3.545 2944.410 (0.000) (0.499) (0.997) 1.312 .8102.3062.8043.303 2896.445 (0.000) (0.874) (1.748) 0.642 .5162.3913.2654.139 2848.029 (1.047) (2.094) (3.142) 0.784 0.263 1.311 2.358 3.406 4.453

4 5 8 7 6 3 4

2833.634

(0.000) (0.411) (0.822) (1.233) 0.474 0.885 1.296 1.707 2.118 2.529 2.940 5 2792.702 (1.163) (2.326) 0.037 1.127 2.2903.453 WJJ 3 («*) 4366.01 (0.190) 0.893 1.273 1 (64) 4343.24 (0.517) 1.762 4335.39 (0.169) (0.508) 0.875 1.213 1.5531.891 4175.64 (0.237) 1.486 1.959 3 3657.590 (0.944) 1.780 1 3361.101 (0.932) 2.827 3 3117.580 (0.685) 1.433 4 2764.261 (1.466) 2.324 2729.59 (1.065) 1.765 2 2658.05 (0.429) (1.288) 0.943 1.8022.660

Int. I X 1 B0 U Int.| X | B0 || Int.| X | B0 " 5617.03 1.204 3 4316.8211.787 2 3177.1871.603 5616.16 0.934 3 4275.4971.139 4 3163.4191.344 5604.31 1.730 2 4254.0661.211 5 3041.8761.474 5487.74 1.807 3 4241.4511.328 3 3039.3201.137 5477.82 1.406 2 4215.3871.251 5 2997.7941.628 3 5435.0631.828 3 4204.4151.214 2994.70 1.084 2 5388.0231.612 3 4170.5381.293 2 2936.6801.090 1 5354.4632.857 2 4154.6781.741 5 2934.9940.935 2 5259.3562.087 3 4126.8081.111 2925.81 0.862 3 5242.9891.094 4125.69 1.251 3 2925.1321.257 3 5192.7251.046 3 4064.7991.218 2 2918.6331.145 4 5071.7391.426 3 4028.7981.591 4 2911.0011.583 5 5054.6151.430 3 3983.2941.212 4 2896.0101.610 6 5015.3341.460 2 3979.2931.204 2889.79 1.431 2 4986.9431.458 1 3903.9870.605 4 2856.0331.585 6 4886.9221.458 5 3809.2390.994 2852.10 1.235 4 4729.6641.916 2 3801.5271.039 2 2805.9300.863 3 4700.4221.340 5 3641.4191.296 3 2801.1751.496 3 4677.7101.200 4 3592.4261.032 1 2740.7990.999 2 4620.5661.228 1 3572.4771.450 1 2718.0441.007 3 4543.5241.405 1 3463.5151.558 1 2716.3231.528 2 4536.6881.062 3 3429.6041.213 2709.59 0.878 1 4492.3341.028 3358.61 1.054 2706.72 1.221 4441.80 1.169 3308.36 1.468 2703.49 1.280 2 4394.0920.609 3304.46 1.195 2703.09 1.392 3 4384.8681.228 3 3281.9441.427 3 2697.7272.011 3 4347.0141.464 3262.25 1.162 2670.41 1.189 3 4330.6701.261 2647.72 1.586 LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) O) Amano and Nagaoka, 68,10: 159; 09. ( 2 ) Ames, Earhart and Reese, Ai, 8: 48; 98. (3) Babcock, 81, 33: 207; 11. (4) Babcock, 2i, 34: 209; 11. (5) Babcock, 81, 34: 288; 11. («) Babcock, 8, 6: 508; 15. (7) Babcock, 2, 22: 201; 23. (8) Babcock, 21, 58: 149; 23. (9) Bachern, 96, 3: 372; 20.

(io) Back, 8, 70: 333; 23. (U) Back, 96, 15: 206; 23. (12) Back, 96, 33: 579; 25. (i 3) Back, 63, 26: 833; 25. (i 4) Back, 8, 76: 317; 25. (i 5) Back, 96, 37: 193; 26. 0«) Back, 96, 43: 309; 27. (17) Back and Lande, Zeemaneffekt und Multiplettstruktur der Spektrallinien. Berlin, Springer, 1925. O 8 ) von Baeyer, 88, 10: 357; 08. (19) von Baeyer and Gehrcke, 88, 10: 423; 08. (20) yon Baeyer and Gehrcke, 8, 29: 941; 09. (21) Beals, a, 109: 369; 25. (22) Beals, 5, 111 : 168 ; 26. (23) Beals, 3, 2: 770 ; 26. (2 4) Bechert and Sommer, 96, 31: 145; 25. (25) Becker, 21, 44: 236; 16. (26) Becquerel and Deslandres, 34, 126: 997; 98. (27) Becquerel and Deslandres, 84, 127: 18; 98. (28) Beining, 96, 42: 146; 27. (29) Belke, 99, 17: 132; 18. (SO) Berndt, 8, 8: 625; 02. (31) BIythswood and Allan, 58, 65: 79; 02. (32. Blythswood and Marchant, 3, 49: 384, 503; 00. (33) Bohr, 214, * : No. 1 ; 23) (34) de Bruin, Diss., Amsterdam, 1927. (35) Carragan, 21, 63: 145; 26. (36) Carragan, 2, 27: 106; 26. (37) Catalan, 62, 223: 127; 22. (38) Catalan, 132, 20: 606; 22. (39) Catalan, 132, 21: 213; 23. (40) Catalan, 132, 21: 464; 23. (41) Catalan, 132, 21: 527; 23. (42) Catalan, 132, 22: 72; 24. (43) Corbino, 22, 19 1: 466, 540; 10. (44) Cornu, 84, 126 : 181, 300; 98. (45) Croze, 34, 154: 1410; 12. (46) Croze, 34, 155: 1607; 12. (47) Croze, 34, 157:1061; 13. (48) Croze, 61, 3: 882, 962; 13. (49) Croze, 16, 1: 35; 14. (50) Curtis and Jevons, 58, 116: 746; 25. (51) Debye, 188, 1916: 142, 161. (52) Deslandres and d'Azambuja, 34, 158: 153; 14. (53) Dufour, 6, 9: 361; 06. (54) Dufour, 34, 146: 634; 08. (55) Dufour, 34, 148: 1311; 09. (56) Dufour, 34, 150: 614; 10. 199, 7: 74; 10. (57) Dufour, 61, 9: 277; 10. ££0,1910:80. (58) Dufour, 199, 8: 97; 11. (59) Dufour, 51, 1: 189; 11. (60) Eder and Välenta, 75, 118 Ua: 511, 1077; 09. 888, 68: 531; 00. (6i) Elias, 64P, 13: 391; 10. (62) Elias, 502, 1: 25; 12. (63) Erochin, 8, 42:1054; 13. (64) Exner and Haschek, Wellenlängen-Tabellen f. spektralanalytische Untersuchungen auf Grund der ultravioletten Funkenspektren der Elemente. Wien, F. Deuticke. 1902. (65) Färber, 8, 9: 886; 02. Diss., Tübingen, 1902. (66) Försterling and Hansen, 96, 18: 26; 23. (67) Fortrat, 34,155: 1237; 12. (68) Fortrat, 34, 156: 1459; 13. (69) Fortrat, 34, 156: 1607; 13. (70) Fortrat, 34, 157: 636; 13. (7l) Fortrat, 149, 35:403; 13. (72) Fortrat, 34, 158: 334; 14. (73) Fortrat, 16, 3: 282; 15. Diss., Berlin, 1914. (74) Fortrat, 16, 3: 345; 15. (75) Fortrat, 51, 5: 20; 24. (76) van Geel, 96, 33: 836; 25. (77) Gehrcke and von Baeyer, 88, 8: 399; 06. (78) Gehrcke and von Baeyer, 63, 7: 905; 06. (79) Qieseler, 8, 69: 147; 22. (80) Gieseler and Grotrian, 96, 25: 342; 24. (8l) Gieseler and Grotrian, 96, 34: 374; 25. (82) Gieseler and Grotrian, 96, 39: 377; 26. (83) Gmelin, 63, 9: 212; 08. (84) Gmelin 8, 28: 1079; 09. (85) Gmelin, 63, 11: 1193; 10. (86) Goudsmit, van der Mark and Zeeman, 64P, 28:127; 25. (87) Goudsmit and Back, 96, 40: 530; 26. (88) Graftdijk, 18, 2: 192; 11. Diss., Amsterdam, 1911. (89) Gray and Stewart, 58, 65: 54; 02. (90) Gray, Stewart, Houstoun and McQuistan, 5, 72: 16; 03. 68, 68: 212; 03. (91) Green and Loring, 197,13:347, 492; 27. (92) Green and Loring, 2, 30: 574; 27. (93) Hansen and Jacobsen, 542, 3: No. 11; 21. (94) vander Harst, 64P, 22: 300; 20. 18, 9: 1; 25. Diss., Amsterdam, 1919. (95) Hartmann, Diss., Halle, 1907. (96) Hasselberg, 81, 16: 300; 02. 17: 20; 03. (97) Haussmann, 21, 66: 333; 28. (98) Heisenberg, 96, 32: 841; 25. (99) Heisenberg and Jordan, 96, 37: 263; 26. (100) Hund, 96, 33: 345; 25. 34: 296; 25. (loi) Hund, Bl. (102) Jack, 68, 29: 75; 08. (103) jack, 8, 28:1032; 09. (104) Jack, 539, 30: 42; 12. (105) Jack, 58, 89: 468; 12. (106) Kapitza and Skinner, 68, 114: 273; 24. (107) Kapitza and Skinner, 6, 109: 224; 25. (los) Kayser, B96, (109) Kent, S, 2: 275; 01. 81, 13: 289; 01. (no) Kent, 81, 40: 337; 14. (l«) Kiess, SlA, 19: 113; 23. (H2) Kiess and Meggers, 31A, 16: 51; 20. (H3) Kimura, 429, 4: 127; 20. (l14) Kimura and Fukuda, 429, 4: 155; 20. (U 5 ) King, 21, 30: 1; 09. (H6) King, 21, 31: 433; 10. (l17) King, 21, 34: 225; 11. (i18) King, 152, No. 153; 12. (119) King, 21, 41:86; 15. (120) King, 81, 51: 107; 20. (121) Körner, 63, 13: 797; 12. (122) Körner, Diss., Göttingen, 1913. (123) Lande, 88, 21: 585; 19. (124) Lande, 96, 5: 231; 21. (125) Lande, 96, 15: 189; 23. (126) Lande, 63, 24: 441; 23. (127) Laporte, 63, 24: 510; 23. (128) Laporte, 218, 13: 627; 25. (129) Larmor, 3, 44: 503; 97. (130) Levitskii, 53, 48: 193; 16. Diss., St. Petersburg, 1916. (l3l) Levitskii, 8, 80: 397; 26. (132) Lohmann, 99, 6: 41; 08. 63, 7: 809; 06. Diss., Halle, 1907. (133) Lohmann, 99, 6: 1;08. (134) Lohmann, 63, 9: 145; 08. (135) Lüttig, Diss., Halle, 1911. (136) Lüttig, 8, 38: 43; 12. (137) Luneland, 8, 34: 505; 11. 63, 12: 511; 11. (138) McLennan, 5, 87: 269; 12. (139) McLennan and McLay, 69, 20 III: 201; 26. (140) McLennan and McLeod, 5, 90: 243; 14. (141) McLennan, Young and McLay, 69, 18 III: 57; 24. (142) MacNair, 197, 13: 430; 27. (143) Margenau, 2, 30: 458; 27. (144) Meggers, 128, 13: 317; 23. (145) Meggers, 128, 14: 151; 24. (146) Meggers, 128, 14: 419; 24. (147) Meggers, SIA, 22: 61; 27. (148) Meggers and Kiess, 48, 12: 417; 26. (149) Meggers, Kiesa and Walters, 48, 9: 355; 24. (150) Meggers and Laporte, 128, 16: 143; 26. O 5 I) Meggers and Laporte, X,. 28: 642; 26. (152) van Meurs, 0^P, 11: 222; 08. (153) van Meurs, 18, 15: 353; 11. Diss., Amsterdam, 1909. (154) Michelson, S, 45: 348; 98. j«, 7: 131; 98. (155) Michelson, 68, 59: 440; 99. (156) Mihul, Diss., Parist

1927. ( 15 7) Miller, 6S, 7: 896; 06. (is«) Miller, 8, 24: 105; 07. O5*) Molyneux, 63, 13: 259; 12. (160) Moore, 8, 25: 309; 08. 2,26:258;08. (i") Moore, 81, 28:1; 08. (i«2) Moore, 81, 30:144, 178; 09. €3, 10: 297; 09. (163) Moore, 81t 33: 385; 11. (164) Nagaoka, 58, 81: 188; 09. 819, 5: 144; 09. (165) Nagaoka, 68, 83: 276; 10. (166) Nagaoka, 819, 5: 272; 10. 149, 30: 121; 10. (167) Nagaoka, 219, 5: 284; 10. 63, 11: 789; 10. O68) Nagaoka, 67, 33: 83; 21. (169) Nagaoka and Amano, 219, 4: 421; 08. 149, 27: 275; 09. <170) Nagaoka and Mishima, 543, 2: 383; 26. ("I) Nagaoka and Mishima, 643, 2: 479; 26. ("2) Nagaoka and Sugiura, 437, 2: 1; 23. (i73) Nagaoka and Takamine, 219, 5: 278; 10. (174) Nagaoka and Takamine, 219, 7: 188, 331; 14. 3, 27: 333; 14. 29: 241; 15. O? 5 ) Narayan and Rao, 96, 45: 350; 27. ( 176 ) Oldenburg, 5, 67: 253; 22. (177) Paschen, 63, 8: 522; 07. ("S) Paschen, 8, 30: 746; 09. (179) Paschen, 8, 35: 860; 11. <180) Paschen, 149, 35: 403; 13. (1*1) Paschen, 8, 60: 405; 19. (182) Paschen, 8, 63: 201; 20. O*3) Paschen and Back, 8, 39: 897; 12. 40: 960; 13. (184) Paschen and Back, 208, 1: 261; 21. O 85 ) Pauli, 96, 16: 155; 23. (186) Pauli, 96, 31: 373, 765; 25. (187) Peterke, Diss., HaUe, 1909. (188) Popov, 63, 15: 756; 14. (189) Popov, 8, 45: 147; 14. <190) Preston, 68, 57: 173; 98. (191) Preston, 58, 59: 224; 99. (192) Preston, 434, 7: 7; 99. (193) Purvis, 188, 21: 241; 05. (194) Purvis, 801,13: 82; 05. (195) Purvis, 801, 13: 325; 06. 0««) Purvis, 801, 13: 354; 06. (197) Purvis, 644, 20: 193; 06. (198) Purvis, 201, 14: 41; 07. (199) Purvis, 201, 14: 217; 07. (200) Purvis, 63, 8: 594; 07. (201) Purvis, 201, 15: 45; 09. (202) Purvis, 81, 34: 312; 11. (203) Ra0| 67, 39: 161; 27. (204) Reese, 3, 48: 317; 99. (205) Reese, 81, 12: 120; 00. (206) Ribaud, 34, 154: 1151; 12. (207) Richter, Diss., Göttingen, 1914. (208) Righi, 63, 1: 329; 00. (209) RiSCo, 63, 13: 137; 12. 132, 9:262; 11. <210) Royds, 8, 30: 1024; 09. (2U) Ruark, 3, 1: 977; 26. (212) Runge, 63, 8: 232; 07. (213) Runge and Paschen, 63, 1: 480; 00. (214) Runge and Paschen, 21,15:235; 02. (215) Runge and Paschen, 21,16:118; 02. (216)

Runge and Paschen, 76, 1902: 380, 720. (217) Runge and Precht, 76, 1904: 417. (218) Russell, 21, 66: 283, 347; 27. (219) Russell and Saunders, «i, 61: 38; 25. (220) Rybar, 63, 12: 889; 11. Mathematikai es Physikai Lapok, Budapest, 20: 128; 11. (221) Shedd, 2, 9: 86; 99. 63, 2: 278; 01. (222; Shedd, 63, 1: 270; 00. (223) Shenstone, 3, 49: 951; 25. (224) Shenstone, 2, 28: 449; 26. (225) Shenstone, 8, 30: 255; 27. (226) Sommer, 218, 13: 840; 25. (227) Sommer, 96, 37: 1; 26. (228) Sommer, 96, 39: 711; 26. (229) Sommer, 96, 45: 147; 27. (230) Sommerfeld, 63, 17: 491; 16. (231) Sommerfeld, 8, 70: 32; 23. (232) Stettenheimer, 8, 24: 384; 07. (233) Stock, 63, 10: 694; 09. (234) Stücklen, 96, 34: 562; 25. (235) Takahashi, 44, 41: No. 8; 21. (236) Takamine and Yamada, 819, 7: 277; 14. (237) Tenani, 88, 18 I: 677; 09. 19 I: 544; 10. (238) Uhlenbeck and Goudsmit, 218, 13: 953; 25. (239) Uhlenbeck and Goudsmit, 58, 117: 264; 26. (240) Wali-Mohammad, 8, 39: 225; 12. (241) Weiss and Cotton, 34, 144: 130; 07. (242) Weiss and Cotton, 51, 6:429; 07. (243) Weiss and Cotton, 250, 1907: 140. (244) Wendt, 8, 37: 535; 11. (245) Wilhelmy, 8, 80: 305; 26. (246) Woltjer, Diss., Amsterdam, 1914. 63, 15: 918; 14. (247) Wood, 3, 50: 761; 25. (248) Wood and Kimura, 21, 46: 197; 17. (249) Yamada, 44, 41: No. 7; 21. (250) Zeeman, 64V, 5: 181, 242; 97. 88, 15: 128; 96. 81, 5: 332; 97. («") Zeeman, 64V, 6:408; 98. (252) Zeeman, 64V, 6: 13, 99, 260; 98. 34, 124: 1444; 97. 18, 1: 383; 98. (253) Zeeman, 64P, 1: 98; 99. 21, 9: 47; 99. (254) Zeeman, 64P, 8: 814; 06. 10: 289, 351; 08. 199, 5: 83; 08. (255) Zeeman, 64P, 10: 440; 08. (256) Zeeman, 64P, 10:566, 574, 862; 08. (257) Zeeman, 64P, 11: 473; 09. (258) Zeeman, 63, 10:217; 09. (259) Zeeman, 64P, 16: 155; 13. 26 ( O) Zeeman, 143, 199: 585; 25. (261) Zeeman, 143, 200: 305; 25. (262) Zeeman and de Bruin, in Gehrcke, Handbuch der physikalischen Optik, II. Leipzig, Barth, 1927. (263) Zeeman and Woltjer, 64P, 16: 158; 13. (264) Zumstein, 8, 27: 150; 26.

POLE EFFECT HAROLD D. BABCOCK The term pole effect is used to designate the minute change of wave-length and the marked change of character which occur for many spectral lines when light from the central region of a metallic arc is compared with that originating near the electrodes. Much evidence indicates that under suitable conditions the central region of the arc gives the normal wave-length of a line, at least to a very close approximation. The phenomenon is accordingly considered to be a modification of the normal vibration frequency by some agency which is associated with proximity to the electrodes. It is manifested to the greatest degree by lines which are diffuse and unsymmetrical, and which, in some cases, show the greatest change of wave-length with increase of pressure. In the spectrum of iron, for which the effect has been studied more extensively than for other elements, displacements amounting to 0.045Â toward the red and toward the violet have been observed for the lines X4969.93 and X5133.69 respectively, when light from near the negative pole was compared with that from the center of an ordinary iron arc. The average displacements for such lines in that region of the spectrum, however, are about one-half of the extreme value mentioned. Of 1570 iron lines examined between X2979 and X6678, 286 showed displacements toward the red at the negative pole and 80 were shifted in the opposite direction. These unstable lines, as a rule, require high temperature for their excitation, are reversed only under extreme conditions, and are associated with atomic transitions involving medium and high levels of atomic energy. Lines showing no pole effect, or at most displacements barely distinguishable from errors of observation, are in general the most symmetrical, the most easily self-reversed, and the most readily excited by low temperature sources. They are members of multiplets which are produced by atomic transitions involving the lowest energy levels in iron atoms. Goos (3) held that for iron the displacements at the pole are due to local increase of pressure above that in other parts of the arc. The measurements of St. John and Babcock (5), however, clearly indicate that this explanation is inadequate, and the recent

work of Babcock (*) on pressure effect for iron shows conclusively that pole effect and pressure effect are distinct. A group of lines is cited which are displaced toward the violet by pole effect but in the opposite direction by increase of pressure. The pole effect for calcium has been found definitely related to spectral series by Gale and Whitney (2). Nagaoka ( 4 ) found no certain evidence of connection between pole effect and Zeeman effect. There are many indications that pole effect is related to interatomic influences rather than to external causes directly under our control. The available data on Stark effect for iron point toward a correlation between this phenomenon and pole effect. Although no broad conclusions appear justified at present, it is possible that pole effect is nothing but Stark effect due to interatomic electrostatic fields whose efficacy depends upon various external conditions in the source. The study of pole effect has developed a useful extension to the existing methods for classifying spectral lines, for which it affords a reliable criterion. Recognition of the rôle played by pole effect in many investigations which involve accurate knowledge of the positions of spectral lines has proved of distinct service. Mention may be made of the study of the pressure effect for terrestrial sources, and of the determination of pressures in the atmospheres of the sun and other stars, as examples. It is found in practice more satisfactory to eliminate the effect from the source of light than to attempt numerical correction for it in the results. For iron, at least, this is made feasible by suitable choice of conditions for operating the arc. The question is discussed in detail by St. John and Babcock (6), who found that enclosing the arc in a vacuum chamber caused the effect to disappear, and that under specified conditions the center of an arc at atmospheric pressure may also be used. LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) (1) Babcock, 21, 67: 240; 28. (2) Gale and Whitney, 81, 43: 161; 16. (3) Goos, 81, 38: 141; 13. (4) Nagaoka, 81, 53: 329; 21. (S) St. John and Babcock, 81, 42: 231; 15. («) St. John and Babcock, 81, 46: 138; 17.

EMISSION OF LIGHT BY SPARK DISCHARGES IN LIQUIDS J. A. ANDERSON The character of a spark discharge is determined by: (a) The current flowing through the spark gap. (6) The emf across the gap. (c) The material, size, shape and separation of the electrodes, (d) The medium in which the electrodes are immersed. Of these, this section is concerned more especially with (a) and (d). The following general conclusions may be regarded as fairly well established : 1. With a moderately strong current1 (condensed spark discharge) in water, there is a strong continuous spectrum extending through the visible region and into the ultra-violet at least as far as X2300. Its intensity appears to be greatest in the near ultraviolet (region A3000 to X4000), and to be roughly independent of the material used as electrodes. Superimposed on the continuous spectrum is one consisting of bright and dark lines, due chiefly to the electrodes. The low temperature arc lines appear as pure absorption lines. The high temperature arc lines, and a few of the more easily excited spark lines appear as more or less narrow absorption lines having bright edges, while the majority of spark lines are bright, generally broad, and often widened asymmetrically. 2. With decreasing current strength (smaller capacity or larger self-induction) the continuous spectrum diminishes rapidly in intensity, causing the pure absorption lines to become less conspicuous and finally to disappear. The bright lines narrow progressively, and those having bright edges gradually become narrow bright lines by the disappearance of their reversals. At ]pw current values all lines are bright and relatively narrow, and the continuous spectrum is absent or very faint. 1 As an example of a "moderately strong current," the experiments of L. and E. Bloch (2) may be cited. The capacity was 0.02 microfarad, the frequency of oscillation 570 000 cycles per sec. The potential is not stated, but must have been of the order of 20 000 volts. The maximum value of the current was accordingly about 1 400 amperes.

3. With the spark in water, the Balmer lines of hydrogen appear regularly as broad bright lines. In liquid hydrocarbons, the carbon bands appear in addition to the hydrogen lines. The air lines, so prominent in the ordinary spark spectrum, are absent. The continuous spectrum originates in the core of the spark, and many observers have explained it as being due to hydrogen. Since Curie (3) found the continuous spectrum strongly developed with sparks in liquids containing no hydrogen, such as bromine, sulfur, etc., this explanation is probably incorrect. It is more probable that its origin is analogous to that of the continuous spectrum observed when wires are electrically exploded (see p. 434). Bubbles of gas projected with considerable velocity from the spark are regularly observed and have sometimes been ascribed to electrolysis. Smith (i 5 ) was able to show that the quantity of gas liberated is many times too great to be accounted for in this way. The condensed spark in water using electrodes of carbon or some of the metals is frequently used as a convenient source of continuous ultra-violet radiation, in the study of absorption spectra. A quartz window and a continuous renewal of the water surrounding the spark are necessary; see also (1I 4> 5 > 6 > 7 > 8 > 9»10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 16, 17, 18).

LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) (i) Abt,8, 7: 159; 79. (2) Bloch and Bloch, 34, 174: 1456; 22. 51, 3: 309; 22. (3) Curie, 34, 177: 1021 ; 23. (*) Daniel, 34, 57:98; 63. (5) Finger, 88,11 : 369; 09. 99, 7: 329, 369; 09. (6) Hale, 21,15:132; 02. (7) Hale and Kent, 21, 17: 154; 03. (8) Hulburt, 2, 23: 593; 24. 24: 129; 24. (») Konen, 8, 9: 742; 02. 63, 3: 537; 02. (io; Konen and Finger, 9, 15: 165; 09. (ii) Liveing and Dewar, 3, 18: 161; 84. 38: 235; 94. (12) Lockyer, 81, 15: 190; 02. (13) Macfarlane and Playfair, 174, 29: 561; 80. O 4) Masson, 6, 31: 295; 51. O 5) Smith, 3, 27: 801; 14. (16) Terquem and Damien, 51, 4: 457; 85. (17) Walter, 249, 2: 5; 99. (18) Wilsing, 25, 32: 426; 99.

ELECTRICALLY EXPLODED WIRES J. A. ANDERSON A fine metallic wire a few centimeters in length, weighing 1 or 2 mg, is placed in the discharge circuit of a large condenser. During the discharge the wire is heated and vaporized so rapidly that the earlier observers of the phenomenon ( 2 > 4 ) described it as an explosion. The mechanical effects of such an explosion are fully described by Singer ( 4 ) and Nipher ( 2 ). The explanation of the phenomenon recorded by Nipher is probably incorrect, since recent work has shown that the rapid evaporation of the wire is quite competent to account for all observed effects. For quite recent work, see ( 7 > 8 > 9 > 1 0 ). Circuit.—The constants of a circuit used by Anderson and by Smith are: Capacity (C) = 10~6 farad; inductance (L) = 3.35 X 10~6 henry; potential applied (V) = 2 X IO4 volt; observed frequency of oscillation (N) = 87 000 cycles. If R be the total resistance of the circuit, including that of the wire, or of the vapor formed from it, the value of the current (i) at any time (t) is given by equation (1)

Ic -* = v \L 'e 2L sin 2irNt

(1)

_Rt

= 10 900 e

2L

sin 2vNt amp.

The rate of development of heat energy in the wire is given by i2r, and its maximum value is shown by the experiments to be above IO7 watt. Spectrum.—If the wire is in open air the spectrum consists of a moderately strong continuous background upon which is superposed a system of bright and dark lines. The latter are low and moderate temperature arc lines while the former are either spark or high temperature arc lines. If the wire is confined between two parallel planes placed 2 to 10 mm apart, few, if any, bright lines appear, the spectrum being continuous, with numerous absorption lines. All arc lines and many spark lines especially those of wavelength shorter than X3000 are dark in the spectrum of an iron wire. The absolute brightness of the continuous spectrum is approximately equal to that of a black-body at-20 00O0C.

Variation of Spectrum with Time (5).—During the first half oscillation the spectrum is continuous and without bright lines, but all arc lines and many belonging to the spark spectrum appear as absorption lines. In the succeeding half oscillation bright lines appear gradually, the enhanced lines first, followed in order by the high and medium temperature arc lines. In the later stages of the explosion, when the oscillations of the circuit are no longer discernible, even the low temperature arc lines appear bright. Pressure.—In an open air explosion the pressure,l which initially is high, reaches a value of from 4 to 2 atm. at the end of the first half cycle, depending upon the size of wire employed. During the second half cycle it falls to a value not very much above that of the atmosphere. When the explosion is partially confined, the pressure falls more slowly, and is likely to be considerably above 1 atm. even during the second cycle. Hence it follows that at these high temperatures the spectrum is essentially continuous at pressures above 4 atm. ; from 4 down to about 2 atm. the continuous spectrum diminishes somewhat in intensity, and below 2 atm. it weakens rapidly. Anderson ( l ) has shown that the vapors emitting a continuous spectrum have a high opacity, so that they appear to behave very much like a black-body. i Computed from the measured values of mass and volume, assuming a temperature of 20 00O0C.

LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) (i) Anderson, 81, 51: 37; 20. 197, 8: 231; 22. (2) Nipher, 8411 52: 283; 13. Experimental Studies in Electricity and Magnetism, p. 20. Philadelphia, Blakiston, 1914. (3) Sawyer and Becker, 8, 21: 373; 23. 8I1 57: 98; 23. (4) Singer and Crosse, 3, 46: 259; 1815. ( 5 ) Smith, 197, 10: 4; 24. 81,61: 186, 25. ( 6 ) Sponer, 818, 12: 619; 24. (7) Anderson and Smith, 21, 64: 295; 26. (»') Nagoaka and Futagami, 543, 2: 254, 387; 26. ( 9 ) Nagoaka, Futagami and Machida, 543, 2: 328; 26. ( 10 ) Nagoaka, Nukiyama and Futagami, 543, 3: 1, 258, 262, 319, 392; 27.

PHOTOMETRIC STANDARDS E. C. CRITTENDEN The standards of candlepower on which all precise photometry is based are groups of carbon-filament electric incandescent lamps maintained in several national laboratories. These lamps are burned at temperatures below those of ordinary operation so that they change very slowly with use. Since 1909 the laboratories of France, Great Britain, and the United States of America have thus maintained a common unit of candlepower variously known as the international candle, British candle, and bougie décimale. This unit, together with the procedure for maintaining it until a reproducible primary standard shall be evolved, has been accepted by the International Commission on Illumination, which includes representatives of Belgium, Italy, Spain, and Switzerland, in addition to the three countries named above. It is also used by the national laboratories of Japan and Russia, and has been adopted by the national standards committees in Australia, Canada, Czechoslovakia, Poland, and Sweden. The Hefner candle, the unit used in the Germanic countries, is 0.9 of the international candle, this ratio being exact within the limits of accuracy with which comparisons have been made. The legal primary standard on which this unit is based is the Hefner lamp burning amyl acetate, but the light produced by any flame depends on atmospheric conditions. The precise value of the

Hefner unit actually used was determined ( 3 ) in 1895 by comparisons between the flame lamps and electric lamps, and in recent years has been maintained by the electric standards, the flame standard serving as a check which would detect significant changes in the electric reference standards. No drift of the latter amounting to as much as 1 % has been found ( 2 > 3). Secondary standards of the more recent types of electric incandescent lamps (tungsten-filament vacuum and gas-filled lamps) have been established by different procedures in the several national laboratories, and there are differences as large as 3 or 4 % between the values assigned to them. The adjustment of these differences depends upon the acceptance of a standard method of comparing lights of different colors. Experiments and comparative measurements leading toward such an agreement are in progress. While flame standards of candlepower are now little used, individual lamps of two types (Hefner, and Vernon-Harcourt 10-candle pentane) are tested and certified by the national laboratories. The variation of their intensity with atmospheric conditions is commonly represented by an equation of the following form: 7 = Z0[I + a(eQ - e) - c(760 - 6)],

ELECTRICALLY EXPLODED WIRES J. A. ANDERSON A fine metallic wire a few centimeters in length, weighing 1 or 2 mg, is placed in the discharge circuit of a large condenser. During the discharge the wire is heated and vaporized so rapidly that the earlier observers of the phenomenon ( 2 > 4 ) described it as an explosion. The mechanical effects of such an explosion are fully described by Singer ( 4 ) and Nipher ( 2 ). The explanation of the phenomenon recorded by Nipher is probably incorrect, since recent work has shown that the rapid evaporation of the wire is quite competent to account for all observed effects. For quite recent work, see ( 7 > 8 > 9 > 1 0 ). Circuit.—The constants of a circuit used by Anderson and by Smith are: Capacity (C) = 10~6 farad; inductance (L) = 3.35 X 10~6 henry; potential applied (V) = 2 X IO4 volt; observed frequency of oscillation (N) = 87 000 cycles. If R be the total resistance of the circuit, including that of the wire, or of the vapor formed from it, the value of the current (i) at any time (t) is given by equation (1)

Ic -* = v \L 'e 2L sin 2irNt

(1)

_Rt

= 10 900 e

2L

sin 2vNt amp.

The rate of development of heat energy in the wire is given by i2r, and its maximum value is shown by the experiments to be above IO7 watt. Spectrum.—If the wire is in open air the spectrum consists of a moderately strong continuous background upon which is superposed a system of bright and dark lines. The latter are low and moderate temperature arc lines while the former are either spark or high temperature arc lines. If the wire is confined between two parallel planes placed 2 to 10 mm apart, few, if any, bright lines appear, the spectrum being continuous, with numerous absorption lines. All arc lines and many spark lines especially those of wavelength shorter than X3000 are dark in the spectrum of an iron wire. The absolute brightness of the continuous spectrum is approximately equal to that of a black-body at-20 00O0C.

Variation of Spectrum with Time (5).—During the first half oscillation the spectrum is continuous and without bright lines, but all arc lines and many belonging to the spark spectrum appear as absorption lines. In the succeeding half oscillation bright lines appear gradually, the enhanced lines first, followed in order by the high and medium temperature arc lines. In the later stages of the explosion, when the oscillations of the circuit are no longer discernible, even the low temperature arc lines appear bright. Pressure.—In an open air explosion the pressure,l which initially is high, reaches a value of from 4 to 2 atm. at the end of the first half cycle, depending upon the size of wire employed. During the second half cycle it falls to a value not very much above that of the atmosphere. When the explosion is partially confined, the pressure falls more slowly, and is likely to be considerably above 1 atm. even during the second cycle. Hence it follows that at these high temperatures the spectrum is essentially continuous at pressures above 4 atm. ; from 4 down to about 2 atm. the continuous spectrum diminishes somewhat in intensity, and below 2 atm. it weakens rapidly. Anderson ( l ) has shown that the vapors emitting a continuous spectrum have a high opacity, so that they appear to behave very much like a black-body. i Computed from the measured values of mass and volume, assuming a temperature of 20 00O0C.

LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) (i) Anderson, 81, 51: 37; 20. 197, 8: 231; 22. (2) Nipher, 8411 52: 283; 13. Experimental Studies in Electricity and Magnetism, p. 20. Philadelphia, Blakiston, 1914. (3) Sawyer and Becker, 8, 21: 373; 23. 8I1 57: 98; 23. (4) Singer and Crosse, 3, 46: 259; 1815. ( 5 ) Smith, 197, 10: 4; 24. 81,61: 186, 25. ( 6 ) Sponer, 818, 12: 619; 24. (7) Anderson and Smith, 21, 64: 295; 26. (»') Nagoaka and Futagami, 543, 2: 254, 387; 26. ( 9 ) Nagoaka, Futagami and Machida, 543, 2: 328; 26. ( 10 ) Nagoaka, Nukiyama and Futagami, 543, 3: 1, 258, 262, 319, 392; 27.

PHOTOMETRIC STANDARDS E. C. CRITTENDEN The standards of candlepower on which all precise photometry is based are groups of carbon-filament electric incandescent lamps maintained in several national laboratories. These lamps are burned at temperatures below those of ordinary operation so that they change very slowly with use. Since 1909 the laboratories of France, Great Britain, and the United States of America have thus maintained a common unit of candlepower variously known as the international candle, British candle, and bougie décimale. This unit, together with the procedure for maintaining it until a reproducible primary standard shall be evolved, has been accepted by the International Commission on Illumination, which includes representatives of Belgium, Italy, Spain, and Switzerland, in addition to the three countries named above. It is also used by the national laboratories of Japan and Russia, and has been adopted by the national standards committees in Australia, Canada, Czechoslovakia, Poland, and Sweden. The Hefner candle, the unit used in the Germanic countries, is 0.9 of the international candle, this ratio being exact within the limits of accuracy with which comparisons have been made. The legal primary standard on which this unit is based is the Hefner lamp burning amyl acetate, but the light produced by any flame depends on atmospheric conditions. The precise value of the

Hefner unit actually used was determined ( 3 ) in 1895 by comparisons between the flame lamps and electric lamps, and in recent years has been maintained by the electric standards, the flame standard serving as a check which would detect significant changes in the electric reference standards. No drift of the latter amounting to as much as 1 % has been found ( 2 > 3). Secondary standards of the more recent types of electric incandescent lamps (tungsten-filament vacuum and gas-filled lamps) have been established by different procedures in the several national laboratories, and there are differences as large as 3 or 4 % between the values assigned to them. The adjustment of these differences depends upon the acceptance of a standard method of comparing lights of different colors. Experiments and comparative measurements leading toward such an agreement are in progress. While flame standards of candlepower are now little used, individual lamps of two types (Hefner, and Vernon-Harcourt 10-candle pentane) are tested and certified by the national laboratories. The variation of their intensity with atmospheric conditions is commonly represented by an equation of the following form: 7 = Z0[I + a(eQ - e) - c(760 - 6)],

where e is the humidity expressed in liters of water vapor per cubic meter of dry air, CQ is a normal humidity, 6 is the barometric pressure in millimeters of mercury, T 0 is the intensity (candlepower) of the particular lamp under normal atmospheric conditions, and I is the intensity under the conditions represented by observed values of e and 6; it is assumed that variations of room temperature have a negligible effect. The accepted values of the constants are as follows : Lamp Hefner Pentane : Great Britain United States Japan

I

e0 8.8 8.0 8.0 8.0

\

a \ c \ Lit. 0.0055 0.00015 (3,6) 0.0063 0.0057 0.0064

0.0008 0.0006

(1,4) (5> 6> 7) (8)

The differences in the values of a for the pentane lamp arise from the fact that this " humidity factor" includes a temperature effect and that seasonal variations of humidity have a systematic relation to temperature which is nearly the same in England and

Japan, but different in America. The real humidity factor is 0.0052; this combined with a temperature term, +0.001(15 — t), brings observed results in the three countries into complete accord; t = room temperature, 0C. The variation with barometric pressure is not actually linear, but over the range of natural pressure changes either the British or American coefficient gives results correct within the accuracy with which the lamp will reproduce its values. For very complete bibliography, see ( 9 ), LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) (i) Butterfield, Haldane and Trotter, 522, 4: 509; 11. 121, 67: 711; 11. (2) Dziobek, 243, 46: 476; 26. (3) Liebenthal, 243, 15: 157; 95. 43: 209; 23. (4) Paterson and Dudding, 67, 27: 263; 15. 8, 30: 63; 15. (5) Rosa and Crittenden, 84, 5: 753; 10. SlA, 10: 557; 14. (6) Rosa, Crittenden and Taylor, 84, 10: 843; 15. (?) Rosa, Crittenden and Taylor, 48, 5: 444; 21. (8) Takatsu and Tanaka, Electrotech. Lab. (Japan), Dept. of Communications, Rept. No. 12, 1917. Sei. Abs. 21: 106; 18. ( 9 ) Walsh, Photometry, p. 141. London, Constable, 1926.

PHOTOMETRIC FBLTERS E. C. CRITTENDEN Introduction.—In visual photometry, filters are used (1) to equalize the intensity or the color of the two lights to be compared, (2) to test the characteristics of observers, (3) to transmit a spectral band so chosen that the ratio of its intensity to the integral light is the same for each of the lights (method of Crova). The Crova method can give correct results only when the filter is chosen in accordance with the spectral distribution of the particular sources to be compared. It is more convenient to use color equalizing filters, as they can be produced much more easily and no error is introduced by a failure in exactly equalizing the colors of the lights to be compared. Equalizing Filters.—The color filters most commonly used are blue glasses and dyed gelatin films of a yellowish or amber tint. These are not reproducible; individual filters must be calibrated. Continuously variable color filters using the rotatory dispersion of quartz plates between nicol prisms have been devised. The relative transmissions of these can be accurately calculated; see (5, 9). Reproducible color-equalizing filters of known transmissions can be prepared from the following stock solutions. (A) Yellow solution: 100 g Co(NH 4 )2(SO4)2.6H 2 O + 0.733 g K2Cr2O7 + 10 cm3 HNO3 (d = 1.05 g/cm3) + H2O to make 1 1 of solution at 2O0C. To dilute, use H2O. (B) Blue solution: 50 g Ni(NH4)2(SO4)2.6H2O + 1Og (NH4)*SO4 + 55 cm3 NH4OH (d = 0.90 g/cm3) + H2O to make 1 1 of solution at 2O0C. To dilute, use aqueous solution of 10 g (NH4)2SO4 per 1 of solution. These solutions suitably diluted are used to equalize various color differences. The following transmission data refer to a flicker photometer using a 2° field and an effective brightness of 2.5 millilambert. Transmission measurements made with the usual Lummer-Brodhun field (about 8° by 15°) give a somewhat higher transmission for the blue, and lower for the yellow solution. For the light from a standard 4 watt-per-candle carbon filament lamp (color temperature about 20770K), the transmission of the diluted yellow solution is given by logio T = —0.245C0-9, and of the blue by logio T — — 0.539C1-03, where C = concentration =

number of cm3 of stock solution (A or B) per cm3 of the diluted solution, and T — relative transmission of 1 cm of solution at 2O0C = TS/TW, where rw = transmission of a 1-cm cell having colorless glass walls and filled with clear H2O at 2O0C, and TS = transmission of same cell filled with the diluted solution at 2O0C. Transmission = Z/2/Z/i where Li[L2] = light incident upon front [leaving rear] face of cell. For the light from a source with a spectral distribution of light like that of a black-body at a temperature >2077°K the transmission of the yellow solution, when adjusted to give a color match with the 4 watt-per-candle carbon lamp, is given by logio T = -0.366C1-05; see (i f 2, 3, 8). Filters for Testing Observers.—For a normal or average observer using a flicker photometer under standard conditions and the light from a 4-watt-per-candle lamp, the two following aqueous solutions have equal transmissions at 2O0C when contained in 1-cm cells of colorless glass. Yellow solution: 72 g K2Cr2O? to 1 1 solution at 2O0C. Blue solution: 57 g CuSO4.5H2O to 1 1 solution at 2O0C; see (2, 4, 6, 7). Filters for Physical Photometers.—Any receiver which responds to radiant energy in a definite and quantitative manner can be used as a photometer if covered by such a filter that the resultant spectral sensitivity curve is like that of the eye. All such known receivers which are accurately reproducible are non-selective, and for such the best filter appears to be a 1-cm thickness of the following solution, supplemented by clear H2O sufficient to absorb practically all the infra-red (about 2 cm): 61.25 g CuCl2.2H2O + 14.5 g Co(NH 4 ) 2 (SO 4 ) 2 .6H 2 O + 1.9 g K 2 CrO 4 + H2O to make 1 1; see ( 4 » 6). LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) '(I) Buckley and Brookes, 522, 18: 239; 25. ( 2 ) Crittenden and Richtmyer, 84, 11: 331; 16. SlA, 14: 87; 18. (3) Fabry, 34, 137: 743; 03. 84, 8: 302; 13. (4) Gibson, 48, 9: 113; 24. (5) Gibson, 48, 11: 75; 25. (6) Ives, 143, 186: 121; 18. 188: 217, 19. (7) Ives and Kingsbury, 84, 10: 203; 15. (8) Ives and Kingsbury, 84, 9: 795; 14. 10: 253; 15. (») Priest, 48, 7: 1175; 23.

MECHANICAL EQUIVALENT OF LIGHT

HERBERT E. IVES CONTENTS

PAOB 436 436 436 437

Definitions and symbols Relative visibility factor of monochromatic light Least mechanical equivalent of light Luminous characteristics of a black-body Luminous efficiency of radiation from electrically excited gases and vapors 437 Relative luminous efficiency of radiation from commercial illuminants 437 Relative luminous efficiencies of commercial illuminants. . . . 437

0.523 0.467 . . , A. , Al .. x. ., , ~n—M = r> /*>' X is the wave-length of the radiation considered. AS

A4

Mechanical equivalent = ra/Fxr, m = the least mechanical equivalent of light = 0.00161 watt/lumen; luminous efficiency of the radiation = V\r/m. Unit of X = 0.001^ = 10 A; of F\r = 1%, see Fig. 1; see also (2, 9, n, is, 19, 20).

DEFINITIONS1 AND SYMBOLS 1. The efficiency of a source is the ratio of the total luminous flux to the total power consumed (A. E. S. C. 46) (#s). 2. The luminous efficiency of the radiation from any source is the ratio of the luminous flux to the radiant flux from the source (A. E. S. C. 22) (E). 3. The visibility factor for the radiation of a particular wavelength is the ratio of the luminous flux at that wave-length to the corresponding radiant flux (A. E. S. C. IS)(Fx). (It is the luminous efficiency of monochromatic radiation of that wave-length.) 4. The relative luminous efficiency of a source or a radiation is the ratio of its efficiency to that of monochromatic radiation of maximum efficiency (about X = Q.555(jL)(Esrj Er). 5. The relative visibility factor for a particular wave-length is the ratio of the visibility factor for that wave-length to the maximum value of the visibility factor (A. E. S. C. 19)(F\r). (It is the relative luminous efficiency of monochromatic radiation of that wave-length.) 6. Mechanical equivalent of the light of a given radiation = power radiated per unit of luminous flux emitted = reciprocal of the luminous efficiency of the radiation. 7. Least mechanical equivalent of light — mechanical equivalent of monochromatic radiation of greatest luminous efficiency (about X = 0.555/z)M. If L = total luminous flux, R = total radiant flux, L = I . £xdX = f "VxAxdX, R = f °°AxdX, E = L/R, ET = #/(#x)m«. = •/0

»/0

#/(Fx)ma*. = ME-

The value found for L, and hence for ra, depends to some extent upon the conditions of observation (intensity of illumination, size of field, type of photometer, etc.). As there is no general agreement regarding what these conditions should be, the following data have a tentative character and those obtained by different observers are not always comparable. TABLE 1.—RELATIVE VISIBILITY FACTOR (Fxr) OF MONOCHROMATIC RADIATION ( 7 ) These values, applying to photometric fields of relatively high brightness, have been tentatively adopted by the International Commission on Illumination. They are accurately represented by the formula: FXr = 0.9896(ß1e1-Äi)200 + 0.0820(A2C1-^)550 + 0.0650(ASe1â)2O00 + 0.037'5(R«e1-^)™ where the R's are pure ,Ä , , ., 0.555 0.607 A. A numbers defined by the equations X = —^—v = ~~r>—M = 1 The definitions, that are followed by the letters A. E. S. C. and a number, are those given by the American Engineering Standards Committee, and follow closely those adopted by the International Illumination Commission. The remaining quantities are not defined by those bodies, and it has accordingly been necessary to complete the list by definitions so worded as to be consistent with those adopted. Various authorities differ in terminology, and the definitions here given are not those elsewhere used and advocated by the writer.

FIQ. 1.—Relative visibility factor of monochromatic radiation (7.) Relative visibility factor = relative luminous efficiency. Im/x = 10-7 cm = 10 A. (See Table 1.) X

400 410 420 430 440 450 460 470 480 490 500 510 520

I

FXr

0.04 0.12 0.40 1.16 2.3 3.8 6.0 9.1 13.9 20.8 32.3 50.3 71.0

H

X

530 540 550 560 570 580 590 600 610 620 630 640 650

I

FXr

86.2 95.4 99.5 99.5 95.2 87.0 75.7 63.1 50.3 38.1 26.5 17.5 10.7

H

X

660 670 680 690 700 710 720 730 740 750 760

I

FXr

6.1 3.2 1.7 0.82 0.41 0.21 0.105 0.052 0.025 0.012 0.006

TABLE 2.—LEAST MECHANICAL EQUIVALENT OF LIGHT Value for green Hg-line, X = 5461 A, was derived from direct radiometrie and photometric measurements; that for black-body (B. B.), from photometric measurements and computation of total radiation, using indicated values of a- and Cz', that for carbon lamp (C. L.), from measurement with and without a luminous efficiency screen. In column V\r is indicated the relative visibility factor used in the reduction; m0[m] = value of the least mechanical equivalent as reported by observer (as corrected to basis of Table 1, a- = 5.709 X IO"12 watt cm"2 deg~4, and C2 = 14 330 micron degree). The value found for m depends to some extent upon the conditions of observation (illumination, size of field, type of photometer), and there is no general agreement regarding what these conditions should be. Unit of a- = 10~12 watt cm"2 deg~~4; of Cz = micron degree; of ra0 and m — 0.001 watt lumen"1. Source | T1 0K | a \ C2 | Fxr I m0 \ m \ Lit. 5461 A (Assumed to be X of max. efficiency) 1.44 1.42 (* ) 5461 A I 'iiï 1.59 1.61 ( 14 > 15) and C. L.

TABLE 2.—(Continued) Source 1 T, 0K |
B. B. B. B. B. B. B. B. B. B.

5.714 350 H. F. C. (9)1.50 (9) 5.714350 C. E. (2) 1.65* (3) 1336(Au) t 14300 I (") 1.68 (8) 1336(Au) t 14350 I (") 1.59 1.62(8) 2 035(Pt) 5.714330 G. T. (7) 1.61 1.61 (13) Recommended value 1.61

* Recomputation of observations ( 9 ); here corrected to agree with their later values (i°). t Ci = 3.704 X IO"12 watt cm2.

TABLE 3.—LUMINOUS CHABACTEBISTICS OF A BLACK-BODY The relative luminous efficiency (Er) of the radiation from the black-body is computed on the bases of Table 1 and the radiation constants (a- = 5.709 X 10 ~12 watt cm~2 deg~4, C2 = 14 330 micron deg) chosen for I. C. T. (cf. O 7 )). Er = (jJV^rJ\d\\ ^ ( I J\dX J ; J\ = monochromatic intensity of the radiation.

B—

brightness if least mechanical equivalent = 0.00161 watt lumen"1; B = b X 10n; Er = e X 10n/. Unit of B = 1 candle cm"2. T^ 1

I 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 10

200 400 600 700 750 800 850 900 950 000 050 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650 000 000 000 000 000 000 OOP

E

'

e I 6.02 5.57 2.82 5.41 7.26 9.57 1.24 1.58 1.98 2.46 3.01 3.64 4.36 5.17 6.06 7.06 8.16 9.35 1.07 1.20 1.35 1.51 1.68 3.09 8.07 1.190 1.353 1.352 1.258 9.87

n' -6 -5 -4 -4 -4 -4 -3 -3 -3 -3 -3 -3 -3 -3 -3 -3 -3 -3 -2 -2 -2 -2 -2 -2 -2 -1 -1 -1 -1 -2

** b I 1.41 2.42 2.08 5.10 7.69 1.13 1.64 2.32 3.23 4.44 5.96 7.98 1.05 1.37 1.75 2.23 2.81 3.50 4.33 5.31 6.45 7.80 9.34 2.83 2.33 8.40 1.98 3.67 5.82 1.115

TABLE 4.—(Continued) Gas I Color I E | Er Br Blue-white . 0.06 0.01 Cd Blue-white 1.6 0.26 Cl Blue 0.08 0.01 Cs Blue-white <0.4 <0.06 F O.Ip Q.Q2p H Red 0.08 0.01 He White 4.4 0.71 Hg Blue-green* 11 1.82 Hg Blue-whitef 126 20.3 I White 1.1 0.18 K Purple 1.8 0.28 Kr Violet <0.6p <0.1p Li Red î N Yellow-orange 1.6 0.26 Na Yellow 214 34 Ne Red-orange 23.0 3.6 O Blue-white 0.05 0.01 P Blue-white § Rb Red 0.24 0.04 S Blue-white 0.89 0.14 Se

n -2 -1 O O O +1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 4 4 5 5 5 6

* Between T = 1700 and 265O0K these values agree satisfactorily with observations of ( 6 > 10 ), as recomputed to basis Cz = 14 330 but are a little greater; greatest difference is 1.2 %.

TABLE 4.—LUMINOUS EFFICIENCY OF RADIATION FEOM ELECTBICALLY EXCITED GASES AND VAPOBS ( 4 ); cf. (5) E — luminous efficiency; Er = relative luminous efficiency; color = color of light emitted; p = probably. Unit of E = 1 lumen/watt; of Er = 1 %. Gas I Color \ E \ ET A Red 0.24 0.04 A s O O

Tl Xe Zn

Qp

Green-white Blue-green

0.08
Op

0.01 <0. 2Op 0.02

* Without condenser, f With 0.14 microfarad condenser in parallel with tube. Î Vapor pressure too low for continuous discharge. § Too low to measure.

TABLE 5.—RELATIVE LUMINOUS EFFICIENCY (Er) OF RADIATION FEOM COMMEBCIAL ILLUMINANTS (16) Unit of Er = 1 % Source | Description Er Incandescent electric lamps: Carbon, point source 4 w.p.c., 99 volt 0.45 Tungsten, vacuum 9.16 volt, 1.25 w.p.c. 1.65 Tungsten, vacuum 97.0 volt, 1.1 w.p.c. 1.84 Tungsten, vacuum 102.6 volt, 1 w.p.c. 1.99 Tungsten, nitrogen 6.6 amp., 0.65 w.p.c. 2.93 Mercury arc 1.7 amp., Pfund type 30.5 Nernst glower 0.8 amp., stereopticon type 1.08 Gas lamps: Incandescent mantle 0.25% ceria 0.5 Incandescent mantle 0.25% ceria 0.7 Incandescent mantle 0.75% CeO2, solid chimney 1.2 Incandescent mantle 0.75% CeO2, perforated 1.26 chimney Incandescent mantle 2 % ceria 0.8 Open burner 0.19 Standard candle Sperm 0.24 TABLE 6.—EFFICIENCIES OF COMMEBCIAL ILLUMINANTS ( 12 ) Rating = commercial rating of lamp; E8 = luminous efficiency of lamp; Esr = relative luminous efficiency of lamp = mEs, m = least mechanical equivalent of light; w.p.c. = watts per mean, horizontal candlepower; cp. = candlepower; amp. = ampere, D.C. [A.C.] = direct [alternating] current; BTU = British thermal unit; h.p.[l.p.] = high [low] pressure; 60 ^ = 60 cycles per second. Unit of ES — 1 lumen per watt consumed; of Esr = 1%. Lamp I Rating I Ea | Ear Incandescent electric: Carbon 4 w.p.c. 2.6 0.42 Treated carbon* 1.25 w.p.c. 8 1 . 3 Tungsten, vacuum 600 cp., 20 amp., 0.5 19.6 3.2 w.p.c.

TABLE 6.—(Continued) Lamp I Rating Incandescent electric (Cont'd) Tungsten, Mazda-C 500 watt, multiple, 7 w.p.c. Electric arc: Carbon, open 9.6 amp., clear globe Carbon, enclosed f 6.6 amp., D.C. Carbon, enclosed! 7.5 amp., A.C. Magnetite 6.6 amp., D.C. Mercury in glass 40 to 70 volt, 3.5 amp. Mercury in quartz 147 to 197 volt, 4.2 amp. Flaming,! enclosed: White, carbon 10 amp., A.C. White, carbon 6.5 amp., D.C. Yellow, carbon 10 amp., A.C. Yellow, carbon 6.5 amp., D.C. Flaming,t open: White, inclined 10 amp., A.C. White, inclined 10 amp., D.C. Yellow inclined 10 amp., A.C. Yellow, inclined 10 amp., D.C. Moore nitrogen tube 220 volt, 60~, 113.17 ft. Nernstlamp

| E& \ E8r 15

2.4

11.8 5.9 5.6 21.6 23 42

1.9 0.96 0.91 3.5 3.7 6.8

26.7 4.3 35.5 5.8 31.45.1 34.2 5.5 29 4.7 27.7 4.5 41.5 6.7 44.7 7.2 5.21 0.85 4.8 0.77

Lamp

TABLE 6.—(Continued) Rating

Gas lamps: Acetylene Incandescent, l.p

• \ E8 \ E*

1.0 liter per hr 0.67 0.11 0.350 lumen per BTU 1.2 0.19 hr-1 0.578 lumen per BTU 2.0 0.32 hr-i Bray 6 in., h.p. 0.22 0.036 0.260.04

Incandescent, h.p Open flame Petroleum lamp

* Oval, anchored filament. t Inner, light opal; outer, clear; lamp provided with street reflector. A resistance is in series with the A.C. arc. Î Ornamental type of lamp, clear globe, standard electrodes, series resistance.

LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) C 1 ) Buisson and Fabry, 34, 153: 254; 11. ( 2 ) Coblentz and Emerson, SÌA, 14: 3 167; 17. ( ) Coblentz and Emerson, 31 A, 14: 255; 17. (*) Compton, A. H., Univ. Pittsburgh, O. (5) Compton and Van Voorhis, 2, 21: 210; 23. («) Forsythe, NeIa Park, Cleveland, Ohio, O. (?) Gibson and Tyndall, SlA, 19: 131; 23. (8; Hoist and Visser, 64P1 20: 1036; 17. (*) Hyde, Forsythe and Cady, 21, 48: 65; 18. (i°) Hyde, Forsythe and Cady, 2, 13: 45; 19. (") Ives, S, 34: 149; 12. (12) Ives, 8, 5: 390; 15. (") Ives, 48, 9: 635; 24. (14; Ives, Coblentz and Kingsbury, 2, 5: 269; 15. ( 15 ) Ives and Kingsbury, 2, 6: 319; 15. (16) Karrer, 2, 5: 189; 15. ( 17 ) Kingsbury, 2, 7: 161; 16. (i«) Koenig, Gesammelte Abhandlungen zur physiologischen Optik, p. 144. Leipzig, Barth, 1903. O») Langley, 12, 36: 359; 88. (20) .Nutting, 48, 4: 55; 20. (21) Tyndall and Gibson, 48, 9: 403; 24.

THE PROPERTIES OF PHOTOGRAPHIC MATERIALS

PART I: S. E. SHEPPARD, PART II: L. A. JONES CONTENTS Part I. S. E. Sheppard

MATIÈRES Partie I. S. E. Sheppard

INHALTSVERZEICHNIS Teil 1. S. E. Sheppard

The photochemical equivalent of the silver halides. The silver reduction equivalent of photographic developers. Photographic development velocity functions and constants. The temperature coefficient of development. Suggested Watkins' factors.

L'équivalent photochimique des halogénures d'argent. L'équivalent de réduction d'argent des révélateurs photographiques. Fonctions et constantes de vitesse de développement photographique . Le coefficient de température du développement. Facteurs suggérés par Watkins.

Das photochemische Äquivalent der Silber Halogenide. Das Silber-Reduktionsäquivalent photographischer Entwickelungssubstanzen. Funktion photographischer Entwickelungs-Geschwindigkeit und Konstante. Temperaturkoeïfizient der Entwickelung. Watkins-Faktoren, Schätzung.

Reduction potentials of developers. The photometric constant of the developed silver image.

Potentiels de réduction des révélateurs. La constante photométrique de l'image d'argent développée.

Reduktionspotentiale der En twickelungssubstanzen . Photometrische Konstante des entwickelten Silberbildes.

Part II. L. A. Jones Sensitometric constants of type plates and films Spectral sensitivity of photographic materials. Resolving power, sharpness, and astro gamma. Relative photographic efficiency of illuminants.

Partie II. L. A. Jones Constantes sensitométrique des plaques et films types. Sensibilité spectrale des matières photographiques. Pouvoir séparateur, netteté et astro gamma. Efficacité photographique relative des moyens d'éclairage.

Teil II. L. A. Jones Sensimetrische Konstanten von Platentypen und Filmen. Spektrale Empfindlichkeit photographischer Materialien. Auflösungskraft, Schärfe und Astro-Gamma. Relative photographische Kraft von Illuminatoren.

Gloss of photographic papers.

Le brillant des papiers photographiques.

Glanz photographischer Papiere.

INDICE Parte I. S. E. Sheppard PAGE L'equivalente fotochimico degli alogenuri di argento 439 L'equivalente di riduzione in argento degli svilup439 patori fotografici Funzioni e costanti della velocità di sviluppo fotografico 439 II coefficiente di temperatura dello sviluppo . . . 440 Fattori di Watkins proposti 440 Potenziali di riduzione degli sviluppatori 441 La costante fotometrica della immagine di argento sviluppata 441 Parte IL L. A. Jones Costanti sensitometriche di lastre e pellicole tipo . . . 441 Sensibilità spettrale di materiali fotografici 442 Potere risolvente, nettezza e astrogamma 442 Efficacia fotografica relativa dei prodotti illuminanti 445 Lustro di carte fotografiche 445

TABLE 6.—(Continued) Lamp I Rating Incandescent electric (Cont'd) Tungsten, Mazda-C 500 watt, multiple, 7 w.p.c. Electric arc: Carbon, open 9.6 amp., clear globe Carbon, enclosed f 6.6 amp., D.C. Carbon, enclosed! 7.5 amp., A.C. Magnetite 6.6 amp., D.C. Mercury in glass 40 to 70 volt, 3.5 amp. Mercury in quartz 147 to 197 volt, 4.2 amp. Flaming,! enclosed: White, carbon 10 amp., A.C. White, carbon 6.5 amp., D.C. Yellow, carbon 10 amp., A.C. Yellow, carbon 6.5 amp., D.C. Flaming,t open: White, inclined 10 amp., A.C. White, inclined 10 amp., D.C. Yellow inclined 10 amp., A.C. Yellow, inclined 10 amp., D.C. Moore nitrogen tube 220 volt, 60~, 113.17 ft. Nernstlamp

| E& \ E8r 15

2.4

11.8 5.9 5.6 21.6 23 42

1.9 0.96 0.91 3.5 3.7 6.8

26.7 4.3 35.5 5.8 31.45.1 34.2 5.5 29 4.7 27.7 4.5 41.5 6.7 44.7 7.2 5.21 0.85 4.8 0.77

Lamp

TABLE 6.—(Continued) Rating

Gas lamps: Acetylene Incandescent, l.p

• \ E8 \ E*

1.0 liter per hr 0.67 0.11 0.350 lumen per BTU 1.2 0.19 hr-1 0.578 lumen per BTU 2.0 0.32 hr-i Bray 6 in., h.p. 0.22 0.036 0.260.04

Incandescent, h.p Open flame Petroleum lamp

* Oval, anchored filament. t Inner, light opal; outer, clear; lamp provided with street reflector. A resistance is in series with the A.C. arc. Î Ornamental type of lamp, clear globe, standard electrodes, series resistance.

LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) C 1 ) Buisson and Fabry, 34, 153: 254; 11. ( 2 ) Coblentz and Emerson, SÌA, 14: 3 167; 17. ( ) Coblentz and Emerson, 31 A, 14: 255; 17. (*) Compton, A. H., Univ. Pittsburgh, O. (5) Compton and Van Voorhis, 2, 21: 210; 23. («) Forsythe, NeIa Park, Cleveland, Ohio, O. (?) Gibson and Tyndall, SlA, 19: 131; 23. (8; Hoist and Visser, 64P1 20: 1036; 17. (*) Hyde, Forsythe and Cady, 21, 48: 65; 18. (i°) Hyde, Forsythe and Cady, 2, 13: 45; 19. (") Ives, S, 34: 149; 12. (12) Ives, 8, 5: 390; 15. (") Ives, 48, 9: 635; 24. (14; Ives, Coblentz and Kingsbury, 2, 5: 269; 15. ( 15 ) Ives and Kingsbury, 2, 6: 319; 15. (16) Karrer, 2, 5: 189; 15. ( 17 ) Kingsbury, 2, 7: 161; 16. (i«) Koenig, Gesammelte Abhandlungen zur physiologischen Optik, p. 144. Leipzig, Barth, 1903. O») Langley, 12, 36: 359; 88. (20) .Nutting, 48, 4: 55; 20. (21) Tyndall and Gibson, 48, 9: 403; 24.

THE PROPERTIES OF PHOTOGRAPHIC MATERIALS

PART I: S. E. SHEPPARD, PART II: L. A. JONES CONTENTS Part I. S. E. Sheppard

MATIÈRES Partie I. S. E. Sheppard

INHALTSVERZEICHNIS Teil 1. S. E. Sheppard

The photochemical equivalent of the silver halides. The silver reduction equivalent of photographic developers. Photographic development velocity functions and constants. The temperature coefficient of development. Suggested Watkins' factors.

L'équivalent photochimique des halogénures d'argent. L'équivalent de réduction d'argent des révélateurs photographiques. Fonctions et constantes de vitesse de développement photographique . Le coefficient de température du développement. Facteurs suggérés par Watkins.

Das photochemische Äquivalent der Silber Halogenide. Das Silber-Reduktionsäquivalent photographischer Entwickelungssubstanzen. Funktion photographischer Entwickelungs-Geschwindigkeit und Konstante. Temperaturkoeïfizient der Entwickelung. Watkins-Faktoren, Schätzung.

Reduction potentials of developers. The photometric constant of the developed silver image.

Potentiels de réduction des révélateurs. La constante photométrique de l'image d'argent développée.

Reduktionspotentiale der En twickelungssubstanzen . Photometrische Konstante des entwickelten Silberbildes.

Part II. L. A. Jones Sensitometric constants of type plates and films Spectral sensitivity of photographic materials. Resolving power, sharpness, and astro gamma. Relative photographic efficiency of illuminants.

Partie II. L. A. Jones Constantes sensitométrique des plaques et films types. Sensibilité spectrale des matières photographiques. Pouvoir séparateur, netteté et astro gamma. Efficacité photographique relative des moyens d'éclairage.

Teil II. L. A. Jones Sensimetrische Konstanten von Platentypen und Filmen. Spektrale Empfindlichkeit photographischer Materialien. Auflösungskraft, Schärfe und Astro-Gamma. Relative photographische Kraft von Illuminatoren.

Gloss of photographic papers.

Le brillant des papiers photographiques.

Glanz photographischer Papiere.

INDICE Parte I. S. E. Sheppard PAGE L'equivalente fotochimico degli alogenuri di argento 439 L'equivalente di riduzione in argento degli svilup439 patori fotografici Funzioni e costanti della velocità di sviluppo fotografico 439 II coefficiente di temperatura dello sviluppo . . . 440 Fattori di Watkins proposti 440 Potenziali di riduzione degli sviluppatori 441 La costante fotometrica della immagine di argento sviluppata 441 Parte IL L. A. Jones Costanti sensitometriche di lastre e pellicole tipo . . . 441 Sensibilità spettrale di materiali fotografici 442 Potere risolvente, nettezza e astrogamma 442 Efficacia fotografica relativa dei prodotti illuminanti 445 Lustro di carte fotografiche 445

Parti The Photochemical Equivalent of the Silver Halides ( 10 ); cf. (9,38,41,42,43) 2

Silver Reduction Equivalent.—(Continued) ?FaT developer

^ n v Grams alkali

Grams __ _ „ Na2SO3

Vol., Duration of , . , cm3 experiment

_ EAK ^

., Lit.

T

2hv = sum of quanta absorbed per cm , NAK = number of 2 5. o-Aminophenol silver atoms produced per cm without development, N/^hv = 1.4 [K CO , 20 I 20 \ca. 300| 20 min | 0.7 | O) photochemical equivalent. 6. Chlorquinol 1.9 |K CO , 20 I 20 I 150| I h r | 6.7 | (*) ^ Fast plate | Process plate 7. Quinone in-16 10-16 in-16 10~16 0.054 NaOH, 2.2 O 25 1 hr 3.9 O ) № 0.054 NaOH, 2.2 0.63 25 Ihr 4.9 (l ) X Zfc, W*" X *, X ZA, ^^ X *, */**" 8. Hydroxylamine as NH OH-HCl 0.39 0.88 3.00 0.92 0.85 0.82 5.50 0.79 0.70 NaOH, 25** 100 60 min 1.1 (3 ) 0.41 0.88 6.00 0.79 0.95 0.88 6.40 0.78 0.70 NaOH, 50** 100 60 min 0.98 ( ) 0.68 0.93 8.00 0.71 1.80 1.08 9.20 0.730.70 NaOH, 12.5** 100 60 min 1.01 ( ) NaOH, 12.5** 100 60 min 1.00 (3 ) 0.90 1.01 8.80 0.67 2.80 1.06 11.40 0.62 0.70 0.044 NH OH 60 min 2.00tt ( ) 0.99 0.92 9.30 0.68 3.40 0.83 22.50 0.38 9. Hydrogen peroxide 1.76 0.99 13.00 0.50 4.70 0.76 30.00 0.33 1.720 I NaOH | | | 60 min | 1.00 | (34) 2.30 0.98 * Excess AgBr added progressively. || Ag as excess Ag O. 2

3

2

3

4

4

2

4

34

34

4

34

4

2

The Silver Reduction Equivalent of Photographic Developers By silver reduction equivalent (EAS) is meant the number of atoms of metallic silver reduced per molecule of developer oxidized. Temperature = 2O0C and Ag is added as excess AgBr except as otherwise indicated. Grams , , developer

~ « i. Grams alkali

1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.055 0.055 0.055 0.055

K2CO3, 20 K2CO3, 20 K2CO3, 20 K2CO3, 20 NaOH, 2.2 NaOH, 2.2 NaOH, 2.2 NaOH, 2.2 NaOH, 2.2 NH4OH, aq. 2OJ NaOH, 2.2 NH4OH

~ Grams _ _ Of. NasSOs

,, , ~ , Vol., Duration of , . cm3 experiment

1. Quinol 20 ca. 300 20 ca. 300 20 ca. 300 20 ca. 300 O 25 O 25 O 25 0.063 25 0.63 25 O 40 O 25 2. Pyrogallol O

20 min 20min 30min 60min 6 hr 6 hr 18 da 18 da 18 da 8 da 15 hr

_, EAKB

T .A -Lit.

4.3 5.0* 4.3 7.8 6.4 9.3f 7.8 7.8 8.9 8.0§ 10.5|| ca. 4f

C1) (2) (3) (3) O4) H4) O4) O4) O4) O4) O4)

NaOH, 2.2 NaOH, 2.2

0.055 0.055 1.4

NaOH, 2.2 NaOH, 2.2 K2CO3, 20

1.4

| K2CO3, 20

O 25 l hr 0.315 25 Ihr 3. Pyrocatechol O 25 2 hr or 21 da 0.315 25 21 da 20 ca. 300 21min 4. p-Aminophenol | 20 |ca. 300| 20min |

( 18 );c/.

I

Log form

3.2 3.4

O4) ^4)

4.5 5.9 1.9

(14) (>«) (i)

3.9

IT Ag as excess ammoniacal AgNO3. ** cms of IN NaOH. ft Ag as ammoniacal Ag2O.

It is clear that the so-called silver equivalent of a given developing agent varies with the other constituents of the developer, the temperature, duration of run, and the form and manner in which the silver is added. Gordon (3) found, further, that the equivalent varies markedly with the method of shaking. It is probable that none of the values represents an equilibrium system and all are therefore to be regarded as tentative. Lüppo-Cramer ( 24 ), believes all determinations on silver halides in absence of emulsifying substances to be without photographic significance. Photographic Development Velocity Functions and Constants The rate of development may be measured by the increase of densityr, D1 at a single exposure with time of development, £, or more satisfactorily, and in closer relation to photographic theory and practice, by the increase of gamma, 7, (constant or development factor) with time, t. The function for (7, t) will be of the same form as for (D, £)> provided the straight line portions of the characteristic curves (q.v.j p. 442) meet on the axis of exposures. If they converge to a point below the axis, as when soluble bromide is present, then if a is the depression of density at the convergence point (cf. ( 28 )) the function for (D + a), t will be the same as for 7, t. For some emulsions the convergence point is above the axis, in which case the function for 7, t should be compared with (D — a), t.

(37)

0.063 0.063

•j-1 = 95-100°. $ Sp. gr. 0.9. § Ag as AgNO3, 1.7 g.

| (i)

FORMS OF DEVELOPMENT VELOCITY EQUATION | Exponential form

2

K(t - to) = log« DD1 D

D = D 00 (I - e-*«-«o))

3

K(lo& t - log« t0) = löge p ^ p

D = D00(I - «-*log. «/*) g^ = y(D00 - D) = Kt^(D00 - D)

4

loge K + b loge (t -

to) = log« lüge p ^ p

& = Dn(I

^-^^-(d + h)(D.-p { )^5^

-

6'K(I-^

SjD

= R(D^

| Lit.

Kt = log« 5^70

5

D = D00(I - e-Kt)

First derivative

1

_ D)

^ = K(D00 - D)

^D

=

^b-i^ _ £>)

(37)

(37) (28) ( 44)

g-^rff+dp--*) <")

K — velocity constant of development, t = time of development in any unit selected. ^0 = empirical correction for the induction period in development. D00 = theoretical silver image density at infinite development. D = measured silver image density at time, t. a, b, d, h = empirical constants. p% - D00 as used in 1-4. In 5, D00 represents the mass (unknown) of the latent image. Equation 1 holds only for simple iron oxalate development, and for pyrogallol-soda (fairly). Equation 2 is of much wider application but in many cases fails in the advanced stages of alkaline development. Equation 3 has been found generally satisfactory by Nietz ( 28 ) in his extensive experimental work.

Equation 4 is equally satisfactory and sometimes holds over a wider range but is more difficult of application. Equation 5 is of theoretical significance as being based upon the conception of the reversibility of the development process; it contains too many undeterminable terms to be practically useful.

DEVELOPMENT VELOCITY CONSTANTS AND RELATED DATA FOR VARIOUS DEVELOPERS ON THE SAME EMULSION ( 28 ) Each developer contained 50 g Na2SO3, 50 g Na2CO3 and 1.19 g KBr per liter. Developing agents marked with an asterisk were of high purity, and others, excepting only edinol, duratol and eikonogen, which were the commercial product, were of better than commercial quality. D00, to, K as previously defined. T00 = theoretical plate contrast reached on infinite development. Constants of Eq. 3 Developing agents all at 0.05 molai concn. D00 | 7«, ^0, min| K Toluquinol 4.40 TToT TS5 0.63 Diaminophenol + alkali* 4.2 1.40 0.6 0.60 p-Aminophenol* 4.2 1.84 1.0 0.44 p-Amino-w-cresol 4.0 1.33 1.24 0.72 Methyl-p-amino-o-cresol 4.0 1.26 0.33 0.60 Pyrogallol* 4.0 1.22 0.78 0.57 Chlorquinol* 4.0 1.82 1.3 0.52 Quinol* 3.8 1.26 1.80 0.95 Dibromquinol 3.8 1.27 0.80 0.80 p-Amino-0-cresol 3.8 1.27 0.87 0.70 Bromquinol 3.8 1.73 1.27 0.66 Eikonogen 3.8 1.43 1.7 0.47 Monomethyl-p-aminophenol * 3.6 1.50 0.70 0.58 Diaminophenol, no alkali 3.6 1.63 0.36 0.55 3.6 1.68 0.60 0.52 Pyrocatechol Dichlorquinol 3.6 1.29 0.80 0.53 3.6 1.22 1.9 0.46 Edinol Phenylhydrazine, no alkali 3.5 8.5 0.03 p-Dimethylaminophenol 3.2 1.18 0.75 0.61 Ferrous oxalate* 3.1 1.29 0.97 0.55 Benzyl-p-aminophenol (duratol).... 2.4 0.98 2.27 0.34 p-Phenylenediamine 1.7 0.58 2.10 0.34

TEMPERATURE COEFFICIENT.—(Continued) Developing agent |Plate or emulsioni alo Rytol (tabloid) 2T2 Rodinal (p-aminophenol) 1.9 Pyrogallol soda, no bromide 1.5 Pyrogallol soda with bromide 1.9 Pyrogallol soda, no bromide Wratten Pan- 2.0 chromatic Imperial Ordì- 1.71 Pyrogallol soda, no bromide nary Wratten Instan- 1.68 Pyrogallol soda, no bromide taneous Ilford Empress 1.55 Pyrogallol soda, no bromide Pyrogallol soda, no bromide Imperial Special 1.76 Rapid Ilford Special 1.85 Pyrogallol soda, no bromide Rapid Wellington 1.99 Pyrogallol soda, no bromide Rapid Special Barnet Extra 2.01 Pyrogallol soda, no bromide Rapid Monarch 1.9 Pyrogallol soda, no bromide Pyrogallol soda with 0.1% bro- Barnet Extra 2.01 mide*. Rapid Pyrogallol soda with 0.1% bromide* Ilford Empress 2.09

\ Lit. (40)" ( 40 ) ( 40 ) ( 40 ) (20) ( 12 ) ( 12 ) (l2) ( 12 ) ( 12 ) ( 12 ) (12) (l2) O2) ( 12 )

* Ferguson's results ( 12 ) for bromided pyrogallol, only two of which are quoted for illustration, gave a temp.-coeff. of approximately 2 for all the plates tested, irrespective of the unbromided values. Bromide apparently stabilizes the temp.-coeff., eliminating the emulsion effect observed by Sheppard and Mees ( 37 ). Watkins records a like conclusion ( 40 ). The temp.-coeff. of a developer is in general independent of its dilution.

Suggested Watkins' Factors (*°)

The Temperature Coefficient of Development Sheppard and Mees ( 36 ) found that in the case of ferrous oxalate development the temperature-development velocity relation was represented quite accurately by the integrated form of the Van't P^ Hoff reaction isochore: log K= — ^ + C, where K = develop-

Multiplication of the time of first appearance of the image by the suggested factor should give a negative of average contrast; the factor may then be adjusted to fit the peculiar requirements of the individual worker. Where the factor is evenly divisible into ... . . Time of appearance in seconds 60, a divisor is given: gr-r = correct

ment velocity constant, A, C = experimentally determined characteristic constants, T = absolute temperature. The temperature coefficient for any development process for which the above relation holds is given by : _ KT + 10 "10 " KT Ferguson (ll) has proposed and successfully applied to general alkaline development the formula

development time in minutes. Except in the case of pyrogallol and amidol the factor is independent of the developer strength. Variation in alkali does not alter the factor. For sky, snow, and water negatives use a somewhat smaller factor, e.g., % normal. For negatives devoid of high lights calculate development time on the basis of % of time of appearance, grams/fl. oz. mg/ml ~ , developer developer Factor (and ,. . \ Developer p Bro- p Brodivisor) mide mide Ï O 27Î6 O 18 ^ „ , .,, 2 0 4.32 O 1 2 (div. 5 ) Pyrogallol with 8 Q fl<4g Q 10 jiv. 6)

io g b= l o g M - l o e m

in which b = temp, coeff. for I 0 C. M, m = time of development giving equal factors at the higher and lower temperatures, respectively. At = temp, difference in 0C. TEMPERATURE COEFFICIENT OF DEVELOPMENT Developing agent |Plate or emulsioni «io | Lit. Ferrous oxalate "A" 1.60 (^) Ferrous oxalate "B" 1.90 (37) "C" 1.70 (37) Ferrous oxalate Hydroxylamine "C" 2.00 (37) Quinol "B" 2.20 (37) Quinol "C" 2.80 (37) Quinol (tabloid) 2.25 (40) p-Aminophenol "C" 1.50 (37) Metol "C" 1.25 (37) "B" 2.80 (37) Pyrocatechol 2.3 (40) Glycine (tabloid) Metol-quinol ^1.9 ( 40 )

JNa2

°°3

'

,, „ , .,, Pyrogallol with Na2

3

°°

4 5 1 2 8

O 8.64 O O 10.80 O 2.16 0.25 0.54 4.32 0.5 1.08 ^ ^ ß 48

8 6.5 9 5 (div. 12) ^

4 8

8.64 17.28

4 (div. 15) 3.25 5 (div. 12) 10 (div. 6) 10 (div. 6) 30 (div. 2) 5 (div. 12)

Adurol Kachin Pyrocatechol Pyrocatechol cristoid Quinol (minimum bromide)

1 2

2.16 4.32

~ . Developer Quinol (maximum bromide) Eikonogen Metol (Elon) Glycine with Na2CO3 Glycine with K2CO3 p-Aminophenol Amidol (2 grains/fl. oz) Rodinal Ortol Diogen Edinol 2, 4-Diaminophenol (dianol) Quinomet Metol-quinol*

Factor (and ,. . s divisor) 4.5 9 30 (div. 2) 8 12 (div. 5) 16 18 40 10 (div. 6) 12 (div. 5) 20 (div. 3) 60 (div. 1) 30 (div. 2) 14

* The factors of combination developers depend upon the proportion of the two constituents, and when they contain pyrogallol, no rule can be given for finding the factor when diluted. The use of potash as an alkali instead of soda seems, with most developers, to require factors from one-quarter to one-half longer.

Reduction Potentials of Developers The reduction potentials of developers were originally defined electrochemically ( 4 ) x but it has been shown that stable potentials, corresponding to equilibrium mixtures of reducer/oxidationproducts, are not obtainable for alkaline organic developers ( 35 ). Relative reduction potentials were defined by Sheppard by relation to the theoretical equilibrium in development, and an empirical method of determining them worked out ( 34 ). The relative reduction potentials TTBr determined by the bromidedepression method of Sheppard as applied by Nietz (28) is defined by the equation TTBr = k(7o

DENSITY RANGE WITH FERROUS OXALATE DEVELOPMENT; cf. (7,17,37)

1O 3 P= D range Lit

1.21 1.31 1.03 1.031 1.19* 0.525-1.970.76-2.540.5-2.00.5-3.50.08-1.64 (13)

(13)

(7)

(37)

(32)

* No specific developer mentioned. Scheffers found that quinol, pyrogallol, metol, ferrous oxalate, and glycine gave identical results in his solarization experiments. Scheffers' results indicate that the photometric constant of the developed solarized image progressively diminishes, due to smaller silver grains being formed.

EFFECT OF EXPOSUKE (32) LOg10 # I D I P u Log10E I D I P 5.15 0.08 1.125 0.95 .52 1.184 4.55 0.16 1.250 0.35 .64 1.195 3.95 0.34 1.176 0.25 .55 1.200 .50 1.133 3.35 0.54 1.295 0.85 2.75 0.86 1.139 1.45 .35 1.126 2.15 1.01 1.248 2.05 .23 1.089 1.55 1.34 1.149 2.65 .12 1.062 Meidinger ( 27 ), developing with metol, has found that P varies with the grain size of the emulsion, a conclusion in accord with Higson ( 15 ) and Nutting ( 29 ). Meidinger concludes that for a given density, other factors constant, P is independent of exposure and development time.

EFFECT OF GRAIN SIZE ( 27 ) Number of E) relative D, range WAS, range obserP, average vations Fast plate, large grain emulsion 1-25 600 0.76-2.55 | 1.45-4.63 11 | 1.82 Process plate, fairly fine grain emulsion I 0.26-4.20 | 0.26-3.8 | 6 | 1.0 1-32 Transparency plate, very small grain emulsion 1-512 0.05-3.05 I 0.04-2.95 10 | 0.83 The "covering power" of silver grains is proportional to the reciprocal of the photometric constant and increases with decreasing grain size. Thus Meidinger ( 27 ) found that the covering powers of a given mass of silver in the developed images of fast, process and transparency plates stood in the ratio 5: 9.1:10.5, a. conclusion in qualitative agreement with Higson and Toy (16).

where CQ is the concentration of KBr required to produce an initial depression in the intersection point of the Hurter and Driffield curves; k is a constant as yet undetermined. RELATIVE REDUCTION POTENTIALS OP PHOTOGRAPHIC DEVELOPERS (ff) TTBr, hydroDeveloper Mole/1 quinol = 1.0 Ferrous oxalate 0.10 0.3 p-Phenylenediamine hydrochloride 0.05 0.3 p-Phenylenediamine hydrochloride + Part II alkali..... 0.05 0.4 Sensitometric Constants of Type Plates and Films Methyl-p-phenylenediamine hydrochloThe definition of the sensitometric constants usually employed ride 0.05 0.7 for expressing the characteristics of photographic materials can Quinol 0.05 1.0 best be accomplished by referring to Fig. 1 which shows typical p-Phenylglycine 0.05 1.6 characteristic curves. Hydroxylamine hydrochloride 0.10 2.0 Density (D).—The blackness, or light absorbing power of a Toluquinol 0.05 2.2 photographic deposit is expressed in terms of density defined as Methyl-p-phenylenediamine hydrochlofollows: Let F0 = the luminous flux incident upon the deposit; ride + alkali 0.05 3.5 Fi = the luminous flux transmitted by the deposit; O = opacity; p-Aminophenol hydrochloride 0.05 6.0 D = density; T = transmission. Chlorquinol 0.05 7.0 Then p-Amino-o-cresol 0.05 7.0 T-^ p-Dimethylaminophenol sulfate 0.05 10.0 1 ~Fo Pyrogallol 0.05 16.0 O 1 - ?• u Monomethyl-p-aminophenol sulfate 0.05 20.0 - T ~ F1 1 V1 Bromquinol 0.04 21.0 D = logio O = logio y = log™ yMethyl-p-amino-o-cresol 0.05 23.0 Exposure (E).—E = It (expressed in meter candle seconds, 2, 4-Diaminophenol 0.05 30 to 40 mes.); / = the illumination (in meter candles, me.) incident on the The Photometric Constant of the Developed Silver Image photographic material during exposure; t = exposure time D = density of the image, m\& — grams of silver per dm2, P = mAg/D = photometric constant, E = exposure in mes. (see "Sen- (expressed in seconds, s). Spectral Composition of Exposing Radiation.—The values of sitometric constants" below). speed given in the following table were obtained by using a light * Cf. Vol. VI, section by Conant.

source approximately equivalent to noon sunlight in spectral composition. The unit of photographic intensity is defined as one visual candlepower of radiation equivalent in spectral composition to mean noon sunlight. Gamma (7).—7 = tangent of angle a which the straight line portion of the characteristic curve makes with the exposure axis. Gamma Infinity (7«,).—7«, is defined as the theoretical limiting value to which 7 approaches as the development time is increased. The values of 7«, given in the table are computed by the formula ( 37 ). y = Tao

71

l-e-Kti where 71 is the slope of the straight portion for the development time tlf and K is the velocity constant of development. 1 7i Velocity Constant of Development (K).—K = ~.loge——

FIG. 1. Time of Development for Gamma of Unity (ty =• 1.0).—The rate of development for practical purposes may be indicated by the lime of development required to give a gamma of unity. The values determined experimentally for the various type plates and with the developer made up according to the appended formula are given in the table of constants. Fog (F).—Fog is defined as the density produced when the plate is developed without exposure. This value naturally depends upon the extent to which development is carried and the values given in the table are for a development time which would result in a gamma of unity. Latitude (L).1—L = length of the projection (expressed in -exposure units) of the straight line portion on the 1Og10 E axis, .assuming development to a gamma of unity. Inertia (i).—i = the value of exposure where the straight line portion of the characteristic curve extended cuts the logio E axis. The straight line portions of curves plotted for different development times in general intersect in a point O which may lie above, on, or below the logio exposure axis. The value of I1 therefore may depend upon the extent to which development is carried. The values of i given in the table were determined for a gamma of unity. 1

Sometimes called Scale, see ( 5 ).

Speed (S).—S = -2- X 10. Values in table do not include the factor of 10. SENSITOMETRIC CONSTANTS FOR TYPE PHOTOGRAPHIC MATERIALS

^1 K „7^L~r

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

Cine, Extra Fast 0.200.101.4 8.5 1000.0083 Cine, Normal 0.150.141.3 8.5 640.014 Cine, Panchromatic... 0.15 0.152.0 3.5 500.025 Cine, Positive 0.030.232.7 1.2 320.500 Portrait, Extra Fast... 0.18 0.10 1.4 8.5 100 0.0083 Portrait, Normal 0.15 0.101.8 5.0 640.0166 Amateur Film 0.150.101.8 5.0 320.022 " Focal Plane "Plates.. 0.15 0.101.7 6.0 640.010 Commercial, Ordinary. 0.05 0.102.2 3.0 320.050 Commercial, Orthochromatic 0.12 0.142.2 4.0 500.033 11. Commercial, Panchromatic 0.15 0.152.3 3.5 320.050 12. Process, Ordinary 0.03 0.183.0 1.5 160.250 13. Process, Panchromatic. 0.10 0.123.0 2.0 160.143 14. Lantern Slide Plate. .. 0.03 0.223.0 1.2 160.500 FORMULA FOR LABORATORY PYROGALLOL DEVELOPER Solution A I g || Solution B | g Na2SO3 70 Na2CO3, anhyd 75 NaHSO3 17 KBr 1 Pyrogallol 20 Water to 1 liter Water to 1 liter Temperature 2O0C. For use, mix equal volumes of A and B. Spectral Sensitivity of Photographic Materials The spectral distribution of sensitivity for practical purposes is shown qualitatively by means of wedge spectrograms. These are made by the use of a spectrograph over the slit of which is mounted a wedge of neutral gray glass, the transmission of which decreases logarithmically from the thin to the thick end. The Wedge constant was 0.75/mm. In this way the exposure incident on the photographic material for any particular wave-length decreases logarithmically in a direction parallel to the slit of the instrument. When such an exposure is developed the silver deposit on the plate outlines approximately a curve which is the resultant of the spectral sensitivity function of the material and the spectral distribution of energy in the radiation emitted by the source used for illuminating the slit of the instrument. The source used in making the spectrograms (Figs. 2 and 3) was the acetylene flame which operates at the color temperature of 236O0K. All plates were given the same exposure. Since the same source was used in all cases, the curves as outlined by the light areas show the relative spectral sensitivity of the various materials. By the application of a correction based upon the spectral distribution of energy radiated by a black-body at 236O0K, an approximation to the actual spectral sensitivity of these materials may be obtained. The neutral glass wedge used over the slit of the instrument while fairly non-selective in absorption for radiation of wave-lengths longer than 450 imz, increases in density for radiation of wave-lengths shorter than 450 m/*. The apparent falling off in sensitivity in the region of wave-lengths shorter than 450 injj, is therefore due to excessive absorption of the neutral wedge rather than to a decrease in the spectral sensitivity of the material (26, 39). Resolving Power, Sharpness, and Astro Gamma Resolving Power The capacity of the photographic plate or film to render fine detail is usually referred to as its resolving power (R). Resolving power is usually determined by photographing on the material a

FIG. 2.

grating consisting of alternate light and dark lines, each line being of a width equivalent to the space between the consecutive lines. Resolving power is then specified by stating the number of lines per mm resolvable by the material. For detailed descriptions of methods, v. ( 2 S > 31). In Table 1 are given the values of resolving power, as determined by the fan method ( 25 ), for a group of materials differing widely in sensitivity. Pyrogallol developer was used in all cases with the exception of the albumen plate, which was developed physically. The light source used in making the exposure was a, gas-filled tungsten lamp operated at approximately 280O0K. TABLE 1 (i») TV, , Relative Resolving Plate , speed power Albumen 0.01 125 W and W Resolution 3.0 81 W and W Slow Process Pan 5.0 67 Seed Lantern (yellow label) 6.0 62 Positive Motion Picture Film 10.0 42 Seed 23 150.0 35 W and W Panchromatic 200.0 31 Seed 30 400.0 29 Seed Graflex 450.0 25 The resolving power of a photographic plate is dependent to a certain extent upon the reducing agent used in the developing solution. It is also dependent to a certain extent upon the length of time of development and upon exposure. For any given photographic material and developing solution there is a combination of development time and exposure which gives a maximum resolving power. Values of maximum resolving power, as determined by the fan method ( 25 ), for various developers are given in Table 2, the light source being a gas-filled tungsten lamp operated at 280O0K.

FIG. 3.

TABLE 2 (") Maximum DevelopExposure resolving ment Developer (in sec) power (in min) Pyrogallol, NaOH .. 77.0 4 2 Glycine 69.0 3 1 Quinol 64.0 3 2 Pyrogallol, Na2CO3 64.0 3 2 Metol-quinol.. . 64.0 3 2 Metol 63.0 3 2 Nepera 62.0 3 2 Pyrocatechol 62.0 8 2 Pyro-metol 62.0 8 2 Eikonogen-quinol 61.0 4 3 Ferrous oxalate 61.0 2 4 Caustic quinol 57.0 4 2 Eikonogen 57.0 4 4 Amidol 51.0 2 4 Kachin 54.0 2 5 Ortol 49.0 4 2 p-Aminophenol 49.0 8 2 Edinol 47.0 4 16 Curves showing the relation between wave-length and resolving power (fan method) for Seed 30 (S30), Seed 23 (S23), Seed Process (SP), and Wratten and Wainwright Process Panchromatic (WWPP) are shown in Fig. 4 (30, 31). The increase in resolving power resulting from bathing the material in a solution of yellow dye prior to exposure is shown by the curves marked (YD). The ordinate values are in lines per mm (fan method) which can be resolved under the conditions specified. Values of resolving power determined by using series of parallel lines may be more directly applicable for practical purposes

especially from the standpoint of spectroscopy. In Table 4 ( 6 ) are given values determined in this way for a series of typical photographic materials. The test object was illuminated by light of daylight quality. An image, at a magnification of 0.05, was projected on the surface of the photographic material by means of a highly corrected lens. The exposures were such that a development to gamma of unity in pyrogallol at 2O0C gave the maximum resolving power. Sharpness The "sharpness" characteristic of a photographic material is defined as the differential of density (D) with respect to distance (s) in a direction perpendicular to the edge of the image; sharpness (S) = dD/ds, where s is expressed in microns (0.001 mm),

The relation between sharpness and wave-length of the exposing radiation is shown in Figs. 6 and 7 ( 30 > 31), the former applying to a panchromatic (Seed Panchromatic) and the latter to an orthochromatic (Standard Orthonon) material. j Values of sharpness for a group of typical materials are given in Table 4 (6). The quality of light used in making the exposures was equivalent to average daylight. The exposure was so adjusted that development to gamma of unity in pyrogallol at

FIG. 5.

FIQ. 4.

The images used for determination of sharpness are obtained by making a contact print of a very carefully prepared knife edge. The exposing radiation used in making the print is carefully collimated and incident normal to the surface of the material being examined. The sharpness of the developed image depends upon the extent to which development is carried and this is specified by the value ' , , dD of gamma (y), J5^gThe curves of Fig. 5 (30, 31) show the relation between sharpness and gamma for various developers. The plate used in obtaining these values was a Seed Panchromatic and the exposing radiation was monochromatic of wave-length 440rnju. Sharpness is independent of exposure, at least over a considerable range, as shown in Table 3. The term "light exposure" is used to designate an exposure resulting in an image density of approximately 1.0, while the term "heavy exposure" is used to designate an exposure resulting in an image density between 2.0 and 3.0. The plate used was a Seed Panchromatic developed in »caustic hydroquinol. TABLE 3.—DENSITY GRADIENTS I X = 42Om/* I X = 520mju, | X = 660m/i Development time, min. 0.75 1.5 3.0 0.75 1.5 3.0 0.75 1.5 3.0 For light exposure.... 0.107 0.136 0.143 0.051 0.059 0.069 0.053 0.070 0.082 For heavy exposure... 0.1120.1330.1510.0450.0610.0630.0560.0640.086

FIG. 6. 2O0C gave an image density of unity. The values of sharpness express the diffuse-density gradient (dD/ds) of the straight line portion of the sharpness curve obtained by plotting diffuse-density (D) as a function of the distance (s) from the geometrical edge of the image. Astro Gamma Astro gamma is defined as the coefficient (b) of logio E in the Scheiner equation, which gives the relation between the diameter (D) of a stellar image and the exposure (E): D = a + b logio E.

Since exposure (E) = intensity (7) X time (t) this equation offers a means of determining the relative brightness of stars by measurement of the diameter of the stellar images obtained under known conditions of exposure and development. The ordinate values used in plotting Fig. 8 are relative and must be multiplied by 3.33 (1/logio 2) in order to obtain actual values of astro gamma as defined above. In Table 4 ( 6 ) are given values of astro gamma for a group of typical photographic materials. These values were determined by photographing with a highly corrected lens, using a magnification of 0.05, a circular aperture having a diameter of 0.56 mm. Exposing radiation was of daylight quality and intensity was so adjusted that an exposure of 1 second was just above the threshold value. Keeping the intensity factor constant, the exposure time was increased by consecutive powers of 2 from 1 to 512 seconds. The exposed plates were developed to a gamma of unity in standard pyrogallol at 2O0C. TABLE 4 Resolv. ing power Eastman Lantern 140 Eastman Process 140 Eastman Cine Positive 120 W and W Process Panchromatic.... 102 Eastman 33 95 Eastman D. C. Ortho 80 Eastman Universal 70 Eastman 40 70 Eastman Speedway 60 Eastman Cine, Par Speed 60 Eastman Cine Superspeed 50 Eastman Superspeed Portrait 50 T^ , . Emulsion

0,

A , Astro gamma

Sharpness 0.168 0.156 0.103 0.092 0.088 0.097 0.093 0.071 0.080 0.085 0.080 0.065

39* 30* 26* 33 32 41 40 49* 44 35 36 43

Efficiency of Illuminants.—(Continued) Photographic material Source

C

Er I

Sun Sky

150

Acetylene Acetylene (screened)* Pentane Mercury arc in quartz Mercury arc in nultra glass Mercury arc in crown glass Carbon arc, ordinary Carbon arc, white flame Carbon arc, enclosed Carbon arc, "Aristo" Magnetite arc Carbon glow lamp Carbon glow lamp Tungsten (vacuum) Tungsten (vacuum) Tungsten (gas filled) Tungsten (gas filled) Tungsten (Cs) Tungsten (Cs) Mercury vapor

Orth °chromatic

Ordinary Ee

I Er

100100 181

0.7 30 0.14 0.07 81 0.037 0.45 18 0.053 40.0 600158 35.0 218 50 37.0 324 79 12.0 126 10 29.0 257 52 9.0 175 11 12.0 796 62 18.0 106 12 2.4 23 0.37 3.2 25 0.51 8.0 33 1.7 9.9 37 2.4 16.6 56 6.1 21.6 64 8.9 8.9 95 5.5 11.0 108 7.8 23.0 316 47

\

Ee

100100 155

Panchromatic Er \

Ee

100100 130

44 0.21 52 85 0.040 89 28 0.086 42 500132 367 195 46 165 275 68 249 112 9 104 234 45 215 177 11 165 1070 86 744 115 14 82 32 0.52 42 35 0.74 45 41 2.2 50 45 3.0 53 62 6.8 70 68 9.8 76 87 5.2 95 99 7.3 106 354 54.2 273

0.24 0.042 0.13 99 39 62 8.5 4.2 10 60 10 0.68 0.95 2.7 3.5 7.7 11.0 5.6 7.9 42.0

* Screened with Wratten No. 79 filter.

* The growth of the diameter with the log exposure deviates much from a linear relationship. The value given is the average of the values over the whole range of exposures.

FlG. 8.

Gloss of Photographic Papers Definition of Gloss.—With the surface illuminated by a collimated beam of light incident at 25° from the normal to the surface, B& is the brightness of the sample as observed on the line of specular reflection (angle of observation equal to angle of incidence) and Bd is the brightness of the surface observed normally. Specular brightness, (B8) = B& — Bd-, diffuse brightness, (Bd) = B8 B& — Bd Bg BA; gloss (G) = ^ = —g^— = ^1 - 1.

FIG. 7.

RANGE OF GLOSS VALUES 23

Relative Photographic Efficiency of Illuminants ( ) C = luminous efficiency of source (lumen/watt). Er = relative photographic efficiency of source evaluated on basis of equal visual intensities, sunlight = 100%. Ee = relative photographic efficiency of source evaluated on basis of equal energy consumption by the source, sunlight = 100 %.

Matte 0-1

Semi-matte 1-3

Semi-gloss 3-7

Gloss 7-Qo*

* Actual limit = 75.

These values apply to samples which were fixed out without exposure and hence represent the white paper without any developed silver deposit ( 22 ).

LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) C 1 ) Andresen, 545, 35: 445; 98. ( 2 ) Andresen, 545, 37: 185; 00. (3) Bogisch, 545, 37: 89; 00. (4) Bredig, in Eder, Jahrbuch für Photographie und Reproductionstechnik, p. 91. Halle, 1895. ( 5 ) Davis and Walters, 31, No. 439; 22. («) Eastman Kodak Co., Rochester, N. Y., O. ( 7 ) Eder, Handbuch der Photographie, III. Halle, Knapp, 1903. (8) Eggert and Noddack, 76, 1921: 631. ( 9 ) Eggert and Noddack, 76, 1923: 116. (10) Eggert and Noddack, 96, 20: 299; 23. (U) Ferguson, 204, 30: 182; 06. (12) Ferguson, 204, 34 : 412 ; 10. (i 3) Ferguson, The Photographic Researches of F. Hurter and V. C. Driffield. London, The Royal Photographie Society, 1920. O 4 ) Gordon, 50, 17: 47; 13. O 5 ) Higson, 204, 44: 161; 20. O 6 ) Higson and Toy, 204, 47 : 68; 23. (i 7) Hurter and Driffield, 54, 9 : 455; 90. (l«) Hurter and Driffield, 204, 22: 186; 98. (i») Huse, 48, 1: 119; 17.

(20) Huse, Eastman Kodak Co., Rochester, N. Y., O. (21) Jones, 48, 6: 140; 22. (22) Jones and Fillius, 547, 69 : 216, 229; 22. (23) Jones, Hodgson and Huse, 84, 10: 963; 15. (24) Luppo-Cramer, 545, 40: 670, 710; 03. (25) Mees, 5, 83: 10; 09. (26) Mees, 143, 201: 525; 26. (27) Meidinger, 7, 114: 89; 24. (28) Nietz, B97. (29) Nutting, 128, 3: 322; 13. ( 3 O) Ross, 21, 52: 201; 20. (31) Ross, Physics of the Developed Photographic Image. New York, Van Nostrand, 1924. (32) Scheffers, 96, 20: 109; 23. (33) Sheppard, 4, 87: 1311; 05. (34) Sheppard, 4, 89: 530; 06. (35) Sheppard, 78, 39: 429; 22. (36) Sheppard and Mees, 6, 76: 217; 05. (37) Sheppard and Mees, Investigations on the Theory of the Photographic Process. London, Longmans, 1907. (38) Toy and Edgerton, 3, 48: 947; 24. (39) Walters and Davis, SlA, 17: 353; 21. ( 40 ) Watkins, Photography, Its Principles and Applications. New York, Van Nostrand, 1911. («) Weigert, 7, 99 : 499; 21. (42) Weigert, 76, 1921 : 641. (43) Weigert, 96, 18: 232; 23. (44) Wilsey, in B97.

PROPERTIES OF SOAPS AND THEIR AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS JAMES W. McBAiN A soap is here defined as a salt of any monobasic aliphatic acid containing six or more carbon atoms. The substance cetylsulfonic acid is also classed as a soap. CONTENTS Symbols and molecular weights

Un savon est défini ici comme étant un sel de tout acide aliphatique monobasique contenant six atomes de carbone ou plus. La substance acide cétylsulfonique est aussi classée comme savon. MATIÈRES Symboles et poids moléculaires.

Boiling-point elevation.

Formules de conversion. Équilibres dans les solutions de savons. Viscosité. Densité. Tension superficielle. Points de fusion. Équilibres d'après la règle des phases. Solubilité. Abaissement du point de congélation. Élévation du point d 'ebullition.

Refractive index. Electrical conductivity. Gold numbers and detergent action. Hydration. Hydrolysis.

Indice de réfraction. Conductibilité électrique. Nombres d'or et action detersive. Hydratation. Hydrolyse.

Conversion formulae. Equilibria within soap solutions. Viscosity. Density. Surface tension. Melting points. Phase-rule equilibria. Solubility. Freezing-point lowering.

Die Seife ist hier definiert als ein Salz irgend einer aliphatischen einbasischen Säure, welche sechs oder mehr Kohlenstoffatome enthält. Der Stoff Cetylsulfonsäure ist als eine Seife klassifiziert. INHALTSVERZEICHNIS Symbole und Molekulargewichte. Konversions Formeln. Gleichgewichte in den Seifenlösungen. Viskosität. Dichte. Oberflächenspannung. Schmelzpunkt. Phasengleichgewichte. Löslichkeit. Gefrierpunktserniedrigung. Siedepunktserhöhung. Refraktionsindex. Elektrische Leitfähigkeit. Goldzahlen und Reinigungsvermögen. Hydratation. Hydrolyse.

Si intende qui per sapone il sale di un acido alifatico monobasico qualunque contenente sei o più atomi di carbonio. L' acido cetilsolfonico è considerato anch' esso un sapone. INDICE p AQB Simboli e pesi molecolari . . 446 Formule di conversione. . . . 447 Equilibri nelle soluzioni di sapone 447 Viscosità 447 Densità 447 Tensione superficiale 449 Punti di fusione 449 Equilibri dal punto di vista della regola delle fasi 451 Solubilità 454 Abbassamento del punto di congelamento 456 Innalzamento del punto di ebollizione 456 Indice di rifrazione 456 Conducibilità elettrica . . . . 458 Numeri di oro e azione 458 detergente Idrataziune 458 Idrolisi 459

Symbols and Molecular Weights Nv, (resp. Nv) = Gram-moles per kg H2O (resp. per 1 solution), % = weight per cent Symbol | Name NaC 6 T~^ ^ ^ I Caproate or hexoate rr~ KC ! 6 NaC8 ! ^ , . T A KC8 J Caprylate or octoate NaC9 Nonylate NaC10 \ r, * ,1 * KC10 1 Caprateordecoate NaCi 2 KCi 2 NaCi 4 KCi 4 NaCi 6 KCi 6 ' NH 4 Ci 6 NaCi8

Laurate Laurate Myristate Myristate Palmitate Palmitate Palmitate Stéarate

| MoI. wt. || Symbol | Name | MoL wt. 138.082 KCi8 Stéarate 322.365 .... 1ork AT n T> i, x oco Ooo 154.180 NaC22 Behenate 362.328 166.113 Ci6SO3H Cetylsulfonic or hexadecanesulfonic acid.. 306.327 Cetylsulfonate 328.316 182 2n Ci6SO3Na . 180.128 NaCr8* Oleate 304.251 J 194.143 KCr8* Oleate 320.349 j ^ ^1 ^^ Q]ß^ 2gg 293 222.174 238.272 250.205 266.303 278.236 294.334 273.278 306.267

NaCf8= KC^r ' NaC^2 KC^2 NaC™ KC^T" NaCr8OH KCr8OH

Linolate Linolate Brucate. Brucate Linolenate Linolenate Ricinoleate Ricinoleate

* The symbol C,^ is used in the tables for oleates only, the stereoisomeric elaidates being named in full.

302.236 318.334 360.313 376.411 300.22 . 316.318 320.251 336.349

LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) C 1 ) Andresen, 545, 35: 445; 98. ( 2 ) Andresen, 545, 37: 185; 00. (3) Bogisch, 545, 37: 89; 00. (4) Bredig, in Eder, Jahrbuch für Photographie und Reproductionstechnik, p. 91. Halle, 1895. ( 5 ) Davis and Walters, 31, No. 439; 22. («) Eastman Kodak Co., Rochester, N. Y., O. ( 7 ) Eder, Handbuch der Photographie, III. Halle, Knapp, 1903. (8) Eggert and Noddack, 76, 1921: 631. ( 9 ) Eggert and Noddack, 76, 1923: 116. (10) Eggert and Noddack, 96, 20: 299; 23. (U) Ferguson, 204, 30: 182; 06. (12) Ferguson, 204, 34 : 412 ; 10. (i 3) Ferguson, The Photographic Researches of F. Hurter and V. C. Driffield. London, The Royal Photographie Society, 1920. O 4 ) Gordon, 50, 17: 47; 13. O 5 ) Higson, 204, 44: 161; 20. O 6 ) Higson and Toy, 204, 47 : 68; 23. (i 7) Hurter and Driffield, 54, 9 : 455; 90. (l«) Hurter and Driffield, 204, 22: 186; 98. (i») Huse, 48, 1: 119; 17.

(20) Huse, Eastman Kodak Co., Rochester, N. Y., O. (21) Jones, 48, 6: 140; 22. (22) Jones and Fillius, 547, 69 : 216, 229; 22. (23) Jones, Hodgson and Huse, 84, 10: 963; 15. (24) Luppo-Cramer, 545, 40: 670, 710; 03. (25) Mees, 5, 83: 10; 09. (26) Mees, 143, 201: 525; 26. (27) Meidinger, 7, 114: 89; 24. (28) Nietz, B97. (29) Nutting, 128, 3: 322; 13. ( 3 O) Ross, 21, 52: 201; 20. (31) Ross, Physics of the Developed Photographic Image. New York, Van Nostrand, 1924. (32) Scheffers, 96, 20: 109; 23. (33) Sheppard, 4, 87: 1311; 05. (34) Sheppard, 4, 89: 530; 06. (35) Sheppard, 78, 39: 429; 22. (36) Sheppard and Mees, 6, 76: 217; 05. (37) Sheppard and Mees, Investigations on the Theory of the Photographic Process. London, Longmans, 1907. (38) Toy and Edgerton, 3, 48: 947; 24. (39) Walters and Davis, SlA, 17: 353; 21. ( 40 ) Watkins, Photography, Its Principles and Applications. New York, Van Nostrand, 1911. («) Weigert, 7, 99 : 499; 21. (42) Weigert, 76, 1921 : 641. (43) Weigert, 96, 18: 232; 23. (44) Wilsey, in B97.

PROPERTIES OF SOAPS AND THEIR AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS JAMES W. McBAiN A soap is here defined as a salt of any monobasic aliphatic acid containing six or more carbon atoms. The substance cetylsulfonic acid is also classed as a soap. CONTENTS Symbols and molecular weights

Un savon est défini ici comme étant un sel de tout acide aliphatique monobasique contenant six atomes de carbone ou plus. La substance acide cétylsulfonique est aussi classée comme savon. MATIÈRES Symboles et poids moléculaires.

Boiling-point elevation.

Formules de conversion. Équilibres dans les solutions de savons. Viscosité. Densité. Tension superficielle. Points de fusion. Équilibres d'après la règle des phases. Solubilité. Abaissement du point de congélation. Élévation du point d 'ebullition.

Refractive index. Electrical conductivity. Gold numbers and detergent action. Hydration. Hydrolysis.

Indice de réfraction. Conductibilité électrique. Nombres d'or et action detersive. Hydratation. Hydrolyse.

Conversion formulae. Equilibria within soap solutions. Viscosity. Density. Surface tension. Melting points. Phase-rule equilibria. Solubility. Freezing-point lowering.

Die Seife ist hier definiert als ein Salz irgend einer aliphatischen einbasischen Säure, welche sechs oder mehr Kohlenstoffatome enthält. Der Stoff Cetylsulfonsäure ist als eine Seife klassifiziert. INHALTSVERZEICHNIS Symbole und Molekulargewichte. Konversions Formeln. Gleichgewichte in den Seifenlösungen. Viskosität. Dichte. Oberflächenspannung. Schmelzpunkt. Phasengleichgewichte. Löslichkeit. Gefrierpunktserniedrigung. Siedepunktserhöhung. Refraktionsindex. Elektrische Leitfähigkeit. Goldzahlen und Reinigungsvermögen. Hydratation. Hydrolyse.

Si intende qui per sapone il sale di un acido alifatico monobasico qualunque contenente sei o più atomi di carbonio. L' acido cetilsolfonico è considerato anch' esso un sapone. INDICE p AQB Simboli e pesi molecolari . . 446 Formule di conversione. . . . 447 Equilibri nelle soluzioni di sapone 447 Viscosità 447 Densità 447 Tensione superficiale 449 Punti di fusione 449 Equilibri dal punto di vista della regola delle fasi 451 Solubilità 454 Abbassamento del punto di congelamento 456 Innalzamento del punto di ebollizione 456 Indice di rifrazione 456 Conducibilità elettrica . . . . 458 Numeri di oro e azione 458 detergente Idrataziune 458 Idrolisi 459

Symbols and Molecular Weights Nv, (resp. Nv) = Gram-moles per kg H2O (resp. per 1 solution), % = weight per cent Symbol | Name NaC 6 T~^ ^ ^ I Caproate or hexoate rr~ KC ! 6 NaC8 ! ^ , . T A KC8 J Caprylate or octoate NaC9 Nonylate NaC10 \ r, * ,1 * KC10 1 Caprateordecoate NaCi 2 KCi 2 NaCi 4 KCi 4 NaCi 6 KCi 6 ' NH 4 Ci 6 NaCi8

Laurate Laurate Myristate Myristate Palmitate Palmitate Palmitate Stéarate

| MoI. wt. || Symbol | Name | MoL wt. 138.082 KCi8 Stéarate 322.365 .... 1ork AT n T> i, x oco Ooo 154.180 NaC22 Behenate 362.328 166.113 Ci6SO3H Cetylsulfonic or hexadecanesulfonic acid.. 306.327 Cetylsulfonate 328.316 182 2n Ci6SO3Na . 180.128 NaCr8* Oleate 304.251 J 194.143 KCr8* Oleate 320.349 j ^ ^1 ^^ Q]ß^ 2gg 293 222.174 238.272 250.205 266.303 278.236 294.334 273.278 306.267

NaCf8= KC^r ' NaC^2 KC^2 NaC™ KC^T" NaCr8OH KCr8OH

Linolate Linolate Brucate. Brucate Linolenate Linolenate Ricinoleate Ricinoleate

* The symbol C,^ is used in the tables for oleates only, the stereoisomeric elaidates being named in full.

302.236 318.334 360.313 376.411 300.22 . 316.318 320.251 336.349

Conversion Formulae Mol, wt. X Nw wt „ Wt % * " Mol. wt. XNn + 1000X lüü A7 A M -

Nv

Wt

- %

y X

1QQ

°

~ Mol. wt. 100 - Wt. % _ Wt. % X density of solution X 10 ~ Mol. wt.

Equilibria within Soap Solutions The diagrams, Figs. 1-19, represent the proportions of the various constituents in equilibrium with each other in the soap solutions. They are obtained primarily from a comparison of conductivity and osmotic data but some of the results are confirmed by measurements of Na and K ion by emf, ultrafiltration, etc. In each concentration the sum total of constituents containing fatty acid radical is taken as 100 % (the total height of the diagram) which is the sum of the following: Colloidal neutral undissociated soap, crystalloidal undissociated soap, fatty ion and fatty ion aggregated as ionic micelle; in addition there is free Na or K ion equal in amount to the number of equivalents of free fatty ion plus the fatty ion in ionic micelle. To read off the actual concentration of any one constituent at a given concentration the width of the field representing that constituent must be multiplied by the total concentration of the solution. The uncertainty in the position of the boundaries between fields is estimated as about 10 % of the total amount of soap. For further description, see (89). Constituents of a soap solution containing added salt (109). N S S' A M

SYMBOLS Neutral colloid, e.g., (KCi8)*. Simple soap molecules, e.g., KC1S. Simple fatty ions, e.g., Cf8. Acid soap. Ionic micelle, e.g. (Cf8)„.

Viscosity Values of 17 in poises SOLUTIONS OF PURE SOAPS. See FIGS. 20, 21, AND 22 Capillary viscometer with absolute dimensions such that kinetic correction did not exceed 1 %. Viscosity compared with that of water at 20° taken as unity (51). Soap I Ny at 90° | 20° | 30° | 45° | 60° | 90° KCi 2 0.1 1.15 0.671 0.532 0.352 0.2 1.41 1.13 0.846 0.661 0.434 1.96 1.16 0.906 0.604 0.375 0.4 2.08 1.65 1.24 0.962 0.626 0.6 3.28 2.61 1.97 1.54 1.03 0.8 4.97 4.01 3.04 2.37 1.55 1.0 8.42 6.94 5.38 4.24 2.81 KCi 4 0.054 1.14 0.895 0.672 0.519 0.346 1.70 1.32 0.983 0.752 0.497 0.216 2.83 2.17 1.63 1.25 0.825 0.431 0.649 4.94 3.84 2.87 2.22 1.45 0.815 9.34 7.67 5.86 4.56 2.85 1.035 39.1 36.2 28.3 17.7 6.47 KCr8 O- 052 i- 19 °- 95 °-709 °-545 °-364 0.2 1.87 1.47 1.10 0.837 0.500 4.19 1.91 1.39 0.919 0.375 0.4 8.02 4.69 3.12 1.99 1.13 0.6 1573 60.22 18.03 3.80 See further the following references: NaCi6, KCi6 ( 3 > "), KCr8 (il), NaC18 (99), NaCr8 ("), NH4Cr8 ( 2 > 33 > 34 > 35), Na salt of fatty acids from tallow and from coconut oil ("). K and NH 4 salts of fatty acids from palm kernel oil ( 27 > 28 > 5 I).

VISCOSITY OF SOAP SOLUTIONS WITH ADDITIONS OF OTHER SOLUTES Bibliography only Soap

I

Addition KOH KCr8(I + KOH) KOH KOH KCl Glycerol Acetone K2CO3 KOH KCl KC18 NaOH NaCl Na2CO3 NaC2H3O2 NaOH NaCl KCl NH 3 NH4Cl Both

KCi 2 KC12 KCr8 K(palm)* K (palm)* K (palm)* K(coco)f NaC12 NaC16

NH 4 (palm)* * Palm kernel oil acids,

| Lit. (51) (51) (51) (

'

^ ,.„

(

}

(

> (ios)

(

' '

(22) [ (28) J

f Coconut oil acids.

Density (Specific Gravity) d\ = A + kNw; VALUES OF d1*', A = 0.9986 = d\* of H2O Soap I 0.05A/M I 0.1A^ 0.2NW \ Q.5NW \ l.QNw \ k | Lit. NaC8* 1.003 1.004 1.008 1.016 1.030 f ("7" NaC12*. ...1.001 1.002 1.004 f (54) NaCr8 0.9990 0.9995 1.0005 1.0035 +0.0098 (53, 77 ) KCf8 0.9992 0.99981.00101.0047 +0.0122(77) Kelaidate.. 0.9990 0.99941.00011.0024 +0.0076 (*<*) NaCrr 3 .... 0.9993 1.00011.00161.0060 +0.0148(84) NaCr8OH.. 1.000 1.00131.00381.00971.017 f ( 71 ) * Volume normality (N'„) and d\l.

f Not linear.

VALUES OF d94°; A = 0.9653 = dj° of H2O Soap \ Q.2NW \Q.5NW\I.ONW\ k [ Lit. KC0 0.972 0.982 0.998 +0.033 (16) KC8 0.9702 0.97770.9902+0.0249 (") NaC9 0.9690 0.97440.9833+0.0180 (26) KC10 0.9689 0.97430.9833+0.0180 (16) NaC12 0.9668 0.96920.9731+0.0029 (70) KC12. 0.9676 0.97120.9770+0.0117 (16) NaC14 0.9658 0.96650.9678-0.0025 (70) KC14 0.9667 0.96880.9723+0.0070 (16) NaC16 0.9647 0.96390.9624-0.0029 («) KC16 0.9659 0.96670.9680+0.0027 (16) NaC18 0.9631 0.9599 -0.0108 («) KC18 0.9650 0.96450.9637 -0.0016 (16) NaC 22 0.963120.96 -0.011 (26) C16SO3H 0.9637 0.9613 -0.0080 (ioo) For the K salt of palm-kernel oil (also with added KOH) at 20°, 60°, and 90°, v. (27). For the NH 4 salt of palm-kernel oil at 20°, , 45°, and 60°, v. (28).

NaCi6 KC16

VALUES OF d\ FOR 0.1JV1, SOLUTIONS 35° I 45° I 55° I 65° | 0.986 0.981 0.994 0.991 0.987 0.982

(3) 75° | 85°~ 0.974 0.968 0.975 0.969

Fig.4 KC8

Fig.3

Fig.2 KC8 90°

Fig.l KC 6 90°

KC10 90*

18°

Flg.6

FigJ KC12

NaC12 90»

Fig.8

KC12

90° _

18»

Fig.5 NaC9 90°

Fig.9 NaC14 90"

18°

K

NaC16

90°

90°

Fig. 13 NaC18 90°

Fig.17 NaCr8

Flg.ll

Rg. IO ix f* KCI4

$

Fig. 18

Fig. 14 KC18

90°

Fig.19 NaCT8= 24°

Fìg.12 KC16 90°

Fig. 16

Fig.15

NaC22

C16SO3H

90°

90°

Fig.20(^ 15°

VALUES OF d[ FOR NACr8 For the anhydrous soap, ^ 4 0 = 0.821 (lot) 7r""\^ °C 16 (54) ^^\^

**V

20 (32)

7r\^ °° O (53) IV V)

10 (53)

^"~\.

0.0051.001*0.9983ÖL21.00121.0005 0.01 1.001* 0.9984 0.4 1.0040 1.0029 0.1 1.003* 0.9989 0.6 1.0068 1.0062 0.2 1.004*

*c NaC6, dil NaC9, 20° NaCi2, 25° NaCr8"* 23.8°

VALUES OF d\ |0.0001|0.001| 0.01 I 0.05 | Lit. 0.99910.99911.001 1.003 (54) 0.94840.99850.9986 (30) 0.99730.9985 (™) 0.99730.99730.99740.9977 (66)

Nv = NaC6, d}* NaCr8",* 23.8°

I 0.1 I 0.5 |0.75| 1.0 I 1.5 | Lit. 1.004 1.020 1.0311.0401.057(54) 0.9981 1.0011 1.003 1.005 (66)

Nv =

LIQUID-LIQUID INTERFACE See (lò, 31, 32, 43, 63, 103, 113, 114, 117) and Vol. IV, p. 438. In no case have the compositions of both phases been completely determined and all factors controlled. For example, interfacial tension of benzene against aqueous solutions of NaCr8 at 2O0C (32) : IQWt, ..| 0.0| O.l| 0.25| 0.5| 1.02.5 |5.0 |lO.O |lOO 7 |35.0|32.6|22.6 |19.5|10.8|5.37[2.76| 2.29J 1.46

* Concentrations are weight-normal (Nw). [FIG.22J

I FIG. 23 I

FjQ.2l|

SOLUTIONS OF SOAPS WITH ADDITIONS OF ALKALI, FATTY ACID AND SALTS NaC9 (30); NaC12 (70); KCx, x = 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18 (te); KC12 (109); NaC16 (t*» 44, 89, 9i) ; NaCr8 (32). Surface Tension INTERFACE AIR-AQUEOUS SOLUTION Sodium oleate has been by far the most frequently and carefully measured, but rarely are the effects of age of solution and of age of surface mentioned. For the effect of the latter, v. ( 42 ). Values of 7 in dyne/e m for aqueous solutions of various soaps are shown in Figs. 23, 24 and 25. For mixtures of soaps in water at 6O0C, v. (126).

Additional Lit.: NaCr8 ( 7 > 10> 31> 42 > 63 > 94 > 95 > 96 > 97 > 101> 102 > 110, ill, 126, 129); NaC16 (127); NaC18 (*, 127); NaC9 (30); KCr8 (8, U); NaC6 to 10 ( 12 ); MgCr8 (31).

Melting Points of the Pure Soaps MP1 is the melting point to form an anisotropic liquid, MP2 the transition to an isotropie liquid. Soap (I 25 ) NaC6 NaC7 KC7 NaC8 NaC9 NaCio NaCi 2 ..

MP1,

:

225 240 225 225 218 220 229

MP2, 350 350 (400) 355 242 318 310

^^ NaC14 NaC16 n mUl8

-.. / \

NaC18 KCi2 ( 7 3 ) . . . .

MP1, MP, 240 220 225 215 220 264

330 265 270 316 305 276

|FIG.24|

FlG.25 I

Melting Points. — (Continued) Soap

I MP,

0

C Il

W NaC12 NaC14 NaC16 NaC18 NaCr8 Na elaidate Na erucate Na brassidate

255-260 250 270 260 232-235 225-227 230-235 245-248 (39)

PbC12 PbC14 PbC16 PbC18 MgC12 MgC14 MgC16 MgC18 LiC12 LiC14 LiC16 LiC18 AgC12 AgC14

104.7 108.7 112.3 115.7 150.4 131.6 121.5 132 229.5 223.9 224. 5 221 212 .5 211

1 MP, 0C 209(39) 205(39)

Soap AgC16 AgC18 (9*) PbC6 PbC7 PbC8 PbC9 PbC10 PbCi2 PbC 14 ... PbC16 PbC18 PbCr8

73.5 91 84 94. 5 100 103 . 5 107 112 125 45-50

(59) NH4C8 70-85 NH4C12 75 NH4C14 79-90 NH4Cr8" 57. 5 CuC16 >100 CuCr8 100 For MgC16, and MgCi8, v. (36); for other NH 4 soaps, v. (13); for mixtures of NaC16 and HC16, v. (20).

Phase Equilibria Systems soap-water and soap-water-salt Explanatory Notes.1—Any soap mixed with water in various proportions and under suitable conditions, can be made to assume any one of five different forms, each of which behaves as a single phase when in equilibrium with another phase. They are: (1) Lamellar crystals of soap. (2) The crystalline curd fibers of soap curd. (3) "Neat soap" —clear, transparent, plastic anisotropic liquid. (4) "Middle soap" —anisotropic. (5) Isotropie soap solutions, which includes all the more dilute solutions. Addition of the third component, salt, introduces no new forms but the limits of concentration for the existence of the separate phases are affected. Figures 26, 27 and 28 illustrate the limits of existence and the compositions of the various forms of soap solution with varying temperatures in the two-component system, soap-water. Figures 29-34 are the equilibrium diagrams for systems soap-water-salt at various fixed temperatures. Compositions on these triangular diagrams are in "mole fractions" based upon a fictitious molecular weight of 1000 for H2O and using the gram-formulaweights for the soap and the salt. Similar phase-rule diagrams (such as Figures 35, 36 and 37) have been partially constructed for commercial soaps from the scattered fragmentary data of the early workers ( 4 > 93, us, 123, 124); see also (*), demonstrating that the phase rule is of general application to all soaps, pure and commercial, and that the same phases occur in every soap system, the limits of concentration for the existence of each phase varying with the soap. Tables 1-4 show the relative and minimum absolute amounts of various salts required to produce phase separation at 100°, Tables 1-3 referring to formation of liquid layers and Tables 3 and 4 to beginning separation of crystalline curd fibers. These ratios are approximately independent of the nature of the soap. The effects of mixtures of electrolytes are approximately additive. A mixture of soaps behaves as expected from the constituents when forming liquid layers but not when crystallizing in either curd 1

For full discussion, see (*).

or fiber form. These rules applied to the tables enable approximate prediction of the behavior of any soap or soap mixture. The following are maximum concentrations of salt for the formation of the liquid-liquid system nigre-lye with soaps made from separate oils studied by Merklen (93) the numbers being accurate to 0.1 or 0.2 of the values given: Sesame oil 6.8, olive 8.1, poppy seed 6.6, poppy seed reheated 7.7, lard 6.0, lard without salt 7.2, tallow 7.0, linseed 7.5, sulfur oil 13.3, saponification olein 8.6, saponification olein with glycerol 9.1, saponification stearin 6.2, cottonseed oil 8.9, peanut oil 6.7, castor oil 25.1, castor oil and peanut oil 17.6%. TABLE 1 ( 1 J 115). — MINIMUM NUMBER OP GRAMS OF VARIOUS ELECTROLYTES IN 100 CMS OF LYE AT 100° REQUIRED TO MAINTAIN Two LIQUID LAYERS (NIGRE AND LYE) FROM POTASSIUM AND SODIUM SOAPS, IN DILUTIONS BETWEEN N /S AND N /4 (*). Electrolyte |KOH*| KCl | K2CO3 1 NaOH | NaCIf | Na2CO3 Stéarate Ci8 7 8 13 3 6 Oleate C^ 8 ., 8 15 4 5 7 PalmitateCie... 10 12 18 4 5 8 Linolate C". . . . 10 13 19 MyristateC 14 ... 15 20 26 8 8 16 Laurate Ci 2 21 34 12 13 Ratios 1.50 2.00 2.78 0.87 1.00 1.84 N.B. —An equal mixture of sodium oleate and sodium myristate is half way between pure sodium oleate and pure sodium myristate. * KC2I by 3 g of KOH. t NaC22 by 2.3 g NaCl per 100 cm* = 0.4JV« (52).

TABLE 2 (83). — CONCENTRATIONS, Nw, OF VARIOUS SODIUM SALTS REQUIRED TO SALT OUT 0.25NW SOLUTIONS OF SODIUM PALMITATE AT 90°. Anion OH NO3 Cl 1

I Nw u 1.13 1.05 0.95 0.91

Anion Br C2H3O2 CO3 SO4

| Nw \\ Anion 0.90 CNS 0.89 WO4 0.89 Tartrate. 0.83

| Nw 0.76 0.65 0.65

TABLES ( 1 J 115). — RELATIVE NUMBEROF MOLES OF HYDROXIDE, CHLORIDE, AND CARBONATE OF SODIUM AND POTASSIUM REQUIRED FOR SALTING OUT LIQUID LAYERS OR CURD AT 100°. I K Na

OH 1.02 1.27

Cl l-.OO 1.00

I

CO3 0.70 1.01

TABLE 4 (1J 115).* — MINIMUM NUMBER OF GRAMS OF VARIOUS ELECTROLYTES IN 100 CM3 LYE AT 100° FOR CURD FIBERS TO APPEAR IN NEAT SOAP LAYER. Electrolyte Stéarate C18 Oleate CPalmitate Ci6 Linolate CJf Myristate C i4 Laurate Ci2 Ratios

| KOH | KCl |K2CO3|NaOH| NaCl| Na2CO3 (17) 13 20 4 7 10 19.5 4 5 9 11 22 5 6 12 13 19 24 18 >23 >38 9 10 17.8 25 >37 13 14 1.50 2.00 2.78 0.87 1.00 1.84

N.B. —Notice that the values for sodium salts are about half those for the corresponding potassium salts. *Langdon ( 78 ) for NaCie found 7% NaCl, Stiepel ( 123 ) for NaCi2, NaCu, NaCie and NaCis found 18, 9, 7, and 5 % NaCl respectively, as compared with Richert's 14, 10.6 and 5%. Kronacher ( 25 ) for NaCio, NaCi2, NaCn, NaCi« and NaCis found approximately 23, 13, 10, 7 and 5 % NaCl.

|Fig.28 H2O+KClI

Fig.26 H2(HKC12 Fig.27 H2OtNaC16

Fig. 29 (*») KCi2+KCb H2O at gOO"

Fig.3l(73> KC12+KCItH2O a» 18'

Flg.30^ KCg+KCUH»Oat30°

Fig. 32 PO

NaCiStNaCUH8O at 90*

Fig. 34 (72) 78

Fig.33< > NaCi6+NaCl+H2O

KCJ8 + KCl+HgOat20°.

Fig. 35

Solubility Any soap, pure or commercial, mixed with water or with water and an electrolyte can be made to exist as either lamellar soap crystals or curd fiber crystals; both are usually hydrated, and more than one hydrate may occur. On raising the temperature the crystals or curd dissolve to form ordinary isotropie solution, middle soap, or neat soap depending upon the concentration. The data usually refer to the form of hydrated crystals most stable under the experimental conditions. HYDRATED CURD FIBERS; TEMPERATURE OF COMPLETE SOLUTION TO FORM ISOTROPIC SOLUTION OF CONCENTRATION, Nw Nw I 0C Il Nw I 0C I] Nw I 0C u Nw I 0C NaC12 (.69) y NaC16 (78) || KCr8 (10) Il KC12 (73) 2.0 45 10.0 (90) 15 55 8.004 39.0 1.0 40 1.009 67 12 26 8.878 56.0 0.2 34 0.504 63 KC12 (73) 9.694 60.0 0.1 31 0.01 51 2.508 15 10.98 90.0 NaCr8 ( 53 ) Il KCr8 ( 72 ) 3.222 17.5 11.52 100 0.6 25 50 150 4.004 20.0 12.96 100 0.4 23 40 132 5.373 25.5 16.14 130 0.2 21 30 118 5.653 26.0 19.36 152 0.1 18 25 98 7.226 32.0 43.32 200

FIGS. 35 and 36 (*).—A reinterpretation (by J. W. McBain) of M. Thörl's laboratory experiments with sodium hydroxide on the salting out of soap prepared from coconut oil at 10O0C showing how they accord with phase-rule diagrams for the pure soaps.* * The boundary line of the isotropie solutions is sketched in an identical position in diagrams 35, 36 and 37 and takes account of results of Perkowski quoted by Richert. Results of Thörl, Batz, Richert and Perkowski are not true per cent but grams per 100 cm3 of solution measured at 10O0C. The data of Penny and Elford are grams per 100 grams of total system.

SOLUBILITY OF HYDRATED CURD FIBERS IN TERMS OF Nw OF MOTHER LIQUOR IN CURD AFTER SOLIDIFICATION ( = AT«, IN TABLE) Soap NaC10 NaC16 NaC16* NaC16.. NaCr8

I

Orig. Nw

I

2 0.1914 0.25 0.25 1.0 0.005-0.0004 0.6 0.1905

* NaCie dissolved in 0.6 Nw aqueous glycerol.

I *, 0C 1 15 0.01778 30 0.00819 25 0.03 17-25 0.1 17-25 0.0003 17 0.39 18 0.26 10 0.114 O 0.0998 18 N^

I Lit. (12) (53) («) ( 11 Z) (53)

Fig. 36 Rg. 37

SOLUBILITY OF CURD FIBERS AS DETERMINED FROM FATTY RADICAL FROM CURD S ap

°

NaC16 KC16 NaC18

Curd I Ultrafiltrate 0.04r-0.009 0.0003 0.003-0.006 0.00023 0.034 0.0002 0.065 0.0004-0.0006 0.03 0.0001* 0.03 0.0004-0.0005 0.0013 0.0001

* Assumed by Kratz to be correct solubility,

*' *** 18 (55) 18 22 (SO) 14-18 ( 5 O) 18-22 14-18 14^18

TEMPERATURE OF SPONTANEOUS SEPARATION OF NA SOAP (CURD FIBERS) FROM AQUEOUS SOLUTION ON COOLING, 0C ( 47 ) Soap, g per n ~ n ^ n 100 g H2O ül8 Ue ^14 ül2 ^18 1 60° 45° I 32° 11° 0° 20 I 69° 62° 53° (36°) I ca. 13° (12) NaC9 NaC10

I

3 I 2 I 1.5 13-14° 10-11° -1° 16° 3-4°

Elaidate I 35° | 45° I

~ Brass^22 idate | 27° | 42° | 35° | 56°

1 I 0.75AT, <0° 2.3° >0°

Also (108); 6% NaC 12 at 26°, 1 % NaCi 6 at 43°, 6% NaCi 6 at 52°, 1 % NaC16 + 6 % NaC12 at 8°, 1 % NaC16 + 1 % NaC12 at 29°; (3) NaC16, 0.1 Nw at 58°, 0.5 Nv at 65°; KCi6, 0.5 N9 at 380C; (12) 62.5 g anhyd. NaC12 in 100 g H2O at 12-18°.

Solubility .— (Continued) TEMPERATURE OF COMPLETE SOLUTION OF HYDRATED CRYSTALLINE CURD FIBERS IN AQUEOUS NAUL SOLUTIONS NaC12 (69) I KC12 (73) I NaC16 (78) Nwsoap ^ 2.0

1.0

0.20

0.10

J^1 NaCl 0.534 0.62 1.02 1.02 1.92 0.49 1.59 1.66 1.71 1.86 2.10 1.21 1.56 2.05 1.97 2.08 2.19

0

C

57 56 60 63.5 68 48 60 65 62 63 66 55 60 61 60 61 62

Nw 0 Nw C J^1 0C soap soap NaCl Nn KCl = 0 . 5 3.02 0.293 (77) 6.01 (21.0) 1.01 .680 76 6.99 29.0 0.504 .794 74 7.46 35 .504 .55 72 8.76 50 .504 .642 76 9.77 65 .503 .738 75.5 11.2 90 .399 .906 76 12.6 100 .351 .835 75 20.0 115 .206 .836 74 A^KCl = LO .135 .819 72.5 6.01 24.5 .0610 .807 72.5 7.91 50.5 .058 .908 (75) 8.93 79.0 NaC 22 (52) 9.8 90.0 0.05 0.42 100 15.0 98.0 0.05 0.59 100 NWKC1=2.0 5.02 33.5 5.97 35.2 7.70 41.5

GRAMS OF SOAP IN 100 GRAMS OF WATER AT VARIOUS TEMPERATURES I 15° I 25° I 50° I 10O0C I Lit. LiC12 0.180 0.280 (39) LiC14 0.036 0.060 (39) LiC16 0.015 (39) LiC18 0.010 (39) SrC6* + 3H2O. . . 8.89 (at 24°) (45) MgC12 0.009 0.009 0.026 (39) MgC14 0.006 0.006 0.014 (39) MgC16 0.005 0.005 0.009 (39) MgC18 0.003 0.004 0.008 (39) MgCr8 0.022 0.024 0.03 (92) Mgerucate 0.006 (123.5) BaC6 8 7 8 (29,60,116) BaC7 1.6 1.6 1.6 (60) BaC12 0.008 0.009 0.011 (39) BaC14 0.007 0.008 0.010 (39) BaC16 0.004 0.005 0.007 (39) BaC18 0.004 0.005 0.006 (39) CaC6 2.4 2.3 2.3 2.57 (29,60,61, 116)

CaCrt CaC8 CaCr8 ZnC6 -f H2O . . . . CdC6 + 2H2O ... PbC12 PbC14 PbC16 PbC18 AgC6 AgC7 AgC14 AgC16 AgC18

0.84 0.31 0.04

0.09 0.09

0.81 0.80 0.29 0.26 0.04 0.03 1 . 03 (at 24 . 5°) 0 . 96 (at 23 . 5°) 0.007 0.006 0.007 0.006 0.12 0.20 0.11 0.17 0.007 0.006 0.004

* Caproic acid from fermentation butyric acid, t See also Landau, 1893, and Altschul, 1896 (116).

1.24 0.50

(60, 116) ("6) • (92) (45) (45) (39) (39) (39) (39) (60, lie) (60,116) (39) (39) (39)

ADDITIONAL DATA Fahrion (21) 11 water at 15° dissolved 90 mg of CaCr8 and 224 mg MgCf8. Blumercron ( 12 ) curding of solutions of NaC6, NaC7, NaC8, NaC9, NaC10, at 20° on addition of NaCl and NaOH. Partheil and Ferie (107), LiC12, LiC14, LiC16, LiCr8 at 18° and 25°. Oudemans ((59) p. 159) Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Zn, Pb, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Ag salts of C12 at 15° and at boiling point. Lewkowitsch ((59) p. 143, 157) CaC6, CaC8, CaC10, CaC12 at 20° or 100°. Jensen (41) AgC8, AgC10 at 20° in water and Ko^ AgNO3 solution. Altschul (( 116 ) p. 614) AgC7, 0-80°. Lieben and Janecek (61) CaC6, BaC6 at 10-12°. Zsigmondy and Bachman (130) NaC16 in water. McBain, Cornish and Bowden ( 70 ) NaC14 in water. Kottal (45) CaC6, BaC6. Freezing -Point Lowering Values of /bp, = Mp/Nw, where Afr is the freezing-point lowering in 0C at the concentration Nw moles per kg H2O ( 52 ). Soap I Nw I Afr Il Soap | Nw \ AtF KC12 0.05 0.177 KC8 3.0 4.71 .1 .212 NaCr8 0.4 0.146 KCr8 6 .348 .2 .095 .4 .215 NaC22 05 .036 NaC8 1.0 2.445 See further j Fig. 38. Boiling-Point Elevation Values of &B = kl-B/Nw, where Afe = ts — tw, I8 being the temperature at which the partial vapor pressure of water from the solution is equal to the vapor pressure of pure water at tw, 0C. The data for the higher temperatures (tw = 90 — 10O0C) are shown graphically in Fig. 39. Some values at lower temperatures are given in the following table : Soap* tw, 0C I Nn I /CB | Lit. KC8 •..: 20 3.0 0.23 (77) NaC12 43 1.5 .20 («6) NaC12 ; 40 1.5 .20 (86) KC12 20 0.2 .20 (77) NH4C12 20 1.0 .17 (77) NH4C12 20 0.5 .16 (77) NaCi6 67 1.0 .26 (86) NaC16 70 1.0 .26 («6) KCi6 33 0.5 .34 (86) NH4C16 20 1.0 .06 (77) NH4C16 70 1.0 .23 (85) NaC18 18 0.6 .10 (53) NaCr8 18 0.4 .10 (53) KCr8 20 0.6 .12 (77) Kelaidate 20 0.75 .24 (68) Kelaidate 20 0.5 .26 (68) 20 0.2 0.6-0.8 (68) Kelaidate NaCr8OH 20 1.0 0.21 (68) NaCr8OH 20 0.75 .25 (68) NaCf8OH 20 0.5 .34 (68) NaCr8OH 20 0.2 .35 (68) NaC™ 20 0.5 .20 ( 6 8 ) . NaCf8M 20 0.2 .075 (68) * For solutions of soap with various added constituents, v. ( 46 » 77, 85, 89, 109).

Refractive Index (62) The specific refraction, R = (n - l)/d or E' = (nz - l)/d X (n2 + 2) for soap in soap solutions at 70° is for any one soap independent of concentration (and also of solvent), the molecular refraction for the soap in solution being equal to that calculated for the pure anhydrous liquid soap. Concentrations between 2.4 and 17.8 g/100 cm3 aqueous solution.

FI0.38

FIO. 39

Soap

I

NaC16 NaCi 6 KCi6 NaCi 8 NaCr8

Refractive Index.—(Continued) Rc I RD I RF Rç \ 0.480 0.467 0.471 0.476 0.283 0.471 0.475 0.475 0.480 0.484 0.286

Rp 0.289 0.284 0.284 0.287 0.288

RF 0.286

* 107.3 at 3.063AV

Nw= I 1.5 I 1.0 I 0.75 I 0.5 I 0.2 | 0.1 | 0 . 0 5 | 0 . 0 l | Lit."" NaC9 106.9 (127.5)150.44166.42196.0 199.8 ( 26 ) NaCi2 96.2 104.2 109.5 113.4 125.5 157.0 193.9 (70) NaCi4 84.76 94.9397.57 99.15 95.23 96.51110.4 191.7 ( 70 ) NaCie 84.5* 83.6 85.8 87.4 79.4 75.5 76.4 101.7 ( 80 ) NaCi8 81.5 88.3 76.1 77.4 76.0 78.0 125.9 (14,70) NaC22 80.96 61.99 67.09 78.58141.7 ( 26 ) »From (87).

Nw

80°

70°

1.5 75.1 1.0 84.3 0.5 87.5 0.2 84.0 0.1 85.1 0.05 97.3 0.01 169.0

60°

u

50°

65.4 55.2 44.8 73.6 62.2 51.5 74.6 62.3 52.1 71.5 59.8 50.0 72.6 60.6 50.7 83.1 69.4 58.0 144.3 120.5 100.6

N, Ö70666 0.0333 0.01665

4O0C

40.0 40.5 46.5 80.3

NAC16SO3 ("2) I 65° I 60° I 55° I 45 41.5 38.6 46 42.1 39.1 51.6 47.2 42.7

NAC16 (3) 0

C

85 75 65 55 45

^p

114.7 99.9 85.1 72.6 66.3

73.1 64.3 55.4 46.8

IQ3N, A 0

C OANW 0.6AL

* At 240C.

C6 C8* C10 Cut CwJ C14 C14J

J Concentration Nv (51).

K SOAPS (51) 0

C I Nv at 90° =| 0.05 | 0.1 |0.2|0.375| 0.4 | 0.6 | 0.8 | l . O 60 C12 123.6 105 93.9102.8103 106 104.599.6 Ci 4 77.1* 77.477.6 88.5 90.1 95 92.989 Cr8 80.3J 81.577.0 86.3 87.5 88.6 45 Ci2 95.4 83.074.3 82.3 81.8 88.5 83.679.5 Ci 4 57.9* 58.760.9 69.5 70.7 75 74.272.0 Cr8 61.Ot 60.760.4 67.7 68.8 70.7 30 Ci 4 47.7* 47.246.2 51.6 52.5 55.9 56.054.9 20 Ci 2 59.1 50.044.8 50.6 50.8 53.7 52.052.1 C14 35.7* 39.533.0 35.5 36.0 38.4 41.445 Cf 8 .. 37.lt 36.935.5 39.9 40.5 42.6 * N0 = 0.054.

t N* = 0.0518.

KCi 6 ; EFFECT OF TIME (3); see further (53) C I 85 I 75 I 65 I 55 | 45 | 35 | 25 0.01AV.... 136.4*118.8100.586.7 79.6 -> 87.6 -> 92.8t 140.8t O.INV 88.9 78.7 68.458.8 49.1 41.0 35.8 0

* 10 min.

t 60 min.

î All at 45°, O min, 20 min and 24 hr reap. K SOAPS AT 18°

I 2.0 I 1.0 I 0.75 I 0.5 -I 0.2 0.1 | 0.05 | 0.01 | Lit. C8 42.2448.6049.7553.0063.0569.50 (77) C12 43.1447.0947.2145.4441.7744.0354.8975.4 (77) C= 37.0 33.3029.7429.5751.95(77) Elaidate . 38.0135.8334.0435.0547.35 (90)

50° | 35.6 35.5 39.1

45° | 4O0C 32.3 29.5 32.6 29.4 34.9 31.4

Nw A

C16SQ3H AT 90° (IQO); cf. (i 12) 0.75 0.5 0.2 0.1 0.05 0.02 0.01 237 232.0203.9188.1185.5 195.0 208.0

5 10 30.2560.50121 242 484 968 22.09 20.120.9 25.95 34.1 47.1 57.6 61.6 K AND NH SALTS OF FATTY ACIDS FROM PALM-KERNEL OIL 4 (28,51) NaCr8 AT 18° (112) 66.7033.3516.67 8.34 4.17 2.08 1.04 0.52 MOLTEN K AND NA SOAPS (9) 19.2720.6723.5828.0838.4049.4454.7261.44 . NACf8 (IDENTICAL FOR SOL AND JELLY) ( 53 ) MIXTURES: SOLUTIONS OF SOAPS WITH ADDITIONS OF SALTS, ACIDS AND BASES (3, 24, 27, 28, 51, 70, 89, 109) 5JÖ UTOÎÏÏTO Î8~0 2270 25.0 13.94 16.22 19.13 20.95 22.62 25.84 Gold Numbers and Detergent Action, v. (37, 38, so, 57, 74, 104, I 15.10 16.95 20.35 21.65 22.64 25.97

Iv^ Cr8 Cr8=* C1T" Cr8OHf

Nw =

f 123.5 at 2.028AT«,.

Nw

NACr8 AT 25° (55)

l/Nv A

C16 C18 C18|

0.290

Electrical Conductivity of Aqueous Solutions The values given are A = 1O3K/'Nv where K is the specific conductance of the solution in mhos NA SOAPS AT 9O0C

NAC14 (70)

K SOAPS AT 90°.—(Continued) I 1.0 |0.75| 0.5 I 0.2 [ 0.1 |0.05| 0.02 |0.01 124.2127.9127.0111.0107.0110.8 133.2 171.6 113.4112.6113.9100.0 96.0101.7 124.9 147.7 126 117 114.5113

N* =

105, 106, 108, 114, 117, 119, 120, 121, 122)

NA SOAPS AT 18° I 1.0| 0.6 I 0.4 I 0.2 I 0.1 |0.05|0.01 Lit. 21.6720.8019.7720.4620.5930.09 (77) 26 30.1 29.6 28.9 29.0 30.5 49.60 (66) 29.6 28.7029.13 (84) 27.7 32.1 34.0 35.8 37.8 40.7 ( 7 I) t 1.5^w 23.1, and 24° (79); l.Otf» 35.5; 0.5Nw 43.8.

K SOAPS AT 90° (16) I 1.0 0.75 I 0.5 I 0.2 | 0.1 |0.05 149.5 177.7201.2216.5227.7 148.7 168.5191.0205.2219.2 145.9 156.3 180.9 200.6 211.9 143.2 142.6 146.0 144.2 159.7 195.9 136.2144 147 136.6162 191 136.2 135.4130.8121.8136.6 138 132 127 120 117 117

0.02 |0.01 (241.2) 245.9 (234.5)239.5 (227.0) 232.4 (223.5) 233.0 181.6 224.3

Hydration H2O = moles Ü20 per mole soap Negative sorption from lyes which salt out curd fibers from aqueous solutions of soap, yield the following values expressed as the retention of the solvent assuming that none of the salts are sorbed. The conditions and methods of experiment are described in the reference cited. For negative sorption by NaC1C from salt mixtures, v. ( 81 ). *,°C I Soap I Prig. Nw\ Salt | Nw \H20\ LJtT ~90 NaC18 0~5NaOH To 4.3 (") 90 NaC16 1.0 NaOH 3.0 3.4(88) 1.0 NaOH 2.0 5.2 0.5 NaOH 1.5 6.5 1.0 NaOH 0.5 4.4 NaCl 2.0

Hydration.—(Continued) I Prig. Nw\ Salt | Nw \ H,0\ Lit." 1 . 0 . Glycerol 0.6 4.3 (6) 0.25 Glycerol 0.6 10 90 NaC12 1.0 NaCl Satd. 1.8(86) 12-18 KC12 1.1 KCl 0.6 11.8(9) 20 KC12 1.1 KCl 0.9 11.3(64) 1.6 KCl 0.8 10.1 2.6 KCl 0.67 9.4 20 KC12 1.0 KCl 1.0 11.0(23) 1.5 KCl 0.86 10.8 2.9 KCl 0.65 8.6 1.0 KCl 0.1 24 12-18 NaCr8 0.25 NaCl 0.1 9.2 (76) Hydration of soap in solutions of l.ONw KCi 2 containing known amounts of KCl at 18° by comparison of conductivity, migration, and vapor pressure ( 109 ). KCl added (N w) 0~5 0.7 1.0 1.52.02.53.03.5 HzO 11( + 1.1) 12.212.810 9.65.26.36.9 For vapor pressures during hydration and dehydration of solid NaC18, v. (50). Hydrolysis The values given are % hydrolysis according to the equation : , . . (AôfOH-) XlOO M , % hydrolysis = -rotal ^ of soap 1. Hydrolysis by hydrogen electrode, neglecting diffusion potential (results too high in concentrated soaps) (80). t, 0C I Soap 17-25 NaCi6

Soap NaCie KCie NaCr8

/, 0 C Nv = 1.00.750.5 0.2 0.1 0.050.01 0.001 90° 0.2 0.270.380.551.3 5.5 6.6 90° 0.08 0.270.6 0.651.3 5.0 6.8 25° C") 0.1(?) 0.6 (?) 4(?)

Hydrolysis.—(Continued) Q.5NW SOAP AT 90° KcT6"KC^ KC^ KC^ 0.64 0.54 0.36 0.076

Soap % Hydrolysis

KC8 0.072

2. Hydrolysis by catalysis of nitrosotriacetonamine; values of 1O5JV1, of OH-. Results in concentrated soap probably low owing to sorption of amine. Nv = |0.042| 0.5 I 0.8 | 1.0 |0.46| 0.1 ^j16 t, 0C I 90 I 90 I 90 I 90 I 70 | 70 IQ5AT1X)H91 I 20 I 25 I 27 I 44 I 56 Nv 0.019|0.042|0.l|0.3|0.85| | 0 KCi6 106JV,OH- . .T ° 76 I 93 I 93 I 58 I 11 I | (65) Nw 0.05 0.1 0.85 0.051 0.05 IQW 1 X)H-... 55 61 6 39 | 97 1

TTaP- W> ^ JNaU18, û ( )

Nw 1Q5ÔH-

i

|0.002|0.01|0.02|0.05|0.1 55 l (J6 I 74 i 98 i 79

Various Good Commercial Soaps at 90°; Values of 1OW1, of OH-

W x* = Coconut oil Olive oil Toilet soap Cold process

I 1 |0.5|0.1|| x* = 31 21 5 Washer 73 60 18 Tallow rosin 76 60 24 Coaltar 108 80 30 Shaving

|0.5 77 79> 82: 94

* Grams soap in 100 cm3 solution at room temperature.

3. Hydrolysis by indicator method. Comparison of the color given an indicator in a pure soap solution with that of standard buffer solutions. Buffers were Sörensen and Palitzsch's glycine/NaOH and borax/boric acid. Indicators were Alizarin yellow G for 0.003 to 0.00057V«, OH~; phenolphthalein for 0.0008 to O.OOOIN«, OH", and for extremely dilute soap, phenol red. The myristic acid used was impure. Indicator was added in amount to produce the maximum color ( 75 ). VALUES OF Nw QF SOAP Soap *,°C I 0.5 I 0.2 | 0.1 [ ~0.05 | 0.02 0.01 [ 0.005 | 0.002 [ 0.001 ( O.Q 3 5 | 0.O 3 I NaCi2 90 0.6 1.0 1.4 1.8 2.4 2.1 1.6 20 0.2 0.6 0.9 1.4 1.4 1.7 1.4 KCi 2 90 0.7 1.2 1.6 2.2 1.6 2.4 Also 0.35 at N„ = 0.86 20 0.17 0.50 0.70 1.4 1.2 1.9 Also 0.12 at Nw = 0.86 NaCi 4 90 0.56 1.11 2.2 3.85 4.3 Also 0.23 at Nn = 0.4 5.0 KCi 4 90 0.56 1.1 1.6 1.75 2.9 1.8 Also 0.3 at Nw = 0.4 KCi 6 90 0.20 (1.0) 1.6 3.1 4.8 6.7 9.7 12.4 19.1 20 14 51 NaC16 90 0.2 (1.1) 1.6 1.6 4.1 7.0 8.0 15.5 15.8 18 20 35 27 68 NaCi8 90 0.2 0.5 0.9 3.0 (6.0) 12 35 20 13.2 KC18 90 0.76 1.55 3.3 (8.6) (15) (20) (50) 67 68 20 60 NaCr8 90 0.41 0.85 2.0 5.0 8.5 (10.1) (21) 24 16 20 0.24 1.6 2.7 4.5 6.3 16.1 24 28 KCr8 90 (0.2) 0.7 1.5 2.9 5.9 6.9 9.2 18 16 20 (0.01) 0.08 0.2 1.4 3.8 2.0 5.9 23 | 28 NaC22 90 3.4 6.8 13.6 32.5 27 20

Jelly Viscous liq. 45 (Viscous liq.)

Clear 68 (milky liq.)

NaC16 and KCf8 with excess of fatty acid, v. (75). Other determinations with various soaps and with added material, v. ( 50 > 52, 55r 65,67,75,76,80,112).

LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) (i) Alexander, Colloid Chemistry, I. New York, Chem. Cat. Co., 1926. (2) Andrade and Lewis, 55, 38: 260; 26. (3) Arndt and Schiff, 287, 6: 201; 14(4) Bätz, Diss., Karlsruhe, 1918. (5) Beedle and Bolam, 54, 40: 27T; 21. (6) Bennett, 4, 125: 1971; 24. (7) Berczeller, 531, 1: 124; 14. («) Berczeller, 205, 84: 149; 17. (9) Bhatnagar and Prasad, 55, 34: 193; 24. (10) Bhatnagar, Prasad and Bahl, 482, 2: 11; 25. (U) Bircumshaw, 4, 123: 91; 23. C 12 ) von Blumencron, Diss., Göttingen, 1921. 465, 42: 101, 139, 155, 171; 22. (13) Bohringer and Söhne, BlOO, III: 312. ( 14 ) Bowden, 4, 99: 191; 11. ( 15 ) Briggs, 60, 19: 210; 15. (16) Bunbury and Martin, 4, 105: 417; 14. (i7) Clark, 147, 6: No. 1; 22. (18) Cornish, 7, 76: 210; 11. (19) Donnan, 7, 31: 42; 99. (20) Donnan and White, 4, 99: 1668; 11. (21) Fahrion, 868, 23: 34; 16. 64. 35: 932; 16. (22) Farrow, 4, 101: 347; 12. (23) Field, Univ. of Bristol, O. (24) Fischer, 65, 34: 140; 24. (25) Fischer, McLaughlin and Hooker, Soaps and Proteins. New York, Wiley, 1921. (26) Fleckerand Taylor, 4, 121: 1101; 22. (27) Goldschmidt and Weissmann, 9, 18: 380; 12. (28) QoIdschmidt and Weissmann, 65, 12: 18; 13. (29) Grillone, 13, 165: 127; 73. (30) Harkins and Clark, 1, 47: 1854; 25. ( 3 I) Harkins, Davis and Clark, 1, 39: 541; 17. (32) Harkins and Zollman, I 1 48: 69; 26. (33) Hatschek, 65, 37: 25; 25. (34) Hatschek, 65, 38: 259; 26. (35) Hatschek and Jane, 55, 38: 33; 26. (36) Haupt, 92, 27: 535; 14. (37) Hillyer, 1, 25: 511, 1256; 03. (38) Jackson, 366, 55: 1101, 1122; 07. (39) Jacobson and Holmes, 141, 25: 29; 16. (40) Jajnik and Malik, 55, 36: 322; 25. (41) Jensen, 279, 10: 265; 05. (42) Johlin, 50, 29: 1129; 25. (43) joshi, 55, 34: 280; 24. (44) King, 54, 41: 147T; 22. (45) Kottal, 13, 170: 95; 73. (46) Krafft, 85, 32: 1584; 99. (47) Krafft, 25, 32: 1596; 99. (48) Krafft and Wiglow, 86, 28: 2566; 95. (49) Krafft and Wiglow, 25, 28: 2573; 95. (50) Kratz, 465, 44: 25, 37, 49, 62; 24. ( 5 I) Kurzmann, 287, 5: 427; 14. (**) Laing, 4, 127: 2751; 25. (53) Laing and McBain, 4, 117: 1506; 20. (54) Lascaray, 65, 34: 73; 24. (55) Leeton, 465, 43: 50, 65, 81; 23. (56) Leimdörfer, 887, 2: 343; 11. ( 5 ?) Lenher and Bishop, 50, 22: 95; 18. ( 58 ) Lenher and Buell, 45, 8: 701; 16. (59) Lewkowitsch, BlOO. X 6 O) Lieben, 57, 15: 404; 94. («) Lieben and Janeéek, 13, 187: 126; 77. (62) Lifschitz and Brandt, 65, 22: 133; 18. (63) Lorant, 278, 157: 211; 14. (64) Lucas, Univ. of Bristol, O. ( 6 S) McBain and Bolam, 4, 113: 825; 18. (66) McBain and Boulton, O. ( 67 ) McBain and Buckingham, 4, 1927: 2679. (68) McBain and Bull, O. (69) McBain and Burnett, 4, 121: 1320; 22.

(70) McBain, Cornish and Bowden, 4, 101: 2042; 12. (7l) McBain and Davies, O. (72) McBain and Elford, 4, 1926: 421. (73) McBain and Field, 50, 30: 1545; 26. (74) McBain, Harborne and King, 64, 42: 373T; 23. (75) McBain and Hay, O. (76) McBain and Jenkins, 4, 121: 2325; 22. (77) McBain, Laing and Titley, 4, 115: 1279; 19. (78) McBain and Langdon, 4, 127: 852; 25. (79) McBain and Maggs, O. (80) McBain and Martin, 4, 105: 957; 14. ( 8 I) McBain and Martin, 4, 119: 1369; 21. (82) McBain and Matthews, O. (83) McBain and Fitter, 4, 1926: 893. ( 84 ) McBain and Rowe, O. (*5) McBain and Salmon, I, 42: 426; 20. (««) McBain and Salmon, 4, 119: 1374; 21. (87) McBain and Taylor, 7, 76: 179; 11. (88) McBain and Taylor, 4, 115: 1300; 19. (89) McBain, Taylor and Laing, 4, 121: 621; 22. (90) McBain and Walbrook, O. ( 9 I) McBain, Willavoys and Heighington, 4, 1927: 2689. (92) Masters and Smith, 4, 103: 992; 13. (93) Merklen, Die Kernseifen. Halle, Knapp, 1907. (94) Mikumo, 148, 30: 75; 27. (95) Mimer, 3, 13: 96; 07. (96) Minakami, 205, 158: 306; 25. (97) Narayan and Subrahmanyam, 3, 43: 663; 22. (98) Neave, 173, 37: 399; 12. (99) Nonaka, 148, 27: 475, 614; 27. 30: 221; 27. (100) Norris, 4, 121: 2161; 22. (i°i) du Noüy, 3, 48: 664; 24. (i02)duNoüy, Surface Equilibria of Biological and Organic Colloids. New York, Chem. Cat. Co., 1926. (103) Nuttall, 64, 39: 67T: 20. (104) Papaconstantinou, Zsigmondy Festschrift, 55, 36: 329; 25. (io5) Papaconstantinou, 50, 29: 319; 25. (106) Papaconstantinou, 50, 29: 323; 25. (107) Partheil and Ferie, 293, 241: 545; 03. (108) Prosch, 465, 42: 410, 425, 433, 449, 462; 22. (i 09 ) Quick, 4, 127: 1401; 25. (i i O) Rayleigh, 3, 30: 386; 90. (i 11) Rayleigh, 6, 47: 281 ; 90. (i 12) Reychler, 656, 1912 XVI : 69. 28, 26: 193 ; 12. 172, 8 XXH : 221 ; 12. 55, 12: 277 ; 13. (113) Reynolds, 4, 119: 466; 21. (H4) Richardson, 45, 15: 241; 23. (H5) Richert, Diss., Karlsruhe, 1911. (116) Seidell, B51. (H7) Shorter and Ellingworth, 5, 92: 231; 16. (H«) Smits, 7, 45: 608; 03. (H9) Spring, 186, 1909: 187, 949, 1059, 1128. (120) Spring, 65, 4: 161; 09. (121) Spring, 70, 28: 120, 424; 09. 149, 27:229; 09. (122) Spring, 56, 6: 11, 109, 164; 10. 88, 24: 17; 10. 149, 28: 569; 09. 29: 42, 365; 10. 70, 29: 1; 10. (123) Stiepel, in Weyl, Einzelschriften zur chemischen Technologie, I: 249. Leipzig, Barth, 1911. (123.5) Thomas and Mattikow, l, 48: 972; 26. (124) Thörl, Diss., Karlsruhe, 1918. ("S) Vorländer, 86, 43: 3120; 10. (126) Walker, 4, 119: 1521; 21. (127) White and Marden, 60, 24: 617; 20. (128) Wightman and Jones, 11, 46: 56; 11. 48: 320; 12. (129) Wilson and Ries, Colloid Symposium Monograph, I: 145. New York, Chem. Cat. Co., 1923. (130) Zsigmondy and Bachmann, 55, 11: 145; 12.



In all literature references cited in International Critical Tables the name of the journal or publication is indicated by means of a Key number corresponding to the list given below. The numbers which follow this key number in a literature citation are, in the order named: (1) the volume, (2) the page, and (3) the last two figures of the year. Thus 64V, 31: 253; 22, indicates Verslag koninklijke Akademie van Wetenschappen te Amsterdam, Vol. 31, page 253, 1922. Series numbers are not given. Key Numbers referring to books and other non-serial publications are preceded by the letter B1 and the volume number is given in Roman numerals. Thus BlO1 IV: 191; 18, indicates Doelter, Handbuch der Mineralchemie, page 191 of Vol. 4 of the 1918 edition. The Key Number O is used to indicate "private communication from."

Le nom du journal ou de la publication de toutes les références bibliographiques citées dans les Tables Critiques Internationales est indiqué au moyen d'un nombre-clé correspondant à la liste donnée ci-dessous. Les nombres qui suivent ce nombre-clé dans un renvoi bibliographique indiquent dans Tordre suivant: (1) le volume, (2) la page, et (3) les deux derniers chiffres de l'année. Ainsi 64Vj 31: 253; 22, indique Verslag koninklijke Akademie van Wetenschappen te Amsterdam, Vol. 31, page 253, 1922. Les numéros des séries ne sont pas donnés. Les nombres-clés se rapportant à des livres ou à des publications non périodiques sont précédés de la lettre B et le numéro du volume est donné en chiffres romains. Ainsi BlO1 IV: 191; 18, indique Doelter, Handbuch der Mineralchemie, page 191 du volume 4 de l'édition de 1918. Le nombre-clé O est employé pour indiquer " communication privée de."

DAS LITERATURVERZEICHNIS In allen Literaturstellen, die in I. C. T. verzeichnet sind, ist der Name der Zeitschrift oder der Publikation mit Hilfe einer Schlüsselnummer, entsprechend der unten folgenden Liste, angegeben. Die Zahlen, welche diesen Schlüsselnummern bei einem Literaturzitat folgen, bedeuten der Reihe nach: (1) der Band, (2) die Seite und (3), die letzten.zwei Zahlen des Jahrganges. So bedeutet z. B. 64Vj 31: 253; 22, Verslag koninklijke Akademie van Wetenschappen te Amsterdam, Band 31, Seite 253, 1922. SerienNummern werden nicht angegeben. Der Schlüsselzahl wird ein B vorausgesetzt, wenn sie Bücher, oder eine andre nicht periodische Veröffentlichung bezeichnet. Die Bandnummer wird durch römische Ziffern angegeben. Es bedeutet z. B. also BlO1 IV: 191; 18, Doelter, Handbuch der Mineralchemie, Seite 191, des 4 Bandes, der Auflage des Jahres 1918. Die Schlüsselzahl O wird gebraucht, um anzuzeigen, dass es eine "private Mitteilung" ist.

KEY TO THE PERIODICALS Data regarding the libraries which receive many of these periodicals may be found through the following sources : United States and Canada: "Periodicals Abstracted by Chemical Abstracts, 1926" (Chemical Abstracts, Ohio State Univ., Columbus, Ohio); "Union List of Serials in the Libraries of the United States and Canada, 1927" (H. W. Wilson & Co., New York City); "A Catalogue of Scientific Periodicals in Canadian Libraries, 1924" (McGiIl Univ., Montreal, Canada). Great Britain: "A World List of Scientific Periodicals Published in the Years 1900-1921 " (Oxford Univ. Press, London, 1925). Holland: "Chemisch Jaarboekje tevens Jaarboekje der Nederlandsche Chemische Vereeniging, Vol. 3." (Amsterdam, D. B. Centen, 1920). 1. Journal of the American Chemical Society. 2. Physical Review. 3. London, Edinburgh and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science. 4. Journal of the Chemical Society, London. (Memoirs of the Chemical Society; continued as Quarterly Journal; later Journal.) 5. Proceedings of the Royal Society (London). A. Mathematical and Physical Sciences. 5B. Proceedings of the Royal Society (London). B. Biological Sciences.

INDICAZIONI BIBLIOGRAFICHE In tutte le indicazioni bibliografiche che si incontrano nelle "Tabelle Critiche Internazionali" il nome del giornale o della pubblicazione è espresso con un numero chiave riportato nell'elenco dato più oltre. I numeri che, nella citazione, vengono dopo il numero chiave sono disposti con l'ordine seguente: (1) il volume, (2) la pagina, e (3) le ultime due cifre del millesimo. Cosi 64V1 31 : 253; 22, indica la Verslag koninklijke Akademie van Wetenschappen te Amsterdam, Voi. 31, pagina 253, 1922. I numeri di serie non vengono dati. Quando un numero chiave è preceduto dalla lettera B si riferisce a libri o ad altre pubblicazioni non periodiche, e il numero del volume viene allora scritto in cifre romane. Cosi BlO1 IV: 191; 18, indica Doelter, Handbuch der Mineralchemie, pagina 191 del IV0 volume dell'edizione 1918. Il numero chiave O indica " Comunicazione privata da . . . " 6. Annales de chimie et de physique. (Divided into Nos. 14 and 16 in 1914). 7. Zeitschrift für physikalische Chemie, Stöchiometrie und Verwandtschaftslehre. 8. Annalen der Physik. [Journal der Physik, 1790-1794. Neues Journal der Physik, 1795-1796. Annalen der Physik, 1799-1819; Annalen der Physik und der physikalischen Chemie, 1819-1824 (Gilbert). Annalen der Physik und Chemie, 1824-1899 (Poggendorff, Wiedemann). Annalen der Physik, 1900(Drude, Wien and Planck).] 9. Zeitschrift für Elektrochemie und angewandte physikalische Chemie. 10. Tables annuelles internationales de constantes et données numériques. 11. American Chemical Journal. (Combined with No. 1 in 1914.) 12. American Journal of Science. (American Journal of Science and Arts, 1820-79; known also as Silliman's Journal of Science.) 13. Annalen der Chemie, Justus Liebig's. 14. Annales de chimie. 16. Annales de physique. 18. Archives néerlandaises des sciences exactes et naturelles. Séries IIIA (Sciences exactes). 19. Arkiv for Kemi, Mineralogi och Geologi. 20. Arkiv for Matematik, Astronomi och Fysik. 21. Astrophysical Journal.

22. Atti della reale accademia nazionale dei Lincei. (Rendiconti classe di scienze fisiche, matematiche e naturali.) 23. Atti della reale accademia delle scienze di Torino. 24. Atti del reale istituto Veneto di scienze, lettere ed arti. 25. Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft. 26. Berichte der deutschen physikalischen Gesellschaft. See also No. 96. 27. Bulletin de la société chimique de France. (Before 1908 was Bulletin de la société chimique de Paris.) 28. Bulletin de la société chimique de Belgique. (Before 1904 was Bulletin de l'association belge des chimistes.) 29. Bureau of Mines, Bulletins. 30. Bureau of Mines, Technical Papers. 31. Bureau of Standards, Scientific Papers. (Continued as No. 546.) 31A. Bureau of Standards, Bulletin. (Continued as No. 546.) 32. Bureau of Standards, Technologic Papers. (Continued as No. 546.) 33. Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering. (Name changed Julyj 1918 from Metallurgical and Chemical Engineering.) 34. Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des séances de l'académie des sciences, de l'institut de France. 36. Gazzetta chimica italiana. 37. Helvetica Chimica Acta. 38. Journal of the American Ceramic Society. 38B. Bulletin of the American Ceramic Society. 39. Journal of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers. 41. Journal of the Chemical Society of Japan (Nippon Kwagaku Kwai Shi). (Name changed in Jan., 1921 from Journal of the Tokyo Chemical Society.) 41B. Bulletin of the Chemical Society of Japan. 42. Journal de chimie physique. 43. Journal of the Faculty of Engineering, Tokyo Imperial University. 44. Journal of the Faculty of Science, Tokyo Imperial University. 45. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry. (Name changed J'an., 1923 from Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry.) 46. Journal of the Institution of Electrical Engineers (London). 47. Journal of the Institute of Metals (London). 48. Journal of the Optical Society of America and Review of Scientific Instruments. 49. Journal de pharmacie et de chimie. 50. Journal of Physical Chemistry. 51. Journal de physique et le radium. (Formed from Le radium and Journal de physique, théorique et appliquée.) 52. Journal für praktische Chemie. 53. Journal of the Russian Physic o-Chemical Society. (Chemical part.) 54. Journal of the Society of Chemical Industry. 55. Kolloid-Zeitschrift. (Formerly Zeitschrift für Chemie und Industrie der Kolloide.) 56. Mechanical Engineering. (Formerly Journal of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers.) 57. Monatshefte für Chemie und verwandte Teile anderer Wissenschaften. 58. Nature (London). 59. Nuovo Cimento. 60. översikt av Finska Vetenskaps-Societetens Förhandlingar. (Discontinued with Vol. 64, 1921-22.) 62. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series A, Physical and Mathematical. 62B. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B, Biological. 63. Physikalische Zeitschrift, vereinigt mit dem Jahrbuch der Radioaktivität und Elektronik.

64P. Proceedings of the Royal Academy of Sciences of Amsterdam. 64V. Verslag koninklijke Akademie van Wetenschappen te Amsterdam. 65. Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. 66. Proceedings of the American Society for Testing Materials. 67. Proceedings of the Physical Society of London. 68. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. 69. Proceedings and Transactions of the Royal Society of Canada. 70. Recueil des travaux chimiques des Pays-Bas. 71. Rendiconti dell'accademia delle scienze fisiche e matematiche. (Classe della società reale di Napoli.) 72. Rendiconti reale istituto Lombardo di scienze e lettere. 73. Rendiconti della società chimica italiana. 74. Revue de métallurgie. 75. Sitzungsberichte Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien, mathematisch-naturwissenschaftliche Klasse. 76. Sitzungsberichte der preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften. 77. Stahl und Eisen. 78. Transactions of the American Electrochemical Society. 79. Transactions of the American Institute of Chemical Engineers. 80. Transactions of the American Institute of Mining and Metallurgical Engineers. 83. Transactions of the Faraday Society. 84. Transactions of the Illuminating Engineering Society (New York). 86. University of Illinois, Engineering Experiment Station, Bulletin. 87. Verhandelingen der koninklijke Akademie van Wetenschappen te Amsterdam. 88. Verhandlungen der physikalischen Gesellschaft zu Berlin. See also No. 96. 89. Wissenschaftliche Abhandlungen der physikalisch-technischen Reichsanstalt. 91. Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie. 92. Zeitschrift für angewandte Chemie. 93. Zeitschrift für anorganische und allgemeine Chemie. (Name changed in 1915 from Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie.) 94. Zeitschrift für Krystallographie. (Name changed in 1921 from Zeitschrift für Krystallographie und Mineralogie.) 95. Zeitschrift für Metallkunde. (Formerly Internationale Zeitschrift für Metallographie.) 96. Zeitschrift für Physik. (Verhandlungen der physikalischen Gesellschaft zu Berlin, 1882-1898; Verhandlungen der deutschen physikalischen Gesellschaft, 1899-1902; Berichte der deutschen physikalischen Gesellschaft, 1903-1919; Zeitschrift für Physik, 1920.) 97. Zeitschrift für technische Physik. 98. Zeitschrift des Vereines deutscher Ingenieure. 99. Zeitschrift für wissenschaftliche Photographie, Photophysik und Photochemie. 100. Sprechsaal, Zeitschrift für die keramischen, Glas- und verwandten Industrien. 101. Elektrotechnische Zeitschrift. 105. Journal of the Society of Glass Technology. 106. Revue générale de l'électricité. 107. Electrical World. 108. Electrical Review (London). 112. Dinglers polytechnisches Journal. 114. Electric Journal. 115. Engineering. 117. Scientific Proceedings of the Royal Dublin Society. 118. Annales de l'institut polytechnique du Don, Novocerkask. 121. Electrician. 125. Archiv für Elektrotechnik. (Supplement to No. 101.)

128. Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences. 129. Transactions of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers. 131. American Journal of Physiology. 132. Anales de la sociedad espanola de fisica y quimica. 133. British Association for the Advancement of Science, Reports. 134. Bulletin de l'académie des sciences de l'union des républiques soviétiques socialistes. (Formerly Bulletin de l'académie impérial des sciences de St. Pétersbourg; name changed in 1917 to Bulletin de l'académie des sciences de Russie; présent name dates from 1925). 135. Chemical News and Journal of Industrial Science. (Name changed in 1921 from Chemical News and Journal of Physical Science.) 136. Chemiker-Zeitung. 137. Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskab, Mathematiskfysiske Meddelelser. 138. Societas seientiarum fennica. Commentationes physicomathematicae. 139. Ferrum. 140. Journal of the Iron and Steel Institute, London. 141. Journal of Biological Chemistry. 142. Journal of the Society of Chemical Industry, Japan. (Formerly Journal of Chemical Industry, Japan.) 143. Journal of the Franklin Institute. 144. Mathematikai ès Természettudomanyi Ertesitö, Budapest. 145. Zeitschrift für Biologie. 146. Zement und Beton. 147. Meddelanden frân K. Vetenskapakademiens Nobelinstitut. 148. Zeitschrift für die gesamte Kälte-Industrie. 149. Archives des sciences physiques et naturelles. (Bibliothèque britannique, 1796-1815; Bibliothèque universelle des sciences, belles-lettres et arts, 1816-1835; Bibliothèque universelle de Genève, 1836-1845; Supplément à la bibliothèque universelle de Genève. Archives des sciences physiques et naturelles, 1846-1847; Bibliothèque universelle de Genève. Archives des sciences physiques et naturelles, 1848-1857; Bibliothèque universelle, revue suisse et étrangère. Archives des sciences physiques et naturelles, 1858-1861; Bibliothèque universelle et revue suisse. Archives des sciences physiques et naturelles, 1862-1877; Bibliothèque universelle. Archives des sciences physiques et naturelles, 1878.) 150. Mitteilungen ueber Forschungsarbeiten auf dem Gebiete des Ingenieurwesens insbesondere aus dem Laboratorium der technischer Hochschulen. Verein deutscher Ingenieure. 151. Mémoires de l'académie royale des sciences de l'institut de France. 152. Carnegie Institution of Washington, Publications. 159. Science Reports of the Tôhoku Imperial University. Series I, Mathematics, Physics and Chemistry. 159B. Science Reports of the Tôhoku Imperial University. Series III, Petrology, Mineralogy and Mineral Deposits. 165. Bulletin internationale de l'académie des sciences de Cracovie. (Name changed to Bulletin internationale de l'académie Polonaise des sciences et des lettres.) 166. Science. 168. Communications from the Physical Laboratory at the University of Leiden. 169. Annales de l'Institut Polytechnique Pierre-le-Grand, Petrograd. 170. Memorie della reale accademia nazionale dei Lincei, Roma. 171. Sitzungsberichte der Heidelberger Akademie der Wissenschaften. Mathematisch-naturwissenschaftliche Klasse. Abteilung A. 172. International Congress of Applied Chemistry. 173. Analyst, London.

174. 180. 181. 182. 185. 186. 187.

Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. Anzeiger der Akademie der Wissenschaften, Krakau. Travaux de la société de physique et de chimie de Kharkoff. Proceedings of the Chemical Society, London. Chemisches Zentralblatt. Bulletin de la classe des sciences, académie royale de Belgique. Metall und.Erz, Zeitschrift für Metalhüttenwesen und Erzbergbau, einschl. Aufbereitung. 188. Nachrichten von der königlichen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen. Geschäftliche Mitteilungen; mathematisch-physikalische Klasse. 189. Centralblätt für Mineralogie, Geologie und Paläontologie. 190. Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie, Geologie und Paläontologie. 19OB. Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie, Geologie und Paläontologie, Beilage Band. 192. Metallurgie. (Divided into Nos. 139 and 187.) 197. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 199. Le Radium. (Merged into No. 51 in 1920.) 200. Jahrbuch der Radioaktivität und Elektronik. (Combined with No. 63 in 1924.) 201. Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society. 204. Photographic Journal. 205. Biochemische Zeitschrift. 208. Physica, Nederlandsch Tijdschrift voor Natuurkunde. 214. Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskab, Skrifter naturvidenskabelig og mathematisk Afdeling. 218. Naturwissenschaften. 219. Proceedings of the Physico-Mathematical Society of Japan. 220. Jern-Kontorets Annaler, Stockholm. 225. Kosmos. (Polskie towarzystwo przyrodników imienia Kopernika.) Lemberg. 228. Denkschriften der kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Wien, mathematisch-naturwissenschaftliche Klasse. 230. Biochemical Journal. 232. Soil Science. 238. Travaux et mémoires du bureau international des poids et mesures. 241. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society. 242. Vierteljahrsschrift der naturforschenden Gesellschaft, Zürich. 243. Zeitschrift für Instrumentenkunde. 245. Zeitschrift für das gesamte Schiess- und Sprengstoffwesen. 249. Fortschritte auf dem Gebiete der Röntgenstrahlen. 250. Bulletin de séances de la société française de physique (1873— 1910). (From 1873-1901 as society's Séances; continued as No. 01.) 252. Chemische Umschau auf dem Gebiete der Fette, OeIe, Wachse und Harze. (Before 1916 Chemische Revue über die Fett- und Harz-Industrie.) 267. Philippine Journal of Science. 269. Mineralogical Magazine and Journal of the Mineralogical Society. 278. Archiv für die gesamte Physiologie des Menschen und der Tiere. (Pflüger.) 279. Zeitschrift für Untersuchung der Lebensmittel. (Formerly Zeitschrift für Untersuchung der Nahrungs- und Genussmittel sowie der Gebrauchsgegenstande.) 286. Chemical Reviews. 287. Kolloidchemische Beihefte. 293. Archiv der Pharmazie. (Combined with No. 273 in 1924 ta form Archiv der Pharmazie und Berichte der deutschen pharmazeutischen Gesellschaft.) 299. British Aeronautical Research Committee. Reports and Memoranda. 302. Smithsonian Institution Publications. Miscellaneous Collection. 305. Transactions of the American Society of Civil Engineers.

306. Journal of the American Society of Naval Engineers. 315. Memorial des poudres. (Formerly Memorial des poudres et salpêtres.) 316. Journal and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New South Wales. 322. Schriften der Dorpater Naturforscher-Gesellschaft an der Universität. 325. Proceedings of the Royal Institution of Great Britain. 337. Bulletin of the National Research Council. 341. Journal of Agricultural Research. 348. Cotton Oil Press. 355. The Engineer, London. 356. Journal of the Royal Society of Arts. 365. Bureau of Standards, Circulars. 372. Verein zur Beförderung des Gewerbefleisses, Verhandlungen. 378. Chimie et industrie. 380. Gesundheits-ingenieur. 382. Refrigerating Engineering. (Transactions of the American Society of Refrigerating Engineers, 1905-13; American Society of Refrigerating Engineers Journal; present name dates from July, 1922.} 388. Oversigt av Förhandlingar kongl. Svenska VetenskapsAkademien. 396. Gas Journal. (Formerly Journal of Gas Lighting and Water Supply.) 397. Gas- und Wasserfach. (Name changed Jan., 1922 from Journal für Gasbeleuchtung und verwandte Beleuchtungsarten sowie für Wasserversorgung.) 398. Memoirs and Proceedings of the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society. 403. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers. 408. Journal de mathématiques pures et appliquées (Paris). (Continues Annales de mathématiques pures et appliquées; present name dates from 1836.) 414. Mitteilungen über Forschungsarbeiten auf den Gebiete des Ingenieurwesens hrsg. vom Vereine deutscher Ingenieure. 415. Journal of the Textile Industry. 416. Brennstoff-Chemie. 427. Physikalische Berichte. (Beiblätter zu den Annalen der Physik und Chemie; Beiblätter united with Fortschritte der Physik and Halbmonatliches Literaturverzeichnis to form Physikalische Berichte.) 428. Repertorium für Experimental-Physik für physikalische Technik für mathematische und astronomische Instrumentenkunde. (Before 1867 was Repertorium für physikalische Technik für mathematische und astronomische Instrumentenkunde; also known as Carl's Repertorium.) 429. Memoirs of the College of Science, Kyoto Imperial University. (Before 1914 was part of Memoirs of the College of Science and Engineering, Kyoto Imperial University.) 434. Scientific Transactions of -the Royal Dublin Society. 436. Reports of the Research Department, Royal Arsenal, Woolwich. 437. Japanese Journal of Physics. 438. Transactions of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers. 444. Verhandlungen der preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften. 454. Procès-verbaux et resumé des communications de la société française de physique. 459. Electrical Review and Industrial Engineer. (Formerly Electrical Review and Western Electrician.) 465. Zeitschrift der deutschen Öl- und Fett-Industrie. 468. Kongliga Svenska Vetenskaps-Akademien, Handlingar. 471. Army Ordinance.

474. Zeitschrift für komprimierte und flüssige Gase sowie die Pressluft-Industrie. 478. Bulletin de l'association des chimistes de sucrerie et de distillerie de France et des colonies. 482. Quarterly Journal of the Indian Chemical Society. 501. Mémoires couronnés et autres mémoires publiés par l'académie royale des sciences, des lettres et des beaux-arts de Belgique. Collection in 8vo. 502. Archives du Musée Teyler (Haarlem). 504. Mémoires de l'académie des sciences de l'union des républiques soviétiques socialistes. (Formerly Mémoires de l'académie impérial des sciences de St. Pétersbourg; name changed in 1917 to Mémoires de l'académie des sciences de Russie; present name dates from 1926,) 506. Monthly Weather Review. 507. Meteorologische Zeitschrift. 510. Zeitschrift für den physikalischen und chemischen Unterricht. 511. Zeitschrift für mathematischen und naturwissenschaftlichen Unterricht. (Verein zur Förderung des Unterrichts in der Mathematik und den Naturwissenschaften.) (Hoffmann's Zeitschrift.) 512. Proceedings of the Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science. 513. Zeitschrift für Mathematik und Mechanik. 514. Maandblad voor Natuur Wetenschappen Genootschaps ter Be vor dering van Natuurgenees- en Heelkunde te Amsterdam. 517. Perfumery and Essential Oil Record. 520. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society (London). 521. Bulletins of the Lick Observatory (Mt. Hamilton, Calif.). 522. Illuminating Engineer (London). 524. Abhandlungen der k. Akademie der Wissenschaften, Berlin. (K. preussische Akademie der Wissenschaften.) 525. Publications of the American Astronomical Society. 526. Bihang til Kongliga Svenska Vetenskaps-Akademiens Handlingar. (In 1904, divided into Nos. 19 and 20.) 527. Ertisitö az Erdélyi Muzeum Egylet Arvos-Természettudomänyi Szakosztälyäbol. II. Termeszettudomänyi Szak. 528. Zeitschrift für wissenschaftliche Mikroskopie und für mikroskopische Technik. 531. Internationale Zeitschrift für physikalisch-chemische Biologie. 532. Popular Astronomy. 538. Transactions of the International Astronomical Union. 539. Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy. Section A, Mathematical, Astronomical and Physical Science. Section B, Biological, Geological and Chemical Science. 542. Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskab, Mathematiskfysiske Meddelelser. 543. Proceedings of the Imperial Academy of Tokyo. (Formerly Tokyo Academy.) 544. Transactions of the Cambridge Philosophical Society. 545. Photographische Korrespondenz. 546. Bureau of Standards Journal of Research. 547. British Journal of Photography. 550. Anales de la sociedad cientifica Argentina. 554. Âbo Akademi. Acta Academia aboensis, mathematica et physica. 556. Handelingen van Lettiende Vlaamsch Naturen Geneeskundig Congress.

Bl. Hund, Linienspektren und periodisches System der Elemente. Berlin, Springer, 1917. B2. Glazebrook, R. T., Dictionary of Applied Physics. London, Macmillan, 1922-23.

B3. Landolt-Börnstein, Physikalisch-chemische Tabellen. 5th ed. Berlin, Springer, 1923. B13. Nernst Festschrift, 1912. Knapp, Halle. B14. Haber, Thermodynamik technischer Gasreaktionen, 1905. B16. Horek, Dissertation, Berlin, 1909. BIT. Isambert, Thèse, Toulouse, 1868. B18. Webb, Thesis, Princeton, 1924. B19. Feising, Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1914. B20. Crut, Thèse, Paris, 1923. B21. Abegg, Handbuch der anorganischen Chemie. B22. Benoit, Thèse, Nancy, 1923. B23. Thomsen, J., Systematisk gennemförte termokemiske undersögelsers numeriske og teortiske resultater, 1882-1886. B40. Shorthose, D. N., Thermal Properties of Methyl Chloride. Food Investigation Board. Department of Scientific and Industrial Research (Great Britain). Special Report No. 19, 1924. B51. Seidell, Solubilities of Inorganic and Organic Substances. New York, Van Nostrand, 1919. B57. Tammann, Krystallizieren und Schmelzen. Leipzig, Barth, 1903. B59. Thèse, École Pharm., Montpellier, 1895. B63. Holborn, Scheel and Henning, Wärmetabellen. Braunschweig, Vieweg, 1919.

B67. Jenkin and Shorthose, Thermal Properties of Ethyl Chloride. Food Investigation Board, Department of Scientific and Industrial Research (Great Britain). Special Report No. 14, 1923. B73. Berthelot, Thermochimie. Paris, Gauthier-Villars, 1897. B83. Royds, Heat Transmission by Radiation, Conduction and Convection. London, Constable, 1921. B84. Griffiths and Davis, Food Investigation Board, Department of Scientific and Industrial Research (Great Britain). Special Report No. 9, 1922. B85. Société française de physique, Recueil de Constantes Physiques. Paris, Gauthier-Villars, 1913. B86. Exner and Haschek, Die Spektren der Elemente bei normalen Druck. Wien, Deuticke, 1912. B92. Paschen and Götze, Seriengesetze der Linienspektren. Berlin, Springer, 1922. B93. Fowler, Report on Series in Line Spectra. London, Fleetway Press, 1922. B94. Sommerfeld, Atombau und Spektrallinien. Braunschweig, Vieweg, 1924. B96. Kayser, Handbuch der Spektroskopie, 1900- (1924?). Leipzig, Hirzel. B97. Nietz, Theory of Development. New York, Van Nostrand, 1922. BlOO. Lewkowitsch, Chemical Technology and Analysis of Oils, Fats and Waxes. 6th ed. London, Macmillan, 1921-23.

IMPORTANT NOTICE ANNUAL TABLES OF CONSTANTS AND NUMERICAL DATA CHEMICAL, PHYSICAL, BIOLOGICAL, AND TECHNOLOGICAL Published by an International Committee, under the authority of the International Research Council and the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry HE data given in International the "best" values recorded in InterCritical Tables are based upon de- national Critical Tables. These older terminations published previous to Jan- volumes thus constitute a handy and accessible source of reference to the uary 1924. In order to keep always up to date original determinations. Through special arrangements made with future progress in physical measurements, the purchaser of Inter- with the International Commission in national Critical Tables should become charge of Annual Tables, all purchasers a regular subscriber to International of International Critical Tables will be Annual Tables, which will bring to his given special discounts on all purchases desk each year a volume in which he of International Annual Tables, as will find assembled and classified all of follows : the data which have appeared in the i. 25% discount on Volumes VII to X inworld's literature, for the year covered clusive, covering the period 1925-1930. by the volume. . This reduction will only be valid for each Thus, Annual Tables, Volume VI, volume during the period known as the contains all the data published in the subscription period. literature of 1923-1924; Volume VII will contain the data published in the 2. 25% discount on the index to Volumes I-V, which will be published in 1928. literature of 1925-1926; Volume VIII, the data published in the literature of These discounts apply only on subscrip1927-1928; Volume IX, the data pub- tions addressed to —-For United States lished in 1929, etc. and Canada, McGraw-Hill Book ComBeginning with Volume VII the text pany, Inc., 370 Seventh Avenue, New will be given in both French and English. York City, For all other countries, Dr. C. The older volumes of Annual Tables Marie, 9 rue de Bagneux, Paris VI, go back to 1910. They contain all of France. the original determinations published All subscriptions should be accomduring that period and which served panied by draft or money order payable as all or part of the basis of selection of at New York or Paris.

T

SPECIMEN SECTIONS A free copy of any one of the following specimen sections may be obtained on application to Dr. C. Marie. îSpectroscopy. 5:Electricity,Magnetism, Electrochemistry. C:Radioactivity. D : Crystallography, Mineralogy. E: Biology. F: Engineering, Metallurgy. G: Colloids. The following identification form should be filled out and transmitted with the first subscription. Name Address

Table of Contents Volume VI X-Ray Data J-Phenomenon in X-Rays Polarization of X-Rays Electronic Radiation Excited by X-Rays Velocity of Emitted Electrons Number of Electrons Emitted Direction of Emission Conductivity of Solids and Liquids Exposed to X-Rays Crystal Gratings for X-Ray Spectroscopy Grating Constant Refraction Absorption and Scattering of X-Rays Introduction Absorption Scattering Relations Between Absorption, Scattering and Electron Emission Apparent Coefficients of Absorption Emission of X-Rays, Wavelengths and Data on Absorption Limits Units and Constants Notation Table 1. Notation for Normal Energy-Levels, Series, and Subseries Quantum Notation Table 2. Notation, Relative Apparent Intensities and Width: Normal Lines Table 3. Notations: Non-Diagram Lines Origin of X-Rays Planck's Constant Line Spectra Table 4. Variation of Frequency with Atomic Number Regular Doublets Table 5. Regular Doublet Separation: Effect of Chemical Combination Irregular Doublets Selection Principles Intensities of Lines Table 6. Relative Apparent Intensities of Normal Lines of K-Series; Variation with Z Table 7. Formulae for Variation of Line Intensity with Tube Voltage Table 8. Ratio of Line Intensity to Intensity of Continuous Spectrum Table 9. Primary Standards of Wave-Length Table 10. Limiting Frequencies of X-Ray Series

1 1 2 2 3 5 5 6 7 7 7 8 8 12 16 20 20 23 23 24 25 25 25 26 27 27 27 27 28 29 29 31 31 32 32 33 33 35

Table 11. Characteristic X-Ray Emission Spectra and Absorption Limits: Elementary Substances Absorption Limits Table 12. Absorption Limits: Fine Structure and Effect of Chemical Combination Continuous Spectra Reflection and Refraction of X-Rays Symbols Refraction Reflection Electronics and Gas Conduction Electric Arcs Symbols Electrical Data Mechanical Data Temperature of the Arc Photometric Data for Arcs Thermal Emission of Electrons

36 44 44 45 49 49 50 50 51 51 51 51 52 52 52 53

Table 1. Electron Emission and Thermionic Work-Function: Elementary Substances and Oxides Table 2. Electron Emission from Mo, Ta, Th on W, and W: Variation with Temperature Table 3. Electron Emission by W: Effect of Gases Table 4. Emission of Electrons by Thoriated W Table 5. Diffusion and Evaporation of Elements Contained in W as Oxides Table 6. Thermionic Work Function: Calorimetric Determination Contact Potentials

53 55 55 55 55 56 56

Table 1. Values of the Work Function as Derived from the Wave-Length Limit of the Photoelectric Effect: Illustrative Data Table 2. Contact Potential Deduced from Thermal Emission of Electrons (Illustrative) Table 3. Contact Potentials of Metals with Brass: Condenser Method; Room Temperature Table 4. Contact Potentials of Metals with Platinum

57 57 57 57

Table 5. Contact Potentials of Miscellaneous Pairs of Conductors: Condenser Method; Room Temperature Table 6. Signs of Charges Acquired by Dielectrics in Contact with Hg and with Amalgams Current Flow in Vacuum Tubes with Hot Cathodes Symbols Table 1. Ideal Diodes Table 2. Characteristics of Typical Commercial Diodes Table 3. Characteristics of Typical Commercial Triodes Table 4. Characteristics of Typical Commercial Triodes Emission of Secondary Electrons Symbols

57 57 58 58 58 59 59 59 60 60

Table 1. Retarding Potential Difference Required to Bring an Electron to Rest: Einstein’s Relation Transmission and Absorption of Primary Electrons Table 2. Mass Absorption Coefficient and Its Variation with Velocity of Primary Electrons Table 3. Mass Absorption Coefficients Relative to Air Table 4. Most Probable Velocity of Transmitted Electrons

61 61 61 61 61

Table 5. Decrease in Number and in Most Probable Velocity of Electrons during Transmission through Al Table 6. Variation of Transmission with Primary Velocity Table 7. Distribution of Velocities among Electrons Transmitted by Al: Normal Incidence Reflection of Electrons: Angular Distribution, etc Table 8. Secondary Emission of Electrons from Gases Emission of Secondary Electrons from Solids and Liquids Velocities of Secondary Electrons Table 9. Electron Emission Excited by Impact of Slowly Moving Positive Ions Photoconductivity and Photo-Electromotive Force Photoconductivity Photo-EMF Table 1. Minerals Exhibiting Photoconductivity Table 2. Solutions Exhibiting Photoconductivity Table 3. Wave-Length for Maximum Photoconductivity Photoemission of Electrons Table 1. Photoelectric Thresholds Table 2. Wave Length for Maximum Photoelectric Sensitivity Table 3. Illustrating Variation of Photoelectric Sensitivity with Wave-Length of Incident Light Table 4. Relative Values of Photoelectric Current for Heterochromatic Illumination

62 62 62 62 63 63 64 64 66 66 66 66 66 66 67 67 68 68 68

Table 5. Relative Photoelectric Sensitivity of Aqueous Solutions and Alloys: Variation with Concentration Critical Potentials of Atoms and Molecules Symbols Useful Relations Table 1. Critical Potentials of Atoms Table 2. Critical Potentials of Molecules

69 69 69 70 70 72

Table 3. Critical Potentials of H2, N2, O2, NO and CO Dielectric Constant and Dielectric Strength Introduction

72 73 73

Dielectric Constant and Dielectric Strength of Elementary Substances, Pure Inorganic Compounds, and Air Symbols Table 1. Dielectric Constant of Pure Inorganic Gases

74 74 74

vii

Table 2. Dielectric Constant of Pure Inorganic Solids and Liquids and Its Variation with Temperature, Pressure, and Frequency Table 3. Dielectric Constant of Air

75 77

Table 4. Dielectric Constant of H2O; Steam, Water, and Ice Table 5. Effect of Illumination upon Dielectric Constant Table 6. Relative Dielectric Strength of Pure Inorganic Gases at 25°C and 1 Atmosphere Table 7. Dielectric Strength of Air: Spherical Electrodes, 25°C and 1 Atmosphere Table 8. Dielectric Strength of Air: Needle Electrodes, 25°C and 1 Atmosphere

78 79 79 79 80

Dielectric Constant and Dielectric Strength of Single Crystals, Mixtures and Solutions, Pure Organic Compounds, and Miscellaneous Materials Symbols Table 1. Standard Liquids Table 2. Dielectric Constant of Pure Organic Gases and Vapors Table 3. Dielectric Constant of Mixtures of Hydrogen and Nitrogen

81 82 82 82 83

Table 4. Dielectric Constant of Pure Organic Compounds, and Its Variation with Temperature and Frequency

83

Table 5. Dielectric Constant of Glycerol (C3H8O3) Table 6. Dispersion and Absorption Data: Organic Compounds and Solutions Table 7. Dielectric Constant of Crystals Table 8. Dielectric Constant of Binary Mixtures and Solutions Table 9. Dielectric Constant of Solutions of Oleates of the Heavy Metals Table 10. Dielectric Constant of Solutions at Temperatures below -100°C Table 11. Dielectric Constant of Colloidal Suspensions in Water Table 12. Dielectric Constant of Miscellaneous Materials

97 97 98 100 104 104 105 105

Table 13. Variation of Dielectric Constant with Pressure: Pure Organic Liquids and Solid C6H6 Table 14. Effect of Magnetic Field upon the Dielectric Constant Table 15. Effect of Electric Field upon the Dielectric Constant Table 16. Dielectric Strength of Pure Organic Substances High Voltage Corona Introduction Symbols General Relations

105 105 106 106 107 107 107 107

Table 1. Corona on Clean, Round Wires in Air, 25°C and 1 Normal Atmosphere—Variation with Radius 107 Table 2. Corona Round Wires in Air: Variation with Density 108 Table 3. Effective Corona Voltage for Three-Phase Transmission Lines in Triangular Arrangement: 25°C, 1 Normal Atmosphere Table 4. Corona in Oil Electrical Conductivity and Resistivity Properties of Carriers of Free Electricity in Gases

108 108 109 110

Introduction Table 1. Mobility Constant of Normal Ions in Gases Table 2. Mobility of Normal Ions in Mixed Gases Table 3. Mobility of Normal Ions: Variation with Pressure Table 4. Mobility of Normal Ions in Dry Air: Variation with Temperature Table 5. Mobility of Newly Formed Ions Table 6. Diffusivity of Normal Ions Table 7. Coefficient of Recombination of Normal Ions: One Pressure and Room Temperature Table 8. Coefficient of Recombination of Normal Ions: Variation with Pressure Table 9. Coefficient of Recombination of Normal Ions: Variation with Temperature Table 10. Mobility of Slow Ions Table 11. Migrational and Thermal Velocities of Electrons in gases at 15°C

110 111 112 114 114 114 115 115 115 115 115 116

Table 12. Number of Molecular Impacts of an Electron before Its Attachment to Form a Normal Negative Ion Table 13. Condensation of Vapors on Ions and Nuclei Effective Sectional Area of Molecules Ionization of Gases Table 1. Ionization of Air by Electrons: Variation with Velocity Table 2. Ionization of Gases by Electrons: Variation with Velocity Table 3. Relative Molecular Ionization of Gases by β-Rays from Various Substances Table 4. Total Number of Pairs of Ions Produced by an Electron in Field of Zero Intensity Table 5. Ionization of Gases by Accelerated Electrons: Variation with Intensity of Field Table 6. Ionization of He by Accelerated Electrons: Variation with Pressure, Field Constant Table 7. Energy Expended by Electrons in Ionizing a Molecule: Various Gases Table 8. Ionization of Air by α-Particles: Variation with Velocity

116 117 117 119 120 120 121 121 121 121 121 122

Table 9. Relative Molecular and Total Ionization of Gases by α-Particles from Radium and Polonium

122

Table 10. Ionization of Gases by Accelerated Positive Residues: Variation with Intensity of Field Table 11. Atomic Ionization Relative to Air Table 12. Relative Molecular Ionization of Gases by γ-Rays and X-Rays Table 13. Relative Molecular and Total Ionization of Gases by Secondary X-Rays Table 14. Energy Expended in Ionizing Gases Table 15. Ionization of Gases Mixed with Vapor of P Electrical Resistance of Elementary Substances at Temperatures below -80°C Table 1. Electrical Resistance of Elementary Substances at Temperatures below -80°C Table 2. Resistance of Platinum below -80°C

122 122 123 123 123 124 124 125 130

Table 3. Effect of Impurities, Stress, Heat Treatment, Etc., upon Resistance of Elementary Substances at Low Temperatures Electrical Resistivity of Pure Metals at Temperatures Above -80°C

131 135

Table 1. Electrical Resistivity of Single Crystals of Metals between 0 and 100°C and the Effect of Pressure 135 Table 2. Electrical Resistance of Pure Metals at Temperatures above –80°C: Polycrystalline Metals Table 3. Effect of Hydrostatic Pressure upon Electrical Resistance of Metals between 0 and 100°C Table 4. Effect of Tension upon Electrical Resistance of Pure Metals Effect of Impurities upon Electrical Resistance of Metals Electrical Resistivity of S, Se, and Te Symbols Resistivity in the Dark Effect of Light The Electrical Conductivity of Pure Non-Metallic Liquids

136

Abbreviations A-Table: Elementary Substances and Atmospheric Air B-Table: Chemical Compounds C-Table: Carbon Compounds Electrical Conductivity of Electrolytic Conductors at High Temperatures I. Pure Substances A-B Table: Standard Arrangement II. Binary Mixtures A-B Table: Standard Arrangement

136 137 138 141 141 141 141 142 142 142 142 143 147 147 147 150 150

The Electrical Conductivity and the Ionization-Product of H2O Electrical Conductivity Ionization Product

152 152 152

Electrical Resistivity of (1) Single Crystals, (2) Solid Poor Conductors (Except Salts), (3) Mixtures of Rare Earth Oxides and (4) Liquid Mixtures Suitable for High Resistances Table 1. Electrical Resistivity of Poor Conductors: Pure Substances Table 2. Electrical Resistivity of Minerals and Other Single Non-Metallic Crystals Table 3. Electrical Resistivity of Nernst and Auer Mixtures Containing Rare Earths

153 153 154 155

Table 4. Resistivity of Mixed Liquids Suitable for Making High Resistances: Mixtures of Xylene and Ethyl Alcohol Table 5. Effect of Pressure upon Resistivity of Poor Conductors Table 6. Surface Resistivity: Effect of Humidity of Air Electrical Conductivity of Flames Table 1. Electrical Properties of Bunsen Flame Table 2. Electrical Properties of Metallic Vapors in Bunsen Flame Electrical Resistivity of Alloys, Amalgams, and Commercial Metals Symbols Table 1. Named Alloys Table 2. Resistivity of Alloys, Amalgams, and Commercial Metals

155 155 155 156 156 156 156 157 159 159

Ag-Al … Cu-Ni-Fe-Mn Cu-Ni-Fe-Mn … Fe-Ni-C Fe-Ni-C … Tl-Sn

160 169 184

Table 3. Resistivity of Non-Mercuric Alloys at Temperatures Near and Above Their Normal Melting Point Table 4. Effect of Heat Treatment upon Resistivity of Steels Table 5. Additional References Electroelastic and Pyroelectric Phenomena Electrostriction Table 1. Electrostriction Piezoelectricity

196 200 201 207 207 207 208

Table 2. The Piezoelectric Constants Present for each Class of Crystals Possessing the Piezoelectric Property Pyroelectricity

208 209

Table 3. A list of Substances for Which Either Piezo- or Pyroelectric Effects Have Been Observed; Together with Their Constants at Room Temperature Table 4. Tourmaline: Pyro- and Piezoelectric Constants Table 5. Quartz: Pyro- and Piezoelectric Constants

209 210 211

Table 6. Rochelle Salt (KNaC4H4O6·4H2O): Pyro- and Piezoelectric Constants

211

Table 7. Piezoelectric Constants of Tartaric Acid (C4H6O6) and Cane Sugar (C12H22O11) Table 8. Pyroelectric Effect: Variation with Temperature Thermoelectricity Table 1. Thermo EMF and Thermoelectric Power of Elementary Substances Table 2. Thermoelectric Power of Couples of Pure Iron and Platinum Table 3. Thermoelectric Power and Thermo EMF of Alloys (Mainly Binary Alloys) Table 4. Mean Thermoelectric Power between 0 and t°: Steels Table 5. Thermo EMF of Carbon Steels: Effect of Heat Treatment Table 6. Thermoelectric Power of Oxides and Sulfides Table 7. Effect of Stress upon Thermoelectric Properties of Metals Table 8. Effect of Stress upon Thermoelectric Properties of Al, Fe, and Sn

212 212 213 214 215 215 222 224 224 225 226

Table 9. Effect of Longitudinal Magnetic Field and of Tension upon Thermoelectric Properties of Metals Table 10. Effect of Magnetic Field and of Tension upon Thermo EMF of Bimetallic Circuits Table 11. Peltier Coefficient: Directly Observed Table 12. Peltier Coefficient: Directly Observed Variation with Temperature Table 13. Peltier Coefficient of Bismuth: Directly Observed Effect of a Magnetic Field Table 14. Thomson Coefficient: Directly Observed Electrical Conductivity of Aqueous Solutions Introduction Solutions for Determining Cell Constants Table 1. Kohlrausch Solutions

226 226 227 228 228 228 229 229 230 230

Table 2. Parker Solutions Ionic Conductivity Table 3. Ion Conductances at 18°C Solutions of Salts and of All Inorganic Strong Electrolytes Part I. Conductivity of Neutral Halides, Nitrates and Sulfates Table 1. Values of C up to 0.5 Table 3. Values of C above 1000 Table 2. Values of C from 0.5 to 1000 Part II. Conductivity of Strong Electrolytes Table 1. Values of C up to 0.5 Table 3. Values of C above 1000 Table 2. Values of C from 0.5 to 1000 Electrical Conductivity of Saturated Solutions of Slightly Soluble Strong Electrolytes Table 1. Electrolytes for Which Both Conductance and Solubility Are Given Table 2. Electrolytes for Which the Conductance Only Is Given Electrical Conductivity and Ionization Constants of Weak Electrolytes in Aqueous Solutions Abbreviations and Symbols Inorganic Compounds Organic Compounds. C-Table

230 230 230 230 230 231 231 232 241 241 241 242 256 256 257 259 259 260 261

CHBrN2O4 … C6H10O4

261

C6H10O4 … C9H9NO3

276

C9H9NO3 … C37H31N3O10S3 Electrolytic Conductivity of Aqueous Solutions Containing Two or More Solutes Transference Numbers of Electrolytes in Aqueous Solution Table 1. Gravimetric Method Table 2. Gravimetric Method, Best Values Table 3. Moving Boundary Method Table 4. Electromotive Force Method Table 5. True Transference Numbers and Relative Hydration Values Table 6. Mixtures of Electrolytes Electrolytic EMF The Characteristics of Standard Cells and of Primary Cells The Weston Normal and the Weston Unsaturated Cadmium Cells Cadmium Cells with Halide Electrolytes The Clark Cell The Helmholtz Cell The Mercury Oxide Cell The Lead Chloride Cell The Cu-Hg Cell The Pb-Hg Cell

291 305 309 309 310 310 311 311 311 312 312 312 314 314 315 315 315 315 315

Low-Voltage Normal Cells The LeClanché Dry Cell The Féry Zinc-Carbon Cell Caustic Soda Cells The Daniell Cell The Grove and Bunsen Cells The Poggendorff Cell The Potentials of Electrode Cells Abbreviations Aqueous Solutions Non-Aqueous Liquids The EMF of Concentration Cells Abbreviations, Signs and Symbols I. True Concentration Cells Aqueous Solutions Non-Aqueous Solutions II. Cells with Salt Bridges Aqueous Solutions Non-Aqueous Solutions Potentials of Electrochemical Reactions Potentials of Electrochemical Reactions at 25°C Electromotive Force of Cells Involving the Oxidation and Reduction of Organic Compounds Liquid Junction Potentials Overvoltage Effect of Current Density on Overvoltage Hydrogen Overvoltages at 25°C Chlorine Overvoltages at 25°C Bromine Overvoltages at 25°C Iodine Overvoltages at 25°C Oxygen Overvoltages at 25°C Effect of Temperature on Overvoltage Effect of Pressure on Overvoltage Electrical and Optical Properties of Silica Dielectric Constant Electrical Resistivity Piezoelectric Constants of Quartz Magnetic Susceptibility Optical Constants Refractive Index Dispersion Optical Rotation

315 315 317 317 318 318 318 319 319 319 320 321 322 322 322 329 330 330 331 332 332 333 338 339 339 339 339 340 340 340 340 340 341 341 341 341 341 341 341 342 342

Reflectivity Verdet Constant Magnetism Atomic and Molecular Data in Relation to Theories of Magnetism Symbols and Units Magnetons or Magnetic Elements Molecular Gyromagnetic Effects Magnetism and Structure Additivity Relations Theories of Diamagnetism Atomic Radii Theories of Paramagnetism Paramagnetic and Diamagnetic Data Table 1. Volume Susceptibility of Gases Table 2. Specific Susceptibility: Elementary Substances Table 3. Specific Susceptibility: Pure Inorganic Compounds Table 4. Specific Susceptibility: Pure Organic Compounds Table 5. Specific Susceptibility: Crystals Table 6. Specific Susceptibility: Miscellaneous Substances Table 7. Specific Susceptibility of Solutions: References Table 8. Specific Susceptibility: Alloys and Amalgams Table 9. Atomic and Atomic Group Susceptibilities Ferromagnetism Symbols Units and Conversion Factors Numerical Relations Definitions

343 343 345 345 346 346 347 347 349 349 350 350 354 354 354 356 361 364 364 364 365 365 366 367 369 369 369

Table 1. Key Number and Composition of Each of Various Specimens of Iron, Cobalt, Nickel, Their Alloys, and Alloys Containing Manganese and Copper Illustrative Data Table 2. Illustrative of Normal, Anhysteretic, and Differential Magnetization Effect of Time Table 3. Magnetization in Very Weak Fields Table 4. Magnetization in Intense Fields Table 5. Effect of Temperature: Swedish Iron and Mild Steel Electrolytic Iron Table 6. Magnetic Properties Carbon Irons and Steels Table 7. Effect of C upon Hysteretic Loss Table 8. Coercive Force: Effect of C and Quenching Temperature Cementite, Pearlite, Martensite

370 374 374 374 374 376 376 378 378 379 379 379 380

Table 9. Annealed Carbon Irons: Principal Magnetic Constants Table 10. Quenched and Drawn Carbon Irons: Principal Magnetic Constants Table 11. Normal and Cyclic Magnetization of Carbon Irons: Various Heat Treatments Magnet Steels Table 12. Cyclic Magnetization Table 13. Coercive Force and Residual Magnetization and Their Variation with Heat Treatment Table 14. Effect of Mechanical Shock Table 15. Effect of External Magnetic Field Table 16. Temperature Coefficient Alloys of Iron Table 17. Magnetic Properties Cobalt Table 18. Magnetic Properties Nickel Table 19. Magnetic Properties Alloys of Nickel Table 20. Nickel Alloys Manganese Alloys and Compounds Table 21 Ferromagnetic Manganese Alloys and Compounds Transformation Temperatures Table 22. Transformation Points Magnetization of Ferromagnetic Crystals Table 23. Magnetization of Artifical Magnetite Galvanomagnetic and Thermomagnetic Effects Table 1. Hall Effect: Elementary Substances Table 2. Hall Effect: Miscellaneous Materials Table 3. Hall Effect: Alloys Table 4. Variation of Hall Effect with Temperature: Elementary Substances Table 5. Variation of Hall Effect with Temperature: Bi, C, Co, Fe, Ni, Sb, and Te Table 6. Variation of Hall Effect with Magnetic Field Table 7. Corbino Effect Table 8. Relation Between Hall and Corbino Effects, and Free Times of Electrons Table 9. Ettingshausen Effect Table 10. Nernst Effect: Elementary Substances Table 11. Nernst Effect: Alloys Table 12. Nernst Effect: Variation with Temperature Table 13. Righi-Leduc Effect: Elementary Substances Table 14. Righi-Leduc Effect: Alloys Table 15. Increase Produced in Electric Resistance by Magnetic Field: Non-Magnetic Materials

380 380 381 385 386 387 388 388 388 390 390 402 402 403 403 406 406 407 407 408 408 410 413 414 416 416 417 417 417 418 419 419 419 420 420 421 421 421 421

Table 16. Increase Produced in Electrical Resistance of Bismuth by Transverse Magnetic Field Table 17. Electrical Resistance of Antimony and of Bismuth in Transverse Magnetic Field Table 18. Electrical Resistance of Graphite in Transverse Magnetic Field

422 423 423

Table 19. Increase Produced in Electrical Resistance by Transverse Magnetic Field: Magnetic Materials

423

Table 20. Increase Produced in Electrical Resistance by a Longitudinal Magnetic Field: Magnetic Materials Table 21. Increase Produced in Thermal Conductivity by Magnetic Field Magneto-Optics Rotation During Transmission—Faraday Effect Table 1. Verdet Constant for Water Table 2. Verdet Constant for Gases and Vapors

424 424 425 425 425 425

Table 3. Verdet Constant for Pure Inorganic Liquids and Solids and for Miscellaneous Materials

426

Table 4. Verdet Constant for TiCl4 Table 5. Verdet Constant for Pure Organic Liquids Table 6. Verdet Constant for Solutions of Inorganic Substances Table 7. Verdet Constant for Solutions of Organic Substances Table 8. Verdet Constant in Infra-Red Table 9. Molecular Magnetic Rotatory Power Relative to Water.—Pure Substances Table 10. Specific Magnetic Rotatory Power of Solutions Table 11. Dispersion of Verdet Constant: Formulae Table 12. Dispersion of Verdet Constant for Pure Gases Table 13. Dispersion of Verdet Constant: Pure Substances Table 14. Dispersion of Verdet Constant: Pure Organic Substances Table 15. Differential Lag in Appearance of Faraday Effect Rotation at Reflection—Kerr Effect

426 426 426 427 427 428 431 432 432 432 434 434 435

Table 1. Kerr Constant and Rotation at Saturation: Polar Reflection, Normal Incidence, One Wave-Length Table 2. Dispersion of Rotation at Saturation: Polar Reflection, Normal Incidence

435 436

Table 3. Ellipticity Produced by Magnetization: Polar Reflection, Plane Polarized Light Incident Normally, Magnetic Saturation Table 4. Polar Reflection, Plane Polarized Light, Oblique Incidence, Fe Table 5. Longitudinal Reflection, Plane Polarized Light, Oblique Incidence Table 6. Transverse Reflection, Plane Polarized Light, Oblique Incidence Magnetostriction and Allied Effects Table 1. Longitudinal Joule Effect Table 2. Joule Effect: Magnetite Crystal Table 3. Change in Young’s Modulus with Magnetic Field Table 4. Wiedemann Effect

437 438 438 438 439 440 440 440 441

Table 5. Nagaoka-Honda Effect Table 6. Demagnetization of Rods by Impact and by Torsion Atmospheric Electricity Potential Gradient Table 1. Potential Gradient: Land Values

441 441 442 442 442

Table 2. Potential Gradient, Ionic Content and Conductivity of the Atmosphere, and AirEarth Current Density: Ocean Values Ionic Content Table 3. Ionic Content of Atmosphere: Land Values Conductivity of Atmosphere Table 4. Conductivity of Atmosphere, and Air-Earth Current Density: Land Values Table 5. Conductivity of Atmosphere at High Altitudes Miscellaneous Data Terrestrial Magnetism General Conclusions Table 1. Vertical Current Densities as Computed from Magnetic Data Table 2. Magnetic Elements at Various Observatories: Recent Data Table 3. Magnetic Elements for Each 10° of Latitude and Longitude Table 4. Secular Changes in Declination at Various Places and over Long Periods Table 5. Secular Changes in Magnetic Elements at Various Observatories: 1905 to 1925 Earth Currents Aurora Acoustics Physical Aspects of Audition Symbols and Definitions Table 1. Sensitivity of the Ear Table 2. Relative Frequency of Occurrence of Sound Elements of English Speech Sound-Generators Definitions and Symbols Sound-Generators Devices for Stabilizing the Frequency of Oscillation of Circuits Containing Electron Tubes Detection and Measurement of Sound Transmission, Reflection, Reverberation and Absorption of Sound Symbols and Definitions Table 1. Transmission of Sound Through Tubes, Horns and Wave-Filters Table 2. Acoustic Resistivity and Transmission of Plane Waves from Medium to Medium Table 3. Transmission Through Septa Bounded by Air Table 4. Coefficient of Acoustic Absorption by Boundaries Table 5. Absorbing Power of Objects Table 6. Reverberation in Rooms Velocity of Sound

442 442 444 444 444 444 444 445 445 446 446 446 449 449 449 449 450 450 450 450 453 453 453 454 456 457 458 458 458 459 459 459 460 460 461

Symbols Relation of Velocity to Various Factors Table 1. Velocity of Sound in Free Air Table 2. Velocity of Sound in Gases and Vapors: One Temperature Table 3. Velocity of Sound in Gases and Vapors: Variation with Temperature Table 4. Velocity of Sound in Liquids Table 5. Velocity of Sound in Natural Waters Table 6. Velocity of Sound in Solids Table 7. Velocity of Sound in Gases Confined in Tubes Literature References

461 461 461 462 463 464 464 465 466 468

INTERNATIONAL CRITICAL TABLES X-RAY DATA COMPLETE INDEX J-Phenomenon in X-rays. Polarization of X-rays. Electronic radiation excited by X-rays. Crystal gratings for X-rays. Absorption and scattering of X-rays. Emission of X-rays, wavelengths and data on absorption limits. Reflection and refraction of Xrays.

INDEX COMPLET Phenomene / dans les rayons X. Polarisation des rayons X. Radiation electronique excitee par les rayons X. Re*seaux cristallins pour rayons X. Absorption et dispersion des rayons X. Emission des rayons X, longueurs d'ondes et donne"es sur les limites d'absorption. Reflexion et refraction des rayons X.

GESAMT INDEX VERZEICHNIS /-Phanomen bei den Rontgenstrahlen. Polarisation von Rontgenstrahlen. Elektronenstrahlung durch Rontgenstrahlen. Kristallgitter fiir Rontgenstrahlen. Absorption und Streuung von Rontgens trahlen. Emission von Rontgenstrahlen, Wellenlangen und Daten liber Absorptionsgrenzen. Reflexion und Brechung von Rontgenstrahlen.

INDICE COMPLETO pAGB Fenomeno J nei raggi X . . . 1 Polarizzaziorie dei raggi X.. Radiazione elettronica eccitata dai raggi X Reticoli cristallini per raggi X Assorbimento e deviazione dei raggi X Emissione di raggi X, lunghezze d'onda e dati sui limiti di assorbimento.... Riflessione e rifrazione dei raggi X

2 2 7

8 23 49

J-PHENOMENON IN X-RAYS C. G. BARKLA As the wave-length (X) of the homogeneous (unifrequent) beam of X-rays incident upon a thin sheet of absorbing substance is varied, the absorption by the sheet varies discontinuously at certain values of X. These absorption edges (or occasionally lines) are sharply defined, and correspond to the frequency required to excite the characteristic radiation (K1 L, M1 etc.) of the absorber. When the incident beam is heterogeneous (multifrequent) and its "effective" X is varied, similar sharp discontinuities in the absorption may occur. The "effective" X is here defined as the X of that unifrequent radiation for which the ionization produced in a short air-electroscope is reduced to one-half its value by such a thickness of Al as will produce the same reduction in the ionization of the incident multifrequent beam. It may be specified either in Angstrom units, or by the "effective" mass-absorption-coefficient WP) for the incident beam, as determined by the equation erM* — o.5, where x is the thickness of Al required to reduce the ionization to 0.5 its value; p = density of Al. It must be emphasized that a discontinuity is not associated with either the minimum X or the X of maximum intensity of the incident beam, but with some kind of average for the whole beam—possibly analogous to temperature. Also neither the "effective" WP)AI, nor "effective" X, is an absolute constant in a given substance; it varies somewhat with other factors for the radiation, which are not yet measurable. The critical "effective" WP)AI and "effective" X are thus approximate only. They are only tentative and cannot precisely express the complex quantity involved. What appear to be distinct series (Ji, /2 . • . ) of discontinuities have been observed. Later work has shown that under certain conditions, intermediate discontinuities occur ( 4 ). It is possible that a true measure of the fundamental factor involved

will show the critical values for one series to be identical in various substances. Only tentatively then is the following table given. /-ABSORPTION EDGES (1J 2 > 3> 4) Wp)o.5 = "effective" mass absorption coefficient in Al for the multifrequent radiation corresponding to the edge; X6 = wavelength of unifrequent radiation for which mass absorption coefficient of Al = Wp)o.5« "Effective" coefficient is computed from thickness required to reduce ionization by 50 %. Unit of WP) 0.5 = 1 cm2/g; of X = 1 Angstrom. .,

,

Absorber C6 N7 O8 A113 Sil4 S16 Cu29 Ag47 Pt78 Au79

WP)O-S

I

^ | J 2 | J 3 | J 4 5 * \ J1

Xe

\ J, \ J9

J4.6*

1.05 0.39 2.5 0.55 >4 2.2 0.83 0.47 >0.660.5 0.355 0.28 3.81.9 0.7 0.34 0.630.49 0.335 0.23 1.85 O ..493 1.7 0.48 3.51.460.6 0.610.45 0.315 2.01.4 0.5 0.45 0.57 0.305 0.54 |o. 30

* Ji, J$, or Jt and Js.

LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) (») Barkla, 3, 49: 1033; 25. ( 2 ) Barkla and Khastgir, 3, 49: 251; 25. 50: 1115; 25. (3) Barkla and Mackenzie, 8, 1: 542; 26. (*) Barkla and Watson, 3, 2: 1122; 26.

POLARIZATION OF X-RAYS C. G. BARKLA The polarization of primary X-rays was discovered by Barkla v p Rays Source . —. Lit. in 1904 (1J 2 ), and in 1906 (3) he found that certain scattered ti I o ti o X-rays are almost completely polarized: the ionization method of Gas tube* 6 20 3 11 (2,4) intensity measurement was used. By photographic methods it Primary . Gas tube 4 28 2 16 ( 6 ) has been shown that heterogeneous primary radiation from a Primary Gas tube 7 21 4 12 («) carbon target (9), and heterogeneous scattered radiation (8) are Primary.. Primary Gas tube 43 f 27f ( 12 ) polarized, that the homogeneous characteristic radiation after Primary Coolidge tube 8 23 4 13 (10) reflection in a direction at 90° to the incident radiation is fairly Coolidge tube 16.5J 2§ 9J 1§ ( 10 ) completely polarized C 11 ), and that characteristic radiation Primary ll Scattered|| Carbon 70 + * 54 + y (») excited by homogeneous radiation is unpolarized ( ). In order Scattered}! X = 0.25 A 95 -f x' 90 -f y* (?) to determine the amount of polarization, the beam is intercepted O O (3, 4) by a suitable scattering substance, and the variation in the inten- Characteristic... * The constituents of higher frequency are the more completely polarized. sity of the rays that are scattered in directions perpendicular to t From Ni target. the incident beam is determined. With a variation of 360° in the tX = 0.3 A. direction of scattering, this intensity passes through 2 maxima § X = 1 A. and 2 minima; the difference in azimuth from a maximum (M) |[ Data refer to rays scattered in a direction perpendicular to primary radiation. to a minimum (m) is 90°. If the incident beam is compounded of The true polarization is greater than that actually measured; correction factors unpolarized radiation of intensity R1 and of plane polarized x and y are necessary owing to obliquity of rays in beams of finite cross-section. Hence polarization of scattered rays in stated direction is approximately comradiation of intensity P, then M/m = (P -f 0.5#)/(0.5#). plete; i.e., 100 %. Hence, fraction (p) which is plane polarized is P/(P -f R) = (M — m)/(M + m) and the relative component variation (v) is LITERATURE (M - m)/M = Pf(P -f- 0.5#). (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) DEGBEE OF POLARIZATION OF X-RAYS P[R] = intensity of plane polarized [unpolarized] constituent; p = p/(p -f jR);v = P/(P -f 0.5#). H[S] indicates that incident radiation is hard [soft]. Except where the contrary is indicated, the rays are heterogeneous. Unit of v and of p = 1 %.

(i) Barkla, 58, 69: 463; 04. (2) Barkla, 68, 204: 467; 05. (3) Barkla, 5, 77: 247; 06. (*) Barkla, 8, 15: 288; 08. (*) Barkla and Sadler, 3, 16: 550; 08. («) Bassler, 8, 28: 808; 09. ( 7 ) Compton and Hagenow, 2, 18: 97; 21. («) Haga, 8, 23: 439; 07. ( 9 ) Herweg, 8, 29: 398; 09. (i O) Kirkpatrick, 2, 22: 226; 23. C 1 *) Mark and Szilard, 96, 35: 743; 26. (^) Vegard, 5,83:379; 10.

ELECTRONIC RADIATION EXCITED BY X-RAYS MAURICE DE BROGLIE AND JEAN THIBAUD For unexplained symbols, see Vol. I, p. 16 CONTENTS Velocity of emitted electrons.

MATURES Vitesse des electrons emis.

High velocity electrons.

Electrons & grande vitesse.

Low velocity electrons.

Electrons a petite vitesse.

Number of electrons emitted.

Nombre d'electrons e*mis.

Variation with emitting substance. Variation with exciting radiation. Direction of emission. Solids. Gases. Long range electrons.

Variation avec Ia substance e"mettrice. Variation avec Ia radiation excitatrice. Direction de remission. Solides. Gaz. Electrons a longue portee.

Short range electrons. Conductivity of solids and liquids exposed to X-rays.

Electrons a courte portee. Conductibilite des solides et liquides exposes aux rayons X.

INHALTSVEKZEICHNIS Geschwindigkeit der emittierten Elektronen. Elektronen hoher Geschwindigkeit. Langsame Elektronen. Zahl der ausgesendeten Elektronen. Veranderung mit emittierendem Stoff. Veranderung mit einwirkender Strahlung. Richtung der Emission. Feste Stoffe. Gase. Elektronen grosser Reichweite. Elektronen kurzer Reichweite. Leitfahigkeit fester und flussiger Stoffe unter dem Einfluss von Rontgenstrahlen.

INDICE PAQE Velocita degli elettroni emessi. Elettroni ad alta velocita 3 Elettroni a bassa velocita 5 Numero di elettroni emessi. Varlazione con Ia sostanza emittente..... Variazione con Ia radiazione eccitante Direzione delPemissione. Solidi Gas. Elettroni a lungo percorso Elettroni a corto percorso Conducibilita di solidi e liquidi esposti ai rag;gi X

5 5 5 5 6 6

Perrin ( 53 ) and, later, Curie and Sagnac ( 27 ) observed that all kinds of matter emit electrons ( 28 ) when irradiated by X-rays. There are two distinct classes of these electrons: Those of one class have a high velocity when emitted and are often called /3-rays, and those of the other have a much lower velocity and are often called S-rays. The latter are much the more numerous ( 65 ); 85 % of the electrons emitted by gold leaf irradiated by X-rays from a Coolidge tube with a tungsten target have velocities lower than that corresponding to 2 volt. Wilson ( 7S ) and Auger ( 3 > 4 ) have shown by the fog method that very often a single atom will emit a group of several electrons. In such cases, the X-ray quantum causes initially the ejection of an electron from (e.g.) the K-Ievel. An L-electron replaces it and there results an emission of a Ka-ray; this detaches an electron from the L-level of the same atom. Two !/-rays are thus produced and, in their turn, ionize the more exterior levels. The initial quantum releases 4 photoelectrons. Thus it may be that the energy is not emitted as electromagnetic radiation but within the atom is transformed to the electronic form.

velocity has been reduced from ^0 to vx, such that VQ — v* = ax, where a is a constant characteristic of the matter. If the unit of a is 1040 cm3/sec4, the value of a for air is 2, for Al is 732, and for Au is 2540. If R = range (unit = 1 cm) in air (t = 2O0C, p = 1 atm.) of electrons which have a velocity which may be annulled by a potential difference =V (unit = 1 volt), then (Wilson ( 74 » 75)) Y = 21 OOOV# if 0.1 < R < 1.5; this agrees well with Whiddington's expression. TABLE 1.—ENERGY (E) OF ELECTRONS EMITTED BY ELEMENTARY SUBSTANCES UNDER THE ACTION OF X-RAYS Observed energy: E = eV; calculated energy: eF' = hv — WQ] Had. = exciting radiation; Lev. = energy-level from which electron is ejected. X-rays are generated in a Coolidge tube with target of the material indicated. Estimated precision and observer: Cu target (56), 0.5%; Rh target ( 19 ), 2%; Rh target ( 73 ), 1.5%; W target ( 19 ), 2 %. Unit of V and V = 1 volt. V

VELOCITY OF THE EMITTED ELECTRONS High Velocity Electrons.—Among the electrons emitted with high velocity are electrons of all velocities, within a certain range, forming a "continuous spectrum" which corresponds, at least partially, to that of the exciting X-rays. There are also groups of electrons having essentially a common velocity which varies discretely from group to group. The common velocity of each of these groups (v. Table 1) has been found (i», 31, 41, 58, 64) to satisfy the generalized Einstein relation (30) m0c2{ (1 — /32)~^ — 1} — hv — WQ^ where /3 = v/c, v = velocity of the electron when emitted, v = frequency of the exciting X-rays, W Q = work done by the electron in escaping from the atom. The value of WQ depends upon the structure of the atom and the energy-level from which the electron is ejected. Values of WQ may be determined from ionization potentials (Fo) (., p. 69) by the relation eTo = w0l or from critical absorption-limits, or frequency limits of characteristic X-radiation (v. Emission of X-rays, p. 23), by the simple Einstein relation W0 = hô, where VQ = frequency limit. Some authors (*, 7); c/. (9, 12, 35, 50, 61, 71, 72) have observed in the emission from Ag and Sn a few electrons for which W0 — O. For gases, W0 is in all cases very small, rare gases of high atomic numbers excepted. If the X-rays are complex, there will be a group velocity corresponding to each wave-length and to each absorption-level of the atom; and superposed upon this emission will be another, arising from the fluorescent (characteristic) X-radiation emitted by the atoms which are ionized by the primary rays. On passing through a magnetic field these groups are spread out into a magnetic spectrum (19). The Einstein relation, having been established in many cases, may be used for determining, from the observed velocity of the emitted electrons, (1) the energy corresponding to unknown levels (13i 45) and (2) the wave-length of the exciting radiation (31,69).

Robinson ( 57 ) has discovered an interesting relation involving the electronic emission from the various subdivisions of a given level. The greatest number of electrons comes from the subdivision of smallest energy, (e.g., LUI), provided that the critical frequency (L) of the element is not too much smaller than the frequency of the incident X-rays. But as the critical frequency is successively reduced by passage from element to element (i.e., as it differs more and more from that of the X-rays), the maximum of intensity of the secondary electrons is displaced towards the subdivision of greatest energy (L/). From observations with gases Whiddington ( 71 ) found that when an electron has passed a distance x through matter its

4 3 4 7 7 7 8

237 152 695 382 498 708 006

17 20 32 40 55

940 900 760 990 140

18 440 20 660 9 10 11 18 20 23

135 330 110 190 860 170

4 595 4 875 5 291 5 756 5 843 7 296 7508 7 724 8 006 2 2 2 3 4 6 6 6 7 7

025 421 801 613 331 733 880 960 239 464

I

Rad. I Lev. | Ag; Z = 47; target = Cu Ka1 Cu L1 Ka1 Cu L2 Ka1 Cu L3 Ka1 Cu Jf1.2 Ka1 Cu Ms Ka1 Cu JIf4 - M6 Ka1 Cu N Ag; Z = 47; target = W Ka Ag L K/3 Ag L Ka W K K/3 W K Ka W L Al; Z = 13; target = Rh ( 73 ) Ka Rh K KjSRh K As; Z = 33; target = Rh ( 73 ) Ka As L K/3 As L K0 As Ka Rh L K0 Rh L K0 Rh Au; Z = 79; target = Cu Ka1 Cu M1 Ka1 Cu M2 Kai Cu If3 Ka1 Cu M4 Ka1 Cu M-0 Ka1 CuV AT A7 Nl N Ka 1 Cu/ ~ * Ka1 Cu #4,5 Ka1 Cu #6,7, O Ba; Z = 56; target = Cu Ka1 Cu L1 Ka1 Cu L2 Ka1 Cu L3 Ka1 Cu * Kai Cu * Ka1 Cu TkTi Kai Cu M2 Ka1 Cu Mz Ka1 Cu M4,5 Ka1 Cu (?)KOf

* Fluorescence, L-M. t KO — X-radiation of oxygen.

V

18 20 32 41 54

020 860 880 520 730

18 600 21 110 9 10 11 18 21 22

094 290 730 720 230 670

V

I Rad. I Lev. | Ba; Z = 56; target = Cu.—(Continued) 7 584 Ka1 Cu (?)KCJ 7 842 Ka1 Cu N1 - N, 8 036 Ka1 Cu A^4-O Ba; Z = 56; target = W 26 090 Ka Ba L 30 290 Kp Ba L 53 500 KaW L Bi; Z = 83; target = Cu 4 014 Ka, Cu M1 4 339 Ka1 Cu M2 4 844 Ka1 Cu M3 5 317 Ka1 Cu M4 5 435 Ka1 Cu M6 7 065 Ka1 Cu Ni 7 204 Ka1 Cu #2 7 340 Ka1 Cu Nz 7 513 Ka1 Cu #4 7 579 Ka1 Cu N5 7 911 Ka1 Cu N, J1 O Bi; Z = 83; target = Rh ( 7 S) 8 518 La Bi M 10 700 Lp Bi M 12 340 Ly Bi M 15 140 Lj Bi 19 710 Ka Rh N 22 140 Kp Rh N Cu; Z = 29; target = Cu 6 920 Ka1 Cu L1 7 086 Ka1 Cu L 2 - Lz 7 943 Ka1 Cu M Cu; Z = 29; target = Rh ( 73 ) 7 078 Ka Cu L 7 942 Kp Cu L 8 929 Kp Cu 11 110 KaRh K 12 880 KpRh (?)K 18 970 Ka Rh L 20 660 K^Rh L 22 720 Kp Rh Cu; Z = 29; target = Rh (19) 11 360 Ka1 Rh K 13 660 KjS1 Rh K 19 260 Ka1 Rh L 21 650 Kfr Rh L I; Z = 53; target = Cu 2 841 Ka1 Cu L1 3 200 Ka1 Cu L2 3 463 Ka1 Cu L3 6 947 Ka1 Cu M1 7 130 Ka1 Cu M 2 - M3 7 399 Ka1 Cu M 4 - M5 7 906 Ka1 Cu JVT, O I; Z = 53; target = W 23 130 Ka I L 27 320 KpI L 54 650 Ka W L Mo; Z = 42; target = Cu 5 157 Ka1 Cu L1 5 411 Ka1 Cu L2 5 509 Ka1 Cu L3 7 646 Ka1 Cu (?)M 3 7 783 Ka1 Cu (?)M5 7 989 Ka1 Cu (?)JV J KC = K-radiation of carbon.

TABLE L— (Continued) V V 14 860 20 210 19 550 25 600 30 000 52 430

14 070 16 630 38 680 4 4 4 5 5 7 7 7

8 395 10 700 13 000 15 310 19 920 22 430

179 468 954 442 557 367 605 919

16 790 19 420 35 800

21 890 25 270 28 810 8 148 9 053

7 119 7 983 8 888 11 230 13 740 19 260 21 770 22 670 11 13 19 21

230 740 180 690

22 920 26 460 53 080

IU ^9U 17 780 20 660 3 563

3 4 7 7 7 7

861 092 146 317 550 928

20 23 29 36 53

580 700 220 640 170

5 6 6 7 7 8

793 001 055 473 703 026

12 13 15 17 16 22

020 740 230 530 950 390

11 520 13 500

I Rad. I Lev. | Mo; Z = 42; target = Rh (73) Ka Mo L Kp Mo L Kp Mo Mo; Z = 42; target = W Ka Mo L KP Mo L Ka W K Pb; Z = 82; target = Cu Ka1 Cu M1 Ka1 Cu M2 Ka1 Cu M3 Ka1 Cu M4 Ka1 Cu M6 Ka1 Cu N1,* Ka1 Cu JV 4t5 Ka1 Cu #6,7, O Rh; Z = 45; target = W Ka Rh L Kp Rh L Ka W K Sb; Z = 51; target = W KaSb L Kp Sb L Kp Sb M Se; Z = 34; target = Rh («) Ka1 Rh K Kai Se L (KPRh K \ K/3 Se L Ka1 Rh L Kp Rh L Sn; Z = 50; target = Cu Ka1 Cu

14 980 17 120 19 590 14 690 16 910 38 350

16 870 19 510 35 180

21 930 25 350 28 850 7 777 9 547 10370 10 780 18 560 21 070

L1

Kai Cu L2 Ka1 Cu L8 Kai Cu Mi Ka1 Cu M 2f5 Ka1 Cu M 4 - M6 Kai Cu N Sn; Z = 50; target = W Ka Sn L Kp Sn L Ka W K Kp W K Ka W L Sr; Z = 38; target - Cu Ka1 Cu L1 Ka1 Cu L2 Ka1 Cu L3 Ka1 Cu (?)KO* Ka1 Cu (?)M Ka1 Cu (?)# Sr; Z = 38; target = Rh (73) Ka Sr L Kp Sr L Kp Sr Ka Rh L Kp Rh L Kp Rh Sr; Z = 38; target = W Ka Sr L KffSr L

* KO — JST-radiation of oxygen.

V

20 24 28 37 53

820 110 810 410 990

12 13 15 18 20 22

180 870 840 190 700 670

12 020 13 790

V 5 5 5 6 6 7 7 8

206 465 761 148 226 605 798 037

6 8 9 11 18 20 22

749 353 917 400 310 330 390

41 640 48 560 7 8 9 10 13 18

777 847 629 700 090 760

7 407 8 395

\

TABLE 1.—(Continued) Had. I Lev. | W; Z = 74; target = Cu Ka1 Cu M1 Ka1 Cu M2 KoL1 Cu M3 Ka1 Cu M4 Ka1 Cu M5 Ka1 Cu #1 - JV3 Ka1 Cu A^4 _ JV5 Ka1 Cu JV6-JV7-O W; Z = 74; target = Rh ( 7 S) La W M Lp W M Ly W M Lj W Ka Rh M Ka Rh K/3 Rh Yb; Z = 70; target = W Ka Yb L K0 Yb L Zn; Z = 30; target = Rh ( 7 3) Ka Zn L K0 Zn L K0 Zn Ka Rh K K0 Rh (?)K Ka Rh L Zn; Z = 30; target = W Ka Zn L KffZn L

V

6 666 8 312 9 958 11 600 18 520 20 160 22 670 42 840 49 870 7 8 9 10 13 19

613 559 547 990 500 180

7 366 8 312

Low Velocity Electrons.—The velocity with which the slow electrons are emitted is independent of the nature of the radiator (63). Shearer ( 63 ) attributes these electrons to a secondary effect of the rapid electrons and Simons ( 65 » 66) to the recoil of the atoms from which the rapid electrons are ejected; the latter notes a relation between the distribution of the velocities of these electrons (corresponding to T = 11 00O0K) and that of thermions in a hot body. Their origin may be associated with the diffusion of the incident X-rays, as Compton (2 4)nas shown that the weakly bound electrons can be expelled by a quantum of radiation. NUMBER OF ELECTRONS EMITTED The total number (ne) of electrons emitted per second is intimately related to the absorption of the X-rays by the substance. The law of fluorescent absorption deduced by Bragg and Peirce, TA/p = CZ4X3, where r = coefficient of fluorescent absorption (coefficient of absorption after correction for scattering), p = density, X = wave-length, A = atomic weight, C = constant of proportionality, and Z = atomic number of radiator = number of electrons per atom, has also been deduced from thermodynamics and the quantum theory (20) and by means of the principle of correspondence ( 43 ). It indicates (21) that the probability of emission of an electron from an atom of atomic number Z under action of radiation of intensity (/) and frequency (v) is proportional to Z4v~4I. Jauncey (38) has recently announced the same result in a somewhat different form. Throughout this report 7 is denned as proportional to the total number of ions produced, per second and per unit of solid angle, by complete absorption of the radiation in air. The experimental results are discordant, as follows: Variation with Emitting Substance.—The value of ne increases with Z (Laub ( 44 )), is proportional to Z4 (Moore ( 49 )), is proportional to Z (Whiddington (73)). Shearer (63) states that for Al,

Fe, Ni, Cu, Ag, Sn, Au, Pb and Bi, the number (Ne) of electrons excited in an atom is N* — K(Z — 10), and consequently ne is proportional to the number of electrons contained in an atom. Actually, we observe only those which escape from the body and the law of variation of the absorption (of the electrons) with the velocity is uncertain. This may explain the discordances. For salts and gases, ne increases with the molecular weight; for CH3I, it is 100 times as great as for air. Variation with the Radiation.—For a given /, ne decreases as penetration increases, ne °c V~% (Shearer ( 63 )), where V = tube voltage. Hoepner (34) found ne decreased more rapidly than /; Herweg and Mie (33) found ne « / even when I was very small. To obtain concordant results, the number of electrons belonging to each group of uniform velocity should be measured individually, and also the number composing the adjacent portion of the continuous spectrum, and these should be correlated with the distribution of / in the spectrum of the exciting radiation. This has not been done. DIRECTION OF EMISSION Solids.—For solids, the number of electrons emitted in the direction of propagation of the X-rays exceeds that emitted in the opposite direction ( 1 0 , 1 8 , 2 5 , 4 2 , 4 7 , 5 4 , 6 2 , 6 8 ) . This dissymmetry is independent of Z and of the physical state of the radiator (51); from his experiments with Cu, Wilson ( 7 4 > 75) concludes that it arises from a curvature in the trajectories of the electrons, rather than a dissymmetry in emission. Gases.—Long Range Electrons.—A polarization of the X-rays leads to a marked lateral concentration of the long range emitted electrons, in the direction of the electric vector of the X-rays (22, 74, 75). The emitted electrons are also concentrated longitudinally in a privileged direction making an acute angle with the direction of propagation of the X-rays. In air, Wilson ( 74 » 75) found the privileged direction was 45° to the X-rays, 20 % of the electrons were ejected at 90° (result of polarization) and a few had a backward component. Using polarized X-rays, Bubb (22) found )•£ had a forward component, Y§ had a backward component, and Yz were almost at 90°. In H, Auger (!) found privileged direction at 80° and the number of electrons with a forward component was about twice as great as that of those with a backward one. For halogens, the longitudinal dissymmetry increases in the order I, Br, Cl, F, and possibly decreases as the tube-volt age decreases (16). Recent experiments (2, 5, 17, 22) by the fog method show that the most probable direction of ejection of a photoelectron is nearly that of the electric vector of the incident wave but there is an additional component in the direction of propagation of the wave. This component increases when either the potential difference applied to the tube or the frequency of the X-rays is increased (4). When the X-rays are polarized there is a very great preponderance in the number of photoelectrons in the plane containing the electric vector of the incident rays (22). Many attempts to account theoretically for this distribution have been made. Those of Bubb (23); cf. (17) and of Auger and Perrin (5) agree qualitatively with the observations, but neither completely agrees quantitatively. The origin of the path of a swift electron is marked by a cloud of ions due to the simultaneous emission of a slow electron (1). The initial portion of the path of a swift electron is straight, but deviations of the following 3 kinds become more and more frequent as the velocity decreases: (a) A sudden deflection through a large angle, frequently 180°, due to the electron's passing very near an atomic nucleus. (6) A sudden deflection, which may attain 45°, due to a collision in such a manner with another electron that the latter is ejected, generally at 90° to the path of the primary electron, with sufficient velocity to give rise to a bifurcated or " branch

track'' of ions, (c) A progressively curved path due to an accumulation of small deflections of type (6) or, according to some authors, to a gyroscopic action of the electron. The end of the path is marked by a small cloud of ions. Wilson ( 7 4 > 75 ) thinks he has shown that, when a tertiary path is grafted upon the main trajectory the two emissions, at the point where the deflection occurs, occur at appreciably different times (0.001 sec). (This conclusion is similar to Bearden's (8) that the emission of fluorescent X-rays occurs 10~5 sec after the arrival of the exciting radiation.) Along the entire path there are groups of one or several pairs of ions, apparently due to short and ramified paths of type (6). Short Range Electrons.—Under action of X-rays of sufficiently high frequency a secondary emission of electrons of very short range ("fish-tracks" of 1 to 2 mm, "sphere-tracks" of a few tenths of a mm), which form a distinct class and do not satisfy the quantum relation, has been observed ( 15 » 74 » 75 ) in air, H and He. They are ejected nearly in the direction of propagation of the X-rays. At a tube voltage of 20 kv, there are no fish-tracks in air, and sphere-tracks are rare, but as the voltage increases both increase rapidly, sphere-tracks become fish-tracks and these increase in range ( 67 ), and presently short range electrons are more numerous than long range ones. The origin of these electrons is explained by the quantum theory of diffusion of radiation as developed by Compton and Deb ye; see also (24, 39).

conduction satisfies Ohm's law; the conductivity conferred by irradiation is 3 times as great for monoclinic as for rhombohedral sulfur ( 32 ). The conductivity of crystals of calcite (CaCOa), of fluorite (CaF2), and of feldspar is increased by radiation ( 46 ), and the property of luminescence, previously reduced by heating, is restored. The apparent charges of a permanently polarized dielectric are temporarily destroyed by exposure to X-rays (29). Under action of X-rays, insulating liquids acquire a conductivity which satisfies Ohm's law if the potential gradient does not exceed about 700 volt per cm; the value of this conductivity for a certain unstated radiation is given in Table 2. There is no appreciable dissociation of the molecules, c/. ( 37 ). Recently, del Regno ( 55 ) has studied the variation in the electrical resistance of a selenium cell subjected to the radiations from mesothorium, and Ross ( 60 ) has studied the increase in the conductivity of solid dielectrics (sulfur, paraffin, ebonite, amber) subjected to X-rays. For action of 7-rays, see (36). TABLE 2.—CONDUCTIVITY (C) OF INSULATING LIQUIDS WHEN EXPOSED TO X-RAYS (26, 36) Quality and intensity of X-rays are not stated, unit of C = 10~4 ohm-1 cm"1 Formula CCl4 CS2 CsHi0 CeH6

|

Name Carbon tetrachloride Carbon disulfide Amylene Benzene Liquid air Petroleum ether Vaseline oil

|

C 8 20 14 4 1.3 15 1.6


FlG. 1.

FiG. 2.

FIG. 1.—Effect of pressure (P) upon increase (AC) in conductance of a crystal of Se when irradiated by X-rays ( 48 ). Unit of AC = IO-8 ohm-1, of P = 1 g on area of 0.064 mm2.

FIG. 2.—Progressive increase (AC) in conductance of a crystal of Se during irradiation by X-rays, and its recovery after cessation of irradiation (48).

Pressure = 320 g on area of 0.064 mm 2 ; initial conductance = 48 X 10~8 ohm-1.- Unit of AC = 10~s ohm-1, of time (t) = 1 minute. A = change during irradiation, A' = recovery; B and B' are similar to A and A' but apply to the crystal after it had been fatigued by exposure to 7-rays and had a conductance of 46 X 10-8 ohm-1.

CONDUCTIVITY OF SOLIDS AND LIQUIDS EXPOSED TO X-RAYS On exposure to X-rays, the conductivity of solids and liquids, especially of dielectrics, is temporarily increased ( 11 J 14 > 26 > 36 > 40 > 70 ). The increases in the conduction of a crystal of Se after an exposure of 1 min to light (X = 7000 A), to X-rays (X = 1.5 A) and to 7-rays (X =* 0.03 to 0.4 i) were 33.2, 58.5, and 108.9 ohm-1 per joule absorbed, respectively ( 48 » 52). For variation with time and pressure, see Figs. 1 and 2. The conductivity of a plate of NaCl increases during exposure to X-rays, and gradually decreases after the X-rays are withdrawn; the exposure "activates" the plate for future action of ordinary light ( 59 ). The conductivity of S increases considerably under action of X-rays; the increase is proportional to intensity of the radiation and varies with the nature of the rays in same manner as the ionization of air; in the range of potential difference investigated (69 to 204 volt) the

O) Auger, S4, 177: 169; 23. 178: 929; 24. (2) Auger, 84, 178: 1535; 24. (3) Auger, 84, 180: 65; 25. ( 4 ) Auger, 51, 6: 205; 25. ( 5 ) Auger and Perrin, 84, 180: 1742; 25. (6) Barkla and Dallas, 3, 47: 1; 24. (7) Barkla and Shearer, 3, 30: 745; 15. («) Bearden, 68, 113: 857; 24. (9) Beatty, S, 20: 320;10. (10) Beatty, 201, 15: 492; 10. (") Becker, 8, 12: 124; 03. (12) Becker, 2, 22: 524; 23. (13) Becker, 2, 24: 478; 24. (U) Becquerel, 34, 136: 1173; 03. (is) Bothe, 96, 20: 34» 237; 23. ( 16 ) Bothe, 96, 26: 59; 24. (17) Bothe, 96, 26: 74; 24. (i») Bragg and Porter, 5, 85: 349; 11. (i 9 ) de Broglie, 34, 172: 274, 527, 746, 806; 21. 173: 1157; 21. 61, 2: 265; 21. (20) de Broglie, 61, 3: 33; 22. ( 2 I) de Broglie and de Broglie, 34, 173: 527; 21. (22) Bubb, 2, 23: 137; 24. (23) Bubb, 3, 49: 824; 25. ( 24 ) Compton and Hubbard, 2, 23: 429; 24. (25) Cooksey, 68, 77: 509; 08. 3, 24: 37; 12, (26) Curie, 34, 134: 420; 02. (27) Curie and Sagnac, 51, 1: 13; 02. (28) Dora, 18, 5: 595; 00. ( 29 ) Eguchi, 219, 2: 45; 20. (30) Einstein, 8, 17: 132; 05. (31) Ellis, 5, 99: 261; 21. (32) Grebe, 96, 17: 295; 23. (33) Herweg and Mie, 8, 68: 120; 22. (34) Hoepner, 8, 46: 577; 15. (35) Innes, 6, 79: 442; 07. (36) J a ff6, 8, 25: 257; 08. (37) Janitzky. 96, 20: 280; 23. ( 3S ) Jauncey, 3, 48: 81; 24. ( 3 ») Jauncey, 2, 23: 580; 24, (40) Joffe, 8, 20: 919; 06. (41) Kang-Fuh Hu, 2, 11: 505; 18. (42) Kleemann, 68, 83: 339; 10. 6, 83: 530; 10. ( 43 ) Kramers, 3, 46: 836; 23. ( 44 ) Laub, 8, 26: 712; 08. (45) Ledriis, 34, 176: 383; 23. (46) MacKay, 69, 15: 3, 95; 21. (47) MacKenzie, 3, 14: 176; 07. (*») MacMahon, 2, 16: 558; 20. (49) Moore, 6, 91:337; 15. (50) Moseley, 3, 27: 703; 14. (Si) Owen, 67, 30: 133; 18. (") Perreau, 34, 129: 956; 99. (53) Perrin, 6, 11: 496; 97. (54) Philpot, 67, 26: 131; 14. (55) del Regno, 22, 3: 201; 26. (56) Robinson, 6, 104: 455; 23. (57) Robinson, 3, 50: 241; 25. ( 58 ) Robinson and Rawlinson, 3, 28: 277; 14. (59) Rontgen, 8, 64: 1; 21. (60) Ross, 96, 36: 18; 26. (61) Sadler, 3, 19: 337; 10. ( 62 ) Seitz, 8, 73: 183; 24. (63) Shearer, 3, 44: 793; 22. (64) Simons, 3, 41: 120; 21. («5 ) Simons, 3, 46: 473; 23. ( 66 ) Simons, 3, 48: 250; 24. ( 67 ) Skobelzyn, 96, 24: 393; 24. 28: 278; 24. (68) Stuhlman, 3, 22: 854; 11. («») Thibaud, 34, 178: 1706; 24. 179: 165, 815; 24. (70) Thomson and McClelland, 201, 9: 126; 98. (71) Whiddington, 5, 86: 360; 12. (72) Whiddington, 6, 86: 370; 12. («) Whiddington, 3, 43: 1116; 22. (74) Wilson, 6, 104: 1; 23. ( 7S ) Wilson, 6, 104: 192; 23.

CRYSTAL GRATINGS FOR X-RAY SPECTROSCOPY BERGEN DAVIS The wave-length of X-rays is usually determined either by means of the ionization spectrometer or by a photographic method. With suitable crystals, the former is probably the more accurate, but it requires uniform reflecting planes sufficiently large to reflect a considerable amount of energy. The photographic method may be used with small irregular crystals and is particularly useful with powdered crystals. Grating Constant.—The grating constant of a crystal is usually measured in terms of that of either calcite (CaCO3) or rock salt (NaCl), the constant of the standard being calculated from crystal data and other physical constants. Even the best specimens of rock salt are imperfect crystals, the reflecting planes being not uniformly parallel planes throughout any considerable volume of the crystal; also the rocking curves obtained by means of the double X-ray spectrometer are wide C 11 - 1 ), indicating that the crystal elements are quite imperfect. Calcite (Iceland spar) is much more nearly perfect; for it, the rocking curves are very smooth and narrow (less then Jô of the width of the rock salt curves). On account of the perfection of its crystal structure, it is recommended that calcite (Iceland spar) be selected as the primary standard in all measurements of the wave-lengths of X-rays; and that the value d100 = (3.029 ± 0.001) X 10~8 cm (at 2O0C) be used. This value of dwo for calcite is as probable as any other value yet deduced; it is equivalent (27) to dwo = 2.814 X 10~8 cm (at 2O0C) for rock salt. A large number of measurements have already been made in terms of one or other of these equivalent values. If ao = length of edge of unit crystal form, the observed grating space for the planes (h, k, I) of a face-centered cubic crystal, like rock salt, is dhki = ao/\/h2 -f- kz + I2 if h, k, and I are all odd, and in all other cases dhki = 0.5a0/\/h2 -f k2 + I2. For face-centered rhombohedral crystals a0\/l + 2 cos3 /3 — 3 cos2 /3/V(^2 + k2 + I2) sin2 ft + 2(hk + hl -J-fcZ)(cos 2 /3 - cos /8), where ft = angle between edges of unit rhombohedron, replaces aQ/\/h2 -j- k2 + Z2 of the preceding cubic expressions. In cubic crystals a0 = (nVm)^, where n = number of molecules in the elementary crystal unit and Vm( — MIp NQ) is the molecular volume, M = molecular weight, p = density, N0 = Avogadro's number = number of molecules per mole. The value of n depends upon the crystal structure. For both rock salt (NaCl) and calcite (CaCO3), n = 4. The main sources of error lie in the determination of p and No. For calcite, 2diOQ = [4Fm/??(/3)]^, where $>(£) = volume of the calcite rhombohedron which has unit distance between the (100) planes = (1 -f cos /3)2/(sm 0)(i + 2 cos /3) = 1.0962, as ft = 101° 55'. Compton («) found p = 2.7116, corrected to 2.7102 g/cm3, at 2O0C, and Compton, Beets, and Defoe ( 8 ) also found 2.7102 at 2O0C. This value of p together with the I. C. T. values for M and AT0 (Vol. I, p. 18 and 43) lead to dm = (3.029 ± 0.001) X 10~8 cm at 2O0C. Other values for p are 2.716 (9) and 2.715 (3); the average of these and the preceding two is 2.713 which gives dm = (3.028 ± 0.002) X 10~8 cm at 2O0C. Some of the better determinations, of p for rock salt are 2.167 at 170C (24, 25), 2.15 (9), 2.170 (15), 2.167 (22), 2.174 (19), 2.161 (i) and 2.1632 (13). The mean of these (2.166) gives. dm =

(2.814 ± 0.002) X 10~8 cm at 2O0C. A more recent determination (14) gives dioo = 2.814[1 + 0.00004(£ - 18)] X 10~8 cm at J,°C. GRATING SPACES OF SELECTED CRYSTALS (c) — measured in terms of calcite, d 100 = 3.029; (r) = measured in terms of rock-salt, di00 = 2.814. «0 = length of edge of the unit crystal form; d = grating space, temperature = 2O0C. For other data, see (2, 20, 23, 26, 29, 30). Unit of a0 and of d = 1 1 = 10~8 cm. Symbol | Crystal | System | Plane j ao \ d_ | Lit. CaCO3 Calcite Rhomb.* 100 6.9347 3.029±0.001 (CaIc.) NaCl Rock salt Cubic 100 5.628 2.814 (3) FeS2 Pyrite Cubic 100(2)5.4056 2.703 (c) (io, i i ) KCl Sylvite Cubic 100 6.272 3.136 (r) (31) KI K iodide Cubic 100 7.064 3.533 (r) (5) CaSO4.2H2O. Gypsum Monoc.* 010 7.584 (r) (28) Mica Monoc.* 001 10.1 (r) (<) Ci 2 H 22 On Cane sugar Monoc.* 100 10.570 (r) (»*) * Rhomb. = rhombohedral; Monoc. = monoclinic.

Refraction.—If the surface of the crystal is parallel to the reflecting planes in the crystal, if n is the order of the spectrum, and 0 is the glancing angle of reflection corresponding to the maximum intensity of radiation of wave-length X, then nX = 2d sin 0(1 — 5 cot2 0), where 1 — 8 is the index of refraction of the crystal for radiation of wave-length X. Measurements of 6 for calcite (i«) and for pyrites (™, 11) show (l°, ") that d = ^1 X 2

_*—£ +

2

_2

2

-h • • •

» where v = frequency of incident

radiation and HI, n2, • • • are the numbers of electrons per unit volume having the critical absorption (resonance) frequencies V1, V2, . . . As Vi1 P2, . . . are generally small as compared with V1 a first approximation is 5 = ~— ~ • 2 2 '—:—- 7 12 17 18 refraction of X-rays, see p. 49, and also ( » > > » 2 i ) .

For

LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) (i) Baxter and Wallace, 1, 38: 259; 16. (2) Birge, 2, 14: 361; 19. (3) Bragg, 5, 89: 468; 14. (*) de Broglie, 51, 4: 265; 14. (5) Clark and Duane, 197, 9: 126, 131; 23. (6) Compton, 2, 7: 646; 16. ( 7 ) Compton, 3, 45: 1121: 23. («) Compton, Beets and Defoe, 2, 25: 625; 25. (») Dana, System of mineralogy, 6th ed., p. 266. New York, Wiley, 1909. (io) Davis and von Nardroff, 197, 10: 60; 24. («) DaVis and von Nardroff, 197, 11: 384; 24. O 1 - 1 ) Davis and Stempel, 2, 17: 608; 21. 19: 504; 22. (12) Davis and Terrill, 197, 8: 537; 22. (13) Defoe and Compton, 2, 25: 618; 25. (**) Geiss, 8, 76: 403; 25. («) Haigh,, 1, 34: 1137; 12. (*«) Hatley, 2, 24: 486; 24. (") Hatley and Davis, 2, 23: 290; 24. O 8) Hjalmar, 96, 15: 65; 23. (*») Krickmeyer, 7, 21: 53; 96. (20) Ledoux-Lebard and Dauvillier, 34, 169: 965; 19. (*i) Lorentz, Theory of electrons and its application to the phenomena of light and radiant heats. New York, Stechert, 1923. (22) Moseley, 3, 26: 1024; 13. (23) Owen, 5, 94: 510; 18. (24) Retgers, 7, 3: 289; 89. (25) Retgers, 7, 6: 193; 90. (26) Siegbahn, 34, 173: 1350; 21. ( 2 7 ) Siegbahn, B78. (28) Stenstrom, Diss., Lund, 1919. (29) Tutton, Crystallography and practical crystal measure-^ ment, p. 381. New York, Macmillan, 1911. (30) Uhler, 2, 12: 39; 18. (31) Wagner, 5, 49: 625; 16,

ABSORPTION AND SCATTERING OF X-RAYS1 J. A. GRAY CONTENTS Introduction. Symbols and units. Restriction. Absorption and scattering.

MATIERES Introduction. Symboles et unites. Restriction. Absorption et dispersion.

INHALTSVERZEICHNIS Einleitung. Symbole und Einheiten. Restriktion. Absorption und Streuung.

Extinction. Efficiency of emission of characteristic radiation.

Extinction. Efficacite de Temission d'une radiation caracteristique.

Verloschung, Extinktion. Leistung der Emission charakteristischer Strahlung.

Definitions. Absorption. Variation with wave-length and absorber.

Definitions. Absorption. Variation avec Ia longueur d'onde et Ia substance absorbante. Coefficients d ' a b s o r p t i o n pour X = 0,586, 0,631, et 0,709 A. Coefficients d ' a b s o r p t i o n pour les rayons X et les rayons 7. Dispersion. Changement de Ia longueur d'onde. Distribution de Ia radiation dispersee. Relations entre !'absorption, Ia dispersion et !'emission electronique. Coefficients apparents d'absorption.

Definitionen. Absorption. Anderung mit der Wellenlange und des Absorbens.

Coefficients of absorption for X = 0.586, 0.631 and 0.7091. Coefficients of absorption for X-rays and 7-rays. Scattering. Change in wave-length. Distribution of scattered radiation. Relations between absorption, scattering and electron emission. Apparent coefficients of absorption.

INTRODUCTION Symbols and Units.—Unless the contrary is stated, the unit of X and of 5X is 1 A, and that of each of the other quantities is the appropriate cgse unit, c, e, h, m0 have their usual significance (Vol. I, p. 16). A Atomic weight. a Area perpendicular to direction of propagation of the radiation. F Scattering function. / Intensity of incident radiation; 7 = dP/da. I8Q Power of the radiation scattered, per unit solid angle, at angle O, per unit volume of the scatterer. IsBa. Power of the radiation scattered, per unit solid angle, at angle B1 per atom of the scatterer; Is0a = AIse/Ncp. M Molecular weight. No Avogadro's constant, molecules per gram-mole. nK Number of K-electrons in the atom; similarly for HL, etc. P Power carried by the radiation. R* Discontinuity in photoelectric absorption at #-limit. R^-electron = recoil electron. U[/-electron is an electron that scatters unmodified radiation. V Difference in potential of terminals of X-ray tube. v Volume. Z Atomic number. a. h>/m0c2 = 0.0243 if X is expressed in A. € Extinction coefficient. 17 eVmfc*. 1

Covers data prior to October, 1927.

Absorptionskoeffizient fiir X = 0,586,0,631 und 0,709 A. Absorptionskoeffizient fiir Rontgen- und 7-Strahlen. Streuung. Anderung der Wellenlange. Verteilung der gestreuten Strahlung. Beziehungen zwischen Absorption, Streuung und Elektronenemission. Scheinbare Absorptionskoeffizienten.

INDICE Introduzione. PAGE Simboli e unita 8 Limiti 10 Assorbimento e dispersione 10 Estinsione 10 Efficienza delTemissione della radiazione caratteristica 10 Definizioni 11 Assorbimento. Variazione con il variare della lunghezza d'onda e del mezzo assorbente 12 Coefficienti di assorbimento per X = 0,586, 0,631 e 0,7091 12 Coefficienti di assorbimento per i raggi X e i raggi 7 14 Dispersione. Cambiamento di lunghezza d'onda 17 Distribuzione della radiazione dispersa 18 Relazione tra Tassorbimento, Ia dispersione e 1'emissione di elettroni. . 20 Coefficienti apparenti di assorbimento 20

INTRODUCTION Symboles et unites.—A moins d'une autre indication, !'unite pour X et pour SX est 1 A, et celle pour chaque autre quantite est !'unite cgse approprie*e. c, e, h, m0 ont leur signification habituelle (Vol. I, p. 16). A Poids atomique. a Surface perpendiculaire a Ia direction de propagation de Ia radiation. F Fonction de dispersion. 7 Intensite de Ia radiation incidente; / = dP/da. /S0 Pouvoir de Ia radiation dispersee par unite* de !'angle solide. a 1'angle 0, par unite de volume du corps dispersant. IsOu Pouvoir de Ia radiation dispersed par unite" de Tangle solide, a Tangle 6, par atome du corps dispersant; Is0a = AIs0/Nop. M Poids moleculaire. AT0 Constante d'Avogadro, nombre de molecules par MoI. gr. nK Nombre d'electrons-l£ dans Tatome; de me'me pour nLr etc. P Puissance portee par Ia radiation. R^ Discontinuite dans !'absorption photoe*lectrique a Ia limite-K, R- Electron-j? = electron de recul. U- Electron- U est un electron qui disperse une radiation non modifiee. V Difference de potentiel entre les extre"mites d'un tube & rayons X. v Volume. Z Nombre atomique. h*>/m0c2 = 0,0243 si X est exprime en A. a € Coefficient d'extinction.

B

M« nm He

Angle of scattering as measured from direction of propagation of incident radiation. Wave-length. Coefficient of absorption; /* = r -h a. Apparent coefficient of absorption, the value found when scattered radiations are not completely eliminated from the transmitted beam. Coefficient of atomic absorption; na = Â/pNo. Coefficient of molecular absorption; pm = ^M/pNo. Coefficient of electronic absorption; pe = Â/pNoZ =

v vc p
Frequency of incident (vf = modified) radiation. Critical frequency corresponding to an absorption-limit. Density. Coefficient of scattering; a- = a-s -J-
X M \i!

fa/Z.

(See corresponding notation for /t).

r Coefficient of photoelectric absorption. *a, Tm, re (See corresponding notation for ju). Efficiency of emission of characteristic radiation; = ratio of number of atoms emitting the radiation to the number from which corresponding photoelectrons are ejected. Angle of ejection of recoil electron, as measured from direction of propagation of incident radiation. \f/ An angle.
Ua Hm He

eVmJc4. Angle de dispersion tel qu'il est mesure a partir de Ia direction de propagation de Ia radiation incidente. Longueur d'onde. Coefficient d'absorption; p = T + a. Coefficient apparent d'absorption; c'est Ia valeur trouvee lorsque les radiations dispersees ne sont pas completement eliminees du rayon transmis. Coefficient d'absorption atomique; jua = pA/pNo. Coefficient d'absorption moleculaire; nm — pM/pN^. Coefficient d'absorption electronique; ,Ue = pA/pNoZ =

v vc p G
Frequence de Ia radiation incidente (vf = modifiee). Frequence critique correspondant a une limite d'absorption. Densite. Coefficient de dispersion;
I) 0 A M IJL'

Ua/Z.

r Coefficient d'absorption photoelectrique. TO, Tm, T6 (Voir Ia notation correspondante pour p.). <{> Efficacite de !'emission de Ia radiation caracteristique; = rapport du nombre d'atomes emettant Ia radiation, au nombre de ceux a partir desquels les photoelectrons correspondants sont expulses. tp Angle d'ejection de !'electron de recul, tel qu'il est mesure a partir de Ia direction de propagation de Ia radiation incidente. ^ Un angle, w Angle solide. INTRODUZIONE

EINLEITUNG Symbole und Einheiten.—Wenn nicht anders bemerkt, ist die Einheit von X und 6X 1 A, und die fur jede der anderen Grossen die dazugehorige im cgse System, c, e, h, m0 haben deren gewohnliche Bedeutung )Bd. I, S. 16). A Atomgewicht. a Flache senkrecht zur Fortpflanzungsrichtung der Strahlung. F Streuungsfunktion. / Intensitat der einfallenden Strahlung; / = dP/da. IsS Kraft der gestreuten Strahlung, pro Einheit des festen Winkel, beim Winkel O1 pro Volumeinheit des streuenden Stoffes. I8Qa Kraft der gestreuten Strahlung, pro Einheit des festen Winkel, beim Winkel B1 pro Atom des streuenden Stoffes; Jsea = AIse/NQp. M Molekulargewicht. AT0 Avogadro-Konstante, Molekiile pro Gramm-Mol. nK Zahl der .K-Elektronen pro Atom; in gleicher Weise fiir n L , u. s. w. P Kraft der Strahlung. RL Diskontinuitat der photoelektrischen Absorption an der K-Grenze. R- 72-Elektron = Riickstoss-Elektron. UU-Elektronen sind solche, welche unmodifizierte Strahlung streuen. V Grenzpotentialdifferenz von Rontgen-Rohren. v Volumen. Z Atomnummer. a h^/moC2 = 0,0243 wenn X in A ausgedriickt. € Extinktionskoeffizient. 9 eVmJc*. B Streuungswinkel gemessen an der Richtung der fortschreitenden einfallenden Strahlung. X Wellenlange.

Simboli e units..—A meno che non venga altrimenti indicate Ie unita di X e di SX e 1 A e quello di ogni altra quantita sono Ie unita appropriate del sistema cgse. c, e, h, m0 hanno il loro consueto significato (Vol. I, p. 16). A Peso atomico. a Area perpendicolare alia direzione di propagazione della, radiazione. F Funzione di dispersione. / Intensita della radiazione incidente; I = dP/da. he Potenza della radiazione dispersa, per unita di angolo solido, a un angolo 0, per unita di volume del mezzo dispersore. IsOa Potenza della radiazione dispersa, per unita di angolo solido, a un angolo 0, per atomo del mezzo dispersore; Is0a =

AI.O/NOP.

M N0 nK P Ii\ RUV v Z tt

e i) 0 X IJL IJL'

Peso molecolare. Costante di Avogadro, molecole per grammimolecola. Numero di elettroni K nell'atomo; similrnente p>er nLl ecc. Potenza portata dalla radiazione. Discontinuity nelFassorbimento fotoelettrico al limite K. jR-elettrone = elettrone di rimbalzo. t/-elettrone e un elettrone che disperde Ia radiazione immodificata. Differenza di potenziale ai termini del tubo a raggi X. Volume. Numero atomico. hy/moC 2 = 0,0243 se X e espressa in A. Coefficiente di estinsione. e 4 /mjc 4 . Angolo di dispersione come viene misurato dalla direzione di propagazione della radiazione incidente. Lunghezza d'onda. Coefficiente di assorbimento; ^ = T 4- a. Coefficiente apparente di assorbimento; il valore trovato

M M;

Absorptionskoeffizient; M = T - H O - . Scheinbarer Absorptionskoeffizient, der Wert, der sich ergibt, wenn die gestreute Strahlung nicht vollstandig frei vom durchdringenden Strahl ist. Koeffizient der Atom-Absorption; M« = pA/pNo. Koeffizient der Molekularabsorption; Mm = uM/pNQ. Koeffizient der Elektronen Absorption; M* = vA/pNoZ =

Ua Mm Me :

»«/%.

v Frequenz der einfallenden Strahlung (/ = modifiziert). PC Kritische Frequenz entsprechend einer Absorptionsgrenze. p Dichte. a Streuungskoeffizient; a — Leistung der Emission eharakteristischer Strahlung; <£ = Verhaltnis der Anzahl der Strahlung aussendenden Atome zu der Anzahl von welchen entsprechende photoelektrische Elektronen abgestossen werden.
Restriction.—Unless the opposite is explicitly stated (Tables 11, 12, 13), it is assumed, throughout this report, that in determining absorption coefficients, the measuring instrument is so far from the absorbing material and is so screened that it indicates merely the intensity of the radiant energy which is traveling in the direction of the primary beam. It is the absorption, as so measured, that is considered, and to which the coefficients of absorption refer. Obviously the amount of radiation reaching a given region within the absorbing material cannot be computed directly from this absorption, for that region receives scattered and characteristic radiations from all the surrounding material, traveling in every direction. This extra radiation may be several times as great as that incident in the direction of the primary beam, and it is only the latter that can be computed directly from the coefficient of absorption. This difference is of much importance in the use of X-rays for therapeutic purposes, and has been studied by many c/.

(141,231).

Absorption and Scattering.—When a beam of X-rays passes through an atomic system, it may be altered by the action of the non-nuclear electrons. The following three types of action are recognized, though types (6) and (c) are parts of the same general phenomenon. (a) Photoelectric Effect.—An electron is dislodged from its energylevel, and absorbs all the energy h*> of the impinging quantum. Such electrons are called photoelectrons, and are emitted with the energy h (v — vc), where vc is the frequency characteristic of the level from which they come. They may be described as primary photoelectrons. The vacancy caused by the removal of a photoelectron is soon refilled by an electron from a lower energy-level having a characteristic frequency pc/. Accompanying this, there may be an emission of characteristic radiation which, on an average, is uniform in all directions, and has a frequency (yc — vcf) and energy h(vc — ?c/). This is the simple photoelectric effect. From some of the atoms this characteristic radiation is not emitted, but additional electrons, which may be called secondary photoelectrons, are emitted. This is the compound photoelectric

M« Mm Me

quando Ie radiazioni disperse nort sono completamente eliminate dal fascio trasmesso. Coefficiente di assorbimento atomico; Ma = vA/pN0. Coefficiente di assorbimento molecolare; Mm = v>M/pN0. Coefficiente di assorbimento elettroriico; ^6 = nA/pN^Z =

n«/Z. v Frequenza della radiazione incidente (y' = modificata). VC Frequenza critica corrispondente ad un assorbimento limite. p Densita. » a Coefficiente di dispersione; cr — Efficienza dell'emissione della radiazione caratteristica; = rapporto fra il numero di atomi che emettono Ia radiazione e il numero di quelli dai quali vengono emessi fotoelettroni.

effect. The characteristic radiation may be regarded as being absorbed in the atom and causing the ejection of photoelectrons from other levels, with energies h(vc — vc'), h(fc' — ve"), etc. (6) Scattering without Change of Frequency.—An electron, though not dislodged from its energy-level, may cause a scattering of the primary radiation. This scattered radiation has the same frequency as the primary, and is called the unmodified scattered radiation. Such electrons may be called {/-electrons. They scatter the radiation coherently. (c) Scattering with Change of Frequency.—An electron may be dislodged from its energy-level without absorbing more than a fraction, (v — v'}/v, of the energy of the impinging quantum. Such an electron is called a "recoil" (or an R-) electron. It leaves the atom with energy h(v ~ v' — vc], radiation of frequency v', differing from v, is scattered, and characteristic radiation of frequency (vc — vcr) is emitted as the vacancy is refilled by an electron from the level vc'. This scattered radiation is known as the modified scattered radiation. It is not scattered coherently. Extinction.—Darwin (*23, 124) has shown that when a crystal is set so as to reflect the incident rays, the effective absorption should be greater than the true. This phenomenon is due to what is called extinction and has been observed, cf. ( 20 > 58> 60> 63> 22°); see Table 5, NaCl. For a perfect crystal, extinction occurs only when the orientation is such as to reflect the incident beam, and arises from the fact that beams which have been twice reflected are parallel to and exactly opposite in phase to the primary beam. This is called primary extinction. An imperfect crystal may be regarded as a mosaic of small perfect crystals with various orientations. Whatever the orientation of the mosaic there will be extinction as the result of reflection by those individual crystals that are then in the proper position. This extinction is called secondary extinction; the range of orientation over which it occurs increases with the degree of the imperfection of the crystal. Efficiency of Emission of Characteristic Radiation.—Owing to the existence of the compound photoelectric effect, the number (nr} of atoms that emit a certain characteristic radiation is less

than that (ne) of those that emit primary photoelectrons from the corresponding level. The ratio = nr/ne may be called the efficiency of the emission of this radiation (see Table 1). TABLE 1.—EFFICIENCY OF EMISSION OF K-RADIATION K — ratio of number of atoms that emit K-radiation to the number from which an electron is ejected from the K-Ievel; Z = atomic number of the radiator. K is approximately independent of X; 4>K > L-

Z

frc(flf

I

(227, 240)

18 24 26 27 28 29 30 34 35 36 42 47 53 54

0.07* 0.23 0.32 0.39

0.42 0.51

- I)/RK (52)

(21)

(240)

0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25

0.33

0.29

0.39 0.44 0.50

0.35 0.40 0.46 0.59 0.59

0.50

it as the wave-length of that beam of homogeneous radiation which, on passing through 0.5 mm of copper, is reduced in intensity by the same fractional amount as the heterogeneous beam would be, under the same conditions. It might also be defined as the wavelength of that beam of homogeneous radiation which would be reduced to half its intensity on passing through such a thickness of copper as will produce the same reduction in the heterogeneous beam. Allen ( 6 ) deduces an effective wave-length of strongly filtered "end" radiation from the equation (M/P)AI = 14X2-92, where (M/P)AI refers to the absorption of such "end" radiation in Al, and 2 A < X < 4 A. This gives too small a value for X. In no case does the effective wave-length alone define the characteristics of the beam; it must always be considered in con-

0.51*

0.93

0.83 0.75 0.75

0.70*

*From(i3).

Definitions (see also preceding sections).—Intensity of a Beam of Radiation.—By definition, the intensity (/, /0, /*) at any point of a beam of radiation is the power (P) delivered at that point per unit of area (a) normal to the direction of propagation of the beam; / = dP/da. Coefficients of Absorption.—If the incident beam consists of parallel rays of a single wave-length (X) and has initially the intensity /0, its intensity (Ix) after passing through a thickness x is Ix = /o^"***, where p is a constant called the coefficient of absorption; IJL depends upon X, and is characteristic of the material. As / = dP/da, and the amount of material (dm) involved in the decrease of dP when the radiation advances from O to x is that contained in the volume xda, it follows that the decrease in 7 may be expressed in terms of dm/da; i.e., in terms of the amount of material per unit of area, that is traversed by the radiation in going the distance x. The value of dm may be expressed in terms of any appropriate quantity, such as volume, mass, number of atoms, number (Z) of non-nuclear electrons, number of molecules; the corresponding values of d?n/da are x, px, pN<>x/A, pNoZx/A, pNoX/M, and of the absorption coefficient are n, p/p, nA/pNo ss ju«, fj.A/pN0Z 3s pe, fjiM/pNo ss Mm, which are called the coefficientof absorption, of mass absorption, of atomic absorption, of electronic absorption, and of molecular absorption, respectively. The part of /* that is due to the photoelectric effect is denoted by T (the coefficient of fluorescent or of photoelectric absorption), and that due to scattering, by a (the coefficient of scattering); ju = T +
FIG. 1.—Coefficients of absorption and scattering of Pt: variation with wave-length (X). Unit of n/p and
nection with the source and previous filtering of the beam. The more heterogeneous the beam, the less significant is the term "effective wave-length." The views expressed above are not in agreement with those of experimenters who have observed the /-phenomena (cf. p. 1). Internal absorption of 7-rays is not dealt with here.

ABSORPTION For apparent absorption of 7-rays, see p. 20 A magnetic field produces no effect upon the absorption (41, 42, 100, 330). An increase in temperature has a small effect, the sign depending upon the wave-length ( 261 ). Unless X is small, o- is very much smaller than r, and its variation with X is negligible as compared with that of r (cf. p. 16). This will be the case for many of the data that will be considered. The coefficient of mass absorption of a mixture can be computed by means of the simple additive relation m(n/p) = mi X WP)I -f Wi 2 Wp)* -f • . • , where m, TW i, ra2, . . . are the masses of the mixture and its several components; m — mi -fW 2 -f ... The coefficient of molecular absorption (^m — nM/pNo) of many compounds can be similarly computed from the atomic absorptions of their constituent atoms (v. (16-19, 250, 317, 343)) : Mm = ttiGOi 4- nz(fjia)2 + . . - , where M = niAi + Â 2 + . . . This expression for pm is not universally correct; v. (16-19, 245 ); for example, for values of X between 40 and 80 A, Holweck (193, 194) found /i/p to be the same for celluloid as for hydrogen. Variation with Wave-length and Absorber.—For any given material the variation of /A with X exhibits certain discontinuities (see Fig. 1); the values of X at which they occur are called the absorption limits of the material, and each has been found to be the longest wave-length capable of exciting a certain X-ray series characteristic of the material (cf. p. 23). The discontinuities are not absolutely sharp, but the entire change occurs within a very narrow range of wave-lengths (0.01 A) ( 326 ); c/., however (268, 271). When X is kept constant and absorbers having various values of Z are used, similar discontinuities appear in the variation of /* with Z, each occurring as Z passes from a value for which the absorption limit is greater, to one for which it is smaller, than X. The ratio of the maximum to the minimum value of T at any group of discontinuities may be called the value of the discontinuity at that limit. It is not known accurately, partly owing to the difficulty of measuring p and partly to our ignorance of the values of 0. At the K-limit the value of the discontinuity, which may be signified by R%, (v. ( 269 )), is of the same order as XL/Xx, where \K, Xj, are the wave-lengths of the K- and of the shortest (Ln) of the L-absorption limits. TABLE 2.—VALUES OF THE T-DISCONTINUITY (R*) AT THE K-LiuiT Unit of X = 1 A = IQ"8 cm Absorber | Xg | XLU | XL/XX | RL \ Lit. 26Fe 1.738 1 4 7 ( 5 ~ 8 A
46Pd 47Ag 50Sn

0.506 0.485 0.424

3.42 6.8 3.26 6.7 2.77 6.5

7.5

(269)

6.8 7.3

(31S) (6)

7.8 6.7

(269) (315)

6.9 (6) 6.6 (269) 6.1

(315)

6.2 5.55 6.0 5.8 5.65 5.0

(6) (269) (6) (6) (269) (6)

this relation satisfactorily. may be put in the form

De Broglie's formula ( 70 ), which

-=£Hi+i+---l xi °- 8

gives, for X
'• = ^wtS+S+^+-->r<"'>-"

we get ra = 1.2X3Z4UO)-26, if X < \KI and R% = 5 5; the value of Ta is about 40 % too low. By applying the methods of Schrodinger's wave mechanics, Wentzel (331) has obtained for the absorption due to the K-electrons the expression T

" - f ' =£-*(£)*{3V* C°S * + V^rin *} W8 where ^ is an undetermined phase angle, which may depend on X and Z. Several empirical formulae have been deduced, mostly of the form Tct — CZTOXn(10)~26, where m and n are approximately equal to 4 and 3, respectively, and C changes as X passes through an absorption limit. No values yet proposed for C, m, and n are entirely satisfactory, especially when X < 0.1 A; those most used are given in Table 3, m being taken as 4. The best are those given by Gray, but those by Richtmyer and Richtmyer and Warburton are the most generally accepted, although derived from a small range of observations. TABLE 3.—VALUES OF C AND ram T« = CZ4Xn(10)~26 Unit of X = 1 A = 10"« cm '

^ ^ ^ X < \K

v> Range Author

R. and W.* Allen Gray

I

XJT < X XL,, < X . , " < X-L11 < XMn \ n \ C \ n \ C \ n \

C

2.24 3 0.33 3 2.18 2.920.2992.92 1.92Pf 3 0.2552.7 0.0582.6

T.

Lit.

(266,272) («) (i 75 )

* Richtmyer and Warburton. f P = (1 + 0.008Z) / 1 - ~4X

Angstroms.

I

X

~ \ , X and \K being expressed in 50x

ij

Jonsson (Diss., Upsala, 1928) has shown that, to a high degree of approximation r/,-f.£/CZX)

for values of ZX > 8 and X < 12 A. Xc is the nearest critical absorption wave-length >X. Jonsson tabulates values of the function /(ZX). We may write /(ZX) = (ZX)* where x = 2.03 - 10/ZX + 100/Z3X3. This formula and the first of Gray's may be used to give an approximate check on experimental results and to deduce unknown values of r /p. Jonsson's generalization is not true for values of ZX < 8 nor for a light element such as carbon. TABLE 4.—COEFFICIENTS OF ABSORPTION FOR X = 0.586, 0.631 AND 0.709 A

All substances for which either ^/p or /xm is given in this section are here listed, with references to all sources utilized in determining any of these values; references to other data are placed 78Pt 0.158 0.892 5.6 after "c/." For certain substances, values of /*/p or of nm are 79Au 0.152 0.861 5.6 given for no other X; no additional data for absorption at these X's are given elsewhere in this section. Substances are listed in the 82Pb 0.139 0.780 5.6 order: Elements, inorganic compounds, organic compounds. 5.4 (269) Italics indicate the value of /x/p that next precedes a known Between adjacent absorption limits, /t and r vary continuously absorption-limit. Q = (Z/29)4, 29 is Z for Cu (cf. Table 3); with X (c/. Table 5). None of the theoretical formulae express Mm = nM/pNo = (kp/p) X 10~"23, where M = molecular weight as

74W

0.178 1.024 5.8

indicated by the formula, JVo = 6.061 X 1023 molecule per g-mole. Unit of X = 1 A = 10~8 cm; of /x/p = 1 cm2/g; of fj,m = 10~23 cm2 per molecule; of k = 10~23 g per molecule.

X (1)

I 0.586 I

Q

I

Pd46

6.33

0.631 I

0.709

| * 17.60

|

M/P 17.2 23.8

^ ( 3 IS); c/.

32.21

73.5

87.0

(4»5>6);c/.

(65)

X (D

Ag47

0.586 I 0.631 I 0.709 Q

I

6.91

\-

k

17.80

Pt78 Xt

M/P

15.5

19.4

26.2

'

(1, 65, 215,

315).

65, 255,

Cf. 0» 215,

343)

0.040

4.45

3.00

3.70

5.21

55.1

32.54

75.0

122

22.67 34.48 13.19

26.3 See Table 5 45.3

41.3 67.2

16.98 5.29

15.2 5.90

Sii50

8.84

19.59

18.7

6.90

9.80

(322,343) ( 4 » 5 ); cf. (301,

22.6

32.1

343)

(4,5,6,269). cf. 0» 65» 177,

215,

(1, 65, 144,

256,

343)

177,

189,

197,

215,

255,

256,

315,

317,

Sr38 Th90 U92

2.95 92.8 101

14.46 38.30 39.30

57.7 See Table 5 88

W74

42.4

30.36

56.8

14.68 10.79

60.3 34.3

94.3 121

215,

( 5 );c/. (343) ( 5 ); cf. O) (343) ; c/.

(343) C 5 ); cf. O) ( 5 );c/. 0» 315)

(5, 269) ; c /.

75.0

(4,5,6,269); 343)

13.91 67.1 2.12

5.80 0.093

266) ;c/ .

C/. (65,

Ba56 Bi83 Br35

343)

Rh45|| S16

(4,5,6,239,

343)

Au79

117

(4,5,6,266, 269,

A113

52.3

(343)

Yt39 Zn30

3.27 1.15

99.9 59.0

43.0

(343) ( s » 6 );c/. 0» 65, 177, 215, 256,

Zr40

3.62

15.02

19.7

343)

(343)

(301)

C6

0.0018

1.980

0.450* 0.382f

0.550* 0.435f

250,

301,

317, 343)

Ca20 Cd48J C117 Co27 C:r24 Cu29

C.23 7.51 0.12 0.75 0.47 1.00

6.61 18.55 5.85 9.73 8.58 10.49

10.9 17.5 6.9 22.6 18.1 29.0

19.7 30.3 11.9

36.7

38.1 29.6 51.0

23.1

27.9

37.6

153

11.15

K19 Li3 Mgl2

0.18 11X10-5 0.029

20.94

0.388

22.8 9.1 0.300

0.360 4.1

H2SO4 N2H4 NH 4 NO 3 H3PO4 CO2

16.18 5.188 13.21 16.18 7.26

39.3 2.43 See Table 5

56.43

(272,343) (343) (4,5,6,239, 272,

177,

197,

215,

337,

(4,5,6,239, 272

);c/. 215,

(343) O 89 ) ( 4 );c/. (215,

0.55 4.40

9.06 15.84

19.2 75.0

13.8

34.4 19.5

256,

(343) (266, 269) ; Cf. (315, 343)

N7

0.0034

2.31

1.1

O 89 ;; cf. (193,

194,

343)

Nail Ni28

0.021 0.87

3.80 9.68

2.09 28.9

34.8

3.40 45

(343) (4,5,6,239, 272);c/.

O8

0.058

2.64

0.71

0.850

1.13

(65,

215,

260,

343)

( 1 8 9 );c/. (1, 193,

Pb82

63.9

34.19

74.5

101

140

2.972

2.04

0.686

3.21

1.08

194,

250,

301,

317,

343)

(4, 5 , 6 , 2 6 9 ) ; cf. 0» 65 »

t O 8 9 ); values agree with those obtained from liquids; c/. ( 25 °). t For Cd, M/P = 5.48 for X = 0.188. § Values of M/P are computed, see Table 5.

256,

343)

343)

(343) ( 2 1 5 );c/. (165)

32.7 2.02 See Table 5

13.53 53.46

3.48 (343) (19, 20) 1.02 (343) 3.34 (343) ( 2 1 5 );c/. (165)

Zr(SO 4 ) 2 Pb(NOs) 2 ZnCl2 ZnSO4 CdCl2 CuCl2 CuSO4 AgNO 3 MnCl 2 FeCl3 CoCl2 NiCl2 CrCls.4H20 (NH 4 ) 2 MoO 4 UsOs Yt(NOs) 3 MgCl2 CaCl2 SrCl2 Sr(NOs) 2 BaCl2 NaOH NaCl NaBr NaI Na 3 RhCl 6 Na 2 MoO 4 Na 2 WO 4 KCl Mica

46.72 54.65 22.49 26.64 30.25 22.19 26.34 28.03 20.76 26.76 21.43 21.39 38.02 32.35 139.0 45.38 15.72 18.31 26.16 34.92 34.37 6.60 9.64 16.98 24.74 63.47 30.21 48.51 12.30

407.7 2563.0 46.9 3496.4 448.9 19.5 729.3 404.9 15.2 656.6 404.8 13.3 701.2 386.4 17.4 630.0 339.7 12.9 542.2 299.7 10.6 558.6 255.4 12.3 451.7 325.5 12.2 556.2 302.2 14.1 507.4 325.0 15.2 603.4 284.4 7.48 474.5 341.3 See Table 5 898.5 19.8 1492.7 155.4 152.7 8.34 270.3 935.1 35.7 1503.5 844.6 24.3 1380.0 677.0 19.7 1074.7 15.51 48.43 5.01 76.10 605.2 35.6 899.2 485.4 19.6 838.5 522.4 8.24 1158 38.3 1747.0 36.0 99.4 8.08 173.4 See Table 5

Substance (X = 0.709) Formula | CH3I Methyl iodide

|

8.73 64.0 32.34 24.6 23.2 28.4 20.5 19.9 21.7 20.8 23.7 28.2 12.5 10.6

(343) (343) (343) (343) (343) (343) (343) (343) (343) (343) (343) (343) (343) (343) (315) 32.9 (315) 9.89 (343) 14.7 (343) 57.5 (343) 39.5 (343) 31.3 (343) 2.35 (343) 7.89 (343) 53.0 (343) 34.3 (343) (343) (343) (343) 14.1 (343) (322)

k | 23.42

M™ | M/P | Lit. See Table 5 (215); cf.

7.27 17.98

See Table 5 See Table 5

1 7 7 , 1 9 7 , 198, ~_

O 8 9 ' 250, (317,

343)

Mn25 Mo42

(165)

70.95 11.8

0.401 (17,250,297) ; cf. O) 39.4 ( 3 43) ; c /.

16.1

(«*); cf.

40.8 6.77 See Table 5

(301)

6.45 1.145 4.01

0.709 | M/P

6.017 10.57

198,

0.1663 0.381

M'»

HCl SO2

343)

1.4X10-»

0.586 I nm \ M/P | See Table 5

(301)

( 1 , 6 5 , 189,

Hl§

Air

I \

266) ;c /.

343)

9.21

k

H20

31 5); cf. (1, 65, 144,

0.65

|

(343) (343) ( 3 4 3 ); c/.

266,

Fe26

X Substance

0.630* ( 4 » 5, 6, 189). 0.55Of c/. 0» 2 1 5 »

(165)

C2H4O2 C2H6Br

Methyl formate Ethyl bromide

O 9 ' 2 O) (21«); cf. (165)

C3H6Q Acetone 9.58 6.62 0.691 (317) Il For Rh, M/P = 14.2, 15.1, 17.7 if X = 0.545, 0.586, 0.612, respectively.

I. 7-rays of Ra(B and C) filtered through x cm of Pb*

TABLE 4.—(Continued) Formulal C3H6O C3H6O C3H6O2 C3H6O2 C3H6O2 C3H6Os C3H8O C3H8O2 C4H8O C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2 CeH6 C6H6

Substance (X = 0.709) Acetone Allyl alcohol Ethyl formate Propionic acid Propionic acid Dimethyl carbonate Isopropyl alcohol Trimethyleneglycol Methyl ethyl ketone Ethyl acetate Ethyl acetate Methyl propionate Benzene Benzene

j

k \ pm \ p/p \ Lit. 9 ~ 5 8 7 . 5 4 ( 0.787 (343) 9.58 See Table 5 (i«» 2°) 12.22 9.70 0.794 ' (317) 12.22 10.2 0.833 (343) 12.22 See Table 5 (i»»«0) 14.86 See Table 5 (i»»*0) 9.91 6.84 0.690 (317) 12.55 9.86 0.786 (317) 11.89 See Table 5 (19» 2 °) 14.53 11.55 | 0.795 (317) 14.53 See Table 5 0 9 » 2°) 14.53 11.44 0.787 (317) 12.88 7.07 0.549 (317) 12.88 6.93 0.538 ( 2 5 0 );c/.

CeHi2O C6Hi2O8 C6Hi2O3 C7H8 C7H8

Cyclohexanol Paraldehyde Paraldehyde Toluene Toluene

16.52 21.80 21.80 15.19 15.19

10.5 0.634 ("O) 17.3 0.794 ( 343 ) See Table 5 (i 9» 2°) 8.35 0.550 (317) 8.13 0.535 ( 25 °); cf.

C7H8 C7H8O C 7 Hi 6 C 8 Hi 0 C8Hi8 C8Hi8O C 9 Hi 2 CioHie CioHte

Toluene Benzyl alcohol n-Heptane n-Xylene Octane Octyl alcohol Mesitylene Limonene Pinene Celluloid

15.19 17.83 16.52 17.50 18.83 21.47 19.82 22.46 22.46

See Table 5 ( 19 » 20 ) See Table 5 (» 9 » 20 J 8.77 0.531 ( 25 °) 9.40 0.537 ( 25 °) See Table 5 . (i»t20) See Table 5 O 9» 20) 10.6 0.534 ( 25 °) 12.06 0.537 ( 317 ) 12.08 0.538 (317) See Table 5 ( 2 4 4 ); cf,

Symbol Q k

A113 0.040 I 4.45 I

Cu29 Fe26 Mg 12 Pb82 Sn50 ZnSO 1.00 0.65 0.029 63.9 8.84 1.15 10.49 j 9.21 4.01 34.1919.59 10.79 x M/P I Lit. 5.35 0.0450 0.0480 ( 177 ) 4.30 0.0452 0.0487 ( 177 ) 3.25 0.0460 0.0513 (177) 2.2 0.0559 0.05660.06330.05250.0567 ( 2 5 «) 2.2 0.0486 0.0479 0.05520.04480.0466 ( » 7 7 ) 1.5 0.0632 0.0727 ( 198 ) 1.0 0.0514 0.06260.0498 ( 353 ) 1.0 0.0510 0.0630 (i 7 7 ) 0.3 0.0560 I 0.0830 [ ( 177 ) *For further data on 7-rays, see (l» 2 ).

II. X-rays

(317)

(817)

I

Gelatin

.

See Table 5

(193,194)

(205)

x (l) Ag47 A113 Au79 Bi83 C6 Cu29 Fe26 Ni28 Pb82 Pt78 S16 SnSO U92 W74 Zn30... ., Symbol Q.... k X

TABLE 5.—COEFFICIENTS OF ABSORPTION OF X-RAYS AND Y-RAYS For apparent coefficients of absorption of 7-rays, see Tables 12, 13, 14; for coefficients of absorption by those substances for which there are no data except for X = 0.586, 0.631, or 0.709 A, see Table 4. The data in this table are believed to be the best available; many of them are averages of graphical values given in the sources listed in Table 4; all are founded on experimental values. Owing to frequent wide variations in the values obtained by different observers, it is difficult to make a useful estimate of the accuracy of the data. For wave-lengths greater than 2 A, strongly filtered "end" radiations have been used. As the tabulated value of X is the effective X denned by Allen's equation (M/P)AI = 14 X 2 - 92 , it is too small; the corresponding values of M/P are not accurate when this effective X is near an absorption limit. In fact, all the given values of ju/p for wave-lengths near the L and M absorption-limits are liable to be inaccurate. For additional data for X > 2 A, see (193, 194, 233). Jn general, see Table 4 for literature references. Italics indicate the value of ju/p that next precedes a known absorption-limit. Substances are listed in the order: Elements, inorganic compounds, organic compounds; and the first is divided into the sections: 7-rays, X — 0.08 to 0.11 A, X =0.1 to 1.0 A, X = 1.0 to 3.9 A, and radiation specified solely by the tube voltage. The symbol of an element is followed by its atomic number (Z); Q = (Z/29)4, 29 is Z for Cu (cf. Table 3); /i« = »A/pNQ = (k^/p) X 10-23, t*m = pM/pNo = (k^/p) X 10~23, where A = atomic weight, M — molecular weight as indicated by the formula, NQ = 6.061 X 1023 molecule per g-mole; V — potential difference of terminals of the tube. Unit of X = 1 A = 10~8 cm; of M/P = 1 cm2/g; of MTO = 10~23 cm2 per molecule; of k = 10~23g per molecule; of V = 1000 volt.

I

|o.08i |o.085 |o.090 |o.Q95 |o.IQO |o.iio" Q

I

k

I

6.91 17.8 0.740 0.040 4.45 0.145 55.1 32.54 2.44 67.1 34.48 2.25 0.0018 1.98 0.143 1.00 10.49 0.270 0.65 9.21 0.235 0.87 9.68 0.265 63.9 34.19 2.53 52.3 32.21 2.50 0.093 5.29 0.155 8.84 19.59 0.80 101 39.30 42.4 30.36 2.40 1.15 10.79 0.310 Ag47 A113 Au79 I Au79 6.91 0.040 55.1 1 26 17.8 4.45 32.54 I/ ( ' I

M/P 0.830 0.153 2.65 2.76 0.145

2.78 2.75 0.170 0.88

0.900 0.160 2.85 3.00 0.148 0.295 0.252 0.290 3.00 2.95 0.182 0.95

1.02 0.165 3.30 3.45

3.46 3.38 0.186

, 1.12 0.167 3.60 3.75 0.150 0.335 0.285 0.340 3.77 3.65 0.190 1.16

1.32 0.171 4.28 4.50 0.390 0.325 0.385 4.46 4.35 0.195 1.45

3.53 2.80 3.10 3.37 4.05 0.350 0.375 0.450 I Ba56 Bi83 C6 Co27 Cu29 f 13.91 67.1 0.0018 0.75 1.00 (J 22.67 34.48 1.98 9.73 10.49 2.60

M/P

0.100 1.12 0.167 3.60 3.08 3.75 10.150 0.304* 0.335 0.110 1.32 0.171 4.28 3.81 4.50 0.345* 0.390 0.120 1.53 0.175 5.06 4.71 2.0Of 4.90% 0.460 0.130 1.85 0.185 5.90 5.75 0.545 0.140 2.20 0.195 6.90 6.96 2.8Of 0.521* 0.640 0.145 7.40 7.55 2.25 0.150 2.60 0.205 3.4Of 2.44 0.153 0.75§ 0.750 0.160 3.05 0.215 2.63 2.47 4.0Of 2.90 0.687* 0.880 0.170 3.55 0.225 2.88 4.65f 3.32 .03 0.180 4.10 0.235 3.30 3.16 5.4Of 3.86 0.903* .18 0.190 4.75 0.246 3.76 6.47f 4.42 1.24§ .34 0.200 5.47 0.267 4.25 4.11 7.45f 5.10 0.164 1.17* .51 0.220 7.20 0.302 5.50 9.2Of 6.48 1.72§ .90 0.240 9.20 0.349 6.95 11.7f 8.30 0.170 1.90* 2.41 0.260 11.6 0.405 2.53§ 2.99 0.280 14.3 0.467 17.2f 12.5 2.90* 3.68 0.300 17.2 0.537 11.7 0.195 3.53* 4.38 0.320 20.4 0.623 &4.2f 17.7 5.11 0.340 23.9 0.720 6.00 21.0 0.210 6.20 0.360 28.0 0.835 7.30 0.380 32.5 0.950 8.55 0.400 37.2 1.08 9.00 0.243 9.85 0.420 42.4 1.23 11.3 0.440 48.1 1.38 12.2 0.270 12.9 0.450 50.2 0.280 0.460 1.54 14.0 0.288 14.6 0.480 1.72 51.7|| 0.300 16.4 0.500 9.55 1.95 17.8 0.3251 18.4 0.550 13.0 2.46 0.3781 24.2 0.586 15.5 3.00 64.5** 75.0ft 26.3** 0.4501 22.6§ 29.0 0.631 19.4 3.70 0.5501 36.7 0.709 26.2 5.21 122 41.3** 0.6301 38.1§ 51.0 0.748 33.0 6.20 141 0.7501 60.0 0.910 57.0 10.8 165 1.251 102 1.000 73.0 14.2 110 1.501 133 219 * Calculated ( ) from n/p = 124X» + 0.18 if 0.1 < X < 0.3. f Probably too low. % Value for X = 0.118. § From ( 3 4 3 ); too great if 0.150 < X < 0.254. 215 11 Used .K-radiation of a suitable substance ( ); some of the values tabulated for Mg were obtained by interpolation. 1 These values ( 5 ) do not agree even approximately with data for compounds; other data ( 1 8 9 ) are in very good agreement, cf, ( 2SO ).

TABLE 5. II.—(Continued) Symbol. Fe26 HlH Q 0.65 1.4X10-« k 9.21 0.1663 X

Li3 Mgl2 Mo42§§ NT 11X10-5 0.029 4.40 0.0034 1.145 4.01 15.84 2.31

I

TABLE 5. IL—(Continued) №28 08 Pb82~ 0.87 0.058 63.9 9.68 2.64 34.19

0.285 0.325

0,120

0,370

0.130

0.455

0.300

X 0.440 0.450

5,28

0,160

0.140 0.490 0.150 0.565 0.160 0.645 0.170 0.735 0.180 0.830 0.190 0.940 0.200 1.07 0.220 1.38 0.240 1.72 0.260 2.16 0.280 2.68 0.300 3.23 0.320 3.90 0.340 4.60 0.360 5.35 0.380 6.26 0.400 7.24 0.420 8.OHH 0.440 0.450 0.460 0.480 0.500 14.8ft 0.550 19.8ft 0.586 23.1ff 0.631 27.9ft 0.709 37.6 0.748 44.5 0.910 74.5 1.000 101

0J0

0.480

0.3400.150 0.385

0.316 0.323 0.326 0.333

0.175

0.340 0.343

0.185

0.350

0.210 0.225

0,160

0,440

0.165

0.510

0.170 0.175 1.93 0.186 2.32 0.196 2.72 0.207 3.10 0.220 3.52 0.232 4.02 0.260 5.20 0.293 6.60 0.330 8.25 0.375 10.10 0.430 12.4 0.480 15.0 0.570 17 7 0.660 20 5 0.760 23.6 0.875 27.0 0.995 30.5 1.13 34.0

0.595 0.160 0.6900.160 2.37 0.795 2.70 0.930 3.10 1.07 3.55 1.23 4.05 0.180 1.40 0.180 4.62 1.77 5.85 0.197 2.22 0.204§§ 7.35 2.80 9.20 3.40 11.3 0.222 4.10 0.243§§ 13.6 4.85 0.259§§ 16.2 0.248 5.75 19.7 6.70 23.0 27.2 0.336§§ 31.8 36.5 0.385 41.2

0.358 0.366 0.381 0.388 0.401 0.408 0.435 0.450

Symbol Q k

0.250 0.275 0.300 0.361

1.27 38.7 1.40 44.0 48.6 18.5ft 0.500 63.8 24.4ft 76.O^ 28.9ft 0.71 13.8 34.8ffO.85 4.1** 19.5 1.1** 45 1.13 23.0 53 1.31§§ 39.5 86 2.27§§ 50.4 115 2.95§§

46.5 53.0 58.0 74.5** 101 140 145 150 77

Pd46 Pt78 S16 SnSO Th90 U92*** W74 W74 Zn30 6.33 52.3 0.093 8.84 92.8 101 42.4 42.4 1.15 269 17.60 32.21 5.29 19.59 38.30 39.30 30.36 ( J 10.79 X

0.100 0.110 0.120 0.130 0.140 0.145 0.150 0.160 0.170 0.180 0.190 0.200 0.220 0.240 0.260 0.280 0.300 0.320 0.340 0.360 0.380 0.400 0.420

I

A*/p

3.65 4.35 5.14 6.05 7.08 7.65 2.84 3.24 3.70 4.16 5.25 6.60

;

16.2 22.0 25.2 33.5

9.60 11.5 13.5 15.8 18.2 21.2 24.5 28.0

0.190 0.195 0.200 0.225 0.250 0.272 0.295 0.320 0.350 0.385 0.420 0.500 0.580 0.680 0.800 0.930 .08 .23 .42 .58 .78 .95

1.16 4.0 1.45 1.80 2.20 1.96 2.60 2.25 2.48 3.05 2.66 3.55 3.10 4.10 3.61 4.65 4.16 5.30 4.78 6.00 5.42 7.90 6.90 10.2 8.60 12.6 15.3 18.2 21.5 25.0 29.0 34.0 39.5

3.37 4.05 1.87 4.83 . 2.27 5.72 2.56 6.75

Pd46 Pt78 S16 Sn50 Th90 U92*** W74 W74 Zn30 6.33 52.3 0.093 8.84 92.8 101 42.4 42.4 1.15 17.60 32.21 5.29 19.59 38.30 39,30 30.36 (2«») 10.79

3.77 4.46

M/p

0.100 0.110

Symbol Q k

2.67 3.29 4.03 4.93 5.91

0.375 0.450 0.530 0.630 0.750

2.99 7.90 7.10 0.880 3.41 S.90 8.47 1.02 9 99 1.20 1.38 3.06 1.56 3.49 1.79 4.25 2.32 5.23 2.80 6.30 3.50 7.60 4.30 8.90 5.20 10.4 6.20 12.2 7.30 14.5 8.50 17.1 10.0 41 19.8 11.6 23.0 13.5

** From (3*3). ft From (SS). It Values are computed from n/p = 0.283 -f X/6; for experimental values derived from observations on compounds containing H, see below (organic compounds). If 40 < X < 100, /i/P = 0.2X2-25, see ( 1 9 3) ; ai8o (233). {!Interpolated from ( 25 °). 189 J(II From value ( ) 8.12 at X = 0.422. If For X = 0.600, n/p = 81. *** Values for 0.4 < X < 1.6 are calculated from observed values ( 3 1 S ) of G*/p)x/(M/p)o.708 for UaOs (see p. 16) on the assumptions that (M/P)X for U is proportional to (M/P)X for U3O8), and that for U M/P = 41.0 at X = 0.400.

0.500 0.550 0.586 0.631 0.709 0.748 0.910 1.000

I

M/P

42.5 45.0

31.8

2.2

8.5

111

36,0

9,6

40.5

10.9

26.4

Symbol Q k

45.5

30,0

12.0 15.8 73.5 5.90** 18.7 17.2 87.0 6.90 22.6 23.9 117 Q.Sftt 32.1 134 39.0 170 66.0 № 87.0

58.7 11.5

Ag47 A113 6.91 0.040 17.80 4.45 X

1.000 1.090 1.170 1.293 1.389 1.432 1.537 1.655 1.752 1.933 2.25H 2.500m 2.744Ut 3.026UI 3.353m 3.432JU 3.592JJJ 4.146m 4.359m 5,394m 6.973JJt 8.319m 9.868JU 11.889m

X

C6 0.0018 1.98

110 88 104 137

1.5Ot 2.00 2.40 3.20 3.80 4.30 4.90 6.40 7.30 9.20 15.3

22.0 28.1 34.3 43.0 59.0 69.0 115 152

56.8** 75.0

Cu29 1.00 10.49

Fe26 Mgl2 0.65 0.029 9.21 4.01

133 165 206 866 38.0 42.0 50.0 63.2

101 127 158 207

M/p

73.0 14.2 95.0 18.0 113 22.5 146 30.0 173 192 40.3 225 50.0 280 62.0 325 73.0 410 93.0 580 136 696 182 925 248 1330 320 1310 433 1460 1360 461 771 539 894 852 1480 1260 2800 344 1770 2720 553 767

Ni28 0.87 9.68

.000 .090 .170 .293 .389 .432 .537 .655 .752 .933 2.25(1 2.500m 2.744m 3.026JJt 3.353m 3.592m 4.146J Jt

88 188 57 92 120_

17,5 19.7

71 93

Au79 55.1 32.54

I

Symbol Q fc

15.4

54

179 210 265

280 324 424 56.0 97.0 70.0 143 104 202 262 321 404

15.7H 20.0||

36.6|| 54.6(1 82.8|| 1261|

621 730 1300 2120 3450 5030 7550

Pb82 63.9 34.19

PtTS Sn50 U92 52.3 8.84 101 32.21 19.59 39.30

77 98 120 154 180 202 230 290 335 420

87.0 110 132 176 205 235 275 325 385 490

I

W74 42.4 30.36

Zn30 1.15 10.79

M/P

115 145 230 Sl 1 45.7 57.0 67.0 89.0 129 180 239 319 384

627

165 87 100 131 155 171 199 243 280 365 517 596 756 939 1120 1370 1290

120 133 214

105

272 131 360 . 431 470

152 186 226 38.0 45.0 50.5 59.0 76.0 90.0 115 170

4.359m 735 5.394m 1250 1640 2000 1190 6.973m 8.319m 3140 1530 9.868m 4540 2440 | ttf Another value (343) js 3.7. m From Jonsson (Diss., Upsala, 1928) replacing values, obtained by Allen with "end" radiations, referred to above. Objections to results obtained with X in neighborhood of absorption limits are not valid here. Formula given after Table 3 can be used to calculate values of p/p for other substances.

TABLE 5. II.—(Continued) Br I C I Q I

V

I

I

S

Substance

/WOO* ( 3 0 * )

1.4 0.9

4.72 0.60 2.20 4.30 0.60 2.28 H2O, Water; k = 2.972

__^ ^

I

0.100 0.110 0.120 0.130 0.140 0.150 0.160 0.170 0.180 0.190 0.200

M/P

I

Mm

0.167 0.171 0.175 0.178 0.180 0.183 0.187 0.190 0.194 0.198 0.201

[I

0.496 0.508 0.520 0.529 0.536 0.545 0.555 0.564 0.576 0.588 0.597

X

I

0.220 0.240 0.260 0.280 0.300 0.320 0.340 0.360 0.380 0.400 0.420

fJL/p

I

0.212 0.223 0.234 0.246 0.259 0.273 0.290 0.309 0.330 0.352 0.376

Mm

34.50

Il

0.630 0.662 0.695 0.731 0.769 0.811 0.861 0.918 0.980 1.05 1.12

km

X

I

0.440 0.500 0.550 0.586 0.631 0.709 0.783 0.881 0.929 0.977

1.80 2.02

/i/p

I

Mm

0.400 1.19 0.500 1.48 0.600 1.78 0.686 2.04 0.812 2.41 1.08 3.21 1.38 4.10 1.95 5.79 2.18 6.47 2.52 7.48

NaCl, Rock salt crystals ( 6 2, 63) ; cf. (20) X = 0.589 A, Pl = reflecting plane, O = order of reflection, € — extinction coefficient, E = relative amount of integrated energy reflected, k = 9.645; M = 10.70 cm2/g. I

0

1 1 2 3

Pl

I

lOOf 110 200 300

M +

6

I

I

€*

16.30 13.60 12.66 10.72

5.60 2.90 1.96 0.02

E

100 50.5 19.9 4.87

* Secondary extinction only. fFor plane 100, Kirkpatrick ( 2 2 °) finds M + « = 189M-' -f 0.43 and e = 1.90\4-«, if o.24 < X < 0.58. Substance 100Op k

Air CO^ SCh CH3I* C2H6Br* 1.29 1.98 2.88 6.38 4.90 7.26 10.57 23.42 17.98

x

/»/P ( 215 )t

I

/sTAgO.555 #Mo0.692 /fSrO.855 ^Brl.02 KSel-08 #Asl. 15 Kz0IAQ XCul.51 tfNi1.61 #0,1.75 JfFeI-QO

0.59 2.75 0.98 1.42 5.56 1.78 2.12 9.76 3.02 17.4 3.40 3.9619.1 4.10 5.0022.9 6.96 9.3138.9 8.4311.5 46.5 10.5 16.1 57.6 12.7 69.4 15 6 2 3 -* 83.3

U3O8 ( 31S ) Xi = 0.708 WP)X X

17.7 30.9 53.0 86.5 97 116 198 241 282

22.0 42.9 66.3 19.6 22.4 26.1 43.9 53.1 66.3 83.2 105

339

Wp)Xi

0.400 0.340 0.450 0.450 0.500 0.590 0.550 0.770 0.600 0.640 0.631 0.730 0.708 1.000 0.750 0.480 0.800 0.560 k = 139.0

* Values of /i are probably too small. f Gowdy's values ( 1 6 S ) differ from these.

Line X M/2.8

KAgp 0.490 1.29

KRhp 0.540 1.96

Mica (322) KAga KRha KC\tf 0.560 0.610 1.38 1.82 2.75 23.6

~~ Formula

X Substance*

N2H4 C2H4O2 C3H6O C3H6O2 CiH6O8 C4H8O C4H8O2 CeH6 CeHi2O3 CrH8 C7HtO CaHi8 C8Hi8O

Hydrazine Methyl formate Allyl alcohol Propionic acid Dimethyl carbonate Methyl ethyl ketone.... Ethyl acetate Benzene Paraldehyde Toluene Benzyl alcohol Octane Octyl alcohol

KCua 1.54 31.9

KCr& 2.07 61.1

KCra 2.29 81.1

I 0.187 J O . 207 I 0.227 I 0.247 J 0.272 | 0.318 | W(Mm)H 2 Q (t*»» 20) 1.76 3.14 3.16 3.92 4.74 3.87 4.66 4.04 7.04 4.87 5.64 6.38 7.17

1.75 3.14 3.15 3.90 4.73 3.84 4.64 4.00 6.86 4.83 5.57 6.29 7.07

1.74 3.12 3.09 3.86 4.67 3.78 4.60 3.94 6.83 4.72 5.52 6.12 6.96

1.70 3.08 2.98 3.82 4.67 3.71 4.51 3.84 6.70 4.60 5.42 6.03 6.84

1.67 3.06 2.90 3.76 4.61 3.60 4.41 3.75 6.57 4.40 5.24 5.76 6.62

1.60 3.01 2.76 3.74 4.52 3.44 4.25 3.45 6.42 4.10 4.95 5.27 6.13

CeHe, CeHi2O, H 2 ,t C9Hi2, CH C7H8, ' "' C.H., Hydro- BenCycloMesitToluene gen zene hexanol ylene 0.332 I 12.88 | 16.52 | 15.19 | 16.52 | 17.50 [ 19.81

sr *-

X

0.215 0.2455 0.2782 0.3109 0.3436 0.3763 0.4089 0.4416 0.4905 0.5394 0.5883 0.6371 0.6859 0.7346 0.7833 0.8319 0.8804 0.9289 0.9773 V Xmjn /LC/P

V Xmin tt/p

ii/p (250); Cf,

0.338 0.333 0.531 0.420 0.449 0.465 0.385 0.517 0.459 0.412 0.333 0.349 0.489 0.445 0.450 0.454 0.637 0.325 0.457

(317)

0.200 0.215 0.223 0.237 0.248 0.263 0.281 0.309 0.346 0.391 0.443 0.504 0.575 0.657 0.747 0.850 0.963 1.09

0.215 0.204 0.215 0.205 0.203 0.227 0.214 0.225 0.216 0.210 0.242 0.225 0.236 0.227 0.219 0.255 0.238 0.248 0.239 0.232 0.269 0.250 0.261 0.252 0.244 0.289 0.265 0.277 0.268 0.261 0.311 0.284 0.294 0.286 0.280 0.348 0.312 0.320 0.314 0.309 0.394 0.348 0.355 0.350 0.346 . 0.449 0.393 0.397 0.394 0.391 0.516 0.444 0.444 0.442 0.443 0.592 0.504 0.499 0.506 0.502 0.685 0.573 0.565 0.573 0.571 0.787 0.650 0.638 0.652 0.650 0.904 0.740 0.720 0.739 0.737 1.03 0.840 0.812 0.840 0.831 1.18 0.950 0.916 0.947 0.943 1.34 1.07 1.03 1.07 1.07 Gelatin ( 2 4 «)t 9.97 7.77 5.87 4.88 4.42 3~93 3.46 3.00 2.501.24 1.59 2.10 2.53 2.78 3.14 3.56 4.11 4.95 5.9 12.3 25.8 38.7 56.6 76.2 126 193 312 Celluloid («4«)t 5.87 4.88 4.42 3.93 2.10 2.53 2.78 3.14 25.6 42.5 60 81

If 40 < X < 80, M/P = 0.2X2-6; if X > 80^, the increase with X is less rapid; /»//,passes through a maximum near X = 320 A ( 193 » 194). * For k, see Table 4. f Values have been deduced (297) f rO m observations ( 17 » 2 SO) on compounds; the probable error is large. Better values are given by the equation /*/o = 0.283 + X/6; see section devoted to the elements. % Used "end" radiations of tube with Fe target. Values of \t/p are too great.

SCATTERING For distinction between the two types (modified and unmodified) of scattered radiation, see p. 10. In most cases both types are measured together; from such measurements the coefficient ((T8) of absorption due to true scattering can be obtained, but not that (a-) of total absorption due to scattering. To find that, we must also find either
TABLE 6.— (Continued) I Xef{.

A113

(Ts/p

I

I Lit.

Ij

Li3.— (CWd)

71.5 0.0450 (198) 72.2 0.0360 (256) 72.6

I

0.0323 (247)

0.082 0.130 (313)

0.173 0.161 ( 313 ) 0.225 0.373 0.458 * B5 0.32 0.43 0.54 0.66 0.79 €6 0.081 0.32 0.43 0.54 0.66 0.71 0.79 Cu29.... * Fe26.... 71.5 Li3 0.32

C3H8O3 C6H6 C8H18 C 9 H 12

0.147 (313) Mgl2.... 0.156 (313) Na23.... 0.260 (313) 0.29 (!2O) 0.154 (243)Pb82.... 0.162 (243) 0.169 (243)S n S O . . . . 0.165 (243)ZnSO.... 0.179 (243)H20 0.116J ( 5 ) 0.166 (243) 0.182 (243) 0.194 (243) 0.214 (243) 0.200 (191) 0.234 (243) 0.9 (120) 0.042 (198) 0.133 (243)N a C L . . .

Substance Glycerol Benzene Octane Mesitylene Turpentine Filter paper

|

X e ff.

I (Ts/p

I

Lit.

\ = 0.709 1 (MoKa) (348) I Wood I Paraffin | C6 | A113 | S16

(1)

0.43 0.165 (2 4 3) 0 I /wTT 0.54 0.157 (243) 60 1.19 2.29 1.08 0.46 0.66 0.169 (2 4 3) 75 1.85 3.10 1.31 0.74 0.25 0.71 0.168 (191) 90 2.73 4.69 1.45 0.91 0.42 0,79 0.200 (243) 105 3.21 5.16 1.82 1.23 0.67 0.035 (198) T2 . 2 120 4.57 5.49 2.26 1.45 0.32 0.173 (2 4 3) 135 5.38 6.52 3.42 2.11 0.43 0.191 (243) 150 6.21 6.98 4.05 2.52 4 0.54 0.248 (2 3) 165 7 OO 7.47 | 4.86 71.5 0.034 (198) C6 (280) ~= 120° 72.2 0.030 (256) ~ X = 0.709 i X C6 I A113 ~~ 72.2 0.032 (256) . . • lull/. 72.2 0.035 (256) 9 I I /Iu InJIu 72.6 0.0383 (247) 30 0.2 0.560 5.48 1 2.61 (349) 0.32 0.198 (243) 60 0.95 0.709 2.26 1.45 (348) 0.43 0.206 (243) 90 1.7 0.54 0.210 (243) Davis and Mitchell (Phys. Rev., Sept., 1928) have shown that, for carbon, 0.66 0.216 (243) the* scattered radiation considered above as unmodified, contains as well as the 0.79 0.228 (243) truly unmodified radiation, rays of approximate frequency (v — ve). They 0.161 0.185 (313) found no evidence of scattered rays of greater frequency than that of the primary radiation. Their results have an important bearing on theories giving distribu0.240 0.206 (313) tion of scattered radiation. The spectrum of the scattered radiation may 0.2850.170 (313) depend on the intensity of the primary rays. 0.501 0.201 (313) 0.41 0.234 (213) m

X | a-8/p \ Lit. 7 ^ 0 . 0 4 0 6 (247) 0.709 0.238 (191) 0.709 0.262 (i«i) 0.709 0.244 (191) 72-6 0.0352 (247) * 0.27 (120)

* Fairly soft X-rays, X e ff. = 0.75 A ca. t From ( 5 ), assuming
As values of a given by the equation
I

Im/Iu

II I

0.709 A, 6 = 90°

I

(1)

(349)

Li3 Be4 B5 C6 Nail Mgl2 A113 Sil4 816 K19 Ca20 Cr25 Fe26 Ni28 Cu29

I

Im/Iu

(348)

oo 8.72 7.02 5.48 3.04 2.78 2.61 2.33 1.91 1.72 1.71 0.75 0.51 0.40 0.21

Wood Paraffin C6 A113 S16

2.73 4.69 1.45 0.91 0.42 (280)

C6 AIlS S16 Cu29 Ag47 Pb82

1.7 0.7 0.29 0.32 0.21 0.024 (280)

A113

0.631 A, 0 = 90° 1 1.0

FIG. 2.—Change in wave-length on scattering (»7-1 is). Radiation is Moâ line (X = 0.71 A); scatterer is graphite (C). P = position of primary; T = calculated position of line as modified by scattering; B = angle of scattering; !
and

(

hv\2 17

+

/hve\* (~^)

Z

2h weC080 ^

=

1 .!!^/c*'

X* = X + (0.0486 sin* 0/2) I,

and the energy (E/2 = — - ,

> and y>, like B1 is measured from the direction

of propagation of the incident beam; see (104). This change in X is the same as, on the classical theory, would result from the Doppler effect if the initial velocity of the scattering electron were Ca/ (1 + «) and lay in the direction of propagation of the incident radiation; and, to a first approximation, it agrees with all the observed values (see Table 8). Scattering by bound electrons has been similarly treated ( 108 > 208 ). By taking into account the motion of the electron in its Bohr orbit, and assuming that the reaction between the electron and the impinging quantum is instanteous, a fair explanation only of the observed facts may be obtained ( 208 ); cf. (l 10). Unless the electron is dislodged from its energy level none of the scattered radiation is of the modified type. The frequency of the modified radiation scattered by electrons of a given energy level (characterized by VC) will have a definite maximum (v — vc)] hence the spectrum of the radiation scattered at a given angle should show a series of bands; they have not yet been observed. The short wave-length, c/(v — vc)j corresponding to any level, coincides exactly with that which characterizes the radiation excited by photoelectrons coming from the same level, but, in spite of early evidence to the contrary, it is certain that photoelectrons do not excite an appreciable amount of such tertiary radiation (11J 40 > 89-96, 100, 170, 172). For treatment of the Compton effect by the new quantum mechanics, see ( 140 > 164 > 222 > 299 > 332). TABLE 8.—CHANGE IN WAVE-LENGTH ON SCATTERING (28°) SXobs- = X0 — X, where X0 = average wave-length of the modified band scattered at angle 0; SXcaic. = (0.0486 sin2 6/2) A is the value calculated on assumption that the scattering electrons are initially free and at rest; atomic number and symbol of scattering substance are in column (1). 5Xobs. has been found to equal SXcsic. for X's lying between 0.211 1 and 0.709 A, and for 0 between 30 and 170°; see (U9 42, 72, 73, 75, 76, 105, 106, 107, ill, 115, 126, 170, 275-281, 302, 329, 346) ; the same is probably true for y-rays from Ra, but the data are not conclusive, the values of X and of \e having been merely inferred from the observed coefficients of absorption in Pb; see ( 105 > 192 ); cf. Fig. 2. Unit of X and SX = 0.001 i = 10"11 cm. (1)

I

X

I

0

I

aXpba.

I

SXcaic.

C6 709 30 3 ±1 3 C6 709 60 12 ± 0 . 1 12.1 C6 709 90 23.6+0.3 24.3 A113 709 90 24.4 + 0.1 24.3 A113 631 90 24.2+0.1 24.3 S16 709 90 24.0+0.5 24.3 Cu29 709 90 24.4 + 0.2 24.3 Ag47 709 90 23.8+0.2 24.3 Pb82 709 90 24.0+0.2 24.3 Distribution of Scattered Radiation (22-37, 62, 63, 104, 123, 128-130, 162, 319, 320)._several attempts (cf. Table 9), all based on the assumption that the centers of scattering are the individual electrons external to the nucleus, have been made to derive an

expression for I8ea [I&Qm, I8Qi] in terms of 0 and 7, the intensity of the unpolarized incident radiation. All obtained are of the form Is0a = %IF*7)(l + cos2 0), where 0 is the angle of scattering as measured from the direction of propagation of the incident radiation and TJ = e4/moC4. None of the expressions is entirely satisfactory. It is possible that one may be deduced from wave mechanics. Meanwhile, a qualitative explanation of the facts may be obtained as follows (174,176,210,338). {/-electrons scatter the radiation coherently, so that, if the number of J7-electrons is known, the distribution of the modified radiation can be approximately computed by the method used in obtaining expression 2 (Table 9). /^-electrons do not scatter the radiation coherently, so that, for wave-lengths of the order of 0.7 A, I8Qa (v. Table 9) for the unmodified radiation would be equal to %IijRo (1 + cos2 0)v'/v (v. 1 of Table 9), Re being the number of ^-electrons involved in scattering the modified radiation through the angle 0, v' the frequency of this radiation, arid v that of the primary radiation. The above expression only holds for moderate wavelengths, as Ise diminishes as v increases (see 4, 5 of Table 9, and comments thereon).

FIG. 3.—Scattering of X-rays by graphite (C) and benzene (CeHe) (189-191). The CeHe-curve is typical of the scattering by non-crystalline substances, the C-curve of that of crystalline substances. The difference between the two curves arises mainly from the difference in the regularity of the arrangement of the molecules in the two cases. Incident radiation consisted mainly of the M.oKa line (X = 0.71 A). Ie = intensity of radiation scattered at angle 0. All the theoretical expressions for F make it, and hence Isoa, a maximum when 0 = 0 , and, for gases, I8Qn in the region O ^ 0 < 7T/2 (cf. ( 131 )) has a single maximum at 0 == O, so that the unmodified radiation is scattered coherently by single molecules ( 176 ). In solid and pure liquid radiators, in which the atoms are arranged in a more or less orderly manner, I8Q01 apparently = O at 0 = O and has at least one maximum between 0=0 and 0 = TT/2 (143, 191, 203) ; c/. (133, 216, 314, 351). See Fig. 3. This results from interference between the radiations scattered by the different atoms or molecules. The value of 0 at which the maximum occurs is approximately proportional to X. For some liquids there are 2 maxima ( 217 > 218> 314), and for crystalline solids there may be many (cf. Fig. 3). For theories of scattering by liquids, see (131» 259, 352). Owing to such interference, correct values of I8Qa1 Isem, or I6Oi for small values of 0 cannot easily be derived from experiments on liquids or solids, except in certain cases with crystals, for which such expressions as 3 of Table 9 can be used; but as 0 increases, the effect of interference appears to decrease. For distribution of radiation diffusely scattered from single crystals, see (203). por effect of tempera/ture, see (61> !28, 200, 204, 357, 358).

TABLE 9.—TYPICAL FORMULAE FOB THE SCATTERING FUNCTION (F) 2

4

4

2

If incident radiation is unpolarized, 7,0« = %Ii)F*(l + cos 0); t\ — e /mjc ; a — h*>/m0c ; ^ = (^Smn/\) sin (0/2), where Smn distance from the w'th to the w'th electron; E = total energy reflected at angle B by a thick, ideally imperfect crystal rotating with a velocity of w radians per sec, 0/2 being the glancing angle at which the incident radiation (energy EI per sec) is reflected by the crystal, U the effective absorption coefficient, N = number of scattering units* per unit of volume, and e~^B(T) ain* */2J/X2 is the Debye temperature coefficient (128, 357, 358). For other symbols, see p. 8. Theory 1. fThomson

|

F* Z, er«« = O

I

I Lit. (319)

8^/3

m =Z n = Z

2. iDebye-Thomson.. . ^) 2} (sin ^)M ^0" = °

( 129 )

m — 1 n =1

3.

a™n-Compton. . -gyffi*^ • »<*> - >/»/>'

<»£'».

№

4 ||lx>mpton IIComnton 4.

Z &

5. IIBreit-Dirac

Z

(1

(1

C S g) + 2 (1 + )(1 + C 8 + ° *^2 e)(1" +a_"aCQa °0)6^ (1 +

+a -

a cos

Q)*

63

8 Z (1 "3(1 "+ 2 ^^r <"

d»S) (™*)

2

^"' ^ {T^ ~ 1^1 + 2<">} (66'14°)

174

176

210

33S

* Unit = atom, molecule, etc., see ( ). t Has a very limited application, assumes that electrons scatter independently of each other. In any case, only holds over a moderate range of wave-lengths. f Assumes there are no recoil electrons, that all the scattered radiation is unmodified in X, and that the electrons have fixed positions relative to the nucleus; cf. ( 1 0 4 > 163» 2 9 5 t 296 ). § Has been used to determine F, which in this case is called the scattering factor, for atoms and ions in imperfect crystals, but only applies to the unmodified

radiation, see ( » > > ). For corresponding formula for perfect crystals, and discussion of problems arising from the fact that in practice crystals 124 60 are not perfect, see ( ); cf. ( » 6*» 110). Il Based on quantum theories. Assumes the natural frequencies of the scattering electrons are small as compared with that of the incident radiation, all the scattered radiation then being of the unmodified type, and therefore incoherent. It requires that
TABLE 10.—OBSERVED DISTRIBUTION OF SCATTERED RADIATION

TABLE 10.—(Continued) Substance (157) | Li | Na | K ~H2° I CH3OH 2 6 I 1 -f cos 6 I (F6/F90)*, X == 0.19 1 140 1.59 0.95 0.79 0.79 5798 0.93 150 1.75 1.01 160 1.88 1.02 O 67 0.67 1.02 0.88 Cu (212); X = 0.41 A; Fj 0 = IAQZ = 43.2 0 .40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 l + e o s 2 0 . . . 1.59 1.41 1.25 1.12 1.03 1.00 1.03 1.12 (^W 90 ) 2 .... 3.26 2.41 1.68 1.60 1.44 1.00 0.97 1.03

Incident radiation unpolarized. /S0a(or Isem or Is0t) = %lF2rj(l -j- cos2 B)] rj = e4/m0c4 cgse units; 0 = angle of scattering as measured from direction of propagation of incident radiation. Effect of interference (see above) has been ignored, hence values of F are only approximately correct. Gap = length of spark-gap; unit = 1 cm. Scattering by atoms or molecules Values of (Fe/F90)z are given below, cf. (30, 97, 253, 359, 360). Primary rays have not been obtained by reflection from crystals. Paraffin wax (m), \ = 0.012 1 ca. 0 33 I 45 I 67 90 I 110 | 130 1 +cos20 1.70 1.50 1.15 1.00 1.12 1.41 (Fe/F^y 5.05 3.33 1.65 1.00 0.63 0.43 Filter paper (12°), unfiltered X-rays Gap I 1.0 I 1.5 I 2.1 I 3.5 | 4.0 " O I 1 + cos2 0 I (Fe/F^Y 10 1.97 1.86 1.88 2.15 2.18 2.33 15 1.92 1.69 1.80 1.87 1.69 1.49 20 1.88 1.54 1.60 1.46 1.45 1.22 25 1.81 1.39 1.26 1.29 1.09 30 1.71 1.22 1.22 1.13 1.20 40 1.59 1.12 1.09 1.05 1.05 0.96 Substance (157) I Li | Na | K | H2O [CH3OH

0 I "IF 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130

2

1 -f cos 0 I 1.97 1.10 1.88 0.96 1.75 0.94 1.59 1.01 1.41 1.00 1.25 1.08 1.12 1.03 1.04 1.00 1.00 1.03 1.12 1.25 0.96 1.41

Scattering by ions in single crystals Data are derived from the intensities of reflected rays, and apply to the unmodified radiation only; they require correction for temperature, v. ( 61 > 128* 200 > 354> 355> 357> 358), and may contain small errors due to uncertainties in the values of the extinction coefficients. They indicate that as O approaches zero, F approaches a value equal to the number of extranuclear electrons associated with the ion; e.g., 10 in the case* of Na+. In each case, the number of such electrons is indicated by a subscript; e.g.j Na+0. t — 29O0C. NaCl, Rock salt X = 0.586 A (61, 62, 63)

[ X = 0.709 A ("S); c/. (183)

Ion I NaJ0 I CIr8 | Na+ | CIr8 | 0 I F I F2 I 2 11.4 8.32 12.72 69.2 161.8 (Fe/^90), X = 0.19 1 3.18 3.24 1.50 1.3412.5 7.61 10.59 57.9 112.1 1.79 2.02 0.90 0.85 15 6.23 8.60 38.8 74.0 1.66 1.54 0.94 0.90 20 4.91 7.44 24.1 55.4 1.71 1.21 0.92 0.90 25 4.01 6.50 16.1 42.2 1.18 1.18 0.96 0.98 30 3.37 5.78 11.4 33.4 1.19 1.19 0.98 0.94 35 2.75 5.15 7.56 26.5 1.03 1.03 1.04 0.99 40 45 2.22 4.61 4.93 21.2 1.04 1.04 1.04 1.76 4.15 3.10 17.2 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 50 55 1.37 3.70 1.88 13.7 1.02 60 0.76 3.16 0.58 10.0 0.98 70 0.98 0.98 0.96 80 0.97

Na+ | CIr8 | Na+ | CIr8 F I F* 9.00 13.6 81.0 185 7.00 9.45 49.0 89.1 4.48 6.72 20.1 44.2 2.70 4.86 7.29 23.6 1.75 3.56 3.06 12.7 1.02 2.55 1.04 6.50 0.55 1.82 0.30 3.31 0.19 1.34 0.04 1.80

TABLE 10.—(Continued) °f

9

NaF (»••)

°f»

LiF QSS)

Filtered X-rays, Air (it3) Oj*

V

Ogflff;

I

Xeff.

I

(T/r

I NR/NT

I

0.71 0.27 0.10 0.44 0.12 0.9 0.29 3.8 2.7 0.20 10 9 0.17 17 17 0.13 34 72 I

21 Ion I Nato I FT0 || Ion j LiJ" | Fr0 || Ion | CaI8+ | Fr0 34 52 0 I F Il 0 F Il 0 I F 74 17.7 7.76 6.44 17.6 1.26 5.89 12.915.9 20 7.25 5.90 20 1.25 5.5 20 12.9 6.00 84 111 30 5.13 3.65 30 1.00 3.4 30 9.7 3.35

NR

[

N7

5 10 33 74 68 72

49 11 12 8 4 1

* Rays reflected from a crystal. 40 3.47 2.08 40 0.70 2.22 40 7.3 2.25 t Calculated on assumptions of Jauncey ( 2 0 8 ). 50 2.22 1.43 50 0.45 1.55 50 5.75 1.58 60 1.40 1.00 60 0.31 1.07 60 4.76 1.23 APPARENT COEFFICIENT OF ABSORPTION 70 1.10 0.70 70 0.17 0.75 70 3.76 0.93 80 0.82 0.55 80 0.13 0.58 80 3.00 0.70 If the absorbing plate is placed very close to the ionization chamber, radiation scattered from the absorber enters the cham90 0.55 0.46 90 0.10 0.47 90 2.62 0.52 ber. The apparent coefficient of absorption Qi') so obtained is For Al, see (38); see also (60, 61, 88, 110, isi, 178). less than the true. All the following data refer to such apparent For effect of temperature on intensity of reflection of X-rays coefficients. For effect of method of filtration on value of /*', from crystals and latest interpretation of results such as those see (177). given above, see paper by James, Waller and Hartree, 5, 118: 334; TABLE 12.—APPARENT COEFFICIENT OF ABSORPTION OF CERTAIN 28, GROUPS OF Y-RAYS RELATIONS BETWEEN ABSORPTION, SCATTERING AND Absorbing plate is close to ionization chamber, /t' = apparent ELECTRON EMISSION coefficient of absorption; absorbing substance is indicated by On the quantum theory of absorption and scattering, the intensubscript. Values of (///p)pb are at end of table. Unit of sity of a radiation of frequency v is Nhvj where N is the number of 2 quanta of energy that pass per unit of time through a unit of area M'/P = 1 cm /g.

taken normal to the direction of propagation. Hence Ix — /0e"MX is equivalent to Nx = N0e~^x, and if each scattered quantum were accompanied by a recoil electron, then ar/r would equal NR/NT, where NR and NT are, respectively, the numbers of recoiland of photo-electrons. But some of the scattered radiation (the unmodified) is not accompanied by recoil electrons, hence, in general, O-/T > NR/NT. These two ratios approach equality as X and Z decrease, either separately or conjointly. The values of NR and ATT have been determined only for gases; for values and comparison of NR/Nr with VK1 where VK is the value of vc for the IT-level, then more photoelectrons are emitted from the JKMevel than from all others (68, 273) ? and most of the absorption occurs in that level (cf. Fig. 1). In every case the relative numbers of photoelectrons ejected from the several levels depend on the relation of v to the several values of ve, and none are ejected from those levels for which VC > v] the absorption varies similarly. As the number of photoelectrons emitted with energy hv is negligible, it is concluded that free electrons produce a negligible amount of photoelectric absorption. More photoelectrons are emitted in the direction of propagation of the incident radiation, than in the opposite direction (7, 134, 340, 341).

Theories (14, 15, 78).

TABLE 11.—RELATION BETWEEN ABSORPTION AND THE NUMBER OF EJECTED ELECTRONS NR and JVT = number of recoil electrons and of primary photoelectrons (those having energy = h(v — vc)}',
X 0.614 0.614 1.54 0.57 0.55

**{N*. , Obs. I CaIc. f OT42 0.286 0.340 0.28 0.194 0.227 0.02 O 0.41 0.330 0.34 1.75 1.58 1.61 */r

NR

Nr

116 406" 119 613 137 418 153 97

Source | (MVp)Al | Lit. U-X 1 ... 90,91 8.9* ( 2 6 2 ) 0.26 (262) U-X2... 0.052 ( 2 6 2 ) Io 90 400 (82) 8.35*

||

Source Ac-C".. 81 Ms-Th2. 89 Th-B...

82

( 8 2)

| (MVP)AI | Lit. 0.073 ( 2 9 2 ) 9.5* (292) 0.043 (292) 59 (292) 11.8* (292)

0.15

Ra

88

130

(284)

6

(284)

ttaB Ra B ~ -"

82 ^

S?' 1 H7* O.'lSS

Ra-C...

83

0.085

(224)

O 047

(224}

°' 21

E"ol "o W (

82

16.5* °'36

17 o

Source U-Xi... U-X 2 ... *-B...

o'37

Ra-F... Rd Ar Kd-Ac..

84 215 90 9 3* 90 ».d^

Ac-B....

82

(292)

(292)

90 91 82

Lit.

0.20 ("O) 0.064 (180) 4.1 (263) 0'41

0.41

(223)

^

4.1

(...)

(...)

°'f

£,

(2M)

013 u>1<3

^ i«;

It6

83

0.13

0.036 i] fcVpJPb I

Ha-C..

83

(122\

Ra E

- -

81

"3)

Oi 0424 (W Ra-D...

Th-C"..

132

K

M

(284) (292) ( ;

Th-C"..

o:09 2 w

9

^

...'

(14>>

°'0434 (263) O

SiSS 4 W

*-™<- « j-£ <:;:> 81

^ O.Ub2 (<"») 0.041 (308)

44 (292) 11.5* ( 2 9 2 ) 0.167

(292)

* Very close to value of G*'/p)Al for element's L-radiation.

TABLE 13.—MINIMUM APPARENT COEFFICIENT OF ABSORPTION OF 7-RAYS Absorbing plates are close to ionization chamber. The radiation being quite heterogeneous, increasing the thickness of the absorbing plate increases the hardness of the transmitted radiation until M' finally reaches a fixed minimum value, cf. (283, 308, 309), Jt is this minimum that is tabulated. (For variation of /*' with filtration, see Table 14.) Unit of p = 1 g/cm3; of n' = 1 cm""1; of M'/P — 1 cm2/g. AU

U

Absorber Paraffin* Glass Magnesiaf

I

100Q*Vp)min

^^ j 0.862 3.61 2.52 3.52 1-92 3.23 P

R^Q | ^^|

^^ 4.64 5.80 5.02 4.16 4.48 4.84 4.69 4.78

Absorber—miscellaneous ( 81 > 82 ) Hardener = Pb;/ 0 = O; x is not stated


AK

u

I

Absorber

IQO(M '/p}min

-^-^ | ^

P

| ^^|

^

Slate

2.854

3.37

4.14

4.69

Al, Z =13 S,t Z = 16

2.77 1.785

3.24 3.69

4.06 4.38

4.21 4.65

4.69 5.16

Fe, Z = 2 6 . . .

7.62

3.28

3.99

4.15

4.72

Cu, Z = 2 9 . .

8.81

3.34

3.98

4.23

4.72

Brass

8.35

3.25

3.89

4.25

4.70

Zn, Z = 30

7.07

3.30

3.93

4.24

4.65

Sn, Z = 50 Hg7Z=SO Pb, Z = 82

7.245 13.59 11.4

3.26

3.88 4.72§ 4.34||

4.21

4.70 6.12 6.36

5.44

* Paraffin wax, values of /u'min are high on account of presence of H. f Magnesia brick. t Values of n'min are probably too high. § Valid for thickness between 1 and 25 cm ( 2 8 3 ). Il Valid for thickness between 2 and 22 cm ( 3 0 9 ); cf. ( 308 » 321 ).

TABLE 14.—APPARENT COEFFICIENT OF ABSORPTION OF FILTERED 7-RAYS

Rays from Ra(B and C). Unless the filtering is such that, for a thin plate of the absorber, /*' = n'min of the absorber (v. Table 13), an additional filtering through the absorber will cause // to approach »fmin. In general, the filtered rays are softened by transmission through a substance of lower atomic weight than the filter, and are hardened in the reverse case ( 167 ). For the following data the filter consisted of two plates: A "hardener" H of thickness /^, and a plate of the absorber of thickness /a. After passing through these plates in the order named, the apparent absorption (/*') of the rays by a second plate of the absorber, thickness Xj is measured. The three plates are stacked close together and the plate of thickness x is in contact with the ionization chamber. Observed values of M'IP may be compared with those of Table 13. Unit of/ 0 , /A, and x = 1 cm; of MVP = 1 cm 2 /gAbsorber = Al ( 249 ), x = 3.2 cm

/a = H

I 0.2 I

fh

O 2.4 2.5 0.2 1.1 2.0 2.9 3.8

Cu Sn Pb Pb Pb Pb Pb

I 3.4

I 6.6

I

I 9.8

|

13

10(V/p

9.57 3.58 3.18 3.54 2.92 2.77 2.67 2.52

4.27 3.85 3.51 3.75 3.21 3.15 3.01 2.92

4.23 4.02 3.71 3.85 3.41 3.23 3.22 3.15

4.24 4.03 3.83 3.96 3.61 3.41 3.30 3.27

4.23 4.04 3.81 3.99 3.64 3.48 3.38 3.35

Absorber = Fe (249)

x~^ /oj= H

078 0.2

2 2

I fh O

Al Cu Sn Pb Pb Pb Pb Pb

I 1

7.5 2.4 2.5 0.2 1.1 2.0 2.9 3.8

2 4

2 6

2 8

j

2 10

IOOM'/P 4.53(?)

4.28

4.20

4.13

4.02

3.95

4.58 4.16 3.56 3.83 2.91 3.37 2.79 3.15 2.75 3.07 2.71 3.04

4.21 4.11 3.84 3.96 3.53 3.39 3.32 3.29

4.08 4.02 3.86 3.98 3.67 3.57 3.51 3.50

4.02 4.01 3.90 3.97 3.76 3.70 3.64 3.61

3.97 3.93 3.89 3.96 3.78 3.72 3.68 3.67

3.94 3.92 3.89 3.92 3.83 3.76 3.70 3.70

fh = Material

I 0.3 |

I 1.0

Il

100/* VP

||

Air (gas)

4.8

Air (liquid) H

4.84 4.7*

4.60

fh= Material

I 0.3 j

I

1.0

100/* VP

CO2

5.1

4.70

H 2 O (liquid) Wood

5.58 5.21

4.72 4.29

* Apparently too small; cf. O). LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) (i) Ahmad, 5, 105: 507; 24. (2) Ahmad and Stoner, 5, 106: 8; 24. ( 3 ) Allen, 2, 34: 296; 12. (*) Allen, 2, 24: 1; 24. (5) Allen, 2, 27: 266; 26. (6) Allen, 2, 28: 907; 26. (7) Allen and Alexander, 2, 9: 198; 17. ( 8 ) Allison, Clark and Duane, 197, 10: 379; 24. ( 9 ) Allison and Duane, 197, 10: 196; 24. (10) Allison and Duane, 197, 10: 298; 24. (U) Allison and Duane, 197, 11: 25; 25. (12) Armstrong, Duane and Stifler, 197, 10: 374; 24. (13) Auger, 51, 6: 205; 25. O 4 ) Auger, 34, 180: 1939; 25. O 5 ) Auger and Perrin, 34, 180: 1742; 25. (16) Aure"n, 3, 33: 471; 17. O 7 ) Aur6n, 3, 37: 165; 19. (18) Aur6n, 147, 4: Nos. 3, 5; 20. (19) Auren, 3, 41: 733; 21. (20) Aur6n, 147, 4: No. 10; 22. (21) Balderston, 2, 27: 696; 26. (22) Barkla, 3, 7: 543; 04. (23) Barkla, 3, 11: 812; 06. (2*) Barkla, 3, 15: 288; 08. (25) Barkla, 801, 15: 257; 09. (26) Barkla, 3, 21: 648; 11. (27) Barkla, 3, 22: 396; 11. (28) Barkla, 3, 92: 501; 16. (29) Barkla, 68, 217: 315; 17. (30) Barkla and Ayres, 3, 21: 270; 11. ( 3 I) Barkla and Collier, 3, 23: 987; 12. (32) Barkla and Dunlop, 3, 31: 222; 16. (33) Barkla and Nicol, 67, 24: 9; 11. (34) Barkla and Sadler, 3, 14: 408; 07. (35) Barkla and Sadler, 3, 16: 550; 08. (36) Barkla and Sale, 3, 45: 737; 23. (37; Barkla and White, 3, 34: 270; 17. (38) Bearden, 2, 29: 20; 27. (39) Beatty, 3,14: 604; 07. (40) Beatty, 5, 89: 324; 13. (41) Becker, 2, 22 : 320; 23. (42) Becker, 197, 10: 342; 24. (43) Bennett, 1,97, 11: 601; 25. ( 44 ) Benoist, 250, 1901: 204. (45) Bergengren, 34, 171: 624; 20. (46) Blau, 75, 127 Ha: 1253; 18. ( 47 ) Blau and Altenburger, 96, 25: 200; 24. (48) Bohr and Coster, 96, 12: 342; 23. (49) Bohr, Kramers and Slater, 3, 47: 785; 24. (50) Bothe, 96, 16: 319; 23. (5i) Bothe, 96, 20: 237; 23. (52) Bothe, 63, 26: 410; 25. ( 53 ) Bothe, 96, 40: 653; 27. ( 54 ) Bothe and Geiger, 96, 26: 44; 24. (55) Bragg, 3, 14: 429; 07. (56) Bragg, 3, 17: 855; 09. (57) Bragg, 3, 20: 385; 10. (58) Bragg, 3, 27: 881; 14. (59) Bragg, 3, 29: 407; 15. (60) Bragg and Bragg, X-rays and crystal structure. London, Bell, 1925. (61) Bragg, Darwin and James, 3, 1: 897; 26. ( 62 ) Bragg, James and Bosanquet, 3, 41: 309; 21. (63) Bragg, James and Bosanquet, 3, 42: 1; 21. (64) Bragg and Madsen, 3, 16: 918; 08. (65) Bragg and Peirce, 3, 28: 626; 14. (66) Breit, 2, 27: 242; 26. (67) Brillouin, 16, 17: 88; 22. (68) de Broglie, 34, 172: 274; 21. (69) de Broglie, 34, 172: 527; 21. (70) de Broglie, 51, 3: 33; 22. (71) de Broglie, BlOl. (72) de Broglie, 34, 178: 908; 24. (73) de Broglie, 67, 36: 423; 24. (74) de Broglie and de Broglie, 34, 178: 383; 24. (75) de Broglie and Dauvillier, 34, 179: 11; 24. (76) de Broglie and Dauvillier, 51, 6: 369; 25. (77) de Broglie and Friedel, 34, 176: 738; 23. (78) Bubb, 3, 49: 824; 25. (79) Burbidge, 3, 43: 381; 22. (80) Burbidge, 3, 43: 389; 22. (81) Chadwick, 67, 24: 152; 12. (82; Chadwick and Russell, 5, 88: 217; 13. (83) Chapman, 3, 21: 446; 11. (84) Chapman, 5, 86: 439; 12. (85) Chapman, 5, 88: 24; 13. (86) Chapman and Guest, 801, 16: 136; 11. (87) Chapman and Piper, 3, 19: 897; 10. (88; Claassen, 67, 38: 482; 26. (89) Clark and Duane, 197, 9: 126; 23. (90) Clark and Duane, 197, 9: 413; 23. ( 9 I) Clark and Duane, 197, 10: 41; 24. (92) Clark and Duane, 197, 10: 48; 24. (93) Clark and Duane, 197, 10: 92; 24. (94) Clark and Duane, 197, 10: 191; 24. (95) Clark and Duane, 197, 11: 173; 25. ( 96 ) Clark, Duane and Stifler, 197, 10: 148; 24. (97) Compton, 2, 14: 247; 19. (98) Compton, 3, 41: 749; 21. (99) Compton, 3, 41: 770; 21. (ioo) Compton, 2, 17: 38; 21. (ioi) Compton, 2, 18: 96; 21. (102) Compton, 68, 108: 366; 21. (103) Compton, 2, 19: 267; 22. (104) Compton, 337, 4: No. 20; 22. (ios) Compton, 2, 21: 207, 483, 715; 23. (106) Compton, 2, 22: 409; 23. (107) Compton, 3, 46: 897; 23. (i° 8 ) Compton, 2, 24: 168; 24. (109) Compton, 197, 11: 303; 25. (UO) Compton, X-rays and electrons. New York, Van Nostrand, 1926. (Hi) Compton and Bearden, 197, 11: 117; 25. (112) Compton and Hubbard, 2, 23: 439; 24. («3) Compton and Simon, 2, 25: 306; 25. ("«) Compton and Simon, 2, 26: 289; 25. (U 5 ) Compton and Woo, 197, 10: 271; 24. (H6) Crowther, 3, 14: 653; 07. ("*) Crowther, 201, 16: 177; 11. (H8) Crowther, 67, 85: 29; 11. ("») Crowther, 201, 16: 534; 12. (120) Crowther, 5, 86: 478; 12. (121) Crowther, 3, 42: 719; 21. (122) Curie and Fournier, 34, 176: 1301; 23. (123) Darwin, 3, 27: 315, 675; 14. (124) Darwin, 3, 43: 800; 22. (125) Dauvillier, 34, 178: 476; 24. (126) Dauvillier, 34, 178: 2076; 24. (127) Debierne, 34, 173: 140; 21. (128) Debye, 88, 15: 678, 738, 857; 13. (12 9) Debye, 8, 46: 809; 15.

(130) Debye, 63, 24: 161; 23. (131) Debye, 285, 4: 133; 25. 6S1 28: 135; 27. (132) Debye and Scherrer, 6S1 17: 277; 16. (133) Debye and Scherrer, 188, 1916: 1. (134) DeFoe, 3, 49: 817; 25. (»35) DeFoe, £, 27: 675; 26. (136) Dessauer, 6S9 15: 739, 942; 14. («7) Dessauer, 03, 21: 571; 20. (138) Dessauer and Herz, 96, 27: 56; 24. (139) Dessauer and Vierheller, 00, 4: 131; 21. (140) Dirac, 5, 111: 405; 26. (141) Duane, Amer. J. Roentgen., 10: 935; 23. (142) Duane and Clark, 2, 21: 379; 23. (i 43 ) Duane and Duane, 2, 20: 86; 22. (i**) Duane and Mazumder, 197, 8: 45; 22. (145) Dunbar, 3, 49: 210; 25. ( 14 6) Eckart, £, 24: 591; 24. (147) Ellis, 5, 101: 1; 22. .( l 4 8 ) Enderle, 75, 131 IIa: 589; 22. (149; Eve, 3, 16: 224; 08. (ISO) Eve, S, 18: 275; 09. ("i) Ewald, 68, 26: 29; 25. ( 152 ) Florance, 3, 20: 921; 10. (153) Florance, 3, 27: 225; 14. (154) Florance, 3, 28: 363; 14. (155) Fricke, 2, 16: 202; 20. (156) Fricke and Glasser, 197, 10: 441; 24. (157) Friedrich and Bender, 8, 73: 505; 24. (i"; Friedrich and Glasser, 96, 11: 93; 22. (159) Glasson, 201, 15: 437; 10. (160) Glocker, 63, 17: 488; 16. (i«) Glocker, 00, 5: 389; 21. (162) Glocker and Kaupp, 8, 64: 541; 21. (i«3) Glocker and Kaupp, 63t 22: 200; 21. (164) Gordon, 96, 40: 117; 26. (i««) Gourdy, JJ, 3: 622; 13. (i««) Gray, 5, 87: 489; 12. (™i) Gray, 3, 26: 611; 13. (168) Gray, 143, 190: 633; 20. (169) Gray, 58, 108: 435; 21. (170) Gray, 00, 16 III: 129; 22. (i71) Gray, 2, 23: 289; 24. (172) Gray, 2, 25: 237; 25. ("S) Gray, 55, 115: 13, 86; 25. (174) Gray, 00, 20 III: 181; 26. (175) Gray, 69, 21 III: 179; 27. ("6; Gray and Cave, 69, 21 III: 157; 27. (177) Gray and Cave, 69, 21 III: 163; 27. ("«) Greenwood, 3, 3: 963; 27. (179) Guilleminot, 34, 159: 56; 14. (180) Hahn and Meitner, 96, 17: 157; 23. (i«) Halpern, 00, 30: 153; 24. 38: 149; 26. (182) Ham, 2, 30: 96; 10. (183) Harris, Bates and Maclnnes, 2, 28: 235; 26. (184) Hartree, S1 50: 289; 25. (185) Havighurst, 2, 28: 869; 26. (186) Hermann, 63, 21: 534; 20. (187) Hess, 75, 120 Ua: 1205; 11. (188) Hess and Lawson, 75, 125 Ua: 285; 16. (189) Hewlett, 8, 17: 284; 21. (190) Hewlett, 2, 19: 265; 22. (191) Hewlett, 2, 20: 688; 22. ("2) Hoffmann, 96, 36: 251; 26. ("3) Holweck, 16, 17: 5; 22. (194) Holweck, 34, 176: 570; 23. ( 195 ) Houstoun, 68, 40: 34, 43; 20. O 9 6 ) Hull, 2, 10: 661; 17. (197) Hull and Rice, 2, 8: 326; 16. (198) Ighino, S, 33: 129; 17. (i") Jaeger, 64P, 17: 1204; 15. (200) James, S1 49: 585; 25. ( 2 Oi) James and Randall, 3, 1: 1202; 26. (202) Jauncey, 2, 19: 435; 22. (203) Jauncey, 2, 20: 405; 22. (204) Jauncey, 2, 20: 421; 22. (205j Jauncey, 2, 22: 233; 23. (2®6) Jauncey, 197, 10: 57; 24. ( 2 °7) Jauncey, 2, 23: 580; 24. (208) Jauncey, 2, 25: 314, 723; 25. (209) Jauncey, S, 49: 427; 25. (210) Jauncey, 2, 29: 757; 27. (2ii; Jauncey and Boyd, 2, 28: 620; 26. (212) Jauncey and Coven, 2, 28: 426; 26. ( 2 I 3 ; Jauncey and May, 2, 23 : 128; 24. (214) Kaye, 62, 209: 123; 08. (215) Kaye, X-rays. New York, Longmans, 1923. (216) Keesom and de Smedt, 64P, 25: 118; 22. (217) Keesom and de Smedt, 64P, 26: 112; 23. (218) Keetman, 8, 52: 709; 17. (2i 9 ) Kirchner, 8, 83: 969; 27. (220) Kirkpatrick, 2, 22: 414; 23. (221) Kirschbaum, 8, 46: 85; 14. (222) Klein, 96, 41: 407; 27. (223) Kohlrausch, 75, 126 Ua: 441; 17. (224) Kohlrausch, 63, 19: 345; 18. (225) Kohlrausch, 63, 28: 1; 27. (226) Kossel, 88, 16: 898, 953; 14. (227) Kossel, 00, 19: 333; 23. (228) Kossel, 00, 23: 278; 24. (229) Kovarik, 2, 23: 559; 24. (230) Kramers, 3, 46: 836; 23. (231) Kroenig and Friedrich, Principles of physics and biology of radiation therapy. New York, Rebman, 1922. (232) Kulenkampff, 96, 19: 17; 23. (233) Laird, 2, 29: 41; 27. (234) Lang, 8, 53: 279, 337; 17. (235) Laub, 63, 14: 992, 1209; 13. (236) Laub, 63, 15: 140, 342; 14. (a*7) Maizlish, 143, 197: 667; 24. (238) Mark and Szilard, 96, 33: 688; 25. (239) Martin, 201, 23: 783; 27. (240) Martin, 5, 115: 420; 27. (241) Meitner, 96, 22: 334; 24. (242) Meitner and Hahn, 63, 14:873; 13. (243) Mertz, 2, 28: 891; 26. (244) Miller, 2, 8: 309; 16. (245) Morehouse, 2, 27: 794; 26. (246) Moseley and Makower,

*

3, 23: 302; 12. (247) Neukirchen, 00, 6: 106; 21. (248) Nuttall and Williams, 3, 1: 1217; 26. (249) Qba, 3, 27: 601; 14. (250) Olson, Dershem and Storch, 2, 21: 30; 23. (251) Oppenheimer, 00, 41: 268; 27. (252) Owen, 801, 16: 161; 11. (253) Owen, 5, 86: 426; 12. (254) Owen, 5, 94: 339; 18. (255) Owen, 5, 94: 510; 18. (256) Owen, Fleming and Fage, 67, 36: 355; 24. (257) Pealing, 3, 24: 765; 12. (258) Plimpton, 3, 42: 302; 21. (259) Raman and Ramanathan, SIiB, 8: 127; 23. (260) Rawlinson, 3, 28: 274; 14. (261) Read, 2, 28: 898; 26. (262) Richardson, 3, 27: 252; 14. (263) Richardson, 5, 91: 396; 15. (264) Richtmyer, 2, 17: 264; 21. (265) Richtmyer, 2, 17: 433; 21, (266) Richtmyer, 2, 18: 13; 21. (267) Richtmyer, 2, 19: 418; 22. (268) Richtmyer, 2, 26: 724; 25. (269) Richtmyer, 2,21:1; 26. (270) Richtmyer and Grant, 2, 15: 547; 20. (271) Richtmyer and Spencer, 2, 23: 550; 24. (272) Richtmyer and Warburton, 2, 22: 539; 23. (273) Robinson, 5, 104: 455; 23. (274) ROS8> ^, 22: 279; 23. (275) ROSSt 2, 22: 524; 23. (276) ROSS, 197, 9 : 246; 23. (277) R088, 197, 10: 304; 24. (278) Ross, 2, 26: 282; 25. (279) ROS8| 197, n : 507; 25. (280) R088, 197, 11: 569; 25. (281) Ross and Webster, 197, 11: 56; 25. (282) Ross and Webster, 197, 11: 61; 25. (283) Russell, 5, 88: 75; 13. (284) Russell and Chad wick, 3, 27: 112; 14. (285) Russell and Soddy, 3, 21: 130; 11. (286) Rutherford, 3, 34: 153; 17. (287) Rutherford and Andrade, S, 27: 854; 14. (288) Rutherford and Barnes, S, 28: 263; 14. (289) Rutherford and Andrade, 3, 30: 361; 15. (290) Rutherford and Richardson, 3, 25: 722; 13. (291) Rutherford and Richardson, 3, 26: 324; 13. (292) Rutherford and Richardson, 3, 26: 937; 13. (293) Sadler, 3, 18: 107; 09. (294) Sadler and Mesham, 3, 24: 138; 12. (295) Schott, 5, 96: 395; 20. (296) Schott, 5, 104: 153; 23. (297) Schott, 2, 23: 119; 24. (298) Schottky, 63, 17: 581; 16. (299) Schrodinger, 8, 82: 257; 27. (300) Seitz, 63, 7: 689; 06. ( 3 Oi) Seitz, 63, 13: 476; 12. (302) Sharp, 2, 26: 691; 26. (303) Siegbahn, 63, 15: 753; 14. (304) Siegbahn, B78. ( 3 OS) Simons, 3, 41: 120; 21. (306) Skobelzyn, 00, 24: 393; 24. 28: 278; 24. 43: 354; 27. (307) Smekal, 63, 27: 831; 26. (308) Soddy and Russell, 3, 18: 620; 09. (309) Soddy, Soddy and Russell, 3, 19: 725; 10. (310) Sogani, Indian J. Physics, 1: 357; 27. (3U) Stark, 63, 10: 902; 09. (312) Stark, 63, 13: 973; 12. (313) Statz, 00, 11: 304; 22. (314) Stewart and Morrow, 2, 30: 232; 27. (315) Stoner and Martin, 5, 107: 312; 25. (316) Takeuchi, 219, 2: 126; 20. (317) Taylor, 2, 20: 709; 22. (318) Thibaud, 34, 179: 815; 24. (319) Thomson, Conduction of electricity through gases. New York, Putnam, 1906. (320) Thomson, SOl, 14: 109; 07. (321) Tuomikoski, 63, 10: 372; 09. (322) Unnewehr, 2, 22: 529; 23. (323) Voltz, 63, 16: 306; 15. (324) Walter, 00, 20: 257; 23. (325) Walter, 00, 30: 357; 24. (326) Walter, 00, 32: 409; 25. (327) Warburton and Richtmyer, 2, 23: 291; 24. (328) Webster, 197, 10: 186; 24. ( 329 ) Webster and Ross, 197, 11: 224; 25. (330) WeIo, 51, 4: 71; 23. (331) Wentzel, 00, 38: 518; 26. (332) Wentzel, 00, 43:1, 779; 27. (333) Whiddington, 201, 15: 574; 10. (334) Whiddington, 5, 85: 99; 11. (335) Whiddington, 201, 16: 150; 11. (336) Whiddington, 3, 43: 1116;22. (337) Williams, 5, 94: 567; 18. (338) Williams, 3, 2: 657; 26. (339) Wilson, 3, 21: 532; 11. (340) Wilson, 5, 104: 1; 23. (341) Wilson, 5, 104: 192; 23. (342) Wingardh, 00, 8: 363; 22. (343) Wingardh, Diss., Lund, 1923. (344) Wingardh, 00, 20: 315; 23. (345) Woo, 197, 10: 145; 24. (346) Woo, 197, 11: 123; 25. (347) WOO, 2, 25: 444; 25. (348) Woo, 2, 27: 119; 26. (349) Woo, 2, 28: 426; 26. (350) Wyckoff, 12, 5: 277; 23. (351) Wyckoff, 12, 5: 455; 23. (352) Zernike and Prins, 00, 41: 184; 27. (353; Ahmad, 5,109: 206; 25. (354) Backhurst, 5, 102: 340; 22. (355) Bragg, 62, 215: 264; 15. (356) Compton, 2, 9: 29; 17. 10: 95; 17. (357) Debye, 8, 43: 49; 14. (358) Waller, Diss., Upsala, 1925. (359) Klein and Nishiwa, 58, 122: 398; 28. (360) Kohlrausch, Radioactivitat, p. 17-189. Akad. Verlagsge. Leipzig, 1928.

EMISSION OF X-RAYS, WAVE-LENGTHS AND DATA ON ABSORPTION LIMITS12 D. L. WEBSTER, W. W. NICHOLAS AND MANNE SIEGBAHN CONTENTS Units and constants. Notation. General. Normal energy-levels, series, and subseries. Quantum notation. Normal lines: notation, intensities and width. Non-diagram lines. Origin of X-rays. Planck's constant. Line spectra. General characteristics. Variation of frequency with atomic number. Regular doublets. Irregular doublets. Selection principles. Intensities of lines. Variation with energy-level. Relative intensities within a subseries. Variation with tube voltage. Ratio to continuous spectrum. Primary standards of wavelength. Limiting frequencies of series.

MATIERES Unites et constantes. Notation. Generalites. Niveaux d'energie normaux, series et subseries. Notation quantique. Raies normales : notation, intensites et largeur. Raies ne figurant pas dans les diagrammes. Origine des rayons X. Constante de Planck. Spectres de raies. Caracteristiques generates. Variation de Ia frequence avec Ie nombre atomique. Doublets reguliers. Doublets irreguliers. Principes de selection. Intensites des raies. Variation avec Ie niveau d'energie. Intensites relatives dans une subserie. Variation avec Ie voltage du tube. Rapport au spectre continu. Etalons primaires de longueur d'onde. Frequences limites des series.

INHALTSVERZEICHNIS Einheiten und Konstanten. Bezeichmmgen. Allgemeines. Normale Energieniveaux, Serien und Subserien. Quantenbezeichnungen . Normallinien : Bezeichnungen, Intensitaten und Weiten. Nichtdiagram-Linien. Ursprung der Rontgenstrahlen. Planck-Konstante. Linien-Spektra. Allgemeine Charakteristik. Frequenzanderung mit der Atomzahl. Regelmassige Dubletts. Unregelmassige Dubletts. Trennungs Prinzipien. Linien Intensitaten. Anderung mit dem Energieniveau. Relative Intensitaten innerhalb der Subserien. Xnderung mit der Rohrenspannung. Verhaltnis zum kontinuierlichen Spektrum. Wellenlangen Standards. Frequenz der Endserien.

Absorption limits: fine structure and effect of chemical combination.

Spectres d' emission caracteristiques et limites d 'absorption. Limites d'absorption: structure fine et effet de Ia combinaison chimique.

Charakteristische Emissionsspektra und Absorptionsgrenzen. Absorptionsgrenzen : Feinstruktur und der Einfluss chemischer Bindung.

Continuous spectra.

Spectres continus.

Kontinuierliche Spektra.

Characteristic emission spectra and absorption limits.

UNITS AND CONSTANTS All quantities are expressed in cgse (cgs electrostatic) units unless others are indicated. Wave-lengths are expressed in Angstrom units (i), or in mi (ImA = 0.001 A = IXU = 10~n cm), electrical potential in absolute volts (1 abs. volt = 108 cgsm unit = 3.3349 X 10~3 cgse unit = 0.99958 Int. volt (v)*) and in absolute kilo-volts (kv). For the Rydberg constant (JV00) and the Rydberg frequency (*>«,) the following values, differing from the " derived" values given in Vol. I, p. 18, but agreeing with experimental determinations, are * As defined by the equation, Weston normal cell at 2O0C = 1.018300 Int. volt.

INDICE P AGE Unita e costanti. 23 Notazione. Considerazioni generali. . 24 Livelli di energia normali, serie e sottoserie. 25 Notazione quantistica. . 25 Linee normali : notazione, intensita e larghezza. . 25 Linee non comprese nel diagramma Origine dei raggi X La costante di Planck Spettri di linee. Caratteristiche generali. Variazione della frequenza con il numero atomico Doppietti regolari Doppietti irregolari Principi selettivi Intensita delle linee. . . . Variazione con il livello di energia Intensita relativa in una sottoserie Variazione col voltaggio deltubo Rapporto con Io spettro continuo Campioni primari di lunghezza d'onda Frequenze limiti delle serie Emissione di spettri caratteristici e limiti di assorbimento Limiti di assorbimento, strutture fini ed effetto delle combinazioni chimiche Spettri continui

26 27 27 27 27 28 29 31 31 31 32 32 32 33 35 36

44 45

UNITfiS ET CONSTANTES Toutes les unites sont exprimees en unites cgse (cgs electrostatique) a moins d'une autre indication. Les longueurs d'onde sont exprimees en unites d' Angstrom (A), ou en mA (ImA = O5OOlA = IXU = 10~n cm), Ie potentiel electrique en voltes absolus (1 volte abs. = 108 unites cgsm = 3,3349 X 10~3 unites cgse = 0,99958 volte Int. (v)*) et en kilo- voltes absolus (kv). Pour Ia constante de Rydberg (N00) et Ia frequence de Rydberg (V00) les valeurs suivantes, differant des valeurs "derivees" donnees dans Ie Vol. I, p. 18, mais en accord avec les determinations

* Tel qu'il est de"fini par liquation, pile Weston normale a 2O0C = 1,018300 volt Int. 1 Data up to June, 1925, were collected by Webster and Nicholas, all data on the fine structure of absorption limits and the effects of chemical combination being collected by Nicholas and all other data by Webster. Owing to unavoidable delay in publication, it became desirable to add new data and to revise certain of the old so as to bring the report up to date. This was done for line spectra in December, 1927, by Siegbahn and for continuous spectra in May, 1928, by Nicholas. 2 For data concerning the "/-phenomenon" and the polarization of X-rays, see p. 1 and p. 2.

used: N00 = 109 737 cm-1, VM = 3.29057 X 1015 seer1. Siegbahn's value (dc = 3.02904 A) for the grating space of calcite in first order is used. NOTATION General.—Except as otherwise defined, symbols are to be interpreted as defined in Vol. I, p. 16. i Cathode ray current reaching the target, jfy Apparent intensity: the value of ionization current obtained by complete absorption of J$ in the gas in the ionization chamber. J^ Intensity (energy) of radiation in direction \j/ with reference to cathode rays. jt k, n Quantum numbers (v. p. 25). N00 Rydberg's constant, commonly denoted by R. St s Screening numbers (v. p. 29). V Electrical potential. F0 Excitation potential. VT Tube potential: The effective accelerating potential acting upon the cathode rays. A Difference, e.g., AX = difference in wave-length. ^ Angle the direction of propagation of the observed beam of X-rays makes with the direction of propagation of the exciting cathode stream (see Fig. 19). y Frequency, not reciprocal of wave-length. VQ High frequency limit. vw Rydberg's fundamental frequency. d& Elementary solid angle. EINHEITEN UND KONSTANTE AlIe Grossen sind im cgse (cgs elektrostatisch)-Einheiten ausgedrtickt, ausser es ist etwas anderes angegeben. Es sind ausgedriickt, Wellenlangen in Angstrom Einheiten (A) oder in mA (ImA = 0,001 A = IXU = IQ-11 cm), das elektrische Potential in absoluten Volt (1 abs. Volt = 108 cgsm Einheit = 3,3349 XlO~ 3 cgse Einheit = 0,99958 Int. Volt (v)*) und in absoluten Kilovolt (kv). Fur die Rydberg-Konstante (N00) und die Rydberg-Frequenz (v») werden Werte gebraucht, die von den " abgeleiteten" Werten abweichen, welche im Band I, S. 18 angegeben sind, aber mit den experimentellen Daten ubereinstimmen, und zwar ist N00 = 109 737 cm"1, P00 = 3,29057 X 1015 sec"1. Es wird der Wert von Siegbahn furo die Gitterkonstante erster Ordnung des Kalzits (dc = 3,02904 A) verwendet. BEZEICHNUNGEN Allgemeines.—Wenn nicht anders angegeben, die Symbole entsprechen den, welche im Bd. I, S. 16 festgelegt sind. i Auftreffender Kathodenstrahlenstrom. I^ Scheinbarer Intensitat: der Wert des Ionisationsstromes der durch eine vollstandige Absorption von J^ im Gase der Ionisationskammer erhalten wird. J^ Intensitat (Energie) der Strahlung in der Richtung ^ mit Bezug auf die Kathodenstrahlen. J1 fc, n Quantenzahlen (v. S. 25). N00 Rydberg-Konstante, meistens mit R bezeichnet. S, s Abschirmungszahlen (v. S. 29). V Elektrisches Potential. VG Anregungspotential. VT Rohrenpotential: das effektiv beschleunigende Potential, wirkend auf die Kathodenstrahlen. A Differenz, d. i., AX = Differenz in Wellenlange. \f/ Winkel den die beobachteten Rontgenstrahlen mit der Fortpflanzungsrichtung des erregenden Kathodenstrahlenbtindeles bildet (siehe Fig. 19). * Definiert durch die Gleichung, Weston-Normalelement bei 2O0C = 1,018300 Int. Volt.

expe*rimentales, ont ete utilisees: N00 == 109 737 cm"1, V00 = 3,29057 X 1015 sec'1. La valeur de Siegbahn (dc = 3,02904 A) pour Ia constante du reseau de Ia calcite est utilisee en premier lieu. NOTATION Generalites.—A moins d'une autre indication, les symboles doivent etre interpretes comme definis dans Vol. I, p. 16. i Courant de rayons cathodiques atteignant Fanticathode. I^ Intensite apparente: Ia valeur du courant d'ionisation obtenu par !'absorption complete de J^ par Ie gaz dans Ia chambre d'ionisation. J^ Intensite (energie) de Ia radiation dans Ia direction ^ par rapport aux rayons cathodiques. j, k, n Nombres quantiques (v. p. 25). N00 Constante de Rydberg, communement designee par R. S, s Constante de reduction (v. p. 29). V Potentiel electrique. F0 Potentiel d'excitation. VT Potentiel du tube: Ie potentiel accelerateur effectif, agissant sur les rayons cathodiques. A Difference, e.g., AX = difference dans Ia longueur d'onde. ^ Angle que fait Ia direction de propagation du faisceau de rayons X observes avec Ia direction de propagation du courant cathodique d'excitation (voir Fig. 19). v Frequence, non reciproque de longueur d'onde. VQ Limite de haute frequence. vx Frequence fondamentale de Rydberg. dco Angle solide elementaire. UNITA E COSTANTI Tutte Ie quantita sono espresse in unita cgse (cgs elettrostatico) a meno che non venga altrimenti indicate. Le lunghezze d'onda sono date in unita Angstrom (A) o in mA (1 mA = 0,001 A = IXU = 10~n cm), il potenziale elettrico in volte assoluti (1 ass. volta = 108 unita cgsm = 3,3349 X 10~3 unita cgse = 0,99958 Int. volte (v) *) e in kilo-volte assoluti (kv). Per Ia costante di Rydberg (N00) e per Ia frequenza di Rydberg (^00) s'impiegano i valori seguenti che differiscono dai valori "derivati" (che sono dati nel Vol. I, p,, 18) ma sono d'accordo con Ie determinazioni sperimentali: N^ = 109 737 cm"1, vm = 3,29057 X 1016 sec"1. Per Ia distanza reticolare della calcite in primo ordine e usato il valore di Siegbahn (dc = 3,02904 A). NOTAZIONE Generalita.—Eccetto che venga altrimenti indicato i simboli devono venire interpretati secondo Ie defmizioni indicate nel Vol. I, p. 16. i Corrente di raggi catodici che raggiungono ilbersaglio. I^ Intensita apparente: valore della corrente di ionizzazione ottenuta per mezzo dell'assorbirnento complete di J^ del gas nella camera di ionizzazione. J^ Intensita (energia) della radiazione nella direzione ^ rispetto ai raggi catodici. ,7, fc, n Numeri quanta (v. p. 25). N00 Costante di Rydberg comunemente denotata con R. S1 s Numeri di schermo (v. p. 29). V Potenziale elettrico. VQ Potenziale di eccitazione. VT Potenziale del tubo: il potenziale di accelerazione effettivo che agisce sopra i raggi catodici., A Differenza, per es., AX = differenza in lunghezza d'onda. $ Angolo che Ia direzione di propagazione del fascio di raggi X osservato fa con Ia direzione di propagazione del fascio dei raggi catodici eccitanti (vedi Fig. 19). * Come definite dall'equazione, una pila normale Weston a 2O0C = 1,018300 volt Int.

v VQ vw dw

v V0 V00 dw

Frequenz, nicht der reziproke Wert der Wellenlange. Hochfrequenzgrenze. Rydberg's fundamentale Frequenz. Elementarer fester Winkel.

Frequenza, non il valore reciproco della lunghezza d'onda. Limite di alta frequenza. Frequenza fondamentale di Rydberg. Angolo solido elementare.

HTf I2Si Li 22Si Li 22Pi Li 2*P2

N2 AT1

#3 N3

N, N4

N2 Ni

N3 N2

Russell and Saundersll

Russell and Saundersll

K L11 L21 L 22

Sommerfeld§ (149) 1924

Sommerfeld § (149) 1924

1(1, 1 ) 2(1, 1) 2(2, 1) 2(2, 2)

Bohr and Coster J (17) 1923

Bohr and Coster J (i 7 ) 1923

K Li L77 L777

Bohr and Costerf ( 17 J 1923

Bohr and Coster f (17) 1923

K L3 L2 L1

L. de Broglie and Dauvillier* (20) 1922

L. de Broglie and Dauvillier* (20) 1922

K L3 L2 L1

M. de Broglie* (19) 1922

M. de Broglie* (19) 1922

K L3 L2 Li

Siegbahn* (142) 1918

Siegbahn* (142) 1918

TABLE 1. — NOTATION FOR NORMAL ENERGY-LEVELS, SERIES, AND SUBSERIES

NVI NVII

4(4, 3) 4(4, 4)

N43 JV44

K 42F3 K 42P4

Ni M6 M4 M3 M2 Mi

M6 M4 M3 M2 M{ M1

M6 M6 M4 M3 M 2 (?) Mi

M7 M77 M777 M 7F Mv

3(1, 3(2, 3(2, 3(3, 3(3,

1) 1) 2) 2) 3)

M11 M21 M22 M32 M33

Na Na Na Na Na

N7 N, Nb N4 N,

N8 N7 N6 N6 N4

NIQ N9 N8 N7 N6

N1 Nn N111 NIV Nv

4(1, 1) 4(2, 1) 4(2, 2) 4(3, 2) 4(3, 3)

AT11 AT21 N22 N32 AT33

K K K K K

32Si 32P, 32P2 32D2 32D3

42Si 42P1 42P2 42D2 42D3

52Si 52Pi 52P2 52D2 52Z)3

O6 O4 O3 O2 Oi

O5 O4 O3 O2 Oi

O6 O6 O4 O3 O2 Oi

O1 On Om 0IV Ov

5(1, 5(2, 5(2, 5(3, 5(3,

1) 1) 2) 2) 3)

On O2i O 22 O32 O33

Rb Rb Rb Rb Rb

P3 P2 Pi

P3 P2 Pi

P3 P2 Pi

Pi PII Pm

6(1, 1) 6(2, 1) 6(2, 2)

PII P21 P22

Cs 62Si Cs 62Pi Cs 62P2

Q

Q

Q

Q

7(1, 1 )

Q11

8 7 72S1

* Subscripts are in inverse order of intensity of emission or absorption and in direct order of frequency of vibration; 1 denotes the subseries of most intense emission, which is the one of lowest frequency. f This is known as the Bohr and Coster letter system. Subscripts denote the order in which the energy levels characteristic of the series are filled in a sequence of atoms proceeding in order of increasing atomic numbers. J This is known as the Bohr and Coster number system. It specifies for each subseries all the quantum numbers known (in 1924) to be associated with it. The number outside the parenthesis is the total quantum number. In this section, the first of the two numbers in the parenthesis is regarded as the azimuthal, and the second as the inner quantum number; this is the opposite of the inter-

pretation assigned by Sommerfeld's theory. § This is equivalent to the preceding notation. Il This is known as the alkali-metal-series term-system. The notation shows the optical term into which each X-ray term probably merges when followed through the series of elements to the alkali-metal in which it appears as an arcseries term. In elements a few units heavier than these alkali metals, the states of the valence electrons are quite different, and are in transition stages. The symbols are read thus: "One doublet S one," "Two doublet S one," "Two doublet P one," etc. (21, 1O4, 122, 139, 149, iso). Here the principal quantum numbers differ from those of C 139 ), agreeing with more recent usage. IT Lyman's series-limit for H.

Quantum Notation.—In the Bohr and Coster number notation (l ? ) (see Table 1), Sommerfeld's relativity doublet theory (149) assigns azimuthal quantization (k) to the second of the two numbers in the parenthesis, but later data ( 1 2 2 J l 23 ) indicate that it should be assigned to the first. For this reason k will be used in this section to denote the first of these numbers, and j, the second. Thus a level will be specified by the symbol n(k, j ) ; this preserves the physical significance of the symbols k and j but interchanges their assignments to the numbers used in the Bohr-Coster system. Here n is called the total, k the azimuthal, and j the inner quantum number. As they refer to different quantities, n may be < k +.;.

The normal intensities here given accord with the intensityrules postulated by Ornstein, Burger, and Dorgelo for the optical spectra of the alkali-metals 0> 3 > 94). Exceptions are found when the levels are not completely filled ( 90 ); cf. ( 91 ). At the end of the table are given the widths (AX) of certain spectral lines, both in XU and in equivalent volts (AF) as defined

Ti

Ot2 oil P* Pi

a' a P 0

K-L2I K-L22 K-M2i\ K-M22J

7

T

K-N2l,22

K-O21 >22

Tr Relative intensity*

de Broglie and Dauvillier

£2

£4

Difference

7

Ot2 oil • 0'i Pi

Sommerfeld

8

Oi2 oil /ft (Pi

Davis and Purks (53.1)

«2 oii

Siegbahn

Angstroms. K-Series. Ir is independent of voltage ( 175 ). B I Sn B a n d D | D a n d P [ Sd | D i ? ! |

Bragg

TABLE 2.—NOTATION, RELATIVE APPARENT INTENSITIES, AND WIDTH: NORMAL LINES In the X-ray section of I. C. T., the Siegbahn and the difference notations are used. In each series, the several groups of closely adjacent lines are indicated in Siegbahn's notation by distinctive letters, usually Greek, and the order of the intensities of the several lines of a group is indicated by numerical subscripts, subscript i denoting the strongest line; «1, <*2, «3, . . . i s the order of decreasing intensity of the lines of the a-group. The series to which a given line belongs is indicated by prefixing the series letter; e.g., Kai is K-L22; Lai is L22-M33.

by AF = 12 346^2-* in which both AX and X are expressed in

50 100 dt>

15

TFf

TABLE 2.—(Continued) L-Series. Relative intensities in L22 subseries are independent of voltage. Within each subseries, relative intensities maintain constant ratios. Intensities in L2i and L11 subseries are estimated on the basis of a correction to extremely high voltages, the line «1 serving as a standard. Sn

B and D

04 /33

04 03

' ?

L11-M2I L11-M22

5.2 8.2

72

77

%'

L11-N21

1.48

73

7s

x

L11-N22

2.Oi

74

Ln-O21,22

0.59

74

Sd

78ll

Dif.

y4W<

, ^ | ^, ( 8 . 2 ) 3.3 1.5

L11-P2I122

?7

1?

JS1 7s 7!

/3i 75 7!

77

0 /c 5

L2i-Mn

L21-M32 L21-N11 L21-N32

1.3

7s

7c, 710 If

M

L21-O11

76

72

#

L21-O32

72**

1.5

51.8 0.4i 9.1

1.8

50.8

62

ll.i

14

0.3

5.3

L21-P11

Z

Z

e

L22-M11

3.2

3.4

«2

CC2

Ct'

L22-M32

11.5

11.4

ai

aj

a

L22-M33

06

06

L22-N11

02

0;02

I

7', 7

L22-N 32t33

07

07

X

L22-O11

05

05

05'**

1.0

22.7

r, r L22-O32,33 0.2

3tt

0.7 0.7

I

Sd x

5 tf ?7 -)'

! 7

7

r' r e

0

0

I

Dif. M11-AT21 M11-AT22 M11-O22 M11-P22 M21-N32 M2J-O32 M21-N11 M22-A^32I

|

/r* O 1 O O 1 O 1

M 22 -AT 33 /

M22-O321 M22-O33/ M22-AT11 M22-Ou M32-AT43 M32-O2I

1 O 5 1

a2

a!

M33-AT43

1

«1

a

M33-AT44 M33-A^22 M33-P22

8 1 O

AT-Series. JSn

No values of Ir available. I Sd I Dif. 0 AT21-O32 a.' N22-O32 a AT21-Q33

|

AF | T s 3.7 4.8 6.4 ±15% 7.8 ±30% 6.3 10.4 ±15% 12.4 ±30% 9.4 4.4 5.5 16JJ 5.3 8Jt 5.2 4Jt 6.9 12Jt 6.5 8Jj 514 4ft

* With reference to W unless otherwise indicated. For other values for Kseries, see Table 6. weak. 100.0 tJ Very Measured by Geiger-method, and corrected for voltage and absorption 1.4 ( 94 ). § Measured by ionization-method, and corrected for voltage and absorption O). 26 Il For U (47). 1f -ye for W and Ce; 710 for Ba. **For Au (47). ft This measurement ( 183 » 184 ) was incidental to other work, and probably is less reliable than other values, but similar changes with Z have been observed photographically ( 4 4 ). %% This is the current expressed in milliamperes;; 16mA, etc.

JIf-Series. /r is photographic estimate ( 83 > 149 ): no ionization measurements available. Not corrected for voltage, hence not reliable at low voltages. Sn

AX | ( T 3 5 0.5s 0.19 0.2i 0.2s 0.19 0.25 0.3o 0.24 0.7s 0.73 0.7i 0.69 0.67 0.64 0.53

3.6

20.0

09 0io

Line | X | CuKa11537 CuKp1 1389 MoKa1 708 MoK0! 631 Mo #03 632 RhKa1 612 RhK0! 544 Rh#03 545 AgKa1 558 WLa1 1473 WL0! 1279 WL0! 1279 WL0! 1279 WL7I 1096 WL7i 1096 WL71 1096

12

100.0 100.0

L22-P11

TABLE 2.—(Continued) Width of certain spectral lines ( 76 > 77 ) Unit of X and AX = 1 XU = 0.001 i = 10~n cm; of AF = 1 volt

Ir*

'~

TABLE 3.—NOTATIONS: NON-DIAGRAM LINES The I. C. T. uses Siegbahn's and difference notations | Dauvillier | Duane Difference Siegbahn K-series (see ( 1 9 )); found only in elements Z = 11 Na to Z = 30Zn, and Z = 42Mo* a." a." a! 0.1 «3

«3

OL\

OLi

«it OL5

«5

«6

«6

ft'

V

K-Ln

0"

0"

03t

0st

K-M11(V

72

K-N32(?)

L-series § 0io

09

L11-Mz2

09

08

L11-M33

08

&

;

L22-AT3H

* The X-lines found (53.2) f or MO and called a{, «2, /S1 have not yet been identified in the accepted notations. f Reported ( 68 ) in W spectrum with intensity ( ? i) = 0.04/ Kai, but Crofutt ( 4 2 ) and others have looked for it without success. It has not been reported for elements 11 to 30. J Not the K03 of the normal series. § Nomenclature is confused, wave-length data are conflicting. The correspondences given were obtained by comparing (( 1 4 2 ) p. 112, 172) with (( 19 ) p. 100). For other lines, see Table 11. I! de Broglie's notation.

ORIGIN OF X-RAYS Line Spectra.—X-rays belonging to line spectra are produced by radiation, as quanta, of the energy released in the readjustments of atoms from which electrons have been removed. The removal of such electrons may be accomplished either by direct action of cathode rays or by indirect action, through the photoelectric effect of the rays from the continuous spectrum produced by the cathode rays; rays due to these processes are called direct and indirect rays, respectively. The ratio, direct to indirect, is about 6 or 7 for Cu with 15 to 20 kv C 11 - 1 ); about 1.9 for Ag with 35 to 80 kv ( 182 ). For any element, this ratio may vary somewhat with the voltage, but not rapidly. Continuous Spectra,—X-rays of the continuous spectrum are probably produced by transitions of cathode rays from large to small hyperbolic orbits passing near atomic nuclei (10°), or, better, between corresponding non-periodic wave systems. In accordance with Einstein's relation, radiation of frequency v will not be emitted unless the energy (eF) of the impinging cathode particle is at least as great as hv. Hence, for each value of F, there is a definite high-frequency limit (*>0) to the emitted radiation. Such a high-frequency limit to the continuous spectrum is observed. Its value is independent of the angle the X-rays make with the cathode rays (tested for angles between 45 and 155°) ( 6 2 > 170 » 18°), and is not changed ( I 4 ) when the current density at the focal spot is varied in the ratio of 1 to 5. The ratio V/V0 has been studied for the elements 24Cr, 28Ni, 29Cu, 42Mo, 45Rh, 46Pd, 47Ag, 73Ta, 74W and 78Pt, and has been found to have an absolute value which is constant within the limits of experimental error; i.e., within 1% for 4.5 kv < F < 100 kv, and within 5% for 100 kv < F < 245 kv (*6, 43, 54, 61, 87, 88, 107, 124, 168, 170, 174, 175, 184); general reviews (142, 171, 179). Hence h may be derived from V/vQ, if e is known. PLANCK'S CONSTANT (h) The most accurate determination of h by X-ray methods is that derived by Duane, Palmer, and Yeh ( 62 ) from the observed high-frequency limit (*>0) of the continuous spectrum of W. Assuming that the grating space of calcite (dc) = 3.028 A and that e and c have the values given in Vol. I, p. 17, they obtained h = (6.556 ± 0.009) X IO"27 erg sec. Using the more accurate value ( 140 > 14 2), dc = 3.02904 A, this becomes h = (6.558 ± 0.009) X 10~27 erg sec which exceeds the I. C. T. value (Vol. I, p. 17) by 0.06%. Assuming h = 6.558 X 10~27 erg sec and e = 4.774 X 10~10 es, exactly, Einstein's equation leads to the relations: V0V = 2.4277 X 1014 (volt sec)"1 = 2.4287 X 1014 (Int. volt* see)-1 FX0 = 1.2352 X 104 volt A = 1.2346 X 104 Int. volt* i LINE SPECTRA General Characteristics.—In the characteristic line spectrum of any element, most of the lines can be distributed among a small group of series and subseries in accordance with the conception of energy-levels. Every line in any series is regarded as arising from the return of an electron to some one of the levels composing a single group, and all lines belonging to the same subseries involve the same group with the same electronic readjustments during ionization. In any given subseries, no line appears unless (eF) is at least equal to hv0, where VQ is the highest frequency represented in the subseries; VQ is a characteristic of the subseries, and is known as the subseries limit. The value of F0 = h*>0/e is called the excitation voltage of the subseries; it may be computed from * Defined by the relation: Weston normal cell = 1.018300 Int. volt at 2O0C.

data in Table 10 or from the wave-length of the absorption limit (Table 11) of the subseries. The former method is probably the more accurate. Certain values of F0 are given in (l 42 ). Accuracy of confirmatory data is about 1% ( 45 » 85» 88 > 137 > 169» 1 7 4 > 175» 178, 184, 196). The distribution of electrons in atoms and the transitions involved in the emission of characteristic X-rays are indicated in Figs. 1 and 2. The lines which do not obey the laws followed by the normal series are referred to anomalous energy-levels. All these lines are very faint and may arise from multiple ionization ( 35 » 46 > 189) but opinions differ regarding their sources (see, e.g. ( 6 )). Hence, data and notations pertaining to anomalous levels must be considered as tentative only. All lines not definitely related to the normal levels and those not obeying the selection rules (p. 31) will be called non-diagram lines, and will be designated by the notation used by the investigator quoted. For excitation voltages of certain non-diagram lines, see Table 9, 13Al, 26Fe, and 42Mo. The various symbols which are used for specifying the energylevels, series and subseries are given in Table 1. Proceeding in the order of the atomic numbers, the spectra of successive elements are found to be very similar, and to undergo a regular displacement from element to element (Figs. 3 and 4); for any given line, this displacement is such that \/v is nearly linear in Z (Moseley's law) (v. Table 4). Lines so related may be called corresponding lines. Semi-optical lines (c/. Fig. 4) occupy anomalous positions. Backlin ( 7 > 8 ) and Ray ( 134 ) have shown that, when one of the lighter elements (13Al, 14Si, 15P, 16S) enters into certain chemical compounds, the wave-length of its Ka-lines is slightly changed; the following differences, expressed in x-units (1 XU = 0.001 A), were observed by Backlin ( 7 ): Al and Al2O3, 5X = 1.72; Si and SiO2, SX = 2.34; red P and either P2O5 or Na3PO4, 5X = 2.72; and S and BaSO4, 5X = 3.05. Likewise their K(3 lines change both in intensity and wave-length ("5, lie, 117, 120, 129, 130), TABLE 4.—VARIATION OF FREQUENCY WITH ATOMIC NUMBER If V00 = 3.29057 X 1015 sec"1, and v is the frequency of a given line in the spectrum of the element of atomic number Z, then* ViV^ = a + 6Z(IO)"3 + cZ2(10)~6. With the_âlues of the coefficients given below, the computed value of '^/v/v^ is seldom in error by as much as 0.2 unit, if Z > ZQ. Line !LI La1 LT? L/34 LjS1 L03 Lp2 L71 L 72 L73 L74

Ka2 Ka1 Kp1 Kp2

| Difference | a \ L22-TkTu -2.99 L22-M33 -2.09 L21-M11 -1.13 L11-M21 -0.45 L21-M32 -0.44 L11-M22 +0.06 L 22 -AT 32 , 33 -3.82 L21-N32 -2.29 L11-N21 -1.54 L11-N22 -1.26 L11-O2I122 -1.33 Ln-limit -0.37 L21-limit -0.45 L22-limit -3.20 K-L21 +0.12 K-L^ -0.03 K-M22 -0.71 K-N22 -0.47 g-limit -0.60

b \ c \ 369 - 191 352 + 159 280 +1051 287 +1041 274 +1264 263 +1345 412 + 81 338 +1116 333 +1126 321 +1244 324 +1315 288 +1638 274 +1712 384 + 400 788 +1406 798 +1330 868 +1246 856 +1587 862 +1539

Z0 37 29 36 36 29 36 39 39 36 36 48 46 46 46 10 10 10 22 11

* Computed in editorial office from data C 1 4 2 ) submitted by Expert. No attempt to get a "best fit."—Ed.

FIG. 1.—Distribution of electrons in atoms according to Stoner's modification ( 15 «) of Bohr's theory. For discussion of experimental evidence, see (i°, 22, 149, isi, ise). Each energy-level, presumably corresponding to a group of orbits, is represented by an arc with as many dots as there are electrons in the heaviest element. The number of such electrons for a given element is indicated by the distribution of the dots. The shape of the arc indicates qualitatively the probable character of the orbit. Evidence more recent than Stoner's theory (v. Slater ( 148 )) indicates that the distinction between orbits differing only in an inner quantum number (e.g., Z/2i and !/22) may be the unreal; that, for example, all 6 electrons in the LZI and Lzz orbits may belong to a single group, and that the division in 2L2i's and 4Lzzs may be merely a statistical expression of the chances of 2 forms of readjustment of the group when one electron is removed. Each element contains as many electrons as there are units in its atomic number, distributed, in general, as follows: Beginning at the top and proceeding in order of atomic numbers, the electrons in an element are distributed in accordance with all the dots up to and including that associated with its own symbol; e.g., of the 13 electrons of Al, 2 are in each of the orbits K, Lu, and I/2i, 4 in !/22, 2 in Mn, and 1 in Af2i. This rule is fairly certain for all elements in the >S-column, but the P orbits are not always filled in the order indicated and exceptions are very probable in the filling of the D and the F orbits; and any incomplete group (such as a group of 4 P-electrons) of equal total quantum number becomes a unit giving rise to series more complex than doublets. In general, the X-ray spectrum of an element will contain no normal X-ray line which involves a level not shown in this diagram, but exceptions occur; e.g., the line K-M21,22, arising from a temporary occupancy of the M21,22 orbits ( 10 ), is observed in the spectrum of Na and Mg. As compared with the usual normal lines, these lines occupy an anomalous position in the spectrum (see Fig. 4); they are called semioptical lines. Univalent Cu probably takes one of its Nn electrons to complete M33; Ag one of its On's into JVas; and Au, one of its Pn's into Oas. The rare earths (58 to 71), Sc21, Yt39, La57, and Ac89, all have similar sets of valence electrons (those beyond the outermost X-ray orbit).

FIG. 2.—Transitions involved in emission of lines of the K-, L-, M-seriea. Each type of electron orbit (arc of Fig. 1) is represented by a dot; its distance from the + above the K-dot represents the average radius of the orbit. In general, the electrons in the orbits corresponding to any horizontal row in the figure are bound more firmly than those in the row below; and those near the left end of a row, more firmly than those near the right. The symbol at the head of a column indicates the general type of energy level produced by ionization from an orbit of the type shown in that column (see Table 1). The sloping lines indicate the transitions which accord with the selection principles (p. 31), and their thicknesses indicate the relative intensities of the resulting spectral lines; if dotted and incomplete, the corresponding spectral line has not been observed, presumably because it is very weak or lies too near a strong line. Regular Doublets.—In each spectrum a series of pairs of lines can be found such that A P is the same for each pair; e.g., in the spectrum of W the following frequency differences are observed where P00= 3.29057 X IQ15SeC"1: Lines

rj-l

0i-a2 ys-fo 71-^2 76-05 L 2 I-L 22

K(OL1-OL2)

kv/i><» 98.7598.5499.0098.0598.51 98.71 98.5 Level2 MU MZ2 NU JV32 O3* Limit K Each pair can be traced from element to element by means of Moseley's law as applied to the individual lines. It is thus found that, except for certain significant irregularities1 (v. Figs. 5, 6), AX for any one pair is nearly the same for every element (c/. Fig. 7). Such pairs of lines are called regular, or relativity, doublets and are regarded as arising from the transfer of electrons between one common energy-level, n(k, j), and one or other of two adjacent levels, n'(kr, /), n'(k', j' + 1), belonging to another group and differing by one unit in f. If the element is a constituent of a chemical compound, the value of AX depends upon the nature of the compound; variations of nearly 10% may be so caused (v. Table 5). 1 When the doublet-distance is abnormal, the lines of the doublet are more or less complex; i.e., the system is really a multiplet.

Irregular Doublets.—Another type of doublet, found in series limits, is characterized by the fact that AV^ for a given doublet is nearly the same for every element (see Fig. 8, Ln, Ln; Mu, M2i; M22, M32; JV11, JV 2 i; N22, N32; N^, JV43; On, O81; O22, 03*>; also cf. Lnand L2i-limit, Table 4). These are called irregular, or screening, doublets and involve a pair of levels differing by one unit in k. Consequently, their appearance in lines is forbidden by the selection rule for k, and, when found, the forbidden line of the doublet is very faint. Doublets of both types are found in the ultra-violet and the visible spectra of stripped atoms ( 122 > 123). Screening Numbers.—The frequency limit (*>o) of the series n(k, j) is related to Z and the quantum numbers as indicated ( 149 ) by eq. (1): a n 1 "° = -,(Z (7 -
FIG 3.—The strongest normal lines of the X-ray spectrum of every third element from Z = 11 to Z =92. (After Siegbahn O 42 ).) Shows the relative positions of the several series and their changes from element to element.

M, (1)

where a2 (= 27re2/hceo)2 = 5.31 X 10~5, e0 = dielectric constant of a vacuum, and S and s are empirical screening numbers which are derived (19°) from data for doublets, and are to be interpreted as measures of the amount by which the external system of electrons reduces the intensity of the electrical field acting upon the returning electron. Excepting the K-level, for which there is only one value of j, the value of s for any level can be obtained from the observed value of A*> for the corresponding regular doublets, by inserting in eq. (1) the two values of j and subtracting, it being known that Ap 0 = A*>. Knowing s, S is computed from VQ by means of eq. (1). It depends upon Z, is independent of j, but varies with k, and is, thus, associated with irregular doublets. It is found that the difference (A$) corresponding to the levels n(i, i) and n(i + 1, O is A$ = 0.57n2*~1; probably A£ is independent of Z"; observed irregularities are only a .few per cent and are believed to arise from errors.

FIG 4.—Position of certain lines of the JT-series with reference to Kai,z. Numbers on the scale indicate AX as measured from Kai,z. Note the anomalous position of the semioptical lines K@s, K(3i, and K(Sx in 11Na, 12Mg, 13Al, and 14Si, which normally contain no electron in the JVf22-orbit (c/. Fig. 1).

TABLE 5.—REGULAR DOUBLET SEPARATION: EFFECT OF CHEMICAL COMBINATION ( 133 ) AX = difference in the wave-lengths of the two components of the doublet K-Ln, K-L22 of element named in column (1). Unit of AX = 0.001 i = 10~n cm. 1 I Compound ~C1 KCl BaCl2 KClO3 Ba(ClOa)2 KClO4 K KCl KClO3 KClO4

| AX || 1 3.15 Fe 3.15 2.99 2.98 2.92 3.40 V 3.22 3.161

|

Compound Fe (powder) Fe(NH 4 )2(SO 4 )2 FeNH4(SO4)2 K 4 Fe(CN) 6 K 3Fe(CN) 6 V(powder) NH 4 VO 3

| AX 4.20 4.13 4.01 4.06 3.99 3.68 3.60

FIG. 5.—Irregularities in the separation of the components of the Ka doublet ( 7 » 78, 79, 96, 106, 109,

144).

AX = \Kaz - Xâ1; unit = 1 XU = ImA = 10~" cm. For values of S, see Fig. 9 or (19°). For JST-Ievel, s = /S; for №21.22), s = 3.492 ± 0.07 if 41Cb < Z < 92U (149); for [n(i, i — 1), n(i, i)], s = 4.23(n - 2)i if n > 2, and is nearly independent of Z except for n = 4, i = 4, for which s decreases with Z (149). For certain irregularities, see Figs. 5, 6.

FIG. 6.—Irregularities in the separation of the La. doublet (132). Unit of AX = ImA.

FIG. 7.—Positions of the lines of the !/-series with reference to Lou. (After Siegbahn ( 142 ).) For each element the actual wave-length of its La\ is indicated. Unit of X = ImA = 10~n cm.

FIG. 8.—Bohr and Coster's Moseley diagram of the limits of the series. (After Siegbahn (1*2).) The notation has been changed to that of Sommerfeld (see Table 1). 15 P 00 =3.29057 X l O sec'1. Nishina 0") gives a more detailed diagram of the M-, N-, and O-limits of elements 50 to 74.

Selection Principles.—It is observed that transitions corresponding to the stronger lines always occur in the direction n(k, j) to n'(k', jf), where n' — n — x, k' = k + y; j' = j -\- z, and each of the quantities x, y, z has one of the "allowed'' values indicated below.

x y z

x y z

Allowed Values I Examples +1, 2, 3 . . . M 2 i-> Lu, On-»L 2 1 -1, +1 M 21 -+L 11 , A f u — > L 2 i -1, +1,0 M32 -> L 2 i, ^V22 -> M33, N2i -> L11

Values <0 O, ± > 1 ± > 1

I

Forbidden Examples L 2 2 —»Ln, L 2 2 —* Af 32 M 22 -> L22, O 22 -» JV43, N 43 -> M22 JV 21 -> M33, M 3 3 ^ L 2 1

With the exception of requiring that x ?£ O, these selection principles are identical with those of a normal doublet system in an optical series. They refer to probabilities, and consider nothing

FIG. 9.—Values of screening number S for various energy-levels and atomic numbers ( 1 4 9 ); cf. p. 29.

but the structure of the isolated atom. Whenever the atom contains no electron of a particular group (as e.g., normal Cu contains no On-electron) the levels due to ionization from that group do not give rise to any line in its spectrum; if such electrons are present only in optically excited atoms, the lines are semi-optical and are abnormal in position, cf. Fig. 4. The only possible violation of the total quantum selection principle (x 7* O) which would give a line in the X-ray region is Li1-L22. This line has been sought ( 35 > 83) but not found, although in the optical region this transition corresponds to the strongest (red) line in /the Li spectrum. Violations of the other selection principles (regarding x and y) are quite common (see Tables 3, 11), but it is reported ( 5 ) that no forbidden line of the L-series is so much as 0.001 as intense as L22-M33. All lines violating any of the selection principles are extremely weak and, in this section, are classed as non-diagram lines. Intensities of Lines (see also Tables 2, 6).—Variation with EnergyLevel.—For a given tube potential, the relative intensities of the lines are determined by the energy-levels involved and the probabilities (P) of the several transitions. In the preceding table, the allowed values of X1 y, and z are arranged, in each case, in the order of decreasing values of P; the three sets may be regarded as mutually independent. Also, for given values of X1 2/, z, and n, the intensity increases with the values of j and of k. For transitions of the type n(ky j)-n'(k',jf) where k' = k + 1, j = k or k — l,j' — k or k + 1, and n and n' are two given positive

integers, the relative values of P are as follows ( 103 > where i denotes the numerical value of k: I a 6 c d

Transition | P(4^ - 1) | n(i, i)-n'(i + 1, i + 1) 2t2 + i - 1 n(i, i - l)-n'(i + 1, i) 2i* - i - 1 n(i, i)-n'(i + I , i) 1 n(i,t - l)-n'(i + 1, t + D O

149

»

15

°),

Example | i \ P(4^ - lT L22-M33 2 9 L 2 I-Af 32 2 5 L 22 -M 32 2 1 L 2 I-M 33 2 O

If the lines form a close doublet, their intensities (/) are essentially proportional to P. For the special case of i = 1 (prbits of the 2$i type), only transitions a and c are possible and P0 = 2PC; e.g., P(K-L2Z) = 2P(KL21). If i = 2, P0 +-Pc = 2(P6 + Pd) and 2(P0 + Pd) = 3(Pb + Pc). For confirmatory data, see (l 49). Values of P for other types of transition have not yet been definitely determined, but a first approximation to a total quantum rule has been given (86). Relative Intensities within a Given Subseries.—The ratio of the apparent intensities (/^) of any two lines in the same subseries is independent of the tube potential (169, 174, ITS, 184, 196). Examples of its variation with Z are given in Table 6. TABLE 6.—RELATIVE APPARENT INTENSITIES (/2//i) OF NORMAL LINES OF K-SERIES; VARIATION WITH Z

electron will cause the emission of such a quantum (this is very small, as very few of the electrons give rise to X-rays); and the fraction of the quanta that is not absorbed within the target. Ci and Cz are independent of V, but are functions of X, of direction from the target surface, etc. Cs and C\ are constants for any one line. K2 = fj, esc ex/b esc ec, where p. is the absorption coefficient of the target for the X-rays considered, and b is its stopping power for the cathode rays (v* — v% — bx} v = velocity), €x and tc are the angles the X-rays and the cathode rays make with the surface of the target. N = number of such electrons per unit volume as are of the type required for the excitation of the line considered (e.g., for a K-line, N = twice the number of atoms per unit volume); T = E/eVo, where E = kinetic energy of the electron in its orbit; U= V/VQ; u = probability that a removal of an electron of the proper type will actually result in an emission of a quantum of the line considered; V = tube voltage; Fo= excitation potential; Vi an empirically determined potential that exceeds VQ', v = frequency; e and h have their usual significance.

TABLE 7.—FORMULAE FOB VARIATION OP LINE INTENSITY WITH TUBE VOLTAGE For symbols and discussion of formulae, see adjacent text No. I

(03 + fli + fr + 04)/(«l + <*2)

Z 24Cr 29Cu

I Qbs.* I 0.313 0.213 0.165f 0.193f 0.251 0.2Of 0.176 0.158 0.189 0.167 0.2Of 0.33

Tube* | Targ.* 0.136 0.0810 0.153 0.136

(1)

(2)

Formula I = Ci(V-Vo)*

I = C 2 (F 2 - Ff)

Fo
1.5F0 < F < 3Fo

| Lit. (1,92,184)

( 9 7, 169,

196) | Lit. Tl/ -X2(F2_r 2 )\ 2V -K*VZ CKV y* 1 ( 5 3 ) (™*) (3) 1 F d (92) (169) (4) 147 ( ) d 30Zn ( 147 ) <*> T-**™>r u . v *?.. /^d + 2 ) N <"••'> (u ( 2 T I - -M-I (U - IWT + 3) - ^nIOg (v^r+j) 42Mo 0.180 0.175 (196) 50 - (3 + (T + l)(2r + 3)} log (^-±-^±JL) J ( ) 45Rh 0.210 0.168 (169) (175) In formula (1), n is about 1.5 for rays subject to great absorption 46Pd 0.160 0.139 O 96 ) in target (emerging at small angles); for other rays, n = 1.7 to 47Ag 0.215 0.207 (169) 2.1. ( 50 ) Formula (2) refers to rays subject to small absorption in target; 74W (68) Vi is about 1.2Fo to 1.5Fo, but is often misquoted as Fo. It appears that in formula (3) the correction for absorption in I/Iai target is several times too great unless V — Vo is small ( 185 ). If Z I a* 183,1 I 182 I Lit. K = O , this formula reduces ( 9 2) to J = C3(F - F0)2, which is a 26Fe ] 2 29Cu [ 0.50 0.26} «0.05} (142, 147) special case of (1), but is often misquoted as Cs(F — FO), and confused with (2). At times, K is treated as an arbitrarj^ constant, 30Zn J its definition being ignored (( 97 ); cf. Fig. 11). For shape of graph 42Mo 0.50§ 0.30§ 0.05§ (50, 67, defined by this equation, see Fig. 10. 196) In formula (4) also, the correction for absorption in the target 74W 0.50 0.35 0.15 (71) is too great; K is frequently treated as an empirical constant. For all of these, (34 is very faint For graphs defined by (4), see ( 92 ); they are much like those of * Obs. = observed, values depend upon instrumental equipment; Tube = Figs. 10 and 11. values within tube, after correction for various losses by absorption, reflection, Formula (5) is proposed for circular orbits only (K, L2i, L22, etc.; Targ. = values within target, i.e., as emitted by atom. The Targ. values M32, M33, N 4S) N44), and contains no correction for absorption in are far from accurate; recent work (185) indicates that the corrections for target absorption have usually been too great. target. With an arbitrary unit of intensity, it fits the data ( 196 ) t By photographic photometry. for K-series of Mo42 the best of all (ieo.i) ; and data (182) f or J Values may be seriously in error, but (83,1/^82 is probably correct within 2 or Ag47 indicate (though with large probable error) that it is good also 3%. for absolute intensity, but only for the directly produced rays (see § Data (5°» 6 7) for az and 03,i/02 have been combined with data ( 1 9 6 ) for (/83 + PI + /92 + 04)/(ai + «2). (See column Obs.) Values for /S3,i and /82 p. 27), i.e., for about 65% of the rays of the ^-series of Ag. uncertain by 0.05ai. Ratio of Line Intensity to Intensity of Continuous Spectrum.—If Ii = intensity of the line (= power radiated per unit solid angle Variation with Tube Voltage.—The formulae that have been in the direction considered) and if 7cdX = power radiated per unit proposed for the variation of the line intensity with the tube volt- solid angle in the same direction by a strip of continuous spectrum age are listed in Table 7; formulae (1) and (2) are empirical; the of length dX, then the ratio of the two intensities may be specified others are theoretical, (5) having the best theoretical basis. In I /cdX, where X is all five, 7 is defined for each line as the power radiated per unit by AX as defined by the equation Ii = JfXH^ A solid angle and per electron in the cathode ray current. It is the the wave-length of the line. In Figs. 12 and 13 the ordinates are product of three factors: The quantum hvf the probability that an proportional to AX. For illustrative values of AX, see Table 8.

,-C [î-. •>)-£.. j; / ,j z=c,-*nir^y ,- K-^VI

TABLE 8.—RATIO OF LINE INTENSITY TO INTENSITY OF CONTINUOUS SPECTRUM /*X + ÂX

Ii = I

JX-ÂX

7 c dX; X = wave-length of line /; tabular values

are AX/X; probable error for Ag is 10%; for Cd, 5%; unit of V = 1000 volt = 1 kv. Line AgKa doublet AgKa doublet AgKa doublet CdKa CdKffT

â7T^\l Direct Indirect Total Total Total

35

5

°

65

8

°

0.10 0.24 0.310.41 0.0550.13 0.160.21 0.15 0.37 0.470.62 0.1250.32 0.450.58 0.0340.0750.100.13

FIG. 11.—Intensities (J) of Kon line of Cr: Variation with potential (V)

(»7).

Solid line represents Bergen Davis' equation (see p. 32) with K regarded as a constant to be determined from the observations; cf. Fig. 10.

FIG. 10.—Intensities (/) of Ka lines: Variation with potential (F) ( 169 ). Solid lines represent Bergen Davis* equation (see p. 32). Unit of / is arbitrary; of V = 1000 volt; cf. Fig. 11. TABLE 9.—PRIMARY STANDARDS OF WAVE-LENGTH* All values are based upon Siegbahn's value ( 28 > 140> 14 2) of (dc) the grating space for calcite in the first order, f dc = 3.02904 A (or, more exactly, logic 2dc = 0.7823347), or its equivalent value for rock salt, dr = 2.81400 A (logio 2dr = 0.7503541); when necessary, the data have been recomputed; these are marked with an r. This value of dc exceeds the I. C. T. value (Vol. I, p. 18) by 3.435 parts in 10 000. Only those data marked with a c have been corrected for refraction by the crystal (c/. ( 142 )). For Lang's system of secondary standards based on Kai for Cu as

FIG. 13.—Ratio (Ir) of intensities of Ka line to the same width of continuous spectrum in the same region: Variation with atomic number (Z) 0*9).

FIO. 12.—Ratio (Ir) of intensities of Ka lines to the same width of169continuous spectrum in the same region: Variation with potential (V) ( ).

TABLE 9.—(Continued) X = 1537.3OmA, see ( 105 ); his values for X's of most prominent lines of 76Os, 77Ir, 78Pt, 79Au, 82Pb, and 83Bi average 0.48mA greater than Coster's ( 14 2). Line = Siegbahn's notation, see Table 2; 6 = observed glancing angle for maximum intensity; X = wave-length; P. E. = probable error in X; unit of X = ImA= 0.001 A = H)-11Cm. 26Fe 29Cu

74W

35Br

Line Ka2 Kai Kai Kai KPi La2 Lai Lpi Lp2 L71 JC-limit X-limit

K-limit D.R.fJ-g-H 42Mo Ka* Ka2 Kai Kai Kp3 KPs Kpi K0i Kpz Kp2 47Ag JT-limit

74W

K-limit D.R.fiJ|| Ka2

I

6 \ Crystal 18° 38' 13.2" Calcite 18 3 5 5 2 . 3 Calcite 14 42 0.3 Calcite 16 31 31.5 Pyrite r Mean 14 53 39.0 Pyrite r 14 11 0.0 Calcite 14 4 3 2 . 9 Calcite 12 11 23.5 Calcite 11 49 50.4 Calcite 10 25 33.5 Calcite NaCl Calcite r Mean 8 43 O Calcite 8 7 48 NaCl Calcite Calcite 6 4235.3 Calcite Calcite Calcite Calcite 5 5842.5 Calcite Calcite Calcite Calcite tf-limit NaCl Calcite r Mean 4 3524 Calcite NaCl Calcite Calcite r

| X | P. E. | Lit. 1935.987 ( 1 0 «) 1932.066 ( 1 0 6) 1537.29 stj ( 108 ) 1537.75c 0.15 ( 12S ) 1537.52 1389.63c 0.15 0«) 1484.38 (81) 1473.36 ( 81 ) 1279.17 ( 81 ) 1242.03 ( 81 ) 1096.30 ( 81 ) 918.6 (131) 918.2 § («0) 918.4 918.09 ( 109 ) 795.9 <0.1 ( i a i ) 712.105 (»06) 712.175 (2) 707.831 ( 106 ) 707.865 (2) 631.543 ( 1 ( >6) 631.657 (2) 630.978 ( 106 ) 631.094 (2) 619.698 (106) 619.823 (2) 484.2 (131) 485.2 J («°) 484.7 484.80 ( 109 ) 431.6 <0.1 ( 131 ) 213.52 ** ( 141 ) 213.48^' 0.03 ( 7 M

TABLE 9.—(Continued) I Crystal | X | P. E. | Lit." Calcite 213.69 0.08 ( 3 2 ) (?) 213.41 0.1 (!35) Mean 813.58 Kai 1 5827.6 Calcite 208.71 st§ ( 108 ) 1 58 32.6 Calcite 208.85 ** ( 141 ) Calcite r 208.671 0.04 ( 7 1 ) Calcite 208.84 0.08 ( 32 ) (?) 208.50 0.1 (ias) Mean. 208.71 KPi1Pz 1 4438 Calcite 184.36 ** ( 141 ) Calcite r 184.261 0.03 ( 71 ) Calcite 184.56 0.08 ( 3 2 ) (?) 184.16 0.1 (»35) Mean 184.34 Kp2 1 41 49 Calcite 179.40 ** ( 141 ) Calcite r 179.071 0.06 ( 7 M Calcite 179.07 0.25 ( 32 ) (?) 179.00 0.1 (»85) Mean 179.18 K-limit Calcite r 178.121 0.07 ( 71 ) NaCl 178.02 ft ( 42 ) Mean 178.07 * When it is not convenient to replace the X-ray tube by one of the elements here listed, the absorption limits of Br and of Ag are the most convenient standards. They always appear in photographically recorded spectra, and when ionization methods are used one of them may be introduced by using CHaBr in the ionization chamber or by inserting Ag foil (0.005 to 0.01 cm thick (43)) into the path of the rays. t Grating space of calcite in second order is 3.02935 A (logio = 0.4813494), in third order it is 3.02940 A (logio = 0.4813566). J Mean value, individual values differ from mean by ^ 0.05mA. Later measurements, not yet published, give systematically somewhat higher values. Hence, for the present, the FeKai line is to be preferred as standard for the longer wave-lengths; the value here given for its wave-length was measured with the same instrument and crystal as the newest, most accurate measurements of ( 78 » 79 » 81 » 96 > 106 » 188). "st" indicates that the data were used by Leide as standards. A newer, but unpublished, measurement of the Cu Kai line with calcite crystal gives X = 1537.39. § Settings estimated to 0.1 % of 6. || Double reflection line. 1 From spectra of high order. ** Mean values; individual values of Q differ from mean by ca.3." ft Based upon Siegbahn's values for K emission lines. 74W

Line Ka2

I

0

TABLE 10.—LIMITING FREQUENCIES (Vo) OF X-RAY SERIES (i*, 27, 40, 41, 12?, 157, 162, 163) In general, both emission and absorption data have been used in the calculation of the following values; they are more accurate than if they depended upon absorption alone. If h/e = 1.3728s X 10~17 erg sec es"1 (I. C. T. value, Vol. I, p. 17) and ^00 = 3.29057 X 1015 sec"1 (not I. C. T. value), then the excitation potential is V0 = 13.546 VQ/V* absolute volt = 13.5404^0A00 international volt (v)* (logic 13.546i = 1.1318141; logio 13.5404 = 1.1316317). Tabular values are v0/vw where ^ = 3.29057 X IQ15 sec"1. 92U 90Th

I

K I LII I L2i I L22 I Mn \ MK \ M 22 | M32 | Af33 | JVn | Nn \ #22 | JV32 | JV33 | Nt3 \ Nu \ On \ Q 2 I-Q 22 1 Q82-Qa 8477.0 1603.5 1543.1 1264.3 408.9 382.1 317.2 274.0 261.0 106.6 95.7 77.156.3 53.6 28.4 27.6 26.2 I 15.4 5.8 8073.5 1509.7 1451.5 1200.6 381.6 354.4 298.0 256.6 244.9 97.8 51.2 48.7 24.8 24.1 5.7

83Bi 82Pb 81Tl 80Hg

6646.7 6463.0 6289.0 6115.9

1207.9 1169.3 1132.4 1094.6

1159.4 1121.9 1084.2 1048.6

990.0 960.5 933.2 906.1

295.9 283.8 273.9

273.6 262.3 253.8

234.0 226.0 219.2

199.4 191.4 190.5 183.0 184.8 176.8

71.0 58.7 50.335.7 33.7 66.0 55.4 49.332.2 30.5 63.7 53.6. 44.930.6 29.0

79Au 78Pt 74W 73Ta 72Hf 71Lu 70Yb

5940.4 5764.0 5113.8

1060.2 1026.8 893.0 862.2 832.0 802.6 774.6

1014.4 978.7 850.6 820.8 791.3 762.9 735.4

878.5 852.0 752.1 728.0 704.5 681.2 659.2

252.9 243.4 208.1 199.5 191.8 183.8 177.1

235.1 227.3 191.3 183.2 175.9 168.6 162.2

202.8 198.0 169.8 162.9 156.9 150.9 145.8

169.3 162.3 138.3 132.2 126.6 120.9 116.4

163.0 156.4 133.7 127.8 122.6 117.2 112.8

58.0 52.5 44.1 41.2 40.0 36.9 36.2

49.1 48.7 38.0 35.3 34.0 32.5 31.0

42.826.4 42.3 24.5 33.018.8 30.917.8 29.816.8 28.716.1 27.514.9

25.0 23.2 18.4 16.6 16.0 14.7 14.2

6.4 5.2 2.9 2.2 1.6 1.0 0.9

746.8 719.6 693.2 667.7 642.6 618.2 594.3 571.2 526.2

708.8 682.6 657.1 632.2 608.3 584.6 561.5 538.9 495.5

637.3 615.9 594.7 574.2 553.9 533.9 514.4 495.0 457.8

170.3 163.6 157.1 151.2 145.0 139.0 133.1 127.2 116.5

155.5 148.8 142.7 136.9 131.0 125.5 120.2 114.7 104.8

140.2 134.7 129.3 124.5 119.6 115.0 110.3 105.8 96.8

111.7 108.4 107.2 104.0 102.7 99.8 98.5 95.8 94.2 91.6 90.0 87.7 86.0 83.8 81.9 79.9 74.2 72.5

34.4 33.1 31.8 31.0 29.4 28.6 27.2 25.9 23.7

30.0 28.4 26.9 26.1 24.3 23.0 22.6 20.9 19.2

26.614.5 24.913.7 23.812.8 23.212.2 22.011.4 21.011.0 20.410.7 19.510.07 17.8 9.28

13.2 12.6 12.0 11.6 11.1 10.8 10.4 9.40 9.08

0.9 0.9 0.8 0.8

504.3 483.3 462.9 441.9 421.8 382.6 364.1 346.1 329.4

474.6 454.1 434.2 414.3 394.9 357.6 340.3 323.6 306.3

439.6 421.9 404.4 386.7 369.3 336.0 320.1 304.7 289.5

111.6 106.2 100.7 95.4 89.8 79.2 74.5 69.8 65.3

99.3 94.6 90.0 84.6 79.3 69.1 64.4 60.0 56.2

92.4 88.1 84.0 79.0 74.4 64.8 60.5 56.4 53.1

70.3 66.7 62.9 58.8 54.6 46.8 43.3 39.8 36.5

68.9 65.4 61.7 57.6 53.6 45.9 42.4 39.1 35.9

22.7 21.7 20.5 18.8 17.1 14.0 12.7 11.5 10.2

18.3 16.9 17.4 16.2 16.5 15.4 14.9 14.0 13.6 12.6 9.4 8.9 8.0 7.4

9.01 8.83 8.51 8.36 8.08 7.83 7.09 6.70 6.04 5.73 4.16 3.91 3.42 3.39 2.61 2.61 2.0

2057.2 1967.6 1878.9 1794.0 1709.1

312.0 296.8 280.9 267.1 251.7

60.1 56.9 52.8 49.7 46.3 43.0 37.3 34.8 31.8

48.8 46.2 42.6 40.7 37.0

31.6 28.4 26.3

30.3 27.3 25.4

32.4 30.4 27.4 25.4 23.0 21.0 17.1 15.4 13.4

31.9 29.9 27.0 25.0 22.6 20.7 16.9 15.3

8.2 8.1 6.9 6.7 6.0 5.6 4.7 4.4 3.8

5.5] 5.2 5.6 4.7 5.3 5.0 4.2

212.4 199.3 187.6

274.0 260.7 246.8 234.1 221.3 209.1 185.8 174.8 163.9

51.8 48.7 44.8 42.9 38.8

1473.1 1401.3 1325.8

289.3 274.3 259.9 245.7 231.8 218.8 193.4 181.7 169.8

0.7 0.4 0.2 0.3 0.1 0-4 0.3

158.8 147.9 137.6 117.69 108.37 100.02 77.10

153.3 143.2 133.2 114.29 105.40 97.42 75.39

29.2 26.7 24.1 18.99 16.68 14.92 10.10

22.8 22.0 21.0 20.2 18.2 17.6 13.50 11.57 10.36 6.80

11.7 10.2 8.4 5.19 3.80 3.02 0.84

70.32 64.70 59.04 53.44 48.18 43.12 38.5 34.0 30.3 25.9

68.84 63.37 57.80 52.40 47.34 42.40 38.0 33.6 30.0 25.6

8.83 8.28 7.72 7.07 6.2 5.9

5.68 5.40 4.73 4.17 3.70 3.61 3.0 2.6 2.7 2.0

0.76 0.67 0.60 0.60 0.34 0.10

69Tm 68Er 67Ho 66Ds 65Tb 64Gd 63Eu 62Sm 60Nd 59Pr 58Cef 57Laf 56Ba| 55Cs| 53It 52Tef 51Sbf SOSnf 49Inf 48Cdf 47Agf 46Pdf 45Rhf 44Ruf 42Mof 4lCbf 40Zrf

4115.9 3972.5 3711.9 3583.4 3457.0 3214.2 3093.3 2972.2 2756.4 2649.1 2448.3 2345.0 2241.7

39Ytf 38Srf 37Rbf 35Brf 34Sef 33Asf SOZnf

174.5 163.6 152.3 992.57 932.02 874.01 711.73

29Cuf 28Nif 27Cof 26Fef 25Mnf 24Crf 23Vf 22Tif 21Sc 20Ca

661.59 614.12 568.24 524.00 481.83 441.23 402.7 365.8 331.2 297.5

19K 17Cl 16S 15P 13Al 12Mg * Based on

265.3 21.4 21.2 207.8 14.8 14.7 181.8 11.8 158.3 9.9 114.7 5.2 95.8 3.5 Weston normal cell = 1.018300 international volt

87.2 80.3 73.8 67.7 61.9 56.3 51.0 45.9 41.0

•

3.5 3.2 2.4

3.8 3.2 3.1

13.6 13.0 10.8 10.310.3 10.0 9.610.6

2.8 1.9 1.4 0.7 0.6

2.0 0.8 1.7

8.3 8.6 5.2 4.4 4.3 4.0 3.6

0.8 0.4 (O)

0.4 0.3 3.9 0.2 3.1 3.5 4.0 3.6 3.1 3.1

3.8 3.9 2.7 3.2 2.6 3.3 2.9 2.53 2.67

3.1 3.2 3.0 3.1 1.9

2.55 2.41 2.34 1.56 1.08 0.38 0.26 0.25 0.6

1.6 1.9 1.3 0.2 0.2 0.2

0.9 0.4 0.3 0.8 O at 2O0C.

7.8 7.1 5.7 4.7 4.8 4.2

11.0 6.4 7.4

t These values are from recent data ( 40 > 157 > 163).

0.8 0.2

TABLE 11.—CHARACTERISTIC X-RAY EMISSION SPECTRA AND ABSORPTION LIMITS: ELEMENTARY SUBSTANCES Substances which are mutually isotopic seem to have identical spectra ( 29 » 7O, 145) • see aiso 82Pb in this table. In each group of elements, the lines are arranged, as well as may be, in the order of decreasing wave-length (X); the wavelengths of those lines which are out of place, with reference to this order, are in italics. An "x" indicates that the line probably occurs, but coincides with another line. Except as otherwise indicated, the line notation is Siegbahn's and the difference notation is Sommerfeld's (Table 2). The wave-lengths of at least some of the lines of the lighter elements are influenced by the valence of the element and are modified by the nature of the element with which it is combined and by the material of the anticathode upon which it is spread.

Final data are not available; for preliminary work, see ( 113 > 116> 117). For effect of chemical combination upon absorption limits see Table 12. For relations connecting related lines, see p. 27; for methods for determining the subseries to which a line belongs, see ( 17 » 142, 149, 183, 184). The excitation potential (F0 = IWe = hc/eX 0 ) may be computed from the subseries absorption limit (Xo): FoXo = 12 344 volt A (absolute) = 12 339 Int. volt A, if h, c, and e have the I. C. T. accepted values (Vol. I, p. 17) (logio 12 339 = 4.09128). (Literature references are given at the beginning of each section of the table, and at the end of the table are notes regarding the precision of the data, recomputations, etc,,, see p. 43.)

Tabular values are X, unit = ImA = 0.001 1 = 10~n cm. A. Sources.—Absorption limit: 12Mg, 13Al, and ISA (72, 80) ; others («4). Emission: Non-diagram lines (a' to Px) of UNa, 12Mg, and 13Al (193, 194), aii relative to a 1>2 ; P1 to p* of 14Si (8), of 15P (izo) f of 16S (ii6) f of 17Cl ("7); AXa 2-1 (7); others (142). Lines «li2 ali2 tt,'2 tti.'s ai] 2

5B

21

J-^ A-L22 AXa 2-1

K-limit

|

6G

|

I 11Na 1 11883.6 J

| 12Mg* | 13Al*f | 9867.75

11836.3 11803.9 11785.9 11717.7 11687.1 11702 11592

9825.3 9800.0 9784.2 9729.4 9704.4 9647 9538

11550

9499 9511.2

* For 12Mg, 13Al, and 14Si, Wentzel ( 192 ) points out the following relations between values of Av: (ae — «4)2 = (as — «1,2)2+1; (as — «1,2)2 < (as — «3)2 < («3 — «1,2)2+1. f For 13Al, lines «3 and «4 appear ( 6 ) to have nearly equal intensities if VT = 2.90 kv; hence, nearly equal values of Vo, both <2.9 kv; for K-limit Fo = 1.55 kv. At VT = 3.10, «', «5, and «e are present; if they arise from double ionization, both electrons must be removed simultaneously and by the same cathode .particle ( 36 ). t Normal lines refer to red P. For P on Al, X0la. = 5785.4 for red P and 5784.5 for black P.

8319.40

8Q

|

23730 24soo

45500 43960 458oo 449oo Lines

~^ cti «2-«i «'§ «3§ a4§ a5§ a6§ /33§ ^1** plx** /3***

|

K-L 21 ,22 K-L21,22 K-L 21 , 22 K-L21,22 K-L 21 . 22

9F

|

ISsoo

238oo 14Si* 7109.17

|

15Pt

|

Lit.

|

Grating

(162, 163) ( 51 ) (128) (89) (*6Q)

16S "

|

Crystal Crystal Ruled Ruled Ruled

17Cl

|

18A

l

6141.71

/JJJ-J? [ oobU.90 2.44 2.61 2.72 2.88 8285.2 7083 x 5340.6 8265.8 7063.8 6102.2 5329.37 8250.1 7053.7 6095.0 5323.25 8208.8 7014 5262.6(?) 8188.6 7003 8042 6793.3 5820.4fl 5047H 7965 6754.5 5792.1 5021.8 5788.2 5017.tf 7944 6739.3 5779.6 5013.5 7947.0 6731.0 5767.4 5008.8|J

%* 'f 4718.«sl 2.97 4702.51| 46881| 46841|

4406.0|| 4394.2ft 4393.3 4390. e f t 4393.8Jt

3865.7

§ Non-diagram line. Measured by Hjalmar except as otherwise indicated. Il Measured by Dolejsek. For 17Cl he also lists a", \ = 4712. 1 For fa, Dolejsek gives X = 4406.0 for 15P, X == 5044.7 for 16S. ** For 15P, 16S, and 17Cl, X/3i and X^ are average values for various chemical compounds that give both lines, Xflla. is the average value for those compounds that give only one line. For 11Na, 12Mg, 13Al, and 14Si, X/3S is for the pure element, XjS1 is for oxide or other compound. tt For CaCl2, X^1 = 4394.7, \$x = 4388.4. tt Hjalmar lists for 16S /3 2 (?), X = 5012.7; and for 17C10", X = 4390.8.

B. Sources.—Absorption limits: 21Sc ( 7 2, 80)? 27Co and 28Ni ( 60 ), others (U*). Emission: K-series 02 of 19K, 20Ca, 21Sc, 24Crand 25Mn; ttl, «2, and Q1 of 24Cr an'd 25Mn; all except /3'", of 26Fe, 27Co, and 28Ni (79); c/. (58); all /3" and 0'" ( 5 S); others (!42). L1 series 19K and 20Ca (7), others (^5). Lines I 19K | 2QCa | 21Sc | 22Ti | 23V | 24Cr | 25Mn a 1(2 P1 a2 «! CtTOL1 a"* "3I «4 /S7* P1 P" P2 P'"

L 22 -Af 321 Ss L21-AT32 K-Lî K-L22 AXa2-1

K-M21,22 K-N2l>22

K-limit

242oo 2746.81 2743.17

2153o 1939o 2119o 1904o 2502.13 2288.907 2101.489 2498.35 2285.033 2097.506

3737.06 3733.68 3.21 3730

3354.95 3351.69 3.28 3349

3028.40 3025.03

0700'«* o/Uo.o|

3006

2726 9

2484 6

3446.8Ot 3443.Ot 3434.6 3400.7

Qoon'ni oooU.UJ 3091.1 3083.43 3079.7 3069.1 3044.3

2799.2 2773.94 2767.5 2758.0 2742.5

2515.1§ 2508.98 2500.7 2493.7 2483.6

2285.3§ 2279.72 2272.6 2264.6 2257.7

2085.7 2080.586

|| 1906.195

2066.71 2061.7

1893.27 1888.8

3431.0

3064.3

2751.7

2491.2

2263.0

2066.3

1892.1

3023 -

-

22

73.3

2087.9

I TJ ai,2 fa fa.4 «2 a}

Lines L22-Mn L2I-M11 L 22 -M 32 , 33 L21-Af32 L11-M21122 K-L21 K-L22

TABLE UB.—(Continued) | 26Fe^f | 27Co | 28Ni || Lines 2012o 182Oo 1655o «M* 1965o 1777o 1617o fa 1758o 1594o 14528 fa K-M21,22 1722o 1562o 14235 P2 K-N2l>22 1561o 1314o 0'" 1936.012 1789.187 1658.353 £-limit 1932.076 1785.287 1654.503

* Non-diagram lines. Measured by Dolejsek, unless otherwise indicated. f Hjalmar also lists for 19K, Xa' = 3718.7, X«3,4 = 3708.83. JLundquist ( 12 °) finds for 19K, Kfti = 3446.99, K0" = 3443.09.

| 26FeIT | 27Co | 28Ni 1923.3 1777?41647.6 1756.46 1620.11 1499.10 1753.013 1617.436 1497.045 1740.80 1605.62 1485.61 1737.1 1740.5 1602.3 1489.5

§ Non-diagram lines. Measured by Hjalmar. U For 25Mn, X£3 = 1910.50 (? 9 ). f The Ka-linea of Fe are unresolved multiplets.

C. Sources.—Absorption limit: 36Kr (23); others ( 60 ). Emission: j£-series of 31Ga ( 167 ); Ka2, K32, and Ka3,4 oi? 29Cu, and Ka3,4 of 30Zn (142) ; others of K-series (*<>5, *<>8, *Q9); L-series (*65). Lines | 29Cu | 30Zn | 31Ga j 32Ge j 33As | 34Se | " 35Br | 36Kr ~1L22-M11 1519o 1395o 1289o 11920 11047 10271 9563 •n L21-Mn 1483o 1361o 1256o 11585 10710 9939 9234 «1,2 L22-M32.33 13308 12224 11270 10414 9650 8971 8357 a.' 1324o 12191 11238 10378 9616 8939 8326 a" 13172 12150 11196 10341 9581 8903 8297 0i L21-M32 13029 11958 11006 10152 9394 8717 8108 Pf 1299o 11934 10986 10131 9372 8698 8086 0" 1296o 11893 10951 10102 9346 8671 8065 0t,4 Ln-M21,22 121Oo 1116o 8911 «2 K-L21 1541.26 1435.87 1340.87 1255.21 1177.40 1106.43 1041.60 OL, K-L22 1537.39 1432.06 1337.14 1251.30 1173.43 1102.42 1037.56 aMf 1530.7 1428.8 0».i K-M2lt22 1389.27 1292.60 1205.20 1126.74 1055.18 990.25 930.84 09 K-A^21,22 1378.0 1280.97 1114.62 1042.93 997.90 918.26 K-limit 1379.0 1296.7 1190.6 1115.0 1043.8 979.3 918.2 864.8 * Also 11224.

f Non-diagram lines. Measured by Dolejsek.

D. Sources.—Absorption limit: K-series ( 60 ), L-series (105, 108); L-Series ^, /?2', T;, and 7'2,3 ( 79 ), others (142). Lines | 37Rb | I L22-M11 T? L21-M11 8029.0 «2 L22-M32 «1 L22-M33 7302.7 «at 7272.7 0i L21-M32 7060.4 06 L22-JV11 6967.5 04' L11-M21.. 6802.8 0i L11-M22 6769.9 £2 L 22 -AT 32>33 L22-limit /3'2t (0n) \ 02't (£12) J . 75 L21-Nn 6738.6 TI L21-AT32 T J t ( T r ) Lai-limit 72,3 72,31 a2 on

Ln-N2l,Z2 Ln-limit K-L21 K-L22

6028.2 927.72 923.60

( 7 ^). Emission: K-series 42Mo ( 106 ), 45Rh ( 7 ^) 7 46Pd (except j84) ( 96 ), others 38Sr 7821 7505 6847.8 6818.3 6609.2 6503.0 6385.5 6349.9

| 39Yt

6434.9 6406.5 6198.4 6001.9 5967.8

|

4QZr 6898 6593.1

| 41Cb | 42Mo* 6509 6195 5835 5717 5400 6055.9 5711.3 5394.3 6027.2 5688.6 5372.1 5822.2 5479.6 5165.8 5693.5 5346.1 5652.7 5331.4 5035.8 5618.2 5295.9 5000.2 5573.4 5225.3 4909.2 , 1fiq

6278.8

5481.0 5373.0

f 4862.6 \ 4847.7 4819.0 5024.1 4711.1

5629.4

4941.2 4895

4967 4639 4597

877.54 873.37

831.18 827.00

788.50 784.29

748.82 744.57

4662 4361.3 4323 712.105J 707.83It

| 44Ru

4843.67 4835.67 4818 4611.00 44W-4 4512.6 4476.4 4361.9 4360.4 4323.4 4309.0 4276.6 4172.82 4169.3 4128 3887.9 646.15 641.81

|

45Rh 5207.0 4911.2 4595.56 4587.78 4572 4364.00 4230.1 4277.8 4241.3 4122.1 4121.2 4087.8 4076.6 4035.2 3935.7 3934.0 3894 3677.0 3647 3618.6 616.371 612.023

£ ££::::::::::::::::::::::: }827-°2 **•« *»•*> *»•« «*•« (SiZ H43 {JS:2!

TABLE 11L>.—(Continued) Lines Jz 04

I 1 a2 a! a,t 0i 04 03 06

I 37Rb | 814.84

K-JV 21(22 K-O 21 ,22 K-limit

814.6 |

Lines L22-M11 L21-M11 L22-M32 L22-M33 L21-M32 L11-M21 L11-M22 L2Z-Nu

46Pd 4939.6 4650.2 4366.60 4358.50 4344 4137.30 4062.3 4025.7 4007.0

||

38Sr | 769.17

39Yt | 726.63

402r | 41'Gb 688.35 652.55

769.9

725.7

687.4

Lines 0T~~ L22-JV32^3 L22-HmIt 0 2 f (0 U ) 0'2't (Pu) 75 L21-TV11 7i L21-JV32 L21-limit Tit (77) 72.3 L n -JV 2 ^ 22

* For 42Mo, non-diagram line La3 has 6 components, usually unresolved,none of them are present if V = 3 kv, but the three nearest to La1 are present if V = 4 kv; the others appear only at higher voltages ( 143 ). The normal lines La1 and La2 are excited at V = 2.9 kv. f Non-diagram lines listed by Siegbahn.

|

46Pd 3900.7 3900.5 3868.8 3857.4 3811.6 3716.36 3715.2 3678 3480.9

650.5 || «2 «1 03 0i 02 04

42Mo* 619.698 618.25 618.2 Lines " Ln-limit K-L21 K-L22 K-M21 K-M22 K-JV 2122 K-021,22 K-limit

|

44Ru 560.48

45Rh 533.957

558.6

533.2 I 46Pd 13420.6 588.632 584.266 520.093 519.474 509.181 507.90§ 507.70

t For Mo, Davis and Purks (53.2) fin(j satellites on the long-wave sides of a,, a lt and /S1 the separations being 0.096, 0.085, and 0.17mA, respectively; they call them a2, ai, and /S1. § Of doubtful origin; value from ( 109 ).

E. Sources (except as otherwise indicated).—Absorption limit: K-limit, 54Xe ( 23 ), others ( 60 ); L-limit, 54Xe ( 110 ), others ( 27 > 73). Emission: K-series, 47Ag ( 96 ), 531 ( 33 ), others ( 33 » 96 > 105 > 108 ); L-series 02 and 0'2' ( 7 9 ), others ( 142 ). Lines I T7 «2 «i «3* 01 04 fa 06 02 07

L 22 -Mn L21-Mn L22-M32 L22-M33

I

".

L21-M32 L11-M21 L11-M22 L22-N11 L 22 -JV 32)33 L22-O11 Ljjplimit

Pt* (Pu) 0' 2 '*(0i 2 ) 01C* 09* 75 L21-AT11 Ti L21-JV32 L21-HmIt Ti* (TT) 72,3 L11-N21,22 V 213 * 74 L 11 -O 21122 Ln-limit «2 K-L21 «1 K-L22 03 K-M21 0! K-M22 02 K-JV 2 I 122 K-limit

..

47Ag 4697.6 4410.1 4153.82 4145.64 4131.70 3926.64 3861.1 3824.45 3799.4 3693.83 3690.8 3663.5 3653.6 3630 3620 3607.3 3514.85 3506.7 3480 3299.7 3270 3247.4 562.669 558.277 496.647 496.009 486.030 485.2

48Cd | 49In [ 50Sn [ 51Sb | 52Te | 531 | 54Xe 4471.3 4259.3 4063.3 3880.3 3710.1 4187.5 3976.1 3781.8 3599.6 3956.36 3772.42 3601.08 3440.75 3291.00 3150.87 3947.82 3763.67 3592.18 3431.77 3281.92 3141.66 3933 3749.91 3730.08 3547.83 3377.92 3218.36 3069.97 2930.93 3674.25 3499.0 3336.3 3184.3 3040.0 2906 3636.42 3461.9 3298.9 3145.14 3001.3 2867 3607.3 3428.0 3262.2 3107.8 2964.4 3506.4 3331.2 3167.9 3016.6f 2876.1 2746.08 3317 3149 3496.3 3315.5 3149.3 2990.7 2845.7 2713.9 2587.5J 3478.7 3304.0 3142.6 2998.4 3470.7 3295.9 3134.7 2985.8f 3265.8 3114.4 2972.5 3259.8 3108.1 2965.8 3418.1 3241.8 3077.4 2925.6 2783.1 3328.0 3155.29 2994.93 2845.07f 2706.47 2577.48 3319.0 3139.5 2972.3 2821.9 2679.3 2547.5 2425.3 J 3296 3125 2968.5 3131.6 2973.6 2827.3 2688.9 2564.9

3077.3 538.29 533.86 474.97 474.29 464.38 463.4

* Non-diagram lines listed by Siegbahn ( 1 4 2 ). f Dauvillier ( 5 » 4 ?) lists for SlSb/S'/X = 3011.7,/S 9 (Ln-If 32 )X = 2989./Sa(LnM33) = 2985.5 (corresponding, respectively, to Siegbahn's 08, /3io, /3g), and 7ioX = 2840.

2919.1 2919.4 515.46 511.03 454.42 453.72 444.09 443.6

2771.3 2633.6 2769.6 2631.7 493.96 473.86 489.48 469.31 435.06 \ d 1 f t 9 ~ 434.40 J 4 1 0 -^ 424.85 407.10 424.3 406.6

2505.7 2503.9 2383.9 2272.4J 454.91 436.94 450.37 432.43 OQQ 9fi / 3 8 3 . 9 2 ; ^-o J 3 8 3 1 5 390.37 374.61 389.7 373.8 538.8

J These L-limits show strong absorption lines like the electropositive elements and unlike I~ and Br~; they lie on the extrapolated curve for Ag to I, but not on that from Cs to Nd O 1 °).

TABLE 11.—(Continued) F. Sources (except as otherwise noted).—Absorption limit: K-limits, 55Cs and 56Ba ( 60 ), others ( 24 ); L-limits, 55CsLn (118), 57La and 58Ce («), others (127). Emission: K-series (32, 33); c/. (109); L-series, ^56Sa, all 06, all Te (L2x-O32), and 7463Eu (5, 48), others (142). Lines I rj «2 OL1 «3* /Sn* P1 04 013* 03 06 014§ 02 0,i. »§ 09* 010§ 09§ 08* 07 * 05 010* 75 V1* 79§ Ti TIO* 78 77§ 76* 76 V1* Tlo § 73* 72 73 T9 * 74 OL2 «1 03 0! 02

L22-Mn L2I-Mn L22-M32 L22-M33 L11-Mn L2I-M32 Ln-M21 L21-M33 Ln-M22 L22-AT11 L22-AT32,33 ' Ln-M32

|

55Cs

57La | 58Ce [ 59Pr [ 60Nd "| 3000 2778.1 2670.3 2734 2614.7 2507 2404.2 2668.93 2565.11 2467.63 2375.63 2659.68 2556.00 2457.70 2365.31

62Sa [ 63Eu 2477.0 2390.3 2214.5 2205.68 2127.33 2195.01 2116.33 2184.6

2677.84 2660.5

56Ba 3128.7 2857.1 2779.0.2 2769.64 2755.4f 2631.5 2562.24 2549.8

2453.30 2443.8

2351.00 2344.2

2253.90 2250.1

2622.93 2587.5

2511.0 2477.2

2405.3 2373.9

2506.4 2483 2381.31T

2399.3f 2381.7

2298.0

2305.9 2276.9 2212.1H 2204.1

2212.4 2185.9 2122.0 2114.8

1993.57 1996.4 1987.6J 1958.0 1942.2 1885.1 H 1878.1

1916.31 1922.1 1908. IJ 1882.7 1870.5 1781.4|[ 1808.2

2191.6 2184.0 2184.4 2176.3 2164.0 2159.7 2153.1 2105.6 2051.1 2051 2044.33 2028.8 2019 2029 2019.6 2009.1 2006.7

2102.5 2095.8

1866.2 T 1865.7 1858.1 1858.9 1852.3 1843.7 1840.8 1834.0 1775.1 1728.7 1728.5 1723.09 1711.3 1701.9 1692.6 1699.1 1664.4

1794.0^ 1796 1788 1786.0 1784 1773.4 1771.7 1764.7 1705 1658.9 1659.3 1654.3 1642.2 1629 1644 1633.4 1624.1 1622.8 1598.6

1656.0 1655.9 1651.7 1626.1 1603.3 1595.4 313.20 308.54 273.25 272.50 265.75 264.4

1591.9 1593.9 1587.7 1561.9 1541.0 1533.3 302.69 297.99 263.86 263.07 256.45 254.8

2983.3 2895.60 2886.10

2473 L11-M33 L22-On L 22 -0 32>33 L22-limit

2480 2467.4

Lti-Nn

2411.1

L21-AT32

2342.52

L21-On L2I-AT43 L 21 -O 32 .... I/si-limit

2307.5 2236.9

L11-AT21 L11-AT22 L11-AT33 L11-O2I122 Ln-limit K-L21 K-L22 K-M21 K-M22 K-Nti.t* g-limit

2232.2 2227.0 2169.1 2160.5 403.98 399.48 354.36 353.62 345.16 344.5

|

2285 2277

2371.2 2375.5 2375.6 2359.5 2356.8 2351.1 2302.3

2270 2253.7 2200.8

2236.6Of 2218.6 2218 2218 2211.2 2201.6 2199.3 2143.8 2140.2 2134.2 2134.0 2129.5 2098.9 2071.5f 2062.0 388.91 384.31 340.89 340.22 332.22 330.8

* Non-diagram lines listed by Dauvillier ( 5 » 4 7 ); if a difference notation is given, it is to be regarded as tentative. In this table, Dauvillier's /87 and /Sy are entered as /87 and /3?, respectively. His {& , Ps, Ps are, respectively, the same as Siegbahn's /Sg, £9, /Sio. f For 56Ba, Dauvillier ( 5 » 47 ) lists the following non-diagram lines: at\ = 2732.7, 0'.X = 2395.4, 7iX = 2232.4, 7Jx = 2067.5.

2137.20

2098.9 2048.1 2041.6 2036.5 1978.7 1968.9 374.60 369.96 328.09 327.26 319.66 318.6

1962.3 1956.1 1955.9 1950.9 1922.5 1895.2 1885.6 360.97 356.37 315.72 315.01 307.70 306.5

2162.21 2162.2 2154.8 2122.2 2099.3 2038.8|| 2031.4

2087.4

2019.3 2011.7 2013.8 2004.3

2072.8

1990.7

2016,1

1931.3 1879.3 1880.4 1873.83 1860.0

1962.2 1956.81 1932.2 1942.2 1920.1

1859 1851.4 1842.6 1839.1

1881.1 1875.0 1869.9

1797.4 1792.5

1815.3 1807.1 348.05 343.40 304.39 303.60 296.25 295.1

1740.8 1731.7 335.96 331.31 293.51 292.75 285.73 284.6

J Siegbahn (142) gives for /SisXga = 1987.1, XEu = 1909.2. § Non-diagram lines listed by Siegbahn ( 142 ). Il Dauvillier ( 5 » *7) gives for /Si4Xc6 = 2212.4, X N d = 2039.5, Xsm = 1886.0, XEu = 1813.9. ^f Also called 0" by the same author.

TABLE 11.—(Continued) G. Sources (except as otherwise noted).—Absorption limit: K-timits ( 24 ), L-limits, 65Tb (Ln) and 67Ho (3:27), 65Tb (L22-L21) and 70Yb (74), others (41). Emission: K-series 67Ho (109), others (32, 33); c/. (109). L-series, 69Tu (37), 05 (L22-O32,33), and T6 (L21-O32) (5, 48), others (142); M-series ( 8 3). en a"* «'* 0 0"* P1* 7 1 a2 «! Ji 04 01 /Sis t 03 06 0i4 02 &0'2t (011,12) 09§ 0io t M 08§ 07§ ' 07 091 05 75 79t 71 7io§ 76§ 76 72 73 79§ 74 «2 a, 03 0! 02

Lines M33-A^4

|

64Gd

|

65Tb

| 66Dy

|

67Ho

|

68Er

[ 69Tu" [ 70Yb 8111 8090

M32-N43 8919 M22-N32,33 L22-M11 L22-M32 L22-M33 L21-M11 L11-M21 L21-M32 L11-M22 L22-N11 L 22 -N 32133 L11-M32

2307.1 2052.62 2041.93

2229.0 1982.31 1971.49

1849.3 1842.46 1835.5 1810.9 1803.1 1748.lt 1741.9

1781.4 1772.68 1765.5 1742.5 1737.5 1685.1 1679.0

. . 1729.3 1728.1

2154.0 1915.64 1904.60 1892.2 1716.7 1706.58 1699.2 1677.7 1677.7 1625.1 1619.8

2082.1 1852.06 1840.98 1822.0 1655.3 1643.52 1635.5 1616.0 1618.8 1567 1563.7

7870 7852 2015.1 1791.40 1780.40 1754.8 1596.4 1583.44 1575.6 1557.9 1563.6 1512 1510.6 1501.4

1733.9 1722.8 1692.3 1541.2 1526.8

1890.0 1678.9 1667.79 1631.0 1488.2 1472.5

6780 1831.8 1626.36 1615.51f 1573.8 1437.2 1420.7

1502.3 1511.5

1449.4 1462.7

1398.2 1414.3

1460.2

1412.8f

1479.6 1403

1429.9 1352.3

1382.64 1303.0

1469.7

1532.2 1459 1416 1414.2

1367.2f 1359 1339.8 1339.8 1333.0 1333.0 1346.6 1345.9 1333.0 1339.8 1337.7 1256

1362.3

1312.7

1499.4 1473.8 1468.3

1441.4 1420.3 1413.9

1386.9 1367.7 1361.3

1334.9 1318.4 1311.8

1284.9 1271.2 1265.3

1423.9 1417.0 282.94 278.19 246.29 245.51 239.12 237.6

1371.4 1364.8 273.64 268.87 237.87 237.10 231.28 230.1

1319.7 1314.6 264.99 260.30

1273.2 1266.0 256.72 251.99 223.00 222.15 216.71 215.8

1226.4 1219.6 248.61 243.87 215.58 214.87

1264.8 1256.8 1248.3 1240.5 1238.14 1225.6 1219.8 1201.6 1182.0 1176.4 240.99 236.22 209.16 208.34 203.22 201.6

1220.3 1211.9 1201.6 1196.9 1194.5 1183.2 1177.5 1160.5 1141.1 1136.2 233.58 228.82 202.52 201.71 196.49 195.1

1664 1482.3

L11-M33 L 22 -N 43144 L22-O11 L 22 -0 32 , 33 L22-limit L21-N11 L 2 1 -N 3 2 -... L21-N43 L21-O32 L2i-Hmit L11-N21 L11-N22 L11-N33 L 1 1 -O 2 1 1 2 2 ..: Lii-Hmit K-L2 K-L22 K-M21 K-M22 K-N 2 i, 22 K-limit

1720.0 1719.6 1709.3 1706.2f 1637.6 1593.6f 1588.63 1578.9 1569.5 1561.5 1558.7 1531.Ot 1525.9 1538.3 1481.8 1474.0 292.41 287.73 254.71 253.94 247.62 246.2

[ 71Lu 7820 7803 7787 7582 7560

1655.8

1595.7

1644.2 1574.2 1531.4 1526.6

1587.0 1515.2

* Satellites of diagram lines; not resolved in any photograph ( 83 ). Ma and M0 are unresolved multiplets; for details of structure, see ( 166 ). f Other non-diagram lines listed by Dauvillier ( 5 > 47 ) are: For 64Gd, /3uX = 1748.7, froX = 1703.3, T(X = 1594.6, 7?X = 1538.3; for 70Yb, 0'/X = 1405.9; for 71Lu, a3X = 1612.2, ^X = 1368.9, /?2"x = 1357.9.

1489.2 1482.3

221.8

208.5

$ Non-diagram lines listed by Siegbahn ( 142 ). § Non-diagram lines listed by Dauvillier ( s » 4 T ); if a difference notation is given, it is to be regarded as tentative. In this table, Dauvillier's /?7 and /S7 are entered as /87 and /3?, respectively. His 0", /Ss, £9 are, respectively, same as Siegbahn's fa, 0s, /?io.

TABLE 11.—(Continued) H. Sources (except as otherwise indicated).—Absorption limit: K-limits, 72Hf and 73Ta ( 24 ), 74W (see Table 7), others (59);L-limits, 72Hf (41), 73Ta and 74W (I27) f others (63, 66) ; M-limits, 74W («*) and 76Os, 77Ir, and 78Pt (136). Emission: tf-series, 72Hf (33); cf. J(K> 9 ), others (58); L-series in ( ) ("), 72Hf (37), 73Ta stronger (««), others (36), corrected, 76Os (77, ft, ft, ft, ft, ft, ft, 75, Te), 77Ir fa ft, 74, 75), and 79Au (ft, L21-P11, L22-P11) (47); others (H2) ; M-series, 72Hf (37), 74W ("i), others (83).

a, a"t ft /3"f

7 7 7'

I

Lines M33-N22 M2T-N11 MM-NU M32-O21,22 M32-N43

"

|

72Hf

73Ta

7521

7238

7286

7001

Jf88-HmIt M32-limit M2I-Nn Af22-N32 n* -N ATM 22 33 M22-On M22-limit M21-N32 M11-N22 M2i-limit M11-O21122 Mn-limit L22-M11

|

IAQHI J>6301

1777.4

1724.2

t% *t «2

L22-M32

1577.04

1671.7 1608.6 1529.8

ai

L22-M33

1566.07

1518.85

«st rj

L21-M11

1519.7

1514.3 1465.5

0i,t ft

L11-M11 L11-M21

1389.3

1383.3 1343.1

ft

L22-N11

1371.1

1327.4

ft

L21-M32

1371.1

1324.23

/33

L11-M22

1349.7

1304.1

ft

L22-N32,33

1323.5

1281.90

1303.5

1275.0 1274.7 1260.9

0s t /O'2'l[(ft) ft L22-O11 fti L 22 -N 43> 44 L22-limit ft L 22 -O 32i33 ftt 0ioT ftt ft U 75 71 7iot

1293.0

L22-P11 L11-M32 L11-M33 L21-N11 L21-N32

|

74W*

|

76Os

-

1212.1 1176.5

7349 6963 6952 6750 6733 6726 6708 6475 6271 /6123 \ <( 6083 ^00 J> 6066 5607 5416 5365 5157 4800 4433 4365 1675.05 (1675.0) 1621.6 1561 1484.52 (1484.38) 1473.48 (1473.36) 1417.7 (1418.1) 1334.4 1298.74 (1298.79) 1287.1 (1287.0) 1279.17 (1279.17) 1260.00 (1259.92) 1241.91 (1242.03) 1236.0 1235.4** 1220.8

1251.7 1251.5

1211.6 1212.5 (1202.5)

1251.8 1251.5 1243.0 1243.8 1170.9 1135.58

1210.5 1209.4 1203.4 1202.1 1129.2 1095.53 (1096.30) 1088.7

1129.0

6882 6481 6459

[

77Ir* 8012 6663 6250 6223

[

78Pt*

6041 6026

|

79Au* x 6264 5831 5812

6256 6233 6194 5975 5802

6030 6011 5961 5754

5820 5797 5736 5541

5619

7 5672

5484

5303

Q 5131

4851 4768 4548 4270

4674 x 4407 3738

x 4230

1497.23

1456.54

1449.0

5652 5027 4949 4779 4412 4037

1383.2 1325.8

1490.0 1429.5 1359.39 (1359.8) 1348.34 (1348.47) 1343.3 1283.6

1321.21 (1321.55) 1310.08 (1310.33) 1304.9 1240.1

1410.0 1348.1 1284.89 (1285.02) 1273.55 (1273.77) 1268.9 1199.5

1215.0

1204.4 1176.4

1163.4 1139.8

1104.4

1204.8

1171.7

1139.8

1110.6

1194.59

1154.95 (1155.40) 1137.9

1117.22 (1117.58) 1099.50

1080.93 (1081.28) 1065.2

1132.87 (1132.97) 1127.3 1126.7 1111.6ft 1108.2

1099.50§ (1099.74) 1094.1 1092.8 1078.5 1076.2 1070.9 1070.1

1067.75§ (1068.01) 1061.0|[ 1060.9 1046.5 1045.3 1038.7 1038.2

1398.2 1388.16

1177.2 1168.38§ 1161.6 1147.9ft

1140

1103.0

1097.7 1123.8

1087.4

1054.1 1022.47

1019.7 988.41 (988.76) 982.2

10593 1057.0 1052.4 1051,9 985.5 955.45 (955.99) 950.3

1036.0 1025.4 1025.7 1018.2 1018.8 954.2 924.37 (924.61)

TABLE

72

Lines L21-O11 L21-N43 L21-O32 L 2 I-KmIt L11-N21

73

TS 7et Te

79 t

74

«2 ai

03 0! 02

|

72Hf

[

UH.—(Continued)

73Ta

| 74W* | 76Qs | 1079 1078.5 1005.3 1072.0 999.1 1071.3 1065.84 995.7 (1065.88)

1151.5 1141.3

1117.6 1110.9 1110.2 1102.9

L21-P11 L11-N22

1135.6

1097.1

L11-N33 L11-O21123

1100.1

1063.3

Ln-Kmit K-L21 K-L22 K-M21 K-M22 K-N2l<22 g-limit

1097 226.53 221.73 195.83 195.15 190.42 190.1

1057 219.73 214.88

1059.65 (1059.87) 1043.9 1026.47 (1025.8) 1020.5 213.45 208.62

189.91 184.52 183.6

* Friman's measurements ( 8 1 ) of the stronger lines are given in ( ) and are more accurate than the older values; he did not measure the fainter lines. f Satellites of diagram lines: not resolved in any photograph ( 8 3 ). Ma. and MjS are unresolved multiplets, for details of structure, see ( 1 6 6 ). J Non-diagram lines listed by Dauvillier ( 5 » 4 7 ); if a difference notation is given, it is to be regarded as ten-tative. In this table, Dauvillier's /3? and /87 are entered as /3? and /3?, respectively. His /S2', /3g, /3g are, respectively, same as Siegbahn's /3g, /99, /3io.

184.22 178.98 178.07

77Ir* 971.4 963.6

|

78Pt*

|

79Au*

963.6

937.9 907.5 931.7 901.25 932.1 901.1 931.7 901.25

988.8

956.6

925.6

899.0 895.68

975.0 957.2

942.6 924.5

912.0 895.0

883.0 866.3

201.31 196.45

195.50 190.65

892.1 861.3 190.04 184.83 185.23 179.96

173.61 168.75

168.50 163.76

163.70 158.87 158.1

159.02 154.26 153.4

§ Dauvillier ( 5 » 47, 48) iists separately /3$ with XOa = 1170.2, X Pt = 1100.9, XAU = 1069.75. Jl Dauvillier ( 5 > 4 ?) lists /3'2"x = 1062.3 for 79Au. 1" Non-diagram lines listed by Siegbahn ( 1 4 2 ). ** Same observer lists this value for /9n,i2 also. ft As measured by Dauvillier and called by him /87; his /3? is the neighboring non-diagram line Lzz - -/V43144.

I. Sources (except as otherwise noted).—Absorption limit: K-limits ( 59 ); L-limits, 88Ra ( 19 ), others ( 63 » 66 ); M-limits ( 34 > 154 ). Emission: K-series, 92U (13S) 1 others (58) ; L-series in ( ) (»1), 80Hg (75), g4Po and 88Ra (i»), 92U ( T4 and Ln-P21,„) (47), others (142); M- and N-series (83).

«2 «1 a"§ «'§ 0 0"§ 0'§

7 7'§

Lines #22-082.83 JV22-Pn N2I-O32 AT11-O21^2 AT11-P2I122 M33-AT22 M22-AT11 M33-N43 M 33 -N 44

I 80Hg* |

81TIf

5879

82PbJ:

6 727 5687

M 32 -N 43

5233 5 210

5273 5 250 5242 5065 5 042

M32-O21,22 M33-P22 Mas-limit M 22 -N 32f 33

5 185

4 994

4 806 4 798

4 666

M32-limit M21-Nn M22-O11 M 22 -0 32l33 M11-N21 M 22 -HmIt... M21-N32 M11-N22 M2I-O32 M21-limit Mn-O2I1M Mn-P21122

5443 5 427

|

|

83Bi f

13 208 6 498 5525 5117 5107 \ I5078 4894 4 875 4 815 4 4 4 4

762 513 497 569 x

3 3 3 3

884 894 816 672

4646

4 095 3 932

3 945 3 789

| 84Po | 88Ra | " 90Th f 13 805 13 149 11 046 10 030 9 397 5 245 4569 4138 4129 4097

3931 3 925 3 921 3 792 3 753 3 721 3 657 3 645 3 552 3530 3 276 3 109 3 127 3 058 2 999 2 917 2 612 2 571 2 437

| 92U| 12 874 12 250 10 385 9 619 8 691 4 929 4326 3913 3901 3 885 3709 3 696 [| 3 684 3 570 3 514 3 491 3 472 3 4591| 3 326 3321 3 107 2 927 2 909 2 873 2 815 2 750 2 439 2 385 2 299 2 248

TABLE 11/.—(Continued} Lines Mn-limit L22-Af11

I 80Hg* |

/ sU «2 «1

L22-M32 L22-M33

1418.41 1 380.6** 1249.51 1238.48

n /S6 6 /S1

L21-Mn L 2 2 -AT 1 1 ..... L11-M21 L21-M32

1161.6 1076.8 1069.2 1 045.49

0a

1/22-^81,88

1 036.55

L11-M22

1 030.46 1030.46

/S 8 Jt 03 tfT M 07 05 M 081I 0 9 tt 75 TI 72 73 76 74 «2 «1 ^Pi3 02

L 22 -AT 43 ,44 L22-O11 L 22 -0 32 , 33 L 2 2 -UmIt....' L11-M32 L11-M33

81TIf

1216.03 1204.71 (1 204.93) 1125 1048.0 1037.1 1 012.66 (I 012.99) 1 007.86 (1 008.22)

1015.5 1006.7

|

82Pbt

|

83Bif

1346.62

1312.95

1183.52 1172.02 (1 172.58) 1090.2 1018.8 1004.69 979.90 (980.83) 979.90

1153.3 1141.15 (1 141.50) 1057 991.6 975.4 949.30 (950.02} 952.93 (953.24)

997.8

973.5 966.02

935.7

988 978.3 977.9

959.0 949.52 950.0

922.3 921.9

894.2 865.29 (865.71) 844.7 837.9 841-7 841.8 810.0

922.3 863.9 837.08 (838.01) 818.2 813.70 813.70 813.6 783.6

893.8 837.8 810.65 (811.43) 792.9 787.4 787.4 787.4 761

805.8 174.66 169.80

780.6 170.04 165.16

756.5 165.25 160.41

150.11 145.39 144.8

146.06 141.25 141.0

142.05

| 84Po | 88Ra |

1101

1010

920

OOThf | 92Uf "" 2 388 2 228 1112.41 1064.77 961.7 965.24 920.14 953.42 908.33 (954.05) (908.74) 802.9 826.2 786.6 789 745.4 762.59 718.07 (763.56) (718.51) 791.08 752.68ft (791.92) (753.07) 752.1

802

762.59 759.9

984.2

L21-AT11 L21-AT32

922.9 893.53

L11-AT21 L11-AT22 L21-O32 L21-IImIt L11-O21122 £11-^21,22 Ln-limit K-L21 K-L22

872.4 866.2 872.4 870.3 836.1 833.8

21 5"!U K-M 2 2 K-AT 21(22 g-limit

1

J

149.1

* For 80Hg there are also /3io = 993.6 and the unallocated lines 907.6, 882.9, and 856.4, all from ( 75 ). See also note "f." t Friman's measurements ( 81 ) of the stronger lines are given in ( ) and are more accurate than the older values; he did not measure the fainter lines. t The X's of the L-series of Honigschmidt's Ra-G (atomic weight = 206.05) are identical (within 0.5mA) with those of ordinary Pb (atomic weight = 207.18) 14S ( ); those of the Lai line of such leads are identical within 0.006mA ( 2 9 ); those of the absorption limits of two of Richards' leads (atomic weight = 206.08 and 207.20) are identical within ImA ( 70 ). See also note "f." § Satellites of diagram lines; not resolved in any photograph ( 83 ).

137.2

651.03 (651.76)

668

630.1 628.8 604.6

113.1

708.4 745.9 784.0 736 724.13 721.6 685.3 679.7 612.83 (613.59) 604.4 597.0 592.6 592.0 573.8 568.9 568.7 130.95 126.40 111.87 108.42 107.5

Il In spectrum of 92U, M$" and My' are each accompanied by a satellite: /3"'X = 3700, T"\ = 3466. 1 Non-diagram lines listed by Dauvillier ( s > 47 ); if a difference notation is given, it is to be regarded as tentative. In this table, Dauvillier's 07 and 07 are entered as & and £7, respectively. His (%, /9s, /8» are, respectively, the same as Siegbahn's /S8, /3g, /3io. ** An unallocated line; not s. ft Dauvillier ( 5 » 47, 48) iists separately /3^X = 754.68 for 92U. tt Non-diagram lines listed by Siegbahn ( 1 4 2 ).

Notes regarding the data of Table 11 Lit. (19) (23) (24)

I

Remarks

(33)

Error not stated. Neither error nor value used for grating-space is given. Used rock salt and Siegbahn's value dr = 2.814 A, but values may not be strictly comparable with those obtained with calcite. Probable error jfiT02 may amount to 0.24mA; of others it is 0.08mA. These revised data agree fairly well with those by

(34) (37)

Error not stated. Error estimated as 2mA.

(32)

(109).

I

Lit. ( 47 ) (5, 48) (59) (60)

I

Remarks Values for strong lines are generally within O.lmA of Siegbahn's, but for such lines as L(33 and Lp* they depart irregularly by about 0.4mA. Probable error estimated as some tenths of mA. Values are based upon Siegbahn's values for ^-lines of 26Fe and 29Cu. Probable error estimated as
Notes regarding the data of Table 11.—(Continued) Lit. I Remarks (63, 66) Error estimated as 0.3 or 0.4mA for most of Z/21- and L22-limits, and, on the average, as ca. 0.9mA for LIi-limits. Data have been recomputed on basis of de = 3.02904 A (see Table 9). (75) Measurements for 80Hg were relative to neighboring lines of other elements; X's used for latter were not very accurate. (72, 80) Error not stated; crystal was sugar; data have not been recomputed, those for 12Mg and 13Al are the least accurate. (83) Error estimated as 2' tOQ 4' in the doubled glancing angle; i.e.j 1.5 to 3mA for calcite and more for gypsum and sugar; all three crystals were used. In certain cases, his difference notation has been changed to conform with indications of the selection rules (p. 31). Dolejsek ( 55 ) questions the correctness of some of the transitions assigned to lines of the N-series, but the alternatives he> proposes seem to be inconsistent with the observed intensities. (105) Measurements carefully made and usually agree with those of ( 108 ) within 0.1 or 0.2mA. (108) Probable error not > few units in last figure; work was done in Siegbahn's laboratory. (UO) Values based on X = 1242JmA for L02 of W and on white lines, at 2515.7mA and 2451.5mA, due to Overn effect ( 131 ) in his rock salt crystal; assumes dr = 2.8125 A. Data not recomputed as the assumed value of L/32 of W is essentially that given in Table 9. (114) Error not stated; individual plates differ from the mean by only 0.1 or 0.2mA. (l 16, 117) A careful investigation. (118) Error not stated. Part of the work was done with Siegbahn's precision spectrometer. (135) Probable error = O.lmA. Used de BroghVs rotating crystal method. Kind of crystal is not stated, but probably differences between his values and Cork's ( 32 ) may be judged from their values for W as given in Table 9. (l 4 2 ; Probable error in K-series is not > a few units in last figure. (151) Most of their values are given only to nearest 1OmA. They do not state to which L/3 their measurements apply, presumably it is LjSi. (154) Error not stated. (167) Probable error of Kai and Ka2 = 0.04mA, of Kp1 = 0.06mA.

ABSORPTION LIMITS As the wave-length (X) of the radiation is varied the coefficient of absorption of a given substance changes abruptly as X passes through certain definite values. These values are known as the absorption limits of the substance, and have been found to coincide with the limiting frequencies of the emission series characteristic of the absorber; for more detailed information, see Absorption and

scattering of X-rays, p. 8. In this section we are concerned only with the fine structure of these limits and with the effect of chemical combination. For numerical values of the limits, see Tables 10 and 11.

TABLE 12.—ABSORPTION LIMITS: FINE STRUCTURE AND EFFECT OF CHEMICAL COMBINATION The limits for certain elements have a fine structure (38, 72 > 80 ). The structure on the long-X side may be due to a partial reduction of the compound ( 113 > 114); that on the short-X side is observed only when the absorbing screen is thin. In addition to the following data, very extensive and detailed investigations may be found in (4, 153). Roman subscripts indicate the valency of the element in the compound studied. AVc = amount by which the equivalent excitation potential for the compound exceeds that for the uncombined element; AFC = (-

\x c

— 1— = hcAX/eX c X e , where XC[XJ =

\e / e

wave-length of absorption limit for compound [for element] and AX = Xe — Xc. On basis of I. C. T. accepted constants (Vol. I, p. 17), hc/e = 12344 volt A. K1 = principal K-limit, K2 = secondary absorption edge; in each case X corresponds to the low frequency edge of the line; 5X = width pi line (cf. Fig. 14); av. = average. Unit of X = ImA = 0.001 A = 10~n cm; of AF = 1 volt. Z

I

Absorber

~L4Si* Sirv 15 P(white)* P(black) Hypophosphites Phosphites Phosphates 16 S (see below) 17 Cl (see below) 19 K* KCN KCNS KI KCl K2S2O8 K2SO4 KClO4 20 Ca (see below) 21 Sc Sc2(S04)3 22 Ti*. TiO2 23 V* Vv (av.) 24 Cr* Cr2S3 Cr(OH) 3 Cr 2 (SO 4 ) 3 CrVi(av.J 25 Mn* Mnn(av.) MnO2 KMnO 4 26 Fe* FeS

FeSO4 Fem(av.)

| g-limit

X

|

AF C . 1 Lit.

6 7 3 l 7 o ( H 4 ) 6707.5 6.4 (H4) 5776.9 (i«) 5771.5 2.0 O52) 5757.5 7.2 (152) 8.4 (152) 5754.1 5750.7 9.7 (152)

-...

3431.0 3429.3 3428.7 3428.3 3428.0 3427.3 3426.7 3426.3

2751.7 2491.2 2482.6 2263.0 2257.1 2066.3 2063.9 2061.9 2062.2 2059.7 1892.1 1889.3 1887.7 1886.3 1740.5 1738.9

1738.3 1737.2

1.8 2.4 2.8 3.1 3.9 4.5 4.9

17.0 14.2 6.9 12.7 11.9 19.1 9.7 15.2 20.0 6.5

9.0 13.5

(US) (H3) (H3) (H3) (H3) (H3) (H3) ("3)

(72,80) (114) (H4) (H4) (114) (H4) (H4) (l 1 4 ) (H4) (H4) (H4) (H4) (114) ("4) (U 4 ) ("4)

(U4) ("4)

TABLE 12.—(Continued) 1

~ Z

4

2

~ 7 X ( ) I Absorber ———— KI

17 Cl2* HCl Chlorides Chlorates Perchlorates (See Fig. 14) 16f Smon.J Srhom.t S*cryst.t Sulfides§ Sulfites SO2 Sulfatesll Su If SwII SyiH Z 20Ca

Absorber

\

K2

5009.04994.6 5008.64993.8 5008.84994.1 5009.3 4996.04988.1 5004.54996.4 4987.9 5006.8 5001.9 4993.9 (

I ^

AF0 I AF, —,

I K i I A. 2 [ A. i

4393.84381.6 4385.3 4382.9 4360.0 4376.94357.4 4369.84347.8

^

SX ,

TABLE 12.—(Continued) Z \ Absorber | L11 | (AFJ11 L21 | (AFC)21 | L22 | (AFC)22 Lit. 53 I* 2402 2548 2711 (is») NaI 2397 11 2542 12 2708 5 (159) NaIO3... 2398 9 2544 9 2709 4 (159) NaIO4... 2397 11 2541 14 2703 13 Q59) M-limits § §

A 2 J K 2 -A-I

7.5

TT 5.4 11.3 7.0 13.8 14.6 9.6 10.815.5 12.5 9.715.915.321.6 14.1

X c"»j ^ . ^3 j

M 22

g

8.5 8 7.7 7.7 8.1 7.9

\

'

I

e

\

Af 32

g

\

-

I

e

\

M 33

g

\

e

\

g

'

\

e

/

90Th 3058.5 3046.3 3552.3 3538.9 3721.3 3704.5 92U 2873.4 2865.2 3325.5 3312.4 3490.7 3473.7 3458. 7 3449.2 §§ Passing from longer to shorter X's, the intensity of the transmitted radiation varies as follows: At g there is an abrupt decrease in intensity, that is the limit itself; at e there is an increase in intensity; at g' there is a second decrease, followed by another increase at e'.

4.3 4.2 6.3 4.0 2.1 5.2 10.3 5.5 5.7

„

3.4 7.3|

I AF ^4 j R^Kl \ Kz.Kl \ K,_Kl

Ca*(av.) 3064.3, CaCO3 (av.); 3060.5, AVe CaCO3 3060.83050.23037.93023.8 13.8 CaSO4.2H2O.. 3059.1 3047.5 3035.3 15.3 CaF2 3059.93047.83034.63025.8 16.o

Z Absorber ^ | (^^ 50 Sn* 3146.9 SnO2 3140.6 8 51 Sb* 2991.5 Sb2O3 2985.1 9 KSbO3 2984.1 10 Sb* 2993.0 Sb2O3 2987.4 7.7 Sb2S3 2987.9 7.o SbI3 2988.7 5.9 SbOCl 2989.4 5.o KSbOC 2 O 4 Jt 2987.9 7.o KSbOC 4 H 4 O 6 Jt 2988. s 6.2 Sb2O5.nH20 2986.7 8.7 Sb2S5 2991.0 2.8 Cu(SbO 3 ) 2 .nH 2 O.. .. 2987.4 7.7 K2H2Sb2O7 2986.2 9.4 52 Te* 2847.1 H2TeO3 2842.2 7 H2TeO4 2840.6 10 53 I* 2712 KI 2712.2 0.3 HIO3 2707.1 9 HIO4 2705.8 11

= 5.0 (78) 29.5 49.1 31.6 33.7 46.2

L-limits } ^| ^^^ (25) 6.9 5.6 .(*«) ( 25 ) 6.0 (25) 6.7 7.1 (25) 0»3) (**) («3) (93) (93) (93) (93) (93) (93) (93) (93) (38) 4.7 (38) 6.0 5.6 (38) (38) (38) 4.4 6.1 (38) 5.5 (38)

* Absorber from which AFC is measured. t In general, Su has a pure edge type of limit, while SIV and Svi exhibit absorption lines; the observed subordinate limit of SIV may really be principal limit of Svi, as result of oxidation of the SIV C 111 * 112). J Mon. = monoclinic; rhom. = rhombic; cryst. = crystallized. Data are averages. § Position of both Ki and Kz, especially Ki, depends upon the nature of the metal ion. IJ For Ki, X is independent of nature of metal ion; for Kz it increases as Z of metal ion increases. ^f Organic compounds. ** X(z,22) + AXz = X of a light line which probably ( 2 S ) is the Z/22-limit of the element formed by a reduction of the compound. \(Lzz) — AX^ = X of maximum of a broad, diffuse, dark line which appears only when absorbing screen is thin. ft Potassium antimonyl oxalate. JJ Potassium antimonyl tartrate.

FIG. 14.—Relative positions and structure of the K absorption 1limit of Cl in certain compounds: Diagrammatic. (After Siegbahn ( 4 2 ).) Ki is the principal limit, Kz is a secondary edge. The subscripts i, v> vii indicate that the Cl was contained in chlorides, chlorates, and perchlorates, respectively. CONTINUOUS SPECTRA All data discussed in this section were obtained with unvarying voltages; the power transmitted by the radiation is proportional to the cathode-ray current ( 14 ), and is plotted as ordinates in the figures. (With gas-filled tubes an appreciable fraction of the tubecurrent may be due to positive ions.) With a fluctuating voltage, the spectral distribution of the energy is much like that with an unvarying V equal to the peak voltage, but there is more energy in the longer waves ( 43 ); the intensity is practically that due to such current as flows during the part of the cycle when V is near its peak value. Practical workers are interested in the spectral distribution of the energy in the radiation that emerges from the tube. This is roughly indicated in Figs. 15 and 16. For exact information about atoms and the mechanism of radiation, observed data must be so corrected as to give an actual measure of the X-ray energy emitted by the atoms of the target; and, for the purposes of this section, the last is further corrected so as to eliminate the energy contributed by the characteristic line

spectrum of the target. The distribution of energy in such a corrected continuous spectrum is shown in Figs. 17 and 18. The spectral, or monochromatic, intensity (J $v, J^\) of the radiation in the direction \j/ (v. Fig. 19) is denned by the equations

CvoJ^vdv

J^ = I

C °°J^xdX,

= I

where VQ and Xo correspond to

the high-frequency limit of the spectrum, VQ being defined by the equation Ve = h*>o in which V is the voltage on the tube; cJ^v = X2J^x. The excitation voltage (F0) for radiation of frequency v is Fo = h*>/e. For notation and general remarks concerning the origin of X-rays and the high-frequency limit of the continuous spectrum, see p. 24 and 27.

FIG. 16.—Variation of observed (uncorrected) spectrum with tube potential and current constant ( 168 ). In each case the tube potential was unvarying. The tube currentwas the same in all cases. A standard Coolidge tube with tungsten (W) target was used. is, in general, negative, progressing from ca. O for F0 = 15 kv to ca. — 0.0015 for F0 = 50 kv. The original interpretation of these data was in error; a revision is soon to be published. The total X-ray energy emitted by the focal spot is /•180°

I

»70

/*180°

J+dt = I

J(j

CVQ

sin #ty I CZ[Oo - v) + x]dv J(J

/•180°

KZV2 -h CZ I

FIG. 15.—Variation of observed (uncorrected) spectrum with material of target (ies). Tube potential and current were unvarying and the same for all. Under all conditions yet investigated, for radiation from the focal spot, J^vd\f/dv = CZ[(v0 — v)-\- x\ sin \f/d\j/dV1 C is a constant, and Xj which is comparatively unimportant, is in general a function of Z1 $j V1 and V0. The (VQ — v) term is well established, but investigators disagree regarding the z-term. At low voltages (7 to 12 kv) and f = 90°, x = 6Z(I - e~^°-v)/n) f or a wide range of z (172, 176) if 5 = 0.0025 X 1018 sec-1 and V1 = 0.07 X 1018 sec"1 (cf. Figs. 20 and 21). At higher voltages (10 to 80 kv), the isochromat method (Figs. 22 and 23) has usually been used, Z has been varied from 29 to 78, and ^ has been near 90° ( 177 > 186); but in the most recent work ( 126 J, ^ has been varied. In that ( 126 J, F was varied from 15 to 80 kv, and it was found that, for Z = 29, x = 6'Zy0(I - e" 16 ^ 0 -^/"), where for ^ = 90°, 6' = 0.0027 ± 0.0005; for ^ = 36°, V = 0.0033 ± 0.0004; and for ^ = 144°, bf

/V0

sin ^
xdv = ca. KZV2

as x is small, positive for some values of $ and negative for others; K depends upon C1 but is independent of Z and of F. The radiation from the focal spot, to which the formula applies, does not represent all the X-ray energy generated, as a very appreciable fraction of the cathode ray is so deflected from the focal spot as to strike other portions of the target with sufficient velocity to produce X-rays. Probably this effect is much influenced by the smoothness of the target face, and by its inclination to the cathode stream; this may account for the disagreement regarding the z-term. The amount of this stray energy is of the order of 20% of the whole (30, 31), and its spectral distribution is of the same mathematical form as that of the energy from the focal spot, x having a relatively large negative value (126). For given conditions, the variation of x with -^ is only slightly affected by the presence of this stray radiation ( 126 ). Using the best value of C (102) In calculating the total energy in the continuous spectrum, the efficiency (X-ray energy per voltampere of cathode ray current) is found to be E = (9.5 ± 3) X .1O-10ZF, where F is expressed in volts. It is claimed ( 102 ) that, in the method of measurement of cathode ray current through the gas-filled tubes used for the above evaluation of C1 the stray radiation is automatically corrected for. The best experimental

FREQUENCY SCALE FIG. 17.—Fully corrected frequency spectrum (181). Full line represents the spectrum as emitted by the atoms of the target; the lower broken lines represent the same after filtration by Al, or, qualitatively, by any filter without absorption limits in the region considered.

WAVE-LENGTH SCALE FIG. 18.—Fully corrected wave-length spectrum ( 181 ). This differs from Fig. 17 (q.v.) only in the quantity chosen as abscissa (c/. p. 46).

FIG. 19.

FIG. 20.—Corrected frequency spectrum: Variation with material of target, potential constant ( 172 ). (After Siegbahn ( 142 ).) Tube potential and tube current were unvarying and the same for all targets.

FIG. 23.—An isochromat for Cu (Z = 29), ^ = 144° (126). Differs from Fig. 22 (q.v.) only in value of ^.

FIG. 21.—Corrected frequency spectrum: Variation with tube potential (172). (After Siegbahn ( 1 4 2 )). Tube potential unvarying; tube current is the same in all cases.

FIG.

24.—Illustrating the continuous spectrum emitted by infinitely thin targets. Full lines ( ) represent data derived from observations with thick targets; dotted lines ( . . . . ) , those from actual thin targets; and broken lines ( ) are extrapolations.

FIG. 22.—An isochromat for Cu (Z = 29), ^ = 36° (126). The ratio m/n is a measure of the ib-term in J^v = CZ[(v0 — ?>) + #]. The data may be transferred to an energy frequency graph by means of the total energy law ( 1 2 6 » 177,1 SG).)

method for measuring X-ray energy seems to be that recently used by Rump in a measurement of unresolved energy (138), but his corrections for absorption may be questioned; when his data are corrected on the basis of other work ( 126 > 185), and stray and characteristic radiation allowed for, they lead to a value for the numerical coefficient CCL 10 X 10~~10; this is probably the best value available at present. It should be noted that both the above calculations involve the assumption that the formula applies to even the lowest frequencies, of which the energy cannot be measured experimentally owing to absorption in the target and in the walls of the tube. The most fundamental expression of the laws of X-ray emission will refer to infinitely thin targets, in which the cathode rays have a uniform speed and direction. Such uniformity does not exist in thick targets (185). In them, the cathode rays not only lose speed gradually, until they are completely stopped, but they are also

deflected by the atoms of the target so that, especially for targets of high atomic numbers, they approach random directions by the time they have lost a small fraction of their original energy; cf. (185). Hence an expression of the thin target intensity as a function of i// can be inferred from data for thick targets ( 126 > 176 > 186) only if (VQ — v) is much less than V0] and an average value of the intensity (summed over all values of ^) can be so inferred only if v is much less than PI. In this way the full line portions of Fig. 24 were obtained from Nicholas' ( 126 ) data, the original interpretation of which was in error. Only unpublished preliminary data for actual thin targets are available, but they confirm the conclusions from thick target data, and, within a rather large experimental error, supplement them as indicated by the dotted lines of the figure. Of numerous theories that have been proposed ( 15 > 18> 52 > 100> 121, 191)? only one (10°) represents satisfactorily the thin target data. This is based on a "correspondence principle" treatment of radiation from electrons in hyperbolic orbits. Its details have been only partially developed, but it leads to an average intensity (over all values of ^) that agrees with Fig. 24. As applied to thick targets, it leads to the formula here given for the focal spot, but with x = O; and it predicts an efficiency of 9.2 X IQ-10ZF. Predictions based on wave mechanics are not yet in such form as can be tested by experiment.

LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) ) Backlin, Siegbahn and Thoraeus, 3, 49 : 513; 25. C 11 ) Barkla, 3, 49: 1033; 25. C 11 - 1 ) Beatty, 6, 87: 511; 12. (") Beatty, 5, 89: 314; 14. ( 13 ) Beatty, 5, 89: 554; 14. O14) Behnken, 96, 3: 48; 20. ( 15 ) Behnken, 96, 4: 241; 21. ( 16 ) Blake and Duane, 2, 10: 624; 17. ( 17 ) Bohr and Coster, 96, 12: 342; 23. ( 18 ) Brilloin, 34, 170: 274; 20. ( 19 ) de Broglie, BlOl. < 20 ) de Broglie and Dauvillier, 34,175: 685; 22. ( 2 I) de Broglie and Dauvillier, 34, 175: 755; 22. (22) de Broglie and Dauvillier, 51, 5: 1; 24. (23) de Broglie andLepape, 34, 176: 1611; 23. (24) Cabrera, 34, 176: 740; 23. (25) Chamberlain, 58, 114: 500; 24. ( 2 «) Chamberlain and Lindsay, 2, 25: 106; 25 ( 2 7 ) Chamberlain and Lindsay, 2, 30: 369; 27. (28) Compton, Beets and DeFoe, 2, 25: 625; 25. ( 29 ) Cooksey and Cooksey, 2, 16: 327; 20. (30) Coolidge, 143, 199: 619; 25. ( 31 ) Coolidge and Moore, 120, 20: 272; 17. (32) Cork, 2, 25: 197; 25. (33) Cork and Stephenson, 2, 27; 103, 530; 26. (34) Coster, 2, 19: 20; 22. (35) Coster, 3, 43: 1070; 22. (36) Coster, 3, 44: 546; 22. (37) Coster, 3, 46: 956; 23. (38) Coster, 96, 25: 83; 24. ( 3 ») Coster and Druyvesteyn, 96, 40: 765; 27. ( 40 ) Coster and Mulder, 96, 38: 264; 26. ( 41 ) Coster, Nishina and Werner, 96, 18: 207; 23. («) Crofutt, 2, 24: 9; 24. ( 43 ) Dauvillier, 16, 13: 49; 20. (44) Dauvillier, 34, 173: 647; 21. (45) Dauvillier, 51, 3: 221; 22. (46) Dauvillier, 34, 174: 443; 22. ( 4 7 ) Dauvillier, in BlOl. ( 4 8 ) Dauvillier, 34, 174: 1347, 1543; 22. 176: 1381; 23. (*») Dauvillier, 34, 177: 167; 23. (50) Dauvillier, 34, 178: 1522; 24. ( 51 ) Dauvillier, 51, 8: 1; 27. (52) Davis, 8, 9: 64; 17. ( 53 ) Davis, 337, 1: 409; 20. ( 5 3 -i) Davis and Purks, 197, 13: 419; 27. (53.2) Davis and Purks, 197, 14: 172; 28. (54) Dessauer and Bach, 86, 21: 168; 19. (SS) Dolejsek, 34» 178: 384; 24. (56) Dolejsek, in B78. ( 5 7 ) Dolejsek and Siegbahn, in B78. ( 5 ») Druyvesteyn, 96, 43 : 707; 27. ( 59 ) Duane, Fricke and Stenstrom, 197, 6: 607; 20. (60) Duane and Hu, 8, 14: 516; 19. (61) Duane and Hunt, 8, 6: 166; 15. ( 62 ) Duane, Palmer and Yeh, 8, 18: 98; 21. 197, 7: 237; 21. (63) Duane and Patterson, 197, 6: 509; 20. (64) Duane and Patterson, 197, 6: 518; 20. (65) Duane and Patterson, 2, 16: 526; 20. (66) Duane and Patterson, 197, 8: 85; 22. (67) Duane and Patterson, 2, 19: 542; 22. (68) Duane and Shimizu, 8, 14: 67; 19. (69) Duane and Shimizu, 8, 14: 525; 19. (70) Duane and Shimizu, 197, 5: 198; 19. ( 71 ) Duane and Stenstrom, 197, 6: 477; 20. ( 72 ) Dufet, Recueil de donnees numeriques. Paris, GauthierVillars, 1898-1900. ( 73 ) van Dyke and Lindsay, 8, 30: 562; 27. (74) Eddy, 58, 116: 380; 25. ( 7 S) Eddy and Turner, 5, 111: 117; 26. ( 7 6) Ehrenberg and Mark, 96, 42: 807; 27. ( 77 ) Ehrenberg and Susich, 96, 42: 823; 27. ( 7 «) Enger, 96, 46: 826; 28. ( 79 ) Eriksson, 96, 48: 360; 28. (80) Fricke, 8, 16: 202; 20. (*i) Friman, 96, 39: 813; 26. (82) Hatley, 8, 24: 486; 24. («3) Hjalmar, 96, 15: 65; 23. (84) Hjalmar, in B78. (85) Hoyt, 197, 6: 639; 20. (86) Hoyt, 3, 47: 826; 24. (87) Hull, 8, 7: 156; 16. (88) Hull and Rice, 197, 2: 265; 16. (« 9 ) Hunt, 2, 30: 227; 27. (90) Jonsson, 96, 41: 221; 27. ( 9 I) Jonsson, 96, 41: 801; 27. (92) Jonsson, 96, 43:845;27. (93) Jonsson, 96, 35: 387; 26. (94) Jonsson, 96, 36: 426; 26. (95) Kaye, 68, 209: 123; 08. (96) Kellstrom, 96, 41: 516; 27. (97) Kettmann, 96, 18: 359; 23. ( 98 ) Kirkpatrick, 8t 22: 37; 23. (99) Kossel, 96, 19: 333; 23.

(ioo) Kramers, 3, 46: 836; 23. ( t o i ) Kulenkampff, 8, 69: 548; 22. (102) Kulenkampff, in B95: XXIII. 0<> 3 ) Lande, 63, 22: 417; 21. (104) Lande, 96, 16: 391; 23. ( 10S ) Lang, 8, 75: 489; 24. ( 1 Oe) Larsson, 3, 3: 1136; 27. (107) Ledoux-Lebard and Dauvillier, 34, 163: 754; 16. 164: 687; 17. (108) Leide, 34, 180: 1203; 25. (i° 9 ) Leide, Diss., Lund, 1925. 96, 39: 686;26. (11°) Lepape and Dauvillier. 34, 177: 34; 23. (Hi) Liridh, Diss., Lund, 1923. 34, 175: 150; 22. (H2) Lindh, in B78. (H3) Lindh, 8O1 18: No. 14; 24. (H4) Lindh, 96, 31: 210; 25. (i i 5 ) Lindh and Lundquist, 20, 18: No. 17; 24. (H6) Lindh and Lundquist, 80, 18: No. 34; 24. (i i 7 ) Lindh and Lundquist, 80, 18: No. 35; 24. (H8) Lindsay, 34, 175: 150; 22. (U 9 ) Lindsay and van Dyke, £.28: 613; 26. (!2O) Lundquist, 96, 33: 901; 25. O 2 I) March, 63, 22: 429; 21. 8, 75: 711; 24. (122) Millikan and Bowen, 2, 24: 223; 24. O 23 ) Millikan and Bowen, 197, 11: 119; 25. ( i 2 4 ) Muller, 63, 19: 489; 18. 149, 1: 127; 19. (125) von Nardroff, 8, 24: 143; 24. (126) Nicholas, 2, 29: 619; 27. (127) Nishina, 3, 49: 521; 25. (128) Osgood, 8, 30: 567; 27. (129) Ortner, 75, 135 Ua: 71; 26. (ISO) Ortner, 58, 117: 823; 26. (131) Overn, 8, 18: 350; 21. O 32 ) Ray, 3, 48: 707; 24. O 33 ) Ray, 3, 49: 168; 25. (134) Ray, 3, 50: 505; 25. (135) Rechou, 34, 180: 1107; 25. O 36 ) Rogers, 8, 29: 205; 27. (137) Ross, 2, 22: 221; 23. O 3 8) Rump, 96, 43: 254; 27. O 39 ) Russell and Saunders, 81, 61: 38; 25. (140) Siegbahn, 3, 37: 601; 19. (141) Siegbahn, 3, 38;: 639; 19. (142) Siegbahn, B78. (i 43 ) Siegbahn and Larsson, 20, 18: No. 18; 24, (144) Siegbahn and Ray, 20, 18: No. 19; 24. (145) Siegbahn and Stenstrom, 63, 18: 547; 17. (i * 6 ) Siegbahn and Thoraeus, 20, 18: No. 24; 24. (147) Siegbahn and Zacek, 8, 71: 187; 23. (148) Slator, 8t 28: 291; 26. (149) Sommerfeld, B94. (150) Sommerfeld, 8, 76: 284; 25. (lsl) Sommerfeld, 63, 26: 70; 25. (152) Stelling, 93, 131: 48; 23. (153) Stelling, Diss., Lund, 1927. 7, 117: 161, 175, 194; 25. 85, 60: 650; 27. (154) Stenstrom, Diss., Lund, 1919. (155) Stephenson and Cork, 8, 27: 138; 26. (156) Stoner, 3, 48: 719; 24. ( i s 7 ) Stoner, 3, 2: 97; 26. (158) Stumpen, 96, 36: 1; 26. (i 59 ) Tandberg, 80, 18: No. 14; 24. (160) Thibaud, 51, 8: 447; 27. (i«o.i) Thomas, 201, 23: 829; 27. (i«i) Thoraeus, 96, 26: 396; 24. O 6 2 ) Thoraeus, 3, 1: 312; 26. O 63 ) Thoraeus, 3, 2: 1007; 26. O 6 4 ) Thoraeus and Siegbahn, 80, 19: No. 12; 25. (i 65 ) van der Tuuk, 96, 41: 326; 27. 0««) van der Tuuk, 96, 44: 737; 27. (167) Uhler and Cooksey, 8t 10: 645; 17. O 68 ) Ulrey, 2, 11: 401; 18. (169) Unnewehr, 8, 22: 529; 23. (170) Wagner, 8, 57: 401; 18. 68, 21: 621; 20. (171) Wagner, 200, 16: 212; 19. (172) Wagner and Kulenkampff, 63, 23: 503; 22. (i 73; Walter, 96, 30: 357; 24. (174) Webster, 197, 2: 90; 16. ( 175 ) Webster,, 2, 7: 599; 16. (176) Webster, 8, 9: 220; 17. O 7 7 ) Webster, 197, 5: 163; 19. (»7«) Webster, 197, 6: 26; 20. O 7 9 ) Webster, 337, 1: 427; 20. (180) Webster, 8, 18: 155, 321; 21. O«) Webster, Radiology, 2: 214; 24. (182) Webster, 197, 13: 445; 27. (i«2.5) Webster, 197, 14: 339; 28. O 83 ) Webster and Clark, 8, 9: 571; 17. (184) Webster and Clark, 197, 3: 181; 17. (185) Webster and Hennings, 8, 21: 301; 23. (186) Webster and Hennings, 8, 21: 312; 23. (187) Weeks, 8, 10: 564; 17. ( 18 S) Wennerlof, 96, 41: 524; 27. O 8 9 ) Wentzel, 8, 66: 437; 22. (190) Wentzel, 96, 16: 46; 23. (»*i) Wentzel, 96, 27: 257; 24. (192) Wentzel, 8, 73: 647; 24. (193) Wetterblad, 96, 42: 603; 27. (194) Wetterblad, 96, 42: 611; 27. O 9 5 ) Whiddington, 5, 86: 360, 370; 12. 0 9 6) Wooten, 8, 13: 71; 19. O 9 7 ) Zumstein, 8, 25: 747; 25.

REFLECTION AND REFRACTION OF X-RAYS P. A. Ross CONTENTS Symbols. Refraction of X-rays.

MATIEEES Symboles. Refraction des rayons X.

Reflection of X-rays.

Reflexion des rayons X.

Variation with temperature. Effect of polish.

Variation avec rature Effet du poli.

Ia tempe-

Symbols For those not defined here or where used, see Vol. I, p. 16 d Grating space of the crystal lattice. /Xi lonization produced by monochromatic incident beam. /Xr lonization produced by monochromatic reflected beam. A-O Molecular gas constant. ma Mass of the atom.

INHALTSVERZEICHNIS Zeichen. Brechung von Rontgen-Strahlen. Reflexion von Rontgen-Strahlen. Xnderung mit der Temperatur. Einfluss der Polierung. N n Zi, Z2, Is s 0 00

INDICE Simboli Rifrazione del raggi X

PAGE 49 50

Riflessione dei raggi X

50

Variazione con Ia temperatura 50 Effetto della pulimentazione. 51

Spectral order. Number of electrons per unit volume. Direction cosines of reflecting plane with reference to the axes of the crystal. Length of one edge of the elementary cube of the crystal. Glancing angle corresponding to A. Glancing angle if /u were unity. True glancing angle.

X fji v <£ a)

Wave-length. Index of refraction. Frequency. Debye's function (13). Angular velocity of the reflecting crystal. Refraction.—Darwin's formula ( 7 ) is 0 — 00 = (1 — M)/(sin 9 cos 0), hence X = {1 - (1 - /x)/sm 2 6\(2d sin O)/N. From the optical

theory

of

reflection

( 16 ),

1 — M = 2~m(~2~^r~2~^

*Y^—2 H- • • • J where HI, n2, . . . are the numbers of electrons, per unit of volume, having natural frequencies Vi1 ^2, ... Usually vij VI, . . . are all small as compared with *>, then 1 — M = ne2/27rmv2. TABLE 1.—INDEX O) OF REFRACTION OF X-RAYS n — 1 _ 5 x 10~6; S0 = observed; 5C = computed; p = density of refractor; unit of X = I A = 10~8 cm; of p — 1 g cm~3 Refractor | p \ X | d0 dc \ Lit. Ag Silver 1 C U 5 1 . 2 7 9 21.5 19.8 (6.) CaCO3 Calcite 2.71 0.70783 2.03±0.1 1.91 (14) 0.70783 1.7 ±0.5 FeS2 Pyrite 5.01 0.63102 2.87+0.2 2.66 (17)

0.6311 2.82 2.62 (8) 0.7078 3.33 3.29 (8) 0.70783 3.35+0.2 2.34 (17) 1.389 13.2 13.5 (8) 1.3892 13.2 ±0.413.6 (i?) 1.537 17.6 17.6 (8) 1.5372 17.6 ±0.517.7 (") 2.52 0.52 0.9 0.7 (6) 1.279 4.2 5.2 (6) 2.5510.630 1.22 1.26 (l5) 0.708 1.64 1.60 (15) 1.389 6.648 6.15 (15) 1.538 8.125 7.55 (15) 1.750 10.0 9.75 G 5 ) 1.933 12.38 11.85 (15) Lacquer 1.279 5.1 (6) Reflection.—The reflectivity depends upon the polish (Table 4) and upon the temperature (Table 3) of the reflecting surface, as well as upon the crystal plane employed. TABLE 2.—REFLECTIVITY OF ROCK SALT (NACl) AND CALCITE (CACO 3 ): X-RAYS r(10)~5 = Eu/I = integrated reflection; I — intensity of direct beam, E = ionization current, o> = angular velocity of rotation of crystal; Ew is independent of w. N — spectral order, Pl = reflecting plane. Crystal surfaces are polished. NaCl Il CaCO3

TABLE 2.—(Continued) NaCl (2); relative reflectivity; X = 0.586 ^T-^l

1

100 110 111 '

100 41 16.5

2

18.7 7.05 24.4

I

3

4

6.25 3.1

4.2

TABLE 3.—REFLECTIVITY FOB X-RAYS: VARIATION WITH TEMPERATURE See also Figs. 1 and 2 Debye (i 3 ) finds that the effect of temperature may be represented by the factor F, where P

-H • IUaKoToS —^V~2 N*(H + U + 'I)J 0 (5) JtO Xi J

_ Q

2

T — absolute temperature and T0 is a temperature which is characteristic of the crystal. In certain cases, r(tz)/r(ti) = 1 — a(tz — Ji)(IO)" 6 , where r ( t z ) / r ( t i ) = ratio of reflectivity at temperature t2 to that at ti. Obs. = observed value of r(* 2 )/r($i), CaIc. = value calculated by means of factor F1 Pl = reflecting plane, N = spectral order. Unit of X = I A = 10~8 cm; t = centigrade temperature, 0C.

Glass

Pl I N I X I r I Lit. [I Pl 100 1 0.613 54 (3) 100 100 1 0.614 55 (2) 100 100 1 0.710 40.3 (S) 100 100 1 1.54 27.5 (18) 100 100 1 1.93 20 (18) 100 100 2 1.54 4.0 (18) 100 100 2 1.93 2.9 (i8) IQQ Pl 100 200 300 400 500 110

I

N \ \ T I Lit. 1 0.712 8.72 (5) 1 1.39 7.70 («) 1 1.54 8.10 (18) 1 1.75 8.07 («) 1 1.93 7.88 (18) 2 1.54 0.66 (*8) 2 1.93 0.62 (18)

NaCl (2); N = 1; X = 0.614 [I Pl I r Il 55 220 3.34 10.9 330 0.390 2.78 111 4.95 0.435 222 18.1 0.064 333 0.318 0.278 444 1.54

r

Pl 555 311 622 331 511 711

I

r 0.075 0.650 1.47 0.445 0.335 0.168

FIG. 1.—Variation of relative reflectivity with temperature: Carborundum O)Numbers on curves indicate reflecting planes.

FIG. 2.—Variation of relative reflectivity with temperature: Aluminium ( 1 ). Numbers on curves indicate reflecting planes. 2 NaCl ( ); X = 0.614; J1 = Al Foil ( 4 ); X = 0.710; N = I ; 15; t2 = 370° ti = 80° Pl I JV I Obs. I CaIc. Pl I Obs. CaIc. | Obs. CaIc. 100 1 0 . 9 3 4 0.930 [ • ti == 310° | ^ 2 = 600° 110 1 0.833 0.862 100 oTsS 0.966 0.815 0.926 100 2 0.794 0.741 110 0.77 0.935 0.56 0.857 110 2 0.483 0.526 111 0.92 0.973 0.86 0.936 100 3 0.515 0.521 311 0.84 0.913 0.709j 0.809 C, Graphite (i); X = 0.709; Pl = 0001; a = 107 if I1 = 0°; ti < t2 < 900°. Al2O3, Ruby and sapphire (i); X = 0.709; ti = 15°; ti < h < 950°; one = 52.6; «220 = 269; a 222 = 309; am = 373; a 333 = 426. Subscripts indicate Pl.

TABLE 4.—REFLECTIVITY OF X-RAYS: EFFECT OF POLISH Double spectrograph and successive reflections from two crystals, r = 100 / 2 //i, where/i[7 2 ] = intensity of beam incident upon [reflected by] the second crystal when so placed that the reflection is a maximum. First order reflection from planes 100 (cf. Fig. 3). rp[ru] — value of r when crystals are polished [unpolished]. Unit of X = 1 A.

X 0.369 0.422 0.580 0.685 0.790 0.294 0.491 0.686

I

TABLE 4.—(Continued) ru I Tp CaCO3, Calcite 35.4 44.4 43.1 29.2 42.8 25.3 NaCl, Rock salt 24.8 22.1 15.3 15.1 13.0 11.5

Lit. (9) 0») (») (12) (12) (10) (10) (12)

LITERATURE

FIG. 3.—Effect of polishing: Calcite (9). r = % reflected at glancing angle 6; P = polished; U = unpolished. 0.317 to 0.842 A, Pl = 100. (Cf. Table 4.)

X=

(For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) C 1 ) Backhurst, 5, 102: 340; 22. (2) Bragg and Bragg, X-rays and crystal structure, New York, Macmillan, 1918. ( 3 ) Bragg, James and Bosanquet 3, 41: 309; 21. 42:1; 21. (*) Collins, 2, 24: 152; 24. (5) Compton, Q9 10: 95; 17. ( 6 ) Compton, 3, 45: 1121; 23. (7) Darwin, 3, 27: 315; 14. («) Davis and von Nardroff, 197, 10: 60; 24. ( 9 ) Davis and Stempel, 2, 17: 526; 21. O O) Davis and Stempel, 2, 19: 504; 22. (U) Davis and Terrill, 197, 8 : 357; 22. O *) Davis and Terrill, 3, 45: 463; 23. ( 13 ) Debye, 88, 15: 678, 738, 857; 13. ( 14 ) Hatley, 2, 24: 486; 24. ( 1 ^) Larsson, Siegbahn and Waller, 218, 12: 1212; 24. ( 16 ) Lorentz, Theory of electrons and its applications to the phenomena of light and radiant heat. New York, Stechert, 1923. (»7)von Nardroff, 2, 24: 143; 24. (» 8) Wagner and Kulenkampff, 8, 68 : 369; 22>

ELECTRONICS AND GAS CONDUCTION COMPLETE INDEX Electric arcs. Thermal emission of electrons. Contact potentials. Current flow in vacuum tubes with hot cathodes. Emission of secondary electrons. Photoconductivity and photoemf. Photoemission of electrons. Critical potentials of atoms and molecules. High voltage corona. Properties of carriers of free electricity in gases, lonization of gases. Electric conductivity of flames.

INDEX COMPLET Arcs electriques. Emission thermique des electrons. Potentiels de contact. Passage du courant dans les tubes a vide avec cathodes chaudes. Emission d'electrons secondaires. Photoconductivite et photofern. Photoemission des electrons. Potentiels critiques des atomes et molecules. Decharge en couronne. Propriety des porteurs d'electricite lib re dans les gaz. Ionisation des gaz. Conductivity electrique des flammes.

GESAMT INDEX VERZEICHNIS Elektrischer Lichtbogen. Thermische Elektronenemission. Kont aktpotentiale. Stromfluss in Vakuumrohren mit heissen Kathoden. Emission sekundarer Elektronen. Photoelektrischeleitfahigkeit und photoelektromotorische Kraft. Photoemission der Elektronen. Kritische Potentiale der Atome und Molekiile. Hochspannungskorona. Eigenschaften von Tragern freier Elektrizitat in Gasen. Ionisation der Gase. Elektrische Leitfahigkeit von Flammen.

INDICE COMPLETO pAGE Archi elettrici 51 Emissione termica di elettroni 53 Potenziali di contatto 56 Flusso di corrente in tubi vuoti a catodo caldo 58 Emissione di elettroni secondari 60 Fotoconduttivita e fotof em 66 Fotoemissione di elettroni. Potenziali critici di atomi e molecole. Corona ad alto potenziale. Proprieta dei portatori di elettricita libera nei gas lonizzazione dei gas Conducibilita elettrica delle fiamme

67 69 107 110 119 156

ELECTRIC ARCS C. D. CHILD CONTENTS

Symbols Electrical data Mechanical data Temperature of the arc Photometric data D E 7 I

SYMBOLS Diameter of electrodes. Strength of electric field. Electric current. Length of arc.

P AGE

51 51 52 52 52

R True resistance of arc: R = limiting values of dV/dl as d/ approaches zero. T Absolute temperature. vp Vapor pressure. V Voltage difference of electrodes. Electrical Data.—The residual emf between cored carbon electrodes, after removal of impressed emf, is ^ 0.64 volt at 0.4 sec and 0.05 volt at 7 sec ( 3 ). Duddell defines the counter emf as V — RI] for carbon arcs, he finds it varies from 11.2 to 18.5 volt, depending upon the current and the nature of the electrode ( 5 » 10). Others have defined the term in various ways; hence the recorded values vary greatly ( 5 ).

TABLE 4.—REFLECTIVITY OF X-RAYS: EFFECT OF POLISH Double spectrograph and successive reflections from two crystals, r = 100 / 2 //i, where/i[7 2 ] = intensity of beam incident upon [reflected by] the second crystal when so placed that the reflection is a maximum. First order reflection from planes 100 (cf. Fig. 3). rp[ru] — value of r when crystals are polished [unpolished]. Unit of X = 1 A.

X 0.369 0.422 0.580 0.685 0.790 0.294 0.491 0.686

I

TABLE 4.—(Continued) ru I Tp CaCO3, Calcite 35.4 44.4 43.1 29.2 42.8 25.3 NaCl, Rock salt 24.8 22.1 15.3 15.1 13.0 11.5

Lit. (9) 0») (») (12) (12) (10) (10) (12)

LITERATURE

FIG. 3.—Effect of polishing: Calcite (9). r = % reflected at glancing angle 6; P = polished; U = unpolished. 0.317 to 0.842 A, Pl = 100. (Cf. Table 4.)

X=

(For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) C 1 ) Backhurst, 5, 102: 340; 22. (2) Bragg and Bragg, X-rays and crystal structure, New York, Macmillan, 1918. ( 3 ) Bragg, James and Bosanquet 3, 41: 309; 21. 42:1; 21. (*) Collins, 2, 24: 152; 24. (5) Compton, Q9 10: 95; 17. ( 6 ) Compton, 3, 45: 1121; 23. (7) Darwin, 3, 27: 315; 14. («) Davis and von Nardroff, 197, 10: 60; 24. ( 9 ) Davis and Stempel, 2, 17: 526; 21. O O) Davis and Stempel, 2, 19: 504; 22. (U) Davis and Terrill, 197, 8 : 357; 22. O *) Davis and Terrill, 3, 45: 463; 23. ( 13 ) Debye, 88, 15: 678, 738, 857; 13. ( 14 ) Hatley, 2, 24: 486; 24. ( 1 ^) Larsson, Siegbahn and Waller, 218, 12: 1212; 24. ( 16 ) Lorentz, Theory of electrons and its applications to the phenomena of light and radiant heat. New York, Stechert, 1923. (»7)von Nardroff, 2, 24: 143; 24. (» 8) Wagner and Kulenkampff, 8, 68 : 369; 22>

ELECTRONICS AND GAS CONDUCTION COMPLETE INDEX Electric arcs. Thermal emission of electrons. Contact potentials. Current flow in vacuum tubes with hot cathodes. Emission of secondary electrons. Photoconductivity and photoemf. Photoemission of electrons. Critical potentials of atoms and molecules. High voltage corona. Properties of carriers of free electricity in gases, lonization of gases. Electric conductivity of flames.

INDEX COMPLET Arcs electriques. Emission thermique des electrons. Potentiels de contact. Passage du courant dans les tubes a vide avec cathodes chaudes. Emission d'electrons secondaires. Photoconductivite et photofern. Photoemission des electrons. Potentiels critiques des atomes et molecules. Decharge en couronne. Propriety des porteurs d'electricite lib re dans les gaz. Ionisation des gaz. Conductivity electrique des flammes.

GESAMT INDEX VERZEICHNIS Elektrischer Lichtbogen. Thermische Elektronenemission. Kont aktpotentiale. Stromfluss in Vakuumrohren mit heissen Kathoden. Emission sekundarer Elektronen. Photoelektrischeleitfahigkeit und photoelektromotorische Kraft. Photoemission der Elektronen. Kritische Potentiale der Atome und Molekiile. Hochspannungskorona. Eigenschaften von Tragern freier Elektrizitat in Gasen. Ionisation der Gase. Elektrische Leitfahigkeit von Flammen.

INDICE COMPLETO pAGE Archi elettrici 51 Emissione termica di elettroni 53 Potenziali di contatto 56 Flusso di corrente in tubi vuoti a catodo caldo 58 Emissione di elettroni secondari 60 Fotoconduttivita e fotof em 66 Fotoemissione di elettroni. Potenziali critici di atomi e molecole. Corona ad alto potenziale. Proprieta dei portatori di elettricita libera nei gas lonizzazione dei gas Conducibilita elettrica delle fiamme

67 69 107 110 119 156

ELECTRIC ARCS C. D. CHILD CONTENTS

Symbols Electrical data Mechanical data Temperature of the arc Photometric data D E 7 I

SYMBOLS Diameter of electrodes. Strength of electric field. Electric current. Length of arc.

P AGE

51 51 52 52 52

R True resistance of arc: R = limiting values of dV/dl as d/ approaches zero. T Absolute temperature. vp Vapor pressure. V Voltage difference of electrodes. Electrical Data.—The residual emf between cored carbon electrodes, after removal of impressed emf, is ^ 0.64 volt at 0.4 sec and 0.05 volt at 7 sec ( 3 ). Duddell defines the counter emf as V — RI] for carbon arcs, he finds it varies from 11.2 to 18.5 volt, depending upon the current and the nature of the electrode ( 5 » 10). Others have defined the term in various ways; hence the recorded values vary greatly ( 5 ).

VOLTAGE DIFFERENCE: EFFECT OF LENGTH AND CURRENT . V = a + bZ + c/"1 + dll'1. Carbon (C) electrodes are solid unless the contrary is indicated. For metallic electrodes, 7 small, see ( 8 ). Unit of V = 1 volt, of I = 1 ampere, of Z = 1 mm. Electrodes | Gas | a | b | c | d | / | Lit. Carbon* Air 38.88) 2.07 11.66 10.54 3 to 16 (2) Carbonf Air 0.0 0.99 0.0 0.0 120 to 700 (33) Carbon} Air 62 11.4 0.0 3.26 3 («) Carbon CO2 80 1.17 90 7.3 3 (* 2 ) Carbon H2 0.0 29 180 22.2 3 (12) Carbon H 2 O 200 1.0 0.0 18.5 3 (") Carbon A. C.§ 20.4 1.81 0.0 0.0 6.5 ( 15 ) Magnetite.... Air 35.8 0.89-7 5.81 3 (* 2 ) Copperll 18 17.5 52.1 3.43 (28) * Z) = 11 mm; I measured from tip of cathode to plane through edges of crater; for long arcs, V is less than value given by these constants ( 10 ). For flaming arcs ( 6 ) and for cored carbons ( 2 0 » 21 ), V is less than for solid carbons; no simple equation can be given for cored carbons ( 32 ). f Z measured from tip of cathode to bottom of crater. t 1 > 50 cm. § Cored electrodes; A. C. = alternating current arc. See also note.* U For metal electrodes, V varies greatly ( 6 ).

DISTRIBUTION OF VOLTAGE Determined by use of exploring electrodes. For small currents between metallic electrodes, see ( 8 ). V0[V0] = drop of potential at anode [cathode]; anode = electrode of higher potential. Unit of Fa, T7C = 1 volt; of E = 1 volt/cm; of 7 = 1 ampere. Electrode Gas | Va \ Vc \ E \ I \ Lit. C, Carbon* Air 33.7 8.96 10 (2) Hg Vacuum 4.08f 5 . 2 7 ( 2 7 ) Q.68J 4.3 Na-K Vacuum 2.5 3.8 0.8 1.5 (23) * Solid electrodes; I = 5 mm. t vp = 0.45 mm Hg; value of Va varies from 4.8 to 18, depending upon vp, I, and the shape of tube and electrodes ( 13 ); as vp and 7 are increased indefinitely Va approaches 3.72 as limiting value ( 1 2 » 24 ). $ vp = 2 mm Hg, T = 100O0K ( 2 ).

Mechanical Data.—Area of crater = 1.34 mm2 per ampere for solid carbons (*); =(3.83 -h 1.527) mm 2 for positive carbon cored, negative solid, and I = 4 mm, unit of 7 = 1 ampere ( 2 ). Area of cathode spot = 0.0253 mm2 per ampere for Hg-arcs (14) j = 0.213 mm 2 per ampere for C-arcs of such lengths that anode does not affect the area and for 7 = 1.5 to 10 ampere ( 14 ). Consumption of electrodes (unit of I — 1 mm). Solid carbons, open arcs, D = 1 cm, anode consumption if I ^ 20 mm is (2.4 -f1.3Z + 0.0044Z2) g per hr if 7 = 4 ampere, and (1.73 + 0.086Z -f 0.003Z2) g per hr if 7 = 8 ampere; cathode consumption if Z 2 12 mm, 7 = 6 ampere, is (0.72 -f 0.022Z - 0.0115Z2) g per hr (**). Solid carbons, enclosed arcs, D = 11 mm, 7 = 5 ampere, consumption of positive electrode =1.65 mm per hr, of negative electrode = 0.319 mm per hr (21). Flaming arc, carbon electrodes, anode D — 8 mm, cathode D = 7 mm, each electrode consumption = 30 mm per hr (26).

Magnetite arc, cathode consumption = 1.5 mm per hr (16), 7 = 6.6 ampere, value of D is not stated. Temperature of the Arc.—The temperature of the cathode is usually several hundred degrees lower than that of the crater; that of the gases between the terminals is higher than that of the crater; the exact value is not known. The temperature of the crater of the carbon arc in air is between 3900 and 400O0K for graphite terminals ( 30 ); 420O0K at 1 atm., decreasing to 394O0K at 0.1 atm. for solid carbons ( 18 > 19); 420O0K at 1 atm, increasing to 589O0K at 22 atm. for impregnated (cored) carbons ( 18 > 19). PHOTOMETRIC DATA FOR ARCS The luminous efficiency of the radiation (= ratio of energy of luminous radiation to that of total radiation) varies with I and 7 from 0.043 to 0.083 for direct current enclosed arcs between solid carbons, and from 0.115 to 0.225 for yellow naming arcs, direct and alternating current (17). Vt = voltage difference of lamp terminal; W = power expended in lamp; scp = mean spherical candlepower, lcp = mean lower hemispherical candle-power. Unit of 7 == 1 ampere; of Vt = 1 volt; of W = 1 watt; of scp, lcp = 1 candle. Type I 7 I Vt \W\ scpUVscp] lcp | TT/lcp| Lit. Direct current arcs 50 480 540 0.89 813 0.59 (25) Carbon, open.... 9.6 Carbon, enclosed 6.6 70 to 75 480 310 1.55 505 0.95 (25) Flaming 8 44.2* 354 919 0.3851670 0.21 (26) Magnetite t 5 77.5 388 426 0.91 (») Alternating current arcs 70 455 314 1.44 (22) Carbon, enclosed 6.6 Flaming (Blondel) 10 35* 255 1890 0.135 (4) * Voltage difference of electrodes. t With clear globe and small internal reflector.

LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) C 1 ) Allen, 67, 33: 62; 21. ( 2 ) Ayrton, The electric arc. New York, Van Nostrand, 1902. (3) Becknell, 2, 21: 181; 05. (<) Blondel, 635, 1904 II: 731. (5) Child, 2, 29: 229; 09. <«) Child, Electric arc. New York, Van Nostrand, 1913. (7) Child, 2, 12: 277; 18. (8) Chrisler, 21, 54: 273; 21. (») Cravath, 107, 70: 473; 17. (io) Duddell, 62, 203: 305; 04. (") Duffield, 5, 92: 122; 15. («) Grotrian, 8, 47: 141; 15. (*3) Gunther-Schulze, 96, 13: 378; 23. (»«) GiintherSchulze, 96, 11: 71, 74; 22. 31: 509; 25. 37: 868; 26. (15) Heubach, 101, 13: 460; 92. (i«) Holmes, 107, 43: 1053; 04. (17) Karrer, 143, 183: 61; 17. (18) Lummer, 101, 35: 1116; 14. (i») Lummer, 1181, 75: 517; 15. (20) Marks, 121, 31: 502; 93. (21) Marks, 121, 38: 646; 96. (22) Matthews, 534, 23: 21; 00. 24: 281; 01. 25: 227; 02, 2nd Progress Report of the Committee for Investigating Photometric Values of Arc Lamps, N. E. L. A., 1901. (23) Newmann, 3, 47 : 603; 24. (24) Partzsch, 96, 15: 287; 23. (25) Ryan, 534, 1: 125; 85. ( 2 *) Solomon, 46, 49: 737; 12. 121, 69: 130; 12. (27) Stark, Retschinski and Schaposchnikov, 8, 18: 213; 05. (28) Steinmetz, 535, 1904 II: 710. ( 29 ) Upson, 3, 14: 126; 07. (30) Waidner and Burgess, 31 A, 1: 109; 04. (31) Waidner and Burgess, 2, 19 : 241; 04. (32) Wehrli and Baumann, 96, 38 : 35; 26. (33) Westman and Clapson, 78, 44: 137; 23.

THERMAL EMISSION OF ELECTRONS SAUL DUSHMAN MATIERES Emission et fonction travail: substances elementaires et oxydes. Variation avec Ia temperature: Mo, Ta, Th, et W. Effet de !'emission des gaz par W. Emission par W thorie.

CONTENTS Emission and work-function: elementary substances and oxides. Variation with temperature: Mo, Ta, Th, and W. Effect of gases on emission by W. Emission by thoriated W.

Diffusion et evaporation de W.

Diffusion and evaporation from W. Calorimetric determination of work function.

Determination calorimetrique du fonction travail.

The relation connecting the absolute temperature (T) and the rate of electron emission is generally expressed in terms of /, the electric current per unit area of surface, by one or other of the equations 7 = AiT°-V- 6l/:r and 7 = A2Tze~b2/T, which are experimentally indistinguishable within the temperature range A- ^ , T ^fri -&2 3 logic (2VTj) covered in the past. In this range, ^ ^$3 ~ ~2(f-i — T~l) or fm

j

m \

approximately, 62 = bi — 1.5——o——, and logio (Ai/Az) = 1.5 logio T + (&! - 62)/2.303T or approximately, A2 = 0.223î X T"1-5. In general, data obtained before 1913-1914 are quite unreliable and even data obtained more recently are, in many cases, equally unreliable either because insufficient precautions

INHALTSVERZEICHNIS Emissions- und Arbeits-Funktionen: elementare Stoffe und Oxyde. Anderung mit der Temperatur: Mo, Ta, Th, und W. Einfluss der Gase auf die Emission durch W. Emission durch Thorium enthaltendes Wolfram. Diffusion und Verdampfung von W. Kalorimetrische Bestimmung der Arbeitsfunktion.

INDICE P AG E Emissione in funzione del lavoro: elementi ed ossidi 53 Variazione con Ia temperatura: Mo, Ta, Th e W 55 Effetto deU'emissione di gas per mezzo di W 55 Emissione del W toriato... 55

Diffusione ed evaporazione da W 55 Determinazione calorimetrica di funzione del lavoro 56 were taken to secure a good vacuum or because a very inaccurate temperature scale was used. In a few cases in which very good data are available weighted average values are given in the following tables; these, and the individual values which are especially good, are each indicated by an asterisk (*). If W is the amount of work required to remove an electron from the surface, the "work function," = TF/e, is the potential difference required to confer upon an electron an amount of energy equal to TF; = kob/e = 8.62 X 10~56 volt. Unless the contrary is indicated the values of given in the following tables are derived from 62, and will be denoted by <£2. The relation between Richardson's 0o ( 28 ) and & 2 is 62 = 11 60000. Papers («, 15 > 32) should be read.

TABLE 1.—ELECTRON EMISSION AND THERMIONIC WORK FUNCTION: ELEMENTARY SUBSTANCES AND OXIDES At temperature T, the current leaving the surface per cm2 is IT = A 1T°-se~bl/T — A2T2C-^2/7"; work function is <£. Ai=ai X 10n, A 2 = «2 X 10", 61 = JS1 X 104, 6 2 = 0a X 104, IT = IT X 1(K Unit of 7 = 1 ampere/cm2 = 3 X 109 es/(sec cm2) = 0.1 em/(sec cm2) = 6.28 X 1018 electron/(sec cm2). Unit of = 1 volt = 108 cgsm unit of potential = 0.003335 cgse unit of potential = 1.591 X 10~12 erg per electron. | ai | n | /81 | a 2 | n | 02 | fa IT n \ T, 0K | Lit. Symbol Elementary substances C 6.02 1 4.65 4.00 2 -2 2000 * 7.45 6 5.49 1.86 1 5.19 4.48 (6,28) 2.37 6 4.87 5.93 O 4.57 3.93 2.84 - 3 2000 (20,28) 4.80 4.50 3.88 (22) Ca 1.74 4 3.65 1.2 -1 3.50 3.02 (13,28) 6.02 1 2.60 2.24 4 - 3 1100 (7) CeonWf 8.0 O 3.15 2.72 5.8 -2 1600 ( 8 ) Cs 1.62 2 2.10 1.81 2.5 -11 500 (*?) Cs on W| 1 - 4 700 (16, 23) CsonOonWf <3.0 -3 0.830 0.72 3.5 -1 1000 (16,23) Hf 4.75 4 5.91 5.09 2.6 -2 2000 (43) La on Wf 8.0 O 3.15 2.72 5.8 -2 1600 («) Mo; see also Table 2 5.26 6.02 1 5.15 4.44 1.59 -3 2000 (io*) 5.35 6.02 1 5.09 4.38 2.34 - 3 ' 2000 (43*) 2.1 7 5.00 6.1 1 4.74 4.08 1.3 - 2 2000 (i») 1.1 8 5.36 3.23 2 5.10 4.39 1.12 - 2 2000 (28,34) Ni 4.61 6 3.40 2.68 1 3.21 2.77 (28,30) O on W j 5 11 10.70 (16,23) Pt (for effect of H, see (23)) 6.02 1 5.90 5.08 1.6 - 8 1600 * 1.195 7 4.93 5.38 1 4.73 4.08 2.2 - 4 1600 (26,28) 1.1 8 6.55 4.93 2 6.35 5.46 8 - 9 1600 (28,39) 1.86 8 7.25 8.40 2 7.05 6.05 1.8 -10 1600 (28,39) 7.96 9 6.78 3.56 4 6.58 5.68 1 -7 1600 (27,28) 2.55 6 6.10 1.15 1 5.90 5.08 3 -9 1600 (13,28) 4.87 6 6.10 2.19 1 5.90 5.08 6 - 9 1600 (6,28) 3.22 12 8.00 1.45 7 7.80 6.71 2.4 - 8 1600 (19,28) 1.15 7 5.11 5.16 1 4.91 4.23 5.6 - 6 1600 (28,30)

Table 1.—(Continued) | n- | /3i | Q2 n \ fo | ^ 2 | ir ft ~ T, 0K Elementary substances.—(Continued) Pi.—(Continued) 3.02 3 4.60 1.36 -2 4.40 3.87 4.5 -8 1600 9.90 3 5.20 4.46 -2 5.00 4.31 2.9 - 9 1600 3.01 1 4.85 4.18 9.3 6 6.32 2.88 1 6.06 5.22 3 - 9 7.59 8 5.79 Not gas-free § 4.99 7 5.31 Lessgasl 4.57 1.21 9.7 8 5.84 In hydrocarbon vapors Ta; see also Table 2 || 4.98 6.02 1 4.72 4.07 1.38 -2 4.3 2 4.42 1.31 -3 4.17 3.58 4 - 6 2000 1.12 7 5.00 3.40 1 4.70 4.04 8.9 - 3 8.32 6 5.08 2.95 1 4.85 4.18 3.2 - 3 1.19 5 3.64 Notgas-free§ 3.14 3.61 4 3.64 Lessgas§ 3.14 Th H 6.02 1 3.89 3.35 4.3 -3 1600 Th on W f ; see also Tables 2 and 4 . . || 3.0 O 3.05 2.63 4.0 -2 1600 Il 7.0 O 3.12 2.69 UonWf.. 3.2 O 3.30 2.84 9.1 -3 1600 W; see also Tables 2, 3, and 4 6.02 1 5.240 4.52 1.00 - 3 2000 5.51 6.02 1 5.236 4.52 1.00 - 3 2000 1.05 7 5.30 4.36 1 5.100 4.40 1.45 - 3 2000 5.53 6.02 1 5.250 4.53 9.1 - 4 2000 1 5.225 4.50 1.12 -3 2000 5.77 6.02 YtonWf 7.0 O 3.13 2.70 5.8 -2 1600 Zr 3.00 3 5.22 4.50 5.50 -2 2000 ZronWf 5.00 O 3.65 3.15 1.59 - 3 1600 Oxides on Pt Al2O3 6.61 6 4.85 1.62 1 4.63 3.90 5.9 - 2 2200 6.40 O 3.73 2.09 -5 3.48 3.00 6.2 - 7 1873 B2O3 5.37 6 5.45 1.32 1 5.23 4.51 3.1 -3 2200 BaO 6.6 5 2.15 2.88 O 1.95 1.68^*3.55 - 1 1200 7.16 7 4.3 4.12 4.70 7 4.16 2.72 2 3.99 3.44 2.78 - 6 1223 [ 8 4 ] 1.94 1.76 1.51 [ 2.7 - 1 ] BaO + SrO to to to to I to [ 1200 [ 2.4 5 J 2.38 2.20 1.89-[ 2.03 - 3 J 1.07 -3 1.21 6.45 - 2 1200 In O2, P = 0.005 mm 4.27 3 3.59 BeO 8.3 7 4.77 3.60 2 4.57 3.94 1.78 - 1 2000 1.03 O 2.39 4.56 -6 2.19 1.88 1.03 - 6 1373 CaO 2.05 7 3.12 1.29 2 2.92 2.52 2.19 - 1 1400 1.11 8 4.5 4.33 11 4.8 4.62 6.36 7 4.3 4.12 1.75 4.30 7 4.03 2.49 2 3.86 3.33 1.83 - 6 1173 CdO 3.7 -1 3.02 1.65 -6 2.82 2.43 2.2 -7 1673 CeO2 1.95 3 3.71 8.62 -2 3.51 3.02 2.01 - 6 1523 Co2O3 6.67 3 4.97 2.17 -2 4.72 4.06 6.5 -7 1723 CuO 3.5 -3 2.25 1.55 -8 2.05 1.76 2.2 -7 1673 Fe2O3 3.57 3 4.69 1.16 -2 4.44 3.82 2.3 -7 1723 La2O3 : 6.9 2 3.79 3.03 -3 3.59 3.10 2.01 - 6 1623 MgO 2.34 8 4.04 1.02 +3 3.84 3.31 1.02 - 1 1600 3.37 O 3.95 1.10 -5 3.70 3.19 1.0 - 7 1873 NiO 2.79 4 5.12 9.1 -2 4.87 4.19 1.5 -7 1723 Sc2O3 5.50 6 4.31 1.35 1 4.09 3.52 7.2 -2 2000 SiO2 3.80 6 5.74 1.23 1 5.50 4.75 8.5 -4 2200 SrO 9.3 5 2.36 4.07 O 2.16 1.86 ( 8 . 5 -2 1200 J 5.07 7 4.49 2.58 2 4.30 3.71 8.7 - 7 1273 7.5 2 1.41 Anode potential = 200 volt 2.4 3 1.44 Anode potential = 300 volt ThO2 1.78 5 3.93 5.7 -1 3.69 3.18 2.3 -2 2000 3.5 1 3.56 1.54 -4 3.36 2.89 2.1 - 7 1573 . TiO2 6.31 5 5.16 2.04 O 4.92 4.24 1.2 -3 2200 Symbol

|

Qi

|

Lit.

(25) (25) (29,35) (33) (35) ( 35 ) ( 25 ) 0°) (6,28) (19,28) (33) (35) (35) (43) (»*) (16,23) (*) * (4) (33) (10) (42,43) («') (43) (?) (33*) (U) (33*) (33*) (37) (14)

(**) (18) O8) (33*) (14) (33*) (37) (13) (6) (14) (14) (14) (14) (14) (14) (14) (33*) O4) (14) (33*) (33*) (33*) (14) (11) (") (33*) (14) (33*)

TABLE 1.—(Continued) Symbol

\

a\

'\ n

\

&\ \ ai \ n \ fa \ fa \ IT \ n \ TV'K | Lit. Oxides on Pt.—(Continued) Yt2O3 6.03 6 3.82 1.48 1 3.60 3.10 1.00 - 1 1800 (33*) 1.86 4 3.63 8.22 -2 3.43 2.95 2.36 - 6 1373 (14) ZnO 3.1 -1 3.51 1.0 -6 3.26 2.81 2.6 -7 1973 O 4 ) ZrO2 1.17 6 4.65 3.80 O 4.41 3.80 4.2 -3 2000 (33*) 6.57 3 3.66 2.90 -2 3.46 2.98 1.71 - 6 1423 O 4 ) Oxides on 95% Pt + 5% Ni (3) Electrical resistivity of core = 2.2(10)~5(1 + 0.00208Z - 4.6(10)~ 7 £ 2 ) ohm cm, t is centigrade temperature, 0C. The coating is a mixture of the oxides of Ba and Sr plus a small admixture of Ni (and Pt) which is transferred from core to coating during preparation and activation of the filament. Thermal emissivity (ratio to black-body) = 0.4 + 2.5(10)~*T if 80O0K < T < 120O0K. Electron emission in zero field is given by IT = (1O)-2T72C""11 600/r ampere/cm2. For anode potential = 150 volt and space-charge limited current = 0.010 ampere/cm2, the average life is 1.5(10)~5e22 °00/2' hr. The following values are those most probable when anode potential = 150 volt and electric field is zero: 0 T 900 950 1000 1050 TlOO IC IT 20 45 90 170 310 10~3 ampere/cm 2 Pr^ 2.3 3.0 3.7 4.6 5.6 watt/cm 2 pe^ 0.02 0.045 0.09 0.17 0.31 watt/cm 2 Life 730** 170** 55 20 7.4 103 hr II Values on this line should not be used if T > 160O0K. 1 Pr = power thermally radiated; p& = power absorbed by electron emission. ** Computed.

* This value is especially good, f Monatomic layer. t Emission is a function of bulb temperature; bulb at 3O0C. § These data are not very reliable.

TABLE 2.—ELECTRON EMISSION FROM Mo, TA, TH ON W, AND W: VARIATION WITH TEMPERATURE Electric field is assumed zero; if, at cathode, dV/dr > O, a correction must be applied, see ( 31 ); correction must be applied for losses in the leads, see ( 41 ). / = i X 10n = current per unit area = A 2T2e~~bz/ T ampere /cm 2 . Mo Il Ta |i Th on W Il W L K ; r ; i 1, ; r, ; i n (I i \ n I) i n \\ i n 1 000 3.24 -15 1.95 ^13 f / 7 3 ^ T To? -^15 1 100 4.09 -13 1.71 -11 3.31 -6 1.52 -13 1 200 2.33 -11 7.21 -10 3.95 -5 9.73 -12 1 300 7.36 -10 1.73 - 8 3.27 -4 3.21 -10 1 400 1.41 - 8 1.23 - 7 2.03 -3 6.62 - 9 1 500 1.91 - 7 2.89 - 6 1.00 -2 9.14 - 8 1 600 1.89 - 6 2.44 - 5 4.06 -2 9.27 - 7 1 700 1.38 - 5 1.51 - 4 1.40 -1 7.08 - 6 1 800 8.32 - 5 7.94 - 4 4.28 -1 4.47 - 5 1 900 4.14 - 4 3.61 - 3 1.164 O 2.28 - 4 2 000 1.74 - 3 1.38 - 2 2.864 O 1.00 - 3 2 100 6.61 - 3 4.62 - 2 3.93 - 3 2 200 2.14 - 2 1.41 - 1 1.33-2 2 300 6.58 - 2 3.92 - 1 4.07 - 2 2 400 1.81 - 1 1.00 O 1.16-1 2 500 4.62 - 1 2.38 O 2.98 - 1 A2 = 6 0 . 2 A2 = 6 0 . 2 A2 = 3 . O * A 2 = 60.2 6 2 = 51 300 6 2 = 47 200 6 2 = 30 500* 6 2 = 52 400 * These values should not be used for computing the emission of Th on W at T > 160O0K, approx.; see Table 4.

TABLE 3.—ELECTRON EMISSION BY W: EFFECT OF GASES ( 19 > 28 )

Gas O2 N2*

TABLE 2.—(Continued) P I ai \ 3.25 0.002 1.05 7.95

n 4 1 -1

fr 9.43 7.32 6.82

* Effect for N2 varies with anode voltage.

TABLE 4.—EMISSION OF ELECTRONS BY THORIATED W ( 9 ) When W containing Th is heated, there is evaporation of Th from the surface and a diffusion of Th from the interior to the surface (see Table 5); the equilibrium condition is determined by the balancing of these two effects. If we write 6 = (be — &w)/ (6-Th — &w), where b-rh is the maximum value of b 2 for thoriated W, and bw and be are, respectively, the values of 62 for W and for the thoriated W under study, then 0 is, effectively, the fraction of the surface which is completely covered with Th. At temperatures above ca. 160O0K, the equilibrium value of Q is <1, and decreases as T increases (21). Kingdon (16,23) states be = 31 200(9 + 52 200(1 - e) and A2 = [7e + 60 ( l ~ 0 ) - 1] ampere/(cm2 deg2). IT = A2T2e~b2/T ampere/cm2 = i X 10"; b2 = fa X 104. 6 1 0.924 0.830 0.723 0.565 0.440 0.250

logio A2 I /82 I logio /* 0.455 3.040 0.066 0.397 3.213 1.613 0.318 3.415 1.072 0.573 3.657 2.775 0.890 4.007 2.292 1.036 4.284 3.804 1.199 4.705 3.037

i* I 1.16 4.19 1.18 5.96 1.96 6.37 1.09

n O -1 -1 -2 -2 -3 -3

* For T = 190O0K.

bl T

For effect of gas on other substances, see Table 1; 7 = AiTê / ampere/cm2; Ai = en X 10», 61 = 0i X 104; P mm of Hg = pressure of the gas. Gas I P I Qi I n I fr Vacuum 0.00007 1.62 -2 5.55 H2 0.012 2.58 +2 8.25 0.007 3.63 9 11.5 0.0017 3.67 7 10.5 0.0005 2.05 3 8.5

TABLE 5.-—DIFFUSION AND EVAPORATION OF ELEMENTS CONTAINED IN W AS OXIDES (8) D cm2/sec = diffusivity; E atoms/(cm 2 sec) = rate of normal evaporation of the element from the surface of the W; Hd g-cal = heat of diffusion = quantity of heat required to produce the diffusion of 1 g-atom of the diffusing material through the metal (here W) in which it is contained. D = d X IQ-11; E = e X 109; Hd = h X 103; T = 200O0K.

\ Ce.... Th* U Yt Zr

TABLE 5.—(Continued) d \ e \ 95 1450 5.9 1.53 1.3 >Th 1820 324 68

h 83 94 100 62 78

Electron emission data for fused gold, silver and copper above and below the melting point have been measured by Goetz (12). Values of A and b vary with the temperature. For a comprehensive discussion of theory and data, see W. Schottky and H. Rothe, Physik der Gliihelektroden, Handbuch der Experimentalphysik, 13 II, Leipzig, 1928.

TABLE 6.—THERMIONIC WORK FUNCTION (<£): CALORIMETRIC DETERMINATION tf>c = value by calorimeter, <£& = value computed from 6 2 (from bi, in case of ( 40 )); same material for each. Unit of = 1 volt = 1.591 X 10~12 erg per electron. Elementary substances 11 Material ( c b \ Lit, || OT........4.55(24) Mo* 4.59 (24) Os ...4.7 (2) Pt 5.9 (38) Ta 4.51 (24) W 4.524.52(4) 4.48 (24)

LITERATURE

'

*Langmuir"(2i)findsforTh,logioZ) = 0.044 - 20540/7 7 JlOgI 0 ^ = 31.434 44 500/T.

Oxides on Pt Oxides Llt Ba I Ca I s7 *' ^ ' (2.392.341 5 ° 25 25 12.542.59/ ( } jl.972.02l U Û Û \ 2 . 2 8 2 . 1 6 / ( } (?) O (?) 1.611.65 (5) Q IQQ Q 3.223.28 (40)

* Effect of gas, Mo at 20O0C ( 36 ): A, e = 4.76; H 2 + A, 0C = 4.04 to 4.35; N2, £e = 4.77 to 5.01.

(For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) C 1 ) Arnold, 2, 16: 70; 20. (2) Cooke and Richardson, 3, 25: 624; 13. ( 3 ) Davisson, 463 West St., New York City, O. ( 4 ) Davisson and Germer, 2, 20: 300; 22. (5) Davisson and Germer, 2, 24: 666; 24. ( 6 ) Deininger, 8, 25: 285; 08. (?) Dushman, 2, 21: 623; 23. ( 8 ) Dushman, Dennison and Reynolds, 2, 29: 903; 27. ( 9 ) Dushman and. Ewald, 2, 29: 857; 27. ( 10 ) Dushman, Rowe, Ewald and Kidner, 2, 2!5: 338; 25. ( l l ) Espe, Wiss. Verdffentlich. Siemens- Konzern, 5: No. 3, 29; 27. ( 12 ) Goetz, 96, 43: 531; 27. (13) Horton, 62, 207: 149; 07. ( 14 ) Jentzsch, 8, 27: 129; 08. ( 1 5 ) King, Bell System Tech. J., 2: No. 4, 31; 23. ( 16 ) Kingdon, 2, 24: 510; 24. (»7) Kingdon, 2, 25: 892; 25. (i») Roller, 2, 25: 671; 25. (i») Langmuir, 2, 2: 450; 13. 63, 15: 516; 14. 20 ( ) Langmuir, 78, 29: 125; 16. ( 2 1 ) Langmuir, 2, 22: 357; 23. ( 22 ) Langmuir, in B89. (23) Langmuir and Kingdon, 5, 107: 61; 25. ( 2 *) Lester, 3, 31: 197; 16. (25) Lockrow, 2, 19: 97; 22. ( 2 «) Richardson, 62, 201: 497; 03. ( 2 7 ) Richardson, 3, 207: 1; 06. ( 2 8 ) Richardson, B89. ( 29 ) Roy, 512, 9: 61; 24. (30) Schlichter, 8, 47: 573; 15. ( 31 ) Schottky, 63, 15: 872; 14. (32) Schumacher and Harris, 1, 48: 3108; 26. (33) Spanner, 8, 75: 609; 24. (34) Stoekle, 2, 8: 534; 16. (35) Suhrmann, 96, 13: 17; 22. (36) Van Voorhis, 2, 30: 318; 27. (37) Wehnelt, 8, 14: 425; 04. (38) Wehnelt and Liebreich, 88, 15: 1057; 13. 63, 15: 548; 14. (39) Wilson, 62, 202: 243; 03. (40) Wilson, 2, 10: 79; 17. 197, 3: 426; 17. ( 4 *) Worthing, 143, 194: 597; 22. ( 2 4 ) Zwikker, 208, 5: 249; 25. ( 43 ) Zwikker, 64P, 29: 792; 26.

CONTACT POTENTIALS SAUL DUSHMAN CONTENTS Data from photoelectric effect (illustrative).

MATIERES Donnees deduites de 1'effet photoelectrique (explicatif).

Data from thermal emission of electrons (illustrative).

Donnees deduites de !'emission thermique des electrons (explicatif). Potentiels de contact. Metaux avec laiton: methode du condensateur. Metaux avec platine. Diverges paires de conducteurs: methode du condensateur. Dielectriques en contact avec Hg et les amalgames.

Contact potentials. Metals with brass: condenser method. Metals with platinum. Miscellaneous pairs of conductors: condenser met hod. Dielectrics in contact with Hg and amalgams.

If the heat absorbed when one unit of electricity passes (1) from the free surface of conductor A to the free surface of conductor B, in contact with A1 is P'AB', (2) across the junction from A to B = PAB] (3) from surface of A [B] to infinity = PAS [PBS]; then PAB = PAB - PBS + PAS- Let KAB = VA - VB = contact potential of A with reference to B] VA-, VB are the simultaneous potentials of A1 B when in contact ( 2 > 5 ). From thermodynamics, it follows that dKAB/dT = -P'AB/T', for Fe and Ni this amounts to 0.000032 volt/degree at 5O0C, while the experimental value for the range 20 to 6O0C is 0.0016 volt/degree ( 5 ). The discrepancy is ascribed to the formation of a thin surface layer of oxide. The value of KAB may be deduced from data pertaining to the thermo- and photo-emission of electrons. If / = current per unit k T I area carried by the thermoelectrons, KAB = ~^~ loge ^, and if e IB I = AT"e-^/^T (cf. p. 53), KAB = -t>B - A + — log, ^c

î-JB

INDICE PAGE Valori derivati dall'effetto fotoelettrico (esemplificazione) 57 Daten aus der thermischen Valori derivati dalla emisElektronenemission (erlausione termica di elettroternd). ni (esemplificazione).... 57 Kontaktpotentiale. Potenziali di contatto. Metalle mit Messing: KonMetalli con ottone: rnedensatormethode. todo del condensatore. 57 Metalle mit Platin. Metalli con platino 57 Verschiedene KonduktorCoppie varie di condutpaare: Kondensatortori: metodo del conmethode. densatore 57 Dielektrika in Kontakt mit Dielettrici in contatto con Quecksilber und Amalgamen. Hg e amalgame 57 INK ALTSVERZ EICHNIS

Daten aus dem photoelektrischen Effekt (erlauternd).

If A is a universal constant ( 18 ), KAB '-= <^B — AIf VQ — threshold frequency for emission of photoelectrons, VrAa = retarding voltage = potential to which A must be raised above the anode in order to prevent the emission of photoelectrons under action of radiation of frequency V1 and KAO = contact potential of A with reference to anode, then ( 12 > 15) (Fr^0 + KAa)e = h(v - VQA) and KAB = VrBa - VrAa + (ÔB - ôA)h/e = VrBa — VrAa + (B — &A) ; this equation is confirmed by experiments (9,15). Millikan (15) calls (VrBa - VrAa) the "spurious" and (VQB — z>o^)h/e the "intrinsic" contact potential. For clean metals FrBa = VTAa\ for others the equality may fail ( 15 ). Comparing this expression for KAB with that derived from k T thermoelectronic data, it is obvious that FrBa — F7-â = ~-~ loge \B~/ ^ ^ êno*es ^ne same quantity In each case ( 18 ).

Many of the following data are not very reliable, but those obtained under similar conditions probably indicate the correct order of the conductors in a Volta series. TABLE 1.—VALUES OF THE WOBK FUNCTION O) AS DERIVED FROM THE WAVE-LENGTH LIMIT (X 0 ) OF THE PHOTOELECTRIC EFFECT: ILLUSTRATIVE DATA Values for other substances may be derived from the photoelectric data on pages 67-69.

TABLE 3.—(Continued) Metal Mg Ni Pb Pt Sb Sn Zn Brass Lit

4> =

—; KAB cAo

=

VrBa

— FrAa +

B

~ A = ~~- loge -J^ + B C
— A where AA and AB have the values derived from thermal electron emission data, p. 53. For clean surfaces, KAB = B — <$>A> /v0 = 4.117 X 10~15 (volt sec); ^X0 = 12 344 (volt Angstrom). Unit of X0 = 1 A = 10~8 cm = 10~V; of <}> = 1 volt = 108 cgsm unit = 3.33 X 10~3 cgse unit. Conductor I X0 Lit. | <£ || Conductor] X0 | Lit. | <£ Li j 5263 ( i * ) 2 . 3 5 Pt 2570 ("O 4.80 Na 5770 (6) 2.14 2910 (") 4.24 to to 2960 (21) 4.17 5830 2.12 Ta 3283 (21) 3.76 6800 (13) 1.82 W 2200 (7) 5.61 4860 (21) 2.54 3062 (21) 4.03 BaO, SrO* 286Of (ll) 4.31 380OJ (U) 3.24

!

fAt 2O0C.

* On Pt.

£ At 42O0C.

TABLE 2.—CONTACT

POTENTIAL DEDUCED FROM THERMAL EMISSION OF ELECTRONS Data for other pairs of conductors may be computed from the k0T data on pages 55-56, by the relation KAB = B — A + ~^~ loge^r-. All data from (22) refer to metals in vacuum. KAB = AB VA - VB. Unit of KAB = 1 volt. A I B I KAB \ Lit. Al C +0.87 (22) C C-black* -0.24 (22) C Fe -0.02 (22) C-black* W +0.36 (22) Fe W 0.00 (22) W Zn -0.51 (22) t

(20)

Whot

CUoolJ

Pthot

Ptoold

; +0.16J

(20)

ThWhot§

Weoui

+0.71

(2Q)

* Lampblack. t Presence of H-2 makes W more positive; Hg vapor has no effect, t In H2, pressure = 0.112 mm of Hg; temp, of Pthot = 146O0K. § Th W = Thoriated W.

TABLE 3.—CONTACT POTENTIAL OF METALS WITH BRASS: CONDENSER METHOD; ROOM TEMPERATURE Values tabulated are the differences Fmetai — Fbmss columns (1), (2), (3); metal in vacuum; (1) surface freshly scraped; (2) four days after scraping; (3) before scraping. Column (4) metal in air at atmospheric pressure; (5) in air at pressure of 0.0001 mm; (6) highest value obtained after heating to high temperature in vacuum; (7) in air at atmospheric pressure; (8) in air at room temperature and atmospheric pressure. Unit of potential = 1 volt = 108 cgsm unit = 3.33 X 10~3 cgse unit. Metal Ag Al Au Bi Cu Fe

I (1) 1 (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | (7) | (8) +0.05 O -0.097 I -0.35 -0.286 +1.04+0.874+0.293+0.19* +0.20* +0.90* +0.670 -0.23 -0.22 +0.02 -0.33 -0.269 +0.07 +0.10-0.110-0.106-0.04* -0.04* +0.44* -0.15 -0.154 +0.24+0.192+0.053 O. 0Of +0.040

I (1) I (2) | (3) | +1.47 +0.713 +0.825

(4) |

(5) |

(6) |

(7) |

(sT"

+0.16

+0.18 +0.47 +0.09 +0.41 +0.396 -0.30* -0.28* -0.23* -0.32 -0.354 +0.15 +0.32 +0.317 +0.216 +0.318 +0.64 +0.496 +0.193 -0.596J +0.43* +0.608 +0.26+0.228-0.123 (8)

(8)

(8)

(26)

I

(26)

(26)

(16)

(1)

* Mean of observations on 2 different specimens, t Same for steel. t One hr after polishing; 1 week after polishing found —0.543; both surfaces polished (23).

TABLE 4.—CONTACT POTENTIAL (K) OF METALS WITH PLATINUM (19)

K = Fmetai - Vpt', unit = 1 volt = 108 cgsm unit = 3.33 X 10~3 cgse unit Metal Al Bi Cu Mg Na Sn Zn K 1.20 0.35 0.13 1.05 2.40 0.62 0.90 TABLE 5.—CONTACT POTENTIALS OF MISCELLANEOUS PAIRS OF CONDUCTORS: CONDENSER METHOD; ROOM TEMPERATURE For metals with brass, see Table 3; KAB = VA — VB

A I Al* Al* Fe* CuO*......

B Fe Zn Zn Li

CuO* Cd§ Hg§ Hg§ Bi||

Na Hg Sb Zn Pt

KAB \ +0.87 +0.29 -0.60 -1.52f -1.11J -2.52 -0.22 -0.26 +0.17 Il

Lit. || (4) (4) (4) ( 14 ) ( 14 ) (14) (17) (i?) (17) (IQ)

A \ B \ KAB \ Lit. Pt Zn|| || | (10) K Pt +2.8 (25) C + NH 3 U. Cu +0.079 (24) C + H 2 1f.. Cu +0.096(24) C + N 2 I f . . Cu +0.129 (24) C + CO 2 ^. Cu +0.130(24) C + NOIf. Cu +0.136 (24) c + O 2 1 f . . Cu +0.142(24) C + O 3 1 f . . Cu +0.155(24)

* In vacuum, t Fresh surface, t Old surface. § Initial value in dry air, pressure = 0.05 mm Hg. KAB varies with the time. Author also gives data for moist air, H2 and COa. (I Distilled in vacuum; initially KAB is low, traces of air cause the Bi and Zn to become more positive; after passing a maximum, an equilibrium value is approached. ^ Coconut charcoal saturated with the gas indicated.

TABLE 6.—SIGNS OF CHARGES ACQUIRED BY DIELECTRICS CONTACT WITH Ho AND WITH AMALGAMS ( 3 ) Surfaces in high vacuum Dielectric Amber Diamond, C Ebonite K-glass Na-glass Sealing wax Quartz, SiO2

|

Hg — — — — -

| Ag-Hg — — — — -

IN

Na-Hg | Zn-Hg + + — — + + + + + + + + +

LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) C 1 ) Anderson and Bowen, 67, 23: 346; 11. ( 2 ) Bridgman, 2, 14: 306; 19. (3) Coehn and Curs, 96, 29: 186; 24. (*) Compton, 3, 23: 579; 13. (5) Compton, 2, 7: 209; 16. ( 6 ) Compton and Richardson, S, 26: 549; 13. (7) Hagenow, 2, 13: 415; 19. ( 8 ) Hennings, #, 4: 228; 14. (9) Hennings and Kadesch, 2, 8: 209; 16. ( 10 ) Hughes, 3, 28: 337; 14. (") Koppius, 2, 18: 443; 21. ( 12 ) Langmuir, 78, 29: 125; 16. ( 1 S) Millikan, 2, 4: 73; 14. (14) Millikan, 2, 7: 18; 16. (ts) Millikan, 2, 18: 236; 21. ( 16 ) Pellat, 6, 24: 5; 81. (") Perucca, 34, 173: 551; 21. ( 18 ) Richardson, Electron theory of matter. London, Cambridge Univ. Press, 1916. (19) Richardson and Compton, 3, 24: 575; 12. (20) Richardson and Robertson, S, 43: 162, 557; 22. (21) Roy, 512, 9: 61; 24. (22) Schottky, 8, 44: 1011; 14. (23) ghaw, 3, 25: 242; 13. (24) Stuhlmann, 2, 8: 294; 16. ( 25 ) Thirring, 63, 14: 406; 13. (26) Vieweg, 8, 74: 146; 24.

CURRENT FLOW IN VACUUM TUBES WITH HOT CATHODES ALBERT W. HULL CONTENTS

PAGE

Symbols Ideal diodes Characteristics of typical commercial diodes Characteristics of typical commercial triodes

58 58 59 59

In what follows it is assumed that the emission of electrons (or ions) from the cathode (see p. 53) is so ample that the current through the tube is not limited by it. Diodes.—If the carriers are emitted with velocity = O, then in all cases i — KGVla'*', where the value of KG depends only upon the construction of the tube and upon the system of units employed. K depends upon e/m and G upon certain ratios determined by the geometrical configuration of the conductors in the tube; G is dimensionless. Except in certain ideal cases, KG is treated as a single quantity and is denoted by k (see Table 3). Triodes ( 10 > 22 ).—If the carriers are emitted with velocity = O, and if there is no magnetic field, i(= ip + ig) = k(Ep + pEg)1-6, approximately, see ( 20 ); k has the same value as for the corresponding diode; ^ depends solely upon the geometrical configuration of the conductors in the tube (i> 4> 17 > 20 ), but by varying the size of the grid mesh, it can be given any desired value. The mutual conductance (gm) is a function of ipj but for a given value of ip, it is nearly independent of size of grid mesh. It is roughly proportional to length of cathode filament and inversely proportional to distance between grid and filament (see Table 4). Tubes with Four Electrodes.—Space-charge grid tubes have the second grid next to the filament; the presence of this grid multiplies gm by approximately 4, but the other constants remain the same as for the corresponding triode ( 21 ). Screen-grid tubes have the second grid between grid and plate. If screening is perfect, ip is a function of E0 only, and the value of gm is only about % as great as in the corresponding triode ( 7 » 21 ), SYMBOLS A c cgse cgsm csva

Area of one side of a plate electrode Velocity of light in vacua. Cgs electrostatic system of units. Cgs electromagnetic system of units. Cm-sec-volt-ampere system of units, absolute volt and ampere. * csVA Cm-sec-volt-ampere system of units, international volt and ampere.* EP1 Eg Potential of plate, grid, above that of cathode. e Negative electronic charge. e Negative charge of the carrier of electricity (electron or ion). G Geometrical factor of k. gm Mutual conductance of plate and grid, gm = — dip/dEg, Ep being constant. H Strength of magnetic field externally applied parallel to axis of cylindrical electrodes. / Current flowing through the inner cylindrical electrode parallel to its axis. I1 ip, ig Current to cathode: Total, from plate, from grid; i = ip + V K Physical factor of k. * In csva system, unit of mass is 107 g; required by relation eV = %mvz. 107 csVA system, unit of mass is : nnnoo £•

In

fco k I M m m0 raj rc r0j Ti RP T

V Vm Va v Vi x Xm xa a2, /32 € JJL

Boltzmann gas constant. Space charge constant characteristic of the tube; k = KG. Length of cylindrical electrode. Molecular weight of the carrier ions. Mass of the carrier of electricity (electron or ion). Mass of negative electron at low velocity. Radius of anode, cathode. Radius of outer, inner, of two coaxial cylinders, or of two concentric spheres. Plate resistance; Rp = l/(dip/dEp), E0 being constant. Absolute temperature of the carriers of electricity, 0K. For thermionic carriers, T — temperature of cathode ( 3 ); for electrons from low pressure arcs, T is nearly independent of current density, but depends upon the nature and pressure of the gas, and ranges from 10 000 to 5000O0K (16). Excess of potential above that of cathode. Minimum value of V in space between anode and cathode. Potential of anode above that of cathode. Velocity of carrier. Initial velocity of carrier. Distance from cathode in direction of anode. Value of x corresponding to Vm. Distance between anode and cathode. Functions of r0/n. Dielectric constant of a vacuum. In cgse system, e = 1; in cgsm, e = c~2; in csva, e = (10)9c~2; in csVA, e = 1.00052(1O)9C-2. Amplification factor; ^ = —dEp/dEg, ip being constant. TABLE 1.—IDEAL DIODES

K6 = value of K if carriers are electrons; K = Ke\/emo/em = Ke\/e/(1847 Me^. Il Plates, Coax. CyL, Con. Sph. = parallel plates, coaxial cylinders, concentric spheres. General formulae are valid for any consistent system of units; a numerical value is valid only for the indicated system of units. Electrodes

G

Formula, K

7°

[

gS

ke

Magnetic field = O, 1;» =_0; i = II Plates....

— xa

Coax.cyl... —2 r0|8

^

CsV f 7

1

\ n \

KGVla-b'3

ke

I n

Lit.

K6 = ke X 10n

3.643+7 2.341 -6 (2, 8, U)

^?€ A /1 9vr_ \m_

^-? e\l- 22.89 +714.71 -6 («, 15). 9 \ ra

Con.sph...

1* ^?e-J- 45.78 +729.42 -6(14) a2 9 \ra Magnetic field = O, t>» has a Maxwellian distribution ( i 2 )

Il Plates.. . . i = GK(Va - F»)'-« (l + C\/^-)' where K has same value as for Vi — O, G = A/(xa — x m ) 2 , and C = 2.66 -J^0.

If

e = e,

then

C = 0.001426

cgse = 0.0247 csVA. Magnetic field ^ O, v* = 0 Coax. cyl. . i = GKVl* if Va > V] i = O, if V0 < V. G and K have same values as for field = O; Vr = — X

m

5

[^+2/ YlOg 6 -Y]. In the csVA

LS

\

*•••/ J

2

2

2

system,

V = 0.02217? V . + 0.0188/ flogio ^) , if carriers are negative electrons. * For values of a 2 and /32, see Table 2.

TABLE 2.—VALUES OF COEFFICIENTS a2 AND (3* For coaxial cylinders, G = l/(rafi2); for concentric spheres, G = I/a 2 (see Table 1) Cathode, Inside | Outside Inside Outside T0JT1

I

1.1 1.5 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 10 20 50 100 200 500 1 000 QO

g2(14)

£2(13)

I

0.0086 0.0096 0.1302 0.2118 0.326 0.750 0.669 2.512 0.934 4.968 1.141 7.98 1.777 29.2 2.378 93.2 3.120 395 3.652 1 144 4.166 3 270 4.829 13 015 5.328

'

0.0001 0.1193 0.2793 0.5170 0.6671 0.7666 0.9782 1.0715 1.0936 1.0782 1.0562 1.0307 1.0171

0.01 0.228 0.845 2.98 6.06 9.89 37.0 115.6 450.2 1 175 2 946 9 502

1. OQOQ

TABLE 3.—CHARACTERISTICS OF TYPICAL COMMERCIAL DIODES (6) 1 5 9 In all cases i = kV ^ ( ). The tubes are so constructed that, for the size of anode used, k is as great as is now (Jan., 1927) considered practical. The values are for American tubes, but do not differ appreciably from those for similar tubes constructed elsewhere, if t E/ = filament current, voltage; Em = maximum effective A.C. input voltage; im = maximum rectified tube current; Pn = nominal power rating; ThW, PW = thoriated tungsten, pure tungsten, filament. Unit of if and im == 1 ampere; of E/ andff m = 1 volt; of Pn = 1 kilowatt; of fc = 0.0001 ampere/volt15. Type \ if \ Ef \ Em \ im \ Pn \ k ThW 1.25 I 7.5 550 0.065 0.0075 1.2 ThW 3.25 10 1500 0.20 0.050 1.7 ThW 3.85 11 2500 0.25 0.250 1.1 PW 14.7 11 16000 0.166 1.00 0.5 PW 24.5 22 17500 0.833 5.00 1.0 PW.. 52 22 18000 3.0 20.00 1.1 PW 10 10 20000 0.10 0.10 PW 10 10 85000 0.10 0.11 PW 32 9 75000 0.25 0.25 PW 10 10 150000 0.100 0.11 PW 32 12.5 150 OOP 0.25 0.11

TABLE 4.—CHARACTERISTICS OF TYPICAL COMMERCIAL TRIODES The following data for American tubes differ but little from those for corresponding tubes manufactured elsewhere. Ox, ThW; PW = oxide coated, thoriated tungsten, pure tungsten filaments; if — filament current, E/ filament voltage; Ep — normal plate voltage, L,- D = overall length, diameter, of tube; Pa = safe continuous energy dissipation at anode; P0 = rated power output; E01 ip = grid voltage, plate current, for normal operation as amplifier. Unit of if = 3 ampere; of ip = 0.001 ampere; of Ef1 EP1 E0 = 1 volt; of L9 D = I cm; of P0, P0 = 1 kilowatt; of gm = 0.001 mho = 0.001 ohm"1. M is dimensionless. Standard American Triodes ( 18 > 19) Type

if

Ef

L

D

T? O A

" V

IldiIIlc?

Ox

0.25

TH HT sTo WDII

Ox ThW ThW ThW

0.25 0.06 0.125 0.50

5.0 3.0 3.0 5.0

12 10 10 12

4.6 3.0 3.0 4.6

UX112-A UX199 UX120 UX171

ThW

0.25

5.0

12

4.6

UX201-A

ThW ThW ThW ThW ThW PW PW PW

0.25 1.25 3.25 3.85 15.5 14.75 24.5 52

5.0 7.5 10 11 11 11 22 22

12 14 20 36 45 40 57 48

4.6 5.5 5.4 10 15 12.5 15 11

UX240 UX210 UV203-A UV204-A UV851 UV206 UV208 UV207

LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) (l) Abraham, 125, 8: 42; 20. (2) Child, 2, 32: 492; 11. (3) Davisson and Germer, -2, 20: 300; 22. («) Eccles, 540, 1: 67; 19. (*) Hull, 2, 18: 31; 21. (6) Hull, 2, 25: 645; 25. (7) Hull and Williams, 2, 27: 432; 26. (*) Langmuir, 2, 2: 450; 13. (9) Langmuir, 63, 15: 348; 14. O°) Langmuir, 629, 3: 261; 15. (U) Langmuir, 120, 26: 731; 23. (12) Lang-

Ep

Eg

"90 - ^Ts 135 90 135 180 135 135 90 135 425 1000 2000 2000 15000 15000 15 QQO

- 9 - 4.5 -22.5 -40.5 - 27 - 9 - 4.5 - 1.5 -35 O O -60 O O -475

ip

gm

2.5

0.425

10.0 2.5 6.5 20 17 3.0 2.5 0.20 20 120 300 350 54 195 400

M

Pa

P0

0.10 0.25 0.750 0.35 1.0 10

O.C75 0.25 1 1 5 20

6.6

1.70 8.0 0.425 6.6 0.500 3.3 1.500 3.0 1.360 3.0 0.800 8.0 0.725 8.0 0.200 30.0 1.500 7.5 5 25 5 25 15 20 1.9 325 3.2 240 4.5 20

muir, 2, 21: 419; 23. ( 13 ) Langmuir and Blodgett, 2, 22: 347; 23. ( 1 4 ) Langmuir and Blodgett, 2, 24: 49; 24. ( 15 ) Langmuir and Kingdon, 166, 57: 58; 23. (i«) Langmuir and Mott-Smith, 120, 27: 449; 24. (") von Laue, 8, 59: 465; 19. ( 18 ) Radio Corpn. of America, Standard power radiotrons and rectrons; 1928. ( 19 )Radio Corpn. of America, Bull., Nov. 21, 1927. (20) Schottky, 125, 8: 1; 20. (21) Schottky, 125, 8: 299; 20. (22) Whittemore, 629, 14: Suppl.; 1926.

EMISSION OF SECONDARY ELECTRONS H. E. FARNSWORTH CONTENTS Symbols. Emission excited by impact of electrons.

MATIERES Symboles. Emission excitee par Ie choc des electrons.

INHALTSVEBZEICHNIS Symbole. Durch Elektronenstoss erregte Emission.

Retarding potential difference required to annul a velocity.

Difference de potentiel retardateur necessaire pour annuler une vitesse.

Transmission tion.

Transmission et absorption.

Verzogernde Potential-Differenz, die erforderlich ist, um eine Geschwindigkeit aufzuheben. Durchdringung und Absorption.

and

absorp-

Mass absorption coefficient and its variation with velocity.

Coefficient d'absorption de masse et sa variation avec Ia vitesse.

Massenabsorptionskoeffizient und seine Anderung mit der Geschwindigkeit.

Mass absorption coefficients relative to air.

Coefficients d'absorption de masse relatifs a Pair.

Massenabsorptionskeffizient bezogen auf Luft.

Velocity of transmitted electrons. Decrease in number and in velocity of electrons d u r i n g transmission through Al.

Velocite des electrons transmis. Diminution en nombre et en vitesse des electrons durant Ia transmission a travers Al.

Variation of transmission with primary velocity

Variation de Ia transmission avec Ia vitesse primaire.

Geschwindigkeit durchgedrungener Elektronen. Abnahme der Zahl und der Geschwindigkeit der Elektronen wahrend des Durchganges durch Al. Anderung des Durchdringungsvermogens mit der Primargeschwindigkeit.

Distribution of velocities: transmitted electrons.

Distribution des vitesses: electrons transmis.

Reflection of electrons: angular distribution, etc.

Reflexion des electrons: distribution angulaire, etc.

Emission from gases. Emission from solids and liquids. Velocities of secondary electrons. Emission excited by impact of positive ions.

Emission a partir des gaz. Emission a partir des solides et des liquides. Vitesses des electrons secondaires. Emission excitee par Ie choc d'ions positifs.

The electrons and positive ions incident upon the substance under consideration are designated as "primary;" those leaving it, as "secondary." Generally the secondary electrons which result from impact of electrons are of two distinct classes: (a) those which have velocities of the same order as that of the primaries, and (6) those with much smaller velocities. The former are regarded as primary electrons which have been reflected [transmitted] by the substance; the latter, as electrons which originated in the substance. SYMBOLS c d N n

See also Vol. I, p. 16 Velocity of light. Density. Number of secondary electrons per primary electron or +ion. Number of secondary electrons.

G e s c h w i n d i g k eits verteilung: Durchgedrungene Elektronen. Reflexion der Elektronen: Winkelverteilung, u.s.w. Emission aus Gasen. Emission aus festen und fltissigen Stoffen. Geschwindigkeit sekundarer Elektronen. Emission, hervorgerufen durch das Auftreffen positiver Ionen. VVJ VVp1 Vvx

INDICE PAGE Simboli 60 Emissione eccitata per mezzo di urto di elettroni. Differenza di potenziale ritardatrice necessaria per annullare una velocita.. 61 Trasrnissione e assorbirnento 61 Coefficiente di assorbirnento di massa e sua variazione con Ia velocita 61 Coefficiente di assorbimento di massa per Paria 61 Velocita degli elettroni trasmessi 61 Diminuzione di numero e di velocita degli elettroni durante Ia trasmissione attraverso Al 62 Variazione della trasmissione in funzione della. velocita primaria 62 Distribuzione delle velocita: elettroni trasmessi 62 Riflessione di elettroni: distribuzione angolare, ecc 62 Emissione dai gas 63 Emissione da solidi e da liquidi 63 Velocita di elettroni secondari 64 Emissione eccitata per urto di ioni positivi 64

Retarding potential difference required to stop an electron which has the velocity v, vpy Vx. V1 Vp1 Vx Velocity of the electrons, of the primary electrons, of electrons at point x. A Vp- Vx. 80 l(Nt)e - (Nt)M(Nt)0. T Thickness. 0 Angle of incidence.

TABLE 1.—RETARDING POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE REQUIRED TO BRING AN ELECTRON TO REST: EINSTEIN'S RELATION v = initial velocity of the electron, Vv = potential difference required to reduce the velocity from v to O. Einstein's relation is 1 _ } 3QOm0CVe = 5.08 X 10*volt = 30Om0CM e \Vl-(t>/c)» /' Vv = A X 10«; Vl = B X 10« Unit of V9 = 1 volt. __ _ . . _ _ _ V/C

O 0.005 0.006 0.010 0.015 0.020 0.025 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.07 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25

"THT

B]H'

0 0 0 6.4 O 4.0 9.1 O 8.4 2.54 1 6.4 5.7 1 3.24 1.02 2 1.03 1.58 2 2.51 2.29 2 5.24 4.07 2 1.66 6.36 2 4.04 1.25 3 1.56 2.56 3 6.55 5.82 3 3.39 1.05 4 1.10 1.66 4 2.77

O 1 1 2 3 4 4 4 5 5 6 6 7 8 8

V/C

0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45 0.50 0.55 0.60 0.65 0.70 0.75 0.80 0.85 0.90 0.95 0.99

A

2.45 3.43 4.63 6.08 7.86 1.00 1.27 1.60 2.03 2.60 3.39 4.56 6.57 1.12 3.09

\n

4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 6 6

B ] n

6.00 1.18 2.14 3.70 6.18 1.01 1.61 2.56 4.12 6.76 1.15 2.08 4.32 1.46 9.55

8 9 9 9 9 10 10 10 10 10 11 11 11 12 12

TRANSMISSION AND ABSORPTION OF PRIMARY ELECTRONS During transmission, the beam of primary electrons is more or less scattered. If vp is great and the film of substance is thin, the scattering may be negligible; it increases with the thickness (T) and ultimately the electrons emerging from the second surface are distributed as cos v ( 66 > 84 ). The thickness at which this first occurs increases with vp and as the atomic weight decreases; if Vp/c = 0.48 to 0.59 it is 0.015 cm for Al and 0.0002 cm for Au ( 24 ). If primary electrons are incident at all angles, then, for an area which is far from the edges of the surface, Nf2 = e~aT, where a is independent of T if T and vp/c are small ( 6 1 > 6 2 ); if O = O, a is independent of T if vp/c < 0.4 ( 92 ); a varies with vp (see Table 2) and the velocity of the electrons decreases as they penetrate the substance (c/. Table 4), hence a is independent of r only if r is so small that the resulting change in velocity is negligible. To obtain Nf2 for a thicker specimen, imagine the specimen to be built up of a series of very thin layers and compute the effect of each of these, taking into account the change of vp from layer to layer. In this computation, the " most probable velocity " is used. If the initial beam is diffuse (electrons incident in all directions) or if the initial velocity is so low that the beam has become diffuse in a small part of the distance traversed, the velocity may.be obtained from Tables 4 and 5. If the incidence is normal and not diffuse, the change in vp from layer to layer may be obtained by solving the equation V*p — Vl1. = kdr (Table 4) for V1-T and obtaining the corresponding v from Table 1. For Vp — 0.87c, a/d varies from ca. 5 to 14 cm2/g, and for many substances = 7 cm 2 /g (c/. Table 3). Other things being the same, OL/d is generally greater for a solid than for a liquid (1). TABLE 2.—MASS ABSORPTION COEFFICIENT (a/d) AND ITS VARIATION WITH VELOCITY (vp) OF PRIMARY ELECTRONS (c/. TABLE 5) For A, Br2, Cl2, H2, He, N2, O2, CO2, CH4, C2H4, NH 3 and SO2, at 0° and 1 An and for vp = 0.35c, a = 0.078s M# cm'1, where M = molecular weight (14). For many metals, a/d = a + bZ for the (3-rays from RaD and RaE (vp = 0.77c); Z = atomic num-

ber, a and b are constants (33» 59). For certain gases, a passes through a maximum at the velocity corresponding to Vvp = Vma (see 2nd section of this table). Lenard's data ( 6 I, 62) refer to diffuse, and Ten-ill's ( 9 2) to normal, incidence. If 0.4. [an] — value of a for diffuse [for normal] incidence, ad = Uan; at low velocities, U is practically unity; for values of U at higher velocities, see Lenard ( 61 ). Unit of a/d = 1 cmVg; of Vma = 1 volt; a/d = A X 10rt. (I) Air and Al* Vp/c

0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.27 0.28 0.30 0.32 0.34 0.35 Gas Air A

\

A

n

Lit.

275 1.8 1.3 8.6 5.8 2.5 1.4 8 1.5 3.6 8.6 2.29 1.99 2.9 1.17 9.2 8.2

7 7 7 6 6 6 6 5 5 4 3 3 3 3 3 2 2

(61, 62) (61,62) (61,62) (61,62) (61,62) (61,62) (61,62) (61,62) (61,62) (61,62) (61,62) (92) (92) (61,62) (92) (92) (92)

I

CH4 CO Cdf H2

U

A

Vp/c

oT35 0.36 0.38 0.40 o.40 o.41 0.45 0.50 o.55 o.60 0.65 0.70 0.75 o.80 0.85 0.90

\ n

T4~ 7.4 6.1 4.9 7.4 4.4 4.0 2.2 1.3 8.3 4.9 2.9 1.9 1.3 9 6

(II) Velocity of Maximum Absorption Vma Lit I] Gas [ Vma O (61,62) H e ^ 4 ~ ~ 12 (18) 3.6 Hgf O 12.4 (78) 13.2 (76) Kr 11.3 7.5 (18) N2 18 18 (18) Ne 22 O (17, 71) Xe 6.4 O

(18)

* For Al, a/d = 7.0 cm2/g if VP = 0.87c.

Zn f

\

3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 O O

O

Lit.

(61,62) (92) (92) (92) (61,62) (92) (61,62) (61,62) (61,62) (61,62) (61,62) (61,62) (61,62) (61,62) (61, 62) (61,62)

\

Lit. (18) (76) (17, 71) (76) (18) (76) (76) (17)

f Vapor.

TABLE 3.—MASS ABSORPTION COEFFICIENT RELATIVE TO AIR R = (a/d)/(a/d)air; for («/d)air, see Table 2 Substance I A Al Br2 Cl2 Cu H2 He I2

R \ vp/c \ Lit. || Substance! 0.82 0.35 ( H ) I ^ 1.00 0.87 (61) N2 1.56 0.50 (85) Q2 1.86 0.92 (34) pt 1.23 0.50 (85) Sn 1.33 0.92 (34) CO2 1.40 0.87 (61) CH4 1.73 0.35 (14) C2H4 0.72 0.35 (14) NH 3 1.86 0.50 (85) SO2

R \ vp/c | Lit. 2.36 0.92 (34) 1.03 0.35 (U) 0.93 0.35 (14) 1.94 0.87 (61) .57 0.87 (61) 1.00 0.35 (U) .44 0.35 (14) .22 0.35 (14) .33 0.35 (14) .01 0.35 (U)

TABLE 4.—MOST PROBABLE* VELOCITY OF TRANSMITTED ELECTRONS If VT = most probable* velocity of the electrons transmitted by a sheet of thickness r when the incident electrons have the velocity Vp and are diffuse (incident at all angles) and A7- = vp — VTJ then AT/d varies with vp (see Tables 2, 5) and with the transmitting substance. For normal incidence, V*p — V'*r = kdr', if vp/c = 0.30 to 0.42, k = 0.40 X 1012 volt2 cm2 g"1 for Al, Ag, Au, Be and Cu (91); k decreases from 0.215 X 1012 for Al to 0.105 X 1012 for Au in the order Al, Sn, Cu, Ag, air, Pt, Au (97). The

first ( 91 ) appears the more reliable. If vp/c = 0.15 to 0.22, fc = 0.189 X 1012 for Al and 0.171 X 1012 for Ni (53). From the value of AT for Al (Table 5) the value for the same thickness of another metal M is given by (AT/d)M = FM(A1-/J)AI, C?AI = 2.7 g/cm3. The following values of FM ( 61 ) are approximate only: Metal

I

Ag Al Au Cd Cu

Fe Ni Pb Pt Sn Zn

v/c \ 0.9 See Table5 O . l t o 0.3 0.9 0.9 0.6to0.7 0.9 0.3to0.4 0.9 0.9 0.6to0.7 0.9 0.3 to 0.4 0.6to0.7 0.9 0.9

FM 2~A

Lit. (13)

0.5 3.2 2.4 0.9 1.7 0.5 1.7 3.2 0.7 3.2 0.5 0.8 2.4 1.7

(61,97) (13) (13) (9) (13) (61) (13) (13) (9) (13) (61) (9) (13) ( 13 )

* If 2(Ni)v8v = number of the N? electrons which have velocities lying between v — 8v and v -f- dv, then the value of v for which (Nz)v is a maximum is called the " most probable velocity."

TABLE 5.—DECREASE IN NUMBER AND IN MOST PROBABLE* VELOCITY (v) OF ELECTRONS DURING TRANSMISSION THROUGH AL ( 6 1 )

62

)

4

Recent results (I ) for vp/c = 0.32 and 0.41 agree with these older data, see also Table 6. Thickness of Al = Af mm; Ntz = i X 10n. ~A /=* / - Q-1 v/c i n v/c I i \ n O 0.990 TOO O 0.800 1 ~ 0 0 O 0.5 0.988 9.17 T 0.787 8.33 1 1.0 0.986 8.30 1 0.773 6.77 1 1.5 0.984 7.40 1 0.758 5.40 1 2.0 0.982 6.50 I 0.742 4.17 1 2.5 0.979 5.57 T 0.723 3.09 I 3.0 0.974 4.68 1 0.700 2.13 1 3.5 0.968 3.80 T 0.673 1.36 1 4.0 0.958 2.87 T 0.640 7.55 2 4.5 0.946 2.00 1 0.600 3.19 2 4.75 0.938 1.57 1 0.578 1.82 2 5.00 0.927 1.21 I 0.551 8.76 3 5.25 0.911 8.88 2 0.520 3.09 3 5.50 0.892 6.04 2 0.483 6.37 4 5.75 0.862 3.62 2 0.437 4.8 5 6.00 0.820 1.90 2 6.25 0.760 8.03 3 6.40 0.711 3.0 3 * See footnote of Table 4.

A

"~o 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 1.25 1.50 1.75

/ - 0.01

v/c

0.450 0.440 0.429 0.418

•-

/ = 0.001 ;

i

n

v/c

i-

n

i.oo

o

o.3oo

\

Too

o

7.38 5.33 3.57 2.45 1.69 1.09 6.65

T T 1 1 T 1 2

0.293

7.87 6.22 4.78 3.64 2.74 2.03 1.48

T T T 1 T T 1


/ = Q-QQ1

/ = o.oi 2.00 2.25 2.50 2.75 3.00 3.25 3.50 3.75 4.00 4.25 4.50 4.75 5.00 5.25 5.50 5.75 6.00 6.25 6.40

v/c I i \ 0.406 3 7 9 4 2.21 0.394 1.24 6.35 0.380 3.06 0.374 1.38 0.364 6.00 0.356 1.93 0.347 6.42 0.336 1.84 0.325 4.23 0.313 7.59 0.300 1.27

n 1 2 2 3 3 3 4 4 5 5 6 7 7

v/c \ i \ CL287To3 7.34 5.00 3.60 0.279 2.26 1.50 9.99 6.52 0.271 4.22 2.56 0.267 1.57 9.75 0.262 6.03 3.58 0.257 2.00 1.10 0.251 5.85 3.01 0.245

n I 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 5 5

TABLE 6.—VARIATION OF TRANSMISSION WITH PRIMARY VELOCITY: 0.0031 MM AL, NORMAL INCIDENCE ( 93 ) Nf2 — number of high velocity electrons (Vv > 100 volt), and N82 = number of low velocity electrons (Vv < 100 volt) emerging from second face of Al per unit primary electron striking first face. Total emergent per primary = Nf2 + NS2 = Nt- Values of Vp /c are computed from Vvp (cf. Table 1). Unit of Vvp = 1 kilovolt. VVP I A^/2 I JV82 I vp/c [I Vvp I Nn I NsZ I vp/c 15.0 0.000 0.006 0.24 26.8 0.25 0.14 0.31 18.0 0.000 0.011 0.26 30.2 0.35 0.16 0.33 20 O 0.030 0.020 0.27 32.8 0.42 0.16 0.34 21.2 0.06 0.05 0.28 37.2 0.51 0.17 0.36 22 7 0.11 0.07 0.29 43.4 0.61 0.18 0.39 24.0 0.15 0.10 0.30 TABLE 7.—DISTRIBUTION OF VELOCITIES AMONG ELECTRONS TRANSMITTED BY AL: NORMAL INCIDENCE ( 93 ) Ftp = 45.6 kilovolt (Vp = 0.396c); r = thickness of Al; 7 is proportional to number of transmitted electrons having velocity denned by Vv. Unit of r = 1/z = 10~4 cm; of Vv = 1 kilovolt =

1000 volt. V9 I 25 I 29 I 31 I 33 I 35 r I 3.1 4.3 6.2 2.5 3.6 5.4 9.3 0.8 1.8 20 2.3 2.1

37 | 39 | 41 | 42 | 43 44 |~45" / 9.215.618.419.520.019.814.8 7.0 7.4 7.0 5.2 4.5 3.7 1.8 1.4 1.0 0.8 0.6

REFLECTION OF ELECTRONS: ANGULAR DISTRIBUTION. ETC. For electron reflection by gases, see Baerwald (6) At /8-ray velocities (v/c = 0.50 to 0.80), Nf1 increases with atomic weight of reflector, but less rapidly than as the first power (65, 67, 8O)- unless the thickness (T) of the reflector exceeds a certain value (TOT), Nf1 increases and the average velocity of the reflected electrons decreases as r increases ( 46 ). The greater the atomic weight of the reflector, the smaller is rm. For vp/c = 0.48 to 0.59, (TW)AI = 0.04 cm, (rTO)Pb = 0.01 cm (81); for vp/'c = 0.55 to 0.65, (T»)AI = 0.013 cm (68). For Al with r = 0.032 cm and vp/c = 0.77, Nf1 = Ar/2 ( 58 ). The angular distribution of Nf1 from thick reflectors is shown in Figs. 1, 2, 3 where UQ =

number of reflected electrons of velocity > v which lie within a small cone of solid angle Aco centered upon the radius vector, np = number of incident primary electrons, k = constant of proportionality; AOJ and k are constant for all the curves in any one figure, but they vary from figure to figure. For each curve, the velocity of the incident electrons is indicated by the value of V-op (unit = 1 volt) marked upon the curve; Vv = 0.90Ftp unless another value is indicated.

mum value of (Vvs)s = 40 volt and is independent of Vvp ( 94 ); if 7 000 volt < Vvp ^ 15 000 volt, (Fw). varies from O to 1 000 volt, but for 90% of the slow electrons (Vvs)s < 40 volt (49). In general, ns is proportional to d and otherwise is independent of nature of the gas, but H 2 is an exception. For it, ns/d is greater than for other gases; see section B. A. Air at O0C and 1 atm. ( 61 ); see also Section C

vp/c ns \ is Il 0.0060 0.0247 700 0.03 7 500 0.04 5 000 0.05 3 200 (0.5) 0.07 2 300 0.10 1700 2 0.15 1 200 7 0.20 830 20

Vp/c I ns \ t, \\ 0.25 580 53 0.30 400 100 0.35 308 160 0.40 250 247 0.45 210 385 0.50 180 580 0.55 152 830 0.60 131 1 150 0.65 111 1 520

B. H 2 , Hydrogen; (ns/d)n = vp/c k FIG. 1,—Angular distribution of secondary electrons from Mg ( 23 » 2*) (see text).

(T(J2 12

|

k(ns/d)&iT

0.062 4

0~3 IJ*

(T92 2

C. Optimum v. Unit of (Vvp)m = 1 volt; N' = fraction of collisions which result in ioiiization (data of ( 23 ) appear to be the best). Gas \ (VVP}m\ N' I Lit. || Air 130 ( 6 9 );c/. (16) A 100 (51) 80 0.35 (47) 125 0.508 (23) H2 125 (69); cf. (16) 74 0.21 (47) 145 0.315 (23) He 140 (Si)

FIG. 2.—Angular distribution of secondary electrons from Ni: variation with the velocity (23, 24) (see text).

vp/c \ ns ts 0.70 95 1 990 0.75 80 2 570 0.80 69 3 310 0.85 59 4 200 0.90 50 5 400 0.95 45 8 600 0.99 4126800

Hg N2

147

0.11

200 110 150

0.227(23) 0.318 (23) ( 6 9 );c/. (16)

Gas | (V^m N2.- 100 (Cont'd) 101 175 Ne 220 157 330 CO 125

CO2

\ N' \ LiI (51) 0.32 (47) 0.451 (23) (Si) 0.14 (47) 0.276 (23) ( 69 );c/. (16) 120 (51) 140 ( 69 ); c/.

CH 4

132

HCl

80 130

(47)

(16)

( 6 9 ); c/. (16) 0.28 (47) 0.604 (23)

EMISSION OF SECONDARY ELECTRONS FROM SOLIDS AND LIQUIDS For angular distribution, see Figs. 1, 2, 3; for emission from thin films, see Tables 4, 5, 6 and p. 61 Heating in a vacuum increases Nt from Al arid Mg and decreases it from other metals. For effect of occluded gases and of surface structure upon Nt from Cu, see ( 3 I). With many exceptions, Nt from liquids increases with the atomic weight; it increases with the coefficient of absorption of the primary electrons (i> 2 ). Slow secondary electrons do not appear if Vvp < (Vvp)s.

FIG. 3.—Angular distribution of secondary electrons from Pt ( 2 3 > 2 4 ) (see text).

Metal (Vvp\

Ni 9

:

Pd >9, <12

Pt >9, <12

W 14 volt (3^)

If Vp/c = 0.55 to 0.65, 50 > O and decreases as atomic weight increases; for Pb, 65o° = 0.15; for the esters, S500 = 2.17 (2).

TABLE 8.—SECONDAKY EMISSION OF ELECTRONS FEOM GASES ns = dNs/dx = number of emitted slow electrons per primary OO nsdx = total number of slow elec-

vp/c

trons per primary at complete absorption. ns and ts vary with Vp1 and ns passes through a maximum at (vp)m corresponding to (Vvp)m (see section C of table). If Vvp < 1 500 volt, the maxi-

Vp/c

X

Ag Au 11 11

70

o 70

/Al(Ii) \Pt(H)

0.0120.0180.0220.0280.0400.0560.074 10.7 1.8 25.6 51.1 78.0123.0136.0 10.8 4.4 33.7 76.5100.2127.0116.0

/Al(U) \Pt(H)

0.090 144.0 106.0

0.124 152.0 64.9

0.19s 169.0 58.6

0.32? 173.0 45.5

After degassing Pt in high vacuum, Se = O if 4 < Vvp ^ 500 volt (95). (Nt) = number emerging at angle is a maximum when
84).

secondaries from a pure liquid is greater than that from a pure metal; the velocity increases slightly as the atomic (molecular) weight is reduced (i). If vp/c = 0.9 (ca. Vvp = 660 kilovolt), the velocities of the secondaries are distributed over a large range, but the average corresponds to ca. 1 kilovolt. For blackened metal surfaces, see ( 15 ).

If e = O for all primary electrons, Nt varies with Vvp as shown in Figs. 4, 5, 6. For Fe, see ( 32 ). Earlier results were less reliable and do not agree with these curves, see ( 7 > 8 > 12 » 20 » 2 7 > 38 > 45 > 48 > 56, 57).

FIG. 6.—Variation in emission (Ni) with the velocity of the primary electrons: Al, Mg ( 25 ). Curves (1) are referred to scales at left and below; curves (2) to scales at top and right. The two lower curves refer to Mg which has been distilled upon the target.

FIG. 4.—Variation in emission (Ni) with the25 velocity of the primary electrons: Ag, Au, Cu ( ).

FIG. 5.—Variation in emission (Nt) with the velocity of the primary electrons: Pd, Pt, W (zs). For many metals, Nt is a maximum (Ni)m at some value of (Vvp)m of Vvp. Metal. . Ag, Al, Au Cu Cu Cu, Fe Fe Mo Ni W Au Fe (Vvp)m.. 200 330 240750* 20041Of 348 356 455 70Ov (Nt)m... 1.141.32 1 3 1.3 1.3 1.45 Lit

(88)

(75)

(75)

(64)

(88)

(73)

* Nt decreases slightly at higher velocities ( t At V = 1500 volt, Nt is only 0.74 (Ni)n.

1J

(74)

(74)

(74)

(75)

).

VELOCITIES OF SECONDARY ELECTRONS The lower curves (V*p > 20 volt) of Fig. 7 are typical of all metals ( 31 ). If vp/c = 0.55 to 0.65, the average velocity of the

FIG. 7.—Velocities of secondary electrons ( 2S ). Ordmates indicate the number (AT) of secondary electrons, per primary, which have velocities greater than that indicated by the corresponding abscissae (Vv). Each curve intersects the axis of abscissae at the point Vvp which defines the velocity of the primary electrons to which the curve refers.

TABLE 9.—ELECTRON EMISSION EXCITED BY IMPACT OF SLOWLY MOVING POSITIVE IONS For emission from o-ray impact, see Vol. I, p. 365; for absorption of positive ions, see (") Even if Vvp = several hundred volts, the velocity of the emitted electrons is low, Vv = O to 30 volt ( 3 > 4, 36, 37) ; f or those emitted from second side of thin film of Au, Vv < 40 if Vrp < 21 750 volt, and for 75% of them Vv < 1.25 if Vvp = 6 350 volt ( 40 ). As VVp is reduced, the number (N~) of emitted electrons approaches O, asymptotically in the case of solids and more abruptly in the case of gases; N = O if Vvp < (F rp ) 0 ; data for

(VVp] Q are discordant. Preheating reduces JV . Before heating, (F,p J 0 = 20 to 30 volt for all solids (3, 4), = 20 volt for Pt (44). After heating, as follows; unit of F = 1 volt: Metal

Al Ni Ni Mo

(F,P)0 200 300 50| 600

N1-* \ N1+* \ Vvl- \ ionsf | Lit." 0.07 O <1 K (50) 0.042 <0.02 <1 K (50) t t AlPO, (52) 5 0.038 <0.02 <1 K ( Q)

* Values for Vvp = 1000. t Source of ions bombarding target. t After heating Ni to 100O0C; Ni- = 1.5(FrP)2(10)-« if VVP < 380; Ni+ is great; vi+ is small. Data appear to be less reliable than those of ( 50 ).

For gases the following values of (FnOo are recorded; unit = 1 volt: Impact of +Na on Hg vapor (90), <40, air (10) <6, -fH on H2 gas (42) > 925 [earlier and much lower values (< 18 (7^), <6 10 44 ( )) are attributed to emission from walls of chamber], He ( ) >200, for any gas (Vvp)o is of same order as for electronic impact ( 72 ). For values of (Vvp)0 for electronic impact, see p. 69. For gases, n(=dN/dx) increases with the velocity and is proportional to the pressure, temperature being constant. For impact of +H ions on H2 at 1 atm. and room (?) temperature: F*p n (4, 5)

5 76

18 I52

25 228

31 Unit = 1 kilovolt 6 260 Unit = IQ

For solids, Ni increases with the velocity and with the angle of incidence; for thin films, N\ is independent of thickness (40). For Au foil, thickness not stated, unit of Vvp = 1 kilovolt:

Vvp Ni

5 O

10 0.1

15 1.0

20 3.0

25 6.0

The number of + ions emitted is ca. №/3; for double thickness, divide N2 by 10 ( 40 ). por insulators, N is less than for metals (54). The law of absorption of H canal rays in thin metal foil

LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) O) Allen, 2, 29: 177; 09. (2) Allen, 2, 30: 276; 10. (3) Baerwald, 8, 41: 643; 13. 42: 1287; 13. 60: 1; 19. (*) Baerwald, 8, 65: 167; 21. (5) Baerwald, 88, 14: 867; 12. 16: 789; 14. (6) Baerwald, 8, 76: 829; 25. (7) v. Baeyer, 88, 10: 96; 08. («) v. Baeyer, 88, 10: 953; 08. 63, 10: 176; 09. (9) v. Baeyer, 63, 13: 485; 12. 200, 11: 66; 14. (1O) v. Bahr and Franck, 88, 16: 57; 14. (") Baltruschat and Stark, 63, 23: 403; 22. (12) Barber, 2, 17: 322; 21. (13) Baxman, Diss. Halle, 1911. ( 14 ) Becker, 8, 17: 381; 05. 171, 19A, 16; 10. 8, 75: 435; 24. 78: 209; 25. (15) Becker, 8, 78: 228, 253; 25. (*6) Block, 8, 38: 559; 12. O 7) Brode, 5, 109: 397; 25. ( 18 ) Brode, 2, 25: 636; 25. (*9) Campbell, S, 17: 180; 09. (20) Campbell, 3, 22: 276; 11. 24: 527; 12. 25: 803; 13. 28: 286; 14. 29: 369; 15. (21) Campbell, 3, 29: 783; 15. (22) Cheney, 2, 10: 335; 17. (23) Compton and Van Voorhis, 2, 27: 724; 26. (24) Crowther, 5, 80: 186; 08. ( 2 5 ) Crowther, Ions, electrons and ionizing radiations. New York, Longmans, 1924. (26) Crowther and Schonland, 5, 100: 526; 22. (27) Dadourian, 2, 14: 434; 19. (28) Danysz, 6, 30: 241; 13. (29) Davisson and Kunsman, 2, 22: 242; 23. 30 ( ) Davisson and Kunsman, Bell Telephone Labs., New York City, O. ( 3 J ) Farnsworth, 2t 20: 358; 22. 21: 204; 23. 25: 41; 25. (32) Farnsworth, 2, 27: 413; 26. (33) Fournier, 34, 180: 284, 1490; 25. (34) Friman, 8, 49: 373; 16. (35) Fuchtbauer, 63, 7: 153; 06. (36) Fuchtbauer, 63, 7: 748; 06. (37) Fuchtbauer, 8, 23: 301; 07. ( 3 «) Gehrts, 8, 36: 995; 11. (39) Geiger and Bothe, 63, 22: 585; 21. 96, 6: 204; 21. (40) Hahn, 96, 14: 355; 23. (41) Hartig, 2, 25: 111; 25. (42) Hooper, 143, 201: 311; 26. (43) Homma, 8, 80: 609; 26. (44) Horton and Davies, 5, 95: 333;

is similar to that for a-rays ( 43 ) (see Vol. I1 p. 368). Unit of Vvp = 1 volt. Metals not gas-free. Signs — [ +] indicate electrons [positive ions].

Vvp

N1-

N^.

[I

Vvp ~

AT1. I

AT1+

Target = Cu + ions = Na and Al* (21) 400 0.049 2 000 0.07 8 000 1.5 38 000 2.8 0.10 48 000 1.4 + ions = H (35) 15 000 0.89 0.083 31 OOP 1.36 0.15

target = Brass (3, 4) + ions = H 300 | 2.0 5 000 3.45 18 000 4.8 25 000 5.4 31 000 5.4

1 QOO JVi. I K I Li Rb Target = Pt (22) 74 6 115 1.6 146 4.5 13 2 190 7 17 3 235 5 250 12.5 265 19 275 14 7 300 24 350 17 8 360 26 390 30 400 19.5 9 475 20.7 36 560 25 43 12

~" 1 QOO JV1. ~K I Li I Rb Target = Al (22) 74 4 125 8 146 11 177 10 215 18 20 275 25 58 8 340 37 93 14 375 47 450 67 138 22 475 80 535 214 36 560 92

V

vp

* Ions from heated phosphates of Na and Al.

19. (45) Horton and Davies, 5, 97: 23; 20. (46) Huff, 2, 35: 194; 12 (47) Hughes and Klein, 2, 23: 450; 24. (48) Hull,, 2,7:1; 16. (49) Ishino 3, 32: 202; 16. 50 ( ) Jackson, 2, 28: 524; 26. (Si) Jesse, 2, 26: 208; 25. (52) Klein, 2, 26: 800; 25. (53) Klemperer, 96, 34: 532; 25. 63, 26: 751:; 25. ( 5 4) Koenigsberger and Gallus, 88, 16: 190; 14. ( 5 S ) Kossel, 8, 37: 393; 12. (5«) Kovarik, 3, 20: 849; 10. (57) Kovarik and McKeehan, 63, 15: 434; 14. (58) Kovarik and McKeehan, 2, 6: 426; 15. ( 59 ) Lattes and Fournier, 34, 181: 855; 25. ( 60 ) Laub, 8, 23: 285; 07. («i) Lenard, Quantitatives uber Kathodenstrahlen oiler Geschwindigkeiten. Heidelberg, Winther, 1925. (62) Lenard, 8, 56: 255; 95. 12: 714; 03. (63) Leithauser, Diss., Berlin, 1903. 8, 15: 283; 04. (64) McAllister, 2, 19: 246; 22. 21: 122; 23. (65) McClelland, 434, 9: 9; 06. (66) McClelland, 5, 80: 501; 08. (67) McClelland and Hackett, W, 9:27; 06. (68) Madsen, 3, 18: 909; 09. (69) Mayer, 171, 15A: 13; 13. 8, 45: 1; 14. (70) Mayer, 8, 64: 451; 21. (71) Minkowski, 96, 18: 258; 23. (72) Pawlow, 5, 90: 398; 14. (73) Petry, 2, 25: 583; 25. (74) Petry, 2, 26: 346; 25. (75) Petry, 2, 28: 362; 26. (76) Ramsauer, 8, 64: 513; 21. 66: 546; 22. 72: 345; 23. (77) Robinson, 8, 31: 769; 10. (78) Rusch, 63, 26: 748; 25. 8, 80: 707; 26. (79) Saxton, 3, 44: 809; 22. (80) Schmidt, 200, 5: 451; 08. (81) Schmidt, 8, 23: 671; 07. (82) Schmidt, 63, 10: 929; 09. (83) Schonland, 5, 101: 299; 22. 108: 187; 25. (84) Seitz, 8, 6: 1; 01. (85) Silbermann, Diss., Heidelberg, 1912. (86) Stark, Kathodenstrahlen, in Handb. Radiologie, V; 1919. (87) Stuhlman, 166, 56: 344; 22. (88) Stuhlman, Univ. North Carolina, O. (89) Tate, 2, 17: 394; 21. (90) Tate, 2, 23: 293; 24. (»i) Terrill, 2, 22: 101; 23. (92) Terrill, 2, 24: 616; 24. (93) Terrill, Columbia University, New York City, O. (94) Thomson, 201, 14: 541; 08. (95) Tingwaldt, 96, 34: 280; 25. (96) Traubenberg and Hahn, 96, 9: 356; 22. (97) Whiddington, 5, 86: 360; 12. 89 : 554; 14. (98) Wilson, 5, 84: 141; 10. (99) wien, 8, 48: 1089; 15. (ioo) Wilson, 5, 85: 240; 11.

PHOTOCONDUCTIVITY AND PHOTO-ELECTROMOTIVE FORCE A. LL. HUGHES CONTENTS Photoconductivity. Photo-emf. Minerals exhibiting photoconductivity. Solutions exhibiting photoconductivity. Wave-length for maximum photoconductivity.

MATIERES Photoeonduetibilite. Photo-fern. Mineraux presentant Ie phenomene de Ia photoconductibilite. Solutions presentant Ie phenomene de Ia photoconductibilite. Longueur d'onde pour Ia photoconductibilite maximum.

Photoconductivity.—If, apart from temperature change, an illumination of a substance alters its resistivity, the substance is said to exhibit photoconductivity. So far as known, the alteration is always a decrease in the resistivity. The effect varies with the wave-length of the light and that wave-length (XOT) at which the effect is a maximum is the most important and definite characteristic of the substance with reference to its photoconductive properties. The amount the resistivity of a substance is decreased by a given illumination varies greatly from specimen to specimen, being profoundly modified by small amounts of impurities. Photo-emf.—If argentite (Ag2S) is provided with two similar metallic electrodes, the illumination of one of the contacts causes it to acquire a positive potential with reference to the other. The most effective illumination is X = ca. 10 000 A; with increasing intensity of illumination, the emf reaches a limiting value (0.013 volt) at 600 meter-candle ( 13 ). If two electrodes of the same metal are immersed in an electrolyte and one of them is illuminated, it acquires a potential which differs from that of the unilluminated electrode. For Cu, Hg, and Pt, the illuminated electrode is the more positive; for Ag and Au, the opposite is true. The nature of the electrolyte is unimportant ( 1 ), TABLE 1.—MINERALS EXHIBITING PHOTOCONDUCTIVITY ( 2 ) Out of 175 substances examined with light from an electric arc, the following 19 exhibited photoconductivity. The magnitudes of the effect are indicated roughly by the symbols: s = small, m = medium, g = great, vg = very great. Ag3AsS3 AggAsSe AgI Ag2O Ag2S Ag2S AgSbS2 Ag3SbS3 Ag5SbS4 Ag9SbS6 Bi2S3 Cu2O (Cu2, Pb)3Sb2S6 MoS2 PbS Pb2Sb2S5 Pb3Sb2S6 Sb2S3 Se * Embrithite.

Proustite Pearceite Iodyrite Silver oxide Acanthite Argentite Miargyrite Pyrargyrite Stephanite Polybasite Bismuthinite Cuprite Bournonite Molybdenite Galena Jamesonite Boulangerite* Stibnite Selenium

g m m m g g m m m m vg m g m m m g s m

INHALTSVERZEICHNIS Photoelektrischeleitfahigkeit. Photoelektromotorische Kraft. Mineralien mit Photoelektrischeleitfahigkeit.

INDICE PAQB Fotoconducibilita 66 Foto-fem 66 Mineralien che presentano fotoconducibilita 66

Losungen mit Photoelektrischeleitfahigkeit.

Soluzioni che presentano fotoconducibilita 66

Wellenlange fiir die maximale Photoelektrischeleitfahigkeit.

Lunghezza d'onda per Ia fotoconducibilita massima 66

TABLE 2.—SOLUTIONS EXHIBITING PHOTOCONDUCTIVITY ( 14 ) Solvent is n-hexane (C 6 Hi 4 ) Formula | Substance || Formula | Substance CioH 6 0 4 ... Naphthazarine C i 4 H i 0 . . . . Anthracene* CH)H 8 O.... a-Naphthol Ci 4 Hi 0 Phenanthrene Ci0H8O 0-Naphthol Ci 4 Hi 2 Stilbene CiJH 9 N.... a-Naphthylamine C u H i 2 . . . . Methylanthracene Ci4H8O4 Quinizarin Ci 8 Hi 2 Chrysene * Conductivity increased 1 000 times by illumination with light of X = 2 250.

TABLE 3.—WAVE-LENGTH (X7n) FOR MAXIMUM PHOTOCONDUCTIVITY Unit of XOT = 1 A = 10~8 cm; t = 0C; tr = room temperature Formula | Substance | \m \ t \m \ t \ Lit. AgBr 4 600 U (T)T" AgCl 3 800 tr (7) AgI 4 700 tr 5 000 tr (7) Ag2S Acanthite 13 500 22 4 100 tr (*) 12 000 -153 (4) Ag2S Argentite 13 500 22 4 100 tr (4) 11 100 -15311 200 -110 (4) Ag3SbS3 Pyrargyrite 6 300 15 6 300* -180 (6) Bi2S3 Bismuthinite 10 800 -166 6 400 -166 (9) Cu2O Cuprous oxide 2 80Of tr 6250 tr (12) (Cu2, Pb)3Sb2S6 Bournonite 9 50Ot tr 5 500J tr ( 6 ) I Iodine 5 400 tr (5) MoS2 Molybdenite 18 000 1510 200§ 15 («) 8 500 15 7 000Il 15 («) 8 500|1 -180 (8) PbI2 5 20OU tr 4 50OU tr (7) Sb2S3 Stibnite 7 500 15 6 800 -180 (") Se Selenium 7 000 tr 5 500 tr (10) 7 000 15 6 000 -180 (U) TlBr 4 130** tr (7) TlCl 3 650** tr (7) TlI 4 130** tr (7) Thalofideft 10 OOP tr (3) * Maximum sharper than at higher temperature. t Principal maximum. J Maximum is ill-defined. § Strongest at this temperature. |) Weak at this temperature. U Sharp maximum. ** Width of peak ca. 800 A. ft Thallium oxysulfide; sensitivity ranges from X = 4 QOO to X = 12 000, where it ends abruptly.

LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) O) Audubert, 34, 177: 818; 23. (2; Case, 2, 9: 305; 17. (3) Coblentz, SlA, 16: 253; 20. (*) Coblentz, 81 A, 18: 265; 22. (5) Coblentz, 31 A, 18: 585; 22. (6) Coblentz and Eckford, SlA, 18: 353; 22. (?) Coblentz and Eckford, SlA, 18: 489; 22. (8) Coblentz and Kahler, 31 A, 15: 121; 20. ( 9 ) Coblentz and Kahler, 31 A, 15: 231; 20. (10) Dieterich, 2, 8: 191; 16. (U) Elliott, 2, 5: 53; 15. (12) Pf un d, 2, 7: 289; 16. (i 3 ) Geiger, 2, 22: 461; 23. ( 14 ) Volmer, 99, 16: 186; 17.

CONTENTS Photoelectric thresholds.

MATIERES Seuils photoelectriques.

Wave length for maximum sensitivity. Variation of sensitivity with wave-length (illustrative). Relative values of current: pure substances, heterochromatic illumination.

Longueur d'onde pour Ia sensibilite maximum. Variation de Ia sensibilite avec Ia longueur d'onde (explicatif). Valeurs relatives du courant: substances pures, eclairement heterochromatique.

INHALTSVERZE ICHNIS Photoelektrische Schwellenwerte. Wellenlangen maximaler Empfmdlichkeit. Anderung der Empfindlichkeit mit der Wellenlange (erlauternd). Relativer Wert des Stromes: reine Stoffe, verschiedenfarbige Beleuchtung.

Sensitivity of aqueous solutions and alloys.

Sensibilite des solutions aqueuses et des alliages.

Empfindlichkeit wassriger Losungen und Legierungen.

When a substance is illuminated by light of a sufficiently high frequency it emits electrons; this is the photoelectric effect. The photoelectric threshold (X0) is the longest wave-length capable of producing the effect. For solids and liquids, X 0 depends upon surface conditions; observed values vary widely ( 8 > 2 6 > 4 2 > 47 > 53 > 61, 64, 65). The strength of the photoelectric current from an illuminated surface is proportional to the intensity of the incident light ( 6 , 7 , 1 2 , 2 7 , 2 8 , 3 1 , 5 0 ) and varies with the wave-length, frequently passing through a maximum at a certain wave-length (\m) characteristic of the substance. A substance may have a

FIG. 1.

INDICE Frequenza Iimite

p AGE 67

Lunghezza d'onda per Ia sensibilita massima Variazione dell a sensibilita con Ia lunghezza d'onda (esemplificazione) Valori relativi della corrente: sostanze pure, illuminazione eterocromatica Sensibilita di soluzioni acquose e di leghe

68

68

68 69

variation. For all these observations the metals were in a vacuum. With the alkali metals, measurable currents have been obtained ( 7 ) with an energy flow of 3 X 10~9 erg/cm2 sec of blue, and of 2 X 10~7 erg/cm2 sec of orange, light. The greatest charge liberated per calorie of incident radiation is of the order of 0.01 coulomb; for Pt X 2000 the charge liberated is 3.0 X 10~5 coulomb/ calorie, for Al X2200 it is 22.5 X 10~5, for Na X3700 it is 171 X 10~5 and for Na X2300 it is 330 X 10~5, same unit for all (49); see also ( 56 ). If the light is plane polarized and is incident obliquely upon the surface, the photoelectric current from some substances and at a certain wave-length (Xs) is much greater when the electric vector E lies in the plane of incidence than when it is perpendicular to it. Such a substance is said to exhibit a "selective" effect at X s ; in unpolarized light Xw coincides with X8. Very few metals having a Xm have also a Xs ( 21 ). The alkali metals exhibit a selective effect only when in thin films and of the alloys, only NaKx exhibits it (21).

FIG. 2.

FIG. 1,-—Variation of photoelectric current with age of surface (3S). Na shaved in vacua; age measured from time of shaving; current expressed in arbitrary units; unit of X = 1 A «= 10~8 cm. FIG. 2. Variation of photoelectric current with thickness (T) of film ( 5 9 ).

Pt deposited in vacuo by evaporation from wire to a quartz (SiO2) plate; current, expressed in arbitrary units, per unit energy of radiation; unit of T = 1 HIM = 10~7 cm, of X = 1 A = ICT8 cm.

\m without exhibiting a "selective " photoelectric effect, as presently defined. The current varies with the age of the surface ( 35 ) (see Fig. 1), and depends upon the gas content; the evidence regarding its possible variation with the temperature is somewhat conflicting; for Al in range 20 to -18O0C (37, 38)^ Ag, Au, Fe 15 to 1250C (36), K 20 to UO0C (4), Mg 15 to 1250C (36), Na 20 to UO0C (4) and 20 to -18O0C (2), NaK alloy 20 to UO0C (4), Ni, Pb 15 to 1250C (36), Pt 60 to 30O0C (62), and Sb, Zn 15 to 1250C (36) no variation was observed, but Ives ( 20 ) found that the current from K and from Na decreased as the temperature was reduced from O to - 18O0C, the reduction being 20 % for blue and 45 % for yellow light; the lower the temperature, the more rapid was the

FIG. 3.—Variation of photoelectric current with thickness (T) of film ( 3 ). Pt deposited by cathode sputtering; current expressed in arbitary units: 7 unit of T = 1 niju = 10~ cm, of X = 1 A = 10~» cm. Evidence derived from thin films ( 19 > 41, 43) now favors the view that, at instant of liberation, photoelectrons are emitted in all directions in equal numbers and with equal velocities. For variation of photoelectric current with thickness of film, see Figs. 2, 3. TABLE 1.—PHOTOELECTRIC THRESHOLDS a[b] = surface mechanically cleaned before [after] being placed in vacuum; c = distilled in vacuum; d — data for tiny drops; e = special care taken to outgas the substance in vacuum; / = surface newly formed in vacuum; g = data for gas phase. Unit of X 0 = 1 i = 10~8 cm.

TABLE 1.—(Continued) Element Ag

|

X0 | Lit. || Element | X0 339Oa (13) K§.—(Cont'd) >6000 3250 (60) <7000 Al 477Oa (48) Li 58006 Mg** 382Oa 3342a (14) 3595a (13) Na 583Oa As 236Oc (17) 68006 Au * Ni 305Oa Bi 330Oa (48) Pb 3115c 3225c (17) 298Oa 298Oa (13) Ptft 280Oa Cf 2615a (13) 278Oa Ca 370Oc (17) 2840 400Oa (13) 257Oe Cd 314Oc (17) S <3300 313Oa (13) <2400d Cl <12500 (33) >2200d Cs 3180g|| (29) Se 220Oc Cu 300Oa (48) 267Oa 305Oa (14) Sn 362Oa 2665a (13) 305Oa Fe, c/. (2-5).. 305Oa (14) 3185a 287Oa (13) Th 3465a Hg >1800at (58) W 2615a .230Oe 2735/ (22) Ir * Zn tt 376Oa K§ >28000U (66) 320Oa <3100a|| (66) 3016c 436OK ( 4 7 ) 3425a Formula |

Substance Air

CuO SnCl4 Zn(C 2 H 5 ) 2 CS2 C6H7N C10H9N Ci 2 H n N Ci 3 Hi 2 C14H10

BaO CaHgx SrO

Tin tetrachloride g Zinc ethyl g Carbon disulfide g Aniline g a-Napthylamine g Diphenylamine g Diphenylmethane g Anthracene g Anthracene Anthracene Anthracene in hexane Oil (watch-oil) Paraffin .-. Shellac (At 42O0C, X 0 = 3880) 2O0C. Ca amalgam (At 42O0C, X 0 = 3880) 2O0C.

( X0 ca. 1300 2500 <1800 <1800 <1800 > 1850 > 1850 > 1850 > 1850 > 1850 2170 2250 2250 <2150 <2150 <2200 2860 3500§§ 2860

| Lit. (67) (67) (34) (48) (48) (34) (13) (17) (13) (48) (13) (60) (24) (io) (23) (23) (17) (13) (48) (14) (13) (13) (13) (U) (48) (14) (17) (13) | Lit. (15,40) (34) (16) (16) (16) (54) (57) (57) (57) (57) (18) (63) (63) (23) (23) (23) (24) (4«) (24)

* Xo is not given, but observations ( 30 ) indicate that it is independent of temperature between 20 and 86O0C. f For soot (lampblack) Xo independent of temperature between O and — 18O0C (32). J Does not agree with value expected from ionizing potentials. § Ives ( 20 ) found X0 shifted from 7000 to 6200 as t changed from 20 to — 18O0C. ** For newly distilled Mg, Xo shifted from 3500 to 5500 in 24 hr, in high vacuum C 4 6 ). Il Agrees with value expected from ionizing potential. If After repeated distillations in very high vacuum Xo < 3300 ( 65 ), others under equally good and similar conditions find Xo = 4360 C 4 7 ). ft After heating to 90O0C for 8 hr, X 0 = 2700; after heating to 140O0C and outgassing, Xo < 1850 ( 61 ). Xo is independent of temperature ( 2 4 ), at least for range 20 to 86O0C ( 30 ). For Pt-black, X0 independent of temperature for range O to -18O0C ( 3 2 ). JJ For new surfaces prepared in highest obtainable vacuum Xo < 1850 ( 26 ). §§ Shifts to 6000 in course of a few hr; observed in high vacuum ( 4 6 ).

TABLE 2.—WAVE-LENGTH (Xm) FOR MAXIMUM PHOTOELECTRIC SENSITIVITY B = breadth = spectral range over which the photoelectric effect is unusually great. For example: For K, \m = 4400, B = 2500; that is, the effect is unusually great from ca. X = 3150 to 5650. The substance was in a vacuum (v) or in argon (A). Unit of Xm and of B = 1 A = 10~8 cm. Substance] Gas| \m \ B Ba v 2800 Cs v 4800 A 5390 CsH A 5400 CsKx v 4800 CsNa x .... v 4800 CsRb x .... v 4800 K . . . . . . . . A 4400 v v v KH A A KHg x .... v KNax.... v KRbg v

Lit. || Substance] (44)KTlx.. ~ (21) Li (52) (52) Na (21) (21) (21) NaH (52, (55) NaRb x ... 4400 2500 (44) Rb 44002100 (») 4000 (21) 4560 (52) 4400 (55) 38002900 (44) RbH 39002900(44) 4500 (21)

Gas| X m | B \ Lit. v 30003200 (44) v 2800 (44) A 4050 (52) A 4190 (52) A 4400 (55) 34003200 (44) v A 4270 (52) A 4400 (55) v 4500 (21) A 4700 (52) A 4560 (55) v 47001800 (44) „ 4800 (») 4500 (21) v A 4810 (52) A 4560 (55)

TABLE 3.—ILLUSTRATING VARIATION OF PHOTOELECTRIC SENSITIVITY WITH WAVE-LENGTH (X) OF INCIDENT LIGHT For each metal the unit is chosen so as to make the sensitivity 100 for a certain wave-length. When light is not monochromatic, Xmin = approximately the shortest X in the light used. Unit of X = I i = 10~8 cm (45). X 2300 2540 3130 3650

I

Bi 100 56.3 <1 O

Cd 100 59.2 <1 O

I

Pb 100 50.4 1.6 <1

Sn I Tl 100 100 55.2 62.1 1.4 5.8 <1 <1

Light source is Al spark, filtered ( 39 ) Filter CaF2, Fluorite* SiO2, Quartz SiO2 + Air CaCO3, Calcite Glass

Xmin | CuO | Ice | Water 1250 100 100 100 1450 27 40 15 1770 22 50 11 2200 <1 0.02 O .'. 3300 O O 0__

* Relative values are: CuO = 100, Ice = 70, Water = 0.25.

TABLE 4.—RELATIVE VALUES OF PHOTOELECTRIC CURRENT (/) FOR HETEROCHROMATIC ILLUMINATION The data given in different sections of the table are not comparable, as the relative intensities and spectral distributions are not known. Unit of 7 is arbitrary and varies from section to section. Symbol Bi2O3 Bi2O5 Cr2O3 CrO3 CuCl CuCl2 Cu20 CuO

I

/

110 70 50 1 50 000 10 14 400 4800

[I

Symbol | ~ || Symbol Hg-arc ( 5 ) FeCl2 26 HgCl FeCl3 1 HgCl2 FeO 7200 HgI Fe2O3 202 HgI2 Hg(C6H5Hg20 CO2) 18 HgO Hg(C6H5MnO CO 2 ) 2 12 Mn 3 O 4

|

/ 12 2 112 10 280 70 500 130

Symbol | 7 Hg-arc (5) MnO2 48 PbO 3200 PbO2 1 700 SnO 1220 SnO2 24 SnS 1400 SnS2 186 AgBr 430 AgCl 200 AgI 750 CdBr2 21 CdCl2 60 CdI2 18 HgBr 19 HgBr2 14 HgCl 15 HgCl2 5 HgI 1 400 HgI2 230

TABLE 4.—(Continued) || Symbol | / || Symbol / Hg-arc (5) Zn-spark (51) KBr 320 MnS2 141 KCl 67 MoS 28 KI 1 200 NiS 102 PbBr2 97 PbS 887 PbCl2 31 Sb2S5 45 PbI2 3000 SnS 236 Zn-spark (51) Zn 530* Ag2S 240 ZnS 80 Al 200* Hg-lamp (i) Bi2S3 138 Ag2S 2150 CdS 58 Bi2S3 112 CoAsS 89 CdO 27 CoS 29 CoS 820 Cr2S3 160 CuO 295 Cu2S 534 C u S . . . . . . . 490 CuS 391 FeS 91 FeS 64 PbO2 15 FeS2 176 PbS 1 070 Fe7S8 122 SnS 346 MnS 385

* Assumed as a basis of reference.

TABLE 5.—RELATIVE PHOTOELECTRIC SENSITIVITIES OF AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS AND ALLOYS: VARIATION WITH CONCENTRATION (39) Of the Pd-Ag alloys saturated with H, that of 40% Ag has maximum sensitivity and also maximum absorptive power for H (25). Nature of light source is unknown. Unit is so chosen that sensitivity of pure H2O = 1. Unit of concentration = 1 %, Concn. I NaCl | Na2SO4 [ NaNO3 | Na2CO3 [ KCl | K2s67 2 0.85 3.25 0.35 1.56 10 0.50 4.65 4.11 3.97 0.30 3.60 15 0.50 5.60 O 30 5.40

LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) (i) Aulenkamp, 96, 18: 70; 23. ( 2 ) Burt, 2, 23: 774; 24. (*•*) Cardwell, 197, 14: 439; 28. (3) Compton and Ross, 2, 13: 374; 19. ( 4 ) Dember, 8, 23: 957; 07. ( 5 ) Dima, 34, 156: 1366; 13. 157: 590; 13. ( 6 ) Elster and Geitel, 8, 48: 625; 93. 63, 14: 741; 13. (7) Elster and Geitel, 63, 17: 268; 16. ( 8 ) Elster and Geitel, 63, 21: 361; 20. (») Farwig, 96, 21: 38; 24. (io) Goldmann and Kalandyk, 8, 36: 589; 11. (") Hagenow, 2, 13: 415; 19. (12) von Halban and Ebert, 96, 14: 182; 23. (» 3 ) Hamer, 48, 9: 251; 24. (i 4 ) Hennings, 2, 4: 228; 14. (1S) Hughes, 801, 15: 483; 10. (16) Hughes, 801, 16: 376; 11. ( 17 ) Hughes, 68, 312: 205; 12. (^) Hughes, 3, 24: 380; 12. (i 9 ) Hughes, 337, 2: 83; 21. (20) lyes, 48, 8: 551; 24. ( 21 ) Ives, 8I1 60: 209; 24. ( 22 ) Kazda, 2, 22: 523; 23. (23) Kelly, 8, 16: 260; 20. ( 24 J Koppius, 2, 18: 443; 21. ( 2S ) Kriiger and Ehmer, 96, 14: 1; 23. ( 26 ) Kustner, 8, 46: 893; 15. ( 27 ) Kunz, 8, 13: 310; 19. ( 28 ) Kunz and Stebbins, 2, 7: 62; 16,, (29) Kunz and Williams, 8, 22: 456; 23. (30; Ladenburg, 88, 9: 165; 07. (31) Lenard, 8, 8: 149; 02. (32) Lienhop, 8, 21: 281; 06. (33) Ludlam, 3, 23: 757; 12. (34) Millikan, 8, 7: 355; 16. (35) Millikan and Souder, 197, 2: 19; 16. ( 36 ) Millikan and Winchester, 3, 14: 188; 07. ( 37 ) Nielsen, 2, 22: 525; 23. (38) Nielsen, 8, 25: 30; 25. ( 39 ) Obolensky, 8, 39: 961; 12. ( 4 O) Palmer, 8, 32: 1; 11. (41) Partzsch and Hallwachs, 8, 41: 247; 13. ( 4 2 ) Piersol, 8, 8: 238; 16. ( 43 ) Piersol, 8, 23: 144; 24. ( 44 ) Pohl and Pringsheim, 88, 12: 697; 10. ( 4S ) Pohl and Pringsheim, 88, 15: 111; 13. ( 46 ) Pohl and Pringsheim, 63, 14: 1112; 13. ( 47 ) Pohl and Pringsheim, 88, 16: 336; 14. ( 4 «) Richardson and Compton, 3, 24: 575; 12. (*9) Richardson and Rogers, S, 29: 618; 15. (50) Richtmyer, 2, 29: 71; 09. 30: 385; 10. ( 51 ) Rohde, 8, 19: 935; 06. ( 52 ) Seiler, 81, 52: 129; 20. ( 53 ) Sende and Simon, 8, 65 : 697; 21. ( 54 ) Serkof, in Hughes, Photo-Electricity. Cambridge, Cambridge Univ. Press, 1914. (55) Shinomiya, 81, 49: 303; 19. ( 5 «) Souder, 8t B: 310; 16. (« 7 ) Stark, 63, 10: 614; 09. ( 5 «) Steubing, 63, 10: 787; 09. (59) Stuhlman, 2, 13: 109; 19. (60) Stuhlman, 8, 15: 549; 20. («i) Tucker, 8t 22: 574; 23. ( 62 ) Varley and Unwin, 68, 27: 117; 07. («3; Volmer, 8, 40: 775; 13. (« 4 ) WeIo, 3, 45: 593; 23. ( 6S ) Wiedmann and Hallwachs, 88, 16: 107; 14. ( 66 ) Williamson, 2, 21: 107; 23. ( 67 ) Young, 5, 104: 611; 23.

CRITICAL POTENTIALS OF ATOMS AND MOLECULES1

F. L. MOHLER CONTENTS PAGE

Symbols Useful relations Critical potentials of atoms Critical potentials of molecules

69 70 70 72

When the molecules of a gas are bombarded by electrons possessing kinetic energy (Fe) the collisions are perfectly elastic unless V exceeds certain critical values V6. At and above the velocities corresponding to these values V6, an amount of energy eVe can be lost in an inelastic collision, and this may be accompanied by the emission of radiation, or the energy may be dissipated in thermal agitation of the gas. If V equals or exceeds certain other critical values (F/), ions are produced, i.e., electrons are removed from the atomic structure. At every critical potential, the collisions are completely inelastic and the momentum given to the atom or molecule is negligible. Hence these values of V measure directly the energy expended in producing the resulting excitation or ionization. These critical potentials form the subject of this section. From Bohr's quantum theory of radiation (Vol. I, p. 47, V, p. 392, 408, 409, 418 and VI, p. 23), eF/ = h X (limiting frequency of an absorption series), and eFe = h X (frequency difference between the normal and another spectral term). The selection principles (Vol. V, p. 392 and VI, p. 23), which limit the combinations of terms that result in radiation, do not apply to excitation 1 Covers data to Nov. 1, 1927.

by collision, hence it is possible to produce states (called metastable) from which a radiating transition is impossible. A double excitation may result from a single collision if V is sufficiently great, and by increasing the current density of the electron stream, the same result may be obtained by successive collisions at a lower value of F. In the case of atoms, the energy levels are determined solely by the electronic states, but in the case of molecules, a series of vibrational and rotational states is associated with each electronic state, and every change in electronic level is spontaneously accompanied by a change in vibration and rotation (3). Electrons probably can do directly no more than change the electronic state, and, if the spontaneous change in the state of vibration is small, the exciting potential will be nearly equivalent to the difference in the electronic energy levels. Such seems frequently to be the case, but there are many exceptions, and in some states the vibrational change is sufficient to cause spontaneous dissociation. The work of dissociation of a molecule into uncharged constituents is measured by the maximum vibrational energy that the molecule can have; i.e., by the frequency limit of a vibration series. General references (17, 33, 36, 57, 97) SYMBOLS

D[D+]

e, h, and X have their usual significance (Vol. I, p. 16). Potential difference corresponding to work of dissociation of normal molecule (into uncharged atoms) [of molecule ion (into an uncharged and a charged atom)].

i I IM[IA] IC PR

Current density of electron stream. Ionization methods ( 17 ). lonization potential of the molecule [of the atom]. Method of inelastic collision ( 17 ). Method of positive-ray analysis for identification of ions (17). R Methods involving photoelectric effect and electron emission produced by excited atoms ( 17 > 76). S Method of critical potential required for appearance of a spectral line or group ( 17 ). V Potential difference required to produce the effect considered. V0[Vc] Observed [computed] value of V. F/[Fjc] Value of V which corresponds to ionization [derived by method IC]. X Holweck's method ( 49 ). o Means "is equivalent to," or "corresponds to." (m,k)n Indicates that there are n electrons in the valence shell defined by the quantum numbers m and k (cf. Vol. I, p. 48). [nik] Indicates that one electron is removed from a shell defined by m and k. If the normal atom contains (33)10(4i), then [S3] indicates that the resulting ion contains (35)9(4i); (cf. Cu, Table 1). The quantum numbers and series notation used in this report are as follows: (For additional information, see Vol. I, p. 47, V, p. 392 and VI, p. 23. Alkali series* I2S 2 2S 22P1 2 2 P 2 32S X-ray term f K Lj L jj LJJJ MI Quantum number I1 2i 22 22 31 Electrons;]: 2 2 2 4 2 32P1 Mu 32 2

Alkali series* X-ray termf Quantum number Electrons! * Russells' notation, pleted group.

f Coster's notation.

32P^ Mm 32 4

32Z^ MIV 83 4

32D3 Mv 33 6

J Number of electrons in com-

Useful Relations.—The relation between critical potentials (F) and wave number (v — waves per cm in vacuum) or wave-length in vacuum (Xo expressed in Angstrom) is F = 1.2344^ X 10~4 volt = 1.2344 X 1O4Ao volt. The relation between F for a reaction (ionization, dissociation) and the energy (E) of the reaction is E/V = 2.307 X 104 (g-ca!20 per g-mole)/volt. For diatomic molecules of elementary substances D + IA = IM + D+. TABLE 1.—CRITICAL POTENTIALS OF ATOMS In columns (1), (2), and (3) are symbol of the element and its atomic number, experimental method, and reference letter for following notes. X7. = wave-length of resonance line of absorption spectrum. For other symbols, see above. Accuracy of F is roughly indicated by the number of significant figures. Unit of V0 and Vc = 1 volt; of Xr = 1 A = IQ"8 cm. (1) I (2) I (3) I V0 I A18.... IC 11.5 IC IC I

a

13.0 13.9 15.4

Lit. (42)

(42) (42) (42)

I Vc* I 11.57 11.77

Lit. ( 106 ) ( 106 )

15.69 15.86

(ios) (»°«)

| Transition | xT~ 31S - 41P 1066.7 315-41P2 1048.2 Jf777[S2] M77[S2]

I b 19.0 (20) R 32.2 (81) R c 34.8 («i) R 39.6 (81) X 246.5 (49) L 7 / 7 [2 2 ] Arc spectrum at a, second spectrum at 6 if i is great, at c if i is small ( 2 0 » 54 ). 20 A third spectrum at 70 volt ( ). * From ( 33 » 9 7 ) unless another source is indicated.

_______


(1) I (2) I (3) I Ag47... IC

A113....

a 6

X c 6 is from a + 31S solid Al. As33... IC I Au79

V0 I 3.1

Lit. I Ve* I Lit. I Transition | Xr (107) 3.65 52S - 5'P2 3383 3.76 52S - 52Pi 3281 6.0 (107) 7.54 52,S[O1] 5.96 32Pi[S2] 10.0 [3i] 18.17 (ioi) 3 1 SAl + 28.32 ( 96 ) 32S Al + + 68 (49) L///[2 8 1 — 33Pi of Al + . c measured by absorption of soft X-rays in 4.7 11.5

(I 00 ) (ioo)

4«S[42] 4.61 (H6) Q2S - 62P2 2676 116 2 5.08 ( ) 6 S - 62Pi 2428 (U 6 ) 62S[6i] 9.25 B5 a 8.34 (78) 22Pi[22] b 11.92 (9) [2i] 24.2 (78) 2 1 SB+ 37.79 (78) 225 B + + c 192 (49) 176 (18) R[Ii] b is computed from a + excitation potential of (21S — 23Pi) of B+. c is computed from Ra + a. Ba56... 1.56 61S - 63Pi 2.23 61S - 61P 5.19 6>S[6i] 9.96 6 2 SBa + ++ Ba —» Ba requires 15.15 volt Be4.... 9.50 (78) 21Sî] i 18.14 (78) 22S Be+ I + Be -*• Be+ requires 27.6 volt Bi83.... IC a 1.9 (ioo) 1.4 to 2.7 IC, S 6 3.9 (ioo) 4.02 3068 IC 1 S c 5.7 (I 0 0 ) 5.42 2277 to to 5.98 2062 I d 8.0 (ioo) 6*S[62] a gives metastable states. Resonance line and 4722 at b, group t>f lines at c, complete arc at d; second spectrum at 14 volt, third above 20 volt ( 10 °). C6 a 11.3 (78) 23P0[22] 24.29 (78) 22P1C4 45.5 (78) 2 1 SC^ + 64.23 (78) 22S C + + + I X b 280.5 (49) 282 (") K[Ii] | b computed from a + JiCa Ca20... IC 1.90 (86) 1.89 4 ^ - 4 3 P i 6573 IC 2.85 2.92 4iS - 41P 4227 I 6.01 I^ 6.09 4iS[4i] ^ 1.82 42S Ca + •'24.5 (77) Jtf///[3 2 ] 24.9 (77) Jf77[S2] ++ Ca -> Ca requires 17.91 volt Cd48... IC a 3.95 (86) 3.73 515-53P1 3261 IC 6 5.35 5.39 51S- 51P 2289 I c 9.0 8.95 51S[SiI d 16.84 (ios) 5 2 SCd + Resonance lines at a and b, complete arc at c ( 7 2 ). Spectrum of Cd+, i great, at d ("). Cd —> Cd ++ requires 25.8 volt. C117....| X I |203 I (49) I I I L 777 J 22 ] I Measured in HCl Co27... a 8/25 (102) 4F[4i] 6 16.8 (102) 6/TCo+ 7 2 7 + Normal Co is (3 3 ) (4i) ; b gives (33) , but normal Co is (3»)», and the lowest ionization potential involves the double transition (3a) 7 (4i) 2 —»• (3s)8, requiring 7.81 volt. (Sa)8 -» (33)7 requires 17.2 volt (i° 2 ). Cr24... a 6.74 (14) TS[Ii] b 8.24 (65) 5£>[33] c 16.6 (102) «S Cr+ Normal Cr is (33)6(4i); a gives (S3)5, 6 gives (3i)«(4i), c (S8)*-» (S3)*. Cs55... IC a 1.48 ( 32 ) 1.38 6*S - 62P2 8943 62S - 62Pi 8521 1.45 I 6 3.9 (32) 3.88 62S[6i] R c 13.0 (si) R 18.5 (81) R1S d 21.5 (8i) R 39.0 (8i) Resonance lines at a, 6S — 7P at 2.7 volt, 6S — 8P and 6P — SS at 3.2 volt, complete arc 6 ( 93 ). Spectrum of Cs+ at c if i is great, at d if i is small. Third spectrum at 55 volt if i is small (81).



(1) I (2) I (3) I Vo I Lit. I Fc* I Lit. | Transition Xr Kr36... IC 9.9 ( 44 ) IC 10.5 (44) IC 11.5 ( 44 ) IC 12.1 (44) I a 13.3 (44) AT///[4 2 ] I 6 15.5 (20) I c 28.2 (20) Arc spectrum at a, second spectrum at 6 with high pressure and at c with low, third spectrum at 59 volt ( 2 O). Li3 1.84 22S - 22P 6708 a 5.37 22S[2i] R 6 54 (79) Arc spectrum at a, 2934 at b ( 79 ) Mgl2..| IC a 2.65 (86) 31S - 33Pi 4571 2 .70 IC b 4 . 4 2 (86) 4.33 315-31P 2852 I c 7.75 (86) 7.61 31S[Si] S d 15 (30) 14.97 32S Mg + R 46 (83) 45.8 (77) L///[22] 46.1 (77) L/,[2 2 ] Resonance lines at a and 6; complete arc spectrum at c; spectrum of Mg + afr d if i is great ( 3 O). With i small, Mg + lines 3S - 3P at 12 volt, 3P - 4S and13P - 3D at 16, and 3D - 4F at 19 volt ( 98 ). These equal c + exciting potentials of Mg + . Mg -> Mg ++ requires 22.58 volt. Mn25.. a 7.40 0 s ) «5[4il Hl R a t 10.15 N^l - ^ 1216 6 15.7 ( 4 0 » I 0 2 ) TS Mn + 5 2 5 5 Normal Mn contains (3 3 ) (4i) ; a gives (3 3 ) (4i); 6, (33) . R t 12.03 N^l - |-2) 1026 Mo42..| I a I I I 7.35 | (59) | ?S[5i] | R t 12.69 #(l - ~^\ 973 Normal Mo contains (43)5(5i) a gives (43)5. N7 14.48 ( 5 2) 2«S[22] R t 13.00 N(I - ^) 950 29.56 (78) 23P0N+ 2 47.2 (78) 2 Pi N + + R t 13.16 N^l - ^2) 938 X 397 ( 49 ) X[IiI Nail... IC a 2.19 (H5) 2.09 22S - 22P2 5896 R t 13.26 JNT(I - ^) 931 22S - 22Pi 5890 R 6 t 13.54 AT[Ii] I 6 5.13 . 5.12 22S[Si] Complete arc spectrum at b if i is small, at a if i is great (2 3). R, I c 35 ±2 (79) 3 H e 2 . . . . R , IC a 19.75(34.5,37) 19.73 (69) PS - 2 S S d 44 ±2 (79) R, IC 20.55 (34.5,37) 20.55 ( 69 ) 1^-2 1 S 600.5 Resonance lines at a, 3S — 4P at 4, 3P — 5S at 4.4, 3P - 4D at 4.6 volt, and 1 R, IC 21.2 (34.5,37) 21.12 (6») VS - 2 P 584.4 complete arc spectrum at b ( 90 ); second spectrum at c if i is great, at d if i is R, IC 6 22.9 (34.5,37) 22.98 ( 69 ) 1^-3 1 P 537.1 small (7 9 ). 9 1 I c 24.6 (34.5,37) 24.48 (« ) I S[Ii] NeIO... IC 16.65 («) 16.60 ( 7 O) 2 1 S-S 1 Pi 743.8 d 54.16 4ATHe + (70) 21S - 33P2 735.9 16.77 ++ I, S e 78.8 (34.5,37) 7 8 . 6 4 He->• He IC a 18.45 ( 4 2) 18.42 (™) Arcs strike at a if i is great (i«). Near 6 lines 2P - 3S, 2P - 3D, and 2S - 3P, I 6 21.5 ( 4 2) 21.47 (70) L///[2 2 ] both singlets and triplets, appear. Complete arc spectrum at c ( 43 ). Line 21.57 (70) L//[2 2 ] + 9 4686 of He excited at d if i is great and at e if i is small (» ). c (33.4) 3 3 HgSO... IC, R a 4.68 ( S) 4.66 6^-6 Po R d 48 (81) IC, R 4.90 ( 35 ) 4.86 VS - WPi 2537 R e 54.9 (81) IC, R 5.47 ( 3 5) 5.43 6^-63P2 Paschen's lines Is — 2p excited near a and complete arc spectrum at 6 ( 43 ). IC, R 6.73 (35) 6.67 61S - 61P 1850 Second spectrum between d and e if i is small ( 5 «s, si), c = e — b. IC, R 6 7.73 (35) 7.69 61S - 73S Ni28... a 8.65 (102, 109) 3^[4l] IC, R 8.64 (35) 8.58 61S - 73P1 1436 6 17.15 (102) 4p Ni + IC, R 8.86 (35) 8.79 61S - 71P 1403 Normal Ni is (S 3 )»(4i) 2 ; b gives (S3)S, but normal Ni + is (S 3 )», and the lowest I c 10.40 («7) 10.39 61Sî] ionizing potential involves the double transition (33)8(4i)2 —> (33)», requiring 2 + PR d 19 ( U O ) 18.97 (13) 6 SHg 7.64 volt. (3s)» -» (33)8 requires 18.2 volt. Other R values, not related to known spectrum, are found (35). Resonance 08 a 13.56 («») 23P[22] line at a, 63P - 73S and 63Pi — 71S near 6, complete arc spectrum ate ( 4 3 ). 35.0 (78) 2, a gives (4 3 )>. R 48.0 (81) 2 2 Rb37... IC a 1.6 (32) 1.55 5 S-S P 2 7948 Resonance lines at o, 4S - 5P at 3.3 volt, 4P - 4D and 4P - GS at 3.7, and 52S - 52P1 7800 1.58 45 — 6P at 3.9 volt; complete arc spectrum at 6 ( 9 I). Spectrum of K+ at c if i I 6 4.1 (32) 4.I 6 S2S[Si] is great, at d if i is small (79). R, I c 16.0 (79) *From, (33, 97) unless another source is indicated. R 21.6 (79) t Values observed in gas thermally dissociated differed from those computed R d 25.2 (79) by ±0.05 volt and are entirely different from values for ordinary (H 2 ) hydrogen Resonance lines at a, complete arc spectrum at b ( 9 2 ). Spectrum of Rb + at c ( 9S ). with i great, at d with i small ( 79 ). (1) I (2) Cu29...

I (3) I a

V0

I

Lit.

I Vc* I Lit. | Transition [ Xr 17380«8) 425 - 3 2 D " 3.77 4 2 S- 42P2 3274 3.80 425 - 42Pi 3248 I b 7.8 (i°7) 7.69 42S[4i] c 10.44 O ° 9 ) Mv[St] d 20.5 (109) Cu + -»Cu + + Normal Cu contains (33)10(4i); a gives (33)»(4i)2; d (3«)«. Cu-» Cu + + requires 28.2 volt. F9..... a 16.9 (7«) 22P[221 32 (7«) 2»P F+ 49 X b 684 ( ) 689 (i) JiC[Ii] 6 from Ka -\- a Fe26... a 7.83 (102,119) 6jD[4i] 6 16.5 (102) 6DFe + Normal Fe contains (33)6(4i)2, & gives (S3)6. Ga31... IC 3.07 ( 58 ) 3.06 4 2 P 1 -S 2 S 4033 IC 4.22 ( 5 8) 4.29 42Pi - 42D 2874 I 5.80 (58) 5.97 42P1^2] I 13.2 (58) [4i] I 30.59 (13) 425 Ga ++ 58 There is one IC value not related to known spectrum ( ). Ge32... 45.51 O 3 ) 42S Ge +++

TABLE 1.—(Continued) (1) S16

I (2)

X Sc21....

I (3) I

a

V0

163

a

I

Lit. I Fc* I 10.31 47.08 87.68 (49) a measured in H2S 6.57

b

Lit. | Transition | (50) 33P[S2] (9) 32Pi S +++ 10 ( ) 3 2 SS+++++ Lui[2z\ (102,104)

12.80 ( 1 0 2 , 1 0 4 )

X,

2jD[4l]

3£> Sc+

38

25.1 ( ) 2DS C ++ Normal Sc has (S8) (4i)»; a gives (33) (4i), 6 gives (S8). Se34....| I I I 12.7 | (»1«) | | | 4sp[42] | Measured in vapor which was not purely monatomic Si 14.... 7.94 (73) 33Po[32] 16.27 ( 34 ) 3 2 PiSi+ 31.66 ( 34 ) 3 1 SSi++ 44.95 ( 34 ) 3 2 SSi+++ X a 98 (49) Z,///[22] a measured in SiH4 SnSO... 7.30 (74) 53Po[S2] 14.5 ( 8S ) 5 2 PiSn + 40.40 ( 13 ) 5 2 SSn+++ Sr38.... 1.79 5*S - 53Pi 6893 2.68 51S - 51P 4607 5.67 SiS[Si] 10.98 5 2 SSr + Sr —» Sr++ requires 16.65 volt 3 Ti22.... a 6.80 ( 102 ) F[4i] 6 13.60 (102) *p Ti+ 3 28 ( 103 ) D Ti++ 43.1 (103) 2/) Ti+++ Normal Ti has (S3) 2 (4i) 2 , 6 gives (S3)2. T181.... IC 0.9 (88) 0.96 62Pi - 62P2 a 3.27 62Pi - 72S 3776 6 4.47 62Pi - 62Z) 2768 I c 6.04 (88) 6.08 62Pi[62] R d 12.0 (88) (Q1] 30.62 (13) 6 2 STl + + Resonance line and (62P2 — 72S) at a; resonance line and (62P2 — 62Z)) at 6; complete arc spectrum at c. Second spectrum at d ( 88 ). V23.._. a 7.04 (75, 102) 4/?[4l] 6 14.4 (102) sp v+ 68.70 ( 3 S) 2£> v++++ Normal V is (3 3 ) 3 (4i) 2 ; b gives (33)3, but normal V + is (33)4, and the lowest 3 2 ionization potential involves the double transition (3 3 ) (4i) —* (33)4, requiring 6.76 volt. (S8)* -> (33)3 requires 14.7 volt (102). Xe54... IC 8.3 (44) IC 9.9 ( 4 4 ) 11.0

IC

I

O

11.5

(44) (44)

0/7/[S2]

I 6 13.0 (2°) I c 24.2 (20) Arc spectrum at a; second at 6 if pressure is high, at c if pressure is low; third spectrum at 51 volt ( 2 0 ). Yt39... 20.40 (io) 2Z)Yt++ Zn30... IC a 4.18 (86) 4.01 4i/S - 43Pi 3076 IC 6 5.65 (86) 5.77 4»S - 4*P 2139 I c 9.3 (86) 9.35 4*S[4i] 17.89 (ios) 4 2 SZn + 3 3 Resonance lines at a and 6. (4 P — 5 S) below c; complete arc spectrum at c (43). Zn -, Zn++ requires 27.2 volt. Zr40....| I I l I 34.17| (*») | 2 DZr+++ | 33 9 * From ( > 7) unless another source is indicated.

TABLE 2.—CRITICAL POTENTIALS OF MOLECULES Unit of V and D = 1 volt I V1 I VJG I Lit. I] I ' V1 \ VIC I Lit7 Br 2 * 12.8 (71) HClJ 13.75 (61, Cl 2 * 13.2 (71) 71) H 2 . . . . See Tab. 3 23.5 (80) HBrJ.. 13.25 (61, I2f . . . . 10.1 2.3 (84) 71) Hit... 12.75 (61, N 2 . . . . See Tab. 3 71) O2 SeeTab.3 H2S... 10.4 (71) Px-... 13.3 5.8 (82) N O . . . . ,See Tab. 3 Sx 12.2 4.8 (82) NH 3 ... 11.1 (71) H 2 O. . 13.2 (71) C O . . . . .See Tab. 3

TABLE 2.—(Continued) Molecule | ~/ [ CHCl3, Chloroform 11.5 HCN, Hydrocyanic acid 14.8 CH4, Methane 14.4 C 2 N 2 , Cyanogen 16.3 C2H2, Acetylene 12.3 C2H4, Ethylene. 11.5 C2H6, Ethane.. 12.8 C4H10O, Ethyl ether 13.6 C6H6, Benzene 9.6 C7H8, Toluene 8.5 C8Hi0, Xylene 10.0 HgCl2, Mercuric chloride 12.1 ZnCl2, Zinc chloride 12.9

VIC \ Lit. 6.5 (6) ( 61 ) (88-1) C 88 - 1 ) (88.1) ( 88 -i) (88.1) 6.6 (6) 6.0 («)' 6.2 (6) 6.5 (6) (31) (31)

* Assuming that the vibration series limits measure the work of dissociation into a normal and an excited atom, the excited state being 2Pi ( 117 ), Z>ciz = 2.47, Z)Br2 = l-96, Z)I2 = 1.53; thermochemical data give 2.47, 2.00, and 1.50, respectively (27» 64 ). f Near Vic visible band spectrum is excited; near F/, the ultra-violet bands and first atomic line spectrum; at 21.0 volt, second line spectrum ( 84 ). For Z), see preceding note. $ These values of Vi are almost exactly the computed values for dissociation of HR into H+ and R~, but PR shows ( 2 ) that for HCl the primary product is HCl+, and this is confirmed by data for production of negative ions in HCl ( 80 )

TABLE 3.—CRITICAL POTENTIALS OF H2, N2, O2, NO AND CO I

I I V0 \ Lit. I' Fc I Bands | Lit. IC, R 10.8 ± 0 . 3 } 11.15 Dieke-Hopfield (22) IC, R a 12.4 ± 0 . 4 1 ,55 63 94, 12.2 Dieke-Hopfield (22) I,PR 6 15.9± 0.15 ( l * ' } 15.3 H2+ (»•») I 29.4 J Questionable evidence for one or two intermediate values of V0. Near a continuous spectrum (5S). Molecular line-spectrum in two stages, one just below b, one above 6. Atomic lines below 6 (24). PR indicates that at and above 6 only Hj is produced directly, and that H+ and Hj arise from collisions of H2^ with H2 ( 45 » llly, but collisions of electrons with H2 do directly produce H ( 56 ) and atomic radiation (5). From vibration series of normal state ( 22 » 12°), D = 4.36. Electron collisions cause dissociation at V = 11.5. Dissociation by absorption of light occurs at a frequency =C= V = 14.53; if one atom is left in the first excited state, V = 4.36 + 10.15 (Table 1) = 14.51. D+(= D + IA - ZM) = 4.36 + 13.54 - 15.3 = 2.6 volt. N2* IC.R.S a 8.12+ 0.1 ] 8.52 Birge-Hopfield (i* 4 ) S b 9.5 9.47 First positive (6-0) (3) S c 13.0 + 1.0 13.13 Second positive (c-6) (3) S d 15.0 I (ii,26, eo, 14.93 Fourth positive (rf-6) (3) I,S,PR e 16.7 ±0.3 «2,113) N2 ( 4 «) S /19.6 19.85 First negative (/-«) (3) R 24.6 R 29.9 J Atomic lines are directly excited (62) near V = 32. From vibration series of a (4), D = a + 3.9 = 12.0. Assuming afterglow of active nitrogen is from excitation of N2 by recombining atoms (113), Z) = a + 3.4 = 11.5. From N2+ spectrum, D+ = 9.06, whence Z)( = D+ + JM - IA) = 9.06 + 16.7(e) - 14.48 (Table 1) = 11.3. Mean D = 11.6 (4). Minimum potential to give N+ is IM + Z)+ = 25.8. PR indicates that only N2+ is produced directly, but by collisions of N + and N2, N+ is formed near theoretical voltage (46). 02 6.10 Schumann (3) IC a 7.9 4 I 1 PR b 12.8 ( 7,7i) } ]4 .i I, PR c 15.8 (71,82, Ju S d 19.2 (68) 18.8 First negative (d-b) (3) S, PR e 19.8 (68) 20.6 0+ ( 4 7) S 21.0 (68) Schuster (3) Observations by I are discordant; may be two processes: Direct dissociation (c) giving ions in high vibrational state, and production of excited molecules (6) which, by molecular collisions, give ions in zero vibrational state. At (e], atom ions (47) and atomic lines are produced by direct collision (68), e = D + IA- Vibration series gives accurately ( 4 ) D = 7.05; dissociation by absorption occurs here with position of maximum of absorption =C= 8 volt (=0= a(?)). From spectral data, D+ = 6.5, which may be too low; Jjv/f = IA H- Z) — D+) < 13.56 + 7.05 — 6.5 < 14.1. NO 5.44 Gamma (3) 5.60 Beta (3) I 9.4 (7i) NO+ ( 4 S) PR a 21 (4S) 21.5 0+ PR 6 22 (4S) 22.4 N+ From vibrational states of normal level (4), D = 7.9; from thermochemical data and D for O 2 and N2, D = 8.3. a = DNO + IA for O; 6 = Z)NQ + IA for N. * Values of Vc are based on value of V0 at a. H2

(*°) Hartree, 58, 116: 356; 25. ( 41 ) Hepburn, 2, 29: 212; 27. (*2) Hertz, 96, 18: 307; 23. ( 43 ) Hertz, 96, 22: 18; 24. ( 4 4 ) Hertz and Kloppers, 96, I I I F0 I Lit. I Vc I Bands | Lit. 31: 463; 25. ( 45 ) Hogness and Lunn, 2, 26: 44; 25. ( 4 *) Hogness and 5 53 CO IC a 5.8 (« ) 5.97 Cameron ( ) Lunn, 2, 26: 786; 25. ( 47 ) Hogness and Lunn, 2, 27: 732; 26. ( 4 «) Hogness 7.27 and Lunn, 2, 30: 26; 27. ( 49 ) HoIweek, De Ia lumiere aux rayons X. Re3 IC 6 8.0 (85) 7.99 Fourth positive C* ) cueil des Conferences-rapports de documentation sur Ia physique, 1927. R, S c 10.15* (25,41) 10.34 Third positive (c-a) (53) (SO) Hopfield, 2, 22: 523; 23. (Si) Hopfield, 21, 59: 114; 24. (52) Hopfield, 53 S d 10.7* (25,41) 10.72 Angstrom W-a) ( ) 2, 27: 801; 26. ( 53 ) Hopfield and Birge, 2, 29: 922; 27. (S4) Horton and S «11.1 f25) 11.34 («-&) Davies, 5, 102: 131; 22. ( 55 ) Horton and Davies, 3, 46: 872; 23. ( 5 «) I / 14.2* (25,41) Hughes and Skellett, 2, 30: 11; 27. (") Hund, Bl. (58) Jarvis, 2, 29: 53 S g 16.8* (25,4i) 16.7 Comet-tail (g-f) ( ) 442; 27. (5») Kiess, SlA, 19: 113; 23. 53 S h 19.9* (25,41) ( ) 198 First negative (fc-/) (60) Kneser, 8, 79: 597; 26. («i) Knipping, 96, 7: 328; 21. (62) Kondratjev, Three other spectroscopic levels between e and /. From vibrational states of normal level (4), 96, 38: 346; 26. ( 63 ) Kriiger, 8, 64: 288; 21. («*) Kuhn, 96, 39: 77; 26. D = 11.2; from heat of combustion and D for O2, D = 10.8; mean D = 11.0. From vibrational (65) Laporte, 96, 39: 123; 26. (66) Laporte, 48, 13: 1; 26. (67) Lawrence, + + states, D = 9.8. As IA(= IM + D — D) = 14.2(/) + 9.8 - 11.0 = 13.0 is, within experi2, 28: 947; 26. ( 68 ) Lockrow, 21, 63: 205; 26. ( 69 ) Lyman, 21, 60: 1; 24. mental error, = IA of O (= 13.56, Table 1), the dissociation of CO+ probably gives C and O+. (70) Lyman and Saunders, 58, 116: 358; 25. (71) Mackay, 2, 24: 319; 24. * Mean error = ±0.1. (72) McLennan and Ireton, 3, 36: 461; 18. ( 73 ) McLennan and Shaver, 69, 18 III: 1; 24. (7 4 ) McLennan, Young and McLay, 69, 18 III: 57; 24. (75) Meggers, 128, 13: 317; 23. (76) Messenger, 2, 28: 962; 26. (") LITERATURE Millikan and Bowen, 2, 23: 1; 24. (7 8 ) Millikan and Bowen, 197, 13: (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) 531; 27. (79) Mohler, 31A, 20: 167; 25. O) Backlin, Siegbahn and Thoraeus, 3, 49: 513; 25. ( 2 ) Barton, 2, 29: 608; 27. (80) Mohler, 2, 26: 614; 25. ( 81 ) Mohler, 2, 28: 46; 26. ( 82 ) Mohler and 3 3 4 ( ) Birge, 337, No. 69; 26. ( ^) Birge, 197, 14: 12; 28. ( ) Birge Foote, SlA, 16: 669; 20. ( 83 ) Mohler and Foote, SlA, 17: 471; 22. («<) and Sponer, 2, 28: 259; 26. ( 5 ) Blackett and Franck, 96, 34: 389; 25. ( 5 - 5 ) Mohler and Foote, 2, 21: 382; 23. ( 8S ) Mohler and Foote, 2, 29: 141; 27. Bloch, Bloch and De*jardin, 34, 180: 731; 25. ( 6 ) Boucher, 2, 19: 189; 22. ( 86 ) Mohler, Foote and Meggers, 31 A, 16: 725; 20. ( 87 ) Mohler, Foote (7) Bowen, 2, 29: 749; 27. (8) Bowen and Millikan, 2, 25: 295; 25. ( 9 ) and Stimson, SlA, 15: 723; 20. (88) Mohler and Ruark, 48, 7: 819; 23. Bowen and Millikan, 2, 26: 150; 25. (88.1) Morris, 2, 32, 456; 28. ( 89 ) Narayan and Rao, 58, 120: 120; 27. (io) Bowen and Millikan, 2, 28: 923; 26. O 1 ) Brandt, 96, 8: 32; 21. ( 12 ) ( 90 ) Newman, 3, 50: 165; 25. ( 91 ) Newman, 3, 50: 796; 25. ( 92 ) Newman, 3, Bruin, 58, 119: 925; 27. ( 13 ) Carroll, 62, 225: 357; 26. (14) Catalan, 34, 50: 1276; 25. (93) Newman, 3, 1: 705; 26. ( 94 ) Olmstead, 2, 20: 613; 22. 176: 84, 247, 1063; 23. 0«) Catalan, 62, 223: 127; 23. 0«) Compton, 8, ( 9S ) Olmstead and Compton, 2, 22: 559; 23. ( 96 ) Paschen, 8, 71: 142; 23. 40: 553; 20. O?) Compton and Mohler, 337, No. 48; 24. ( 18 ) Dauvillier, ( 97 ) Paschen and Gotze, Seriengesetze der Linienspektren. Berlin, J. Springer, 51, 8: 1; 27. ( 1 ^) Davies, 5, 100: 599; 22. 1922. ( 98 ) Ruark, 48, 11: 199; 25. (") Ruark and Chenault, 48, 10: (20) DSjardin, 16, 2: 241; 24. (22) bieke and Hopfield, 2, 30: 400; 27. ( 23 ) 653; 25. Duffendack, 2, 20: 665; 22. ( 24 ) Duffendack, 21, 60: 122; 24. ( 2S ) Duffen( 10 °) Ruark, Mohler, Foote and Chenault, 31 A, 19: 463; 24. (ioi) Russell, dack and Fox, 166, 64: 277; 26. ( 2 «) Duncan, 21, 62: 145; 25. (27) 68, 113: 163; 24. (l<>2) Russell, 21, 66: 184; 27. ( 1 O 3 ) Russell and Lang, Dymond, 96, 34: 553; 25. ( 2 «) Eldridge, 2, 29: 213; 27. ( 2 ») Ellsworth 21, 66: 13; 27. ( 104 ) Russell and Meggers, 31 A, 22: 329; 27. 2, 29: 606; and Hopfield, 2, 29: 79; 27. 27. ( 1 OS) v. Salis, 8, 76: 145; 25. ( 106 ) Saunders, 197, 12: 556; 26. (1^) (30) Foote, Meggers and Mohler, 3, 42: 1002; 21. ( 31 ) Foote and Mohler, 2, Shenstone, 58, 112: 100; 23. ( 108 ) Shenstone, 2, 28: 449; 26. ( 109 > 17: 394; 21. ( 3 2) Foote, Rognley and Mohler, 2, 13: 59; 19. ( 33 ) Fowler, Shenstone, 2, 29: 380; 27. Report on series in line spectra. London, Fleetway Press, 1922. (3*) ( 11 O) Smyth, 5, 102: 283; 22. O11) Smyth, 2, 25: 452; 25. (1^) Smyth and Fowler, 62, 225: 1; 25. (3*-5) Franck, 96, 11: 155; 22. ( 3 S) Franck and Compton, 2, 16: 501; 20. ( 113 ) Sponer, 96, 34: 622; 25. ( 114 ) Sponer, 197. Einsporn, 96, 2: 18; 20. ( 36 ) Franck and Jordan, Anregung von Quanten13: 100; 27. ( 11 S) Tate and Foote, 3, 36: 64; 18. ( 116 ) Thorsen, 218, sprHngen durch Stosse. Berlin, J. Springer, 1926. ( 37 ) Franck and Knip11: 500; 23. ( 1 ^) Turner, 2, 27: 397; 26. ( 118 ) Udden, 2, 18: 385; 21, ping, 96, 1: 320; 20. (38) Gibbs and White, 197, 12: 448; 26. ( 39 ) Gro( 119 ) Walters, 48, 8: 245; 24. trian, 96, 18: 169; 23. (1*0) Witmer, 2, 28: 1223; 26.


DIELECTRIC CONSTANT AND DKLECTRIC STRENGTH COMPLETE INDEX Standard liquids. Solid industrial insulators, Vol. II, p. 310. Liquid industrial insulators, Vol. II, p. 305. Other industrial materials; see class of material; consult final index.

INDEX COMPLET Liquides etalons Matieres isolantes industriels solides, Vol. II, p. 310. Matieres isolantes industrielles liquides, Vol. II, p. 305. Autres matieres industrielles; voir classe des matieres; consulter !'index finale.

Elementary substances, pure inorganic compounds and air.

Substances elementaires, composes inorganiques purs et air.

All other materials, including all single crystals.

Toutes les autres matieres y compris tous les cristaux isoles. Decharge en couronne.

High voltage corona.

INTRODUCTION The dielectric constant (e) of a material is a measure of the ratio of the electric displacement (D) to the electric field intensity (E), D = *E74?!-; for a vacuum, e = 1 cgse unit. The value of e may be determined-from the measurements (1) of electrical capacities, (2) of mechanical forces between charged conductors, or (3) of the wave lengths of electrical waves. All three methods yield the same result, except in so far as the value of e varies with the frequency (v) of E. If electrical waves experience absorption in the substance, the index of the absorption (v. Vol. 1, p. 34) being /c',

GESAMT INDEX VERZEICHNIS Normalflussigkeiten. Feste Isolatoren der Technik, Bd. II, S. 310. Fltissige Isolatoren der Technik, Bd. II, S. 305. Anderes technisches Material; siehe unter Natur des Materials; beriicksichtige den Schlussindex. Elementare Stoffe, reine anorganische Verbindungen und Luft. AlIe anderen Materialien einschliesslich der Einkristalle.

INDICE COMPLETO P AG B Liquidi campioni 81 Isolatori solidi industrial!, Vol. II, p. 310. Isolatori liquidi industriali, Vol. II, p. 305. Altri materiali industriali, consultare 1'indice in fondo. Elementi, composti puri inorganici, e aria 74

Tutti gli altri materiali, inclusi tutti i cristalli singoli 81 Hochspannungskorona. Corona ad alto voltaggio . . 107 thene = (1 —fc'2)XJ/X2,where X0[X] = wave-length, for frequency v, in vacuum [in substance]; values of c so obtained are accompanied by the corresponding values of kf, if known; when k' is not given, it is believed to be too small to affect the value of e within the stated limits of accuracy. For variation of e with E1 v. p. 106; with magnetic field, v. p. 105; with illumination, v. p. 79. The dielectric strength (S) of a material is defined as the minimum value, in the material, of the electric field intensity (E) at which a disruptive discharge occurs. In many cases it appears

(*°) Hartree, 58, 116: 356; 25. ( 41 ) Hepburn, 2, 29: 212; 27. (*2) Hertz, 96, 18: 307; 23. ( 43 ) Hertz, 96, 22: 18; 24. ( 4 4 ) Hertz and Kloppers, 96, I I I F0 I Lit. I Vc I Bands | Lit. 31: 463; 25. ( 45 ) Hogness and Lunn, 2, 26: 44; 25. ( 4 *) Hogness and 5 53 CO IC a 5.8 (« ) 5.97 Cameron ( ) Lunn, 2, 26: 786; 25. ( 47 ) Hogness and Lunn, 2, 27: 732; 26. ( 4 «) Hogness 7.27 and Lunn, 2, 30: 26; 27. ( 49 ) HoIweek, De Ia lumiere aux rayons X. Re3 IC 6 8.0 (85) 7.99 Fourth positive C* ) cueil des Conferences-rapports de documentation sur Ia physique, 1927. R, S c 10.15* (25,41) 10.34 Third positive (c-a) (53) (SO) Hopfield, 2, 22: 523; 23. (Si) Hopfield, 21, 59: 114; 24. (52) Hopfield, 53 S d 10.7* (25,41) 10.72 Angstrom W-a) ( ) 2, 27: 801; 26. ( 53 ) Hopfield and Birge, 2, 29: 922; 27. (S4) Horton and S «11.1 f25) 11.34 («-&) Davies, 5, 102: 131; 22. ( 55 ) Horton and Davies, 3, 46: 872; 23. ( 5 «) I / 14.2* (25,41) Hughes and Skellett, 2, 30: 11; 27. (") Hund, Bl. (58) Jarvis, 2, 29: 53 S g 16.8* (25,4i) 16.7 Comet-tail (g-f) ( ) 442; 27. (5») Kiess, SlA, 19: 113; 23. 53 S h 19.9* (25,41) ( ) 198 First negative (fc-/) (60) Kneser, 8, 79: 597; 26. («i) Knipping, 96, 7: 328; 21. (62) Kondratjev, Three other spectroscopic levels between e and /. From vibrational states of normal level (4), 96, 38: 346; 26. ( 63 ) Kriiger, 8, 64: 288; 21. («*) Kuhn, 96, 39: 77; 26. D = 11.2; from heat of combustion and D for O2, D = 10.8; mean D = 11.0. From vibrational (65) Laporte, 96, 39: 123; 26. (66) Laporte, 48, 13: 1; 26. (67) Lawrence, + + states, D = 9.8. As IA(= IM + D — D) = 14.2(/) + 9.8 - 11.0 = 13.0 is, within experi2, 28: 947; 26. ( 68 ) Lockrow, 21, 63: 205; 26. ( 69 ) Lyman, 21, 60: 1; 24. mental error, = IA of O (= 13.56, Table 1), the dissociation of CO+ probably gives C and O+. (70) Lyman and Saunders, 58, 116: 358; 25. (71) Mackay, 2, 24: 319; 24. * Mean error = ±0.1. (72) McLennan and Ireton, 3, 36: 461; 18. ( 73 ) McLennan and Shaver, 69, 18 III: 1; 24. (7 4 ) McLennan, Young and McLay, 69, 18 III: 57; 24. (75) Meggers, 128, 13: 317; 23. (76) Messenger, 2, 28: 962; 26. (") LITERATURE Millikan and Bowen, 2, 23: 1; 24. (7 8 ) Millikan and Bowen, 197, 13: (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) 531; 27. (79) Mohler, 31A, 20: 167; 25. O) Backlin, Siegbahn and Thoraeus, 3, 49: 513; 25. ( 2 ) Barton, 2, 29: 608; 27. (80) Mohler, 2, 26: 614; 25. ( 81 ) Mohler, 2, 28: 46; 26. ( 82 ) Mohler and 3 3 4 ( ) Birge, 337, No. 69; 26. ( ^) Birge, 197, 14: 12; 28. ( ) Birge Foote, SlA, 16: 669; 20. ( 83 ) Mohler and Foote, SlA, 17: 471; 22. («<) and Sponer, 2, 28: 259; 26. ( 5 ) Blackett and Franck, 96, 34: 389; 25. ( 5 - 5 ) Mohler and Foote, 2, 21: 382; 23. ( 8S ) Mohler and Foote, 2, 29: 141; 27. Bloch, Bloch and De*jardin, 34, 180: 731; 25. ( 6 ) Boucher, 2, 19: 189; 22. ( 86 ) Mohler, Foote and Meggers, 31 A, 16: 725; 20. ( 87 ) Mohler, Foote (7) Bowen, 2, 29: 749; 27. (8) Bowen and Millikan, 2, 25: 295; 25. ( 9 ) and Stimson, SlA, 15: 723; 20. (88) Mohler and Ruark, 48, 7: 819; 23. Bowen and Millikan, 2, 26: 150; 25. (88.1) Morris, 2, 32, 456; 28. ( 89 ) Narayan and Rao, 58, 120: 120; 27. (io) Bowen and Millikan, 2, 28: 923; 26. O 1 ) Brandt, 96, 8: 32; 21. ( 12 ) ( 90 ) Newman, 3, 50: 165; 25. ( 91 ) Newman, 3, 50: 796; 25. ( 92 ) Newman, 3, Bruin, 58, 119: 925; 27. ( 13 ) Carroll, 62, 225: 357; 26. (14) Catalan, 34, 50: 1276; 25. (93) Newman, 3, 1: 705; 26. ( 94 ) Olmstead, 2, 20: 613; 22. 176: 84, 247, 1063; 23. 0«) Catalan, 62, 223: 127; 23. 0«) Compton, 8, ( 9S ) Olmstead and Compton, 2, 22: 559; 23. ( 96 ) Paschen, 8, 71: 142; 23. 40: 553; 20. O?) Compton and Mohler, 337, No. 48; 24. ( 18 ) Dauvillier, ( 97 ) Paschen and Gotze, Seriengesetze der Linienspektren. Berlin, J. Springer, 51, 8: 1; 27. ( 1 ^) Davies, 5, 100: 599; 22. 1922. ( 98 ) Ruark, 48, 11: 199; 25. (") Ruark and Chenault, 48, 10: (20) DSjardin, 16, 2: 241; 24. (22) bieke and Hopfield, 2, 30: 400; 27. ( 23 ) 653; 25. Duffendack, 2, 20: 665; 22. ( 24 ) Duffendack, 21, 60: 122; 24. ( 2S ) Duffen( 10 °) Ruark, Mohler, Foote and Chenault, 31 A, 19: 463; 24. (ioi) Russell, dack and Fox, 166, 64: 277; 26. ( 2 «) Duncan, 21, 62: 145; 25. (27) 68, 113: 163; 24. (l<>2) Russell, 21, 66: 184; 27. ( 1 O 3 ) Russell and Lang, Dymond, 96, 34: 553; 25. ( 2 «) Eldridge, 2, 29: 213; 27. ( 2 ») Ellsworth 21, 66: 13; 27. ( 104 ) Russell and Meggers, 31 A, 22: 329; 27. 2, 29: 606; and Hopfield, 2, 29: 79; 27. 27. ( 1 OS) v. Salis, 8, 76: 145; 25. ( 106 ) Saunders, 197, 12: 556; 26. (1^) (30) Foote, Meggers and Mohler, 3, 42: 1002; 21. ( 31 ) Foote and Mohler, 2, Shenstone, 58, 112: 100; 23. ( 108 ) Shenstone, 2, 28: 449; 26. ( 109 > 17: 394; 21. ( 3 2) Foote, Rognley and Mohler, 2, 13: 59; 19. ( 33 ) Fowler, Shenstone, 2, 29: 380; 27. Report on series in line spectra. London, Fleetway Press, 1922. (3*) ( 11 O) Smyth, 5, 102: 283; 22. O11) Smyth, 2, 25: 452; 25. (1^) Smyth and Fowler, 62, 225: 1; 25. (3*-5) Franck, 96, 11: 155; 22. ( 3 S) Franck and Compton, 2, 16: 501; 20. ( 113 ) Sponer, 96, 34: 622; 25. ( 114 ) Sponer, 197. Einsporn, 96, 2: 18; 20. ( 36 ) Franck and Jordan, Anregung von Quanten13: 100; 27. ( 11 S) Tate and Foote, 3, 36: 64; 18. ( 116 ) Thorsen, 218, sprHngen durch Stosse. Berlin, J. Springer, 1926. ( 37 ) Franck and Knip11: 500; 23. ( 1 ^) Turner, 2, 27: 397; 26. ( 118 ) Udden, 2, 18: 385; 21, ping, 96, 1: 320; 20. (38) Gibbs and White, 197, 12: 448; 26. ( 39 ) Gro( 119 ) Walters, 48, 8: 245; 24. trian, 96, 18: 169; 23. (1*0) Witmer, 2, 28: 1223; 26.


DIELECTRIC CONSTANT AND DKLECTRIC STRENGTH COMPLETE INDEX Standard liquids. Solid industrial insulators, Vol. II, p. 310. Liquid industrial insulators, Vol. II, p. 305. Other industrial materials; see class of material; consult final index.

INDEX COMPLET Liquides etalons Matieres isolantes industriels solides, Vol. II, p. 310. Matieres isolantes industrielles liquides, Vol. II, p. 305. Autres matieres industrielles; voir classe des matieres; consulter !'index finale.

Elementary substances, pure inorganic compounds and air.

Substances elementaires, composes inorganiques purs et air.

All other materials, including all single crystals.

Toutes les autres matieres y compris tous les cristaux isoles. Decharge en couronne.

High voltage corona.

INTRODUCTION The dielectric constant (e) of a material is a measure of the ratio of the electric displacement (D) to the electric field intensity (E), D = *E74?!-; for a vacuum, e = 1 cgse unit. The value of e may be determined-from the measurements (1) of electrical capacities, (2) of mechanical forces between charged conductors, or (3) of the wave lengths of electrical waves. All three methods yield the same result, except in so far as the value of e varies with the frequency (v) of E. If electrical waves experience absorption in the substance, the index of the absorption (v. Vol. 1, p. 34) being /c',

GESAMT INDEX VERZEICHNIS Normalflussigkeiten. Feste Isolatoren der Technik, Bd. II, S. 310. Fltissige Isolatoren der Technik, Bd. II, S. 305. Anderes technisches Material; siehe unter Natur des Materials; beriicksichtige den Schlussindex. Elementare Stoffe, reine anorganische Verbindungen und Luft. AlIe anderen Materialien einschliesslich der Einkristalle.

INDICE COMPLETO P AG B Liquidi campioni 81 Isolatori solidi industrial!, Vol. II, p. 310. Isolatori liquidi industriali, Vol. II, p. 305. Altri materiali industriali, consultare 1'indice in fondo. Elementi, composti puri inorganici, e aria 74

Tutti gli altri materiali, inclusi tutti i cristalli singoli 81 Hochspannungskorona. Corona ad alto voltaggio . . 107 thene = (1 —fc'2)XJ/X2,where X0[X] = wave-length, for frequency v, in vacuum [in substance]; values of c so obtained are accompanied by the corresponding values of kf, if known; when k' is not given, it is believed to be too small to affect the value of e within the stated limits of accuracy. For variation of e with E1 v. p. 106; with magnetic field, v. p. 105; with illumination, v. p. 79. The dielectric strength (S) of a material is defined as the minimum value, in the material, of the electric field intensity (E) at which a disruptive discharge occurs. In many cases it appears

doubtful if S is a constant, characteristic of the material, as it frequently appears to vary with the nature, of the electrodes and with the distance between them. As the determination of the actual maximum value of E occurring in the field at the instant of discharge is difficult, the value of S is frequently merely indicated by stating the kind of electrodes, the minimum distance (I) between their surfaces, and the difference in their potentials at the instant of discharge, if the difference is increasing slowly and continuously (D.C.). If the voltage is alternating (A.C.) either the effective (V6) or the maximum (Vm) value of the alternating poten-

tial difference of the electrodes is stated. If the potential difference varies as sin <*t, Vm = 1.414V6. Electrical oscillations in the circuit may introduce serious errors and injure connected apparatus, and should be prevented from reaching the terminals by the insertion, in series with each terminal, of a non-inductive resistance of at least one ohm per volt. The effect of surrounding objects in modifying the electrical field must be considered, and very definite specifications for the construction of the gap must be followed if accurate values for the potential difference corresponding to a given spark length are desired (cf. p. 79, 80).

DIELECTRIC CONSTANT AND DIELECTRIC STRENGTH OF ELEMENTARY SUBSTANCES, PURE INORGANIC COMPOUNDS, AND AIR H. L. CURTIS AND F. M. DEFANDORF CONTENTS Dielectric constant, Curtis:

MATIERES Constante dielectrique, Curtis:

Gaz. Solides et liquides. Air. Eau, glace et vapeur. Effet de 1'eclairage.

Gases. Solids and liquids. Air. Water, ice, and steam. Effect of illumination. Dielectric strength, Defandorf: Gases. Air: sphere-gap data. Air: needle-gap data.

Cohesion dielectrique, Defandorf: Gaz. Air: donnees relatives a une ouverture entre spheres. Air: donnees relatives a une ouverture entre pointes.

Symbols.—I = liquid, s = solid, IR = room temperature, v.p. = vapor pressure of the saturated vapor at the temperature indicated. e = dielectric constant, v = frequency of field used in obtaining c. Such expressions as "(80 p 160)" and "(10° t 100°)" indicate that the accompanying coefficients apply so long as p [t] lies between 80 and 160 [10° and 100°]; "25; 45" in the temperature column indicates that the same value was found at 25° as at 45°. Other symbols unexplained in Vol. I, p. 16, will be defined where used. No data have been found for the dielectric strength of any solid or liquid included in this section. TABLE 1.—DIELECTRIC CONSTANT (e) OF PUBE INORGANIC GASES (et - 1) = (€o - I)[I + orf(10)-3 + ^2(10)~6]; € - 1 = (ap + bp2)(10)-4 = 3cdi[l + Cî(IO)- 6 I(IO)- 6 , where di = specific gravity of the gas with reference to itself at O0C and 1 atmosphere. 6 = 1 + 0.001A; v = A X 10". Unit of e = 1 cgse unit; of p = 1 atmosphere; of v = 1 cycle/sec; of t = I 0 C. I

A Br H

At,P

\

0.56 12.8 0.26

t

O 180 O

p

I A

1 1 1

n

1 I 6 Radio <2 6

INHALTSVERZEICHNIS Dielektrizitatskonstante, Curtis: Gase. Feste und flussige Stoffe. Luft. Wasser, Eis und Dampf. Einfluss der Belichtung. Dielektrische Festigkeit, Defandorf: Gase. Luft: Kugelfunkenstrecke. Luft: Nadelfunkenstrecke.

I

0

H2O HCl

HBr

HI

75, 96, 151)

He Hg N...

0.92s c = 90, t 0.074 0.74 0.555 0.606 0.581 0.79 1.90

-185 1 Radio = 24 (80 p 160) O O O 1 O O 400 1 3 8 O 1 5; 8 5 O 1 2 6 O 1 Radio -75 1 1 6 -189 1 1 6

(106) (93) (68) (1°) (5,49) (108) O 51 ) (iss) (153)

Gas SoKdI e liquidi Aria Acqua, ghiaccio e vapore Effetto delFilluminazione Rigidita dielettrica, Defandorf: Gas Aria: valori con intervailo tra sfere Aria: valori con intervallo tra punte


Lit.

(15) ( 14 ) (5, 12, 49,

INDICE pAaE Costante dielettrica, Curtis:

SO2

A,.p I f \ p \ A \ n 0.50? O 1 5 5 0.510 O 1 8 5 0.54? O 1 2 6 0.51s O 1 Radio c = 173, t = 13.5 (35 p 110) O O See Table 4 2.6 100 1 Audio 7.6 - 75 1 Radio 4.6o O 1 Radio 2.5o 100 1 Radio 1.62 200 1 Radio 1.4o 300 1 Radio 3.44 -50 1 Radio 3.1s O 1 Radio 2.62 100 1 Radio 2.3o 200 1 Radio 2.12 300 1 Radio 2.3s -25 1 Radio 2.34 O 1 Radio 2.2o 100 1 Radio 2.1s 200 1 Radio 2.I 6 300 1 Radio 2.1s 350 1 Radio 9.5 O 1 0 0 O 1 0 0 9.0* 9.3f O 1 Audio 9.5 O 1 1 6 5.3 100 1 1 6 3.9 175 1 1 6

*« = -4.7 (10°*60°) (135). t « = -6.82, 0 = 18.7 (10° t 100°) audio (5).

\

Lit. (5) (49) (108) («1) (93)

(5) (151) (isi) ("i) (isi) ( 15 I) ("i) (isi) (151) (i«) O 51 ) (isi) O 51 ) (isi) (isi) (isi) (isi) (75) (135) (5) (153) (i 53 ) (153)

74 75 77 78

79 79

79 80

TABLE 1.—(Continued) I H2S N20

A
N 2 O 4 -HNO 2 ..

2.3 2.4 1.4 1.4 1.0 1.3

NH3

8.371J 9.2 7.2 4.0 2.7

\ p \ A \ n \ Lit. 1 I 1 I 6 (is) v.p. I Audio (38) 1 O 0~~ (12) l O O (75) 1 2 6 (i°8) 10 O O (82) 20 O O (82) 30 O O (82) 40 O O (82) mm I % NO2 5 42.5 747 31 () 5 49.7 746 39 () 63.1 747 55 (5) 68.7 741 63 («)' 90.5 741 84 (S) 92.1 747 85 (5) p I A n O 1 Audio (5) - 30 1 1 6 (153) O 1 1 6 (153) 100 1 6 (153) 185 1 6 (153) t

O 10 O O O 15 15 15 15

CO

0.695

CO2

0.70 O 2.63 -189 0.98** O

O

O

O

(12,15,75)

5 1 (i°4) Radio (106) <2 6 (5,12,49, 75, 104, 108, 134,

135)

0.98ft O 1 1 6 1.41 - 73 1 Radio 5o O v.p. O O c = 332, t =13.5 ( 1 0 p 5 0 ) O O 8 15 10 O O 19 15 20 O O 37 15 30 O O 62 15 40 O O See also Fig. 2 CS2 2.9 I . O 1 O O 3.2tt I O 1 O O Air See Table 3 . J a = -5 (0° t 100°). § See Fig. 1. f a = -7.75, 0 = 31 (18° t 108°) audio (5). **« = (3.71 -f 0.05p) (Q0 t 66°) (1 p 5) ( 134 » ^ 35 ). ft « = -4.3, /3 = 11 (-75° «200°) (153).

(153) (106) (i 35 ) (93) (82) (82) (82) (82) (75) (5)

J J a = -37 (85° t 130°) (5).

TABLE 2.—DIELECTRIC CONSTANT (e) OF PURE INORGANIC SOLIDS AND LIQUIDS AND ITS VARIATION WITH TEMPERATURE (t), PRESSURE (p), AND FREQUENCY (v) For SiO2, v. p. 341; for single crystals, v. p. 98 From certain solids it is difficult, or even impossible, to prepare plates which are sufficiently homogeneous to be used for a direct determination of the dielectric constant (e) of the material. In such case, it is customary to deduce e from the effective dielectric constant (e') of a dry plate formed by compressing the powdered substance, or from the effective constant (ei) of such a plate when saturated with a liquid (dielectric constant = e") which does not dissolve the powder. For such deduction, one or another of the following equations is generally used: (1) (e - l)/d = (e' - I)A*'; (2) (e - I)Me + 2) = (e' - !)/<*' X (e' + 2); (3) (e - I)M* + n) = (e' - I)7We' + n); (4) (e -

e")/d = (e1 — e")/d'. Here d = density of the substance, df = density of the dry plate, and n is Wiener's number (152). All liquids are under the pressure of saturated vapor unless contrary is indicated in first column. In column (2), I = liquid, s = solid, Is = intermediate between liquid and solid, P indicates e was deduced from effective constant of a plate of compressed powder, its subscript indicates equation used. 3

2

6

e, = e to + a(t - J0)(IO)- + № - *o) (10)~ ; ep = e 0 (l + ap(10)-* 2 8 + bp (10)- ); v = AX 10« Unit of € = 1 cgse unit, of p = 1 atmosphere, of v — 1 cycle/sec of t = I0C Formula

[ (2) [ Ci 0 \ U \ A \ n \ Lit. __ A-Table.—The 2V-Arrangement Br I I 3.2 23 1 8 (H4) I 3.1 tR 1 8 (H7) C (Diamond)... . s 16.5 tR Audio (i°3) s 5.5 tR 1 8 (U 7 ) Cl I 1.97* O O O (82) I 2.Of O Audio (38) I 1.9 14 2 6 (26) H (p = 1) I 1.22J -253 1 5 (16) (p = l) I 1.225§ -253 6 5 (148) I 1.253|| -259 1 5 (145) s 1.21H -259.9 6 5 (148) s 1.21 -259.1 1 5 (145) H e ( P = I) I 1.048 -268.96 5 (148) I 1.058 -270.8 6 5 (146) I 1.056 -271.3 6 5 (146) I s 10 23 1 8 (H4) s 4 ' tR 1 8 (U 7 ) 0 ( p = l) I 1.465 -182 O O (63) (p = 1) I 1.493 -182 . O O (44) I 1.46 -182 1 5 (16) I 1.51** -203 1 5 (16,146) P(P=S=I) I 3.85"* 20; 45 1 8 (U 5 ) s 4.1 20 1 8 (H5) (Yellow) s 3.6 ts 1 8 (U 7 ) S[III(P=I) I 3.42 400 Audio (i°3) (p = I) Is 3.98 115 Audio (i° 3 ) s 4.22ft tR Audio O 03) s 4.0 tR O O (53) s 4.Oltt O O O (H8) s 4.38 tR O O (130) s 4.05ft tR 5.0 1 (41) s 3.80§§ tR 5.0 1 (41) s 4.03 tR 8.0 1 (130) s 4.03 tR 9.3 1 (42) s 4.2 16 1 3 (46) P2 4.7 17 1 6 (74) s 3.241[
6.6

IR

1

8

(117)

9 * a = -3.0 (-70° t 10°) (82). ^ a = 45 (tot -259.1°) ("8). t « = -3.5 (0°* 140°) ( 3816 ). **a = -2.2 («o< - 183°) (»«»'14«). t a = -2.8 (-259° t *o) (14S). tt Freshly crystallized. §a = -3.2 (-259° «o) 145 ( ). JJ a = +1; (-140° t 80°) ( 118 ). Il a = -3 (to t - 253°) ( ). §§ Several months old. Jl Il Power factor for solid S = 0.03 % at 160C, v = 10» ( 4 ^); =0.6 % at tR, v =*

10« (57).

ft From deviation of waves by a prism. *** Vitreous; in dark.

TABLE 2.—(Continued) Formula | (2) | e*0 | Z 0 | A \ n \ Lit. £-Table.—Standard Arrangement; v. Vol. Ill, p. viii H2O See Table 4 HCl J I 4.60 27.7 4 8 ("3) I 8.85 - 90 4 8 (H3) HBr I 3.82 24.7 4 8 (H3) I 6.29 - 80 4 8 (U 3 ) HI I 2.9 21.7 4 8 (H3) I 2.88 - 50 4 8 (H3) s 3.95 - 70 4 8 (H°) SO2 I 15.6* O Audio (37) (p = l) I 13.8 15 2 8 ( 87 ) I 12.4 22 1 8 (U 4 ) SO3 I 3.56 21 1 8 (U 4 ) s 3.64 19 1 8 (H4) H2Sf I 5.75t 10 Audio (38) H 2 SO 4 (P = I ) . . I >84§ 20 1 8 (140) s 3.8|| -180 1.2 2 (28) S2Cl2 I 4.8 22 1 8 (H4) SOCl2 I 9.05 22 1 8 (U 4 ) SO2Cl2 I 9.15 22 1 8 (H4) (p =1).. I 8.5 22 1 8 (140) N2O I 1.6071f O O O (82) (p = I ) . . . . Z 1.933 - 90 (63) N2O4 I 2.56 15 1 8 (U 5 ) s 2.6 - 40 T 8 (U 5 ) NH 3 . I 14.9 24.5 4 8 (96) I 15.5 20.5 4 8 (96) Z 16.2 14 2 6 (26) (p = 1).. . I 22 - 34 4 8 (52) Z 25.4 - 77 4 8 (96) s 4.01 - 90 4 8 (96) HNO3 s 2.4 ** 1.2 2 (28) NH4Cl P2 7.0 t.R 1 6 (72) NH4Br P2 7.1 tR 1 6 (72) (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 P2 3.3 17 1 6 (74) PH3 I 2.71 - 25 4 8 (96) Z 2.55 - 60 4 8 (96) PCl3 Z 3.72 18 1 8 (US) Z 3.4 22 1 8 (H4) POCl3 Z 14 22 1 8 (H4) PBr3 Z 3.88 18 1 8 ("S) PI3 Z 4.12 65 1 8 (H5) s 3.66 20 1 8 (H5) AsH3 Z 2.05 15 4 8 ("«) Z 2.74 - 50 4 8 (H6) AsCl3 Z 12.35 21 1 8 (H4) (p = I ) . . . Z 12.8 20 1 8 (140) Z 12.6 17 1 8 (H5) s 3.6 - 50 1 8 (H5) AsBr3 Z 8.83 35 1 8 ("S) (p = I)... Z 9.3 35 1 8 (140) s 3.33 20 1 8 (H5) s 3.4 20 1 8 (140) AsI3 Z 7.0 150 1 8 (H5) s 5.4 18 1 8 (H5) SbH Z 2.58 - 50 4 8 (96) • Z 2.93 - 80 4 8 (96) SbCl3 Z 33.2 75 1 8 (H4) s 5.34 18 1 8 (H4) *a = -78 (0°f 150°) (37).

f See Fig. 1. J a = -23, 0 = -25 («o t 80°) (38). J d = 1.85 g/cm*. f a - -6.1 ( - 6 ° < 14°) (82).

Il a = +9 (-185° t -120°). ** -185° to -110°.

TABLE 2.—(Continued) | (2) | € fo | tQ \ A \ n \ Lit. Z 3 7 7 8 : 2TIfI 8 (i"i4) Z 20.9 100 1 8 ("S) s 5.05 20 1 8 (H5) SbI3 , Z 13.9 175 1 8 (H5) s 9.1 20 1 8 (H5) CO2* Z 1.585f O O O (82, 135) CS 2 (P = I) Z 2.58 46 Audio (54) (p = l) Z 2.6 25 Audio (54) (p = l) Z 2.64 20 1.2 2 (27, 45) (p = l) Z 2.647J 20 8.5 5 (78) (p = l) Z 2.638§ 19 Audio (95) (p = l) Z 2.64 17 4 8 (31) (p = l) Z 2.61 15 1.5 8 (59) (p = l) Z 2.644|| 13 7 2 (139) (p = l) Z 2.676H O Audio (125) (p = l) Z 2.68** O .5s I 5 (71) (p = l ) . . . . . Z 2.638ft O Radio (105) (p = l) Z 2.63Ut 10 Radio (55) (p = l) Z 2.64 -75 1.2 2 (27,45) (p = l) Zs 2.93 - 95 5 5 (71) (p = l) Zs 2.87 -100 5 5 (71) (p = I ) 4 . . . . Zs 2.83 -105 5 5 ( 7 I) (p = 1) Zs 2.81 -110 5 5 (71) s 2.78§§ -180 5 5 (71) s 2.24 -185 1.2 2 (27,45) SiO2 Seep. 341 SiCl4 Z 2.4 16 1 8 (US) SnCl4 Z 3.2 22 1 8 (H4) PbO P 4 25.9 15 1 8 (131) PbF2 Pi 3.6 tR 1 6 (81) PbCl2 Pi 4.2 tR 1 6 (81) P2 6.0 17 1 6 (74) PbBr2 P1 4.9 tR 1 6 (*i) PbI2 P1 2.4 tR 1 6 (81) PbS P4 17.9 15 1 8 (131) PbSO4 P2 14.3 17 1 6 (74) Pb(NOs) 2 P3 37.7 18 6.3 7 (7,67) Pb(CHO 2 ) 2 P2 2.6 17 1 6 (74) PbCO3 P4 18.6 15 1 8 (131) TlCl P2 46.9 tR 1 6 (72) TlBr P2 53.8 tR \ 1 6 (72) Hg2Cl2 s 9.4 tR \ I 6 (72) HgCl2 P2 3.2 17 1 6 (74) Hg(CN) 2 P2 4.8 17 1 6 (74) CuO P 4 18.1 15 1 8 (131) CuCl2.2H2O P3 7.6 20 6.3 7 (7,67) CuSO4 P3 10.3 18 6.3 7 (7,67) CuSO 4 .5H 2 O.... P3 7.8 18 6.3 7 (7,67) P4 5.5 15 1 8 (131) AgCl s 11.2 tR 1 6 (72) AgBr s 12.2 tR 1 6 (72) AgCN P2 5.6 tR 1 6 (72) FeO P4 14.2 15 1 8 (131) FeF3.3H2O P3 7.3 20 6.3 7 (7,67) CrF3.4H2O P3 6.8 21 6.3 7 (7,67) Formula SbCl5 SbBr3

* See Fig. 2. t « = -3.9 (-7.5° t 17.5°) (82); a = -2.7, 0 = -Uo (-5° t 30°) (135). J a = 0.723, b = - 0.722 (1 p 3000) (78). § a = 0.726, b = - 1.33 (1 p 500) (95). Il a = 0.757, b = - 3.71 (1 p 130) (139). I a = -2.61, /3 = -1.24 (20° t 180°) (125). **« = -2.8 (-90°r200°) (71). f t a = -2.6 (-5° * 37°) (i°5). it a = -1.9 (10°<40°) (55). §§a = +0.3 (-186°* -110°) (71).


FIG. 1.—Dielectric constant («) of H2S ( 38 ) at audio frequency. Below the critical temperature, pressure (p) is that of the saturated vapor; above the critical temperature, p = critical pressure. f

FIG. 2.—Dielectric constant («) of CO2 ( 135 ). Below the critical temperature, pressure (p) is that of the saturated 8vapor; above the critical temperature, p = critical pressure; v =4 XlO cycle/sec.

Formula | (2) | e,0 CrO2-Cl2 (p = 1) ~l 2.6 VCl4 I 3.05 VOCl3 Z 3.4* VOBr3 I 3.85f CaF2 s 7.36 CaSO 4 .2H 2 0.... s 5.61 CaSO4.2H2O. . . . s 5.66 CaCO3 s 6.14 BaF2 P 2.3t BaCl2 P3 11.4 BaCl2.2H2O P3 9.4 BaBr2.2H2O P3 10.9 Ba(BrO 3 ) 2 .H 2 O.. P3 8.0 Ba(I0 3 ) 2 .H 2 O... P3 12.9 BaSO4 P 4 11.4 P 3.3§ Ba(NOs) 2 P3 5.9 P4 9.15 Ba(CNS)2.3H20. P3 12.8 BaCrO4 P 4.25|| NaF P3 3.9 NaCl s 6.12 s 5.81 s, 9.3 P3 6.3 NaClO4 P3 5.4 NaBrO3 P3 7.7 NaNO 3 s 5.2 Na2CO3 P3 8.4 Na2CO3.10H2O... P3 5.3 KF.2H20 P 3 5.9 KCl 5 5,03 P3 4.9 P2 2.4 KClO3 P3 5.1 P4 6.2 KBr s 4.6 P3 4.7 KL... P3 5.6 P2 5.2 K2SO4 P3 5.9 P4 6.4 KNO 3 s 2.7 P3 5.0 K2CO3 P4 5.6 K 2 CO 3 .2H 2 O.... P3 6.6 K2CrO4 P3 7.3 K2Al2(SO4) 4.24H2O P2 3.8

|

/0 \ A \ n \ Lit. 20 1 8 (140) 25 4 8 («*) 0 4 8 (84) 0 4 8 («*) tB Audio (10S) 15 1 | 6 ("i.) 1R Audio ( 1Q 3) tR 1 6 ( 1 î) 18 6.3 7 (7) 19 6.3 7 (7,67) 19 6.3 7 (7, « 7 ) 19 6.3 7 (7,67) 20 6.3 7 (7>67) 18 6.3 7 ( 7 » «7) 15 1 8 (131) 18 6.3 7 (7) 18 6.3 7 (7,67) 15 1 8 (131) 6.3 7 (7>67) 18 6.3 7 (7) 19 6.3 7 (7»67) tR Audio ( 103 ) IR 1 6 (131) tR 4 9 ( 8 °) 19 6.3 7 (7J67) 19 6.3 7 (7> «7) 19 6.3 7 ( 7 , 67) tR O O (4) 20 6.3 7 (7>«7) 20 6.3 7 ( 7 > 67) 20 6.3 7 (7»67) tB Audio (103) 19 6.3 7 (7»67) 17 1 6 (7*) 18 6.3 7 ( 7 ,67) 15 1 8 (131) tR 1 6 ( 7 2) 18 6.3 7 (7»67) 18 6.3 7 (7, 67 ) tn 1 6 ( 7 2) 19 6.3 7 ( 7 , 67 ) 15 1 8 (131) fe O O (4)( 19 6.3 7 ( 7 »!67) 15 1 8 (13Ji) 20 6.3 7 ( 7 » 67 ) 19 6.3 7 (7, 67 ) 17

1

6

( 74 )

84

* a = -0.4 (-70° * 26°) ( ). f a = -8 (-70°« 30°) ( 84 ). t For plate, dr = 1.6 g/cm3, value not reduced. § For plate, dr = 1.9 g/cm3, value not reduced. Il For plate, d' = 1.85 g/cm3, value not reduced.

TABLE 3.—DIELECTRIC CONSTANT OF AIB For gaseous air, e = ^ _ FIG. 3.—Dielectric constant (e) of liquid H2O at 170C: Variation with frequency (v) ( 25 » 2S ). Unit of v = 108 cycle/sec; of « = 1 cgse.

c

^ * = 1 -f Bcidi H- 3c\dl -j- . . . =

1 -f 3cidi(l + CiCf1) -f . . . ; (J1 = p /(l + 0.0036650 if unit of p = 1 atmosphere, of t = I0C. e is independent of the frequency. If we write c\ = c X 10~6, c = 195; tested and found

Freauency —* FIG. 4.—Dielectric constant (e) of ice: Variation with frequency (v) and temperature (t) ( 36 ). Unit of v = 1 kilocycle/sec; of e = 1 cgse; t = 0C.

constant for (O p 175); (0° t 70°) (», 19, 49, 51, 75, 92, 94, 104, 126, 127, 135, 139) • at very low temperatures, c is a few per cent greater than 195; at -185.50C, c - 1 = 0.001890/p. v = frequency, cycle/sec. Unit of e = 1 cgse; of p = 1 atm.; of t = I0C. Gaseous, p = 1 || Liquid, p = 1 t e I Lit. Il t I e I v Lit. O 1.000585 -1851.432 (?) (103) -185.5 1.00189 (1Q6) -1852.28 7.5 X IQ 9 ( 88 ) TABLE 4.—DIELECTRIC CONSTANT (e) OF H2O; STEAM, WATER, AND ICE

e decreases as v increases (see Fig. 3); another ( 79 ), from measurements of refraction, concludes that the reverse is true. At 16.30C, v = 6 X 107 (7 p 200), 6 = 81.5 + 0.0046p (39). Ice, at -50C (107 v 109), e = -0.08 + 0.34 logic v (58). For variation with v and t, see Fig. 4. Other determinations are tabulated below. «*.»

< v

= 5 0 (!29)

- 2 - 10 - 18 -182

94 95.2 96.5 3

v = 120* (27, 45)

Unit of e = 1 cgse unit, of p = 1 atmosphere, of v = 1 cycle/sec; of t = I0C. Steam, p = 1, (140° t 150°): e = 1.00786 - 0.00016 (t - 140°) (5). If (O p' 40) (40° * 165°), c = l + [9.3 - 0.026(* - 40)]p' X 10~6, where unit of p' = 1 mm of Hg (152). Water, p = 1, (0° / 100°) (O v 108): e = 80 - 0.4 (t - 20°), (18, 23, 24, 28, 50, 65, 69, 73, 74, 86, 90, 91, 105, 107, 109, 110,

121,

122, 128,131, 133,150). For v > iQ8? the value of e is uncertain; two observers ( 25 » l n ), using standing waves along wires, find

-20 - 30 - 40 - 50 - 60 -70

59.5 59.0 58.5 56.0 49.5 41.5

Il

t

I

ci, y

v = 120*(27, 45)

- 80 - 90 -100 -110

31.5 20.2 14.5 8.6

_120

6.1

-130 -140 -150 -165 -185 -185

4.7 3.5 2.7 2.43 2.43 2.83

[I

t

I

e t ,v

„ = 320 (28)

- 7 51 - 47 3.6 Audio O) - 80 | 3.8 v = 5 X 106 (2)

O to -24 | 3.8 v = 107 (isi) - 2 3.4 - 5 2.3f - 5 2.8 * = 10s (U) -190 I 1.8

* Condenser charged and discharged by commutator, 120 charges per sec; see also Fig. 5. f From (58).

TABLE 5.—EFFECT OF ILLUMINATION UPON DIELECTRIC CONSTANT (56)

For a phosphorescent ZnS containing a trace of Cu, ei — u — Bcrf(l — e~*J), where ei, ed = dielectric constant in the light, in the dark, and J = irradiation of the material. B and a vary with the wave-length (X) of the light. For room temperature and v = 3 X 106 cycle/sec, the following values were found. Unit of X = IniM = 10 A; of / = IQ"12 watt cm"2. A 313 365 405 435

B a

0.006 13.2

0.035 9_1

0.042 5.0

0.033 12 A

TABLE 6.—RELATIVE DIELECTRIC STRENGTHS OF PURE INORGANIC GASES AT 250C AND 1 ATMOSPHERE (6, 13, 64, 70, 76, 85, 97, 120, 132, 147, 149)

For other pressures, v. (61, 62, 97, 141, 147) or use Paschen's law (v. Table 7). Values are not affected by the electrode material except in the case of gases of low ionization potential at low pressure, but are affected by the condition of the electrode surface (32, 154), por a mixture of two gases which do not react chemically ( 64 > 70 ) (pi + pz)V — piVi + PzVz where pi and p2 are the partial pressures of the two constituents of the mixture, and Fi and Vz are the sparking potentials for the pure constituents at 250C and 1 atmosphere. The presence of an ionizing radiation does not appreciably lower the electric strength of a gas, but makes the individual observations more concordant by eliminating the variable, temporary excess in voltage, which otherwise occurs ( 64 > 89 > 141 > 158 ). For bibliography and discussion of data pertaining to the electrical breakdown of gases, see (120, 156), V/ Va = potential difference at which spark passes in gas divided by potential difference at which spark passes in air, the temperature (250C), pressure ( = 1 atm), terminals, and gaplength being the same for each. Accuracy, ca. 10%. __ Gas Cl H N O SO2H2SNH3CO2 V/Va 0.850.651.150.850.300.901.000.95

and for D.C. potential the degree of polish is much less important. Considerable deviation in successive breakdown values may occur if the sparking surfaces are not properly cleaned (154, 158). The diameter of the shanks supporting the spheres should not exceed 0.2 the diameter of the spheres, and if they pass through metal collars, the collars should be small and not closer to the gap than the length (I) of the latter. Each sphere should be at least 21 distant from all surrounding materials other than air. For other temperatures and pressures, multiply the tabular values of V by the factor f (or, less accurately, by c); c = 298p/ (273 + OAn, f = Vc(VeT -f d)/Vr + 5, where r = radius of the electrode, 5 = 0.54 cm, p = pressure, An = pressure of one normal atmosphere. Paschen's law ( 147 ), V is a function of (dl), holds throughout the range within which air is essentially an ideal gas (61); cf. (20, 21, 35, 60, 64, 141). Values of V are independent of the humidity of the air and of the electrode material (32, 98, 99, 124, 144)^ d = density, D = diameter of spheres, G = one sphere grounded, connected to earth, 7 = both spheres insulated from earth, I = shortest distance between surfaces of spheres, u = greatest uncertainty in the data, it is probably several times greater than actual error, Vm = maximum value of A.C. voltage. Unit of D and of I = 1 cm; of Vm — 1 kilo volt = 1011 cgsm unit = 3.335 cgse unit. D I

0.25 I 0.50 I ~~

0.01 .02 .03 .05 .08 .10 .15 .20 .30 .40 .50 .60 .80 1.00 1.20 1.40 1.60

1 ~ 0 £ > I T o

1.08 1.59 2.06 2.92 4.00 4.73 6.60 8.34 11.3 13,7 15.8 17.4 19.2 20.5 21.7 22.5

1.01 1.51 2.00 2.83 3.92 4.67 6.54 8.26 11.4 14.5 17.3 19.8 23.9 26.9

Lit.

97) (66,

97)

5.0 .

I

FIG. 5.—Dielectric constant (e) of ice: Variation with temperature, v is constant at 120 charges (and discharges) per second ( 27 » 45 ). TABLE 7.—DIELECTRIC STRENGTH OF Am: SPHERICAL ELECTRODES, 250C AND 1 ATMOSPHERE The tabulated data apply to gaps having the following characteristics: The electrodes are two spheres of the same diameter; variations in diameter should not exceed 0.1% and the curvature should nowhere differ from that of a true sphere by more than 1 %. The spheres must be highly polished if the frequency of the emf is very high (e.g., 40 000 cycle per sec); at commercial frequencies

0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0

17.1 20.2 26.3 32.0 37.6 42.8 47.9 52.8 57.4 68.3 77.7 86.1 93.4 100.6 106.0 116.4 126.0 134

\

I

G

17.1 20.2 26.2 31.8 37.2 42.3 47.0 51.7 55.8 65.0 72.0 77.4 81.0 84.2 86.5 88.8 90.0 90.4

\

| 3.0 | 4.0

18.3 21.4 27.2 32.8 38.3 43.3 48.3 53.1 57.4 66.5 72.9 78.0 82.4 86.0 89.5

4.50 7.80 8.4 11.0 11.4 13.8 14.4 17.4 20.2 25.4 30.0 37.8 34.2 43.5 49.0 54.0 58.8 69.3 78.0 84.7 90.4 92.7

One sphere grounded

52.4 5%

in all cases 7% 7 % 10 %

8

Lit. I

10.0 . . I \ 4.46 7.64 10.6 13.4 16.3 19.5 25.2 30.8 36.4 41.7 47.0 52.6 57.6 70.0 80.9 93.4 104.5 114.7 125.0 143.5 159.5 173.4

51.2

8.0 u

(48,66, 97, 137)

D

4.62 7.84 10.9 13.9 16.9 19.7 24.9 29.5 33.4 36.8 39.7 41.8 43.6 45.8 46.5 48.3 49.2 50.0 50.5

6.0

in all cases 5% I 5% 5% (66,

2~~5 Vm

0.86 0.10 1.49 .20 1.94 .30 2.78 .40 3.92 .50 4.67 .60 6.42 .80 8.08 1.0 11.3 1.2 14.4 1.4 17.4 1.6 20.4 1.8 25.7 2.0 29.8 2.5 34.7 3.0 38.3 I 3.5 41.5 4.0 4.5 5.0

One sphere grounded

u

I

I

Vm

(* » 77,

(66,97)

(6)

(48)

89, 137, 1 5 6 )

_I

12.5

G \ I \ 4.46 7.64 10.6 10.8 13.4 14.0 16.3 17.0 19.1 19.9 24.6 25.5 29.8 31.1 35.1 36.5 40.2 41.9 45.3 47.2 50.2 52.6 58.0 70.7 83.1 95.2 106.8 117.8 128.5 147.2 167 184

I 15.0 | 20.0

G

10.8 14.0 17.0 19.9 25.5 31.1 36.5 41.9 47.2 52.6 58.0 70.7 82.8 94.5 105.2 115.6 125.5 143.4 158 171

\

G \ 4.44 7.58 10.62 13.44 16.30 19.07 24.5 29.9 35.1 40.1 45.0 49.9

~G~ 4.39 7.62 10.52 13.44 16.30 19.14 24.6 29.8 34.9 40.0 45.1

TABLE 7.—(Continued) D

5.0

I

10.0

\

G \ I 90.9 186 92 198 93 218 235 * 248 261 270 288 294

' 1

9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 25.0 30.0 35.0 40.0 45.0 Lit.

I 140 145 155 162 168 175 180 194 207 220 233 248

\

G

I 15.0 I 20.6"~ \

G

\

G

u = 5 % in all cases

(3,66,83,89,

(77,136,156)

136, 137, 156)

I

D

I 12.5 v \ I \ G 200 182 213 191 238 208 258 220 274 230 288 239 302 246

25

I

(99,101)

(77,156)

(77)

I^

30

I

50

I

75

Vm

1

0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 25.0 30.0 35.0 40.0 45.0 50.0 60.0 70.0 80.0 90.0

I

\

G

30.9 42.7 59.6 73.5 86.7 99.4 112.0 111.5 124.1 123.7 136.0 135.0 160.8 159.6 181 178 202 198 222 218 241 235 277 268 310 296 341 320 369 342 392 360 443 392 480 417 514 441 548 460

\

I . \ G G 4.36 4.36 7.58 7.58 10.53 10.53 13.44 13.44 16.30 16.30 19.37 19.08 25.1 24.4 30.6 29.6 35.9 34.8 40.9 39.8 46.1 51.1 56.4 56.6 69.2 82.2 84.0 95.2 108.0 110.8 120.6 133.0 137.0 157.8 162.6 181 188 205 212 227 236 247 259 284 305 347 387 425 456

I

\

G

data, it is probably several times greater than actual error, Ve = effective A.C. voltage. Unit of / = 1 cm; of h = 1%; of V, Vf1 Vm = 1 kilovolt = 1011 cgsm unit = 3.335 cgse unit. h O I 57 I 70 I 75 [82.5 A.C. D.C~ / u = 5%, Fe(60 cycle/sec) ' | Vm V 1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 Humidity is not 2 15.8 15.8 15.8 15.8 15.8 stated 3 23.1 23.1 23.1 23.1 23.1 (1°°) (i°0) 4 29.5 29.5 29.5 29.5 29.5 5 34.6 34.6 34.6 34.6 34.6 6 39.4 39.4 39.4 39.4 39.4 5.1 51.0 52.0 7 43.1 43.2 43.3 43.5 43.7 8 46.5 46.7 47.3 47.5 47.8 7.6 62.5 63.0 9 49.5 50.1 51.0 51.3 51.6 10 52.0 53.0 54.3 54.7 55.6 12 56.9 58.4 61.1 61.6 62.1 10.2 76.5 73.5 14 62.2 64.3 67.0 68.0 69.3 12.7 88.3 82.5 16 67.7 70.6 73.6 74.8 76.5 18 73.4 75.9 80.1 81.4 83.4 15.3 98.3 90.5 20 79.4 83.4 86.8 88.4 90.7 25 94.1 99.1103.3 106.0 108.2 A.C. is 60 cycle/sec 30 109.4115.8121.0 123.6126.4 40 140.0148.6153.3 157.0162.1 50 192 75 280 280 1040 LITERATURE

(For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) (i) Abegg, 8, 62: 249; 97. ( 2 ) Abegg, 8, 65: 229; 98. (3) Algermissen, 8, 19 : 1007; 06. ( 4 ) Arons, 8, 53: 95; 94. (5) Badeker, 7, 36: 305; 01. (6) Bailie, 6, 29: 181; 83. ( 7 ) Baumann, Diss., Rostock, 1914. (8) Beaulard, 34, 144: 904; 07. ( 9 ) Bedeau, 34, 174: 380; 22. (10) Bedeau, 34, 175: 147; 22. (U) Behn and Kiebitz, in Boltzmann Festschrift, 1904: 610. Leipzig, Earth. («) Boltzmann, 8, 155: 403; 75. (13) Bouty, 16, 16: 5; 21. ( 14 ) Bramley, 2, 25: 858; 25. ( 15 ) Braunmiihl, 68, 28: 141; 27. ( 16 ) Breit and Onnes, 168, No. 171a. 64P, 27: 617; 24. (*?) Bryan, 8, 22: 399; 23. ( 18 ) Carman, 2, 24: 396; 24. (1*) Carman and Hubbard, 2, 29: 299; 27. (20; Cassuto and Occhialini, 59, 14: 330; 07. ( 2 I) Ceruti, 72, 42: 476; 09. (22) Chubb and Fortescue, 189, 32: 739; 13. (23) Cohn and Zeeman, 64V, 4: 108; 96. (24) Cole, 8, 57: 290; 96. ( 2 S) Colley, 63, 10: 329, 471; 09. (26) Coolidge, 8, 69: 125; 99. (27) Dewar and Fleming, 5, 61: 2, 358; 97. ( 2 ») 502 502 Dewar and Fleming, 5, 62: 250; 98. (29; Drude, 8, 58: 1; 96. 605 605 (30) Drude, 8, 59: 17; 96. (31) Drude, 7, 23: 267; 97. (32) Dubois, 34, 175: 696 696 947; 22. (33) Ebert and Keesom, 6Jf, 29: 1188; 26. (34) Eckert, 88, 15: 784 770 307; 13. (35) Ekern, 116, 18: 392; 04. (36) Errera, 61, 5: 304; 24. (37) 866 835 Eversheim, 8, 8: 539; 02. (38) Eversheim, 8, 13: 492; 04. (39) Falcken936 887 berg, 8, 61: 145; 20. 1000 940 40 ( ) Faraday, Experimental researches in electricity, I. London, Bernard 1120 1030 Quaritch, 1839. (*») Fellinger, 8, 7: 333; 02. (42) Picker, 8, 31: 365; 10. 1225 1105 (43) Fischer, 535, 2: 294; 04. (44) Fleming and Dewar, 5, 60: 358; 97. 1303 (45; Fleming and Dewar, 5, 61: 316; 97. ( 4 «) Fleming and Dyke, 121, 69: u = 5 % except for D = 75.0, for which 7 % 1376 10; 12. (47) Franke, 8, 50: 163; 93. (48) Freyberg, 8, 38: 231; 89. (49) Lit. (22, 99, 101, 156) (136) ( 2 2 » "» (102) Fritts, 2, 21: 198; 23. I I 101,155) I (50) Furth, 63, 25: 676; 24. ( 5 I) Gill, 540, 2: 450; 21. ( 52 ) Goodwin and Thompson, 2, 8: 38; 99. ( 53 ) Graetz and Fornm, 8, 54: 626; 95. ( 54 ) TABLE 8.—DIELECTRIC STRENGTH OF AIR: NEEDLE ELECTRODES, Grimm and Patrick, 1, 45: 2794; 23. ( 5 S) Grutzmacher, 96, 28: 342; 24. 250C AND 1 ATMOSPHERE (48, 99, 100, 101, 102, 136, 141, 157) (56) Gudden and Pohl, 96, 1: 365; 20. (57) Guthrie, 529, 12: 841; 24. (58) Gutton 34» 130: 1119; 00. (59) Gutton, 34, 158: 621; 14. The tabular data apply to gaps having the following character(60) Guye and Guye, 149, 20: 5, 111; 05. («*) Guye and Weigle, 149, 5:19, 85, istics: The electrodes are new sewing needles, No. 00, supported 197; 23. (62) Hammershaimb and Mercier, 149, 3: 356, 488; 21. (63) axially at the ends of linear conductors at least 21 long. There Hasenoehrl, 168, No. 52. 64V, 8: 137; 00. (64) Hayashi, 8, 45: 431; 14. (65) Heerwagen, 8, 49: 272; 93. (66) Heydweiller, 8, 48: 213; 93. ( 6 ?) must be no other material than air nearer than 21 to any portion Heydweiller, 96, 3: 308; 20. (68) Hochheim, 88, 10: 446; 08. (69) Hoiof the gap. Needles must be replaced after each spark. A born, 96, 6: 328; 21. needle-gap is not suitable for the measurement of impulsive or high (70; Hoist and Koopmans, 64P, 20: 1025; 18. (") Isnardi, 96, 9: 153; 22. frequency voltage. (72) Jaeger, 8, 53: 409; 17. (73) Jezewski, 51, 3: 293; 22. (74) Joachim, 8, 60: 570; 19. (75) Klemencic, 75, 91 II: 712; 85. 428, 21: 571; 85. (76) For other temperatures and pressures, multiply the tabular Klemm, 125, 12: 553; 23. (77) Kowalski and Rappel, 3, 18: 699; 09. (7«) values of V by the factor f (or c), v. introduction to Table 7. Kyropoulos, 96, 40: 507, 618; 26. (79) Lampa, 75, 105 IIa: 587, 1049; 96. 80 Values of V vary with humidity, and for D.C. differ from Vm of ( ) von Lang, 75, 105 IIa: 253; 96. ( 81 ) Lenert, 88, 12: 1051; 10. ( 82 ) Linde, A.C., h = relative humidity, u = greatest uncertainty in the 8, 56: 546; 95. ( 83 ) Lohmann, 8, 22: 1008; 07. ( 84 ) Loomis and Schlundt,

60, 19: 734; 15. («5) Macfarlane, 3, 10: 389; 80. ( 86 ) Mazzotto, 88, 5 II: 301; 96. (» 7 ) Merczyng, 8, 34: 1015; 11. («) Merczyng, 8, 37: 157; 12. ( 89 ) Muller, S1 28: 585; 09. (90) Nernst, 7, 14: 622; 94. (*») Niven, 5, 85: 139; 11. ( 92 ) Occhialini, 59, 10: 217; 05. ( 93 ) Occhialini, 59, 7: 108; 14. ( 94 ) Occhialini and Bodareu, 59, 5: 15; 13. ( 9S ) Ortvay, 8, 36: 1; 11. ( 96 ) Palmer and Schhmdt, 50, 15: 381; 11. ( 97 ) Paschen, 8, 37: 69; 89. ( 98 ) Pedersen, 8, 71: 317; 23. (") Peek, 129, 32: 812; 13. (100) Peek, 119, 35: 783; 16. (ioi) Peek, B7. ( 1Q 2) Peek, 107, 78: 1319; 21. (103) Pirani, /);ss., Berlin, 1903. ( 104 ) Pohrt, 8, 42: 569; 13. ( 105 ) Ratz, 7, 19: 94; 96. ( 10 «) Riegger, 8, 59: 753; 19. ( 1Q 7) Rontgen, 8, 52: 593; 94. (108) Rohmann, 8, 34: 979; 11. O 0 9 ) Rosa, 3, 31: 188; 91. (11°) Riickert, S, 55: 151; 18. (Hi) Rukop, 8, 42: 489; 13. (H2) Sauzin, 34, 171: 164; 20. (U 3 ) Schaefer and Schlundt, 50, 13: 669; 09. (U*) Schlundt, 50, 5: 157, 503; 01. (U 5 ) Schlundt, 50, 8: 122; 04. (U*) Schlundt and Schaefer, 50, 16: 253; 12. (»") Schmidt, 8, 11: 114; 03. (H«) Schmidt, 8, 44: 329; 14. (U 9 ) Schumann, 125, 11: 1; 22. (12°) Schumann, Elektrische Durchbruchfeldstdrke von Gasen. Berlin, Springer, 1923. (121) Smale, 8, 57: 215; 96. ( 1 2 2 ) Southworth, 2, 23: 631; 24.

(123) Stoecker, 96, 2: 236; 20. (124) Stoekle, 2, 19: 258; 22. (125) Tangl, 8, 10: 748: 03. 026) Tangl, 8, 23: 559; 07. (12?) Tangl, 8, 26: 59; 08. (128) Teresin, 8, 36: 792; 89. (129) Thomas, 2, 31: 278; 10. (130) Thornton, 3, 19: 390; 10. (131) Thwing, 7, 14: 286; 94., (132) Tits, 327, 31: 144; 07. ( 133 ) Turner, 7, 35: 385; 00. C 1 3 4 ) Verain, 34, 154: 345; 12. (i 35 ) Verain, 16, 1: 255; 14. (136) Villard and Abraham, 34, 153: 1200; 11. (137) Voigt, 8, 12: 385; 03. O 38 ) Vonwiller and Mason, 5, 79: 175; 07. (is 9 ) Waibel, 8, 72: 161; 23. (140) Walden, 7, 46: 182; 03. O 4 I ) Watson, 46, 43: 113; 09. 0 4 2) Watson, 801, 17: 90; 13. 0«) Weichmann, 8, 66: 501; 22. O 4 4 ) Weicker, 98, 55: 554; 11. (i 45 ) Werner and Keesom, 64P, 29: 34; 26. 168, No. 178a. (146) Werner and Keesom, 64P, 29: 306; 26. 168, No. 178c. 168, No. 19Oa. (147) Wolf, 8, 37: 306; 89. O 48 ) Wolfke and Onnes, 64P, 27: 621, 627; 24. 168, No. 171b, 171c. ( 149 ) Wright, 4, 111: 643: 17. (ISO) yule, 8, 50: 742; 93. ( 151 ) Zahn, 8, 24: 400; 24. (is*) Zahn, 8, 27: 329; 26. ( 153 ) Zahn, 2, 27: 455; 26. O 5 4 ) Carroll and Gozzens, 39, 47: 892; 28. (155) Dessauer, 101, 44: 1087; 23. O 5 6 ) Edler, Elektrotechnik und Maschinenbau, 43: 809, 829; 25. O 5 ?) Muller, 125, 13:478; 24. (is8) Reukema, 129, 47: 38; 28.

DIELECTRIC CONSTANT AND DIELECTRIC STRENGTH OF SINGLE CRYSTALS, MIXTURES AND SOLUTIONS, PURE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS, AND MISCELLANEOUS MATERIALS* L. HARTSHORN, C. C. HARRIS, J. A. HEY, T. I. JONES, AND A. G. MILLIGAN CONTENTS Dielectric constant: Standard liquids. Hartshorn. Pure organic gases and vapors. Jones. Mixtures of hydrogen and nitrogen. Harris. Pure organic liquids and solids. Hartshorn and MiIh'gan. Glycerol. Hartshorn. Dispersion and absorption: organic compounds and solutions. Hartshorn. Crystals. Hey. Binary mixtures and solutions. Harris. Solutions of oleates. Harris. Solutions at temperatures below -10O0C. Harris. Colloidal suspensions in water. Harris. Miscellaneous materials. Hartshorn. Variation with pressure: pure organic liquids. Hartshorn. Effect of magnetic field. Hartshorn. Effect of electric field. Hartshorn. Dielectric strength: pure organic liquids. Hartshorn. * Industrial materials (Vol. II) are excluded from this section; for CS2, v. p. 75.

MATIERES Constante dielectrique: Liquides etalons. Hartshorn Gaz et vapeurs organiques purs. Jones. Melanges d'hydrogene et d'azote. Harris. Liquides et solides organiques purs. Hartshorn et Milligan. Glycerine. Hartshorn. Dispersion et absorption: composes et solutions organiques. Hartshorn. Cristaux. Melanges tions. Solutions

INHALTSVEBZEICHNIS Dielektrizitatskonstante: Normalfliissigkeiten. Hartshorn. Reine organische Gase und Dampfe. Jones. Mischungen von Wasserstoff und Stickstoff. Harris. Reine organische Fliissigkeiten und feste Stoffe. Hartshorn und Milligan. Glycerin. Hartshorn. Dispersion und Absorption: organische Verbindungen undLosungen. Hartshorn.

Hey. binaires et soluHarris. d'oleates. Harris.

Kristalle. Hey. Binare Mischungen und Losungen. Harris. Oleat-Losungen. Harris.

Solutions a des temperatures inf erieures a — 10O0C. Harris. Suspensions colloidales dans 1'eau. Harris. Matieres diverses. Hartshorn. Variation avec Ia pression: liquides organiques purs. Hartshorn. Effet du champ magnetique. Hartshorn. Effet du champ electrique. Hartshorn. Cohesion dielectrique: liquides organiques purs. Hartshorn.

Losungen bei Temperaturen unterhalb -10O0C. Harris. Kolloidale Suspensionen in Wasser. Harris. Verschiedene Materialien. Hartshorn. Xnderung mit dem Druck: reine organische Fliissigkeiten. Hartshorn. Einfluss des magnetischen Feldes. Hartshorn. Einfluss des elektrischen Feldes. Hartshorn. Dielektrische Festigkeit: reine organische Fltissigkeiten. Hartshorn.

* Les mati£res industrielles (Vol. II) sont exclues de cette section; pour CS2, v. p. 75.

* Technische Materialien (Bd. II) sind in diesem Abschnitt nicht enthalten; fur CS2, siehe S. 75.

INDICE PAGS Costante dielettrica: L i q u i d i campione. .82 Hartshorn Gas e vapori organici 82 puri. Jones Miscele di idrogeno e azoto. Harris 83 Liquidi e solidi organici puri. Hartshorn e Milligan 83 Glicerina,. Hartshorn.. 97 Dispersione e assorbimento: composti e soluzioni organici. 97 Hartshorn Cristalli. Hey 98 Miscele binarie e soluzioni. Harris 100 Soluzioni di oleati. 104 Harris Soluzioni a temperature inferior! a — 10O0C. Harris 104 Sospensioni colloidali in acqua. Harris 105 Materiali varii. Hartshorn 105 Variazione con Ia pressione: liquidi organici puri; Hartshorn 105 Effetto di un campo magnetico. Hartshorn 105 Effetto di un campo elettrico. Hartshorn. 106 Rigidita dielettrica: liquidi organici puri. Hartshorn 106 *I materiali industrial! (Vol. II) non sono compresi; per CS2, v, p. 75.

60, 19: 734; 15. («5) Macfarlane, 3, 10: 389; 80. ( 86 ) Mazzotto, 88, 5 II: 301; 96. (» 7 ) Merczyng, 8, 34: 1015; 11. («) Merczyng, 8, 37: 157; 12. ( 89 ) Muller, S1 28: 585; 09. (90) Nernst, 7, 14: 622; 94. (*») Niven, 5, 85: 139; 11. ( 92 ) Occhialini, 59, 10: 217; 05. ( 93 ) Occhialini, 59, 7: 108; 14. ( 94 ) Occhialini and Bodareu, 59, 5: 15; 13. ( 9S ) Ortvay, 8, 36: 1; 11. ( 96 ) Palmer and Schhmdt, 50, 15: 381; 11. ( 97 ) Paschen, 8, 37: 69; 89. ( 98 ) Pedersen, 8, 71: 317; 23. (") Peek, 129, 32: 812; 13. (100) Peek, 119, 35: 783; 16. (ioi) Peek, B7. ( 1Q 2) Peek, 107, 78: 1319; 21. (103) Pirani, /);ss., Berlin, 1903. ( 104 ) Pohrt, 8, 42: 569; 13. ( 105 ) Ratz, 7, 19: 94; 96. ( 10 «) Riegger, 8, 59: 753; 19. ( 1Q 7) Rontgen, 8, 52: 593; 94. (108) Rohmann, 8, 34: 979; 11. O 0 9 ) Rosa, 3, 31: 188; 91. (11°) Riickert, S, 55: 151; 18. (Hi) Rukop, 8, 42: 489; 13. (H2) Sauzin, 34, 171: 164; 20. (U 3 ) Schaefer and Schlundt, 50, 13: 669; 09. (U*) Schlundt, 50, 5: 157, 503; 01. (U 5 ) Schlundt, 50, 8: 122; 04. (U*) Schlundt and Schaefer, 50, 16: 253; 12. (»") Schmidt, 8, 11: 114; 03. (H«) Schmidt, 8, 44: 329; 14. (U 9 ) Schumann, 125, 11: 1; 22. (12°) Schumann, Elektrische Durchbruchfeldstdrke von Gasen. Berlin, Springer, 1923. (121) Smale, 8, 57: 215; 96. ( 1 2 2 ) Southworth, 2, 23: 631; 24.

(123) Stoecker, 96, 2: 236; 20. (124) Stoekle, 2, 19: 258; 22. (125) Tangl, 8, 10: 748: 03. 026) Tangl, 8, 23: 559; 07. (12?) Tangl, 8, 26: 59; 08. (128) Teresin, 8, 36: 792; 89. (129) Thomas, 2, 31: 278; 10. (130) Thornton, 3, 19: 390; 10. (131) Thwing, 7, 14: 286; 94., (132) Tits, 327, 31: 144; 07. ( 133 ) Turner, 7, 35: 385; 00. C 1 3 4 ) Verain, 34, 154: 345; 12. (i 35 ) Verain, 16, 1: 255; 14. (136) Villard and Abraham, 34, 153: 1200; 11. (137) Voigt, 8, 12: 385; 03. O 38 ) Vonwiller and Mason, 5, 79: 175; 07. (is 9 ) Waibel, 8, 72: 161; 23. (140) Walden, 7, 46: 182; 03. O 4 I ) Watson, 46, 43: 113; 09. 0 4 2) Watson, 801, 17: 90; 13. 0«) Weichmann, 8, 66: 501; 22. O 4 4 ) Weicker, 98, 55: 554; 11. (i 45 ) Werner and Keesom, 64P, 29: 34; 26. 168, No. 178a. (146) Werner and Keesom, 64P, 29: 306; 26. 168, No. 178c. 168, No. 19Oa. (147) Wolf, 8, 37: 306; 89. O 48 ) Wolfke and Onnes, 64P, 27: 621, 627; 24. 168, No. 171b, 171c. ( 149 ) Wright, 4, 111: 643: 17. (ISO) yule, 8, 50: 742; 93. ( 151 ) Zahn, 8, 24: 400; 24. (is*) Zahn, 8, 27: 329; 26. ( 153 ) Zahn, 2, 27: 455; 26. O 5 4 ) Carroll and Gozzens, 39, 47: 892; 28. (155) Dessauer, 101, 44: 1087; 23. O 5 6 ) Edler, Elektrotechnik und Maschinenbau, 43: 809, 829; 25. O 5 ?) Muller, 125, 13:478; 24. (is8) Reukema, 129, 47: 38; 28.

DIELECTRIC CONSTANT AND DIELECTRIC STRENGTH OF SINGLE CRYSTALS, MIXTURES AND SOLUTIONS, PURE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS, AND MISCELLANEOUS MATERIALS* L. HARTSHORN, C. C. HARRIS, J. A. HEY, T. I. JONES, AND A. G. MILLIGAN CONTENTS Dielectric constant: Standard liquids. Hartshorn. Pure organic gases and vapors. Jones. Mixtures of hydrogen and nitrogen. Harris. Pure organic liquids and solids. Hartshorn and MiIh'gan. Glycerol. Hartshorn. Dispersion and absorption: organic compounds and solutions. Hartshorn. Crystals. Hey. Binary mixtures and solutions. Harris. Solutions of oleates. Harris. Solutions at temperatures below -10O0C. Harris. Colloidal suspensions in water. Harris. Miscellaneous materials. Hartshorn. Variation with pressure: pure organic liquids. Hartshorn. Effect of magnetic field. Hartshorn. Effect of electric field. Hartshorn. Dielectric strength: pure organic liquids. Hartshorn. * Industrial materials (Vol. II) are excluded from this section; for CS2, v. p. 75.

MATIERES Constante dielectrique: Liquides etalons. Hartshorn Gaz et vapeurs organiques purs. Jones. Melanges d'hydrogene et d'azote. Harris. Liquides et solides organiques purs. Hartshorn et Milligan. Glycerine. Hartshorn. Dispersion et absorption: composes et solutions organiques. Hartshorn. Cristaux. Melanges tions. Solutions

INHALTSVEBZEICHNIS Dielektrizitatskonstante: Normalfliissigkeiten. Hartshorn. Reine organische Gase und Dampfe. Jones. Mischungen von Wasserstoff und Stickstoff. Harris. Reine organische Fliissigkeiten und feste Stoffe. Hartshorn und Milligan. Glycerin. Hartshorn. Dispersion und Absorption: organische Verbindungen undLosungen. Hartshorn.

Hey. binaires et soluHarris. d'oleates. Harris.

Kristalle. Hey. Binare Mischungen und Losungen. Harris. Oleat-Losungen. Harris.

Solutions a des temperatures inf erieures a — 10O0C. Harris. Suspensions colloidales dans 1'eau. Harris. Matieres diverses. Hartshorn. Variation avec Ia pression: liquides organiques purs. Hartshorn. Effet du champ magnetique. Hartshorn. Effet du champ electrique. Hartshorn. Cohesion dielectrique: liquides organiques purs. Hartshorn.

Losungen bei Temperaturen unterhalb -10O0C. Harris. Kolloidale Suspensionen in Wasser. Harris. Verschiedene Materialien. Hartshorn. Xnderung mit dem Druck: reine organische Fliissigkeiten. Hartshorn. Einfluss des magnetischen Feldes. Hartshorn. Einfluss des elektrischen Feldes. Hartshorn. Dielektrische Festigkeit: reine organische Fltissigkeiten. Hartshorn.

* Les mati£res industrielles (Vol. II) sont exclues de cette section; pour CS2, v. p. 75.

* Technische Materialien (Bd. II) sind in diesem Abschnitt nicht enthalten; fur CS2, siehe S. 75.

INDICE PAGS Costante dielettrica: L i q u i d i campione. .82 Hartshorn Gas e vapori organici 82 puri. Jones Miscele di idrogeno e azoto. Harris 83 Liquidi e solidi organici puri. Hartshorn e Milligan 83 Glicerina,. Hartshorn.. 97 Dispersione e assorbimento: composti e soluzioni organici. 97 Hartshorn Cristalli. Hey 98 Miscele binarie e soluzioni. Harris 100 Soluzioni di oleati. 104 Harris Soluzioni a temperature inferior! a — 10O0C. Harris 104 Sospensioni colloidali in acqua. Harris 105 Materiali varii. Hartshorn 105 Variazione con Ia pressione: liquidi organici puri; Hartshorn 105 Effetto di un campo magnetico. Hartshorn 105 Effetto di un campo elettrico. Hartshorn. 106 Rigidita dielettrica: liquidi organici puri. Hartshorn 106 *I materiali industrial! (Vol. II) non sono compresi; per CS2, v, p. 75.

SYMBOLS In addition to the symbols and abbreviations denned in Vol. I, p 16, and those defined where used, the following symbols will be used throughout this section: Audio Indicates that the frequency of the field employed in determination of e lies within the range of audition. k' Index of absorption; see Vol. I, p. 34, "Absorption." « Dielectric constant. v Frequency, dt 100 (de/dt) at temperature t. (10 t 45) For values of t lying between 10 and 450C. 3; 8 For the range 3 to 8. 6.7e ± 4 6.76 ± 0.04. 67e ± 0.1 6.7e ± O.lo. TABLE 1.—STANDARD LIQUIDS The substances included in this table are suitable for calibrating apparatus used for measuring dielectric constants. Values given for de/dt are suitable for use over range of frequency indicated, and over ordinary range of temperature, say from O to 3O0C; for more extreme temperatures, see Table 4. Frequency, v = A X 10*. Unit of € = 1 cgse unit; of de/dt = 1 cgse unit per I 0 C; of v( = A X 10n) = 1 cycle/sec.

"•' C6H6

Benzene

d /at

'

2.283 -O.OOlg

Range

l^MT^

±0.002

177,183)

4.335 -0.019 ±0.005

0 0 4 8 (42,49,86, 87 136 » » 177, 183)

C 6 H 5 NH 2 (CHs)2CO

Changes with time are liable to occur Aniline 7.21 -0.025 0 0 4 8 (»5, 133, 183 ±0.05 ) Not very good. Impurities produce great effect Acetone 21.3 - 0 . 0 9 6 ± 2 0 0 4 8 ( 3 4 , 4 9 , 7 5 , 95 189 ±0.1 » » 191)

Dispersion bands in range 4.3 X 10» to 4.6 X 10» (34) C 6 H 4 CH 3 NO 2 o-Nitrotoluene.. 27.42 -0.15 Audio ( 183 )

±0.1 C 6 H 5 NO 2

e

M l

Value not known accurately at higher frequencies Nitrobenzene... 35.7 -0.18 0 0 1 6 (»2,183, ±0.3 *91) '

TABLE 2.—DIELECTRIC CONSTANT (e) OF PURE ORGANIC GASES AND VAPORS: PRESSURE OF 1 NORMAL ATMOSPHERE; e — 1 + A X 10~3

CCl4

(T-Table. The (T-Arrangement; v. Vol. Ill, p. viii I I A \t, 0 C I Lit. Carbon tetrachloride.... 3.o 110 (i«)

CHCl3 CH2Cl2

Chloroform

6.1

2.7

110

4.2

120

3.8

10

CH3Br CH3Cl

Methylene chloride.... 6.5 6.0 Methyl bromide 6.8 Methyl chloride 6.9

CH3I CH 3 NO 2 CH4

Methyl iodide Nitromethane Methane

6.4

6.3 24.7 0.94*

(160.1)

3.8 100 1.34* O 8.1 20 21.7 20 26.4 100 1.44±i O

C2H4O C2H4O2 C2H5Br

21.3 7.3 14.6

100

13.9

C2H5Cl

Ethyl chloride

C2H5I

Ethyl iodide

C 2 H 5 NO 2 Nitroethane C2H6 Ethane C2H6O Ethyl alcohol

(160.1)

148.1) 0.89 1.01

O O

C2H6O

Methyl ether

C2H7N C2H7N C3H5Br C3H5Cl C3H5Cl C3H5N C3H6O

Dimethylamine Ethylamine 3-Bromopropylene 2-Chloropropylene 3-Chloropropylene Propionitrile Acetone.

C3H6O2 C3H6O2 C3H7Br . C3H7Cl

Ethyl formate Methyl acetate n-Propyl bromide Isopropyl chloride

C3H7Cl

n-Propyl chloride

C3H7N C3H9N C4H8

Allylamine n-Propylamine Butylene

~

C4H9Cl C 4 Hi 0 O

n-Butyl chloride Ethyl ether

C 4 HnN C 6 Hi 0 C5Hi0 C5Hi0O2 C 5 Hi 2 C 5 Hi 2 C6H6 C 6 Hi 5 N C7H8 C7H16

Diethylamine 0-Amylene 2-Methyl-2-butene Ethyl propionate n-Pentane Isopropylethane Benzene Triethylamine Toluene n-Heptane

(10)

100 (142) 100 (142) O (21.1,107, (142) (160.1)

(10,97,113)

(i 42) (173.1) (142) (142) (142) (107,142, 173.1)

Acetaldehyde Methyl formate Ethyl bromide

(160.1)

100 (10) 100 (160.1) 100 (H2) 100 (142)

100

CH5N Methylamine C2H2 Acetylene. C2H3Br Vinyl bromide C2H3ClO Acetyl chloride C2H3N Acetonitrile C2H4 Ethylene

183,188)

Probably best. Colley ( ) found dispersion in range 5.5 X 10* to 6 X 10», and observed that in this range value found for « varied greatly with the decrement; see Fig. 1. CeH 4 (CHs) 2 w-Xylene 2.374 -0.0019 5 2 4 8 (42,87,147, Ethyl ether

CH4O

TABLE 2.— (Continued) I A 11, 0 C I Lit. Methyl alcohol 5.7 100 (142)

5 2 5 8 (34,75,77,

±0.002 34

(C 2 Hi) 2 O

I

8.9 14.7 13.2 8.5 14. o 8.9 28. i 1.5o* 6.5 6.9 6.1 7.4

20 (i 42) 100 ("3) 15.5 (i° 7 ) 20

(142)

100 (142) 15.5 (i07) 20 (142) 100 (142) 20 (i 42) 100 (142) 100 (142) O (173.1) 100 (i O) 100 (113) 100 (142) O (i°)

4.1

100

(142)

3.3 4.3 12.9 10.2 12.8 28.3 25.9 15.9 8.3 7.7 9.8 15.2 9.8 14.3 9.3 4.2 5.0 3.19 2.9i

100 100 20 20 20 100 20 100 100 100 100 20 100 20 100 100 100 O 21

(i 42) (142) (142) (142) (i 42) (i 42) (142) (142) (i 13) (i 13j (142) (i 42) (142) (i 42) (142) (142) (i 42) (173.1) (173.1)

2.22 1.74

100 193

(173.1) (173.1)

10. i 7.0 4.9 5.2 3.8 2.8 2.8 14. o 2.5 2.6 2.8 4.2 4.3 3.5

100 (142) 16.5 O 0 7 ) 100 (H3) 100 (10) 100 (142) 100 (142) 100 O 4 2 ) 120 ("3) 100 (142) 100 (i 42) 100 (10,113,142) 100 (142) 126 (i 13 ) 100 (142)

* (e — 1) is proportional to p/T, p = pressure, T = absolute temperature.

TABLE 3.—DIELECTRIC CONSTANT (e) OF MIXTURES OF HYDROGEN AND NITROGEN ( 178 > 179) Audio frequency; 2O0C; Pn2? ^0N2 = partial pressures of the H 2 , N 2 ; P = total pressure of the mixture. Unit of P, Pn2, Pn2 = 1 atmosphere; of e = 1 cgse unit. I ^H2

P

1.0 1.0 1.0 20.4 20.7 20.8

I PN2

0.7 0.6 0.4 14.2 7.4 13.1

0.3 0.4 0.6 6.2 13.3 7.7

I

[I

€

1.0003 1.0004 1.0004 1.0069 1.0092 1.0074

P

I

P H2

39.0 14.0 39.3 24.8 39.8 27.6 55.9 38.8 58.5 21.0 60.3 38.0

I PN2

I

«

24.8 14.3 11.9 16.6 36.9 21.7

I 3.8s 3.46 3.0s

~

1.0172 1.0138 .0133 .0186 .0255 1.0211

TABLE 4.—DIELECTRIC CONSTANT (e) OF PURE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS, AND ITS VARIATION WITH TEMPERATURE (t) AND FREQUENCY (v): LIQUIDS AND SOLIDS All values of e have been reduced to a basis which accords with the values given for the standard liquids in Table 1. For symbols, see p. 82; also, B. P. = boiling point, crit. = critical temperature, M. P. = melting point, vp = liquid is under pressure of its saturated vapor, v = A X 10n. Unit of e = 1 cgse unit; of v — 1 cycle/sec; of t = I0C. (L-Table. The (L-Arrangement; v. Vol. Ill, p viii Immediately after oleic acid are data for a few oleates. Some metallic organic compounds are also given in the table. e I t \ A \ n \ Lit. CCl4, Carbon tetrachloride 2.24* 20 1 3; 8 (77,80,99,

4.95+0.1

76.7 B. P. Audio (76) CN4O8, Tetranitromethane 20 Audio (191) 5 Audio ( 1 ^) 20 4 I 8 ( 189 ) CKN, Hydrocyanic acid + 21 3.6 8 (163) - 25 3.6 8 (i«2) - 70 3.6 8 (162) CHBr3, Bromoform; M. P. = 7.5° 20 Audio (28,183)

2.13 2.15 <2.2 95+4Z 2.4s 3.05« 4.5i±5 4.65±5

8

(28)

4.4s±0.1 2 0 4 8 (41,49) 4.7s 25 1 6 (161.2) CHCl3, Chloroform; M. P. = -63.2° 5.05±sf 20 Audio (28,42,77, 116, 133, 136, 183)

2.76 3,Io

-186 - 80

(87) (87)

3.12

- 70

(87)

7.03

- 60

(87)

6.47

- 40

(87)

6.65

- 40

(77)

5.95

-

6.Oo

- 20

20

(17, 87)

(77)

5.48

O

(17,87,145)

5.49

O

(77)

5.05+0.1

+

20

(28, 42, 116, 133, 136,

4.70

40

(87,145,

4.37

60

(76,87,145,

183)

177) 1?

7)

* dt = -0.14

(20 t 60) (77).

f d,0 = -1.85 (2g» 87, 127).

20

1

6

4.9s 4.9s ±0.1

20 6.7 7 20 4 8 CH2l2, Methylene iodide 5.5+0.1 19 Audio 5.1 21 5 I 8 CH2O2, Formic acid; M. P. = 8.4° 62.0 15 2.5 7 2.4i ,-187 2.66 -182 2.7o -137 3.6s -118 4.80

19.os* 58.5f 47.9 7.1+0.1 6.4s

>84

183)

2.1o

TABLE 4.—Continued) j t \~~A \~~n I Lit CHCU.—(Continued] 100 (177) 140 (177) 180 (i ? 7 )

39.4+2 45.2 27.75+0.1

-112

20

(193.1) (49,99) (1*3) (41)

(181) (38) (38) (38) (38) (38)

+ 2 4 8 16 4 8 18.5 5 8 CH3I, Methyl iodide 20 Audio 42.35 B. P. Audio CH3NO, Formamide I 20 I 4 I 8 CH3NO2, Nitromethane 20 Audio O Audio 101 B. P. Audio

38.9±8

(87,95)

4

I

8

(49) (49) (41) («3) (76)

I (189) (191) (191) (76) (164,189)

CH3NO3, Methyl nitrate 23.9±5 I 18 I 3.6 I 8 I (164) CH4N2O, Urea 3.5 + 2 I 22 14 I 8 I (174) CH4O, Methyl alcohol; M. P. = -95° (see also Table 6) 33.7+Lot 20 1 2; 6 ( 2 , 6 4 , 9 5 , 110, 180)

3.2s

-185

3.55

-170

4.0

-160

5.05

-110 - 80 - 50 - 20 O

33.7+1.0

+

<10.5 2.3? 2.4e 2.57 + sZ

(38)

(38)

-140

66.8 56.6 48.5 41.8 37.5 33.1 ±0.5 12.4 25 10.8 7.9

(38)

20

(38)

(2) (2) (2) (2) (2) -

20 4 17 5 17 7 17 8 17 17 CH5N, Methylamine I 21 I 3.6 I C2Cl4, Tetrachloroethylene 16 6.7 21 3.6 C 2 N 2 , Cyanogen I 23 I 3.6 I

* k' = 0.17 (49). t ^' = 0.08 (49). $ dao = -18, A = 1; n = 3; 8 ( 2 » 16°).

(2,64,95, 110, 180)

8 9 9 9 9

(44, 4 9 , 190) (53) (125) (53) (53)

8

I (164)

7 (194) 8 (164) 8

| (164)



t I A n I Lit. C2HBr3O, Bromal 21 I 5 8 I (41) C2HCl3, Trichloroethylene I 16 I 6.7 I 7 I (194) C2HCl3O, Chloral; M. P. = -57.5° - 40 (127) - 20 (127) O (127) + 20 (127) 40 (127) 60 (127) 20 1 ca. 6 (127) 15 2.5 7 (181) C2HCl3O2, Trichloroacetic acid I 61 I Audio | (191) C2HCl5, Pentachloroethane 16 6.7 7 (194) 25 1 6 (161.2) C2H2Br2O, Bromoacetyl bromide

e

7.6±2 3.42±3

7.5s 6.54 5.6e 4.94 4.56 4.2s 5.0 5.5 4.55

3.7e 3.6o 12.6±2

I

20

I 4

I

8

3.6?*f 7.5s*t 9.22§ 2.25l| 4.4eH 3.19** 8.8Z 8.2; 7.8Z 8.1s 10.7 7.8s 8.2o 16.5±3

I

15.9 17.0 15.8±3 25.3 ca 21s ca. 20.oZ '

20

I 4

I

8

C2H3ClO, Acetyl chloride 20 Audio O Audio 20 4 8 15 2.5 7 C2H3ClO2, Chloroacetic acid 20 Audio 62 Audio C2H3Cl3O2, Chloral hydrate 65 4 8

35.9±7

3.3±2stt

2 0

4

8

36.2±7

I

I

8

3 7

4

^63, 189)

* Mixtures in which the cis and trans forms were separated as far as possible, t Cis. J Trans. § Cis, pure, B. P. = 60.25°. || Trans, pure, B. P. = 48.35°. 1 Cis, M. P. = -13.8°. ** Trans, M. P. = +72°. tt V = 0.03. U k' = < 0.02.

(54,124, 189)

8

4.865+.015

4.09 4.7o 6.3 C2H4Cl2 10.5 + 3

11.6 10.44 10.13 9.4 9.96 9.3 10.9 9.1

(54,124, 189)

18

(42,91,183)

131.3 B. P. (76) 25 1 6 (161.2) 20 5 8 (41) Ethylene chloride; M. P. = -35.5° 20

1

3; 6

(95,110,183, 187, 191)

O Audio (191) 20 Audio (191) 25 1 I 3 (80.1) 50 Audio (191) 20 6.7 I 7 (193.1) 20 5 I 8 (41) C2H4Cl2, Ethylidene chloride 16 Audio (UO) 18 5 I 8 (41) C2H4O, Acetaldehyde

21.6 + 4

20

4

8

(49,190)

22.2 + 4

10

4

8

(49).

13.9

13.0 17.3 7.14+0.1 7.1 6.4±1*

4.isf

.

+

8.27 9.2s 8.9 2.5e

9.4s

C2H4O, Ethylene oxide I - 1 I Audio C2H4OS, Thioacetic acid 20 4 8 21 3.6 8 C2H4O2, Acetic acid 17 Audio 17 1.3 8 2 0

4

8

|(191)

(189) (54) (91) (44) (41,44,49)

2 4 8 (49) C 2 H 4 O 2 , Methyl formate 20 Audio (191) O Audio (191) +19 4 8 (49) -194 4.7 5 (89) C2H5Br, Ethyl bromide 20 1 3; 6 (80, 183,

(49,174)

42.o 38.8 26.2

4

8

C2H4Br2, Ethylene bromide; M. P. = +10° 4.865+0.015 18 Audio (42,91,183) 2.69 -185 (68) 2.70 -150 (68) 2.77 - 80 (68) 2.94 - 60 (68) 2.97 - 50 (68) 2.9s - 30 (68)

(191) (191) (189) (181)

C 2 H 3 N, Acetonitrile O Audio (191) 20 Audio (76, 191) I 81.6 B. P. Audio (76) 20

4

C2H3NS, Methyl isothiocyanate

I (189)

(49)

2 0

19.7+7

I (189)

(191) (191)

I t \ A \ n \ Lit. C2H3NO, Glycolic nitrile I 20 I 4 I 8 I (189) C2H3NS, Methyl thiocyanate

69±1

C2H2Br4, Tetrabromoethane 20 Audio (191) 2.5 Audio (191) C2H2Cl2, Dichloroethylene 16 6.7 7 (194) 16 6.7 7 (194) ca. 20 4 5 (61-1) ca. 20 4 5 (61-1) C2H2I2, Diiodoethylene 83 4 5 (6i.i) 83 4 5 (61.1) C2H2Cl2O2, Dichloroacetic acid - 10 Audio (191) + 20 Audio (191) 60 Audio (191) Audio (191) 20 5 I 8 (41) C2H2CU, si/ra.-Tetrachloroethane 25 1 6 (161.2) 20 6.7 7 (193.1, 194) C2H3BrO, Acetyl bromide

7.1 8.6

1.3/tt

e

I

191)

10.5 8.81 9.1 + 3 6.29vp 6.06^p 5.6ovp 4.Qsvp * k' = 0.07. t k' = 0.19.

1.4 Audio 38.4 B. P. Audio 18 4 I 8 C2H5Cl, Ethyl chloride 170 Audio 179 Audio 180 Audio 185.5crit. Audio

(191) (76) (49) (62) (62) (62) (62)


TABLE 4.—(Continued) e

191)

2.7s 2.92 21.3

-190 -176 O

19.7

+20

17.2

50

19.7 + 3

20

1.2 2 (38) 1.2 2 (38) Audio (191) Audio

(49,189, 191)

Audio (191) 4

I

€

Lit.

\ A \ n \

t

C2H6ClO, Ethylenechlorohydrin 25.8 24.5 Audio ( 76 ) 13.2 132.0 B. P. Audio ( 76 ) C2H5I, Ethyl iodide 7.4±i 20 Audio (49) 7.4+1 20 4 I 8 (49) C2H5NO, Acetaldoxime 2.9s 22.6 Audio O 9 I) 3.4 20 4 I 8 (41,189) C2H5NO, Acetamide 60.s ±1.OZ 83 M. P. 4 8 (189) 60.4±1.0ZJ 77 4 8 (i 89 ) 4.os 20 4 8 (189) 7.2« 22 4 8 (i 74 ) C2H5NO2, Nitroethane 30.o±6 I 18 I 3.6 I 8 I (164) C 2 H 5 NO 3 , Ethyl nitrate; M. P. = -112° 19.7 20 Audio (49,189,

8

(49,189)

C2HeN2O, Nitrosodimethylamine 54 + 1 I 20 I 4 I 8 I (189) C2H6O, Ethyl alcohol; M. P. = -114° (see also Fig. 2 and Table 6) 25.7±2* 20 Audio (76, 110,133,

16.0+4 47.2±9 ca. 33.4 14.6

7.0 7.4 ll.o±s 6.4

8.2 8.7 7.3 29.8+6 25.7 22.9 21.2 11.3±3

12.9 + 4

183, 191) 3.12S

2.75

55.5 45.1 38.1 32.4 28.9 25.7 + 2

-172

(37)

-120 - 80 - 50 - 20

(2) (2) (2) (2)

O

(145,191)

-f 20

38.4 + 7

40

(145,191)

60

(145,191)

23.2 + 5

20

1

23.9 24.2±7

20 20

6 2.5

7 (64) 7 (181)

+20

4

8

-170

1

2

3.12

(135,124.1)

(49,174,190)

55.0 58.9 47.4±9 6.3 + 2 8.0 6.3 + 2 * d 2 0 = -16

O Audio 20 Audio 50 Audio 20 4 I 8 C2H6O4S, Dimethyl sulfate 20 Audio O Audio 20 4 I 8 C2H6S, Dimethyl sulfide I 20 I 4 I 8 C2H6S, Ethylmercaptan I ca. 20 I 4 I 8 C2H7N, Ethylamine I 21 3.6 I 8 ( 2 » 76, 135, 145, 1 9 1 ) .

35.3 29.6 29.2±5

27.o

(37)

C2H6O2, Glycol

47.0 41.2 35.6 35.2 + 7

31.6 27.7 24.6 27.5±5

22.7

6

6.1

( 7 6 , 1 1 0 , 133, 183, 191)

20.2

22.0 + 4f

7.5

(2)

<-150

(191) (191) (191) (190) (191) (191) (189) |(189)

23.8 19.7 19.7±4

21.0 + 4 *

I (9)

f fc' = Q.21 (49, 1 7 4 , 1 9 0 )

J Supercooled.

I

20

I 4

I

8

I (41,189)

C3H5ClO2, Methyl chloroacetate I 20 I 5 I 8 I (41) C3H5Cl3, 1, 2, 3-Trichloropropane I 21 I 5 I 8 |(4i) C3H5I, Allyl iodide I 19 I 5 I 8 I (41) C3H5N, Propionitrile O Audio (191) 20 Audio (191) 50 Audio (191) 20

4

I

8

(9,163,189)

C3H6NO, Lactonitrile I 20 I 4 I 8 I (189) C3H6NS, Ethyl thiocyanate O Audio (191) 20 Audio (191) 20

3.6

8

(54,124)

20 4 8 (i 89 ) C3H5NS, Ethyl isothiocyanate O Audio (191) 20 Audio (191) 20

4

I

8

(54,124,189)

C0H6Br2, 1, 2-Dibromopropane 4.3s±0.1 I 20 I 5 I 8 I (41) C3H6Br2O, 1, 2-Dibromopropyl alcohol 9.1±2 I 21 I 5 I 8 I (41) C3H6Cl2O, 1, 1-Dichloroisopropyl alcohol 12.0 + 3 I 20 I 5 I 8 I (41) C3H6O, Allyl alcohol 21.6 + 6

I (164)

t I A I ~~n I Lit. C2HgN2, Ethylenediamine I 18 I 3.6 I 8 I (124) C3H2N2, Malonic nitrile I 36 I 3.6 I 8 I ( 54 ) C3H3NO2, Cyanoacetic acid I 4 I Audio | (191) C3H4Cl2O, 1, 1-Dichloroacetone I 20 I 5 I 8 |(4i) C3H5Br, Allyl bromide 19 Audio (191) 1 Audio (191) C3H6BrO2, a-Bromopropionic acid I 20 I 5 I 8 I (41) C3H5Br3, 1, 2, SrTribromopropane I 20 I 5 I 8 I (41) C3H5Cl, Allyl chloride I 20 Audio (191) 1 Audio (191) 20 5 I 8 (41) C3H6ClO, Chloroacetone I 20 I 5 I 8 I (41) C3H5ClO, Epichlorohydrin O Audio (191) 20 Audio (191) 20 5 I 8 (41) C3H5ClO2, Ethyl chloroformate

21

4

8

(41,48,49)

15 2.5 7 (181) C3H6O, Propionaldehyde

18.9 + 4

17

4

8

14.4

15

2.5

7 (181)

*k' = 0.07.

(49)



e

e I t I A I n I Lit. C3H6O, Acetone; M. P. = —94.3°; for dispersion and absorption, see (34) 21.4* + 20 Audio (* 91 ) 2.62 -184 ( 38 ) 2.49 -181 (38) 2.6e -151.5 ( 38 ) 4.6s -129 ( 38 ) 31.0 - 80 C1) 27.9 - 50 O) 26.1 , - 30 ( 75 ) 23.3 ' O ( 75 ) 21.4±1

+ 20

( 3 4 , 4 9 , 75, 95,181, 189, 1 9 1 )

18.7

50

17.6s

56.IsB. P.

21.9 +6

20

(75)

Audio 1

6

(76) (75» 9 5 ,

124.1)

21.3 21.22 3.19 3.2i±6f 9.1 8.4±i 2.4o 7.3±2j

20 2.5 7 20 4 8; 9 C 3 HeO 2 , Propionic acid 19 Audio 17 4 I 8 C3H6O2, Ethyl formate 14 Audio +19 4 8 -192 4.7 5 C3H6O2, Methyl acetate 20 Audio

O 81 ) (34,49,189) (91) (41,49) (110,180) (49) ( 89 ) (no, 119, 180)

7 . 2 +2

20

4

8

C3H6O3, Lactic acid 19 Audio

23 ±1 19.4±2§

19

4

I

8

(49)

019) (49)

C3H7Br, Propyl bromide I 20 I 5 I 8 |(4i) C3H7Cl, Propyl chloride 7.7±2 . I 20 I 5 I 8 (41) C3H7ClO2, 3-Chloro-l, 2-dihydroxypropane 31 20 Audio (i»i) 38.6 O Audio O 91) 15.1 20 5 I 8 (41) C 3 H 7 NO 2 , Urethane 13.8±2Z 60 3.6 8 (164) 3.24+es 23 3.6 8 (164) C3H7NO2, Isopropyl nitrite ca. ll.s I 19 I 3.6 8 | (164) C3H7NO3, Propyl nitrate 14.2±3 I 18 I 3.6 I 8 I (164) C3H8O, n-Propyl alcohol; M. P. = -127° (see also Table 6) 21.8±4|| 20 Audio (2, 76, 110, 7.2±2

180)

2.7ss 47.0 41.0 37.1 32.0 27.1 24.5 *d20 =

<-150 -126 . -100 - 80 - 50 - 20 2

-9.6±2 (1. 48, 75, 191).

1 /c = 0.03.

Jd 2 0 = -6 (»»9).

§ A' = 0.25. U a 2 0 =-13.

(2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2)

21.8 + 4

I

t I A C 3 H 8 O.—(Continued) +

I n

I

Lit. (2, 76, 110, 180)

20

11.8s 19.8

97.19B. P. 20 2.5

12.3 +5 *

20

4

7 8

(76) (isi) (49,160, 174)

26 + 1 19.8 15.7±5

C3H8O, Isopropyl alcohol 20 Audio 15 2.5 7 2 0

4

8

(H9) 0*1) (48,49)

C3H8O2, Methylal 2.7 I 20 I 4 I 8 I 0»9) C3H8O3, Glycerol (see Table 5) C3H9BO3, Trimethyl borate 8.2±2 I 20 4 I 8 O 89 ) C3H9N, Isopropylamine 5.5±i I 20 I 3.6 I 8 I (164) C3H9N, Trimethylamine 2.99+4 I 4 I 3.6 I 8 I (164) C 4 H 2 O 3 , Maleic anhydride 51.0+1.0 I 60 I 4 8 I O 89 ) C 4 H 4 N 2 , Ethylene cyanide 58.3+1.0 58 4 8 O 89 ) 62.4 + 1.2l 60 3.6 8 (164) 66.6+1.3« 23 3.6 8 O 64 ) C4H4S, Thiophene 2.76 + 5 16 Audio 0 8 3) 2.8o 20 3.6 8 (54) 2.6o 50 I 3.6 8 (84) C4H5Cl3O, Butyl chloral lO.o I 18 ] 5 I 8 |(4i) C4H5Cl3O2, Ethyl trichloroacetate 8.4 O Audio (191) 7.8 20 Audio 0»i) 6.7 60 Audio O 91) C 4 H 5 N, Crotonic nitrile 36.1ft ca. 20 4 5 (61.1) 28.if§ ca. 20 4 5 ( 6 Ll) C 4 H 5 NO 2 , Methyl cyanoacetate 29.4+6 I 20 I 4 I 8 I (18») C4H5NS, Allyl isothiocyanate 17.5 + 3 I 18 I 3.6 I 8 I ( 5 4, 124) C4H6Cl2O2, Ethyl dichloroacetate 11.7 O Audio (191) 10.4 20 Audio O 91) C4H6O3, Acetic anhydride 20 Audio O 91) 20.5 22.5 O Audio O 91) 18.3+4 20 4 8 O 89 ) 20.o 20 5 8 (41) C 4 H 6 O 4 , Dimethyl oxalate c a . 9.2? 65 4 8 (49) c a . 3.is 20 4 8 (49) C 4 H 6 O 6 , Tartaric acid 35.9 I 15 I 2.5 I 7 I (isi) C4H7Br, s?/ra.-Dimethylbromoethylene 6.7e|| ca. 20 4 5 (6i.i) 5.3s1[ ca. 20 4 5 (BIA) * k' = 0.4i. f J Il t

CHs, CN, cts, trans isomers. B. P. = 107.7; 108.2°. § B. P. = 121.7; 122.1°. CH3 and Br in trans, B. P. = 93.6; 93.9°. CH3 and Br in cis, B. P. = 85.8; 85.9°.



5.89*f 5.05*J

t \ A \ n \ Lit. C4HyBr, 1-Bromobutylene ca. 20 4 5 (61-1) ca. 20 4 5 (61-1) C4H7BrO2, 1-Bromobutyric acid

7.22 I 20 I 5 I 8 I .(41) C4H7BrO2, 1-Bromoisobutyric acid (supercooled) 9.3/ I <29 I 5 1 8 |(4i) C4H7ClO2, Ethyl chloroacetate 11.6 I 20 I 5 I 8 I (41) C4H7ClO2, Propyl chloroformate 11.2 I 20 I 5 I 8 (41) C4H7N, Butyronitrile; slight absorption 20.7 + 4 I 21 I 3.6 I 5 I (163) C4H7N, Isobutyronitrile; slight absorption 20.s±4 I 24 I 3.6 I 5 I (i 6 ^) C4H8Br2, 2, 3-Dibromobutane 5.7o±0.1 I 20 I 5 I 8 ] (4i) C4H8Br2, Isobutylene bromide 4.05+0.1 I 20 I 5 I 8 [(41) C4H8N2O2, Succinamide 2.9 + 2 I 22 I 4 I 8 I (174) C4H8O, Butyraldehyde 13.4 26 Audio (76) 10.7s 77.OB. P. Audio (76) C4H8O, Methyl ethyl ketone 18.4s ±0.1 23 Audio (76) 14.46 79.6 B. P. Audio (76) 18.4 + 4 15 2.5 7 (i 81 ) 18.1±3 17 4 8 (49) C4H8O2, n-Butyric acid 2.9s±4 16 Audio (91) 2.85±6

2 0

4

8

C4H8O2, Isobutyric acid 16 Audio 20 4 8 20 5 8 C4H8O2, Ethyl acetate 20 Audio

2.6s 2.65 + 5 3.22 6.4+i§

5.47+0.1. 9.10 2.39

6.60 ±0.1 6.65±0.1 8.55±0.1s 9.6s 7.1 6.1s±0.1 4.52 ±0.1

+19

6.3±0.1

11.9±2

I t A I n I Lit. C4H9I, Isobutyl iodide I 20 I 5 I 8 I (41) C4H9I, tert.-Rutyl iodide I 20 5 I 8 I (41) C 4 H 9 NO, Methyl ethyl ketoxime I 20 I 5 I 8 I (41) C4H9NO3, Isobutyl nitrate I

19

I 3.6

I

8

I (164)

8

I (124,

C4Hi0Hg, Mercury diethyl 2.3±2

I

20

I 4

I

C 4 Hi 0 O, n-Butyl alcohol 25 Audio 117.7 B. P. Audio

17.8±2 8.19 7.8±5*

19

4

I

8

<-150 -102 - 95 - 80 - 50 - 20 O

(49)

(48,49)

18.7±4

(2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2)

+20

(2,91,110, 183)

8.0

18

3

8

6.2§

18

4

8

C4Hi0O, sec.-Butyl alcohol 19 Audio

15.5 11.6±2||

19

4

)

8

C4Hi0O, tert.-Butyl alcohol 19 Audio

6.6 + lH

19

4

(

8

(160) (48, 49)

(H9) (48,49)

(H9) (48,49)

C4Hi0O, Ethyl ether; M. P. = -116° 4.335±5**

20

Audio

(76,110, lie,

(89)

(76, 119) (76)

183)

2.7s 30.2 34.2 31.7 27.0 22.8 20.5

11.4

8

189)

C 4 Hi 0 O, Isobutyl alcohol; M. P. = -108° (see also Table 6) 18.7±4f 20 Audio (2,91,110,

(»i) (49) (41)

-193.5 4.7 5 C4H9Br, n-Butyl bromide I 19.8 I 5 I 8 C4H9Br, Isobutyl bromide I 20.7 I 5 I 8 C4H9Br, ter£.-Butyl bromide I 20.4 I 5 I 8 C4H9Cl, Butyl chloride [ I Audio C4H9Cl, Isobutyl chloride I I Audio C4H9I, w-Butyl iodide 25 Audio 129.9 B. P. Audio

* Cis, trans isomers. JB. P. = 86.0; 86.2°.

4

5.8±0.1

3.4

I (41) I (41) I (41) [(119) (H9) | (76) | (76)

t B. P. = 94.6; 94.8°. § 620 = -1.5.

(17,42,63, 133,

136,

139,

177,

183)

180)

77.15B. P. Audio (76) +20 4 8 (49) -194 4.7 5 («9) C4H8O2, Methyl propionate I 19 I 5 I 8 I (41) C4H8O2, Propyl formate 1 23 Audio (H<>)

7.9±2

.

(41,49)

119,

5.3o 6.0+1 2.4s

e

I

1.65o 2.3 1.65s 3.7 1.752 2.1Oo 3.75o 7.51 8.95 8.14s 7.05 6.33 6.1o 5.72 5.53 5.1s 5.0s 4.68s 4.6s

-186 -180 -160 -155 -130 -120 -115 -110 -108 -100 - 80 - 60 - 60 - 40 - 40 - 20 - 20 O O

* k' = 0.45. J d 2 0 = -9.5. § k' = 0.47. [[ k' = 0.33. . f kr = 0.40, **d 20 = -1.9, n = 3; 6 ( 17 » «7, 145, 177, 183).

Audio 1.2 [ 2 Audio 1.2 I 2 Audio Audio Audio Audio Audio Audio Audio Audio I Audio I Audio I Audio I

(87) (38) (87) (38) (87) (87) (87) (87) (87) (87) (87) (i, 87) (127) (i, 87) (127) (i, 87) (127) (i, 87) (127)


4.33s±s

t

I A

I

n

C4H1 oO.—(Continued) +20 Audio

Lit.

I

(17,42,63, 133, 136, 139, 177, 183)

Audio Audio Audio Audio Audio

( 76 ) ( 63 » 177 ) (63,177) (63,177) (63,177)

180,

Audio

(63,177)

190

Audio

(63,177)

4.1i 3.96 3.4o 2.9o 2.4o

34.54 B. P. 40 80 120 160

2.13 1.93

1.8o 1.6 1.54 1.54 4.32 4.351

192 194 200 250 20 20

Audio (63,177) Audio (63,177) Audio (63,177) Audio (63,177) 6 4 (86) 6 5 ( 87 )

4.28±3

20

1

4.3e±2

20

4

8 (49)

3.26

2 0

7

9

17.6 15.9 13.7 16.o±2 45.7 41.9 39.4±s

7.2 15.9±3 5.4±i 3.7±i 5.5 4.52±8

6.0 47.2 41.9 34.9 39 + 2 40.3±8 12.5 11.4 10.6 9.3s 12.5 12.4±2

27.7 27.o±3* * k' = 0.06.

6

C4HioO3S, si/ra.-Diethyl sulfite O Audio 20 Audio 50 Audio 20 4 I 8 C4HioO3S, asi/ra.-Diethyl sulfite O Audio 20 Audio 20 4 I 8 C4Hi0S, Diethyl sulfide I ca. 20 I 4 I 8 C4Hi0S2, Diethyl disulfide I 19 I 3.6 I 8 C 4 HnN, n-Bu tylamine I 21 I 3.6 I 8 C4HnN, Diethylamine 20 3.6 8 19 5 8 C 4 HnN, Isobutylamine I 21 I 3.6 I 8 C4HIaO4Si, Tetramethyl silicate I ca. 20 I 3.6 I 8 C5H4O2, Furfuraldehyde O Audio 20 Audio 50 Audio 20 4 I 8 C5H4O3, Citraconic anhydride I 20 I 4 I 8 C5H5N, Pyridine 20 Audio 50 Audio 80 Audio 115.5B. P. Audio 20 6.7 7 2 0

4

8

C5H7NO2, Ethyl cyanoacetate 21 Audio 20 4 I 8

e

(124.1,127, 161.2)

(«5)

O 91 ) O 91 ) O 91 ) ( 19 °) (191) ( 191 ) (19°)

I (9) |(54) I (164) (124,164) (41) I (164)

I

8

I (189)

26.0 23.1

C5H8O2, Acetylacetone O Audio 20 Audio

O 9 I) O 9 I)

25.9±-5

I (i 89 ) (28,76) (28) (28) (28,76) (193.1) (41,99,124, 163)

O 9 I) (49, 189)

20

20

I 4

4

I

I

8

(49,54,189)

C5HsO4, Dimethyl malonate 10.4±2

I

20

I 4

I

8

I (41,189)

C5H9BrO2, 1-Bromoisovaleric acid 6.5 I 20 I 5 I 8 I (41) C5HgBrO2, Ethyl 1-bromopropionate lO.i O Audio O 91 ) 9.4 20 Audio O 9 I) 8.9 + 2 20 5 I 8 (41) C5H9ClO2, Ethyl 1-chloropropionate 10.1 I 20 I 5 I 8 I (41) C5H9ClO2, Isobutyl chloroformate 9.2 I 20 5 I 8 I (41) C5H9IO2, Ethyl 2-iodopropionate 8.s±2 I 20 I 5 I 8 I (41) C5H9N, n-Valeronitrile; slight absorption 17.7 + 3 I 21 I 3.6 I 8 (163) C5H9N, Isobutyl cyanide; slight absorption 18.3±4 I 22 I 3.6 I 8 I (163) C5Hi0, Amylene 2.2s 16 Audio O 10 ) 2.07 21 Audio (42) 6.9(?) 22 3.6 I 8 O24) C5Hi0Br2, Amylene bromide 5.64±5 I 15 I Audio | ( 9 I) C5H10O, Valeraldehyde 11.8 15 2.5 7 O 8 I) 10.3 17 4 8 (49) C5Hi0O, Diethyl ketone 17.3 I 15 I 4 I 8 I (49) C5Hi0O, Methyl propyl ketone 16.8 15 2.5 7 O 81 ) 15.4 17 4 8 (49) C5Hi0O2, Valeric acid 2.6s 17 Audio ( 9 I) 2.68 + 5

2.79±5 2.43

9

(I I) O 9 I) O 91 ) (49,190)

Lit.

19.3 + 4

24

IO )

TABLE 4.—(Continued) I t \ A \ n \ C5H7NO2, 1-Cyanoethyl acetate

5.7e±0.1 5.76+0.1 5.o

8.4 7.35 6.s±i /4 = 0.008 5.6 6.3±a*

18

4

I

8

C5Hi0O2, Isovaleric acid I 20 I 4 I 8 C5Hi0O2, n-Butyl formate I -194.3 I 4.7 I 5 C 5 Hi 0 O 2 , Ethyl propionate 20 Audio 20 4 8 20 5 8 C5Hi0O2, Isobutyl formate 13.5 3.8 I 1 23 Audio 19 4 8 2 8 C 5 Hi 0 O 2 , Methyl butyrate I 20 I 5 j 8 C5Hi0O2, Propyl acetate 20 Audio

(41,49)

I (49) | (89) 0 19 » 18°) (49) (41)

(180) O 10 ) (49) (35) I (41) (no, 119, 180)

5.8±i

2.42

3.1s±6 *d 2 o = -0.8.

+19

4

8

(4 9 )

-192 4.7 5 (89) C 5 Hi 0 O 3 , Ethyl carbonate I 20 I 4 I 8 (49, 124)

""

TABLE 4.—(Continued) I t \ A \ n - \ Lit. CsHnBr, Amyl bromide 6.3±i I 10 I Audio I (91) C6HnBr, Isoamyl bromide 6.1 25 Audio (76) 4.7o 120.6 B. P. Audio ( 76 ) 6.1 ' 18 5 I 8 (41) C6HnBr, tert.-Amyl bromide 9.1 I 18.5 I 5 I 8 . I ( 4 I) C6HnCl, Amyl chloride 6.6±i I 11 I Audio |(9i) C5HnCl, Isoamyl chloride 6.4±i I 18 I 5 I 8 I (41) C6HnCl, tert.-Amyl chloride 9.5±i 16 Audio (91) 7.1 18 5 I 8 (41) C6HnI, Isoamyl iodide 5.6 I 18.6 I 5 I 8 I (41) C6HnI, tert.-Amyl iodide 6.9 I 17.3 I 5 I 8 I (41) C 6 HnN, Piperidine 5.9±i I 20 I 3.6 I 8 I (164) C 6 HnNO, Methyl propyl ketoxime 3.3 I 20 I 5 I 8 I (41) C 6 HnNO 3 , Amyl nitrate 9.i±2 I 18 I 3.6 I 8 I (124) C 6 Hi 2 , Pentane 1.828 I 20.3 I Audio | («) C 6 Hi 2 O, Amyl alcohol; M. P. = -78.5° (see also Table 6) 15.8±2* 20 Audio (2, 91, 110, e

133, 145)

2.4o

-189

2.14

-187

-160 -140 -136 -132 -130 -126 -117 -117 - 80 - 50 - 20

2.6 6.5 12.o 26.5 34.4 43.0 41.0 35.5 29.1 24.8 20.9 18.3 15.8±2

+

(38) (38)

(38) (38) (38) (38) (38) (38) 1.2 2 (38) Audio (1,2) (1,2) (1,2) (1,2)

O 20

(145) ( 2 , 9 1 , 110,

133, 145) 11.2

14.6 11.7 10.1 8.9 8.0 15.3 8.8? 5.82 5.7 4.7 4.3

4.6 + 1

60

15 2.5 7 C 6 Hi 2 O, Dimethyl ethyl carbinol 20 Audio 50 Audio 80 Audio 102 B. P. Audio C 6 Hi 2 O, Isoamyl alcohol 23 Audio 80 Audio 131.6 B. P. Audio 18 3 I 8 C 6 Hi 2 S, Amylmercaptan 20 * 3.6 8 30 3.6 8 C 6 Hi 3 N, Amylamine 22 3.6 I 8

*d 2 0 = -12 (If 2» 1*5).

(145)

(181) (28) (28) (28) (28) (76) (28) (28,76) (160) (54,163) ( 5 4)

I (164)

TABLE 4.—(Continued) I t I A I n I Lit. C6H3N3O6, 1, 3, 5-Trinitrobenzene 7.2i 127 Audio (9) 2.2 ca. 20 4 I 8 (9) C6H4Br2, m-Dibromobenzene 8.81 20 Audio (9) 4.4 ca. 20 4 I 8 (9) C6H4Br2, p-Dibromobenzene 4.57 88 Audio (9) 2.7s 4 I 8 (9) C6H4Cl2, o-Dichlorobenzene 7.47 25 1 6 (161.2) 7.5o 20 6.7 7 (193.1) C6H4Cl2, p-Dichlorobenzene; M. P. = 52.1° 2.86 I 53 I Audio | (28) C6H4N2O4, m-Dinitrobenzene 20.7 90 Audio (9) 2.8s ca. 20 4 | 8 (9) C6H6Br, Bromobenzene 5.4o±0.1 20 Audio (17,42,91,

e

191)

5.47 5.4±2

13 20

6.7 4

7 8

C)20 = -1.6

(193.1) (9, 41) (17,191)

C6H6Cl, Chlorobenzene 20 Audio (17, 42) 5.94 4.7o 100 Audio (17) 4.2o 132.o B. P. Audio (76) 5.44 25 1 6 (161-2) 5.6s 13 6.7 7 (193-I) 5.8 20 5 8 (41) B20 = -2.4 (17) C6H6ClO, o-Chlorophenol 8.2 19 5 8 (9) 6.3i 25 1 6 (161.2) C6H6I, lodobenzene 4.6 I 20 I 5 I 8 I (41) C 6 H 6 NO 2 , Nitrobenzene; M. P. = +8.7° 36.1 ±3* 20 Audio (2, iis, 183, 191) 2.62

-190

2.54

-170

2.5e

-150

(68)

2.63 2.97 3.15,

-100 - 80 - 40

(68) (68) (68)

3.4o 9.9 42.1 39.7

- 20 - 10 - 9 O

(68) (2) (2) (2)

36.1±3

+

(68) (68)

20

(2, 119, 183, 191)

32.3

40

( 9 2)

26.3

80

(92)

27.0

80

(127)

21.9

120

(92)

18.6

160

(92)

15.9

200

(92)

15.6i 35.4

210.85 B. P. Audio (76) 20 6 5 (92)

34.3 + 6

20

4

8

37.5

20

5

8

*d20 = -18

(2*183, 191).

(49,99,190)

(41)

FIG. 1.—Variation of refractiv
e

TABLE 4.—(Continued) I t I "J" I n I Lit. C 6 H 6 O 2 , Resorcinol I 22 I 4 I 8 [ (l 74 ) C6H7N, Aniline; M. P. == -6.2° 20 Audio (91, 133,

e

3.2±2S

188)

2.29s 2.31o 2.322 2.33? 2.34o 2.342 2.363 2.345 2.30s 2.3Oo 2.29e±i

( 87 ) ( 87 ) ( 87 ) (87) ( 87 ) ( 87 ) ( 87 ) ( 87 ) ( 75 ) ( 75 > 87) ( 77 , 127)

-180 -120 - 80 - 40 - 20 - 10 + 3 4 5 10 10

7.2s±5*

183)

2.92

-178

(3S)

2.95

-160

3.0s 3.4s

-120 - 80

7.78

(38)

(3S) (3S)

O

7.25±5

+

6.59 6.43 6.22 5.98 5.46

(92,145)

20

(91,95,133, (183)

(145) (92) (145) (92) (92)

50 50 70 70 100

2.282

20

(34,75,87, 177, 183,

2.204

60

(75,87,177)

4.7i

150

2.228±2

60

(77,127)

4.45

170

(92)

4.54

184.5 B. P.

( 7 6)

188)

2.12? 2.049 1.97o 2.28 2.28

100 140 180 2 0 20

2.28l±4

2.43 2.57 2.26 3.4(?) 2.3i 2.3s(?) 3.8a(?) 3.13 3.1 3.04 13.o

13.3±2 13.3 ca. 15 2.54 2.59 4.3s 9.9±2

2 0

6 1; 3

5 7

( 177 ) (i 77 ) ( 177 ) ( 75 ) ( 123 )

4

8

(34,49,117)

19 6 8 (122) 19 8 8 (122) ca. 20 3 9 (i° 8 ) ca. 20 3.5 9 (m) ca. 20 4.7 9 (i° 8 ) ca. 20 7 9 (i° 8 ) ca. 20 7 9 (122) ca. 20 3.7 10 (109) ca. 20 5 10 (»0») ca. 20 7,5 10 (109) C6H6BrN, m-Bromoaniline I 19 I 5 I 8 I (41) C6H6ClN, m-Chloroaniline 16 Audio (91) 19 5 j 8 (41) C6H6O, Phenol; M. P. = +41° 40 Audio (HO) -185 (3S) -140 (3S) +10 4 8 (49) 48 4 8 (49)

*d20 = -O.l9( 75 » 7 7» «7, 127,

145).

7.l8±7 7 . 2 +1

2 0 20

4.36 10. o±2

7.l5±0.2i

7.67§ 4.7o|| 18.2 15.4±3 5.4+2 *d20 = -2.5

1 4

6 8

ca. 20 7 9 C6H7N, a-Picoline I 20 I 3.6 |. 8 C6H8N2, Phenylhydrazine 23 Audio

5.8

15.41 2.34

(92)

17

4

I

8

(95) (41,49,124, 164)

(125) I (164)

(«3) (41,124)

C6H8O4, Methyl acetoneoxalate 67 4 8 (49) 6 4 ' 8 (49) C6H9ClO2, Ethyl 2-chlorocrotonate 20 4 5 (61-1) 20 4 5 (61.1) C6HicO, Cyclohexanone I 20 I Audio | (147) C6Hi0O, Mesityl oxide I 20 I 4 I 8 I 0 8 9) C6Hi0O2, Ethyl erotonate I 20 I 5 I 8 I (41) ( 9 2, 145,

183).

t k' = 0.06. Ik' = O.Oo. § Cis; B. P. = 75.3; 76.0° at pressure of 14 mm Hg. Il Trans; B. P. = 54.0° at pressure of 14 mm Hg.

TABLE 4.—(Continued) I t \ A \ - n \ Lit. C6Hi0O3, Propionic anhydride 18.s±6 I 16 I 5 I 8 I (41) C 6 Hi 0 O 3 , Ethyl acetoacetate 15.9 + 2 I 22 4 ( 8 |(49) C6HI0O 4, Diethyl oxalate 8.2±i I 21 4 I 8 |(49) C6Hi0O4, Dimethyl succinate 5.2o I 19.5 M. P. I Audio (28) C6Hi0S, Diallyl sulfide 4.9 I ca. 20 [ 4 I 8 I (9) C6HnBrO2, Ethyl 1-bromobutyrate 8.0 I 20 I 5 I 8 (41) C6HnBrO2, Ethyl 1-bromoisobutyrate 7.9 I 20 5 I 8 |(4i) C6HuClO2, Isoamyl chloroformate 7.8 I 20 I 5 I 8 I (41) C 6 HnN, Isocapronitrile; slight absorption


€

15.7±2

17.4±3 2.052 2.10

2.0s 15.o

I

20

I 3.6

I

8

C6HnNS, Amyl thiocyanate I 20 I 3.6 I 8 C 6 Hi 2 , Cyclohexane I 20 Audio I 4.5 M. P. Audio d20 = -0.16 C 6 Hi 2 , a-Hexylene I 17 I Audio C 6 Hi 2 O, Cyclohexanol I 25 I Audio C 6 Hi 2 O, Methyl tert.-butyl ketone

12.4±2

I

1/

I 4

8

C 6 Hi 2 O, Pinacolin 12.8 I 17.5 I 3.6 I 8 C 6 Hi 2 O 2 , Caproic acid 3.22 + 6 I 18 I 5 I 8 C 6 Hi 2 O 2 , Amyl formate 7.7 15 3.8 1 5.7 19 4 8 fc'20 = 0.009 2 8 C 6 Hi 2 O 2 , n-Butyl acetate 5.14* -f 19 Audio 2.4i -195 2.395 - 77.9 6.97 - 77.9 5.54 - 20 5.34 O 5.Oo +20 5.Oo 20 4.7 5 5.i±i 19 4 8 C 6 Hi 2 O 2 , Ethyl butyrate 5.19 + 5 20 Audio 5.2±i 20 4 I 8 d 20 = -i.o 20 Audio C 6 Hi 2 O 2 , Isobutyl acetate 5.60 ± 0 . I f 20 Audio

I (99, 163) 5

( 4) (28,147) (28) (28)

25 1 20 4 C6Hi2O2, Methyl valerate I ^ I 5 I C 6 Hi 2 O 2 , Propyl propionate I 20 I 5 I

4.3 4.7 *d20 =

-1.6

t d 2 0 = -1.6

(8 9 » U » ) . O19).

6.6

1.874*

| (147)

3.45 + 5 3.59±9 7.4

3.o±2s 2.9

3.15 19.o±4 7.4 6.4

26.5 28.8 26.5

C 6 Hi 4 O 2 , Acetal 24 Audio 21 4 I 8 C 6 Hi 4 O 2 , Pinacone I 24 I 3.6 I 8 C 6 Hi 4 O 6 , Mannitol I 22 I 4 j 8 C 6 Hi 5 N, Dipropylamine I 20 I 3.6 I 8 C 6 Hi 5 N, Triethylamine I 21 I Audio C7H5ClO, Benzoyl chloride I 24 I 3 6 I 8 C7H5Cl3, Benzotrichloride 20 3.6 8 20 5 8 C7H5N, Benzonitrile 20 Audio O Audio 20 4 8

5.7 8.9

(41) 10.7 + 5

(180) (49) (35) (H9) (89) (89) (89) (89) (89) (89) (89) (49) (119, iso) (49) (H9)

6.9

48.1 2.5s 59.3 2.7s 18.o 20.o 17.5±3

14.5 14.i±3 13.9 17.9 19.2

(no, 119,

6 (161.2) 8 (49) 8

I(41)

8

I (41)

(76,191) O 91 ) (76) (I 89 ) I (41).

(no, 133,

(191) (49) I (124)

I (174) I (124, 164)

I (191) I (124) (124) (41) (191) (191) (49,163, 190)

I (49)

I (54)

Lit.

147, 188)

| ("O)

180)

5.32 5.4±i

14.5 + 1 12.2±2 6.29 ca. 12.o

t ' j ~ Z _ n C6Hi2O3, Paraldehyde 20 Audio 50 Audio 128.0 B. P. Audio 20 4 I 8 C6Hi3I, Hexyl iodide I 20 15 I 8 C6Hi4, Hexane 20 Audio

5.32 5.1s 7.0 + 2 6.4

4.73

C7H5NO, Phenyl isocyanate 17 3.6 8 (54) 20 3.6 8 (124) C7H5NS, Phenyl isothiocyanate I

20

I 4

I

8

I (124, 189)

C7H6Cl2, Benzal chloride I 20 I 5 I 8 I (41) C 7 H 6 N 2 O 3 , awfo'-ra-Nitrobenzaldoxime 120 Audio (9) 4 I 8 (9) C7H6N2O3, si/n-ra-Nitrobenzaldoxime 117.5 Audio (9) 4 I 8 (9) C7H6O, Benzaldehyde 20 Audio (191) O Audio (191) 20

4

8

15 2.5 7 20 3.6 8 C7H6O2, Salicylaldehyde 20 4 8 17 4 8 15 2.5 7 C7H7Br, o-Bromotoluene I 20 5 I 8 C7H7Br, p-Bromotoluene I 28 M. P. I Audio C7H7Cl, Benzyl chloride 13 Audio 20 5 I 8 C7H7Cl, o-Chlorotoluene I 20 I 5 I 8

* d < = -0.11; (-80* +12) (127^

(49)

(181) (124) (189) (49) (181) |(4i) |(28) (91) (41) I (41)

^



I t I A I n I Lit. C7H7Cl, ra-Chlorotoluene 5.4 16 Audio (91) 5.55 20 5 I 8 (41) C7H7Cl, p-Chlorotoluene 6.4o 10 Audio 1(28) 6.19 20 Audio (28) 5.94 30 Audio (28) 6.4s 7.4 M. P. (28) 6.2i 20 5 8 (41) C7H7I, p-Iodotoluene 4.46 I 35 M. P. I Audio | (28) C 7 H 7 NO, anfa'-Benzaldoxime 3.8s±4 20 Audio ("») 3.4o±6 20 4 8 (49) 3.5s 20 5 8 (41) C7H7NO, Formanilide 20. bl . (189) 3.05s 4 8( 9 ) C7H7NO2, 0-Nitro toluene 27.42±s* 20 Audio (183) 25.8 20 2.5 7 (181) 20.3 18 3.6 8 (124) 26.0 20 5 8 (41) 11.82 222.3 B. P. Audio ( 76 ) C7H7NO2, m-Nitrotoluene 23.8 20 6.7 7 (193.1) 23.6 20 5 8 (41) C7H7NO2, p-Nitrotoluene 18.7 I 52 M. P. Audio | (28) C7H7NO3, ra-Nitrobenzyl alcohol 22.o±5 20 5 I 8 (41) C7H7NO3, Nitroanisole 24.2 I 20 3.6 8 I (54) C7H8, Toluene; M. P. = -94.5° (see Fig. 1) 2.38? ± 5 f 20 Audio (i 7, 42, 11 o,

e

€

145, 177,

ca. 8 5.8 + 1 ca. 13 5.o±i ca. 13 5.6±i 4.7 4.3s±5 4.0 3.62 + 7 11.71

5.6 4.6 4.3 5.2 7.9s 6.01 5.9

6.4 4.Oo 6.0 6.0 5.4s 3.o±2 7.3

111.1)

2.52o 2.526 2.53o 2.6Oo 2.632 2.61 2.57 2.485

-186 -140 -114 -100 - 94 - 80 - 60 - 20

2.435

(87) (87) (87) (87) (87) (87) (87) (17,87)

O

2.387±5

+

2.250 2.165 2.040

(17,87)

20

( 1 7 , 4 2 , 110, 145, 177)

80 120 180

(87,177) (87,177) (87,177)

2.39 2.38s 2.37±4

20 20 20

6 6 2.5

4 (86) 5 (87) 7 (181)

2.402 + 4

20

5

8

C7H8O, Benzyl alcohol O Audio (191) 20 Audio (191) 50 Audio (191) 21 4 I 8 (48)

15.9 13.o 10.3 10.8 + 2t *d 2 0 = -15

(183).

7 1 5 177

Ia 20 = -0.23 (» » ^ '

t k' = 0.2o.

(34,41,117)

).

t I A I n C7H8O, o-Cresol 40 Audio 24 3.6 1 8 C7H8O, m-Cresol 40 Audio 24 3.6 8 C7H8O, p-Cresol 40 Audio 24 3.6 I 8 C7H8O, Anisole 5 Audio 20 Audio 50 Audio 18 3.6 I 8 C7H8O2, Guaiacol (supercooled) I <32 I 5 I 8 C7H9N, Benzylamine I O Audio 20 Audio 50 Audio 20 5 I 8 C7H9N, Methylaniline O Audio 20 Audio

Lit.

I

20

3.6

I

8

(140) (124) (140) ( 124 ) (140) (124) (191) (140, 191) (191) (124) I (41)

(191) (191) 0«) (41) (191) (191) (124,164)

C7H9N, o-Toluidme 26 Audio ( 76 ) 199.7 B. P. Audio (76) 20 4 I 8 (41,164) C7H9N, m-Toluidine I 20 I 4 I 8 I (41,164) C7H9N, p-Toluidine; M. P. = 43.7° 44 Audio (28) 22 4 I 8 (174) C7Hi0N2, as^ra.-Methylphenylhydrazine I 19 I 5 I 8 |(4i) C7Hi0O, l-Methyl-5-ketocyclohexylene

24.32

16 ± 1

I

20

[

|

|(154)

C7Hi0O4, Ethyl acetoneoxalate 19 Audio

16.7±3*

19

4

I

8

(H9) (49)

C7Hi0O4, Ethyl hydroxymethyleneacetoacetate 8.12 21 Audio (H9) 7.8 + if 21 4 I 8 (49) C7Hi2O3, Ethyl levulinate 12.1 + 2 I 21 I 4 I 8 I (49) C7Hi2O4, Diethyl malonate 7 . 9 +2

8.4±2 7.8

12.6±2 5.07±9j

21

4

8

(49)

21 5 8 (41) C7Hi3ClO2, Isoamyl chloroacetate I 20 I 5 I 8 |(4i) C 7 Hi 4 O, Dipropyl ketone 1 17 |l;40| 7 | ( 4 9 , i 8 i ) C7Hi4O2, Amyl acetate 20 Audio (110,119, 180)

4.62 4.88+0.1 4.8i§ 4.7? + 9 *&' = 0.09.

25 20

1 4

6 (161.2) 8 (49)

C 7 Hi 4 O 2 , Ethyl valerate 20 Audio 20_ 4 I 8 t*' = 0.08.

t d a o = -1.2 (»»).

(119,180) (49)

§ S20 = -1.0 ("»).


I t I A I n CrHi4O2, Propyl butyrate I 20 I 5 I 8 C7Hi6, Heptane I 20 I Audio C 7 HI 6 O, Heptyl alcohol 21 Audio 21 4 f 8 C7Hi6O, Ethyl amyl ether 23 Audio 20 5 I 8 C8H6O2, Phthalide 75 4 8 20 4 8 C8H7N, Benzyl cyanide O Audio 20 Audio 50 Audio 233.5 B. P. Audio

4.3

1.97i 6.7s 4.2±i* 3.565 4.02 36 4s

20.1o 18.32 16.84 8.5 15.2

16.7

18.8±4 18.i±at 4.87±9 18.6 ±1 18.3±i 15.9±2 8.64 16.2 15.8±3 10.3s ca. 22.3 ca. 15.8 ca. 4 ca. 3.2

6.9±2|


2 0

4

8

I

|(4i)

20

4

I

8

2.479 (M*) (49) 2.5s (42) (41) (49) (49)

(191) (i?i) (191) ( 76 ) (49,163)

(49,124)

C8H8O2, Phenyl acetate 5.35±s§ 20 Audio 1 («») 5.1s 25 1 6 (161.2) 5.3s ±0.1 20 4 8 (49) 6.4 24 3.6 8 (124) f c ' = 0.012 20 2 8 (35) C8H8O3, Methyl salicylate 9.0±2||

!

20

I 4

I

8

I (41,49)

C8H9NO, Acetanilide 19.5l 2 . 9 + 1S

9.2s 2.7s

22

C8H9NO2, anZi-p-Anisaldoxime 63 Audio 4 I 8

*k' = 0.3i. t k' = 0.04s.

10.9 2.7s

| (42, 147)

20 4 8 (i89) C8H7N, o-Tolunitrile I 23 I 3.6 ) 8 I (163) C8H7NO, Mandelic nitrile I 23 I 3.6 8 I (i 64 ) C8H8O, Phenylacetaldehyde I 20 I 4 I 8 I (49) C8H8O, Acetophenone 15 Audio (191) 20 Audio (183, 191) 50 Audio (191) 202.0 B. P. Audio (76) 15 2.5 7 (181) 20 4 8 (49) C8H8O2, p-Anisaldehyde 248.0 B. P. Audio (76) 22 Audio (76) 20 4 I 8 (189) C8H8O2, Phenylacetic acid 85 4 8 (49) 20 4 8 (49) C8H8O2, Methyl benzoate 20 Audio (119,180)

6.6±2

€

Lit.

(189) (9,174)

(9) (9)

2.58 + 5

2.374±2*

+20

2.4Oo 2.55of 2.4Oo 2.60oJ 2.453 2.53o 2.566 2.54o 2.473 2.42o

-186 - 80 - 70 - 60 - 52 - 50 - 48 - 40 - 20 O

2.374

-f 20

2.257

80

2.178

120

2.05s 2.392 2.3s 2.37 + 3 2.259 2.2i 3.57 3.4±i 4.0s 3.6 4.03 3.6 4.5e±9 4.8

10.6 ll.s 6t 4.54 4.4

4.84 4.4s 3.93 5.1 * #20 =

§ d 2 0 = -0.75

t Supercooled,

Il k' = 0.07.

17

4

I

(41, 49)

8

C8Hi0, m-Xylene; M. P. = -53.6°

J d 2 0 = -1.2 (119, 180). (119).

I t I A n I Lit. C8H9NO2, syn-p-Anisaldoxime 130 Audio (9) 4 8 (9) C8HiO, Ethy!benzene 20 Audio (H°, 133, 147 I ) C8Hi0, o-Xylene 17 Audio (iio, 133)

-0.19

t k' = 0.2s.

Audio

180 20 6 5 20 5 7 20 4 8 C8Hi0, p-Xylene 17 Audio 17 4 I 8 C8Hi0O, o-Tolyl methyl ether 20 Audio 20 4 I 8 C8Hi0O, m-Tolyl methyl ether 20 Audio 20 5 I 8 C8Hj0O, p-Tolyl methyl ether 20 Audio 20 5 I 8 C8Hi0O, Phenetole I 21 3.6 I 8 C8Hi0O, 1, 3, 4-Xylenol I 17 I 5 I 8 C8Hi0O2, Creosol 17 Audio 15 2.5 7 17 4 8 C8Hi0O2, Veratrol I 22.5 M. P. Audio C8HuN, Benzylmethylamme I 19 I 5 I 8 C8HnN, Dimethy!aniline O Audio 20 Audio 50 Audio 20 3.6 I 8 ± 1 ( 8 7 » 1 3 3 » 1 7 7 » 183).

(42,133,147, 177, 183)

(87) (87) (87) (87) (87) (87) (87) (87) (87) (87) (42, 133, 147, 177, 183)

(177) (177)

(177) (87) (8) (49) (no, 133) (41,49) (140) (41,124) (140) (41) (140) (41) I (124) I (41)

(H9) (181) (49) | (28) |(4l)

(191) (191) (191) (124, 164)


j

6.3 5.9 5.76 5.4


t \ A \ n \ Lit. C8HnN, Ethylaniline O Audio (191) 20 Audio (I 9 I) 20 6.7 7 (193.1) 19 5 8 (41) C8HnN, w-Xylidine

e

I

5.0s 8.9 + 1

t \ A \ n \ Lit. C9H7N.- (Continued) 238 B. P. Audio (76) 21

4

I

8

(41,124,163)

C8HnNO, Phenetidine 7.3±2 I 21 I 3.6 8 I (124) C8Hi2O5, Diethyl oxaloacetate 6.i±i* I 19 I 4 8 (49) C8Hi2Os, Ethyl hydroxymethylenemalonate 6.6±if I 22 I 4 I 8 (49) C8Hi4Os, Butyric anhydride 12.9 I 20 I 5 j 8 I (41) C8Hi4O3, Isobutyric anhydride

C9H7NO, Hydroxymethylenebenzyl cyanide 5(?)* 180 4 8 (49) , 6(?)s 20 4 8 (49) C 9 Hi 0 O 2 , Benzyl acetate 5.05 I 21.2 I 5 I 8 1 (41) C9Hi0O2, Ethyl benzoate 6.2±if 20 Audio (H9, 180) 6.o±2 20 4 8 (49,124) k' = 0.018 20 2 8 (35) C9Hi0O2, Methyl p-toluate 4.34 I 33 I Audio | (28) C9Hi0O3, Ethyl salicylate 8.6 21 Audio (H9)

13.9 + 3

8.4±2j

5.0±1

17.8

I

20

20

4

I

4

8

8

17 5 8 C 8 Hi 4 O 6 , Diethyl dZ-malate

10.2±2j

18

I 4

I

(41,124,164)

(189)

7.8+lJ

8

I (49)

8

I (I 8 9 )

2.35s

C 8 Hi 4 O 5 , Diethyl Z-malate 9.5 + 2

4.59+9 4.59±9 2.2i 4.1s 10.4 10.7±2

3.2e 4.25 4.0s 4.Oo 4.92 5.8?

1.96o

I

20

I 4

I

C8Hi4O6, Diethyl tartrate 20 I 5 I 8 C8Hi4O6, Diethyl racemate I 20 I 5 I 8 C8Hi6, Octylene 12 Audio 18.5 5 I 8 C8HieO,Methyl hexyl ketone 15 2.5 7 1 7

4

8

C8Hi6O2, Caprylic acid I 18.3 |.5 i 8 C8Hi6O2, Isoamyl propionate I 19.5 I 5 I 8 C8Hi6O2, Isobutyl butyrate I 20 I 5 I 8 C 8 Hi 6 O 2 , Propyl valerate I 18.8 I 5 i 8 C8H17!, n-Octyl iodide I 20 J 5 I 8 C8H i?I, sec.-Octyl iodide I 20 I 5 |. 8 C8Hi8, Octane 20 Audio

1.959 3.4 2.7o±5 4.10

9.Oo 2.67 2.9 11.7

9.0

-100

+25

2.397

i (176) 2.4s ("O) (41)

t fc' = 0.09.

8

(41,49)

i

21

I 4

I

8

C 9 Hi 2 , Mesitylene I 20 I Audio C 9 Hi 2 , Cumene 20 Audio

|(49)

[ (iio, 147) (no, 133,

2.36i

18 4 I 8 C9Hi2, Psuedocumene i 16 I Audio C9Hi2, Propy!benzene 20 Audio

(49)

| (no, 133) (no, 133, 147)

(181) (49)

|(4l) I (41) I (41) I (41) I (41) I (41)

(no, iss,

| (147) 1(160) I (164) I (124)

(76, 183) (38) (38)

( 4 I, 76, 124, 163, 183)

*k' = O 2s.

I

147, 182)

2.42

(38)

Audio

4

I (i 7 6 )

147)

C8Hi8, 2, 2, 3-Trimethylpentane I 20 I Audio C8Hi8O, Octyl alcohol i 18 I 3 I 8 C8Hi9N, Diisobutylamine I 22 "| 3.6 I 8 C8H20O4Si, Tetraethyl silicate I ca. 20 I 3.6 I 8 C9H7N, Quinoline; M. P. = -22.6° + 25 Audio -180 -150

21

C9Hi0O3, Methyl o-methoxybenzoate

(41)

J r = 0.25.

C9Hi2O, Ethyl benzyl ether 3.87±6 I 20 I 5 I 8 I (41) C9Hi3N, Benzylethylamine 4.3 20 I 5 i 8 I (41) C9Hi3N, o-Dimethyltoluidine 3.37±7 I 20 I 5 I 8 I (41) C9Hi3N, p-Dimethyltoluidine 3.95 + 8 I 20 I 5 I 8 (41) C 9 Hi 3 NO 3 S, p-Trimethylsulfanilic acid ca. 94 12.5 Audio (ioi) ca. 89 18 4 I 8 (i°i) C 9 Hi 4 O 5 , Diethyl oxalopropionate 9.i + 2§ j 19 I 4 I 8 J (49) C 9 Hi 4 O 6 , Glyceryl triacetate 6.0 + 1 21 I 5 8 I (41) C9Hi8O2, Isoamyl butyrate 3.95 + 8 I 20 I 5 I 8 I (41) C 9 Hi 8 O 2 , Isobutyl valerate 3.85 + 8 I 19 I 5 I 8 I (41) C9H20, 2, 2'-Dimethy!heptane 1.89 I 20 i Audio 1(147) C9H20, 2, 4-Dimethylheptane 1.89 I 20 I Audio | (147) C9H20, 2, 5-Dimethy!heptane 1.99 I 20 I Audio | (147) C9H20, 2-Methyloctane 1.96s I 20 I Audio | (147) C9H20, 4-Methy!octane 1.96s 20 Audio | (147) * k' = 0.30. t a 2 o = -0.9 (»1 9 » 180). $ k f = 0.07. § &' = 0.19.

€

1.96s 5.l7±5 5. Oo ±5

TABLE 4.—(Continued} I t \ A \ n \ Lit. C9H2O, Nonane I 20 Audio ( 147 ) C I0HyBr, 1-Bromonaphthalene 19 Audio ( 18 S) 22.7 Audio (42)

4.85±5*

2.52±sf 2.5i 2.4o 2.3o 2.19 2.3o 2.4s 2.6i 2.64 2.2a 3.2? 15.?(?)lt 2.8(?)«

19

3.l2±6

2.57

3.4o±7 10.7

4.5±2 5.4±i 6.i±i

21

2.3e 2.38i 2.o 11.2 + 2

18.o±4§ 10.6±2||

2.7

2.75 2.75 2.75 2.3o 3.2

2.3e

I

8

4

8

(41,49)

(81,174) (81) (81) (81) (81) (81) (81) (81) (81) (81) (28) (49) (49) (49).

18 3.6 8 (124) Ci0Hi0O2, Isosafrol I 21 I 4 I 8 i (49) Ci 0 Hi 2 O, Cumicaldehyde I 15 I 2.5 1 7 I (181) Ci 0 Hi 2 O 2 , Phenylethyl acetate I 15 I Audio |(171) Ci0Hi2O2, Ethyl phenylacetate I 21 ] 4 I 8 (49) Ci0Hi2O2, Eugenol; some absorption I 18 I 3.6 ! 8 I (124) Ci0Hi4, p-Cymene

2.26

2.27 2.43

4

Ci0H8, Naphthalene 20 4 .8 15 40 60 8OM. P. 100 120 150 180 80 M. P. 4 8 80.5 M. P. Audio Ci0Hi0O2, Benzoylacetone 80 4 8 20 4 8 Ci0Hi0O2, Safrol

17

Audio

176.5 B. P. Audio 18 3.6 i 8 Ci0Hi4, Isobutylbenzene I 17 I Audio C] 0 Hi 4 , ter£.-Buty!benzene 20 Audio 20 5 i 8 Ci0Hi4O, Carvol I

18

I 3.6

I

8

(76,110,133)

(76) (124) | (n°, 133) (147) (41) I (124)

Ci0Hi4O3, "Hagemann's ester" 20 4 8 (49) 20

4

Ci 0 HiG, Terpinene I 21 I 3.6 Ci0Hi6, d-Camphene I 20 I 5 CI0H16, Z-Camphene I 20 I 5 Ci0Hi6, dZ-Camphene I 20 I 5 CI0H ie, Dipentene 20 5 21 3.6 Ci 0 HiG, d-Limonene I 20 I 5

* k' = 0.05. t dso = -0.7 (8i» 174). § k' = 0.09, keto form. J) k' = 0.27, enol form.

8

(49)

I 8

I (124)

I 8

|(176)

I 8

I (176)

I

I (176)

8

8 (176) 8 (124)

I 8

|(176) I Enol form.

e 2.6o 2.7o 2.7s 8.7±2

19.3±2

TABLE 4.—(Continued) I / I A ~ Ci0HiG, d-Pinene I 20 I 5 I Ci0H16, Z-Pinene I 20 I 5 I Ci0Hi6, dZ-Pinene I 20 15 I Ci0Hi6O, Dihydrocarvone I

19

i 4

1

n 8

I (176)

8

I (176)

8

I (176)

8

1(49)

Ci0Hi6O, Carvenone (?) 20 Audio

18.4+4*

20

4

Lit.

("»)

I

8

(49)

I

8

I (49)

Ci0Hi6O, Pulegone 9.7 + 2

9.6 8.9 3.7 2.8o + 5

27.9±5 2.27 2.43 3.62 + 7

1.953 1.99 3.14+6

i

19

I 4

Ci0Hi8O, Menthone 20 5 8 (41) 18 3.6 8 (124) Ci0Hi8O, Terpineol 21 3.6 8 (124) -20 4 8 (49) Ci0Hi8O2, Acetylmethyl hexyl ketone I 19 I 3.6 I 8 I (54) Ci0H20, Decylene I 17 I Audio (UO) Ci0H20, Diisoamylene I 17 I Audio | (133) Ci0H20O2, Isoamyl valerate I 19 I 5 8 I (41) Ci0H22, Decane I 20 I Audio | (iio, 147) Ci0H22, Di(iso?)amyl I 17 I Audio | (133) Ci0H22O, Amyl ether I

16

[ 4

I

8

I (49)

Ci0H2SN, Diamylamine 2.57 + 5 I 18 I 3.6 I 8 I (124) CnH7N, a-Naphthonitrile 16.3 + sZ 70 3.6 8 (164) 18.4±4Z 40 3.6 8 (164) 19.6±4Z 22 3.6 8 (164) 6.4±-i« 21 3.6 8 (164) CnH7N, 0-Naphthonitrile 17.2±3 70 3.6 8 (164) 4.3 22 3.6 8 (164) CnHi0O4, Methyl acetophenoneoxalate; double enol form 13.2(?) f 70 4 8 (49) 2.s(?)a 18 4 8 (49) CnHi 2 O 2 , Ethyl cinnamate 6.62 ±6 19 Audio (H9) 5.3e ±0.It 19 4 I 8 (49) CnHi 2 O 3 , Ethyl benzoylacetate 12.8+1 20 Audio ("») ca. 9.4§ 20 4 8 (189) 14.6 H 20 4 8 (49) ca. 11 65 4 8 (49) CnHi 2 O 3 , Ethyl formylphenylacetate 3.0 I 20 I 4 I 8 (49) CnHi2O3, Ethyl hydroxymethylenephenylacetate 5.0 + ilf 20 4 8 (49) *k' = 0.12. t*' = 0.14. t k' = 0.08. § Absorption. 11 k' = 0.24. If k' = 0.27.

TABLE 4.—(Continued) I t \ A \ n \ Lit. Ci4Hi0, Phenanthrene; M. P. = 99° 20 4 8 (",174) 15 (81) 40 (81) 80 (81) 100 (81) 110 (81) 150 (81) 190 (81)

TABLE 4.—(Continued) I t \ A \ n \ Lit. CnHi4O2, Isobutyl benzoate 5.9 20 3.8 I 1 (I 8 ®) 5.5i±5* 20 Audio (H9) 5.52 ±0.1 20 4 8 (49) 4.97 ±0.1 20 5 8 (41) k ' = 0.02s 20 2 8 (35) CuHi4Os, Ethyl o-ethoxybenzoate 7.1 + 2f I 21 4 8 (49) CnHi6O2, 3-Hydroxymethylenecamphor 12.e(?) § 97 4 8 (49) 5.2(?)s§ ^ 30 4 8 (49) CnHi8O6, Triethyl 1,1, 2-ethanetricarboxylate 6.58±0.1s|| I 19 I 4 I 8 I (49) Ci2Hi0, Acenaphthene 3.o±2 I 21 I 4 I 8 I (174) Ci2Hi0O, Diphenyl ether (supercooled) 3.9Z <28 I 5 I 8 I (41) Ci 2 HuN, Diphenylamine 3.3s I 52 M. P. I Audio | (28) Ci 2 Hi 2 O, a-Naphthyl ethyl ether 3.2s I 19.4 I 5 I 8 I(41) Ci2Hi2O4, Ethyl acetophenoneoxalate 8.o(?)1f 46 4 8 (49) 3.3(?)s** 18 4 8 (49) Ci 2 Hi 6 O 2 , Amyl benzoate 5.l5±5ft 20 Audio (H9, ISO) 4.9o±0.1tt 2 0 4 8 (49,124) k' = 0.02s 20 2 8 (35) Ci 2 Hi 6 O 3 , Isoamyl salicylate 5.4±i 20 I 5 I 8 (41) Ci 2 Hi 6 O 6 , Diethyl succinosuccinate 3(?)Z 130 4 8 (49) 2.5(?)s 19 4 8 (49) Ci2Hi8O6, Triethyl aconitate 6.4e + 6§§ 20 Audio ("») 5.5o±5 70 Audio ("») 5.75±0.1i|||| 20 4 I 8 (49) Ci2Hi8O6, Triethyl isoaconitate 7.2 + iUIT 20 4 8 (49) 4.9±i*** 20 4 8 (49) CisHioO, Benzophenone 3.1s 25.5 Audio (191) 13.3* 20 Audio (i»i) 12.4ftt 40 Audio (IW) 11.4ftt 60 Audio (191) Ci 3 Hi 2 , Diphenylmethane 2.Ql 27 4 8 (49)

e

€

2.7S

ll.s±i

1 7

4

8

(49,124)

Ci 3 Hi 4 O 4 , Ethyl benzoylacetoacetate 21 Audio (H9)

8.6±2tH

21

* dzo = — 1.2 C 119 ). t k' = 0.06. § k' = 0.05. Il k' = 0.08. 1f Double enol form, k' = 0.24. ** k' < 0.02. tf d 2 o = -0.7 (H 9 » 180). ^k'= 0.02. §§ 020 = -1.6.

nn*' = 0.19.

til Enol form, k' = 0.11. *** Keto form, k' < 0.2. ttt Either stable or metastable forms. ttt 7 enol form; k' = 0.26.

4

I

8

(49)

2.8o 2.79 2.84 2.96 3.Ia 3.22 3.1o 2.96

C)20

= +0.2

(81,174)

C]4HioO2, Benzil I 95 I Audio | (28) CI4HI2O2, Benzyl benzoate 4.85+0.1 I 20 I 5 I 8 I (41) Ci 4 Hi 2 O 3 , Benzyl salicylate 4.1 1 20 I 5 I 8 1 (41) Ci 4 Hi 4 N 2 O 3 , p-Azoxyanisole 4.2 130 Audio (3) 2.3s 50 (3) 2.3s 80 (3) 2.5s 85 (3) 3.8s 90 (3) 4.3Z* 100 (3) 4.2Z* 120 (3) 4.1Zf 135 (3) 4.0Zf 150 (3) 6.9 130 4 5 (94) Ci4Hi5N, Dibenzylamine 3.62 + 7 I 20 I 3.6 I 8 I (124, 164) CI 4 HieO 4 , Diethyl benzalmalonate 7.9e±8 O Audio ("») 7.6s 20 Audio ("») 6.82 50 Audio (H9) 5.8s 70 Audio (H9) 4.4(?)t 20 4 I 8 (49) Ci 5 H 22 Og, Tetraethyl propylene-1, 1, 3, 3-tetracarboxylate 4.2o±4

6.9±2§

I

19

I 4

I

8

I (49)

Ci 5 H 24 Os, Tetraethyl propane-1, 1, 3, 3-tetracarboxylate 6.3±2||

I

19

I 4

I

8

|(49)

Ci5H24O8, Tetraethyl propane-1, 2, 2, 3-tetracarboxylate 5.2 + ilT I 19 4 I 8 |(49) Ci 6 Hi 8 N 2 O 3 , p-Azoxyphenetole 6.8 I 150 I 4 I 5 I (94) Ci 6 H 33 I, Cetyl iodide 3.37 + 6 I 20 I 5 I 8 I (41) Ci 7 H 2 iNO 4 , d-Cocaine 3.1o±4 I 20 5 I 8 |(176) Ci 7 H 2x NO 4 , Z-Cocaine 3.16 + 4

I

20

5

I

8

|(176)

Ci7H26O8, Tetraethyl a-amylene-1, 1, 3, 3-tetracarboxylate 4.4+1** I 19 I 4 I 8 I (49) CnH28O8, Tetraethyl pentane-1, 1, 3, 3-tetracarboxylate 4.8±ift I 19 I 4 8 (49) Ci7H28O8, Tetraethyl pentane-2, 2, 4, 4-tetracarboxylate 4.2 + 1« I 21 I 4 I 8 |(49) 2.45+0.1 *Turbid. t Homogeneous. t &' = 0.15. §&' = 0.16. Il k' = O.lo.

I

Ci8H34O2, Oleic acid 20 I 4 I 8

I (41, 98) f k' = O.IT. ** k' = 0.03. f t f c ' = O.lo. Jt *' = 0.0s.

TABLE 4.—(Continued) I t I A n Ci8H3SO2Na, Sodium oleate

e 2.75±8S

2 0

4

Lit. ( 98 )

8

M. P. 4 8 ( 98 ) (CisH33O2)2Cu, Copper oleate 2.8o±ss 20 4 8 ( 98 ) 2.8o + sZ M. P. 4 8 (98) (Ci8H3SO2)SFe, Ferric oleate 2.68 + 8 I 20 I 4 I 8 I (98) (Ci8H33O2)3Al, Aluminium oleate 2.4o±s I 20 I 4 I 8 I ( 98 ) (Ci8H33O2^Pb, Lead oleate 3.27+0.Is 18 4 8 ( 98 ) 3.7o±0.1Z M. P. 4 8 ( 98 ) C2oH34O2, Camphorpinacone 3.65 I I 4 I 8 (9) C22H42O3, Isobutyl ricinoleate 4.7 I 21 I Audio | O 9 1 ) C24H34O8, Tetraethyl hexane-l-phenyl-2, 2, 4, 4-tetracarboxylate 5.9(?)* I 20 I 4 I 8 I (4 9 ) C29H3CO8, Tetraethyl pentane-1, 5-diphenyl-2, 2, 4, 4-tetracarboxylate 2.7* I 20 I 4 I 8 I (49) 2.83±sZ

*k' < 0.02.

~"~

TABLE 5.—DIELECTRIC CONSTANT OF GLYCEROL (C3H8O3) See also Table 6 Melts at 170C. (a) = state of purity is unknown ( 68 ); (b), (c), and (e) = 98% pure (75); (d) = carefully purified ( 9 2); (J) = pure ( 20 ). Frequency = A X 10n cycle/sec; t = centigrade temperature, 0C; for other symbols, see p. 82. A n Purity t -185 -140 -100 - 80 - 70 - 60 - 30 - 26 - 20 - 15 - 10 O + 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 200

A 7.5 1.3 4 4 7 *d20 =

1 7 2 3 ITS 6 2 5 5 5 I (o) | (6) | (c) j (d) \ j Values of e 3.2i 3.3 4.2 20 46 56.5 36.5 32.5 44.5 39 50.7 48 50.7 50 49.8 49.8 4 7 . 2 47.2 43.0 43.0 45.8* 39.2 39.2 41.2 35.8 35.8 37.5 32.8 32.8 34.8 30.2 30.2 32.5 30.7 29.0 \

-2l±2.

n 5 8 8 8 9

\

t 20 15 15 20 15

\

€ 43.0 36.2±1.2 19.0 + 6 16.5 + 6 15+2

I

7 ~ 5 2 . 2 5 8 (e) | (/)

2.8 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.8 22 3.0 35 3.0 45 3.0 48.4 3.1 49.o 3.2 47.2 3.7 43.o* 14.0 39.2 33.0 35.8 35.o 32.8 32.3 30.2 30.2 29.o 28.0 25.8

\ Lit. (75) 0.27 (44,46) 0.50 (44, 46) 0.42 (48,49) (125) k'

TABLE 6.—DISPERSION AND ABSORPTION DATA: ORGANIC COMPOUNDS AND SOLUTIONS For no organic compound, other than those in this table, are data available for the variation of n and of nkf over a wide range of frequency (z/), but data for one or two values of v are available for a number of other substances. The values of k' for these substances are given in Table 4. n = index of refraction, k' = index of absorption, X0 = wavelength in a vacuum. If Ex = energy at # of a train of plane waves travelling in the direction of axis of x, then Ex == l?0e~4irnA;/:c/\ v = A X 10s. Unit of v = 1 cycle/sec; of X0 = 1 cm; t = centigrade temperature, 0C. CH4O, Methyl alcohol

n I nk' 5.6s (T32 5.7o + 5

5.65 5.65 5.7o 6.0s 3.8 5.4 3.6 2.8

5.17

18

4

8

75

0.4s 0.33 0.36 0.4s 0.4o 0.6e 1.32 2.3s 1.45

9 21 18 18 18 18 18 18 17

8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 9 9 9

( U ) (ii) 60 (isi) 60 (14») 50 O 51 ) 50 (143) 40 (143) 33 (143) 5.7 (53) 4.5 (125) 3.7 (53)

10

1 . 7 5 (53)

1.3s

18

4 4 5 5 6 6 7.5 9 5 6.7 8

0.80

17

1.7

» { ; s ss} <->

0.79

18 1.16 8 259 18 1.4 8 220 18.7 3 8 100

0.75 + 5

19

3.5

8

85

(33,143,151)

0.95±2

18

4

8

75

(11,46,48,143, 151)

1.0s 0.8e

13 21 17 16 16

4 4 4 4 4

8 8 8 8 8

75 75 75 75 75

1.00

19

4.75

8

63

0.9o 1.1 1.9 3.2 1.4s 0.6o

17 19 19 19 19 19 17 18

5.7 6 6 8 1 1.3e 5.3 6 6.7 7.5 8.1 9

8 8 8 8 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9

53 (122) 50 (isi) 50 (143) 37.5 (143) 30 (143) 2 2 . 2 (i9**) 5.7 (53) 5 (32) 4.5 O 2 6 ) 4 (122) 3.7 (53) 3.3 (130)

4.3s 3.7 3.5 3.9 3.6 3.2 2.25 2.97 3.4 2.8

(11,48,143,151, 196)

C2H6O, Ethyl alcohol (99.5%); see Fig. 2 3.3 7 900 (i 98 )

4.00 4.37 4.8o 4.3±1

t I A \ s \ X0 "[ Lit. 18 3.35 8 90 (143, isi) 18 4 8 75 (44,143)

0.37±1

5.24 4.92 + 5 4.5l±6

I

0.4s 0.43

17 15 17

3.4

0.39

17

2.4 2.1 2.57 2.29 2.24

0.3o 0.2o

ca. 19 ca. 19

(32) (44) (isi)

(U) (U) (33) (143) (44,48) (33,143,151,196)

1 . 7 2 10

1 . 7 5 (53)

2 3.3 3.8 5 7.5

1.5 O 30 ) 0.9 O 30 ) 0.8 (109) 0.6 (109) 0.4 (109)

10 10 10 10 10

TABLE 4.—(Continued) I t I A n Ci8H3SO2Na, Sodium oleate

e 2.75±8S

2 0

4

Lit. ( 98 )

8

M. P. 4 8 ( 98 ) (CisH33O2)2Cu, Copper oleate 2.8o±ss 20 4 8 ( 98 ) 2.8o + sZ M. P. 4 8 (98) (Ci8H3SO2)SFe, Ferric oleate 2.68 + 8 I 20 I 4 I 8 I (98) (Ci8H33O2)3Al, Aluminium oleate 2.4o±s I 20 I 4 I 8 I ( 98 ) (Ci8H33O2^Pb, Lead oleate 3.27+0.Is 18 4 8 ( 98 ) 3.7o±0.1Z M. P. 4 8 ( 98 ) C2oH34O2, Camphorpinacone 3.65 I I 4 I 8 (9) C22H42O3, Isobutyl ricinoleate 4.7 I 21 I Audio | O 9 1 ) C24H34O8, Tetraethyl hexane-l-phenyl-2, 2, 4, 4-tetracarboxylate 5.9(?)* I 20 I 4 I 8 I (4 9 ) C29H3CO8, Tetraethyl pentane-1, 5-diphenyl-2, 2, 4, 4-tetracarboxylate 2.7* I 20 I 4 I 8 I (49) 2.83±sZ

*k' < 0.02.

~"~

TABLE 5.—DIELECTRIC CONSTANT OF GLYCEROL (C3H8O3) See also Table 6 Melts at 170C. (a) = state of purity is unknown ( 68 ); (b), (c), and (e) = 98% pure (75); (d) = carefully purified ( 9 2); (J) = pure ( 20 ). Frequency = A X 10n cycle/sec; t = centigrade temperature, 0C; for other symbols, see p. 82. A n Purity t -185 -140 -100 - 80 - 70 - 60 - 30 - 26 - 20 - 15 - 10 O + 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 200

A 7.5 1.3 4 4 7 *d20 =

1 7 2 3 ITS 6 2 5 5 5 I (o) | (6) | (c) j (d) \ j Values of e 3.2i 3.3 4.2 20 46 56.5 36.5 32.5 44.5 39 50.7 48 50.7 50 49.8 49.8 4 7 . 2 47.2 43.0 43.0 45.8* 39.2 39.2 41.2 35.8 35.8 37.5 32.8 32.8 34.8 30.2 30.2 32.5 30.7 29.0 \

-2l±2.

n 5 8 8 8 9

\

t 20 15 15 20 15

\

€ 43.0 36.2±1.2 19.0 + 6 16.5 + 6 15+2

I

7 ~ 5 2 . 2 5 8 (e) | (/)

2.8 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.8 22 3.0 35 3.0 45 3.0 48.4 3.1 49.o 3.2 47.2 3.7 43.o* 14.0 39.2 33.0 35.8 35.o 32.8 32.3 30.2 30.2 29.o 28.0 25.8

\ Lit. (75) 0.27 (44,46) 0.50 (44, 46) 0.42 (48,49) (125) k'

TABLE 6.—DISPERSION AND ABSORPTION DATA: ORGANIC COMPOUNDS AND SOLUTIONS For no organic compound, other than those in this table, are data available for the variation of n and of nkf over a wide range of frequency (z/), but data for one or two values of v are available for a number of other substances. The values of k' for these substances are given in Table 4. n = index of refraction, k' = index of absorption, X0 = wavelength in a vacuum. If Ex = energy at # of a train of plane waves travelling in the direction of axis of x, then Ex == l?0e~4irnA;/:c/\ v = A X 10s. Unit of v = 1 cycle/sec; of X0 = 1 cm; t = centigrade temperature, 0C. CH4O, Methyl alcohol

n I nk' 5.6s (T32 5.7o + 5

5.65 5.65 5.7o 6.0s 3.8 5.4 3.6 2.8

5.17

18

4

8

75

0.4s 0.33 0.36 0.4s 0.4o 0.6e 1.32 2.3s 1.45

9 21 18 18 18 18 18 18 17

8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 9 9 9

( U ) (ii) 60 (isi) 60 (14») 50 O 51 ) 50 (143) 40 (143) 33 (143) 5.7 (53) 4.5 (125) 3.7 (53)

10

1 . 7 5 (53)

1.3s

18

4 4 5 5 6 6 7.5 9 5 6.7 8

0.80

17

1.7

» { ; s ss} <->

0.79

18 1.16 8 259 18 1.4 8 220 18.7 3 8 100

0.75 + 5

19

3.5

8

85

(33,143,151)

0.95±2

18

4

8

75

(11,46,48,143, 151)

1.0s 0.8e

13 21 17 16 16

4 4 4 4 4

8 8 8 8 8

75 75 75 75 75

1.00

19

4.75

8

63

0.9o 1.1 1.9 3.2 1.4s 0.6o

17 19 19 19 19 19 17 18

5.7 6 6 8 1 1.3e 5.3 6 6.7 7.5 8.1 9

8 8 8 8 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9

53 (122) 50 (isi) 50 (143) 37.5 (143) 30 (143) 2 2 . 2 (i9**) 5.7 (53) 5 (32) 4.5 O 2 6 ) 4 (122) 3.7 (53) 3.3 (130)

4.3s 3.7 3.5 3.9 3.6 3.2 2.25 2.97 3.4 2.8

(11,48,143,151, 196)

C2H6O, Ethyl alcohol (99.5%); see Fig. 2 3.3 7 900 (i 98 )

4.00 4.37 4.8o 4.3±1

t I A \ s \ X0 "[ Lit. 18 3.35 8 90 (143, isi) 18 4 8 75 (44,143)

0.37±1

5.24 4.92 + 5 4.5l±6

I

0.4s 0.43

17 15 17

3.4

0.39

17

2.4 2.1 2.57 2.29 2.24

0.3o 0.2o

ca. 19 ca. 19

(32) (44) (isi)

(U) (U) (33) (143) (44,48) (33,143,151,196)

1 . 7 2 10

1 . 7 5 (53)

2 3.3 3.8 5 7.5

1.5 O 30 ) 0.9 O 30 ) 0.8 (109) 0.6 (109) 0.4 (109)

10 10 10 10 10

FIG. 2.—Variation of refractive index with wave-length ( 33 » TABLE 6.—(Continued) C2H6O + a;H2O, Ethyl alcohol and water % AIc. I nk' t I A I s I X0 | Lit. 96 0.9s 14.5 4.0s 8 74 (U) 96 0.82 21 4.0s 8 74 (M) 90 0.69 3.5 8 86 ( 1 Si) 90 0.7? 4 8 75 (isi) 90 0.79 4.7s 8 63 ( 1 5 I) 90 0.92 4.75 8 63 (i»«) 75 0.7s 4.7s 8 63 (1^) 55 0.5s 4.7s 8 63 (1^) C 3 H 6 O, Acetone (34) C 3 H 8 O, n-Propyl alcohol n I nk' I t I A \ s \ X0 [ Lit. 3.84 1.5? 15 4.1 8 73 (48,49) 1.2o 20 4.0s 8 74 O1) 1.3e 11 4.0s 8 74 (U) 1.5 4.7e 8 63 (!96) 0.9s 1.3e 9 22.2 ( 1 ^S) 2.8 0.5s 17 5.3 9 5.7 (53) 2.8 0.5o 16 8.1 9 3.7 (53) 2.8 0.3o 17 1.72 10 1.75 (53) C 3 H 8 O 3 , Glycerol 6.2±2 TT TA 8 220 (44, 46) 1.2o 12 4.0s 8 74 O1) 1.47 20 4.0s 8 74 (") 1.59 27 4.0s 8 74 (U) 5.0 2.5 15 4 . 1 8 73 (46, 48) 4.5 1.9 20 4.1 8 73 (48,49) 3.74 3.52 9 8.52 (Hi) 3.8 0.2a 17 5.3 9 5.7 (53) 4.1 6.7 9 4.5 (125) 3.8 0.2e 15 8.1 9 3.7 (53) 3.8

0.27

1.84 1.7s 1.62

n fj67 1.6? 1.7o

I

19

1 . 7 2 10

1.75

n 3T9e 5.2o 5.82 5.99 5.9i n

I

2.8o

2.4 2.4 2.4

^

I

C 4 Hi 0 O, nk' I t I l 7 l 9 1 9 l.U 19 1.32 18 1.4 l.lo 19 l.lo 19 1.Oi 19 0.9i 19 0.42 0.3i 17 0.2e 17 0.2s 18

0.97 0.8s '

1.82

).

C3H8O3.- (Continued) nk' I t f| ~ I nk' \ T31 20 sTfrr(TTt 1.40 30 5.5o 0.11 0.93 40 5.3s 0.11 0.42 50 5.0s O.Io 0.30 60 ;

3.0a±5

2.34±5

143

Isobutyl alcohol I I s I X^ j Ut. 3 8 JlOO ( 1 Si) 4 8 4 75 (Uf "I) 4.1 8 73 (48,49) 4.7e 8 63 (i»6) 5 8 60 ( 1 Si) 5.5 8 55 (isi) 6 8 50 (isi) 6.7 8 45 (isi) 1.3e 9 22.2 (196) 5.3 9 5.7 (53) 8.1 9 3.7 (53) 1.72 10 1.7s (S3)

C 5 Hi 2 O, Amyl alcohol F T 3 T A 8 220 19 3 8 100 19 4 8 75

^

t 80 100 120 200

~~

(44) (isi) (isi)

1.20

18.5

4.1

8

73

(44,46)

1.Oi 0.8o 0.69

22 19 19

4.1 5 6 6.7

8 8 8 9

73 60 50 4.5

(48,49) (isi) (isi) (125)

C 6 H 6 , Benzene; see Fig. 1 C7H8, Toluene; see Fig. 1

(53)

3.7 10 0.8 (109) 5 10 0.6 ( 1 OS) 7.5 10 0.4 ( 1 OQ) v = 2.2 X 108, X 0 = 136 (20) nk' I t ""[] ~n n k ' | 0.02 -140 TTs 0.02 0.02 -100 1.9s 0.14 0.02 - 40 2.3e 0.52

TABLE 7.—DIELECTRIC CONSTANT (e) OF CRYSTALS c

t - 20 O + 10

6

lh Ji = value of c when direction of the electric field is ||, JL to optic axis; crystal being uniaxial. ea, <$, ec = value of e when direction of electric field is || to brachy (a), macro (6), c crystallographic axis, respectively; crystal orthorhombic. ei, e2 = value of e along principal axes of the electric indicatrix J_ to ortho (6) axis in monoclinic crystals; 61 > e2. x — angle between the crystallographic c-axis and the direction corresponding to ci,

positive in direction from c-axis towards a-axis. The acute crystal angle /3 = +Ci_0 is, therefore, negative. The value of e in any given direction is numerically equal to that semidiameter of the /y«2

/ii2

2;2

ellipsoid -^- + -^- + — = 1 which is || to the given direction. fc

€

l

C

b

2

6cz = value when field is J_ plane of cleavage, em = mean value of e', for uniaxial crystals, e\\ + 2€j_ = 3em; for orthorhombic crystals, ea -f- Q> + ec = 3em; for monoclinic, ei + % + «2 = 3ew; trans. = transparent; trl. = translucent. For other symbols, see p. 82. Unit of e = 1 cgse unit; of x = 1°- Frequency, v = A X 10n cycle/sec. Isometric (or regular, or cubic) system, optically isotropic \

€ 6.8 7.3 3.60 5.5 11.2o 12.1? 16.8 6.0 6.85*

I

NH4C1 NH4Br P C AgCl AgBr Pb(NOa)2 A12(NH4)2(S04)4.24H20 CaF2

Ammonium chloride Ammonium bromide Phosphorus (yellow) Diamond Silver chloride Silver bromide Lead nitrate Ammonium alum Fluorite (colorless)

\A\ n 1 12 1 12 3 18 3 18 1 5; 7 1 5; 7 1 12 1 12 Audio

\

Lit. ~ (» 1 4 ) 1 4 C i ) (i«?) f»«7) (9°) ( 90 ) (l*4) C1*4) (36, 152,

Tetragonal, trigonal, and hexagonal systems.—(Continued) I

TiO2 ZrSiO4 SnO2 Pb5Cl(PO4)S (Zn 1 Fe 1 Cd)S ZnCO3 HgCl FeCO3

PbMo04(?)

1 5;12 (90,114,

6.2+0.1

Audio

5.7s±5

1 5; 9 (»o, iss,

155,

NaCl

Rock salt

Corundum; sapphire (synthetic) Ruby (synthetic)

Al2O3 H9Al3(BOH)2Si40i9(?)

181) 156, 181)

NaAlSi2O6-H2O KBr KI K2A12(S04)4.24H20 Rb2Cr2(SO4)^H2O Rb2Al2(SO4^H2O Cs2Al2(SOO4^H2O

Analcite Potassium bromide Potassium iodide Potassium alum (190C) Rubidium chrome alum Rubidium alum Cesium alum

5.9±0.1

1

12

6.7 5.1 5.4 6.5± 0.2* 6.32 5.0 5.1 5.0

1 12 1 12 1 12 Audio 3 8 1 12 1 12 1 12

166,

(114,155, 156)

(^ 4 ) (114) (^ 4 ) (3s, 17 5) (!66) ( 114 ) (1^4) ("4)

Tetragonal, trigonal, and hexagonal systems, optically uniaxial I

SiO2 TiO2

I

Chalcedony Rutile (brown) (190C)

«J.

I «|| em = 4.2 86±3 |l70±3

U

I n I Lit. 1 12 ( 114 ) 1 8;12 (115,166)

13.19 12.80 13.27 13.3s

Be3Al2(SiO3)G

Hs(Mg, Fe)BAl2Si3Oi8 Ca6(Cl, F)(P04)3 CaCO3

A I n I Lit. 3 8 (»66) 3 8 (166) 1 8; 12 ( 1 1 5 > 166 > 1 12 ( 1 1 4 ) 3 8 ( 16€ ) 1 12 ( 115 ) 1 12 (H«) 1 12 ( 114 ) 2 O ( 36 ) 3 8 ( 166 ) 1 12 ( 1 1 4 ) 3 8 C 1 *?) 3

(167)

8

11.42 11.Os 11.2s 11.Oa

Audio Audio Audio Audio I 6.8+2 Audio 5.59 3 ,8 6.1 1 12 5.5s 3 8 5.5o 3 8 6.2 1 O 6.0s Audio 7.8 Audio 5.9+0.1 1 12

Tourmaline (clear) 7.lot (bright green, trans.).... 6.77 7.1 Beryl (trans., blue)f 190C).. 6.0s 0 (trans., green) (19 C).... 6.05 (emerald) 7.6J (aquamarine) 7.02 (aquamarine) 7.4 5.95+5 Penninite (trans., green) 0 (19 C) «m = 4.85 Apatite (lilac) (190C) 9.5o§ 7.4i 10.5 7.7 Calcite 8.5+0.2 8.0+0.3

156)

( 3 «> 148 »

c-L I eH I em = 78±5 «m = 31 Zircon (trans., yellow) 12± 1 12± 1 Cassiterite 23.4 24.0 Pyromorphite (tr\.t yellow). 26 150± 15 Wurtzite em = 8.2 Smithsonite 9.3 9.4 Calomel 14.Of Siderite 8.5±0.3* 8.0+0.3 (trl.) 7.8e 6.85 7.8 6.0 Wulfenite (red) 26.8

(trans.)

€m = 23.8

Al2O3

175)

6.76+4

I

Rutile

3 8 3 8 1 12 Audio

( 6S ) ( 66 ) ( 6 «) (66) (36,66) (*66) (i* 4 ) f166) C166) f36) (66) (17S) ( 114 ) (i« 6 ) ( 166 ) (i 1 4 ) ( 6 5 > 141 »> 152,

(Iceland) (190C) (deduced) (27.80C) (deduced) (27.80C) CaCOa

8.5±0.2 8.0+0.2 3 8 ecz = 7.8 Audio ecz = 8.3±0.1 1 8; 12 I tm = 8.3o 2 2; 8

Marble

175>

( 166 ) (148) (iss, 166, 181 ) (66, so, 155, 167),

I

ew = 8.5±0.3

1 9;12 (H4, iss, 156)

Ca6[Al(OH, F)]Al2(Si04)6(?) CaMg(COs)2 NaNO3 KLiSO4 NaK3(SQ4)!; For footnotes,

Vesuvianite (trans.) Dolomite Soda nitre Potassium lithium sulfate.. Sodium tripotassiumsulfate see p. 100.

8.5±0.1 8.0+0.2 6.5 5.4 7.2

9.2+0.2 1 8; 12 6.8±0.1 1 8; 12 1 12 5.7 1 12 5.8 1 12

(H4,166) (H4, 166), ( 114 ) (1J4) fH4)

Monoclinic system, optically biaxial I

Ci 2 H 22 On Zn(NH 4 ) 2 (SO4) 2 .6H 2 O CuCO3-Cu(OH)2 Mn(NH 4 ) 2 (SO 4 ) 2 .6H 2 O Co(NH 4 ) 2 (SO 4 ) 2 .6H 2 O Ni(NH 4 ) 2(SO4)2.6H2O Mg(NH 4 ) 2 (SO 4 ) 2 .6H 2 O CaSO4.2H2O

I

Cane sugar Malachite

I

€m

I

€b

8.82 7.6 7.2

5.9 6.1 5.4 7.1

6.8 5.6 5.1 8.5

9.92 11.6 8.5? 10.3

5.1s

Gypsum

CaMg.Si2O6.z(Mg, Fe)(Al, Fe)SiO6(?) Augite Na2HAsO4.12H2O K2Co (SO4) 2.6H2O K2Ni(SO4) 2.6H2O KAlSi3O8

61

3.49 6.6

Adular

9.4 6.4 5.3s 6.2

6.9o 6.25.9 10.7 7.1 5.5o

I €d

I

€2

I

X

\

A

\

H

3.1e-58.7 3 8 5.4 -82.1 1.7 2 1 12 4.6 26.01.7 2 5.8 41.91.7 2 5.1 11.1 1.7 2 6.1 -28.9 1.7 2 6.3 2 O 5.04 Audio 5.1o 1 5; 7 7.5 1 12 5.04 102.5 3 8 5.4 - 1.0 1 12 7.07-55.63 8 7.3 -55 1 12 1 . 7 2 8.5 -75.1 1.7 2 5.5 15.01.7 2 4.54 4 2 . 5 3 8 4.8 - 2.5 1 12

Llt.

(52) (22) ("4) (22) (22) (22) (22) (36) (175) (90,i8i (155) (i 6 ^) (157) (52) (157) (22) (22) (22) (52) (157)

Orthorhombic system, optically biaxial I

S

Sulfur

C6H8O7 PbCl2

(trans., from CS2) (190C) Citric acid Lead chloride

PbCO3

Cerussite

HgCl2 (AlF)2SiO4

Mercuric chloride Topaz (trans., yellow) (190C)

MgSO4.7H2O CaSO4 CaCO3

Magnesium sulfate Anhydrite (trans.) (190C) Aragonite (190C)

SrSO4

Celestite (trans.)

SrCO3 BaSO4

Strontianite Barite

BaCO3

Witherite (190C)

KNaC4H4O«.4H2O

Rochelle saltf (O0C) (O0C)

€Q

I

em

K2SO4

€b

I e ei . I

A

ee

I

n

6.9

112 70 80 6.1

8.9

5JT

1.7

2

Lit.

I

2 O 3.8i 3.9? 4.7? 3.2 1 3.67 3.87 4.6e 1.7 2 3.59 3.8s 4.61 3 8 . .. 4.7 4.3 3.3 1.7 2 42 + 2.0 3 8 40±3.0 1 12 25.4|| 23.0 19.6 3 8 24.2±0.3 25.0±0.3 26.3+0.3 1 12 6.5s±5 1 12 6.5a* 2 O 6.25 H 6.5s 6.44 Audio 6.6s 6.7i 6.2s 3 8 7.4 7.3 7.6 1 12 5.3 6.1 8.3 1.7 2 5. 7o ± 5 6. 3o ± 5 1 8; 12 9.1 6.0 Audio 9.87±s|| 7.72±s 6.59±3 3 8 6.7 10.5 7.6 1 12 7.9§ 18.5 8.3o 3 8 9.3 44f 8.5 1 12 6.6 6.5 1 12 7.o 11.o 7.o Audio 7.6s 12.2 7.7o 3 8 9.1 9.8 1 12 7.8+0.1|| 7.5+0.1 6.4+0.13 8 7.5 7.3 1 12 800 O O 700 3.3 1 6.7

O0C O0C 150C Potassium sulfate

I

4.0

.

(36) (21) (22) (166) (22) (167) (114,155) (166) O14) ("4, 155) (36) (66) (166) (in) (22) (i 14, 166) (65) (166) (U4) (i««) («4) ("5) (65) (»««) (H4) (166) (H4) (««) (186) (22)

40; 8 3 (™) 4 5; 7 (*0) 4 5; 7 (70) 1.7 2 (22)

4.5

Triclinic system (no data available) * Very small absorption. t Probably too great. J Large absorption. § Local impurities, inclusions.

TABLE 8.—DIELECTRIC CONSTANT (e) OF BINARY MIXTURES AND SOLUTIONS For data below -8O0C, see Table 10; for solutions of oleates, see Table 9; for mixtures of gases, see Table 3; for colloidal suspensions, see Table 11. Concentrations are expressed in terms of the amount of the B-component contained in the mixture, except in a few cases in which the A-component is a solid, or the volume % of A is given. An asterisk (*) indicates that all values of that series have been recalculated so as to make them correspond to the values adopted (Table 1) for the standardizing liquids. The frequency (cycles per sec) of the applied emf and the temperature are given immediately below the B-component. The concentration of component (A), (B) is indicated in each case by one of the symbols MB, M %, N', Vol. %, Wt. %. MB = molar concentration, unit = 1 gram mole B per liter of solution; M % B = molecular percentage, unit = 1 gram mole B per 100 gram moles of the mixture, the total number of moles of the mixture being assumed equal to the sum of those of its pure constituents; N' = thousandth normal, unit = 1 gram equivalent of B per 1000 liters of the mixture; Vol. % = volume percentage, unit = 1 cm3 of pure A, or B, per 100.cm3 of mixture; Wt. % B = weight

(I Colorless. ^f Behavior anomalous —20 to +250C. At low frequencies, measurements are affected by mechanical vibration, fatigue, and absorption.

percentage, unit = 1 gram B per 100 grams of mixture, centigrade temperature, 0C; for other symbols, see p. 82.

B = CH 4 N 2 O, Urea («0) MB I c 5.6 X 105; 2O 0 C(SO) 0.5 80.22 1.0 81.5i 1.5 82.8i 2.0 83.9s 2.5 85.Ie 3.0 86.17 B = CH4O, Methyl alcohol (49) Wt. % B |

e

4 X 108; 170C 0.0 82.6* 10.0 77.6

1. Aqueous Solutions Unit of e = I cgse unit B = CH4O.(Continued)

t =

B = C 2 H 3 Cl 3 O 2 , Chloral hydrate (174)

Wt. % B

20.0 40.0 60.0 80.0 100.0

e

72.8 63.o 52.2 42.6 33.8

M % B I e 4 X 108; 21.80C 40.8 [33.5 + 1.0

5.6 X 105; 180C (5.9)

20.0 40.0 60.0 80.0 100.0

69.6 61.4 52.4 43.1 33.8

B = C 2 H 5 NO, Acetamide ( 174 ) M%B I c 4 X 108, 21.70C 40.7 I 7 . 2 ± 0 . 2

B = C2H4NO2, Glycocoll (72) Wt. % B| e 4 X 108; 2O0C 0.0 81.9* 1.0 86.9 4.0 90.8 8.0 93.4 16.0 94.7

B = C2H6O, Ethyl alcohol (133) See also Table 6 Wt. % B e Audio; 2O0C 50.0 49.4* 60.0 43.9 70.0 38.7 80.0 34.1 90.0 29.8 100.0 26.5

B = C3H6O, Acetone (49) 4.0 X 10*; 190C 0.0 81.8* 25.0 67.7 50.0 51.2 80.0 32.2 100.0 20.7

B = CsH6O2, Propionic acid ( 49 ) 4 X 108; 170C 55.0 43.8* 60.0 29.7 62.5 25.4 65.0 24.9 70.0 24.7 75.0 23.4 80.0 19.4 90.0 10.9 95.0 6.8

B = C6H6O2, Resorcinol (174) M%B I c 4 X 108; 21.80C 17.8 I 3 . 2 + 0 . 2

B = C 6 Hi 2 O 6 , Dextrose (72) Wt. % B | € 4 X 108; 2O0C 0.0 81.9* 10.0 68.4 20.0 55.7 30.0 42.8 40.0 30.3

B = C 6 Hi 2 O 6 , Levulose (72) 4 X 108; 2O0C 0.0 81.9* 10.0 73.3 20.0 59.3 30.0 45.4 40.0 31.4 B = C 6 Hi 4 O 6 ,

B = Ci8H27NO3S, Tetraethyl ammonium naphthalenej3-sulfonate ( 112 )' N' I e 7 X 106; 2O0C 2 75. i 5 66.9 B = Albumin (72) Wt. % B | e 4 X 108; 2O0C 0.0 81.9* 0.50 71.8 1.00 67.o 4.00 52.3 6.00 47.8 15.00 33.4 B = Gelatin (72) 4 X 108; 2O0C 0.0 81.9* 5.00 68.2 10.0 60.2 20.0 53.4 30.0 49.6 50.0 44.8

Mannitol (174)

M % B I

e

4 X 108; 22.O0C 1.8 I 3 . 0 ± 0 . 2 B = C7H5NO3S, Saccharin (72) Wt. % B I e 4 X 108; 2O0C 0.0 81.9* O.10 85.5 0.25 91.1 0.50 87.7 1.00 78.6 2.00 73.6 10.0 58.5 20.0 48.3 30.0 39.2

B = Pepsin (72) 4 X 10«; 2O0C 1.0 79.9* 2.0 77.4 B = Trypsin (72) 4 X 108; 2O0C 0.25 83.9* 0.50 85.5 B = CuSO4, Copper sulfate (H2) N' I € 7 X 106; 2O0C 1.14 73.5 2.28 75.8 4.58 72.i

B = Ci 2 H 22 Ou, Cane sugar (72) B = KCljPotassium B = C3H7NO2, 4 X 108; 2O0C chloride ("2) Urethane (174) 0.0 81.9* 9 X 106; 2O0C M %B e 10.0 80.9 0.755| 78.6 4 X 108; 21.70C 20.0 75.3 7 X 106; 2O0C 35.5 I 32 + 1 30.0 68.2 0.755 73.4 50.0 49.9 1.51 74.4 60.0 39.7 7.55 65.1 5.6 X 105; 180C(SO) B = C4H5NO2, 5.0 77.14 For various other Succinimide (I 74 ) 10.0 76.Ie electrolytes consult M % BI 20.0 74.Os the current liter4 X 108; 22.30C 25.0 72.94 ature. 5.2 I 5.8 + 1.0 30.0 71.52

2. Non-Aqueous Solutions; The € -Arrangement; v. Vol. Ill, p. viii CCl4 B = C6H6, Benzene B = C2H6O, Ethyl (116) alcohol (139) Carbon tetrachloride Wt. % B| e B = CS2, Carbon M % B I e disulfide (42, 77, Audio; 180C Audio; 2O0C 116) 30.0 22.7* 0.0 2.27* 40.0 19.80 Wt. % B I e 25.0 2.22 60.0 14.00 Audio; 2O0C 60.0 2.22 80.0 8.25 20 2.31 75.0 2.23 100.0 2.64 40 2.39 100.0 2.28 60 2.47 B = C 4 Hi 0 O, Ethyl 80 2.56 ether (U 6) B = C7Hi6O, Ethyl 100 2.66 Audio; 2O0C amyl ether (42) Wt. % B d 0.0 2.65* Wt. % B I e (10t 45) 40.0 3.33 Audio; 22.90C 20. - 0.14 80.0 4.00 20.0 2.64 40 - 0.15 100.0 4.39 50.0 3.17 (10 t 55) 70.0 3.28 B = C6H5Br, 60 |- 0.18 90.0 3.40 Bromobenzene (42) (10 t 40) Audio; 2O0C 80 |- 0.18 20.0 3.03 B = CsHio, 40.0 3.72 m-Xylene (42) i> — C2H4Br2, 60.0 4.42 Audio; 2O0C Ethylene 80.0 5.12 10 2.27 bromide (42) __100.0 5.82_ 40 2.31 Wt. % B| e 70 2.34 Audio; 230C B = C6H6, 90 2.37 30 2.59 Benzene (77) 50 3.02 106; 2O0C 70 3.38 B = Oleates, see 40.0 2.384 90 3.85 Table 9 2.32i 60.0 80.0 2.30s Wt. % B dt B = C2H6O, Ethyl CS2 alcohol (105) (10 t 40) Carbon disulfide 40.0 - 0.16 103; 2O0C B = S, Sulfur (54) 60.0 - 0.17 O 2.25 Wt. % B | c 80.0 - 0.19 10 5.40 4 X 108; 190C 20 8.60 0.0 2.67* B = C7Hg, 30 11.7 5.0 2.44 Toluene (42) 40 14.5 10.0 2.22 Wt. % B I e 50 17.0 20.0 2.10 Audio; 20.O0C 60 19.1 25.0 2.10 20.0 2.60 70 20.9 50.0 2.52 80 22.6 B = CHCl3, 70.0 2.44 90 24.2 Chloroform (139) 90.0 2.35 100 25.8 Audio; 180C B = C 7 Hi 6 , 20.0 2.95* Heptane (42) B = C4H10O, Ethyl 30.0 3.17 Audio; 22.50C ether (42) 40.0 3.38 0.0 2.74 0 Audio; 19.O C 60.0 3.78 10.0 2.50 0.0 2.26 80.0 4.23 30.0 2.21 20.0 2.98 Audio; 190C (42) 40.0 2.205 40.0 3.53 20.0 2.70 50.0 2.202 80.0 4.25 40.0 3.28 60.0 2.15 100.0 4.55 80.0 4.47 B = CsHi0, B = C6H5Cl, J3 — C2H4Br2, ra-Xylene (16) i6 Chlorobenzene ( ) Ethylene broVol. % B| e mide (42) Vol. % Al e Audio; 150C 0 0 Audio; 15 C Audio; 22.4 C 0.0 2.61 20 2.91 40.0 3.02 40.0 2.52 30 3.35 60.0 3.37 60.0 2.47 50 3.95 70.0 3.68 80.0 2.43 80 5.02 90.0 4.36 100.0 2.37

CS2.- (Cmtd) B = Oleates; see Table 9 CHCl3 Chloroform i> = C 2H4Br2, Ethylene bromide (42) Wt. % BI e Audio; 22.40C 20.0 4.89 40.0 4.88 60.0 4.87 70.0 4.86 90.0 4.84 B = C2H6O, Ethyl alcohol (42, 77) Audio; 2O0C 20.0 4.33 40.0 3.74 60.0 3.15 80.0 2.64 Wt. % B <920 20.0 - 1.35 40.0 - 0.95 60.0 - 0.65 80.0 - 0.37 B = C 4 Hi 0 O, Ethyl ether (35,, 139, 168) Wt. % B |

Audio; 0.0 20.0 40.0 60.0 800 100.0

e

2O0C 4.36 5.85 5.83 5.36 4.81 4.44

B = C 5 HiO, Amylene (42) Audio; 21.20C 10.0 4.44 20.0 3.92 40.0 3.08 60.0 2.61 80.0 2.28 B = C5H12, Pentane (42) Audio; 21.70C 10.0 4.39 20.0 3.77 ' 40.0 2.89 60.0 2.39 80.0 2.10 B = C6H6, Benzene (42) Audio; 190C 20.0 3.97 30.0 3.66 50.0 3.22 70.0 2.83 90.0 2.29

B = C 7 Hi 6 ,

Heptane (42) Wt. % B| e Audio; 20.20C 0.0 5.10 20.0 3.87 40.0 3.03 60.0 2.47 80.0 2.18 B = C 7 Hi 6 O, Ethyl amyl ether (42) Audio; 23.30C 0.0 4.97 10.0 5.29 30.0 5.34 50.0 5.03 80.0 3.90 100.0 3.56 B = Oleates; see Table 9 CH4N2O Urea B = CH4O, Methyl alcohol (174) M % A I € 4 X 108; 22.10C 10.4 I 44±1 B = C 2 H 6 O, Ethyl alcohol (174) 4 X 108; 22.O0C 4.0 |25.0+0.5 CH4O Methyl alcohol B = C 3 H 7 NO 2 , Urethane (174) M % B I e 4 X 108; 21.60C 55 5 [18.0+0.5 B = C6H6, Benzene (i 39 ) Wt. % B | e Audio; 160C 95.0 2.96* 96.0 2.80 97.0 2.66 99.0 2.37 B = C 7 Hg,

Toluene (139) Audio; 160C 96.0 2.87* 97.0 2.75 98.0 2.62 99.0 2.49 B = C 8 H 9 NO, Acetanilide (I 7 4 ) M % B I e 4 X 108; 22.20C 10.5 |37.0±1.0 B = CioHs, Naphthalene (174) 4 X 108; 22.10C 1.8 [30.0 + 1.0

C2HsCIsO2 Chloral hydrate B = C 2 H 6 O, Ethyl alcohol (174) M % A I € 4 X 108; 21.50C 51.3 113.0 + 0.2 B = C7Hs,

Toluene (174) 4 X 108; 21.90C 13.1 I 3.0+0.2

C2H4B^ Ethylene bromide B = C4H10O, Ethyl ether (42) Wt. % B I € Audio; 22.O0C 20 4.94 40 4.79 60 4.64 80 4.50 B = C 5 H 1 O, Amylene ( 42 ) Audio; 21.40C 20 3.35 40 2.60 60 2.33 80 2.17 100 2.07 B = C6H,,

Benzene (42) Audio; 23.10C 20.0 3.78 60.0 2.72 80.0 2.48 100.0 2.284 B = C 7 H 16 ,

Heptane (42) Audio; 22.70C O 4.92 20 3.22 40 2.57 60 2.29 80 2.15 C2H5NO Acetamide B = C 2 H 6 O, Ethyl alcohol (174) M % A I e 4 X 108; 22.O0C 35.6 [45.0 + 1.0

C2H6O Ethyl alcohol B = "C 3 H 7 NO 2 , Urethane (174) M % B I e 4 X 108; 21.60C 52.0 16+0.5 B = C 4 H 5 NO 2 ,

Succinimide (174) 4 X 108; 21.80C 2.3 |23.0+0.5

B = C4Hi0O, Ethyl ether (105) Wt. % B € 103; 2O0C O 25.8 10 23.2 . 20 20.6 30 18.0 40 15.5 50 13.10 60 10.90 70 8.90 80 7.20 90 5.70 100 4.35 B = C6H6,

Benzene (i°5) Audio; 2O0C 0.0 25.80 10.0 23.20 20.0 20.60

30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0 70.0 80.0 90.0 100.0

18.00 15.50 13.10 10.80 8.60 6.50 4.30 2.28

B = C6H6.—

(Continued) Wt. % B e 60.0 8.49 80.0 3.59 100.0 2.2s Wt. % B a 20 0.0 -12.36 20.0 - 8.80 40.0 - 3.41 80.0 - 1.08 100.0 - 0.23 B = C 7 Hg,

B = C6H6,

Toluene (5)

Benzene (139) Audio; 180C 0.0 4.27s* 20 3.86 40 3.45 60 3.05 80 2.67 0 Audio; 17.8 C (42) 20 4.12 40 3.66 60 3.20 80 2.73

Wt. % B |

e

5 X 108; 170C 20.0 16.9 40.0 13.1 60.0 9.4s 80.0 3.9?

C 3 H 7 NO 2 Urethane B = C3H8O, Propyl alcohol (174) M % A I € 4 X 108; 20.90C 52.5 |15.5+0.5

B = C6H6O2,

Resorcinol (i 74 ) M % B I € 4 X 108; 22.O0C 40.3 [11.5+0.5

B = C 7 H 9 N,

p-Toluidine (174) M % B I € 4 X 108; 21.70C 50.0 [10.0 + 0.5 B = C8H9NO,

Acetanilide (174) 4 X 108; 21.80C 9.4 |29.Q±0.5

Toluene (174) 4 X 108; 21.70C 19.2 I 3.0+0.2

C3H8O Propyl alcohol B = C6H6, Benzene (139) Wt. % B I e Audio; 160C 30.0 13.76* 50.0 9.82 70.0 5.97s 80.0 4.05 B = Ci 0 Hg,

Naphthalene (174) M % B I € 4 X 108; 22.O0C 3.8 |18.0 + 0.5

C3H6O Acetone B = C6H6, Benzene ( 49 ) Wt. % B I £ 4 X 108; 2O0C 0.0 20.5* 20.0 16.8

Audio; 19.60C 30.0 4.60 50.0 4.87 70.0 5.03 80.0 5.04 90.0 4.98 100.0 4.912

C4H10O Isobutyl alcohol B = CgHio, m-Xylene (91) Wt. % B | e 13.250C 40.0 10.8* 50.0 8.82 80.0 3.40

C5H5N Pyridine; see Table 9

B = Ci 0 Hg,

Naphthalene (174) 4 X 108; 21.50C 3.3 [22.0 + 0.5

B = Ci0H7Br, a-

Bromonaphthalene (42)

B = C 7 Hg,

B = C7Hs,

Toluene (139) Wt. % B c Audio; 160C 96.0 2.67* 97.0 2.59 98.0 2.51

C4H10O Ethyl ether B = CaHi 2 , Pentane (42) Wt. % B | € Audio; 20.70C 20 3.87 40 3.08 60 2.56 80 2.17 100 1.84

C4H8O2 Ethyl acetate B = C6H6, Benzene (U 6) M % B I e Audio; 2O0C 0.0 6.23s* 20.0 5.54 50.0 3.22 80.0 2.90 100.0 2.27s

C6H11Cl Amyl chloride B = C 8 HiOj m-Xylene (91) Wt. % B I e 16.40C 40.0 4.5s* 60.0 3.8 80.0 3.1

C5H12O Amyl alcohol B = CcHr,, Benzene (139) Wt. % B € Audio; 160C 76.0 3.31* 80.0 3.04 88.0 2.65 92.0 2.54 96.0 2.41 B = CgHiO) w-Xylene (91) 140C 30.0 10.7* 40.0 6.75 70.0 4.0s 80.0 3.20

C6H5Br Bromobenzene B = CeHe,

Benzene ( 42 ) Wt. % B I

e

Audio; 22.350C 20.0 4.53 40.0 3.75 60.0 3.12 80.0 2.62

C6H6Cl Chlorobenzene B = C 7 Hi 6 ,

Heptane (42) Wt. % B | e Audio; 22.40C 20.0 4.65 40.0 3.73 60.0 3.20 80.0 2.41 100.0 1.97 B = C7Hi6O, Ethyl amyl ether (42) Audio; 22.350C 20.0 5.33 40.0 4.88 60.0 4.42 80.0 3.98 100.0 3.55 B = CsHio, w-Xylene (42) Wt. % A I e Audio; 20.20C 10.0 2.60 30.0 3.20 50.0 3.78 80.0 4.68

B — CsHio.— (Continued) Vol. % A| e Audio; 150C (16) 0.0 2.37 20.0 3.10 60.0 4.53 100.0 5.98

C6H6NO2 Nitrobenzene B = CeHe, Benzene (1 39) Wt. % B | Audio; 160C 0.0 37.9s* 20.0 24.1o 40.0 16.7o 9.5s 60.0 80.0 5.5o 100.0 2.29i B = C 6 HuN, Capronitrile (**) 4 X 108; 230C 50.0 19.6 60.0 18.1 70.0 17.1 B = C7Hg, Toluene (139) Audio; 160C 0.0 37.92* 20.0 25.7 40.0 17.2 5.7 80.0 100.0 2.39 B = Oleates; see Table 9 C6H6 Benzene B = C 6 H 6 O, Phenol (140) Wt. % B Audio; 2O0C 5.0 2.33 15.0 2.88 25.0 3.63 B = C7Hg, Toluene (77) 106; 2O0C' 20.0 2.27? 40.0 2.287 60.0 2.296 80.0 2.324 Wt. % B -dt (10 t 75) 20.0 - 0.14 40.0 - 0.14 60.0 - 0.125 80.0 - 0.12

B = C7H8O, o-Cresol (140) Wt. % BI e Audio; 2O0C 5.0 2.83 10.0 2.57 15.0 2.73 25.0 3.04

B = CioH2oO, Menthol (54) Wt. % B

4 X 108; 0.00 5.00 15.0 25.0

e

230C 2.2e 2.59 3.54 4.5s

B = C7Hie.— (Continued) Wt. % B € 60.0 2.146 80.0 2.07s B = CgHioO2,

Ethyl benzoate (116)

B = C7H8O, ra-Cresol (140) Audio; 2O0C 5.0 2.44 15.0 2.87 20.0 3.12 B = C7H8O, p-Cresol (140) Audio; 2O0C 5.0 2.44 10.0 2.67 20.0 3.16 25.0 ' 3.40 B = C7H8O, Phenyl methyl ether (140) Audio; 2O0C 5.0 2.39 15.0 2.57 25.0 2.64 B = C8HioO, o-Tolyl methyl ether (140) Audio; 2O0C 5.0 2.355 15.0 2.48 25.0 2.59 13 = C 8 HioO,

m-Tolyl methyl ether (140) Audio; 2O0C 5.0 2.37 15.0 2.53 25.0 2.68 B = C8Hi0O, p-Tolyl methyl ether (140) Audio; 2O0C 5.0 2.36s 15.0 2.51 25.0 2.665

B = Oleates; see Table 9 B = Castor Oil (185)

Audio; 2O0C 10.0 2.55* 20.0 2.76 30.0 2.85 40.0 3.09 50.0 3.44 60.0 3.62 4.06 70.0 80.0 4.22 90.0 4.59 Wt. % B d 20 30.0 - 0.09 40 - 0.20 50 - 0.33 60 - 0.45 70 - 0.58 80 - 0.70 90 - 0.93

C6H6O Phenol B = C8HiO, m-Xylene (140) Wt. % A I e Audio; 2O0C 5.0 2.57 15.0 2.87 25.0 3.16

C6H7N Aniline B = C8Hi0, ra-Xylene (100) Wt. % B I

4 X 108; 0.0 20.0 60.0 80.0 100.0

e

180C 6.50* 5.6s 3.9s 3.19 2.44

C6H11N Capronitrile; see Table 9

B = CioHieO,

Camphor (54) 4 X 108; 24.O0C 0.00 2.27 5.00 2.5s 10.0 2.94 15.0 3.54 20.0 4.6o 25 O 6.02

C7Hg Toluene B = C7Hi6, Heptane (42) Wt. % B e Audio; 21.10C 20.0 2.28s 40.0 2.21s

M % B I

e

Audio; 2O0C 0.0 2.387 40.0 3.3s 60.0 3.84 4.3s 80.0 100.0 4.91s B = CioHg, Naphthalene (174) 4 X 108; 22.60C 22.5 I 2.8+0.2 B = CioHie, Turpentine (U 6 ) . Audio; 2O0C 0.0 2.39* 20.0 2.23 60.0 2.22 80.0 2.20 100.0 2.19 B = Ci2Hio, Acenaphthene (I 7 4 ) 4 X 108; 22.O0C 15.4 I 2 . 8 + 0 . 2 B = Ci4Hio, Phenanthrene(i74) 4 X 108; 21.70C 21.0 I 2 . 3 ± 0 . 2 B = Petroleum (170)

Wt. % B | € Audio; U 0 C 0.0 2.70* 20.0 2.55 40.0 2.47 60.0 2.37 80.0 2.21 100.0 2.08 Audio; 210C 0.0 2.55* 20.0 2.44 40.0 2.34 60.0 2.27 80.0 2.15 100.0 2.04

B = Castor oil (170) Audio; 2O0C 0.0 2.56 20.0 2.94 40.0 3.38 60.0 3.71 80.0 4.21 100.0 4.61

C7H8O Phenyl methyl ether B = C8HiO, m-Xylene ("O) Wt. % B I

e

Audio; 2O0C 75.0 2.79 85.0 2.63 95.0 2.47

C7Hi6 Heptane B = C ioH7Br, a-Bromonaphthalene (42) Wt. % B I e Audio; 20.80C 40 2.63 50 2.84 70 3.42 __80 3.87

Petroleum B = CioHie, Turpentine (6) Wt. % B I e Audio; 2O0C O 2.03 20 2.08 40 2.11 60 2.16 80 2.20 100 2.27 Wt. % B d,0 O - 0.20 20 - 0.31 40 - 0.60 ' 60 - 0.80 80 - 0.91 100 - 0.96 B = Castor oil (6) Wt. % B I € Audio; 2O0C O 2.03 20 2.60 40 2.93 60 3.40 80 3.93 100 4.46 Wt. % B a 20 O - 0.20 20 - 0.20 40 - 0.80 60 - 2.86 80 - 3.01 100 - 3.77

Cottonseed oil See Table 9

Kerosene See Table 9

TABLE 9.—DIELECTKIC CONSTANT (e) OF SOLUTIONS OF THE OLEATES OF THE HEAVY METALS Solvents: (1) CCl4, Carbon tetrachloride; (2) CS2, Carbon disulfide; (3) CHCl3, Chloroform; (4) C5H5N, Pyridine; (5) C 6 H 5 NO 2 , Nitrobenzene; (6) C6H6, Benzene; (7) C5HuCN, Capronitrile; (8) Cottonseed oil; (9) Kerosene. All values of e have been recalculated to accord with the values given in Table 1. * > = 4 X 1 0 8 ; C = concentration of the oleate of the metal named in first column. Unit of C = 1% by weight; of c = 1 cgse; t = centigrade temperature, 0C. Il (I)CCI 4 (^) [I (2) CS2 (99) 11(3) CHCl3 (42) Il C I t

Al Cd Co Cr Cu Fe.... Mg Mn Ni Zn

\

e

[I C

50 17.0 2.1750.019.0 2.022.0 8 17.0 2.1? 4.024.0 4 19.0 2.29 15 19.0 2.1715.024.0 4 20.0 2.17 5.024.0 8 19.0 2.07 6 19.0 2.02 2.019.0 15 19.0 2.2e 15.024.0 15 19.0 2.2s (4) C 5 H 6 N (99)

Al Cd Co Cu Fe Mg Mn Ni Zn

Al Cu Fe Mg Mn Ni Zn

I t

50 8 10 20 10 15 15 25 25 (7) 30 10 5 5

25.5 7.3e 25.011.0 24.011.9 24.010.8 24.012.0 25.011.7 2 5 5 9.8s 24.010.1 24.010.3 C 5 HnCN (99) 18.010.9 18.013.4 18.013.3 18.013.5

10 18.013.3 10 18.012.8

\

t

\ e

2.5415.019.04.39 2.72 8.020.04.34 2.7215.020.04.34 2.57 15.019.04.66 15.020.04.39'

50

22.013.1

10

21.024.5

10

22.025.9

(8) Cottonseed oil (99) 50 20.0 2.3o 10 20.0 2.4o

15

I t

2.4250.024.03.3s 2.92 2.019.04.34 2.6? 10.020.04.24

(5) C 6 5N02 ( 9f}

5 10

[I C

20.0 2.6s 20.02.67

(6) C6H6 (99) 50 17.02.62 5 19.52.2a 25 20.02.37 20 19.52.07 10 20.02.07 20 20.02.27 10 20.02.I 7 20 19.52.37 25 20.02.02 (9) Kerosene (99) 50 20.01.2e 5 20.01.5i

5 5 5 20.0 2.57 8

20.01.2i 19.51.4i 20.01.2e 20.01.2i

B = Ba(OH)2 (39) Suspension -t I * 5% B 130 39.5 140 35.0 160 26.4 180 19.5 184 17.2 185 16.o B = BaCl2 (39) 23% B

100 110 120 140 160 190

49.8 27.8 16.8 7.90 2.80 2.62

B = LiOH (39) 5% B 120 7.6 160 3.47 170 3.2s 190 3.10 B = NaOH (39) 5% B 160 142 170 14s 180 14o 190 13o 10% B (67) 140 13i 160 83.9 180 54.6 B = NaCl (67) 10% B

100 110 120 130 150 180

47.5 23.5 15.8 9.2 3.2 3.0

B = NaClO4 (39) TABLE 10.—DIELECTRIC CONSTANT (e) OF SOLUTIONS AT TEMPERATURES PELOW — 10O0C Aqueous Solutions Concentration (= weight % of solute) is stated in center of column. Centigrade temperatures B = PbO + xKOH B =(NH 4 ) 2 MoO 4 B = H 2 SO 4 ( 67 ) (39) -t I € ( 39 ) 10% B -t I € B = Pb(NOs) 2 (39) 140 8.1 67 10% B B = CuSO4 ( ) 150 5.3 80 96.5 -t I e 170 4.1 110 91.6 10% B 180 4.1 140 84.0 110 46.7 B = NH 4 OH (67) 120 21.8 34.94% B 130 12.5 140 36.o 140 7.8 150 10.7 160 3.8 170 3.2 160 5.1 B = Cd2B2W9O32 170 4.5 180 2.8 (39)

10% 90 110 130 150 170 180

B 98.5 44.7 14.2 8.7 7.2 6.9

B = Na2SO4 (39) 10% B 90 10.0 120 8.6 150 7.0 180 5.8 B = NaHSO4 (39) 10% B 150 15.2 170 8.9 180 5.7

B = NaNO 2 , (39) -t I e 10% B 100 51.6 115 36.8 125 13.9 160 3.Oo 180 2.7s B = Na2HPO4 (39) 10% B 100 87.5 120 57.2 140 37.2 160 33.2 180 31.9 B = Na2CO3 (39)" 6% B 90 12s 120 69.0 130 50.5 140 44.5 160 41.9 180 37.5 B = NaHCO3 (39)" 6% B 90 74.3 110 70.2 140 59.4 160 35.5 170 4.6o 180 2.9o B = CH3CO2Na " (39)

5% B 110 61.8 120 58.8 130 54.1 140 44.2 160 12.5 170 6.2 180 4.5 B = Na2SiO3 (39)" 5% B 100 13s 120 13i 140 127 160 12a 180 104 B = Na2B4O7.1OH2O (39) 15% B 100 123 120 10s 140 92.2 160 87.8 170 83.9 180 71.o B = KOH (67) 0.05% B 120 42.7 130 26.5 140 20.5 170 16.6 190 9.5

B = KOH.(Continued) -t I € 10% B 150 91.8 170 88.5 180 83.8 190 56.5 20% B 160 48.2 170 46.2 190 39.8 50% B 130 26.6 140 23.o 190 15.2

B = KI (39) 52.17% B 140 21.0 160 6.9 170 3.9 180 3.0 B = KSH (39)

B = KHCO3 (39) 10% B

120 140 150 160 180

33.3 14.0 5.30 2.20 2.10

B = KCN (67) 5% B 150 39.5 160 20.0 170 8.00 180 3.0 B = K4Fe(CN)6 (39)

12% B 95 13s 100 111 120 71.3 140 47.1 160 41.9 180 38.6 B = K2CrO4 (39) 36% B 100 19.5 120 14.5 140 13.2 160 12.3 180 ll.i B = K2Al2(SO4)4.24H2O (39) 9% B

120 130 150 170 180

32.5 24.4 14.4 6.8 3.4

B = RbOH (39) -t

I

130 150 160

B = CsOH (39) -t \ e 2.85% B 140 3.32 170 2.8o 190 2.7e

B=RbOH.(Cont'd) -t e 170 195 180 17e 184 139 188 80.0

6

5% B 209 204 2Oi

TABLE 13.—VARIATION OF DIELECTRIC CONSTANT (t) WITH PRESSURE: PURE ORGANIC LIQUIDS AND SOLID CeHe ep = e0(l + ap X 10-4 + bp2 X 10~8) if 1 < p < pm; ep = € 0 (1+ O.OIA/?) where p has the value given in the table, eo =» value of e at 2O0C and 1 atmosphere, ep is its value at 2O0C and a pressure of p -+- 1 atm. For values of e0, see Table 4. Unit of pt pm = 1 normal atmosphere. I P

I

Alcoholic Solution; Solvent = C 2 H 6 O; B = KOH (67) -t= e=

5% B

170 4.Oo

175 3.1s

180 2.82

185 2.7o

Frequency of emf = v = A X 10n cycle/sec; concentration = C1 unit of C = 1 gram per 100 kg of mixture = 1 g per 105 g; centigrade temperature. For Au, S, AIaOs, Bi2Os, CuO, CuCOs, Fe2O3, PbO, v. (39). V 2 O 6 ( 59 ) A

n

e

C= 1.5 1,875 2.5 3.0 5.0 1-5

3; 3 3 3 3 3

190C 335 350 355 350 340

4

257

C = 6; 190C 2.5 3 527 3.75 3 569 5.0 3 550 7.5 3 505 1.5 4 410

A

e

C = 32; 2O0C (57) 3 5 225 3.75 5 180 6.0 5 125 1 6 94 t \ e n = 5 (57) 20.0 146 40.0 115 50.0 95.5 60.0 78.0 70.0 75.0

CONSTANT (e) MATERIALS I ,.

CHCl3

Chloroform

CH4O C2H6O C3H6O C 4 Hi 0 O

Methyl alcohol Ethyl alcohol, 99.8 % Acetone Ether

C 6 Hi 2 O

Amyl alcohol

t

\

e

C6H6Br Bromobenzene CeH 6 NO 2 Nitrobenzene. C6H6 Benzene

C = 49; A = 6.82; n = 5 (56) 20.0 127.7 30.0 85.9 45.0 81.3 C6H7N , , , A \n \ € C 6 Hi 4 C = 120; 20.O0C (57) 3.0 5 390 3.75 5 306 C7H7NO2 C7H8 6.0 5 187 6

1

n = O nn. 0 . A4 = a C 62', o.UU,

TABLE 12.—DIELECTRIC

Basalt* Diorite*. Granite* Loam (dry)f Melaphyre* Sand (dry)f Sand (15% H,0)f Sandstone* Sidot blende t In dark Illuminated Soil (dry)§t Soil (19% H 2 O)§f

In \

C = 8; 20.O0C (57) 5.45 4 720 6.7 4 610 8.57 4 450 1.2 5 304 3 5 155


190 2.62

TABLE 11.—DIELECTRIC CONSTANT (e) OF COLLOIDAL SUSPENSIONS IN WATER

C = 0.75; 190C 2.5 3 131 5.0 3 131 6.0 3 130 7.5 3 126 1.5 4 113

CCh

tt

II

o-Nitrotoluene Toluene

C 7 Hi 6

Heptane,

C8Hi0

m-Xylene

e

MISCELLANEOUS

€ 12 8 to 9 7 to 9 3.5 13 2.5 ca. 9 9 to 11

I Lit. (120) ("O) (120) (200) (120) (200) (200) (120)

7.2 14.4 1.9 ca. 8

(200) (2QQ)

* Dried in desiccator for 10 hr. t Observations made at radio frequency. J Phosphorescent ZnS, contains Cu «0.01 % Cu). For variation of t with intensity and wave-length of illumination, see ( 7 8 ); with frequency of emf, see Molthan, Zeits. f. Physik, 4: 262; 1921. 5: 284; 1921; with temperature and with phosphorescence, see Wilde, Zeits. /. Physik, 15: 350; 1923. § "Garden soil."

I pm I L~ 60(75.1) 1000.67 C 68 - 1 ) 300 1.93 C68-1) 5003.04 C 68 - 1 ) 8004.47 0.68 - 1.5 800 (« 8 -») 1.00 - 5 58(75.1) 5004.95 1.12o - 2.6 500 (136) 2002.0s ( 6 <) 2002.Oi (« 4 ) 2002.99 (« 4 ) 2.374 -19 60 (".i) 5009.39 2.260- 7.62500 ( 13 «) 100 0.42 (1*5) 3001.27 (»4«) 0.62o O 60 t 75 - 1 ) 0.64o O 56 (75.1) 1 0 0 0 . 5 9 6 0 . 6 4 5 - 5 . 0 120 O 88 } 1000.523 (* 8 -i) 3001.48 (6S- 1 ) 5002.38 t 68 - 1 ) 5002.66 0.623- 1.75500 (l™) 7003.08 0.55 - 1.4 700 (^ 8 -!) >300 0.34 O 850 (S 8 -*) 1000.45 (14S) 3001.35

Hexane

125

C = 120; A = 6.0; n = 5 (57) 30.0 172 40.0 126 50.0 102 60.0 78.4

OF

(solid, U0C) Aniline

I Ap

I a I b 0.72 - 4

(I45)

100 0.8Oe 0.89o - 8.3s 120 O 88 ) 1000.77 t 68 - 1 ) 3002.17 ( 6 8 -i) 5003.37 t 68 - 1 ) 8004.80 0.79 - 2.4 800 (68-1) 0.66? O 60 (75.1) 0.603-2 60(75.1) 5002.81 0.614- 1.05500 (136) 1000.72 (68-i) 3002.01 t 68 - 1 ) 5003.09 ( 6 S' 1 ) 8004.30 0.74 - 2.5 800 (« 8 -') 500 2.6s 0.65i - 2.39 500 (136)

TABLE 14.—EFFECT OF MAGNETIC FIELD (H) UPON THE DIELECTRIC CONSTANT (e) (94) In general, e is independent of H] but for certain liquid crystals, changes have been observed. The available data are given in this table. Il [J_] denotes that the direction of H is parallel [perpendicular] to the direction of the electrical field used to determine e; €0 = value of e when H=O. en = eo(l + 0.01 A). Unit of H = I kilogauss = 1000 cgsm unit; of e = 1 cgse unit. Substance | t \ H \ — A|| | €o Liquid air 11.0 <0.1 1.47 CHCl3 Chloroform 20° 25.0 <0.0s 5.14 (C2Hs)2O Ethyl ether 20° 25.0 <0.0s 4.35 C6H5NO2 Nitrobenzene 20° 25.0 <0.01e 35.6 C6H6 Benzene 20° 25.0 <0.0e 2.28 C6H5NH2 Aniline 20° 25.0 <0.02 7.13 C^Hi4N2Os, p-Azoxyanisole Ci 6 Hi 8 N 2 O 3 , p-Azoxyphenetole (liquid crystal) e0 = 6.9 (liquid crystal) C0 = 6.8 H -A] I -Ay I -AJ. H I -A1] I -An I -AT 122° 135° 122° 143° 154° 143° 0.15 0.4 O.o 0.30 1.4 0.30 l.i 0.50 2.o O.o 1.00 2.2 0.50 3.o 2.2 1.00 4.8 4.o 2.00 2.7 0.2 2.00 5.o 4.00 2.8 0.3 O.o 4.00 5.4 4.8 O.o 7.35 2.8 0.3 7.35 5.7 4.9

TABLE 15.—EFFECT OF ELECTRIC FIELD (E) UPON THE DIELECTRIC CONSTANT (e) ( 84 » 144 ) Data bearing upon this effect are discordant and of doubtful value A fdD\ andJ €0 = A (SD\

«i = ^(M)I-**

^(JE)E=O

Unit of v = 1 cycle/sec; of E = 1 cgse unit; of e#u €0 = 1 cgse unit. Centigrade temperature. I t I v I E1 I €0 - Cj1 I Lit. C5HnOH + C6H6* 19° 3000 20 0.018 (144) € 0 =3.089 3000 30 0.047 O44) 6 6 10 160 <1 X 10~ (84) (C2Hs)2O, Ether 20° IQ6 100 7 X IQ"6 (84) * Solution of w-amyl alcohol (CsHnOH) in benzene (CeHe); concentration = 20 vol. % of C 5 HnOH.

TABLE 16.—DIELECTRIC STRENGTH (S) OF PURE ORGANIC SUBSTANCES The dielectric strength (S) of a substance is defined as the minimum value of the electrical field intensity, in the substance, which will cause a disruptive electric discharge. Whether it can be regarded as a constant, characteristic of the substance, is doubtful; it appears to vary with the nature of the electrodes, and with the sparking distance. If the distance is very short as compared with the radii of curvature of the faces of the electrodes, the field is essentially uniform and S — Vs/l, where V8 is sparking potential corresponding to the distance L For greater distances, the field is not uniform and S is the maximum value of the field intensity. The available data are given in this table; probably all are uncertain by at least ± 5 %. Unit of I = 1 mm = 0.1 cm; of V8 = 1 volt; of S = 106 volt/cm. Formula C 6 Hi 2

|

Substance Pentane

C 6 Hi 4

Hexane

C7Hi6

Heptane

C8Hi8

Octane

C6H6 Benzene C 6 H 4 (CHs) 2 o-Xylene

C 6 H 5 NH 2

[

| I V8 | S \ Lit. A* 0.001 1101.Io (169) 0.002 2201.10 (169) 0.003 3301.1o (169) A* 0.001 . 620.62(169) 0.002 1950.9s (169) 0.0025 3161.26 (169) A* 0.001 1001.Oo (169) 1860.9s (169) 0.002 0.003 3001.Oo (169) A* 0.001 960.96 (169) 0.002 1900.9s (169) 0.003 2850.95 (169) B* 0.5 32 5000.6s ( 4 ) B* 0.3 24 0000.80 ( 4 ) 0.4 28 1000.70 ( 4 ) 0.5 32 0000.64 ( 4 ) 0.6 36 1000.6o ( 4 ) C* 0.2 22 2001.Ii ( 4 ) 0.3 28 5001.05 (4) 0.4 34 8001.Oi ( 4 ) 0.5 41 0000.9? ( 4 )

Aniline 5%, in benzene B* 0.45 29 0000.64 ( 4 )

* A = Electrodes of iridio-platinum; one flat, one spherical, radius great. B = Electrodes are brass spheres, diameter = 2 cm. C = Electrodes are brass spheres, diameter = 0.2 cm.

LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) C 1 ) Abegg, 8, 60: 54; 97. ( 2 ) Abegg and Seitz, 7, 29: 242; 99. (3) Abegg and Seitz, 7, 29: 491; 99. ( 4 ) Almy, 8, 1: 508; 00. (5) Andersin and Him, 60, 61: No. 11; 08. (6) Angervo and Liiri, 60, 56: No. 9; 13. (7) Arons, 8, 53: 95; 94. (8) Arons and Rubens, 8, 42: 581; 91. 44: 206; 91. (9) Augustin, Diss., Leipzig, 1898.

(*°) Badeker, 7, 36: 306; 01. C 11 ) v. Baeyer, 8, 17: 30; 05. ( 12 ) Beaulard, 34, 141: 656; 05. ( 13 ) Beaulard, 51, 5: 165; 06. ( 14 ) Beaulard, 34, 151: 55; 10. (15) Beaulard and Maury, 51, 9: 39; 10. ( 16 ) Bergholm, 8, 53: 169; 17. (»7) Bergholm, 8, 65: 128; 21. ( 18 ) Blake and Sheard, 2, 15: 148; 20. ( 19 J Bliih, 96, 25: 220; 24. ( 20 ) Bock, 96, 31: 534; 25. ( 21 ) Boltzmann, 75, 68 II: 81; 73. ( 2 1 -M Boltzmann, 8, 155: 403; 75. 75, 69: 795; 74. ( 2 2 ) Borel, 34, 116: 1509; 93. 149, 30: 131, 181, 219, 327, 422; 93. ( 23 ) Bouty, 34, 114: 1421; 92. ( 24 ) Bouty, 6, 27: 62; 92. ( 2 S) Braun, 63, 5: 199; 04. ( 26 ) Bryan, 2, 22: 399; 23. ( 2 7 ) Cassie, 62, 181: 1; 91. ( 28 ) Cauwood ana Turner, 4, 107: 276; 15. ( 29 ) Clayton, 33, 15: 504; 16. ( 30 ) Cohn and Arons, 8, 28: 454; 86. ( 3 l ) Cohn and Arons, 8, 33: 13; 88. ( 32 ) Cole, 8, 57: 290; 96. (33) Colley, 63, 10: 329, 471, 657; 09. ( 34 ) Colley, 63, 11: 324; 10. ( 3 S) Coolidge, 8, 69: 125; 99. ( 36 ) Curie, 6, 17: 385; 89. ( 37 ) Dewar and Fleming, 5, 61: 2; 97. ( 3 *) Dewar and Fleming, 5, 61: 358; 97. ( 39 ) Dewar and Fleming, 5, 61: 368, 380; 97. ( 4 O) Dobroserdov, 53, 41: 1164; 09. ( 41 ) Dobroserdov, 53, 43: 73, 225, 454; 11. ( 4 2 ) Dobroserdov, 53, 44: 396, 679; 12. ( 43 ) Drude, 8, 55: 633; 95. C 4 4 ) Drude, 8, 58: 1; 96. ( 45 ) Drude, 8, 59: 17; 96. ( 4 «) Drude, 8, 60: 1; 97. ( 4 ?) Drude, 8, 60: 500; 97. ( 48 ) Drude, 8, 61: 466; 97. ( 49 ) Drude, 7, 23: 267; 97. (50) Drude, 8, 64: 131; 98. (Si) Drude, 8, 8: 336; 02. (52) Dubbert and Schmidt, in Voigt, Lehrbuch der Kr y stall physik, p. 459. Leipzig, Teubner, 1910. (SS) Eckert, 88, 15: 307; 13. ( S4 ) Eggers, 50, 8: 14; 04. (55) Ehrenhaft, 75, 111 Ua: 1549; 02. (56) Errera, 55, 31: 59; 22. (57) Errera, 55, 32: 157; 23. ( s «) Errera, 55, 32: 240; 23. (59) Errera, 55, 32: 373; 23. (60) Errera, 51, 3: 401; 22. ( 61 ) Errera, 51, 4: 225; 23. («»•>) Errera and Lepingle, 186, 2:150; 25. ( 62 ) Eversheim, 8, 8: 539; 02. (63) Eversheim, 8t 13: 492; 04. ( 64 ) Falckenberg, 8, 61: 145; 20. (65) Fellinger, 8, 7: 333; 02. (66) Fellinger, 8, 60: 181; 19. (67) Fleming and Dewar, 5, 61: 299; 97. (68) Fleming and Dewar, 5, 61: 316; 97. (68.1) Francke, 8, 77: 159; 25. (69) Franke, 8, 50: 163; 93. (70) Frayne, 2, 21: 348; 23. (71) Furth, 96, 22: 98; 24. (72) Furth, 8, 70: 63; 22. (7 3 ) Gouy, 34, 106: 540; 88. ( 74 ) Gouy, 34, 106: 930; 88. ( 7 S) Graff under, 8, 70: 225; 23. (75.1) Grenacher, 8, 77: 138; 25. (76) Grimm and Patrick, 1, 45: 2794; 23. (77) Griitzmacher, 96, 28: 342; 24. ( 7 ») Gudden and Pohl, 96, 1: 365; 20. (79) Gutton, 34, 158: 621; 14. (8°) Harrington, 2, 8: 581; 16. ( 8 o.i) Harris, 4, 127: 1049; 25. ( 8 I) Hattwich, 75, 117 Ua: 903; 08. (» 2 ) Heerwagen, 8, 48: 35; 93. (8S) Heinke, 101, 17: 483, 499; 96. (**) Herweg, 96, 3: 36; 20. (*«) Hopkinson and Wilson, 68, 189: 109; 97. (86) Hyslop and Carman, 8, 15: 243; 20. (87) Lmardi, 96, 9: 153; 22. (88) Isnardi and Gans, 63, 22: 230; 21. (89) Jackson, 3, 43: 481; 22. (90) Jaeger, 8, 53: 409; 17. ( 9 I) Jahn and Moller, 7, 13: 385; 94. (92) Jezewski, 51, 3: 293; 22. ( 93 ) Jezewski, 165, 1920: 88. ( 94 ) Jezewski, 51, 5: 59; 24. (95) Joachim, 8, 60: 570; 19. ( 9 6) Jokela and Valanto, 60, 54: No. 18; 12. ( 9 7) Jona, 63, 20: 14; 19. ( 98 ) Kahlenberg, 78, 7: 167; 05. (99) Kahlenberg and Anthony, 42, 4: 358; 06. (ioo) Karki and Suikkanen, 60, 54: No. 19; 12. ( 1 Oi) Katayama and Tomiyama, 41, 36: 745; 15; 10, 4: 641; 22. (102) Keller, 55, 26: 173; 20. (103) Keller, 55, 27: 255; 20. ( 1 Oi) Keller, 65, 29: 193; 21. ( 1 OS) King and Patrick, 1, 43: 1835; 21. 0°6) Klein, 147, 3: No. 24; 18. ( 107 ) Klemen6i6, 75, 91II: 712; 85. ( 1 OS) Kossonogoff, 63, 3: 207; 02. (»09) Lampa, 8, 61: 79; 97. ( 110 ) Landolt and Jahn, 7, 10: 289; 92. ( 1 ^) von Lang, 75, 105 Ua: 253; 96. 104 IIa: 980; 95. O 11 - 1 ) Lange, 96, 33: 169; 25. ( 112 ) Lattey, 3, 41: 829; 21. ( 113 ) Lebedev, 8, 44: 288; 91. ( 114 ) Liebisch and Rubens, 76, 1919: 876. (U 5 ) Liebisch and Rubens, 76, 1921: 211. ( 1 ^) Linebarger, 7, 20: 131; 96. O !7) Linnitschenko, 63, 14: 543; 13. (11 S) Lippmann, Diss., Leipzig, 1912. ( 119 ) Lowe, 8, 66: 390, 582; 98. ( 12 °) Lowy, 8, 36: 125; 11. ( 1 2 I) McDowell, 8, 21: 371; 23. 23: 507; 24. (i 2 2 ) Marx, 8, 66: 411, 597; 98. O 2 3 ) Marx, 8, 12: 491; 03. O 2 4 ) Mathews, 50, 9: 641; 05. (124.1) Matsuike, 159, 14: 445; 25. ( 12 S) Merczyng, 84, 149: 981; 09. 8, 33: 1; 10. (126) Merczyng, 8, 34: 1015; 11. ( 12 7) Meyer, 8, 75: 801; 24. ( 1 2 S) Michaud and Balloul, 16, 11: 295; 19. ( 129 ) Millikan, 8, 60: 376; 97. ( 13 °) Mobius, 8, 62: 293; 20. ( 131 ) Mortimer and Pearce, 50, 21: 275; 17. (132) Negreanu, 84, 114: 345; 92. ( 133 ) Nernst, 7, 14: 622; 94. ( 134 ) Nernst, 8, 60: 600; 97. ( 135 ) Niven, 5, 85: 139; 11. ( 13 6) Ortvay, 8, 36: 1; 11. ( 13 7) palaz, git § : 370; 86. ( 13 S) Palmer, 2, 14: 38; 02. 16: 267; 03. ( 13 9) Philip, 7, 24: 18; 97. ( 14 °) Philip and Haynes, 4, 87: 998; 05. ( 141 ) v. Pirani, Diss., Berlin, 1903. ( 1 4 2 ) Pohrt, 8, 42: 569; 13. ( 143 ) Potapenko, 96, 20: 21; 23. ( 1 4 4 ) Ratnowsky, 88, 15: 497; 13. ( 14 S) Ratz, 7, 19: 94; 96. ( 14 6) Richards, 2, 22: 122; 23. ( 147 ) Richards and Shipley, 1, 41, 2002; 19. ( 14 S) Richardson, 5, 92: 41; 16. (ns.i) Riegger, 8, 59: 753; 19. ( 149 J Roberts, 2, 12: 50; 01. C 150 ) Rontgen, 8, 52: 593; 94. ( 1 S 1 ) Romanoff, 8, 40: 281; 13. 0*2) Romich and Nowak, 75, 70 II: 380; 75. ( 1 SS) Rosa, 3, 31: 188; 91. O 54) Roy> Diss.t Jena, 1910. ( 1 SS) Rubens, 76, 1915 1 : 4 . ( 1 Se) Rubens, 76, 1917: 556. ( 1 S7) Rubens, 96, 1: 11; 20. ( 1 SS) Rubens and Nichols, 8, 60: 418; 97. (159) Rudolfi, 7, 66: 705; 09.

(160) Rudolph, Dm., Leipzig, 1911. (leo.i) Singer, 63, 27: 556; 26. ( 1 ^ 1 ) Salazer, 132, 22: 275; 24. (isi.i) Sayce and Briscoe, 4, 127: 315; 25. (161.2) Sayce and Briscoe, 4, 1926: 2623. ( I f i 2) Schaefer and Schlundt, 50, 13: 669; 09. (163) Schlundt, 50, 5: 157; 01. (164) Schlundt, 50, 5: 503; 01. ( 165 ) Schmidt, 8, 7: 142; 02. ( 16 «) Schmidt, 8, 9:919; 02. (»-«7) Schmidt, 8, 11: 114; 03. ( 16 «) Schulze, 5, 18: 77; 12. O* 9 ) Shaw, 3, 12: 317; 06. ( 1 Ô) Siivola, 426, 1922: No. 18. ( 171 ) Silberstein, 8, 56: 661; 95. ( 172 ) Smale, 8, 57: 215; 96. ( 173 ) Smale, 8, 60: 625; 97. (173.1) Smyth and Zahn, I1 47: 2501; 25. (i™) Speyers, IfB, 16: 61; 03. (»7«) Starke, 5, 60: 629; 97. ( 176 ) Stewart, 4, 93: 1059; 08. ( 177 ) Tangl, 8, 10: 748; 03. ( 1 7 «) Tangl, 8, 23: 559; 07. O 7 9) Tangl, 8, 26: 59; 08.

( 18 O) Tereschin, 8, 36: 792; 89. (i«) Thwing, 7, U: 286; 94. 0, 2: 35; 95. (!82) Tomaszewskii, 5, 33: 33; 88. ( 18 S) Turner, 7, 35: 385; 00. (««) Turner and Bissett, 4, 105: 947; 14. (185) Vaisala, 60, 57: No. 15; 15. (18S) Valasek, 2, 24: 560; 24. (187) Veley, S1 11: 73; 06. ( 18 «) Waibel, 5, 72: 161; 23. (189) Walden, 7, 46: 103; OS1 1 ( Ô) Walden, 7, 54: 129; 06. ( 1 S 1 ) Walden, 7, 70: 569; 10. (1S)2) Walden, 1, 35: 1649; 13. ( 193 ) Walden and Ulich, 7, 110: 43; 24. (i»3.i) Walden, Ulich and Werner, 7, 116: 261; 25. ( 194 ) Walden and Werner, 7, 111: 465; 24. (195) Wiener, 63, 5: 332; 04. ( 196 ) Wildermuth, 8, 8: 212; 02. ( 197 ) Yule, 8, 50: 742; 92. ( 198 ) Yule, 3, 36: 531; 93. 0»»} Z&hn,96, 31: 362; 25. (200) Zenneck, 5, 23: 846; 07.

HIGH VOLTAGE CORONA J. B. WHITEHEAD Introduction.—With alternating voltage the corona first appears at the crest of the voltage wave. For oscillographic study of effect of corona on current wave, v. ( 2 ). The formation of corona in a closed cylindrical tube is followed by a rise in pressure; Kunz (13), Warner (34), and Fazel (8) ascribe this to generation of new ions; Arnold (l) and Tyndall (33) ascribe it to a rise in temperature. Corona phenomenon finds a practical application in the corona voltmeter ( 43 ) for measuring high voltages; the corona rod and coaxial cylinder are enclosed in an airtight casing in which the pressure may be varied so as to extend the range; corona formation is indicated by ionization current or by sound in telephone; accuracy is 0.5%. Symbols.—Emc = maximum electric field (potential gradient) at surface of conductor when corona first appears; k = empirical constant; p = pressure, r = radius of conductor, s = distance between centers of adjacent conductors, t = temperature (0C), VeelVme] = effective [maximum] potential of conductor above neutral when corona first appears, Ve = effective potential of conductor above neutral, Wic = power loss due to corona, 5 = ratio of density of air to its value at 250C and 1 atmosphere (if unit of p =1 cm of Hg, 5 = 3.92p/(273 + Z)), v = frequency. General Relations.—For round wires in air Emc = A5 + B \/5A*; A and B depend somewhat upon frequency (v. Tables 1, 2). For He, H, O, and N, Lee an.d Kurrelmeyer find Emc = Ap + B \/p if 4 cm Hg ^ p < 30 cm Hg; A and B depend upon the gas (13.1). For transmission lines and cables ( 23 ), Vmc — k8Emcr loge(s/r); for smooth wires, k — 1; for weathered wires, k = 0.98 to 0.93; for 7-strand cables, k = 0.87 to 0.83. For power loss Peek (1^17* 20 ) proposes the empirical relation: Wi = 241/S(z> + 25)\/V/s X (V6 — Fmc)2 X 10~5 watt per meter, where unit of v — 1 cycle/sec, of Ve1 Vmc = 1 kilo volt. This relation does not accord with observations if (V6 — Vmc) is small. For greater values, up to 280 kilovolt, it accords closely with Peek's observations ( 19 ), and approximately with the observations of Faccioli ( 6 ), Mershon (15), Hendricks (U), Harding (i<>), Lewis ("), and Wood (45, 46), but unpublished observations by Harding, up to 500 kilovolt, indicate considerable discordance. TABLE 1.—CORONA ON CLEAN, ROUND WIBES IN AIR, 250C AND 1 NORMAL ATMOSPHERE—VARIATION WITH RADIUS For continuous (D.C.) voltage, subscripts (+, _) indicate the sign of the potential of the wire around which the corona appears. Emc, E+1 E- are independent of the material of the wire and of the humidity ( 37 ) of the air, Emc decreases as v increases; at v = 90

it is 2.4% less than at v = 20 '(43); at v = 2 000 it is 6% less than at v = 60 (42); Peek (20) reports no change below v = 1 000, and a small decrease from v — \ 000 to v = 30 000. Probable accuracy is indicated in "Lit." column. For variation with density of air, v. Table 2. Unit of v — 1 cycle/sec; of r = 1 cm = 0.394 in.; of Emc, E+1 E- = 1 kilovolt cm"1 = 3.335 cgse cm"1 = 254 kilovolt in"1. v = 60 cycle/sec

(7>

22^29, 30,' 40, 44)

r I Emc I Lit. Il r~ \ E+ \ E, 0.01 120 (16)* 0.002 239 221 .025 86.5 3% .003 198 187 0.05 71.36 -004 174 166 .06 67.86 -005 156 150 .07 65.10 -006 144 140 .08 63.24 (37, 38, 39, 41, 43)-).007 134 132 .09 61.48 -008 126 125 .10 60.04 • -009 121 120 116 .20 52.10 0.8% -01 116 .30 47.99 -02 93 95 .40 45.56 -03 82.5 85 .50 43.89 -04 76 79 .60 42 68 -05 71 74 67 5 705 -Q75 JT72 -06 ' '80 41' .07 64.5 67.5 62 5 66 90 40 (26) t -08 -° 60 64 l!o 395 -09 20 3.0 4.0 , A^n 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.5 15

^ 8 34.2 33.0 _ ?2.5 32.1 31.7 31.4 31.1 30.8 30.3 30

2% to 3% _

-I10 QH '^ 239 ' .625

58

62 *ft Q

™'» f'3 43

(3i)§ 2% to 3%

* Peek: Parallel wires, high voltage by ratio transformation. t Whitehead and coworkers: Concentric cylinders. High voltage is measured directly. t Petersen: Concentric cylinders. Sparkover and corona. § Schumann: Concentric cylinders. Voltage by ratio transformation. Corona and sparkover.

TABLE 2.—CORONA ON ROUND WIRES IN AIR: VARIATION WITH DENSITY There is general agreement that the equation Emc = Ad -fB\/5/r accords with the observations with alternating voltages of fixed v over a wide range of Z, p, and r; and accords with observations with continuous voltages if p > 10 cm Hg and r > 0.004 cm. For D.C. data for smaller wires and lower pressures than those in table, and for current flow at E > Emc, v. ( 7 > 30). Values in columns 5, r, py and t indicate the limiting values covered by the observations. Except as indicated the electrodes were coaxial cylinders. Unit of Emc = 1 kilo volt cm"1 = 3.335 cgse cm"1; of r = I cm; of p = 1 cm of Hg; of t = I0C. Alternating voltage, 60 cycle/sec S 0.47; 1.0; 0.7; 0.02;

I

1.34 1.13 1.2 1

S% 1.016 1.016 1.016

s 0.07; 1.0 1 0.11; 1.0 0.075; 1.0

A I 31.6 29.8* 31 31

B I 9.41 8.96* 9.55 9.55

\

r

0.044; 0.01; 0.059; 0.12;

0.237 0.5 0.953 0.25

p \ t \ Lit. 36; 102 7; 41 (37,38) 74; 76 -13; 22 (i«) 75.5 -20; 140 (17) 1.7; 75 18; 24 0»)

S:S 2:£ }••«*••« »-•"• 18 = 26 - 7 <">

27.5fl2.05t 0.05; 5.0 25.2fl9.15t 1.5; 5.96 33.7 8.9 I 0.037; 0.116

76 76 76

Continuous voltage |A+|A-|B+|B_| r 31 9.54 0.04 33.731 8.139.54 0.037; 0.116 3 9 . 8 4 0 . 2 7 . 3 2 8 . 4 1 0.026; 0.046 31 31 9.559.55 0.057; O.239

( 26 ) ( 31 ) (*0)

20 20 20

\

p

\

t

5.3; 76 25 76 25 10; 70 6; 70

\ Lit. (7) (40) ( 44 ) (22)

* Parallel wires in free air. t Computed by J. B. W. For ( 2 6 ) there was a sparkover, but no corona; for 31 ( ) there were both sparkover and corona.

TABLE 3.—EFFECTIVE CORONA VOLTAGE (Fec) FOR THREE-PHASE TRANSMISSION LINES IN TRIANGULAR ARRANGEMENT: 250C, 1 NORMAL ATMOSPHERE Corona causes an increase in electrostatic capacity of line, and in 3-phase, Y-connected grounded systems, causes a triple harmonic in the neutral; in ungrounded systems, distortion of voltage may result ( 24 ). Surface irregularities of transmission conductors reduce the corona-forming voltage. Peek ( 23 ) gives the following general equation: Vec\/2 = Vmc = k8Emcr loge(s/r). For symbols and values of k, see above. At 250C and an altitude of H meter above sea-level, 8 = 1 — A, where I/A = 0.5 H- 8730/#, approximately (cf. eq. 4, Vol. I, p. 71). If all wires are in same plane, Vec for central wire will be 4% lower, and for outer wires 6 % higher than for triangular arrangement of same spacing. For parallel brass tubes, 2r = 2.54 to 8.9 cm, s = 465 cm, Vec = 400 to 990 kilo volt, Peek (25) reports agreement with the equation. In first column of table the numbers 4 to 0000 refer to the Brown and Sharpe wire gage; 0.25 to 1.00 denote the sectional area as expressed in units of 106 circular mil = 5.067 cm2. Values of s correspond to integral numbers of feet (from 4 to 20); 1 ft. = 30.5 cm. Unit of size = B. & S. wire gage, or 106 cir. mil; of r and s = l cm; of Vec = 1 kilo volt. s= 122 I 152 I 183 I 245 [ 305 | 366 | 426 | 490 | 610 Size I 2r Vee (stranded cables) 4 0.584 56 58 60 62 64 66 68 69 H~ 3 0.663 62 65 67 70 72 74 76 77 80 2 0.736 71 73 76 79 81 83 85 87

TABLE 3.—(Continued) s= 122 I 152 I 183 245 | 305 | 366 | 426 | 490 | 610 Size I 2r Vec (stranded cables) 1 0.839 79 81 85 88 91 93 95 97~ 0 0.950 90 95 98 102 104 108 109 OO 1.07 98 104 108 111 114 117 121 000 1.19 114 118 121 124 127 132 0000 1.35 125 130 135 138 141 146 0.25 1.50 138 144 149 152 156 161 0.30 1.57 151 156 161 165 171 0.35 1.73 161 166 170 175 180 0.40 1.85 171 176 180 185 192 0.45 1.96 178 184 190 194 200 0.50 2.04 188 194 199 205 210 0.80 2.62 234 241 244 256 1.00 2.92 256 264 270 281 Size I 2r | Vw (wires) 4 0.524 54* 56 58 60 62 64 65 66 68~

3 2 1 O OO 000 OQOQ

0.581 0.655 0.734 0.826 0.928 1.04 1.17

59

62 69 75

64 66 68 70 72 74 76 70 74 76 78 80 82 84 77 81 83 86 88 90 92 85 89 92 95 97 99 102 94 98 102 105 107 110 113 109 113 116 119 121 124 120 125 128 131 134 138

* For s = 91, Vec = 51.

TABLE 4.—CORONA IN OIL With coaxial cylindrical electrodes and alternating voltage, Emc for pure, dry transil oil satisfies the following equation ( 2 1 ): Emc = 36(1 + c/Vr) kilovolt/cm, where c2 = 1.44 cm. It changes only slightly with temperature between 10 and 10O0C. Very slight traces of moisture (1 in 10 000) greatly reduce the sparkover and corona-forming voltages. Sparkover and corona are simultaneous if R < 30Or. R = internal radius of outer cylinder. LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) C 1 ) Arnold, 2, 9: 93; 17. ( 2 ) Bennet, 129, 32: 1787; 13. ( 3 ) Crooker, 2, 8: 344; 16. ( 4 ) Davis, 129, 33: 589; 14. (5) Faccioli, 129, 30: 377; 11. («) Faccioli, 129, 30: 88; 11. ( 7 ) Farwell, 129, 33: 163.1; 14. ( 8 ) Fazel, 2, 19: 157; 22. C 9 ) Gorges, Weidig and Jaensch, 101, 32: 1071; 11. (10) Harding, 129, 31: 1035; 12. (U) Hendricks, 129, 30: 115; 11. ( 12 ) Jakobsen, 129, 37: 91; 18. ( 13 ) Kunz, 2, 8: 28; 16. 19: 165; 22. O 3 -') Lee and Kurrelmeyer, 39, 44: 16; 25. ( 14 ) Lewis, 129, 40: 1079; 21. ( 1S ) Mershon, 129, 27: 846; 08. ( 16 ) Peek, 129, 30: 1889; 11. (17) Peek, 129, 31: 1051; 12. (18) peek, 129, 32: 1767; 13. (i») Peek, 129, 34: 269; 15. ( 20 ) Peek, Dielectric phenomena in high voltage engineering. New York, McGraw-Hill Book Co., 1915. ( 21 ) Peek, 120, 18: 821; 15. ( 2 2 ) Peek, 129, 35: 783; 16. ( 23 ) Peek, 107, 76: 1258; 20. ( 24 ) Peek, 129, 40: 1155; 21. ( 2 5 ) Peek, 120, 25: 111; 22. ( 26 ) Petersen, Hochspannungstechnik, p. 43. Stuttgart, Enke, 1911. ( 27 ) Ryan, 129, 21: 275; 02. 23: 101; 04. ( 2 S) Ryan, 129, 30: 1; 11. ( 2 ») Schaffers, 63, 14: 981; 13. ( 3 O) Schaffers, 63, 15: 405; 14. ( 3 ^) Schumann, 125, 11: 1; 22. ( 32 ) Schumann, Elektrische Durchbruchfeldstarke von Gasen. Berlin, Springer, 1-923. ( 33 ) Tyndall, 3, 35: 261; 18. ( 34 ) Warner and Kunz, 86, No. 114; 19. ( 35 ) Weicker, ^0^,32:436, 460; 11. (36) West, 129, 30: 77; 11. ( 37 ) Whitehead, 129, 29: 1159; 10. (38) Whitehead, 129, 30: 1857; 11. ( 39 ) Whitehead, 129, 31: 1093; 12. (40) Whitehead and Brown, 129, 36: 169; 17. ( 41 ) Whitehead and Fitch, 129, 32: 1737; 13. ( 4 2 ) Whitehead and Gorton, 129, 33: 951; 14. ( 43 ) Whitehead and Isshiki, 129, 39 : 407; 20. ( 44 ) Whitehead and Lee, 129, 40: 1201; 21. ( 4 5 ) Wood, 107, 79: 277, 882; 22. ( 4 S) Wood, 129, 41: 711; 22.

ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY AND RESISTIVITY COMPLETE INDEX Pure Substances Gases All gases. Liquids Elements. All elementary substances below -8O0C. All metals above -8O0C (except the rare earth metals).

S, Se and Te. All non-metallic elements and the rare earth metals above -8O0C. Chemical Compounds. Salts. Water. All others.

INDEX COMPLET Substances pures Gaz Tous les gaz. Liquides Elements. Toutes les substances elementaires au dessous de -8O0C. Tous les metaux au dessus de -8O0C (exeepte les metaux des terres rares).

GESAMT INDEX VERZEICHNIS Reine Stoffe Gase AlIe Gase. Flussigkeiten Elemente. AlIe elementaren Stoffe unterhalb -8O0C.

S, Se et Te. Tous les elements non metalliques et les metaux des terres rares au dessus de -8O0C. Composes chimiques. SeIs. Eau. Tous les autres.

S, Se und Te. AlIe nichtmetallischen Elemente und die seltenen Erdmetalle tiber -8O0C.

AlIe Metalle oberhalb -8O0C (ausgenommen die seltenen Erdmetalle).

Chemische Verbindungen. Salze. Wasser. AlIe anderen Stoffe.

Solids

Solides

Feste Stoffe

Elements. All elementary substances below -8O0C.

Elements. Toutes les substances elementaires au dessous de -8O0C. Tous les metaux au dessus de -8O0C (excepte les metaux des terres rares).

Elemente. AlIe elementaren Stoffe unterhalb -8O0C.

Chemical Compounds. Salts in bulk. Ice. All others and all single crystals.

S, Se et Te. Tous les elements non metalliques et les metaux des terres rares. Composes chimiques. SeIs en masse. Glace. Tous les autres et tous les cristaux isoles.

S, Se und Te. AlIe nichtmetallischen Elemente und die seltenen Erdmetalle. Chemische Verbindungen. Salze in homogener phase. Eis. AlIe anderen Stoffe und einzel Kristalle.

Solutions and Mixtures All gases. Liquids and Solids

Solutions et melanges Tous les gaz. Liquides et solides

Losungen und Mischungen AlIe Gase.

Non-aqueous. Alloys, amalgams and commercial metals. Natural and industrial materials (see final index under class of material).

Non-aqueux. Alliages, amalgames et metaux du commerce. Matieres naturelles et industrielles (voir !'index final sous classe des matieres).

Nichtwdssrige Systeme. Legierungen, Amalgame und Metalle des Handels. Natiirliche und technische (siehe den Materialien Schluss-Index unter Natur der Materialien).

Salts and other mixtures above 15O0C. Aqueous.

SeIs et autres melanges au dessus de 15O0C. Aqueux.

Salze und andere Mischungen oberhalb 15O0C. Wassrige Systeme.

All metals above -8O0C (except rare earth metals) S, Se and Te. All non-metallic elements and the rare earth metals.

AlIe Metalle oberhalb -8O0C (ausgenommen die seltenen Erdmetalle).

Flussigkeiten und feste Stoffe

INDICE COMPLETO Corpi puri Gas

Tuttigas

pAGB

110, 119, 156 Liquidi

Elementi. Tutti gli element! al di sotto di -8O0C 124 Tutti i rnetalli sopra a -8O0C (eccettuati i metalli delle terra rare) 135 S, See Te 141 Tutti gli element! non metallici e i metalli delle terre rare sopra -8O0C 142 Composti chimici. SaIi Acqua Tutti gli altri

147 152 142

Solidi Elementi. Tutti gli elementi sotto -8O0C 124 Tutti i metalli sopra -8O0C (eccettuati i metalli delle terre rare) S, Se e Te Tutti gli elementi non metallici e i metalli delle terre rare Composti chimici. SaIi in massa Ghiaccio Tutti gli altri composti e cristalli singoli

135 141 153 147 152 153

Soluzioni e miscugli Tuttigas 110, 119, 156 Liquidi e solidi Non acquosi. Leghe, amalgame e metalli commerciali.. 156 Material! naturali e industrial! (vedi Tindice in fondo sotto Ia categoria del materiale). SaIi ed altri miscugli 153 sopra 15O0C Acquosi 229

PROPERTIES OF CARRIERS OF FREE ELECTRICITY IN GASES* LEONARD B. LOEB CONTENTS Introduction (general relations and explanation of terms). Normal ions. Mobility (old ions). In air and pure gases. In mixed gases. Effect of pressure. Effect of temperature.

MATIEJEES Introduction (relations generales et explication des termes). Ions normaux. Mobilite (ions ages). Dans Fair et les gaz purs. Dans les melanges gazeux. Effet de Ia pression. Effet de Ia temperature.

Mobility of newly formed ions. Diffusivity. Coefficient of recombination.

Mobilite des ions nouvellement forme's. Diffusibilite. Coefficient de recombinaison.

At one temperature and pressure. Effect of pressure. Effect of temperature.

A une temperature et pression. Effet de Ia pression. Effet de Ia temperature.

INDICE PAGE INHALTSVEBZEICHNIS Einleitung (allgemeine Bezie- Introduzione (relazione generate e spiegazioni hungen und Erklarungen). dei termini) 110 Ioni norrnali. Norm ale Ionen. Mobilita (ioni vecchi). Beweglichkeit (alte Ionen). In aria e nei gas puri 111 In Luft und reinen Gasen. Nei gas misti 112 In Gasmischungen. Effetto della pressione 114 Einfluss des Druckes. Effetto della temperaEinfluss der Temperatur. tura 114 Mobilita di ioni formati Beweglichkeit neugebildeter Ionen. da poco 114 Diffuslbilita 115 Diffusionsvermogen. Coefficiente di ricombiWiedervereinigungskoeflinazione. zient. Bei einer Temperatur und A una sola temperaeinem Druck. tura e pressione.... 115 Einfluss des Druckes. Effetto della pressione 115 Einfluss der Temperatur. Effetto della temperatura 115 Langsame Ionen: BeweglichIoni lenti: mobilita 115 keit. Elektronen. Elettroni. therVelocita di migrazione Wanderungs- und mische Geschwindigkeit. e termica 116 Zahl der Zusammenstosse vor Nuraero della collisioni der Vereinigung. prima della ricombinazione 116 Condensazioni di vapore Kondensation von Dampfen an Ionen und Kernen. su ioni nuclei 117 Molekularer Bereich ftir die Aree molecolari efficaci Entfernung des Elektrons. nei rimuovere gli elettroni 117

Slow ions: mobility.

Ions lents: mobilite.

Electrons. Migrational and thermal velocities. Number of impacts before attachment.

Electrons. Vitesses de migration et thermiques. Nombre de chocs avant fixation.

Condensation of vapors on ions and nuclei. Molecular areas effective in electron removal.

Condensations des vapeurs sur les ions et les nuclei. Surfaces moleculaires effectives dans Ie depart d'electron.

* Covering data prior to March, 1928. For complete survey of the subject and complete bibliography, see (UO).

* Contient les donnSes anterieures a .mars 1928. Pour avoir une vue d'ensemble complete du sujet et pour Ia bibliographic compldte, voir ( 110 ).

* Daten soweit wie sie bis einschliess- * Comprende i dati anteriori al lich Februar 1928 bekannt geworden marzo 1928. Per una conoscenza sind. Fiir die vollstandige Uber- completa del soggetto e per una sicht dieses Gegenstandes und die bibliografia completa, vedi ( 110 ). gesamte Literatur, siehe ( 110 ).

INTRODUCTION Types of Ions.—Three types of carriers may be distinguished: Normal ions, slow ions, and free electrons. Normal ions are the carriers generally found in dry, dust-free gases at approximately atmospheric pressure. As far as is known (83, 97, 139) ? after the first few hundredths of a second they carry a single electronic charge (4.774 X 10~10 es). Their mass is not known, but is of the same order as that of one to several molecules; their exact nature is an object of controversy (67, 81, 82, 96, 126) but it is certain that in some cases they consist of two or more molecules. Where the mobility of the completely formed positive ion is markedly less than that of the negative ion the mobility of the newly formed positive ion is abnormally great ( 33 » 35> 36» 37, 38, 39, 41, 79, 136, 149, 152) and probably equals that of the negative ion ( 40 > 87). In these gases the positive carrier seems to be completely formed after 0.03 second, and then its mobility no longer varies with its age. For gases in which the negative ion is the less mobile, no data exist. The mobility of both ions appears to be remarkably independent of the mass of the initially ionized

this is not so. The nature of the completely formed ion does not depend upon the process by which it was formed ( 38 > 39 » 41 > 42 > 49, 73) provided this process does not directly give rise to charged particles of more than molecular mass. It does however very much depend on the electrical and chemical nature of the surrounding gases with which it has had time to come into equilibrium ( 41 > 81 > 82 » 96). In gases with a negative mobility higher than that of the positive, the mobility of the negative ion is independent of its age; abnormalities observed at low pressures are attributed to a delay in the attachment of the electrons to neutral molecules to form negative ions ( 50 > 55 > 56 > 68 > 69, 77, 97, 134, 155, 156)- in some gases, an electron must make many collisions with molecules before attaching to one to form an ion (see Table 12). In certain pure gases [He, A ( 43 ), N2, H 2 (6S), CO (150) and probably NH3] the electron cannot attach itself to a molecule to form an ion. In such cases the negative Ions are formed by the attaching of the electrons to impurities which may be present; these negative ions have mobilities which are of the same order of magnitude as those of positive ions. Slow ions consist of pre-existing nuclei, of more than molecular mass, to which normal ions have become attached ( 45 > 112). Their mobilities appear to vary somewhat with age (8, 9,18, 19, 2 0 , 2 1 , 2 2 , 2 3 , 4 5 ) , TWO definite types (107, ios, 112) Of such

molecule

(™, 38, 40, 41, 42, 49, 61, 67, 82, 100, 125, 153).

Jn

at

least one case ( 40 ) this can be ascribed to a transfer of the charge from an ionized molecule of higher ionizing potential to one of a lower; in other cases, such as with radioactive ions ( 36 > 39 > 42 ),

ions have been found in moist air. Type I is characterized by a mobility which decreases as the partial pressure of the water vapor is increased; these are not found when the partial pressure exceeds 17 mm of mercury (K> 8 ). Type II (62, 63, 107)? the so-called Langevin ion, is found at all humidities; and its mobility depends, not upon the partial pressure, but upon the relative humidity, decreasing as the latter increases ( 8 > 9 > 18 > 19 > 20 > 2 1 > 2 2 > 23, 90, 98, 99, ioi, 102, 103, 145). Besides the ions included in these two types, there are other carriers formed by the attachment of normal ions to solid particles of various sizes; the mobilities of these vary with the size of the particles; these will be called heterogeneous slow ions. Electrons.—The velocity (v) of migration of free electrons is not proportional to the intensity of the electric field causing the migration ( 4 > 70 > 71, 112 > 139 > 143 » 144 ). Under the action of an impressed electric field, the velocity of thermal agitation of the electrons exceeds ( 139 > 143 > 144 ) that of the surrounding gas molecules by a factor (c) depending upon both the field strength (F) and the pressure (P) of the gas. Within the limits covered by observations, the values of c and of v at a specified temperature and for a given gas are quite closely determined by the ratio F/P. See Table 11. (For theoretical discussions, see ( 2 5 > 26 > 51)). Coefficient of Recombination of Ions.—Our knowledge of the coefficient of recombination of ions in gases is in a highly unsatisfactory state. Beside difficulties due to columnar ionization in the case of ionization by a-particles (131), no matter what the source of ionization, the initial density and distribution of ions are not known, and erroneous assumptions in this regard may lead to values of the coefficient (a) which are seriously in error. Thus, Riimelin ( 12 °) and Plimpton ( 106 ) have found that, during a short interval immediately following the formation of the ions, a has an apparent value that is five times the corresponding value reported below (Tables 7, 8, 9). This may be due in part to an initial recombination of free electrons with -f ions ( 84 ). Values obtained by the use of a-partieles have been eliminated as far as possible from Tables 7, 8, and 9, later values obtained in other ways being given. Most observers find that at low pressures and room temperatures a increases nearly proportionally to P, but at pressures greater than 1 atm. it approaches a constant value. Data for variation with temperature are discordant; those of Erikson are probably the best, and indicate that a. increases with the temperature. Mobility (k).—The mobility of an ion = velocity of migration per unit electrical field intensity. Over a wide range of densities (d), kd is a constant for a given gas. (See Table 4.) Value of k at O0C and 760 mm of mercury at O0C, is often called the mobility constant = /C0. Uncertainties in the proper interpretation of the observations and slight variations in the experimental procedure (73, 74, 128, 146)^ as wen as traces of unsuspected active impurities present in any one of a series of gases, may introduce variations of 20 to 30% in the inferred value of /c, but relative values obtained under comparable conditions (41, 81, 96, 112, 139, 147) are quite accurate except for the selective action of impurities. For methods of measurement and interpretation of observations, see ( 2 4 > 33> 45 > 46, 49, 56, 57, 60, 73, 74, 112, 118, 128, 160).

For attempts at

establishing theoretical relations between k and other properties of the gas, see ( 4 *, *i, 67, 76, 82, 94, 112). Effective Sectional Area of Molecule.—See p. 117. TABLE 1.—MOBILITY CONSTANT OF NORMAL IONS IN GASES For mixed gases other than air, see Table 2 Except as another is indicated, pressure = 760 mm of Hg, temperature = 150C. Methods: B = air-blast, C = current measurement, F = Franck's, L = Langevin's, R = Rutherford's, T = Tyndall and Grindley's; F, R, and T are alternating current methods. Range in value is indicated by {; el = negative carriers

are free electrons; i — gas was slightly impure; p — gas was pure, giving free electrons even at high pressures. Mobility constant is ko = kd/do where do = density at O0C and 760 mm of Hg and d = density when k was measured; excepting at the higher temperatures the values of k given below do not differ significantly from k0. Data marked * have been reduced by dividing the observed values by 1.21 so as to bring them to the same basis as the others which were obtained by methods yielding a doubtful low value (see (73, 74, 128, 146)) ; it is believed that k = 1.21Min all cases; subscripts (+, _) indicate the ion to which M refers. Unit of k = 1 cm sec"1 per volt cm"1 = 1 cm2 volt"1 sec"1. Gas I M+ M, Methodj Lit~ Air f ~ 3 6 f ~ 8 7 B ("O) 1.37 1.80 F ( 4 6) 1.40 1.70 L (60) 1.70* R (56) 1.36* 1-82*1 (128) ( } 1.57* 2.02* J *'P 1.80* F1 R (73) 1.78* T (146) A 1.37 1.70 F1 i (43) 1.37 el F9 p ( 4 3) Cl2 0.73 F (I 4 S) H2 6.70 7.95 B9 i ("O) 5.33f el F9 p (88) 6.02 '7.68 F9 i ( 46 ) 5.52 8.71 F9 i (158) 5.34* 8.22* F, i (88) 5.11 9.67 F9 i (156) 4.96* 8.35* F9 i (96) He 5.09 6.31 F9 i ( 46 ) 5.09 el F, p ( 4 S) NT2 1.27 1.84 F9 i ( 44 ) 1.27 el F1 p ( 44 ) 1.32 1.79 F9 i (158) O2 1.36 1.80 B (160) 1.29 1.79 F ( 4 3) CO 0.99* R9 p (148) 1.10 1.14 L (is 4 ) CO2 1.02* R9 p (72) B (160) 0.76 0.81 0.86 0.90 L (60) L (H2f) 0.83 1.02 0.73 1.07 F, p (156) 0.76 0,99 F (H2f) CCl4 0.30 0.31 L (is 4 ) H20 1.1 0.95 5,100° (UO) 0.77 0.73 B (109) 0.62 0.56 F (86) HCl 1.271 C (123) 0.65* 0.56* F (80) NH 3 0.74 0.80 L (154) 0.62* 0.67* F (81) 0.64* R, p (I 4 S) N2O 0.82 0.90 L (154) 1.10* R (72) SO2 0.415 0.414 F (155) 0.412 0.414 F (159) H2S 0.59 0.57 F (88) Gas Acetylene

I Formula C2H2

M+ 0.71*

Benzene Ethane Ethylene

C6H6 C2H6 C2H4

0.18

\

M_ [Method] Lit. 0.95* R, p (148)" 0.77* F, p (87)

0.21 B 1.07* R 0.75* R

(109) O48) (i 4 8)

Gas ft-Hexane rc-Pentane Chloroform Ethyl chloride Ethyliodide Methyl bromide Methyl iodide Isobutyl alcohol Ethyl alcohol Isoamyl alcohol Methyl alcohol n-Propyl alcohol Acetaldehyde Acetone Ethyl acetate

Methyl acetate n-Propyl acetate Ethyl formate Ethylether

TABLE 1.—(Continued) I Formula | M+ \ M_ | Method] Lit. C 6 Hi 4 o7l50~16B (109) C 5 Hi 2 0.36 0.35 L (154) 0.385 0.451 F (159) CHCl3 0.19 0.16 B (109) C2H5Cl 0.304 0.317 F (159) 0.33 0.31 L (154) CJI5I 0.17 0.16 L (i«4) 0.181 0.181 F (159) CH3Br 0.29 0.28 L (154) CH3I 0.24 0.233 F (155) 0.216 0.226 F (159) C4Hi0O 0.21 0.21 B1 105° ("O) C2H6O 0.39 0.412 F (155) 0.363 0.373 F («9) C5Hi2O 0.19 0.23 B, 130° (i l O) CH4O 0.37 0.38 B, 66° (i i O) 0.29 0.30 B (109) C3H8O 0.22 0.22 5, 97° (i i O) C2H4O 0.31 0.30 L (154) 0.307 0.331 F (159) C3H6O 0.31 0.29 L O54) 0.236 0.247 F (159) C4H8O2 0.31 0.28 L ("4) 0.16 0.19 5,77° ( U O ) 0.226 0.247 F (159) 0.19 0.24 5,58° (UO) .C3H6O2 0.33 0.36 L (154) C 5 Hi 0 O 2 0.15 0.17 B, 100° ("O) C3H6O2 0.30 0.31 L (154) ....C4Hi0O 0.29 0.31 L (154) 0.19 0.22 F (79) 0.15 0.16 B (1Q9)

Mixture Air + H2O Air + HCl Air+ NH 3 Air + CO2 Air+ CCl 4 .. A i r + CHCl3 Air + CH3OH Air+C 2 H 5 OH Air + Ti-C3H7OH Air +Ti-C 4 H 9 OH

Figure Index | Fig. || Mixture 9 Air + Ti-C6HnOH 7 O2+H2 7 O2+Cl2 6 H 2 + Cl2 8 H 2 + H2S 8 H 2 + NH 3 9 H 2 + CO2 9 H 2 + (C2H6) 2O 9 H 2 + CH31 9 H2 + C2H2

| Fig.
* Observer's value is k = 1.21Af. t Page 324. J Sum of + and — mobilities.

TABLE 2.—MOBILITY (k) OF NORMAL IONS IN MIXED GASES If pa and pb = the partial pressures of the constituents A and B of a binary mixture, P = pa + Pbj ca = 10Op0/P1 and Cb = WQpb/Pj then ca and c& are the per cent concentrations of the two constituents. If ka,fc&,kab are the mobilities for the pure gases and for the mixture, all reduced to 760 mm of Hg, then kab = lQQkakb/(cakb + Cbka) in the following cases: Both ions in CO2 + H2, and CO2 + air (Blanc (1O)), in C2H2 + H2 (Loeb («7)). and in O2 + H 2 (Mayer (96)); for + ions in CH3I + H 2 (Wellisch (153)) ; and for — ions in (C2H5)2O + H 2 (Loeb ( 8 I)). For both ions in NH 3 + air (Loeb ( 85 )) and for + ions in Cl2 + H2 (Mayer (96)), kab = kakb/\/(cakl + Cb/c^)/100 fits the observations better. For all other mixtures yet studied, the data depart markedly from these laws if the concentration of the gas of lower mobility is small, but approximate one or other of them as this concentration is increased; see also ( 7 > 6 i> i 4 7 ). cv — percentage of vapor. Unit of k = 1 cm2/(volt sec); of c = 1%; of P = 1 mm of Hg. Air + vapor (see also Fig. Index) Vapor I cv I k+ \ k. \ P \ 't, 0C Lit. None O 1.37 1.80 737 15 (153) H2O* 0.0 1.38 2.11 566 25 (**) 1.6 1.38 2.00 539 25 (»«) 2.4 1.35 1.85 535 26.5 (*>*) 2.5 1.32 1.83 535 23 (»«) 3.0 1.25 1.63 522 23 (™) CH31 0.81 1.37 1.80 737 15 (153) FIGS. 1 to 9.—Mobility (/c) of normal ions in mixed gases. C2H5Br 0.81 1.32 1.80 737 15 O 53 ) (For symbols and index, see Table 2.) P = 760 mm Hg, t = 150C, Ci = C2H6OH 1.32 0.91 1.10 755 15 (153) concentration of the second constituent; e.g. in Fig. 2, Cz = concentration of NHa; sign of ion is indicated by a subscript, + or _; literature reference is enclosed C3HcO 1.19 1.15 1.37 755 15 (153) 2 * For HzO, k has been reduced to basis of P = 760 mm.

in ( ). Unit of Cz = I %', of k is nominally 1 cm /(volt sec) but data are suitable for ratios only within the group of which they form a part.

Fig. 3 (86) H2-H H 2 S

Fig.4 A .(8T)H2+C2 H2 BJiH)H2I-CH3I

Fig. 5 (8t) H2+(C2H5)20 A. Coordinales at left and bottom B. Coordinates at right and top.

Fig.6(io) A. H 2 ^CO 2 xo Ordinates at left B. Air+COo °* Ordinates at right

Fig. 8 (147)

Fig.7 A. MrI-NH3 B. Air+HCl

x o (85) o • (BQ)

Air+ CCl4. +ci Air+ CHCl3 o «

FIGS. 1 to 9.—Mobility (fc) of normal ions in mixed gases. (For symbols and index, see Table 2.) P = 760 mm Hg, t = 150C, C2 = concentration of the second constituent; e.g. in Fig. 2, Ca = concentration of NHa; sign of ion is indicated by a subscript, + or _; literature reference is enclosed in ( ). Unit of C2 = 1%; of k is nominally 1 cm2/(volt sec), but data are suitable for ratios only within the group of which they form a part.

TABLE 4. — (Continued) Flg.9 (IA7) .. ., , ,

Air + Alcohol

R- H20 Z)O-C3H7OH B CHoOH ^".0-C4H9OH

c CZÔH Ps.c&HnW

FIGS. 1 to 9.— Mobility (k) of normal ions in mixed gases. (For symbols and index, see Table 2.) P = 760 mm Hg, t = 150C, C2 = concentration of the second constituent; e.g. in Fig. 2, Ci = concentration of NHa; sign of ion is indicated by a subscript, + or _; literature reference is enclosed in ( ). Unit of Cz = 1 %; of k is nominally 1 cm2/(volt sec), but data are suitable for ratios only within the group of which they form a part.

TABLE 3.—MOBILITY (k) OF NORMAL IONS: VARIATION WITH PRESSURE (P) For a given gas at a given temperature, Pk is a constant if P lies between a few mm of Hg and 75 or 100 atm. (27, 57, 59, 92, 136, 149, 156) j at other pressures, variations are observed. At least a part of the variation at low pressures arises from the fact that an appreciable fraction of the ions present are not completely formed ( 56 » 97, 155 > 156) (cf. Table 5). Sign of ion is indicated by subscript + or _. Recent results in SO2 indicate that for saturated vapors this law may not hold (89). Unit of k = 1 cm2/(volt sec); of P = 1 mm of Hg or 1 atm. Temperature = 150C.

P \ Pk+\ Pfe- Il P \ Pk+] Pfe. || P I Pk+ I Pfc_ ' Air (57) P1 atm. Air (92).—(CWd) CO2*.-(CWd) 13.3 1 1.32 1.84 155.04 1.68 2.21 0.93 1.30 21.1 1.30 1.75 164.73 1.71 2.32 0.525 1.40 31.2 1.35 1.87 175.40 1.61 2.19 0.507 1.50 36.8 1.37 1.87 181.50 1.65 2.17 0.451 1.55 41.7 1.32 1.87 O 2 * ( 136 )P, mrn 0.350 1.65 47.6 1.30 1.86 1.57 I 1.59 0.300 1.78 50.6 1.32 1.85 1.39 1.86 0.210 1.70 53.0 1.37 1.94 1.27 1.78 0.136 1.72 59.5 1.34 1.89 1.06 1.99 0.091 2.22 70.6 1.36 1.91 0.79 2.08 0.053 2.27 74.6 1.39 1.96 0.63 2.09 H2* (136) P9 mm Air (92) p^ atm. 0.48 2.48 3.54 6.32 66.86 1.32 1.89 0.41 2.71 2.68 6.64 87.21 1.41 1.86 0.25 2.60 1.50 6.40 96.90 1.46 1.89 0.172 3.63 1.27 7.36 108.50 1.48 2.04 0.151 2.96 0.99 8.00 116.28 1.50 2.07 0.091 3.55 0.67 8.42 123.10 1.522.05 CO2* (136) p, mm 0 .42 8.95 132.75 1.60 2.04 1.47 1.09 0.38 9.60 145.35 1.60 2.21 1.13 1.20 * Thermions from hot salts.

TABLE 4.—MOBILITY (k) OF NORMAL IONS IN DRY AIR: VARIATIONS WITH TEMPERATURE (T) At constant density and near room temperature, k is practically independent of T. For theoretical and other discussions, see (45, 61, 76, 112, 128) 0 p — pressure; sign of ion is indicated by subscript + or _. Unit of k = 1 cm2/(volt sec). T = absolute temperature, 0 K; T0 = value of T at O0C.

T, 0K F = I 698 643 570 540 503 468 463 428 416 409 388 378 360 340 335 300 296 268 237 202 180 149 84.5

(kT0/T)-

atm. (56) 2 . 19 2.32 2.15 2.20 2.18 2.30 2.20 2.35 2.27 2.22 2.05 2.00 2.00 2.10 2.04 1.91 1.88 1.83 1.77 1.53 1.32 1.14 0.717

(kT0/ (/CT0/ T, 0K M M T)+ T). 1 atm. (104) Constant density* (32)._(CWd) 1.33 1 1.66 1.34 1.64 311 1.209 1.81 1.32 1.64 297 1.327 1.740 1.33 1.62 273 1.365 1.755 1.31 1.67 252 1.30 1.663 1.31 1.64 Constant density 1.33 1.71 (31) 1.24 1.61 /c_ 0.682 0.68 T, 0K /c+ 293 1.35 1.89 209 1.34 1.82 Constant density* (32) 93 1.20 1.24 T, 0K M M 336 1.207 1.729 Constant density! (128) 318 1.278 1.809 306 1.326 1.777 T, 0K fc+|| M 297 1.364 1.693 288 1.88 2.43 273 1.361 1.522 332 1.86 2.47 252 1.321 1.596 395 1.75 2.33 89 1.20 1.24T, 0K k+H Mf T, 0K M fc.J 288 1.59 2.21 343 1.101 1.510370 1.52 2.43 325 1.178 1.701 288 1.62 2.29 '' ^ P = 411 399 383 373 348 333 285 209 94

* The density is that corresponding to O0C and 1 atm. t Air dried over CaCh and liquid air; vessel uriheated. J Air dried over liquid air; during filling, vessel heated to 3730K = IOOC0. § The density is that corresponding to 150C and 1 atm. Jl Air of highest purity in contact with Na. ^f Dry air of less purity.

TABLE 5.—MOBILITY (k) OF NEWLY FORMED IONS Very new + ions have the same mobility as the — ions; mobility of — ions appears to be independent of age. Values of k on any one line of the table are relatively correct, but are not in all cases comparable with those on any other line. 17» = upper limit for the age of the new ions; L0 — lower limit for the old ions. The same age limits apply to both + ions and — ions. Pressure = 760 mm of mercury; temperature = 150C. Unit of U and L = 1 sec; of k = 1 cm2/(volt sec). . Age limits A;+ kGas Garner ^ ^ New| Old New| Old ^ Air

AcA and AcB Air ThA and ThB Air RaA and RaB Air C2H2 Air A Air CO2 Airf Air Air H2 Air Pt Air Air Air Air and C2H2 O2... O2 N2 N2 Air and NH 3 Air Hef He (C 2 Hs) 2 Qt-. (C 2 Hs) 2 O

I 0.0020.0024.351.55

(36)

0.0020.0024.351.55

(39)

0.0020.0024.351.55 (39) 0.0020.03 1.801.80 >* >* (40) 0.0050.0131.801.361.801.80 (37) 0.0050.02 1.801.361.801.80(35) 0.0080.0131.801.351.801.80 (149) 0.0080.0131.801.36 >* >* (37) 0.03 0.03 1.801.361.801.80(34,38) 0.03 0.10 1.891.361.891.89 (33) 0.03 0.10 1.891.89 >* >* (40) 0.03 0.10 1.891.361.891.89(33) 0.03 0.10 1.891.361.891.89(33) 0.06 0.06 1.891.891.891.89(41) 0.0010.0108.705.13 (152) O 0050.02 0.22*0.190.22 0.22 (™)

* The > indicates that negative ion is slightly faster than initial positive ion. f Mobility of (k') measured at P = 5 to 50 mm and reduced to P = 760 mm by equation k = k'P/760.

TABLE 6.—DIFFUSIVITY (A) OF NORMAL IONS For methods of measurements and discussion of relation of A and k, see ( 4 7 , 8 4 , 9 7 , 1 3 3 , 1 3 9 )

—T7 = — A^dxdy;

dN = resultant number of ions, of the

species considered, which diffuses, in the direction of increasing z, through the area dxdy in the time dt, when the gradient of the concentration (n) of these ions normal to dxdy is dn/dz\ n = number per unit of volume. For these data, PA for a given gas and a given species of ion is essentially a constant; all observations were made near room temperature. At P = An, Q — O0C, and for any given gas and species of ion A/fc0 = An/n0e = 7.85 X 10~5 erg/es; &0 = mobility constant of the ion considered; n0 = Loschmidt's number; e = electronic charge. Sign of ion is indicated by subscript + or _. Unit of A = 0.01 cm2/sec; of P = 1 mm of Hg; of temperature (8) = I0C. Gas

Air Air Air Air Air.... Air Air Air Air.. N2 N2 N2 N2 N2 O2 CO2

•

Dry gases | P | A + A. 1128 2 7 2 2 T ? 772 3.17 4.29 2.90* 4.48* 760 3.2 4.2 758 3.2 4.2 550 4.20 5.42 400 5.78 7.80 300 7.86 10.3 200 11.8 15.5 1302 1.7 2,6 1120 2.0 2.8 1000 2.3 3.14 760 2.9 4.1 760 2.95 4.14 760 3.0 4.1 760 2.5 2.6 Effect of moisture (139) A

^ Air O2 CO2 H2

Dry 2~8 2.5 2.3 12.3

+ I Moist 3~2 2.88 2.45 12.8

0 19

18 16 13 12

A Dry | 4^3 3.96 2.6 19.0

I Lit. (127) (138) (47) (127) (127) («8) O 38 ) (138) (138) (127) (127) (127) (127) (127) (127) Q27)

Moist 3.5 3.58 2.55 34.2

* Estimated correct within 6 %.

TABLE 7.—COEFFICIENT (a) OF RECOMBINATION OF NORMAL IONS: ONE PRESSURE AND ROOM TEMPERATURE —-JT = cm+n_; n+, n_ = number of + ions and — ions, respectively, per cm3; n = either n+ or n_; t — time, in seconds. Unit of pressure (P) = 1 mm of mercury; of a = 10~6 cm 3 per (ion sec). Gas I P I a. Air 760 1 . 6 3 1 1 . 5 0 1.72 1.89 1.61 O2 760 1.61 H2 760 1.49 1.40 CO 757 0.87 CO2 760 1.67 1.62 1.67 2.33 1.66 CH31 28 0.56 C2H6Cl 100 1.35 C2H5Br 28 0.69 (C2H5)20 95 1.51 N20 749 1.35 SO2 680 1.31 Lit.

(137) (60)

* McClung used or-particles from radium-

(132) (106) (91*)

TABLE 8.—COEFFICIENT (a) OF RECOMBINATION OF NORMAL IONS : VARIATION WITH PRESSURE (P) (c/. TABLE 7) For methods of measurement and discussion of observations, see also (29, 53, 61, 91, 105, 106, 120, 123, 135, 137).

Unit of P =

1 mm of Hg; of a = 10~6 cm 3 per (ion sec). P

\

a

\\

Air (60) 152 0.28 375 0.67 760 1.50 1 550 1.7 2 320 1.5 3 800 1.0 (!32) 197 0.44 307 0.73 363 0.82 462 1.02 644 1.44 662 1.47 743 1.66 (53) 10 0.48 20 0.55 35 0.60 50 0.63 100 0.74 150 • 0.84

P

I

a

P

Il

Air (™).—(Cont'd) 250 0.99 450 1.26 760 1.5.7 (120) 280 1.77 420 1.85 540 2.05 745 2.13 CO 2 (SO) 135 0.18 352 0.88 550 1.20 758 1.60 1 560 1.47 2 380 0.98 (132) 175 0.49 265 0.67 373 0.92 498 1.19 614 1.44

I ^T-

CO2 (i32)._(CWd) 729 | 1.64 CO (132) 247 0.22 409 0.44 556 0.62 690 0.76 757 0.87 SO2 (i32) 83.5 0.26 200 0.42 338 0.72 444 0.91 504 1.07 680 1.31 N 2 O (132) 200 0.33 294 0.53 430 0.81 596 1.13 749 1.33

TABLE 9.—COEFFICIENT (a) OF RECOMBINATION OF NORMAL IONS: VARIATION WITH TEMPERATURE (c/. TABLE 7) Data for variation with temperature are very discordant. For relative values for CO2 and H2, see ( 30 ). Following values are for air at constant density (ad) and at constant pressure (ap); the latter are relative to a = 1.7 X (10)~6 cm 3 per (ion sec) at 2890K = 160C. Unit of ad and ap = 10~6 cm3 per (ion sec); temperature = T1 0K. ; T 94 205 285289337 373 428 449 546 Lit. ad 2.551.921.18 0.780.590.47 (29) ap 1.7 0.850.680.610.30 (ios) TABLE 10.—MOBILITY (k) OF SLOW IONS Moist air at pressure = 1 atmosphere; p = partial pressure of water vapor present. Sign of ion is indicated by subscript + or _. (For classification of slow ions, see p. 110.) Unit of k = 10~4 cm2/(volt sec); of p = 1 mm of Hg; temperature = t, 0C. P I k Il p I k Il p I k+ I fe. I T~ Ions of Type I (107); t = 2O 0 C Ions of Type IL-(CWd) 0.67 7.99 11.80 3.67* 10.82 189 20.9 5.87 6.85 14.90 3.25 14.18 187 24.5 8.85 4.33* 15.51 3.17 6.66 183 15.3 10.24 3.90* 16.05 3.10 13.29 181 20.4 11.11 3.79* 11.29 178 20.1 * A single measurement.

p

14.11

I £- I 1 IonsofTyPeII(i08) I

k+

0.78 668 O 73 658 0.68 4.97 7.33 207 5.92 6.41 11.67

568 257 233 189 202

166

15-66 158 15.43 153

21.8 13'16 20 8 15'58 19.7 14'40 18.4 13'89 24.8 14'35 20.0 15'43 21.3 16 67 20.9

146 116 110 91

21.6

23.9 22.6 21 '° 24 3 ' 24 2 ' 22 * 81 22 2 73 8 22 2 ' ' 71 5 245

TABLE 10.—(Continued) Ions of Type II.—(Cont'd) P I k, I k. t [I p I fe+ I 14.87 64.1 23.4 16.88 28.6 14.06 63.6 22.8 17.09 24.6 Source refers to k = 10~2 Age.. 2 fc.... 6

fe_

I

TABLE 11. — N 2 (151) _ (Continued) F 1 k n 1.22 17.7 6.30 2.2 18.0 11.50 2.9 17.6 15.05 3.6 17.4 18.60 4.2 17.5 21.50 5.0 17.0 25.00 6.3 16.2 29.70 5.5 16.2 16.67 6.9 15.5 30.90 8.0 15.9 37.00 13.0 13.3 50.50 17.5 11.85 60.1 23.2 10.30 68.5 26.1 9.42 71.1 33.5 7.95 77.0 35.8 7.52 79.1 39.0 7.25 81.3 43.3 6.80 84.5 48.0 6.11 85.3 55.5 5.50 87.7

t 19.5 19.7

Heterogeneous Slow Ions ( 8 ) is hot Pt. Air is saturated with water vapor; k the type of ion that is the most numerous. Unit of cm 2 /(volt sec); of age = 1 sec. 4 6 8 12 16 22 32 45 58 70 4.2 2.9 2.6 2.3 |2.0 1.6 1.2 0 . 9 0 . 7 5 0.65

TABLE 11.—MIGRATIONAL (v) AND THERMAL (u) VELOCITIES OF ELECTRONS IN GASES AT 150C If k = mobility of electrons in the gas considered, v = kF, where F = strength of the electric field; the velocity of agitation u = 1.1Sc(IO)7 cm/sec, where c2 is determined from the lateral scattering of a beam of electrons in an electric field due to diffusion (see ( 139 )); the mean free path (I) of the electrons is that defined ( 139 ) by v = 0.815eJF7/mw; Zi is the value of I when pressure (P) is 1 mm of Hg, and temperature = 150C; in the units named below, /i = O.Q797vcP/F. For actual values of F and P1 see original papers. Unit of F = 1 volt/cm; of P — 1 mm of Hg; of Zi = 0.01 cm; of v — 105 cm/sec; of k = 103 cm2/(volt sec); c is dimensionless; u = 1.ISc(IO)7 cm/sec. He (142)._ (Continued) A (141); 10
O 2 ( 14 °); 4
(Continued) Air(i40);(?)
TABLE 12.—NUMBER (N) OF MOLECULAR IMPACTS OF AN ELECTRON BEFORE ITS ATTACHMENT TO FORM A NORMAL NEGATIVE ION N appears to be independent of pressure (observations from P = 20 mm to P = 760 mm), but increases with the initial velocity (v») of the electron (see end of table). Values tabulated refer to 150C and are rather rough approximations. N = A X 10* (5, 72, 77, 79, 88,

Gas A Cl2 Eh

I

148).

A I n \ Observer w Franck <2.1 3 Wahlin «0 Loeb

||

Gas He N2 Ne

|

A « « w

\ n \ Observer' Franck Loeb Townsend

TABLE 12.—(Continued) Gas O2 HCl* H2S* SO2* NH 3 N20 CO CO2t CO 2 J C2H2

A I n I Observer || Gas | 8/7 3 Loeb C2H4 <2 3 Loeb C2H6Cl 2 4 Loeb C2H6 <2 3 Loeb (CH 5 ) 2 O*.... 9.9 7 Wahlin Ai § 6.1 5 Loeb Ai 1.6 8 Wahlin Ai n\\ 1.5 7 Loeb Ai45II 2.1 5 Loeb Ai to|| 7.8 6 Wahlin

A JT? 3.7 2.5 4 1.98 4.3 3.0 5.0 1.4

\n 7 5 6 4 5 4 5 5 6

\ Observer Wahlin Wahlin Wahlin Loeb Loeb Loeb Bailey Bailey Bailey

* Values estimated relative to air, from pressure at which free electrons appear (79, so, 88, 89), f Fresh CO2. t CO2, 22 hr old. § Accurate absolute value; dry air, P between 20 and 760 mm ( 7 7 J . |) Subscript indicates value of Vi', unit = 106 cm/sec; e.g., for airss, Vi = 33 X 106 cm/sec.

TABLE 13.—CONDENSATION OF VAPORS ON IONS AND NUCLEI The degree of supersaturation (S) of a vapor subjected to adiabatic expansion is denned as the ratio of the vapor pressure after the expansion to the pressure of the saturated vapor at the temperature of the gas after its expansion. When water vapor is supersaturated by adiabatic expansion, four stages of condensation are recognized: Condensation occurs on dust particles and on certain products of chemical action if S < 4; begins to occur on — ions at S = 4ca., on + ions at S = 6 ca., and on uncharged water nuclei at S > 6. The nature of the gas in which the vapor is distributed has no effect upon the value of S required to initiate a given type of condensation. E = V2/'Vi = adiabatic expansion necessary to produce condensation, V\[Vz] = volume of moist gas before [after] expansion. E0, E-, E+ — value of E corresponding to condensation on uncharged water nuclei, on — ions, on + ions; SQ, S-, and S+ are the values of S corresponding to E0, E-, and E+. When the sign of the ion is not known the value of E is placed between the columns for E- E+. Formula | Vapor | Jg0 \E-\E+ S+ \ Lit. HÔ Water* 1.38 1.25 1.31 5.8 (157) H2O Water 1.42 1.29 (28) H2O Water 1.3661.2651.314 (i") H2O Waterf 1.31 1.2701.32 (3) H2O Water 1.251 (58) CCl4 Carbon tetrachloride.... 1.89 (28) CS2 Carbon disulfide 1.08 1.05 (28) CS2 Carbon disulfide 1.02 (i 11) CHCl3 Chloroform 1.5981.528 3.0 (Hi) C2H5I Ethyl iodide 1.5301.484 ("i) C6H5Cl Chlorobenzene 1.60 1.48 (28) C6H6 Benzene 1.78 1.53 (28) C6H6 Benzene 1.74 1.50 (3) C6H6 Benzene} 1.642 (ill) C3H6O Acetone 2.009 (Hi) CH4O Methyl alcohol 1.42 1.32 (28) CH4O Methyl alcohol 1.3781.3061.251 2.3 ( 1 U) C2H6O Ethylalcohol 1.25 1.20 (28) C2H6O Ethylalcohol 1.2541.2001.175 2.3 (m) C2H6O Ethyl alcohol 1.190 1.158 1.180 (3) C3H8O n-Propyl alcohol 1.2371.2011.178 3.1 (Hi) C4Hi0O Isobutyl alcohol 1.260 1.2J5 1.198 3.6 (Hi) C 5 Hi 2 O Isoamyl alcohol 1.2931.2331.218 5.5 (m) C5H12O Isoamyl alcohol 1.182 4.1 (58) C5H12O rc-Amyl alcohol 1.3541.3071.271 ("i) C 7 Hi 6 O Heptyl alcohol 1.362 1.306 1.269 (i 11) CH2O2 Formic acid 1.78225.1 (58) C 2 H 4 O 2 Aceticacid 1.441 9 . 3 ( 5 8 ) C3H6O2 Propionic acid 1.343 9.4 (58) C4H8O2 n-Butyric acid 1.380 15.0 (58) C4H8O2 Isobutyric acid 1.360 13.3 (58) C5H10O2 Isovaleric acid 1.220 6.0 (58) C4H8O2 Ethyl acetate 1.486 8.9 (58)

Formula C 5 H 10 O 2 C 5 Hi 0 O 2 C 5 H 10 O 2 C5H10O2

|

TABLE 13.—(Continued) Vapor | E0 \ E~\ E+ \ Methyl n-butyrate 1.334 Methyl isobutyrate 1.347 Ethyl propionate 1.414 M-Propyl acetate 1.310

* For H2O, -So = 7.9, S- = 4.15 ( 1 S 7 ). ions of unknown sign, S = 4.3 C 1 1 1 ).

S+ \ Lit. 5.3 (58) 5.2 (58) 7.8 (58) 5.0 (58)

t For H2O, So = 6 ( 3 ). J For CeHe,

EFFECTIVE SECTIONAL AREA OF MOLECULES* (i, 2, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 48, 54, 64, 65, 66, 93, 95, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 119, 121, 130, 161, 162)

When a beam of electrons passes through a gas, the number (nx) of electrons remaining in the beam after it has gone a distance x is given by the equation, nx = n0e~qpx, where p is the pressure of the gas. If the cross-sectional area of an electron is negligible as compared with that of a molecule, and if the velocities of the molecules are negligible, as compared with that of the electron, then qp will be the sum of the cross-sectional areas of all the molecules in a unit volume. By definition the mean free path of an electron, Le is defined as l/qp. If the effective cross-sectional area of a molecule for an encounter with another molecule were the same as that for an encounter with an electron, then we would have L6 = 4^2L, where L is the mean free path of the molecule in the gas.f It is found that qp varies with the velocity of the electrons and that l/qp or Le is not equal to 4\/2L. (It should be noticed that L, is not the same quantity as that denoted by I in Table 11.) The absorbing cross-section of all the molecules in a unit volume of gas at the temperature t and at unit pressure is q. The effective radius, r, of the absorbing cross-section of a single molecule is given by the equation -n-r2 = q/Nt, where Nt is the number of molecules per unit volume at the temperature t and at unit pressure. For electrons with high velocities (/3-rays), q has such a value that r is of the same order of magnitude as the radius of the nucleus, as deduced from the scattering of a-particles. In actual measurements, the beam of electrons must have a finite width, and, consequently, those electrons that have been deviated from their initial path by less than a certain amount, determined by the apparatus used, are not eliminated from the beam. This source of error makes the computed value of q too small, and causes the results of different observers to differ slightly. In most cases, the deviation of an observer's separate determinations from the mean curve representing all his values is less than 10%. Typical data are shown in Figs. 10 to 14: Molecule A Cd CH4 CO CO^ H^ He"5J~ Figures 10 14 11 12 13 11 11 14 Molecule Figures

Kr 10

N^ 12

NO 13

N2O 13

Ne 10

O2"XeZrT 13 10 14

*In collaboration with R. B. Erode. f In !figures, short line followed by symbol for gas on axis of ordinates indicates gas kinetic value, 4\/2L.

LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) (!) Akesson, 171, 5: No. 21; 14. ( 2 ) Akesson, 215, 12 II: 11; 16. (3) Andren 8, 52: 1; 17. (4) Bailey, 3, 46: 213; 23. ( 5 ) Bailey, 3, 60: 825; 25. («) Becker, 8, 17: 381; 05. (7) Belar, 75, 130 Ha: 373; 21. (») Blackwood, 2, 16: 85; 20. ( 9 ) Blackwood, 2, 20: 499; 22. (io) Blanc, 31, 7: 825; 08. (U) Erode, 2, 23: 664; 24. ( l 2 ) Erode, 6, 109: 397; 25. (13) Erode, 2, 25: 636; 25. (14) Briiche, 8, 81: 537; 26. (15) Briiche, 8, 82: 25; 27. (1«) Briiche, 8, 82: 912; 27. (17) Briiche, 8, 83: 1065; 27. (i 8 ) Busse, 8, 76: 493; 25. (i») Busse, 8, 81: 262; 26. (20) Busse, 8, 81: 587; 26. («) Busse, 5, 82: 697; 27. (22) Busse, 8, 82: 873; 27. ( 23 ) Busse, 8, 83: 80; 27. ( 24 ) Chattock, 3, 48: 401; 99. (25) Compton, 2, 22: 333; 23. ( 26 ) Compton, 2, 22: 432; 23. (27) Dempster, 2, 34: 53; 12. ( 2 ») Donnan, 3, 3: 305; 02. ( 2 ») Erikson, 3, 18: 328; 09. (30) Erikson, 3, 23: .747; 12. (31) Erikson, 2, 3: 151; 14, (32) Erikson, 2, 6: 345; 15. (33) Erikson, 2, 20: 117; 22. (34) Erikson, 2, 21: 720; 23. (3S)

Fig.10 A Ne Kr Xe

Fig.14 Cd Hg Zn

Fig. 11 H2 H6 CH4

FIGS. 10 to 14.—Effective sectional areas of molecules. Fig.12. cNo*

Fig. 13(17) O2 NO CO2 N2O

Enkson, 2, 24: 502; 24. ( 36 ) Erikson, 2, 24: 622; 24. ( 37 ) Erikson, 2, 26: 465; 25. ( 38 ) Erikson, 2, 26: 625; 25. ( 39 ) Erikson, S1 26: 629; 25. (40) Erikson, 2, 28: 372; 26. ( 41 ) Erikson, 2, 30: 339; 27. ( 42 ) Franck, 88, 11: 397; 09. ( 43 ) Franck, SS, 12: 291; 10. ( 44 ) Franck, 88, 12: 613; 10. ( 45 ) Franck, 200, 9: 235; 12. ( 46 ) Franck and Pohl, 88, 9: 69; 07. ( 4 ?) Franck and Westphal, 88, 11: 146; 09. ( 48 ) Glockler, 197, 10: 155; 24. (49) Grindley and Tyndall, 3, 48: 711; 24. (50) Raines, 3, 30: 503; 15. ( 51 ) Harries, 96, 42: 26; 27. ( 52 ) Haselfoot, 5, 87: 350; 12. (*3) Hendren, 2, 21: 314: n ~ •'«*) Hertz, 64P, 25: 90; 23.

(For general discussion and index, see p. 117.) These curves represent typical values deduced from electronic data, q = sum of the effective absorbing crosssectional areas of all the molecules contained in 2a unit volume of the gas at O0C and a pressure of 1 mm Hg; unit of q = 1 cm per cm3. The velocity of the electrons is indicated by numbers equal to the square root of the voltage through which the electron has been accelerated. The equation connecting velocity (0) and volts (V), for slow electrons only, is ^ im?2 = eV, or v = 0.595 X 1O8VF cm/sec, where m is the mass of an electron and e its charge. For some gases, the corresponding sum of the cross-sectional areas involved in the molecular encounters considered in the kinetic theory of gases is indicated by a short dash at the axis of ordinates. Literature references are enclosed in ( )• (55) Kleeman, 2, 19: 541; 22. (56) Kovarik, 2, 30: 415; 10. (57) Kovarik, 5, 86: 154; 12. ( 5S ) Laby, 62, 208: 445; 08. (59) Langevin, Thesis, Paris, 1902. (60) Langevin, 6, 28: 433; 03. ( 61 ) Langevin, 6, 5: 245; 05. ( 62 ) Langevin, 34, 140: 232; 05. ( 63 ) Langevin and Moulin, 34, 140: 305; 05. ( 64 ) Lenard, 8, 12: 449; 03. ( 65 ) Lenard, 8, 12: 714; 03. (««) Lenard, Quantitatives iiber Kathodenstrahlen aller Geschwindigkeiten. Heidelberg, Winter, 1925. (67) Loeb, 143, 184: 775; 17. (68) Loeb, 197, 6: 435; 20. (69) Loeb, 2, 17: 89; 21. (70) Loeb, 2, 19: 24; 22. (") Loeb, 2, 20: 397; 22. (72) Loeb, 3, 43: 229; 22. (73) Loeb, 143, 196: 537; 23. (74) Loeb, 143, 196: 771; 23. (75) Loeb, 197, 9: 335; 23. (76) Loeb, 3, 48: 446; 24. (77) Loeb, 143, 197: 45; 24. (78) Loeb, 2, 23: 157; 24. (79) Loeb, 197, 11: 428; 25. (80) Loeb, 197, 12: 35; 26. ( g i) Loeb, 197, 12: 617, 677; 26. ( 82 ) Loeb, 143, 201: 279; 26. ( 83 ) Loeb, 197, 13: 703; 27, ( 84 ) Loeb, Kinetic theory of gases. New York, McGraw-Hill, 1927. (85) Loeb and Ashley, 197, 10: 351; 24. (86) Loeb and Cravath, 2, 27: 811; 26. (87) Loeb and Du Sault, 197, 13: 510; 27. (88) Loeb and Du Sault, 197, 14: 192; 28. (*9) Loeb and Du Sault, 197, 14: 384; 28. (90) McClelland and Nolan, 539, 33: 24; 16. ( 91 ) McClung, 5, 3: 283; 02. ( 92 ) McLennan and Keys, 3, 30: 484; 15. (*3) Maxwell, 197, 12: 509; 26. ( 94 ) Mayer, 8, 62: 358; 20. (95) Mayer, 8, 64: 451; 21. (96) Mayer, 63, 28: 637, 1026; 27. ( 97 ) Millikan, The Electron. Chicago, Univ. Chicago Press, 1924. (98) Nolan, 539, 33: 9; 16. (99) Nolan, 5, 94: 112; 18. (ioo) Nolan, 2, 24: 16; 24. ("i) Nolan, 3, 1: 417; 26. ( 102 ) Nolan, 8, 82:

273; 27. ( 1( > 3 ) Nolan and de Sachy, 639, 37: 71; 27. ( 104 ) Phillips, 5, 78: 167; 06. ( 10S ) Phillips, 5, 83: 246; 10. ( 106 ) Plimpton, 8, 25: 65; 13. (107) Pollock, 3, 29: 514; 15. (1O*) Pollock, 3, 29: 636; 15. (1^) przi. bram, 76, 117 Ua: 665; 08. (UO) Przibram, 76, 118 Ua: 331; 09. ( 11J ) Przibram, #00, 8: 285; 11. (»«) Przibram, in £05, XXII. ( 113 ) Ramsauer, 8, 64: 513; 21. ("*) Ramsauer, 8, 66: 546; 22. (ll 5) Ramsauer, 5, 72: 345; 23. (ll 6) Ramsauer, 200, 19: 345; 23. ("7) Ramsauer, 8, 83: 1129; 27. (11S) Ratner, 3, 32: 441; 16. O 19 ) Robinson, 8, 31: 769; 10. ( 1 ZO) Rumelin, 8, 43: 821; 14. (121) Rusch, 63, 26: 748; 25. ( 122 ) Rusch, 5, 80: 707; 26. ( 123 ) Rutherford, 3, 44: 422; 97. ( 124 ) Rutherford, 201, 9: 401; 98. ( 12S ) Rutherford, 3, 5: 95; 03. ( 126 ) Rutherford, Radioactive substances and their radiations. Cambridge, Cambridge Univ. Press, 1913. O 2 7) Salles, 16, 2: 273; 14. ( 12 «) Schilling, 8, 83: 23; 27. ( 129 ) Skinker and White, 3, 46: 630; 23. (130) Sponer, 96, 18: 249; 23. ( 13 I) Stiicklin, in B95, XIV. ( 132 ) Thirkill, 5. 88: 477; 13. (133J Thomson, Conduction of electricity through gases.

Cambridge, Cambridge Univ. Press, 1906. ( 134 ) Thomson, 3, 30: 321; 15. ( 13 S) Thomson, 3, 47: 337; 24. ( 13 «) Todd, 3, 25: 163; 13. (137) Townsend, 62, 193: 129; 00. (138) Townsend, 62, 195: 259; 01. (139) Townsend, Electricity in gases. Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1915. (140) Townsend and Bailey, 3, 42: 873; 21. ( 141 ) Townsend and Bailey, 3, 44: 1033; 22. ( 142 ) Townsend and Bailey, 3, 46: 657;; 23. ( 143 ) Townsend and Tizard, 5, 87: 357; 12. ( 144 ) Townsend and Tizard, 6, 88: 336; 13. (145) Tyndall and Grindley, 3, 47: 689;&24. ( 146 ) Tyndall and Grindley, 6, 110: 341; 26. ( 14 7) Tyndall and Phillfps, 6, 111: 577; 26. ( 14 ») Wahlin, 2, 19: 173; 22. ( 149 ) Wahlin, 2, 20: 267; 22. ( 15 °) Wahlin, 2, 21: 517; 23. ( 151 ) Wahlin, 2, 23: 169; 24. ( 152 ) Wahlin, 197, 10: 475; 24. ( 153 ) Wellisch, 6, 82: 500; 09. ( 154 ) Wellisch, 62, 209: 249; 09. ( 1 SS) Wellisch, 3, 34: 33; 17. ( 156 ) Wellisch, 12, 44: 1; 17. (157) Wilson, 62, 189: 265; 97. ( 158 ) Yen, 197, 4: 91; 18. ( 159 ) Yen, 197, 4: 106; 18. (!6O) Zeleny, 62, 195: 193; 01. ( 161 ) Zwicky, 63, 24: 171; 23. ( 1 ^) Zwicky, 197, 12: 461; 26.

IONIZATION OF GASES O. STUHLMAN, JR. CONTENTS lonization by electrons in field of zero intensity. Variation with velocity.

Air. Other gases. Relative molecular ionization. Total number of ions, lonization by electrons in fields of finite intensity. Variation with intensity of field. Variation with pressure. Energy expended by electron in ionizing a molecule. lonization by positive ions. Variation with velocity: aparticles in air. Relative molecular and total ionization: a-particles. By positive residues: variation with intensity of field. Atomic ionization relative to air. lonization by 7- and X-rays: relative molecular. lonization by secondary X-rays: relative molecular and total. Energy expended in ionizing air by X-rays. lonization of gases by phosphorus (P).

INDICE P AGE lonizzazione per mezzo di elettroni di un campo di intensita zero. Variazione con Ia veloVariation avec Ia vitesse. cita. Aria 120 Air. Altrigas 120 Autres gaz. lonizzazione molecolare Ionisation moleculaire rela121 relativa tive. Numero totale degli ioni 121 Nombre total des ions. lonizzazione per mezzo di Ionisation par les electrons dans elettroni in campi di des champs d'intensite intensita finita. finie. Variazione con FintenVariation avec Fintensite" du sita del campo 121 champ. Variazione con Ia presVariation avec Ia pression, sione 121 Energie depensee par !'electron Energieaufwand bei der Ioni- Energia spesa da un' elettrone per ionizzare una en ionisant une molecule. sation eines Moleklils durch molecola 121 Elektronen. Ionisation par les ions positifs. Ionisation durch positive Ionen. lonizzazione per mezzo di ioni positivi. Variazione con Ia veloXnderung mit der GeVariation avec Ia vitesse: cita: particelle a nelF schwindigkeit: a-Partikeln particules a dans Fair. aria 122 in Luft. lonizzazione relativa Relative molekulare und Ionisation moleculaire relamolecolare e totale: totale Ionisation: ative et ionisation totale: particelle a 122 Partikeln. particules a. lonizzazione per mezzo Durch positive Riickstande: Par les residus positifs: varidei residui positivi: Fintensite ation avec Anderung mit der Intenvariazione con Fintendu champ. sitat des Feldes. sita del campo 122 Atomionisation in Beziehung lonizzazione atomica relaIonisation atomique relative a tiva all'aria 122 Fair. auf Luft. Ionisation par les rayons 7 et Ionisation durch 7-Strahlen und lonizzazione per mezzo di raggi 7 e X: molecolare Rontgenstrahlen: Relative par les rayons X: moleculaire relativa 123 molekulare. relative. Ionisation par les rayons X Ionisation durch sekundare lonizzazione per mezzo di raggi X secondari: moleRontgenstrahlen: Relative secondaires: moleculaire relamolekulare und vollstandige. colare relativa e totale. 123 tive et totale. Energie depensee en ionisant Energieaufwand bei der Ioni- Energia spesa per ionizzare Faria con i raggi X Fair par les rayons X. 123 sation der Luft durch Rontgenstrahlen. Ionisation des gaz par Ie phos- Ionisation der Gase durch Phos- lonizzazione dei gas per phore (P). phor (P). mezzo del fosforo ( P ) . . . 124 MATIERES Ionisation par les electrons dans un champ d'intensite' zero.

INHALTSVEBZEICHNIS Ionisation durch Elektronen in einem Felde von der Starke Null. Xnderung mit der Geschwindigkeit. Luft. Andere Gase. Relative molekulare Ionisation. Gesamtanzahl der Ionen. Ionisation durch Elektronen in Feldern bestimmter Intensitat. Xnderung mit der Intensitat des Feldes. Anderung mit dem Drucke.

This section includes ionization by impact of electrons, of positively charged residues, and of a-particles, by electromagnetic radiation and by chemical action. Data for the conductivity of flames, for ionization potentials, and for photoelectric thresholds are given elsewhere; consult p. 156, 69 and 67, respectively. The following symbols will be used: c velocity of light in vacuum. C Coefficient of ionization; n = Cp/T. Cr Ci/C2 for the same ionizing radiation (corpuscular or electromagnetic) == coefficient of relative molecular ionization'of gas (1) with reference to gas (2). Ei Energy expended in producing one pair of ions. Ei Kinetic energy possessed by the charged particle at the beginning of its ionizing career, e Electronic charge. "i a/p] +i = 0/p.

-/

J0" -id*; +/ = f; +id*. +

~Np[ Np]

Number of encounters of an electron [a -f ion] per cm of its path; the superior ~[+] may be omitted where convenient. n Number of ions produced per sec in 1 cm3 of a thin layer of gas at pressure p and absolute temperature T. p Pressure of the gas being ionized. pm Pressure at which a is a maximum for a given X. V Potential difference required to confer the energy E upon a charge = e; eVi = Ei1 eF* = Et1 etc. v Velocity of the ionizing particle. X Intensity of the applied electric field. «[/3] Number of pairs of ions produced per cm of path by each electron [each + ion]. X Wave-length of the exciting radiation. If the density of the gas remains constant, a, |8 and the number of ions produced per sec by a given electromagnetic radiation are all independent of the temperature (io, 11, 14, 32, 33, 44) ; tested (10) from -180 to +160O0C. If the velocity of the particles arises solely from X7 then, for a given temperature and gas, a/p and p/p depend solely upon X/p ( 63 » 65 > 66 > 67 > 69). If X is so great that the effects of thermal agitation may be neglected, a. = Npe~NpVi/x ( 63 ); hence (amax.)P const. = Np and (amax.)x const, occurs when p(=pm) = X/NVi or X/pm = NVi] the value of N is determined from that of (amax.)p. For expressions for the total current resulting from ionization by both electrons and positive residues, see ( 3 > 63 ); for ionization of mixed gases, see . ( 3 > 2 6 ) ; for theory, see Bohr ( 5 i 6 ) and Fowler (19,20).

TABLE 1.—IONIZATION OF AIR BY ELECTRONS: VARIATION WITH VELOCITY (4, is, 16,27, 71) Vi = 5.082 X 10s I

/- _ ——2 - 1 1 volt.

For Fi < 4000

volt, v/c has been computed from observed value of Fi by means of the approximate relation v/c = 0.001983 \/Fi, Vi being expressed in volts; the corresponding expression for EI is E\ = 1.592Fi X 10~12. Unit of a = 1 per cm; of p = 1 mm of Hg; of Fi = 1 volt; Fi = A X 10». A 1.12 6.57 3.39 2.03 1.27 7.86

I n I IQQp/c I a/p H 100 0.054 6 95 0.063 5 90 0.073 5 80 0.092 5 70 0.12s 5 60 0.17s 4 50 0.242

A 4.63 2.45 1.53 1.05 9.42 8.43 7.50

In 4 4 4 4 3 3 3

IQOtt/c | a/p 40 0.32 30 0.42 24 0.43* 20 1.04 19 1.14 18 1.25 17 1.38

A 6.63 5.82 4.77 2.225 1.808 1.500 1.400 1.200 1.105 1.050 9.92 9.85 9.72 9.52 9.05 8.90 8.00

TABLE 1.—(Continued} I n I 100t;/c | a/p \\ A \ 3 16 TSO 7.00 3 15 1.68 6.00 3 13.6 2.Oi 4.94 3 9.353 3.46 3.97 3 8.432 4.98 3.72 3 7.680 6.96 3.47 3 7.420 7.85 2.95 3 6.869 10.32 2.47 3 6.601 12.04 1.98 3 6.425 12.85 1.56 2 6.246 13.82 1.22 2 6.22s 13.91 8.4 2 6.18s 13.69 4.7 2 6.11s 13.50 4.1 2 5.965 12.36 3.5 2 5.9Ie 10.14 2.8 2 5.609 6.72 1.8

n \ IQQv/c | 2 5.246 2 4.85? 2 4.40? 2 3.95i 2 3.82o 2 3.694 2 3.4Oe 2 3.11e 2 2.79o 2 2.47? 2 2.19o 1 !.82 1 1.36 1 1.2? 1 1.1? 1 1.05 1 0.84i

a/p 6.19 5.43 6.43 7.84 9,18 9.36 9.12 13.8 14.6 23.6 37.8 51.4 95.0 111.2 108.2 82.7 51.2

* This value ( 15 ) seems to be much too small; it is the only value available between v/c = 0.20 and v/c = 0.30.

TABLE 2.—IONIZATION OF GASESBY ELECTRONS: VARIATION WITH VELOCITY (34) For air, v > 0.025c, see Table 1. (vis computed from Einstein's formula, m0c2(

/

~~( / \s ~~ ^ )

=

^ l6 -)

Unit of Fi = 1 volt;

of a = 1 per cm; of p = 1 mm of Hg. Error < 4%. Gas A I H 2 I He I N 2 Ne CH 4 | CQ* Fi I WOv/C a/p 300 3.44 4.14 1.2640.6484.4601.5024.36 4.29e 280 3.33 4.54 1.3620.6994.7751.5574.72 260 3.20 4.83 1.4630.7445.1001.6085.05 \ , 240 3.09 5.31 1.5680.7825.4201.6665.41 J ° ' l b T 220 2.96 5.68 1.6780.8155.6501.7105.74 200 2.80 6.03Jl.7850.8446.080 1.7546.20 6.052 180 2.67 6.36 1.9020.8676.4251.8006.43 160 2.52 6.67 2.0180.8806.7801.8286.78 140 2.36 6.95 2.1370.8817.1251.8207.14 120 2.18 7.21 2.2600.8707.4501.7687.47 100 1.99 7.45 2.3760.8467.6401.6517.82 7.595 80 1.78 7.65 2.4870.8047.4701.4508.06 60 1.54 7.48 2.5180.7306.8801.1307.80 \ 7 4R . T 40 1.25 6.74 2.2800.5005.5800.6306.79 J 35 1.17 6.36 2.1530.3804.96 0.4806.28 30 1.08 5.56 1.9470.2294.09 0.3205.55 29 1.06 5.35 1.8820.1923.89 0.2875.37 28 1.04 5.13 1.8250.1553.68 0.2555.20 27 1.02 4.88 1.7550.1203.47 0.2205.00 26 1.00 4.61 1.6700.0823.24 0.1804.80 25 0.98 4.31 1.600 3.02 0.1404.55 24 0.96 4.00 1.500 2.80 0.0954.30 23 0.94 3.67 1.383 2.54 0.0444.02 22 0.92 3.30 1.260 2.28 3.72 21 0.90 2.90 1.130 2.00 3.40 20 0.88 2.45 0.980 1.72 3.05 19 0.85 1.90 0.800 1.42 2.67 18 0.83 1.29 0.595 0.80 2.26 17 0.81 0.45 0.350 1.80 16 0.79 1.28 15 0.76 0.75 14 0.73 0.10 * Jesse ( 35 ). t Corresponds to Vi midway between bracketed lines, ( 3 5 ) found 6.44,

t Jesse

TABLE 3.—RELATIVE. MOLECULAR IONIZATION OF GASES BY /3-RAYs FROM VARIOUS SUBSTANCES nr zs n/na = CrpTa/paT; na, pa, Ta refer to air; pa = 760 mm Hg; values of Cr Gas

I U-X (37, 38) I

Ra (60)

1.00 0.165* 1.17 2.25 1-55 0.89 1.60* 6.28 3.62

1.00 0.157 1.21 2.31

Air H2 02f SO2 N 2 Ot NH 3 f CO2t CCl4 CS2 C2N2 CHCl3 CH3Br CH31 CH40 C 2 H 4 OJ C 2 H 6 Br C2H5Cl C2H61 C4H10O§ C 6 H 12 U C6H6^

I Ac (37, 38)"

1.00 0.159

1.57 5.83

5.34 4.43 3.33 4.28

TABLE 4.—TOTAL NUMBER (/) OF PAIRS OF IONS PRODUCED BY AN ELECTRON IN FIELD OF ZERO INTENSITY / = C"idx, where i = a/p. If 0.6 < 100^/c < 2.8, I = C1 •/o (V — C 2 ); C2 is not "Fi, cf. Table 7. Unit of a — 1 per cm; of p = 1 mm of Hg; of V and C2 = 1 volt; of / = 1000; of C1 = 1 per volt. Air: various /3-rays || Slow electrons ( 36 ) Rays I a/p I / Lit. || Gas | Ci | C2 Ac-C" 0.17410 (24) H 2 0.0258 11 Th-C" 0.17417 (24) He 0.0244 20 Ra-B 0.171 3 . 7 ( 2 4 ) N 2 0.0276 12 Ra-C 0.138 7.7 (24) Q 2 0.0275 11 12 (18) Ra-E 0.088 3.3 (24) U-X... 0.09911.3 (24) TABLE 5.—IONIZATION OF GASES BY ACCELERATED ELECTRONS: VARIATION WITH INTENSITY (X) OF FIELD For ionization and conductivity of mixed gases, see ( 3 ). For

Y /

- J 1 where Xi is weakest field in which Unit of X = I volt/cm; of a

.

/P

600 500

400 300 200 100 70 60

A 9.2 8.5

I

H2*

7.5 6.2 4.4 2.0

0.62 0.43

I

/P

H2

I

50 40 30 25 22.5 20 15 10 J>

/P

5.18

ionization occurs ( 3 ); Xi/p = ~NVi. p = l mm of Hg; of a = 1 per cm.

0

A 0.58

I

0.05

^P H2* I H2 I He 0.27 0.36 1.31 0.14 0.21 1.10 0.04 0.08 I 0.86 0.015 I 0.006 0.57 0.42 0.28 0.12

I (25, 63) I

(3)

I

(63)

N2

H2O

I

HCl

He

3.7 3.3 2.62 2.37 1.36 1.98 0.76 1.65 0.59 1.50

I

He

1.35

1500 1200 1000 900 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 70 60 50 40 Lit

[

(26)

I

He 1.20 1.00 0.77

0.40 0.12 |

(63)

<*/P

Y/

* Bloch (4) finds: H2, 0.13; CO2, 1.59; illuminating gas (40 % H2), 0.63. t Commercial purity. J Acetaldehyde. || Pentane. § Ethyl ether. ^f Benzene.

certain gases - = a f

/P

Lit.

1.86 4.89

4.94 3.73 5.11 1.69 2.12 4.41 3.24 5.90 4.39 4.55 3.95

TABLE 5.—(Continued) Y ,

I C02f

I Airt

13.7 12.6

10.5

17.5 9.7 9.4 9.0 8.5 7.95 7.2 6.35 5.2 3.6 1.31

15.4

11.0 10.2 9.1 7.8 6.4 4.8 2.8 0.82 0.27 0.17 0.079 0.020

9.3 8.7 7.9 7.0 5.82 4.4 2.6 0.72 0.17 0.078 0.029

( 6 3 ) ( 6 3 ) ( 6 3 ) ( 3 , 63)

(3, 6 3 , 64, 68)

7.0 6.2 5.2 3.95 2.3 4.2

14.0 13.0 11.9 10.5 8.9 6.8 4.1 1.21

* a = 266.7 X IQ-*, b = 1.615, Xi/p = 200; if 200 < X/p < 685 (3;. f a = 402.9 X 10-e, 5 = 1.515, Xi/p = 356; if 356 < X/p < 755 (3). J a = 159.4 X 10-6, & = 1.615, Xi/p = 400; if 400 < X/p < 725 (3).

TABLE 6.—IONIZATION OF HE BY ACCELERATED ELECTRONS: VARIATION WITH PRESSURE, FIELD CONSTANT a is a maximum when pm — -X"/16; compare with Table 7 where value for NVi indicates a pressure less than half as great. Unit of X = I volt/cm; of p = 1 mm of Hg; of a = 1 per cm. X = 120 (69) [I X = 50 (66) « P I ct/p I X/p [ I a I p I a/p I X/p 3.05 19 0.160 6.3 1.37 10.5 0.130 4.75 3.46 10 0.346 12.0 1.22 10.0 0.122 5 3.57 6 0.595 20.0 1.56 3.13 0.498 16 3.37 4 0.842 30.0 TABLE 7.—ENERGY (Ei) EXPENDED BY ELECTRONS IN IONIZING A MOLECULE: VARIOUS GASES Ei = eVi; Np = number of collisions per unit length of path of electron = maximum value of a. for given p- NVi = X/pm, where pm is the pressure at which a is a maximum for a given X. Unit of Vj = 1 volt; of Np = 1 per cm; of p = I mm of Hg. Gas I Vj I N I NVj Lit. Air 25 14.6 365 (63) 27.1 12.6 341 (51) 10.21* (3) A 17.3 13.6 235 (63) H2 26.0 5.0 130 (63) 5.5 153 (51) 27.8 9.66* (3) He 12.3 2.8 34.4f ( 63 )

TABLE 7.—(Continued) I Vj N I NVj \ Lit. 14.5 2.4 34.8f ( 63 ) N2 27.6 12.4 342 (63) 27.9 12.4 346 (51) O2 23.9 11.2 268 (51) H20 22.4 12.9 289 (63) HCl 16.5 22.2 366 (63) CO2 23.3 20.0 466 (63) 23.5 16.2 381 (51) 6.21* I (3) * Observations at pressures >1 cm Hg. f This exceeds twice the value of X/pm given in Table 6. TABLE 8.—IONIZATION OP AIR BY «-PARTICLES: VARIATION WITH VELOCITY No appreciable ionization is produced by an a-particle unless v > 0.025c (53, 55), If, at a distance x from its source, an OLparticle of range R, in the gas considered, produces (3dx pairs of ions in a length of path = dx, then, quite roughly, /3 = a/(R — x)^ and v/c = b(R - x)** (22); f or air, a = 4.50 X 104 cm~% (23), b = 0.0342 cm-^ (Vol. I, p. 362). For values of R and VI (initial velocity), see Vol. I, p. 362, 363. For a-particles from Ra-C' in air at 120C and 1 atm., fl varies as follows (21): x 1 2 3 4 5 6 6.5+ 7± cm /3/1000 22.5 23 24 28 36 55 76 40 cm"1

C2H5Cl C2H51 C2H6 C 2 H 6 OU C3H8

Î 1 ^ __

600 520 500 450 400 350 300 250 200 180 160 140 120 100 80 50 30

lOOî/c | / 5.59 187 5.65 187 5.72 189 5.74 195 5.89 205 6.00 209 6.00 211 6.27 228 6.41 237 6.88 274

TABLE 9.—RELATIVE MOLECULAR AND TOTAL (7r) IONIZATION OF GASES BY a-PARTICLES FROM RADIUM AND POLONIUM

nr E= n/na = CrpTa/paT] na, ptt, Ta refer to air. ionization of air, see Table 8 " Ra P^ ~

VI = 0.050Oc; for

c* II Ir / * TT lr\

r* I| /IT* ~7T Or IT\

s

Or

Air A Br H2 He Kr N2 Ne O2 Xe HCl HBr HI SO2 NO

1.00 1.001.00 1.24 1.38 3.90 0.23 0.991.07 0.22 1.26 1.53 0.94j:0.960.98 1.28 1.14 1.131.08 1.68 1.20 1.29 1.29 2.02 1.03 1.28

N20 NH 3 CO CO2 CCl4 CS2 C2N2 CHCl3 CH3Br CH31 CH4 CH40 C2H2 C2H4 C 2 H 4 OU

R^

1.53 1.02 0.81 0.90 1.00 1.02 1.55 1.02 5.30 1.32 2.99 1.38 1.93 4.08§1.29 2.75 1.32 3.43§1.33 1.06 1.18 1.74 1.22 1.40 1.26 1.65 1.22 2.14 1.05

Po~

3.10 4.00 ....2.02 2.46 3.05

1.29 1.28 1.30 1.23

Po

-^"R77T

C 4 H 10 U C4H10OU C5H12[1 C6H6||

4.02 4.40 1.33 4.85 1.35 4.30 1.29

TABLE 10.—IONIZATION OF GASES BY ACCELERATED POSITIVE RESIDUES: VARIATION WITH INTENSITY (X) OF FIELD The ionization is produced by the positive residues which result from ionizing the gas by impact of electrons. Unit of X = 1 volt/ cm; of p — 1 mm of Hg; of /3 = 1 per cm.

(22). Unit of

*7 = 158 ( 2 ).

Ra

^T^TT

*From ( 8 » 9» 17 » 37 » 3*> 39 » 43 » 4 6 » 60 > 61 ). tFrom ( 30 > « 2 ). J Another observer ( 9 ) finds 0.24 for a from Ra-C'. § Strutt (60) finds 4.44 for CHCl3, and 3.51 for CH3I. H C 2 H 4 O = aeetaldehyde, C2H6O = ethyl alcohol, C 4 Hi 0 = butane, C4Hi0O = ethyl ether, CsHi2 = pentane, CeHe = benzene.

The total number of ions produced is / = I fidx = KR%, where K = 1.5Oa; for air, K = 6.76 X 104 cm-** 7 = 1000. Gas is air. Source I 100^/c I 7 || Source | Ux 4.56 133 Rd-Ac Th 4.69 137 Ra-A Un 4.79 143 Th-C Io 4.85 146 Tn Ra 5.00 152 Ac-C Pa 5.10 160 Th-A Ra-F* 5.23 167 An Rd-Th 5.27 169 Ac-A Rn 5.40 171 Ra-C' Th-X 5.46 177 Th-C' Ac-X 5.50 178

Table $.—(Continued) Ra Po Gas

Gas

Gas He.—(Continued)

10(

W?

A 24.5

21.5 14.9 13.8 11.6 9.5 7.0 5.3 3.8 2.0 1.4 0.85 0.50 0.40 0.30 0.20 0.10

Lit.

(25)

I

H2

He

33.0 26.4 17.8 8.2 5.9 4.1 2.6 1.60 1.03 0.64 0.20

I

Air

10.0 6.4 5.6 3.8 2.3 1.4 0.62 0.28 0.20 0.18 0.12 0.10

16.5 13.9 11.3 9.0 7.0 5.4 4.0 2.0 I1O

(64,68)

(25, 63, 64. <- '^

(26)

TABLE 11.—ATOMIC IONIZATION RELATIVE TO AIR If Cr = coefficient of molecular ionization of the gaseous compound FfGgHh relative to air, and Er = Ei/Ei^ where Ei0, = value of Ei for air, then, in many cases, quite approximately Cr = /Cf -f- gcg + hch and Er = fe/ + geg + heh, where c/, cgj Ch and e f, ZQ, eh are numbers characteristic of the several constituent species of atoms. The c's are called the atomic ionization relative to air. The atomic stopping power is ec. a-particles; Ra

Atom

Br C Cl H 1 N Ni 0 S Lit.

I

~L ' U-X

y-rays

TT

e 0.685 0.894 0.676 0.754 1.14f 0.658 1.05

c 1.72 0.51 1.16 0.17s O.lief 2.26 0.47

4.10 0.475

0.962 0.603

0.55 1.24

0.58 1.60

(38)

(38)

y, Zn*

c I c I c 2.67 2.81 4.71 0.46 0.46 0.44 1.44 1.44 1.50 0.18 0.18 0.18

I

* Secondary rays from Zn. f Pure atomic H.

(37)

4.50 0.45 1.82 0.58 1.60 I

(37)

10.88 0.41 2.56 0.57 1.48 |

(37)

TABLE 12.—RELATIVE MOLECULAR IONIZATION OF GASES BY 7-RAYS AND X-RAYS See also Table 13. nr = n/na = CrpTa/paT; na, pa, T0 refer to air. Er = (Ei)e&s/(Ei)meihyi acetate. Raeo = relative amount of secondary radiation emitted by the gas. Soft X-rays are those stopped by 0.3 mm Pb; hard X-rays are those which pass through 0.3 mm Pb (45). Gas

Primary | Ra Ra I Ra I I.OO 1.00 1.00 0.1690.190.160

Air H2

7-rays, Cr \ X-rays Secondary j CV „ 8e G | Pb | Zn | Hard | Soft ' ° 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.084 0.139 0.088 0.17?* 0.105*

E^ Hard | Soft

O.ll4f

O2

1.17

1.16

1.18

SO2§

2.13

2.27

2.49

H2S N20 NH 3 CO2§

CCl4

2.17

1.53

1.55 0.90 1.58

0.92 1.58

0.914 1.55

1.53

5.675.6

6.33

6.00

6.16

6.35

3.66 4.93 3.81 5.37

3.43 5.08 6.47 15.19

3.31

3.40 5.20 6.15 12.07

4.88 4.8 , 4.805.2

C2N2 C2H2 C2H40 C2H5Br C2H5Cl C2H51 C3H6O2U C 4 Hi 0 OU C5Hi2If Hg(CH 3 ), Ni(CO) 4 § Lit

4.79* 2.3||

1.34

0.12 1.30* 1.39J 11.05* 7.97||

4.10

1.47

1.53

1.24 2.17 4.63 3.19 6.47

1.33* 71.0

125

1.20 2.16 6.05 3.39 12.46

6.30 15.60

118 17.3 3.90

4.29 4.53

4!3S

4.34 4.17

4.29 4.36

(8)

6.60 (8)

!

5.98 ! ( 60 ) I ( 17 ) I ( 8 ) I

t ( 60 ). J C 48 ).

Gas ' Radiator

5.83 10.36

1.49 1.33*

1.57 1.46* 1.6Of

1.54* 8.6

67.3 45.3f

31.9f 71.0 215 145 41.5 72f

0.7

0.89

1.0

0.52

0.7 1.00

0.86 0.61

1.00

1.00

1.71

Il (17).

(«)

I \

Ag As Cu Fe 1 Mo Ni Se Sn Sr Zn I

Cr

CO2 \ Ir

I \

Cr

SQ2 \ Ir

1.510 1.552 1.581

0.91 0.89 0.90

11.73 11.84 11.34

1.22 1.08 1.07

1.541 1.546 1.533

0.92 0.88 0.86

11.45 11.57 11.76

1.00 1.25 1.11

1.527 1.538

0.94 0.91

11.81 11.52

1.04 1.18

(49)

I

I

I

97 I

72 18.0

217 3.2

4.95 425 89

2.72

0.69 8.1 1.1 0.57 All (12, 13) except as indicated.

§ See also Table 13. f C3HeO2 = methyl a
TABLE 13.—RELATIVE MOLECULAR AND TOTAL (7r) IONIZATION OF GASES BY SECONDARY X-RAYS See also Table 12. nr == n/na = CrpTa/paT; na, pa, Ta refer to air. Unit of p = 1 mm of Hg

Lit

1.11

1.23

CS2 CHCl3 CH3Br CH31

* ( 45 ).

1.07

0.18 1.17*

(49)

I

(49)

I

(49)

I SeH2 \ Ir 231

29.2 30.3 286 190 30.6 250 122 |

"(T)~

TABLE 14.—ENERGY (Ei) EXPENDED IN IONIZING GASES For X-rays, Kulenkampff (41) finds Et = (5.56 ± 0.79) X 10~n erg per ion-pair and independent of wave-length (X) if 0.56 < X < 2 A. At shorter wave-lengths others find Ei = ae~*x; for air a = 2.2 X IO"10 erg per ion-pair, b = 5.08 A"1. In the table, Ei = observed value from which Vi is computed by relation Ei = eVi. Unit of X = 1 A; of Ei = 10"11 erg per ion-pair; of Vi = 1 volt.

(1) X-rays; air X I EJ I Vi I Lit. Il X I E~\ Vj 0.56 1.25 7.86 (7) 0.2755.37* 33.7 0.3972.97* 18.6 (29,40) 0.2057.57* 47.5 0.3333.54* 22.2 (29,40) 0.1669.57* 60.1 0.3254.33 27.2 (7)

I

Lit. (29, 40) (29,40) (29,40)

* Published in arbitrary units and here reduced to basis of others by dividing by the empirical factor 3.50 X 10"11.

Gas

A H2 He Kr

'

TABLE 14.—(Continued] (2) or-rays from Po (30) I EJ I Vj [I Gas 3.8 24 N2 4.9 31 Ne 4.1726.2 O2 3.4321.5 Xe

| Ej \ Vj 5.2533 4.1225.9 4.8630.5 3.1219.6

TABLE 15.—IONIZATION OF GASES MIXED WITH VAPOR OF P ( 59 ) The gas is in equilibrium with a liquid containing P. For column " A " the liquid is almond oil; for " W" it is H2O. See also (28, 31, 47, 58).

Gas

Air H2 Q2.

Relative ionizations I A* I W* Il Gas 1.0 1.0 CO2 48.215.3 N 2 O 5.5 2.9

| A* | T7* 59.628.7 22.1

* For air, the ionization over W is 2.16 times that over A; this ratio probably depends upon the relative amounts of P and upon its state of dispersion in the two liquids.

LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) O) Anslow, 2, 25: 484; 25. (2) Bianu, Bull. acad. Roumaine, 9: 115; 24. (3) Bishop, 63, 12: 1148; 11. ( 4 J Bloch, 8, 38: 559; 12. ( 5 ) Bohr, 3, 25: 10; 13. (6) Bohr, 3, 30: 581; 15. (7) Boos, 96, 10: 1; 22. («) Bragg, 3, 13: 333; 07. ( 9 ) Bragg, Studies in radioactivity, p. 65, New York, Macmillan, 1912.

( 10 ) Bronson, 5, 78: 494; 07. O 1 ) CIo, 21, 33: 115; 11. ( 12 ) Crowther, 3, 14: 653; 07. O 3 ) Crowther, 5, 82: 103; 09. ( 14 ) Crowther, 5, 82: 351; 09. C 15 ) Durack, 3, 4: 29; 02. (*«) Durack, 3, 5: 550; 03. O 7) Eve, 3, 8: 610; 04. (18) Eve, 3, 22: 551; 11. C 19 ) Fowler, 201, 21: 521; 23. (20) Fowler, 3, 47: 257; 24. ( 2 I) Geiger, 5, 82: 486; 09. ( 22 ) Geiger, 5, 83: 505; 10. C 23 ) Geiger, 96, 8: 45; 22. ( 24 ) Geiger and Kovarik, 3, 22: 604; 11. ( 2 S) Gill and Pidduck, 3, 16: 280; 08. ( 2 «) Gill and Pidduck, 3, 23: 837; 12. (27) Glasson, 3, 22: 647; 11. (28) Gockel, 63, 4: 599; 03. ( 2 ») Grebe and Kriegmann, 96, 28: 91; 24. ( 30 ) Gurney, 5, 107: 332; 25. ( 31 ) Harms, 63, 5: 93; 04. ( 32 ) Herweg, 8, 19: 333; 06. ( 33 ) Horton, 3, 34: 461; 17. ( 34 ) Hughes and Klein, 2, 23: 450; 24. (35) Jesse, 8, 26: 208; 25. ( 36 ) Johnson, 2, 10: 609; 17. ( 3 ?) Kleeman, 5, 82: 358; 09. (38) Kleeman, J, 84: 16; 11. (39) Kleeman, 5, 79: 220; 07. ( 40 ) Kriegesmann, 96, 32: 542; 25. (41) Kulenkampff, 8, 79: 97; 26. ( 42 ) Kulenkampff, 8, 80: 261; 26. ( 43 ) Laby, 5, 79: 206; 07. ( 44 ) McClung, 3, 7: 81; 04. ( 4 S) McClung, 3, 8: 357; 04. ( 46 ) Metcalf, 3, 18: 878; 09. ( 4 ?) Meyer and Miiller, 88t 6: 332; 04. ( 48 ) Moseley and Robinson, S, 28: 327; 14. ( 4 ») Owen, 5, 86: 426; 12. (50) Palmer, 2, 32: 1; 11. (Si) Partzsch, 8, 40: 157; 13. ( 52 ) Rutherford, 3, 10: 163; 05. (53) Rutherford, 3, 12: 134; 06. ( 54 ) Rutherford, 3, 13: 110; 07. ( 55 ) Rutherford, Radioactive substances and their radiations, p. 579. London, Cambridge Univ. Press, 1913. ( 56 ) Rutherford, 3, 47: 277; 24. (57) Samuel, 96, 29: 209; 24. ( 5 «) Schenck, Mihr and Bauthien, 26, 39: 1506; 06. (59) Schmidt, 63, 14: 120; 13. (6°) Strutt, 5, 72: 208; 04. («i) Taylor, 3, 21: 571; 11. (« 2 ) Taylor, 3, 26: 402; 13. ( 63 ) Townsend, Theory of ionization of gases by collision. London, Constable, 1910. ( 64 ) Townsend, 3, 6: 598; 03. («5) Townsend, 3, 45: 1071; 23. (66) Townsend and Ayres, 3, 47: 401; 24. (67) Townsend and Bailey, 3, 46: 657; 23. ( 6 S) Townsend and Hurst, 3, 8: 738; 04. ( 6 ») Townsend and McCallum, 3, 47: 737; 24. (70) Williamson, 0, 21: 107; 23. (71) Wilson, 5, 85: 240; 11.

ELECTRICAL RESISTANCE OF ELEMENTARY SUBSTANCES AT TEMPERATURES BELOW -8O0C*

H. KAMERLINGH ONNES AND W. TUYN CONTENTS Resistance of pure elementary substances at various temperatures below -8O0C. Resistance of three platinum wires between —80 and -27O0C. Effect of impurities, heat treatment, tension, compression, etc. (For symbols which are not here defined, see Vol. I, p. 16.)

MATIEKES Resistance des substances elementaires pures a des tempe"ratures variees inferieures a -8O0C. Resistance de trois fils de platine entre —80 et -27O0C. Effet des impuretes, traitement thermique, tension, compression, etc.

Widerstand von drei Platindrahten zwischen —80 und -27O0C. Einfluss von Verunreinigungen, Warmebehandlung, Dehnung, Druck, u.s.w.

(Pour les symboles qui ne sont pas expliques ici, voir Vol. I, p. 16.)

(Zeichen, welche nicht hier, definiert sind, siehe Bd I, S. 16.)

As it is impracticable to determine the volume resistivity at very low temperatures, merely the ratio of the resistance of a given specimen at a given temperature to the resistance of the same specimen at O0C is given; except that in a few cases the actual resistance of the specimen at each of a series of low temperatures is given, instead of its ratio. Extremely low temperatures are occasionally expressed in terms of the pressure of saturated helium vapor at the same temperatures; this is especially convenient for those cases in which a small change in temperature is accompanied by a great change in the resistance. If the resistances of a number of impure specimens (1, 2, ... n . . . ) of the same metal, all of the same dimensions at O0C, are measured at a series of temperatures, and if the observations are plotted in rectangular coordinates (Rnt vs. t) and are connected by smooth curves, a curve for every specimen, then it is found (133) that these curves differ, roughly, solely by a displacement * Published in somewhat greater detail in ( 141 ).

INHALTSVERZEICHNIS Widerstand elementarer reiner Stoffe bei verschiedenen Temperaturen unterhalb -8O0C.

INDICE

PAGE

Resisteriza di elementi puri a varie temperature al di sotto di-80°C 125 Resisteriza di tre fili di platino fra —80 e -27O0C 130 Effetto delle impurezze, trattamento termico, tensione, compressione, ecc 131 (Per i simboli che non sono qui definiti, vedi Vol. I, p. 16.)

parallel to the axis of R, and that the purer the specimen the more nearly does its resistance approach zero as t approaches the absolute zero. The composite curve obtained by displacing these curves parallel to the axis of R until they all pass through the point R = O at the absolute zero is called the curve corresponding to a specimen of the metal of "ideal" purity and condition, and of the same dimensions at O0C as the actual specimens. If the resistances corresponding to the points upon this "ideal" curve be denoted by Ri t and if pnxn is the displacement which makes the curve corresponding to specimen n coincide with the "ideal" curve, then Rxn t = Ri t + PnXn If xn is the percentage of admixed impurity, pn has a large value which, over a certain temperature range, is independent of Z, but depends upon the nature and the amount of the impurity, and upon the state, or condition, of the specimen (133). Expressions which are independent of the actual dimensions of the specimens may be obtained by dividing each equation by the

Gas

A H2 He Kr

'

TABLE 14.—(Continued] (2) or-rays from Po (30) I EJ I Vj [I Gas 3.8 24 N2 4.9 31 Ne 4.1726.2 O2 3.4321.5 Xe

| Ej \ Vj 5.2533 4.1225.9 4.8630.5 3.1219.6

TABLE 15.—IONIZATION OF GASES MIXED WITH VAPOR OF P ( 59 ) The gas is in equilibrium with a liquid containing P. For column " A " the liquid is almond oil; for " W" it is H2O. See also (28, 31, 47, 58).

Gas

Air H2 Q2.

Relative ionizations I A* I W* Il Gas 1.0 1.0 CO2 48.215.3 N 2 O 5.5 2.9

| A* | T7* 59.628.7 22.1

* For air, the ionization over W is 2.16 times that over A; this ratio probably depends upon the relative amounts of P and upon its state of dispersion in the two liquids.

LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) O) Anslow, 2, 25: 484; 25. (2) Bianu, Bull. acad. Roumaine, 9: 115; 24. (3) Bishop, 63, 12: 1148; 11. ( 4 J Bloch, 8, 38: 559; 12. ( 5 ) Bohr, 3, 25: 10; 13. (6) Bohr, 3, 30: 581; 15. (7) Boos, 96, 10: 1; 22. («) Bragg, 3, 13: 333; 07. ( 9 ) Bragg, Studies in radioactivity, p. 65, New York, Macmillan, 1912.

( 10 ) Bronson, 5, 78: 494; 07. O 1 ) CIo, 21, 33: 115; 11. ( 12 ) Crowther, 3, 14: 653; 07. O 3 ) Crowther, 5, 82: 103; 09. ( 14 ) Crowther, 5, 82: 351; 09. C 15 ) Durack, 3, 4: 29; 02. (*«) Durack, 3, 5: 550; 03. O 7) Eve, 3, 8: 610; 04. (18) Eve, 3, 22: 551; 11. C 19 ) Fowler, 201, 21: 521; 23. (20) Fowler, 3, 47: 257; 24. ( 2 I) Geiger, 5, 82: 486; 09. ( 22 ) Geiger, 5, 83: 505; 10. C 23 ) Geiger, 96, 8: 45; 22. ( 24 ) Geiger and Kovarik, 3, 22: 604; 11. ( 2 S) Gill and Pidduck, 3, 16: 280; 08. ( 2 «) Gill and Pidduck, 3, 23: 837; 12. (27) Glasson, 3, 22: 647; 11. (28) Gockel, 63, 4: 599; 03. ( 2 ») Grebe and Kriegmann, 96, 28: 91; 24. ( 30 ) Gurney, 5, 107: 332; 25. ( 31 ) Harms, 63, 5: 93; 04. ( 32 ) Herweg, 8, 19: 333; 06. ( 33 ) Horton, 3, 34: 461; 17. ( 34 ) Hughes and Klein, 2, 23: 450; 24. (35) Jesse, 8, 26: 208; 25. ( 36 ) Johnson, 2, 10: 609; 17. ( 3 ?) Kleeman, 5, 82: 358; 09. (38) Kleeman, J, 84: 16; 11. (39) Kleeman, 5, 79: 220; 07. ( 40 ) Kriegesmann, 96, 32: 542; 25. (41) Kulenkampff, 8, 79: 97; 26. ( 42 ) Kulenkampff, 8, 80: 261; 26. ( 43 ) Laby, 5, 79: 206; 07. ( 44 ) McClung, 3, 7: 81; 04. ( 4 S) McClung, 3, 8: 357; 04. ( 46 ) Metcalf, 3, 18: 878; 09. ( 4 ?) Meyer and Miiller, 88t 6: 332; 04. ( 48 ) Moseley and Robinson, S, 28: 327; 14. ( 4 ») Owen, 5, 86: 426; 12. (50) Palmer, 2, 32: 1; 11. (Si) Partzsch, 8, 40: 157; 13. ( 52 ) Rutherford, 3, 10: 163; 05. (53) Rutherford, 3, 12: 134; 06. ( 54 ) Rutherford, 3, 13: 110; 07. ( 55 ) Rutherford, Radioactive substances and their radiations, p. 579. London, Cambridge Univ. Press, 1913. ( 56 ) Rutherford, 3, 47: 277; 24. (57) Samuel, 96, 29: 209; 24. ( 5 «) Schenck, Mihr and Bauthien, 26, 39: 1506; 06. (59) Schmidt, 63, 14: 120; 13. (6°) Strutt, 5, 72: 208; 04. («i) Taylor, 3, 21: 571; 11. (« 2 ) Taylor, 3, 26: 402; 13. ( 63 ) Townsend, Theory of ionization of gases by collision. London, Constable, 1910. ( 64 ) Townsend, 3, 6: 598; 03. («5) Townsend, 3, 45: 1071; 23. (66) Townsend and Ayres, 3, 47: 401; 24. (67) Townsend and Bailey, 3, 46: 657; 23. ( 6 S) Townsend and Hurst, 3, 8: 738; 04. ( 6 ») Townsend and McCallum, 3, 47: 737; 24. (70) Williamson, 0, 21: 107; 23. (71) Wilson, 5, 85: 240; 11.

ELECTRICAL RESISTANCE OF ELEMENTARY SUBSTANCES AT TEMPERATURES BELOW -8O0C*

H. KAMERLINGH ONNES AND W. TUYN CONTENTS Resistance of pure elementary substances at various temperatures below -8O0C. Resistance of three platinum wires between —80 and -27O0C. Effect of impurities, heat treatment, tension, compression, etc. (For symbols which are not here defined, see Vol. I, p. 16.)

MATIEKES Resistance des substances elementaires pures a des tempe"ratures variees inferieures a -8O0C. Resistance de trois fils de platine entre —80 et -27O0C. Effet des impuretes, traitement thermique, tension, compression, etc.

Widerstand von drei Platindrahten zwischen —80 und -27O0C. Einfluss von Verunreinigungen, Warmebehandlung, Dehnung, Druck, u.s.w.

(Pour les symboles qui ne sont pas expliques ici, voir Vol. I, p. 16.)

(Zeichen, welche nicht hier, definiert sind, siehe Bd I, S. 16.)

As it is impracticable to determine the volume resistivity at very low temperatures, merely the ratio of the resistance of a given specimen at a given temperature to the resistance of the same specimen at O0C is given; except that in a few cases the actual resistance of the specimen at each of a series of low temperatures is given, instead of its ratio. Extremely low temperatures are occasionally expressed in terms of the pressure of saturated helium vapor at the same temperatures; this is especially convenient for those cases in which a small change in temperature is accompanied by a great change in the resistance. If the resistances of a number of impure specimens (1, 2, ... n . . . ) of the same metal, all of the same dimensions at O0C, are measured at a series of temperatures, and if the observations are plotted in rectangular coordinates (Rnt vs. t) and are connected by smooth curves, a curve for every specimen, then it is found (133) that these curves differ, roughly, solely by a displacement * Published in somewhat greater detail in ( 141 ).

INHALTSVERZEICHNIS Widerstand elementarer reiner Stoffe bei verschiedenen Temperaturen unterhalb -8O0C.

INDICE

PAGE

Resisteriza di elementi puri a varie temperature al di sotto di-80°C 125 Resisteriza di tre fili di platino fra —80 e -27O0C 130 Effetto delle impurezze, trattamento termico, tensione, compressione, ecc 131 (Per i simboli che non sono qui definiti, vedi Vol. I, p. 16.)

parallel to the axis of R, and that the purer the specimen the more nearly does its resistance approach zero as t approaches the absolute zero. The composite curve obtained by displacing these curves parallel to the axis of R until they all pass through the point R = O at the absolute zero is called the curve corresponding to a specimen of the metal of "ideal" purity and condition, and of the same dimensions at O0C as the actual specimens. If the resistances corresponding to the points upon this "ideal" curve be denoted by Ri t and if pnxn is the displacement which makes the curve corresponding to specimen n coincide with the "ideal" curve, then Rxn t = Ri t + PnXn If xn is the percentage of admixed impurity, pn has a large value which, over a certain temperature range, is independent of Z, but depends upon the nature and the amount of the impurity, and upon the state, or condition, of the specimen (133). Expressions which are independent of the actual dimensions of the specimens may be obtained by dividing each equation by the

Au. — -t 170 80 172 100 174 103.81 ^*n< Rit,. / v , / p— = ^-(1 - PnXn) + Pn^n 176 120 ^Jr n O -fi-tO 178 139. 87 and 180 140 Rx 1 Rx fi 182 A 160 = 183.95 180 1 1 0 1 0 184 183.57 where a is independent of L This is Nernst's rule ( 106 > 108). 186 195.17 The exactness with which it represents the observations depends 188 200 0 upon the value of a; between O and -20O C departures may 190 #04. £7 0 amount to those corresponding to errors of 0.05 to 0.2O C in the 192 220 8 146 147 0 temperature ( ^, > ). For temperatures above -208 C for 194 240 0 Au and above -216 C for Pt, a closer approximation, to at least 195.88 252.92 0 17 18 0.02 C ( » ), is given (62, 63, 64, 65) by 196 259.22 198 Second 200 £70.3 \KoJ i Kx 2 Q ( Rx^0 202 Al (78, 79, 83) 204 Various expressions, several of which are based upon the quan78.3 64.80 $05.31 tum theory, have been proposed for the variation of the resistance 80 64 . 1 206 with the temperature. Only one or two examples can be given 100 55.2 208 here. For monatomic metals at low temperatures, Griineisen 120 46.4 $08.18 37.7 (43,44, 45) finds that quite closely R oc Tcp, or R*T-f(T/0), 140 210 C 160 28.9 212 and at intermediate temperatures R * T{ 1 + aiT + a»T'2} f(T/0r) 180 20.2 214 ( 4 4 ); Tj Cpy and cv have their usual significance (Vol. I, p. 16), 191.9 14-85 216 and 0 and 0r are temperatures characteristic of the substance. 192.9 14.49 216.26 Other examples will be found in (12, 60, 61, 96, 106, 112, 163); 200 12.0 218 see also (141). 220 7.1 220 If M is the molecular weight of a substance, the volume of M 240 4.9 221 grams of the substance may be called its gram-molecular volume, 253 4.27 222 and the length of one edge and the area of one face of a cube having Second sample 222.78 a volume equal to its gram-molecular volume may be called its (157, 160) 223 gram-molecular length and its gram-molecular area, respectively. 271. 68 I 6.8 224 Likewise, the resistance between opposite faces of a cube con14 17 taining one gram-molecular volume of the substance may be AuJ ( > » 1«); see 225 Fig. 1 226 called its gram-molecular resistivity; and, if uniformly distributed 80 68.406 227 over the area, the amount of current which passes normally through 228 84. 97 66.443 a plane section of one gram-molecular area may be called the 90 64.456 228.73 gram-molecular surface density of the current. Gram-atomic 100 60.506 229 quantities are defined in a similar manner. 59.628 230 For all elements having the same constellation of outer elec- 102.22 58.531 231 trons, the gram-atomic conductivity seems to be the same at those 105 110 56.552 232 respective temperatures for which T/0r has a given value ( 5 > 38 » 115 54.572 233 46, 151, 162)^ or as Epstein claims, at those which are the same 52.592 233.62 fraction of the absolute melting points (36). Cassel ( 16 ) claims 120 50.607 234 that for such elements a more nearly correct statement is: The 125 49.813 235 gram-atomic surface density of the current for a gradient of 1 127 48.619 236 volt/cm (which he calls the atomic current strength) is the same 130 48.507 236.80 at those respective temperatures for which T/0r has a given value. 130.28 135 46.625 237 At temperatures below — 1920C, the order of the curves of 140 44.626 238 R/Ro vs. t agrees with that of the values of hv/k, where v is a 43.424 239 frequency calculated from the specific heats of the elements 143 (146,147). 145 42.619 240 145.86 42.273 240.25 For complete bibliography, arranged by elements, see p. 134. 148 41.410 241 150 40.602 242 TABLE 1.—ELECTRICAL RESISTANCE OF ELEMENTARY SUBSTANCES 155 38.578 243 0 AT TEMPERATURES BELOW -8O C 160 36.549 243.68 0 R1 Ro = resistance (not resistivity) of the specimen at J, C, 162 35.735 244 at O0C. d = diameter of wire, i = current. Italicized numbers 164 34.919 245 are actual results of observations, others are obtained by inter- 164.37 34.764 245.80 polation, t = centigrade temperature, 0C; every t is negative. 166 34.102 246 For footnotes to table, see p. 130. 168 33.282 24 resistance of the specimen at O0C. Doing this, writing pnxn for PnXnIRxnQ1 and remembering that Rio/RXno = 1 — pnxn we find (17,18)

JR\ -iA) Yi\_ ^ ^ ; - A*O A sO ~P'***i --pfr/i Px \_ R^ R^J

A(»-*(£-*-1 +*(£-'-**

11

Ag (22,133)

-t

IWR/Ro 67.8 59.6 58.087 51.4 43.282 43.2 34.8 26.3 24.679 19.703 17.6 15.528 9.2 2.6 0.8913 0.6942 sample (135 ) I No*f

(Cont'd) IWR/Ro 32.460 31.635 30.807 29.977 29.145 28.311 27.475 26.660 26.639 25.800 24.958 24.114 23.268 22.420 21.622 21.571 20.720 19.867 19.013 18.157 17.596 17.300 16.442 16.365 15.584 14.728 13.872 13.017 12.906 12.163 11.310 10.884 10.459 10.130 10.035 9.613 9.194 8.779 8.368 7.962 7.680 7.561 7.165 6.775 6.391 6.014 5.804 5.644 5.282 4.928 4.667 4.583 4.247 3.921 3.605 3.538 3.300 3.007 2.727 2.553 2.461 2.210 2.039 1.974 1.757

Au.- (CWd) -t IWR/Ro 248 1.558 249 1.376 250 1.209 251 1.056 252 0.918 252.57 0.845 253 0.794 254 0.685 255 0.591 255.01 0.594 256 0.512 257 0.447 258 0.394 258.35 0'.379 259 0.351 260 0.317 261 0.290 262 0.269 263 0.253 264 0.242 265 0.234 266 0.229 267 0.226 268 0.224 268.88 0.223 269 0.223 269.57 0.223 270 0.223 270.84 0.223 271 0.223 271. 61 0.223 Single crystal (104, 191.37 193.14 200 220 240 252.69 260 268.89 269.38 271.48

105) 23.20 22.52 19.5 10.9 3.3 0.642 0.10 0.039 0.038 0.039

Bi (22, 133)

80 100 1 03. 71 120 139. 88 140 160 164.05 180 182.73 195.17 200 204.68 216.01 220 240 253.01 255.34 258.86

71.3 64.8 63.649 58.6 52.865 52.8 47.3 46.246 42 . 1 41.435 38.478 37.2 36.064 33.014 32.0 26.7 22.329 21.388 19.574.

FIG. 1.—Gold: Variation of R with temperature. 11 Au111 (22, S* i«) f AUIV (22, i33) f Au-12-1915 (", I8) f Au-11-1915 (««» 1 ^, 2 1«), Auv ( 2, 133), Au-wire ( 104 ), Au-crystal-16 ( 104 » 105). The last two are from Meissner. For meaning of "ideal," see p. 124.

FIG. 3.*—Cadmium: Variation of R with current (i) ( 1 S?, i«o). old material. C. -(CWd)

-t

FIG. 2.—Cadmium: Variation of R with temperature (£) and current (i) (157, 1 6 0 ) .

Wires extruded from Kahlbaum Cd; " 1919" is from old material; "1924" was drawn through a die contaminated with Pb. BL-(CWd) Second sample ( 13S )

-t

WQR/RO

268.84 No*f Single crystal (")§ ±80 69.3 92.1 66.3 100 64.4 120 59.4 128.1 57.1 140 53.5

BL-(CWd) -t WQR/Ro 149.1 50.5 157.1 47.2 ||80 75.4 96.1 72.0 100 71.3 120 67.6 184.1 66.9 140 64.0 160 60.4

BL-(CWd) -t WQRfR0 161.1 60.2 C Graphite (135, 145) 78 92 80 92 120 86 160 77 179 71 200 61

WQR/RO

240 28.5 253.1 15.8 258.9 9.5 Carbon (22, 134) 80 114 102.99 115.89 120 117 160 119 200 120 240 122 858.93 122.52 256.13 123.95 Cd (157, 159, 160) ; cf. (78, 83) ; see Figs. 2, 3 78.3 69.08 80 68.6 100 60.5 120 52.7 140 45.1 160 37.5 180 29.85 182.68 28.820

Cd.-(CWd)

-t

IOOJR/JBO

192.08 25.125 200 21.96 200.03 21.967 207.10 19.158 216.32 15.475 220 14.0 240 6.2 252.58 2.267 255.03 1.666 256.56 1.331 258.87 0.907 260 0.725 268.87 0.143 269.63 0.141 869.70 0.141 271.22 0.140 871.69 0.140 Single-crystal § ( 4 7,48) ±.78.2 69.3 80 68.5 100 60.3 120 52.4

Cd.- (CWd)

-/

140 143.I5 160 180 183.4 188.1 188.9 189.8 191.1 200 220 240 252.67 252.7% \\78.2 80 100 120 140 14S-Is 160 180 188.4

From

IWR/RO

44.7 43.5 37.1 29.4 28.3 26.2 26.0 25.6 25.0 21.4 13.5 5.9 1.87 1.86 69.4 68.5 60.7 53.0 45.3 43.9 37.6 30.0 29.1

Cd.- (Cont'd) -t 100#/tfo 184-8 28.2 1X8.1 27.0 190.1 26.3 191.1 25.8 200 22.2 220 14.3 240 6.8 252.67 252.72

2.204 2.207

CO (80); c/.

Fe.- (Cont'd) -t IQORfR0 180 13.1 192.7 8.48 200 6.2 220 2.7 240 1.45 253 1.13 Second sample (137) 272.0 I No*** Qa (157, 160)

271.5

I No* f t Ge(S) 82.7s 82.3 80.3 80.3

(146,147)

57.4 48.2 40.0 32.3 24.8 17.4 13.5

80 100 120 140 160 180 192

CS (57)

65.9 63.9 56.0 48.6 41.9 35.6 29.5

75 80 100 120 140 160 180

26. 4

190

CU (65, 69)

76 80

100 120 140 160 180

65.739 64.9

55.7 46.5 37.3 28.6 20.1

183 18.868 200 11.7 220 4.7 240 1.2 252.8 0.6291 Second sample ( 137 ) 272.0 I No*|| Single crystals 1f (157, 159, 160)

180 19.5 184.53 17.49 192.04 14.40 199.98 11.03

200

11.0

206.94 8.40 218.09 4.69

220 240

4.05 0.74

252.57 0.154 255.07 0.129 256.63 0.109 258.77 0.097 Fe (78, 79, 83)

78.1 80 100 120 140 160

57.865 56.9 47.3 38.1 29.2 20.7

79 80 95 100 108 112 113 117 120 140 155 160 168 177 180 183 185 193

79.3 80.9 79.7 80.4 80.7 83.8 86.1 89.2 91.8 96.9 96.5 98.8 99.3 106.8

Second sample (157, 160)

£70.74 I No * f t HgJJ (137) ; f or superconductivity, see (56,113,114, 115,117,152); see Figs. 4 and 5 80 67.1 88.17 63.72 100 58.8 107.29 55.86 118.87 51.31 120 50.9 131.26 46.60 140 43.4 140.37 43.29 150.28 39.82 156.57 37.65

160 180

36.4 29.5

182.96 192.17 200 220 240 £52.70 255.20 257.31 258.52 260 268.76 268.80 268.86 268.94

28.51 25.37 22.8 16.0 9.1 4.904 4.072 3.354 2.946 0.245 O.206 0.200 0.188 0.176

Eg.—(Cont'd)

Second sample Figs. 4, 5 I Yes* In (157, 158, 159);

see Figs. 6, 7 -t WQRfR0 182.79

28.759

194.06 200 202.07 209.98 218.30

24.922 22.88 22.202 19.527 16.717

220 240

16.15 14.5

252.65 5.739 254.95 5.173 256.61 4.796 258.89 4.317

260

4.1

268.87 269.49 269.61 269.67

3.394 3.392 3.387 3.387 \\\\

V. p. He H H M 309.8 3.387 308.7 3.385 307.4 2.02 306.9 0.67 306.0 Yes* d = 0.17mm; i — 4.OmA Ir (78, 83) 78.4 69.22 80 68.6 100 60.6 120 52.5 140 44.4 160 36.0 180 27.5 191.9 22.57 K (164,165)

80 100

65.8 57.7

102.22 120 140 160 164.87 180 182.6 182.9s 200 200.2 200.96 216.32 216.75 220 240 252.54 252.74 254.69 255.97 256.77 258.89

56.88 50.1 42.7 35.6 33.87 28.4 27.47 27.19 21.1 21.11 20.70 15.14 15.14 13.8 6.6 2.708 2.703 2.213 1.943 1.787 1.434

FIG. 6.—Indium: Variation of R with pressure and temperature (132, 154).

FIGS. 4, 5.—Mercury: Variation of R with current (i) ( 117 ). K.—(Cont'd) -t IWR/RQ 258.96 1.429 260 1.29 268.9 0.702 269.6 0.697 270.9 0.695

Li (103); cf. ( 5 2 , 5 4 )

80 100 120 140 160 180

62.3 53.0 44.0 35.2 26.6 18.3

I ioo#/#o 138

Second sample ( 271.43 3.45 Mg (28) 78.3 68.2 80 67.4 100 59.0 120 50.5 140 41.9 160 33.2 180 24.4 182.95 23.0 Mo (78, 83) 78.2 66.60

200 220 240

10.4 4.4 1.2

80 100 120 140 160 180

262.67

0.73

192.6

182.20 17.37 192.95 13.06

Na (165) -f I IQOR/Ro

Li-(CWd)

-t

65.9 57.4 48.9 40.5 32.2 24.2 19.11

)

80 100

66.0 57.8

102.22 120 140 160 164.37 180 182.95 200 200.96 216.32 220 240 260 268.9 269.6 270.9 271.6

56.89 49.7 41.7 33.7 31.94 25.7 24.40 17.6 17.04 10.89 9.4 3.1 0.45 0.381 0.382 0.382 0.382

FIG. 7.—Indium: Variation of R with temperature, and oxidation (is?, is a, 159).

Pb.—(Cont'd) -t WOR/RQ 78.3 61.8 190 26.94 80 60.5 192.04 26.171 100 51.8 199.98 23.208 120 43.7 200 23.20 140 36.1 205 21.31 160 28.7 206.935 20.600 180 21.7 210 19.42 182.9s 20.8 215 17.55 200 15.6 218.09 16.384 220 11.2 220 15.6s 240 8.9 225 13.5s 252.7e 8.55 230 11.52 13S Second sample ( ) 235 9.5o 270.3 I No*t 240 7.54 245 5.6s PbJ (140, 157, 159, 250 3.86 1 6 0 ) ; c / . (83) 252.57 3.014 80 68.31 255 2.21 90 64.46 255.07 2.188 100 60.64 256.63 1.715 110 56.82 258.77 1.135 120 53.03 260 0.85 130 49.24 262.7 0.40 140 45.48 264.4 0.18 150 41.73 265 0.14 160 38.00 265.5 0.11 170 34.30 265.8s 0.10 180 30.61 265.83+ Yes* 184.53 28.947 Ni (26, 40)

-t

WQR/RQ

effect of

FIG. 8.—Platinum: Variation of R with temperature. Pt-C-1914 (187. 159, 160), Pt-23-1915 ( 19 » 87 » 97 > 157 » l f i o ), PtB ( 112 ), Pt23'-1915 (88,160), Pt-29-P.T.R. ( 65 » 69 » 70 » 73» TS ), Pt-35-P.T.R. ( I 5 °). For meaning of "ideal," see p. 124.

Pd (78, 79, 83)

-t 78.1

lOOE/tfo 68:51

80 100 120 140 160 180

67.7 59.1 50.4 41.8 33.0 24.2

192.7 200

18.44 15.2

220 240

7.5 2.7

253 0.93 Pt; see Table 2 Rb (57)

78

54-3

80 100 120 140 160 180

53.5 46.3 39.9 34.2 28.8 23.8

21.6

190

Rh (78, 83)

78.4 80 100 120 140

65.80 65.1 56.4 47.7 39.0

FIG. 9.—Tin: Effect of pressure (P) upon the variation of R with temperature O 5 2, is4).

Rh.-t 160 180

(Cont'd) 100#/#0 30.2 21.4

191.9

16.25

Sb (41) 77 65.78 80 64.5 100 56.7 120 49.1 140 41.7 160 34.8 180 28.3 190 25.03 Single crystal § ( 55 ) J. 80 63.0 81 62.6 98.9 54.5

100 102.6 110 120 120.2 120.9 130 137 140 160 180 188

54.9 53.7 50.7 47.3 47.0 47.3 44-3 40.8 40.0 32.9 26.3 23.5

wi_ 22.8

Si (93, 94)

72 80 100 116 120 140 160 180 189

148 156 175 191 195 219 248 282 299

Sn ( 1 4 , 1 5 7 , 1 5 9 ,

16°); see also Figs. 9, 10, 11 80 66.1o 100 58.Os 102.13 57.36s 115.14 52.167 120 50.2o 127.50 47.25e 140 42.26 141.06 41-9Oo 158.74 34-91& 160 34.63 180 26.55 182.80 25.449 194.07 20.98s

200 #02.07 209.98 218.30

220 240

18.65 17.792 14.676 11.45o

10.75 3.80

252.65 1.162 254.95 0.836

Sn.—(Cont'd) -t IQQR/Ro 256.61 0.637 258.89 0.409 260 0.30 268.86 0.100 269.33 0.099 269.37 Yes* V.p. He|| H KU (157, 160)

-t 100/2 765 0.452 0.44^ 480.2 476.75 0.423 474.5 0.394 471.8 0.327 470.1 0.243 467.5 0.129 466.75 0.112 465.65 0.067 465.45 0.070 463.2 0.030 463.1 0.024 461.9 0.018 461.5 0.007 461.1 0.010 458.6 0.003 456.1 Yes* d = 0.19 mm;i = 4.OmA; unit of R — 1 ohm Ta (78, 83) -t IWRfR0 78.2 72.98 80 72.4 100 64.9 120 57.3 140 49.6 160 41.9 180 34.3 192.6 29.55 80 100

Te (4, 127) 77.3 73.2

102.3 110.8 120.0 131.3 140 160 180 183.1 193.1 200 203.6 220 225 240 252.8 255.4 258.6

72.3 71.3 69.8 67.3 65.9 62.6 59.6 58.9 57.9 56.7 55.9 54.7 54.6*** 56.8 60.4 61.4 62.4

Ti (93, 94)

70

114.6

80 100

117.5 123.5

Ti.- (Cant'd) -t WQR/R0 120 130.6 140 139.2 160 149.6 180 161.9

191

169.0

Tl (139, 1 5 7 , 1 5 9 ) ; c/.

(28) ; see also Fig. 12 78.3 67.10 80 66.3 100 58.4 120 50.7 140 43.2 160 35.9 180 28.8 184.52 27.2Os 192.04 24.529 200 21.71 200.03 21.692 207.11 19.187 216.33 15.929 220 14.60 240 7.36 252.62 3.023 255.05 2.286 256.62 1.841 258.93 1.259 260 1.01 268.86 0.084 269.83 0.072 270.47 0.069 270.57 0.068\\\\ 270.61 0.066 270.62 Yes* d — 0.5 mm; i = 3.ImA

FIG. 10.—Tin: Effect of tension (T) upon the variation of R with temperature (^2, 152 is4).

W ( 7 S, 83)

78.3s 80 100 120 140 160 180 192.8

65.09 64.4 55.7 46.9 38.2 29.5 20.8 15.29

Zn (157, 159, 1 6 0 ) ;

C/. (78, 83)

78.2

80 100 120 140 160 180 184.37 192.05 200 200.38 206.99 215.26 220 240 252.6Os 255.10

68.62

67.8 59.7 51.6 43.5 35.3 27.1 25.367 22.136 18.8 18.643 15.901 12.552 10.8 4.1 1^383 1.119

FIG. 12.—Thallium: Variation of R with temperature ( 139 » 15 7). Zn.-(CWd) -t WOR/R0 256.64 0.984 0.838 258.85 260 0.767 268.87 0.378 269.71 0.378 271.69 0.378 Single crystal§ (47, 48)

±78.8

68,4

80 100 120

67.6 59.2 50.7

140

42.2

143.1s 40.9

160 33.9 180 25.7 188.5 22.1

Zn.-(CWd) -t WOR/R0 191.1 21.1 191.8 20.7 194.2 19.6s 200 17.3 220 8.9 240 2.7 252.6s 0.749 252.7s 0.74i \\78.2 68.1

80 100 120 140

67.3 59.2 51.2 43.2

143.15 41.8

160 35.2 180 27.2 183.4 26.0

Zn.—(Cont'd) -t lOOR/Ro 189.1 23.55 191.1 22.7 191.8 22.4 194.5 21.5 200 19.3 220 11.5 240 3.7 262.7s 0.75s Z r f t t ( 21 ) 80 66.4 100 58.4 120 50.5 140 42.7 160 35.0 180 27.4 182.87 26.26i 194.93 21.85i


FlQ. 11,—Tin: Variation of R with temperature ( 1S7 » 16°). FOOTNOTES FOR TABLE 1 * No = not superconducting. Yes = superconducting. A "-}-" after a number in the —t column indicates temperatures below that named; e.g., "265.83 + ," means "at temperatures below -265.830C." t Conclusion from Hall effect. J Where adjacent unitalicized entries are more than 1° apart for Au, or 5° for Pb, a linear interpolation introduces an error of less than one unit in the last figure.

§ _L, ||, Denotes that the single crystal is cut or split ±, U, to the crystallographic c-axis and that the current passes _L, ||, to that axis. Il Commercial electrolytic copper. If Natural copper crystals. ** Kolswa iron. ft Temperature deduced from vapor pressure of He (see Note 1f1f). For Ga, the magnetic field was 17 gauss. tt In R/Ro, the Ro refers to solid Hg, and is obtained by extrapolation. IJlI Resistance R computed from observed current and potential difference, assuming Ohm's law. Region of transition from ordinary to superconductivity. UU V.p. He = pressure of saturated vapor of He at temperature of observation; unit = 1 mm of Hg: V.p. He 765 480.2 461.9 456.1 394.4 -t 268.88 269.33 269.36 269.37 269.49 V.p. He 339.6 309.8 304.0 45 6 -t 269.61 269.67 269.69 270.74 271.5 *** Approximately minimum value. ttt Data from ( 93 » 94) differ greatly from those of ( 21 ), and indicate R has a 0 minimum near -8O C.

TABLE 2.—RESISTANCE OF PLATINUM BELOW -8O0C ( 19 « 75 » 87 > 88, 97, 157, 87

157

160) 16

I = Pt-23-1915 (19, > 97, > °); II = Pt-23'-1915 (» 8 » 160) ; in = Pt-29-P.T.R. ( 75 ); see also Fig. 8, R, R0 = resistance (not resistivity) of the specimen at temperature t, 0C, O0C. t = centigrade temperature, 0C; every t is negative. 100#/flo """ ~* I II III 80 68.158 68.017 67.782 82 67.350 67.205 66.964 84 66.542 66.393 66.146 86 65.733 65.581 65.328 88 64.923 64.769 64.508 90 64.113 63.955 63.688 92 63.303 63.141 62.866

"* 94 96 98 100 102 104 106 108 110 112 114 116 118 120 122 124 126 128 130 132 134 136 138 140 142 144 146 148 150 152 154 156 158 160 162 164 166 168 170 172 174 176 178 180 182 184 186 188 190 192 194 196 198 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208

I 62.492 61.680 60.867 60.053 59.237 58.421 57.605 56.788 55.970 55.150 54.329 53.507 52.685 51.863 51.039 50.215 49.391 48.567 47.741 46.915 46.087 45.257 44.427 43.595 42.761 41.927 41.092 40.255 39.418 38.580 37.740 36.899 36.057 35.213 34.367 33.519 32.670 31.820 30.970 30.120 29.268 28.416 27.563 26.709 25.855 25.001 24.146 23.292 22.438 21.584 20.730 19.876 19.024 18.176 17.754 17.333 16.913 16.494 16.076 15.659 15.244 14.831

I

100fl/flo II~ 62.325 61.509 60.692 59.874 59.055 58.235 57.415 56.593 55.771 54.949 54.125 53.301 52.476 51.650 50.823 49.995 49.167 48.337 47.507 46.675 45.842 45.008 44.173 43.337 42.500 41.661 40.821 39.979 39.135 38.291 37.446 36.600 35.752 34.904 34.054 33.204 32.353 31.501 30.647 29.793 28.937 28.079 27.219 26.356 25.491 24.625 23.758 22.893 22.030 21.169 20.311 19.455 18.601 17.750 17.326 16.903 16.481 16.060 15.640 15.221 14.804 14.389

III ~" 62.044 61.222 60.400 59.576 58.752 57.926 57.100 56.274 55.446 54.618 53.788 52.958 52.127 51.295 50.463 49.629 48.795 47.959 47.123 46.286 45.448 44.609 43.769 42.928 42.086 41.244 40.401 39.555 38.709 37.861 37.013 36.164 35.314 34.463 33.609 32.755 31.901 31.045 30.189 29.331 28.471 27.611 26.749 25.885 25.020 24.154 23.285 22.416 21.551 20.689 19.830 18.974 18.120 17.268-

TABLE 2.—(Continued) TABLE 2.—(Continued) 100#/flo ~ 1 0 0 # / f f o ~l I II III ~l I II I III 209 14.419 13.975 240 3.252 210 14.009 13.563 241 3.031 211 13.601 13.153 242 2.821 212 13.195 12.745 243 2.623 213 12.791 12.339 244 2.437 214 12.390 11.936 245 2.263 215 11.993 11.536 246 2.101 216 11.599 11.139 247 1.952 217 11.208 10.745 248 1.815 218 10.821 10.355 249 1.688 219 9.969 250 1.571 220 9.587 251 1.464 221 9.209 252 1.8422 1.3661 0.7902 222 8.835 253 1.7474 1.2773 0.7048 223 8.466 254 1.6630 1.1974 0.6320 224 8.102 255 1.5885 1.1263 0.5706 225 7.743 256 1.5227 1.0637 0.5198 226 7.389 257 1.4649 1.0095 0.4788 227 7.040 258 1.4147 0.9635 228 6.697 259 1.3717 0.9255 229 6.360 260 1.335s 0.8945 230 6.030 261 1.306 0.869s 231 5.708 262 1.282s 0.849s 232 5.395 263 1.264 0.833s 233 5.092 264 1.249s 0.820s 234 4.799 265 1.239 0.810 235 4.516 266 1.232s 0.801s 236 4.243 267 1.228s 0.795 237 3.980 268 1.226 0.790s 238 3.727 269 1.2241 0.7879 239 3.484 270 1.2225 0.7863 TABLE 3.—EFFECT OF IMPURITIES, STRESS, HEAT TREATMENT, ETC,, UPON RESISTANCE OF ELEMENTARY SUBSTANCES AT Low TEMPERATURES B = bar, section is circular unless another form is indicated, (c) = specimen was cast, (cd). = cold drawn, (cp) = cold pressed, (crl) = crystalline, Cryst = single crystal, (d) = distilled, (D) = drawn through diamond die, new diamonds, Diamag = diamagnetic, (dr) = drawn, Elec = electrolytic, (ex) = extruded while hot, (f) = filed, FiI = filament from incandescent electric lamp, Fy = fused in vacuo, FW = wire which has been flattened by hammering or by rolling, G = specimen was cast (c) or distilled (d) into a straight glass tube, GIo = specimen was annealed by glowing, (hd) = hard drawn, (H) = wire was drawn by Heraeus, I ~ length, M = malleable a.nd ductile, P = plate, (p) = pressed, P.T.R. = Physikalisch-Technische Reichsanstalt, (r) = rolled, S = strip, Super = superconductive, (t) = turned or cut on lathe, tr. = trace, UG = same as G except that tube is U-shaped, Vac = resistance of specimen measured in vacua, W = wire; CU, D = section is rectangular, is square; J_ = crystal is cut perpendicularly to the crystallographic (c) axis of trigonal symmetry. The dimension of the specimen (unit = 1 mm) is indicated by subscripts (if only one is given, the specimen is cylindrical, or is a thin narrow strip, and the subscript is its diameter, or the width of the strip); e.g., Wo. 5 = wire 0.5 mm in diameter, 624,4,4.1 = bar 24 mm long, section 4 mm by 4.1 mm. In the column headed " Annealed," is given the annealing temperature, if known; "Yes" = annealed, "No" = not annealed. In the second column is given the date of publication or of measurement. Centigrade temperatures. Unit of length = 1 mm; of p, pressure, = 1 atm., of AR/pR = 1 (atm.)"1; —182.95°, —252.76°, —268.88° = boiling point of O, H, He at 1 atm. I

Date Ag

Al

1892 1904 1907 1907; 8 1912 1913 1919; 20 1892 1893 1907 1919

Source and designation

Impurities

Pure Ag Ag34 Kahlbaum C. Hoitsema C. Hoitsema Heraeus, Agi Heraeus, Agn Heraeus Pure Al Commercial Al Neuhausen Al Kahlbaum AIn

1.6%(Fe + Si)

Aim

1.2 %(Fe + Si)

Form and size W

0.18% 0.18%ca. Chem. pure Chem. pure 2.5% 1%

W0.6(dr) Wo.i(H) Po.we

Wo.i W(hd) Wo.25 W0.26 Wo.stdr) Wo.atoo.25 Wo.atoo.s*

i nealed -182.95°| 30.3 27.9 30.0 25.0* 22.8 Yes 25.39 No 26.1 500° 24.6 28.3 19.0 21.8 26.8 220° 250°f 220° 250°f

i i \ -192° |-252.76°|-268.88°| Lit. 26.9 (") 24.3 3.74 (26) 26.8 (UO) 21.1* 0.90* (22,133) 18.8 0.91 (3,4,124) 21.4 1.47 I 146 147 22.36 2.32 J ' 20.71 0.54 (78,79,83) 24.6 (27) 15.6 (28) 18.1 (28) 23.3 (HO) 17.80 (78) 17.60 (78) 14.78 (78, 83) 14.51 (78, *3)

TABLE 3. — (Continued) Date Al

1919; 20

1924; 26

Impurities

Form and size

Ahv • -

0.4 %(Fe + Si)

Wo.2too.26

Mylius, AIy

0.1 % (Fe + Si)

W0. 2 to o. 26

Fe = 0.18 %, Si = 0.15 % Purest

Wo.6(cd)


Bureau of Standards

Au 1901 Roberts Austen, Au« 1904 Same as Au4o(?), Auas Kahlbaum 1907 1906; 8 C. Hoitsema, Auo 1907; 08; 11 C. Hoitsema, Aum 1907; 8 C. Hoitsema, AUIV C. Hoitsema, Auy 1912 C. Hoitsema 1913 Heraeus, AUI Heraeus, AUII Handelsmetall Anst., Aum Handelsmetall Anst., Aurv 1915 Mylius 1917 C. Hoitsema, Au-11-1915 C. Hoitsema, Au-12-1915 1919; 20 (?) 1925 Mylius Mylius Mylius, Au-Ia Mylius, Au-lfe Hartmann and Braun Bi 1897 Hartmann and Braun, No. 301 1907; 8 Kahlbaum 1913 1919 Mylius and Groschuff Matthey Cd 1893 1912 Kahlbaum Kahlbaum, Cdi 1913 Kahlbaum, Cdn Kahlbaum 1914 1919; 20 Kahlbaum, Cd2 1924; 26 Kahlbaum, Cd-1920-I

Co 1921 Cs 1908 1910 Cu 1885 1901 1907 1912 1913 1914; 21

1915

1916 1919; 20 1913 1916 1924; 26 Fe 1893 1901 1907 1912 1913

0.03 % 0.015 % 0.005 % 0.005 % <0.03 % Chem. pure Chem. pure 0.01 %, Elec 0.01 %, Elec 0.001 % Minting^ Minting^ 0.001 % 0.001 % 0.001 % 0.001 % Pure, Elec 0.07 % ca. Pure Pure <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01

% % % % %

Wo.6(dr) Wo.i(H) Wo.i(H) Wo. i (H) Wo.i(H) Po.i W W W W Cast W0.i(D) Wo.o5(D) W0. i Wo. 2B (dr) W0.25(dr) Cryst Cryst W0.s(p) Spiral B26(C) W0. 2 (p) Wo.7(dr) B W(cd) W(ex) G(C) Wo.2 Wo.2&(ex) Wo.22(ex)

Kahlbaum, Cd-1919-I

W0.22(ex)

Hopkins and Williams (?),Fe 38 Kahlbaum Kolswa (Sweden) Hartmann and Braun, Fej Hartmann and Braun, Fen

6.77

'

Kahlbaum, Cd-1919-I

Heraeus, Coi Kahlbaum, Con HackspilPs method Hackspill's method, tube 3 Electrolytic conductivity = 98 %. . . Johnson and Matthey Kahlbaum Felten and Guillaume Leppin and Masche Kahlbaum, Cui, Cuse Siemens and Halske, Cun, Cu 3 T. Siemens and Halske, Cui Electrolytic, Cun Felten and Guillaume Felten and Guillaume Felten and Guillaume Commercial Cu Siemens and Halske, Cua Siemens and Halske, Cui Natural crystals, Cu-b Lake Michigan, crystal Natural crystals, Cum Armstrong's

An100^/flo nealed -182.95°| -192° I -252.76°| -268.88°| Lit. 15.72 225° 14.91* 4.27* 250°t 18.9* 15.64 1(78,79,83) 300° 500° 18.88 600° 21.61 225° 17.56 250° 17.53 17.39 5.94 1(78,79,83) 250°f 21.4 300° 18.14 500° 20.40

W0. 25

(Fv in SiO2)

Yes Yes Yes GIo No GIo No GIo § GIo § 500° No 350°

200°

220°

O'^ 327 7 1920 ' 1 Change with [ U January, J time j Q ^

Elec Diamag Elec Elec Elec Elec

16.10 13.5*

500° 500°

Wo.B(dr) W(cd) W(H) W W not (dr) W(dr) S(f) S(r) S(r) B Wo.i Wo.i

39.0 41.35* 37.7 38.6 29.5 30.3 28.78 28.66 29.2 29.0 28.70*

25.5 3.29 ( 25 ) 31.3 ll.ls (26) 29.6 (1I0) 26.27 4.579 (22, isi, 133) 1.627 1.020 (22, lie, 133) 23.88 0.899 (22,133) 23.39 23.30 0.835 (22,133) 25.1 3.5 ( 3 » 4, »24) 24.00 1.90 1 24.93 2.93 (146,147) 24.40 2.23 \ ^ ' 25.31 3.43 J 23.2 0.69 (83, 102) 23.27* 0.825* 0.223* (M, 17, 18) 23.40 0.891 O?, 18) 23.75 0.68 (78,79,83) 2 4 . 3 1.9 1.073 ( 10 *) 23.15 0.698 0.109 (104) 23.03 0.674 0.093 (104) 22.96 0.633 0.039 (104) 35.8 (33) 39.2* 22.43* (22,133) 33.8 (41) 35.59 (78,83) 25.8 (28) 26.8 (37) 25.20 2.36 (MG, M?) 25.09 2.21 (146,147) 25.6 2.06 0.04 (137) 25.34 2.14 (78,79,83) 25.15* 2.23* 0.143* (157, 189, IGO)

March

UGo.5 to i(d) G 10 to 20 (d) Coil Elec Diamag

29.2 34.7 32.7 30.07 27.65 27.18 27.10 28.7 27.4 28.3 27.8 28.7 27.1 27.08* 27.20 27.5 28.03

(80) (80)

26.3

(52,53,54)

28.6*

25.9*

(57)

21.3 19.6 20.8 16.3 19.9

17.5 15.8 0.9s 18.4 12.3 1.04 16.16 1.78

18.87* 18.4 19.2

15.0* 0.63* 14.4 0.2s 15.3 1.13 1.35 2.42

20.1 18.7 19.0

16.4 2.00 14.75 0.63 15.02

Yes

380°f 500°

W(dr) W(dr)

0.12 0.153

18.16

14.40

19.7

Yes

13.5 22.9 26.5 21.8

10.2 20.3 12.88 23.7 19.1 11.07

GIo No

13.8

10.54 2.80 11.09 3.30

W0.5(dr) 0.18% (C, S, P, Si, Mn) Elec Elec

13.3 22.3

Wo.27(cd)

(65,69)

(65,69) (83,102) (83, 102) (90) (90) (90)

1.095

0.27

Wo. 23

(166) (25) (HO) (3,4,124) (146,147)

0.85

No GIo

)I j

29.3

B(t)

Mg = 0.25 %, S = 0.01 % Very soft

(157,160)

(M9) \ .__ _. .^ I (78, 79, 83) 0.11

(123,157,160)

(M9) (157,159,160)

(28) (28) (25) (HO) (4,125) 1(146,147)} /(

TABLE 3.—(Continued) Date Fe

1919

Ge Hg In

1919; 20 1922 1914 1924

Ir K

Li Mg Mo Na

Ni

Pb

1911 1919 1901 1908 1924 1908 1920 1893 1907 1919 1908 1910 1924 1892; 93 1900 1904 1907 1909 1912 1913 1919 1921


Impurities

Electrolytic, FeI2 Elec, Fv Electrolytic, Fen Elec, Fv Kahlbaum, Fen 0.01% Dennis <0.1 % (R0 extrapolated for solid Hg) de Haen, In-1922-II Chem. pure For effect of pressure, see Fig. 6 Heraeus P.T.R., Iri Johnson and Matthey Hackspill's method Merck, K-1916-III Fv Purified K and Na free Kahlbaum Matthey Zn free Carlo Elba D. Gasglahlicht Ges., MOII (?), MOI Impure Hackspill's method Hackspill's method, tube 3 Kahlbaum, Na-1916-IV Fv Kahlbaum, Na-1916-V Fv Dr. Ludwig Mond f Electrolytic Elec \ Johnson and Matthey, Ni 4 I Kahlbaum Hartmann and Braun, "Reinnickel" 1 %(Mn, Cu, Fe) "Schwerte" Ni Pure . Hartmann and Braun

Kahlbaum, ID Heraeus, IIIB Heraeus, HID 1893 Matthey (1884) 1907 Kahlbaum (?) 1907; 8 1912 (?) 1913 Kahlbaum, Pbi Kahlbaum, Pbni 1913; 14; 21 Nernst Kahlbaum 1915; 25; 26 Kahlbaum 1915 Kahlbaum Kahlbaum 1919; 20 Kahlbaum 1924; 26 Kahlbaum, Pb-1919-1

0.5 % 0.05 % 0.05 % Very pure 0.015% <0.01 % <0.01 % <0.01 % <0.01 % <0.01 % <0.01 % <0.01 % <0.01 %

Form and size W0.2 W0.2 W0.2(dr) B 2 4,4, 4 .i WO-IT(CX) DFW Wi UGo.stoi(d) UG(d) UGo.5toi(d) B W0.6 W0.6(dr) W0.26Vac Wo.26Vac UGo.5to i(d) Gioto 2o(d) UG(d) UG(d) Spiral (t) W0.2B(dr)

i i i : nealed -182.95°| -192° |-252.76°|-268.88°| 300° 13.2 9.98 500° 13.2 10.03 380°f 12.1* 8.78* 1.13* 97.5* 101* 28.5* 25.4* 4.90* 0.176* 28.70* 25.55* 5.72* 3.394*

600°

500° 500°

Yes

W0.6(dr) W0-O2S Po.oss W W0.3(ex) W(ex) W(ex) W0.?(cp) W0.s(dr) S(t) W0.2 W(cd) W(ex) W0.s W0.6(dr) B 3 (t) Scut S(r)

32.5 26.3* 26.6 31.8 27.19* 17.3 17.0* 23.0* 31.7 22.9* 27.0 21.9 22.7 24.40*

29.5 22.54* 22.6 29.0 24.0* 13.8 13.4* 19.3* 28.5 19.31* 23.65 18.1

15.5 20.8* 20.8* 20.1 28.2 33.3 31.8

12.6 17.8* 17.8* 17.3 25.3 30.8 29.2

29.6 35.7 29.69 31.6 30.8 31.0 30.5 29.6 29.7

15.40 10.39 10.1 26.4 32.7 26.40 28.2 27.43 27.64 27.3 26.3s 26.4

29.6 29.53*

26.34 26.19*

500°f 200°(?) 500° 500°

200° W 0 .i 2 (ex)

20.8*

2.86 2.70* 0.73*

0.91* 1.00

8.55 20.46 20.5

3.04 6.1 4.68 4.61 4.37 3.10 3.02 2.96 2.96 3.05 2.96*

Lit. (78, 83) (78, 83) (78,79,83) (8) ( 137 ) (157, 158, 15»)

(13) (78,83) (2S) (52,53,54) 0.702* (164, 165) (52, 54) ( 103 ) («) (HO) (78,83) (78,83) (52,53,54) ( 5 ?) 0.381* (164, 165) 0.474 (164,165) (27,28) (40) ( 2 «) (HO) (10) (4, 125) (146,147) (78) (80) (80) (80) (28) (HO) (22,133) (126) (146,147) (146,147) (63,65,69) (63,65,69,83) Super (83, 102, 104, 105) ( 9 «) (»0) (78,79,83) Super* (140, .157, 159, 160)

Pd

Pt

1893 1904 1912 1919; 1919 1892 1893 1896 1901; 1903 1904; 1904 1905 1906;

t = —183°, p = 49, IQ&AR/pR = -2.32; p = 100, 10 AR/pR = -2.2; i = - 252.8°, p = 49.7 or = 100, W*AR/pR = -1.7 (126) Matthey Very pure W0.26 27.2 23.6 (28) Johnson and Matthey, Pd 4 G 27.8 24.2 6.05 (26) Heraeus Po.ioo|| Yes 5.15 (4,124) 20 Heraeus, Pdi Wo.iVac(?) 500° 22.9* 18.74* 0.93* (78,79,83) Heraeus, Pd2 W0.i air 500° 23.7 19.70 (78,83) (Pure soft) Pure W Yes 33.3 29.7 (27) Johnson and Matthey, Pi W0.26 30.5 26.9 5.90 (25,28) Matthey Wo.os 27.9 (28) Heraeus Wo.os 31.4 27.5 (84,85) 21 Cambridge Sci. Inst. Co., Pti W 25.482 21.59 1.694 (65,69,76,77) Heraeus, I Chem. pure Wo.os GIo 28.3 24.6 ( 6 » 7) Heraeus, II Chem. pure W0.i GIo 25.5 21.6 (6,7) 7; 8 (?), PtM •• W0.i 25.936 22.113 (22, 98, 100, 132) Johnson and Matthey, P7 26.3 22.3 2.42 (26) "Standard Pt" W 20.90 (iss) 8; etc. Heraeus, Pti' Wo.i(dr) Yes 25.178 21.287 1.418 (22,86,97,128, 129, 130,

132,

136)

1907; 8

Heraeus, Ptm Heraeus, Ptiv or V Heraeus, Ptd 1907 Kahlbaum 1911 Heraeus, PtB 1913; 21; 24 Heraeus, Pt29

W0.i W0.i Wo.os W0.6(dr) Wo.os** Wo.osft

Yes Yes^

25.068 25.012 27.288 34.5

21.205 21.161 23.599 31.2

4.062

1.72 24.610* 20.689* 0.724*

1.19

(22,132) (22,132) (22,132) (HO) (H2) (62,63,65,69, 70, 72, 73, 74, 75)

Heraeus, Pt30

Wo.oett

24.617

20.695

0.737

(62, 63, 65, 67,

Heraeus, Pt32

Wo.oett

24.629

20.689

0.743

(62,63,65,69,

24.5

20.6

0.60

69, 72, 73, 74) 71, 72, 74, 83)

1915

Heraeus

W2

GIo

(102)

TABLE 3,— (Continued) Date

Pt

1915 1915; etc. 1915 1917 1917 1919 1921

1922 1923; 25; 26 1923; 25

1924; 26 Rb 1908 1910 Rh 1911 1919 Sb 1913 1914 Si 1913

Source and designation Heraeus, Pt35 Heraeus, Pt-22-1915 Heraeus, Pt-23-1915

Form and size

Very pure Very pure

W W0.06(D) Wo.os(D)

GIo § GIo §

WO.OB(D) Wo-Oe(D) Wo. i (D) W W W W

GIo § GIo § GIo § 800°t Yes§§ Yes§§ Yes§§

Very pure Very pure Very pure

Heraeus, Pt-24-1915 Heraeus, Pt-21-1915 Heraeus, Pt-26-1915 Heraeus Heraeus, Piss Heraeus, Pts4 Heraeus, Piss (?) Heraeus, Pt-23'-1915 Heraeus, Pt-27'-1915 Heraeus, Pt-31-1920 Heraeus, Pt-32-1920 Heraeus, Pt-36-1922 P.T.R.(?), Pt-C-1914 P.T.R.(?), Pt-D-1914 HackspilPs method HackspilPs method, tube 5 Heraeus P.T.R., Rh1 Kahlbaum Merck de Haen

An-

Impurities

nealed

0.600s

Wo.25

W 0 -O 5 (D) W 0 -O 6 (D) Wo.o5(dr) Wo.05(dr) Wo.o6(dr) Wo.u Wo.u UGo.5toi(d) G 10 to 20 (d)

GIo §§ GIo §§ GIo §§ GIo §§ GIo §§

FWn 0.05 % ca. Pure Some H 4 SiO 4 ; <0.01 % (Fe, C) Pure <0.01 % <0.01 % <0.01 % <0.01 %

Wi(r) 625(0) Cryst J_|l|| B

IWR /Ro -182.95°) -192° i-252.76°|-268.88°|

600°

Lit. ( 15 °) O9) (19,87,97,157, 160)

25.823 2.153 25.449* 21.584*" 1.771*

1.224*

25.420 25.038 24.808 24.5 24.700 24.682 24.528 24.90 25.080* 25.176 25.662 25.670 25.463 25.723 25.563

O9) (17,18,97) (17, 18) (78,79) (65,69) (65,69) (65,69) (91) 0.788* (88, 16°) (88) ( 88 ) ( 88 ) ( 8 «) 1.559 (157, 159, ieo) 1.372 (157, 159, ieo)

21.136 20.901 20.60 20.78 20.76 20.60 21.169* 21.262 21.788 21.797 21.577 21.697

1.775 1.219 1.000 0.60 0.819 0.806s 0.610 1.298* 1.906 1.920 1.639 2.068 1.873

28.1

25.6

(52,53,54)

23.2*

21.2*

16.4

11.6

(57) 13

20.1*

16.19*

27.3* 25.3* 288*

24.4* 22.5* 304*

( ) (78,83)

(41) ( 55 ) (93, 94)

Wo. es (ex) 26.0 22.4 (2 8 ) (?) S(t) Kahlbaum 26.4 22.5 1.21 0.052 O 3 ?) Wo.4o(ex) Kahlbaum, Sn-1922-III 25.83 22.25 1.18 0.075 ( 159 ) So-OB(FW) Kahlbaum, Sn-1922-A 25.39* 21.80* 1.15* 0.100* (is?, 159, 160) W 0 .i B (ex) 26.28 22.65 1.22 0.079 (157, 159, 160) Kahlbaum, Sn-1922-I 25.36 21.66 1.20 0.079 (l«4) 1925 (?) For effect of stress, see Figs. 10, 11 33.2* 29.78* (78,83) FiI 2200° Ta 1919 Lamp filament 61 59 (52, 54) Commercial, purified Te 1908 B6 to 7, I = 20 to 30 59.1* 57.8* 60.4* (4,127) 1912 Merck, purest Pl.8sfH 164* 170* (93, 94) tr. (Fe, Si) B de Haen Ti 1908 Wo.7(cp) 27.7 24.5 (28; Tl 1893 Ramsay 27.85 24.62 3.07 0.168 (139, 157, 159) W0.2(ex)*** 1922; 24 Kahlbaum, T1-1916-VIII 27.76* 24.54* 2.99* 0.084* (139,157,159) Kahlbaum, T1-1916-IX Wo.6(ex) 19.4* 15.63* (78, 83) Siemens and Halske, WI 2500° W 1919 Filo.i Th W(crl) Pintsch, Wn 28.1 24.58 (78) W 1921 Pirani 19.42 15.64 ( 69 ) 21.48 1.56 (146,147) <0.01 % W (ex) Zn 1913 Kahlbaum <0.01 % W 25.8 22.00 1.05 (78, 79, 83) 1919; 20 Kahlbaum 200° 1924; 26 Kahlbaum, Zn-1921-I <0.01 % W0.4(cd) 25.96* 22.16* 1.37* 0.656* (isr, 159, iso) ttt 560 760 (93, 94) tr. C B Zr 1908 de Haen 1924 Philips Lamp Works, ZTZ 2400° 77.90 76.56 ( 2 O) 0.1 % DBo.15,0.15 76.22 74.81 (20) Philips Lamp Works, Zr4 2400° 0.1 % DBo.16,0.15 0.12 %W S(FW)M No 1925 Philips Lamp Works, Zr$ 26.2* 22.9* (21) 0.03 %W W(crl)M Philips Lamp Works, Zr* 1600° 26.9 23.6 (21) * Given in Table 1 or 2. f Most favorable annealing temperature is near this. ft Wound on mica cross. JJ Wire enclosed in sealed glass tube. §§ And J Pure minting Au. § Successively glowed and immersed in liquid air several immersed in liquid H. || || Crystal split parallel to base; current passes _L to times. I) Plate was not in contact with liquid H. *[[ Annealed, unwound, rec-axis. ^fIf Circular plate 1.88 mm thick, 10 mm diameter, cast in a steel mold. wound but not reannealed. ** Wound on glass cylinder while hot. *** Specimen has a joint, ttt Heated: 150 to 20O0C, and hammered.

Sn 1893 1914 1923 1924; 26

BIBLIOGRAPHY ARRANGED BY ELEMENTS Ag ( 3 »

4

»

15

LITERATURE

» 22, 23, 2 5 - 2 8 , 78, 79, 83, 95, 109, 1 1 0 , 1 2 4 , 1 3 3 - 1 3 5 , 146, 1 4 7 ) ;

Al (15, 27, 28, 78, 79, 83, 95, 1 0 7 , 110, 157, 1 6 0 ) ; Au ( 3 » 4, 14» 17, 18, 22, 23,

133, 134, 137, 146, 147, 1 6 7 ) ; Bi (2> 4, 10, 11, 22, 23, 30, 31, 33, 39, 41, 78, 83, 124, 1 3 3 - 1 3 5 ) ; Q (22, 27, 92, 111, 134, 135, 142, 1 4 5 ) ; Cd ( 2 8 > 37, 47~49, 78, 79, 82, 83, 95, 137, 146, 147, 149, 157, 159, 160); Qo ( 8 0 »

146

»

147

) ; Cs ( 9 » 52~54, 5 7 ) ;

Cu (3, 4, 15, 25-28, 65, 69, 78, 79, 83, 90, 95, 101, 102, 110, 123, 124, 137, 146,

147, 149, 1 5 7 , 159, 160, 1 6 6 ) ; Jf6 (4, 15, 25, 27, 28, 58, 78, 79, 83, 95, 110, 125, 137,

146, 1 4 7 ) ; G a (157, 1 6 0 ) ; Q6 (8, 157, 1 6 0 ) ; JJg ( J »

J5

>

22

J

23

» 32, 42, 50,

51, 56, 113, 114, 1 1 5 , 117, 125, 133, 134, 137, 152, 156, 1 6 7 ) ; J n ( 1 5 7 - 1 5 9 ) ; Jr (13, 78, 8 3 ) ; K (9, 25, 52-54, 57, 164, 1 6 5 ) ; JJ (9, 52, 54, 103, 1 3 8 ) ; Mg (15, 28, H ° ) ; Mo (78, 8 3 ) ; Na (9, 52-54, 57, 1 6 5 ) ; Ni (4, 10, 26, 27, 28, 40, 59, 78, 80,

83, 95, 110, 125, 1 3 5 , 146, 1 4 7 ) ; Pb (22, 23, 28, 62, 63, 65, 69, 78, 79, 83, 90, 95, 102,

104, 105, 108, 110, 118, 121, 126, 1 3 3 - 1 3 5 , 140, 146, 147, 149, 157, 159,

1 6 0 ) ; P(J (3, 4, 26, 28, 78, 79, 83, 1 2 4 ) ; Pt (6, 7, 15, 1 7 ~ 1 9 , 22~29, 34, 35, 62~79, 8 3 - 8 8 , 9 1 , 9 7 , 9 8 , 100, 1 0 2 , 1 0 6 , 1 0 8 , 1 1 0 , 1 1 2 , 1 1 6 , 119, 1 2 0 , 1 2 8 - 1 3 0 , 132, 1 3 4 136,

146, 148, 150, 1 5 5 , 1 5 7 , 1 5 9 - 1 6 1 , 1 6 7 ) ; Rb ( 9 » 52-54, 5 7 ) ; Rh (13, 78> 8 3 ) ;

Sb (37, 41, 5 5 ) ; gj (93, 9 4 ) ; Qn (14, 15, 27, 28, 56, 95, 104, 105, 118, 135, 137, 152,

153, 1 5 7 , 1 5 9 , 1 6 0 ) ; Ta (78, 83, 143, 1 4 4 ) ; Te ( 4 > S2 » 54 > 1 2 7 ) j Ti ( 9 3 > 9 4 ) j Tl (28, 139, 1 5 7 , 1 5 9 ) ; W ( 6 9 > 78, 83, 1 4 3 ) . Zn ( 2 «» 47, 48, 49, 78, 79, 81, 83, 95, 105, 146, 1 4 7 , 1 5 7 , 1 5 9 , 1 6 0 ) ; Zr ( 2 0 »

21

>

93

>

94

),

(For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) (i) Baltruszajtis, 165, 1912A: 888. ( 2 ) Beckman, 64P1 15: 649; 13. 168,"No 13Oa; 12. (3) Beckman, &4P, 15: 659; 13. 168, No. 13Ob; 12. ( 4 ) Beckman, 168, Suppl. No. 40; 15. ( 5 ) Benedicks, 200, 13: 351; 16. ( 6 ) Bestelmeyer, Diss., Miinchen, 1903. ( 7 ) Bestelmeyer, 8, 13: 944; 04. (8) Bidwell, 2, 19: 447; 22. ( 9 ) Bidwell, 2, 23: 357; 24. (1°) Blake, 8, 28: 449; 09. (U) Borelius and Lindh, 8, 51: 607; 16. (* 2 ) Brillouin, Conseil-Solvay de Physique, p. 195. Paris, Gauthier-Villars, 1923. (i 3 ) Broniewski and Hackspill, 34, 153: 814; 11. O 4 ) Burgers and Onnes, O. (1S) Cailletet and Bouty, 34, 100: 1188; 85. ( 16 ) Cassel, 96, 33: 477; 25. O 7) Cath, Diss., Leiden, 1908. (i 8) Cath, Onnes and Burgers, 64P, 20: 1163; 18. 168, No. 152c; 17. (19) Cath, Onnes and Burgers, O. (20) Clausing, 208, 4: 372; 24. (21) Clausing, O. (22) Clay, Diss., Leiden, 1908. (23) Clay, 168, No. 107d; 08. ( 24 ) Dewar, 5, 64: 227; 99. ( 2 S) Dewar, 5, 68: 360; 01. (26) Dewar, 5, 73: 244; 04. (27) Dewar and Fleming, 3, 34: 326; 92. (28; Dewar and Fleming, 3, 36: 271; 93. ( 29 ) Dewar and Fleming, 3, 40: 95; 95. ( 30 ) Dewar and Fleming, 3, 40: 303; 95. (31) Dewar and Fleming, 5, 60: 72; 97. (3 2 ) Dewar and Fleming, 5, 60: 76; 97. ( 33 ) Dewar and Fleming, d, 60: 425; 97. ( 34 ) Dickson, 5,44: 445; 97. C 35 ) Dickson, 8, 45: 525; 98.

(36) Epstein, 96, 32: 620; 25. ( 37 ) Eucken and Gehlhoff, 88, 14: 169; 12. (38) Feussner, 96, 25: 215; 24. ( 39 ) Fleming, 121, 37: 267; 96. (40) Fleming, 5, 66: 50; 00. (^ 1 ) Gehlhoff and Neumeier, 88, 15: 876; 13. ( 42 ) Gehlhoff and Neumeier, 88, 21: 201; 19. (< 3 ) Gruneisen, 88, 15: 186; 13. (« 4 ) Gruneisen, 68, 19: 382; 18. (45) Gruneisen, 88, 20: 36; 18. (46) Gruneisen, 88, 20: 53; 18. (47) Gruneisen and Goens, 243, 44: 83; 24. (48) Gruneisen and Goens, 96, 26: 250; 24. ( 4 ») Gruneisen and Goens, 243, 46: 104; 26. ( 50 ) Grunmach, 8, 35: 764; 88. (51) Grunmach, 8, 37: 508; 89. (") Guntz and Broniewski, 34, 147: 1474; 08. (53) Guntz and Broniewski, 34, 148: 204; 09. ( 54 ) Guntz and Broniewski, 42, 7: 464; 09. ( 5S ) de Haas, 64P, 16: 1110; 14. ( 56 ) de Haas, Sizoo and Onnes, 64P1 29: 250; 26. 168, No. 18Od; 26. ( 57 ) Hackspill, 34, 151: 305; 10. (58) Harrison, 68, 66: 343; 02. («») Harrison, 3, 3: 177; 02. (60) Hauer, 8, 51: 189; 16. (61) Hauer, 63, 18: 149; 17. ( 62 ) Henning, 243, 33: 86; 13. (63) Henning, 8, 40: 635; 13. (64) Henning, 8, 41: 1064; 13. (65) Henning, 1843, 34: 116; 14. (66) Henning, 8, 43: 282; 14. (67) Henning, 243, 35: 174; 15. (6*) Henning, B62. (69) Henning, 96, 5: 264; 21. (70) Henning, 243, 42: 129; 22. ( 7 I) Henning and Heuse, 243, 44: 106; 24. (72) Henning and Heuse, 96, 23: 95; 24. (73) Henning and Heuse, 96, 23: 105; 24. (74) Henning and Heuse, 243, 45: 198; 25. (75) Henning, Handbuch der Physik, IX. Berlin, Springer, 1926. (76) Holborn, 8, 6: 242; 01. (77) Holborn, 243, 22: 114; 02. (78) Holborn, 8, 59: 145; 19. (79) Holborn, 243, 40: 144; 20. (80) Holborn, 96, 8: 58; 21. (8i» 82) Holborn, quoted in (48). (83) Holborn, Scheel and Henning, B63. (84) Holborn and Wien, 8, 59: 213; 96. 76, 1896: 673. ( 8 S) Holborn and Wien, 243, 17: 142; 97. (86) Hoist, 64P, 18: 829; 16. 168, No. 148a; 15. (87) Van der Horst, van Agt, Onnes and Tuyn, O. (88) van der Horst, Onnes and Tuyn, O. ( 89 ) Keesom and Onnes, 64P, 17: 894; 15. 168, No. 143; 14. (90) Keesom and Onnes, 64P, 18: 484; 16. 168, No. 147a; 15. ( 91 ) Keyes, Townshend and Young, 285, 1: 243; 22. ( 92 ) Koenigsberger and Reichenheim, 63, 7: 570; 06. (93) Koenigsberger and Schilling, 63, 9: 347; 08. (94) Koenigsberger and Schilling, 8, 32: 179; 10. ( 95 ) Lees, 62, 208: 381; 08. ( 96 ) Lindemann, 76, 1911:316. ( 97 ) Palacios-Martinez and Onnes, 18, 6: 31; 23. 168, No. 156b; 23. (98) Meilink, 64P, 7: 290; 04. 168, No. 93; 04. (") Meilink, 64P, 7: 300; 05. 168, No. 93; 04. (100) Meilink, Diss., Amsterdam, 1904. O 0 1 ) Meissner, 88, 16: 262; 14. (102) Meissner, 8, 47: 1001; 15. (l°3) Meissner, 96, 2: 373; 20. ( 104 ) Meissner, 63, 26: 689; 25. ( l o s ) Meissner, 843, 46: 104; 26. ( 106 ) Nernst, 76, 1911: 306. C 1 0 7 ) Nernst, 88, 13: 921; 11. (i°8) Nernst, 8, 36: 395; 11. ( 109 ) Niccolai, 22, 16 I: 757; 07. 63, 9: 367; 08.

(n°) Niccolai, 22, 16 I: 906; 07. C111) Noyes, 2, 24: 190; 24. (U2) Onnes, 64P, 13: 1093; 11. 168, No. 119; 11. (i*3; Onnes, 64P, 13: 1274; 11. 168, No. 12Ob; 11. ("*) Onnes, 64P, 14: 113; 12. 168, No. 122b; 11. (US) Onnes, 64P, 14: 818; 12. 168, No. 124c; 11. ("«) Onnes, 168, Suppl. No. 29; 13. (117) Onnes, 64P, 15: 1406; 13. 16: 113; 14. 168, Nos. 133a, 133b, 133c; 13. (118) Onnes, 64P, 16: 673; 14. 168, No. 133d; 13. (ii 9 ) Onnes, 168, Suppi. No. 34b; 13. (120) Onnes, 168, Suppl. No. 35; 13. (121) Onnes, 64P, 17: 12, 278, 514; 15. 168, Nos. 14Ob, 14Oc, 141b; 14. (122) Onnes, B60, p. 175. 168, No. 5Oa; 24. (i 23 ) Onnes, quoted in (16°). ( 12 4) Onnes and Beckman, 64P, 15: 307; 13. 168, No. 129a; 12. (125) Qnnes and Beckman, 64P, 15: 981; 13. 168, No. 132a; 12. (126; Onnes and Beckman, 64P, 15: 947; 13. 168, No. 132b; 12. (127) Onnes and Beckman, 64P, 15: 997; 13. 168, No. 132d; 12. (128) Onnes and Braak, 64P, 11: 333; 09. 168, No. 107a; 08. (129) Onnes, Braak and Clay, 6J^P, 10: 422; 08. 168, No. 10Ia; 07. (130) Onnes and Clay, 64P1 9: 207; 07. 168, No. 95c; 06. ( 13 I) Onnes and Clay, 64P, 9: 213; 07. 168, No. 95d; 06. ( 13 2) Onnes and Clay, 64P, 10: 200; 08. 168, No. 99b; 07. (133) Onnes and Clay, 64P, 10: 207; 08. 168, No. 99c; 07. (134) Onnes and Clay, 64P, 11: 345; 09. 168, No. 107c; 08. (135) Onnes and Hof, 64P, 17: 520; 15,, 168, No. 142b; 14. (136) Onnes and Hoist, 64P, 17: 501; 15. 168, No. 141a; 14. (137) Onnes and Hoist, 64P, 17: 508; 15. 168, No. 142a; 14. (138) Onnes and Sizoo, O. (139) Onnes and Tuyn, 64P, 25: 443; 22. 18, 6: 284; 23. 168, No. 16Oa; 22. (140) Onnes and Tuyn, 6Jf, 25: 451; 22. 18, 6: 293; 23. 168, No. 16Ob; 22. (141) Onnes and Tuyn, 168, Suppl. No. 58; 26. (142) Piesch, 75, 102 IIa: 768; 93. C 1 * 3 ) Pirani, 88, 12: 301; 10. (144) Pirani and Meyer, 9, 17: 908; 11. ( 14 S) Roberts, 8, 40: 453; 13. ( 146 ) Schimank, Diss., Berlin, 1914. (147) Schimank, 8, 45: 706; 14. 46: 176; 15. (148) Schmitz, 5, 72: 177; 03. (149) Schott, 88, 18: 27; 16. (150) Schultze, 243, 35: 176; 15. ( 15 I) Simon, 7, 109: 136; 24. (152) Sizoo, Diss., Leiden, 1926. (i 53 ) Sizoo, de Haas and Onnes, 64V, 35: 617; 26. 168, No. 18Oc; 26. (154) Sizoo and Onnes, 64P, 28: 656; 25. 168, No. 18Ob; 25. ( 155 ) Travers and Gwyer, 5, 74: 528; 05. (156) Tsutsumi, 159, 7: 93; 18. 0") Tuyn, Diss., Leiden, 1924. (158) Tuyn and Onnes, 64P, 26: 504; 23. 18, 7: 289; 24. 168, No. 167a; 23. ("9) Tuyn and Onnes, O. (160) Tuyn and Onnes, 18, 10: 5; 26. 168, No. 181; 26. (161) Van Dusen, 1, 47: 326; 25. (162) Vegard, 88, 19: 344; 17. (163) Wien, 76, 1913: 184. (164) Woltjer and Onnes, O. (165) Woltjer and Onnes, B60, p. 211. 168, No. 173a; 24. 0««) Wr6blewski, 75, 92 II: 311; 85. 8, 26: 27; 85. ( 1 6 7 ) Zernike, 64V, 23: 742; 14.

ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY OF PURE METALS AT TEMPERATURES ABOVE -8O0C FRANK WENNER CONTENTS Resistivity of. single crystals, and its variation with temperature and pressure.

MATIERES Resistivite des cristaux isoles, et sa variation avec Ia temperature et Ia pression.

INHALTSVERZEICHNIS Widerstand von Einzelkristallen und seine Anderung mit Temperatur und Druck.

Resistance of polycrystalline metals. Effect of hydrostatic pressure.

Resistance des metaux polycristallins. Effet de Ia pression hydrostatique. Effet de Ia tension. Effet des impuretes.

polykristalliner Widerstand Metalle. Einfluss des hydrostatischen Druckes. Einfluss der Spannung. Einfluss von Verunreinigungen.

Effect of tension. Effect of impurities.

TABLE 1.—ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY (p) OP SINGLE CRYSTALS OF METALS BETWEEN O AND 10O0C, AND THE EFFECT OF PRESSURE ( 13 ) Pt

= Ptf[l + a(W)~3(t — t')]. -i

0

crystal at O C and 1 atm., —

If Ro = resistance of a given n r>

— = a(10)~6.

HQ dr

||, _L indicate the

direction of the current with reference to the crystallographic c-axis. tj t' = centigrade temperature, 0C. Unit of p = 10~6 ohm cm; of P = 1 kg/cm 2 = 14.22 lb./in.2 = 0.968A11.

INDICE PAGE Resistivita di cristalli singoli e sua variazione con Ia temperatura e pressione 135 Resistenza di metalli policristallini 136 Effetto della pressione idrostatica 136 Effetto della tensione 137 Effetto delle impurezze... . 138

TABLE 1.—(Continued} \t'\

p*

\ a \

*

Bi|| 20138 4.09+24.5 _L 20109 4.09+ 7.5 39 C* I O \27 60.2 J • ' Cd|| 20 8.30 3.94-13.1 JL 20 6.80 - 8.7 Cu* 20 1.5106 Mo* O 5.03 4.73

Il

\t'\

"7?

I a

I

a

Sb|| 20 35.6 5.32+17.2~ JL 20 42.6 4 . 6 4 + 1.05 Sn " 2° 14'3 4.10-10.96 J. 20 9.9 4.29-10.28 | W 20 5.48 I Zn || 20 6.13 3.87-10.87 JL 20 5.91 3 . 8 6 - 6 . 5 5

* Source of data: C, graphite (?<>); Cu (2Q) ; MO ( 3 S).

TABLE 2.—ELECTRICAL RESISTANCE OF PURE METALS AT TEMPERATURES ABOVE -8O0C: POLYCRYSTALLINE METALS rt for a liquid = resistivity (pt) at temperature, t. rt for a solid = resistance at temperature, t, of a specimen which at room temperature (IR) has a length (in direction of current) = 1 cm, and a uniform transverse sectional area = 1 cm2. If the coefficient of linear thermal expansion is a, pt = n[l + a(t — fo)], the unit of p being 1 ohm cm if the unit of r is 1 ohm; rt is frequently called the resistivity; it would be better to call it the apparent resistivity. 3 2 6 rt = r « [1 + <*(t - t')(1O)- + j8(* - O ClO)" ] if I1 < t < Z 2 (A) = aged = seasoned; (an) = annealed, (av) = average, or mean value, com = commercial, cp = "chemically pure, 77 (dr) = drawn, elec = electrolytic, fil = filament of incandescent electric lamp, graph = graphite, (hd) = hard drawn, IACS = International Annealed Copper Standard, Kb = material obtained from Kahlbaum, I = liquid, MS = Matthiessen standard, p = pure, pp = very pure, R = room temperature, s = solid, w = wire. Example: What is the apparent resistivity of annealed commercial conductivity copper at 70O0C? From the table we find rt' = 1.72, t' = 20, a. = 4.1, /3 = 0.43; hence at 20° the resistivity is 1.72 X 10-6 ohm cm, and at 70O0C r 7 oo = 1.72[1 + 0.0041 X (700 - 20) + 0.000 000 43(700 - 2O)2] X 10~6 = 6.86 X 10~6 ohm cm. Centigrade temperatures, 0C. Unit of rv = 10~6 ohm. \

Ag Al

As Au

t' 20 960.5 1000 O 20 20 20 657 20 O

rt' \ a \ P \ t 1.622 3.61 8.4s 17.011! 0.69 2.62 4.46 1.8 2.820 2.67 4.21 20.13* 0.51 35 Sublimed 2.19 3.65

i

\ t -80

* \ Remarks | Lit."" 400 p («i) ( 67 ) 960.51340 (67) -80 400 Kb ( 61 ) com(hd) ( 2 6 ) (an)wpp (26,79) 15 30 (hd)wpp (79) 657 1100 ( 64 ) (57> -80 1000 p (23, ei, 66)

1063 30.82*. 20 10.1 O 106.5 269 267s 269 127.5* C O 4100 25 4600 O 1375 <• 1400 825 Ca O 4.27s Cd O 6.83-

Be Bi

0.46 3.91

1063 1500 5.8

-80

250

0.428 -0.536

269 -80

750 100

-0.287 -fO.174 3.642 3.733

O 1400 1400 2200 O 600 3.69 -80 300

p

(66) ( 80 ) elec (24,68) (64, 68) (68) fil (av) ( 22 ) * ( 40 ) graph f (<°) graph t ( 40 ) 99.57% ( 76 ) (av) (55,68, 69, 77)

Co Cr Cs Cu

Fe Ga Ge Hg

20 321 O O O 28 20 20 20 20 20 1083 1083 O 20 O 30 O -50 O

7.143 33.77* -0.0802 0.679 5.595 5.51 5.3 2.6 Powdered 18.83s 4.78 36.4* 3.5 .78 3.8 .72 4.1 0.43 .7241 3.93 .7213 .6925 4.0 10.2s 21.3* 0.265 8.53 7.257 9.63 9.78 53.4s 3.46 27.2* 2.76 89 X 103 $ j 21.3Os 5.84 94.077* 0.9098 0.811

PP

321 O

700 100 99.91%

-80 28 -30 -80

25 (av) 60 (av) 100 (hd)com 1000 (an)com IACS MS elec

1083 1400 O 600 O 30 _80 -80 -30

20 50 100 -50 300

O

30

-10 -80

100 100

Kb 99.983%

( 80 ) (««) (28) ( 72 ) (37,38) (37,38) ( 21 » 81) (23,65) (*4) (2i,8i) ( 21 » 81) (65) (65) ( 58 ) ( 8 <>) (37) (37) (S) ( 2S ) (6,25, 47)

O

94.0766*

0.8862

O O

8.37 6.08

4.77 3.67

1.1057

(av)

(36, 45, 49, 74)

In Ir I

(29) (17)


*' I rt' I a \ jg I ) . 450 28.90 0.827 450 1000 elec ( 42 ) 1451 108.0* 0.163 1451 1650 («) Pb O 19.8 3.955 2.65 -80 300 (av) 20 20.63 p (78) 327 94.75* 0.482 327 1000 (60.68) Pd O 10.00 3.610 -80 200 (av) ( 2 » 23 » 46)

Pt Rb

Rh Ru Sb Sn

O O O 50 O 18 O O 232

11.19 9.83 11.3s 23.15* 4.70 Io 39.0 10.48s 47.4*

20 20 O 500 650 O 18

22.76 18.62 37o 67o 6Oo 17.65 60

3.52 -0.55 -80 3.981 -0.585 -80 5.53 -80 3.73 50 4.235 -1.85 -80 (Only 1 significant 4.144 6.2 -80 4.359 2.4 -80 0.565 232

(«i) (59,80) (3«, s i j («) (") («) ( 29 ) (46,68) (6, 60,

400 1000 p|| 35 (av) 100 100 figure; 20 1" 230 (dr) 1000 (av)

68;

Sr Th Ti Tl U

W

O

Zn

O 20 418 O

5.00

( 56 ) (80) 250 Ti - a** («8) 580 Ti - /3** (*») 780 Ti - 7** (**) 100 (23) (4) elec

-3.52 14.9 -80 +3.38 8.0 430 -0.89 2.2 580 4.051 -80 (U-H XU 2 C 3 ) 5.238 0.7ft -80

3300 fil (A)

(34, 53, 83)

Zr

5.64s 5.916s 37.39* 164

3.468

1.16

-80

-0.2785 0.40 418 1.16 -0.631 -80

400 850 30

(3,55) (an)pp (80) (68) 9 9 . 9 % Q9)

* Furnace electrodes. f Acheson graphite furnace electrodes. t rt = AeB- for Ge, A = 17 766, B =

99.5438 f 0.004567(« + 273). t ~\~ 273

§ Seasoned wire. [J In the Callendar equation (Vol. 1, p. 54), t - 100 ( — ) = \Aioo — Ro/ 8\ {

I)-

' 5 = 1.49.

(AlOO /100 J ^f Cast Sb. Above R, behavior is erratic; results discordant (6, 68). ** Only two significant figures; for Ti-ot, only one significant figure if t ^ O. ttri = r o f l +crf(10)-» + #2(10)-« + 7 < 3 (10)"») ; 7 = 0.062.

TABLE 3.—EFFECT OF HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE UPON ELECTRICAL RESISTANCE OF METALS BETWEEN O AND 10O0C For single crystals, see Table 1 Pressure range is O to 12 000 kg/cm 2 unless another is stated. Ho, Rp- resistance of the specimen at temperature, t, under pressure = 1 atm. (essentially O), and = P, respectively. Rp = R0(I + a(10)"6P + b(10)~nP2. Literature references are enclosed in ( ), are usually in the first column, and, in general, each refers to all the data given for the metal indicated. Example: A bar of Bi at 250C and 1 atm. has a resistance of 0.01173 ohm; a = 16.30, b = 4.17, n = 10, hence at P = 8000 kg/cm 2 and 250C, this same bar would have a resistance of #8ooo = 0.01173[1 + 16.3(800O)(IO)-6 + 4.17(8000)2(10)-10] = 0.01173(1 -f 0.1304 + 0.0267) = 0.01357 ohm. t = centigrade temperature, 0C. Unit of P = 1 kg/cm 2 = 14.22 Ib./in.2 = 0.968 atm.

TABLE—3. (Continued) t I

TABLE 3.— (Continued) t

O 25 50 75 100 O 25 50 75 100 (?)

O 25 50 75 100 O 25 50 75 2751 O 50

O 25 50 75 100

a I b Ag* (7) - 3.625 2.44 - 3.663 2.67 - 3.684 2.76 - 3.681 2.69 - 3.664 2.51 Al* (io) - 4.50 3.08 - 4.45 2.64 - 4.42 2.36 - 4.43 2.86 - 4.41 3.50 As (8) I- 3.26 I Au* (7) - 3.064 1.60 - 3.100 1.80 - 3.112 1.81 - 3.120 1.78 - 3.115 1.64 Bi (7) +16.50 4.81 +16.30 4.17 +15.92 4.03 +15.67 3.75 ( 8 )t I-12.91 I 2.8t C* (8) + 7.51 -2.96 + 4.01 -2.25 Ca* (8) +10.28 2.19 +10.17 1.94 + 9.92 1.80 + 9.33 1.94 + 9.25 1.80

\n

t

[ ____ a I

11 11 11 11 jll

Os Ql 25 50 75 100

-23.3§ -31.92J -31.60 -32.00 -32.75 -34.30

O 25 50

In (7) -12.11 -12.84 -13.54

30

Ir (») |- 1.74 I

I

11 11 11 11 11 I'

11 11 11 11 11 10 10 10 10 |lO 10 10

10 10 10 10 10

Cd* (7)

O 25 50 75 100 30

-10.83 -11.12 -11.34 -11.51 -11.65 Co* (10) |- 0.934| Cs; see Fig.

1.57 1.68 1.78 1.88 1.96

10 10 10 10 10 I

1

P _pr

O 25 50 75 100

1.972 1.945 1.916 1.899 1.872 Fe* (7) - 2.405 - 2.440 - 2.473 - 2.505 - 2.540

-

1.17 1.11 1.00 0.97 0.86

11 11 11 11 11

- 6.80 - 6.10 - 5.78

1.58 1.94 2.28

10 10 10 I

1.19 1.29 1.37 1.46 1.56

11 11 11 11 11

4.0 6.0 2.8

11 11 11

t

I a I b n Rb.—(Continued) P - P R525+ 0.1168P] XP - H0^ 3525 + p J 0

30

O 25 50 75 100 O 25 50 75 100

107P

~ °- Ji I

O 50 100

12 12 12 12 12 9 9 9

O 25 50 75 100 30 O 50 100

at 35 C (14) Rh (U) I - 1.74 I I Sb* (7) +12.20 +11.07 + 9.94 + 8.81 + 7.68 Sn* (7) -10.40 1.00 10 -10.66 1.15 10 -10.92 1.30 10 -11.18 1.46 10 -11.44 1.61 10 Sr (8) +48.93 1.59 9 +42.92 1.54 9 +39.17 1.55 9 Tl (7) -13.44 1.61 10 -13.99 1.95 10 -14.57 2.29 10 -15.18 2.63 10 -15.81 2.96 10 U (10) |- 4.36 I I W* (8) - 1.346 - 1.340 - 1.368

O 25 50 75 100

a I Zn* (7) - 5.40 - 5.404 - 5.430 - 5.472 - 5.524

O O 95

Zr* (8) - 0.5 - 0.398 - 0.396

b

I n

5.8 6.42 7.00 7.58 8.17

11 11 11 11 11

* Purity as follows Ag = 99.97 %. Al = 99.976 % + 0.014 % Si + 0.007 % Fe + 0.003 % Cu. Au = 99.97 %. C, for 0° = Acheson graphite; for 50° = purified Acheson graphite. Ca =» 99.9+%. Cd is Kahlbaum's "K." Co = 99.73 % + 0.14 % Fe + 0.019 % S + 0.02 % Si + 0.09 % C + 0.00 % Ni. Cu = 99.995+ %. Fe * 99.97%. Ga = 99.99+ % + tr. Zn, Li contains 0.7 % Al + tr. Fe. Mo =• 99.8%. Pb = 99.999+ % + tr. Cu, Ag. Sb = 99.45 % + tr. As, Fe, no other metals. Sn is Kahlbaum's "K." W = 99.97%. Zn is Kahlbaum's "K;" tr. Cd, Fe, Pb. Zr for first line contains 1.8 % W; for other two 0.6 % W. f Data for Ga, Hg, and liquid Bi have been corrected for compression of specimen, and the recorded coefficients refer to the resistivity of the material, not to the resistance of the specimen. t For P = 7000. § For 7640 ^ P ^ 12 000; Pp =* P7640 [1 + a(10-«(P - 7640) + b (10-«(P - 764O)2]. Il For 1000 ^P ^ 12 000; RP = «1000 [1 + a(10)-
12 12 12 12 12

Pb* (7)

O 25 50 75 100 O 25 50 75 100

-14.32 1.83 10 -14.72 2.08 10 -15.11 2.33 10 -15.52 2.57 10 -15.92 2.82 10 Pd (7) , - 1.965 5.8 12 - 1.967 6.7 12 - 1.959 6,7 12 - 1.941 5.8 12 - 1.916 4.4 12 Pt (7)

Ga*f (8)

3OZ 65/ 10OZ

[n

1.97§ 10 1.0381 9 0.840 9 0.840 9 0.850 9 0.960 | 9

XP - Xo^ 6115+P at O0C (14) Li* (8) Oto 100 1+ 7.72 I Mg (8) O - 4.080 50 - 4.065 100 - 4.018 Mo* (7) O - 1.327 3.45 25 - 1.324 3.56 50 - 1.319 3.67 75 - 1.315 3.78 100 - 1.312 3.89 Na (8) 20s -51.5 1.78 60s -61.7 2.15 10Os -65.0|| 2.6|| Ni (10) O - 1.880 4.14 25 - 1.909 5.5 50 - 1.934 6.89 75 - 1.957 8.25 100 - 1.975 9.64

CU* (7)

O 25 50 75 100

K 6115

b

1.975 8.75 12 1.962 8,33 12 1.949 7.86 12 1.936 7.92 12 1.923 7.09 12 Rb (-4431 + 0.1154Pl RP = R»[ — 443r+p— J at O0C (i 4 ) O 25 50 75 100

-

FIG. 1.—Effect of pressure upon electrical resistance of cesium (13). Unit of P = 1 kg/cm* = 14.223 Ib./in.* = Q.9678 atmosphere.

TABLE 4.—EFFECT OF TENSION UPON ELECTRICAL RESISTANCE OF PURE METALS ( 9 > *2, 14) Ro1 R8 = resistance of a given specimen when tension = 0 , = S, respectively. p0, ps = resistivity of a given material when tension = 0, = Sy respectively. Temperature is the same for R0, p0 as for R3, Ps. a(10)-6 = (R8 - R0)/R0S'; «(10)-« = (Ps - PO)/PO£'; S' = value of S which corresponds to tabulated values of a and a;

if all values of S from O to S' lead to same values for a and a, a t is placed after the value of S'; in this case R8 = R0(I + a(10)-6£), Ps = Po(I + «(10)-6AS) if S < S'. Unit of S' = 1 kg/cm2 = 14.22 lb./in.2 I. Longitudinal effect, stress parallel to current I

Ag

a

5.04

I

a

2.86

I

8'

~

250|

6.3 4.0 13Ot 6.17 3.87 12Of -29.2 -3.65 0.30Of 8.37 0.8 24Of 0.994 0.19 O.lOOf 2.66 1.3 580 3.03 1.7 1080 Fe* 2.51 1.80 1025 2.53 1.82 2050 Li 4.8 11 0.035f Ni* -2.53 -3.3 1900 Pd 3.19 1.66 457 3.05 1.52 770 Pt* 2.82 1.78 40Ot Sb 5.0 3.0 0.14Ot Sr* - 8.3 -21.2 40Ot II. Transverse effect, stress perpendicular to current, S' = 400 [ Purity I a Pd 99.9% 0.51 Pt 99.9 + % 0.34 Al* Au Bi* Ca* Co* Cu*

* Purity as follows: Al > 99.97%; Au > 99.9%; Bi = 99.97% + 0.03% Ag; Ca = chemically pure; Co = 98.71 % + 1.15% Fe, 0.14 % Si, 0.012 % S, 0.039 % C; Cu > 99.995 %; Fe > 99.97 %; Ni > 99%; Pt > 99.9 %; Sr > 98 %. t Values of a and a are independent of S if S <> S'; for Li, if 0.015 ^ S <, S'.

EFFECT OF IMPURITIES UPON THE ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY OF METALS In each of the following figures each curve represents the variation of the resistivity of the metal named at the top of the figure with the amount of the impurity named upon the curve. The abscissae denote the per cent by weight of the impurity and the ordinates denote the values of pi/po at room temperature; p^ p0 = the resistivity of the impure, of the pure material, respectively. Numbers in ( ) are literature references. Example: From the curve showing the effect of Co upon the resistance of Cu, it is seen that the addition of 2.0% of Co corresponds to a relative resistivity (pi/PO) of 5.0; that is the resistivity (PI) of this impure Cu is 5.0 times as great as that (p0) of pure Cu.

ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY: METALS ABOVE -8O0C

139

50

\ 1.0

1.0

ao PER CENT

1.0

2.0 PER CENT

ao

4.0

5.0

IMPURITY

ao IMPURITY

1.064

1.056

1.048

7

1040

fe 1.032
5.0

IO 2.0 3.0 PER CENT IMPURITY

1.024

1.016

1.008

1.000

1.0

2.0 PER CENT

3.0 IMPURITY

4.0

5.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

PER CENT IMPURITY

0.8

LO

INTERNATIONAL CRITICAL TABLES

140

2.0O1

—

175

1.0 PER CENT

15 IMPURITY

2.0

1.25

2.5

1.00 LO/ (

£.0 PER CENT

3.0 IMPURITY

4.0

2.0 CENT

3.0 IMPURITY

4.0

2.0Or

1.75

•1.50

13o: 1.0

2.0 PER CENT

1.25

3.0 IMPURITY

1.00 LO PER

7

1.0 PER

2.0 CENT

3.0 IMPURITY

4.0

5.0

1.0

2.0 PER CENT

3.0 IMPURITY

1.0

2.0 3.0 PER CENT IMPURITY

4.0

LITERATURE

(4°)

(For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) O) Addicks, 80, 36: 18; 06. ( 2 ) Barratt, 67, 26: 347; 14. (3) Benedicks, 18O1 6: No. 24; 11. ( 4 ) Benedicks, 95, 7: 225; 15. ( 5 ) Bidwell, 2, 19: 447; 22. ( 6 ) Bornemann and von Rauschenplat, 192, 9: 505; 12. ( 7 ) Bridgman, 65, 52: 573; 17. ( 8 ) Bridgman, 65, 56: 59; 21. ( 9 ) Bridgman, 65, 57: 41; 22. ( 1 O) Bridgman, 65, 58: 151; 23. C 1 1 ) Bridgman, 65, 59: 107; 24. ( 12 ) Bridgman, 65, 59: 119; 24. f 1 3 ) Bridgman, 65, 60: 385; 25. ( 14 ) Bridgman, 65, 60: 423; 25. ( 15 ) Bridgman, 197, 10: 411; 24. ( 16 ) Broniewski, 6, 25: 5; 12. ( 17 ) Broniewski and Hackspill, 34, 153: 814; 11. ( 18 ) Burgess and Aston, 78, 20: 205; 11. ( 19 ) Clausing, 208, 4: 374; 24. (20) Davey, W. P., Pennsylvania State College, State College, Pa., O. ( 21 ) Bellinger, 31 A, 7: 71; 11. ( 2 2 ) Dewar and Fleming, 3, 34: 326; 92. ( 23 ) Dewar and Fleming, 3, 36: 271; 93. ( 2 4 ) Dewar and Fleming, 5, 60: 72; 97. ( 2S ) Dewar and Fleming, 5, 60: 76; 97. ( 26 » 27 ) Edwards, J. D., Aluminum Company of America, New Kensington, Pa., O. ( 28 ) Ellis, Thesis, Rensselaer Polytech. Inst., 1927. ( 2 9 ) Erhard, 8, 14: 504; 81. (30) Eucken and Gehlhoff, 88, 14: 169; 12. (31) Feussner, 88, 10: 109; 91. (32) Feussner and Lindeck, 89, 2: 501; 95. ( 33 ) Fleming, 5, 66: 50; 00. (34) Forsythe, NeIa Park, Cleveland, Ohio, O. ( 3S ) Geiss and van Liempt, 95, 17: 194;25. ( 36 ) Guillaume, 34, 115: 414; 92. ( 37 ) Guntz and Broniewski, 42, 7: 464; 09. ( 38 ) Hackspill, 34, 151: 305; 10. ( 39 ) Haken, 8, 32: 291; 10.

(50)

(60)

(70)

(81)

Hansen, 78, 16: 329; 09. (*l) Heuer, I1 49: 2711; 27. ( 42 ) Hunter, Sebast and Jones, 80, 68: 750; 23. ( 43 ) Ingersoll, 2, 16: 126; 20. ( 44 ) International Electrotechnical Commission, Publication No. 28; 14. ( 45 ) International Conference on Electrical Units and Standards, 1908. London, H. M. S. O., 1909. ( 46 ) Jaeger and Diesselhorst, 89, 3: 269; 00. ( 47 ) Jaeger and Steinwehr, 8, 45: 1089; 14. ( 48 ) Koenigsberger and Schilling, 8, 32: 179: 10. ( 49 ) Kreichgauer and Jaeger, 8, 47: 513; 92. Kuh, Thesis, Zurich, 1911. (5*) Kurnakov and Nikitinski, 93, 88: 151; 14. ( 52 ) Kurnakov and Zemczuzny, 93, 64: 149; 09. ( 53 ) Langmuir, 120, 19: 208; 16. ( 5 4 ) Ledoux, 34, 155: 35; 12. ( 5S ) Lees, 62, 208: 381; 08. ( 56 ) Matthiessen, 3, 13: 81; 57. ( 5 7 ) Matthiessen and Bose, 8, 115: 352; 62. (8«) Meyer, 88, 13: 680; 11. ( 59 ) Mueller, E. F., Bureau of Standards, Washington, D. C., O. Muller, 192, 7: 755; 10. ( 61 ) Niccolai, 22, 16 I: 906; 07. ( 6 2 ) Norsa, 34, 155: 348; 12. ( 6 3 ) Northrup, 78, 20: 185; 11. ( 6 4 ) Northrup, 78, 25: 373; 14. (« 5 ) Northrup, 143, 177: 1; 14. (««) Northrup, 143, 177: 287; 14. (67) Northrup, 143, 178: 85; 14. ( 68 ) Northrup, 143, 175: 153; 13. (« 9 ) Oberbeck and Bergmann, 8, 31: 792; 87. Ryschewitsch, 9, 29 : 474; 23. (") Schulz, 8, 9 : 555; 02. (72) Shukov, 63, 42: 40; 10. (73) Smirnov and Kurnakov, 93, 72: 31; 11. (74) Smith, 62, 204: 57; 04. (75; Stepanov, 93, 78: 1; 12. (76) Swisher, 2, 10: 601; 17. (77) Urasov, 93, 73: 31; 12. ( 78 » 79, 80) Wenner and Lindberg, O. Wolff and Dellinger, SlA, 7: 103; 11. ( 8 2 ) Worthing, A. G., Univ. of Pittsburgh, O. ( 83 ) Zwikker, 208, 5: 249, 319; 25.

ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY OF S, Se, AND Te F. C. BROWN AND A. M. MACMAHON CONTENTS

PAGE

Symbols Resistivity in the dark Effect of light: Sulfur Selenium Tellurium

141 141 141 141 142

Owing to the remarkable effect of light upon Se and to the chemical analogy of Se to S and to Te, it is convenient to devote a special section to the electrical resistivities of these three substances. Not only their chemical analogies, but also the differences in their resistivities and in their response to light, may be interpreted in terms of the outer electronic structures of the atoms ( 17 ). In general the resistivity depends upon the potential gradient (dV/dx) (i> 8); those tabulated below refer to relatively small values of the gradient. SYMBOLS

RESISTIVITY (p) IN THE DARK

S

Se

Te

Form Liquid Liquid Liquid Liquid .a\ 0

|

t \ A 390 7.66 4372.23 5402.24 6908.8 202.5 205.9

n \ Lit. 4 (21) .4 (21) 3 (21) 1 (21) -1 (14) -3 (14)

-2004.9 -2 (13)

+ 0** -1006.7 -2 (13) OL + /3** + 551.2 -1 (13) a + 0** 1009.8 -2 (13) a + /?** 2004.7 -2 (13) OL + /3** 3006.0 -3 (13) OL + /3** (see also 4009.0 -3(13) p. 129) J a

* P = 1.5 kg/cm2. t Current _L long axis, P small; at P = 150 kg/cm 2 , p = 106. 0.63% per I0C.

§ Current || long axis, P = -1.05 kg/cm2, " ^ = -2.57% per I0C. 1 Annealed at 20O0C, P = 6.15 kg/cm 2 ; - ^= -4 to -6% per I0C 3O) 1 = -0.817% per I0C (").

( 27,

** P Gr)*

o = ~°-0129%

per k

8/cm2 < 2 )-

EFFECT OF LIGHT

of p = 1 ohm-cm t \ A \ n \ Lit. 201.91 17 (7) 303.90 16 (?) 693.93 15 (») 1127.39 12(9) 1302.0 10 (31) 3002.8 8 (20) 440 7.7 6 (20) 8.0 224.2 201.0 241.93 4.0 224.43

|

a -T 0**

%\ jf-

/ = intensity (energy) of illumination; ii, id = current when illuminated, when in the dark; P = pressure; t = temperature, 0C; IR = room temperature; V = applied potential; 6, c, k = factors of proportionality; X = wave-length of the illuminating radiation; p = resistivity. P = I kg/cm2; p = AX 10n. Unit j Form | Element Orthorhombic a Orthorhombic a Monoclinictf Monoclinic/3 Liquid Liquid Liquid (see also p. 153) Vitreous to Vitreous* Hexagonal J_t HexagonalIl § AnnealedU to Annealed If

Element ^.—(Continued)

6 (27) 7 (i«) 7 (*) 6 («) 5(27,30) 5 (i 8 )

Sulfur.—For rhombic, or a-sulfur, the form stable at ordinary temperatures, ii — id is very small if d V/dx is small (i i); it increases with d V/dx to a limiting value at d V/dx a little greater than 30 000 volt/cm; ii — id = kl, where k is independent of / (i 5 ) but varies with X, having a maximum at X == 47Om/* (= 470 X 10~7 cm). Selenium.—Resistivity of crystalline Se is greatly reduced by illumination (2S)j but the decrease depends upon so many factors that it is impracticable-at this time to give numerical constants of general applicability. The value of ii depends upon the form and dimensions of the constituent crystals, upon the quality, intensity and duration of the illumination, as well as upon the temperature, pressure and applied potential difference; it varies with X, passing through a well-defined maximum in the red ( 6 > 25, 26), The variation of ii with 7 is still under discussion ( 2;j ); Brown (4) found ii = i
Rosse ( 24 ) that ii — id = CA//J provided / is neither very small nor extremely great; here 6 and C are independent of / but dependent upon X and other physical parameters. For dependence of ii upon duration of illumination, see ( 3 » 10, 16, 29)- f or a more complete bibliography of the entire subject, see ( 5 > 12 > 23). TYPICAL DATA FOR SELENIUM BRIDGES Annealed Bridge of the Braun Condenser Type (16). Useful area = 151 mm2; thickness =0.1 to 0.2 mm. Unit of X = Im/A = 10~7 cm; of /\ = 10~8 watt/mm 2 ; of V = 1 volt; of id, ii — 10~5 ampere. X I /x I V I id I ii - id I V \ id \ ii - id 451 2.83 5.60 15.7 1.09 11.03 34.9 2.23 529 4.07 5.60 15.6 1.76 11.02 34.7 3.56 674 3.68 5.35 14.7 4.26 10.70 33.8 9.78 Crystal Bridge (^ 9 ). Useful area = 132 mm2; thickness = 0.2 to 0.3 mm; illumination by gas-filled tungsten (W) lamp, total unfiltered radiation; I = 0.5 phot. = 0.5 lumen/cm2 = 5000 m-candle = 464 ft. candle. Unit of V = 1 volt; of id, ii = 1 ampere. V I id I ii - id Il V I id \ ii - id 2.0 [1.11 X 10-4|l.80 X 10"4I|20.0| 1.43 X lQ-3|l.56 X IQ"3

Tellurium.—Some observers, neglecting effects due to the high thermoelectric power of Te with respect to other metals, have concluded that the resistivity of Te is affected by illumination. Careful investigation shows that this conclusion is incorrect (18). The absence of such an effect is in agreement with a recent interpretation of the low resistivity of Te (17). LITERATURE (For a key to the literature see end of volume) (!) Adams, 5, 23: 535; 75. 24: 163; 75. (2) Bridgman, 197, 3: 10; 17. (3) Brown, #,33: 1,403; 11. (<) Brown, 2, 4: 85; 14. ( 5 ) Brown, 453, 23: 241; 16. (6) Brown and Sieg, 2, 4: 48; 14. (7) Curtis, 31 A, 11: 359; 15. (») Fournier d'Albe, 5, 86: 452; 12. (») Foussereau, 34, 97: 996; 83. (10) Glatzel, 88, 13: 778; 11. 14: 607; 12. (U) Goldmann and Kalandyk, 8, 36: 589; 11. (12) Graetz, Handbuch der Elektrizitdt und des Magnetismus, III: 681; 23. Leipzig, Earth. (*3; Quntz and Broniewski, 34, 147: 1474; 08. ( 1 ^) Haken, 8, 32: 291; 10. (15) Kurrelmeyer, 2, 29: 615; 27. 0«) MacMahon, 2, 29: 219; 27. ( 17 ) MacMahon, 2, 29: 902; 27. 0«) MacMahon, Univ. Chicago, O. ( 19 ) MacMahon and Brown, 48, 11: 221; 25. ( 20 ) Monckmann, 5, 46: 136; 89. ( 2 I) Pelabon, 34, 173: 295; 21. (22) Piersol, 2, 29: 902; 27. ( 23 ) Ri68, Das Selen, p. 95. Huber, Munchen, 1918. (24) Rosse, 3, 47: 161; 74. (25) Sale, 5, 21: 283; 73. (26) Sieg and Brown, 2, 5: 65; 15. (27) Siemens, 8, 159: 117; 76. (28) Smith, 58, 7: 303; 73. ( 29 ) Sperling, Diss., Gottingen, 1908. ( 30 ) Stebbins and Brown, 21, 26: 326; 07. (31) Wigand, 88, 10: 495; 08.

THE ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY OF PURE NON-METALLIC LIQUIDS1 J. R. PARTINGTON Abbreviations.—"Non." = a "non-conductor." K = conductivity in ohm"1 cm"1. Elementary Substances* and Atmospheric Air; A-Table -^1 -. Lit. A I n 17V213 1 4 ( 3 6 ) ; c/. (122, 144); Fig. 6 -70(?) <1 16 (81) 110 13 11 (36, 143); c/. Fig. 6 25 4 7 (37, 38); c/. Fig. 7 115 1 12 (37) 130 5 11 (135) 440 12 8 (87) v. p. 141 ca. O (27) under Ra rays.. 13 15 (27) Substance

Br Cl 1 P S Se Air Air

t, 0C

* Except data below -8O0C, for which v. p. 124.

Chemical Compounds, !&-Table Standard arrangement; v. Vol. Ill, p. viii Substance

t, 0C

H20 HCl HBr HI SO2; cf. (is, is,

18 -96 -80 B. P.(?) -15

31, 132, 133)

(?)

35

SO3 H2S

H 2 SQ 4 ... 1

K = A X ; io~n A 4 1 8 2 9*

<5

15 "Non."

I

n 8 8 9 7 8

8

8

B. P.(?)

1

11

25

1

2

Except fused salts, for which see p. 147.

Lit. v. p. 152 (2) (i) (H4) (34) (13)

(4) (122) (96.5); c/. (114)

(7); cf. (48)

%-Table.—(Continued) Substance

t, 0C

S2Cl2 SOCl2 SO2Cl2 SO2OHCl SeOCl2 SeOBr2 NH 3 ;c/. (18, 19)

25 2 5 2 5 25 2 5 45 to 50 -33 -79

2H3PO4-H2O PCl5 POCl3 25 PBr5 AsCl3 25 AsBr3 35 SbCl3 75(?j SbCl5 Sb2S3 See Fig. 8 Carbon compounds, v. infra. SiCl4 Si(OCH3), 25 Si(OC2H6), 25 GeBr4 30 SnCl4 OsO4 40(?) Ni(CO)4 BCl3 B(OCH3)3 O 2 5 NaOH, KOH 400 to 600 * Probably high.

K = A X : 10"^

A I n "Non." 2 6 3 8 16 5 2 5 6 5 <1 8 13 8 ca. 1 2 >"Non." 22 7 "Non." 12 7 15 7 85 8 "Non."

"Non." 16 <3 78 "Non." <1 1 "Non." 5 6

7 8 6 11 9 6 6

Lit, (122) (122) (124) O 23 ) (64) (78) (39,40) (41) (97) (122) (122) (122) (124) (123) (73) (122) (75) (122) (84) (84) (30) (122) (134.5) (85) (122) (127) (3)

Rosse ( 24 ) that ii — id = CA//J provided / is neither very small nor extremely great; here 6 and C are independent of / but dependent upon X and other physical parameters. For dependence of ii upon duration of illumination, see ( 3 » 10, 16, 29)- f or a more complete bibliography of the entire subject, see ( 5 > 12 > 23). TYPICAL DATA FOR SELENIUM BRIDGES Annealed Bridge of the Braun Condenser Type (16). Useful area = 151 mm2; thickness =0.1 to 0.2 mm. Unit of X = Im/A = 10~7 cm; of /\ = 10~8 watt/mm 2 ; of V = 1 volt; of id, ii — 10~5 ampere. X I /x I V I id I ii - id I V \ id \ ii - id 451 2.83 5.60 15.7 1.09 11.03 34.9 2.23 529 4.07 5.60 15.6 1.76 11.02 34.7 3.56 674 3.68 5.35 14.7 4.26 10.70 33.8 9.78 Crystal Bridge (^ 9 ). Useful area = 132 mm2; thickness = 0.2 to 0.3 mm; illumination by gas-filled tungsten (W) lamp, total unfiltered radiation; I = 0.5 phot. = 0.5 lumen/cm2 = 5000 m-candle = 464 ft. candle. Unit of V = 1 volt; of id, ii = 1 ampere. V I id I ii - id Il V I id \ ii - id 2.0 [1.11 X 10-4|l.80 X 10"4I|20.0| 1.43 X lQ-3|l.56 X IQ"3

Tellurium.—Some observers, neglecting effects due to the high thermoelectric power of Te with respect to other metals, have concluded that the resistivity of Te is affected by illumination. Careful investigation shows that this conclusion is incorrect (18). The absence of such an effect is in agreement with a recent interpretation of the low resistivity of Te (17). LITERATURE (For a key to the literature see end of volume) (!) Adams, 5, 23: 535; 75. 24: 163; 75. (2) Bridgman, 197, 3: 10; 17. (3) Brown, #,33: 1,403; 11. (<) Brown, 2, 4: 85; 14. ( 5 ) Brown, 453, 23: 241; 16. (6) Brown and Sieg, 2, 4: 48; 14. (7) Curtis, 31 A, 11: 359; 15. (») Fournier d'Albe, 5, 86: 452; 12. (») Foussereau, 34, 97: 996; 83. (10) Glatzel, 88, 13: 778; 11. 14: 607; 12. (U) Goldmann and Kalandyk, 8, 36: 589; 11. (12) Graetz, Handbuch der Elektrizitdt und des Magnetismus, III: 681; 23. Leipzig, Earth. (*3; Quntz and Broniewski, 34, 147: 1474; 08. ( 1 ^) Haken, 8, 32: 291; 10. (15) Kurrelmeyer, 2, 29: 615; 27. 0«) MacMahon, 2, 29: 219; 27. ( 17 ) MacMahon, 2, 29: 902; 27. 0«) MacMahon, Univ. Chicago, O. ( 19 ) MacMahon and Brown, 48, 11: 221; 25. ( 20 ) Monckmann, 5, 46: 136; 89. ( 2 I) Pelabon, 34, 173: 295; 21. (22) Piersol, 2, 29: 902; 27. ( 23 ) Ri68, Das Selen, p. 95. Huber, Munchen, 1918. (24) Rosse, 3, 47: 161; 74. (25) Sale, 5, 21: 283; 73. (26) Sieg and Brown, 2, 5: 65; 15. (27) Siemens, 8, 159: 117; 76. (28) Smith, 58, 7: 303; 73. ( 29 ) Sperling, Diss., Gottingen, 1908. ( 30 ) Stebbins and Brown, 21, 26: 326; 07. (31) Wigand, 88, 10: 495; 08.

THE ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY OF PURE NON-METALLIC LIQUIDS1 J. R. PARTINGTON Abbreviations.—"Non." = a "non-conductor." K = conductivity in ohm"1 cm"1. Elementary Substances* and Atmospheric Air; A-Table -^1 -. Lit. A I n 17V213 1 4 ( 3 6 ) ; c/. (122, 144); Fig. 6 -70(?) <1 16 (81) 110 13 11 (36, 143); c/. Fig. 6 25 4 7 (37, 38); c/. Fig. 7 115 1 12 (37) 130 5 11 (135) 440 12 8 (87) v. p. 141 ca. O (27) under Ra rays.. 13 15 (27) Substance

Br Cl 1 P S Se Air Air

t, 0C

* Except data below -8O0C, for which v. p. 124.

Chemical Compounds, !&-Table Standard arrangement; v. Vol. Ill, p. viii Substance

t, 0C

H20 HCl HBr HI SO2; cf. (is, is,

18 -96 -80 B. P.(?) -15

31, 132, 133)

(?)

35

SO3 H2S

H 2 SQ 4 ... 1

K = A X ; io~n A 4 1 8 2 9*

<5

15 "Non."

I

n 8 8 9 7 8

8

8

B. P.(?)

1

11

25

1

2

Except fused salts, for which see p. 147.

Lit. v. p. 152 (2) (i) (H4) (34) (13)

(4) (122) (96.5); c/. (114)

(7); cf. (48)

%-Table.—(Continued) Substance

t, 0C

S2Cl2 SOCl2 SO2Cl2 SO2OHCl SeOCl2 SeOBr2 NH 3 ;c/. (18, 19)

25 2 5 2 5 25 2 5 45 to 50 -33 -79

2H3PO4-H2O PCl5 POCl3 25 PBr5 AsCl3 25 AsBr3 35 SbCl3 75(?j SbCl5 Sb2S3 See Fig. 8 Carbon compounds, v. infra. SiCl4 Si(OCH3), 25 Si(OC2H6), 25 GeBr4 30 SnCl4 OsO4 40(?) Ni(CO)4 BCl3 B(OCH3)3 O 2 5 NaOH, KOH 400 to 600 * Probably high.

K = A X : 10"^

A I n "Non." 2 6 3 8 16 5 2 5 6 5 <1 8 13 8 ca. 1 2 >"Non." 22 7 "Non." 12 7 15 7 85 8 "Non."

"Non." 16 <3 78 "Non." <1 1 "Non." 5 6

7 8 6 11 9 6 6

Lit, (122) (122) (124) O 23 ) (64) (78) (39,40) (41) (97) (122) (122) (122) (124) (123) (73) (122) (75) (122) (84) (84) (30) (122) (134.5) (85) (122) (127) (3)

Carbon Compounds; (T-Table; v. Vol. Ill, p. viii Natural oils at end of table; for anisotropic liquids, v. (116) Formula

0

Name

t, C

CBrN CCU CCl2O CN4Os CS2

Cyanogen bromide Carbon tetrachloride Carbonyl chloride Tetranitromethane Carbon disulfide

55 18 25

CHBr3 CHCl3 CHN

Bromoform Chloroform Hydrogen cyanide

K = A X io~

n

Lit.

n 2 18 9

18

A ca. 2 4. 7 " Non." 78

25 25 O

< 2 <2 33

8 8 7

(93) ( 9 3 ) ; c/. (126) (129) ; c/. (is,

18 25

56 64

6 6

(106)

25 O 19 2 5 O

<2 18* 18* 4 44

8 6 5 6 8

( 9 3 ); c/. ( 1 0 1 ) (127) (129) (70) (125)

7

(12); c f . (26, 95)

8 7 8

(125) (»3) ( 5 I- 5 ); cf. ( 6 2 )

19

(43) (8); cf. ( 5 5 ) («-5) ( 1 2 7) ( 8 ); c/. ( 5 5 » 76, 97.2)

19, 22, 68)

CH2O2; cf. (i7, Formic acid 91, 105, 107, 129)

CH3I CH3NO

Methyl iodide Formamide

CH 3 NO 2

Nitromethane

1 8

6

25 25 (?)

54 45 4

19,60,61,98,

Ig

44

8

102,115,121)

20

58

7

25

22

8

CH 3 NO 3 Methyl nitrate CH4O; cf. (i 8 » Methyl alcohol

(H7) (108)

(133.5); c/. (127)

CH6N C2N2 C2HBr3O C2HCl3O2

Methylamine Cyanogen Bromal Trichloroacetic acid

C2H2 CzH2Br2O C2H2Cl2O2

Acetylene Bromoacetyl bromide Dichloroacetic acid

C2H3BrO

Acetyl bromide

C2H3ClO

Acetyl chloride-

C2H3ClO2 C2H3N

Chloroacetic acid Acetonitrile

C 2 H 3 NO

Glycolic nitrile

C2H3NS

Methyl thiocyanate

C2H3NS

Methyl isothibcyanatef 1, 1-Dichloroethane Ethylene chloride Ethylene bromide Acetaldehyde

C 2 H 4 Cl 2 C2H4C12 C 2 H 4 Br 2 C2H4O

C 2 H 4 O 2 ; c / . (4«» Acetic acid 49, 70

58,

69,

)

C2H4O2 C2H4OS C2H5Br C2H6I C 2 H 5 NO C 2 H 6 NO 3

25 25 60 O O 2 5 O 25 O 2 5 60 O 2 0 25 O 25 O 25 50 25 25 19 O 15 20.5 O I8

25 3 0 40 (?) Methyl formate; see Fig. 3 Thioacetic acid O 25 Ethyl bromide 25 Ethyl iodide 25 Acetamide 100 Ethyl nitrate O 25

C2HsO; cf. (is, Ethyl alcohol

O

19,26,44,61,

18

62,63,66,76, 92, 117, 119,

25

120)

* Probably high.

ca. 7 < 7 8 3 62 " Non." 73 4 7 2 24 35 4 14 1 7 19 52 83 13 15 3 <17 3 < 2 14 17 55 5 5*

11.2 8 14* 8 39 27 <2 <2 <43 23 53

7 9 8 9 10 8 8 8 6 7 8 7 7 6 6 8 7 7 7 7 7

(38.5) (22) (") ( 6 9 ); c / . ( 9 7 .i) (70) (82) (!24) (*7.i) (127) (127) (127) (127) (70) ( 1 2 5 ); c / . (i°0) (42) (127) (««) (130) ; c/. (65) (125)

9 (ioi) 8 (isi) 10 (42) 7 (125,12?) 7 (12?) 7 (42) 9 ( 9 7«i) 7

9 9 8 10 7 7 8 8 6 8 8

Formula

Name

«.°c * =A x 1 0 -'

C3HsClO

O 2 5 O Dimethyl sulfate 2 5 O Dimethylnitrosamine 25 -33.5 Ethylamine O 10 Acrolein (not quite pure; had an acid reaction) 25 Epichlorohydrin

C3H5ClO2 C3H5N

Ethyl chloroformate Propionitrile

C 2 HeO 2 C2H6O4S C 2 HeN 2 O C2H7N C3H4O

Glycol

A I 24 3 16 3 12 16 46 4 16

34

n 8 7 8 7 6 6 9 7 8 9

(»7.i) (54) (54) (14-5)

25

O 25 O C3H6NS 25 25 Ethyl thiocyanate C 3 H 5 NS 25 Dichlorohydrin C3HeCl2O -15 C3HeO; cf. (26, Acetone 42, 112) O 1 8 20 2 5 2 5 Allyl alcohol C3HeO O Propionaldehyde C3HeO 25 Ethyl formate, see Fig. 2 C3HeO2 25 Methyl acetate C3HeO2 25 Propionic acid C3HeO2 Ethyl xanthogenate(?) 25 C3HeOS2 25 C3H7Br n-Propyl bromide 25 Chlorohydrin C3H7ClO2 18 n-Propyl alcohol C3H8O

C 3 H 6 NO

Lactonitrile (a-hydroxypropionitrile) Ethyl isothiocyanate

< 1

7

18 31 87 126 12 12 11 6 2 12* 6 7 7 85

8 8 9 9 7 6 10 8 8 8 8 6 7 8

34 < 1 < 2 < 2 5 I 5 I

7 9 8 8 7 8

(93) ( 93 ) ( 1 3 4 ); c/. (6-5) (127); cf. ( i o i ) ; see also Fig. 2) (127)

15*

8 9

(121)

11

(28)

(127) (130) (127) ( 127 );c/.(*29)

(35) (H3) (89) (127) ; c/. (26, (•) (125); see Fig. 6 (127)

(127) (127) (ioi) (130) (61) (32) (i<>8) (69,70) (80) (i 2 5 ); c/. (26) ( 9 3) ;c /. Fig. 3 (70) (93) ( 9 3) (ioi) (32); Cf, (59, 104)

C3H8O C3H8O3

Isopropyl alcohol Glycerol

2 5 2 5 25 25

2 9 35 64

8 (72) 9 ( U ) 7 (!01) 9 ( 2 9 ); cf. ( 2 O,

C3H9N C4H4N2 C4H6Cl3O2 C 4 H 6 NO 2

22 15 3 3 45

11 7 8 7 8

C4H7ClO2 C4H7N C4H8Br2 C4HsO C4H8O2

-33.5 Trimethylamine 60 Succinonitrile 25 Ethyl trichloroacetate O Methyl cyanoacetate 25 25 Allyl isothiocyanate 25 Ethyl dichloroacetate O Acetic anhydride 20 25 25 Ethyl chloroacetate 25 n-B utyronitrile 25 Butylene bromide 25 Methyl ethyl ketone 25 Ethyl acetate

C4H8O2 C4HsO2 C 4 H 9 NO 3 C4Hi0O

Propyl formate; see Fig. 1 Methyl propionate; see Fig. 3 25 Isobutyl nitrate 25 Ether

47, 108,

C 4 H 5 NS C4HeCl2O2 C 4 HeO 3

25

6

7 1 75* 48 2 12 < 2 1 < 1

8 6 8 8 7 6 8 7 9

109)

(35) (i25) ( 9 7 -i); cf. (5) ( i 2 7 ) ; s e c Fig. 7 (84); cf.

(65)

( 9 7 -i); c f . («*)' (i") (i°8) (i 2 7 ) ( 9 7 -i);c/. (80) (33) (93) ( 9 S) (6J»» 71); c/. flQl\

< 2 < 4

8 13

( 9 3 ); see Fig. 1 ( 9 7 - 2 ); cf. (18, 19, 21, 42, 76,

124)

12

( 7)

ut

112)

(54)

64*

135

(T -Table. — (Continued)

C4Hi0O

Isobutyl alcohol

C4Hi0O3S

as^/ra.-Diethyl sulfite

C4Hi0O3S

s^ra.-Diethyl sulfite

C4Hi0O4S

Diethyl sulfate

C 4 HnN

Diethylamine

18 25 25 O 2 5 O 2 5 O 25 -33.5

< 1* 8 95 3 5 2 4 16 26 22

7 8 10 7 7 7 7 8 8 10

( 3 2 );c/. (ioi) (131) (U) (1 2 7)

0 2 7) 0 2 7) (35)

t In the original, the compound in question is called " methylene mustard oil," and the formula "CN. CNS" is given. The boiling point (117°) indicates, however, that the liquid is probably methyl mustard oil.

(T-Table. — (Continued) Formula

Name

C6H4O2

Furfural

C6H4O3

Citraconic anhydride

C 6 H 5 N;c/. (5!» Pyridine 52, 80, 96)

Ethyl cyanoacetate

C 6 H 7 NO 2 C6H8O2

Acetylacetone

CsH8O4

Dimethyl malonate

C5H9N C5HiO

Valeronitrile Amylene (fusel amylene) Isovaleraldehyde

O 20 25 25 O 2 5 O 18 25 25 O 25 O 2 5 O 25 25 25

97 11 15 16 1 2 57* 53 < 5 68 19 19 2 3 8 12 57 < 2f

O 8 25 10 2 5 1 Methyl propyl ketone Ethyl propionate; see Fig. 2 Isovaleric acid | 80 < 4 Isobutyl formate; see Fig-. 1 Methyl butyrate; see Fig. 3 Propyl acetate; see Fig. 1 Diethyl carbonate 25 17 See also Fig. 25 < 2 Isoamyl bromide 25 35 Amyl iodide 25 < 2 Piperidine 25 19 Amyl nitrite 25 28 Amyl nitrate

C5H10O C 6 Hi 0 O C6Hi0O2 CsHwO2 C6Hi0O2 C5Hi0O2 C 6 Hi 0 O 2 C 6 Hi 0 O 3 C6HuBr C 6 HnI C 5 HnN C 6 HnNO 2 C 6 HuNO 3 C 6 Hi 2 C 6 Hi 2 O

Pentane

. Isoamyl alcohol

(T-Table. — (Continued)

( ,o C . - A X l O A I n

8 7 7 8 7 7 9 9 .8 9 8 8 7 7 8 8 7 8

Formula 127

( ) (10S)JC^(1O1) 127 ( ) (128) (127)

( 94 ) (32) (79) (50) ( 127 );c/. ( 8 0 ) (127) (127) (101) (93) ( 1 2 S)

8 8 6

(80)

13

(97-2)

Amyl hydrogen sulfide (amylmercaptan) Isoamylamine Bromobenzene

C 5 Hi 3 N CeH5Br CeH 6 NO 2 ;

cf. Nitrobenzene

(14, 66, 86)

(101)

8 7 7 8 8

( 93 ) (93) (80) (80) ( 1 0 1 ); see Fig. 3 (42) ( 4 4 );c/. ( 4 2 »

10 8

20 25 25

4* 15 < 2

8 9 8

25 25

< 8 < 2

8 11

O 18 20 25

5 2* < 2 < 2* 76 < 1

9 7 10 8 9 18

25 25 O 25 35 25

5 <17 9J 24 82 55

8 9 9 9 9 8

2 5

4

8

C 6 H 6 ClN CeHeO CeH7N

m-Chloroaniline Phenol Aniline

C6H7N CeHi 0 O 3

Picoline Ethyl acetoacetate

CeHi0O4 CeHi 0 O 6

Diethyl oxalate Dimethyl malate

C 6 HnN CeHnNS.CeHi 2 O 2 C 6 Hi 2 O 2 CeHi 2 O 2 C 6 Hi 2 O 2 C 6 Hi 2 O 2 C 6 Hi 2 O 2 CeHi 2 O 3 CeHi 4

Capronitrile Amyl thiocyanate Amyl formate; see Fig. 3 Ethyl butyrate; see Fig. 2 Ethyl isobutyrate; see Fig. 2 Isobutyl acetate; see Fig. 1 Methyl valerate; see Fig. 3 Propyl propionate; see Fig. 1 Paraldehyde 18 Hexane

( 108 ) (72) (93)

(67) ( 9 7 - 2 ); cf. ( 2 4 » 101) (97-2) (26) (42) (93) (15> 23» 55> 74» 76, 93 » 1 1 J » 118, 1 2 6 )

25 O 25 25 25

76 3 55 37 15

<36 < 1§

25 18 20 25

n 7 8 7 8

( ) t 26 ) ( 42 » 108 ) ( 26 » 125 )

125||

3

9

(97-2)

1 16 < 2 < 2

7 8 7 7

< 1

14

Phenyl isothiocyanate Benzaldehyde

C 7 HeO 2 C7H6O2

Benzoic acid Salicylaldehyde

C 7 H 7 NO 2 C 7 H 7 NO 2 C7H8

o-Nitrotoluene w-Nitrotoluene Toluene

C7H8O C7H8O C7H8O2 C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7Hi2O4 C 7 Hi 4 O 2 C 7 HuO 2 C 7 Hi 4 O 2 C 7 Hi 6 C8H7N

Benzyl alcohol 25 18 7 25 <17 9 ra-Cresol Guaiacol 25 28 8 Benzylamine 25 <17 9 o-Toluidine 25 < 2 6 p-Toluidine 100 62 9 "Non."; see Fig. 2 Diethyl malonate Amyl acetate; see Fig. 3 Ethyl valerate; see Fig. 2 Propyl butyrate; see Fig. 1 < 1 13 Heptane O 1 7 Benzyl cyanide 25 < 5 8 25 57 7 Tolunitrile 16.5 21 8 Acetophenone

O 25 25 25

84

( 125 ) ( 80 ) ( 80 ) ( 80 )

(");c/. ( 7 6» 110, 111)

C8HsO2

2

< 2 5*

Benzene

Li,

A I 14 17 4 15

( 80 ) ( 1 Oi) ( 101 ) ( 101 ) (101) (6) (90)

( 24 » 56) ( 127 );c/. ( 1 0 8 ) ( 131 ) (1O1) ( 2 5 ); cf. ( 69 » 80)

9

19.5 18

CeH 6

oc * = A * 10 -"

C7H6NS C7HeO

CsH7N C8H8O

96)

C 6 Hi 2 S

Name

( 100 );c/. ( 1 3 M (101) (94) ( 101 ) ( 6 6 ) ; cf, (45, 131)

8 ( 80 );c/. ( 101 ) 7 (127) 8 ( 12 6) 7 ( 101 ) 6 (65)

8 18

( 80 ) ( 8 );c/. ( 2 4 > 56» 57,111)

C7H5N Benzonitrile 25 5 8 ( 131 );c/. ( 7 9 ) * Probably high, t K = 14 X 10~14 under the influence of radium rays; "almost a perfect insulator when shielded from the rays" ( 2 7 ). J No noticeable change in conductivity on darkening. § The conductivity of the liquid decreases when enclosed by a lead mantle in ( ).

C8H8O2 CsHio

25 p-MethoxybenzaldeO 20 hyde (anisaldehyde) 25 Methyl benzoate; see Fig. 3 Xylene

- 6 8 86 12

9 8 9 8

( 88 ) ( 128 ) ( 108 ) ( 13 °)

< 1

15

( 16 ); cf. (24, 76)

25 <17 9 ( 101 ) 25 <17 9 (101) O 1 7 (125) 25 16 8 C8Hi4O4 Diethyl succinate; see Fig. 2 C 8 Hi 6 O 2 Caprylic acid | 80 < 4 13 ( 9 7 - 2 ) C8Hi6O2 Amyl propionate; see Fig. 3 C8Hi6O2 Isobutyl butyrate; see Fig. 1 C8Hi6O2 Propyl valerate; see Fig. 1 O 16 9 ( 9 4 );c/. ( 1 O i ) C9H7N Quinoline 25 22 9 50 74 9 19 < 2 10 ( 4 2 ) Ethyl benzoate C9Hi0O2 25 < 1 9 (6 9 > 70, 7 i > Triacetin; see Fig. 4 C 9 Hi 4 O 6 C9Hi8O2 Amyl butyrate; see Fig. 3 C9Hi8O2 Isobutyl valerate; see Fig. 1 25 <17 9 ( 101 ) C9H20 Nonane Ci0H7Br 25 4 11 , ( 9 7 - 2 ) Bromonaphthalene 82 4 10 ( 9 7 - 2 );c/. ( 7 S) Naphthalene Ci0H8 25 <17 9 (101) Eugenol Ci 0 Hi 2 O 2 Ci 0 Hi 4 25 < 2 8 (93) Cymene 18 3 12 ( 2 4 ) ^(Z)-Limonene CioHie 25 <17<[ 9 ( 101 ) 23 < 2 10 ( 4 2 ) CioHie Pinene Ci 0 Hi 6 Terpinene 25 <17 9 ( 101 ) 2 <17 9 (101) CioHisO Menthone a-Terpineol 25 <17 9 (101) CioHisO Acetylmethyl hexyl 25 <17 9 O01) Ci0Hi8O2 ketone Amyl valerate; see Fig. 3 Ci0H20O2 Ethyl cinnamate; see Fig. 2 CnHi 2 O 2 Ethyl benzoylacetate CnHi 2 O 3 O 7 8 (127) 25 8 8 ( 1 2 S) Isobutyl benzoate; see Fig. 1 CnHi 4 O 2 Ci 2 HuI 3 N Quinolinium n-propyl triiodide; see Fig. 5 Amyl benzoate | 25 | <17 | 9 ( 1 0 1 V Ci 2 Hi 6 O 2 Ci 3 HiJ 3 N Quinolinium butyl and isobutyl triiodide; see Fig. 5 233 99** -4 (75) CuH8O4 Alizarin Anthracene 230 3 10 ( 9 7 - 2 );see Ci 4 HiO Fig. 8 25 < 1 9 (70, 71) Benzyl benzoate Ci 4 Hi 2 O 2 [J Other temperatures also. 1" Probably high. ** With a polarisation of 1.5 volt* CsHi0O CsHioO C8Hi4O3

o-Cresyl methyl ether Phenetole Isobutyric anhydride

Fig.2(s) Ethyl1. formate 2. acetate 3. propionate 4. bury rate 5. isobutyrate 6. valerate 7. carbonate 8. malonate 9. succinate 10. benzoate 11 • cinnamate 12. nitrate

Fig.l(2> PropylI. formate 2.acetate 3. propionate 4. butyrate 5. valerate

lsobutyl6. formate 7. acetate 8. butyrate 9. valerate 10. benzoate II. nitrate

Fig.4<5) 1. Cetyl Alcohol 2. Triacetin 3. Tristearin

Rg.3

Fig.5" 1. Quinolinium n-propyl tri-iodide. C9H7NPrI3 2. Quinolinium n~ butyl tri-iodide. C9H7NBuI3 3. Ouinolinium isobutyl tri-iodide. C9H7N(Bu)I3

Fig. 6

Fig.7

(T-Table.—(Continued) /C = A X 10-» 0

Formula CuHuN Ci 6 H 32 O 2 Ci 6 Ha 4 O Ci8H34O2 Ci8H36O2 C24H2oAs2 CevHiioOe

Fig.8

Name

t, C

i I n 2 5 1 7 ~ 9 80 <4 13

Dibenzylamine Palmitic acid Cetyl alcohol; see Fig. 4 Oleic acid 15 Stearic acid 80 Tetraphenyldiarsine. . 151.5 Tristearin; see Fig. 4

Substance Almond oil Benzine Castor oil Kerosene Ligroin Linseed oil Olive oil Paraffin oil Petroleum Petroleum ether... Turpentine Vaseline (oil of). . .

<2 <4 47

10 13 8

K = A X 10~n ; A I n

L 0C '

Lit.

A

(™») (97.2) (42) (»7.2) ( 9 ); see Fig. 7

Lit. 76

25

|

< 1

12

<17 59 1 1 7 3 34

9 17 16 13 17 13 16

( ) (io, 27, 83, i l l ) (76) (K") (^ 8 ) (76) ( 118 );c/. (76) ( 118 ); qf. ( 53 ) ("«) (*18); c/. (27)

1

18

(55); cf. (27)

2 8

13 17

(«3) (US); cf. (27, 76, 83)

LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) (i) Archibald, 1, 29: 665; 07. ( 2 ) Archibald, 1, 29: 1416; 07. (3) Arndt and Ploetz, 7, 121: 439; 26. ( 4 ) Bagster and Steele, 83, 8: 51; 12. (5) Bartoli, 36, 24 II: 156; 94. («) Baskov, 53, 45: 1604; 13. («•*) Belladen, Stf, 57: 407; 27. ( 7 ) Bergius, 7, 72: 338; 10. (8) van der Bijl, 8, 39: 170; 12. ( 9 ) Borgstrom and Dewar, 1, 44: 2915; 22. (1°) Bouty, 6, 27: 62; 92. (U) Bregmann, Diss., Lausanne. 10, 4: 931; 22. (12) Bruner, 25, 36: 3297; 03. O 3 ) Bruner and Bekier, 7, 84: 570; 13. (14) Bruner and Galecki, 7, 84: 513; 13. O 4 -*) Bruns, 7, 118: 89; 25. O 5 ) Cady and Lichtenwalter, 1, 35: 1434; 13. (16) Campbell, 3, 23: 668; 12. (17) Carrara andLevi, Stf, 32 H: 36; 02. O 8 ) Carvallo, 16,1:171; 14. O 9 ) Carvallo, 16, 2: 142; 14. (20) Cattaneo, 22, 2 H: 112; 93. (21) Cattaneo, 22, 4 II: 63; 95. ( 22 ) Centnerszwer, 7, 39: 217; 02. (23) di Ciommo, 96, 4: 291; 02. ( 24 ) di Ciommo, 69, 3: 97; 02. (2S) Creighton, 7, 81: 543; 13. (26) Creighton and Way, 143, 186: 675; 18. ( 2 7) Curie, 34, 134: 420; 02. (28) Banner and Hildebrand, 1, 44: 2824; 22. ( 2 ») Davis and Jones, 7, 81: 68; 12. (30) Dennis and Hance, 135, 124: 66; 22. (31) Dutoit, 9, 12: 642; 06. ( 32 ) Dutoit and Duperthuis, 42, 6: 699; 08. ( 33 ) Dutoit and Friderich, 27, 19: 321; 98. ( 34 ) Dutoit and Gyr, 42, 7: 189; 09. (3S) Elsey, 1, 42: 2454; 20. ( 3 «) Exner, 8, 15: 412; 82. 75, 84 II: 511; 82. ( 3 7) Foussereau, 51, 4: 189; 85. (38) Foussereau, 6, 6: 317; 85. (S8.5) Franklin and Gibbs, 1, 29: 1389; 07. ( 39 ) Franklin and Kraus, 11, 23: 277; 00.

( 4 0 ) Franklin and Kraus, 1, 27: 191; 05. ( 4 t ) Frenzel, 9, 6: 477; 00. ( 4 2 > Gates, 50, 15: 97; 11. ( 42 -5) Germann, 166, 61: 70; 25. ( 43 ) Glockler, 197, 12: 522; 26. ( 4 4 ) Godlewski, 42, 3: 393; 05. ( 45 ) Gomberg, 11, 25: 317; 01. ( 4 «) Grunmach, 8, 28: 217; 09. ( 4 7) Guy and Jones, 11, 46: 131; 11. ( 4 S) Hantzsch, 7, 61: 257; 08. ( 49 ) Hantzsch and CaIdwell, 7, 58: 575; 07. (so) Hantzsch and CaIdwell, 7, 61: 227; 08. (Si) Hantzsch and Meyer, 25, 43: 336; 10. (Si.S) Hartley and Raikes, 4, 127: 524; 25. ( 52 ) Hevesy, 9, 16: 672; 10. ( 53 ) Hodgson, 3, 18: 252; 09. (S 4 ) Hopfgartner, 57, 34: 1313; 13. (55) Jaffs, s, 25: 257; 08. (56) jaffe, 8, 28: 32(3; 09. (57) J a ffe, 8, 32: 148; 10. (58) Johnstone, 292, 13: 191; 14. (59) Jones and Lindsay, .^,28: 329; 02. (60) Jones and McMaster, 11, 36: 325; 06. (61) Jones and Mahin, 7, 69: 389; 09. (62) Jones and Rouiller, 11,36: 427; 06. (63) Jones and Veazey, 7, 61: 641; 08. (64) Julien, 1, 47: 1799; 25. (65) Kahlenberg, 7, 46: 64; 03. (66) Kahlenberg and Lincoln, 50, 3: 12; 99. (67) Kahlenberg and Ruhoff, 50r 7: 254; 03. (68) Kahlenberg and Schlundt, 50, 6: 447; 02. (6 9 ) Kendall and Brakeley, 1, 43: 1826; 21. (70) Kendall and Gross, 1, 43: 1426; 21. (71) Kendall and Wright, 1, 42: 1776; 20. (72) Keyes and Winninghoff, 1, 38: 1178; 16. ( 73 ) Klemensiewicz, 166, 1908: 485. (7 4 ) Koch, 8, 50: 482; 93. (75) Koenigsberger and Schilling, 8r 32: 179; 10. (76) Koller, 75, 98 IIa: 201; 90. (77) Lenher, 1, 43: 29; 21. (78) Lenher, 1, 44: 1668; 22. (7 9 ) Ley, 25, 38: 973; 05. (80) Lincoln, 50, 3: 457; 99. (81) Linde, 8, 56: 546; 95. ( 82 ) Mclntosh, 50. 11: 306; 07. ( 83 ) MaIcISs, 6, 16: 153; 09. (» 4 ) Mathews, 50, 9: 641; 05, ( 85 ) Mittasch, 7, 46: 37; 03. ( 86 ) Moles and G6mez, 7, 90: 594; 15. (87) Monckman, 5, 46: 136; 90. ( 88 ) Morgan and Lammert, Columbia Univ., O. 1, 46: 881; 24. ( 89 ) Moureu, Boutaric and Dufraisse, 42, 18: 333; 20. ( 9 O) Mulliken, 11, 15: 523; 93. ( 9 I) Novak, 3, 44: 9; 97. ( 92 ) Partington, 4, 99: 1937; 11. ( 93 ) Patten, 50, 6: 554; 02. ( 94 ) Pearce, 50, 19: 14; 15. ( 9 S) Philip and Courtman, 50, 97: 1261; 10. (8'6) Polliack, Diss., Lausanne, 1913. ( 9 6.5) Quam and Wilkinson, 1, 47: 989; 25. ( 9 7 ) Rabinovich, 93, 129: 60; 23. ( 9 7.i) Rabinovich, 7, 119: 59; 26. ( 97 - 2 ) Rabinovich, 7, 119: 70: 26. ( 97 -5) Rabinovich, 7, 119: 79; 26. ( 98 ) Rimbach and Weitzel, 7, 79: 279; 12. (") Sakhanov and Przheborovskii, 9, 20: 39; 14. (i°°) Sakhanov and Rabinovich, 53, 47: 849; 15. ( 10 I) Sammis, 50, 10: 593; 06. (102) Schall, 7, 14: 701; 94. (103) Schall, 9, 14: 397; 08. (104) Schlamp, 7, 14: 272; 94. (ios) Schlesinger and Calvert, 1, 33: 1924; 11. (i°6) Schlesinger and Coleman, 1, 38: 271; 16. O 0 7 ) Schlesinger and Martin, 1, 36: 1589; 14. (108) Schmidt, 7, 75: 305; 11. ( 109 ) Schmidt and Jones, 11, 42: 37; 09. (11°) Schweidler, 8, 4: 307; 01. (Hi) Schweidler, 8, 5: 483; 01. ("*) Shaw, 50, 17: 162; 13. (i«) Shinn, 50, 11: 537; 07. («*) Steele, Mclntosh and Archibald, 62, 205: 99; 06. 7, 55: 129; 06. (l 'l 5) Stenquist, 9, 12: 860; 06. (H6) Svedberg, 20, 9: No. 9; 13. ("T) Tijmstra, 7, 49: 345; 04. (U8) Trapesnikow, 242, 57: 227; 12. ("») Turner, 11, 40: 558; 08. (120) Vignon, 34, 148: 844; 09. (121) Vollmer, 8, 152: 328; 94. (122) Walden, 93, 25 : 209; 00. (12 3) Walden, 93, 29: 371; 02. (124) Walden, 7, 43: 385 ; 03. (I 2 S) Walden, 7, 46: 103; 03. 0 2 6) Walden, 25, 38: 345; 05. (i") Walden, 7, 54: 129; 06. O 2 8) Walden, 7, 5»: 683; 06. O 2 9 ) Walden, 83, 6: 71; 10. (130) Walden, 7, 73:257; 10. (1 3 I) Walden, 7, 78: 257; 12. (I 32 ) Walden and Centnerszwer, 134, 15: 17; 01. ( 133 ) Walden and Centnerszwer, 7, 39: 513; 02. 93, 30: 145; 02. (133.5) Walden, Ulich and Laun, 7, 114: 275; 24. (134) Walker and Johnson, 4, 87: 1592; 05. O 34 ^S) Wartenberg, 13, 440: 97; 24. (iss) Wigand, 88, 10: 495; 08.

ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY OF ELECTROLYTIC CONDUCTORS AT HIGH TEMPERATURES E. B. MILLARD The published values of the conductivities of compressed powders (p) are, in general, quite discordant; they are here included by literature reference only. The numerical data refer either to molten materials (Z).or to solidified melts (s); in general, the latter form part of a continuous series including the former, but in some cases solid rods (r), either cast or machined from a solidified melt, were used. Some data refer to the undercooled melt; when so stated by the author, they are listed, like other molten materials, under Z; in all other cases, data for temperatures below the melting point are taken as referring to a solid and are placed under (s). For compressed powders of metallic nitrides, see ( 68 ); for Auer mantle at 120O0C, see ( 66 ); for recent discussions, see ( 16 > 20 > 38> 60, 61, 62), Specific conductivity = K = C X 10n ohm"1 cm"1; if n = o, K = C; t = temperature, 0C; a(10)"3 = (Rt - Ro)/Rot, where RQj Rt = resistance of same solid specimen at O0C, at t, 0C.

Im allgemeinen sind die veroffentlichten Werte iiber die Leitfahigkeit komprimierter Pulver (p) ganz widersprechend und werden nur durch die Literaturstellen angegeben. Die numerisch.en Daten beziehen sich entweder auf geschmolzenes Material (Z) oder feste Schmelzen (s). Im allgemeinen sind letztere Bestandteile einer ununterbrochenen Serie die ersteren einschliessend, aber in manchen Fallen werden feste Stabe (r) verwendet, die entweder gegossen oder aus einer festen Schmelze maschinell hergestellt wurden. Manche Daten beziehen sich auf unterkuhlte Schmelzen. 1st dies vom Autor angegeben, so stehen die Daten wie auch die anderen Schmelzen unter Z. In alien anderen Fallen, bei einer Temperatur unterhalb des Schmelzpunktes werden die Daten als auf den festen Zustand sich beziehend angenommen und stehen dann unter (s). Fiir gepresste Pulver von Metallnitriden, siehe (68); fur Auerstrumpfe bei 120O0C, siehe ( 66 ); neuere Diskussionen dariiber, siehe ( 16 > 20 > 38 » 60» 6 1 » 6 2 ). Spezifische Leitf ahigkeit = K = C X 10" Ohm"1 cm""1; wenn n = O, 0 K = C-1 = Temperatur, C; «(10)-« = (Rt - R0)/R0t, wo R»,Rt = Widerstand einiger fester Formen bei O0C bezw. t, 0C bedeutet. I. Pure Substances A-^-TABLE; STANDARD ARRANGEMENT v. Vol. Ill, p. viii 1

Unit of K — 1 ohm" cm"1; temperature = 2, 0C; K = CX 10n TeCl2 (64)

t

I

C

I, n = -3 206 42.0 210 45.8 221 58.9 230 66.8 235 71.2 250 89.3 252 90.4 271 113 271 114 290 133 304 150 305 151

TeCl4 (64) t \ C I, n = -3 236 114.5 254 136 277 161 290 175 316 203 NH4NO3 (23) Z, n = O 162 2.794 185 2.183 (49)

172 187

0.320 0.369

NH4NO3.- (CWd) t C 202 0.397 213 0.447 SbCl3 (13); Cf. (37)

Z, n = -3 73 [ 0.11 SbBr3 (31) I9 n = -6 .

99 109 127 158 178 197

244 261 317 364 405 446

En general, les valeurs publiees concernant les conductibilites des poudres comprimees (p) sont tout & fait discordantes, aussi ne sont-elles mentionnees ici que par leur references bibliographiques. Les donnees numeriques se rapportent soit a des matieres fondues (Z) soit a des matieres fondues solidifiees (s); en general ces dernieres constituent une partie d'une serie continue comprenant les premieres, mais dans certains cas il a ete fait usage de baguettes solides (r) preparees soit par moulage soit par usinage a partir d'une masse fondue solidifiee Certaines donnees se rapportent a des liquides surfondus; lorsque cet etat a e"te* etabli par Tauteur, ces donnees sont inscrites sous I comme pour les autres matieres fondues; dans tous les autres cas, les donnees pour des temperatures au dessous du point de fusion se rapportent a un solide et sont placees sous (s). Pour les poudres comprimees des nitrures metalliques, voir ( 68 ); pour Ie manchon d'Auer a 120O0C, voir ( 66 ); pour les discussions re*centes, voir ( 16 > 20, 38, 60, 61, 62). Conductibilite specifique = K = C X 10n ohm"1 cm"1; si n = O, K = C ; * = temperature, 0C; a(10)"3 = (JK t - JR 0 )/R 0 t, ou R01 Rt = resistance de Ia meme eprouvette solide a O0C, a t, 0C. In generale i valori pubblicati delle conducibilita di polveri compresse (p) sono molto discordanti; essi sono qui inclusi solamente come citazione bibliografica. I valori numerici si riferiscono sia a material! allo stato di fusione (Z) o a sostanze fuse e lasciate solidificare (s); in genere queste ultime sono parte di una serie continua che include anche Ie precedent!, ma in alcuni casi furono usate bacchette (r) o preparate di getto o ricavate al tornio. Alcuni valori si riferiscono a sostanze mantenute liquide allo stato di soprafusione; quando raffermazione e fatta dall'autore i valori sono inclusi nelFelenco dei materiali allo stato di fusione (Z); in tutti gli altri casi invece i valori per temperature inferiori al punto di fusione sono supposti riferentisi allo stato solido e sono collocati sotto (s). Per Ie polveri compresse di azoturi metallic!, vedi ( 68 ); per Ie reticelle Auer a 120O0C, vedi ( 66 ); per discussioni recenti, vedi (16, 20, 38, 60, 61, 62). Conducibilita specifica = K = C X 10n ohm"1 cm"1; se n = O, K = C; t = temperatura, 0C; «(10)"3 = (Rt — Raj/Rot, dove ^0, Rt = resistenza dello stesso campione solido a O0C e a t, 0C. SbI3 (31) t I C I1 n = - 6 169 306 172 334 180 347 184 360 190 372 204 382 218 431 225 440 230 442 239 461 254 482 266 491 307 586 378 683

BiCl3.-(CWd) t C

315 335 350

C, p (53)

(CH3)2NH,HN03*

74 78 89 98 112

442 481

178 187 210 234 259

C2H5NH2.HC1* 100 50.5 110 60.1 122 71.6 130 79.3

BiCl3 (64) I1 n = -3

266 295

506 533 555

;

*l, n = -3 (65;. f Z , n = -4 («5).

C2H6NH2-HNO3*

* 25 43 53 70 78 90 101

C 23.0 39.8 50.2 67.7 75.2 87.9 98.7

(C2H5)2NH.HNO3*

100 105 116 125

75.9 80.5 89.1 96.5

C6H5N(CH3)2.HBrt 70 8.97 88 33.2 100 49.9 110 64.3 119 764

ZrSiO4, p (44)

SnS (30) r, a = -6.62 15° < t < 920°

PO = 1071 ohm cm PbO2, p (55); cf. (21) PbCl2 (43, 49)

\ C l,n = Q 500 1.33 525 1.57 550 1.70 575 1.84 600 1.95 650 2.25 700 2.5 P (36)

TlBr.- (Con^d) t I C I, n = O 460 0.807 500 0.905

TlI (58)

t

PbBr2 (43)

I, n = -3 372 540 382 612 392 648 402 684 412 720 422 756 432 790 442 824 452 857 462 890 472 922 482 953 492 984 P 0*6) PbS (30) r, a = +5.01 -25° < t < 900° Po = 0.000298 ohm cm ThCl4 ( 64 )

814 843 866 889 922

I1 n = O 0.61 0.67 0.71 0.76 0.78

TlCl(58)

Sj n = —3 250 0.05 300 0.24 350 0.90 400 3.70 421 6.11 I, n = O 431 1.090 450 1.170 500 1.332 550 1.532 600 1.700 TlBr (58)

s, n = —3 250 0.04 300 0.12 350 0.55 400 1.6 446.5

5.15

1.024 1.127

550 600

8, n = -3 250 0.10 300 0.39 350 1.02 400 2.73 429 4.80 Z, n = O 439 450 500 550 600

0.528 0.551 0.651 0.747 0.840 8 (24)

Tl2S, I, S (46)

ZnCl2 (15) s, n = —3 319 0.2 324 1.4 331 2.1 336 2.4 337 2.5 340 2.8 341 2.9 342 3.05 344 3.32 364 6.5 367 6.76 373 8.34 I1 n = -l]cf. (23) 373 0.083 402 0.153 460 0.509 500 0.838 542 1.43 581 2.10 612 2.55 650 3.12 Zn(NO 3 ) 2 .6H 2 O, s (34)

CdCl2 (is) Sj n = —2 534 0.07 543 0.4 554 1.2 Z, n = O 576 1 925 581 1.92 591 1.92 595 1.95 597 1.97 623 2.01

635 636 660 668 692 721

2.06 2.04 2.14 2.12 2.17 2.23

CdCl2.- (CWd) t C 750 2.32 755 2.30 795 2.37 801 2 37 HgCl2 (31) I1 n = -3 276 I 0.77 3(31)

HgBr2 (31) I1 n = -3 132 I 1.46 8(31)

HgI2 (31)

Z, n = -3 253 11.76 260 8.48 263 7.94 288 7.14 298 6.94 320 6.62 S (31)

CuCl (15) s, n = —3 349 17 358 42 359 28 368 65 370 36 371 86 375 46 n =O 379 0.11 385 0.08 387 0.14 395 0.13 398 0.14 407 0.33 409 0.22 426 2.93 Z, n = O 430 3.27 443 3.28 443 3.29 492 3.44 533 3.49 577 3.63 S (24)

CuBr, s (24) CuI, S (24)

Cu2S (19) Z, n = O

1120 1150 1200 1250

76.22 78.69 83.30 88.34

1300

94.10

1350 1400 1450 1500 1550

100.68 108.25 117.07 127.17 139.51

p (45, 59)

Cu(NO3)2.6H2O, s (34)

AgL-(CWd)

I C I, n = O 550 2.3f 600 2.35 650 2.4 700 2.45 750 2.5 800 2.6 t

AgCl (42, 58) t I C

250 300 350 400 450

s, n = —3 0.30 1.5 6.5 26 112

S (24) * Transition temp. t ±0.1.

I, n = O 500

4.25*

Ag2S, p (45, 59)

550 4.35 600 4.45 650 4.55 700 4.65 750 4.8 800 4.9 p9 s (io, 24, 40) * +0.05. AgClO 3 (27)

I, n = -3 200 321.9 210 215 220

352.7 367.6 382.9

230

413.4

240 250

444.4 474.3

AgBr (42, 58)

Sj n = —3 150 0.08 200 0.75 250 4.4 300 23 n =O 350 0.11 400 0.53 Z, n = O 450 3.0* 500 3.1 550 3.2 600 3.3 650 3.3 700 3.4 750 3.5 800 3.6 pt

s

(10,24,40)

* +0.01. AgI (2, 42, 58)

s, n = —3 142.4 0.333 145.0 * n =O

146.5 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550

1.308 1.33 1.57 1.78 1.97 2.14 2.28 2.41 2.52 2.64

WCl6 (64); cf. (13)

*

I

c

I, n = -6 280 1.98 285 2.13 290 2.28 295 2.44 300 2.60 305 2.85 310 3.11 315 3.38 320 4.05 325 5.13 330 6.94

AgNO 3 (27, 49)

UCl4 (64)

I, n = O 200 0.65 225 0.75 250 0.85 275 0.95 300 1.06 325 1.16 350 1.27

Z, n = O 570 0.34 598 0.42 620 0.48 CbCl5 (17) Z, n = -6 228* I 0.22

* (48)

Mn(NO 3 ) 2 .6H 2 O, s ( 34 ) FeS* (30, 39) r, a = 7.98 0° < * < 100° po = 0.1114 ohm cm * p is greater for heating than for cooling.

FeS2 (8) T1 P2o = 1.513 ohm cm

1

FeO.Ti02 (39) Ilmenite Co(NO 3 ) 2 .6H 2 O, 8 (34)

Ni(NO 3 ) 2 .6H 2 O, 8 (34)

MoCl5 (64) Z, n = -6 216 1.8 234 4.1 258 7.5 WCl5 (64); c/. (13)

Z, n = -6 250 0.67 255 0.84 260 0.97 265 1.09 270 1.22 275 1.35 280 1.49 285 1.62 290 1.70 295 1.77 300 1.84

* 220 to 235°.

TaCl5 (17) I, n = -6 235* 0.3 * 230 to 240°.

AlBr8 (18) Z, n = -6 195 0.09 210 0.12

225 232 243 250 260 266

0.15 0.16 0.18 0.19 0.20 0.24

AlI3 (18)

I, n = -6 209 2.6 218 3.3 226 3.9 238 4.7 246 5.2 260 6.3 265 6.8 270 7.4 ScCl3 (14); cf. (64)

959 969 981 991

Z, n = O 0.51. 0.55 0.57 0.59

Yt2O3, p (44)

LaCl3 (64)

950 975 1000 1025 1050 1075 1100 1135

Z, n = O 1.30 1.36 1.42 1.49 1.56 1.63 1.70 1.77

PrCl3 (64) t I C I, n = O 824 0.82 849 0.89 875 0.97 902 1.06 935 1.16 965 1.26

BaCl2 (i)

t 900 950 1000 1050 1100

LiCl (15) Sj n = O 577 0.15 592 0.16 595 0.25 Z, n = O 620 5.865 631 5.94 681 6.14 702 6.21 746 6.40 762 6.44 786 6.53 801 6.585

BeCl2 (64) Z, n = -3 451 3.19 460 5.72 472 8.68 r, n = -6 800 O.Oi 900 O.Io 1000 0.2o 1050 0.34 1100 1.0 1150 2.6 p(44)

MgCl2 (15) I1 n = O 729 1.05 743 1.08 772 1.105 774 1.13 822 1.23 830 1.21 884 1.32 909 1.39 941 1.45 959 1.455 997 1.53 1013 1.58 CaCl2 (i»2) I1 n = O 800 1.9 850 2.1 900 2.3 950 2.5 1000 2.7 1050 2.8 SrCl2 (i) /, n = O 900 1.98 950 2.14 1000 2.29 1050 2.43 1100 2.56

(1.71) 1.89 2.05 2.19 2.31 S (63)

NdCl3 (64) I, n = O 775 0.63 807 0.71 827 0.765 847 0.81 873 0.88 900 0.945

MgO (26)

I C I, n = O

NaBr.- (CWd) t \ C (2) 800 3.06 850 3.23 900 3.30 4 s ( 7, 57) NaI ( 4 ^) I9 n = O 615 2.00 650 2.30 670 2.43 680 2.59 700 2.72 s(47)

Na 2 SO 4 (i) Z, n = O 900 2.23 950 2.37 1000 2.50 1050 2.64 1100 2.77 s (63)

LiNO3 (27, 33) Z, n = O 250 0.80 275 0.92 300 1.06 325 1.19 350 1.33 375 1.46 400 1.59 425 1.72 450 1.86 p(9)

Na2S2O3 ( 4 I) I9 n = -3 O 6.9 5 10.8 10 15.9 15 22.4 ' 20 30.4 25 39.3 30 49.7 35 62.0 40 75.8 45 90.8 4 NaOH ( , 22);Cf. 50 106.1 55 123 (5) 60 141 I1 n = O , 320 2.12 65 160 350 2.38 70 180 400 2.82 75 201 80 222 450 3.27 47 85 244 NaF, s ( J NaNO 3 (33, 43) NaCl ( 4 ^) Z, n = O I1 n = O 300 0.95 720 2.87 325 1.05 740 3.22 350 1.15 750 3.40 375 1.25 770 3.77 400 1.35 780 4.09 425 1.45 C1) 450 1.56 850 3.50 475 1.66 900 3.66 500 1.76 950 3.82 p>

s (10, 35, 47, 57, 63)

NaBr ( 4 ^) I, n = O 710 2.40 750 2.85 760 2.95 780 3.27 800 3.52

P, S (*>, 57)

NaNH2 (67) I, n = 0 210 I 0.593 NaPO3 (2) I9 n = O 600 0.30 650 0.425 700 0.55

NaPO3.- (CWd) t

750 800 850 900 950 1000 1050 1100

C

0.675 0.80 0.925 1.05 1.175 1.30 1.42 1.54

Na 2 CO 3 (i) I1 n = O 850 2.92 900 3.10 NaC2H3O2, ( 4 I) Acetate I1 n = -3 O 3.95 5 6.2 10 9.3 15 13.2 20 18.0 25 23.5 30 30.5 35 38.5 40 46.7 45 56.0 50 66.0 55 77.0 60 89.0 65 101.0 70 113.5 75 126 80 139 85 152 90 166 NaCi6H31O2,

Palmitate («) I, n = -6 170 36.80 174 44.16 178 45.99 182 47.99 186 53.84 190 58.09 194 60.64 198 76.12 NaC18H3IO2 (12) Linoleate NaC18H33O2 (12) Qleate

Na 2 MoO 4 (33) t I C l,n = O 843 1.411 905.5 1.522 924.5 1.571 977 1.679 1026 1.775 1064.5 1.843 1122.5 1.940 1173 2.016 1217 2.093 2.170 1267.5 1306 2.232 1364 2.330 1408 2.403 Na 2 WO 4 (33) I9 n = O 752.5 1.091 800 1.192 958 1.519 996.6 1.598 1066 1.718 1161 1.893 1209 1.990 1260 2.083 1361.5 2.250 1412 2.335 1501 2.453 KOH, I (5) KF (33)

I1 n = O 863.0 2.948 881.1 3.114 901.3 3.270 905.4 3.299 916.3 3.418 968.3 3.889 975.0 3.952 KCl (i, 2, 33, 49) Z, n = O

2.23 2.34 2.44 2.55 2.65 2.76 2.86 2.97 3.07

775 800 825 850 875 900 925 950 975 py

(9, 10, 40, 57)

s

KClO3 (23)

359

Z, n = O I 4.19

KI (2, 33, 49)

t

I

c

I, n = O 600 1.04 650 1.15 700 1.24 750 1.35 800 1.45

K2SO4 (i) I, n = O 1100 1.84 1150 1.94 KNO 3 (7, 23, 33, 43)

Z, n = -3 (250) (36o) (300) (51o) 330 602 340 634 350 664 360 694 370 724 380 754 390 784 400 816 410 848 420 876 440 937 460 996 480 1055 500 1116

KNH 2 (67) Z, n = -3 340 389 K 2 CO 3 (i) Z, n = O 900 1.95 950 2.12 1000 2.26 KC16H3IO2 (M) Palmitate Z, n = -6 182 55.75 186 64.94 190 67.32 194 69.85 198 72.63 202 73.58 207 75.09 KC18H31O2 (12) Linoleate

KBr (2, 33);c/. (49)

NaC18H36O2 (U) Stearate I1 n = -6 158 29.84 162 38.06 166 50.18 170 55.75 174 59.99 178 61.32

Z, n 750 775 800 825 850 (900) (950)

=O 1.61 1.67 1.72 1.79 1.84 (1.95) (2.OS)

S (57, 63)

KC 18 H 33 O 2 (U) Oleate I1 n = -6 200 45.05 204 50.18 208 52.57 212 55.20 218 58.70 222 59.34

KC18H35O2 C 11 ) Stearate

t

I

c

I1 n = -6 224 110.4 226 122.7 228 138.0 230 169.8 232 184.0 234 256.6 237 315.4 239 368.0 K2CrO4, p (i°) K 2 Cr 2 O 7 (43) I9 n = -3 397 196 407 220 417 238 427 256 437 275 447 293 457 311 467 329 477 347 487 366 497 384 507 402

t

RbCl (15)

733 765 769 780 819 839 873 915

I

c

Z, n = O 1.49 1.58 1.59 1.62 1.70 1.74 1.81 1.87

RbNO 3 (33) I9 n = -3 318.8 439 341.3 490 351.3 511 357.0 524 376.0 569 379.4 573 409.0 636 422.8 666 435.9 692 448.6 720 468.7 755 493 804

t

CsCl (is)

660 685 711 722 751 775 809 831

I

c

l,n=0 1 . 14 1 . 18 1.26 1.27 1.34 1 . 39 1.44 1.48

CsNO3 (33) I, n = -3 446.6 594 472.7 634 490.2 656 498.0 670 510.1 685 525.3 705 541.7 723 556.3 744

II. Binary Mixtures 2V-2&-TABLE; STANDARD ARRANGEMENT v. Vol. Ill, p. viii M = mole, M % = mole %, Wt. % = weight %, WA = mass of A, I = molten, p = compressed powder, r = solid rod, s solidified melt, K = specific conductivity. Unit of K = 1 ohm"1 cm"1; t = temperature, -0C; K = C X 10*. B = AlBr3.B = AlBr3.I (Continued) (Continued) B = HgI2 (31) Wt. % A C t C t I c 170.5 2.248 8.75 483.5 WA = 10% WB 180.0 2.050 9.85 714.8 st n = —3 n = -3 190.1 1.851 110 0.046 14.15 1.647 Wt. % A = 50.35 208 O . 139 15.27 1.924 99.5 9.135 226 1 . 18 19.33 2.884 110. 3 11.62 233 3 . 64 22.31 3.601 120.3 13.16 WA = WB 25.58 4.267 130.5 15.35 s, n = —3 5.348 29.91 140.3 17.58 165 0.14 35.10 6.331 150.0 20.11 206 0.645 160.6 23.22 40.00 7.303 227 1.05 45.59 8.248 170.5 25.43 47.98 8.607 180.0 27.70 SbCl3 49.52 8.982 190.1 29.58 B = NH4Cl, TlCl, 55.28 9.894 RbCl, or KCl 60.19 11.646 Z(37) 65.29 13.212 SbBr3 t C SnCl2 Wt. % A = 15.27 B = AlBr3 B = PbCl2 Z, n = -3 Wt. % A| C P(9) t = 99.50C (32) 99.5 1.924 110.3 2.173 J, n = -6 120.3 2.363 1.09 0.06 130.5 2.492 3.60 5.31 PbO2 140.3 2.542 5.68 85.43 B = MnO2 150.0 2.515 6.37 137.7 *( 2 1 ) 160.6 2.411 7.31 267.4

PbCl2 B = PbBr2 C, M % B 200° r (50), n = O 50 15 34 30 22 40 16 50 12 60 17 70 38 85 46 100 81

C, 250° -6 140 90 75 54 40 67 102 223 274

M % B I C t = 300°, n = -3 0 0.60 15 0.40 30 0.25 40 0.23 50 0.21 60 0.24 70 0.34 85 0.58 100 0.86 Wt. % A C Z(Si), n = o t = 50O0C 0.00 1.030 7.76 1.059 20.15 1.108 43.09 1.201 69.44 1.310 87.21 1.400 100.00 1.472

TlCl B = CdCl2 Wt. % A| C 1 (5I)1

n =

o

t = 60O0C O 1.971 20 1.808 35 1.781 40 1.665 50 1.566 53.7 1.522 60 1.520 75 1.564 85 1.610 90 1.664 100 1.702 t = 70O0C O 2.101 20 1.990 35 1.950 40 1.857 50 1.789 53.7 1.718 60 1.720 75 1.760 85 1.818 90 1.860 100 1.951

B = AgCl M % AI C r (SO),n = _6 t = 20O0C 0 50 15 65 30 86 40 104 50 92 60 75 70 65 80 32 100 13 Wt. % A C Z(Si), n = 0 t = 50O0C 0.00 3.653 22.77 2.925 42.00 2.260 63.00 1.771 79.43 1.470 100.00 1.215

TlNO3* B = AgNO3* Wt. % B| C 1 (51), n = o 0 t = 25O C O 0.436 10 0.465 25 0.512 50 0.580 75 0.695 100 0.812 * In original, table headed TlCl and AgCl; column headed AgNOs; as it is stated that Wt. % A = 50 is equivalent to M % A = 61.02, both salts were probably nitrates.

Cd* B = CdCl2 M % A I C I (6), n =* O t = 58O0C O 1.907 2.5 1.898 5.0 1.884 7.5 1.867 10 1.845 t = 60O0C O 1.968 2.5 1.959 5.0 1.945 7.5 1.928 10 1.906 t = 62O0C O 2.023 2.5 2.016

B = CdCl2.(Continued) M %A C

5.0

2.004

7.5 1.989 10 1.969 * Values for " commercial" products, 3.4, 7.2, and 11.5 M % A, at 10° intervals from 580 to 70O0C are also given.

CdCl2 B = KCl Wt. % A| C /(Sl), n = O t = 80O0C O 2.301 10 2.163 20 2.041 30 1.911 35 1.852 50 1.735 55 1.785 60 1.662 65 1.703 70 1.771 75 1.841 80 1.929 90 2.110 100 2.250 t = 90O0C O 2.522 10 2.315 20 2.160 30 2.061 35 2.000 50 1.882 55 1.800 60 1.776 65 1.800 70 1.868 75 1.940 80 2.090 90 2.151 100 2.401

HgBr2 B = AlBr3 Wt. % A| C I (32), n = -6 t = 99.5O0C 1.38 0.121

3.06 0.439 5.52 8.851 8.14 148.94 10.48 601.74 n = -3 14.26 1.9785 18.34 4.1683 21.11 5.8380 27.15 9.7988

B = AlBr3.- (Cont'd) t I C n = - 6 Wt. % A = 7.81 99.5 120.6 110.3 127.1 120.3 135.9 130.5 133.0 140.3 128.6 150.0 121.6 160.6 107.5 170.5 96.2 180.0 84.7 190.1 71.4 n = -3 Wt. % A = 14.38 99.5 2.051 110.3 2.369 120.3 2.583 130.5 2.772 140.3 2.892 150.0 2.943 160.6 2.867 170.5 2.786 180.0 2.668 190.1 2.454 Wt. % A =; 21.08 99.5 5.814 110.3 7.002 120.3 8.061 130.5 9.059 140.3 10.01 150.0 10.73 160.6 11.32 170.5 11.77 180.0 11.94 190.1 11.96

CuO B = MnO2, s (21) A^Cl B = AgBr M % B I C s (5O) 5 n = -3 t = 20O0C O 0.05 10 0.08 30 0.13 40 0.16 50 0.20 60 0.23 70 0.32 80 0.38 90 0.42 100 0.46 t = 25O0C O 0.20 10 0.35 30 0.66 40 0.92 50 1.26 60 1.56 70 2.10 80 2.31 90 2.40 100 2.60

B = AgBr,(Continued) M % B I C . t = 30O0C O 1.09 10 1.68 30 3.50 40 5.52 50 7.01 60 8.17 70 10.8 80 11.9 90 12.9 100 14.0 t = 35O0C O 5.20 10 5.49 30 16.8 40 22.0 50 32.0 60 37.0 70 42.5 80 52.0 90 58.5 100 64.2 t = 40O0C 0 24.0 10 31.8 30 57.0 40 75.3 50 120 60 140 70 164 80 235 90 272 100 304 Wt. % A C t = 50O0C 1 (Bi)t n = O 0.00 2.924 24.65 3.130 43.00 3.246 64.00 3.409 100.00 3.653 B = KCl, p ( i O ) MnO2 B = KBr, s (2i)

AlBr3 B = KBr Wt. % B C t = 99.50C (32) Z, n = -3 11.02 16.33 12.65 18.53 13.07 19.14 15.44 21.95 16.84 23.62 18.46 25.46 * C Wt. % B = 13.07 99.5 19.14 110.3 23.60 120.3 27.02 130.5 29.14 '

B = KBr,- (Cont'd) t C 140.3 31.85 150.0 34.74 160.6 36.75 170.5 39.33 180.0 43.02 190.1 45.47

CaCl2 B = NaCl Wt. % B| C Z(Si), n =o t = 85O0C 0.00 2.220 2.51 2.191 5.14 2.190 10.00 2.235 20.00 2.307 35.50 2.404 40.00 2.452 42.26 2.520 50.00 2.635 60.00 2.830 3.016 75.00 80.00 3.260 100.00 3.575 t = 95O0C 0 2.580 10 2.375 40 2.576 50 2.820 75 3.230 100 3.890 B = KCl

1 (Bi)1 n=Q t = 80O0C O 2.006 1.772 1.620 1.554 1.501 1.477 1.478 1.480 1.492 1.550 1.708 1.951 2.301 t = 90O0C O 2.405 10 2.090 20 1.893 25 1.835 30 1.730 35 1.699 40 1.702 45 1.700 50 1.766 60 1.852 70 1.973 80 2.195 100 2.522 10 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 60 70 80 100

LiCl B = KCl

?( 9 )

LiNO3 B = NaNO 3 p(9) NaCl B = KCl Wt. % A| C I (Bi)t n = o t = 85O0C 0 2.420 5 2.441 25 2.559 50 2.862 65 3.022 75 3.159 90 3.448 100 3.575 P ( 10 )

NaNO 3 B = KNO 3 t C 1 (27) f n = o 4M A + 1MB 321.6 0.9119 399.1 1.224 454.1 1.401

B = KNO3.B = KNO3.(Continued) (Continued) t C Wt. % A| C I (51), n = O 1MA + 1MB t = 35O0C 320 0.7475 0.00 0.670 330 0.7890 17.38 0.740 340 0.8293 45.16 0.872 350 0.8680 360 0.9050 71.10 1.030 370 0.9410 100.00 1.170 t = 40O0C 380 0.9768 0.00 0.818 390 1.011 400 1.045 17.38 0.900 410 1.078 45.16 1.030 71.10 1.221 420 1.111 100.00 1.371 430 1.143 See also (23) 440 1.174 450 1.205 KCl 1MA -f 4MB B = KBr 320 0.6318 330 0.6668 *( 5 7 ) 340 0.7015 B = K 2 CrO 4 350 0.7358 p(l°) 360 0.7705 Permutite 370 0.8055 Ag-, and Na380 0.8393 S (28) 390 0.8730 400 0.9053 Permutite 410 0.9370 Ag-Na, and Ag-K 420 0.9678 8 (29) 430 0.9983 Cryolite mixtures 440 1.028 _ K3) 450 1.059 LITERATURE

(For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) (i) Arndt, 9, 12: 337; 06. (2) Arndt and Gessler, 9, 14: 662; 08. (3) Arndt and Kalass, 9, 30: 12; 24. (*) Arndt and Ploetz, 7, UO: 237; 24. (5) Arndt and Ploetz, 7, 121: 439; 26. ( 6 ) Aten, 7, 73: 578; 10. (7) Aten, 7, 78: 1; 11. (8) van Aubel, 34, IBS: 456, 734; 02. (9) Bemath and Tesche, 7, 96: 474; 20. (10) Benrath and Wainoff, 7, 77: 257; 11. (U) Bhatnagar and Prasad, 55, 34: 193; 24. (12) Bhatnagar, Prasad and Singh, 55, 38: 218; 26. (13) Biltz, 7, 100: 52; 22. (i«) Biltz and Klemm, 93, 131: 22; 23. (**) Biltz and Klemm, 7, 110: 318; 24. (16) Biltz and Klemm, 93, 152: 267; 26. (17) Biltz and Voigt, 93, 120: 71; 22. (18) Biltz and Voigt, 93, 126: 39; 23. (19) Bornemann and von Rauschenplat, 192, 9: 473, 505; 12. (20) Fischer, 9, 32: 136; 26. ( 2 I) Fischer, 9, 32: 538; 26. (22) Fleck and Wallace, 83, 16: 346; 21. (23) Foussereau, 61, 4: 189; 85. (24) Friederich and Meyer, 9, 32: 566; 26. («) Ghosh, 4, 117: 823; 20. (26) Goodwin and Mailey, 2, 23: 22; 06. (27) Goodwin and Mailey, 2, 26: 28; 08. (28) Giinther-Schulze, 7, 89: 168; 15. (29) Gunther-Schulze, 9, 25: 330; 19. (30) Guinchant, S4, 134: 1224; 02. (31) Hevesy, 137, 3: No. 13; 21. (32) Izbekov and Plotnikov, 53, 43: 18; 11. ( 33 ) Jaeger and Kapma, 93, 113: 27; 20. (34) Jakubsohn and Rabinovich, 7, 116: 359; 25. ( 3 S) J o ffe and Zechnowitzer, 208, 6: 36; 26. (36) Ketzer, 9, 26: 77; 20. (37) Klemensiewicz, 7, 113: 28; 24. (38) Klemm and Biltz, 93, 152: 225; 26. (39) Koenigsberger and Schilling, 8, 32: 179; 10. (40) Kohlraus.ch, 8, 17: 642; 82. (41) Levi, 24, 74: 1167; 15. (42) Lorenz and Hochberg, 93, 94: 305; 16. (43) Lorenz and Kalmus, 7, 59: 17; 07. (44) Nernst and Reynolds, 188, 1900: 328. (45) Ourasov, 53, 51: 311; 19. (46) Pelabon, 34, 173: 142; 21. (47) phipps, Lansing and Cooke, 1, 48: 112; 26, (48) Piatti, 59, 3: 405; 26. (49) Poincare, 6, 21: 289; 90. ( 50 ) Sandonnini, 22, 24 I: 842; 15. (Si) Sandonnini, 36, 50 I: 289; 20. (52) Schulze, 9, 19: 122; 13. (53) Streintz, 8, 3: 1; 00. (s14) Streintz, 8, 9: 854; 02. (55) Streintz, 9, 10: 414; 04. (56) Streintz, 8, 44: 545; 14. (57) Tammann and Veszi, 93, 150: 355; 26. (58) Tubandt, in JB13, p. 446. (59) Tubandt, Eggert and Schibbe, 93, 117: 1; 21. (60) Vaillant, 51, 3: 87; 22. (61) Vaillant, 51, 5: 84; 24. (62) Vaillant, 34, 179: 530; 24. (63) Vaillant, 34, 182: 1335; 26. (64) Voigt and Biltz, 93, 133: 277; 24. (65) Walden, 134, 8: 405; 14. (66) Weissenberger, in Koenigsberger, 63, 14: 643; 13. (67) Wdhler and Stang-Lund, 9, 24: 261; 18. (68) Zhukov, 53, 42: 40; 10.

THE ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY AND THE IONIZATION-PRODUCT OF H2O

NIELS BJERRUM ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY I *, 0C O ^4 -10 - 1 9 Ce () \ IQ10K, (mho) 280 23 | 11 2.6 Water.—The specific conductance of pure liquid H2O (mho) at any temperature may be computed from the following equation using the appropriate value of pw obtained from the tables which follow: logio K = [logio (A X d) — 3 — Up™], ~

~

Calculated from the potential of cells with hydrogen electrodes in acid and alkaline solutions

*, 0C

O 18 25 30 37 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

IONIZATION PRODUCT +

Kw = [H ] [OH-]; [H+] and [OH~] are the concentrations in moles per 1000 grams of water. VALUES OF THE ION IZATION-EXPONENT OF WATER:— logio Kw=pw*

t, 0C

Calculated from the hydrolysis of salts of weak acids and weak bases Calculated from the Activity-coefficient conductance lonization of the salt of the ions, /, calcuof the calculated from con- lated by means of purest ductance the formula: — logio water f 5 6 9 4 9 4

(>)

O 10 15 18 25 40 50 100 156 218 306

14.93 14.52 14.22 13.98

I

()

I

()

I

15.05 14.51 14.34

13.98 13.53 13.25 13.29 (")I 12.28 11.57

I

*, 0C O 5 10 15 18 20 25 30 35 37 40 45

()

14.99 14.47 14.30

14.34 14.09

14.27 13.94 14.03 13.49 13.25

(14)t 11.19 11.46

*pH in pure liquid H2O = ^PW — logio d. t The values in the table are calculated from the formula of Heydweiller ( 2 ): -logio Kv> = 6099.6/(273 + O + 24.25 logio (273 + t) - 66.4678. $ Recomputed to mole/1000 gram water.

LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) O) Bjerrum and Unmack, 137, 9: No. 1; 29. ( 2 ) Heydweiller, 8, 28: 503; 09. ( 3 ) Johnstone, 292, 13: 126; 12. («) Kanolt, 152, No. 63: 285; 07. (5) Kohlrausch and Heydweiller, 8, 53: 209; 94. («) Kohlrausch and Heydweiller, 7, 14: 317; 94. (?) Lewis and Randall, Thermodynamics and the

I

(12)

I

(10)

I

(13)

(7)*

I

(l)t

14.87 14.945 14.15 14.13 14.14 14.239 13.92 13.91 13.89 13.998 13.76 13.72 13.50 13.626' 13.41 13.42 13.06 13.273 12.90 12.67 12.46 12.37 12.29

14.926 14.222 13.980 13.590

* The potential measurements are made at 25°, and from the value of Kw at 25° the values at the other temperatures are calculated, using for the heat of neutralization 29 210— 53T7, which gives for Kw the following formula: — logic Kw = 6384.7/(273.1 + t) +' 26.676.1ogio (273.1 + t) - 73.424 t Debye-Hvickel square-root formula used as the limiting law for C = O.

/ = o.3.AXc; ()

Ion-concentrations calculated by means of conductance measurements (8)

where d is the density of water in g/ml and A( = AH + + AOH~) is the equivalent conductance for H + -j- OH", all at 2, 0C. Example at 18°: loglo K = logio (315.2 + 174) (0.9986) - 3 7.11 = 7.42. K = 0.038 X 10~6 mho, which may be compared with the directly measured value 0.042 X 10~6 for Kohlrausch and Heydweiller's "best" water.

Activity-coefficients of the ions calculated on thermodynamical basis

1

Best values Il *, 0C 14.93 50 14.72 60 14.53 70 14.34 80 14.23 90 14.16 100 13.99 150 13.83 200 13.67 250 13.61 300 13.52 306 13.39 Pw

I

Pw

13.26 13.03 12.82 12.63 12.45 12.29 11.63 11.26 11.17 11.40 11.46

Computed by means of the values in the foregoing tables. Below 100° the values from potential and hydrolysis determinations based upon dissociation computed from conductance data are not used. Of the other values the greatest weight is given to the potential determinations.

free energy of chemical substances. New York, McGraw-Hill, 1923. (*) Lorenz and Bohi, 7, 66: 733; 09. (*) Lund6n, 42, 5: 574; 07. ( ) Michaelis, Die Wasserstoffionenkonzentration. Berlin, Springer, 1914. O 1 ) Noyes and Kato, 152, No. 63: 153; 07. (l*) Poma and Tanzi, 7, 79: 55; 12. (13; Sorensen, 205, 21: 131; 09. (**) Sosman, 152, No. 63: 193; 07. 10

ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY OF (1) SINGLE CRYSTALS, (2) SOLID POOR CONDUCTORS (EXCEPT SALTS), (3) MIXTURES OF RARE EARTH OXIDES AND (4) LIQUID MIXTURES SUITABLE FOR HIGH RESISTANCES G. M. J. MACKAY MATIERES Substances pures. Mineraux et autres cristaux isoles. Masses de Nernst et d'Auer contenant des oxydes des terres rares. Melanges liquides convenant pour hautes resistances. Effet de Ia pression. Resistance de surface. Effet de 1'humidite.

INHALTSVEBZEICHNIS Reine Stoffe. Mineralien und andere Einzelkristalle. Nernst- und Auer- Mischungen, enthaltend Oxyde seltener Er den. Fltissige Mischungen, die sich fur hohen Widerstand eignen. Einfluss des Druckes. Oberflachen-Widerstand. Einfluss der Feuchtigkeit.

Salts (excepting conduction in single crystals), pure liquids, electrolytic solutions, and industrial materials, are specifically excluded from this section of the Tables; v. Index at end of Vol. VII. In view of the large effect produced by traces of impurities, by variations in absorption, polarization, surface leakage, etc., the values given should be regarded, in most cases, as mere approximations. The resistivity of specimens of minerals from different localities may differ by several hundred fold. For high frequency alternating current resistance, see ( 16 » 17); for Hall effect, see (24, 27) ; for mixtures of oxides, see Table 3 and (42). TABLE 1.—ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY (p) OF POOR CONDUCTORS: PURE SUBSTANCES P=AX 10n; s = solid, I = liquid; 5 denotes —5; if A = 7.8 and n = 5, then p = 7.8 X 10~5. (In certain cases Pt can be computed by means of one of the following formulae: pt = POJ 1 -f* iU(10)-»} ; PI = PO{! + ^(1O)-3 ± miO)-6} e-^TT\ T[T0] == absolute temperature corresponding to J[O0C], T0 = 273.10K; if t < O0C use the minus sign before the 0. Values of coefficients are given after numerical data.) Unit of p = 1 ohm cm = 0.3937 ohm in. Centigrade temperatures, 0C. Elementary Substances La (7) B, Cast* (47) t A n t A n 18 5.9 5 O 1.8 6 600 1 ca. O Nd (6) 18 I 7.9 I 5 Br (35) p (18) -18.5 I 1.25 I 11 15s 8.4 10 42s 1.6 10 C, Diamond (44) 25Z 2.3 6 Black PJ (ii) 4 7 U 15 I\ 3.2 ' )W ( ) ^ 13/ O 1.000 O 1030 > 1 7 50 6.62 T 1170 9.2 6 100 4.21 I 1250 4.4 6 Pr (6) 1380 7.5 5 18 I 8.8 I 5 S (18) Ce (6) 20 1.9 17O 5 ) 18 I 7.8 I 5 30 3.9 16(15) 55 3.95 15 I ( 34 ) 4.1 1.13f 10 69 1.78 14 42.7 l.lf 8 110 4.8 12 Ills 6.2 7 (5) 1151 9.5 11 112Z 1.4 3(5) See also p. 141

Se ; see p. 141 Si, Crystalline (267) t 1 A I n a-form -189 2.90 I - 30 1.13 1 + 15 9.0 2 129 5.0 2 210 3.9 2 a = 3.682, ft = -8.4, q = 800

CONTENTS Pure substances. Minerals and other single crystals. Nernst and Auer mixtures containing rare earth oxides. Mixed liquids suitable for high resistances. Effect of pressure. Surface resistivity. Effect of humidity.

INDICE PAGB Sostanze pure 153 Minerali ed altri cristalli 154 singoli Miscele di Nernst e di Auer contenenti ossidi di terre 155 rare Miscele liquide adatte per alte resistente 155 Effetto della pressione 155 Resistivita superficiale. Effetto dell'umidita 155 Si.—(Continued) t

I

A

I

n

0-form 210 1.62 T 435 8.5 2 Y-form 440 1.00 T 835 2.2 2 a = 5.04, ft == -3.1, q = 3000 Te ; see p. 142 Compounds; Standard Arrangement v. Vol. Ill, p. viii Pb02§ (33) Bi2O3 (21) t A _n t A n O 9.08 5 225 2.34 8 a = 0.6, if 22° < t < 840C 424 1.44 5 645 6.01 3 ZnO (42) 160 9.34 3 SiO2; see Table 2 605 5.9 1 TiO2 (42) 1000 2.60 O 915 1 11.73 3 1320 1.66 O 1000 7.49 3 1320 4.40 2 CdO (42) 785 6.73 3 SnO; p < for SnO2 ( 42 ) 1000 7.13 2 SnO2 (42) 1200 3.26 1 785 6.56 3 1330 5.0 O 1000 2.56 2 CuO (21) 1320 1.01 1 12.2 2.12 6 SnAs (32) 265 3.55 3 (42) - 81 7.97 5 463 1.67 2 + 25 4.97 5 750 2.08 0(42) 250 6.36 5 1000 3.2 1(42) 1038 9.6 2 Sn2As3 (32) 1120 1.5 1(42) - 81 7.21 5 MnO; p < for Mn O (42) 3 4 + 25 3.67 5 250 6.32 5 Mn3O4 (42) 560 2.01 3 Sn3As2 (32) , 695 3.50 2 - 81 8.58 5 1000 1.43 1 + 25 6.43 5 1280 7.2 T 250 7.91 5 Fe2O3 (42) PbO (21) 570 6.24 3 384 2.59 7 700 10.38 2 572 2.67 5 1000 8.23 1 787 1.22 3 101$ 6.84 1

t

Fe3O4 (42) A

MgO (21)

n

t

125 600 1000 1320

4.74 1.32 2.17 7.7

3 1 O I

471 933 1280 1341

590 700 1000 1245

NiO (42) 6.70 1.02 1.44 2.4

3 3 2 1

763 1011 1466

345 750 1000 1215

Cr2O3 (42) 12.65 7.8 4.0 2.13

2 1 1 1

WO, Blue; p very low ( 42 ) 25

WC (i) I 1.2 I

5

307 355 497 20 109 284

A 2.71 2.4 1.0 2.25 CaO (21) 7.25 2.06 9.6 BaO (2i) 1 1.66 2.17 Na 2 O 2 (21) 2.5 6.0 1.0

n 8 5 5. 6 8 7 2 6 4 1 4 3 3

* For B, p varies with emf ( 29 ). f pt = poe^*; for I, X = —0.126. {Variation with pressure O 1 ). Unit of P = 1000kg/cm2.

W 2 CH (i) P / P Q 25 8.1 5 p 0° I 50° I 100° 1382 1.05 4 0 1.000 0.662 0.421 1942 1.25 4 1 0.796 0.521 0.323 U3O8, P very low (42) 2 0.643 0.406 0.250 4 0.372 0.239 0.1517 CeO2 (42) 8 0.1079 0.0766 0.0542 830 2.24 3 12 0.0297 0.0238 0.0209 1000 2.13 2 § Electrolyzed crystalline plates. 1210 1.87 1 Il Carbonized W filaments. TABLE 2.—ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY (p) of MINERALS AND OTHER SINGLE NON-METALLIC CRYSTALS P = ^ X 10»; Pt = Po{ 1 + a*(10)-3}; Pt = Po { 1 + a*(10)-3 ± /5^2(10)-6je~^/:r:ro; T[T0] = absolute temperature corresponding to J[O0C], T0 = 273.10K; if t < O0C use the minus sign before the . f t . P = f (v) denotes that p varies with the emf. After the name of the mineral the crystal system to which it belongs is indicated. Iso = Isometric, regular, cubic system, a = b = c, a _L b J_ c JL a; Hex = Hexagonal ai = a 2 = a 3 5 c, c J_ plane of «1, «2, «3; Orth = Orthorhombic, a ^ b ^ c ^ a , a J _ b _ l _ c _ L a; Mon = Monoclinic, a JL b J_ c, a not _L c; Tri =Triclinic, three axes, no two mutually _L_. These a, b, c are the crystallographic axes. In column (1) the direction of the current with reference to the crystallographic axes is indicated. Unit of P = I ohm cm = 0.3937 ohm in. Centigrade temperatures, 0C. SiO2 (after fusing) Sb2S3, Stibnite (Orth) t A n Lit. t A n Lit. 25 1 20 (49) He 17 36 6 (30) 486 5.58 8 (21) ||c 37 2.28 6 (30) 869 2.41 6 (21) 510 2.74 O (26) 1288 3.83 5 (21) 570 0.25 O (26) See also p. 341 P = f(v) ( 38 ) PbS, Galena (Iso ^ -180 5.9 3 (25) C, Diamond (Iso); see Table 1 O 2.42 3 SiO2, Quartz (Hex) +20 2.65 3 ||c 20 1.18 14 (14) 340 6.06 3 jjc 26.5 2.0 22 (37.) IJc 100 8.18 11 (14) a = 5.24, if -180° < t < 150° CuSO4.5H2O (purified) (Tri) J_c 20 3.27 16 (14) I 17 I 6.7 |14| (22) J_c 26.4 4.3 24 (37) JLC 100 1.34 15 (14) CueAs, Algodonite (Orth) ||c 25 5 16 (49) 4.15 5 (9) See also p. 341 6.34* 5

Cu9As, Whitneyite (Orth) t A n Lit. 3.35 5 (9) 4.69* 5 Ag2S; p = f(v) (18) FeS, a Pyrrhotite (Hex) ||c - 73 6.45 4 (26) ||c O 5.5 4 IJc + 18 5.35 4 ijc 165 4.30 4 ||c 350 3.87 4 _Lc - 68 5.0 4 _Lc O 4.4 4 J_c -f 19 4.23 4 J_c 104 3.55 4 _Lc 310 2.62 4 For |]c, a = 4.75, ft = 2.65, q = 610 FeS, ||c jjc J_c J_c

ft Pyrrhotite (Hex) 350 3.80 4 (26) 445 3.75 4 417 2.5 4 463 2.5 4

FeS2, Pyritef (Iso) - 78 2.51 2 (23) O 2.40 2 (23) O 2.9 3 (4) + 20 2.40 2 (23) 121 3.00 2 (23) 340 3.88 2 (23) a. = 3.65, ft = 3.7, q = 240 FeS2, Marcasite (Orth) ||b O 16.56 O (23) 116 16 10.25 O ||b 118 2.75 O |jb 243 1.30 O a. = 2.64, ft = 9, q = 1850 Fe2O3, Specularitef (Hex) ||c O 8.2 I (4) ||c O 8.76 1 (3) ye 16 7.04 T (3) lie 123 2.69 1 (3) ijc 237 1.56 1. (3) J_c O 4.2 I (4) J_c O 4.31 1 (3) J_c 18.3 3.51 T (3) _Lc 100 1.75 1 (3) J_c 238 0.96 1 (3) For ||c, a = 3.87, ft = 0.26, q = 1400 (3) For J_c, a = 3.83, ft = 0.45, q = 1290 (3) Fe3O4, Magnetitei (Iso) - 61 5.1 2 (26) + 21 3.6 2 111 2.88 2 190 2.77 2 (u) 19 1.98 O (50) (v) 17 7.4 1 (w) 25 1.37 1 (x) 7 6.0 1 (y) 10 2.2 1

MoS2, Molybdenite (Hex) t A n Lit. - 65 8.3 O (25) + 19.5 7.9 !_ 102 2.1 T 2.6 O (13) 1.6 4 a = 2.6, ft = 9, q =. 1400 P =f(v)

(31>46)

FeCb2O6, Columbite (Orth) ||c 16 1.95 8 (30) IJc 25 1.39 8 IJc 32 1.0 8 (NH4)2A12(S04)4.24H20 (Iso) purified 17 4.9 14 (22) 63 3.5 12 CaF2, Fluorite (Iso) 20 7.9 17 (14) 110 4.21 13 155 6.67 11 CaCO3, Iceland spar (Hex) Uc 20 1.4§ 14 (22) ||c 20 9.5 15 (14) ijc 100 6.25 10 (22) jjc 100 2.37 12 (14) J_c 20 5.5 14 (14) J_c 27.8 9.9 22 (36) J_c 100 4.95 11 (14) CaCO3, Marble 22 5 91 (15) 22 1 9| BaSO4, Barite (Orth) Hb 726 1.5 5 (26) jjb 963 1.0 4 Polarization emf = 1 to 1.4 volt NaCl, Rocksalt (Iso) 20 4.6 16 (40) 100 1.38 13 400 8.27 7 750 4.28 3 NaCl, (Iso) 580 1.95 5 (41) 700 1.42 4 790 2.0 3 NaBr, (Iso) 440 1.51 6 (41) 600 3.62 4 740 4.07 3 NaNO3,Il (Hex) rhombohedric 240 6.25 6 (41) 250 5.27 6 300 4.54 5 310 1.82 5 KCl, (Iso) 520 4.37 6 (41) 600 5.58 5 760 8.7 3 KBr, (Iso) 490 3.55 6| (41) 650 6.45 4 730 8.33 31

KCl.KBr, Mixed crystal t A n Lit. 520 2.50 6 (41) 640 1.20 5 720 1.17 4 * After fusing. t For effect of pressure, v. Table 5. $ Magnetite: A = (p — PP)/P, where PP = value of p for a longitudinal compression of 887 kg/cm2. I Source | a IQOA (u) New York I 6.8 0.52 (?0 New York ( 6.1 2.64 (slaty)

KAlSi3O8, Orthoclase (Mon) t A n Lit. ||6 800 8.5 3 (26) ||6 1000 0.80 I 3 JMagnetite.—(Continued) I Source | a | IQOA (w) Russia 5.5 0.40 (x) Arkansas 4.0 0.45 (y) Tilly Foster, 7.9 0.15 New York § loglo p = 4780/27 - 2.17. Il Perpendicular to rhombohedral face (!Oil).

TABLE 3.—ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY (p) OF NERNST AND AUER MIXTURES CONTAINING RARE EARTHS ( 48 ) For laboratory construction of Nernst filaments, v. ( 20 ). Unit of P = I ohm-cm; t = centigrade temperature, 0C; p = A X 10" Mixture \ t \ A \ n Nernst (oxides of Zr, Y, Er) 230 2.72 6 303 1.92 5 400 1.02 4 571 3.98 2 922 1.29 1 1252 3.49 O Auer (oxides of Ce, Th) 745 2.19 4 890 7.85 3 1068 1.99 3 1211 6.40 2 TABLE 4.—RESISTIVITY OF MIXED LIQUIDS SUITABLE FOR MAKING HIGH RESISTANCES: MIXTURES OF XYLENE AND ETHYL ALCOHOL ( 12 ) P = % C2H5OH by weight; p Unit of p = 1 ohm cm; of P = P 100 25 20 A... 1.44 2.24 1.00 n 5 6 7

= A X 10»; «» = (^Jg) 16 O 0 1%; Temperature = 25.60C 18 16 14 12 10 1.88 3.56 6.94 1.73 5.95 7 7 7 8 8

P A n

9 8 7 6 5 4 (T 1.182.666.25 1.69 4.72 1.41 >1 9 9 9 10 10 11 15 P = 25, «15 = 0.0117; P = 10.2,
TABLE 5.—EFFECT OF PRESSURE UPON RESISTIVITY OF POOR CONDUCTORS ( 4 ) If Ap = pp — pi, where pp, pi = volume resistivity when hydrostatic pressure = p, = 1, respectively; then oxl0-e

*P

(1 + 1 M .

Pi(P ~ I ) V

2 pJ

TABLE 5.—(Continued) PI = A X 10n; ||c, J_c denote that the current is ||, JL to the crystallographic c-axis. Unit of p = 1 ohm cm; of p = 1 atmosphere; temperature = O0C. FeS^ Fe2O3

Substance Pyrite Specularite

Fe3O4 Magnetite P Phosphorus

|

I ^ n I P I ~a 2?9 | 2550 23.1 ||c 8.2 T 2510 8.2 J_c 4.2 1 2520 6.8 v. Note, t Table 2 v. Note,! Table 1

TABLE 6.—SURFACE RESISTIVITY: EFFECT AIR (39)

OF HUMIDITY OP

The ability to maintain a high resistance when surrounded by moist air increases in the order glass, ebonite, amber, sulfur, paraffin. H = relative humidity; R = resistance of a 2 cm length of a polished amber cylinder 0.5 cm in diameter; observations made in order of the entries in table, (v.s.) = very small. Unit of R = 1012 ohm; of H — 1%. Room temperature. H R

77.5 80 828586889093 8296 82 99 82 100 82 409 29420498654020 4198 1.694 0.4 42 (v.s.) 1.4

LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) C 1 ) Andrews, 50, 27: 270; 23. ( 2 ) Artom, 23, 37: 475; 02. ( 3 ) Backstrom and Reichenheim, 200, 4: 167; 07. ( 4 ) Beckman, Diss., Upsala, 1911. ( 5 ) Beckmann and Faust, 93, 84: 103; 14. (6) Benedicks, 95, 7: 225; 15. (7) Benedicks, 200, 13: 357; 16. ( 8 ) Black, 201, 22: 393; 24. ( 9 ) Borgstrom and Dannholm, 60, 58A: No. 21; 16. ( 10 ) Bridgman, 1, 38: 609; 16. C 1 1 ) Bridgman, 65, 56: 61; 21. (l2) Campbell, 3, 26: 1044; 13. O3) Coblentz and Kahler, 31 A, 15: 121; 20. (*4) Curie, 6, 17: 385; 89. 18: 203; 89. ( 15 ) Curtis, SlA, 11: 359; 15. ( 16 ) Fleming, 325, 19: 655; 09. ( 1 ^) Fleming and Dyke, 46, 49: 323; 12. 121, 68: 1017, 1060; 12. 69: 10; 12. (*«) Foussereau, 84, 97: 996; 83. 6, 5:241, 317; 85. (19) Geiger, 2, 22: 461; 23. 20 ( ) Griffith, 3, 50: 263; 25. ( 21 ) Horton, 3, 11: 505; 06. ( 22 ) Joffe, 8, 72: 461; 23. ( 23 ) Koenigsberger, 200, 4: 158; 07. ( J:4 ) Koenigsberger and Gottstein, 63, 14: 232; 13. ( 25 ) Koenigsberger and Reichenheim, 63, 7: 570; 06. 190, 1906 II: 20. ( 26 ) Koenigsberger and Scnilling, 8, 32: 179; 10. ( 27 ) Lenz, 63, 25: 435; 24. ( 2 «) Lewis and Wheeler, 7, 56: 179; 06. ( 2 ») LyIe, 2, 11: 253; 18. (30) Martin, 63, 12: 41; 11. (31) 6kubo, 159, 12: 229; 24. ( 32 ) Padoa, 36, 55: 975; 25. ( 33 ) Palmaer, 9, 29: 415; 23. ( 34 ) Pochettino and Fulcheris, 23, 58: 311; 23. ( 35 ) Rabinovich, 7, 119: 79; 26. ( 36 ) Richardson, 5, 92: 101; 15. ( 37 ) Richardson, 5, 107: 101; 25. ( 38 ) Ries, 8, 36: 1055; 11. ( 39 ) Schrodinger, 75, 119 Ua: 1215; 10. ( 4 O) Seelen, 96, 29: 125; 24. ( 41 ) Tammann and Veszi, 93, 150: 355; 26. ( 4 2 ) Veil, Thesis, Paris, 1920. ( 43 ) Walden, Elektrochemie nicht-w&sseriger Ldsungen, p. 587. Leipzig, Earth, 1924. ( 44 ) Wartenberg, 63, 13: 1123; 12. ( 4 S) Wartcnberg, 18, 440: 97; 24. ( 4 «) Waterman, 3, 33: 225; 17. 2, 21: 540; 23. ( 4 ?) Weintraub, 78, 16: 165; 08. 172 (8th), 26:627; 12. ( 48 ) Weissenberger, 8, 49: 481; 16. ( 49 ) Whitman, 48, 12: 31; 26. (50) Wilson and Herroun, 5, 105: 334; 24.

ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY OF FLAMES

HAROLD A. WILSON Nearly all data pertaining to the electrical conductivity of flames are purely relative and depend upon the particular flame used; as the temperature of the flame is, in general, not known, the data are not reproducible. Typical data are given in Tables 1 and 2. For additional data and details, the original sources listed in the bibliography should be consulted. See also Handbuch der Experimental Physik, VoL XIII, Part I, Elektrischen Eigenschaften der Flamme, A. Becker, 1929. TABLE 1.—ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES OP BUNSEN FLAME Approximately 200O0K Property j Value | Lit. Velocity, negative ions (electrons). 2600 cm sec"1 per ( 4 > 6 > 18> volt cm-1 31, 32, 36,38,39)

Velocity, positive ions

1 or 2 cm sec"1 ( J » 2 > 3> 6 > 18 29 per volt cm"1 > >

Resistivity

4 X 10s ohm-cm (*, 32, 38)

32, 33)

TABLE 2.—ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES OF METALLIC BUNSEN FLAME Approximately 200O0K Property | Li | Na| K| Rb| Cs | Unit Conductivity, e q u a l 0.5 1 7 12 21 Na = 1 atomic concentrations. Atomic concentration, 1700440 9 4 1 Cs = 1 equal conductivities. Atoms ionized, concentration very low

1.658

69 91

%

VAPORS IN

| Lit. (6, is, 32, 34,38,39) (6,18,32, 34 ) (4,26,34)

TABLE 2.—(Continued) Property | Lit. lonization of alkali vapors approximately agrees with that calculated by Saha's theory ( 4 > 26, 38, 39)

Hall effect: Y/X = 2.45 X 10~8#; X = longitudinal (U, 12, 13, electric field, Y = transverse electric field due to Hall 18, 33, 40, 41 effect, H = intensity of magnetic field (in gauss). )

LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) C1)

Andrade, 3, 23: 865; 12. (2) Andrade, 3, 24: 15; 12. (3) Andrade, 96, 22: 345; 24. («) Barnes, 2, 23: 178; 24. (5) Bauer, 6, 29: 5, 244, 372; 13. ( 6 ) Becker, in Graetz, Handbwh Elekt. Magn., III. Leipzig, Barth, 1920. ( 7 ) Bernini, 59, 6: 212; 13. («) Bryan, 8, 18: 7; 21. ( 9 ) Bryan, 2, 23: 189; 24. ( 10 ) Campetti, 59, 16: 115; 18. C 11 ) Heaps, 2, 7: 663; 16. ( 12 ) Heaps, 2, 16: 238; 20. («) Heaps, 2, 24: 652; 24. (U) Kohn, 8, 44: 749; 14. ( 1 ^) Kurze, 8, 66: 133; 21. ( 16 ) Lauster, 96, 8: 396; 20. (^) Marx, 8, 50: 521; 16. (i«) Marx, in Handb. Radiologie, IV: 27. Leipzig. Akad. Verlagsges., Second ed., 1927. ( 1 ^) Marx, 8, 65: 657; 21. ( 20 ) McLennan and Keys, 5, 92: 591; 16. ( 2 I) Moreau, 6, 27: 543; 12. (22) Moreau, 34, 157: 922; 13. (23) Moreau, 199, 9: 273; 12. (25) Moreau, 34, 157: 1070; 13. (26) Noyes and Wilson, 21, 57: 20; 23. (27) Rjcker, 2, 8: 626; 16. (28) Saxer, 2, 3: 325; 14. ( 2 ») Schonborn, 96, 4: 118; 21. (30) Thieme, 7, 89: 693; 15. (31) Wilckens, Diss., Heidelberg, 1914. (32) Wilson, Electrical properties of flames and of incandescent solids. London, Univ. Press, 1912. (33) Wilson, 2, 3: 375; 14. (34) Wilson, 62, 216: 63; 15. (35) Wilson, 78, 44: 127; 23. (36) Wilson and Bryan, 2, 23: 195; 24. (37) Zachmann, 8, 74: 461; 24. (38) Bennett, 3, 3: 127; 27. (39) Wilson, 5t 119: 1; 28. ( 40 ) Watt, 2, 25: 69; 25. ( 41 ) Boucher, 2, 26: 807; 25.

ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY OF ALLOYS, AMALGAMS, AND COMMERCIAL METALS C. V. DBYSDALE1 CONTENTS Symbols. Named alloys.

MATIERE s Symboles. Noms usuels des alliages.

Resistivity of alloys, amalgams, and commercial metals.

Re*sistivite des alliages, des amalgames, et des m4taux commerciaux. Resistivite des alliages nonmercuriques pres et au-dessus de leurs points de fusion. Influence du traitement thermique sur Ia re*sistivite* des aciers. References bibliographiques additionelles.

Resistivity of non-mercuric alloys near and above their normal melting point. Effect of heat treatment upon resistivity of steels. Additional references.

In general, this report does not include the effect of either a magnetic field or of illumination upon the resistivity, nor the resistivity of single crystals; the resistivities of pure metals enter only incidentally as terminal members in series of alloys; and only such commercial metals are considered as are of interest to electricians. With certain obvious exceptions, all data pertaining to the resistivity and its variation with temperature, heat treatment, composition of the alloy, etc. are given in Table 2. Alloys that have distinctive names and are of special interest to !Assisted by Messrs. A. C. Jolley and S. J. Willis.

INHALTSVERZEICHNIS Symbole. Gebrauchliche Namen der Legierungen. Elektrischer Widerstand der Legierungen, der Amalgame und der Handelsmetalle. Widerstand Hg-freier Legierungen in der Nahe oder oberhalb ihres Schmelzpunktes. Einfluss der Warmebehandlung auf den Widerstand der Stahle. Nachtragliehes Literaturverzeichnis.

INDICE PAQB Simboli 157 Nomi usuali delle leghe. . . 159 Resistivita delle leghe, delle amalgame e del metalli commerciali Resistivita delle leghe non mercuriche vicino e sopra di loro punti di fusione.. Influenza del trattamento termlco sulla resistivita dei acciai Indicazioni bibliografiche addizionale

159

196

200 201

electricians are listed alphabetically in Table 1 which serves as an index to them; there the approximate ranges in resistivity and temperature coefficient are given. Caution.—The composition and electrical properties of alloys sold under manufacturers' trade names are to a greater or less extent under \he control of the manufacturer. The reader cannot, therefore, assume that such an alloy obtained from a manufacturer will have the properties shown below. The data given in this section have been compiled from various sources and for named alloys may be subject to change. For more explicit information the manufacturer should always be consulted.

SYMBOLS Annealed. Annealed from t, 0C. Coefficients in (pt)ng/(P«)Amalgam = a + bi(10)~6. Concentration; % by weight of alloying element in total weight of alloy. Ct Concentration of total impurities. Cst Cast. D D= 100dp/de, or D = 100dE/d<. When inserted in a series of values of t or of ptj the observations show that it applies throughout the range bounded by the adjacent values of t or of pf. Dt Value of D when the temperature exceeds I1 0C. D Drawn (wire). Dd Drawn, hard. Dr Temper drawn by reheating to for, 0C. e Coefficients in p = PO -f- eiCi + e2(72. elec Electrolytic. F Forged. Ht Hardened at *, 0C (c/. Q). Hm Hammered. Z Liquid, k Per cent decrease in conductivity per 1 % concentration: Pe - PC-O = kCpc/100 = do. N Normal, normalized (cooled in still air). O Before specific heat treatment. Q Quenched. Qt Quenched from I1 0C. R Relative resistivity; frequently the unit is unknown. Rc Rolled cold. s Solid. Sat. Saturated. Tp Tempered. Tp i Tempered at I1 0C. t Temperature, 0C. IA Annealing temperature. for Drawing temperature; temperature to which the quenched specimen was reheated. tm Melting temperature. IR Room temperature. J8 Solidifying temperature. £TP Tempering temperature, tr. Trace; very small amount, vac In vacuum. Wkc Worked cold. ct, /3, T Coefficients in Pt = pr[l + ««'(* - O10~3 +/8«'O - *')* X 10"6 + yt'(t — JO8IO"9]; and similarly for Rt. Unless another value is indicated, t' is O. When only a or a and j8 are given, the others are zero. 6/ Per cent decrease in p on fusion; 6/ = 100(pz — PS)/PI. de Increase in p due to adding 0% of second metal; see k. AH Per cent increase in p due to cold hardening; AH = 100 X (PH — PA)/PA. Af Mean temperature coefficient between O and t, 0C; A* = 1000(pt - PO)/pot. ^ 1 Af 2 Mean temperature coefficient, based on p0, between t\ and J 2 ; ^ 1 Af 2 = 1000(pf2 — Pf 1 ) -T- P 0 (Z 2 — ti). p Resistivity; specific resistance. PA Resistivity of annealed specimen. Similarly for PTP, PHm, etc. Pt Resistivity at £, 0C. A A* a, b C

A Af a, b C d Cst D

SYMBOLES Recuit. Recuit de t, 0C. Coefficients 6 dans !'expression (pf)Hg/(p*)Amaigam = a +

to(io)- .

Concentration;% en poids d'element d'alliage en poids total d'alliage. Concentration des impurete's totales. Couie. D = 100dp/dJ, ou Z) = IWdR/dt. Quand celui-ci est introduit dans une se"rie de valeurs de t ou de p f , les observations montrent qu'il est applicable dans tout Tintervalle compris entre valeurs successives de t ou de Pt.

Dt Valeur de D quand Ia temperature est au-dessus de Z, 0CD fitire (FiI). Dd Etire, dur. Dr Revenu detruit par rechauffage a for, 0C. e Coefficients dans !'expression: p = p0 + eiCi + e2C2. elec filectrolytique. F Forge". Hf Durci a t, 0C (c/. Q). Hm Marteie. I Liquide. k Diminution de conductibilite* en pourcent pour 1 % de concentration: pc — pc^0 = kCpc/100 = 6C. N Normal, normalise (refroidi dans 1'air calme). O Avant Ie traitement thermique specifique. Q Trempe. Qf Tremp6 de t, 0C. R Resistivit6 relative; fre*quemment !'unite" de celle-ci n'est pas connue. Rc Lamine", froid. s Solide. Sat. Sature. Tp Revenu. Tp f Revenu a t, 0C. t Temperature, 0C. IA. Temperature de recuit. for Temperature d 'e"tirage; Ia temperature a laquelle 1 'e*chantillon trempe" a ete rechauffe. tm Temperature de fusion. IR Temperature de Ia chambre. ts Temperature de solidification. £rp Temperature de revenu. tr. Trace; tres petite quantite". vac Dans Ie vide. Wk0 Travailie, froid. a, /3, 7 Coefficients dans !'expression: p f = pv\\ + «f/(£ — £')X 10-3 + 0t,(t - O2IO"6 + w(t - O3IO-9]; et de meme pour Rt. A moins d'une autre indication, i' est O. Quand on ne donne que a ou a et /9, les autres coefficients sont £gaux a zero. 5/ Diminution en pourcent de p lors de Ia fusion: 5/ = 100(pz - P.)/PI. 6C Augmentation de p due a 1 'addition de C % d 'un deuxieme metal; voir k. AH Augmentation en pourcent due au durcissement a froid: AH = 100(pH - PA)/PA. Af Coefficient moyen de temperature entre O et t, 0C; Af = 1000(Pf - P0) /pQt. Âf 2 Coefficient moyen de temperature base sur p0 entre t\ et tt; ^ 1 Af 2 = 1000(pf2 - Ph) -s- P 0 (J 2 - Ji). P Resistivite; resistance specifique. PA Resistivite de 1'echantillon recuit. De m6me pour PTp, PHm, etc. Pf Resistivite & J, 0C.

A A* a, b C d Cst D

Dt D Dd Dr

ZEICHEN Ausgegltiht. Ausgegliiht von t, 0C. Koeffizient von (pt)H g /(pt)Amaigam = a + bZ(10)~6. Konzentration; % in Mass von Legierungs Element in gesammter Mass von Legierung. Konzentration sammtlicher Verunreinigungen. Gegossen. D = 100dp/d/ oder D = WQdR/dt. Setzt man eine Reihe von Werten fiir t oder pt ein, so zeigen die Beobachtungen, dass der Wert (D) in dem durch die Nachbarwerte von t oder pt begrenzten Bereiche Giiltigkeit hat. Werte von D wenn die Temperatur grosser ist als t, 0C. Gezogen (Draht). Hart gezogen. Angelassenes Stuck gezogen durch Wiedererwarmung auf for, °C.

e elec F Ht Hm I k

Koeffizient von p = p0 + eiCi H- ezCz. Elektrolytisch. Geschmiedet. Gehartet bei t, 0C (cf. Q). Gehammert. Fliissigkeit. Abnahme in % der Leitf ahigkeit pro 1 % der Konzentration: PC — PC=O = kCpc/100 = dc. N Normal, Normalisiert (in ruhiger Luft gekuhlt). O Vor der spezifischen Warmebehandlung. Q Abgeschreckt. Qt Abgeschreckt von t, 0C. R Relativer Widerstand dessen Einheit haufig unbekannt ist. Rc KaIt gewalzt. s Feste Stoffe. Sat. Gesattigt. Tp Angelassen. Tp t Angelassen bei t, 0C. t Temperatur, 0C. IA Temperatur des Ausgliihens. for Temperatur beim Ziehen; Temperatur auf welche die abgeschreckte Probe wiederholt erhitzt wurde. tm Schmelztemperatur. IR Zimmer Temperatur. ts Erstarrungstemperatur. &TP Temperatur beim Anlassen. tr. Spur; sehr kleiner Betrag. vac In Luftleere. Wkc KaIt geschmiedet. a, /3, y Koeffizient von pt = pt>[l + at'(t - J')10~3 + Pv(t j')210-6 J r j t f ( t - «')»10-9]; in gleicher Weise ftir Rt Wenn nicht ein anderer Wert angegeben ist, betragt t' = O. Sind nur a oder a und /3 angegeben so sind die anderen Null. 5/ Abnahme in % von p beim Schmelzen; 5/ = 100(pz — P«)/PI. dc Zunahme von p beim Zusatz von C% des zweiten Metalles; siehe k. AH Zunahme in % von p durch Kalthartung; AH = 100 (PH — PA)/PA. At Mittlerer Temperaturkoeffizient zwischen O und t, 0C; At = 1000(pi - PO)/PO*. tiAtf Mittlerer Temperaturkoeffizient, auf Grund von PO zwischen t\ und ^; «iA« = 1000(pt2 — Pt1) -T- pQ(t2 —

«,).

p PA

Widerstand; spezifischer Widerstand. Widerstand der ausgegltihten Probe. In gleicher Weise

Pt

Widerstand bei I1 0C.

fiir pTp, PHm, U. S. W.

A At a, b C Ci Cst D

Dt D Dd Dr e elec F Ht Hm I k N O Q Qt R RC s Sat. Tp Tpt t IA for tm in t8 /TP tr. vac Wkc a, 0,

5/

SIMBOLI Ricotto. Ricotto a t, 0C. Coefficienti in (Pt)ng/(Pt)Amalgam = a + b^(10)""6. Concentrazioni; % in peso deFelemento in peso to tale delle leghe. Concentrazioni delle impurezze totali. Gettato. D = lOOdp/di, o D = WOdR/dt. Quando inserito in una serie di valori di t o di pt Ie osservazioni mostrano che si applica per tutto il campo limitato dai valori adiacenti di t o di pt. Valore di D quando Ia temperatura e al di sopra di I1 0C. Trafilato. Trafilato, duro. Rinvenuto per riscaldamento a for, 0C. Coefficiente in p = p0 + eiCi + e2C2. Elettrolitico. Forgiato. Indurito a *, 0C (cf. Q). Martellato. Liquido. Diminuzione per cento della conduttivita per 1 % di concentrazione: pc — pc=.o = k(7pc/100 = 5C. Normale, normalizzato (raffreddato alFaria calma). Prima del trattamento termico specifico. Temprato. Temprato da £, 0C. Resistivita relativa; spesso Tunita e sconosciuta. Laminato a freddo. So lido. Saturate. Rinvenuto. Rinvenuto a t, 0C. Temperatura, 0C. Temperatura di ricottura. Temperatura di rinvenimento; temperatura alia quale il campione temprato veniva riscaldato. Temperatura di fusione. Temperatura ambiente. Temperatura di solidificazione. Temperatura di rinvenimento. Traccia; piccolissima quantita. NeI vuoto. Lavorato a freddo. T Coefficienti in pt = p t /[l + at>(t - t')W~* + &t'(t - t')z X 10"6 + yt'(t — i')310""9]; e similmente per Rt. A meno che sia indicate un altro valore t' e O. Quando sono dati a o a. e 0, gli altri sono zero. Diminuzione per cento in p nella fusione; 5/ = 100(pl — Ps) /Pl-

dc AH At tiA/2 P PA pt

Auniento in p dovuto all'aggiunta di C % del secondo metallo; vedi k. Aumento per cento in p dovuto all'indurimento prodotto dalla lavorazione a freddo; AH = 100(PH — PA)/PA. Coefficiente di temperatura media tra O e t, 0C; At = 1000(pt - PO)/PO*. Coefficiente di temperatura media basato su p0, tra t\ e tz] tiAt 2 = 1000(pt2 — p«) + po(ts — ti). Resistivita; resistenza specifica. Resistivita del campione ricotto. Similmente per PTP, PHm, ecc. Resistivity a t, 0C.

TABLE 1. NAMED ALLOYS The following list contains primarily those alloys that are electrically interesting. More exact and detailed information will be found at the pages indicated. Unit of p = 1 microhm-cm = 10~6 ohm-cm; of a = 0.1 % per 1 0C Name Advance Alumel Aluminium bronze Aluminium bronze American nickel Argentan Beacon alloy Brass Bronze Calido Calorite Cast iron Cementite Chromax Chromel Cimet Climax Comet Constantan Copel Dowmetal Duralumin Duriron Eureka Eutectoid Excello Excelsior Extra Prima Fagersta steel Ferrite Ferro-nickel Ferrozoid Ferry German silver Gysinge steel Hadfield Mn-steel Ia-Ia Ideal Invar Karma Kromore Krupp Kruppin Lipowitz alloy Lucero Magno Maillechort Mangaloy Manganese nickel Manganin Monel New metal New silver Nichrome Nichrome II Nichrome III Nichrome IV Nickel silver, 18%

\

a p \ \ PaSe 48-49 0.01-0.02 169, 170 33.3 1.2 194 3-13 0.3-3.8 162 15 0.64 167 73 1-5 196 42 171 60-80 0.7 196 5-7 1.4-2 172 13-18 0.5 171,172 110 0.12 194 110 194 57-114 188 45 182 (Nichrome IV) 193, 70-110 0.11-0.54 193,194 17-44 178 87 0.67 185 95.6 0.34 185 47-51 -0.04-(+0.01) 169, 170 49.5 Nil. 169 13-17 162 3.35 162 63 4.9 188 (Constantan) 169 20 178 92 0.16 193, 194 6-80 0.95-1.4 169 29.4 0.28 196 12.6-21 182 9.5 182 28 2.1 185 84 196 47 196 17-41 0.04-0.38 170, 171 10-50 182 29-67 1.2-2.0 182, 185 47-51 -0.04-(+0.03) 169 49 0.005 169 75 2 185 103 0.1 193,194 (Nichrome III) 193, 194 85 0.7 196 83-85 0.7-1.3 185 47-53 2.7 165, 197 46 0.76 170 20 0.005 194 (German silver) 171 107 0.073 196 15 194 34-100 -0.03-(+0.02) 168 42.5-45 0.02-2.0 170 51 -0.038 196 (German silver) 170, 171 110 0.4-0.03 193 109-111 0.15 193 90-97 0.05-0.19 193 98-103 0.18 193 30-33 0.3 171

Name Nickeline No. 3 alloy No. 4 alloy No. 141 alloy No. 193 alloy* Patent nickel Phosphor bronze f Platinite Platinoid Rayo. Resista Resistin Rheostatine Rheostene Rheotan Rose's alloy Silicon bronze f Silverine Spiegeleisen Superior Swedish iron Tarnac Therlo Tophet Vestalin Welding iron Wood's metal

[

P

27-45 114 103 22-30 87-96 33-34 2-6 45 34-41 96 76 50.2 48 77 48-52 64 2-4 2 105 81-87 20 41 46.5 107 83-85 18 51.7

\

a 0.02-0.34

0.014-0.8 0.19-0.21 3-4 3 0.32-0.25 0.102 1.1 0.25 1.2 0.24-0.41 1.8 2.3-3.8 2.85 0.8-1.1 1.2 0.025 0.01 0.7-1.3 6 2^9

\

Page 171 193 185 194 185, 186 169, 170 172 185 171 171,194 196 168 169 196 171 196 172 169 182, 188 196 174 196 168 194 185 175 196

* Driver-Harris Co. f Telegraph and telephone wires.

TABLE 2.—RESISTIVITY OF ALLOYS, AMALGAMS, AND COMMERCIAL METALS (For effect of small amounts of impurities in "pure" metals, v. p. 135; for general trend of the variations of resistivity with composition or with temperature, v. figures, p. 202; for resistivity of non-mercuric alloys near and above the melting point, v. Table 3.) Arrangement of alloys is, in general, alphabetical by "type formula," which consists in each case of the chemical symbols of the essential constituents written in descending order of the amounts of the constituents except that for a steel, C is always written last. In certain cases, alloys of different type formulae are combined in a single group; in such cases, the type formula for the group contains the symbols of all the constituents of the group, and those that are not common to every member of the group are enclosed in ( ). Thus Al-Fe-(Cu, Mn, Si) indicates that Al and Fe are common to every member of the group, but neither Cu, Mn, nor Si is common to all. If the concentrations cover the entire range on both sides of 50%, the entire series is given under the first of the two type formulae; e.g., all of the Ag-Al data are given under Ag-Al, and under Al-Ag there is merely a crossreference. If on one side of the 50% concentration there are very few data, all of the data are given under the entry appropriate to the more numerous. There are certain obvious irregularities at the beginning of the Fe data. Alloys with distinctive names are indexed in Table 1. Room temperature (17 to 230C) is to be assumed unless another is indicated. All temperatures are expressed in 0C; concentrations in weight % unless another is indicated; resistivities in microhmcm ( = 10~b "ohm per cm cube") unless the experimenter used an assumed value for the resistivity of a standard metal, in which case this is indicated by the form "(For Ag, p 0 = 1.54)." Units of the other quantities accord with the definitions of the corresponding symbols (see p. 157).

Ag-Bi (182)

TABLE 2.—(Continued) Ag-Al

AI (38) ^

.°

I

;

A

p

A I 1.47 11.05 16.9 31.1 36.4 46.7 35.3 33.9 31.4 26.0 26.3 25.7 18.5 13.9 9.71 6.85 5.46 4.53 2.49

O 1.3 2.7 6.1 7.7 8.6 10.0 11.1 12.9 14.1 15.7 16.7 20.0 28.1 37.5 50.6 69.6 83.1 100.0

Tp 1.52 10.87 16.5 31.75 34.7 33.0 32.8 32.4 30.9 27.6 29.3 29.6 27.25 20.8 17.55 13.5 8.0 5.13 2.60

;°°

A I 4.15 0.57 0.45 0.47 0.69 0.44 0.51 0.65 0.67 1.35 0.92 0.86 1.06 1.17 1.56 1.80 2.03 2.10 4.25

Tp 3.97 0.65 0.58 0.27 0.75 0.67 0.71 0.80 0.74 1.07 0.90 0.76 0.66 0.63 0.79 0.68 1.39 1.52 4.10

94% Al (63, 76) I

t

[I

Pt

-197.1 -106.1 - 81.9 (U)

2.484 3.477 3.723 4.641

I

t

Pt

+0.9 4.654 16.25 4.824 92.5 5.686 ais = 2.38

Ag-AU (19); Cf. (182, 189) Au

I

3.51 14.45 32.29 52.27 66.01

PQ

2.29 4.295 7.645 10.09 10.21

AU

a

I

Il

I

PQ

31.3 67.1 88.0

Au

I

2.66 76.83 1.47 85.85 0.90 94.14 0.72 98.84 0.72 Annealed (182,188,189) Qi0

I

6.96 10.2 7.16

PQ

0.79 1.02 2.89 3.90

ftp

I

0.91 0.72 1.14

0.18 0.02 0.13

Drawn (wire) Au I PO I OQ 3 l 7 3 6 ~ 9 7 (T89 67.1 10.24 0.67 88.0 7.24 1.09 90% Au (63, 76)

t -197.1 -106.1 - 81.9 O

/3o (T25 0.21 0.39

Pt Il t I Pt 4.817 +0.9 6.293 5.510 16.4 6.417 5.666 91.65 6.997 6.280 «16 = 1.25 66.67% Au (230) ; for Ag, Po = 1.54 I

I

Hard

I

PO

I

CL

[I

j 10.24 0.65 |j Soft Ag-Au-Cu; v. Au-Ag-Cu

I

PQ

I

pt I 1.54 3.22 19.05 33.0 46.7 62.8

I

OL

10.21 0.87

t [I 0.0 22.9 20.3 22.4 21.4 20.1

t 20.3 21.6 19.9 21.4 21.4 21.3

Bi I pt I 88.5 86.5 94.0 93.4 95.8 116.6 97.3 135.0 99.0 138.7 99.7 137.4

Ag-Cu Ou (»3) ;

-^

^

A I 1.620 1.700 1.822

0.0 0.2 2.4 4.2 6.2 16.4 28.1 41.8 57.9 77.95 91.80 95.02 96.65 98.31 99.15 100.0

1.914 1.845 1.844 1.913 1.909 1.895 1.832

Cu

.

O 1.684

1.909 2.053 2.110 2.181 2.130 2.162 2.284

^

A I 4.17 3.99 3.81

3.74 3.65 3.76 3.80 3.74 3.87 3.89

2.271 2.169 1.875 2.030 3.85 1.902 1.856 1.706 1.750 4.33 Dd, for Ag, PO = 1.54 (182, 188, 189)

a

I

9.925 8.0 4.925 2.76

.

Bi 0.0 2.2 16.0 49.0 65.8 79.4

I

pt

I

t

0.00 1.31 1.31 1,71 2.76 5.26* 7.11 7.11 11.43

1.54 1.57f 1.63 1.84 1.97 2.07 1.91f 1.97 2.285

15.6 25.5 35.15 41.4 42.7 42.7 59.5 63.8

2.42 2.42 2.37 2.28 2.02f 2.14 2.26 2.27

17.0 17.2 19.6 19.0 14.2 14.2 22 2 19.0

74.7 74.7 75.5 88.3 94.0 94.4 94.4 97.6 98.1 98.1 98.7

2.19f 2.31 2.27 2.20 2.04 1.87f 1.97 1.94 1.71f 1.78 1.772

14.6 14.6 18.8 21.1 20.0 16.0 16.0 19.7 9.5 9.5 20.7

\

O 9.8 9.8 17.0 17.1 16.8 9.0 9.0 17.5

* For 5.3 % Cu, AH = 8 6 if
a

•

O 3.97

3.49 3.23 3.03 3.00 3.23 3.20 2.93 3.21 3.15 3.61 3.91 4.11

\

ft

3.37f

4.25f

2.75f

3.24f

2.81f

2.59f

3.04f

3.16f

3.25f

4.65f

3.45t

3.93f

Ag-Mg (254) Mg

0.00 0.04 0.1 0.17 0.24 0.82 1.55 2.91 6.75 7.55 8.89 9.60 10.31 11.31 13.14 17.11 17.87 18.65 19.82 20.26 21.6 23.03 23.1 28.00 32.21 34.73 35.1 38.28 39.57 39.68 43.67 44.39 62.67 72.31 79.34 83.88 89.29 89.46 91.75 93.45 96.2 98.08 100.0

I

p25

I

1.637 1.78 2.14 2.23 2.52 3.41 4.65 6.28 6.85 6.86 6.83 7.05 7.25 7.28 7.67 6.77 5.88 4.87 5,73 5.82 6.27 7.82 7.74 11.74 13.53 17.99 15.01 16.93 16.53 16.23 22.05 19.7 14.31 11.25 9.91 9.42 8.54 8.19 7.17 7.27 6.87 5.96 4.61

Ag-Pd «25*

3.81 3.21

1.93 1.61 1.71

po

I

ao*

1.57 4.1 6.05 0.91 10.43 0.47 15.4 0.36 21.75 0.36 . 32.8 0.26

60 70 80

2.31 2.05 1.79 2.02 1.78 1.81 2.46 2.90 3.09 1.59 2.32 2.10

^0

ao

Ag-Pb (182, 188, 189)

t ~~ O 23.4 23.8 13.9 16.5 15.6 26.1 26.6 24.3 25.3

* Assumed as basis. t PO = 7.04; ao = 2.0; /So = 1.38 (189).

J po «= 11.43; ao = 1.96; /So = 0.75 (189).

§ po = 16.66; ao = 3.62; /S0 - 5.16

I

OL

\

0

23.3 20.1 20.1 20.3

95.1

13.43J 20.3

96.4 99.0

13.43 13.54

20.3 21.9

* From (244) ; ao = 0.724 if 54° < t < 78°. t PO = 10.8; ao = 3.77, /?o = 5.68

*From (173).

(189).

200.43360.2067 25 0.3576 0.1161 25* 0.3246 0.0488

-0.05

0.32

*From (190). tFrom (188,189) ; po = 18.08 if for Ag, po = 1.54.

20% Pd (62)

t

. I

13.797 14.256 14.482 14.965 14.984 15.409

Ag-Pt (277) I

p

2.17 9.18 18.14 29.14 31.10

0.0 10.39 20.59 31.46 37.89

67%Pt, 33%Ag Po I «o I Lit. 24.2 |Q.24-Q.33J (144)

J p 0 = 12.33; ao = 3.72, 00 = 6.39 (189).

Ag-Te; v. Te-Ag Ag-Tl (244)

Tl I pt \ t I ao 2.73 4.73 23.58 1.05* 4.76 7.57 49.33 1.25f

Ag-Sb (H9) Sb I P18 I 27.34 I 107.5 I SbAg3

* 23 to 380C.

f 49 to 890C.

Pt

-182 -100 - 80 + 0.8 20 99.8

33% Pt1 66% Ag (63); Cf. (62)

3.98

PQ

190)

Pt

2.56

I

12.58 13.35 13.32 13.31

76.4 86.6 90.7 92.8

4.871.24 4-0.40 9.8 8.530.77 -0.06 33.3 23.0 0.33 -0.10 35* 0.3480 -0.2807

* O to 16O0C. 188,189,

a

0.377 0.407 0.313 0.301 0.265 0.259

Dd (188,189)

Pt 20.6 1.17 10.56 3.28 5.0

90 100

I

25 25 30 33J 33| 40

42.0 0.03-0.07 38.77 0.25 30.68 0.66

251

* 25 to 10O C.

(189).

O 10 20 30 40 50

Pd (173, I

1.65 1.99 2.34 3.10 2.70

0

Pb I p . I 0.00 1.54* 0.96 2.294 14.5 3.225 32.4 9.85f 49.0 13.17J 65.8 14.41 78.3 17.15 8 .4 18.14 95.1 19.11§ 97.9 19.47

Pd (81) I

Ag-Sn (182, 189) Sn I . Pi I t 0.00 1.54 0.0 0.65 4.31 20.7 1.41 6.43 20.6 4 16.92* 54.09 51.8 10.73 20.6 68.3 12.23f 19.8

Ag-Pt-(CWd) Pt (273)

** I Pt -197.1 30.173 -166.1 30.790 - 81.9 30.964 O.Of 31.582f + 1.85 31.573 16.1 31.726 93.25 33.296 a16 = 0.243 * Pt scale of t. f Same values given ( 76 ) for PtAg4 (=31.1% Pt) (58).

Al, Commercial; v. Al-Fe-Si Al-Ag; v. Ag-Al Al-Bi; elect. Bi -D- / , O N

PO

B l (M)

A I 2.49 2.92 3.29 3.60 7.81 19.23 45.67 73.0 106.4 117.6 107.5 107.5*

O 6.52 15.56 28.7 60.8 78.4 89.4 97.05 98.5 99.4 100.0 100.0

AlOO

Tp 2.60 3.12 3.51 3.83 8.55 19.46 45.88 91.75 120.5 142.9 117.6 164.0*

A I Tp 4.25 4.10 4.20 4.08 4.18 3.82 3.91 3.43 3.38 2.38 3.24 1.58 2.85 1.50 3.22 1.17 3.39 1.21 3.98 2.25 4.78 4.31 4.78 0.82

* Commercial Bi.

Ca 3.07 6.0 9.1 12.5 19.4

I

p IJ 15.8 20.2 27.1 38.4 49.5

Al-Ca Ca I 23.9 25.0 28.5 31.3 32.8

(3Q) p [I 99.5 113.4 117.0 118.0 112.0

Ca I p 37.7 110.0 50.0 141.0 60.0 171.0 75.0 189.0 78.8 112.0

32% Pt, 67% Ag (58) Po

I

0.24

28 0°(273)

Pt

Al-Cu; v. also Table 3

«

1 Ci* I P I ~

28.95 I 0.55 29.0 0.261 32.95 0.40 29.9 0.262 * For analysis, see ( 273 ).

C-,.,,..,

O 3.80 8.66 18.5 28.2

—M*

2.49 3.23 3.59 3.94 4.31

Tp

2.60 4.26 4.53 5.29 5.40

AT

4.25 3.75 3.43 3.25 3.04

~

4.10 2.93 2.06 2.10 1.90

Al-Fe

Al-Cu.—(Continued) Cu (34, 38) ( j

39.2 48.4 51.3 54.0 60.5 66.9 70.3 74.4 77.1 78.0 78.6 79.8 82.6 86.1 89.0 90.5 93.1 95.3 98.8 100.0 Aluminium Cu

Al

to

I

6 90 92.5 94 95 97

PQ

I

3.10 12.61 13.62 11.62 10.21 8.26

I

ftp

3.8 0.32 0.36 0.55 0.70 1.02

3 2 1 2 2 3

«o

°°

Fe

(38)

?!

^L

e( } A Tp A I Tp A I Tp O 2 . 4 4 2.60 4.25 4.10 2.68 1.96 12.8 6.49 6.76 3.51 2.96 2.45 2.15 24.3 13.3 14.2 3.19 2.26 2.31 2.20 33.6 43.3 44.8 2.56 1.53 2.23 2.25 40.5* 140.8 166.6 1.68 0.23 2 . 2 2 2.05 49.9 833 0.10 2.11 2.01 2.08 1.09 * Al3Fe. 1.47 0.91 Al-Fe-(Cu, Mn, Si); v. Al-Mn-Fe-Si-Cu 1.18 0.99 1.41 1.02 Al-Fe-Ni-Si-Cu; v. Al-Ni-Fe-Si-(Cu) 0.80 0.80 0.65 0.62 Al-Fe-Si (211, 214) Al-Fe-Si.-(Cont'd) 0.70 0.58 Impure Al; O0C; (1/100%); ge~ | Si | PA 0.91 1.20 tr> of C 1.40 1.66 83^ 16 3.02 1.13 0.71 Fe I Si I PQ I qp* 130 32 3.23 0.97 0.59 7 6 2.72 4.2 Wire and laminae 0.81 0.55 12 tr. 2.75 4.0 ~^—\ «j j i ^— PA 0.85 0.86 25 12 2.80 4.6 — ' A 24 25 2.84 0.04 4.28 4 . 2 5 *^4;0'«<370°. ^ ^ 291 o n 6% Cu (63, 76) Commercial Al, *A = 45O0C, 53 68 2.93 0.20 Il t I pt (1/100%) (UO) 91 89 2.99 0.28 -197.1 0.719 Casting *A = PO - PA. -106.1 1.715 (1/100%) (297) Fe I Si I PA - 81.9 1.960 18 23 2 93 Fe I Si I P IS I AI°° 0.0 2.904

A I Tp 5.08 5.99 5.75 6.33 6.06 6.67 6.58 7.19 7.09 8.07 7.69 8.70 8.27 10.94 10.20 14.67 11.6 15.3 11.3 15.4 28.1 28.6 28.9 28.25 21.2 15.5 15.8 12.0 13.7 7.46 11.8 14.6 10.85 13.3 9.95 10.4 5.85 5.72 1.54 1.56 bronze (212, 214) ; c/. Cu-Al-Ni||

+

0.95 2.911 16.35 3.087 92.4 3.972 <*i6 =3.81

49

3.08

47

31 |

2.76 | 3.93

14

Al-Fe-Si-Cu; v. Al-Cu-Fe-Si Al-Mg ,.-

Al-Cu-Fe-Si 150C; (*A = 4350C) (1/100%) (205, 295, 29?) Cu 2 11 16 158 186 261 9 * Unannealed.

I

Fe 15 37 25 25 31 40 116

I

Si 16 31 38 38 40 40 35

I

PA I PO I A 100 * 2.75f 2.83 2.92 3.18 2.88 3.24 3.30 3.34 2.83 3.18 3.25 3.03 3.26 3.34 2.96 2.96 2.97 3.57

11 = 2O0C (205).

Al-Cu-Mg-Fe-Si, Duralumin wire tA = 40O0C, 0.41% Fe, 0.22% Si, 2.58% Cu, 1.26% Mg, PA = 3.35 ( 195 )

Al-Cu-Ni-Fe-Si t = 12 to 140C, tA = 45O0C, Fe = 0.14 to 0.17%; Si = 0.12 to 0.17% (226) Cu I Ni I PA Il Cu I Ni I PA O 1.87 2.96 2.00 1.12 3.28 O 4.31 3.19 3.05 1.00 3.42 0.99 0.90 3.22 4.07 1.12 3.32 1.03 3.04 3.34 4.13 2.16 3.55

/oc\

Po

Mg(38)

A I 2.49 6.02 6.99 10.41 12.20 14.71 26.60 27.79 40.66 49.26 38.03 45.06 38.48 32.57 22.07 30.77 24.52 19.92 16.47 14.22 40.64

O 3.76 6.92 14.46 18.06 21.79 29.73 31.23 35.86 40.0 47.75 52.28 53.89 54.95 57.69 60.29 64.74 73.02 85.26 92.85 100.0 Mg (64) 85 C* 88 B* 90 92 A*

I

* Dowmetal A, B, C.

AIOO

Tp 2.60 6.45 7.09 10.42 12.36 14.97 28.40 31.15 37.18 45.46 37.31 43.48 36.36 31.46 23.09 29.86 27.40 22.84 17.30 14.01 42.54

p (I 17.19 16.34 15.36 13.35

MFC*"4) 94 96 98 100

A I Tp 4.25 4.10 2.10 1.92 1.80 1.80 1.17 1.34 0.94 1.09 0.65 0.91 0.69 0.49 0.45 0.50 0.33 0.34 0.34 0.25 0.47 0.28 0.29 0.26 0.41 0,34 1.44 0.80 4.10 3.75 0.90 1.03 1.02 0.75 1.03 0.84 1.32 1.10 1.45 1.28 4.30 4.15 I

p 10.42 9.40 7.48 4.54

Mg 31.00 34.13 34.48 35.92 39.54

Al-Mg.—(Continued) Cast rod A 3 os for 15 hr, in vacuum ( 192 ) I «Q Il Mg I 0.1411 43.30 0.1353 44.24 0.1648 44.48 0.2984 47.12 0.2800 50.25

Mg (205)

I

p 20

10 12.5

Mg (205)

[I

8.28 7.61

Al-Ni-Zn-Fe-Si-Cu 15°C; (1/100%) ( 2 5 0 , 2 9 5 )

Ni I 83 109 113 201 231

qp 0.0846 0.3690 0.4243 0.5755 0.4202

Zn I 90 73 194 177 38

I

P20

35 39

35 178

35 56

^

31 44

""' \-^^r-

100

3.30 2.91 Zn* (38) V ; 3.49* 2.45

3 9

* P A = 3.35.

P

°

A I 2.49 4.14 7.81 9.9 28.8 34.8 62.9 59.5 75.8 61.4 24.9 17.7 11.96

O 11.4 22.4 30.2 42.4 44.6 83.5 86.5 88.5 92.8 96.6 98.4 100.0

^

100

A I Tp 4 . 2 5 4.10 2.54 2.63 1.56 2.20 1.55 1.74 2.53 1.45 1.12 0.98 1.06 0.62 0.88 0.49 0.67 0.29 0.53 0.19 1.05 0.85 2.07 1.53 5.22 4.98

Tp 2.60 4.0 7.04 9.18 15.15 23.5 80.6 64.5 72.5 67.1 31.25 17.8 13.14

Al-Ni-Fe-Si-(Cu); v. also Al-Cu-Ni-Fe-Si 15°C; (1/100%) (295,297)

I

Fe 25 29 110 43 257

I

Si 37 35 37 37 39

|

* PA - 3.14. t PA - 3.28. JPA = 3.20.

Cu 5 9 6 108 10

[

2.60 3.65 3.85 4.63 4.95 5.78 6.67 6.58 7.46 7.64 8.27 9.17 10.20 11.65 13.00

A A " TP 4.25 2.87 2.69 2.55 2.46 2.78 2.75 2.84 2.90 2.78 3.08 2.97 2.93 3.15 3J7

4.10 2.79 2.56 2.75 2.99 2.76 3.18 3.03 2.93 2.80 3.24 3.13 3.08 3.50 3.40

Al-Zn

Tp 2.60 3.88 5.38 6.49 6.62 6.80 6.90 6.94 7.04 6.90 6.94 7.00 8.93

*™ A. I Tp 4 . 2 5 4.10 2.23 1.66 1.94 1.20 1.72 1.10 1.63 1.21 1.48 1.12 1.68 1.19 1.59 1.13 1.73 1.29 1.65 1.37 1.86 1.22 2.45 1.56 4JS8 2.05

* Al contains 0.1 Fe + 0.2 Si.

Zn (3Q7) I

Al-Ni-Cu-Fe-Si; v. Al-Ni-Fe-Si-(Cu)

Ni 75 119 225 129 139

£2 A I 2.49 3.90 4.97 5.71 5.81 5.95 5.95 5.92 5.95 6.06 6.02 5.95 5.41

0.0 11.3 21.7 38.7 51.9 63.1 72.2 79.9 85.3 90.55 95.5 98.1 100.0

Al-Ni XT' / 7 R \ №(38)

|"" PA* | A 1 0 0 t 3.03 3.20 3.33 3.18 3.24 3.19 3.26 2.38 3.48f 3.00

Al-Sn*

0.0 2.49 12.5 3.66 23.25 4.05 40.1 5.44 Mn(38) —A I Tp A I Tp 52.7 6.99 O 2.49 2.60 4.25 4.10 64.5 8.85 6.3 14.27 14.6 0.26 0.24 72.9 8.27 12.6 20.1 20.7 0.34 0.41 74.0 8.85 21.4 35.7 34.6 0.42 0.70 79.8 9.43 32.8 84.0 96.6 0.66 0.82 81.5 9.61 40.4 500 294 1.10 1.22 86.2 10.19 46.9 2000 714 -0.63 0.42 91.6 10.62 96.25 10.75 98.2 12.12 Al-Mn-Fe-Si-Cu 150C; (1/100%) (295, 297) 100.0 11.43 Mn I Fe I Si I . Cu I po I Ai 0 0 * Impurities in Sn < 0.2 %. 5 5 4 3 2 2 3 ^ 0 9 3 . 1 1 P°

Cu 10 19 21 11 24

s

Al-Mn

/OQ\

|

Al-Si-Fe-Cu; v. Al-Cu-Fe-Si

19.18 47.5

Al-Mg-Ni (2Q5) T with 8% Mg and 2% Ni, p 20 = 7.72

Tt/T

Si 35 31 43

* PO — PA = O to 0.15. f Not annealed.

I

90 100

Fe 53 59 40 29 56

| Ai 0 0 P0 3.05 3.20 3.24 3.20 3.18* 3.29 3.41f 1.78 3.24J: 3.20

0.00 4.89 8.02 10.00 11.98 15.08 17.80 19.44 25.00 30.82 35.20

ptR

P350

[| Zn (3Q7) | ~

2.77 3.34 3.67 4.01 4.43 4.63 4.88 5.05 9.89 5.04 9.49 4.88 9.52 5.09 10.31

41.08 48.95 57.17 63.77 70.30 75.30 77.95 80.00 82.30 86.10 96.05

~

5.06 10.51 5.14 11.06 5.56 13.52 5.47 13.52 5.56 14.01 5.38 14.01 5.53 14.01 5.5 13.52 5.65 14.01 5.7 14.01 5.88 15.58

Al-Zn-Cu-Si-Fe; v. Al-Zn-Si-Fe-Cu Al-Zn-Ni-Fe-Si-Cu; v. Al-Ni-Zn-Fe-Si-Cu

Au-Cd.—(Continued)

Al-Zn-Si-Fe-Cu 150C; (1/100%) ( 2 9 5 , 2 9 7 )

Zn

I

Si

62 120 204 59 120

I

Fe

38 43 43 37 39

I

22 28 39 28 31

Cu

pH

I

PQ

I

2.86 2.94 3.07 3.06 3.12

17 30 9 59 63

3.57 3.20 3.25 3.06 3.16

Au-Ag-Cu, 2O0C (75) I

Cu I 95.28 59.25 5.83 1.89 21.60 16.29 6.58 2.11 29.25 18.15 2.46 49.16 44.85 36.8 26.0 7.74 2.48

PA I 2.375f 8.80 10.84 9.81 13.96 13.65 12.50 11.40 13.60 12.61 11.21 11.37 11.40 11.06 10.46 9.61 9.02

* Annealed; Wkc decreases a by 1 % to 6 %.

Ag (196)

I

14.3 15.2 18.06

Cu

I

78.3 26.5 15.44

AH

«* 3.12f 0.763 0.764 0.851 0.516 0.550 0.644 0.693 0.553 0.620 0.653 0.632 0.624 0.631 0.678 0.749 0.779

3.4 1.5 1.2 0.2 0.7 1.4 2.6 2.2 4.8 0.1 3.5 2.8 5.8 5.4 4.5 3_2 t Cold worked.

ap

1.833 0.5742 0.5295

I

+0.5746 -0.5946 +0.1869

18 Karat Gold (201) ; Au, 75; Ag, 10-20; Cu, 5-10; P0 = 8.53; AiQ 0 = 1.08 Au-Bi; v. Bi-Au Au-Cd (240)

~ O 5.05 14.44 30.36 35.44 40.77 43.23 44.05 46.34 48.4 49.76 50.27 51.36 55.89 60.32 70.21 72.93 74.07 74.89 75.87 78.56

c

dO 2.34 4.12 6.675 13.14 16.6 11.31 10.55 9.745 8.365 7.725 7.5 7.32 8.825 16.5 17.6 14.6 14.09 14.0 13.3 13.495 12.5

7I

Tp 2.296 4.04 6.81 12.36 15.4 10.08 10.03 10.23 9.2 7.71 7.39 7.47 8.72 14.31 17.7 14.73 14.51 13.9 13.27 15.03 33.4

Tp " 28.15

84.93

11.42

26.45

2.55

2.35

88.01

10.27

18.65

2.94

2.97

89.87 91.03

9.375 9.645

16.34 15.17

3.02 3.38

2.60 2.50

92.17

9.55

14.3

3.13

2.20

92.95 94.05 94.95 98.1 99.05

9.57 9.29 9.5 9.36 9.16

12.92 10.9 9.49 9.295 8.95

2.76 3.17 3.31 3.38 3.74

2.84 3.11 3.31 3.39 3.64

4.42

4.32

100

O I Tp 4.27 4.45 2.41 2.62 2.58 2.44 1.50 1.35 1.19 1.31 1.72 2.16 1.88 2.34 1.92 2.34 2.43 2.67 6.07 6.24 6.55 6.36 5.44 5.67 2.35 3.06 1.74 1.89 1.93 1.93 2.18 2.46 2.05 2.73 3.15 3.50 4.05 4.17 2.56 2.71 2.01 1.64

O I Tp 2.77 2.35

7.26

7.4

* 25 to 10O0C. Cd

I

Pi5O

I

«100*

Il

O 5.05 30.36 40.77

3^56 5.12 15.22 14.23

5777 2.47 1.02 3.07

48.4

12.14 3.45

Cd

P160

I

«100*

51.36 11.63 55.89 16.54 60.32 20.67 100.0 11.55

3.98

* 100 to 60O0C.

Au-Cu

C11(IS 4) _ ^ ; O 5 10

7 I

A 1.7

HI

4.797 4.246

9.117

15 ffp

«25*

O I 12.01

81.89

Au-Ag; v. Ag-Au

Ag 4.72 6.27 9.64 15.64 3.96 11.52 25.34 32.29 4.53 23.34 36.52 0.00 5.43 15.61 29.3 52.3 58.95

P25

Ai 00

20 22.5 25 27 31.09 35 40 45 47 49.16 50 55 60 65 70 74.37 75 85 90 95

10.803

Tp I A 4.94 4.94

4.931 7.404

1.43 0.94

9.117

0.80 0.77

11.69 12.632 12.396 13.686 13.592 15.803 16.026 16.551 16.107 16.292 15.142 17.045 15.870 15.727 14.171 12.728 12.792 11.136 7.916

5.729 9.988 4.814 11.427 9.782

5.636 10.611 11.342 14.968 15.04 13.233 11.095 7.738 6.858

3.144

100

^!

Tp 1.700

1.44 0,93

0.61 0.55 0.59 0.52 0.57 0.45 0.48 0.51 0.43 0.49 0.53 0.42 0.49 0.53 0.73 0.78 0.76 0.89 0.96

3.144

0.78 0.97 1.08 0.55 0.83 1.10

1.98 0.98 0.95 0.50 0.60 0.66 0.76 1.14 1.36

2.93 2.93

* If 25° ^ < < 100°. CU

O 15 30

I

P 25

.

I]

1.700 to 2.062 10.804 to 11.388 14.727 to 15.040

CU

65 75

I

P25

14.814 to 15.445 5.533 to 9.005

For Ag, PQ = 1.54 (182, 188, IBS). c/. (186)

GU1.1 i 3.30 p, i 19,1 t H 14.5 GU ~r 12.16 P* i 19.6 t 2.0 4.1 8.2

4.67 6.86 10.03

19.4 17.9 20.3

28.9 43.0 50.7

13.45 17.8 12.32 20.1 11.0 17.1

Bi-Mg (265)

Au- Cu.—(Continued) Cu 65^8 78.2 82.3 Cu

I

t Il Cu 1679 92.68 19.5 96.52 17.0

pt I 7\76 5.36 4.64

(189) I

po

I

«Q

I

ffo

(189) I

[I Cu

2.74 2.65 2.38 9.61 0.75 0.48

0.7 9.5

t 18.0 18.1

pt 2790 2.36 po

66.2 98.48

qp

I

00

7.51 0.86 0.18 1.83 3.32 3.72

Au-Cu-Ag; v. Au-Ag-Cu Au-Fe; v. also Fe-Au Wire, Dd (188, 189) Fe

4.74 5.0

j

po

I

a0

<30

I

||

Fe

pQ

\

a0

00

Au-Pd (8Q) O 10 20 30 40 50

po

I

ao*

[I

Pd

2.104 7.37 12.60 18.09 24.70 26.32

3.26 0.97 0.64 0.55 0.34 0.65

po I 2.1 10.23 17.95

Au-Pt (81) ao* [I Pt 3.26 30 0.98 40 0.54 |

I

60 70 80 90 100

po

25.26 20.58 18.02 14.26 10.56

ap*.

I

0.79 1.31 1.74 2.24 3.28

* O to 16O0C.

Pt O 10 20

I

I

po I a0* 19.3 0.59 32.7 0.37

* O to 16O0C.

Au-Sn (182, 189) For Ag, PO = 1.54 Sn I pt I t 0.41 7.86 18.8 0.81 11.73 21.4 12.82 29.75 15.0 22.75 17.35 15.9 37.05 10.79 18.1 41.9 17.4 21.0 54.05 30.1 22.3 59.5 36.0* 21.3 63.9 30.9 21.7 70.2 25.1 19.2 78.0 19.85f 19.8 85.2 16.8 24.2 88.6 15.45 23.8 96.75 13.86 23.6 * PO = 30.45, ao = 2.92, /S0 = 2.23 (189).

t PO = 18.63, ao = 3.09, 0o = 2.88 (189).

Sn 37.6 54.6 64.4

I

p I (96)"" 11.1 AuSn 33.3 AuSn2 25 AuSn4

Bi-Ag, Bi-Al; v. Ag-Bi, Al-Bi

P25

I

AIQQ

(182, 188, 189) |

*From (173). I

I

1 . 6 1 4 1 . 6 4 . 1 9 2.5 142.6 4.17 4.45 149.3 4.23 6.7 154 4.39 .12.5 131.2 3.85 16.5 49.0 3.65 22.1 31.1 3.74 35.4 12.5 4.10 Bi-Pb; v. also Pb-Bi in Table 3

64.9 0.49 +0.13 9.825 74.7 2.98 -3.35 0.3720* -0.3822* 13.55 5 6 . 1 3.5 +5.22

Pd

Mg

Bi-Au (182, 188)

For Ag, po = 1.54 Au I pt I t 1.1 152.5 24.0 2.3 154.3 21.6 4.5 141.3 19.9 10.6 123.2 21.9 19.23 108.4 22.6 32.2 84.6 13.7 48.65 52.2 14.3 Bi-Cd-Pb-Sn; v. Table 3 Bi-Hg (284); (C/. Hg-Bi) Hg I R I t 0.00 1.355 265.0 12.40 1.383 265.7 19.22 1.407 265.2 42.73 1.367 264.0 42.66 1.363 263.5 53.79 1.325 265.8 1.316 264.0 58.72 1.283 264.6 62.66 1.240 264.0 67.70 1.185 265.2 77.05 83.38 1.151 263.6 85.32 1.157 265.0 90.02 1.133 263.9 1.147 264.9 93.07 1.149 262.8 94.31 1.192 264.7 96.6 100.0 1.309 266.0

For Ag, po = 1.54 Pb I I t Pt 0.3 170.4 25.8 0.4 252.5 23.8 0.50 359.7 24.8 0.55 496.8 25.6 0.7 529.1 25.0 1.0 570.4 21.3 1.6 590.0 22.9 2.0 599.1 24.1 2.4 568.2 24.0 3.4 532.9 23.9 4.0 508.2 23.5 4.7 492.1 21.3 5.8 431.4 22.6 7.6 380.3 21.5. 11.1 295.6 20.0 19.9 179.2 19.9 33.3 109.2 19.2 49.9 73.7 22.2 66.9 53.6 22.5 75.0 44.4 21.3 79.95 38.3 21.7 83.3 35.4* 20.9 92.28 27.74 24.4 97.96 21.9f 24.0 * ao = 2.307, 0o = 2.0. t ao = 3.458, /S0 = 5.06.

O0C; *A = 123 (121) Pb I PQ I PA 0.00 131.2 134.5 2 284.8 295.8 4 290.2 271.6 6 275.9 273.1

Sn 0.1 0.3 0.5 0.6 0.95 2.7 4.4 6.5

Bi-Pb.- (Cont'd) Pb I PQ I PA 8 266.9 268.4 10 255.4 265.3 20188.5 179.7 30 137.4 129.7 50 86.06 77.30 60 70.53 65.17 70 53.06 55.96 80 41.41 43.82 82 39.34 40.07 84 40.41 41.73 84.5 39.26 39.59 86 35.34 36.97 87.5 34.09 33.53 88 31.98 32.95 90 29.08 32.21 100.00 20.91 21.39 Pb (242) I

O 0.50 0.81 1.77

p

, I Pb (242)|

p

120.5 1.81 213.7 130.6 3.11 225.3 129.7 4.08 194.6 163.5

Bi-Pb-Sn; v. Table 3 Bi-Pb-Sn-Cd Lipowitz alloy (i 69 ); ?>. also Table 3; ca. Bi, 50; Pb, 25; Sn, 14; Cd, ll;H-scaleof *. t I "P Il t P + 19.6 47.5 -122.9 28.9 -176.6 21.3 - 92.1 33.2 -178.1 21.1 - 89.1 33.7 -178.5 21.0 - 87.0 34.0 -178.5 20.9 - 85.1 34.3 -175.7 21.0 - 37.4 40.4 -173.4 21.5 - 35.7 40.9 -170.5 21.8 - 35.0 41.0 -141.5 26.1 - 34.6 41.0 -134.6 27.4 + 12.1 46.7 -129.3 27.9 + 12.1 46.8 -125.4 28.3 Bi-Sb (180) For Ag, po = 1.54; 3.03% Sb, P24 = 174.2

Bi-Sn (182) For Ag, po = 1.54 I pt I t I] Sn T 142.6 25.2 12.1 386.4 27.1 21.8 583.1 26.3 35.7 628.4 26.8 52.3 604.0 24.1 62.55 432.8 24.7 69.0 300.0 29.7 92.37 243.6 29.6

Pt I t 148.1 29.9 68.8 28.5 38.9 25.7 26.4 23.8 21.9 27.9 19.7 24.9 14.8 24.2

Bi-Sn.—(Continued) Sn (285)= 19.67 t I Rt O I 132.8 ao = 2.73 D = 36.2 133.0 181.0 137.3 184.2 141.6 180.9 146.3 177.5 156.0 170.9 166.3 159.8 173.2 149.9 187.4 136.0 196.4 123.1 202.1 108.5 214.7 111.1 D = 3.3 260.0 112.6 34.6 1.443* 60.0 1.519*

t Rt O I 85.0 «o = 3.07 D = 26.1

132.1 119.5 139.9 120.9 143.1 119.4 149.4 115.2 156.2 109.7 161.4 102.1 165.3 98.5 185.2 98.9 204.4 99.2 D = 3.9 253.8 101.1 30.6 92.0* 65.9 99.6

39.65 t I Rt O | 68.7 OJ0 = 2.59 D = 17.8 69.1 81.0 97.0 88.0 107.5 90.6 120.5 92.7 128.1 93.6 136.2 94.3 138.6 94.5 142.1 93.1 143.6 91.6 147.3 90.8 155.5 88.3 D = 4.3 252.8 92.5

1.646

90.4

Sn (285) =45.5 t \ Rt O j 54.4 a0 =

31.08

3.07

t O

50.05 \ Rt j 47.7

a0 =

t O

61.09 \ Rt | 30.4

a0 =

3.3

4.64

D = 16.7 137.9 77.4

D = 15.8 129.5 68.1

D = 14.0 137.7 49.7

139.8 77.9 145.3 82.0 149.4 82.4 D = 4.5 251.8 87.0 45.6 61.3* 73.9 65.4* 81.6 66.9* 93.7 69.0* 100.9 70.8*

135.6 70.8 141.6 74.4 148.6 78.7 153.2 79.3 D = 4.5 244.6 83.4 58.7 56.3* 81.9 59.9*

141.6 50.9 147.1 53.0 156.2 57.1 164.3 63.2 172.4 70.5 178.2 71.3 D = 3.51 252.3 73.9 35.9 34.6* 50.2 36.0* 59.4 37.0* 74.4 39.1* 91.0 42.2*

Sn (285) =75.30 t

I

Rt

O I 26To ao = 3.22

87.46 t

I

Bi-Sn.—(Continued) Sn (242) o Oi 0~7l 27l57.43 P 120.5 168.1 197.7 223.3 204.9 Duplicate specimens differ by 2% to 12%; following data are averages for two specimens of each composition ( 55 ): Sn O 1 2 3^7i 6.36 111.4 320.8 320.0 307.5 227.7 P20 P35 117.3 326.7 327.6 316.6 235.2 P5o 123.6 332.2 335.3 323.6 242.0 130.0 336.2 340.0 330.0 250.0 P65 P80 136.8 337.8 344.8 336.0 258.0 P100 144.8 340.5 349.1 340.2 267.2 Sn 7.69%, pn = 296.6; for Ag, Po = 1.54 (18Q) Bi-Te (H9); Te, 47.8%,

Bi-Tl (iQ4) Tl

j

p

0 1 10 20 30 37 40 53 60 80 85 88.75 90 93 95

y

*' D 99.25 100 *«T1.

I

a0

ff0

I

3.32 2.62 1.68 1.89 2.41 2.90 1.27 0.740 0.418 0.712s 0.936 1.177 1.387 2.03 2.76 3.15 2.81 3.28 3.25 3.79 4_28

5.45 5.075 9.54 7.80 4.71 2.22 0.591 0.511 0.951 1.450 8.32 5.89 8.01 18.86 16.47 2.10 5.35 1.562 2.58 1.72 2.14

f/STl.

Ca-Al;. v. Al-Ca Cd-Au; v. Au-Cd CdCl2-Cd; v. Table 3

Rt

O I T s T s O I 16.2 ao = 3.93 a0 = 3.70

D = 8.39 133 6 37.2 135.4 37.2 137.9 36.5 141.8 37.0

D = 7.19 176.7 31.0 184.7 32.6 199.0 38.3 206.9 47.8

D = 5.98 158.7 25.7 167.0 25.8 186.2 28.4 198.2 31.0

144.6 37:4 151.2 38.4 157.7 39.6 179.2 46.9 194.2 60.4 194.7 62.6 200.3 63.8 D = 2.57 254.8 65.2 59.5 30.7* 75.1 31.9*

210.0 54.6 212.1 57.2 217.1 57.2 D = 3.9 253.0 58.6 230.7 57.4*

211.5 217.4 224.7 239.3 251.4

* Falls below the line defined by D and its preceding Rt.

I

110 128 110 90 69 45 84.6 96.8 105.1 68.8 53.2 42.5 37.5 29.5 24.3 21.4* 21.5f 19.2* 10.4f 17.4 14.0

90.53 t

Rt

= 2000; Bi2Te3

Pl8

40.0 52.9 55.3 55.4 56.0

Cd-Cu (24) CU

P600

I

P700

Il

CU

I

peOO

J

P700

( T o 3 4 . 8 2 3 5 . 7 8 S l T s 4 4 . 4 5 4 2 . 4 3 19.0 42.42 41.57 37.0 42.97 41.77 23.8 43.97 42.31 42.0 41.65 40.71 27.4 43.89 42.07 Cd-Mg (279) Mg

0.0 1.1 2.4 3.7 4.15 5.2 6.75 8.5 9.4 10.35 11.5

I

p25

7.46 9.43 11.45 14.08 14.94 12.00 16.64 27.32 29.41 28.33 20.49

I

P 50

I

p 75

8.077 10.215 12.18 14.83 15.798 14.493 17.482 29.59

8.78 11.15 . 13.02 15.625 16.667 17.36 18.18 30.52

30.303

33.00

[

P100

9.61 12.05 13.90 16.34 17.64 18.73 18.87 36.36 37.03 36.36 25.0

Cd-Mg.- (Continued) Mg

I

pzb

12.6 15.0 16.35 17.8 19.25 20.9 24.5 28.6 33.5 36.3 39.4 42.6 46.4 55.1 66.0 80.4 100.0 Mg

I

P50

18.08 11.97 9.48 7.692 9.22 10.87 13.56 13.87 12.00 10.101 8.85 8.62 14.70 13.44 10.101 7.194 4.608 I

PlSO

CM) 3.7 5.2 8.5* 12.6 15.0 17.8f 20.9J 24.5 28.6 36.3 42.6 46.4 55.1 100.0

Cd-Sn (182, 188, 189)

I

18.832 12.658 10.183 8.446 9.891 11.494 14.347 15.00 13.28 10.858 9.871 9.578 15.00 13.774 10.493 7.507 4.985 P200

j

P75

PlOO

Cd-Zn (1«2, 188, 189)

For Ag, po = 1.54 Sn pt I t 14777754 2075 20.6 7.85* 20.3 34.2 8.39 19.6 50.9 9.54 20.9 66.6 10.66 20.2 80.6 11.63f 22.3 86.1 12.10 22.1

For Ag, p 0 = 1.54

Zn I pt I t 19.88 20.84 879 6.85 19.4 13.47 14.24 12.7 6.74 20.3 10.917 11.89 22.3 6.57t 21.3 9.225 10.13 36.8 6.45 22.3 10.73 11.56 53.5 6.39 22.2 12.20 13.00 70.3 6.12 20.3 15.083 15.97 77.75 5.96 20.0 16.34 17.67 14.184 15.34 * P o = 6.96; ao = 3.85; /S0 = 5.42 (189). t PO = 10.62; ao =4.07; /So = 4.73 11.82 13.02 (189). J a 0 = 3.785; /S0 = 6.33. Cu-a; (i);0 < x < 1 % Co, commercial; v. Co-Fe 11.364 13.16 10.964 12.82 * I k 11 x \ k Co-Cu ( 2 2 7 ); Aieo; w = wire, 15.29 15.63 Ag 6 P* 3000 r = rod 14.184 14.49 Al* 500 Pb 3 Cu I P20 I a 10.99 10.33 As* 720 S 8 7.855 8.21 0.2w 9.73 3.26 \ Au 10 Sb* 190 5.414 5.959 9.6r 24.30 1.67 Bi 4 Si* 70 P255

I

TT~9 17.9 21.7 44.25 25.0 16.4 11.8 14.9 18.1 20.8

1172 19.9 23.3 45.45 31.25 18.7 14.0 17.0 21.4 25.0

1672 21.8 25.0 46.1 35.0 25.6 23.3 25 27.1 25.6

16.67 17.24 16.39 15.23 7.64

20.84 18.8 17.51 15.92 9_.8

21.45 19.3 18.18 16.42 11.86

P300

ITTo 23.5 27.0 46.95 35.7 26.8 24.0 25.8 27.7 26.3 22.26 19.95 18.9 16.92 13.27

19.5r 29.7r 40.6r 53.4r 65.6w 76.4w 86.8w 93.3w 96.9w 95.9w 96.9w 98.1w 98.5w 100.Ow

16.59 14.79 12.92 11.34 12.10 11.43 10.72 10.02 8.63 9.45 9.45 8.80 6.76 1.672

1.66 1.50 1.43 1.32 0.936 0.817 0.776 0.801 0.820 0.771 0.768 0.859 1.084 4.45

Cd Fe O

9 140 25

Sn Te Zn

67 4 30

* For these elements the conductivity concentration curve is markedly curved from the outset, and the values of k have been obtained from a tangent to the curve at zero concentra! tion. These values can therefore only be used for concentrations of a small fraction of 1 %.

Cu-Ag; cf. Ag-Cu For Ag, po = 1.54 1.70 % Ag Ddwire(i«6) (24) Ag I PQ [I t I pt 1.21 T77 1100 I 21.45 D = 0.34s 2.39 1.94 1400 | 22.48 Cu-Ag-Au; v. Au-Ag-Cu Cu-Al; 3%~A1 (63); cf, Al-Cu

Co-Fe ( 142 ); v. also Fe-Co-z "Pure cobalt"; 15.50C; 0.017S; * P HO = 42.55; pns = 44.8. tA = 800* tpi65 = 12.4; piss = 13.3; P2 io = 14.7; P2 35 = 15.65; P2 4 6 - 17.2; p 2 60 = 18.2; P275 = 23.75. Fe I po I PA t P i63 = 15.4; Pi9o = 16.4; P23 a = 20.0; P2 43 = 24.9. 0.20 I 870 I t* I Pt Il t* I ~ 22.50C; 0.012S, 0.084Si, -197.1 7.328 +0.85 8.660 0.0066P -106.1 8.044 16.35 8.990 0.19 I 898 I 915 I - 81.9 8.210 92.25 9.575 Cd-Pb; v. also Table 3 " Commercial cobalt" \ 0.0 8.847 «i6 = 0.897 0 Pb (1*>) I PQ I A 100 [I Pb* I t 21.3 C; 0.023S, 0.09C, tr. Si, Pt * Pt scale of t. tr. Ca 13.03 7.46 4.17 23.6 8.12 21.4 Cu-Al-Ni; cf. Al-Cu-Ni-Fe-Si 0.60 I 2308 I 30.76 8.51 4.19 31.6 8.70 20.7 Al (225) I NJ I pA *0 19.6 C; 0.012S, 0.039C, 0.14Si, 40.92 9.44 4.01 48.1 10.52 21.2 5.21 7.31 18.45f 0.010P 57.71 10.9 4.13 64.9 12.22 21.8 5.32 4 . 8 4 15.47f 1.15 I 1049 I 904 69.35 13.2 3.95 78.8 15.10 18.5 4.94 2.38 12.56 * For variation of P with • ( 1 4 2 )« 80.84 15.32 4.26 88.1 17.13 23.0 5.10 0.94 10.88 91.57 17.63 4.12 92.6 18.37't 21.9 Co-Fe-Ni (142) 21.95°; 0.018S ;

*For Ag, po = 1.54 (182, iss, 189). t P o = 16.58; «o = 3.50; 0o = 5.0 (1*9).

Fe 4.49

I I

Ni I 2.73 I

Co-Ni (237) Cd-Sb (72) Sb

33.3 50.0 51.7* 66.7 * CdSb.

I

po

372 1 699 50 200 4 050

j

p-79

292 1 257 31 800 3 675

I

P-190

156.8 730 15 970 4 940

po 1444

5.02 9.88 9.82 10.06

0.0 9.85 2.46 14.40 1.04 11.74 0.0 10.27

*
0

t P is same for IA. = 90O C. Ni I Pi 7 to is Il Ni I p 1 7 t o is Aluminium bronze; cf. Al-Cu O 6.41 60 10.11 6.5% Al, 6.5% Ni (63, 76, 212) 5 6.80 70 11.16 ** I PI" H t* I PI 10 7.15 80 11.86 20 7.54 85 11.90 !I -197.1 13.048 +0.9 14.921 30 8.37 90 11.33 -106.1 13.939 16.3515.066 40 9.24 95 10.46 - 81.9 14.132 91.4515.785 50 9.72 100 7.72 0.0 14.912 a16 = 0.645 * Pt scale of t.

Cu-Al-P (224)

Al I 4.88 4.94 4.97 5.02 9.96 10.05 10.06

P I P11.,"" 0.20 11.67 0.09 11.02 0.06 10.36 0.0 9.85 0.11 10.75 0.05 10.53 0.0 10.27

Cu-As (221) As

I

PQ

0.25 0.5 0.75 1.0 1.5 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 28.5 31.2 32.3 33.1 34.9 36.5 37.8 39.4 42.0

[

3.04 3.79 5.22 6.31 8.58 17.3 22.5 26.2 34.8 38.5 47.4 54.3 56.5 59.0 58.2 50.3 56.6 57.1 54.8 53.2 50.7 49.3

AiQ 0

2.31 2.02 1.49 1.26 0.943 0.475 0.376 0.275 0.261 0.449 0.940 1.59 2.39 2.74 2.66 2.68 2.65 2.69 2.74 2.71 2.99 2.70

For Cu, Pi 8 = 1.78 As j pis Rod (228)

1.04 1.80 2.66 2.8 3.0 5.02 5.4

4.92 7.18 9.84 12.6 11.35 27.0 26.85 Sheet (228) 1.99 4.68 4.83 17.8

I

PQ

I

OLQ

I

00

2.64 6.52 0.74 0.10 0.37 0.04

Cu-As-O (**7) As I Q I Pt I 0.05 0.26 2.169 0.06 0.3 2.485 0.22 0.16 3.178 0.4 0.17 3.843 0.43 0.42 4.251 0.49 0.1 4.690

Cu-Co; v. Co-Cu Cu-Cr; cf. Cu-Ni-Cr Cr (135) I PA I pDd O 1.697 1.738 0.498 1.788 3.635 0.99 1.832 3.160 4.76 1.986 3.701 6.51 2.404 3.902 9.1 2.209 3.940 13.04 2.324 4.268 14.74 2.52 4.296 Cr (249)| pt I t I ~ 4.2 2.084 18.55 3.76 9 2.209 18.7 3.74 13 2.723 22.1 3.44 16.7 3.372 18.75 2.44 Cu-Fe; cf. Fe-Cu A 100 Q in N (236) Fe I p [I Fe I p 0 1.93 50 6.37 0.5 3.16 60 7.28 0.8 3.36 70 8.63 1 3.36 80 10.10 1.5 3.51 90 11.36 2 3.60 92 11.84 4 3.66 94 12.27 6 3.75 96 13.01 8 3.87 97 14.00 10 3.99 98.5 14.00^ 15 4.08 99 16.04* 20 4.47 99.5 13.70 30 4.99 100 11.84 40 5.77 Dd wire ("6) Fe I PQ [I Fe | Po 0.48 I 4.46 J l 1.05 j 5.72 Dd, 0.4Fe (««, 189) 3.86

(186, 188, 189) AS

Cu-Cd; v. Cd-Cu

PO

For Ag, PO = 1.54; Dd wire

~~tr.2.52 2.80 12.51 5.40 24.1

Cu-Au; v. Au-Cu Cu-Au-Ag; v. Au-Ag-Cu

1 17 18 18 18 17 18

Mg

0.56 0.65 0.77 1.53 2.97 3.28 6.75 8.76 10.06 11.65 14.53 15.38 15.47 16.05 16.28

I

OiQ

I

ftp

1.55 j 0.33 Cu-Mg (265) I

P26

2.115 3.25 3.339 4.185 4.784 5.061 6.214 5.641 5.952 5.411 5.803 5.746 5.717 5.538 5.16

I

AIQQ

3.54 2.27 2.10 1.83 1.21 1.22 1.57 2.26 2.25 2.50 2.57 2.51 2.50 2.90 3.14

Cu-Mg.- (Cont'd) Mg I P 25 I AiQ 0 16.46 5.145 3.16 17.71 5.509 3.07 22.66 6.069 2.75 23.7 6.371 3.28 26.7 6.146 2.91 27.55 6.83 2.81 31.9 7.134 3.16 34.4 7.155 3.23 36.35 8.111 3.48 36.8 7.937 3.62 38.15 9.272 3.52 41.11 8.265 41.12 10.31 3.79 43.3 11.94 3.65 44.5 8.529 3.63 45.0 7.08 3.39 48.0 6.598 3.62 52.9 6.258 3.66 53.05 6.072 3.73 60.2 6.020 3.64 68.8 5.786 3.50 77.5 5.171 3.76 87.8 4.923 3.64

Cu-Mn [Cu contained: 0.153O, 0.012 Zn, 0.005Fe, 0.003As, 0.003 (Ni + Co), 0.001(Sb + Sn), tr. (Bi + Mn)]; *A = 70O0C ( 1 ^ 8 ). Mn

I

0.04 0.07 .0.12 0.29 0.40 0.61 0.98 1.34 1.49 Mn (135) I

PA

PO

1.75

TTI

1.79 2.01 2.62 2.72 3.25 4.83 6.09 6.66

1.746 1.964 2.576 2.618 3.165 4.625 5.92 6.41 p

j

a

O 1.697 4.28 4.5 17.9 0.17 7.3 19.7 0.32 12.0 36.7 40 133 60 164 Mn (250) I P20 j a20 4.2 17.9 0.17 7.4 19.7 0.25 Mn (186) I aote-10 0.4 0.97 10 0.09 16 0.14 t I 20° I 22.5° I 25° Mn (147) [ (IQVp 0 ) (dpo/dQ 12 9.09 6.71 4.31 13 8.92 3.48 0.84 14 4.47 1.68 1.12 15 3.93 1.04 1.85

Cu-Mn.- (Coned) a, 20 to IQO0C (148) Mn I P2Q I «20 15 I 50 I 0.02 Mn (147) [ P22.6 I « 2 2 5 "" 13 I 45 I 0.00348 Cu-Mn-Al (65) (Therlo) t = 20 to IQO0G Mn I Al j p2o I oo 13 I 2 I 46.5 I 0.01 Cu-Mn-Fe (1*7) Mn I Fe I p22.5 10.17 0.286 32.57 12.69 0.329 42.78 14.76 0.327 53.46 0.401 64.54 18.55 Resistin O 60) 13.5 I 1.9 I 50.2 Cu-Mn-Fe-Si Mn I Fe I Si I p |T" 12.3 0.540.26 43.9 24.95 0.340 81.2 0.05 30.0 1.320.11107.3 0.04 Cu-Mn-Ni-(Fe) Manganin; v. also Cu-Ni-Mn and Cu-Ni-Fe-Mn 12% Mn, 4% Ni t

\

pt

(63)

91.6 16.25 + 0.9 - 81.9 -106.1 -197.1 -217

47.528 47.640 47.636 47.387 47.225 45.820 45.275 (169)

+ 17.7 -164.0 -163.0 -154.5 -145.3 -133.6 -119.2 - 98.5 - 66.8 - 50.2 - 43.6 - 14.0 + 13.8

44.6 43.0 43.0 43.1 43.2 43.4 43.9 44.2 44.4 44.5 44.5 44.5 44.5 (144)

18

I

42.0

12% Mn, 3% Ni; O to IQ0C OL = 0.14 (90) Mn (73) I Ni I p I OL 24 3 47.7 -0.03 30 O 100.6 +0.04

Cu-Mn-Ni-(Fe) .—(Conl'd) Mn(ISi, V Ni Fe pzo a 23 4^ 8.84 1.780.9355.60.0033 9.93 1.740.2434.20.012 10.26 1.770.5237.40.015 12.03 3.411.0447.80.0022 12.83 2.080.7350.80.0038 12.93 2.600.8251.10.0057 2.5 O 37.40.016 13.5 Other data by (2, 65, 66, 141, 144, 201). Manganin, composition not stated. Pi 5

a (2)

I

Wire 42.9 41.0to 43.2 Sheet 46.0 44.8

-0.024* -O.OlOf -0.014* -O.OOSf

* Range 15 to 970C. t Reichsanstalt; range 17 to 530C for wire, 18 to 60° for sheet. t (260)

I

CL

12.6 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 275 300 325 350 375 425 400 450

Ni 9 20 30 40*

+0.006 O -0.020 -0.035 -0.042 -0.047 -0.050 -0.050 -0.050 -0.050 -0.052 -0.060 -0.057 -0.040 -0.015 +0.010 0.040 0.060 0.055

I

Co 0.5 O O O

Cu-Mn-Ni- (Fe).—(ConV d) t (26Q) I « ~" 475 O 500 -0.110 525 O 550 +0.150 PO = 38.79; AIOO =0.015 Effect of hydrostatic pressure (31). Composition of the commercial manganin is not given. r o, [TP] — resistance for p = O, [p = p]; A = 109(rp - r 0 )/r 0 p; unit of p — 1 kg/cm2. P \ A [I p I A"" 1260 2272 9290 2302 2610 2282 8000 2304 2299 6450 2302 3810 5000 2301 4790 2304 2299 3250 2291 6180 7210 2300 1740 2308 8230 2302 1000 2272 Cu-Ni; cf. Cu-Ni-Fe-Mn, and Table 3 a, 20 to IQO0C (86) Nl

O 10 20 30 40 48 57.5

68 100

I

P20

1.67 14.6

Q!20

I

4

0.26* 38.5 49 49 50.3

O.OlSf 0.005

50 7

4

(91)

2 20 43t 46§ 50

3 28 45.0 0.01 50.2 51

* 0.110 (162). f CuNi, from 0«). J From (1*8). § From (93), t = O0C.

* 40 % Ni = Constantan.

a, 40 to 7O C (244) Ni I pt I * I ao 3.94 9.0 38.8 1.46 17.3 26.3 54.9 0.30 Named alloys: Key I Name Ae Advance, v. also Cu-NiFe-Mn Cn Constantan, v. also CuNi-Mn

Cu-Ni.- (Cont'd) Ia-Ia (26Q) t

I

12^5 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250

a

I

I)

0.033 0.030 0.022 0.015 0.006 0.006 0.005 0.009 0.010 0.015 0.020

a

I

275 0.029 300 0.035 325 0.030 350 0.030 375 0.028 400 0.028 425 0.035 450 0.067 475 0.110 500 0.200

Cu-Ni-Al; v. Cu-Al-Ni Cu-Ni-Co-Fe-Zn; v. Cu-NiFe-Co-Zn Cu-Ni-Cr (135, 250) Ni

O 23.84 47.62

I

P2o

4.76% Cr 2.1 25.1 55.1

I

o:

3.45 0.35 0.14

71.4

70.5 0.41

95.24

45.7

O 22.7 45.45

68.2 77.3 90.9

0.97

9.1% Cr 2.2 3.49 22.4 0.42 50.7

0.18

83.9 0.16 86.3 67.8 0.37 13.04% Cr

O 21.76 65.2 73.9 78.2 86.96

Named alloys. — (Cont'd) Key I Name Cl ICopel Eureka = Constantan Ia Ia-Ia Il Ideal PN Patent nickel, v. also Cu-Ni-Fe-Zn-Mn Re Rheostatine

a

J

' Lit.

I

25% Ni; PN 33.5 I 0.2 I 40% Ni; Cn, Ia 47-51 I -0.04-(+0.03) | (*o, 66, 141, 144) 45% Ni; Ae, Cl, Il 49-49.5 I NiL-O. Ol 1(65,130) 48% Ni; Ae, Cn, Ia, Re 47-49 I 0.005-0.25 | (135) Composition not given (66, 141, 20i) ; c/. (io, 160, 260) 44-50 -0.057-(+0.11) Cn 47-48 0.25-0.27 Re

(201).

Cu-Ni.—(Continued) O to 37O0C (214) I Fe I PQ I a I /3 1 22 0.570 0.23 tr. 27.26 0.326 0.69 tr. 32.35 0.270 0.37 O 42.39 0.167 0.047

0

Cu -Ni.—(Continued) P

O 20.8 41.6 62.5 66.7 70.8 70.8

3.4 2.5 22.1 0.47 86.4 0.11 99.0 95.7 84.1

16.7% Cr 2.7 21.3 36.7 86.3 108.7 109.8 112.9

75

106.4

75

106.3

79.1

98.3

0.20

2.99 0.46 0.31 0.12 0.078 0.079

Cu-m-Cr,—(Cont'd) Ni I P20 I a 16.7% Cr 83.3 95.9 83.3 96.9 0.12 20% Cr 64 121.8 67 110 67 111.6 72 107 _ (249)

62.5 65.1 68.2 71.4 82

Cr

p,

J

«

16.7 86.3 18.2 0.12 13.15 86.4 20.6 0.11 9.1 83.9 18.6 0.16 4.8 70.5 22.6 0.41 12 85* 0.3*

*From (i 48 ).

Cu-Ni-Fe-z Excelsior (66, 141) Cu, 53; Ni, 45; Fe; x PO

OL at 17°

I

II 5.79 1.42 180.29 0.95 Cu-Ni-Fe-Co; v. Cu-Ni Cu-Ni-Fe-Co-Zn Silverine (63) Ni = 17%, Fe = Co = Zn = 2% t* I Pt -197.1 0.909 -106.1 1.452 - 81.9 1.582 0.0 2.064

+ 0.95 16.25 + 90.9

2.071 2.166 2.614

0:15 = 2.85 * Pt-scale of t.

Cu-Ni-Fe-Mn; v. also Cu-NiFe-Mn-(Si, C) _(155)

Fe

Mn

f>«

a

°

0.00 T753 3.77 10.040.15 tr. 14.6 0.49 16.010.18 tr. 21.6 0.31 20.040.13 tr. 26.4 0.27 24.070.580.0231.3* 0.21 29.940.360.3638.4 +0.12

Cu-Mn-Ni-(Fe) .—(Conl'd) Mn(ISi, V Ni Fe pzo a 23 4^ 8.84 1.780.9355.60.0033 9.93 1.740.2434.20.012 10.26 1.770.5237.40.015 12.03 3.411.0447.80.0022 12.83 2.080.7350.80.0038 12.93 2.600.8251.10.0057 2.5 O 37.40.016 13.5 Other data by (2, 65, 66, 141, 144, 201). Manganin, composition not stated. Pi 5

a (2)

I

Wire 42.9 41.0to 43.2 Sheet 46.0 44.8

-0.024* -O.OlOf -0.014* -O.OOSf

* Range 15 to 970C. t Reichsanstalt; range 17 to 530C for wire, 18 to 60° for sheet. t (260)

I

CL

12.6 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 275 300 325 350 375 425 400 450

Ni 9 20 30 40*

+0.006 O -0.020 -0.035 -0.042 -0.047 -0.050 -0.050 -0.050 -0.050 -0.052 -0.060 -0.057 -0.040 -0.015 +0.010 0.040 0.060 0.055

I

Co 0.5 O O O

Cu-Mn-Ni- (Fe).—(ConV d) t (26Q) I « ~" 475 O 500 -0.110 525 O 550 +0.150 PO = 38.79; AIOO =0.015 Effect of hydrostatic pressure (31). Composition of the commercial manganin is not given. r o, [TP] — resistance for p = O, [p = p]; A = 109(rp - r 0 )/r 0 p; unit of p — 1 kg/cm2. P \ A [I p I A"" 1260 2272 9290 2302 2610 2282 8000 2304 2299 6450 2302 3810 5000 2301 4790 2304 2299 3250 2291 6180 7210 2300 1740 2308 8230 2302 1000 2272 Cu-Ni; cf. Cu-Ni-Fe-Mn, and Table 3 a, 20 to IQO0C (86) Nl

O 10 20 30 40 48 57.5

68 100

I

P20

1.67 14.6

Q!20

I

4

0.26* 38.5 49 49 50.3

O.OlSf 0.005

50 7

4

(91)

2 20 43t 46§ 50

3 28 45.0 0.01 50.2 51

* 0.110 (162). f CuNi, from 0«). J From (1*8). § From (93), t = O0C.

* 40 % Ni = Constantan.

a, 40 to 7O C (244) Ni I pt I * I ao 3.94 9.0 38.8 1.46 17.3 26.3 54.9 0.30 Named alloys: Key I Name Ae Advance, v. also Cu-NiFe-Mn Cn Constantan, v. also CuNi-Mn

Cu-Ni.- (Cont'd) Ia-Ia (26Q) t

I

12^5 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250

a

I

I)

0.033 0.030 0.022 0.015 0.006 0.006 0.005 0.009 0.010 0.015 0.020

a

I

275 0.029 300 0.035 325 0.030 350 0.030 375 0.028 400 0.028 425 0.035 450 0.067 475 0.110 500 0.200

Cu-Ni-Al; v. Cu-Al-Ni Cu-Ni-Co-Fe-Zn; v. Cu-NiFe-Co-Zn Cu-Ni-Cr (135, 250) Ni

O 23.84 47.62

I

P2o

4.76% Cr 2.1 25.1 55.1

I

o:

3.45 0.35 0.14

71.4

70.5 0.41

95.24

45.7

O 22.7 45.45

68.2 77.3 90.9

0.97

9.1% Cr 2.2 3.49 22.4 0.42 50.7

0.18

83.9 0.16 86.3 67.8 0.37 13.04% Cr

O 21.76 65.2 73.9 78.2 86.96

Named alloys. — (Cont'd) Key I Name Cl ICopel Eureka = Constantan Ia Ia-Ia Il Ideal PN Patent nickel, v. also Cu-Ni-Fe-Zn-Mn Re Rheostatine

a

J

' Lit.

I

25% Ni; PN 33.5 I 0.2 I 40% Ni; Cn, Ia 47-51 I -0.04-(+0.03) | (*o, 66, 141, 144) 45% Ni; Ae, Cl, Il 49-49.5 I NiL-O. Ol 1(65,130) 48% Ni; Ae, Cn, Ia, Re 47-49 I 0.005-0.25 | (135) Composition not given (66, 141, 20i) ; c/. (io, 160, 260) 44-50 -0.057-(+0.11) Cn 47-48 0.25-0.27 Re

(201).

Cu-Ni.—(Continued) O to 37O0C (214) I Fe I PQ I a I /3 1 22 0.570 0.23 tr. 27.26 0.326 0.69 tr. 32.35 0.270 0.37 O 42.39 0.167 0.047

0

Cu -Ni.—(Continued) P

O 20.8 41.6 62.5 66.7 70.8 70.8

3.4 2.5 22.1 0.47 86.4 0.11 99.0 95.7 84.1

16.7% Cr 2.7 21.3 36.7 86.3 108.7 109.8 112.9

75

106.4

75

106.3

79.1

98.3

0.20

2.99 0.46 0.31 0.12 0.078 0.079

Cu-m-Cr,—(Cont'd) Ni I P20 I a 16.7% Cr 83.3 95.9 83.3 96.9 0.12 20% Cr 64 121.8 67 110 67 111.6 72 107 _ (249)

62.5 65.1 68.2 71.4 82

Cr

p,

J

«

16.7 86.3 18.2 0.12 13.15 86.4 20.6 0.11 9.1 83.9 18.6 0.16 4.8 70.5 22.6 0.41 12 85* 0.3*

*From (i 48 ).

Cu-Ni-Fe-z Excelsior (66, 141) Cu, 53; Ni, 45; Fe; x PO

OL at 17°

I

II 5.79 1.42 180.29 0.95 Cu-Ni-Fe-Co; v. Cu-Ni Cu-Ni-Fe-Co-Zn Silverine (63) Ni = 17%, Fe = Co = Zn = 2% t* I Pt -197.1 0.909 -106.1 1.452 - 81.9 1.582 0.0 2.064

+ 0.95 16.25 + 90.9

2.071 2.166 2.614

0:15 = 2.85 * Pt-scale of t.

Cu-Ni-Fe-Mn; v. also Cu-NiFe-Mn-(Si, C) _(155)

Fe

Mn

f>«

a

°

0.00 T753 3.77 10.040.15 tr. 14.6 0.49 16.010.18 tr. 21.6 0.31 20.040.13 tr. 26.4 0.27 24.070.580.0231.3* 0.21 29.940.360.3638.4 +0.12

Cu-Ni-Fe-Mn.--(Con^) Ki -r, ,. Fe

(155)

Mn

a

°

P»

41.250.370.7050.0 -0.032 46.180.32 52.2 -0.080 49.360.540.3251.7 +0.040 50.840.380.6551.7 0.055 56.370.34 tr. 52.5 0.15 62.020.34 tr. 51.5 0.16 89.461.191.4019.0 3.00 93.661.021.4516.6 2.90 100.00 12.3 3.47 * 0.70 % Zn.

Advance (65, 134, 260) ; ^ aiso Cu-Ni Ni I Fe I Mn I P 2 0 I

a

44 0.5 1.0 48.8 ca. 0.01

44 0.451.1648.2 g(134) I

20 100 200 300 t

p

| | t (134)1

48.24 400 48.20 500 48.22 600 48.31 t a

(260)

12.5 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 275

0.02

300 325 350 375 400 425 450 475 500 525 550

t I P [I 20 44.68 30 45.57 40 46.53 50 47.50 60 43.45 70 49.4 80 50.3 90 50.9 P20

t 100 110 120 130 140 150 160

P 51.4 51.8 52.2 52.5 52.86 53.1 53.32 «20

I

4 3 . 5 0 . 0 2 2 44.9* 1.9* *From (« 5 ).

~

48.51 49.20 68.10Ni, 2.4Fe, 1.5Mn, 0.1 ISi, 0.16C (134) 50.11

(260)

+0.020 +0.005 -0.008 -0.012 -0.007 -0.004 O +0.003 0.007 0.010 0.014 0.020

p

Cu-Ni-Fe-Mn-(Si, C), Monel metals 67Ni, (Fe + Mn + Si) = ca. 5 (136)

a

0.027 0.030 0.030 0.033 +0.025 -0.010 +0.020 0.040 0.080 0.105 0.105

t \ P Il t \ P 20 44.56 600 61.70 100 51.69 700 63.92 200 54.13 800 66.16 300 55.91 900 69.05 400 57.70 1000 72.65 500 59.70

p = 42.6; a = 1.98 (207). 68Ni, 2.5Fe, 1.5Mn («g) P20

«20

I

1/9

42.5 73

Cu-Ni-Fe-Zn-Mn ( , 74)^ patent nickel; v. also Cu-Ni Ni I Fe I Zn I Mn I p I a 24.14 0.70 0.52 0.17 32.8 0.21 25.1 0.42 0.23 0.13 34.2 0.19

Cu-Ni-Mn (25Q) NJ

I

P2Q

Mn 17.9 33.5 50.4 55.1 54.35 50.72 38.8 17.4 7.4% Mn 19.7 40.2 54.8 58.1 60.05 55.8

I

Cu-Ni-Mn.- (Cont'd) «20

NJ

0.17 0.14 0.089 0.085 0.22 1.09 2.39 2.97

74.1 92.6

4>8%

O 19.0 38.1 47.6 57.1 66.6 76.2 95.2 O 18.5 37.0 46.4 55.5 64.8

0.32 0.075 0.071 0.088 0.14 0.53

26.1 34.8 43.5 52.1

I

P20

I

7.4 % Mn 45.8 23.3 13.1% Mn 62.1 68.7 70.8 75.3

Ot2Q

1.85 2.49

-0.026 -0.016 +0.025 +0.064

40-55Ni, 0-1.4Mn, O.lC (Constantan); v. also Cu-Ni H245)

O - 76.4 -185.8 -252.9

I

P/Po ~

10 000 9 982 9 898 9 784

Cu-Ni-Mn.- (Cont'd) 65 65Ni, 5Mn (Lucero) ( );p 2 o = 46.6; CL = 0.76 67Ni, 2.60Mn ("2); f o r tA = 650°, An = 7.7 Cu-Ni-Mn-Fe; v. Cu-Ni-Fe-Mn Cti-Ni-Ti, Wire (132)

Cu-Ni-Mn.- (Cont'd) t (260) I a 12T5 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 275 300 325 350 375 400 425 450 475 500 525 550

+0.008 +0.002 -0.014 -0.028 -0.033 -0.033 -0.030 -0.027 -0.020 -0.020 -0.017 -0.015 -0.015 -0.013 -0.012 -0.007 O +0.007 0.014 0.017 0.027 0.047 O.100

№ 16 41 22 48.5 63* 73 40 55 71

I

*A

100 245 293 332 353 381 405 430 453 470 500 538 590 646 696 797

A

I

B

p 23 52.5 31.5 53.3 63.2 61.7 51.7 58.7 60.3

* For 63 % Ni, a = 0.267.

Cu-Ni-Zn (H2) ; Vm aiso Ni-CuZn and Cu-Ni-Zn-(Co, Fe, Mn) *A = 65O0C Ni I Zn I AH 13 20.3 -1.5 23.24 18.9 +6.7

Cu-Ni-Zn-(Co, Fe, Mn) German silvers; t = 15 to 170C; *A = 7970C; Ni I • Zn I Mn PH | 28.6 9.8 0.0 41.5 22.4 15.85 0.0 32.6 16.4 21.7 0.0 30.2 17.4 26.7 0.0 27.5 7.62 31.7 0.0 22.2 27.9 11.4 0.25 38.5 19.8 18.5 0.25 29.5 15.5 23.2 0.25 27.5 15.75 29.7 0.25 27.7 7.80 31.8 0.25 18.3 26.7 13.15 1.5 38.5 16.3 27.6 I1S 30.4 Variation with t\ Key

I

Ti 1 2 3 3 3 3 4 4 5

I

C

PA (Mn

41.6 32.8 41.6 32.3 42.0 32.5 42.2 33.8 41.7 34.2 41.5 34.5 40.9 32.6 40.9 32.5 41.0 33.5 40.9 33.9 41.0 33.0 40.9 33.5 40.9 33.9 41.1 33.1 41.1 33.5 41.3 34.0

.

I

55-62% Cu (276) PA | Key 41.3 A 34.0 B 29.8 C 27.6 D 19.2 E 39.1 F 31.5 G 28.0 H 28.3 I 17.2 J 39.8 K 31.8 L D

I

E

== Q)

30.5 30.0 30.4 31.5 31.5 31.8 30.6 30.0 30.5 30.0 30.1 30.5 30.8 30.3 30.4 29.8

27.7 27.9 28.0 28.6 28.4 28.0 27.5 27.4 26.8 27.5 27.0 27.3 27.7 27.1 27.5 27.6

21.6 22.0 21.1 20.7 19.3 18.8 18.3 18.2 17.9 18.3 18.4 18.6 19.0 19.5 19.5 19.2

Cu-Ni-Zn-(Co, Fe, Mn).—(Continued) Key *A

100 245 293 332 353 381 405 430 453 470 500 538 590. 646 696 797 Key
F

I

38.0 38.4 38.5 39.0 39.0 38.9 39.0 38.3 38.5 38.8 38.7 38.6 39.0 38.8 38.7 39.1 K I PA (Mn = 38.1 38.9 38.0 39.0 39.5 39.5 39.6 39.6

G

H | PA (Mn = 0.25)

29.5 29.3 30.1 30.9 31.7 31.9 32.0 29.6 31.8 32.2 31.6 32.0 32.4

27.2 27.7 27.8 29.0 29.1 29.0 28.2 28.1 28.1 27.9 27.2 27.7 27.9 27.8 27.7 28.0 Key *A 453 470 500 538 590 646 696 797

31.5 31.5 L 1.5) 29.5 30.5 30.7 32.5 32.8 33.2 32.1 31.0

I

|

J

27.5 18.2 27.7 18.2 28.4 18.0 29.5 18.1 29.5 17.7 29.5 16.6 28.3 16.5 28.0 16.7 28.1 16.7 27.5 16.7 28.3 16.9 28.1 16.6 28.6 16.8 28.0 16.6 28.0 16.6 28.3 17.2 K | L PA (Mn = 1.5) 39.5 31.5 39.5 31.1 40.0 30.8 39.4 31.0 39.2 31.5 39.8 31.4 39.8 30.9 39.8 31.8

50% to 63% Cu; Argentan (A), German silver* (G), Maillechort (M), Nickeline* (N), Nickel silver (S), Platinoid (P), Rheotan (R); approximately 62Cu, 22Zn, 15Ni (153) German silver t \ P Il t \ P + 17.2 39.8 -116.1 38.3 -169.1 38.0 -105.3 38.4 -168.2 38.0 - 95.5 38.6 -159.3 38.0 - 57.2 39.0 -153.0 37.9 - 53.3 39.1 -145.8 37.9 - 50.9 39.1 -134.6 38.0 - 16.0 39.5 -126.9 38.1 + 16.5 39.8

Platinoid t P Il t \ p + 21.2 34.4 -99.5 33.1 -171.0 32.4 -96.4 33.1 -173.0 32.3 -92.1 33.3 -172.0 32.4 -71.0 33.3 -160.2 32.3 -66.6 33.5 -155.0 32.4 -35.0 33.7 -146.7 32.6 -24.4 33.8 -134.6 32.8 +10.0 34.3 -103.9 33.0 +10.5 34.3

* German silver, po = 42.9, ao = 0.038; Nickeline, po = 27 to 43, ao = 0.024 to 0.34; composition not stated ( 66 » 141).

I Ni I ~ ~ G 1 5 P 15 GM 14 N 18.5 G 18.5 N 24.5 N P 25 R 25 R 25 R A 26 A S 18 S 18

Zn I 22 22 25 20 31.1 20.4

po I 26^6 34.2 0.3 . 30.0 0.24 33.2 30.0 0.64 44.8 36.2 20.4 0.5 0.15 41 16.9 4.46 0.37 52.5 17 5 47.6 44.65 18 (t = 15°) 42.0 1 28.45 27 (t = 20°) 30 (?) (t = 20°) 33

*From O to -1730C. (144); c/. (141, 1 6 6 ) .

Fe

I Mn

I

q0 I Lit. 0.38 (144) 0.32* (169) 0.36 (73, 74) 0.30 (73,74) 0.27 (63);c/. (76) 0.33 (73) 0.22 (201) (160) 0.41 (73) 0.24 (66, 141) 0.28 (201) (65) 0.33 (201) 0.27 (65) 0.31 (135)

For wire, pis = 34.4, ao = 0.25 for 18 to -16O0C

Cu-Ni-Zn(Co, Fe, Mn).—(Continued) 40% to 56% Cu, German silvers; O to 37O0C (214) Ni I Zn I Fe I Co I PQ ~j ao I /30 32 16 25.26 0726 Ts 23 19 tr. 22.52 0.28 5.2 18 24 2 30.87 0.043 0.28

30

26

tr.

4

Cu-P [Cu c o n t a i n s : 0.153O, 0.012Zn, 0.005Fe, 0.003As, 0.003(Ni + Co), 0.001(Sb + Sn), tr. (Bi + Mn)]; *A = 70O0C (198). P

I

PO

0.011 0.040 0.092 0.173 0.399 0.563 1.062

I

PA

1.71 2.12 2.508 3.237 5.59 7.94 13.32

2.09 2.51 3.07 5.23 7.24 12.66

For Cu, Pi 8 = 1.78 (228)

p

I

Ii P I p~

P18

Rod O 0.13 0.34 0.87 1.79 2.35 2.5 5.25

I] 1.78 2.45 4.85 8.55 13.7 17.6 22.9 31.8

Sheet O 1.78 0.30 3.27 0.76 6.12 1.19 8.36 1.56 9.95 1.73 10.53 3.15 20.2

For Ag, po = 1.54; Dd wire (186, P

I

188, 189)

po

0.13

I

«o

j3o

I

2.28

0.95 6.59 2.5 20.84

1.32 0.10 0.48 0.04

Cu-Pb; v. Table 3 Cu-Sb; v. also Table 3 Sb

I

48.6 65.4

p

(96) "

I

8.3 20

Cu2Sb CuSb

Cu-Sb-O (87) Sb 0.14 0.13 0.18 0.39

Q I Pi 8 0.08 1.86 0.27 1.87 0.31 1.93 0.10 2.60

Cu-Sn; v. also Table 3 Bronze, 12% Sn; v. also Cu-SnZn-Pb (167,172) Sn

4JL 8.3 9.7 12.6 12.6

I

po

8?2 10.4 15.5* 18.0 17.3*

I

AIOQ

1.08 1.14 0.109f 0.8

47.61 0.043 0.80 Cu-Sn.- (Cont'd) Sn

17^2 21.4 25.95 30.15 31.7 35.3 38.2 40.1 44.9 50.0 55.1 60.25 65.6 71.1 77.5 80.8 82.2 88.1 94.0 100.0 100.0

I

PQ

21.7 29.4 32.5 41.8 48.3* 15.32 11.12* 8.75 11.1 12.2 11.7 12.1 12.95 13.3 13.4 13.15* 12.9 12.8 12.4 12.8 12.0*

I

AIQQ

+0.51 -1.49 -0.03 +0.46 1.32 2.82 2.7 2.15 2.4 2.42 2.76 2.96 3.84 3.54 3.07 4 4.5

* From (i7:r). t For 10% Sn (162;.

[Cu c o n t a i n s : 0.153O, 0.012Zn, 0.005Fe, 0.003As, 0.003(Ni + Co), 0.001(Sb + Sn), tr. (Mn + Bi)]; U = 70O0C (198) Sn I PA I po 0.13 1.955 2.01 0.24 2.096 2.16 0.32 2.459 2.47 0.40 2.542 2.57 0.53 2.542 2.61 0.62 2.73 2.86 0.88 2.96 3.00 1.15 2.99 3.09 1.24 3.495 3.5 1.46 3.645 3.74 Dd wire (is«); For Ag, Po = 1.54 Sn I po 1.31 3.17 2.46 4.72 4.67 7.91 Sn I pt I t I Lit. ~~6l 10.11 49.6* (244) 38.5 33.3 Cu4Sn (96) 48.3 11.1 Cu3Sn (96) 65.1 13.3 CuSn (96) 7.3 A H f = +4.1% (H2) * ao = 1.06, 50 to 9O0C. t *A = 6750C.

Cu-Zn.—(Cont'd)

Cu-Sn.- (Cont'd) ~Sn (188, 189)

PO*

1.15 5.16 8.91 9.55 12.5 80.6 92.2

2745 7.77 12.63 15.08 17.24 11.81 12.52

<*o

0o

2^68 2.14 1.00 0.29 0.76 +0.24 0.67 -0.74 0.55 +0.005 3.33 6.85 3.68 | 5.44

* Assumes for Ag, po = 1.54.

Cu-Sn-P (217) Sn I P I PA 1 PTP 5.08 I 0.01 I 10.5 I 10.5 Phosphor bronze wire

Sn

I

P

po

I

ap

I

2

(?)*

5

0.2

(?)*

1.7-2

-6

3-4

* Content not stated.

Cu-Sn-Pb (186) Sn I Pb I PQ O O 1.835 0.1 O 1.70 0.1 0.1 1.72 Cu-Sn-Si, Silicon bronze wire Sn I Si I po I «o 1.5-9 I 0.05 Jl.7-3.9|2.3-3.8 Cu-Sn-Zn-Fe-(P), ( 217 ) Sn I Zn I Fe I 14.42 tr. 0.06 10.02 0.2l| O 05

"Sn" (202, Zn

Fe

0.01%

P

PA I PTP 20.21 21.2 15.81 16.6

P

PA

PTP

216)

5.080 6 0.01 10.510.5 10.020.210.050.0115.816.6 14.42 tr. 0.060.0120.221.2 19.160.430.130 25.927.0 Cu-Sn-Zn-Pb, Bronze; v. also Cu-Sn Sn I Zn I Pb I p~ 6 I 4 I 1 I 13.5 Ti 1 2 5

Cu-Ti wire (132) I p I a ~ 22.38 0.292 35.51 2.14o 57.2

Cu-Zn, for molten alloy, v. Table 3 Zn

O 3.15 5.2 8.3 30.6

I

po (222)

1.538 2.392 3.188 4.029 6.866

I

AIOQ

4.43 3.02 2.34 2.14 1.60

Zn I PQ I AiQ 0 32.2 7.029 1.59 35.65 6.957 1.63 38.65 6.808 1.71 42.7 5.558 2.51 43.7 5.420 2.65 45.7 4.682 3.00 48.7 4.291 3.39 50.0 4.137 3.57 50.7 4.330 3.55 50.7 4.302* 3.64 6.00Of 3.16 53.7 58.7 11.28 2.22 59.7 13.01 2.08 60.7 12.10 2.34 61.7 11.31 2.50 62.65 11.00 2.54 65.65 10.25 2.90 65.65 10.30 3.00 67.35 9.812 4.08 69.6 9.533 3.57 70.6 9.226 3.61 71.6 8.597 3.31 72.6 8.460 3.02 72.6 8.252 3.22 75.55 8.050 2.74 77.55 2.53 78.5 7.491 2.42 80.5 2.42 81.5 6.864 2.57 83.45 8.972 2.77 84.4 10.42 3.07 85.4 11.56 3.20 86.1 11.75 3.51 86.4 10.71 3.29 86.85 9.704 3.20 88.3 7.451 89.3 7.100 3.25 90.25 6.555 3.58 91.35 6.362 3.47 92.2 6.420 3.44 93.2 6.419 3.50 95.15 6.403 3.58 97.1 6.306 3.79 100.0 6.154 4.27 (202)

2.48 7.45 11.65 15.0 19.05 26.8 28.75 34.15 36.3 42.1 47.5 53.8 57.7 63.3 68.9 75.3 76.3 82.4

2.675 3.875 4.51 4.92 5.74 6.08 6.16 6.72 6.8 5.875 4.52 5.28 11.8 8.1 8.62 8.54 7.67 8.17

2.92 1.891 1.862 1.869 1.852 1.767 1.750 1.676 1.474 1.635 2.320 1.933 2.086 1.754 3.341 2.615 1.793 2.51

Cu-Zn.—(Cont'd) Zn I 88.25 92.25 93.8

PQ 7.65 6.08 6.2

I

Cu-Zn-Pb (H3); v. also Table 3

AIQQ 2.778 3.351 3.361

(117)

O O 0.71 1.56 3.07 5.51 9.08 18.02 20.29 22.71 28.16 34.23 40.28 42.55 45.19 46.85 99.53 100.00

1.576 1.592 1.823 2.133 2.372 3.010 3.628 4.763 5.064 5.424 5.826 6.302 5.789 5.307 4.712 4.314 5.883 5.683

4.316 4.328 3.725 3.185 2.913 2.383 2.044 1.691 1.639 1.607 1.581 1.579 2.116 2.376 2.851 3.105 3.847 4.029

* CuZn; Guertler (96; gives p = 3.1. t For 55.7 % Zn, p 25 = 8.181.

Zn (244) I

3.11 5.00

I

pt

2.84 3.83

t

ttor-

I

41.5 38.5

3.06 2.72

Zn

PA

-

—

Po*

«

£

4.05 8.89 19.8 25.0 36.7

2.54 3.26 5.43 6.98 6.91

2.471 2.04 1.42 1.27 1.37

2.01 1.56 0.65 0.38 0.55

36

44.5 54 61.5 B

(13) (9) (13)

6.2

(298)

C* - 1.74

(146)

Si

S1 Si

Si 51

I

Dissolved C 3.4 0.0 (5) 7 Free C 29 26.8 Cr 6.2 5

(9)

(298)

Gh Bs Bt Mr Gh Bs Bs Bt

52

10

53 54 55 56

11.5 12.0 14 14.0 Cu

(9) (13) (9) (13)

0.18

(146)

51

-

+ 5.5 5.1

* AH varies from 6.5 to 21.8 % depending upon the amount of hardening.

Cu-Zn-Fe; t = 2O0C Z n - I Fe I PA I Lit. 39.52 0.13 6.30 ("3) 49.8 0.13 5.0* (217)

PRO

54 55 56

* Assumes for Ag, po = 1.54.

Brass rod, Zn = ca. 30%, D = 1.40 if -180° < t < 22° (169) Brass wire, Zn = 33%, AHm = 5.7; PA =6.61; PHm =6.99(m) Brass ("2);
I

53

+ 13.3

189)

*
I

Fe; P18 = 9.66 (146) For effect of stress and of magnetic field, v. Fe-Ni Fe^ The substance x is indicated by its symbol; t = 180C; Gh = Gumlich, Bs = Benedicks, Bt = Barrett, Mr = Mahler; all as quoted by Stablein (262). ~S I Lit. Al 51 11.6 Gh 11.8 Bs 14 Bt 52 28 (9) 25.5 (13)

* 40 to 7O0C.

Z n (188,

PPb

31.86 I 0.13 I 6.47 | 7.88* * Drawn to 1.5 mm and cold rolled to sectional area = 1.17 mm 2 ; previous annealing reduces effect of rolling.

B1

Cast = 4.6, Q760 =

Cu-Zn-Ni; v. Cu-Ni-Zn

52

Cu-Zn-Ni-(Co, Fe, Mn); v. Cu-Ni-Zn-(Co, Fe, Mn)

53 54

(9)

Gh Bs

4

(45)

4

(236)

Mn* 6.27 4.7 5.9 8 5 5.5 16 15.0 18 21.0

(146) Gh Bs Bt Mr (178) (9) (13) (9) (13)

Fe-z.—(Cont'd)

Fe-av—(CW'd)

55 56 5,

82 53 54 55 56

5 I Lit. Mn.*-(CWd) 24.5 (9) 26.0 ( 13 ) Ni 1.46 (146) 5.5 Bs 3.5 Bt 1.7 ( 123 ) 7 0») 6.5 (13) 9 (9) 10.0 (I 3 ) 13 (9) 12.5 (13) P* 10.69 11.2 10.3

S1

11.0

5i

5i

52 53 54 d, S6 51 52 53 54 55 56

* If symbol of x indicates the Wt. %, then for C < 0.02, Mn < 1, P < 0.015, and S < 0.1, p2o = 9-6 + 7Mn + 12S + 6OP + 82.5C; for Si < 0.35, p = 9.6 + 18.4 Si, for 0.35 < Si < 6.5, p = 16.05 + 11.1 (Si - 0.35)

(i 4 6 ) Gh Bs (4)

S* 1.80 10.9 10.0

(146) Gh Bs

Si* 20.26 13.3 11.3 13 13f lit

(146) Gh Bs Bt ( 299 ) ( 299 )

d Lit. Si.*—(Cont'd) 26 (9) 34 (9) 41.0 (i 3 ) 49 (9) 55.5 (i 3 ) W 1.75 Bs 2 Bt 4 (9) 4.0 (13) 5 (9) 5.5 (13) 6 (9) 6.0 (13)

(303,

304).

t 11 to 13.

Fe-(C, Mn, P, S, Si) If d = Wt. % of total impurities, then, roughly, p = 8 + 7.5Ct if d lies between 0.4 and 1.9; deviations of 15% or 20% are recorded ( 52 ).

Fe-(P, S, Se, C).—(Cont'd) Kooo % ( 46 ) Se 17 19 PTp 16.2 14.6 I frp = 90O0C Fe-Ag ( 4 6 );frr P = 90O0C Ag

I

PTp

0.281 0.492 0.506 0.533 0.581 0.677 0.691 4.0

12.5 13.3 13.6 13.1 14.7 13.5 13.8 7.7*

* Aiooo; PHm = 12.2.

Fe-Al At 18 C, S2 = 23, S3 = 36, S5 = 54 (9) Al I P A1100; 2O0C; C < 0.16% (306)* O 10.3 0.09 11.0 0.1 11.8 0.73 18.0 1.55 29.4 3.31 43.9 3.53 49.0 4.83 57.7 5.30 67.7 8.10 81.4 8.60 84.3 Treatment (?) (iss.i) 10 I 100 0

Tp900 (46)

0.067 1.333 0.8% Al

Fe-(P, S, Se, C) Elec. Fe; Kooo % ( 30S ) S

C

17 10 19 13 10 12 S

I

I

C*

I

3 16

4

25 14 20 30 76

I

8 16 21 61

P

I

C*

35

36 40 60 68 .28 29 36 21 16 23 20 20

10 19 33 37 41

* After annealing.

0.8 1.5 1.1 1_6

PA

I

10.25 9.91 9.93 10.15 10.28 10.81 11.43 11.47 I

PA

PHm =

*A

*A

•

20.6

PA = 16.1 *A = IQOO0C

I

920 905 950 950 910 910 910 920 I

23.9 17.4

vac vac air vac vac vac vac

* p is unaffected by heat treatment; same for F, Agoo, and Anoo; C < 0.06 %, excepting for Al = 4.83, 8.10, 8.60, for which C = 0.16, 0.09, 0.13 %, respectively.

Fe-Al-C Al I C I PN t = 20 to 230C; fe = 9750C PH — PN = CCL 1.0 (219)

I

10.3

923

vac

10.4 10.3 10.65 10.55 12.55 11.34 11.0 10.8 10.35 10.45 10.8 10.85

923 923 923 923 922 922 922 924 924 924 924 924

vac vac vac vac vac vac vac vac vac vac vac vac

0.51 0.09 17.1 1.08 0.11 26.3 2.04 0.17 35.9 3.05 0.13 50.7 5.08 0.17 63.6 7.18 0.08 76.6 t = 19 to 230C; ta = 9750C PH — PN = ca. 10 1.05 0.67 30.3 2.09 0.80 47.4 2.89 0.69 53.0 4.65 0.81 65.6 9.15 0.66 92.6 14.90 0.87 87.8

Fe-Al-Cr-C («, 13) t = 180C; *A = IQOO0C Al I Cr [ C I PA I ~ 0.75 1.75 0.21 28.0 33.2 1.00 3.50 0.46 45.0 49.9 2.50 1.50 0.18 50.3 58.5 4.50 1.50 0.22 68.4 77.8 po — PA = ca. O.lSpA Fe-Al-Si-C (12, 13) t = 180C Al I Si "I C I PA I 0.75 0.10 0.1722.0 2.25 0.18 0.2439.0 5.50 0.20 0.2270.0*

PO 24.8 46.3 71.8

* P D = 74.6; aD = 0.63 for O to 15O0C.

Fe-Al-Sn (46) Al

I

Sn

2 I 1 * JA = 100O0C.

I

PA*

I

PHm

18.2 I

18.9

Fe-As(ê) " I p Tp90O 0.292 14.7 0.430 16.8 0.915 19.5 1.81 25.5 3.862 37.1 3.563 34.0 A1000 1.0 14.3 3.0 26.1 5.0* 20.8 Hm 1.0 18.1 3.0 25.3 5.0 26.7 As

* Adding 5 % As to transformer iron (Aiooo) increases p from 18.7 to 30.2.

Fe-As-Mn-Cu-P 0.4Mn, 0.2Cu, 0.2P, 0.05S, 0.05Si, 0.08C (170) As I p 0.123 13.3 0.277 14.2 0.405 15.3 0.459 15.8 0.691 16.8 0.880 18.4 1.172 20.6 1.425 21.9 1.621 23.4 1.943 25.2 2.240 27.3 2.534 27.5 2.841 29.1 3.130 31.6 3.284 37.9 3.515 35.3

Fe-Au ( 102 ); v. also Au-Fe and figure on p. 203 Au

I

po

11.0 11.9 14.3 16.3 19.7 17.0 20.0

0 1 3 5 10 20 40

CXQ

ftp

I

5.3 4.9 4.1 3.6 3.0 3.6 3.3

Fe-C.- (Cont'd) Mn, 0.2; Si, 0.1; t ^ 80O0C («) I

3.4 3.4 3.0 3.1 2.8 3.5 3.3

C

I

P800

I

'D

M* 0.205 42.8 4.86 Sh* 0.493 47.0 4.3 H* 0.841 72.7 2.3 H* 0.82 92.9 2.8 H* 1.05 92.0 2.9 H* 1.16 90.6 2.83 H* 1.38 97.75 3.01 *Ss = very soft; S = soft; Sh semi-hard; H = hard; M = mild.

Fe-B (298 ); S1 = 6.2 Fe-B-C, Boron steel (219) B I C I P25 0.21 0.18 17.1 0.48 0.22 22.9 0.84 0.21 29.0 0.15 0.47 29.1* 0.41 0.59 29.8*

Semi-hard steel (161); 0.06C, 0.4Mn t

I

20.4 54.8 70 101.9 123.5 163 168 170.6

15 300 420 600 700 820 960 1100

* Q360.

Fe-Bi; A1000 (46) Bi I p 1.0 13.4 2.0 14.5 4.0 15.3 6.0 13.0 10.0 16.6

Hard steel (161)

Fe-C; v. also Table 3 For pure Fe, S1 = 13.3 (298); S1 = -1.74(146) Steels (213) I C I Si I po I aoTfrT Ss* 3 tr. 13.503.77.4 S* 4 0.1 11.756.54.3 Sh* 6 tr. 11.254.98.9 H* 8 0.1 15.424.05.4

t

\

P 30.6 58.6 76.4 135 144 177 182 185.9 188.4

15 280 410 680 730 830 870 940 1050

Electrolytic Fe (305)

C I C* 0.016 0.004 0.003 0.176 0.206 0.205 0.282 0.284 0.224 0.235 0.224 0.151 0.315 0.339 0.315 0.227 0.492 0.485 0.492 0.387 0.742 0.742 0.559 0.846 0.85 0.846 0.791 1.016 0.985 1.016 0.981 * After heat treatment.

I

PA 9.91 10.25 12.58 12.29 12.55 11.82 12.2 12.0 12.4 12.7 13.4 13.5 13.9 13.8 14.2 14.7 15.65 18.7 18.5

I

tA 905 920 936 936 930 930 930 900 900 900 900 900 900 900 900 900 900 900 900

I vac vac vac vac vac vac vac N2 vac N2 vac N2 vac N2 vac N2 vac vac vac

Fe-C.—(Continued) Swedish iron + C ("7)

t

I pt | 0% C 3 15.3 9 20.0 140 23.1 183 26.3 254 32.0 302 36.4 375 43.6 462 53.1 527 61.6 627 76.4 700 90.2 742 98.7 751 100.7 760 102.2 773 105.3 789 108.6 817 111.3 851 113.8 862 124.5 890 115.8 901 117.0 888 115.1 851 112.9 810 110.3 772 105.8 746 100.0 709 92.1 650 80.7 390 45.3 0.18% C 24 16.5 89 18.3 152 24.3 213 28.9 257 31.8 338 37.8 450 51.4 533 61.0 626 72.2 653 76.6 693 84.3 723 89.5 734 91.1 747 93.7 750 95.0 767 99.4 777 101.7 799 104.3 809 105.4 823 106.5 832 106.7 835 107.0 843 108.0 866 108.7 890 109.2 918 110.0 891 109.4 862 108.2 839 107.3 818 106.5 797)105.0

* | Pt 0,18% C 781 102.4 746 97.1 731 93.6 723 91.6 710 89.8 697 87.1 688 84.4 675 80.9 666 79.9 655 77.8 635 75.9 604 70.9 477 54.8 300 36.2 0 4 4 /0 <7C 3Q

22 g

85

2/2

m

34 ' 0

226

37'1

289

42 ' 4

33g

47 ' 2

426

56 ' 9

52Q

6/5

577

'4

657

86 ' 6

7Q2

95'g

7Q9

96 ' 8

n7

98 ' 0

721

98'8

726 728 731 736 737 742 747 754 756 762 774 796 829 890 908 891 845 813 762 753 746 728 721 710 707 673 670 662 651 651 628 518

99.4 100.3 101.0 102.8 103.9 105.9 107.3 108.1 109.2 109.7 111.3 112.3 113.5 115.8 116.2 115.8 113.6 112.8 110.9 110.1 109.4 109.2 107.3 106.9 106.5 99.2 96.9 92.5 87.2 85.6 83.6 68.1

l

*

| Pt 0.44% C 420 56.6 302 44.6 0.64% C 24 16.5 104 21.5 165 26.2 245 32.7 318 39.4 425 51.2 473 57.4 541 66.3 596 74.2 655 83.8 689 89.3 716 94 2 ' 728 96.4 732 98.5 734 101.4 736 105.2 745 107.6 760 109.7 780 111.4 807 112.3 854 113.8 890 115.5 904 116.3 890 115.8 834 113.8 736 109.7 71 ° 107'2 103 6 694 ' 101 8 686 ' 68 ° 98'5 92 8 677 ' 87 5 665 ' 0.80% C 25 18.7 92 23.2 16o 28.3 225 33.4 278 38.2 341 45.2 398 51.6 514 66.0 612 80.4 675 90.2 683 91.0 721 98.8 732 101.3 738 104.8 741 111.9 754 113.0 764 114.4 797 115.0 841 116.7 880 118.5 913 119.5 870 112.8 818 115.8 748 113.5 704 111.4

I

t

I pt 0.80% C 684 110.3 677 106.8 676 102.3 1.02% C 18.3 24 23.3 104 154 2 6.9 33.6 250 44 2 340 35! 44 9 42Q 52.4 512 63 ' 0 633

81>1

90.4 92.2 722 93.4 722 93.7 94.8 728 958 734 735 96 . 4 736 98.4 737 100.4 738 101.8 738 106.4 747 107.3 107.6 750 753 107.9 775 108.3 794 109.1 700 713

832 110.6 «64 112.1 889 112.8 920 113.9 864 111.9 808 111.9 756 108.1 702 105.9 698 105.7 693 103.2 692 101.4 691 99.6 689 97.6 685 94.8 682 92.9 668 85.3 1.30% G 81 23.9 117 28.2 260 37.5 365 48.5 477 61.3 538 68.5 606 78.2 634 82.4 660 85.8 700 92.0 710 93.6 719 94.3 722 95.3 727 96.8 728 97.0

Swedish iron +C.(Cont'd) t I Pt 1.30% C 734 97.5 739 98.6 742 104.4 743 106.7 746 107.5 750 108.0 753 108.7 754 108.5 762 108.8 774 109.8 801 110.8 851 113.1 876 114.3 918 116.8 891 116.5 864 115.5 849 113.0 812 111.8 752 108.8 728 107.8 719 107.2 700 107.2 697 106.4 697 103.7 696 102.4 696 100.4 694 97.8 692 95.1 691 91.5 690 91.1 681 89.4 676 87.9 653 85.2 551 70.7 1.50% C 23 19.1 86 23.8 160 29.0 247 36.5 338 46.2 432 57.2 562 74.5 606 81.2 653 89.6 698 87.5 708 98.5 712 100.2 719 100.7 723 101 . 1 728 102.7 735 104.7 736 105.2 737 108.7 738 109.9 739 111.6 741 112.6 746 113.8 753 114.5 816 120.9 877 112.4f

Fe-C. — (Continued) Resistivity in magnetic field Swedish iron H (126) +C.(Cont'd) M P M P t I Pt 0.64%C; 1.02% C; 1.50% C H = 80.1 H = 80.1 907 126.1 240 32.15 704 90.4 888 124.9 281 35.9 715 92.0 841 122.4 342 41.9 723 93.8 832 121.7 427 51.25 737 97.4 826 121.7 487 59.8 760 103.4 791 118.9 561 68.8 772 106.1 783 118.1 659 82.8 779 108.1 767 117.8 672 85.3 784 109.4 703 116.0 679 86.4 801 111.0 990* 112.9 686 87.8 819 112.3 689 110.8 711 91.7 822 113.6 689 109.5 735 96.1 828 114.1 688 106.7 748 99.6 838 115.0 686 103.4 762 102.8 848 116.0 685 101 . 1 770 104.9 859 116.6 682 97.7 789 108.0 872 118.0 680 95.8 810 110.8 872 118.0 673 93.9 826 112.7 858 116.6 645 88 . 2 846 114.3 831 115.3 558 74.5 873 115.4 821 114.4 360 49.3 867 115.2 815 113.7 *Probably 851 114.6 802 112.8 should be 690. 821 113.45 788 111.4 f Pr o b a b l y 801 112.3 776 110.7 should be 122.4. 784 110.8 761 109.2 763 108.0 750 107.0 750 105.4 744 105.9 Soft welding 742 103.1 731 103.3 iron; 0.05% C (161) 714 96.2 720 100.3 698 91.9 712 97.8 t I Pt 687 89.1 706 95.6 15 17.82 675 86.4 701 93.8 290 48.5 662 84.2 694 92.1 460 75.1 652 82.4 687 89.4 750 140.0 622 77.2 680 86.6 800 154 560 68.9 667 84.25 860 166.8 488 58.7 653 82.0 910 170.6 427 51.25 637 80.0 1060 178.2 343 42.1 553 68.2 280 35.9 442 53.9 230 31.1 369 46.6 H-scale of 278 37.5 temp. (169); 222 33.5 ca. 1% C 1.02% C; m 295 -f 16.218.33 H =80.1 154 2g Q -172.7 7.19 13 19.0 26 4 133 -173.9 7.12 116 25.7 22 2 71 -172.2 7.18 213 32.4 -165.2 7.54 251 35.5 1.30%C; -154.8 8.07 312 41.2 H = 80.1 -146.9 8.36 375 46.9 14 65.1 -111.010.53 433 53.0 67 68.5 -101.911.13 479 59.0 164 75.3 - 95.811.49 530 65.2 223 80.3 - 92.711.69 612 75.9 299 86.8 - 40.814.74 634 79.2 348 91.2 - 39.614.84 645 80.6 403 97.1 - 36.015.08 654 81.9 452 103.0 + 21.818.67 663 83.3 492 107.4 + 22.118.71 673 84.6 511 109.5

Fe-C.—(Continued) Resistivity in magnetic field H.—(Continued) t \

p

\

1.30% C; H = 80.1 559 115.9 588 119.8 606 121.4 610 122.6 632 125.6 642 127.0 655 129.1 668 131.0 678 132.6 685 134.7 697 136.5 731 144.3 740 147.0 750 150.1 756 151.6 760 152.5

772

154.0

794 810 824 837 864 876 888 858 838 825 811 797 771 758 741 725

157.4 159.0 159.9 160.7 161.8 162.0 161.8 159.7 158.8 158.1 157.3 156.3 154.6 153.8 152.0 149.4

t

\

p

1.30% C; H = 80.1 716 147.0 701 142.0 686 137.4 677 135.0 662 130.7 652 128.9 642 127.5 632 125.9 602 121.9 537 112.5 389 95.5 270 84.4 226 79.8 196 77.6 157 74.6 101 70.8

83

\

t

\

p

\

t

0.18% C; H = 187 721 95.9 730 97.8 743 101.3 753 103.8 757 105.1 775 107.3 788 108.9 801 110.6 807 111.4 813 111.7 823 112.6 834 113.4 845 114.4 863 115.4 872 115.7 876 116.0

69.2

044%O

0.18% C; H = 187 H = 187 15 22.4 15 ig.6 69 25.9 124 25.9 126 29.5 177 2 9.6 193 34.1 230 33.8 238 37.7 281 38.1 290 41.9 33i 42.7 323 45.0 34i 43.5 349 47. 2 395 49.0 372 49.8 473 58.6 391 51.6 55.5 526 425 65.i 596 75.0 466 60.2 83.2 513 65.6 65o 660 85.3 600 77.2 691 90.7 [ 617 79.4

\

p

0.44% C; H = 187 631 81.6 647 83.7 656 85.0 668 87.0 677 88.5 687 90.0 703 92.7 712 94.1 722 96.2 727 97.4 730 97.9 734 99.4 742 101.4 752 103.4 762 105.1 771 106.5

780 108.0 789 796 806 814 826 828 835 840 845 862 871 882 890 899 907 9*7

109.2 110.0 111.2 112.0 112.5 112.7 113.0 113.1 113.4 113.8 114.0 114.2 114.3 114.2 114.0 113.8

Fe-C-z Carbon steels; composition of X1 Moo% Key 1 2 3 4 6 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21

I Cr

3 3 4

5

I Cu 3 3 3 3 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 5 6 6

1 Mn I 2.5 4 1 7 8 10 7 9 8 10 12 13 12 13 12 13 6 12 12 19 23

Ni

6 6 5

I

S I 0.4 2.4 2.2 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.4 2.0 2.1 2.2 1.9 1.9 1.4 2.2 1.4 1.8 1.5 4.2 2.5 2.5 1.4

Si I P o76 1.2 12 1 11 1 13 1 13 1 13 1 11 1 13 1 12 1 12 1 13 1 14 1 15 1.8 4 1.2 11 1.0 13 1.0 1.5 3 21 1.2 6 0.5 5 1 23 1.6

Fe-C-x.—(Continued) Elec. Fe + additions (241)

C +x «o*

0.019 + 1 5.51

0.11 +2 5.25 900 0.088

JQ AQ f t

pt_

A4

Pt_

950 0.410 Ac|

2510.9490.53512.0930.452 100 15.466 0.747 16.872 0.607 150 20.990 1.708 20.436 0.634 200 24.529 2.318 23.395 1.480 250 28.190 3.295 27.480 1.835 300 32.827 3.662 31.710 2.256 350 38.196 3.540 37.350 2.113 400 44.300 2.806 42.916 2.184 450 51.010 2.930 49.330 2.112 500 57.844 3.050 55.671 2.609 550 64.800 2.320 62.717 2.608 600 72.853 2.931 69.905 2.820 650 81.274 2.808 78.572 2.608 680 86.522 5.002 83.928 2.116 690 88.110 7.074 85.690 2.468 700 89.820 7.562 87.382 4.018 710 91.890 7.570 89.144 7.046 720 93.968 7.441 90.976 7.684 730 98.850 5.491 93.160 7.820 740 101.53 4.89 95.630 7.390 750 103.73 4.64 98.800 6.200 760 105.800 4.03 101.470 5.430 770 107.270 3.78 103.730 4.93o 780 108.120 4.03 105.770 4.87 790 108.850 3.91 107.110 4.79 800 109.831 3.54 108.380 4.52 850 113.492 2.56 112.960 3.4e 860 113.810 3.3i 870 114.660 3.1e 880 115.687 1.71 115.570 2.7s 890 116.178 1.706 116.420 2.1s 900 116.665 1.710 117.050 1.9o 910 117.273 1.347 920 117.519 1.464 118.400 1.33 930 117.884 1.466 940 118.249 1.343 950 118.620 1.215 119.800 0.70 980 119.716 0.975 121.000 0.63 1000 120.447 0.609 121.560 0.56 1020 121.183 0.606 122.400 0.22 1050 122.153 0.247 124.030 1080 123.008 0.123 1100 123.620

C +x a0* JQ AQf t

I

0.17 + 3 4.98 900 950 0.101 0.606 pt

Act

0.35 + 4 4.51 900 950 0.551 1.429 fn

Act

2512.8510.21314.6360.175 100 17.597 0.447 19.465 0.470 150 20.601 1.421 22.783 0.783 200 24.012 1.420 25.986 1.780 250 27.776 1.564 30.045 1.852 300 32.181 1.562 34.460 1.993 * 25 to 10O0C. t AQ = PQ' — PQ"; PQ' (PQ") = P for specimen quenched at JQ (at 850°). J Ac = pte — pth] pth (ptc) — pt for beating (cooling).

C+x <*o* IQ

Elec. Fe + additions.—(Continued) 0.17+3 0.35+4 4 ^ 9 8 4 . 5 1 900

950

900

" 950

Apt 0.101 0.606 0.551 1.429 t pt Act Pt Act 3 5 0 3 7 . 0 8 3 2 . 2 7 3 4 0 . 5 1 1 1 . 4 9 5 400 43.334 2.122 46.064 2.136 450 49.160 2.55s 51.831 2.279 500 55.554 2.55e 58.381 2.279 550 62.657 2.13o 64.930 2.138 600 70.260 2.2Oo 73.190 0.513 650 78.286 2.554 81.380 0.851 680 83.544 2.626 86.504 0.784 690 85.250 2.696 88.284 1.068 700 86.882 3.128 90.064 2.208 710 88.730 5.751 91.844 7.548 720 90.434 6.466 93.480 10.610 730 92.350 6.965 95.402 10.608 740 94.840 6.750 97.540 10.390 750 98.745 5.045 102.740 7.260 760 101.440 4.480 107.510 4.270 770 103.720 4.120 109.640 3.190 780 105.850 3.910 111.280 2.700 790 107.270 3.480 112.630 2.070 800 108.550 3.120 113.350 1.840 850 112.950 2.700 116.190 0.930 860 114.310 1.840 870 115.650 0.996 880 116.510 0.560 117.540 0.780 890 117.000 0.427 900 117.356 0.494 118.250 0.720 920 118.067 0.353 118.970 0.640 950 119.210 0.280 120.180 0.500 980 120.270 0.140 121.110 0.420 1000 120.830 0.150 121.820 0.140 1020 121.550 0.070 122.530 0.070 1050 122.610 123.600 C + x 0.45 + 5 0.54 + 6 ^ * 4 ~ 2 4 4 . 0 9 *Q 900 950 900 950 AQf 0.830 1.792 0.239 1.262 t

p«

Act

P_t

Act

2515.3330.14716.5060.151 100 20.225 0.163 21.421 0.521 150 23.301 0.852 25.240 0.431 200 27.563 0.710 28.110 1.433 250 31.683 0.997 31.910 1.792 300 36.087 1.777 36.283 2.295 350 41.354 1.838 42.450 1.434 400 47.100 1.757 48.330 1.291 450 53.142 1.700 53.934 0.562 500 59.177 2.485 60.592 0.932 550 65.924 1.776 66.686 +2.297 600 73.313 1.847 77.720 -1.569 650 81.696 1.422 82.680 +0.572 680 86.740 1.420 87.626 1.004 690 88.310 1.554 89.562 0.648 700 89.937 1.774 91.212 0.716 710 91.500 9.020 92.860 4.302 720 93.275 13.285 95.082 12.838 730 95.190 13.500 96.802 13.838 740 97.325 13.285 98.452 14.198 750 104.290 8.090 103,110 10.830

Fe-C -x.—(Continued) Elec. Fe + additions.—(Continued] Elec. Fe + additions.—(Continued) C +x 0.45 + 6 0.54+6 C +x 0.89 + 3 "i.OO 4- 10 ~ ^* 3.68 3.99 «o* 4.24 4.09
P +x

Fe -C -x.—(Continued] Elec. Fe + additions.—(Continued) 1.22+H 1.43+12

^*

sTsi

*Q AQf

900 2.615

t

sTas 950 4.212

p*

900 2.416

A4

Pf

950 4.046 Ac I

740104.13814.818104.28013.750 750 113.968 5.412 109.620 8.893 760 118.170 1.640 117.888 1.045 770 118.454 1.713 118.235 1.115 780 118.880 1.710 118.724 1.106 790 119.380 1.709 119.350 0.900 800 119.876 1.640 119.900 0.700 840 121.730 0.853 850 122.156 1.284 122.056 0.484 860 122.510 1.430 870 122.730 1.570 880 123.154 1.496 123.377 0.273 900 123.869 1.351 124.140 0.345 920 124.580 1.417 124.970 0.210 950 125.579 1.281 126.220 0.070 960 126.500 0.064 970 126.847 0.071 980 126.786 0.858 127.120 0.140 1000 127.570 0.710 127.680 0.140 1020 128.427 0.500 128.235 0.138 1050 129.635 129.070

Fe-Co.—(Continued) Co I p

Fe-C-x.—(Coned) C (262) I a* I P20 0.05 14 12.09 0.12 14 12.80 0.22 14 13.94 0.43 14 14.78 0.50 14 15.66 0.58 15 16.44 0.63 15 16.06 0.78 15 17.11 0.86 15 17.79 0.97 15 18.26 1.09 16 18.62 1.33 16 18.84 1.40 16 18.98 1.52 16 19.42 1.49 16 19.79 1.65 16 20.63 1.64 16 19.87

(200)

O 10 20 30 100

12.0 16.3 20.0 20.0 9.7 Fe-Co-o;* (124) Co I P O 16.62 5 21.94 10 24.76 15 25.26 20 23.53 30 16.45 40 13.48 50 11.24 70 9.21 80 13.37 90 16.37 100 8.59

* See p. 175. C (93) I

x

I

P18

0.105 0.57 0.99 1.50

I

17 10.11 18 16.4 19 16.35 20 18.15 Eutectoid (206) 0.85 I 21 I 20.25*

a~

5.4 3.5 3.9 3.3

* Air-cooled; furnace-cooled, 19.3 to 19.6.

* Impurities in Fe = 0.31Mnr 0.288Cu, 0.11Si, 0.030P, 0.026S, 0.09C; in Co = 1.4Fe, 1.1Ni, 0.14Si, 0.24C.

p=

Effect of drawing to wire

Fe-Cr; at 180C, 62 = 10, 53 = 11.5, S5 = 14 (9)

(13, 14,68)

C +x 1.54 + 13 C+x ^ * 3 ? 4 3 ^* tQ 900 950
pt,

25 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650 680 690 700 710 720 730 740 750

21.550 27.120 30.664 34.318 38.043 43.058 48.649 54.449 60.540 66.700 73.650 81.171 88.982 93.710 95.145 96.646 98.225 99.942 101.735 103.740 107.107

Act

-0.073 -0.146 +0.286 0.932 2.149 1.719 1.931 1.647 1.790 1.720 1.720 1.937 2.004 2.364 I 2.791 I 4.014 16.407 20.350 19.129 17.624 14.687

1.54 + 13 3^43 900 950 4.406 5.319

t

P_t

760 770 780 800 850 880 900 920 950 960 970 980 990 1000 1010 1020 1030 1040 1050 1080 1100

119.860 120.220 120.575 121.578 123.946 125.380 126.450 127.670 129.250 129.750 130.173 130.680 131.181 131.609 131.900 132.185 132.540 132.975 133.050 133.900 134.600

AcJ:

2.366 2.434 2.505 2.582 2.854 2.861 2.800 2.724 2.215 2.074 2.003 1.860 1.719 1.791 1.715 1.645 1.480 1.125 1.250 0.600

* 25 to 10O0C. t AQ = PQ' — PQ"; PQ' (PQ") = p for specimen quenched at £Q (at 850°). J Ac = pte — ptk; pth (ptc) — pt for heating (cooling).

C I 0.028* 0.35t 0.79f

PA j PD j Lit. 10.5 10.47 (l*> 14 ) 22.0 21.6 (« 8 ) 21.7 20.9 ( 68 )

Tp900 (46)

* Pure commercial iron, 0.028C, 0.07Si, 0.009(S + P;; t = 18°, «D = 6 for O to 15O0C. t Initial diameter = 6 mm, drawn to 1.5 mm. For unannealed; po = 25.2, PD = 20.8 if C = 0.35; and po = 27.0, PD = 21.0 if C = 0.79.

Fe-Co, Tp900 (46) Co I p 0.32 14.4 0.58 15.5 1.035 12.5 2.0 13.5 3.0 14.3* 4.055 15.4 6.02 18.3

•

Agoo

9.85 9.94

34.6f

AUOO I

Cr 3.27 6.00 6.68 8.83 13.01 16.57

9.85

*PHm = 14.7; for Tpiooo, P = 11.7. t Fe2Co.

I

p 26.7 37.5* 39.7 46.8 46.0 50.0

* PHm == 52.5; for Tpiooo, P = 64.4. Cr

Electrolytic Fe; F (300) O 9.9 34.6f 9.4 O 34.6f

Fe-Co-Mn-Si-C (12, 13) t = 180C;
O 9.1 13.0 16.7 20.0

I

P20

("»)

9.96 41.1 41.2 52.1 43.7

I

«20

4.80 2.33 2.33 2.47 2.30

(200)

O 10 20 22 24 30

Cr 25 25

12.0 54.0 60.0 60 57.8 55.9 Cimet (65) I pn I PUOO 17^3 45 43.9 114.2

Fe-Cr-Al-C; v. Fe-Al-Cr-C

Cr I 8.7 I

Fe-Cr-Al-Cu (46)' Al j Cu I PHm 1 I 1 I 35.6

Fe-Cr-C (") Cr I C I PA 2.00 0.90 21.93 9.50 1.09 34.63 Chrome steel ( 219 ); c/. (27) Cr I C I PQ* I p7~ 1.20 0.06 18.0 16.3 2.66 0.28 31.0 29.7 4.50 0.21 35.0 33.2 7.84 0.07 53.0 50.9 10.14 0.15 50.8 49.7 13.36 0.17 66.6 60.0 14.52 0.38 69.7 62.9 16.71 0.15 68.1 64.7 22.06 0.21 57.7 56.0 25.31 0.24 60.2 57.5 31.75 0.46 66.3 63.7 * tQ = 98O0C; t = 12 to 170C.

Cr I C I PQ* I PO~ 0.62 0.86 43.5 23.1 0.99 0.97 50.2 25.8 2.14 0.89 54.0 27.8 4.57 0.79 56.3 29.4 7.28 0.84 62.2 39.1 9.38 0.75 66.5 56.4 13.94 0.70 72.5 65.4 14.54 0.74 73.1 66.2 18.65 0.90 68.3 60.7 26.54 0.82 68.4 67.1 32.46 0.92 67.5 66.3 36.34 0.83 68.5 65.1 40.03 0.80 73.5 71.5 * *Q = 98O0C; t = 15 to 2O0C. 0.6% C; cylinders 20 cm long, 179

5 mm diam. ( Cr I PA* I 0 20.7 0.5 22.0 1 21.9 2 21.1 3 25.6 5 32.3 10 45.4 15 46.5 20 51.6 0

) pQt 20.7 22.4 22.8 22.9 35.5 44.8 51.3 60.2 63.7 0

**A = 90O C. f*Q = UOO C. 180C (12, 13)

Cr I C I 2.0 0.90 3.25 0.43 1.09 9.50

PA* I PO 24.2 24.9 35.55 38.2 43.45

*
Cr I C J po I PA* I pQ~ 0.29 0.1622.3419.1719.05 1.18 0.2733.5133.0557.06 5.19 0.7720.1222.3440.62 9.18 0.7123.1524 0128.43 1.12 0.5419.7817.1532.06

Fe-Cr-C.--((7on^) Cr | C I PQ I PA* I PQ 2.19 0.2027.0420.4329.07 4.17f 0.0833.4725.7029.56 * Straining the annealed wire decreases p by about 4 %.

Fe-Cr-Si-C-(Mn, P, S) Steels; tA = 100O0C, *Q = 94O0C, *TP = UOO0C t = 180C (12,13)

Cr 2.0 2.0 3.5

113 % Cr, po = 52, ao = 1, 20 to 10O0C ( 1 4 8 ). Fe-Cr-Cu-Al; v. Fe-Cr-Al-Cu

Fe-Cr-Cu-C (12, 13) Cr I Cu I C PA* I PO 5.75 I 1.80J 0.85|31.2t| 42.7 **A = 100O0C. -ft not stated; at 180C, PA = 29.2 (13).

Fe-Cr-Mn-C; v. Fe-Mn-Cr-C(Si) Fe-Cr-Mn-Ni-Mo-C (46) Cr I Mn I Ni |Mo| C | PTp*| PHm 10 10 j 10 I 6 I 1 |78.0|63.8 *
Fe-Cr-Mn-Si-(V) (46) Cr I Mn I Si I V |pTp*|p^m" 20 3 1 67.165.3 21.4 3 1 1 82.076.8 0

*
Fe-Cr-Mn-Si-C; v. Fe-Cr-SiC-(Mn, P, S) Fe-Cr-Mo-(Mn, Si, V, C) (46) Cr

10 10 5

I Mo I Mn I Si | PT p*|pHm

5 10 4

3

50.047.9 49.448.1 1 54.048.6

* «Tp = 100O0C.

Fe-Cr-Mo-W-(Si, V, C); v. Fe-Cr-W-(C, Mo, Si, V) Fe-Cr-Ni; v. Fe-Ni-Cr Fe-Cr-Ni-C; v. Fe-Ni-Cr-C

Si I 1.00 1.80 2.25

Cr 2.5 2.8 2.4

I

Si 1 0.27 0.27 0.36

*PF for 620Cr = 20.16, for 1195Cr = 17.91.

t = 250C; before (after) decarbonization (Kooo%); 1400Cr, 450Si, 380Mn, 7P (SQ) S

C

I

PA

I

PQ

I

11 1050 24.20 49.60 Before 3 350 26.57 27.25 After Fe-Cr-Si-Ni-C (134) ; 22.06Cr, 1.67Si, 0.87Ni, 0.18C * I Pt Il t I Pt Il t \ pt 20 97.5 500 119.5 800 130.6 300 110.1 600 125.7 900 132.4 400 114.6 700 128.4 1000 134.2 Fe-Cr-Si-(Ti, V, C) (46); QrIO, Si2 Ti

I

V

I

C

I

2 0.3 1_0

0.6 0_3

PTp*

I

86.0 77.4 84._9

PHm

79.5 59.2 83.4

**TP = 100O0C.

Fe-Cr-V-(C) (46)

* *TP = 100O0C.

*
PO 36.4 51.0 54.8

Mn I C I PTP I PO 0.23 0.50 40.9 19.5 0.21 0.82 66.7 21.5 0.21 1.07 72 24 t > 80O0C (25) Cr Si I Mn I C I p 800 | D 2.19 0.27 0.23 0.50 99.0 3.1 2.83 0.27 0.21 0.82 81.2 1.7 3.44 0.36 0.21 1.07 | 87.7 2.55 t = O0C; v. also Table 4 (128) ; (H 0 0 0 %) 42P, 2OS Cr I Si I Mn C I PA I PQ 620* 220 393 532 19.42 27.08 1195* 134 28 687 18.49 30.35

Fe-Cr-Ni-Si; v. Fe-Ni-Cr-Si Fe-Cr-Ni-Si-V (46) Cr j Ni I Si I V |pTp*|p^T 20 j 10 1 I 0.3|75.7J76.0 Fe-Cr-Si (46) Cr I Si I PTP* I PH~ 4.0 0.84 46.9 41.6 5.0 0.84 39.6 39.6 5.0 1.4 57.0 47.7 6.0 0.4 42.4 35.0 6.0 0.84 49.1 42.4 6.0 1.3 59.5 47.4 8.0 1.0 61.2 53.2 10.0 2.0 59.8 75.0 10.0 3.0 84.0 87.5 10.0 5.0 103.0 13.0 1.8 85.6 75.8 15.0 2.0 92.6 17.0 1.5 76.0 72.8

PA I 31.8 44.1 50.6

t = 150C (165, 166) ; „. 0^0 Table 4

Fe-Cr-Ni-Mn; v. Fe-Ni-Cr-Mn Fe-Cr-Ni-Mn-Mo-C; v. FeCr-Mn-Ni-Mo-C

C I 0.76 0.86 0.54

Cr

V

5.0 5.0 5.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0

0.3 0.5 1.0 0.3 0.5 1.0 0.3

C

PTp*

35 7 34.4 26 8 45 7

0.65

74,8 55 O

I

PHm

35.0 34.4 36.1 49.2 51.3 45.9 49.9

* «TP = 100O0C.

Cr 2 3 10 10 5 5 10 7 10 10

I

W 10 10 2 10 2 5 2 3 2 2

Fe-Cr-W-(C, Mo, Si, Vf) (46) I Mo I Si I C PTP* I PH^""" 28.3 28.0 30.5 30.0 51.5 51.4 57.8 60.7 0.6 57.8 47.4 0.6 57.8 56.8 0.6 55.7 53.6 2 40.9 43.9 2 49.7 50.9 2 0.6 I 61.6

Fe-Cr-W-(C, Mo, Si, V).—(Continued) Cr W 7.23 9 10 2 10 5 10 2 6 18 10 2 JO 2 *
I

Mo

I

2

Si 3 2 3 2

I

G

I

PTp* 87.9

I

PHm 89.5 72.8 92.2 77.4f 50.3f 53.3f 60.Ot

87.9 83.8f 48.Of 49.8f 60.4t

0.69 0.6

t Alloys so marked contain 0.3 % V.

Steel: t = 180C;
Cr 0.75

PO 22.5

Fe-Cu; v. also Cu-Fe; fr = -0.18 ( 146 ); both electrolytic (45, 46) Cu I p I Cu I p Cu I p Tpgoo

0.089 0.202 0.422 0.804 1.006 1.51 2.005 3.99 5.07 6.16 7.05 94.34

Hm

1272 12.0 13.6 13.6 14.7 17.0 13.4 12.7 12.5 12.7 15.8 3.92

oTs 1.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 3.5 4.0 5.0 90.0 90 98

AIOOO

1 4 ~ 0 o T s 11.4 1.0 16.4 1.0 15.6 2.0 15.5 2.5 14.7 3.0 13.6 3.5 15.7 4.0 5.09 5.0 5.53 4.46

12.2 11.8 13.2 11.2 9.5 12.4 8.6 12.5 12.8

Fe-Cu-(Al, As, Mn, Si) (46) Cu

I

1.0 2.0 3.0 5.0 5.0 6.0 3.0 5.0 0.5 0.5 1.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 3.0 5.0 5 6 6.67

Al

I

AS

I

SJ

I

PA*

I

14.5

0.5 0.5 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0

0.25 0.5 0.5 1.0 1.0 0.5 1.0 1.0 2 1 6.67

8.0 18.1 17.6 17.6 15.1 19.6 13.1 21.8 18.3 19.2 22.2 8.1 17.8 22.6 26.5 22.8 15.7

PHm

18.8 18.5 21.8 20.0 19.9 19.8 22.1 20.5 17.0 22.0 21.7 22.9 24.8 20.2 25.3 25.3 23.4

0

*
Cu 1.59 2.50 2.87 3.75

Steels (12); cj. (13); 180C I Al I Mn I C I PA* I PO I 0.36 0.68 14.9 19.8 0.32 0.59 14.4 19.0 0.14 0.17 17.4 21.5 1.0 0.16 0.04 21.0 24.9

* *A = 100O0C. t Wire; annealed.

Pot I <*ot 13.92 4.18 13.55 4.57 16.15 3.66 20.77 2.80

Fe-Cu-Ni-Mn-C; v. Fe-Ni-Cu-C-(Mn) Fe-Cu-W-Cr-C; v. Fe-W-Cu-Cr-C Fe-Mn; S1 = 6.27 (14«); at 180C, S2 = 16, 53 = 18, S6 = 24.5 (9). S = O to 0.028; C = O to 0.003 ( 305 ) Mn I p A 950 , vac (305) 0.036 10.19 0.047 10.4 0.074 10.7 0.16 10.81* 0.16 11.04* 0.32 11.55* 0.29 12.24 0.54 13.42 0.59 15.04

Fe-Mn.--(CWd) Mn I p A1000 ( 46 )

3.5 6.0 8.0 10.0

30.6 40.0 53.0 55.8

.

Tp900 («)

0.505 4.514 10.419

16.1 30.1 55.3Hm (46) 3.5 30.2 6.0 40.8 8.0 49.1 10.0 54.8 Drawn and annealed (13S) 9.1 46.8 13.04 58 16.67 61 * Aw8.

A1000 (46)

18.4 24.8 28.4

1.0 2.0 3.0

Mn (76)

12

I

I

Po

I 67.148 I

A100

1.27

Fe-Mn-C (12, is, 14) For Hadfield's Mn-steel, v. Fe-Mn-Si-C-(P, S) Mn I C I PA* I P I PO 0.50 0.20 14.46 13.09 14.96 1.00 0.24 23.57 21.34 24.94 2.25 0.41 29.18 31.86 3.50 O.OSt 29.67 31.29 4.00 0.36 28.69 25.98 33.74 4.75 0.36 29.38 38.23 5.15 0.32 37.41 46.50 5.40 0.15 33.74 30.52 46.51 13.00 0.26 61.50 55.6 63.70 15.20 0.15 64.94 58.9 67.00 Mn 1.00 3.81 7.00 10.10

C 1 PA H Mn I C 0.75 26.88 11.50 1.66 0.78 44.12 13.00 1.23 1.20 58.74 15.25 1.50 0.16t 63.72 18.50 1.54

j

|

PA

61.50 63.60 66.18 69.0

*18°C. t 0.13% Si. t 0.63% Si.

Mn

O tr. 1.8 2.7 3.6 6.4 6.8 7.4 10 18.0

1

C

8 2.8 16 17 3.0 15 15 16 5.8 5.0

I

1/100% P I S Iron (52)

13. 0.4 4.9 7.4 6.5 3.6 13 12 1.4 1.3

0.8 0.5 1.1 2.2 1.6 2 2 2.7 tr. 1.1

I

Si

2.4 7 1.5 7.7 14 13 15 10 1.2 2

19-25°CT p

12.54 10.35 10.80 11.92 11.00 13.82 13.80 13.10 10.82 11.40

Fe-Mn-C.—(Continued) Mn

I

C

1/100% I P I

S

I

Si

19-250C p

Steel (52)

14.7 19 21 22 22.2 25 28 37 37 38 40 41 41 41 42 45 45 46 48 48 48 49 49 55 56 57 57 65 66 68 72 73 77 80 80 83 87 89 95 95 99 108 109 127 158

161 5 19 21.5 140 10 28 19 25 16 7 14 25 27 28 15 31 14.4 16 18.8 23 23 33 10 22 19.2 24 28 16 22 41 37 43 23 36 26 36 23 20 30 29 22 17 33 74

1.5 5.4 2.5 5.1 1 4 2.7 9 4 8 8 11 10 2.4 2.2 1.1 10 9 9.1 9 2.4 2.4 6.8 8 2.4 2.4 2.9 8.3 7.4 7.7 3.9 9 10 1.6 10 5.3 8 5.8 10 6.3 8.4 10 9 9 4.3

1.8 5.9 4 11.3 2.0 2 3.4 5 3 4 17 5 4 1 4 3.3 4 8 4 8 1 tr. 5 5 34 34 1 6 3.0 7 4.1 4 4 3.3 4 1 9 1 8 1 1 5 5 5 3.6

9.2 3 3.4 8.2 5 4 1 1.8 0.9 1.3 0.9 3 0.1 0.8 tr. 2.6 tr. 1 tr. 2.3 0.4 2 2.4 tr. tr. 0.3 5 1.4 5 11 6 6.6 1.6 4.7 0.4 4 0.5 5 1 1 6 0.4 5 20

18.95 11.01 12.69 12.53 21.29 13.90 13.18 13.27 13.31 12.87 13.18 13.80 14.49 13.25 13.07 12.73 14.57 14.73 13.86 14.62 13.67 13.30 15.32 13.83 14.15 14.03 13.64 16.21 16.09 16.09 18.17 17.10 19.80 17.10 19.80 16.25 17.27 16.32 19.87 16.96 16.95 19.81 20.90 22.72 19.69

Fe-Mn-C-(P, S, Si); cf. Fe-Mn-P-(C, Si, S), Fe-Mn-Si-C-(P, S), Fe-Si-Mn-C-(S, P) Steel: 0.114Mn, 0.06Si, 0.05P, 0.04S, 0.206C. Manganese: 1.90A1, ____^ 0.46Si, 0.24Fe, 0.07C (*™) Mn I p Il Mn \ P || Mn | P 0.11 14.8 1.1 20.7 5.0 44.8 0.31 17.5 1.6 22.4 7.9 54.0 0.6 19.0 2.0 26.3 8.8 52.9 0.8 19.95 3.0 30.9 9.8 54.9 Si = 0.1 to 1.4, P = 0.01 to 0.03, S ^ 0.01; 0.1 to 0.2% C (27) Mn I Pi8 || Mn | pi 8 || Mn | pi8 0.432 15.5 6.139 59.4 12.92 75.8 2.150 25.4 10.512 73.1 14.4 72.5

Fe-Mn-C-(P, S, Si).—(Continued) Si = 0.05 to 1.5, P = 0.01 to 0.024, S = 0.01 to 0.025; 0.8 to 0.9%C (2JO Mn I pis Il Mn | pi 8 || Mn | pis 0.461 27.9 3.084 40.3 10.08 70.2 1.031 31.0 5.112 51.8 12.096 71.2 1.972 38.4 7.2 63.5 Si = 0.058 to 0.128, P = 0.023 to 0.049, S = 0.007 to 0.032 (27) Mn I C I P18 (I Mn ""[~ C | PIS 0.05 0.15 11.6* 0.40 0.57 17.5 0.40 0.09 13.4 0.40 0.92 18.6 0.40 0.29 15.7 * Puddled iron.

Mn O 0.10 0.14 0.18 0.25 0.32 0.32

I

Si 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.20 0.06 0.17 0.17

I

G 0.14 0.78 1.23 0.84 0.83 0.85 1.09

|

p17 (12) 13.4 16.1 19.1 17.2 16.7 17.9 17.6

O0C (176)

Mn I Si I 0.14 tr. 0.30 0.056 0.42 0.086 0.64 0.031 0.74 0.044 1.36 0.167 O0C; *Q = 850 to 105O0C; Mn I Si I

0.42 0.44 0.42 0.50 0.34 0.31 0.24 0.30 0.34 0.27 0.40 0.23 0.30

0.085 0.051 0.092 0.145 0.124 0.089 0.110 0.040 0.104 0.113 0.080

C I PA I PQ 0.39 11.34 12.66 0.49 13.26 14.47 0.43 13.71 15.43 0.37 16.18 19.11 0.48 16.93 21.80 0.47 20.44 28.80 0.017E, 0.030S (*76) ; c/. (174) C I PA I PQ 0.035 10.58 11.4 0.11 11.39 11.88 0.22 12.06 13.16 0.43 13.51 15.44 0.66 14.50 18.55 0.72 15.84 20.38 0.79 16.07 23.93 0.92 16.13 24.30 1.02 16.19 29.02 1.08 17.55 30.07 1.17 18.43 32.80 1.30 18.57 38.88 1.43 18.07 38.50 1.54 17.99 37.95

Mn-steel (274) 10-105tr = (Ptr - P) -*- P; IQ-6SH 3 (PH - p) •* p ptr = value of p when longitudinal traction is 1 g cm"2; pn = value of p when longitudinal magnetizing field is 1 cgsm unit PDd

I

74.84 Mn 2.60 3.00 3.09 17.50 4.25

I

PA

I

5tr

I

SH

72.91

|

+11.30

|

-H).03

Fe-Mn-Cr-C-(Si) (12,13) ; Ig0C Cr I Si I C I PA* I PO 9.22 1.36 63.7 69.4 5.00 1.15 47.8 68.3 8.92 1.30 36.6 50.6 3.50 0.88 68.8 79.3 2.00 1.50 1.32 52.1 68.6

Fe-Mn-Cr-Ni-Mo-C; v. Fe-Cr-Mn-M-Mo-C

Fe-Mn-Cu-C (12,13); Ig0C

Mn I 2.0 8.0 * *A = 100O0C.

Cu 1.75 2.75

I

C 0.25 0.64

PA* 25.2 51.8

I

PO 29.5 71.4

Fe-Mn-Mo-Ni-Si (46) Mn 12

I I

Mo 6

[

Ni 2

I [

Si 0.8

I [

pTp* 67.1

| I

PHm 68.5

0

**TP = 100O C.

Fe-Mn-Ni; v. Fe-Ni-Mn Fe-Mn-Ni-Cr-Mo-C; v. Fe-Cr-Mn-Ni-Mo-C Fe-Mn-P-(C, Si, S) wire (287). c/. Fe-Mn-C-(P, S, Si), Fe-MnSi-C-(P, S), Fe-Si-Mn-C-(S, P), Fe-C-Qc) Mn I P Si [ S [ C [ p 0.00 0.019 0.07 tr. 0.02 9.30 0.00 0.022 0.01 0.00 0.02 9.69 tr. 0.044 0.00 tr. 0.02 9.44 0.10 0.023 0.01 0.01 0.14 9.55 0.12 0.109 0.08 0.01 0.13 12.10 0.15 0.116 0.10 0.01 0.09 11.51 0.09 0.118 0.16 0.05 0.11 10.81 0.13 0.128 0.08 0.01 0.04 11.74 0.11 0.157 0.07 0.01 0.06 11.80 0.32 0.043 0.00 0.00 0.03 10.19 0.29 0.048 0.01 0.06 0.01 10.69 0.28 0.058 0.00 0.06 0.03 10.96 0.27 0.063 0.00 0.05 0.03 10.45 0.33 0.063 0.00 0.05 0.02 10.49 0.40 0.115 0.00 0.06 0.03 12.38 0.47 0.085 0.00 0.03 0.08 14.56 0.49 0.141 0.00 0.08 0.01 10.09 0.59 0.101 0.00 0.04 0.05 13.34 0.69 0.096 0.00 0.02 0.08 14.32 1.22 0.101 0.01 0.01 0.16 16.70 1.17 0.127 0.01 0.02 0.11 18.23 Fe-Mn-Si-C-(P, S); c/. Fe-Mn-C-(P, S, Si), Fe-Mn-P-(C, Si, S), Fe-Si-Mn-C-(S, P), Fe-C-z Square bars, 20 cm long, 1 cm side; tA = 60O0C (165, 166) Mn I Si I C I PA I PTP 0 0 0 9.5* O O 6.68 45 f 0.13 0.05 0.06 10.0 0.15 0.08 0.20 12.5 0.24 0.05 0.49 14.0 0.24 0.13 0.84 16.0 0.21 0.11 1.21 18.0 0.14 0.09 1.40 18.4 0.13 0.08 1.61 19.0 0.24 0.1 0.9 17.8 0.2 1.2 24.5 0.83 0.95 0.1 0.9 22.0 1.8 0.9 1.2 40.0 13 0.3 1 80.OJ Fagersta steels (21); 0.026% P; * = 2O0C 0.321 0.009 0.16 12.59 13.6 0.431 0.019 0.23 13.74 15.4 0.412 0.040 0.33 14.67 17.2 0.422 0.078 0.38 15.11 18.3 0.409 0.308 0.62 20.82 30.6 0.449 0.303 0.95 21.11 38.6 * Ferrite, pure iron,

f Cementite, FesC.

J When magnetized, PA = 66.

Fe-Mn-Si-C-(P, S).—(Continued) *A = IQOO0Q t = 180C (12); c/. (13)

Mn tr. 0.036 0.18

I

0.10 0.25 0.18 0.32 0.32 0.14 0.58 0.58 0.62 10.08 2.00

Si 0.07 0.14 0.02 0.08 0.10 0.06 0.20 0.17 0.17 0.12 0.49 0.49 0.46 0.63 4.25

* P = 0.004, S = 0.005.

C 0.028 0.03 0.05 0.14 0.78 0.83 0.84 0.85 1.09 1.23 0.58 1.00 1.25 0.16 0.40

I

t P = 0.065, S = 0.016.

PA 10.2* 10.9| 11.3 J 13.0 14.6 15.2 16.1 16.4 16.2 17.6 20.7 23.3 23.6 61.1 68.4

I

PO 10.5* ll.lt 11.SJ 13.4 16.1 16.7 17.2 17.9 17.6 19.1 23.1 25.2 26.6 65.5 73.8

J P = 0-013, S = 0.011.

t > 90O0C (208)

Mn 0^43 0.35 0.57 0.47 0.25

Mn 1.83 2.20

Mn 0.13 0.29 0.29 0.35 0.44 0.41 0.44 0.54

I

I

Si CL24 0.02 0.33 0.13 (?)

I

C 0.08 0.11 0.22 0.37 1.05

I

t > 80O0C (25) Si I C I 0.882 1.183 0.984 1.941

PA

I

Q 9 QO 0.33 0.33 0.43 0.38 0.40

P 8 QO 110.9 111.3

I

D8Q0 2.26 3.3

Gysinge steels, t = 15-180C, £Tp = 80O0C (20, 21) I Si I P I S I C I PA I 0.03 0.009 0.005 0.08 10.5 0.12 0.013 0.02 1.50 17.9 0.08 0.013 0.03 1.70 17.7 0.65 0.015 0.02 0.45 23.9 0.86 0.014 0.02 0.55 27.6 0.28 0.014 0.015 0.90 20.2 0.30 0.014 0.01 1.20 20.9 0.26 0.014 0.015 1.35 21.6

PTP 10.9 50.6

29.0 34.4 36.9 42.1 44.4

t = O 0 C; quenched in oil (50, 128) Mn I Si I P I S I C I ' PA I PQ I PF 0.016 0.005 0.018 1.184 15.88 36.47 4.73 0.608 0.078 0.023 0.674 39.28 55.56 53.68 7.97 0.502 0.128 tr. 4.510 105.20* 8.74 0.094 0.072 0.024 1.298 63.16 70.66 69.93 12.36 0.204 0.070 0.038 1.005 65.54 11.57 0.25 0.055 0.026 0.133 51.93 57.77f 11.57 0.25 0.055 0.023 1.150 53.85 68.57 * Spiegeleisen. f After decarbonization of the following specimen.

Hadneld's 12% Mn steel;
Fe-Mn-Si-C-(P, S).—(Continued) Effect of drawing to wire (84) ; c/. (85) PD is after 7 drawings; 2 = 16 to 180C, BB = Bessemer Base steel; OH = Open Hearth steel; specimens a and b; HR = hot rolled; HRA = hot rolled and annealed; D = drawn; DA = drawn and annealed. 1/100%

I

BB OHa OHb

Mn 48 47 38

I

Steel

I

*A PA PHR PHRA PD PDA

Si 0.6 26.2 11.3 BB 400 12.2 14.38 14.32 14.72 14.60

P 8.0 6.8 1.6 [

I

OHa 910 11.85 21.70 21.40 19.40 19.50

S 5.6 3.6 1.9 |

I

C 7 55 78 OHb 1000 11.96 18.80 18.60 20.47 20.46

Fe-Mn-Si-Cr-C-(P, S); v. Fe-C-o;

Fe-Mn-W-C; 180C (12, 13); c/. Fe-W-Mn-C Mn I W I C I PA* I 2.25 3.25 0.40 27.7 10.00 1.52 31.3 3.25 10.20 2.11 1.08 65.8 11.10 2.85 1.34 68.4

PF 19.1 17.5 21.5 23.2 18.9 17.8 19.4 19.1 19.9 19.6 20.9 21.8

PQ 37.1 45.4 71.3 74.5

PTp

PHm

I

H

MO

PTp

12.0 13.69

32.6f 35.1f

MO

I

C

0.19 0.16 0.14 0.29 0.74 0.81 0.81

PO 21.68 17.91|

I

Fe-Mo-Cr-Si-Mn-C-(P, S) (50) 5.07Mo, 3.98Cr, 0.90Si, 0.33Mn, 0.013P; 250C; *Q = 94O0C _ . _ , I O

I

0.042 0.008*

^

PA

1767 0.220*

40.03 54.73

I

PQ

65.83 54.08

* After decarbonization.

Fe-Mo-Cr-V-C (46) MO

I

Cr

10

I

2

I

I

Mn

2

V

I

C

0.3

I

0.5

I

PTp*

38.9

I

PHm

|

37.0

I

PTp*

20.6

1

I

PHm

I

Lit.

I

22.3

I

(46)

**TP = 100O0C.

0.025S, 0.016P, 0.020As, 0.0045N; 16 to 2O0C; v. also Table 4 (268,

Mo 1.030 1.054 1.018 1.096 2.176 2.181 2.186 2.109 2.540 4.110 4.009 4.002 4.019 8.012 8.167 8.109 7.847 7.920

I

Mn 0.218 0.230 0.270 0.250 0.216 0.270 0.263 0.238 0.205 0.242 0.292 0.230 0.230 0.216 0.274 0.252 0.230 0.234

269)

Si I C I PA I PN 0.047 0.195* 13.48 14.51 0.087 0.445 14.77 16.55 0.122 0.869 18.55 20.47 0.124 1.215 19.54 20.32 0.064 0.246 13.55 16.73 0.075 0.442 14.97 16.42 0.883 16.13 18.80 0.078 0.071 1.210 18.47 21.72 0.122 1.360 20.13 21.79 0.036 0.190 14.95 16.40 0.038 0.487 14.89 16.39 0.051 0.865 15.53 18.42 0.039 1.060 16.92 19.37 0.135f 23.70 25.76 0.049 0.056 0.361 15.32 17.20 0.080 0.445 14.38 16.79 0.041 0.775 15.38 17.87 0.075 1.125 16.13 18.86

Fe-Mo-Ni-Si; v. Fe-Ni-Mo-(Si, C) Fe-Mo-V-(C) (46)

36.6 MO

I

PA 15.17 15.36*

I

* After straining, PA = 15.27. t PQ = 19.79, IQ = 90O0C.

PHm

I

Fe-Mo-C; t = 17 to 190C; fa = 95O0C (219)

0.45 1.00 2.20 4.50 0.50 1.21 1.98

C 0.283 0.283

* 0.005 % Al. 10.004 % Al.

Fe-Mo (46) I

I

Fe-Mo-Mn-(Si, C, etc.)

* tA = 100O0C.

MO

Mo 0.95 0.95

MO

Fe-Mn-Si-Cu-Ni-Cr-C-(P, S); v. Fe-C-g

5.12 27.8* 29.9f 9.84 **Tp = 90O0C. t*TP = 100O0C.

O0C (176)

*
Fe-Mn-Si-Cu-C-(P, S) (252); cf, Fe-C-z 1.0 to 5.1P, 1.4 to 4.4S; tA = tQ = 90O0C; Koo% I Si I Cu I C I PA I PQ I 31 10 14 19.1 19.3 10 10 18 17.5 17.7 23 13 31 20.0 23.6 34 9 44 21.4 24.1 18 9 56 18.9 19.7 6 9 64 17.7 18.2 10 7 75 19.3 20.1 10 8 80 19.2 20.2 13 8 94 19.9 23.0 8 5 102 20.0 24.1 8 6 130 21.8 22.3 5 5 150 21.8 25.0

Mn 39 34 65 67 30 27 35 30 35 36 40 36

Fe-Mo-C.—(Continued)

PN

PH

16.2 16.5 18.2 30.2 18.1 23.4 25.6

17.8 17.1 20.0 31.8 37.6 39.5 40.7

I

4 5 8 10 10 10 10 8 10 10 *
V

0.6 1.0 0.5 0.3 0.5 1.0 1.0 0.3 0.3 1_0

I

C

0.6 0.4 0.4

[

PTP~

22.6 25.0 25.4 27.2 30.3 29.4 32.1 27.8 26.6 19.9

I

PHm

17.8 22.9 25.1 27.3 30.7 30.1 30.1 22.6 17.1 24.2

Fe-Ni (146)

Fe-NL- (Cont'd)

For nickel steels and named alloys containing mainly Fe and Ni, see Fe-Ni-C. S1 = 1.46 (9); at 180C, S2 = 7, 53 = 9, S6 = 13; Tp900 ( 45 > 46,193)

Ni O 0.27 0.56 1.07 1.93 7.05 8.17 10.20 11.29 12.07 13.11* 19.21 22.11 25.20 26.40 28.42 35.09 47.08 75.06 100.00

I

p 12.1 13.1 15.4 16.9 16.4 26.9 26.7 28.6 29.4 30.3 34.8 36.2 38.7 63.2 65.5 82.0 81.1 44.7 22.1 12.4

* +0.89 % C.

Ni (76) [

95

I

Ni ("7) I

PQ

29.45 I 2.01 P20

I

A 100

4.0 20.9 2.0 7.0 25.2 2.3 13.0 33.0 1.8 14.0 33.9 1.6 18.0 35.9 0.84 21.0 38.8 1.8 22.11 40.0 1.8 26.40 35.9 1.6 35.09 92.0 1.1 40.0 74.1 2.2 47.08 47.5 3.6 90.0 15.5 3.4 Electrolytic;* JA = 902 to 10640C, vac (3Qi) Ni . I PA 0.5Of H.5 1.01 12.7 1.48| 13.8 1.96f 14.9 2.44f 16.1 2.84 17.1 3.85f 19.4 4.62 20.3 5.67 22.0 7.33 24.8 8.0Of 25.2 9.61 27.1 14.92 29.8 15 3OJ 30 82 § 34.81 80.4

Ni

I

II

PA

(200)

O 17 29 34 81 93 98 100

12 38.2 79.5 86.3 23.9 18.1 11.9 11.8 (238)11

O 5 10 15 20 25 30

12 29 31 39 39 40 87

35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100

94 81 48 43 41 30 27 27 19 18 20 22 19 9

* Impurities in Fe = 0.005A1, tr. (Cu, Mn, P, Si), 0.003S, 0.014C; in Ni = 0.250Fe, tr. Mn, 0.001 P, 0.006S, 0.040Si, 0.030C. Amount of Ni in alloy determined by analysis excepting those marked "f." t Amount of Ni added to the Fe. $ Unchanged by precooling to - 7O0C. § After precooling to — 7O0C, PZO — 38; to -185°, pzo = 32. Il Impurities in Fe = 0.03Cu, 0.06Mn, 0.01P, 0.01S, 0.01Si, 0.08C. (105, 193)

Ni 22.0* 26.2 28.7 30.8 35.0 35.7

I

1000A, 784 - 0.13* 844 +0.01* 700 - 0.20« 897-0.43* 1561 - 1.69* 1161 -1.68*

* +3 % Cr.

O to 37O0C (214) Ni I PQ I a I /3 25 I 76.2 I 1.15J -0.59 10-">Str s (Ptr - p) - p; 10-«6H s (PH - p) -s- p (274); ptr = value of p when longitudinal traction is 1 g cm""2; PH = value of p when longitudinal magnetizing force is 1 cgsm unit.

Fe-Ni.- (Cont'd) PA

I

StT

Fe-Ni-C.- (Cont'd)

Ni

I ppdl

j

O 22 25 30 100

12.0910.74+13.23+23.35 47.9875.08+7.53+3.06 60.9478.72+ 6 . 6 4 + 1.48 55.0887.93- 1 . 3 4 + 4 . 5 6 17.5717.36-40.8 +80.7

Fe-Ni-C (246) *

I

P

25.2 % Ni; 0.35 % C 16.0 77.85 56 81.43 99 83.60 137 85.24 171 86.71 201 88.41 233 89.65 268 90.89 305 92.50 332 93.67 345 94.25 368 95.19 389 95.95 411 96.57 438 97.70 469 98.89 492 99.53 537 100.8 549 101.4 561 101.7 577 102.1 608 103.3 643 103.9 675 105.1 715 105.6 732 106.5 762 107.0 792 107.7 818 109.0 843 109.5 885 110.9 903 111.4 914 111.6 930 111.4 947 111.7 977 112.3 995 112.8 970 112.4 945 112.0 926 111.5 906 111.2 895 110.8 875 110.4 841 109.5 804 108.9 777 108.0 745 107.1 610 103.5 580 102.5 550 101.8 510 100.6 305 93.89 270 92.93 241 91.86

SH

t I P 25.2% Ni; 0.35% C 177 89.10 156 88.75 35 84.90 30.6% Ni;* 0.34% C 167 87.28 262 91.23 291 92.37 318 93.68 358 94.82 385 95.76 413 96.70 439 97.64 478 98.96 509 99.91 553 101.2 574 101.8 600 102.5 625 103.3 653 104.1 681 104.6 701 105.2 747 106.1 780 107.1 807 107.6 834 108.4 860 109.1 885 109.7 903 110.1 917 110.5 868 109.3 825 108.4 794 107.6 767 106.9 746 106.3 710 105.0 683 104.4 653 103.7 614 102.5 582 101.4 544 100.5 515 99.53 480 98.21 453 97.27 423 96.32 392 95.00 360 93.87 320 92.37 270 90.67 60 81.81 35.25 % Ni; 0.33 % C 16 I 81.87 90 88.09 124 89.79 169 92.33 207 94.31 243 95.59 275 96.86 310 97.85 34$ 98.98 370 99.97 423 101.1

Fe-Ni (146)

Fe-NL- (Cont'd)

For nickel steels and named alloys containing mainly Fe and Ni, see Fe-Ni-C. S1 = 1.46 (9); at 180C, S2 = 7, 53 = 9, S6 = 13; Tp900 ( 45 > 46,193)

Ni O 0.27 0.56 1.07 1.93 7.05 8.17 10.20 11.29 12.07 13.11* 19.21 22.11 25.20 26.40 28.42 35.09 47.08 75.06 100.00

I

p 12.1 13.1 15.4 16.9 16.4 26.9 26.7 28.6 29.4 30.3 34.8 36.2 38.7 63.2 65.5 82.0 81.1 44.7 22.1 12.4

* +0.89 % C.

Ni (76) [

95

I

Ni ("7) I

PQ

29.45 I 2.01 P20

I

A 100

4.0 20.9 2.0 7.0 25.2 2.3 13.0 33.0 1.8 14.0 33.9 1.6 18.0 35.9 0.84 21.0 38.8 1.8 22.11 40.0 1.8 26.40 35.9 1.6 35.09 92.0 1.1 40.0 74.1 2.2 47.08 47.5 3.6 90.0 15.5 3.4 Electrolytic;* JA = 902 to 10640C, vac (3Qi) Ni . I PA 0.5Of H.5 1.01 12.7 1.48| 13.8 1.96f 14.9 2.44f 16.1 2.84 17.1 3.85f 19.4 4.62 20.3 5.67 22.0 7.33 24.8 8.0Of 25.2 9.61 27.1 14.92 29.8 15 3OJ 30 82 § 34.81 80.4

Ni

I

II

PA

(200)

O 17 29 34 81 93 98 100

12 38.2 79.5 86.3 23.9 18.1 11.9 11.8 (238)11

O 5 10 15 20 25 30

12 29 31 39 39 40 87

35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100

94 81 48 43 41 30 27 27 19 18 20 22 19 9

* Impurities in Fe = 0.005A1, tr. (Cu, Mn, P, Si), 0.003S, 0.014C; in Ni = 0.250Fe, tr. Mn, 0.001 P, 0.006S, 0.040Si, 0.030C. Amount of Ni in alloy determined by analysis excepting those marked "f." t Amount of Ni added to the Fe. $ Unchanged by precooling to - 7O0C. § After precooling to — 7O0C, PZO — 38; to -185°, pzo = 32. Il Impurities in Fe = 0.03Cu, 0.06Mn, 0.01P, 0.01S, 0.01Si, 0.08C. (105, 193)

Ni 22.0* 26.2 28.7 30.8 35.0 35.7

I

1000A, 784 - 0.13* 844 +0.01* 700 - 0.20« 897-0.43* 1561 - 1.69* 1161 -1.68*

* +3 % Cr.

O to 37O0C (214) Ni I PQ I a I /3 25 I 76.2 I 1.15J -0.59 10-">Str s (Ptr - p) - p; 10-«6H s (PH - p) -s- p (274); ptr = value of p when longitudinal traction is 1 g cm""2; PH = value of p when longitudinal magnetizing force is 1 cgsm unit.

Fe-Ni.- (Cont'd) PA

I

StT

Fe-Ni-C.- (Cont'd)

Ni

I ppdl

j

O 22 25 30 100

12.0910.74+13.23+23.35 47.9875.08+7.53+3.06 60.9478.72+ 6 . 6 4 + 1.48 55.0887.93- 1 . 3 4 + 4 . 5 6 17.5717.36-40.8 +80.7

Fe-Ni-C (246) *

I

P

25.2 % Ni; 0.35 % C 16.0 77.85 56 81.43 99 83.60 137 85.24 171 86.71 201 88.41 233 89.65 268 90.89 305 92.50 332 93.67 345 94.25 368 95.19 389 95.95 411 96.57 438 97.70 469 98.89 492 99.53 537 100.8 549 101.4 561 101.7 577 102.1 608 103.3 643 103.9 675 105.1 715 105.6 732 106.5 762 107.0 792 107.7 818 109.0 843 109.5 885 110.9 903 111.4 914 111.6 930 111.4 947 111.7 977 112.3 995 112.8 970 112.4 945 112.0 926 111.5 906 111.2 895 110.8 875 110.4 841 109.5 804 108.9 777 108.0 745 107.1 610 103.5 580 102.5 550 101.8 510 100.6 305 93.89 270 92.93 241 91.86

SH

t I P 25.2% Ni; 0.35% C 177 89.10 156 88.75 35 84.90 30.6% Ni;* 0.34% C 167 87.28 262 91.23 291 92.37 318 93.68 358 94.82 385 95.76 413 96.70 439 97.64 478 98.96 509 99.91 553 101.2 574 101.8 600 102.5 625 103.3 653 104.1 681 104.6 701 105.2 747 106.1 780 107.1 807 107.6 834 108.4 860 109.1 885 109.7 903 110.1 917 110.5 868 109.3 825 108.4 794 107.6 767 106.9 746 106.3 710 105.0 683 104.4 653 103.7 614 102.5 582 101.4 544 100.5 515 99.53 480 98.21 453 97.27 423 96.32 392 95.00 360 93.87 320 92.37 270 90.67 60 81.81 35.25 % Ni; 0.33 % C 16 I 81.87 90 88.09 124 89.79 169 92.33 207 94.31 243 95.59 275 96.86 310 97.85 34$ 98.98 370 99.97 423 101.1

Fe-Ni-C.- (Cont'd) O0C; JQ = 90O0C (176)

Fe-Ni-C,- (Cont'd)

t I P 3525% Ni; 0.33% C 463 101.2 467 100.7 467 98.13f 516 99.26 516 98.84} 571 99.69 527 98.70 500 97.71 462 96.86 454 96.86 441 96.86 422 96.58 369 95.16

Ni I C I PA I PO I PQ 1.070.07213.17 14.0212.97 3.370.16318.59 20.6918.48 5.350.19922.35 23.1825.62 5.350.19922.28*22.96 * After straining = 22.16.

*For Ni-steel, 30% Ni, P = 85; a = 0.8 if 20° < t < 100° ("*). t Constant after 75 min. J Constant after 20 min.

Ni-steel (219); c/. (27) t = 20 to 210C; tQ = 9750C Ni I C I PN I PQ 2.23 0.07 16.6 20.0 5.23 0.12 22.2 22.4 7.13 0.12 24.9 25.8 10.10 0.13 28.7 28.6 12.07 0.12 30.1 30.1 15.17 0.11 32.8 32.5 20.40 0.18 33.5 33.3 25.85 0.16 40.3 37.8 30.00 0.12 82.4 82.4

1.97 4.90 7.59 9.79 12.29 20.01 25.06 27.87

0.21 0.20 0.23 0.21 0.22 0.22 0.23 0.19

17.7 23.7 25.4 32.0 34.9 44.7 72.0 82.6

19.3 24.9 27.8 32.0 35.0 43.1 73.2 82.6

2.20 4.90 7.09 9.79 12.27 15.04 20.01 25.06 29.96

0.80 0.78 0.81 1.05 0.76 0.80 0.80 0.79 0.81

21.9 31.4 37.0 40.2 49.0 71.0 74.8 80.4 85.4

36.6 46.2 50.2 51.7 55.2 70.6 70.8 79.1 85.4

Ni(220) I

7.0 7.0 7.1 9.7 9.9 11.7 12.2 15.0

C

0.6 0.75 0.8 0.35 0.8 0.5 0.4 0.3

I pa*

42.9 44.5 44.9 36.1 55.9 55.3 40.4 69.7

I p~

30.6 31.0 33.6 30.7 40.0 45.7 36.0 49.0 0

*For p/, annealed from 100O C, cooling in 4 to 5 hr; for p«, annealed from 130O0C, cooling in ca. 3 days.

Effect of chilling (123); JA = 90O0C; PC = PA after cooling in liquid air Ni I PA I PC O 19.85 19.85 4.6 27.6 27.5 9.2 35.6 36.2 13.8 37.75 39.05 18.5 45.05 41.3 21.2 49.7 44.85 23.6 54.9 42.9 25.8* 69.0 38.75 27.7 93.4 41.65 29.1 98.0 42.55 30.5 92.6 51.3 32.8 99.0 99.0 36.9 80.0 55.4 39.05 73.8 27.4 83.0 21.8 92.3 20.0 I * For 25 % Ni, ca. 74 % Fe: Magnetizable form, p = 52, a — 1.32 at 20°, a = 4.0 just below 600°, a < 1.32 above 600°; nonmagnetizable form, p = 72 (129).

Hadfield's 4.35% Ni-steel (63) t I Pt -197.1 19.468 -106.1 23.750 - 81.9 24.897 O 29.452 + 0.95 29.515 16.15 30.402 91.15 35.185 ais = 2.01 _ Named alloys: Climax Ferronickel Invar Kruppin, v. Vn Pe Platinite Vn Vestalin

Cx FN Ir

Ni

I

p

I

a

Cx,* FN («5, 66, 175); 20°C

25

I1

80-83 I 0.8-0.98 Vn (160) 28 I 83-85 I 0.7-1.3 Ir; O0C 36 I 75 I 2.0 Pe; O0C 46-48 I 45 I 3 FeNi, 51.4% Ni (135) Cx 87 0.67 FN 28 2.1 * May contain 1 % Mn.

Fe-Ni-Cr (13S); „. also Ni-Cr(Fe, Mn) and Ni-Cr-Fe NJ

I

P2Q

I

Fe-Wi-Cr,-(Corrf'd) Nl

OiZQ

O 22.7 45.45 68.2 90.9

9.1% Cr 41.13 74.39 95.94 93.45 67.80

O 21.76 43.48 65.2 86.96

13.04% Cr 41.16 76.88 90.40 101.30 84.10

2.33 1.05 0.59 0.21 0.20

O 20.8 41.6 50 62.5 83.3

16.7% Cr 52.07 79.35 103.67 105.38 108.04 96.90

2.47 0.91 0.34 0.23 0.21 0.12

O 20 40 60 80

2.23 0.84 0.56 0.40 0.37

Ni

«20

I

20% Cr 43.68 2.30 82.36 0.90 97.01 0.38 106.46 0.24 99.79 0.14 frp = IQOO0G ( 46 ) I

Cr

I

PTp

I

PHm

8 10 67.3 68.4 10 2 45.8 44.9 10 5 59.4 55.7 10 7 67.3 64.4 10 10 33.2 66.9 12 I 10 62.5 99.6 No. 193 (Driver-Harris) (65, 175); Vf aiso Fe-Ni-Cr-Mn(P, S, Si, C) Ni I Cr I P 20 I a 30 1.5 87 0.014 35.3 31.2 91.4 0.8 Comet (65) 30 I 5 I 95.6 I 0.34

Fe-Ni-Cr-C, Steel (12, 13); I Cr I C 2.00 0.90 1.75 0.31 4.50 0.41 0.75 0.25 1.75 0.86 2.01 0.64

Ni 2.00 2.50 2.50 2.75 3.25 12.24

p2Q

I

180C PA* 25.3 27.7 35.1 23.9 28.5 52J.

I

PO 25.6 35.1 43.0 24.9 40.9 55.2

*
Ni 10

I I

7 62

Cr 10 18 12

I C I p I I 1 I 69.7* ) Steel; v. also Ni-Fe-Cr 70 100

a

I I

Lit. (46) (148)

1 0.2

* Tpiooo; pHm = 73.8.

Ni 2 15 16 18 22 29 35 39 49 56 60 66

I

Fe-Ni-Cr-Mn (2QQ) Cr I Mn 25 3 15 6 23 2 15 3 4 3 4 2 10 6 16 3 10 6 19 6 10 6 19 5

I

p 86.5 78.6 85,7 84.2 75.1 83.0 99.0 111.0 111.0 110.0 91.0 105.0

Alloy No. 4 (134); for No. 3, v. Ni-Cr-Fe Ni1 27.62; Cr, 21.10; Mn, 0.85

*20 i 300 400 500 600

103.45 115.9 119.4 122.3 125.0

H

< n

700 800 900 1000

p

127.0 129.0 131.0 132.85

.

Fe-Ni-Cr-Mn-(P, S, Si, C) Ni, 1.50; Cr, 0.57; Mn, 0.486; Si, 0.162; P, 0.012; t = 250C, JQ = 94O0C; before (after) decarbonization ( 50 ) S

I

C

0.026 0.014

I

0.354 0.017

PA

I

22.33 21.82

PQ

I

26.63 21.92

Before After

Alloy No. 193 (Driver-Harris); v. also Fe-Ni-Cr; Ni, 30; Cr, 2; Mn, 1;C, 0.22 (134) t

P ( 65 )

I

20 100 200 300 400

I P ( 134 ) J l

t

I P (65)

I p (134)

91.4 95.5 500 114.4 97.3 104.35 600 119.4 102.4 114.45 700 121.25 105.9 123.75 800 125.5 110.7 130.35 900 131.4 Fe-Ni-Cr-Mn-Mo-C; v. Fe-Cr-Mn-Ni-Mo-C

136.10 140.50 143.6 146.9 151.4

Fe-Ni-Mn-C.—(Continued) Steel; 180C (12,13) I Mn j C I PA* I 1.00 0.50 28.7 3.57 0.57 47.5 5.04 0.60 82.0 5.04 0.60 89.2 1.50 0.60 88.2 0.82 0.70 86.0 8.00 1.21 70.2 5.04 0.80 83.0 10.25 I 1.40 74.7

Ni 1.00 4.00 19.00 25.00 30.00 31.40 2.57 14.55 9.00

I

Cr

10 10 20

I

10 10 10

Si

I

PTp*

I

70.9 76.2 91.8

1 2 2

PHm

74.2 78.8 93.0

**Tp = 100O0C.

Ni I 5.75 2.9 14.44 * *A = IQOO0C. Ni

Fe-Ni-Cu-C-(Mn); Cu I Mn I 2.75 2.9 1.5 2.25 5.90

I 9.1% Mn

I p 16.7% Mn 41.6 117 62.5 105 83.3 51.2 Ni I Mn I P (2QQ) 20 20 94.5

58<0

21.76 88.6 43.48 98.3 65.2 88.3 86.96 41.6 16.7% Mn 61 0 '° 20.8 88.6 Ni 14.1

36

g

1Q3 Q

36

n

1Q3 Q

44

6

87Q

45

4

g3 5

5Q

7

85 5

65

2

54.1

Fe-Ni-Mn-Al-C; 180C (12, 13) Mn I Al I C I PA* I PO 5.3 2.3 I 0.43 | 47.8 | 88.7

I I

*
Ni

I

O 0.58 1.92 3.82 19.64 31.40 14.55 25.00

Ni (46) 5 10

I

Ni

Fe-Ni-Mn-C, Annealed (**) Mn I C tr. 0.03 0.18 0.26 0.72 0.14 0.65 0.19 0.93 0.19 0.82 0.70 5.04 0.80 5.04 0.60

Mn 2 1

I

G 0.6 0.5

I

I

PTP I 44.0

p 9.46 16.22 18.58 21.63 35.4 77.9 76.1 80.7 p Hm 35.6 32.4

90.62 97.52 89.17|| 86.6

1.04 1.04 0.85§ 0.90

83.11

1.09

Steel (54); F and AIQQQ Mn I C~ 0.95 0.47 0.79 0.48 0.83 0.44 0.82 0.40 1.03 0.42 0.92 0.52 0.79 0.43 0.85 0.41 0.83 O 45 0.96 0_41

I

O 1.2 2.15 4.25 4.95 6.42 7.95 12.22 15.98 19.91

Fe-Ni-Mn; 2O0C (135) p Ni

O 46.8 24.7 88.0 45.45 94.7 13.04% Mn 0

180C (*2, *3) C I PA* I PO 0.18 38.2 40.0 0.17 24.9 32.7 0.81 80.0

Q=Dt 1.50

*«A = 100O0C. t Wire. J Wire; t = O to 15O0C. § At 180C. Il Rolled; for wire, a = 0.77.

Fe-Ni-Cr-Si (46) Ni

ppt I 28.63§

I

PIT 20.3 22.6 24.8 29.1 39.3 42.8 43.9 50.5 63.3 75.4

Fe-Ni-Mn-Cr-Mo-C; v. Fe-Cr-Mn-Ni-Mo-C Fe-Ni-Mn-Cu-C; v. Fe-Ni-Cu-C-(Mn) Fe-Ni-Mn-Mo-C (46) Ni I Mn 10 I 2 *PTP = 100O0C.

I I

Mo 2

I I

C ~ 0.5 I

PTP* 63.5

I [

PHm 64.2

I

po 18.3 30.2 30.7

Fe-Ni-Mn-Si-C; 180C (12, 13) Ni 0.00 0.00 1.00 31.40 1.92 3.82 11.39 19.64 24.51 0.58 0.58 12.70 12.10 30.00

Mn

0.18 1.00 1.00 0.82 0.72 0.65 0.93 0.93 1.00 0.18 0.18 0.61 0.61 1.50

Si

I

0.21 0.20 0.22 0.27 0.30 0.44 0.33 0.39 0.56

C " I PA* 0.22 17.0 0.75 26.9 0.50 28.7 0.70 86.0 0.14 20.44 0.19 24.57 0.18 35.82 0.19 39.01 0.16 45.12 0.26 17.9 0.26 18.31 0.81 44.1 0.98 45.3 0.60 88.2

21.51 24.94 38.23 43.01 55.50 18.9 19.12 46.5 47.7

* IQ = 100O0C.

Ni 3.03 3.62 3.73

I

t > 80O0C Mn I Si I 0.34 0.19 0.34 0.18 0.32 0.28

(25) C I P800 I 0.70 150.1 0.57 152.7 1.21 155.6

Z)800 3.05 4.5 4.7

Fe-Ni-Mn-Si-C.—(Continued) Steel (50); t = 250C; *Q = 94O0C before decarbonization . 1/1000%; . . . Mn I Si I P I S I C PA PQ 677 231 38 30 422 26.76 32.63 660 226 27 34 365 26.80 31.25 493 267 10 30 182 28.63 30.33 580 450 30 60 2130 25.43 29.60 1/1000%: after decarbonization _—~——__^—_————— Mn I Si I P I S I C I PA PQ 677 231 38 20 36 25.40 26.68 660 226 27 28 20 25.67 26.33 493 267 10 17 15 26.78 27.58 580 450 30 40 180 24.19 24.77

P^1

21*0 3.43 5.00 6.00 NI 2.80 3.43 5.00 6.00

Fe-Ni-W (46) Ni

Fe-Ni-Mo-(Si, C) (46) Ni

I

10 20 10 10 20 3.3

MO

5 10 10 10 10 7.7

I

Si

I

C

0.5 1 1 2

I

PTp*

PHm

47.5 76.8 50.5 49.7 78.7 52.4

I

15 I * «Tp = 100O0C.

44.6 75.8 55.6 52.7* ti 79.6 53.6

W

5

I

PTp*

I

j

44.9

I

PHm

45.8

Fe-P

Mn, 0.40-0.57; Si, 0.17-0.25; S, 0.05-0.08; C, 0.11-0.155 *A = *Q = 90O0C ( 4 ) P

PO*

0.012 0.100 0.144 0.209 0.245 0.266 0.421 0.560 0.725 0.872 1.153 1.242

[_

17.0 17.6 18.2 19.6 20.3 20.7 22.2 24.2 24.8 27.6 30.7 30.9

PA

17.2 17.2 18.1 19.1 19.8 20.8 21.9 23.5 24.2 27.2 30.4

I

PQ

16.6 18.0 18.9 20.2 21.6 22.1 24.6 25.0 25.7 28.8 32.7 32.2

= 10.69 ( 1 4 6 ); v. also beginning of Fe.

Fe-Pb (46) Q.061% Pb, PTp = 13.9, frp = 90O0C Fe-S ( 14 6); S1 = 1.80; v. also beginning of Fe

* tTp = 100O0C. 0

Fe-Ni-Si (3Qi); 0.2% Si; *A = 900 to IQOO C Fe-Sb (46); 1.0% Sb, PA = 20.2, *A = IQOO0C Ni I PA [I Ni I PA Il Ni I PA Fe-Se; v. beginning of Fe 0.50 12.7 2.90 19.1 9.52 29.6 Fe-Si; S1 = 20.26 (*46) ; at Ig0C, 52 = 26, S8 = 34, S5 = 49 ( 9 ) 1.00 14.3 3.85 20.7 15.0 31.0 1.48 15.1 4.76 21.4 30.0 82.0 Si I P Si I P 1.96 16.5 5.67 25.8 34.5 81.3 A1100 (299, 30O)* A 900 (299, 30O)* 2.44 18.0 7.00 25.7 || 0.001 9.85 2.73 42.00 3.40 48.50 0.01 9.89 Fe-Ni-Si-C (46) 0.068 10.75 3.55 48.50 Ni I Si I C I PTp I PHm 0.148 11.8 4.39 56.10 10 I 2 I 1.0 70.3 I 54.2 0.472 16.2 4.44 57.40 0 Steel; 18 C (12, 13) 0.822 21.3 4.92 66.20 Tp900 (45, 46)t 1.74 31.2 Ni I Si I C I pA* 0.0 12.1 3.4 48.5 1.00 2.00 0.79 50.5 4.44 57.7 0.233 14.7 3.25 2.00 0.38 44.0 4.92 66.5 0.603 18.7 3.50 3.25 0.22 57.4 1.033 24.3 12.10 0.56 0.97 45.Ot 1.897 34.4 12.70 0.39 0.81 43.Ot 2.826 44.6 *t& = 100O0C;
Si

Fe-Si.- (Continued) P "~ Si

I A (209)

0.24 0.37 0.67 0.95 1.25 1.73 2.35 2.98 5.26

0.24 0.37 0.67

Si 0.1 2.6 0.1 0.7

I I I

0.95 1.25 1.73 2.35 2.98 5.26

C 0.2 0.2 0.8 0.8 j

~

29.83 30.40 40.80 41.50 47.60 66.00

Fe-Si-Ni-C; v. Fe-Ni-Si-C Fe-Si-Sn; v. Fe-Sn-(P, Si) Sn 0.228 0.342 0.686

Fe-Sn; Tp900 ( 4 6 ) p I] Sn I p [I 13.0 0.717 21.1 13.3 1.568 22.4 15.4 I 2.059 | 29.8

I

* Aiooo; PHm — 24.1.

Fe + 14tol5%Si,Duriron(69) 1 1 Po

' 63.3 |

P IO ° I 94.4 |

Fe-Si-Al-C (12, 13) Steel; t = 180C, *A = IQOO0C Al I C I PA 0.5 I 0.67 | 43.0

* *A - 60O0C.

Si 2.5 5.5

16.66 18.88 22.20

Si 2.25

P

Q (209)

15.62 17.21 21.00 24.80 28.90 40.00 39.10 46.50 64.50 Q (209)

Fe-Si-Mn-Cr-C-(P, S); v. Fe-C-a I

Fe-Si-C (165, 166) I PA* Il Si I 12.5 1.3 38.5 0.1 15.8 0.6 26.5 1.1 Steel; t = 180C (12, 13) C j PA 0.20 42.1 0.26 65.2

C 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.0 I

Al

°° 4.92

Sn 3.5 5.0

I

p 25.0* 47.4f

f Aiooo.

Fe-Sn-(P, Si) (46) Sn

I

1.0 3.0

P

Si

I

PA*

I

19.6 25.6

1.0

0.23

PHm

28.1 25.6

*
PO 48.6

I j I

PA* 33.5 17.8 25.5 32.0

PO 47.1 68.8

Fe-Si-Mn-C-(S, P) (209) ; c/. Fe-Mn-C-(P, S, Si), Fe-Mn-P(C, Si, S), Fe-Mn-Si-C-(P, S), Fe-C-x Si I Mn I S I P I C I PA I PQ I PO 0.24 0.41 0.064 0.0330.12 15.62 16.66 16.98 0.37 0.3 0.049 0.0410.1 17.21 18.88 18.95 0.67 0.23 0.044 0.0440.11 21.0 22.2 22.2 0.95 0.36 0.043 0.0400.11 24.8 29.83 26.2 1.25 0.5 0.042 0.0430.15 28.9 30.4 30.6 1.73 0.56 0.04 0.0450.15 40.0 40.8 42.0 2.35 0.29 0.058 0.04 0.12 39.1 41.5 42.5 2.98 0.40 0.045 0.0430.13 46.5 47.6 49.4 5.26 0.6 0.04 0.0310.13 64.5 66.0 66 Si I Mn I S I P I C I PA I PQ I PO Steel (50, 128); t = 250C; tQ = 94O0C 0.314 0.275 0.032] 0.6970.045 25.00 26.57 0.314 0.275 0.046 0.6971.02 30.12 0.502 7.970 tr. 0.1284.510* 105.2Of 0.764 0.386 0.467 0.4582.036J 56.61f 1.476 0.610 0.105 0.4352.581§ 62.86f PF 2.044 0.173 0.042 0.151 3.455|| 114.0Of 3.438 0.694 0.024 0.1330.685 61.85f 61.95H 61.63* 0.122 0.017 0.03 0.076 53.60 54.05 3.649 3.649 0.122 0.025 0.03 0.094 54.10 55.22 Si I Mn I S | P I C I g25 I fa I Lit. 1.20 0.29 0.048 0.156 2.30 1.37** 3.05** (^9) 1.20 0.29 0.048 0.156 2.30 0.74J 1.3J * Spiegeleisen. f t = O0C (128). $ White cast iron; graphitic C = O. § Mottled cast iron; graphitic C == 1.477 %. || Gray cast iron; graphitic C - 2.064 %. 1 t = O0C; oil-hardened ( 128 K ** Malleable cast iron.

Ta 0.09 0.15 0.6* 1.05

Fe-Ta-C, Steel; t = 250C (219) I C I PN I 0.12 14.1 0.17 14.6 0.18 14.8 0.16 14.8

0 Steel; _ -Fe-Ti-C, . j _ t = 18. C; Ii I O j 0.42 0.11 0.88 0.11 1.40 0.14 2.57 0.14 0.32 0.76 0.64 0.70 0.72 0.62 2.57 0.61 4.63 0.63 8.71 0.65

PH 14.4 14.8 15.1 15.2

fa = 95O0G .(219) PN j PH 13,1 13.6 13..8 14.3 15.1 15.5 16.1 17.0 19.8 32.9 21,0 32.3 21.4 31.0 22.2 31.5 25,1 34.3 28.7 37.9

Fe-V-C, Steel; t = 16 to 230C; fa = IQOO0C (219) V I C I po~ I PH 0.60 0.13 14.0 15.7 0.75 0.14 15.1 19.9 1.04 0.11 16.2 21.7 1.54 0.13 18.8 21.9 2.98 0.19 30.1 31.8 5.37 0.38 31.7 31.6 7.39 0.13 38J_6 38.4

v

I

0.25 0.60 0.80 1.15 2.89 4.99 7.85 10.25

c

P N i

i

0.82 0.72 0.89 0.67 0.95 1.08 0.74 0.86

21,4 21.7 22.4 19,3 22.5 20.9 37.5 107.2

PH

38.2 37.7 42.6 31.5 31.8 27.6 37.5 107.0

Fe-V-Si (46) V

I

10

I

*
Si

2

I

I

PA*

75.5

I

PHm

I

78.9

Fe-W; at 180C, 52 = 4, S3 = 5, 55 = 6 ( 9 ) W

I p Tp900 ( 46 ) 0.406 13.4 0.93 13.6 2.33 15.1 3.35 16.1 5.98 16.2 9.85 17.1 13.64 20.2 23.87 18.5 AIOOO ( 4 6) 2.0 17.6 4.0 15.4 6.0 16.1 8.0 18.2

W

I A1000 (46)

9.0 12.0 16.0 18.0

Fe-W-C.—(Continued) tA C

p

16.5 17.8 19.3 18.7 Hm (46)

19.8 19.5 24.2 19.9 23.0 20.7 24.2 23.4

2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 9.0 12.0 16.0 18.0

Fe-W-C; *Tp = IQOO0C (46) W

I

C

5.0

I

0_5

PTp

I

PHm

24.5

j

18.5

Steel; t = 15 to 2O0C; fa = IQOO0C (219) W

I

C

0.41 0.93 1.75 4.96 6.90 11.89 14.37 20.71 24.35 27.05 0.40 0.95 2.75 4.68 9.99 14.75 19.25

I

PN

0.12 0.11 0.11 0.13 0.13 0.17 0.20 0.22 0.22 0.28 0.86 0.66 0.79 0.33 0.81 0.71 0.74

I

13.8 14.3 17.J 21.1 23.4 24.5 24.6 25.3 25.2 25.8 39.1 39.6 40.9 41.2 39.5 32.3 31.0

t = O C (128) ; Q.036Mn, 0.043Si, 0.047P; oil-hardened W

I

C

I

PA

I

PH

I

PF

1.357

|

22.50

|

22.74

|

22.49

t = 18°C W

I

C

0.3 7.0 10.0 17.0 22.0

*A C

I I W

O 0.5 1.0 2 3 5 6

I

I

PA

I

PTp

I

I

18.4 42.7 23.5 47.8 62.5

900° 0.3

I I

900° 0.6

I I

1100° 0.6

I I

PA

j

PA

I

PA

I

21.1 21.0

18.2 44.3 26.7 51.0 67.5

19.4 21.4 21.4 21.8 21.6

23.53

21.8

33.11

28.32

I

I I

PA

I

900° 0.6

I I

PA

I

23.0 24.8 28.1 32.8

25.6 29.8 37.0

1100° 0.6 PA

| I

Lit. (125)

I

44.66 47.62

Fe-W-Cr-(Si, C); v. Fe-Cr-W-(C, Mo, Si, V) Fe-W-Cu-Cr-C, Steel; t = 180C; < A = IQOO0C (12, 13) W I Cu I Cr I C I PA I PO 2.0 I 2.0 j 1.75 I 0.48 j 31.3* | 49.0 *P D = 31.6, «D = 2.04 for O to 15O0C.

Fe-W-Mn-C (14); cf. Fe-Mn-W-C I Mn I C I 0.11 0.16 0.28 0.28 0.28 0.76 2.25 0.40 3.25 1.50

W 1.00 3.50 15.50 3.25 10.00

PO

17.4 44.3 38.2 51.9 60.3

Lit. (125)

Steel; t = 180C; I Mn I 0.11 0.28 0.20 0.28

W 1.0 4.5 7.5 15.5

PA 13.65 16.22 24.3 25.16 27.84

tA = IQOO0C C I 0.16 0.28 0.38 0.76 |

(*a, 13) PA I 15.1 18.0 19.2 26.6

PO 15.8 21.5 24.6 35.7

Fe-W-Mn-Cr-Si-C-(P, S) (SO) 5.04W, 0.32Mn, 0.24Cr, 0.12Si, 0.018P; t = 250C, tQ = 94O0C; before (after) decarbonization S

I

0.016 0.006

W 4.649 3.444 2.353

W 3.25 3.24 2.92 3.11 3.18 3.17 3.08 3.09

C

0.083 0.026

I

PA

19.52 24.30

I

PQ

29.90 24.07

I

Before After

Fe-W-Mn-Si-C-(P, S) Steel; oil-hardened; no S; t = O0C (128) I Mn I Si I P I C I PH 0.036 0.043 0.047 1.357 22.74* 0.625 0.021 0.028 0.511 36.04 0.855 44.27f 0.312 0.151 0.089

* PA = 22.50.

(27,28)

0.35 0.40 0.50 0.50 0.80

16.5 18.3 19.4 20.4

W

10 15 20 25

900° 0.3

PH

12.8 13.5 15.8 19.5 23.3 20.9 22.6 23.1 25.3 20.7 22.4 20.9 24.3 28.1 26.9 26.5 25.3

0

4.649

I

t Very hard.

IA = IN = 95O0C; in = 740 to 81O0C (267) Mn I Si I S I P I C PA I PN I 0.065 0.044 0.055 0.010 0.144 17.31 16.63 0.071 0.050 0.050 0.010 0.218 17.50 17.63 0.170 0.027 0.014 0.018 0.27 17.63 0.075 0.060 0.050 0.010 0.48 18.87 19.12 0.140 0.033 0.035 0.012 0.53 18.40 18.46 0.080 0.078 0.054 0.010 0.57 18.56 19.98 0.093 0.039 0.040 0.012 0.89 17.64 18.76 0.055 0.040 0.042 0.012 1.07 16.97 18.43

t = 150C; frp = UOO0C (25, 165, 166); y. aiso Table 4 W I Mn I Si I C I PTP I PO I Pt> I 5. 0.3 0.02 0.6 37.8 21 29.4* 2.9 0.4 0.2 0.55 32.4 18 79.8f 2.7 0.44 0.3 0.76 37.0 18.5 84.6f 2.7 I 0.38 0.32 1.11 44 20 81.Of | * t' = 78O0C.

11' = 80O0C.

PH 19.24 19.33 20.20 23.87 25.64 26.68 36.6 38.70

DSOO 1.5 3.2 1.83

Fe-W-(Mo, Cf, V, W I Mo I Cr I V I 10 10 2 0.3 16 5 2 0.3 4.0 0.4 7.0 0.3 4.0 0.4 4.0 0.4 4.0 0.4 7.0 0.3

C) (46) C I PTP* I P^T" 0.4 38.3 45.8 0 . 5 38.8 44.5 20.0 18.1 22.2 20.3 0.5 38.9 23.2 0.6 35.0 23.0 0.8 43.1 24.1 0.6 33.3 24.1

**TP - 100O0C.

Hg-BL-(CWd)

Hg-Ag Ag (47) I

O 0.0015 0.003 0.005 0.008 0.010 0.014 0.020 0.060 Ag (187) j

0.01 0.025 0.05 0.1 0.1995 0.4975 0.99

0.86 0.91 0.87 0.84 0.84 0.84 0.92 0.92 0.94

p,

j

I

pt8

a

Po = 1.54 (298)

I

pt

I

t

0.05 93.7 13.05 0.1 93.6 13.15 0.1995 93.26 13.05 0.4975 92.6 13.45 0.99 92.12 13.25 For Hg, po = 94.07, P20 = 95.76 (159) 0.061 95.5 20 0.15 95.2 20 0.276 94.8 20 0.448 94.8 26 0.608 94.3 25 0.749 93.95 24.2 0.946 93.55 25.4 1.071 93.3 25.0 1.225 93.0 24.7 Bi I a I b 0.276* 1.0095 31 0.749* 1.0222 48 1.393* 1.0356 68 1.688* 1.0403 80 1.885* 1.0436 84 2.495* 1.0510 112 2.97* 1.0558 115 Sat.f I 1.0100 1120 * Unsaturated, t < 8O0C. !Saturated; 15°
0.89 0.88 0.89 1.106f 1.15Of 1.2Q3f

Hg-Bi-Pb (71) 20% Bi, 20% Pb j

Pt,

92~3 95.0 97.16 99.17 99.86 00.2 100.9

~

1.18 1.05 0.81 for Ag,

I

P18

95.9* 95.3 94.4 93.25

* « = 18.60C, from ( 184 ). t From ( 18 ).

13.1 13.2 13.4 13.0 13.3 13.0 13.0

0.249 95.5 0.498 95.5 0.990 94.9 Hg-Bi; v. also Bi-Hg; Bi

0.1 0.249 0.498 0.990 0.238 0.498 0.943

t

93.85 93.7 93.6 93.25 92.75 91.5 88.6

Ag (282) I

Bi (282) I

g

I

P20

95.75 95.52 94.93 94.74 94.02 93.39 91.13 87.73 71.63

I

P5Q

0.20 0.43 0.69 0.94 1.50

O 97.5 143 181.5 191.5 196.5 214 I

CL

I

Cd I a I 0.375 1.0292 0.735 1.0564 1.21 1.0911 4.98 1.3455 Cd (47) I

t

I

P20

94.36 93.05 91.55 90.20 86.49

Hg-LJ (122)

Li I 0~ 0.001131 0.003459 0.01069 0.01684 0.02474 0.02867 * Assumed as basis. Lj

b 11 25 36 138 I 080

a20

0.85 0.90 0.79 0.85 0.83

P2o 95.76* 95.72 95.59 95.19 94.79 94.39 94.14

1.0 1.0 2.0 1.4

I

P5Q

I

QtSO

j

050

50° < t ^ 300° (23) 0.003 98.82 0.943 1.194 0.02 98.32 0.910 1.140 0.04 97.50 0.816, 1.393 Hg-Na (122); y. aiso Table 3 Na I p_2o O 95.76* 0.01070 95.83 0.03339 95.96 0.04430 96.03 0.09990 96.25 0.1387 96.38 0.1944 96.51 0.2468 96.58 0.2824 96.61 0.3104 96.54 96.38 0.4338 0.5893 96.34 * Assumed as basis.

Cd

I

I a

p,

I

ff~

t = 18°C (282)

Hg-Ca (23) Ca

Hg-Cd-(CWd) Cd I I t Pt 2.61 80.4 19.6 2.72 79.9 19.7 2.88 79.2 19.7 2.99 78.7 19.6 3.12 78.1 19.4 3.21 77.7 19.4 3.39 76.9 19.4 3.57 76.2 19.7 3.76 75.5 19.8 4.03 74.4 19.8 4.31 73.3 19.4 4.58 72.4 19.3 4.85 71.4 19.6 4.85 71.3 19.6 4.98 70.5 19.3

$

0.12 j 97.02 0.834 | 1.442 50° < t < 300° Hg-Cd (159) Cd I I t Pt 0.016 95.3 17.0 0.032 95.25 18.0 0.065 94.9 16.1 0.098 94.7 16.6 0.145 94.4 16.8 0.19 94.0 16.9 0.28 93.4 16.7 0.375 92.8 17.7 0.47 92.1 17.0 0.55 91.5 17.1 0.64 90.9 15.9 0.735 90.2 16.0 0.83 89.7 16.7 0.925 89.15 16.5 1.03 88,5 16.8 1.065 88.3 16.9 1.21 87.4 17.0 1.295 87.25 20.1 1.395 86.75 21.3 1.58 85.7 21.3 1.77 84.6 20.2 1.955 83.6 20.1 2.09 82.9 20.0 2.27 82.1 19.9 2.43 81.15 19.4

0.249 0.498 0.990

94.8 1.25 92.2 0.75 89.3 0.86 t = ? (I 8 ) 0.444 1.096 0.885 1.096 1.754 1.10s t = 5O0C (23) 0.51 94.6 0.922*1.099* 1.47 87.7 0.815*1.425*

* If 107° < t < 133°. t This value unusually great.

* «50, /35o; 50° > t > 300°.

Cd (284) I

2.55 9.41 23.41 33.25 50.90 71.58

R

1.085 0.778 0.561 0.490 0.425 0.399

I

t

263.7 264.1 264.2 263.6 264.1 267.2

Hg-K (122); v. also Table 3 K I p 20 O 95.76* 0.01137 95.96 0.03496 96.29 0.07956 97.45 0.10945 98.26 0.1274 98.65 0.1726 99.72 0.2334 100.9 * Assumed as basis.

For Hg, P17 = 95.59 (280) Na I PiQ 7 I «107* 19.65 124.0 0.54 21.1 123.5 0.40 25.9 119.8 0.13 28.8 115.9 0.32 32.1 110.6 0.16 40.5 93.65 1.30 50.5 74.1 2.38 62.8 55.8 70.2 40.4 2.26 100 21.74f 12.76 Na (232) I O Trace 0.658 0.846 1.174 1.560 2.100 2.670

8/

I

76.70 74.50 63.80 59.60 57.70 43.15 42.55 37.40

tf* -38.8 -40.5 -47.93 -48.64 -48.43 -47.85 -47.52 -47.25

* t/ = temperature of fusion.

Hg-Pb For Ag, PQ = 1.54 (298)

Pb I I Pt 0.01 93.85 0.025 93.7 0.05 93.6 0.1 93.35 0.1995 92.77 0.4975 91.27 |

t 13.2 13.05 13.2 12.3 13.4 13.1

Hg-Pb.--(CWd) Pb I pt I t 0.99 89.1 13.15 1.96 87.5 13.15 3.84 86.27 13.2 Pb (284) I

O 5.94 12.07 24.81 32.83 48.12 51.45 59.46 70.73 Pb (159)|

pt/p>

I

t

""

1.000 266.6 0.785s 263.7 0.715o 264.0 0.6852 264.0 0.686o 263.7 0.715o 263.4 0.7219 264.5 0.7426 264.1 0.7654 264.9 pt

\

t

0.03 95.25 17.0 0.06 95.1 18.0 0.121 94.7 16.1 0.182 94.4 16.6 0.269 93.9 16.8 0.358 93.4 16.9 0.52 92.6 16.7 0.69 91.8 17.7 0.863 91.0 17.0 1.009 90.3 17.1 1.182 89.65 15.9 1.354 89.05 16.2 1.53 88.7 16.7 1.70 88.6 16.7 Pb I a I b 0.69* 1.0400 28 1.354* 1.0714 59 1.70* 1.0855 82 Sat.f 1.0554 127o * Unsaturated; t < 80°. t Saturated; 17° < t < 24°.

Pb (83)

0.259 0.518 1.036 1.554 2.072 Pb I 0 . 2 4 0.481 0.957 0.249 0.498 0.990

I

P0

~

Hg-Sn.- (Cont'd) I pt t 0.99 86.9 13.2 1.96 83.2 13.0 3.84 77.8 12.8 For Hg, Pi 8 = 95.59 («4) 0.01 95.4 18.4 0.02 95.3 18.0 0.05 94.95 18.2 0.1 94.4 18.8 0.2 90.55 19.0 0.5 90.4 18.4 0.99 87.85 18.6 1.94 84.55 18.8 3.84 78.8 19.0 Sn (284) I pt /p/ I t O 1.000 247.2 4.09 0.755s 245.3 6.38 0.699o 245.2 10.74 0.640s 246.2 19.50 0.5889 246.2 24.30 0.584o 246.0 33.71 0.5636 247.4 0.537s 245.6 36.01 48.64 0.5269 245.7 0.50Ie 246.4 54.10 59.62 0.495i 246.0 66.33 0.4829 247.7 0.473o 247.2 71.54 79.11 0.469o 247.2 88.13 0.453s 246.2 100.0 0.4282 247.2 Sn I Pi 8 I a I Lit. 0.498 90.0 0.9Oo (282) 0.990 88.0 0.979 (282) 0.990 1.095 (i 8 ) 1.67 1.103 (i 8 ) 1.96 l.lli (i 8 ) Sn (83) I po 0.148 92.32 0.297 90.74 0.594 89.02 0.890 87.90 1.187 86.80

Sn

92.51 91.24 89.66 88.80 88.22 Pi 8 I a. Lit. 1 1 . 1 0 9 (i«) For Hg, po = 94.07, P20 = 95.76 l . l l o ( 18 ) ( 159 ) l.lli (18) Sn I pt I t 94.1 0.86 (282) 0.054 95.05 20.0 92.9 0.75 (282) 0.12 94.35 20.3 90.6s 0.87 (282) 0.211 93.25 20.8 0.353 91.85 21.5 Hg-Pb-Bi; v. Hg-Bi-Pb 0.457 90.85 21.5 0.533 90.1 21.2 0.613 89.35 21.2 Hg-Sn Sn I I t Sn I q b Pt For Ag, PQ = 1.54 (298) 0.211* 1.0265 44 0.01 93.7 12.15 0.457* 1.0544 56 0.025 93.6 12.5 0.702* 1.0795 88 0.05 93.3 12.7 0.787* 1.0885 90 0.1 92.8 13.1 Sat.f 1.0414 185o 0.1995 91.7 13.2 * Unsaturated; t < 8O0C. 0.4975 88.85 13.1 t Saturated; 17°
Hg-Sn.- (Cont'd) R is "relative" value of pt ( 282 )

t

I

R

Sn = 2 % 15.7

8634

91.1

9410

83.2

9330

79.6

9301

69.6

9220

60.7

9152

48.5

9040

39.4

8991

34.8

8961*

Sn = 3% 15.8

7608

92.4 79.5 71.1 60.8 50.0

8841 8761 8731 8671 8612

38.9 29.5

8598 8560

16.3

8516

Sn = 4% 15.2 9122 68.7 9129 76.1 81.4

9536 9583

91.5 85.4

9516 9471

79.6

9226

74.0 69.0

9179 9136

62.6 58.6 52.3 38.7 22.6

8930 8926 8883 8823 8779

19.2

Sn = 5% 8118

89.3 76.2 69.7 59.6 52.0

8369 8334 8288 8242 8220

36.9 19.5 19.7

8187 8151 8110 Sn = 6 %

14.9

7997

50.7

8117

82.3 89.2 90.7 91.0

8225 8347 8442 8424

73.4

8319

61.6

8259

50.3 32.5 22.2 16.4 15.4

8231 8180 8131 8106 8101

Hg-Sn.—(Continued)

" I R Sn = 12% 17.0 1639 34.0 1655 45.0 1656 62.0 1657 84.0 1695 86.0 1725 90.6 1805 92.8 1877 93.8 1877 86.0 1866 83.3 1863 77.5 1795 75.8 1785 70.8 1770 65.0 1759 55.8 1749 48.6 1744 34.3 1725 17.2 I 1704 t

* Suddenly cooled, pie. i = 8924; after 3 hr, pie.e = 8920; after 20 hr, pn.o = 8801.

Tl O 10 15.3 18.3 19.2 20.5 22.1 23.7 24.6 26.6 27.2 27.9 29.3 30.6 31.4 33.1 36.6 39.5

Hg-Tl (21Q) I po I <*Q* 94.07 0.96 80.65 0.77 74.52 0.63 72.99 65.83 5.66 55.65 46.25 37.5 32.8 61 31.8 31.6 63.5 31.6 31.8 61.8 32.1 32.5 59 32.7 57.5 32.1 58.5 31.8 58.4

* 0°
O 0.6 0.8 1.6 5.4 11.6 19.2 20.8 22.6 24.6 25.5 26.6 28.2 31.4 33.5 36.6 39.5

P75

18.8 19.5 20.6 20.0 21.9 29.4 30.9 29.9 27.8 25.7 25.3 24.8 24.8 25.4 25.0 24.5 24.1

* 0° < t < 75°.

I

«0*

3.73 3.71 3.71 3.77 4.19 4.32

Hg-TL-(CWW) Tl (23) I

1.0 2.89

Zn

P60

I

ab0

J^~

I

Zn

96.58 0.872 1.241 93.20 0.814 1.029

Hg-Zn I pt I

For Ag, 0.01 0.025 0.05 0.1 0.1995 0.4975 0.99 1.96 3.84

PO = 1.54 93.7 93.5 93.2 92.45 91.15 87.6 82.27 75.5 69.9

t (298) 13.07 13.07 13.13 13.07 13.13 13.2 13.27 13.0 13.1

For Hg, po = 94.07, p20 = 95.76 (159)

0.0095 95.3 17.0 0.019 95.2 18.0 0.038 94.75 16.1 0.057 94.5 16.6 0.085 94.1 16.8 0.113 93.65 16.9 0.165 92.9 16.7 0.22 92.3 17.7 0.275 91.45 17.1 0.32 90.85 17.1 0.375 90.15 15.9 0.43 89.4 16.0 0.49 88.85 16.7 0.54 88.15 16.5 0.605 87.4 16.8 0.625 87.15 16.9 0.70 86.15 17.0 0.755 85.9 20.1 0.815 85.4 21.3 0.926 84.1 20.1 1.038 82.9 20.2 1.147 81.8 20.1 1.227 81.1 20.0 1.335 80.05 19.9 1.429 79.2 20.0 1.538 78.3 19.6 1.607 77.7 19.7 1.703 77.0 19.7 1.765 76.4 19.6 1.844 75.9 19.4 1.880 75.4 19.4 2.007 74.8 19.4 2.065 74.7 19.6 Zn I a I 6 0.219*1.034719 0.432* 1.0667 13 0.713* 1.1074 28 1.43* 1.2071 68 1.648* 1.2350 107 Sat.f 1.1724 541o * Unsaturated; t 8O0C; heating to 8O0C reduces the ratio; for 0.713 % Zn the reduction is the greatest and - 0.2 %. t Saturated; 17°
Hg-Zn.- (CWW) I pt \ a

K-Tl; v. Table 3 Mg-Ag; v. Ag-Mg Mg-Al; v. Al-Mg Mg-Cd; v. Cd-Mg Mg-Cu; v. Cu-Mg

t = O0C (83)

0.163 0.327 0.654

91.70 89.56 85.59

0.980

82,15 t = 180C (282)

0.249 0.498 0.990 Zn I1 0.761 1.51

Pb

94.0 0.80 90.45 0.88 86.9 0.97 a I Lit. 1.094(«) 1.089 (18)

16.5

1.876*

1.85o*

(293)

(293)

28.3

1.814*

(293)

33.3

1.844* (293)

40.1

1.807*

(293)

* Mean 30 to 10O0C.

In-Pb (158) I

<**

I

P25

9.913 16.52 24.28 27.79 31.92 32.66 30.98 28.27 25.41 22.83 21.50

O 16.8 31.1 54.6 64.4 73.0 86.4 94.2 97.1 99.2 100.00

4.38 2.75 2.45 2.28 2.25 2.33 2.71 2.75 3.44 4.00 4.24

I

P25

I

95.1 97.9

Na

I

P2Q

53

I 33.8

I

Qt 2 Q*

I 1.47

* 46 to 1250C.

K-Rb (152) Rb

0.00 26.7 39.7 54.9 74.0 85.6 90.0 100.0

I

PO

I

/025

I

P50*

Sn

.

P25

I

6.75 11.9

15.3 20.0 35.2

14.63 15.65 17.61

55.5 68.9 69.0 69.0 70.5 71.1 72.5

I

W

1.63 1.50

1.00 1.37 2.04

42.18 1.98 225 2.24 413.0 2.76 430.0 3.01 463.0 2.75 1096.0 4.45 445.0 4.30

6.60 7.71 8.82 8.29 9.49 10.72 9.05 10.34 16.89 10.17 11.64 19.01 11.32 12.92 21.14 11.60 13.41 22.28 Ni; for effect of 11.57 13.50 22.58 11.29 13.16 23.15 Key or name Co [ Rb I P75 I PlOO _ 0.00 14.43 15.80 2 99 26.7 17.46 18.98 39.7 18.42 19.84 3 15 54.9 20.75 22.53 4 tr. 74.0 22.88 24.75 Elec. Ni 85.6 24.16 26.05 Grade A 90.0 24.58 26.39 100.0 25.32 27.47 5 10 * Note break between 26.7 % Rb 6 50 and 39.7 % Rb.

21.18 4.31 15.96 I 4.43 Mg-Zn (265) P26

I

AIQQ

MO-W (82)

AIOQ

5.5 11.2

AIQQ

4.27 4.36 4.28 4.46 4.49

30.01 4.45

Zn

Mg-Sn (265) K-Na (2Q3); y. qfcoTableS

I

lO 7.175 2.67 52.9 11.0 2.27 56.5 15.13 2.04 67.6 15.54 2.02 70.1 26.78 1.37 80.1 31.12 0.97 84.4 15.88 2.89 86.25 16.90 2.63 86.45 14.2 3.20 91.5 12.51 3.13 96.0 7.8 I 3.79 Mn -;c; see the other metal

* 25°
* 25 to 10O0C.

P25

260.0 283.0 161.4 35.68 37.26

91.4

<**

4.40 4.10 9.00 1.70 9.00 1.70 16.60 0.80 17.70 0.87 28.00 0.65 46.00 1.23 59.00 1.10 68.00 1.00 107.0 0.95 97.0 1.50 103.5 1.20 109.0 1.55 129.0 1.80 148.5 2.05 163.0 1.80 180.0 1.20 149.0 2.20 159.0 2.59 121.0 2.20 114.0 2.45 73.50 2.53 55.00 2.90 46.50 2.84 36.70 2.80 30.70 3.35 21.07 4.29

O 6.00 13.20 21.00 23.20 47.37 67.00 69.68 70.90 73.77 75.17 75.50 76.00 78.11 79.00 80.10 80.30 81.80 83.30 85.00 85.50 89.27 91.66 94.60 97.25 98.4 100.0

I

72.9 73.9 78.0 88.2 90.0

Mg-Pb (264); c/. (265)

23.9

Pb

Mg-SiL-(CWW) Sn

|

o

O 5.8 11.5 22.7 33.5 43.9 55.8 63.7 73.2 82.4 91.4 94.76

4.57 4.08 3.75 3.37 3.14 2.99 2.91 2.92 3.04 3.26 3.76 4.01

98.10 98.49 98.85 99.255 99.618

4.37 4.43 4.46 4.56 4.64

100 4.82 Na-Cd; v. Table 3 Na-Hg, Na-K; v. Hg-Na, K-Na Na-Pb, Na-Sb, Na-Tl; v. Table 3

traction and of magnetic field, v. Fe-Ni Impurities, 1/100% Cu | Fe | Mn | Si | C 3 5 20

tr.

80 5 24

tr. 15 65

40 tr.

60 150

O

O 20 |

8

3

8 15 10

Ni.- (Continued) Key or name 7 Grade C Grade D

Co | 136

Cu 15 40 16

Impurities, [ Fe | J T 1 89 74

1/100% Mn | 0 4 210 475

Si 6 18 13

[

Grade

Elec.

A

C

D

p

p

p

p

20 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000

9.74 14.2 20.16 27.86 35.94 38.95 41.97 45.0 48.0 51.03 54.91

10.64* 15.21 21.92 30.1 37.44 41.15 44.12 47.24 50.31 53.61 57.24

13.97t 18.99 26.54 36.04 42.16 45.51 48.72 52.09 55.29 58.91 62.84

* a = 5.37 ( 6S ).

Key

f Cf. ( 133 ).

I

PQ

I

7.7

2 3f 4 5 6 7

8.38* 9 10.24 14.25 13.25 11.76§

I

p20

a

„ 19.43.

j

g

'

Lit.

I

5.21 5.3t 5.5t 3.7t 6.Ot 3.5t 7.OJ 3.Ot 7.Ot AIOQ = 4.4

t Aioo = 5.8 ( 214 ).

I From O to 3450C.

(136) (214) ( 214 ) ( 214 ) ( 214 ) (139)

§ t = 180C.

Ni-Al (136); c/. Al-Ni

Al

I

a

I]

Al

I

a

0.498

I

3.68

[I

0.99

[

2.85

Ni-C; v. Ni

Ni-Co-Fe-(Mn, Mg, Si, Cu) Co I Fe I Mn I Mg Cu | Si [ p 20 | a \ Lit. 0.97 0.97 0.97 9.41 4.59 (136) 0.98 0.98 8.82 4.90 (136) 1.06 0.36 1.22 0.11 O 0.07 11.5* (288) ( 28 S) 1.18 0.37 0.12 0.08 9.9f 1.15 0.43 0.11 0.1 0.08 9.5t (288) 1.36 0.44 1.04 0.15 0.06 11.76§ 4.4 (139) * Same for forged as for cast,

t Forged.

Ni-Cr (135) Cr I P 20 I q O 10.67 6.00 4.76 45.7 0.970 9.1 67.8 0.370 10 v. Ni-Cr-(Fe, Mn) 13.04 84.1 I 0.200 15 v. Ni-Cr-(Fe, Mn) 16.67 96.9 j 0.120 18.3 v. Ni-Cr-(Fe, Mn) 20 99.7 I 0.140 20 v. Ni-Cr-(Fe, Mn) Ni-Cr-Cu? p, Cu-Ni-Cr

$ Cast.

t

§ For 180C.

Ni-Cr-Fe; v. also Fe-Ni-Cr and Ni-Cr-(Fe, Mn) Cr I Fe I p (2QO) 3 4 4 6 . 0 6 4 53.0 7 18 83.1 10 35 107.0 13 16 100.2 15 5 96.8 20 25 93.5 25 20 113.0 29 7 110.0 32 10 110.0 37 11 113.0

H

* n

700 800 900 1000

P

123.15 123.4 124.4 125.3

20 100 200 300 400 500

Nichr.

Nichr. II

(65, 134)

(134)

(65)

(134)

P

P

P

P

20 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 a t

Ni-Co; v. Ni and Co-Ni

p

114.1 119.6 121.0 122.7 122.75

Ni-Cr-(Fe, Mn), Nichromes; c/. Fe-Ni-Cr I Cr I Fe f" Mn | Lit. Nichr 12 28 O (65) Nichr 11.3 26.3 1.5 (134) Nichr. II 18.7 10.53 1.58 (134) Nichr. Ill* 15 O O (65) Nichr. Ill* 15.3 O O (134) Nichr. IVf 20 O j O (65) Nichr. IVf 18.3 O 1 O (134) Excello 14 0.5 0.5 | Lit.

(237)

1

* t = 2O0C.

J By (>33) f

17.80} 22.95 29.90 37.38 41.11 43.78 46.64 49.49 52.31 55.70 59.10

i

20 300 400 500 600

22 8

t (134)

'

*

C

Ni-Cr-Fe.—(Continued) Alloy No. 3 (134); Cr, 31.35; Fe, 13.77; Mn, 0.00

109.75 112.25 115.4 118.1 119.9 121.4 122.2 121.4f 123.7 125 126.9 y. infra I

110.7

89.75 97.15 90.75 92.1 114.8 93.4 101.3 116.2 94.75 102.5 117.6 95.75 103.5 117.2 95.75 103.4 117.1 96 103.75 117.4 97,1 104.4 118.2 98,1 105.7 119.0 99„75 107.2 0.2-0.15 (65) 0.05Qt (175) Nichrome IV §

P(65) I P (134)

103 104.9 106 106.9 108 108.9

NichrTlII Nichr. Ill*

98.0 100.75 101.75 102.6

I]

t

|"p(65)

I p (134)

600 108.5 700 108 800 108.9 900 109.4 1000 110.6 a 0.179(65)

101.85 101.65 101.85 102.35 103.5

* Kromore. Same nominal composition as Rayo, a ~ 0.102 ( 65 ). tproo = 122.8 (I 3 *). 11 = 20 to 5O0C; for t = 20 to 10O0C, a = 0.187 (65). § Chromax. Same nominal composition as Chromel A, a = 0.11 ( 13 °), and Karma, a = 0.095 ( 6S ).

(260) t

Nichr.* I Excello a. a

(260) t

Nichr.* a

25 50 100 150 200 250 300 325 350 400 450 500 550

(K32 0.30 0.30 0.38 0.46 0.50 0.56 0.43 0.38 0.30 0.24 0.24 0.12

575 600 650 700 750 800 850 900 950 1000 1050 1075

0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.08 0.10 0.14 0.18 0.28 0.36

OL22 0.23 0.26 0.29 0.29 0.27 0.21

0.22 0.24 0.25 0.26* 0.20

Excello" a

o7l5 0.11 0.09 0.11 0.13 0.15 0.17 0.22 0.26 0.29 0.32

* At 2O0C, (X = 0.43 O 3 5 ) ; 20 to 5O0C, « * 0.026 (17S)', 20 to 10O0C, a = 0.2 («).

Ni-Mn-Fe-Cu

Ni-Cr-(Fe, Mn). — Continued Calido (65) ChP Chromel P (130) Calorite Eo Excello (40, 260) Chromel A, v. Nichrome Karma, v. Nichrome IV IV Rayo, v. Nichrome III ChC Chromel C (130) Tt Tophet I Cr I Fe I Mn I p \ a Co. 8-16 24-25 (?) 110 0.12 ChP. 10 O O 70.6 0.54 10 26 3 107 Tt... ChC 11 25 O 109 0.18 Ce 12 15 8 110 14 0.5 0.5 92 0.16 Eo.. Co Ce

Ni-Cu; v. Ni-Cu-Zn and Cu-Ni Ni-Cu-Co; v. Ni Ni-Cu-Cr; v. Cu-Ni-Cr Ni-Cu-Fe-Mn-(Si, C), Monel metals; v. Cu-Ni-Fe-Mn(Si, C) Ni-Cu-Mn; v. Cu-Ni-Mn Ni-Cu-Mn-Fe; v. Cu-Ni-FeMn Ni-Cu-Ti; v. Cu-Ni-Ti Ni-Cu-Zn (281); c/. Cu-Ni-Zn Cu I Zn I PZO O O 1 1 . 9 * O 11.0 23.8 O 14.3 28.4 O 21.8 36.4 O 29.2 42.3 5.4 O 31.1 3.2 11.0 31.7 4.2 22.8 42.3 5.2 31.2 55.5 4.2 32.2 56.2 7.3 21.7 73.4 10.8 O 64.1 10.5 10.3 62.8 10.5 13.1 103.1 10.4 31.0 128.3 17.0 O 121.7 14.8 7.7 126.9 13.6 19.4 126.9 27.5 O 179.2 25.2 7.6 177.8 24.2 11.4 177.2 22.0 11.9 180.5 19.7 24.6 177.2 32.2 10.8 248.6 44.7 7.5 304.0 * Assumed as basis.

Ni-Fe, v. Fe-Ni Ni-Fe-Cr; v. Fe-Ni-Cr, Ni-CrFe, and Ni-Cr-(Fe, Mn) Ni-Fe-Mn; v. Fe-Ni-Mn

Mn

I

67l 2.1 4.75 0.59

Fe

I

P I « 24.7 1.9 30.3 1.72 53.5 0.77 66.6

Ni-Fe-Mn-Cu-(Si-C); v. also Ni-Zn; v. Ni-Cu-Zn Ni-Mn-Fe-Cu Alloy No. 141 (134); cf. (iss) Pb-Ag; v. Ag-Pb Fe, 28.86; Mn, 1.30; Cu, 0.16; Si7 0.13, C, 0.22 Pb-Au (182) t P Au I pt I t 20 22.34 8?7 267425.4 100 31.28 15.85 35.7 23.0 200 43.11 19.2 41.0 26.1 300 56.72 24.1 54.4 19.7 400 71.50 32.2 51.2 22.3 500 88.45 48.7 42.9 16.8 600 106.75 Pb-Bi; v. Bi-Pb and Table 3 700 110.30 800 113.00 Pb-Cd; v. Cd-Pb and Table 3 900 116.20 Pb-In; v. In-Pb 1000 119.05

also Fea. . 2 2 2.97 2.49

1.3*

*From ( 1 4 8 ); a holds from 20 to IQO0C.

Mn I P 2 Q I a I Lit. ~6 5.56 (134) 0.249 4.60 (136) 0.626 4.52 (136) 0.99 3.57 (136) 5 19.96 1.0 (194) 4.2 17.4 2.97 (250) 7.4 23.3 2.49 (250) 1.5-2.0 13.95 3.6 (65) 4.2-5.0 21.6 3.6 ( 65 ) "AH Alumel (130). MN Manganese nickel ( 65 ). Mno Magno ( 40 > 65 ). I Mn I Fe I P \ a. MN 1.5-5 (?) 15 All 2.5 0.5 33.31.2 Mno 5 O 20.00.005

I

Lit.

(133) (133) O33) 4.90 (136)

Pb-Sn (182, 188, 189); r. aiso Table 3 For Ag, po = 1.54 Sn I I t Pt 8.5 18.94 18.6 " 12.4 18.59 9.1 22.8 17.68 16.0 35.9* 16.57 15.0 52.8 15.17 15.9 69.1 14.56 16.2 77.Of 14.28 18.6

Pb-K; v. Table 3 Ni-Mn-(Fe) (13S) ; „. Ni-Mn Mn I p I O 1 2 . 4 3 6 4.76 17.4 7.4 23.3 9.1 28.0 11.1 36.4 13.04 41.6 16.67 51.2 85 70.0*

«

5.37

Pb-Sb (182); v. also Table 3 For Ag, PO = 1.54 Sb I pt I t 2.31 21.7 23.7 5.63 23.2 25.5 10.56 25.55 25.4 16.45 27.9 26.1 23.05 32.6 24.1 37.1 39.2 23.4 54.1 46.5 26.3 70.3 53.9 24.2

Ni-TJ (132,188)

Ti 2 2 5 10

\

PZO

Cu

(K65OT25 10.63 0.9 0.4 13.95 0.75 0.2 19.43 0.14 0.03 9.12

*po = 14.77; «o = 3.78; /3o = 5.91

Pb-Mg; v. Mg-Pb

(189).

Pb-Na; v. Table 3

(189).

f p o = 12.31; oo = 3.886;/3o = 6.41

Pb-Tl (1Q3) Tl

O 3.45 4.5 7 14 22 32 42 54 63 67 70 75 77.5 80* 85* 89.9* 90.0* 93.5* 95.0* 96.5* 98.0* 99.5* 100.0* * /3-form.

I

PQ

16.6 19.15 19.26 20.8 26.8 33.35 37.8 40.1 39.2 36.6 34.2 31.9 28.3 25.7 23.8 20.8 19.2 18.9 19.04 18.13 16.81 15.50 14.23 13.80

I

«Q

4.27 3.67 3.62 3.32 2.51 1.942 1.655 1.523 1.499 1.526 1.629 1.707 1.884 2.14 2.30 2.68 2.96 3.03 3.00 3.19 3.41 3.68 4.02 4.J6

I

ftp

1.512 1.362 1.474 1.500 1.086 1.030 1.08 1.095 1.025 1.14 1.263 1.445 1.67 1.75 1.78 2.38 3.11 3.34 3.53 3.92 3.86 3.81 3.42 2.30

Sb-Se.- (Cont'd) 47.5% Se = Sb6Se7 First cycle 79.76 23.86 2.78 t \ Pt Il t I pt 89.86 20.09 3.40 15 198 ooo 382 319 ooo 92.89 19.63 3.75 124 225 ooo 339 346 ooo 94.93 19.59 3.71 182 243 ooo 317 351 ooo 95.43 20.40 3.97 313 292 ooo 246 346 ooo 96.45 21.52 3.55 360 301 ooo 157 297 ooo 96.95 22.90 4.27 414 279 ooo 15 221 ooo 97.97 20.76 4.04 440 265 ooo 98.99 19.43 4.42 After 10 cycles 100 18.25 4.78 t I Pt 15 887 ooo Pt-Pd (14Q) 161 864 ooo Pd I p 25 I a 385 584 ooo 1 11.98 3.38 440 376 ooo 2.5 13.47 2.94 49.3 Se = Sb2Se3 5 15.61 2.46 t I Pt 10 19.50 1.80 23 2010 X 106 Pd (81) I PQ I a* 50 555 X 106 O 10.06 3.48 110 59 X 106 10 18.6 1.36 518 0.9 X IQ6

Pb-Tl.—(Continued) Tl (158) I

I

P26

O 4.85 9.8 24.7 39.60 49.61 59.63 66.33 69.67 74.72

«*

21.50 24.52 27.37 33.52 37.48 38.31 36.95 34.11 31.79 28.12

4.24 3.67 2.97 2.23 1.98 1.78 1.72 1.85 1.91 2.19

* 25 to 10O0C.

Pb-Zn; v. Table 3 Pd-Ag, Pd-Au, Pd-Pt; v. AgPd, Au-Pd, Pt-Pd Pt-Ag; v. Ag-Pt Pt-Ir (140) Ir 1 2.5 5 10

I

p25 I a* 12.51 3.23 14.66 2.61 18.23 2.03 I 2439 1.38

* 25 to 10O0C.

Ir

I

PQ

10.07 17.82 23.05 26.9 29.5 31.55 32.9 36.9

O 5 10 15 20 25 f 30 35

I a* (8~

3.48 1.88 1.26 1.02 0.81 0.66 0.58 0.58

(10)

O 10 15 20 100 19.9

9.766 25.397 28.650 33.16 8.19 30.9Oj:

3.940 1.150 0.928 0.739 2.93 0.822J:

0

* O to 16O C. t AH = 0.5 if «A = 95O0C C 112 ). J From ( 7 S); Pt4Ir. 20% Ir (63); cf. (62) t*

-197.1 -106.1 - 81.9 O + 1.8 16.1 93.3

I

Pt

26.031 28.347 28.836 30.896 30.933 31.296f 33.271

[ I Tl(ISS) I

20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

P25

I

a*

23.38 1.18 Sb-Sn, Sb-Te; v. Sn-Sb, Te-Sb 25.65 1.00 26.45 0.96 Sb-Zn (180) 25.72 1.03 For Ag, po = 1.54 24.26 1.04 Zn I P 25 21.87 1.28 33.33 373 18.92 1.55 14.43 2.14 Si-Fe-Al (33) 10.58 3.28 Fe I Al I P12

* O to 16O0C.

Pt-Rh (14Q) Rh

I

P25

OL

I

I 1 2 . 5 6 3 . 2 6 2.5 14.34 2.71 5 16.77 2.17 10 21.853 1.47 Rh I PQ I a I Lit. 10 22.45 1.35 (i°) 10 21.1 1.7 (144) 9.1 0.350 (162) 10 21.14 1.43 (76) 10% Rh (63); Cf, (62)

t* -197.1 -106.1 - 81.9 O + 1.75 16.15 92.25 * Pt scale of t.

I

f «15 = 0.822.

0.43 0.42 0.65 0.53 1.02 1.25

47o ooo 24o ooo 154 ooo 118 ooo 82 ooo 95 ooo

Sn-Ag, Sn-Al, Sn-Au, Sn-Bi; v. Ag-Sn, Al-Sn, Au-Sn, Bi-Sn Sn-Cd, Sn-Cu, Sn-Hg; Cd-Sn,' Cu-Sn, Hg-Sn Sn-K; v. Table 3

Pt

Sn-Mg; v. Mg-Sn

15.134 18.065 18.648 21.142 21.188 21.635f 23.943

Sn-Na; v. Table 3 Sn-Pb; v. Pb-Sn

t «15 = 1.43.

Rb-K; v. K-Rb Sb-Cd, Sb-Cu, Sb-Pb; v. Cd-Sb, Cu-Sb, Pb-Sb Ir I a I 0 I Lit. Sb-Se (215), 45.2% Se 6 1.453 -1.576 ("3) Treatment | pn 10 1.177-0.1086 (173) 10 1.5 (144) Q in H2O 56 ooo 15 0.782 -0.02106 (173) Q in air 11 3oo 20 1.048-0.3683 (173) A 9 400

* Pt scale of t.

3.78 14.42 8.67 11.35 6.67 11.16

Sn-Sb; v. also Table 3 Sb (151) I I P25 0 10.39 3.85 1 11.91 4 14.1 6 14.88 3

v.

Sn-Sb.- (Cont'd) Sb (151) I a P25 ~^1326.52 43.5 29.07 44 29.67 46 31.25

49 50 51 52 53 54 56 58 60 67 70 75 80 90 95 100

30.0 28.57 29.76 32.26 31.95 32.26 32.57 34.48 38.02 39.22 43.47 46.73 49.5 54.64 50.76 43.67

For Ag, Sb I 1.04 2.06 5.01 9.55 17.4 26.0 34.04

3.44 3.40 2.82

2.91 3.43 2.77 2.62 2.25 1.81 1.69 1.63 1.62 3.90 5.03

po = 1.54 pt I 15.43 16.02 18.14 20.0 21.36 22.48 25.37

(182) t 27.9 25.7 27.0 27.4 22.4 20.4 20.7

Sn-Te (H9) Te I Pi8 10 15.23 20 32.45 30 48.5 40 68.5 50 97.1 48.1* 103 55 145 60 204 65 238 70 322.8 80 1491 90 2780 * TeSn.

Sn-Zn; v. also Table 3 For Ag, po = 1.54 (182, 188, 189)

Zn

I

8 15.48 8.5 10 17.61 2.72 12.3 12 17.67 21.9 20 19.68 3.11 36.0 30 22.94 3.25 52.9 35 23.26 3.48 69.2 39.27 25.38 3.53 * po = 9.12; (189). 41 24.04 3.61

pt I t 12.16 21.3 11.56 20.0 10.07* 20.0 8.88 19.9 7.83 21.1 6.91 20.1 « = 3.884; /3 = 6.35

Te-Ag* (230) *

I

P/t

I PAf

2% Ag 17.6 22.9 31 41.6 28.6 23.1 18.3

330 280 230 185 129.5 75 +21 -30 -94

4% Ag 18.2 28 41.9 50 33.3 28.3

330 260 200 179 120.5 71 +10 - 7 -15 -63

20% Ag 22.4 38.3 49.9 58.0 87 88 144

290 230 200 180 80 +30 -97

17.6 22.9 31 43.6 72.4 131.6 182.7 156 118.5 18.2 28 41.7 50.5 94 180 275 271 278 244 22.4 38.3 49.0 59.2 265 419 1520

* See also Tables Annuelles, 3: 264; 1912. Italic numbers are apparently maxima. t Resistivity when cooled from melting point to t, rapidly (p/), slowly (PA)-

Te-Sb (H9) Sb j pis 5 2000 10 1820 20 1136 25 625 30 500 35 345 38.9* 208.3 40 263.2 50 286 60 345 70 435 80 526 * Te3Sb2.

Te-Sn; v. Sn-Te Tl-Bi; v. Bi-Tl Tl-Cd (I 9 O) I g0 I ffp I 3.67s I 6.94

Cd 5

Tl-Pb; v. Pb-Tl Tl-Sn (190) Sn

I

5

j

g0 I 3.12o I

ftp 2.97

W-Fe, W-Mo; v. Fe-W, Mo-W Zn-Al, Zn-Cd, Zn-Cu, Zn-Mg, Zn-Pb, Zn-Sn; v. Al-Zn, Cd-Zn, Cu-Zn, Mg-Zn, Pb-Zn, Sn-Zn

Named alloys of unstated composition t

I

25 200 400 700 1000 60-80

I

O

I

I

I 20

I

20

j

O

I

I I

Pt I a0 American nickel ( 3 ) 72.92 5.16 138 214 1.22 269 319 Beacon alloy 0.7 I Extra Prima (66, 141) 29.35 I 0.28 Ferrozoid (i«0) 84 I Ferry (ieo)

47 2

-

Krupp (aNi-steel) (135) 85 [ 0.70 Mangaloy (i 75 ) 107 I 0.073 New Metal (i*i) 51.1 I -0.038 Resista 76 I 1-1 Rheostene (a Ni-steel) 77 I 1.2

I

Range, 0C 25-200 400-1000

I (

17

I

! I I I

20 20-50 17

I I

Superior (46, 60, 141, 260)

O 15

81.0 87.2

1.15 0.81

17

Superior (260)

Superior.—(Cont'd)

* I ~~* I 650 0.32 25 0.96 50 0.92 700 0.29 750 0.27 100 0.84 800 0.26 150 0.76 850 0.25 200 0.68 900 0.25 250 0.60 950 0.25 300 0.49 350 0.42 1000 0.24 400 0.41 1050 0.24 450 0.40 Tarnac ( 67 > I 60 ) 500 0.39 t ~\ Pt \ QtQ I Range 550 0.38 (?) j 41 j 0.025 I 20° 600 0.36 TABLE 3.—RESISTIVITY OF NON-MERCURIC ALLOYS AT TEMPERATURES NEAR AND ABOVE THEIR NORMAL MELTING POINTS The mercuric alloys Hg-K anol Hg-Na for which data are available for a considerable range of I1 are here included; for others, see Table 2. When neither the initial nor the final temperature is the same for every member of a given system but p is recorded for some intermediate temperature that is common to every member, then that p and the corresponding temperature are printed in bold face; if two are required, the second is in italics. Unit of p = 1 microhm-cm = 10~6 ohm-cm, of D = 0.01 microhm-cm per I0C; temperature is t,°C,, Bi-Cd-Pb-Sn Al-Cu* (24) Al-Cu.*-(Cont'd) Wood's metal (283) t I pt t \ pt Bi, 55.74; Cd, 16.80; O % Cu 70 % Cu Pb, 13.73; Sn, 13.73 700 I 27.80 800 | 65.44 D = +1.46? D = +0.096 t Pt 1300 36.68 1300 65.92 122.8 110.3 96.8 106.9 1100 33.68 1100 65.70 77.72 % Cu 89.0 104.7 85.0 101.6 5% Cu 1000 72.30 77.4 95.0 700 I 28.05 1100 70.27 D = +1.72s 1200 68.47 74.7 93.25 1300 38.39 1300 66.95 69.8 88.8 65.2 66.4 1100 34.96 82% Cu 1000 72.30 65.0 60.75 ' 57.7 60.1 19.67% Cu 1100 70.08 600 I 30.87 1200 68.00 52.2 59.1 D = +0.814 1300 66.22 49.0 58.5 1300 36.57 85% Cu 41.8 57.85 1100 34.95 1100 I 66.72 33.0 56.4 D = -1.05 17.8 54.4 32.84% Cu HOO | 63.57 9.8 52.6 600 I 39.03 87.7% Cu 0.0 51.7 D - +1.386 UOO I 62.60 24.0 54.3 1300 48.73 90% Cu 34.2 55.3 1100 45.97 UOO I 58.22 45.7 56.9 50% Cu 600 45.45 D -—t-u.004 + O 554 u 1300 49.33 1100 48.22

^ "Tw 40 ' r? 95% Cu . 11on JJJg'g 120 J. +Q«f

55% Cu 600 I 48.32 D = +0.263 1300 50.16 1100 49.64

1400 I 43.81 100% Cu UOO I 21.52 D = 0.883 1400 | 24.17

* Values of p appear to be too high.

50.3 57.1 65.0 67.3 68.7 70.2 71.4 73.0 74.5 75.0 75.5

57.7 58.4 60.0 60.2 60.4 61.0 62.6 63.95 87.4 88.7 89.2

Te-Ag* (230) *

I

P/t

I PAf

2% Ag 17.6 22.9 31 41.6 28.6 23.1 18.3

330 280 230 185 129.5 75 +21 -30 -94

4% Ag 18.2 28 41.9 50 33.3 28.3

330 260 200 179 120.5 71 +10 - 7 -15 -63

20% Ag 22.4 38.3 49.9 58.0 87 88 144

290 230 200 180 80 +30 -97

17.6 22.9 31 43.6 72.4 131.6 182.7 156 118.5 18.2 28 41.7 50.5 94 180 275 271 278 244 22.4 38.3 49.0 59.2 265 419 1520

* See also Tables Annuelles, 3: 264; 1912. Italic numbers are apparently maxima. t Resistivity when cooled from melting point to t, rapidly (p/), slowly (PA)-

Te-Sb (H9) Sb j pis 5 2000 10 1820 20 1136 25 625 30 500 35 345 38.9* 208.3 40 263.2 50 286 60 345 70 435 80 526 * Te3Sb2.

Te-Sn; v. Sn-Te Tl-Bi; v. Bi-Tl Tl-Cd (I 9 O) I g0 I ffp I 3.67s I 6.94

Cd 5

Tl-Pb; v. Pb-Tl Tl-Sn (190) Sn

I

5

j

g0 I 3.12o I

ftp 2.97

W-Fe, W-Mo; v. Fe-W, Mo-W Zn-Al, Zn-Cd, Zn-Cu, Zn-Mg, Zn-Pb, Zn-Sn; v. Al-Zn, Cd-Zn, Cu-Zn, Mg-Zn, Pb-Zn, Sn-Zn

Named alloys of unstated composition t

I

25 200 400 700 1000 60-80

I

O

I

I

I 20

I

20

j

O

I

I I

Pt I a0 American nickel ( 3 ) 72.92 5.16 138 214 1.22 269 319 Beacon alloy 0.7 I Extra Prima (66, 141) 29.35 I 0.28 Ferrozoid (i«0) 84 I Ferry (ieo)

47 2

-

Krupp (aNi-steel) (135) 85 [ 0.70 Mangaloy (i 75 ) 107 I 0.073 New Metal (i*i) 51.1 I -0.038 Resista 76 I 1-1 Rheostene (a Ni-steel) 77 I 1.2

I

Range, 0C 25-200 400-1000

I (

17

I

! I I I

20 20-50 17

I I

Superior (46, 60, 141, 260)

O 15

81.0 87.2

1.15 0.81

17

Superior (260)

Superior.—(Cont'd)

* I ~~* I 650 0.32 25 0.96 50 0.92 700 0.29 750 0.27 100 0.84 800 0.26 150 0.76 850 0.25 200 0.68 900 0.25 250 0.60 950 0.25 300 0.49 350 0.42 1000 0.24 400 0.41 1050 0.24 450 0.40 Tarnac ( 67 > I 60 ) 500 0.39 t ~\ Pt \ QtQ I Range 550 0.38 (?) j 41 j 0.025 I 20° 600 0.36 TABLE 3.—RESISTIVITY OF NON-MERCURIC ALLOYS AT TEMPERATURES NEAR AND ABOVE THEIR NORMAL MELTING POINTS The mercuric alloys Hg-K anol Hg-Na for which data are available for a considerable range of I1 are here included; for others, see Table 2. When neither the initial nor the final temperature is the same for every member of a given system but p is recorded for some intermediate temperature that is common to every member, then that p and the corresponding temperature are printed in bold face; if two are required, the second is in italics. Unit of p = 1 microhm-cm = 10~6 ohm-cm, of D = 0.01 microhm-cm per I0C; temperature is t,°C,, Bi-Cd-Pb-Sn Al-Cu* (24) Al-Cu.*-(Cont'd) Wood's metal (283) t I pt t \ pt Bi, 55.74; Cd, 16.80; O % Cu 70 % Cu Pb, 13.73; Sn, 13.73 700 I 27.80 800 | 65.44 D = +1.46? D = +0.096 t Pt 1300 36.68 1300 65.92 122.8 110.3 96.8 106.9 1100 33.68 1100 65.70 77.72 % Cu 89.0 104.7 85.0 101.6 5% Cu 1000 72.30 77.4 95.0 700 I 28.05 1100 70.27 D = +1.72s 1200 68.47 74.7 93.25 1300 38.39 1300 66.95 69.8 88.8 65.2 66.4 1100 34.96 82% Cu 1000 72.30 65.0 60.75 ' 57.7 60.1 19.67% Cu 1100 70.08 600 I 30.87 1200 68.00 52.2 59.1 D = +0.814 1300 66.22 49.0 58.5 1300 36.57 85% Cu 41.8 57.85 1100 34.95 1100 I 66.72 33.0 56.4 D = -1.05 17.8 54.4 32.84% Cu HOO | 63.57 9.8 52.6 600 I 39.03 87.7% Cu 0.0 51.7 D - +1.386 UOO I 62.60 24.0 54.3 1300 48.73 90% Cu 34.2 55.3 1100 45.97 UOO I 58.22 45.7 56.9 50% Cu 600 45.45 D -—t-u.004 + O 554 u 1300 49.33 1100 48.22

^ "Tw 40 ' r? 95% Cu . 11on JJJg'g 120 J. +Q«f

55% Cu 600 I 48.32 D = +0.263 1300 50.16 1100 49.64

1400 I 43.81 100% Cu UOO I 21.52 D = 0.883 1400 | 24.17

* Values of p appear to be too high.

50.3 57.1 65.0 67.3 68.7 70.2 71.4 73.0 74.5 75.0 75.5

57.7 58.4 60.0 60.2 60.4 61.0 62.6 63.95 87.4 88.7 89.2

Bi-Cd-Pb-Sn.-

Bi-Pb-Sn-Cd.-

(CWd)

(Cont'd)

t

t

Pt

76.4 91.9 77.4 93.65 78.5 95.2 86.2 102.2 88.0 102.85 96.5 105.5 98.5 106.5

Bi-Pb-Sn Rose's metal (283) Bi, 48.90; Pb, 27.54; Sn 23.55 129.8 92.25 122.5 91.7 117.5 91.3 109.8 90.8 104.1 90.25 97.2 90.1 95.2 89.8 93.5 88.15 93.0 86.75 92.6 85.75 91.0 76.15 85.0 72.9 78.2 72.3 71.7 72.0 64.7 71.4 61.1 71.1 50.2 70.25 42.8 69.5 38.0 69.1 33.7 68.3 31.1 68.2 28.0 68.0 22.7 67.1 16.7 66.7 7.4 65.4 0.0 64.4 10.0 65.6 20.0 66.9 35.9 68.8 42.7 69.8 48.4 70.4 59.0 70.5 69.2 72.6 85.7 75.06 89.9 76.1 93.5 77.9 Bi-Pb-Sn-Cd Lipowitz' alloy (283) 124.1 98.6 111.0 97.6 108.7 97.25 93.8 96.85 88.0 96.6 87.2 96.4 83.5 96.4 75.9 96.0 71.7 95.9 69.0 95.25

pt

69.0 93.5 68.2 91.4 68.0 74.7 67.0 66.0 66.5 62.3 66.0 62.15 61.2 61.9 57.1 61.4 53.1 61.0 50.5 60.65 45.0 60.2 38.0 59.6 33.8 53.8 26.8 57.66 24.0 56.04 23.0 55.5 22.0 55.3 15.0 54.32 +13.1 54.2 - 4.0 51.9 - 4.0 51.9 0.0 52.5 + 7.8 53.3 10.1 53.6 23.2 55.1 33.0 56.4 39.7 57.3 44.0 57.9 50.8 58.9 56.0 59.6 60.0 60.2 66.0 61.0 72.2 63.0 72.8 64.8 73.5 65.5 CdCl2-Cd(S) t \ O.OOlpf 0.0 % Cd 580 I 532 /* = -77.5 g* = +12.5 700 I 457 2.11% Cd 580 I 537 /* = -81.7 g* = +13.9 700 I 459 4.51 % Cd 580 I 545 /* = -85.0 g* = +13.9 700 I 463 7.38% Cd 580 I 558 /* = -95.0 g* = +16.7 700 I 468 ^Pt-P580

1000 580)

_

/

,

_

~ 100^

+OT<<- 5 8 0 > 2 -»

for a second set of mixtures, P'S were 1 % to 2 % less than those here given.

Cd-Pb; v. Pb-Cd Cu-Al; v. Al-Cu Cu-Ni (23) t I Pt 19 % Ni tm = 1187 1187 53.7 1200 53.8 1250 54.4 1300 55.5 1350 57.2 1400 59.2 1450 62.6 1500 66.5 1550 70.0 50.8 % Ni tm = 1326

1326 93.0 1350 93.6 D = 2.33 1650 100.6 1450 95.9 65.3% Ni tm = 1358 1358 136.7 1400 138.5 D = 4.35 1600 147.2 1450 140.6 86.6% Ni tm = 1419 1419 120.0 1450 120.6 D = 2.20 1650 I 125.0 Cu-Pb (24) 0%Pb 1100 I 21.52 D = 0.882 1500 25.05 1300 23.29 2% Pb 1100 I 24.00 D = 1.10s 1400 27.31 1300 26.20 2.95 % Pb 1100 I 25.06 D = 1.15? 1400 28.53 1300 27.37 16.92 % Pb 1100 I 42.13 D = 0.94s 1500 45.92 1300 44.04 35.98 % Pb 1100 I 60.82 D = 1.07? 1400 64.05 1300 62.98 36.30 % Pb 1200 I 64.29 D = 0.99o 1500 67.26 1300 65.31

Cu-Pb.- (Cont'd) t I Pt 39.40% Pb 1300 I 66.69 D = 0.885 1500 I 68.46 88.90 % Pb 1300 124.20 1400 127.08 90.95 % Pb 1200 121.25 124.08 1300 1400 126.09 98.0 % Pb 700 I 113.2 D = 4.21 1400 142.7 1300 138.5 100 % Pb 700 I 111.8 D = 4.60 1200 I 134.8

Cu-Sb (23) 2% Sb tm = 1070° 1070 29.00 1100 29.24 1150 29.97 1200 30.18 1250 30.62 1300 31.12 D = +1.03s 1500 I 33.19 16.8% Sb tm = 885 885 84.00 900 84.09 D = +0.505 1300 86.11 1000 84.59 23.6% Sb tm = 815 815 104.50 850 104.29 900 103.99 950 103.64 103.39 1000 1050 103.21 1100 103.19 D = 0.000 1200 I 103.19 33.3 % Sb tm = 639 639 140.01 700 139.18 750 138.46 800 137.79 850 137.10 900 136.40 950 135.63 D = -2.05 1200 130.50 1000 134.60

Cu-Sb.- (Cont'd) t

I

Pt

40% Sb tm = 682 682 152.20 700 151.70 750 150.3 800 148.97 850 147.90 900 146.90 950 146.14 1000 145.38 D = ~0.99o 1200 I 143.40 50 % Sb tm = 655 655 147.00 700 146.64 750 146.26 800 145.90 850 145.71 900 145.64 950 145.63 145.68 1000 1050 145.82 1100 146.00 1150 146.39 1200 146.80 70 % Sb tm = 543 543 119.40 600 118.40 D = +2.4Oo 1200 132.78 127.98 1000 80 % Sb tm = 533 533 116.44 600 118.10 D = +2.40 850 124.10 900 125.39 950 126.70 1000 128.10 1050 129.60 1100 131.16 1150 132.70 98.85 % Sb tm = 625 625 122.9 650 123.49 D = 2.41 850 128.31 900 129.60 950 130.94 1000 132.36 1050 135.90

Cu-Sn (24) 0% Sn 1100 I 21.52 D = 8.82 1500 I 25.05 2% Sn 1100 I 25.51 D = 1.02o 1400 I 28.57

Cu-Sn,- (Cont'd) t

I

Pt

4.76 % Sn 1100 I 32.71 D = 0.92o 1400 I 35.47 20.0 % Sn 900 I 58.53 D = 0.192 1300 59.30 58.92 1100 1400 59.47 1500 59.63 38.43 % Sn 800 74.02 900 73.05 1000 72.50 72.22 1100 1200 72.08 1300 72.15 1400 72.32 1500 72.60 42.5 % Sn 800 74.95 900 74.20 1000 73.75 73.40 1100 1200 73.40 1300 73.80 1400 73.95 60 % Sn 700 I 67.40 D = 1.03s 1000 70.50 1100 71.75 1200 73.10 1300 74.50 1400 75.90 80 % Sn 600 59.80 700 61.90 800 63.98 D = 2.037 1400 76.20 1100 70.08 100 % Sn 300 49.45 400 51.60 500 53.85 D = 2.239 1500 76.24 1100 67.20 Cu-Zn (24) 0%Zn 1100 I 21.52 D = 0.88s 1300 I 23.29 0.9 % Zn 1100 I 22.03 D = 1.0Oo 1300 I 24.03 3.5% Zn 1100 I 23.13 D = 1.1Oo 1300 I 25.33

Cu-Zn.- (Cont'd) i I Pt 15.0% Zn 1100 29.87 1200 30.43 20 % Zn 1000 I 33.03 D = 0.40 1200 33.83 1100 33.44 39.61 % Zn 900 43.90 1000 42.36 53.84 % Zn 850 I 48.10 D = -2.32 1000 I 44.68 60.7 % Zn 850 48.59 900 47.35 1000 45.53 66.0 % Zn 850 I 47.87 D = -2.35 .7000 I 44.34 85.0 % Zn 700 I 44.04 D = -1.24 900 I 41.56 100 % Zn 700 I 35.65 D = +0.05 900 I 35.75 Cu-Zn-Pb (204) 34.58% Zn; 2.42% Pb; tr. of Fe, Sn 20 7 50 7.55 944 41.61 1000 41.20 1084 40.11 Fe-C (24) 0%C 1550 I 133.3 D = 4.8 1650 I 138.1 0.22% C 1500 I 136.6 D = 4.2 1650 I 142.9 1.19% C 1450 I 150.1 D = 2.8 1650 I 155.7 3.80 % C 1200 I 148.2 D = 2.2 1600 I 157.0 Hg-K (187)

1.65% K *. = 62 62 128.80 100 133.95 150 140.80

Hg-K,- (Cont'd) t I pt 1.65% K t, = 62 200 147.80 250 155.18 300 162.75 350 170.60 3.52% K tm = 162 162 165.76 200 170.18 250 176.38 300 183.95 350 192.18 6.56% K tm = 262 262 197.80 300 203.90 350 213.45 400 223.40 450 233.0 8.56% K I8 = 287 287 199.90 300 202.25 350 211.95 400 221.50 9.62% K «. = 282 282 208.5 350 222 400 232 11.92% K t. = 256 256 232.60 300 237.00 350 242.0 21.34% K t, = 162 162 240.25 200 241.5 D = 3.12 350 I 246.18 39.45 % K t. = 87 87 130.20 100 132.80 150 142.50 200 153.75 250 163.18 300 173.60 350 184.05 79.35 % K t. = 57 57 37.10 100 41.30 D = 9.71 350 I 65.58 ' 100% K ts = 64 64 12.98 100 15.3 D = 6.48 200 I 21.78

Hg-Na t

0.11% 50 100 150 200 250 300

I

pt

Na (23) 99.76 102.74 110.20 116.56 123.60 131.42

0.11% Na (187) ts = -43 100 103.75 150 109.25 200 115.00 250 121.50 300 128.50 350 135.90 0.39 % Na t. = -32 50 100.30 100 105.95 150 111.65 200 117.50 250 123.90 300 130.90 350 138.60 0.95 % Na ts = +56 56 98.1 100 102.90 D = 10.74 350 I 129.75 3.03 % Na t. =250 250 I 110.70 D = 8.60 400 I 123.60 4.85 % Na t. = 352 352 I 110.15 D = 4.90 450 I 115.05 5.7 % Na ts = 360 360 122.0 400 123.8 , 450 126.2 7.44% Na t. = 320 320 126.4 350 128.05 D = 5.70 500 I 136.6 17.35 % Na I9 = 112 112 122.9 200 127.0 D = 5.33 350 I 135.0 32.0% Na ts = 47 47 105.6 100 107.40 D = 3.47 400 I 117.80

Hg-Na.- (Cont'd) t 1 Pt 58.7% Na ts = 65 65 59.4 100 51.6 D = 3.34 400 I 61.62 100 % Na ts = 98 98 19.75 100 9.8 Z) = 3.78 200 I 13.58 K-Hg; v. Hg-K K-Na (197) 4.75 % K ts = 42 42 20.82 50 21.48 100 24.33 150 27.50 200 30.95 14.2 % K ts = 17 17 32.40 50 34.38 100 37.40 150 40.70 200 44.40 26.7% K ts = -12.5 -12.5 35.65 +50 39.00 D = 5.76 200 I 47.65 42.5 % K ts = +6.5 6.5 35.75 50 38.18 D = 5.55 150 43.73 200 46.21 62.6% K t8 = 30.0

30.0 28.75 50 29.73 D = 4.98 200 I 37.20 87.14% K ts = 71 71 17.25 100 18.46 D = 4.19 200 I 22.65 93.34% K t. = 82 82 13.05 100 13.8 D = 4.22 200 I 18.02 K-Rb; v. Table 2

K-Tl (23) I Pt 7.82% Tl tm = UO 110 21.30 150 26.40 200 30.36 D = 10.0 350 I 45.40 Na-Cd (23) 4.39 % Cd tm = 122 122 15.30 150 16.18 200 17.71 250 19.25 300 21.24 350 23.36

Pb-Cd.- (Cont'd) t I Pt 0% Cd D = 4.60 800 I 116.4 1.44% Cd ts = 313 313 93.2 400 97.1 D = 4.50 800 I 115.1 2.9 % Cd ts = 300 300 92.0 400 96.5 D = 4.45 800 I 114.3

Na-Hg, Na-K; v. Hg-Na, K-Na Na-Pb (23) 8.26 % Pb tm = 185 185 24.0 200 24.74 D = 4.78 350 I 31.91 Na-Sb (23) 0.51 % Sb tm = 104 104 10.24 150 12.04 D = 4.03 350 I 20.10 Na-Tl (23) 7.61 % Tl tm = 93 93 20.40 100 20.48 150 22.32 200 24.10 250 26.00 300 28.24 350 30.58 Ni-Cu; v. Cu-Ni Pb-Bi (197) 0%Bi t. = 327 327 94.6 400 98.0 D = 4.62 1000 I 125.7 1.197% Bi ts = 327 327 97.8 400 97.8 D = 4.60 1000 I 125.4 Pb-Cd (197) 0% Cd ts = 327 327 94.6 400 98.0

Pb-Cu; v. Cu-Pb

t

Pb-K (23) 0.38% K tm = 319 319 93.6 350 95.76 D = 6.98 600 [ 113.22

Pb-Na (23) 0.11% Na tm = 326 326 95.64 350 96.90 D = 5.31 650 I 112.84

Pb-Sb (197) 0%Sb ta = 327 327 94.6 400 98.0 D = 4.62 1000 I 125.7 0.76% Sb J8 = 315 315 94.1 400 97.9 D = 4.56 1000 I 125.25 2.03 % Sb ts = 300 300 93.0 400 97.6 D = 4.57 1000 I 125.00 18.39% Sb ts = 253 253 96.9 400 102.6 D = 3.95 1000 I 126.3

Pb-Sn (23)

t

I Pt 0.76% Sn tm = 324 324 94.10 350 95.21 400 97.38 450 99.55 500 101.80 550 104.10 600 106.42 650 108.75 96.76% Sn tm = 224 224 48.66 250 49.13 300 50.48 350 51.69 400 52.91 450 54.20 500 55.50 550 56.80 600 58.13 650 59.42 98.35 % Sn tm = 228 228 48.38 250 46.90 300 50.00 350 51.14 400 52.30 450 53.45 500 54.68 550 56.00 600 57.50 650 59.08 (150);,c/. (285)*

5 % Sn O I 19.6 D = 8.40 288 43.8 294 44.4 299 45.7 306 50.9 307 54.6 312 75.9 315 82.4 317 85.3 330 86.0 D - 4.08 455 I 91.1 10% Sn O I 18.2 D = 8.82 245 39.8 256 41.2 265 42.5 280 44.3 294 46.9 306 78.1 325 80.5 D = 3.51 436 I 84.4

Pb-Sn.- (Cont'd) t I Pt 20 % Sn O I 17.1

Pb-Sn.- (Cont'd) t I Pt 50 % Sn O I 14.2

D = 8.34 175 31.7 180 32.3 180 34.6 180 36.4 195 37.7 207 39.6 211 40.0 230 42.0 248 46.5 260 53.2 269 59.0 274 64.5 293 73.3 D = 3.52 455 I 79.0 30 % Sn O I 15.3 D = 8.05 174 29.3 178 29.5 183 33.0 184 35.6 186 39.8 195 40.7 208 42.4 225 45.9 232 47.6 248 54.5 253 57.7 256 62.0 261 65.0 273 67.2 289 67.5 D = 3.37 455 I 73.1 40% Sn O I 14.6 D » 6.30 135 23.1 140 24.0 156 25.1 164 25.8 175 27.1 178 27.5 179 30.2 179 41.7 181 42.7 188 43.9 199 46.5 212 49.2 218 52.5 225 54.0 234 58.7 236 60.5 242 61.6 247 61.9 D = 3.14 470 I 68.9

D = 6.45 141 23.3 168 25.3 177 26.2 182 27.0 182 36.4 185 41.3 195 49.0 205 52.0 211 54.0 225 57.8 234 58.0 239 58.6 D = 2.74 403 I 63.1 80 % Sn O I 12.1 D = 6.39 169 22.9 180 24.0 182 25.3 182 26.2 183 34.1 188 36.4 190 38.3 195 41.2 200 49.0 205 51.4 215 52.5 D = 2.82 364 I 56.7 90 % Sn O I 12.0 D = 5.35 165 20.8 174 21.2 178 21.6 180 22.2 180 24.8 184 26.0 197 29.9 206 35.4 215 45.8 217 49.4 D = 2.77 390 I 54.2 0.0% Sn (197) ts = 327 327 94.6 400 98.0 D = 4.62 1000 1125.7 0.66% Sn ts = 326 326 93.7 400 97.1 D~ = 4.52 1000 I 124.2

Pb-Sn.- (Cont'd) i \ Pt 0.67% Sn ts = 325 325 93.0 400 96.4 D = 4.52 I 123.5 1.83% Sn ts = 321 321 92.5 400 96.0 D = 4.45 1000 I 122.7 4.86 % Sn ts = 308.8 308.8 90.7 400 94.6 D = 4.23 1000 I 120.0 11.51% Sn I8 = 287.5 287.5 82.3 300 82.8 D = 3.99 1000 110.7 400 86.8 24.22% Sn ts = 263.8 263.8 73.2 300 74.4 D = 3.37 1000 98.0 400 77.8 40.08% Sn J8 = 236.3 236.3 65.8 300 67.5 D = 2.89 1000 87.7 400 70.3 89.47 % Sn t8 = 207.5 207.5 48.0 300 50.4 400 52.8 D = 2.93 1000 I 70.4 100 % Sn J8 = 232 232 47.6 300 49.1 400 51.4 500 54.0 D - 2.92 1000 I 68.6

1000

* Relative values; curves similar to those of 15 data ( °) here given, but discontinuity on heating occurs near 180° in all cases, and the upper linear portion begins at 200 to 23O0C.

Pb-Zn (150)

t

I Pt 2% Zn O I 18.8 D = 8.63 313 45.8 315 50.2 315 63.8 317 72.8 319 77.3 80.7 84.0 87.0 89.1 91.8 94.1 96.4 97.6 5% Zn O I 18.5 D = 8.34 283 42.1 315 60.2 315 79.2 316 84.7 333 86.7 354 88.6 371 90.6 394 93.1 419 94.9 438 95.8 462 96.4 488 97.4 521 98.5 10 % Zn O I 18.7 D = 7.16 289 39.4 310 41.6 315 56.3 315 73.4 330 75.0 352 76.4 368 77.7 393 79.6 410 80.8 415 85.5 432 86.1 441 86.6 470 88.0 545 91.4 589 92.6 20 % Zn . 22.0 20.0 60.0 22.2 D = 7.39 294 39.5 315 41.9 315 53.1 336 70.4 354 72.0 372 " 72.8 382 74.3 399 75.5 415 76.2 415 83.8 320 322 327 357 380 429 480 510

Pb-Zn.- (Cont'd) t I Pt 20% Zn D = 7.39 421 85.2 445 85.9 500 88.1 550 90.0 605 92.4 690 97.1

30 % Zn 17.6 I 19.9 70 I 23.1 D = 7.75 310 41.7 315 42.3 316 44.5 316 51.4 320 59.0 330 70.6 340 71.5 350 72.2 360 73.5 390 75.2 405 77.0 415 77.4 427 89.9 450 90.5 471 91.3 510 92.3 50% Zn O I 13.9 D = 6.27 295 32.4 305 33.3 310 41.7 313 46.4 315 50.1 316 52.9 322 56.8 330 57.6 355 59.3 410 63.7 414 68.2 422 72.3 452 73 70% Zn 20 10.9 100 14.2 D = 4.50 291 22.8 308 23.6 316 24.4 319 26.7 C20 29.8 323 33.9 327 38.5 335 38.9 353 39.7 380 40.8 400 41.1 416 42.1 416 48.4

Pb-Zn.- (Cont'd) t I Pt

70% Zn D = 4.50 429 52.5 445 53.0 507 53.7 90% Zn O I 6.1 D = 2.99 308 15.3 316 15.6 318 17.7 320 20.0 325 20.4 351 20.9 375 22.0 400 23.0 410 23.7 414 25.4 416 30.8 416 35.4 430 36.4 450 36.4 468 36.4 498 36.4 0.00% Zn (197) I8 = 327 327 I 94.6 D = 4.62 1000 125.7 800 116.4 0.48 % Zn I8 = 335 335 I 93.2 D = 4.77 1000 124.9 800 115 5 1.44% Zn t8 = 400 400 I 94.8 D = 4.67 1000 122.8 800 113.5 2.3% Zn t* = 437 437 I 95.6 D = 4.11 800 I 110.5

Pb-Zn,- (Cont'd) t I Pt 3.40 % Zn t* = 515 515 I 97.5 D = 4.23 800 I 109.55 6.44% Zn t* = 587 587 I 99.1 D = 4.19 900 112.2 800 108.0 7.41 % Zn t* = 602 602 I 97.0 D = 3.86 900 108.5 800 104.6 11.52% Zn t* = 647 647 I 97.7 D = 3.83 900 107.4 800 103.5 17.68% Zn t* = 727 727 I 90.2 D = 2.51 900 94.55 800 92.0 20.38% Zn t* = 783 783 I 87.7 D = 2.48 900 90.6 800 88.1 100% Zn ts = 419 419 I 35.30 D = 0.105 800 I 35.70 * T e m p e r a t u r e at which separation occurs.

Sb-Cu; v. Cu-Sb Sn-Cu; v. Cu-Sn

Sn-K (23) t

I

Pt

0.16% K tm = 245 245 49.02 250 49.1 300 50.09 350 51.08 400 52.58 450 54.18 500 56.00 550 57.90

Sn-Na (23) 0.14% Na

I. Effect of reheating; carbon steels (for analyses, see original papers); t = 250C (49); cf. (**, 191) C T^ PQ

0.04 0.30 0.35 0.41 0.57 0.76 0.945 1.05 908° 908° 908° 908° ~908°~ 903° 903° 903° 11.10 16.04 17.63 18.46 21.41 30.95 36.82 40.07

tor

PDr

1 0 0 1 0 . 9 3 15.65 17.16 17.76 19.84 25.72 28.82 30.62 205 309 388 495 599 696 800

10.74 10.67 10.73 10.73 10.73 10.66 10.70

14.78 13.91 13.68 13.27 12.88 12.74 13.13

16.37 15.28 15.05 14.85 14.49 14.41 14.55

16.76 15.61 15.11 14.88 14.59 14.55 14.58

17.69 15.97 15.58 15.11 14.75 14.65 15.05

22.15 19.67 18.94 18.32 17.16 16.50 17.43

23.08 23.83 19.77 19.87 18.94 18.97 18.28 18.42 17.19 17.86 16.50 17.29 17.29 17.46

tm = 231

231 47.61 250 48.18 D = 3.03 500 I 55.75

Sn-Pb; v. Pb-Sn Sn-Sb (23) 1.22% Sb tm = 234 234 48.16 250 46.10 300 49.88 350 51.16 400 52.40 450 53.69 500 54.95 550 56.28 600 57.62 Sn-Zn (23) 0.55 % Zn tm = 232 232 47.58 250 48.02 D = 2.65 650 I 58.61 0.95 % Zn 500 I 54.15

650

D = 2.3o I 57.60

Zn-Cu; v. Cu-Zn Zn-Pb; v. Pb-Zn

TABLE 4.—EFFECT OF HEAT TREATMENT UPON RESISTIVITY OF STEELS Certain commercial steels are indicated by "Key" numbers; Chrome 1 to 8, 30, 31; Martin Assailly 9,10; Holtzer crucible 11, 12, 14, 15; Imphy crucible 13; AlIevard electrical 16; Edgar Allen crucible 17; Molybdenum 18, 19; Tungsten 20 to 24, 32; Whitworth mild 25, 26; Manganese 27, 28; Silicon 29. Data for single temperatures have been placed in Table 2, q.v. Unit of p = 10~6 ohm-cm; temperature = t, 0C.

t = 2O0C (48); C* 0.94 *Q 892° PQ 35.95 tor

cf. (49) t = 2Q0C ( 88 ) 1.04 2.71 ~ C f 1.29 1.29 892° 892° *TP 800° 1150° 41.92 52.59 29.68 45.35 PTp PDr

10527.9733.024 195 22.40 25.73 295 19.42 21.82 400 18.37 20.62 492 17.60 19.92 600 16.65 19.60 700 16.19 19.03 800 17.23 19.08

Â

2.651 32.49 27.41 26.17 24.92 24.21 22.57 20.82

PA

0027.4543.61 200 20.92 38.33 300 18.47 26.38 350 16.77 19.52 400 16.96 18.97 600 16.40 17.55 700 16.40 17.25 925 | 16.40 | 17.25

II. Variation with temperature of tempering and of quenching; carbon steels, 0.8% < C < 1.2%; PQ - PQ, = 0.04&} - 80O)C if 800° ^ *Q < 1100°; tQ, = 800° (50, ie.6, 191). frp PTP/PA PTP/PA

710° 740° 810° 8 5 < 3 ° 9 5 0 ° 1.0 1.3 2.1 2.2 1.0 1.3 1.6 2.1 I 3.0 Alloy steels, composition Koo % t = 15° ( 1 6 5 , 1 6 6 )

KeyH 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Key [I 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 (218) 18 19

I

1000° C~~ 2.2 0.84% 1.13%

pforfrp

I Cr I Si I Mn I C 0°§ | 750° | 850° 250 27 23 50 19.5 19.5 29.2 280 27 21 82 21.5 28.0 240 36 21 107 24 31.2 36.0 t = 20°(2i8) I 800° I 900° I 950° 882t 25 O 10 50.82 49.20J52.71 1724 34 tr. 13 52.71 57.2360.63 2742 42 tr. 8 57.45 57.4557.94 1018 34 5 75 48.25 47.5057.50 2934 22 O 31 66.30 66.4368.31 t = 20° (218) I p for frp I Mn I Si S | C | 0°§ | 750° | 850° 36 1 0.9 11 13.30 14.31 47 tr. 2.2 17 11.11 13.28 12 8 3.4 30 14.26 13.4915.60 14 11 2.5 37 15.17 19.40 14 9 2.2 56 16.83 20.54 14 8 1.3 88 16.84 28.7235.791f 10 4 0.9 108 16.62 26.3536.28^ 20 12 2.7 130 20.08 31.32 48 27 3 8 204 25.12 40.1646.87 |Mo**| Si I S I C I 800° I 900° | 950° 119 18 6.5 72 39.34 39.91 253 16 6.3 77 39.01 39.00

| 1100° 40.9 66.7 72.0 | 1050° 52.71 65.26 59.50 62.42 67.50 | 1000° 14.36 13.13 16.07 19.65 23.60 38.05 48.88 54.70 1050° 42733

Key 20 to 32 follow next section—(Mo, Mn, Si, C) steels. S, 2.5; P, 1.6; As, 2.0; N, 0.4 (Koo%); * = 16 to 2O0C; tTp = 55O0C after tQ = 80O0C (268, 269) Mo 103 105 102 110 218 218 219 211 254 411 401 400 402 801 817 811 785 792

I Mn I 22 23 27 25 22 27 26 24 21 24 29 23 23 22 27 25 23 23

Si 5 9 12 12 6 8 8 7 12 4 4 5 4 5 6 8 4 8

I C | PAcU | PA | PTP 20 13.4814.22 45 14.7716.86 87 17.4618.5520.25 122 18.6519.5421.15 25 13.5517.93 44 14.9719.47 88 15.8516.1320.10 121 17.7618.4720.80 136 20.1322.40 19 14.9519.12 49 14.8919.52 87 15.1515.5319.88 106 16.1816.9219.78 14 23.4823.7025.25 36 15.3218.79 45 14.3819.06 78 15.2815.3819.92 113 16.8516.1319.50

PQsootf |PQi2oott | PR 16.00 14.18 21.00 17.40 36.3 21.00 39.53 45.31 23.10 16.5 18.96 18.66 20.1 24.82 20.66 33.44 22.90 38.52 48.66 24.80 41.5 31.30 16.82 23.66 20.22 19.54 34.04 24.60 26.95 36.42 25.70 36.03 27.10 25.23 32.73 25.83 17.2 34.03 19.00 17.5 37.38 28.00 22.07 46.07 27.40 36.2 55.57 22.60

For Fe-Mo-Si-S-C, v. Key 18, 19. t = 15° ( 1 6 5 , 1 6 6 )

Key I] I W I Mn 20 270 44

270 290

21 22 23

24

Si 30

p for frp

|

C 76

32 20

111 55

500 30 2 t = 20° (218) I 1354 j O I 13

60

38 40

6

0°§ [ 750° | 850° | 1100° 18.5 27.8 31.4 35.2

20.0 26 28 18 21.6

44 32.4

21 21 31.5 37.8 I 800° I 900° I 950° | I 18.48| 19.05| 21.07|

III. Effect of forging and hardening in oil (12*); t = O0C Key Il I C I Mn I Si I Cr I W I P I PF I PA I PH 25 32 44 4 4 14.4613.90 26 89 16 8 2 15.5916.95 27 67 473 61 8 53.6839.2855.56 28 130 874 9 7 69.9363.1670.66 29 68 69 344 13 61.6361.8561.95 30 53 39 22 62 4 20.1619.4227.08 31 69 3 13 120 4 17.9118.4930.35 32 136 4 4 465 5 22.4922.5022.74 * For C < 0.94, data from ( 48 ) agree well with those given above for ( 49 ). t Contains also: 0.07Mn, 0.15Si, 0.006P, tr. S. J In this case, S = 0.11 %, P = 0.11 %; in all other specimens of ( 21S ) they are less. § ^Tp = O indicates value before tempering. Jl Key indicates type of steel: 1 to 8, 30, 31 = Chrome; 9, 10 = Martin Assailly; 11, 12, 14, 15 = Holtzer crucible; 13 = Imphy crucible; 16 = Allevard Electrical; 17 = Edgar Allen crucible; 18, 19 = Molybdenum; 20 to 24, 32 = Tungsten; 25, 26 = Whitworth mild; 27, 28 = Manganese; 29 = Silicon. 1
TABLE 5.—ADDITIONAL REFERENCES The papers here listed cannot be readily abstracted. Except for the named alloys, the papers are listed solely with reference to the individual metals contained in the alloys studied. Ag (36, 57, 94, 95, 96, 156,

183, 185, 231,

Al (8, 36, 37, 94, 205, 214,

296) AS (79, 228)

181,

251) 266,

Au (94, 95, 96, 100, 156, 183, 185, 231, 251) Bi (7, 94, 96, 168, 247) C (94,115) Cd (251,257)

181,

C0 (94, 227) Cr (94, 120)

Amalgams (i«, 60, «9, 92, 253,

Cu ( 8 > 39, 43, 59, 79, 94, 96, 99, 100, 143, 145, 156, 185, 214,

Brass (204, 256) Chromel (32) Comet (32) Constantan (17,272) German silver (214) Manganin (2, 17, 32, 171, 196,

292)

227, 228, 231, 251, 257,

286)

Fe (8, 25, 26, 70, 94, 100,

108,

114, 115, 116, 214, 274,

278,

302

); v. also Mn-steel, Nisteel, Steel Hg (22, 197). Vf aiso Amalgams Ir (94, 185)

233, 234, 255, 289,

291)

K (22, 197) Mg (36, 205)

Mn-steel (164) Monel (207) Nichrome (259) Ni-steel (42, ioe, 107)

Mn (94, ioo) Na (22, 197)

Steel (5, 11, 15, 16, 28, 29, 42, 53, 78, 106, 107, 109, 115, 163,

Ni (8, 44, 59, 77, 94, 120, 156, 214, 251, 274,

145,

302)

p (228) Pb (7, 22, 94, 100, 168, 197, 231,

247) Pd (94, 96, 149) Pt (57, 94, 96, 185)

164, 206, 213, 248, 256,

274,

278)

Therlo (32) Low melting point alloys ( 56 ) Telegraph wire (290) Resistance at low temperatures (62, 63)

Rh (94)

Temperature coefficients ( 2 6 I)

Sb Si Sn Tl W

Effect Of Stress (32, 256,271,272)

(94,96,99,143) (116) (7, 39, 94, 96, 156, 231, 247) (100) (94)

Zn (22, 39, 94, 96, 157, 197, 247,

251, 266,

286)

Theoretical («, 61, 97, 98, 101, 157, 177, 213, 243, 244,

257,

263, 275, 294)

Miscellaneous (62, 63, 74, isi, 188, 201, 258, 270)

Bibliographies (35, 94, 239) LITERATURE

(For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) (i) Addicks, 80, 36: 18; 06. ( 2 ) Ahler, Haas and Angerstein, 101, 12: 250; 91. (3) American Nickel Corpn., Clearfield, Pa., O. (*) d'Amico, 139,10: 289; 12. (5) Andrew, Rippon, Miller and Wragg, 140, 101: 527; 20. (6) A ten, 7, 73: 578; 10. (7) van Aubel, 149, 19: 105; 88. 61, 4: 72; 95. («) van Aubel and Paillot, 61, 4: 522; 95. (9) Barrett, ff, 69: 480; 02. (10) Barratt, 67, 26: 347; 14. (U) Barrett and Brown, 133, 1899: 856. (*2) Barrett, Brown and Hadfield, 434, 7: 67; 02. (is) Barrett, Brown and Hadfield, 46, 31: 674; 02. ( 1 ^) Barrett, Brown and Hadfield, 434, B: 109; 04. (15) Barus, 8, 7: 383; 79. O 6 ) Barus, 8, 29: 516; 09. (i?) Bash, 80, 64: 239, 261; 21. (18) Battelli, 170, 4-206; 87. (i») Beckman, Thesis, Upsala, 1911. (20) Benedicks, 7, 40: 545; 02. (21) Benedicks, Recherches physiques et physicochimiques sur Vacier au carbone. Paris, Dunod, 1904. ( 22 ) Bornemann and Miiller, 192, 7: 396; 10. (23) Bornemann and Rauschenplat, 192, 9: 473, 505; 12. (24) Bornemann and Wagenmann, 139, 11: 289; 14. (25) BOUdouard, 140, 63: 299; 03. (26) Boudouard, 420, 105: 449; 03. (27) Boudouard, 34, 153: 1475; 11. (28) Boudouard, 74, 9: 294; 12. (29) Brant, 2, 29: 485; 09. (30) Breckenridge, 78, 17:367; 10. (31) Bridgman, 65, 47: 319, 345; 11. (32) Bridgman, 66, 56: 59; 21. 57: 41; 22. (33) Brockbank, 10, 3: 261; 12, (34) Broniewski, 34, 149: 853; 09. (35) Broniewski, 74, 8: 320; 11. (36) Broniewski, 34, 150: 1754; 10. 152: 85; 11. (37, 38) Broniewski, 6, 25: 5; 12. (39) Broniewski, 74, 12: 961; 15. (40) Broker and Co., O. (*i) Brooks, 63, 11: 471; 10. (42) National Bur, Standards, 365, No. 58; 16. ( 43 ) Idem., 365, No. 73; 22. (44) Idem., 365,. No. 100; 24. (45) Burgess and Aston, 33, 8: 79, 131; 10. (46) Burgess and Aston, 78, 20: 205; 11. (47) Cairo, Ion, 2: 408; 10, (48) Campbell, 140,, 92: 164; 15. (49) Campbell, 140, 94: 268; 16. (50) Campbell, 83, 15: 138; 20. ( 5 I) Campbell and Whitney, 140, 110: 291;. 24. (52) Capp, 116, 77: 274; 04. (53) Carpenter, Hadfield and Longmuir,. 115, 80: 708, 745, 779,822; 05. (54) Carpenter, Hadfield and Longmuir, 403r 1905: 857. ( 5S ) Caswell, 2, 12: 226; 18. ( 5 6) Cattaneo, 23, 27 II: 419; 91, (57) Chevallier, 34,130:120,1612; 00. (S8) Chevallier, 51,1:157; 02. (59> Chevenard, 34, 181: 28; 25. (60) Crace-Calvert and Johnson, 62, 149: 831; 60. (61) Crommelin, 200, 19: 38; 22. (62) Dewar and Fleming, 3, 34: 326; 92. (63) Dewar and Fleming, 3, 36: 271; 93. (64) DOW Chemical Co., Midland, Mich., O. (65) DriverHarris Co, Harrison, N. J., O. (66) Drysdale, 121, 59: 989; 07. (67) Drysdale, 121, 77: 629; 16. ( 6 ») Dupuy, 34, 172: 1660; 21. (69) Dunron, Co., Dayton, O., O.

Resistivity (p) of binary alloys. (For other and more accurate data, see Table 2.) The symbol of the metal common to the alloys of a chart is enclosed in a square, and the abscissae = Wt. % of the other metal. Unit of p = 10~6 ohm-cm.

* For Al-Mn: At 40.4% Mn, p = 500; at 46.9% Mn, p = 2000.

§ For Cu-Mn: At 40% Mn, p = 133; at 60% Mn, p = 164.

t For (Co, Fei) and (Fe, Coi) the materials were pure, for (Co, Fe2) and (Fe, Co2) they were not; see Table 2, Fe-Co (>20) an( j Fe-Co-s (*21).

t For Mg-Sn: At 71% Sn, P25 = 1100.

1 For Sn-Te: At 90 % Te, p = 2780.

Temperature coefficient («) of resistivity of binary alloys. (For other and more accurate data, see Table 2.) The symbol of metal common to the alloys of a chart is enclosed in a square, and the abscissae = Wt. % of the other metal. Unit of a =0.1 % per I0C.

** For Te-Ag, continuous lines correspond to pAf broken to p/ (cooled rapidly from melting point).

ft Curve for Tl(Bi) is for «o at O0C, cf. Table 2, Bi-Tl.

(70) Ebeling, &4S, 16: 87; 96. (") Englisch, 8, 45: 592; 92. (™) Eucken and Gehlhoff, 88, 14: 169; 12. (73) Feussner and Liiideck, 248, 9: 233; 89. (74) Feussner and Lindeck, 89, 2: 501; 95. (7S) Fischbeck, 93, 125: 1; 22. (76) Fleming, 325, 15: 239; 99. (77; Fleming, 5, 66: 50; 00. (78) Fournel, 34, 143: 46, 287; 06. (79) Friedrich, 192, 5: 529; 08. (80) Geibel, 93, 69: 38; 10. (81) Geibel, 93, 70: 240; 11. (82) Geiss and van Liempt, 93, 128: 355; 23. (83) Geross, 22, 2 II: 344; 86. (84) Goerens, 417, 3: 320; 11. (**) Goerens, 74, 10: 608; 13. (««) Gray, 552, No. 4; 12. ( 87 ) Greaves, 47, 7: 218; 12. (88) Qrenet, 74, 1: 353; 04. (89) Gressman. 2, 9: 20; 99. (90) Griffiths, 62, 184: 361; 94. (91) Griffiths, US1 123: 475; 27. (92) Grimaldi, 170, 4: 46; 87. (93) Griineisen, 8, 3: 43; 00. (94) Guertler, 93, 51: 397; 06. (95) Guertler, 9, 13: 441; 07. (96) Guertler, 200, 5: 17; 08. ( 9 7) Guertler, 63, 9: 404; 08. (98) Guertler, 63, 11: 476; 10. (»9) Guertler, 47, 6: 135; 11. (10°) Guertler, 9, 18: 601; 12. (ioi) Guertler, 95, 11: 41; 19. (102) Guertler and Schulze, 7, 104: 90; 23. (iosj Guertler and Schulze, 7, 104: 269; 23. ( 1 0 4 ) Guertler and Schulze, 7, 106: 1; 23. (ios) Guillaume, 34, 125: 235; 97. (106) Guillaume, 61, 7: 262; 98. (107) Guillaume, 149, 5: 255, 305; 98. (108) Guillet, 140, 90: 66; 14. (109) Quillet, 74, 20: 656; 23. ( l l °) Guillet, 34, 177: 953; 23. 126, 3: 641; 23. (Hi) Guillet and Ballay, 34, 172: 1576; 21. (H2) Guillet and Ballay, 34, 176: 1800; 23. (H3) Guillet and Ballay, Proc. verbal I'assoc. Fr. Beige pour I'essai des mat., 16: 6; 23. (H4) Gumlich, 101, 40: 334; 19. (U*) Gumlich and Goerens, 83, 8: 98; 12. (H6) Gumlich and Goerens, 77, 39: 765; 19. ( l i 7 ) Haas, 101, 16: 272; 95. 8, 52: 673; 94. (H8) Hadfield, 140, 1892 II: 49. (H9) Haken, 8, 32: 291; 10. (120) Hart, 80, 64: 554; 21. (121) Herold, 93, 112: 131; 20. (122) Hine, 1, 39: 882; 17. (123) Honda, 159, 7: 59; 18. (124) Honda, 159, 8: 51; 19. (125) Honda and Matsushita, 159, 8: 89; 19. O26) Honda and Ogura, 159, 3: 113; 14. (i") Honda and Simidu, 159, 6: 219; 17. (128) Hopkinson, 62, 176: 455; 86. (129) Hopkinson, 6, 47: 138; 90.

(13°) Hoskins Manufacturing Co., Detroit, Mich., O. (isi) Hunter and Bacon, 78, 36: 323; 20. (13*) Hunter and Bacon, 78, 37: 513; 20. ( 133 ) Hunter and Jones, 78, 42: 162; 23. ( 134 ) Hunter and Jones, 66, 24: 401; 24. ( 13S ) Hunter and Sebast, 40, 11: 115; 17. ( 136 ) Hunter, Sebast and Jones, 80, 68: 750; 23. O 3 7 ) Ingersoll, 2, 16: 126; 20. (i 38 ) International Nickel Co., New York City, O. (1^) Jaeger and Diesselhorst, 89, 3: 269; 00. (140) Zhemchuzhnui, 74E, 17:142; 20. C1*1) Jolley, in Cheneveau, 3, 20: 357; 10. (1*2) Kalmus and Harper, 45, 7: 6; 15. 0«) Kamensky, 3, 17: 270; 84. ( 144 ) Kaye and Laby, Tables of physical and chemical constants. London, Longmans, 1918. ( 145 ) Kimura and Isawa, 338, No. 171; 26. (146) Kimura and Namikawa, 338, No. 132; 23. O 4 ?; Kimura and Sakamaki, 338, No. 114; 22. O 4 8 ) Klein, 101, 45: 300; 24. ( 149 ) Knott, 174, 33: 171; 88. (150) Konno, 159, 10: 57; 21. (isi) Konstantinov and Smirnov, 53, 43: 1201; 11. 169, 15: 151; 11. O 52 ) Kurnakov and Nikitinski, 53, 46: 360; 14. (i 53 ) Kurnakov, Pushin and Senkowskii, 93, 68: 123; 10. ( 154 ) Kurnakov, Zhemchuzhnui and Zasedatelev, 53, 47: 871; 15. 169, 22: 497; 15. ( 15S ) Kurnakov and Zhemchuzhnui, 93,54:149; 07. (1 56 ) Kurnakov and- Zhemchuzhnui, 93, 60: 1; 08. (157) Kurnakov and Zhemchuzhnui, 200, 5: 374; 08. (i 58 ) Kurnakov and Zhemchuzhnui, 93, 64: 149; 09. (158-1)53. (i59)Larsen, 8, 1: 123; 00. (160) Law, Alloys and their industrial applications. London, Griffin, 1909. (i«i) LeChatelier, 34, UO: 283; 90. (i« 2 ) LeChatelier, 34, 111: 454; 90. (163) LeChatelier, 34, 112: 40; 91. (164) LeChatelier, 34, 119: 272; 94. (165) LeChatelier, 34, 126: 1709, 1782; 98. (166; LeChatelier, Contribution a Vetude des alliages, 1896-1900: 416. (167) Ledoux, 34,155:35,1249; 12. (168) Leduc, 51, 3: 362; 84. (169) Lees, 61B1 208: 381; 08. (170) Liedgens, 77, 32: 2109; 12. (171) Lindeck, #43, 28: 229; 08. (172) Lodge, 3, 8: 554; 79. O73) MacGregor and Knott, 174, 29: 599; 80. O 7 4 ) Mahler, 74, 1905: 345. (175) Major, 78, 37: 457; 21. (176) Mathews, 140, 61: 182; 02. (177) Mathews, Metallographist, 6: 327; 03. (178) Matsushita, 159, 8: 79; 19. ( 17 S) Matsushita, 159, 9: 243; 20. (180) Matthiessen, 62, 148: 383; 58. (l*1) Matthiessen, 8, 110: 190; 60. (182) Matthiessen, 62, 150: 161; 60. O 83 ) Matthiessen, 8, 112: 352; 61. (i« 4 ) Matthiessen, 8, 114: 310; 61. O 85 ) Matthiessen, 133, 1862: 136. 1864: 351. (i") Matthiesseu and Holzmann, 62, 150: 85; 60. ( J 8 7) Matthiessen and Vogt, 8, 26: 373; 62. O 88 ) Matthiessen and Vogt, 8, 2:19; 64. (1S9) Matthiessen and Vogt, 62,154:167; 65. (190) Matthiessen and Vogt, 62, 154: 167; 64. (191) Maurer, 74, 5: 711; 08. (192) Mehl, 75,46: 149; 24. (193) Merica, 33, 24: 375, 558, 649; 21. (194) Merica, 488, 57: 484; 22. (i»5) Merica, Waltenberg and Scott, 80, 64: 41; 21. (196) Milthaler, 8, 46: 297; 92. (197) Muller, 198,1: 730; 10. (i* 8 ) Miinker, 192, 9: 185; 12. (199) National Malleable and Steel Castings Co., Cleveland, Ohio, O. (200) Neumann, 77, 39: 665; 19. ( 2 Oi) Niccolai, 88, 16 H: 185; 07. ( 2 ° 2 ) Norsa, 34, 155: 348; 12. ( 2 <> 3 ) Northrup, 78, 20: 185; 11. (204) Northrup, S3, 12: 161; 14. ( 2 °5) Northrup, S3, 15: 193; 16. (206) Nusbaum and Chenet, 31 A, 17: 65; 21. (207) Oakley, 440, 6: 61; 14. ( 2 O 8 ) Osmond, 74, 3: 551; 06. (209) Paglianti, 192,9:217', 12.

( 2 IO) Pavlovic, 63, 47: 29; 15. ( 2 ^) Pecheux, 84, 148: 627; 09. ( 2 I 2 ) Pecheux, 34, 148: 1041; 09. ( 2 IS) PScheux, 34, 149: 1062; 09. ( 2 I 4 ) P6cheux, Lumiere elec., 10: 232; 10. (21S) Pelabon, 34, 152: 1302; 11. (216, 217) Portevin, 34, 155: 459; 12. (2i«) Portevin, 74, 13: 9; 16. ( 2 i») Portevm, 140, 1909 II: 203. (220) Portevin, 34, 172: 445; 21. ( 2 2 I) Pushin and Dishler, 53, 44: 125; 12. 169, 16: 365; 12. ( 222 ) Pushin and Ryazhskii, 93, 82: 50; 13. ( 223 ) Rayleigh, 58, 54: 154; 96. 121, 37: 277; 96. ( 224 ) Read, 47, 10: 344; 13. (225) Read and Greaves, 47, 11: 169; 14. ( 22 6) Read and Greaves, 47, 13: 100; 15. ( 22 ?) Reichardt, 8, 6: 832; 01. ( 22 «) Rietzsch, 8, 3: 403; 00. (230) Riviere, Diplomes d'etudes superieures, Pans, 1912: No. 113. ( 231 ) Roberts, S, 8: 57, 551; 79. ( 232 ) Rodgers, 2, 8: 259; 16. ( 233 ) Rosa, SlA, 5: 413; 09. ( 234 ) Rosa, 107, 75: 941; 20. (2S5) Rudolfi, 63, 9: 198, 607; 08. (2S6) Ruer and Fick, 139, 11: 39; 13. ( 23 7) RUer and Kaneko, 139, 10: 257; 13. (238) Ruer and Schiitz, 198,1: 415; 10. ( 23 9) Sack, 93, 35: 249; 03. ( 24 O) Saldau, 53, 46: 994; 14. ( 2 4 M Saldau, 417, 7: 195; 16. ( 242 ) Schenck, 63, 8: 239; 07. (243) Schenck, 9, 15: 648; 09. (244) Schenck, 8, 32: 261; 10. (245) Schimank, 8, 45: 706; 14. (246) Schleicher and Guertler, 9, 20: 237; 14. (247) gchulze, 8, 9: 555; 02. ( 2 48) Scott and Movius, SlA, 16: 537; 20. ( 2 49) Sebast, 652, No. 8; 16. (25O)* Sebast and Gray, 78, 29: 569; 16. ( 2 Si) Sedstrom, 8, 59: 134; 19. ( 2 52) Simidu, 159, 6: 111; 17. (253) Skaupy, 7, 58: 560; 07. ( 25 4) Smirnov and Kurnakov, 93, 72: 31; 11. 169, 14: 623; 10. ( 25 S) Smith, 3, 16: 450; 08. (256) Smith, 2, 28: 107, 429; 09. (257) Smith, 33, 25: 1178; 21. (258) Smith, 143, 192: 69, 157; 21. (259) SomerviUe, 2, 30: 268, 532; 10. (260) Somerville, 2, 31: 275; 10. ( 2 6i) Somerville, 2, 33: 77; 11. (262) Stablein, 96, 20: 209; 23. (263 } Steinmetz, 78, 11: 81; 07. (264) Stepanov, 93, 60: 209; 08. (265) Stepanov, 93, 78: 1; 12. 63, 44: 910; 12. (266) Sturm, Diss., Rostock, 1904. 427, 29: 143; 05. (267) Swinden, 140, 80: 223; 09. (268) Swinden, 417, 3: 66; 11. (269) Swmden, 417, 5: 100; 13. (270) Swoboda, 107, 77: 944; 21. (271) von Szily, 61, 8: 329; 99. (272)von Szily, 34, 128: 927; 99. (273) Taylor, 133, 1881: 431. (274) Tomlinson, 5, 56: 103; 94. (275) Thomson, 47, 14: 3; 15. (276) Thompson, 46, 54: 222; 16. (2 7 7) Thompson and Miller, i,28: 1115;06. (278) Thompson and Whitehead, 5,102: 587; 23. (279) Urazov, 169,14: 675; 10. 93, 73: 31; 12. (280) Vanstone, 4, 105: 2617; 14. (281) Voigt, 93, 120: 309; 21. (282) Weber, 8, 23: 447; 84. (283) Weber, 8, 27: 145; 86. (284) Weber, 8, 31: 243; 87. (285) Weber, 8, 34: 576; 88. (286) Weber, 8, 68: 705; 99. (287) Wedding, 101, 9:172; 88. (288) Wedding, Various papers in Verh. Vereins ZUT Befdrderung des Gewerbefleisses, 1892-1902. (2 89) Wiechert, 8, 52 : 67; 94. (290) Weiller, 101, 3: 83, 157; 82. (291) Williams, 3, 13: 635; 07. (2» 2 ) Williams, 3, 50: 589; 25. (293) Willows, 3, 48: 433; 99. (294) Willows, 3, 12: 604; 06. 63, 8: 173; 07. (295; Wilson, 46, 31: 321; 02. (296) Wilson, 133, 1903: 777. 181, 51: 898; 03. ( 2 97) Wilson, 181, 67:907; 11. (298) Yensen, 86, No. 77; 15. (299) Yensen, 86, No. 83; 15. (300) Yensen, 119, 34: 2455; 15. ( 3 °i) Yensen, 189, 39: 791; 20. ( 3 02) Yensen, 107, 75: 774; 20. ( 3 o3) Yensen, 45, 16: 366; 24. ( 3 04, sos) Yensen, 129, 43:145; 24. ( 3 06) Yensen and Gatward, 86, No. 95; 17. ( 3 °7) Tanabe, 47, 32: 415; 24.

ELECTROELASTIC AND PYROELECTRIC PHENOMENA1 W. G. CADY CONTENTS Electrostriction. Piezoelectricity. Pyroelectricity. Piezo and pyro effects at room temperature. Tourmaline. Quartz. Rochelle salt (KNaC4H4O6.4H2O). Tartaric acid and cane sugar. Pyroelectric effect : variation with temperature.

MÀTIÈBES Électrostriction. Piézoélectricité. Pyroélectricité. Piézo-effets et pyro-effets à la température de la chambre. Tourmaline. Quartz. Sel de Rochelle (KNaC4H406.4H20). Acide tartrique et sucre de canne. Effet pyroélectrique: variation avec la température.

Electrostriction.—In general, when an isotropie dielectric is subjected to an electrostatic field E, its volume and form are changed. This phenomenon is known as électrostriction. The same kinds of effect occur in anisotropic dielectrics, but in them these effects are in many cases obscured by the far larger electrocrystallic ones described as piezoelectric (seep. 208). In electrostrictive effects, the tensions tending to stretch any element of the dielectric are proportional to E2 and to de/da;, where e = dielectric constant and x is the amount of stretching in the direction considered. In general, de/dx depends upon the inclination of x to E', it may be either positive or negative, depending upon the nature of the dielectric ( 2 ). There are similar forces tending to move the dielectric bodily in such a way as to increase the integral value of eE2, and if the dielectric is solid and if the field is produced by the charging of electrodes supported by it, then it will be subjected to the pressure arising from the mutual attraction of the electrodes. Deformations resulting from these two types of forces should not be classed as electrostrictive, although one or the other enters into many measurements of électrostriction. Electrostrictive effects are generally derived from observations of the change in dimension of a condenser of which the dielectric is the substance to be studied (2, 14, 20, so, 57, 63, 74, 75, 82, 96, 97,127). If Z is the dimension considered, AZ is the increase in I under action of the electric field, and if p is the corresponding elastic modulus, then pAl/lE2 depends solely upon the configuration of the system, and upon e and its variation with Al. The changes (Al) are very small and the sources of error are numerous; consequently the results obtained are frequently quite discordant and at times even qualitatively contradictory. For summaries and discussions, v. ( 20 > 50 > 79 > 81> 82); for recent developments, V. ( 2 , 10, 14, 33, 34, 55, 57, 74, 75, 92.5, 123); for

bibliography, v. (1°, ioo). TABLE 1.—ELECTEOSTRICTION The following data are based upon the change in dimensions of a condenser when it is charged. This change frequently increases rapidly for several seconds; the values tabulated are presumably those approximately constant ones corresponding to an application of the field for 15 to 40 sec. In column (2) the type of the condenser is indicated (c = cylindrical, s = spherical, p = plate) and the quantity corre-

INHALTSVERZEICHNIS Elekt rost riktion. Piezoelektrizität. Py roelektrizit ät. Piezo- und Pyro-Effekt bei Zimmertemperatur. Turmalin. Quarz. Seignettesalz (KNaC4H4O6.4H2O). Weinsäure und Rohrzucker. Pyroelektrischer Effekt: Änderung mit der Temperatur.

INDICE PAÖB Elettrostrizione 207 Piezoelettricità 208 Piroelettricità 209 Effetti piezo e piro a temperatura ordinaria 209 Tormalina 210 Quarzo 211 Sale di Rochelle (KNaC4H406.4H20) 211 Acido tartarico e zucchero di canna 212 Effetto piroelettrico: variazione con la temperatura 212

sponding to I in the formula below is stated; ce = cylindrical condenser with electrodes supported by the dielectric. Röntgen ( 93 ) found that all liquids expanded under the action of E] Quincke ( 81 > 84) found that some contracted, the contraction for (C2Ho)2O, almond oil, and rape oil being marked. For air and CO2, Gans (35) found a reduction in pressure in an electric field, in rough agreement with the value predicted by theory. For other work with gases, v. ( 20 > 50» 66 > 82). For other experimental work, v. (2, 20, 34, 35, 55, 57, 63, 66, 69, 70, 82, 96, 97, 127).

Al/lE* ss A X 10~n. Unit of A X 10"» = 1 cm2 cgse~2 = l.lls X 10-5Cm2VoIf2. Dielectric Glass* (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) Paraffint (1) (1) Ebonite§

Rubberli (1) (2) (3)

| Condenser | A \ n \ Lit. c,, length 5 ^ 2 1 3 (ïô)~ c., length 5.6 13 (10) 1.3 13 («4) 2.3 13 (U) 5.7 13 (i») 4.4 13 (19) 7.1 13 (I») s, volume 2.6f 7 (**) ce, length 8.4 11 (10) c, length 9.4 11 (io) c., length 5.8 12 (io) to 1.15 10 (10) c, length 6.5 10 (io) 1.0 9 (i«) p, thickness 6.7 9 (IO) p, thickness 5.4 9 (io) p, thickness 7.6 9 (*Q)

* Values for (1) and (2) obtained 15 sec after application of E\ at 2 or 3 sec after application of E, A is only 4. From data obtained ( 125 » 126) with various glass tubes, electrodes not supported by the glass, Adams ( 2 ) deduces SirfiAl/lE2 = -1.35 to -3.78; v. also (*<>» 5 7» «»» 70, ioo). t Flint glass. Av/vE2 is unchanged by a variation of E in the ratio of 1 to 5. Î Values 35 to 40 sec after application of E; at 5 sec after application of Et A is only 4. Temperature, 240C. Both recorded values are for same tube. § Various specimens of the ce group have been treated so as to vary /«(1.7 X 10* to 27 X 10»); the products of A X 10~n by the corresponding values of /* are constant ( = 0.18). For the c group, /* lay between 1.3 X 10» and 1.7 X 10». 1 This section deals with data pertaining to électrostriction, piezoelectricity I) (1) and (2) are vulcanized "para-normal" rubber; (3) is unvulcanized pure and pyroelectricity. An units are of the cgse system unless the contrary is stated. rubber. The volume of the plate does not change when E is applied.

finite; V. ( 1 5 , 2 1 , 2 5 , 8 3 , 1 1 7 ) .

Owing to the smallness of the effect and to various sources of error such as twinning,1 faulty orientation of crystal plate being studied, presence of impurities, etc., the data available are in most cases somewhat discordant. For many substances, our exact knowledge is limited to the fact that the piezoelectric constants are not all zero. For full bibliography, including applications, v. ( 16 ); for recent !Partially twinned crystals show a reduced piezoelectric effect; complete twinning removes the piezoelectric property altogether.

summary of information regarding piezo- and pyroelectricity, v. ( 36 ); for description of piezoelectric phenomena, general theory, and bibliography, v. ( 20 > 21, 24, 81 > 82 > 9*, l* 7 ); for more recent formulation of theory, v. (7, 9, U, 37, 48, 99, no, ill, 112); f or applications to high-frequency circuits, v. ( 15 > 17> 2 7 > 38 > 59 > 67 > 78 > 98 ); for equations giving value of P for a pressure applied in an arbitrary direction, v. ( 82 > 91 > 103 > 117); for representation of P by means of piezoelectric surfaces, v. (l> 4 > 51 > 91 > 103 > 117 );for effect of hydrostatic pressure, v. (117); cf. (56); for discussion of second-order effects, v. ( 82 > 117 > U 9 ). A list of crystals for which piezoelectric effects have been observed, and their constants, are given in Table 3. TABLE 2.—THE PIEZOELECTBIC CONSTANTS PRESENT FOR EACH CLASS OF CRYSTALS POSSESSING THE PIEZOELECTRIC PROPERTY Excepting the plagihedral cubic class (117), all of the 21 classes of crystals having no center of symmetry are piezoelectric. The parameters are denoted by their subscripts in accordance with the scheme of equations. A repetition of a subscript for any crystal class indicates that for this class the corresponding parameters have the same value. In writing the equations for the five trigonal classes, a factor 2 must precede each d corresponding to parameters 16 and 26, in all other cases the equations are written as above, those parameters corresponding to blanks in the table being necessarily zero. Hex. = hexagonal, Rho. = rhombic, Mon. = monoclinic, P = polar The coordinate axes are assumed to be orthogonal, to form a right-handed system, and to be directed as indicated in the footnotes. True polar pyroelectric effects (p. 209) may be exhibited by classes 2, 4, 6, 9, 12, 14, 15, 17, 18, 19; for class 19, P91 PV1 and Pz are all present; for 18, only Px and Py are present; for all the other classes, only Pz exists.

Px

14

14 15

14 15 -22 -22

14 15

14

Polar

Sphenoidal

Sphenoidal

Clinohedral

|

14 15 -22

I Tetartohedral Polar

Trapezohedral

11 11 11 -11 -11 -11

Tripyramidal polar

Tetartohedral polar

Polar

Tetartohedral

I 11 -11

Trapezohedral

Polar

Holohedral

Trinvramidal nolar

Trapezohedral

Parameter Cubicll Polar 11 12 13 14 14 15 15 16

Triclinic^ asymmetric '

3 I 4 j 5 1 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 I 10 | 11 1 12 1 131 Ul 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | Hex.* I Trigonalf I Tetragonali I Rho.t | Mon.§ |

I

Class 1 1 1 2

I Polarization

Piezoelectricity.—In general, when an anisotropic dielectric having no center of symmetry is mechanically strained, it becomes electrically polarized; the direction and magnitude of the polarization (F) depend upon the nature of the crystal, upon the nature and amount of the strain and upon the direction of the strain with reference to the axes of the crystal. Conversely, when such a dielectric is subjected to an electric field (E)1 not only are stresses of an electrostrictive nature set up in it, but also others which are usually much larger and which depend upon both the direction and magnitude of E. These effects are described as piezoelectric. The production of polarization by strain is called the direct effect; the other is the converse effect. From experiments with calcite (CaCO3), dolomite (CaMgC2O6), beryl (Be3Al2Si6Oi8), topaz (Al2F2SiO4), barite (BaSO4), and celestite (SrSO4), Voigt (12°) concludes that crystals possessing a center of symmetry may possess "central-symmetrical" piezoelectricity. Also some investigators have observed what appears to be a piezoelectric effect for certain apparently non-crystalline substances such as beeswax and resin ( 3 > 28 ), sheet rubber ( 12 > 85), ebonite, glass, hornoid, sealing wax, celluloid and paraffin (12), but it is difficult to determine how much of the observed effect is due to frictional electricity and to the presence of very small piezoelectric crystals. The observations ( 85 ) lead to a value of the order 10~5 for the strain-constant d for sheet rubber; this is nearly a thousand times as great as the value for most piezoelectric crystals. If Px, Py1 Pz are the components of the polarization (electric moment per unit of volume), EX1 Eyi E21 the components of E] xxi yyi etc., the six strain components; XXJ YV1 etc., the six stress components; then Px = eiixx + e\ïyv -f 0132* + e^yz + e^zx + ei&v -Px = dnXx + dl2Yy + ditZ. + duYz + d15Z, + d16Xv The expressions for the components Pyi Pz are obtained from that for Px by changing the first digit " 1 " of the subscript of each e to "2," and to "3," respectively: — Pyi —Pz are obtained from -Px by changing similarly the subscripts of each d. For the converse effect: Xx = diiEx + dziEy -j- dsiEz -Xx = enEx + e2iEy + e*\Ez The other five equations of each set (yyi zz, yz, zxj xy; and Yyi Z21 YZ1 ZX1 Xy) are obtained in order from these by changing the second digit (1) of the subscript of each d (or e) to 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, respectively. The d's and e's are called the piezoelectric constants, the d's being the strain constants and the e's the moduli: they are mutually related by equations involving the elastic constants of the crystal ( 81 > 82 > 91 > 117). Excepting triclinic asymmetric crystals, in each special case certain of these 18 parameters are necessarily zero. Those which may not be zero are indicated in Table 2. When the polarization is parallel to the stress producing it, it is described as a longitudinal effect; it exists only when one or more of the constants with subscripts 11, 22, 33 are finite. When the polarization is perpendicular to the direction of the strain producing it, it is described as a transverse effect; it exists whenever one or more of the constants with subscripts 12, 13, 21, 23, 31, or 32 are finite, and also for certain directions of the stress when one or more of the constants with subscripts 14, 25, 36 are

11 11 12 12 13 13 14 14 14 14 14 15 15 15 15 15 16 16

Pv 21 -22 -22 -22 21 21 22 22 22 22 22 22 23 23 23 24 15 15 15 15 -15 15 15 24 24 24 25 14 -14 -14 -14 -14 14 >-14 -14 14 25 25 25 26 -11 -11 -11 -11 26 26 Pz 31 32 33 34

35 36 14

31 31 33

31 31 33

31 31 33

31 31 31 -31 33

36

31 31 33

31 31 31 32 33 33

36

31 32 33

36 36

31 32 33 34 34

35 35 36

* z-axis coincides with the c-axis of 6-fold symmetry; where polar, the -f- direction is direction of the polarization produced by heating the crystal. The !/-axis is ± to a face of the first order prism. t z-axis coincides with the c-axis of 3-fold symmetry. The j/-axis and the -f- direction of the 2-axis are as for hexagonal (». *). Polarization of class 7 is not changed by hydrostatic pressure. Î Coordinate axes x, y, z coincide, respectively, with crystallographic axes a, 6, c. § x-axis [| c-axis; z-axis [[ 6-axis; âxis lies in obtuse angle between the a- and c-axes. Il Only the tetrahedral (I0) and the tetartohedral (Ib) classes are piezoelectric. 1 Only the asymmetric class is piezoelectric. No convention regarding directions of axes of coordinates.

Pyroelectrîcity.—The electrical polarization (P) of many substances is changed when the temperature of the substance is changed; this phenomenon is described as pyroelectric. ôP/ôt is called the pyroelectric constant of the substance; it decreases with the temperature and perhaps vanishes at absolute zero. Several types of pyroelectricity are distinguished. The most marked pyroelectric effects are exhibited by those crystals which have a vectorial (polar) structure defining, not merely a line, but a definite direction along that line. The type exhibited by such crystals is called the polar or vectorial type of pyroelectricity; it is the type commonly associated with the word "pyroelectric." This type can be exhibited only by crystals belonging to the classes 2, 4, 6, 9, 12, 14, 15, 17, 18, and 19 of Table 2. Another type, in which the effects are much smaller, is known as the central or tensorial type; it may be exhibited («2, 91, lie, H7, 120, 121) by changing uniformly the temperature of crystals which have a certain type of tensorial symmetry; this type of symmetry occurs in every crystal class except those of the cubic system. As crystals which are pyroelectric are also piezoelectric, the deformations accompanying changes in temperature give rise to polarizations of piezoelectric origin. These false pyroelectric effects are superposed upon the true pyroelectric effects which result solely from changes of temperature, effects due to accompanying strain being eliminated. In general, any piezoelectric crystal, when deformed by a change in temperature, whether uniform or not, exhibits false pyroelectric effects. Those produced by non-uniform heating are the more common and are called the false pyroelectric effects of the first kind, those produced by uniform heating being called the false effects of the second kind. As the false effects are generally much greater than the true, it is difficult to determine the latter. Indeed, the true pyroelectric effect has been investigated only for tourmaline and its existence for that substance is questioned. The magnitude of the pyro effect observed depends markedly upon both the surface and the volume conductivity of the specimen ( 61 > 94, 114, 117). The converse, or "electro-caloric," effect (the change in temperature resulting from the application of an electric field) has been detected (58, i°2, 117). For general discussion of pyroelectricity, v. ( 20 , 4 I, 60 > 81, 82 » 8 3 , 9 i , i i 7 ) ; f or its molecular theory, v. ( 6 , 7 , 8 , 2 0 , 8 2 , 8 3 , 9 1 ,

110, 112, 117); most complete quantitative data are by Ackermann (l), discussed by Boguslawski ( 6 ). For data for specific substances, see Table 3. In addition to the substances tabulated below, both pyro and piezo effects have been observed (23, so, 82, 91, 117, 120, 121) in the following crystals possessing a center of symmetry: topaz (Al2F2SiO4), barite (BaSO4), beryl (Be3Al2Si6Oi8), calcite (CaCO3), dolomite (CaMgC2Oe) and celestite (SrSO4); and by means of a high frequency method, in which the orientation of the axes of the crystal could not be determined, traces of the piezoelectric effect have been found ( 38 ) in the following crystals: proustite (AgsAsS3), urea (CH4N2O), ammonium oxalate (N2H8C2O4), asparagine (C4H8N2O3-H2O), ammonium acid tartrate (NH4HC4H4Oe) pentaerythritol (CsHi2O4), tetraethy!ammonium iodide (N (C2H5)4I), triphenylmethane (CH(C6Ho)3), potassium acid tartrate (KHC4H4O6), magnesium sulfate (MgSO4.7H2O), ammonium acid phosphate (NH4H2PO4), sodium tartrate (Na2C4H4O6), sodium sulfoantimonate (Na3S4Sb.9H2O), nickel sulfate (NiSO4.6H2O) and zinc sulfate (ZnSO4.7H2O). For other crystals, v. (43, 43.5, 4 4 , 4 5 , 4 6 , 4 9 , 6 4 , 6 5 , 6 8 ) . For piezoelectric effects with apparently non-crystalline substances, v. p. 208. No observation of either kind of effect was found recorded for crystals of classes 3, 5, 8, 10, 11, 13, 14 (v. Table 2). Of the other classes, no direct piezo observation was found recorded for classes 2, 4, 9, 12, 15, 18, 19, but all crystals which exhibit pyro effects are also piezoelectric. Crystals of class 7 are not excited by hydrostatic pressure. The numbers in the column "C. S." indicate the crystal class of the substance, in accordance with the numbers of Table 2. The presence of the mark " V " in a column indicates that the corresponding effect has been actually observed, but the numerical value of the constant is not known with certainty; if the detected pyro effect is necessarily a "false" one, the " 1/ " is replaced by an "f;" blanks indicate that no record of observations was found. In column "C" is the symbol indicating the piezoelectric strain constant which has the value A X 10~~8, A being the value adjacent to the symbol. For example, for tourmaline at room temperature, ds3 = 5.78 X 10~8 (es/cm2)/(dyne/cm2). Units are cgse. Data for pyro effect refer to the total effect, the sum of the "true" and the "false."

TABLE 3. —A LIST OF SUBSTANCES FOR WHICH EITHER PIEZO- OR PYROELECTRIC EFFECTS HAVE BEEN OBSERVED; TOGETHER WITH THEIR CONSTANTS AT ROOM TEMPERATURE Formula

-, _ Substance

^1 C. S.

Variable

Tourmaline (v. Table 4)

Ba(CHO2), Ba(SbO) 2 (C 4 H 4 O 6 ) 2 .H 2 O (Be, Mn, Fe)7Si3Oi2S C C3H8N4O4 C4H6O6 C4H12N2O6 C6H3N3O7 C6H6O2 C6Hi2O5

16 Barium formate 12 Barium antimonyl tartrate I0 Helvite Diamond Ia Méthylène diisonitramine methyl ester CH215 (N 2 0 2 .CH 3 ) 2 17 Tartaric acid 17 Ammonium tartrate 15 Picric acid 15 Resorcinol Quercitol 17

C 6 Hi 2 O 6 -H 2 O

d-Rhamriose (isodulcitol)

C6H16ClN C7H7BrO4 Ci0Hi5NO CioHisBrsO

Triethylamine hydrochloride Bromoshikimilactone Carvoxime Ci 0 Hi 4 . NOH Carvone pentabromide

* Value is relative to tourmaline (kind not specified) as unity,

6

17

'

— 8P/ot ( !'I ( 1 . 6 f V f

Pyro j — I Lit. ) J

d»

5.78

:

Lit. (89,115)

(45) (81,H3) (43, 43.5)

,

'(US)

V

Of

(113)

(81,109)

7.5

(47)

2.84§

(1,47)

^38)

I/ 7.7

(13) (47)

(38)

v 3 63

'

(«i) 1 (47) l ;

\ 0.505/

2 4

I/ V

(42) (107)

17 17

V V

(81) (122)

f No trace of piezoelectricity,

Piezo A

(45) (104,113) (43, 43.5)

0.0*

/

(')

I ———; i C I

Î v. Table 7,

^ 33 J

6.4

(103)


C10Hi7NO Ci 2 H 22 On Ci2H22On.H2O Ci4H10O2 Ci4H12O C16H26O CaAl2Si3Oi0-SH2O 2CaO.Al2O3.3SiO2.H2O 3Ca3P2O8-CaF2 K2C4H4O6^H2O KBrO3 K2S2O6 KLiSO4 (KLiSO4)* + (KLiCrO4) (KLiSO4)18 -f KLiMoO4 K2SO4 + Li2CrO4 KLiSeO4

_. Py r o I C. S. ——— : — — j ôP/ôt I Lit. j C I Fenchoneoxime 17 ? («Ï) Saccharose (cane sugar) 17 0.53 (47) d^% Lactose 17 v («i) Benzil 7 dn Phenyl p-tolyl ketone C6H5.CO.C6H4.CH3. . 6 v (5) Patchouli camphor 7(?) dn Scolecite 18 0.99 (47) Prehnite 15 v (92, 108) Fluoroapatite 4 i/ (44) Potassium tartrate 17 5.96§ (i, 47) Potassium bromate 6 v (107) Potassium dithionate 7 f (46) Potassium lithium sulfate 4 4.86§ (1J47) Mixture 4 i/ (105) Mixture 4 ^ (ios) Mixture 4 v (ios) Potassium lithium selenate 4 l/ (ios)

KNaC4H406.4H20

Rochelle salt (t;. Table 6)

16

V

Li2S04.H20 Li2SeO4-H2O LiNa3(MoO4)2.6H2O LiNaSO4(anhydrous) LiNa3(SeO4)2.6H2O 6Mg0.8B2O3.MgCl2

Lithium sulfate Lithium selenate Lithium trisodium molybdate Lithium sodium sulfate Lithium trisodium selenate Boracitell

17 17 6 6 6 1«

23.2§ 17.17§ V 2.3§ 5.38§ 0.07*

NaBrO3 NaClO3

Sodium bromate Sodium chlorate

I6 I6

f f

Formula

Substance

Piezo A

; I

— Lit.

-10.2

(Si)

24

(US)

0.14

(»3)

(38) (46)

^12) "^ M" ^QQ 1^ (ìli) (i, 47) (i, 47) (113) (*> 47) (i, 47) (32, 113)

(38) ^33

14

(H3) (23, 24, 113)

(46) (23,31,

^14

_4.8

(23, 32, 46)

32, 46)

NaIO4.3H2O Pb(CH02)2 Pb(SbO.C4H4O6)2 Rb2C4H4O6 SiO2 Sr(CHO2)2

Sodium periodate Lead formate Lead antimonyl tartrate Rubidium tartrate Quartz (v. Table 5) Strontium formate

9 16 4 7 7 16

Sr(HC4H4O6)2.4H2O

Strontium acid tartrate

19

Sr(SbO-C4H4Oe)2 SrS2O6.4H2O 2ZnO.SiO2.H2O

Strontium antimonyl tartrate Strontium dithionate Calamine (hemimcrphite)

4 7 15

ZnS(^)

Sphalerite

\s f V 0.5Of* f

(46) (45) (106) (31, 113) (45)

(46) ( 80 ); c/. (45)

dn ^11

8.2 -6.9

("3) (22,95) (45)

j [J'^ } O» 4 7 » 1 1 3 ) ^ f 5.0*

(106) (46) (113); cf.

0.13*

(30,32,

(46)

(23)

1.

^

4.8

(lis)

113)

§ v. Table 8.

|| Isotropie if t > 2650C.

^ For pressure along an axis of 3-fold symmetry; the resulting polarization is in same direction.

TABLE 4.—TOURMALINE: PYRO- AND PIEZOELECTRIC CONSTANTS The z-axis coincides with the ternary (optical) axis of the crystal, and the z-axis lies in any one of the three planes of trigonal symmetry. The positive direction of z passes through the end of the crystal which becomes charged positively when the crystal is uniformly heated. This end is called the "analogous" end of the crystal; frequently it is not possible, by mere inspection, to determine which is the analogous end ( 124 ). The opposite end is called the antilogous end. The values found for the constants vary considerably from one specimen to another; in general, those for the darker specimens are the smaller in numerical value. The permanent electrical polarization along the 2-axis is about 8 X IO4 cgse ( 87 > 90 > 91); hydrostatic pressure increases it about 8 X 10~8

cgse per barye ( 56 ). Whether tourmaline exhibits "true" pyroelectric effects is doubtful; Voigt ( 114 > 117) thought the true effect amounted to 20% of the total, but Röntgen ( 94 > 118 ) and Lindmann ( 61 ) decided that it is too small to measure. The values given below represent the total pyroelectric effect. Writing dP/ot = a -f- 2b(t — to), where P = the polarization along the z-axis, and t and ^0 are final and initial temperatures, values of a varying, with the specimen, from 0.52 to 2.03, and of b varying from -0.000256 to +0.0117 were found (8*> 9*),-experiments extended to t = 16O0C. For pyroelectric data, v. (*> 81> 8 ^, 91, H 3 , i i 7 ) ; f or piezoelectric, v. '(«» 89 > 9 i> m, us, 117, 120). P = polarization, !T = absolute temperature, A^ X 10~8 = du>, etc.; Bi5 X IO4 = e15, etc. (v. p. 208). Unit of T = I 0 K; of P, d, e = I cgse unit of appropriate kind.

Pyroelectric 8P/ÔT

T 23 88 198 253 274 293 (293) 352 372 408 488. 578 648

B. G.* 0.04 0.142 0.652 0.935 1.005 1.060 1.057t 1.170 1.187 1.217 1.268 1.381 1.525

I

I

Y. G.* 0.08 0.289 0.974 1.205 1.243 1.281 1.275t 1.337 1.350 1.381 1.490 1.669 1.865

I

R. R.* 0.08 0.300 0.982 1.219 1.270 1.313 1.324f 1.404 1.426 1.460 1.544 1.723 1.943

94

_

L. G4 ( )

T oP/dT A 16 A 22 ASI A 33 Lit

20.5 79 194 273 313.5 291 0.037 0.20 0.66 0.96 1.10 1.13§ Piezoelectric Constants || 11.04 Bi, 7.40 -0.69 -0.94 B22 -0.53 0.74 0.96 B31 3.09 5.78 5.4 5.4 5.6 B33 9.60 (89,115)

(94)

(113)

(71)

Lit

* B. G. = blue-green, Y. G. = yellow-green, R. R. = rose-red.

O).

(89,115) Data from

7

t Data from (* ). JL. G. = light-green, data from ( 94 ). With darker specimens he found values only 83 % of these; discussed in (118). §From ( 8€ ) for 5 green Brazilian specimens: 8P/8T = 1.13-0.0104(r 291). Il Vary but little with changes in pressure and temperature; between 2O0C and the temperature of liquid air ( 62 ) and for pressures up to 22 megabarye ( 71 ), the variation of das lies within the limits of experimental error. From theoretical considerations, Keys ( 54 ) concludes that, for tourmaline, the adiabatic piezoelectric constants, corresponding to suddenly applied stress, are 1.5 times as great as the usual isothermal ones, dis = Aïs X 10~8, etc.; eu = Bis X 10*, etc.

TABLE 5.—QUARTZ: PYRO- AND PIEZOELECTRIC CONSTANTS For information regarding all properties of SiO2, v. ( 101 ) The 2-axis coincides with the crystallographic c-axis of 3-fold symmetry, the «/-axis is _L to a face of the hexagonal first order prism, and, in dextro crystals, the + direction of the x-axis is outward through one of the faces (commonly denoted by s) of the trigonal pyramid; in levo crystals, the direction of the z-axis with reference to the s-faces is reversed; in each case, the + direction of the 2/-axis is such as to form a right-handed system of orthogonal axes. At 5730C, ordinary SiO2 (trigonal, trapezohedral), known as "a-quartz," becomes transformed to "/3-quartz" (hexagonal, trapezohedral) and loses its pyro- and piezoelectric properties (U, 37, 77, ioi). Owing to its crystal form, SiO2 can have no "true" pyroelectric properties; oP/dt is approximately proportional to the absolute temperature (73), and at room temperature is about half as great as the value for tourmaline (113). Twinning is common; dextro and levo crystals have equally strong electrical properties; hence, specimens which are completely twinned are not piezoelectric. Quartz is not electrically excited by hydrostatic pressure. The value of dn is probably unchanged by pressure parallel to ic-axis; Nachtikal (71) found it to decrease by 0.16% per megabarye, but Rontgen and Joffé (9S) found it was not changed by 0.4% by a pressure of 18 megabarye, and according to Karcher ( 53 ) it remains constant to within 0.1% for pressures ^ 3450 megabarye.

At room temperatures du is practically independent of temperature. There is some evidence that it increases by about 20% as t goes from room temperature to 6O0C, and then with a further increase in t it gradually decreases until at 5730C it vanishes (26.5, 79, 82, 86, loi). On cooling it reappears. On cooling from + 17 to -1930C, du decreases by 1.2%; cooling from -193 to —2530C causes a change of less than 0.2% ( 73 ). Ze ( 127 ) reports that the piezoelectric deformation of quartz reaches a saturation value at a field intensity of about 520 cgse units. In the following, the best values are printed in bold-face. Unit of du and du = 10~8 cgse; of en and eu = IO4 cgse. dn -6.32 -6.3 -6.45 -6.27 -6.54 -6.3 -6.31 -6.90 Lit

(80)

(71)

dn

-6.94

(21,25)

-6.4

(26)

d i4

(89)

+1.7

+1.45

+1.93

(113)

(47)

en =-5.10

(22)

Lit

(95)

(127)

Lit

(101)

(89)

(80)

614 = - 1 . 3 5

Piezoelectric Resonators.—From the density (2.654 g cm"3) and the elastic constants (117) of quartz, the natural frequencies (v) of compressional vibrations parallel to the edges of a quartz parallelepiped cut with its edges a, o, e parallel to the crystal axes x, y, Z1 are Vx = 2.70 X 105/a, Vy = 2.70 X 105/&, and v, = 3.08 X 105/c cycle per sec if the lengths of the edges are a cm, 6 cm, and c cm. In each case the wave-length of the elastic wave in the crystal is twice that of the corresponding edge. Through the agency of dn, the vibrations along x and y may be directly excited by a high-frequency electric field applied parallel to x. . Also, through the same du, a transverse, or shear, mode of vibration may be excited by a high-frequency field parallel to 2/, the fundamental frequency being vxy — 1.79 X 105/6 cycle per sec. This vibration depends upon the rigidity of quartz for torsion about the z-axis. In all of these values for the frequency the effect of sectional area is ignored, but the computed frequencies agree fairly well with those observed; V. also ( 1 6 , 2 6 , 8 1 , 9 5 , 1 1 7 ) .

TABLE 6.—ROCHELLE SALT (KNAC 4 H 4 O 6 ^H 2 O): PYRO- AND PIEZOELECTRIC CONSTANTS Axes xt y, z coincide, respectively, with crystallographic axes a, 6, c. Electrical properties are complicated and are greatly affected by changes in temperature and humidity, and by the past history of the specimen; great differences between individual specimens (29, 52, 72, 110, in, 112). Valasek (UO, ill, 112) thinks it has "true" pyroelectric properties although the crystal form indicates that they can not exist; his computations (110) indicate a permanent electrical polarization of the order of 50 cgse units; v. also ( 23 ). Rochelle salt (potassium sodium tartrate) is not electrically excited by hydrostatic pressure; its di 4 is the largest known piezoelectric constant; v. especially ( 72 ). Unit of du, d25, and d 3 e = 10~6 cgse. Note: In other tables the unit, or common factor, is 10~8. * -70 -50 -30 -20 -10 O ÏÔ 20 30 40 0C di 4 0.170.170.6510.860.767.574.281.010.84.1 (H2) The maximum is much greater than that recorded by any other observer. Later observations (112.5) indicate that with increasing tj di4 increases rapidly from a very low value to about 23 at -2O0C, increases slightly from —20 to +250C, and then decreases rapidly. Between —60 and +30°, d 25 and d36 increase linearly with t, their rates 0being, respectively, 6.8 X 10~9 and 3.1 X 10~10 cgse unit per I C (112.5). Near 2O0C, Pockels («0) finds du = 3.40 to 11.80; d25 = -1.65, and d36 = 0.35. From these data and the elastic constants (66*5) it is found that «u = 56 X IO4 to 194 X IO4, e25 = -5.33 X IO4, and eS6 = 4.34 X IO4 cgse units.

From the.density (1.767 g cm"3) and the elastic constants (66.5) the velocity of compressional waves in a bar of Rochelle salt cut with its length perpendicular to the z-axis and at 45° with the y and z axes is found to be 3.98 X IO5 cm/sec. Hence, natural frequency (v) of such vibrations in a bar a cm long is 1.99 X 105/a cycle per sec; experimental values may be expected to differ rather widely from this value ( 17 ). TABLE 7.—PIEZOELECTRIC CONSTANTS OF TABTARIC ACID (04HeOe) AND OF CANE SUGAR (Ci2H22On) Room temperature; precision about 3%; system = monoclinic polar, du = Au X 10~8; etc. Unit of d = 1 cgse. Formula C4HeO6 Ci 2 H 22 Qn

J An \ Au \ /4.24 | ^4.25 ) ASI | AZZ \ Ass \ A™ Lit. -24 28.3 28.5-36.5 1.95 5.9 6.4 3.8 ( 103 ) 1.27-12.6-7.2 3.752.21 4 . 4 - 1 0 . 2 - 2 . 6 2 ( 5 1 )

TABLE 8.—PYROELECTRIC EFFECT: VARIATION WITH TEMPERATURE (*) T — absolute temperature, 0K. Unit of dP/dt = 1 cgse unit T I 23 I 88 I 198 I 253 | 274 | 293 | 293* | 352 Formula | 8P/8t Sr(HC4H4Oe)2.4H 2 Of 0.040.12 0.45 0.64 0.69 0.728 0.73 0.825 NaLiSO4 0.120.29 0.88 1.63 2.03 2.26 2.31 2.74 C 4 H 12 N 2 O 6 J.... 0.150.31 1.18 2.41 2.58 2.84 2.84 3.42 KLiSO4 0.69 2.50 4.09 4.51 4.85 4.88 5.35 Na3Li (SeO4) 2.6H20 0.350.93 2.94 4.58 5.07 5.38 5.38 6.37 K2C4H4Oe.JH 2 Of 0.391.00 3.32 5.10 5.60 5.96 5.98 6.89 Li2SeO4JI2O... . 0.922.30 9.8714.5416.0017.17 17.1419.35 Li 2 SO 4 .H 2 O.... 1.213.81 12.24 18.42 20.45 23.27 23.1826.90 * (47). •}• Tartrate. t Ammonium tartrate.

LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) (i) Ackermann, 8, 46: 197; 15. (2) Adams, 8, 22: 889; 11. (3) Adams, 143, 204: 469; 27. ( 4 ) Bidlingmaier, Diss., Göttingen, 1900. ( 5 ) Bodewig, 8, 158: 232; 76. ( 6 ) Boguslawski, 63, 15: 283, 569, 805; 14. (7) Born, 96, 7: 217; 21. Atomtheorie des festen Zustandes. Leipzig, Teubner, 1923. (8) Born, 63, 23: 125; 22. (») Born and Borman, 8, 62: 218; 20. ( 1 O) Bouchet, Thesis, Paris, 1919. (") Bragg and Gibbs, O, 109: 405; 25. (12) Brain, 67, 36: 81; 24. O 3 ) Brugnatelli, 94, 24: 274; 95. (U) Bruhat and Pauthenier, 51, 6:1; 25. ( 15 ) Cady, 529, 10: 83; 22. (16) Cady, 529, 16: 521; 28. (17) Cady, 48, 10: 475; 25. (18) Cantone, 22, 4: 344, 471; 88. ( 19 ) Cantone and Sozzani, 59, 12: 155; 00. 20 ( ) Chwolson, Lehrbuch d. Physik, IV. Braunschweig, Vieweg und Sohn, 1925. ( 21 ) Curie, Oeuvres. Paris, Gauthier-Villars, 1908. ( 2 2 ) Curie, Traité de Radioactivité, I. Paris, Gauthier-Villars, 1910. ( 23 ) Curie and Curie, 34, 91: 383; 80. ( 2 *) Curie and Curie, 51, 1: 245; 82. ( 2 S) Curie and Curie, 51, 8:149; 89. ( 26 ) Czermak, 75, 96: 1217; 87. ( 2 6- 5 ) Dawson,

2, 29: 532; 27. (") Dye, 67, 38: 399, 457; 26. (2«) Eguchi, 219, 2: 169; 20. (29) Frayne, 2, 20: 97; 22. 21: 348; 23. (30) Friedel, 191, 2: 31; 79. ( 3 *) Friedel and Curie, 1911 5: 282; 82. 34, 96: 1262, 1389; 83. (") Friedel and Curie, 34, 97: 61; 83. 191, 6: 191; 83. ( 33 ) Frivold, Fysisk tidsskrift, 20: 119; 22. 63, 22: 603; 21. (34) Frivold and Kassel, 63, 24: 82; 23. ( 35 ) Gans, 8, 11: 797; 03. ( 3 «) Geiger and Scheel, Handbuch d. Physik, XIII. Berlin, Springer, 1928. ( 37 ) Gibbs, 5, 110: 443; 26. ( 3S ) Giebe and Scheibe, 96, 33: 760; 25. (30) Giebe and Scheibe, 96, 34: 347; 25. (40) Giebe and Scheibe, 101, 47: 380; 26. (41) Groth, Physikalische Krystallographie. Leipzig, Engelmann, 1905. ( 42 ) Groth, Chemische Krystallographie, I. Leipzig, Engelmann, 1906. («) Hankel, 211, 12: 549; 84. (43.5) Hankel, 94, 9: 414; 84. (44) Hankel, 8, 19: 818; 83. (45) Hankel, 211, 24: 469; 99. (46) Hankel and Lindenberg, 211, 18: 359; 93. 21: 9; 95. (47) Hayashi, Diss., Göttingen, 1912. («) Heckmann, 96, 33: 646; 25. (49) Hintze, Handbuch der Mineralogie. Leipzig, Veit, 1897. (50) Hirsch, in B90, I. ( 5 I) Holman, 8, 29: 160; 09. (52) Isely, 2, 24: 569; 24. (S3) Karcher, SlA, 18: 257; 22. 143, 194: 815; 22. (54) Keys, 3, 46: 999; 23. ( S5 ) Kliefoth, 96, 39: 402; 26. (56) Koch, 8, 19: 567; 06. (57) Kemble, 2, 7: 614; 16. ( 58 ) Lange, Diss,, Jena, 1905. (5») von Laue, 96, 34: 347; 25. ( 60 ) Liebisch, Grundriss der physikalischen Krystallographie. Leipzig, Veit, 1896. (6l) Lindman, 8, 62: 107; 20. (*2) Lissauer, Diss., Munich, 1907. ( 63 ) Lorberg, 8, 21: 300; 84. (64) Lucas, 51, 4: 491; 23. (65) Lucas, 34, 178: 1890; 24. (66) Mache, 75, 107: 708; 98. (66.5; Mandell, 5, 116: 623; 27. (67) Meissner, 529, 15: 281; 27. 97, 7: 585; 26. 8: 74; 27. (68) Miers, 269, 10: 273; 94. (69) More, S, 50: 198; 00. 2: 527; 01. (70) More, 3, 6: 1; 03. 10: 676; 05. ( 71 ) Nachtikal, 188, 1899: 109. (72) Nicolson, 129, 38: 1467; 19. (73) Onnes and Beckman, 168, No. 132f. 64P, 15: 1380; 12. (74) Pauthenier, 51, 5: 312; 24. (75) Pauthenier, 34, 182: 121; 26. ( 76 ) Perrier, 149, 41: 492; 16. (77) Perrier and de Mandrot, 34, 175: 622, 1006; 22. (78) Pierce, 65, 59: 81; 23. 60: 271; 25. (79) Pockels, Arch. Math. Phys., 12: 57; 93. (80) Pockels, 188, 1894: 1. ( g i) Pockels, in B76, IV. (82) Pockels, in Encyklopädie der Math. Wiss., V. Leipzig, Barth, 1907. (83) Poynting and Thomson, Textbook of physics, IV. London, Griffin, 1920. (84) Quincke, 8, 10: 161, 513; 80. 19: 545; 83. (85) Richards, 2t 22: 122; 23. (86) Riecke, 8, 28: 43; 86. (87) Riecke, 8, Sl: 889; 87. (88) Riecke, 8, 40: 264; 90. (89) Riecke and Voigt, 8, 45: 523; 92. (90) Riecke, 63, 13: 409; 12. (»i) Riecke, in B90, I. (92) Ri688 and Rose, 524, 1843: 59. (92.5) Rocard, 51, 8: 385; 27. (93) Röntgen, 8, 11: 780; 80. (94) Röntgen, 8, 45: 737; 14. (95) Röntgen and Joffé, 8, 41: 449; 13. (96) Sacerdote, Thesis, Paris, 1899. 51, 8: 457; 99. (97) Sacerdote, 51, 10: 196; 01. ( 98 ) Scheibe, Z. f. Hochfrequenztechn., 28: 15; 26. (99) Schrödinger, 75, 121 Ua: 1937; 12. (loo) Shearer, 2, 14: 89; 02. (loi) Sosman, B91. 0«2j Straubel, 188, 1902: 161. O°3) Tamaru, 63, 6: 379; 05. (104) Traube, 188, 1892: 362. (105) Traube, 190, 1892 II: 58. 1894 I: 171. ( 106 ) Traube, 19OB, 8: 269; 93. (107) Traube, 94, 23: 577; 94. (los) Traube, 19OB, 9: 134; 95. (109; Traube, 94, 29: 595; 98. (11°) Valasek, 2, 17: 475; 21. C 111 ) Valasek, 2, 20: 639; 22. (H2) Valasek, 2, 19: 478, 529; 22. (H2.5) Valasek, 166, 65: 235; 27. (H3) van der Veen, Thesis, Delft, 1911. (H4) Voigt, 8, 66: 1030; 98. (U 5 ) Voigt, 188, 1898: 166. (u 6 ) Voigt, 188, 1905: 394. (H7) Voigt, Lehrbuch der Krystallphysik. Leipzig, Teubner, 1910. (l 18) Voigt, 8, 46: 221 ; 15. (l l 9 ) Voigt, 8, 48: 433; 15. (120) Voigt, 63, 17: 287, 307; 16. (121) Voigt, 63, 18: 59; 17^ (122) Wallach, 13, 286: 119; 95. O 2 3 ) Webb, I, 48: 2589; 26. (»**) Worobiev, 94, 33: 263; 00. ("S) Wüllner and Wien, 8, 9 : 1217; 02. (126) Wüllner and Wien, 8, 11: 619; 03. O 2 7 J Ze, 51, 9: 13; 28.

THERMOELECTRICITY A. E. CASWELL Thermo emf and thermoelectric power of elementary substances. Thermoelectric power of couples of pure Fe and Pt.

MATIÈRES Thermo-fem et pouvoir thermoélectrique des substances élémentaires. Pouvoir thermoélectrique des couples de Fe pur et Pt.

INHALTSVERZEICHNIS Thermoelektromotorische Kraft und thermoelektrische Kraft elementarer Stoffe. Thermoelektrische Kraft von Paaren mit reinem Fe und Pt.

Thermoelectric power thermo emf: alloys.

Pouvoir thermoélectrique et thermo-fem: alliages.

CONTENTS

Effect of stress upon thermoelectrical properties of Al, Fé, and Sn.

Pouvoir thermoélectrique : oxydes et sulfures. Effet de la tension sur les propriétés thermoélectriques: métaux. Effet de la tension sur les propriétés thermoélectriques de Al, Fe et Sn.

Effect of longitudinal magnetic field and of tension upon thermoelectric properties of metals.

Effet d'un champ magnétique longitudinal et de la tension sur les propriétés thermoélectriques des métaux.

Effect of magnetic field and of tension upon thermo emf of bimetallic circuits. Peltier coefficient : directly observed. coefficient: directly Peltier observed variation with temperature.

Effet du champ magnétique et de la tension sur la thermofem des circuits bimétalliques. Coefficient de Peltier: directement observé. Coefficient de Peltier: variation avec la température directement observée.

Thermoelektrische Kraft und thermoelektromotorische Kraft: Legierungen. Thermoelektrische Kraft : Stähle. Thermoelektromotorische Kraft : Kohlenstoffstähle. Kraft : Thermoelektrische Oxyde und Sulfide. Einfluss mechanischer Kräfte auf die thermoelektrischen Eigenschaften : Metalle. Einfluss mechanischer Kräfte auf die thermoelektrischen Eigenschaften des AI, Fe und Sn. Einfluss des longitudinalen magnetischen Feldes und der Dehnung auf die thermoelektrischen Eigenschaften der Metalle. Einfluss des magnetischen Feldes und des Druckes auf die thermoelektromotorische Kraft bimetallischer Systeme. Peltier-Koeffizient : direkt beobachtet. Peltier-Koeffizient : direkt beobachtet Änderung mit der Temperatur.

Peltier coefficient of bismuth: directly observed effect of a magnetic field.

Coefficient de Peltier du bismuth: effet du champ magnétique directement observé.

Peltier-Koeffizient des Wismuts : direkt beobachteter Effekt eines magnetischen Feldes.

Thomson coefficient : directly observed.

Coefficient de Thomson : directement observé.

Thomson-Koeffizient : beobachtet.

and

Thermoelectric power: steels. Thermo emf: carbon steels. Thermoelectric power : oxides and sulfides. Effect of stress upon thermoelectric properties: metals.

Pouvoir thermoélectrique : aciers. Thermo-fem: aciers au carbone.

If two metallic conductors, M and A, are connected in series so as to form a closed circuit, and if one junction is kept at the temperature, 0°C and the other at the temperature, t(t 5* 0), there will be a thermo emf M^R around the circuit. By convention, M ER is regarded as positive if the current so produced flows from M to R at the junction which is at 0°C. RE M = —nER] ME R -f REs = MEs. M(ÌR = dnER/dt is called the thermoelectric power of M with respect to R. As a current / passes through a junction from R to M an amount of heat (A/PÄ)/ = T(M(ÌR)I is absorbed per second; uPn is the Peltier coefficient of M with respect to R, and T is the absolute temperature corresponding to t. If M(ÌR is negative, so is JJ/PÄ, and heat is evolved when current flows from R to M. The equations are valid for any consistent system of units; in particular, if E is expressed in volts and / in amperes, the heat is expressed in joules. If, in an unequally heated homogeneous conductor, a current, 7, flows from a point where the temperature is U to another where it is ti, t% > ti, an amount of

t2

direkt

INDICE PAGE Fern termica e potere termoelettrico di elementi. 214 Potere termoelettrico di coppie di ferro e platino 215 puri Potere termoelettrico e fern termica: leghe 215 Potere termoelettrico: acciai Fern termica: acciai al carbonio Potere termoelettrico: ossidi e solfuri Azione di uno sforzo sopra le proprietà termoelettriche: metalli Azione di uno sforzo sopra le proprietà termoelettriche di Al, Fe, Sn Effetto di un campo magnetico longitudinale e della tensione sopra le proprietà termoelettriche dei metalli Effetto del campo magnetico e delle tensioni sopra la fem termica di circuiti bimetallici. . . Coefficiente di Peltier: osservato direttamente... . Coefficiente di Peltier: variazione con la temperatura osservata direttamente Coefficiente di Peltier nel bismuto : osservazione diretta dell'effetto di un campo magnetico Coefficiente di Thomson: direttamente osservato..

222 224 224

225

226

226

226 227

228

228 228

heat H = lC ladt will be absorbed per second, apart from the Jti usual Joule heating effect, a is the Thomson coefficient of the metal in question; it may be either positive or negative. Denoting by a subscript the metal to which a- refers, a M —
of which the longitudinal passage of an electric current through the bar is accompanied by an absorption of heat at one side of the bar and an evolution of heat at the opposite side, the two sides being kept at the same, or essentially the same, temperature. This is known as the transverse Peltier effect. (For a rectangular bar of Bi cut with its length at 45° to the axis of the crystal, distance between sides which became unequally heated = 1.55 mm, distance between other two sides = 2.64 mm, it was observed that A£ = 0.267°C per ampere of longitudinal current, the bar being exposed to the air and at room temperature ( 16 ).) Conversely, a difference in temperature of the two sides gives rise to a longitudinal emf. TABLE 1.—THERMO EMF AND THERMOELECTRIC POWER OF ELEMENTARY SUBSTANCES 2 2 s 5 MER = at + Kto (10)- + %ct (10)- + d; one junction at 0°C. 2 = a + bZ(10)- + c^(10)~5. MQR = d(MER)/dt nPn = T (MQR) = Peltier coefficient; difference in the Thomson coefficients is (
The expression

Q 3g Ì ' > indicates that the quantity varies from — U.ÖQ J

-0.38 to -0.53. Unit of E = l/* v = 10~6 volt; ti, t2 = centigrade temperature, °C. M | R | ti | fe | a I b I Ag« Pb -200 + 100 + 2.947 + 0.6782 Ag Pb 0 + 200 + 3.3383 + 0.847 Ag« Pb 0 + 1 0 0 + 2 . 5 0 + 1 . 1 5 Ag Pt 0 + 900 + 3.04 + 2.01 Ai6 Pb -200 + 100 0.4717 + 0.2718 Al* Pb O + 200 0.4960 + 0.1734

c i Error | Lit. 0.186 1 ( 31 ) 1.5 ( 59 ) 1 ( 76 ) 1.5 (65) 2.386 1 (31) 1.5 ( 59 )

* <"> « +»{: S:S ; !:£}- ••« Al Au Au

Pt 0 + 800 Pb -260 0 + Pb 0 + 200 +

Bi Bic Bi« Bi Bi Bi« Bi« Bi« Bi« Bi« C/ C Ca Ça* Cd Cd* Cd" Cd Cd Ce« Co* Co Co Co Co Cs Cs Cs Cs Cs

Pb -200 + 100 Pb -200 + 100 Pb 0 + 100 Pt 0 + 268 Pt +300 + 800 + Cu + 20 + 100 Cu + 20 + 100 Cu + 20 + 100 Cu + 20 + 100 Cu + 20 + 100 Pb -200 + 100 + Pt 0 + 560 Cu 0 + 100 Pb 0 + 400 Pb -200 + 1 0 0 + Pb 0 + 200 + Pb 0 + 100 + Pt 0 + 320 + Pt +320 + 700 + Cu 0 + 200 + Cu 0 + 280 Cu +340 + 550 Cu +580 + 9 0 0 Cu 0 + 280 Pt 0 +1 200 Pt -200 75 + Pt - 75 + 5.8 + Pt + 2 7 . 4 + 300 + Pb -183 0 + Pb + 28 + 100 +

0.7982 2.90 + 2.90 +

0.9072 0.68 0.934

ÏÏ 65

0.6717 1.5 ( ) 1.5 ( 8( >) 1.5 (17,59, 76;

81.845 43.688 74.42 61.95 15 55.0 56.6 59.0 61.4 61.1 11.056 6.0072 9.35 8.20 3.059 2.619 2.85 0.390 1.5 4.39 20.51 24.75 62.6 23.24 10.7 4.66? 3.14 15.73P 0.66 7.735

+ 0.599 46.47 + 3.2 + 4.502 d=-17900 3.12 2.50 10.00 6.25 8.75 + 3.578 + 16.92 3.1 2.9 + 2.856 1.787 + 3.89 + 0.38 d =-164 1.26 5.4 2.7 + 4.34 8.26 5.70 + 5.49? + 3.453 4.93* 0.10 3.34

+ -

162.5 38.72

+

9.00

(31) (31) (") (65) («5j (") ( 17 ) «17) (17) ( 17 ) ( 3 i) (53) (*<>) ( 77 ) 1 (31J 1.5 (59) 1 (76) 0.5 (65) 0.5 (6S) 2 (44) 2 (64) 2 (64) ( 64 ) 1.5 (66) 2 (««) (Hj (?) (H) t11) («) (19)

1 1 1.5 + 26.82 1.5 1.5 (0.0°)* 1.0 (5.5°)* 1.0 (10.0°)* 5.0 (17.7°)* 1.0 (21.1°)* 1.0 + 5.379 1 0.2274 2 1

(+10 310)t +

7.50

TABLE 1.—(Continued) M | Ü 1 (1 ~~C5 Pb -270

| *2 i + 200 +

a | 2.705 +

b | 0.7866 +

c |Ërror| Lit. ' LTTUÏ (31,59, 62, 80)

+ + +

100 900 200 100

+ + +

2.76 3.130 51.34 16.65

+ + -

1.22 2.460 20.4 2.966

Cu* Cu Fe Fé«

Pb 0 Pt 0 Pb -260 Pb -230

Fe Fe« Ge Ge Ge Ge Hg In Ir Ir* K K K K Li Li Li Mg Mg* Mg Mo Mo Mo Mo Na Na Na Na Ni» Ni* Ni Ni Ni Ni Pd PtA

Pt 0 + 1 000 v. Table 2 Cu 0 + 700 + 13.7 7.80 Pt -200 + 125 + 302.5 +72.5 Pt +135 + 275 - 219t • + 766 Pt +275 + 5 0 0 +1 422 § - 702 Pt +500 + 700 - 362 + 31.2 Pb 0 + 200 8.8103 3.333 Pb 0 + 100 + 2.40 + 0.190 Pt +250 +1 500 7.282 1.108 Pb - 80 + 100 + 2.44 0.28 Pb -183 0 11.33 3.76 Pt -200 - 113 4.64P + 2.41? Pt -113 + 53 8.09 0.59 Pt + 6 2 . 5 + 300 5.41? 0.017? Pt -200 + 50 + 14.37 + 8.76 Pt + 50 + 168 + 16.71? + 4.08? Pt +183 + 300 + 20.57? + 5.39? Pb -200 + 100 0.2010 + 0.2572 Pb 0 + 200 0.120 + 0.193 Pt 0 + 700 + 5.0 + 1.444 W 0 + 1 060 + 4.61 + 0.872 W +950 +2 250 + 24.5f - 188.6 Pb 0 + 100 + 5.892 + 4.334 Pt 0 +1 200 + 1 3 . 0 + 2.96 Pt -200 + 8.1 0.882 + 4.104 Pt + 8.1+ 84.70.482? 0.833? Pt + 97 + 300 + 3.222? 2.094? Pb -183 0 4.16 1.44 Pb -200 + 100 16.325 5.346 Pb 0 + 200 19.067 3.022 Pb -260 0 17.633 5.016 Pt O + 313 2.891 + 0.622 Pt +313 + 900 + 0.484**0.366 Pt 0 +1 200 17.12 + 2.46 Pb -200 + 100 7.409 3.922 Pb -200 + 300 3.038 3.248

Pt« Pt Rb Rb Rb Rb Rb Rh* Rh Sb Sb Sfr Se" Si Sn Sn Sn Sn Sn Sn Sn Ta Ta« Ta Te

Pb 0 + 100 1.788 3.460 + 12.6 Pb -260 0 6.677 + 0.1528 Pt -200 25 3.537? + 1.851? Pt - 25 + 23.24.332 1.328 Pt + 3 7 . 2 + 300 + 2.141? 5.76? Pb -183 0 8.26 3.02 Pb + 38 + 100 0.28? 6.00? Pb - 78 + 100 + 2.17 + 0.05 Pt 0 +1 300 + 6.27 + 1.612 + 0.1797 Pt 0 + 630 + 46.24 + 6.362 14.33 Pt +650 + 7 1 1 +2 100? Pb 0 + 100 + 35.58 + 14.50 Pb + 10 + 100 b = +99 030? to 114 000? Pb -200 + 350 - 408.2 46.96 +351.0 Pb -260 0 0.11 + 0.264 Pb -200 + 100 + 0.0684 + 0.0038 0.266 Pb 0 + 100 0.111 + 0.040 Pb 0 + 100 + 0.230 0.134 Pb 0 + 200 0.168 + 0.187 Pt 0 + 415 + 2.870 + 2.3 Pt +415 + 600 + 13.0 d = -2 200 Cu -200 + 100 3.358 1.343 Pt 0 + 400 + 2.20 + 2.46 Pt 0 +1 200 + 2.0 + 2.64 Cu Qu<852,Qi8 = +434tt An< 362 , Qi8 = +229ft

Te« Te« Te« TI« Tl Tl Tl W

Cu + 20 Cu + 20 Cu + 20 Pb 0 Pb 0 Pt 0 Pt +310 Pb 0

-

(-2 912)f 26.75

1 (76) 1 (65) 0.25 («<>) 1 (I7,3i, 80)

+

6.60

-2 391 + 762 (+204.9)11

(+248) H

-

1.677

-

7.50

+

5.703

+

1.137

+ + +

0.1616 2.193 12.65 8.409

1 1

(«) (")

(H) 1.5 ( 59 ) (33.1) (45) 1 («) 1 (i») (") (?) (») (il) («) (?) (H) (H) 1 (31) 1.5 (59) 1 (68) 4 (.60) 5.0 (57.i) 1.5 ( 17 ) 2.5 (68) (li) (?) («) (H) (19) 1 ( 3 i) 1.5 (59) 0.02 («<>) 0.5 (65) 0.5 (65) 2 (68) 1 (Si) 1.5 (17, 31, 59)

Ht>353, Ql8 = +160ft

+ + + + + + + +

100 100 100 100 100 310 404 100

+ 191,2 + 148.7 + 277.2 + 2.14 + 1.659 + 5.18 - 156ÎÎ + 1.594

1 0.5

(17) (*0) (il) (?) (il) (H) (19) (19) (19) 2.5 (45) 2 (65) («sj 1.5 (4i,76 } (46.1) 3 (79) 3mcv. (»<>) 1% (3*) 1 (76) 1 (17) 1.5 (59) 0.5 (65j 0.5 (65) 3mcv. (27) 2% (64) 3 (68) («) (41) (41)

- 275.0 - 168.9 - 361.2 0.77 0.268 + 1.34 + 70.66 + 3.41

(0.0°)§§ (7.5°)§§ (12.5°)§§ -

1.68 111.9

1.0 (17) 1.0 ( 17 ) 1.0 (i 7 ) 1 (76) 1 (17) 1 (65) 1 (65) 1 (")

TABLE 1.—(Continued) M l R I
|

fe + 300 + 630 + 1 200 +2 430 0 + 100 + 100 + 100 + 100 + 100 + 100 + 100 + 100 + 100 + 100 + 250 + 450

|

a 1.080 1.12 9.4 5.21|||| 3.096 0.919 1.012 0.725 0.400 0.200 0.154 0.135 0.232 2.607 3.047 3.181 5.74

+ + + + + + + + + +

I b + 2.334 •+1.695 + 3.68 + 590 + 3.191 + 0.28 + 0.93 + 0.75 + 0.59 + 0.75 + 0.82 + 0.97 + 0.97 + 1.074 0.99 0.113 + 3.30

| +

c | Error | Lit. 2.375 5mcv. C 27 ) 2% (6*) 2 (*«) 2.0 C 5 ?- 1 ) + 10.99 1 (*<>) (35.0°)§§ 1.0 (17) (46.5°)§§ 1.0 ( 17 ) (48.0°)§§ 1.0 (17) (57.0°)§§ .0 f 17 ) (60.0°)§§ .0 (17) (80.0°)§§ .0 C17) (83.0°)§§ .0 (17) (86.5°)§§ .0 (17) + 1.39 (31) .5 C* 7 ) .5 f 59 ) .5 (31,59, 65)

Zn

Pt +450

+

700 -

17

d = +1 820

1.5 (65)

* Angle between basal cleavage plane and direction of current. t Value of d;c = 0. Î d = 26 716. § d = -87.46. || Value of d; c = 0. t d = -12400. ** d = -600. ttQu<352, [An<352] = quenched [annealed] from below 352°C; Ht>353 = after heating above 353°C; Qis = Q at 18°C. ft d =+12 420 §§ Angle between crystal axis and direction of current. || ||d = 1320. «Annealed. & 99% pure, «Commercial. d 99.57% pure. * Electrolytic. /Filament of incandescent lamp. »Cold-drawn and hammered. h Heraeus made. * 99.8% Co, 0.2% Si, traces Fé. i Electrolytic, cold-drawn, annealed in hydrogen. * Pure "Swedish," hard-drawn, used for gold refining. m Very soft, annealed transformer Fé. n Deposited from nickel carbonyl. • 97.7% Ce, 1.2% Fé, remainder cerium oxide and cerium carbide. P Applies to equation for Q only. « Baker's platinum. r Used in cast form, solid rods soldered end to end. s Slight traces of carbon. * Traces of Fe. w 97.9% Tl, 1.5% Pb, traces of Cu and As. v Se in darkness ; in light sufficient to increase its conductivity 600%, Q is decreased by 6%. « Single crystal.

TABLE 2.—THERMOELECTRIC POWER (FeQpt) OF COUPLES OF PURE IRON AND PLATINUM ( 22 ) The pure iron contained 99.968 Fe, 0.009 C, 0.009 S, 0.001 P, 0.006 Si, 0.001 Mn and 0.006 Cu; the platinum was purest Heraeus Pt. For the Fe, the Ai transformation point near 700°C, due to C, is absent; A2 is at 768°C, Ar 3 and Ac3 are at 900 and 910°C, respectively. Unit of Q = l/*v/°C = 10~6 volt/°C; t = centigrade temperature, °C. t

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700

\

Fe(?Pt

+19.5 +18.1 +15.4 +11.7 + 9.5 + 9.1 +10.8 +14.3

||

t

|

775 800 880 Temp, 900 910 920 930

FeQpt

+18.1 +18.4 +19.4 rising +19.7 +19.4 +16.6 +11.4

||

t

\

FeQpt

Temp, rising 1000 | +12.6 Temp, falling 930 +11.1 920 +10.9 910 +10.8 900 +17.5

TABLE 3.—THERMOELECTRIC POWER (Q) AND THERMO EMF (E) OF ALLOYS (MAINLY BINARY ALLOYS) For list of commercial alloys and miscellaneous mixtures, see end of table. Q = a + b£(10)-2 + c*2(10)-5; E = a£ + Kb£2(10)-2 + Hc23(10)~5 _j_ dj one junction at 0°C; E can not be obtained from Q unless the value of d is known, but d is generally zero if no transformation point occurs between 0°C and t, °C. "ti t tz" denotes

that the coefficients apply if t lies between ti and t2. Unit of Q = !Mv/°C = 10~6 volt/°C; t = centigrade temperature, °C. Ag-Al;0 0 MOO°;Qpb (18) Annealed Quenched Vol. % Ag* j ¥—. a I b a I b 0.00 -0.07 -0.02 -0.04 -0.06 4.98 +0.67 -0.22 +0.43 -0.35 10.1 +0.74 -0.16 +0.70 -0.19 20.1 +0.93 +0.32 +1.05 +0.13 30.3 +1.24 +0.63 +1.39 +0.44 39.7 +1.58 +0.68 +1.84 +0.53 50.6 +2.24 +0.81 +2.75 +0.95 56.1 +2.90 +1.15 +3.25 +1.22 58.0 +3.01 +1.20 +3.56 +1.24 60.9f +3.67 +2.13 +4.03 +1.54 63.5 +2.75 +0.96 +2.88 +0.81 67.4 +1.74 +0.56 +1.80 +0.58 69.8 +1.37 +0.34 +1.53 +0.22 73.2J +0.95 +0.37 +1.36 +0.25 75.4 +1.08 +0.40 +1.23 +0.29 80.0 +2.23 +0.55 +2.15 +0.64 90.3 +1.83 +0.35 +1.76 +0.48 95.1 +1.51 +0.47 +1.46 +0.40 100.0 +2.51 +0.76 +2.44 +0.72 * Electrolytic Ag. f Ag3Al2.

Î Ag3Al.

Ag3Al2-AlCu3; 0° t 100°; QPb (18) Annealed Quenched ; j Vol. % Ag3Al2 a I b a I b 0 -1.36 +0.37 +1L48 +0.77 11.6 -4.18 -0.91 -3.79 +0.11 31.3 +3.71 +2.39 -2.93 +0.31 50.2 +6.94 +1.75 +9.56 +2.47 69.1 +3.99 +1.30 +6.27 +1.82 92.4 +2.78 +1.18 +3.15 +0.97 100.0 +3.67 +2.13 +4.03 +1.54 Ag-Au;0°£ 100°; QCu («») Wt. % Au | a | b || Wt. % Au | 0 +0.20 0.00 60 5 -1.34 -0.53 80 20 -2.70 -0.40 95 40 -2.40 -1.20 100

a | b -2.13 -1.34 -2.16 -0.94 -0.84 -0.32 -0.00 -0.00

Ag-Cd;0 0 nOO°;
Wt. % Ag 0 10 20 30 40* 50 60 70 80 90 100 * Ag2Pd3.

Ag-Hg ; see Hg Ag-Pd;0 0 *9QO°;Qpt ( 39 ) | a | b - 2.61 -0.444 - 6.89 -2.778 -11.44 -5.444 -16.56 -7.444 -26.78 -6.667 -20.333 -4.333 -10.55 -1.889 - 4.72 -0.333 - 1.17 -0.278 + 0.22 +2.000 I +5.67 I +2.667

|

c -1.296 +0.185 +2.037 +3.518 +3.704 +1.667 -0.926 -1.481 -0.278 -0.741 -0.000

Ag-Pt;0 0 *900°;Qpt(39) Wt. % Ft | a | b || Wt. % Pt | a 10 +0.50 -f-1.00 30 -3.375 25 -1.50 -0.624 33 -4.25 Ag-Sb; t = 18°; QCu (**); error = ±4.5% Wt. % Sb | Qcu || Wt. % Sb| feu || Wt. % Sb| 10 -1.7 29 - 6.8 I 70 15 -1.2 30 - 5.55 80 20 -0.91 31 - 4.0 90 25 -2.32 35 4- 1.32 95 27 -2.9 40 + 2.98 100 27.07 -4.8 50 4-8.15 28* -7.65 60 4-12.12

,

| b -0.938 -1.00

Qcu 4-14.33 4-17.63 4-20.5 4-22.5 +32.0

* AgaSb.

Ag-Sn; 0° t 100°; Öcu ( 10 ); for 4 Wt. % Sn, a = - 8.21, b = 4-3.39 Ag-Tl;0°* 100°; Qcu (*<>) Wt. % Tl | a | b || Wt. % Tl| a | b 2.73 | 4-2.95 | -0.81 || 4.76 | 4-12.24] -0.108 Al-Bi;0 0 *100 0 ;Qpb (18) Annealed Quenched ' a | b a | b 0 - 0.07 -0.02 - 0.04 -0.06 1.89 - 0.36 -0.01 - 0.25 -0.05 4.83 - 0.85 -0.12 - 0.46 -0.01 10.0 - 0.92 -0.20 - 0.54 -0.02 30.0 - 9.27 -2.05 - 9.06 -2.09 50.0 -21.9 -2.14 -22.5 -2.14 70.0 -32.6 -3.60 -36.8 -3.36 90.0 -45.7 -0.12 -55.1 -3.02 94.6 -52.7 -1.24 -58.6 -3.48 97.9 -57.8 -1.46 -65.6 -2.01 100.0* -58.7 -3.26 -55.7 -0.34 * Electrolytic.

Vol. % Cu 0 1.18 2.78 6.41 10.6 16.3 22.1 24.1 26.2* 31.6 37.9 41.7f 47.3 50.1 51.7J 52.6 54.4 58.8 64.7 68.3§ 74.3 80.3 86.0 94.0 100.0 * AhCu. t AlCu.

Al-Cu; 0° t 100°; Qpb (18) Annealed I Quenched j ; a I b I a I b - 0.07 -0.02 - 0.04 -0.06 + 0.29 4-0.23 + 0.44 4-0.07 4- 0.37 4-0.58 4- 0.62 4-0.22 + 0.27 4-0.45 + 0.50 4-0.15 4- 0.09 4-0.27 4- 0.34 4-0.06 + 0.03 4-0.20 + 0.12 +0.03 - 0.24 -0.24 + 0.06 -0.47 - 0.20 -0.40 - 0.05 -0.41 - 0.28 -0.42 - 0.11 -0.41 + 1.44 +0.61 + 1.32 +0.48 + 3.65 +1.38 + 3.30 +1.26 + 3.80 +1.55 + 3.96 +1.46 + 3.48 +1.32 + 3.30 +1.14 + 2.72 +1.15 + 2.98 +1.00 + 2.81 +1.20 + 2.76 +0.96 + 6.64 +1.34 + 5.83 +1.60 +11.80 +2.65 +11.25 +2.34 + 6.07 +1.00 + 6.10 +1.58 - 2.32 +0.23 - 1.22 +0.50 - 1.36 +0.37 + 1.48 +0.77 + 1.78 +0.74 + 2.33 +0.79 + 2.06 +0.71 + 2.27 +0.73 +2.15 +0.68 +2.17 +0.69 + 2.24 +0.66 + 2.24 +0.66 + 2.88 +0.98 + 2.88 +0.98 î AhCus.

§ AlCus.

Al-Cu; 0 0 $820 0 ;Qoq* (6*) Wt. % Cu* | a b || Wt. % Cu* 6.0 -2.21 -0.680 94.0 90.0 -1.21 -0.104 95.0 92.5 -1.59 -0.090 97.0 * Electrolytic.

Vol. % Fe*

0 4.85 9.90 14.9 19.1 25.7

| a -1.78 -2.53 -2.31

| b -0.040 -3.20 -3.00

Al-Fe; 0° £100°; QPb (18) Ann aled Quei ched ^ J ! a I b ] a I b -0.07 -0.02 -0.04 -0.06 -0.65 -0.53 -1.07 -0.39 -1.46 -1.37 -2.04 -1.26 -2.13 -2.03 -2.45 -1.90 -2.65 -3.14 -2.85 -2.86 -4.17 -1.98

* Swedish Fé; 0.08 % C.

Vol. % Mg* 0.0 5.68 10.28 20.7 25.4 30.3 39.5 41.2 46.0 51.7 58.5f 62.8 64.3 65.3 67.8t 70.1 73.9 80.7 89.9 95.3 100.0

Al-Mgî 0° t 100°; Qpb (18) Annealed I Quenched ; ; a I b I a I b -0.07 -0.02 -0.04 -0.06 +0.84 -0.39 +1.04 -0.59 +1.12 -0.58 +1.11 -0.58 +0.85 -0.55 +0.91 -0.58 +0.72 -0.70 +0.75 -0.56 +0.21 -0.42 +0.25 -0.37 -0.40 -0.40 -0.82 -0.28 -0.42 -0.55 -0.76 -0.43 -0.56 -0.60 -1.38 -0.37 -0.95 -0.82 -2.49 -0.56 -4.19 -1.08 -4.56 -0.88 +1.68 -1.53 +1.57 -1.50 +3.51 -1.18 +3.48 -0.99 +3.53 +0.86 +3.43 +0.60 +1.22 +0.30 +1.01 +0.36 -0.05 +0.10 -0.13 +0.23 -0.33 +0.09 -0.99 -0.02 -0.78 -0.05 -1.52 -0.16 -1.64 -0.18 -1.86 -0.22 -1.64 -0.18 -1.46 -0.55 +0.18 -1.02 +0.24 -0.83

* 99.2 % Mg, 0.3 % Fe, 0.5 % Si by Wt.

f AlMg.

J AbMgs.

Al*-Mg;t Q°* 420 0 ;Q 0 u (60) Wt. % Al* | a | b O -2.656 -0.7082 10t -6.423 +1.196 87.5t -2.057 -0.7871 90 Î -1.780 -0.980 90t§ -2.132 -0.836 1001| -4.495 +2.408

T

c

- 4.961

-12.877

* 99.67 % Al, 0.16 % Si, 0.15 % Fe, 0.02 % Cu. f Pure Mg. Î Cold-drawn. § Contains 8 % Mg and 2 % Ni. |j Heated red-hot and cooled in air,

__ . , . Vol. % Mn*

ÖTÖ 2.40 5.01 8.99 15.1 19.8f 24.1

Al-Mn; 0° I 100°; QPb (18) Annealed I Quenched j j a | b I a I b - 0.07 -0.02 -0.04 -0.06 - 5.04 -0.46 -5.17 -0.80 - 4.93 -0.91 -4.68 -0.97 - 4.81 -0.71 -4.62 -1.12 - 4.53 -0.58 -4.47 -1.08 - 0.56 -1.48 -1.62 -1.66 +27.3 +2.59 +3.44 -0.21

* 96.8 % Mn, 1.8 % Al, 0.9 % Si, 0.5 % Fe, by Wt. In computing Vol. % of alloy, an allowance was made for the Al in the Mn. f AUMn.

Al-Ni; 0 ° * 100°; Qpb ( 18 ) Annealed I Quenched i i r a l b I a I b

Vol. % Ni* 3.81 8.12 11.7 18.4f 19.8 60.7 66.4 70.3 79.3 90.0 94.9 100.0

- 0.56 - 0.75 - 1.30 - 1.35 - 0.91 - 0.93 + 6.02 +10.4 - 5.30 -17.3 -16.8 -16.2

* No trace of Fé.

-0.07 -0.10 -0.15 -0.22 -0.36 -0.31 +0.39 -0.24 -1.39 -4.94 -5.62 -5.95

- 0.50 - 0.68 - 1.21 - 0.83 - 0.80 - 4.57 + 6.07 +10.3 - 4.93 -14.9 -16.9 -16.2

-0.10 -0.27 -0.32 -0.73 -0.76 -3.39 -0.05 -0.45 -3.50 -7.98 -6.96 -5.95

t AlaNi.

Al-Ni; 0° t 1200°; QPt (68) | a | b -5.671 | -0.6218 Al-Pb; O 0 / 200°; QCu (64) Wt. % Al | a | b || Wt. % Al | a | b O -2.58 +0.02 96.0 -1.25 -1.00 92.0 -1.19 +0.07 100.0 -1.62 -0.59 94.0 -1.41 +0.06

Wt. % Al 5

Wt. % Sb 0.0 60.0 62.0 65.0 70.0 100.0

j

Al-Sb; 0 0 MOO°; QCu (64) a | b - 1.030 -2.243 - 0.816 -0.598 - 0.233 -0.726 - 0.781 -0.968 - 0.306 -1.083 -34.50 -4.941

|

e +8.665 + 2.607 + 2.492 + 3.626 + 3.715 +48.38

Al-Sn;* 0° t 100°; QPb ( 18 ) Annealed I Quenched Vol. % Sn j a | b I a b 5703 -0.40 +0.25 -0.34 +0.46 10.1 -0.41 +0.23 -0.47 +0.48 19.9 -0.51 +0.38 -0.54 +0.54 29.2 -0.54 +0.53 -0.60 +0.66 40.2 -0.54 +0.53 -0.51 +0.64 49.8 -0.54 +0.56 -0.50 +0.64 51.4 -0.51 +0.48 -0.45 +0.55 59.4 -0.52 +0.54 -0.43 +0.61 62.0 -0.36 +0.45 -0.45 +0.55 69.8 -0.47 +0.48 -0.38 +0.61 80.0 -0.30 +0.53 -0.28 +0.58 90.5 -0.17 +0.48 -0.18 +0.53 95.0 -0.14 +0.42 -0.14 +0.42 100.0 -0.14 +0.42 -0.14 +0.42 * Al is soluble in Sn in all proportions.

Vol. % Zn 4J5Ö 9.50 19.3 29.0 39.3 49.6 60.0

Al*-Zn;t 0 ° * 100°; Qpb ( 18 ) Annealed I Quenched j 1 a | b I a I b +0.41 +0.07 +0.55 +0.29 +0.53 +0.32 +0.78 +0.40 +0.71 +0.44 +0.88 +0.47 +0.98 +0.52 +1.01 +0.58 +1.19 +0.66 +1.17 +0.69 +1.40 +1.00 +1.43 +1.04 +1.56 +1.05 +1.64 +1.13

Al-Zn.—(Continued) Annealed I j a I b | +1.68 +1.20 +1.83 +1.26 +2.02 +1.54 +2.09 +1.69 +1.84 +1.59

_ Vol. % Zn 68^7 78.4 89.0 95.0 100.0

Quenched j a I b +1.83 +1.30 +1.85 +1.31 +2.13 +1.50 +2.60 +1.56 +1.62 +1.36

* 99.7 % Al, 0.1 % Fé, 0.2 % Si, by Wt. t Al is soluble in Zn in all proportions.

Au-Cd; 0°* 100°; Qcu (**) At. % Cd | a | b |ì At. % Cd | a [ b ÖTÖ -0.17 -0.03 8/7 -1.81 -0.50 5.4 -1.52 -0.19 17.2 -2.39 -0.48 Au-Cu; 0° t 150°; QCu (69) Wt. % Cu | a b || Wt. % Cu | a | b 10.0 -0.40 -0.80 60.0 -0.83 -0.80 20.0 -0.84 -0.82 80.0 -0.59 -0.68 40.0 -0.88 -0.78 95.0 +0.25 -0.70 Au-Pd;0° t 1000°; QPt ( 39 ) | a | b 1 - 7.944 -1.111 -11.722 -1.556 -12.722 -3.111 -14.333 -5.222 -21.777 -5.556 -26.444 -6.778 -26.000 -0.444 - 4.111 -1.000 - 1.000 +1.000 + 6.777 +2.556

Wt. % Au | e 10.0 -0.185 20.0 +0.185 30.0 +1.296 40.0 +2.778 50.0 +3.704 60.0* +5.370 .70.0 -1.111 80.0 -0.185 90.0 -0.556 100.0 -0.926 * AuPd. Au-Pt; Qpt is negative and on repeated or continued heating increases continually in absolute value, not becoming constant even after 2 hr at 900°C; its absolute value increases with the Pt content (39). Au-Sb; t = 18°;Q C u (4i)

Wt. % Sb Qcu (18°)

50 -1.07

55* -17.0

60 -0.31

* AuSb2.

Au-Zn-, 0 ° < 100°; QCu (?*) At. % Zn | a | b || At. % Zn | a | b 0.0 -0.17 -0.03 10.1 -2.25 -0.53 4.9 -1.85 -0.01 18.3 +0.33 +0.58 Bi-Cd; 0°t 125°; QCu (69) Wt. % Cd | a | b || Wt. % Cd | 0.0 -105.50| +54.00 40.0 5.0 -77.50 +39.60 70.0 10.0 - 68.27 +37.34 90.0 25.0 -47.13 +25.06 100.0

a [ b -31.04+15.08 -12.34+5.08 - 5 . 4 7 + 2.14 +1.56+0.48

Bi-Hg ; see Hg Bi-Pb; ti it^ ECn (28)

Wt. % Pb | 10.0

20.0

30.0

ti 0 241 0 110 200 0 126

|

t2 200 450 110 200 450 120 450

| a | b | d - 8.25 -15.50 0 -17.05 + 3.30 -2000 + 2.50 0.00 0 -11.50 -17.0 0 0 - 1.50 -1000 +10.00 0.00 0 - 2 . 0 8 3 - 0 . 8 3 4 +1250

Bi-Pb.—(Continued) Wt. % Pb | 40.0

50.0 60.0

ti 0 110 0 0

|

U 110 450 450 450

| + -

a | 2.50 6.365+ 1.975 2.750 -

b | d 0.00 0 0.230 +1000 0.825 0 0.750 0_

Bi-Pb; 0° < 150°; Qpb ( 6 ) Vol. % Bi | a b || Vol. % Bi | a | b 5.5 -0.0 +0.50 91.5 + 2.00 -1.00 12.0 -0.0 +0.50 94.5 + 0 . 5 0 -0.50 22.5 -0.30 +1.00 100.0 -30.00 -5.00 82.5 +2.50 -1.00 Bi-Sb; t = 18°;Qcu( 41 ) Wt. % Sb | Qcg || Wt. % Sb |
i= Wt. % Sb 0 9 11 13 20 50 70 100

Bi-Sb; Qcu( 3 8 ) -190°C | -77°C | Qcu - 30 - 75 -153 -103 -156 - 98 -130 - 95 -110 - 83 - 15 - 21 + 3.4 + 6.3 +12 +29

-72 -87 -84 -83 -71 -21 + 8.6 +36

-64 -77 -74 --73 -60 -14 +13 +45

Bi-Sn; 0 ° £ 100°; Qcu ( ) Wt. % Sn | a | b || Wt. % Sn | a | b 0.0 -40.20 -50.0 3.72 +29.4 -24.0 1.0 + 6.77 -33.5 6.36 +39.4 -26.0 2.0 +26.0 -46.5 9.93 Q=+38.0if t = 20.7°

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 * / 2 = 125.

Q

Bi-Sn; *i tt2; ECu (2«) ti = 0, «2 = ISO)
t
Î ti = 210.

§ h = 130.

Bi-Sn; t = 30.7°;
QCu +62.0 +27.7 -18.3 -21.8 -16.2 -11.0 - 3.5 -57.4

* Bi2Tes.

Cd-Hg; 0° t 100°; QCu ( 10 ); see also Hg-Metal Wt. % Hg | a j b || Wt. %'Hg | a | b 5.14 I -4.33 | +5.16 || 10.0 j -3.62 | +5.65 Vol. % Cd a b

Cd-Pb; 0°* 100°;
85.0 +2.60 +3.9

|

Cd-Sb ; 0° t 150°; QPb ( 6 ) Vol. % Sb | a | b || Vol. % Sb | a 6.6 + 5.0 + 4.0 58.5 +235.0 25.8 +20.0 +13.0 66.5 +420.0 41.0 +70.0 +19.0 72.0 +235.0

0°C | +10Q°C

24

_r, _ Wt. %

Bi-Te;* = 18 0 ;Qca(4i) Wt. % Bi |
|

b +48.0 +63.0 +46.0

5

°°C^'

Cd-Sb; QCu* 50 C

Wt. % Sb

(4?

0 33.3 50.0

+0.38

° <8)

Wt. %Sb

+ 4.48 +134.2

51.7 66.7 100

Qcu

(4?

QCu

+305.0 +87.20 + 32.0

* For 50 atom %, Qc>u varies rapidly with composition and is much affected by unhomogeneous structure; mean value between 18 and 55°C may amount to + 543 C 35 » s5-1).

Cd~Sn; 0° £ 150°; QCll (™) Wt. % Cd | a | b || Wt. % Cd | a | b 0.0 -2.73 -1.34 70.0 -0.30 +1.60 10.0 -2.60 -0.34 90.0 -0.40 +3.20 30.0 -1.66 -0.28 100.0 -0.06 +3.72 50.0 -1.33 +1.06 Cd-Zn; 0° * 150°; Qcu ( 69 ) Wt. % Cd | a [ b || Wt. % Cd | a | b 0.0 +0.20 0.00 70.0 -0.56 +4.04 10.0 -0.267 +0.53 90.0 -0.63 +4.22 30.0 -0.99 +2.58 100.0 -0.06 +3.72 50.0 -0.54 +2.68 Co-Cu; t = 50°; QCtl ( 66 ) Wt. % Co | QCu || Wt. % Co QCu || Wt. % Co | 1.5* +30.8 13.9 +29.1 70.3 1.9 +32.1 23.6 +26.5 80.5 3.1 +33.0 34.4 +25.9 90.4 4.1* +32.1 46.6 +20.8 100* 6.7 +31.5 59.4f +19.4 All alloys contain traces of Fe and Ni. heating to 160°C. *For 0° t 100°: Co a b t Contains 0.6% Fe.

T~5 +30.52 +0.776

QCu +18.5 +17.6 +16.7 +27.37

Q was measured after

4~1 +31.03 +0.416

100% +23.24 + 8.26

Co-Fé ; see Fé alloys Co-Ni; 0 ° < 1200°; Q Pt ( 68 ) | a | b | -28.39 | +9.944

Wt. % Co 10

Cu-Ni-Zn; -200° t +100°; .Erb, German silver (commercial) (31); a = -10.861, b = -3.294, c = +1.893. | [

e -6.546

Cr-Fe ; see Fé alloys Wt. % Cr 4.0 5.0 8.0 10.0 12.0 12.0 16 16

Cr-Ni; 0°* 1200°; | a +22.43 +21.304 +28.47 +30.3 +19.9* +31.281 + 11.00J +30.22§

EPt (««) | b | e +1.531 -1.914 +1.716 -4.038 +1.325 -1.492 0.0 0.0 +2.8 d = -1700 +7.70 | -8.655 d = -3830

* 0° i 200°. t 200° t 1200°. î 0° t 600°. § 600° t 1200°

Cu-Hg ; see Hg Cu-Mn-Ni; 0°* 100°;#Pb ( 17 ) manganili (84Cu, 12Mn, 4Ni) (?); a = +1.366, b = +0.0828, c = +3.36. Cu-Mn-Ni-Fe;* t = 25°; QCu ( 4 7 )

.

Cu 88.02 87.24 88.20 83.60 84.72

l

™L%

Mn 9.93 10.26 8.84 12.03 12.83

I

Ni 1.71 1.77 1.78 3.41 2.08

|

Fe 0.24 0.52 0.93 1.04 0.73

Q

V

+4 +5 +3 +8 +4

* All specimens annealed.

Cu-Ni;0° t 100°; Qcu ( 71 ) At. % Ni | a | b || At. % Ni | a | b 5.4 -17.67 -4.55 66.4 -32.12 -2.47 10.8 -22.42 -6.69 69.6 -32.76 -1.58 21.4 -28.11 -7.73 73.0 -34.02 -1.48 32.1 -32.93 -7.71 74.5 -33.01 -0.71 41.9 -35.10 -7.74 74.7 -30.43 -2.36 50.9 -39.41 -8.66 82.8 -33.65 -1.66 55.1 -33.17 -6.75 88.3 -31.08 -3.84 62.8 -32.56 -5.95 100.0 -25.56 -3.40 For 3.94 Wt. % Ni, a = -15.14, b = +10.2; for 17.3 Wt. % Ni, a = -24.9, b = -13.2 (io). Constantan = 60% Cu, 40% Ni; 0° t 400°, a = -38.105, b = -8.884, c = +8.568; error in E = ±1% (2). Cu-Ni; < i t < 2 ; ffrt ( 68 ) Wt. % Cu | ti \ h | a | b | c 0.0 0 1200 -17.12 +2.460 -2.193 10.0 0 400 -30.85 +4.250 400 1200 -21.71 30.0 0 300 -36.87 +4.712 300 1200 -39.37 d = +2980 50.0 0 350 -53.23 +4.756 | 350 1200 -50.64 d = +1700 70.0 0 400 -44.73 -0.978 400 1200 -49.80 Cu-Ni; t = 5Q°;Qpb ( 34 ) Wt. % Ni | Qpb || Wt. % Ni | Qpb || Wt. % Ni |
Cu-P; t = 18°;Qcu( 41 ) Wt. % P | QCu |! Wt. % P | QCu || 1.88 +0.06 6.20 +1.40 4.03 +0.435 8.75 +2.10 4.08 +0.48 12.70 +5.20 5.75 +1.30 13.62 +6.00

Wt. % P | Qcu 13.97 +6.30 14.16* +6.85 14.29 +4.30 14.56 +4.00

* Cu3P.

Cu-Sn; -80° t 100°; QPb ( 56 ) Vol. % Sn | a | b || Vol. % Sn | a | b 0 +3.57 +1.01 55 +2.07 +0.80 5 +0.81 +0.20 60 +2.43 +0.76 10 +0.66 +0.21 65 +2.45 +0.70 15 +1.17 +0.12 70 +1.30 +0.68 20 +1.25 +0.23 75 +1.47 +0.66 25 +0.86 +0.28 80 +1.06 +0.70 30 +0.49 +0.37 85 +0.41 +0.46 35 +2.13 +0.39 90 +0.31 +0.46 40 +1.54 +0.73 95 -0.10 +0.185 45 +1.58 +0.89 100 -0.13 +0.25 50 +2.18 +0.89 Cu-Sn; 0° 1100°; QCu; for 5 Wt. % Sn, a = -3.46, b = +0.322 ( 10 ). Cu-Zn;* -78° * 100°; Qpb ( 61 ) Vol. % Zn | a | b || Vol. % Zn | a | 0.0 +2.350 +1.38 59.5t -0.062 -1.082 3.15 +0.707 +1.01 63.2 9.3 +0.608 +0.81 68.4 +0.639 14.2 +0.710 +0.56 73.6Î +3.330 18.15 +0.740 +0.50 79.3 +2.195 22.8 +0.702 +0.39 80.15 +1.407 31.5 +0.602 +0.59 85.5 +1.821 33.7 +0.699 +0.69 90.4§ +4.716 39.3 +0.602 +0.59 93.7 +4.279 41.7 +0.249 +0.60 95.0 +4.288 47.7 +0.476 +0.44 98.8 +3.220 53.2 +0.490 +0.62 100.0 +2.609 53.4 +0.539 +0.73 * Electrolytic Cu; Zn free of As and Pb.

f CuZn.

Î CuZn 2 .

b +0.40 +0.79 +2.20 +2.45 +1.36 +0.97 +1.13 +1.75 +1.54 +1.72 +1.69 +1.49

§ CuZne.

Alloys of less than 45% Zn were annealed for 36 hr at temperature about 30° below transformation point; other alloys annealed at 65Q°C. Cu-Zn; 0° t 100°; EPb, brass (commercial) a = +0.140, b = +0.5166 (59). Fe-C Steel; see Tables 4, 5

Wt. % Co gCu

Fe-Co;* t = 100°; ECu (37) 10.0 2ÖJÖ -0.64 -3.70

30.0 -3.50

* Annealed by heating with electric current for 15 min; not over 2 % difference between hard-drawn and annealed wires.

Fe-Cr;* t = 100°; ECu (37) ; see aiso Table 4 Wt. % Cr | Ecu II Wt. % Cr | ECu \\ Wt. % Cr | £Cu 10.0 +1.20 20.0 +0.43 29.5 +0.31 18.0 ' +1.04 23.5 +0.32 * Annealed by heating with electric current for 15 min; not over 2 % difference between hard-drawn and annealed wires.

Fe-Cr-Ni;* t = 100°; ECu ( 37 )

Fe-Si; see Table 4

^L%

Cr 4.0 10.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 7.0 13.1 13.1 11.0 15.6

|

Ni 17.0 20.0 55.0 60.0 55.0 55.0 75.5 70.6 70.6 84.0 80.4

|

Si O O O O O O 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.40 0.58

|

C O O O O O O 0.22 0.17 0.20 0.034 0.23

EC Cu

Fe-Ti; at 50°C, Qcu = -140 (52)

-0.12 -0.46 0.00 4-0.07 +0.07 -0.08 +0.20 +0.20 +0.17 +1.49 +0.76

Fe-W ; see Table 4


Fe-Cr-Mn-Ni;* t = 100°; ECu (37)

Cr 0.31 0.11 0.11 31.9 22.7

|

Wt. % Mn | Ni | Si | C 6.6 58.3 1.0 0.16 12.0 82.8 1.058 0.068 6.2 88.5 0.061 0.065 0.20 57.7 0.30 0.40 0.30 69.0 0.25 0.20

Cu

-0.94 -1.11 -1.60 -0.08 +0.24


Fe-Cr-Mn-Ni; ti t tz; #Pt ( 60 ) nichrome (16Cr, 22.5Fe, 3Mn, 58.5NÌ approximately) ti | *2 | a | d || *i | *2 | a | d " 0 | 420 | +25.0 [I 500 [ 1082 [ -34.9| +6994 Fe-Mn ; see Table 4 Fe-Mn-Ni;* t = 100°; ECu (37)

wt. %

Mn 3.0 2.0 2.0 3.0

"

|~^T" 10.0 12.0 17.0 17.0

Ecu

-1.09 -1.02 -1.50 -0.79

wt. %

Mn 6.0 2.0 6.0

|

:

Ni 17.5 22.0 44.0

^Cu -0.73 -1.84 -0.59


Fe-Mo ; see Table 4 Fe-Ni;* t = 100°; ffçu(37); see also Table 4 Wt. % " Wt. % Ni | Si r~C~ Ni I Si I C 0 0 0 +0.86 81.2 0.014 0.19 17.0 O O -0.64 93.0 O O 20.0 O O -0.55 94.6 0.64 0.11 30.0 O O -0.52 96.3 0.35 0.12 33.5 0.16 0.25 -0.48 100.0 0 0

" ^Cu -2.45 -1.90 -1.40 -2.00 -2.38

Fe-Ni; t = 48°; QCu (49)
* If diameter of wire > 0.12 cm, Q is somewhat greater.

Wt. % Fe I 10 * d = - 15 600.

Fe-Ni; ti t £ 2 ; EPi (68) t, I *2 | a | 0 750 -27.66 750 1200 +20.612*

Li Na

PbJ Sb Sn Tit Zn

* Atoms of metal per 100 atoms of Hg.

f See Cd-Hg for Qcu-

180° + 2.6 +203.6 +28.2 + 1.3 - 82.2 -694.0 - 43.4 -184.8 -117.1 -389.0 + 82.5 + 21.4 +65.8 -138.8 + 24.4 Î v- infra.

Hg-Pb ; ^0° and t; EHg (33) m rb*

8Q°

I

'

1.03 2.06 3.09 6.19 9.28 12.38 15.47 18.57 24.77 49.53 98.2 206

iQQ°

I

i8Q°

#Hg

+ 25.6 + 35.5 + 70.8 + 92.0 +124.3 + 94.2 + 87.3 + 96.6 +113.5 +147.2 +169.4 +216.5

+ 34.6 + 48.9 +120.8 +154.0 +162.6 +151.4 +148.2 +170.9 +179.6 +217.2 +250.3 +280.6

+ 82.5 +110.1 +239.9 +548.3 +629.2 +529.9 +439.5 +591.0 +656.9 +733.2 +746.7

* Grams Pb per 100 g Hg.; see also Hg-Metal.

Hg-Tl; 20°and*; #Hg (33,

* Annealed by heating with electric current for 15 rain; not over 2 % difference between hard-drawn and annealed wires.

Wt. % Ni [ 4.0 7.0 13.0 14.0 18.0

Metal

Ag Bi Cdf Cu K

Hg-Metal; 20° and t; ffHg (33) | At.* | 80° | 100° | + T7o + 1.2 + 59.6 + 84.5 + 7.9 + 1 2 . 1 + 0.7 + 0.8 - 21.6 - 33.0 8.47 -177.2 -273.4 0.253 - 13.9 - 22.4 1 - 55.4 - 78.7 1 - 3 7 . 5 -51.7 3.34 -114.2 -160.7 1 + 25.6 + 34.6 1 + 5.1 + 7.5 1 +19.9 +26.9 1 -41.8 - 5 7 . 6 1 + 6.2 + 9.2

b +7.326

wt.Ti*

^

0.255 0.51 1.02 2.04 3.055 4.08 6.11 12.22 24.44 oof

- 10.8 - 21.8 - 41.8 - 67.9 - 79.3 - 86.6 - 82.7 - 44.4 + 35.8 +321.7

!

*°g Eng - 14.~6 - 29.8 - 57.6 - 93.2 -111.0 -125.8 -114.3 - 65.3 + 52.2 +445.0

* Grams Tl per 100 g Hg; see also Hg-Metal.

Wt. % Ir | 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

I

HI

- 32.5 - 68.8 - 138.8 - 199.2 - 250 - 282.1 - 246.8 - 120.7 + 149.8 +1001.1

t Pure Tl.

Ir-Pt;* 0°* 1200°; QPt (39) a j b | +10.375 +0.250 +13.208 +0.750 +14.083 +1.063 +13.00 +1.875 +11.250 +2.250 +10.75 +2.375 +10.50 +2.375

* Alloy in all proportion?.

18QO

c -0.2344 -0.3906 -0.3906 -0.9375 -1.1718 -0.9375 -0.9375

Mn-Ni; h 1t2; EPt ( 68 ); Wt. % Mn = 5 ti | <2 | a | b 0 400 -2.158 +6.58 400 1200 -0.375 d = -3220 Mo-Ni-,0°* 1200°; QPt ( 68 ) Wt. % Mo | a | b || Wt. % Mo 4 +11.85+1.2056 12 5 +14.90+1.48 16 8 +21.08+1.784 20 10 +24.70+1.720

|

a +27.45 +27.45 +23.38

|

b +1.788 +2.00 +2.392

Nichrome ; see Fe-Cr-Mn-Ni

* Le Chatelier's couple.

Ni-Ta; 150° t 1200°; EPt ( 68 ); for 5 Wt. % Ta, a = -0.573, d = -1914 Ni-Ti; ti t fc; EPS, Wt. % Ti = 5 ( 68 ) ti 0 600

|

J2 600 1200

|

a -7.98 -1.117

|

b +1.256 d = -1860

Ni-V;0°* 1200°; ÖPt ( 68 ) Wt. % V | a | b || Wt. % V | a | b 5 | +18.30] +1.72 || 10 | +26.5 | +1.56 Ni-W-,0°* 1200°; Qpt (««) Wt. % W | a | b || Wt. % W | a [ b 4 +1.428 +0.885 12 +12.26 +1.906 5 +2.90 +1.08 16 +16.38 +1.96 8 +6.91 +1.664 20 +20.22 +2.128 10 +9.70 +1.72 Ni-Zr; 0° t 1200°; QPt ( 68 ); for 5 Wt. % Zr, a = -12.57, b = +2.286 Pb-Sb;0°n5Q 0 ;Qcu (69) Wt. % Sb l a | b || Wt. % Sb | a [ 0.0 -2.83 -0.94 50.0 + 2.11 5.0 -1.68 -1.10 70.0 + 2.15 13.0 -1.54 -0.44 90.0 + 4.23 30.0 +0.33 +1.34 100.0 +37.53

b +2.08 +3.80 +6.54 +7.74

Pb-Sn;0° t 150°; QCu ( 69 ) Wt. % Sn | a Ö -2.83 5 -2.63 30 -2.80

b || Wt. % Sn [ a | b -0.94 50 -2.67 -1.06 -0.94 80 -3.13 -0.54 -0.80 100 -2.73 -1.34 33

Pb-Tl; 0° t 180°; QPb ( ); for 2.03 Wt. % TI, a = -0.0120, b = -0.0742 Pb-Zn; 0° t 180°; QPb ( 33 ); for 0.63 Wt. % Zn, a = +0.0040, b = +0.016 Wt. % Pt | 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

Pd-Pt;*0°* 1200°; Qpt ( 39 ) a | b | -3.875 -1.350 +4.042 -0.563 +6.792 +0.438 +7.583 +0.938 +7.000 +1.375 +7.167 +1.188 +5.833 +1.500 +5.125 +1.135 +4.875 +0.812 +3.625 +0.395

* Alloy in all proportions.

Pt-Rh; 0° t 1600° QPt; see also Vol. I, p. 57; error in EPt may amount to ±50 Wt. % Rh I a I b | c | Lit. 1 +2.19 -0.044 +0.024 (29) 5 +5.99 +0.200 -0.060 (29) 10 +7.013 +0.640 -0.1932 (29) 10* +7.048 +0.5896 -0.1284 ( 8 <>) 15 +6.69 +1.072 -0.3276 (29) 20 +6.083 +1.380 -0.3999 (29) 30 +6.12 +1.344 -0.1092 (46) 40 +6.44 +1.344 -0.0468 (46) 100 +6.27 +1.612 -0.1797 (45)

c -0.234 -0.781 -1.250 -0.885 -0.938 -0.677 -0.729 -0.469 -0.469 -0.234

Pt-Rh; ti t tz', Eft', Rh, Wt. % = 10; error in E may amount to ±50 *i | -253 0 +650 +250 +400

t2

| a | b | c O I+5.97 +4.28 +650 +5.543 +1.804 -1.965 1600 +8.162 +0.338 d = -283.5 1600 +8.048 +0.344 d = -310 1100 +8.259*+0.3332 d = -313.8

| Lit. ( 8 <>) ( 80 ) ( 8 <>) (45) (21)

* Made by Heraeus; diameter = 0.4 mm.

Pt-Ru; 250° t 1500°; Efi ±5 (45); for 10 Wt. % Ru, a = +9.260; b = +0.300, d = -359 Sb-Sn;£ = 30.1°; QPb ( 48 ) Wt. % Sb | QPb || Wt. % Sb | QPb || Wt. % Sb | QPb 20 +1.07 60 +12.54 90 + 7.77 30 +2.16 70 +12.20 95 + 7.93 50 +6.14 80 +14.08 100 +32.67 Wt. % Sb | 2 5 10 13 15 20 25 30

Sb-Te; t = 18°; QCu (41) QCu || Wt. % Sb | QCu || Wt. % Sb | +139.0 35 +62.3 70 +105.0 38.90* +82 75 + 93.0 40 +34.0 80 + 86.5 45 +13.5 83 + 81.7 50 + 9.3 90 + 74.0 55 + 8.0 95 + 63.0 60 + 4.5 + 61.2 65 + 3.0

QCu + 2.3 + 1.6 +1.0 + 3.5 + 6.5 +10.0

* Sb2Te3.

SeSn; Ept is of same order of magnitude as for Se2Sn but is of opposite sign (65) Se2Sn; 0° t 650°; EPt (1 ± 0.025); a = +389.5, b = +6.334 (65) Se-Te; t = 18°; QCu Wt. % Se | Qcu || Wt. % Se | 2.0 +480 15 5 +570 20 10 +563 30 Wt. % Sn | 10 15 20 30 35 40 * SnTe.

(1 ± 0.03) (*i) QCu || Wt. % Se | QCu +680 40 +620 +580 45 +580 +540 50 +460

Sn-Te;* = 18°; QCu (*i) QCu || Wt. % Sn | QCu || Wt. % Sn| QCu +116.0 45 +22.3 70 -0.2 + 84.0 48.28* +26.0 80 -0.8 + 71.0 49 +99.0 85 -1.35 + 42.2 50 + 6.3 90 -1.5 + 34.0 55 + 1.6 95 -1.4 + 28.0 60 + 0.7 100 -2.25

Sn-Zn;0°n50°;Qcu ( 69 ) Wt. % Sn | a | b |[ Wt. % Sn | a 0 +0.20 0.0 70 -1.43 10 -0.23 -0.14 90 -2.37 30 -1.39 +0.18 95 -2.57 50 -1.23 -0.46 100 -2.73

| b -0.94 -0.66 -0.66 -1.34

t, °C ffpb

- 78.5 - 170.3 - 188.8 +1277 +2435 +2612 Constantan; see Cu-Ni Culmitz (80) t, °C - 78.4

|

-192.6

#pb +204 + 160* +476

||

J, °C -192.6 -252.7

|

- 252.7 +3025

#Fb +401* +596 +472*

-252.7 -920

Manganin; see Cu-Mn-Ni Nernst filament; 980° t 1425°; QPt; a = +405 (72) Nichrome ; see Fe-Cr-Mn-Ni Nickelin (80) t,9C | ffpb || t | ffpb - 78.4 -1256 -192.6 -2416* -1259* -252.7 -2650 -192.6 -2406 -2600*

Commercial Alloys and Miscellaneous Mixtures "Akkumulatorenlot" (75Pb, 20Hg, 5Sb), 0° t 300°, ^constantan = 4.18 < (25) Brass; see Cu-Zn Chronin ( 8 <>) t,°C Epb

German Silver ; see Cu-Ni-Zn Kruppin («o) - 78.5 -170.3 - 188.8 -280 -992 -1129

* After annealing.

Piano wire ; see Table 4 Platinoid; -200° t 100°; Ej>b-, a = -10.620, b = -2.766, c = +3.171 (31) Resistin (»o) t,°C Epb

- 78.5 +331

-170.3 +652

-188.8 +713

-252.7 +895

Steel ; see Ai-Fé, Fé, and Tables 4, 5

* After annealing.

TABLE 4.—MEAN THERMOELECTRIC POWER (E/t) BETWEEN 0 AND t°: STEELS, t = —78.5 AND +100° (32) For other alloys of Fe, see Tables 3, 5. E = at + Kbi2(10)~2 + Mc^(10)~5; Q = a + b*(10)-2 + c*2(10)-s. An. = annealed; Qu. = quenched; "h t tz" denotes that t lies between ti and tz. Except where the contrary is indicated, one junction is at 0°C and the other at t, °C. Steels of low C content were annealed in magnesia; those of about 0.8% C, in turnings of pig iron. Mean error in all cases = ca. 30/*v( = 30 micro volt). Unit of E = 1/zv = 10~6 volt; of Q and E/t = l^v/°C = 10~6 volt per 1°C; t = centigrade temperature, °C. Composition in %

Epb/t Annealed | Quenched | Ingot C Mn P S Si M -78.5° | +100° -78.5° | +100° j -78.5° | +100° Al steels; see also Table 3; An. from 900°C, cooling 8.75 hr; Qu. at 1000°C in water at 14°C* 1A2 0.17 Tr. 0.008 0.022 Tr. 2.04 - 7.65 -12.65 - 8.26 -11.50 1A3 0.13 Tr. 0.016 0.013 0.10 3.04 -11.93 -12.65 -11.93 -10.05 1A7 0.08 0.05 0.020 0.017 0.18 7.20 -16.92 -12.65 -17.32 -10.05 8A5 0.81 0.12 0.024 0.024 0.22 4.6 -10.20 -14.65 -13.86 -16.30 8A7 0.66 0.14 0.025 0.050 0.26 7.0 -11.52 -16.05 -15.90 -16.30 8A10 0.67 0.09 0.034 0.024 0.11 9.1 -15.40 -16.05 -14.90 -16.30 8A15 0.86 0.40 0.032 0.018 0.23 14.9 - 8.77 -13.15 -13.03 -14.05 Csteels; see also Tables 3, 5; An. from 900° C, cooling 8.5 hr; Qu. at 950°C in water at 15°C* HI 0.07 0.03 0.005 0.013 0.00 +11.93 + 8.55 +12.59 + 8.73 H2 0.24 0.03 Tr. 0.015 0.03 +11.11 + 7.65 + 9.99 + 6.93 H3 0.44 0.08 Tr. 0.016 0.05 + 9.68 + 6.20 + 5.20 + 3.46 H4 0.79 0.09 0.006 0.009 0.00 + 8.05 + 5.40 + 0.92 - 1.32 H5 1.12 0.06 Tr. 0.022 0.02 + 6.02 + 4.10 - 5.25 - 5.70 H6 1.58 0.09 Tr. 0.016 0.04 + 6.73 + 4.15 - 6.52 - 5.80 For HI to H5, coefficients of QCu are: 0° t 700°, a = A, b = -0.563A, c = +0.5A, where A = 18.8 - 10.5C + 4.1C2, carbon content = C%;<2*<8, a = -5.9 - 0.01b£2, b = -0.38; M 1000°, a = -10.5 - O.Olb^, b = -2.8;« 2 ,fe = temperatures of transformations A2, A3 (18). For pure Fe, t2 = 730°, £3 = 950°; increasing C decreases both; with more than 0.4% C they coincide at ca. 700° (18). For piano wire, coefficients of EPb -200° t 100° are: a = +10.763, b = -1.5586, c = -18.762(31). Symbol

i ICI 1C2 1C3 1C7 1C10 1C12 1C25 1C30 8C1

0.06 0.08 0.28 0.07 0.42 0.14 0.24 0.46 0.97

i Cr steels; Tr. 0.08 0.15 Tr. Tr. Tr. 0.10 Tr. 0.24

.

i

i

see also Table 3; An. from 0.016 Tr. 0.70 0.015 Tr. 0.12 0.010 Tr. 0.05 0.010 0.014 0.12 0.010 Tr. 0.35 0.016 0.015 0.21 0.022 0.013 0.26 0.024 0.006 0.37 0.013 0.016 0.22

r^n

i

1000°C, cooling 7 hr; Qu. at 1.20 +17.87 +16.93 1.89 +15.72 +16.65 2.66 +17.28 +18.11 7.84 + 9.94 +14.92 9.80 +12.40 +14.74 13.60 + 6.63 +10.56 25.31 + 6.38 + 9.01 31.75 + 4.37 + 6.55 0.92 + 9.93 + 8.92

i

i

i

1000°C in water at + 6.83 +16.4 +14.78 +15.20 +14.88 +21.50 + 9.99 +13.50 + + + +

5.20 6.40 5.09 3.97

+ + + +

7.65 5.09 7.86 3.64

i 11°C* +17.43 +15.51 +14.99 + 8.67 + 6.97 + 6.27 + 4.25 + 6.03 + 9.70

+16.6 +16.6 +17.10 +12.70 + 5.82 + 8.73 + 6.28 + 9.55 + 8.83

TABLE 4.—(Continued) Epb 1

Composition in %

Symbol c

8C2 8C5 8C7 8C10 8C12 8C20 8C25 8C30

0.89 0.79 0.84 0.52 0.96 0.90 0.82 0.92

8M0.5 8M1 8M3 8M12

0.87 0.84 0.93 0.96 1.2 (?)

/

Annealed | Quenched | Ingot Mn p S Si Cr -78.5° | +100° | -78.5° | +100° | -78.5° | +100° Cr steels; see also Table 3; An. from 1000°C, cooling 7 hr; Qu. at 1000°C in water at 11°C* 0.10 0.020 0.033 0.28 2.14 +10.41 + 9.64 + 3.59 + 4.20 -f 9.70 + 9.00 Tr. 0.016 0.023 0.42 4.57 +12.40 +12.56 + 7.13 + 5.91 +12.53 +12.90 0.05 0.018 0.031 0.41 7.27 +11.82 +13.45 +10.40 +11.90 0.13 0.024 0.005 0.62 9.85 +11.70 +14.48 + 5.08 + 3.58 + 2.83 + 3.63 0.05 0.013 0.047 0.41 11.52 +10.60 +13.60 + 7.03 + 9.70 + 9.60 +11.90 0.05 0.010 0.007 0.74 18.65 + 5.09 + 7.95 + 3.31 + 4.64 + 0.83 - 1.55 0.05 0.016 0.008 0.58 26.54 + 3 . 3 6 + 5 . 9 1 + 2 . 0 4 + 4 . 6 4 + 2 . 9 0 +5.37 0.05 0.021 0.012 0.47 32.46 + 6.97 + 6.30 + 4.40 + 5.55 + 4.95 + 6.28 Mn steels; An. from 900°C, cooling 5 hr; Qu. at 1000°C in water at 14°C* 0.40 0.020 1 0.024 1.35 - 0.30 - 3.10 - 2.00 1.03 0.024 0.015 0.57 - 0.71 - 2.80 - 5.50 - 6.65 3.08 0.015 0.010 1.44 - 2.65 - 4.70 12.09 0.011 0.013 0.87 - 9.78 -11.80 -10.20 - 6.65 5.0 Ni = HadfiekTs Mn steel; for j0Pe, 0° t 310°, a = +21.8, b = -5.8; for 310° < t < 1100°, 25.0 #Fe = +3975 ± 50 (5) 12 (?) Hadfield's Mn steel; for EFb, -200° t +100°; before annealing, a = - 5.591, b =» -0.5152, c = +0.390; after An. from 600°, a = -5.067, b = -0.3582, c = +2.337(31) Mo steels; 0.018 0.018 0.021 0.026 0.021 0.040 0.016

i

An. from 0.009 0.032 0.009 0.039 0.032 0.018 0.034

lMoO.5 IMol !Mo2 !Mo5 8Mo0.5 8Mol 8Mo2

0.19 0.16 0.14 0.29 0.78 0.81 0.81

0.07 0.10 0.17 0.50 0.26 0.40 0.30

1N2 1N5 1N7 1N10 1N12 1N15 1N20 1N25 1N30 4N2 4N5 4N7 4N10 4N12 4N15 4N20 4N25 4N30 9N2 9N5 9N7 9N10 9N12 9N15 9N20 9N25 9N30

0.07 0.12 0.12 0.13 0.12 0.11 0.18 0.16 0.12 0.21 0.20 0.23 0.21 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.23 0.19 0.80 0.78 0.81 1.05 0.76 0.80 0.80 0.79 0.81

Ni steels;t see also Table 0.02 0.006 0.01 0.004 0.12 0.005 Tr. 0.005 Tr. 0.002 Tr. 0.004 Tr. 0.004 Tr. 0.007 Tr. Tr. 0.02 Tr. 0.02 0.03 0.05 Tr. 0.02 Tr. 0.02 0.002 Tr. 0.002 0.02 0.003 0.02 0.003 0.02 0.002 0.10 0.005 0.09 0.004 0.12 0.003 0.10 0.004 0.09 0.004 0.06 0.007 0.02 0.003 0.07 0.002 0.03 0.004

I~MO~I

i

i

i

i

i

900°C, cooling 8.75 hr; Qu. at 1000°C in water at 14°C* 0.12 0.45 +10.20 + 8.35 0.11 .1.00 +11.01 + 7.70 +10.20 + 8.00 0.12 2.20 +10.90 + 7.80 +10.30 + 7.92 0.12 4.50 + 8.77 + 6.30 -12.23 + 3.98 0.21 0.50 + 4.59 + 3.00 - 4.48 - 6.50 0.02 1.21 + 4.79 + 3.20 0.017 1.98 + 5.30 + 4.30 + 1.12 + 0.10 I Ni I 3; An. from 900°C, cooling 7 hr; Qu. at 950°C in water at 18°C* 0.07 2.23 + 9.07 + 6.3 +10.91 + 6.2 + 8.97 0.05 5.23 - 0.61 - 3.5 + 0.2 - 3.4 - 0.61 0.05 7.13 - 4.89 - 7.8 - 4.99 - 7.6 - 4.89 0.10 10.10 -10.8 -14.6 -11.11 - 9.7 -11.21 0.09 12.07 -14.58 -16.9 -14.78 -17.0 -18.45 0.02 15.17 -19.38 -23.5 -18.75 -23.9 -20.28 0.02 20.40 -28.96 -30.4 -33.22 -31.3 -27.83 0.04 25.85 -32.0 -11.5 -33.22 -31.3 -31.08 0.03 30.00 -15.08 - 6.9 -14.98 - 1.0 -15.49 0.03 1.97 + 8.66 + 7.0 + 8.05 + 5.5 + 8.25 0.04 4.90 + 1.73 - 2.4 + 0.71 + 2.0 + 0.0 0.08 7.59 + 4.18 - 7.3 - 3.26 - 6.0 - 4.38 0.01 9.79 + 9.88 -12.6 - 9.88 -11.6 - 9.58 0.01 12.29 +13.25 -15.3 -11.92 -15.7 -13.67 0.05 15.04 +16.61 -27.3 -16.31 -19.1 -17.63 Tr. 20.01 +22.87 -30.6 -22.43 -23.7 -22.43 0.08 25.06 +17.73 - 7.1 -19.98 -12.7 -14.88 0.03 27.87 + 8.05 - 2.3 - 9.37 - 0.9 - 4.18 0.10 2.30 + 6.52 + 4.7 + 5.91 + 4.6 + 5.81 0.08 4.90 +12.53 - 3.0 - 1.02 - 2.6 - 1.02 0.10 7.09 - 5.10 - 6.9 - 4.18 - 5.9 - 3.97 Tr. 9.79 - 7.34 - 8.5 - 7.24 - 8.5 - 8.15 0.09 12.27 - 7.95 - 9.4 - 8.87 - 9.8 -10.30 0.09 15.04 -12.13 -11.1 -10.30 -10.1 - 9.38 0.09 20.01 -12.53 - 6.6 - 5.10 - 5.0 - 6.93 Tr. 25.06 -12.43 - 6.1 - 4.69 - 4.9 - 2.95 0.14 29.96 - 5.71 - 1.8 - 3.36 - 2.0 - 2.95

+ 6.5 - 3.2 - 7.6 -13.5 -17.4 -24.3 -30.0 -27.8 - 1.5 + 6.3 - 2.3 - 6.8 -12.9 -16.4 -10.6 -21.5 - 3.8 - 1.9 + 4.6 - 2.6 - 5.9 - 8.7 -10.4 - 4.9 - 3.5 - 2.6 - 1.9

TABLE 4. — (Continued) Composition in % Symbol

-——

Annealed

C

Mn

1S0.5 1S1 1S2 1S3 8S1 8S2 8S3

0.21 0.21 0.18 0.28 0.84 0.83 0.94

0.72 Tr. 0.27 0.38 0.57 0.41 1.44

1T0.5 ITI 1T2 1T5 1T15 1T20 8T0.5 8T2 8T10 8T15

0.18 0.11 0.11 0.13 0.20 0.22 0.86 0.66 0.81 0.71

Tr. Tr. Tr. Tr. Tr. Tr. 0.027 0.054 Tr. Tr.

P

S

Si

Nl

_78>5o |

+10QO

E n>ft Quenched

_ 78(5 o j

+1(X)o

Ingot | _ 78t5 o |

+10()o

Si steels; An. from 900°C, cooling 5 hr; Qu. at 1000°C in water at 14°C* 0.117 0.061 0.41 + 2.14 - 0.30 + 1.12 - 0.90 0.024 0.020 0.93 - 2.95 - 6.10 - 1.32 - 5.00 0.032 0.012 1.60 - 4.89 - 8.28 - 5.10 - 8.40 0.034 0.009 5.12 - 6.93 -10.80 - 7.03 -10.40 0.021 0.017 1.16 - 3.46 - 6.00 0.021 0.017 1.15 - 6.93 - 9.90 - 7.85 -10.20 0.062 0.017 5.54 - 8.36 -12.00 - 9.07 -10.70 W W steels; An. from 900°C, cooling 8.5 hr; Qu. at 1000°C in water at 14°C* 0.013 Tr. 0.03 0.41 + 9.18 + 6.30 + 8.56 + 5.70 0.016 0.005 0.06 0.93 + 8.56 + 5.98 + 7.85 + 5.65 0.010 0.008 0.03 1.75 + 7.75 + 5.24 + 6.83 + 4.75 0.015 Tr. 0.03 4.96 + 7.95 .+ 6.25 + 7.34 + 5.20 0.013 0.008 0.06 14.37 + 7.75 + 6.40 + 7.95 + 7.40 0.011 0.013 0.14 20.71 + 8.00 + 6.30 + 8.05 + 7.25 0.012 0.033 0.04 0.40 + 1.84 - 0.08 - 1.63 - 4.15 0.015 0.023 0.12 1.95 + 2.55 + 0.50 + 1.12 - 1.70 0.015 0.014 0.09 9.99 + 5.00 + 3.00 + 2.85 + 1.30 0.015 0.023 0.12 14.74 + 2.75 + 0.60 + 2.85 - 1.40

* An. = annealed, time in furnace = 3 hr, time of cooling is as indicated. Qu. = quenched, specimen in furnace 11 or 12 min and for 2 min was at temperature indicated.

t For IN and 4N groups, changes in heat treatment produce slight effect; maximum negative value of E occurs at ca. 25 % Ni in IN and ca. 20 % Ni in 4N group.

TABLE 5. — THERMOELECTROMOTIVE FORCE (E) OP CARBON STEELS: EFFECT OF HEAT TREATMENT ( 23 ); see also Table 4 Specimens were quenched at 903 or 908° C, kept at 97 to 102° C for 48 hr, then heated (drawn) to temperature indicated and kept at that temperature for 1 to 2 hr, then allowed to cool slowly in furnace. Error in E not greater than 10/rv. For all 8 specimens, the smallest negative value of E corresponds to drawing temperature of 696°C. Unit of E = ljuv = 10~6 volt; of admixture = 1 %; temperature, °C. S

£™~

C04 M16 H35 H41 H57 C4 C5 C7 IN2

Quenched Drawn Admixture | | ^ ^ | ^^ | ^^ | 5Q90 ^QO ^ goQO 9Q30 90go IOQO o Q C | Mn | P | S | Si #tN2 (junctions at 0° and 100°C) 0.04 0.10 0.007 0.029 - 74 - 36 - 34 - 29 - 34 - 29 - 29 - 26 - 29 0.30 0.204 0.012 0.013 0.033 -310 -278 -230 -170 -136 -102 - 94 - 83 -100 0.35 0.08 0.009 0.024 0.18 -575 -537 -499 -452 -437 -419 -414 -400 -413 0.41 0.08 0.012 0.016 0.19 -615 -578 -529 -474 -444 -434 -429 -414 -420 0.57 0.11 0.010 0.020 0.17 -707 -627 -537 -474 -444 -419 -414 -394 -417 0.76 0.221 0.016 0.041 0.169 - 950 -718 -577 -474 -439 -410 -404 -350 -393 0.945 0.189 0.013 0.061 0.155 -1170 -795 -608 -458 -410 -392 -376 -364 -378 1.05 0.190 0.013 0.020 0.167 -1308 -916 -713 -556 -516 -509 -497 -467 -473 0.018 0.011 0.006 0.018 Cu = 0.018 - pure ingot iron = reference metal

TABLE 6.—THERMOELECTRIC Po^fER (Q) OF OXIDES AND SULFIDES R = reference metal, QR = a + lot if t lies between t\ and £;j. Unit of Q = l/zv/°C = 10~6 volt/°C; ti, t2 = centigrade temperature, °C. Oxide Bi2O3 CdO Co3O4 Cr2O3 CuO Cu2O FeO Fe2O3 Fe3O4 FeS

| R Pbf Pbf Pbj Pbf Pbf Cu* Cu* Cu Cu Pbf Pbf Fé* Cu

| ti | < 2 | a [ b | Lit. 500 800 + 1 946 - 1.86 (") 100106532 - 0.030 (H) 2001 200+ 629 - 0.221 (") 9501285704 + 0.432 (ii) 170 8 5 0 - 1 0 2 9 + 1.715 (H) 0 7 0 0 + 1 190 - 0.38 (2°) 0 7 0 0 + 1 0 5 2 . 5 - 0.75 (20) 50 50 Qcu = + 500 ( 5 2 ) 50 50 QCu = + 60 (52) 170 87554.6- 0.026 (H) 875 148553.2- 0.018 («) O 700 427 0.00 (20) 50 50| QCu = - 26 (52)

* Error in E = ± 200 microvolt,

Qxide FeS2 Mn2O3 MnO3H2 MoS NiO PbO SnO U3O8 WO3 ZnO

f Used Pt as reference metal, but expressed i'esults in terms of Qpb-

| R Cu Pbf Cu Cu Pbf Pbj Pbf Pbf Pbf Pbf Pbf Pbf

\ ti | t'i a | b Lit. 50 50 Qcu = + 200 ( 5 2 ) 2001 200+ 628 |- 0.332 (H) 50 50 Qcu = + 200 (52) 50 50 Qcu = +770 (52) 4001200+ 254 - 0.065 (H) 250 390-48300 +117.2 (") 390 550- 6 000 + 9.22 (U) 550 850- 3 914 + 5.43 (") 0120090 - 0.437 (H) 651265+ 96 - 0 . 1 5 7 ( H ) 140 97018.4- 0.053 (") 3551350735 + 0.259 O 1 )

TABLE 7.—EFFECT OF STBESS UPON THERMOELECTBIC PROPERTIES OF METALS — thenno emf around a circuit composed of two specimens of the same material, one specimen (s) is stressed, the other (o) not stressed; one junction is at 0°C and the other is at tt °C; BEo is positive if the current flows from the stressed to the unstressed specimen at the junction at 0°C. If p = hydrostatic pressure upon the stressed specimen; r = longitudinal tension upon the stressed specimen; t = temperature (°C); f, g, h, m, n are constants depending upon the metal; then if T = 0, SE0 = ipt{l + gp(l()-6)} j l + h<(10~ 3 )i; SQ0 = kp, where k • = f U + gp(10-6)} jl + 0.5h*(10-3)}; k = f if g = 0, h = 0. If p = 0, SE0 = lOOOmr + nr«. The numbers in the "Error" column indicate the probable uncertainty in the value of SE0. Unit of E = 1/ujiV = 10~12 volt; of p and r = 1 kg/cm 2 = 14.22 lb./in.2 = 0.968 An; of "Error " = IO"6 volt; t = centigrade temperature, °C. Tension (17)* Pressure ( " ) t 8 Q 0 (78) j Symbol ; i ; j i ; — t l m l n f l g l h I Error k Ag -f 8.34 | - 6.8 -hi.47 ±01)2 -f- 8.7 Al 50.5 +8.8 -6.7 See Table 8 - 0.59 76 + 8.8 - 4.7 Au + 4.40 -8.2 +2.0 ±0.01 + 4.61 Bi +513 +37.4 -0.06 ±4 +707§ Brass 52 -0.22 +0.03 77 - 0.13 + 0.012 94 - 0.47 + 0.05 Cd +21.3 +6.0 +6.3 ±0.5 +36.3 Co -14.4 -1.43 +2.07 ±5% Constantanll +27.9 0 +0.62 ±0.1 +28.7 Cu 95 +0.56 + 2.58 -2.2 +1.9 ±0.15 + 3.15 Fe 52 +12.Olf -23.5 See Table 8 + 12.5 95 +22.311 ~42 T^ Hg** 20-80 +194 106 -151 +294 114 -167 +340 228 -270 +478 250 -300 +466 304 -346 +449 0 -100 +234 Manganin Variableft - 1.31 0 -1.57 ±0.04 - sTo Mg - 8.2 +26.0 0 ±0.02 - 8.9 Mo + 0.099ÎJ 0 +278.0-2.1« Ni 31 +3.35 -0.60 + 6.11 +16.5 +3.06 ±0.015 + 9.6 51 + 5.77 - 1.32 77.5 + 8.1 - 1.75 94.5 +12.1 - 3.7 Pb + 4.09 0 +2.9 ±0.01 + 5.6 Pd +20.8 +1.07 +0.5 ±0.1 +23.7 Pt + 13.94§§ 0 +9.64 - 0.0676* + 18.6 + 14.31111 +15.6 +0.87 ±0.17 Sn See Table 8 - 0.95§ Tl +44.4 -17.0 +2.4 ±0.2 W +10.86 0 +1.61 ±0.1 Zn +59.3 0 +2.23 ±0.2 t = 43 +39 t = 58 + 57 sEo

* For T between 0 and rmî values of rm and of error in »E0 as follows: Metal Tm Error

|

Al (?) ±5%

Fé | Cu | Ni | Brass | Manganin 500 TOO 2000 2800 1300 ±5% +10% + 2 . 5 % ± 8 %

f Range in p 2 000 to 12 000 kg/cm2; in t is 0 to 100°C. Î Range in t is 0 to 100°C, in p is 1 to 300 kg/cm 2 ( 78 ), probable error in SQ0 ca. 1.5 %; for ( 74 ) t ^ 400°C, p ^ 55 kg/cm 2 ; probable error in 8Qo ca. ± 3 %. § For liquid metal, k < +4 (74).

|| Constantan = 54 % Cu, 43.6 % Ni, 1 % Mn, 1.4 % Fe. 1 Annealed ingot iron. * ** For 20 to 80° ( 3 > 3 <>» 74). f or 0 to 100° (78) ; f or others (74). ft For some samples SEV > 0, for other sE0 < 0; maximum value observed was ,Eo = 1.33 X 10~8 volt. ÎÎ Error in ,E0 = ±0.1 X 10~« volt. §§ Heraeus' pure Pt; error in sE0 => ±0.1 X 10~6 volt. Source of specimen for sQo is not stated. || || Baker's commercial.

TABLE 8.—EFFECT OF STRESS UPON THERMOELECTRIC PROPERTIES OF AL, FÉ, AND SN (17) For explanation of symbols, see Table 7. Unit of SE0 = ljuv = 10~6 volt; of p = 1 kg/cm 2 = 14.22 lb./in.2 = 0.968An; t = centigrade temperature, °C.

P t 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

~

2 OOP | 4 OOP | 6 OOP | 8 OOP [ 10 OOP 12 OOP IWQsEp/t, "Pure" Al -3.1 -4.8 -6.8 -7.0 - 7.6 - 6.9 -2.7 -4.05 -4.9 -4.9 - 4.75 - 3.4 -2.27 -3.33 -3.8 -2.97 - 1.87 + 0.1 -1.82 -2.60 -2.58 -1.15 + 0.75 + 3.25 -1.40 -1.82 -1.26 +0.64 + 3.16 + 6.24 -0.97 -1.00 +0.08 +2.43 + 5.47 + 9.05 -0.50 -0.11 +1.47 +4.23 + 7.69 +11.7 -0.025 +0.82 +2.89 +5.98 + 9.82 +14.39 +0.48 +1.84 +4.32 +7.66 +11.89 +17.01 +1.01 +2.94 +5.77 +9.29 +13.84 +19.62

If p < 6500, s#0(10)6 = [-2.167? + 0.131(10)-y]£ + [24.5 (W)~3P - 0.2(10)-6p2]*2. If p > 6500,s#o(10)6 = [-11.09(10)» + 0.497p - 14(10)-VI + [144.6 - 9.85(10)~3p + 1.675(10)-6p2]*2. Mean probable error in sEois ±10~8volt = O.Oljuv. t | 10 -1.2 20 -0.95 30 -0.77 40 -0.48 50 -0.16 60 +0.18 70 +0.57 80 +1.00

lQQQ.Eo/t, Commercial Al -1.9 -1.7 - 2.0 - 0.6 + 1.8 -1.4 -0.95 0.0 + 2.5 + 5.8 -0.90 -0.07 + 1.9 + 5.13 + 8.83 -0.25 +1.00 + 3.70 + 7.32 +11.60 +0.52 +2.34 + 5.40 + 9 60 +14.40 +1.40 +3.78 + 7.33 +12.12 +17.50 +2.31 +5.33 + 9.57 +14.79 +21.04 +3.25 +6.87 +11.80 +17.25 +24.70

Mean probable error in SE0 = ± 10~8 volt = 0.01/iV. t | 2 0 40 60 80 100

- 4 + 4.2 +11.0 +15.1 +16.7

IQOQJSo/t, Fe, Ingot, An.* - 7.5 -14 -25 -37 -49.5 + 5.5 + 5.5 + 0.5 - 3.2 -10.2 +18.0 +21.2 +21.8 +24.2 +23.3 +28.5 +39.4 +48.9 +56.0 +61.1 +32.5 +46.0 +58.2 +68.6 +76.8

t | 20 +1 40 + 5.8 60 +10.3 80 +15.9 100 +23.0

1000JR,/ty Fe, Ingot, Hd.* - 7.5 ^12 -22.5 - 27 + 4.5 + 5.2 - 0.5 + 2.5 +17.3 +23.8 +25.7 + 30.8 +30.2 +42.5 +52.5 + 63.9 +44.2 +66.9 +87.0 +107.0

t | 20 - 1.5 40 + 3.8 60 + 7.7 80 +12.7 100 +23.4

- 5.5 + 5.5 +13.7 +23.1 +42.0

IQWsEo/t, -14.5 + 1.8 +15.5 +30.9 +56.8

Fe, Soft* -25 - 3.8 +14.7 +36.8 +69.4

- 37 + 0.2 + 36.7 + 76.5 +128.0

-37.5 -56 -10.0 -20.5 +12.5 + 7.3 +39.8 +39.9 +82.5 +95.6

* An. = Pure American ingot iron, annealed; Hd. = same as An., but harddrawn; soft = commercial soft iron wire. Mean probable error in SE0 is ±5 X 10-7 volt = O.ÖMV.

t | 10 +0.1 20 +0.15 30 +0.40 40 +0.60 50 +0.76

-0.4 0.0 +0.40 +0.82 +1.16

60

+1.38 +1.85 +2.03

+0.87

WWsEo/t, Sn -1.4 -4.1 -0.5 -2.25 +0.37 -0.67 +1.05 +0.52 +1.56 +1.40


p t 70 80 90 100

Mean probable error in SE0 is ±2 X 10~8 volt = 0.02/xv. TABLE 9.—EFFECT OF LONGITUDINAL M AGNETIC FIELD (H) AND OF TENSION (r) UPON THERMOELECTRIC PROPERTIES OF METALS ( 12 ) TnE0 — thermo emf around a circuit composed of two specimens of the same material, one specimen (rH) is subjected to tension r and field H; for the other specimen (o), r — 0, H = 0; one junction is at fa, °C and the other at Z2, °C. THQ0 ~ rHE0/(tz — ti). In certain cases, TnQ0 = a(l — e~°- oolbff ) if r, ti and £2 are kept constant. Hm is value of H at which TnQo is a maximum. In general, the algebraic value of nQo decreases as the hardness, the intensity of magnetization, and (t2 — t\) increase, either individually or collectively. For the following data, ti = 14°C, f* --= 100°C; probable error in Qf = ca. 0.5 X 10~6 volt/°C. Unit of Q' and a = lm M v/°C = IO'9 volt/°C; of H = 1 gauss; of r = 1 kg/cm 2 = 14.22 lb./in.2; of b = 1 gauss"1. " Metal

-13.6 - 9.1 - 5.13 - 2.02 + 0.20

+1.95 + 1.72

H I 400 I 450 [I 800 !I oo I Maximum ! -, [ ,. T

I

rHQp

a

'

~ b

I rllQo \ Hm

Co* Cof FeJ

0+90+91+96+97 +97-6.4 0+60+64+81+93 +93-2.6 0+80 + 5 3 + 4 4 +110 100 1620 0 - 2 8 - 4 0 + 3 5 40 Fe, C§.... 0+50 + 35 + 68 200 . Ni|| 0 +329 +336 +353 +355 +355 -6.5 447 +382 +386 +390 +392 +392 -9.2 970 +408 +424 +480 +485 +485 -4.6

* Cast, t Rolled, î Pure Fe, Qr rises rapidly to a maximum, and then decreases. If H > 200, HQo for annealed Fe is 40 X 10~» volt/°C less than HQo for unannealed iron. For soft Fe, HQo > 0; for annealed steel, uQo < 0. § Hard steel. || Annealed.

TABLE 10.—EFFECT OF MAGNETIC FIELD (H) AND TENSION (T) UPON THERMO EMF OF BIMETALLIC CIRCUITS ( 75 ) AE/E — (M^CU— MECu)/MEcu, where nEcu = thermo emf of the M — Cu circuit when M is subjected to H andr, ME CM = thermo emf of the same circuit when H = 0, r = 0; the temperatures (ti, t2) of the junctions are the same for nEcu as for nEcu- Probable error in &E/E = ca. 2% of AE/E. The composition of each metal M is stated in the table. Hm = value of H at which &E/E is a maximum. Unit of H = 1 gauss; of r = 1 kg/cm2 = 14.22 lb./in.2; of composition of M = 1 wt. %. A. Longitudinal magnetic field; ti = 0°C, «2 = 100°C M

I H I 200 ,— Fe I Cu | r I ÎÔÔ

99.2

-8.3 -5.15 -2.50 -0.48 +0.96

2 OOP | 4 OOP | 6 OOP | 8 OOP | 10 OOP | 12 OOP 1000Jg,/f, Sn +0.91 +1.52 +2.09 +2.46 +2.61 + 2.73 +0.92 +1.59 +2.20 +2.72 +3.04 + 3.36 +0.91 +1.63 +2.29 +2.87 +3.29 + 3.72 +0.87 +1.65 +2.32 +2.92 +3.41 + 3.90

98.5

0

400

I 800

1WOAE/E

oo

Maximum, Hm &E/E

0+14.1 +10.8 + 7 . 6 + 6 . 0 +15.3 ÏÔO" 5 1 6 + 8 . 7 + 5 . 2 5 + 2 . 1 + 0 . 5 +10.3 90 1050 + 2.85 - 0.75 - 3.9 - 6.0 + 4.7 90 2 0 9 0 - 4 . 6 5 - 7 . 9 5 - 1 1 . 4 -13.6 -13.6 oo 0.8 0+18.6 +15.75+12.9 +10.5 +19.2 150 741+13.35+10.35+7.3 + 5 . 0 +14.7 110 935 + 8.85 + 5.85 + 2.48 + 0.5 +10.5 100 1860+ 3.0 0.0 - 3.75- 6.5 + 4.6 60 1.5 0+52.5 +43.5 +34.0 +27.0 +56.0 100 1020+31.5 +21.0 +10.5 + 2 . 0 +36.0 100 2040+11.0 + 0 . 5 -11.0 -20.0 +17.0 75

TABLE lOA.—(Continued) M Fe

l H I 200 | 400 | 800 Cu l r

1000A#/#

TABLE 11.—(Continued) oo

Maximum, &E/E

M

Hm

98.0

2 7 0 0 + 3 8 . 5 +32.5 +25.0 +21.0 +40.0 Î2Ô 1190+25.5 +18.5 +11.0 + 4 . 0 +28.5 100 2370+11.3 + 4 . 0 - 5 . 8 -10.5 +15.3 75 96 4 0+28.8 +25.0 +20.5 +17.0 +29.5 120 1100+21.5 +17.0 +11.8 + 7 . 5 +22.5 110 2200+13.3 + 8.5 + 3.0 - 1.0 +14.9 100 94 6 0+26.0 +21.0 +15.6 +12.0 +29.0 100 930+14.0 + 8.0 + 2.5 - 1.5 +18.0 80 1850+ 5.5 - 0.5 - 7.5 -13.5 +10.0 70 93 7 0+44.5 +34.5 +25.5 +18.5 +49.3 95 1160+24.0 +13.0 + 2.8 - 6.0 +31.0 90 2310+3.0 - 8 . 5 -20.0 -29.0 +12.0 70 Fé Ni 98.9 1.1 0+24.8 +19.3 +15.8 +12.1 +27.0 100 964+14.0 + 8 . 5 + 3 . 4 + 0 . 5 +16.6 95 1920+ 4.5 - 0.9 - 6.5 -10.0 + 7.0 80 98.1 1.9 0+45.0 +37.5 +29.8 +25.0 +48.0 100 984+26.0 +17.7 +10.0 + 5 . 0 +32.0 90 1960+ 9.5 + 1.5 - 7.0 -12.5 +14.0 70 93 7 0 + 5 . 3 + 5 . 0 5 + 4 . 6 + 4 . 1 + 5 . 4 240 963+ 3.6 + 3.2 + 2.7 + 2.1 + 2.7 120 1920+ 1.95+ 1.4 + 0.95+ 0.45+ 2.25 100 88.7 11.3 0 + 2 . 6 + 3.2 + 3.2 + 2.9 + 3.25 500 931 + 2.5 + 2.8 + 2.85 + 2.5 + 2.87 700 1860+2.1 + 2 . 5 + 2 . 4 5 + 2 . 1 + 2 . 5 4 3 0 0 100 0 + 7.00 + 8.70 + 9.60 + 9.75 + 9.75 oo 1290 + 6.25 +10.50 +12.90 +13.30 +13.30 oo 2610 + 3.85 + 9.00 +13.80 +14.75 +14.75 co

\

Ag Al Au Au

Sn 70

Pd O 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Bi^*

Bi|| Bi(45)* Bit Bi

Sn 3.75 6.36 9.93

[l r = 1370 [l r = 2070 || H | 1000Aff/#* || H \ 1000Aff/ff* 3100 +5.9 3100 +4.8 5750 +8.6 5750 +5.7 8400 +8.4 8400 +5.6

* Change due to H, T being constant.

TABLE 11.—PELTIER COEFFICIENT: DIRECTLY OBSERVED For all couples including constantan, see Table 12

M

\

Ag

Pd O 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

R \ t C u 0 Cu 0 Cu 18 Cu

O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

\

uPR | Error | Lit. +480 2(50) 68 2 (i*) 30 30 (24) 2 (14) 68 - 1 593 - 2 215 - 3 240 - 4 960 - 8 650 - 9 980 - 8 500 - 6 150 - 4 290 - 2 380

t

\

MPR

Cu 20 Cu 15.8 Cu 0 -

674 695 329

| Error |

Lit.

2 (14) 1.5 ( 2 4 ) 2 (i«) 2 (14)

Cu

O 329 0 - 2 086 0 - 2 865 0 - 7 710 0 - 1 0 610 0 - 8 200 0 - 6 720 0 - 6 210 0 - 5 870 0 - 4 810 0 - 2 380 Cu 8.1 - 14620 2-3 («) 20.6 - 15 730 2-3 (51) 22.4 - 15 700 2-3 (si) 19.75 - 14 120 2 (16) Cu 20.5 - 2 1 0 6 0 2 (i«) Cu 19.5 - 2 3 3 0 0 2 (i«) Cu 18 - 16 130 1 (24) Cu 20.7 - 19 350 2 (24) Cu 25 - 22 300 4 (57)

C Cdî Cu

See other metal in column M

Cu

+ 10 870 + 11 670 + 10 450 2943 + 682

2 2 2 3 2

(24) (24) (24) (40) (7, 25, so, 57)

° U N ; f ) See Table 12 Constantan J Cu, Ni, Zn§ Fe

Cu Cu Cu Cu Cu Hgt Ni

German silver, see Cu, Ni, Zn MoS2 Nit

20 0 19 20 25 18.5 15

7400 + 3680 + 2 893 + 2 995 + 2 930 + 4 880 4 - 9 600

Cu 23.5 -173500 Cu 0 5070

2 3 3 2 4 2

20 2

(14) (so) (40) (14) (57) («3) (7) (40) (4,7,24, 25, 50)

NickelinU Pd Pd

When jfPu is positive, there is an absorption of heat as the current passes from R to M. When M is a binary alloy, the % by weight of the second component appears under the symbol of that component. The coefficients for other couples can be computed from data in Tables 1 to 6; the accuracy of values so computed probably exceeds that of those directly measured. Unit of P = I/AT = 10~6 volt; of "Error" = 1% of P; t = centigrade temperature, °C. Ag

\

20.7 20.7 20.7 Cu 20(?) Cu 0

B. Transverse magnetic field; ti = 22°C, t2 = 100°C M || r =0 Ni U g I 100QA#/ff* 100% 3000 +9.0 5900 +12.5 8500 +16.5

R

Cu 20 Cu 0 Cu 0 Pt O 10 2 0 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Pt

Sb Si Zn|

-

5 540 2380 2 920

2 2 2 2

(14) (14) (14) (14)

Cu

O 2 920** 0 738 0 + 5 1 0 -f 284 20 296 0 + 170 20 188 0 - 7 9 0 250 0 545 0 748 0 1 134 0 - 1 531 Cu 0 15312 (14) Cu 0 370 3 (50) Cu 17.1 845 1.3 ( 2 4 ) Cu 20 1 070 2 (14) Cu 25 + 5640 4 (57) Cu 19 +175100 15 (40) Cu 0 + 684 3 (7, so, 57)

* Bij_, Bi||, BÌ4S = current perpendicular, parallel, at 45° to axis of Bi crystal. See also Table 13. For transverse Peltier effect, see p. 214. t Direction of current with reference to axis of crystal is not stated. Î See Table 12. § German silver, composition is not stated, it usually lies between 50Cu, 30Ni, 20Zn and 57Cu, 7Ni, 36Zn. f Composition is not stated; probably 75 to 55 Cu; 18 to 32 Ni; O to 20 Zn. ** Compare with corresponding value for Ag-Pd, Au-Pd by same author.

TABLE 12.—PELTIER COEFFICIENT: DIRECTLY OBSERVED VARIATION WITH TEMPERATURE Data for other couples may be derived from data in Tables 1 to 6; values so computed are probably more accurate than those directly measured. uPn = u + v£ + wt2 if t lies between ti and t2. Unit of P = l M v = 10-« volt; of "Error" = 1 % of P; ti, t% = centigrade temperature, °C. M

| R|

Cd

Cu

h | 0

<2

|

25

+

u

|

v |

w

| Error |

682 - 7.6

C Cd 2 1 5 7 0 - 8 710 -41.0 -0.020 Cu O 20 -11340-61.0 Cu 15.5 15.5-10210 j Fé O 560 -12980-44.0-0.051 Hg -80.6 +20 - 8 250 -62.3 -0.32 Pb 20 440 - 7970-35.1 I Sn 20 570 - 7 710 -34.2 -0.012 Cu (see other metal in column M) Fe Hg 18.5 182 + 4 6 0 0 + 1 5 . 6 - 0 . 0 3 4 Ni Cu 0 445 - 5 0 7 0 - 2 3 . 0 - 1 . 2 4 ^j^ *g a gO U ~

Lit. (It 25, 50.

2

2 l

2 2

(25) (14, ie } (7) (7» 2 5 j (25) (25) (25)

TABLE 14A.—(Cwitinued) Symbol Fet

|

Hg Pb Pt Si Sn Ta W Zn§

2 2

( 6 3) (4,7,24,

3

( 7 » so » 5 7 )

ti | <2 - 51 + 115 + 32 + 182 + 53 + 308 + 48 + 4 8 + 49 + 148 + 91 + 441 + 50 +150 + 47 + 262 -153 + 1 1 7 + 45 + 342 - 72 +128 + 46 + 46 - 171 +112 + 51 + 266 +1427 +1827 +1227 +1927 + 1527 +2127 - 173 + 4 0 + 40 + 343

TABLE

13.—PELTIER COEFFICIENT OF BISMUTH: DIRECTLY OBSERVED EFFECT OF MAGNETIC FIELD (16)

TABLE 14.—THOMSON COEFFICIENT (0-): DIRECTLY OBSERVED
Al Au

Bi*

Cu)f C(2)f Cd Cu

| + + + +

h \ tz \ a \ ß \ V \ Error 168 - 123 - 0.112 + 9.47 +42 2 123 + 1 2 7 - 1.17 - 0.50 2 123 + 525 - 3.08 - 0.302 2 13 +119 - 0.04 + 0 . 4 7 5 10 71 - + 322 + 0.2685+ 0.080 2 173 - 100 - 1.01 + 0.65 + 6 . 1 5 100 + 103 - 1.49 - 0.44 5 25 + 32.5+ 6.76 + 2 . 8 1.5 43.5 + 43.5 + 58 10 + 5.32 4 + 4.27

-

+1527 - 163 - 83 + 48 -172 - 6 0 + - 96.7 + 252

+1827 - 83 + 107 +343 - 60 1 2 7 + 107 +678

|

Lit. (is) (is) (55) ( 15 ) (25) ( 1S ) ( 1S ) 1*4) (24) (6) (67)

(52)

4.6

+ 3.7 - 2.25 - 5.62 - 9.00 - 2.244 1 . 4 2 - 1.50 - 1.37

+0.01 - 1.5 - 5.99 +18.6 - 1.55 - 1.5 -2.5 -6.4 0 . 7 4 - 0.48 - 0.235

\ + + +

IT \ y 8.4 4.1 +17 1.85

\ Error 5 3 4 1 +20.8 7 + 8.61 -21.4 5 + 3.35 + 1.7 5 + 1.58 - 4.8 2 +0.221-0.38 3 - 0.47 + 0.55 2 - 0.475+ 4.75 1 10 + 0.50 5 + 0.093 1 - 2.0 5 + 3.5 5 + 2.0 2 - 1.15 3 - 0.235 2

|

Lit. (9) ( 43 ) («) (52) (l) (5 s ) (™) (25,42) O5) (25) (9) ( 52 ) ( 1S ) (25) (81) (81) (36) O5) (25;

Alloy

\

ti

\

tz

a

ß

\

y

\ Error | Lit."

Bi-Snu

AP = P' - P, P' = Peltier coefficient when H = 2300 gauss, P = Peltier coefficient when H = 0; the direction of the current (||, J_, Z 45°) is referred to the crystallographic c-axis. AB denotes the plane which includes the axis and the direction of the current. Unit of AP = 1/xv = 10~6 volt. | _L | || | /45° Direction of current Direction of H \ AP J.AB -565 -1393 -2560 || AB, || axis -416 - 226 - 125 || AB, J_ axis -264 -1393 -1286 II AB, || current -264 - 226 - 753 || AB, X current -416 -1393 -991

Symbol Ag

a + 4.00 + 7.66 + 2.97 + 11.3 - 16.4 + 7.785 + 5.065 + 1.20 + 0.61 + 0.03 + 9.10 +794 - 0.09 + 0.35 + 12.5 - 32.4 - 12.54 - 2.74 - 3.112

B. Alloys and compounds

25, 50)

Zn. Cu 0 25 + 684-9.2 * Composition is not stated; probably about 60Cu, 40Ni.

|

5 5 5 2 5 5 2 2

(81) ( 1S ) ( 1S ) (25) (n, is) (15) (9) | C 55 )

1.23 3.01 10.0 23.6 1.00 2.00 3.72 6.36

+48 +30 +38 +25 +43.5 +43.5 +43.5 +43.5 MoS2H +50 Constantan** +87 +60 +20.5 German silver**.... +23 Manganin** +60 Nickelin** +31 Piano wire** +28

+ 7 6 + 62.4 +111 + 7 2 + 65.0 +120 + 7 5 + 75.8 + 39 + 68 + 33.3 + 12 + 43.5 +676 + 43.5 +537 + 43.5 +207 + 43.5 +137 + 5 0 -113 +481 + 2 0 . 0 0 + 2.554-10.05 +60+19.78 + 20.5 + 25.33 +23+10.45 +60-2.85 + 3 1 + 17.14 + 2 8 + 7.7

1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 10 10 10 10 20 10 5 5 5 5 5 5

(54) ( S4 ) ( 54 ) ( 54 ) (24) (24) (24) (24) (52) (55) (5») 0«) O4) ( 58 ) O4) (14)

*
LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) (*) Aalderink, 18, 15: 321; 10. (2) Adams and Johnston, 12, 33: 534; 12. Johnston and Adams, 12, 31: 501; 11. ( 3 ) Agricola, Zh'ss., Erlangen, 1902. (4) Barker, 2, 31: 321; 10. (5) Barrett, 3, 49: 309; 00. (6) Battelli, Mem. accad. Torino, 36: 487; 85. 23, 5: 1137; 87. 59, 21: 228; 87. 22: 157; 87. (7) Beck, 242, 55: 103, 470; 10. («) Becquerel, 6, 8: 389; 66. (9) Berg, 8, 32: 447; 10. (10) Bernoulli, 8, 33: 690; 10. 200, 9: 270; 12. (H) Bidwell, $, 3: 204; 14. 10: 756; 17. 19: 447; 22. 23: 357; 24. (12) Bidwell, 0, 73: 413; 04. (13) Bordoni, 59, 2: 245; 11. ( 14 ) Borelius, 8, 52: 398; 17. 53: 615; 17. 56: 388; 18. (i 5 ) Borelius and Gunneson, 8, 65: 520; 21. (16) Borelius and Lindh, 8, 51: 607; 16. 53: 97; 17. 0?) Bridgman, 65, 53: 269; 18. 61: 101; 26. 2,9: 269; 17. ( l s ) Broniewski, 6, 25: 5; 12. 74, 7: 341; 10. 34, 150: 1754; 10. 152: 85; 11. 156: 1983; 13. 0») Broniewski and Hackspill, 34, 153: 814; 11. 6, 29: 455; 14. (20) Brown and Shuddemagen, 2, 5: 385; 15. ( 2:l ) Burgess and Crowe, 31 A, 10: 315; 14. (22) Burgess and Scott, 31 A, 14: 15; 16. (23) Campbell, 140, 94: 268; 16. (24) Caswell, 2, 33: 379; 11. 7: 269; 16. 12: 231; 18. ( 2S ) Cermak, 8, 24: 351; 07. 26: 521; 08. 33: 1195; 10. (26) Cermak and Schmidt, 8, 36: 575; 11. (27) Coblentz, SIA, 6: 107; 09. 7: 197; 10. (28) Darling and Rinaldi, 67, 36: 281; 24. (29) Day and Sosman, 12, 179: 93; 10.

( 30 ) des Coudres, 8, 43: 673; 91. ( 31 ) Dewar and Fleming, 3, 40: 95; 95. cf. Dickson, 174, 47: 737; 11. ( 32 ) Dupuy and Portevin, 34, 155: 1082; 12. 74, 12: 657; 15. ( 33 ) Englisch, 8, 50: 88; 93. ( 33 -i) Erhard, 8, 14: 504; 81. ( 34 ) Feussner and St. Lindeck, 89, 2: 501; 95. ( 3S ) Fischer and Pfleiderer, 95, 13: 237; 21. ( 3 s.i) Fischer and Pfleiderer, 523, 4: 440; 19. ( 36 ) Forsythe, W. E., Nela Park Laboratory, Cleveland, Ohio, 0. ( 3 7) Fuller, 78, 27: 241; 15. (3«) Gehlhoff and Neumeier, 88, 15: 876; 13. ( 39 ) Geibel, 93, 69: 38; 11. 70: 240; 11. ( 40 ) Gottstein, 8t 43: 1079; 14. ( 4 i) Haken, 8, 32: 291; 10. ( 42 ) Haga, 8, 28: 179; 86. ( 43 ) Hall, Campbell, Serviss and Churchill, 65, 42: 597; 07. (44) Hirsch, 78, 20: 57; 11. (45) Holborn and Day, 8, 2: 505; 00. 12, 10: 171; 00. 76, 1899: 691. ( 4 6 ) Holborn and Wien, 8, 47: 107; 92. (46.1) Holmes, R. M., Cornell Univ., O. (47) Hunter and Bacon, 78, 36: 323; 19. (48) Hutchins, 12, 48: 226; 94. (49) Ingersoll, 2, 16: 126; 20. (50) Jahn, 8, 34: 755; 88. ( 5 *) Jordan, 3, 21: 454; 11. ( 52 ) Koenigsberger and Weiss, 8, 35: 1; 11. ( 53 ) La Rosa, 59, 12: 284; 16. ( 54 ) Laws, 3, 7: 560;

04. (55) Lecher, 8, 19: 853; 06. 20: 480; 06. ( 56 ) Ledoux, 84, 155: 35; 12. (57) LeRoux, 6, 10: 201; 67. ("-i) Morugina, 97, 7: 486; 26. ( 58 ) Nettleton, 5, 29: 59; 16. ( 5 9) Noll, 8, 53: 874; 94. (60) Norsa, 34, 155: 348; 12. (61) Northrup, 33, 9: 45; 13. 15: 193; 16. (62) Onnes and Holst, 64P, 17: 760; 17. ( 63 ) Oosterhuis, 18, 2: 7; 12. (64) Pécheux, 34, 139: 1202; 04. 147: 532; 08. 148: 1041; 09. 149: 1062; 09. 167: 487; 18. (65) Pelabon, 16, 13: 169; 20. 34, 176: 1305; 23. (66) Reichardt, 8, 6: 832; 01. (67) Riecke, Lehrbuch der experimental Physik, II: 345; 96. (68) Rohn, 95, 16: 297; 24. (69) Rudolfi, 93, 67: 65; 10. (70) Schoute, 18, 12: 175; 07. (") Sedström, 8, 59: 134; 19. 95, 13: 155; 21. (72) Shearer, 2, 34: 238; 12. (73) Siebel, 8, 60: 260; 19. (74) Siegel, 8, 38: 588; 12. (75) Smith, &, 32: 178; 11. 19: 285; 22. 22: 58; 23. (75.1) Sosman, 12, 30: 1; 10. (76) Steele, 3, 37: 218; 94. (77) Swisher, 2, 10: 601; 17. (78) Wagner, 8, 27: 955; 08. (79) Wick, 2, 25: 382; 07. (80) Wietzel, 8, 43: 605; 14. (81) Worthing, 2, 7: 497; 16.

ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY OF AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS CONTENTS Introduction, symbols and units. Standard solutions for determining cell constants.

MATIÈRES Introduction, symboles et unités. Solutions étalons pour la détermination de la constante des cuves.

INHALTSVERZEICHNIS Einleitung, Symbole und Einheiten. Normallösungen für die Bestimmung der Widerstands-Kapazität des Ge-

INDICE PAGB Introduzione, simboli e unità 229 Soluzioni campione per determinare le costanti delle cellule 230

Ionic conductivities. Solutions of salts and of all inorganic strong electrolytes.

Conductibilités ioniques. Solutions de sels et de tous les electrolytes forts inorganiques. Solutions saturées des electrolytes forts peu solubles.

Ionen-Leitfähigkeiten . Salzlösungen und Lösungen aller starken anorganischen Elektrolyte. Gesättigte Lösungen wenig löslicher starker Elektrolyte.

Solutions de tous les electrolytes faibles et de tous les acides et bases organiques. Solutions contenant deux corps dissouts. Solutions de savon, Vol. V, p. 458.

Lösungen aller schwachen Elektrolyte und aller organischen Säuren und Basen. Lösungen mit zwei gelösten Stoffe. Seifenlösungen, Bd. V, S. 458.

Conducibilità ionica.... 230 Soluzioni di sali e di tutti gli elettroliti forti inorganici 230 Soluzioni sature di elettroliti forti debolmente solubili 256 Soluzioni di tutti gli elettroliti deboli e di tutti gli acidi e basi organici 259 Soluzioni contenenti due sostanze disciolte 305 Soluzioni di saponi, Voi. V, p.458.

Saturated solutions of slightly soluble strong electrolytes. Solutions of all weak electrolytes and of all organic acids and bases. Solutions containing two solutes. Soap solutions, Vol. V, p. 458.

INTRODUCTION ABBREVIATIONS. SYMBOLS AND UNITS K Specific conductance in ohm"1 cm"1. C Concentration in milliformula-weights per 1 of solution at the temperature t, unless otherwise indicated. A = 106/c/C. The unit of specific conductance is the reciprocal ohm and it is assumed that the standardizing solutions shown in the tables below have the specific conductances there given. To bring the older data into harmony with these values, the authors' conductance values have been increased by the appropiate amount as indicated in column 5 of Table 1.

ABRÉVIATIONS, SYMBOLES ET UNITÉS K Conductibilité spécifique en ohm"1 cm"1. C Concentration en millimolécule grammes pour 1 de solution à la température t, à moins d'une autre indication. A = 10VC. L'unité de conductibilité spécifique est l'ohm réciproque et il a été admis que les solutions étalons données dans les tables ci-dessous ont les conductibilités spécifiques mentionnées à cette place. Pour mettre en harmonie avec ces valeurs les données plus anciennes, les valeurs de conductibilité données par les auteurs ont été augmentées d'une quantité appropriée, comme cela est indiqué dans la colonne 5 de la Table 1.

ABKÜRZUNGEN, SYMBOLE UND EINHEITEN K Spezifische Leitfähigkeit in Ohm"1 cm"1. C Konzentration in Milligrammformel-Gewicht für ein l der Lösung bei der Temperatur t, wenn nichts anderes angegeben. A = 106*/C. Die Einheit der spezifischen Leitfähigkeit ist das reziproke Ohm. Es wird angenommen, dass die Lösungen, welche zur Bestimmung der WiderstandsKapazität den Gefässen dienten, den spezifischen Leitfähigkeit haben, welcher in den unteren Tabellen angegeben ist. Um ältere Daten mit diesen in Übereinstimmung zu bringen, werden die Leitfähigkeitswerte der Autoren um einen entsprechenden Anteil erhöht, wie es in der Kolonne 5 der Tafel l angegeben ist.

ABBREVIAZIONI, SIMBOLI, E UNITÀ K Conduttura specifica in ohm"1 cm"1. C Concentrazione in milliformula-grammo per 1 di soluzione a temperatura t, a meno che non venga altrimenti indicato. A = 10VC. L'unità della conducibilità specifica è il reciproco dell' ohm; si suppone inoltre che le soluzioni titolate di confronto che figurano nelle tabelle più sotto hanno la conducibilità specifica ivi indicata. Per poter mettere d'accordo con questi i valori più vecchi, i valori datdagli autori sono stati accrei sciuti nel rapporto dovuto, come è indicato nella colonna 5 della Tabella 1.

( 30 ) des Coudres, 8, 43: 673; 91. ( 31 ) Dewar and Fleming, 3, 40: 95; 95. cf. Dickson, 174, 47: 737; 11. ( 32 ) Dupuy and Portevin, 34, 155: 1082; 12. 74, 12: 657; 15. ( 33 ) Englisch, 8, 50: 88; 93. ( 33 -i) Erhard, 8, 14: 504; 81. ( 34 ) Feussner and St. Lindeck, 89, 2: 501; 95. ( 3S ) Fischer and Pfleiderer, 95, 13: 237; 21. ( 3 s.i) Fischer and Pfleiderer, 523, 4: 440; 19. ( 36 ) Forsythe, W. E., Nela Park Laboratory, Cleveland, Ohio, 0. ( 3 7) Fuller, 78, 27: 241; 15. (3«) Gehlhoff and Neumeier, 88, 15: 876; 13. ( 39 ) Geibel, 93, 69: 38; 11. 70: 240; 11. ( 40 ) Gottstein, 8t 43: 1079; 14. ( 4 i) Haken, 8, 32: 291; 10. ( 42 ) Haga, 8, 28: 179; 86. ( 43 ) Hall, Campbell, Serviss and Churchill, 65, 42: 597; 07. (44) Hirsch, 78, 20: 57; 11. (45) Holborn and Day, 8, 2: 505; 00. 12, 10: 171; 00. 76, 1899: 691. ( 4 6 ) Holborn and Wien, 8, 47: 107; 92. (46.1) Holmes, R. M., Cornell Univ., O. (47) Hunter and Bacon, 78, 36: 323; 19. (48) Hutchins, 12, 48: 226; 94. (49) Ingersoll, 2, 16: 126; 20. (50) Jahn, 8, 34: 755; 88. ( 5 *) Jordan, 3, 21: 454; 11. ( 52 ) Koenigsberger and Weiss, 8, 35: 1; 11. ( 53 ) La Rosa, 59, 12: 284; 16. ( 54 ) Laws, 3, 7: 560;

04. (55) Lecher, 8, 19: 853; 06. 20: 480; 06. ( 56 ) Ledoux, 84, 155: 35; 12. (57) LeRoux, 6, 10: 201; 67. ("-i) Morugina, 97, 7: 486; 26. ( 58 ) Nettleton, 5, 29: 59; 16. ( 5 9) Noll, 8, 53: 874; 94. (60) Norsa, 34, 155: 348; 12. (61) Northrup, 33, 9: 45; 13. 15: 193; 16. (62) Onnes and Holst, 64P, 17: 760; 17. ( 63 ) Oosterhuis, 18, 2: 7; 12. (64) Pécheux, 34, 139: 1202; 04. 147: 532; 08. 148: 1041; 09. 149: 1062; 09. 167: 487; 18. (65) Pelabon, 16, 13: 169; 20. 34, 176: 1305; 23. (66) Reichardt, 8, 6: 832; 01. (67) Riecke, Lehrbuch der experimental Physik, II: 345; 96. (68) Rohn, 95, 16: 297; 24. (69) Rudolfi, 93, 67: 65; 10. (70) Schoute, 18, 12: 175; 07. (") Sedström, 8, 59: 134; 19. 95, 13: 155; 21. (72) Shearer, 2, 34: 238; 12. (73) Siebel, 8, 60: 260; 19. (74) Siegel, 8, 38: 588; 12. (75) Smith, &, 32: 178; 11. 19: 285; 22. 22: 58; 23. (75.1) Sosman, 12, 30: 1; 10. (76) Steele, 3, 37: 218; 94. (77) Swisher, 2, 10: 601; 17. (78) Wagner, 8, 27: 955; 08. (79) Wick, 2, 25: 382; 07. (80) Wietzel, 8, 43: 605; 14. (81) Worthing, 2, 7: 497; 16.

ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY OF AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS CONTENTS Introduction, symbols and units. Standard solutions for determining cell constants.

MATIÈRES Introduction, symboles et unités. Solutions étalons pour la détermination de la constante des cuves.

INHALTSVERZEICHNIS Einleitung, Symbole und Einheiten. Normallösungen für die Bestimmung der Widerstands-Kapazität des Ge-

INDICE PAGB Introduzione, simboli e unità 229 Soluzioni campione per determinare le costanti delle cellule 230

Ionic conductivities. Solutions of salts and of all inorganic strong electrolytes.

Conductibilités ioniques. Solutions de sels et de tous les electrolytes forts inorganiques. Solutions saturées des electrolytes forts peu solubles.

Ionen-Leitfähigkeiten . Salzlösungen und Lösungen aller starken anorganischen Elektrolyte. Gesättigte Lösungen wenig löslicher starker Elektrolyte.

Solutions de tous les electrolytes faibles et de tous les acides et bases organiques. Solutions contenant deux corps dissouts. Solutions de savon, Vol. V, p. 458.

Lösungen aller schwachen Elektrolyte und aller organischen Säuren und Basen. Lösungen mit zwei gelösten Stoffe. Seifenlösungen, Bd. V, S. 458.

Conducibilità ionica.... 230 Soluzioni di sali e di tutti gli elettroliti forti inorganici 230 Soluzioni sature di elettroliti forti debolmente solubili 256 Soluzioni di tutti gli elettroliti deboli e di tutti gli acidi e basi organici 259 Soluzioni contenenti due sostanze disciolte 305 Soluzioni di saponi, Voi. V, p.458.

Saturated solutions of slightly soluble strong electrolytes. Solutions of all weak electrolytes and of all organic acids and bases. Solutions containing two solutes. Soap solutions, Vol. V, p. 458.

INTRODUCTION ABBREVIATIONS. SYMBOLS AND UNITS K Specific conductance in ohm"1 cm"1. C Concentration in milliformula-weights per 1 of solution at the temperature t, unless otherwise indicated. A = 106/c/C. The unit of specific conductance is the reciprocal ohm and it is assumed that the standardizing solutions shown in the tables below have the specific conductances there given. To bring the older data into harmony with these values, the authors' conductance values have been increased by the appropiate amount as indicated in column 5 of Table 1.

ABRÉVIATIONS, SYMBOLES ET UNITÉS K Conductibilité spécifique en ohm"1 cm"1. C Concentration en millimolécule grammes pour 1 de solution à la température t, à moins d'une autre indication. A = 10VC. L'unité de conductibilité spécifique est l'ohm réciproque et il a été admis que les solutions étalons données dans les tables ci-dessous ont les conductibilités spécifiques mentionnées à cette place. Pour mettre en harmonie avec ces valeurs les données plus anciennes, les valeurs de conductibilité données par les auteurs ont été augmentées d'une quantité appropriée, comme cela est indiqué dans la colonne 5 de la Table 1.

ABKÜRZUNGEN, SYMBOLE UND EINHEITEN K Spezifische Leitfähigkeit in Ohm"1 cm"1. C Konzentration in Milligrammformel-Gewicht für ein l der Lösung bei der Temperatur t, wenn nichts anderes angegeben. A = 106*/C. Die Einheit der spezifischen Leitfähigkeit ist das reziproke Ohm. Es wird angenommen, dass die Lösungen, welche zur Bestimmung der WiderstandsKapazität den Gefässen dienten, den spezifischen Leitfähigkeit haben, welcher in den unteren Tabellen angegeben ist. Um ältere Daten mit diesen in Übereinstimmung zu bringen, werden die Leitfähigkeitswerte der Autoren um einen entsprechenden Anteil erhöht, wie es in der Kolonne 5 der Tafel l angegeben ist.

ABBREVIAZIONI, SIMBOLI, E UNITÀ K Conduttura specifica in ohm"1 cm"1. C Concentrazione in milliformula-grammo per 1 di soluzione a temperatura t, a meno che non venga altrimenti indicato. A = 10VC. L'unità della conducibilità specifica è il reciproco dell' ohm; si suppone inoltre che le soluzioni titolate di confronto che figurano nelle tabelle più sotto hanno la conducibilità specifica ivi indicata. Per poter mettere d'accordo con questi i valori più vecchi, i valori datdagli autori sono stati accrei sciuti nel rapporto dovuto, come è indicato nella colonna 5 della Tabella 1.

SOLUTIONS FOR DETERMINING CELL CONSTANTS ("•) TABLE L—KOHLRAUSCH SOLUTIONS The values given below have the following significance: Col. 2, grams of KC1 per 1000 g H2O, weights in air (d = 0.0012). Col. 3, temperature of measurement. Col. 4, specific conductance ohm"1 cm"1. Col. 5, % difference, Col. 4 value minus the older Kohlrausch value. 1 | 2 | 3 4 5 Solution gKCl* K (I. C. T. number kg H2O ' value) ^°rr'? % 1 76.9153 0 0.6531 O.lSo 18 .098116 ,10s 25 .111687 ,10i 2 7.49313 0 .0071416 .11s 18 .0111846 .04s 25 .012876s .02? 3 0.74756 0 .0077422 .229 18 .0012223s .2(14 25 .00141037 .186 4 76.925 18 .09812s .14s 5 7.4945 18 .011187l .14s 6 0.74766 18 .00122252 .14s 7 Max., H2SQ4 25 0.8242 0.18 TABLE 2.—PARKER SOLUTIONS K = A + 10~3B£ + 10-6Q2 gKCl/kgH 2 O*| 76.627e [ 7.4789e | 0.746253 d, g/cm3, 0°C | 1.04804 | 1.004887 j 1.000372 t, °C | Values of K, ohm"1 cm"1 00.06509s0.007129s0.00077284 5 .073876 .0082055 .000892o3 10 .082886 .0093158 .00101513 15 .092132 .0104603 .00114215 18 .097790 .0111636 .00122023

TABLE 2.—(Continued) gKCl/kgH 2 O*| 76.627e | 7.4789e | 0.74625s d, g/cm3, 0°C I 1.04804 j 1.004887 j 1.000372 t, °C I Values of *, ohm"1 cm"1 200.1016070.01163930.001273o7 25 .111322 .0128524 .00140789 30 .121267 .0140996 .00154661 A = 0 . 0 6 5 0 9 s 0.0071295 0.00077284 B= 1.7319 2.1178 2.3448 C = 4.681 6.850 7.816 * In air (d = 0.0012), brass weights.

IONIC CONDUCTIVITY TABLE 3.—ION CONDUCTANCES AT 18°C Based upon I. C. T. atomic weights (v. Vol. I, p. 43) and upon the I. C. T. cell-constant values (Table 1 supra). Ion conductances not given here may be obtained by subtracting AH (resp. AOH) from the A 0 values given in the tables beginning on p. 259. T

Ion

H Cs K NH 4 Na Li Tl Ag £Ca |Mg iBa ÌPb

"

A

I

l/dA\ - 7\1 -at 3 7/1 ) s A

315.2 67.46 64.20 64.3 43.16 33.02 65.3 53.8 5i 4s 55 61

0.01573 .0212 .0217 .0222 .0244 .0265 .0215 .0229 .0247 .0256 .0239 .0240

I

Ion

"

A

l/dA\

A( Ay~AtatI/ i s

OH 173.8 Cl 65.24 Br... 67.31 I 66.25 N O 3 . . . . . . . 61.62 C1O3 54.87 BrO3 47.6 IO8, 33.78 C2H3O2 35 iC2O4 61 eSO4 6s jCrO 4 72

0.018 .0216 .0215 .0213 .0205 .0215 .0214 .0238 .0231 .0227

SOLUTIONS OF SALTS AND OF ALL INORGANIC STRONG ELECTROLYTES CONTENTS PART I. — Neutral halides, nitrates and sulfates. PART II. — All other salts and strong electrolytes.

MATIÈRES Sec. 1. — Halogénures, nitrates et sulfates neutres. Sec. II. — Tous les autres sels et les electrolytes forts.

INHALTSVERZEICHNIS Abschnitt I. — Neutrale Halogenide, Nitrate und Sulfate. Abschnitt II. —Alle anderen Salze und starken Elektrolyte.

INDICE pAGE Serie I. — Alogenuri neutri, nitrati e solfati 230 Serie II. — Tutti gli altri sali, e gli elettroliti forti . 241

PART I. CONDUCTIVITY OF NEUTRAL HALIDES, NITRATES AND SULFATES EDWARD W. WASHBURN AND ALFONS KLEMENC CONTENTS Table 1.—Values of C up to 0.5. Table 2.—Values of C from 0.5 to 1000. Table 3.—Values of C above 1000. In each table the salts are grouped according to the anion in the order F, Cl, Br, I, SO4, NO3 and under a given anion the cations follow the standard arrangement (v. Vol. Ill, p. viii).

MATIÈRES Table 1. — Valeurs de C jusqu'à 0,5. Table 2.— Valeurs de C de 0,5 à 1000. Table 3.— Valeurs de C au dessus de 1000. Dans chaque table les sels sont groupés en accord avec l'anion dans Tordre F, Cl, Br, I, SÛ4, NO 3 et sous un anion donné, les cations suivent Farrangement type (v. Vol. III, p. viii).

INHALTSVERZEICHNIS Tabelle 1.— Werte von C bis 0,5. Tabelle 2. — Werte von C von 0,5 bis zu 1000. Tabelle 3. — Werte von C über 1000. In jeder Tabelle sind die Salze in der Reihenfolge ihrer Anionen angeordnet; F, Cl, Br, I, SO4, NO3. Unter den gegebenen Anionen folgen die Kationen in der Standardanordnung (v. Bd. III, S. viii).

INDICE Tabella 1.— Valori di C fino a 0,5. Tabella 2.— Valori di C da 0,5 a 1000. Tabella 3.— Valori di C sopra 1000. In ciascuna tabella i sali sono raggruppati secondo l'anione nell'ordine F, Cl, Br, I, SO4, NO3 e per un dato anione i cationi seguono l'ordinamento tipo (v. Voi. Ili, p. viii).

TABLE 1.—VALUES OF C UP TO 0.5 For literature references, v. Table 2

F

RbCl, 18° C W«K/C 0.1 132.1 CsCl, 18° 0.1 132.0 0.2 131.7

T1F, 18° C 10*K/C 0.1 114.40 0.2 114.66 NaF, 18° 0.1 89.10 0.2 88.81

Cl NH4C1, 18° 0.1 129.3 0.2 128.9

KRaBr2, 18° 0.1 123.9 0.2 122.9

(C2H5)4NC1, 25° 0.01 109.139 0.05 108.933 0.07 108.837 0.1 108.692 0.2 108.281

T1C1, 18° 0.1 130.15 0.2 129.82

KCaCl2, 18° 0.1 115.01 0.2 114.39 KSrCl2, 18° 0.1 (118.5) 0.2 (117.4) LiCl, 18° 0.1 97.82 0.2 97.53 NaCl, 18° 0.1 107.88 0.2 107.60

KC1, 0.01 0.02 0.05 0.07 0.10 0.20 0.2

18° 129.379 129.317 129.12e 129.003 128.836 128.483

100° I 402.6

KBr, 18° 0.1 130.86 0.2 130.57 I (C3H7)4NI, 25° 1&K/C

C

0.01 0.05 0.07 0.1 0.2

0.1 0.2

99.649 99.492 99.37s 99.307 98.990

Kl, 18° 129.50 129.24

SO4 K(NH4)2S04,18° 0.1 130 0.2 128 ^ZnSO4, 18° 0.1 109.6 0.2 107.6 J£CdSO4, 18° 0.1 109.69 0.2 107.45 JiCuSO4, 18° 0.1 109.80 0.2 107.80 3/2MgS04, 18° 0.1 109.6 0.2 107.8 TABLE 2; see p. 232 to 238

F

KCaS04 \ 10VC 18° 0.1 115.5 0.2 114.0 25° 0.1 136.5 0.2 133.1

2 000 3 000 4 000 T1F, 2 000

^Na2S04, 18° 0.1 109.7 0.2 108.8

AgF, 18° 2 000 45.8 3 000 38.7

C

Br (CH3)4NBr, 25° 0.01 124.263 0.05 123.95s 0.07 123.807 0.1 123.58e 0.2 123.010

KF, 18° 0.1 110.02 0.2 109.79

KInClg, 25° 0.3 | 225

TABLE 3.—VALUES OF C ABOVE 1000 For literature references, v. Table 2

^K2S04, 18° 0.1 130.5 0.2 129.8

NO 3 NH 4 N0 3 , 18° 0.1 (125.9) 0.2 (125.8) MPb(N0 3 ) 2 , 18° 0.1 120.59 0.2 119.80 T1NO3, 18° 0.1 126.59 0.2 126.26 AgN03, 18° 0.1 114.85 0.2 114.40 ^Ca(NO 3 ) 2 , 18° 0.1 111.75 0.2 111.03 KSr(N03)2, ig0 0.1 111.58 0.2 110.91 MBa(N03)2, 18° 0.1 115.16 0.2 114.49 LiN03, 18° 0.1 94.17 0.2 93.86 NaNO3, 18° 0.1 104.30 0.2 103.94 KN03 18° 0.1 125.2 0.2 124.90 100° 0.2 I 380.2

NH4F, 18° C 1&K/C

2 3 4 5

55.3 48.1 42.2 18° | 62.8

KF, 18° 000 66.2 000 58.9 000 52.7 000 46.9

6 000

(42.0)

RbF, 18° 2 000 71.3 3 000 64.2 4 000 57.5

Cl NH4C1 0°

2 000 3 000

63.0 62.0

4 000

(60.0)

2 3 4 5

KZnCl 2 .—(Cont'd) C \ 10VC 25° 2 000 44.0 3 000 32.7 4 000 25.6 5 000 20.7 6 000 17.1 7 000 14.5 8 000 12.2 9 000 10.1e 10 000 8.40 12 000 5.72 14 000 3.8s 16 000 2.4s 18 000 1.4s 20 000 0.750 22 000 0.452

18° 000 000 000 000

92.2 88.3 85.1 80.7

C6H5NH2HC1, 25° 2 000 44.8 3 000 33.0 4 000 23.0

2 3 4 5 6 7 9 2 3 4 5 6 7 9 2 3

MSnCl4, 18° 2 000 66.9 3 000 47.9 4 000 32.7 KThCh, 18° 2 000 44.3s 3 000 36.3 4 000 29.8l MlnCl3, 25° 3 000 | 10.2

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 11 15

KZnCl2 18° 000 39.5 000 29.6 000 22.9 000 18.4 000 15.2 000 12.9 000 10.60 520 5.36 370 2.36

KCdCl2 18° 000 14.17 000 10.02 000 7.06 000 4.8s 500 3.33 760 2.27 180 1.45 25° 000 16.0e 000 11.42 000 8.26 000 5.74 492 4.10 745 2.85 160 1.86 100° 220 31.3 420 21.!

2 3 4

MCuCl2 0° 000 28.9 000 22.4 000 16.8 18° 000 43.4 000 33.6 000 26.0

2 3 4 5 6

KMnCl2 18° 000 45.3 000 35.7 000 28.17 000 21.8 000 16.3o

2 3 4

^MnCl 2 — (Cont'd) C

|

1&K/C

25°

51.7 41.3 32.4 24.9 20.0

2 3 4 5 6

000 000 000 000 000

2 3 4 5 6

KFeCl2, 18° 000 48.li 000 38.8l 000 30.84 000 24.0s 000 18.13

2 3 4 5 6 8

MFeCU 0° 000 24.2 000 17.8 000 13.0 18° 000 37.5 000 27.8 000 20.9 000 15.90 000 12.4o 000 6.20

2 3 4 7

MCoCl2, 18° 000 49.2 000 39.7 000 32.1 630 11.7

2 3 4

^NiCl2, 18° 2 000 50.6 3 000 41.0 4 000 33.33 HCrCl3, Violet, 18° 2 000 44.8 3 000 35.2

2 3 4 5 6 2 3 4

JÂlCls 0° 000 27.3 000 21.5 000 16.4 000 12.5 000 8.57 18° 000 44.5 000 34.2 000 27.1e

KBeCl2, 18° 2 000 41.4 3 000 34.4 4 000 29.0 KMgCl2 0° 2 000 33.0 3 000 27.7 8 034 7.49 Continued on p. 289

TABLE 2. — VALUES OF C FROM 0.5 TO 1000* [FJ; NH 4 F T1F A

8F

NaF

KF RbF

18 18 18 18 18 18

[Cl]; NHiCl

C7H8O2.HC1.2H20 (CH3)8NHC1

18 18

CsHrNHzHCl

18

CeHeNHzHCl (C2H6)2NH2C1

25 18

(C3H7)2NH2C1

18

(C2H6)3NHC1

18

(C 2 H B )4NC1.. (C8H7)3NHC1

25 18

(C2H6)2Ci6H33NHCl C2oH2 N3C1

56

(C6H6CH2)3CH3NC1 C 9 Hi 2 ClNO TiCl3

18 25

| C = 0.5 | 1

| 1000 | Lit. ( 9S ) 114.47 113.27 111.30 108.20 105.45 102.24 97.37 71.55 (99,138) 25 131.0 129.4 126.4 123.5 119.9 (72) 80.6 74.4 65.2 61.2 56.5 (95) 88.25 87.65 86.74 85.04 83.33 80.8? 76.99 75.09 72.94 67. 80 59. 81 56. 2o 51.8 (138, iss) 109.03 108.45 107.48 105.74 103.85 101.46 97.33 95.64 93.63 89.14 82. li 79. 2i 75. 7i (95, 129, iss) 92.8 86.1 83.4 80. o (") 0 78.1 77.7 76.9 76.0 74.5 71.7 70.6 69.6 67.8 65.5 64.8 64.1 (109, no, 131, 132) 18 128.2 127.5 126.2 124.3 122.3 118.2 115.3 110. 8 101.5 97.1 (133,248) 25 147.6 146.3 144.1 141.4 138.3 132.8 130.5 127.8 122 115 136.lt 107 (28, 34, i io, 248) 50 227 225.7 222.5 218.6 (212.7) 202.3 198.6 194.5 185.1 171.9 (109) 100 398.2 382.1 (378.8 at C = 12.5) (ISO) 156 600.1 571.9 (iso) 218 800 757 (ISO) 306 1029 923 (826 at C = 30) (i«0) 356.9 352.8 339.8 331.8 319.7 288.0 (Also at t - 19.8°C) (224) 104.5 103.8 (103.6 at C ~ 1.33) (Also at t - 32, 35°C) (172) 25 121.4 120.2 117.9 115.8 113.1 108.6 106.7 I (34,172) 98.5 97.8 96.8 (95.9 at C - 3) 1 (172) 25 114.7 113.6 112.1 (Also at t = 32, 35°C) (172) 244 89.7 83.8 72.5 67.2 60.8 ( ) 94.9 93.8 (93.0 at C - 3) (172) 25 110.0 (108.7 at C = 3) (172) 90.1 89.2 (88.4) (172) 25 (105.9) 104.9 103.6 (Also aU = 32, 35°C) (172) 92.4 91.8 90.6 . | (172) 25 107.3 106.2 (105.3 at C = 3) (Also&tt =32, 35°C) (172) 107.427 106.532 ( l i ) . c/ (28) 86.5 853 (172) 25 100.4 99.1 (98.1 at C = 3) (Also at t = 32, 35°C) (172) 229 198 133 91.6 | 74.3 640 (220) 0 49.4 49.7 50.6 Rosaniline hydrochloride (56) 25 92.6 91.7 88.3 (56) 79.5 77.5 74.4 (68.8) (72.2 at C - 30) («*) Hydroxyhydrindamine hydrochloride (206) (98)

|

°C

2

|5

|

10 |

20 |

50 |

70 |

100 | 200 | 89.9 83.8 74.3 95. 2o 92.62 87.02

500 | 70.3 78.79

700 65.6 75.4s

ZrOCl2

*SnCl4 sPbCl2

(233,

18

(217) 0 18 25 50

iThCh |InCl3 T1C1

18 25

73.0 72.2 69.0 118.98 115.7 109.1 138.5 134.4 126.7 219 205 193 179 160

64.7 102.0 118.1

59.2 93.1 107.5

80.16 126.63 142.9

(50.6 at C = 30) (30.5 at C = 300) 78.21 (77.41i at C - 6.779s or satd. soin.) 123.56 120.04 (118.30 at C = 12.78 or satd. soin.) 138.8 (135.3 at C = 16.07 or satd. soin.) 86.5 79.3

256)

(99) (109) (ios, iss) (ios, iss)

79.1 91.2 61.0

(101 at C = 3) 0 (81.9) 81.13 18 129.00 128.05 25 (146)

(122)

(109) 57.7

54.0

(99) ( 2 5 i) (212)

( 138 ) (26) *ZnCl2 18 68.7 63.2 56.2 (95, 154) 25 79.4 73.0 64.3 (iS4, 207) l iCdCh 0 64.1 60.4 54.9 50.8 45. i 37.5 34.8 31.8 25.9 17.9 ( °*) 18 104.8 99,5 90,7 82,9 74.1 60.1 55.2 50.0 41.0 29.6 25.7 21.64 (84,85,273) 25 120.5 116.2 105.5 95.7 84.2 68.5 63.1 57.4 47.0 34.2 29.7 24.9 (84,85,109,273) 9 50 159 142 125 101 92 83.5 67.4 47.8 (i» ) 100 (95.3 at C = 192) (55. i at C = 959) (92) *HgCl2 18 (2.59 at C = 17.0) (1.51 at C = 75.4) (1,07 at C = 392) (85) 25 (3.38 at C = 16.9) (1.30 at C = 75.3) (1.25 at C = 391) (85) *CuCh 0 65.3 63.0 60.9 58.7 55.1 53.6 51.9 48.5 42.9 40.3 37.0 (109, no) 18 83.2 77.1 67.0 62.3 56.9 (48,95) 25 123.4 118.7 114.9 110.2 102.5 99.2 95.4 87.2 74.7 69.6 64.1 (109) 177 Ir and Pt H 2 IrCJ 6 , EhPtCle, (NH4)2PtCl6, K2PtCl6 C -*), PtCU (258) éMnCh 0 (61) 60.4 59.1 57.3 55.2 51.9 50.5 48.9 45.4 39.7 37.5 35.2 (*09) 18 66.4 61.8 57.4 (»9) 25 (118) 112.8 108.7 104.8 97.2 94.2 90.7 84.0 73.5 69.3 64.4 (109, 154) * When the literature cited contains data at other temperatures, this is indicated thus: (Also at t = 32r 35°C). f At C = 30.

TABLE 2. — (Continued) |

£MnCl 2 .— (Continued) eFeCh IFeCls

50 18

JCoCh iNiCh fOCls, violet CrCl3.6H2Of green eCrCls, blue UO2C12

18 18 18

°C

| C = 0.5 | 1 | 2 | 5 | 10 | 198 194 186 179 170 158 152 146 131 107

0

136

100

20 | 96 94

75

59

50

1 (i° 9 )

67

70 |

55.2

100

50.5

|

200

41.8

18

75.4

25

(159.9) 143.1 131.1 (Also at t = 12.5, 25, 35, 50, 65° C)

0

120.0

106.9

102.6

|

25 25 25 25 25 25

fSaCla |YbCl3 IBeClz |MgCl2

25 25 18

700

|

1000

Lit.

|

60.6 (") 0 09 ) 53.1 (") 60.8 (99, ies) ; c/. (loa.s) 62.1 (") 58.9 (") ( 15 » 16' 98) 15 ( ) ( 109 ) C 62 » 109) (2) 34.4 (109, no) 61.0 56.2 (") (is, 109)

98.6

0

JScCh iYCla |LaCl3 èCeCh ^PrCls INdCla

|

69.4 65.5 38.0 33.6 66.5 60.4 65.6 70.8 66.8 68.6 (64.5)

25 VOCls iAICIs

500

65.8 62.0 59. o 56. i 51.8 50. s 48.7 45.0 39.6 37.3 18 65.0 25 144 136 125 117.9 110. o 99.7 96.2 92.2 84.4 73.7 69.6 109 50 204 191 178 161 154 147 134 115 107 ( ) 141.5 133.5 123.1 115.8 108.4 98.4 131.5 129.4 126.2 120.4 115.2 108.9 100.3 96.9 131.7 127.6 121.6 115.9 109.7 101.3 98.1 94.6 134.4 130.7 124.1 118.4 111.9 102.9 (99.2) 139.6 135.8 129.3 124.2 118.4 107.7 138.1 134.2 128.4 115.8 108.5 25 133.6 129.4 123.0 117.3 109.6 134.0 129.8 122.8 115.9 107.5 140.3 136.0 128.4 121.4 113.3 58.4 54.2 0 67.7 65.7 63.4 59.4 57.6 55.2 51.8 46.0 43.6

( 19 ) (19, 146) (8, 19, 146, 1 77) 8 19 ( » ) (•» 19) ( 19 ) (8) (8,224) (221) 51.6 (") 40.6 (109, 110, iso, 131, 132)

25 iCaCU

0

eSrCh...

18 25 50 100 0

|BaCl 2 ....

18 25 40 100 0

127.2 70.7 113.18

120.3 116.6 112.2 (106) (103) (101) (94) (84) (79.2) 73.5 ( 13 °» 131 » 132 » 2 «°) 66.4 64. i 61.6 57.9 56.4 54.9 51.8 47.4 45.7 43.4 (109, 110, iss) 109.92 106.55 103.23 99.24 93.16 90.75 88.07 82.68 74.82 71.42 67.45 (133) 77.54 (135) 191 185 178.6 166.4 161.0 154.8 142.6 126.8 (82, 109) 201 (82, 92) ; cf. p. 240 71.5 68.9 66.6 64.0 59.9 58.3 56.6 53.2 48.4 46.5 44.3 (109, 110, iso, isi,

124.4 68.9 111.80

73

132)

115.8 132

72.3

114.3 129

71.6

112.3 108.8 105.3 101.2 95.2 92.9 90.4 85.1 76.1 72.3 67.9 (iso, isi, 132, 133) 123.8 119.5 114.8 108.5 106.0 103.2 97.2 87.7 83.6 78.4 (109, iso, 131, 132) (110.0 at C = 654) (iso, isi, 132) 270 (234) (219) 202 (92) 70.4 68.2 66.3 63.9 60.1 58.5 56.8 53.7 49.6 48.1 46.2 (60, 109, lie, iso, 131, 132, 185,

18 25

116.85 134.5

50 100 0 18 25 50 100 0 18 25 50 100 140 156 218 281 306

212

115.44 131.7

113.6 127.7

110.0 123.7

106.52 119.2

102.39 111.7

95.91 108.6

93.6 105.3

90.65 98.6

85.23 88.8

77.18 85.1

74.40 80.5

132,

LiCl

NaCl

65.8 106.95 125.0 195.8 354.9 491 545 741 922 1003

65.2 106.27 124.12 193.6 352.5 481 534 723 895 955

146)

179.8 167.3 162.6 157.4 147.1 130.3 124.4 117.6 (109, no, 140) (235 at C = 400) 261 197.8 (92) 57.89 56.68 55.30 53.14 50.86 48.31 43.99 42.10 39.85 (ios, isi, 132, zes) 95.30 93.62 91.84 89.62 85.85 82.76 77.69 70.50 63.18 ("7) 109.1 107.0 104.8 99.7 97.8 95.5 89.9 81.0 77.8 73.1 (81, 109, 195, 235) 172.1 168.0 163.0 155.1 143.2 139.9 125.5 119.0 112.3 (ios, 109) 288.0 265.5 237.2 216.8 199.3 (92, ios ; 64.2 63.2 61.7 59.5 58.7 57.7 55.6 51.8 49.9 47.5 (iso, isi, 132, iss^ 3 105.31 103.54 101.72 99.40 95.51 91.82 87.53 80.76 74.19 (i- ?) 123.0s 120.8s 118.6s 115.8s 111.0s 109. Oi 106. 6e 101.5s 93.31 (iss, ise, iss) 190.1 185.6 179.9 170.8 167.1 163.4 155.6 141.9 (i° 9 ) 348.5 341.9 335.0 325.4 309.7 303.2 295.6 287.9 274.4 263.8 247.6 (92,182,263) 461 (411 at C = 80) 403.5 (18°) 511 (540.5 at C = 80) 441.5 ( 18 °) 686 (501 at C = 80) ( 18 °) 820 (674 at C = 80) ( 18 °) ] 860 (680 at C = 80) ( 18 °)

205 196

59.03 58.91 96.87 96.20 114.0 112.7 178.3 175.9

274)

70.04 (48, iss) 0 » 128, iso, i s i , 09

188.8

TABLE 2. — (Continued) KC1

| °C | C = 0.5 ! 0 80.0 | 79.7

iK3W2Cl9 RbCl

18 127.86 25 147.4 50 226.0 75 100 399.6 128 140 156 218 281 306 1 6

1 | 2 | 5 | 79.2 78.4

10 | 77.284

20 | 75.6

50 | 73.2

70 | 100 | 200 | 72.2s 71.295 69.4

500 66.9

|

700 66.0

|

1000 j Lit. 65.098 (iso, isi, 132, 199, 274)

18

127.07 146.3 224.0 396.6 534 588 780 930 100s

130.1

126.05 143.8 219.1

124.15 122.18 119.72 115.51 113.7 111.79 107.74 102.25 100.3 98.08 (137,199,269) 141.180 138.04 133.1 131.0s 128. 62o 123.9 117.2 114.6 111. 861 (ise, is6, 199) 215.1 210.1 201.5 194.3 187.9 173.3 (109, 182) 295.0 264.4 (i«0) 392.59 385.1 376.6 366.1 350.2 343.8 335.6 (341.1 at C = 80) (iso, 263) 465.5 414.6 (iso) (455 at C = 80) 446 (1*0) 560 (498 at C = 80) 489 (i«0) 742 (639 at C = 80) 0«0) 874 (723 at C = 80) (i«0) 910 (720 at C = 80) 0«<>) 77.1 73.4 68.9 62.6 60.1 57.4 («) 81.6 7 9 . 3 ( 4 9 ) 125.2

114.8

111.1

106.2

102.0

(49,94,95,125,126,

127, 128, 129, 133)

25

CsCl

[Br]; NH 4 Br

0*

(CHshNBr (C6H5CH2)3NHBr

25 18

UnBrs £ZnBr 2 £CdBr 2

18 25

£HgBr2

18

èCuBra PtBr4 £MnBr 2

18

£FeBr2 ACoBr2

18

eNiBra è CrBr3; violet ÌAlBr 3

18 18

£MgBr 2

*CaBr2 eSrBr2 *BaBr2

18 18

*RaBr2

18

149.9

(22,28) 0 70.8 68.3 67.8 67.4 (207) 18 131.05 130.35 129.20 127.15 124.89 115.5 113.28 108.6 102.7 100.8 98.8 (93,138,185) 25 152.0 150.3 147.7 145.0 141.3 (138.7 at C = 30) (22,28) 207 50 (167) 162.2 156.4 ( ) 1.153 1.140 1.127 1.107 1.073 1.059 1.043 1.016 1.000 (i<> 9 ) 18 117.8 116.2 114.3 110.0 104.8 103.3 101.7 (82,93) 121.88 120.00 (") 81.5 79.1 75.2 (64,66) 66 25 (90.3 at C = 14.4) ( ) 53.9 46.8 37.0 33.1 28.74 (93,95,96,97,99) (lOO.i at C = 90) 83.9 79.7 74.3 (207) 0 64.0 59.3 52.2 46.5 40.3 32.4 29.8 27.1 21.8 15.2 (!<> 9 ) 18 103.7 97.0 85.9 75.8 65.7 52.4 47.9 43.2 35.1 25.2 22.0 18.8 (84,85,273) 25 120 110.9 98.3 87.9 76.9 61.4 56.0 50.3 40.2 29. Oo 25.4 21.7 (84, as, 100, 273) 50 187 173 153 135 117 94.5 86.3 77.6 62.0 43.6 37.6 31.7 ( 2 0 7 ) 85 (1.29 at C =12.4) (1.10 at C = 23.6) ( ) 25 (1.63 at C =12.4) (1.34 at C = 23.6) (85) 0 68 66.8 64.2 62.3 60.2 56.7 55.4 53.9 50.2 44.6 42.5 40. o O« 9 ) 25 128 125 122 119 114 107 104 100 92 81 77 72 (109) (171) 72.3 68.8 64.7 (") 3 25 124.5 122.2 117.7 112.8 107.5 ( ) 72.2 68.8 64.3 (") 0 64.3 63.9 62.7 60.6 57.0 55.7 54.2 51.5 46.7 (109) 18 73.2 69.7 65.5 (") 25 123.1 119.7 116.3 112.3 105.3 102.5 99.3 92.8 82.7 (109) 50 186 180 173 162 157 152 142 127 ( 109 ) 86.2 81.0 73.3 69.9 65.8 (") 87.6 81.6 72.7 68.6 63.8 (") 0 67.4 65.6 63.0 60.8 58.7 55.4 54.1 52.6 49.5 44.5 ( 11S ) 25 138.1 132.2 124.1 118.1 112.1 103.9 100.8 97.3 90.6 80.9 76.2 70.6 ( 11S ) 0 68.9 67.6 65.6 63.8 61.6 58.6 57.4 55.9 52.9 47.4 45. i 42.6 (ios) 18 94.4 91.8 89.0 83.0 73.4 69.6 65.2 ( 93 ) 25 128.3 125.0 120.5 117.2 113.7 107.8 105.1 102.0 95.4 83.6 78.6 72.9 ( 109 ) 50 188 182 174 162 156 151 142 134 ( 109 ) 97.9 96.0 92.9 87.0 78.9 75.6 71.7 ( 93 ) 100.3 97.1 93.7 87.3 78.4 74.9 71.0 (93) 0 70.9 69.8 67.9 66.1 64.0 60.8 59.6 58.2 55.0 50.9 49.4 47.8 (109) 18 98.1 95.9 93.5 88.4 80.4 77.3 73.8 (93) 25 133.2 131.5 127.9 123.8 118.9 111.9 109.3 106.4 100.4 91.2 87.3 83.1 (»<> 9 ) 50 205 200 195 187 174 169 164 153 (l09) 121.1 119.6 117.2 113. 5f ' 110.1 105.8 99. 5| (134)

* Relative to ABOO = 1. t For temp, coeff., see (134).

149.7

147.4

144.9

141

(139 at C = 30)

TABLE 2. — (Continued) | °C | C = 0.5 | 1 0 61.2 61.0 18

LiBr NaBr

18

KBr

RbBr

CsBr [I]; NHJ (C 3 H 7 ) 4 NI (C2H5)4NI

18 18 25

(CHshNI eZnI2 *CdI2 CdI2 eCdI2

25 25

£MgI 2 *CaI2 £SrI2 №12

18 18 18 18 18

Lil

Nal

18

KI

5 | 10 | 20 | 50 | 70 | 100 | 200 | 500 | 700 | 1000 | 57.4 55.1 54.3 53.4 51.4 47.5 45.6 43.4 (los.no) 87.8 86.1 84.3 80.8 74.1 71.0 67.2 (93) 99.0 97.6 95.9 91.7 84.5 81.7 78.0 ( 93 ) 25 126.9 126.2 125.0 122.8 120.5 117.8 113.2 111.3 109.1 104.4 97 (109, i se, 195) 50 1.0500 1.0452 1.0395 1.022 1.000 0.9697 0.9265 0.8880 0.8410 0.7570 (Relative to Aio = 1) O09) 0 (74.7) 73.6 71.1 69.1 68.8 68.5 (24S) 18 129.86 129.10 128.04 126.13 124.13 121.61 117.53 113.98 110.17 105.06 103.22 101.2 (48,82,93,94,138) 25 150.8 149.9 148.5 146.1 143.5 140.5 135.7 133.6 131.4 127 123 (109, iss, 20S) 50 (234) 233.3 231.5 227.7 223.1 217.4 208.8 201.1 192.5 180.4 175.8 170.6 (82, 109) 6 82.7 82.1 81.2 (* 9 ) 95 18 (Relative to Asoo = 1) 1.086o 1.046s 1.000 0.9674 ( ) 25 (Relative to A 500 = 1) 1.476 1.424 1.345 1.309 1.265 1.161 1 (57) 106.3 104.2 101.7 (") 117.9 116.6 114.9 110.9 105.9 104.6 103.4 (93) 98.36 97.65 (") 0 56.7 56.2 53.6 40.2 (109) 25 106.7 105.4 104.1 101.8 99.2 95.4 88.8 86.1 83.0 (109, 208) 35 127 126 124 121 116 107 102 98 (109) 10 123.5 121.2 116.8 112.4 107.1 98.7 95.2 91.2 ( °) (105 at C -60) 87s 83.6 78.6 (207) 0 57.7 51.7 43.9 37.5 30.9 22.7 20.2 17.7 13.8 10.8 (109) (35) 98 91.2 76.6 64.7 53.3 39.3 34.5 29.7 23.5 18.3 16.8 15.32 (84,85,273) 25 111 100.2 89.5 77.2 63.9 47.3 41.5 35.9 27.9 21.4 19.7 17.9 (84, 85, 109, 273) 50 176 161 139 121 102 76 66.5 58.0 44.5 32.8 (109) 100 (79 at C = 192) (42.2 at C = 959) (92) 94.5 89.7 84.1 75.6 72.4 68.6 (93) 99.4 97.3 94.7 89.5 82.1 79.0 75.4 (93) 98.9 96.5 93.8 88.6 81.5 78.6 75.1 (93)

0

0

18 25 50

18

1 60.5

66.0

65.8

65.3

64.5

124.8

123.7 1.052 81.1 127.99

122.2 1.024 79.9 126.96

119.8 1 78.7 125.07

81.7 128.71

102.3 99.6 96.7 91.2 83.7 80.8 77.3 (93) 89.3 88.8 84.9 81.4 75.4 72.7 69.2 (93) 63.1 61.2 60.4 59.5 57.6 55.2 (109) 97.6 96.0 94.2 90.1 84.0 81.6 78.5 (93) 117.0 112.8 111.0 108.9 104.9 99.5 96.5 92.9 (109, 207) 109 0.972 0.931 0.916 0.899 0.865 (Relative to Aio = 1) ( ) 77.4 75.1 74.2 73.4 71.8 70.2 70. o 70. i (109,112,245) 123.19 120.83 117.01 115.42 113.78 110.43 106.07 104.72 103.39

48

( >

93

25 50

[SO4]; KNH4)2SO4 ZrOSO4

147.3 146.3 144.2 141.9 139.1 134.4 132.5 130.5 126.3 120.5 (25, 109, no, 203) 109 230 226 217.7 213.0 209.1 202.0 198.6 194.8 ( ) 25 25 131 130 128 125.8 123.1 118.3 116.5 114.7 ( ) 25 25 113.0 112.0 110.9 108.6 106.4 103.7 99.7 (Corrected for solubility of I 2 ) ( ); cf. (35) 6 (83.8 at C = 400) 82.7 82.2 (* 9 ) 18 (119.2) 117.1 113.0 108.3 106.9 105.4 (49, 9 5 ) 30 133.7 131.5 128.9 (* 9 ) 18 127 124.5 122.0 117.9 113.5 (107.4) (98.9) (95.7) 92.0 '84.9) 75.5 71.9 68.2 (94,124,202) 25 143.4 141.5 137.7 133.1 126.8 115.9 111.8 107.8 99.1 87.1 82.7 77.9 (109, 124) (256)

Zr(SO4)2

eTUSO4 £Zn8O4

eCdSO4

CuSO4

(234,

18

3

» iss» I »»

185)

KI (satd. with I) KI » Rbl

Lit.

2 | 59.3

256)

127.35 124.2 118.4 112.3 104.5s 92.7 88.0 83.1 73.8 (ios, i s s ) 25 147.8 144.2 137.3 130.0 120.9 107.1 102.0 96.0 85.0 (ios, i85) 0 63.6 60.3 56.4 50.4 45.4 39.7 33.4 31.4 29.4 25.5 20.9 18.9 16.3 (109, ne, 185) 18 103.4 98.5 92.1 81.8 72.8 63.8 52.8 49.1 45.4 39=1 31,4 28.7 26.0 (133, iss) 25 112 106 95 84.3 73.4 60.6 56.5 52.4 44.8 36.3 33.3 30.0s (109, 135) 9 50 183 168 145 127 110 89 82 76 65.5 55.6 (i° ) 0 61.6 58.7 55.1 49.0 43.7 38.1 31.1 28.7 26.2 22.4 18.3 16.7 15.0 (lie, iss) 18 102.79 97.58 90.79 79.59 70.23 60.87 49.53 45.91 42.15 35.84 28.70 26.75 23.56 (85,133) 25 113.2 105.5 93.0 81.7 70.4 57.0 52.9 49.0 (41.8) 33.3 30.5 27.3 (85,273) 0 62.7 59.6 55.9 47.9 44.2 38.8 32.1 30.2 27.7 23.7 18.9 17.5 15.9 (los, ne, 274) 18 103.42 98.42 91.81 80.87 71.64 62.32 51.09 47.38 4379 37.61 30.72 28.25 25.74 (133, 135)

TABLE 2. — (Continued) \ eCuSO4.— (Continued)

25

eAg 2 SO 4

18

AgC2H5S04. eMnSO4

25

£FeSO4

18

eCoSO4 èNiSCh

18

°C | C = 0.5 | 1 | 2 | 5 | 10 | 20 | 50 | 70 | 100 | 200 | 500 | 700 | 1000 | Lit. 115.2 110.3 97.5 83.3 72.2 58.8 54. 6 50.4s 43.5 35.1 32.3 29.3 (89, 109, 135) 50 182 166 142 123.0 106.0 85.6 79.0 72.4 61. o 49.9 (109) 116.8 114.2 108.9 103.3 95.5 (65, ios) 25 135.2 132.4 126.1 119.7 111.5 (los) 101.1 100.2 97.8 O") 0 56.9 50.4 45.4 40. s 33.6 31.5 29.2 24.9 19.8 C1«9) 18 (30.0) 27.5 24.73 (124) 25 107 93.9 84.0 74. o 60.8 56.4 52. i 44.5 35.5 32.4 29. Oo (109, 124) 50 104 87.2 81.1 74.7 63. i 47.9 (109) 30.8 28.5 25.8 (124) 25 85.9 76.8 68.5 35.5 32.9 29.7 (124,259) 0 58.8 54.4 48.4 43.6 38.7 32.1 29.8 27.5 23.6 18.9 17.3 15.7 (109) 25 113.4 104.6 92.3 82.5 72.7 60.1 55.7 51.4 43.9 35.3 32.5 29.3 (109) 50 181 (160) (135) (118) 104 88.6 83. i 77.4 66.2 50.8 (io») 102 94.4 88.4 78.3 69.8 61.1 50.3 47.1 43.8 37.9 30.6 28.1 25. 4o (124, 135, 202). c^ (176.5)

94.2

106.3

25

83.9

73.2

59.7

55.6

51.6

(97)

(82)

(77)

(72) 63. i 26.8 24.7

44.5

35.8

32.8

29.6

(109, 124) ; c/. (176.5)

50

ÌCr2(SO4)s, violet

0

(59) 53. o 25

UO2SO4 VOS04 £A12(S04)3 ÌSc2(SO4)3 £Y 2 (SO 4 ) 3 £La2(SO4)3

0 25 25 25

|Ce2(SO4)3 iPr 2 (SO 4 ) 3 |Nd2(S04)3 iSa2(SO4)3 |Gd2(SO4)3 |Er 2 (SO 4 ) 3 eYb 2 (SO 4 ) 3 £MgS0 4

25 25 25 25 25 25 18

£CaSO4

18

£Li2SO4

128

147 126 110 45.3 116.9

39.7 99.8

34.6 85.9

28.7

52.2 20.9

15.8

14.1

(io») 12.3

(109, 272)

74.5

(260,261,262)

( 6 2 » 109 )

(Also at t = 12.5, 25, 35, 50, 65°C)

( 139 ) 95.0 78.9 67.3 57.2 (2«i) 54.4 42.7 35.8 29.9 24.1 22.2 (Original values are lowered 5 %) 09) 73.1 57.6 48.2 40.4 32.1 (29.4) O9) 0 39.8 (31.2) 26.3 (22.0) 17.2 15.8 14.4 12.1 (is«) 18 60.1 (48.0) 39.7 (33.1) 25.7 23.5 21.4 17.8 ( 186 ) 25 67.9 (53.5) 44.6 (37.0) 28.7 26.3 23.9 19.8 O« 6 ) 87.6 72.3 56.2 46.8 39.4 31.1 (28.4) (19, 170) 85.6 71.6 55.9 (46.9) 39.5 30.9 28.2 25.7 21.3 16.3 ( 19 ) 83.1 71.3 57.2 47.7 39.6 31.2 28.7 26.1 21.7 (19, us) 88.7 74.7 58.8 48.8 40.8 (8, 19) 87.6 74.1 59.0 49.2 41.7 (19) 96.1 82.7 66.5 56.3 47.5 ( 19 ) 68.6 54 31.7 27.2 23.0 (50) 0 63.3 60.4 56.9 51.4 46.7 41.7 35.2 32.9 30.6 26.5 21.4 19.7 17.9 (60, lie, iss, 2743 18 104.2 99.9 94.2l 84. 3i 76.0? 67. 5e 56.7s 53.29 49.57 43.0s 34.89 31.99 28.99 (70, 89, 133, 191 ) 25 123.2 117.6 110.9 98.8 88.92 79.02 66. 5o 62. 2o 57.84 49. 81 40.7s 37.3s 33. 60 (89,124,135) 50 168 147 132 116 97 91 84 73 58 53 48 0<> 9 ) 100* 302 223.2 189.8 151.3 129.4 110.4 (100.5 at C = 320) (ii»i) 156f 377 240.7 194.8 148.8 125.9 109.0 (98.6 at C = 320) (ISO) 217.8 260 143 110.4 (88.4 at C = 40) (75.1 at C = 80) (62.4 at C = 160) 0*0) 109.2s 103.94 97. le 86.42 77.42 68. 3o (62.94 at C = 29.5 or satd. soin.) | (89, 104, 133, 166) 25 127.22 121.40 113.04 100. Oi 90.02 79. 2i (72.3 at C = 30.5 or satd. soin.) (69.1 at C = 36.4) (« 9 ) 50 (159.8 at C = 4) 175.8 136.4 117.9 (107.5 at C = 30.0 or satd. soin.) (142.2 at C = 8) (166) 100 (257.7 at C = 4) 294.6 208.8 173.8 (166.6 at C = 23.3 or satd. soin.) (220.2 at C = 8) (166) 156 341 (280 at C = 4) (243 at C = 6.4 or satd. soin. — soluble anhydrite) (166) 0 57.0 55.1 53. o 50. i 45.2 43.6 41.3 37. i 30.7 28. i 25. o (i<> 9 ) 18 97.57 96.14 94. 3i 90. 7o 86.7s 81.94 74.48 71.36 67.97 60.86 50.38 46.22 41.22 ( 9 4, 9 9, 125, 126, 107.0 (65.7) 86.0

127, 128, 129, 133» 185)

Na2SO4 £Na 2 SO 4

OÎ 127.08 123.49 117.39 111.5 104.51 0 64.2 58.5 51.2 18 107.3 105.8 104.1 100.2

93.99 96.1

85.24

75.62

91.0

83.68

(2H) 80.9

77.6

(60, iss) 70.4

59.4

55.2

50.3

(4,94,99,124,125,

126, 127, 128, 133, 185, 2 4 1 )

25 122.1 117.28 112.39 106.80 97.8 50 187 178 169 152.9 * 212.2 at C = 12.5, 178.8 at C = 25, 159.8 at C - 40, 135.9 at C = 80, 116.4 at C = 160. t 224.7 at C = 12.5, 179.8 at C = 25, 157.8 at C = 40, 132.9 at C = 80, 114.7 at C = 160. Î Concentrations are m(— millimole/kg H2O) and conductance data arc 106/c/m.

94.2 147.0

90.0 140.5

81.54 122.3

107.4

99.6

91. i

(!85) (i<<>)

129,

TABLE 2. — (Continued) eK 2 SO4

\ °C \ C = 0.5 ! 1 | 2 | 5 | 0 79.4 78.8 77.4 18 128.3 126.7 124.4

^Rb 2 SO4

25 100 156 217.8 280.9 305.7 6 18 30 0 18 25 50 100

10 | 74.6 120.1

20 | 72.1 115.6

50 | 68.9 110.1

70 | 100 | 200 | 500 | 700 | 1000 | Lit. 63.7 61.6 59.4 55.1 49.2 (60, 109, lie, iss) 101.84 98.4 94.82 87. 80 78. 3o 75.0 71. 5o ( 1 2 4 » 133 > 18S» «i» 241)

[NO3]; NHiNOs...

C9H12N2O4 |Pb(NO 3 ) 2

25

TINOs

£Zn(NOs) 2

£Cd(NO 3 ) 2

18

|Hg2(N03)2 eCu(NOs) 2 AgNOa

£Mn(NO 3 ) 2 i-Fe(NO 3 ) 3 £Co(NO 3 ) 2

*Ni(NO 3 ) 2 .

|Cr(NO3)3

• At C = 12.5. t At C = 80.

18 18

144.6 139.6 134.2 (357.5 at C = 12.5) 40.09 364.7 605 537 805 672 892 687 866 637

127.9 117.98 114. lo 109. 7i 311.6 285.6 (319.6 at C = 40) (454.4 at C = 40) (414.4 at C = 80) (545 at C = 40) (482 at C = 80) (519 at C = 40) (448 at C = 80) (466 at C = 40) (395 at C = 80)

101.2e

90.3

(96.02 at C = 300) O9*)

(26, 87, 18S)

( 191 ) ( 191 ) ( 191 ) ( 191 ) 60.1 (49) 78.2 (95) 96.9 (49) 59.0 (ics, 245) 88.6 (70, 126) O» 9 ) (109)

64.9 62.6 85.8 82.1 106.7 102.1 78.4 77.2 76.0 74.9 73.5 70.8 69.7 68.4 65.7 62.1 60.6 124.3 122.8 120.3 118.2 115.0 110.4 108.5 106.3 101.5 94.4 91.7 142 141.4 138.7 136.2 133.3 128.0 125.5 122.8 116.9 108.0 218.7 215.3 211.2 207.1 201.8 192.8 188.4 184.9 174.7 159.2 (324) 304 273 260 244 (207) Hydroxyhydrindamine nitrate ( 21 7 ) 0 (73.3) 71.34 67.93 64.71 60.42 53.27 50.28 47.04 40.55 31.8 28.0 24.3 (ios, 212) 18 117.94 116.00 113.41 108.56 103.44 96.89 86.28 82.05 77.18 67.29 53.15 47.80 41.97 (133,154,185) 25 135.4 134.0 128.1 121.1 112.9 101.0 96.3 90.9 79.1 62.9 56.9 50.3 (72,87,154) 9 50 211 204 193 184 173 155 148 139 122 96.3 86.5 76.0 (i° ) 0 80.65 79.8o 78.20 76. 3e 73.8? 69.3s 66.9 64.7s ( 114 ) 18 125.57 124.67 123.44 121.07 118.34 114.60 107.90 104. 80 101.14 (138,185) 25 144.24 142.56 139. 5o 136.37 132.04 124.2s 120.7 116. 60 ( 114 ) 100 312 290 252 234 212 (208) 0 61.8 60.6 59.8 57.9 54.5 52.8 51.2 47.9 42.9 (109) 18 80.5 75.2 67.2 63.6 59.2 (95) 25 117 115.1 112.7 110.3 115.9 98.9 95.7 92.1 85.4 77.9 (109) 1 9 50 191 185 177 171 163 152 148 143 131 112 t «* ) 108.2 105.0 100.2 96.2 91.9 85.5 82.7 79.7 73.5 63.4 59.1 53.9 (85,273) 25 114.8 110.8 106.5 99.3 96.3 92.9 85.1 72.3 67.0 60.9 (85,273) O 93 , 243, 2 6 2 ) 0 64.9 63.1 61.0 58.5 54.8 53.4 51.7 48.2 42.9 40.6 37.6 (io9, 2 4 5 ) 18 81.9 76.0 67.2 63.0 57.8 ( 9 *) 25 121.8 120.3 117.4 113.5 108.2 100.5 97.5 94.0 86.9 76.3 71.9 66.8 (72, 109) 0 72.4 71.9 71.2 70.0 68.8 66.9 63.3 61.5 59.7 55.8 50.3 47.6 44.4 (60, us, las, 245) 18 113.72 113.00 111.92 109.88 107.62 104. 9o 99.6s 97.17 94.20 87.8s 77.39 72.9 67. 5i (99, 133, 191) 25 130.1 128.7 126.6 124.1 120.9 115.0 112.1 108.7 101.8 (87,153,235) 50 187 183 178 173 163 158.9 154.0 143.0 124.9 (109) 100 353 334.0* 334.0 325.0 307.1 293. 6f 288.6 260 228 212 194 (191, 208) 156 539 507 486.8 (461.3 at C = 40) (431.4 at C = 80) ( 191 ) 217.8 727 673 639 (599 at C = 40) (552 at C = 80) ( 191 ) 280.9 877 790 (680 at C = 40) (614 at C = 80) (191) 305.7 935 818 (680 at C = 40) (604 at C = 80) (191) 66.8 63.2 58.9 (") 75.9 70.2 63.8 (") 0 (62) 59.2 56.9 54.3 50.9 49.6 48.0 44.8 40.0 38.1 35.7 (109, HO) 18 66.2 62.3 58.0 (99) 25 116.5 113.9 109.9 106.3 101.6 94.9 92.1 89.2 83.0 73.6 69.9 65.5 (72, 109) 50 176 169 162 150.5 146 141 131 115 (109) 0 (60.0) 57.4 55.5 53.5 50.3 49.2 47.9 45.1 40.3 38.2 35.7 (109, HO) 18 66.9 62.6 57.6 (") 109 50 183 177 171 163 151 147 141.5 130 113 106 97 ( ) 0 73.7 68.6 64.5 (60.4) (54.5) 52.3 50.1 45.6 39.4 37.0 34.3 0<> 9 ) 18 130.7 117.6 108.6 99.4 88.6 (85.0) 80.2 74.0 64.8 61.0 55.9 (15,99) 19.8 134.5 120.7 110.9 101.7 90.6 (86.8) ( 15 ) 25 149.8 134.3 (123) (112) 98.9 94.9 91.1 84.4 75.2 70.4 63.8 (109) 50 258 229 (209) (189) 164 156 148 133 112.6 104.1 94.5 (109) 103.5

95.9

TABLE 2. — (Continued) \ UO8(NO3)2

0

|A1(N03)3

0

°C | C « 0.5 | 1 | 2

|5

|

(Also aU = 12.5, 25, 35, 50, 65°C) 25

10 |

20 |

50 |

70 |

100

|

200

|

500

|

700

|

1000 |

Lit.

( 109 ) C 6 2 » 164 ) (*° 9 ) ( 109 )

64 62.6 60.3 58.2 55.7 51.5 49.9 48.2 44.6 39.2 37.0 125 120.4 114.0 108.5 102.9 94.8 91.5 87.9 80.5 69.6 65.0 109 224 211 194 181 168 151 145 138 126 107 100 ( ) |La(NO3)3 0 68.9 (6'5.3) 62.4 (59.0) 54.0 52.0 49.9 46.0 ( 186 ) 18 110.7 (104.8) 100.0 (94.5) 86.6 83.6 80.2 (73.6) 64.0 59.7 54.0 (99,186) 25 133.5 128.8 (122.2) 116.4 (109.6) 99.6 95.8 91.7 83.4 (177,186) *Be(N03)2 18 63.8 60.2 56.2 (") £Mg(NO 3 ) 2 0 (64) 63.1 61.1 59.5 57.6 54.2 52.9 51.4 48.1 42.7 40.5 37.9 (109, no) 18 102.5 100.7 97.6 94.52 90.8 85.2 82.9 80.4 75.2 67.2 63.9 59.5 (48, 105, issj 25 119.4 117.3 113.6 109.90 105.6 98.9 97.3 94.0 87.1 70.7 72.3 67.2 (ios, iss, iss) 50 179 173 165 154 149 144 134 117 110 103 (109) iCa(NOs)2 0 66.4 64.1 62.2 59.8 55.5 53.1 51.8 47.8 41.6 39.4 36.2 (109, no, 186) 18 109.78 108.34 106.39 103.93 99.39 95.05 88.29 85.3s 82.37 75.84 65.61 61.22 55.79 (133,135) 25 123.6 119.5 115.8 110.9 102.5 99.3 95.7 88.4 77.0 72.5 66.7 (iss, 186) 109 50 183 177 168 155 150 143 130 113 ( ) £Sr(NO3)2 0 66.9 66.0 64.7 62.4 60.2 57.4 53.8 51.1 49.1 44.8 37.9 35.2 32.2 (109, ne) 18 109.61 108.16 106.20 102.60 98.90 94.39 87.18 84.1? 80.82 73.70 62.64 58. Oo 52.00 ( 1 3 3 > 18S ) 25 124 119.5 115.3 109.8 101. o 97.7 93.8 85.4 72.2 66.5 59.8 (109, iss) 50 184 177 168 155 149 143 129 110 (109) |Ba(NOs)2 0 71.2 70.0 68.4 66.2 63.6 59.8 54.1 51.5 48.7 42.6 (109, lie, 135, 1 85) Ba(NO 3 )2 0* 137.60 133.57 126.34 119.29 110.67 97.18 85.47 72.08 ( 211 ) £Ba(NO3)2 18 113.14 111.56 109.35 105.14 100.82 95.53 86.69 81.5 78.83 70.08 56.52 (iss, iss, 191) 25 124.4 120.2 115.8 110.3 100.6 96.3 91.6 81.7 65.8 59.5 (87, 109, 135) 50 188.8 179.5 169.4 153.9 147.9 140.9 125.5 (109, 140) 100 (315.5 at C - 12.5) 351.5 321.5 273.1 248.6 (279.6 at C = 40) (257.1 at C = 60) (191) 156 536 481 (412 at C = 40) (372 at C = 80) ( 191 ) 217.8 714 618 (507 at C = 40) (449 at C = 80) ( 191 ) 280.9 827 657 (503 at C = 40) (430 at C = 80) ( 191 ) 305.7 823 615 (448 at C = 40) ( 191 ) LiNO3 0 54.9 54.8 54.6 53.6 51.5 49.4 48.6 47.4 44.7 41. o (109) 18 93.23 92.58 91.68 90.05 88.33 86.15 82.46 80.85 78.95 74.79 67.80 60.61 ( 1 3 7 » 18S ) 25 103 102.7 100.6 98.5 95.7 91. o 89.0 86.5 81.7 75.2 (109) 50 162 157.4 150.8 143.6 141.5 138.8 130.7 (109) NaNO3 0 (64.7) 63.4 62.6 60.8 57.7 55.8 54.5 51.4 46.3 43.8 41.9 (109, IBS, 245) 18 103.38 102.60 101.65 99.83 97.93 95.43 91.22 89.42 87.04 82.09 73.88 70.07 65.72 (48,137,185) 25 120.4 119.1 116.3 113.7 110.7 105.3 102.5 98.7 92. o 83.0 (109, 195) 50 185.0 182.3 178.2 174.1 169.3 161.6 157.9 153.4 143.3 128.0 (109, 238) 100 331.5 326.5 320.5 312.5 302.6 (263) KNOs 0 79.29 78.89 78. 25 77.09 75. 60 73. 7o 70.29 68.8 66.80 63.4 57.4 ( io9, ise, 263) 18 124.16 123.37 122.32 120.21 117.93 114.96 109.62 104.56 98.53 89.12 85.08 80.33 (137,185,263) 25 140.5 138.3 135.7 132.3 126. lo 123.3 120.1e 113.2e 101.4 (26, 87, 109, iss) 50 212.4 208.9 204.6 199.0 189.4 185.2 180.1 169.0 151.0 (109, 186) 100 377.7 374.7 370.6 363.3 354.8 344.1 326.7 318.7 309.3 (186,263) 128 461.8 (436.7 at C = 12.5) 404.8 381.9 ( 18S ) 186 156 551.9 (522.4 at C = 12.5) 479.4 451.3 ( ) RbNOs 6 72.7 69.3 65.6 (49) 18 112.6 105.7 95.3 90.8 85.6 (9S) 30 118.7 112.7 106.0 (4S) CsNOs.., 0 83.0 82.4 81.7 80.2 78.5 76.4 72.7 71.0 69.3 65.3 59.0 (263,265) 18 128.4 127.4 126.2 123.6 121.1 117.9 (112.0) (109.4) 106.4 100.1 90.7 86.7 82 (99,263) 100 382.5 379.0 375.0 367.0 358.6 347.0 (263) 6 * Concentrations are w(= muli mole/kg EhO) and the conductance data 10 K/w. 25 50

TABLE 3.—(Continued from p. 231) NaCl KBaCl2 CL—(Conta) C 1 106/c/C C | 106K/C KMgCl 2 .—(ConVd) 0° 0° C I lOVC 2 000 41.4 2 000 40.6 25° 3 000 36.5 3 000 35.3 2 000 60.4 4 000 31.5 18° 3 000 49.2 5 000 26.6 2 000 60.50 4 000 39.6 5 500 24.6 3 000 51.5 5 000 31.1 18° 25° 7 984 15.79 2 000 64.66 2 000 68.5 9 363 9.95 3 000 56.4 3 000 58,2 4 000 42.6 100° 25° 1 400 182.6 HCaCl2 5 000 | 44.7 2 000 164.4 See also p. 240 100° 3 000 141.6 0° 2 000 209.7 2 000 37.89 3 000 184.1 3 000 32.94 4 000 164.6 4 000 28.2i 5 000 23.4s LiCl KC1 6 000 19.14 0° 0° 7 000 15.3e 2 000 33.6? 2 000 63.5 8 500 (9.94) 3 000 28.8l 3 000 62.2 18° 4 000 24.74 18° 2 000 58.02 5 000 21.li 2 000 92.3 3 000 49.7 6 000 17.7? 3 000 88.1 4 000 42.4 7 000 14.5s 5 000 35.6 8 000 12.04 RbCl 7 000 23.5 9 000 9.6s 6° 8 468 16.13 10 000 7.42 2 000 77.1 25° 11 000 5.42 3 000 75.4 2 000 66.6s 12 000 3.03 4 000 73.9 3 000 56.6 18° 18° 4 000 48.3s 2 000 53.0 2 000 97 5 000 40.7 3 000 45.2 3 000 93 6 000 33.4o 5 000 33.3 4 000 88 6 915 27.60 10 000 11.3 8 418 18.89 25° CsCl 50° 2 000 61.7 0° 4 910 61.1 3 000 52.9 2 000 67.0 6 879 42.0 4 000 44.7 3 000 65.9 100° 5 000 37.8 4 000 63.5 2 000 167 6 000 31.7 5 000 59.2 3 000 140 7 000 26.0 6 000 53.7 4 000 119 8 000 20.9 7 000 (47.2) 5 000 101 9 000 16.4 18° 6 000 85.5 10 000 13.2 2 000 94.2 7 000 71.6 11 000 10.4 3 000 88.7 7 911 56.9 12 000 8.14 4 000 (85.7) 9 070 46.8 14 040 5.11 50° 50° 2 000 144.6 2 000 95.6 3 000 135.1 5 000 57.5 %SrCl2 4 000 125.8 7 000 39.3 0° 5 000 103.2 2 000 | (41.0) 10 000 21.6 6 000 99.9 100° 18° 7 000 86.5 2 000 164 2 000 57.5 8 000 (72) 3 000 137.1 3 000 49.7 100° 4 000 116.4 40° 5 000 (164) 5 000 98.8 1 369 | 94.9 6 000 141.0 6 000 83.7 100° 7 000 121 7 000 71.7 2 000 164 8 000 102 8 000 60.8 3 000 138 8 500 93.1 9 000 50.8 4 000 118 9 000 (84) 10 000 41.1 5 000 99

Br NH4Br, 18° C 106/c/C 2 000 97.6 3 000 93.7 4 000 90.0 HInBr3, 18° 2 000 19.83 3 000 14.42 4 000 10.10 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 10 13 16 19

2 3 4 5 2 3 4 5 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

KZnBr2, 25° 000 54.9 000 40.0 000 29.9 000 22.7 000 17.7 000 14.5 000 10.7s 300 6.7i 700 2.95 400 1.36 700 0.487 ^CdBr2 "18° 000 12.8 000 9.3s 000 6.0o 000 (5.1) 25° 000 15.0i 000 10.64 000 8.4o 000 (6.1e) 50° 000 21.7 000 16.6 000 12.8 000 10.18 000 7.9o 000 6.1s 000 4.3s 000 2.90

KMnBr2, 18° 2 000 53.54 3 000 43.6 4 000 35.64 2 3 4 5

KFeBr2, 18° 000 51.9 000 41.94 000 33,6s 000 26.2s

KCoBr2, 18° 2 000 54.7 3 000 45.5 4 000 37.5e ^NiBr2, 18° 2 000 54.5 3 000 45.1 4 000 37.40

HCrBr3, Violet, 18° C 10VC 2 000 51.3 3 000 41.3 4 000 33.22 KMgBr2, 18° 2 000 54.1 3 000 45.2 4 000 38.1 KCaBr2, 18° 2 000 62.0 3 000 53.0 4 000 45.7 KSrBr2, 18° 2 000 62.0 3 000 53.5 4 000 45.6 KBaBr2, 18° 2 000 64.7 3 000 56.0 4 000 48.3 LiBr, 2 000 3 000 4 000

18° 57.7 50.5 44.2

NaBr, 18° 2 000 69.1 3 000 60.5 4 000 53.0

2 3

KBr 0° 000 67.7 000 66.3 18° 000 I 96.5 000 91.9 000 86.9 50° 000 157.1 000 145.6 000 132.2

2 3 4 5 6 7 9

*/2ZnI2, 25° C 10VC 000 62.4 000 44.8 000 30.4 000 20.7 000 14.8 000 10.6 250 4.90

10 800 13 900

2.90 0.916

KCdI2 18° 2 000 12.13 3 000 9.8s 4 000 7.9s 25° 2 000 14.03 3 000 11.3s 4 000 9.1s 100° 1 914 | 33.3 MMgI2, 18° 2 000 58.6 3 000 49.4 4 000 41.0 KCaI2, 18° 2 000 66.1 3 000 57.3 4 000 49.1 KSrI2, 18° 2 000 66.0 3 000 56.8 4 000 47.8 KBaI2, 18° 2 000 | 68.4

Lu, 18° 2 000 60.6 3 000 52.7 4 000 I 46.2 2 Nal 3 18° 4 2 000 70.1 3 000 61.8 RbBr 4 000 53.9 6° 25° 2 000 (78.3) 2 000 82.9 3 000 (76.0) 3 000 73.4 4 000 74.0 4 000 63.8 18° 5 000 53.8 2 000 0.9264* 6 000 44.8 4 000 0.8227* 7 OOP I 36.0 * AC/ASOO. Kl CsBr, 18° 0° 2 000 70.1 2 000 (95.5) • 3 000 68.8 3 000 89.8 4 000 84.1 4 000 66.4 5 000 62.9 I 18° 2 000 99.6 NHJ, 18° 3 000 92.8 2 000 99.9 4 000 89.4 3 000 95.5 4000 91.3 5 000 80.6 2 3 4

L—(Confa) Rbl

c

l iov
6° 2 000 3 000 4 000

81.9 79.2 74.6

18° 101.6 96.8 89.9 30° 2 000 121.9 3 000 114.2 4 000 105.2 2 000 3 000 4 000

soi 2 3 4 5 6 2 3

K(NH 4 ) 2 S0 4 18° 000 60.3 000 54.6 000 49.5 000 44.6 000 (39.5) • 25° 000 67.8 000 61.7

KZnSO4 18° 2 000 20.0 3 000 15.60 4 000 11.95 5 000 8.9o 25° 2 000 23.2o 3 000 18.2o 4 000 14.18 5 000 10.68 KCdSO4 18° 2 000 17.92 3 000 13.98 4 000 10.82 5 000 8.2s 25° 2 000 20.5 3 000 16.1 4 000 12.8 5 000 10.0 KCuS04 18° 2 000 19.99 2 500 17.90 3 000 (16.2) 25° 2 000 23.2 2 500 20.9 3^MnSO4 18° 2 000 18.53 3 000 14.17 4 000 10.76 5 000 8.05 6 000 5.80 7 000 (3.80)

KMnS04.—(Cant'd) C | 10VC 25° 2 000 21.75 3 000 16.80 4 000 12.80 5 000 9.55 6 000 7.0o 7 000 (4.85) KFeSO4 18° 2 000 19.5 3 000 15.30 4 000 11.93 25° 2 000 22.6 3 000 17.9 4 000 (13.9) KNiSO4 18° 2 000 19.25 3 000 15.07 25° 2 000 22.72 3 000 17.83 KMgS04 18° 2 000 21.4 3 000 16.1 4 000 12.0 5 000 8.8 25° 2 000 25.25 3 000 18.95 4 000 14.2o 5 000 10.40 KLi2S04, 18° 2 000 30.39 3 000 23.16 4 000 17.97 5 000 13.79 >£Na2SO4, 18° 2 000 | 39.6 KRb2SO4 6° 2 000 54.3 3 000 49.4 18° 2 000 69.9 3 000 63.2 30° 2 000 85.8 3 000 77.0

NO^ 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 8

NH4NO3 0° 000 55.3 000 52.0 000 48.3 000 44.7 000 (41.6) 000 (39.2) 000 (35.6) 418 31.0

NH4N03.—(CW'd) C | 10VC 18° 2 000 80.5 3 000 74.2 4 000 68.4 5 000 62.3 6 000 56.5 7 000 50.7 7 500 48.3 100° 2 000 210 3 000 183 4 000 162 5 000 142 6 000 124 7 000 112 8 000 99.1 9 000 86.3 9 500 79.9 11 600 58.0 13 800 38.8 15 000 29.0

2 2

KPb(N0 3 ) 2 18° 000 3.0.68 500 27.05 25° 000 36.5 500 31.6

2 3 4 5 6

TINO 3, 100° 000 164 000 135 000 115 000 99 000 86.0

2 2

KZn(N0 3 ) 2 , 18° 2 000 47.9 3 000 38.85 4 000 31.08 KCd(N0 3 ) 2 18° 2 000 40.8 3 000 31.4 4 000 24.2 5 000 18.4 6 000 13.7 6 500 11.5 25° 2 000 46.0 3 000 35.4 4 000 27.2l 5 000 20.50 6 000 14.08 6 490 13.33 KCu(N0 3 ) 2 0° 2 000 29.7 3 000 23.4 4 000 18.3 5 000 13.98 6 000 10.49 7 000 7.7o 8 000 (4.8)

KCu(N03)2.— (Cont'd) C | 10VC 18° 2 000 45.5 3 000 36.3 4 000 28.4 9 872 4.69 AgN0 3 0° 2 000 36.5 3 000 31.4 4 000 27.7 5 000 (24.6) 18° 2 000 55.9 3 000 48.4 4 000 42.3 25° 1 500 69.9 2 000 64.0 3 000 55.2 4 000 48.5 5 000 43.0 8 460 29.5 100° 2 000 156 3 000 132 4 000 115 5 000 102 6 000 92 7 300 80.7 9 580 64.2 12 100 51.0 15 100 36.1 KMn(NO 3 ) 2 , 18° 2 000 47.5 3 000 37.9 4 000 30.30 5 000 23.54 6 000 17.66 10 000 4.66 ^Fe(N03)3, 18° 2 000 48.53 3 000 37.50 4 000 28.5o KCo(N0 3 ) 2 0° 2 '000 28.8 3 000 22.7 4 000 17.8

KCo(N03)2.— (Cont'd) C ) 10VC 18° 2 000 46.8 3 000 37.6 4 000 29.9 5 000 23.30

2 3 4 2 3 4 5 6

>^Ni(N0 3 ) 2 0° 000 28.8 000 22.8 000 17.3 18° 000 46.0 000 37.2 000 29.3 000 22.7 000 16.0

HCr(N0 3 ) 3 , 18° 2 000 43.2s 3 000 33.34 4 000 25.54 5 000 18.97 KLa(N03)3, 18° 2 000 39.1 3 000 28.45 4 000 19.92 KBe(N03)2, 18° 2 000 45.80 3 000 37.8 4 000 31.00 5 000 24.85 ^Mg(N0 3 ) 2 0° 2 000 31.5 3 000 26.8 18° 2 000 47.9 3 000 39.2 4 000 32.1 25° 2 000 54.7 2 500 49.7 KCa(N0 3 ) 2 0° 2 000 27.8 3 000 21.3

HCa
2 2 3 4 2 2 3

2 2 2 3 2 2 3

NaNO3 0° 000 | (35.1) 18° 000 54.6o 000 46.10 000 39.23 KNO3, 18° 000 69.00 500 65.00 000 (61.3) RbNO3 6° 000 | 57.1 18° 000 73.7 500 68.9 000 (64.4) 30° 000 90.5 500 84.5 000 (79.2)

Specific conductance of CaCl2 solutions ( 54 ) ™'n' 10°C 15°C 17.9°C 20°C 25°C 30°C Caui2 29.600.13770.15540.1656(TÏ7300.19100.2095 37.30 0.0975 0.1114 0.1197 0.1260 0.1412 0.1575 38.36 0.0906 0.1039 0.1120 0.1180 0.1324 0.1474 40.73 0.0742 0.0858 0.0930 0.0985 0.1120 0.1259 41.98 0.0678 0.0797 0.0865 0.0918 0.1043 0.1177 45.95 0.0426 0.0520 0.0573 0.0612 0.0711 0.0817

PART II. CONDUCTIVITY OF STRONG ELECTROLYTES* HENRY C. PARKER AND ALFONS KLEMENcf CONTENTS Table 1.—Values of C up to 0.5. Table 2.—Values of C from 0.5 to 1000. Table 3.—Values of C above 1000.

MATIÈRES Table 1.—Valeurs de C jusqu'à 0,5. Table 2.—Valeurs de C de 0,5 à 1000. Table 3.—Valeurs de C au dessus de 1000.

TABLE 1.—VALUES OF C UP TO 0.5 For Literature References, v. Table 2 Ä-Table.—Standard arrangement; v. Vol. Ill, p. viii HC1, 25° Na4CnH2Oio, ^Ca(HCO3)2, 25° BenzenepentacarC A C A boxylate 0.05 424.84 0.1 (109.5) C | A 0.1 424.64 0.2 (106.0) 0° 0.2 424.24 0.3 104.2 0.2 ! 245 0.3 423.84 KCa(C2H302)2, 18° 25° 0.1 | 82.2 0.2 | 483 HIOs, 25° 50° 0.01 388.96 MCa2Fe(CN)6, 0° 0.2 | 774 0.02 388.90 0.2 67.5 0.03 388.85 0.3 64.4 Na5CiiHOio, 0.05 388.74 Benzenepentacar0.1 388.47 MSr(C2H302)2, 18° boxylate 0.2 387.93 0.1 82.4 0° 0.3 387.40 0.2 82.0 0.2 | 325 25° KH2S04 MSr2Fe(CN)6, 0° 0.2 | 640 *,'C | A 0.2 | 66.8 50° C = 0.2 0.2 | 1019 LiIO3, 18° 18 374.4 0.1 66.57 25 417.9 0.2 66.34 NaC4H6BrO2, 50 566.1 a-Bromobutyrate 75 692.6 LiClO4 0° 100 779 0° 0.24 | 46.1 128 806 0.2 | 54.3 15° 156 758 18° 0.24 | 70.6 0.2 | 87.9 25° HNO 3 100° 0.24 | 89.7 C = 0.3 0.2 | 293.1 35° 18 | 373.7 0.24 | 110.1 NaClO3, 18° H3P04 0.1 97.4 KC1O3, 18° C = 0.2 0.2 97.0 0.1 118.45 18 330.4 NaBr03, 18° 0.2 118.17 25 366,8 0.1 90.8 50 492.4 0.2 90.5 KC1O4, 100° 75 599.6 0.2 | 371.5 100 687.7 NaIO3, 18° 128 761.2 0.1 76.58 KI03 156 803.7 0.2 76.33 18° 0.1 97.50 T1H(C4H406) NaHCOs, 25° 0.2 97.20 C = 0.2 0.1 (97.4) 25° 18 | 373 0.2 (96.0) 0.2 | 112.84 0.3 95.2 KMgC204, 18° C A i^K2C204, 18° NaC2H302, 18° 0.1 94.4 0.1 124.90 0.1 77 0.2 86.9 0.2 124.64 0.2 76.5 * Except halides, nitrates and sulfates, for which see p. 230, and soap solutions, for which see Vol. V, p. 458. t Critical compilation by Henry C. Parker. Graphical interpolation to round values of C by Alfons Klemenc.

INHALTSVERZEICHNIS Tabelle 1.—Werte von C bis 0,5. Tabelle 2.—Werte von C von 0,5 bis 1000. Tabelle 3.—Werte von C über 1000. MKHC204, 18° C A 0.2 274.0 0.3 247.3

c

2

2

2 3

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 4 13

2 3 4 5

KK2C8H404, Phthalate, 25° C A 0.4 (123.3)

KC6H2N3O7, Picrate, 0° C A 0.2 54.9 18° 0.2 i 88.7 KCNS, 18° 0.1 119.94 0.2 119.74

KHC8H4O4, Biphthalate, 25° 0.1 152.7 0.2 141.8 TABLE 2; see p. 242 to 253 TABLE 3. — VALUES OF C ABOVE 1000 For Literature References, v. Table 2 Ä-Table. —Standard arrangement; v. Vol. Ill, p. viii KH2SO4.—(ConJ'd) HC1 HI, 18° C 106K/C C 10VC 32 390 3.188 18° 2 000 254.4 33 340 3.219 000 253.8 3 000 (212.8) 33 800 3.232 000 214.7 4 000 178.4 34 260 3.215 000 (182) 5 OOP 146.7 34 710 3.155 000 152.0 35 580 2.876 000 64.3 HIO3, 18° 25° 2 000 106.0 HNO3 000 | 282.4 18° 3 000 (85.0) 35° 2 000 259.1 4 OOP 70.4 OOP 316.6 3 000 220.0 4 000 184.4 KH2S03 5 000 154.6 HClOs, 18° 0° 6 000 129.1 000 246.7 1 012 27.9 7 000 108.6 1 936 20.4 OOP 205.0 8 000 91.9 20° 9 000 77.6 1 012 33.4 HC1O4 10 000 64.9 1 936 24.5 25° 16 500 20.4s 25° 000 291.5 17 000 17.6s 1 012 34.1 000 226.0 Ï8 000 12.5s 1 936 24.9 000 185.7 19 000 8.50 000 150.0 20 000 5.50 HH SO , 18° 2 4 000 118.4 21 000 2.90 2 000 182.7 000 91.0 22 385 1.009 3 000 166.5 000 68.4 22 870 0.6690 4 000 150.5 000 52.0 23 660 0.853s 5 000 134.6 000 41.4 23 800 1.667 6 000 119.1 000 31.7 24 060 1.72o 7 000 105.0 000 23.1 25° 8 000 92.3 000 16.4 2 000 289.8 9 000 80.8 50° 3 OOP 242.2 10 000 70.3 250 232 MH3P04, 0° 11 000 (60.6) 300 22.8 2 000 24 16 248 28.12 6000 14.3 23 047 9.35 HBr, 18° 7 000 13 27 180 4.54 000 253.3 8000 11.7 29 840 3.32 000 213.1 11 000 11.3 30 900 3.17 000 176.4 12 000 11 31 410 3.145 OOP 145.9 Continued on p. 254 31 900 3.165

KC2H3O2, 18° 0.1 100 0.2 99

2 3 4 5 10

INDICE Tabella L—Valori di C fino a 0,5. Tabella 2.—Valori di C da 0,5 a 1000 Tabella 3.—Valori di C sopra 1000.

| love

TABLE 2 — VALUES OF A BETWEEN C — 0.5 AND 1000,* STANDARD ARRANGEMENT; v. Vol. Ill, p. viii Solute HC1

^\5 0.5 1 2 5 10 20 50 70 100 200 500 o ^"«^ 0 261.4 260.6 259.1s 257.2 254.4s 249.8? 247. 80 245. 3o 12.5 18 377 375.5 372.4 369.3 364.9 357.6 354.1 350.1

700

1000

Lit. (212) ; c/. (14, 109)

341.5

326.6

316.6

300.5

(i° 9 ) (79,128,135,157, 183); c/.

19.8 20

25 25 35 HClOa

18

HC1O4 HBr

25 18

HBrOs HI

25 18

HIO3

18

HIO4 £H2SO3

25

25

25

25 25 0 20 25 eH2SO4 H2SO4 |H2SO4

0 OÎ 18

(31)

(224) (103.5, 145)

415.6 419.17

412.0 415.11

407.3 411.08

399.0 406.07

391.3 397. 80

381.3 393.9

360.6 389.8

331.9 379.6

(163.5) 359.2

234.3

222.5

423.04 421.38 348.5 332.8 (24, MS, 198) ; c/. (417.91 a t C = 31) (25, 71) 14 31 (For45°C, ». ( °); for 51 and 81°C, v. ( ) ) 476 470 460 455 450 436 408.6 392.2 374.8 (ios, 135) | (347.6) 343.6 334.6 316.6 306.2 291.4 ( 9 3 > 9 5 ); cf. (48) 150 (For 50°, ». ( )) 400 396 391 382 379 375 366 352 (195) 405 405 402 393.0 389.0 384.4 373.8 359.0 352.5 342.5 (150,195,246) 355.2 347.7 328.4 316.5 301.1 (95) 418 410.7 400.2 396.0 391.2 380.7 362.2 351.0 334 (58,196) 400 395 386 377 366 (196) 346.4 339.2 323.0 311.6 296.8 ^3,155) 420.0 418.2 415.2 412.0 407.8 400.8 397.4 393.2 383.4 367 (195,249,266) 344.59 ^ 252.3 219.7 174.5 158.4 141.2 (95, 141) 386.34 383.95 379.93 370.85 359.69 , 343.04 310.66 295. 60 278.34 242.18 219.5 191.6 (83, 141, 195) 386 372 335 297 ' 2 5 3 192 172 150 110 (i»5) (93.6 at C* = 16.3) (63.0 at Cf = 107.3) (isi) (127.6 at C* = 16.3) (80.1 at Cf = 107.3) (isi) (133.7 at C* = 16.3) ' (82.7 at <7f = 107.3) (isi) 226.1 211.1 191.2 183.9 176.9 165.2 155.3 (ios, 109) 471.7 456.3 426.4 399.0 369.3 333.3 310.9 (2H) 371.3 353.4 308.6 253.1 243.5 232.9 (For 14, 26, 38°C, v. (173, 174)) 193.6 (75, 105, 125, 127, 184)

25 50 75 100 128 156 218 306 èH2S2O4 eH2S2O6. eH2S4O6 №SeO4 iHeTeOe HNOs

413.1 552.6 656.1

705 695 643 585

18 25 25 25 25 0 18

(399..S) 390.3 (364.9) 33(5.4 308.0 272.6 261.5 250.8 (528.)" 500.6 (448) 405.4 367.3 322.9 309.8 299.9 (608) 560.0 (481) 434.4 395.7 355.5 345.0 335.9 570 (488) 445 414 384 375 368 550 (485) (458) 438 416 410 403 535 (498) 480 (463) 447 442 434 562 (545) 532 521 501 492 482 636 (473 at C = 80) 258.4 237.6 199.6 184.6 168.0 (Also at 25°C) 414 410 405 399 389 385 379 367 (i»5) 421 414 408 400 388 383 378 367 (i* 5 ) 384 366 349 328 295 283 272 253 233 226 219 (i»5) 17.9 6.3 2.9 1.8s 1.30 0.73 253.4 251.7 248.6 247.1 245.3 241.3 373.3 372.6 370.6 366.8 364.0 360.4 353.0 349.6 345.7

(For 35°C, v. ( 1 0 9 ))

(ios, 109, 184) (184) (184)

(184) (184) (184) (184) (184) ( 1 0 7)

(231) 336

321.5

315.5

(i° 9 ) 305.5

(79, 132, 135, 184, 255)

25 25 35 50 75 100 128 928 156 218 306 NH4NO2 NH4C1O4 NHJOa

20 18 0 25

407.3 402.4 394.0 386.0 376.1 356.5 329.8 (163.5) 409.0 405.2 400.8 392.5 388.7 384.2 374.4 356.6 347.0 333.2 109 455.8 450.4 441.4 437.4 432.6 419.0 ( ) 562.8 (560.7) 557.7 (552) 546.9 (540) 527.4 (521.9) 514.7 695.7 (692.3) 688.3 (681.6) 674.7 665.2 647.6 639.6 630.6 813.2 (809) 804.6 (795) 784.5 (772) 748.6 737.7 727.0 917 (904) 891 (872) 843 (830) 815 ( 1 8 4) 1026 (1018) 1010 (993) 976 (954) 915 (898) 878 1164 (924 at C = 80) (184) 1154 482 (453 at C = 80) (184) 110 109 106 103 96 (215.5) 96.0 90.2 83.8 (99) 60.6 60.2 58.7 57. o 55. o 52. i (267) 114 113 110 107 103 97 (Also at 35°C) (267) 416.2

414.6

411.2 412.9

* When the literature cited contains data at other temperatures this is indicated thus: (Also at 25°C). t Values of C are for t = 0°Ç. millimole/kg H2O) and A values are 106«/w,

(109,184,246) ( 1 8 4) ( 1 8 4) ( ! 8 4) (184)

(For 10, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70°C, ». ( 151 ).) $ Concentrations are m ( =

TABLE 2.— (Continued) Solute NH4HSO4 iH3PO4 HaPO4

iH4P2Oe H4P2O6 NH4PO3 |NH 4 H 2 PO4 (NH 4 ) 2 HPO4 (NH 4 ) 3 P04 HaAsCh

^?>-^5 0.5 1 1 i 2 1 5 10 1 20 1 50 1 70 I 100 1 200 1 500 1 700 1000 1 ^> ^^~~~ I I I 1 1 1 1 ' 1 1 0 316 308 292 275 253 223 | 213 202.2 165.3 109 25 514 492 454 416 372 (275 at C = 125; 226 ( ) 0 (Forl7°C, M 13 )) 31.7 30 18 282.8 (273.0) 202.7 (166.7) 122.5 (108.7) 96.4 25 311.5 221.7 (180.3) 132.4 (117.7) 103.9 50 400.2 272.7 (216) 157.6 (139.2) 122.5 75 463.0 299.6 (236) 168.4 (148.4) 129-7 100 463.0 307.6 (236) 167.6 (148.2) 128.2 128 507.0 297.6 (226) 157.8 (138. o) 120.0 156 488.4 273.6 (206) 141.8 (123) 107.6 25 151.6 136.4 122.5 107.6 103.1 98.6 20 627 565 489 443.7 405.8 18 0 19.5 18.9 18.2 17.2 16.8 16.4 15.6 14.1 25 35.7 34.5 33.7 32.4 31.7 30.9 29. i 26. i 35 43 42 41.0 39.4 38.6 37.6 35.2 31.6 17 17 25 308.2 279.8 230.0 187.0 150.8 103.4 91.4 80. o

H3SbO4

NH4C 2 H 3 O 2

CaH&NsOz C3H5N3O4 C3H7N305 C3H9N3O6 C 8 Hi 4 N 2 O 2 Ci4H 22 N 4 O7 CnHwNsOc CHeCIN C2H8C1N C2HsClN CnHsoBrNO CnH 22 BrNO C 22 H4sNI NEUCNS

CeHisNsSI |H2SiF6 • iPb(C 2 H 3 O 2 ) 2

ePb(C6H 5 CO 2 ) 2 Tl(OH) TIClOs T1C1O4 TIBrOa TlIOs fThSsiOe

Lit.

•

(109) 28.3

( 2 0 4 ); c/. («) ( 184 )

(184) (184) (184) (184) (184) (184) (254) (254) (250) (267) (267) (267) (13) (13) 261 ( ) (160.5)

18

92.9

91.4 89.0 84.9 82.7 (79. 5) (73.2) (63.8) (59.6) 54.7 (95,187,189) 100 299.2 (286.0 at C = 25) (189) 189 156 455 (525 at C = 25) ( ) 218 (217.4 at C = 5.97) 319.1 | ( 189 ) 189 306 I 81.4 (81.8 at C = 29.35) ( ) Various substituted ammonium nitrites | (215.5, 21?) 27.5 115.3 111.2 108.3 105.3 CH(CN)NO 2 COONH 4 (253) 27.5 115.2 113.3 109.7 105.9 101.4 CONH 2 .CHNO 2 .COONH 4 (253) 27.5 109.2 104.7 101. i 97.4 (NH4O 2 C) 2 CHNO 2 (253) 25 77.2 76.3 74.2 (72.2) Piperidine cyanoacetate (175) 0 30.4 30.0 29.6 28.9 28.1 26.9 Tetraethylammonium picrate (263) 18 51.9 51.3 50.6 49.3 47.8 45.8 (263) 100 189.2 185.7 179.7 173.2 164.3 (263) 25 56.6 55.2 52.9 50.6 (47.1) Diethylphenylammonium 3-5-dinitrobenzoate (149) 18 (114.8) 114.1 112.9 110.8' CH3NH2HC1 (Also at 32.35°C) (172) 25 133.1 131.8 129.4 126.8 123.2 117.1 | 114.2 110.8 (34,172) 18 108.1 107.1 (106.4 at C - 3) (CH 3 ) 2 NHHC1 (172) 25 (126.6) 125.7 124.4 122.0 119.6 ' 116.4 110.6 107.9 (34,172) 18 102.5 101.8 100.6 C 2 H 5 NH 2 HC1 (172) 25 120.9 120.1 119.0 (117.9 at C = 3) | (172) 25 92.8 91.9 89.7 82.9 79.6 Allylbenzylmethylphenylammonium bromide (268) 25 92.8 91.9 89.7 82.9 79.6 Propylbenzylmethylphenylammonium bromide (268) 56 Triethylcetylammonium iodide ( 2 2 °) 0 76.5 75.4 74. i 72.9 71.5 69. i 68.2 67. i 64.5 (267) 18 104.1 99.5 93.8 91.7 89.7 (»3,95) 25 137 134.8 132.7 128.8 123.9 121.6 119.0 114.0 (48,267) 48 2 6 7 35 164 161 158 154 148 145 142 136 ( » ) INH 2 .CS.NHC 3 H 6 ]C 2 H 5 I (77) 25 322 245 198 183 175 165 161 155 146 129 119 108 (195) 0 44.8 39.6 32.9 27.8 23. i 16.9 14.7 12.7 9.5o 5.9s (109) 18 21.4 15.9s 10.1s 8.37 6.67 ( 9S ) 25 84 74.2 61.3 52.1 43.5 32. i 28. o 24.3 18.3 11.8 (Also at 50 and 65°C) ( 1 0 9 ) 35 101 89 74 62 52 38 34 29 22 14 (109) 30 (6!) 25 248 247 242 236 222 214 206 188 ( 195 ) 181 20 123.9 (100.8 at C - 134.0) ( ) 25 135.1 133.8 131.4 129.0 125.8 (72) 25 143.4 141.6 138.8 136.2 132.5 (72) 25 127.8 126.6 124.3 (121.8) (72) 25 112 111.4 (72) 25 170.3 166.3 157.2 148.2 138.2 (72)

TABLE 2.— (Continued) Solute T1HSO4 eThSeOs eTl2SeO4 iThPCU rriH2P04 iTlH2AsO4 iTl2HAs04 eTl2CO3 TlH(C4H4Oe) eZn(C103)2 iZn(BrO 3 ) 2 £Zn(N0 2 ) 2 eZn(C 2 H 3 O 2 ) 2

^G^^L 18 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 18 282 18 18 20 0 25 35 18 20

0.5

493.0 130.4 141.9 122.7

1

a

5

10

20

50

70 100

200

477.5 123.2 138.4 122

(454.4) 413.0 ' 376.0 337.4 289.6 111.9 102.2 90.9 132.7 126.2 117.4 114.5 35.7 34.9 33.8 32.1 (36.5) 35.6 34.9 33.9 32.1 56.4 55.7 54.6 52.8 49.2 143.0 136.9 126.2 115.0 102.4 250.6 104.2 93.9 85.2

500 275.5

40.8 79.2 91 83

38.8 73.7 70

36.3 67.6 59

31.4 57.4 46 19

1000

Lit. (6S)

(248.2 at C = 150) (72) (72) 72 ( ) (72) (72) (72) (72)

73.9

44.6 43.2 90.7 86.1 106 103 97

700 262.0

69.0

61.7 51.3

29. i 26.6 22. o 53.0 • 48.5 39.2 (Also&t 50 and65°C) ( 1 0 9 ) 75.0 69.9 62.1

58.4 47.6 14.8 25.3

(6S) 54.3 (", 95); cf. (<7) 43.2 (") (215.5) (109) 19.1 11.8 (109, 236)

*Cd(C103)2 58.6 54.3 (93,95) £Hg(N0 2 ) 2 (214) Hg 2 NNO 2 .fH 2 O ( 2 *«) fHgNCl 2 H 2 iNH 2 HgCl 2 (21S) HgCHsOH 25 (164) HgCsHeCh 25 49 (164) *Hg2C6Cl4Hi2 i(CH2)6.2HgCl2 (21S) Hg2CsHi6S2O4 18 | 67.7 57.0 48.7 40.6 30.2 (26.7) [Hg(SC 2 H6) 2 .Hg](C 2 H 3 O 2 ) 2 (247) HgCaH&Nc, etc (For various complex salts of Hg with substituted NH 4 bases, ». ( 1 6 4 > 2 1 4 » 2 1 S » 216 )) eCu(C103)2 18 75.7 70.6 62.7 59.2 54.7 (»3» »«); cf. ( 4 7 ) eCu(N0 2 ) 2 andCu(NH4) 2 (S0 4 ) 2 C 123 ' 215 ' 5 ) eCu(C 2 H 3 O 2 ) 2 18 22.9 17.3 10.9 8.7o (95,99) 33 AgClO 2 .... 25 111.0 109.1 105.4 102.0 (98.1) ( ) AgClOs.... 25 124.1 123.5 121.8 119.7 113.2 ( 153 ) AgClO 4 .... 25 128.0 127.1 124.7 122.6 119.8 O53) ÌAg2S 2 Oe.. 25 159.6 156.0 151.2 146.0 137.3 ( 153 ) AgHSO 4 ... 18 481 463 439.2 402. o 365.5 327.0 (290.0 at C - 42) (65) AgNO2.... 25 128.3 115.6 112.3 85.4 ( 5 3 ); cf. (* 7 9 ) AgP03 18 (2SO) AgC 2 H 3 0 2 ... 25 101.2 100.1 97.1 (99.0 at C - 3) ( l s 3 ' 2 2 5 ) î cf. ( 10 «) AgC3H7CO2 CH3CH2COOAg (225) AgSOsCeHs 25 96.6 96.2 94.5 92. o (ls3) AgSOsCsHn 25 89.0 87.6 85.6 83.0 79.6 Silver pseudocumenesulfonate ( 153 ) AgSO3CioH7 25 101.3 99.8 97.6 95.5 (93.2) Naphthalenesulfonate ( 153 ) iAgîSiFe 25 117.5 116.4 113.8 110.8 107.4 ( 153 ) [Ir(NH 3 ) 6 Br]Br 2 95 753 727 695 641 596 ( 143 ) [PtNH 3 (NH 2 OH) 3 ]Cl 2 18 (43) PtaNoHcXdOe, etc (For various complex salts of Pt with NHs and NHaC&Hc, v. (43, 44, 45, 46, e i, 1 58)) |H 2 Pt(CN)4 25 406 405 402 395 381 ( 261 ) HMnO 4 25 402 400 395 389 378 374 369 358 336 (l61) MnCl 2 .Hg(CN) 2 .2H 2 0 23 245 237 212 204 MnHgC 2 N 2 Cl 2 .2H 2 O (86) AgMnO 4 25 119.9 119.2 117.5 115.4 (111.9) | (72) FeNH4O8S2 NH4Fe(SO4)«.12H 2 O ( 271 ) H 4 Fe(CN)6 25 1360 129o 121o lilo 104o 97o 89o 85o 79o ( 196 ) FeCaNsHsO 25 261 (253) 242.0 233.6 224.2 210.4 205.0 (NH4)«Fe(CN)eNO ( 40 ) FeCeN 3 Hi 2 Oi 2 (NH4) 3 Fe(C 2 O 4 ) 3 ( 123 ) FeC7N8Hi20 25 232 . 9 226 . o 214.9 204 . 5 192 . 7 (CH 3 NH 3 ) 2 Fe(CN) 6 NO ( 40 ) FeCsNvHioO 25 207 201 189 178 164 142 (CH 3 ) 3 NHFe(CN) 5 NO (40) FeC9N7Hi20 25 219.7 213.0 202. i 192.2 180.5 161.5 (C 2 H 6 )2NH 2 Fe(CN)5NO (40) FeCisN8Hi20 25 204.9 197.5 185.3 172.2 157.3 143.7 [(CH 3 )4N] 2 Fe(CN) 5 NO | (40) FeC5NS2H6O8 Pyridine disulfatoferrate Fe(SO4) 2 HC 6 H6N.2H 2 O (270.5) eCo(ClO 3 ) 2 18 | 61.7 58.2 54.2 (") CoN 5 H 20 O4 0 265.0 257.0 247.8 240.1 230.7 Co(NH 3 ) 5 H 2 O(OH) 3 ( 144 ) 144 eCo(NH 3 ) 6 (OH) 3 0 154.2 142.0 132.1 (119.3) 115.5 ( ) 25 275 242 224 197 (144) (For other complex Co salts, v. (* 2 > e 1 » 67, as, 144, iss, 169, 2 4 2 ) )

TABLE 2.—- (Continued) Solute

^°C^L

CoNeBraHis

0 25

JCoNeBrsHis

0

*Co(C2H3O2)2

0

25 25 35 iNi(ClOs)2 |Ni(NO2)2 Ni(C 2 H 3 O 2 ) 2

18 20

|NiH2(COS)4

25

0.5

1

Cr UO2(C2H3O2)2.2H20 (VO) 2 H 2 (SO4) 3 [Al(HjO)e](C104)s |AlMo6N3Hi8O24 iY(C7H5O3)3.3.5H2O £Y(C7H5O3)3.6H2O |Y(C7H5O3)3 |La(IO3)3 fLa(C7H 6 O 3 ) 3 |La(C7H5O3)3.6H2O |La(C7H5O3)3.2H2O |Nd(C7H5O3)3.H20 |Nd(C7H5O3)3.6H2O |Nd(C7H5O3)3.4H20 |Gd(C7H5O3)3.H2O iGd(C7H6O3)3.6H20 £Mg(ClO3)2 eMg(BrO 3 ) 2 |Mg(IO 3 ) 2 £MgS 2 O 3 eMgSeO4 eMg(NO 2 ) 2 eMgC2O4 Mg(HCO 2 ) 2

5

10 20

50

70 100

200 500 700

1000

Lit. ( 88 )

(*«) 11.8 ( 109 ) 22.6 (109, 236)

(215.5) 0

87.6 84.8 81.7 76.7 25 171.0 165.8 159.6 149.4 35 209 203 196 183 168 151 124 114 102 80 51 (3.83 at C = 1.38) (3.67 at C =2.76)

NÌ(NH 4 ) 2 (COS)4

eH2Cr04 CrClsHi2Oi8 eCr(NH 4 ) 2 O4

a

90.6 (88.4) 85.7 (80.2) (75.0) 69.9 63.9 60.0 56.7 Co(NH 3 )6Br 8 171.0 (166) 160.1 (149) (140) 130.2 118.1 111.3 103.5 | l44 90.1 83.0 71.7 (61.0) 58.0 iCo(NH 3 ) 6 Br 3 ( ) 144 166.1 151.3 132.2 (112.2) 100.3 ( ) 44 42.9 41. i 39.8 37.1 32.5 30.5 28. i 23.5 16.9 14.4 87 .1 84.5 79.9 75.8 70. o 61. i 57.4 53.4 45.1 32.8 (28.0) 109 (Also at 50 and 65°C) 102 98 93 86 74 69 64 54 39 33 27 ( ) 61.9 58.4 54.2 (") 71.6 64.6 53.6 139.2 124.6 102.0 109 (Also at 50 and 65°C) ( )

49.2 93.6

44.5 84.6

35. o 21.4 66.6 41.8 (223)

|

(223)

25

193 193 190 188 186 0

25 35 (For complex 0 25 35

(109) (109)

(««») ("i) 49.8 99.7

[Cr(H20)6](C104)3 76 76. o 73.8 70.6 65. o 62.7 60. s 55.9 139 138.9 135.8 129.0 117.9 113.5 108.9 166 163 160 153 141 136 130 118 (267) chromium salts, v. (6l* l23» 262, 270)) 81.7 74.4 67.5 58.8 52.5 46. o 38.5 36.2 34. o 140 127.7 117.3 103.6 93.6 83.4 70.9 66.8 62.7 164 150 137 122 111 100 87 82 78 (109)

(Also at 15°C)

(267) (267)

(109) (109) (139) (271)

J(NH4) 3 H6[Al(MoO4)6|.7H 2 O (229) 79.8 74.3 (69.6 at C - 1.67) Salicylate| 77.5 71.3 63.4 51.5 41.6 m-Hydroxybenzoate 70.1 63.6 55.2 43.1 33.6 p-Hydroxybenzoate (99.0 at C = 3.09) 90.2 81.6 (75.1 at C *» 1.67) Salicylate 82 73.9 65.2 53.0 43.5 m-Hydroxybenzoate 70. o 62.6 54.7 44.1 36.0 p-Hydroxybenzoate 83.2 75.7 (69.7 at C - 1.66) Salicylate| 74.7 65.3 56.2 44.6 36.1 m-Hydroxybenzoate 77. o 58.6 49.7 38.2 30.6 p-Hydroxybenzoate 84. 7 79. i (71.0 at C - 1.6) Salicylate] (36) 74.8 66.9 57.9 45.1 36.1 m-Hydroxybenzoate 76.1 70.6 62.7 59.2 52.7 49.0 92.3 89.2 84.4 80.1 75.2 134.8 128.6 119.3 111.0 101.3 112.4 105.8 96.0 87.8 78.9

20 20 20 25 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 18 18 25 25 25 20 18

74.4 100

0

63.3 97

18 25

*Mg(C 2 H 3 O 2 ) 2

0

44.6 18 25 35

£MgPt(CN)4 ÌMg 2 Fe(CN)e èMgCrO4

25 25 18

$Ca(OH) 2 eCa(ClO»)2

25

25

42.9

51.3 93.3

38.1 89.7

179 172 160 142 40.6 38.9

29.6 84.4

23.0 74. o 127

37. i

87.2 84.4 80.4 76.9 72.7 108 106 101 96 90 80 76 72 62 158.1 152.1 142.9 135.2 126.2 153.5 139.8 123.0 112.4 102.7 118.7

6 18 18 (AJsoat30°C)

113.6

104.2 226 220 210

95.9

86.8

(3«) (36) (36) (90) (36) (36) (36) (36) (36) (36) (36) 54.8 (»3, 95) ; c/. (47) 44.7 (") (261) (260) (260) (215.5)

16.4 14.5 12.7 10.0 (69.8) 65. i (54.4) 39.7 (i<> 9 ) 110.4 66.14 (87.3 at C - 250) (") (Also at 35, 50, 65°C) 0° 9 ) 33.6 31.9 30. i 26. o 20. o (109) 51.3 44.6 34.2 29.8 24.9 ( 9 5 , 2 2 2 ) 65.4 62. i 58.8 50.4 38.6 29.0 (109, 222) (A/so at 50 and Ô50C) (»o») (206) (206) (56.5) 50.7 42.9 39.8 36.34 ( 95 );c/. (47) (206) ( 1 9 ») 49.0 45.7 41.8 ( 4 8 ) 79.9 75.0 68.0 64.8 60.6 (»3,95) 65.5 61.0 55.8 ( 4 »)

(»33)

TABLE 2. — (Continued) Solute |Ca(NO) 2 eCa(N0 2 ) 2 Ca(HCO 2 ) 2 eCa(HCO 3 ) 2 Ca(C4H406).3H20 |Ca(C2H3O2)2 eCa(C2H5C02)2 £Ca(HCN 2 ) 2 £Ca(MnO4) 2 iCa 2 Fe(CN) 6 èCa 3 (Fe(CN) 6 ) 2 èCaCrO4

|Sr(OH)2 £Sr(ClO3)2 |Sr(BrOs)2. £Sr(NO 2 ) 2 JSr(HCO2)2 iSr(C 2 H 3 O 2 ) 2

7

^^vj 0.5 1 a 5 10 20 50 70 100 200 500 700 1000 Lit. C ^^--^ 0 (213) 20 (215.5) 0 108 106 104 101 96.6 91.2 82. o 78.0 73.5 64.9 (i° 9 ) 18 (89.7 at C = 250) (73.7) 63.6 50.4 (") 25 203 199 195 189 183 172.5 153.5 146.0 137.2 119.6 (Also at 35, 50, and 65°C) ( 109 ) 25 102.0 99.3 96.6 91.7 87.0 80.9 (120,122) 30 (61) 18 80.6 79.5 77.7 75.0 71.8 67.6 60.2 57.2 54.0 47.0 36.0 31.4 26.4 (is,9S, 163). c^ (236) 18 43.8 32.9 28.4 23.4 (") 25 (114.7) 105.3 92.4 87.8 83.2 Ca(CNNH 2 ) (* 1 7 ) 25 118.8 115.7 110.7 106.3 (101.5) (72) 0 59.7 53.6 45.4 (37.3) (31.9) (27.6) 23.2 22.2 21.3 20.1 19.1 18.7 18.1 ( 1 2 ); cf. ( 186 ) 18 75.4 49.8 (43.5) 38.4 36.7 35.0 32.8 (186) 25 67.6 57.4 49.3 41.8 39.6 37.6 35.6 34.7 34.2 33.8 ( 2 3 9 ); cf. (»*«) 25 138.7 126.5 114.9 100.6 (90.8) 81.8 72.4 70.0 67.8 64.6 1.0 59.7 58.4 (239) 0 60.9 59.3 55.6 (51.7) 46.7 39.9 37.7 35.6 31.9 6 (109) 18 106.7 (101.4) 93.0 85.0 (76.2) 65.8 (62.3) 58.6 (52.0) 4.6 (42.0) 39.2 (133) 25 113.8 110.8 103.0 85.6 73.5 69.3 65.3 58.5 4 (109) 35 140 134 124 (114) 112 87.5 82.5 77.8 69.3 (Also at 50 and 65°C) (109) 25 225 224 220 214 204 (195) IS 79.2 73.8 65.4 61.9 57.8 (» 3 » 9 S ); c/. ( 4 7 ) 18 63.8 55.0 51.1 46.4 (") 20 (215.5) 18 60.6 49.8 45.7 41.0 (") 0 51.8 49.6 46.6 44.6 42.5 38.8 37. i 35.3 31.5 24.6 18.6 (109) (Also at 35, 50, 60°Cj

|Sr(MnO4) 2 iSr 2 Fe(CN)e |Ba(OH)2

25

£Ba(ClO2)2 £Ba(ClO 3 ) 2

25

eBa(BrOs) 2

18

fBaSuOe £Ba(NO 2 ) 2 |Ba(H2PO2)2 Ba(CHO 2 ) 2

25 20 25

18

eBa(C 2 H 3 O 2 ) 2 tBa(C 2 H 6 CO 2 ) 2 |Ba(MnO 4 ) 2 BalFeCNHNO] Ba(COS)4Ni Ba 3 Cr 2 Ci 2 O 2 4..... LiOH LiClOa

18 25 25

18 18

18 81.0 80.0 78.4 76.0 73.2 69.5 62.9 60.0 56.7 50.3 40.1 35.7 30.62 ( 9 5 > 135, 163) 25 96 94 90 86 82 75 68 61 52 48 44 (95, 109) 117.4 116.5 113.4 110.1 (72) 0 59.7 52.5 45.4 19.7 18.5 17.4 (12) 219 (217) (215) (211) (207) 200.8 190.6 (185.7) 179.7 ( 1 2 6 > 184 ) 25 250 (247) (245) (240.8) 235.0 226.6 214.6 (209.6) 203.6 191.4 (184,196) 50 358 349 341 328 307 (298) 290 (184) 75 448 427 398 (386) 372 (184) 100 090 568 547 519 477 (460) 442 (184) 128 (663) (614) 548 (523) 502 (184) 156 (705 at C = 12.5) (720) 669 592 (562) 530 (184) 110.7 108.1 103.9 100.1 95.1 (86.7) ( 33 ) 6 55.3 48.9 46.1 42.5 (47) 18 79.5 73.8 64.7 61.0 56.4 ( 4 7 » 95 ) 30 93.8 82.0 77.0 70.9 (47) 97.4 95.4 91.8 88.1 83.5 (78.2 at C ~ 40) (10S) 25 113.4 111.0 106.8 102.6 97.2 (91.0 at C = 40.2) (10S) 139.1 132.0 120.6 110.5 99.1 ( 2 6 °) 124 121.4 116.9 110. o 98.2 93. i 87. i (2is.S) 104. o 101.1 96.8 92.9 88.0 (79.7) ( 2 6 °) 0 109 108 105 101 95 87 83 79 55 (109) 18 (For25, 35°C, v. ( > 0 9 ) ) 127.0 111.8 86.76 75.6 62.2s (") 0 51 49.7 47.3 45. o 42.6 39. i 37.7 36. i 32.4 (26. s) 24. i 21.4 (109) 18 86.0 84.9 83.3 80.0 77.0 72.8 65.7 62.7 59.7 53.4 43. 60 39.4 34.2s (is» 95, 163) 25 99 97 92.8 (88.8) (83.9) 76.0 72.7 69. i 61.8 (50.3) (45. s) 40.5 (109) 51.6 41.2 36.9 32.0 (") 114.1 112.0 107.7 103.4 97.6 (72) 40 236 225 210 198 186 163 ( ) (223) 3BaC 2 O4.Cr 2 (C 2 O4)3 (61) (For 30, 50, 60°C, ». ( 2 9 ); for 25°C, ». («oe.s)) (180.5) 172.2 156.9 (149.1) 139.0 (29,97,126) • — <7*r5}70.0 62.7 595 55.7 ( 93 » 9 5); c/. ( 48 ) 23S 195 25 1013 100.4 98.4 96.0 93.3 (For 20°C, v. ( )) ( )

TABLE 2. — (Continued) Solute LÌC1O4

LiIO2 LiNO 2 èLi2CO3 LiHCO2 LiC2H3O2 LiCeHaNsO

LiCNS LiMnO4 |Li2OO4

£Li2Cr3O7 NaOH

^\5 0.5 1 2 5 10 20 50 70 100 200 500 700 1000 Lit. ^ ^""""^-^ 1 0 54.1 53.7 53.3 52.5 51.5 50.3 (263) 18 87.4 86.9 86.2 84.6 83.0 81.0 (263) 25 112.8 111.4 108.9 106.5 103.» ( 19S ) 100 290.6 287.6 284.6 278.6 272.6 264.1 (263) 18 65.78 65.18 64.34 62.80 61.15 58.97 55.18 53.45 51.43 46.81 38.93 35.35 31.17 (93> l29); cf. (47* *9) 20 (215.5) 18 (63.4 at C = 54) (51.8 at C = 170) C 1 2 6 ); cf. (257) 18 48.0 43.6 38.8 (") 18 51.2 46.2 37.4 33.5 28.7 ( 9 *) 263 0 33.6 33.4 33.1 32.4 31.7 30.8 Picrate ( ) 18 56.9 56.5 56.0 54.8 53.8 52.1 ( 263 ) 100 209.2 207.2 202.2 196.7 190.2 (263) 18 64.3 61.4 57.8 ( 93 ) 25 101.2 98.8 95.8 92.4 89.3 (72) 0 59 57.6 56.2 55.1 53.3 49.0 47.2 45.2 41.0 (Also at 15°C) (267) 18 74.4 67.5 57.4 53.2 48.3 (93,95) 25 111 110.2 108.2 105.4 lOl.o 92.9 89.2 85.3 77.1 (267) 35 134 134 132 129 124 113 103.0 93.2 ( 2 6 7 ); cf. (47, 49) 18 73.0 66.0 62.8 58.6 (") 0 (For 10°C, v. ( 2 0 9 )) 104.7 (23) 18 213.5 210.8 208.4 205.5 200.3 198.0 195.3 189.0 175.5 168.0 158.4 (23, 97, 126, 128, 187, 209)

NaClOa

NaClO4

18

NaBrOs

NalOs jNasIOe iNaHJOe ^NazHJOe jNaaMOe eNa2S

18 25 25 25 25

*Na2S2 Na2S2O3

25

Na2S2O4 *Na2S205 Na2S2Oe JNaHS

25 25

eNaHSOs $NaHSO4 eNasSeCh INaHSe

25 25 25

25 (See further (206.5)) (234.0) 230.0 224.0 221.4 218.2 210.0 (202.5 at C = 300) (77,117) 50 260.6 (23) 100 581.1 558.5 539.4 (575.7 at C = 4) 406.8 (23, 187) 156 812.3 769.4 737.1 (803.6 at C = 4) (744.9 at C = 40) (187) 218 929 872 (1001 at C = 4) (888 at C = 40) (187) 0 59.8 59.6 58.9 57.6 56. i (53.7) 52.6 51.3 (48.3) (43.6) (109) 18 96.3 95.56 94.6s 92.8 91.0s 88. 7i 84.65 82.85 80.8 76.4s 69.12 65. 80 61.8 (48,69,95) 25 (113.0) 111.4 108.8 106.4 103.4 (98.5) (94.0) (88.3) 79.5 (69, 109, 195) 35 134 132 129 125 119 113 106 96 ( 109 71.6 68.6 65 (93) 25 123.4 121.7 119.1 116.6 113.5 (For 0, 12.5, 35°C, v. (109)) ( 1 9 5 )î cf.(109, 261) 0 56.5 56.0 54.4 53. o 51.2 48.6 47.4 46. i (267) 18 89.72 89.09 88.04 86.22 84.4 82.1 78.0 76.1 73.9 69.1 61.7 58.4 54.4 (69,99) 25 105 103 100.5 98. s 95.5 90.5 88.2 85.6 (267) 129 7572 75.08 74.20 72.52 70.76 68.48 64.34 62.50 60.37 55.37 ( ) 171.1 168.3 159.4 (261) 261 20.8 20.5 ,20.3 19.7 19.4 19.0 ( ) 44.6 43.7 41.7 38.7 33.8 31.8 ( 261 ) 82 81.3 78.8 69.2 (261) 0 76.8 76.7 76.4 75.2 (72.2) (70.7) 68.7 (ios) 18 152 151 149 145 (129) (120) 110.2 ( 108 ); cf. (l*) 25 177 174 171 162 143 135 125.8 ( 108 ) 35 155 (153 at C = 150) (146 at C = 300) C 77 ) (128 at C - 150) (120 at C = 300) (103 at C =600) (77) 0 133 129 123 119 113 103 93 (267) 25 254 248 236 226 214 195 187 177 159 (Alsoat 15 and 35°C) (267) 0 (102.5 at C « 7.8) (90.6 at C = 31.25) (75.5 at C = 125.0) ( 107 ) 18 186.1 | 181.8 | (174.0) | 166.3 157.7 144.2 138.3 131.5 (107) 25 (198.3 at C « 7.8) (180.9 at C = 31.25) (107) 80.9 79.4 75.6 ( 26 °) 271 258 245 236 223 201 183 (Also at 0, 15, 35°C) (267) 0 61.6 60.1 57.9 56.8 55.6 52.7 47.4 45.1 42.5 ( 108 ) 18 92.4 90.7 87.6 86.0 84.1 79.9 72.9 69.6 65.5 (108) 25 106.7 104.6 100.9 99.1 97.1 92.4 84.2 80.4 76.0 ( 108 ); cf. (77) 0 (25.3 at C = 8.7) (23.3 at C = 75.2) ( 1S1 ) 25 52.6 50.4 48.2 46.5 44.6 43.9 (Also at 50 and 70°C) (io, i s i ) 262.8 254.5 236.8 218.5 197.3s 168.62 158.5 ,148.27 130.64 (192);c/(l<>) 119.9 117.3 113.3 109.4 104.1 (261) 58.8 55.9 (57.4 at C - 4) ( 32 )

TABLE 2. — (Continued) Solute

"«C^^

NaNO NaNO 2 NaPOg fNasPO4

NaAsO2 £Na3As03 iNa3As04 iNaH 2 AsO 4 |Na2HAs04 NaH2Sb04 £Na2CO3

£Na2C2O4 |C6(CO2Na)6 NaHCOa

NaHCOa

NaC2H3O2

121.6

2

6

10

20

50

70 100

200

500

700

1000

65 57 53 49.9 46.2 | 44.2 117.8 114.9 111.9 (For 20°C, v. (215.5))

Lit. (213) (179)

( 2 6 °) 67.0 59.7 41.6 (Alsozt 15 and 35°C) (267) 25 122.2 118.6 lll.o (For 17°C, *.(«)) ( 2 «<>) 0 58.5 57.5 55. i 50.7 (45.8) (38.7) 33.3 28.2 (Also at 35°C) (267) 18 99.8 90.2 81.5 72.5 61.4 57.5 53.5 46.2 (41.9 at C = 300) (i) 25 114.0 112.3 107.2 99.1 (88.4) (73.5) 63.5 54.8 (260,267) 18 78.1 73.3 . 64.3 52.0 (5) 25 (92.9) 92.2 90.2 88.2 85.7 81.4 79.3 76.8 71.3 61.5 (2iO) 18 22.06 21.9s 21. 60 20. 80 20. 4o 19.8s 18.7s 16.8s 16.0 (i); cf. (13) 13 0 32.6 32.6 32.2 31.5 29.2 28.0 26.6 23.6 (For 17°C, v. ( )) 0<> 9 ) 18 59.5 57.6 54.8 50.1 48.1 46.0 41.4 (34.5) 0» 70 ) 25 66.7 65.8 64.1 61.3 56.2 ( 2 6 °); cf. (109) 35 85 82.7 79.9 76.3 69.6 66.8 63.8 (Alsoai 50and65°C) (109) 18 41.1 40.5 39.4 38.2 36.9 34.6 33.6 32.5 29.8 (25.4) (i) 18 72.4 70.1 66.8 63.4 (59.5) 53.3 50.8 48.0 43.0 (35.0) (M 0 37. s 36.6 35.7 34.4 32.2 31.2 29.9 26.5 ( 1( > 9 ) 18 62.1 (60.0) 58.3 (55.4) 51.3 (49.4) 47.4 (43.0) 36.2 (33.4) SO. 3 (70) 25 67 66 64 61 59 (Also at 35°C) ( 109 ) 25 96.3 93.2 88.8 85.2 81.0 (261) 25 (2S1) 25 (128.3) (127.5) 124.8 118.7 108.7 (261) 25 (28.3) 27.6 27.1 26.3 25.1 24.6 24.0 (261) 25 68.0 66.2 63.8 60.7 55.9 ( 2 <") 25 (252) 0 59 56.4 54.4 52. o 47.6 45.8 43.7 39.2 (32. s) (30. o) 27.0 (i<>9) 18 112 108.5 102.4 96.1 89.6 80.2 76.7 72.8 (65.0) 54.4 50.2 45.4 (126, 128) 25 110.7 108.0 103.3 93.6 89.6 85.3 76.3 (63.4) (58. e) 53.4 (109) 35 143 137 132 125 115 110 105 93 78 (109) 25 117.2 113.1 108.7 103.4 95.0 91.7 88.1 (159) 25 (104.7) 90. s 81. o 70.1 66.2 62.1 Mellitate t1*9) 0 80 79.3 77.6 75.8 73.6 70.3 69. o 67. i 62.2 (267) 18 89.7 88.6 87.3 85.4 83.6 81.2 76.9 75.0 72.9 68.7 61.3 57.7 53.4 (7,99) 25 (150) 149 147.9 145.7 142.0 133.2 129.1 124.4 114.2 (Also at 35°C) (267) 0 47.7 46.8 45.7 44.2 (41.8) (124.5) 12.5 70.1 67.9 66.1 63.7 (59.7) (For 18°C, v. (263.5)) (122) 25 94.4 93.5 92.5 90.3 88.1 85.5 80.6 78.5 76.1 (95.2 at C =° 0.3) (121,122) 0 44.4 43.9 43.2 41.9 39.9 39. o 38.0 35.4 30.5 (For 10°C, ». ( 1 5 7 )) 0<>9) 18 75.87 75.1 74.45 72. 60 71.12 69. lo 65.5s 64.0 62.1 57.57 49. 6e 45.9 41. le (95, 126, 128, 148, 0

NaH2PO2

iNa2H2P207 INasHPzO;. iNa(NH 4 )HPO4

1

0 25 18

iNa4P207

ÌNaH2PO4 |Na2HPO4

0.5

.

178, 183,

25 100 156 218 306 0 18 25 0 25 35

NaC2H6C02 NaC4H5O2 iNaC4H6O4 NaC4H5O6 NaCsHvCOa

25 18 0 25 35

NaCJl7O8

0 15 25 35

(For50,65°C,fl.(i<> 9 )) 87.3 85.5 83.7 81.3 76.9 75.0 72.8 274.0 267.0 259.0 252.8 (244.5) (229.6) (223.2) (220.6 at C = 80) 438.6 423.6 (408) 396.2 (For 89.75°C, ». ( 1 6 2 )) (339.3 at C = 80) 627 597 545 (452 at C = 80) 799 701 (612 at C = 80) 44.7 43.9 72.4 (71.3) (69.4) 67.8 (65.8) (62.2) 60.5 58.4 53.5 87 85.3 82.7 80.2 77.4 (For 15, 35, 50, 65°C, ». (276, 277)) (42.1 at C = 0.49) Crotonatc (84.1 at C ~ 0.49) (103.3 at C = 0.49) 77.8 76.4 73.9 71.6 69.0 Bisuccinate 119.8 98.8 81.6 74.6 70.0 64.2 62.3 60.3 Bitartrate 43. o 41 . 8 Butyrate 82.5 80.5 78.0 76.0 73.4 (75.5 at C ** 15.6) 106 102 43. o Hydroxyisobutyrate 66.4 84.5 100.4 100.7 j (AZs0at50and65°C)

67.7

58.6

54.3 49.1 ( 183 ) (183)

188)

(109, IST, 225)

( 183 ) (248) 45.4

41.6

36.8

(276) (*» ") (196,276)

(276) (27S) (276) ( 196 );c/. (S) (201) (276) (5, 220, 2T«) (276) (278) ( 278 ) (278) ( 278 )


"^°C\L

NaCsHaOs NaCsHyOs

0 34.4 15 53.4 25 68.0 35 84.4 0 34.4 15 53.4 25 68.0 35 84.4 0 41.4 14.5 25 82.7

NaC5H»O2

NaC7H6O2

0.5

1

2

5

10

20

50

70 100

200

500

700

1000

Lit. vi 2 7 6 )

Furancarboxylate Levulate

(278) (278) (278)

101.6

(Also at 50 and 65°C)

(278)

Isovalerate

(278) (278) (278)

101.5

(Also at 50 and 65°C)

(278)

Benzoate

64.1 81.9

80.8

78.8

76.9

(276) (276) (145,276)

74.5

35 102.2

NaC7HoO3 NaCrHsOs

NaCrHsOa

35

43. 2 42. 6 25 85.0 83.7 35 105 102 105.3

(148,276) (276)

m-Hydroxybenzoate

(278) (278)

170

(278)

69.6 68.7 (79.3) 77.5 105 101 . a

35

130.5

65 0 40.4 25 79.1 35

67.3 74.6

65.2 72.5

62.7

(36) (148) (278) (278)

p-Hydroxybenzoate | (Also at 50 and 65°C) 2, 4-Dihydroxybenzoate

(278)

.

(278)

163

Gallate

(276) (276)

97.7

81.4 79.9 77.3 74.9 72.4 o- m- p-Toluate and Phenylacetate 82.2 80. 1 77.2 75.0 o- and p-Hydroxymethylbenzoate Mandelate (At 0, 25, 35°C) | 25 78.6 (76.2) 74.0 71.3 o- and p-Methoxybenzoate Caprylate (At 0, 25, 35, 50, 65°C) Phenylacrylate (At 0, 25, 35°C) 0 38.7 37.4 Diphenylglycolate 25 76.0 69.9

(276)

( 1 9 S ); cf. (225) (147) (276)

25 25

35

NaCieHsiOu |Na2C3H2O4 eNa 2 C4H 4 O4 f Na 2 C4H 2 O 6 eNa 2 C4H 4 O 6 fNa 2 C 8 H 4 O4 iNa 2 C 8 H 4 O4 £Na 2 C 8 H4O 4 iNa4CioH 2O8 Na 4 CnH 2 Oio

77.7

65

50

NaC8H7O2 NaCsHyOs NaCsKbOa NaCsHyOs NaCsHuOa NaC9H702 NaCuHnOs

(276)

136

20

NaCyHsOs

o-Hydroxybenzoate 82.0 79.6

50

25 35 NaCyHsCh

(276)

0

89.7 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25

Na 6 CnHOio NaCH 2 ClCO 2 NaCHChC02 NaC4H4Cl3O2 NaC6H4ClC02

25 18 25

NaCoHeClOa

25

94.5 91.7

(147) (277, 278) ( 2 7 6) (277,278) (277,278) (277,278)

Palmitate (seealso Vol. V, p. 458) 135 86 79 77 77 65 (!«2) 107.4 103.9 100.0 95.3 Malonate (159) Succinate 100.7 97.7 94.3 90.1 83.4 80.6 77.6 71.1 60.5 56.0 50.5 (is 9 ) 105 103 99 95 Dihydroxymaleate (l 52 ) Tartrate dl (97.2s at C - 7.81) / (97.6 at C - 7.81) d (98.2s at C - 7.81) ( 2 2 5) 96.5 93.0 89.5 85.2 77.7 74.6 71.4 Phthalate (159) 97.8 95.9 92.6 89.5 85.6 79.4 (76.8) Isophthalate (* 5 9 ) 95.2 92.0 89.0s 85.2s Terephthalate (159) 120.0 116.1 108.3 101.1 93.2 82.4 78.5 Pyromellitate (1, 2, 4, 5) (159) 0 232.4 216.8 200.5 177.9 160.5 143.5 120.4 Benzenepentacarboxylate ( 19 °) 25 455 426.8 395.4 349.4 314.0 281.5 240.0 ( 1 9 °) 50 729 679 628 553 197 445 379 ( 1 9 °) 0 278.0 (253) 217.8 177.4 154.6 141.2 Benzenepentacarboxylate ( 19 °) 25 538.8 488.0 419.2 371.0 329.0 278.2 (577 at C = 0.6) I ( 19 °) 50 764 634 562 505 434 (914 at C = 0.6) ( 13 °) 88.0s 85.3? 82. 9o 80. 2o 76.0s 74.3s 72.24 66.60 (59) 73.3 68.8 (66.6) (63.0) 59.4 (54.7) 48.0 («) 76.8 75.7 73.9 72.2 70.0 Trichlorobutyrate ( 1 2 1 )î c/. (21°) 0 40.5 o-Chlorobenzoate (276) 15 62.8 (276) 25 81.5 80.7 79.6 77.7 75.7 73.2 ( 121 ) 35 99.3 (Also at 50 and 60°C) ( 2 7 6) 70.6 78.0 75.5 73.3 (70.1) Phenylchloroacetate 1 ( 2 4 °)

TABLE 2. — (Continued) ^cT^^L

0.5

NaCaH4BrO2

Solute

0 47.7

44.7

NaC3H6Br2O2 NaC4H4BrO 2

35 115 112 (At 0, 15, 25, 35°C) 0 45.1 44.1 15 69.2 68.3 25 87.7 87.2

2

5

10

20

50

70

100

200

500

a-Bromopropionate

700 I

1000

Lit.

(278)

95.3 89.6

25

35 109.2

NaC 3 H4lO 2 NaC6HoSO4 NaC6H6SO4 NaCioHvSOs NaCieHssSOs NaCnHsBrSOs NaCHN 2 NaCylfsN NaC 3 H 2 NO 2

1

(278)

(278) (278)

«, 0-Dibromopropionate (278)

a-Bromobutyrate

(278) (278)

107.5

(278)

(At 0, 15, 25, 35°C) 80.6 80.9 79.4

/3-Iodopropionate (278) 25 78.3 76.0 o-Phenolsulfonate (l47) 25 76.9 74.5 p-Phenolsulfonate (**7) 25 76.1 74.5 72.3 68.6 66.8 64.7 0-Naphthalenesulfonate (210) (At 40, 50, 60. Q5°C)(see also Vol. V, p. 458) Cetylsulfonate (220) 10-Bromophenanthrene-3(6)-sulfonate | (237) 25 116 108.2 98.4 95. i 91.7 Bicyanamide (H7) 18 72.4 71.7 69.9 67.9 65.5 o-Toluidine ( 1 6 °) 25 87.7 86.9 85.6 83.8 81.9 79.3 74.7 72.9 CH2.CN.CO2Na (At 0, 25, 35, 50, 65°C (278)) ("0» i z i ) ; e/. (*io, 225)

|

NaCsHsNeO;} NaC5H3N403 NaC6H2N3O7 NaC 7 H4NO 4 NaC 7 H4NO4 NaC 7 H 4 NO4

18

60.4 Picrate 25 82.4 81.1 79.1 77.3 74.8 25 82.9 81.2 79.5 77.1 75.1 72.5 68.0 35 101.3 o and 50 132.4 m-Nitrobenzoate 65 166 | 0 42.4 41.4 p-Nitrobenzoate 25 81.4 80.6

NaC 7 H 3 N 2 O6 NaC9H8NO3 NaCioHeNO 2 NaCNS

0

99.3

25

80.7 98.5

35

(277)

o-Aminobenzoate

(276) (276) (276)

99. 1 50

128.9

65

161.5

25 77.9 35 0 38.5

77.2

76.2 75.3

35

93.6 92.3

NaCeHeNSOs NaC 7 H 6 NSO4

25

(278) (278)

76.1

74.3

72.5

(70.4)

1, 3, 5-Dinitrobenzoate (Also at 50 and 65°C) Hippurate

(276)

78.8 61.4

59.8

78.2 58.8

77.3 57.4

77.1 55.2

76.6 54.3

75.4 53.3

m-Nitrobenzenesulfonate 42. o 40.9 25 82.7 81.1 35 102 100 (Also&t 11.9°C)

72.3 o-Aminobenzenesulfonate

67.9

62.1

(276) (276) p-Aminobenzenesulfonate p-Sulfaminobenzoate

35 99.6

18 25

NaC9H12PO2 eNa2C3H7POe NaC 6 H4AsCl 2 O4. NaC 6 H 7 As 2 O 6 Na 2 C 6 H 3 AsCl 2 O4 Na 2 C 6 H6As2C>6 NaCeH4AsBr 2 O4 Na2C6H3AsBr2O4

72.7 71.0 68.9 (252) 50.7 (AZsoat25 and 35°C) (267) 74.2 71.9 C8.8 (93,267) (77)

(276) (248.5) ( 2 7 8)

50 131.2

Na 2 C 32 H 22 N 6 S 2 O6

(iio, 121) (278) (276) (276)

0

65

( «)

'

a-Cyanocinnamate 61

0

27

1, 2, 4-Dinitrobenzoate

99.3 37.9

25

25

(lis, 196) (H9, 121) (278) (278) (278) (277) (277)

(66.2) o-Nitrobenzoate ra-Nitrobenzoate

(ForSO, 60°C, ». (277, 278))

40. 7

35

(so, i i g )

18 NaC 6 H4NSO 5 NaCeHeNSOs

(73)

64.8

35 102.0

NaC 7 HeNO 2 NaC 7 H 3 N 2 O6

(194) Urate

.ZV-Methyltetrazolecarboxylate

(278)

!

164

(278)

1

73.3 171

68.7

59.6 159.6

53.3 137.8 123.8

Congo red 112.5 Mesitylenephosphinite 46.4 43.5 41.4

0 Glycerophosphate 47.6 18 84.2 79. o 74.7 71.5 68.1 18 300 234 163.5 127.0 101.0 18 179.2 174.7 166.2 157.6 Dichlorophenolarsenate 18 139.1 117.5 95.7 84.3 76.1 18 93. o 85.4 79.8 75.1 70.2 66.9 18 176 170. o 166.1 160.5 152.0 Dibromophenolarsenate

(

21

)

(

| (52)

38.1 29.7 | | Dichlorophenolarsenate p-Phenylenediarsenate ( 1 6 °) p-Phenylenediarsenate Dibromophenolarsenate ( 1 6 °)

63

9

( ) ( 16 °) 16 ( °) ( 1 6 °) ( 1 6 °)

)

TABLE 2. — (Continued) Solute NaCeHsAsNOe NaCeHrAsNOa NaCeHÂsNuOs NaCeHeAsNaOs NaC6H 8 AsN 2 O 3 NaCsHnAsNOa Na 2 C 6 H4AsN0 6 NasìCeHsAsNuOs NaaCeHsAsNOe NaaCeHijAsNiìOa *Na2SiO2 *Na 2 Hg(SO 3 ) 2 Na 2 HgNO 2 £Na 2 Pt(CN) 4 .7H 2 0 NaMnO 4 NaFe(C104)4.6H20 iNa4Fe(CN) 6 Na4Fe(CN)6.10H20 Na 2 [Fe(CN) 5 NO] Na 3 Co(NO 2 ) 6 Na 2 NiCi 2 Hi 2 Oe £Na 2 CrO4

£NajCr 2C>7 £Na 2 MoO4 £Na 5 Mo6Hi7O 2 4 |Na 2 [P(Mo 2 0 7 ) 3 ] fNa 2 WO 4 .2H 2 O èNa 2 B 2 O 4 .8H 2 0 iNa 2 B 4 O7 Na 5 BWi 2 H 4 O 42 Na(Al(ClO4)4].12H 2 O KOH

KHF2 KC1O2 KC1O3

^C^\

0.5

J 1

2

5

10

20

50

70 100

1

200 500 700

1000

Lit.

18 80.3 77.4 74.6 71.5 69.2 66.6 18 71.7 71.2 69.9 68.6 66.5 18 259 217.7 183.2 146.2 124.4 116.2 18 73 . 7 73 . 0 71.8 70 . e 68 . o 18 71.2 70.8 69.8 68.3 66.1 18 72.7 71.8 70.6 69.1 66.7 18 169.2 168.4 167.5 163.0 155.4 18 173.8 171.3 163.0 155.4 18 290 .9 281 . 4 261 . 2 244 . 5 18 289.6 279.7 261.8 243.4 Dinitrophenolarsenate 18 144 139 136 124 116 25 (Also other compounds) 158.5 155.5 143. s 25 112.7 109.3 104.2 100.0 95.1

3-Nitro-4-hydroxyphenylarsenate (160) NaC6H 4 (NH 2 ).AsO(OH).O (ieo) Dinitrophenolarsenate (160) 3-Nitro-4-aminophenylarsenate (i eo) o-Phenylenediaminearsenate (160) Dimethylaminophenylarsenate (i«°) 3-Nitro-4-hydroxyphenylarsenate O* 0 ) 3-Nitro-4-aminophenylarsenate (i*«) 3-Nitro-4-hydroxyphenylarsenate (l 60 ) ( 16 °) 87. 5 71 . 4 (» 5 » 128) 130.8 112.7 96.8 81.2 (»i) ( 10 ) (21S.S) 25 130.1 127.4 123.2 119.2 114.2 ( 261 ) 72 25 112.5 111.2 108.6 105.7 (102.3) ( ) (271) 0 73.8 70. s 66.4 62.2 57.5 51. i 48.7 46.2 41.« 35.4 (Also at 35, 50, 65°C) (io») 25 151 145.8 140.3 129.4 119.9 109.9 96.8 92.4 88.0 79.9 ( 18S ) C39) 25 236 229 220 211 202 188 181 174 ( 4 0 );c/. ( 61 ) (61,242) Dipyrocatechinodiaquonickelate (219) 267 0 62 61.6 60. i 57.7 53.3 51.6 49.6 45.8 39.8 (Also at 15°Q> ( ) 18 82.1 75.8 66.3 62.4 57.8 ( 9 5 );c/. ( 4 7 ) 25 118 115.5 112.4 108.4 100.9 97.5 93.7 85.9 (267) 35 (138) 132 122 118 114 103 (267) 0 57.0 56.6 56.0 54.5 53.6 52.5 50.0 (Also at 15°C) (267) 25 103 102.0 98.3 96.6 94.9 (267> 35 125 123 117 115 113.6 (267) 25 120.5 117.5 113.3 109.4 104.0 ( 26 °) Na 5 H 5 [H 2 (MoO4)6].15èH 2 O (226) ( 23 °) 0 57.9 56.4 54.5 51.9 47.8 46. o 44. o 39. o 31.7 (267) 25 116.1 113.4 109.2 104.8 99.8 92.2 89.2 85.8 (260,267) 35 136 134 129 123 112 104 95 (Also at 15°C) (267) 26 25 88.9 86.7 83.2 80. i 76.2 Metaborate ( °) 0 43.2 42.3 41. o 39.8 38. i 34.9 33.6 32. i (Also at 35, 50, 65°C ( 109 ) 25 86.0 84.4 81.5 78.6 75.1 (69.3) | ( 26 °) iNa 5 H4[B(W 2 O 7 ) 6 ].27H 2 O (229) (271) 18 234 233 230 228 224 218 216 213 207 197 192 184 (97,126,128) 30 (For 25°, v. (206. 5j) (Also at 20, 45, 60, 75°C) 270 269 267 262 248 241 233 ( 78 ) 90 519 507 492 461 447 (431) ( 78 ) 25 270 217 167 150 138 (261) 25 124.0 122.2 119.5 117.2 114.2 ( 33 ) 0 73.8 74.3 73.4 72.2 71.0 68.8 65.4 64.0 62.6 (io9, 26»; ; c/. (H6, 140)

KC1O4

KBrOa

18 25 35 100 0 18 25 35 100 0 18 25 100

117.50 116.74 135.7 134.4 162 161 360.0 359.0 76.3 75.9 120.6 118.8 139.1 137.3 166 164 161 158 369.0 366.5 69.7 69.1 109.7 108.5 126.7 125.6 340.5 337.0

115.67 132.0 158 356.0 75.3 118.5 134.4 153 362.0 67.8 106.7 123.4 331.0

113.67 111.47 108.65 103.58 129.6 125.7 119.2 116.4 154 150 142 74.0 72.6 70.5 116.4 114.0 110.9 131.7 127.5 (Also at 50 and 65°C) 355.0 347.0 336.0 64.9 104.5 101.9 97.2 120.8 117.6 112.2

101.45 113.8 135

99.04 93.59 (For 50, 65°C, v. ( 1 5 9 )) | | (For 95°CS v. ( l i e » 140 ))

105.5

(138,263) ( ( 109 )

109

)

263

( ) ( 2 6 3 )î cf. O» 9 ) ( 263 ) ( 109 );c/. O 8 1 » 19S )

O09) (263) 95.1 109.8

92.9 107.0

(263) (ios.263)

87.7 101.0 I

(los, 2Si) (263)


C

^>\ C

KIOi

$K2S $K2SO3 №S2O8 ÌKHS iKHSOs KHSO4

KN 3 KN0 2 KP03 |K3P04

18 25 25 18 25

0.5

^>**v^>>

0 60.0 18 25 100

143.2 153.2 (46.4) 0 18 25 50 75 100 128 156 0

25 20 25 0 18 25

iK 2 HPO 4

0

2

59.2 95.90 111.41 312.5

5 58.0 94.91

10

20

56.9 93.07

50

70 100

91.11

200 88.51

500

700

1000

83.94 81.87 79.56 (110.694 at C = 1.4910(1*1))

293.1

Lit. (263) (95.29s at C = 1.4934) ( i * i ) (90) (263) 138.6 135.4 («) 82.2 77.8 (i<>) (27) ( 18 ) ( 10 )

I 74.23

139.5 133.9 129.2 123.6 114.0 110.1 105.9 97.7 86.4 150.2 145.1 139.9 132.2 45.9 41.7 34.7 19.7 64.8 62.4 60.4 58.2 55.0 53.8 (310) 291 273 252 222 211 200 183 164 (109) 455.3 (414) 378.3 (341) 295.0 (278.8) 263.2 234.2 204.0 505.4 (456) 416.3 (374) 317.7 (300) 282.6 659.8 (571) 507.1 (446) 373.7 (351) 328.5 752.7 557.0 (476) 402.1 (377) 353.8 782.6 579.0 (504) 421.4 (397) 373.9 771.7 598.9 (526) 445.2 (423) 401.3 752.6 609.9 (548) 476.1 (455) 434.2

166 0

IKH 2 PO4

1

59.8 96.58 112.21 315.0

161.6

157. o

153.5

150.0

I

194.8

(For 20°C, ». (Zis.5))

(129,263)

186.0 (126,184) ( 1 8 4 ); cf. (109) ( 1 8 4 )î cf. ( 10 ») (184) (»«*) (184) (184) 59 (30) (179) ( 25 °) (109)

68.0 66.7 64.3 57.3 54.2 50.4 (Also at 35 and 65°C) 129 128 125 113 106 98 (For 17°C, ». ( 1 3 )) (i<> 9 ) 15 15.0 14.6 14.2 13.5 13.2 12.8 11.8 (Also at 35°C) ( 2 <*7) 31.7 30.1 29.5 (28.7) 27.7 27.1 26.5 (25.3) 23.2 22.4 21.4 (70, 126) 29 28.4 27.8 27.0 25.6 25.1 24.4 22.7 (260,267) (Also at 25, 35°C; for (39) 38.5 37.6 36.5 34.5 33.5 32.5 (30.4) (26.9) (25.6) (24.1) ( i < > 9 ) 17°C,0. (13))

3lKH2AsO4 KH2Sb04 K3Bi(S2O3)2.1.5H2O £K 2 C0 3

25 25

(35.6)

18 25 35

KHC4H 4 O 6 KCeHuOu KC8H6O4 KC7H5O3 K-Soaps. |K2C8H4O4 iK«(C0H*O7)

KC2C13O2 KC2HC1202* K2C2HeTe04 KCN KCNO KCeHîNsCh... * Dichloroacetate.

UZsoat50and65°C) 133 128

0 18 25

eKHCOa |KHC2O4 KC2H3O2

34.4

33.6

32.3

31.7

(26i)

31.2

(252) 0

ÌK2C2O4

35.0

123.63

74.8 122.25 139.0

69. o 66.9 121.4 115.3 131.8 127.5 150 144 138 127 (72.3) 70.0 120.28 116.55 (135.0) 130.7

64.4 60.5 (109.2) 100.6 122.4 114.2 122 117 67.3 62.9 112.66 107.91 125.0 116.3

58.9 57.1 (97.5) 94.0 110.8 107.9 61.1 100.62 112.9

59.2 97.80 109.3

53.6 (48.6) (87.3) 77.7 99.1 (88.2) 84 (i<>9) 55.7 94.65 88.55 102.1

(46.6) (74.2) (84.2)

80.2s

( 61 ) 44.9 (109) 70.6 (126,128) 80. o O09)

77. Oo

(186) 73.02 (186)

(126, 133)

(126) 216.9 183.2 160.8 134.5 121.6 109.8 96.4 92.5 88.9 (6S) 0 63.1 62.0 60.9 59.5 (58.4) 57.3 55. o 53.9 52.6 50. o (Also at 50 and 65°C) (i<> 9 ) 18 98.8 98.2 97.3 95.6 93.8 91.5 87.8 86.2 84.4 79.6 70.7 66.8 62.4 (18,93,128) 25 115.3 113.7 112.1 109.8 108.0 105.6 100.8 98.8 96.3 90.7 (For 90°C, v. ( 3 «)) (i<> 9 ) 35 138 137 136 133 131 128 121 118 115 108 (i° 9 ) 18 142 120 101 93 86.8 (201) 90 Hexoate (See Vol. V, p. 458) 25 128.8 119.3 111.6 103.7 99.9 95.5 89.3 83.8 76.8 Biphthalate ( 2 <>0) 25 101.7 100.1 98.0 95.9 p-Hydroxybenzoate (1*8) (See Vo\. V, p. 458) 25 121.8 120.3 116.2 112.1 107.1 99.1 95.8 92.2 Phthalate (123.3 at C = 0.4) ( 2 <>0) 0 70.9 67.5 63.8 (59.7) 54.3 52.4 50.1 43.4 Citrate C186) 18 119.9 (117.7) 115.2 109.7 101.6 (95.2) 87.7 84.3 80.7 (186) 25 139.2 (137.0) 134.3 128.0 118.5 (111.0) 101.9 98.1 93.8 (186) 25 106.6 104.7 101.7 99.2 96.3 91.6 90.0 87.5 82.5 74.6 Trichloroacetate (l21) 25 108.7 106.8 104.2 102.1 99.7 95.5 93.5 91.4 86.6 77.7 73.4 68.5 (I2i) KtlHeTeOe.CiOil (231) 18 (104.0 at C = 506) (9.7 at C = 1029) (126) 18 1 (178) 0 54.6 54.3 53.8 I 52.8 51.0 Picrate C263) 18


^7>^ 0.5 V

KC6H2N3O7.— (Continued) KCioHfiNOa KCyHeNSOs KCNS

K3Sb(C2O4)3.H2O eK2Hg(SO3)2 |K2HgN4O8 K 2 [Pt(NO 2 ) 4 ] KMnO 4 KFe(SO4)2.H2O KsFeCisHisOy iKaFetCN)«

|

1

2

5

10

20

50

70 100

200

500

700

1000

Lit.

^"*^s»

18 100

88.1

87.4 86.6 85.0 83.3 81.0 282.1 279.1 272.6 271 258.1 25 a-Cyanocinnamate 96.0 95.2 94.1 93.6 93.0 25 102 100 98. o (96. 1) Nitrotoluenesulfonate 0 76.9 76.7 75.8 74.7 72.9 69.8 68.6 18 119.10 118.36 117.39 115.55 113.69 111.33 107.50 106.10 104.5 25 139.9 138.8 136.9 134.4 130.8 124.9 122.5 35 163 160 157 154 149 147 144 138 (109)

(263) (263) 83.8

91.7

88.7 86.7 (252) 0°2) 67.3 64.8 61.3 (Also at 50 and 65°C) (i<>9) 101.9 95.48 93.7 91.41 (93,138) 17 119.8 (114) (For 25.7°C, «. ( )) (109) (6i)

25

134.0

25 25

133.9

18 18 25 167 35

ìK 4 Fe(CN)e

133.0

320 295 264 89. i

0

0 18

130.8

125.7 121.0 e2KNO 2 .Hg(NO 2 ) 2

131.7

(249 at C = 8) 86.2 82. o

129.5

127.4

115.1

(io) (214)

124.1

Tripyrocatecholaquoferrate 78.6 74.6 68.6

118.7

116.2

66.4 63.9 86.4 123.8 119.5

113.6

(46) (For 0, 35, 50, 65°C, v. (i<> 9 )) (271)

(219) 59.6 82.0 (99) ; c /. (39) 115.1 106.9

162.1 158.5 150.8 143.9 135.8 197 191 181 172 162 148 143 138 127 (267) ; c/. (123) 91.5 (87.0) 84.7 (78.5) 72.8 (66.8) 58.1 55.4 52.9 48.7 136.8 (122.9) 113.2 (103.9) 92.6 88.8 85.1 78.3 71 . i 68.9

(27, 156) ; c/. (10 (267);c/(5i)

97.3

66.6

(26

(186 ); c/. (109) (99, 186) ; c/. (39,

140)

25 35

K 2 fFe(CN)sNO] K 3 Co(NO 2 )6 KaCoCisHuOy K 4 CoCi8Hi4O 7 K3(COS)6Co

25

172.8 166.8 160.0 146.8 135.2 (Also&t 186.9 181.6 172.7 162.8 (148.9) 50, 65°C) 256.3 250. o 240.8 232.4 222.2 208.4

78.9 90.9 (109

(40) (61)

18 18 25

342 312 480 443 397

272 (252 at C - 8) (378 at C = 8) 348 319

Tripyrocatecholaquoeobaltate Tripyrocatecholhydroxycobaltate Cobaltidithiooxalate

KsCo(CN)6

KCoCsHnNsOe K 2 Co(CNS) 4 K 2 Ni(CN) 4

123.2 108.2 103.1 98.1 89.7 80.9 130.3 124.2 117.9 107.7 97.0 93.9

(219) (219) (223) (39, 61)

(42) (61) (123)

-

K 2 Ni(COS) 4

£K 2 CrO 4

eK2O2O7

K 3 Cr(C 2 O 4 ) 3 |K 3 Cr(CN)e |K3W(CN)8 K 3 Cr(CNS) 6 .4H 2 O iK 4 Mo(CN) 8 .2H 2 0 K 3 H 6 [Fe(Mo04) 6 ].7H 2 0 K 3 H 6 [Cr(MoO4)6].7H 2 O iK 4 W(CN) 8 .2H 2 0 iK4H6[Fe(W04)6].9H20 $K2B2O4 5K 2 B 4 O7.. ÌK2BioOi6.8H2O KA1(SO4)2 K3H6[Al(MoO4)6].7H20 K2CaFe(CN)6.3H20 K 2 BaFe(CN)e.3H 2 O eKNaSOs RbOH

(223)

0

80.6

79.7

77.8

76. o

73.6

68.9 66.9 64.7 60.4 54.5 52.4 51.3 18 100.4 94.3 86.4 83.1 79.4 (93) 25 149.0 147.2 143.5 138.7 132.7 123.8 120.3 116.3 107.7 88.2 35 178 176 173 166 159 147 139 129 105 (Also at 50 and 65°C) (i<>9) 0 72.4 71.6 70.3 69.5 68.4 66.1 64.8 63.1 59.5 (Also at 50 and 65°C) (109) 18 98.1 93.0 85.3 (99) 25 130.5 128.0 125.7 124.2 122.5 118.2 116.0 113.2 106.7 35 156 152.7 149.0 148.2 146.8 141.0 137.9 134.5 127.1 (109) (123) 25 171.6 166.9 159.9 153.4 145.5 (For 18°C, v. (39)) (261) 1 89.9 87.9 83.8 79.5 75.0 68.7 66.5 (51) (6i) (227) ' (229) (229) (227) (229) 0 53.0 50.6 49.3 47.8 44.4 Metaborate (les) 0 52.2 49.3 47.7 45.6 40.8 (228) 25 123 114 105 101 98 91 (228) 0 (59) 58 56 53.6 50.7 45.1 (228) 25 (120) 116 110 105 100 89 (228) (123) (229) (61) . (61) 25 125.3 123.9 119.3 114.4 108.9 (io) 18 (For RbOH and CsOH at 25°C,r. (206.5)) 213.3 202.8 197.1 189.4 (97) 22 o.2

(109) ( 1 0 9 ); cf.

(109, 260)

TABLE 3. —(Continued from p. 241) KH3P04.— (Cont'd) MBa(C103)2 KMg(C 2 H 3 0 2 ) 2 C IWK/C C \ W*K/C C \ 10VC 14 700 9.3 6° 18° 22 000 6.3 1 500 37.9 2 000 14.8 33 700 2.3 2 000 (34.4) 3 000 8.8 39 600 1.2 18° 4 000 4.8s 50 400 0.44 2 000 44.7 5 000 2.6i 57 700 0.24 30° 6000 1.30 1 500 62.4 6 550 0.770 H3P04, 18° 2 000 (55.7) 7 744 0.218 1 076 52.53 25° 1 658 51.18 MBa(C 2 H 3 0 2 ) 2 , 18° 2 000 17.4 3 613 45.72 2 000 22.43 3 000 10.4 5 930 35.13 3 000 (14.8) 5 000 3.41 7 716 25.59 4 000 9.20 6 550 1.08 10 820 13.23 KBa(C 2 H 5 CO 2 ) 2 7 744 0.333 15 086 4.662 18° NH4C2H3O2, 18° 2 000 | 18.7 KMgCr04,18° 2 000 42.7 LiOH 2 000 28.00 3 000 33.8 18° 3 000 21.5s 4 000 26.5 2 000 113.3 4 000 16. 2o NH4CNS, 18° 3 000 94.4 5 000 11. 9o 2 000 84.6 4 000 78.7 3 000 79.1 5 000 (65.3) KCa(C103)2 4 000 73.9 30° 6° 1 955 112.3 ^Pb(C2H302)2, 18° 2 000 32.1 4 535 71.2 2 000 3.8s 3 000 24.9 50° 3 000 2.52 4 000 19.3 1 933 184.7 18° KZn(C103)2, 18° 4 483 127.6 2 000 49.9 2 000 44.0 60° 3 000 35.4 3 000 41.0 1 925 206.6 4 000 28.7 4 000 (33.7) 4 465 145.6 KZn(BrO3)2, 18° LiClO3, 18° 2 000 32.3 ^Ca(C 2 H 3 0 2 ) 2 , 18° 2 000 | 46.9 3 000 24.2 2 000 15.6 LiIO3, 18° 3 000 9.4o KCd(ClO 3 ) 2 , 18° 2 000 21.3 2 000 43.6 3 000 14.4 3 000 34.6 KCa(C 2 H 5 C0 2 ) 2 LiCHO2, 18° 4 000 27.3 18° 2 000 27.5 2 000 13.0 KCu(C103)2, 18° 3 000 (19.9) 3 000 6.7o 2 000 43.5 4 000 14.0 3 000 34.5 LiC2H302, 18° KCa 2 Fe(CN) 6 , 0° %Co(C103)2, 18° 2 000 18.2 2 000 | 15.7 2 000 43.7 3 000 11.7 3 000 35.1 4 000 7.4o 4 000 27.9 KSr(C10,)„ 18° LiCNS, 18° 5 000 21.6 2 000 46.9 2 000 48.3s 3 000 37.6 KNi(C103)2, 18° 3 000 40.0 2 000 43.6 ^Li 2CrO4, 18° 3 000 34.6 KSr(Br03)2, 18° 2 000 37.4 4 000 27.5 1 500 39.9 3 000 29.8 KH3B03, 18° 4 000 23.3 KSr(CH02)2, 18° 1 409 0.015 KLi2Cr207, 18° 1 500 | 35.3 1 777 0.0175 2 000 | 47.6 KMg(C103)2, 18° NaOH MSr(C2H302)2, 18° 2 000 44.3 0° 2 000 19.1s 3 000 35.6 2 000 (84.0) 3 000 11.8s 4 000 28.4 3 000 66.9 MMg(Br03)2, 18° 4 000 52.9 MSr2Fe(CN)6, 0° 2 000 34.0 5 000 40.7 2 000 | 15.3 3 000 25.6 6 000 30.5

NaOH.—(Cont'd) C 10VC 7 000 22.6 8 000 16.3 9 000 11.9 10 000 8.60 11 000 6.3o 12 000 4.5s 13 000 3.4o 14 000 2.6o 15 000 2.00 16 000 1.65 17 000 1.34 18 000 1.10 19 000 0.90o

18° 2 000 129.4 3 000 104.2 4 000 86.7 5 000 68.9 6 000 54.2 7 000 43.0 8 000 33.8s 9 000 26.3 10 000 20.5 11 000 16.3 12 000 12.9 13 000 10.4s 14 000 8.7o 15 000 7.3s 16 000 6.3? 17 000 5.6o 18 000 4.9s 19 000 4.40 50° 2 000 (218.2) 3 000 184.9 4 000 158.2 5 000 133.9 6 000 112.9 7 000 94.8 8 000 80.4 9 000 67.9 10 000 57.5 11 000 49.2 12 000 42.4 13 000 36.8 14 000 32.6 15 000 29.3 16000 26.7 17 000 24.3 18 000 22.2 19 000 20.5 100° 2 000 (347) 3 000 304.4 4000 276.0 5 000 247.0 6 000 220.2 7 000 196.6 8 000 175.7 9 000 156.9 10 000 140.6 11 000 126.6 12 000 115.1

NaOH.—(Cont'd)

c 13 14 15 16 17 18 19

000 000 000 000 000 000 OOP

love 104.9 96.2 88.7 82.3 76.4 77.5 67.7

NaClOs, 18° 2 000 51.7 3 000 43.5 4000 36.1 NaClO4, 18° 2 000 54.97 3 000 46 4 OOP 38.7o NaBrO3, 18° 2 OOP | 44.0

2 3 4 2 3 4 2 3 4

KNa 2 S 0° 000 58.8 000 47.5 000 37.0 18° 000 89.7 000 73.5 000 60.5 25° 000 103.2 000 86.0 OOP 71.0

KNaHS 0° 2 000 | 35.9 18° 2 000 | 56.6 25° 2 OOP | 65.7 NaN 3 (30, 194) 0° 1 500 39.4 2 000 36.2 3 000 30.7 4 000 25.3 5 000 (20.6) 25° 1 500 69.6 2 000 64.8 3 000 56.3 4 000 46.4 35° 1 500 83.7 2 000 77.c 3 000 65.7 4 OOP 55.6 ^Na2C03, 18° 2 000 34.5 . 3 OOP 27.00 NaHCO2, 18° 2 000 43.0 3 000 34.7 4000 28.1

NaC2H3O2, 18°

2 3 4 5

c

iov
000 000 000 OOP

30.0 22.0 (15.6) 10.5

NaC2H5CO2, 18° 2 000 24.8 3000 16.63 4 OOP 10.89 NaCNS, 18° 2 000 59.7 3 000 50.7 4 OOP 43.64

2 3 5 2

KNa2SiO3 18° 000 51.i 880 28.2 880 13.7 25° OOP | 57.3

KNa 2 CrO 4 , 18° 2 000 46.6 3 000 37.8 4 OOP 30.6

2 3 4 5 6 7 9 10

KOH, 18° 000 160.6 000 140.4 000 122.0 000 105.6 000 (90.6) 000 77.1 292 51.4 690 39.3

KHS04, 18° 2 OOP | 155.5

2 3 4 5 6 7 9 12

2 3 2 3 4

KK2S, 18° 000 121.4 000 108.8 000 97.9 000 86.8 000 74.0 000 61.0 320 44.1 500 20.6

KN3 0° 000 56.8 000 53.3 35° 000 108 000 99 OOP 92

>3KH2PO4, 18° 2 000 17.7 3 OOP 16.3 HK2HP04, 0° 1 500 | 22.3

MK2C03, 18° C

W«K/C

2 000 62.3 3 000 55.2 4 000 48.7 5 000 42.7 6 000 37.5 8 200 26.5 11 160 13.14 MK 2 C 2 0 4 , 18° l 293 | 70.7 KKHCO3, 18° 1 032 36.0 2 132 32.2

KC2H302, 18° C 10VC 2 000 51.3 3 000 41.4 4 000 32.7 5 000 24.8 6 000 18.3 7 500 11.22 9 128 5.24

KCN, 18° 1 029 | 99.7 KCNS, 18° 2 000 | 86.7

KK3Fe(CN)6, 18° C 10VC 2 000 75.3 KK 4 Fe(CN) 6 , 18° 2 000 | 62.5 MK 2 Cr0 4 , 18° 2 000 71.9 3 000 59.8 RbOH, 18° 2 000 168.6 3 000 148.8

LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) (i) Abbott and Bray, 1, 31: 729; 09. (2) Agafonov, 63, 35: 649; 03. ( 3 ) Althammer, Diss., Halle, 1913. (4) Archibald, 292, 10: 33; 03. ( 5 ) Arrhenius, 7, 4: 96; 89. («) Arrhenius, 7, 9: 339; 92. (7) Auerbach and Zeglin, 7, 103: 178; 22. («) Aufrecht, Diss., Berlin, 1904. (9) Bailly, 14, 6: 215; 16. (10) Barth, 7, 9: 176; 92. (") Bencowitz and Renshaw, New York University, 0. (12) Berkeley, Hartley and Stephenson, 62, 209: 331; 09. ( 13 ) Berthelot, 6, 28: 5; 93. ( 14 ) Bhattacharyya and Dhar, 64P, 18: 373; 15. ( 15 ) Bjerrum, 7, 59: 336; 07. ( 16 ) Bjerrum, 7, 59: 581; 07. ( 1 7 ) Bjerrum, 93, 118: 131; 21. (18) Bock, 8, 30: 631; 87. (19) Bodländer, Diss., Berlin, 1915. (20) Böeseken and van Rossem, 70, 30: 392; 11. (21) Bogojiavlenskii, 53, 44: 1813; 12. (22) Boltwood, 7, 22: 132; 97. (23) Bousfield and Lowry, 62, 204: 253; 05. (24) Bray and Hunt, 1, 33: 781; 11. (25) Bray and McKay, 1, 32: 914; 10. ( 2 6 ) Bray and Winninghoff, 1, 33: 1663; 11. (27) Bredig, 7, 12: 230; 93. (2») Bredig, 7, 13: 191; 94. (29) Briner, Tykociner and Alfimov, 42, 18: 3; 20. (30) Briner and Winkler, 42, 20: 201; 23. ( 3 i) Brownson and Cray, 4, 127: 2923; 25. (32) Bruner, 9, 19: 861; 13. (33) Bruni and Levi, 36, 45 II: 161; 15. ( 34 ) Bruni and Sandonnini, 9, 16: 223; 10. (35) Bruns, 96, 34: 751; 25. (36) Bruynings Ingenhoes, Diss., Zürich, 1915. (37) Buch, 7, 70: 66; 10. (38) Bunbury and Martin, 4, 105: 417; 14. (39) Burrows, 4, 123: 2026; 23. (40) Burrows and Turner, 4, 115: 1429; 19. (41) Campbell, 4, 1926: 3021. (42) Chugaev, 172, 8 II: 78; 1909. (43) Chugaev and Chernyaev, 4, 113: 884; 18. (44) Chugaev and Khlopin, 93, 86: 241; 14. (45) Chugaev and Vladimirov, 34, 160: 840; 15. (46) Chugaev and Vladimirov, 03, 52: 135; 20. (47) Clausen, Diss., Rostock, 1911. (48) Clausen, 8, 37: 51; 12. (4») Clausen, 8, 44: 1067; 14. (50) Cleve, 93, 32: 129; 02. (51) Collenberg and Sandved, 93, 130: 1; 23. (52) Creighton, 50., 30: 1209; 26. (53) Creighton and Ward, 1, 37: 2333; 15. (54) Crowe, 69, 18 III: 339; 24. (55) Crowe, McGill Univ., 0. (56) Davis, 292, 13: 40; 14. (57) Davis and Jones, 7, 81: 68; 12. (58) Dawson and Crann, 4, 109: 1262; 16. (59) Dawson and Reiman, 4, 107: 1426; 15. (60) Déguisne, Diss., Strassburg, 1895. (61) Dhar, 93, 80: 43; 13. (62) Dittrich, 7, 29: 449; 99. (63) Donnan and Harris, 4, 99: 1554; 11. (64) Drucker, 9, 18: 562; 12. (65) Drucker, 7, 96: 381; 20. (•««) Drucker, Tarie and Gomez, 9, 19: 8; 13. (67) Duff, 4, 121: 450; 22. (68) Felipe, 63, 6: 422; 05. (69) Flügel, 7, 79: 577; 12. (70) Foster, 2, 8: 257; 99. (71) France and Moran, 1, 46: 19; 24. (72) Franke, 7, 16: 463; 95. (73) Freundlich and Loeb, 205, 180: 141; 27.' (74) Gibson, 174, 48: 117; 13. (75) Gibson and Gibson, 68, 30: 254; 09. (76) Goldschmidt, 9, 1§: 226; 13. (77) Goldschmidt and Larsen, 7, 71: 437; 10. (78) Goldschmidt and Weissmann, 9, 18: 380; 12. (79) Goodwin and Haskell, 2, 19: 369; 04. (80) Gorke, 7, 61: 495; 08. (81) Green, 4, 93: 2023; 08. ( 82 ) Gropp, Diss., Rostock, 1915. (*3) Groschuff, 93, 47: 331; 05. (84) Grotrian, 8, 151: 378; 74. (85) Grotrian, 5, 18: 177; 83. (86) Gupta, 4, 117: 67; 20. (87) Harkins, 1, 33: 1807; 11. (88) Harkins, Hall and Roberts, 1, 38: 2643; 16. (89) Harkins and Paine, 1, 41: 1155; 19. (90) Harkins and Pearce, 1, 38: 2679; 16. (91) Karman, 50, 29: 1155; 25. (92) Henderson and Kellogg, 1, 35: 396; 13. (93) Heydweiller, 8, 30: 873; 09. (94) Heydweiller, Gesammelte Abhandlungen von Fr. Kohlrausch, II. Leipzig, Barth, 1911. (95) Heydweiller, 8, 37: 739; 12. (96) Heydweiller, 93, 88: 103; 14. (97) Heydweiller, 8, 48: 681; 15. (98) Heydweiller, 93, 91: 66; 15. (99) Heydweiller, 93, 116: 42; 21. (100) Rill, l, 32: 1186; 10. ( l o i ) Hill and Sirkar, 5, 83: 130; 09. (102) Van Dorssen, 70, 29: 368; 10. ( 1 0 3 ) Hosking, 3, 7: 469; 04. (los.S) Howell, 4,1927:2843. (104) Hulett, 7, 42: 577; 02. (los) Hunt, l, 33: 795; 11.

(io«) Jaques, 83, 5: 225; 09. (107) Jellinek, 7, 76: 257; 11. (l° 8 ) Jellinek and Czerwinski, 7, 102: 438; 22. (i°9) Jones et al, 152, No. 170; 12. (HO) Jones étal, 152, No. 180; 13. (i 11) Jones, 4, 105: 1547; 14. ("*) Jones and Hartmann, l, 37: 240; 15. (H3) Jones and Reese, 11, 20: 606; 98. (114) Jones and Schumb, 65, 56: 199; 21. (H5) Kablukov and Sakhanov, 7, 69: 419; 09. ("«) Kahlenberg, 50, 5: 339; 01. (H 7 ) Kameyama, 78, 40: 131; 21. ("«) Kendall, 5, 85: 200; 11. («») Kendall, 4, 101: 1275; 12. (120) Kendall, 3, 23: 958; 12. (*2i) Kendall, 147, 2: No. 38; 13. («*) Kendall, 1, 38: 1480; 16. ( l 2 3 ) Kistiakowsky, 7, 6: 97; 90. (i24) Klein, 8, 27: 151; 86. (124.5) Klemenc and Herzog, 57, 47: 405; 27. (125) Kohlrausch, 8, 159: 233; 76. (««) Kohlrausch, 8, 6: 145; 79. (127) Kohlrausch, 8, 17: 69; 82. (128) Kohlrausch, 8, 26: 161; 85. (129) Kohlrausch, 76, 1900: 1002. (130) Kohlrausch and Grotrian, 188, 1874: 405. ( i31 ) Kohlrausch and Grotrian, 8, 154: 1; 75. O 3 2 ) Kohlrausch and Grotrian, 8, 154: 215; 75. (133) Kohlrausch and Grüneisen, 76, 1904: 1215. (l 3 4 ) Kohlrausch and Henning, 8, 20: 96; 06. ( 135 ) Kohlrausch and Holborn, Dos Leitvermögen der Elektrolyte, Leipzig, Teubner, 1916. (l 3 6 ) Kohlrausch; Holborn and Diesselhorst, 8, 64: 417; 98. (i 3 7 ) Kohlrausch and Maltby, 76, 1899: 665. (138) Kohlrausch and Stein wehr, 76, 1902: 581. ( î 3 9 ) Koppel and Behrendt, 93, 35: 154; 03. (140) Krannhals, 7, 5: 250; 90. (14l) Kraus and Parker, l, 44: 2429; 22. (142) Kunz, 7, 42: 591; 03. (143) Lamb and Fairhall, l, 45: 378; 23. (144) Lamb and Yngve, l, 43: 2352: 21. (145) Lamble and Lewis, 4, 107: 233; 15. (146) Ley, 7, 30: 193; 99. ( 14 7, 148) Ley and Diekmann, 7, 106: 161; 23. (149) Ley and Grau, 7, 100: 271; 22. (i 5 0 ) Linde, 9, 30: 255; 24. (i*i) Lindner, 57, 33: 613; 12. (152) Locke, 1, 46: 1246; 24. (153) Loeb and Nernst, 7, 2: 948; 88. (154) Long, 8, 11: 37; 80. (i 5 5 ) Loomis, 8, 60: 547; 97. (156) Lorenz and Michael, 93, 116: 161; 21. (157) Lorenz and Osswald, 93, 114: 209; 20. 0 58 ) Lorenz and Posen, 93, 96: 81; 16. O 5 9 ) Lorenz and Scheuermann, 93, 117: 121; 21. (160) Lorenz and Schmidt, 93, 112: 209; 20. (leo.S) Lottermoser, 9, 33: 514; 27. (161) Lovén, 7, 17: 374; 95. (162) McBain and Taylor, 25, 43: 321; 10. (163) MacGregory, 8, 51: 126; 94. (163.5) Maclnnes and Shedlovski, The Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, 0. (164) Maynard and Howard, 4, 123: 960; 23. (i 6 5 ) Mazzetti, 36, 54: 891; 24. (166) Melcher, 1, 32: 50; 10. (167) Meldrum, 50, 15: 474; 11. (i««) Menzel, 7, 105: 402; 23. (169) Meyer, 93, 118: 1; 21. (170) Meyer, Wassjuchnow, Drapier and Bodländer, 93, 86: 257; 14. ( 1 7 i ) Miolati and Bellucci, 93, 26: 222; 01. (172) Moore and Winmill, 4, 101: 1635; 12. (173) Müller, 34, 155: 1499; 12. (174) Müller, 27, 13: 1057; 13. (175) Müller and Romann, 34, 156: 1889; 13. (176) Müller, 27, 11: 1001; 12. (176.5) Murata, 41B, 3: 47; 28. (177) Muthmann, 25, 31: 1829; 98. (177.5) Nagami, 4l, 48: 501; 27. (178) Naumann, 9, 16: 772; 10. (i ? 9) Niementowski and Roszkowski, 7, 22: 145; 97. (180) Noyes, 152, No. 63; 07. (181) Noyes, Boggs, Farrell and Stewart, 1, 33: 1650; 11. (182) Noyes and Coolidge, 152, No. 63: 9; 07. (183) Noyes and Cooper, 152, No. 63: 115; 07. (184) Noyes and Eastman, 152, No. 63: 239; 07. (!85) Noyes and Falk, 1, 34: 454; 12. (186) Noyes and Johnston, i, 31: 987; 09. (187) Noyes and Kato, 152, No. 63: 151; 07. (188) Noyes, Kato and Sosman, 7, 73: 1; 09. (189) Noyes, Kato and Sosman, 1, 32: 159; 10. (190) Noyes and Lombard, 1, 33: 1423; 11. (191) Noyes and Melcher, 152, No. 63: 71; 07. (192) Noyes and Stewart, 1, 32: 1133; 10. (193) Qgg, 7, 27: 285; 98. (194) Oliveri-Mandalà, 36, 46 I: 298; 16. (195) Ostwald, Lehrbuch der allgemeinen Chemie. Leipzig, Engelmann, 1891—1903. O 9 6 ) Ostwald, 821, 45: 54; 93. (197) paine and Evans, 201, 18: 1; 14. (198) Parker, i, 45: 2017; 23. (199) Parker and Parker, l, 46: 312; 24. (200) Patten, Johnson and Mains, l, 40: 1156; 18. (20l) Paul, 7, 110: 417; 24. (202) Pfanhauser, 9, 7: 698; 01. ( 2 0 3 ) Philip and Courtman, 4, 97: 1261; 10. (204) Phillips, 4, 95: 59; 09. (205 )PiSSarzhevskii and Shapovalenko, 53, 42: 905: 10. (206) pope and Read, 4, 105: 811; 14. (2o7) Rabinovich, 7, 99: 338; 21. (208) Rabinovich, 7, 99: 417; 21. (209) Raikes, Yorke and Ewart, 4, 1926: 630. (210) Ramstedt, 147, 3: No. 7; 15. (2H) Randall and Scott, l, 49: 636; 27. (212) Randall and Vanselow, l, 46: 2418; 24. (213) Ray, De and Dhar, 4, 103: 1562; 13. (214) Ray and Dhar, 4, 101: 965; 12. (215) Ray and Dhar, 4, 103: 3; 13. (zis.S) Ray and Dhar, 4, 103: 10; 13. (««) Ray, Dhar and De, 4, 101: 1552; 12. (217) Ray and Rakshit, 4, 101: 216; 12. (218) Ray and Rakshit, 4, 103: 1; 13. (219) Reihlen, 93, 123: 173; 22. (220) Reychler, 28, 27: 113; 13. (221) Rimbach and Schubert, 7, 67: 183; 09. (222) Rivett, 4, 1926: 1063. (223) Robinson and Jones, 4, 101: 62; 12. (224) Rördam, l, 37: 557; 15. 61, 1914: 243. (225) Romann, Thesis, Nancy, 1913. (226) Rosenheim, 93, 96: 139; 16. (227) Rosenheim and Dehn, 25, 48: 1167; 15. (228) Rosenheim and Leyser, 93, 119: 1; 21. (229) Rosenheim and Schwer, 93, 89: 224; 14. (230) Rosenheim, Weinberg and Pinsker, 93, 84: 217; 13. (231) Rosenheim and Weinheber, 93, 69: 261; 11. (232) R u by and Kawai, l, 48: 1119; 26. ( 2 3 3 ) Ruer, 93, 43: 282; 05. (234) Ruer and Levin, 93, 46: 449; 05. (235) Sakhanov, 9, 19: 588; 13. (236) Sandonnini. 9, 16: 227; 10. (237) S and-

qvist, 19, 6: No. 9; 16. ( 238 ) Schaller, 7, 25: 497; 98. (239) Schoch and Feising, J, 38: 1928; 16. ( 24 °) Senter, 4, 107: 908; 15. ( 241 ) Sherrill, 1, 32: 741; 10. ( 2 4 2 ) Shibata and Matsuno, 44, 37: No. 8; 16. ( 2 4 3 ) Shilov, 93, 133: 55; 24. ( 2 4 4 ) Sidgwick and Wilsdon, 4, 99: 1118; 11. ( 2 4 S ) Sloan, 1, 32: 946; 10. ( 2 4 *) Smith, 1, 45: 360; 23. ( 2 4 7 ) Smith and Semon, 1, 46: 1325; 24. ( 2 4 8 ) Sosman, 152, No. 63: 193; 07. ( 24 ».5) Stoddard, 11, 47: 1; 12. ( 2 4 9 ) Strachan and Chu, 1, 36: 810; 14. ( 2 50) Tammann, 7, 6: 122; 90. («s») Thiel, 93, 40: 280; 04. ( 2 * 2 ) Tomula, 93, 118: 84; 21. ( 2 5 3 ) Ulpiani and Bernardini, 36, 42 I: 390; 12. ( 2 *4) Van Name and Huff, 12, 45: 103; 18. ( 2 5 S ) Veley and Manley, 62, 191: 365; 98. ( 2 56) Venable and Jackson, 1, 42: 2531; 20. ( 2 5 ?) Vicentini, 24, 2: 28, 1699; 84. ( 2 5 8 ) Wagner, 7, 28: 33; 99. ( 2 59) Wagner, 7, 71: 401; 10.

(260) Waiden, 7, 1: 529; 87. («i) Waiden, 7, 2: 49; 88. ( 2 «2) Waiden, in Ostwald, Handbuch der allgemeinen Chemie, VI. Leipzig, Akad. Verlags. m.b.H., 1924. (268) Waiden and Ulich, 7, 106: 49; 23. ( 2 «3.S) Walker andCormack, 4, 77: 5; 00. ( 2 « 4 ) Washburn, l, 40: 122; 18. (2«s) Washburn and Maclnnes, l, 33: 1686; 11. ( 2 66) Washburn and Strachan, l, 35: 690; 13. ( 2 6?) Watkins and Jones, l, 37: 2626; 15. («6«) Wedekind and Paschke, 7, 73: 118; 10. ( 2 « 9 ) Weiland, l, 40: 131; 18. (270) Weinland and Büttner, 93, 75: 293; 12. (270.5) Weinland and Ensgraber, 93, 84: 340; 14. ( 2 ™) Weinland and Ensgraber, 93, 84: 368; 14. (272) Weinland and Krebs, 93, 49: 157; 06. ( 2 ? 3 ) Wershoven, 7, 5: 481; 90. (274) Whetham, 5, 71: 332; 03. ( 2 ? 5 ) Whetham and Paine, 5, 81: 58; 08. (276) White and Jones, 11, 44: 159; 10. ( 2 ™) Wightman and Jones, 11, 46: 56; 11. ( 2 7 8 ) Wightman and Jones, 11, 48: 320; 12.

ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY OF SATURATED SOLUTIONS OF SLIGHTLY ELECTROLYTES H. I.

SCHLESINGER AND JUDITH E. WALLEN

Scope.—Electrolytes with solubilities less than 0.1 equivalent per liter. Arrangement.—Table 1 gives both the conductance and the solubility computed therefrom. Table 2 gives the conductance only. In each part the arrangement is alphabetical with respect to the symbol of the cation, with organic cations at the end. Units.—Conductivities in reciprocal ohms (see p. 230 for cell constant basis); solubilities in equivalents per liter. Abbreviations and Symbols.—KW = specific conductance of the water used. KS = specific conductance 'of the solution, corrected for KW in the case of salts, uncorrected in all other cases. S = solubility of the electrolyte as computed from the relation S =

K* y IO 3 r

TABLE 1.—(Continued) Crystalline phase AgCl.—(Cont'd)....

AgBr AgBrOs Agi AgIO3

1 in which Ao is the value assumed for the equivalent

conductance of the completely ionized electrolyte, a is the value assumed for the " degree of ionization" (A/A 0 ) of the electrolyte in the saturated solution, and KS is the value of KS after correction (where possible and necessary) for the effects of hydrolysis. No calculation of S has been attempted in cases where the use of the above relation involves assumptions of doubtful validity. S has been calculated at round values of the temperature, only where the data justified interpolation. Nature of Crystalline Phase.—Except as otherwise indicated, the crystalline phase was prepared by precipitation methods.

AgSCN BaS04

TABLE 1.—ELECTROLYTES FOR WHICH BOTH CONDUCTANCE AND SOLUBILITY ARE GIVEN Crystalline phase AgCl

t, °C 1.55 4.68 5.00 9.66 10.00 10.9 15.00 17.33 17.57 18.00 18 19.95 20.00 25.00 25.86 33.68

KTJV V

^

0.75 1.21 1.22 1.13 1.28 1.21 1.16 0.56 1.31 1.21 2.03

KS X 10*

Ao

SOLUBLE

a

0.297 .393 .404 84.71 1.0 .594 97.021.0 .611 97.91 1.0 .663100.291.0 .879111.121.0 1.067117.271.0 1.085117.901.0 1.119119.041.0 .259119.041.0 .329 .261124.321.0 .794137.531.0 .899139.80 .999 3.007160.45 .999

SX 10*

Lit.

Barite

(9)

4.77 6.24 7.91 BaC2O4.?H20 9.40 (»*) C1) 10.01 ( 9 ) 13.04

t, °C

If TIT ^

^

KS X 10« Ao

I

a

SX 10« Lit.

34.26 Ï 7 2 Ï 3 . 1 8 8 161.980.999 (9) 50.005^0.8 7.892217 .998 36.4 ( 12 ) 100.00 SO.8 57.840395.8 .993 146 100.00 '2.82 56.640395.8 .993 144 (2) 19.96 1.23 0.057126.361.0 0.42 0) 21.1 1.21 .075129.421.0 0.54s ( 9 ) 100.0 2.30 7.393400.04 .999 18 (2) 19.94 0.93 .663.24 105.9 0.954 6564 O) 20.8 1.14 0.002127.451.00 0.013( 9 ) 9.43 1.05 6.850 97.1 ( 9 > 10.00 . 7.031 71.940.995 98.3 15.00 9.828 81.72 .995 121.0 18.00 1.16 11.890 87.58 .995 137.0 18.37 1.27 12.160 19.95 1.32 14.04 (») 20.00 13.55 91.49 .994 149.0 ( 9 > 25.00 18.20 101.27 .993 181 26.60 1.60 20.00 19.96 1.019 0.096115.3 1.00 0.78 t 1 ) 100.0 2.43 13.89 (2) 0.77 0.77 1.125 (9) 5.00 1.330 85.85 0.995 15.6 10.00 1.664100.14 .995 16.7 15.00 2.072114.43 .995 18.3 17.90 1.25 2.389 2.398123.0 .994 19.5 18.00 1.25 18.00 2.229123.0 (12> 20.00 2.539128.72 .994 19.8 25.00 3.072143.01 .993 21.6 25.00 0.68 2.997 143.01 2.7 143.01 (4) 25.00 1.3 26.75 1.43 3.345 (9) 50.00 0.8 6 . 4 4 229 .99 28.4 ( 1 2 > 100.00 .8 13.99 434 .99 32.6 3.35 1.40 1.453 81.13 (9) 5.00 1.576 85.84 .995 18.5 10.00 1.978100.13 .994 19.9 15.00 2.440114.43 .994 21.5 17.65 1.40 2.706122.00 18.00 1.40 2.747123.00 .994 22.4 20.00 2.951128.72 .994 23.1 25.00 3.517143.01 .993 24.8 33.27 1.40 4.680166.64 2.46 2.5 32.09 (9) 5.00 36.73 80.4 .922 495 10.00 47.53 94.2 .917 550 15.00 60.39 107.8 .912 614 17.38 2.5 68.35 18.00 20.00 25.00 33.73

2.5

2.5

70.13 116.0 74.82 121.5 91.62 135.1 127.9

.909 .907 .902

665 679 752

qvist, 19, 6: No. 9; 16. ( 238 ) Schaller, 7, 25: 497; 98. (239) Schoch and Feising, J, 38: 1928; 16. ( 24 °) Senter, 4, 107: 908; 15. ( 241 ) Sherrill, 1, 32: 741; 10. ( 2 4 2 ) Shibata and Matsuno, 44, 37: No. 8; 16. ( 2 4 3 ) Shilov, 93, 133: 55; 24. ( 2 4 4 ) Sidgwick and Wilsdon, 4, 99: 1118; 11. ( 2 4 S ) Sloan, 1, 32: 946; 10. ( 2 4 *) Smith, 1, 45: 360; 23. ( 2 4 7 ) Smith and Semon, 1, 46: 1325; 24. ( 2 4 8 ) Sosman, 152, No. 63: 193; 07. ( 24 ».5) Stoddard, 11, 47: 1; 12. ( 2 4 9 ) Strachan and Chu, 1, 36: 810; 14. ( 2 50) Tammann, 7, 6: 122; 90. («s») Thiel, 93, 40: 280; 04. ( 2 * 2 ) Tomula, 93, 118: 84; 21. ( 2 5 3 ) Ulpiani and Bernardini, 36, 42 I: 390; 12. ( 2 *4) Van Name and Huff, 12, 45: 103; 18. ( 2 5 S ) Veley and Manley, 62, 191: 365; 98. ( 2 56) Venable and Jackson, 1, 42: 2531; 20. ( 2 5 ?) Vicentini, 24, 2: 28, 1699; 84. ( 2 5 8 ) Wagner, 7, 28: 33; 99. ( 2 59) Wagner, 7, 71: 401; 10.

(260) Waiden, 7, 1: 529; 87. («i) Waiden, 7, 2: 49; 88. ( 2 «2) Waiden, in Ostwald, Handbuch der allgemeinen Chemie, VI. Leipzig, Akad. Verlags. m.b.H., 1924. (268) Waiden and Ulich, 7, 106: 49; 23. ( 2 «3.S) Walker andCormack, 4, 77: 5; 00. ( 2 « 4 ) Washburn, l, 40: 122; 18. (2«s) Washburn and Maclnnes, l, 33: 1686; 11. ( 2 66) Washburn and Strachan, l, 35: 690; 13. ( 2 6?) Watkins and Jones, l, 37: 2626; 15. («6«) Wedekind and Paschke, 7, 73: 118; 10. ( 2 « 9 ) Weiland, l, 40: 131; 18. (270) Weinland and Büttner, 93, 75: 293; 12. (270.5) Weinland and Ensgraber, 93, 84: 340; 14. ( 2 ™) Weinland and Ensgraber, 93, 84: 368; 14. (272) Weinland and Krebs, 93, 49: 157; 06. ( 2 ? 3 ) Wershoven, 7, 5: 481; 90. (274) Whetham, 5, 71: 332; 03. ( 2 ? 5 ) Whetham and Paine, 5, 81: 58; 08. (276) White and Jones, 11, 44: 159; 10. ( 2 ™) Wightman and Jones, 11, 46: 56; 11. ( 2 7 8 ) Wightman and Jones, 11, 48: 320; 12.

ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY OF SATURATED SOLUTIONS OF SLIGHTLY ELECTROLYTES H. I.

SCHLESINGER AND JUDITH E. WALLEN

Scope.—Electrolytes with solubilities less than 0.1 equivalent per liter. Arrangement.—Table 1 gives both the conductance and the solubility computed therefrom. Table 2 gives the conductance only. In each part the arrangement is alphabetical with respect to the symbol of the cation, with organic cations at the end. Units.—Conductivities in reciprocal ohms (see p. 230 for cell constant basis); solubilities in equivalents per liter. Abbreviations and Symbols.—KW = specific conductance of the water used. KS = specific conductance 'of the solution, corrected for KW in the case of salts, uncorrected in all other cases. S = solubility of the electrolyte as computed from the relation S =

K* y IO 3 r

TABLE 1.—(Continued) Crystalline phase AgCl.—(Cont'd)....

AgBr AgBrOs Agi AgIO3

1 in which Ao is the value assumed for the equivalent

conductance of the completely ionized electrolyte, a is the value assumed for the " degree of ionization" (A/A 0 ) of the electrolyte in the saturated solution, and KS is the value of KS after correction (where possible and necessary) for the effects of hydrolysis. No calculation of S has been attempted in cases where the use of the above relation involves assumptions of doubtful validity. S has been calculated at round values of the temperature, only where the data justified interpolation. Nature of Crystalline Phase.—Except as otherwise indicated, the crystalline phase was prepared by precipitation methods.

AgSCN BaS04

TABLE 1.—ELECTROLYTES FOR WHICH BOTH CONDUCTANCE AND SOLUBILITY ARE GIVEN Crystalline phase AgCl

t, °C 1.55 4.68 5.00 9.66 10.00 10.9 15.00 17.33 17.57 18.00 18 19.95 20.00 25.00 25.86 33.68

KTJV V

^

0.75 1.21 1.22 1.13 1.28 1.21 1.16 0.56 1.31 1.21 2.03

KS X 10*

Ao

SOLUBLE

a

0.297 .393 .404 84.71 1.0 .594 97.021.0 .611 97.91 1.0 .663100.291.0 .879111.121.0 1.067117.271.0 1.085117.901.0 1.119119.041.0 .259119.041.0 .329 .261124.321.0 .794137.531.0 .899139.80 .999 3.007160.45 .999

SX 10*

Lit.

Barite

(9)

4.77 6.24 7.91 BaC2O4.?H20 9.40 (»*) C1) 10.01 ( 9 ) 13.04

t, °C

If TIT ^

^

KS X 10« Ao

I

a

SX 10« Lit.

34.26 Ï 7 2 Ï 3 . 1 8 8 161.980.999 (9) 50.005^0.8 7.892217 .998 36.4 ( 12 ) 100.00 SO.8 57.840395.8 .993 146 100.00 '2.82 56.640395.8 .993 144 (2) 19.96 1.23 0.057126.361.0 0.42 0) 21.1 1.21 .075129.421.0 0.54s ( 9 ) 100.0 2.30 7.393400.04 .999 18 (2) 19.94 0.93 .663.24 105.9 0.954 6564 O) 20.8 1.14 0.002127.451.00 0.013( 9 ) 9.43 1.05 6.850 97.1 ( 9 > 10.00 . 7.031 71.940.995 98.3 15.00 9.828 81.72 .995 121.0 18.00 1.16 11.890 87.58 .995 137.0 18.37 1.27 12.160 19.95 1.32 14.04 (») 20.00 13.55 91.49 .994 149.0 ( 9 > 25.00 18.20 101.27 .993 181 26.60 1.60 20.00 19.96 1.019 0.096115.3 1.00 0.78 t 1 ) 100.0 2.43 13.89 (2) 0.77 0.77 1.125 (9) 5.00 1.330 85.85 0.995 15.6 10.00 1.664100.14 .995 16.7 15.00 2.072114.43 .995 18.3 17.90 1.25 2.389 2.398123.0 .994 19.5 18.00 1.25 18.00 2.229123.0 (12> 20.00 2.539128.72 .994 19.8 25.00 3.072143.01 .993 21.6 25.00 0.68 2.997 143.01 2.7 143.01 (4) 25.00 1.3 26.75 1.43 3.345 (9) 50.00 0.8 6 . 4 4 229 .99 28.4 ( 1 2 > 100.00 .8 13.99 434 .99 32.6 3.35 1.40 1.453 81.13 (9) 5.00 1.576 85.84 .995 18.5 10.00 1.978100.13 .994 19.9 15.00 2.440114.43 .994 21.5 17.65 1.40 2.706122.00 18.00 1.40 2.747123.00 .994 22.4 20.00 2.951128.72 .994 23.1 25.00 3.517143.01 .993 24.8 33.27 1.40 4.680166.64 2.46 2.5 32.09 (9) 5.00 36.73 80.4 .922 495 10.00 47.53 94.2 .917 550 15.00 60.39 107.8 .912 614 17.38 2.5 68.35 18.00 20.00 25.00 33.73

2.5

2.5

70.13 116.0 74.82 121.5 91.62 135.1 127.9

.909 .907 .902

665 679 752

TABLE 1.—(Continued) Crystalline phase

t, °C

K

^*

KS X IO6

Ao

TABLE 2.—ELECTROLYTES FOR WHICH THE CONDUCTANCE ONLY a

SX 10«

Lit.

Crystalline phase BaC2O4.2HaO

3.0 1.70 32.97 5.00 37.50 80.590.922 505 5.47 1.70 39.16 10.00 50.58 94.21 .915 587 11.28 1.70 54.84 15.00 67.61 107.8 .905 693 17.9 1.70 77.92 r 18.0 l .70 78.32 116.0 .902 749 20.00 86.10 121.5 .899 788 23.3 1.70 101.0 25.00 108.6 135.1 .891 902 28.4 1.70 126.3 BaC2O4.3.5H2O . . . . 2.07 1.37 33.87 4.2 1.37 38.48 16.15 1.37 83.79 17.85 1.37 94.01 94.91 116.0 .890 919 18.00 1.37 CaCzO^.HsO 0.46 1.09 4.296 5.00 5.333 77.30 .980 70.3 10.00 6.761 90.65 .978 76.1s 15.00 8.492103.99 .977 83.4 16.4 1.66 8.991 18.00 1.86 9.586112.0 .976 87.3 20.00 10.270117.34 .975 89.5 25.00 12.370130.68 .975 96.9 35.8 2.29 17.97 MgC2C>4 18.0 199.3 106 .992 2 0 4 5 PbSCh 0.37 2.40 16.467 3.48 1.12 19.286 230 5.00 20.40 89.9 .950 10.00 24.70 104.9 .949 236 15.00 29.50 120.0 .948 244 16.98 2.07 31.369 18.00 2.40 32.60 129.0 .947 249 20.00 35.00 135.0 .946 255.5 268 25.00 40.30 150.1 .945 33.23 4.06 47.899 TIBr 0.13 1.76 69.13 9.37 1.76 107.89 10.00 111.3 109.8 .982 1 030 15.00 159.1 124.06 .980 1 310 18.00 192.0 132.61 .978 1 480 20.00 215.8 138.31 .977 1 600 20.06 0.75 220.7 138.48 25.00 293.8 152.57 .974 1 980 25.68 1.76 305.6 TIBrOa 19.94 1.10 1079 117.6 .945 9 7 2 0 T1C1 9.54 940.6 10.00 966.1 108.04 .945 9 460 15.00 1 283 122.10 .94211 200 17.70 1 487.5 1513 130.54 .93912400 18.00 19.96 0.9 I 678 20.00 1687 136.17 .93813200 25.00 2 160 150.23 .93*15 400 25.76 2 250.8 Til 9.90 1.24 11.908 10.00 11.99 109.03 .995 111.0 15.00 17.68 121.1 .994 147.0 18.00 1.24 22.248331.55 .994 170.0 18.08 1.24 22.368 20.00 26.12 137.18 .993 191.4 20.15 26.154137.6 .993 25.00 36.64 151.26 .992 244.0 26.02 1.24 39.391 THOa 1995 1.06 154.1 103.23 .978 1530 T1SCN 19.95 1.0 1399 127 .94411700 SrC2O4 1.35 2.2 24.70 5.00 29.38 77.3 .930 408 10.00 37.67 90.65 .924 438 15.00 47.53 103.99 .922 496 15.90 2.2 49.48 18.00 2.2 53.95 112.0 .920 523 20.00 58.08 117.34 .919 538 25.00 70.79 130.68 .914 592 31.70 2.2 89.14 37.27 2.2 106.1

(»)

AgOH

Is GIVEN | t, °C | KW X 106"iT*«S X 10« | Lit. 19.96 24.94 19.46 19.96 0.26 5 ]0 14.82 15 17.07 18.00 20.00 25.00 30.76 37.30

AgsPOi AgCN AgaCrOi

(9)

75

(9)

9

( ) t9)

Ag2C8O4

AgOOCCHa AgON.C(CN)CO2C2H5 AgON:C(CN)CO 2 CH(CH 3 ) 2 AgCH 3 COC(CN)CO 2 C 2 H B Ag n-Propionate Ag ctf-Tartrate Ag d-Tartrate Ag J-Tartrate Ag p-Toluate BaF2

(9)

0) (9)

BaCOa BaCrO4

(») (9)

(») (9) (9)

(J) (9; (9) 0) 0) (9)

CaFs

CaF2( Fluorite)

,

CaSO4.2H2O(Gypsum)

Large crystals Fine powder

9.72 10.00 15.00 18.00 18.50 20.00 25.00 26.90 25.0 25 25 25 25.00 25.00 25.00 25.00 25.00 9.50 10.00 15.00 17.23 18.00 20.00 25.00 25.75 18.00 0.88 5.00 10.00 15.00 16.07 17.42 18.00 20.00 25.00 28.08 17.47 18.00 26.11 0.05 5.00 10.00 15.00 16.08 17.28 18.00 20.00 25.00 26.59 40.00 0.51 5.00 9.94 10.00 14.56 15.00 18.00 18.22 19.60 19.60 19.94 20.00 25.00

1.22 1.15 1.017 0.87 1.4

29.24 35.944 6.100 19.0 6.664 8.872 11.89 15.594 15.74 17.762 18.581 20.70 26.61 34.965 45.954

1.4 1.4 1.4

1.4 1.4 (?)

1.23 1.47

2.02 4

1.7 0.75

1.40 1.39 1.82

1.85 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.28

1.80 2.10 2.14

2.57 3.1 1.07 1.07 1.07

1.07 1.07

1.1 1.33

(l) (») (»)

160

1.06

1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0

(>)

1

1

16.184 16.48 21.68 25.475 26.164 28.31 35.97 39.391 975 234.6 131.8 251.5 924 583.4 989 009 251.7 224.4

1 1 236 1 419 1 500.8 1 528.5 1 607 1 791 1 823.8 25.475 1.103 1.503 2.056 2.761 2.910 3.118 3.197 3.508 4.345 4.923 39.370 39.960 50.550 19.580 23.44 28.12 33.81 34.740 36.290 37.060 39.45 45.81 48.000 65.530 1 096.9 1 274.0 1 486.5 1 490.0 1 707.3 1 726.0 1 878.1 1 889.1 1 978 2 066 1 964.0 1 972.0 2 207.8

(9)

(6) (»«) 0«) 0*) (*) (* <) 0<) 0«) (>«) (9)

(8) (*)

(9) (9)

(«)

(7) (?) (9)

TABLE 2. — (Continued) Crystalline phase CaSO4.2Il2O (Gypsum) Fine powder. — (Cont'd) Large crystals Fine powder Large crystals

Fine powder Wyoming

CaCOs

Calcite

Aragonite

CdCaOiSHaO

Ce(I03)3.2H20 Ce2(C204)3.10H20 Ce2(C4H4O6)s.4.5H2O Cui CuSCN HgCl

HgI2 LaU03)3.3H20 La2(C2O4)3.10H2O La2(C4H4O6)3.3H2O Li2PO3.3.5H2O Li8PO4.0.5H20 Mg(OH) 2 MgF2 MgCOa Mn(OH)2 Nd2(C204>3.10H20 Pb(OH) 2 PbF2

t, °C


| KW X 10« |

25.00 40.00 40.00 59.95 59,95 0 10 18 25 30 35 40 45 55 65.3 7.9 9.38 10.00 15.00 17.34 18.00 20.00 25.00 25.96 2.03 5.00 10.00 15.00 17.44 18.00 20.00 25.00 30.00 32.2 34.8 3.18 5.00 10.00 15.00 17.60 18.00 20.00 25.00 27.9 30 . 00 31.1 11.13 15.00 18.00 18.06 20.00 25.00 26.75 25 25 25 24.62 18 0.5 18.0 24.6 43.0 18 25 25 25 25 25 Conductance 3 18 27 8.31 17.78 25.94 18 25 19.96 8.99 10.00

2 2 3 3 3

KS

x IO 6 | Lit.

213.0 890 150 620 761 944 1 485 1 828 2 204 2 243 2 678 2 842 3 042 3 372 3 600 1.6 20.27 1.6 21.71 22.03 26.17 1.6 28.25 28.84 30.00 35.97 1.6 36.96 1.9 15.27 17.07 20.42 24.54 1.9 26.64 27.29 29.17 33.80 38.30 1.9 41.16 1.9 44.06 2.2 19.44 20.7 25.1 30.0 2.2 31.72 33.35 35.5 41.0 2.2 43.16 45.4 2.2 46.95 1.3 19.890 24.95 1.3 26.970 1.3 27.110 30.97 36.22 1.3 38.290 1.0 636.8 1.0 0.651 1.0 51.66 2.17 2.128 1.2 0.4 1.12 .60 1.7 1.34 2.2 2.13 2.1 6.1 0.2(7) 1.4 692.0 1.4 953 1.4 58.5 3.2 274 3.0 937 varied with time 139.90 223.80 270.70 669.5 791.2 885.1 2.0 9.490 1.0 0.764 0.97 25.470 1.6 330.70 340.4

(*) (7) (7) (?) (7) (5)

Crystalline phase PbF 2 .—(Continued)

PbCl2 PbBr2 Pb(Br03)2 PbI2 Pb(IO 3 )2

(8) Pb(SCN) 2 Pb 3 (PO 4 ) 2 PbCOs PbC2O4

(8) Pr2(C2O4)3.10H20 Sa2(C2O4)3 SrFa

(8) SrSO4

(9)

( 13 ) ( 13 ) ( 13 ) (8) ( 10 ) (9)

(9) ( 13 ) C 13 ) O3) 0s) ( 15 J ( 3 » 10) (9) 8

( ) (i«) ( 13 ) (») (9)

Celestite

T12S T12C204 Y 2 (C 2 O 4 ) 3 .9H 2 0 Yb2(C204)3.10H20 ZnC 2 O 4 .2H 2 O

Antipyrine salicylate

|

t, °C | KW X IO6 | KS X 10« 15.00 392.6 17.63 1.6 426.20 18.00 1.6 430.50 20.00 453.9 25.00 514.0 1.6 534.50 26.61 19.95 53540 19.96 3692.0 19.94 4630.4 20.10 338.40 9.17 1.13 3.580 10.00 3.750 15.00 . 5.012 17.1 1.42 5.670 18.00 1.25 5.960 19.95 0.98 6.500 20.00 6.683 25.00 8.750 25.77 1.77 9.130 19.96 5346 19.95 1.207 0.14 19.96 1.0 1.390 15.77 1.0 1.174 18.00 1.2 1.299 19.96 1.2 1.519 22.00 1.2 1.54 25 1.0 1.164 25 1.0 0.82 0.26 2.2 101.210 5.00 117.5 10.00 136.5 15.00 157.8 17.38 2.2 169.040 18.00 2.2 171.83 20.00 180.3 25.00 204.6 27.39 2.2 216.790 2.85 2.51 84.65 5.00 90.78 10.00 104.50 10.18 2.51 104.80 15.00 118.30 17.38 2.51 125.09 18.00

126.9

20.00 25.00 32.26 3.27 5.00 10.00 15.00 17.69 18.00 20.00 25.00 32.50 19.96 19.96 25 25 9.76 10.00 15.00 17.92 18.00 20.00 25.00 26.15 18.0

132.6 147.40 170.78 85.89 90.78 104.5 118.30 125.98 126.87 132.600 147.400 172.37 216 5341 1.740 4.849 5.803 5.821 7.112 7.963 7.992 8.660 10.210 10.578 1 OOP

2.51 2.20

2.19 2.19 2.19 0.8 1.0 1.0 0.98 1.23 1.20 1.56 1^5

| Lit. " (9)

0) (M (') (») (9)

(i) (9) 0) (») (») (9>

(»; (9) 03) O3) (9)

(9)

(9>

O) (») ( 13 > 03> (9)

(9) (")

LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) (!) Böttger, 7, 46: 521; 03. ( 2 ) Böttger, 7, 56: 83; 06. ( 3 ) Gjaldbaek, 93, 144: 145; 25. ( 4 ) Hulett, 7, 37: 385; 01. (S; Hulett and Allen, 1, 24: 667; 02. (6) Jaques, 83, 5: 225; 10. (7; Jones and Partington, 4, 107: 1019; 15. (8) Kohlrausch, 7, 44: 197; 03. (») Kohlrausch, 7, 64: 129; 08. (io) Kohlrausch and Rose, 7, 12: 234; 93. ( i i ) Kolthoff, 70, 41: 135; 22. C 1 *) Melcher, 1, 32: 50; 10. ( 13 ) Rimbach and Schubert, 7, 67: 183; 09. ( 14 > Romann, Thesis, Nancy, 1913. ( 15 ) Rosenheim and Reglin, 93, 120: 103; 22. (i«; Sackur and Fritzmann, 9, 15: 842; 09.

ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY AND IONIZATION CONSTANTS OF WEAK ELECTROLYTES IN AQUEOUS SOLUTION* JAMES KENDALL ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS Cone, range. The range of concentrations (c) covered by the experimental data. Ac (resp. AO) The equivalent conductance of the electrolyte at the concentration c (resp. zero). The A o values were obtained by adding to the A o value for H+ (resp. OH~) a A 0 value for the anion (resp. cation) of the electrolyte estimated usually from the number of carbon atoms by the Ostwald method.

j._

V

(1)

AO(AO — AC)

In computing k, the water correction has been applied only in the case of acids weaker than acetic, v. (311). Where no constant value is obtained for k, a value for Ac is given in its stead. [ ] Brackets surrounding a value of k indicate that it varies considerably within the concentration range given. Brackets surrounding a A value indicate " approximate."

Temp., °C 0 10 15 18

|

ABKÜRZUNGEN UND SYMBOLE ABRÉVIATIONS ET SYMBOLES Cone. range. Experimentell Cone, range. L'intervalle des bestimmter Konzentrations concentrations (c) couvert (c) Bereich. par les données expérimentales. Ac (resp. A o) La conductibilité AC (bezw. A o) Die äquivalente Leitfähigkeit bei der Konéquivalente de l'électrolyte à zentration c des Elektrolyten la concentration c (resp. zéro). (bezw. bei der Konzentration Les valeurs de A 0 ont été Null). Die Werte von A 0 obtenues en ajoutant à la sind erhalten durch Addition valeur A 0 de H+ (resp. OH~) la valeur A 0 de l'anion (resp. von AO für H+ (bezw. OH~) du cation) de F electrolyte, zu dem Wert A 0 für das cette valeur étant généraleAnion (bezw. Kation) des Elektrolyten, welcher Wert ment calculée par la méthode d' Ostwald à partir du nomgewöhnlich entsprechend der Zahl der Kohlenstoffatome bre d'atomes de carbone. nach der Methode von Ostwald geschätzt ist.

/b=

Ao(A 0 -Ac)

(1)

Pour le calcul de fc, la correction pour l'eau n'a été faite que dans le cas d'acides plus faibles que l'acétique, v. (311). Lorsque la valeur obtenue pour k n'est pas constante, il a été donné à sa place une valeur de Ac. [ ] Des crochets entourant une valeur de k indiquent que celle-ci varie considérablement dans l'intervalle de concentration donné. Des crochets entourant une valeur de A indiquent "approximatif."

+

H 229.0 275.6 300.4 315.2

[

*-.A 0 (Ao ,.A|— AC) .t

CD

Bei der Berechnung von k ist die Wasserkorrektur nur bei Säuren die schwächer als Essigsäure sind, angebracht worden, v. (311). In dem Falle, wo keine Konstante erhalten wird, steht an dieser Stelle der Wert von Ac. [ ] Ein in Klammern gesetzter Wert von k zeigt an, dass dieser innerhalb des betrachteten Konzentrationsbereiches sich deutlich ändert. Ein in Klammern gesetzter A-Wert bedeutet: "ungefähr" dieser Wert.

AQ values for H+ and OH" OH" || Temp., °C 118 25 149 35 164.5 40 174 50

|

ABBREVIAZIONI E SIMBOLI Cone, range. Il campo di concentrazione (c) abbracciato dai dati sperimentali. Ac (risp. A o) La conducibilità equivalente dell'elettrolita alla concentrazione c (risp. zero). I valori di A0 furono ottenuti aggiungendo al valore di AO per H+ (risp. OH") un valore A 0 per l'anione (risp. catione) dell'elettrolita calcolato generalmente dal numero degli atomi di carbonio col metodo di Ostwald.

fca=

(1) Ao(Ao-A7) Nel calcolare fc, la correzione per l'acqua è stata applicata solo nel caso degli acidi più deboli dell'acido acetico, v. (311). Se per/: non si trova un valore costante viene dato invece un valore per Ac.

[ ] Quando un valore di k è compreso fra parentesi significa che esso varia considerevolmente nell'intervallo di concentrazioni indicate. Se un valore di A è compreso fra parentesi significa che esso è approssimato.

H+ 350.0 399.6 421.4 464.3

|

OH~ 196 228 244 276

* For more detailed data previous to 1910, see Scudder, "The Electrical Conductivity and lonization Constants of Organic Compounds," New York, Van Nostrand, 1914.

INORGANIC COMPOUNDS Cone, range, t, °C c — formula A0 weight per liter v. p. 152 25 9.7-6.4 395 0 1.0-0.001 251

<5 X IO"12 9 X IO"4

25

1.0-0.001

6.9 X 10~4

H2S

18-40 18

16.0-0.002 0.04-0.004

378

5.7 X 10~8 9.1X10- 8

H2SO3

25

0.05-0.001

421

1.7 X 10~2

H2Se H2Te H6TeO6 N2H4, Hydrazine HN 3

25 18 25 25 0

0.1-0.008 0.09-0.003 0.06-0.001 0.12-0.004 0.05-0.004

420 378 (?) 257 266

1.90X10~ 4 2.27 X 10~3 A0.03 = 0.98 2.2 X 10~6 7 X HT6 1 X IO"5 8 X 10~6 9 X 10^6 1.1X10" 5 1.2X1Q- 5 1.9X10- 5 A0.04 = 2.4 6.0 X 10~4 4.6 X 10~4 Ao.os = 0.4 1.39X10-* 1.63X10-3 1.70X10-5 1.72X10-6 1.81X10-5 1.98X10"5 1.81X10-* 1.64X10-5 1.35X10-5 6.28 X 10-« 1.80X10-6 9.3 X 10-*

Electrolyte H2O H2O2 HF

404

k (or Ac)

Lit.

(301) (153) (5,153,266,432,454,

480)

HNO HNO2 H3NO, Hydroxylamine NH4OH

5 10 15 20 25 0 0 25 18 0 10 15 18 25 40 50 75 100 156 218 306

0.05-0.012 0.05-0.012 0.05-0.012 0.05-0.012 0.1-0.001 0.16-0.007 0.03-0.001 0.002-0.0006 0.05-0.002 0.1-0.04 0.06 0.1-0.04 0.1-0.001 0.1-0.04 0.1-0.046 0.1-0.06 0.1 0.1-0.01 0.1-0.01 0.1-0.01 0.1-0.01

293 322 352 382 412 (?) 256 412 (?) 157 202 225 238 271 342 404 525 646 907 1140 1404

0-50

(H, 266) ; cf. (311) (589) (16) (39,295,316,432)

(108,271) (ios, 271) (218, 258, 483) (104) (429) (226) (429) (429) (429) (429) (226,606) (467); c/. (242) (469) (512) (373); c/. (485, 622) (305) (363) (363) (305,362,421) (lis, 305, 363, 421) (363) (363,421) (421) (421) (421) (421) (421) (46,104,206,251, 321, 326, 433); cft (308)

H3NO3S, Aminosulfonic acid H2N2O2, Nitroamine H3N3O6S3, Trisulfimide H2PO3 H3PO2 H3PO3 H3PO4

25 0 25 25 25 18-52 25 18

0.03-0.001 0.5-0.016 0.015-0.0005 0.06-0.0009 0.50-0.03 0.5-0.0002 0.5-0.0002 0.1-0.002

15-156

0.5-0.0002

18 25 25 25 25 18

0.05-0.00125 0.06-0.001 0.12-0.001 0.0006-0.00007 0.04 0.09-0.02 1.8-0.38

399 (?) (?) (?) 392.5

A0.03 = 315 A0.07 = 0.75 A 0 . 0 i5 == 705 A0.03 = 200 A0.06 = 244

(?) 340

A0.03 = 243 A0.0i = 203

(497, 622) (40, 242) (239) (481) (466) (11,432) (432) (421) (11,199,326,421, 432) ;c /. (4, 312,

489) H4P2O7 H3AsO3 H3AsO4 AgOH OsO4 H3BO3

336 388 386 255 (?) 348

A0.025 = 384 2.1 X IO"8 4.5 X 10~3 9 X 10~5 A0.o4=0.15 <1.7X10- 9

(4) (627) ; c/. (62, loi) (368,575,596) (339) (274) (589) (63)

ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (T-Table.—The (T-Arrangement; v. Vol. Ill, p. viii Electrolyte t, °C Formula

Name

CHBrN2O4 CHN

Dinitrobromomethane Hydrocyanic acid

CHNO CHNS CHNsOo

Cyanic acid Thiocyanic acid Trinitromethane

CH2N2O4

Dinitromethane..

CH 2 N 4

Tetrazole

Cone, range, formula weight per liter

0 18

0.016-0.004 0.5-0.06

25

0.25-0.013

0 25 0 25 0 25 25

0.01-0.002 0.5-0.0002 0.016-0.002 0.03-0.002 0.016-0.002 0.016-0.002 0.03-0.008

0-35

Ao

&(or Ac)

Lit.

2 5 Ï 1 . 7 X 10~4 379 1.32 X 10~9

(254,259) (589)

(?)

[A 0 .03<0.5]

259 (?) 251 395 251 392 400

1.5X10~4 A0.03 = 358 Ao.oie = 234 Ao.oie = 360 1.5 X 10~4 2.6 X HT4 1.28 X 10~5

0.03-0.001

(246,432,622)

( 417 ) (372,432) (247) ; c/. (256) ( 2 4 7 ); c/. (256) (225) (225) (427) (42,427,428, 551)

CH2O CH2O2

Formaldehyde Formic acid

25 18 25 10-54.3

0.03-0.0016 0.25-0.001 0.12-0.001 1.0-0.0001

(?) 362 404

A0.03 = 2.4 2.0 X 10~4 2.1 X 10~4

(315) (I 7 ) (436) C". 45, 273,

CH2O3

Carbonic acid

O 18 25

0.04-0.006 0.03-0.01 0.03-0.007

254 355.7 396.6

2.43 X 10~7 3.09 X 10~7 3.44 X 10~7

(310) (3iO) (310)

0-40

0.4-0.003

19 25 25 0 10-40 0 10 20 25 30 40 25 0 25 40 25 25 25 0 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25.2 25 24.7 0 12.5 18 25

0.4-0.06 0.06-0.016 0.24-0.10 0.03-0.002 0.03-0.002 0.05-0.003 0.05-0.003 0.05-0.003 0.06-0.005 0.05-0.003 0.05-0.003 2.0-0.004 0.016-0.002 0.03-0.002 0.016-0.002 0.03-0.004 0.03-0.0016 0.03-0.001 0.06-0.001 0.06-0.001 0.12-0.002 0.06-0.004 0.03 0.03-0.001 0.03-0.001 0.03-0.001 0.03-0.004 0.03-0.004 0.03-0.001 3.0-0.002 1.0-0.016 0.13-0.004 1.0-0.001

293, 437)

CH3NO CH3NO2 CH3NO2 CH3N3O3

Formamide Formhydroxamic acid Nitromethane Nitrourea

CH 3 N 5

5-Amino-l, 2, 3, 4-tetrazole

CH 4 N 2 O CH 4 N 2 O 2

Urea Methylnitroamine

CH4N2S CH4O4S CH4O4S CH5AsO3

Thiourea Formaldehyde sulfurous acid Monomethyl sulfate Methylarsonic acid

CH6N CH 5 N 3 CH5N5O C2HBrClFO2 C2HBr2ClO2 C2HBr2FO2 C2HBr3O2 C2HC1F2O2 C2HC12FO2 C2HC13O2

Methylamine Guanidine Diazoguanidine Chlorobromofluoroacetic acid Chlorodibromoacetic acid Dibromofluoroacetic acid Tribromoacetic acid Chlorodifluoroacetic acid Dichlorofluoroacetic acid Trichloroacetic acid

(325,452,589, 613)

(?) 393 393 251 251 305 364 394 424 481 (?) 246 383 466 (?) (?) (?) 245 382 258 249 (?) 385 385 387 385 387 385 248 314 346 387

( 57 4) (426) (232) (43) (43) 3.4 X 10~7 (43) 4.5 X 10~7 (43) 6.2 X 10~7 (43) 6.8 X 10~7 (42,43) 8.0 X 10~7 (43) 9-9 X 10~7 (43) [A0.03 = 0.07] (85,557) 2.6 X 10~5 (226) 7.0 X 10~5 (226, 256^ 8.0 X 10~5 (226) A0.os = 0.07 (557) A0.03 = 360 (315) A0.03 = 368 (434) 4.3 X 10~7 (628) 4.1 X 10~7 (628) 4.0 X 10~4 (104, no) A0.06 = 190 (433) A0.03 = 21.1 (253) A 0 . 03 = 335 (548) A 0 . 03 = 340 (548) A0.03 = 360.5 (542) A0.03 = 343 (542) A0.03 = 380 (549) A0.03 = 355 (547) A 0 . 03 = 220 (163, 625) Ao.os = 291 (221) A0.03 = 320 (162) A0.03 = 346 (109,145,313, A0.06 = 0.06 1 X 10~7 1.0 X 10~n 3.9 X 10~5

436, 625) 0-60

C2H2C12O2

Dichloroacetic acid

0 12.5 18

1.0-0.0005

0.03-0.002 5.0-0.0008 1.0-0.001

(299,474,607, 610)

249 315 347

A 0 . 03 = 186 Ao.oie = 259 Ao.o2 = 275

(625) (221) (162, sio)

(T-Table.—The (T-Arrangement.—(Continued) Electrolyte t, °C Formula C2H2C1202

c-Range

Name Dichloroacetic acid.—(Cant'd)....

25

1.0-0.001

A0 388.5

/c(or Ac) A0.03 = 273

Lit. (109, 313, 436, 625)

0-65

C2H2F2O2 C2H2N8

Difluoroacetic acid Bistetrazole

C2H2O4

Oxalic acid

C2H3BrO2

Bromoacetic acid

C2H3C1O2

Chloroacetic acid

0.5-0.0005

25 0 12-31 25

0.03-0.001 0.03-0.008 0.03-0.008 0.03-0.0005

0-65

1.0-0.00001

18 25 0 14.1 25

0.3-0.001 0.03-0.001 0.03-0.002 0.05-0.0005 0.06-0.001

0-52

(172,327,384, 450, 526)

389 (?) 392

Ao.os = 302.5 (544) A0.03 = 126.4 (427) (427) A0.03 = 285 («1, 404, 436) (45,48,123, 126, 149, 198, 300, 326, 352, 354, 554)

350 389

1.43 X 10~3 1.35X10"«

332 389

1.58 X IO'3 1.52 X 10~3

(?) 390 389 (?) 388 390 390 369

A 0 .oi = 0.6 2.1 X 10~3 7.1 X 10~4 A0.03 = 0 . 1 9 7.7 X 10~3 9.7 X 10~4 9.4 X 10~4 3.3 X 10~3

1.0-0.002

(162) (436) (328) (273) (i°*S 146, 384,

436) (11,118,153, 328)

C2H3C13O2 C2H3FO2 C 2 H 3 IO 2 C2H3N C 2 H 3 NO 3 C 2 H 3 NO 3 C2H3N3O2 C2H3N5O

Chloral hydrate Fluoroacetic acid lodoacetic acid Acetonitrile Oxamic acid Oximinoacetic acid Triazoacetic acid Tetrazole amide

C2H4BrNO

2V-Bromoacetamide

C2H4C1NO C2H4F2N2O2 C2H4F2O C2H4N2O2 C2H4N2O3 C2H4N2O4

N-Chloroacetamide Difluoroethymitroamine Difluoroethyl alcohol Hydraziacetic acid Ethylnitrolic acid Dinitroethane

C2H4N2O4 C2H4O C2H4OS C2H4O2

Oxaldihydroxamic acid Acetaldehyde Thioacetic acid Acetic acid

0.65 25 25 O 25 25 25 20 0-35 O 25 25 25 25 25 0 0 25 25 25 25 18 25

0.01 0.03-0.001 0.03-0.001 0.03 0.03-0.001 0.12-0.001 0.07-0.003 0.03-0.008 0.03-0.008 0.03 0.06 0.03 0.03-0.001 0.5 0.03 0.03 0.016-0.004 0.03-0.008 0.03-0.008 0.08-0.001 0.06-0.001 0.08-0.001 0.06-0.0005

100 156 218 306

0.08-0.01 0.08-0.01 0.08-0.01 0.08-0.01

(?) (?) (?) 386 (?) (?) 248 249 392 389 (?) 392 350.2 390.8

(167) (541) (579) (209) (436) (244, 291) (453) (427) (427) [A0.03 = 0.2] (237) [Ao.o6 =0.15] (237) [A0.03 = 0.5] (237) 1.34 X 10~5 (545) A0.5=0.02 (543) A 0 . 03 = 78 (243) 5 X 10~9 (?) ( 235 ); c/. (209) 2.2 X IO"6 (259) 5.6 X 10~6 (342) 1.7 X 10~7 (426) A0 08 = 4.7 (3is) 4.60 X 10~4 (436) 1.806X10-* (383,421,619) 1.813X1Q- 5 (109,308,311, 475, 560)

0-52

772 979 1163 1266

I.IXIQ- 5 5.3 X 10~6 1.7X1Q-6 1.4X10"7

5.0-0.0005

(421) (421) (421) (421)

(11,35,37,40, 124, 149, 293, 321, 326, 363, 376, 435, 436, 437, 491, 500, 609) ; c/. (595)

C2H4O2S C2H4O3

Thioglycolic acid Glycolic acid

25 25

0.01-0.0004 0.25-0.001

17-25

0.12-0.001

C2H4O4 C2H5F2N C 2 H 6 NO

Glyoxylic acid Difluoroethylamine Acetamide

C2H6NO2

Acethydroxamic acid

25 25 15 25 25

0.06-0.001 0.03-0.008 0.5-0.016 0.03 0.07-0.02

387 390

2.85 X 10~4 1.49X10~4

388 245 (?) (?) 390

4.6 X 10~4 3.3 X 10~7 A0.03 = 0.63 Ao.o3 = 0 . 9 5 2.7 X 10~8

(322); cf. (436) (79,436) (35,45,377)

(436) (545) (554) (553) (426)

(T -Table. — The (T -Arrangement. — (Continued) Electrolyte Name Aminoacetic acid

^ oc ' 18 25

C 2 H 5 NO2 C 2 H 5 N3O2 C 2 HeHgO C 2 HeN 2 O C2H6N2O C2H6O

Isonitroethane Biuret Mercury ethyl hydroxide Nitrosodimethylamine O-Methylisourea Ethyl alcohol

0 25 25 19 25 15, 18

C2H6O2 C2H6O4S C2H6O4S C2H7AsO2

Glycol Acetaldehyde sulfurous acid Monoethyl sulfate Cacodylic acid

25 25 25 0 25

Formula C 2 H 0 NO 2

|

c-Range

0.1 1.0-0.016

AO

A: (or Ac.)

(?) (?)

Ao.i = 0.035 Ao.oe = 0.05

(?) (?) (?) (?) 240 (?)

A0.02 = 10.0 Ao.i = 0.35

Lit. (331); tf. (45)

( 8 5 » 1 9 7 );cf. (44, 516)

C2IÏ7N C2H7N C2H7NO2S C2H7OT1 C2H7O4P C2H7O4P C2H7OsP C2H8N2 CsHChOz C 3 H 2 N2 C3H2N2O2S C 3 H 2 N 2 O3 C 3 H 2 N 2 O3 C3H3C1O4 C3H3C13O3 C 3 H 3 NO2

Dimethylamine Ethylamine Ethylsulfonamide Thallium dimethyl hydroxide Dimethyl phosphate Monoethyl phosphate Morioglycol phosphate Ethylenediamine Trichloroacrylic acid Malononitrile . Thioparabanic acid Parabanic acid Cyanonitrosoacetic acid Chloromalonic acid Trichlorolactic acid Cyanoacetic acid

0.02 0.1 0.06-0.004 0.067 0.03-0.001 All concns. from pure water to 100% alcohol 4-0.03 0.04-0.01 0.03-0.001 0.06-0.001 0.12-0.001

25 0-50 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 18 25

0.06-0.001 0.06 0.12-0.004 0.03-0.001 0.12-0.008 0.125-0.001 0.125-0.002 0.125-0.002 0.06-0.004 0.03-0.004 0.016 0.016-0.001 0.03 0.06-0.002 0.03-0.004 0.03-0.001 0.025-0.013 0.03-0.0002

0-35

1.0-0.0005

Ao.016 =

1.7

Ao.067 = 0 . 4 1

6.2 X IO'5 A extremely small at all concns.

248.5

AO.Ö = 0.003 Ao.o4 = 332 AO.OS = 36o 4.1 X IO-7 4.1 X IO-7 6.4 X IO-7 5.0 X IO-4

246 (?) (?) 386 386 386 242 382 (?) (?) 390 389 384 383

4.6 X 10~4 AO.OS = 5 . 0 Ao.i 2 = 132 AO.OS = 317 Ao.i 2 5 = 156 A 0 .i 25 = 193 7.1 X 10~5 AO.OS = 272 Ao.016 = 0.40 Ao.016 = 2.5 7.5 X 10~7 1.35 X 10~2 3.6 X IO"2 4.5 X 10~3

389.0

3.65 X 10~3

(?) 382 (?) 248 381

(254)

(85) (144); c/. (104) (574) (107) (160)

(77, 82) (315) (434) (628) (628) (296) (110);c/. (104) (251) (104) (504) (509) (164) (120) (120) (104)

(72) (213) (557) (624) (244) (577) (378, 436) (419) (109, 313, 436,

466) (102.1, 109, 313,

466,

C 3 H 3 NO 2 S

C3H3NO2S C3H3N3O2S CsHsNsOa

C 3 H 4 Br 2 O2 C3H4Br2O2 C3H4N2 C3H4N2O C3H4N2O2 C3H4N2O4 C3H4N2O4 C3H4N2O4 C3H4N4O2

2, 5-Diketotetrahydrothiazole

0 18 25

0.25-0.06 0.25-0.06 0.25-0.03

249 345 387

Thiocyanoacetic acid Isonitrosothiohydantoin Cyanuric acid

25 25 25

0.03-0.001 0.002-0.001 0.008-0.001

389 385 383

a, a-Dibromopropionic acid «, /3-Dibromopropionie acid Glyoxaline JV-Cyanoacetamide Hydantoin Dioximinopropionic acid (labile) . . Dioximinopropionic acid (stable) . . Oxaluric acid

0-96.2 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25

0.03-0.0005 0.03-0.001 0.03-0.001 0.06-0.004 0.04-0.0013 0.03-0.004 0.03-0.002 0.03-0.001 0.03-0.001

Af-Methyltetrazolecarboxylic acid.

C3H4O2

Acrylic acid

CsHÔs

Pyroracemic acid (pyruvic acid) . .

20 0-40 18 25 25

0.016 0.016 0.03-0.001 0.12-0.001 0.14-0.001

7.0 X IO"8 1.49 X 10~7 1.84 X IO-7 2.4 X IO-7 2.60 X IO'3 5 X 10~8 1.8 X IO"7 3.7 X 10~7

610, 611)

(305) (305) (305) (436) (436) (235) (231)

(26) (231, 456, 610)

381 381 247 381 388 384 384 387 (?)

3.0 X IO"2 6.3 X IO-3 1 . 1 X IO"7 1.5 X IO"4 6.3 X HT10 4.1 X IO"3 2.80 X 10~3 AO.OIS = 303 Ao.oi5 = 105 Ao.016 = 208.7

(579) (579) (148) (26); Cf. (237) (557, 624) (244) (244) (436) (557) (429) (429)

350 387 386

5.6 X 10~5 5.5 X IO"5 3.2 X IO"3

(407) (436) (76,287 ) ; c /. (436)

(T-Table.—The (T-Arrangement—(Continued) — Formula C3H4O4

: |

Electrolyte

—; Name

t, C

c-Range

k (or Ac)

247 384

1

Lit.

1.44 X IO « 1.60X10~ 3

(591) (49,436,577)

Malonicacid

0 25

C3H405

Tartronic acid

25

0.09-0.002

383

C3H5BrO2

a-Bromopropionic acid /3-Bromopropionic acid a-Chloropropionic acid /3-Chloropropionic acid a-Hydroxy-£-chloropropionic acid. /3-Iodopropionie acid

382 385 385 385 385

9.5 1.6 8.4 7.5 8.8

C3H5NO2

Isonitrosoacetone

0.008-0.001 0.03-0.0005 0.03-0.001 0.06-0.001 0.06-0.001 0.06-0.001 0.06-0.001 0.12-0.0005 0.05-0.02

382

C3H6BrO2 C3H5C1O2 C3H6C1O2 C3H5C1O3 C3H5IO2

25 0-35 25 25 25 25 25 0-35 25

1.05 X 10~3 4.9 X 10~3 1.06 X 10~3

386

3 X 10~9

(436) (519) (579) (6iO) (579) (344) (344) (523) (436) (61°) (362) ; c/. (iso,

C3H6NO2S2 C3H5NO3 C3H6NO3 C3H6NO3 C3H5NO3S C3H6NO3S C3H5NO4 C3H5NO4 C3H5N3O2 C3H5N3O4 C3H6N2O C3H6N2O2S CaHeNsOs C3H6N2O4 C3H6N2O4

Dithiocarbamineglycolicacid Nitroacetone a-Oximinopropionic acid ß-Oximinopropionic acid CarbaminethioglycoHc acid Thiocarbamineglycolic acid Aminomalonic acid /3-Nitropropionic acid a-Triazopropionic acid Nitromalonamide Ethyleneurea Ethylsulfonecyanamide an^-Diazourethane Malondihydroxyamic acid Ethyl nitrocarbamate

C3H6O C3H6O2

Acetone Propionic acid

25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 O 25 O 10 20 25 30 40 25 25

0.06-0.001 0.03-0.004 0.06-0.001 0.016-0.001 0.12-0.001 0.06-0.001 0.06-0.002 0.03-0.002 0.06-0.003 0.008-0.002 0.03-0.004 0.01-0.001 0.016-0.002 0.03-0.008 0.06-0.004 0.06-0.004 006-0.004 0.06-0.004 0.06-0.004 0.06-0.004 0.5 0.12-0.001

385 385 385 385 386 386 384 382 386 382 (?) 373 246 385 246 299 355 384 412 465 (?) 386

5 X 10~4 1.0X10~5 4.8 X 10~4 9.8 X 10~5 2.5 X 10~4 1.12 X 10~3 7.60 X 10~4 1.55 X 10~4 8.7 X 10~4 5.8 X 10~4 A 0 . 03 = 0.35 [7 X 10~6] 1.4 X 10~6 6 X 10~8 3.0 X 10~4 3.5 X 10~4 4.4 X IO"4 5.0 X 10~4 5.2 X 10~4 5.8 X 10~4 A0.5 = 0.017 1.32X10'- 5

(286) (360) ; c/. (256 (244,291) (244) (286,436) (286) (370) (579) (453) (233) (557) (26) (250) (426) (43) (43) (43,237) (43,237) (43) (43) (581) (163,200,436)

0-35

0.1-0.02 0.06-0.001

A0

0.5-0.0005

(45,328,609)

X X X X X

10~5 10~3 10~5 10~4 10~5

342)

- I t o 65

1.0-0.0005

(11,35,37,118, 293, 437, 558, 609, 611, 6 1 9 ) *

Cf. (308)

C3H6O3 C3H6O3

Hydracrylic acid Lactic acid

25 25

0.03-0.001 0.20-0.0004

385 385

2.95 X 10~5 1.36 X 10-*

C3H6O3

Methoxyacetic acid

25

0.06-0.001

385

C3H6O4

a, /3-Glyceric acid

25

1.0-0.001

384

C3H7C1O2 C3H7N

«-Monochlorohydrin Allylamine Acetoxime a-Aminopropionic acid

1.0-0.5 0.12-0.004 0.06 0.03-0.004 0.016-0.001

(?) 241

C3H7NO C3H7NO2

25 25 0-46 25 25

3.29 X 10~4 2.94 X ICr4 2.23 X ICr4 2.75 X ICr4 A0.5 = 0.017 4.9 X IO™5

383 378

A0.03 = 0.07 Ao.oie = 0.36

(436) (438) (376,436) (88) ( 6 5, 77) (104) (251) (557) ( 20 °); c/. (44,

C3H7NO2 C3H7NO2 C3H8N2O C3H8O2 C3H8O2 C3H8O3 C3H804S C3H9N

Methylaminoacetic acid Propionohydroxamic acid Ethylisourea Propane-1, 2-diol Propane-1, 3-diol Glycerol Monopropyl sulfate n-Propylamine

25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25

0.0011 0.06-0.03 0.12-0.004 0.5 1.0-0.03 8-0.03 0.03-0.001 0.25-0.001

(?) 385 235 (?) (?) (?) (?) 239

Ao.oon = 244 2.7 X 10~8 1.05 X 10~4 A 0 . 5 = 0.009 A0.5 = 0.009 AO.B = 0.007 Ao.os = 356 3.9 X IO"4

(200) (426) (to?) (77) (65, 77) (77,82) (434) (104, 433)

(378, 436) (76, 376, 436); Cf. (142)

197, ß!7)

C-Table.—The (T-Arrangement.—(Continued) Electrolyte ; — Formula | Name C3H9NIsopropylamine C3H9N Trimethylamine C3H906P C3Hi0N2 CsHioOS C3HioOSn CsHioOTe C 4 HN 3

Monoglyceryl phosphate Trimethylenediamine TrimethyIsulfonium hydroxide... . Tin trimethyl hydroxide Tellurium trimethyl hydroxide.... Cyanoform

C4H2Br2N2O3 C4H2Cl2N2O3 C 4 H 2 N 2 O4

Dibromobarbituric acid Dichlorobarbituric acid Alloxan

t, °C c-Range _ _ 250.12-0.004 25 0.06-0.001 0-35 0.03 25 0.125-0.002 25 0.06-0.004 25 0.5-0.004 25 0.06-0.004 25 0.06-0.004 O 0.03-0.001 25 0.03-0.001 25 0.016-0.001 25 0.016-0.001 25 0.03-0.008

A0

fc(or

A«) 4

239 244.5

4.3 X 10~ 6.5 X IO"5

383 234 245 231 236 (?) 393 384 384 384

Ao.i« = 190 2.8 X 10~4 A0.oe = 222 1.5 X 10~7 Ao.oe = 210 A0.03 = 230 A0.03 = 362 8.4 X 10~6 1.7 X 10~5 2.3 X 10~7

5 x io-9

Lit. (104) (HO); cf. (104) (251) (120) (104, 430) (495) (104) ( 104 ) (245) (245) (557) (557) ( 624 ); cf. (H6, 557)

(B5);cf. (116, 557)

C4H2NiO4S4 C4H2N4Pt C4H2O4 C4H3BrO4 C4H3N3O4 C4H3N3O4

Nickelodithiooxalic acid Platinocyanic acid Acetylenedicarboxylic acid Bromomaleic acid Nitrouracil Violuric acid

C4H3N3OS C4H4Br2O4 C4H4Br2O4

Nitrobarbituric acid Isodibromosuccinic acid st/ra.-Dibromosuceinic acid

C4H4C12O4 C4H4C12O4 C4H4N2O8

fum.-2, 3-Dichlorosuccinic acid.. . . mal-2, 3-Dichlorosuccinic acid.... Barbituric acid...;

C4H4N2O3

Methyl cyanonitrosoacetate

C4H4N2O3

Methyloximino-st/n-oxazolone

C4H4N2O3 C4H4N2O4 C4H4N2O6 C4H4N2O« C4H4N4

Methylparabanic acid Dialuric acid a, a-Dioximinosuccinic acid 0, /3-Dioximinosuccinic acid C-Methyl cyanoosotriazole

C4H4O2 C4H4O2S C4H4O4

Tetrolicacid a, 0-Thiocrotonic acid Fumarie acid

"...

25 25 25 25 25 0 25 35.5 14.5-54.1 25 25 25 0-65 25 25 25

0.0014-0.0007 0.03-0.001 0.016-0.0005 0.06-0.0002 0.008-0.001 0.03 0.03-0.002 0.03 0.03 0.03-0.001 0.015-0.0002 0.03-0.0009 0.03-0.0005 0.03-0.001 0.06-0.001 0.03-0.001

(?) (?) (?) 381 383 244 382 443

0 18 25 35 40 0 25 35.5 25 25 25 25 25 0-40 25 24 25

0.06-0.016 0.06-0.016 0.06-0.001 0.03-0.016 0.016 0.03-0.012 0.03-0.012 0.03-0.012 0.03-0.001 0.008-0.001 0.06-0.004 0.06-0.001 0.008 0.008 0.03-0.0005 0.01&-0.001 0.04-0.002

249 352 390 448 477 245 384 445 (?) 381 381 381 (?)

0-65

0.03-0.0005

382 381 381 377 377 384

388 380 383

A0.ooi4 = 735 (477) A0.03 = 752 (575) AO.OIG = 497 (436) Ao.oe = 254 (436) 3.19 X 1Q-« ( 557 ) 6 1.4 X 10~ (216) 2.67 X 10~5 (216, 380) 3.26 X 10-« (216) (216) A 0 .oie = 347 (276, 557) AO.OIS = 302 (524) Ao.os = 262 (524, 577) (526) Ao.os = 253 ( 4 <>0) A0.03 = 269 (400) 9.6 X 10~5 (557) 10.5 X IO-5 (624) 1.4 X 10~5 (4H) 2.3 X 10~5 (411) 2.8 X 10~5 (4io, 411) 3.1 X 10~5 (411) 3.3 X 10~5 (4ii) 8 X 10~6 (216,217) 3.4 X 10~5 (216,217) 5.7 X 10~5 (216,217) [A0.03 = 2.72] (557) 6 X 10~5 ( 8S ); c/. (557) 2 1.0 X 10~ (244) Ao.oe = 238 (244) Ao.oos = 4.00 (429) (429) 2.41 X IO"3 (436) 2.2 X 10~4 (468) 9.1 X 10~4 (»6,436) (45,328,525, 609)

C4H4O4

Maleic acid

18 25 0-65

0.12-0.0005 0.06-0.001 0.12-0.0005

343 383

1.37 X 10~2 1.15 X 10~2

(162) (436,476) (45,84,86,328,

C4H4O5 C4H4O* C4H4Os C4H4O6

Hydroxyfumaric acid Hydroxymaleic acid Dihydroxyfumaric acid Dihydroxymaleic acid

17 17 25 25

0.10-0.0016 0.10-0,0016 0.015-0.002 0.016-0.008

340 340 383 383

2.72 X 10~3 2.46 X 10~3 [7.7 X 10~2] [6.7 X 10~2]

(623) (623) ( 519 )î cf. (87) ("9); cf. (87,

C4H6BrO4

<#-Bromosuccinic acid

25

0.0^-0.002

382

2.70 X IO""3

(577)

525, 609)

350)

(T-Table. —The (T -Arrangement. — (Continued) Electrolyte

Formula C4H5Br04 C4H5BrO4 C4H6C1N2 C4H5C1O2 C4H5C1O2 C4H5C1O2 C4H5C1O2 C4H5C1O2 C4H5C104 C4H5C104 C4H5C1O4 C4H5C1O6 C4H5C13O2

t, °C Name 0-25 dZ-Bromosuccinic acid. — (Cont'd) . Z-Bromosuccinic acid 25 Af-Methylchloroglyoxaline 25 25 a-Chlorocro tonic acid 25 /3-Chlorocrotonic acid. a-Chloroisocrotonic acid 25 ß-Chloroisocrotonic acid 25 1-C h lo r o c y c lopropanecarboxylic acid [25] dZ-Chlorosuccinic acid 25 cZ-Chlorosuccinic acid 25 Z-Chlorosuccinic acid 25 Chloromalic acid 25 a, a, /3-Trichlorobutyric acid 25

c-Range

A0

/b(or Ac)

Lit.

0.008-0.0005 (?) 0.06-0.008 0.06-0.001 0.06-0.001 0.06-0.001 0.06-0.001

382 238 384 384 384 384

2.70X10" 3 1.8X10~ 8 7.0 X 10~4 1.42X10™4 1.55X10" 3 9.3 X 10~5

(525) (570) (148) (436) (436) (436) (436)

(?) 0.03-0.002 (?) (?) 0.06-0.001 0.37-0.0016

(?) 382 382 382 382 379

5.5X10- 4 2.85 X 10~3 2.85 X 10~3 2.85 X IO"3 4.7 X 10~3 A0.02 = 333

(Hi) (577) (570) (570) (523) (145, 312, 313, 436, 466)

C4H5NO2 C4H5N02

Methyl cyanoacetate 7-Methylisoxazolone

C4H5NO2 C4H5N05 C4H5N302

Succinimide tt-Oximinosuccinic acid Af-Methylosotriazolecarboxylic acid

18

0.11-0.0017

(162,419)

25 20 0-40 25 25

0.03-0.016 0.004

(?) (?)

0.06-0.016 0.03-0.004

385 383

25 0-40 15 25 40

0.008 0.005-0.003 0.008-0.001 0.005-0.003

325 381 462

A 0 .oo8=88.5 (429) (429) 8.8 X 10~7 (362) 1.18 X 10~8 ( 362 );c/. (235) 8 1.70 X 10~ (362)

21.5

0.04-0:003

355

6.0 X 10~3

25 25 25

0.06-0.004 0.03-0.001 0.06-0.004

377 383 383

1.97X10~ 4 5.9 X 10~3 7.9 X IO"3

(358) (400) (400)

25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 20

0.06-0.004 0.06-0.002 0.06-0.001 0.06-0.001 0.02-0.0013 0.03-0.004 0.008 0.03-0.004 0.03-0.004

378 245 245 239 381 381 384 384 385

1.95X10~ 4 2.2 X 10~7 4.2 X 10~7 1.3X10~ 6 4.7 X 10~4 [3 X 10~7] 2 X 10~5 1.3X10~ 2 4.0 X 10~s

(358) (148) (148) (148) (26) (26) (244) (244) (428)

0.12-0.001 0.12-0.0005 0.12-0.001 1-0.002 0.07-0.0015

384

2.00 X IO"5

384 385 384

3.5 X 10~5 4 X 10~7 1.68X10~ 5 X 10~5

(141, 487, 635)

3.75 X 10~5 4.6 X IO-6 4.8 X 10~4 6.7 X 10~5

(109); c/. (193) (635) (520) (54, 138)

(?)

C4H5N3O2

3-Methyl-4-isonitrosopyrazolone . .

C4H5N303

C4H6N2 C4H6N2 C4H6N2 C4H6N202 C4H6N202 C4H6N2O4 C4H6N2O4 C4H6N402

4-Methyl-l-hydroxy-l, 2, 5-triazole-3-carboxylic acid /3-Dibromomethylsulfonepropionic acid fum.-a, ß-Dichlorobutyric acid . . . . waZ.-a, /3-Dichlorobutyric acid. . . . ß-Dichloromethylsulfonepropionic acid TV-Methylglyoxaline a-Methylglyoxaline ju-Methylglyoxaline Ethyl cyanocarbamate Lactocyanamide arapM-Dioximinobutyric acid syn-Dioximinobutyric acid Ethyl tetrazolecarboxylate

C4H602

a-Cro tonic acid

C4H6O2 C4H602 C4H6O2

ß-Crotonic acid Diacetyl Trimethylenecarboxylic acid

25 0-65 25 25 25

C4H602

Vinylacetic acid

25

0.06-0.001

387

C4H603 C4H604

Vinylglycolic acid Succinic acid

25 25

0.06-0.001 0.12-0.0005

384 382

C4H6Br2O4S C4H6C1202 C4H6C1202 C4H6C12O4S

A 0 . o 3 = 0 . 3 3 (213) Ao.oo4 = 112.3 (429) (429) Ao.o« = 0.5 (343,577) 1.1X10" 3 (244)

0-30

(428)

1.40

0-65

O75)

0.98-0.0005

(376, 436) (525,609) (436) (78) (");cf. (93)

6.5 X 10~5

(86, 376, 436, 476, 565)

6.3 X IO-5

(612) (il, 45, 84, 126, 149, 328, 329, 450, 476, 507, 609)

Electrolyte

Formula C4H604 C4H6O4S

j |

— Name Isosuccinic acid Thiodiglycolic acid

C4H6O4S C
Thiomalic acid Dithiodiglycolic acid Trithiodiacetic acid Selenodiglycolic acid Diglycolic acid dZ-Malicacid Z-Malic acid

C4H6O6

dJ-Tartaric acid

(T-Table.—The £-Arrangement.—(Continued) - t C c-Range 250.06-0.001 25 0.06-0.001 0-65 0.12-0.0005 25 0.03-0.001 25 0.03-0.016 25 0.08-0.0013 25 0.12-0.001 25 0.016-0.001 25 0.016-0.001 25 0.03-0.001 0.03-0.0005 0-35 25 0.06-0.001

A0

k(or Ac)

d-Tartaric acid

4

383 384

8.4 X 1 0 ~ 4.8 X 10~4

384 385 381 384 383 382 382

5.2 X 10~4 6.7 X 10~4 1.03 X 10~3 4.17 X 10~4 1.08 X 10~3 3.9 X 10~4 3.88 X 10~4

382

5.9 X 10~4

( 4 3 6 , 57?) (357, 436) (6io, eil) (482) (436) (282) (358) (79. 436) (436,570) (378, 436, 570) (45,525) (133, 577) (440) (73, 211, 375,

17-37

C4H6O6

Lit.

(45,112)

18 25

0.1-0.0004 1.0-0.004

346 382

9.7 X 10~4 9.6 X IO"4

76

0.1-0.008

619

1.03X10~ 3 (440)

436, 0-42

1.0-0.05

577)

(45,50,113,121, 123, 298, 326,

351, 463, 472, 496, 527, 555)

C4H6O6

Z-Tartaric acid

C4H6O6

para-Tartaric acid

25 0-65 25

0-65

0.06-0.004 0.12-0.0005 0.12-0.004

382

9.6 X 10~4

382

9.6 X 10~4

0.12-0.0005

(133, 436, 577) (112, 610, 611) (73,211,436,

577)

(45,50,112,299, 525, 609)

T-Bromobutyric acid «-Chlorobutyric acid ^-Chlorobutyric acid 7-Chlorobutyric acid a-Chloro-/3-hydroxybutyric acid... a-Hydroxy-0-chlorobutyric acid... a-Hydroxy-0-chloroisobutyric acid. Tetrafluorodiethylamine Tetrafluorodiethyl phosphate 7-Iodobutyric acid Acetylaminoacetic acid a-Oximinobutyric acid Aminosuccinic acid

25 25 25 0-35 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25

0.06-0.001 0.06-0.001 0.008-0.001 0.03-0.0005 0.03-0.015 0.06-0.001 0.06-0.001 0.03-0.015 0.025-0.0008 0.06-0.0005 0.06-0.0005 0.06 0.03-0.001 0.03-0.015 0.06-0.001 0.06-0.001 0.03-0.001

383 383 383 383 383 383 383 (?) 383 383 381 384 381

C4H7NO4 C4H7NO4 C4H7NO4 C4H8N2O3

Diglycolamic acid Z-Malamic acid Ethyl nitroacetate Aminosuccinamic acid

25 25 25 25

0.03-0.001 0.03-0.001 0.04-0.002 0.06-0.004

380 383 384 380

1.26 X 10~2 (357) [1.2 X 10~2] (519) 1.03 X 10~3 (579) (610) 2.6 X 10~5 (344) 1.45 X 10~3 (344) 8.8 X IO"5 (344) [A0.03 = 12.2] (344) 2.5 X KT3 (523) 8.1 X 1Q-4 (523) 6.2 X 10~4 (523) AO.OG = 0 . 1 2 (545) Ao.os = 347 (288) 2.3 X IO"5 (344) 2.25 X 10~4 (436) 7.0 X 10~4 (29i) ; cf. (244) A0.03 = 17.2 (537, 577, 622); cf. (45) Ao.os = 63.4 (537) 2.76 X 10~4 (369) 1.4 X 10~6 (342, 498) A0.06 = 0.096 («««); cf. (577,

C4H8O2

n-Butyric acid

25

0.12-0.001

383

1.50X1Q- 5

C4H6O6S C4H6O8 C4H7Br02

Sulfonediacetic acid Dihydroxytartarie acid a-Bromobutyric acid

C4H7BrO2 C4H7C1O2 C4H7C1O2 C4H7C1O2 C4H7C1O3 C4H7C1O3 C4H7C1O3 C4H7F4N C4H7F4O4P C4H7IO2 C4H7NO3 C4H7NO3 C4H7NO4

384 381 381

622)

(53,163,200, 376, 436, 619)

0-65

0.5-0.0001

(11, 35, 37, 2 7 3 , 328, 437, 525,

558, 609)

C4H8O2

Isobutyric acid

25

0.06-0.001

383

1.41 X 10~5

(141, 200, 436)

X IO"5

(53,163) (293, 525, 558, 609)

1.55 0-65

C4H8O2S C4H803 C4H8O3

Ethylthioglycolic acid Ethoxyacetic acid a-Hydroxybutyric acid

25 25 25

1 .0-0.0005

0.07-0.002 0.06-0.001 1.0-0.0005

383 383 385

1.80 X 10~4 (465) 2.30 X 10~4 (436) 6 X 10~5 (io, 432)

(T-Table. —The (^-Arrangement. — (Continued) Electrolyte Formula

Name

t, °C

c-Range

A0

/c(or AC) 4

Lit.

25

0.48-0.0005

385

0.013-0.003 0.06-0.001 0.12-0.0005 (?) (?) 0.07-0.002 0.03 0.06-0.03 (?) 1-0.125 1.7-0.125 0.125-0.002 0.03-0.004 0.016-0.001 0.008-0.001 0.5 1.0-0.5 0.06-0.004

385 382

a-Methoxypropionic acid ß-Methoxypropionic acid Méthylène cyclopropaneamine . . . . 7-Aminobutyric acid Butyrohydroxamic acid Dimethylaminoacetic acid 2, 2-Nitromethylpropane-l, 3-diol. Nitrotricarbinolmethane Erythritolphosphoric acid Diethylenediamine Glycoliminohy drin Dinitroethane alcoholate Ethyl ether w-Butane-1, 4-diol Dimethylthetin

25 25 0-65 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25

1.05 X 103.03 X IO"5 3.3 X 10~5 1.90X10" 5 1.03X10~ 4

(?) (?) 235 (?) 383 (?) (?) (?) 383 233 (?) 383 (?) (?) (?)

3.04X10" 4 3.46X10- 5 3.5 X 10~4 A0.o3=0.2 2.3 X 10~8 [2 X IO-7] ALO = 0.017 Ao.5 = 0.026 A 0 .m = 212 5.3 X 10~5 A 0 .oi6 = 71.5 1.7X10~ 4 Ao.5 = 0.065 Ai.o = 0.022 A0.o6 = 2.1

C_/4jiioO4o C 4 HiiN C 4 HiiN

Monoisobutyl sulfate Diethy lamine Isobutylamine

25 25 25

0.03-0.001 0.12-0.004 0.25-0.001

(?) 234 235

Ao.o3 = 350 1.01X10" 3 2.6 X 10~4

(434) (104) ( 104 ); c/. (141,

C 4 HuN C 4 HnN C 4 HiiO 4 P C4HiiO4P C4HnOTl C4H12INO

25 sec. -But y lamine 25 ferô.-Butylamine 25 Diethy 1 phosphate 25 Monoisobutyl phosphate 25 Thallium diethyl hydroxide Trimethyliodomethylammonium 25 hydroxide 25 Tetramethylenediamine Tetramethylarsonium hydroxide.. . 25 Tetramethylammonium hydroxide. 25 Tetramethylphosphonium hydrox25 ide Tetramethylstibonium hydroxide . . 25 Tribromotriketopentamethylene. . . [25] Trichlorotriketopentamethylene. . . [25] 1, 1, 3, 4, 4-Pentachloropentadiene(?) carboxylic acid 25 Croconic acid 25 Nitrouracilcarboxylic acid Acetyldibromoacrylic acid 25 25 Methylalloxan 18 Uric acid 37 0-35 25 Furfural 25 a-Thiophenecarboxylic acid 25 ß-Thiophenecarboxylic acid 25 Pyromeconic acid 25 Pyromucic acid 0-65 25 Isopyromucic acid 25 Methylbromouracil 25 Bromotetric acid 25 Bromocitraconic acid 25 Methylchlorouracil 0 Pyridine 25

0.12-0.004 0.12-0.004 0.125-0.001 0.125-0.002 0.10-0.003

235 235 383 383 (?)

3.. 6 X 10~4 2.8 X 10~4 A0.03 = 304 Ao.m = 152 Ao.io = 146

(i°4) (104) (164,288) (120) (509)

0.06-0.004 0.03-0.004 0.06-0.004 0.06-0.004

235 231 236 243

A0.06 = 210 4.1 X 10~4 A0.oe = 210 Ao.oe = 219

(104) (104, 430) (104) (104)

0.06-0.004 0.06-0.004 0.03-0.001 0.03-0.001

238 230 (?) (?)

A0.06 A0.06 Ao.03 Ao.os

(104) (104) (224) (224)

(?) 0.07-0.0003 0.03-0.001 0.01-0.0007 0.03-0.001 0.00015 0.0004 0.0005 0.5 0.04-0.0008 0.02-0.0006 0.03 0.06-0.001 0.12-0.0005 0.04-0.014 0.002-0.001 0.0015-0.0008 0.01-0.0012 0.002-0.001 All concns. All concns.

(?) (?) 382 380 (?) 336 437

6 X IO-2 AO.OT = 337 A0.03 = 339 6.0 X 10~5 A0.o3=9.9 2 X IO"6 3.2 X 10~6

C4H803 C4H8O3

a-Hydroxybutyric acid. — (Cont'd) /3-Hydroxy butyric acid

C4H803 C4H803

7-Hydroxybutyric acid Hydroxyisobutyric acid

C4H803 C4H803 C4H9N C4H9N02 C4H9N02 C4H9N02 C 4 H 9 NO 4 C 4 H 9 NO 6 C4H9O6P C 4 H 10 N 2 C4H10N204 C4H10N2O0 C4HioO C4HioO2 C4HioO3S

Ao.06 = 0 . 8 7

(67) (S2S.i) ; cf. (*°) (67) (262) (378,436) (6io, 611) (438) (438) (141) (340) (426) (297) (68) (65) (12°) (™4) (255) (247) (581) (65) ("») (415)

433)

C 4 H 12N 2 C4Hi3AsO C4H13NO C4Hi3OP C4H13OSb C6HBr3O3 CoHClsOa CßHCUOa C6H205 CßH3N306 C 6 H 4 Br 2 O 3 C5H4N204 C6H4N403

C6H402 C5H402S C5H4O2S C5H403 C6H403 C6H405 C5H6BrN2O2 CfiHsBrOa C5H5BrO4 C6H5C1N2O2 C6H6N

(?) 385 385 (?) 385

385 382 383 380 382 (?) (?)

= = = =

214 177 348 346

(636) (127) (557) (7) (557) (267) (212) (610) Ao.5 = 0.15 (581) 3.10 X IO"6 (26, 436, 566) 7.7 X 10~5 (358,566) Ao.o3 =0.57 (436) 7.01 X 10~6 (378,436) (526,609) 3 X 10~8 (122) 2.5 X 10~8 (557) 1 X 10~5 (573) 1.4XlO~2 (7) 3.2 X 10~8 (557) Extremely small (257) Extremely small (257)

(T-Tabl e. —The (T-Arrangement. — ( Continued) Electrolyte Formula C5H5N02 C6H6NO2S C6H5NOs CoH5N304 C6H5N304 C6H6N2 C5H6N2 C5H6N2 C5H6N2OS C5H6N2O2 C6H6N203 C6H6N203 C6H6N203 C6H6N405 CoHeOa C5H604

Name

Pyrrole-2-carboxylic acid 4-Methylthiazole-5-carboxylic acid Methyl cyanof ormylacetate Methylnitrouracil Methyl violurate a-Aminopyridine ß-Aminopyridine 7-Aminopyridine Methylthiouracil Methyluracil Dimethylparabanic acid Ethyl cyanonitrosoacetate Succincyanamic acid Uric acid glycol Tetric acid Citraconic acid

t, °C 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 0-65

5

3.9 X IO' 3.6 X 10~4 A0.03 = 187 4.2 X IQ-7 1.85X10~ 7 1.4X10~7 3.8 X HT8 1.33X10~ 5 4.5 X 10~8 4.6 X 10~9 A0.o3=0.35 2.25 X 10~5 3.0 X 10~4 Ao.oo4 = 3.27 8.05 X 10~5 3.33X10- 3

Lit. (7);c/. (378) ( 49 ) ( 90 ) ( 557 ) ( 24 °) (556) (556) (556) (557) (557) (557) (410) (26) (85) (569) (436,476) (45,328,525, 609)

381

Mesaconic acid

0-65 25

0.03-0.0005 0.02-0.001

381

0-65

0.03-0.0005

C6H604

&(or Ac)

0.03-0.0005

Itaconic acid

C6H604

246 383

1.60X1Q- 4 (562) 1.72X10" 4 (562,577) (559) 1.18X1Q- 4 (436,476) 1.46X10- 4 (524) (45, 525, 609) 4 7.75 X 10~ (436,577) (45,328,525, 609)

25

0.03-0.002

380

1.95X1Q- 2

(99,524)

25

0.01-0.003

380

2.05 X 10~4

(")

25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25

0.02-0.005 0.012-0.0015 0.05-0.0016 0.06-0.001 0.03-0.001 0.016-0.004 0.004-0.002 0.06 0.12-0.008 0.12-0.06 0.008-0.001 0.016 0.06-0.001 0.06-0.001 0.03-0.0009 0.016-0.001 0.016-0.001 0.06-0.001

380 378 379 378 379 382 (?) 235 235 235 383 (?) 237 238 379 379 378 382

Allylacetic acid Angelic acid ß-Dimethylacrylic acid

25 25 [25]

0.06-0.001 0.03-0.0005 (?)

382 382 (?)

Ethylidinepropionic acid Propylidineacetic acid Tetramethyleneearboxylic acid . . . Tiglic acid Tetrahydro-a-thiophenecarboxylic acid Ethyltrithiocarbongly colic acid.. . . Methyl acetoacetate

25 25

0.06-0.001 0.06-0.001

382 382

4.0 X 10~4 2.6 X 10~3 7.7 X 10~4 1.6X10~3 3.1 X 10~3 4.65 X 10~3 A0.oo4 = 0.48 6.4 X 10~8 1. 28X10-» 1.0X10~ 7 3.7 X 10~8 A0.oi6=0.26 2.5 X 10~7 1.0X10~6 LIOXIO"4 3.26 X 10~5 3.05 X 10~5 4.7 X 10~8 1.4X10- 6 2.12 X 10~5 4.9 X 10~5 2 X IO-4 2.2 X 10~4 3.47 X 10~5 1.51X1Q- 5

C5H604S3 C6H606 C6H605S2 CBH606 C5H7Br04 C5H7N02 C6H7N3 C5H7Ns C5H7Ng C5H7N30 C5H7N303 C5H8N2 C6H8N2 C6H8N2O CsHgN.OsS CBH8N204 C5H802

Trimethylene-1, 1-dicar boxy lie acid fwra.-Trimethylene-l, 2-dicarboxylic acid maZ.-Trimethylene-l, 2-dicarboxylic acid Trithiocarbondigly colic acid Acetonedicarboxylic acid Dithiocarbondiglycolic acid Ethenyltricarboxylie acid Bromopyrotartaric acid Ethyl cyanoacetate a, a'-Diaminopyridine a, 7-Diaminopyridine /?, ß'-Diaminopyridine Methyliminouracil TV-Dimethyl cyanurate Ar-Ethylglyoxaline /z-Ethylglyoxaline Butyrylcyanamide Thiosuccinuric acid Succinuric acid Acetylacetone

C5H8O2 C5H802 C5H802 C6H8O2 C6H802 C6H802 C5H802 C5H802S C6H8O2S3 C6H803

385 382 384 381 381 237 237 237 383 383 (?) 382 379 (?) 382 381

0.04-0.0006 0.03-0.0008 0.03-0.004 0.08-0.0007

Glutaconic acid

C6H6O4

0.03-0.0008 0.008-0.0005 0.03-0.001 0.002-0.001 0.004-0.001 0.06-0.03 0.12-0.06 0.12-0.008 0.002-0.001 0.016-0.001 0.03-0.008 0.03-0.001 0.016-0.001 0.004 0.03-0.004 0.10-0.001

A0

0 25 45 25

C6H604

C5H604 C6H604

c-Range

(") (285) (7) (285) (578) (577) (573) (556) (556) (556) (557) (456) ( 14 8) ( 148 ) (26) (436) (436) (508) (213) (™0) (436) (448) (451) (190) ("0)

25

0.07-0.001

380

1.81X1Q- 5

25

0.03-0.001

382

9.4 X 10~6

25 25 25

0.06-0.002 0.01-0.0014 0.016

383 378 (?)

I . I I X I O ' 4 (26) 8.2 X 10~4 (285) A0.oi6=0.28 (213)

(487,582,635)

(436)

(T-Table. —The (T-Arrangement. — (Continued) Electrolyte Formula C5H8O3

Name Le vulinic acid

t, °C

c-Range

A0

&(or Ac) 5

0 25

0.03-0.002 0.03-0.001

254 378

35.5 0-35

0.03-0.002 0.12-0.0005 0.03-0.002 0.06-0.001 0.03-0.001 0.12-0.0005 0.03-0.001 0.12-0.0005 0.06-0.001

Lit.

437

2.2 X 10~ 2.25 X 10~5 2.50X10- 5 2.25 X 10~5

(217) (217) (436) (217) (6i<>, 6ii) ; c/.

378 378 382

2.12 X 10~3 6.49 X 10~4 7.5 X 10~4

382

1.23X10~ 3

380

4.67 X 10~5

(285) (284) (390, 438, 577) (526) (436,577) (526) (86, 436, 524,

(?) 380 380

Ao.016 = 0.52 4.50 X 10~4 8.5 X 10~5

(213) (582) (95,436,561,

(61, 256, 378)

C6H803S2 C6H803S2 C6H804

Ethyl-aA-dithiocarbonglycolic acid Ethyl-/3A-dithiocarbonglycolic acid Dimethylmalonic acid

C5H804

Ethylmalonic acid

C5H804

Glutaric acid

25 25 25 0-65 25 0-65 25

C5H804 C5H804 C5H804

Dimethyl malonate Monoethyl malonate Pyrotartaric acid

25 25 25

0.016-0.008 0.12-0.004 0.03-0.0005

17-65

0.12-0.0005

25 25 25 25 25 25

0.05-0.0016 0.06-0.002 0.06-0.001 0.06-0.001 0.06-0.002 0.03-0.001

378 380 383 383 381 378

3.25 X IO"5 4.91 X 10~4 2.5 X 10~4 4.7 X 10~4 4.6 X 10~4 4.5 X 10~4

(loo, 582) (286) (357) (357) (280) (577)

25

0.06-0.001

382

1.2X10" 2

(357)

25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 0 25 25 25 25

0.06-0.001 0.02-0.01 0.02-0.01 0.02-0.01 0.02-0.0006 0.015 0.03-0.001 0.015 0.06-0.001 0.03-0.001 0.06-0.004 0.03-0.001 0.03-0.001 0.03-0.007 0.03-0.007 0.12-0.001 0.03-0.001 0.06-0.001

382 378 378 378 (?) 381 381 381 382 382 378 378 378 246 383 381 381 381

5.0 X 10~3 (357) 6.6 X 10~4 (492) 1.30X10~ 3 (?) (492) 6.8 X 10~4 (492) A0.02 = 51.6 (127) 1.9X10-* (344) 2.01 X 10~5 (344) 1.7X10- 5 (344) 6.4 X 10~4 (244,291) 2.3 X 10~5 (244) 1.14X1Q- 3 (265) A0.03 = 10.3 (44,577) A0.03 = 10.2 (570,577) 6.5 X 10~7 (342,498) 4 X 10~7 (342,498) 1.67 X 10~5 (53, 558, 579) 9.6 X 10~6 (458) 1.56 X 10~5 (63, 163, 200,

10-40

0.25-0.001

Iso valeric acid

25

0.25-0.001

a-Ethoxypropionic acid /3-Ethoxypropionic acid Hydroxytrimethylacetic acid a-Hydroxy valeric acid 7-Hydroxy valeric acid 7- Methoxy butyric acid a-Methoxyisobutyric acid n-Propoxyacetic acid Isopropoxyacetic acid Arabinose

0-65 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25

0.12-0.0005 (?) (?) 0.03-0.001 0.016-0.002 0.03-0.0009 (?) (?) (?) (?) 0.5

525.2, 565)

577 ); c/. (476)

C5H8O7 C5H807 C5H807 C5H8O9 CsHgBrC^ C5H9C1O2 C5H9IO2 C5H9NO3 C5H9N03 C5H9NO3 C 5 H 9 NO 4 C5H9NO4 C 0 H 9 NO 4

Monomethyl Buccinate Ethyl-ß-thiocarbonglycolic acid. . . Thioglycolhydracrylic acid a-Thiolactylglycolic acid Methylenebisthioglycolic acid Monomethyl tartrate a, a'-Methylethylsulfonedicarboxylic acid /3, /S'-Methylethylsulfonedicarboxylic acid meso-Trihydroxyglutaric acid Z-Trihydroxyglutaric acid dZ-Trihydroxyglutaric acid Leuconic acid 0-Bromo valeric acid o-Chloro valeric acid o-Iodo valeric acid a-Oximino valeric acid 7-Oximino valeric acid a-Oximinoiso valeric acid d-Aminoglutaric acid dl- Aminoglutaric acid Ethyl a-nitropropionate

CsHioO2 CoHioO2 C5HioO2

Methylethylacetic acid Trimethylacetic acid Valeric acid

C5H8O4 C6H804S C5H8O4S C5H8O4S CoH8O4S2 C5H806 C5H806S CoHgOeS

(45,48,525, 609)

436)

CoHioO2

(35,293)

381

1.68 X 10~5

(53, 163, 200, 558)

CsHioOs CsHioOs CsHioOs CoHioOs CsHioOs CoHioOs CoHioOs CsHioOs CsHioOs CsHioOe

(?) (?) 380 381 381 (?) (?) (?) (?) (?)

2.46X10- 4 3.19 X IO-5 1.37X10~ 5 1.30X10~ 4 2.00 X 10~5 2.11 X IO-5 1.24X10- 4 2.21 X 10~4 2.03X10- 4 A 0 .5 = 0.25

(6io, eii) (438) (438) (386) (378) (262) (438) (438) (438) (438) (")

(T-Table.— The (T -Arrangement —(Continued) Electrolyte Formula CoHioOo C & HnN C 6 HnNO,(+H,0) C 5 Hi 2 ClN OsHÔso CsH]204

C5H13N C5H13N CsHisNO C5H14N2 C 5 H 14 N 2 CeHOUO^HsO C6H2BrCl3O3.3H2O C6H2Br204 C6H2C12O4

Name Xylose Piperidine Trimethylaminoacetic acid (betaine) Chloroamylamine Dimethyl-tt-propionyl thetin Pentaerythritol Isoamy lamine Methyldiethylamine Vinyltrimethylammonium hydroxide ß-Methyltetramethylenediamiiie . . Pentamethylenediamine Trichlorotetraketohexamethylene hydrate Triehlorobromotriketohexamethylene trihydrate Bromoanilic acid Chloroanilic acid

t, °C

c-Range

A0

£(or Ac)

Lit.

25 25 0-50

0.5 0.12-0.004 0.06

(?) 234

A0.5=0.46 1.25X10~ 3

(71) (104) (251)

25 0 25 25 25 25

0.06-0.004 0.05-0.01 0.06-0.002 0.5-0.03 0.25-0.001 0.12-0. 004

(?) 134 (?) (?) 232 234

A0.o6 = 1.75 3.2X10-4 A0.o6=4.0 A0.o6 = 1.71 4.0 X 10~4 2 . 2 X 10~4

(n») (202) ("«) (»2) (104); c/. (433) (1 04)

25 25 25

0.06-0.004 0.016-0.004 0.06-0.004

241 228 228

A0.06 = 216 4.4 X 10~4 6.0 X 10~4

(433) (i°4) (104,430)

25

0.016-0.001

380

Ao.oie = 337

(224)

25 25 25

0.008-0.002 0.008-0.0002 0.008-0.0001

(?) (?) (?)

Ao.oos = 3.3 AO.OOS = 215 Ao.oos = 205

(223) ( 4 0 6 )î cf. (l96) (406) ; c/. (196, 224)

C6H2C1405 C6H2N208 C6H2N406 C6H2N4O6 C6H2O6 C6H3Br3N2O C6H3C12N03 C6H3C13O C6H3C13O5 C6H3N307

Tetrachlorodiketopentamethylenehydroxycarboxylic acid Nitroanilic acid Dinitrohydroxyphenylenefurazone 1, 2-Dinitroso-3, 5-dinitrobenzene . Rhodizonic acid 2, 4, 6-Tribromobenzenediazonium hydroxide 4-Nitrb-2, 6-dichlorophenol 2, 4, 6-Trichlorophenol Trichlorodiketopentamethylenehydroxycarboxylic acid 2, 4, 6-Trinitrophenol

[25] 25 25 25 25

0.04 0.03-0.001 0.016-0.002 0.0005-0.0002 0.12-0.0001

(?) (?) (?) 383 (?)

A0.o4 = 415 [Ao.03 = 679] Ao.oie = 341 1. 07X10-* Ao.oi6 = 106

(224) (224) (455) (455) (127)

0 25 25

0.001-0.0005 0.003-0.0007 0.004-0.001

132 378 382

[1.4X10-*] 2.0 X 10~4 [1 X 10~6]

(166); c/. (228) (26) ( 226 ); cf. (229)

25 25

0.03-0.001 0.05-0.0005

379 384.5

[6 X HT2] Ao.oie = 355

(224,378) (208, 220.1, 314, 418); c/. (26, 132, 332, 434,

489, 505) 0-90

0.05-0.0005

(162,208,299, 324, 525, 563,

564)

C6H4C1NO3 C6H4C120 C6H4FeN6 C6H4N2O3S C6H4N205 C6H4N2O0

2, 4, 6-Trinitroresorcinol 2, 4-Dibromobenzenediazonium hydroxide 4, 5, 6-Tribromoamline-2-sulfonic acid 2, 4, 6-Tribromoaniline-3-sulfonic acid 2, 5, 6-Tribromoaniline-3-sulfonic acid 4-Nitro-2-chlorophenol 2, 4-Dichlorophenol Ferrocyanic acid Diazobenzene-p-sulfonic acid 2, 3-Dinitrophenol 2, 4-Dinitrophenol

C6H4N205 C6H4N205 C6H4N205 C6H4N2O5 C6H4N2O6 C6H4N206

2, 2, 3, 3, 2, 3,

C6H3N308 C 6 H 4 Br 2 N 2 O C6H4Br3N03S C6H4Br3NO3S C6H4Br3NO3S

25

0.01-0.0013

379

A0.oi = 354

(26)

0

0.004-0.002

135

1. 35X10-*

25

0.005-0.0006

379

A0.oo5 = 366

(436)

25

0.009-0.001

379

A0.oo9 = 352

(436)

25 25 25 25 0 25 25

0.009-0.001 0.003-0.0007 0.016-0.004 0.12-0.00006 0.016 0.004-0.001 0.004-0.001

379 379 380 (?) (?) 380 380

A0.oo9 = 360 1.8X10" 4 2 X 10~8 A0.03 = 875 Ao.016 = 1.6 1.3X10~5 9.6 X 10~5

(436) (26) (226) (432) (203) ( 278 ); c/. (26) (278) ; cjr. (26,

25 25 25 25 25 25

0.004-0.001 0.004-0.001 0.004-0.001 0.01-0.0025 0.005-0.0006 0.004-0.002

380 380 380 380 378 378

6.8X10~6 (278) ; cf. (26) 2.6 X 10~4 ( 278 ); c/. (26) 6 4.2 X 10~ ( 278 ); c/. (26) 2.0 X 10~7 (278) 7.0 X 10~5 (26) A0.oo4 = 55.0 ( 66 )

(i««)

432)

5-Dinitrophenol 6-Dinitrophenol 4-Dinitrophenol 5-Dinitrophenol 6-Dinitrohydroquinol 5-Dinitropyrocatechol

(T-Table. —The (T -Arrangement. — (Continued) Electrolyte Formula C6H402 C6H403S C6H404 C6H406 C6H5AsCl204 C6 H 5BrN 2O

|

Name

t, °C

c-Range

A0

A: (or Ac)

Lit.

25 25 25 25 25

0.03 0.03-0.001 0.008-0.002 0.004-0.003 0.016-0.001

(?) 383 381 381 374

Ao.o3 = 0.03 7.5 X 10~2 2.7 X 10~2 2 X 10~2 5.5 X 10~4

(180) (244) (446) (446) (356)

0 25 25 25 25 25 25 25

0.008-0.001 0.004-0.0009 0.009-0.001 0.014-0.0009 0.016-0.0005 0.025-0.003 0.016-0.002 0.008-0.0005

137 379 379 379 380 382 382 379

1.48X10" 4 A0.oo4 = 360 A0.ow = 360 A 0 .oi4 = 279 Ao.oie = 352 [3.6 X 10~8] [2 X 10~8] 1.4X1Q-«

(166) (102,436) (102,436) ( 436 ) (165) (26) (26) (102, 165)

C6H5NO2

Quinone a-Thienylglyoxylic acid Comanic acid Comenic acid Dichlorophenolarsonic acid p-Bromobenzenediazonium hydroxide 4, 5-Dibromoariiline-2-sulfonic acid 4, 6-Dibromoaniline-2-sulfonic acid 4, 6-Dibromoaniline-3-sulfonic acid 2, 6-Dibromoaniline-4-sulfonic acid 0-Chlorophenol p-Chlorophenol Dichloroaniline-3-sulfonic acid. . . . Trichloro-A-pentenedihydroxycarboxylic acid p-Nitrosophenol

25 25

0.016-0.002 0.008-0.001

378 381

C 6 H 6 NO 2 C 6 H 6 NO 2 C 6 H 6 N0 2 C6H5NO3 C6H5NO3 C6H6N03

Pyridine-2-carboxylic acid Pyridine-3-carboxylic acid Pyridine-4-carboxylic acid Comanamic acid a-Hydroxynicotinic acid o-Nitrophenol

25 25 25 25 25 0 18 25

0.016-0.001 0.008-0.001 0.008-0.001 0.016-0.004 0.008-0.001 0.008-0.001 (?) 0.01-0.0005

383 383 383 381 383 246 (?) 382

8.5 X 1Q-* 7 X 10~7 3 X IO-7 5 X IO"6 1.34X10-* 1.07X10" 5 2.65 X 10~4 5 X 10~6 5.6 X 10~8 5.6 X 10~8 5.6 X 10~8

(223,378) (557) (180) (436) (436) (436) (446) (436) (226) (173) ( 226 );qf. (26>

C6H5Br2NO3S C6H5Br2NO3S C6H5Br2N03S C6H5Br2N03S CeHsCIO C6H6C1O C6H5C12NO3S C6H6C1304

201)

C6H6NO3

w-Nitrophenol

6.5 X 10~8

(278) ;c /. (26, 201)

7.2 X10~8

(234); cf. (26, 201)

10~8 10~9 10~9 10~9

(226) (367) (367) (367) ; cf, (26,

35 10 15 25

0.008-0.002 0.033-0.016 0.033-0.016 0.033-0.001

437 297 325 382

8.0 3.3 3.9 5.3

X X X X

40 50 0 10 15 18 25

0.033-0.016 0.033-0.016 0.03-0.002 0.04-0.008 0.04-0.008 (?) 0.03-0.002

465 516 246 297 325 (?) 382

7.6 X 10~9 9.4 X 10~9 4.5 X 10~8 4.5 X 10~8 5.2 X 10~8 5.8X10- 8 6.9 X 10~8

201, 278)

C6H6NOs

p-Nitrophenol

(367) (367) (226) (363) (363) (173) (226,278,363); Cf. (26, 201, 234)

C6H6N03 C6H6NO3S C 6 H 6 NO4 C 6 H 6 N0 4 C 6 H 5 NO 4 C6H5N04S CeHoNOoS C6H5N3O3 C 6 H 5 N 3 O5

2-(a)-Pyrrylglyoxylic acid .. Thienyl-sî/n-ketoximecarboxylic acid Comenamic acid 2-Nitroresorcinol 4-Nitroresorcinol 2-Methylthiazole-4, 5-dicarboxylic acid ra-Nitrobenzenesulfonic acid p-Nitrobenzenediazonium hydroxide 2-Amino-4, 6-dinitrophenol

35 40 50 25

0.03-0.004 0.04-0.008 0.04K).008 0.016-0.001

437 465 516 383

9 X 10~8 1.02X10" 7 1.26X10™7 [9.5 X 10-']

(226) (363) (363) (7)

25 25 25 25

0.016-0.001 0.002-0.0005 0.003-0.0008 0.008-0.001

378 380 379 379

4.95 X 10~3 2.4 X 10~4 1.3X10~ 5 I.IXIO"5

(244) (446) (26) (26,66)

25 25 0-65

0.01-0.0025 0.03-0.001 0 . 03-0 . 0005

382 (?)

6.5 X 10~2 Ao.os = 348

(49) (434) (6, i o, e 1 1 )

0 25 0-65

0.016-0.002 0.002-0.0005 0.002-0.0005

139 377

[8 X 10~5] 4.8 X 10~5

(166) (526) (526)

(T-Table.—The (T -Arrangement.— (Continued) Electrolyte Formula CeHoAsNOs C6H6AsN06 CeHeAsNOj CeHeAsNOe C6H6BrN08S C6H6BrN03S C6H6BrN03S C6H6C1N04S C6H6IN03S C6H6IN03S C6H6INO3S C6H6INO3S C6H6INO3S C6H6IN03S C6H6IN03S C6H6IN03S C6H6N2O C6H6N2O2 C6H6N2O2 C6H6N202 C6H6N202 C6H6N202

Name o-Nitrophenylarsonic acid w-Nitrophenylarsonic acid p-Nitrophenylarsonic acid 3-Nitro-4-hydroxyphenylarsonic acid 2-Bromoaniline-5-sulfonic acid. . . . 4-Bromoaniline-2-sulfonic acid. . . . 4-Bromoaniline-3-sulfonic acid. . . . 4-Amino-2-chlorophenolsulfonic acid 4-Iodoaniline-2-sulf onic acid 5-Iodoaniline-2-sulfonic acid. . . . . . 6-Iodoaniline-2-sulfonic acid 4-Iodoaniline-3-sulfonic acid 5-Iodoaniline-3-sulfonic acid 6-Iodoaniline-3-sulf onic acid 2-Iodoaniline-4-sulf onic acid 3-Iodoaniline-4-sulf onic acid Benzenediazonium hydroxide o-Quinonedioxime p-Quinonedioxime o-Diazophenol p-Diazophenol Phenylnitroamine

C6H6N402 CeHeNÔa C6H60

Phenylnitrosohydroxylamine 2-Amino-4-nitrophenol Dimethylalloxan Benzenesulfonitroamide 3-Nitroaniline-6-sulfonic acid 6-Methyl-2, 3-triazo-4-hydroxy-7, 0"-pyridazine N-Dicyanodisuccinamide a-Methyluric acid Phenol

C6H602 C6H6O2

Hydroquinol Pyrocatechol

C6H602

Resorcinol

C6H6N202 C6H6N203 C6H6N204 C6H6N2O4S C6H6N205S C6H6N40

t, °C

c-Range

A0

/b(or Ac) 4

Lit.

25 25 25

0.016-0.001 0.016-0.001 0.016-0.001

373 373 374

3.5 X 10~ 1.32X1Q- 3 1.37X1Q- 3

(185,355) (356) (355)

25 25 25 25

0.016-0.001 0.014-0.0009 0.016-0.001 0.016-0.001

373 380 380 380

8.1 X 10~4 1 X 10~2 1.6X10' 2 7.1 X 10~4

(356) (102,436) (436) (102,436)

25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 0 25 25 25 25 1 10 18 25 0 25 25 0 25

0.008-0.001 0.008-0.001 0.008-0.001 0.016-0.001 0.016-0.001 0.016-0.001 0.016-0.008 0.03-0.001 0.004-0.001 0.03-0.002 0.002-0.001 0.00125 0.03-0.016 0.03-0.016 0.02-0.001 0.002-0.001 0.02-0.001 0.008-0.001 0.008-0.002 0.005-0.0012 0.03-0.001 0.025-0.003 0.016-0.002

378 380 380 380 380 380 380 380 380 142 380 (?) (?) (?) 250 298 340 378 246 379 (?) (?) 381

8.05 X IO"5 Ao.ooa = 289.6 Ao.oos = 309.5 Ao.oie = 340 7.0 X 10~4 2.0 X 10~3 Ao.oie = 242 A0.03 = 267 A0.oo4 = 228 1.21=10- 3 1.8X1Q- 7 Ao.ooi25 = 0.25 A0.03=0.9 A0.03 = 1.4 1.2X10- 5 1.5X1Q- 5 1.7X10" 5 2.2 X IO"5 4 X 10~6 2.5 X 10~7 A0.o3=8.0 Ao.o25 = 228 8 X 10~3

(165) (102) (i<>2) (102) (102) (102) (102) (i°2) (102) (144) (238) (i«0) (236) (236) (171) (171) (171) (227) ; c/. (31) (22?) (26) (557) (43) (165)

25 25 [25] 18 25

0.004-0.001 0.006-0.0008 0.00027 0.1 0.12-0.03

379 376 (?) 340 383

1.7X1Q- 5 [6 X 10~s] [2 X IO"6] 1.3 X IO"10 1.06 X 10~10

("*) (26) (52) (589) ( 3 H);c/. (26,

25 25

0.5-0.06 0.12-0.03

383 383

A0.06 = 0.013 3.2 X IO"10

( 82 );c/. (26) (82, 44i) ;c /.

0

0.12-0.03

247

3 X 10~7

(82, 226) ; c /.

25

0.12-0.03

383

6 X 10~7

(82, 226) ; c/.

40

0 . 03-0 . 008

464

3 . 5 X IO"6

(82, 226); cf,

18 25 30 25 25 25 25 0-65

0.03-0.002 0.03-0.001 0.03-0.001 0.25 0.12-0.008 1.0-0.005 0.03-0.001 0.12-O.0005

342 382 410 381 381 381 (?)

A0.03 = 222 A0.os = 242 Ao.os = 249 Ao.o25 = 0.32 A0.oe = 0.06 AO.OG == 0.056 Ao.os = 348

(15) (15) (15) (66) (82) ;c /. (26) (26,82,376) (434) (6io, 611)

25 0 25

0.016-0.001 0.06-0.0003 0.04-0.001

382 (?) 378

5.75 X 10~4 Ao.06 = 173 1.33X1Q- 3 1.54 X IO-3

(«3) (387) (577) (582) (45,525)

82, 226)

(26) (26) (26) (26)

CeHeOzS

Benzenesulfinic acid

C6H603 C6H603 C6H6O3 CeHeOsS

1, 2, 4-Trihydroxybenzene . . Phloroglucinol Pyrogallol Benzenesulf onic acid

C6H6O4

s^m.-Methyltrimethenyldiearboxylic acid Phenolsulf onic acid Aconitic acid

CeHeO^ C6H606

0-35

0.04-0.0005

C-Table,—The C-Arrangement.— (Continued) Electrolyte Formula CeHeOe CßHeOeSz C6He06S2 CeH6O6S2

C6H607S2 CeHeOioSs C6H7AsN2O5 C6H7AsN2O5 C6H7AsO3 C6H7AsO4 C6H7AsO5 C6H7BO2 C6H7N C6H7N C6H7N02S

|

Name Trimethylene-1, 1, 2-tricar boxy lie acid Benzene- 1, 2-disulfonic acid Benzene-1, 3-disulfonic acid Benzene-1, 4-disulfonie acid Phenoldisulfonic acid Phenoltrisulf onic acid 2-Nitro-4-aminophenylarsonic acid 3-Nitro-4-aminophenylarsonic acid Phenylarsonic acid p-Hydroxyphenylarsonic acid Resorcinolarsonie acid Phenylboric acid Aniline oj-Picoline Benzenesulf oneamide

C6H7N03 C6H7NO3S

2, 4-Dimethylthiazole-5-carboxylic acid Methyl cyanoacetoacetate 0-Anilinesulfonic acid

C6H7NO3S

ra-Anilinesulf onic acid

C6H7N03S

p-Anilinesulf onie acid

C6H7N04S C6H7N04S C6H7N3O4 C6H7N306 C6H8AsNO3 C6H8AsNO4

2-Aminophenol-4-sulfonie acid. . . . 4-Aminophenol-2-sulfonic acid. . . . Dimethylvioluric acid Dimethylnitrobarbituric acid Arsanilic acid 3-Hydroxy-4-aminophenylarsonic acid p-Phenylenediarsonic acid Propyl cyanonitrosoacetate 5, 5-Dimethylbarbituric acid 5-Ethylbarbituric acid o-Phenylenediamine-3-sulfonic acid Dihydroresorcinol Sorbic acid Hydroxymethyleneacetylacetone . . Pentic acid Allylmalonic acid

C6H7NO2S

t, °C

C6H804 C6H804 C6H804 C6H804 C6H804 C6H804

A«, ß-Dihydromuconic acid Aß, 7-Dihydromuconic acid Dimethylmaleic acid Ethylf umaric acid Ethylmaleic acid Tetramethylene-1, 1-dicarboxylic acid

A0

fc(or

Ac)

Lit.

25 25 25 25 0 0 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 0 25

0.03-0.008 0.125-0.0005 0.125-0.002 0.125-0.001 0.06-0.0003 0.06-0.0003 0.004-0.002 0.016-0.001 0.016-0.001 0.016-0.001 0.016-0.001 0.125 0.3-0.002 0.09-0.003 0.016 0.03-0.001

377 380 380 380 (?) (?) 372 372 375 375 374 (?) (?) 237 (?) (?)

8.8 X 10~3 A0.03 = 341 A0.03 = 359 A0.os = 361 Ao.o6 = 322 Ao.06 = 470 8.4 X IO"5 3.2 X IO'4 2.5 X 10~4 1.5X10" 4 6.2 X IO"5 Ao.i 25 = 0 1 3 A0.02 = 0.17 [4 X IO"8] A0.oi6 = 0.17 Ao.os = 0.98

(578) (i«4) O 64 ) (164) (387) (387) (355) (356) (185,355) (355) (356) (538) (103); c/. (44) (207) (222) (504)

25 25 25 0-35 25 0-65 25

0.004-0.0005 0.016-0.001 0.016-0.001 0.03-0.0005 0.016-0.001 0.03-0.0005 0.03-0.001

382 382 382

1.15X10" 4 8.2 X 10~4 3.25 X IO"3

382

1.82X10™4

382

5. 70 X HT4 6.10X10™4

(49) (213) (102, 436) (525) (102,436) (525,609) (102,436) (622)

0-65

C6H8As2O6 C6H8N2O3 C6H8N203 C6H8N2O3 C6H8N2O3S C6H802 C6H802 C6H803 C6H803 C6H804

c-Range

0.03-0.0005

(525,608,609)

25 25 25 24.5 25 25

0.016-0.0005 0.004-0.001 0.03-0.002 0.03-0.001 0.016-0.001 0.002-0.001

379 379 378 376 373 373

9.25 X IO"5 (102, 165) 8.15 X IO"6 (102, 165) 1.55X10" 5 (379) A0.03 = 334 (276) 5.7 X 10~& (185,356) 7 X 10~5 (355)

25 25 25 25 25 25 25 2.6 25 25 0-65 25 25 25 25 25

0.016-0.001 0.016-0.001 0.016 0.016 0.02-0.0007 0.06-0.001 0.008-0.001 0.03-0.004 0.03-0.001 0.03-0.001 0.12-0.0005 0.015-0.0001 0.016-0.001 0.016-0.001 0.03-0.001 0.03-0.001

372 379 381 381 378 380 382 257 380 382

2.6 X HT3 2.28X10~5 7.2 X 10~8 3.8 X 10~& 4.8 X IO"5 5.5 X 10~6 1. 70X10-« 1.7X1Q-6 8.6 X 10~ft 1. 51X10-»

380 380 380 380 380

(356) (410) (624) (624) (436) (508) (436) (124) (569) (577) (526) [2 X HT4] (524) 1.00 X 10~4 (52 4); c/. (493) 1 . 1 X H T 4 (577) 9.2 X HT4 (569, 577) 2.31 X 10~3 (577)

25

0.06-0.001

380

8.17 X 10~4

25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25

0.05-0.0014 0.02-0.0012 0.03-0.001 0.03-0.001 0.06-0.001 0.06-0.001 0.06-0.001 0.03-0.001

378 378 381 379 380 379 379 380

4.73 X 10~4 (582) 1.1X10" 8 (582) 3.49 X 10~4 (9) 5.05 X 10~4 (») 6.7 X IO"0 (i«6) 1.28X10" 4 (iW) 1.38X10" 4 (192) 9.3 X HT4 (55, 170, 577)

25

(?)

380

6.6X10-0

(582); cf. (524, 534)

C6H804 C6H804 C6H804 C6H804 C6H804 C6H804 C6H804 C6H804 C6H804

Monoethyl f umarate Monoethyl maleate a-Monomethyl mesaconate ß-Monomethyl mesaconate a-Methyleneglutaric acid cis-ß-Methylglutaconic acid Zrans-ß-Methylglutaconic acid Methylitaconic acid cis-Tetramethylene-1, 2-dicarboxylic acid

(447)

(T-Table.—The € -Arrangement.— (Contin ued)

Electrolyte

C6H8O6 C6H8O6 C6H806

Name Zrans-Tetramethylene-1, 2-dicarboxylic acid Z-Acetylmalic acid Propenyltricarboxylic acid Tricarballylic acid

C6H807

Citric acid

Formula C6H804

|

t, °C

c-Range

A0

k(or Ac)

Lit.

25 25 25

(?) 0.06-0.001 0.03-0.001

380 378 378

2.8XHT5 2.35 X 10~3 2.99 X 10~3

25

0.06-0.001

378

2.15 X 10~4

(24,98,578,582)

0-65 25 0-65

0.12-0.0005 0.06-0.001 0.12-0.0005

378

8.0 X 10~4

(45, eio, eii) (578,582) (45, 159, 198,

(447) (283) (578)

211, 353, 395, 472, 525, 609)

C6H807 C6H9AsN2Os C6H9Br04 C6H9BrO4 C 6 H 9 NO C6H9N04

d-Saccharolactonic acid o-Phenylenediaminearsonic acid. . . a-Ethylbromosuccinic acid ß-Ethylbromosuccinic acid Methylpyridinium hydroxide Ethyl isonitrosoacetoacetate

C6H9N06 C6H9NO5 C6H9N302 C6H9N302

Monoethyl a-oximinosuccinate. . . . Monoethyl ß-oximinosuceinate. . . . Histidine C-Methyl-TV-ethylosotriazolecarboxylic acid

C6H10N20 C6H10N206 C6-HioO2 CeHioO2 CeHioO2 CeHioO2 C6.tïioO2

C6HioO2 CeHioO2 CeHioO 2 CeHioO2 CeHioO 2 CeHioO2 CeHioO2 CeHioOa

Isovalerylcyanamide j8, ß-Dinitrocaproic acid Divinylglycol «, ß-Hexenic acid j8, 7-Hexenic acid 7, o-Hexenic acid 5, e-Hexenie acid a-Methyl-a, ß-pentenic acid a-Methyl-/3, 7-pen tenie acid a-Methyl-7, o-pentenic acid ß-Methyl-a, ß-pentenic acid ß-Methyl-ß, 7-pentenic acid Pentamethylenecarboxylic acid . . . Trimethylacrylie acid Ethyl acetoacetate

25.1 25 25 25 25 0 18 25 35 40 25 25 25

0.12-0.001 0.016-0.001 0.03-0.002 0.03-0.002 0.03-0.004 0.06-0.016 0.06-0.016 0.06-0.016 0.06-0.016 0.06-0.016 0.03-0.001 0.03-0.008 0.03-0.001

380 372 381 381 (?) 247 350 388 447 476 380 380 (?)

1.3X10~3 2.3 X 10~6 4 . 1 X KT3 5.2 X 10~3 Ao.03 = 213 4.1X10~8 7.3 X 10~8 8.7 X HT8 1.1X10" 7 1.2X10" 7 1.88X10" 4 5.2 X 10~3 A0.o3=3.7

(398) (356) (577) (577) (241) («i) (4ii) (411,498) (4ii) (4H) (244) (244) (304)

20 0-40 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 1 25

0.004 0.004 0.02-0.0007 0.008-0.0005 0.75-0.5 0.06-0.001 0.06-0.001 0.06-0.001 0.06-0.001 0.06-0.008 0.06-0.001 0.06-0.001 0.03-0.001 0.06-0.001 0.05-0.0012 0.009-0.0005 0.06-0.001 0.06-0.001

(?)

Ao.oo4 = 77.9

376 376 (?) 380 380 380 380 380 380 380 380 380 378 379 247 383

1. 36X10-* 6.84 X 10~4 Ao.5 = 0.024 1. 88X10-* 2.63 X IO"5 1.73X10-* 1. 90X10-* I.OOXIO"5 2.99 X 10~5 2.15 X 10~5 7.5 X 10~6 3.0 X HT5 1.20X10" 5 3.8 X HT5 1.6X10- 8 4.4 X IO"8

(429) (429) (26) (436) (65) (19°) (190) ; c/. (436) (i»0) (i»0) (190,436) (i»0) (ISO) (187) (187) (525.2,635) (550) (431) (43i) ; c/. (213,

35 25 25 25 25

0.06-0.001 0.06-0.0005 (?) 1.0-0.016 0.03-0.001

441 379 (?) 378 378

5.3 X 10~8 2.16 X 1Q-5 3.03 X IO"5 3.4 X 10~2 3.63 X 10~5

(431) (508) (61) (83) (138, 436, 524,

379

3.25 X 10~5 7.8 X 10~5

(86) (20, 49, 95, 451,

379

8.2 X 10~5 1.36X10~ 4

(561) (139)

569)

CeHioOs CeHioOs CeHioOs CeHioO4

7- Acetobutyric acid /3-Acetoisobutyric acid Trimethylpyruvic acid Adipic acid

565)

CeHioO4

as2/m.-Dimethylsuccinic acid

25

0.03-0.0005

577)

CeHioO4

s^w.-attta'-Dirnethylsuccinic acid . .

25

0.03-0.001

X IO'4

(95, 577, 631)

1.28 X 10~4 2.04 X 10~4

( 84 );c/. (sei) (49, 139); c/.

1.20

CeHioO4

sî/ra.-p-Dimethylsuccinic acid

25

0.03-0.0006

379

(561) 1.87

CeHi0O4 CeHio04

Ethylsuccinic acid Methylethylmalonic acid

25 25

0.03-0.001 0.09-0.0007

379 380

X IO"4

8.3 X 10~5 1.61X10~ 8

(84,95, 451,577, 631)

(49, 577) (49,577)

<£-Table.— The <£ -Arrangement.— (Continued) Electrolyte Formula CeHioO* CeHioCh CeHio04 CeHio04 CeHioO4 CeHioO4 CeHioOe CeHioO^ C elî 10048 CeHioC^S C eH ioO4S CeHioC^S CeHloO4S2 CeHloO4S2 C6HlflO4S2 CeHioC^Sa

C6H10O4Se C6HioO4Se CeHioOo CeHioOo CeHioOeS CeHioOeS CeHioO6S2 CeHioOs CeHioOs C6HiuO8S2

CeHnNOs C 6 HiiN0 3 C 6 HuN04 C 6 HnN04 CeHiiNO* CeHnNaO* CeHnOyP CeH^HgsOo C6H12N4 CeHi2O2 OeHi2O2

|

Name Methylethylmalonicacid. — (Cont'd) a-Methylglutaric acid ß- Methylglut arie acid Propylmalonic acid Isopropylmalonic acid Monomethyl pyrotartaric acid . . . . Monoethyl succhiate Monoethyl isosuccinate a-Thiodilactylic acid (a-modification) a-Thiodilactylic acid (ß-modification) ß-Thiodilactylic acid Thio-a-lactylhydracrylic acid a-Dithiodilactylic acid. . . /3-Dithiodilactylie acid Ethylenethioglycolic acid a-Trithiodilactylic acid Selenodilactylic acid (a acid, M. P., 145°) Selenodilactylic acid (6 acid, M. P., 109°) Saccharic acid anhydride Isosaccharic acid anhydride a, a'-Diethylsulfonedicarboxylic acid ß, ß'-Diethylsulfonediearboxylie acid Ethylenesulfoxyacetic acid Mucic acid ^-Saccharic acid Ethylenesulf oneacetic acid a-Oximinoisohexoic acid a-Oximino-n-hexoic acid ß-Monoethyl aminosuccinate Ethylaminosuccinic acid Nitrocaproic acid Ethyl 4-methyl-l, 2-dihydroxy-l, 2, 5-triazole-3-carboxylate Mannide phosphoric acid Trimercurydiacetone hydroxide. . . Hexamethylenetetramine Isobutylacetic acid Caproic acid

t, °C

c-Range

A0

A; (or Ac)

0-65 25 25 25 25 0-65 25 25 25

0.12-0.0005 0.03-0.001 0.03-0.001 0.06-0.001 0.07-0.001 0.03-0.0005 0.05-0.006 0.05-0.002 0.06-0.002

25

Lit.

378 378 382 382

5.2 X 10~5 5.9 X IO"5 1.09 X 10~3 1. 24X10-»

377 376 376

3.85 X 10~5 3.01 X 10~5 3.85 X 10~4

(526) (49, 391, 577) (525.2, 577) (49, 390, 577) (49,390,577) ( 5 26) (i«0) (582) (582)

0.06-0.001

382

4.9 X 10~4

(357)

25 25 25 25 25 25 25

0.06-0.001 0.06-0.001 0.06-0.001 0.06-0.001 0.004-0.001 0.06-0.001 0.06-0.001

382 382 382 382 382 382 382

4.3 X 10~4 7.7 X 10~5 2.1X10'4 8.9 X 10~4 8.9 X 10~5 4.0 X 10~4 7.9XHT4

(357) (357) (357) (357) (357) (552) (357)

25

0.02-0.0007

376

4.2 X 10~4

(134)

25 25 25

0.02-0.0007 0.03-0.008 0.03-0.008

376 382 382

3.8 X 10~4 1.2X10~ 6 1.7X10~6

(«4) (569) (569)

25

0.06-0.001

383

1. 01X10-»

(357,359)

25 25 25 25.2 25 25 25 25 25 25

0.008-0.001 0.03-0.001 0.016-0.001 0.12-0.001 0.016-0.001 0.06-0.004 0.03-0.008 0.013-0.0008 0.03-0.001 0.016-0.0005

383 380 378 380 380 377 377 378 378 378

2.3 X 10~4 A0.03 = 151 6.1 X 10~4 1.0X10' 3 Ao.oie = 253 5.5 X 10~4 6.5 X 10~4 6.7 X 10~6 3.39 X 10~4 1.20X10" 4

(357) ( 55 2) (378) (398); cf, (432) (552) (265) (265) ( f i oi) (371) (436)

18 25 18 [18] 25 25

0.04-0.008 0.125-0.002 0.004-0.002 0.5-0.03 0.03-0.001 0.04-0.001

342 381 (?) 199 378 379

6.1X10" 3 (174) A 0 .m = 208 ( 12 °) A 0 .oo4 = 0.02 (i«) 1.5X10- 8 (462) 1.47 X 10~5 (S3, 200) 1.40X1Q- 8 (53, 163,

200,

436)

25 25 25 25

C6H1202 C6H1202 C6H12O2 CeHi2O2

Isocaproic acid Cyclohexane-1, 2-diol (M. P. 99°). Cyclohexane-1, 2-diol (M. P. 104°) Diethylacetic acid

CeHi2O2 CeHi2Oa C6H1203

25 Dimethylethylacetic acid 25 Isobutoxy acetic acid 25 ft-Butoxyacetic acid 25 7-Ethoxybutyric acid «-Hydroxy-a, ß, ß-trimethylpro[25] pionic acid ß-Hydroxy-a, ß, jS-trimethylpro25 pionic acid 25 5-Methoxyvaleric acid Paracetaldehyde 15 25 Trimethylethylenelactic acid Rhamnose 25

0.04-0.002 1.0-0.5 1.0-0.5 0.03-0.0008

379 (?) (?) 379

1. 45X10-« (i") Ai.o = 0.012 (74) Ai.o = 0.004 ( 74 ) 1.98 X 10~5 (53, 525.2, 579)

0.03-0.001 (?) (?) (?)

379 (?) (?) (?)

9.4 X 10~6 (S3) 2.14X10- 4 (438) 4 2.19X10- (438) 2.00 X 10-* (438)

(?)

1.13X10-4

1.85

CeHÔa

CeHÔa CeHijjOa CeHÔa

C6H1203 CeHi2Oa C6H1205

(?) 0.05-0.0016 (?) 0.5-0.016 0.03-0.001 0.5

377 (?) (?) 377 (?)

X 10-5

(200, 558)

(448)

3.4 X HT5 (448,550) 1.91 X 10-5 (438) Ao.o3 = Q.7 (554) 2.1 X 10~5 (550) Ao.5 = 0.10 (71)

(T-Table.—The C - Arrangement.— (Contin ned) Electrolyte Name

t, °C

c-Range

A0

/c(or Ac)

Formula C6H1206 C6H1206 C6H1206

Fructose Galactose Glucose

20

0.4

(?)

A 0 .4 = 0.05

25

1.0

(?)

Ai.o = 0.035

20

0.4-0.1

(?)

Ao.4=0.13

CeHÔe CôHiîsO? CeHi4O2 CeHuOsS C6H1403S C6Hi4O3Se C6H1406 C6H1406 C6H16N C6H16N

Mannose Gluconic acid Pinacol Diethylthetin Ethyldimethylthetiii Diethylselenetin d-Mannitol Sorbitol Dipropy lamine Triethylamine

25

0.5

25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25

0.5-0.03 0.25-0.03 0.06-0.004 0.06-0.004 0.06-0.002 0.03 2-0.06 0.12-0.004 0.12-0.004

C6H1604P C6H16OPb C6H16OS C6H16OSn C7H3Br3O2 C7H4BrClO3

25 25 25 25 25

C7H4FNO4 C 7 H 4 N 2 0«

Dipropyl phosphate Lead triethyl hydroxide Triethylsulfonium hydroxide Tin triethyl hydroxide 2, 4, 6-Tribromobenzoic acid 3-Hydroxy-2-chloro-6-bromobenzoic acid 3-Hydroxy-6-chloro-2-bromobenzoic acid 2-Nitro-3-bromobenzoic acid 3-Nitro-2-bromobenzoic acid 3-Nitro-4-bromobenzoic acid 5-Nitro-2-bromobenzoic acid 6-Nitro-3-bromobenzoic acid 2, 4-Dibromobenzoic acid Dibromogallic acid 2-Nitro-3-chlorobenzoic acid 2-Nitro-4-chlorobenzoic acid 3-Nitro-2-chlorobenzoic acid 3-Nitro-4-chlorobenzoic acid 3-Nitro-5-chlorobenzoic acid 4-Nitro-2-chlorobenzoic acid 5-Nitro-2-chlorobenzoic acid 6-Nitro-3-chlorobenzoic acid 2-Hydroxy-3, 5-dichlorobenzoic acid 6-dichlorobenzoic 3-Hydroxy-2, acid 3, 4-Dihydroxy-2, 5-dichlorobenzoic acid 3, 4-Dihydroxy-5, 6-dichlorobenzoic acid 3-Nitro-4-fluorobenzoic acid 2, 3-Dinitrobenzoic acid

C7H4N206

2, 4-Dinitrobenzoie acid

C7H4N206

2, 5-Dinitrobenzoic acid

C7H4N20«


C7H4N20A


C7H4N20«

C7H4BrNO4 C7H4BrN04 C7H4BrN04 C7H4BrNO4 C7H4BrNO4 C7H4Br2O2 C7H4Br206 C7H4C1NO4 C7H4C1NO4 C7H4C1N04 C7H4C1N04 C7H4C1N04 C7H4C1NO4 C7H4C1NO4 C7H4C1N04 C7H4C12O3 C7H4C12O3 C7H4C12O4 C7H4C12O4

(71,349,473)

("7) (71, 349, 473)

(?)

Ao.5 = 0.63

(71)

376 (?) (?) (?) (?) (?) (?) 228 231

2.5 X 10~4 A 0 .25 = 0.06 Ao.06 = 2.15 Ao.06 = 2.6 Ao.06 = 6. 3 Ao.o3 = 0.17 Ao.5 = 0.03 8.2 X 10~4 5.2 X IO""4

(") (65) ("9) ("») ("») (479) (65) (104) (104)

0.125-0.001 0.07-0.01 0.06-0.004 0.07-0.004 0.008-0.001

381 (?) 234 (?) 380

A0.03 = A0.07 = A0.06 = A0.07 = 3.8 X

(164) (509) (433) (509) (598)

25

0.007-0.0009

380

2.2 X 10~2

25

0.008-0.001

380

25

0.001

377

3.2 X 10~3

25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25

0.004-0.001 0.0014-0.0007 0.004-0.001 0.008-0.001 0.0025-0.0006 0.03-0.001 0.002-0.001 0.004-0.002 0.004-0.001 0.003-0.0006 0.002-0.0003 0.03-0.002 0.01-0.001 0.014-0.001

377 377 377 377 380 378 380 380 380 380 380 380 380 380

1.05X10" 3 4.2 X 10~4 8.5 X IO'3 1.35X10-» 2.0X1Q-3 1.17X10-» 4.0 X 10~3 9.0 X 10~3 8.1X10~3 4.4 X 10~4 7.41 X 10~4 9.9 X 10~3 6.0 X lO^3 1.35 X 10~2

(279) (323) (279) (279,436) (323) (436) (279) (49) (279) (49,490) (313) (49) (49, 279) (49, 279)

25

0.0016-0.0008

380

4.5X10"3

(135)

25

0.008-0.001

380

2.1 X 10~2

(135)

25

0.03-0.001

380

A0.03 = 49.6

(135)

25

0.016-0.001

380

0-50

C7H4BrClO3

Lit.

25

0.06

464,

(251,433)

(?)


25 40 25 0-65 25 40 25 40 25 40 25

0.01-0.0006 0.01-0.0006 0.01-0.0006 0.03-0.0005 0.01-0.0006 0.01-0.0006 0.01-0.0006 0.01-0.0006 0.01-0.0006 0.01-0.0006 0.01-0.0001

Chelidonie acid

0-65 25

0.01-0.0005 0.016-0.0005

297 3.8 210 0.29 10~2

1. 95X10-»

Ao.oie = 75.2

(135) (135)

(279)

(135)

(?)

4.33 X IO"4

380

1.3X10" 2

380

3.5 X 10~2

380

2.4 X 10~2

380

[A0.oi = 339]

380

1.59'xiO-«

380

1.55X10" 3

(Si8) (518) (518) (518, 6io, e i l ) (518) (518) (518) (518) (518) (518) (3i2) ; cf. (49,

Ao.oie = 455

(5i8,6io,6ii) (436)

(490)

518)

C7H40*

(?)

C -Table. — The
t, °C

Name

Formula C7H407

Meconic acid

C7H5Br02

o-Bromobenzoic acid

C7H5Br02

ra-Bromobenzoic acid

C7H5BrO3 C7H5Br04

C7H6C102

2-Hydroxy-5-bromobenzoic acid.. . 2, 4-Dihydroxy-?-bromobenzoic acid 2, 5-Dihydroxy-?-bromobenzoic acid Bromogallic acid 3, 4- Dibromo- 1-methyl-py rrylglyoxylic acid o-Chlorobenzoic acid

C7H6C102

ra-Chlorobenzoic acid

C7H5C102

p-Chlorobenzoic acid

C7H5C1O3 C7H5C1O3 C7H5C1O3 C7H5C103 C7H5F02 C7H5FO2 C7H5FO2 C7H5IO2

2-Hydroxy-5-chlorobenzoic 3-Hydroxy-2-chlorobenzoic 3-Hydroxy-6-chlorobenzoic 4-Hydroxy-3-chlorobenzoic o-Fluorobenzoic acid m-Fluorobenzoic acid , p-Fluorobenzoic acid o-Iodobenzoic acid

C7H6I02

m-Iodobenzoic acid

C7H5IO3 C7H5NO

o-Iodosobenzoic acid p-Cyanophenol

C7H6NO3S

o-Benzoic sulfimide (saccharin) . . .

C7H5N04

o-Nitrobenzoic acid

C 7 H 6 NO 4

m-Nitrobenzoic acid

C7H5Br04 C7H6Br05 C 7 H 6 Br 2 NO 3

acid. . . acid. . . acid . . . acid . . .

c-Range

25 0-65 25 0-35 25 0-35 25

0.03-0.0001 0.03-0.0005 0.008-0.001 0.008-0.0005 0.002-0.001 0.002-0.005 0.004-0.0002

25

Ao

k (or Ac)

Lit.

(?)

Ao.o3 = 450

383

1.42X10" 3

383

1.35X10" 4

381

2.40X10~3

(378,436) (6io, 611) ( 436 ) (525) (*™) (525) (313)

0.002-0.0002

380

1.03X10~ 3

(313)

25 25

0.008-0.0002 0.016-0.001

380 378

3.90 X 10~3 5.8 X 10~4

(313) (436)

25 25 0-99 25 0-35 25 0-35 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25-99 25 60-99 25 0 25 35 25 36.5 10 15 20 25 30 0-99

0.004-0.001 0.016-0.0002 0.008-0.0005 0.004-0.001 0.002-0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.003-0.0008 0.004-0.001 0.016-0.001 0.008-0.001 0.004-0.001 0.016-0.001 0.004-0.001 0 . 006-0 . 0008 0.002-0.001 0.0008-0.0004 0.002-0.0014 0.004-0.001 0.03-0.004 0.03-0.004 0.03-0.004 0.006-0.0016 0.4-0.00003 0.03-0.006 0.03-0.006 0.04-0.009 0.03-0.0002 0.04-0.01 0.03-0.0005

380 382.5

[A0.oo2 = 367] 1.28 X 10~3

383

1. 52X10-*

383

9.1 X IO"5

381 381 381 381 382 382 382 382

1 .95X10-« 1. 36X10-» 1. 38X10-* 5.6 X 10~5 3.15X10" 4 1.34X10" 4 1.35X10" 4 1 . 29 X 10"3

382

1.6X10" 4

382 246 383 438 380

6 X 10~7 3 X 10~7 6 X 1Q-7 8 X 10~7 3.7 X 10~3

297 326 354 382 410

8.2 7.6 7.1 6.4 5.9

(7) (312, 436) (506,610,611) (436) (525) (436) (525) (135) (135) (135) (135) (521) (436,521) (521); c/. (490) (i 4) (506) («) (506) (14) (226) (226) (226) (255) (374) (425) (425) (425) (312,425,436) (425) ("2, 299, soe,

0 20 25

0.01-0.0016 0.01-0.0016 0.016-0.001

244 353 381

30 35 40 45 50 0-99 25 0-65 25 25 25 25 25 25

0.01-0.0016 0.01-0.0016 0.01-0.0016 0.01-0.0016 0.01-0.0016 0.008-0.0005 0.004-0.001 0 . 002-0 . 0005 0.016-0.004 0.008-0.002 0.008-0.001 0.016-0.0005 0.008-0.001 0.004-0.0005

410 438 464 487 510

2.76 X 10~4 3.09 X IO"4 3.16 X 10~4 3.38 X IO"4 3.16 X 10~4 3.14 X 10~4 3.14 X 10~4 3.14 X 10~4 3.13X10- 4

381

3.88 X 10~4

381 381 381 - 381 381 381

2.95 X 1QT8 5.8 X 10~3 4.1 X 10~3 5.6 X 10~3 2.05 X 10~3 1.45X10~3

X X X X X

10~3 10~3 10~3 10~3 10~3

611)

C 7 H 5 NO 4

p-Nitrobenzoic acid

C 7 H & NO 4 C7H5NO4 C7H5NO4 C7H5N04 C7H6NO4 C 7 H 5 N0 4

Pyridine-2, Pyridine-2, Pyridine-2, Pyridine-2, Pyridine-3, Pyridine-3,

-

3-dicarboxylic acid . . . . 4-dicarboxylic acid. . . . 5-dicar boxy lie acid. . . . 6-dicarboxylic acid . . . . 4-dicarboxylic acid . . . . 5-dicarboxylic acid . . . .

(172) (172) (172) (436) (172) (172) (172) (172) (172) (299,506,611) (436) (6 1 o, e 1 1 ) (436) (436,556) (436) (556) (436) (436)

(T-Table.—The (L - Arrangement.— (Continued) Electrolyte Formula C7H5N05 C7H5N05 C7H6N05 C7H5N05 C7H5N307 C7H6BrNO2 C7H6BrN02 C7H6C1N02 C7H6C1N02 C7H6N202S C7H6N204 C7H6N2O4 C7H6N2O4 C7H602

|

Name Ammonchelidonic acid a-Hydroxyisocinchomeronic acid . 3-Nitro-2-hydroxybenzoic acid. . . 5-Nitro-2-hydroxybenzoic acid . . . . 2, 4, 6-Trinitro-ra-eresol ft-p-Bromophenymitromethane. . .. Iso-p-bromophenylni tromethane .... 3-Amino-2-chlorobenzoic acid 3-Amino-6-chlorobenzoic acid Benzenesulfonecyanamide 3-Amino-5-nitrobenzoic acid m-Nitrophenylnitromethane (NO2.C6H4.CH.NO.OH) m-Nitrophenylnitromethane (NO2.C6H4.CH2.NO2) Benzoic acid

t, °C

c-Range

A0

k(or Ac)

Lit.

25 25 25 25 25 0 0 25 25 25 25

0.006-0.0007 0.008-0.001 0.008-0.001 0.004-0.001 0.008 0.0004 0.003 0.016-0.001 0.016-0.001 0.009-0.001 0.01-0.0004

(?) 381 381 381 382 (?) (?) 378 378 376 380

Ao.ooe = 391 1. 60X10-» 1.5 X 10~2 7.8 X 10~3 AO.OOS = 352 [A0.ooo4 = 2.5] AO.OOS = 24 6 X 10~4 7 X 10~5 1.27X1Q- 5 2.0 X 10~4

(436) (436) (378, 436) (378) ; cf. (436) (314) (249) (249) (277) (32) ( 26 ) (49)

25

0.003-0.0025

(?)

[A0.oo25 = 70]

25 0 20 25

0.0016 0.001-0.001 0.02-0.001 0.02-0.001

(?) 244 353 383

Ao.0016 = 6 5.7 X 10~4 6.16 X 10~4 5.86 X IO'4 6.15 X IO"4

(342) (172) (172) (436) ( 172 );c/. ( 376 >

30 35 40 45 50 0-99

0.02-0.001 0.02-0.001 0.02-0.001 0.02-0.001 0.02-0.001 0.06-0.0005

410 438 464 487 511

6.14 X 10~4 6.14X1Q- 4 6.12X10' 4 6.09 X IO'4 6.05 X 10~4

(i ? 2) ("2) (172) ("2) (172) (45,47,126,

(3 42); c/. (275)

451, 457, 528)

178, 273, 328, 506, 609)

C7H6O2 C7H602

Salicylaldehyde w-Hydroxybenzaldehyde

25 25

0.03-0.004 0.06-0.016

383 383

1.53X10- 6 3.5 X 10~6

( 204 ); cf. (441) (204)

C7H6O2

p-Hydroxybenzaldehyde

25

0.06-0.002

383

C7H603 C7H603 C7H603

2, 4-Dihydroxybenzaklehyde 2, 5-Dihydroxybenzaldehyde 3, 4-Dihydroxybenzaldehyde

25 25 25

0.008-0.001 0.008-0.001 0.12-0.0002

381 381 381

C7H6O3 C7H603 C7H603

aWo-Furfuracrylic acid Furf uracry lie acid Salicylic acid

(?) (?) 0 20 25

(?) (?) 0.01-0.0016 0.01-0.0016 0.014-0.001

(?) (?) 245 354 384

1.63X10" 6 2.2X10-8 3.52 X HT6 4.2 X 10~6 3.05 X 10~5 2.8X10-8 7.82 X HT5 3.25 X HT5 7.7 X 10~4 9.5 X 10~4 l.OOXH)-5

(204) (441) (204) (204) (204) (441) (346) (346) (172) (172) (81,102.1,172,

35 40 45 50 0-99

0.01-0.0016 0.01-0.0016 0.01-0.0016 0.01-0.0016 0.016-0.0005

439 465 488 512

1. 00X10-« I.OOXIO"5 I.OIXIO"5 1.01X10" 5

(102.1,172) (172) (172) (172) (45, 47, 126,

0 20 25

0.01-0.0016 0.01-0.0016 0.03-0.001

244 353 383

30 35 40 45 50

0.01-0.0016 0.01-0.0016 0.01-0.0016 0.01-0.0016 0.01-0.0016

410 438 464 487 511

7.1 X 10~5 7.61 X 10~5 8.54 X IO"5 7.74 X IO"5 7.65 X 10~5 7.60 X 10~5 7.52 X 10~5 7.45 X HT5 7.38 X IO"6

(172) (172) (436) (81, 172) ("2) (172) (172) (172) (172)

i.oxio- 8

( 441 )

313, 376, 436)

506, 526, 609)

C7H6O3

m-Hydroxybenzoic acid

0-65

C7H6O3

p-Hydroxybenzoic acid

25

0.03-0.0005 0.03-0.001

384

2.80X10"6

(45,47,378, 525, 609, 611^ (81, 341, 436); Cf. (378)

0-65

0.016-0.0005

(45,47,609, 611)

(T-Table.— The C-Arrangement— (Continued) Electrolyte Formula C7H604 C7H604

Name 2, 3-Dihydroxybenzoic acid 2, 4-Dihydroxybenzoic acid

t, °C

c-Range

25 25

0.016-0.0005 0.016-0.0005

0-65 25 0-35 25 25 25 19.8 25 25 25 25

0 . 008-0 . 0005 0.016-0.0005 0.008-0.0005 0.016-0.001 0.03-0.001 0.03-0.001 0.016 0.008-0.001 0.007-0.0008 0.004-0.0005 0.03-0.001

A0 383 383

fc(or

Ac)

1.12XK)- 3 5.05 X 10~*

Lit. ( 436 ) (81, 313, 436, 540)

C7H604

2, 5-Dihydroxybenzoic acid

C7H604 C7H604 C7H604 C7H604 C7H604 C7H6O4 C7H6O5

2, 6-Dihydroxybenzoic acid 3, 4-Dihydroxybenzoic acid 3, 5-Dihydroxybenzoic acid Gallic aldehyde Hydroxyhydroquinol aldehyde . . . . Phloroglucinol aldehyde Pyrogallol aldehyde Gallic acid

C7H605 C7H606 C.KUOsS

Phloroglucinolcarboxylic acid Pyrogallolcarboxylic acid o-Sulf obenzoic acid

C7H605S

ra-Sulf obenzoic acid

C7H60BS C7H6O6S

p-Sulf obenzoic acid 5-Sulfosalicylic acid

C7H7Br2NO8S C7H7NO

3, 5-Dibromo-2-toluidine-4-sulfonic acid Benzamide

C7H7NO C7H7NO2

Formanilide o-Aminobenzoic acid

C7H7NO2

ra-Aminobenzoic acid

C7H7NO2

p-Aminobenzoic acid

C7H7NO2

Benzhydroxamic acid

C7H7N02 C7H7NO3 C7H7N03 C7H7NO3 C7H7NO3

6-Nitroso-ra-cresol 1-Methylpyrrylglyoxylic acid 2-Methylpyrrylketone-5-carboxylic acid 4-Nitrosoorcinol (red isomer) . . . . 4-Nitrosoorcinol (yellow isomer) . .

C7H7NO3 C7H7NO4S C7H7N04S(-H20?) C7H7NO4S

C7H604

383 383 383 383 (?) 381 381 381 383

(6 1 o, e 1 1 ) 1.06 X KT8 ( 81 > 313, 436 ) (610) 5 X 10~2 (436) 3.1 X 10~5 (66,378,436) 8.9 X IO"5 (436) A0.oi6 = 1.25 (484) 1 . 7 7 X H T 6 (204) 4.25 X IO"6 (204) 1. 12X10-* ( 204 ) 5 3.8 X 10~ (436) 3.4 X 10~5 (376)

0-65

0.016-0.0005

25 25 25 0-35 25 0-35 25 25 0-65

0.03-0.001 0.016-0.001 0.03-0.0005 0.03-0.0005 0.09-0.0014 0.002-0.0005 0.015-0.0004 0.03-0.0005 0.03-0.0005

383 1.9X10" 2 383 5.3 X 10~4 [379] Ao.oi = 376

(66,525,609)

25 25 0-40 25 25 0-45 25 0-35

0.016-0.002 0.016-0.001 0.016 0.10-0.006 0.016-0.0005 0.016-0.0005 0.016-0.001 0.016-0.0005

379 (?)

Ao.oie = 287 A0.oi6 = 1.3

380 382

5 X IO"10 AO.OIG = 7.7

382

Ao.oie = 9.9

25

0.03-0.0005

382

AO.OIG = 8.0

0-35 25 1-20 25 25

0 . 016-0 . 0005 0.03-0.015 0.016-0.008 0.008-0.001 0.03-0.001

381

7.5 X ICr7

380 382

3.5X10~7 2.6 X 10~2

(45, 609) (426) (429) (18°) (7)

25 25 25

0.025-0.0008 0.008-0.001 0.008-0.0003

380 379 379

Salicylhydroxamic acid o-Sulfaminebenzoic acid. . . . . . . . .

25 25

0.06-0.008 0.04-0.0001

381 380

Iso-p-sulf aminebenzoic acid p-Sulf aminebenzoic acid

25 25

0.03-0.001 0.006-0.0008

380 380

2.9X10"4 5.0 X IO"4 4.5 X 10~4 3.6 X IO"4 3.2 X HT4 6.3 X 10~6 2.05 X 10~3 2.25 X IO-3 A0.03 = 345 2.5 X 10-*

(7,378) (252) (180,522) (252) (261) (426) (255) ( 62 i);c/. (374) (533) ( 25 5) ; c/. (374,

o-Sulfobenzamide 2-Amino-4-sulfobenzoic acid 3-Amino-4-sulf obenzoic acid 4-Amino-2-sulfobenzoic acid 4- Amino-3-sulf obenzoic acid 5- Amino-2-sulf obenzoic acid 5- Amino-3-sulf obenzoic acid 1, 2, 4-m-Nitrotoluenesulfonic acid

0-65 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 0-35

0.002-0.0005 0.02-0.00016 0.007-0.0008 0.003-0.0008 0.007-0.0008 0.007-0.0016 0.007-0.0008 0.007-0.0008 0.12-0. 0005 0.12-0.0005

379 382 (?)

(436) (378,436) ( 525 ) (525) Ao.os = 324 (598) (525) Ao.ois = 375.5 (601) A0.03 = 355 (526) (526) (165) (553) (429) (176) (436, 58 1, 622) (45, 366, 609) (588,622) (45,436,611) (436, 588, 622)

533)

C7H7NO4S C7H7N05S C7H7NO6S C7H7NO5S C7H7N06S C7H7NO6S C7H7N05S C7H7N05S

380 380 380 380 380 380 380 379

Ao.os » 338 A0.oo67 = 312.0 Ao.oos = 340.1 Ao.ooer = 187.5 A0.oo67 = 349.1 Ao.ooe? = 214.2 A0.oo67 = 165.4 A 0 . 03 = 324

(610, eil) ( 62 i) (*6i) (161) (*61) (161) (161) (i«i) (610) } (610)

C-Table. —The (T-Arrangement. — (Continued) Electrolyte Formula C7H7N05S

Name 1, 4, 2-m-Nitrotoluenesulfonic acid

C7H8BrN03S C7H8BrN03S C7H8BrN03S C7H8INO3S C7H8N202 C7H8N202 C7H8N202

?-Bromo-2-toluidine- ?-sulf onic acid ?-Bromo-4<-toluidine-2-sulfonic acid 3-Bromo-2-toluidine-5-sulfonic acid 4-Iodo-2-toluidine-5-sulfonie acid. . p-Anisolediazonium hydroxide . . . . 3, 5-Diaminobenzoic acid ß-Nitrosobenzylhydroxylamine. . . .

C7H8N2O6S C7H8N402

2-Nitro-4-toluidine-5-sulfonic acid . 3, 7-Dimethyl-2, 6-dioxypurine. . . .

C7H80 C7H80 C7H80 C7H802 C7H802 C7H802 C7H8O2S C7H8O2S

o-Cresol w-Cresol p-Cresol 2, 6-Dimethylpyrone Guaiacol Orcinol o-Toluenesulfmic acid p-Toluenesulfinic acid

C7H803

2, 4-Dimethylfurfurane-3-carboxylic acid o-Anisolesulfinic acid Benzylsulf onic acid p-Toluenesulfonic acid

C7H803S C7H803S C7H803S

t} °C

c-Range

Ao

A; (or Ac) A0.03 = 372

Lit.

25 0-65 25 25 25 25 0 25 0 25 25 18 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 18 25 30

0.12-0.0005 0.12-0.0005 0.004-0.0005 0.016-0.0005 0.03-0.001 0.004-0.0002 0.008-0.002 0.03-0.0018 0.002 0.002 0.008-0.0002 0.0016-0.0008 0.0016-0.0008 0.05-0.03 0.05-0.006 0.07-0.009 0.03-0.002 0.04-0.005 0.04-0.005 0.03-0.001 0.03-0.001 0.03-0.001 0.03-0.001

379

378 A0.0o4 - 169.7 378 4.2 X 10~3 379 A 0 . 03 = 302 379 . [A0.oo4 - 132] 137 Ao.oos = 116 379 5 X 10~6 (?) 5.8 X 10-« (?) 6.5 X IO"6 379 Ao.oos - 322 336 Ao.ooie-1.0 375 A0.ooi6 = 1.7 382 4.2 X 10~8 382 1.7X10-» 382 I.IXIO"8 233 6 X 10~9 383 A0.04 = 0.4 382 A0.oi = 0.5 379 A0.03 = 210 339 A0.03 = 181 379 A0.03 = 213 407 A0.03 = 223

(611) («») (165) (165) (165) (165) (166) (49) (227) (227) (165) (439) (439) (26) (26) (26) (572) (26) (26) (15) (15) (15) (15)

25 25 25 25

0.002-0.001 0.03-0.001 0.12-0.001 0.20-0.0005

381 379 379 380

1. 09X10-« A0.03 = 208 A0.03 = 363 A0.03 = 358

( i83 ) (15) (143) (143, 145, 312,

0-65 25 25

0.03-0.0005 0.03-0.001 0.03-0.008

380 377

1.14X1Q- 4 6 X 10~3

(145, eio, sii) (514) (578)

25 25 0-55 25

0.007-0.001 0.12-0.004 0.06 0.03-0.004

379 232

1.69X10" 4 2.0 X 10~6

232

I.OXIO"7

(436) (104) (251) (414)

25

0.004-0.001

381

7.4 X 10~7

(7)

25

0.0013-0.0006

381

2 X 10~6

(7)

25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25

0.003-0.0008 0.016-0.001 0.004-0.001 0.008-0.001 0.008-0.0005 0.03-0.001 0.03-0.001 0.008-0.001 0.016-0.001 0.03-0.005 0.03-0.001 0.016-0.0005 0.03-0.0005

381 379 378 379 377 379 379 379 380 379 379 380 380

1.1X1Q- 6 6.2 X 10~4 7.0 X 10~4 2.29 X 10~5 6.52 X 10~4 2.4 X 1Q-4 7.36 X 10~4 3.50 X 10~4 7.6 X 10~4 4.00 X 10~5 8.33 X 10~4 Ao.oie = 354 Ao.oie « 90.2

(7) (213) (214) (165) (165) (102,165,436) (102, 165, 436) (165,436) (436) (102, 165) (102, 165) (165) (165)

25 25 25 12

0.002-0.0002 0.016-0.001 0.008-0.001 0.02-0.003

376 372 372 314

1 X 10~4 5.3 X IO"6 1.3X10" 4 7.5 X 10~3

(165) (356) (355) (177)

25

0.004-0.00025

376

2.10X10' 4

(165)

603)

C7H804 C7H806 C7H9BrN203S C7H9N C7H9N C7H9NO2 C7H9N02 C7H9NO2 C 7 H 9 NO 3 C7H9NOs C7H9N03S C7H9NO3S C7H9N03S C7H9NO3S C7H9NO3S C7H9NO3S C7H9N03S C7H9NO3S C7H9N06S2 C7H9NO6S2 C7H9N3O5S C7H10AsN03 C7H10AsNO3 C7HioBr2Os C7H10N203S

Pipery lenedicarboxylic acid ß, 7-Dicarboxy-T-valerolactone. . . . Bromo-2, 6-toluylenediamine-4sulfonic acid Benzylamine 2, 6-Dimethylpyridine 2, 4-Dimethylpyrrole-3-carboxylic acid 2, 4-Dimethylpyrrole-5-carboxylic acid 2, 5-Dimethylpyrrole-3-carboxylic acid Ethyl cyanoacetoacetate Methyl cyanopropionylacetate . . . . p-Aminobenzylsulf onic acid l-Methylaniline-4-sulfonic acid. . . . 2-Toluidine-4-sulfonic acid 2-Toluidine-5-sulf onic acid 3-Toluidine-2-sulfonic acid 4-Toluidine-?-sulfonic acid 4-Toluidine-2-sulfonic acid 4-Toluidine-3-sulfonic acid 2-Toluidine-3, 5-disulfonic acid.. . . 3-Toluidine-2, 4-disulfonic acid. . . . 2-Nitro-4-tolylhydrazine-5-sulfonic acid : .. o-Toluidinearsonic acid m-Toluidinearsonic acid Dibromohydroshikimic acid 2, 4-Toluylenediamine-5-sulfomc acid

(T-Table. —The C-Arrangement. — (Continued) Electrolyte Formula C7H10N203S C7HioO2 CyHioC^

C7Hio02

CrHioOs CrHioOi C7HioO4

CrHioC^ CyHioO4 C7HioO4 C7ÏïioO4

C7HioO4 C7HioO4 C7HioO4 C7HioO4 C7HioO4 C7HioO4

C7HioO4

C7HioO4

C 7 Hio04

C 7 HioO4 C7HioO4 C7HioO4 'C7HioO4

'C7HioOo C7HioO5

O7HioOö

C7HioOö C7HioO6 C7HioOe C7HioOe C7HioO6 C7HioOe C7HloO6

C7HioO6 C7HioOe C7ÎlioO6S3

C 7 H n N0 3 C 7 H U N0 4 C 7 HnN0 6 C7H12Û2 C 7 Hi 2 O2 C 7 Hi 2 O 2

C7H1202 C7H1202 C7H1203

|

Name 2, 6-Toluylenediamine-4-sulfonic acid m-Methyldihydroresorcinol A^Tetrahydrobenzoic acid: (a) Liquid phase (o) Solid phase A2-Tetrahydrobenzoic acid Hexic acid Allylsuccinic acid 1, 2-Dimethylcyclopropane-l, 2dicarboxylic acid a, a'-Dimethylglutaconic acid a-Ethylideneglutaric acid Ethylitacoriic acid Ethyl hydroxymethyleneacetoacetate

*, °C

c-Range

A0

Jc(or Ac)

25 25

0.016-0.001 0.06-0.001

379 379

4.6 X 10~5 5.6 X 10~6

( 436 ) ( 508 )

25 25 25 25 25

0.03-0.001 0.03-0.001 0.06-0.001 0.016-0.004 0.03-0.001

380 380 380 378 379

2.10 X IO"6 2.18 X 10~5 3.0 X 10~5 8.3 X 10~s 1.07X10~ 4

(l^) (™) C 13 ) ( 5 69) ( 577 )

25 25 25 25

0.04-0.005 0.03-0.001 0.03-0.001 0.06-0.001

380 378 380 378

9.90 X IO"5 1.27X10" 4 3.2 X 10~5 3.5 X 10~5

(264) (550) ( 408 ) (191)

3.7 23.5 25 25 25 25 25

0.016-0.002 0.04-0.002 0.03-0.001 0.03-0.001 0.03-0.001 0.10-0.012 0.03-0.001

262 368 378 380 379 378 379

2.3 X 10-fil 2.9 X 10~5 2.72 X IO"5 3.38 X IO"4 5.5 X 10~4 1.64X10" 4 9.4 X 10~6

(«4) (124) (615) (») (9) ( 9 2) (334,577)

378

1. 58X10-«

( 447 )

0.016-0.0009

378

1. 1 6 X H ) - «

(524,582)

0.06-0.001

378

5.2 X 10~ft

( 4 <ï°)

0.06-0.001 0.06-0.001 0.016-0.001 0.02-0.0013 0.03-0.001 0.008

378 378 379 378 378 (?)

4.9 X 10~5 5.8 X 10~5 9.1 X 10~4 1.38X10" 4 2.6 X 10~4 [Ao.008 = 12]

( 4 6°) (191) ( 577 ) (524) ( 4 36) (213)

0.02-0.0007 0.06-0.002 0.01-0.0002 0.02-0.003 0.02-0.003 0.03-0.001 0.03-0.001

379 378 323 377

5 X 10~3 4.5 X 10~5 7.1X10~Ö 1.54X10" 4

378 378

3.26 X 10~3 3.26 X 10~3

(631) ( 378 ) (l 7 7 ) ( 84 ) ( 84 ) (578) (578)

0.03-0.002 0.05-0.001 0.05-0.006 0.14-0.016 0.09-0.001 0.03-0.002 0.03-0.0015

377 376 375 375 375 378 376

4.9 X 10~3 3.15 X 10~4 4.75 X 10~4 7.5 X 10~5 9.3 X 10~5 9.1 X 10~4 8.3 X 10~5

(578) ( 98 > 578) (98) ( 98 ) ( 98 ) (281) (617)

0.06-0.001 0.012-0.00.6 0.016-0.001 0.03-0.001 0016-0.001 0.016-0.0008

(?) 378 378 378 379 378

Ao.06 = 136 7.2 X 10~4 2.1 X 10~5 3.5 X 10~5 1.5X1Q-5 1.28 X 10"«

(61 8) (233) (i 89 ) Ò 89 ) ( 494 ) (361, 525.2, 635)

0.02-0.001 0.02-0.001

378 378

1.05X10~ 5 1.90X10-*

(635) (i«0)

Hydroxypimelic acid anhydride. . . a-Monoethyl mesaconate ß-Monoethyl mesaconate Methylenedimethylsuccinic acid . . Methylethylmaleic acid cis-Pentamethylene- 1 , 2-dicarbox25 ylic acid tfrans-Pentamethylene- 1 , 2-dicar25 boxylic acid cis-Pentamethylene-1 , 3-dicarbox25 ylic acid /rans-Pentamethylene-1, 3-dicar25 boxylic acid 25 Propenylsuccinic acid 25 Propylfumaric acid 25 Teraconic acid 25Terebic acid 25 Dimethyl acetylmalonate Dimethyldihydroxyglutaric lac25 tone 25 Hydrochelidonic acid 14.1 Shikimic acid 25 Acetyl-/3-hydroxyglutaric acid 0 25 Butenyltricarboxylic acid 25 Isobutenyltricarboxylic acid ß-Dirnethylethenyltricarboxylic 25 acid /wm.-a-Methyltricarballylic acid.. . 25 waZ.-or-Methyltricarballylic acid. . . 25 25 oj-Monomethyl tricarballylate 25 j3-Monomethyl tricarballylate 25 Methinetrithioglycolic acid 25 dZ-Ecgoninic acid A7-Methylpyrrolidine-a, ar-dicar25 boxylic acid 25 Diethyl nitromalonate 25 a-Ethyl-a, /3-pen tenie acid 25 a-Ethyl-/3, 7-pentenic acid 25 a, /3-Heptenic acid 25 Hexahydrobenzoie acid l-Methylpentamethylene-2-car25 boxylic acid 25 0- Aceto valeric acid

(?)

Lit.

(T-Table.—The C-Arrangement.— (Continued) Electrolyte

Formula C7H120S

|

Name

t, °C

c-Range

I

/c(or Ac) 5

Lit.

C7H1203 C7H1204

a-Dimethyllevulinic acid a-Ethyl-jS-acetylpropionic acid . . . . ß-Methyl-7-acetylbutyric acid Butylmalonic acid

C7H1204 C7H1204

Isobutylmalonie acid Diethylmalonic acid

25 25 25 25 0-65 25 25

C7H1204

ß, ß-Dimethylglutaric acid

25

0.03-0.001

377

C7H1204

/î^m.-sî/m.-Dimethylglutaric acid.. .

25

0.03-0.0006

377

5.7 X 10~5

(19, 470, 550);

C7H1204

raaZ.-syra.-Dimethylglutaric acid.. .

25

0.03-0.0009

377

5.3 X 10~5

(19, 49, 94, 470,

C7H1204 C7H1204

25

0.02-0.0007

376

3.04 X 10~4

(582)

25

0.05-0.005

376

2.28 X 10~5

(ioo)

25

0.09-0.005

376

2.6 X 10~*

(ioo)

25

0.05-0.006

376

4.5 X 10~5

(ioo)

C7H1204

Monoethyl dimethylmalonate a-Monomethyl as^/w.-dimethylsuccinate ß-Monomethyl asî/w.-dimethylsuccinate Monomethyl sym.-anti-dimeihylsuccinate Monomethyl si/m.-p-dimethylsuccinate . a-Ethylglutaric acid

25 25

0.03-0.004 0.02-0.0005

376 377

6.0 X 10~5 5.5 X 10~5

(ioo) (391)

C7H1204 C7Hi2O4 C7H1204

ß-Ethylglutaric acid Monoethyl ethylmalonate Diethyl malonate

25 25 25

0.03-0.001 0.03-0.001 0.04-0.01

(?) 376 379

5.3 X 10~5 4.01 X 10~4 1.2X10~ 8

(525.5) (582) (568, 573) ; cj.

C7H1204 C7Hi204

a-Methyladipic acid /ww.-sf/ra.-Methylethylsuccinic acid

24.4

0.02-0.001

376

4.0 X 10~5

(391)

25

0.03-0.001

378

2.05 X 10~4

(20, 21, 49, 451,

C7H1204

maZ.-s?/ra.-Methylethylsuccmic acid

25

0.03-0.001

378

2.00 X 10~4

(21, 49, 451,

C7H1204 C7H1204 C 7 Hi 2 O 4 C 7 Hi 2 O 4

Methylpropylmalonic acid Methylisopropylmalonic acid n-Pimelic acid 7-Pimelic acid

25 25 25 25

0.06-0.001 0.03-0.001 0.03-0.001 0.03-0.001

377 377 377 377

C 7 Hi 2 O 4

Isopimelic acid

25

0.03-0.001

377

1. 82X10-» 1.2X10" 8 3.20 X 10~5 4.12 X 10~5 3.92 X 10~5 9.5 X 10~5 3.40 X IO-5

( 39 0) (390) (524,565) (577, 582, 631) (436) (577) (385)

3.50 X IO'5

(21,58, 577)

C 7 Hi 2 O 4 C7H1204 C7Hi2O4

Propylsuccinic acid Isopropylsuccinic acid Trimethylsuccinic acid

25 25

0.03-0.002 0.016-0.001

377 377

8.7 X 10~5 7.4 X 10~5

(569,577) (569,577)

25

0.03-0.001

377

3.1X10~4

(25,95,561,577,

C7Hi2Os C7Hi2O5 C7Hi2O5

a, a'-Dimethyl-ß-hydroxyglutaric acid Hydroshikimic acid Hydroxytrimethylsuccinic acid. . . .

C7H1206 C7H1206 C7H1206

Dimethyldihydroxy glut arie acid. . . dZ-Quinic acid Quinic acid

C7Hi2O7 C7H1402 C7H1403 C7H1403 C7Hi4O3 C7H1406

Dihydroxyhydroshikimic acid Heptoic acid ß-Diethylethylenelactic acid Dimethylethylethylenelactic acid. . Tetramethylethylenelactic acid. . . . a-Methvlglucoside

C 7 Hi 2 Os

0-65

(?) (?) 0.06-0.001 0.03-0.002 0.03-0.0005 0.03-0.001 0.03-0.004

A0 (?) (?) 377 380

1.08X102.93X10- 5 2.65 X 10~5 I.OIXIO'3

380 380

8.82 X 10~4 7.1 X 10~3

(61) (61) (508) (390,577) (526) (390, 577) (390,577)

2.2 X 10~4

(451)

1.0-0.0005

(68,526)

2.0 X 10-*

(20» 525.2) c/.

(49, 577)

550, 577, 631)

C7H1204 C7H1204 C7H1204

5.8 X 10~5

(20,451)

(275)

577) 577)

631, 632)

25 19 25

0.014-0.0008 0.3-0.02 0.07-0.0004

376 348 378

25 9 14.1 25 19 25 25 25 25 25

0.03-0.0009 0.15-0.005 0.13-0.0005 0.03-0.002 0.05-0.003 0.01-0.001 0.03-0.0009 0.03-0.001 0.03-0.001 0.5

379 303 314 376 347 378 376 376 376 (?)

1.06X10~ 4 3.0 X 10~5 9.2 X 10~4 8.3 X 10~4 1.7X10" 3 2.2 X 10~4 2.9 X 10~4 2.8 X 10~4 7.1 X 10~4 1.30X10~ 55 2.97 X 10~ 1.48X10~ 5 4.27 X 10~5 AO.Ö = 0.05

(471,550) (177) (92) (22) (631) (177) (177) (378, 527) (177) ( 20 °); tf. (163) (550) (550) (550) (71)

(T-Table. —The (T-Arrangement. — (Continued) Electrolyte C7H1406 C8H2C1404

Name ß-Methylglucoside Tetrachlorophthalic acid

C8H4C1204 C8H4C12O4

3, 6-Dichlorophthalic acid 4, 5-Dichlorophthalic acid

C8H5BrO4 C8H6C104 C8H5N02 C8H5N02 C8H5NO* C8H5N05 CANOfiS C8H5N06 C8H5N06 C8H6N06 C8H5N06 C8H6N06 C8H5N06 C8H6N06 C8H5N506 C8H6BrC106 C8H6BrN30 C8H6Br205 C8H6C1N03 C8H6C1N03 C8H6C1203

C8H6C1205 C8H6N2O

2-Bromoterephthalic acid 4-Chlorophthalic acid m-Cyanobenzoic acid Phthalimide 2-Aldehydo-3-nitrobenzoic acid.. . . 2-Aldehydo-5-nitrobenzoic acid.. . . Sulfimidophthalic acid 3-Nitrophthalic acid 2-Nitroterephthalic acid 4-Nitrophthalic acid 4-Nitroisophthalic acid Pyridine-2, 3, 4-tricarboxylic acid. Pyridine-2, 3, 5-tricarboxylic acid. Pyridine-3, 4, 5-tricarboxylic acid. Purpuric acid Methyl 2-chloro-6-bromogallate . . . p-Bromophenylcyanourea Methyl dibromogallate o-Chlorooxanilic acid p-Chlorooxanilic acid 5-dichlorobenzoic 2-Methoxy-3, acid Methyl 3, 4-dihydroxy-2, 5-dichlorobenzoate Methyl 2, 6-dichlorogallate N-Cyanobenzamide

C8H6N2O2 C8H6N202 C8H6N408 C8H603 C8H603 C8H603 C8H604

Dihydroxyquinazoline Isatoxime Alloxan thine Benzoylf ormic acid Phenylglyoxylic acid Phthalaldehydic acid Phthalic acid

Formula

C8H6C1204

|

tj °C

Isophthalic acid

C8H6O4S C8H6O5 C8H6O5 C8H7Br02 C8H7C102 C8H7C1O3 C8H7C105 C8H7N03 C8H7N03 C8H7NO3 C8H7N03

Thienylpyroracemic acid 2-Hydroxyterephthalic acid 4-Hydroxyphthalic acid Phenylbromoacetic acid Phenylchloroacetic acid 3-Methoxy-6-chlorobenzoic acid. . . Methyl 2-chlorogallate 1 2-Nitroacetophenone Oxanilic acid Phenylglyoxylic acid cmfo'-oxime . . . Phenylglyoxylic acid syn-oxime . . .

C8H7NO3 C8H7N04 C8H7NO4 C8H7N04

o-Phthalamic acid 2-Aminoterephthalic acid 3-Methyl-4-nitrobenzoic acid 2-Methylpyridine-3, 5-dicarboxylic acid

A0

k(or Ac)

Lit.

25 25 0-65 25 25 0-65 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 0 25 25 25 25 25

0.5 0.002-0.0005 0.002-0.0005 0.03-0.001 0.008-0.0005 0 . 008-0 . 0005 0.006-0.001 0.016-0.004 0.008-0.001 0.0022-0.0018 0.008-0.001 0.008-0.001 0.01-0.005 0.06-0.001 0.05-0.002 0.03-0.001 0.03-0.001 0.016-0.0002 0.008-0.0002 0.008-0.0002 0.002 0.03-0.004 0.0005 0.03-0.004 0.03-0.001 0.004-0.001

(?) [378]

379 380 380 378 380 380 (?) 378 378 378 378 (?) (?) (?) 240 374 380 375 377 377

(71) (610) (610, 611) 3.4 X IO"2 (598) AO.OOS = 306 (610) (6 1 o, e 1 1 ) 6 X 10~3 (598) A 0 . 0 i6 = 276 (436) 1.95X10~ 4 (436) [4 X IO'8] (362); c/. (624) 1. 30X10-« (540) 9.8 X 10~5 (540) Ao.oi = 338 (637) 1. 25X10-* (436,598) 1.9X1Q-2 (598) 7.5 X 10~3 (436,598) Ao.os = 166.7 (601) AO.OOS = 307 . (436) AO.OOS = 295 (436) AO.OOS = 248 (436) 2 X 10~2 (248) 4 X 10~6 (135) 2.4 X 10~4 (64) 1.1X10~6 (135) 1.95X1Q- 2 (436) 1.30X1Q- 2 (436)

25

0.0005-0.0002

379

1.3X10' 3

(135)

25 25 25

0.004-0.001 0.03-0.004 0.03-0.0007

377 375 380

0.002 0.002-0.001 0.008-0.001 0.07-0.008 0.03-0.001 0.02-0.0013 0.06-0.0008

(?) 377 375 378 379 380 380

4.4 X 10~6 5.8 X 10~7 2.0 X 10~3 1.8X10- 3 Ao.oo2 = 2 . 9 [2 X IO'10] A0.004 = 46.4 4.8 X 10~2 6 X HT2 3.10 X IO"5 1.17 X 10~3

(135) (135) (237) (26) (85) (235) (85,557) (69) (26) («oi) (330, 436, 476)

25 25 25 25 25 25 25 0-65

C8H604

c-Range

25 0 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25

*

379 379

AO.Ö = 0.05 A0.002 = 470

0.03-0.0005

0.002-0.001 0.002-0.0004 0.004-0.001 0.005-0.0012 0.06-0.001 0.01-0.0005 0.02-0.0005 0.002-0.0005 0.03-0.004 0.004-0.001 0.03-0.002 0.06-0.015 0.06-0.001

(45,126,328, 526, 609)

380

2.80X10~4

380 379 378 380 380 379 376 376 377 380 380

4.5 X 10~3 2.65 X IO"3 1.20X1Q- 3 3.5 X 10~3 4.3 X 10~3 1.3X10~3 2.5 X 10~7 6.1 X 10~5 1.17X10" 2 1.5X10~2 1.75X1Q- 3 1.52 X IO"3

(436) (328) (?) (436,598) (598) (515) (513,515) (135) (135) (254) (422,436) (244) (26,265) (244,265)

25 25 25

0.03-0.001 0.002-0.001 0.001-0.0005

379 379 379

1.57X10" 4 2.6 X 10~4 3.1X10~4

(436) (540) (601)

25

0.008-0.001

379

1.95X10~ 3

(436)

C-Table. —The el-Arrangement. — (Continued) Electrolyte Formula C8H7N04 C8H7N04 C8H7N04 C8H7N04 C8H7N04 C8H7N06 C8H7NO* C8H7NO«

C8H7NOs

C8H7N06

C8H7N06

CÄNOe

C8H7NOeS C8H7N3 CANsOS

C8H7N302 CsH802 C8H8O2 C8H8O2 C8H8O2 C8H802 C8H802

|

Name a-Monomethyl pyridine-2, 3-dicarboxylate /3-Monomethyl pyridine-2, 3-dicarboxylate ß-Monomethyl pyridine-3, 4-dicarboxylate y-Monomethyl pyridine-3, 4-dicarboxylate 2-Pyrroylpyroracemic acid o-Nitrophenoxyacetic acid p-Nitrophenoxyacetic acid 4-Nitro-2-hydroxy-5-methoxybenzoic acid

5-Nitro-2-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzoic acid .

5-Nitro-3-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzoic acid

5-Nitro-4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzoic acid

Nitro vanillic acid Sulf aminephthalic acid C-Phenylosotriazole l-Phenyl-3-thiourazole 1-Phenylurazole 2-Hydroxy-w-toluic aldehyde 4-Hydroxy-ra-toluic aldehyde 6-Hydroxy-w-toluic aldehyde 5-Hydroxy-o-toluic aldehyde 3-Hydroxy-p-toluic aldehyde Phenylacetic acid

t. °C

c-Range

A0

A;(or Ac)

Lit.

25

0.016-0.0005

379

2.60 X 10~3

(319)

25

0.016-0.0005

379

1.38 X 10~3

(319)

25

0.016-0.0005

379

6.52 X 10~4

(319)

25 25 25 25

0.016-0.0005 0.005-0.0006 0.016-0.001 0.008-0.001

379 380 378 378

6.5 X 10~4 8.8 X 10~4 1. 55X10-» 1.50X10~ 3

(319) (7) ( 43 6) (436)

15 25 35

0.004-0.001 0.008-0.001 0.004-0.001

319 378 432

8.5 X 10~3 1.0X10" 2 1.0X10~2

(323) (323) (323)

15 25 35

0.004-0.001 0.004-0.001 0.004-0.001

319 378 432

8.0 X IO'3 9.0 X 10~3 9.5 X 10~3

(323) (323) (323)

15 25 35

0.004-0.001 0.004-0.001 0.004-0.001

319 378 432

2.65 X 10~4 2.70 X 10~4 2.75 X 10~4

15 25 35 25 25 20 0.5-40 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25

0.004-0.001 0.004-0.001 0.004-0.001 0.016-0.004 0.01-0.005 0.004 0.004 0.016-0.004 0.002-0.0001 0.008-0.001 0.008-0.0005 0.008-0.001 0.008-0.001 0.004-0.0005 0.03-0.001

319 378 432 378 (?) (?)

1.65X10~ 4 1.70X1Q- 4 1.50X10~ 4 1.15X10~ 4 Ao.oi = 209 A0.oo4=3.96

0-65

(323) (323) (323)

379 380 380 380 380 380 380 381

(323) (323) (323) (49) (637) (429) (429) 1.7X10~2 (6) 1.1X10~ 5 (6) 1 . 4 9 X 1 0 ~ 5 (204) 2.13 X 10~5 (204) 4.57 X 10~6 (204) 2.86 X 10~6 (204) 7.5 X 10~6 (204) 5.45 X 10~5 ( 4 36) ;c /. (537)

0.03-0.0005

(526,608,609)

a-Isophenylacetic acid /3-Isophenylacetic acid (y-cycloheptatrienecarboxylic acid)

25

0.013-0.0011

381

3.70 X 10~5 (486)

25

0.016-0.001

381

C8H802 C8H8O2

o-Isophenylacetic acid o-Toluic acid

25 0 20 25 30 35 40 45 50

0.016-0.001 0.003-0.001 0.003-0.001 0.008-0.001 0.003-0.001 0.003-0.001 0.003-0.001 0.003-0.001 0.003-0.001

381 243 353 382 410 438 464 487 511

4.02 X 10~5 3.74 X 10~5 3.88 X 10~5 1.34X10' 4 1.20X10~ 4 1.17 X 10~4 1.10X10~ 4 1.05X10~ 4 1.00X10~ 4 9.6 X 10~5 9.2X10- 5

(486) (616) (616) (172) (172) (172, 436, 451) (172) (172) (172) (172) (172)

C8H802

ra-Toluic acid

25

381

5.05 X 10~5

(436,451)

C8H802

p-Toluic acid

25

387

5.05 X 10~6 (436) 4.55X10- 6 (457) 3.80X10-5 (451)

C8H8O2 C8H803

pseudo-m-Toluic acid o-Hydroxymethylbenzoic acid

[25] 25

(?) 378

1.3X10- 4 (449) 1.45XK)-4 (128,269)

C8H8O2 C8H802

0-99 0-99

0-99

0.008-0.0005

0.008-0.001

(506,525,609)

0.002-0.0005

0.004-0.0005

(506,525,609)

0.002-0.0005

(?) 0.02-0.0003

(506,525,609)

C-Table. —The C-Arrangement.— (Continued) Electrolyte

tj °C

c-Range

Ao

&(or Ac)

Formula C8H803 C8H803 C8H803 CsHsOs C8H803 C8H803

Name 2-Hydroxy-ra-toluic acid 4-Hydroxy-w-toluic acid 3-Hydroxy-o-toluic acid 6-Hydroxy-o-toluic acid 3-Hydroxy-p-toluic acid o-Methoxybenzoic acid

25 25 25 25 25 25

0.002-0.0005 0.004-0.0005 0.0009 0.004-0.0005 0.004-0.0005 0.03-0.001

380 380 380 381 380 381

C8H803 C8H803

w-Methoxybenzoic acid p-Methoxybenzoic acid

25 25

0.004-0.0002 0.002-0.0005

381 381

C8H803 C8H803 C8H8O3 C8H8Q3 C8H803

Orcyl aldehyde Phenoxyacetic acid d-Phenylglycolic acid Z-Phenylglycolic acid dZ-Phenylgly colic acid

0-99 25 25 25 25 25

0.004-0.0005 0.001-0.0001 0.03-0.001 0.5-0.001 (?) 1.0-0.001

380 380 379 (?) 379

4.00 X 10~5 7.4 X 10~4 4.3 X 10~4 4.2 X 10~4 4.09 X HT4 4.3 X IO-4

C8H8O3 C8H804

Vanillin Dehydroacetic acid

0-65 25 25

0.12-0.0005 0.008-0.001 0.01-0.001

380 379

C8H8O4 C8H804 C8H804 C8H804 O8H8O4 C8H804 C8H804 C8H804 C8H804 C8H804 C8H804 C8H8O4

Isodehydroacetic acid A^s-Dihydrophthalic acid A2'4-Dihydrophthalic acid A2-5-Dihydrophthalic acid A2'6-Dihydrophthalic acid £rcms-A3'5-Dihydrophthalic acid. . . Dimethylpyronecarboxylic acid . . . Guaiacolcarboxylic acid Orsellic acid p-Orsellic acid 2-Methylpyrone-6-acetic acid Vanillic acid Iso vanillic acid Methyl gallate Hematinic acid anhydride Hydroxydehydroacetic acid a-Monomethyl ra-sulf obenzoate . . . a-Monomethyl p-sulf obenzoate.. . . ß-Monomethyl m-sulfobenzoate . . . Acetophenoneoxime o-Methylaminobenzoic acid ra-Methylaminobenzoic acid p-Methylaminobenzoic acid Phenylaminoacetic acid Anishydroxamic acid 2, 4-Dimethylpyrrole-3, 5-dicarboxylic acid 2, 5-Dimethylpyrrole-3, 4-dicarboxylic acid Hematinic imide Benzenesulfoneaminoacetic acid. . . 0-Methyl-N-phenylpseudourea . . . Nitrodimethylanilinesulfonic acid . Caffeine 1, 3-Dimethyl-4-hydroxybenzene . . p-Tolubenzylsulfonic acid 1, 4-Xylene-2-sulfonic acid ß-Mesityloxide oxalic acid Zrems-A^Tetrahydrophthalic acid A^Tetrahydroterephthalic acid

0.03-0.001 0.03-0.0001 (?) 0.03-0.001 0.016-0.001 (?) 0.02-0.003 0.016-0.001 0.008-0.001 0.008-0.001 (?) 0.016-0.001 0.004-0.0005 0.004-0.001 0.03-0.004 0.05-0.0008 0.002-0.0004 0.004-0.003 0.0009 0.02-0.0007 0.008-0.001 0 . 0013-0 . 0007 0.012-0.0008 0.008-0.001 0.03-0.001 0.008-0.002

378 380 379 379 379 379 378 380 380 380 (?) 380

C8H804 C8H805 C8H806 C8H8O5 C8H8O6S C8H8O5S C8H8O5S C8H9NO C8H9NO2 C8H9NO2 C8H9N02 C8H9NO2 C3H9NO3 C8H9N04

25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 (?) 25 0-65 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25

4.72 X 10~6 5.3 X IO'6 1 X 10~6 5.3 X 10~3 7 X 10~4 1.55 X 105.45 X 10~ 1.62X102.46 X 10~ 3.85 X 10~ 1. 35X10-* 1.3X10-* 3.8 X 10~2 1.52X10-6 2.94 X 10~5

380 377 379 380 377 380 377 380 380 379 379 378 380

3.1 X 10~5 9 X 10~8 2.25 X 10~4 1.6X10-» 7 X 10~4 [7.2 X 10~4] A0.02 = 345 3.7 X 10~9 4 . 5 X 10~6 7 X 10~6 9.0 X 10~6 3.8 X 10~5 7.3 X 10~7

25

0.0008-0.0004

380

2.0 X HT5

25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25

0.0008-0.0002 0.05-0.0008 0.016-0.001 0.12-0.004 0.03-0.001 0.05-0.02 0.014-0.004 0.12-0.001 0.12-0.001

378 376 376 226 379 (?) 381 376 376

Ao.ooos = 345 [3.63 X IO"5] 3.46 X 10~4 2.5 X 10~7 A 0.03 = 88.4 A0.o5 = 0.15 3 X IO"8 Ao.os = 356 Ao.os = 362

C8H9NO4 C8H9N04 C8H9NO4S C8H10N20 C8H10N206S C8H10N4O2 C8H100 CsHioOsS C/sHioOso C8HioO4 C8-HioO4 C8Hio04

(?)

25 25

(?)

(?) 0.003-0.0004

(?)

379 378

3

1.00X10~ 8.6 X 10~4 1.04X10~ 3 1.66X1Q- 4 7.2 X 10~4 8.0 X 10~5 8.7 X IO-6 8.8 X 10~5 3.1 X 10~5 3.6 X 10~5

1 X IO'2

5.9 X 10~4 5.0 X 10~5

Lit. (378,457,536) ( 378 > 457, 536) ( 536 ) (457) (378,457,536) (436) (457) (457) (436) (457) (506,526) (204) (436,536) ( 73 ) (570) (376,436) ( 73 );c/. (570) (525,609) (204) (436) (129) (378,436) (i) ( 27 ) (2) ( 524 ); c/. (28) (27) ( 181 ) (323,378) (2«°) (260,436) («o) ( 436 ); c/. (378) ( 5 26) (436) (135) (333) O82) (5» 8 ) (60 1) (59*) (S57) ; cf. (226) (i 40) (140) (297) (436,579) (426) (7) (7) (333); c/. (336) (358) (107) (165) (392) (26) (143) (143) (155)

(27) (524)

(T-Table.—The (L - Arrangement.— (Continued) Electrolyte

c-Range

A0

CgHioC^

25 25 25 25

0.016-0.001 0.03-0.0001 (?) (?)

378 380 379 379

CsHioOs CsHioOs

a-Butanetetracarboxylic acid ß-Butanetetracarboxylic acid

25 25

0.03-0.001 0.03-0.002

376 376

C8Hio04

CsHioOe CsHio04

|

t, °C

Name A -Tetrahydrophthalic acid A3-Tetrahydrophthalic acid cis-A4-Tetrahydrophthalic acid.. . . /rafts-A4-Tetrahydrophthalic acid . .

Formula

2

k(or Ac) 5

7.4 X 10~ 5.70 X KT4 6.2X10-4 1.18X10- 4 1.30X10- 4 3.95 X 10~4 4.1 X 10~4 8 X 10~4

CsHioOs

CsHnN

Diacetyltartaric acid 2, 4, 6-Trimethylpyridine

25 10 15 25 25 40 50 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25

0.85-0.001 0.10-0.007 0.10-0.007 0.10-0.007 0.11-0.014 0.10-0.007 0.10-0.007 0.008-0.001 0.008-0.001 0.002-0.001 0.03-0.004 0.06-0.002 0.03-0.001 0.03-0.001 0.016-0.001 0.016-0.0005 0.08 0.016 0.004-0.001

379 171 191 229

A0.03 = 229 1.22X10- 7 1.42X10- 7 2.05 X 10~7

290 330 378 377 377 378 376 379 379 379 376 (?) 378 379

Lit. (524) ; cf. (28) (1) (3) (27) (3) (292,578) (23,292) (578)

(147,577) (363) (363) (363) (207) (363) (363) (21 4) (21 4) (214) (348) (165) (zos) (205) (436) (213) (230) (624) (486) (616) (486)

CsHnNOa CgHnNOs C8HnN03 CsHnNOa C8HUNO3S CsHnNOaS C8HuN03S C8HiiNO3S C8HnN04 C8H12N2 C8H12N203 C8H1202

Propyl cyanoacetoacetate Methyl cyanobutyrylacetate Methyl cyanoisobutyrylacetate.. . . Dimethylviolanic acid Dimethylaniline-4-sulf onic acid . . . Ethylaniline-3-sulfonic acid Ethylaniline-4-sulf onic acid 1, 4, 2-Xylidine-5-sulfonic acid. . . . Diethyl cyanomalonate Dimethyl- p-phenylenediamine . . . . 5, 5-Diethylbarbituric acid 1-Cycloheptene-l-carboxylic acid. .

C 8 Hi 2 O2 C8Hi2O2

2-Cycloheptene-l-carboxylic acid. . Cyclohexeneacetic acid (liquid isomer) Cyclohexeneacetic acid (solid isomer) Dimethyldihydroresorcinol Heptic acid Isobutylf umaric acid Ethyl diacetoacetate Dicrotonic acid cts-Hexahydrophthalic acid tfnms-Hexahydrophthalic acid cis-Hexahydroterephthalic acid . . . £rans-Hexahydroterephthalic acid . raeso-Methylallylsuccinic acid p-Methylallylsuccinic acid 7-Methyl-7-ethylidenepyrotartaric acid Methylethylitaconic acid Methylpropylmaleic acid Methylisopropylmaleic acid a, a- Dimethyltricarballylic acid . . . a, a '-Dimethyltricarballylic acid (a acid, M. P. 206-7°) a, a' -Dimethyltricarballylic acid (b acid, M. P., 174°) a, a' -Dimethyltricarballylic acid (c acid, M. P., 148°)

25

0.016-0.002

379

3.05X10~7 3.75 X 10~7 5.7 X 10~4 6.1 X 10~4 4.9 X 10~4 3.94 X 10~6 3.68 X 10~4 1.59X10~4 1.25X1Q-4 4.32 X 10~4 Ao.oie = 283 A 0 .o8> 0.19 3.7 X 10~8 9.8 X 10~6 8.2 X IO-6 2.60 X 1Q-5

25

0.02-0.001

378

2.55 X 10~5

25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25

0.02-0.001 0.016-0.001 0.008-0.002 0.008-0.001 0.008 (?) (?) (?) 0.015-0.0005 0.005-0.0006 0.06-0.0005 0.06-0.0005

378 377 376 378 (?) (?) 378 378 377 377 377 377

2.45 X 10~5 (635) 7.1X10~6 (508) 8.2 X 10~5 (569) 9.1 X 10~4 (577) [Ao.008 = 3 . 5 ] (213) 2.8 X 10~5 (443) 4.4 X 10~5 (27) 6.2 X 10~5 (27) 2.91 X 10~6 (524) 4.48 X 10~5 (524) 2.28 X 10~4 (268) 2.40 X 10~4 (268)

25 25 25 25 25

0.02-0.0007 0.007-0.0005 0.016-0.001 0.016-0.001 0.04-0.005

376 377 379 379 375

1.10X10~ 4 1.47X10~4 7.2 X 10~5 1.5X10~4 3.15X1Q- 4

25

0.03-0.004

377

4.3 X 10-«

(98, eso)

25

0.05-0.006

377

5.4 X 10~4

(98,630)

25

0.05-0.006

377

Ethyltricarballylic acid Hemotricarboxylic acid : (a)M. P., 140-141° (6) M. P., 175-176°

25

0.03-0.001

376

5.6 X 10~4 5.1 X 10- 4 3.1X10~4

25 25

0.03-0.001 0.03-0.001

378 378

[2.48 X 10~4] [2.44 X 10~4]

C8H12O2 C8Hi2O2 C8Hi2O3 C8H1204 C 8 Hi2O4

C8H1204 C8H1204 C8Hi2O4 C8H1204 C8H1204 C8H1204 C8H1204 C8Hi2O4 C8Hi2O4 C8H1204 C8H1204 C8Hi2O6 C8Hi2O6 C8Hi2O6 C8H1206 C8H1206 CsHi2O6

(635)

(530) (524) (335) (335) (98)

(98) (630) (578) (334,337) (334,337)

Electrolyte Formula C8H13N04 C8Hi402 CsH14Oa C8Hl4Oa CsHuOa C8Hi4O2

C8H1402 C8H140* C8H14Oa C8H1408 C8H1404 C8H1404 C8H1404 C8Hi4O4 C8H1404 C8H1404 C8H1404 C8HH04 C8H1404 C8H1404 C8H1404 C8H1404 C8H1404 C8H1404 C8H1404 C8H1404 C8H14O4 C8H1404 C8H1404 C8H1404 C8H1404 C8H1404 C8H1404 C8H1404 C8H1404 C8Hi4O4 C8H1404

|

Name

(T-Table.—The C - Arrangement.— (Contin uè d) i t, °C c-Range A0

25 Tropic acid 25 Cycloheptanecarboxylic acid 25 Cyclohexaneacetic acid l-Ethylpentamethylene-2-carboxy25 lic acid 1-Methylcyclohexane-l-carboxylic 25 acid cis-l-Methylcyclohexane-2-car25 boxylic acid t r a n s- 1- Methylcy clohexane-2-car25 boxylic acid l-Methylcyclohexane-3-carboxylic 25 acid l-Methylcyclohexane-4-carboxylic 25 acid Ethyl ethylacetoacetate 25 25 Monoethyl adipate 25 Isoamylmalonic acid 25 Isobutylsuccinic acid 25 Diethylsuccinic acid /wm.-sî/m.-Diethylsuccinic acid. . . . 25 raaZ.-si/w.-Diethylsuccinic acid. . . . 25 25 a-s2/ra.-Dimethyladipic acid 25 ß-s2/m.-Dimethyladipic acid 25 Dimethylethylsuccinic acid Dimethyl-#-ethylsuccinic acid. . . . 25 24.2 a-Ethyladipic acid 25 Ethylpropylmalonic acid 25 Ethylisopropylmalonic acid 25 Methylbutylmalonic acid 25 Methylisobutylmalonic acid meso-a-Methy l-a'-ethy Iglut arie 25 acid 0-Methyl-a-ethylglutaric acid (?) 25 ß-Methyl-ß-ethylglutaric acid (?) a-Methylpimelic acid cis-sy w.-Methylisopropylsuccinic 25 acid tfrans-ss/ra.-Methylisopropylsuccinic 25 acid cis-a, a'-Methylpropylsuccinic acid 25 trans-a, a'-Methylpropylsuccinie acid 25 24.4 a-Propylglutaric acid 25 a-Isopropylglutaric acid ß-Isopropylglutaric acid [25] 25 Suberic acid

/c(or Ac) 4

Lit.

0.03-0.001 0.004-0.001 0.005-0.0009

377 378 378

4.2 X 10~ 1.20X10~ 5 2.32 X 10~5

(618) (635) (635)

0.015-0.001

378

1.09X10-*

(635)

0.008-0.001

378

6.8 X 10~6

(635)

0.005-0.0006

378

1.61X10~ Ö

(635)

0.02-0,0006

378

2.01 X 10~5

(635)

0.02-0.001

378

1.26X1Q- 5

(635)

0.005-0.0006 0.008-0.004 0.01-0.0007 0.06-0.001 0.03-0.001 0.03-0.001 0.03-0.001 0.03-0.0007 0.02-0.002 0.04-0.003 0.03-0.001 0.03-0.002 0.02-0.0013 0.06-0.001 0.03-0.001 0.06-0.001 0.03-0.001

378 (?) 375 377 377 377 377 377 377 377 377 376 374 375 375 375 375

1.09X1Q- 5 Ao.oos = 0.07 2.5 X 10~5 1.22xlO~3 8.65 X 10~5 3.79 X 10~4 2.32 X 10~4 3.41 X HT4 4.1 X 10~5 4.1 X HT5 5.50 X 10~4 5.7 X 10~5 4.0 X 10~5 8.9 X 10~3 1.05X1Q- 2 1.80X10~ 3 3.0 X 10~3

(635) (569) (582) (390) (569,577) (577) (139,577,631) (139,577,631) (631) (631) (97,577) (60) (391) (390,535) (390) (390) (390)

0.03-0.001 (?) 0.03-0.001 (?)

377 (?) (?) (?)

5.5 X KT5 6.7 X IO-5 2. 44 X 10~4 3.15 X 10-*

(60,577) (443) (525.2) (633)

0.01-0.0014

375

6.6 X 10~4

(96)

0.006-0.0008 0.008-0.001

375 375

1.56X10~ 4 2.95 X 10~4

(96) (96)

0.004-0.0005 0.016-0.001 0.05-0.0009 (?) 0.016-0.0005

375 375 377 (?) 377

1.45X10~ 4 5.8 X 10~6 5.40 X 10~5 6.46 X 10~4 2.96 X 10-s

(96) (391) (8,391) (289) (49, 138, 524, 565); c/. (59, 436)

C8H1404

Tetram ethylsuccinic acid

25

0.012-0.0005

376

3.08 X 1Q-4

C8H1404 C8H1404 C8H1404 C8H140* C8H1406 C8H16NO

Monomethyl trimethylsuccinate. . . a, a, a'-Trimethylglutaric acid. . . . a, ß, /3-Trimethylglutaric acid ex-Dimethyldihydroxyadipic acid . . 7-Dimethyldihydroxyadipic acid . . Tropine

C*Kis02

Caprylic acid

2.65 X 10^ 3.4 X 10~5 1.44X10" 3.17X103.30X101.87X102.74 X 10" 3.89 X 10Ì.41X1Q- 5

Diisopropylglycolic acid

0.06-0.007 0.01-0.0007 0.03-0.001 (?) (?) 0.06-0.01 0.06-0.01 0.06-0.01 0.004-0.001 0 . 002-0 . 0005 0.03-0.001

375 376 377 (?) (?) 170 227 326 377

C8H1603

25 25 25 (?) (?) 10 25 50 25 0-65 25

376

1.27X1Q-*

(49,61,139, 561)

(io<>) (49,61) (30) (634) (634) (365) (365) (365) (200) (6 1 o, 6 1 1 ) (550)

(T-Table.—The (T-Arrangement.—(Continued) Electrolyte Formula CgHieOs C8H1608 C8H17N C8H19N C8H21NO C9H5NO3

|

Name a- D ime thyl-/3-isopropylethylenelactic acid a-Hydroxycaprylic acid c?-Coniine Diisobutylamine Tetraethylammonium hydroxide . . Isonitrosodiketohydrindene

1

t, °C

0.004-0,001

376

25 25 25 25 25 0-65 25 25 25 25 25 25-99

0.004-0.0002 0.005-0.001 0.016-0.002 0.002-0.001 0.016-0.001 0.008-0.0005 0.20-0.001 0.03-0.001 0.02-0.0006 0.002-0.0005 0.009-0.001 0.008-0.001

(?) 378 376 376 378

AO.OOÌ = 497 3.2 X 10~2 3 X 10~2 1.85X10~ 4 5.8 X 10~3

378 378 378 378 378

2.5 X 10~2 3.2 X 10~3 A 0 .oo 9 =91.0 9.1X10"4 1.4X10~2

0.002-0.0005

378

3.7 X 10~4

(598)

0.004-0.001

378

5 X 10~3

(598)

0.016-0.002 0.0014-0.0007 0.003-0.0007 0.005-0.0012 0.004-0.0005 0.004-0.001 0.001-0.0006 0.0004 0.0009-0.0004 0.001-0.0007 0 . 006-0 . 0007 0.0014-0.0004 0.002-0.001 0.0008 0.03-0.0005 0.03-0.0005 0.03-0.001

374 377 377 377 377 375 377 377 377 377 377 377 378 (?) 378 378 (?)

Ao.oie = 347.7 2.8 X 10~4 2.7 X 10~4 1.1X10~2 1.0X10~3 1.9X10~3 5.8 X 10~6 2.3 X 10~6 5.0 X 10~6 4.0 X 10~6 1 . 74 X 10~4 5.4X10-« 5.3 X IO""5 Ao.ooo8 = 2.1 4.4 X 10~4 7.5 X 10~4 [Ao.os = 0.09]

(546) (412) (412) (412) (412) (546) (294) (294) (294) (294) (7) (7) (244) (569) (601) (soi) (374)

0.025

375

3.1 X 10~2

(637)

0.025

375

3.8 X 10~3

(637)

0.008-0.0002

(?)

Ao.oos = 298

(436)

0.008-0.0002 0.004-0.001 0.016-0.001 0.016-0.001 0.008-0.001 0.004-0.001 0.002-0.0005 0.016-0.001 0.004 0.004 0.03-0.004

(?) 377 377 377 377 377 377 377 (?)

Ao.oos = 365 7.6 X 10~4 1.9X10~2 1.6X10~2 2.0 X 10~3 1.05X10~ 2 8.3 X 10~4 4.6 X 10~3 Ao.004-94.9

373

2 X 10~6

(436) (598) (598) (598) (598) (601) («oi) (598) (429) (429) | (iss)

1-Monomethyl 2-bromoterephthalate 25 4-Monomethyl 2-bromoterephthal25 ate a, /3-Dibromo-a-fluorohydrocinna25 mic acid 25 ß-Chloroallocinnamic acid 25 ß-Chlorocinnamie acid 25 l'-Chlorocinnamic acid 25 l2-Chlorocinnamic acid 25 a-Fluorocinnamic acid [25] a-Iodoallocinnamic acid [25] ß-Iodoallocinnamic acid [25] cK-Iodocinnamic acid [25] /3-Iodocinnamic acid Pr-2-(a)-Indolecarboxylic acid . . . . 25 25 Pr-3-(/3)-Indolecarboxylic acid 25 Phenyl-si/n-oxazolone 25 2, 3, 4-Trihydroxyquinoline 25 1-Trimellitamic acid 2-Trimellitamic acid 25 25 o-Benzoylsulfoglycine Mono- (C) -methyl sulfimidephthal25 ate Mono-(AO-methyl sulfimidephthal25 ate 2-Methylpyridine-3, 5, 6-tricar25 boxylic acid 4-Methylpyridine-3, 5, 6-tricarboxylic acid 25 l-Monomethyl2-nitroterephthalate 25 4-Monomethyl2-nitroterephthalate 25 1-Monomethyl 3-nitrophthalate. . . 25 2-Monomethyl 3-nitrophthalate. . . 25 1-Monomethyl 4-nitroisophthalate 25 3-Monomethyl 4-nitroisophthalate 25 ?-Monomethyl 4-nitrophthalate . . 25 20 C-Phenylosotriazolecarboxylicacid 0-40 25 Ethyl 2-chloro-6-bromogallate

C9H7NO6 C9H7N06 C9H7NO» C9H7NO« C9H7NO« C9H7NO6 C9H7NOg C9H7NOft C9H7NO, C9H7N3O2 GABrClOi

(436) (80) (244) (244) (436) (526) (69,540) (601) (49) (436) (436) (506)

25

C9H7BrO4

CÄNOöS

(550) (8») (104,392,629 0<>4) (433) (235) (379) (436)

2.16 X 10~5 1.55X10~ 4 1.05X10~ 3 3.9 X 10~4 A0.06 = 188 1.8X10~6 1.0 X 10~6 1.01X10~ 2

Phthalonic acid Trimellitic acid Trimesic acid a-Bromocinnamic acid ß-Bromocinnamic acid

C<,H7C102 C9H7C1O2 C9H7C1O2 C9H7C102 C9H7F02 C9H7IO2 C9H7IO2 C9H7I02 C9H7IO2 C9H7NO2 C9H7N02 C9H7N02 C9H7NO3 C9H7NO6 C9H7NO5 C9H7NO6S C9H7N05S

Lit.

376 377 226 225 230 378

C9H6O6 C9H6O6 C9H606 C9H7BrOa O9H7BrO2

C9H7Br2FO2

A;(or Ac)

0.03-0.0009 0.008-0.0005 0.06-0.004 0.016-0.004 0.06-0.004 0.006-0.001

C9H6N202 C9H6N203 C9H6N203 C9H602

C9H7BrO4

A0

25 25 25 25 25 25

o-Nitrophenylpropiolic acid Pyridine-2, 3, 4, 5-tetracarboxylic acid Benzoylpseudo-a, ß'-furazane Phenylazoxazolecarboxylic acid. . . Phenyloximino-st/n-oxazolone Phenylpropiolic acid

C9H5N04 C9H5N08

c-Range

t, °C

c-Range

A0

fc(or

Ac)

Lit.

C9H8O2 C9H8O2

Name Ethyl dibromogallate Dichloroveratric acid Ethyl 2, 6-dichlorogallate w-Methyl-a-benzimideazolecarboxylic acid a-Methyl-m-benzimideazolecarboxylic acid Phthaluric acid 2, 3-Dimethoxy-5, 6-dinitrobenzoic acid Atropic acid Cinnamic acid

C9H802

Allocinnamic acid (M. P., 68°) . . .

25

0.02-0.001

378

1.39X10~ 4

(51, 347) ; q f.

C9H8O2

Isocinnamic acid (M. P., 42°)

25

0.02-0.001

378

1.35 X 10~4

(51, 345, 396,

CgH8O2

Isocinnamic acid (M. P., 58°)

25

0.02-0.001

378

1.38X10~ 4

(51, 399) ;c /.

C9H8O2 C9H802 C9H802 O9H8O2 C9H8O3

hetero-a-Cmn&mic acid hetero-ß-Cmn&mic acid storax-a-Ciima,m.ic acid sZoraz-ß-Cinnamic acid o-Coumaric acid

3.5XlO~5 3.53XlO~5 3.56XlO~6 3.6 X 10~5 2.4 X H)-fi

aô-p-Coumaric acid p-Coumaric acid

0.003-0.0004 0.003-0.0004 0.003-0.0008 0.004-0.0004 0.004-0.001 0.004-0.0005 0.024-0.002 0.008-0.001

378 378 378 378 378

C9H803 C9H8O3

25 25 25 25 25 0-65 25 25

378 378

C9H804

o-Acetoxybenzoic acid ra-Acetoxybenzoic acid

377

9.68 X 10~«

C9H804 C9H8O4 C9H804 C9H8O4 C9H8O4 C9H804 C9H806

377 378 377 378 378 378

4.15 X 10~5 1.88 X 10~4 6.55 X 10~4 1. 28X10-« 1.85X10~ 5 3.0 X 10~4

25

0.01-0.0007

377

1.52X10" 4

C9H9C103 C9H9C106 C9H9NO3 C9H9N03 C9H9NO3 C9H9NO3

p- Aceto xybenzoic acid Homophthalic acid Monomethyl phthalate Monomethyl isophthalate Umbellic acid sî/m.-Uvitic acid 1-Monomethyl 4-hydroxyphthalate 2-Monomethyl 4-hydroxyphthalate 1-Monomethyl 2-hydroxyterephthalate 4- Monomethyl 2-hydroxyterephthalate 4-Methoxyisophthalic acid Carboxydehydroacetic acid ß-Phenyl-a-bromopropionic acid. . . a-C h 1 o r o-jS-hydroxyphenylpropionic acid 2-Ethoxy-5-chlorobenzoic acid. . . . Ethyl 2-chlorogallate o-Acetylaminobenzoic acid m-Acetylaminobenzoic acid p-Acetylaminobenzoic acid Benzoylaminoacetic acid

0.016-0.001 0.008-0.0005 0.004-0.001 0.008-0.0005 0.016-0.001 0.03-0.001 0.01-0.0012 0.002-0.0005 0.008-0.001 0.004-0.0005

377

C9H8O4

25 0-50 25 0-35 25 25 25 25 25 25

8.0 X 10~5 2.14 X 10~5 2.25X10- 6 3.3 X 10~4

(168) (168) (168) (168) (378) ; c/. (436) (526) (488) (436) (488) (436) (526) (436) (525) (436) («6, 540) (582) ( 6 <>i) (436) (49)

C9H9N03 C9H9NO3 C9H9N03 C9H9N03

1-Homophthalamic acid 2-Homophthalamic acid Malonanilic acid a-Oximino-ß-phenylpropionic acid .

Formula C9H8Br2O5 C9H8C1204 C9H8C12O5 C9H8N202 C9H8N202 C9H8N204 C9H8N208

ô

25 25 25

0.016-0.002 0.001-0.0002 0.03-0.004

374 376 374

1.5XlO~ [1 X 10~3] 4.1 X 10~7

(135) (135) (135)

[25]

0.005-0.0013

(?)

1.07XlO~6

(33)

25 25

0.0014-0.0007 0.016-0.001

375 376

1.00X10~ 6 (26) 2.84 X 10~4 (436)

25 25 25

0.004-0.001 0.008-0.0005 0.004-0.0004

376 378 378

4.4 X 10~2 1.40X10~ 4 3.51X10~ 5 3. 65X10-*

0-99

( 6 <>i) (436) (169,436) (488)

0.002-0.0005

(506,526,609)

(399, 488)

399) (26, 436)

C9H806 C9H8O6 C9H8O6 C9H8O5 C9H8O6 C9H9Br02 C9H9C1O3

(601) 4

25

0.016-0.001

377

2.02 X 10~

(598)

25

0.001-0.0005

377

2.50 X IO'4

25 25 25 25

0.004-0.001 0.002-0.0005 0.006-0.0016 0.01-0.0005

377 378 376 378

2.7 X IO"3 (598) 2.6 X 10~4 (457) Ao.ooe = 320 (444) 1.67X1Q-« (514)

25 25 25 25 25 25 25 0-65 25 25 25 25

0.06-0.001 0.0011-0.0003 0.04-0.005 0.008-0.001 0.004-0.001 0.004-0.001 0.03-0.001 0.008-0.0005 0.002-0.001 0.004-0.001 0.016-0.001 0.03-0.004

376 376 375 376 376 376 376

2.40 X 10~« 1. 31X1Q-« 1.8X10-» 2.31 X IO"4 8.4 X 10~5 5.07 X IO"6 2.16 X 10~4

378 378 376 377

5.0 X 10~5 8.7 X 10~5 1.92X10~ 4 5.9 X 10~4

(598)

(523) O 35 ) (135) (436) (436) (436) (378,436,622) (525,609) (540) (540) (436) (265)

(T-Table.—The (L - Arrangement.— (Contin ned)

Electrolyte

C/9JlioO2

Name p-Tolyloxamic acid 1-Monomethyl 2-aminoterephthalate 4-Monomethyl 2-aminoterephthalate 1-Monomethyl 4-aminoisophthalate 3-Monomethyl 4-aminoisophthalate a, a'-Dimethylcinchomeronic acid. 2, 4-Dimethylpyridine-3, 5-dicarboxylic acid 2, 6i-Dimethylpyridine-3, 5-dicarboxylic acid 2-N-Methylaminoterephthalic acid Phenylglycine-0-carboxylic acid. . . Monoethyl pyridine-3, 4-dicarboxylate 2-Nitro-3, 4-dimethoxybenzoic acid 3-Nitro-2, 5-dimethoxybenzoic acid 6-Nitro-2, 3-dimethoxybenzoic acid 6-Nitroveratric acid 4-Methyl-l-phenyl-3-thiourazole.. . l-Phenyl-3-methylthiourazole 2- Methyl- 1-phenylurazole 4-Methyl-l-phenylurazole 2, 4-Dimethylbenzoic acid 2, 5-Dimethylbenzoic acid 2, 6-Dimethylbenzoic acid 3, 5-Dimethylbenzoic acid

C9HioO2 C9HioO2 C9HioO2

o-Ethylbenzoic acid Hydratropic acid Hydrocinnamic acid

CgHioOs

o-Ethoxybenzoic acid w-Ethoxybenzoic acid p-Ethoxybenzoie acid p-Hydrocoumaric acid 4-Methoxy-ra-toluic acid 6-Methoxy-m-toluic acid 5-Methoxy-o-toluic acid 3-Methoxy-p-toluic acid a-Phenoxypropionic acid /3-Phenoxypropionic acid /3-Phenyl-a-hydroxypropionic acid . ß-Phenyl-ß-hydroxypropionic acid . Z-Phenylmethoxyacetic acid Phloretic acid Tropic acid p-Xylenecarboxylic acid Dehydrodiacetyllevulinic acid 0-Phenylglyceric acid (M. P., 141°) 0-Phenylglyceric acid (M. P., 121°) Veratric acid Ethyl gallate Hydro xyhydrindamine a- Anilinopropionic acid ß-Anilinopropionic acid o-Dimethylaminobenzoic acid m-Dimethylaminobenzoic acid. . . . p-Dimethylaminobenzoic acid

Formula C9H9N03 C 9 H 9 NO 4 C9H9NO4 C9H9N04 C9H9N04 C9H9N04 C9H9NO4 C9H9NO4 C9H9NO4 C9H9N04 C9H9NO4 C9H9NO6 C9H9N06 C9H9NO6 C 9 H 9 NO 6 C9H9N3OS C9H9N3OS C9H9N3O2 C9H9N3O2 C9HioO2 C9HioO2 O9HioO2

C9HioOs CgHioOs CgHioOs CgHioOs CgHioOs CgHioOs CgHioOs CgHioOs CgHioOs CgHioOs CgHioOs

C9HioOs CgHioOs CgHioOs CgHioOs

C9HioO4 C9H1004 CgHioO4 CgHioO4

C9HioO5 CgHnNO CgHnN0 2

C 9 HiiNO 2 C 9 H n NO 2 C 9 HiiN0 2 CgHnNOs

|

t, °C

c-Range

A0

A; (or A c )

Lit.

3

(436) («oi)

25

0.008-0.001

376

8.3 X IO'

25

0.001-0.0005

377

1.5X1Q-4

25

0.002-0.001

378

5.46 X IO"5

25

0.001-0.0005

377

4.4 X 10~5

25 25

0.001-0.0005 0.012-0.0007

377 378

2.65 X 1Q-5 1.65X10~ 3

(«oi) (413)

25

0.008-0.002

378

5.0 X 10~3

(436)

25 25 25

0.008-0.001 0.0016-0.0003 0.007-0.0005

378 377 377

3.4 X 10~3 2.8 X 10~4 2.25 X 10~4

(436) (540, eoi) (394)

25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25

0.06-0.0008 0.0025-0.0006 0.0016-0.0008 0.01-0.0006 0.008-0.002 0 . 004-0 . 002 0.001-0.00025 0.008-0.001 0.002-0.0005 0.001-0.0005 0.002-0.001 0.008-0.001 0.0012-0.0005

378 376 376 376 376 378 378 378 378 378 378 379 379

25 25 25 0-65 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25

0.004-0.001 0.016-0.001 0.016-0.001 0.03-0.0005 0.008-0.002 0.002-0.0002 0.0005-0.0002 0.008-0.001 0.008^0.0005 0.0005-0.0002 0.0005-0.0002 0.004-0.0002 (?) (?) 0.12-0.001 0.12-0.001 0.03-0.001 0.016-0.001 0.03-0.001 0.0016-0.0008 0.004-0.0005 0.5-0.004 0.5-0.004 0.004-0.001 0.03-0.004 0.03-0.004 0.008-0.001 0.005-0.0012 0.125 0.008-0.001 0.0004

379 378 378

4.8 X 10~4 7.9 X 10~4 1.7X10~3 A0.oi = 237.3 3.2 X 10~3 [A0.oo4 = 319] 1.2X10~7 6.6 X 10~8 1.2X10~5 9 X 10~5 1.2X10" 4 6.2 X 10~4 4.7 X 10~5 7.1 X 10~5 1.7X10~4 4.16 X HT5 2.23 X IO"5

378 378 378 378 378 378 378 378 (?) (?) 378 378 378 378 378 378 377 376 376 378 376 220 376 376 378 378 377

(540) ( 6 °i)

(49) (323) (323) (323) (49) (*) (6) (6) (6) (451) (451) (290) (49) (451) (451) (436) (436) (526) 7.0 X 10~5 (457) 9.0 X 10~5 (457) 5.0 X 10~5 (457) 1.71X1Q- 5 (436) 6.65 X 10~5 (457) 3.4 X 10~5 (457) 5.2 X 10~5 (457) 4.04 X 10~5 (457) 7.75 X KT4 (56) 5.4X10- 5 (56) 1.85 X 10~4 (io, 79, 195) 3.90 X KT5 (io, 79, 195) 7.4 X 10~4 (195,389) 2.01 X IO"5 (436) 7.7 X IO'5 (378):c/. (436) 6.0 X 10~4 (378) 6.7 X 10~5 (381) 2.35 X 10~4 (75) 2.54 X 10~4 (75) 3.54 X 10~5 (436) 9 X IO"8 (135) 1.35X1Q- 6 (459) 2.05 X 10~5 (579) 3.8 X 10~6 (579) A0. 125 = 0.065 O40) 6 X 10~6 (HO) 8.5 X 10~6 (297)

(T-Table. — The (T -Arrangement. — (Continued) Electrolyte Formula C 9 HnN0 2 GHnNOa C 9 HnN0 2 C9HnN03 C9HnNO4S C9HnNO4S C9Hi2AsNO5 C9Hi2N2O C9H12N2O C9H1203 C9Hi2O3S C9Hi2O4 C9H13N C9H13NO3 C9H13N03 C 9 Hi 4 O2

C9Hi4Oa C9Hi402

C9H14O2 C9Hi4O2 C9H14O2 C9Hi4O3 C9H14O4 C9H1404 C9H1404 C9H1404 CsHÔ* C9H1404 C9Hi4O4 C9H1406 C9H1406 C9H1406 C9H1406 C9Hi4O6 C9H1406 C9Hi4Oß C9H1406 C9Hi4Oe C9Hi4O6 C9H1406 C9H1407 C9Hi4O7 C9H15NO C 9 Hi 5 NO 2 C9H15N02 C9H16N02 C9Hi6O2 CsHuOa

C9H16O2

Name d£-Phenyl-a-aminopropionic acid. . o-Tolylaminoacetic acid p-Tolylaminoacetic acid p-Hydroxyphenyl-a-amino-propionic acid o-Toluenesulfoneaminoacetic acid. . p-Toluenesulfoneaminoacetic acid . Methoxyacetarsanilic acid 0-Ethyl-AT-phenylpseudourea Pseudocumenediazonium hydroxide Phehoxymethylglycol 2-Pseudocumene-5-sulfonic acid . . . Diallylmalonic acid Dimethylbenzylamine Isobutyl cyanoacetoacetate Methyl cyanoisovalerylacetate . . . . cts-£rans-cW-Campholytic acid Isocampholytic acid Z-Campholytic acid Lauronolic acid A1-Tetrahydro-2, 6-dimethylbenzoic acid A3-Tetrahydro-2, 6-dimethylbenzoic acid Isooctic acid Allylpropylmalonic acid Allylisopropylmalonic acid raeso-si/m.-Ethylallylsuccinic acid . p-s?/ra.-Ethylallylsuccimc acid . . . . Cyclopentane-1, 1-diacetic acid.. . . S7/ra.-Tetramethyl-ß-hydroxyglutaric acid lactone (a acid) s?/m.-Tetramethyl-/3-hydroxyglutaric acid lactone (b acid) Z-Camphoronic acid a, o/-Dimethyl-/3-acetoxyglutaric acid a, 6-Dimethylbutane-a,j3, o-tricarboxylic acid a(?)-Monomethyl a, a-dimethyltricarballylate /3(?)-Monomethyl a, a-dimethyltricarballylate Methylethylcarboxyglutaric acid . . Propyltricarballylic acid Isopropyltricarballvlic acid Terpylonic acid ex, a, 7-Trimethyltricarballylic acid ?, ?, ?-Trimethyltricarballylic acid. a-Hydroxycamphoronic acid ß-Hydroxycamphoronic acid Trimethylphenylammonium hydroxide 0-Trimethylaminophenol m-Trimethylaminophenol p-Trimethylaminophenol Cyclohexanepropionic acid 1, 3-Dimethylcyclohexane-3-carboxylic acid cis-1, 3-Dimethylcyclohexane-5carboxylic acid

t, °C

c-Range

A0

A; (or Ac)

Lit. 303

25 25 25

0.008-0.001 0.005-0.0006 0.005-0.0012

375 377 377

A 0 . 0 o 8 =3.9 5.8 X 10~5 1.5 X 10~5

( )j c/. (44) (579) (579)

25 25 25 25 25

0.002-0.001 0.015-0.001 0.012-0.0015 0.016-0.001 0.04-0.0012

(?) 374 374 370 224

A0.oo2 = 0.5 2.77 X 10~4 3.40 X IO"4 3.0 X 10~4 5.0 X 10~7

(304) (358) (358) (355) (I07)

0 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25

0.008-0.002 0.12-0.016 0.03-0.001 0.03-0.004 0.05-0.0017 0.002-0.001 (?) 0.01-0.0013 0.0012-0.0006

137 (?) (?) 378 227 378 376 377 377

25 (?)

0.006-0.0016 (?)

377 (?)

Ao.oos = 107 Ao. 125 = 0 . 0 4 Ao.03 = 340 7.3 X 10~3 8.5 X 10~6 6.5 X 10~4 7 X 10~4 9.1 X IO'6 8.5 X IO"6 8.0 X IO-6 9.8 X 10~6 1. 36X10--

(166) (65) (434) (577) (207) (214) (215) (584) (585) (424) (424) (423)

25

0.0013-0.0010

378

4.25 X IO"5 (290)

25 25 25 25 25 25 25

0.0013-0.0010 0.004-0.002 0.03-0.002 0.03-0.002 0.06-0.002 0.03-0.001 0.008-0.0005

378 376 378 378 376 376 (?)

4.08 X IO"5 7.5 X 10~5 9.0 X 10~3 1.4X1Q- 2 3.5 X 10~4 2.6 X 10~4 1.73X10" 4

(290) (569) (270) (270) (577) (577) (525.2)

25

0.03-0.002

377

1.5X1Q- 3

(403)

25 25

0.01-0.001 0.03-0.0005

377 378

1 . 3 X 1 0 ~ 3 (403) 1. 72X1Q-* (436)

25

0.03-0.001

374

1.97X10" 4

25

0.012-0.0015

376

1. 58X10-* (263)

25

0.08-0.004

375

1.8X10" 4 5

(471,550)

(98)

25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25

0.11-0.014 0.03-0.004 0.03-0.001 0.03-0.001 0.03-0.001 0.03-0.001 0.02-0.007 0.016-0.002 0.016-0.002

375 375 375 375 378 376 376 378 378

8.6 X 10~ (98) 9.5 X 10~3 (578) 4 3.0 X 10~ (578) 4.25 X IO"4 (578) 1.02X10" 4 (5H) 1.4X10~ 4 (154,263) 4 2.50 X 10" (154) 3.14 X 10~3 (436) 6.2 X 10~3 (436)

25 25 25 25 25

0.004 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.005-0.0007

(?) (?) (?) (?) 378

Ao.004 = 190 (246) Ao.o3 = 1.8 (236) Ao.03 = 2 . 3 (236) Ao.03 = 2.8 (236) 1.32X10" 5 (635)

25

0.004-0.0009

378

6.2 X 10~6

25

0.004-0.001

378

1.05X10™5

(635) (635)

(E-Table. — The (T -Arrangement. — (Continued) Electrolyte Formula CgHieOu

|

Name trans-l, 3-Dimethylcyclohexane-5carboxylic acid Hexahydro-2, 6-dimethylbenzoic acid l-Methylcyclohexane-3-acetic acid. e i s-Hydroxydihydrocampholytie acid frans-Hydroxydihydrocampholytic acid Azelaic acid

tj °C

c-Range

A0

k (or Ac)

Lit.

25

0.003-0.0008

378

1.07X1Q- 5

( 635 )

25 25

0.0013-0.0010 0.005-0.0006

378 378

1. 28X1Q-* 1.56X1Q- 6

(290) ( 63S )

25

0.012-0.003

377

3.6 X IO"5

(424)

25 25

0.013-0.003 0.012-0.0007

377 376

8.1 X IO"6 (424) 2.88 X IO"5 (49, S65) ;c /.

25 25 25 25 25 25

0.007-0.0005 0.01-0.0007 0.03-0.001 0.03-0.0009 (?) (?)

377 377 (?) 375 (?) (?)

5.4 X IO"5 5.9 X IO"5 3.4X10-4 2.30 X 10~4 3.43 X IO"5 3.44X10- 5

(20,49,451) (20, 451) (525.2) ( 58 2) (317) (317)

C 9 Hi6O 4

a-si/w.-Diethylglutaric acid j3-s2/m.-Diethylglutaric acid /3, ß-Diethylglutaric acid Monoethyl diethylmalonate anti-a, a'-Dimethylpimelic acid . . . para-a, a'-Dimethylpimelic acid. . . a, a- Dimethy l-a'-isopropy Isuccinic acid Dimethylpropylsuccinic acid

25 25

0.015-0.002 0.016-0.001

375 376

C9H1604

Dipropylmalonic acid Ethylbutylmalonic acid Ethylisobutylmalonic acid Methylisoamylmalonic acid cis-ocj a'-Methylisobutylsuccinic acid trans-a., a'-Methylisobutylsuccinic acid a-sî/ra.-Methylpropylglutaric acid . ß-syra.-Methylpropylglutaric acid . a-Propyladipic acid Monomethyl tetramethylsuccinate s?/w.-Tetramethyl-ß-hydroxyglutaric acid Pelargonie acid Dimethyl-ß-isobutylethylenelactic acid Tripropylamine Pyridinepentacarboxvlic acid 2, 4- Dinitro- l-naphthol-7-sulfonic acid

0.016-0.001 0.03-0.0005 0.03-0.001 0.03-0.001 0.03-0.001

376

C9H1604 C 9 HieO 4 C9Hi6O4 C 9 Hi6O 4

25 0-65 25 25 25

1. 67X10-* 5.4X10"4 5.9 X IO-4 1. 06X10-«

375 375 375

9.1 X HT3 1.5X10-' 1.84X10~ 3

( 97 ) (577) (97) (390,524,535) (526) (390) (390) (390)

25

0.03-0.004

375

4.27 X 10~4

(97)

25 25 25 24.4 25

0.01-0.0014 0.016-0.002 0.03-0.002 0.03-0.0016 0.02-0.003

375 376 376 375 374

2.35 X 10~4 5.3 X IO"5 5.8 X 10~5 4.0 X 10~5 1.22X10-*

(97) (60) («O) (391) (i°°)

25 25

0.04-0.0006 0.0008-0.0004

376 377

1.32X10" 4 I.IXIO-6

(402) (200)

25 25 25

0.03-0.002 0.005-0.002 0.004-0.0002

375 224 (?)

1.45X1Q- 6 4.5 X 10~4 A0.oo4 = 650

(550) (104) (436)

18 25 90 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25

0.01-0.0006 0.01-0.0012 0.01-0.0012 0.014-0.0009 0.016-0.001 0.002-0.001 0.002-0.001 0.001-0.0005 0.008-0.001 0.005-0.0007 0.016-0.001 (?) (?) (?) (?)

(?) (?) (?) (?) 380 376 376 376 380 377 377 (?) (?) (?) (?)

[Ao.oi = 416] Ao.oi = 245 [Ao.oi = 754] A 0 .oi 4 = 260 1.25 X IO"5 2.5 X 10~8 2.5 X 10~8 2.6 X 10~7 1.2X10~5 5.4 X 10~3 9.8 X 10~4 [1.5X10- 1 ] [1.0 X IO-1] [1.3 X IO-1] [9.4 X IO'2]

(324) ( 445 ) (324) (49) (436) (557) ( 55 7) (557) (436) (7) (436) (194) (194) (194) (194)

25 25 25 25

(?) 0.004-0.001 0.002-0.001 0.16-0.002

(?) 376 379 (?)

[5.5X10-2] 1.5X1Q- 2 [1 X IO"8] A 0 . i 6 = 0.026

(194) (598) (569) (66,70)

C9Hi602 C 9 Hi6O 2 CgHieOs

C9H1603 C9H1604

(524)

C9H1604 C9H1604 C9H1604 C 9 Hi6O 4 G 9 Hi6O 4

C9H1604 CgHi6O 4

C,Hi.04 C9H1604 C 9 Hl6O 4

C9H1604 C9H1604 CgHieOo

CgHisC^ CgHisOa

C 9 H 2 iN CioH5NOio CioH6N2O8S

CioHfiOs CioH 7 NO 2 CioH 7 N0 2

Ci0H7NO2 CioH7NO2 C10H7N02 CioH7NO3 CioH7NO4 C10H7N06S CioH7NO0S CioH7NO5S CioH7N06S CioH7NOuS3 0 10-H-8 v>12O4

CioHsO ClO-HsC^

Pyromellitic acid Cinchoninic acid l-Nitroso-2-naphthol 2- Nitroso- 1-naphthol 4- Nitroso- 1-naphthol Quinaldinic acid Phenylisoxazoleearboxylie acid . . . . 0-Phthalylaminoacetic acid 1, 5-Nitronaphthalenesulfonic acid. 1, 6-Nitronaphthalenesulfonic acid. 1, 7-Nitronaphthalenesulfonic acid. 1, 8-Nitronaphthalenesulfonic acid. 1, 3, 6, 8-Nitronaphthalenetrisulf onic acid Monoethyl 3, 6-dichlorophthalate a-Naphthol 1, 2-Dihydroxynaphthalene

(T-Table.— The d - Arrangement.— (Contin ued) Electrolyte Formula

CioH9N03S Ci0H9NO3S

Name 2, 3-Dihydroxynaphthalene a-Naphthalenesulfonic acid ß-Naphthalenesulf onic acid Benzalmalonic acid Benzoylpyroracemic acid aô-Piperonylacrylic acid Piperonylacrylic acid Monomethyl phthalonate 1-Monomethyl trimellitate 2- Monomethyl trimellitate 4- Monomethyl trimellitate Bromoopianic acid 3-Methylindole-3-carboxylie acid. . Pr-2-Methylindole-2-carboxylic acid l-Naphthylamine-2-sulfonic acid. . l-Naphthylamine-4-sulfonic acid. .

CioH9N03S CioH9N03S CioH9NO3S CioH9NO3S CioH9N03S CioH9N03S CioH9NO3S CioH9N03S CioH9NO6 CioH9N06

l-Naphthylamine-5-sulfonic acid. . l-Naphthylamine-6-sulfonic acid. . l-Naphthylamine-7-sulfonic acid. . l-Naphthylamine-8-sulfonic acid. . 2-Naphthylamine-5-sulfonic acid. . 2-Naphthylamine-6( ?)-sulf onic acid 2-Naphthylamine-7-sulfonic acid. . 2-Naphthylamine-8-sulfonic acid. . 2-Acetylaminoterephthalic acid . . . 4- Acetylaminoisophthalic acid

CioH9NO6

2, 4-Dimethylpyridinetricarboxylic acid 1-Monoethyl 4-nitrophthalate . . . . 2- Monomethyl 4-nitrophthalate.. . l-Naphthylamine-2, 5 ( ?)-disulf onic acid l-Naphthylamine-4, 6-disulfonic acid l-Naphthylamine-4, 7-disulfonic acid 2-Naphthylamine-4, 8-disulfonic acid Nitroopianic acid Nitrohemipinic acid l-Naphthylamine-2, 4, 7-trisulfonic acid l-Naphthylamine-3, 6, 8-trisulf onic acid 3-Methyl-l-phenyl-4-isonitroso-5pyrazolone Methyl l-phenyl-5-hydroxy-l, 2, 3-triazole-4-carboxylate

OlO-tl8^2

Cio-HgOsS CioHsOgS

CioHg04 CioIÎ804

CioHsOé OiOÜsV-M

CioHgOs CioHgOs CioHgOe CioHsOe Oio-tigBrOs Ci0H9NO2 CioH9NO2

Ci0H9N06 CioH9N06 CioH9NO6S2 Ci0H9NO6S2 CioH9NO6S2 Ci0H9N06S2 CioH9NO7 CioH9NO8 CioH9NO9S3 CioH9NO9S3 CioH9N3O2 doHvNiOi

CioHioBrNOs CioHioBrNOs CioH10ClN03 CioHioClNO3 CioH10ClN03 CioH10ClN03 CioHioO3 CioHioOs

J

Acetylbromophenylaminoacetic acid Bromo'acetylp heny laminoace tic acid Chloroacety Iphenylaminoacetic acid o-Chlorosuccinanilic acid m-Chlorosuccinanilic acid p-Chlorosuccinanilic acid ß-Benzoylpropionic acid Furyldihydroresorcinol

t, °C

c-Range

Ao

k(or Ac)

Lit. 70

25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25

0.005-0.001 0.03-0.001 0.42-0.0005 0.03-0.001 0.0025-0.0003 0.0025-0.0006 0.00013 0.01-0.001 0.016-0.001 0.016-0.001 0.016-0.001 0.002-0.001 0.002-0.0005

(?) (?) 378 378 379 377 377 378 377 377 377 377 376

A 0 .oo5=0.12 Ao.03 = 339 A0.04 = 354 4.04 X IO"3 6 X IO'3 1. 04X10-* 2.4 X 10~5 1.5X10" 4 1.8X10" 3 2.6 X 10~3 2.86 X 10~3 4.30 X 10~5 4.6 X IO"5

( ) (434) (312,466,603) (436) (7) ( 488 ) (488) ( 54 <>) ( 6 <>i) ( 6 <>i) (601) ( 6 °i) (7)

25 25 25 0-65 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25

0.001-0.0002 0.016-0.0005 0.001-0.0001 0.001-0.0005 0.004-0.0005 0.004-0.0001 0.008-0.0005 0.001-0.0001 0.004-0.0002 0.001-0.0001 0.002-0.0002 0.002-0.0002 0.0016-0.0005 0.0004

376 376 376

1.2X10~ 6 2 X 10~2 A0.ooi = 276

377 377 377 377 377 377 377 377 377 377

2.3 X 10~4 1.92X10-* 2.22 X 10~4 1. O O X 1 Q - « 9.2 X 10~5 1.63X10-«' l.OXlO"4 1.20X10-« Ao.ooi = 242.0 7.9 X IO"4 1.1 X 10-»

(7) (165) (165) (526) (165) (165) (165) (165) (165) ("5) (165) (165) (540, eoi) (600) ( 599 )

25 25 25

0.03-0.0002 0.01-0.0007 0.01-0.0006

(?) 377 377

A0.03 = 319 3.02XK)-3 5.1X10~3

(320) (601) (601)

25

0.016-0.0002

374

A 0 .oi« = 338

(165)

25

0.016-0.0001

374

AO.OIG = 210

(165)

25

0.03-0.0002

374

A0.03 = 186

(165)

25 25 25

0.016-0.0005 0.004-0.001 0.03-0.002

374 377 376

A 0 .oi6 = 120 2.85 X H)"6 2.1X10" 2

(165) ( 54 <>) (540,604)

25

0.02-0.0006

374

A 0 . 02 = 181

(165)

25

0.01-0.0002

374

Ao.oi = 198

(165)

25

0.004-0.001

376

2.3X10"°

(235)

25 50

0.007-0.0009 0.01-0.0013

375 499

[1.6X10~2] [1.3X1Q- 2 ]

(157) (1ST)

25

0.003-0.0008

378

2.80 X K)"4

(579)

25

0.005-0.0006

378

3.3X10"4

(579)

25 25 25 25 25 25

0.005-0.0006 0.008-0.001 0.008-0.001 0.008-0.001 0.016-0.001 0.003-0.0004

379 376 376 376 377 377

3.33X10" 4 2.04 X IO"5 2.05 X IO"5 2.05 X IO"5 2.23 X IO"5 1.48X10-*

(5 7 9) (436) (436) (436) (244) ( 508 )

(T-Table. —The (T- Arrangement. — (Continued) Electrolyte Formula CioHioOa Cio-HioOa CioHioOs CioHioOs CioHioOe CloHloO4

CioHioO4 CioHioO4 CloHioOi CloHioO4 CloHioO4 CloHioO4

CioHioOo CioHioOo CioHioOs

CioHioOo CioHioOs CioHioOe CioHioOe CioHioOe CioHnNO CioHnNO CioHnNO, CioHnNO, CioHnNO, CioHnNO, CioHnNO, CioHnNO, CioHnNO, CioHnNO, CioHnNO, CioHiiNOu CioHiiN0 4 CioHiiNOi C10H11N04 CioHnN0 4 CioHiiNO* CioHiiN04 CioHnNO* CioHnN0 4 CioHiiNOs CioHnNOfi CioHiiNOeS CioHiiNsOS CioHiiN,Oa CloHl2O2 CloHl2O2 CloHl2O2 CloHi2O2 CloHÔs CloHi2O3 CloHiaOa

CioHioOs

|

Name aWo-p-Methoxycinnamic acid p-Methoxycinnamic acid Methylcoumaric acid Methylcoumarinic acid Benzylmalonic acid 1-Monomethyl homophthalate . . . . 2-Monomethyl homophthalate. . . . l-Monomethyl2-methylterephthalate 4-Monomethyl 2-methylterephthalate o-Phenylenediacetic acid Phenylsuccinic acid Monoethyl phthalate Benz vltartronic acid 1-Monoethyl 4-hydroxyphthalate 2-Monoethyl 4-hydroxyphthalate Dimethyl 4-hydroxyphthalate . . . . Opianic acid Apiolic acid Hemipinic acid ra-Hemipinic acid Methylquinolinium hydroxide Methylisoquinolinium hydroxide. . Benzovlaminopropionic acid ß-Benzoylpropionic acid oxime (stable) Methylbenzoylaminoacetic acid . . Phenaceturic acid Phenylacetylaminoacetic acid Succinanilic acid o-Toluric acid ra-Toluric acid p-Toluric acid 1- Monoethyl 4-aminoisophthalate . Anisuric acid 4-Dimethylaminoisophthalic acid . Dimethylaminoterephthalic acid . . 4-Monomethyl 2-methylammoterephthalate 3-Nitrocumic acid eso-Monomethyl phenylglycine-ocarboxylate ezo-Monomethyl phenylglycine-ocarboxylate Phenyliminodiacetic acid 1-Hemipinamic acid 2-Hemipinamic acid Benzenesulfoneaminosuccinic acid . l-Phenyl-3-ethylthiourazole l-Phenyl-3-ethoxyurazole Cumic acid 2, 3, 4-Trimethylbenzoic acid 2, 4, 5-Trimethylbenzoic acid 2, 4, 6-Trimethylbenzoic acid 5-Isopropylsalicylic acid 3-Ethoxy-p-toluic acid a-Methyl-ß-phenyl-ß-hydroxypropionic acid Phenylethoxy acetic acid

t, °C

c-Range

A0

fc(or

Ac)

Lit.

25 25 25 25 25 0-65 25 25

0.01-0.0012 0 . 0004-0 . 0002 0.0005-0.0004 0.004-0.001 0.03-0.001 0.03-0.0005 0.002-0.001 0.004-0.001

377 377 377 377 378

8.85 X UT5 2 . 0 X 10~5 1. 98X10-« 5.15 X 10'« 1. 52X10-»

378 378

4.29 X 10~5 7.5 X 10~5

(488) (488) (488) (488) ( 577 ) ( 526 ) ( 54 <>) ( 54 <>)

25

0.002-0.001

377

1.56X10~ 4

(601)

25 25 25 25 25

0.002-0.0005 0.015-0.0009 0.016-0.0005 0.008-0.0005 0.014-0.0009

377 376 376 376 378

5.5 X 10~4 1.08XKT4 1.58X10~ 4 5.50 X 10~4 5.3 X 10~3

( 601 ) ( 34 ) (450,602) ( 58 2) ( 577 )

25

0.004-0.001

377

7.2 X 10~4

(601)

25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25

0.004-0.001 0.008-0.001 0.008-0.001 0.0008 0.06-0.001 0.016-0.0005 0.03 0.03 0.008-0.001

377 376 378 377 376 378 (?) (?) 376

2.15X1Q- 4 1 X HT7 8.64 X 10~4 8.0 X 10~5 1. 10X1Q-» 1. 4 2 X 1 Q - » A 0 .o3=208 Ao.o3 = 207 1.92X1Q-*

25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25

0.016-0.004 0.016-0.001 0.007-0.001 0.005-0.0006 0.016-0.001 0.004-0.001 0.004-0.0005 0 . 004-0 . 0005 0.001-0.0003 0 . 0014-0 . 0004 0.001-0.0005 0.002-0.0005

378 376 376 378 376 376 376 376 376 376 376 376

1.7X10~ 5 (244) 4.95 X 10~4 (200) 1.98X10" 4 (200) 2.58 X 10~4 (579) 1. 99X10-« (436) 1. 89X10"* ( 20 °) 2.06 X 10~4 (*oo) 1 . 96 X 10~4 (200) 4.0 X IO"5 ( 601 ) 1 . 59 X 10~4 (*oo) 2.63 X 10~4 («oi) 4.5 X 10~4 («oi)

25 25

0.001-0.0005 0 . 0005-0 . 0002

376 375

3.6 X IO"5 2 . 1 X 10~4

(«oi) (49)

25

0.0012-0.0003

376

1.3X1Q-*

( 394 )

25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25

0.003-0.0004 0.005-0.0012 0.016-0.001 0.016-0.001 0.04-0.0006 0.0005-0.0002 0.001-0.0001 0.002-0.001 0.002-0.0005 0.001-0.0005 0.008-0.001 0.0012-0.0006 0.002-0.0005

376 375 376 376 374 378 376 376 376 376 377 376 376

2.7 X 10~5 2.65 X 10~3 3.9 X 10~4 6.8 X 10~5 7.01 X 10~4 5 X 10~7 4 X 10~8 4.9 X IO"5 3.3 X 10~5 9.5 X 10~5 3.7 X 10~4 7.2 X 10~4 3.4 X 10~5

25 25

0.03-0.0008 0.05-0.0014

375 377

3.42 X 10~5 5.2 X 10~4

( 601 ) ( 598 ) (436) (7) (318,598) (436) (241) (241) (2°°)

(394) (579) (393) (393) (358) (6) (6) (436) (lös, 451) (451) (ios, 451) (378) (457) ( 5 5<>) («S)

(T-Table. —The C-Arrangement. — (Continued) Electrolyte Formula CioHiaOa CioHÔs CioHÔg CioH13N02 CioH13N02 CioHi3NO2 CioH13N02 CioH13N02 CioH13N02 CioH13N04S C10H13N408P CioH14N2 CioHi4O CioHieOi CloHl4O4 CloHi4O4

Ci0Hi5BrO4S CioHuNOs CioH16Fe2Ou CioHieO2 CloHieOu CioHieOs CioHieOs CloHi6O4

|

Name a-Phenoxybutyric acid a-Phenoxyisobutyric acid 1, 1, 3, 3-Hexamethylenetetracarboxylic acid a-Anilinobutyric acid «-Anilinoisobutyric acid ß- Anilinoisobutyric acid a-o-Toluidinopropionic acid a-p-Toluidinopropionic acid ß-p-Toluidinopropionic acid ra-Xylenesulfoneaminoacetic acid. Inosinic acid Nicotine Isobutylphenol Diisopropylenesuccinic acid Methyl dimethylhydroresorcylate Ethyl methylhydroresorcylate . . . . 0-Bromocamphorsulfonic acid Isoamyl cyanoacetoacetate Diferripentaacetyl hydroxide Campholenic acid Fencholenic acid Pinonic acid a-Tanacetoneketocarboxylic acid . ^-Camphoric acid

t, °C

25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 18 18 25 25 25

c-Range

A0

fc(or

(?) (?)

(?) (?)

6.82 X K)-4 4.34 X IO'4

373 373 373 373 373 373 373 373 375 (?) 379 375 375 375 378 376 (?) 340 340 375 375 378

1.3X10" 3 2.8 X 10~5 3.6 X 10~5 1.0X10" 6 3.8 X IO"5 6.7 X 10~6 2.2 X IO"6 2.65 X 10~4 A0.07 = 122 A0.o3=2.0 2.6 X 10~7 1.4X10" 4 4.76 X IO"* 3.63 X 10~5 A0.033 = 351 5.5 X 10~4 A0.o3=9.3 1. 65X10-« 1 X 10~5 2.1 X 10~5 1.1X10" 5 2.20 X 10~5

0.05-0.0015 0.008-0.001 0.005-0.0012 0.005-0.0012 0.005-0.0012 0.002-0.001 0.005-0.0012 0.014-0.002 0.07-0.0005 0.03-0.001 0.003-0.0008 0.008-0.001 0.07-0.0006 0.06-0.0008 0.5-0.001 0.001-0.0005 0.03-0.001 0.003-0.0003 0.003-0.0003 0.005-0.001 0.01-0.0025 0.016-0.0005

Ac)

Lit.

(57) (S7) ( 5g 2) (579) (579) (579) (579) (579) (579) (358) (220) (416) (26) (152) (508) (508) (580) (214) (478) (594) (594) (487) (487) (436, 534, 570, 620)

0-35

0.016-0.0005

(45, 48, 61 o, 620)

CloHi6O4

CioHieCh CioHieO4 CloHi6O4

CioHieO4 CioHieO4 CloHi6O4 CloHi6O4

CioHieO4 CioHieO4 CioHieCU CioHieO4 CioHieO4 CioHieOs CioHieO« CioHieOe

CioHieOe CioH17N03 CioH17N03 C10Hi7N305 CloHlsO2

CioHisOs CloHlsO4 CioHisO4

CloHlsO4

CioHisO4 CloHlsO4 CioHigCU

CioHisOi

378 (?) 377 377 377 377 377 377

2.20 X HT5 2.20 X 10~5 1.70 X 10~5 1. 58X10-* 1.70 X 10~5 1.70X10-* 3.37X10- 4 4.84 X 10~5 4.84 X 10~5 4.82 X 10~s 4.12 X 10~5 4.13 X 10~5 4.12 X 10~5

(570) (570) (570) (593) (570) (570) (525.5) (499) (499) (499) (499) (499) (499)

0.04-0.005 0.06-0.001 0.03-0.004

375 375 375

1.78X10-« I.IOXIO"4 9.9 X 10~3

(*2) (378) (578)

25

0.03-0.001

375

25 25 25 [25] 25 25 [25]

0.016-0.001 0.016-0.002 0.016-0.002 0.12-0.001 0.001-0.0005 0.02-0.0007 (?)

375 376 376 (?) 378 377 (?)

9.6XKT5 1. 50X10-* 1.09X10^* 1.4X10-« 1.25X1Q- 6 Ao.06 = 18.0 4.3 X 10-« 2.06X10-« 4. 15X10-«

(578) (263) (578) (393) (393) (420) (436) (436) (137)

18

0.018-0.0002

340

2.43 X 10-« (594)

25 25 25 25 25

0.004-0.0005 0.008-0.001 0.004-0.0005 0.008-0.001 0 . 004-0 . 0005

375 375 375 375 375

4.30X10-* 2.3 X IO"8 1. 08X10"* 4.9 X IO"4 2 . 4 X 10~4

Z-Camphoric acid dZ-Camphoric acid d-Isocamphoric acid Z-Isocamphoric acid

25 25 25 25

(?) (?) (?) 0.014-0.0018

378 378 378 378

cfó-Isocamphoric acid Cyclohexane-1, 1-diacetic acid . . . . cis-d-lsoî enchocamphoric acid cis-Z-Isofenchocamphoric acid cis-cW-Isofenchocamphoric acid . . . . trans-d-Isof enchocamphoric acid. . . £rans-Z-Isofenchocamphoric acid . . . Zrans-dZ-Isofenchocamphoric acid . . a, a, a', a'-Tetramethyldihydromuconic acid Cineolic acid Propylmethylcarboxyglutaric acid. a, a, 7, 7-Tetramethyltricarballylic acid

25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25

(?) 0.004-0.001 0.016-0.002 0.016-0.002 0.008-0.002 0.016-0.002 0.016-0.002 0.008-0.002

25 25 25

p-Tetramethyltricarballylic acid.. . a-Campho ramie acid /3-Camphoramic acid Antipeptone (a) Campholic acid Oxymenthylic acid Dihydrocamphoric acid a-Dihydroxydihydrocampholenic acid a, a-Dimethyl-a'-isobutylsuccinic acid cïs-sî/m.-Diisopropylsuccinic acid . . Jrans-sî/m.-Diisopropylsueeinic acid ct's-sT/w.-Dipropylsuccinic acid. . . . £rans-syrra.-Dipropylsuccinic acid . .

( 97 ) (96); cf. (20) ( 96 ) (96) (96)

(T-Table. —The (D-Arrangement. — (Continued) Electrolyte Formula CioHi8U4 CluHi8O4 CloHi8U4

CloHisO4

CioHisO4

ClOÏÏi8O4

CloHisO4

|

Name Ethylisoamylmalonic acid Heptylmalonic acid cis-a-Meth yl-a'-isoamylsuccinic acid £rans-a-Methyl-a'-isoamylsuccinic acid e i s-a-Propyl-a'-isopropylsuccinic acid trans-a-Propyl-a'-isopropylsuccinic acid Sebacic acid

t, °C

c-Range

A0

fc(or

Ac) 3

Lit.

25 25

0.03-0.001 0.005-0.0006

375 375

8.6 X H)9.8 X IO'4

(390) C5*4, S35)

25

0.02-0.0025

375

3.85 X 10~4

25

0.005-0.0007

375

2.35 X 10~4

25

0.008-0.001

376

2.90X1Q-4

(96)

25 25

0.004-0.0005 0.004-0.0008

376 376

1. 45X10-* 2. 70X1Q- 5

( 96 ) (138, 565) ; c/.

0-35 25

0.002-0.0005 0.014-0.0009

375

1.46X10-*

( 525 ) ( 582 )

25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25

0.02-0.002 0.5 0.005-0.002 0.016-0.001 0.0005-0.00025 0.0004-0.0002 0.0005 0.0003-0.0001

376 (?) 222 376 376 376 377 377

1.9X10" 5 Ao.5 = 0.087 7.7 X 10~4 1.8X10~5 1.6X10-« 6.6 X 10~5 2.0 X 10~4 6.9 X 10~5

(^ 7 ) ( 97 )

(436, 524)

CioHisOe CloH.2oO3

CioH2oOe CioH 23 N CnHsNïOj CiiH8N2O2S CiiH8N2O2S CiiHgO, CllIÎ8O2

Monoethyl suberate a-Isopropyl-ß-isobutylhydracrylic acid Tetramethylglucose Diisoamylamine 3, 2/-Dipyridyl-3/-carboxylic acid. . TV-Cyano-a-naphthalenesulfamide . N-Cyano-ß-naphthalenesulf amide.. a-Naphthoic acid ß-Naphthoic acid

( 461 ) (71) C 104 ) ( 4 36) ( 26 ) (26) ( 49 ) (isi) ; <£ (26, 49)

25

0.004-0.001

377

9.0 X 10~6

CiiHioO2 CiiHioO2 CiiHioO2 CnHioOg

Quininic acid Ethyl l-p-bromophenyl-5-hydroxy1, 2, 3-triazole-4-carboxylate A^Dihydro-a-naphthoie acid A^Dihydro-ß-naphthoic acid A2-Dihydro-a-naphthoic acid A2-Dihydro-ß-naphthoic acid

25 25 25 25 25

0.007-0.0017 0.003-0.0001 0.0005-0.0001 0.012-0.0001 0.0006-0.0001

375 376 376 376 376

CiiHioO2

A3-Dihydro-ß-naphthoic acid

25

0.004-0.0001

376

CnHioOs CiiHioO4 CnHioO« CnHioO4 CiiHioOs CnHioOe CiiHioO? CiiHnNO, CnHiiNO.

Phenyltetric acid Acetylcoumaric acid Acetylcoumarinic acid Phenylitaconic acid ß-Benzoylisosuecinic acid 1, 2- Dimethyl trimellitate Apionylglyoxylic acid 2-Methylindole-3-acetic acid 1-Monomethyl 2-acetylaminoterephthalate 4-Monomethyl 2-acetylaminoterephthalate 1-Monomethyl 4-acetylaminoisophthalate 4- A c etylmethylaminoisophthalic acid N-Acetylmethylaminoterephthalic acid Acetylphenylglycine-o-c arboxylic acid Benzoylaminosuceinic acid Anilinodiacetic-o-carboxylic acid. . 1-Monomethyl nitrohemipinate . . . 2-Monomethyl nitrohemipinate . . . Benzylidenehydrazinodiacetic acid ar.-a-Tetrahydronaphthoic acid . . . 0-Tetrahydronaphthoic acid Ethylcoumaric acid Ethylcoumarinic acid

25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25

0.004-0.0009 0.0007 0.006-0.001 0.008-0.001 0.016-0.001 0.008-0.001 0.01-0.0014 0 . 004-0 . 0005

376 376 376 376 376 376 376 375

1.5XlO~2 (iss) 7.9 X 10~5 (49, isi, 302) 5 2.9 X 10~ (isi) 1.16 X 10~4 (49, 151, 302) 5 2.9 X 10~ (26) 2.5 X 10~5 (isi) 5.05 X 10~5 (26) 5.75 X 10~5 (i 51 ) 4 1.90X10~ (573) 4.7 X 10~5 ( 4 »8) 4 1.07X10" ( 4 »8) 1.35X1Q- 4 (540) 3 2.4 X 10~ (524) 3.4 X 10~4 («oi) 3.2 X 10~2 (7) 2 . 1 X 10~5 (7)

25

0.001-0.0005

376

2.58 X 10~4

25

0.0014-0.0003

376

7.1 X 10~4

25

0.001-0.0005

376

6.9 X 10~4

(601)

25

0.004-0.0005

376

A0.oo4 = 137

(601)

25

0.006-0.0005

376

1.4X10~3

25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25

0.02-0.0016 0.016-0.004 0.014-0.0016 0.004-0.0005 0.004-0.001 0.002-0.0002 0.009-0.0001 0.005-0.0006 0.0005 0.003-0.0009

376 376 375 377 377 (?) 376 376 376 376

1. 03X10-» 5.22 X 10~4 3 X IO"3 A0.oo4 = 300 A0.oo4 = 307 A0. 002 = 200.5 4.38 X IO"5 2.45 X 10~5 2.0 X 10~5 4.35 X IO"5

CuH 9 N0 3 CiiHioBrN,08

CuHiiNO, CnHiiNO, CnHnNO. CnHiiNOi CiiHnNO, CiiHnNOo CnHnNOs CiiHnNOs CnHnNOg

CnH12N204 CnHi2O2 CiiHi2Ö2

CnHi2O3 CnHi20g

( 4 36)

(601) (540, 601)

(60i) ; c/. (540) (3 94 ) ( 44 2) (394) (604) (604) ( 29 ) (49, isi) (26, 151} (488) (488)

(T-Table. —The (T- Arrangement. — (Continued) Electrolyte Formula CnHÔs CnH1204 CnHi204 CiiHi2O4 CnHl204 CnHi2O4 CnHl204

CnHi 2 O4 CiiHl2O4

CiiHi 2 0 4 CnHi 2 O4 CiiHi 2 O4S2 CiiHiaO, CiiHÔe CUH13N03 CiiHi,NO, CiiHwNO, CiiHuNO, CnHisNO, CiiHuNO, CiiHuNO, CiiHi 8 N0 4 CnHi,N0 4 CnHi 3 NO 4 CiiHuNO* CiiHi 3 N0 4 CiiHisNO* CiiHi,N0 4 CiiH13N04 CnHi4O2

CnHi 4 O2 CiiHuOs CllHi4O2

CiiHuOa CiiHiuOs

CnHuOs CiiHuOs CiiHuOa CllHi4(j4

CnHi 6 NOt CUH15N02 CiiHisNO, CiiHuNO, CnH15N02 CnH 15 NO 2 CiiH15N04S CiiH15NO4S CiiHieOa CiiHieOs

|

Name Mesityleneglyoxylic acid Benzylsuccinic acid 1-Monoethyl homophthalate 2-Monoethyl homophthalate Mesitylenedicarboxylic acid. Methylbenzylmalonic acid fum.-s y w.-Methylphenylsuccinic acid m a l.-s y m.-Methylphenylsuccinic acid Phenylglutaric acid a- Monome thy 1 phenylsuccinate . . . /3-Monomethyl phenylsuccinate . . . Benzylideneb is thiogly colic acid . . . 1-Monomethyl hemipinate 2-Monomethyl hemipinate a-Acetylanilinopropionic acid Aeetyl-o-tolylaminoacetie acid. . . . Acetyl-p-tolylaminoacetic acid . . . . 2- M e t h y Ibenzoylaminopropionic acid 4-M e t h y Ibenzoylaminopropionic acid o-Tolylsuccinamic acid p-Tolylsuccinamic acid 1-Monomethyl 2-dimethylaminoterephthalate 4- Monome thy 1 2-dimethylaminoterephthalate 1-Monomethyl 4-dimethylaminoisophthalate 3-Monomethyl 4-dimethylaminoisophthalate j(3-Monoethyl a, a'-dimethylcinchomeronate 7-Monoethyl a, a'-dimethylcinchomeronate o-Tolyliminodiacetic acid p-Tolyliminodiacetic acid 2, 3, 4, 5-Tetramethylbenzoic acid. 2, 3, 4, 6-Tetramethylbenzoic acid. 2, 3, 5, 6-Tetramethylbenzoic acid. p-Thymotic aldehyde a-E t h y 1-ß-phenyl-ß-hydroxypropionic acid Mesitvlenegly colic acid a-Phenoxyisovaleric acid Phenylhydroxypivalic acid Phenylpropoxy acetic acid 3, 4-Diethoxybenzoic acid a-o-Toluidinobutyric acid a-p-Toluidinobutyric acid a-o-Toluidinoisobutyric acid )S-o-Toluidinoisobutyric acid a-p-Toluidinoisobutyric acid ß-p-Toluidinoisobutyric acid PS e udocumenesulf oneaminoacetic acid m-X y 1 e n esulf oneaminopropionic acid c?-Camphorcarboxylic acid Z-Camphorcarboxylic acid

t, °C

c-Range

A0

A; (or Ac)

Lit.

25 25 25 25 25 25

0.03-0.001 0.016-0.002 0.002-0.001 0.004-0.001 0.016-0.001 0.016-0.0005

376 375 375 375 376 375

A0.03 = 258 8.9 X IO"5 4.5 X IQ-" 7.0 X 10~6 9.6 X IO"4 2.6X10-»

(69, lös) (577) (540) (540) ( 105 ) (524)

25

0.02-0.0008

375

3.64 X 10~4

( 6 3i)

25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25

0.02-0.0008 0.03-0.003 0.002-0.0005 0.004-0.0005 0.008-0.002 0.008-0.001 0.008-0.001 0.008-0.001 0.005-0.0006 0.005-0.0012

375 376 375 375 376 375 375 375 375 375

2.25 X 10~4 7.62 X 10~5 4.8 X H)-* 1. 05X10-* 6 X 10~4 1. 26X10-« 1.60X10" 4 1.22X10~ 4 2.15X10" 4 2.15X10' 4

(63l) (567) ( 6 <>2) (540,602) (280) (436,605) (436,605) (579) (394,579) (579)

25

0 . 002-0 . 0006

375

25 25 25

0.002-0.0006 0.016-0.001 0.004-0.001

375 376 376

1.67X10~ 4 (200) 2.04 X 10~5 (436) 1. 89X10-« ( 43 6)

25

0.03-0.001

376

[4 X K)-6]

(«oi)

25

0.03-0.001

376

[3 X 10-]

(*oi)

25

0.0025-0.0006

376

5.5 X 10~7

(601)

25

0.002-0.0005

376

2.7 X UT5

(«oi)

25

0.01-0.0012

375

1.8X10-»

(413)

25 25 25 25 25 25 25

0.01-0.0012 0.005-0.001 0.003-0.0015 0.0005 0.0005 0.001-0,0005 0.0002-0.0001

375 374 374 375 375 375 375

2.1X10~5 2.0 X 10~3 1.4X10~ 3 6 X 10~5 1 X 10~4 3 X 10~4 1 X 10~4

(413) (579) (579) (45l) (451) (451) (204)

25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25

0.03-0.001 0 . 04-0 . 005 (?) 0.03-0.001 0.04-0.0012 0.001 0.005-0.0012 0.004-0.001 0.005-0.0012 0.005-0.0012 0.005-0.0012 0.005-0.0012

374 375 (?) 374 374 375 372 372 372 372 372 372

3.04 X 1Q-« 2 . 1 X 10~4 4.66 X 10~4 4.5 X 10-£ 4.9 X 10~4 3.32X10-5 5.2 X IO"5 1. 02X10-« 4.8 X 10~6 3.9 X HT6 6.6 X 10~6 4.0 X 10~7

(550) (69) (57) (550) ( 19S ) (436) (579) (579) (579) (579) (579) (579)

25

0.006-0.001

372

2.44 X 10~4

(358)

25 25 25

0.008-0.001 0.016-0.001 0.03-0.0012

372 375 375

2.40 X IO"4 1.74 X IO"4 1.74X10" 4

(358) (136, 436) («6)

1 . 63 X IO"4

(2 oo)

(T-Table. — The C- Arrangement. — (Continued) Electrolyte

Formula CiiHieOe CnHieOs CiiH17N CiiH17N03 CiiHigOe CnHisO4 CnHigOi CnHisOe CiiH19N305 CllIl2oO4 CllH.2oO4 CllIÎ2oO4

CnIÎ2oO4

CllIÏ2oO4

CllH 2 oO4 CllH 22 O3

CnIÎ22O6 CllH22O6 Cl2lÎ6Ol2

Ci 2 H 8 N 2 O4 Ci2H9NO2 Ci2H9N3S Ci2H10N20 Ci 2 H n IO Ci,HiiN0 2 CuHiiNO, Cl2Hi 2 O2

Ci 2 Hi 2 O4 Cl2Hi 2 O4 Cl 2 Hi2O4

Ci 2 Hi 2 O4 Cl2Hi2O5 Cl 2 Hl 2 O6

Ci 2 Hi2Os Ci 2 Hi 3 NO 5 Ci 2 H 13 N0 5 Ci 2 H 13 N0 6 Ci 2 H 13 N0 6 Ci 2 H 13 N 3 O 3 Ci 2 Hi4O 3 Cl 2 Hi4O4 Cl 2 Hi4O4

Cl 2 Hi4O4

Ci 2 Hi4Oe Ci 2 Hi40
|

t, °C Name 3- M et h y 1 cy clohexylidenesuccinic [25] acid 2, 6-Dimethylpentane-2, 6-tetra25 carboxylic acid 25 Diethylbenzylamine Methyl 2-hydroxytrimethylammo1.2 niumbenzoate Cycloheptane-1, 1-diacetic acid.. . . 25 Mono-aô-methyl d-camphorate. . . 25 25 Mono-o-methyl d-camphorate S2/ra.-Tetramethyl-/3-acetoxyglu25 taric acid [25] Antipeptone (ß) 25 2, 6-Diethylpimelic acid 25 ß, ß-Dipropylglutaric acid Monomethyl cis-s^/m.-diisopropyl25 succinate Monomethyl trans-sym.-diisopro25 pylsuccinate a, a-Dimethyl-a'-isoamylsuccinic 25 acid 25 Octylmalonic acid a-Dimethyl-ß-hydroxypelargonic 25 acid Tetramethyl-uj-methylglucoside . . . 25 Tetramethyl-ß-methylglucoside . . . 25 25 Mellitic acid 3, 2'-Dipyridyl-2, 3'-dicarbbxylic 25 acid 3-Phenylpyridinecarboxylic acid. . . 25 25 Thionine 2>-Oxyazobenzene 25 25 Diphenyliodonium hydroxide 25 a-Naphthylaminoacetic acid 25 /3-Naphthylaminoacetic acid 25 Phenyldihydroresorcinol 25 Benzylglutaconic acid 7-Methyl-7-phenylitaeonic acid. . . 25 7-Methyl-7-phenylisoitaconic acid 25 7-Methylene-7-phenylpyr.otartaric 25 acid a-Keto-7-phenyladipic acid 25 Benzylethenyltricarboxylic acid . . . 25 Diacetyld iketohexamethylenedi[25] carboxylic acid a- Monomethyl benzoylaminosucci25 nate ß- Monomethyl benzoylaminosuccinate . 25 «-Ethyl 2, 4-dimethylpy ridine tri25 carboxylate ß-Ethyl 2, 4-dimethylpy ridine tricarboxylate 25 Ethyl l-p-tolyl-5-hydroxy-l, 2, 325 triazole-4-carboxylate 25 ß-Phenyl-7-acetylbutyric acid 25 Ethylbenzylmalonic acid mes o-s y m.-Methylbenzylsuccinic 25 acid p-sî/m.-Methylbenzylsuccinic acid . 25 1-Monoethyl hemipinate 25 25 2-Monoethyl hemipinate

c-Range

A0

/c(or Ac)

Lit.

(?)

(?)

2.08 X IO-4

(531)

0.06-0.004 0.008-0.002

373 222

3.7 X 10~3 3.0X10" 5

(582) (207)

0.016 0.004-0.001 0.005-0.0012 0.009-0.001

(?) (?) 376 376

Ao.oi6 = 134 3.95X10- 4 1.06X1Q- 5 7.78 X 10~6

(140) (525.2) (583) (583)

0.03-0.0016 0.12-0.002 0.007-0.0008 0.002-0.0005

375 (?) 373 (?)

5.2 X IO"5 Ao.o6 = 14.1 3.40X10" 5 3.4X10~4

(402) (420) (582) (525.2)

0.004-0.0005

374

1 . 15 X 10~4

(96)

0.003-0.0003

374

6.3 X 10~5

0.008-0.001 0.002-0.0003

375 375

6.1 X 10~4 9.2 X 10~4

0.008-0.0005 0.5 0.5 0.014-0.0004

374 (?) (?) (?)

1.8X1Q- 5 Ao.5 =0.014 Ao.5 = 0.038 A0.ou = 450

0.008-0.0005 0.008-0.001 0.004 0.0009 0.03-0.004 0.001-0.0005 0.002-0.001 0.002-0.0005 0.06-0.0009 0.016-0.001 0.017-0.0005

376 376 (?) (?) (?) 373 373 376 377 376 376

3.1 X 10~4 4 X 10~6 Ao.oo4> 17.7 Ao.ooo9 = 1.1 A0.03 = 198 3.2X1Q-5 5.5 X 10~5 1.14X10" 5 1. 50X1Q-* 1.97X10~ 4 2.31 X 10~4

(436) (436) (230) ( 179 ) (539) (579) (579) (sos) (577) (529) (524,529)

0.016-0.001 0.03-0.004 0.03-0.016

376 375 375

1.91X10~ 4 8.9 X 10~3 3.0 X 10~2

(529) O56) (578)

0.001-0.0005

(?)

Ao.ooi = 343

(184)

0.03-0.002

376

1.85X10~ 4

(442)

0.016-0.002

376

4.9 X 10~4

(442)

0.03-0.0005

(?)

A0.03 = 263.6 (320)

0.03-0.0005

(?)

A0.03 = 277.9 (320)

0.006-0.0014 0.03-0.0005 0.03-0.004

374 375 376

1.0 X 10~2 3.13X10~ 5 1.4X1Q- 2

(158) (508) (577)

0.03-0.002 0.03-0.002 0.005-0.0007 0.007-0.0009

376 376 375 375

2.42 X 10~4 2.14X10~4 1.45X10~ 4 1.0X10~4

(577) (577) (597) (597)

(»6) (97) (524) (sso) (71) (71) ( 49 );c/. (45)

(T-Table.—The <£- Arrangement.— (Continued)

Electrolyte Formula Ci2H15N03 Ci2H15N03 C12H15N03 C12HÌ5N03

Ci2H15N04 C^HieOs Cl2lÏ2oO4 Cl2ÏÎ2oO6

Cl2H2oOe

Ci2H21NO Cl2ÏÏ22O4 Cl2Ho 2 O4 Cl2U22O4 Cl2lÎ22O4 Cl2H 2 2Oll

Ci 2 H 27 N Ci3H9N Ci3H9N04 Ci3H9NO4 CuHnNOî Ci 3 Hi 2 O6 Ci3Hi5NO5 Ci3H15NOB Cl 3 Hi6O4 Cl 3 Hi6O4 Cl 3 Hi6O4

CisHieCU CisHieOe CisHieOe Ci3H17N03 Ci3H17N03 Ci3H17N03 Ci3H17N03 Ci3H17N03 Cl3H2oOs Cl 3 IÎ24O4 Cl3!l24O4

CuHgBrOsS Cl4HloO3

Ci4HioO3 Cu-HioOs

CuHioOsS Cl4ÎîloO3S Cl4HioO4

CuHioOg CuHuN Cl4Hi 2 O2 Cl4Hl2O 3

Ci4Hi209(?) Ci4Hi8NO2

|

Name a-Acetylanilinobutyric acid ß-Aeetylanilinoisobutyric acid a- Acetyl-o-toluidinopropionic acid . a- Acetyl-p-toluidinopropionic acid . Cotarnine a - Isopropyl-ß-phenyl-ß-hydroxypropionic acid Mono-o-ethyl Z-isocamphorate a, 7-Diisopropyltricarballylic acid (M. P., 156°) a, 7-Diisopropyltricarballylic acid (M. P., 173°) Triethylphenylammonium hydroxide cis-sî/ra.-Diisobutylsuccinic acid . . . frans-ST/m.-Diisobutylsuccinic acid . Monoethyl sebacate Tetraethylsuccinic acid Saccharose Triisobutylamine Acridine a-Phenylpyridinedicarboxylic acid ß-Phenylpyridinedicarboxylic acid Phenyldihydroresorcylic acid nitrite Mesitylenediglyoxylic acid eso- Monoethyl acetylphenylglycine-o-carboxylate exo- Monoethyl acetylphenylglycine-o-earboxylate Dimethylbenzylsuccinic acid raeso-Ethylbenzylsuccinic acid. . . . para-Ethylbenzylsuccinic acid Methylbenzylglutaric acid 1-Monopropyl hemipinate 2-Monopropyl hemipinate a-Acetyl-p-toluidinobutyric acid . . a-Acetyl-p-toluidinoisobutyric acid ß-Acetyl-p-toluidinoisobutyric acid a-Acetyl-0-toluidinobutyric acid.. . /3-Acetyl-o-toluidinoisobutyric acid Diethylpentanetetracarboxy lie acid 2, 6-Dipropylpimelic acid 2, 6-Diisopropylpimelic acid 10-Bromophenanthrene-3(or 6)sulf onic acid Fluor en e-9-hydroxy-9-carboxy lie acid o-Benzoylbenzoic acid Diphenylenegly colic acid Phenanthrene-3-sulfonic acid Phenanthrene-10-sulfonic acid. . . . . Diphenic acid a-Digallic acid Methylacridine Diphenylacetic acid : Benzilic acid Tannic acid Methylphenyldihydroresorcylic acid nitrile

tj °C

c-Range

A0

k(or A,,) 4

Lit.

25 25 25 25 0 25

0.003-0.008 0.003-0.0009 0.003-0.0008 0.003-0.0008 0.008-0.001 0.008-0.001

371 371 371 371 134 226

1.05X10" 2.7 X 10~5 1.02X10" 4 1.02X10" 4 A 0 .oo8=53.5 Ao.oos = 124

25 25

0.03-0.0009 0 . 004-0 . 002

374 375

5.60 X 10~5 (550) 6 . 4 X IO"'5 (593)

25

0.01-0.0013

374

1.62X10~ 3

(**)

25

0.006-0.0008

374

1. 92XH)- 8

(98)

25 25 25 25 25 25 25 0 25 25

0.06-0.004 0.0015-0.0004 0.001-0.0002 0.002-0.0005 0.0011 2.0-0.02 0.002-0.001 0.008 0.008-0.0005 0.016-0.0005

228 375 375 374 374 (?) 220 (?) 376 376

A0.06 = 192 (433) 5.5 X 10~4 (97) 2.24X10' 4 ( 97 ) 1.42X1Q- 5 (582) 4.4 X 10~4 (592) Ao. os =0.030 (71, 210) 2.1X10~4 ( 104 ) Ao.oos = 24 (241) 1 . 2 X 1 0 ~ 4 (436) 1.08X10" 4 (436)

25 25

0.003-0.0003 0.03-0.001

376 376

1.95X10" 4 (508) A0.03 = 261 (ios)

25

0.014-0.0009

374

3.03 X 10~4 (394)

25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25

0.03-0.0016 0.016-0.002 0.03-0.002 0.016-0.001 0.03-0.002 0.004-0.001 0.002-0.001 0.003-0.0008 0.004-0.0009 0.003-0.0007 0.004-0.001 0.002-0.001 0.09-0.01 0.001-0.0002 0.004-0.0005

374 376 376 376 376 374 374 371 371 371 371 371 373 373 373

3.75 X 10~4 4.46 X 10~4 4.06 X 10~4 2.57 X 10~4 5.7 X 10~5 9.2 X 10~4 1.43XÎO~4 1.05X10~ 4 9.3 X 10~5 2.24 X IO"5 9.0 X IO"5 2.0X1Q-5 2.1 X 10~2 3.2XK)-5 3.2 X10~5

(394) (577) (577) (577) («0) (598) (598) (579) (579) (579) (579) (579) (582) (582) (582)

18

0.5-0.0002

(?)

Ao.06 = 220

(503) 3

(579) (579) (579) (57») (241) (241)

25 25 25 18 18 25 25 0 25 25 0-65 25

0.01-0.0003 0.001-0.0002 0.008-0.001 0.03-0.001 0.03-0.001 0.008-0.0001 0.03-0.008 0.004 0.0004-0.0002 0.02-0.0008 0.008-0.0005 0.03-0.008

376 376 375 344 344 374 373 (?) 375 375

1.18X10~ 3.7 X 10~4 9.8 X 10~4 A0.03 = 313 A0.03 = 319 5 X 10~4 1.1X10-« Ao.oo4 = 55 1.1X1Q-* 9.0 X 1Q-«

375

A0.os = 2.1

(67) (397) (358) (501) (502) (432) ( 57 i) (241) (558) (49,67,378) (6io, eii) (571)

25

0 . 004-0 . 0002

373

2 . 0 X 10~4

(508)

(T-Table.—The (T- Arrangement.— (Continued) Electrolyte Formula C14H13N03 C14Hi3N03 C14H13N04 C14H13N04 Ci4H15N07 Ci4H15N303S C^HieOe C14H17N06 CuHigOs Ci 4 Hi 8 O 3 C10H13N04 C15H13NOS Ci 6 HnN 2 Os CioHi6O4 CioHôOs Ci.HnNg04 Ci6H13N07 C16H13N09S3 Ci6H14N2OT Cl6Ul 4 O2 CieHl 4 O2 Cl6Îïl 4 O 4 Cl6Ïîl 4 O 4

C16H15NO4 CieHieC^ C16H17N08 C16Hi9N3OS

|

Name Acetyl-a-naphthylaminoacetic acid Acetyl-/3-naphthylaminoacetic acid a-Naphthyliminodiacetic acid ß-Naphthyliminodiacetic acid. . . . Diethyl o-nitrobenzoylmalonate . . . p- Dim ethylaminoazobenzenesulfonic acid Benzylisobutenyltricarboxylic acid a, jo- Diethyl 2, 4-dimethylpyridinetricarboxylate c^-Amylcoumaric acid cM-Amylcoumarinic acd Phenyllutidinedicarboxylic acid. . Pyropapaveric acid Pyropapaveric acid ketoxime Ethyl phenyldihydroresorcylate . . . ß-Phenyl-7-trimethylacetylbutyric acid Diphenylvioluric acid Papaveric acid Phenyl-ß-naphthylaminetrisulfonic acid Papaveric acid ketoxime Diphenylcrotonic acid ß, 7-Diphenylvinylacetic acid 0-para-Diphenylsuccinic acid sî/w.-Diphenylsuccinic acid Monomethyl phenyllutidinedicarboxylate Dibenzylacetic acid Acetyl-ß-naphthylaminoisobutyric acid Tetramethylthionine hydroxide . . .

t, °C

e- Range

A0

k (or Ac) 4

Lit.

25 25 25 25 25

0.004-0.0009 0.002-0.001 0.005-0.0012 0.005-0.0012 0.001-0.0004

371 371 371 371 371

2.03 X 10~ 2.36 X 10~4 5.0 X 10~4 2.3 X 10~3 2.10 X 10~4

(579) (579) (579) (579) (569)

25 25

0.001-0.0002 0.016-0.008

371 373

[3 X 10~5] 1.3X10" 2

(622) (578)

25 25 25 25 25 25 25

0.016-0.001 0.0001 0.0005 0.002-0.0005 0.0013-0.0003 0.0011-0.0006 0.004-0.0004

371 374 374 376 376 376 375

1.8X10~ 2 (320) 1.3X1Q- 5 (488) 4.0 X IO-« ( 488 ) 1. 15X10-* ( 436 ) Ao.oois = 101 .0 (49) 3 X 10~s (49) 6.05 X 10~5 (508)

25 [25] 25

0.002-0.0003 (?) 0.004-0.001

375 (?) 373

2.5 X 10~5 7.7 X 10~5 9 X 10~3

25 25 25 25 25 25

0.0013-0.00016 0.002-0.0005 0.002-0.001 0.002-0.001 0.0005-0.0002 0.02-0.0014

371 (?) 375 375 375 375

A0.ooi3 = 351 (165) A0.oo2 = 406 (49) 8 X 10~5 O« 8 , 338) 4 5.5 X 10~ (188,338) 2.2 X 10~4 (577) 2.55 X 10-* (577)

25 25

0.008-0.001 0.0005-0.0002

376 374

4.5 X 10~5 2.7 X 10~5

(436) (558)

25 0 25 25 25 25 25 25 18 18 25

0.0012-0.0006 0.002 0.002 0.0008-0.0003 0.002-0.001 0.002-0.001 0.008-0.004 0.003-0.0008 0.05-0.001 0.0005 0.0006

371 133 225 375 375 375 374 372 (?) (?) (?)

2.16 X 1Q-5 Ao.oo2 = 99 A0.oo2 = 150 9.0 X 10~4 4 X 10~3 6 X 10~3 3.8 X 10~2 1.45X10" 4 [Ao.o6 = 80] A 0 .ooo5=9.5 Ao.0006 - 33

(579) (230,246) (230,246) (601) (598); c/. (318) (5««); cf. (318) (577) (631) (401) (388) (392)

(?) (?)

A0.ooi=30.6 Ao. 001 = 48.3

(246,626) (246,626)

(508) (348) (318,436)

Ci7HieO4 CnH17N3 C17H19N03

/3-Chrysenic acid ß-Monomethyl papaverate 7- Monomethyl papaverate Dibenzylmalonic acid Diphenylglutaric acid Anilopyrine Morphine

Ci 7 H 2 iN 3

Auramine G

0 25

0.001 0.001

C17H2iN3

Auramine O

C17H23N03 C17H23NOS

Atropine Hyoscyamine Chrysodiphenic acid Dibenzoyltartaric acid Phenosaf ranine

0 25 25 25 25 25 0 25

0.001 0.001 0.005-0.0012 0.01-0.0012 0.0016-0.0004 0.003-0.0008 0.002 0.002

(?) (?) (?) (?) 375 374 131 222

Ao.ooi =30.8 (626) Ao.ooi = 4 3 . 7 (626) Ao.oos = 37 (587) [Ao.oi = 19.3] (587) 1.6X10~ 3 ( 601 ) A0.0033 = 257 (577) Ao.oo2 = 112 (246) A0.oo2 = 176 (246)

25 25 25 18 [25] 0 25 18 25

0.016-0.004 0.0002-0.0001 0.002-0.0005 0.05-0.001 0.05 0.002 0.002 0.00007 0.004-0.0005

373 373 373 (?) (?) (?) 220 194 372

1.18X10" 4 4.9 X 10~5 1.05X10" 4 AO.OS = 157 [A0.o5 =5] A 0 .oo2> 85 A0.002 > 135 1.2X10- 6 2.4 X 10~7

Ci7Îîl2O2

C17H15N07 CnHisNOr Cl 7 HloO4

ClsHi2O4

CisHi-iOs Ci8H16N4O

,

CisHieOe CigHieCK Ci8H19N3 Ci8H23NO4 GuHuNiO

7-Benzyliden e-7-phenylpy ro tartaric acid a-Truxillic acid 7-Truxillic acid 2, 5-Benzyliminopyrine Methylmorphinium hydroxide . . . . p-Triaminotriphenyl carbinol

Ci9H22N2O CigHscOe

Cinchonine Cetylmalonic acid

CisHieO*

(532) (26) (26) (401) (219) (246) (246) (388) (524)

(T-Table. —The (T-Arrangement. — (Continued) Electrolyte

C 2 oH 2 iNO4

Name a-Naphthaleneazo-ß-naphtholdisulf onic acid Methylphenylacridinium hydroxide Papaverine

C 2 oH24N 2 O2

Quinine

Formula C2oHl4N 2^782

C20H17NO

Pyropapaveric drazone Strychnine

C 21 Hi9N 3 O 4 C 2 iH 22 N 2 O 2 C/21ÏÎ24O4

C2iH 34 N G O9

c22Ha5CiN2o C 2 2H 16 N 3 0 C 2 2H 19 N 3 O 6 C22H23N07 C23H2oOe

C 23 H 26 N 2 O4

acid

C 26 H 18 N 2 O C 26 H 43 N0 6 C 2 7H34N 2 0

C32H24N 6 0 6 S2 C32lÌ48Ol6

C37H3iN3OioS3

c-Range

A0

25

0.01-0.0006

(?)

0 18 25 18 25

0.004 0.00013 0.00016 0.0006 0.0007

25 18 25 25 [25]

0 . 001-0 . 0005 0.0002 0.0002 0.0005-0.0002 0.06-0.001

2, 6-Dibenzylpimelic acid Pepsin fibrin peptone (a) 6-Chloro-o-JV-phenylnaphthophenazonium hydroxide Rosindulinium hydroxide Papaveric acid phenylhydrazone . . Narcotine Methyl 3, 6-dimethoxyphenylxanthoniumcarboxylate Brucine

P h e n y 1 phenanthrophenazonium hydroxide Glycocholic acid Tetraethyldiaminotriphenyl carbinol (brilliant green) . . Congo blue Polymethacrylic acid T rip h e nyl-p-rosanilinetrisulf onic acid

0

0.002

A; (or Ac)

Lit.

Ao.oi = 344

(445)

(?) 196 222 196 222

[Ao.oo4 = 117] 2.8X10- 7 [5 X 10~5] 1.7X10-6 [1 X IO"5]

(241) (388) (392) (388) (392)

373 195 221 372 (?)

3 . 6 X 10~6 (49) 8.5 X IO-7 (388) [6 X 10~5] (392) 4.8 X 10~5 ( 582 ) Ao.06 = 10.8 (420)

phenylhy-

H e x a methyl-p-triaminotriphenyl carbinol (crystal violet)

C25H31N30

t, °C

(?)

A 0 .oo2> HO

(246)

25 25 18

0.002 0.0005 0.00004

225 373 (?)

A 0 . 0 o 2 = 2 3 . 4 (246) 4.5 X 10~3 (49) Ao.oooo4 == 8.5 (388)

0 18 25

0.005 0.0013 0.0014-0.0007

(?) 194 220

A 0 .oo5=82 1 X IO-6 6 X IO"«

(307,409) (388) (392)

0 25

0.004-0.002 0.004

132 223

A0.oo4 = 110 A0.oo4 = 150

(246) (246)

0 25

0.002 0.0013-0.0006

131 367

A 0 .oo2> 3.4 1.3X10~ 4

(246) (91)

0 25 25

0.004 0.003-0.0004 0.03-0.0005

(?) (?) 367

A 0 . o o 4 = 2 4 . 3 (246) Ao.oos = 13.0 (89) 3.5 X 10~8 (405)

18 90

0.0025-0.0006 0.0025-0.0006

(?) (?)

A0. 0025 = 556 (324) A0.oo25 = 1156 (324)

(60) Bischoff and Waiden, 25, 23: 1950; 90. (61) Bischoff and Waiden, 25, 26: 1452; 93. (**) Bleekrode, 3, 5: 375; 78. (63) Bock, 8, 30: 631; 87. ( 64 ) Böeseken and Couvert, 70, 29: 275; 10. (65) Böeseken, 70, 34: 96; 15. C 1 ) Abati, 36, 36 II: 834; 06. (2) Abati, 36, 38 I: 152; 08. (3) Abati and (66) Böeseken, Ruys and Brackmann, 70, 34,: 272; 15. ( 67 ) Böeseken, Solimene, 36, 38 II: 577; 08. ( 4 ) Abbott and Bray, 1, 31: 729; 09. ( 5 ) 70, 35: 211; 15. (6«) Böeseken, 70, 39: 178; 20. ( 69 ) Böeseken and Felix, Abegg, Fox and Herz, 93, 35: 129; 03. ( 6 ) Aeree and Shadinger, 11, 39: 70, 40: 568; 21. 124; 08. (7; Angeli, 36, 22 II : 1 ; 92. (8) Angeli and Rimini, 36, 26 II : 34; (70) Böeseken, Anema and Brevet, 70, 41: 778; 22. (70.5) Böeseken and 9 96. ( ) Anschütz, 13, 353: 139; 07. Coops, 64V, 29: 368; 20. ( 71 ) Böeseken and Couvert, 70, 40: 354; 21. (10) Anschütz and Motschmann, 13, 392: 100; 12. (ll) Arrhenius, 7, 4: 96; 89. (72) Böeseken and Dujardin, 70, 32: 97; 13. ( 73 ) Böeseken and van der 02) Arrhenius, 7, 5: 1; 90. («) Aschan, 13, 271: 231; 92. 0 4 ) Askenasy Ent, 70, 37: 178; 18. ( 74 ) Böeseken and van Giffen, 70, 39: 183; 20. (75) and Meyer, 25, 26: 1354; 93. ( 15 ) Asriel, Diss., Heidelberg, 1900. 0*) Böeseken and de Graaff, 70, 41: 199; 22. (76) Böeseken, Hansen and Auerbach, 7, 49: 217; 04. 0 7 ) Auerbach and Zeglin, 7, 103: 178; 23. (18) Bertram, 70, 35: 309; 16. ( 77 ) Böeseken and Hermans, 70, 42: 1104; 23. 9 Auld and Hantzsch, 25, 38: 2677; 05. (* ) Auwers, 13, 285: 241 ; 95. ( 78 ) Böeseken and van der Hoek Ostende, 70, 37: 162; 18. (79)Böeseken (20) Auwers, 13, 292: 132; 96. (21) Auwers, 13, 298: 147; 97. ( 22 ) Auwers and and Kalshoven, 70, 37: 130; 18. Campenh'ausen, 25, 29: 1543; 96. ( 23 ) Auwers and Jacob, 25, 27: 1114; (80) Böeseken and van Lennep, 70, 31: 196; 12. (*l) Böeseken and Ouwehand, 94. (24) Auwers, Köbner and Meyenburg, 25, 24: 2887; 91. ( 25 ) Auwers 70, 40: 574; 21. (82) Böeseken and van Rossem, 70, 30: 392; 11. ( 83 ) and Oswald, 13, 285: 283; 95. ( 26 ) Bader, 7, 6: 289; 90. (27) Baeyer, 13, Böeseken and Rost van Touningen, 70, 39: 187; 20. (84) Böeseken, 269: 145; 92. (29) Bailey and Mikeska, 1, 38: 1771; 16. Schweizer and van der Want, 70, 31: 86; 12. (8s, Böeseken, Sturm and (30) Balbiano, 36, 29 II: 490; 99. (31) Bamberger, 26, 27: 359; 94. ( 32 ) Goettsch, 70, 37: 144; 18. (86) Böeseken and Verkade, 70, 36: 167; 16. Bamberger, 25, 35: 3697; 02. ( 33) Bamberger and Berle, 13, 273: 303; 93. (8 7 ) Böeseken and Voogd, 70, 42: 745; 23. (88) Böeseken, Weisfeit, Spek, 34 35 ( ) Bamberger and Lodter, 13, 288: 74; 95. ( ) Barmwater, 7, 45: 557; Loon and Goettsch, 70, 37: 165; 18. ( 89 ) Bogoiavlenski, 53, 44: 1813; 12. 03. ( 37 ) Barmwater, 7, 56: 225; 06. ( 39 ) Barth, 7, 9: 176; 92. (90) Bollemont, 27, 25: 28; 01. ( 9 *) Bondi, 202, 53: 8; 07. ( 92 ) Bone and ( 40 ) Baur, 13, 296: 95; 97. (*2) Baur, 7, 18: 182; 95. ( 43 ) Baur, 7, 23: 409; Henstock, 4, 83: 1380; 03. (93; Bone and Perkin, 4, 67: 108; 95. ( 94 ) 97. ( 44 ) Bayliss, 289, 36: 221; 08. ( 45 ) Berthelot, 6, 23: 5; 91. ( 46 ) Bone and Perkin, 4, 67: 416; 95. ( 95 ) Bone and Sprankling, 4, 75: 839; Berthelot, 6, 24: 5; 91. ( 47 ) Berthelot, 34, 110: 703; 90. ( 4 «) Berthelot, 99. ( 96 ) Bone and Spranlding, 4, 77: 654; 00. ( 9 7 ) Bone and Sprankling, 34, 112: 287; 91. ( 49 ) Bethmann, 7, 5: 385; 90. 4, 77: 1298; 00. (98) Bone and Sprankling, 4, 81: 29; 02. (") Bone and (50) Bichat, Bull. Soc. Nancy, (2) 11, Butt, des Séances, 7°, 16 (1891). (51) Sprankling, 4, 83: 1378; 03. Biilmann, 25, 43: 568; 10. ( 5 2) Biilmann and Bjerrum, 25, 49: 2515; 16. (100) Bone, Sudborough and Sprankling, 4, 85: 534; 04. ( l01 ) Bouty, 8, 4 (5S) Billitzer, 57, 20: 666; 99. (* ) Bischoff, 25, 24: 1064; 91. (55) 3: 161; 78. (102) Boyle, 4, US: 1505, 19. (io2.i) Bradley and Lewis, Bischoff, 25, 24: 2001; 91. (56) Bischoff, 25, 33: 924; 00. (57) Bischoff, 50, 29: 782; 25. (103) Bredig, 7, 11: 829; 93. ( 104 ) Bredig, 7, 13: 289; 94. 9 25, 33: 931; 00. (58) Bischoff and Jaunsnicker, 26, 23: 3399; 90. (* ) (105) Breed, Thesis, Bryn Mawr, 1901. 0<> 7 ) Bruce, 1, 26: 449; 04. 0°8) Bischoff and Mintz, 25, 23: 3410; 90. Bruner, 9, 19: 861 ; 13. O ° 9 ) Bruni, 9,14: 701 ; 08.

LITERATURE


C 1 1 «) Bruni and Sandonnini, 9, 16: 223; 10. O 11 ) Bruylanti and Stassens, 186, 1921: 702. ( 112 ) Bugila and Karczag, 22, 18 II: 374; 09. ( 113 ) Buglia and Karczag, 22, 18 II: 474; 09. ( 114 ) Bülow and Haas, 25, 43: 3401; 10. ( 115 ) Burke, ^, 42: 2500; 20. C 1 1 6 ) Calcagni, 22, 25 I: 643; 16. (117) Caldwell, fi, 78A: 272; 06. ( i i » ) Carrara and Levi, 36, 32 II: 36; 02. (U»; Carrara and Rossi, 36, 27 II: 505; 97. (120) Carré, 27, 33: 1314; 05. ( 1 2 1 ) Chanoz, Ann. Univ. Lyon, I, Fase. 18: 1; 06. (i 2 2 ) Chavanne, 6, 3: 507; 04. (i 23 ) Chroustchoff, 34, 108: 1003; 89. (i 2 *) Claisen, 13, 297: 1; 97. (i 2 6 ) Clover and Jones, 11, 43: 387; 10. O 2 ?) Coffetti, 36, 30 II: 235; 00. ( 1 2 8 ) Collan, 7, 10: 130; 92. (i 2 9 ) Collie, 4, 77: 971; 00. (130) Collie and Hilditch, 4, 91: 787; 07. ("i) Collie and Tickle, 4, 75: 710; 99. (i 3 2 ) Constam and White, 11, 29: 1; 03. (i 34 ; Coos, 25, 35: 4109; 02. ( 135 ) Coppadoro, 36, 32 I: 537; 02. (i 3 6 ) Creighton, 7, 81: 543; 12. (i 3 7 ) Crossley and Perkin, 4, 73: 1; 98. (i 38 ) Crum Brown and Walker, 13, 261: 107; 91. (i 39 ; Crum Brown and Walker, 13, 274: 41; 93. (1*0) Gumming, 7, 57: 574; 06. O*») Dalle, 70, 21: 123; 02. (i 4 2 ) van Dam, 176, 7: 1013; 10. (i 4 3 ) Da Monte and Zoso, 36, 27 II: 467; 97. (i 4 4 ) Davidson and Hantzsch, 25, 31: 1612; 98. O 4 5 ) Dawson and Crann, 4, 109: 1262; 16. (i 4 6 ) Dawson and Reiman, 4, 107: 1426; 15. ( i 4 7 ) Deakin and Rivett, 4, 101: 127; 12. (i 4 8 ) Dedichen, 25, 39: 1831; 06. (i 4 9 ) Déguisne, Diss., Strasbourg, 1895. (150) Derick and Hess, 2,40:537; 18. O 5 1 ) Derick and Kamm, ^, 39: 388; 17. (152) Deschauer, Diss., Heidelberg, 1905. (i 5 3 ) Deussen, 93, 44: 300; 05. (154; Devrient, Diss., Leipzig, 1896. (i 5 5 ) Dieckmann, 25, 53: 1772; 20. (156) Dieckmann and Hardt, 25, 52: 1134; 19. (i 5 7 ) Dimroth, 13, 335: 1; 04. ( 158 ; Dimroth, 13, 338: 143; 05. ( 159 ) Dony-Hénault, 186, 1909: 342. (160) Doroshevskii and Rozhdestvenskii, 53, 40: 887; 08. O 6 1 ) van Dorssen, 70, 29: 368; 10. O« 52 ) Drucker, 7, 49: 563; 04. (i 6 3 ) Drucker, 7, 52: 641; 05. O 6 4 ) Drushel and Felty, 12, 43: 64; 17. (i 6 5 ) Ebersbach, 7, 11: 608; 93. (i 6 6 ) Engler and Hantzsch, 25, 33: 2147; 00. (i«7) Enklaar, 70, 24: 419; 05. (i 6 8 ) Erlenmeyer, 25, 42: 2649; 09. (l 69 ; Erlenmeyer, 25, 42: 2655; 09. (i 7 0 ) Esmann, Diss., Leipzig, 1905. O™) Euler, 25, 39: 1607; 06. (i 7 2 ) Euler, 7, 21: 257; 96. (i 7 3 ) Euler and Bolin, 7, 66: 71; 09. O 7 4 ) Euler and Euler, 19, 1: 111; 03. (i 7 5) Euler and Euler, 25, 36: 4253; 03. (i 7 6 ) Ewan, 4, 69: 96; 96. (i 77 ; Eykman, 25, 24: 1278; 91. (i 7 8 ) Fanjung, 7, 14: 673; 94. (i 7 9 ) Farmer and Hantzsch, 25, 32: 3089; 99. (180) Farmer and Hantzsch, 25, 32: 3101; 99. 0»*) Feist, 13, 257: 253; 90. (182) Feist, 25, 25: 315; 92. 0 83 ) Feist, 25, 26: 747; 93. 0 8 4 ) Feist, 25, 32: 315; 99. O 85 ; Fichter, 25, 54: 1280; 21. O 8 *) Fichter and Beisswenger, 25, 36: 1200; 03. O 8 7 ) Fichter and Gisiger, 25, 42: 4707; 09. (i 88 ) Fichter and Latzko, 52, 74: 327; 06. O 89 ; Fichter and Obladen, 25, 42: 4703; 09. (190) Fichter and Pf ister, 13, 334: 201; 04. ( i » i ) Fichter and Probst, 13, 372: 69; 10. O 9 2 ) Fichter and Schwab, 13, 348: 251; 06. (l 9 3 ) Fichter and Sonneborn, 25, 35: 938; 02. O 9 4 ) Fierz-David and Wissenbach, 37, 3: 305; 20. O 9 *) Findlay, Turner and Owen, 4, 95: 938; 09. 0 9 6 ) Fiorini, 36, 31 I: 33; 01. (i 9 7 ) Ford and Guthrie, 4, 89: 76; 06. 0 98 ) Foster, 2, 8: 257; 99. (200) Franke, 7, 16: 463; 95. ( 2 <>i) Frazer, 11, 30: 309; 03. f 2 0 2 ; Freundlich and Krestovnikoff, 7, 76: 79; 11. ( 2 0 3 ) Gerilowski and Hantzsch, 25, 29: 743; 96. ( 2 0 4 ) Glimm, Diss., Freiburg, 1902. ( 2 0 5 ) Gnehm and Sheutz, 52, 63: 405; 01. ( 2 <> 6 ; Goldschmidt, 93, 28: 97; 01. ( 2 0 7 ) Goldschmidt and Salcher, 7, 29: 89; 99. ( 2 0 8 ) Gorke, 7, 61: 495; 08. ( 2 0 9 ) Graul and Hantzsch, 25, 31: 2854; 98. ( 2 i°) Green, 4, 93: 2049; 08. ( 2 H ) Grossmann and Kramer, 93, 41: 43; 04. ( 2 i 2 ; Gudzent, 7, 60: 25; 09. ( 2 i 3 ) Guinchant, 34, 120: 1220; 95. ( 2 i 4 ) Guinchant, 34, 121: 71; 95. ( 2 15) Guinchant, Thesis, Paris, 1897. 7, 24: 174; 97. ( 2 i 6 ) Guinchard, 25, 32: 1723; 99. ( 2 i 7 ) Guinchard, Diss., Upsala, 1899. (2l*) Gutbier, 93, 29: 29; 04. ( 2 i 9 ) Hädrich, 7, 12: 476; 93. 22 ( <>) Kaiser and Wenzel, 57, 30: 377; 09. ( 2 2 <>.i) Halban and Ebert, 7, 112: 359; 24. ( 2 2 i ) Hallwachs, 8, 68: 1; 99. ( 2 2 2 ) Hantzsch, 13, 296: 84, 111; 97. f 2 2 3 ) Hantzsch, 25, 22: 2827; 89. ( 2 2 4 ) Hantzsch, 25, 25: 827; 92. ( 2 2 5 ) Hantzsch, 25, 31: 607; 99. ( 2 2 6 ) Hantzsch, 25, 32: 3066; 99. f 2 2 7 ) Hantzsch, 25, 35: 265; 02. ( 2 2 8 ) Hantzsch, 25, 36: 2069; 03. ( 2 2 9 ) Hantzsch, 25, 37: 1076; 04. ( 2 3 °) Hantzsch, 25, 38: 2143; 05. ( 2 3 i ) Hantzsch, 25, 39: 139; 06. ( 2 3 2 ) Hantzsch, 25, 39: 3149; 06. ( 233 ) Hantzsch, 25, 40: 1523; 07. ( 2 3 4 ) Hantzsch, 25, 40: 1556; 07. ( 23 *) Hantzsch and Earth, 25, 35: 210; 02. (236) Hantzsch and Davidson, 25, 29: 1522; 96. ( 2 3 7 ) Hantzsch and Dollfus, 25, 35: 226; 02. ( 238 ) Hantzsch and Glover, 25, 40: 4314; 07. (239; Hantzsch and Holl, 25, 34: 3430; 01. ( 2 4 <>) Hantzsch and Isherwood, 25, 42: 986; 09. ( 2 4 i) Hantzsch and Kalb, 25, 32: 3109; 99. i 2 4 2 ) Hantzsch and Kaufmann, 13, 292: 317; 96. ( 2 4 3 ) Hantzsch and Lehmann, 25, 33: 3668; 00. ( 2 4 4 ) Hantzsch and Miolati, 7, 10: 3; 92. C 2 4 *) Hantzsch and Osswald, 25, 32: 641; 99. ( 2 4 6 ) Hantzsch and Osswald, 25, 33: 278; 00. ( 2 4 7 ) Hantzsch and Rinckenberger, 25, 32: 628; 99. Q 248 ; Hantzsch and Robinson, 25, 43: 92; 10. ( 2 4 9 ) Hantzsch and Schultze, 25, 29: 2251; 96.

(250) Hantzsch, Schumann and Engler, 25, 32: 1703; 99. ( 251 ) Hantzsch and Sebaldt, 7, 30: 258; 99. ( 2 5 2 ) Hantzsch and Sluiter, 25, 39: 162; 06. ( 253 ) Hantzsch and Vagt, 13, 314: 339; 01. ( 2 s 4 ) Hantzscn and Veit, 25, 32: 607; 99. ( 2 5 5 ) Hantzsch and Voegelen, 25, 34: 3142; 01. ("6) Hantzsch and Voegelen, 25, 35: 1001; 02. ( 2 5 7 ) Hartley, Thomas and Applebey, 4, 93: 538; 08. ( 258 ; Heberlein, Diss., Strasbourg, 1898. ( 259 ) Hedley, Diss., Leipzig, 1908. ( 2 60) Henrich, 25, 37: 1406; 04. ("i) Henrich, 57, 18: 142; 97. ( 2 6 2 ) Henry, 7, 10: 96; 92. t 2 * 3 ) Henstock and Sprankling, 4, 91: 354; 07. ( 2 6 4 ) Henstock and Woolley, 4, 91: 1954; 07. ( 2 *5) Hicks, 4, 113: 554; 38. (266) Hill and Sirkar, 5, 83A: 130; 10. C 2 « 7 ) His and Paul, 7, 31: 1; 00. (268) Hjelt, 25, 25: 488; 92. ( 2 6 9 ) Hjelt, 25, 25: 524; 92. ( 2 7 <>) Hjelt, 60, 38: 132; 95. (271) de Hlasko, 42, 20: 167; 23. ( 2 7 3 ) van't Hoff and Reicher, 7, 2: 777; 88. ( 2 7 4 ) Hofmann, Ehrhart and Schneider, 25, 46: 1657; 13. ( 2 7 *) Holleman, 70, 14: 121; 95. ( 27 *) Holleman, 70, 16: 162; 97. ( 2 7 7 ) Holleman, 70, 21: 56; 02. ( 2 7 8 ) Holleman, 70, 21: 432; 02. ( 2 7 9 ) Holleman and De Bruyn, 70, 20: 360; 01. C 2 8 «) Holmberg and Mattisson, 13, 353: 123; 07. ( 2 8 i) Holmberg, 13, 353: 131; 07. ( 282 ; Holmberg, 13, 359: 81; 08. ( 283 ) Holmberg, 25, 45: 2997; 12. ( 2 8 4 ) Holmberg, 52, 71: 264; 05. ( 2 8 5 ) Holmberg, 52, 75: 169; 07. ( 28 «) Holmberg, 52, 79: 253; 09. ( 2 8 7 ) Horcher, Diss., Budapest, 1911. (288) van Hove, 186,1909:282. ( 2 8 9 ) Howies and Thorpe, 182,15:103; 99. ( 2 9 °) Hufferd and Noyes, 1, 43: 925; 21. ( 2 9 i) Inglis and Knight, 4, 93: 1595; 08. ( 2 9 2 ) Jacob, Diss., Heidelberg, 1894. ( 293 ) Jahn, 7, 16: 72; 95. ( 2 9 4 ) James, 4, 103: 1368; 13. ( 2 9 5 J Jellinek, 7, 76: 257; 11. ( 2 9 6 ) Johnston, 25, 37: 3625; 04. ( 2 9 7 ) Johnston, 7, 57: 557; 06. ( 2 9 8 ) Jones and Getman, il, 32: 308; 04. ( 2 9 9 ) Jones and Jacobson, 11, 40: 355; 08. ( 3 °0) Jones and West, 11, 34: 357; 05. ( 3 °i) Joyner, 93, 77: 103; 12. ( 3 <> 2 ) Kamm and McClugage, 1, 38: 419; 16. ( 303 ) Kanitz, 278, 118: 539; 07. ( 3( > 4 ) Kanitz, 202, 47: 476; 06. ( 305 ) Kanolt, 1, 29: 1402; 07. ( 307 ) Kehrmann, 13, 372: 287; 10. ( 3 <> 8 ) Kendall, 1, 36: 1069; 14. ( 3 io) Kendall, 1, 38: 1480; 16. (3H) Kendall, 1, 39: 7; 17. ( 3 i 2 ) Kendall, 4, 101: 1275; 12. ( 3 i 3 ) Kendall, 147, 2: No. 38; 13. ( 3 Ï 4 ) Kendall, 5, 85:200; 11. ( 3 i5) Kerp and Baur, 291, 26: 231; 07. ( 3 i*) Kerp and Baur, 891, 26: 297; 07. ( 3 1 7 > Kipping, 4, 67: 139; 95. ( 318 > Kirpal, 57, 18: 461; 97. ( 3 i 9 ) Kirpal, 57, 28: 439; 07. (320) Kirpal and Reiman, 57, 38: 249; 17. ( 3 2 i ) Klarmann, 93, 132: 289; 24. ( 3 22) Klason and Carlson, 25, 39: 732; 06. ( 323 ) Klemenc and Müller, Univ. Vienna, 0. ( 3 2 4 ) Knecht and Batey, 290, 25: 194; 09. ( 3 2 5 ) Knox, 8, 54: 44; 95. ( 326 ) Kohlrausch, 8, 159: 233; 76. ( 3 2 7 ) Konowalow, 8t 49: 733; 93. ( 328 ) Kortright, 11, 18: 365; 96. ( 329 ) Kraemer, Diss.. Münster, 1904. (330) Kruyt, 64V, 22: 695; 14. ( 3 3 i) Kühling, 25, 38: 1638; 05. ( 3 3 2 ) Kuriloff, 7, 23: 90; 97. ( 333 ) Küster, 13, 315: 174; 01. ( 3 3 4 ) Küster, 13, 345: 1; 06. ( 33 5) Küster, 13, 346: 1; 06. ( 3 3 6 ) Küster, 25, 35: 1268; 02. ( 337 ) Küster, 25, 35: 2948; 02. ( 338 ) Latzko, Diss., Basel, 1904. (339) Levi, 36, 31 II: 1; 01. C 3 4 «) Ley, 25, 42: 354; 09. ( 3 4 i) Ley and Euler, 9, 13: 797; 07. ( 3 4 2 ) Ley and Hantzsch, 25, 39: 3149; 06. ( 343 ) Ley and Schaefer, 7, 42: 690; 03. ( 3 4 4 ) Lichty, 13, 319: 369; 01. ( 34 *) Liebermann, 25, 24: 1101; 91. ( 3 4 «) Liebermann, 25, 28: 129; 95. ( 3 4 7 ) Liebermann, 25, 36: 176; 03. ( 348 ) Lifschitz, 25, 46: 3233; 13. ( 349 ; Lindet, 34, 138: 508; 04. ( 35 °) Locke, 1, 46: 1246; 24. ( 3 *i) Loomis, 8, 60: 523; 97. ( 3 * 2 ) Loomis, 8, 60: 547; 97. ( 353 ) Loomis, 2, 4: 252; 96. ( 3 5 4 ) Loomis, 2, 4: 273; 97. (355) Lorenz and Brehmer, 93, 128: 76; 23. ( 356 ) Lorenz and Schmidt, 93, 111: 175; 20. ( 3S7 ) Loven, 7, 13: 550; 94. ( 358 ) Lovén, 7, 19: 456; 96. (359) Lovén and Ahlberg, 25, 54: 227; 21. ( 36 °) Lucas, 25, 32: 3179; 99. ( 3 ß i) Lumsden, 4, 87: 90; 05. ( 362 ) Lundén, 42,5: 145; 07. ( 363 ) Lundén, 42, 5: 574; 07. ( 365 ; Lundén, 48, 8: 331; 10. ( 3 66) Lundén, 7, 54: 532; 06. ( 367 ) Lundén, 7, 70: 249; 10. ( 3 6 8 ) Luther, 9, 13: 294; 07. ( 369 ) Lutz, 25, 35: 2460; 02. ( 37 °) Lutz, 25, 35: 2549; 02. ( 3 7 i) Lutz, 25, 35: 4369; 02. ( 3 7 2 J Maas, Diss., München, 1909. ( 3 7 3 ) Mackay, 898, 11: 324; 06. ( 3 7 4 ) Magidson and Gorbachev, 25, 56: 1810; 23. ( 375 ) Magnanini, 36, 20: 453; 90. ( 3 7 6) Magnanini, 36, 21 II: 215; 91. ( 378 ) Magnanini, 36, 23 I: 197; 93. ( 379 ) Magnanini, 36, 26 II: 92; 96. (380) Magnanini, 7, 12: 56; 93. ( 3 8 i) Magnanini and Scheidt, 36, 22 I: 436; 92. ( 383 ) Maltby, 7, 18: 133; 95. ( 384 ) Mameli, 36, 41 I: 294; 11. ( 3 8S) Manasse and Rupe, 25, 27: 1818; 94. ( 386 ) Marcilly, 27, 31: 119; 04. ( 3 8 7 ) Marqueyrol and Carre, 27, 27 : 199; 20. ( 388 J Mauz, Diss., Tübingen, 1904. ( 3 8 9 ) McKenzie, 4, 75: 753; 99. (390) Meldrum, 50, 15: 474; 11. ( 3 £ > i) Mellor, 4, 79: 126; 01. ( 3 9 2 ) Mennicke, Diss., Leipzig, 1897. ( 393 ) van der Meulen, Diss., Basel, 1896. ( 394 ) Meusel, Diss., Breslau, 1900. ( 3 9 5 j Meyer, 25, 36: 3599; 03. ( 39 «) Meyer, 25, 44: 2966; 11. ( 3 9 7 ) Meyer, 57, 28: 1231; 07. ( 398 ) Meyer, 9, 13: 494; 07. ( 399 ) Meyer, 9, 17: 976; 11. ( 4 <> 0 ) Michael and Bunge, 25, 41: 2907; 08. ( 4 <>i) Michaelis, 13, 339: 117; 05. ( 4 <>2) Michajlenko, 53, 30: 466; 98. ( 403 ) Michajlenko and Javorskii, 63, 32: 328; 00. ( 4 0 4 ) Miolati and Belinoci, 93, 26: 209; 01. ( 4 »S) Mjöen, 25, 30: 1227; 97. ( 4 °«) Moest, Diss., Basel, 1899. ( 4 <> 7 ) Moureu and Boutaric, 48, 18: 348; 20. ( 4 <> 8 ) Mühlhauser, Diss., Basel, 1902. ( 4 <> 9 ) Müller, 25, 43:2609; 10.

( 41 °) Muller, 87, 27: 1011; 02. (4l 1 ) Muller and Bauer, 42,2: 472; 04. (*12) 25: 193; 98. ( 525 ) Smith and Jones, 11, 50: 1; 13. (525.1) Sonneborn, Mulliken, Diss., Leipzig, 1890. ( 4 i 3 ) Mumm and Gottschaldt, 25, 55: Diss., Basel, 1902. (525.2) Spiers and Thorpe, 4, 127: 538; 25. ("6) 2064; 22. ( 414 J Mündler, Diss., Heidelberg, 1901. ( 41S ) Nasini and Springer and Jones, 11, 48: 411; 12. (527) Stein, Diss., Bonn, 1906. ( S28 ) 416 4 Costa, 22, 1891: 100. ( ) Nasini and Pezzolate, 7, 12: 501; 93. ( *7) Steimtz, Diss., Berlin, 1906. ( 529 ) Stobbe, 13, 308: 114; 99. Naumann, 9, 16: 772; 10. (41«) Neale, S3, 17: 505; 21. ( 41 *) Nernst and (530) Stobbe, 13, 321: 105; 02. (531) Stobbe, 62, 197: 329; 15. (5 32 ) Stobbe Hohmann, 7, 11: 352; 93. and Russwurm, 18, 308: 156; 99. (533; Stoddard, 11, 47: 1; 12. (534) (420) Neumann, 202, 45: 216; 05. ( 421 ) Noyes, l, 30: 335; 08. (422) Noyes, Stohmann and Kleber, 62, 45: 475; 92. ( S 3 S ) Stohmann, Kleber, Langbein 7, 6: 241; 90. ( 4 23) Noyes and Burke, l, 34: 174; 12. ( 4 24) Noyes and and Offenhauer, 62, 49: 99; 94. ( 53 6) Stohmann and Langbein, 62, 50: 4 Potter, l, 34: 1067; 12. ( 25) Noyes and Sammet, 7, 43: 513; 03. («6) 388; 94. (537) Stohmann and Schmidt, 62, 53: 345; 96. ( S38 ) Strecker, Oliveri-Mandalà, 86, 40 I: 102; 10. (427) Oli veri-M andala, S6, 44 II: 175; 25, 43: 1131; 10. (539) Sullivan, 7, 28: 523; 99. 14. (42S) Oliveri-Mandalà, 36, 45 I: 303; 15. ( 4 2 9 ) Oliveri-Mandalà, 86, ( 54 °) Süss, 57, 26: 1331; 05. ( 5 4 i) Swarts, 186, 31: 675; 96. (5 42 ) Swarts, 46^: 298; 16. 186, 35: 849; 98. (543) Swarts, 186, 1902: 731. ( 54 4) Swarts, 186, 1903: ( 43 °) Osaka, 7, 35: 661; 00. (431) Oslan, Diss., Heidelberg, 1901. (432) 597. (545) Swarts, 186, 1904: 762. (546) Swarts, 27, 25: 325; 19. (547) Ostwald, 52, 32: 300; 85. ( 433 ) Ostwald, 62, 33: 352; 86. ( 4 3 4 ) Ostwald, Swarts, 294, 51: No. 3; 94. ( 5 4S) Swarts, 294, 54: No. 2; 96. (549) 435 436 7, 1:74; 87. ( ) Ostwald, 7, 2: 270; 88. ( ) Ostwald, 7, 3: 369; 89. Swarts, 70, 25: 244; 06. ( 4 *7) Ottén, Diss., München, 1887. ( 43S ) Palomaa, 176, 3A: 1; 11. (439) (550) Szyszkowski, 7, 22: 173; 97. ( 551 ) Thiele and Ingle, 13, 287: 233; 95. Paul, 293, 239: 48; 01. (552) Tiberg, 25, 49: 2024; 16. ( 5 53) Titherley, 4, 79: 391; 01. (554) ( 44 °) Paul, 7, 110: 417; 24. ( 441 ) Pauly, Schübel and Lockemann, 13, 383: Traube, 26, 24: 1859; 91. (555) Trey, 7, 46: 620; 03. ( 55 6) Tropsch, 442 443 288; 11. ( ) Pauly and Weir, 25, 43: 661; 10. ( ) von Pechmann, 25, 57, 35: 775; 14. ( 55 7) Trübsbach, 7, 16: 708; 95? (558) Verkade, Diss., 33: 3323; 00. (444)von p ec hmann and Neger, 13, 273: 186; 93. (445) Delft, 1918. (559) Verkade, 64P, 19: 1527; 16. Pelet-Jolivet and Wild, 27, 3: 1087; 08. (446) peratoner and Palazzo, (560) Verkade, 70, 35: 78; 15. ( 561 ) Verkade, 70, 40: 199; 21. ( 562 ) Verkade, 36, 36 I: 7; 06. (447) perkin, 4, 65: 572; 94. (448) perkin, 4, 69: 1457; 96. 70, 41: 208; 22. (563) Vignon, 27, l : 273; 07. (564) Vignon, 34, 148: 844; (449) Perkin and Simonsen, 4, 91: 840; 07. 09. (565) Voerman, 70, 23: 265; 04. (566) Voerman, 70, 26: 293; 07. (450) petersen, 214, 7: 303; 90. ( 4 5i) Pfaff, Diss., Heidelberg, 1897. (567) Vorländer, 13, 320: 66; 02. (568) Vorländer, 26, 36: 268; 03. (569) (452) Pfeiffer, 8, 23: 625; 84. (453) Philip, 4, 93: 925; 08. ( 4 5 4 ) Waiden, 26, 24: 2025; 91. Pick, BIS, 374: 12. ( 455 ) Picton, Diss., Leipzig, 1908. ( 4 5 6 ) Pilat, Diss., (570) Waiden, 26, 29: 1692; 96. (571) Waiden, 26, 31: 3167; 98. ("2) Leipzig, 1905. ( 457 ) Pip, Diss., Heidelberg, 1898. ( 458 ) Pomeranz, 57, Waiden, 26, 34: 4185; 01. (573) Waiden, 53, 23: 632; 91. (574) Waiden, 18: 575; 97. (459) pope and Read, 4, 105: 811; 14. 83, 6: 71; 10. ( 5 75; Waiden, 7, 2: 49; 88. (577) Waiden, 7, 8: 433; 91. (460) pospischill, 25, 31: 1950; 98. ( 4 ei) Protopopov and Reformatskii, 53, (578) Waiden, 7, 10: 563; 92. (579) Waiden, 7, 10: 638; 92. 33: 242; 01. (462) pummerer and Hofmann, 25, 56: 1255; 23. (463) (580) Waiden, 7, 15: 196; 94. ( 5 8i) Waiden, 7, 46: 103; 03. (582) Walker, Quinet, 51, 8: 278; 09. ( 4 6 4 ) Rabe, 25, 43: 2964; 10. ( 46 5) Ramberg, 25, 4, 61: 696; 92. (583) Walker, 4, 61: 1088; 92., (584) Walker, 4, 63: 495; 40: 2588; 07. (*™) Ramstedt, 147, 3: No. 7; 15. ( 4 ^7) Ray, De and 93. (585) Walker, 4, 67: 347; 95. ( 58 7) Walker, 7, 4: 319; 89. ( 588 > Dhar, 4, 103: 1562; 13. ( 4 « 8 ) Ray and Dey, 4, 111: 510; 17. ( 4 6») Ray, Walker, 7, 51: 706; 05. ( 589 ) Walker and Cormack, 4, 77: 5; 00. Dey and Ghosh, 4, 111: 413; 17. (59l) Walker and Robertson, 68, 24: 363; 03. ( 59 2) Walker and Walker, ( 4 7 °) Reformatskii, 25, 28: 3262; 95. ( 4 7 i) Reformatskii, 53, 30: 453; 98. 4, 87: 961; 05. (593) Walker and Wood, 4, 77: 383; 00. (594) Wallach, ( 4 72) Rimbach and Neizert, 93, 52: 406; 07. ( 473 ) Rimbach and Weber, 13, 269: 326; 92. (59S) Washburn, Physical Chemistry, p. 340, New York, 7, 51: 473; 05. ( 4? 4) Rivals, 6, 12: 501; 97. (475) Rivett and Sidgwick, McGraw-Hill Book Co., 1921. (596) Washburn and Strachan, l, 35: 681; 4, 97: 734; 10. (476) Rivett and Sidgwick, 4, 97: 1677; 10. (477) Robinson 13. (597) Wegscheider, 57, 16: 75; 95. ( 598 ) Wegscheider,, 67, 23: 317; and Jones, 4, 101: 62; 12. (47S) Rosenheim and Aron, 93, 39: 170; 04. 02. (599) Wegscheider, 57, 26: 1235; 05. (479) Rosenheim and Bertheim, 98, 34: 427; 03. (600) Wegscheider, 57, 26: 1265; 05. ( 601 ) Wegscheider, 67, 37: 219; 16. (480) Rosenheim and Grünbaum, 93, 61: 187; 09. ( 481 ) Rosenheim and 482 (602) Wegscheider and Hecht, 57, 24: 413; 03. ( 6 ° 3 ) Wegscheider and Pinsker, 25, 43: 2003; 10. ( ) Rosenheim and Stadier, 25, 38: 2687; 05. Lux, «57, 30: 411; 09. ( 604 ) Wegscheider and Müller, 57, 33: 899; 12. ( 483 > Rosenheim and Weinheber, 93, 69: 261; 11. ( 4 8 4 J Rosenmund and (60S; Wegscheider and Rusnov, 57, 24: 375; 03. ( 606 ) West, 4, 77: 705; Pfannkuch, 25, 55: 2357; 22. ( 48S ) Ross, 292, 11: 95; 02. ( 48 *) Roth, 00. («07; Whetham, 3, 44: 1; 97. ( 608 ) White and Jones, 11, 42: 520; 26, 33: 2032; 00. ( 48 7) Roth and Östling, 26, 46: 309; 13. t 488 ) Roth and 09. (609; White and Jones, 11, 44: 159; 10. Stoermer, 25, 46: 260; 13. ( 489 ) Rothmund and Drucker, 7, 46: 827; 03. 611 and Jones, 11, ( 4 9 <>) Rouche, 186, No. 8: 534; 21. ( 491 ) Rudorf, 7, 43: 257; 03. ( 492 ) R u ff, (610; Wightman and Jones, 11, 46: 56; 11. ( ) Wightman 493 494 48: 320; 12. (612) Wildermann, 7, 14: 247; 94.. ( 613 ) Wilke, 93, 119: 365; 25, 32: 550; 99. ( ) Rupe, 13, 256: 1; 90. ( ) Rupe, Ronus and Lotz, 614 61S 49 49 22. ( ) Willstätter, 26, 28: 3271; 95. ( ) Willstätter, 25, 31: 1534; 26, 35: 4265; 02. ( 5) Ruppin, 7, 14: 467; 94. ( *) Sackur, 7, 38: 129; 98. (616) Willstätter, 26, 32: 1635; 99. ( 617 ) Willstätter and Hollander, 01. ( 497 ) Sakurai, 4, 69: 1654; 96. ( 498 ) Salway, Diss., Leipzig, 1906. 499 13, 326: 79; 03. (« 18 ) Willstätter and Lessing, 25, 35: 2065; 02. ( ß i 9 ) ( ) Sandelin, 13, 396: 285; 13. Wilsdon and Sidgwick, 4, 103: 1959; 13. ( 50 °) Sandonnini, 9, 16: 227; 10. (soi) Sandquist, 13, 369: 104; 09. (502) (620) Wilsdon and Sidgwick, 4, 107: 679; 15. t 621 ) Wilson, Diss., Johns Sandquist, 13, 392: 76; 12. (503) Sandquist, 19, 6: No. 9; 16. ( 5 04) Hopkins, 1899. ( 6 22) Winkelblech, 7, 36: 546; 01. ( 623 > Wohl and Sarow, Diss., Berlin, 1905. ( 5 os) Schall, 7, 14: 701; 94. (506) Schaller, 7, Claussner, 26, 40: 2308; 07. ( 624 ) Wood, 4, 89: 1831; 06. («2S; Wood, 25: 497; 98. ( 5 <>7) Schilling, Diss., Halle, 1899. ( 5 <>8) Schilling and 7, 18: 521; 95. ( 626 J Wright, Diss., Basel, 1902. ( 62 7) Zawidzki, 25, 36: Vorländer, 13, 308: 184; 99. (509; Scholze, Diss., Zürich, 1911. 1427; 03. (628) Zawidzki, 25, 36: 3325; 03. (629) Zecchini, 36, 23 II: ( sl °) Schreiner, 93, 122: 201; 22. ( 5 H) Schryver, 4, 63: 1327; 93. (512) 601; 93. Schumann, 25, 33: 527; 00. (5i3) Senter, 4, 107: 908; 15. ( 5 i 4 ) Senter (630) Zelinskii, 26, 29: 616; 96. (631) Zelinskii, 63, 23: 612; 91. («32) and Martin, 4, 111: 447; 17. (515) Senter and Tucker, 4, 109: 690; 16. Zelinskii and Besredka, 25, 24: 459; 91. ( 633 ) Zelinskii and Generosow, ( 5 l 6 ) Siegfried, 236, 9: 334; 10. (»") Siegfried, 202, 46: 401; 05. ( 518 ) 5 26, 29 : 729; 96. (634) Zelinskii and Isajew, 25, 29: 819; 96. (635) Zelinskii Sirks, 70, 27: 207; 08. ( i«>) Skinner, 4, 73: 483; 98. and Isgarishev, 53, 40: 1379; 08. (636) Zincke, 13, 296: 135; 97. (637) (520) van der Sleen, 70, 21: 209; 02. (52l) Slothouwer, 70, 33: 324; 14. (522) Zincke and Greune, 13, 427: 221; 22. Sluiter, 176, 9: 668; 12. ( 52 3) Smith, Diss., Lund, 1914. ( 524 ) Smith, 7,

ELECTROLYTIC CONDUCTIVITY OF AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS CONTAINING TWO OR MORE SOLUTES CLARENCE J. WEST The following bibliography has been compiled chiefly from the data recorded in Annual Tables. The solutes are arranged in the Standard arrangement (v. Vol. Ill, p. viii), except that the organic components are all placed under the inorganic component with which they were studied. The temperature of the observation and the literature citation follow the second component. H202 LiOH, 25° (32, 37) NaOH, 25° (32, 74) KOH, 25° (32, 37) K2S04 ( 77 ) RbOH, 25° (32, 37) CsOH, 25° (32, 37) HF

H3B03, 25° (i) HC1 HN03, 18° (47.1) H3AsO4, 25° (97,113) BiCl3, 25° (85) H2BiCl5, 25° (85) CH40 (Methyl alcohol), 25° (53) C2H402 (Acetic acid), 18° (3) C2H6O (Ethyl alcohol), 25° (57) C6H8O7 (Citric acid), 18° ( 9 3) C 6 Hi 2 N 4 (Hexamethylenetetramine) (10°) C7H6O2 (Benzoic acid), 25° (7&) C7H6O3 (Salicylic acid), 25° (78) H3BO3, 25° (78) MgCl2, 18° (40) CaCl2, 25° (49) Lid, 25° (49) NaCl, 18° (82); 25° (30,49) Br KBr, 0° (68) HBr S02 (6) I H3As04, 25° ("3) KI, 25° (31) HI03 Mo03, 25° (114) H2SO4

C2H6O (Ethyl alcohol), 0, 12° («o) C3H6O (Acetone) (81) C 6 Hi 2 N 4 (Hexamethylenetetramine) (10°) ZnSO4, 20-40° (109) CuSO4, 25° (u); 25, 45° (95); 25, 40, 60° ("O) MgS04, 18° (40) KHS04, 25° (8) NH3 NH4C1, 0, 25° (4) C2H6O (Ethyl alcohol), 18° (55) NaOH, 0, 25° (4) HNO 3 Bi(N03)3, 25° (94) CH4N2O (Urea), 30° (45) CeHi 2 N 4 (Hexamethylenetetramine) (10°) C7H6O2 (Benzoic acid), 25° (78)

HgN03, 20° (105) Cr03, 25° (45) H3B03, 25° (78) Mg(N03)2, 18° (40) NH4OH NH4C1, 25° (57) CH 4 N 2 O (Urea), 25° (33) C 2 H 4 O 3 (Glycolic acid), 25° (36) C3H6O3 (Lactic acid), 25° (36) C4H8O3 (a-Hydroxybutyric acid), 25° (36) C4H8O3 (a-Hydroxyisobutyric acid), 25° (36) H2Si03, 25° (105.1) AgNO3, 25° (57) Al(OH),, 0, 25° (63) CaCl2, 25° (57) NH4C1 CH4O (Methyl alcohol), 0, 25° (4, 5) CH4N2S (Thiourea), 25° (99) C2H6O (Ethyl alcohol), 0, 25° ( 4 , 5 ) ; 18° (55) C3H8O (Propyl alcohol), 0, 25° (5) NiSO4, 25° (56) MgCl2, 0-35° (US) CaCl2, 25° (87) NaCl, 25° (88) KC1,

18° (40);

12, 25° (73); 25°

(87)

NH4Br CH4N2S (Thiourea), 25° (99) C3H8O3 (Glycerol) (67) NHJ

C3H803 (Glycerol), 25-45° (42, 66) (NH4)2S04 CH4N2S (Thiourea), 25° (99) MgS04, 18° (40) NH 4 NO 3 CH4N2S (Thiourea), 25° (99) AgNO3 (103) Mg(N0 3 ) 2 , 18° (40) NaNO3, 25° (88) H3P04 C6H6O2 (Pyrocatechol), 25° (17) C 6 H 6 O 2 (Resorcinol), 25° (") C6H6O2 (Hydroquinol), 25° (17) C6H6O3 (Pyrogallol), 25° (17) C6HSO7 (Citric acid) (93) FeCl3, 18° (43) MoO3, 25° (99, 114) A1C13, 18° (43) BeSO4, 18° (43) H3As04 C6H8O7 (Citric acid), 18° (93) FeCl3, 18° (43) Mo03, 25° (114) A1C1«, 18° (43) Zr(NO 3 ) 2 K2SO4, 25° (Hi)

Pb(N03)2, 25° (60) KI03, 25° (60) KN03, 25° (60)

Pb(I03)2

T1C1O3

T12S04, 25° (84) ZnSO4 H3B03} 25° (u) H3BO3 + NaCl, 25° (U) KC1, 25° (104)

CdCl2 CdI2

C3H6O (Acetone), 0, 25° (70, 71) KI, 0, 35° (u 5); 25° (104) KCN, 18° (96)

NaCl, 25° (104) KC1, 25° (104) KI, 18° (96)

NaCl (no) CaS04, 25° (59) Na2S2O3, 18, 30, 50° (48) K2SO4, 18° (96)

Cd(CN) 2 HgCl2

HgI2 CuCl2 CuSO4

CuCNS

KCNS, 18° (44) Agi KI, 18° (96)

AgNOs CH4N2O (Urea), 25° (57) CH4N2S (Thiourea), 25° (57, 99) C2H6O (Ethyl alcohol), 25° (57) C3H7NO2 (Urethane), 25° (57) C 5 H 6 N (Pyridine), 25° (57) C6Hi4O6 (Mannitol), 25° (57) FeCl3 A1C1«, 25° (73) K2S04, 25° (in) CoCl2 CH40 (Methyl alcohol), 20° (58); 0, 25° (69, 79) C2H60 (Ethyl alcohol), 20° (58); o, 25° (69, 79) C3H8O3 (Glycerol), 25, 35° (72) KCN, 25° (loi) CoBr2 CaBr2,0-350 ("*) NiCl2 NiSO4, 25° (56) NiS04 + H3B03, 25° (u, 12, 56) NiSO4 + H3BO3 + NaCl, 25° (") KCN, 25° (loi) NiF2 NiS04 + H3B03, 25° (12) NiS04+ H3B03 + MgS04, 25° («) NiS04+H3B03 + Na2S04, 25° («) (NH4)2S04, 25° (56) MgS04, 25° (56) NaCl, 25° (56) NaF, 25° (56) Na2S04, 25° (56) K2S04, 25° (56)

NiSO4

Cr(N0 3 ) 3 KCNS, 25° (9) MoO3 HC1, 25° (97) HC1 + HI03, 25° (97) HC1 + H3P04, 25° (97) HC1 + H3As03, 25° (97) HC1 + C 2 H 2 0 4 (Oxalic acid), 25° (97) HC1 + C 2 H 4 O 2 (Acetic acid), 25° (97) HC1 + C2H403 (Glycolic acid), 25° (97) HC1 + C3H6O2 (Propionic acid), 25° (97) HC1 + C3H6O3 (Lactic acid), 25° (97) HC1 + C 4 H 6 O 4 (Succinic acid), 25° (97) HC1 + C4H6O5 (Malic acid), 25° (97) HC1 + C4H6O6 (Tartaric acid), 25° (97) HC1 + C6H8O6 (Tricarballylic acid), 25° (97) HC1 + C6H8O7 (Citric acid), 25° (97) HC1 + C 7 Hi 2 O 6 (Quinic acid), 25° (97) HC1 + C8H8O2 (Phenylacetic acid), 25° (97) HC1 H- H3B03, 25° (97) HI03, 25° (99) HN03, 25° (97) C 2 H 2 O 4 (Oxalic acid), 25° (99, H4) C 2 H 4 O 2 (Acetic acid), 25° (99, H4) C2H4O3 (Glycolic acid), 25° (H4) C3H6O2 (Propionic acid), 25° (H4) C3H6O3 (Lactic acid), 25° (H4) C 4 H 6 O 4 (Succinic acid), 25° (H4) C4H6O6 (Malic acid), 25° (H4) C4H6O6 (Tartaric acid), 25° (99, 114) C6H8O6 (Tricarballylic acid), 25° (H4) C6H8O7 (Citric acid), 25° (99, n4) C 6 Hi 4 O 6 (Mannitol), 25° (99) C7H12O6 (Quinic acid), 25° ("*) C8H8O2 (Phenylacetic acid), 25° ("*) C8H8O3 (Mandelic acid), 25° (H4) Cr03, 25° (97) H3B03, 25° (99) WO 3 NaOH, 16° (38) Various tungstates are also given. NaCl, 25° (46)

U02C12

UO2SO4 Na2S04, 25° (46) (46) also gives the oxalate, acetate, citrate and tartrate with the corresponding Na salts. H 3 BO 3 CH4N20 (Urea), 25° (24) C2H403 (Glycolic acid), 25° (21) C2H5NO2 (Glycocoll), 25° (24) C2H5N3O2 (Biuret), 25° (24) C2H602 (Glycol), 25° (23) C3H3N3O3 (Cyanuric acid), 25° (24) C3H604 (Glyceric acid), 25° (26) C3H7C1O2 (a-Monochlorohydrin), 25° (14) C3H8O2 (1, 3-Propanediol) (H) C3H803 (Glycerol), 25° (14, 23) C 4 H 4 N 2 O 4 (Dialuric acid), 25° (24) C 4 H 4 N 2 O 5 (Alloxan), 25° (24) C4H4O6 (Dihydroxymaleic acid), 25° (26) C4H602 (Diacetyl), 25° (20) C4H6O5 (DiglycoHc acid), 25° (21) C4H4O6 №andd-Tartaric acid), 25° (18) C4H9N05 (Nitrotricarbinylmethane) (14)

C4Hi0O2 (1, 4-Butanediol) (14) C4H10O3 (Glyceryl ex-methyl ether) (65) C5H6N4O5 (Uric acid glycol), 25° (24) C5H9NO4 (Glutamic acid), 25° (24) C 6 Hi2O 4 (Pentaerythritol), 25° (14, 23) C 6 H 4 N 2 O6 (3, 5-Dinitropyrocatechol), 25° (15) C 6 H 6 NO 4 (4-Nitroresorcinol), 25° (15) C6H60 (Phenol), 25° (23) C6H6O2 (Pyrocatechol), 25° (16, 23) C6H6O2 (Resorcinol), 25° (23) C6H6O2 (Hydroquinol), 25° (23) C6H6O3 (Phloroglucinol), 25° (23) C6H6O3 (Pyrogallol), 25° (23) C6H10O2 (Divinylglycol), 25° (14) CeHioOe (Gluconic lactone), 25° (26) C 6 Hi 2 O 7 (Gluconic acid), 25° (26) C 6 Hi 4 O 2 (Pinacol), 25° (14) C6Hi4O6 (Sorbitol), 25° (") C6H1406 (Mannitol) (2); 25° (65) C7H6O4 (3, 4-Dihydroxybenzoic acid), 25° (15) C7H6O5 (3, 4, 5-Trihydroxybenzoic acid), 25° (15) C8H6N4O8 (Alloxantin), 25° (24) C8H8O3 (dl- and d-Mandelic acid), 25° (i 8 ) C8Hi6O3 (a-Hydroxycaprylic acid), 25° (26) CsHigOe (e, r-Dimethylmannitol), 25° (65) CgHioOs (ß-Phenyl-a-hydroxypropionic acid), 25° (21) C9HioO3 (ß-Phenyl-ß-hydroxypropionic acid), 25° (21) C9HioO4 (ß-Phenyl-a, ß-dihydroxypropionic acid) (I 9 ) C9Hi2O3 (Glyceryl a-phenyl ether) (14) CgHisOe (Mannitol monoacetone) (65) CioH8O2 (1, 2-Dihydroxynaphthalene), 25° (15, 16) Ci0H8O2 (2, 3-Dihydroxynaphthalene), 25° (16) CioH22O6 (ß, 7, e, f-Tetramethylmannitol), 25° (65) CioH22O6 (T, 3, e, r-Tetramethylmannitol), 25° (65) CnH 24 O 6 (Pentamethylmannitol), 25° (65) Ci2H22O6 (Mannitol diacetone), 25° (65) HBF4 + Pb(BF4)2, 25° (i 3) KF, 25° (i) A1(OH)3 Mg(OH) 2 , 25° (62) Ca(OH)2, 25° (62) Sr(OH)2, 25° (62) Ba(OH)2, 25° (62) NaOH, O, 25° (63) K2SO4, 0-35° (US) Th(S04)2 K2S04, 20° (7) La(I03)3 La(N03)3, 25° (60) NaNO3, 25° («O) KIO3, 25° (60) BeO C3H603 (Lactic acid), 25° (34) Be(OH) 2 C2H4O3 (Glycolic acid), 25° (35) C4H8O3 (Hydroxyisobutyric acid), 25° (35) MgCl2 CaCl2, 25° (49, 73, 87) BaCl2, 18° (47) Ba(N03)2, 18° (47) NaCl, 18° (47); 25° ( 4 9 , 8 8 )

KC1, 18° (40, 47) ; 25° (87)

Mg(C103)2 NaC103, 18° (40)

MgBr2 KBr, 18° (40); 0-35° (."S) MgS04 CaSO4, 25° (59) Na2SO4, 18° (40) K2S04, 18° (40) Mg(N0 3 ) 2 Ca(NO 3 ) 2 , 25° (73, 88) Sr(N03)2, 25° (73) NaNO3, 25° (««) KNO3, 18° (40) Ca(OH)2 CH 2 N 2 (Cyanamide), 25° (76) C6H1206 (Dextrose), 25° (92) C6H12O6 (Lévulose), 25° (92) CaCl2 CH4O (Methyl alcohol), 25° (57) C2H6O (Ethyl alcohol), 25° (57) Ca(N0 3 ) 2 , 25° (73) SrCl2, 25° (73) BaCl2, 18° (47) Ba(N0 3 ) 2 , 18° (47) SrCl2, 25° (87) NaCl (47); 25° (87,88)

KC1, 25° (73, 87)

CaSO4 KNO3, 25° (59) Ca(NO 3 ) 2 Sr(N0 3 ) 2 , 25° (88) NaCl, 25° (88) NaNO3, 25° (88) KC1, 25° (88) Ba(OH)2 C6Hi2O6 (Dextrose), 25° (92) C6H12O6 (Lévulose), 25° (92) BaCl2 Ba(N03)2, 18° (47) SrCl2, 25° (104) NaCl, 18° (47) NaN03, 18° (47) SrCl2 C3H803 (Glycerol) (67) NaCl, 25° (88) KC1, 25° (87) NaN03, 25° (88) KNO3, 25° (88)

Sr(N03)2 LiCl

CH4O (Methyl alcohol), O, 26° (4) CH 4 N 2 O (Urea), 20° (86) C2H6O (Ethyl alcohol), O, 26° (4) C2H6O2 (Glycol), O, 26° (4) C3H8O (Propyl alcohol), O, 26° (4) C3H803 (Glycerol), 20° (86); o, 26° (4) Ci 2 H 22 Ou (Sucrose), 20° (86) KC1, 25° (49) LiBr C3H803 (Glycerol), 25, 35° (72) NaBr, 25° (73) LiNO 3 CH4O (Methyl alcohol) + C3H6O (Acetone), O, 25° (71) C3H6O (Acetone), O, 25° (71); 0° (70) C 6 H 6 N (Pyridine), 25° («i)

NaOH CH 2 N 2 (Cyanamide), 25° (76) C2H6O (Ethyl alcohol), 0, 25° (4); 25° (57) C3H80 (Propyl alcohol), 0, 25° (4) C 4 Hi 2 INO (Trimethylmethoxyammonium iodide), 25° ( 108 ) C 5 HiJNO (Trimethylethoxyammonium iodide), 25° ( 108 ) C6H1206 (Dextrose), 25° (92) C6Hi206 (Lévulose), 25° (92) C2H3O2Na (Na acetate), 2, 4° (75) Na2B4O7 (Borax), 0, 18° (91) NaCl CH4O (Methyl alcohol), 0, 25° (5) CH 4 N 2 O (Urea), 25° (57) C2H6O (Ethyl alcohol), 0, 25° (5) C3H8O (Propyl alcohol), 0, 25° (5) C3H8O (Isopropyl alcohol), 0, 25° (5) C3H803 (Glycerol), 25° (»o) C4H606 (Tartaric acid), 25° (102) C 6 Hi 2 O 6 (Glucose), 25° (4, 51) C6H14O6 (Mannitol), 25° ( 90 ) C7H5N03S (Saccharin), 18° (10) C7Hi4O6 (a-Methylglucoside), 25° (4, 51) C7Hi4O6 (0-Methylglucoside), 25° ( 5 *) Ci2H22On (Sucrose), 25° (4, 51) Ci8H22On (Lactose), 25° (51) Ci2H22On (Melibiose), 25° (4, si) Ci8H32Oi6 (Raffinose), 25° (4, 51) Congo red, 18° (27) Na2S04, 25° (104) NaN03, 18° (47) KC1,

25° (87, 104,

18° (47);

107)

K2S04, 18° (47) KNO3, 18° (47); 25° (88)

NaBr

KBr, 25° (i 07 ) Nal KI, 18° (47);

25°

(107)

Na2SO4 K2SO4, 18° (47) KNO3, 18° (47) NaNO 3 C3H803 (Glycerol) (67) C 6 Hi 2 O 6 (Dextrose), 25° (51) C7Hi4O6 (a-Methylglucoside), 25° (31) Ci 2 H 22 O u (Sucrose), 25° (51) KC1, 25° (88) KNO 3 , 18° (47);

25° (88)

Na 2 CO 3 K2SO4, 18° (47) K2CO3, 18° (47) Conductivities of the Na derivatives of acetophenone, acetoxime, benzoin, benzophenone, chloral hydrate, phenol and succinimide in ethyl alcohol and water at 18° are given in (55). KOH C2H6O (Ethyl alcohol), 18° (55) C6H12O6 (Dextrose), 25° (»2) C6H12O6 (Lévulose), 25° (92) Ci6H31O2K (K palmitate), 20, 90° (54) KC1 CH4N2O (Urea), 20° (86); 25° (57) CH4N2S (Thiourea), 25° (57, 99) CH4O (Methyl alcohol), 0, 25° (4, 5) C2H4O (Acetaldehyde), 0, 25° (4) CAO (Ethyl alcohol), 0, 25° (4, 5) ; 25° (57) C2H602 (Glycol), 0, 25° (4)

C3H60 (Acetone), 0, 25° (4); 25° (57) C 3 H 7 N0 2 (Urethane), 25° (57) C3H80 (Propyl alcohol), 0, 25° (4, 5) C3H803 (Glycerol), 0, 25° (4); 25, 35, 45° (67); 20° (»6) C4H604 (Succinic acid), 25° (102) C4HioO (Isobutyl alcohol), 0, 25° (4) C4HioO (Ethyl ether), 0° (4); 25° (57) C 5 H 5 N (Pyridine), 25° (57) C6H1203 (Paraldehyde), 0° (4) C 6 Hi 2 O 6 (Dextrose), 25° (4, 51) C 6 Hi 4 O 6 (Mannitol), 25° (57); 20° (86) C7Hi4O6 (a-Methylglucoside), 25° (4, 51) C7Hi4O6 (0-Methylglucoside), 25° (51) Ci 2 H 22 On (Lactose), 25° (51) C 12 H 22 Oii (Melibiose), 25° (4, si) C l2 H 22 Ou (Sucrose), 25° (4, 51), 20° (86) Ci8H32Oi6 (Raffinose), 20° (86); 25° (4, si) C36H62O3i (Inulin), 20° (86) KC104, 25° (84) K2SO4, 25° (84) KNO3, 18° ( 3 );25° (88) KBr CH4O (Methyl alcohol), 0, 25° (4) C2H6O (Ethyl alcohol), 0, 25° (4) C 2 H 6 0 2 (Glycol), 0, 25° (4) C3H8O (Propyl alcohol), 0, 25° (4) C3H8O3 (Glycerol), 0, 25° (4) KI CH4O (Methyl alcohol), 0, 25° (4, 69, 79) C2H60 (Ethyl alcohol), 0, 25° (4, 69, 79) C2H602 (Glycol), 0, 25° (4) C3H8O3 (Glycerol) (72) C8H20NI (Tetraethylammonium iodide), 25° (89) K 2 S0 4 C 4 H 4 0 6 K 2 (K tartrate) (28) RbCl C3H6O (Acetone), 15-45° («) RbBr C3H6O (Acetone), 15-45° (41) C3H803 (Glycerol), 25-45° (42, 66) Rbl C3H6O (Acetone), 15-45° (41) RbNO 3 C3H6O (Acetone), 15-45° (41) LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) (!) Abegg, Fox and Herz, 93, 35 : 129; 03. ( 2 ) Ageno and Valla, 36, 43 II : 163; 3 13. ( ) Andrejev and Saposhnikov, 53, 44: 901; 11. ( 4 ) Armstrong and Crothers, 135, 103: 121; 11. (5) Armstrong and Eyre, 6, 84: 123; 10. («) Bagster and Steele, 83, 8: 51; 12. (7) Barre, 84, 151: 231; 10. (8) Bergius, 7, 72: 338; 11. ( 9 ) Bjerrum, 137, 7, No. 12. (!<>) de Blasi, 178, 7: 503; 10. C 11 ) Blum, 78, 36: 213; 19. ( 12 ) Blum, 33, 24: 1109; 21. ( 13 ) Blum, Liscomb, Jencks and Bailey, 78, 36: 243; 19. ( 14 ) Böeseken, 70, 34: 96; 15. ( 15 ) Böeseken, 70, 34: 272; 15. ( 16 ) Böeseken, Anema and Brevet, 70, 41: 178; 22. ( 17 ) Böeseken and Brackmann, 70, 34: 279; 15. ( 18 ) Böeseken and van der Ent, 70, 37: 179; 17. ( 19 ) Böeseken and de Graaff, 70, 41: 199; 22. (20) Böeseken and van der Hoek Ostende, 70, 37: 162; 17. ( 21 ) Böeseken and Kalshoven, 70, 37: 130; 17. ( 22 ) Böeseken and Kerstjens, 64P, 18: 719; 16. ( 23 ) Böeseken and van Rossem, 70, 30: 392; 11. ( 2 *) Böeseken, Sturm and Goettsch, 70, 37:144; 17. ( 25 ) Böeseken and de Voogd, 70, 42: 745; 23. ( 26 ) Böeseken, Weisfeit, van der Spek, van Loon and Goettsch, 70, 37: 165; 17. ( 2 ?) Bogoiavlenski, 03, 44: 1813; 12. ( 28 ) Bongiovanni, 36, 42 I: 179; 12. ( 29 ) Braune, 7, 85: 170; 13. (30) Bray and Hunt, 1, 33: 781; 11. ( 31 ) Bray and MacKay, Î, 32: 914; 10. ( 32 ) Bredig and Calvert, 9, 7: 622; 01. ( 33 ) B>urke, 1, 42: 2500; 20. (3*) Calcagni, 22, 19 II: 290; 10. ( 38 ) Calcagni, 22, 21 II: 343; 12. (3*) Calcagni and Bernardini, 22, 20 II: 261; 11. ( 37 ) Calvert, 7, 38: 513; 01. ( 38 ) Copaux, 93, 74: 351; 11. ( 39 ) Copaux, 6, 26: 22; 12.

TRANSFERENCE NUMBERS OF ELECTROLYTES IN AQUEOUS SOLUTION K. G. FALK In the following tables the values given are in all cases the transference numbers of the cation multiplied by IO3, and except as otherwise noted are with respect to water as the reference substance. Concentrations, C, are in equivalents per liter except those marked 44 Wt. N" which are in equivalents per kg H2O. For theoretical discussion of the numbers and methods of weighting results obtainedby the gravimetric method, see Noyes and Falk, 1, 33:1436; 11.

Les valeurs données dans les tables suivantes sont dans tous les cas, les nombres de transport des cations multipliés par IO3 et, à moins d'une autre indication, se rapportent à l'eau comme substance de référence. Les concentrations, C, sont exprimées en équivalents par litre, à l'exception de celles marquées "Wt. A7"" qui sont exprimées en équivalents par kg H2O. Pour la discussion théorique des nombres et des méthodes d'appréciation des résultats par la méthode gravimétrique, voir Noyes and Falk, ^,33: 1436; 11.

In den folgenden Tabellen stellen alle angegebenen Werte die Überführungszahlen des Kations multipliziert mit IO3 dar. Sie gelten, stets, wenn nicht etwas anderes bemerkt, in Bezug auf Wasser. Die Konzentrationen, C, sind in Äquivalenten pro Liter angegeben, mit Ausnahme der Stellen, wo die Bezeichnung "Wt. N" steht, welche Äquivalente pro kg Wasser bedeutet. Die theoretischen Besprechungen der Zahlen und der Methoden zur Abschätzung der Ergebnisse nach der gravimetrischen Methode, findet man in der Abhandlung von Noyes and Falk, l, 33: 1436; 11.

I valori riportati nelle tabelle seguenti rappresentano sempre il numero di trasporto del catione moltiplicato per IO3, e, salvo indicazioni contrarie, si riferiscono all'acqua. Le concentrazioni, C, sono in equivalenti per litro, eccettuati i casi contrassegnati con "Wt. A7"" nei quali le concentrazioni sono espresse in equivalenti per kg di acqua. Per la discussione teorica dei numeri e circa l'apprezzamento dei risultati ottenuti col metodo gravimetrico, vedi Noyes and Falk, 1, 33: 1436; 11.

TABLE 1.—GRAVIMETRIC METHOD Electrolyte HF

| t, °C | 103nfc | C X IO 3 Uni-univalent electrolytes v. Table 2 (7) |

|

Lit.

HC1

V. Table 2 (2, 14, 22, 24, 43, 44, 45, 47, 48, 56)

HI

825 60-80 (5 5 ) 828 80- 150 825 150- 250 v. Table 2 (2, 24, 44) v. Table 2 (2, 24) 22 484 8- 15 (2) 25 499 15- 25 (30) 25 486 15- 25 (30) 25 481 28 («) 461 8- 15 v. Table 2 (2, 24, 25, 26, 29, so, 41) 0, 24, 28, 46, 96°C, v. (2, so, 41) 18 v. Table 2 (24, 47) 25 324 40- 60 (2) 276 1.25Wt. N (59) 97 390 40- 60 (2)

HNO 3 NH4C1 T1C1 AgClOs AgClO4 AgNO 2 AgNOa AgC2H3O2 LiCl

25

Electrolyte NaOH KaCl NaBr NaNO 3 KC1 KBr KI KMnO 4 RbCl CsCl H2S04 T12SO4 AgAOc Ag2SiF6 Na2S04 K2SO4 Pb(N0 3 ) 2

<, °C | 103nfc | C X IO3 | Lit. 25 j 201 \ 25- 40 (2) v. Table 2 (2, 22, 24, 59, 60) v. Table 2 (2, 24) 19 | 371 | 40- 60 (2) v. Table 2 (2, 24, 47, 53, 56, 59) v. Table 2 (24) 25 495 40- 60 (2) 23 441 40- 60 (2) 22 485 40- 60 (2) 20 492 40- 60 (2) 25 485 1.1 Wt. N (60) Uni-bivalent electrolytes v. also Table 2 (2, 24, 57, 61) 96 | 696 | 40- 60 (2) v. Table 2 (2, 15) 0-30 396 15- 25 (30) .. 22 525 25- 40 (30) v. Table 2 (24) v. Table 2 (24, 42) v. Table 2 (15) |

( 40 ) Costachescu and Apostoi, 177, 7: 101; 11. ( 41 ) Davis, Hughes and Jones, 7, 85: 513; 13. ( 42 ) Davis and Jones, 7, 81: 68; 13. ( 43 ) Dede, 93, 125: 28; 22. ( 44 ) Dhar, 93, 85: 44; 14. ( 4S ) Dhar, 93, 85: 198; 14, ( 4 ^) Dittrich, 7, 29: 449; 99. ( 47 ) Doroschewskii and Dworzaneyk, 53, 46: 371, 455, 1686; 13. ( 4 ^-I) Doroschewskii and Fridmann, 53, 47: 617; 15. ( 48 ) Dutoit, 4&, 11: 650; 13. ( 49 ) Enger, 147, 6: No. 5; 25. ( s o ) Euler and Blomdahl, 19, 4: 1; 13. ( 51 ) Glover, 4, 99: 379; 11. ( 52 ) Goldschmidt, 7, 70: 627; 10. ( 53 ) Goldschmidt and Thuesen, 7, 81: 30; 13. ( 54 ) Goldschmidt and Weissmann, 9, 18: 380; 12. ( 55 ) Hägglund, 42, 10: 207; 11. ( 56 ) Hammond, 78, 45: 219; 24. ( 57 ) Hantzsch, 93, 25: 332; 00. (58; Hardt, Diss., Braunschweig, 1901. ( 5 9 ) Harkins and Paine, 1, 41: 1155; 19. ( 60 ) Harkins and Pearce, 1, 38: 2679; 16. ( 61 ) Hartley, Thomas and Applebey, 4, 93: 538; 08. ( 62 ) Heyrovsky, 135, 125: 198; 22. ( 63 ) Heyrovsky, 4, 117: 1013; 20. (« 4 ) Hümi, Diss., Zürich, 1910. 10, 1: 487; 10. ( 65 ) Irvine and Steele, 4, 107: 1221; 15. ( 66 ) Jones and Davis, 162, No. 180: 179; 13. («7) Jones and Guy, 152, No. 180: 153; 13. ( 68 ) Jones and Hartmann, 78, 30: 295; 16. ( 69 ) Jones and Kreider, 168, No. 180: 89; 13. (70) Jones and Mahin, 7, 69: 389; 09. ( 71 ) Jones and Mahin, 152, No. 180: 111; 13. (72) Jones and Schmidt, 152, No. 180: 133; 13. ( 73 ) Jones and Stine, 152, No. 180: 11; 13. ( 7 4 ) Joyner, 93, 77: 103; 11. ( 7 S) Kaiser, Diss., Utrecht, 1914. 10, 4: 977; 14. ( 76 ) Kameyamu, 78, 40: 131; 21.

( 7 7 ) Kasanecki, 53, 46: 1125; 14. ( 78 ) Kendall and Andrews, 1, 43: 1545; 21. (79) Kreider and Jones, 11, 45: 282; 11. ( 80 ) Kremann and Brassert, 57, 31: 195; 10. ( 81 ) Kremann and Hönel, 57, 34: 1469; 13. ( 82 ) Miles, 68, 35: 188; 15. (83) Millar, 7, 85: 129; 13. ( 84 ) Noyes, Boggs, Farrell and Stewart, 1, 33: 1650; 11. ( 8S ) Noyes, Hall and Beattie, 1, 39: 2526; 17. (*«) Öholm, 60, 55: No. 5; 13. ( 87 ) Ordeman, 162, No. 260; 18. ( 89 ) Philip and Courtman, 4, 97: 1261; 10. (90) Pissarjewsky and Lemcke, 7, 52: 479; 05. ( 9 I) Polack, 83, 10: 177; 15. (92) Powell, 4, 107: 1335; 15. ( 93 ) Pratolongo, 22, 22 I: 87; 13. ( 9 4 ) Quartaroli, 36, 43 I: 97; 13. ( 95 ) Richardson and Taylor, 78, 20: 179; 11. ( 98 ) Rieger, 9, 7: 863, 871; 01. ( 97 ) Rimbach and Neizert, 93, 52: 397; 07. ( 98 ) Rosenheim and Bertheim, 93, 34: 427; 03. (") Rosenheim and Loewenstamm, 93, 34: 62; 03. ( 10 °) Russo, 36, 44 I: 17; 14. ( 101 ) Russo, 36, 45 I: 6; 15. ( 102 ) Sachanov, 63, 46: 88; 14. ( 103 ) Sachanov and Goncarov, 53, 47: 1252; 14. ( 104 ) Sandonnini, 36, 46 II: 205; 16. ( 1 OS) Schilow, 93, 133: 55; 24. (los.i) Schwarz, 25, 49: 2538; 16. ( 106 ) Sluiter, 176, 9: 668; 11. ( 107 ) Steam, 1, 44: 670; 22. ( 108 ) Stewart and Maeser, 1, 46: 2583; 24. ( 109 ) Tartar and Keyes, 46, 13: 1127; 21. ( 11 O) Thompson and Hamilton, 78, 17: 291; 10. O 11 ) Wagner, 57, 34: 931; 13. (112) Walker and Hambly, 4, 71: 61 ; 97. (ll3) Washburn and Strachan, 1, 35: 681; 13. ( 114 ) Wintgen, 93, 74: 281; 12. ( 115 ) Woitaschowski, 53, 45: 429; 13.

TRANSFERENCE NUMBERS OF ELECTROLYTES IN AQUEOUS SOLUTION K. G. FALK In the following tables the values given are in all cases the transference numbers of the cation multiplied by IO3, and except as otherwise noted are with respect to water as the reference substance. Concentrations, C, are in equivalents per liter except those marked u Wt. Af" which are in equivalents per kg H2O. For theoretical discussion of the numbers and methods of weighting results obtainedby the gravimetric method, see Noyes and FaIk, 1, 33:1436; 11.

Electrolyte HF HCl

HI

HNO 3 NH4Cl TlCl AgClO3 AgClO4 AgNO 2 AgNO 3 AgC2H3O2 LiCl

Les valeurs données dans les tables suivantes sont dans tous les cas, les nombres de transport des cations multipliés par IO3 et, à moins d'une autre indication, se rapportent à l'eau comme substance de référence. Les concentrations, C, sont exprimées en équivalents par litre, à l'exception de celles marquées 11Wt. N" qui sont exprimées en équivalents par kg H2O. Pour la discussion théorique des nombres et des méthodes d'appréciation des résultats par la méthode gravimétrique, voir Noyes and FaIk, ;,33: 1436; 11.

In den folgenden Tabellen stellen alle angegebenen Werte die Überführungszahlen des Kations multipliziert mit IO3 dar. Sie gelten, stets, wenn nicht etwas anderes bemerkt, in Bezug auf Wasser. Die Konzentrationen, C1 sind in Äquivalenten pro Liter angegeben, mit Ausnahme der Stellen, wo die Bezeichnung "Wt. N " steht, welche Äquivalente pro kg Wasser bedeutet. Die theoretischen Besprechungen der Zahlen und der Methoden zur Abschätzung der Ergebnisse nach der gravimetrischen Methode, findet man in der Abhandlung von Noyes and FaIk, l, 33: 1436; 11.

TABLE 1.—GBAVIMETRIC METHOD Electrolyte | Lit. NaOH NaCl V. Table 2 (2, 14, 22, 24, 43, 44, 45, 47, 48, NaBr 56) NaNO3 KCl 25 825 1 60- 80 (55) KBr 828 80- 150 KI 825 150- 250 v. Table 2 (2, 24, 44) KMnO4 v. Table 2 (2, 24)1 RbCl 22 484 8- 15 (2) CsCl 25 499 15- 25 (30) 25 486 15- 25 (30) H2SO4 25 481 28 (13) 461 8- 15 v. Table 2 (2, 24, 25, 26, 29, 30, 41) Tl2SO4 O5 24, 28, 46, 960C, v. (2, 30, 41) Ag2S2O6 18 v. Table 2 (24,47) Ag2SiF6 25 324 40- 60 (2) Na2SO4 276 1.25Wt. N (59) K2SO4 97 390 40- 60 (2) Pb(N03)2

| t, 0C [ 103nfc | C X IO 3 Uni-univalent electrolytes v. Table 2 (7) |

I valori riportati nelle tabelle seguenti rappresentano sempre il numero di trasporto del catione moltiplicato per IO3, e, salvo indicazioni contrarie, si riferiscono all'acqua. Le concentrazioni, C, sono in equivalenti per litro, eccettuati i casi contrassegnati con "Wt. ^V" nei quali le concentrazioni sono espresse in equivalenti per kg di acqua. Per la discussione teorica dei numeri e circa l'apprezzamento dei risultati ottenuti col metodo gravimetrico, vedi Noyes and FaIk, 1, 33: 1436; 11.

| t, 0C | l№nk C X IO3 | Lit. 25 | 201 | 25- 40 (2) v. Table 2 (2, 22, 24, 59, 60) v. Table 2 (2, 24) 19 I 371 | 40- 60 (2) v. Table 2 (2, 24, 47, 53, 56, 59) v. Table 2 (24) 25 495 4 0 - 6 0 (2) 23 441 40- 60 (2) 22 485 40- 60 (2) 20 492 40- 60 (2) 25

485

1.1 Wt. N

(60)

Uni-bivalent electrolytes v. also Table 2 (2, 24, 57, 61) 96

I 696

I

40-

60

v. Table 2 (2, is) 0-30 396 15- 25 .. 22 525 25- 40 v. Table 2 (24) v. Table 2 (24, 42) v. Table 2 (15) |

(2)

(30) (30)

TABLE 1. — (Continued) t, 0C I 10%* C X IO 3 v. also Table 2 (24) CdCl2 8 433 250- 400 25 431 40- 60 96 525 40- 60 v. Table 2 (24) CdBr2 v. Table 2 (24) CdI2 23 405 40- 60 CuCl2 25 445 150- 250 CuBr2 18 387 40- 60 MnCl 2 18 404 40- 60 CoCl2 25 409 150- 250 CoBr2 21 385 40- 60 MgCl2 25 214 25- 40 Ca(OH) 2 v. also Table 2 (2, 53) CaCl2 49 445 8- 15 96 470 8- 15 426 80- 150 451 150- 250 18 450 28 Ca(NO 3 ). 20 433 250- 400 SrCl2 v. Table 2 (2, 22, 24, 42) BaCl2 v. Table 2 (42) Ba(NOa) 2 25 626 10- 30 Cu (C7HsO3)^ Salicylate 25-30 612 8- 25 AgCi0H7SO3 AgC9HnSO3, PseudoO 727 15- 25 cumenesulfonate 24 707 15- 25 29 705 15- 25 25 616 28 AgC2H6SO4 613 15- 25 25 653 15- 25 AgC6H6SO3 Cobaltammine complex 15-20 8- 40 salts (Na2O)x(SiO2), Bi-bivalent electrolytes CdSO4 v. Table 2 (24) | CuSO4 v. also Table 2 (24) O 385 8- 15 389 80- 150 11 316 600- 800 304 800-1000 50 393 80- 150 MgSO4 v. Table 2 (2, 22, 24) CaSO4 18 I 441 | 2- 8 Electrolyte

TABLE 2.—(Continued) Lit.

Electrolyte

(2) (2; (2)

LiCl NaCl

(2) (*) (2) (2) («) (2) (2)

NaBr KCl

(2) (2) (2) (2) (53) (2)

(20) (30) (30) (30) (30) (30) (30) (30) (31) (21)

KBr H2SO4 Pb(NOs)2 Tl2SO4 CdCl2 CdBr2 CdI2 CaCl2 BaCl2

Ba(NOs)2 Na2SO4 K2SO4 CdSO4 CuSO4 MgSO4

t, 0C 18 O 18 30 96 18 O 10 18 30 18 8 20 32 25 25 18 18 18 20 25 O 16 25 30 50 25 18 18 25 18 18 18 30

1Q

^

Q

[

^

JQ3

^| -^^ j 3QQ ] 5QQ ^

332 328 320 313 387 387 387 386 385 397 397 396 393 390 404 404 404 404 403 442 442 395 395 395 493 493 493 493 492 495 495 495 495 496 496 496 496 495 498 498 498 498 497 495 495 835 835 835 822 822 822 808 808 808 487 487 478 476 430 430 430 430 430 430 430 430 430 429 445 444 442 396 296 440 432 424 413 404 418 409 439 437 432 420 438 427 445 444 443 475 456 456 392 390 383 494 492 490 496 494 389 384 374 364 375 375 373 388 385 381 373 388 386 380

304 299

385 380 374 365 442 491 494 493 492 490 496 820 818 816 812

410 389 350 222 127 46 3 395 389

408 401 391 415 456

493 350 340 323 294 361 348 327

(2)

(22) (2)

TABLE 3.—MOVING BOUNDARY METHOD (9, 10, 11, 12, 33, 34, 34.5, 35, 36, 37, 39, 50, 51, 52)

\

(53)

n v 1U ins

\^" A

20

50

Electrolyte^ Values of 103nfe, TABLE 2. — GRAVIMETRIC METHOD, BEST VALUES HCl 835 For literature, v. Table 1 HNO3* 846 3 ™ x i x , o,-. C X IO NH 4 NO 3 Electrolyte / , C g | 1Q 20 | 5Q | I00 | 200 | 300 | 500 1 1000 NH4Cl 492 483 HF 25 860 845 821 787 763 732 694 NH 4 Br NH41 489 HCl O 847 846 844 839 834 10 840 840 841 AgNO 3 : 18 832 833 833 834 835 837 838 840 844 NaOH NaCl 387 30 822 822 822 NaBr 381 50 801 NaI 381 76 781 96 748 NaNO 3 KOH HNO 3 20 839 840 841 844 KCl 493 NH4Cl O 489 489 18 492 492 492 KClO3 534 30 495 495 KClO4 KBr 482 AgNO 3 O 461 18 471 471 471 471 25 477 477 477 KBrO3 567 KI 487 30 481 481 481 481 481 481 481 481

100

180C 835 855 489 481 484

50

200

Values of 103^, 25°cT 828 832 840 844 849 513 490 466

158 383 376 376

100

469 386 410

257 492 536 523 481

570 486

492 537 480 485 570 483

490

_


\ v l 2 0

50

100

50

100

3

200

3

Electrolyte^ Values of 10 /H, 18°C~ Values of 10 nfc? 250C KNO 3

502

502

RbCl RbBr RbI CsCl CsBr CsI H2SO4 MgCl2 MgBr2 MgI2 CaCl2 CaBr2 CaI2 SrCl2 SrBr2 SrI2 BaCl2 BaBr2 BaI2 K2SO4

497 495 498 504 497 497 833

494 492 497 500 493 497 828 352 350 350 398 396 400 400 392 393 419 408 415 485

385 388 413 409 416 412 410 416 435 422 426 488

368 368

(^ [ 512

TABLE 6.—MIXTURES OF ELECTROLYTES

396 404 416 479

*25°, W3C = 10 or 20, 103nk = 838.

TABLE 4.—ELECTROMOTIVE FORCE METHOD C X IO3 ~ ' 5 | 10 | 20 | 30 | 50 |lOO|200|300|50Q|lOOO 18832832832832832832832 (16,38) 25 830 (19) LiCl 25 341 334 327 323 318 311 304 299 293 286 (34) NaOH.... 25 203197194189183177174169 163 (18) Eleetrolyte HCl

KOH

263 263 263 263 263 263 263 (27, 28)

25

KCl KBr

25 25 30 35 H2SO4.... 25 CuCl 2 .... 25 SrCl2 25 BaCl2 25

496496496496496496496496496 496496496496496496495491488 496496496496496496495492489 496496496496496496495493491 813 420416411404387355322289 424417412405393376360343 439 431 425 418 406 390 383 377

496 (1,6,38) 485(46) 486 (46) 489 (46) (17) 259 (32) 306 (32) 372 (32)

TABLE

5.—TRUE TRANSFERENCE NUMBERS AND RELATIVE HYDRATION VALUES For critical review of the literature and some additional data, see ( 46 - 5 ) Electrolyte _

HCl HCl HCl KCl KCl KCl KCl KCl KCl LiCl NaCl NaCl CsCl

?' Wt. N

«, 0C '

Relative Hydration Values of the Ions Average number of water molecules carried by the indicated ion combined as chloride as it moves through the solution. HCl: N^+ = 0.28 ± 0.04 + 0.185A^1-. CsCl: A^8+ = 0.67 ± 0.01 + 1.03A^1-. KCl: N*+ = 1.3 ± 0.2 + 1.02A^1'. NaCl: N%&+ = 2.0 ± 0.2 + l.QlNf~. LiCl: N^1+ = 4.7 ± 0.4 + 2.29A^1'-

Reference substance

1.0-3.1 Room j Mannitol Ì 844 [ Resorcmol J 1.0 18 ] ( 844 Ì 2.5 18 825 0.5 18 502 1.0 18 [ AUyI alcohol < 502 [ (56) 1.4 18 498 1.9 18 496 2.5 18 I . I 492J 1.24 25 1 ( 495 1.28 25 304 (59) 1.21 25 [ Raffinose j 383 1.12 25 377 (6Q. 1.1 25 J [491 ( }

Electrolytes KCÎ \ 0 K 2 SO 4 / FeCl3 1 HCl J FeCl3 \ HCl J FeCl3 HCl FeCl3 HCl FeCl3 f HCl J FeCl2 \ HCl / FeCl2 \ HCl / FeCl2 1 HCl J

j ~

|~Tr! No. X IO 3 1 Lit. 2 O F (40) 0.2 289 0.14 Fe'" (23) 0.06-0.19 384 0.44 Fe'" 0.06-0.31 359 1.16-1.32 Fe/;/ 0.50-0.60 297 0.16 Fe"' 0.23 301 0.16 Fe"' 0.22 313 0.17 Fe" (54) 0.13 375 0.49 Fe" 0.12-0.18 326 1.0 Fe" 0.04-0.19 300 C

Electrolytes, KCl, NaCl Total salt conTotal salt concentra tion 0.2 N; centration Q.2N', Tr. No. concentration Lit. concentration X IO3 ratios, ratios, KChNaCl KChNaCl 4:1 K+ 369 (4) 1:2 Na+ 63 3:1 K + 372 1:3 Na+ 84 2:1 K+ 337 1:4 Na + 109 1:1 K+ 260 Na + 163 •

Tr. No. Lit. X IO3 K + 159 (4) Na + 246 K+ 129 Na + 239 K + 108 Na+ 288 __

LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) (!) Beattie, 1, 42: 1128; 20. ( 2 ) Bein, 7, 27: 1; 98. ( 3 ) Braley and Hall, /, 42: 1770; 20. (*; Braley and Hippie, I 1 49: 1493; 27. ( 5 ) Buchböck, 7r 55: 563; 06. ( 6 ) Corran and Lewis, 1, 44: 1673; 22. (7) Davies and Hudleston, 4, 125: 260; 24. ( 8 ) Denham, 7, 65: 641; 09. (9) Denison, 7, 44: 575; 03. (io) Denison, 83, 5: 165; 09. O 1 ) Denison and Steele, 7, 57: 110; 06. (12) Denison and Steele, 62, 205: 449; 06. (13) Dhar and Bhattacharyya, 93, 82: 141; 13. ( 14 ) Drucker and Krensjavi, 7, 62: 731; 08. ( 1S ) FaIk, lt 32: 1555; 10. ( 16 ) Ferguson, 60, 20: 326; 16. ( 17 ) Ferguson and France, 1, 43: 2150; 21. ( 18 ) Ferguson and Schluchter, 78, 51: preprint; 27. 0») France and Moran, 1, 46: 19; 24. (20) Hamer and Bury, 4, 1927: 333. (21) Harman, 50, 30: 359; 26. (22) Hopfgartner, 7, 25: 115; 98. ( 23 ) Hopfgartner, 07, 36: 751; 15. (24; Jahn, 7, 37: 673; 01. 58: 641; 07. (25; Jones and Bassett, 11, 32: 409; 04. (26) Jones and Rouiller, 11, 36: 427; 06. ( 2 7 ) Knobel, 1, 45: 70; 23. (28) Knobel, Worcester and Briggs, 1, 45: 77; 23. ( 2 ») Krumreich, 9, 22: 446; 16. (30) Loeb and Nernst, 7, 2: 948; 88. (31) Lorenz and Posen, 93, 96: 81; 16. ( 3 2 ) Lucasse, l, 47: 743, 25. (33) Maclnnes, Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, New York City, O. ( 34 ) Maclnnes and Beattie, I9

42: 1117; 20. ( 3 ^ 5 ) Maclnnes and Brighton, I1 47: 994; 25. ( 3 S) MacInnes and Cowperthwaite, 8S1 23: 400; 27. ( 36 ) Maclnnes, Cowperthwaite and Blanchard, 1, 48: 1909; 26. ( 37 ) Maclnnes, Cowperthwaite and Huang, 1, 49: 1710; 27. ( 38 ) Maclnnes and Parker, 1, 37: 1445; 15. (39) Maclnnes and Smith, I1 45: 2246; 23. ( 4 O) Mackay, I1 33: 308; 11. ( 41 ) Mather, U1 26: 473; 01. (**) Noyes, 1. 23: 37; 01. ( 43 ) Noyes, I1 25: 165; 03. ( 44 ) Noyes and Kato, I1 30: 318; 08. ( 45 ) Noyes and Sammet, I1 24: 944; 02. ( 4 6 ) Pearce and Hart, 1, 43: 2483; 21. C 46 ' 5 ) Remy, 237, 19: No, 2; 27. ( 47 ) Richter, 7, 80: 449;

.12. (48) Riesenfeld and Reinhold, 7, 68: 440; 09. ( 4 ^) Schneider and Braley, I1 45: 1121; 23. (so; Smith and Maclnnes, I1 46: 1398; 24. (5i) Smith and Maclnnes, 1, 47: 1009; 25. ( 52 ) Steele, 7, 40: 689; 02. ( 53 ) Steele and Denison, 4t 81: 456; 02. ( 54 ) Stepniczka-Marinkovic, 57, 36: 831; 15. ( 55 ) Strachan and Chu, 1, 36: 810; 14. (««) Sträub, Diss., Budapest, 1923. ( 57 ) Tower, 1, 26: 1039; 04. (58) Velisek, 362,20: 242; 26. ( 5 ») Washburn, 1, Sl: 322; 09. (60) Washburn and Millard, I1 37: 694; 15. (61) Whetham and Paine, 5,

81:58:08.

ELECTROLYTIC EMF DUNCAN A. MAC!NNES, SPECIAL EDITOR COMPLETE INDEX Standard cells and primary cells. Electrode potentials.

INDEX COMPLET Piles étalons et éléments primaires. Potentiels des électrodes.

GESAMT INDEX VERZEICHNIS Normal-Elemente und PrimärElemente. Einzelpotentiale.

Emf of concentration cells.

F.e.m. des piles de concentration.

Chemical cells. Oxidation and reduction cells.

Piles chimiques. Piles d'oxydation et de réduction. Potentiels de contact des junctions de liquides. Surtension.

Elektromotorische Kraft von Konzentrations-Ketten. Chemische-Zellen. Oxydations- und ReduktionsKetten.. Flüssigkeits-Ketten.

INDICE COMPLETO PAÖB Pile campione e pile 312 primarie Potenziali delle pile ad elettrodi 319 F.e.m. delle pile di concentrazione 321 Pile chimiche 332 Pile di ossidazione e riduzione 333 Potenziali liquido-liquido.. 338

Überspannung.

Sovratensione

Liquid junction potentials. O ver volt age.

339

THE CHARACTERISTICS OF STANDARD CELLS AND OF PRIMARY CELLS M. DEKAY THOMPSON CONTENTS

PAGE

The Weston normal and the Weston unsaturated cadmium cells 312 Cadmium cells with halide electrolytes 314 The Clark cell 314 The Helmholtz cell 315 The mercury oxide cell 315 The lead chloride cell 315 The Cu-Hg cell 315 The Pb-Hg cell 315 Low-voltage normal cells 315 The LeClanché dry cell 315 The Féry Zn-C cell 317 Caustic soda cells 317 The Danieli Cu-Zn cell 318 The Grove and Bunsen nitric acid cells 318 The Poggendorff bichromate cell 318 The Weston Normal Cell and the Weston Unsaturated Cell Definitions.—The term "Weston Normal Cell" is used here to designate the cell which contains solid crystals of CdSO4. ^H2O and which is used to maintain the standard of electromotive force. The term "Weston Unsaturated Cell" is here used to designate the cell which is made up with a solution of CdSO4 which is satu-

rated at 40C and contains no excess of solid crystals of the sulfate. This cell is more generally used in practice since it has a lower temperature coefficient than the normal cell. THE WESTON NORMAL CELL HgCdi2. 5% I CdSO4.%H20 satd. | Hg2SO4 paste | Hg Emf at 2O0C.—(a) Value in semi-absolute volts at 20.0O0C, that is, the potential which exists between the terminals of a resistance of one international ohm when carrying a current of one absolute ampere: 1.01825; average deviation of mean = 0.00002. This value is the arithmetical mean of the results from the following references: (i, 23, 25, 34, so, 57, 62). (6) Value in international volts, when the current through the international ohm is determined by a silver coulometer, the electrochemical equivalent of silver being taken as 1.11800 milligram per coulomb as defined by the International Congress of 1908. Value recommended by a special technical committee to the International Committee on Electrical Units and Standards: 1.0183 international volt at 2O0C (6). Best average value: 1.018274 international volt at 2O0C; average deviation of mean = 0.000003. This average value is the weighted mean from the following references, with assigned weights equal to the square root of the number of observations, since the authors do not compute the precision measure in all cases ( 19 > 25, 39, 40, 59, 67). cft (58).

42: 1117; 20. ( 3 ^ 5 ) Maclnnes and Brighton, I1 47: 994; 25. ( 3 S) MacInnes and Cowperthwaite, 8S1 23: 400; 27. ( 36 ) Maclnnes, Cowperthwaite and Blanchard, 1, 48: 1909; 26. ( 37 ) Maclnnes, Cowperthwaite and Huang, 1, 49: 1710; 27. ( 38 ) Maclnnes and Parker, 1, 37: 1445; 15. (39) Maclnnes and Smith, I1 45: 2246; 23. ( 4 O) Mackay, I1 33: 308; 11. ( 41 ) Mather, U1 26: 473; 01. (**) Noyes, 1. 23: 37; 01. ( 43 ) Noyes, I1 25: 165; 03. ( 44 ) Noyes and Kato, I1 30: 318; 08. ( 45 ) Noyes and Sammet, I1 24: 944; 02. ( 4 6 ) Pearce and Hart, 1, 43: 2483; 21. C 46 ' 5 ) Remy, 237, 19: No, 2; 27. ( 47 ) Richter, 7, 80: 449;

.12. (48) Riesenfeld and Reinhold, 7, 68: 440; 09. ( 4 ^) Schneider and Braley, I1 45: 1121; 23. (so; Smith and Maclnnes, I1 46: 1398; 24. (5i) Smith and Maclnnes, 1, 47: 1009; 25. ( 52 ) Steele, 7, 40: 689; 02. ( 53 ) Steele and Denison, 4t 81: 456; 02. ( 54 ) Stepniczka-Marinkovic, 57, 36: 831; 15. ( 55 ) Strachan and Chu, 1, 36: 810; 14. (««) Sträub, Diss., Budapest, 1923. ( 57 ) Tower, 1, 26: 1039; 04. (58) Velisek, 362,20: 242; 26. ( 5 ») Washburn, 1, Sl: 322; 09. (60) Washburn and Millard, I1 37: 694; 15. (61) Whetham and Paine, 5,

81:58:08.

ELECTROLYTIC EMF DUNCAN A. MAC!NNES, SPECIAL EDITOR COMPLETE INDEX Standard cells and primary cells. Electrode potentials.

INDEX COMPLET Piles étalons et éléments primaires. Potentiels des électrodes.

GESAMT INDEX VERZEICHNIS Normal-Elemente und PrimärElemente. Einzelpotentiale.

Emf of concentration cells.

F.e.m. des piles de concentration.

Chemical cells. Oxidation and reduction cells.

Piles chimiques. Piles d'oxydation et de réduction. Potentiels de contact des junctions de liquides. Surtension.

Elektromotorische Kraft von Konzentrations-Ketten. Chemische-Zellen. Oxydations- und ReduktionsKetten.. Flüssigkeits-Ketten.

INDICE COMPLETO PAÖB Pile campione e pile 312 primarie Potenziali delle pile ad elettrodi 319 F.e.m. delle pile di concentrazione 321 Pile chimiche 332 Pile di ossidazione e riduzione 333 Potenziali liquido-liquido.. 338

Überspannung.

Sovratensione

Liquid junction potentials. O ver volt age.

339

THE CHARACTERISTICS OF STANDARD CELLS AND OF PRIMARY CELLS M. DEKAY THOMPSON CONTENTS

PAGE

The Weston normal and the Weston unsaturated cadmium cells 312 Cadmium cells with halide electrolytes 314 The Clark cell 314 The Helmholtz cell 315 The mercury oxide cell 315 The lead chloride cell 315 The Cu-Hg cell 315 The Pb-Hg cell 315 Low-voltage normal cells 315 The LeClanché dry cell 315 The Féry Zn-C cell 317 Caustic soda cells 317 The Danieli Cu-Zn cell 318 The Grove and Bunsen nitric acid cells 318 The Poggendorff bichromate cell 318 The Weston Normal Cell and the Weston Unsaturated Cell Definitions.—The term "Weston Normal Cell" is used here to designate the cell which contains solid crystals of CdSO4. ^H2O and which is used to maintain the standard of electromotive force. The term "Weston Unsaturated Cell" is here used to designate the cell which is made up with a solution of CdSO4 which is satu-

rated at 40C and contains no excess of solid crystals of the sulfate. This cell is more generally used in practice since it has a lower temperature coefficient than the normal cell. THE WESTON NORMAL CELL HgCdi2. 5% I CdSO4.%H20 satd. | Hg2SO4 paste | Hg Emf at 2O0C.—(a) Value in semi-absolute volts at 20.0O0C, that is, the potential which exists between the terminals of a resistance of one international ohm when carrying a current of one absolute ampere: 1.01825; average deviation of mean = 0.00002. This value is the arithmetical mean of the results from the following references: (i, 23, 25, 34, so, 57, 62). (6) Value in international volts, when the current through the international ohm is determined by a silver coulometer, the electrochemical equivalent of silver being taken as 1.11800 milligram per coulomb as defined by the International Congress of 1908. Value recommended by a special technical committee to the International Committee on Electrical Units and Standards: 1.0183 international volt at 2O0C (6). Best average value: 1.018274 international volt at 2O0C; average deviation of mean = 0.000003. This average value is the weighted mean from the following references, with assigned weights equal to the square root of the number of observations, since the authors do not compute the precision measure in all cases ( 19 > 25, 39, 40, 59, 67). cft (58).

The Temperature Coefficient—E t = E^ - 0.0000406(J - 20) 0.00000095(£ - 2O) 2 + 0.00000001(2 - 2O)3. Adopted by the International Conference on Electrical Units and Standards at London, 1908 (76). Construction.—Normal cells are nearly always constructed in the H-form proposed by Lord Rayleigh ( 17 , 29, 55 > 75 ). Recently circular forms have been constructed and studied ( 30 > 56). Heat of the Reaction in the Weston Cell.—Cd + Hg2SO4 + ——r CdS04.mH20 ^ 2Hg +

in — 73

™

ni — 73

CdSO4-^H2O, where m

is the number of moles of water per mole of cadmium sulfate in the saturated solution. The heat of this reaction is 47 561 g-cali5 according to thermochemical measurements, and 47 437 from the electromotive force and its temperature coefficient. These values refer to 12.5% Cd in the amalgam ( 8 > 10). Effect of Pressure on the Emf of the Weston Cell—v. (13, 15). Influence of Ultra-violet Light on the Emf of the Weston Cell.—v. ( 52 ). Effect of Size of Grain of Mercurous Sulfate.—Weston cells made

with finely divided mercurous sulfate (grain size of the order of magnitude of 5/z in diameter) have an electromotive force of 40 to 100 microvolt higher than those made with coarse mercurous sulfate (grain size 30 to 360^). Hysteresis is greatest with coarse, white mercurous sulfate and is less for acid than for neutral cells ( 7 2 );c/. ( 6 6 , 7 5 ) .

The Effect of Acidity on the Weston Cell.—For the purpose of making the Weston cell stable for a long time it is sometimes made up with 0.1N sulfuric acid (65). The emf is then 1.01825 international volt at 20°. When the Weston cell is made up with acid the decrease in voltage = 0.000 855 X normality of acid ( 4 2). TEMPERATURE COEFFICIENTS OF CELLS WITH DIFFERING AMOUNTS OF ACID E = E20 + a(t - 20) + ß(t - 2O) 2 (42) Acidity -106a -106ff

I 0.078AT | 0.4Q 2 JV | 0.5GeJV | 0.75 6 JV 4275 4 3 ^ 6 4 3 . 7 45.5 2.3 2.5 2.6 2.7

THE CONSTANCY OF ACID CELLS ( 42 ) Emf at 2O C of the acid cell (standard: mean of 10 neutral cells, 1.01827 volt at 2O0C) Acidity : July 23, Mar. 9, Date of Mar. 25 July 29 Aug. 1 Oct. 8 Nov. 4 equivalents 1919 1920 construction H2SO4 per liter 1.01 + 1.01+ 1.01+ 1.01+ 1.01 + 1.01 + 1.01+ 1919 July 21 0.00840 0.00836 0.00830 0.00823 0.00822 0.00822 0.00822 0.07s July 21 .00860 .00825 .00810 .00794 .00795 .00794 .00794 0.402 .00807 .00802 .00783 .00781 .00780 .00781 .00780 0.566 July 21 .00763 .00761 .00762 .00777 .00782 .00772 .00763 July 21 0.756 .00732 .00738 .00733 .00761 .00763 .00761 .00763 July 21 0.756 July 25 .00818 .00809 .00797 .00798 .00794 .00795 0.4O 2 0

Cell

218 220 221 222 223 226

Effect of Composition of the Amalgam on the Emf of Weston Normal Cells.—v. (12, 60, 61).

Oct. 8 1.01 + 0.00822 opened .00780 .00763 .00761 .00794

Percentage of cadmium in the amalgam *' ~ 9 I 10 I 10.5 I 11 I 11.51 12 I 12.5 13 13J=T 35 - 79 - 79 - 78 - 78 - 77 - 76 - 76 - 76 - 75 RELATION BETWEEN THE EMF AND THE CONCENTRATION OF THE 40 -114 -112 -111 -112 -112 -112 -112 -111 -111 64 AMALGAM IN THE WESTON CELL ( ) 45 -148 -146 -145 -145 -146 -145 -145 -144 -144 The emf = 1.01823 international volt + the correction given In the amalgams containing 14 to 20% of cadmium the initial in the table. The corrections are expressed in hundred-thou- and final values are given for each temperature. sandths of a volt. Percentage of cadmium in the amalgam Percentage of cadmium in the amalgam ~T4 I 14.5 I 15 I 16 17 18 19 | 20~ O +238 330 696 486 1098 1290 1560 1610 *' 1 I 2 3 4 I 5 I 6 I 7 I 8 O 249 457 673 560 1101 1295 1564 1613 O -1197-3651+ 35 34| 35 35 36 36 5 120 329 537 428 969 1162 1419 1476 5 - 580 - 32 35 36 36 37 37 5 123 339 533 431 969 1163 1420 1476 10 - 798 - 246 29 29 30 30 30 10 59 205 390 288 830 1022 1270 1332 15 -1024 - 464 - 79 17 17 18 18 61 215 387 292 830 1023 1270 1333 20 -1250 - 684 - 291 1-1 O O 10 47 89 239 149 683 870 1124 1187 25 -1483 - 910 - 507 - 186 - 24 - 24 - 2315 63 115 214 244 643 870 1075 1188 30 -1717 -1132 - 729 - 407 -140 - 50 - 49 15 13 19 55 72 488 717 922 1036 35 -1959 -1365 - 954 - 628 -362 - 94 - 80 20 20 13 19 55 70 488 716 922 1035 40 -2202 -1594 -1184 - 853 -583 -315 -114 25-15-13 O O 327 557 760 876 45 -2446 -1837 -1415 -1081 -804 -539 -296 25-15-13 O O 327 555 760 877 Percentage of cadmium in the amalgam 30 - 42 - 41 - 31 - 40 162 376 594 712 9 I 10 I 10.5 11 I 11.5 I 12 I 12.51 13 |13.5 30 - 42 - 41 - 32 - 40 159 372 592 710 " O 36 36 37 37 39 40 4Î 47 50 35 - 74 - 73 - 71 - 72 - 6 204 423 539 5 37 37 38 38 40 41 42 48 51 35 - 74 - 73 - 71 - 72 - 7 197 223* 539 10 30 30 31 31 33 34 34 35 38 40 -111 -110 -108 -109 -108 30 244 361 15 18 18 19 19 21 22 22 25 27 40 -111 -110 -109 -110 -108 24 241 360 2 0 0 0 1 1 3 4 4 4 7 45 -145 -144 -144 -144 -144 -120 + 60 170 25 - 23 - 23 - 22 - 22 - 19 - 18 - 17 - 17 -4516-145 -144 -143 -144 -144 -130 + 48 169 30 - 49 - 49 - 48 - 4s| - 44 - 441 - 43 - 43 - 42 *Sic!

ELECTKOMOTIVE FORCE OF THE CELL: Cdamalg. (10%) |CdS04.%H20| Cd amalg. (dilute) (44,45) Percentage composition of the dilute amalgam 0.25 0.50 1.11 1.25 1.73 2.19

Emf at 290C, volt 0.03420 0.02977s 0.01945 0.01612 0.01367 0.01083

Percentage composiTemp, coeff., volt Emf at 290C, volt tion of the dilute per 0C amalgam +0.00042 0.00770 2.83 +0.00042 0.00511 3.47 Effect of Age on the Emf of the Weston Normal Cell ( 63 ). — Average change in 10 years: -0.000063 volt. THE WESTON UNSATURATED CELLS The unsaturated Weston cell is made with a solution saturated at 40C. It has an average voltage of 1.0187 international volt and a temperature coefficient of less than 0.00001 volt per 0C (73). Each cell is accompanied by a certificate stating its voltage.

Temp, coeff., volt per 0C +0.00051 +0.00049 +0. 00045 (?) +0.00046 +0.00043 +0.00043

UNSATURATED ACID WESTON CELLS The measurements were made against three well-aged, very constant normal cells made at the National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, England. Their values were assumed to be such that the normal cells made for this investigation would have a value of 1.018054 volt at 250C. The saturated solutions of cadmium sulfate were made with a 0.015 molai solution of sulfuric acid. The unsaturated solutions were made by adding the number of ml of this solution shown in the table to one liter of the saturated solution. Composition of cadmium sulfate solutions, electromotive force, and temperature coefficients ( 71 ) Solution , number

~ ,, Cells

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

16-20 41-45 32-25 26-30 31-35 36-40 46-50 51-55 56-60

Dilute acid added, ml None 2.5 5 9 11 15 22.5 30 50

CdSO47 per cent 43.22 43.12 43.06 43.94 43.90 42.77 42.63 42.39 41.84

± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±

0.01 0.03 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.04 0.00 0.01 0.02

AE/ A T in mm v per deg

Emf at 250C, volt 1.018270 1.018374 1.018548 1.018711 1.018788 1.018983 1.019343 1.019688 1.02095

± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±

O. O5S 0.0 5 7 0.O 5 S 0.0413 0.057 0.0 5 6 0.0 5 7 O.OJ4 0.0 4 3

15-25°

25-35°

35-40°

2.8 2.1 1.0 0.1 - 0.1 - 1.3 - 3.5 - 5.5 -13

2.7 2.0 1.1 0.0 - 0.3 - 1.4 - 3.6 - 5.5 -13

5.0 4.7 3.4 2.5 2.1 0.7 - 0.9 - 3.2 -10

40-45° 8.1 7.1 5.9 5.4 4.5 3.5 0.9 -0.6 -8

Neutral cells did not give consistent results for temperature coefficients.

Cadmium Cells with Halide Electrolytes Cells made in H-form. Measurements refer to an unsaturated Weston cell certified by the Reichsanstalt to have 1.0190 volt at room temperature ( 46 ). 1. Cells of thetype:HgCdi2.5% | CdX2 satd. | Hg2X2 paste | Hg X I Electromotive force in volt ~~CÏ Et = 0.67180 - 0.000074ft - 18) - 0.0000015ft - 18)2 Br Et = 0.55916 - 0.000366ft - 18) - 0.00000460 - 18)2 I Et = 0.41470 - 0.0003620 - 18) - 0.00000030 - 18)2 2. Cells of the type: HgCd 12 . 5 % | CdX2SoIn. | Hg2X2 paste | Hg The emf of these cells can be represented by the formula Ei& = a log N + b, where N is the number of moles of CdX2 per liter and a and b are constants : X I a I b Cl -0.04306 0.7017 Br -0.03953 0.58364 I -0.03162 0.43338 JSQ4 -0.02501 1.05125 The Clark Cell HgZnio % ZnSO4-XH2O satd. Hg2SO4 paste Hg X = 7 below 39°; = 6 above 39° Emf at 150C = 1.4328 int. volt (i, 3, 24, 29, 75). The Chicago International Electrical Congress of 1893 adopted

the value 1.434 international volt as the electromotive force of the Clark Cell at 150C. The Temperature Coefficient of the Clark Cell—Et = En 0.001190 - 15) - 0.000007ft - 15)2 (31, 32). Heat of the Reaction in the Clark Cell.—See (9, 51). THE INFLUENCE or PRESSURE ON THE EMF OF THE CLARK CELL ( 1 1 , 1 3 , 14, 15, 18) t

oc

_J

25.0 30.0 35.0 38.0 39.5 42.0 42.5 45.0 50.0 55.0 35.0 42.5 45.0 50.0 55.0

Emf at 500 atm. | 1000 atm.| 1500 atm. First series 1.41974 1.42608 1.43223 1.43820' 1.41368 1.42019 1.42604 1.43168 1.40625 1.41290 1.41892 1.42452 1.40147 1.40812 1.41427 1.41987 } ZnSO4.7H2O 1.40566 1.41183 1.41748 1.40772 1.41346 1.41255 1.39400 1.39938 1.40479 1.40983Ì 1.38826 1.39387 1.39920 1.40436 | ZnSO4.6H2O 1.38213 1.38800 1.39338 1.39854J Second series 1.40625 1.41271 1.41880 1.42452 « ark TO ~ 1.41255 ZnSO<-7H*° 1.39946 1.40479 1.40982 > 1.38820 1.39383 1.39910 1.40420 ZnSO4.6H2O 1.38210 1.38780 1.39314 1.39839 1 atm.

TEMPERATURE COEFFICIENT OF THE EMP For cells containing ZnS04.7H2O Fatm.

Ei = 1.43701 - 0.03221£ - O.OJ88J2 #500 = 1.44105 - 0.04840* - 0.04206£2 Eiooo = 1.44993 - 0.03263t - 0.04178t2 Eieoo = 1.46025 - 0.03528£ - O.OJ40*2 For cells containing ZnSOe-OH2O 1 Ei = 1.42811 - 0.03407* - 0.0578*2 500 #500 = 1.43277 - 0.03418i - 0.0572J2 1000 #1000 = 1.44475 - 0.03681£ - 0.0546£2 1500 #i5oo = 1.44331 - 0.03429£ - 0.0070i2 The Helmholtz Cell Zn I ZnCl2 soin., sp. gr. 1.391 | Hg2Cl2 | Hg The reaction is: Zn + Hg2Cl2 = ZnCl2 in soin. + 2 Hg; Et = 1 + 0.000094(J - 15) volt (7, 27, 49). The Mercury Oxide Cell Zn I 10% soin, of ZnSO4 | HgO | Hg The reaction is probably: Zn -f- HgO = ZnO + Hg, which may be followed by secondary reactions; Et = 1.390 - 0.0002(Z - 12) ( 7 > 22 ). The Lead Chloride Cell HgZn I ZnCl2 soin., sp. gr. 1.157 | PbCl2 | Pb The reaction is: Zn + PbCl2 = ZnCl2 in solution + Pb; # = 0.5 volt, temperature coefficient negligible ( 2 ). The Cu-Hg Cell HgCu L 5 to 6% I CuSO4-SH2O satd. | Hg2SO4 | Hg («) Et = 0.34979 - 0.000635(Z - 20) - 0.0000024(Z - 2O)2 volt Total energy of the reaction from emf, 103.5 kj; from thermochemical data, 103.0 kj. The same cell containing 10 to 12% copper in the amalgam, Et = 0.3500 - 0.00064(Z - 20) - 0.0000025(Z - 2O)2. Total energy change of the reaction from thermochemical data, 104.0; from emf, 104.1s kj ( 47 ). The Pb-Hg Cell Cells of the type: HgPbx%| PbSQ4 solid [ Soluble sulfate | Hg2SO4 solid | Hg (37) Average Observed emf, variation Soluble sulfate xt % of single volt at 25° cell, volt 0.00002 0.96466 Na2SO4. 1OH2O *. . . . 3 . 08 to 3 . 23 1.0300 to 1.0260 0.01 K2SO4 3.02 0.9615 to 0.9620 0.001 Li2SO4-H20 2.98 0.9600 to 0.9610 0.001 MgSO4.7H20 2.84 0.00001 0.96466 NiSO4.7H20 3.50 0.0003 0.3489 CuSO4.5H20 3.16 0.9520 to 0.9540 0.0012 CdSO4.! H2O 3.58 0.00001 0.96480 ZnSO4. 7H2O 3.56 0.96478 0.00001 MnSO4.5H20 3.39 1 500 1000 1500

* For other temperatures: Et = EK + 0.000174(< — 25) + 0.00000038(4 25) 2. The total energy of the reaction is calculated to be 176.5 kj from electromotive force; 175.05 from thermochemical data.

Low-Voltage Normal Cells ( 43 )

i (a) HgCd10 % (6) HgCd10% ( C )HgCd 10% (d) HgCd10% (e)Cd Cf)Cd (g) Cd (/t)Cd (i) HgCdio%

I CdBr2.4H2O CdCl2.2iH20 CdI2 CdS04.f H2O CdSO4 CdI2 CdCl2 CdBr2 CdSO4.|H2O

I PbBr2 PbCl2 PbI2 PbSO4

#20°, VOlt

HgPb10 % HgPb10% HgPb10% HgPb10% HgCd10% HgCd10% HgCdio% HgCd10% HgCd0.5 %

0.14506 0.14186 0.09835 0.08861 0.05160 0.05156 0.05135 0.05012 0.02980

Temperature coefficient: volt. Combination |

Et - #20 + a(t - 20) + ß(t — 2O),2 a

\

( o ) - 0 . 0 0 0 3 7 0 (6) -0.0002Oo

ß -O.OOOOOs -0.000003

(c) +0.00024s -0.000001 (d) +0.00054s - 0.000004 (e) -0.000242 O (f) -0.00024s O (jf) -0.00024s O (A) -0.00022s O CO -f 0.00050 Cells of the combinations (6) and (c) are most reproducible and are constant for a long period. The LeClanché Dry Cell Cells 2.5 X 6 in. (63 X 152 mm) are designated as No. 6. Smaller cells are designated as follows ( 5 ) T. . ,. * Diameter, Height. Diameter, Height. & Designation* . , ' • . r> ' ' ' inches inches mm mm A Ï lì "Ï6 48 B î 2i 19 54 C H lit 24 46 D Ii 2i 32 57 E Ii 2Î 32 73 F Ii 3A _32 87 * Includes flat cells of equivalent capacity.

The voltage requirements are those in the following table when measured with a voltmeter of not less than 100 ohm per volt, and having not less than 50 divisions of its scale per volt. Designation No. 6 F E D C B A

Nominal dimensions of cell Diameter, Height, mm mm 32 32 32 24 19 16

87 73 57 46 54 48_

y()lt

^

Too 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.49 1.48 1.47

For additional data, v. ( 5 ). The electromotive force of the manganese dioxide electrode of dry cells is determined by the hydrogen ion concentration, in the case of Caucasian, Brazilian, and domestic ores. For a tenfold increase in hydrogen ion concentration the electrode potential increases from 0.06 to 0.08 volt. Chemically prepared dioxide is apparently free from this concentration effect ( 28 ). Assumed Reactions of the LeClanché Cell Negative pole: Zn -f 2F + 2C1~ = ZnCl2. Positive pole: 2NHJ + 2MnO 2 = 2NH 3 + H2O + Mn 2 O 3 + 2F 2NH 3 + ZnCl2 = Zn(NHa) 2 Cl 2 Other oxides of manganese probably form. Net reaction: Zn + 2NH4Cl -f 2MnO2 = Zn(NHs)2Cl2 + Mn2O3 + H2O. The reaction at the positive pole may also be considered to take place as follows (20, 36, 68) : MnO2 -f 2H2O ^ Mn++++ + 40H~ Mn ++++ = Mn++ + 2F Mn++ + 2OH- = Mn(OH)2 Net reaction: MnO 2 + 2H2O = Mn(OH) 2 + 20H~ + 2F.

EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON THE SHORT-CIRCUIT CURRENT OF DRY CELLS STORED FOR 10 WEEKS ON OPEN CIRCUIT (PRITZ (53)) Percentage Percentage decrease in decrease in Temperature Temperature short-circuit short-circuit of storage, 0C of storage, 0C current at end current at end of 10 weeks of 10 weeks 52.0 4.4 55 5 71.0 65 10.0 25 98.0 75 35 19.0 25.0 45 Recent experiments show that the measurements of Pritz for cells stored at 250C are approximately correct for dry cells when new, but the rate of decrease of short-circuit current becomes less as the age of the cell increases; the total decreases during a year at room temperature being about 25%.

FIG. 1.—Effect of temperature on open-circuit voltage of dry cells. Mean of measurements on 16 cells, No. 6 size, paper-lined construction, including four different brands. The cells were kept at fixed temperatures 24 hours before being measured.

HOURS OF SERVICE OF No. 6 DRY CELLS DISCHARGED TO 0.5 VOLT AT VARIOUS RATES AND TEMPERATURES ( 48 > 53) Service at various resistances of external circuit in ohms Temp., 0C 2 ohm, hr 4 ohm, hr 8 ohm, hr 16 ohm, hr 560 O 270 40 80 700 25 94 260 60 50 650 350 70 160 615 75 158 315 65

HOURS OF SERVICE OF DRY CELLS, No. 6 SIZE, DISCHARGED TO 0.6 VOLT AT FIXED RATES OF CURRENT AND AT VARIOUS TEMPERATURES Average of results of tests made on three standard makes of dry cells of paper-lined construction Service at various rates of discharge in ampere Temp., 0C 1.00 0.1 0.25 0.50 0.75 amp., hr amp., hr amp., hr amp., hr amp., hr O 136 14 5 40 7 25 64 9 220 24 13 40 300 94 11 31 18

FIG. 2.—Effect of temperature on short-circuit current. Mean values for a group of six cells maintained at each of the temperatures indicated for at least 24 hours prior to the measurements. The temperatures were taken in the following order; 22, O, 22.5, 8, O, 21.8, 35, 41, 8, 16.8, and 90C.

INITIAL WORKING CorreOhm sponding resistance ampere of circuit drain 42.9* 0.00 .01 32.0* .02 26.5* .04 18.5* .08 12.0* 8.8 i 5.1 i 2.76 I 1 1.45 2 0.735

VOLTAGE OF No. 6 DRY CELL CorreOhm Initial sponding working resistance ampere voltage of circuit drain 4 0.00* 0.370 .32* 8 .185 .53* .092 16 .74* 32 .046 64 .96* .023 1.10 128 .0117 1.28 256 .0059 512 1.38 .0030 QO .0000 1.45 1.47

* Estimated by extrapolation.

( 21 ) Initial working voltage

1.48 1.48 1.48 1.48 1.49 1.50 1.52 1.52 1.53

LeClanché Dry Cell.—(Continued] HOURS OF SERVICE FOR No. 6 PAPER-LINED DRY CELL AT ROOM TEMPERATURE, THROUGH CONSTANT RESISTANCE ( 21 ) Figures in parentheses are interpolated 0

^1 discharged

Continuously (1)

30 minutes every hour (2)




i minute every hour (6)

5 minutes every 10 minutes (7)

30 minutes every 6 hours (8)

5 minutes every 6 hours (9)

Cut-off voltage f 1.2 1.0 0.8 .6 .4 1.2 1.0 0.8 .6 .4 1.2 1.0 0.8 .6 I .4 (1.2 I 1.0 \ 0.8 .6 I .4 1.2 1.0 0.8 .6 .4 1.2 1.0 0.8 .6 .4 1.2 1.0 0.8 .6 .4 1.2 1.0 0.8 .6 .4 1.2 1.0 0.8 .6 .4

Total life in hours for various ohms resistance of circuit, ohm l 2 "TT i I * 4 | 8 | 161 32 | 64 | 128 256 | 512 | 1024 | 1792~ 0.02 0.13 0.70 2.2 9.1 47115 3901 0502 7804 2206 350 7 850 9 120 0.01 .21 .95 3.7 11.1 32.5 89233 6501560320048006850 972010740 .14 .76 2.3 7.4 20.7 53.0119304 74017503350510073001020011500 .50 1.9 5.1 12.5 36.3 75.0184383 80524703500522075501057011800 1.4 3.8 8.5 21.4 49.8100.0227462 8902 5303 6505 3507 70010 97012 100 1.0 4.0 15.0 40210 5501 370 (1.1) 5.5 13.0 37.0120320 8101 570 (0.2) (0.8) (3.0) 9.0 26.0 61.0190375 9201630 (0.7) (2.0) (5.6) 15.5 43.0 87.02304201 0001 680 (1.5) (4.0) (9.7) 25.0 58.0120.02804701 0401 750 1.0 5.0 13.0 90240 5801 225 0.17 1.2 5.0 17.0 47.0157370 8151 275 0.31 1.0 3.0 10.5 40.0 80.0195445 8751325 .91 2.3 5.1 16.5 74.0100.0223500 9201370 2.0 4.3 11.0 29.0 89.0122.0264560 9651 420 0.18 2.5 10.5 45.0115292 508 0.34 2.0 7.5 28.0 75.0166360 542 0.21 1.2 4.1 13.5 40.0 93.0201385 507 .75 2.3 6.4 20.0 50.0114.0224403 602 1.9 4.3 11.0 33.0 62.0128.0236416 625 0.53 3.5 22.0 56.0152207 272 0.06 0.53 2.3 13.0 35.0 78.0167216 288 .28 1.3 5.4 19.5 44.0 90.0194224 307 .72 3.0 10.0 28.0 59.0103.0209231 333 1.8 6.0 15.0 36.0 68.0109.0217240 2.0 8.7 22.0 42.0 70 1.6 6.0 15.7 29.0 46.0 76 0.80 3.7 8.5 17.7 31.0 48.0 80 1.9 6.5 12.0 20.0 33.0 50.0 82 5.2 10.3 16.0 23.0 36.0 52.0 85 0.14 1.5 5.0 20.0 40220 5301 2802 550 0.42 1.3 6.Q 14.5 45.0115340 79515802800 0.45 1.5 3.3 9.5 28.0 70.0170410 93016702850 1.3 3.0 6.0 16.5 45.0105.0220460101017302875 2.3 4.8 9.0 26.0 60.0135.0270520110018103000 1.3 15.0 40.0107309 460 9.5 29.0 75.0137353 505 17.0 40.0 93.0 186 367 545 24.0 48.0102.0216381 590 30.0 56.0111.0228395 625 0.2 4.1 17.0 56.0 0.24 2.9 11.2 32.0 61.0 0.34 1.7 6.7 16.3 37.0 63.0 3.5 10.2 21.0 42.0 .65.0 f .9 2.8 6.5 14.0 26.0 47.0 82.0

The Féry Zinc-Carbon Cell Similar to the LeClanché but contains no manganese dioxide. The carbon electrode is cylindrical and is made of specially prepared carbon. A horizontal plate of zinc is at the bottom of the carbon cylinder and is insulated from it. A test cell mounted in a vessel 10 cm square and 22 cm high, containing 1 liter of water + 125 g of ammonium chloride and a zinc plate weighing 160 g yielded 125 ampere hours ( 69 ).

Caustic Soda Cells REACTIONS OF THE CAUSTIC SODA CELL (20) Negative pole: Zn + 2F + NaOH + 2OH~ = NaHZnO2 + H2O. Positive pole: 2H+ + 2CuO = H2O + Cu2O + 2F (also: Cu2O + 2H+ = H2O + 2Cu + 2F). Net reaction: Zn + 2CuO + NaOH = NaHZnO2 + Cu2O. The following graphs show performance under different conditions of temperature and concentration of electrolyte ( 36>1 ).

Caustic Soda Cells.—(Continued) CuO I 20 to 25% solution of NaOH covered with oil Zn amalg. This cell is made in capacities from 200 to 1000 ampere hours.

FIG. 3.—Graphs showing the voltage of a 500-ampere hour cell during discharge at 230C. (Private Communication.)

FIG. 4.—Performance of cell containing 525 g caustic soda to 4400 cm3 water. Current constant at 3 ampere.

FIG.3 5.—Performance of cell containing 1050 g caustic soda to 4400 cm water, the normal concentration. Current constant at 3 ampere.

FIG. 6.—Performance of cell containing 1575 g caustic soda to 4400 cms water. Current constant at 3 ampere.

FIG. 7.—Performance of cell containing 2100 g caustic soda to 4400 cm3 water. Current constant at 3 ampere.

The Nyberg cell: Amalgamated Zn | 10% NaOH | Porous C Voltage 1.00 to 1.18 for currents of 1 to 0.1 ampere. For a volume of 1000 cm 3 and weight 1300 g the maximum capacity is 210watt-hr (38). The Danieli Cell Zn I ZnSO4 or H2SO4 soin. | CuSO4 soin. | Cu The two electrolytes are separated by a porous cup, or by difference in density in the "gravity" type of cell. E varies from 1.07 to 1.14 volt. The reaction is: Zn + CuSO4 in solution = ZnSO4 in solution + Cu

(16).

The Grove and Bunsen Cells HgZn I 1 vol. H2SO4 to 12H2O | Cone. HNO 3 | Pt E = 1.9 to 2 volt. The two acids are separated by a porous cup. The Bunsen cell is the Grove cell with platinum replaced by carbon. The Poggendorff CeU HgZn DiI. H2SO4 Cone. soin, of Na2Cr2O7 or K 2 Cr 2 O 7 C + H2SO4 Reaction at negative pole: 3Zn + 6F + 3SO™ = 3ZnSO4 which is the same for all cells with zinc dipping into sulfuric acid. At the positive pole: Na 2 Cr 2 O 7 + H2SO4 = Na2SO4 + H 2 O + 2CrO3. 2CrO3 + 3H2SO4 + 6H+ = 6H2O + Cr2(SO4)3 + 6F Net reaction: 3Zn + 7H2SO4 + Na2Cr2O7 = 3ZnSO4 + Na2SO4 + Cr2(S04)3 + 7H2O. LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) O) Ayrton, Mather and Smith, 62, 207: 463; 08. ( 2 ) Bouty, 51, 9: 229; 80. (3) Bronson and Shaw, 121, 66: 698; 11. ( 4 ) Bureau of Standards, 365, No. 79; 23. ( 5 ) Bureau of Standards, 363, No. 139; 27. ( 6 ) Bureau of Standards, Misc. Pub., 16: 9, 206; 12. ( 7 ) Carhart and Schoop, Die primären Elemente. Halle, Knapp, 1895. ( 8 ) Cohen, 7, 34: 621;00. ( 9 ) Cohen, 7, 76: 75; 11. ( 10 ) Cohen, Helderman and Moesveld, 7, 96: 259; 20. ( 11 J Cohen, Inouye and Euwen, 7, 75: 1; 11. (") Cohen and Moesveld, 7, 95: 285; 20. ( 13 ) Cohen and Sennige, 83, 5: 269; 09. C 14 ) Cohen and Sennige, 7, 67: 432; 09. ( 1S ) Cohen and Sennige, 7, 67: 536; 09. ( 16 ) Cooper, Primary batteries. London, Benn, 1916. O 7) Eppley, 143, 201: 17; 26. (18) Euwen, Diss., Utrecht, 1911. ( 19 ) Feringer, Electritschestvo, 35: 260; 14. ( 20 ) Foerster, Elektrochemie wässeriger Lösungen. Leipzig, Barth, 1922. (21) Gillingham, 78, 34: 297; 18. ( 22 ) Gouy, 01, 7: 532; 88. (23) Quillet, 126,Zi 535; 08. 34, 153: 718; 11. ( 24 ) Guthe, SlA, 2: 33; 06. ( 25 ) Haga and Boerema, 64P, 13: 587; 10. (2«) Haga and Boerema, 18, 3: 324; 14. (27) Helmholtz, 76, 1882: 22. (28) Holler and Ritchie, 31, No. 364; 20. (29) Hulett, 2, 32: 257; 11. (30; Ishibashi, 338, No. 113; 22. (31) Jaeger and Kahle, 8, 65: 926; 98. ( 32 ) Jaeger and Kahle, 243, 18: 161; 98. ( 33 ) Jaeger and Wachsmuth, 8, 59: 575; 96. ( 34 ) Janet, Laporte and Jouaust, 126, 8: 459; 08. ( 35 ) Janet, Laporte and Jouaust, 34, 153: 718; 11. ( 36 ) Maclnnes, 78, 29: 315; 16. (36.1) Martus, 78, 63 (preprint); 28. ( 37 ) Mellon and Henderson, 1, 42: 676; 20. ( 38 ) Nyberg, 9, 30: 549; 24. ( 39 ) Obata, 219, 8: 437; 16. (40) Obata, 219, 9: 416; 18. ( 41 ) Obata, 219, 2: 223; 20. ( 42 ) Obata, 219, 2: 232; 20. ( 43 ) Obata, 219, 3: 64; 21. ( 44 ) Obata, 219, 3: 136; 21. ( 45 ) Obata, 338, No. 100; 21. ( 46 ) Öholm, 426, 41: 3; 12. ( 4 ?) Öholm, 147, 5, No. 4; 19. ( 48 ) Ordway, 78, 17: 358; 10. ( 49 ) Ostwald, 7, 1: 403; 87. ( 50 ) Pellat, 126, 8: 573; 08. 34, 153: 718; 11. ( 51 ) Pollitzer, 7, 78: 374; 11. (52) Pouguet, Segol and Segol, 34, 157: 1522; 13. ( 53 ) Pritz, 78, 19: 31; 11. ( 34 ) Rayleigh, 62, 176: 781; 86. ( 5S ) Rayleigh and Sidgwick, 62, 175: 442; 84. ( 56 J Rodman and Spooner, 114, 18: 65; 21. ( 5 7 ) Rosa, Dorsey and Miller, SlA, 8: 269; 11. (58) Rosa and Vina), 197, 3: 59; 17. ( 59 ) Rosa, Vinai and McDaniel, SlA, 10: 475; 14. (6°) Schulze, 7, 105: 177; 23. ( 61 ) Schulze, 243, 43: 81: 23. (« 2 ) Shaw, 62, 214: 147; 14. ( 63 ) Shaw and Reilley, 69, 13 III: 171; 19. ( 64 ) Smith, 3, 19: 250; 09. 67, 22: 11 ; 09. 121, 64: 943; 09. (^ 5 ) Smith, Rept. National Physical Lab., 1919: 49. ( 66 ) von Steinwehr, 243, 25: 205; 05. ( 67 .) von Steinwehr, 24S, 33: 353; 13. ( 68 ) Thompson and Crocker, 78, 27: 155; 15. ( 69 ) Troller, Brass World, 18: 24; 22. (70) Vinai and Bates, 31 A, 10: 425; 14. (") Vosburgh and Eppley, 1, 45 : 2071; 23. (72; Vosburgh and Eppley, 1, 46: 104; 24. ( 73 ) Weston Electrical Instrument Corpn., Newark, N. J., O. ( 7 4 ) Wolff, SlA, 5: 309; 08. (7*) Wolff and Waters, SlA, 4: 1; 07. ( 76 ) Anon., 121, 62: 101; 08.

THE POTENTIALS OF ELECTRODE CELLS CHARLES P. SMYTH The term "electrode cell" as employed in this section signifies a cell whose emf is deter^ mined solely or chiefly by differences in concentration or physical condition of some atomic or molecular species in the electrode. The cells are arranged in alphabetical order of the symbols of the most important chemical element of the cell. In most instances the cell is given by literature reference only and only reversible cells have been included.

Ac E1 mv M Mx

ABBREVIATIONS Acetate radical. Emf at t, 0C.

Millivolts. Molai. The element M in the amount x wt. % in the electrode. N Normal, satd. Saturated.

Le terme "electrode cell" tel qu'il est employé dans cette section, signifie une cellule dont la fern est déterminée uniquement ou principalement par les différences de concentration ou de conditions physiques d'une espèce atomique ou moléculaire, dans l'électrode. Les cellules sont arrangées dans Tordre alphabétique des symboles de l'élément chimique le plus important de la cellule. Dans la plupart des cas, la cellule n'est donnée que par une référence bibliographique et les cellules réversibles ont seules été mentionnées. Ac Et

ABRÉVIATIONS Radical acétate. Fern à t, 0C.

mv M Mx

Millivolts. Molai. L'élément M dans la proportion x % poids dans l'électrode. N Normal. satd. Saturé.

AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS Ag Ag I AgCl I O.IN KCl I HgCl | Hg + EK = 45.1 ± 0.5 mv; 103d#/dP = (2.66 ± 0.2) mv/atm. (") Ag(colloidal) I AgNO 3 | Ag(cryst.) + #25 = 25 ± 5 mv (92) Ag(powder) | 0.1N AgNO3 | Ag(compact) (62) AgxPd I Ag2SO4 I Ag (61) AgxSe or Te N/7 AgNO 3 ( Ag (68) AgxSe I AgNO3(satd.) | Ag (64) Au Au(var. treatments) | AuCl3 | KCl HgCl | Hg (28) AuxSn I SnCl4 | AuCl3 | Au (54) Ba BaxHg I Ba(OH) 2 (satd.) | KCl | N KCl HgCl | Hg (90) Bi Bix(a; = 1.6 to 93.9 at. %)Hg | Bi(NO 3 ) 3 | Bi (66, 67) Cd CdxAg I JV CdSO4 I Cd (si, 90.5) CdxAu 1 N CdSO4 | Cd (88) CdxBi I N CdSO4 I Cd (29, 35) CdxBi^Pb I N CdSO4 I Cd (48) CdxCu I N CdSO4, N H2SO4 | Cd (68) CdxHg I CdSO4 I Cd^Hg Precise determinations of E and dE/dt for a number of dilute amalgams («o, 8i) ; cf. (9, 16, 38) CdxHg ] CdS04.%H20, Hg2SO4 1 Hg (93) v. p. 312 CdxHg I CdSO4-^H2O I Cd^Hg v. p. 312

Der Ausdruck " electrode cell, " wie er in diesem Abschnitt verwendet wird, bezeichnet eine Zelle deren elektromotorische Kraft ausschliesslich oder hauptsächlich durch die Differenz in den Konzentrationen oder in den physikalischen Zustand einiger atomarer oder molekularer Stoffe in der Elektrode bestimmt ist. Die Zellen sind in alphabetischer Reihenfolge der Symbole des wichtigsten Elementes der Zelle, angeordnet. In vielen Fällen ist die Zelle nur durch die Literaturstelle angegeben und es werden nur reversible in Betracht gezogen. ABKÜRZUNGEN Ac Acetat-Radikal. Et Elektromotorische Kraft bei «, 0C. mv Millivolt. M Molar. Mx Das Element M ist zu x Gew. % in der Elektrode vorhanden. N Normal, satd. Gesättigt.

Il termine "electrode cell" come viene impiegato in questo capitolo significa una cella la cui fern è determinata in modo esclusivo o per la massima parte, da differenze di concentrazione o di condizione fisica di qualche specie molecolare o atomica nell'elettrodo. Le celle sono disposte in ordine alfabetico del simbolo dell'elemento più importante delle celle stesse. Nella maggior parte dei casi la cella è indicata con la citazione bibliografica, e solo le celle reversibili sono state incluse.

Ac Et

ABBREVIAZIONI Radicale acetico. Fern a t, 0C.

mv M Mx

Millivolts. Molale. L'elemento M nella quantità x in peso % nell'elettrodo. N Normale, satd. Saturo.

CdxHg i N CdSO4 I Cd (v. p. 312) CdxHg 1 CdSO4 I Cda,ß0ry

(14>15)

CdxPb CdxSb CdxSn CdxTl

I N CdSO4 ! Cd (29, 35) I CdSO4 Cd (44) I CdSO4 I Cd (29, 35) I M CdSO4 or TlCl(satcL) | TlyHg (so) Ce CexFe I 0.3AT CeCl3, Q.2N FeSO4 | N KCl | HgCl | Hg (io) CexFe I 0.3AT CeCl3, 0.2AT ZnCl2 N KCl | HgCl | Hg (io) Co CoxM I AT CoSO4 I Co (20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 26)

M = Ag, As, Bi, Cu, Pb, Sb Cu CuxAg I N CuSO4 I Cu (35) CuxAu I 0.5M[CuSO4 or Cu(NO8)'*] | Cu (95) CUxHg i CuSO4 ] Cu^Hg (82, 83)

Cux (x = I t o 16%)Hg I CuS04(satd.), Hg2SO4 | Hg + #25 = 347.2 ± 0.2 mv (U) +Cui2% Hg I CuSO4(dil.) ! Cu E (mv ± 1) = 6.5 at 0°; = 5.5 at 25° (") CuxP I N CuSO4 ! Cu (37) CuxPd I 0.5M CuSO4 I Cu (61) CuxSe 1 CuSO4 i Cu (64) CuxTe I N CuSO4 | Cu (68) Fe Fe(var. treatments) | FeSO4 | N KCl, HgCl I Hg Other similar cells (i> 28 » 76 > 77 ). A magnetic field has a negligible effect upon the potential of Fe, but lowers the potential of hydrogen occluded in Fe, the amount of the lowering being approximately proportional to the intensity of the magnetic field and to the amount of the hydrogen overvoltage ( 84 );c/. ( 74 > 103).

H2 H 2 (p) I 0.1ATHC1 I HgCl I Hg+ ( 33 )

patm. 1.0 37.9 51.6 110.2 204.7 386.6

I ff(mv) [I 399.0 445.6 449.6 459.6 468.3 478.4

patm. I 439.3 556.8 568.8 701.8 717.8 731.8

ff(mv) \\ 480.4 484.4 485.0 489.1 489.9 489.3

patm. | ff(mv) 754.4 490.3 862.2 493.2 893.9 493.8 974.5 496.3 1035.2 497.5

In In1Hg I In 2 (SOO 3 I InyHg Dilute amalgams; E ± 0.005 mv at O and 30° ( 86 > 87 ) Na NaxHg I 0.5AT NaOH | NayHg Dilute amalgams; values of E20 ± 0.08 mv and of dE/dt ( 78 ) Ni Ni35Cu ] N NiSO4 ] Ni (ioo) NixCu I yN NiSO4 + (1 - y)N CuSO4 N KCl HgCl Hg (31)

Tl TlxBi I TlCl(satd. at 15°) | Tl (50) Tl I TlCl (satd.) I TVKCl I HgCl | Hg + E25 = 729.0 ± 0.1 mv; dE/dt = 0.75 mv/°C (39) Tl55%Hg I TlCl(satd.) I ATKCl i HgCl Hg + E26 = 726.2 + 0.3 mv; dE/dt = 0.71 mv/°C (39) TLHg I Tl2SO4 I Tl.Hg Accurate values O, 15, 20, 30° for wide variation of x and y (79, 85, 86, 87); c/. (2)

TlxPb I TlCl(satd.) ! Tl (4, so) Also with Sb and Sn Zn MZn x I ZnSO4 | 2Un M I Lit. [I M I Lit. [I Ag (35, 45, 68)11 CO Ag + P b . . . (45) Cd Au (68) Cu Bi ( 2 9 , 3 5 , 4 9 ) Fe

Bi + Sb... .

M

I Lit.

( 2 7 ) Ni (101) (68) Pb (29,46) (89) Pb + S n . . ( 4 7 ) (102) Sb (35,69)

( 4 9 ) Hg

v. infra

Sn

(29, 35)

73)

ZnxCu I JV Na2SO4 + yN ZnSO4 + (1 - y)N CuSO4 | N KCl | HgCl I Hg (94) ZnxHg I ZnSO4 | Zn.Hg Accurate values at O, 0.2, 12.1, 15, 25, 35, 50°; wide range of x and y (13, 19, 34, 59, 82, 83)

PbxBi I PbCl 2 (satd.). I Pb Dilute and concentrated alloys; E ± 0.2 mv at room temp.

+Ztfi0.6%-tig

Pb PbxM I ATPb(NOs) 2 I Pb M = Ag, As, Bi, Cu, Hg, Pd, Pt, Sb, Te (66, 67, 68, 70, 71, 72,

(91)

PbxHg I PbAc2, HAc I Pb^Hg Dilute amalgams; E ± 0.01 mv at O and 30° (82, 83) PbxHg I PbCl2 I 0.5N NaCl, 0.5N HCl | HgCl Hg E ± 0.1 mv at 0.2, 15.5 and 29.2° (2) +Pb 5% Hg I Mt [PbAc 2 Or Pb(ClO4)2] | Pb EK = 5.7 ± 0.1 mv; dE/dt = 0.02 mv/°C (30) PbxHg 1 PbCl2(satd.) I HgCl I Hg+ (I) } +PbxHg I PbCl2(satd.) I Pb (II) \ (98) +Pb1%Hg I PbCl2(satd.) I Pb 3 Qr 0 Hg(III) J I Type ^ ^ v + 1 0 3 d E / d P > Ji ^ ' mv/atm. ï Ï5 529.8s 0.2 3.96+0.16 I 25 530.62 0.2 3.90+0.16 I 25 525.6 0.1 2.98±0.2 II 25 24.2 1 1.0 +0.2 III 25 7.5 0.5 0.72+0.1 PbxSe I Pb(N0 3)2(satd.) | Pb Also with PbCl2(satd.) (64) Sb Sb(expl.) I SbCl3 I Sb(ord.) + E15 = 18 + l mv (i«) SbxCu ] SbCl3, HCl 1 Sb (3) SbxSe I O.IN SbCl3, 2N HCl | Sb (53) SbxSe I SbCl3, HCl | Sb Effect of light on SbxSe (63, 65) Sn Sn(gray) | (NHJ2SnCl6 | Sn(white) («) SnxAg I SnCl2(satd.) | Sn (35) MSnx I N H2SO4 or KOH | Sn M = Ag, As, Au, Bi, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sb, Te, or Cu + Ag (68, 69, 70) SnxBi I SnCl2 | Sn (91) SnxCo I N CoSO4 | Co (25) SnxHg I 0.5AT SnCl2 | Sn.Hg O and 30°; E ± 0.005 mv (86, 87). c/. (36) SnxNi or Sb | SnCl2 | Sn (69, 70) SnxPb I Pb and Sn salts | HgCl | Hg (60) ,, % ' 30 30 1 30

i rj

TT

^nfeO 4

2nd

rj

Y-.-

^ n i.2%-ng

E (mv) = 6.964(1 + 0.004430; range, t = 10 to 50° (9) Zn10%Hg ! ZnSO4.7H2O, Hg2SO4 | Hg + .EJ25 = 1419.99 + 0.05 mv; IO3 dE/dP = -12.2 + 0.3, mv/ atm. (17) Zn 7% Hg I ZnCl2 (p %), MCI | M+ (99) M Ag Ag Hg Hg

f/ dP ' mv/atm. 958.72 0.05 -1.22+0.2 8466e 0.1 -2.66+0.2 1005..61 0.05 +1.54 + 0.15 892.8 0.2 +0.04+0.03

P9 % Bn, mv 35.03 65.59 35.03 65.59

±

10i

NON-AQUEOUS LIQUIDS r* Ca 0 .o 54 6 %TToHg

Cal2 in Pyridine CaCl2 m alcohol

PQ0.11%Hg TT0, (5) /5N Ca

For similar cells in CH3OH at 8O0C, v. (6) CaxHg I CaI2 | AgNO 3 | Ag In pyridine ( 7 ) CdxBi I CdCl2 in LiCl + KCl + KOH | Cd E ± 2 mv at 431, 479, 533 and 577°; same with Sn (97) +K 0 . 22 i6%Hg I KI in ethylamine | K E2B = 1048.1 +0.3 mv; dE/dt = + 0.272 (56) +Li 0 .oi 44 %Hg I LiCl in pyridine | Li0.o25%Hg E^ = 16.9 + 0.2 mv; LiCl almost satd. (82, 83) +Li0.o35%Hg I LiI in pyridine | Li EK = 950.2 + 1 mv; dE/dt = 0.322; LiCl almost satd. (57) MgxHg I 0.35M MgCl2 I 0.35Af MgCl2 | HgCl | Hg In methyl alcohol at -8O0C ( 8 ) MgxHg I MgI2 I AgNO3 I Ag in pyridine (8) +Na 0 . 2 o6%Hg I NaI in ethylamine | Na E2, = 845.6 + 0.1 mv; dE/dt = 0.0408 (58) NaxHg I O. IN NaI in pyridine | Hg (41) Na x Hg I NaOH in 95% alcohol | Hg2O | Hg (32) PbxHg I PbBr2(SOUd) | PbyHg, 263 to 4030K (40) PbxZn I y ZnCl2 + (1 - y) PbCl2 | PbCl2 | Pb, 515° (75) +Rbo.2i7%Hg I RbI in C 2 H 5 NH 2 + NH 3 i Rb E25 = 1074.5 + 1 mv (55)

SnxHg E ZnxCd E Zn*Cu ZnxSb ZnxSn E

I SnCb in pyridine | SnyHg ± 0.4 mv at 25 and 50°; x, O - 100% ( 36 ) I ZnCl2 in LiCl + KCl + KOH | Zn ± 0.2 mv at 436, 464, 541 and 572° (97) I ZnCl2 | Zn (89) ZnCl2 | Glass | Zn (96) I ZnCl2 in LiCl + KCl + KOH | Zn ± 0.2 mv at 431, 466, 537, 570° (^) LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume)

O) Arndt, 192, 7: 627; 10. ( 2 J Babinski, Diss., Leipzig, 1906. ( 3 ) Baikov, in B87, II, Pt. I: 145; 21. (*) Bekier, Chemik Folski, 15: 119; 17. ( 5 ) Cady, 6O1 2: 551; 98. ( 6 ) Cambi, 22, 23 II: 606; 14. (7) Cambi, 22, 24 I: 817; 15. ( 8 ) Cambi, 22, 24 I: 932; 15. ( 9 ) Carhart, SlA, 7: 475; 11. O°) Clotofski, 98, 114: 1; 20. (U) Cohen, Chattaway and Tombrock, 7, 60: 706; 07. C 1 2 ) Cohen and van Eijk, 7, 30: 601; 99. ( 13 ) Cohen and van Ginneken, 7, 75: 437; 10. (i*> Cohen and Heldermann, 64P, 17: 638; 14. (15) Cohen and Heldermann, 64V, 23: 60; 14. ( 16 ) Cohen and Kruyt, 7, 65: 359; 09. ( 17 ) Cohen and Sinnige, 7, 67: 513; 09. ( 18 ) Cohen and Strengers, 7, 52: 129; 05. ( 19 ) Crenshaw, 50, 14: 158; 10. (20) Ducelliez, 34, 150: 98; 10. (21; Ducelliez, 27, 7: 196; 10. (22) Ducelliez, 27, 7: 199; 10. (23) Ducelliez, 27, 7: 201; 10. (24) Ducelliez, !87, 7: 202; 10. (25) Ducelliez, 27, 7: 205; 10. (26) Ducelliez, Thesis, Bordeaux, 1911. ( 2 7 ) Ducelliez, 27, 9: 1017; 11. (28) Fawsitt, 64, 25: 1133; 06. (29) Fuchs, 93, 109: 80; 19. (30) Gerke, 1, 44: 1684; 22. (3i) Gordon and Smith, 60, 22: 194; 18. (32) Haber and Sack, 9, 8: 245; 02. ( 33 ) Hainsworth, Rowley and Maclnnes, 1, 46: 1437; 24. (34) Henderson, 2, 29: 507; 09. ( 3S ) Herschkowitsch, 7, 27: 123; 98. ( 3 ^) van Heteren, 93, 42: 129; 04. (37) Heyn and Bauer, 93, 52: 129; 07. ( 3 8) Hulett and DeLury, 1, 30: 1805; 08. ( 39 ) Jones and Schumb, 66, 56: 199; 19.

(40) Katayama, 7, 61: 560; 08. ( 41 ) Kremann and Battig, 95, 12: 414; 20. (42) Kremann and Eitel, 95, 12: 363; 21. ( 43 ) Kremann, Fritsch and Riebl, «95, 13: 66; 21. (44) Kremann and Gmachl-Pammer, 95, 12: 241; 20. (45) Kremann and Hofmeier, 57 32: 597; 11. ( 4 «» 47) Kremann and Knabel, in B87, II, Pt. I: 283, 391; 21. ( 48 ; Kremann and Langbauer, 93, 127: 239; 23. (*») Kremann, Langbauer and Rauch, 93, 127: 229; 23. (5°) Kremann and Lobinger, 95, 12: 246; 20. ( 51 ) Kremann and Ruderer, 95, 12: 209; 20. (52) Kremann and Ruderer, 95, 12: 403; 20. ( 53 ) Kremann and Wittek. 95, 13: 90; 21. (54) Laurie, 3, 33: 94; 92. (55) Lewis and Argo, /, 37: 1983; 15. ( 56 ) Lewis and Key es, l, 34: 119; 12. (57) Lewis and Keyes, 1, 35: 340; 13. (58) Lewis and Kraus, l, 32: 1459; 10. (59) Mees, Diss., Utrecht, 1916. (60) Muzaffar, 93. 126: 254; 23. ( 61 ) Nowak, in B87, II, Pt. I: 83; 21. (« 2 > Palitsch, 186, 1911: 395. ( 63 ) Pélabon, 34, 151: 641; 10. (64) Pélabon, 34, 154: 1414; 12. (65) Pélabon, 14, 13: 121; 20. (66) Pushin, 53, 34: 856; 02. (67) Pushin, 93, 36: 201; 02. (68) Pushin, 53, 39: 13; 07. 93, 56: 1; 07. (69) Pushin, 53, 39 : 528; 07. (70) Pushin, 53, 39: 869; 07. (71) Pushin and Lascenko, 53, 41: 23; 09. ( 72 ) Pushin and Lascenko, 93, 62: 34; 09. ( 73 ) Pushin and Pashskii, 53, 40: 826; 08. (74) Rathert, 9, 20: 145; 14. (75) Reinders, 93, 25: 126; 00. (76) Richards and Behr, 152, No. 61; 06. ( 77 ) Richards and Behr, 7, 58: 301; 07. (78) Richards and Conant, 1, 44: 601; 22. (79) Richards and Daniels, 1, 41: 1732; 19. (80) Richards and Forbes, 152, No. 56; 06. ( 81 ) Richards and Forbes, 7, 58: 301; 07. (82) Richards and Garrod-Thomas, 152, No. 118; 09. ( 83 ) Richards and Garrod-Thomas, 7, 72: 165; 10. ( 8 4 ) Richards and Richards, 1, 46: 89; 24. (85) Richards and Smyth, 1, 44: 524; 22. (86) Richards and Wilson, 152, No. 118; 09. (87) Richards and Wilson, 7, 72: 129; 10. (88) Saldau, 53, 46: 994; 14. (89) Sauerwald, 93, 111: 243; 20. (90) Schoeller, 9, 5: 259; 98. ( 9 °- 5 ) Schreiner, 93, 125: 173; 23. (91) Shepherd, 50, 7: 15; 03. (92) Sichling, 7, 77: 1; 11. (»3) Smith, 3, 19: 250; 10. (94) Smith and Gordon, 50, 20: 228; 16. ( 95 ) Tammann, 188, 1917: 345. (96) Tammann, 9, 28: 36; 22. (97) Taylor, 1, 45: 2865; 23. ( 9 «) Timofeev, 7, 78: 299; 11. (99) Timofeev, 7. 86: 113; 13. (ioo) Vigouroux, 27, 7: 191; 10. O 0 1 ) Vigouroux and Bourbon, 27, 9: 873; 11. (102) Vigouroux, Ducelliez and Bourbon, 27, 11: 480; 12. (103) Walker and Dill, 78, 11: 153; 07.

THE EMF OF CONCENTRATION CELLS H. S. HARNED CONTENTS Abbreviations and symbols. True concentration cells.

MATIÈRES Abréviations et symboles. Piles de concentration vraies.

INHALTSVERZEICHNIS Abkürzungen und Zeichen. Wahre Konzentrationsketten.

Aqueous solutions. Non-aqueous solutions. Cells with salt bridges.

Solutions aqueuses. Solutions non aqueuses. Piles avec liaisons salines.

Aqueous solutions. Non-aqueous solutions.

Solutions aqueuses. Solutions non aqueuses.

Wässrige Lösungen. Nichtwässrige Lösungen. Ketten mit Salzen als Zwischenelektrolyt. Wässrige Lösungen. Nichtwässrige Lösungen.

For the purpose of defining the scope of this section a concentration cell will be defined as one whose emf serves as a measure of the free energy change corresponding to a definite change in the activity of a molecular (or ionic) species in the solution.1 The section is divided into two parts as follows : Part I. True concentration cells These include all cells whose total emf is a direct measure of the free energy change. These are of two types as follows: Type 1. Cells without transference Example : H 2 I HCl(C1) I AgCl I A g I (i> H 2 I HCl(C2) ! AgCl I Ag / or by combining Ag I AgCl I HCl(C2) H 2 I HCl(C1) | AgCl 1 Ag (2) The cell reaction of cell (2) represents per faraday, the transfer of one equivalent of HCl from C2 (activity a*) to Ci (activity «i). The equation for this cell is, E = (RT/F) loge « 2 /ai. 1 For cells \?hose emf is a function of the activity of a molecular species in the electrode, v. p. 319.

INDICE pAQE Abbreviazione e simboli.. . 322 Pile di concentrazione propriamente dette. Soluzioni acquose....... 322 Soluzioni non acquose. . 329 Pile con ponti salini. Soluzioni acquose 330 Soluzioni non acquose.. . 331

Type 2. Cells with transference Example : H 2 i HCl(C1) I HCl(C2) I H2 The equation for this type is, E = (nRT/F) log« «i/a2, where n is the number of equivalents transferred from activity a\ to a 2 per faraday. Part II. Cells with salt bridges Each cell listed in this group is composed of one of the standard reference electrodes joined (usually by a salt bridge) to a half cell containing the ion-species whose activity is sought. If from the total emf of such a cell, the emf of the reference electrode plus the emf's at the liquid junctions be subtracted, the result is a measure of the activity of the given ion species under the conditions which prevail in the other half of the cell. Since the correction for liquid junction potentials is in most cases a matter of considerable uncertainty in the present state of our knowledge, these cells are listed by literature reference only.

SnxHg E ZnxCd E Zn*Cu ZnxSb ZnxSn E

I SnCb in pyridine | SnyHg ± 0.4 mv at 25 and 50°; x, O - 100% ( 36 ) I ZnCl2 in LiCl + KCl + KOH | Zn ± 0.2 mv at 436, 464, 541 and 572° (97) I ZnCl2 | Zn (89) ZnCl2 | Glass | Zn (96) I ZnCl2 in LiCl + KCl + KOH | Zn ± 0.2 mv at 431, 466, 537, 570° (^) LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume)

O) Arndt, 192, 7: 627; 10. ( 2 J Babinski, Diss., Leipzig, 1906. ( 3 ) Baikov, in B87, II, Pt. I: 145; 21. (*) Bekier, Chemik Folski, 15: 119; 17. ( 5 ) Cady, 6O1 2: 551; 98. ( 6 ) Cambi, 22, 23 II: 606; 14. (7) Cambi, 22, 24 I: 817; 15. ( 8 ) Cambi, 22, 24 I: 932; 15. ( 9 ) Carhart, SlA, 7: 475; 11. O°) Clotofski, 98, 114: 1; 20. (U) Cohen, Chattaway and Tombrock, 7, 60: 706; 07. C 1 2 ) Cohen and van Eijk, 7, 30: 601; 99. ( 13 ) Cohen and van Ginneken, 7, 75: 437; 10. (i*> Cohen and Heldermann, 64P, 17: 638; 14. (15) Cohen and Heldermann, 64V, 23: 60; 14. ( 16 ) Cohen and Kruyt, 7, 65: 359; 09. ( 17 ) Cohen and Sinnige, 7, 67: 513; 09. ( 18 ) Cohen and Strengers, 7, 52: 129; 05. ( 19 ) Crenshaw, 50, 14: 158; 10. (20) Ducelliez, 34, 150: 98; 10. (21; Ducelliez, 27, 7: 196; 10. (22) Ducelliez, 27, 7: 199; 10. (23) Ducelliez, 27, 7: 201; 10. (24) Ducelliez, !87, 7: 202; 10. (25) Ducelliez, 27, 7: 205; 10. (26) Ducelliez, Thesis, Bordeaux, 1911. ( 2 7 ) Ducelliez, 27, 9: 1017; 11. (28) Fawsitt, 64, 25: 1133; 06. (29) Fuchs, 93, 109: 80; 19. (30) Gerke, 1, 44: 1684; 22. (3i) Gordon and Smith, 60, 22: 194; 18. (32) Haber and Sack, 9, 8: 245; 02. ( 33 ) Hainsworth, Rowley and Maclnnes, 1, 46: 1437; 24. (34) Henderson, 2, 29: 507; 09. ( 3S ) Herschkowitsch, 7, 27: 123; 98. ( 3 ^) van Heteren, 93, 42: 129; 04. (37) Heyn and Bauer, 93, 52: 129; 07. ( 3 8) Hulett and DeLury, 1, 30: 1805; 08. ( 39 ) Jones and Schumb, 66, 56: 199; 19.

(40) Katayama, 7, 61: 560; 08. ( 41 ) Kremann and Battig, 95, 12: 414; 20. (42) Kremann and Eitel, 95, 12: 363; 21. ( 43 ) Kremann, Fritsch and Riebl, «95, 13: 66; 21. (44) Kremann and Gmachl-Pammer, 95, 12: 241; 20. (45) Kremann and Hofmeier, 57 32: 597; 11. ( 4 «» 47) Kremann and Knabel, in B87, II, Pt. I: 283, 391; 21. ( 48 ; Kremann and Langbauer, 93, 127: 239; 23. (*») Kremann, Langbauer and Rauch, 93, 127: 229; 23. (5°) Kremann and Lobinger, 95, 12: 246; 20. ( 51 ) Kremann and Ruderer, 95, 12: 209; 20. (52) Kremann and Ruderer, 95, 12: 403; 20. ( 53 ) Kremann and Wittek. 95, 13: 90; 21. (54) Laurie, 3, 33: 94; 92. (55) Lewis and Argo, /, 37: 1983; 15. ( 56 ) Lewis and Key es, l, 34: 119; 12. (57) Lewis and Keyes, 1, 35: 340; 13. (58) Lewis and Kraus, l, 32: 1459; 10. (59) Mees, Diss., Utrecht, 1916. (60) Muzaffar, 93. 126: 254; 23. ( 61 ) Nowak, in B87, II, Pt. I: 83; 21. (« 2 > Palitsch, 186, 1911: 395. ( 63 ) Pélabon, 34, 151: 641; 10. (64) Pélabon, 34, 154: 1414; 12. (65) Pélabon, 14, 13: 121; 20. (66) Pushin, 53, 34: 856; 02. (67) Pushin, 93, 36: 201; 02. (68) Pushin, 53, 39: 13; 07. 93, 56: 1; 07. (69) Pushin, 53, 39 : 528; 07. (70) Pushin, 53, 39: 869; 07. (71) Pushin and Lascenko, 53, 41: 23; 09. ( 72 ) Pushin and Lascenko, 93, 62: 34; 09. ( 73 ) Pushin and Pashskii, 53, 40: 826; 08. (74) Rathert, 9, 20: 145; 14. (75) Reinders, 93, 25: 126; 00. (76) Richards and Behr, 152, No. 61; 06. ( 77 ) Richards and Behr, 7, 58: 301; 07. (78) Richards and Conant, 1, 44: 601; 22. (79) Richards and Daniels, 1, 41: 1732; 19. (80) Richards and Forbes, 152, No. 56; 06. ( 81 ) Richards and Forbes, 7, 58: 301; 07. (82) Richards and Garrod-Thomas, 152, No. 118; 09. ( 83 ) Richards and Garrod-Thomas, 7, 72: 165; 10. ( 8 4 ) Richards and Richards, 1, 46: 89; 24. (85) Richards and Smyth, 1, 44: 524; 22. (86) Richards and Wilson, 152, No. 118; 09. (87) Richards and Wilson, 7, 72: 129; 10. (88) Saldau, 53, 46: 994; 14. (89) Sauerwald, 93, 111: 243; 20. (90) Schoeller, 9, 5: 259; 98. ( 9 °- 5 ) Schreiner, 93, 125: 173; 23. (91) Shepherd, 50, 7: 15; 03. (92) Sichling, 7, 77: 1; 11. (»3) Smith, 3, 19: 250; 10. (94) Smith and Gordon, 50, 20: 228; 16. ( 95 ) Tammann, 188, 1917: 345. (96) Tammann, 9, 28: 36; 22. (97) Taylor, 1, 45: 2865; 23. ( 9 «) Timofeev, 7, 78: 299; 11. (99) Timofeev, 7. 86: 113; 13. (ioo) Vigouroux, 27, 7: 191; 10. O 0 1 ) Vigouroux and Bourbon, 27, 9: 873; 11. (102) Vigouroux, Ducelliez and Bourbon, 27, 11: 480; 12. (103) Walker and Dill, 78, 11: 153; 07.

THE EMF OF CONCENTRATION CELLS H. S. HARNED CONTENTS Abbreviations and symbols. True concentration cells.

MATIÈRES Abréviations et symboles. Piles de concentration vraies.

INHALTSVERZEICHNIS Abkürzungen und Zeichen. Wahre Konzentrationsketten.

Aqueous solutions. Non-aqueous solutions. Cells with salt bridges.

Solutions aqueuses. Solutions non aqueuses. Piles avec liaisons salines.

Aqueous solutions. Non-aqueous solutions.

Solutions aqueuses. Solutions non aqueuses.

Wässrige Lösungen. Nichtwässrige Lösungen. Ketten mit Salzen als Zwischenelektrolyt. Wässrige Lösungen. Nichtwässrige Lösungen.

For the purpose of defining the scope of this section a concentration cell will be defined as one whose emf serves as a measure of the free energy change corresponding to a definite change in the activity of a molecular (or ionic) species in the solution.1 The section is divided into two parts as follows : Part I. True concentration cells These include all cells whose total emf is a direct measure of the free energy change. These are of two types as follows: Type 1. Cells without transference Example : H 2 I HCl(C1) I AgCl I A g I (i> H 2 I HCl(C2) ! AgCl I Ag / or by combining Ag I AgCl I HCl(C2) H 2 I HCl(C1) | AgCl 1 Ag (2) The cell reaction of cell (2) represents per faraday, the transfer of one equivalent of HCl from C2 (activity a*) to Ci (activity «i). The equation for this cell is, E = (RT/F) loge « 2 /ai. 1 For cells \?hose emf is a function of the activity of a molecular species in the electrode, v. p. 319.

INDICE pAQE Abbreviazione e simboli.. . 322 Pile di concentrazione propriamente dette. Soluzioni acquose....... 322 Soluzioni non acquose. . 329 Pile con ponti salini. Soluzioni acquose 330 Soluzioni non acquose.. . 331

Type 2. Cells with transference Example : H 2 i HCl(C1) I HCl(C2) I H2 The equation for this type is, E = (nRT/F) log« «i/a2, where n is the number of equivalents transferred from activity a\ to a 2 per faraday. Part II. Cells with salt bridges Each cell listed in this group is composed of one of the standard reference electrodes joined (usually by a salt bridge) to a half cell containing the ion-species whose activity is sought. If from the total emf of such a cell, the emf of the reference electrode plus the emf's at the liquid junctions be subtracted, the result is a measure of the activity of the given ion species under the conditions which prevail in the other half of the cell. Since the correction for liquid junction potentials is in most cases a matter of considerable uncertainty in the present state of our knowledge, these cells are listed by literature reference only.

Et = E25 [1 + a(t - 25) + ß(t - 25)2] (146)

ABBREVIATIONS, SIGNS AND SYMBOLS 0

Et mv I

Emf in volts at I1 C. Millivolts. Used to indicate a boundary between phases and to denote a liquid junction, s, l, g Solid, liquid, gas. N Gram-equivalents per liter. c Formula-weights per liter. m Formula-weights per kg of H2O. x Wt. %. satd. Saturated solution. LITERATURE The older literature is not given except in cases where later and more accurate data are not available. For this older literature, see (i, 10). I. TRUE CONCENTRATION CELLS The positive end of the cell is marked + ; negative values of E indicate a reversal of this polarity AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS

m I Eu I E25 I E35 ""I 106a I 0.33314 0.29678 0.29348 0.28958 -1226.6 0.09534 0.35600 0.35453 0.35270 - 465.4 0.03324 0.40530 0.40545 0.40513 - 20.97 398.6 0.00948 0.46452 0.46666 0.46824 0.003378 0.51325 0.51696 0.52023 675.0 0.000999 0.57308 0.57893 0.58421 960.7

H2 I HCl(m) I HgCl I Hg + E1 = E25[I + a(t - 25) + ß(t - 25)2] (51) m I Ei9 I E25 \ EM I 106a I 10«ÎT" 4.484 0.15759 0.15506 0.15125 -2384 -7.82 1.9278 0.23769 0.23589 0.23304 -1137 -7.06 1.0381 0.27919 0.27802 0.27595 - 663 -8.23 0.7714 0.29654 0.29571 0.294Ì1 - 460 -8.20 0.5095 0.31912 0.31865 0.31765 - 253 -6.00 0.3376 0.33845 0.33836 0.33794 - 75 -4.96 0.1004 0.39764 0.39884 0.40013 386 -6.47 0.03332 0.45020 0.45258 0.45557 715 -5.47 0.01001 (0.5271) (0.5302) (0.5369) (1010) (26.1) 0.003333 (0.8040) (0.8105) m (u9) 0.01006 0.1009 1.029 2.25

A-A Table.—Standard arrangement (v. Vol. Ill, p. viii) in order of the molecular species whose concentration changes Cl2 (117); c/. ( 1 2 7 , 1 7 7 )

+Pt Cl2(P), HCl(O.IAT) I HgCl Hg p (atm.) ! E25 II p (atm.) | E25 \\ p (atm.) | E25 0.04901.0508 0.02491.04240.006291.0242 0.0492 1.0509 0.0243 1.0419 0.00631 1.0243 0.0495 1.0510 0.0124 1.0330 0.00298 1.0154 0.0247 1.0421 0.0125 1.0330 0.00293 1.0150 HCl H 2 I HCl (m) I AgCl I Ag+

W^ ;-* L*. iQ3^ ;g± io3m ;-* 48.26 9.65 10

Ui.

0.3874 (120) 4.83 0.5002 0.242 0.6514 1 ("O) .4658 («0) I.OO 0.5791 0.136 (0.6805) [ ("O) .4665 (87) Q.4830.6161 J (164) m I EK II m I #25 II m \ E25 0.01002 0.46376 0.09642 0.35393 0.5013 0.27195 0.01010 0.46331 0.09834 0.35316 0.6367 0.25902 0.01031 0.46228 0.2030 0.31774 0.9377 0.23696 0.04986 0.38582 0.3981 0.28407 1.0008 0.23290 0.05005 0.38568 0.5009 0.27197 1.5346 0.20534 (**) m #20 II m I #20 U m \ E20 0.010000.463030.100000.353150.50000.27419~ 0.02000 0.42968 0.20000 0.31998 0.7000 0.25611 0.05000 0.38602 0.3500 0.29244 1.0000 0.23564 (i44) m I E2S [I m I E25 \\ m \ E25 0.0001182 0.68970.0006793 0.59870.004006 0.5094 0.0001529 0.6748 0.0008540 0.5870 0.007687 0.4768 0.0001602 0.6726 0.0008915 0.5849 0.01166 0.4565 0.0004185 0.6233 0.001376 0.5628 0.01970 0.4309 0.0004381 0.6210 0.001467 0.5597 0.02263 0.4242 0.0004579 0.6189 0.001705 0.5522 0.03616 0.4015 0.0005060 0.6137 0.001850 0.5480 0.0005071 0.6137 0.003377 0.5178

106/3 -10.22 - 5.08 - 5.80 - 6.00 - 4.26 - 4.81

I

E25 0.5109 0.39895 0.2779 0.2231

u

m (119) 6.75 10.0 16.0

E25 0.0972 0.03025 0.06625

Hg I HgCl 1 HCl(c) ! H 2 I HCl(C = 1) | HgCl | Hg+ (31) c

I

2 3 4 5

E25

c

u

0.0490 0.0880 0.1190 0.1520

E25

6 7 8 9

c

u

0.1825 0.2138 0.2420 0.2630

I

10 11 11.5

E75

0.2940 0.3220 0.3360

+Cl 2 (I atm.) i HCl(c) | H 2 Values of E3Q( ±0.006) from c = 5 to 12 (43, 139); c/. (117) Ag I AgCl I HCl(C1) I HCl(C2) I AgCl | Ag+ (92) ci I C2 I EIS II ci I 0.03330 0.003329 0.09159 0.01665 0.01665 0.003329 0.06426 0.01113 0.01113 0.003329 0.04815 0.008315 0.008308 0.003329 0.03658 0.006686 0.006661 0.003329 0.02777 0.005561 0.03342 0.001665 0.11951

Hg I HgCl

Eu 0.09232 0.07662 0.06485 0.05612 0.04882

HCl(C1) I HCl(C2) I HgCl | Hg+ (37, 48 ); c/. (41, 57, 141,

C1 C2 #19.5

C2 I 0.001665 0.001665 0.001665 0.001665 0.001665

0.1 0.05 0.0272

163)

0.05 0.02 0.0361

0.02 0.01 0.0278

0.01 0.002 0.0665

(TI 0.002 0.1596

+H 2 i HCl(C1) I HCl(C2) I H 2 (48) C1 C2 E21

0.1 0.05 0.00498 C1 2 3 4 5

I

E25 [I 0.0082 0.0144 0.0195 0.0255

Ô7Ï 0.02 0.01138

ÔTÏ 0.01 0.01730

C2 = 1 (31) C1 I E25 y 6 0.0321 7 0.0395 8 0.0484 9 0.0571

0.05 0.02 0.00685 C1 I 10 11 11.5

0.02 0.01 0.00532 E2b 0.0666 0.0775 0.0836

[Pt] I I2(C1), KT(C 2 ) I KI(C 2 ), I 2 (C 3 ) I [Pt]+ (107)

HCL- (Continued} H2 I HCl, MCl0 HgCl ! Hg + HCl

c m c m m m m m m m m m m

= = = = = = = = = = = = =

I

MCIq

I

( c = O.OÌ to 0.09 J w = 0.0 to 0.1 ° ] c = 0.0 to 3.0 ( m = 0.0 to 3.3 NaCl, m = 0.1 to 3.7 LiCl, m = 0.4 to 4.5 LiCl, m = O 4 to 4.0 BaCl2, m = 0.1 to 1.3 SrCl2, m = 0.1 to 1.0 CaCl2, m = 0.1 to 1.0 KCl, m = 0.1 to 1.0 BaCh, m = 0.00625 to 0.9 LaCl3, m = 0.00417 to 0.125 f KCl, m = 0.0 to 3 I NaCl, m = 0.0 to 3 { LICI, m = 0.0 to 3

0.09 to 0.01 0.1 to 0.O3I 0.1 0.1004 0.1004 0.1004 0.01 to 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.01 0.005 to 1.5 0.125 to 0.375.. . .

m = 0.001 to 3

] [ J

t

I Lit.

25 25 25 18 25 30 25 18

( 122 ) ( 32 ) (72) 1 > (74) J ( 86 ) i i (8Q f ^ ; J , 154)

i /

30 i J i f

( 79 )

25

I

MCla

I

T KCl, m - 0.01 to 0.1 NaCl, w = 0.01 to 0.1 T-^ 1 m = 0.01 n m to 4- 0.1 ni LiCl, ( CsCl, m = 0.01 to 0.1

n nt . n , m = 0.01 to 0.1

t

I Lit.

i on20

/S9 .

(

'

J

Ag i AgCl I HCl(Ci), HNO 3 (C 2 ) | HNO 3 (C 2 ), HCl(0.002c) AgCl Ag + For ci = 0.01, 0.02, and 0.04 resp., C2 = 0.005, 0.01, 0.02, and 0.04. 18° (157) +H 2 I HCl(O.lm), gelatin(z%) | gelatin(z%), HCl(O.Olm) | H 2 also Hg I HgCl HCl(0.Im), gelatin(x%) \ gelatin(z%), HCl (0.01m) I HgCl I Hg + x = 0.0 to 20.0, 25° (57) HBr H 2 [ HBr(m) 1 AgBr [ Ag +

m I E25 I Lit. u m j E26 | Lit. || m | E^ \ Lit. 0.01 0.3141 (u«) 0.10860.1982 (121) 0.497 0.1214 (121) 0.03 0.2604 (US) 0.18780.1713 (121) 0.755 0.0980 (121) 0.0850.2101 (121) 0.24000.1585 (121) 1.010 0.0804 (121) 0.1 0.2022 (il«) 0.30750.1463 (121) 1.505 0.0535 (121) H2 [ HBr, MBra [ AgBr [ Ag +

HBr

I

MBr0 [ f KBr, m = 0.0 to 3 \ m = 0.01 to 0.1 ^( XT W m = 0.0 n ntox 3oJ f NaBr, +Pt 1 ^Br2(C1), HBr(C2) [ H 2 (is) rti

™-, x

r

PH2

r

Cl

C2

0.049 0.125 0:127

PBr2

(mm) 742.5 753.6 760.6

11.5 10.2 8.7

t

\ Lit. , 25 / f t (N84 )

or

PHBr

™

(mm) (mm) 0.682 12.0 1.509 2.25 1.448 1.119

^ 30 0.573 0.625 0.636

H2 i HBr(ci) I HBr(C2) | H 2 + (133) Hg I HgBr 1 HBr(0.126c) | HBr(0.0132c) | HgBr | Hg + EIS = 0.0932 (141) I2 +[Pt] I I2(C1), HI(C2) I HI(C2) I H2 (176) £l

0.335 0.29 0.595

I

Ç2

4.62 5.8 O1S

I

-^ 3 1.6

0.3028 0.2372 0.2448

I

ffi)5.2

0.2789 0.2126 0.2228

I

+I2(s) I KI(C1) I NH 4 NO 3 (IOc) I KI(C1), I2(0.035c) ci I EK Jl ci I 0.025 0.0670 0.5 0.05 0.0762 0.7 0.85 0.115 0.0869 0.344 0.1031 L1O

m 0.00505 0.01045 0.01981 0.05049 0.07914 0.1297 0.2461

m 0 . 0 0.05 0.1112 0.2789 0.5607 0.8453 1.133 1.717

c =

^81.6

HI H2 I HI(m) I Agi Ag+ (ISQ) I Jg25 I E^ ~\ 0.12417 0.12707 0.08825 0.09060 0.05735 0.05931 0.00106 0.01128 -0.01210 -0.01128 -0.03615 -0.03556 -0.06905 -0.06864

[Pt] (io«) EK 0.1086 0.1154 0.1200 0.1252

EK 0.12964 0.09262 0.06083 0.01235 -0.01073 -0.03531 -0.06829

H2SO4 H2 I H2S04(m) I Hg2SQ4 I Hg+ (iss) I ff25±<0.032 u m | E^ ± <0.032 0 5 0 . 8 1 6 0 2 . 3 1 3 0 . 6 4 4 2 0.7546 2.922 0.6315 0.7343 3.859 0.6145 0.7114 4.827 0.5975 6.168 0.5770 0.6929 0.6812 8.295 0.5495 0.6720 13.88 0.4985 0.6571

H 2 I H2SQ4(C) I Hg2SO4 I Hg+ (28) c = 0.00482 c = 0.01506 c = 0.0673 t I E t I E t I E 15.70.824015^70.7925Ï3T70.7494 25.7 0.8243 25.7 0.7927 25.2 0.7493 37.8 0.8246 37.8 0.7930 35.7 0.7491 49.5 0.8249 49.5 0.7933 47.8 0.7485 64.1 0.8259 64.1 0.7939 59.9 0.7486 79.9 0.8263 79.9 0.7949 82.1 0.7527

t 0.2466 0.1819 0.1918

C2 I C3 I ' # 2 o.4 1.0 0.0139 0.0108 1.0 0.0139 0.0184 1.0 0.0139 0.0273 1.0 0.0139 0.0376 1.0 0.0139 0.0434 1.0 0.0139 0.0491 1.0 0.0139 0.0588

+I 2 (s) I KI(ci) I KI(C1), I2(0.035c) I [Pt] (io«) ci I E 2, II ci I E2, 0.025 0.0640 0.5 0.1040 0.05 0.0728 0.7 0.1099 0.85 0.1136 0.115 0.0830 0.344 Q. 0987 I1O 0.1172

J

H2 HCl, MCIa i AgCl Ag + HCI

Ci I C2 I Ca I #20.4 [ I Ci I 0.05 0.115 0.005 0.0444 0.0322 0.0050.115 0.0005 0.0304 0.056 0.0352 0.109 0.05 0.23 0.005 0.0050.23 0.0005 0.0297 0.209 0.05 0.344 0.005 0.0326 0.279 0.0050.344 0.0005 0.0295 0.362 0.508

13.7 25.2 35.7 47.8

°-2784 I E

0.7155 0.7144 0.7132 0.7116

c

I

/

= L235 I E

13.9 25.7 37.4 49.4

0.6402 0.6371 0.6333 0.6295

c

t

= 4-837 I E

15.6 26.1 37.0 48.7

0.6012 0.5986 0.5957 0.5925

H 2 1 H2SO4, M,S04 I Hg2SO4 | Hg +

H 2 SO 4 .—(Continued) e = 0.2784 t I E 59.9 0.7104 82.1 0.7132 c

t 15.6 26.1 37.0 48.7 60.8 73.8

e = 1.235 t I E 60.5 0.6267 70.9 0.6240 80.2 0.6207

= 0.1110 I E 0.5698 0.5673 0.5646 0.5617 0.5582 0.5542

e = 4.837 t \ E 60.8 0.5892 73.8 0.5857

H2SO4

I

m = 0.1 and 0.01

m = 0.05 and 0.005

c = 14.87 t I E 16.6 0.4995 28.4 0.4970 40.8 0.4943 55.6 0.4906 70.2 0.4864

m = 0.05 to 2

M^SO4 K2SO4, m = 0.0 to 0.5 Na2SO4, m = 0.0 to 1 MgSO4, m = 0.0 to I K2SO4, e = 0.0 to 0.625 Na2SO4, c = 0.0 to 2 Li2SO4, e = 0.0 to 2 Na 2 SQ 4 , m = 0.05 to 2

I t I Lit. 25 ( 85 ) 25 ( 7 ) 25

(*S6)

NH 3 v. CuOH, Zn(OH) 2 , AgNO3, Cd(OH) 2 and AgCl

NH4Cl Hg I HgCl I NH4C1(0.1AO I NH4C1(0.01AO | HgCl | Hg + E18 = 0.0546 (141)

+H 2 I H 2 SO 4 (C) I PbSO4 ! Pb (44) e #o

0.513 0.269

T7ÔÏ 0.282

2.30 0.317

3.20 0.339

7.70 0.426

(C6H5CH2)S(CH3)NCl, Tribenzylmethylammonium bromide (T) Ag I AgBr I TBr(C1) | TBr(c2) | TBr(C2) | AgBr | Ag + Also the same cell with salt bridges (45)

H 2 I H2SO4(C) I PbSO4 ! PbO 2 + (44) e E0

0.513 1.610

TÔÏ 1.617

+PbO2 I PbSO4 I H2SO4(C) I PbSO4 I Pb e ffo

1.0000.3600.1800.1110.05050.01240.00046 i 1.8961.8411.8081.7821.745 1.672 1.472 J

e 0.077 0.200 0.658 0.891

I

E25 u 1.744 1.815 1.892 1.911

e I E2, [I 1.16 1.929 1.66 1.958 2.60 2.004 2.99 2.029

+Pb I PbSO4 I H 2 SO 4 (Ci) I H 2 SO 4 (C 2 ) C2 = 2.99 (97) Cl

I

0.077 0.200 0.658 1.66

Ci 3.0 1.5 0.75 0.375

E25

I

E,.

[i

0.1033 0.0762 0.0507 0.0248

PbCl2 PbxHg I PbCl2(C) I AgCl I Ag+ (27)

2T3Ö §7207.70 1.654 1.682 1.801

C1

#26

0.0115 0.0038 -0.0157 -0.0179

C2 0.094 0.094 0.094 (14Q)

I

En 0.016 0.0308 0.0462

Ci C2 ffroom

u

c 7.19 10.0 11.07 12.37 13.17

0.4864 0.4801 0.4747 0.4707 0.4672 0.4637 0.4601 0.4560 0.4529 0.4497

0.4831 0.4859 0.4875 0.4884 0.4888 0.4888 0.4886 0.4882 0.4878 0.4868

0.5092 0.5128 0.5153 0.5168 0.5177 0.5183 0.5186 0.5187 0.5184 0.5177

I

0.05 0.005 0.035

ÖTÖÖ5 0.0005 0.043

OTo ] 0.0005 [ ( 3 7 ) 0.104 J

+Pb I Pb(NOs) 2 (C 1 ) I Pb(NOa) 2 (C 2 ) I Pb Ci

C2

j

ffroom

Lit.

|

O ^ ö ^ 5 c T ö ä ö

T

0.05

J

0.005

O.Q40

~; ^

Pb(C 2 H 3 O 2 ), +Pb i PbAc2(C1) I PbAc2(C2) I Pb

H 2 I H2SO4(C) I H2SO4(C = 3) ] H 2 + (97)

E17 -0.0252 -0.0179 -0.0149 -0.0058 0.0082

0.00984

0.5 0.05 0.026

Ci

I

0.0265

Pb(NO 3 ), +PbxTJg I Pb(NO-Q 2 (C 1 ) I Pb(NOa) 2 (C 2 )J PbxHg

+H2 I H2SO4(0.1w) I H2SO4(0.01m) | H 2 = 0.01131 (53)

e 0.046 0.184 0.364 1.49 4.50

satd.

PbSO4 | Pb I

I

}

e I EK 3.89 2.067 4.67 2.094 6.97 2.198 (97)

2.39 2.63 4.14 4.67

C2 I En [I Ci To 0.03Ï5 0.188 0.75 0.021 0.375 0.375 0.017 0.75 0.188 0.015

(

7^^^_ C h ^ ^^-^^ O 16.7 30.5 40.5 49.3 58.3 67.0 76.0 84.0 92.2

Ei7 0.0281 0.0557 0.0686 0.0928 0.1192

Hg I Hg2SO4 I H 2 SO 4 (OAm) | H2SO4(0.01m) | Hg2SO4 | Hg + EK = 0.04925 (54)

° ^ 0.05

I 0

C2 ^

I 0

5 0.005

7

Eroom 0

1

O 0.015

I

Lit. I J

^ }

(

Zn(OH) 2 Zn I ZnO(C1), NaOH(c2 ) | ZnO(C1) | NaOH(C3) | Zn + C1 = 0.012 to 0.0024; C2 = 0.37 to 1.95; C3 = 0.09 to 0.97; room temp. ( 104 ) Zn I Zn(OH)2(C1), NH 3 (C 2 ) | Zn(OH) 2 (C 1 ), NH 3 (C 3 ) | Zn C1 = 0.125 to 0.00825; C2 = 3, 4, 5 and 6; C3 = 1.5, 2 and 4; 25° (22)

ZnCl2 Zn I ZnCl2Qi and c) | AgCl | Ag + "~ m I EK u m I EK [I c I EK (*7) Jl (*7) Il ( 91 ) 0.01021 1.1558 0.001253 1.2289 0.566 1.0306 0.006022 1.1742 0.000772 1.2475 1.112 1.0171 0.003112 1.1953 0.000649 1.2497 2.22 0.9740 0.001453 1.2219 0.0003995 1.2699 0.0003478 1.2701 Zn1%Hg I ZnCl2(O | HgCl | Hg+ (110) C

9.97 6.76 6.16 4.54 3.08 1.54 1.10 0.77 0.616

I

#20.2

0.8539 0.9245 0.9385 0.9740 1.0005 1.0300 1.0406 1.0528 1.0573

u

C

0.550 0.454 0.385 0.275 0.137 0.077 0.068 0.0616 0.034

I

#20.2

1.0626 1.0683 1.0755 1.0851 1.1081 1.1269 1.1309 1.1298 1.1524

Zn x Hg I ZnCl2(C1) | HgCl Hg | HgCl | ZnCl2(C2) | ZnxHg Also same with AgCl | Ag | AgCl bridge ( 66 ) Zn I ZnCl 2 (W) | Cl2(p) | Pt (56) t = 60.5 and 80.40C; m = 0.07 to 25; p = 1 atm. -fZn I ZnCl2(2.35c) | ZnCl2(0.144c) | Zn EK = 0.0751 (30) Zn I ZnCl 2 (mi) | ZnCl 2 (W 2 ) | Zn (56) t = 60.5 and 80.40C; mi = 2.4 to 25; W2 = 0.87 to 4.85 Pt I Cl2(p) I ZnCl 2 (mi) I ZnCl2(m2) | Cls(p) I Pt (56) t = 60.5 and 80.40C; m} = 2.4 to 25; W2 = 0.87 to 4.85; p = 1 atm. ZnBr2 ZnxHg I ZnBr2(C1) | HgBr | Hg | HgBr | ZnBr2(C2) | ZnxHg Also same cell with AgBr | Ag | AgBr bridge (67) ZnSO4 Zn-Hg(2-phase) | ZnSO4(m) | PbSO4 | Pb-Hg(2-phase) + _ («) w I EK || m I Jg25 II m | EK 0.000658 0.6074 0.00506 0.5658 0.2532 0.5077 0.3518 0.5037 0.000670 0.6072 0.00910 0.5552 0.000687 0.6067 0.01712 0.5449 0.8564 0.4932 0.000702 0.6060 0.01824 0.5439 1.426 0.4858 0.001505 0.5898 0.04120 0.5317 2.052 0.4783 0.001648 0.5878 0.08532 0.5211 2.749 0.4685 0.003322 0.5737 0.1732 0.5122 3.419 0.4581

* Jg 20-2

Zn1%Hg I ZnSO4(C) | Hg2SO4 | Hg + 2.6 T^ TO 0^7 Y~^T 1.4306 1.4452 1.4520 1.4545 J v ;

ZnxHg I ZnSO4(C1) | PbSO 4 1 PbxHg | PbSO 4 1 ZnSO4(C2) | ZnxHg + C1 0.1 Ö7Ö5 ÔJÔÏ ] C2 0.01 0.005 0.001 [(66) EK 0.0427 0.0441 0.0522 J

C1 C2 Jg25

+Zn I ZnSO4(C1) | ZnSO4(C2) | 1.10 1.10 1.10 0.554 0.277 0.139 0.0062 0.0116 0.0171

Zn 0.554 ] 0.139 [(3O) 0.0101 J

+ZnxHg I ZnS04.7H20 | ZnSO4(satd.) | ZriSO4(c) | ZnxHg t I c I E "I Lit. 15 1.198 0.02045 Ì , ( j 25 1.371 0.02444 J Hg I Hg2SO4 I ZnS04.7H20 | Hg2SO4 I t I c 1 5 1 . 1 9 8 0 25 1.371

ZnSO4(satd.) | ZnSO4(c) | Hg+ I E I Lit. . 0 0 5 7 T ~ 0.00648 J ^ J

ZnC2O4 Zn I ZnC2O4(C1), K2C2O4(C2) | K 2 C 2 O 4 (C 3 ), ZnC2O4(C4) | Zn C1 = 0.004 to 0.014; C2 = 0.125, 0.25 and 0.5; C3 = 0.0625 to 0.25; C4 = 0.0019 to 0.0144; room temp. (104) Cd(OH) 2 Cd I Cd(OH)2(C1), NH 3 (C 2 ) I NH 3 (C 3 ), Cd(OH)2(C1) | Cd C1 = 0.0042 and 0.00835; C2 = 5 and 6.45; C3 = 2, 3.2, 3 and 4; 25° (22) CdCl2 Cd4.6%Hg I CdCl2(W) I AgCl I Ag+ m I EK ± l mv U w | EK ± 1 mv 6 . 6 2 0 . 6 2 2 0 3 0 . 0 0 0 3 3 6 3 0 . 8 6 4 4 0.0995 0.6996 0.0002144 0.8803 0.0074 0.76305 0.0001527 0.8926 0.003519 0.7864 0.0001269 0.8978 0.9011 0.002581 0.7958 0.0001137 0.000924 0.8296 0.0001087 0.9023 0.000479 0.852 0.0001029 0.9060 ( 87 ) 0.0003659 0.8614 c 0.493 0.525 0.651 1.006

Cd I CdCl2(C) I AgCl . I E20 |! 0.7239 0.7225 0.7191 0.7123

I Ag+ (13) c I 2.229 3.247 4.404 5.775

Cd I CdCl2(W) I HgCl I Hg+ w I EK II m | E25 || 0.00086 0.9155 0.0311 0.8198 0.0031 0.8667 0.0622 0.8063 0.0062 0.8727 0.0819 0.8014 0.0086 0.8485 0.1556 0.7866 0.3113 0.7752 0.0164 0.8325

#20 0.6995 0.6915 0.6834 0.6743

(63) m | EK 5.035 0.7311 5.454 0.7302 5.909 0.7286 6.591 0.7182

+Cd I CdCl2(C1) I CdCl2(C2) I Cd (12) C1 C2 I EZQ I) C1 I C2 I EZQ 1.0970.49320.00833.3940.33990.0287 1.580 0.5403 0.0113 2.464 0.2486 0.0259 2.062 0.4923 0.0160 2.052 0.2100 0.0244 2.552 0.5058 0.0191 1.596 0.1623 0.0244 3.444 0.4963 0.0252 1.062 0.1089 0.0244 4.144 0,4942 0.0309 0.4818 0.04822 0.0264 4.798 0.4871 0.0353 0.2080 0.02214 0.0275 4.096 0.4145 0.0318 0.0492 0.00563 0.0317 Ag I AgCl I CdCl2(C) I CdCl2(Q.5c) | AgCl | Ag + C

0.697 0.880 1.136 1.653 2.426

I

#20

0.00202 0.00327 0.00462 0.00623 0.00782

II

C

3.251 4.667 5.59 5.83

I

(13)

J0JO

0.00822 0.00782 0.00642 0.00588

CdBr2 Cd l CdBr2(m) I HgBr | Hg+ (63) m I EK || m I E2B || m | #25 0.00120.76240.04760769Ï50.47560.6452 0.0029 0.7507 0.0732 0.6805 3.159 0.6051 0.0048 0.7368 0.1172 0.6733 4.192 0.6000 0.0117 0.7202 0.1877 0.6640 0.0293 0.6993 0.2929 0.6551 CdSO4 Cd I CdS04(m) I Hg2SQ4 | Hg+ (63) m Ì E25 [I m #25 II m \ 0.0014 1.1438 1 0.1328 1.1178 1.386 0.0055 1.1484 0.1386 1.1152 2.125 0.0139 1.1399 0.2217 1.1130 2.656 0.0554 1.1285 0.5542 1.1033 3.698

AgI Ag I AgI(C1), KI(C 2 ) I KI(C3), AgI(C4) | Ag Ci = 0.032 to 0.01; C2 = 0.33 to 2.0; C3 = 0.17 to 2.0; C 4 = 0.0316 to 0.005; room temp. («) AgNO2 +Ag I AgNO2(satd.) | AgNO2(0.0244c) | Ag E = 0.011 (3) AgNO3 +Ag I AgNO3(C1) I AgNQ 3 (C 2 ) | Ag Cl

I

E25 1.0926 1.0809 1.0768 1.0656

1.0 1.0 0.3 0.3 0.1 0.03 0.01

CuOH Cu I CuOH(C1), NH 3 (C 2 ) 1 NH 3 (C 3 ), CuOH(C4) | Cu C1 = 0.0001 to 0.002; C2 = 0.37 to 1.76; C3 =0.5 and 0.37; C4 = 0.0002 to 0.001; room temp. (16) CuCl Cu I CuCl(C1), KCl(C2) I KCl(C3), CuCl(C4) | Cu C1 = 0.047 to 0.05; C2 = 0.1 to 2.0; C3 = 0.05 to 1.0; C4 = 0.047 to 0.05; room temp. (20, 21) CuBr, analogue of CuCl above (21) Hg I Hg2SO4 I CuSO4Cm1) rm m2 E25

CuSO4 CuxHg | OTl 0.05 0.0089

CuSO 4 Cm 2 ) Hg2SO4 | Hg + 0~5 OTo ] 0.2 0.1 [ (143) 0.0105 0.0190 J

Cu I CuSO 4 (W) I Hg2SO4 | Hg + #(±0.00023) = 0.3928 for m = 0.05; = 0.4226 for m = 0.005 (US); cf. (132) +Cu I CuSO4(C1) I CuSO 4 (C 2 ) I Cu C1 0.01 0.921 0.5 0.05 C2 0.001 0.277 0.05 0.005 #26 0.0299 0.0098 0.022 (room) Lit

(61)

(30)

(105)

I

#25

C1-^c2 #25

II

Cl

I

0.0472 0.1036 0.0536 0.1138 0.0566 0.0601 I 0.0602

C2

I

#25

(40, 41)

o

0.1 0.01 0.03 0.003 0.01 0.003 0.001

+Cd I CdSO4(0.5c) Hg2SO4 | Hg | Hg2SO4 | CdSO4(0.05c) | Cd #26 = 0.020 (i» 5 ) +Cd I CdSQ4(C1) I CdSQ 4 (C 2 ) 1 Cd + Ag C1 1.09 1.09 0.541 1 d-»c 2 C2 0.277 0.139 0.139 [(3O) #25 E2, 0.0108 0.0164 0.0099 J Hg 2 (NO 3 ), Hg I Hg2(NO3Wc1), HN03(0.1AO | HNO3(O.!^), Hg2(NO3)^2) | Hg+ ci ÔTÏ 0.05 0.005 0.0005 i C2 0.01 0.005 0.0005 0.00005 [ (i47) EIB 0.0266 0.0274 0.0290 0.0304 J

C2

(1^)

0.5 0.1 0.01

~

0.1 0.01 0.001

0.0312 0.0590 0.0618

AgNO3(C1) I NH 4 NO 3 (IOc) AgNO 3 (C 2 ) | Ag 0.5-+0.10.1->0.010.01-+0.001 i Q 0.0286 0.0556 0.0579 J ( '

'

+ Ag I AgNO 3 (C 1 ) I KN0 3 (satd.) j AgNO 3 (C 2 ) | Ag 0.5->0.1 0.1^0.01 Ì X 4 0 4 1 , 0.0290 0.0555 J V * }

Ag 1 AgNO 3 (C 1 ), NH 3 (C 2 ) I NH 3 (C 3 ), AgNO 3 (C 4 ) | Ag C1 = 0.034 to 0.05; C2 = 0.1 to 7.5; C3 = 0.1 to 2.5; C4 = 0.044 to 0.05; room temp. (19) +Ag I AgNO3(C1), KN03(2c) | KNO3(2c), AgNO3(C2) | Ag C1 0.20 0.10 0.05 0.025 Ì C2 0.10 0.05 0.025 0.0125 [ (29) #20 0.01781 0.01762 0.01783 0.01749 J AgCN; v. KAg(CN) 2 AgCNS Ag I AgCNS(C1), KCNS(C2) | KCNS(C3), AgCNS(C4) | Ag C1 = 0.032 to 0.1; C2 and C3 = 0.1 to 2.0; C4 = 0.0325 to 0.025; room temp. ( 1 7 > 18) MgCl2 Hg I HgCl I MgCl2(C1) I MgCl2(C2) I HgCl | Hg+ (59) Cl

2.0 1.75 1.5 1.0

I

C2

1.75 1.5 1.0 0.5

I

#18

0.0019 0.0025 0.0057 0.0104

Il

Cl

0.5 0.1 0.01 0.001

I

Ci

0.1 0.01 0.001 0.0001

I

#18

0.0199 0.0290 0.0346 0.0358

Ag

AgCl I MgCl2(C1), MgS04(2AO | MgSO 4 (2tf), MgCl 2 (C 2 ) | AgCl I Ag+ 1O3C1 200.05 20.05 2.049 ] 1O3C2 20.05 2.049 0.250 1(29) #20 0.0562 0.0573 0.0524 J

(105)

Cu(N0 3 ) 2 Cu I Cu(NO 3 Mc 1 ) 1 Cu(N0 3 ) 2 (10 Cl ) | Cu + E = 0.048 for C1 = 0.05; = 0.040 for C1 = 0.005; room temp. (105)

AgCl Ag I AgCl(C1), NH 3 (C 2 ) I NH 3 (C 3 ), AgCl(C4) | Ag C1 = 0.034 to 0.05; C2 = 0.1 to 7.5; C3 = 0.1 to 5.0; C4 = 0.044 to 0.05; 17-18° (^)

CaCl2 AgCl I CaCl2(m) [ CaxHg | CaCl2(Q1QIm) | AgCl [ Ag+ (124) m I #25 II m I #25 II m \ E^ 0.03500.04110.46550.13351.6060^2105 0.0629 0.0606 0.6622 0.1543 1.960 0.2313 0.1032 0.0772 0.9608 0.1750 3.167 0.2856 0.2066 0.1014 1.003 0.1773 3.502 0.3005 0.3713 0.1235

Ag

CaCl2.—(Cmtinued) Ag I AgCl I CaCl2(m) [ CaCl2(0.01m) [ AgCI | Ag+ ( 124 ) m I E^ II m I EK || m | E25 0.01550.00600.08050.02841.0130.0626 0.0201 0.0097 0.1612 0.0368 1.600 0.0716 0.0836 0.0395 0.0190 0.3208 0.0460 2.586 0.0497 0.0220 0.6162 0.0549 SrCl2

Ag I AgCl I SrCl2(W) I Sr1Hg | SrCl2(0.01m) | AgCl | Ag + (i* 4 ) m I E26 II m EZS II m | E25 0.02910.03520.34580.11702.1150.2030 0.0900 0.0722 1.049 0.1612 3.015 0.2356 0.1167 0.0798 1.403 0.1767 Ag I AgCl I SrCl2(m) | SrCl2(0.01m) | AgCl | Ag+ m I E26 || m I E2, || m | 0.0158 0.0064 0.1466 0.0356 2.027 0.0320 0.0157 0.3168 0.0453 2.954 0.0456 0.0208 0.6246 0.0540 j 0.0792 0.0277 1.269 0.0642

(124) E25 0.0721 0.0818

BaCl2

Ag I AgCl I BaCl2(m) | BaxHg | BaCl2(^0) | AgCl | Ag + m0 = 0.01 (124) m I E26 || m [ E25 || m | E25 0.0302 0.0355 0.2978 0.1092 1.521 0.1718 0.1004 0.0742 0.9710 0.1532 1.650 0.1771 1S1

mo 0.003 0.005 0.003 0.005

I

m ÖTÖ3 0.05 0.1 0.1

I

( ) E25 || m0 I w 0.0756 ( U U 0 7 Ï 0.3 0.0753 0.03 0.1142 0.1 1 0.0965 0.3 1.256

|

E25 0.0744 0.0739 0.0766 0.0686

Ag I AgCl, BaCl2(m) | BaCl2(m0) | AgCl | Ag + m0 = 0.01; 25° (124) m I E25 [I m I E25 II m I E25 0.01920.009270.24260.04280.81220.0599 0.0381 0.0185 0.3927 0.0491 1.372 0.0687 0.0798 0.0280 0.5971 0.0547 1.715 0.0713 0.1719 0.0394

(151) mo I m I E25 II m0 I m | E25 0.0030.0300.0344Ö7Ö3OTs0.0310 0.005 0.050 0.0337 0.1 1 0.0312 0.010 0.100 0.0321 +Hg I HgCl I BaCl2(C1) | BaCl 2 (C 2 ) | HgCl | Hg (46) E2o, C2 = E2o, C2 = E2o, C2 = E2o, C2 = E2o, C2 = 1 0.1 0.05 0.02 0.01 0.005 0.05 0.0095 0.0117 0.02 0.0209 0.01 0.0324 0.0229 0.0091 0.005 0.0436 0.0355 0.0209 0.0107 0.002 0.0613 0.0475 0.0350 0.0233 0.0150 0.001 0.0716 0.0578 0.0706 0.0356 0.0248 ci E

+Ba1%Hg I BaCl2(C1) | KCl(ZN) \ BaCl2(0.005c) | Bai%Hg 0.01 0~02 0.0505 0.103 1 0.0071 0.0147 0.0263 0.0342 J ( }

Ag I AgCl I BaCl2(0.5c) | Ba,Hg | BaCl2(0.1#), sucrose(?/) | AgCl | Ag + x = 0.1 and 0.01%, y = 40% and 60% by vol. of solution; 25° (38) BaBr2 (A) Ag I AgBr I BaBr2(m) | BaxHg | BaBr2(m0) | AgBr | Ag + (B) Ag I AgBr I BaBr2(m) | BaBr2Cm0) | AgBr | Ag+ (60) m0 I m I (A) E25 [ (B) E25 0.003 0.03 0.0774 0.0339 0.005 0.05 0.0764 0.0332 0.010 0.050 0.0527 0.0227 0.010 0.100 0.0744 0.0322 0.100 0.0390 0.0164 0.030 0.0313 0.030 0.300 0.0759 0.050 0.500 0.0782 0.0314 0.100 1.000 0.0822 0.0319 +Hg I HgBr I BaBr2(C1) | BaBr2(C2) | HgBr | Hg (46) Ci

E2O,

E2o,

E2o,

E2o,

E2o,

Eao,

C2 =

C2 =

C2 =

C2 =

C2 =

C2 =

0.05

0.02

0.01

0.005

0.002

0.0133 0.0220 0.0340 0.0486 0.0627

0.0104 0.0213 0.0342 0.0509

0.0093 0.0233 0.0398

0.1 0.050.0095 0.02 0.0238 0.01 0.0325 0.005 0.0414 0.002 0.0582 0.001 0.0707

0.0120 0.0272 I 0.0126

+Ba1%Hg I BaBr2(C) | KC1(2AQ | BaBr 2 (CLOlAT) [ Ba1 %Hg c 0.0201 0.0505 0.103 1 E20 0.0084 0.0169 0.0259/ ( } LiOH H 2 I LiOH(m) I LixHg | LiOH(m0) | H2 + (86) m I W0 I E25 u m I ra0 | E25 0.05050.01010.07610.5530.10060.0765 0.1008 0.0101 0.1088 0.611 0.1011 0.0808 0.1038 0.0103 0.1084 1.063 0.1006 0.1069 0.0978 0.0235 0.0669 1.812 0.0997 0.1307 0.242 0.1013 0.0396 2.386 0.1043 0.1412 0.1051 0.1438 0.346 0.0993 0.0566 2.577 0.432 0.0993 0.0664 3.926 0.1051 0.1651 H2 I LiOH, LiCl I LixHg | LiOH | H 2 + LiOH I LiCl I t m =0.01 m = 0.0 to 8.36 25 m = 0.1 m = 0.0 to 8.48 25

I Lit. (86) (86)

LiCl

Ag I AgCl I LiClCm1) | LixHg mi I m2 I E25 IJ 3Ü 0~3 0.14170 1.0 0.1 0.11650 0.3 0.1 0.05370 0.3 0.03 0.11117

mi 3.0 1.0 0.3 0.3

| LiCl(m») | AgCIj mi | m2 \ OTI 0.01 0.03 0.003 0.01 0.001 (130)

Ag I AgCl I LiCKm1) I LiCUm2) | AgCl I Ag I m2 I E25 [I • mi I m2 I 0.3 0.03957 0.1 0.01 0.1 0.03543 0.03 0.003 0.1 0.01642 0.01 0.001 0.03 0.03521 (13Q)

Ag + E25 0.11055 0.11275 0.1139 +

E25 0.03589 0.03560 0.03906

LiCl.—(Continued) Ag I AgCl I LiCl(ci), LiNO3(C2) | LiNO3(C2), LiCl(0.002c) | AgCl | Ag + Values of Î8 ( 157 )

^T^^^L °-°05

°-01

°-°2

°-°4

Ag i AgCl I NaCl(C1), NaN03(2c) | NaNO3(2c), NaCl(C2) | AgCl | Ag HCi I C2 j E 20 I Lit. 0.1001 0.01011 0.05776 1 9 ( } 0.01011 0.001110 0.05591 J

ÔTÔÏ0.03410.03620.03710.0368 0.02 0.0466 0.0510 0.0533 0.0531 0.04 0.0584 0.0628 0.0656 0.0682

NaBr Ag I AgBr I NaBr(m) [ NaxHg | NaBr(O.lm) | AgBr | Ag + ( 81 ) m I E 2, y m I En \\ m \ E25 0.03 -0.0572 0.5 0.0773 2 0.1508 Li2SO4 0.05 -0.0327 1 0.1123 2.5 0.1659 Hg I Hg2SO41 Li2S04(m) | LixHg [ Li2SO4(0.05m) | Hg2SQ41 Hg + ( 7 ) 0.3 0.0524 1.5 0.1345 3 0.1779 m I E25 II m I #25 u m \ E25 0.025 -0.0205 0.495 0.0684 1.447 0.1041 Hg I HgBr I NaBr(0.125c) | NaBr(0.0125c) | HgBr | Hg + 0.125 0.0274 0.979 0.0890 1.903 0.1143 E18 = 0.0417 (141) 0.249 0.0481 NaI Ag I AgI I Nal(m) | NaxHg | NaI(O.lm) | AgI | Ag + (81) NaOH m I E25 II m I E25 \\ m \ E25 H 2 I NaOH(m) [ NaxHg | NaOH(m 0 ) | H 2 + ( 75 ) 0.03 -0.0572 0.5 0.0786 1 0.1147 m I mo I EM u m \ mo \ E25 0.3 0.0537 0.010110.005300.03150.39750.009950.1762 0.0202 0.01001 0.0338 0.807 0.01006 0.2103 Na2SO4 0.0526 0.01000 0.0795 1.020 0.01016 0.2221 Hg ] Hg2SO41 Na2SO4(m) | NaxHg | Na2SO4(O-OSm) | Hg2SO41 Hg + 0.1116 1.517 0.01003 0.2459 0.1047 0.00998 0.1081 0.00984 0.1142 2.024 0.01014 0.2630 m I E25 [I m I . E25 || m \ E25 0.1934 0.00997 0.1416 3.100 0.01012 0.2926 0.025 -0.0202 0.495 0.0634 1.438 0.0909 0.125 0.0255 0.975 0.0809 1.882 0.0961 H2 I NaOH, NaX | NaxHg | NaOH H 2 + 0.249 0.0452 NaQH I NaX | t \ Lit. m = 0.01 and 0.1 NaCl, m = O to 3.1 25 ( 76 ) KOH w = 0.1 NaBr, m = O to 3.1 25 (8*) H I KOH(ci) I K.Hg I KOH(C ) | H + (")

H

2

Hg HgO I NaOH(0.235c) NaOH(0.03c) | HgO | Hg + Ei8 = 0.0178 (141) NaCl Na 0 . 13 9%Hg I NaCl(c) | HgCl | Hg+ ( 8 ) c

5.41 3.0 1.0 0.5 0.1 0.02 0.01

m

6.12 3.196 1.022 0.5034 0.1003 0.02003 0.01001

I

E18

2.0281 2.0770 2.1398 2.1724 2.2466 2.2306 2.3520

I

EK

2.0283 2.0784 2.1430 2.1769 2.2527 2.3267 2.3585

• mi 3.0 1.0 0.3

Ag I AgCl I NaCl(c) | NaCl(0.001674c) | AgCl | Ag Hc 0.033440.016730.011170.0083640.006686 \ Eis 0.056140.043600.036080.03073 0.02652 J ( ci C2 Eu..

}

Hg I HgCl I NaCl(C1) [ NaCl(C2) | HgCl [ Hg +

c ^6.i2 S atd.{^-- :::::::; ;:;413

l

g;;83l } ^

2

E25 0.1110 0.1110 0.1110 0.1120 0.1130 0.1147 0.1149

H 2 I KOH(mi) I KOH(m 2 ) | H2 + ( 10 °) I W2 I E25 Il mi I m2 I E25 0.3 0.03683 0.3 0.03 0.02916 0.1 0.03104 0.1 0.01 0.03465 0.1 '0.01424

H2 I KOH, K2SO4 I KxHg | KOH | H2 + ( 7 ) m = 0.01 and 0.1; K2SO4, c = 0.0 to 0.625; 250C H 2 I KOH, KX I KxHg | E:QH [ H2 + KOH I KX" I t, 0C I Lit. m = 0.01 and 0.1 KCl, m = 0.0 to 3.1 25 (77) f KBr, m = 0.0 to 3.1 25 («4)m \ KI, m = 0.0 to 3.1 25 («4) KOH,

Ag I AgCl ! NaCl(C1) | NaCl(C2) | AgCl | Ag + 0.04972 0.03973 0.02985 0.01985 ] 0.01984 0.01984 0.0099090.009909 (93) 0.01648 0.01232 0.02019 0.01257 J

r 2 = n i / C l ' " °' 3 O ^ ~ 2 8 \ \E25. . 0.019910.029120.042020.056110.06530 J

2

ci I C2 I E25 II ci I C2 I 3.000 0.2915 0.1416 0.300 0.0299 2.955 0.2963 0.1395 0.0992 0.00989 0.992 0.0996 0.1172 0.0996 0.00984 0.995 0.0992 0.1170 0.0288 0.00286 0.992 0.0996 0.1169 0.0299 0.00293 0.300 0.0998 0.05361 0.0100 0.000991 0.300 0.1000 0.05345 0.0100 0.001000 0.2963 0.0282 0.1138

H 2 I NaOH, Na2SO4 [ NaxHg | NaOH | H 2 + NaOH I Na2SO4 | t \ Lit. m = 0 . 0 1 and 0.1 | c = 0.0 to 2.5 | 25 | ( 7 )

;

Ag I AgCl I KCl(C1) ci I C2 I x 0.5 0.05 0.02 0.5 0.05 0.002 0.1 0.01 0.004

ElCl I K.Hg I KCl(C2) | AgCl | AgH- ("i) I #25 Il Ci I C2 I x I E25 0.10735 0.1 0.01 0.002 0.10900 0.10745 0.05 0.005 0.004 0.11085 0.10885 0.05 0.005 0.002 0.11085

KCl.—(Continued) Ag I AgCl I KCl(C1) I KCl(C2) I AgCI | Ag+ (92) Ci

Cz

I

Cl

I

0.5 0.1 0.05 0.01

ElS

I

0.033470.003347 0.01669 0.003347 0.01117 0.003347 0.008350 0.003347 0.006696 0.003347 0.03349 0.001670

Il

Cl

I

C2

ffilS

I

0.054030.01669 0.001670 0.03806 0.01114 0.001670 0.02856 0.0083290.001670 0.02175 0.0067000.001670 0.01643 0.0055690.001670 0.07028

C2

I #26 (131)||

Cl

0.05 0.01 0.005 0.001

0.05357 0.05400 0.05473 0.0560

0.04985 0.03995 0.03000 0.01992

I

C2

0.05424 0.04497 0.03844 0.03330 0.02895 I E19 (»S)

0.01969 0.01969 0.009924 0.009924

0.02106 0.01644 0.02546 0.01614

Ag I AgCl I KCl(satd.) | KCl(Q.2775c) | AgCl Ag + t, 0 C.. O Ii~2 30"! 4572 6072 76^0 90.3 1 E 0.05620.06370.07120.07820.08500.09170.0968 J l Hg

KBr Ag I AgBr I KBr(m) | K,Hg | KBr(O.lm) | AgBr | Ag+ (81) m I E25 II m I E25 || m \ E20 0.05 -0.0324 1 0.1068 2 0.1410 0.3 0.0513 1.5 0.1266 2.5 0.1531 0.5 0.0746

}

HgCl I KCl(C 1 ) I KCl(O.lc) | HgCl | Hg+ (72) ; cf. (62). ci I E25 u ci I E2, 0.160 0.01044 0.700 0.04443 0.200 0.01536 1.000 0.05287 0.220 0.01802 1.300 0.05910 0.300 0.02475 1.900 0.06843 0.340 0.02785 2.500 0.07572 0.500 0.03637 3.100 0.08165

Ag I AgCl I KCl(0.5c) I KxHg | KCI(O.lc), sucrose(C) C, g/100 cm* I E25 (38) y C, g/lOQ Cm3 [ O 0.0740 40 10 0.0706 50 20 0.0674 60 30 0.0642 70 Ag I AgCl I KCl(0.5c) Ag I AgCl I KCl(0.5c), First cell (39) C* I #26 [I O* I O 0.0368 40 10 0.0352 50 20 0.0335 60 30 0.0319 70

| AgCl | Ag + E25 (38) 0.0600 0.0556 0.0510 0.0455

I KCl(O.lc), sucrose(C) | AgCl | Ag + sucrose(C) | KCl(O.lc) | AgCl [ Ag + || Second cell (39) E25 Il C* I E25 Il C* E2, 0.0300 O 0.0368 40 0.0435 0.0281 10 0.0384 50 0.0454 0.0261 20 0.0401 60 0.0474 0.0240 30 0.0418 70 0.0496

* g/100 cm«.

Ag I AgCl I KCl(C1), KNO 3 (C 2 ) | KNO 3 (C 2 ), KCl(0.002c) | AgCl | Ag + ^_ Values of E26 (15?, * 58 ) ^^^J2

Cl

"-~-^^

0.005

0.01

0.02

KxHg |'KBr(c) | AgBr | Ag + (152) c = 0.001 to 2.5; 25, 30, 350C Ag I AgBr I KBr(mO | KBr(m 2 ) | AgBr | Ag+ (152) mi = 0.01 to 2.8; m2 = 0.001 to 0.25; 25, 30, 350C +Hg I HgBr KBr(C1) | KBr(C2) | HgBr | Hg (45) Ci I C2 I EI& II ci I C2 I Em 0.00202 0.00996 0.0391 0.00996 0.02004 0.0161 0.00202 0.02004 0.0569 0.00996 0.4004 0.0851 0.00202 0.04004 0.0717 0.02004 0.4004 0.0161 0.00202 0.1204 0.0971 0.04004 0.1204 0.0251 0.00202 0.4004 0.1242 0.1204 0.4004 0.0272

0.04

(TOÏ0.03920.04010.03910.0392 0.02 0.0544 0.0573 0.0567 0.0559 0.04 0.0712 0.0724 0.0723 O 0725 Ag I AgCl I KCl(C1), KN03(2c) | KNO3(2c), KCl(c2) | AgCl [ Ag + ci 0.2 0.1 0.05 Ì C2 0.1 0.05 0.025 (29) E™ 0.01744 0.01757 0.01746 J

KI Ag I AgI I KI(m) I KsHg [ KI(O.Im) | AgI [ Ag+ (81) m I W 2 I f i m j W 2 I [ j m E25 Ö T 3 0 . 0 5 2 2 Ï 0 . 1 0 9 2 2 0 . 1 4 4 7 0.5 0.0758

Ag I AgI I

Ci Ol 0.01

I KI(C1) I KI(C 2 ) I AgI C2 j E 0^1 0.0536 0.001 0.0552

I Ag 4I Lit. T ~ k ; J

Ag I AgI KI(ci) in H2O [ KI(O.OOlc) in C2H5QH | Agi | Ag (i<>9) Ci I E2, [I C1 " I E2,

0.001 0.0025 0.005 0.0075 0.01

0.080 0.049 0.034 0.025 0.017

0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10

±0.000 -0.016 -0.027 -0.033 -0.041

K2SO4 Hg I Hg2SO41 K2S04(m) [ KgHg K2SO4(0.05m) [ Hg2SO41 Hg+ (7) m I E25 U m I E26 \\ m \ E26 0.025 -0.0198 0.248 0.0420 0.6210.0654 0.125 0.0241 0.494 0.0601 KAg(CN) 2 Ag I KAg(CN) 2 (C 1 ), KCN(C 2 ) | KCN(C3) | KAg(CN) 2 (C 4 ) | Ag Ci = 0.035 to 0.05; C2 and C3 = 0.02 to 1.0; C4 = 0.0325 to 0.025; room temp. (18) Solvent NH3 CH3OH CH3OH CH3OH + CH3OH + CH3OH + CH3OH + C2H5OH

H 2 O. H2O H2O H2O

NON-AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS I Electrolyte | 1 \ Liti Na ^33 (102) HCl 25 (145) AgNO3 25 (64) AgNO 3 O and 25 (149) NaOH 18 (179) KCl 10 to 40 (26) KBr 10 to 40 (26) HCl 25 (42,70, 82, 83, 106)

C2H6OH C2H6OH C2H6OH C2H5OH

AgNO3 LiCl NaOC2H5 NaBr

25 25 25 25

(") (49) (42) (49)

NON-AQUEOUS SOLUTION s.—(Continued) Solvent C2H6OH + H2O C2H6OH + H2O C2H6OH + H2O C2H6OH + H2O C2H6OH -f H2O C2H6OH H- CH3OH (CH3)2CO C 3 H 8 O 3 + H2O C6H5N C6H6N + H 2 O C f H 6 N + CH3OH C6H6N + C2H6OH C 6 H 6 NH 2 NaNO 3

I Electrolyte | t \ Lit. HCl 25 («2, 83) AgNO3 40 (103) AgNO3 O and 25 (149) KCl 10 to 40 (26) KBr 10 to 40 (26) AgNO 3 O and 25 (149) AgNO 3 25 (64) HCl 25 («s, 126) AgNO 3 25 (64, ieo) AgNO 3 25 (138) AgNO3 25 (138) AgNO3 25 («8) AgNO 3 25 (64) AgNO 3 400 (68)

II. CELLS WITH SALT BRIDGES The calomel electrode is the reference electrode except as otherwise indicated; Ac = CH3COO, the acetate radical AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS Cations, standard arrangement; v. Vol. Ill, p. viii I I1 0 C Lit. Solutes + H (or OH-), H 2 electrode HF 25 (184) HCl 25 (165) HCl(+glycerol) 25 (36) HCl(+sucrose) 25, 35 (39, 137, 166) HCl(-fHAc) 25 (u 6 ) HC1(+salts) 20, 25 (5, 23, 65, 71, 74, 78, 80, 135)

HCl(KHCO3 + K2CO3 + KCl) 25 (i") HClO4 25 (170) HBr(+salts) 16-18 (9, 153) H2SO4(+sucrose) 20, 40 (94) H2S04(+salts) 19 (5,7) HN03(+salts) 19 (5) HAc(+NaAc) 18 (35, 182, 183) HAc (+NaAc + NaCl + HCl) 18 (i g 3) HAc(+salts) 16 (161) HAc(+sucrose) 35 (", H6) Palmitic acid + NaOH + NaCl 90 (129) Na soaps 90 («9) K soaps 90 (129) NaOH 30 (58, 123) NaOH(+glycerol) 25 (36) NaOH(+sucrose) 35 ( 5 2) NaOH(+salts) 25 (71, 78 ) KOH(+salts) 25 (", 78 ) KH 2 PO 4 + K2HPO4 25 (34) H+(or OH~), Quinhydrone electrode HC1(+KC1) 18 1 (168, 169) HCl(+MgSO 4 ) 18 (169) CHCl2CO2H 18 (169) (+MgSO4) 18 (169) (+CCl2HCO2Na) 18 (169) (+KCl) 18 (169) H+(or OH-), Ag I Ag2O electrode Ba(OH)2 1 25 | (2) Sn++, Sn electrode Sn(N0 3 ) 2 25 I (is»)

IL CELLS WITH SALT BRIDGES.—(Continued) Solutes

I t, 0C I Lit. Pb , Pb electrode 25 (112) ++

Pb(C103)2* Pb(NOg) 2 *

25

(40, 89, 90, 112, 159)

25 (105) In"*"+" ", In electrode InCl3 1 25 I (I 78 ) + Tl , Tl electrode TlOH 25 (4) TlCl 25 (4) TlCl(satd.) Oy 25 (95) TlCl(satd.) 251 ( U 4 ) Tl2SO4 25 (4) TlNO3 17, 25 (4,25) Zn++, Zn electrode ZnCl 2 (+KCl) Room (ios) ZnSO4 25 (98) ZnSO4(0.5AO 15-25Î (98) ZnSO 4 (+Na 2 SO 4 ) Room (ios) ZnAc 2 (+NaAc) Room (ios) Zn(CN) 2 (+KCN) | 18 ("S) Cd++, Cd electrode CdCl2 Room (105) CdSO4(+Na2SO4) Room (ios) CdAc 2 (+NaAc) 25 ( 9 O) ++ Hg , Hg electrode HgBr2 25 (172, 173) HgI 2 (+KI) 25 (172, 173) HgS(+Na2S) 25 (ioi) Hg(N0 2 ) 2 (+KN0 2 ) 25 (3) Hg(CN) 2 (+KCN + KOH) 25 (i") Cu++, Cu electrode CuSO4 (+Na 2 SO 4 ) Room (ios) CuSO 4 (+KNO 3 ) Room (88) Cu(NO 3 ) 2 (+KNO 3 ) Room (ios) CuAc 2 (+NaAc) Room (ios) Cu(CN) 2 (+KCN) 18 (175) Ag+, Ag electrode 25§\ AgCl(+KCl) AgCl(+NaCl) 25§J ( } AgI(+KI) Room (17, 18) Ag2S04(+MgSO4) 20|| (29) AgNO 2 (+KNO 2 ) 25 (3) AgNO 3 17 (25) 25 (167) 30 (Hi) AgN0 3 (+KN0 3 ) 20|| (29) AgAc 17 (25) AgSCN(+KSCN) Room§ (17, 18) KAg(CN) 2 (+KCN) Room§ (17, 18) Ag 2 CO 3 (+KHCO 3 + K2CO3 + KCl) 25 (isi) Co++, Co electrode CoCl2(+KCl) Room (105) CoSO4(+Na2SO4) Room (ios) Ni++, Ni electrode NiCl2 20 (171) NiSO4 Room (171) Ca++, CaxHg electrode CaCl2 21 (47) CaI2 21 (47) PbAc2*

1

II. CELLS WITH SALT BRIDGES.—(Continued) Solutes I t, 0C { Lit. + Li , Li amalgam electrode LiCl 22 (48) LiClO4 22 (48) Li2SO4 23 (48) Na+, Na amalgam electrode Na2SO4 1 18 I (48) Anions Solutes I t, 0C I Ref. electrode | Lit. X~, Ag I AgX electrode (X = halogen) HC1(+sucrose) 25 Ag | AgCl (39) AlBr3 25 Ag I AgNO 3 (OAAT) (96) KI 25 Hg I HgCl (109) KBr 25 Ag I AgBr (45) I~, I2 electrode KI 25 Hg I HgCl (95) KI + I 2 25 Hg I HgCl (134) CdI2 + I 2 25 I2, KI (180) I~,Pb I PbI2 electrode KI I 25 I Hg I HgCl I (113) I03~,Ag I AgIO3 electrode KIO3 1 25, 60 I Ag ! AgNO3 | (162) CO3—,Ag I Ag2CO3 electrode Na2CO3 1 25 I Hg I HgCl | (1*4) C2O4-,Ag I Ag2C2O4 electrode K2C2O4 25 Hg i HgCl (167) KHC2O4 25 Hg I HgCl (167) KH 3 (C 2 Q 4 ) 2 25 Hg I HgCl (167) Molecules Cl2, Cl2 electrode Cl2 at various concentrations in 0.5AT HCl against O. IN calomel electrode O 77 ). * Also + the corresponding alkali metal salts, t Tl I TlNO3, réf. electrode t Hg I Hg2SO4, réf. electrode. Il Ag AgCl, réf. electrode. § Ag AgNO8, réf. electrode.

NON-AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS Reference electrode, Hg | HgCl H+, H 2 electrode HC1(+KC1) at 25° in C2H5OH (and + H2O) (14, 136). Ag+, Ag electrode AgNO3 at 25° in mixtures of H2O with CH3OH, C2H5OH, and pyridine and in CH3OH + pyridine, and C2H5OH + pyridine (138, 149).

LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) O) Abegg, Auerbach and Luther, 533, 2: No. 5; 11. ( 2 ) Abegg and Cox, 7, 46: 1; 03. (3) Abegg and Pick, 93, 51: 1; 06. (4) Abegg and Spencer, 93, 46: 406; 05. ( 5 ) Akerlöf, 7, 98: 260; 21. (6) Akerlof, 147, 6: No. 2; 25. ( 7 ) Akerlöf, 1, 48: 1160; 26. ( 8 ) Allmand and Polack, 4, 115: 1020; 19. ( 9 ) Arkadiev, 7, 104: 192; 23. C 1 0) Auerbach, 633, 2 : No. 8; 15. (Erster Ergänz.) (i i) Bell and Feild, l, 35 : 715; 13. 02) Biron, 53, 39: 1506; 07. 40: 79; 08. (1S; Biron and Afanasjev, 53, 41: 1175; 09. ( 14 ) Bjerrum, 7, 53: 428; 05. ( 15 ) Bodenstein and Geiger, 7, 49: 70; 04. (i«) Bodländer, in B98, p. 153. ( 17 ) Bodländer, 25, 36: 3933; 03. ( 1 S) Bodländer and Eberlein, 93, 39: 197; 04. ( 19 ) Bodländer and Fittig, 7, 39: 597; 02. (20) Bodländer and Storbeck, 93, 31: 1; 02. (21) Bodländer and Storbeck, 93, 31: 458; 02. (22) Bonsdorff, 25, 36: 2322; 03. 93, 41: 132; 04. (23) Bowe, 50, 31: 291; 27. (24) Bray, 1, 49: 2372; 27. (25) Brislee, 83, 4: 159; 09. (26) Brodskii, 7, 121: 1; 26. (27) Brönsted, 7, 56: 645; 06. (28) Brönsted, 7, 68: 693; 10. (29) Brönsted, 137, 3: No. 9; 20. (30) Carhart, 2, 26: 209; 08. (31) Carter and Lea, 4, 127: 487; 25. (32) Chow, 1, 42: 497; 20. (33) Cohen, Chattaway and Tombrock, 7, 60: 706; 07.

(34) Cohn, 1, 49: 173; 27. ( 35 ) Conn, Heyroth and Menkin, 1, 50: 696; 28. (36) Colvin, 4, 127: 2788; 25. ( 37 ) Conrad, Diss., Göttingen, 1903. (38) Corran, 1, 45: 1627; 23. (39) Corran and Lewis, 1, 44: 1673; 22. ( 4 O) Gumming, 83, 2: 213; 07. ( 41 ) Gumming and Abegg, 9, 13: 17; 07. ( 42 ) Banner, 1, 44: 2832; 22. (43) Dolezalek, 7, 26: 321; 98. (44) Dolezalek, 9, 5: 533; 99. ( 4S ) Drucker, 9, 18: 562; 12. (46) Drucker, 9, 19: 797; 13. ( 47 ) Drucker and Luft, 7, 121: 307; 26. ( 4 8 ) Drucker and Riethof, 7, 111: 1; 24. (49) Drucker and Schingnitz, 7, 122: 149; 26. (SO) Edgar, Thesis, Mass. Inst. Tech., 1912. ( 5 I) Ellis, 1, 38: 737; 16. ( 52 ) Fales and Morrell, 1, 44: 2071; 22. ( 5 3) Ferguson and France, 1, 43: 2150; 21. (54) Ferguson and France, 1, 43: 216Ï; 21. ( 55 ) Forbes and Anderegg, 1, 37: 1676; 15. ( 5 6 ) Foxton and Shutt, 83, 23: 480; 27. ( 57 ) France and Moran, 1, 46: 19; 24. (58) Fricke, 9, 26: 129; 20. (59) Geissler, 9, 18: 131; 12. (60) Gelbach and Huppke, 1, 48: 1504; 26. (61) Getman, 78, 26: 67; 14. (62) Getman, 1, 42: 1556; 20. (63) Getman, 50, 32: 91; 28. (64) Gibbons and Getman, 1, 36: 1630; 14. (65) Gillespie and Wise, 1, 40: 796; 18. (66) Goodwin, 7, 13: 577; 94. ( 67 ) Goodwin, 2, 4: 242; 97. (68) Goodwin, 78, 21: 105; 12. (69; Güntelberg, 7, 123: 199; 26. ( 7 0 ) Hardman and Lapworth, 4, 101: 2249; 12. ( 71 ; Harned, 1, 37: 2460; 15. ( 7 2) Harned, 1, 38: 1986; 16. ( 7 3) Harned, 1, 40: 1461; 18. ( 7 4) Harned, 1, 42: 1808; 20. ( 7 S) Harned, 1, 47: 676; 25. ( 76 ; Harned, 1, 47: 684; 25. ( 7 7 ) Harned, 1, 47: 689; 25. ( 78 ) Harned, 50, 30: 433; 26. ( 79 ) Harned, 1, 48: 326; 26. (80) Harned and Brumbaugh, 1, 44: 2729; 22. (81) Harned and Douglas, 1, 48: 3095; 26. (82) Harned and Fleysher, 1, 47: 82; 25. (83) Harned and Fleysher, 1, 47: 92; 25. ( 84 ) Harned and James, 50, 30: 1060; 26. ( 85 ) Harned and Sturgis, 1, 47: 945; 25. (86; Harned and Swindells, 1, 48: 126; 26. ( 87 ) Horsch, 1, 41: 1787; 19. (»8) Immerwahr, 93, 24: 269; 00. 25: 112; 00. (89) Jacques, 83, 5: 212; 10. (»O) Jacques, 83, 5: 225; 10. (91) Jahn, 8, 28: 21, 491; 86. ( 92 ) Jahn, 7, 33: 545; 00. ( 9 S) Jahn, 7, 50: 129; 04. ( 94 ) Jones and Lewis, 4, 117: 1120; 20. ( 9 S) Jones and Schumb, 65, 56: 199; 21. ( 9 6) Kablukov and Sakhanov, 7, 69: 419; 09. ( 97 ) Kendrick, 9, 7: 52; 00. ( 98 ) Kistiakovskii, 9, 14: 113; 08. (") Knobel, 1, 45: 70; 23. C1 oo) Knobel, Worcester and Briggs, 1, 45: 77; 23. O 01) Knox, 9, 12: 477; 06. 83, 4: 29; 08. (102) Kraus, l, 36: 864; 14. ( 1 OS) Krumreich, 9, 22: 446; 16. O 04) Kunschërt, 93, 41: 337; 04. O os) Labendzinski and Abegg, 9, 10: 77; 04. ( 106 ) Lapworth and Partington, 4, 99: 1417; 11. ( 1 0 7 ) Laurie, 68, 28: 382; 08. ( 1 OS) Laurie, 68, 29: 304; 09. 009) Laurie, 68, 31: 380; 11. (HO) Lehfeldt, 7, 35: 257; 00. 011) Lewis, I, 28: 158; 06. 7, 55: 465; 06. (112; Lewis, 7, 63: 171; 08. Diss., Breslau, 1908. 0 13 ; Lewis and Brighton, 1, 39: 1906; 17. ( 114 ) Lewis and von Ende, l, 32: 732; 10. ( 11 S) Lewis and Lacey, 1, 36: 804; 14. ( 116 ) Lewis, Memman and Moran, 1, 45: 702; 23. 0 1 7 ) Lewis and Rupert, 1, 33: 299; 11. O l *) Lewis and Storch, 1, 39: 2544; 17. ( 119 ) Linhart, 1, 39: 2601; 17. 020; Linhart, 1, 41: 1175; 19. ( 121 ) Livington, 1, 48: 45; 26. 0") Loomis, Essex and Meacham, 1, 39: 1133; 17. ( 12 S) Lorentz and Mohn, 7, 60: 422; 07. O24) Lucasse, l, 47: 743; 25. ( 12 S) Lucasse, 50, 30: 562; 26. ( 126 ) Lucasse, l, 48: 626; 26. (127; Luther, 7, 30: 628; 99. (l28) Luther and Sammet, 9, 11: 293; 05. ( 129 ) McBain and Martin, 4, 105: 957; 14. (130) Maclnnes and Beattie, l, 42: 1117; 20. ( 1 Si) Maclnnes and Parker, l, 37: 1445; 15. ( 1 ^) Mclntosh, 50, 2: 185; 98. ( 1 SS) Mclntosh, 50, 2: 273; 98. (l34) Maitland, 9, 12: 263; 06. ( 1 SS) Michaelis and Mitzutani, 7, 112: 68; 24. ( 1 So) Millet, 83, 23: 515; 27. C 1 3 7) Moran and Lewis, 4, 121: 1613; 22. ( 1 SS) Mortimer and Pearce, 50, 21: 275; 17. O 39; Müller, 7, 40: 158; 02. (140) Mugdan, 9, 6: 309; 99. ( 141 ) Nernst, 7, 4: 129; 89. ( 142 ) Newbery, 4, 107: 1520; 15. (» 4 S) Nielsen and Brown, l, 49: 2423; 27. (l 44 ) Nonhebel, 3, 2: 1085; 26. ( 14 S) Nonhebel and Hartley, 3, 50: 729; 25. ( 1 4 6) Noyes and Ellis, l, 39: 2532; 17. ( 147 ) Ogg, 7, 27: 285; 98. ( 148 ) Palmaer, 7, 59: 129; 07. O 4 9 ) Pearce and Farr, 50, 18: 729; 14. (15O; Pearce and Fortsch, l, 45: 2852; 23. (»«; Pearce and Gelbach, 50, 29: 1023; 25. ( 15 2) Pearce and Hart, l, 43: 2483; 21. ( 15 S) Przeborowski, Fleissner and Sabrodina, 7, 107: 270; 23. ( 1 5 4) Randall and Breckenridge, I1 49: 1435; 27. ( 1 SS) Randall and Cushman, l, 40: 393; 18. ( 1 Se) Ran. dall and Langford, l, 49: 1445; 27. ( 1 5 7) Sackur, 7, 38: 129; 01. (15S; Sackur, 9, 7: 781; 01. (^9; Sackur, 291, 20: 512; 04. C 1 60) Sakhanov, 50, 21: 169; 17. O fii) Sakhanov and Goncharov, 53, 47: 1249; 15. ( I ß 2 ; Sammet, 7, 53: 641; 05. (16S; Sauer, 7, 47: 146; 04. (i64; Scatenarci, l, 47: 641; 25. ( 16 S) Scatchard, l, 47: 696; 25. (ï66; Scatchard, l, 48: 2026; 26. ( 16 7) Schäfer and Abegg, 93, 45: 293; 05. ( J 68) Schreiner, 93, 121: 321; 22. (i69) Schreiner, 93, 122: 201; 22. l 170 ) Schuhmann, l, 46: 58; 24. ^ 171 ) Schweitzer, 9, 15: 602; 09. ( 17 2) Sherrill, 7, 43: 705; 03. ( 17 S) Sherrill and Abegg, 9, 9: 549; 03. ( 17 4) Spencer and LePIa, 93, 65: 10; 09. ( 17S ) Spitzer, 9, 11: 345; 05. ( 17 6) Stegmüller, 9, 16: 85; 10. ( 1 7 7 ) Sullivan, 7, 28: 523; 99. ( 17 S) Thiel, 93, 40: 280; 04. ( 1 7 9j Unmack, 7, 131: 371; 28. (180) van Name and Brown, 12, 44: 453; 17. ( 1 Si; Walker, Bray and Johnston, l, 49: 1235; 27. O 82) Walpole, 4, 105: 2501; 14. (^S) Walpole, 4, 105: 2521; 14. ( I ß 4 ) Wynne-Jones and Hudleston, 4, 125: 1031; 24.

POTENTIALS OF ELECTROCHEMICAL REACTIONS ROSCOE H. GERKE The potential, Ei of an electrochemical reaction is given by „ „ 0.05915, (APy E-E0 Iog10(^y N where N is the number of faradays of electricity in the equation of the reaction; AP, resp. ARi the activities of the products (resp. reactants) and x and y the corresponding coefficients in the electrochemical equation. In the following tables are recorded the values of E for the following conditions: All molecular and ion species whose concentrations are not fixed by the nature of the phases present as shown by the reaction given are at the concentration at which their molai activities are unity (i.e., "activity molai")) the activity coefficients being those given by Lewis and Randall (43); except for HCl, for which v. (85). All gases are present at p = IAn. For further details, v. (23). In all cases the electrochemical reaction tends to take place from left to right as written, when opposed to an "activity-molal" hydrogen electrode. The increase in free energy, AF, attending the reaction is given by AF = —NJ?E where F is the value of the faraday. The electromotive force of a cell composed of two electrodes with liquid junction potentials eliminated is equal to the difference between the potentials for electrochemical reactions of the same pole sign and is equal to the sum of the potentials for reactions of different pole signs. Potentials of Electrochemical Reactions at 250C 1. The electrode which is in equilibrium with respect to the electrochemical reaction is charged negatively (i.e., pole sign is — ). Reaction I Volt I Lit. 2.959s (43) Li(s) = Li+ +e 2.9259 (43) Rb(s) = Rb+ -he 2.924l (43) K(s) = K+ +e 2.763 (16) Ca(s) = Ca++ + 2e 2.7146 (43) Na(s) = Na+ + e 1.57Oo (14) BaHg = Ba++ + 2e NaHg + (Cl- in NaCl satd.) - NaCl(s) + e 1.837s (13) 1.7932 (14) SrHg = Sr++ + 2e. 1.62 (31) AlHg + 3OH- = Al(OH)3(S) + 3e Zn(s) + 2OH- = ZnO(s) + H2O(I) 1.2483 («I) 0.8295 (43) 4H,(g) + OH- = H2O(I) + e . . . . ZnHg -h (SO™ in ZnSO4-TH2O satd.) = .7993 (73) ZnSO4.7H2O(s) -h 2e .7715 (37) Tl(s) + I- = TU(S) -he .761 (47) CdHg + 2OH- = Cd(OH)2(S) + 2e .7618 (43) Zn(s) = Zn++ + 2e .726 (47) CdHg + 2OH- = CdO(s) + H2O(I) + 2e. . .6058 (41) TlHg -h Br- = TlBr(S) +e Pb(s) + 2OH- = PbO(sred) + H2O(I) + 2e .5786 (4, 71) .576 (21) Pb(s) + 2OH- = PbO(s) -f H2O(I) + 2e. . Pb (s) -h 2OH- = PbO(Sy6IiOw) -h H2O(I) + .575 (4) 2e .568 (24) PbHg + 2OH- = Pb(OH)2(S) -h 2e .557 (28) Cr(s) = Cr++ -f 2e .5545 (22) TlHg + Cl- = TlCl(S) -he CdHg + (21- in CdI2 satd.) = CdI2(s) + 2e .4588 (55, 77) .441 (43) Fe(s) = Fe++ + 2e .436o (33) TlHg H- SOr = Tl2SO4(S) -h 2e CdHg -h (SO™ in CdSO4.|H2O satd.) = .4346 (55) CdS04.|H20(s) -h 2e

Reaction CdHg + (2Br- in CdBr2.4H2O satd.) = CdBr2.4H2O(s) -h 2e CdHg + (2Cl- in CdCl2 satd.) = CdCl2 (s) -h2e Cr++ = Cr+++ -he + Cd(s) = Cd + + 2e PbHg + 21- = PbI2(S) + 2e 2 CU(B) + 2OH- = Cu2O(S) + H2O(I) + 2e PbHg + SOj- = PbSO4(S) + 2e TlHg = Tl+ +e PbHg + 2Cl- = PbCl2(S) + 2e Cu(s) + H2S(g) = CuS(s) + 2H+ + 2e. . . . Ni(s) = Ni++ +2e Sb(s) + H2O(I) = SbO+ + 2H+ + 3e VSO4 + H2O(I) = J(VO) 2 SO 4 + 2H+ + iSO— + e Cu2O(s) + 2OH- = 2CuO(Saged) + H2O(I) + 2e Ag(s) +1-= Agl(s) +e

Volt

I Lit.

0.4182

(56)

.4034

(55)

.400

.4013

(20,28)

(43)

.3591 (22) .344 (l) .3433 (30) .336o (43) .2623

(22)

.259

(39)

.231

(79)

.212

(69)

.21

(65)

.154 .151

(2) (22,53, 74)

.136 (43) Sn(s) = Sn++ +2e .122 (43) Pb(s) = Pb++ +2e Cu2O(S) + 2OH- + H2O(I) = 2Cu(OH)2(S) + 2e .082 (1) .0416 (77) 2Hg(I) + 21- = Hg2I2(S) + 2e .0366 (53) 2Ag(s) + H2S(g) = Ag2S(S) + 2H+ + 2e.. . eH2(g) = H + + e .00Oo 2. The electrode which is in equilibrium with respect to the electrochemical reaction is charged positively (i.e., pole sign is +). + №(g)' = H + e O.OOOo .04 (15) Ti(SO4)2 + e = Ti+++ + 2SOr .070 (39) PbS(s) + 2H+ + 2e = Pb(s) + H2S(g) .0734 (45) AgBr(s) + e = Ag(s) + Br" HgO(sred) + H2O(I) + 2e = Hg(I) + 2OH~ .0969 (21, 43) HgO(syeiiow) + H2OQ) + 2e = Hg(I) + 2OH.0976 (9) .1287 (51,82) CuCKs) + e = CU(B) + Cl" .1385 (25) Hg2Br2(S) + 2e = 2Hg(I) + 2Br~ .1445 (69) Sb2O3(S) + 6H+ + 6e = 2Sb(s) + 3H2O(I). BiOCl(s) + 2H+ + 3e = Bi (s) + Cl- + .1588 (35,51) H2O(I) .2221 (22,50,52, AgCl(s) + e = Ag(s) + Cl68, 85)

As2O3(S) + 6H+ + 6e = 2As(s) + 3H2O(I) . HAsO2 + 3H+ + Se = AS(S) + 2H2O(I).. . . Hg2Cl2(S) + 2e = 2Hg(I) + 2ClCuSO4.5H2O(s) + 2e = CuHg + (SOjin CuSO4.5H2O satd.) PbO2(s) + H2O(I) + 2e = PbO(s) + 20H~ Normal calomel electrode VOSO4 + e = J(VO)2SO4 + JSOiDecinormal calomel electrode Cu++ +2e = Cu(s) Cu++ + 2e = Cu (satd. amalgam) UO2SO4 + 4H+ + SO4-" + 2e = U (SO4)2 + 2H2O(I)

.234o (70) .237s (70) .2676

(43,85)

.2684

(54,57)

.27 (27) .2805

(85)

.30

(65)

.3334

(8S)

.3441 (43) .3495

(49)

.358

(46)

Reaction Ti+++ + e = Ti++ Cu++ + 2Cl- + e = CuCl2W(CN)~- + e = W(CN)^K 3 Fe(CN) 6 + K + + e = K 4 Fe(CN) 6 Ag2CO3(S) + 2e = 2Ag(s) + COr èl,(s) + e = IH3AsO4 + 2H+ + 2e = H3AsO3 + H2O. . . . Hg2SO4(S) + 2e = 2Hg(I) + SOjMnOr + e = MnOjAgBrO3(S) + e = Ag (s) + BrO3" PtClJ- + 2e = PtCl4 + 2ClFe+++ + e = Fe++ Ag+ + e = Ag(s) Hg2++ + 2e = 2Hg(I) Mo(CN)~- - f é = Mo(CN)^[Pt(CN)4Cl2]- + 2e = [Pt(CN)4]- + 2ClJHg2++ + e = Hg++ HVO3 + H2SO4 + e = VOSO4 + 2H2O(I) JBr 2 (I) - f é = Br-. 1O3" + 6H -f 5e = iI 2 (s) -f 3H2O(I) Tl+++ + 2e = Tl+ Sn++++ + 2e = Sn++ MnO2(S) + 4H+ + 2e = Mn++ + 2H2O(I) iCl,(g) + e = ClAu+++ + 3e = AU(S) Au2O3(S) + 6H+ + 6e = 2Au(s) + 3H2O(I) BrO3" + 6H+ + 5e = JBr 2 (I) -f 3H2O(I) Ce++++ + e = Ce+++ Mn07 -f 4H+ -f 3e = MnO 2 (s) + 2H 2 O(I) PbO2(S) -f 4H+ + SOj- + 2e = PbSO4(s) + 2H2O(I) Co+++ + e = Co++

Volt 0.37 .455

I

Lit. (19) (8)

.485

("»«)

.4866 .500 .5345

(44) (72) (43,80)

.574 .6213 .664 .680 .717 .7477 .7978 .7986

(17) (43) (66) (59) (48) (50,84) (43) (43)

.82o

(U, 12)

.879 .90Il .92 1.0648 1.197 1.211 1.256 1.332 1.3583 1.36 1.363

(87) (83) (65) (43) (67) (29) (18) (75) (22,43) (36) (7,26)

1.49l 1.55 1.586

(67) (5) (6)

1.6797 1.817

(38,78) (34,40)

LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) (i) Allmand, 4, 95: 2151; 09. (2) Allmand, 4, 97: 603; 10. (3) Allmand and Polack, 4, US: 1020; 19. (*) Applebey and Reid, 4, 121: 2129; 22. (5)

Baur and Glaessner, 9, 9: 534; 03. (6) Brown and Tefft, 1, 48: 1128; 26. (7) Buehrer and Roseveare, 1, 49: 1989; 27. (8) Carter and Lea, 4, 127: 499; 25. («) Cohen, 7, 34: 69; 00. ( 1 O - ) Cohen and Moesveld, 7, 95: 285; 20. (") Collenberg, 7, 109: 353; 24. (12) Conant and Pratt, 1, 48: 3220; 26. ( 13 ) Banner, 1, 44: 2832; 22. ( 14 ) Banner, 1, 46: 2385; 24. O 5 ) Diethelm and Foerster, 7, 62: 129; 08. (16) Drucker and Luft, 7, 121: 307; 26. O?) Foerster and Pressprich, 9, 33: 176; 27. O 8 ) Forbes and Bartlett, 1, 36: 2030; 14. O 9 ) Forbes and Hall, 1, 46: 385; 24. (20) Forbes and Richter, 1, 39: 1140; 17. ( 2 I) Fried, 7, 123: 406; 26. (22) Gerke, 1, 44: 1684; 22. (23) Gerke, 286, 1: 377; 25. (24) Gerke, O. (25) Gerke and Geddes, 00, 31: 886; 27. ( 26 ) Gerke and Rourke, 1, 49: 1855; 27. ( 27 ) Glasstone, 4, 121: 1456; 22. (28) Grube and Breitinger, 9, 33: 112; 27. (29) Grube and Hermann, 9, 26: 291; 20. (30) Henderson and Stegeman, 1, 40: 84; 18. (31) Heyrovsky, 4, H7: 27; 20. (32) Hulett, 78, 7: 333; 05. (33) Ishikawa, 41, 43: 560; 22. (34) jahn, 93, 60: 292; 08. (35) Jellinek and Kühn, 7, 105: 337; 23. (36) jirsa and Jellinek, S62, 18: 1; 24. 9, 30: 286; 24. (37) jones and Schumb, 65, 56: 199; 21. (38) Kendrick, 9, 7: 52; 01. ( 39 ) Knox, 83, 4: 29; 08. (40; Lamb and Larson, 1, 42: 2024; 20. (*i) Lewis and von Ende, l, 32: 732; 10. (42) Lewis and Kraus, l, 32: 1459; 10. (43) Lewis and Randall, Thermodynamics and the free energy of chemical substances. New York, McGraw-Hill, 1923. (44) Lewis and Sargent, 1, 31: 355; 09. (45) Livingston, 1, 48: 45; 26. (46) Luther and Michie, 9, 14: 826; 08. (47) McRay, Thesis, Mass. Inst. Tech., 1917. (48) Miller and Terrey, 4, 1927: 605. (49) Nielsen and Brown, 1, 49: 2423; 27. (50) Noyes'and Brann, 1, 34: 1016; 12. (Si) Noyes and Chow, 1, 40: 739; 18. (52) Noyes and Ellis, 1, 39 : 2532; 17. (53) Noyes and Freed, 1, 42 : 476; 20. (54) Obata, 219, 2: 223j 20. (55) Obata, 219, 3:: 64; 21. ( 5 6) Öholm, 480, 41 : No. 1; 13. (57) Öholm, 147, 5: No. 4; 19. (5S) Pearceand Fortsch, /,45: 2852; 23. (59) Reedy, 1, 43: 1440; 21. (60) Richards and Conant, 1, 44: 601; 22. (61) Richards and Daniels, 1, 41: 1732; 19. (62) Richards and Lewis, 7, 28: 1; 99. (63) Richards and Smyth, 1, 44: 524; 22. (64) Roberts and Fenwick, 1, 49: 2787; 27. (65) Rutter, 93, 52: 368; 07. (66) Sackur and Taegener, 9, 18: 718; 12. (67) Sammet, 7, 53: 641; 05. (68) Scatchard, 1, 47: 641; 25. (69) Schuhmann, 1, 46: 52; 24. (70) Schuhmann, l, 46: 1444; 24. (") Smith and Woods, 1, 45: 2632; 23. (72) Spencer and LePIa, 93, 65: 10; 09. (73) Steinwehr, 243, 33: 321; 13. (74) Taylor and Perrott, 1, 43: 484; 21. (75) Tower, 7, 32: 566; 00. (76) Vosburgh, 1,47:2531; 25. (77) Vosburgh, 1, 50: 2386; 28. (7») Vosburgh and Craig, State Univ. of Iowa, Iowa City, O. ( 79 ) Haring and Vanden Bosche, 50, 33: 161; 29. (80) Jones and Kaplan, 1, 50: 2066; 28. (81) Maier, Parks and Anderson, 1, 48: 2564; 26. (« 2 ) Neilson and Brown, 1, 50: 9; 28. (83) Popoff, State Univ. of Iowa, Iowa City, O. (84) Popoff and Kunz, 1, 51: 382; 29. (» 5 ) Randall and Young, 1, 50: 989; 28. (86) Roberts and Fenwick, 1, 50: 2125; 28. (87) Terry, 4, 1928: 202.

ELECTROMOTIVE FORCE OF CELLS INVOLVING THE OXIDATION AND REDUCTION OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS J. B. CONANT In Table 1 is listed the electromotive force of reversible cells corresponding to the chemical reaction A (dis.) +H 2 <=* AH2 (dis.). The recorded emf is either the directly measured emf of cell 1 or is calculated from the emf's of cells 2 and 3, on the assumption that the liquid junction potentials cancel. (1) [Pt] H 2 (I atm.) I H+(CH) | H+(CH), A(C1), AH2(C1) | Pt + (2) [Pt] H 2 (I atm.) | H+(CH) | NKCl | HgCl | Hg + (3) Hg I HgCl I AT KCl I H + (CH), A(C1), AH2(C1) | Pt + The compounds listed in Table 1 are such that in the acid solutions employed the dissociation of AH 2 into A or AH~ is negligible. Three methods have been employed in order to measure the emf: (1) the two substances have been added in known amounts; (2) the quinhydrone (A - AH2) has been introduced into the cell; (3) the oxidized form has been titrated with a reducing agent (usually titanous chloride) and the mid-point of the titration curve determined graphically ([A] = [AH2]). The

three methods are designated in the tables as M, Q, and T, respectively. In a few cases the solution has been saturated with both A and AH2, or with one of these substances and the corresponding quinhydrone (A • AH 2 ). These results have been listed in Table 2; from them may be calculated the free energy change of the reaction, A (solid) + H 2 «=* AH2 (solid). The free energy change of the reaction A (gas) + H2 <± AH2 (gas) has been calculated for all the chloroquinones and xyloquinone (13). (1, 4, 37) should be consulted for the measurement of the emf of cells of type 4 in various buffer solutions and the changes in emf due to variations in activity of the quinone and hydroquinone caused by the presence of salts. (4) Hg I HgCl I KCl(satd.) 1 H+(CH), quinhydrone | Pt + For the application of the "quinhydrone electrode" to the determination of hydrogen ion activity in aqueous solution, see p. 330; and for solutions in absolute methyl alcohol, v. ( 26 ).

The relation of the emf 's in aqueous and alcoholic solutions and slight changes due to the total acid concentration are dealt with in (16, 17, 18).

In Table 3 are summarized data concerning the emf of cells of type 5 in which the reaction for one reason or another does not correspond to the simple equation A -f Ü2 <=*• AH2, for the entire range of [H+] investigated. (5) [Pt] I H 2 (I atm.) | N H+ | KCl(satd.) | H+(CH), A(CI), AH2(C1) | Pt + Such results as were obtained with varying values of [H+] = CH maintained by appropriate "buffer solutions/7 are best expressed in the form of equations involving [H+] and certain experimentally determined constants. These constants and the equations are given in Table 3. The "normal oxidation-reduction potential' in a given [H+] may be defined as the emf of cell 5. In calculating such potentials from the experimental results, liquid junction potentials have been ignored and the value of the hydrogen electrode in AT/20 acid potassium phthalate at 30° taken as 0.2386 volt.

For further details concerning the derivation of equations for oxidation-reduction potentials in solutions of varying [H+], (6, 7, 8) should be consulted. Preliminary data in regard to measurements of certain indophenols in one or two buffer solutions are given in ( 12 ), and a few preliminary measurements with certain sulfonated dy est uff s in pH = 0.76 to 12.7 and in non-aqueous solvents are given in ( 20 > 21). The potential of the reversible system hemoglobin-methemoglobin is given in ( 24 ), of quinoneimine-phenylenediamine in ( 23 ), of triphenylmethyl-triphenylmethyl sulfate in ( 25 ). For a study of meriquinones of the phenylenediamine and benzidine series, see (10); for certain indamine dyes, see (35). For a discussion of the errors inherent in the titration method, see ( 34 ); for a comparison of the titration method and method of mixtures, see (8> 11J 38). For methods of estimating the ''apparent reduction potential" and "apparent oxidation potential" of irreversible processes and other applications of reversible systems to the study of oxidationreduction processes, see ( 14 » 20 > 21 > 22, 23).

TABLE 1 Emf of cell: [Pt] | H 2 (I atm. dry) | HCl(cH) | HCl(GH), A(C1), AH2(C2) | Pt + Concn. of organic material, O.OO1-0.0057V. Quiuones : the name of the oxidized compound, A, is listed; the reduced compound in every case was the corresponding hydroquinone. The probable error is 1-3 in the last place except in the values followed by a dagger, where the error may be as great as 5 millivolts. A 1, 4-Quinone

1, 2-Quinone 2-Methyl-l, 4-quinone (toluquinone)

2, 5-Dimethyl-l, 4-quinone (p-xyloquinone) 2, 3, 5-Trimethyl-l, 4-quinone (cumoquinone) 2-Methyl-5-isopropyl-l, 4-quinone (thymoquinone) 2, 3, 5, 6-Tetramethyl-l, 4-quinone (duroquinone) Tetrahydro-1, 4-naphthoquinone Monochloro-1, 4-quinone 2, 3-Dichloro-l, 4-quinone 2, 5-Dichloro-l, 4-quinone 2, 6-Dichloro-l, 4-quinone 2, 3, 5-Trichloro-l, 4-quinone 2, 3, 5, 6-Tetrachloro-l, 4-quinone (chloranil) Monobromo-1, 4-quinone 3, 4, 5, 6-Tetrabromo-l, 2-quinone 3, 4, 5, 6-Tetrachloro-l, 2-quinone 2, 5-Dimethoxy-l, 4-quinone 2, 6-Dimethoxy-1, 4-quinone 2, 5-Diethoxy-1, 4-quinone Hydroxy-1, 4-quinone 2, 5-Dihydroxy-l, 4-quinone 1, 2-Naphthoquinone 1, 4-Naphthoquinone 2-Chloro-l, 4-naphthoquinone 2, 3-Dichloro-l, 4-naphthoquinone 2-Bromo-l, 4-naphthoquinone 1, 4-Naphthoquinone-2-sulfonic acid I1 2-Naphthoquinone-4-sulfonic acid 1, 2-Naphthoquinone-4, 6-disulfonic acid 2-Hydroxy-l, 4-naphthoquinone 8-Hydroxy-l, 4-naphthoquinone 2-Hydroxy-3-chloro-l, 4-naphthoquinone 2, 3-Diphenoxy-l, 4-naphthoquinone Naphthopurpurin (2, 4, 8-trihydroxy-l, 4-naphthoquinone) Naphthazarin (5, 8-dihydroxy-l, 4-naphthoquinone) 2, 6-Dihydroxy-l, 4-naphthoquinone 2-Allyl-3-hydroxy-l, 4-naphthoquinone 2-(a-Methylallyl)-3-hydroxy-l, 4-napnthoquinone 2-(7-Methylallyl)-3-hydroxy-l, 4-naphthoquinone

ÔÂN 0.5N HCl, TTri*ftti<7 Q^ <7 /0 ^,, „ ™ Method Lit. „* Method C2HsOH, 02HsOH, ., ., volt volt Q (3)0.734 j T | O«) j Q C1) [0.724 in abs. CH3OH] Q Q 1 M, T (1,33,34) o.713 T 0«) 0.711 T 3 Q () T ( 16 ) 0.694 T 0«) T O8) 0.784 T (18) 16 T ( ) 0.682 T (16) Q (!) Q (i) 0.658 T 0«) 0.655 T T (i«) 0.640 T 0«) 18 T (34) 0.601 T ( ) 0.600 T T (1S) 0.529 T (1S) 18 T (34) 0.590 T ( ) 0.466 T ( 17 ) 0.467 T 1 T ( S) 0.596 T (1S) 0.596 T 17 T (34) 0.736 T ( ) 0.737 T T (17) , 0.73if T 17 T ( ) 0.73st T T (17) 0.749 T 0.732 T 0.696 T 18 T (34) 0.735 T ( ) T (18) 0.873 T (18) T (18) 0.876 T (18) 0.477 T T (34) 0.528 T (18) 0.530 T 18 18 T ( ) 0.474 T ( ) T (18) 0.601 T (18) 18 T ( ) 0.434 T (18) T (16) 0.577 T (16) Q.581 T T (34) 0.483 T (18) 0.495 T 0.510 T 0.500 T 0.508 T 1 T ( S) 0.559 T (1«) 0.554 T 18 18 T (18 ) 0.636 T (18 ) T ( ) 0.653 T ( ) 18 0.357 T (18 ) 0.453 T ( ) 18 0.352 T ( ) 0.350 T 0.457 T 28 0.243* T ( ) 28 0.361* T ( ) 0.303* T ( 28 ) 28 0.299* T (2S ) 0.287* T ( ) 28 0.295* T ( )

0.1 N HCl t, 0C (aqueous), Method .. volt O 18 25 37 40 25 O 18 25 40 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 24 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25

0.7172 0.7044 0.6990 0.690 0.683 0.787 0.660 0.6507 0.6454 0.631 0.5900 0.527 0.5875 0.584 0.7125 0.708 0.720 0.722 0.7151 0.823 0.827 0.5139 0.465 0.596 0.443 0.547 0.4698

0.534 0.628 0.660

Lit.

Lit.

( 2 «) (16)

(»«) (18) ( 17 ) (1S) ( 17 ) (18) (18) ( 17 ) O7) O7)

O8) (*8)

(1«) (18) (18) (18) (18) 0«)

(I 8 ) (18)

TABLE 1.—(Continued) S I p O . o t f H C l ,

QIN HC1

tt 0C (aqueous), Method . ^ Lapachol 25 Hydrolapachol 25 Chlorohydrolapachol 25 2-09-Chloropropyl)-3-hydroxy-l, 4-naphthoquinone 25 Dibromohydrolapachol 25 Hydroxyhydrolapachol 25 Lomatiol 25 Hydroxyisolapachol 25 2-OS-Hydroxypropyl)-3-hydroxy-l, 4-naphthoquinone 25 Iso-0-lapachol 25 2-Benzyl-3-hydroxy-l, 4-naphthoquinone 25 l-Methyl-5, 6-benzo-3, 4-coumaranequinone 25 1, 2-Dimethyl-5, 6-benzo-3, 4-coumaranequinone 25 2-Methyl-7, 8-benzo-5, 6-chromanequinone 25 2-Phenyl-7, 8-benzo-5, 6-chromanequinone 25 0-Lapachone 25 Bromo-0-lapachone 25 Hydroxy-0-lapachone 25 Isopropylfurane-/3-naphthoquinone 25 l-Methyl-4, o-benzo-3, 6-coumaranequinone 25 2-Methyl-6, 7-benzo-5, 8-chromanequinone 25 a-Lapachone 25 Hydroxy-a-lapachone 25 Isopropylfurane-a-naphthoquinone 25 Isonaphthazarin (2, 3-dihydroxy-l, 4-naphthoquinone) 25 Isonaphthazarin monomethyl ether 25 Isonaphthazarin dimethyl ether 25 l-Methyl-5, 6-(/S, /3-naphtho)-3, 4-coumaranequinone 25 9, 10-Phenanthraquinone 25 0.442 T l-Methyl-7-isopropyl-9, 10-phenanthraquinone (retenequinone) 25 1, 2-Phenanthraquinone 25 3, 4-Phenanthraquinone 25 3, 4-Phenanthraquinone-l-sulfonic acid 25 0.664 T 2-Hydroxy-l, 4-phenanthraquinone 25 3-Hydroxy-l, 4-phenanthraquinone 25 2-Methoxy-l, 4-phenanthraquinone 25 3-Methoxy-l, 4-phenanthraquinone 25 9, lO-Phenanthraquinone-3-sulfonic acid 25 0.472 T 1, 2-Anthraquinone 25 1, 4-Anthraquinone 25 9, 10-Anthraquinone...., 25 Anthraquinone acids, v. Table 3 2-Methyl-9, 10-anthraquinone 25 2-Chloromethyl-9, 10-anthraquinone 25 l-Chloro-9, 10-anthraquinone 25 2-Chloro-9, 10-anthraquinone 25 2, 7-Dichloro-9, 10-anthraquinone 25 9, lO-Anthraquinone-2-carboxylic acid 25 Methyl 9, lO-anthraquinone-2-carboxylate 25 Ethyl 9, lO-anthraquinone-2-carboxylate 25 2-Hydroxy-l, 4-anthraquinone 25 6, 7-Indazolequinone-4-sulfonic acid 25 0.620 T 2-Phenylbenzotriazole-4, 5-quinone-7-sulfonic acid 25 0.644 T 2-Phenyl-a, /3-naphthotriazole-4, 5-quinone 25 3-Phenyl-a, jS-naphthotriazole-4, 5-quinone 25 a, /3-Naphthimidazole-4, 5-quinone • 25 2-Methyl-3-phenyl-/9, /9-naphthimidazole-4, 9-quinone 25 l-(p-Tolyl)-/3, /S-naphthotriazole-4, 9-quinone 25 Thionaphthenequinone 25 0.264 T Thiophanthraquinone 25 a, /S-Naphthotriazole-4, 5-quinone 25 0.465 T a-Naphthoquinolinequinone 25 0.554 T A

A

Lit.

(28)

( 30 )

( 3 O)

( 2 ?) ( 31 )

% ^°i;*nw !I0JL C^HsUH, Method Lit. rUaH s(JH, Method I volt volt 0^287* T ( 28 J 0.285* T ( 28 ) 0.297* T (28) 0.304* T ( 28 ) 0.291*t T (28) 0.295*t T (28) 0.294* T (28) 0.310* T (28) 0.308* T (28) 0.282* T (28) 0.296* T (28) 0.406* T (28) 0.407* T (28) 0.399* T (28) 0.413* T (28) 0.403* T (28) 0.427* T (28) 0.411* T (28) 0.460* T (28) 0.375* T (28) 0.307* T (28) 0.304* T (28) 0.320* T (28) 0.283* T (28) 0.282* T (28) 0.329* T (28) 0.387* T (28) 0.305* T (28) 0.458* T (28) 0 .472 T 0.409 T 3 0.651* T ( <>) 0.614* T (30)

0.410* 0.396* 0.418* 0.409*

T T T T

(30) (30) (30) (30)

0.401*

T

(29)

0.275*

T

(29)

0.470* 0.513* 0.528* 0.320* 0.244*t

T T T T T

(31) (31) (31) (31) (31)

0.250*

T

(31)

(»8) ( 18 )

0.493

T

( 18 )

0.157

T

(18)

0.153 0.1841 0.176 0.203 0.226f 0.214 0.225 0.224

T T T T T T T T

(18) (l 8) (i 8) (* 8 ) (18) (18) O8) O8)

(31) ( 3 I) (31)

t, 0C

AH 2

Nitrosobenzene l-Nitroso-2-naphthol 3, 3'-Diamino-4, 4'-dimethylazobenzene (azotoluidine)

Phenylhydroxylamine l-Hydroxylamino-2-naphthol 3, 3'-Diamino-4, 4/-dimethylhydrazobenzene

3, 3'-Diaminoazobenzene

3, 3'-Diaminohydrazobenzene

Potassium azobenzene-4, 4'-disulfonate

Potassium hydrazobenzene-4, 4'-disulfonate

For the potentials of sulfonated dyestuffs, méthylène blue and other dyes, see Table 3. * Or O.IAT HCl and Q.2N LiCl.

Lit.

( 1 J \

25 25 18 25 18 37 25

? IN HCJ (aqueous) 0.605f 0.52af 0.375 0.367 0.414 0.402 0.424

Method T, M T M M M M M

Lit. ( 20 ) ( 20 ) (2) (2) (2) (2) ( 22 )

TABLE 2 Emf of cell: [Pt] | H 2 (I atm. dry) 1 H + (CH) 1 H + (CH), A(satd.), B(satd.) | [Pt] + Accuracy: ±1 in the third place, resp. 1-3 in the fourth place 0 Half-cell was saturated with | Solvent | C [ () , A ^ . i 5 1, 4 - Q u i n o n e . . . . . . 1 o.ltfaq.HCl 10 H Qumhydrone of 1, 4-qumone J lg ( f 1, 4-Hydroquinone Qumhydrone of 1, 4-quinone

,

2-Methyl-l, 4-quinone Quinhydrone of 2-methyl-l, 4-quinone 2-Methyl-l, 4-hydroquinone Quinhydrone of 2-methyl-l, 4-quinone 2, 5-Dim ethyl-1, 4-quinone (p-xyloquinone) 2, 5-Dimethyl-1,4-hydroquinone (p-xylohydroquinone) 2-Methyl-5-isopropyl-l, 4-quinone (thymoquinone) Quinhydrone of 2-methyl-5-isopropyl-l, 4-quinone 2-Methyl-5-isopropyl-l, 4-hydroquinone (thymohydroquinone) Quinhydrone of 2-methyl-5-isopropyl-l, 4-quinone 2, 3, 5, 6-Tetramethyl-l, 4-quinone (duroquinone) 2, 3, 5, 6-Tetramethyl-l, 4-hydroquinone Monochloro-1, 4-quinone r* . u j f ^1 . A . Quinhydrone of monochloro-1, 4-quinone Monochloro-1, 4-hydroquinone ^ . u j '. ,, . A . Quinhydrone of monochloro-1, 4-quinone 2, 6-Dichloro-l, 4-quinone ' . , , ' _ ^ ,. ,. . 1 . Quinhydrone of 2, 6-dichloro-l, 4-quinone 2,6-Dichloro-l, 2,4-hydroquinone X . U j A j- LI i 4-hydroqumone xi u ^ • Quinhydrone ofr 4J 6-dichloro-l, 2, 3-Dichloro-l, -quinone o o TA- 1,1 i A\ j 2, 3-Dichloro-l, 4-hydroqumone 2, 5-Dichloro-l, 4-quinone 2, 5-Dichloro-l, 4-hydroquinone 2, 3, 5-Trichloro-l, 4-quinone Quinhydrone of 2, 3, 5-trichloro-l, 4-quinone 2, 3, 5-Trichloro-l, 4-hydroquinone ^ • 1 1 • r t r . ^ . • ^ ^ ^ > « • Qumhydrone of< 2, 3, 5-trichloro-l, 4-quinone 2, 3, 5-Trichloro-l, 4-quinone.. 2, 3, 5-Trichloro-l, 4-hydroq.uinone 2, 3, 5, 6-Tetrachloro-l, 4-quinone 2, 3, 5, 6-Tetrachloro-l, 4-hydroquinone J

Alloxantin

AT, AT-Tetramethylalloxantin

\ J

I V aq

'

u. .uv aq. ±101 U. .UV aq. ±±ui O 1 A/" TTPl ' ^' p, q ' ' -.^. ' . 5Ü % 2MoUM m 17V MC1 ° , , .,, ~. A 1 Ar „^ O. IN HCl satd. with ATNaCl . , TTr>(1 , ., ^1 O. IAT7HCl satd. with XTNaCl , n O. IN HCl satd. with XT NaCl ' XT O. I^ HCl satd. with NaCl , . _ „^ , , ... AT ^1 O. IAT HCl satd. with NaCl

n

u. uv aq. m,i O IA^ aq HCl H

U . IiV au. H MUl

25 O 12 18 22 25 32 O

|

Volt | Lit. 0.770 (17) 0.7665 (36) 0.7620 (36) ^ Q ?562 0.749 0.627 0.6215 0.6177 0.6150 0.6123 0.6085 0.677

(17) (17) (36) (4) (36) (17,33) (36) (")

25

Q 661

(1?)

O ^. ^ 25 O 25 O 25 O 25 O __ 25 O rtr 25 O or 25 O or 25 O __ 25 O

0.610

(17)

25

25 JO

O

Q 5g4

(1?)

0.600 (17) 0.582 (17) 0.605 (l7) 0.593 (17) 0.592 (17) 0.566 (17) 0.499 (17) 0.481 (17) 0.740 (17) ; ' A ^00 0.722 (17) 0.651 (17) .^ ;,_( 0.6340 4 (17) 0.743 (17) _ ^_ ß ;,_; 0.726 (17) 0.690 (17) __n ;,_; rt 0.669 (17) 0.692 (17) _ _^ ;, _; 0.675c (17) 0.710 (17) Q ^ 6gg (17) O 681 (17) v / ' U. DOl

0.690

v( * '7)

(17)

U. 1^v aq. ±1^1

25

Q 6?()

aq<

O 25

0.683 0.664

(17) (17)

18

0.3657

(S)

o.iiVH2So4

0.1JVH 2 SO 4

(1?)

il ;:j«2 J55;

TABLE 3 Emf of the cell: [Pt] | H 2 (I atm.) | AT H+ | KCl(satd.) | H + (Cn) 7 A(C 1 )^H x (C 2 ) | Pt + As computed from measurements against the calomel half cell The variation in emf as a function of [H+] = CH is given by one of several types of equations listed below. The value of [H+] was determined from the emf of the cell [Pt] I H 2 (I atm.) 1 H + (CH) | KCl(satd.) | HgCl | Hg Liquid junction potentials were neglected in determining both the value of [H+] and that of the oxidation reduction cell involving the ''normal hydrogen electrode." The ultimate working standard was the hydrogen electrode in N/20 potassium acid phthalate to which the value 0.2386 volt at 30° referred to the "normal hydrogen electrode" was assigned. The type of equation and the experimentally determined constants are listed in the tables as well as the range of [H+] in which the measurements were made. The concentration of organic material was 0.001-0.005 molar. The results are significant within 1 or 2 mv except with the anthraquinone derivatives where the error may be 3-5 mv.

TABLE 3.—(Continued) (A) E0 - C loge ^ + ~ lOge [K1[H+] + [R+?]

(B) E, - ^ loge g + ^p loge [K1K, + K1[R+] + [H+]2] (C) E, - ^ loge ^ + § loge [^rK2[H+] + Kr[H+P + [H+]'] - § loge (K0 + [H+]) m.

_

(Dj ^ 0 -

AT1 2p

^2

lOge

Ci

OT1 -

2p

r

KoUH+] + Kw

lOge [ Kf2 £ r3 [H+]2 +

KfS

[H+]3 +

1 [H + J 4 J

where EQ is given in volt, [H+] determined as stated above, KI and K2 the acid dissociation constants of phenolic groups formed by the reduction, and Kr and K 0 the acid dissociation constants in the reduced and oxidized compounds, respectively, of an acidic group common to both. Oxidized compound A

Reduced compound AHx

Indigo-5-sulf onic-acid Leucoindigo-5-sulfonic acid Indigo-5, S'-disulfonic acid. . . Leucoindigo-5, 5'-disulfonic acid Indigo-5, 5', 7-trisulfonic acid Leucoindigo-5, 5', 7-trisulfonic acid Indigo-5, 5', 7, 7'-tetrasul- Leucoindigo-5, 5', 7, Ttetrasulfonic acid fonic acid. l-Naphthol-4-indophenol-2- Leuco-1-naphtholindophenol-2-sulfonic acid sulfonic acid Phenol-4-indophenol Leucophenolindophenol Leuco-o-cresolindophenol o-Cresol-4-indophenol Leuco-m-cresolindophenol 7n-Cresol-4-indophenol Leucothymolindophenol Thymol-4-indophenol Carvacrol-4-indophenol Leucocarvacrolindophenol o-Bromophenol-4-indophenol . Leuco-o-bromophenolindophenol m-Bromophenol-4-indophenol . Leuco-ra-bromophenolindophenol o-Chlorophenol-4-indophenol . Leuco-o-chlorophenolindophenol 6o-Cresolindo-2, 6-dichloro- Leuco-o-cresolindo-2, dichlorophenol phenol. 6Phenolindo-2, 6-dichloro- Leucophenol-indo-2, dichlorophenol phenol. o-Chlorophenolindo-2, 6-di- Leuco-o-chlorophenolindo2, 6-dichlorophenol chlorophenol. 1 - Naphthol-2-sulf onate-indoLeuco-compound 2, 6-dichlorophenol Leuco-m-cresol-2-indora-Cresol-2-indophenol phenol Phenol-4-indo-2', o'-dibromo- Leucophenol-4-indo-2', 6'dibromophenol phenol. 9, 10-Anthraquinone-l-sul- 9, 10-Anthrahydroquinone1-sulfonic acid fonic acid.

Type of equation

pH range investigated

Constants #o, volt

Kl

K

*

Ko

Method

Lit.

Kr

30 1.1-12.6 0.262 30 1.1-12.6 0.291

1.6X10.-8 4.9X10-8

M M

( 38 ) ( 38 )

A

30 1.1-12.6 0.332

7.7X10-8

M

( 38 )

A

30 1.1-12.6 0.365

11.2X10-8

M

( 38 )

C

30 1.1-12.6 0.544

C C C C C C

30 30 30 30 30 30

2.0X10-11

2.1X10-»

S.OXlO-i»

M, T

(*)

0.649 0.616 0.632 0.592 0.593 0.659

2.3X10-11 1.3X10-11 2.2X10-11 1.5XlO-" 1.8X10-11 5.8X10-11

8.0X10-9 4.2X10-9 2.8X10-9 1.6X10-9 1.4X10-9 7.8X10-8

3.6X10-° 3. OXlQ- » 2.7X10-« 1.4XlO-0 1.4X10-° 3.0X10~9

M, M, M, M, M, M,

T T T T T T

C 11 ) (U) C 11 ) O1) O1) C11)

C

30 5.2-11.7 0.670

5.0X10-11

1.5X10-8

1.1X10-9

M, T

C11)

C

30 4.0-12.3 0.663

5ÔXlO-Ii

1.0X10-7

3.6X1Q-9

M, T

C11)

C

30 5.7-11.4 0.639

3,7XlO-Ii

3.2X10-6

8X10~8

M, T

( 32 )

C

30 6.3-11.4 0.668

7,4XlO-Ii

2X10-6

1 X 10~7

C

30 5.7-11.4 0.668

1.8X10-9

1.6X10-6

9X10-8

M, T

( 32 )

C C

30 5.0-11.4 0.563 30 5.7-12.3 0.647

3.549X10~8 4.5X1Q-10

M, T M1T

( 32 ) ( 12 )

C

30 7.0-12.3 0.668

1X10-7

M, T

( 12 )

A

O 25 40 O 25 40 25

3 and 4. 3 1.2-13.7 3 and 4. 3 3, 4 and 6 1.2-13.7 3, 4 and 6 1.2-13.7

0.209 0.195 0.186 0.251 0.239 0.230 0.206

(?) 0.4X10-8 (?) (?) 3X10-12 (?) 0.7X10-8

T

( 19 )

T T T T

(i«) ( 19 ) (i«) ( 19 )

O 25 40 O 25 40 O 25 40 25

3, 6 and 7 1.2-13.7 3, 6 and 7 3 and 7 1.2-13.7 3 and 7 3 and 7 1 . 2-13 . 7 3 and 7 0.76

0.198 0.187 0.172 0.240 0.228 0.210 0.243 0.229 0.215 0.530

(?) 1X10-8 (?) (?) 0.8X10-8 (?) (?) 2X10-8 (?)

T x T T T T T T T

(i«) (19) ( 16 ) 0«) (19) (16) (16) O9) (16) ( 29 )

Method

Lit.

A

9, 10-Anthraquinone-l, 8-di- 9, 10-Anthrahydroquinonesulfonic acid. 1, 8-disulfonic acid 9, lO-Anthraquinone-2-sul- 9, , 10-Anthrahydroquinone2-sulfonic acid fonic acid.

A

9, 10-Anthraquinone-2, 6-di- 9, 1 0- Anthrahydroquinone2, 6-diaulfonic acid sulfonic acid.

B

1, 2-Anthraquinone-4-sulfonic acid.

C

A A

9, 10-Anthraquinone-l, 5-di- 9, 10-Anthrahydroquinone1, 5-disulfonic acid sulfonic acid.

9, 10-Anthraquinone-2, 7-di- 9, 10-Anthrahydroquinone2, 7-disulfonic acid sulfonic acid.

0

B

B

1, 2-Anthrahydroquinone4-sulfonic acid

6.2-12.3 6.3-12.3 6.3-12.3 5.7-12.3 5.7-12.3 5.8-11.7

4.787X10-10 7.245X10~ 7 210X10-11 4.2X10-9 8*9X10-ii

2X10-6

^X 10-12 ; $XlO-u

M1T

T

•

3X10-"

( 3 2)

Compounds with which equation D must be em1 ployed.

Méthylène blue Lauth's violet

Méthylène white Leuco-compound

. _, RT cz *E0 = tfo- 2p log.-NOTE.—Concentrations 0.0001 to 0.000062V.

Type of equation D D

0

C

30 30

pH range investigated 1-12 1-12.6

E'0*

Krz

i Kr3 i

0.532 0.536

1.4X10-6 5X10-6

j 13X10-5 4J. 2X10-5

Kob*. negligible I 1.88X10~3 I

Kr

T T

(9) (9)

LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume; (») Biilmann, 24, 15: 109; 21. ( 2 ) Biilmann and Blom, 4, 125: 1719; 24. (3) Biilmann and Kramp, 4, 125: 1954; 24. (4; Biilmann and Lund, 14, 16: 321; 21. C 5 ) Biilmann and Lund, 14, 19: 137; 23. ( 6 ) Clark, 231, 38: 443; 23. ( 7 ) Clark and Cohen, 231, 38: 666; 23. ( 8 ) Clark and Cohen, 881, 38: 933; 23. (9) Clark, Cohen and Gibbs, 231, 40: 1131; 25. (io) Clark, Cohen and Gibbs, 231 SuppL, No. 54; 26. O 1 ) Cohen, Gibbs and Clark, 231, 39: 381; 24. ( 12 ) Cohen, Gibbs and Clark, 231, 39: 804; 24. O 3 ) Conant, 1, 49: 293; 27. ( 14 ) Conant and Cutter, 50, 28: 1096; 24. (15) Conant and Dunkle, O. O «) Conant and Fieser, 1, 44: 2480; 22. O 7)

Conant and Fieser, l, 45: 2194; 23. (18) Conant and Fieser, l, 46: 1858; 24. ( 1 ^) Conant, Kahn, Fieser and Kurtz, 1, 44: 1382; 22. (20) Conant and Lutz, l, 45: 1047; 23. < * » ) Conant and Lutz, l, 46: 1254; 24. ( 22 ) Conant and Pratt, 1, 48: 2468; 26. ( 23 ) Conant and Pratt, 1, 48: 3178; 26. C 24 ; Conant and Scott, 14I1 76: 207; 28. (25) Conant, Small and Taylor, I1 47: 1959; 25. ( 2 «) Ebert, 25, 58: 175; 25. ( 27 ) Fieser, I 1 48: 1097; 26. ( 28 ) Fieser, 1, 50: 439; 28. ( 29 ) Fieser, I1 50: 465; 28. ( 30 ) Fieser, Bryn Mawr College, O. (31) Fieser and Ames, 1, 49: 2604; 27. ( 32 ) Gibbs, Cohen and Cannan, 231, 40: 649; 25. ( 33 ) Granger and Nelson, 1, 43: 1401; 21. ( 34 ) LaMer and Baker, lt 44: 1954; 22. (35) Phillips, Clark and Cohen, 231 SuppL, No. 61; 27. ( 36 ) Schreiner, 7, 117: 57; 25. ( 37 ) Sörensen, Sörensen and Linderstrom-Lang, 14, 16: 283; 21. (s») Sullivan, Cohen and Clark, 2Sl1 38: 1669; 23.

LIQUID JUNCTION POTENTIALS DUNCAN A. MAC!NNES The emf (EL)J of liquid junctions, ||, in galvanic cells maybe obtained for four types of junction: (1) MiA(Ci)||M 2 A(Ci) or MA 1 (C 1 )IlMA 2 (Ci); (2) MiA(C)||M 2 A(Cz)+ M1A[C(I - *)]; (3) MA(C 1 )I(MA(C 2 ); and (4) saturated KC1||MA. M and A represent univalent cations and anions respectively; Ci and C2, concen-

EL = RT/Y. loge [(I - J2) - x(ti - J 2 )]/(I - J1), (ti and J 2 are the transference numbers of the ion constituents M1 and M2, and1

!rations. For type (1), EL = -^- loge ~ (approximately), where

tion (t is the transference number) ( 14 ). Type (4) junctions can be regarded as constant, for most purposes, for concentration changes of MA up to 0.1AT (3, 8, 17).

TtT

A

A is the equivalent conductance at the (single) concentration involved ( 13 > 15). Type (2) may be computed from the relation:

/-t __ O/^ PT

x is a factor less than unity) (23). For type (3) EL =

loge —, if the ions have the same activities, a, at each concentraO2

Cells

t, 0C

K 4 Fe(CN) 6 KC1(0.2AT) || KAc (0.2JV)K4Fe (CN) 6 | Au K 3 Fe(CN) 6 K 3 Fe(CN) 6 | K 4 Fe(CN) 6 KCl(O.lAT) || KAc (O. W)K4Fe (CN) 6 Au +AU K3Fe(CN)6 K 3 Fe(CN) 6 K 4 Fe(CN) 6 KC1(0.2AT) || KOH (0.2AT)K4Fe (CN) 6 I Au K 3 Fe(CN) 6 K 3 Fe(CN) 6 | K 4 Fe(CN) 6 KCl(O.lAT) || KOH (O. IN) K4Fe (CN) 6 Au AU K 3 Fe(CN) 6 K 3 Fe(CN) 6 K 4 Fe(CN) 6 KCl(CXSAO || KBr (0.2AT)K4Fe (CN) 6 | Au + K 3 Fe(CN) 6 K 3 Fe(CN) 6 K 4 Fe(CN) 6 NaCl(0.2AT) || NaOH(0.1AT)K4Fe(CN)6 | Au AU K 3 Fe(CN) 6 K 3 Fe(CN) 6 -Ag| AgCl, HCl(O.lAT) I] KCl (O. lAT)AgCl| Ag -AgJ AgCl, HCI(O.OIAT) u KCl(0.01AT)AgCl| Ag Ag| AgCl, M1Cl(CUAO II M2C1(0.1AT), AgCl| Ag Values of E9 LiCl, 35.65; KCl, 26.78; HCl, 0.00; NaCl, 33.08; NH4Cl, 28.78, millivolt. AgJ AgCl, M1Cl(O-OlAT) (I M2C1(0.01A7), AgCl| Ag Values of E, LiCl, 33.82; KCl, 25.62; HCl, 0.00; NaCl, 31.19; NH4Cl, 26.93; CsCl, 26.02, millivolt.

25

+

-AgJ -Ag| -Ag| -Ag| -Ag| -Ag|

AgCl, HCl(O.lAT) AgCl, HCl(O.lAT) AgCl, HCl(O.lAT) AgCl, HCl(O.lAT) AgCl, HCl(O.lAT) AgCl, HCl(O.lAT)

u U u (I u u

NaCl(0.02346AT) NaCl(0.05050AT) NaCl(0.06142AT) NaCl(0.07518AT) NaCl(0.08931AT) NaCl(0.09400AT)

HCl (0. 07654 AT), HCl (0. 04950 AT), HCl (0. 03858 AT), HCl(0.02482Ar), HC1(0.01069AT), HCl (0. 00600 AT),

F

AgCl| Ag AgCl| Ag AgCl| Ag AgCl| Ag AgCl| Ag AgCl| Ag

Emf, millivolt 6.9

25

6.9

25

16.1

25

15.7

25

0.4

25

18.1

25 25 25

27.8 27.2 EI — EZ

25

25 25 25 25 25 25

EI

— E-2

4.75 11.85 15.12 20.17 26.80 29.41

Literature and remarks (13)

Equal small amounts of ferro- and ferri-cyanides in both half cells. Potentials closely that of liquid junction.

(12) (15)

Flowing junctions (* * ). Potential in millivolts obtained by subtracting figure given for M2Cl from value for M1Cl, the resulting algebraic sign is the sign of the potential of the left-hand electrode. If the activities of the chloride ion are the same, at the concentration given, the potential thus computed is that of the liquid junction. (24)

Type 2 (see above). Flowing junctions. Measured potentials close to liquid junction potentials.

Potentials at junctions of aqueous solutions of electrolytes with solutions in immiscible solvents, see (*> 2 » 18 > 19» 20 > 21 » 22 ). Potentials at membranes, see ( 5 > 6 > 7 ).

(io) Henderson, 7, 59: 118; 07. 63: 325; 08. (»») Lamb and Larson, 1, 42: 229; 20. O*) Lewis. Brighton and Sebastian, Jf, 39: 2245; 17. O 3 ) Lewis and Sargent, 1, 31: 363; 09. ( 14 J Maclnnes, I1 37: 2301; 15. ( 15 J MacO) BaurandKronmann,r,92:81;16. (2) Beutner, l, 35: 344; 13. 36:2041, Innes and Yeh, 1, 43: 2563; 21. 0«) Planck, 8, 40: 561; 90. ( 1 ^ Scat2045; 14. 7, 87: 385; 14. (3) Bjerrum, 7, 53: 428; 05. ( 4 ) Gumming and chard, 1, 47: 696; 25. ( 18 ) Voznesenskii, 7, 115: 405; 25. (19) VoznesenGilchrist, 83, 9: 174; 13. ( 5 ) Donnan and Allmand, 4, 105: 1941; 14. (6) skii and Astachov, 7, 118: 295; 25. ( 20 ) Voznesenskii and Astachov, 7, 128: 362; 27. ( 21 ) Voznesenskii, Astachov Donnan and Garner, 4, 115: 1313; 19. ( 7 ) Donnan and Green, 5, 90: 450; and Chmutov, 7, 121: 143; 26. ( 22 ) Voznesenskii and Chmutov, 53, 57: 14. (*) Fales and Mudge, 1, 42: 2434; 20. (») Fales and Vosburgh, 1, 343; 25 (23) Maclnnes, 1,48:2831; 26. (2*) Smith, 546,2:1137; 29. 40: 1291; 18.

LITERATURE


OVERVOLTAGE

MAX KNOBEL Overvoltage is the potential necessary to discharge the ion in question in excess of that necessary for reversible discharge, the reversible and irreversible electrodes being under the same condition of temperature, pressure, electrolyte, etc. The actual magnitude of any overvoltage value cannot be specified precisely because of uncontrollable variability. The usual reproducibility is not better than 0.05 volt. All values given are determined by the "direct" method, that is, while the polarizing current is flowing. For references on the comparative value of commutator and direct method, see ( 2 > 3> 5i 9, 10, 14). EFFECT OF CURRENT DENSITY ON OVERVOLTAGE ( 7 ) Smooth Electrodes unless Otherwise Designated.—Electrolyte for hydrogen overvoltages is 2N H2SO4; for halogen overvoltages, a saturated solution of the sodium or potassium halide with the halogen; for oxygen overvoltages, IN KOH. The hydrogen overvoltages are most reliable and by careful duplication of conditions are reproducible to 0.1 volt or better. The halogen overvoltages are the least reliable due to coatings on the electrode. For other references on the effect of current density, see the above article. It is impracticable to attempt to average the results of different investigators on account of the sensitivity of overvoltage to many conditions of measurement. HYDROGEN OVERVOLTAGES AT 250C Milliamp per cm2

O 0.1 1 2 5 10 50 100 200 500 1000 1500 Milliamp per cm2

O 0.1 1 2 5

Overvoltage in volt Platin- Smooth Cd Cu Au Pt ized Pt 0.000 0.466 0.122 0.651 0.351 0.0034 0.241 0.981 0.479 0.0154 0.024 0.0208 0.034 0.332 1.086 0.548 0.0272 0.051 0.390 1.134 0.584 0.0300 0.068 0.507 1.211 0.0376 0.186 0.588 1.216 0.801 0.0405 0.288 0.668 1.228 0.988 0.0420 0.355 0.770 1.246 1.186 0.0448 0.573 0.798 1.254 1.254 0.0483 0.676 0.807 1.257 1.269 0.0495 0.768

Ag

0.2981 0.4751 0.5787 0.6922

Al 0.499 0.565 0.625 0.745 0.826 0.968 0.996 1.176 1.237 1.286 1.292

Overvoltage in volt Fe Monel Sn Brass elecmetal trode 0.2411 0.2026 0.3995 0.2183 0.3832 0.1911 0.8561 0.4036 0.4967 0.2754 0.9469 0.4474 0.5346 0.3022 1.0258 0.5024 0.5960 0.3387

Graphite 0.0022 O 3166 O . 5995 0.6520 0.7250 0.7788 0.9032 0.9774 1.0794 1.1710 1.2200 1.2208

HYDROGEN OVERVOLTAGES. — (Continued) Milliamp per cm2

10 50 100 200 500 1000 1500

Ag 0.7618 0.8300 0.8749 0.9379 1.0300 1.0890 1.0841

Milliamp per cm2

Zn 0.716 0.726 0.726 0.746 0.926 1.064 1.168 1.201 1.229 1.243

1 2 5 10 50 100 300 500 1000 1500 Milliamp per cm2

0.00 0.0769 0.769 1.54 3.87 7.69 38.7 76.9 154 387 769 1153

Overvoltage in volt Fe Brass Sn electrode 1.0767 0.5571 0.6459 1.1851 0.7000 0.8011 1.2230 0.8184 0.9104 1 . 2342 0.9854 1 . 1088 1.2380 1.2561 1.2318 1 . 2306 1.2915 1 . 2544 1.2286 1.2908 1.2491

Monel metal

Duriron

0.3832 0.5345 0.6244 0.7108 0.8619 1.0716 1 . 2095

0.2856 0.5096 0.6129 0.7240 0.8591 1.0205 1 . 1400

Overvoltage in volt Carbon Bi Ni 0.78 0.563 0.633 0.64 0.98 0.705 0.70 1.05 0.747 0.82 1.15 0.890 1.14 1.048 0.89 1.04 1.20 1.130 1.21 1.10 1.208 1.241 1.17 1.23 1.23 1.254 1.29

OverMillivoltage amp per cm2 Hg 0.416 0.2805 0.832 0.5562 0.8488 1.667 4.16 0.9295 8.32 1.0060 1.0361 41.6 83.2 1 . 0634 1.0665 166.7 416 1.0751 1 . 1053 832 1.108 1250 1.126

OverMillivoltage amp per Te cm 2 0.0504 0.227 0.3505 1.135 0.4162 2.27 4.54 0.4405 0.4300 11.35 0.4705 22.7 0.4733 113.5 0.4986 227 454 0.5370 0.5940 1135 0.6590 2270 3400

Pb 0.52

1.060 1.090 1.168 1.179 1.217 1.235 1.262 1.290 Overvoltage Pd 0.0546 0.1392 0.1820 0.2349 0.3165 0.4034 0.7205 0.8607 0.9521 1.0513 1.1168 1.1570

CHLORINE OVERVOLTAGES AT 250C

Duriron 0.1680 0.1710 0.1970 0.2136 0.2443

Platinized Pt Milliamp Overper cm 2 voltage 1.1 0.0060 5.7 0.0140 0.0180 14.5 21.7 0.0190

Smooth Pt Milliamp Overper cm 2 voltage 1.1 0.008 0.0199 5.7 11.4 0.0299 22.8 0.0378

Graphite Milliamp Overper cm 2 voltage 40 0.186 70 0.193 100 0.251 200 0.298

CHLORINE OVERVOLTAGES.—(Continued) Platinized Pt Milliamp Overper cm2 voltage 38.8 0.0210 0.024 60 100 0.026 200 0.035 520 0.050 1340 0.089 1490 0.103

Smooth Pt OverMilliamp per cm 2 voltage 43.0 0.0457 0.0540 100 0.0870 200 500 0.161 0.212 750 1000 0.236 0.263 1350

OXYGEN OVERVOLTAGES.—(Continued)

Graphite OverMilliamp per cm2 voltage 0.417 500 740 0.466 980 0.489 0.535 1131

Milliamp per em2

Ï 0 . 7 2 1 0 . 3 9 8 0 . 3 5 3 0 . 4 1 4 5 0.80 0.480 0.461 0.511 10 0.85 0.521 0.519 0.563 20 0.92 0.561 50 1.16 0.605 0.670 0.653 100 1.28 0.638 0.726 0.687 200 1.34 0.775 0.714 500 1.43 0.705 0.821 0.740 1.49 0.766 0.853 0.762 1000 1500 1.38 0.786 0.871 0.759

BROMINE OVERVOLTAGES AT 250C Platinized platinum I Smooth platinum OverOverMilliamp Milliamp voltage per cm 2 voltage per cm 2 0.002 0.002 20 10 0.004 30 30 0.005 50 0.007 50 0.006 0.012 0.033 230 100 300 0.057 200 0.025 0.041 360 0.113 300 400 0.156 420 0.056 0.164 420 500 0.069 0.178 0.082 440 590 520 0.266 760 0.130 0.202 720 0.379 940

Graphite OverMilliamp per cm 2 voltage 0.002 10 0.008 30 50 0.016 100 0.027 0.054 200 300 0.081 390 0.108 550 0.163 0.218 740 840 0.253 990 0.329 1110 0.356 0.400 1210

Smooth Pt

EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON OVERVOLTAGE Average temperature coefficient of hydrogen overvoltage on smooth electrodes in 2N H2SO4 for temperature range O to 750C ( 8 );C/. ( 1 1 , 1 2 , 1 3 ) .

^ 1 1 - J Electrode Silver Copper Nickel

IODINE OVERVOLTAGES AT 250C Platinized platinum Milliamp Overper cm 2 voltage 10 0.006 0.012 20 0.022 40 110 0.032 220 0.050 400 0.070 710 0.118 810 0.130 1000 0.196 1300 0.216 1460 0.266

Smooth platinum OverMilliamp per cm2 voltage 0.0039 12.3 0.0070 23 50 0.0127 90 0.0216 0.0353 130 200 0.0510 310 0.0744 520 0.120 690 0.150 1030 0.220 1160 0.245 1330 0.277 0.292 1500

Graphite Milliamp Overper cm 2 voltage 1.2 0.002 5.7 0.007 0.0139 11.7 0.0239 19.7 0.0348 34.8 50 0.0538 100 0.0974 200 0.175 400 0.315 590 0.451 840 0.645

OXYGEN OVERVOLTAGES AT 250C -..,,. Milliamp per cm*

Overvoltage in volt

**>™ Au Cu Ag & graphite Ì 0 . 5 2 5 0 . 6 7 3 0 . 4 2 2 0 . 5 8 0 5 0.705 0.927 0.546 0.674

10 20 50 100 200 500 1000 1500

0.896 0.963 1.091 1.142 1.186 1.240 1.282

0.963 0.996 1.064 1.244 1.527 1.63 1.68

0.580 0.605 0.637 0.660 0.687 0.735 0.793 0.836

0.729 0.813 0.912 0.984 1.038 1.080 1.131 1.14

Overvoltage in volt ———— ^lzed Smooth Ni Spongy Ni

Plat

Lead

Current density, / 2, amp/cm ÖL4Ö 0.10 0.01 0.40 0.10 0.01 0.10 0.01 0.40 0.10 0.05

dE/dT, -n- volt) i l x// 0C ^ mv /(muli 270 2.4 2.5 2.4 2.6 3.1 2.4 2.6 1.8 2.0 L.6

For other articles each containing a few measurements, see (10.5, 11, 12, 13).

EFFECT OF PRESSURE ON OVERVOLTAGE (i) Hydrogen overvoltage increases with reduction in pressure by the same amount that the reversible hydrogen electrode potential increases, i.e., potential of polarized cathode measured against an electrode such as the Hg: Hg2SO4 which does not change with pressure, is constant. For Hg, Ni, and Pb, very low current density, pressure range 20 to 750 mm, 2O0C. Confirmed by Knobel ( 6 ) for smooth lead, copper and nickel, and for platinized platinum each at current densities of 0.01, 0.1, and 1.0 amp per cm2, and for pressure range 22 mm to 760 mm Hg, 250C. Divergent results ( 4 ). Oxygen overvoltage, 100 atm. (9) decrease of 0.02 volt from value at 1 atm.

LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) (i) Bircher and Harkins, I1 45: 2890; 23. (2) Dunnill, 4, 119: 1081; 21. (3) Glasstone, 58, 111: 775; 23. ( 4 ) Goodwin and Wilson, 78, 40: 173; 21. (5) Knobel, 1, 46: 2613; 24. (6) Knobel, 1, 46: 2751; 24. (7) Knobel, Caplan and Eiseman, 78, 43: 55; 23. ( 8 ) Knobel and Joy, 78, 44: 443; 23. (») Newbery, 4, 105: 2419; 14. ( 10 ) Newbery, 83, 15 I: 126; 19. 0<>-5) Onoda, 93, 162: 57; 27. 165: 79; 27. (U) Pring and Curzon, 83, 7: 237; 12. (12) Rideal, 1, 42: 94; 20. (13) Tafel, 7, 50: 641; 05. ( 14 ) Tartar and Keyes, 1, 44: 557; 22.

ELECTRICAL AND OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF SILICA ROBERT B. SOSMAN Dielectric Constant (12, 16, 27, 28.1, 38, 67, 76, 79, 81, 85)

Most probable value 4.6 4.5 4-0.1 3.75

Quartz, axis || to direction of field . Quartz, axis JL to direction of field. Difference (||) - (J.) Vitreous silica

Limits between which the true value certainly lies 4. 5 and 5.0 4. 2 and 4.7 4-0.1 and +0.4 3. 2 and 3.9

Electrical Resistivity Unit, Ohm-cm (1, 7, 12, 16, 22, 26, 35, 39, 67, 68, 84, 86, 90)

Quartz i Il to axis* j JL to axis 20 O.IXlO 1 5 20 XlO 15 100 0.8 XlO 12 200 7OXlO 9 300 60 XlO 6 1000 50 XlO 3 100 XlO 3 1300 5XlO 3 10 XlO 3 1

Vitreous silica f t, 0C | ohm-cm || t, 0C | ohm-cm 20 10 XlO 18 TOO 10 XlO 6 18 100 IXlO 800 4XlO 6 200 10 XlO 15 900 2 XlO 6 12 300 0.2XlO 1000 IXlO 6 400 5XlO 9 1100 0.7 XlO 6 500 0.3XlO 9 1200 0.5XlO 6 600 60XIQ 6 1300 0.4XIQ 6

* This is natural quartz, whose axial conductance is due mainly to impurities; the true axial resistivity of pure quartz is not known, t Cf. Seemann (2, 31: 119; 28), who finds lower values

Piezoelectric Constants of Quartz O 4 , ^ 5 , * 8 » 33>

63

>

69

>

73

>

74

)

2

Pressure in baryes (dynes per cm ); charge in absolute electrostatic units per cm 2 —69 X 10~9 +17 X IO-9

du (principal coefficient) du See also p. 211.

Magnetic Susceptibility (13, 41, 89, 94) Quartz in vacuo, at 2O0C Volume-susceptibility, 106/c Il to axis I J_ to axis -1.21 j -1.20

Il

Mass-susceptibility, 1O6K1 || to axis | _L to axis -0.457 I -0.452

Optical Constants (5, IO, 20, 25, 28, SO, SS, 64, 78, 91, 93)

Room temperature Low-quartz Indices of refraction f n« for sodium light -J nß [ny Birefringence for sodium light (ny - no) Constringence, v Optical character Optical orientation Optical character of elongation Optic axial angle, 2Vy. . . . Apparent optic axial angle,

1.544 (n«) 1.553 (n€) 0.009

LowLowtridymite cristobalite 1.469 1.484 1.47 Near 1.487 1.473 1.487 0.004

( For ot 69.9 \ \ For e, 68.7 J Positive Positive

0.003 or higher

Vitreous silica

1.459 (n) O

67.6 Negative

Refractive Index AT 18°, IN Am AT SAME TEMPERATURE (6, 9, is, 24, 29, so, 34, 47, 48, 49, 51, 55, 58, 60, 61, 70, 71, 76, 87, 92)

Radiating element

Al Al Au Zn Au Au Cd Cd Cd Cd Au Au Cd Al Cd Au Sn Au Cd Cd Al Ca Hg H H Hg Cd Cd H (solar line "F") Cd Mg (solar line "bi"). Cd Hg Hg He Na (mean) Au Cd H (solar line "C") He Li He He K Rb O

C — Uy

Positive O

Negative 35 to 43°

O 56 to 66° 2Ey Optical rotatory power, aj) 21.72° per mm

Hg He

>90° >90° 0.000°

Wavelength AU Nn in air quartz quartz at 15°, m/x 185.467 1.67578 1.68997 193.583 1.65999 1.67343 200.06 1.64927 1.66227 202.55 1.64557 1.65842 204.448 1.64288 1.65562 211.07 1.63432 1.64671 214.439 1.63039 1.64262 219.462 1.62497 1.63698 226.503 1.61818 1.62992 231.288 1.61401 1.62559 242.796 1.60525 1.61650 250.329 1.60032 1.61139 257.304 1.59622 1.60714 263.155 1.59309 1.60389 274.867 1.58752 1.59813 291.358 1.58098 1.59136 303.412 1.576955 1.58720 312.279 1.57433 1.584485 325.253 1.570915 1.58095 340.365 1.56747 1.577385 358.68 1.563915 1.573705 396.848 1.55813 1.56772 404.656 1.557156 1.56671 410.174 1.556502 1.566031 434.047 1.553963 1.563405 435.834 1.553790 1.563225 467.815 1.551027 1.560368 479.991 1.550118 1.559428 486.133 1.549683 1.558979 508.582 1.548229 1.557475 518.362 1.547651 1.556877 533.85 1.546799 1.555996 546.072 1.546174 1.555350 579.066 1.544667 1.553791 587.563 1.544316 1.553428 589.29 1.544246 1.553355 627.82 1.542819 1.551880 643.847 1.542288 1.551332 656.278 1.541899 1.550929 . 667.815 1.541553 1.550573 670.786 1.541466 1.550483 706.520 1.540488 1.549472 728.135 1.539948 1.548913 766.494 1.539071 1.548005 794.763 1.538478 1.547392 844.67 1.537525 1.54640 1000.00 1.53503 1.54381 1014.06 1.53483 1.54360 1083.03 1.53387 1.54260 1200.00 1.53232 1.54098 1300.00 1.53102 1.53962 1400.00 1.52972 1.53826

. N> vitreous

1.57436 1.55999 1.54727 1.53386 1.52907 1.52308 1.51941 1.50745 1.50379 1.49617 1.48594 1.47867 1.47061 1.46968 1.46690 1.46675 1.46435 1.46355 1.46318 1.46191 1.46067 1.46013 1.45845 1.45674 1.45640 1.45517 1.45340

CHANGE OF REFRACTIVE INDEX OF VITREOUS SILICA. — (Continued)

Refractive Index.— (Continued)

Radiating element

Hg He

Wavelength in air at 15°, mju

quartz

1529.61 1600.00 1800.00 2058.20 2500.00 3000.00

1.52800 1.52703 1.52413 1.51998 1.51156 1.49962

TVa,,

#«, quartz

N9 vitreous

1.53646 1.53545 1.53242 1 .52814 1.5195 1.5070

CHANGE OF THE REFRACTIVE INDICES OF QUARTZ (PER DEGREE, FOR RANGE 20 TO 10O0C) (56) Change of index in Change of absolute Approximate air index wave-length, 106AAT€ I 1O6AJV0, 106Ane I 1O6An40 m/x +2.67 +3.21 202 + 1.29 +1.84 +2.53 +1.98 +0.63 +1.19 206 +1.45 +1.93 +0.08 +0.59 210 +0.83 +1.24 214 -0.49 -0.07 +0.27 +0.74 -1.05 -0.57 219 -0.48 +0.17 -1.79 -1.13 224 -0.75 -0.08 -2.04 -1.36 226 -2.22 -1.55 -0.93 -0.27 228 -1.12 -0.52 -2.41 -1.80 231 -2.65 -1.86 -3.89 -3.09 257 -3.23 -2.35 -4.44 -3.55 274 -3.85 -2.79 -5.06 -3.99 288 -4.15 -3.11 -5.34 -4.29 298 -4.50 -3.48 -5.68 -4.65 313 -4.69 -3.52 -5.87 -4.69 325 -5.01 -3.93 -6.17 -5.08 340 -6.40 -5.32 -5.25 -4.18 361 -5.93 -4.75 -7.05 -5.87 441 -6.01 -4.85 -7.15 -5.96 467 -6.10 -4.99 -7.22 -6.10 480 -6.16 -5.14 -7.29 -6.25 508 -6.42 -5.39 -7.54 -6.50 589 -6.53 -5.49 -7.64 -6.60 643 CHANGE OF REFRACTIVE INDEX OF VITREOUS SILICA PER DEGREE, FOR RANGE 20 TO 10O0C (52) Change of Change of Approx. absolute index in air, waveRadiating element index, 1O6AAT length 1O6An 185 23.19 24.61 Al 186 22.71 24.13 Al 193 Al 20.80 22.17 21.00 Al 198 19.65 18.32 Zn 19.64 206 Zn 210 17.50 18.81 214 Cd 17.28 18.57 Zn 18.30 215 17.01 Cd 17.94 219 16.66 224 Cd. 16.97 15.70 Cd 226 17.16 15.90 Cd 231 18.24 16.99 232 Cd 15.26 16.51 Cd 13.74 14.95 257 Cd 274 14.20 13.01 12.32 Cd 13.49 288

Change of Change of absolute index in air, index, 1O6ATV 1O6An 13.41 12.25 13.14 11.99 11.41 12.55 12.40 11.27 10.41 11.51 10.20 11.29 10.21 11.29

Approx. wavelength

Radiating element

298 325,5 346 361 441 480 508

Cd Cd Cd Cd Cd... Cd Cd

VITREOUS SILICA AT VARIOUS TEMPERATURES; ABSOLUTE INDEX OF REFRACTION CALCULATED FROM DATA OF RINNE ( 71 ) Temp., o"p '

He, blue ' He, red n ' ' green yellow ' X = 471.315m/i j 501.568 | 587.563 | 667.815 - 1 6 0 1 . 4 6 3 5 1 . 4 6 1 7 1 . 4 5 8 1 1 . 4 5 5 9 - 64 1.4641 1.4624 1.4586 1.4563 + 18 1.4649 1.4629 1.4592 1.4569 130 1.4660 1.4642 1.4604 1.4579 235 1.4675 1.4654 1.4616 1.4591 365 1.4692 1.4672 1.4633 1.4608 475 1.4708 1.4689 1.4649 1.4625 590 1.4722 1.4703 1.4663 1.4639 1000 1.4772 1.4729 1.4706

See further p. 343. Dispersion CONSTANTS IN THE FORMULA: n2 = m + VT ^TI ~~ ^ 2 J A — AI 53 54 X and Xi in ju at 18°, in vacuo ( > )

I

Quartz, n€ Quartz, n» (1904) Quartz, n„ (1906) Vitreous, n

m I 1.43813 1.42919 1.40090 1.36112

mi I Xi I 0.950140.106692 0.93173 0.105805 0.956500.10495 0.746550.107044

k 0.01723 0.01635 0.01093 0.01350

EFFCT OF TEMPERATURE, CHANGE PER DEGREE C ( 54 ) 1O6Am

1O6Aw1

W AXl

* in ju 67.838 -80.195 6.3200 69.390 -80.048 6.3200 69.400 -41.832 6.3200

Quartz, n€ Quartz, nw Vitreous silica

A/c O O O

Optical Rotation QUARTZ AT 2O0C (2, 6, 8, 23, 31, 32, 36, 37, 45, 46, 48, 80, 82);

see also Vol. II, p. 336 -D,.,. , 7 Radiating element _ Cd Cd Au Au Cd Sn Cd Fe Ca Hg H H

Wave-length in . f air at lò°, m/* 226.503 23Ì.288 242.796 250.329 274.867 303.412 340.365 348.534 396.848 404.656 410.174 434.047 Continued on p. 343

_. , Deg., a/mm 6 ' ' __ 201.9 190.5 166.9 153.9 121.10 95.02 72.45 68.585 51.115 48.945 47.495 41.924

Refractive Index. — (Continued from p. 342) QUARTZ AT VARIOUS TEMPERATURES, AS MEASURED BY RINNE AND KOLB ( 72 ) AND RECALCULATED AS ABSOLUTE INDICES Extraordinary index, n* Solar line

G' (H7) (d) F (c) b2 D2 OL

C B a

Solar line 0'(H 7 ) (d) F (c) b2 D2 OL

C B a

Wave length, m/x 434.047 466.8 486.133 495.75 517.27 588.997 627.8 656.278 687.2 718.9 Wave length, m^ 434.047 466.8 486 . 133 495.75 517.27 588.997 627.8 656.278 687.2 718.9

-140°

1.5594 1.5541 1.5526 1.5506

-140°

1.5504 1.5449 1.5434 1.5417

-45°

+23°

115°

212°

305°

410°

550°

580°

650°

765°

1.5633 1.5609 1.5594 1.5587 1.5574 1.5539 1.5525 1.5516 1.5506 1.5499

1.5634 1.5608 1.5593 1.5587 1.5574 1.5537 1.5522 1.5513 1.5504 1.5495

1.5629 1.5603 1.5589 1.5582 1.5568 1.5532 1.5517 1.5508 1.5499 1.5490 Ordinary

1.5623 1.5597 1.5581 1.5576 1.5562 1.5526 1.5510 1.5502 1.5492 1.5483 index, n«,

1.5615 1.5588 1.5573 1.5567 1.5553 1.5515 1.5500 1.5491 1.5481 1.5472

1.5598 1.5572 1.5558 1.5552 1.5538 1.5499 1.5486 1.5475 1.5466 1.5458

1.5551 1.5526 1.5512 1.5503 1.5488 1.5451 1.5437 1.5427 1.5419 1.5408

1.5503 1.5478 1.5464 1.5456 1.5442 1.5405 1.5389 1.5380 1.5369 1.5362

1.5521 1.5492 1.5475 1.5468 1.5454 1.5417 1.5403 1.5393 1.5383 1.5375

1.5532 1.5506 1.5490 1.5481 1.5469 1.5431 1.5416 1.5406 1.5397 1.5388

-45°

+23C

115°

212°

305°

410°

550°

580°

650°

765°

1.5539 1.5515 1.5501 1.5494 1.5481 1.5448 1.5434 1.5425 1.5416 1.5408

1.5540 1.5514 1.5500 1.5494 1.5481 1.5446 1.5431 1.5423 1.5414 1.5405

1.5536 1.5511 1.5497 1.5491 1.5476 1.5441 1.5427 1.5418 1.5410 1.5401

1.5531 1.5506 1.5491 1.5485 1.5472 1.5437 1.5422 1.5414 1.5405 1.5396

1.5523 1.5498 1.5483 1.5477 1.5463 1.5428 1.5413 1.5405 1.5395 1.5386

1.5510 1.5483 1.5469 1.5465 1.5452 1.5414 1.5401 1.5390 1.5382 1.5374

1.5469 1.5442 1.5426 1.5421 1.5407 1.5370 1.5357 1.5349 1.5337 1.5327

1.5425 1.5400 1.5385 1.5379 1.5363 1.5329 1.5314 1.5304 1.5296 1.5288

1.5439 1.5414 1.5399 1.5393 1.5377 1.5341 1.5328 1.5319 1.5309 1.5301

1.5454 1.5429 1.5414 1.5406 1.5392 1.5356 1.5340 1.5331 1.5321 1.5313

Optical Rotation. — (Continued from p. 342) Wave-length in Deg., a/mm Radiating element air at 15°, mju 435.834 41.548 Hg 35.601 467.815 Cd H (solar line "F") 486.133 32.761 508.582 29.728 Cd 546.072 25.535 Hg 21.724 Na (mean) 589.29 18.023 643.847 Cd 16.535 Li 670.786 13.924 728.135 He 794.763 11.589 Rb 6.976 1014.06 Hg 4.889 1200.00 2.930 1529.61 Hg 2058.20 1.527 He 0.972 2500.00 CHANGE OF THE ROTATORY POWER OF QUARTZ WITH TEMPERATURE

Reflectivity Wave-lengths of the maxima of reflection by quartz, as given by various observers ("i 44, 59, 65, 75, 77.1, 88) Observer Nichols (1897) Rubens and Nichols Rosenthal (1899) Coblentz (1906) Coblentz (1908) Reinkober (1910) Trowbridge and Wood Liebisch and Rubens Reinkober (1910) Liebisch and Rubens Coblentz (1908) Reinkober (1910) Liebisch and Rubens

|

Quartz,
8.80 9.02 9.03

20.75

12.5 9.02 9.02f 9.20Î 12.52 14.55 8.90

21.0 26.0 Quartz,, e 8.40* 8.70'9.02f 112.87 I | | 19.7 127.5 Vitreous silica 8.3 8.8 8.30 8.90 12.6 14.6 21.2 26.8

* Center of mass of two maxima, one at 8.35, and one at 8.50 (weak), t Center of mass of two maxima, one at 8.90, and one at 9.05. $ Weak.

Ratio of the measured rotation at temperature t to the measured rotation of the same plate at O0C (2, 3, 31, 40, 42, 43, 57) t, 0C -200 -100 O + 50 100

I

oLt /OL, || 0.979 0.988 1.000 1.007 1.014 I

t, 0C 200 300 400 500 _ 573

I

««/«„ || 1.031 1.050 1.071 1.100 /1.132 \ 1.163

t j 0C 600 700 800 900 1000

I

««/«o 1.164 1.166 1.167 1.169 1.171

Verdet Constant SODIUM LIGHT AT ROOM TEMPERATURE Values of 103o>. 03 — a/lH. a in minutes, I in cm, H in gilbert per cm. Quartz, 17; vitreous, 15. Temperature coefficient about +0.01% per degree C (4, 45, 83).

Cd, Cd, Cd, Cd, Cd, Cd, D Cd,

DISPERSION OF THE VEEDET CONSTANT Quartz, Verdet constant, Wave-length, 1O3Cu (4) Source m/x At 20° I At 96° 219.462 25 158.66 257.304 18 107.90 9 361.25 46.17 6 27.72 467.815 27.50 5 25.74 479.991 4 508.582 22.57 16.82 16.64 589.29 1 13.68 643.847 13.79

DISPERSION-RATIOS FOR VERDET CONSTANT Ratio to WaveRadiating element (4) I (21) I length, m/z 219.462 9.534 Cd26 257.304 6.484 Cd18 2.775 361.25 Cd9 404.656 2.137 Hg 435.834 1.852 Hg 1.653 Cd6 467.815 479.991 1.547 Cd5 491.60 1.456 Hg 508.582 1.356 Cd4 546.072 Hg 1.171 549.5 1.041 579.066 Hg D 1.000 1.000 589.29 600 0.822 Cd1 643.847 H 0.800 656.278 670.786 Li 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2140

OF QUARTZ D line (45)

I

(37)

1.912 1.477 1.372 1.175 1.158 1.000

1.000 0.963

0.760 0.690 0.529 0.415 0.330 0.269 0.224 0.1915 0.1663 0.1444 0.1266 0.1125 0.0987 0.0869 0.0761 0.0627

LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) (!) Ambronn, Diss., Göttingen, 1913. Verh. Kais. Leopold.-Carol. ATcad. Naturf.-Halle, 101: 177; 15. (2) Bates, SlA, 2: 239; 06. (3) Becquerel, 34, 147: 1281; 08. (4) Borei, 149, 16: 24, 157; 03. (5) Bowen and Andersen, 12, 37: 487; 14. (6) Buisson, 34, 142: 881; 06. (7) Bush and Connell, 14St 194: 231; 22. (») Carvallo, 6, 26: 113; 92. (») Carvallo, 84, 126: 728; 98. OO) Clews and Thompson, 4, 121: 1442; 22. (") Coblentz, 152, No. 65; 06. No. 97; 08. (12) Curie, Thesis, Paris, 1888. 6, 17: 385; 89. 18: 203; 89. (13) Curie, 34, 116: 136; 93. (»*) Curie, Traité de radioactivité, I: 105. Paris, Gauthier-Villars, 1910. ( 1S ) Curie and Curie, 34, 93: 204; 81. 0«) Curtis, 2, 34: 154; 12. (") Curtis, 31 A, 11: 359; 15. («) Czermak, 75, 96 H: 1217; 88. ( 19 ) Danker, 19OB, 4: 241; 86. 20 ( ) Day, Shepherd and Wright, 12, 22: 265; 06. (21) Disch, Diss., Freiburg, 1903. 8, 12: 1153; 03. ( 2 Z) Doelter, 75, 117 I: 845; 08. 119 I: 49; 10. (23) Dongier, 6, 14: 331; 98. ( 24 ) Dufet, 191, 13: 271; 90. ( 2 S) Endell and Rieke, 481, 31: 501; 12. (26) Exner, 88, 3: 26; 01. ( 27 J Fellinger, 8, 7: 333; 02. («) Fenner, 12, 36: 331; 13. (28.1) Ferry, 3, 44: 404; 97. (29) Gifford, 5, 70: 329; 02. 84: 193; 10. ( 30 ) Gifford and Shenstone, 5, 73: 201; 04. (31) Gumlich, 89, 2: 201; 95. 24S, 16: 97; 96. (32) Gumlich, 8, 64: 333; 98. (33) Hayashi, Diss., Göttingen, 1912. (34) Hlawatsch, 94, 27: 605; 97. (35) Horton, 3, 11: 505; 06. (36) Huesell, 8, 43: 498; 91. (37) Ingersoll, 2, 9: 257; 17. (3«) Jaeger. Diss., Berlin, 1917. ( 39 ) Jaquerod and Mugeli, 149, 4: 10; 22. ( 40 ) Joubert, 51, 8: 5; 79. ( 41 ) Koenigsberger, 8, 66: 698; 98. (42) von Lang, 75, 71 II: 707; 75. (43) Le Chatelier, 34, 109: 264; 89. (44) Liebisch and Rubens, 76, 1919: 198; 876. (45) Lowry, 62, 212A: 261; 12. (46) Lowry, B2, 4: 537; 23. (47) Macé de Lépinay, 51, 6: 190; 87. 6, 5: 210; 95. (48) Macé de Lépinay, öl, 9: 644; 00. (49) Macé de Lépinay and Buisson, 6,2: 78; 04. ( 50 ) Mallard, 191, 13: 161; 90. ( 51 ) Martens, 8, 6: 603; 01. 8: 459; 02(52) Martens, 88, 6: 308; 04. (53) Martens, B76, VI. ( 54 ) Martens and Micheli, 88, 6: 311; 04. ( 5 S) Merwin, 12, 32: 429; 11. (56) Micheli, 149, 13: 217; 02. 8, 7: 772; 02. (57) Molby, 2, 28: 57; 09. 31: 291; 10. («) Müller, Pubi. Astrophys. Obs. Potsdam, 4: 149; 85. (59) Nichols, 2, 4: 297; 97. 8, 60: 401; 97. (60) Paschen, 8, 35: 1005; 11. (61) Perard, öl, 3: 252; 22. (63) Pockels, 536, 39:1; 94. (64) Ramdohr, 189, 1920:33. (65) Reinkober, 8, 34: 343; 11. (67) Richardson, 5, 92:41; 16. (68) Richardson, O, 92: 101; 16. 107:101; 25. (69) Riecke and Voigt, 8, 45: 523; 92. (70) Riedel, 7, 46: 408; 03. (") Rinne, 190B, 39: 388; 14. (72) Rinne and KoIb, 190, 1910 II: 138. (73) Röntgen, 8, 18: 213; 83. (74) Röntgen and Joffé, 8, 41: 449; 13. (75) Rosenthal, 8, 68: 783; 99. (76) Rubens, 8, 54: 476; 95. (77) Rubens, 76, 1915: 4. (77.1) Rubens and Nichols, 8, 60: 418; 97. (78) Schaller, U. S. Geol. Sur., Bull., 640: 125; 16. (79) Schmidt, 8, 9: 919; 02. (80) Schönrock, 243, 21: 150; 01. («) Schulze, 8, 14: 384; 04. (»2) Soret and Sarasin, 149, 8: 5, 97, 201; 82. (83) Stierlin, 242, 52: 382; 07. (»«) Tegetmeier and Warburg, 8, 32: 442; 87. (85) Thornton, 5, 82: 422; 09. (86) Thornton, 3, 19: 390; 10. (87) Trommsdorff, Diss., Jena, 1901. (88) Trowbridge and Wood, 3, 20: «98; 10. (89) Voigt and Kinoshita, 188, 1907: 123. 8, 24: 492; 07. (90) Warburg and Tegetmeier, 8, 35: 455; 88. (91) Washburn and Navias, 38, 5: 565; 22. (92)van der Willigen, 002, 2: 153; 69. 3: 34; 74. (93) Wilson, 105, 2: 177; 18. (»«) Wistrand, Thesis, Upaala, 1916.

MAGNETISM COMPLETE INDEX Atomic and molecular data, theories of magnetism. Paramagnetic and diamagnetic data. Ferromagnetism. Galvanomagnetic and thermomagnetic effects. Magneto-optics. Magnetostriction. Terrestrial magnetism.

INDEX COMPLET Données atomiques et moléculaires, théories du magnétisme. Données paramagnétiques et diamagnétiques. Ferromagnétisme. Effets galvanomagnétiques et thermomagnétiques. Magnéto-optique. Magnétostriction. Magnétisme terrestre.

GESAMT INDEX VERZEICHNIS Atom- und Molekular-Daten, Theorien des Magnetismus.

INDICE COMPLETO PAGE Dati atomici e molecolari, teorie del magnetismo . . . 345

Paramagnetische und diamagnetische Daten. Ferromagnetismus. Galvanomagnetische und thermomagnetische Effekte. Magnetooptik Magnetostriktion. Erdmagnetismus.

Dati diamagnetici e paramagnetici Ferromagnetismo Effetti galvanomagnetici e termomagnetici Magnetoottica Magnetostrizione Magnetismo terrestre . . . .

354 366 414 425 439 445

ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR DATA IN RELATION TO THEORIES OF MAGNETISM S. J. BARNETT MATIEBES Symboles et unités. Magnetons ou éléments magnétiques. Effets moléculaires gyromagnétiques. Magnétisme et structure. Effet du nombre des électrons.

INHALTSVEKZEICHNIS Symbole und Einheiten. Magnetonen oder magnetische Elemente. Molekularer gyromagnetischer Effekt. Magnetismus und Struktur. Einfluss der Elektronenzahl. Einfluss der Elektronenverteilung und der Elektronenbahnen. Einfluss der Kristallstruktur.

Additi vit y relations. Simple additivity. Pascal's relation. Theories of diamagnetism. Weber-Langevin theory.

Effet de la distribution des électrons et des orbites électroniques. Effet de la structure cristalline. Relations d'additi vite. Simple additivité. Relation de Pascal. Théories du diamagnétisme. Théorie de Weber-Langevin.

Pauli theory. Atomic radii. Theories of paramagnetism.

Théorie de Pauli. Rayons atomiques. Théories du paramagnétisme.

CONTENTS Symbols and units. Magnetons or magnetic elements. Molecular gyromagnetic effects. Magnetism and structure. Effect of number of electrons. Effect of distribution of electrons and electron orbits. Effect of crystal structure.

Susceptibility independent of temperature. Susceptibility dependent on temperature. Lange vin 's theory. Weiss's generalization of Lange vin 's theory. Magnetic moments of molecules and ions of paramagnetic substances. Energy quantization theories. Spatial quantization theories.

Susceptibilité indépendante de la température. Susceptibilité dépendant de la température. Théorie de Langevin. Généralisation de Weiss apportée à la théorie de Langevin. Moments magnétiques des molécules et ions des substances paramagnétiques. Théories de la quantification de l'énergie. Théories de la quantification spatiale.

Additi vit ätsb eziehungen . Einfache Additi vit ät. Pascal-Beziehung. Theorien des Diamagnetismus. Weber-Langevin-Theorie. Pauli-Theorie. Atomischer Halbmesser. Theorien des Paramagnetismus. Suszeptibilität, unabhängig von der Temperatur. Suszeptibilität, abhängig von der Temperatur. Lange vin-Theorie . Weiss 'sehe Verallgemeinerung der LangevinTheorie. Magnetische Momente von Molekülen und Ionen paramagnetischer Stoffe. Theorien über die Energiequantelung. Raum quant elungstheorien .

INDICE PAGB Simboli e unità 346 Magnetoni o elementi magnetici 346 Effetti molecolari giromagnetici 347 Magnetismo e struttura. Effetto del numero di elettroni 347 Effetto della distribuzione degli elettroni e delle orbite elettroniche . . . . 347 Effetto della struttura cristallina 347 Relazioni d'additività. Additi vita semplice 349 Relazione di Pascal 349 Teorie del diamagnetismo. Teoria di Weber-Langevin 349 Teoria di Pauli 350 Raggi atomici 350 Teorie del paramagnetismo. Suscettività indipendente dalla temperatura 350 Suscettività dipendente dalla temperatura. Teoria di Langevin . . . 350 Generalizzazione di Weiss della teoria di Langevin 350 Momenti magnetici di molecole e ioni di sostanze paramagnetiche 351 Teorie sulla quantizzazione dell'energia 352 Teorie sulla quantizzazione spaziale 352

A body can be magnetized either by placing it in a magnetic field or by rotating it in a neutral region (p. 347). The magnetization acquired in a magnetic field results from the superposition of two effects, either of which may practically vanish: (1) A magnetic effect, consisting in an alignment, more or less parallel to the applied magnetic field, of the axes of certain permanent, or approximately permanent, magnetic dements constituting parts of the molecules; and (2) a diamagnetic effect, fundamentally identical with the induction of an electric current in a conductor ( 88 ). In diamagnetic substances x is negative, small, independent of H and, in many cases, independent of temperature and certain other physical conditions. Magnetic substances, for which % is positive, are either paramagnetic or ferromagnetic. In paramagnetic substances x is small and independent of H at ordinary temperatures and in weak fields. In ferromagnetic substances x is relatively large and depends upon H1 unless H is very small. When its temperature is sufficiently increased, every ferromagnetic substance becomes transformed into a paramagnetic substance. The temperature at which this change occurs is called the temperature of transformation or Curie point (0) for the substance. The data given in this report refer chiefly to paramagnetic and diamagnetic substances, because only a few pertinent quantitative atomic and molecular data are available for ferromagnetic substances. SYMBOLS AND UNITS Unless another is indicated, the basic unit in every case is the appropriate cgsm unit. Symbols which are frequently used throughout the Tables are defined in Vol. I, p. 16; those used in only a single section will be defined where used. A Atomic weight. a Constant in Lange vin's equation (p. 350). B Number of Bohr magnetons per basal unit; [M] = B[^]Be Electric charge; usually, but not necessarily, it is numerically equal to the "electronic charge," e. H Intensity of magnetic field. j Angular momentum of the body, or system, under consideration. M Molecular weight. m Mass. mo Electronic mass at low velocity. JV0 Avogadro's number. R Gas constant per gram-mole. R0 2m0/e. r Radius. T Absolute temperature, 0 K. W Number of Weiss magnetons per basal unit; [M] = W[p]wZ Atomic number. G Curie point. Temperature-constant in Weiss's relation. [fj,] Magnetic moment of the system under consideration. [MO] Magnetic moment of elementary magnetic unit. S Sign of summation. cr Specific magnetization = magnetic moment per unit of mass. (T00 Value of «r when axes of all the elementary magnetic moments are parallel. X Specific susceptibility = susceptibility divided by density. Subscripts: a, m indicates the quantity is referred to the gramatom, gram-mole. B, w indicates the quantity is expressed in the Bohr magneton, the Weiss magneton, as unit moment. Magnetons or Magnetic Elements The term magneton has been applied both to the complete magnetic element within the atom or molecule, and to the ultimate magnetic units of which the element may be constituted. Of the various magnetons which have been proposed, four will be considered here; the first three are based upon theory, the fourth entirely upon experiment.

Spinning Electron (1, 32, 63, 97, iis)._xhe element is the rotating spherical electron. The ratio of the angular momentum (j) to the magnetic moment [M] is 07M)« = m*/e if the charge is distributed uniformly over the surface, and 07M) v — 5mv/7e if the charge is distributed uniformly throughout the volume; ra» and mv are the inertias of the electron in the two cases. If r = radius of the electron, ms = 2e*/3r. mv == 4e2/5r. Bohr Magneton ( 104 ).—The electron is revolving in a fixed orbit; j/M = 2mQ/e(=Ro) = -1.13 X 10~7 for a negative electron. On Bohr's theory, the least value of j is h/2ir, and the corresponding value of [MO] is Bohr's magneton [IJLQ]B = eh/47rm0 = 9.23 X IO"21. The Bohr gram-magneton [M^B is defined as NQ[VQ]B = 5593 ( 28 > 104 ); if there is but one such electron orbit per atom, [VO]B — [MO]B. Sommerfeld Magneton (104).—On Sommerfeld's spectroscopic theory, the atomic moment of an atom is [M] = A; i [MO]A, where g is Landé's "splitting factor," and the angular momentum of the atom is j = jih/2ir. The quantities j and g are derived from spectroscopic data, and the product gj\ is known as the spectroscopic magneton number of the atom in the given state. The magnetic moment of the free neutral atom of a metal may be determined directly from the effect of an intense and nonuniform magnetic field upon a high velocity stream of the vaporized metal in the atomic state (method of Gerlach and Stern) ( 4 5 , 4 6 , 4 7 , 6 8 , 9 2 , 1 1 0 , 1 3 7 ) . The experimental error in the magneton number ([M]/[MO]B), so determined, ranges from 0.02 to 0.3 or 0.4. TABLE 1.—COMPARISON OF MAGNETON NUMBERS (B) OBTAINED BY DIFFERENT METHODS (45, 46, 47, 68, 92, no, is?) [M] = B[VO]BJ BGSJ BS = value of B obtained by the Gerlach and Stern, and by the spectroscopic method, respectively Atom.... H Na K C u " A g Au Zn"Cd H^~ BGS 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 B8 1 1 1 1 1 1 Q O Q Atom BGS Bs

TÏ J i

Sn"Pb O O O O

Sb O Q

"Ei (?) (?)

Te O (?)

Ni >2 5

Fe~~ O *

* Large.

Weiss Magneton ( 11 J 50 > 89 > 93 > 120 > 126 ).—At very low temperatures, XO, for both Fe and Ni, approaches asymptotically a definite maximum as the intensity of the field is increased and the temperature is decreased. The limiting values are 1123.6 X 11 for Fe, and 1123.3 X 3 for Ni. The value 1123.5 is the magnetic moment of the gram-magneton of Weiss, [vg]w- At very low temperatures, the atoms of Fe and Ni contain, respectively, 11 and 3 Weiss magnetons. The moment of the elementary Weiss magneton is defined as [MO]TF = 1123.5/AT0 = 1.854 X 10~21. Within less than the experimental error, the magnetic moments of the Weiss magnetons are J-£ as great as those of the corresponding Bohr magnetons. TABLE 2.—ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR MAGNETIC MOMENTS [M] OF FERROMAGNETIC SUBSTANCES AT Low TEMPERATURES: METHOD OF WEISS

M = ^[MQ]TF W

Fe 11.00

Fe* 11.00

Fe f 10.00

Lit

(120,126)

(90)

(93)

W

Fe3Ni2 27.0

Fe2Ni 27.0

Co* 8.92

COf 8.97

Fe2Co 36.1

Lit

(90)

(»O)

(U)

(93)

(93)

* By extrapolation from data for Ni alloys. t By extrapolation from data for Fe-Co alloys. i See also p. 351.

Nit 3.00 (90,120, 126)

FeNi2 20.0 (90)

Molecular Gyromagnetic Effects 3

7

Magnetization by Rotation (Barnett) ( > ).—In effect, each magneton is a gyrostat with a magnetic moment parallel to the axis of rotation; when a body containing magnetons is rotated, the directions of their magnetic moments tend to become parallel to the axis of rotation of the body. For a circular cylinder making n rotations per sec about its axis of figure, the resultant magnetic moment (M]1 so produced parallel to the axis, is M = C\n = CH1 where C is a constant, X = 2fr-j/fc], and H is the intensity of the axial magnetic field that would produce the same moment (M) without rotation; X ( = H/n) is called the specific magnetic intensity of rotation for the substance of the rod. On the classical theory, if the magneton is an electron in a Bohr orbit, X = 2irj/ [,uo] = 4xm0/e = 27TjR0 = —7.10 X 10~7 gauss /rotation per sec. If the magneton is a spherical electron with uniform surface charge (Lorentz) spinning about a diameter, A = —3.55 X 10~7 gauss/ rotation per sec. Results of experiments are given in Table 3. TABLE 3.—MAGNETIZATION BY ROTATION X — specific magnetic intensity of rotation = 2irj/[fi\. For Bohr magneton, j/[rì = Ro't for spinning electron with surface charge, jj[p] = A0/2. 2TrA0 == 47rm0/e = -7.10 X 10~7 gauss/ rotation per sec; unit of \( = H/ri) — 10~7 gauss/rotation per sec. Material | Notes |-x|| Material | Notes | -X Steel * 3 ~ 6 H e u s l e r alloy.. Ï 3~62 Steel t 3.4 Permalloy 80% NiJ 3.78 1 25% Nit 3.63 Iron 7Q Ni-Fe / 6rods * 3 ' 79 Co-Fe 35% CoJ 3.83 Steel Nickel | 2 r o d s t 3.69 Co-Ni 54% Cot 3.83 I t 3.84 Cobalt Weighted mean of observations (t) of 1923, 3.76 ± 0.07. Hence j/M = (3.76/7.1O)A0 = 0.529A0 = 1.06m0/e. * Observations of 1914, method of electromagnetic induction (3). t Observations of 1915, method of 1914 ( 3 ). Î Observations of 1923, magnetometer method ( 7 ), error about 2%.

Rotation by Magnetization (Einstein and de Haas ( 40 ); cf. (9, 30, 39, 96, 105, 108, 109)).—This is the converse of the Barnett effect. A ferromagnetic rod is given an angular momentum about its axis by altering a magnetic field, parallel to the axis, impressed on the rod by means of a solenoid which may be either fixed to the earth or wound rigidly on the rod. The measurements permit the calculation of the ratio j/\jj] on the basis of the classical theory and the assumption that the momentum acquired by the rigid system which includes the rod is equal and opposite to the momentum given to the magnetons. For the results of the most reliable experiments, see Table 4. TABLE 4.—ROTATION BY MAGNETIZATION The value of (j/luì)/Ro to be expected on the classical theory is unity for a Bohr magneton, and 0.5 for a spinning electron with surface charge. | (JM)/R0 | Method* Material Iron 0.50+ BaI (30) 0.53 ACD (9) 0.50+ ACN (109) 0.52 ACNi1 (6) Nickel 0.50+ BaI (30) 0.57 ACD (9) 0.50 ACN (109) 0.5 ACN (ios) Cobalt Permalloy 0.52+ ACNR (6) Magnetite | 0.5 ACN (ios) Heusler alloy 0.50 ACN ( 1 QP) * Bai = ballistic; ACD = alternating current, deflection; ACN = alternating current, null; ACNR = alternating current, null, solenoid wound on rod; ACNR = both ACN and ACNR. Excepting ACNR, solenoid is fixed to earth. Data from ( 6 ) are preliminary.

Magnetism and Structure; v. also (108> 1 ^ 9 ) Effect of Number of Electrons (v. also (19> «1, 62 )).—(a) Pascal's Relation.—Pascal ( 82 ) found that for homologous elements in the 3 families of metalloids, Xa( = Ax) = -Ce0^, where C and a are experimental constants; later ( 85 ) he found the relation to apply to nearly all the other diamagnetic elements; see Fig. 1. (6) KossePs Relation (i ß > 64 > 104).—For atoms and ions having 18 to 29 electrons external to the nucleus, Kossel observed that the magnetic moment depends primarily upon the number of electrons external to the nucleus; e.g., A, K+, and Ca++ have 18 such electrons each, and their moments are essentially identical (Fig. 2); removing 2 electrons from the neutral Ca atom (Z = 20) changes its moment to that of A (Z = 18). This illustrates KosseFs "displacement law." Meyer found the same relation for atoms and ions having 57 to 71 extranuclear electrons (Fig. 3). Effect of Distribution of Electrons and Electron Orbits.—(a) Langevin's Theory.—On Langevin's ( 65 ) electron theory of magnetism, an ion, atom, or molecule with a completely symmetrical arrangement of electron orbits should be diamagnetic, as exemplified by the rare gases and Cu+, Ag+, Au + ; while an unsymmetrical arrangement should produce paramagnetism, as exemplified by Na, K, Ag, Cu, etc. (6) KossePs and Sidgwick's Theory.—On the theory of Kossel ( 64 ) and Sidgwick (i° 2 ) the electropositive atoms of a saturated compound have lost all the electrons they will part with readily, and the electronegative atoms have taken up all they will take up, and in practically all cases the resulting orbital arrangement is symmetrical, and the compounds are diamagnetic. In a few cases, as in cupric compounds, the arrangement is not symmetrical, and the compound may be paramagnetic. Similarly, unsaturated compounds of diamagnetic elementary substances may be either diamagnetic like oxides of bivalent Pb and Sn, or paramagnetic like NO; v. also ( 1 O). (c) Lewis's Theory.—On the magnetochemical theory of G. N. Lewis ( 69 ), those electrons in a molecule which are paired with one another produce a diamagnetic effect, while an unpaired electron gives a magnetic moment to the molecule, thus producing paramagnetism. In the case of solids and liquids the exact molecular state is in general unknown; but in the case of gases and dilute solutions it can be predicted that every substance with an odd number of electrons in the molecule will be paramagnetic, as exemplified by the following ( 111 J: The two odd molecules NO and NO2 are paramagnetic, while the nitrogen oxides with even molecules are diamagnetic; C1O2, which is odd, is paramagnetic even in dilute solution in CCl4; the odd compound a-naphthyldiphenylmethyl in benzene solution is paramagnetic (the first case of paramagnetism in an organic compound); for additional data, see (111,133). (d) WeIo and Baudisch's Theory.—On the theory of WeIo and Saudisch (127, 128); cj. (1°), the diamagnetisrn of certain salts of magnetic elements is due to the fact that the atoms of the magnetic element have, by sharing with, and transfer from, neighboring atoms, gained a sufficient number of electrons to attain the symmetrical electron configuration of a rare gas. Thus K4Fe (CN) e is diamagnetic because each K atom contributes one electron to the Fe atom by transfer, and each CN group contributes one by sharing. Thus the Fe atom, originally possessing 26 non-nuclear electrons, gains 10 more, and assumes the structure of Kr with 36 electrons. Effect of Crystal Structure.—Though numerous experiments, including the recent ones of Ingersoll and de Vinney on magnetic and non-magnetic Ni films ( 55 ); cf. ( 80 ), indicate clearly that ferromagnetism occurs only in crystalline masses, the type of crystal appears to have little significance (52,129,130). Thus a-, ßand ô-iron are all body-centered cubic, while T-iron is face-centered cubic. At ordinary temperatures, Ni is face-centered cubic; Co

FIG. 1.—Relation between atomic susceptibility (xa) of diamagnetic elements and atomic number (Z) (Pascal's relation with A replaced by Z). Data for rare gases ( 49 » 134 ); cf. (10), others from Pascal ; calculations and interpolations ( 1S » 19» 32). Dashed ( ) lines connect homologous elements and, for Z > 14, are nearly straight, as demanded by Pascal's relation (p. 347).

FIG. 2. FIG. 3. FIGS. 2, 3.—Relation between magnetic moment ([M]) of atom or ion and the number (N) of electrons external to the nucleus (Kossel's relation). [M] = ^^^w1 **e>» ^ ~ number °f Weiss magnetons per atom or ion. In Fig. 2, data from ( 1 0 4 ); in Fig. 3, ° from (18), Hfrom ( 74 )computations assume the Langevin-Weiss theory (p. 350).

is hexagonal or face-centered cubic; pyrrhotite (Fe7S8), hexagonal; magnetite (Fe3O4), cubic; and hematite (Fe2O3), rhombohedric. Thermomagnetic changes in Heusler alloy are not accompanied by any change in the X-ray diffraction pattern ( 139 ), and the pattern of Fe-Ni alloys does not change when the composition passes through that of the extremely permeable permalloy ( 2 ). Paramagnetic and diamagnetic solids have a great variety of crystal forms, though in certain groups homologous elements have the same crystal structure (10). Magnetization may produce no change in the crystal structure ( 138 ); e.g., Laue photographs of crystals of magnetite and of hematite are unchanged by a field of 1000 gauss ( 34 ), and those of Heusler alloy are unchanged by 3500 gauss ( 139 ), and the X-ray spectra obtained by reflection from a crystal of magnetite are not affected in any way by subjecting the crystal to a strong magnetic field (33); cf. (138). Additivity Relations Simple Additivity.—The law of additi vi ty may be written mx = 2raiXt, where ra; is the mass of a constituent i of a compound or mixture (M) of mass m = Sm1-, and % and x; are the specific susceptibilities of M and the constituent i. The summation (S) is extended to all constituents. For many compounds and mixtures, this law appears to be valid; for many others, the departures from it are great.

TABLE 6.—ATOMIC AND ATOMIC-GROUP SUSCEPTIBILITIES (82, 83, 84)

The values given below are in general use in determining ionic susceptibilities of metals, and assume that mx for H2O is 13.0 X 10~6. mx = atomic or atomic-group susceptibility; in the former case, m = atomic weight; in the latter, m = formula weight of the group; unit of mx = 10~6. Atom -mx

Br C Cl F H Hg Î K Na O 30.6 6.020.1 6.32.9333.444.618.5 9.2 4.6

Atom or atom group P S Se Te H2O SO4 NO3 NH 3 CN -mx 26.315.023.137.513.033.614.214.410.8 Pascal's Relation (82, 83).—In those cases in which the application to molecules of the simple additivity relation led to inconsistent results, Pascal employed the more general equation MX — ÛiAiXi + X, or its equivalent Xm = 2riixa; + X, in which nt- is the number of atoms of species i and atomic weight Ai that are contained in a molecule of molecular weight M, and X measures the deviation from the law of additivity; X depends upon the nature of the molecule. Frequently, X has the same value for all those organic compounds which are of similar type. Thus, if unit of x is 10~7, (Wx)(C6H6Cl) -

(Wx)(C 6 H 6 Br) = 103

and (Wx)(CH2ClCO2C2H6) — (Wx)(CH 2 BrCO 2 C 2 H 6 ) = 107

while (wx)ci ~ Nx)Br = 105;

TABLE 5.—ADDITIVITY RELATION AS APPLIED TO SOLID PARAMAGNETIC HYDRATES ( 43 ) Some data satisfy the relation mx = SWix;, and some do not. Xo = observed specific susceptibility; XC — specific susceptibility calculated from data in last column by subtracting the (negative) susceptibility of the H2O lost. Error ^ 1%; unit of X = 10~6 cgsm unit. H2O Salt CuSO4 NiSO4 CoSO4 Sm2(SO4)3 Gd2(SQ4)S

I I

None | XQ I Xc I 8.6 9.6 25.5 27.8 60.8 60.0 3.43 3.39 92.6 92.7

IH2O | XQ I Xc I 8.6 8.6 24.1 23.8 53.6 53.2

nH2O n \ XQ 5 5.9 6 15.6 7 3.5 8 2.6 8 74.7

As applied to solutions, the law of additivity requires that the molecular susceptibility of the solute be independent of the concentration; this is known as Wiedemanris law. In many cases of apparent failure of Wiedemann's law, it is probable that more than one type of each of certain constituents is present and that the relative amounts of these types change with the concentration. Hydrolysis furnishes an illustration of such changes. When a salt is hydrolyzed in a solution, the value of x for the ion, as deduced from that for the solution on the assumption that the simple additivity relation holds, commonly differs from that deduced from observations taken under other conditions. In such cases, progressive reduction of hydrolysis by addition of acid enables one to extrapolate to the condition of no hydrolysis; this extrapolated value for the ion frequently agrees with that found under other conditions of no hydrolysis ( 15 > 23 > 41 > 94 ). As applied to molecules, the additivity relation requires that the molecular susceptibility xm(= MX) shall be computable from the atomic (ionic) susceptibilities of the constituent atoms (ions). Pascal so applied it, and found that consistent results could be obtained in many cases, especially of saturated organic compounds. Weiss similarly applied the relation in determining the ionic susceptibilities of metals, from the observed susceptibilities of salts and solutions; v. ( 118 ).

also (Wx)(C 6 H 6 Br) — (Wx)(C 6 Et 6 I) =138

and (Wx)(CH2BrCO2C2H6) — (Wx)(CH2ICO2C2H6) = 148

while (wx)sr - (wx)i = 140; the differences for the compounds are uncertain by 8 or 10 units. For values of X, see Table 7. TABLE 7.—PASCAL'S X FOR CERTAIN BONDS IN ORGANIC COMPOUNDS MX = 2/I1-AiXi + X. For the saturated C n H 2n+2 compounds, X = O ; unit of x — 10~6 cgsm unit Bond I X || Bond | X Benzene bond —1.5 Polyethylene bond +10.6 Naphthalene bond -6.1 C = O + 8.2 Hexamethylene bond +3.0 C = N + 0.8 Ethylene bond +5.5 C = N O TABLE 8.—EFFECTIVE ATOMIC SUSCEPTIBILITY (xo)o ORGANIC COMPOUNDS Assumes X = O; unit of (xo)o = 10~6 cgsm unit Type of bond Singly bound to any two atoms, —O— Doubly bound to a single C not carrying another O Doubly bound to a single C carrying a second O Doubly bound to any single polyvalent atom: (axo) same sign as for the corresponding case in which the polyvalent atom.

OF O IN

| (xa)o —4.6 +1.7 —3.4 is of the C is the

Theories of Diamagnetism The Weber-Langevin Theory ( 6 ^, 116).—Qn this theory the magnetic moment of a diamagnetic atom in a neutral region is zero because the electron orbits are such and so arranged that the vector sum of their individual moments is zero. The orbits are assumed to be rigid, independent of T1 and in general unaffected by chemical and physical changes; but the velocities of the electrons in the orbits are changed by the application of a magnetic field. On this last the existence of diamagnetism depends. On this theory, for an isotropie substance, or for atoms oriented at random, xo =

— (e Wo/127Tm0) Snidi; ai = area of an orbit of type i; w» = number of such orbits per atom. Variations in Xa may result from a paramagnetic relative displacement of the orbits, from distortion, due to a molecular electric or magnetic field, when a change of state occurs ( 69 > 81> 82 > 83) (Oxley ( 81 ) attributes to such fields intensities of the order of IO7 gauss, cf. infra), and in the case of conductors, possibly but not certainly ( 67 ), from the presence of free electrons (**, 135). TABLE 9.—EFFECT OF LIQUEFACTION OF DIAMAGNETIC SOLIDS: ILLUSTRATIVE ( 81 ) If ox/x is positive, the liquid is more diamagnetic than the solid; unit of ox/x = 1% Substance | ox/x i Lit. HÔ Water 3+ ( 56 ) Hg Mercury 14 ( 8 ^) C6H6 Benzene O ( 8 ^) C6H7N Aniline 5 ( 8 ^) C7H6ClO Benzoyl chloride -5 ( 8 I) C7H8 Toluene 5 ( 8 ^) C 8 Hi 0 o-Xylene 5 (81) Pauli's Theory.—On this theory ( 4 > 86) which is applicable only to monatomic gases, diamagnetism is due to a rotation of the complete atom (Larmor rotation) produced by the magnetic field. For random orientation, xo is just twice as great as on the WeberLangevin theory, i.e., Xa = — (eWo/OTrmo) Sn1-Ct*. Atomic Radii From measurements of the susceptibility of a diamagnetic substance it is possible, on the basis of either of these theories, to compute the mean of the areas of the several electronic orbits in the atom and the radius (r) of this mean area, assumed to be circular. The value obtained for r depends upon the theory applied. By the use of Bohr's theory of the atom, it is possible, in certain cases, to derive from r the radius (rm) of the outermost orbit (19, 62). The effective atomic radius can also be obtained from viscosity and other data. For numerical values of the several r's, see Table 10. TABLE 10.—ATOMIC RADII The radii are derived as follows: rw[rp] From mean area of the electronic orbits as given by the Weber-Langevin [the Pauli] theory ( 15 > 19 ); rw = rp\/2. rm Mean radius of outer shell of electrons, as computed by Cabrera ( 19 ) from observations of Wills and Hector (49, 134)- where 2 values are given (ions of A structure) they are based on slightly different assumptions. rv From measurements of viscosity; computed by Jeans ( 60 ). rc From crystal data by method of Fajans and Herzfeld ( 4 2 ); computed by Grimm ( 48 ). ri From Lande's atomic model, cubical symmetry; computed by Schwendenwein (10°). H Radius of combination, Bragg ( 12 ). Unit of r = !jut/* = 10~V = 10~10 cm (1) ' I rw I r p I rm \ rv \ rc \ TI | rb A 85 60 85 181 87 109 105 Ca++ 69, 74 67 170 Cl 92 65 168 Cl98, 92 95 105 F" 55 75 H 146 103 177 He 81 57 57 111 Hg 55 39 105 K 84 59 159 K+ 76,80 79 207 Kr 103 205 97 112 Mg++ I 39 39

(1)

N N— Na + Ne 0 0— P— S" Xe

TABLE 10.—(Continued) I rw I rp I rm | rv \ r c | n ( n 76 54 146 77 43 52 68 48 54 111 63 74 65 46 146 65 89 137, 111 113, 101 109 102 144 242 110 126

Theories of Paramagnetism X is Independent of the Temperature.—No detailed theory has been developed; see, however ( 124 ). X Varies with the Temperature.— (a) Langevin's Theory.— Langevin has developed a fundamental theory for gases, and on this many other theories have been based (see infra and p. 352). His theory leads to the relation 136) for solid gadolinium sulfate, Gd2(SO4)3.8H2O, over the ranges 1.3 to 30O0K and 3.3 to 22 kilogauss; a was varied from a small value to 7.0; Curie's law applies if a < 0.7. (&) Weiss's Generalization of Langevin's Theory.—Weiss and Onnes independently observed that many series of data for which Curie's law fails satisfy the more general relation \(T — 0) = C (Weiss's law), and Weiss has shown that Langevin's theory leads to this expression when the orientations of the elementary moments are modified by intense molecular fields; C0 = ( 73) for the moments of dipoles in insulators. The value given for Ni is much the most reliable. An explanation of the existence of G in mixtures of oxygen and nitrogen (cf. Table 14) has been given in terms of polymerization (70,

89).

For solutions, experiments of Foëx ( 44 ) and of Cabrera and Duperier ( 21 ) have shown that in general 6 is not zero; and the results of the latter indicate that 0 is independent of the concentration and of the nature of the anion. For substances which are ferromagnetic at ordinary temperatures, Weiss's theory interprets 0 as the temperature at which the

substance becomes paramagnetic (Curie point, critical temperature). For pure Fe-Ni alloys ranging from Fe2Ni (34.4% Ni) to 100% Ni, Weiss's law is followed exactly from temperatures near the Curie point to ca. 120O0C, and 6 is found (^ 1 ) to be a little higher than the Curie point. From many series of observations at Zürich (12°), the atomic magnetic moment [M] for pure Ni above the Curie point, calculated on the basis of the Langevin-Weiss theory, has been found to be [M] = (8.02 ± 0.02) [ju0]„; cf. p. 346. For other ferromagnetic substances at temperatures above the Curie point, Weiss's law is not certainly followed even over moderate ranges of T. For most paramagnetic substances, it holds over a considerable range of T7, but, in general, fails at very low temperatures. This failure constitutes the cryomagnetic anomaly of Onnes. For ions both of the iron group and of the rare earth groups, Cabrera ( 20 ) has shown that 0 in general decreases with increase of ionic magnetic moment, the relation for ions of a given class being linear. TABLE 11.—WEISS'S LAW AS APPLIED TO PARAMAGNETIC SOLIDS: VALUES OF O AND RANGES OF VALIDITY; ILLUSTRATIVE Weiss's law, x(T — 9) = C, usually fails at very low temperatures. Range of T = range over which the law holds good; T' = temperature below the range; a, m, s indicate whether x and C refer to the atomic (metal atom), molecular, or specific magnetization. Error in 6 ranges ca. from <1 to 20K; unit of % = 1 cgsm; of T1 T', and 6 = I 0 K. Substance

| (2) | Range of T \

Gd(C2H5SO4)S.9H2O CoSO4 NiS04.7H20 Ptf.. Pdf Fe 2 (NH 4 ) 2(SO4) 4.24H2O Dy2Q3

6

|

C

\ x(T' - 6) | T' \ Lit.

a* 14.6-291.5 O 7.05 m 77.3-289.5- 45 3.22 m* 169.6-292.2 + 59 1.077 s 325 -685 -1124 0.001663 s 479 -722 — 226 0.003043 m m

14.7-290 13.9-288.5-

( 58 ) 4.27 14.8( 5 7) 3.76 14.6(57) 0.001651 289 (**) 0.002997 290 (**) (78) ( 76 )

O 8.50 1627.6

* Values have been corrected for diamagnetism of the anion and of the water of crystallization. t Values have been corrected for diamagnetism of the metal atom.

TABLE 12.—WEISS'S LAW AS APPLIED TO PARAMAGNETIC SOLIDS: VARIATION OF O WITH MOLECULAR CONSTITUTION x(T — 9) = C] mean error in 8 = 2°, maximum error = 70K; unit of 9 = I 0 K Cation Anion* SO4

Ni + + Co++ G | Lit. 0 | Lit. -79 (") -45 (") -30Î (112) -19§

SO4-TH2O (NH 4 ) 2 (S0 4 ) 4 (NH 4 ) 2 (S0 4 ) 2 .6H 2 0 Ch

+59

5

( 7)

-48 -14

- 4 (57) -22 +78Î (u 2 ) +47 +38§ (u 2 ) +34

Fe++ 0 | Lit. -12 (H)t -31 (")

Fe + ++ 9 [ Lit. -66 0*)t

TABLE 13.—(Continued) S o h ^ O m ^ MnCl2

Mn(NOs)2 FeCl3*

Fe(NH 4 ) 2 (SO 4 ) 2 .6H 2 Ot... CoCl2 CoSO4

Co(NOa)2

NiCl2 Ni(NOs)2 V 2 O 2 Cl 4 -SH 2 OII

R a n

^

e o f

9 L i T

3U

293-373

^28(21)

15.0 37.9 6.4 36.9

293-376 293-371 293-373 293-372

-25 («) -24 (21) -23 (21) -27 (21)

0.148 0.148 0.161 0.183 0.0315 0.0405 7.9 14.8 4.1

290-400 290-400 290-400 290-400 290-373 291-384 283-413 283-413 283-413

-11 (44) + 2 (4.4) + 1 (44) - 4 (44) O (44) - 1 (44) -11.6 (™) -12.1 (29) -11.2 (29)

9.8 9.4 0.076* 0.139* 0.139* 4.6 4.6Î Satd.§ 12.4 44.4

283-413 283-413 290-400 290-400 290-400 279-363 292-329 290-400 293-370 293-375

-12 (29) -12.4 (29) - 2 (44) - 3 (44) -17 (4*) O (123) O (123) O (44) -4.2 (21) - 1.4 (21)

194-326 194-326

-29 -45

100 100

(««) (*«)

* Cone. = grams of metal per 100 g solution; limits of T only approximate. t Cone. = grams of Fe per 100 g solution; solvent is mixture of H2O and H2SOi. Î Solvent is H2O + 6.8 % NH3. § Solution is saturated, concentration <20% Ni; limits of T only approximate. Il A viscous liquid.

TABLE 14.—WEISS'S LAW AS APPLIED TO MIXTURE OF O 2 AND N 2 (89)

Fo = volume of O 2 contained in volume V at the same temperature and pressure. x(T — 9) = C. Mean error in 9 ca. 0.2°; unit of 9 = I 0 K; of x = 10~4 cgsm unit. Vo/V

1(8)

C 9

315.8 315.3 314.7 315 315.3 315 315.2 -29.5 -16.5-9.5-4.5-2.2

f

ï

J 1-

l

î M e a nC

(")

(i°i) (57) _ i (57) -12 (i4)f (57) + 3 (57) O (78) (112) +30 (i4)f - 3 (V«)t (i*)t

++

* For Fe+ the salts are Fe2(SO4)3, Fe 2 (NH 4 ) 2 (SO 4 ) 4 , Fe 2 (NH 4 ) 2(SO4)4.24H2O, and FeCh. t Computed from the data of ( 51 » 56) % J At lower temperatures. § At higher temperatures.

TABLE 13.—WEISS'S LAW AS APPLIED TO SOLUTIONS AND A PURE LIQUID: VALUES OF 9 AND RANGES OF VALIDITY x(T — 6) = C; errors in C range from 0.1% to 0.2%. Discrepancies in 0 for a given ion are probably accidental. Solvent is KUO unless another is indicated. Cone. = concentration, grams of solute per 100 g of solution, except where otherwise indicated; unit of G = I 0 K; T = absolute temperature, 0K.

TABLE 15.—MAGNETIC MOMENTS [M] OF MOLECULES AND IONS OF PARAMAGNETIC SUBSTANCES I. Molecules. Only O 2 and NO. Computation based on Lange vin's theory (p. 350) and assumption of a single fixed moment. II. Ions. Except where otherwise stated: For solutions, solvent is H2O, Wiedemann's law is valid, and Curie's law is assumed without having been established. For solid salts, Weiss's law is valid within the "range" indicated. Computation is based on the Langevin-Weiss theory (p. 350). In column (1) is named the ion or molecule considered and in (2), the molecule from which it is derived. The pure substance is a solid salt unless the contrary is indicated by g = gas, or I = liquid; [M] refers to the gram-ion (-molecule) or to the individual ion (molecule) according as [M]TF = [MO]TF or [MO]TF- [M] = TF[M]TF. t — centigrade temperature, 0C.

TABLE 15.—(Continued) State of substance (1) I (2)

Solution W I Lit.

Range of t

Pure \ W \ 14.13

O2

O2

g

NO Cu-*"*-

NO Various

O

Mn + +

CuCl2 CuSO4 MnCl2

9.5 i 9.8 J 28.05*

MnSO4

Fe

++

Fe + ++

Co

++

Ni++

MnS04.4H20.. Mn(NOa) 2 28.07* FeCl2 FeCl 2 .4H 2 O.... FeSO4 FeSO4.7H2O... 26.51 Fe(NH 4 )^ (SO4)2.6H2O. . 26.49 Fe2(SO4)3 Fe 2 (NH 4 ) 2 (SO4)4 CoCl2 CoSO4

25.06* 25.03*

CoSO4f 26.03* CoS04.7H20... Co(NH 4 ) 2 (SO4)2.6H2O. . Co(NOa) 2 25.02* 25.54* NiCl2 16.02*

(

4

Lit. (8,120)

9.18 (8,120)

}

+ 2 0 -+5OO 10.0 (51,56,118) -120 - + 7OO 9.96 (5i, se, l i s ) (21) -180 -+63O 27.04 (51,56, us) + 15 - + 575 28.45 (^ 2 ) + 9 -+27O 29.04 (i") + 280 -+55O 29.04 ("*) - 68.6-+ 28.529.04 («<) 21 ( ) -182 -+2OO 25.9 (5i, 56, us) -180 - + 2 O 26.0 (Si.ss.ns) -177 -+66O 26.08 (Si, 56, us) 0«) -173 - + 2 3 26.0 ( 5 i , 5 6 , i i 8 } ( 12S )

- 73 -+ 16 25.97 (44) -180 -+66O 29.00 (Si, 56, us) + 16 -+575 28.95 (H2)

-180 -+4OO ( 2 9 ) + 15.5- + 325 (29) + 1 5 - + 55O -196 -+ 16 ( 2 9 ) + 8 -+422 -209 -+ 17

29.0 (Si, 56, l i s ) 24.96 (^ 2 ) 25.OO (^ 2 ) 25.2 (57) 26.0 ( i o i ) 25.04 (57)

-196 -+ 17.524.75 (57) ( 29 » 44) (44) (13,25, _ 12 o -+36O 16.08 (Si, 56, us) 123)

+ 15 - + 125 + 150 - + 5OO NiSO4

16.06

( 2 5 , 1 2 3 ) _180

-196 Ni(NOs) 2

Cr+

+

Cr +++

V+ + + +

16.04 15.96*

18.72 § 18.77§ 18.89 18.99 ** **

16.03 (u2) 16.92 (112)

-+12O

17

-+

16.9 ( 5 7)

16

(51, 56, 1 I 8 )

(25,123) (21)

NiCl2 + NiSO4 + Ni(NOs) 2 J. 15.58* (123) CrCl2 23.72Ì 23.89/ ^ } CrSO 4 .7H 2 O... 23.98 (27) Cr2Os.7H2O. . . CrCl3 CrCl 3 .4H 2 O.... CrCl 3 -OH 2 O.... Cr 2 (SO 4 J 3 Cr(NOs) 3 U V2O2CUSH2Of VOSQ4.3eH2Q.

(41) («) (22) (22) / - 79 -+1OO

7.94 (88) 8.95 (88)

(15, 18, 74, 131, 132)ft

W ±OW OP

I La O

Ion+++ W + 5TF gP

I Ce H | Pr | 11.89 17.89 1.2 0.3 -1.1 -0.6

Nd | Nd§§ | Sa 18.00 18.05 7.64(?) 0.3 1 0.0 +0.3

* Weiss's law found to be valid, value of 0 was found and used in computation. t Anhydrous salt prepared by calcining CoSO4.7H2O. i Solvent is H2O + ^NH3. § Hydrolysis is very weak and value of W closely approaches 19.00 as hydrolysis is reduced by addition of HCl. Il Hydrolysis is very weak. If A viscous liquid. ** Erculisse finds the same moments (W — 8 and 9) when V++++ occurs in aqueous solutions (88). ft As Curie's law has been found to be valid for Gdu(SO4)s.8H2O (see p. 350), e has been assumed to be O for the sulfates. ôW = % uncertainty in W; 5P = % departure of W from nearest integer. ÎÎ Ce2(S04)3.5H20. §§ Oxide.

I

Er I Er§§~| Tm Yb | 46.98 47.09 35.85 21.74 0.3 1 0.1 0.2 -0.0 +0.2 -0.4 -1.2

Lu O

§§ Oxide.

(c) Energy Quantization Theories.—The most thoroughgoing of several investigations modifying Lange vin's theory (p. 350) by introducing energy quantization, are those of Reiche ( 9S ) and Rotzahn ( 98 ). The theory so developed for gases leads to relations which frequently accord with the data for solids more satisfactorily than do those of Weiss and others, especially at very low temperatures. It accounts for the 9 in Weiss's law and permits the computation of the value of x at O0K, but it is consistent with only that type of cryomagnetic anomaly in which d(x~ 1 )/d7 T decreases with T. For the equations and their derivation, see (67, 69).

TABLE 16.—REICHE-ROTZAHN THEORY AS APPLIED TO PARAMAGNETIC SOLIDS: ILLUSTRATIVE Xo = value of x at O0K; xobs., Xcaic. = observed ( 51 > 76 > 79), calculated from Reiche-Rotzahn theory by means of parameters derived from the observations. A = (xoba. — Xcaic.)/Xcaic; AOT = mean value of A; [A]m = mean of the absolute values of A (irrespective of sign); [M]A and [U]L = [M] of the gram-molecule, as derived from the Reiche-Rotzahn and the Langevin theory, respectively. Range of T = range over which the theory accords with observations. (xT)i[(xT)h\ = value of \T at the lowest [highest] temperature of the range. Values of [U]R are from ( 5 ); unit of x = IO"6; of Am and [A]m = 1%; of [M.ÌA and [/JL]L = 10~20; T = absolute temperature, 0K.

Solid MnSO4 MnSO4.4H20 T-164 -+ 19 19.07 (51, 56, lis) -167 -+ 18 18.87 (51, 56, us) FeSO4.7H20 +250 - + 55O 18.87(51,56,118) Fe2(SO4)3

Rare earths; salt of type R2(SO4)S-SH2O, except where noted Ion+++

Ion+++ W ±dW OP

TABLE 15.—(Continued) I Eu I Gd I Tb""" I Dy [ Dy §§ | Ho 17.92 40.07 47.92 52.25 52.00 52TOUT 0.1 0.2 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.2 -0.4 +0.2 -0.2 +0.5 0.0 0.0

Range of T \ ~(xT)i \ (xT)h \ Am 19.4-293.9 9 158 25 804 +0.50 14.4-288.7 17755 19141 -0.47 14.7-293.2 11113 12394 +-0.17 64.0-289.8 11 334 15 446 +-0.09

Solid I Range of T \ [Af» | Xo | Id* \ [M]L MnSO4 19.4-293.9 0.92 658 5.35 5.12 MnSO4.4H20 14.4-288.7 0 . 8 8 7 2 9 4 5.45 5.13 FeSO4.7H20 14.7-293.2 0.41 3365 4.90 4.82 Fe2(SO4)3 64.0-289.8 0.27 286 6.84 7.11 (d) Spatial Quantization Theories ( 87 » 103 > 1Q4).—The Zeeman spectroscopic effects suggest a spatial quantization of the axes of the elementary magnets. Pauli ( 87 ) introduced this assumption into Langevin's theory for gases (p. 350). As modified by Sommerfeld it gives XaT(^Ca) = ( W^l 1 J il+i 1 , where [M] and I

OA

) (

Ji

J

ji refer to the atom, and [M] = gjiMs (see p. 346). Hence VzRCa/NoMB( =2.83Vc0) = ^VjiC/r+Tyr Incertain cases, g and ji can be determined with considerable certainty from chemical and spectroscopic data. The most conspicuous success in verifying the formula by such means has been obtained by Hund with the triply ionized rare earths, Z = 57 to Z = 71 (see Table 17). Similar attempts with ions of elements from Z = 18 to Z = 29 have been only partially successful, probably because at ordinary temperatures the atoms are not all in the state of excitation assumed to characterize the gas. For attempts at correlation between atomic constitution and magnetic moments, Z = 18 to 29, see (20, 38, 53, 66, 104). For discussion of other theories of spatial quantization, see (73).

TABLE 17.—PAULI-SOMMERFELD THEORY AS APPLIED BY HUND TO THE RARE EARTHS ( 53 > 54 ) This theory requires that 2.83VC^ (=2.83\X;u^) shall equal 0VjiOi + 1), where g and j\ are numbers determined from spectroscopic and chemical data; gj\ = [/*]/[MQ]B = B. In the following it is supposed that the 4as and lower shells are completed, and that the 5i, 52, and 53 shells contain 2, 2, and 4 electrons, respectively. In columns (3), (4), and (5) are given the number of electrons in the shells 44, 443, and 444; in (6), the fundamental spectral term; in (9) Bc = W/5 for solid salt (Table 15); in (10), QVji(Ji + ÏTÏ computed value of 2.83\/XaT; in (11) and (12), values of 2.83\/xaT as determined by Cabrera ( 20 ) and Meyer ( 74 ). Columns (4), (5), and (9) are not given by Hund. 7ÏÏ Z 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71

(2) Ion*

La Ce Pr Nd Sa Eu§ Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu

(3) (4) (5) (6) 44 443 444 Sp. O O O ÎS 1 1 O 2F 2 2 O *H 3 3 O V 4 4 O U" 5 5 O «# 6 6 O ?F 7 6 1 «S 8 6 2 TF 9 6 3 *H 10 6 4 5/ 11 6 5 V 12 6 6 *H 13 6 7 *F 14 6 8 W

(7) (8) (9) (TO) j\ g Be comp. O i O 0.0Of I I 2.38 2.54 4 I 3.58 3.58 I A 3.60 3,62 4 Ì 2.68 I ? 1.53 0.84 O 8 3.58 0.0Ot ï 2 8.01 7.9 Q | 9.58 9.7 ¥ 3 10.4510.6 8 5 10.4 10.6 ¥ g 9.4 9.6 6 | 7.2 7.5 I ? 4.4 4.5 O g O O.OQf

(U) (12) obs. obs. O O 2.39 2.77Î 3.60 3.47 3.62 3.51

1.54(?) 1.32 3.61 3.12 8.2 8.1 9.6 9.0 10.5 10.6 10.5 10.4 9.5 9.4 7.2 7.5 4.4 4.6 Q O

* Elements are triply ionized, t Assumes g = O. Î Perhaps Pr ++++ . § Discrepancy may be due to Gd as an impurity, or a considerable fraction of tfye Eu ions may not be in fundamental state.

LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) O) Abraham, 8, 10: 105; 03. (2) Arnold and Elmen, 143, 195: 621; 23. (3) Barnett, 2, 6: 239; 15. 10: 7; 17. ( 4 ) Barnett, 2, 25: 835; 25. ( 5 ) Barnett, 8, 77: 98; 25. ( 6 ) Barnett, O, (7) Barnett and Barnett, 65, 60: 125; 25. ( 8 ) Bauer and Piccard, 51, 1: 97; 20. ( 9 ) Beck, 8, 60: 109; 19. ( 1 O) Bieler, 143, 203: 211; 27. (") Bloch, 6, 26: 5; 12. ( 1 ^) Bragg, 3, 40: 169; 20. (13) Brant, 2, 17: 678; 21. (U) Cabrera, 132, 16: 436; 18. ( 1S ) Cabrera, 4%, 16: 442; 18. O*) Cabrera, 51, 3: 443; 22. O 7) Cabrera, 132, 21: 505; 23. C 1 «) Cabrera, 132, 23: 151; 25. ( 19 ) Cabrera, 51, 6: 241; 25. (20) Cabrera, 51, 6: 273; 25. (21) Cabrera and Duperier, 51, 6: 121; 25. (22) Cabrera and Marquina, 132, 15: 199; 17. (23) Cabrera and Moles, 132, 10: 316, 394; 12. (24) Cabrera and Moles, 132, 12: 373; 14. (25) Cabrera, Moles and Guzman, 132, 12: 121; 14. (26) Cabrera, Moles and Marquina, 132, 13: 256; 15. (27) Cabrera and Pifla de Rubies, 132, 17: 149; 19. (28) Chalmers, 58, 92: 687; 14. (2») Chatillon, 34, 181: 778; 25. (30) Chattock and Bates, 62, 233: 257; 23. (*i) Cherbuliez, Thesis, Zürich, 1917. (32) Compton, 143, 192: 145; 21. (33) Compton and Rognley, 2,

16: 464; 20. (34) Compton and Trousdale,2, 5: 315; 15. ( 3S ) Crow, 69, 19 III: 63; 25. (36) Curie, 6, 5: 289; 95. (37) Debye, 63, 13: 97, 295; 12. (38) Dorfman, 96, 23: 286; 24. (39) Einstein, 88, 17: 203; 15. 18: 173; 16. (40) Einstein and de Haas, 88, 17: 152; 15. ( 41 ) Elias, 132, 16: 467; 18. ( 42 ) Fajans and Hertzfeld, 96, 2: 309; 20. (43) Feytis, 34, 153: 666; 11. ( 4 4 ) Foëx, 6, 16: 174; 21. (45) Gerlach, 8, 76: 163; 25. (46) Gerlach and CiIhers, 96, 26: 106; 24. (47) Gerlach and Stern, 8, 74: 673; 24. (48) Grimm, 7, 98: 353; 21. (4») Hector, 2, 24: 418; 24. (50) Hegg, 149, 29: 529; 10. 30: 15; 10. (*i) Honda and Ishiwara, 159, 4: 215; 15. (52) Hull, 2, 14: 540; 19. (53) Hund, 96, 34: 296; 25. Bl, p. 180. (54) Hund, 96, 33: 855; 25. Bl, p. 79. (S5) Ingersoll and De Vinney, 2t 26: 86; 25. (56) Ishiwara, 159, 3: 303; 14. ( 5 ?) Jackson, 62, 224: 1; 23. (58) Jackson and Onnes, 34, 177: 154; 23. ( 59 ) Jacobson, Thesis, Zurich, 1916. (6°) Jeans, Dynamical theory of gases, 2 ed., p. 341. Cambridge Univ. Press, 1916. ( 61 ) Joos, 96, 19: 347; 23. (62) JOos, 96, 32: 835; 25. («3) Kennard, 2, 19: 420; 22. (64) Kossel, 8, 49: 229; 16. (65) Langevin, 6, 5: 70; 05. ( 66 ) Laporte and Sommerfeld, 96, 40: 333; 26. (67) Leeuwen, Thesis, Leiden, 1919. 51, 2: 361; 21. (68) Leu, 96, 41: 551; 27. ( 69 ) Lewis, 286, 1: 231 ; 24. (70) Lewis, I1 46: 2027; 24. («) McKeehan, 143, 197: 583, 757; 24. (72) Marx, B88, p. 627. (73) Marx, B88, p. 668. (74) Meyer, 63, 26: 51; 25. (75) Onnes, 64P, 17: 283; 14. 168, No. 14Od. (76) Onnes and Oosterhuis, 64P, 15: 322, 965; 12. 168, Nos. 129b, 132e. (77) Onnes and Oosterhuis, 64P, 15: 1404; 13. 168, No. 134d. (78) Onnes and Oosterhuis, 64P, 16: 917; 14. 168, No. 139e. ( 79 ) Onnes and Perrier, 64P, 14: 115; 11. 168, No. 122a. (80) Oseen, 96, 32: 940; 25. (81) Oxley, 62, 214: 109; 14. (82) Pascal, 6, 19: 5; 10. (83) Pascal, 6, 25: 289; 12. (84) pascal, 34, 158: 37, 38; 14. (85) Pascal, 34, 158: 1895; 14. (86) pauli, QQ, 2: 201; 20. (87) pauli, 63, 21: 615; 20. (88) Perrakis, 34, 184: 1430; 27. ( 89 ) Perrier and Onnes, 64P, 16 : 901; 14. 168, No. 139e ( 9 O) Peschard, 34, 180: 1836;25. ( 91 ) Peschard, 34, 181: 99; 25. (»2) Phipps and Taylor, 2, 29: 309; 27. ( 9 3) Preuss, Thesis, Zurich, 1912. ( 9 4) Quartaroli, 36, 46: 371 ; 16. ( 9 S) Reiche, 8, 54:401 ; 17. ( 9 6) Richardson, 2,26 : 248; 08. ( 97 ) Richardson, Institut international de physique Solvay, 1921: 220; 1923. (98J Rotzahn, 8, 57: 81; 18. (") Schrodinger, 75, 121 Ha: 1305; 12. ( 1 OO) Schwendenwein, 96, 4: 73; 21. ( 1 Oi) Serres, 34, 181: 714; 25. ( 102 ) Sidgwick, 4, 123: 725; 23. ( 1 OS) Sommerfeld, 96, 19: 221; 23. O 04) Sommerfeld, Atombau und Spektrallinien. 4th ed., Chap. VIII. Braunschweig, Vieweg u. Sohn, 1924. ( 1 OS) Stewart, 2, 11: 100; 18. (106) Stoner, Magnetism and atomic structure. New York, Dutton, 1926. ( 1 OT) Stoner, 3, 3: 336; 27. ( 1 OS) Sucksmith, 5, 108: 638; 25. ( 109 ) Sucksmith and Bates, 5, 104: 499; 23. ( 110 ) Taylor, 2, 28: 576; 26. ( 111 J Taylor and Lewis, 197, 11: 456; 25. ( 1 ^) Théodoridès, 61,8:1; 22. ( 11 S) Tolman and Stewart, 2, 9: 164; 17. ( » i « ) Trümpier, Thesis, Zurich, 1917. ( 115 ) Uhlenbeck and Goudsmit, 68, 117: 264; 26. ("«) Weber, Werke, III: 555. Berlin, J. Springer, 1893. ("7) Weiss, 51, 6: 661; 07. ( 11 S) Weiss, 51, 1: 965; 11. ( 119 ) Weiss, 34, 156: 1674; 13. (120) Weiss, 61, 5: 129; 24. ( 121 ) Weiss, 34, 178: 739; 24. ( 12 2) Weiss and Beck, 51, 7: 249; 08. ( 12 S) Weiss and Bruins, 64P, 18: 246; 15. O 2 4) Weiss and Collet, 34, 178: 2146; 24. ( 12 S) Weiss and Frankamp, 64P, 18: 254; 15. (ï26) Weiss and Onnes, 64P, 12: 649; 10. 168, No. 114. ("7) WeIo, 58, 116: 359; 25. ( 128 ) WeIo and Baudisch, 58,116: 606; 25. ( 129 ) Westgren and Lindh, 7, 98: 181; 21. (130) Westgren and Phragmén, 7, 102: 1; 22. ( 1 Si) Williams, 2, 12: 158; 18. (132) Williams, 2, 14: 348; 19. ( 1 SS) Williams, Bull. Amer. Phys. Soc., 1: No. 5, p. 15; 25. ( 134 ) Wills and Hector, 2, 23: 209; 24. ( 1 SS) Wilson, 5, 97: 321 ; 20. O36) Woltjer and Onnes, 64P, 26: 626; 23. C 1 37) Wrede, 96, 41: 569; 27. ( 1 SS) Wyckoff, Structure of crystals, p. 403. New York, The Chemical Catalog Co., 1927. ( 13 S) Young, 3, 46: 291; 23.

PARAMAGNETIC AND DIAMAGNETIC DATA

K. HONDA, T. ISHIWARA, T. SONE AND M. YAMADA CONTENTS Volume susceptibility of gases Specific susceptibility. Elementary substances Pure inorganic compounds Pure organic compounds Crystals Miscellaneous substances Solutions Alloys and amalgams Atomic and atomic group susceptibilities

PAGE

354 t

354 356 361 364 364 364 365 365

The volume susceptibility (K), the specific susceptibility (x), the magnetic field intensity (H), the magnetic induction (B), and the density (d) of the material are related as indicated by the equations: B — (1 + ^TTK)H, x — K/d. In the following tables, the older measurements based upon K for water have, so far as possible, been reduced to the basis of K = —0.720 X 10~6 for water at 2O0C, which is the value now accepted for such work. The older measurements assumed K = —0.75 X 10~6 or —0.79 X 10~6. When not otherwise specified, room temperature is to be understood. TABLE 1.—VOLUME SUSCEPTIBILITY (K) OF GASES Temperature = 2O0C and pressure = IAn except as noted; M = mean value; unit of K = 10~9 cgsm I K I Lit, u I K I Lit. A -0.75 I (* 7 ) O +142 M H -0.165 M +140 (20) -0.166 (10°) +139 (i°°) -0.164 (125) _f_144 (3) He -0.078 ( 47 ) +145 (126) N -0.40 M Air* +29.0 M -0.31 (ioo) + 29.4 (20) -0.49 ( 47 ) + 28.7 (i°°) Ne -0.28 ( 47 ) + 29.4 (86,122) + 28.8 (IQ) * For x, see Table 6.

TABLE 2.—SPECIFIC SUSCEPTIBILITY (x): ELEMENTARY SUBSTANCES g = gas at 1 atmosphere, Z = liquid, s = solid, t = centigrade temperature, M = mean value; temperatures connected by } indicate the range over which \ bas been found to have the value stated; unit of x = 10~6 cgsm.

18

-}2}-o.3i (5i, 7a) 18 ~llll

-°' 15

<51'79)

S

-O-™

(«)

18

-

1

A* x 20 -0.450 Ag 18 -0.20 - 170 -0.16 - 140 -0.17 - 80 -0.18 - 40 -0.19 18 -0.20 23 -0.20 270 -0.23 840 -0.24 945 -0.26 * See Table 1.

Lit. ( 47 ) M ( 79 )

Ag.—(Continued) x Lit.

1

18

-0.29Z Al 0.63

(51)

18 230

0.65 0.64

Sl

«•"

S]

°-CT

(51)

<">

500 850 1150

M

(»)

(51)

1

" U

Be - 170 -0.75 20 -1.0 300 -1.2 Bi 18 -1.35 - 259 -1.55 18 -1.27 - 160 -1.63 - 100 -1.52 - 60 -1.44 20 -1.40 18 -1.38 150 -1.19 260 -1.02

S}-°-°« -

M ( 78 )

( )

™ Cd -0.18

^

K} -»-

(51)

( 79 )

- 170 - 150 - 100 18 100 200

(51)

-

(51) M

°

-0.40*

( 79 )

^

-0.4OZ

( 79 )

16 18

-0.39Z -0.38Z

(»l) (51)

C

-

1

U } -0.49*

20 200 400 900 1200 * Diamond,

-0.49* -0.50* -0.51* -0.54* -0.56*

M 79

M (S1>79)

Ce 1

Br -0.39Z

17

(")

1.65

18 170 i 300 }-°-18 400 -0.16

( 79 )

(S1)

-1.8J -1.61 I-1-5Ì Ca

" 1I^ 18 }| 1.10 JI Cb 18 1.5

- 1 S ) I " <">

M

- S) «•- <">

-0.71 -0.73 -0.76

i"} -2-°*

450

,£}-•» "" 1125

l

5} -•»

18

t

B -0.69

S ) -0.66

18 100 230

A-Table t

TABLE 2.—(Continued) C.—(Continued) x Lit. t x Lit. -0.31 M - 170 -6.Of (79) 20 -3.5f 300 -2.7f 600 -2.Of Au 900 -1.4f -0.15 M 1000 -1.31 As

(7*) (51)

t Ceylon graphite.

60 18

38 35 26 15 12 11 Cl |-0.57Z Cr 3.6

(79)

|(8i) M

- 1 Is) ™

C")

3.7 3.8 4.0 4.2

(Si)

18 500 850 1100

-'™}|-oS.o m 18

Cu -0.086

M

" 1^

-0.085

(79)

•10

ioo

-°-086 ^

500

-0.075

S} -»•"» J Gas carbon.

TABLE 2.—(Continued) Er

t

x 18

iS}- 0 - 0 «

S2S } -»•'»

20 18

-0.30* (79) -0.39Z H* -1.970 M -1.980 (100) -1.96g (125) -2.71 (78) He* 1-0.470 |(47) Hg -0.19J M

I 1JJ } -0.155, -

-

-0.15s (79)

fs

-0.182 (79)

™

-0.18«

~ 3 S -°-

m } -°25 50

35

Ul ) -0.35/

In 20

1

18

1-0.11 Ir l 0.14

13

|(5i) M

- S) 0.15 °- (Si) <"> 18 200 450 850 1150

0.17 0.20 0.26 0.31

190

°- 52 <

(S1)

650

°'55

< S1 >

?oo

°-55<

(51)

18 18

Mn I 9.9 9.7

iS} 10-°

M (55)

(53)

Mo

mo} °-04 ^

N* -0.3420 M -0.2650 (100) -0.4190 (47)

20 20 20

Na O.61

18 "

-

1

JJ |

0.51

M (51,79)

18

Nd | 36

20

Ne* 1-0.330 1(47)

20 259 252 240 240 230 219 219 213 203 196 20 20 20 20 18

0*f 106.20 54si 56si 60si 11Ss2 115s2 113s2 31OJ 295Z 273Z 26OZ 104.70 104.10 107.70 108.20 Os O.06

~iîo2} °-°5

* See Table 1. t Two modifications Oi, S2) of solid O.

t 20

| (79)

M (78)

~ ^4 } -0.90*

(7 ) (78)

(20) (100) (3) (126) M

(51 79)

'

Lit. M

( 20 )

120 } -°-9°'

(51)

4.K

t 18

(51,79)

-0.67t

20

m

< S1)

SS -°- ^ 18 - 258 - 253 - 196 - 103 - 61 - 23 18 - 170 - 100 - 60 O 18 18 200 470 750 940 1230

Pd 5.4 M 10.9 (77) 9.9 8.1 6.9 6.0 5.8 5.3 6.7 (79) 6.2 5.8 5.4 5.2 5.8 (51) 4.6 3.4 2.6 2.2 1.7

Pr - 170 90 - 100 53 20 25 200 14 400 11 600 8 >

970 J

7l

' 1 S) °-°8 < 79 >

" J™

-0.49t

(51,79)

220

-0.49Z

(51,79)

18

Sb -0.87

M

i -i o

~ 1Is

~°'82

(79)

80 150 300 550

-°'92 -0.89 -0.77 -0.55

< 51)

10

(79)

SS } - < > • « < Se 18 -0.32

(79) ( }

<") M

(51 79) " 219 -°'32 ' 219 250 -0.32? (5l) Si 18 -0.13 M

Pt 18 1.10 M - 170 1.31 (79) - 140 1.24 - 100 1.20 - 60 1.17 - 20 1.13 18 1.10 18 1.10 (5l) 250 0.66 450 0.56 700 0.45 960 0.37 1220 0.30 * White, t Red. t Rhombic.

Lit. M

0.09 (53) Rh 18 1.11 M - 180 0.90 (79) - 100 1.02 - 40 1.05 18 1.08 18 1.14 (5l) 280 1.31 500 1.46 730 1.52 915 1.74 1140 1.86 Ru 18 0.50 M - 170 0.55 (79) - 100 0.50 - 40 0.46 18 0.43 18 0.56 (5l) 650 0.64 750 0.65 1000 0.70 1100 0.75 S 18 -0.49Î M

Pb -0.12 M -0.14 (79) -0.13 -0.12

-°-12

x 0.09

18

"i

18 - 170 - 80 18

900

8

Rb

x -0.90*

330

Mg

is

<«•>

(20)

0.52 (51,79)

(")

-0.35 (51) -0.37

11 q )

JjJ

M

-1S)]O.*

(«o)

95 -0.38 113 -0.39 113 -0.39Z (5l) 140 -0.35Z 160 -0.33Z

0.52

(")

l93Z (51)

I 18 -0.36 M - 160 -0.30 (79) - 100 -0.32 - 60 -0.33 O -0.35 20 -0.36

Lit.

- 1 I 8 1 J "-

(«o)

80

x

18 1

~

(79)

Ge - 170 -0.30 (79) 18 -0.12

20 20 20

t

Lit. (53)

22 Ga - 170 -0.26 ( 7 9 ) 18 -0.24 30 -0.23

900 1000

p

K

~iio2} -°-13 (51'79> 18 18

Sn 0.026 M 0.02 (79)

230 } °-°27 (51) 18 -0.35§ (5l)

™} -°-036' §Gray.

TABLE 2.—-(Continued)


Sr

t -

x

1

S } -0.2

18 - 170 - 100 - 40 20 18 150

Ta 0.87 0.83 0.82 0.81 0.93 0.91 0.88 0.86 0.77 Te -0.31 -0.46 -0.40 -0.36 -0.33 -0.32 -0.30 -0.32 -0.32 -0.31 -0.31 -0.071Z -0.046Z Th 0.13 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.17 0.23

- 170 - 140 - 110

Ti 1.6 1.4 1.3

18 - 170 - 80 18 18 130 420 540 820 -

18 160 100 60 20 O 18 18 130 350 436 470 525

Lit.

z}

291

-°^

^

SS

-0.171

Ci)

t

(73)

M (79)

(51)

18 18

M (79)

U I 2.6 V 1.4

1

S

-

1.2

350 750 1100 (51)

1&

(51)

°-33

iioo

Yt - 160 16.8 - 100 11.3 20 5.3

M (79)

200 1 400 J

M

(T.)

(51)

(79)

2 88 2

18

' Zn -0.157

"Î50

-°'157

(51 ?9)

60Ü

-°-°9' Zr -0.45

(51)

0 45

(51 79)

(51)

(79)

18

»•»

|(79)

I'« <"> 1.6 1.8 W 0.28 M 0.22 (79)

18 " *™

iz] «•»

-

18 18 28 115 220

Tl* x Lit. -0.24 M -0.23« (79) -0.25« (51) -0.24« -0.23«

"S}- '

M '

M

'

* Two modifications (a, 0) of Tl.

TABLE 3.—SPECIFIC

SUSCEPTIBILITY (x): PURE INORGANIC COMPOUNDS t — centigrade temperature; 0 = gas at 1 atmosphere; I — liquid; s = solid; Aq = determined from measurements of aqueous solutions, assuming the simple additivity relation is applicable to X. St. Meyer's original data (?3) assume for Hg, at 180C, x = -0.151 X 10~6; for this table they have been multiplied by 19/15; unit of x — 10~6 cgsm. A-Table, Standard Arrangement; v. Vol. Ill, p. viii Formula | t j x Ì Ei^ H20 20 - 0.720Z M (21, 55, 89, 98, 122,

125)

HCl SO2 SO3

-120 to O 22 16

- 0.699s -0.661 - 0.285Z - 0.289

(55) (32) (82) (82)

Formula

I

H2SO4 H2SeO3 TeO2 H2TeO3 H2TeO4 NO NO 2 N2O N2O3 N2O4 N2O5 NH3 HNO3 NH2HSO3 P2O5 (NH 4 )H 2 PO 4 As2O3 As2S3 Sb2O3 SbF3 SbCl3 SbCl5 SbBr3 Bi2O3 HBiO2 BiCl3 BiBr3 BiI3 Bi2S3 Bi2Se3 Bi(NO3)3.5H2O CO2 CS2 Bi 2 (COg) 3 SiO2 (cf. p. 341) SiO(OH)2 Si(OH)4 Si2O(OH)6 SiCl4. SiCl3.SiCl3 SiHCl3 SiBr4 Si(OC2H5), Si2O(OC2H5)6 SiC2H5Cl3 TiO2 Ti3O0 TiS2 Ti2S3 ZrO2 SnO SnO2 Sn2O3 SnO(OH)2 Sn(OH)4 SnCl2 SnCl4 SnBr4 SnSO4 Sn(CHg)4 Sn(C2H5), Sn(C4H9),

t 22 18 18 15 18 -22 135 12 16 18 - 16 16 16 22 18 18 18 14

; 15 20

20

15 17 15 16 18 18

\

x

- 0.441 - 0.36 - 0.14 - 0.24 - 0.43 48.660 3.260 - 0.429/ - 0.4290 - 0.206« - 0.276s - 0.332s - 1.10 - 0.467 - 0.441 - 0.46 - 0.50 - 0.27 - 0.03 - 0.19 - 0.255 - 0.364 - 0.371 - 0.275 - 0.170 - 0.22 - 0.322 - 0.328 - 0.49 - 0.385 - 0.342 - 0.365 - 0.4230 - 0.54 - 0.16 - 0.493 - 0.427 - 0.443 - 0.429 - 0.537 - 0.513 - 0.515 - 0.360 - 0.663 - 0.635 - 0.593 0.066 8.1 0.56 0.91 - 0.112 - 0.11 - 0.050 - 0.33 - 0.278 - 0.321 - 0.37 - 0.442 - 0.354 - 0.29 - 0.218 - 0.138 - 0.085

I Lit. (32) (73) (73) (73) (73) (10°) (100) (io°) (ioo) (ioo) (ioo) (ioo) («I) (32) (84) (73) (71) (73) (73) (73) (84) (82) (82) (82) (32) (73) (44) (44) (73) (44) (44) (44) (ioo) (71) (73) (83) (83) (83) (83) (82) (82) (82) (82) (83) (83) (82) (US) (US) (US) (us) (73) (73) (73) (73) (84) (84) (73) (81) (81) (73) (82) (82) (82)

TABLE 3.—(Continued) Formula SnO(OH)(CH3) PbO Pb3O4 PbF2.... PbCl 2 ... PbBr2 PbI2 Pb(NO3), Th(NOs) 4 InCl3 In2S3 TlCl TlCl3 Tl2SO4 TlNO3 ZnO Zn(OH)2 ZnCl2 ZnBr2 ZnSO4.7H2O CdO CdCl2 CdBr2 CdI2 HgO HgCl HgCl2 HgBr2 HgI2 HgS Hg(CH3), Hg(C2Ho)2 Hg(C4H9), Hg(C 6 Hn) 2 CuO Cu20 Cu(OH)2.CuO CuCl2 CuCl2.2H20 CuBr2

CuS Cu2S CuSO4 CuSO4.H20 CuSO4.5H20 Cu2Se Cu(NO3)2.6H20 CuCl2.2NH4Cl CuCl2.2NH4C1.2H2O Cu3P2 Cu(CH3CO2)2.H20 AgCl AgBr Agi AuCl3 PtCl2 PtCl4 (NH4)2PtCl6

|

t 18 18 16 15 20 19

18 20 20 20 20 20 22 19 15 18 18 18 16 19 17 15 17 16

-159 19 503 17 -177 - 99 31 282 17 18

17 17 17 18 17 19 19 21 15 22

|

x - 0.324 - 0.13 - 0.24 - 0.24 - 0.32 - 0.28 - 0.33 - 0.248 - 0.14 - 0.39 - 0.19 - 0.19 - 0.23 - 0.25 - 0.20 - 0.362 - 0.487 - 0.47Aq - 0.40 - 0.48 - 0.30 - 0.32 - 0.38 - 0.32 - 0.24 - 0.23 - 0.19 - 0.30 - 0.33 - 0.23 -46 -40.8 -36.1 -35.4 3.8 1.2 5.0 19.50 9.10 3.82 8.35 2.88 3.30 3.10 2.25 - 0.20 - 0.18 8.6 8.6 5.9 - 0.19 5.50 5.23 4.95 - 0.23 3.27 - 0.35 - 0.33 - 0.37 0.43 - 0.024 0.0Aq - 0.42

| Lit. (84) (73) (73) (73) (73) (73) (73) (112) (73) (73) (73) (73) (73) (73) (73) (32) (127) (62) (73) (71) (73) (73) (73) (73) (73) (73) (73) (73) (73) (73) (83) (83) (83 (83) (127) (127) (127) (SS) (SS) (55) (36) (55) (55) (55) (SS) (73) (73) (36) (36) (36) (73) (32) (36) (36) (73) (32) (73) (73) (73) (73) (73) (62) (36)

Formula MnO MnO2 Mn2O8

Mn3O4

Mn(OH) 2 MnF2 MnCl2 MnBr2 MnI2 MnS MnSO4

|

t -189 21 419 -186 21 503 -184 21 388 928 -175 20 497 1081 18 -179 24 556 18 18 10 -178 24 747

Mn 5 N 2 Mn(NO3)2.6H20 MnSO 4 .(NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 .6H 2 O... -258.26 -252.76 -195.74 -104.0 16.6 MnPO4 Fe2O3 18 Fe(OH)3 FeF3.3H2O -162 17 99 FeCl2 -182 17 473 FeCl2.4H2O -181 19 65 FeCl3 -174 20 135 FeBr3 18 FeI2 18 FeSO4 -258.7 -253.0 -195.8 -103.5 17.1 19 642 FeS04.7H20 -259.17 -252.77 -195.65 16.5 Fe2(S04)8 -177 23 658

\

x | Lit. 8 Ü T 9 ( 5 3 ) 75.9 (53) 51.8 (53) 75.9 (53) 38.4 (53) 22.7 (53) 150.0 (53) 69.0 (53) 42.9 (53) 29.5 (53) 126.0 (53) 55.8 (53) 34.9 (53) 25.6 (53) 49 ( 9 2) 155Aq (65) 393 (55) 107.0 (55) 35.8 (55) 68Aq (65) 47 (65) 44.32 ("6) 261.0 (53) 88.5 (53) 30.0 (53) 15 000 (5S) 45.5 (32) 756 (57) 547 (57) 141.4 (57) 65.6 (57) 37.8 (57) 69Aq (H7) 20.6 (53) 157 C73) 55.0 («) 47.3 (55) 42.8 (55) 449 ( 5 S) 101.2 (55) 36.8 (55) 210.0 (5S) 60.1 (55) 52.3 (55) 252.0 ( 5 S) 86.2 (55) 60.9 (55) 48Aq ( 6 5) 40Aq ( 6S ) 335 ( 5 7) 402 (57) 200.4 (57) 107.2 (57) 67.6 (57) 74.2 (55) 24.0 (55) 757 ( 5 7) 555 ( 5 7) 154.5 ( 5 7) 41.5 (57) 133.2 (55) 57.3 (55) 20.9 (55)

TABLE 3.—(Continued) Formula Fe(NO3)3.6H2O FeF3-NH4F FeF3.2NH4F.H20 FeCl3.2NH4Cl.H2O

\

t

-199 -100 16 FeSO4. (NH 4 )2SO4 18 FeSO4. (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 .6H 2 O.... -258.6 -252.8 -196.0 17.2 Fe2(S04)3.(NH4)2S04 -178 28 410 Fe2(S04)3.(NH4)2S04.24H2O -258.4 -253 -196 17 Fe(CO)6 19 Cu[Fe(CN) 6NO] Cu[Fe(CN)6NO].2H20 CoO Co2O3 Co3O4 CoF2 18 CoCl2 -180 25 628 CoBr2 CoI2 18 CoSO4 -258.33 -252.65 -195.83 -103.33 16.6 22 707 CoSO4.H20 CoS04.7H20 -258.34 -252.7 -195.62 -103.6 19.9 CoH2(SO4)2.6H20 Co(N03)2.6H20 [Co(NH 3 ) 5 H 2 O](NO 3 ) 3 .H 2 O [(Co(NH 3 ) 6 ) 2 0](N0 3 ) 4 .2H2O [Co(NHs)4Cl2]Cl [Co(NHs)6Cl]Cl2 [Co(NH3)6]Cl3 [Co(NHs)6H2O]Cl3 [Co(NHg) 6 ]I 3 CoSO4. (NH 4 ) 2 S0 4 19 CoSO4. (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 .6H 2 O.... -258.32 -252.8 -195.82 27.7 [Co(NH3)5HSO4]2SO4 [Co(NH 3 ) 6 ] 2 (SO 4 ) 3 .5H 2 O... Co[CH(COCH3)2]2

\

x sITs 66.1 73 132.7 74.3 47.3 43Aq 547 413 121.6 32.6 151.9 50.5 23.0

\ Lit. (32) (36) (36) (55) (55) (55) (65) (57) (57) (57) (57) (55) (55) (55)

598 432 114.7 30.4 - 0.40 5.73 4.57 74.5 34.3 39 to 43.6 103Aq 403.0 90.5 26.5 46.8Aq 32Aq 462 379 169.7 97.0 62.2 59.6 18.8 53.6 535.9 403.0 126.5 61.6 37.0 64 33.1 0.112

(77) (77) (77) (77) («o) (45) (45) (127) (127) («7) (65) (55) (55) (55) .(33) (65) (57) (57) (57) (57) (57) (55) (55) (36) (57) (57) (57) (57) (57) (34) (32) (36)

-

0.092 0.022 0.295 0.38 0.306 0.10 37Aq 322 241 78.4 24,6 - 1.33 - 0.315 30.2

(36) (36) (36) (36) (36) (36) (93) (57) (57) (57) (57) (36) (36) (36)

Formula Co(C6H7O2)3 [Co(NH 3 ) 6 H 2 0] 2 (C 2 0 4 ) 3 .... CoSO4.CuSO4.6H20 NiO Ni(OH) 2 NiF2 NiCl2 NiBr2 NiSO4

NiSO4.H20 NiS04.6H20 NiS04.7H20

1

* -134 - 20 28

18 -163 24 847 18 -258.4 -252.77 -195.7 -103.9 15.9 24 343 763

-258.5 -252.77 -195.81 -103.5 19.1 NiSO 4 .(NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 .6H 2 O.... -258.6 -252.8 -195.95 -103.6 13.4 Ni(NO 3 ) 2 .6H 2 O. Ni(CO) 4 19 CrO3 17 142 Cr2O3 -186 - 64 18 117 797 1335 Cr2O3.4H2O -183 - 88 16 Cr2O3.7H2O -164 - 68 19 Cr(OH) 2 H2CrO4 17 Cr 2 (OH) 6 .H 2 0 CrCl2 CrCl3 -168 19 806 Cr2OCl4 (violet) (green) CrS 20 Cr2S3 18 Cr3S4 16 CrSO4 Cr2O(SO4)2 (violet) (green) Cr2(S04)3 -180

1

X 1.157 0.644 0.569 - 0.218 26 53.7 48.3 44Aq 265.7 44.7 10.0 19Aq 80.6 81.7 62.8 39.9 26.7 27.1 15.0 10.2 24.1 15.6 294.0 222.0 77.3 34.8 16.0 207.5 150.4 39.5 18.93 10.68 13.6 - 0.481 0.51 0.51 20.1 22.2 25.5 25.6 16.4 12.6 110.5 61.4 41.1 93.5 54.9 40.0 48.5Aq 0.70 45.5 84Aq 176.5 44.3 10.3 46Aq 43Aq 28.4 23.3 33.3 66Aq 38Aq 36Aq 97.0

I Lit. (55) (55) (55) (36) (34) (127) (127) (65) ( 5S ) (55) (55) (65) (57) (57) (57) (57) (57) (55) (55) (55) (36) (36) (57) (57) (57) (57) (57) (57) (57) (57) (57) (57) (32) («O) (53) (53) (53) (53) (53) (53) (53) (53) (55) (55) (55) (55) (55) (55) (92) (73) (127) ("7) (52) (52) (52) (15) (15) ("6) ("6) ("6) (15) (is) (15) (55)

TABLE 3.—(Continued) Formula | t Cr2(SO4)S.-(Continued). . . 2 1 650 Cr2(S04)3.9H20 17 Cr(NO3)3.9H20 [Cr(NH3^C2O4][Cr(NH3)2.(C204)2].3H20.... [Cr(NH3)6][Cr(C204)3].3H20 [Cr(NH,),][Co(C,04)i].3H2O [Cr(C2O4)S][Co(NHs)6].3H20 MoO2 20 MoO3 20 Mo2O3 16 Mo3O8 16 H2MoO4 14 MoS3 16 WO3 15 H 2 WO 4 18 UO2 17 UO3 16 U3O8 15 UCl4 19 UO 2 (NOs) 2 15 VO 15 VO2 13 V2O3 15 V2O5 15 VS 16 V2S3 16 V2S5 15 NH 4 VO 3 15 Cb2O5 20 H4Ta4O7 20 B2O3 14 H3BO3 BN 15 Al2O3 A12O3.2H2O AlCl3 19 AlBr3 19 A12(SO4)3 . 18 Sc2O3 Sc2(SO4)3 Sc(NO3)3 21 Sc 2 (C 2 O 4 ) 3 Y2O3 22 YCl3 17 Y 2 (SO 4 ) 3 Y2(CO3)3.3H20 20 La2O3 24 LaCl3 15 La2(SO4)3 La(NO 3 )s.2NH 4 NO 3 15 CeO2 CeCl3 19 CeBr3 18 Ce2(SO4)S Ce(NO3)3.2NH4NO3 16 Ce(CO3)2 20 Ce2(COs)3 15 Pr2O3

\

x 297ö 9.7 23.2 13.75

(Lit. (55) (55) (55) (32)

24.4

(36)

24.4

(36)

15.5

(36)

11.65 0.33 0.88 - 0.35 0.30 - 0.015 - 0.33 0.81 - 1.1 7.5 1.08 0.95 - 0.40 - 0.44 50.1 3.73 13.9 0.85 7.22 8.95 12.6 - 0.12 - 0.10 0.29 - 0.55 - 0.52 0.0 - 0.098 - 0.337 - 0.60 - 0.32 - 0.48 - 0.018 - 0.33 0.0 - 0.25 0.53 20 - 0.24 9.2 -0.40 5.6 - 0.30 - 0.29 0.39 6.1 6.0Aq 7.8 4.2 3.4 9.0 15.6

(36) (ne) (ne) (73) (ne) (73) (73) (ne) (73) (ne) (ne) (ne) (73) (73) (ne) (ne) (u 6 ) (ne) (ne) (ne) (116) (73) (73) (73) (73) (7l) (73) (127) (127) (73) (73) (73) (7l) (114) (73) (7l) (124) (73) (114) (73) (124) (73) (114) (73) (7l) (73) (27) (114) (73) (73) (73) (76)

Formula Pr4O7 PrCl3 Pr2(SO4)S Neodymium oxide

|

\

23 179 283

Nd2O3 Nd2(S04)3 Nd(N0 3 ) 3 .2NH 4 N0 3 Nd(N0 3 ) 3 .2NH 4 N0 3 .4H 2 0. Nd 2 (C 2 0 4 ) 3 Sa2O3 SaSO4 SaSO4.8H20 Gd2O3

18 18 22 102 270

20 180 280 18

GdCl3 Gd2(SO4), Gd2(SO4)3.8H2O

-259.2 -256.1 -252.8 17

Gd 2 (C 2 O 4 ) 3 Gd(C2H5SO4)3.9H2O

-258.5 -253 -104 18 -259 -253 -103 16 180 300

Dy2O3

Ho2O3 HoCl3 Ho(NOa) 3 Er2O3 ErCl3 Er 2 (SO 4 ), Er 2 (C 2 O 4 ) 3 Yb2O3 YbCl3 HfO 2 BeO Be(OH) 2 BeCl2 BeSO4 BeSO4.4H20 BeCO3.2BeO MgO MgCl2 MgCl2.6H20 MgBr2 MgSO4 MgSO4.7H2O MgCO3 MgCO3.3H2O Mg(C 2 H 5 S0 2 ) 2 .2H 2 0

t 15 19

20 180 280 18

16 .. 17 18 17 15 17 18 18 20

]

x Ï6 17 13.7 29.3 19.8 16.6 30.3 18.3 11 8.7 14.7 6.02 5.93 5.98 3.43 2.6 130.1 85.5 67.8 91 92.6 1468 1229 1039 72.9 25 699 154 59.1 34.3 2334 1915 375 229 153.9 122.6 243 172 123.6 189.1 124.4 102.2 114Aq 118 94 38 25Aq - 0.110 0.0 - 0.537 - 0.60 - 0.46 -0.51 -0.34 -0.25 - 0.58 -0.57 - 0.57 - 0.45Aq -0.551 - 0.51 - 0.525 - 0.525

\

^t. (73) (73) (76) (124) (124) (124) (114) (114) (73) (73) (76) (124) (124) (124) (36) (36) (124) (124) (124) (27) (36) (7») (78) (78) (78) (128) ( 58 ) (58) (58) (58) (77) (77) (77) (77) (124) (124) (129) (129) (129) (124) (124) (124) (27) (US) (US) (73) (27) (73) (73) (84) (73) (73) ( 7 3) (73) (73) (73) (73) (73) (i°3) (84) (73) (84) (84)

TABLE 3..—(Continued) Formula CaO Ca(OH)2 CaF2 CaCl2 CaCl2.6H20 CaSO4 CaSO4-H2O CaCO3 SrO SrF2 SrCl2 SrBr 2 .... SrI2 SrSO4 SrCO3 BaO Ba(OH)2 Ba(OH)2.8H2O BaF2 BaCl2 BaCl2.2H2O BaBr2 BaBr2.2H2O BaI2 BaI2.2H20 BaS BaSO4 BaS2O6.2H2O Ba(N03)2 Ba3(AsOs)2 BaCO3 Ba(MnO 4 ), Li20 LiCl Li2SO4 Li2SO4.H20 LiNO3 Li2CO3 NaOH NaF NaCl.

NaBr NaI.2H2O Na2SO3.7H2O Na2SO4.10H2O Na2S2O3 NaNO3 NaH2PO2 Na2HPO3 Na2HPO4 AsO(ONa)3.12H2O Na2CO3 Na2CO3JOH20 NaHCO3 NaC2H3O2.3H2O CHsAsO(ONa)2.H2O SnO(ONa)2.3H2O

|

t \ Ï 6 16 17 17

20 20 19 19 20 18

22 19 18

20 15 17 19 17 21 -150 18 362 933 18

17 17

x - 0.27 - 0.39 - 0.360 - 0.49 - 0.54 - 0.364 - 0.384 - 0.382 - 0.060 - 0.296 - 0.56 - 0.39 - 0.44 - 0.315 - 0.316 - 0.13 -0.32 - 0.497 - 0.291 - 0.41 - 0.368 - 0.39 - 0.371 -0.39Aq - 0.38 - 0.32 - 0.306 - 0.359 - 0.254 - 0.280 - 0.298 10.1 - 0.57 - 0.573 -0.38 - 0.43 - 0.48 - 0.413 -0.59 - 0.51 - 0.501 - 0.499 - 0.499 - 0.508 - 0.47 - 0.402 - 0.462 - 0.86 - 0.391 - 0.28 - 0.381 - 0.451 - 0.399 - 0.566 - 0.24 - 0.58 - 0.21 -0.50 - 0.529 - 0,370

\ Lit. (73) (73) (84) (73) (73) (84) (84) (84) (73) (84) (73) (73) (73) (84) (84) (73) (73) (83) (83) (73) (32) (73) (32) (62) (73) (73) (84) (84) (84) (84) (84) (H6) (73) (83) (73) (73) (73) (83) (73) (73) (55) (55) (55) (55) (73) (32) (84) (7l) (84) (71) (84) (84) (84) (84) (73) (73) (7l) (7l) (84) (84)

Formula | t \ NaCLCuCl2 17 Na2B4O7-IOH2O KOH 22 KHF2 KCl KClO3 KBr... KI K2SO4 K2S2O8 K2S4O6 KNO3 (KS03)2NOH K2CO3 (COOK)2.H20 [CH(OH)COOK]2.0.5H20.. KCNO K2H(C3N3O3)JI2O SO3KCH(NH2)SO3H KCLCuCl2 17 2KCLCuCl2 17 2KCLCuCl2.2H20 17 K2PtCl4 K2PtCl6 K 2 Pt(C 2 O 4 ) 2 .2H 2 O KMnO 4 .... -170 21 95 162 K 3 Fe(CN) 6 -148 - 70 21 K4Fe(CN)6.3H2O K2SO4.CoSO4.6H2O -258.36 -252.68 -195.73 -103.8 17.9 K2Cr2O7 K 2 SO 4 -Cr 2 (SO 4 ) 3 .24H 2 O.... K2S04.A12(S04)3 17 - 84 -159.7 K 2 SO 4 .A1 2 (S0 4 ) 3 .24H 2 0.... RbCl Rb2SO4 RbNO 3 Rb2CO3 Rb2SO4.CoSO4.6H2O -258.44 -252.77 -195.67 -103.65 14.9 CsCl Cs2SO4 CsNO3 Cs2CO3 Cs2SO4.Al2(SO4)3 15 Cs2S04.Al2(S04)3.24H2Q.... 14

x ëTis - 0.59 - 0.33Aq - 0.428 - 0.516 - 0.30 - 0.377 - 0.422 - 0.403 - 0.371 - 0.412 - 0.326 - 0.401 - 0.488 - 0.77 - 1.10 - 0.465 - 0.488 -0.424 6.03 4.28 4.30 - 0.356 - 0.393 - 0.31 0.179 0.175 0.175 0.184 14.43 9.96 7.08 - 0.420 321 243.5 75.1 38.7 23.4 0.129 11.5 - 0.470 - 0.476 - 0.480 - 0.579 - 0.327 - 0.331 - 0.281 - 0.321 268.0 201.0 64.6 34.1 21.0 - 0.363 - 0.322 - 0.412 - 0.320 -0.51 -0.49

\ Lit. (36) (7l) (62) (32) (83) (7l) (32) (32) (83) (84) (84) (83) (84) (32) (7l) (7l) (85) (85) (84) (36) (36) (36) (36) (36) (36) (55) (55) (55) (55) (55) (55) (55) (80) (57) (57) (57) (57) (57) (32) (32) (55) (55) (55) ("2) (83) (83) (83) (83) (57) (57) (57) (57) (57) (83) (83) (83) (83) (73) (73)

TABLE 4.—SPECIFIC SUSCEPTIBILITY (x): PUEE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS Centigrade temperature; where unindicated, room temperature is to be understood; unit of x = 10~6 cgsm (T-Table, C-Arrangement; v. Vol. Ill, p. viii Formula CBr4 CCl3NO2 CCl4 CI4 CN4O8 CHBr3 CHCl3 CH2Br2 CH2Cl2 CH2I2 CH2O CH2O2 CH3Br CH3Cl CH3I CH3NO CH4 CH4N2O CH4O CH6N C2Br2Cl4 C2Br2I2 C2Br4 C2Br6 C2Cl4 C2Cl6 C2I4 C2N2 C2HCl3O C2HCl5 C3H2BrFO2 C2H2Br2 C2H2Br2Cl2 C2H2Br2F2 O2H2Br4 C2H2Cl2 C2H2Cl4 C2H3Br2F C2H3F2NO C2H4 C2H4Br2 C2H4Cl2 C2H4Cl2 C2H4F2O C2H4I2 C2H4N2O2 C2H4O C2H4O2 C2H4O2 C2H5Br C2H5I C2H5NO C2H5NO2 C2H6O C2H6O C2H6O2 C2H6O4S C2H6S C2H7AsO2 C2H7NO

I

Name (and temperature) I x I Lit. -0.293 (82) Carbon tetrabromide -0.458 (82) Trichloronitrom ethane -0.429 ( 8 2) Carbon tetrachloride -0.261 (82) Carbon tetraiodide -0.223 (82) Tetranitromethane -0.316 (82) Bromoform -0.488 (82) Chloroform -0.379 (82) Méthylène bromide -0.549 (81) Méthylène chloride -0.349 (82) Méthylène iodide -0.62 (71) Formaldehyde -0.432 (81) Formic acid -0.603 (81) Methyl bromide -0.633 (81) Methyl chloride -0.403 (81) Methyl iodide -0.486 (82) Formamide -2.5 (30, 31) Methane -0.560 (82) Urea -0.65 (55,56) Methyl alcohol (-3°) -0.870 (81) Methylamine 1, 2-Dibromotetrachloroethane. . -0.387 (82) -0.320 (82) 1, 2-Dibromodiiodoethylene -0.334 (82) Tetrabromoethylene -0.294 (82) Hexabromoethane -0.508 (81,82) Tetrachloroethylene -0.476 (82) Hexachloroethane -0.309 (82) Tetraiodoethylene Cyanogen -0.415 (81) -0.459 (82) Chloral -0.490 (82) Pentachloroethane -0.379 (82) Fluorobromoacetic acid -0.386 (82) 1, 2-Dibromoethylene 1, 2-Dichloro-l, 2-dibromo-0.423 (82) ethane -0.382 (82) l-Difluoro-2-dibromoethane 1, 1, 2, 2-Tetrabromoethane . . . . -0.357 (82) -0.521 (82) 1, 2-Dichloroethylene -0.535 (82) 1, 1, 2, 2-Tetrachloroethane 1, 2-Dibromo-2-fluoroethane . . . . -0.379 (82) -0.433 (82) Difluoroacetamide -1.6 (30,31) Ethylene -0.422 (81) Ethylene bromide -0.602 (81) Ethylene chloride -0.580 (81) Ethylidene chloride -0.503 (82) Difluoroethanol -0.381 (82) Ethylene iodide -0.443 (82) Oxamide -0.502 (81) Acetaldehyde -0.526 (81) Acetic acid -0.518 (82) Methyl formate Ethyl bromide -0.489 (81) Ethyl iodide -0.679 (71) -0.577 (82) Acetamide -0.472 (82) Nitroethane -0.744 (81) Ethyl alcohol Methyl ether -0.716 (61) -0.624 (82) Glycol Dimethyl sulfate -0.493 (81) Dimethyl sulfide -0.723 (81) -0.579 (84) Cacodylic acid -0.704 (82) Ethylhydroxylamine

Formula C2H7O4P C3H3N3O3 C3H3N3O3 C3H5Br3 C3H5ClO C3H5NO C3H6Cl2O C3H6O C3H6O C3H6O2 C3H6O2 C3H6O2 C3H7Br C3H7Br C3H7Cl C3H7ClO2 C3H8O C3H8O2 C3H8O3 C3H10N2 C4HI4N C4H2O3 C4H4O3 C4H4O4 C4H4O4 C4H5Cl3O2 C4H5Br3O2 C4H5NO2 C4H6O3 C4H6O4 C4H6O4 C4H7BrO2 C4H7ClO2 C4H7IO2 C4H7N C4H8N2O2 C4H8O C4H8O C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C 4 H 9 NO C4H10N2O C4H10O C4H10O C4H10O C4H10O C4H10OS O4H10O3O C4H10O3S C4H10O4S C4H10S C4H11N C4H11N C4H12As2 C5H4O2 C6H6N C5H7NO2

Name (and temperature) Ethyl phosphate Cyanuric acid Cyamelide 1, 2, 3-Tribromopropane Chloroacetone Ethyl isocyanate 1, 3- Dichloro-2-hydroxy propane n-Propionaldehyde Acetone Propionic acid Ethyl formate Methyl acetate n-Propyl bromide Isopropyl bromide Propyl chloride l-Chloro-2, 3-dihydroxypropane Propyl alcohol Methylal Glycerol Propylenediamine Tetraiodopyrrole Maleic anhydride Succinic anhydride Maleic acid Fumarie acid Ethyl trichloroacetate Ethyl tribromoacetate Succinimide Acetic anhydride Succinic acid Dimethyl oxalate Ethyl bromoacetate Ethyl chloroacetate Ethyl iodoacetate Propyl cyanide Dimethyloxamide Butyraldehyde Methyl ethyl ketone n-Butyric acid Isobutyric acid Ethyl acetate ( - 149°) (-6°) Methyl propionate Isobutyraldoxime Nitrosodiethylamine ft-Butyl alcohol Isobutyl alcohol tert.-Butyl alcohol Ethyl ether Ethyl sulfine Ethyl sulfite Ethylsulfone ethyl ether Diethyl sulfate Diethyl sulfide Diethylamine Isobutylamine Cacodyl Furfural Pyridine Ethyl cyanoacetate

x I Lit. -0.539 (84) -0.490 (85) -0.435 (85) -0.420 (82) -0.550 (81) -0.642 (85) -0.621 (81) -0.585 (81) -0.581 (81) -0.587 (81) -0.581 (82) -0.590 (82) -0.527 (81) -0.529 (81) -0.710 (81) -0.604 (81) -0.766 (81) -0.621 (82) -0.538 (71) -0.784 (81) -0.331 (82) -0.365 -0.475 -0.427 -0.426

(45,46) (45,46) (45,46) (45,46)

-0.520 (82) -0.368 (82) -0.477 (82) -0.517 (82) -0.461 (45, 46)

-0.472 (82) -0.496 (81) -0.590 (81) -0.456 (81) -0.714 (81) -0.544 (82) -0.635 (81) -0.633 (82) -0.632 (82) -0.646 (81) -0.581 (55,56) -0.607 (55, 56)

-0.628 (82) -0.642 (82) -0.593 (82) -0.743 (71) -0.798 (81) -0.800 (81) -0.766 (71) -0.631 (84) -0.546 (84) -0.592 (84) -0.563 (84) -0.753 (81) -0.835 (81,82)

-0.843 (81) -0.476 (84) -0.492 (82) -0.623 (82) -0.595 («I)

TABLE 4.—(Continued) Formula | Name (and temperature) | x | Lit. C5H8O2 Acetylacetone -0.561 ( 8 2) C6H8O2 Allyl acetate -0.566 («) C5H8O4 Dimethyl malonate -0.520 (82) C 5 Hi 0 Isoamylene . -0.766 ( 71 ) C 5 Hi 0 Trimethylethylene -0.773 (81) C 5 Hi 0 Br 2 Amylene bromide -0.498 ( 81 ) C5H10Cl2 Amylene chloride -0.675 (81) C 5 Hi 0 Cl 2 Amylidene chloride -0.662 (81) C 5 Hi 0 N 2 O Nitrosopiperidine -0.555 ( 82 ) C5H10O Isovaleraldehyde -0.668 (82) C6H10O Methyl propyl ketone -0.668 (82) C5Hi0O2 Isovaleric acid -0.663 (81) C5Hi0O3 Ethyl lactate -0.615 (82) C5HnBr Isoamyl bromide -0.587 (81) C5HnCl Isoamyl chloride -0.741. (81) C 5 HnN Piperidine -0.755 (81) C 5 H n NO 3 Amyl nitrate -0.574 (81) C5H12O n-Amyl alcohol -0.766 (71) C5H12O Isoamyl alcohol -0.799 ( 8 I) C5H12O tert.-Amyl alcohol -0.804 (81) C5H12O2 Acetal -0.825 (82) C5H13N Isoamylamine -0.848 (81) C6Cl4O2 Chloranil -0.458 (82) C6Cl6 Hexachlorobenzene -0.518 (82) CeO6-SH2O Triquinoyl -0.426 (82) C6HBr5O Pentabromophenol -0.397 (82) C6H2Cl6O3 Hexachlorohexanetrione -0.433 (82) C6H3Br2NO3 Dibromo-4-nitrophenol -0.564 (82) C6H3Cl3 Trichlorobenzene -0.587 (81) C6H3N3O6 1, 3, 5-Trinitrobenzene -0.352 (82) C6H4N2O4 ra-Dinitrobenzene -0.398 (82) C6H4N2O5 2, 4-Dinitrophenol -0.397 (82) C6H4N2O6 Dinitroresorcinol -0.312 (82) C6H4O2 Quinone -0.382 (82) C6H5Br Bromobenzene ( -30°) -0.514 (80) (-20°) -0.540 (80) CsH5Cl Chlorobenzene -0.639 (81) (-50°) -0.629 (80) (-30°) -0.664 (80) C6H5Cl5O2 Pentachlorohexanedione -0.452 (82) C6H5F Fluorobenzene -0.608 (82) C6H5I lodobenzene -0.471 (81) C6H5NO Nitrosobenzene -0.514 (82) C 6 H 5 NO 2 Nitrobenzene (-160°) -0.455 ( 8 O) (0°) -0.439 (SO) (20°) -0.499 (80) C 6 H 5 NO 2 Quinonoxime -0.409 (82) C 6 H 5 NO 3 p-Nitrophenol -0.482 (82) C6H6 Benzene (16.8°) . -0.712 (55, 56) C6H6O Phenol -0.648 (81) C6H6O2 Resorcinol -0.617 (82) C6H6O3 Phloroglucinol -0.582 (82) C6H7N Aniline (-10°) -0.661 ( 8 O) (10°) -0.692 (SO) C6H7NO Phenylhydroxylamine -0.625 (82) C6H8 1, 3-Cyelohexadiene -0.607 (85) C6H8 1, 4-Cyclohexadiene -0.608 (85) C6H8N2 Phenylhydrazine (20°) -0.675 ( 8 O) (10°) -0.720 (SO) C6H9BiO6 Bismuth acetate -0.090 (44) C6H9NO2 Ethylsuccinimide , -0.566 (82) C6H10 Cyclohexene -0.711 ( 8 S) C6H10 Diallyl -0.671 (81) C6Hi0O Cyclohexenol . . -0.653 (85) CaH10O Cyclohexanone -0.648 (82)

Formula C6H1OO2 C6H10O2 C6H10O2 CeH10O3 C6H10O4 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O2 C6H12O3 C6H12O3 C 6 Hi 4 C6H14O C 6 Hi 4 S C6H15OP C6H15O3P C6H15O4P C6H15P C 7 H 4 F 3 NO 2 C7H5ClO C7H5F3 C7H5F3O C7H5N C7H5NO C7H6Cl2 C7H6O C7H6O2 C7H7Cl C 7 H 7 NO C 7 H 7 NO C 7 H 7 NO 2 C7H8 C7H8O C7H8O C7H8O2 C7H9N C7H9N C 7 H 9 NO C7H12 C7H12 C7H12O C 7 H 12 O C7H12O C7H12O2 C7H12O3 C7H12O4 C7H14Cl2 C7H14O C7H14O2 C8H5I C8H5NO2 C8H6 C8H6O4 C8H7N C8H8 C8H8N2O2 C8H8O

Name (and temperature) I x I Lit. -0.660 (82) Diethanolacetylene Dimethylketotetrahydrofur-0.600 (82) f urane -0.569 (82) Methylacetylacetone -0.556 (81) Ethyl acetoacetate (old) (fresh) -0.576 (Si) -0.555 (82) Diethyl oxalate -0.780 (85) Hexene -0.810 (85) Cyclohexane -0.690 (82) Methyl butyl ketone -0.697 (81) Methyl isobutyl ketone -0.703 (81) Methyl ieri. -butyl ketone -0.727 (85) Cyclohexanol -0.680 (81) Isobutyl acetate Methyl a-methoxyisobutyrate . . -0.620 (82) -0.652 (81) Paraldehyde -0.888 (81) Hexane -0.766 (71) Hexyl alcohol -0.777 (Si) Propyl sulfide -0.683 (84) Triethylphosphine oxide -0.631 (84) Triethyl phosphite -0.688 (84) Triethyl phosphate -0.762 (84) Triethylphosphine -0.440 (82) Nitrophenylfluoroform -0.539 (80) Benzoyl chloride (20°) -0.561 (80) (-20°) -0.529 (82) Phenylfl uorof orm -0.517 (82) Trifluorocresol -0.651 (81) Phenyl cyanide -0.610 (85) Phenyl isocyanate -0.608 (82) Benzal chloride -0.573 (Si) Benzaldehyde -0.556 (45,46) Benzoic acid -0.661 (80) Benzyl chloride ( -60°) -0.695 (80) (-30°) -0.597 (82) Benzamide -0.576 (82) Benzaldoxime -0.532 (82) o- Nitrotoluene Toluene -0.729 (81) -0.705 (81) Benzyl alcohol -0.672 (Si) Anisole -0.638 (Si) Guaiacol -0.713 (Si) Methylaniline -0.701 (81) o-Toluidine -0.654 (Si) Anisidine -0.807 (82) 1-Heptine -0.786 (82) 2-Heptine -0.660 (82) 2-Methylcyclohexanone -0.667 (82) 3-Methylcyclohexanone -0.566 (82) 4-Methylcyclohexanone -0.649 (85) Hexahydrobenzoic acid -0.590 (81) Ethyl 1-methylacetoacetate -0.585 (82) Diethyl malonate -0.689 (Si) Oenanthylidene chloride -0.714 (Si) Heptaldehyde -0.700 (81) Ethyl isovalerate -0.483 (82) l-Iodo-2-phenylacetylene -0.533 (82) Phthalimide -0.673 (82) Phenylacetylene -0.446 (45, 46) Phthalic acid Benzyl cyanide -0.676 (Si) -0.655 (82) Styrène -0.556 (82) Phthalamide -0. 597 (80) Acetophenone (15°) -0.621 (80) (25°)

TABLE 4.—(Continued) Formula C8H8O2 C8H8O2 C8H8O3 C8H9FO C8H9N C 8 HiQ C 8 HiO C8H10O C8H11N C8H11N C8H12Br2 C8H14 C8H14O C8H14O2 C8H14O2 C8H14O2 C8H14O3 C8H14O4 C8H14O6 C8H1C C8H1BBr2 C8H16N2 C8H16O C8H17Cl C8H17NO C8H18 C8H18O C8H19N C9H7N C9H7NO C9H8 C9H8O CgH1Q CgH1Q C9H10O CgH1OO2

C9H11N C9H16NO O1QH7Br C10H7NO2 CioH 8

C10H8O C10H8O C10H8O2 C1QH1O C10H1Q C10H10O2 C1OH1QO2 C1OH12 C10H12O C1QH12^J2 C10H14 C1QH14O doH14O C1QH14Os C1QH16O C10H16O C10H16O2 C10H16O4 C10H18O

Name (and temperature) I x I Lit. -0.568 (82) Anisaldehyde -0.602 (81) Methyl benzoate -0.580 (81) Methyl salicylate -0.628 (82) p-Fluorophenetole -0.613 (82) Benzylidenemethylamine -0.728 (80) o-Xylene (-40°) -0.662 (80) (-10°) w-Xylene -0.743 (81) -0.692 (81) Phenetole -0.711 (81) Dimethylaniline Ethylaniline -0.709 (81) 2, 5-Dimethyl-2, 5-dibromo~3-0.506 (82) hexine 2, 4-Dimethyl-2, 4-hexadiene . . . -0.714 (85) -0.672 (82) Dimethylcyclohexanone Tetramethylketotetrahydrofur-0.736 (82) f urane 2, 5-Dimethyl-3-hexin-2, 5-diol -0.724 (82) -0.688 (82) Tetrolic acetal -0.615 (81) Ethyl 1-ethylacetoacetate -0.604 (82) Diethyl Buccinate -0.550 (82) Diethyl tartrate Octylene -0.798 (81) -0.553 (81) Octylene bromide -0.683 (82) Isobutylideneazine -0.728 (82) Methyl hexyl ketone Octyl chloride -0.773 (81) -0.717 (82) Octanonoxime -0.872 (81) Octane Octyl alcohol -0.806 (81) Diisobutylamine -0.848 (81) Quinoline -0.662 (81) -0.574 (82) Phenylpropiolamide -0.730 (82) Indene -0.566 (82) Cinnamic aldehyde. -0.678 (82) a-Methylstyrene -0.664 (82) Hydrindene -0.650 (82) Cinnamyl alcohol Ethyl benzoate -0.628 (81) -0.668 (82) Tetrahydroquinoline -0.677 (82) Hexylpropiolamide Bromonaphthalene -0.598 (81) -0.564 (82) a-Nitronaphthalene -0.717 (82) Naphthalene -0.673 (82) Naphthol -0.731 (82) Acetylphenylacetylene -0.573 (82) Methyl phenylpropiolate Phenylbutadiene -0.658 (82) -0.654 (82) Dihydronaphthalene -0.586 (82) Benzoylacetone Safrol and isosaf rol -0.601 (81) -0.686 (82) a, co-Dimethylstyrene Anethole -0.648 (82) -0.622 (81) Eugenol and isoeugenol Cymene -0.769 (81) -0.614 (82) Carvone Carvacrol -0.726 (82) -0.620 (45, 46) Camphoric anhydride Camphor -0.68 (35) Citral -0.650 (81) -0.670 (82) Ethyl amylpropiolate -0.746 (45, 46) Camphoric acid -0.725 («s). Terpineol

Formula C10H18O C1QH18O

[

C1oH1802 C10H18Os C10H21N C10H22 C10H22O C10H23N C11H9NO4 C11H10Br2O2 C11H1QO C11H10O2 C11H12O2 C11H12Oa C11H18 C11H18 C11H18O2 C11H18O2 C12H10 C12H10AsCl C12H10N2 C12H10N2O C12H10O C12H10O2S C12H11N C12H11NO2 C12H11N3 C12H12N4 C12H12O C12H14As2Cl2N2O2.2H2O C12H15N3O6 C12H20O2 C12H20O7 C12H22 C12H22O4 C12H27N C13H8O2 C13H9N C13H10 C13H10O C13H11N C13H12 C13H12N2O C13H13O3P C13H14O C14H8O2 C14H8O2 C14H10 C14H1O C14H10 C14H10Os C14H12 C14H12 C 14 H 12 N 2 C14H14N2 C 14 H 14 N 2 O 2 C14H15N C14H15N3 C14H16O C14H22O2

Name (and temperature) Eucalyptol Dimethyldiethylk etotetrahydrofurf urane Diisobutyralacetylene Ethyl 1-isobutylacetoacetate. . . Diethylcyclohexylamine Decane Isoamyl ether Diisoamylamine Ethyl nitrophenylpropiolate . . . . Ethyl dibromocinnamate Propionylphenylacetylene Ethyl phenylpropiolate Ethyl cinnamate Ethyl benzoylacetate Dimethyl-2; 4-nonatriene 2, 6-Dimethyl-2, 6, 8-nonatrisne Ethyl hexylpropiolate Geraniol formate Diphenyl Diphenylchloroarsine Azobenzene Hydroxyazobenzene Diphenyl ether Phenylsulf one Diphenylamine Ethyl benzylidenecyanoacetate Aminoazobenzene Chrysoidine Butyrylphenylacetylene

x I Lit. -0.754 (81)

Salvarsan dihydrochloride Triethyl triàzinetricarbonate . . . Propyl hexylpropiolate Triethyl citrate Dicyclohexyl Diacetal Triisobutylamine Xanthone Acridine Fluorene Benzophenone Benzylideneaniline Diphenylmethane p-Methoxyazobenzene Methyldiphenoxyphosphine oxide Valerylphenylacetylene Anthraquinone Phenanthraquinone Anthracene Phenanthrene Tolane Benzoic anhydride 1, 1-Diphenylethylene Stilbene Benzalazine Azotoluene p-Azoanisole Methylbenzylaniline Aminoazotoluene Caproylphenylacetylene Dicyclohexanolacetylene

-0.518 (84) -0.552 (85) -0.697 (82) -0.586 (81) -0.774 (82) -0.668 (82) -0.846 (81) -0.551 (82) -0.688 (82) -0.665 (82) -0.594 (82) -0.554 (82) -0.685 (82) -0.560 (82)

-0.753 (82) -0.738 (82) -0.652 (81) -0.802 (81) -0.876 (81) -0.813 (82) -0.846 (82) -0.502 (82) -0.498 (82) -0.601 (82)

-0.598 (82) -0.610 (82)

-0.600 (81) -0.990 (85) -0.724 (82) -0.684 (82) -0.658 (81) -0.677 (82) -0.550 (84) -0.612 (82) -0.503 (81) -0.635 (82) -0.591 (84) -0.634 (82) -0.578 (82) -0.600 (82) -0.595 (81) -0.618 (82)

-0.616 (84) -0.639 (82) -0.575 (82) -0.509 (82) -0.726 (82) -0.718 (82) -0.667 (82) -0.552 ( 4 5 , 4 6 )

-0.655 (82) -0.666 (82) -0.594 (82) -0.643 (82) -0.610 (81) -0.670 (81) -0.631 (81) -0.651 (82) -0.682 (82)

TABLE 4. — (Continued) Name (and temperature) I x I Lit. -0.685 ( 8 2) Diethyl sebacate C14Ü2604 -0.595 (82) Cinnamylideneaniline C16H13N -0.845 (81) Triisoamylamine C16H33N -0.640 (82) Diphenyldiacetylene CieHip -0.567 (81) Benzeneazo-ß-naphthol C16H12N2O -0.627 (85) Methyldiphenyltriazine C16H13N3 -0.635 («n C16H18N2O2 p-Azophenetole l-Phenyl-4-benzoyl-l, 3-butaC17H14O -0.599 (82) diene -0.648 (82) Chrysene C1SH12 -0.578 (84) Triphenylarsine C18H15As -0.567 (84) Diphenylphenoxyarsine C18H16AsO -0.618 (84) Triphenylarsine oxide C18H16AsO -0.551 (84) Triphenoxyarsine C18H16AsO3 -0.447 (84) Triphenylbismuthine C18H16Bi C18H16BiN2O6 Triphenylbismuthine dinitrate -0.451 (84) -0.592 (84) Triphenyl phosphite C18H16O3P -0.636 (84) Triphenylphosphine Ci8Hi6P -0.516 (84) Triphenylstibine C18H16Sb Triphenylarsine dihydroxide . . . . -0.795 (84) C18H17AsO2 Triphenylstibine dihydroxide. . . -0.616 (84) C18H17O2Sb -0.624 (84) C18H18N3OP Trianilinophosphine oxide -0.742 (81) Oleic acid C18H34O2 -0.556 (81) Aurin C^H14O3 -0.674 (82) Triphenylmethane dgHie -0.675 (82) Triphenyl carbinol C19H16O Formula


Substance | xi I X2 | TiO2 Rutile 1.96 ZnS.. Sphalerite -0.264 ZrSiQ4 1 Zircon -0.170 + * Composition variable, t H may be replaced by Ì Ceylon. § With addition of (Mg, Fe)(Al, Fe)2SiO6.

x« I 2.09

^

| Lit. (H2; (H2) 0.732 ("2) Mg, Fe, or alkalies.

TABLE 6.—SPECIFIC SUSCEPTIBILITY (x): MISCELLANEOUS SUBSTANCES Unit of x — 10~6 cgsm Substance I \ I Lit. || Air;* 2O0C, 1 atm.. 24.160 M 24.400 (20; 23.850 ( 10 °) 24.400 (122) 24.000 (i°) Celluloid -0.13 (62,63) Colza oil -0.79 (**) Cumene -0.74 (?i) Ebonite 0.6 ( 12 S) Gypsum; CaSO4.2H2Q -0.86 (62,63) * For K, see Table 1. t Borosilicate.

Substance | x | Lit. Glass, crownf -0.90 (62,63) heavy flint —1.2 Linseed oil -0.74 (35) Marble; CaCO 3 ... -0.8 0»») Paraffin -0.6 (125) Petroleum -0.83 (?i) Shellac -0.30 ("; Terpene -0.67 (™) Wax, white -0.6 (125) Wood -0.3 to (125) 0.7

TABLE 7.—SPECIFIC SUSCEPTIBILITY OF SOLUTIONS: REFERENCES The solvent is stated at the beginning of each section I Lit. H "Solute | Lit. Solute H2O H2O.- (Continued) BaI2* (62, 63) MnCl2 (12.1, 92) C2H4O2, Acetic acid (99) MnBr 2 * (65) C3H6O, Acetone. . . . (**) MnI 2 * (65) CeBr3* (27) MnSO4 ( 1 ^) CoF2* (65) Mn(NO 3 ) 2 .6H 2 O.... (12.1, 92) TABLE 5. — SPECIFIC SUSCEPTIBILITY (x): CRYSTALS CoCl2 (92) MnPO4* (117) Xi, X2, X3 are the three principal values; ^f = angle between the CoBr * (33) NiF2* (65) 2 crystallographic c axis and a principal axis of magnetization; CoI * (65) NiCM (Ho) 2 6 room temperature; unit of x — 10~ cgsm. CoSO4 (16) NiBr2* (65) Substance xi I x* I x» I * I Lit. Co(N03)2.6H20 (92) NiSO4U ("9) -0.34 M (127) Corundum Al2O3 CoSO4.(NH4)2S04*.. (93) Ni(N03)2.6H201f. .. (12.1, 0.47 (127) Ruby Al2O3 Cr(OH) 2 * (92) 119) Topaz (H2) -0.410 -0.420 - 0.420 (AlF)2SiO4* 1.12 0.748 (112) CrCl2* ( 117 );c/. PtCl4* (62) H9Al3(BOH)2Si4Oi9I. Tourmaline 0.826 0.386 (H2) Beryl Be3Al2(SiO3)C (15) YbCl3* (27) -2.2 -14.2 (53) Graphite Cl Cr2Cl40*t ( 15 ) ZnCl2* (62) Cane sugar -0.60 -0.55 - 0.57 - 1° 50' (**) Ci2H22On CrSO4* (15) CH3OH, Methyl alcohol -0.285 (53) Fluorite CaF2 -2.64 - 2.64 (112) Cr2O(SO4MU (15) CoCl2 (92) Apatite Ca6Cl(PO4)S -0.392 -0.387 - 0.444 (H2) Aragonite CaCO3 Cr 2 (S0 4 ) 3 *t§ (14) FeCl3f (92) -0.363 - 0.405 (112) Calcite CaCO3 Cr(N03)3.9H20 (92) MnCl2 (92) 23.8 24.1 23.9 (34) HCa2(Al1Fe)3Si3Oi3* Epidote CuCl 2 IIU (59) Mn(NO»)».6H 2 0.... (92) 0.787 1.20 (112) Dolomite CaMgC2Oe CuBr2 (59) C2H5OH, Ethyl alcohol 24.0 16.7 18.0 -210SS' (34) (Ca, Mg, Fe)8Si9O26* Hornblende CaMgSiO6§ CoSO4-TH2O Co(NH 4 ) 2(SO4) ».6H2O CoCu (SO4) 2.6H20 .. CuSiO3-H2O CuFeS2 FeS2 FeSO4.7H2O Fe(NH 4 ) 2 (S0 4 ) 2 .6H2O FeCO3 FeCuS2 (Fe, Zn, Mn) O. (Fe, Mn)2O3*

Augite

Dioptasite Chalcopyrite Pyrite

Siderite Chalcopyrite Franklinite

K2Co(SO4) 2.6H2O. .. Adularia KAlSi3O8 Spinel MgAl2O4 Rock salt NaCl.. NiSO4.7H2O Ni (NH4) 2(SO4) 2.6H2O PbS Galena Quartz SiO2 SrSO4 Celestite

26.6 36.3

12.8 32.7

26.1 28.6 8.8

21.9 25.5 -31° 18' (57) 23.1 25.6 -52° 54' (34) M (38) (See FeCuS2) (127) 41.1 40.2 30° 10' (34)

0.98 44.3 46.2 84.2 0.85

40.9

22.7 35.0

40.5 142.6

M

- 7° O' (34) -39° 40' (34)

-18° 58' (34) (38) (55)

455 to (127) 640 30.2 22.4 35.0 —21° 20' (127) -0.427 -0.384 - 0.317 -13° 20' (34) 0.62 (127) (55)

-0.50

16.66

16.53

16.63

10.2 8.23 9.38 -16° 17' — 0.350 -0.461 -0.466 (c/. p. 341.) -0.342 -0.314 - 0.359|

(57) (34) ( 112 ) (H2) (H2)

CuSO4H

( 59 )

CoCl2

(92)

Cu(NOs) 2 -OH 2 OT... (59)

CuCl 2 U

(59) ( 92 )

CuC 4 H 6 O 4 .H 2 O**... (92)

FeCl31

ErCl3* FeCl2 FeClstt FeBr3* FeI2* FeSO4^ Fe2(SO4)3 Fe(NOs) 3 -OH 2 OJt. . FeSO4.(NH4)2S04*..

(27) (92) (13) (65) (65) (121) (92) (i 3 ) (65)

MnCl2 (92) Mn(NO 3 ) 2 .6H 2 O.... (92) C3H6O, Acetone.... (99) C2H4O2, Acetic acid FeCl3 (92) C6H6, Benzene (99) C3H6O, Acetone CoCl2f (92) FeCl3 (92)

KOH*

(62,63)

Co(NO 3 ) 2 .6H 2 O.... (92)

K3Fe(CN)6 MgSO4 MnF2*

(45) (103) (65)

C6H12O, Amyl alcohol CoCl2 |(92)

* See also Table 3. f Also acidulated with HCl. Î Also in water + H2SO4. § Also in water -f NazSOt. || Also in water + CzH5OH. f Also in water -f NHa. ** Copper acetate, ft Also in aqueous solutions of HCl, of HNOa, of NaCl. For solutions in methyl, ethyl, isobutyl, allyl or isoamyl alcohol, or in formic acid, acetic acid, ethyl acetate, ethyl ether, or acetone, see ( 92 ). JJ Also in water +HNOa.

TABLE 8. — SPECIFIC SUSCEPTIBILITY (x) : ALLOYS AND AMALGAMS Unit of x = 10~7 cgsm Alloy

I Fig. I

Lit.

Ag-Sb

2

(28)

Al-Sb Al-Zn Bi-Cd Bi-Hg Bi-Pb Bi-Sb Bi-Sn Bi-Te Bi-Tl Bi-Zn Cd-Pb Cu-Mn

2 (53) 2 (28) 1 ( 44 ) 1 (44) 3 (32) 3 (53) 3 (32) 1 (53) 1 (70) 1 (32) 4 (44) 3 (32)

H

| Fig. |

Lit.

Cu-Ni

Alloy

1

(40,41,42)

Cu-Sb Cu-Sn Cu-Zn Pb-Sb , Pb-Sn Pb-Tl Sb-Sn Sb-Te Sb-Zn Sn-Te Sn-Zn

3 3 3 4 4 4 2 2 2 4 3

, ,

(32) (32) (32) (32) (53) (32) (32) (32) (53) (53) (32)

FIG. 1.

FIG. 2.

FIG. 3.

FIG. 4.

TABLE 9.—ATOMIC AND ATOMIC GROUP SUSCEPTIBILITIES (xo) For many compounds, the molecular susceptibility is approximately equal to the sum of xo's for the several atomic groups which are contained in the compound; for certain organic groupings a correction (Xm) must be added to the sum of the xo's in order to obtain the value of the molecular susceptibility. Unit of x« — 10~6 cgsm per gram atom, or per gram atomic group; of \m = 10~6 cgsm per gram molecule. Atomic group Ag+ Al+++ As+++ As+++++ Au++ B+++ Ba++ Be++ Bi+++ Bi+++++ Ca++ Cd++ Cs+ Cu+ Hg++ K+ Li+ Mg++ Na+ P+++ Rb+ Sb+++ Sb+++++ Si+++ Si++++

x

° -31.0 _i3.i -20.9 -43.0 -45.8 - 7.3 -38.2 - 8.55 -40.6 -69.8 -15.9 -20 -41.0 -18.0 -33.4 -18.5 - 4.2 -10.1 - 9.2 -10.2 -27.2 -26.1 -66.9 -20 -12.7

Atomic group Sn++++ Zn++ BrClFINO3SO— S2O3S4O6SO2SO2SOr SO3S2O6" SO4SO4CO3PO PO2 PO3PO3 PO4

Xa

-30.3 -13.5 -30.60 -20.10 - 6.30 -44.60 -14.2 -13.4 -43.4 -84.7 -17.9 -24.7 -27.8 -22.3 -56.0 -31.4 -33.6 -22.2 -22.3 -18.5 -23.8 -31.3 -35.4

Atomic Xa group Organic compounds C - 6.25 H - 3.05 N - 5.80 S -15.60 O7* - 4.61 O"f - 3.36 O"t + 1.73 \m f o r - 1.50 benzene bond Xm for one - 5.70 ethylene bond X O T fortwo -11.0 or more ethylene bonds * — O— in R— O— R', /0— R' R

-°
•

t O— in CR'• ÎO— in /R.' R-C/ Ô

FIGS. 1, 2, 3, 4.—Susceptibility (x) of alloys. Unit of x — 10~7 cgsm. Abscissae indicate the weight % of the element named at the right margin. LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) C 1 ) Angstrom, 26, 13: 1465; 80. (2) Athanasiadis, 8, 66: 425; 21. (3) Bauer, Weiss and Piccard, 34, 167: 484; 18. ( 4 ) Becquerel, 6, 28: 283; 50. ( 5 ) Becquerel, 6, 12: 5; 77. 84, 92: 348; 81. («) BeIz, 3, 44: 479; 22. (7) Bernini, 63, 6: 109; 05. ( 8 ) Bernstein, Diss., Halle, 1909. ( 9 ) Bouchonnet, Thesis, Paris, 1913. (io) Brant, 2, 17: 678; 21. C 1 *) Breit and Onnes, 6'4P, 26: 840; 23. (12) Cabrera, Soc. franc, de phys., Strasbourg sect., June 1, 1923. O 2 * 1 ) Cabrera and Duperier, 51, 6: 121; 25. (13) Cabrera and Moles, 149, 35: 425; 13. 36: 502; 13. 40: 284; 15. Cabrera, Moles and Guzman, 149, 37: 324; 14. ( 14 ) Cabrera, Moles and Marquina, 42, 16: 11; 18,. 10, 5: 799; 25. O 5 ) Cabrera and Pifia de Rubies, Rev. Real Acad. Ciencas exac. Fis. Nat. Madrid, 20: 385; 23. 10, 5: 800; 25. (") Chatillon, 34, 176: 1608; 23. (17) Cheneveau, öl, 9; 163; 10. Chéneveau and Jolley, 3, 20: 357; 10. (I 8 ) Cherbuliez, Diss., Zurich, 1917. 1O1 5: 799; 25. 0») Clifford, 2, 26: 424; 08. (20) Curie, S4, 115: 1292; 92. 11$: 136; 93. 61, 4: 197; 95. (21) de Haas and Drapier, 8, 42: 673; 13. (22) Piccard and Devaud, 149, 2: 455; 20, (23) Dewar, ISl9 29: 169; 92. (24) Drapier, 42, 7: 385; 09. (2S) Du Bois. 8, 35: 137; 88. (26) Du Bois and Honda, 64P, 12:: 596; 10. (27) Du Bois and Liebknecht, 8, 1: 189; 00. (2*) Dupuy, 34, 158: 793; 14. (2») Eaton, 8, 15: 225; 82. (30) Efimov, 6I9 7: 494; 88. (31) Balta Elias, Trab. lab. inv., fis., 44: 110; 18. 10, 5: 799; 25. (32) Endo, 169, 14: 479; 25. (»3) Falckenberg, 96, 5: 70, 201; 21. (34) Finke, 8, 31: 149; 10. ( 3 «) Faraday, 8, 88: 557; 53.

(3«) Feytis, 34, 152: 708; 11. 153: 668; 11. 156: 886; 13. (37) Fleming 636;12. 0,25:289;]^. (**) Pascal, 34,156:323; 13. 158:37;14. 0,29: and Dewar, 6, 60: 283; 97. 63: 311; 98. ( 3 «) Foëx, 16, 16: 174; 21. ( 39 ) 218; 13. (84) Pascal, 34, 173: 144, 712; 21. 174: 457, 1698; 22. 175: Frivola, 8, 57: 471; 18. 1063; 22. («5) Pascal, 84, 176: 1887; 23. 177: 765; 23. 180: 1596; 25. (40) Gans and Fonseca, 8, 61: 742; 20. (41) Garrison, 1, 47: 622; 25. (42) (86) Piaggesi, 63, 4: 347; 03. (87) Piccard and Devaud, 149, 2: 455; 20. Gebhard, Diss., Marburg, 1909. (43) Glaser, 8, 75: 459; 24. (44) Gnesotto Bauer, Weiss and Piccard, 34, 167: 484; 18. Weiss and Piccard, 34, 155: 1234; 12. (88) Piccard and Bonazzi, 149, 39: 449; 15. (89) Piccard and and Binghinotto, 24, 69:1343; 10. 72: 1515; 13. 74: 25; 14. 75: 333; 15. (45) Gray and Birse, 4, 105: 2707; 14. (46) Hadfield, Chéneveau and Devaud, 149, 2: 410; 20. Géneau, «5, 94: 65; 17. 34,166: 390; 18. (47) Hector, 2, 24: 218; 24. (48) ( 9 0 ) Pidgeon, 2, 13: 209; 19. (»1) Plessner, 8, 39: 336; 90. (9*) Quartaroli, 86, 46 I: 371; 16. 48 I: 79; 18. ( 9 3) Quincke,, 8, 24: 347; 85. 34: 401; 88, Henning, S, 60: 485; 93. ( 49 ) Henrichsen, 8, 34: 180; 88. 45: 38; 92. (54) Roop, 6S1 12: 48; 11. 2, 7: 529; 16. ( 9 S) Safranek, 74, 21: 87; 24. (50) Heydweiller, 8, 12: 608; 03. 88, 15: 1120; 13. (51) Honda, 8, 32: 1027; (»«) Scarpa, 59, 10: 155; 05. (»7) Seckelson, 8, 67: 37; 99. (««) Sève, 6, 10. 159, 1: 1; 12. (52) Honda and Ishiwara, 159, 4: 215; 15. 6: 9; 17. 27: 425; 12. (") Smith and Smith, 1, 40: 1218; 18. (53) Honda and Soné, 159, 2: 1; 13. (54) Ihde, Diss., Marburg, 1912. 8, 5S 41: 829; 13. ( ) Ishiwara, 159, 3: 303; 14. 6: 53; 16. 9: 233; 20. (ioo) Soné, 159, 8: 115; 19. 11: 139; 22. 3, 39: 305; 20. (i°i) Stearns, 2, 16: 1; 03. (102) Stenger, 8, 35: 331; 88. (i° 3 ) Studley, 2, 24: 22; 07. Takagi and Ishiwara, 159, 3: 127; 14, (56) Isnardi and Gans, 8, 61: 585; 20. (104) Tänzler, 8, 24: 931; 07. (i° 5 ) Theodorides, 149, 3: 137; 21. Thesis, (57) Jackson, 62, 224: 1; 23. (58) Jackson and Onnes, 34, 177: 154; 23. Zurich, 1921. (i°6) Toepler and Henning, 8, 34: 790; 88. (107) Townsend, 5, 104: 671; 23. ( 59 ) Jacobson, Thesis, Zurich, 1916. 5, 60: 186; 96. ( 108 ) Trumpler, Thesis, Zurich, 1917. 10, 5: 798; 25. (60) Jäger and Meyer, 75, 106: 594, 623; 97. 107: 5; 98. 8, 67: 427, 707; 99. (109) Urbain, 34, 152: 141; 11. (61) Jolley, 121, 65: 1021; 10. 3, 20: 357; 10. (62) König, 8, 31: 273; 87. (63) Koenigsberger, 8, 66: 698; 98. 6: 506; 01. (64) Laws, S, 8: 49; 04. ( 1 1 O) Urbain and Jantsch, 34, 147: 1286; 08. (l") Veil, 34, 176: 101; 23. (112) Voigt and Kinoshita, 8, 24: 492; 07. (H3) von Ettinghausen, 75, (65) Liebknecht and Wills, 8, 1: 178; 00. (66) Lombardi, Mem. real accad. 96: 777; 87. 8, 17: 272; 82. (H4) Wedekind, 92, 37: 87; 24. (US) Torino, 47: 1; 97. (67) Lutteroth, 8, 66: 1081; 98. (68) Maass and Wedekind and Hausknecht, 25, 46: 3763; 13. 54: 253; 21. (l 16 ) WedeHatcher, 1, 44: 2472; 22. (69) Marke, 61, 1916: 395. (70) Mendenhall and Lent, 2, 32: 406; 11. (71) Meslin, 6, 7: 145; 06. (72) kind and Horst, 26, 45: 262; 12. 48: 105; 15. (U 7 ) Weber, 8, 19: 1056; 06. 36: 624; 11. 62: 666; 20. (H8) Weiss and Piccard, 34, 155: 1234; 12. Meyer, quoted by Wedekind, 25, 54: 253; 21. (73) Meyer, 8, 68: 325; 99. Bauer, Weiss and Piccard, 34, 167: 484: 18. (U 9 ) Weiss and Bruins, 64P, 69: 236; 99. 1: 664; 00. 63, 26: 51; 25. (74) Morgan and Lammert, 1, 46: 881; 24. (75) Mosler, 8, 6: 84; 01. (76) Muthmann, quoted by Wede18: 246; 15. kind, 25, 54: 253; 21. (77) Onnes and Oosterhuis, 64P, 15: 322; 12. 168, (120) Weiss and Foëx, 149, 31: 5; 11. 61, 1: 274; 11. (12l) Weiss and Frankamp, 6Jf, 18: 254; 15. 0«) Weiss and Piccard, 34, 155: 1234; 12. (123) No. 129b; 12. 64P, 16: 917; 14. 168, No. 139e; 14. (78) Onnes and Wiedemann, 8, 126: 1: 65. 135: 177; 68. (124) Williams, 2, 12: 158; 18. Perrier, 64P, 12: 799; 10. 168, No. 116; 10. 64P, 14: 115; 11. 168, No. 14: 348; 19. (««) Wills, 3, 45: 432; 98. 2, 20: 188; 05. (i26) Wills and 122a; 11. 6Jf, 14: 674; 12. 168, No. 124a; 12. 168, Suppl. No. 44a; 21. Hector, 2, 23: 209; 24. (127) Wilson, 5, 98: 274; 21. 103: 185; 23. (12«) Perrier and Onnes, 64P, 16: 894; 14. 168, No. 139c; 14. 6Jf, 16: 901; 7 Wirth, quoted by Wedekind, 25, 54: 253; 21. ( 1 2 9 ) Wistband, Diss., 14. 168, No. 139d; 14. ( ») Owen, 8, 37: 657; 12. Upsala, 1916. (129-1) Woltjer, 64V, 34: 494; 25. («0) Oxley, 62, 214: 109; 14. (*i) Pascal, 34, 147: 56, 242, 742; 08. 148: 413; (130) Woltjer and Onnes, 64P, 26:626; 23. 168, Wo. 167c; 23. (I 3 MWyIaCh, 09. 150: 1167; 10. 27, 7: 17, 45; 10. 6, 19: 5; 10. (82) Pascal, 34, 152: Diss., Münster, 1915. 862, 1010; 11. 27, 9:6, 79, 134, 177, 336; 11. 10: 809, 868; 11. 11:159,201,

FERROMAGNETISM PIERRE WEISS AND G. FoEx CONTENTS Symbols. Units and conversion factors. Numerical relations. Definitions. Index Table: key number and composition of 167 specimens of Fe, Co, Ni, and their alloys, and alloys containing Mn and Cu.

MATIÈRES Symboles. Unités et facteurs de conversion. Relations numériques. Définitions. Table index: nombre clé et composition de 167 échantillons de Fe, Co, Ni, et de leurs alliages, ainsi que d'alliages contenant Mn et Cu.

Illustrative data. Normal, anhysteretic, and differential magnetization.

Données explicatives. Magnétisation normale, sans hystérésis et différentielle.

Effect of time. Magnetization in weak fields. Magnetization in intense fields. Effect of temperature. Electrolytic iron. Carbon irons and steels. Introduction. Hysteretic loss: effect of carbon and other admixtures. Coercive force: effect of carbon and of quenching temperature. Cementite, pearlite, martensite.

Effet du temps. dans Magnétisation champs faibles. Magnétisation dans champs intenses. Effet de la température.

les les

Fer électrolytique. Aciers. Introduction. Perte par hystérésis: effet du carbone et d'autres additions. Force coercitive : effet du carbone et de la température de trempe. Cementite, perlite, martensite.

INHALTSVERZEICHNIS Symbole. Einheiten und Umrechnungsfaktoren. Numerische Beziehungen. Definitionen. Index: Schlüsselzahl und Zusammensetzung von 167 Proben von Fe, Co, Ni, und deren Legierungen, ferner Legierungen mit Mn und CuGehalt. Erläuternde Daten. Normale, anhysteresische und differentiale Magnetisation. Einfluss der Zeit. Magnetisierung in schwachen Feldern. Magnetisierung in starken Feldern. Einfluss der Temperatur. Elektrolytisches Eisen. Kohlenstoff-Eisen und Stähle. Einleitung. Hysteresis-Verluste: Einfluss der Kohle und anderer Beimengungen. Koerzitivkraf t : Einfluss der Kohle und der Abschreckungs-Temperatur. Zementit, Perlit, Martensit.

INDICE p AQH Simboli 367 Unità e fattori di conversione 369 Relazioni numeriche 369 Definizioni 369 Indice: numero chiave e composizione di 167 campioni di Fe, Co, Ni e leghe relative, e campioni di leghe contenenti Mn e Cu 370 Dati illustrativi. Magnetizzazione normale, senza isteresi, e differenziale 374 Effetto del tempo 374 Magnetizzazione in campi deboli 374 Magnetizzazione in campi intensi 376 Effetto della temperatura 376 Ferro elettrolitico 378 Acciai. Introduzione 379 Perdita di isteresi : effetto del carbonio e di altre aggiunte 379 Forza coercitiva: effetto del carbonio e della temperatura di tempra 379 Cementite, perlite e martensite 380

(3«) Feytis, 34, 152: 708; 11. 153: 668; 11. 156: 886; 13. (37) Fleming 636;12. 0,25:289;]^. (**) Pascal, 34,156:323; 13. 158:37;14. 0,29: and Dewar, 6, 60: 283; 97. 63: 311; 98. ( 3 «) Foëx, 16, 16: 174; 21. ( 39 ) 218; 13. (84) Pascal, 34, 173: 144, 712; 21. 174: 457, 1698; 22. 175: Frivola, 8, 57: 471; 18. 1063; 22. («5) Pascal, 84, 176: 1887; 23. 177: 765; 23. 180: 1596; 25. (40) Gans and Fonseca, 8, 61: 742; 20. (41) Garrison, 1, 47: 622; 25. (42) (86) Piaggesi, 63, 4: 347; 03. (87) Piccard and Devaud, 149, 2: 455; 20. Gebhard, Diss., Marburg, 1909. (43) Glaser, 8, 75: 459; 24. (44) Gnesotto Bauer, Weiss and Piccard, 34, 167: 484; 18. Weiss and Piccard, 34, 155: 1234; 12. (88) Piccard and Bonazzi, 149, 39: 449; 15. (89) Piccard and and Binghinotto, 24, 69:1343; 10. 72: 1515; 13. 74: 25; 14. 75: 333; 15. (45) Gray and Birse, 4, 105: 2707; 14. (46) Hadfield, Chéneveau and Devaud, 149, 2: 410; 20. Géneau, «5, 94: 65; 17. 34,166: 390; 18. (47) Hector, 2, 24: 218; 24. (48) ( 9 0 ) Pidgeon, 2, 13: 209; 19. (»1) Plessner, 8, 39: 336; 90. (9*) Quartaroli, 86, 46 I: 371; 16. 48 I: 79; 18. ( 9 3) Quincke,, 8, 24: 347; 85. 34: 401; 88, Henning, S, 60: 485; 93. ( 49 ) Henrichsen, 8, 34: 180; 88. 45: 38; 92. (54) Roop, 6S1 12: 48; 11. 2, 7: 529; 16. ( 9 S) Safranek, 74, 21: 87; 24. (50) Heydweiller, 8, 12: 608; 03. 88, 15: 1120; 13. (51) Honda, 8, 32: 1027; (»«) Scarpa, 59, 10: 155; 05. (»7) Seckelson, 8, 67: 37; 99. (««) Sève, 6, 10. 159, 1: 1; 12. (52) Honda and Ishiwara, 159, 4: 215; 15. 6: 9; 17. 27: 425; 12. (") Smith and Smith, 1, 40: 1218; 18. (53) Honda and Soné, 159, 2: 1; 13. (54) Ihde, Diss., Marburg, 1912. 8, 5S 41: 829; 13. ( ) Ishiwara, 159, 3: 303; 14. 6: 53; 16. 9: 233; 20. (ioo) Soné, 159, 8: 115; 19. 11: 139; 22. 3, 39: 305; 20. (i°i) Stearns, 2, 16: 1; 03. (102) Stenger, 8, 35: 331; 88. (i° 3 ) Studley, 2, 24: 22; 07. Takagi and Ishiwara, 159, 3: 127; 14, (56) Isnardi and Gans, 8, 61: 585; 20. (104) Tänzler, 8, 24: 931; 07. (i° 5 ) Theodorides, 149, 3: 137; 21. Thesis, (57) Jackson, 62, 224: 1; 23. (58) Jackson and Onnes, 34, 177: 154; 23. Zurich, 1921. (i°6) Toepler and Henning, 8, 34: 790; 88. (107) Townsend, 5, 104: 671; 23. ( 59 ) Jacobson, Thesis, Zurich, 1916. 5, 60: 186; 96. ( 108 ) Trumpler, Thesis, Zurich, 1917. 10, 5: 798; 25. (60) Jäger and Meyer, 75, 106: 594, 623; 97. 107: 5; 98. 8, 67: 427, 707; 99. (109) Urbain, 34, 152: 141; 11. (61) Jolley, 121, 65: 1021; 10. 3, 20: 357; 10. (62) König, 8, 31: 273; 87. (63) Koenigsberger, 8, 66: 698; 98. 6: 506; 01. (64) Laws, S, 8: 49; 04. ( 1 1 O) Urbain and Jantsch, 34, 147: 1286; 08. (l") Veil, 34, 176: 101; 23. (112) Voigt and Kinoshita, 8, 24: 492; 07. (H3) von Ettinghausen, 75, (65) Liebknecht and Wills, 8, 1: 178; 00. (66) Lombardi, Mem. real accad. 96: 777; 87. 8, 17: 272; 82. (H4) Wedekind, 92, 37: 87; 24. (US) Torino, 47: 1; 97. (67) Lutteroth, 8, 66: 1081; 98. (68) Maass and Wedekind and Hausknecht, 25, 46: 3763; 13. 54: 253; 21. (l 16 ) WedeHatcher, 1, 44: 2472; 22. (69) Marke, 61, 1916: 395. (70) Mendenhall and Lent, 2, 32: 406; 11. (71) Meslin, 6, 7: 145; 06. (72) kind and Horst, 26, 45: 262; 12. 48: 105; 15. (U 7 ) Weber, 8, 19: 1056; 06. 36: 624; 11. 62: 666; 20. (H8) Weiss and Piccard, 34, 155: 1234; 12. Meyer, quoted by Wedekind, 25, 54: 253; 21. (73) Meyer, 8, 68: 325; 99. Bauer, Weiss and Piccard, 34, 167: 484: 18. (U 9 ) Weiss and Bruins, 64P, 69: 236; 99. 1: 664; 00. 63, 26: 51; 25. (74) Morgan and Lammert, 1, 46: 881; 24. (75) Mosler, 8, 6: 84; 01. (76) Muthmann, quoted by Wede18: 246; 15. kind, 25, 54: 253; 21. (77) Onnes and Oosterhuis, 64P, 15: 322; 12. 168, (120) Weiss and Foëx, 149, 31: 5; 11. 61, 1: 274; 11. (12l) Weiss and Frankamp, 6Jf, 18: 254; 15. 0«) Weiss and Piccard, 34, 155: 1234; 12. (123) No. 129b; 12. 64P, 16: 917; 14. 168, No. 139e; 14. (78) Onnes and Wiedemann, 8, 126: 1: 65. 135: 177; 68. (124) Williams, 2, 12: 158; 18. Perrier, 64P, 12: 799; 10. 168, No. 116; 10. 64P, 14: 115; 11. 168, No. 14: 348; 19. (««) Wills, 3, 45: 432; 98. 2, 20: 188; 05. (i26) Wills and 122a; 11. 6Jf, 14: 674; 12. 168, No. 124a; 12. 168, Suppl. No. 44a; 21. Hector, 2, 23: 209; 24. (127) Wilson, 5, 98: 274; 21. 103: 185; 23. (12«) Perrier and Onnes, 64P, 16: 894; 14. 168, No. 139c; 14. 6Jf, 16: 901; 7 Wirth, quoted by Wedekind, 25, 54: 253; 21. ( 1 2 9 ) Wistband, Diss., 14. 168, No. 139d; 14. ( ») Owen, 8, 37: 657; 12. Upsala, 1916. (129-1) Woltjer, 64V, 34: 494; 25. («0) Oxley, 62, 214: 109; 14. (*i) Pascal, 34, 147: 56, 242, 742; 08. 148: 413; (130) Woltjer and Onnes, 64P, 26:626; 23. 168, Wo. 167c; 23. (I 3 MWyIaCh, 09. 150: 1167; 10. 27, 7: 17, 45; 10. 6, 19: 5; 10. (82) Pascal, 34, 152: Diss., Münster, 1915. 862, 1010; 11. 27, 9:6, 79, 134, 177, 336; 11. 10: 809, 868; 11. 11:159,201,

FERROMAGNETISM PIERRE WEISS AND G. FoEx CONTENTS Symbols. Units and conversion factors. Numerical relations. Definitions. Index Table: key number and composition of 167 specimens of Fe, Co, Ni, and their alloys, and alloys containing Mn and Cu.

MATIÈRES Symboles. Unités et facteurs de conversion. Relations numériques. Définitions. Table index: nombre clé et composition de 167 échantillons de Fe, Co, Ni, et de leurs alliages, ainsi que d'alliages contenant Mn et Cu.

Illustrative data. Normal, anhysteretic, and differential magnetization.

Données explicatives. Magnétisation normale, sans hystérésis et différentielle.

Effect of time. Magnetization in weak fields. Magnetization in intense fields. Effect of temperature. Electrolytic iron. Carbon irons and steels. Introduction. Hysteretic loss: effect of carbon and other admixtures. Coercive force: effect of carbon and of quenching temperature. Cementite, pearlite, martensite.

Effet du temps. dans Magnétisation champs faibles. Magnétisation dans champs intenses. Effet de la température.

les les

Fer électrolytique. Aciers. Introduction. Perte par hystérésis: effet du carbone et d'autres additions. Force coercitive : effet du carbone et de la température de trempe. Cementite, perlite, martensite.

INHALTSVERZEICHNIS Symbole. Einheiten und Umrechnungsfaktoren. Numerische Beziehungen. Definitionen. Index: Schlüsselzahl und Zusammensetzung von 167 Proben von Fe, Co, Ni, und deren Legierungen, ferner Legierungen mit Mn und CuGehalt. Erläuternde Daten. Normale, anhysteresische und differentiale Magnetisation. Einfluss der Zeit. Magnetisierung in schwachen Feldern. Magnetisierung in starken Feldern. Einfluss der Temperatur. Elektrolytisches Eisen. Kohlenstoff-Eisen und Stähle. Einleitung. Hysteresis-Verluste: Einfluss der Kohle und anderer Beimengungen. Koerzitivkraf t : Einfluss der Kohle und der Abschreckungs-Temperatur. Zementit, Perlit, Martensit.

INDICE p AQH Simboli 367 Unità e fattori di conversione 369 Relazioni numeriche 369 Definizioni 369 Indice: numero chiave e composizione di 167 campioni di Fe, Co, Ni e leghe relative, e campioni di leghe contenenti Mn e Cu 370 Dati illustrativi. Magnetizzazione normale, senza isteresi, e differenziale 374 Effetto del tempo 374 Magnetizzazione in campi deboli 374 Magnetizzazione in campi intensi 376 Effetto della temperatura 376 Ferro elettrolitico 378 Acciai. Introduzione 379 Perdita di isteresi : effetto del carbonio e di altre aggiunte 379 Forza coercitiva: effetto del carbonio e della temperatura di tempra 379 Cementite, perlite e martensite 380

Principales constantes aciers recuits.

Principal constants of annealed carbon irons.

des

Principales constantes des aciers trempés et étirés.

Hauptsächliche Konstanten des angelassenen Kohlenstoffeisens. Hauptsächliche Konstanten des abgeschreckten und gezogenen Kohlenstoffeisens. Normale und zyklische Magverschiedene netisierung : Wärmebehandlung. Magnetstähle. Einleitendes. Zyklische Magnetisierung. Koerzitivkraft und Restmagnetisierung, deren Änderung mit der Wärmebehandlung. Einfluss mechanischer Erschütterung. Einfluss eines äusseren Magnetfeldes. Temperaturkoeffizient der Magnetisierung.

Costanti principali degli acciai ricotti 380 Costanti principali degli acciai temprati e rinvenuti Magnetizzazione normale e ciclica: vari trattamenti termici.. . Acciaio per magneti. Introduzione Magnetizzazione ciclica. Forza coercitiva e magnetizzazione residua e loro variazione con il trattamento termico.. Effetto di urti meccanici Effetto di campi magnetici esterni Coefficiente di temperatura della magnetizzazione Leghe di ferro Cobalto Nichel Leghe di nichel Leghe e composti di manganese Temperature di trasformazione Cristalli: ferro, magnetite, pirrotite ed ematite

of Principal constants quenched and drawn carbon irons. Normal and cyclic magnetization: various heat treatments. Magnet steels. Introductory. Cyclic magnetization. Coercive force and residual magnetization, and their variation with heat treatment. Effect of mechanical shock.

Magnétisation normale et cyclique: traitements thermiques variés. Aciers à aimant. Introduction. Magnétisation cyclique. Force coercitive et magnétisation résiduelle: leurs variations avec le traitement thermique. Effet du choc mécanique.

Effect of external magnetic field. Temperature coefficient of magnetization.

Effet du champ magnétique externe. Coefficient de température de magnétisation.

Alloys of iron. Cobalt. Nickel. Alloys of nickel. Manganese alloys and compounds. Transformation temperatures.

Alliages de fer. Cobalt. Nickel. Alliages de nickel. Alliages et composés de manganèse. Températures de transformation. Cristaux: fer, magnetite, pyrrhotite et hématite.

Eisen-Legierungen. Kobalt. Nickel. Nickel-Legierungen. Mangan-Legierungen und Verbindungen. Transformationstemperaturen.

Those materials to which most frequent reference will probably be made are listed in Table 1 in the order of their composition, and "key" numbers are there assigned them. In other places, they are, in general, identified by these key numbers only. Data for other alloys and compounds will be found in their appropriate places in the several tables. For a general exposition of the subject of ferromagnetism, see (77).

Les matières auxquelles il sera probablement fait appel le plus fréquemment sont disposées dans la Table 1 dans Tordre de leur composition, et on a assigné à chacune d'elles un nombre "clé." Aux autres places, ces matières sont en général identifiées seulement par leurs nombres-clés. Les données relatives aux autres alliages et composés seront trouvées à leurs places appropriées dans les nombreuses tables. Pour une exposition générale du sujet du ferromagnétisme, voir ( 77 ).

Dasjenige Material, welches wahrscheinlich am häufigsten in Frage kommen wird, ist in der Tafel l in der Reihenfolge seiner Zusammensetzung angeordnet, und Schlüsselzahlen sind ihm angefügt. An anderer Stelle sind die Stoffe im allgemeinen nur durch die Schlüsselzahlen gekennzeichnet. Die Daten für andere Legierungen und Verbindungen sind an den zuständigen Stellen der verschiedenen Tafeln zu finden. Eine allgemeine Darlegung über den Ferromagnetismus, v. ( 77 ).

Le sostanze più interessanti sono elencate nella Tabella 1 secondo l'ordine della loro composizione e ad esse sono attribuiti numeri chiave con cui sono in genere designate. Dati per altre leghe e composti sono riportati nelle diverse tabelle. Per una esposizione generale sul!' argomento del ferromagnetismo, v. (77).

SYMBOLS Subscript Symboles Annealed, if appended to designation of specimen or to i.

SYMBOLES Symboles des Indices Recuit, si annexé à la désignation d'un échantillon ou à t.

SYMBOLE Symbole für Indexzeichen Angelassen, wenn die Bezeichnung der Probe oder dem t angefügt ist. Wechselstromfeld, wenn dem W angefügt. Wie gegossen, wenn der Bezeichnung der Probe angefügt. Koerzitiv, wenn H angefügt.

SIMBOLI Simboli di Sottoscritti Ricotto, se aggiunto alla designazione del campione o a t.

Crystals: iron, magnetite, pyrrhotite, and hematite.

a

a c c

Alternating field, if appended to W. As cast, if appended to designation of specimen. Coercive, if appended to H.

a

a c c

Champ alternatif, si annexé à W. Coulé, si annexé à la désignation d'un échantillon. Coercitif, si annexé à H.

Kristalle : Eisen, Magnetit, Pyrrhotit, Hämatit.

a

a c c

a

a c c

380

381 385 386

387 388 388 388 390 402 403 406 407 408 410

Campo alternante, se aggiunto a W. Come ottenuto di getto, se aggiunto alla designazione del campione. Coercitivo, se aggiunto ad H.

d I

Drawn. Value for large grains, see p. 379. max. Maximum. n Normal. q Quenched. r Residual, red. Reduced, corrected for presence of impurities.

Étiré. Valeur pour de gros grains, voir p. 379. max. Maximum. n Normal. q Trempé. r Résiduel. red. Réduit, corrigé à cause de la présence d'impuretés.

s A,

Spontaneous. Value at temperature t.

s t

5

Differential or reversible.

Ô

T

Turning or rotating.

r

0 oo

Initial value, H=Q. Saturation value, H very great.

0 oo

Symbols for Quantities a, a' Coefficients of magnetic hardness (see definition). B Magnetic induction. BU Value of B corresponding to um (max.). d Density; occasionally = diameter. e Hysteresis exponent. H Magnetic field intensity. 7 1 Key p s t IR W ct

ß *? B K. X n

Intensity of magnetization. Length. Key number as given in Table 1. Percentage by weight of constituent under consideration. Side of section of square rod. Temperature, 0C. Room temperature. Hysteresis loss per cm 3 per cycle. Temperature coefficient of electrical conductivity; (pt - PO) = apot. Temperature coefficient of /; It - /o = 0/rf. Hysteresis (Steinmetz) coefficient. Curie point, 0C. Susceptibility. Wave-length in vacuo. Permeability.

d I

Spontané. Valeur à la température, t. Différentiel ou réversible. Tournant ou animé d'un mouvement de rotation. Valeur initiale, H=O. Valeur de saturation, H très grand.

d l max. n q r red.

s t d r 0 °o

Gezogen. Werte für grobe Stücke, siehe S. 379. Maximum. Normal. Abgeschreckt. Restlich. Reduziert, korrigiert wegen der Anwesenheit von Verunreinigungen. Selbsttätig Wert bei der Temperatur, t. Differentiell oder reversibel. Drehend oder rotierend. Anfangswert, H = O. Sättigungswert, H sehr gross.

d l max. n q r red.

s t o T 0 «

Rinvenuto. Valore per grani grossi, v. p. 379. Massimo. Normale. Temprato. Residuo, Ridotti, corretto per la presenza di impurezze. Spontaneo. Valore alla temperatura, t. Differenziale o reversibile. Girante o rotante. Valore iniziale, H=O. Valore di saturazione, H molto grande.

Symboles pour Quantités a, o! Coefficients de dureté magnétique (voir définition). B Induction magnétique. BU Valeur de B correspondant à Um (max.). d Densité; occasionnellement = diamètre. e Exposant d'hystérésis. H Intensité du champ magnétique. / Intensité de magnétisation. 1 Longueur. Key Mêmes nombres-clés que ceux donnés dans la Table 1. p Pourcentage poids du constituant considéré.

Symbole für Grossen Koeffizient der magnetischen Härte (siehe Definition). B Magnetische Induktion. BU Werte von J3, die /um (max.) entsprechen. d Dichte, zuweilen Durchmesser. e Hysteresis-Exponent. H Intensität des magnetischen Feldes. / Intensität der Magnetisierung. 1 Länge. Key Schlüsselzahl, wie in der Tabelle l vorhanden.

Simboli per Quantità Coefficienti di durezza magnetica (vedi definizione). B Induzione magnetica. BfJ, Valore di B corrispondente a Mm (massimo). d Densità, qualche volta = diametro. e Esponente di isteresi. H Intensità del campo magnetico. J Intensità della magnetizzazione. 1 Lunghezza. Key Numero chiave riportato nella Tabella 1.

p

p

s

Côté d'une section d'une tige de section carrée.

s

t IR W

Température, 0C. Température ambiante. Perte par hystérésis par cm3 par cycle. Coefficient de température de conductibilité électrique; (pt — PO) = apGt. Coefficient de température de 7; It — IQ = ßlot. Coefficient d'hystérésis (Steinmetz). Point de Curie, 0C Susceptibilité. Longueur d'onde dans le vide. Perméabilité.

t IR TF.

a

ß ij G K X ft,

a, a'

a

ß 77 G K X U

Gewichtsprozente des betrachteten Konstituenten. Seitenlänge des Querschnittes eines vierkantigen Stabes. Temperatur, 0C. Zimmertemperatur Hysteresisverlust pro cm3 pro Cykl. Temperaturkoeffizient der elektrischen Leitfähigkeit; (p t — Po) = apot. Temperaturkoeffizient von 7; 7* — J0 — ßlot. Hysteresiskoeffizient (Steinmetz). Curie-Punkt, 0C. Suszeptibilität. Wellenlänge im Vakuum. Permeabilität.

a, a'

s t JA W a

ß 77 e K X ti

Percentuale in peso del componente che si considera. Lato di sezione di una sbarra quadrata. Temperatura, 0C. Temperatura ambiente. Perdita di isteresi per cm3 e per ciclo. Coefficiente di temperatura della conducibilità elettrica; (pt — pò) = ap0t. Coefficiente di temperatura di 7; It .— 7 o = ßlot. Coefficiente di isteresi (Steinmetz). Punto di Curie, 0C. Suscettività. Lunghezza d'onda nel vuoto. Permeabilità.

p a

Electrical volume resistivity. Specific magnetization ;

P

Résistance électrique.

p

Elektrischer Widerstand.

p

Resistività elettrica.

a

Magnétisation spécifique; a = I/d. Valeur de saturation de a au zéro absolu.

o-

Magnetizzazione specifica; a- — I /d. Valore di saturazione di a allo zero assoluto.

Valeur de saturation de a à la température de l'observation. Temps durant lequel l'échantillon a été maintenu à la température d'étirage.

u^

Azimuth de H. Susceptibilité spécifique; X = «/d.

Spezifische Magnetisierung; a = I /d. Sättigungswert von obeim absoluten Nullpunkt. Sättigungswert von

a- «

Saturation value of
o-«

Saturation value of
Vx

Azimuth of H. Specific susceptibility; X = K/d.

Td

X

Td

aM

Td

a»

(T^0 Td

Valore di saturazione di o- alla temperatura di osservazione. Durata di permanenza del campione alla temperatura di rinvenimento. Azimut di H. Suscettività specifica; x = K/d.

Units and Conversion Factors

Numerical Relations

In the Ferromagnetic section of the Tables all data, excepting those for resistivity (p), are expressed in cgsm units and centigrade temperatures, unless the contrary is explicity stated; for p the unit is 1 microhm-cm. B 1 cgsm = 1 maxwell cm"2 = 1 line cm"2 = 6.452 line in."2. d 1 cgsm = l g cm-3 = 0.03613 Ib. in."3 = 62.43 Ib. ft.~3. e A pure number. // 1 cgsm = 1 gauss = 1 gilbert cm"1 = 0.7957 ampere turn per cm = 2.021 ampere turn per in. 7 1 cgsm = 1 cgsm magnetic moment cm"3 = 4?r* maxwell cm"2 = 47T* line cm~2 = 6.452 X ^* line in."2 = 16.387 cgsm magnetic moment in.""3. W I cgsm = 1 erg cm"3 per cycle = IO"7 watt cm"3 per (cycle sec"1) = 16.39 X 10~7 watt in.-3 per cycle-sec"1 = dM X 10~7 watt g-1 per cycle-sec-1 = 16.39 dE X IO"7 watt Ib.-1 per cycle-sec"1. (G?M, ds are densities expressed in g cm"3, Ib. in."3, respectively). t\ 1 cgsm = 1 erg cm"3 per cycle per (maxwell cm"2)« = 1 000* erg cm~3 per cycle per (kiloline cm"2)« = 1 000« X 10~7 watt cm"3 per cycle-sec"1 per (kiloline cm"2)6 = (155.0)e X IO7 watt Cm-3PCrCyCIe-SeC"1 per (kiloline in.~2)e = 16.387 X (155.0)e X IO7 watt in."3 per cycle-sec"1 per (kiloline in.~ 2 )« = 16.387 X (1 000)« X IO"7 watt in."3 per cyclesec"1 per (kiloline cm"2)«. (For e = 1.6, 1 00O1-6 = 63 096, (155.O)1-6 = 3 195.4, 16.387 X (155.O)1-6 = 52 364, 16.387 X (1 00O)1-6 = 1.0338 X IO6). K 1 cgsm = 4ir* maxwell cm"2 per gauss = 1.2566 X 4ir* maxwell cm"2 per ampere-turn-cm"1 = 0.4947 X 4?r* maxwell cm"2 per ampere-turn-in."1 = 6.452 X 4?r* line in."2 per gauss = 8.107 X 4-Tr* line in."2 per ampere-turn-cm"1 = 3.192 X 4?r* line in."2 per ampere-turn-in.-1. /x 1 cgsm — 1 maxwell cm"2 per gauss = 1.2566 maxwell cm~ 2 per ampere-turn-cm-1 = 0.4947 maxwell cm"2 per ampereturn-in."1 = 6.452 line in."2 per gauss = 8.107 line in."2 per ampere-turn-cm"1. p 1 microhm-cm = 1 000 cgsm = 10~6 ohm-cm = 0.3937 microhm-in. er 1 cgsm = 1 cgsm magnetic moment g"1 = 4ir* maxwell cm g-i = 4,T* line cm g"1 = 178.6 X 47r* line in. Ib."1 = 453.6 cgsm magnetic moment Ib.""1. X 1 cgsm = 47T* maxwell cm g"1 per gauss = 178.6 X 4-Tr * line in. Ib."1 per gauss = 453.6 cgsm magnetic moment Ib."1 per gauss.

Mn = Bn/H = 1 + 47T/cn; M = B/H - 1 + 4r*; B=H+ 47T/; Br = 47T/V; 7 = KH; In = KnH; a- = I/d = XH; 0.99(T00, a' = (Kr00.

*47T = 12.566; 0.4947 X 4*- = 6.217; 1.2566 X 4ir = 15.791; 3.192 X 4* = 40.11; 6.452 X 4ir = 81.07; 8.107 X 4r = 101.88; 178.6 X 4ir = 2244.4.

Definitions Anneal.—When a specimen of material has been kept at a high temperature (ta) for such a length of time that it has come to equilibrium, and is then slowly cooled, it is said to have been annealed from ta'} ta — annealing temperature. Anhysteretic.—Those data obtained when the specimen, while in a constant field (//), is subjected to an alternating field which is progressively reduced from a value > H to O. The same result can be obtained by subjecting the specimen to repeated mechanical shocks. To a first approximation, such data are single valued functions of H. Coercive Force.—When the field, in which a specimen is placed, is reduced from a finite value (//max.) to O, 7 is reduced to a certain finite value Ir, which is called the residual magnetization after the application of the force /7max. The residual induction, or retentivityj is Br = 4ir7r. In order to reduce B to O, a reverse field of intensity Hc must be applied; Hc is the coercive force, or coercive field, corresponding to //max. When the value of //max. (or of #max.) is not stated, it is understood to exceed that corresponding to saturation. Curie Point.—Generally, the rising temperature at which the material ceases to be ferromagnetic, or the falling temperature at which it becomes ferromagnetic. These two temperatures do not coincide in all cases, and, unless the contrary is stated, it is to be understood that the observations were made with increasing temperature. More exactly, the Curie point is the temperature, 0, that occurs in the equation of Weiss, x(t — 0) = constant, which is satisfied by ferromagnetic materials if t is greater than, but not too nearly equal to 0. In this region x is independent of the field, and x~l is linear in t (the linear law of Weiss). In a small transition region around 0, the graph of (x"1, O is curved; consequently this 0 is, in general, a little higher than that at which ferromagnetism disappears. At the Curie point, the graph showing the variation of the specific heat with the temperature has a discontinuity and the reversible evolution of heat accompanying a change in H (the magnetocaloric phenomenon of Weiss) has a sharp maximum ( 77 > 84 > 85). Drawn.—If an unannealed specimen is heated to a moderate temperature td for a time ra and then cooled slowly it is said to have been drawn to the temperature td for the time Td.

Differential Susceptibility.—If the intensity of the field is varied repeatedly over the range H to H-dH, the value of / ultimately varies between the fixed value 7 and 7-d/, then dl/dH = K0 is the differential, or reversible, susceptibility. The differential permeability is MS = 1 + 4™5. To a first approximation, these quantities are single valued functions of /. Hardness.— If H is great, Êj(B - H) = 1/* = a + bH, where a and o are constants ( 37 ); and approximately (l — TT)> where a' = a/« ( 73 ). The quantities a and a' measure the magnetic hardness of the material. They vary with the impurities and with the heat treatment of the specimen. Hysteresis.—When the field varies systematically and cyclically between -f- Hm&x, and —Hma»., the (B, H) curve, after a few cycles, is closed. This closed curve is called the hysteresis loop. During each cycle, there is dissipated within the specimen, and in addition to the dissipation by the Foucault currents, an amount of energy (W) which is proportional to the volume of the specimen (if the field is uniform) and to the area of the loop. This is the hysteretic loss. It depends not only upon the specimen and the value of HOUU., but also upon the manner in which the cycle is traced— whether H varies by a series of finite steps, or is proportional to sin T, or is constant in amount but varies in direction, etc. When H varies as sin T (T = time), W is called the alternating hysteretic loss and, when desirable, is denoted by Wa] unless the contrary is stated, W will be understood to denote Wa. When the specimen is a body of revolution, and the field, constant in intensity, rotates uniformly about the axis of revolution—or the field is fixed and the body rotates—W is called the turning or rotating hysteretic loss, denoted by WT. As #max. is increased, WT passes through a maximum and tends to O in very intense fields. All hysteretic losses vary greatly with the heat treatment of the specimen. In general, W = rjB^^; rj = hysteresis, or Steinmetz, coefficient; e = hysteresis exponent; for most irons and steels, e = 1.6; this value is to be assumed unless another is stated.

Initial.—The initial permeability (/Z0) is value of A* when H=O. Normal.—The permeability (M = B/H) of a specimen depends upon its magnetic history, but the permeability (/*» = Bn^x,/ #max.) at the tip of a repeatedly traced hysteresis loop is definite; it is called the normal permeability corresponding to H = H1^x. The corresponding susceptibility (KH), induction (Bn), and magnetization (/„) are likewise said to be normal. The locus of the positive tips of the hysteresis loops corresponding to various values of .Hmax. is called the normal (B, H) curve, or the curve of first magnetization. Quenched.—When a specimen while at a high temperature (tq) is quickly cooled by being plunged into a large volume of liquid (water, oil, mercury, etc.) it is said to have been quenched at temperature tq. Reduced.—Data which have been corrected for the effects produced by the impurities in the specimen are said to be "reduced," denoted by "red." (Constituents characteristic of the type of material under consideration are not impurities; e.g., in carbon irons, C is not an impurity, but in electrolytic iron, C is an impurity.) Residual.—See Coercive force. Rotating Hysteresis.—See Hysteresis. Saturation.—The saturation values ((T00, I00) of a and I are their values at absolute zero and for H = oo. Values (&„, /£) for H = », but at temperature of observation (riot absolute zero) are also called saturation values. Specific Magnetization.—Magnetic moment per unit of mass; a = I/d. Spontaneous.—The magnetizations of the several structural elements composing a specimen are in general inclined to one another. Hence the observed, or apparent, magnetization of the specimen is less than the true magnetization of its elements. The latter may be determined by thermomagnetic measurements ( 75 ). Representing the latter as a function of H, H great, and extrapolating to -fiT = O, a value called the spontaneous magnetization (7S,
TABLE 1.—KEY NUMBER AND COMPOSITION OF EACH or VARIOUS SPECIMENS or IRON, COBALT, NICKEL, THEIR ALLOYS, AND ALLOYS CONTAINING MANGANESE AND COPPER Those alloys which occur in only a single table and are of such a nature that there is no reason for comparing their compositions with those of others are not included in this list. When materials from distinctly different sources have the same composition, they are distinguished in the property tables by roman numerals appended to the key number. Amounts expressed in % by weight. Key number 1 1.1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19

Material Carbon irons and pure Fe Electrolvtic Fe; fused in vacuo (3 mm Hg) Electrolytic Fe; fused in vacuo; Heraeus; extremely pure Electrolytic Fe; fused in vacuo; total impurities = 0.02% Electrolytic Fe; fused in H; Merck Electrolytic Fe; fused in N; Merck Pure iron. Data obtained from commercial materials; correction applied for effect of impurities Electrolytic Fe; fused in vacuo Electrolytic Fe; fused in vacuo Electrolytic Fe; fused in vacuo Electrolytic Fe Electrolytic Fe; fused in vacuo Iron, 0.006% Cu Iron, 0.006% Cu Electrolytic Fe; fused in H, 0.072% H Electrolytic Fe + C Electrolytic Fe Swedish charcoal iron Swedish charcoal iron Mild steel; dynamo steel Swedish iron

% C

% Si

% Mn

%S

%P

Tables 4 6 22 6, 22 4, 6, 22

0.0015 0.0017 0.0018 0.004 0.006 0.009 0.009 0.012 0.018 0.024 0.027

0.014 0.014 0.014 0.006 0.011

0.007 0.01 0.005 0.006 0.003 0.004 0.004 0.006

O Tr. 0.008 0.030

0.044 0.046

0.004 0.006

0.400 0.12

0.009 0.009 0.001 0.004 0.011 0.001 0.008 0.002 0.099 0.027

0.044

4 6 6 6 3,22 6 22 22 6 9 6 3,4,9,11 5 3,4,9,11 5

TABLE L—(Continued) K Y number

20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 36 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 46 46 47 48 49 60 61 62 63 54 65 66 67 68 69 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 70 71 72 73 74 75 _76

Material Carbon irons and pure Fe.— (Continued) Taylor iron American ingot iron Norway iron Best refined iron Soft iron Bessemer steel Firminy Iron, 0.03% Cu Mild steel; dynamo Kohlswairon Bessemer steel Electrolytic Fe + C Bessemer steel Firminy Hard steel Electrolytic Fe + C . . Electrolytic Fe + C Electrolytic Fe + C Mild steel, n o A s Firminy Electrolytic Fe + C Hard steel Firminy Eutectoid steel,* 0.05% Cr Electrolytic Fe + C Electrolytic Fe + C Unieux Hard steel High carbon steel Drill rod Firminy Electrolytic Fe -f C Electrolytic Fe + C Unieux Unieux Electrolytic Fe + C , Hard steel Electrolytic Fe + C Unieux Hard steel Silicon steels Silicon steel Silicon steel Stalloy Silicon steel Silicon steelf Ferrosilicon Dynamo sheets Silicon steel Series of alloys; Si = 0.001 % to 4.92%; see Castiron Manganese steels Manganese steel Manganese steel Manganese steel Manganese steel Manganese steel Manganese steel Manganese steel

%C

% Si

% Mn

%S

<0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05

%P

Tables

0.01 0.028 0.04

0.06 0.380 0.06

0.01 0.024 0.009

0.01

0.002

0.02p

0.04 0.006 0.007 0.004

0.18 0.004 Tr. Tr.

(?) 0.020 0.009 0.009 0

0.003 0.16

Tr. 0.13

0.011 0.08

0.23 0.018 0.017

0.014 0.011 0.009

0.24 0.10

0.23 0.006 0.004 ' 0.28 0.40

0.025 0.006

Tr. Tr.

0.008 0.011

0.004 0.23 0.005

Tr. 0.37 Tr.

0.003 0.01 0.005

0.10

0.17

0.08

4 4 4 4 2, 5, 11 4 12, 14 0.01 22 0.029 4,9,11 0.024 4 4 9 4 12, 14 0.08 9,11 9 9,10 10 0 5 12, 14, 15 9 0.02 9,11 12, 13, 14 0.016 9,11 9,10 10 12, 14 0.01 9,11 0.04 3 4 12, 14 9 9 14 14 9 0.01 9,11 9 14 0.02 9,11

0.09 0.08

0.04 0.04

0.02 0.01

0.31 0.10

0.01 0.01

0.29

1.03 2.40 3 3.71 4.09 4.4 4 to 5 4.45

0.12

0.03

3.109

3.270

0.560

0.061

0.46 0.10 0.09 0.13 0.20 0.22 0.20

0.03 0.04 0.05 0.09 0.11 0.13

0.05 0.06 0.08 0.085 0.09 0.1 0.14 0.15 0.20 0.23 0.23 0.32 0.39 0-.44 0.49 0.52 0.69 0.84 0.85 0.88 0.96 0.96 0.99 0.99 1.10 1.21 1.28 1.32 1.40 1.41 1.55 1.57 1.60 1.61 1.78 0.25 0.21 0.06 0.07

0.7 2.76 4.20 5.74 7.81 10.30 12.34

* The magnetic properties of commercial tool steel lie between those of the annealed and of the quenched eutectoid. t More recent than 60, 61, 63, 67.

0.01 0.07

17 17 3 0.01 17 17 2 3 0.02 17 17 1.050 4 , 9 , 1 1 12 17 17 17 17 17 17

TABLE 1.—(Continued) £ number 77 78 79

Material

% Al

Aluminium steels Aluminium steel Aluminium steel Aluminium steel Boron steels

2.17 5.66 10.52

%C 0.13 0.15 0.10

% Si

% Mn

0.06 0.14 0.09

0.10 0.10 0.10

%S

%P

Tables 17 17 17 17

I % W I % Cr I % Co

79-a 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90

Cobalt steels Electrolytic Fe and pure Co (Merck), fused in H Cobalt steel Cobalt steel Cobalt steel Cobalt steel "K S." magnet steel; range Cobalt steel Fe2Co Cobalt steel Cobalt steel Cobalt steel Cobalt steel Chrome steels Copper iron alloys

{*

5.4 5.1

10 10 20 22

1.37 1.22 1.11 1.16

*' 5

^

°'g 1.15

4.4

4.8

33 34.55 35 35 35 36

0.83 1.12 1.24 1.11

4.8 4.7 4.0 3.5

I

91 92 93 94

Molybdenum steel Châtillon and Commentry "A" Châtillon and Commentry "B" Châtillon and Commentry "B" Châtillon and Commentry "C"

17 13 13 13 13

4.7 3.9 3.5 4.4 j

12,14,16 13 4,17 13 13 13 13 17 17

Mo~

3.5 3.4 4.0 3.9

0.51 1.25 1.24 1.72

13,16 13, 14, 16 13, 15, 16 13, 14, 16

I % AI I %~NT 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123

Nickel iron alloys; nickel steels Electrolytic Fe, pure Ni Electrolytic*.... Electrolytic* + Si Electrolytic* + Si Electrolytic* Electrolytic* + Si Nickel steel, "Ni 2" Electrolytic* v Electrolytic* + Si Electrolytic* Electrolytic* + Si Electrolytic* Electrolytic* + Si + Mn Electrolytic* + Si Electrolytic* Electrolytic* +0.2% Ti Electrolytic* + Mn + Si Electrolytic* Electrolytic* + Si Electrolytic*+0.2% Ti Electrolytic* Electrolytic*+0.2% Ti Electrolytic* Electrolytic* + Al Electrolytic*+0.2% Ti Electrolytic* + Al Electrolytic*+Al Electrolytic* + Si Electrolytic*

0.005 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.005

0.5 0.5 1.0 1.96 1.96 3 0.005 3.85 0.005 3.85 0.005 5.68 0.005 7.00 0.005 7.33 0.005 8.0 0.005 9.52 0.004 9.61 0.004 9.9 0.004 10.0 0.004 11.10 0.00415.0 0.00415.0 0.004 15.87 0.00420.0 0.00421.03 0.2 23.8 0.00425.0 0.2 25.1 0.2 29.8 0.00330.0 0.00338.92

* Both the Fe and the Ni are electrolytic; the Fe contains traces of Cu.

0.014 0.014 0.014 0.014 0.014 0.7 0.015 0.015 0.015 0.015 0.015 0.016 0.016 0.016 0.016 0.016 0.016 0.017 0.017 0.017 0.017 0.017 0.018 0.018 0.018 0.019 0.019 0.020

Tr. 0.2 0.2 0.001 0.2

Tr. Tr. Tr. Tr. Tr.

0.003 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.003

Tr. Tr. Tr. Tr. Tr.

0.001 0.2 0.002 0.2 0.003 0.2 0.2 0.004 0.004 0.2 0.004 0.2 0.006 0.006 0.008 0.008 0.009 0.010 0.010 0.012 0.2 0.016

Tr. Tr. Tr. Tr. Tr. 0.1 Tr. Tr. Tr. 0.1 Tr. Tr. Tr. Tr. Tr. Tr. Tr. Tr. Tr. Tr. Tr. Tr.

0.003 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.004 0.004 0.004 0.004 0.004 0.004 0.004 0.004

Tr. Tr. Tr. Tr. Tr. Tr. Tr. Tr. Tr. Tr. Tr. Tr. Tr. Tr. Tr. Tr. Tr. Tr. Tr. Tr. Tr

17 17 17 17 17 17 12 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17

TABLE 1. — (Continued) Key number

Material

124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134

Nickel iron alloys; nickel steels. — (Continued) Electrolytic* + Mn Electrolytic* Electrolytic* + Mn Electrolytic* Electrolytic* Electrolytic* Permalloy, 0.37% Co; 0.10% Cu Permalloy Electrolytic* + Mn Electrolytic* -f Mn Electrolytic* + Mn

135

Vanadium iron alloys Vanadium steel

136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143

Tungsten steels Assaillv "V 2" Assailly "V 3" Châtillon and Commentry "b " Assailly "V" Boehlerf "special, extra hard" Châtillon and Commentrv "a" Châtillon and Commentry "c " Allevard

144 145 146 146.1 147 148 149 150 151 152 153

% Ni

%C

% Si

50 54.08 54.9 57.99 66.96 75.80 78.3 78.5 Tr. 89.9 Tr. 93.3 O 99.2 % Cr I % V

0.022 0.023 0.023 0.024 0.025 0.026 0.04

0.020 0.022 0.022 0.024 0.027 0.030 0.003

0.029 0.029 0.030

0.036 0.037 0.040

3.5 %W

0.60

Tr.

2.7 2.7 2.7 2.9 2.9 3.2 3.5 5.5

0.76 1.10 1.02 0.55 1.10 0.77 1.53 0.59

% Al 0 . 003 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.001

O

Boehlerf "Boreas" 7.7 Cobalt and nickel Cobalt; fused in vacuo; 99% pure Cobalt Nickel; electrolytic, fused in vacuo; from Heraeus; 99.9% pure. . . Nickel; fused in H; extremely pure, from Merck Nickel; fused in N; extremely pure, from Merck Nickel, Ni = 99.15%; Mn = 0.7% Nickel, Ni = 98.08%, Co = 1.31%; Fe = 0.68%; insoluble = 0.11% Nickel, contains 1.5% Co Nickel; from Ni(CO) 4 Nickel; purity not stated Nickel alloys: Alloys with Fe, see Table 17 (Ni); others, see Table 20

154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167

* Both the Fe and the Ni are electrolytic; the Fe contains traces of Cu. tStyria.

%S

%P

0.5 Tr. 0.5 Tr. Tr. Tr. 0.22

0.005 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.035

Tr. 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 Tr.

0.5 0.5 0.5

0.006 0.006 0.006

Tables

17 17 17 17 17 17 17 3 0.001 17 0.001 17 0.001 17

0.22

17

12, 13 13 13 13 13, 14 13 13 12, 13, 14, 15, 16 13, 14, 15

1.96

4, 22 4, 18 19 19 4 19 3 19 22 19 % Pb

Manganese alloys containing Cu Heusler alloy Heusler alloy (malleable) Heusler alloy Heusler alloy Heusler alloy Heusler alloy (not malleable) Heusler alloy Heusler alloy Tin-manganese-copper alloy Tin-manganese-copper allo v Tin-manganese-copper alloy Tin-manganese-copper alloy Tin-manganese-copper alloy Tin-manganese-copper alloy

% Mn

0.1

% Al I % Sn I % Mn I % Cu 7.2 10.15 10.15 13.2 14.0 15.0 16.3 25

14.1 16.1 18.0 29.8 38.0 48.1

13.9 78.9 14.25 75.6 14.2 75.65 6.0 80.8 19.3 66.6 23.5 61.5 26.5 57.2 11.6 63.4 25.1 60.2 24.5 58.7 23.9 57.6 20.4 49.2 18.1 43.4 15.0 36.4

22 21 21 22 22 21 22 22 21 21 21 21 21 21

Illustrative Data TABLE 2.—ILLUSTRATIVE or NORMAL, ANHYSTERETIC, AND DIFFERENTIAL MAGNETIZATION See also Tables 5(19), 19(1637) 247, Soft iron; (cf. Table 11(247) Normal Anhysteretic Differential* ( 20 J TJ (65 V

)

;

4rr7n

1 I

Mn

4x7

—: I

i

M

7

0.04 5 570 150 000 O 0.14 170 1 200 165 0.22 8 680 40 000 308 0.23 690 3 020 491 0.54 5 160 9 560 593 0.62 11 280 18 100 799 0.73 6 940 9 500 1 010 3.67 13 730 3 740 1 100 5.51 14 800 2 690 1 230 7.79 14 930 1 920 1 370 20.7 15 970 770 . 35.5 16 620 470 37.4 16 660 446 58.3 17 310 296 71.2 17 560 248 106.8 18240 172 18240 172 164.5 19 100 177 19 100 117 | * Does not refer to same material as the 4 preceding columns.

|

—

M5

91.2 89.7 85.0 77.5 74.6 62.1 45.2 37.4 22.6 13.8

TABLE 3.—(Continued) 9 Electrolytic iron (C = 0.004%) heated repeatedly to 80O0C, alternating with cooling to 70O0C, annealed from 80O0C. At temperatures between 90 and 15O0C, and at t > 33O0C, it ages very rapidly. At 13O0C and H = 0.0957, K decreases to Y^1 its initial value in 10 hr and to H m 24 hr; n — 1.66, c varies from 11 to 14 (58).

16 Swedish charcoal iron; C = 0.027%, 16C = as cast, unannealed; IG0 = annealed. 18 Dynamo steel; C = 0.044%, 18ai == once annealed; 1802 = twice annealed. 48 High carbon steel; C = 0.99%; 48a = annealed; 483 = quenched. 62 Stalloy; Si = 3%. 66 Silicon steel, dynamo sheets; Si = 4 to 5%. 1317 Permalloy; Ni = 78.5%. 150 Nickel (Co = 1.31%) in a condition, obtained by annealing, which was stable during observations between room temperature and Curie point; n — 4, c — 1225 ( 55 ). After annealing again, n = 4.09, c = 2165 (t increasing); n = 4.07, c = 2145 (t decreasing) (82), see Fig, 7; a = 7,188[(J80 - DfI]Y4. (**).

Near Curie point (3760C) there is thermal ir reversibility (82). /xn, permeability in weak fields: typical materials

H 0.01 0.02 0.05 0.15 0.58 1.39

65 Ferrosilieon; 4.4% Si; anhysteretic ( 65 ) I 4x7 I M y H I 47T7 I M 850 85 000 2.49 9 870 3 960 1 400 70 000 8.41 12 750 1 520 1 970 40 000 38.6 14 670 380 3 290 21 000 60.0 15 350 257 5 200 9 000 179.9 17 640 99 7 820 5 600

H I 9 I O 750 0.01 0.03 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.3 0.4 Lit.

EFFECT OF TIME Irrespective of the action of Foucault currents, the magnetization of a material, in general, lags behind changes in H. For annealed soft iron, the lag is very marked; for other materials it is small. This effect is frequently ascribed to a magnetic viscosity; on account of it, the hysteresis cycle may vary markedly with the rate at which H is varied. At very high frequencies, pn (max.) decreases rapidly as the frequency is increased, and at frequencies above 3 X IO10 per sec (wave-length (\) in vacuo = 1 cm) ^n (max,) = 1, even for Fe (see Figs. 1 to 5).

TABLE 3.—MAGNETIZATION IN VERY WEAK FIELDS When H is sufficiently small, K = a + bH and W = %bH3 (57). The values of a and of 6 vary markedly with thermal treatment of the specimen. They vary in a very complicated fashion with the temperature, pass through an acute maximum near the Curie point, and become zero at that point. As the temperature changes progressively from — 1880C to Curie point, they satisfy the relation be = an; the values of c and of n depend upon the substance and its past thermal treatment. For composition, see Table 1.

(58)

16e I 16q I 18Q1 I ISq2 |487T48g| 62 | 66 | 1317 214 470 490 32072.843.2 320 52810500 222 513 522 35172.843.2 55413800 242 600 586 433 72.8 43.3 611 36 300 266 680 650 54072.943.4 668 322 890 786 872 73.0 43.6 804 374 1070 912139073.143.8 930 430 1 2251 0403 03073.344.0 1 035 73.544.2 73.844.5 (26)

(26)

(26)

(46)

(26)

(38)

Ky Susceptibility: typical materials (K = a + bH) Material | â \ 4^-b \ H (limits)* | Lit. 9C Electrolytic iron (unannealed) 102 8.5 (58) 9a Electrolytic iron 628 1358 (58) 9o Electrolytic iron 754 (58) 9 Electrolytic iron aged at 13O0C 201 176 (58) Iron sheets 569 1106 0.07 to 0.75 (30) Cast steel 235 168 0.07 to 0.9 (30) Iron containing C 209 234 0.01 to 0.7 (30) Iron wire, hard 74 22.0 0.1 to 1.1 (30) Iron wire, not annealed 80 64 (57) Cast iron 40 3.0 0.1 to 4.0 (30) Tungsten steel, annealed 112 3.1 0.1 to 3.1 ( 3 O) Tungsten steel, quenched.... 28 0.4 0.1 to 3.5 (30) Magnetite,f artificial 16.5 0.475 0.3 to 1.1 (58) * Limits of H within which « = a + bH. t Pure FesO4 prepared by roasting FezOs', n = 2.4, c = 52.3; see also p. 410.

FIG. 1.—Time lag of magnetization (/) in weak fields ( 16 ). Annealed, wrought iron wire.

FIG. 2.—Variation of hysteresis cycle with rate of change of H ( 42 ). Annealed electrolytic iron. The curves are loci of isochronal values of J3, obtained thus: H is instantaneously reduced from +.ffmax. to a certain chosen fixed value, and B is measured at once and then after intervals of ^3, %, . . . sec. These ordinates and the chosen common abscissa define points on the curves O, 1, 2, ... ; the corresponding ascending curves are given for the intervals O and « only. For a very slow cycle, Hc = 0.39; for a very rapid one, Hc = 2.18.

FIG. 3.—Time rate of decrease of magnetization ( 89 ). Hard steel wire, diameter = d, Hc ca. 6. Values of / at various intervals after H has been reduced instantaneously to O; initial value of H is marked on curve. Unit of r = 10~6 sec.

FIG. 4,—Variation of maximum permeability with frequency (v) of H. Various authors, see (2). X = wave-length in vacuo. See also Fig. 5.

TABLE 3.—(Continued) 150; /c, Susceptibility: nickel ( 55 )

t I a I b Il M 18.5 3.68 0.154 244

FIG. 5.—Variation of maximum permeability with frequency of H (2). (See also Fig. 4.)

26.0 47.0 65.0 80.0 100.0 124.5 150.0 179.0 204.0 220.0

3.78 3.90 4.02 4.11 4.26 4.44 4.65 4.90 5.14 5.37

0.158 0.187 0.209 0.236 0.272 0.323 0.393 0.502 0.594 0.708

275 293 309 322 333 344 353 357 358 376*

* !!reversibilities in this region ( 82 ).

a I b [I t I a ~ 5.68 0.861 + 18 3.13 6.20 6.60 6.97 7.44 7.90 8.73 9.91 11.65 6.68 O

1.214 1.511 1.905 2.402 3.09 4.54 8.04 14.55 19.18 O

-183.1 -196.6 + 18 -252.6 + 18 (50)

0.954 0.879 3.06 0.779 3.06

TABLE 4.—MAGNETIZATION IN INTENSE FIELDS The data here given are mainly illustrative; additional data of the same kind will be found in the tables giving data for specific materials. The relative accuracy of data of the same series and obtained by the same method is greater than the absolute accuracy. For large values of H, I/K = a + bH ( 37 ) and approximately a — (T00(I — a'/H) ( 73 ); a' = a! M. Co is an exception; it is magnetically very hard, and in intense fields the law of variation of
L1

ffi 0)> ] at 170C (73). Both

a and a' vary considerably with heat treatment and impurities. For composition, see Table 1. 1 Electrolytic iron, cast at pressure = 3 mm Hg. 4 Electrolytic iron, Merck, cast in N. 5 Pure iron (corrected for effects of impurities); d = 7.876 g/cm3. 16 Swedish charcoal iron. 29 Kohlswa iron; C = 0.09%; 29' = corrected for effect of C, Si, Mn. 68 Cast iron; 68C = as cast; 680 = annealed. 86 Fe2Co; 86/1 = cast under pressure of 1 mm Hg, forged; for 86/2 the pressure = 0.5 mm Hg. 867/, method of preparation is not stated. /O0(Fe2Co) = 1.14/O0(Fe). 146 Cobalt, cast under pressure of 1 mm mercury. 146 Cobalt, relatively soft. 148 Nickel, Merck, cast in N. Key I

Material

|

H

\ t \ J00

(T00

a \ Li~

1 Electrolytic iron tR 1798 4 Electrolytic iron 760 6500 17.3 216.1 7.9 5 Pure iron tR 1720 16a Swedish charcoal iron tR 1685 18« Dynamo steel tR 1705 28« Dynamo steel tR 1691 29 Kohlswa iron 1500 650019 216.5 7.9 29' Kohlswa iron <6414 19 218.3* 68a Cast iron tR 1333 68C Cast iron tR 1307 86Ji Fe2Co/ tR 2050 86J2 Fe2CoJJ tR 2056 86JJ Fe2CoJJJ tR 1884 145 Cobalt, 99% tR 1504 146 Cobalt, soft 3600 630017 162f f 148 Nickel, pure 676 8380 18 54.5 9.7 MagnetiteJ 19 90.7 39 Magnetite, pure Fe3P4. .. 19 93.3 * Corrected for effect of C, Mn1 Si. t See text at head of table. Î Contains a little Fe2O3.

(« 8 > (73) ( 22 ) ( 22 ) ( 22 ) (22) (? 3 ) (73) ( 23 ) ( 23 ) ( 8 ») ( 88 ) (") ( 88 ) (73) (73) (73) ( 39 )

Other commercial irons and steels ( 52 ) Key 2OJ 2OJJ 21J 21J' 21JJ 21JJ' 22J 22JJ 22JJJ 22Jy 23J 23JJ 23JJJ 25 3OJ 3OJJ 30JJJ 3OJF 32 49

Material Taylor Taylor American ingot American ingot. . American ingot American ingot Norway Norway Norway Norway Best refined Best refined Best refined Bessemer Bessemer Bessemer Bessemer Bessemer Bessemer Drill rod

* Essentially = -?'«>.

JJ

J*

2490 1645 2685 1654 2760 1708 4395 1711 2780 1725 4545 1735 2885 1685 2770 1661 2770 1727 4360 1742 2740 1620 2825 1589 2690 1611 2880 1671 2695 1663 2675 1687 2825 1666 23701685 27301727 2790 1533

%C <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05

<0.05 <0.05 <0.05 0.05 0.1 ca. 0.1 ca. O. 1 ca. O. 1 ca. 0.15 1. 10

j Remarkstj I slag > slag > ferrite ferrite ferrite ferrite slag < slag < slag < slag < slag > slag > slag >

21JJ ; H \ In 40.5 1343 68.8 1398 129.9 1476 229.8 1570 271 1597 399 1660 457 1684 871 1715 1126 1717 1569 1719 2288 1724 2747 1727 4543 1735

f After "slag," > denotes much; <, little.

TABLE 5.—EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE: SWEDISH IRON AND MILD STEEL For Curie and other transformation points, see Table 22; for pure Fe, Co, Ni, see Tables 6, 18, 19; for Cu-Mn-Sn alloys, see Table 21; for magnet steels, see Table 16; for magnetite crystal, see Table 23; for composition, see Table 1. Key I Material: description and notes I?/ Swedish iron; annealed 4 hr at 1000 to UOO0C; studied at 270C, then plunged in liquid air and studied (34). 177/ Swedish iron; annealed in H. After giving it a known residual magnetization (7r) it was placed in field H = O (terrestrial and demagnetizing fields were compensated) and heated to successive temperatures at which the resulting values of 7 (=7 r ) were measured. Curves of (7r, t) are reversible and relatively homologous (Fig. 8); law of variation of ar with t is same as that of o-«, with t (Fig. 9) ( 49 ). 19 Swedish iron (C = 0.046%); annealed 20 min at 800° ca.; thermal irreversibilities were not prominent ( 44 ). 2477 Soft iron; annealed at 80O0C; relation between He and t is very definite and shows no thermal irreversibility ( 19 ). 38 Mild steel (C = 0.44%); wire; heated to 120O0C for a day, surrounded by porphyrized iron; during measurements it was sealed in Pt tube ( 14 ). 177 (34) 19* ( 44 ) 0 0 27.5 C -186 C Normal Anhysteretic In

H

1.77 3.55 4.10 7.40 16.3 30.3 53.4 103.7 234.6 349 473 554

H

\

81 2.23 243 3.39 582 4.55 890 5.00 1 138 15.4 1 251 44.7 1 330135.0 1 419221.8 1 545283.9 1 609 385 1 647478 1 621 543

In

t,

77 247 453 578 1 085 1 302 1 464 1 543 1 587 1 636 1 665 1 681

I

15 100 200 300 400 500 550 600 680 700 750

In

Mn

~7

1 380 435 470 523 16 2 200 502 465 21.7 3 000 416 396 43.5 6 000 424 500 108 14 900 473 166 22 900 10

I

M

60 000 64 800 72 200 69 200 64 100 57 300 54 600 58 500 69 000 65 200

* JJ = 0.091 gauss.

1777 (4^) t

v'r/Vr

tR 286 405 517 605 653 763

1.00 0.935 0.854 0.743 0.655 0.596 0.000

38

1777 (4S) t \ Wr

W

181280017200 10011 40015700 200 9 98013 800 300 824011600 400 6 0 2 0 8560 500 3 580 4 900 600 2 540 2 760 700 873 896 760 O O

2477(19) W/W'r

1.35 1.37 1.38 1.41 1.42 1.36 1.08 1.02

t

-185 - 79 + 21 220 303 360 385 419 #max.

Hc \ t \ Hc

2.44 4671.49 2.36 4931.44 2.28 5531.22 2.00 6071.09 1.84 6431.01 1.70 6560.84 1.53 6700.71 1.48 7210.74 = 950 gauss.

i ^T"\^^\^ 20.O 0 C 275.O0C 477.O 0 C 601.O0C 688.O0C JrL 10 " 1 1 7 ( ? ) Ï Ï 7 ( ? ) 1 1 4 ( ? ) 8 9 ( ? ) 15 123(?) 126(?) 129(?) 129 100 25 136.0 138 140.5 137.0 108.6 50 153.7 151.8 155.0 147.8 114.7 75 164.3 162.0 166.2 152.0 117.9 100 171.8 171.1 173.0 154.9 119.9 150 183.7 184.3 180 3 158.8 121.8 300 201.3 200.3 186.8 162.9 124.7 Continued on p. 878

FIG. 8.—Variation of residual magnetization (/£) with temperature ( 49 ). The specimen is magnetized to a certain value of Ir when at room temperature and in zero field. It is then heated in zero field to several successively higher temperatures and at each the magnetization (Ifr) remaining is measured. Thus a curve for each initial value of Ir is obtained; cf. Table 5.

FIG. 7.—Susceptibility («„) of nickel Oso) Jn weak fields («2)

FIG. 11. — Effect of C and of Si upon hysteretic loss (»*). Effect of other impurities has been eliminated. £max. = 10 000. In region (1), C is in solution, d Wi /dC = 100 000; in (2), C is in form of Fe3C, dWi/dC = 2 500; in (3) C is in form of pearlite, dWi/dC = 16 500; in (4), C exists as graphite, dWi/dC = O; unit of C = 1 %.

FIG. 13. — Effect of C and of Si upon permeability ( 9 4 ). Not corrected for size of grain ; cf. Figs. 14, 15.

FIG. 9.—Temperature variation of residual magnetization (o>) and of magnetization at saturation (a-»,*). Various authors, v. ( 49 ). Ordinates are 0>/crr, if H=Q-, (T00, t/,zo if H is great. At room temperature and H=O, residual magnetization is o>; keeping H = O, the specimen is heated to temperature t and the magnetization becomes
FIG. 10.—Specific magnetization (a-) of mild steel 38 ( 1 ^). Curves 2, 3, 4, 5 represent portions of curve 1 with ordinates magnified 10, 100, 1000. and 5000 times, respectively; v. also Table 5.

FIG. 12.—Effect of C upon coercive force (»*). Not corrected for size of grain. In region (1), C is in solution, Hc = 8OC; in (2) dHc/dC = 2.5; in (3), cementite, dHc/dC = 0.8; in (4), pearlite, d#c/dC =5.4; unit of C = 1 %; v. also Table 8.

38

TABLE 5.—(Continued from p. 376) o-, Specific magnetization ( 14 ); see Fig. 10

t>-^_ t 20.O 0 C 275.O0C 477.O 0 C 601.O0C H .^ 7 5 0 2 1 5 . 7 2 0 7 . 1 1 8 8 . 9 1 6 4 . 0 1 1000 216.2 207.5 189.5 164.0 1300 216.3 207.5 189.6 164.0 5H&

740.4 0 C

744.60C

748.20C

84.5 88.4 91.0 92.9 94.4 97.8 100.1 100.4 100.7

46.0 50.5 53.0 55.2 57.1 58.5 61.3 62.3 64.0

27.0 29.5 31.0 32.5 34.6 39.2 45.4 47.6 50.1

6.5 8.7 10.0 11.5 14.0 19.4 29.2 31.1 37.3

38

Key = H __ 0.4 0.5 1 2 4 8 20 100 % C M»(max.) B1*

I

2 6 . 8 127.1 127.1 752.20C

3.5 5.3 12.2 15.0 18.2

o", Specific magnetization ( 14 ); see Fig. 10

0 7T"^\ n ^-^* ^ 756.4 C

TOO 150 300 750 1000 1300

I

cr, Specific magnetization ( 14 ); see Fig. 10

Tr^^ t 720.O 0 C H ___^"\^ _ 25 50 75 100 150 300 750 1000 1300

688.O0C

TABLE 6.—(Continued) Remarks Plate, C = 0.024%; d = 7.876 g/cm3; (T00 = 218.4 after correction for effect of C, Si, Mn; 15C = unannealed, 1501 = after first annealing in vacuum (80O0C for 24 hr), 15« 18 = after 13th annealing (83O0C), rapid cooling. After 5th annealing (92O0C, rapid cooling), ju re (max.) = 11 600, Hc = 0.225, Br = 5 OOP.

Key 15

0774 1.11 2.22 5.55 7.4 9.62

760.50C 0.45 0.67 1.35 3.38 4.5 5.85

764.4 0 C 0734 0.51 1.02 2.55 3.4 4.42

767.9 0 C

780.40C

07270.145 " 0.40 0.20 0.81 0.43 2.03 1.09 2.7 1.45 3.51 1.88

Electrolytic Iron TABLE 6.—MAGNETIC PROPERTIES For properties in very weak and in very intense fields, see Tables 3 and 4; for impurities, see Table 1 Key I Remarks 1.1 Heraeus. Fused in vacuum. Very pure; the mere traces of impurities contained in it are too small to be measured by the usual methods. At H = 16820, <7i7°c = 217.8?; from an experimental study of the laws of approach to absolute saturation as H and T are varied, and by an extrapolation from H = 18 550 and T — 10O0K to H = oo and T = O0K, it was found that (T00 = 221.92; hence (T00 X atomic weight = 12 390 = 11 X 1 126 that is, the magnetic moment of the Weiss magneton is 1 126, cf. 146.1, Table 19, p. 403, see also p. 345 («0). 3 Merck. Fused in H. Tabular values have been corrected for thermal expansion, d2o = 7.854 g/ cm3;
ßmax. Br Hc W Lit.

| 8 [ 10 [ 15C | 1501 | 15Q13 Bn1 Normal induction g 700 2 400 1 500 12 90010 200 9 900 6 090 180 7 500 2 350 14 600 12 700 14 100 9 500 600 10 240 4 850 12 350 15 400 13 900 15 500 15 590 16 400 15 000 16 400 16 200 15 300 16 200 15 850 18 400 17 200 18 200 17 950 18 380 18 050 17 700 0.00150.00170.0018 0.006 0.024 0.024 0.024 41 50027 30024 90012 950 1 85014 600 4 900 6 550 6

7

10 000 10 000 10 000 15 000 19 710 19 450 18 520 9 94011 450 10 850 850 0.17 0.21 0.23 0.34 2.83 0.375 0.155 505 647 7351 990* (94)

(94)

(94)

(90) | (22)

(22)

(22)

* For £max. = 10 000, W = I 060.

Key = H 0 0.5 0.75 1.0 1.5 2.5 5 10 20 50 100 150 200 300 500 1 000 2 000 3 000 4 000 4 500 Mn(max.) lOOOr? H0

±200 + 150 100 50 25 10 5 2.5

I I

| ISq1 | /Jn, Permeability (22) . 2 5 360 15 000 467 12 400 600 10 240 1 010 7 600 1 748 5 120 1 784 2 894 1 285 1 550 765 810 343.0 342.0 183.8 180.5 127.7 125.8 98.5s 97.25 68.83 69.00 43.26 43.34 22.52 22.57 11.81 11.81 8.21 8.21 6.405 6.405 5.802 5.811 1 850 Ï4~6ÔO 3.08 0.78 2^8 O1ST B, Cyclic induction (22) ±19 710 ±19^50 +19 160 +18 870 18 510 18 150 17 470 17 230 16 480 16 580 15 240 15 920 14 170 15 320 13 200 14 400 15C

ISq11

4 0 0 0 ~ ~ 4 700 4 867 4 850 4 733 4 280 2 900 1 535 792.5 334.4 177.0 123.5

4 900 0.15

+18 520 17 700 16 770 16 100 15 520 15 120 12 850

Key H + Ï O - 0.25 - 0.5 - 0.75 - 1.0 - 1.5 - 2.5 - 5 - 10 - 20 - 50 -100 -150 Br 13

I I

TABLE 6.—(Continued) 15c | IS01 IS013 B, Cyclic induction (22) 12 270 13 020 6 300 11 440 10 850 + 850 11 200 + 9 400 - 350 10 930 - 6 500 - 1 600 10 620 - 8 900 - 2 700 10 300 -10 000 - 3 850 9 420 -11 400 - 6 000 + 3 100 -12 800 -10 200 - 7 770 -14 460 -14 500 -12 760 -15 500 -15 350 -15 300 -16 200 -15 850 -17 150 -17 100 -16 720 -18 380 -18 040 -17 700 -19 160 -18 870 -18 520 11 440 10 850 850 Mn, Permeability (6S)

i

Hm*

^\~ -190 -121 - 60 + 23 102 203 308 403 498 547 596 642 688 724 752 781

0,2

0.5

60 65 70 80 100 160 200 260 425 900 1200 1800 2600 3200 5000 2400

90 120 190 260 400 600 800 1200 2600 4000 4400 5600 6400 8400 9200 4200

1 ÏÔÔ 250 400 500 800 1200 1900 5500 7000 7000 6800 6600 6300 6100 6100 2800

1.5

2

Î40190 250 700 400 1100 870 1900 2200 3150 4000 4350 5400 4850 5740 4900 6140 5160 6000 5050 5300 4950 5740 4800 5540 5500 4800 4050 4600 3650 2140 1700

3

10

430 1000 1800 2600 3130 3630 3760 3780 3830 3710 3610 3500 3230 2950 2600 1260

1130 1200 1300 1400 1420 1430 1440 1360 1320 1290 1290 1240 1170 1040 880 430

60 286 6/9 284 5.4 283 4.2 281 2.9 280 2.4 275 1.8 270 1.45 270 1.25 266 1.00 265 0.90 255 0.85 242 0.80 220 0.75 186 0.44 153 78

* H for un (max.).

13 (68) (Cycle ff = ±90) t

-190 -120 - 60 + 23 102 203 308 402 498 550 596 640 685 724 752 768

I

W

I B9Qt

I

Br

I

26 90017 60011 300 24 15017 60012 300 21 20017 50013 200 17 49017 40013 600 143201690013440 9 67016 15012 920 76301596012400 69901590011400 5 08015 840 9 930 4 26015 640 9 340 342014880 8290 304014390 7860 2 64013 050 6 800 1 61011 090 5 280 1 020 8 760 3 470 564 5 140 1 030

* See also Table 4.

|| Hc

4.00 3.55 2.97 2.31 1.93 1.48 1.39 1.32 0.87 0.86 0.83 0.75 0.60 0.44 0.25 0.14

I]

3* (53) t

I

(T00

I

-188220.9 - 78219.0 +16216.2 105213.3 181210.4 265205.7 337200.8 426192.2 499183.7 526179.3 562173.4 603161.7 630154.6 631153.7 632151.9 642148.1

t

645 656 662 670 671 679 682 700 718 724 747 751 759 761 769 772

CT00

147.7 144.0 142.9 137.8 138.8 133.1 131.3 120.5 106.2 105.0 83.5 75.1 62.1 58.8 40.1 24.0

f For H = 90.

Carbon Irons and Steels INTRODUCTION In carbon irons and in carbon-silicon irons, the C may exist in one or more of three states. If the amount is small, the C is in solution; in this form it has a very great effect upon the magnetic properties. In larger amounts, the excess is precipitated as Fe3C,

at first in isolated masses of cementite, later as pear li te. In still larger amounts, the excess is precipitated as graphite; as graphite, it has scarcely any effect upon the magnetic properties. Mild steel contains only a small amount of C, and when annealed from about 90O0C, the C is in the form of pearlite. Hard steel, or martensite, contains more C. Steel containing 0.85% C is a eutectoid; under suitable heat treatment it forms a material of homogeneous composition; there is no segregation of either ferrite or cementite. For effect of C and of Si upon permeability, see Fig. 13. The magnetic quality of a material may be expressed by the hysteretic loss (W) per cm3 per cycle of amplitude Bn^x, (say, #max. = 10 000), by the coercive force (H0) for 5max., or by the maximum reluctivity (1/junmax.) (cf. Figs. 12, 13). Effect of C and Impurities upon Hysteretic Loss.—If Wi refers to the condition of very large grains, and if N = number of visible grains per mm 2 when the surface is polished and etched, then if all the C is dissolved, W = Wi + 65\/N; if cementite, pearlite, or graphite is present, W = Wi + 3N. For a carbon iron, or for a carbon-silicon iron, containing C% of C and no other impurity, Wi = a -\- b(C — d), where a, o, d depend upon the Si content; see Table 7 and Fig. 11. TABLE 7.—EFFECT OF C UPON HYSTERETIC Loss ( 94 ) Wi = a + b(C - d); unit of C, of Si = 1% (v. also Fig. 11) Si I Range of C \ a \ b \ d \ State of carbon ~Ö Ö 0.0082 0100 0000 Dissolved 0.01 0.08 850 2 2500.0085 Dissolved and cementite 0.10 0.90 1 033 16 5000.09 Dissolved, cementite, arid pearlite 2 O 0.0082 01000000 Dissolved 0.01 0.50 900 165000.009 Dissolved and pearlite 4 O 0.0082 01000000 Dissolved 0.01 0.079 850 2 2500.008s Dissolved and cementite 0.0791.0 1 009 OO Dissolved, cementite, arid graphite 6 O 0.006s 01000000 Dissolved 0.01 1.0 700 OO Dissolved and graphite Small amounts of S, Mn, and P increase Wi by the amounts (ATF) indicated by the following equations ( 9 4 ), the symbol denoting the percentage of the corresponding; element: If Si = O, and approximately if Si < 2, AW = 195 + 18 OOOS + 1 000Mn + 13 000(P - 0.015), provided S < 0.10, Mn < 1.0, P < 0.015; if 0.015 < P < 0.14, the coefficient (13 000) of last term must be replaced by zero. If Si = 4, and approximately if 4 < Si < 6, ATF = 12 OOOS + 800Mn - 4 OOOP. The presence of P is undesirable if Si = O, but desirable if Si = 4 to 6. TABLE 8.—COERCIVE FORCE (H0): EFFECT OF C AND QUEN.CHING TEMPERATURE (tq) (22) Unit of C = 1% by weight "^\! ^ ^^ 0.068 0.110 0.155 0.208 0.234 0.445 0.475 0.695 0.708 0.710

75O0C 80O0C 85O0C 90O0C 95O0C 100O0C UOO0C 1.80 3.72 5.43 6.74 7.28 25.3 26.8 37.3 46.0 31.6

2.34 4.61 8.10 14.3 13.2 35.6 34.4 46.8 46.1 46.7

4.48 3.83 9.15 25.7 23.2 36.7 34.2 47.4 46.2 46.5

17.1 I 15.1 17.9 26.0 25.8 27.1 27.0 21.6 16.5 34.8 35.0 34.2 33.2 47.4 47.3 46.2 45.2 46.8 45.6

11.7 12.4 25.0 26.0 17.8 35.0 32.7 45.7 44.5 44.2

13.2 15.7 25.0 25.5 19.5 32.9 30.6 41.1 40.3 40.4

TABLE 8.—(Continued) 7T\>L' 75O0C 80O0C 85O0C \j ^^^ 0.800 427o48?247To 0.994 48.9 55.6 48.6 1.105 40.1 60.6 58.2 1.575 54.0 61.0 61.6 1.775 52.0 59.7 62.2

90O0C 95O0C 100O0C UOO0C 477045?944~742.2 46.2 45.8 42.9 41.0 59.2 55.9 53.8 47.1 59.7 56.4 44.1 36.4 67.0 70.1 69.1 47.7

Also (94), if C < 0.006, Hc = 8OC; 0.006 < C < 0.09, Hc = 8OC + 0.8(C - 0.006); 0.09 < C, Hc = 8OC + 5.4(C - 0.09); see Fig. 12. Cementite (35)._Fe3C; d = 7.07, (T00 = 135, O = 2150C. Pearlite (22).—if the pearlite contains p% C, dred. = 7.876 — 0.03p; pred. = 10.5 + Sp + 2p2 and Hc = 0.7 + 7.5p if p < 0.9; if p > 1, for p, and >0.9, for HCJ the increase is less rapid than is indicated by equation. 47r/00(red.) = 21 620 — 1 58Op if p < 0.96, = 20 100 - 93Op if p > 0.96; from 5max. = 20 000, Br varies unsystematically around 10 000. Martensite (22).—(i) Quenched at 85O0C. If pd% of dissolved C and pc% of C in form of cementite, dred. = 7.876 — 0.14p«* — 0.03pc, pred. = 10.3 + l.Qpd + 3pc + 23p^ + 2pc2 if pc^ 0.9, if PC ^ 1, the increase is less rapid. If p( = pc + Pd) < 1.2, 47r/oored. = 21 620 — 3 20Op; if p > 1.2, the decrease is less rapid; for aged material, 1 000/3 = -0.63 + 0.42p, ß = O if p = 1.5. (2) Quenched at UOO0C. dred. = 7.876 - 0.08p if p < 1; pred. = 10.3 + 9.3p + 7.4p2 if p < 1.8; 47r/uo(red.) = 21 620 - 2 06Op if p < 1.1; for aged material, 1 000/3 = -0.50 -f- 0.34p.

TABLE 9.—ANNEALED CARBON IRONS: PRINCIPAL MAGNETIC CONSTANTS K~I = a + bH if H is great; a derived from observations at H < 1000 gauss; for composition, see Table 1 Key

14 31 35 36 40 43 44 51 52 55 57 16 18 28 34 41 47 56 59 68

I

%C I

ta

I ffmax. I

Br

I

Hc

|/*n(max.)|

#max. = 150 gauss [(U), except 43 (6*)] 0.018 930 18 740 11 680 3.1 5 320 0.14 930 18 240 9 980 3.3 2 990 0.23 870 18 010 10 010 4.5 2 090 0.32 870 17 790 9 830 5.0 1 560 0.52 820 17 310 9 410 6.1 1 180 0.85 15 260 11 100 6.9 0.88 760 16 1.28 760 15 1.32 760 14 1.55 760 14 1.60 760 13 #max. = 150 gauss 0.027 18 0.044 19 0.085 18 0.23 930 18 0.69 930 17 0.99 930 16 1.57 930 15 1.78 930 14 3.109 11

050 10 610 130 10 730 990 10 530 190 9 390 850 8 990 [(22); except 850 9 850 100 11 050 620 10 250 050 10 600 000 11 100 440 9 950 000 10 300 500 10 000 920 5 300

I00

1 1 1 1 1

\

a

703 722 688 670 626

0.0104 0.0232 0.0133 0.0147 0.0186

8.5 830 1 583 8.3 880 1 537 7.5 920 1 507 7.5 900 528 11.0 470 534 68, Hm&*. = 200 ( 3)] 0.76 6 400 683 0.37 14 800 704 0.885 5 700 1 702 2.35 2 180 1 664 6.29 880 1 615 7.50 660 1 592 10.23 530 1 550 12.52 415 1 517 4.6 620 1 333

0.0316 0.0530 0.0431 0.0579 0.0537

TABLE 10.—QUENCHED AND DRAWN CARBON IRONS: PRINCIPAL MAGNETIC CONSTANTS (11) 1 K- = a H- bH if H is great; a derived from observations at H < 1000 gauss; for material and impurities, see Table 1; see also Figs. 14, 15, 16 and Table 11. td

J 100 170 230 270 350 450 500 700 Î 150 200 250 300 400 470 600 Î 150 200 250 300 400 470 600

t 100 170 230 270 350 450 500 700 % 150 200 250 300 400 470 600

Î 100 170 230 270 350 450 500 700

|£max.* #max.t

36, 0.32 % 16 470 16 240 16 290 16 790 17 030 17 300 17 350 16 750 16 780

-Brf

#ct

Un (max.)

I«

a

~fo~07T

C; quenched at 90O0C; drawn to td,0C (2 specimens) 21 450 12 950 18 333 1 660 0.014 386.5 21 200 12 300 21 317 1 610 0.016 445.5 21 250 12 550 19.5 339 1 640 0.015 414.5 21 520 13 520 19 38.1 1 650 0.010 409 21 790 13 550 16 462.5 1 674 0.010 348.3 21 540 14 100 15 472 1 660 0.011 323.2 21 440 15 300 14 21 000 15 060 14 551 1 620 0.014 294 20 940 15 000 8 915 1 616 0.020 167.5

16 040 21 680 12 860 20 290 1 676 0.015 433.6 16 570 21 660 12 840 15 346 1 670 0.015 325 16 510 21 440 12 900 21 354 1 658 0.015 451 17 050 21 740 13 100 16 388 1 674 0.015 348 17 170 21 520 13 420 16 425 1 650 0.011 344.6 17 270 21 540 14 710 16 477 1 660 0.010 345 17 250 21 440 15 100 16 514 1 660 0.015 343.2 17 230 21 490 15 350 10 834 1 660 0.014 214.9 37, 0.39 % C; quenched at 80O0C; drawn to td,0C 16 120 21 630 12 450 19 303.5 1 670 0.015 411.5 15 850 20 940 12 000 16 306 1 746 0.028 335.3 16 310 21 440 12 500 20.5 332 1 660 0.017 440 16 950 21 740 12 800 18.5 370 1 668 0.018 402.5 17 130 21 740 13 340 18 400 1 680 0.012 391.5 17 180 21 420 14 360 16 458 1 650 0.011 343 17 080 21 340 14 940 18 452 1 660 0.012 384 16 950 21 460 15 080 10 656 1 680 0.020 214.6 44, 0.88 % C; quenched at 80O0C; drawn to td,0C (2 specimens) 7 990 17 100 7 700 56 80 1 446 0.100 958 9 870 18 100 8 100 43 107 1 500 0.070 778.4 8 510 17 050 7 710 48 86.5 1 410 0.089 819 12 950 19 720 10 220 41 158.5 1 540 0.032 809 15 400 21 040 10 900 27 266 1 680 0.020 568.3 16 830 20 720 13 780 24 319.5 1 596 0.011 498 16 290 20 420 14 580 30 262 1 590 0.020 611.5 15 530 19 820 14 480 28 276 1 550 0.028 556 15 450 19 840 13 800 14 521.5 1 560 0.020 278 8 000 17 080 7 700 54 80.5 1 440 0.095 8 130 16 840 7 500 56 81.5 1 414 0.098 7 800 17 140 8 000 51 85.7 1 408 0.078 14 080 20 340 11 000 39 182 1 580 0.025 16 450 20 660 13 120 27.5 292 1 596 0.011 16 550 20 340 14 060 30 389 1 576 0.016 15 850 20 140 14 600 32 262 1 562 0.016 15 540 20 020 14 280 20.5 368 1 573 0.022 45, 0.96 % C; quenched at 80O0C; drawn to td,0C 8 990 17 780 7 900 44 93.4 1 510 0.103 6 800 16 490 7 350 47 67.5 1 390 0.090 8 200 15 490 6 750 44 86.6 1 270 0.081 12 250 18 690 9 150 36 153 1 470 0.038 13 600 19 240 9 900 31 202 1 510 0.027 14 900 19 640 11 740 32 240 1 526 0.023 14 550 19 240 12 500 34 199 1 520 0.040 14 180 18 740 12 800 29.5 255 1 468 0.032 13 880 18 360 12 220 15.5 390 1 450 0.038

* Cyclic; #max. = 100 gauss, t Cyclic; #max. = 1000 gauss. Î Not drawn.

923 944 874 794 502 611 645 411 783 775.8 682 673 596 628.5 654 552.5 285

FIG. 15.—Effect of drawing temperature (td) upon normal induction ("). Hm&*. = 1000. On the curves are the key numbers (Table 1) of the materials. Quenching temperature = tq; for 36, tq = 90O0C; 37, tq = 85O0C; 44, 45, tq = 80O0C.

FIG. 16.—Effect of drawing temperature (td) upon coercive force O 1 ). Conditions as for Fig. 15, q.v.

FIG. 14.—Effect of C upon normal induction C 1 1 ). Specimens annealed in vacuum. On the curves are the key numbers (Table 1) of the materials.

TABLE 11.—NORMAL AND CYCLIC MAGNETIZATION OF CARBON IRONS: VARIOUS HEAT TREATMENTS For material and impurities, see Table 1; ta = 90O0C, except as indicated Key H ( K 0.5 0.75 1.0 1.5 2.5 5 10 20 50 100 150 300 500 1 2 3 4

000 000 000 500

Ï50 100 50 25 10 5 2.5 + 1 O - 0.25 -0.5 - 0.75

16C

2

5

1 1 3 5 5 4 2 1

200 800 000 000 330 200 580 460 785 340 179 124.7 67.3 42.4

|

160 Ï 2 4 6 5 4 2 1

22.12 11.60 8.07 5.71

18 700 17 970 17 030 16 240 15 300 14 500 13 700 12 700 10 400 10 850 10 200 9 200

240 000 530 350 600 220 590 460 810 340 181 125.7 67.3 42.3 22.04 11.57 8.06 5.71

18 18 17 16 15 14 12 11 9 8 7 +1

850 130 220 530 700 220 920 600 850 950 100 000

[

18C | IS0 un, Normal permeability (22) 960 12 400 1 200 14 200 1 530 11 920 2 300 10 200 4 030 7 820 3 720 5 370 2 430 3 000 1 410 1 570 775 805 335 340 180 183 125.0 127.3 68.0 68.1 42.9 42.9 22.35 11.70 8.14 5.76

22.32 11.69 8.14 5.76

B1 Cyclic induction (22) 18 750 19 100 18 000 18 300 17 000 17 120 16 070 16 430 14 930 15 850 14 040 15 500 13 000 15 100 11 900 13 700 10 600 11 050 10 150 -f 9 400 9 630 - 6 300 9 000 - 9 000

|

28C 1 2 4 4 4 3 2 1

400 600 140 600 200 360 210 330 740 330 175 122.7 66.7 42.2 22.10 11.61 8.08 5.72

18 400 17 600 16 500 15 600 14 600 13 300 11 900 10 160 7 850 6 800 4 700 + 1 200

|

28a 1 800 3 100 4 940 5 650 5 460 4 320 2 710 1 500 785 335 178 124.1 67.3 42.8 22.34 11.69 8.14 5.76

18 620 17 800 16 800 16 070 15 350 14 740 13 740 12 300 10 250 9 500 8 250 + 4 400

""" ~~

Key # - TO - 1.5 - 2.5 - 5 - 10 - 20 - 50 -100 -150 ~Br Hc Mn(max.) 1000«

16C

160

j + 3 500 - 7 050 -10 400 -12 900 -14 600 -15 700 -16 900 -17 930 -18 700 11 400 1.06 5 400 1.31

4TrJ00^d.

- 5 400 - 8 200 -10 500 -12 940 -14 630 -16 100 -17 120 -18 130 -18 850 9 850 0.76 6 400 1.05

21 200

TABLE 11.—(Continued) 18C | IS0 B, Cyclic induction (22) + 8 100 -10 200 - 1 500 -11 730 - 8 560 -13 400 -11 940 -15 000 -14 020 -15 680 -15 450 -16 130 -16 830 -17 100 -17 980 -18 280 -18 750 -19 100 10 600 11 050 1.46 0.37 4 200 14 800 1.57 0.54

21 180

21 419

247* (65); Mn ~~

H

I

0.14 0.23 0.30 0.36 0.41 0.54 0.73 0.97 1.38

Mn

Mn

1.91 3.67 7.79 20.7 71.2 106.8 164.5 260.1 322.2

280

- 2 300 - 5 000 - 7 600 -10 630 -13 180 -14 760 -16 300 -17 520 -18 400 7 850 0.83 4 600 1.62

- 1 900 - 6 450 -10 130 -13 360 -14 880 -15 680 -16 700 -17 770 -18 620 10 250 0.885 5 700 1.10

21 249

21 400

247* (65); 7, Cyclic magnetization" H

[I

6 410 3 740 1 920 770 248 172 117 78.0 64.4

|

28C

21 419

Il

H

II

1 200 3 020 5 300 7 000 8 090 9 560 9 500 9 120 7 820

|

I

±164.5 +106.8 71.8 37.3 20.7 7.32 2.10 0.28 - 0.09

47T/

±19 100 +18 260 17 600 16 730 16 120 15 230 14 300 11 790 8 890

||

H

\

4x7

-0.22 -0.36 -0.41 -0.45 -0.50 -0.53 -0.56 -0.60 -0.67

[I

+5 800 2 540 1 280 370 - 470 - 970 -1 360 -2 310 -3 390

H

47T/

I

- 0.77 - 0.87 - 1.08 - 1.42 - 1.91 - 3.54 - 7.80 -20.7 -71.7

- 5 010 - 6 820 - 8 720 -10 760 -12 210 -13 730 -14 920 -15 980 -17 570

* For anhysteretic magnetization and differential permeability, see Table 2.

"~ "~ ~~

Key tg tq H TO 1.5 2.5 5 10 20 50 100 150 200 300 500

1 2 3 4 4 5 6

I

930°

34 I

I I

850° 1 000 1 600 2 200 1 840 1 200 710 320 172.0 120.3 93.0 65.2 41.4

000 000 000 000 500 500 500

21.75 11.45 7.97 6.23 5.65

I I

930°

280

40.8

21.52 11.37 7.93 6.20 5.62

340 740 850 600 290 160.8 113.3 87.3 61.6 39.2

20.75 11.03 7.73 6.06 5.50

I +300 200 150 100 50 25 10 5 2.5

18 050 17 300 16 200 15 370 14 270 13 300 12 450

19 280 18 220 17 500 16 540 15 100 13 860 12 750 12 280

41 | 47 I I 930° | I 850° /zn, Normal permeability ( 2 2 ) 200

17 000 16 200 15 130 14 230 13 230 12 500 11 900

35.4

19.53 10.60 7.43 5.84 5.32

930° 850°

230 370 655 530 280 155.0 109.6 85.0 59.7 38.0

31.3

20.23 10.82 7.61 5.98 5.42

Bj Cyclic induction (22) 17 200 16 120 15 330 16 440 14 200 15 630 13 660 14 470 11 600 13 500 10 730 12 120 11 300 10 700

|

17.70 9.79 6.96 5.50 5.02 4.29 3^79 14 12 11 10 9 8 7

250 870 910 720 120 080 300

56 | |

~ 850°

210 270 500 470 250 141.3 100.0 77.0 53.3 34.1

27.2

18.55 10.18 7.24 5.72 5.21

15 000 14 300 13 320 12 550 11 700 11 200 10 900

15.62 8.85 6.37 5.09 4.65 3.99 3.52 12 11 10 9 8 7 7

650 470 740 820 600 720 100

Key ta tq # + Ï O - 1.0 +1.5 2.5 5 10 20 50 75 100 150 200 300 Wr Hc M»(max.)

~~

I I I

11 600 10 600 9 000 + 8 000 - 2 400 - 8 600 -11 950 -14 100 -15 970 -16 650 -17 200 -18 050

Mo

4IrJ00Ob.. 4x7^. P20 1000ared. dred ^T^—-^J^ /i ~~~-—-~__ " 20 50 100 150 200 300 500 700 1 000 1 500 2 000 2 500 ^P^-—_*d

930°

34 I I

I I

850°

11 600

TABLE 11.—(Continued) 41 47 930° j I 930° I 850° I I . g, Cyclic induction (22) 11 450 10 270 11 100 10 000 9 950 10 650 9 520

850°

6 700

9 500 8 800 10 880 + 4 800 9 620 + 6 800 9 650 - 7 300 9 200 - 4 650 6 000 + 3 600 -11 950 + 8 220 -10 600 + 5 080 -13 450 -14 600 - 3 300 -13 850 400 -15 220 -15 500 -11 100 -14 820 - 6 300 -16 150 -16 080 -13 200 -15 500 - 9 100 -17 300 -17 000 -14 900 -16 440 -11 450 -18 140 -15 860 -12 670 -19 280 -17 200 -14 250 10 600 11 600 ÏÎTÏOO 10 000 9 950 6 700 2.35 23.2 6.29 47.4 7.50 48.6 2 180 880 660 170 76 126 54 132 20 900 20 770 20 220 19 450 19 860 18 220 20 970 21 040 20 340 19 770 20 060 18 420 10.95 12.75 13.21 21.17 15.57 34.74 5.56 4.75 4.95 3.03 4.35 1.70 7.858 7.843 7.848 7.747 43t#n, Normal induction (47)

2O0Ct

10O0C

| | |

930°

10 300

66 | |

850°

6 650

9 700 8 650 + 900 - 8 800 -12 570 -13 500 -14 130 -15 000

6 100 5 450 + 2 600 - 3 700 - 7 580 -10 020 -11 200 -12 650 10 300 6 650 10.23 61.6 530 143 19 300 16 710 19 530 16 940 16.53 39.57 4.25 1.58 7.828 7.743

17O0C

20O0C

23O0C

25O0C

27O0C

30O0C

T O O 9 Ö Ö 3 250 3 300 8 950 8 900 11 380 11 450 12 750 12 700 14 050 13 950 15 550 15 550 16 500 16 550 17 450 17 500 18 580 18 550 19 350 19 380 20 OOP 20 100

1 300 4 850 10 450 12 520 13 630 14 900 16 050 16 850 17 650 18 620 19 400 20 100

1 200 5 850 11 400 13 230 14 220 15 320 16 660 17 420 18 250 19 150 19 900 20 600

1 550 9 600. 14 370 15 900 16 850 17 950 19 460 20 220 20 850 21 630 22 280 22 800

2 350 12 750 16 300 17 450 18 150 19 100 20 200 20 700 21 250 22 000 22 600 23 150

2~350 12 920 14 950 17 120 17 700 18 350 19 380 19 750 20 200 20 900 21 420 21 920

2 650 14 000 16 630 17 700 18 250 18 850 19 650 20 150 20 700 21 400 21 950 22 400

35O0C

40O0C

43O0C

45O0C '

47O0C

50O0C

60O0C

70O0C

3 14 16 17 18 18 19 19 20 21 21 22

3 14 16 17 18 18 19 19 20 21 21 22

3 13 16 17 17 18 19 19 20 21 21 22

TOK)O 13 650 15 870 16 800 17 300 18 000 18 900 19 400 20 020 20 700 21 450 22 050

7 14 15 16 16 17 18 19 19 20 21 21

~~-

/2

1 1 2 2

20 50 100 150 200 300 500 700 000 500 000 500

^p~~^^-^* 20 50 100 150 200 t Oil-quenched at 80O0C.

550 350 560 400 000 900 400 900 360 050 660 250

2O0Ct 3 9 11 12

780 180 150 500 700

550 450 580 550 050 650 400 880 400 100 650 120

1020C 3 8 11 12

TOO 050 750 250 450

3 550 2 850 2 14 650 14 250 13 16 800 16 600 16 17 650 17 400 17 18 150 18 100 18 18 800 19 100 18 19 500 19 250 19 20 000 19 900 19 20 500 20 400 20 21 200 21 100 20 21 750 21 650 21 22 200 22 150 22 43§#n, Normal induction (47) 17O0C 3 9 11 12

840 550 000 200 370

Î Undrawn. § Water-quenched at 80O0C.

20O0C 5 11 13 14

950 350 600 500 600

750 850 450 420 000 750 180 650 120 850 500 050

350 950 250 120 700 550 300 720 250 000 620 200

100 050 700 450 950 600 700 250 850 680 350 950

23O0C

25O0C

27O0C

30O0C

2 200 9 900 14 360 15 900 16 500

3 800 13 650 16 600 17 820 18 500

2~4ÖÖ 13 400 16 580 17 830 18 500

3 700 14 350 16 900 18 000 18 5TO

TABLE 11.—(Continued) 43§Z?n, Normal induction (47).—(Continued) 2O0CJ

^^^--__k

1 1 2 2

300 500 700 000 500 000 500

14 15 16 17 18 19 20

^T^-^Jrf H ^~~~~~—•—__ 20 50 100 150 200 300 500 700 1 000 1 500 2 000 2 500

3 14 16 17 18 19 19 19 20 21 21 22

1 1 1 2 2 2

I

14 30 56 88 118 156 232 318 430 535 685 860 090 380 710 000 420 630

250 700 700 650 800 600 250

14 15 16 17 18 19 20

37O0C

000 750 700 700 800 650 300

3 15 17 18 18 19 19 20 20 21 21 22

u

540 1 320 3 880 8 040 10 220 11 700 13 250 14 400 15 320 15 960 16 660 17 300 17 900 18 570 19 100 19 520 20 150 20 440

§ Water-quenched &t 80O0C.

20O0C

23O0C

13 700 15 250 16 050 16 850 17 800 18 600 19 250

15 600 16 800 17 500 18 250 19 150 19 800 20 400

17 18 19 20 20 21 22

900 000 050 000 500 100 750 200 700 400 950 400

||

Bn

17O0C

41O0C

500 350 900 700 200 000 500 950 380 050 650 220

43g§ (47)

H

1020C

I

B^x.

I I

H

I

2.5 5 10 20 50 100 150 200 300 500

300 100 500 000 800 400 800

'

19 20 20 21 21 22 22

300 100 600 100 800 300 800

19 19 20 20 21 22 22

300 900 300 800 500 100 600

50O0C

60O0C

70O0C

3 14 16 17 18 18 19 19 20 21 21 21

2 13 16 17 18 18 19 20 20 21 21 22

1 12 16 17 17 18 19 19 20 21 21 22

7~5ÖÖ 14 100 16 200 17 170 17 620 18 250 19 150 19 700 20 300 21 000 21 650 22 250

7 000 13 350 15 100 15 900 16 400 17 100 18 000 18 600 19 200 20 000 20 700 21 200

I

000 250 800 600 080 800 500 900 400 100 400 900

600 450 500 500 000 800 700 100 570 200 700 130

550 650 070 080 650 450 250 720 300 000 600 120

[I

Br

I

Hc

43a (64)

[I

ffmax.

9 22 34 44.5 46.0 49.5 50.0 50.5 52.0 52.0 52.0 52.0 53.0 52.5 52.5 53.0 52.5 52.5 52.0 52.5

950 4 540 6 900 7 600 7 700 8 150 8 300 8 440 8 550 8 600 8 600 8 750 8 800 8 900 9 000 9 100 9 120 9 300 9 380 9 300

I

£max. 12 080 15 020 15 570 16 280 16 990 17 690 18 140 18 380 18 970 19 380 19 820 20 350 20 890 21 240 21 930 21 940 21 860

32 92 120 183 246 325 418 500 680 850 1 080 1 260 1 520 1 840 2 090 2 300 2 430

I

Br 7 500 10 980 11 650 12 100 12 500 13 000 12 620 13 100 13 240 13 480 13 600 13 650 14 050 14 000 14 310 14 300 14 200

I

Hc 5.0 6.5 9.0 10.0 10.5 11.0 11.5 12.0 12.0 12.5 14.0 12.5 13.0 13.0 13.0 13.0 13.0

|| Oil-quenched at 80O0C.

69 (22) k I1

19 20 20 21 21 22 22

30O0C

4750C

2 720 8 050 11 210 12 680 13 160 14 360 'l5 240 15 690 16 290 16 580 16 660 17 220 17 420 18 040 18 570 18 750 19 000 19 540 19 930 19 970

42 86 137 190 220 304 410 485 570 670 748 842 920 1 050 1 310 1 500 1 710 2 000 2 290 2 420

900 940 500 100 900 500 OOP

27O0C

45O0C

43J (S*)

ffmax.

25O0C

930

°

I I

68 (22)

Il

850°

! I

Unannealed 1100°

^

Mn

150 190 325 405 240 135.4 96.7 75.0 53.0 33.9

26.7

21.5

Annealed —

H 2.5 5 10 20 50 100 150 200 300 500

1 4 7 9 10 11 12 13

235 570 960 700 520 320 500 430 550 900

?»

94 114 196 235 150 93.2 70.0 57.2 41.8 27.8

Bn

900 2 950 5 150 6 820 8 620 9 950 11 020 11 920 12 800 14 130

^

360 590 515 340 172 99.5 73.6 59.6 42.7 28.3


69 (22)

1 2 3 4 4 5 6

k t,

I [

H 000 000 000 000 500 500 500

I

3ÔÔ 200 150 100 50 25 10 5 + 2.5 O - 5 - 10 - 20 - 50 - 75 -100 -150

"

-200 -300 ~Br Hc M»(max.) Ai0 4TrJ00Ob8. 4Tr/ wred . P 20 1000ared. <4ed.

930°

I 850°

18.40 10.09 7.17 5.65 5.15

68 (22)

Il

/i» 15.32 8.70 6.27 5.00 4.57 3.94 3.49

B1 Cyclic induction 12 600 11 520 14 500 10 800 13 800 9 870 12 780 8 630 11 950 7 820 11 100 7 250 10 700 10 400 10 000 6 820 8 740 + 4 650 6 270 - 6 900 5 660 -11 820 + 2 700 -12 920 - 3 450 -13 540 - 7 300 -14 500 -10 020 -11 200 -12 600 10 000 6 820 12.52 62.2 415 95 37 19 000 16 460 19 100 16 760 17.61 41.65 4.17 1.54 7.799 7.720

I I

Unannealed 1100°

H Bn

12.60 7.28 5.32 4.28 3.93

1 2 3 4 4 5 6

000 000 000 000 500 500 500

15 17 19 20 20 21 22

530 760 300 730 950 500 110

2 800 2 480 +1 950 - 440 -2,400 -3 600 -4 830

-5 580 -6 530 2 800 47.7 12 110 12 410 48.58 1.87 7.730

Magnet Steels INTRODUCTION The special magnet steels and those other steels which possess similar properties include: Carbon steels 26, 33, 39, 42, 46, 50, 53, 54, 58; manganese steel 70; cobalt steels 80 to 85, 87 to 90; molybdenum steels 91 to 94 ; nickel steel 101 ; and tungsten steels 136 to 144. For composition and designation, see Table 1. For cobalt-manganese steels, Hc is great and is a maximum for Mn = 4 to 5%; it increases with % Co. An addition of 5% Cr increases Hc, makes the material very hard so that it becomes saturated only in intense fields (25). For the "KS." steel (84) containing W, Hc is very great. Best quenching temperature is 95O0C; best quenching bath is a heavy oil. Within the range of composition stated in Tables 1, 13, the magnetic properties do not vary greatly with the composition. For example, four specimens of different composition gave, respectively, for #max. = 1500, Ir = 920, 841, 828, and 620, Hc = 226, 221, 245, and 257. For bars, length = I1 diameter = d, Ir is independent of l/d if I > 2Od, see Fig. 17 (33).

*» 15.9 8.92 6.39 5.09 4.6s 4.0 3.5s

900 840 180 350 870 920 920

\[

6 5 5 4 3 3 3

Annealed ; Bn

I

16 18 19 20 21 22 23

200 120 490 670 200 260 250

M

» 16.2 9.Oe 6.5o 5.1s 4.72 4.0s 3.5s

B1 Cyclic induction

2ÖÖ 150 100 50 25 10 + 5 O - 2.5 - 5 - 10

11 430 10 570 9 520 8 220 7 180 6 170 5 700 5 100 4 670 4 180 + 1 750

11 920 11 080 10 020 8 750 7 820 6 800 6 200 5 300 + 4 450 - 1 800 - 5 150

- 20 - 50 -100 -150 -200

- 4 160 - 7 380 - 9 200 -10 500 -11 430

- 6 820 - 8 620 - 9 950 -11 020 -11 920

Br Hc Mn(max.) 100077 4TrJ00Ob8.

5 100 11.4 240 11.4 16 420

5~3ÖÖ 4.6 620 4.37 16 750

'

FIG. 17.—Residual magnetization of circular bars: Variation with length (I) and diameter (d) (.33). Material is 84, K. S. magnet steel.


69 (22)

1 2 3 4 4 5 6

k t,

I [

H 000 000 000 000 500 500 500

I

3ÔÔ 200 150 100 50 25 10 5 + 2.5 O - 5 - 10 - 20 - 50 - 75 -100 -150

"

-200 -300 ~Br Hc M»(max.) Ai0 4TrJ00Ob8. 4Tr/ wred . P 20 1000ared. <4ed.

930°

I 850°

18.40 10.09 7.17 5.65 5.15

68 (22)

Il

/i» 15.32 8.70 6.27 5.00 4.57 3.94 3.49

B1 Cyclic induction 12 600 11 520 14 500 10 800 13 800 9 870 12 780 8 630 11 950 7 820 11 100 7 250 10 700 10 400 10 000 6 820 8 740 + 4 650 6 270 - 6 900 5 660 -11 820 + 2 700 -12 920 - 3 450 -13 540 - 7 300 -14 500 -10 020 -11 200 -12 600 10 000 6 820 12.52 62.2 415 95 37 19 000 16 460 19 100 16 760 17.61 41.65 4.17 1.54 7.799 7.720

I I

Unannealed 1100°

H Bn

12.60 7.28 5.32 4.28 3.93

1 2 3 4 4 5 6

000 000 000 000 500 500 500

15 17 19 20 20 21 22

530 760 300 730 950 500 110

2 800 2 480 +1 950 - 440 -2,400 -3 600 -4 830

-5 580 -6 530 2 800 47.7 12 110 12 410 48.58 1.87 7.730

Magnet Steels INTRODUCTION The special magnet steels and those other steels which possess similar properties include: Carbon steels 26, 33, 39, 42, 46, 50, 53, 54, 58; manganese steel 70; cobalt steels 80 to 85, 87 to 90; molybdenum steels 91 to 94 ; nickel steel 101 ; and tungsten steels 136 to 144. For composition and designation, see Table 1. For cobalt-manganese steels, Hc is great and is a maximum for Mn = 4 to 5%; it increases with % Co. An addition of 5% Cr increases Hc, makes the material very hard so that it becomes saturated only in intense fields (25). For the "KS." steel (84) containing W, Hc is very great. Best quenching temperature is 95O0C; best quenching bath is a heavy oil. Within the range of composition stated in Tables 1, 13, the magnetic properties do not vary greatly with the composition. For example, four specimens of different composition gave, respectively, for #max. = 1500, Ir = 920, 841, 828, and 620, Hc = 226, 221, 245, and 257. For bars, length = I1 diameter = d, Ir is independent of l/d if I > 2Od, see Fig. 17 (33).

*» 15.9 8.92 6.39 5.09 4.6s 4.0 3.5s

900 840 180 350 870 920 920

\[

6 5 5 4 3 3 3

Annealed ; Bn

I

16 18 19 20 21 22 23

200 120 490 670 200 260 250

M

» 16.2 9.Oe 6.5o 5.1s 4.72 4.0s 3.5s

B1 Cyclic induction

2ÖÖ 150 100 50 25 10 + 5 O - 2.5 - 5 - 10

11 430 10 570 9 520 8 220 7 180 6 170 5 700 5 100 4 670 4 180 + 1 750

11 920 11 080 10 020 8 750 7 820 6 800 6 200 5 300 + 4 450 - 1 800 - 5 150

- 20 - 50 -100 -150 -200

- 4 160 - 7 380 - 9 200 -10 500 -11 430

- 6 820 - 8 620 - 9 950 -11 020 -11 920

Br Hc Mn(max.) 100077 4TrJ00Ob8.

5 100 11.4 240 11.4 16 420

5~3ÖÖ 4.6 620 4.37 16 750

'

FIG. 17.—Residual magnetization of circular bars: Variation with length (I) and diameter (d) (.33). Material is 84, K. S. magnet steel.

TABLE 12.—CYCLIC MAGNETIZATION For composition, see Table 1 Rings* ( 15 ); see also Figs. 18, 19

H 505 256 167 78.5 42 + 16.1 O - 1.8 - 2.5 - 2.9 - 3.2 - 3.5 - 4.2 - 5.5 - 8.3 - 21.0 - 52.8 -135.5 -258 -505 Tr Hc W H 495 253 165 + 78.2 P - 16.P - 32.8 - 44.P - 46.4 - 48.7 - 52 - 60.6 - 78.5 -139 -255 -495

I 26,

/

Il y

I 33,

7

H

I] [j

1 560 505 1 590 1 495 490 1 580 1 440 248 1 500 1 330 162 1 450 1 220 +76.8 1 320 980 O 770 625 - 4.2 460 480 - 6.9 + 6 4 293 - 7.7 - 36.5 113 - 11.4 - 340 + 0.8 - 23.6 - 825 36 - 56.0 -1 200 - 181 I - 84.5 -1 300 - 350 I -120.5 -1 350 - 685 -137.5 -1 390 - 925 -250 -1 480 -1 190 -485 -1 580 -1 400 -505 -1 590 -1 490 -1 560 625 770 3.2 7.4 28 OOP 68 OOP I I u H I 46, Ij 50, 1 175 535 1 P75 27P 1 PlP 161.5 875 +78.5 64P P 53P - 14.5 292 - 21.9 1P2 - 33.3 64.7 - 51.7 + 14.P - 58.7 43.7 - 79.2 - 262 -124 - 570 -199 - 915 -291 -1 075 -515 -1 175 -535

640 50 165 OOP I 7 Il 136, Il 51P 1 24P 269 1 115 157.5 1 P6P + 53.8 93P P 8PP - 26.9 685 - 53.8 48P - 59.3 + 352 Tr Hc TF H

H

I 39,

515 510 260 167.5 +79.3 O - 13.9 - 16.7 - 19.6 - 28.8 - 46.5 - 82.5 -136.5 -260 -510 -515

/

/

1 525 1 520 1 425 1 365 1 230 835 360 + 137 14.5 - 350 - 875 -1 150 -1 285 -1 400 -1 525 -1 525

835 19.3 108 OOP [I [J

1 2PP 1 P8P 1 P15 89P 645 555 5PP 347 + 2P - 128 - 55P - 865 -1 025 -1 090 -1 200 -1 200

u y

H

I 42/,

515 268 160 +78.6 O - 33.3 - 46.3 - 51.7 - 58.6 - 78.5 -135 -254 -505 -515

I

[I \\

~H

1 230 1 070 990 850 605 370 150 + 11.3 - 192 - 580 - 880 -1 080 -1 230 -1 230

605 52 17P PPP H \ I [I 70, [j 46P 1 39P 27P 1 325 26P 1 32P 14P 1 245 134.5 1 23P 8P.8 1 14P +59.2 l P95 P 86P - 16.2 7P5 - 27.3 + 395 - 34.1 - 139.3 - 43.5 - 700 - 52.5 - 870 - 99.5 -1 130 -159 -1 240 -264 -1 330 -515 -1 390 -1 390 -460

645 860 53 33 182 PPP 142 PPP H I 7 ~T~ H I / [I H I 143, [j U3,f • [I 1434 515 1 24P 495 1 515 495 l 27P 1 16P 28P 1 42P 257 1 166.5 1 12P 164 l 35P +168 1 153.5 1 115 +52.1 1 18P P 1P5 1 P6P P 9PP - 39 P 98 1 P55 - 16.2 63P - 58.5 55 985 - 21.6 35P - 6P.5 33.3 94P - 25.8 + 5.8 - 67.2 +

I 427/,

505 245 134 + 75 O - 16.7 - 26.7 - 43.0 - 48.5 - 53.3 - 57.6 - 58.1 - 74.7 -137.5 -245 -495 -505

/

1 155 1 070 965 875 670 595 535 370 260 140 + 22.1 3.7 - 442 - 860 -1 040 -1 155 -1 155

670 58 217 PPP H I / 101, 455 99P 242.5 93P 137.5 86P + 78.5 8P5 P 64P - 29.6 49P - 39.P 353 - 42.8 29P - 47.1 199 - 49.P 153.5 - 53.5 + 10.5 - 58.6 -153.5 - 78 -525 -121 -750 -240 -905 -450 -980 -455 -990

I 23P 16P IIP 85P 67P 45P 41P 136.5

\\ ||

640 54 177 PPP H \ I 84g (33) 19 281 3P 8P5 78 1 227 247 1 372 377 l 41P 675 l 45P 776 1 465 96P 1 479

TABLE 12.—(Continued) H

I 136,

- 70.1 - 78.2 - 89.0 -113.0 -161.5 -291 -490 -510

Il H I [I 143g 2 8 ~ 6 + 23.9

/

-1 -1 -1

8ÖÖ 69 260 OOP

Bars§ ( 33 ) H

I

53 91 200 295 344 581 870 982 1 281

Il In

Il Il

[I

54 107 365 909 998 1 171 1 266 1 293 1 346

H

H

I 7 Il H I 7 1434 |l 8*0 (33) - 72.3 - Ï 6 Ï 1 322 1 499 - 96.5 - 840 -136.5 - 970 -257 -1 125 -495 -1 230

I / Il 143gf h - 26.9 - 122.5 - 31.7 - 630 - 55.0 -1 050 -113 -1 255 -290 -1 425 -490 -1 510 -495 -1 515

920 850 705 545 415 + 23.7 - 89 - 323 - 624 - 880 -1 050 -1 085 -1 140 -1 240 -1 240 I 850 900 850 73 26 70 280 OOP 115 OOP 265 PPP 84g, tq = 95P0C; see also Fig. 2P Isthmus method ( 64 )

O - 25.0 - 44.6 - 56.6 - 72.7 - 74.2 - 81.0 - 89.0 -113.3 -161.5 -183 -269 -505

358 635 855 995 115 240 240

-515 Tr JETc W

/

ffmax.

|

26 48 84 100 149 224 296 410 490

Bmax.

|

Br

210 450

O 80

1 140 2 280 4 660 9 080 11 340 12 290

200 580 2 100 5 610 7 200 7 800

\

Hc

\\

#max.

5.5 9

1 1 1 1 2 2

16 48 116 160 178

|

665 850 060 380 675 975 260 500

See below

Bma..

|

13 780 14 710 15 530 15 510 17 190 17 750 18 370 18 720

Br

\

8 360 8 650 8 800 8 780 8 850 8 840 8 900 8 900

Hc

194 201 205 210 210 211 212 215

- Quenched at 80O0C, excepting 26 at 100O0C, 33 at 85O0C, and as noted, t Not quenched. J Section = 0.25 cm2. § Normal magnetization; H = effective field intensity, corrected for demagnetizing field; bars, length =» 20 cm; diameter = 0.5 cm.

TABLE 13.—COERCIVE FORCE AND RESIDUAL MAGNETIZATION AND THEIR VARIATION WITH HEAT TREATMENT See also Table 12* for composition, see Table 1; temperatures are 0C Cobalt steels ( 25 ); see also Figs. 20, 21, 22 Key I % C I % Mn I % Co || Key | % C | % Mn | % Co |[ Key | % C | % Mn | % Co | % Cr 87 0.83 4.8 35 80 1.37 4.7 10 81 1.22 3.9 10 5.4 88 1.12 4.7 35 83 1.16 4.4 22 82 1.11 3.5 20 5.1 89 1.24 4.0 35 85 1.15 4.4 33 90 1.11 3.5 36 4.8 84 K. S. magnet steel 0.4 to 0.8% C, 30 to 40% Co, 1.5 to 3% Cr, 5 to 9% W; Figs. 20, 22, Table 12 Quenched Water || Oil 11 Magnetically very hard Key

. I

87 88 89 tq

I

Key

I

80 83 85 81 82 90

He

\

132 149.3 149.2

Br

825° Hc

70.7 126.4 131.2 110.0 114.2 94.2

\\

8270 9260 9710 \

Hc

Br

158.0 156.0 132.3

9350 9580 9720

Il Br

3800 8300 8390 8790 9850 9530

\\

850° Hc

71.8 130.8 164.0 114.9 155.0 200.1

\

\\

Key

Il Br

2650 8240 9310 7760 9430 9140

|

90 90 90 \\

#ma,.

875° Hc

63.3 118.0 160.4 113.2 153.3 203.8

|

540 820 1110 \

Br

|| Br

1890 7860 8890 7650 9270 9130

\

8820 9210 9310 \\

Hc

217.2 226.0 227.1 900°

Hc

61.8 110.5 150.3 112.0 158.8 207.8

\

Br

76 797 1224 754 1322 1672

TABLE 13.—(Continued) Square Bars ( 15 ); I = 20 cm, section 1 X 1 cm td I rd I tq I Hc I Ir Il Key | rd \ tq ~ Hc 42, Carbon steel, C = 0.84% 136 850 66 Undrawn 51 422 137 830 68 100 3hr 45 415 138 800 69 100 10 45 396 139 850 51 100 16 44 397 I4O 850 74 100 24 44 390 1±1 830 65 150* 8.5 37 363 142 1000 50 25Of 7.5 28 310 143, W = 5.5%, C = 0.59% Total loss at 100° 13% 8% td \ rd \ tq \ H0 27 Total loss at 200° 41% % Undrawn 69 91, Mo = 3.5%, C = 0.51% 100 3 hr 65 I 850° I 60 I 530 100 10 63 10 16 62 92, 93, Mo = 3.4 to 4.0%, C = 1.24 to 1.25% ° Undrawn 60 60

.

8^5 797 79's 800 82 ' onn o. — *°°-I* 94, Mo = 3.9%, C - 1.72 Undrawn 79 100 3hr 73 100 10 71 100 16 70 100 24 70 150* 8.5 50 25Of 7.5 40 Total loss at 100° 12% Total loss at 200° 50% 770 73 830 79 800 78

7 hr 42

* In addition to 24 hr at 10O0C.

4M 494 490 480

„n ™

2

}~

*

5

250t

75

Total loss at 100° Total loss at 200° Undrawn 6Q

429 433 418 416 413 417 382 4% 11% 510 415 560

? hf

I

S I 10 10 10 10 10 10 8.5 8.5 8.5

Hc 3 11 23 54 54 58 59 60 46

10 10 10

85 73 74

\ / r (max.) | A | 27 >83% 117 >45 210 23 398 3.2 386 3.4 451 4.8 358 3.5 366 5.5 274 8.5 854 6.3 520 3.2 448 2.9 580 3.0

N >75 >95 30 15 20 20 15 20 20 850* 10 10 20

12% 17% 70.7

\

Ir 574 583 549 544 ^

65

401

6% 33% 561

69 7

5?2

564 579 579 560 560 550 540

42

336 340 339 350 370

Î 740°
TABLE 14.—EFFECT OF MECHANICAL SHOCK ( 15 )

Key 26 33 39 42 46 50 53 54 58 84* 92 94 140

37

Ir 510 500 540 460 530 550 320

69.9 70.7 52 hr 69.6 770 72 770 74 Quenched in H 2 OJ 73 Quenched in Hg 78 144 W - 7 7^ P - 1 06^ 144, W - 7.7%, I - 1.9b% Undrawn 79.8 60 7 hr 78.3 60 42 79.0 Unquenched 45 800 85

60 Undrawn 60

f In addition to 24 hr at 10O0C and 8.5 hr at 15O0C.

Square bars 20 cm long, side of section = S mm; undrawn; dropped on pavement of hard sandstone, alternately with bar vertical, fall = 85 cm, and bar horizontal, fall = 30 cm. Initial magnetization (before being dropped) = / r (max.). After being dropped N times, additional dropping produced no further change in /; if Ie is this equilibrium value, / r (max.) — I6 = A X 7r(max.). Drawing at 100 or at 20O0C produces little change in A and N; for composition, see Table 1.

JJ

\

Key 143 143 143 144

I

TABLE 14.—(Continued) S I Hc I /r(max.) 10 72 570 10 73 560 8.5 94 680 10 86 390

A | 6.0 5.0 2.6 1.5

JV 45 50 10 5

* Falls on concrete; equilibrium not attained for N = 200; see Fig. 23.

TABLE 15.—EFFECT OF EXTERNAL MAGNETIC FIELD (15) Bars are initially magnetized to / r (max.); H — field required to reduce magnetization to 7 = 0.90 / r (max.); for composition, see Table 1. Key 39 93* | 143* [ 143 f | 144* Wc 21 80 70 71 78 H 3.5 21.0 13.5 13.0 27.5 * Drawn at 6O0C.

t undrawn.

TABLE 16.—TEMPERATURE COEFFICIENT Bars 20 cm long, square section, side = 1 cm, / = 0.90 / r (max.), centigrade temperature; for composition see Table 1 84 K. S. steel (33), dl/dt = 0.00021/, 280C < t < 10O0C 91 to 94 Molybdenum steel (IS) 1 dl/dt = 0.0003/ 143 Tungsten steel (is) d//dt = 0.00027

Fio. 18.—Carbon magnet steels. Cyclic magnetization ( 1 S). Data are from Table 12; on the curves are the key numbers (Table 1).

FIG. 19.—Special magnet steels: Cyclic magnetization ( 1S ). Data are from Table 12 ; on the curves are the key numbers (Table 1).

FIG. 20.—K. S. magnet steel: Cyclic magnetization ( 33 ). Key number 84 (Table 1); a = annealed, q = quenched at 95O0C, cf. Table 12.

FIG. 21.—Cobalt steels: Effect of Mn upon coercive force ( 2S ).

FIG. 22.—K, S. magnet steel: Aging at 10O0C (33). Two specimens; key number 84 (Table 1).

FIG. 23.—K. S, magnet steel: Effect of mechanical shock ( 33 ). Key number 84 (Table 1). N = number of falls; height of fall = 100 cm; strikes on (1) wooden floor, (2) concrete floor.

Alloys of Iron TABLE 17.—MAGNETIC PROPERTIES For significance of key numbers, see Table 1 ; for carbon irons, see Tables 2 to 16 Al, Aluminium irons ( 23 ). Dissolved C increases Hc; the addition of Al tends to counteract this effect. Material annealed in vacuo and cooled slowly, except as otherwise indicated; drf,d. = 7.865 — 0.117p, p < 5 4; p = 9.9 + lip, p < 4; p = 100 approximately, if p = 10; 4^/êd. = 2 1 640 - 57Op, p < 10; 1 OQOa = 0.35 if p = 10. Admixture | Hc Il Admixture | H0 _. _. . . ~ _ _ _ , .. Before Annealed ~ . . % C Dissolved Cementite %C % Al , , 1100° Quenched

ÔTÏ2

2 0 T ë ô

0.13 0.15 0.10 Key H 0.25 0.5 0.7 1.0 1.5 2.5 5 10 20 50 100 150

21 23 18 77q*

I \

1 600 1 800 2 270 2 450 2 600 2 480 1 870 1 240 710 315 169.7 118.5

300

1.68 1.83 1.45 77af

1 600 2 500 3 600 5 000 5 600 4 420 2 600 1 380 730 310 164.2 114.8

63

-3 39.7

500

1 000 000

3 000 4 000 4 500

OTÏ2 0.13 0.15 0.10 780* | 680 760 830 930 1 070 1 260 1 180 890 590 275 152.2 106.2 58

-3 36.8

20.8

19.07

11.00

10.06

7.68 6.01 5.47 17 770 17 000 15 880 14 940 13 430 11 250 9 070 7 050 4 900 2 920 + 1 350 - 1 100 - 3 300 - 5 870 - 9 100 -12 200 -14 250 -15 680 -16 970 -17 770 4 900 0.91 2 610 213 20 100 20 340 1.30 35.43 1.52 7.623

17 220 16 460 15 580 15 020 14 520 14 150 13 630 12 920 11 700 10 270 + 6 800 800 - 7 050 -10 720 -12 800 -13 570 -14 400 -15 500 -16 420 -17 220 11 700 0.96 5 600

1.52

15 930 15 230 13 950 12 920 10 490 8 620 7 170 5 900 4 700 3 870 3 360 2 820 -J- 1 520 - 1 520 - 5 470 - 8 840 -11 700 -13 830 -15 220 -15 930 4 700 1.99 1 260 196 18 150 18 460 1.98 64.33 0.67 7.208

1.20

TÖ4

1.08 1.77 0.90 | 790f 240 260 320 360 410 620 1 160 950 580 270 146.2 101.8

50

-7 31.2

B1 Cyclic 16 670 16 000 15 080 14 400 13 170 11 870 10 300 8 700 6 900 5 300 3 720 + 950 - 2 350 - 5 950 - 9 530 -12 200 -13 700 -14 970 -16 000 -16 670 6 900 1.08 3 580

1.50

805 840 930 1 000 1 010 910 720 530 365 210 129.3 93.1

TLT

|

3.8 2.6 1.3 79aft 720 840 1 010 1 200 1 290 1 240 960 680 445 229 131.0 92.8

80O0C.

* Annealed from 110O0C.

8.62

6.10 4.84 4.42 induction 14 830 13 910 11 970 9 730 6 780 5 170 3 960 2 020 2 150 1 360 800 + 100 - 1 020 - 2 520 - 4 300 - 6 300 - 8 700 -11 900 -13 880 -14 830 2 150 1.10 1 430 234 15 540 15 750 0.87 98.03 0.32 6.860

0.97 1.60 (K84 | 794

* Rod, annealed from 80O0C. t Sheet, 0.5 mm, annealed from

16.16

7.05 5.54 5.02

I 150 100 50 25 10 5 2.5 -hi O - 0.5 - 0.75 - 1.0 - 1.5 - 2.5 - 5 - 10 - 20 - 50 -100 -150 ^ Hc M»(max.) MO 4x7^8. Scored. lOOOijnu«. P2o 1000ared. dred.

0.52 3.19 5.66 10.52 78af | 790* MH, Normal permeability 1 280 8ÖÖ 1 800 860 2 270 1 130 2 860 1 230 3 580 1 270 3 150 1 140 2 090 880 1 270 640 690 435 300 240 160.0 138.8 111.1 98.9

15 270 14 690 13 570 12 440 10 980 10 000 9 230 8 560 7 940 7 580 7 350 7 120 6 530 + 4 760 - 3 360 - 9 230 -11 470 -13 440 -14 620 -15 270 7 940 4.19 1 160

3.44

13 960 12 970 10 620 8 220 5 700 4 300 3 260 2 430 1 680 1 020 + 600 30 880 - 1 960 - 3 440 - 5 170 - 7 280 -10 500 -12 930 -13 960 1 680 0.84 1 010

13 920 13 110 11 530 9 740 7 350 5 670 4 320 3 370 2 350 1 500 830 + 60 - 1 230 - 2 730 - 4 670 - 6 730 - 8 880 -11 450 -13 100 -13 920 2 350 0.90 1 300

B, Boron iron ( 91 ). Addition of a small amount of B improves the iron by reducing FeO; a larger amount has an unfavorable effect; B is added as a flux in the form of B7O containing 20.3% B; see Fig. 24. Co, Ferrocobalts. Fe2Co is more magnetic than Fe (see Table 4) ; see also following table and Figs. 25, 26, p. 385 and Table 13 (80 to 90). 79a In an electric resistance furnace and a magnesia crucible, electrolytic Fe and pure Co from Merck were fused in hydrogen; / was measured from —188 to 140O0C, 8 800 < H < 13 500 gauss; by extrapolation of (or2, H~l) curve obtained ^00; o- corrected for expansion (53).

Co, %

dZQ

O 9.72 19.2 28.2 38.1 48.2

7.854 7.66 7.93 8.01 8.09 8.17

I

«r,,*

e, 0C

I

221 212 222 233 233 224

Il

CQ,%

774 873 945 986 995 997

I

59.8 69.0 79.1 89.3 100

^20

I

8.29 8.41 8.55 8.70 8.87

Q00*

e, 0C

211 203 191 179 168

989 990 957 1037 1140

*For ff -= « , s = -1880C (53).

H . 2.5 5 7.5 10 20 50 75 100 M»(max.) P2o

I

86/7, Ferrocobalt, 34% Co; essentially Fe2Co ( 23 ) Normal permeability I Cyclic induction Mn Il H I M. H \ B Il H \ 1 580 150 149.7 ±150 ±22 450 - 1.5 1 530 300 79.0 +100 +21 220 - 2.5 1 320 500 48.2 50 18 640 - 5 1 147 1 000 24.6 25 16 220 - 10 724 2 000 12.8 5 11 800 - 20 366 3 000 8.88 O 8 230 - 50 266.1 4 000 6.92 - 0.5 7 600 - 75 211.0 - 1.0 6 800 -100 1 650 4TrZ00 23 680 Br 8 230 Hc 11.48 1 OOP« 22

B + 5 730 + 1 650 - 7 000 -11 470 -14 480 -18 300 -19 960 -21 100 2.72

Cr, Chrome irons (45); material from Armstrong, Whitworth and Co. Normal intensity of magnetization (In) Annealed from 90O0C* ^TT>"\L Î 4.05

8 12 16 20

% Cr = At Qt

10

40

Quenched at 90O0C*

60

460 844 940 480 878 978 160 892 980 125 878 970 88 790 888 78 778 878 80 765 850 70 750 840 70 635 710 55 608 695 122 636 700 106 625 698 /r, Residual magnetization f Î 4.05 8 400 500 660 660 600 580

100

150

10

Ï04Ô 1082 1078 1088 984 980 936 932 780 784 774 782

TnT 1159 1142 1158 1060 1070 1008 1018 850 865 820 832

60 40 38 24 18 17 20 13 17 12 12 12

40

588 796 504 762 317 630 270 590 130 304 120 286 112 235 100 210 84 162 76 145 50 110 42 98 H6, Coercive force 4.05 ~8 12 21 20 19 39 46 54

|| 12 510 435

16 490 340

20 440 320

60

Ï 5 28

100

150

960 944 840 820 600 580 485 470 360 340 276 258

ÎÔ76 1060 945 935 744 724 653 638 508 492 404 390

Ü6 17 56

20 15 44

* For each % Cr, the first line refers to 150C, the second line to -19O0C. t For cyclic magnetization, Hmax. — 150 gauss, room temperature. % A = annealed from 90O0C; Q = quenched at 90O0C.

Cu, Iron-copper alloys. Alloy A ( 9 ): Electrolytic Fe and Cu were fused in magnesia crucible; annealed at 6750C; Bn is smaller if alloy is annealed at 100O0C or quenched at 90O0C. Alloy B (61) : Electrolytic Cu was fused with iron containing C = 0.08, Si = 0.01, Mn = 0.06, P = 0.01, S .= 0.01, Cu = 0.03%; porcelain crucible, atmosphere of N. The Curie temperature (9) and the temperatures at which the y — ß and 0 — 7 transformations occur (centigrade temperature) are shown in the table.

_

H= % Cu ___ 0.09 0.20

Alloy A (room temperature) 10 20 I 50 Bn, Normal induction 10 000 15 900 17 700 5 700 13 200 16 800 5 700 13 200 16 800

I

100

18 800 18 300 18 300

I

3 5 10

Alloy B Heating Cooling 0, 0C 7 - ß, 0C | 0-7 760 763 759

TABLE 17.—(Continued) H=% Cu 07Ì2 0.80 1.01 1.51 2.00 3.99 5.07 6.16 7.05 94.34

Alloy A (room temperature) —(Continued) 10 I 20 I 50 Bn, Normal induction 10 900 14 900 17 100 6 300 14 000 16 900 6 300 13 200 16 500 4300 12600 16600 5 000 12 600 16 400 5 700 12 900 16 300 4 300 12 300 16 100 4 300 12 000 15 500 3 000 10 400 15 400 O O 200

I I

100

~

18 500 18 500 18 000 18200 18 200 18 000 17 600 17 400 17 200 50

I ° 20 30 40 50 60 70 96 98 99 100

Alloy B.—(Continued) Heating Cooling 6, 0C y - ft 0C | S- y 763 795 764 795 764 798 766 803 766 804 766 804 763 810 1 462 763 826 1 439 764 844 1 432 773 875 1 420

Mn, Manganese irons ( 23 ). Properties are complex. Quenched alloys are more magnetic (ßn greater) than those cooled slowly; for the former Hc attains 60, for the latter 130 gauss. If 12 < p < 14, the alloy is practically nonmagnetic at room temperatures until after it has been chilled in liquid air; it is then magnetic. If p > 14, the alloy is not magnetic at room temperatures even after chilling in liquid air. If p < 8; d 2 o = 7.873 — 0.008p; from p = 8 to p = 10, d increases abruptly by 1.6%; if p > 10, d decreases less rapidly than is indicated by equation. If p < 4, P = 10 + 5p; for p = 5.74, P = 36; for p = 7.81, p = 45; if 10 < p < 16, p = 50.6 -f 0.7 (p - 10). After quenching at 80O0C, 4TrJ00 = 21 425 - 21Op, if p < 7.8; if 7.8 < p < 15, 4TrJ00 = 19 800 - 2 830(p - 7.8); if p = 15, 4TrJ00 is practically zero; see also p. 385, Table 12, (70, 80 to 90), and Fig. 21. '

Key I

71g

5 10 20 50 100 150 300 500 1 000 2 000 3 000 4 000 5000 6 000 6 500

80 90 125 230.0 150.6 111.3 62.7

|

72g

£2

3ÖÖ 200 150 100 50 25 10 + 5 O - 5 - 10 - 20 - 30 - 50 - 75 -100 -150 -200 -300 Br Hc

I j

18 880 17 810 16 970 15 720 13 640 12 100 10 900 10 380 9 700 9 000 8 170 + 5 750 - 2 500 -11 360 -13 850 -15 060 -16 700 -17 680 -18 880 9 700 24.0

80 90 123 220.0 146.5 108.9 62.3 39.40 20.94 11.11 7.760 6.070 5.054 4.375 4.112

18 680 17 540 16 600 15 220 13 100 11 500 10 260 9 700 9 050 8 380 7 500 + 5 00.0 - 3 550 -11 000 -13 400 -14 650 -16 340 -17 430 -18 680 9 050 23.0

|

73g | 74q [ 75g | 76g Quenched at 80O0C /in, Normal permeability 76 56 22 (TO . 88 60 24 7.0 113 63.5 25 7.0 205.0 110.6 29.0 7.6 139.8 102.0 38.5 8.4 104.5 79.1 35.5 8.7 60.2 46.8 24.13 7.30 38.44 30.80 17.12 6.04 . 20.48 16.88 10.14 4.27 10.88 9.26 6.09 3.015 7.603 6.590 4.533 2.477 5.955 5.225 3.712 2.168 4.964 4.396 3.210 1.966 4.302 3.832 2.860 1.820 4.048 3.616 2.725 1.759

18 050 16 900 15 940 14 530 12 500 10 870 9 560 9 100 8 600 8 000 7 300 + 5 100 - 1 400 -10 250 -12 600 -13 980 -15 680 -16 800 -18 050 8 600 24.9

Bj Cyclic induction 14 030 7 240 13 000 6 650 12 300 6 220 11 380 5 690 10 130 5 070 9 200 4 660 8 500 4 400 8 230 4 280 7 900 4 150 7 500 4 020 7 080 3 880 6 100 3 550 + 4 600 3 150 - 3 000 + 2 100 - 8 340 - 1 500 -10 200 - 3 670 -11 860 - 5 330 -12 880 - 6 200 -14 030 - 7 240 7 900 4 150 39.4 58.5

2 200 1 840 1 600 1 320 1 030 840 750 700 660 620 580 475 360 + 80 - 380 - 720 -1 260 -1 660 -2 200 660 53.6

7S0 76g ta = 80O0C ~Tq = 66O0C

15 16.5 18 20.4 22.0 21.4 15.80 11.80 7.37 4.59 3.527 2.965 2.612

4 740 4 230 3 880 3 490 3 000 2 720 2 550 2 480 2 400 2 270 2 100 1 740 1 380 + 600 - 540 -1 770 -3 150 -3 900 -4 740 2 400 65.2

TTef 2.Of 2.3f 3.1Of 3.45J 3.60 3.33

1 000 800 680 545 400 325 270 255 230 215 195 150 + 100 5 - 160 - 305 - 540 - 710 -1 000 230 48.0

76g Precooled*

2.Of 3.Ot 5.5t 10.8f 15.If 14.9 11.23

3 370 2 95G 2 680 2 350 1 960 1 720 1 550 1 490 1 430 1 360 1 290 1 140 960 + 450 - 600 -1 380 -2 240 -2 720 -3 370 1 430 60.7


71q

J^ BrHc/WOO Mn(max.) MO J 4TrJ00008. 4TrJ00^. P 20 1000ared.§ 4ed.§ * Preoooled to

72g

73q 74g | 76g | 76g Quenched at 80O0C 233 208 2Ï4 3ÏÏ 243 35 235 226 205 116 40 9.0 73 63 32.5 10 20 280 19 850 17 110 11 360 5 200 20 570 20 270 17 750 11 700 5 350 24.63 30.38 35.37 45.42 51.83 53.41 3.03 2.67 2.38 2.06 2.00 1.86 7.8566 7.8550 7.8438 7.8451 7.9708 7.9826 — 780C. f Deduced from hysteresis cycle. Î Before annealing. § After slow cooling.

760 "?6g ta = 80O0C tq = 66O0C 156 11 22 3.6

76g Precooled* 87 15.2

8 500 50.84 2.00

Mo, Molybdenum steel. See Tables 13 to 16, 91 to 94.

FIG. 25.—Ferrocobalts (Fé-Co) ; Variation of magnetization with absolute temperature ( 53 ); v. also Fig. 26.

FIG. 24.—Iron-boron (Fe-B) alloys ( 91 ). In lowest section, " % B " = actual % B as determined by chemical analysis of resulting alloy. Unit of p = 1 microhm-cm; of other quantities — 1 cgsm unit.

FIG. 26.—Ferrocobalts (Fé-Co): Variation of magnetization with absolute temperature ( 53 ) ; v. also Fig. 25.

Ni, Ferronickels. See also Table 12, 101. The initial permeability (H very small) of ferronickels containing from 30 to 90% Ni exceeds that of pure Fe; it has a very marked maximum near 78.5% Ni. See Fig. 27. For permalloy, see p. 396. 95 In a high-frequency electric induction furnace, pure Ni and electrolytic Fe were fused in vacuo. The Ni was from Mond, and contained Ni, 99.89%; Cu, 0.004; Fe, 0.053; C, 0.045; S, tr.; SiO2, 0.008. 6/3 = Curie point corresponding to transformation to state ß; 0W is defined by x(T ~ 6») = constant (see Curie point, p. 369), the material being in the 7-state (face-centered cube); and 9/ = temperature of transformation (a. — 7) as determined by ferromagnetic method (51). Temperatures t, 6 are 0C t %Ni O 1.4 3.5 5.05 6.9 11.3 15.9 19.0 25.2 25.5 29.7 31.3 31.8 33.3 33.8 35.3 37.0 39.0 40.8 42.0 43.5 49.6 51.0 57.7 67.0 80.2 87.7 100 IQOt

+16°

I

-79°

217.4 217.6 218.4 218.5 218.1 216.2 213.7 211.0 200.9 199.7 185.3 179.6 177.8 160.6 148.1 128.1 138.1 148.3 151.1 157.0 157.2 153.8 151.7 141.8 127.5 99.7 82.9 55.1 55.1

I J.

-188°

219.7 220.0 221.3 221.3 221.8 220.0 217.9 215.6 207.1 206.2 191.3 186.9 185.2 166.2 164.2 151.7 158.5 164.7 165.8 168.4 167.5 159.0 157.0 145.3 129.9 101.3 84.3 56.8 56.9

I

221.1 I 221.4 223.0 223.5 223.6 222.3 221.4 219.4 211.1 210.0 197.0 192.4 191.5 178.0 176.7 170.2 173.2 175.6 175.9 175.4 172.8 163.1 161.0 147.8 131.9 102.1 85.0 58.1 57.8

-273°* —I 221.5 221.9 223.5 224.0 224.2 223.0 221.8 220.1 212.1 211.0 198.7 194.1 193.3 181.6 180.2 178.4 177.3 177.7 177.9 176.5 174.3 164.0 161.7 149.0 132.3 102.4 85.4 58.4 58.0 |

I 9

* 771 766

-5500 -3380

752

-2870 -1240 - 646 - 252 - 12

+ 162

+120

197

160

299 312 355 380 410 433 522

261 285 317 321 346 403 506

600 622 599 539 382.0

590 612 576 511 360

* Extrapolated, f Ni from Merck.

Electrolytic Fe and electrolytic Ni were fused in magnesia crucible, pressure = 1 to 2 mm of mercury. The Fe and Ni used contained the following impurities (tr. = trace only) : C I S I Si I Mn I P I Cu I Al Il ~Nf" | Fe | 0.014 0.003 tr. tr. tr. tr. 0.005 99.978 % 0.030 0.006 0.040 tr. 0.001 99.673 0.250 % These alloys and others prepared from them by adding known amounts of one, or more, other elements (Al, Mn, Si, or Ti) were studied. All were annealed at 900 to 100O0C and cooled slowly (24 hr) (93). In the following tables, the Ni refers to this 99.673% material. Ì

Fe Ni

~~

Key

96

102

104

ÎÔ6

ÏÔ9

Ni =

0.50

1.96

99

3.85

5.68

7.33

9.61

11.10%

H 072 0.4 1.0 4.0 20.0 100.0 400.0 Annealed M»(max.) Bp* TFf #ct

6ÖÖ 3 400 13 600 15 700 16 500 18 300 21 200 920° 18 200 10 000 1 175 0.39

205 600 7 200 13 400 16 700 18 600 21 600 940° 8 200 10 000 1 900 0.65

100 200 1 600 13 200 16 400 18 600 21 800 902° 4 350 10 000 3 300 1.10

300 3 400 13 000 18 700 21 000 920° 810 10 000 9 270 3.30

100 300 2 900 13 300 19 100 21 500 9230C 855 8 900 9 450 3.70

Bn, Normal induction 2ÖÖ ÏOÔ 600 300 4 500 1 200 11 000 7 600 14 500 16 200 16 700 .19 100 19 100 21 600 923° 1 064° 4 500 2 130 3 220 5 000 2 440 4 225 0.80 1.45

"^

ÏÏ2

Key Ni = H Ô 0.4 1.0 4.0 20.0 100.0 400.0 Annealed /*n(max.) B»* TFf Hc\ Key Ni "^" H -— 4 20 100 400 Annealed M«(max.) Bp* TFf #ct Key Ni = H (T4 1.0 4.0 20.0 100.0 400.0 Annealed Mn(max.) Bß* TFf g.t

_

Key Ni = H (K2 0.4 1.0 4.0 20.0 100.0 400.0 Annealed Mn(max.) Bf.* TFf #ct

116 15.87

L

2

117 21.03

1

*

200 100 1 100 500 8 100 5 400 15 200 15 200 19 700 20 OOP 923° 923° 475 276 5 000 4 500 13 080 30 000 5.10 13.00 Alloys containing 0.2% Al 118 120 23.8 25.1 — 200 2 800 12 100 16 300 950° 200 5 000 10 860 12.80 124 § 50.0

8ÖÖ 3400 9 300 13 800 15 500 16 300 931° 3 570 4 600 2 315 0.89

97 0.50 2ÖÖ 1 400 10 800 15 300 16 400 18 200 21 100 9 2 0 ° 11 PPP IP 000 1 570 0.52

—

TABLE 17.—(Continued) 123 126 38.92 54.08 Bn, Normal induction 0 0 3 600 1 000 7 300 3 000 11 100 6 400 13 700 10 400 15 600 12 400 15 600 12 200 16 OQQ 923° 923° 3 060 19 600 2 300 5 200 1 030 580 0.45 0.18 121 29.8% —

300 800 3 800 1 500 12 900 2 100 17 OOP 2 800 950° 950° 172 400 8 600 400 8 950 278 10.20 0.50 Alloys containing 0.5% Mn 126|| 132 54.9 89.9

3ÖÖ 2700 8 700 13 700 14 300 14 800 931° 2 860 4 300 1 177 0.68

98 1.00 150 500 7 600 15 200 16 600 18 400 21 400 9 0 P ° 8 33P 10 000

* BM = value of Bn for which nn - Mn(max.).

110 I 9.9 Bn-, Normal induction — 1 700 11 000 18 900 21 50Ot 920° 605 10 000 10 700 4.10

127 57.99

128 66.96

2 600 3 600 5 200 7 900 12 200 13 800 14 200 923° 14 500 1 888 194 0.14 Alloys containing 114 15.0 —

J For H = 300.

1 300 7 300 16 500 20 50Ot 900° 405 4 050 15 150 5.70

§ For H = 0.2, Bn = 300.

200 400 2 600 10 000 13 100 13 600 13 900 923° 3 200 5 500 1 330 0.56 0.2% Ti 116 20.0

129 75.80%

ÏÔO 700 4 200 9 000 11 100 11 400 12 OQO 9310G 4 230 4 400 627 0.34 119 25.0%

—

133 134 93.3 99.9% Bn1 Normal induction ÎÔÔ ÏOÔ 600 300 400 3 600 3 100 1 500 6 700 5 800 4 700 8 000 7 200 6 200 8 500 7 600 6 800 931° 931° 931° 1 040 800 500 2 400 2 400 2 000 1 453 2 055 3 640 1.42 1.80 3.20 • Alloys containing 0.2% Si 100 103 I 105 Ï08 1.96 3.85 I 7.00 9.52 Bn, Normal induction 150 ÎOÔ 200 400 300 500 100 4 200 2 000 1 300 300 14 700 13 600 8 100 2 700 16 600 16 900 16 000 10 600 18 500 18 600 19 200 17 000 21 500 21 500 22 OOP 19 9PP 9 4 P ° 9P2° 1 P64° 92P° 6 P60 4 5PP 2 4PP 556 10 000 9 000 6 000 10 000 2 420 3 030 3 760 10 150 0.80 1.02 1.30 3.90

t Cyclic, Bm&x. = 10 000.

~ ' I

—

400 300 4 800 3 600 14 700 12 000 19 400Ì 15 90Ot 917° 9170C 240 187 6 000 6 000 28 200 36 900 12.00 15.00 0.1% Mn + 0.2% Si 107 ~ 111 8.0 10.00%

100 5OQ 5 200 14 400 19 200 21 900 900° 1 300 5 200 5 990 2.36

Ï Ï 3 j 15TÖ

200 1 400 7 500 16 500 2P 9PP 960° 45P 4 000 12 300 5.00

70 200 2 200 12 400 18 500 21 500 90O0C 640 6 400 11 200 4.30

Ï22 30.0 IÖÖ 200 400 1 000 2 100 2 600 3 IPP 95P0C 5PP 250 169 0.40

|| For H = 0.2, Bn = 100.

130 Permalloy. Typical composition: 78.3% Ni, 21.35% Fe, 0.37% Co, 0.22% Mn, 0.10% Cu, 0.04% C, 0.035% S, 0.003% Si, traces of P. Heated 1 hr at 90O0C and cooled slowly; reheated to 60O0C and cooled on Cu plate at room temperature ( 4 ). For .Bmax. = 5 000, W and Hc are, each, only ^{Q of its value for soft Armco iron. Ai„(max.) = 87 000 (Fig. 28) is not exceptional (4). Reluctivity ( 38 ) is ß~l = (a + 6#)10-&; if O < H < 0.04, a = 9.5, 6 = -225; 0.06 < H < 4, a = 0.5, b = +9.85; 4 < H < 22, a = 0.3, o = +9.1. For other data, see Figs. 28 to 33. Sb, Antimony irons ( 71 ). Alloys were prepared from Swedish iron and "pure antimony" of commerce, free from As and Pb. Bars were cast in iron molds. KQ = initial susceptibility (H = O) ; W = hysteresis loss per cycle, W = f\Be.

% Sb 26.0 29.8 33.9

I

K0 II 0.000091 0.00023 0.00050

% Sb 38.6 42.7 45.2

I

K0 0.0051 0.125 0.167

I

e

rj

1.39 2.10

[I

2.17 1.99

% Sb 51.2 54.4 56.8

I

K0 0.330 0.82 1.06

I

T] 1.95 1.06 1.15

I

e 1.78 1.78 1.70

Si, Silicon irons. See also Tables 3, 4, 9, 11, 60 to 69, Table 7, Figs. 11, 13. The presence of Si in C-iroris, with prolonged heating at 9750C, prevents Hc from rising above its value for nearly pure Fe. In ferrosilicons which are as pure and as poor in C as commercially obtainable, Hc for #max. = 10 000 may be as low as 0.4 or 0.5 gauss ( 23 ). In certain cases Atn(max.) exceeds that for pure iron. For anhysteretic magnetization, see Table 2 (65). Silicon steel (23). If unannealed, dred. = 7.874 - 0.0622p, p < 4; p 2 o, red. = 9.9 + 12p, p < 4; for p = 4.45, 5.26, 8.42, p = 61.26, 71.86, 93.46, respectively. 4*7«, «d. = 21 600 - 48Op. Si 1 QQQq Admixture ^ %n C 0.21 0.29 0.18 0.34 Key H 072s 0.5 0.7s 1.0 1.5 2.5 5 10 20 50 100 150 300 500 1 000 2 000 3 000 4 000 4 500 150 100 50 25 10 5 2.5 + 1 O - 0.2s - 0.5 - 0.75

O 5.7 Hc T^- i j Dissolved 13 18 11 20 60*

|

8ÖÖ 1 300 2 000 2 700 3 400 3 300 2 300 1 390 760 330 176 122 66 42 22 11 7.9 6.212 5.633 18 400 17 560 16 580 15 820 15 100 14 370 13 300 11 780 9 850 9 200 8 400 7 350

0.075 5^4

0.315 4^2

(K63 3.2 Admixture

r^ ±'j. Cementite

™ C n %

2.3 2.9 2.1 3.2 6Of

0.21 0.29 0.18 0.34 61* |

1 680 3 000 6 930 8 450 6 930 5 290 2 920 1 530 790 335 179 124

18 600 17 900 16 970 16 300 15 810 15 500 15 300 15 100 14 800 14 500 13 880 + 4 800

TTÖ3 2^5 ^ %o-Si

2.41 1L3

3^70 0.87

Before ^^

2.4 1.30 4.5 1.26 5.25 1.93 8.35 6.56 | 61f | 63* | 63f jun, Normal permeability 1 000 2 000 3 280 1 200 1 400 2 700 4 200 1 720 1 870 6 000 4 540 2 530 2 300 7 650 4 650 3 200 2 760 7 130 4 490 3 530 2 570 5 080 3 870 3 300 2 030 2 820 2 660 2 350 1 330 1 480 1 490 1 360 730 770 780 730 320 330 335 315 171 174 177 168 120 121 123 116 65 65 40 40 21 21 11 11 7.7 7.6 6.052 5.94 5.514 5.39 B1 Cyclic induction 17 950 18 200 18 400 17 500 17 150 17 430 17 670 16 800 16 100 16 500 16 680 15 780 15 260 15 830 16 010 15 030 13 870 15 320 15 260 14 200 11 620 15 000 14 360 13 220 9 900 14 710 12 800 11 350 8 060 14 460 10 160 9 050 5 700 14 080 6 800 6 600 4 850 13 780 5 400 5 700 3 700 12 750 + 3 300 4 300 + 2 150 + 7 700 - 1 500 + 1 800

Continued on p. 398

Oo 0.68

Hc Annealed 7Q()OC

]

1.19 0.65 0.70 4.60 | 67* 2 200 3 100 3 870 4 200 4 200 3 600 2 430 1 370 730 315 170 119 62 38 20 11 7.4 5.77s 5.25i 17 900 17 000 16 830 14 980 14 260 13 500 11 840 9 660 6 000 4 000 + 1 600 980

5.26% 0.52 Annealed ^0Q 0.70 0.69 0.59 0.70 | 67f 800 1 240 1 970 3 000 5 670 4 570 2 570 1 350 710 305 163 114

17 070 16 310 15 330 14 710 14 100 13 820 13 600 13 330 13 000 12 820 12 550 11 800

FIG. 29.—Permalloy Normal permeability Fig. 28.

(130): ( 4 ) ; cf.

FIG. 27.—Ferronickels (Fe-Ni) : Variation of initial permeability (/-to) with amount of Ni (4).

FIG. 28.—Permalloy (130): Normal permeability ( 4 ) ; cf. Fig. 29.

FIG. 30.—Permalloy (130): Normal induction ( 4 ); v. also Figs. 31, 32.

FIG. 31.—Permalloy (130): Normal induction ( 4 ); v. also Figs. 30, 32.

CyFIG. 32.—Permalloy (130): FIG. 33.—Permalloy (130): Normal induction ( 4 ) ; v. also clic induction ( 4 ). Figs. 30, 31.

FIG. 36.—Silicon irons: Two specimens of same Si content ( 9 2). (1) = commercial silicon steel, 3 to 4 % Si, W = 2160 if J5max. = 10 000, W = 4 290 if Bmax. = 15 000, p = 51.15 microhm-cm. (4) = pure, vacuum cast, silicon iron, 3.4 % Si, TF = 280 if #max. = 10 000, W=I 025 if #max. = 15 000, p = 48,50 microhm-cm. Both specimens annealed; cf. Fig. 38.

TABLE 17.—(Continued from p. 396) Key I 60* | 6Of [ 61* | 61f | 63* Bj Cyclic induction I TO + 6 000 - 6 550 ~~0 - 5 200 - 3 900 - 1.5 900 -10 480 - 3 200 - 9 730 - 6 400 - 2.5 - 7 100 -13 230 - 6 120 -12 400 - 9 620 - 5 -11 350 -14 400 -10 140 -14 020 -13 280 - 10 -13 880 -15 130 -13 300 -14 720, -14 900 - 20 -15 200 -15 840 -14 670 -15 420 -15 680 - 50 -16 520 -16 820 -15 920 -16 420 -16 640 -100 -17 550 -17 880 -17 100 -17 420 -17 660 -150 -18 400 -18 600 -17 950 -18 200 -18 400 Br 9 850 14 800 5 700 14 080 6 800 Hc 1.45 0.775 1.00 0.835 0.67 Mn(max.) 3 470 8 480 2 680 7 700 4 870 MO (200) 238 435 4TrJ00ObS. 20 850 20 270 19 780 4*7^«*!. 21 160 20 580 19 960 lOOOâx. 1.68 1.22 1.44 1.25 0.79 P2o 23.24 39.64 51.73 lOOOared. 2.47 1.31 0.87 dred. 7.815 7.719 7.640 Key 64t | 64§ ~ 64j \ 64 § H M* B1 Cyclic 0.25 4 000 1 200 ±65 ±15 600 15 450 0.5 6 700 2 200 I 50 15 220 15 060 0.75 7 400 3 330 25 14 480 14 230 1.0 7 000 3 600 10 13 770 13 180 1.5 5 790 3 540 5 13 150 11 900 2.5 4 160 2 950 2.5 12 260 10 240 5 2 450 2 020 +1 10 700 8 360 10 1 330 1 240 O 7 830 6 130 20 700 690 - 0.2s +5 600 5 140 50 305.4 300.8 ^ 7 830 6 130 65 240.0 237.7 7 500 3 630 Mn(mtgj) * Bar; ta = 80O0C.

t Sheet, 0.5 mm thick; ta = 80O0C.

Î Sheet 0.4 mm thick; ta = 80O0C.

|

63f

|

- 1 750 - 4 800 - 7 980 -11 570 -13 470 -14 520 -15 700 -16 770 -17 500 6 600 0.83s 3 560

0.116

R

- 0.5 - 0.7s - 1.0 - 1.5 - 2.5 - 5 -10 -20 -50 Wc

67*

|

67f

- 3 100 + 2 600 - 5 880 - 8 300 - 8 800 -11 420 -12 130 -12 840 -13 720 -13 520 -14 570 -14 200 -15 750 -15 220 -17 000 -16 300 -17 900 -17 070 6 000 13 000 0.65 1.06 4 450 5 700 510 19 080 19 520 0.86 1.41 61.26 0.68 7.597 641 [ ^ 64§ B1 Cyclic 900 + 3 150 - 4 780 O - 6 700 - 2 250 - 8 480 - 4 650 -10 280 - 7 100 -12 100 - 9 970 -13 230 -12 300 -14 080 -13 700 -15 220 -15 040 0 7 4 7 ( K 7 5

§ Sheet 0.4 mm thick; ta = 100O0C,

Pure silicon iron ( 92 ). Electrolytic Fe, containing 0.006 to 0.01% C, 0.01% Si, was fused in vacuo with a ferrosilicon containing 92.23% Si, 8.50% Fe, 0.016% C. Ingots were forged into bars, heat treated, and studied; magnetic properties are improved by annealing; for ta = 1100 they are a little better than for ta = 90O0C. Data for material annealed at UOO0C are given in Figs. 34 to 38 and the following table; for results of other heat treatments, see ( 92 ). ~~~

"

"

~~

"

ßmax. = 10 000 ^ |

Mn(max.)

B»*

M»t

—

0.001 0.001 0.01 0.040 0.064 0.068 0.091 0.148 0.205 0.242 0.309 0.400 0.472 0.563 0.673 0.698 0.822 1.71 1.740 2.73

22 800 25 800 29 000 27 000 36 800 44 200 45 250 66 500 30 200 36 500 44 800 22 500 31 150 25 000 28 000 20 350 30 800 30 150 33000 46 800

8 000 9 000 9 000 10 000 9 000 9 000 9 000 6 500 9 000 7 500 9 000 9 000 6 200 9 000 7 000 8 000 9 500 6 500 7000 9 500

21 300 25 600 28 670 27 000 36 300 43 500 43 500 41 700 29 500 33 000 43 500 22 000 25 000 25 000 24 500 19 600 30 300 24 700 26300 46 000

665 707 707 700 502 407 394 286 649 436 445 725 535 601 468 780 542 440 416 404

9 300 9 300 9 600 9 440 9 500 9 480 9 500 9 080 9 300 9 700 9 600 9 440 9 300 9 200 9 200 9 300 9 200 8 700 9200 9 100

0.20 0.23 0.21 0.23 0.16 0.13 0.13 0.09 0.20 0.13 0.13 0.21 0.16 0.20 0.13 0.25 0.18 0.12 0.13 0.13

1 860 1 451 1 604 1 660 1 336 1 214 929 916 1 526 1 346 1 412 1 820 1 358 1 624 1 636 2 220 1 765 1 292 1112 1 260

13 300 12 700 14 300 14 480 14 300 14 200 14 300 12 000 14 480 14 500 14 500 14 480 14 200 14 320 13 670 14 400 14 100 12 000 12600 13 300

0.24 0.28 0.31 0.32 0.25 0.22 0.17 0.16 0.27 0.21 0.24 0.32 0.21 0.28 0.23 0.40 0.35 0.22 0.19 0.23

3.40

63 300

6 500

46 500

280

9 100

0.08

1 025

12 400

0.15

Continued on p. 400

g—

ßmax. = 15 000 j | —

%Si

w

| Bf

p2Q

9.84 9.85 9.90 10.50 10.67 10.78 10.96 11.80 12 50 13.40 14.40 15.30 16.57 17.50 19.10 19.60 21.25 33.25 31.00 42.00

| 48.50

FIG. 35.—Silicon irons: Effect of Si upon normal induction (92).

Fio. 34.—Silicon irons: Effect of Si ( 92 ). Unit of p = 1 microhm-cm ; of other quantities = 1 cgsm unit.

FIG. 37.—Silicon irons: Two pure specimens of different Si content ( 92 ). Both specimens are pure, vacuum cast, silicon irons annealed from UOO0C. (2) contains 4.44% Si, W = 405 if Bm&x. = 10 000, W = 1171 if #max. = 15 000, p = 57.40 microhm-cm. (3) contains 0.048 % Si, W = 407 if Bmax. = 10 000, W=I 214.5 if Bmax. = 15 000, p = 10.78 microhm-cm; cf. Fig. 38.

FIG. 38. —Silicon irons: Permeability ( 92 ). Specimen (1) is commercial silicon steel, 3 to 4 % Si, annealed; (2), (3), and (4) are pure, vacuum cast, silicon irons annealed from UOO0C, and contain, respectively, 4.44, 0.048, and 3.4 % Si. Same materials as for Figs. 36, 37, and section on silicon irons in Table 17, p. 396.

I T %Si 3.55Î 4.39J 4.441 4.92J 0.15§ 3.40§

" " Mn(max.) I 36 25 30 12 66 63

~ B»*

000 700 200 200 500 300

7 6 3 5 6 6

500 000 000 000 500 500

TABLE 17.—(Continued from p. 398} ff m ax. = 10 OOP W \ B, ' \ H. *

" ^ 29 15 15 7

500 400 900 040

419 591 405 780 286 280

8 8 7 6

920 300 000 300

0.13 0.20 0.12 0.26

W

£max. = 15 OOP B, \ H.

\

1 1 1 2

157 819 171 620 916 1 025

12 10 8 7

000 200 000 100

\

0.21 0.25 0.15 0.35

P 20 48.50 56.10 57.40 66.20 11.8 48.5

* Value of B at which nn = ^n(max.). t Value for B = 10 000. $ These 2 bars were annealed in N; inferior to those annealed in vacuo. § These are best two alloys obtained.

68, Cast iron (23). C = 3.109, Si = 3.270, Mn = 0.560, P = 1.050, S = 0.061%; see Tables 4, 9, 11, 68, 69. V, Vanadium iron ( 43 ) 136. Pure Fe was fused with ferro vanadium; the product contained 3.5% V, 0.22% Mn, 0.60% C of which« 0.50% was combined, no Cr, traces of Si. Data refer to 4 states: (1) as cast; (2) annealed from 900 or 950°; (3) quenched at 900or 950°; and (4) reannealed from 900 or 95O0C. The hysteresis loss per cm 3 per cycle is W = r}Bâx,. Cast Annealed | Quenched Reannealed H

ßn

\

2.8 4.3 5.8 7.2s 8.7 10.1 11.1 13.5 14.5 17.5 20.5 23.5 26.5 29.5 44.9 60.1 75.6 91.5 121.7

71 84 95 120 171 225 251 348 368 422 424 413 408 387 285 226.3 186.5 157.4 1224

I

H 14.5 11.6 10.1 8.7 7.2 5.8 4.3 2.8 + 1.4 - 1.4 - 2.8 -4.3 - 5.8 - 7.2 - 8.7 -10.1 -11.6 -14.5

I

i

I

B

I]

5 280 5 120 5010 4 890 4 770 4 650 4470 4 040 I 4 140 3 810 3 710 3330 2 780 1 570 + 460 -1 550 -2 430 -5 280

Mn

H

H 29.5 26.5 23.5 20.5 17.5 14.5 11.6 8.7 5.8 2.8 + 1.4 -1.4 - 2.8 - 5.8 - 7.2 - 8.7 -10.1 -11.6 -13.0

2.8 4.3 7.2s 10.1 13.0 14.5 17.5 20.5 23.5 26.5 29.5 44.9 60.1 75.6 91.5 106.4 121.7 140.0

I ~

I

H

2.8 I 5.8 8.7 11.6 14.5 17.5 23.5 26.5 29.5 32.6 38.7 41.8 44.9 47.9 50.9 53.9 57.0 60.1 66.2 69.5 75.6 91.5 106.4 121.7 140.0 136 (Cast), Cyclic induction, rj = 0.0132; e =

I

B

u

11 400 11 300 11200 11 000 10 900 10 800 10600 10 400 10 200 9 800 9 700 9300 9 000 8 100 7 500 6 500 3 400 + 400 - 2 300

H 44.9 41.8 38.7 35.6 32.6 29.5 17.5 14.5 1.1.6 8.7 5.8 +2.8 - 2.8 - 5.8 - 8.7 -10.1 -11.6 -13.0 -14.5

I

B

||

12 440 12 300 12250 12 200 12 100 12 000 11500 11 400 11 280 11 090 10 750 10500 9 760 8 700 6 600 4 000 + 800 - 1 700 - 4 250

36 41 46 46.5 49 49.1 49.8 50.0 55.5 57.7 69.8 73.0 80.2 83.5 90.4 98.3 102.8 109.8 116.9 122.3 120.0 113.7 104.1 95.3 85.0 1.6

H 60.1 47.9 41.8 35.6 29.5 23.5 17.5 11.6 5.8 + 2.8 - 2.8 -5.8 - 8.7 -10.1 -11.6 -13.0 -14.5 -17.5 -20.5

I

H

Mn

64 72 76 104 138 163 232 273 298 309 304 253 208 174 148.6 131.3 117.9 104.6

\

2.8 5.8 7.2s 8.7 10.1 11.6 14.5 17.5 20.5 23.5 26.5 29.5 38.7 44.9 60.1 75.6 85.1 91.5 106.4 121.7 140.0

B

\\ ""

13 200 12 950 12800 12 600 12 400 12 220 12000 11 650 11 200 11 000 10 200 9300 6 700 4 300 ! + 1 600 800 - 3 750 - 6 600 , - 8 580 j

Mn

64 75 86.5 95 101.6 106.1 120.7 146.3 163.7 178.9 203,8 210.8 214.5 210.0 181.4 154.9 142.0 135.0 120.4 107.5 95.4

H

91.5 75.6 60.1 44.9 32.6 20.5 14.5 8.7 + 2.8 - 2.8 - 5.8 -8.7 -10.1 -11.6 -14.5 -17.5 -23.5 -29.5 -44.9

\

B 14 100 13 900 13600 13 200 12 900 12 400 12100 11 800 11 400 10 700 9 800 7800 5 700 + 3 000 - 2 900 - 6 300 - 9 700 -11 000 -12 400


H

\

B

\\

H -14.5 -16.0 -17.5 -20.5 -23.5 -26.5 -29.5

4 000 9.3 12 100

BT Hc W

\

B \\ - 4 500 - 5 000 - 7 400 - 9 100 -10 300 -10 700 -11 400 9 500 11.6 40 930

H -17.5 -20.5 -26.5 -38.6 -44.9

\

B \\ - 6 800 - 8 600 -10 400 -11 700 -12 440

H ' \ B \\ H -23.5 - 9 700 -60.1 -29.5 -11 100 -75.6 -44.9 -12 400 -91.5 -60.1 -13 200

10 300 12.0 46 950

10 800 12.5 51 870

\

B ~~ -13 000 -13 600 -14 100

11 200 13.0 58 870

135 (Annealed), Cyclic induction, 77 = 0.0164; e = 1.6 H

I

B

Il

H

I I

29.5 26.5 23.5 20.5 17.5 14.5 11.6 8.7 5.8 2.8 +1.4 - 1.4 - 2.8 - 5.8 - 8.7 -11.6 -14.5 -17.5 -20.5 -23.5 -26.5 -29.5

2 690 2 495 2 330 2 070 1 920 1 820 1 650 1 330 1 120 856 540 +150 - 330 - 630 - 780 -1 100 -1 250 -2 690

15.1 10.7 9.0 6.0 4.5 3.0 + 1.5 - 1.5 - 3.0 - 4.5 - 6.0 - 7.5 - 9.0 -10.0 -10.6 -11.1 -12.0 -15.1

1 400 8.1 4 973

Br Hc W

\

B

I]

8 970 8 850 8 625 8 540 8 470 8 180 I 7 890 7 770 7 500 7 170 6 990 6 610 6 350 5 740 4 370 +3 220 - 140 -3 880 -6 720 -7 570 -8 220 -8 970

H

6 800 14.5 35 160

B

I

44.9 38.7 32.6 29.5 23.5 17.5 14.5 11.6 8.7 5.8 + 2.8 - 2.8 - 5.8 - 8.7 -11.6 -14.5 -17.5 -20.5 -26.5 -29.5 -35.6 -44.9

II

11 250 11 060 10 830 10 720 10 430 10 100 9 930 9 725 9 460 9 190 8 870 8 080 7 140 6 150 4 780 + 2 450 -- 1 550 - 4 610 - 7 470 - 9 060 -10 350 -11 250

H

\

60.1 50.9 41.8 35.6 29.5 23.5 17.5 11.6 5.8 + 2.8 - 2.8 - 5.8 - 8.7 -10.1 -11.6 -13.0 -14.5 -16.0 -17.5 -20.5 -29.5 -44.9 -60.1

8 600 16.7 50 160

B

\\

12 350 12 100 11 840 11 650 11 390 11 060 10 760 10 320 9 770 9 420 8 580 7 650 6 740 6 250 5 400 4 420 3 080 + 1 530 90 - 4 120 - 9 060 -11 260 -12 350

9 000 17.3 57 890

Il

\

B

91.5 13 600 78.7 13 380 69.5 13 220 60.1 12 990 47.9 12 630 38.7 12 310 29.5 11 940 17.5 11 250 8.7 10 550 + 2.8 9 690 - 2.8 8 810 - 5.8 8 180 - 8.7 7 300 -11.6 5 910 -13.0 5 100 -14.5 4 150 -17.5 + 200 -20.5 - 3 000 -22.0 - 4 700 -23.5 - 5 700 -26.5 - 7 900 -29.5 - 8 700 -32.6 - 9 300 -44.9 -11 300 -60.1 -12 900 -75.6 -13 260 -91.5 -13 600 9 200 17.8 67 080

135 (Quenched), Cyclic induction, T? = 0.0096; e = 1.7 H

14.5 8.7 5.8 2.8 + 1.4 - 1.4 - 2.8 - 5.8 - 8.7 -11.6 -14.5

\

B

672 454 237 212 165 + 56 - 38 -217 -381 -520 -672

II

H

29.5 20.5 14.5 11.6 8.7 5.8 + 2.8 - 2.8 - 5.8 - 8.7 -11.6 -14.5 -17.5 -20.5 -23.5 -29.5

I

B

H

H

1 600 44.9 1 230 29.5 1 000 23.5 840 17.5 730 11.6 600 8.7 430 + 2.8 200 - 2.8 +40 - 5.8 - 225 I - 8.7 - 440 I -11.6 - 590 -14.5 - 810 -17.5 -1 020 -20.5 -1 210 -23.5 -1600 -26.5 -29.5

\

B

3 530 2 950 2 700 2440 2 130 1 850 1 680 1 380 1 180 890 680 440 + 180 - 440 - 750 -1130 -1 450

[I

H

60.1 53.9 44.9 29.5 14.5 5.8 + 2.8 - 2.8 - 5.8 - 8.7 -11.6 -14.5 -17.5 -20.5 -23.5 -26.5 -29.5

\

B

6 500 6 340 6 190 5500 4 820 4 400 4 250 3 930 3 580 3 220 2 910 2 660 2 400 2 190 1 775 1400 830

\\

H

91.5 75.6 60.1 44.9 29.5 17.5 11.6 5.8 + 4.3 - 4.3 - 5.8 -11.6 -17.5 -23.5 -29.5 -35.6 -38.7

|

B

10 400 10 060 9 720 9465 8 880 8 430 8 200 7 920 7 870 7 400 7 000 6 500 6 050 5 420 4 630 3470 2 590


H

B

Br Hc W

110 2.5 231

H 14.5 10.1 8.7 5.8 2.8 + 1.4 - 1.4 - 2.8 - 5.8 - 8.7 -10.1 -11.6 -14.5

\

\\

B H 1 750 1 470 1 370 1 170 940 785 595 + 380 70 - 735 -1 010 -1 280 -1 750

H

\

B

B \\ H~ \ B \\ -2 450 -32.6 + 140 -2 830 -35.6 - 560 -3 530 -41.8 -2 380 -44.9 -3 330 -47.9 -4 270 -53.9 -5 400 -60.1 -6 500 315 1 500 4 000 6.5 17.5 33.5 1 464 13 610 49 490 135 (Reannealed), Cyclic induction, 77 = 0.02; e = 1.6 H \ B I] H \ B Il H B \\ 29.5 6 220 44.9 9 425 60.1 10 900 26.5 6 080 38.7 9 295 53.9 10 720 23.5 5 920 32.6 8 930 44.9 10 415 20.5 5 710 29.5 8 875 38.7 10 185 17.5 5 520 ] 26.5 8 745 32.6 9 920 14.5 5 350 23.5 8 475 26.5 9 620 11.6 5 100 20.5 8 290 20.5 9 300 8.7 4 900 17.5 8 000 14.5 8 940 5.8 4 620 14.5 7 900 8.7 8 530 2.8 4 300 I 11.6 7 675 -f 2.8 7 600 + 1.4 4 170 8.7 7 465 - 2.8 6 750 - 1.4 3 830 5.8 7 215 - 8.7 5 350 - 2.8 3 600 -f 2.8 6 915 -14.5 3 580 - 5.8 2 980 - 2.8 5 885 -17.5 2 360 - 8.7 1 930 - 5.8 5 275 -20.5 + 1 020 -11.6 + 190 - 8.7 4 425 -23.5 - 1 180 -14.5 - 180 -11.6 3 500 -29.5 - 5 700 -17.5 -1 650 -14.5 2 530 -32.6 - 7 400 -20.5 -2 990 -17.5 -f 1 415 -35.6 - 8 315 -23.5 -4 280 -20.5 - 275 -41.8 - 9 330 -26.5 -5 130 -23.5 -2 655 -47.9 -10 330 -29.5 -6 220 -26.5 -4 665 -60.1 -10 900 -29.5 -5 945 -35.6 -8 145 -38.7 -8 500 -44.9 -9 425 \\

H -35.6 -38.7 -44.9

\

\ B ) + 1 580 - 200 - 3 210 - 4 720 - 7 370 - 9 600 -10 400 7 600 44.5 114 100

-H -41.8 -44.9 -50.9 -53.9 -60.1 -75.6 -91.5

H \ B 91.5 12 350 75.6 12 020 60.1 11 710 44.9 11 130 35.6 10 780 29.5 10 500 23.5 10 280 17.5 9 820 11.6 9 430 5.8 8 450 + 2.8 8 140 - 2.8 7 350 - 5.8 6 940 - 8.7 6 070 -11.6 5 270 -13.0 4 950 -14.5 4 360 -17.5 3 200 -20.5 + 1 740 -23.5 90 -26.5 - 2 470 -29.5 - 4 850 -32.6 - 6 680 -35.6 - 7 960 -44.9 - 9 610 -60.1 -11 170 -75.6 -91.5

Wr Hc W

650 5.5 1 919

I

3 950 14.0 20 810

Il

6 500 20.0 46 670

1 I

7 100 22.0 57 750

[|

,

-11 990 -12 350 7 700 23.5 67 740

W, Tungsten iron. See p. 385 and Tables 12, 13, 15, 16 (84, 136 to 144).

Cobalt TABLE 18.—MAGNETIC PROPERTIES For properties in very intense fields, see Table 4. Composition and heat treatment of specimens are not stated. Annealed Co is magnetically much harder than unannealed cast Co. Above 70O0C, Co is very hard and it is not certain that saturation has been attained at these temperatures. For ferrocobalts, see Table 17 (Co); for nickel-cobalts, see Table 20 (Co). 146/ ( 5 S) ((T00 extrapolated from data for H = 13 500) t

17 510 693 844 971 1090 1067

I

*«

165.5 149.2 136.9 120.5 99.4 62.5 72.2

[l

t

1069 1016 804 918 614 470 748

I

(T00

71.3 88.2 125.3 109.1 142.9 151.0 131.8

u

t

+17 -188 + 17 1149 1133 1144 16

I

CT00

165.5 167.9 165.5 17.9 32.1 20.6 165.5

u

I

t

641 437 362 205 324

140.6 152.7 156.1 160.9 156.9


H

B

Br Hc W

110 2.5 231

H 14.5 10.1 8.7 5.8 2.8 + 1.4 - 1.4 - 2.8 - 5.8 - 8.7 -10.1 -11.6 -14.5

\

\\

B H 1 750 1 470 1 370 1 170 940 785 595 + 380 70 - 735 -1 010 -1 280 -1 750

H

\

B

B \\ H~ \ B \\ -2 450 -32.6 + 140 -2 830 -35.6 - 560 -3 530 -41.8 -2 380 -44.9 -3 330 -47.9 -4 270 -53.9 -5 400 -60.1 -6 500 315 1 500 4 000 6.5 17.5 33.5 1 464 13 610 49 490 135 (Reannealed), Cyclic induction, 77 = 0.02; e = 1.6 H \ B I] H \ B Il H B \\ 29.5 6 220 44.9 9 425 60.1 10 900 26.5 6 080 38.7 9 295 53.9 10 720 23.5 5 920 32.6 8 930 44.9 10 415 20.5 5 710 29.5 8 875 38.7 10 185 17.5 5 520 ] 26.5 8 745 32.6 9 920 14.5 5 350 23.5 8 475 26.5 9 620 11.6 5 100 20.5 8 290 20.5 9 300 8.7 4 900 17.5 8 000 14.5 8 940 5.8 4 620 14.5 7 900 8.7 8 530 2.8 4 300 I 11.6 7 675 -f 2.8 7 600 + 1.4 4 170 8.7 7 465 - 2.8 6 750 - 1.4 3 830 5.8 7 215 - 8.7 5 350 - 2.8 3 600 -f 2.8 6 915 -14.5 3 580 - 5.8 2 980 - 2.8 5 885 -17.5 2 360 - 8.7 1 930 - 5.8 5 275 -20.5 + 1 020 -11.6 + 190 - 8.7 4 425 -23.5 - 1 180 -14.5 - 180 -11.6 3 500 -29.5 - 5 700 -17.5 -1 650 -14.5 2 530 -32.6 - 7 400 -20.5 -2 990 -17.5 -f 1 415 -35.6 - 8 315 -23.5 -4 280 -20.5 - 275 -41.8 - 9 330 -26.5 -5 130 -23.5 -2 655 -47.9 -10 330 -29.5 -6 220 -26.5 -4 665 -60.1 -10 900 -29.5 -5 945 -35.6 -8 145 -38.7 -8 500 -44.9 -9 425 \\

H -35.6 -38.7 -44.9

\

\ B ) + 1 580 - 200 - 3 210 - 4 720 - 7 370 - 9 600 -10 400 7 600 44.5 114 100

-H -41.8 -44.9 -50.9 -53.9 -60.1 -75.6 -91.5

H \ B 91.5 12 350 75.6 12 020 60.1 11 710 44.9 11 130 35.6 10 780 29.5 10 500 23.5 10 280 17.5 9 820 11.6 9 430 5.8 8 450 + 2.8 8 140 - 2.8 7 350 - 5.8 6 940 - 8.7 6 070 -11.6 5 270 -13.0 4 950 -14.5 4 360 -17.5 3 200 -20.5 + 1 740 -23.5 90 -26.5 - 2 470 -29.5 - 4 850 -32.6 - 6 680 -35.6 - 7 960 -44.9 - 9 610 -60.1 -11 170 -75.6 -91.5

Wr Hc W

650 5.5 1 919

I

3 950 14.0 20 810

Il

6 500 20.0 46 670

1 I

7 100 22.0 57 750

[|

,

-11 990 -12 350 7 700 23.5 67 740

W, Tungsten iron. See p. 385 and Tables 12, 13, 15, 16 (84, 136 to 144).

Cobalt TABLE 18.—MAGNETIC PROPERTIES For properties in very intense fields, see Table 4. Composition and heat treatment of specimens are not stated. Annealed Co is magnetically much harder than unannealed cast Co. Above 70O0C, Co is very hard and it is not certain that saturation has been attained at these temperatures. For ferrocobalts, see Table 17 (Co); for nickel-cobalts, see Table 20 (Co). 146/ ( 5 S) ((T00 extrapolated from data for H = 13 500) t

17 510 693 844 971 1090 1067

I

*«

165.5 149.2 136.9 120.5 99.4 62.5 72.2

[l

t

1069 1016 804 918 614 470 748

I

(T00

71.3 88.2 125.3 109.1 142.9 151.0 131.8

u

t

+17 -188 + 17 1149 1133 1144 16

I

CT00

165.5 167.9 165.5 17.9 32.1 20.6 165.5

u

I

t

641 437 362 205 324

140.6 152.7 156.1 160.9 156.9

TABLE 18.—(Continued) 1467/c (34) 20.O0C In

I

H

220C H

I

725 1955 2985 3450 3955 4270

4140C «T,

-

102.4 139.6 149.1 153.2 154.6 155.2

In

H

3.90 10.57 22.65 39.3 74.7 101.9 206.6 281.1 357 449 570 668

72 170 247 371 497 628 749 865 953 1027 1047 1088

5.1 10.7 13.9 22.8 35.7 54.5 85.9 147.7 244.3 392 467 610

1467/g, Annealed at 1000° (34) 18.60C -1860C

-1860G

H

I

H

119.2 145.8 146.3 146.4 146.4

460 2055 3135 3930 4515

H

In

I

28 4.37 122 13.53 277 25.25 427 36.59 608 52.5 690 86.7 848 122.3 911 221.8 956 354 999 445 ' 1038 527 1063 699 14677/c, Fused in arc, and cast (66) ~ 6980C

140 855 1620 2115 2400

I

' an

87.5 124.1 124.3 125.2 124.9

H

8740C H

215 1300 2015 2510 3915

In

\

7.80 16.23 39.0 57.8 80.0 119.6 167.4 248.4 347 496 561 702

6 26 67 115 171 257 320 433 532 583 613 687

I

9 20 64 102 148 221 282 358 426 504 543 589 10650C

~ On

83.4 97.9 97.9 98.7 97.9

H

1165 2400 3060 3570 4010

I

Vn

~~"

21.4 26.8 30.0 29.7 29.4

Nickel TABLE 19.—MAGNETIC PROPERTIES For properties in very weak and in very intense fields, and for variation with temperature in weak fields, see Tables 3, 4 (148, 150). For impurities, see Table 1; cf. Figs. 41, 42, 43 Key I Remarks 146.1 Heraeus. Fused in vacuum. Composition: 99.91% Ni, 0.01% Fe, 0.03% Cu, 0.05% nonmagnetic impurities. Data are corrected for effect of the impurities. At H = 18 550,
(80).

147

149 151 153 ^7^^^—^*_

Very pure. Fused in H in electric furnace; heated to 65O0C, cooled slowly to 35O0C, then brought to temperature at which magnetization was measured. In general, data are accurate to 0.1 or 0.2%, but do not represent the properties of any other specimen, even though pure, more closely than 1 or 2%. If 48O0C < t < 88O0C, c, correction being made for thermal expansion (83). Ni = 99.15%; Mn(max.) = 1 120; J00 = 509. Contains 1.5% Co; annealed; variation of ïr with t determined as for specimen 17/7 in Table 5. Composition not stated; 153777S is magnetically soft; 1537/A is very hard. 147
2 000

4 000

8 000

12 000

18 000

t

2 0 . 0 5 3 . 7 0 5 4 . 0 9 5 4 . 4 3 5 4 . 5 5 5 4 . 6 3 5 4 . 7 3 1 8 . 4 5 4 . 5 53.8 53.48 53.53 53.63 53.8 53.4 79.3 52.63 52.68 52.76 79.3 52.4 104.0 51.55 51.63 51.06 104.0 51.4 127.9 50.44 50.51 50.62 127.9 50.2 151.0 49.09 49.17 49.30 151.0 49.0 173.3 47.74 47.83 47.97 173.3 47.5 184.3 47.02 47.07 47.23

TABLE 19.—(Continued) ^^"^-^^

1 000

1 9 5 . 1 205.7 216.3 226.7 237.1 247.3 257.0 267.5 277.5 281.5 285.4 289.3 293.2 297.1 301.0 304.9 308.8 312.7 316.5 320.3 324.2 328.0 331.8 335.6 339.4 343.1 346.9 350.7 354.4 358.1 361.8 365.4 369.1 372.8 376.5 380.1 387.5 394.8 405.7 I H 0.25 0.5 0.75 1.0 1.5 2.5 5 10 20 50 100 150 300 500 1 000 2 000 3 000 4 000

I

2 000

4 000

8 000

12 000

18 000

4 5 . 9 4 4 6 . 1 3 4 6 . 2 5 4 6 . 3 4 1 9 5 45.25 45.38 45.56 44.28 44.40 44.57 43.26 43.39 43.60 42.17 42.32 42.53 41.07 41.19 41.42 39.81 39.96 40.14 38.43 38.62 38.90 36.30 36.50 36.74 36.99 37.21 37.51 36.48 36.61 36.94 35.71 35.93 36.27 35.06 35.28 35.64 34.35 34.59 34.94 33.61 33.86 34.28 32.28 32.54 32.88 33.15 33.52 32.06 32.36 32.78 30.83 31.24 31.58 32.00 29.94 30.37 30.71 31.14 28.30 28.65 29.00 29.46 29.87 30.26 27.95 28.44 28.82 29.33 26.85 27.36 28.28 28.35 25.31 25.70 26.28 26.74 27.35 24.00 24.39 25.04 25.56 26.28 22.08 22.40 22.91 23.66 24.27 25.04 20.42 20.78 21.36 22.21 22.86 23.75 18.36 18.85 19.55 20.60 21.39 22.38 16.01 16.62 17.53 18.83 19.81 20.97 12.83 13.82 15.12 16.75 17.93 19.37 8.36 10.19 12.22 14.46 15.99 17.66 3.68 6.03 8.83 11.95 13.80 15.77 1.78 3.41 5.98 9.41 11.61 13.85 2.13 4.13 7.30 9.56 12.06 1.51 2.97 5.58 7.72 10.25 1.15 2.29 4.43 6.35 8.75 0.91 1.82 3.60' 5.24 7.39 0.75 1.49 2.97 4.38 6.33 1.11 2.18 3.25 4.80 1.71 2.54 3.79 0.64 1.88 2.83 | 149 (23) Bn I I H I B* / Mn 100 400 150 6 400 0.0 230 460 100 6 220 76.8 480 530 50 5 930 115 650 650 25 5580 144 1 350 900 5 4 680 172 2 800 1 120 2.5 4 360 216 4 330 865 + 1 3 900 249 4 940 495 O 3 340 252 5 400 270 -0.5 2 800 273 5 850 117 - 0.75 2 460 285 6 200 62 - 1.0 2 000 298 6 400 43 - 1.5 -j- 550 314 6 700 22 - 2.5 -2 500 317 6 910 14 - 5 -4 320 329 7 370 7.4 - 10 -4 940 8 400 4.2 - 20 -5 400 9 380 3.1 - 50 -5 850 10 400 2.6 -100 -6 200 -150 -6 400

* Cyclic; Hc = 1.62, /« - 509, Mmax. = 1120.

t

. 1 4 5 ? 9 216.3

44.0

237.3

41.9

257.0

39.5

277.5

36.6

301.0

32.3

316.5

28.7

333.7

23.1

341.2 346.9

19.8 16.4

352.5

10.7

153/ (20) I

M 11.2 11.3 11.0 10.9 10.5 9.84 9.01 8.81 8.42 7.90 7.43 6.74 6.78 6.17

FIG. 39.—Nickel: Magnetization at various temperatures ( 81 ). Pure Ni (147) from Merck.

FIG. 41.—Nickel-cobalt (Ni-Co) alloys: Magnetization at saturation ( 7 ). Material same as in Table 20. T = absolute centigrade temperature; broken lines represent
FIG. 40.—Nickel: Alternating (TT0) and rotating (TFr) hysteretic loss ( 48 ). Key number 153, Table 1. Centigrade temperatures.

FIG. 42.—Nickel-copper (Ni-Cu) alloys: Magnetization at saturation, and Curie point O). Material same as in Table 20. T= absolute centigrade temperature; (T00 = value at T = 0 , corrected for dilatation; 9 is for H=Q.

FIG. 43.—Nickel-copper (Ni-Cu) alloys: Spontaneous magnetization

O).

Material same as in Table 20. T = absolute centigrade temperature. Broken lines represent observations at H =10 000.

TABLE 19.—(Continued) 153/7/, (48); see also Fig. 40 I

H

/

Wr

I

Wg

I

2T 37 49 68 88 100 130 158 223 319 449 710

49 91 129 183 230 255 310 353 415 449 470 487

12 21 27 32 49 68 94 158 319 449

3220C 41 76 103 117 166 195 225 233 245 247

I

H

210C

/

1 240 3 090 4 600 6 460 7 010 6 820 5 510 4 180 2 280 1 200 690 380

590 1 530 2 450 3 950

12 21 37 49 68 78 86 94 100 126 158 223 319

6 200 8 8 8 8 8

230 510 710 800 640 350 210

040 580 760 820 630

120 280

~~35 58 105 153 211 234 254 273 281 328 368 411 439

t 18 100 150 200 250 300 350 368

610 830 940

1 070 1 060 1 060

40

WT

I

\

Wg

I

H

\

I

1090C

I

I

.

1 2 3 5 5 4 4

WT

\

\

Wg

2120C 360 110 570 760 030 100 980 940

1 2 3 4

63 500 320 100 420 230

ÎI 21 37 49 60 68 88 100 158 319 449

5 160 3 430 5 910 2 370 6 340 1 310 6 660 730 6 800 153///A (48) W T* I Wg* 12 200 15 500 9 700 12 700 8 000 10 700 6 310 8 400 4 500 6 000 2 580 3 440 545 747 O O

28 65 118 161 194 217 263 285 348 393 401

280 891 2 090 2 940 3 180 3 260 2 800

1 490 310

120 430 1 100 1 750

2 730 3 720 4 120 4 320 4 270

153/ (*8) t \ Hc -185 29.0 - 79 27.5 + 15 25.5 123 21.2 207 15.7 286 9.19 339 3.92

Wa/WT 1.27 1.31 1.33 1.33 1.33 1.33 1.37

^

161 (49)

t 1'r/Ir

Ï9Î 86.2

220 81.5

250 75.0

270 71.0

305 58.7

0

361.2 C 0%

* Maximum loss: Mean of values obtained when heating and when cooling.

Alloys of Nickel TABLE 20.—NICKEL ALLOYS Co, Cobalt alloys of Ni ( 7 ). Ni and pure Co were fused in electric resistance furnace, in magnesia crucible, current of N. The Ni used contained 98.1% Ni, 1.9% Co, 0.05% Fe. Alloys for which Ni < 20% are too hard magnetically to become saturated, at low temperatures, at H = 10 000. H = 10 000 gauss; t = 190C; 9 = Curie point (centigrade) for H = O; see also Fig. 41. Co

I

O 9.8 18.6 30.4 40(?) 49.3

d

I

8.79 8.80 8.87 8.72 8.89 8.79

I

55.2 66.8 77.1 87.7 100.0 110.0

9

[I

382 497 601 685 780 860

Co

I

60.4 69.8 79.5 89.3 100.0

d

I

8.72 8.77 8.75 8.87 8.92

q-

120.3 132.6 138.7 148.5 153.6

I

e

934 988 1037 1085 1121

Cu, Copper alloys of Ni (*). In N, pure Cu was fused with nickel containing 99.89% Ni, 0.004% Cu, 0.053% Fe, 0.043 %C, 0.008% SiO2, traces of S In table, ^r00 has been corrected for dilatation, and refers to absolute zero. O corresponds to H = O; it is temperature at which spontaneous magnetization = O; see also Figs. 42, 43.

Cu, % O 5.3 9.1 14.1

I d I cr« I e, 0C y Cu, %| d I Cr00 I e, 0C 8.79057.2 8.78752.2 8.86 49.0 8.94 44.4

358 318 272 229

20.5 25.6 29.7 35.5

8.95 8.96 8.99 8.91

37.7 33.9 29.2 24.5

164 126 67 +16


Cu, % 40.0 44.3 49.2

I d

I ^00 I e, 0C H Cu, %| d I IT, I e, 0C

8.90 20.0 - 33* 54.1 8.93 8.85 16.2* - 79* 59.4 8.93 8.96 11.4* -133* 61.8f

* Extrapolated value,

6.8* -188* 2.0* -245* O* -273*

t Corresponds to CusNiz.

Fe, For ferronickels, nickel steel, see Table 17 (Ni). Mn, Nickel manganese alloys ( 21 ). The metals, protected from all contact with C, were fused under a layer of fused BaCl2. Annealed at 90O0C. Unforged castings and specimens quenched at 90O0C are, in general, less magnetic than those annealed. H = 5 I 10 I 15 I 20 I 40 I 60 I 80 I 100 I 150 I 200 % Mn /„, Intensity of magnetization; 160C 5 20 48 77 97 158 195 224 248 292 316 10 30 75 109 130 212 258 287 308 344 368 15 68 115 148 167 214 240 256 268 288 304 20 20 32 41 47 64 76 85 91 102 110 25 6 12 18 28 58 80 96 109 131 147 30 2 4 7 11 30 48 67 81 112 135 % Mn I /n, Intensity of magnetization; -19O0C 5 Ï6 40 66 89 155 203 236 264 317 350 10 26 60 97 129 224 280 318 353 404 434 15 42 100 146 176 262 316 344 368 410 438 20 30 70 99 123 181 216 236 250 276 296 25 10 24 38 51 94 130 156 180 217 247 30 3 6 10 14 35 54 72 89 123 152

Manganese Alloys and Compounds TABLE 21.—FERROMAGNETIC MANGANESE ALLOYS AND COMPOUNDS For composition of alloys denoted by key numbers, see Table 1 As, Two ferromagnetic alloys (28, 70) ; MnAs, 6 = 40 to 450C, and Mn2As. B, One ferromagnetic alloy (6); MnB, 0 = 26O0C; Hc = 30.9. H In

90~ï 32.5

Î8Î 54.6

2 7 70.7

Ï

:

362 81.5

542 110.1

786 146.1

Bi, One ferromagnetic alloy (28, 70) ; MnBi, O = 360 to 38O0C. C, One ferromagnetic alloy (28, 70). Mn3C, no data. Cu, Cupromanganese is not ferromagnetic, but certain of the three-component alloys containing Al or Sn are. 1. Copper, Manganese, Aluminium (Heusler) alloys (29) contain from 5 to 25% Al, Mn > 7%; alloys containing over 30% Mn have not been studied. Of these alloys those of the composition xAlCu3 + (1 — x)AlMn 3 are the most magnetic (they contain about 13% Al) and, for H = 150, the maximum value of 7 (about 430) corresponds to x = 0.6684, or 12.89%, Al, 26.12% Mn, 60.98% Cu (see Fig. 45). It is understood that each alloy is given the thermal treatment which is most appropriate to itself, see Figs. 44, 45, 46. 166 is a typical Heusler alloy. 156^ = 60O0C, drawn at 2090C for rd hr

H Td 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 12f 15 20 25 35 50 75 2100

2.5

0.04 1.34 2.4s 4.Oo 4.7i 4.37 3.1i 3.1s 3.Oo 3.2s 2.8s 2.1o 2.05 1.8o .1.Is 0.8s 0.6i 0.42 0.3s I

2.5 5 7.5 10 20 50 75 100 150 300 500 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000

I

5

ÖTÖ9 2.7o 5.Oi 8.52 11.1 11.3 9.4o 9.7i 7.6i 8.3o 7.3i 5.6s 5.4s 4.0s 2.7o 1.96 1.26 0.8s 0.76

ISS (3) Bn I /*» 120 48 400 80 580 77 720 72 1070 54 1540 31 1780 24 1970 20 2250 15 2800 9.3 3120 6.2 3670 3.7 4710 2.4 5750 1.9 6780 1.7 7790 1.6 8790 I1S

I

25 I 50 I 100 I 200 I 500 | 700 j 1000 In, Normal intensity of magnetization ( 67 ); see Fig. 46 Ô 7 Î 8 0 7 4 s Ö 7 9 Ö TTTs 37ÏÎ6702 77eo 9.7s 5.0? 8.7s 12 15.9 20.6 26.2 28.0 30.6 9.3? 16.5 22.6 29.0 36.0 44.1 47.7 53.2 16.2 27.3 35.7 44.1 52.1 61.6 65.5 69.4 23.1 38.1 48.1 57.3 65.9 75.6 78.6 81.6 31.1 50.2 61.0 70.8 79.5 88.8 92.1 94.5 31.1 50.5 62.0 72.5 81.5 91.6 94.7 97.2 29.0 47.0 59.0 69.8 79.5 90.2 93.4 96.7 24.7 65.7 70.4 92.1 102.2 113.8 116.4 119.1 26.5 52.6 64.4 75.5 85.6 96.7 99.7 103.1 23.5 48.4 61.5 72.7 83.3 95.0 98.6 102.0 21.1 49.3 63.5 75.7 87.6 100.0 103.7 107.5 16.9 46.2 61.6 75.1 87.6 100.9 104.9 109.4 10.7 37.3 55.0 71.5 86.7 103.5 108.3 112.7 6.72 27.3 52.5 68.2 85.2 107.2 113.1 119.1 4.2s 14.9 32.6 53.9 79.0 110.1 119.7 127.3 2.6s 7.8s 21.0 44.5 75.3 116.6 128.4 137.8 1.7s 4.5s 9.4e 20.1 43.4 100.4 116.9 130.1 1.52 3.82 7.7s 17.0 41.6 118.2 139.0 156.3 10

lg9

Bn 300 800 1600 2320 3250 3800 3980 4110 4250

(3) I

Mn 120 160 210 230 160 76 53 41 28

Cycuc 1S6 (3) H B 150 2250 100 1980 50 1560 25 1220 + 5 740 O 480 - 0.5 440 - 1.0 410 - 1.5 370 - 2 . 5 + 2 5 0 - 5 - 240 - 10 670 - 20 -1040 - 50 -1540 - 75 -1780 -100 -1970 -150 -2250

159 (3) B 4250 4110 3830 3550 2900 2550 2490 2420 2350 2190 +1480 -1780 -3210 -3800 -3980 -4110 -4250

166 Malleable Cu, 75.6% Mn, 14.25 Al, 10.15 Pb J5r, 480 HC1 3.75 M «(max.) = 80 4^/^. = 2790 P2 o =40.90

169 Not malleable 61.5% 23.5 15.0 0.1 2550 7.3 236

TABLE 21.—(Continued) 2. Copper, manganese, tin alloys (60). A 98.5% Mn, containing in decreasing amounts Si, Fe, and Al, was alloyed with very pure Cu and Sn ; the alloys were drawn for a short time at a temperature below 20O0C. There are 2 series of ferromagnetic alloys, separated by the alloy of 30% Sn. JT^ 20 I 50 I 100 " ~ // ~ H 20 | 50 | 100 | 200 | 300 " ~fj~ _ I 200 I 300 / —= / c

Key Ï62

I t -190

L 67

7

Zl42

+ 15 18 75 15 6 = 2750C 125 11 180 8 230 2 164 -190 27 -H 15 24 75 18 G = 2550C 125 12 180 6 2 3 0 2 165 15 (?)

36 30 26 19 3 59 52 36 23 13 4 (?)

93

Ï08

55 72 80 46 60 67 37 46 50 26 34 36 4 5 5 102 162 195 82 117 129 59 82 89 35 49 54 19 27 29 5 9 1 1 (?) 0.8 1.2

31

27

21 22 18 21 13 20 8 18 1 9 23 16 18 14 13 13 9 12 5 10 1 4 (?) (?)

Key Ï63 8 = 27O0C

166 9 = 2250C

167

30

62

28 24 20 11 4 22 22 22 21 21 0 (?)

55 46 37 19 7 54 54 52 50 47 0 0.5

/« 96 127 77 63 48 27 10 96 96 92 88 83 0 1.0

96 76 58 31 12 160 160 153 142 130 0 2.0

144 105 84 61 33 13 209 209 201 184 160 0 3.0

26 16 14 10 5 2 11 11 11 10 8 0 0.5

12 10 9 8 7 5 10 9 9 8 7 0 40*

* Approximate.

Fe, see Table 17 (Mn). H, Mn fused in H is ferromagnetic ( 40 ); perhaps hydride is formed. At H = 12 000, 70 ); no data. Ni, see Table 20 (Mn). P, MnP, Mn3P2, Mn5P2 are ferromagnetic ( 2 8 > 70). MnP, 0 = 18 to 260C H 8578 Ï72 343 5Î5 746 In 9.2 15.6 22.8 ' 32.8 38.8 S, MnS is ferromagnetic ( 28 > 70 ); no data. Sb, Definite compounds of composition MnSb(68.9% Sb), Mn3Sb2(59.8% Sb), and Mn2Sb(52.6% Sb) areformed. For alloys fused in H and cast in red-hot iron molds ( 32 ) found: % Sb -. 20 40 45 5 2 7 2 5 9 ^ 3 6875 72 90 95 98 H 5259 5244 5211 5353 5274 5238 5401 5421 5414 5276 In 62 119 159 176 245 345 317 158 67 37 For Mn3Sb2, 6 = 3150C; for Mn2Sb, 0 = 2750C (3 2 ): MnSb ( 28 , 70) HC = 8.2; 0 = 320 to 33O0C H 88?9 Î78 267 356 533 773 / 82 142 188 229 294 361 Mn2Sb (28> 70) HC = 33.4 H 7073 Ï4Î 2ÏÏ 282 422 6Ï2 / 20.4 31.4 43.5 48.5 63.3 74.6 Se, Si, Te, MnSe, MnSi, MnTe are ferromagnetic ( 28 > 70 ); no data. Transformation Temperatures TABLE 22.—TRANSFORMATION POINTS The Curie point (0) is the temperature at which the spontaneous magnetization becomes zero and the material ceases to be ferromagnetic. In intense fields, the change from ferromagnetic to paramagnetic occurs gradually and the intersection of the steeply inclined portion of the (/, t), (a, t), (72, I)1 or (a-2, t) curve with the axis of t is generally taken as 0; this intersection depends upon the intensity of the field; see Fig. 39. The following data are arranged in the order Fe, Ni, Co; each is followed by its alloys and compounds, arranged alphabetically by symbol of second constituent. For composition of alloys denoted by key numbers, see Table 1. Fe, Iron. Transformation a to ß, Osmond's A 2 point, corresponds to 0; transformation ß to 7 corresponds to Osmond's A3 point, his A 4 point corresponds to transformation 7 to S. In following table -f [ — ] placed after a symbol denotes that the value corresponds to increasing [decreasing] temperature. 0 = 0o + 0.14\/# (58). Key I 0;A 2 | A3+ | A3| A 4 H| A4| H | Method | - Lit. J 910 905 \ , ( 1 410 \ _ . ~ ~ 0 Atyr 2 ( 920 } 1 407 J 1 407 I Magnetic (69) 900 3 4 9 9 11 12 12 27

774

10 000 920

784 769

770

917 903 916 910

920

1 396 O 0.96

903 890 894

1 390

1 390 1 420

O O

Magnetic Magnetic Calorimetrie Magnetic Magnetic Magnetic Thermometric Thermometric

(53) (76) (85) (58) (36) (35) (35) (61)

FIG. 44.—Heusler alloy: Variation of magnetization with Al content ( 29 ). Alloys were made by adding Al to a cupromanganese containing 30% Mn.

FIG. 46.—Heusler alloy (156): Variation of magnetization with heat treatment ( 67 ). 0 Quenched at 60O C and drawn to 2090C for the number of hours indicated on the curves.

FIG 45.—Aluminum-manganese-copper (Al-Mn-Cu) alloys: Variation of magnetization with composition ( 29 ). H = 150. Line ab joins the points AlCu3 and AlMn3. Alloys formed by adding Al to cupromanganese containing 30 and 15% Mn, respectively, lie on the lines ef and cd. Maximum value of /, about 430, is at intersection of ab and ef. Each alloy was given a heat treatment which was appropriate to itself. Data are from Table 21.

FIG. 48.—Binary alloys of nickel: Curie points (13). x = % of the constituent named on the curve.

FIG. 47.—Manganese: Magnetization ( 40 ). Mn fused in H; possibly a hydride. Hc = 670; v. Table 21.

C, Fe, Fe3C, Cementite (35), 6 = 2150C. Co, Fe, Iron cobalt alloys; see Table 17 (Co). Cu, Fe, Iron copper alloys; see Table 17 (Cu). N, Fe, Fe4N, 0 = 39O0C; Fe2N is not ferromagnetic at room temperatures (17). Ni, Fe, Iron nickel alloys; see Table 17 (Ni). O, Fe, Magnetite (Fe3O4). O = G 0 + 0.08V/? (see ( 58 )). By magnetic methods ( 58 > 74 ) O = 582 to 586°; by calorimetrie methods ( 85 ) 6 = 585 to 593°. Compounds resembling magnetite ( 8 ); FeO-Fe2O3 e = 555

CoO-Fe2O3 520

CuO.Fe2O3 418

In each figure (49 to 54) the values of H for the several curves are as follows: Curve

I

H

||

Curve

|

H

1 2 3

17 44 71

8 9 10

798 1110 1527

4 5 6 7

111 189 389 595

11 12 13 14

2050 4090 6000 9420

CaO-Fe2O3 1560C

Hematite (Fe2O3) ( 41 ). 6 is about 60O0C. (Temperature corrected on basis of measurement ( 41 ) of pyrrhotite.) S, Fe, Pyrrhotite (FeS with excess of S). Both dilatometrie (l2) and magnetic ( 95 ) methods give 6 = 32O0C; see also p. 413. V, Fe, Iron vanadium alloys are ferromagnetic if V < 80%; approximate values, temperature increasing, are ( 31 ): V = 0%, G = 775°; V = 20%, e = 720°; V = 30%, e = 600^C. Ni, Nickel. For pure Ni (55), 9 = e0 + 0.20\/tf. By magnetic measurements ( 1 J 79), Ni fused in H (146) or in N (162), 0 = 357.6 or 3580C, respectively, by calorimetrie measurements («5), Ni (162) fused in air, 0 = 3630C. Al, Ni, Nickel aluminium alloys, see Fig. 48. Co, Ni, Nickel cobalt alloys, see Table 20 (Co). Cr, Ni, Nickel chromium alloys, see Fig. 48. Cu, Ni, Nickel copper alloys, see Table 20 (Cu), and Fig. 48. Fe, Ni, Nickel iron alloys, see Table 17 (Ni). Mn, Ni, Nickel manganese alloys, see Fig. 48. Sn, Ni, Nickel tin alloys (31), ferromagnetic if Sn < 40%. Sn 0

O 370

IO 320

20 210

30 210

36% 21O0C (approximate)

Co, Cobalt. By magnetic methods, H small (7, 66) ? 9 = 1075 to 11150C; H = 10 000 (53), 9 = 114O0C. By thermometric methods (62), 9 = 1102 to 11120C. Cr, Co, Cobalt chromium alloys ( 31 ) are ferromagnetic if Cr < 25%. Cr 0.

O 1140

10 720

15 480

FIG. 49.—Iron crystal. FIGS. 49, 51.—Disc was cut parallel to face of the cube; diameter = 6.90 mm, thickness = 0.090 mm; quaternary axes (edges of cube) at = 0°, 90°, 180°; binary axes (diagonals of faces) at

20% 18O0C (approximate)

Mn, Sb, Manganese antimony alloys, see Table 21 (Sb). Mn, Cu, Al, Heusler alloys ( 5 *): Key 154 157 168 160 161

I Mn, % | 13.9 6.0 19.3 26.5 I 11.6

Al, % . [ Cu, % 7.2 78.9 13.2 80.8 14.0 66.6 16.3 57.2 25.0 63.4

|

0, 0C 200 to 210 300 to 310 340 to 350 320 to 330 5 to 10

For other Mn alloys and compounds, see Table 21.

Magnetization of Ferromagnetic Crystals Fe, Iron. Cubic system; data ( 5 ) (Fig. 49 to 54) refer to discs, H lies in plane of disc;
FIG. 50.—Iron crystal. FIGS. 50, 52.—Disc was cut parallel to face of octahedron; diameter = 7.64 mm, thickness = 0.110 mm; binary axes at

FeaO4, Magnetite. Cubic system: data for the crystal (Fig. 55, 56, 57) apply to Brozzo magnetite at room temperature; for Fig. 56, 57 test piece was a disc 20 mm diameter, 0.3 mm thick. The thermal data (Table 23) refer to a crystalline mass of artificial magnetite, crystals oriented indifferently in all directions; are relative to Kopp's value ( 39 ) at 19° and in intense fields,
(

below 17°, those are less reliable on account of doubtful purity. For t < 500°, (T8 practically = (T00; see also Tables 3 and 4.

FIG. 51.—(See Fig. 49.)

FIG. 52.—(See Fig. 50.)

FIG. 53.—(See Fig. 54.)

FIG. 56.—(See Fig. 57).

FIG. 54/—Iron crystal. FIGS. 53, 54.—Disc was cut parallel to face of rhombohedral dodecahedron; diameter =9.20 mm, thickness = 0.085 mm; a quaternary axis lies in the line
= 54° 44' and another at = 125° 16'. For values of H, see p. 410.

FIG. 55.—Magnetite crystal: Intensity of magnetization (T, B, Q) and residual magnetization (T', B', Q'} (^ 1 ). B = binary, Q = quaternary, T = ternary axis of crystal. Field H is parallel to the axis considered. Residual magnetization is with reference to #max. = 353.

FIG. 57.—Magnetization of disk cut from magnetite crystal ( 71 ). Diameter = 20 mm, thickness = 0.3 mm; H = 353 and lies in plane of disk; azimuth (
FIG. 58.—Pyrrhotite: Component (7jj) of the magnetization in the magnetic plane (YOX) and parallel to the field (H) ( 72 ). H lies in plane FO-X",

FIG. 59.—Pyrrhotite: Component (Ij_) of the magnetization in the magnetic plane (YOX) and perpendicular to the field (H) (72). H lies in plane YOX1 = azimuth of H from axis (OX) of easy magnetization. I ± — 950 T/H. TABLE 23.—MAGNETIZATION OF t I (ra I Lit. u -253 98.6 (83) - 79 96.9 ( 74 ) -f 17.2 93.2 (39) 116.4 88.0 (81) 216.0 81.1 (81) 315.5 72.2 (81)

ARTIFICIAL MAGNETITE t I (T8 I Lit. 409.0 61.3 (81) 497.0 45.7 (") 539.5 33.4 (81) 556.6 25.9 (81) ( 8 I) 568.0 18.3 573.0 13.3* ( & i)

* Interpolated. Curie point « 578.30C.

(Fe7Ss), Pyrrhotite. Contains variable amounts of dissolved S; analyses vary from Fe5Se to FeieSn. Definite data can be given only for so-called normal pyrrhotite (compact crystals from Morrò Velho, d = 4.60); abnormal pyrrhotite (laminar or cleavable, from Bodenmais, etc.) have irregular and complicated properties. Crystals appear to be hexagonal, but magnetic data show that they consist of 3, mutually penetrating, orthorhombic

FIG. 60.—Pyrrhotite: Axial magnetization ( 9S ). Ix, Iy, Iz = intensity of magnetization along the principal axes; in every case H is parallel to the axis considered. Maximum Hoy = 7250.

FIG. 61.—Pyrrhotite: Spontaneous magnetization ( 95 ). crystals. The data here given refer to the simple orthorhombic crystal. Except in very intensive fields, / lies approximately in a single plane (base of the apparently hexagonal prism) whatever the direction of H1 and the intensity and direction of / depend only upon the component of H in this plane, which is called the magnetic plane of the crystal. In this plane, there is a direction (OX) in which magnetization is easy; in a direction (OY) perpendicular to this, it is difficult. These are the "principal'' axes of the crystal. The magnetization of the crystal can be explained by assuming that there is a structural demagnetizing field, component along OF is Hr>y = Nylyi that along OZ (perpendicular to plane of XOY) is HDZ = NzIz1 where Iyj I2 are the components of / along OYj OZ, and Nyy N2 are constants. Maximum values, corresponding to I00 are max. HDy = 7300 gauss ( 72 > 86 » 94 ) and max. HDZ — 176 000 gauss ( 74 > 95); they are the same for all specimens, but /max. varies with the specimen (e.g., /max. = 47,

63.6, 72.8 ( 7 2), 62 (95)). The coercive force also varies with the specimen (Hc = 15.4 (72), 24 (86), 30 (74)). For the specimen of Fig. 58, 59, /max. = 47. Ferromagnetic properties are lost by an allotropie transformation at 318 to 3190C (76),' 32O0C (**}, which is a little above the Curie point. Ny is independent of the temperature ( 95 ); see Figs. 58 to 61. Fe2Os, Hematite. Rhombohedral, is sometimes ferromagnetic. Like pyrrhotite, it has an approximate magnetic plane. For hematite from Kragerö, Fe2O3 = 93.63%, FeO = 3.26%, TiO2 = 3.55% ( 56 ); for a specimen from same source, the magnetization (7j_) perpendicular, and that (/[[) parallel to the ternary axis were found ( 87 ) to be as follows:

H /j. /U

36 1.71 0.025

48 1.78 0.050

60 1.83 0.073

72 1.90 0.093

LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) (i) Alder, Thesis, Zürich, 1916. 10, 4: 664; 21. ( 2 ) Arkadiew, 63, 14: 561; 13' (3) Arkadiew, 96, 27: 37; 24. (4) Arnold and Elmen, 143, 195: 621; 23(5) Beck, Thesis, Zürich, 1918. ( 6 ) Binet du Jassonneix, 34, 142: 1336; 06(7) Bloch, Thesis, Zürich, 1912. 6, 26: 5; 12. («) du Bois, in Gray and Ross, 83, 8: 115; 12. ( 9 ) Burgess and Aston, 83, 8: 79; 10. (10) Burrows, SlA1 6: 31; 09. C 1 1 ) Cheney, SlA, 18: 609; 22. ( 12 ) Chevenard, 34, 172: 320; 21. ( 13 ) Chevenard, C. R. du congrès du chauffage industriel, 1: 157; 23. In Chaleur et industrie, 4: No. 39; 23. (»*) Curie, 6, 5: 289; 95. ( 15 ) Curie, 4*0, 3: 36; 97. (1«) Ewing, 5, 46: 269; 90. (^) Fry, 77, 43: 1271; 23. (18) Gans, 8, 42: 1065; 13. 0») Gans, 8, 48: 514; 15. (20) Gans, 8, 61: 379; 20. ( 21 ) Gray, 3, 24: 1; 12. (22) Gumlich, 89, 4: 267; 18. ( 23 ) Gumlich, Magnetische Messungen, Braunschweig, Vieweg, 1918. (24) Gumlich, in BS, p. 1195. (25) Gumlich, 96, 14: 241; 23. (26) Gumlich and Rogowski, 8, 34: 235; 11. (27) Hegg, Thesis, Zurich, 1910.

(28) Heusler, 88, 5: 219; 03. ( 2 ») Heusler, Starck and Haupt, 537, 13: 23; 504. (30) Holborn, 8, 61: 281; 97. ( 31 ) Honda, 8. 32: 1003; 10. ( 32 ) Honda and Ishiwara, 159, 6: 9; 17. ( 33 ) Honda and Saito, 169, 9: 417; 20. ( 3 ^) Honda and Shimizu, 3, 10: 548; 05. ( 35 ) Honda and Takagi, 159.4: 261; 15. ( 3 «) Ishiwara, 159, 61 133; 17. (37) Kennelly, 129, 8: 485; 91. ( 38 ) Kennelly, 143, 197: 623; 24. (39) Kopp, Thesis, Zurich, 1919. 10, 5: 792; 25. (40) Kuh, Thesis, Zürich, 1911. 10, 2: 381; 13. («) Kunz, 190, 1907 I: 62. ( 42 ) Lapp, 01, 4: 349; 23. (43) Lonsdale, 63, 14: 581; 13. (44) Maurain, 6, 20: 353; 10. (45) Moir, 3, 27: 830; 14. (46) Mordey, 121, 66: 615; 11. (47) Nusbaum, Cheney and Scott, SlA, 16: 739; 20. (48) Perrier, Thesis, Zürich, 1909. (49) Perrier and Balochowsky, 149, 2- 5; 20. (50) Perrier and Onnes, 168, Suppl. No. 27; 13. ( 51 ) Peschard, Thesis, Strasbourg, 1925. ( 52 ) Pierce, 65, 49: 117; 13. ( 53 ) Preuss, Thesis, Zürich, 1912. 10, 3: 286; 14. (54) Preusser, Thesis, Marburg, 1908. ( 5S ) Radovanovic, Thesis, Zürich, 1911. ( 56 ) Rammeisberg, 8, 104: 497; 58. ( 57 ) Rayleigh, 3, 23: 225; 87. ( 58 ) Renger, Thesis, Zürich, 1913. 10, 4: 663; 22. ( 59 ) Renker, Thesis, Zürich, 1913. 10, 4: 664; 22. (60) Ross and Gray, 68, 29: 274; 09. («) Ruer and Fick, 139, 11: 39; 13. ( 62 ) Ruer and Kaneko, 192, 9: 419; 12. («3) Safranek, 74, 21: 87; 24. (64) Sanford and Cheney, SIA, 16: 291; 20. ( 6 5 ) Steinhaus and Gumlich, 125, 4: 149; 15. (66) Stifler, 2, 33: 268; 11. ( 67 ) Take, 88, 12:' 1059; 10. (« 8 ) Terry, 2, 30: 133; 10. (6*>) Terry, 2, 9: 394; 17. (70) Wedekind, 7, 66: 614; 09. (") Weiss, Thesis, Paris, 1896. (72) Weiss, 51, 4: 469, 829; 05. (73) Weiss, 51, 9: 373; 10. (74) Weiss, P., O. (75) Weiss and Foëx, 51, 1: 274, 744; 11. (76) Weiss and Foëx, 149, 31: 39; 11. (77) Weiss and Foëx, Le Magnétisme. Paris, Armand Colin, 1926. (78) Weiss and Forrer, 34, 178: 1046; 24. (79) Weiss and Forrer, 34, 178: 1670; 24. (80) Weiss and Forrer, 34, 186: 821; 28. ( 81 ) Weiss and Forrer, O. ( 82 ) Weiss and de Freudenreich, 149, 39: 125; 15. (83) Weiss and Onnes, 64V, 18: 768; 10. 168, No. 114; 10. 51, 9: 555; 10. (84) Weiss and Piccard, 34, 166: 352; 18. ( 85 ) Weiss, Piccard and Carrard, 149, 42: 378; 16. 43:22,113, 199; 17. (86) Weiss and Planer, 51, 7: 5; 08. ( 87 ) Westmann, Diss., Upsala, 1896. (88) Williams, 2, 6: 404; 15. ( 8S >) Wvedensky, 8, 66: 110; 21. ( 90 ) Yensen, 86, No. 72; 14. (^ 1 ) Yensen, 86, No. 77; 15. ( 92 ) Yensen, 86, No. 83; 15. (93) Yensen, 39, 39: 396; 20. (94) Yensen, 1*9, 43: 145; 24. ( 95 ) Ziegler, Thesis, Zurich, 1915.

GALVANOMAGNETIC AND THERMOMAGNETIC EFFECTS ALPHEUS W. SMITH AND L. L. CAMPBELL CONTENTS Hall effect. Elementary substances. Miscellaneous materials. Alloys. Variation with temperature: elementary substances.

MATIÈRES Effet Hall. Substances élémentaires. Matières diverses. Alliages. Variation avec la température: substances élémentaires. Variation avec le champ magnétique. Effet Corbino. Relation avec l'effet Hall.

INHALTSVERZEICHNIS Hall-Effekt. Elementare Stoffe. Verschiedenes Material. Legierungen. Änderung mit der Temperatur: elementare Stoffe.

Righi-Leduc effect. Elementary substances. Alloys. Effect of magnetic field upon electrical resistance.

Effet Ettingshausen. Effet Nernst. Substances élémentaires. Alliages. Variation avec la température. Effet Righi-Leduc. Substances élémentaires. Alliages. Effet du champ magnétique sur la résistance électrique.

Effect of magnetic field upon thermal conductivity.

Effet du champ magnétique sur la conductibilité thermique.

Ettingshausen-Eff ekt. Nernst-Effekt. Elementare Stoffe. Legierungen. Änderungen mit der Temperatur. Righi-Leduc-Effekt. Elementare Stoffe. Legierungen. Einfluss des magnetischen Feldes auf den elektrischen Widerstand. Einfluss des magnetischen Feldes auf die thermische Leitfähigkeit.

Variation with magnetic field. Corbino effect. Relation to Hall effect. Ettingshausen effect. Nernst effect. Elementary substances. Alloys. Variation with temperature.

Änderung mit dem magnetischen Felde. Corbino-Effekt. Beziehung zum Hall-Effekt.

INDICE pAQE Effetto Hall. 416 Elementi Materiali vari 416 Leghe 417 Variazioni in funzione della temperatura : ele417 menti Variazioni in funzione del campo magnetico. 418 Effetto Corbino. 419 Relazione con l'effetto Hall 419 Effetto Ettingshausen 419 Effetto Nernst. 420 Elementi Leghe 420 Variazioni in funzione della temperatura. ... 421 Effetto Righi-Leduc. 421 Elementi Leghe 421 Effetto dei campi magnetici sulla resistenza elettrica 421 Effetto di campi magnetici sulla conducibilità termica 424

63.6, 72.8 ( 7 2), 62 (95)). The coercive force also varies with the specimen (Hc = 15.4 (72), 24 (86), 30 (74)). For the specimen of Fig. 58, 59, /max. = 47. Ferromagnetic properties are lost by an allotropie transformation at 318 to 3190C (76),' 32O0C (**}, which is a little above the Curie point. Ny is independent of the temperature ( 95 ); see Figs. 58 to 61. Fe2Os, Hematite. Rhombohedral, is sometimes ferromagnetic. Like pyrrhotite, it has an approximate magnetic plane. For hematite from Kragerö, Fe2O3 = 93.63%, FeO = 3.26%, TiO2 = 3.55% ( 56 ); for a specimen from same source, the magnetization (7j_) perpendicular, and that (/[[) parallel to the ternary axis were found ( 87 ) to be as follows:

H /j. /U

36 1.71 0.025

48 1.78 0.050

60 1.83 0.073

72 1.90 0.093

LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) (i) Alder, Thesis, Zürich, 1916. 10, 4: 664; 21. ( 2 ) Arkadiew, 63, 14: 561; 13' (3) Arkadiew, 96, 27: 37; 24. (4) Arnold and Elmen, 143, 195: 621; 23(5) Beck, Thesis, Zürich, 1918. ( 6 ) Binet du Jassonneix, 34, 142: 1336; 06(7) Bloch, Thesis, Zürich, 1912. 6, 26: 5; 12. («) du Bois, in Gray and Ross, 83, 8: 115; 12. ( 9 ) Burgess and Aston, 83, 8: 79; 10. (10) Burrows, SlA1 6: 31; 09. C 1 1 ) Cheney, SlA, 18: 609; 22. ( 12 ) Chevenard, 34, 172: 320; 21. ( 13 ) Chevenard, C. R. du congrès du chauffage industriel, 1: 157; 23. In Chaleur et industrie, 4: No. 39; 23. (»*) Curie, 6, 5: 289; 95. ( 15 ) Curie, 4*0, 3: 36; 97. (1«) Ewing, 5, 46: 269; 90. (^) Fry, 77, 43: 1271; 23. (18) Gans, 8, 42: 1065; 13. 0») Gans, 8, 48: 514; 15. (20) Gans, 8, 61: 379; 20. ( 21 ) Gray, 3, 24: 1; 12. (22) Gumlich, 89, 4: 267; 18. ( 23 ) Gumlich, Magnetische Messungen, Braunschweig, Vieweg, 1918. (24) Gumlich, in BS, p. 1195. (25) Gumlich, 96, 14: 241; 23. (26) Gumlich and Rogowski, 8, 34: 235; 11. (27) Hegg, Thesis, Zurich, 1910.

(28) Heusler, 88, 5: 219; 03. ( 2 ») Heusler, Starck and Haupt, 537, 13: 23; 504. (30) Holborn, 8, 61: 281; 97. ( 31 ) Honda, 8. 32: 1003; 10. ( 32 ) Honda and Ishiwara, 159, 6: 9; 17. ( 33 ) Honda and Saito, 169, 9: 417; 20. ( 3 ^) Honda and Shimizu, 3, 10: 548; 05. ( 35 ) Honda and Takagi, 159.4: 261; 15. ( 3 «) Ishiwara, 159, 61 133; 17. (37) Kennelly, 129, 8: 485; 91. ( 38 ) Kennelly, 143, 197: 623; 24. (39) Kopp, Thesis, Zurich, 1919. 10, 5: 792; 25. (40) Kuh, Thesis, Zürich, 1911. 10, 2: 381; 13. («) Kunz, 190, 1907 I: 62. ( 42 ) Lapp, 01, 4: 349; 23. (43) Lonsdale, 63, 14: 581; 13. (44) Maurain, 6, 20: 353; 10. (45) Moir, 3, 27: 830; 14. (46) Mordey, 121, 66: 615; 11. (47) Nusbaum, Cheney and Scott, SlA, 16: 739; 20. (48) Perrier, Thesis, Zürich, 1909. (49) Perrier and Balochowsky, 149, 2- 5; 20. (50) Perrier and Onnes, 168, Suppl. No. 27; 13. ( 51 ) Peschard, Thesis, Strasbourg, 1925. ( 52 ) Pierce, 65, 49: 117; 13. ( 53 ) Preuss, Thesis, Zürich, 1912. 10, 3: 286; 14. (54) Preusser, Thesis, Marburg, 1908. ( 5S ) Radovanovic, Thesis, Zürich, 1911. ( 56 ) Rammeisberg, 8, 104: 497; 58. ( 57 ) Rayleigh, 3, 23: 225; 87. ( 58 ) Renger, Thesis, Zürich, 1913. 10, 4: 663; 22. ( 59 ) Renker, Thesis, Zürich, 1913. 10, 4: 664; 22. (60) Ross and Gray, 68, 29: 274; 09. («) Ruer and Fick, 139, 11: 39; 13. ( 62 ) Ruer and Kaneko, 192, 9: 419; 12. («3) Safranek, 74, 21: 87; 24. (64) Sanford and Cheney, SIA, 16: 291; 20. ( 6 5 ) Steinhaus and Gumlich, 125, 4: 149; 15. (66) Stifler, 2, 33: 268; 11. ( 67 ) Take, 88, 12:' 1059; 10. (« 8 ) Terry, 2, 30: 133; 10. (6*>) Terry, 2, 9: 394; 17. (70) Wedekind, 7, 66: 614; 09. (") Weiss, Thesis, Paris, 1896. (72) Weiss, 51, 4: 469, 829; 05. (73) Weiss, 51, 9: 373; 10. (74) Weiss, P., O. (75) Weiss and Foëx, 51, 1: 274, 744; 11. (76) Weiss and Foëx, 149, 31: 39; 11. (77) Weiss and Foëx, Le Magnétisme. Paris, Armand Colin, 1926. (78) Weiss and Forrer, 34, 178: 1046; 24. (79) Weiss and Forrer, 34, 178: 1670; 24. (80) Weiss and Forrer, 34, 186: 821; 28. ( 81 ) Weiss and Forrer, O. ( 82 ) Weiss and de Freudenreich, 149, 39: 125; 15. (83) Weiss and Onnes, 64V, 18: 768; 10. 168, No. 114; 10. 51, 9: 555; 10. (84) Weiss and Piccard, 34, 166: 352; 18. ( 85 ) Weiss, Piccard and Carrard, 149, 42: 378; 16. 43:22,113, 199; 17. (86) Weiss and Planer, 51, 7: 5; 08. ( 87 ) Westmann, Diss., Upsala, 1896. (88) Williams, 2, 6: 404; 15. ( 8S >) Wvedensky, 8, 66: 110; 21. ( 90 ) Yensen, 86, No. 72; 14. (^ 1 ) Yensen, 86, No. 77; 15. ( 92 ) Yensen, 86, No. 83; 15. (93) Yensen, 39, 39: 396; 20. (94) Yensen, 1*9, 43: 145; 24. ( 95 ) Ziegler, Thesis, Zurich, 1915.

GALVANOMAGNETIC AND THERMOMAGNETIC EFFECTS ALPHEUS W. SMITH AND L. L. CAMPBELL CONTENTS Hall effect. Elementary substances. Miscellaneous materials. Alloys. Variation with temperature: elementary substances.

MATIÈRES Effet Hall. Substances élémentaires. Matières diverses. Alliages. Variation avec la température: substances élémentaires. Variation avec le champ magnétique. Effet Corbino. Relation avec l'effet Hall.

INHALTSVERZEICHNIS Hall-Effekt. Elementare Stoffe. Verschiedenes Material. Legierungen. Änderung mit der Temperatur: elementare Stoffe.

Righi-Leduc effect. Elementary substances. Alloys. Effect of magnetic field upon electrical resistance.

Effet Ettingshausen. Effet Nernst. Substances élémentaires. Alliages. Variation avec la température. Effet Righi-Leduc. Substances élémentaires. Alliages. Effet du champ magnétique sur la résistance électrique.

Effect of magnetic field upon thermal conductivity.

Effet du champ magnétique sur la conductibilité thermique.

Ettingshausen-Eff ekt. Nernst-Effekt. Elementare Stoffe. Legierungen. Änderungen mit der Temperatur. Righi-Leduc-Effekt. Elementare Stoffe. Legierungen. Einfluss des magnetischen Feldes auf den elektrischen Widerstand. Einfluss des magnetischen Feldes auf die thermische Leitfähigkeit.

Variation with magnetic field. Corbino effect. Relation to Hall effect. Ettingshausen effect. Nernst effect. Elementary substances. Alloys. Variation with temperature.

Änderung mit dem magnetischen Felde. Corbino-Effekt. Beziehung zum Hall-Effekt.

INDICE pAQE Effetto Hall. 416 Elementi Materiali vari 416 Leghe 417 Variazioni in funzione della temperatura : ele417 menti Variazioni in funzione del campo magnetico. 418 Effetto Corbino. 419 Relazione con l'effetto Hall 419 Effetto Ettingshausen 419 Effetto Nernst. 420 Elementi Leghe 420 Variazioni in funzione della temperatura. ... 421 Effetto Righi-Leduc. 421 Elementi Leghe 421 Effetto dei campi magnetici sulla resistenza elettrica 421 Effetto di campi magnetici sulla conducibilità termica 424

The effects considered are the Hall, Ettingshausen, Nernst, and Righi-Leduc effects, and the changes which a magnetic field produces in the electrical and the thermal conductivities. For a detailed account of the several effects, see (15). Most of these data depend very greatly upon the crystalline structure, purity, and treatment of the material. Variations in these factors, which at present are not specifiable in a satisfactory manner, produce in the numerical data variations which exceed the usual errors of measurement. For this reason, it has not been possible to calculate most probable values from the available data, and it has seemed necessary, for the most part, to tabulate what seemed the most trustworthy values. If upon a thin, flat, conducting plate P (width = b, thickness = d), carrying a uniform, constant, longitudinal current (total current = I) of either electricity or heat, there be imposed normally a magnetic field of intensity H, there are set up, for either type of current, two transverse and two longitudinal effects which may be simply expressed in terms of H, I, b, and d. Referring to

FIG. 1.

FIG. 2.

FIG. 1.—Diagram for illustrating galvanomagnetic and thermomagnetic effects. P is a thin, flat, conducting plate of width b and thickness d, carrying the uniformly distributed, constant, longitudinal current / and placed in a uniform, transverse magnetic field H having the direction that corresponds to Amperian currents flowing in the direction indicated by the arrows on the circle. FIG. 2.—Diagram illustrating the Corbino effect. P is a thin, flat, circular, conducting ring connecting the massive electrodes O of radius n and A of radius r<>. If, while a uniform radial electric current flows from A to O, the plate be subjected to a Uniform, transverse magnetic field H having the direction that corresponds to Amperian currents in the direction indicated by the arrows on the outer circle, a circular current in the direction BC will be set up if the Corbino effect is positive.

Fig. I 7 if, in the absence of the field, AB is an equi potential and an isothermal line, and if the direction of H is that corresponding to Amperian currents flowing in the direction indicated by the arrows on the circle, then the effects corresponding to the positive values of the several coefficients are as follows : Galvanomagnetic Effects.—(/ = current of electricity.) (1) Hall effect; coefficient = R. Potential at A becomes greater than that at B by an amount E\ R = Ed/HI. (2) Ettingshausen effect; coefficient = P. Temperature at A becomes higher than that at B by an amount AT7; P = dAT/HI. (3) The difference in potential between E and F is changed; that is, the longitudinal electrical resistance is changed. (4) The difference in temperature between E and F is changed. If in measuring the Hall effect, the conditions are such that there is a negligible transfer of heat between the plate and other bodies, the temperature at A will differ from that at B, and, for some

substances, the value found for R will be a little different from that which is found when the strip is maintained at a uniform temperature. The latter is called the isothermal, and the former, the adiabatic Hall effect. Thermomagnetic Effects.—(7 = current of heat; dT/dx = longitudinal temperature gradient along the plate in the direction opposite to that of the flow of the heat.) (1) Nernst effect; coefficient = Q. Potential at A becomes greater than that at B by an amount E. Q = E/[Hb(dT/dx)]. (2) Righi-Leduc effect; coefficient = S. Temperature at A becomes greater than that at B by an amount AT7. S = &T/[Hb(dT/dx)]. (3) The difference in potential between E and F is changed. (4) The difference in temperature between E and F is changed; that is, the longitudinal thermal conductivity is changed. If either E or AT7 is negative, so is the corresponding coefficient. By multiplying the expressions for Q and S by the heat conductivity per unit length of the plate, they become of the same form as the expressions for R and P. Hall Effect (31) (R).—Differences in the values obtained, under apparently the same conditions, by different observers may be due to the presence of impurities, or to differences in the physical condition of the material. For non-magnetic metals, with the exception of Sb, Bi, and Te, R varies very little with T and practically not at all with H. For the ferromagnetic metals, R, generally, increases with T until the Curie point is reached, then it decreases rapidly, and probably becomes O at the melting point; for T constant, R at first is independent of H, then decreases as H increases, and in higher fields approaches a limiting value. Corbino Effect ( 18 ).—If, instead of being longitudinal, the electric current (/) radiates from O (Fig. 2), the imposition of H sets up a circular current around O. This is the Corbino effect. If the plate is a circular annulus of radii r\ and r 2 (ri < r 2 ), if the radial current has a uniform angular distribution, the total current towards the center being /, and if the field (H) is uniform over the entire plate, then the total value of the circular current (C) set up in the plate in the direction of the Amperian currents Correrrr

spending to H is C — -^— loge r—i ; c is the Corbino constant. Zi1W On Adams' theory ( l ) c = /x0eio/2m, where £ 0 = free time of an electron, MO is the magnetic permeability of a vacuum, and e and m are the charge and mass of an electron. In many cases, I0 is negative; this means that the theory is not satisfactory. Fundamentally, the Corbino and the Hall effects are of the same nature ( l ) , but it is the product of c times the specific resistance of the plate, which is comparable with R (l7). Change in Resistance.—When a conductor is placed in a magnetic field (H), its resistance (r) in any specified direction with reference to H is increased by an amount which may vary with the direction of the field. For non-magnetic metals and alloys, Ar/r, at constant temperature, is nearly proportional to H2. Writing Ar/r = CH2, C is generally of the same sign (+ for pure metals, — for alloys) for all directions; its numerical value increases rather rapidly as the temperature is reduced, and varies only slightly, if at all, with H. For Bi, Sb, and graphitic C, the relation between Ar and H is abnormal. For ferromagnetic metals, Ar/r, except at extremely low temperatures, is nearly proportional to the intensity of magnetization. For Co and Ni, Ar is negative, if transverse to the field, and positive if parallel to it As the field is increased, the numerical value of Ar increases in both cases, approaching a limiting value in intense fields. As the transverse field is increased, Ar changes at first slowly, then more rapidly, and finally slowly again. As the longitudinal field is increased, Ar changes rapidly at first, then more slowly. Small errors in the orientation of the transverse field lead to positive values of Ar in weak fields; this may account for some of the reported initial positive values of Ar in transverse fields. Iron behaves differently.

TABLE 1.—HALL EFFECT (R): ELEMENTARY SUBSTANCES R = Ed/HI; R=AX 10~n; IR = room temperature; unit of H = 1000 cgsm = 1 kilogauss; of R = 1 cgsm = 10~9 volt-cm/ ampere-gauss; t = temperature, 0C.

t

Ag

Al As Au

Bi C Cd

Ce Co Cu

FeJ

In Ir Li Mg Mn Mo Na Ni

Pb.... Pd

fe

H I 9 to 12 I ta * 20 5 to 11 17 10 IR 9 14 21 18 * 20 4 to 8 25 9.3 tR 9.0 18 * 17 12 20 1.13 18 10.6 14.5 0.89 ÎR 4 to 11 90 10.3 17 11.8 IR 9 to 12 tR * 18 * 17 12.0 24 17.5 (B * 24 4.4 25 9.3 16 8 to 22 IR 12.0 20 * 20 5 to 11 18 * 17 10 13 8 to 15 12.9 5.3 18 6.3 22 17.0 18 * ÌR 2.5 tR 5 to 11 24 17.5 20 5 to 11 20 5 to 11 24 17.5 tR 7.4 tR * 24 17.5 IR 8.7 37.5 9.3 14 2.0 18 6.3 18 10.6 18 * 20 11 to 16 -269 11.3 25 9.3 20 5 to 11 20 6 to 13 20 5 to 11 17 9.8 I

A 8.32 8.38 - 8.97 - 7.95 - 3.85 - 3.96 - 3.90 + 4.52 - 7.04 - 7.11 - 7.04 - 7.24 - 10.1 - 4.82 - 5.78 - 1.73 - 1.6 + 7.4f + 5.5 + 8.8 + 5.89 + 5.5 +1.92 + 2.45 + 1.61§ + 3.72 - 5.47 - 5.19 - 5.4 - 4.28 5.28 - 4.92 + 9.08 + 7.94 + 10.8 + 11.0 +11.2 +17.511 + 13.411 - 0.73 + 4.02 +3.64 - 1.70 - 9.4 - 9.3 +1.26 - 2.5 - 5.10 - 8.46 - 12.5 - 4.69§ - 4.70 +0.9 +1.8 - 8.44 - 6.91 - 11.5 - 11.1 - 6.80 -

n I Lit. 4 (20) 4 (74) 4 (»O) 4 (7) 4 (20) 4 (74) 4 (3) 2 (46) 4 (34) 4 (20) 4 (3) 4 (7) O (20) O (79) O (73) 1 (20) 1 (79) 1 ( 57 ) 4 (20) 4 (74) 4 (3) 4 (57) 3 (68) 3 (74) 3 (79) 3 (34) 4 (74) 4 (20) 4 (79) 4 («0) 4 (3) 4 (7) 3 (74) 3 (35) 3 (79) 3 (64) 3 (3) 3 (20) 3 (80) 4 (68) 4 (80) 4 («0) 3 (68) 4 (20) 4 (81) 3 (68) 3 (20) 3 (34) 3 (74) 3 (79) 3 (79) 3 (3) 4 (20) 4 (57) 4 (34) 4 (80) 4 (20) 4 (80) 4 (7)

TABLE 1. — (Continued) \ Pt

Sb

Si

Sn Ta Te

Tl W Zn

t \ H \ 20 12.0 20 5 to 11 18 * 20 4 to 16 21.5 1.8 18 * 18 * 23 20 50 9 18.7 6.2 18.7 6.2 tR 4 tR 5.0 -269 11.3 24 17.5 20 3 to 9 27 5 22 8.8 20 8.8 24 17.5 24 17.5 tR 6 to 10 16 8 to 21 20 5 to 11 22 25

A \ - 2.4 - 1.27 - 2.02 + 1.92 + 2.19 +2.19 +1.25 +41.0 + 23.0 +206.011 +120.0** - 0.2 - 0.36 + 0.26 + 1.01 +530.0 +784.0 +536.0 +621.0 + 2.4 + 1.18 + 4.10 +9.53 +10.4 +3.3

n \ Lit. 4 (20) 4 (80) 4 (3) 1 (20) 1 (5) 1 (79) 1 (3) O (64) O (13) O (28) O (28) 4 (32) 4 (20) 4 (57) 3 (68) O (20) O (77) O (67) O (67) 4 (68) 3 (68) 4 (20) 4 (74) 4 (80) 4 (5)

* Magnetic field not stated by observer. t Graphite. Î Recent observations ( 76>1 ) show that in single crystals of Fe, A varies but little with the directions of the axes of the crystal, and differs but little from ita value for soft iron. § Electrolytic. Il Steel. t Isothermal. ** Adiabatic.

TABLE 2. — HALL EFFECT (R): MISCELLANEOUS MATERIALS For elementary substances and alloys, see Tables 1 and 3; R=AX 10n; p = volume resistivity of Cu2I2 + fcl; unit of R = I cgsm = 10~9 volt-cm/ampere-gauss; of p = 1 ohm-cm. Material

t

A

n

Lit.

Cu2I2, C u p r o u s 18 + 11 +3 (72) iodide 18 -296 -3 (67) FeS2, Pyrites MoS2, Molyb18 -260* +1 (41) denite 90 - 88* +1 (41) 18 -131f +1 ( 41 ) 90 - 49f +1 ( 41 ) 18 -303* +1 (28) 90 -878* O (28) 18 -152f +1 (28) 90 -481 1 O (28)

CU 2 I 2 + M (72)

+ I I PÎ I 4Al+ I n 0.02 55 -2 0.049 20 -1 0.12 69 -1 2.91 34 +1 0.212 20 +1 7.50 88 +1 94.0 11 +3

* Adiabatic. t Isothermal. J Cu2la dissolves I; both p and A decrease as the amount of the dissolved I increases; amount of I dissolved is not stated.

TABLE 3.—HALL EFFECT (R): ALLOYS Ci = proportion of constituent (1); unit of Ci = 1 % by wt.; R = 10~3 cgsm = 10~12 volt-cm/ampere-gauss; H = 1000 cgsm = 1 kilogauss; temperatures (t) in 0C. Cl I t = I -258.60I O -0.99 3.95 -0.69 (2) Ag, Silver (55, 15.47 -0.575 56) 44.28 -0.44 81.00 -0.37 93.84 -0.37 98.89 -0.65 100.00 -0.98 A11 y

° (1) Au, Gold

Alloy (1) Cu, Copper (2) Zn, Zinc (33)

(1) Fe, Iron (2) Cu, Copper («9)

(1) Ni, Nickel (2) Cu, Copper (69)

(1) Ni, Nickel 69

(2) Fe, Iron ( )

(1) Sn, Tin (2) Bi, Bismuth; unit of A = I cgsm = 10 ~9 voltcm per amperegauss ( 22 ).

Ci I R O + 0.830 6 + 0.496 67 - 0.116 73 - 0.250 81.3 - 0.404 100 - 0.520 92.95 +15.2 93.84 +15.6 96.0 +16.3 98.0 +19.0 98.49 +21.0 99.196 +12.2 100 +11.2 50 - 1.33 65 - 6.31 70 -41.9 75 -83.7 85 -59.1 90 -52.0 92.5 -40.9 95 - 29 . 8 100 - 7.65 O +11.2 1.07 +16.9 1.93 +17.8 7.05 +42.5 8.17 +43.1 10.20 +52.0 13.11 +61.5 56.0 +46.9 O - 9.84 0.95 - 1.76 1.46 - 0.69 H = 2 kilogauss O - 7.20 0.95 - 0.53 1.46 - 0.07 6.14 + 0.01 H = 6 kilogauss O - 4.98 0.95 + 0.12 1.46 + 0.36 6.14 + 0.09 H = 11 kilogauss

R

-252.80I -1.015 -0.695 -0.575 -0.45 -0.36 -0.37 -0.67 -0.98

-183° | -0.82 -0.74 -0.645 -0.52 -0.47 -0.525 -0.66 -0.76

+170C -0.80 -0.77 -0.735 -0.60 -0.56 -0.56 -0.68 -0.72

Constantan (8°) 60Cu + 40Ni R = -0.9 Monel (6 7 )* H t R 1.65 25 - 35.1 1.65 66 - 24.2 3.15 96 - 9.62 5.30 137 - 2.38 Nichrome t 3.3 17 3.3 120 1.05 198 1.05 216 3.3 246 5.5 286

H

H

t

150 440 810

20 83 194 291 14.5 20.3

83 298 298 328

-

Heusler alloyî (8l) 25Mn + 15Al + 60Cu R = +13.0 *Ni, 68%; Cu, 29.5%; Fe, 1.5%; Mn, l %. t Sign of R is not given by observer. Î R is +, but for each constituent it is —.

TABLE 4.—VARIATION OF HALL EFFECT (R) WITH TEMPERATURE

(T) 2V-Table.—Elementary Substances Unit of R = IO"6 cgsm = 10~14 volt-cm/ampere-gauss; T is abs. temp., 0K Ag, Silver T R Lit. T R Lit. 2.8 -160 (57) 290 - 80 (55,56) 4.25 -160 (57) 83 - 92 (64) 14.5 - 99.1 (55,56) 296 - 84 (64) 20.3 -101.4 (55,56)

(64) (64) (34) (34)

C, Carbon See Table 5 Cd, Cadmium +203 (3) + 79.5 (3) + 6 0 . 5 (3) + 58.9 (3) +191 (57) +176 (57) + 55 (57) Co, Cobalt See Table 5

R

O.569t 0.432t 0.460t

72.5 70.4 70.4 69.9

Bi, Bismuth See Table 5

20 83 194 291 14.5 20.5 290

20 83 194

291 14.5 20.3 290

Ni, Nickel See Table 5 2.8 4.25

- 98.1 (7,55,56) - 72.4 (7, 55, 56)

R +199 +209 +200 +113 + 21.2 + 8.6

Au, Gold - 85.7 (3) - 72.6 (3) - 71.2 (3) - 70.4 (3) - 98.2 (7, 55, 56)

290

( 67 )

German silver ( 21 ) 50Cu + 30Zn + 20Ni R = -0.54 Manganin ( 2 7 ) 84Cu + 12Mn + 4Ni 4.1 4.79 4.92

T 20 83 194 291 83 298

TABLE 4.— (Continued) Cu.—(Continued) Al, Aluminium T R Lit. R Lit. 83 - 65 (64) - 24.8 (3) 296 - 54 (64) - 20.0 (3) 289 - 53.2 (74) - 39.0 (3) 373 - 54.6 (74) - 39.0 (3) -19.2 (64) Fe, Iron - 3 2 . 0 (64) See Table 5

Cu, Copper - 60.5 (3) - 79.2 (3) - 55.3 (3) - 52.8 (3) - 65.6 (7) - 66.2 (55, 56) - 49.2 (55, 56)

14.5 20.3 290 83 296 298 318 338 20 83 194 291 83 296

Pb, Lead + 1 3 (57) + 18 (57) Pd, Palladium -138.5 1 -136.8 [(7, 55, 56) - 67.5 J -109 (64) - 86 (64) - 84.4 (34) - 85.5 (34) - 84.3 (34) Pt, Platinum - 19.9 (3) - 19.8 (3) - 9.04 (3) - 20.2 (3) - 22.2 (64) - 20.2 (64)

Sb, Antimony See Table 5 Sn, Tin 2.8 + 9.8 (57) 4.25 + 2.6 (57) Te, Tellurium See Table 5 Zn, Zinc 83 +109 (64) 298 + 63 (64) 353 + 53.0 (27) 473 + 44.6 (27) 673 + 63.4 (27) 289 + 94.6 (74) 374 + 85.2 (74)

TABLE 5.—VARIATION OF HALL EFFECT (R) WITH TEMPERATURE (T): Bi, C, Co, FE, Ni, SB, AND TE R = A X 10n cgsm = A X 10n~9 volt-cm/ampere-gauss; T = abs. temp., 0K Bi, Bismuth; n — O C, Carbon (Graphite); n = O T A Lit. T A Lit. 4.25 - 86.3 (57) 14.5 + 1.52 (57) 287.5 - 5.78 (73) 20.5 + 2.22 (57) 377 - 2.83 (73) 290 + 0.74 (57) 530 - 1.13 (73) Co, Cobalt;* n = -3 543 - 0.25 (73) 298 + 3.72 (34) 14.6 - 69.5 (7,55,56) 318 + 4.34 (34) 20.3 - 59.0 (7,55,56) 83 + 1.51 (64) 73.0 - 33.5 (7,55,56) 296 + 5.88 (64) 90.0 - 24.6 (7,55,56) 373 + 8.65 (64) 290.0 5.66 (7,55,56) 457 + 13.6 (64)

T 573 789 933 1113 1233 1303 1373 20 83 194 291 83 295 373 457

TABLE 5.—(Continued) Co.—(Continued) Ni.—(Continued) A Lit. T A Lit. +21.2 (64) 20.3 - 0.468 (7,55,56) +48.3 (64) 90 - 0.798 (7,55,56) +89.4 (64) 290.5 - 4.37 (7,55,56) +158 (64) 83 - 1.85 (64) +200 (64) 296 - 12.7 (64) +170 (64) 373 _ 10.3 (64) [+ 60 (64) 457 - 23.4 (64) Fe, Iron;t n = -3 573 - 4 0 . 8 (64) +1.44 (3) 628 - 56.0 (64) +1.33 (3) 658 - 58.9 (64) • + 4.99 (3) 666 - 19.2 (64) + 11.23 (3) 683 - 4.5 (64) + 0.75 (64) 819 - 0.7 (64) + 11.0 (64) 310 - 5.10 (34) +18.9 (64) 330 - 5.93 (34) +29.2 (64) 350 - 6.83 (34)

3

s :,r PS

917 1008 1069 1108

+243 +319 4-120 + 32.8

20~—r,+

(64) (M) (64) (64)

1173

+ 9 ( 64 > 286 + 7.94 (3S) 358 1+ 14.86 (3S) Ni, Nickel;} n = -3 20 — 1 52 (3) 83

-

194 291 4.25 -

1'S8

£ + ; ^ °

lS Ul 331

Î235 +HI +203

3

, 5

5 . (»)

Te, Tellurium; n = O

(3)

14.5

2.80 (3) 4.70 (3) 0.00+ (57)

* See also Fig. 5.

» ™!.

FIG. 3.—Hall effect (R) in electrolytic iron («*). Unit of RH is undetermined, of H = 1 kilogauss; temperatures are 0 C; see also Tables 1, 5.

+211

(7,55,56)

20.3 +214.5 89 +210.5 291 +185.5

f See also Fig. 3.

(7,55,56) (7,55,56) (7,55,56)

Î See also Fig. 4.

TABLE 6.—VARIATION OF HALL EFFECT (R) WITH MAGNETIC FIELD (H) Cf. p. 416, 417 and Figs. 3, 4, 5; T = abs. temp., 0K; t = centigiade temp., 0C; unit of R = 1 cgsm = 10~9 volt-cm/amperegauss; H = 1000 cgsm = 1 kilogauss. Bi, Bismuth (26) 91°

183°

250°

284.5°

3730K

Î 2 3

-62.2 -55.0 -49.7

-28.0 -25.0 -22.9

-17.0 -16.0 -15.1

-13.3 -12.7 -12.1

-7.28 -7.17 -7.06

4 5

-45.8 -42.6

-21.5 -20.2

-14.3 -13.6

-11.55 -11.05

-6.95 -6.84

-40.1

-18.9

-12.9

-10.6

-6.72

^7T^--__5

n

—^-^

6

Bi (5) ^w^\l *•*• ^~^~-~-^ 2~~ 4 6 8 10 11

[I 14

-3.8 -3.3 -3.0 -2.7 -2.4 -2.3

Sb, Antimony (5)

r^^-L H—--—.

I

FIQ. 4.—Hall effect (R) in nickel («*). Unit of RH is undetermined, of H = 1 kilogauss; temperatures are 0C; see also Tables 1, 5.

0.14 0.72 1.75 4.31 8.19 10.20*

* H = 19.2, A = +0.189; H = 24.7, R = +0.186.

21.5 +0.26 +0.21 +0.21 +0.208 +0.201 +0.199

FIQ. 5.—Hall effect (R) in cobalt ( 6 *). Unit of RH is undetermined; of H = 1 kilogauss; temperatures are 0 C; see also Tables 1, 5.

2

17

TABLE 7.—CORBINO EFFECT (c) ( » ) 7 See Fig. 2; unit of H = 1000 cgsm = 1 kilogauss; c = 10~ 7 1 cgsm = 10~ gauss" Ag, Silver Bi.—(Continued) Fe.—(Continued) H c H c H c 4.58 - 4.84 5.82 -443 6.75 + 6.58

5.51

-

4.86

6.54

-415

7.62 + 6.60

6.24

- 5.05

7.72

-381

8.45

6

9

- °

4 78

-

'

Cd, Cadmium 7.21 1+ 0.715 ^Cobalt

Al, Aluminium

S'ï 6.85

" SQ - n 0.69

-lili

!LlL

5 36 6 '69

7.57

+

2 63 2 '61

2.48

Û> Copper

Au Gold

5 25 6Ì64

+ +

2 82

— 2 06 - 1Ì99

' 4 22 ' 5.92 6.75 7.31 Fe, 1.39 2.06 3.30 4.89

Bi, Bismuth 0.03 1-711 0.107 -739 0.419 -771 0.953 -666 2.63 -613 4.69 -520

— 3.36 * 2 ' 40 - 2.61 - 2.51 - 2.38 Iron + 7.45 + 8.27 + 6.55 + 6.64


g

^№ckel* ' _ 14 4 ^ _ ^ 'ß 4 81 597

6.93

14 6 _- 13 Q-

- 11.76

* See also Table 8.

pt, Platinum 7.06 |- 0.199 _ . .. ^ ÏTg J.59 + Jj'J 6'lg 38;3 I 37 5 ? ' 21 : : Zn, Zinc 7.47 [+ 0.343

10 to 17

Illustrative only; see p. 415; same specimen used for R, p, and c, except as indicated; p = electrical volume resistivity; unit of c — 10~6 cgsm = 10~6 gauss"1; H — 1000 cgsm = 1 kilogauss; R = 10~î! cgsm = IO"11 volt-cm/ampere-gauss; tQ = 10~14 sec; p = IO4 cgsm = 10~5 ohm-cm.

H

I

5 to 7* 5 to 7

0.80 2.45 6.15 9.75 11.10 12.85 7.70* 0.1

4* 1.8

4

R/p I c I J0 Ag, Silver 0.15t| - 0.59J - 0.206 - 2.3 (2) - 0.44 - 5.0 Bi,t Bismuth (37) 14.1 -109 -109 -1232 15.4 - 64.9 - 65 - 734 17.7 - 44.3 - 44.2 - 500 20.5 - 31.2 - 31.2 - 352 21.1 - 29.1 - 29.2 - 330 22.5 - 26.3 - 26.3 — 298 Uf - 921 - 74 - 840 (2) - 72.2 - 820

6.15 6.05 5.52 4.90 4.60 4.32 0.574

-

69.4 68.4 62.4 55.4 52.0 48.8 6.5

3.91 3.6

+ 44.2 + 40.7

I

1.48 | +

16.6

0.156 | +

1.8

I

*£

As Au

20 25 55 15 14 18 18 44 23 90 17 90 te 24

Bi

C Cf Cd Co

Cu Fe

Steel Ni

Sb

W, Tungsten (71) 0.62f| + 0.19f I +

t TR

Al

Pd

Te, Tellurium (71) I 1500Ot + 3.5t I +

I

tQ

0.273 I -

0.83 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.08 1.02 0.94 0.84

-

0.117 [ +

3.1

9.4 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.2 11.5 10.6 9.4 1.32

TABLE 9.—ETTINGSHAUSEN EFFECT (P) F = A X 10~n; t = temperature, in 0C; IR denotes room temperature; unit of H = 1000 cgsm = 1 kilogauss; P = I cgsm = 0.1 °C-cm/am pere-gauss.

I

C, Graphite (37) 9.95 - 6.15 10.95 - 6.05 13.8 - 5.51 16.5 - 4.91 19.4 - 4.59 21.8 - 4.34 451 - 1.5t Sb, Antimony 3.7t I + 5.2t + (2) +

2.60 4.20 6.55 8.40 9.90 11.30 4.6*

Ito 9

p

I

* Data on this line are from ( 71 ). t Not for same specimen as c. $ The above values of to for Bi, Cu, and Zn are twice those given by Heaps ( 37 ). He computed to from the relation c = e
Ag

TABLE 8.—RELATION BETWEEN HALL (R) AND CORBINO (c) EFFECTS, AND FREE TIMES (tQ) OF ELECTRONS

I

Cu,t Copper (37) 0.17 0.156 I Ni, Nickel (17) 1.0 1.81 1.36 1.38 1.44 1.45 1.54 1.39 1.35 1.36 Zn, î Zinc (37) 0.57 0.569 | +

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

2 57

c

pf

5 to 15

+ 7.13

R/c

I

Si

I

H *

A

I -

I n T65

9

I

Lit. (74, 75)

*

+1.06

9

(74,75)

4 to 8 9.3 9.3 4.71 10.00 6.29 6.29 0.3 to 1.2 3 to 14 10.27 5.46 5.46 * 4.4

+1.75 - 1.1 - 0.6 + 5.8 +10 + 5.16 + 5.81 + 3.31 +7.34 + 5 - 59.8 - 54.6 - 2.87 + 9

7 9 9 5 5 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 9 9

(*«) (34) (34) (22) (5) (79) (79) (62) (««) (79,80) (28) (28) (74,75) (79, 80)

te

*

+21.6

9

(74,75)

25 45 te 18 12.2 83.9 te 20 18 18 te 37.5 57.5 77.5 25 45 65 18 20 18.7 89.7 60

9.3 9.3 * 6.29 5.00 5.00 * * 10.62 6.29 * 9.3 9.3 9.3 9.3 9.3 9.3 * 9.13 6.15 6.15 *

+ 8.7 + 10.6 -1.6 - 57 - 49.2 - 61.2 - 42.6 - 67 +28 +176 +30.3 + 79.2 +107 +142 + 17.3 +19.1 + 22.5 + 1.94 + 2 + 2.65 + 1.72 <+ 3

8 8 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 6 6 3 3 6

(34) (34) (74,75) (79) (35) (35) (74,75) (79, 80) ( 8 O) (79) (74, 7 (34) (34) (34) (34) (34) (34) (79) (5) (28) (28) (13)



\

t 65 65 13 27 79 124 tR

\

H I A I n I Lit. Te 5.5 + 0.14 3 (47) 5.5 + 0.29 3 (47) I t o 15 + 7.19 5 (77) I t o 15 +10.45 5 (77) 1 to 15 +25.6 5 (77) 1 to 15 + 36.1 5 (77) Zn * - 2.67 9 (74,75) Heusler alloy I ÌR I * I < 3 I 8 I (81) Molybdenite 18.1 5.46 + 27.7 3 (28) 91.3 5.46 +6.98 3 (28) * Magnetic field not stated by observer, f Graphite. TABLE 10.—NERNST EFFECT (Q): ELEMENTARY SUBSTANCES Q — A X 10~n; t = temperature, in 0C; IR denotes room temperature; unit of H = 1000 cgsm = 1 kilogauss; Q = I cgsm = 10~8 volt/gauss-°C. Ag

\ t \ ~ T s

H * *

Al As Au Bif

Cd Ce Cof.'

40 55 20 25 55 18 27.5 42 57

60 18 27 57 60

22.7 * 4 to 8 9.3 9.3 10.57 9.92 10.00 2.50 * 17.5 6.29 10.0 2.10 17.5 *

Cu Fe

In Ir Li Mn Mo Ni§

25 45 18 43.0 57 57 48 55 55 31 60 60 48.6 60 18 18 60 60 55 55 27 37 43 37.5

9.3 9.3 * 13.5 13.3 10.1 10.8 6.29 * 5.55 5.55 17.5 14.8 17.5 * * 17.5 * 17.5 10.62 6.29 2.0 1.70 4.20 9.3

I

A - 43 -

18

+39 - 20 +225 -181 -181 +275 +136 +184 +132 - 12 +10 +20 +18 + 25.4 + 20.0 +

7.8

+ 19.0 + 21.7 - 27 - 16.7 - 9.0 -156 - 87 -105 -166t - 86.0 - 98.0 - 81.0 -106 +32 - 5 >2 +160 +15 -172 ' +13 + 35.5 + 52.5 +38 + 29.5 + 24.8

\ n 5 5

6 6 5 6 6 3 3 3 3 5 5 4 4 4 4 4

4 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 6 6 4 4 4 4 4 4

\

Lit. (79, 80)

(74,75)

(74,75) (81) (46) (34) (34) (79) (47) (5) (52) (74,75) (68) (79) (68) (52) (68)

t I H I A I Ni§.— 57.5 9.3 + 29.2 (CWd) 77.5 9.3 +35.2 Pb 57 * - 5 Pd 18 * +127 18 * +51 25 9.3 +327 45 9.3 +326 65 9.3 +334 Sb 18 * +176 44 9.13 +147 57 1.7 + 88.7 Si 47.4 5.80 +33.3 50 10 to 20 +20 50 10 to 20 +11.3 Sn 57 * - 4(?) Ta 60 17.5 +98 Te 33 3.00 +36 45.8 4.34 + 28.7 204 4.33 + 26.8 Tl 60 17.5 - 37 W 60 17.5 -100 Zn 46.4 13.5 -73 57 13.8 - 54 18 * -240 * Magnetic field not stated by observer, f See also § See also Fig. 6. I

n \ Lit. 4 (34) 4 (34) 6 (52) 6 (80) 6 (80) 6 (34) 6 (34) 6 (34) 4 (79) 4 (5) 4 (52) 3 (28) 3 (13) 3 (13) 6 (52) 6 (68) 2 (47) 2 (77) 2 (") 6 (««) 5 (68) 6 (74,75) 6 (52) 6 (8Q) Table 12. $ Steel.

(74,75)

(34) (34) (80) (74, 75.) (52) (52) (14) (79) (80) (35) (35) (68) (74,75) (68) (80) (80) (68) (81) (68) (79) (79) (68) (50) (74, 75) (34)

FIG. 6.—Nernst effect (Q) in nickel ( 6S ). 0 Unit of QH is undetermined, of H = 1 kilogauss; temperatures are C; see also Tables 10, 12. TABLE 11.—NERNST EFFECT (Q): ALLOYS Q = A X 10~n; C2 = concentration of constituent 2; t = temperature, in 0C. Unit of C2 = 1 % by weight; H = 1000 cgsm = 1 kilogauss; Q = I cgsm = 10~8 volt/gauss-°C. C2 A n C2 A n (1) Fe, Iron O - 9.75 4 (1) Ni, O + 34.8 4 1.07- 4.21 4 Nickel 5 +118 4 (2) Ni, 1.93- 3.06 4 7.5 +147 4 Nickel (69) 7 . 0 5 + 1 9 . 0 3 4 10 +207 4 10.20+38.0 4 (2) Cu, 15 +256 4 13.11+49.5 4 Copper(69)25 +350 4 56.0 + 1.33 4 30 +174 4 35 + 9.7 4 50 + 1.7 4

TABLE 11.—(Continued) Heusler Alloy ( 81 ) Nichrome ( 67 ) 25Mn + 15Al + 60Cu t H A t H A n 43 2.50 +708 55 3.40 + 5 7 5 55 5.10 + 4 8 5 Monel (67) Steel (79) 68Ni + 29.5Cu + 1-5Fe + IMn 55 | * | -166 | 60 I 1.50 I +323 I 3 *Value of H is not stated.


n 4

Mo Ni

5 Pd

TABLE 12.—NERNST EFFECT (Q): VARIATION WITH TEMPERATURE Unit of Q = 0.001 cgsm = 10~n volt/gauss-0C; of H = 1 kilogauss; t = temperature, 0C Ni* I Co Bi (78); H = 6

Q(66)

* 27 77 127 177 227 277 327 377 427 477

+ 5.25 + 7.25 + 9.75 +13 +16.7 +21.3 +27.0 +34.0 +2

527

t

+ 1.80 + 2.15 + 2.70 +3.30 + 4 + 4.85 + 5.70 + 6.75 + 7.80 + 8.90

Q

-119 - 30.5 + 10.0 + 62.0

+900 +380 +173 + 46

Sb (5); H - 75 - 19 + 39

= 10 + 21.8 + 19.8 + 14.8

* See also Fig. 6.

t IR

Al As Au

40 20 25 55 18 18 34 42 43.3 52 60.5

Bi

Cd

\

H * 5.2

22.7 4 to 8 9.3 9.3 3.93 6.29 6.10 10.00 0.3 to 1.2 10.90 12.20 *

Co

IR

10.57

25 45 tR tR 43.9 48 44 60.2 IR ÌR 48.6 56.9 tR ÌR

9.3 9.3 * * 21.40 7.30 6.50 5.50 6.29 * 11.30 11.90 * *

*

Cu

Fe

Ir

\

S -

4.04 2.7

-0.63. +4.15 - 3.00 - 2.64 -20.5 +17.4 -16 +11 -23 -40.5 + 1.1 +0.89

+ 1.3 +1.1

+ 3.76 + 4.25 -M - 2.32 - 2.27 + 6.08f + 4.29 + 6.32 + 3.9 + 6.871 + 5.54 + 3.92§ + 0.55 +0.41

W Zn

H 12.30 10.62 6.29 10.88 8.50 9.3 9.3 9.3 * * 9.3 9.3 9.3 * * 9.13 11.00 5.00 5.80 5.2 7.75 10.90 21.10 * 10.9

* Magnetic field not stated by observer,

TABLE 13.—RIGHI-LEDUC EFFECT (S): ELEMENTARY SUBSTANCES Unit of H = 1000 cgsm = 1 kilogauss; S = 10~7 cgsm = 10~7 gauss"1; t = temperature, 0C \

Si Te

+1Q

Ag

Pt Sb

t I 57.5 tB ÌR 61 61.5 37.5 57.5 77.5 tB tR 25 45 65 tR 18 20 56.7 47.8 47.4 34 114 58.6 46.4 tR 58.5

\

Lit. (80) (74, 75)

(74,75) (46) (34) (34) (79) (79) (23) (5) («3) (70) (70) (74, 75)

(79) (7-4>75)

(34) (34) ( 79 ) («O) ( 7 4, 75) ( 14 ) (35) (35) (79) («O) (74,75) (70) (80) (80)

I

t Soft.

S +1.75 - 2.0§ - 5.5§ - 6.15 - 5.30 - 5.28 - 4.93 - 4.46 - 0.33 - 0.18 - 0.487 - 0.414 - 0.380 - 0.21 +20.1 +20 +26.2 + 2.5 + 2.97 +40 +62 + 1.5 +1.06 +1.29 + 1.24

Î Steel.

Lit. ( 7 O) (79) (79) (70) (74,75) (34) (34) (34) (80) (80) (34) (34) (34) (80) (79) (5) (70) (28) (28) (47) (77) (70) (74, 75) (80) (7Q) I

§ Electrolytic.

TABLE 14.—RIGHI-LEDUC EFFECT (S): ALLOYS Unit of Ci = 1% of constituent 1; S = 10~7 cgsm = IO"7 gauss"1; of H = 1 kilogauss C1 S C1 S (1) Sb, Antimony O + 1.24 (1) Bi, Bismuth O +26.2 16+ 0.660 10 +13.2 30 + 0.840 20 + 9.5 (2) Zn, Zinc (™) ; 40 + 0.677 (2) Sb, Antimony 30 + 0.95 H = 11 50 + 0.850 (70); H = 11 39 - 6.0 60 + 0.908 50 -15.4 70 + 2.09 60 -19.5 80+ 2.75 70 -35.4 84+ 3.20 91 -37.5 90 + 4.27 100 -40.5 100 +26.2 Steel, t = tR, H = * ) + 6.87 Nichrome, t = + 3.88f * Value not stated by observer. 59.30C t H = 10.8 kilogauss.

TABLE 15.—INCREASE (Ar) PRODUCED IN ELECTRIC RESISTANCE (r) BY MAGNETIC FIELD (H): NON-MAGNETIC MATERIALS Ar Jr = CH2; C = A X 10""; |( denotes that H is parallel to the current; for unmarked values, H is perpendicular to the current; unit of C = 1 cgsm = 1 gauss"2; of H = 1 cgsm = 1 gauss; t = temperature, 0C. Ag, Silver* Au.—(Continued) t A n Lit. t A n Lit. 22 25 14 (58, 60) -253 17f 11 ( 56 ) 22 37 14 (29) 23 32|| 14 (36) 23 18|| 14 (58, 60) 22 12JI 14 (53) Au, Gold* 23 36 14 (29,36, 58)

100 24

30 22

14 (53) 14 (S3)-

Bi, Bismuth; cf. Tables 16, 17 tR I 75|| I 10 I (5)

TABLE 15.—(Continued) C, Carboni Zn, Zinc* t A n Lit. t A n Lit. tR 8 13 (29, 58) ts 44§ 14 (58) 20 14 13 (36) 16 7811 12 (43) 55 54 14 (43) -186 225 T 12 (43) 18 85 14 (43) Cd, Cadmium -186 17 12 (43) 22 27 13 (29, 36, ts 60|1 14 (58) 59) 20 82|j 14 (36) 98 99 14 (43) 55 160 14 (43) FeS2, Pyrite 22 I < 2 I 13 I (36) 16 265 14 (43) -186 51f 12 (43) MoS2, Molybdenite -253 761 10 ( 57 ) 22 - 37 I 13 I (36) 17 17711 14 (36) PbS, Galena -253 50||t 10. ( 57 ) 22 2 f f 12 (36) Cu, Copper** 22 236 14 (36) 22 27 14 (29, 58, Pt, Ir, Platinum-iridium 60) 100 + 10 14 (53) 100 55 14 (53) - 25 15 (53) -183 21 27 14 (53) Cu, Ni, Advance -253 14f 10 (56) 23 - 12 14 (60) -258 1Of 10 (56) 23 - 12|| 14 (60) ts 33 U 14 (58) Cu, Ni, Mn, ConstantanJt 23 22|| 14 (60) 79 + 32 15 (53) 21 35|| 14 (53) 16.7 - 23 14 (53) 100 65|| 14 (53) -183 - 51 12 (53) Hg, Mercury 84 - IS]] 14 (53) 20 54 14 (58) 19 - 26JÌ 14 (53) -253 15 12 (57) - 49IJ 12 (53) -183 -258.5 60 12 (57) Cu, Ni, Mn, Eureka 11 Pb, Lead 100 - 8 14 (53) 22 52 15 (29) 26 - 14 14 (53) -253 55f 12 (57) 100 - 8|| 14 (53) 55|| t 12 ( 57 ) -253 . 2 5 |- 18|[ 14 (53) Pd, Palladium Cu, Ni, Mn, ManganinJJ 25 11 14 (29) 23 - 90 15 (60) 15t 12 (56) -253 100 - 35 14 (53) Pt, Platinum 20 - 55 15 (53) tR 53.7 15 (58) - 27 13 (53) -183 22 39 15 (29) 23 - 87|| 15 (60) Sb, Antimony; see Table 17 100 - 3|| 14 (53) 5 - 6|| 14 (53) Si, Silicon -183 - 24|| 13 (53) JR I 26 I 13 I (42) Cu, Ni, Mn, Platinoid 11 Sn, Tin 22 23 14 (29, 58) 2 4 - 9 1 4 (53) 100 - 2 14 (53) -253 921 11 ( 57 ) 25 - 87|| 15 (53) ÌR 18|| 14 (58) 921[ t H ( 57 ) -253 Cu, Sn, P, Phosphor bronze 27.5 - 5 15 (53) Ta, Tantalum 100 + 1 13 (53) 25 I 30 I 15 I (29) -183 + 5 14 (53) Te, Tellurium tR 1 to 10 11 (7, 9, 36, Ni, Cr, Mn, Fe, NichromeJî 45, 48) 28.5 -114 14 (53) 27 + 18|| 14 (53) 24 277|| 13 (36) * Brown C 12 - 1 ) found Ar /r ± <0.0001 for H< IO4, whether || or!.. For Zn he found same values for single crystal, t A varies with H; for Cd, H = 7600; for Pb and Sn, H = 11 000. I See also Table 18. § H = 22 000. ^H = 3 300; for graphite at 15.50C, A =77.5. **Brown C 1 2 - 1 ) found Ar/r = 0.0004 for H = IO4 and ||; Ar/r ± <0.0001 for H < 8000 and JL. ft Ranges from 0.05 to 4.5. ÎÎ Constantan = 55.86 Cu, 43.33 Ni, 0.66 Mn, trace Fe; eureka - 53.53 Cu, 44.63 Ni, 0.96 Mn, 0.71 Fe; manganin = 82.3 Cu, 4.0 Ni, 12.3 Mn, 0.08 Fe; platinoid - 54.21 Cu, 43.91 Ni, 1.02 Mn, 0.52 Fe; nichrome = 15.57 Cr, 58.31 Ni, 3.19 Mn, 22.42 Fe.

TABLE 16.—INCREASE PRODUCED IN ELECTRICAL RESISTANCE (r) OF BISMUTH BY TRANSVERSE MAGNETIC FIELD (H) Tabular values are A =

TO

-, r 0 = resistance when field = O;

r and r 0 refer to the same temperature; H is perpendicular to direction of current; see also Tables 15, 17; unit of H = 1000 cgsm = 1 kilogauss. Wire of Electrolytic Bismuth (10) t ^^7r^-^ Jti ---^.^ 4 8 12 16 20 25 30 35 i ^^7r^-^ Jti ~~~*~-~~^__

4 8 12 16 20 25 30 35

O0C

183° 100° 60°

18°

0.017 0.045 0.072 0.095 0.13 0.17 0.21 0.26

OTÎ2 0.18 0.32 0.43 0.52 0.71 0.79 1.02 1.04 1.33 1.33 1.73 1.65 2.17 2.01 2.62

-37°

ÖTÖ3 0.10 0.18 0.27 0.37 0.48 0.61 0.73

0705 0.17 0.30 0.43 0.58 0.78 0.97 1.13

-100° -135° -1920C

0.25 0.71 0.70 1.85 1.20 3.04 1.70 4.87 2.18 6.71 2.98 9.57 3.77 13.0 4.62 16.4

17254.80 3.80 13.7 6.83 26.0 10.6 37.0 17.2 48.5 21.1 62.7 29.3 78.2 32.9 87.7

Wire of Electrolytic Bismuth (56) 17

^^7r^-^* H "~—-~-^^_ ~2i776 5.54 7.37 9.20 11.85 13.60 15.67 17.08

~103°

°

0.078 0.211 0.313 0.414 0.557 0.652 0.767

-183.50C

0.506 0.884 2765 1.328 2.236 7.60 1.893 3.321 12.21 2.576 4.574 17.37 3.649 6.745 26.76 8.231 34.93 4.626 10.37 43.74 5.500 12.04 50.95 6.268

-201°

-252.7°

3.36 10.43 16.79 23.75 37.35 47.9 61.6 71.4

fsTö 54.8 65.3 92.0 105.5 129.7 152.9 190.6 220.8 239.5 271.0 291.3 333.5 333.1 379

^^7P^—^_ * ti ______ 2.76 5.54 7.37 9.20 11.85 13.60 15.67 17.08

-133.5°

-2580C

Bismuth Plate (26) 100° I H \ A \ 2.2 0.009 3.95 0.026 4.83 0.040 6.10 0.058

11.5° H \ A \ 1.050.009 2.060.030 3.060.58 4.430.104 6.030.166

-23° [~ -9Q° I H \~ A H \ A \ 1.060.015 ÌT020.035 2.140.052 2.140.125 3.110.097 3.100.224 3.790.132 3.760.299 4.410.166 4.150.346 5.250.215 5.200.477 6.050.265 6.11!0.596

-1820C"" H \ ~AT 2.050.359 3.730.902 4.741.271 6.001.757

TABLE 16.—(Continued) Bismuth Crystal ( 48 ); H J. axis | Current _L axis Current || axis H 22.5° I -79° -1860C | 14° ^79°-186 0 C 2.120.0500.2250.3350.0390.0960.061 3.12 0.092 0.377 0.442 0.073 0.142 0.097 3.50 0.121 0.431 0.474 0.086 0.157 0.106 4.98 0.198 0.621 0.565 0.143 0.215 0.114 TABLE 17.—ELECTRICAL RESISTANCE (r) OF ANTIMONY AND OF BISMUTH IN TRANSVERSE MAGNETIC FIELD (H) ( 30 ) r/r 0 = a{l - b(c - d H ) \ ; r/r 00 = <*{! - ß ( j - ôH)} where r 0 = resistance at t°C when H = O; r 00 = resistance at O0C when H = O; unit of H = 1000 cgsm = 1 kilogauss. Bismuth* (compressed powder) t

~\

-183 -201 -253 -258

t 18 -188 18 -188

a

\

ß

\

J

\

102.34 0.998 85.99 134.06 0.999 86.64 75.74 1.005 82.97 68.4 1.005 82.03 Antimony t (crystal) I a \' b I c 1.519t 0.336 91.13 2.742Î 0.656 77.95 1.167§ 0.1453 79.95 10.08§ 0.0957 80.88

* See also Tables 15, 16. t Current perpendicular to axis. to axis. § Field perpendicular to axis.

O

TABLE 19.—(Continued) Fe (», 56) t = H 0.99 1.50 2.52 3.75 4.94 6.11 7.26 8.25 9.06s 9.75 10.27

15°

I

+2.8 +3.8 +5.7 +6.0 +5.4 +3.2 +0.6 -2.lt -4.7

-252.8°" I A

-258.60C

-1.7 -2.0 -2.9 -2.7 -2.2 -0.9 +0.7 +2.6 +3.6 +4.6 +5.2

-9.1

-2.6* -3.1 -2.4 -1,4 +0.3 +2.6 +3.6 +4.7 +5.4

* H = 2.50. t H = 8.26.

2.04 2.166 5.09 5.45

I

d 1.125 2.022 2.665 1.069 Î Field parallel

TABLE 18.—ELECTRICAL RESISTANCE (r) OF GRAPHITE IN TRANSVERSE MAGNETIC FIELD (H) ( 59 ) Current perpendicular to axis of crystal; r/r 0 o = a + bH1-745; r0o = resistance at O0C when H = O; A =

7*o

; r 0 = resistance

at t°C when H=Q-, unit of H = 1000 cgsm = 1 kilogauss; see also Table 15.

No." 1 II III IV V

I a* I b*

[I H

I Af I Aj: II H

I Af I Aj~

1.01 0.0171 5.730.400.00826.15 5.910.115 1.01 0.0205 9.601.040.02029.75 7.360.148 1.0040.0160 14.782.160.040 33.98 9.280.172 1.0140.0188 20.3 3.91 0.070 35.2 9.890.189 1.02 0.021421.9 4.560.08336.4 10.5 0.194 Temperature = 180C 23.2 4.750.092 Temperature = 2O0C

* Cleavage plane normal to H. crystal normal to H.

f Axis of crystal parallel to H.

Î Axis of

TABLE 19.—INCREASE (Ar) PRODUCED IN ELECTRICAL RESISTANCE (r) BY TRANSVERSE MAGNETIC FIELD (H): MAGNETIC MATERIALS — = 0.0001 A; for effect of longitudinal field, see Table 20; unit of

H 2.4 5.1 6.0 8.5 3.8 8.2

H = 1000 cgsm = 1 kilogauss; t = Co, Cobalt (6) A H A H - 3 . 6 4 1 0 . 3 -47.44 4 - 9.28 11.7 -60.82 -17.56 13.8 -64.40 -24.5816.16-67.96 ( 29 ) 0.22 -5.8911.41-56.9 0.47 -42.3 16.161-69.9 1.33

temperature, 0C Fe, Iron (12.1) A H A ± <1 8 ± <1

(29) -0.387 3.40-0.851 -0.381 8.44-1.630 -0.48111.48-3.893

FTG. 7.—Effect of magnetic field (H) upon electrical resistivity (r) of nickel ( 40 ). Unit of H = 1 kilogauss; e = angle direction of current makes with H\t = centigrade temperature; see also Tables 19, 20.

Ni, Nickelt (10) t = H 1 2 3 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 25 30 35

182° I 100° I

I 0°

I -75° I-19O0C

4 - 7 - 6 0 -115 -153 -166 -176 -185 -195 -205 -215 -225 -250 -273 -298

7 3 - 3 4 - 60 - 70 - 76 - 82 - 87 - 91 - 94 - 98 -103 -112 -122 -132

23 16 - 5 -15 -20 -23 -27 -30 -32 -35 -38 -41 -49 -56 -63

~~

Î See also Fig 7.

96 72 - 1 4 - 70 -102 -115 -123 -130 -137 -144 -151 -159 -176 -195 -213

18° A 7 3 - 3 6 - 72 - 83 - 90 - 95 -100 -104 -109 -113 -117 -129 -140 -150

20~ 17 O -17 -19 -19 -18 -18 -18 -17 -17 -16 -14 -12 -10


TABLE 19. — (Continued) Ni, Nickelt ( 56 ) t = H 1.75 2.27 2.50 2.97 3.75 4.95 5.17 5.64 6.14 7.26 8.25 9.06s 9.11 10.27 10.40 I See also Fig. 7.

17.5°

I

-183°

I A

5

-253°

| -258.50C

Io 2o 3o

5 O - 2o

Fe

2o O

O - 55

O

- 4o - 80

- 7o

-12o -13o

-Uo

-15o

-13o

- 65 - 7o - 95§

- 9o -125 -Uo

-140

— = 0.0001 A; for effect of transverse field, see Table 19; unit of H = 1000 cgsm = 1 kilogauss Fe* (12.1) Norway Iron. — Ni.— (Continued) (Continued) H A H I A H A 10 +20 180C (39) 1.25 -27.8 0.15 + 60 1.50 -28.0 0.30 98 Nif 1.75 -28.0 0.48 120 0 23 C (36) 2.00 -28.0 0.60 126 0.25 +125 FeJ (38) 0.90 129 0.50 195 1.20 130 Room temp. 0.75 220 1.50 131 0.20 -15.5 1.00 230 1.80 131 0.40 -24.5 1.25 233 0.60 -29.0 Norway Iron (36) 1 . 50 235 0 0.80 -31.2 23 C 1.75 236 1.00 -31.7 0.25 -15.0 2.00 237 1.20 -31.9 0.50 -22.5 * Induction = 36 000 1.40 -32.0 0.75 -26.0 cgsm. f See also Fig. 7. 1.60 -32.1 1.00 -27.5 $ Electrolytic iron. TABLE 21. — INCREASE (Ak) PRODUCED IN THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY (k) BY MAGNETIC FIELD (H) Afc = kn — k0', kn, k0 = thermal conductivity in field H1 in field = O; as applied to H, _L [||] indicate that H is perpendicular (parallel] to direction of flow of heat; Ak/ k = 0.001 A ; unit of H = I kilogauss. I

Au Bi*

Ni Te

Znft

H i A Ï Ô j j - 2 . 3 8|| -2.1 4&81 ±<0.4 10||t -11.4 8J. ±<0.4 4J_ -4 16||t -105 7.8J_ -ÌO 7.51 -33H 1.7||§ -small -smalllf 1.5||§ 0.05111 -4011 1.2§ ** 6.61 -190 4.71 -100 1011 ±<0.4 81 ±<0.4

Lit. (12.1) (12.1) (12.1) (12.1) (12.1) . (12.1) (U) (U) (U) (12) (12) ( 12 ) (61) (77) (47) (12.1) (12.1) I

'

* Crystalline, but not single crystal. ^JT *™ °* cry^T = L42 if H = °' = 1.80 if H = 4.9 ( 49 ). t Induction = 36 000 cgism. $ Induction. § Intensity

§ H = 8.29.

TABLE 20. — INCREASE (Ar) PRODUCED IN ELECTRICAL RESISTANCE (r) BY A LONGITUDINAL MAGNETIC FIELD (H): MAGNETIC MATERIALS

Ag

Cu

H 10|| 4&81 10|| 4&81 3.51 6.01 7.8J_ 9.0J_ 5.4.1

I

A ±<0.4 ±<0.4 ±<0.4 ±<0.4 ->5 -58 -57 -21 to -52 -32

Lit. (12.1) (12.1) (12.1) (12.1) (U) (24) (44) (19) (76)

of magnetization. 1 Steel. **^ ' jj

~ 1-05 ( 61 ). ft Same for single crystal.

LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) C 1 ) Adams, 3, 27: 244; 14. 241, 53: 47; 15. ( 2 ) Adams and Chapman, 3, 28: 692; 14. (3) Alterthum, 8, 39: 933; 12. 40: 491; 13. (*) van Aubel, 34, 135: 786; 02. («) Barlow, 8, 12 : 897; 03. (6) Beattie, 3, 45: 243; 98. (7) Beckman, 64P, 15: 649; 12. 168, Nos. 13Oa, 13Ob; 12. (8) Beckman, 64P, 15: 988; 13. 168, No. 132c; 13. (») Beckman, 8, 54: 182; 17. (io) Blake, 88, 9: 294; 07. 8, 28: 449; 09. (U) Blyth, 3, 5: 529; 03. (12) Bordoni, 59, 20: 159; 10. (12-1) Brown, 2, 32: 508; 28. (13) Buckley, 2, 4: 482; 14. (U) Campbell, 2, 26: 416; 08. (15) Campbell, Galvanometric and thermomagnetic effects. New York, Longmans, 1923. (i 6) Caswell, 2, 20: 280; 22. (17) Chapman, 3, 32: 303; 16. (i«) Corbino, 09, 1: 397; 11. (19) Ettingshausen, 8, 33: 129; 88. (20) Ettingshausen and Nernst, 75, 94 II: 560; 86. 8, 29: 343; 86. (21) Ettingshausen and Nernst, 17, 23: 114, 176; 86. 8, 31: 760; 87. ( 22 ) Ettingshausen and Nernst, 8, 33: 474; 88. ( 23 ) van Everdingen, 64P1 1: 72; 99. 168, No. 42: 98. (24) van Everdingen, 64P, 1: 404; 99. 168, No. 48; 99. ( 2 S) van Everdingen, &4P, 2: 229; 00. 168, No. 53; 00. ( 2 «) van Everdingen, 64P, 3: 177; 01. 168, No. 58; 01. ( 27 ) Frey, 8, 46: 1057; 15. ( 28 ) Gottstein, 8, 43: 1079; 14. (2*>) Grunmach and Weidert, 63, 7: 729; 06. 8, 22: 141; 07. ( 30 ) de Haas, 64P, 16: 1110; 14. (3i) HaU, 339, 2: 287; 79. 12, 19: 200; 80. (32) Hall, 12, 20: 161; 80. 25: 215; 83. 36: 131, 277; 88. 3, 12: 157; 81. (33) Hall, 12, 29: 117; 85. (34) Hall, 197, 11: 416; 25. 2, 26: 820; 25. (35) Hall and Campbell, 65, 46: 623; 11. (36) Heaps, 3, 22: 900; 11. 24: 813; 12. (37) Heaps, 2, 11: 340; 18. (38) Heising, 2, 4: 315; 14. (39) Jenkins, 3, 27: 731; 14. ( 4 0 ) Jones and Malam, 3, 27: 649; 14. (41) Königsberger and Gottstein, 63, 14: 232; 13. (42) Königsberger and Gottstein, 8, 46: 446; 15. 47: 566; 15. (43) Laws, 3, 19: 685; 10. (44) Leduc, 34, 104: 1783; 87. 51, 6: 378; 87. (45) Lenard, 8, 39: 619; 90. (46) Little, 2, 28: 418; 26. (47) Lloyd, 12, 12: 57; 01. (48) Lownds, 8, 9: 677; 02. (49) Lownds, 3, 5: 141; 03. (so) Moreau, 51, 9: 497; 00. (Si) Moreau, 34, 130: 122, 412, 562; 00. 51, 10: 478; 01. (52) Nernst, 8, 31: 760; 87. ( 5 3) Obata, 338, No. 101; 21. (54) Onnes, 64P, 16: 987; 14. 168, No. 139f ; 14. (55) Onnes and Beckman, 64P, 15: 307, 319, 664; 12. 168, Nos. 129a, 129c, 13Oc; 12. (56) Onnes and Beckman, 64P1 15: 981, 997; 13. 168, No. 132a; 13. ( 5 7) Onnes and Hoff, 64P, 17: 520; 14. 168, No. 142b; 14. (58) Patterson, 3, 3: 643; 02. (59) Roberts, 3, 26: 158; 13. 8, 40: 453; 13. 60 ( ) Sanders and Carman, 2, 21: 197; 23. (61) Schmaltz, 8, 16: 398; 05. (62) Senepa, 22, 21: 53; 12. 149, 35: 58; 13. (63) Senepa, 59, 6: 303; 13. (64) Smith, 2, 30: 1; 10. (65) Smith, 2, 32: 178; 11. (66) Smith 2, 33: 295; 11. (67) Smith, 2, 1: 339; 13. (68) Smith, 2, 8: 79; 16. (69) Smith, 2, 17: 23; 21. (7°) Smith and Smith, 2, 5: 35; 15. (71) Smith, 2, 8: 402; 16. (72) Steinberg, 8, 35: 1009; 11. (73) von Traubenberg, 8, 17: 78; 05. (74) Unwin, 68, 34: 208; 14. (75) Unwin, 68, 41: 44; 21. (76) Ward, 3, 48: 971; 24. (76.1) Webster, 801, 23: 800; 27. (77) Wold, 2, 7: 169; 16. (7«) Yamaguchi, 8, 1: 214; 00. (79) Zahn, 8, 14: 886; 04. 80 ( ) Zahn, 8, 16: 148; 05. ( 8 I) Zahn and Schmidt, 88, 9: 98; 07.

MAGNETO-OPTICS A. COTTON, R. LUCAS, AND M. CATJ This section is devoted to data pertaining to the rotation of the plane of polarization of light (I) during transmission through materials and along a magnetic field (Faraday effect), and (II) at

reflection from magnetized materials (Kerr effect) (p. 435), Other magneto-optic phenomena are considered elsewhere; consult the index.

I. ROTATION DURING TRANSMISSION—FARADAY EFFECT A. COTTON AND R. LUCAS CONTENTS Verdet Constant. PAGE Water 425 Gases and vapors .. . 425 Pure inorganic solids and liquids and miscellaneous materials 426 TiCl4 426 Pure organic liquids : 426 Solutions of inorganic substances 426 Solutions of organic substances 427 In infra-red 427 Molecular magnetic rotatory power relative to water 428 Specific magnetic rotatory power of solutions 431 Dispersion of Verdet constant: Formulae. Puregases 432 Pure substances, V/VD 432 Pure organic substances, V/Tn8 434 Lag in appearance of Faraday effect 434 The Verdet constant (V) of a substance is V = a/(IH cos ^), where a = angular rotation, I = length of path through the substance, H = intensity of magnetic field, and ] = V/d, the molecular magnetic rotatory power is M [w], where d = density, M = molecular weight. The ratios of [o>] and of M [u>] to the corresponding values for water at the same temperature and for the same X, are called, respectively, the relative specific and the relative molecular ([O]) magnetic rotatory powers with reference to water If the rotation depends upon the nature and the mass of material, per unit of area traversed, and not upon the closeness of packing of the molecules, then for a mixture [co]m = V/ot = TI[W]I + TZ X M2 + • • • , where n, T2 • • • are the titers of the several constituents. In general, this relation is not exactly satisfied. If [co] for each of the pure constituents is known, it is convenient to express [co]m in terms of A defined by [co]m = (1 + A)(nlco]i + TzMz + • • • ) • When [co]m is known for a binary mixture, but [co]2 is not known, it is customary to call the quantity [Co]2*, defined by rMi = Mm — TI[CO]I, the specific magnetic rotatory power of that constituent; it is preferable to call it the apparent power under the stated conditions.

TABLE 1.—VERDET CONSTANT FOB WATER* t = temperature, 0C; \D *= 5893 A. Unit of V = 0.01' per cmgauss; X = I A t O 20 30 40 60 80 90

I

Fz>t 1.311 1.308 1.306 1.302 1.294 1.282 1.274

I

X I V/VpïïT 3 034 4.6270 3303 3.7337 3 611 2.9908 3 962 2.4051 4 341 1.9514 4 360 1.916§ 4 678 1.6481

* I W»* 4 958 1.4520 5461 1.184§ 6 ooo 0.964|| 8 ooo 0.53s|j 10 ooo 0.337)1 12 5oo 0.222||

*^s{ G^y+KI }; Xi=126°-4 A' KI=°-7381 (2i)- F ~ £ ( * K\^; K = 77.65, for visible spectrum only ( 14 >

23

).

t Vt = V20[I - 153(t - 20) X 10-« - 3.06(< - 20)2 X 10~«} if 3 < t < 98; VD1 20° = 1.308 (22). Î ( 2 V) except as noted. § C 25 ). Il ( I3 ).

TABLE 2.—VERDET CONSTANT FOR GASES AND VAPORS For certain gases (26) y = ~ + — i f 0.423/* < X ^'0.684/x. A.

A

For liquefied gases, see Tables 3, 5. Temperature (t) in 0C; \D = 0.5893/*. Unit of V = 10~6 minute of arc per cm-gauss; X = I/* = IO4 A; p = IO6 barye = 0.987An.

I H* N N O* 0 N2O N20 SO2 CO2* CS2 C2H4 Air Air

t 9.5 ca. 20 14 ca. 20 7 ca. 20 10,9 20 6.5 70 ca. 20 ca. 20 13

p I 83.3 ca. l 98.1 ca. l 98.1 ca. l 30.9 3.3 1.1 0.98 ca. l ca. l 98.1

Vp I ~a~ 456 138.8 6.92 549 171.22 31.39 555 272.2 6.28 241 75.85 38.40 8.61 2.68 23.49 34.48 6.83 551 191.5

* For dispersion of V in ultra-violet, see Table 12.

6 I Lit. 45.19 (26) (3) 52.86 (26) (3) 19.15 (26) (3) 22.95 (26) (5) 0.83 (26) (5) (3) (3) 46.19 (26)

TABLE 3.—VEEDET CONSTANT FOK PURE INORGANIC LIQUIDS AND SOLIDS AND FOR MISCELLANEOUS MATERIALS

For values in infra-red, see Table 8; for gases and vapors, see Table 2 Unit of V =0.001' per cm-gauss; XD =5893 A; t = temperature, 0C

I C* -... . N2 O2 Pt Sf H 2 OJ HC1§ HBr HI SO2 H 2 SO 4 U H 2 SO 4 U S2Cl2 N 2 O** HNOstt PCl3 P4S AsCl3 SbCl5 CO2 SiO2Jt SiCl4 TiCl2 TiCl4 SnCl2 PbSiOst PbB204.H20 ZnS(j3>§§ MgAl 2 O 4 IIII CaF 2 UU NaCl Na2B4O7.10H20 KCl*** Amber Glass, Jena:ttt S.179 O.1143 O.451 O.469 O.500 S.143

t 16 -195.5 -182.5 33 114 O 20 15

Lit. (2) (8) (8) (2) (2) (22) (25) («) (i«) (8) (4) (25) (4) (28) (4) (4) (4) (4) (4) (8) (7) (4) (4)

I

VD I 12.8 4.15 7.82 132.6 80.9 13.11 11.60 34.3 51.3 - 10 18 16 10.5 15 10.16 16 41.8 - 92 5.54 16 8.76 16 27.7 16 110 16 42.53 16 70.4 26 2.07 20 16.64 16 18.9 16 - 15.21 See Table 4 16 44.0 16 77.9 16 59 16 225 16 21.0 16 8.83 16 35.85 16 17.2 16 28.58 19 - 9.60

(4) (4) (4) (4) (6) (4) (4) (4) (4) (20)

16.1 22.0 31.7 44.2 60.8 88.8

18 18 18 18 18 18

54.39 56.33* 49.27 46.87

4623 40.54 4688 38.43 469437.78 4722 37.82*

* Temperature = 17.90C.

Il x I v

Il x I v

4723 36.89 4805 34.68* 484033.25 4889 31.70

[I x

5086 27.05* 5097 26.43 524523.43 5461 20.23*

Liquid Carbon disulfide

CCl4 CH3Cl C2H4O2

Carbon tetrachloride Methyl chloride Acetic acid

C2H6O CsH6O

Ethyl alcohol Acetone

C3H8O

n-Propyl alcohol

C4H8O2

Isobutyric acid

C4Hi0O

Isobutyl alcohol

C5H10O2

Isovaleric acid

C6Hi0O5 C6H12O2 C8H14O5 C8H14O6 C10H14O C10H16 C10H16 C10H16O C10H18O C10H18O Ci0H18O6

Dimethyl malate Methyl valerate Diethyl malate Diethyl tartrate Carvone Limonene Turpentine Pulegone Citronellal Menthone Dipropyl tartrate

I

t I O 15.6 18.0 20 34 15 18 15.2 32.0 25.0 15.1 31.5 17.3 59.5 15.3 31.8 16.1 55.2 15.0 33.9 15.3 17.0 15.3 15.2 14.9 15.6 15.8 14.9 16.4 16.7 15.4

Vp \ Lit. 43.41 (4) 42.4 (25) 43.0 (8) 42.26t ( 5 ) 41.1 (25) 16.03 (25) 12.9 (8) 10.35 (25) 10.19 (25) 11.12J (31) 11.09 (25) 10.86 (25) 11.81 (25) 11.21 (25) 11.35 (25) 11.15 (25) 12.66 (25) 12.03 (25) 12.08 (25) 11.83 (25) 11.8 (U) 11.8 (") 12.4 (U) 12.3 (U) 18.4 (U) 16.5 (") 15.7 (") 16.4 (") 15.1 (") 13.7 (") 12.6 (")

TABLE 6.—VERDET CONSTANT FOR SOLUTIONS OF INORGANIC SUBSTANCES For specific magnetic rotatory power, see Table 10; for infra-red, see Table 8 Unit of V = 0.001' per cm-gauss; d = lg-cm~3 Temperatures (O in 0C; XD = 5893 A

(6) (6) (6) (6) (6) (6)

Solvent

TABLE 4.—VEBDET CONSTANT FOR TiCl4 ( 29 ) Unit of V = 0.001' per cm-gauss; X = I A ; temperature = 13.40C

x I v Il .x I v

CS2*

* [ß]z>= 10.751, 150C ( 18 ); [flÏHg = 10.86, t = 2O0C ( ls ). t Vt = F 2 0 Jl - 164(* - 20) X 10-s _ i ( 43(j _ 20)2 X 10-*} if O < t <> 40. Î Assumes VD for H2O at 25° = 0.01307' per cin-gauss.

* Diamond, f Fused. J See also Table 1. § d™ = 0.8240. || dis = 1.854 g cm"3. ITdJI =• 1.83840 ** Liquid at 1 atm. ft Fuming. JJ Quartz; perpendicular to axis; see also p. 343. § § Zinc blende, sphalerite. Jl |J Spinel colored with chromium, tf Fluorite. *** Sylvite. ftt S.179 = Phosphate crown; 0.1143 = barium crown; O.451 = light flint; O.469 and O.500 = heavy flint; S.143 = very heavy flint.

4355 4358 4436 4495

TABLE 5.—VEBDET CONSTANT FOB PUBE OBGANIC LIQUIDS For values in infra-red, see Table 8; for relative molecular magnetic rotatory power, see Table 9. Temperature (t) in 0C Unit of V = 0.001' per cm-gauss; Xz? = 5893 A

v

5601 18.30 5780 16.18* 595614.71 6452 10.83

H2O

I

Solute | d JT] V^ Lit. HCl 1.0762 15 16.8 (18) HCl 1.0758 20 16.71 (25) HBr 1.2039 15 19.4 (i«) HI 1.2966 15 25.8 (i«) HNO 3 1.336 15 10.5 («) H 2 SO 4 +3H 2 O 12.2 (2) H 2 SO 4 +3H 2 O 1.5507 15 12.18 (25) NH4OH 0.8918 15.3 («) AgNO3 18.03 (2,4) Bi(NOs) 3 19.22 (2,4) CaCl2 1.1504 20 16.5 (12) Fe2Cl6* 1.6933 16-204.1 (2,4) FeCl2 1.4331 16 2.56 (2,4) HgCl2 1.0381 16 13.7 (24) Hg(CN) 2 1.0638 16 7.1 (24) KCl 1.600 16.5 (2,4) KBr 1.1424 20 16.3 (12)

TABLE 6.—(Continued) Solvent I Solute [ d H 2 O.-(Cont'd).. KI 1.6743 KNO 3 1.0634 KHCO3 1.1906 K2Cr2O7 1.0786 MgSO4 1.1147 MnSO4 1.1212 NaCl 1.2051 Na2SO4 1.0661 Na2CO3 1.1006 NiCl2 1.4685 SbCl3 SnCl2 1.3280 ZnCl2 1.2851 KI -1- HgI2 concentrated HCl BiCl3 2.0822 SbCl3 2.4755 CH3OH Fe2Cl6 t C2H5OH CaBr2 0.9966 CdCl2 0.8303 CdBr2 1.0446 CdI2 1.0988 HgCl2 0.9988 HgCl2 0.8857 HgI2 0.8072 Hg(CN) 2 0.8527 Hg(CN) 2 0.8348 SrCl2 0.8313 SrBr2 0.9636 C 3 H 6 Ot HgCl2 1.0388 C 5 HuOH§ HgCl2 0.8955 C 5 H 5 NU HgCl2 1.1523 HgI2 1.1054 Hg(CN) 2 1.2816

TABLE 7.—(Continued) \t\ 15 20 20 15 16 16 16 20 20

Vp 34.1 13 14.0 12.6 3.6 4.0 18.2 13.5 14.0 27.3 29.9 15 26.6 16 19.6 128 co.

16 16 1920 20 20 20 16 16 16 16 16 20 20 21 16 16 16 16

\ Lit. (2, 4) («) («) (33) (24) (24) (2,4) («) («) (2,4) (2,4) (33) (33) (9)

39.6 (2) 60.3 (2) 1.592(20) 15.4 (12) 11.8 («) 15.9 (12) 19.9 (12) 10.9 (24) 12.1 (24) 24.4 (24) 6.4 (24) 5.3 (24) 11.8 («) 14.0 (12) 10.8 (24) 12.6 (24) 12.6 (24) 23.1 (24) 6.1 (24)

* See also Table 11. t 0.54Fe2Cl6 + 0.46CH3OH, by weight. Ì Acetone. § Amyl alcohol. I) Pyridine.

TABLE 7.—VEBDET

CONSTANT FOR SOLUTIONS OF ORGANIC SUBSTANCES (25)

For spécifie magnetic rotatory power, see Table 10 Assumes for water at 40C, VHK = 0.01551' per cm-gauss; Xn8 =• 5461 A Temperature (t) in 0C. Unit of V = 0.001' per cm-gauss; X = IA 10Or2 0.000 23.799 49.535 73.552 100.000 0.000 20.733 39.165 100.000

t

: X5893 I X5461 Water (H2O)-Acetone (C3H6O) 15.4 13.09 15.49 16 12.96 15.34 15.3 12.60 14.90 16 12.02 14.24 15.1 11.09 13.10 Water (H2O)-n-Propyl alcohol (C3H8O) 15.4 13.09 15.48 15.5 13.08 15.52 14.9 12.77 15.28 17.3 11.81 14.08

X4360 25.08 24.98 24.39 23.36 21.54 25.08 25.18 24.84 22.98

10Or2

0.000 35.564 58.272 78.681 100.000 0.000 12.076 50.354 61.284 77.605 100.000 0.000 20.336 45.276 49.112 100.000 0.000 15.803 50.080 75.360 100.000 0.000 32.725 46.203 50.099 63.543 100.000

t

;

X5893 I X5461 CCl4-Acetic acid (C2H4O2) 15 16.03 18.94 15.1 13.22 15.53 14.9 12.00 13.93 15 11.11 13.06 15.2 10.35 12.16 CS2-Acetic acid (C2H4O2) 15.6 42.35 50.70 15.2 33.12 42.80 15.5 22.38 26.55 16.8 19.39 22.99 16 15.34 18.14 15.2 10.35 12.16 CS2-Isobutyric acid (C4H8O2) 15.6 42.35 50.70 14.5 32.60 38.93 14.6 24.15 28.35 14.9 23.12 27.29 15 11.35 13.23 CS2-Isobutyl alcohol (C4H10O) 15.6 42.35 50.70 16 33.99 40.50 15.7 22.73 26.88 16.5 16.94 19.96 16.1 12.66 14.86 CS2—Isovaleric acid (C5Hi0O2) 15.6 42.35 50.70 15.8 28.30 33.66 16.4 24.14 28.68 15.4 23.19 27.46 17.1 19.69 23.36 15.0 12.08 14.20

i

|

X4360 31.23 25.41 23.01 21.34 19.91 90.63 75.38 45.45 39.01 30.47 19.91 90.63 67.83 48.99 46.70 21.90 90.63 70.78 45.95 33.56 24.35 90.63 58.36 49.49 47.15 39.68 23.16

TABLE 8.—VERDET CONSTANT IN INFRA-RED (13) Temperature = 230C; concentration expressed in % by weight; unit of X = IM = 0.001 mm = IO4 A; d = l g cm-3; V = 0.001' per cm-gauss Pure Substances Compound |\=0.6| 0.8 | 1.0 | 1.5 | 2.0 Carbon tetrachloride. 16.1 8.9 5.7 2.5 1.3 CCl4 SnCl4 Tin tetrachloride 40.8 21.7 13.5 6.0 3.1 TiCl4 Titanium tetrachloride -13.1 -5.0 -2.6 -1.0 -0.5 Carbon disulfide 39.4 21.4 13.5 5.8 3.1 CS2 Water 12.6 7.0 4.4 (2.9; H2O X = 1.25) Chloroform 15.5 8.6 5.6 2.4 1.3 CHCl3 CyHi 6 n- Heptane 11.9 6.6 4.3 1.8 0.9 Benzene 28.1 15.3 9.5 3.9 2.2 CeHe Toluene 25.8 13.7 8.7 3.5 2.0 C7H8 Xylene 23.2 12.8 8.0 3.5 1.9 C8HiO CH3I Methyl iodide 31.8 17.8 11.2 4.8 2.7 C2H5I Ethyl iodide 27.9 15.1 9.7 4.1 2.4 CH2I2 Méthylène iodide 47.6 26.8 16.9 7.3 4.0 C 6 H 6 NO 2 Nitrobenzene 20.9 11.4 7.3 3.1 1.8 C10H7Br a-Bromonaphthalene . 46.0 24.5 15.2 6.3 3.5 CH4O Methyl alcohol 9.3 5.1 3.2 1.9 1.3 C2H6O Ethyl alcohol 11.1 6.0 3.8 1.9 1.0 C4H10O 12.0 6.7 4.3 1.8 1.4 n-Butvl alcohol C3H6O Acetone 10.3 6.1 4.0 1.7 0.9 Ethyl ether C4H10O 10.2 5.8 3.6 1.6 0.8

Solute Ce(NOs) 3 CoCl2 Co(NOs) 2 CoSO4 Co(NH 4 ) 2 (SO 4 ) 2 Cr(NOs) 3 Cr2(SO4)3 Fe2Cl6 Fe2Cl6 Fe2(SOJ3 FeSO4 Fe2(NH4)2(SO4)4 K 3 Fe(CN) 6 K 4 Fe(CN) 6 K2CrO4 K2Cr2O7 MnCl2 MnSO4 Ni(NH 4 ) 2 (S0 4 ) 2 KI + HgI2

TABLE 8.—(Continued) Aqueous Solutions |x = 0.6[ 0.8 | 1.0 [ 6.2 3.9 2.4 9.6 6.6 9.9 6.0 4.3 6.5 4.6 12.6 7.1 4.9 6.6 4.1 6.7 4.5 10.7 6.1 4.0 39.9 21.5 2.9 2.0 8.7 5.0 7.8 4.4 2.1 23.3 5.6 1.7 14.7 7.8 5.1 9.2 6.0 4.1 10.8 6.4 4.2 14.1 7.8 5.4 17.8 10.1 6.6 13.9 7.5 4.8 84.1 42.2 24.9

TABLE 9.—(Continued) Formula C3H4O4 C3H6Br C3H6Br C3H6Br3 C3H6Cl C3H6Cl3 C3H6I C3H6Br2 C3H6Br2 C3H6Br2 C3H6Cl2 C3H6O

Name Malonic acid 1-Bromopropylene 3-Bromopropylene 1, 2, 3-Tribromopropane 3-Chloropropylene 1, 2, 3-Trichloropropane 3-Iodopropylene 1, 2-Dibromopropane 2, 2-Dibromopropane 1, 3-Dibromopropane 1, 2-Dichloropropane Acetone

1.250 24.5 1.187 31.4

C3H6O C3H6O C3H6O2

AUyI alcohol Propionaldehyde Propionic acid

1.372 1.085 1.326 1.369 1.054 2.445

C3H6O2

Ethyl formate

C3H6O2

Methyl acetate.

C3HvBr C3H7Br C3H7Cl C3H7I C3H7I C3H8O

n-Propyl bromide Isopropyl bromide Isopropyl chloride n-Propyl iodide Isopropyl iodide Propyl alcohol

C3H8O

Isopropyl alcohol

C3H8O3

Glycerol

C4H2Cl2O2 C4H2O3 C4H4Cl2O2 C4H4O4 C4H4S C4H6Br2 C4HsO C4H8Oz

Fumaryl chloride Maleic anhydride Succinyl chloride Maleic acid Thiophene 1, 2-Dibromoisobutylene Isobutyric aldehyde n-Butyric acid

C4H8O2

Isobutyric acid

C4H8O2 C4HsOa C4HsO2

Propyl formate Isopropyl formate Ethyl acetate

C4HsOa C4HgBr C4H9Br C4H9Cl C4HoCl C4H9I C4Hi0O

Methyl propionate Isobutyl bromide
C4Hi0O C4Hi0O C4Hi0O C4Hi0O2 C4Hi0O4 C6H4O3 C6H6N C6H6O3 C6H6O4 C6HsO4 C6H8O4 C6Hi0

n-Butyl alcohol Isobutyl alcohol Trimethyl carbinol Dimethyl acetal Erythritol Citraconic anhydride Pyridine Pyrotartaric anhydride Citraconic acid Dimethyl malonate Glutaric acid n-Propylethylene

C6Hi0Br2 C6Hi0O C6Hi0O C6Hi0O2 C6Hi0O2

2, 3-Dibromoisopentane Isovaleraldehyde Diethyl ketone Valeric acid Isovaleric acid

C6Hi0O2

Propyl acetate

C6Hi0O2

Ethyl propionate

1.25 \ d \ % 1.6 1.202 1.296 2.9 1.308 29.2 1.322 3.5 1.106 2.5 1.087 2.8 1.140 2.6 1.049 6.3 11.0 1.523 47.8 1.6 1.446 2.6 0.1 3.2 2.6 2.5 3.4 4.3 3.0 15.2

38.2 12.1 31.3 31.0

TABLE 9.—MOLECULAR MAGNETIC ROTATORY POWERRELATIVETO WATER ([fi]).—PURE SUBSTANCES [Q] = M[oo]/M'[œ]' = MVd'/M'V'd, where M', [co]', V1 d' refer to water at the same temperature and for the same wave-length Temperature (O in 0C; XD = 5893 A; XH8 = 5461 A; * denotes [O]Hg Formula | Name C S 2 " C a r b o n disulfide CCh


CHBr3 CHCl3

Bromoform Chloroform

CH2Br2 CH2Cl2 CH2I2 CH2O2

Méthylène bromide Méthylène chloride Méthylène iodide Formic acid

CH3Br CH3I CH4O

Methyl bromide Methyl iodide Methyl alcohol

C2HCl3O2 C2H2Cl2O2 C2HsBr C2H3BrCh C2H3Br3 C2H3ClO C2H3ClO2 C2H3Cl3 C2H3Cl3 C2H4Br2 C2H4Cl2

Trichloroacetic acid Dichloroacetic acid Bromoethylene l-Bromo-2, 2-dichloroethane 1, 1, 2-Tribromoethane Acetyl chloride. . . „ . . . / . Chloroacetic acid. 1, 1, 1-Trichloroethane 1,1, 2-Trichloroethane 1, 2-Dibromoethane 1, 1-Dichloroethane

C2H4Cl2

1, 2-Dichloroethane

C2H4O C2H4O2

Acetaldehyde Acetic acid

C8H4O2

Methyl formate

C2H6Br C2H6Cl C2H6I C2H6O

Ethyl Ethyl Ethyl Ethyl

C2H0O2

Glycol

bromide chloride iodide alcohol

| t 15 20 23.5 25 20 15 25 18 14 17 20 20 1.5 19.6 20 20 15 15 11 21.6 12

\ [O]D 10.751 10.86* 6.613 6.599 11.614 5.575 5.568 8.145 4.347 18.83 1.653 1.67* 4.644 9.005 1.63 1.60* 6.473 5.300 6.203 10.995 12.891 3.800 15 3.882 20.8 6.762 20 6.804 18 9.708 15 5.34 21 5.36 15 5.485 21 5.518 25 5.537 15 2.932 20 2.531 20 2.49* 16.5 2.495 20 2.49* 20 5.83 5 4.039 16 10.104 20 2.76 25 2.768 20 2.76* 15 2.94 20 2.88*

| Lit. (>«) ( 1 S) (i«) (31) O8) ( 18 ) (31) (18) (**) (18) O8) (15) O8) ( 18 ) (i 8 ) (15) (i 8 ) O8) O8) (18) (i 8 ) (i 8 ) (i 8 ) (i 8 ) (i 8 ) (i 8 ) (i 8 ) (27) O8) ( 2 7) (31) O8) O8) (15) O8) (i 5 ) O8) O8) O8) (i 8 ) (31) (i 5 ) (!•) (15)

t \ [U]D 23.2 3.474 22 7.289 19 8.227 22.8 14.050 18 6.04 16 7.904 20 12.785 15 10.827 20 10.145 20 10.337 15 6.328 15.2 3.514 25 3.471 20 3.48* 20 4.692 14.4 3.335 20 3.46 20 3.45* 20 3.56 20 3.55* 22 3.36 20 3.41* 20 6.878 18.6 6.995 19 5.160 20 11.056 23 11.162 21 3.77 20 3.74* 18 4.013 19.3 3.966 16.5 4.118 20 4.07* 15.6 8.747 9.94 4.548 10.6 7.242 24.8 5.633 15 9.578 15 11.88 22 4.314 20 4.47 20 4.44* 20 4.47 20 4.44* 21.5 4.50 20 4.74* 18 4.46 20 4.48* ...20 4.36* 18.5 8.02 20 8.248 20 6.144 17.6 6.248 21 12.183 20 4.77 20 4.80* 20 4.72* 20 4.95 22 5.107 15.5 4.64 15 5.23 15.6 5.540 15 8.748 11.6 4.764 15.6 6.567 18 5.273 13.3 5.482 18 6.113 23.6 6.180 14.4 12.933 14.5 5.478 21 5.434 14 5.50 16 5.65 20 5.57* 15 5.49 20 5.45* 15 5.456

| Lit. O8T O8) ( 1& ) (18) (18) (l 8) 0«) O8) (i 8 ) (1«) ( t8 ) («) (31) (15) (i 8 ) (i 8 ) (i 8 ) (15) (i 8 ) (15) (i 8 ) (15) (i 8 ) O8) (i 8 ) O8) (i 8 ) (i 8 ) (15) O8) (27) O8) (is) (i 8 ) O8) O8) O8) O8) (i 8 ) (i 8 ) ( i8 ) (15) (i 8 ) (15; O8) (i 5) ( i8 ) (15) O5) O8) O8) O8) O8) O8) (i«) (15) (15) O8) O8) (»•) O9) O8) O8) (i8) (1«) O8) O8) O8) (27) O8) O8) (27) O8) (i *) (i*) 0») (is) O8)

TABLE 9. — (Continued)

TABLE 9. — (Continued) Formula C6Hi0O2 C5HnBr C6HnCl C6HnCl C5HnI C6Hi2 C 6 Hi 2 C6Hi2O C6Hi2O C6Hi2O C6H4N2O4 CeH6Br CeH6Cl CeH6F CeH6I CeH6NO2 CeH6N3 CeHe CeHeClN CeHeClN CeHeO CeHeO2 CeHeO2 CeHeO3 CeH7N CeH8ClN CeH8ClN CeH8N2 CeH8N2 CeH8N2 CeHi0Cl2N2 CeHi0Cl2N2 CeHi0Cl2N2 CeHwO2 CeHi0O3 CeHi0O4 CeHi0O4 CeHwO4 CeHi2 CeHi2O CeHi2O2 CeHi2O2 CeHi2O2 CeHi2O2 CeHi2O2 CeHi2O3 CeHi2Oe CeHi2Oe CeHi2Oe CeHi3I CeHi4 CeHi4 CeHi4 CeHi4O CeHwO2 CeHi4O2 CeHi4Oe C7H6ClO C7H6N C7H6NS C7HeO C7HeO2 C7H7Br C7H7Br C7H7Cl C7H7Cl C 7 H 7 NO C7H7NO C7H7NOa C7H7NO2

t 16.4 Methyl butyrate 20 18 Isoamyl bromide 20 Isoamyl chloride 22 tert.-Amyl chloride 18 Isoamyl iodide 20 Pentane 21.1 21.5 Isopentane 20 Ethyldimethyl carbinol 20 ac<.-Amyl alcohol 20 Isobutyl carbinol 15 m-Dinitrobenzene 15 Bromobenzene 15 Chlorobenzene 15 Fluorobenzene 15 lodobenzene 15 Nitrobenzene 15 Triazobenzene 15 Benzène 25 27 15 ra-Chl oroaniline 15 p-Chloroaniline 15 Phénol 15 Resorcinol 15 Pyrocatechol 15 Pyrogallol 15 Aniline 15. Aniline hydrochloride (anhydrous) Aniline hydrochloride (in solution) . . . . 15 15 o-Phenylenediamine 15 ra-Phenylenediamine 15 Phenylhydrazine o-Phenylenediamine hydrochloride (in 15 solution) rn-Phenylenediamine hydrochloride (in 15 solution) p-Phenylenediamine hydrochloride (in 15 solution) 22.5 Ethyl a-crotonate 19 Ethyl acetoacetate 15 GIy col diacetate 15 Diethyl oxalate 18.5 Dimethyl Buccinate 24 Hexylene 20 Pinacolin 10 Isobutyl acétate 20 Propyl propionate 18 Isopropyl propionate 19 Ethyl butyrate 18.8 Ethyl isobutyrate 18 Paraldehyde Fructose 15 Galactose 15 Glucose 15 sec.-Hexyl iodide 22 15 Diisopropyl Hexane 11 22.5 20 Isohexane 20 20 2, 2-Dimethyl-3-butanol Diethyl acetal 15 21 Pinacol Mannitol 15 Benzoyl chloride 15 Benzonitrile 15 Phenyl isothiocy anate 15 Benzaldehyde 15 Salicyl aldehyde 15 o-Bromotoluene 15 p-Bromotoluene 15 o-Chlorotoluene 15 p-Chlorotoluene 15 Benzamide 15 Formanilide 15 o-Nitrotoluene 15 p- Nitrotoluene 15

\

Name

[

I [O]D 5.38 5.37* 9.073 7.169 7.206 13.246 5.647 5.811 5.76 5.99 5.95 5.96 9.647 14.506 12.510 9.970 19.108 9.361 14.769 11.284 11.23 11.23 16.969 17.066 12.14 12.285 13.022 13.029 16.076 16.394 15.547 19.391 18.843 18.061

I Lit. (18) (15) (i 8 ) (i 8 ) (18) (i 8 ) (18) ( 27 ) (18) (i 8 ) (i 8 ) (i 8 ) (18) (i 8 ) (i 8 ) (i 8 ) (i 8 ) (i 8 ) (18) (i 8 ) (3l) (27) (i 8 ) (i8) (18) (l 8 ) (18) (18) (18) (18) (18) (18) (18) (18)

21.329

(i 8 )

20.345

(i 8 )

20.213 7.567 6.48 6.43 6.636 6.242 7.453 6.32* 6.63 6.42 6.60 6.50 6.48 6.653 6.789 6.887 6.723 14.243 6.784 6.67 6.66 6.62* 6.785 7.06* 6.96 7.23 7.351 12.385 11.857 21.526 11.864 13.286 15.674 15.167 13.719 13.246 13.520 15.211 10.806 10.214

(18) O8) (18) (18) (18) (18) (27) (is; (18) (18) (18) (18) (18) (i 8 ) O9) (i») (i») O8) (18) (18) (27) (15) (i 8 ) (15) (18) (18) (19) (i 8 ) (18) (18) (18) (18) (18) (18) (i 8 ) (i 8 ) (18) (18) (18) (l»)

Formula

Nam3

C7H8

Toluene

C7H8O C7H8O C7HsO C7HsO C7HsO C7HsO2 C7HsO2 C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9NO C 7 H 9 NO C7Hi0O4 C7Hi0O4 C7Hi2O2 C7Hi2O4 C 7 Hi 4 O

Benzyl alcohol o-Cresol w-Cresol p-Cresol Phenyl methyl ether Homopyrocatechol Guaiacol o-Toluidine m-Toluidine p-Toluidine Methylaniline Benzylamine o-Anisidine p-Anisidine Dimethyl mesaconate Dimethyl citraconate Dimethylacetylacetone Diethyl malonate Dipropyl ketone

C7Hi4O C7Hi4O C 7 Hi 4 O 2 C 7 HuO 2 C7Hi6 C7Hi6O

Diisopropyl ketone Heptaldehyde n-Heptylic acid Ethyl isovalerate n-Heptane n-Heptyl alcohol

CsH4Cl2O2 CsHeO CsH7ClO CsH7N CsH7N CsH7N CsH8 CsHsO CsHsO2 CsHsO2 CsHsO2 CsHsO2 CsHsO2 CsHsO3 CsH9NO CsH9NO CsHio

Phthalyl chloride Coumarone oj-Chloroacetophenone o-Tolunitrile p-Tolunitrile Benzyl cyanide Phenylethylene Acetoph enone Phenyl acetate Phenylacetic acid Methyl benzoate o-Methoxybenzaldehyde Anisaldehyde Methyl salicylate Acetanilide Phenylacetamide o-Xylene

CsHio

m-Xylene

CsHio

p-Xylene

CsHio

Ethylbenzene

CsHioO CsHioO CsH ioO CsHioO CsH ioO CsH ioO CsHwO2 CsHi0O2 CsHi0O2 CsHwO2 CsHi0O2 CsHi0O2 CsHi0O2 CsHi0O4 CsHuN CsHuN C8Hi2ClN

o-Tolyl methyl ether m-Tolyl methyl ether p-Tolyl methyl ether Benzyl methyl ether Phenyl ethyl ether Phenylmethyl carbinol Anisyl alcohol Creosol Dimethylresorcinol Dimethylquinol Methylsaligenin 3-Hydroxy-4-methoxytoluene Veratrol Diethyl acetylenedicarboxylate Ethylaniline Dimethylaniline Dimethylaniline hydrochloride (anhydrous) Dimethylaniline hydrochloride (in solution) p-Aminodimethylaniline Diethyl fumarate Diethyl maleate Amylpropiolamide n-Hexylacetylene Glycol dipropionate

CsHi2ClN CsHi2N2 CsHi2O4 CsHiÔ4 CsHi3NO CsHi4 CsHuOi

I

t 15 28.4 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 14.4 13 15 15 15 20 20 19 20 19.5 15 15 20 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 27 15 28.4 15 27 15 28.2 15 15 15 15 15 20 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 25 15 15

I (Q]D 12.157 12.031 12.400 13.382 12.776 12.869 13.958 13.306 14.689 17.200 16.210 16.188 19.624 13.646 18.722 18.306 9.061 8.364 7.045 7.41 7.47 7.32* 7.36* 7.405 7.55 7.60 6.666 7.84 7.78* 14.183 14.807 14.091 12.980 12.999 12.472 16.041 12.597 12.953 12.743 12.743 14.187 15.872 14.266 16.003 15.208 13.345 13.306 12.859 12.731 12.810 12.789 13.414 13.327 15.190 14.646 14.712 13.417 15.129 16.01* 15.407 15.405 15.108 16.717 14.828 15.021 16.837 9.617 20.567 22.888

I Lit. (i 8 ) (27) ( 18 ) (18) (18) (18) (i 8 ) (i 8 ) (18) (i 8 ) (i 8 ) (18) (18) (18) (18) (18) (18) (18) (18) (i*) (i 8 ) (i 5 ) (i 5 ) (i 8 ) (18) (i 8 ) (i 8 ) (18) (i 5 ) (i 8 ) (i 8 ) (i 8 ) (18) (i 8 ) (18) (18) (i 8 ) (i 8 ) (i 8 ) (18) (i 8 ) (18) (i 8 ) (i 8 ) (i 8 ) (18) (27) (18) (27) (18) (27) (18) (27) (18) (18) (18) (18) (18) (15) (18) (i 8 ) (i 8 ) (18) (18) (18) (i 8 ) (i«) (18) (18)

15

18.326

(18)

15 15 11.1 15 25 25 15

17.604 (18) 26.239 (18) 10.112 (18) 9.625 (18) 10.653 (17) 9.310 (17) 8.349 (18)


TABLE 9. — (Continued) Formula C8Hi4O4 CsHi4O4 CsH io CsHieO CsHi6O2 CsHi6O2 C8HnCl C8Hi7Cl C8HnI C8Hi8 CsHisO CsHisO C9H6O2 C8H7N C9H7NO C9H8 C9H8O C9H8O C9Hi0 C9Hw C9Hi0O C9H ioO C9HwO C9Hi0O2 C9HwO3 C 9 HnN C9Hi2 C9Hi2 C9Hi2 C9Hi2 C9Hi2O C9Hi2O C9Hi2O C9Hi2O C9Hi2O2 C9Hi2O3 C9Hi3N C9Hi3N C9Hi4ClN C9HuClN C9Hi4O2 C9Hi4O8 C9Hi4O4 C9Hi4O4 C9Hi4O4 C9Hi6O4 C9Hi6O4 C9Hi6O4 C9Hi6O4 C9Hi8O C9HuO2 C9Hi8O2 Ci 0 H 7 NO 2 Ci0H8 Ci0H8O CwH8O2 Ci0H9N Ci0H9N CioHioO CwHi0O2 Ci0Hi2 Ci0Hi2O Ci0Hi2O Ci0Hi2O Ci0Hi2O2 Ci0Hi2O2 Ci0Hi2O2Ci0Hi2O2 Ci0Hi2O2 Ci0Hi2O2 CwHi2O2 Ci0Hi2O3

| t Name 20 Diethyl succinate 19.2 Diethyl isosuccinate 24 Octylene 20 Isopropyl n-butyl ketone 20 Caprylic acid 18.8 Ethyl caproate 20 Octyl chloride 20 sec.-Octyl chloride 19.3 Octyl iodide 23.1 Octane 20 Octyl alcohol 20 13.5 sec.-Octyl alcohol Phenylpropiolic acid 25 Quinoline . 15 25 Phenylpropiolamide 15 Indene (synthetic) 15 Hydrindone 15 Cinnamaldehyde 15 Allylbenzene 15 Hydrindene (synthetic) 15 Cinnamic alcohol 15 Phenyl allyl ether 15 Phenyl ethyl ketone 15 Phenyl propionate 15 Ethyl salicylate 15 Tetrahydroquinoline 15 Propylbenzene 25.6 15 Isopropylbenzene 27 15 Mesitylene 28.6 15 Pseudocumene 24.6 15 Phenyl propyl ether 15 Phenyl isopropyl ether 20 Benzylmethyl carbinol 20 Phenylethyl carbinol 15 Dimethylhomopyrocatechol 15 Trimethylpyrogallol 15 Dimethyl-o-toluidine 15 Dimethyl-p-toluidine Dimethyl-o-toluidine hydrochloride (in 15 solution) Dimethyl-p-toluidine hydrochloride (in 15 solution) 25 Hexylpropiolic acid 15 Ethyl allylacetoacetate 15 Diethyl citraconate 16.3 Diethyl mesaconate 17.6 Diethyl itaconate 18.5 Diethyl dimethylmalonate 15 Diethyl ethylmalonate 18.5 Diethyl methylsuccinate 12.5 Diethyl glutarate 20 Isopropyl n-amyl ketone 20 Nonylic acid 15 Ethyl oenanthate 15 a-Nitronaphthalene 15 Naphthalene Acetylphenylacetylene 25 25 Methyl phenylpropiolate a-Naphthylamine 15 15 /8-Naphthylamine Benzalacetone 15 15 Allyl benzoate 15 Isobutenylbenzene Cuminaldehyde 15 15 p-Tolyl allyl ether 15 Anethol Ethyl o-toluate 15 15 Ethyl p-toluate 15 Phenyl butyrate 15 Ethyl phenylacetate 15 Propyl benzoate 15 Isopropyl benzoate 15 Eugenol 15 Ethyl anisate

| [ß]D I Lit. 8.379 (i«) 8.324 (18) 9.406 (27) 8.43* (15) 8.56 (i«) 8.502 (18) 10.138 (18) 10.25 (18) 16.213 (i 8 ) 8.722 (27) 8.89 (i 8 ) 8.87* (15) 8.99 (18) 16.659t O 7 ) 20.875 (18) 18.43Î (17) 16.202 (18) 13.768 (i 8 ) 17.885 (18) 17.599 (18) 13.928 (18) 17.940 (18) 17.134 (18) 13.635 (i 8 ) 13.673 (18) 15.366 (i 8 ) 19.619 (i 8 ) 14.553 (18) 14.394 ( 2 7) 14.633 (i 8 ) 14.440 (27) 13.366 (i 8 ) 12.920 (27) 13.998 (18) 13.767 (27) 16.187 (18) 16.210 (i 8 ) 13.87* (15) 14.92* (15) 17.484 (18) 17.201 (18) 18.617 (18) 22.842 (18)

18.705

(18)

18.465 10.598 10.39 10.497 11.233 10.467 9.24 9.27 9.332 9.356 9.40* 9.60 9.54 20.840 25.125 17.146 17.752 37.478 35.700 19.235 15.722 18.362 15.245 17.571 21.089 -15.065 14.744 14.761 14.982 14.873 14.950 18.727 17.285

(18) (17) (18) (18) (18) (18) (18) (18) (18) (18) (15) (18) (18) (18) (18) (17) (17) (18) (18) (18) (18) (18) (18) (18) (18) (18) (18) (18) (18) (18) (18) (18) (18)

Formula Ci0Hi2O3 Ci0Hi2Oa Ci0Hi3Br2ClO Ci0Hi3N CioHisN Ci0Hi4

|

Name Ethyl o-methoxybenzoate Ethyl w-methoxybenzoate a,/3-Dibromochlorocamphor§ ar-Tetrahydro-/3-naphthylamine ac-Tetrahydro-0-naphthylamine Isobutylbenzene

Ci0Hi4

Cymene

CwHi4BrNO3 Ci0Hi4Br2O Ci0Hi4Br2O Ci0Hi4ClNO3 Ci0Hi4O Ci0Hi4O CioHuO Ci0Hi4O Ci0Hi4O Ci0Hi6BrO Ci0Hi6ClO Ci 0 Hi 6 N Ci0Hi5NO3 CioHisNOs CioHie CioHio CioHia Ci0Hi6 CioHieO Ci0Hi6O2 Ci0Hi6O2 Ci0Hi6O4 CioHieOs Ci0Hi7Cl Ci0Hi8Cl2 CioHisO Ci0Hi8O4 Ci0Hi8O4 Ci0Hi9N Ci0H20 Ci0H20O Ci0H20O2 Ci0H22

a, a'-Bromonitrocamphor§ || a, a-Dibromocamphor§|| a, /3-Dibromocamphor§t «, a'-Chloronitrocamphor§**. Cuminyl alcohol Phenyl isobutyl ether Z-Phenylethylmethyl carbinol Carvacrol Thymol a-Bromocamphor§** a-Chlorocamphor§tt Diethylaniline Camphoryloxime§îî a-Nitrocamphor§ §§ Camphene d-Limonene /-Limonene Pinene Camphor§|||| Ethyl amylpropiolate Methyl hexylpropiolate Diethyl allylmalonate Diethyl acetosuccinate Pinene hydrochloridett Dipentene dihydrochloride Borneol§*** Diethyl propylmalonate Diethyl isopropylmalonate Camphylamine Decylene Isobutyl amyl ketone Octyl acétate Decane

Ci0H22O Ci0H22O CnH 7 N CuH 7 N CnHioO CuHi0O2 CnHi2O2 CnHi 2 O 3 CuHi 2 O 3 CnHi 2 O 3 CuHi 4 O 2 CuHi 4 O 2 CuHi 4 O 2 CuHi 8 O 2 CuH20O4 CuH22O2 Ci2Hi0 Ci2HwS Ci2Hi2O Ci2Hi2O Ci2Hi2O Ci2Hi3N Ci 2 Hi 3 N Ci2Hi4O4 Ci 2 Hi 4 O 4 Ci 2 Hi 4 O 4 Ci 2 Hi 6 O 2 Ci2H22O4 Ci2H22O4 Ci2H22Ou Ci2H22Ou Ci2H22Ou Ci 2 H 24 O Ci2H26O4 Ci3Hi0O CuHi 2

Isoamyl ether Isopropyl n-hexyl ketone a-Naphthonitrile /?-Naphthonitrile Propionylphenylacetylene Ethyl phenylpropiolate Ethyl cinnamate Ethyl benzoylacetate a-Methyl o-methoxyphenylacrylate /S-Methyl o-methoxyphenylacrylate Butyl benzoate Isobutyl benzoate Ethyl hydrocinnamate Ethyl hexylpropiolate Diethyl diethylmalonate Ethyl pelargonate Diphenyl Diphenyl sulfide ö-Naphthyl ethyl ether /3-Naphthyl ethyl ether Butyrylphenylacetylene Dimethyl-a-naphthylamine DimethyHS-naphthylamine Diethyl phthalate Diethyl isophthalate Diethyl terephthalate Ethyl cumate Diisobutyl succinate Diethyl suberate Maltose Lactose Saccharose Isopropyl n-octyl ketone Diacetal Benzophenone Diphenylmethane

| t \ [Q]p 15 17.156 15 16.679 13.1 17.303 15 20.058 15 16.147 15 15.615 23.6 15.531 15 15.255 25.7 14.892 12.7 12.720 15.52 15.994 14.9 15.902 12.85 10.822 15 15.879 15 17.332 20 14.93* 15 16.313 15 16.120 12.2 12.761 12.4 10.846 15 25.163 17.4 10.375 12.14 9.468 45.8 10.136 16.3211.246 15 11.162 20 10.294 15.74 9.280 25 11.556 25 13.730 14 11.265 22.5 10.33 14.8 11.058 54.8 13.111 15.8 9.807 20 10.36 20 10.47 16 11.770 23.7 11.247 20 10.65* 15 10.63 23 8.722 20 8.70* 15.6 11.168 20 10.44* 15 24.788 15 26.264 25 18.595 25 18.965 15 20.006 15 16.411 15 21.891 15 22.359 15 15.952 15 16.048 15 16.169 25 12.576 20.5 11.20 18 11.56 15 25.304 15 29.668 15 32.237 15 30.698 25 19.911 15 35.994 15 47.377 15 16.909 15 16.942 15 16.11715 17.093 15 12.71 17.5 12.45 15 12.690 15 12.714 15 12.586 20 12.48* 25 13.61 15 23.371 15 23.845

\ Lit. («) ~ ( î8 ) O9) (18) O8) (î8) (27) (1») (27) (i 9 ) O9) O9) O9) (18) (18) (15) O8) O8) O9) O9) (18) (»») O9J (i9) O9) ( i9 ) O9) O9) O7) (17) O8) (18) (i 9 ) (i 9 ) O9) O8) O8) O9) (27) O5) (t8) (27) (15) O8) (i5) O8) O8) (l7) ( 17 ) O8) («) (î8) ( i8 ) O8) (18) O8) O7) O8) O8) O8) O8) O8) (i 8 ) (17) ( i8 ) O8) (18) (î8) O8) O8) (î8) (i 8 ) O9) O9) ( 19 ) ( 1S ) (ï7) O8) ( 18 )

H2O-HCl (32)

TABLE 9.—(Continued) Formula C13Hi2O2 Ci3Hi2O2 Ci3Hi3N Ci3Hi3N Ci3HuO Ci3Hi8O2 Ci3H20O4 Ci4Hi0 Ci 4 Hi 2 CuHi 4 Ci4Hi4S Ci 4 HuN Ci 4 Hi 6 O Ci4H22O Ci4H26O4 Ci4H28O2 CioHioO CuH22O2 Ci8H36O2 Ci9Hi6 C20H28NeQ8

|

Name Ethyl a-naphthoate Ethyl 0-naphthoate Methyldiphenylamine Benzylaniline Isovalerylphenylacetylene Phenyl oenanthate Diethyl diallylmalonate Phenanthrene Stilbene Dibenzyl Dibenzyl sulfide Dibenzylamine Caproylphenylacetylene Phenyl octyl ether Diethyl sebacate Heptyl oenanthate Benzoylphenylacetylene Octyl benzoate Cetyl acetate Triphenylmethane Nitre-camphor anhydride § ttt

[

t

15 15 15 15 25 15 22 15 15 15 15 15 25 15 15 15 25 15 20 15 14.9

\ [Q]D 27.161 27.360 34.878 31.295 21.168 17.923 14.99 36.959 33.143 24.977 29.216 25.879 21.435 21.446 14.51 14.64 28.403 19.992 18.76 36.011 19.712

\ Lit. O8) (i«) (18) ( 18 ) ( 17 ) ( 18 ) ( 18 ) ( 18 ) (18) ( 18 ) ( 18 ) ( 18 ) (l 7) O8) ( 18 ) ( 18 ) ( 17 ) O8) (18) ( 18 ) (">)

* Value for XR« = 5461 A. t Dissolved in ethyl alcohol, C = 10.215% by weight. Î Dissolved in ethyl alcohol, C = 11.57% by weight. § Dissolved in ethylene chloride. U C = 100/7 = 14,3M %. f C = 10M%. **C = 25M%. ttC7 = 2OM %. U C = 200/7 = 28.6M %. §§C = 100/3 = 33.3M%. III! C = 400/7 = 57.1M%. f t Dissolved in CCl4; C = 100/1.517 = 65.9M% *** C = 100/6 = 16.7M%. ttt C - 100/21 = 4.76M%.

TABLE 10.—SPECIFIC MAGNETIC ROTATORY POWER OF SOLUTIONS For Verdet constant for solutions, see Tables 6 and 7. Ms = (1 -f 100OA)(T1M1 + T 2 M 2 J ; r 2 M' 2 = {Ms - TI[W]I) . If Vc = Fi[I -h ÜT2 + br?], O < T 2 < 1, d = max. deviation of Vc from observed V for the solution; Fi = Verdet's constant for constituent No. 1 . A = MO/M"? where M" = value for water at same temperature. Temperature 250C, X = 5893 A = ZMine; unit of d = l g per ml. Water—Acetic acid (C2H4O2) (32) IQOr2 I 12.868 30.444 48.577 66.640 97.120 Water—Ethyl IQOr2 I O 7.542 14.94 20.43 30.04 41.59 50.33 62.76 69.54 79.40 88.90 100.00

d I R 1.0111 0.763 1.0364 0.798 1.0534 0.743 1.0637 0.750 1.0437 0.744 alcohol (C2H6O) (31) d I A 0.9971 O 0.9840 3.3 0.9735 1.0 0.9659 O 0.9507 0.6 0.9273 7.0 0.9092 6.6 0.8807 2.8 0.8648 5.5 0.8390 6.4 0.8167 7.7 0.7835 O

IQOr2

I d I a = 1.88o; 6 = O; O = 0.2% 14.319 1.0661 20.697 1.0977 25.568 1.1243 t = 2O0C (25) 15.63 1.0758 25.60 1.1274 30.86 1.1564 36.50 1.1846 41.70 1.2051 100.00 0.8240 \ H2O-H2SO4 (32) 1.1308 18.972 36.327 1.2693 62.553 1.5205 80.130 1.7304 97.717 1.8310 IQOr2

I

O 9.179 11.154 14.019 18.921 28.005 35.165 47.407 57.938 64.413 72.998 84.349 93.663 96.598 100.000 IQOr2

10.345 19.143 25.830

d\l t = 15° (25)

I

1.00000 1.06305 1.07706 1.09785 1.13464 1.20620 1.26529 1.37413 1.47966 1.55074 1.65021 1.77753 1.83617 1.84264 1.83840 H2O-KCl (32) I

d

R 2.209 2.178 2.164 2.196 2.172 2.120 2.096 2.008 1.076 0.337 0.347 0.366 0.392 0.407 A

O - 6.8 - 8.3 -11.2 -14.9 -22.0 -28.2 -41.9 -41.8 -44.1 -42.7 -31.6 -15.2 - 3.7 O ]"

R

a = l Og. b = 0. 5 = 0 7 ^7

1.0724 1.1240 1.1833 H2O-LiCl (32) a = 1.807; b = O; O = 1.9% 10.677 1.0623 21.102 1.1373 29.443 1.1818 31.504 1.2044 36.356 1.2285 40.755 1.2729 43.328 1.2894 H2O-NH4NO3 (32) a = 0.148; 0 = 0 ; $ = 0.36% 10.485 1.0398 12.096 1.0412 20.589 1.0831 27.553 1.1142 49.378 1.2237 62.030 1.2869 H2O-NaCl (32) a = 1.473; o = O; O = 0.5% 11.410 1.0882 18.300 1.1318 24.292 1.1794

1.282 1.333 1.270

2.076 2.109 1.991 1.982 1.928 1.888 1.860

0.489 0.507 0.487 0.504 0.503 0.526

.558 1.604 1.606

Chloroform (CHCl3)-Acetone (C3H6O) (3i) IQOr2 I d I A O 1.4783 O 10.95 1.3498 + 1.2 22.53 1.2349 +6.1 29.04 1.1783 - 1.1 40.77 1.0878 + 2.9 52.43 1.0113 0.0 58.82 0.9729 - 7.0 71.03 0.9086 -16.2 78.56 0.8727 - 1.6 85.25 0.8436 - 8.7 100.00 0.7856 O Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-Benzene (C6H6) (31) 0.00 1.5839 O 9.96 1.4651 10.5 18.03 1.3809 7.4 29.33 1.2785 11.0 42.73 1.1750 13.9 51.06 1.1188 16.9 59.32 1.0642 14.6 68.19 1.0186 + 9.5 79.67 0.9960 -24.2 89.35 0.9172 + 9.2 100.00 0.8736 O Ethylene chloride (C2H4Cl2)-Benzene (C6H6) (31) O 0.00 1.2492 11.90 1.1860 - 4.7 20.79 1.1441 +3.3 26.31 1.1193 + 8.2 34.25 1.0858 + 1.7 49.23 1.0280 +6.0 58.01 0.9971 + 2.0 67.87 0.9647 + 3.7 77.21 0.9361 + 6.3 86.37 0.9097 + 4.4 100.00 0.8736 O Ethyl alcohol (C2H6O)-Aniline (C6H7N) (32) a = 1.25; b = 1.06; O = 2.5% if T2 > 0.29 0.000 0.7865 O 9.805 0.8083 -13.5 20.485 0.8317 -33.4 29.707 0.8524 -26.8 36.370 0.8673 -31.6 50.878 0.9003 -30.0 59.609 0.9206 -38.8 71.458 0.9483 -26.3 80.992 0.9713 -21.9 88.728 0.9893 -16.3 100.00 1.0174 O Benzene (C6H6)-Aniline (C6H7N) (32) 0.000 0.8725 11.893 0.8886 22.102 0.9026 34.378 0.9202 40.177 0.9284 52.061 0.9459 + 61.486 0.9598 71.607 0.9747 + 80.972 0.9889 88.176 0.9997 100.000 1.0174

O 7.3 4.6 2.8 4.2 0.4 3.1 1.6 3.6 4.2 O

TABLE 11.—DISPERSION OP VERDET CONSTANT: FORMULAE For dispersion formulae for gases, see Table 2 Cl dn\ V = — i n — K\— ); visible spectrum (14) Xy dX l V = ^[( X 2 ^ X 2 ) 2 + £1]; visible and ultra-violet (21); n = index of refraction Unit of X, Xi = 0.001 mm = IM = K)4 A; K and Ki are dimensionless

K 35

I

Creosote Glass:* Crown Flint (1) Flint (21 Flint (3) Fe2CUt

~

Lit. (13)

I

28.90 (13) 8.01 (13) 9.20 (13) 13.03 («) -122 (i) I K I X1 I K1 I Lit. 26.39 (i«) -715.82 (2) 77.650.12604 0.7381 (21, 23) 15 0.1804 O (14>21)

NaClJ TiCl4 H20 CS2 C6H6 m-C8H10 ^-Ci0H7Br

0.1902 0.1886 0.2563

0.6069 (21) 0.64219 (21) 1.1265 (21)

* For crown, d = 2.55; flint (1), (2), (3), d = 5.32, 4.39, 4.08, respectively. t Aqueous solution, 33 % Fe2Cle. Î Range covered is 0.214/* < X < 0.644/*.

TABLE 12.—DISPERSION

OP VERDET CONSTANT FOB PURE GASES

For dispersion formulae, see Table 11. Temperature (t) in 0C; Unit of X = 1 A, p = IAn °2 (30)

t

4358 4047 3665 3130 2805 2755 2654 2535 2482 2399 2378

\ p

I

H 2 (30)

I

CQ2 (30)

\ V/Vi \ t \ p \ VfV1 \ t \ p \

VfV1

17.483.8 1 18.693.85 1 17.283.8 1.10 18.393.9 1.18 16.125.35 1 17.583.25 1.31 18.790.0 1.45 17.527.3 1.22 16.984.9 1.79517.988.1 2.14 17.527.3 1.79 17.482.5 2.24 19.875.2 2.83 17.227.2 2.27 17.141.3 2.31 16.541.05 2.50 19.775.5 3.29 16.527.2 2.61 20.974.9 3.67 16.227.3 2.95 20.575.0 3.905 19.374.7 4.27 19.374.8 4.37

TABLE 13.—DISPERSION OF VERDET CONSTANT: PURE SUBSTANCES See also Table 14. For dispersion formulae, see Table 11 Unit of X = Im/* = 10 A; XD = 589.3m/*- = 5893 A N 2 * (io); t = -195.50C O2* (i°); t = -182.50C

X 6260 6100 5780 5461 5010 4359 * Liquid.

V/VD 0.871 0.935 1.043 1.172 1.355 1.860

X 6260 6100 5780 5461 5010 4359

V/ VD 0.897 0.848 1.062 1.103 1.118 1.319

CO2* ( 8 );* - 260C V/VD

X

6260 5461 4359

0.866 1.200 2.130

CS2* ( 21 ) 670.8 0.72572 495.8 1.5432 432.6 2.2407 414.4 2.5377 404.6 2.7206 (25)

546.1 436.0

1.197 2.140 CS2 (8)

626.0 578.0 546.1 435.9

0.863 1.170 1.221 2.190

H2O, see Table 1 8

0

SO2* ( ); t = -1O C 6260 0.910 6100 0.942 5461 1.151 4359 1.795 TiCl4, Titanium tetrachloride; see Table 4 CH3Cl, Methyl chloride («) t = 180C 626.0 0.897 546.1 1.168 435.9 1.957 CH4O, Methyl alcohol ( 1( >) 656 0.81 578 1.04 546 1.155 492 1.47 436 1.915 366 2.80 334 3.45 254 7.3 C 2 H 4 O 2 , Acetic acid (25) 546.1 1.175 436.0 1.924 C3H6O, Acetone (25) 546.1 1.181 436.0 1.942 C3H8O, n-Propyl alcohol (25) 546.1 1.192 436.0 1.946 C4H8O2, Isobutyric acid (25) 546.1 1.162 436.0 1.930 C4Hi0O, Ethyl ether (IO) 656 0.80 576 1.04 546 1.165 492 1.47 436 1.91 * Liquid.

C4Hi0O, Isobutyl alcohol (25) V/VD

X

546.1 436.0

1.174 1.923

C5Hi0O2, Isovaleric acid (25) 546.1 1.176 436.0 1.917 C6H6, Benzene (21) 452.9 1.8785 404.6 2.5301 363.1 3.4541 330.6 4.6650 310.0 5.8680 C6Hi0Oo, Dimethyl malate (active) (U) 710.0 0.707 546.1 1.192 491.6 1.468 435.6 1.856 C 6 Hi 2 O 2 , Methyl valerate (active) (U) 710.0 0.670 546.1 1.184 491.6 1.467 435.9 1.849 C6H14, Hexane (io) 656 0.78 578 1.04 546 1.175 492 1.48 436 1.93 C8Hi0, m-Xylene (21) 670.8 0.75117 495.8 1.5034 452.9 1.8738 404.6 2.5227 363.1 3.4285 C8Hi4O5, Diethyl malate (U) (active) 710.0 0.666 546.1 1.173 435.9 1.915 Ci0Hi4O, Carvone 710.0 546.1 491.6

(active) (U) 0.715 1.168 1.526

C8Hi4O6, Diethyl tartrate (active) (U) 710.0 0.670 546.1 1.158 453.9 1.895

Ci0Hi6, Limonene (10) X V/VD 656 0.79 578 1.04 546 1.18 492 1.49 436 1.97

Ci0Hi6, Limonene (active) (U) 710.0 0.707 546.1 1.182 491.6 1.507 435.9 1.993

Ci0Hi6, a-Pinene ( 10 ) 656 0.795 578 1.04 546 1.175 492 1.48 436 1.94 366 2.95 313 4.10

Ci0Hi6, /3-Pinene (1°) 656 0.79 578 1.04 546 1.18 492 1.49 436 1.97 366 3.09 313 4.31

CI 0 HI 6 , Turpentine (active)

C 11 )

710.0 546.1 491.6 435.9

0.655 1.179 1.503 1.961

Ci0Hi6O, Camphor (1°) 656 0.80 578 1.04 546 1.17 492 1.505 436 1.94 366 2.95 334 3.66 254 7.7

Ci0H7Br, a-Bromonaphthalene

Ci0HnCl, Pinene hydrochloride X

I

V/VD

(10)

0.79 1.04 1.17 1.95

656 578 546 436

Ci0H18O, Borneol (10) 656 0.79 578 1.04 546 1.17 492 1.48 436 1.945

Ci0Hi8O, Citronellal (active)

710.0 546.1 491.6 435.6

C 11 )

0.661 1.174 1.475 1.916

Ci0Hi8O, Menthone (active) (") 710.0 0.691 546.1 1.181 491.6 1.450 435.9 1.937

Ci0Hi8O, Pinene hydrate (10) 656 0.79 578 1.04 546 1.18 492 1.48 436 1.95 404 2.33 366 2.98 313 4.30 •280 5.75 265 6.60 253 7.68

Ci0H18O6, Dipropyl tartrate (active) (U) 710.0 0.680 546.1 1.173 491.6 1.442 435.9 1.899

(21)

670.8 495.8 452.9 404.6 373.5

0.74025 1.6035 2.1062 3.1205 4.4230

Ci0Hi6O, Pulegone (active) (U) 710.0 0.681 546.1 1.185 491.6 1.482

CCl4, Carbon tetrachloride (25) 546.1 1.182 436.0 1.948

TABLE 14.—DISPERSION OF VERDET CONSTANT: PURE ORGANIC SUBSTANCES (16) Cf. Table 13; numbers in body of table are values of V/ T7Hg ; XHK = 5461 À Formula CS2 CH2O2 CH4O C2H4O2 C2H6O C3H6O C3H6O2 C3H8O C3H8O C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4Hi0O C4Hi0O C4Hi0O C4H10O C5Hi0O2 C 5 Hi 2 O C 5 Hi 2 O C 5 Hi 2 O C 5 Hi 2 O C 6 Hi 4 C 6 Hi 4 O C6H14O C7H16O C 7 Hi 6 O C8Hi0O C 8 Hi 8 C8Hi8O C8H18O C9Hi2O C9H20O C9H20O C10H22O C11H24O Ci 2 H 26 O

|

Name Carbon disulfide Formic acid Methyl alcohol Acetic acid Ethyl alcohol Allylalcohol Propionic acid n-Propyl alcohol Isopropyl alcohol n-Butyric acid Isobutyric acid n-Butyl alcohol Isobutyl alcohol sec.-Butyl alcohol tert.-Eutyl alcohol Isovaleric acid Isoamyl alcohol ad.-Amyl alcohol sec.-Amyl alcohol tert.-Amyl alcohol n-Hexane Methylisobutyl carbinol sec.-Hexyl alcohol ri-Heptyl alcohol sec.-Heptyl alcohol Phenylmethyl carbinol n-Octane.. n-Octyl alcohol sec.-Octyl alcohol Phenylethyl carbinol Methylheptyl carbinol Ethylhexyl carbinol Methyloctyl carbinol Methylnonyl carbinol Methyldecyl carbinol

| X = 67081 0.624 0.647 0.645 0.648 0.638 0.641 0.648 .. 0.642 0.642 0.645 0.646 0.649 0.648 0.645 0.643 0.651 0.650 0.647 0.651 0.651 0.647 0.650 0.647 0.644 0.648 0.624 0.650 0.647 0.642 0.634 0.649 0.644 0.642 0.645 0.644

TABLE 15.—DIFFERENTIAL LAG IN APPEARANCE OF FARADAY EFFECT (*)

If l[ls] = time that elapses between the application of the field and the appearance of the rotation in the substance [in 082], A = I — I8. Unit of A = 1 m/i sec = 10~9 sec; uncertainty in A = ±0.3 mju sec. I Substance | A C S 2 " C a r b o n disulfide O H2O Water 1.1 CCh Carbon tetrachloride 1.1 C6H6 Benzene 1.9 C 8 Hi 0 Xylene 2.1 CHCl3 Chloroform 2.4 C7H8 Toluene 2.5 C 6 Hi 2 O Amyl alcohol 4.0 CHBr3 Bromoform 4.1

6438 | 5893 | 5086 | 4800 | 4678 | 43591 0.686 0.836 1.190 1.376 1.464 1.764 0.708 0.852 1.164 1.322 1.635 0.707 0.851 1.164 1.315 1.386 1.624 0.698 0.851 1.163 1.331 1.631 0.708 0.849 1.166 1.318 1.393 1.626 0.700 0.847 1.177 1.332 1.672 0.711 0.856 1.165 1.320 1.635 0.713 0.850 1.163 1.321 1.629 0.702 0.850 1.163 1.320 ' 1.634 0.853 1.634 0.849 1.633 0.707 0.849 1.168 1.328 1.637 0.699 0.846 1.162 1.321 1.635 0.713 0.850 1.164 1.309 1.391 1.635 0.704 0.852 1.166 1.328 1.645 0.702 0.848 1.165 1.324 1.636 0.709 0.852 1.169 1.325 1.634 0.850 1.641 0.852 1.636 0.703 0.852 1.165 1.325 1.643 0.710 0.851 1.168 1.318 1.636 0.850 1.644 0.705 0.852 1.165 1.321 1.639 0.708 0.855 1.162 1.320 1.635 0.849 1.639 0.685 0.839 1.184 1.363 1.739 0.706 0.850 1.168 1.325 1.634 0.705 0.851 1.166 1.320 1.636 0.705 0.849 1.163 1.320 1.394 1.635 0.689 0.835 1.181 1.362 1.451 1.731 0.849 1.635 0.703 0.853 1.165 1.322 1.634 0.848 1.636 0.848 1.638 0.849 1.639

LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) O) Beams and Allison, 2, 29: 161; 27. ( 2 ) Becquerel, 6, 12: 5; 77. ( 3 ) Becquerel, 6, 19: 90; 80. ( 4 ) Becquerel, ôl, 4: 437; 85. ( 5 ) Bichat, öl, B: 204; 79. 9: 275; 80. (6) du Bois, 8, 51: 537; 94. (7) Borei, 149, 16: 157; 03. ( 8 ) Chaudier, 34, 156: 1008, 1529; 13. (9) Cornu and Potier, 34, 102: 385; 86. ( 10 ) Darmois, 6, 22: 247, 295; 11. O 1 ) Herngrist, Diss., Upsala, 1914. 10, 4: 678; 22. ( 12 ) Humburg, 7, 12: 401; 93. ( 13 ) Ingersoll, 2, 9: 257; 17. (U) Joubin, 6, 16: 78; 89. ( 1S ) Lowry, 4, 105: 81; 14. ( 16 ) Lowry and Dickson, 4, 103: 1067; 13. (") Moureu, Müller and Varin, 6, 2: 269; 14. (**) Perkin, 4, 45: 421; 84. 49: 777; 86. 51: 362; 808; 87. 53: 561, 695; 88. 55: 680; 89. 59: 981; 91. 61: 800; 92. 63: 57, 488; 93. 65: 20, 402, 815; 94. 67: 255; 95. 69: 1025; 96. ( 19 ) Perkin, 4, 81: 177, 292; 02. 20 ( ) Quincke, 8, 24: 606; 85. ( 21 ) Richardson, S, 31: 232; 16. ( 22 ) Rodger and Watson, 62, 186: 621; 95. («) van Schaik, 18, 21: 406; 87. (2*) Schönrock, 7, 11: 753; 93. ( 25 ) Schwers, 186, 1912: 719. ( 26 ) Siertsema, 64V, 2: 31; 94. 3: 230; 95. 4: 317; 96. 5: 132; 97. 18, 6: 825; 01. 168, Nos. 7, 15, 24, 31, 73. ( 2 ?) Siertsema, 18, 5: 447; .00. 168, No. 62. (") Siertsema, 168, Nos. 90, 91; 04. Boltzmann Festschrift, p. 780; 04. 64P, 6: 760; 04. ( 2 ») Siertsema, 64P, 18: 101; 15. ( 30 ) Sirks, 64P, 15: 773; 12. 63, 14: 336; 13. (3i) Thouvenot, Thesis, Nancy, 1910. (32) Vecela-Guerdjikowa, Thesis, Nancy, 1910. (33) Verdet, 6, 41: 370; 54. 43: 37; 55. 52: 129; 58. 69: 415; 63.

ROTATION AT REFLECTION—KERR EFFECT A. COTTON AND M. CAU CONTENTS

Polar reflection, normal incidence Polar reflection, oblique incidence Longitudinal reflection, oblique incidence..... Transverse reflection, oblique incidence

PAGE

435 438 438 438

When plane polarized light is incident upon a reflecting surface, magnetizing the reflecting material produces, in general, a rotation of the plane of polarization of the reflected light, and under certain conditions introduces a circularly polarized component. The magnitudes of the several effects depend upon the intensity of magnetization (/) of the substance and apparently not upon either the temperature or the intensity of the magnetic field (H)1 except as these affect /; they vary from specimen to specimen, and not

infrequently depend upon the particular region under study. Three cases are distinguished: (1) Polar reflection, / being normal to the reflecting surface; (2) longitudinal (or meridional) reflection, / being parallel to reflecting surface and to the plane of incidence; (3) transverse (or equatorial) reflection, I being parallel to reflecting surface and perpendicular to plane of incidence. If r = rotation produced by increasing the magnetization from zero to /, then for polar reflection, normal incidence, r = KI1 where K depends only upon the reflector and the wave-length (X) of the light; K is Kerr's constant; r is considered positive if it is in the direction of the Amperian currents producing /. When a key number precedes the symbol or name of a substance it refers to Table 1 where such information as is available regarding the specimen is given.

TABLE 1.—KERR CONSTANT (K\) AND ROTATION (rm) ATSATURATION: POLARREFLECTION, NORMAL INCIDENCE, ONE WAVE-LENGTH H = intensity of magnetic field; the substance is magnetically saturated (= satd.) unless marked "uns."; unit of X = 1 m/* = 10~6 mm = 10 A; of K\ = 0.001 minute of arc per cgsm unit of /; of rm = 1'; of H = 1 kilogauss = 1000 gauss Key I Substance | Remarks Source 1 Fe Electrolytic iron Gumlich ' 2 Fe Electrolytic, on platinized glass 3 Fe Cathode deposit (vacuum) 4 Fe Distilled on glass, brilliant 6 Fe Distilled on glass, dull 6 Fe Pure Kahlbaum 7 Fe Pure cast; no S, Si, Mn Weiss 8 Fe Swedish; 0.22 % C; tr. of P, Si, Mn Kohlswa 9 Fe Swedish commercial 10 Fe, Ce Ferrocerium 11 Fe2O3.FeO Magnetite Griesheim 12 Fe2O3.FeO Magnetite; artificial, compressed powder.... Weiss 13 Fe2O3-FeO Magnetite; natural DuBois 14 Fe2O3-FeO Magnetite (Pfitschthal) 15 Fe2O3-FeO Magnetite (Traversella) 16 Fe2O3-FeO Magnetite 17 FeaOa.ZnO Franklinite DuBois 18 Fe;2O3.ZnO Franklinite (New Jersey) 19 Fe2O3-CuO Cuproferrite DuBois 20 Fe2O3-CuO Cuproferrite Hilpert 21 Fe2O3-CoO Cobalt ferrite Hilpert 22 Fe2Q3-CaO Calcium ferrite Hilpert 23 Fe7S8 Pyrrhotite (Brazil) 24 Fe3C Cementite Hilpert 26 Steel Schmidt and Haensch 26 Steel 27 Fe2Si Ferrosilicon; Fe2Si = 30 At. %§ Tammann 28 Fe2Co Weiss 29 Fe, Co, Sb 66Fe + 30Co + 4Sb DuBois 30 Fe, Ni 25.4% Ni Krupp 31 Fe, Ni 27% Ni Weiss 32 Fe2Ni 36%Ni Weiss 33 Fe, Ni 36% Ni (Invar) CommentryFourchambault 34 Fe, Ni 36% Ni (Invar) De Haën 36 Fe, Mn 92.2Fe + 7.8Mn Gumlich 36 Fe, Mn 89.6Fe + 10.4Mn Gumlich 37 Co Electrolytic Merck 38 Co Pure Kahlbaum

H \ X | K\ rm 40 530.0 -13.5 -22.68 13 520 -11.4 13.2 520 • -7.8 20.5 588 -18.1 15.8 588 -17.9 22.9 520 -19.74 530.0 -11.3 -18.97 40 546.1 -12.3 -20.59 20.4 520 -19.2 uns. 530 - 6.22* satd. 450.0 - 4.6 - 1.89 satd. 450.0 — 2.7 — 1.10 12 450.0 - 5.2 - 2.00 16.4 440 - 1.44 15.8 439 - 2.1f 10 900 + 3 7.5 450.0 - 8.0 - 1.19 satd. 530 +1.2 7.5 477.0 +6.3 + 1.68 10.15 477 + 1.75 satd. 530 - 0.6 satd. 530 +0.2 satd. Any + l satd. 530 -26.45 20 588 -22.7 19.2 satd. 20 satd. 16.3 16.8 20 14.5

520 530 530.0 530.0 589 589 530.0 574

19.8 39 satd. 34 22.l

520 530.0 530.0 530.0 520

-14.9s -14.7 -17.2 -15.6 -14.8 -15.1 -14.7

\ Lit. (Ï) (13) (13) (2) (2) (3) (i) (I) (3) (») (i) C1) (i) (3) (2) (*) (i) (10) (i) (») ( 1 O) (l O) (9) (9) (2)

-20.88Î ( 3 ) -16.75 (10) -27.64 (i) -23.66 (*) -17.29* (») -15.92* («) -15.05 (i) -13.65 («) -13.86 -19.70 -13.16 -20.58 -21.18

(3) (l) (M (i) (3)

Key ~39 40 41 42 43 44 46 46 47 48 49 50 61 52 63 64 66

I Substance Co Co, Sb Co, Si Co, Sn Co, Cr Co, Cr, Ni Ni Ni Ni Ni Ni Mn,As Mn, Sb Mn,Bi Mn, Sn MnB Mn, Cu, Al

|

Remarks

TABLE 1.—(Continued) | Source

Unspecified 88Co + 12Sb 98Co + 2Si 93.2Co + 6.8Sn 87Co + 13Cr 83Co + 15Cr + 2Ni Cast in N 2 Distilled on glass Pure Pure Unspecified 42.5Mn + 57.5As 35Mn + 65Sb 20.5Mn + 79.5Bi 65Mn + 35Sn Manganese boride 58.9Cu + 26.5Mn + 14.6A1 (Heusler alloy).

* Not saturated; H = 14 to 16 kilogauss. t Reflecting surface is parallel to face of octahedron. i Quenched.

TABLE 2.—DISPERSION OF ROTATION (rm) AT SATURATION: POLAR REFLECTION, NORMAL INCIDENCE The key numbers refer to Table 1 where the material is more fully defined; H — intensity of magnetic field; satd. = saturated; unit of X = 1 m/j, = 10~~6 mm = 10 A; of rm = 1'. 12.—(CWd) 1 Fe (l); H = 36.56 10Fe, Cet ( 9 ); X rm unsaturated X Tm 589 -f 4.80 442.5 -16.70 X rm 637 + 4.88 457.4 -17.40 435 - 5.09 688 + 4.54 474.0 -18.27 466 - 5.50 450 - 1.10J 492.5 -19.32 503 - 5.97 530 - 6.22 515.5 -20.79 600 + 2.25J 531.5 -22.54 567 - 6.41 13 Magnetite§ («); 538.5 -23.31 615 - 6.52 H = 11.56 546.1 -23.73 675 - 6.60 436 - 3.81 557.5 -24.57 453 - 1.52 571.5 -25.34 464 0.00 599.0 -26.33 477 + 1.06 11 Magnetite (*°); 628.0 -27.20 510 + 3.07 satd. 650.0 -27.65 539 + 3.84 435 - 2.91 690.0 -28.56 574 + 4.45 450 - 2.53 599 + 3.94 466 - 2.17 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 Fe, see 637 + 3.32 483 - 1.10 Table 3 688 + 2.50 503 + 0.70 450 - 2.0OJ 530 + 2.69 600 + 3.2Oj: 567 + 4.27 8Fe (l); ff = 39.7 14, 15 Magnetite, 589 + 4.54 435.0 -14.66 see Table 3 615 + 4.44 442.5 -14.95 675 -f 3.53 457.4 -15.55 16 Magnetite (4); 695 + 3.14 492.5 -17.61 H = ca. 10 712 + 2.76 515.5 -19.15 900 + 3 450 - 1.891 1000 + 1 531.5 -20.14 600 + 3.83t 538.5 -20.55 1500 - 3 546.1 -20.93 2000 - 4 546.1 -20.59* 17 Fe2O3.ZnO (i); 571.5 -22.79 H = 27.34 12 Magnetite (»); 590.1 -25.13* 442.5 - 1.40 H = 18.88 599.0 -24.33 457.4 - 1.26 436 - 4.40 650.0 -27.47 474.0 - 1.09 453 - 3.67 690.0 -29.75 492.5 - 0.65 477 - 1.56 515.5 0.00 510 + 1.53 9 Fe, see Table 3 531.5 + 0.30 539 1+3.11

\

Pr. Merrett Pr. Merrett Pr. Merrett Pr. Merrett Tammann Merck Pr. Merrett Kahlbaum Hilpert Tammann Hilpert Tammann Hilpert

H \ \ \ Î8Â 588 satd. 530.0 satd. 530.0 23 530.0 satd. 530.0 satd. 530.0 20 590.0 15.8 588 20 530.0 20.5 520 17.7 588 satd. 589(?)|| satd. 530 satd. 530 satd. 530 satd. 589(?)|| 16.8 588

K\ -16.2 -18.8 -12.7 -15.6 -11.6 -15.4 -15.7

\

rm -20.8 -18.72 -20.52 -14.30 -13.72 - 8.96 - 7.85 - 6.5 -8.05 - 7.74 - 8.3 - 1.5 -20.46 + 1.48 -2.00 < 0.3H - 2.3

\ Lit. (2) (i) (i) (i) (i) (i) (i) (2) "(I) (3) (2) (io) (IO) («) (») <») (2)

§ At. % = Atom %. Il Yellow light, X not stated. ! May be zero.

17.—(CWd) X rm 546.1 + 0.42 557.5 + 0.78 571.5 + 0.92 599.0 + 0.98 628.0 + 1.05 650.0 +1.12 690.0 +1.19

18Fe2O3-ZnO (10); satd. 450 466 483 530 567 654

- 1.8 - 1.0 + 0.6 + 1.2 + 0.8 - 0.3

20 Fe2O3-CuO -(8); H = 10.15 436 + 1.31 477 + 1.75 539 + 1.28 574 + 0.41 599 - 0.36 637 - 0.95 688 - 0.78

21Fe2O3-CoO (10); satd. 450 475 503 530 589 615 654

- 2.0 - 0.7 - 0.4 - 0.6 - 1.2 - 1.5 - 2.2

22 Fe2O3.CaO (10); satd. X rm 435 - 0.3 475 - 0.5 503 - 0.1 530 + 0.2 567 + 0.1 589 - 0.2 675 - 0.5

27Fe2Si (10); satd. X rm 435 -13.18 450 -14.22 483 -15.58 530 -16.75 567 -17.27 615 -17.65 675 -17.91 703 -18.05

24Fe 3 C (9); satd. 435 -30.28 450 -30.00 466 -29.42 28 Fe Co (10); satd. 2 483 -28.48 435 -22.11 503 -27.13 450 -21.7 530 -26.45 466 -21.7 567 -26.40 503 -24.05 615 -26.66 530 -26.85 675 -27.01 567 -29.94 25, 26 Steel, see 615 -31.69 Table 3 675 -33.33 695 -33.89 26Steel(5);tf = 5/T 600 - 8.3 700 - 9.8 800 -10.6 900 -11.2 1000 -11.5 29 Fe, Co, Sb (i); 1200 -11.2 H = 32.94 1400 -10.4 442.5 -19.74 1600 - 9.3 457.4 -20.33 1800 - 8.4 474.0 -21.81 2000 - 7.9 492.5 -23.24 2200 - 7.4 515.5 -24.57 531.5 -25.65 26* Steel (*); 546.1 -26.18 H = ca. 10 557.5 -26.81 800 -15.5 571.5 -27.68 900 -16.0 599.0 -29.43 1000 -16.0 628.0 -31.92 1500 -12.5 650.0 -32.30 2000 -10.5 690.0 -32.52 2500 - 9.5

30Fe, Nit (8); 37.—(Cont'd) H = 14.4 X rm 599.0 -22.96 X rm 650.0 -23.68 436 -10.63 690.0 -24.25 510 -12.75 589 -14.32 637 -14.89 38, 39 Co, see 688 -14.74 Table 3 31 Fe, Nif (8); H = 14.9 39 Co (4); 436 -13.67 H = ca. 10 453 -13.88 800 -11.3 477 -14.66 900 -11.5 510 -15.42 1000 -11.1 589 -16.45 1500 - 9.0 637 -16.19 2000 - 8.0 688 -16.25 2500 - 7.5 32 Fe2Ni (i°); satd. 435 -17.56 45 Ni (i); 483 -19.88 H = 31.40 530 -21.69 442.5 - 8.31 567 -22.55 457.4 - 8.09 615 -20.30 474.0 - 7.80 675 -19.33 492.5 - 7.52 703 -20.00 515.5 - 7.32 33 Invar (»); 531.5 - 7.21 H = 13.36 538.5 - 7.21 436 1 -11.78 546.1 - 7.21 477 -12.48 557.5 - 7.196 539 -13.22 571.5 - 7.40 574 -13.66 599.0 - 8.05 599 -13.74 628.0 - 7.75 637 -13.72 650.0 - 8.076 688 -13.54 690.0 - 8.23 34 Invar, see Table 3 37 Co (i); 46, 48, 49 Ni, see H = 35.91 Table 3 442.5 -23.60 457.4 -23.37 492.5 -22.80 49Ni (4); H = ca. 10 515.5 -22.45 531.5 -22.30 800 - 7.0 900 - 5.0 538.5 -22.30 546.1 -22.36 1000 - 4.0 1500 0.0 571.5 -22.59

49.—(Cont'd) X rm 2000 + 1.7 2500 + 2.4 51 Mn, Sb (io); satd. 435 -22.35 466 -23.02 483 -23.21 503 -23.19 530 -20.46 567 -17.36 615 -17.86 675 -18.75

52 Mn, Bi (9); satd. 435 - 1.65 450 - 1.00 466 - 0.16 483 + 0.72 503 + 1.26 530 + 1.48 567 + 0.94 615 + 0.04s 675 - 0.99 53 Mn, Sn (»'); satd. 435 -2.24 466 - 0.75 503 - 1.18 530 - 2.00 567 - 3.03 615 - 4.26 675 - 5.52 55 Heusler alloy, see Table 3 * Another specimen. t Not saturated. Î Another specimen O). § Reflecting surface is parallel to face of octahedron.

TABLE 3.—ELLIPTICITY PRODUCED BY MAGNETIZATION: POLAR REFLECTION, PLANE POLARIZED LIGHT INCIDENT NORMALLY, MAGNETIC SATURATION Magnetizing the reflector not only rotates the plane of polarization, but also adds a weak component of circularly polarized light, making the reflected light elliptically polarized. E is numerically equal to ratio of the axes of the resultant ellipse; if direction of rotation of the circularly polarized component is same as that of the Amperian currents producing the magnetization, E is considered to be positive. The key numbers refer to Table 1 where the material is more fully defined. H = intensity of magnetic field; rm = rotation corresponding to saturation, unit = 1'; e = 1000#; unit of X = 1 m/x = IO"6 mm = 10 A; of H = 1 kilogauss.

X

2Fe (13); H = 13 rm e

440 - 9.6 -0.06 480 -10.2 -0.23 520 -11.4 -0.42 560 -11.4 -0.45 600 -10.8 -0.50 660 -10.8 -0.70 3Fe (13); H = 13.2 440 - 7.2 480 - 7.2 -2.34 520 - 7.8 -2.20 560 - 7.2 -2.12 600 - 6.6 -2.16 .660 - 9.0 -1.92 680 - 7.8 -2.01 4Fe (2); F = 20.5 439 -12.6 -2.53 471 -13.3 -2.66 505 -14.3 -2.85 546 -16.2 -2.89 588 -18.1 -2.87 623 -19.9 -2.63 656 -20.9 -2.47 5Fe (2); H = 15.8 439 - 9.3 -4.79 471 -10.3 -4.78 505 -12.3 -4.81 546 -15.2 -4.89 588 -17.9 -4.78 623 -20.1 -4.52 656 I -21.6 -4.26 6 Fe (3); H = 22.9 410 -15.00 -3.73 440 -15.18 -3.88 480 -16.62 520 -19.74 -4.56 560 -22.74 -4.60 600 -24.78 -4.50 640 -26.58 -4.06 660 -26.94 -4.12 9 Fe (3); H = 20.4 410 -4.29 440 -15.6 -4.58 480 -16.8 -4.95 520 -19.2 -5.27 560 -20.4 -5.25 600 -25.2 -5.02 640 -26.4 -4.86 660 -28.2 -4.65 U Magnetite (3); H = 16.4 410 - 4.26 +1.24 440 - 1.44 +1.71 480 + 2.40 +1.00 520 + 3.42 0.00 560 + 4.62 -0.91 600 + 3.54 -1.61 640 + 2.58 -2.00 660 + 1.98 -1.60 15 Magnetite* (2); H = 15.8 439 - 2.1 +1.19 471 + 0.9 +1.11 505 + 2.6 +0.37 546 + 3.3 -0.19

16.—(Continued) \ 588

rm +3.8

e -0.93

623 656'

+ 3.4 + 2.5

-1.52 -1.83

25 Steel (2); H 439 -15.9 471 -17.1 505 -18.4 546 -20.5 588 -22.7 623 -24.3 656 -25.7

= 20 -4.13 -4.32 -4.33 -4.16 -3.98 -3.80

26 Steel t (3); H = 19.2 410 -16.20 -3.59 440 -17.10 -3.73 480 -18.78 -4.04 520 -20.88 -4.21 560 -22.68 -4.23 600 -24.30 -4.03 640 -26.28 -3.76 660 -26.70 -3.77 34 Invar (3); H = 19.8 410 -13.14 -1.40 440 -14.04 -1.15 480 -14.10 -0.80 520 -13.86 -0.44 560 -13.80 -0.17 600 -13.32 0.00 640 -13.62 +0.14 660 -13.62 +0.23 38 Co (3); H = 22.1 410 -21.72 -1.79 440 -21.78 -1.68 480 -21.12 -1.43 520 -21.18 -1.33 560 -21.24 -1.23 600 -21.48 -1.20 640 -22.02 -1.07 660 -22.08 -1.08 39Co (2); H = 18.4 439 -21.7 -1.595 471 -21.2 -1.334 505 -20.9 -1.223 546 -20.7 -1.135 588 -20.8 -1.038 623 -21.0 -0.857 656 -21.4 -0.697 46 Ni (2); H = 15.8 439 - 7.3 -0.51 471 - 6.7 -0.25 505 - 6.6 -0.20 546 - 6.4 -0.15 588 - 6.5 -0.05 623 - 6.8 +0.04 656 - 6.9 +0.12 48 Ni (3); H = 20.5 410 -10.86 -0.97 440 - 8.82 -0.65 480 - 7.74 -0.35 520 - 7.74 -0.17 560 - 8.28 -0.07 600 - 8.64 +0.11

55 Cu, Mn, Al (2); H = 16.8 X rm e 439 + 0.05 -0.66 471 - 1.0 -0.64 505 - 1.5 -0.64 546 - 2.1 -0.42 588 - 2.3 -0.20 623 - 2.2 -0.10 656 - 2.1 0.00

48.—(Continued) X rm e 640 - 8.22 +0.23 660 - 8.40 +0.24 49 Ni (2); H = 17.7 439 - 9.3 -0.86 471 - 8.9 -0.44 505 - 8.2 -0.25 546 - 8.1 -0.15 588 - 8.3 -0.04 623 - 8.5 +0.14 656 - 8.7 +0.27

* Reflecting surface is parallel to face of octahedron, t Quenched.

TABLE 4.—POLAR REFLECTION, PLANE POLARIZED LIGHT, OBLIQUE INCIDENCE, FE (ll) Filtered sunlight, sensibly homogeneous. No statement regarding composition and source of Fe, nor of the values of X, H, and /. Probably the Fe was magnetically saturated, i = angle of incidence. R\\\Rj_] = rotation when plane of vibration (electric vector) of incident light is parallel [perpendicular] to plane of incidence. If the plane of vibration of the incident light makes a characteristic angle on with the plane of incidence, the reflected light is plane polarized and its plane of vibration makes an angle OT with plane of incidence. Angles are positive when measured in the direction of the Amperian currents which produce the field. Unit of i = 1°; of AJJ, R j_, OLÌ and
I

6.0 15.5 22.2 36.4 44.3 56.9 68.1 76.6 84.8 87.2 i*

40.9 47.9 54.9 63.0 67.8 72.8 76.6 82.6

~2R\\

I

33 33 33.5 36 45 52.8 51 45 15 6 I

-2R\\

59.9 60.2 61.2 60.9 59.2 51.6 38 12

-2R

I

33 32.4 31.2 30 28.8 24.6 19.2 12 6 1_5 I

-2RA,

38 34 29.6 24.1 20.5 16.3 11.9 5.2

2oi

I

-19.8 -10.2 + 3.0 +7.2 +13.2 I

at

-46.8 -29.4 -16 - 1.2 + 5.8 +11.2 +13.4 +17.6

2ar

+57.2 +57.1 +44.8 +36 +20 I

CLr

+114.6 + 95.2 + 80 + 61.9 + 54.8 + 47.4 + 39.4 +29.2

* H is greater than for data in above table.

TABLE 5.—LONGITUDINAL REFLECTION, PLANE POLARIZED LIGHT, OBLIQUE INCIDENCE / is parallel to surface and to plane of incidence. No statement regarding composition and source of Fe, nor of the values of X, Hj and 7. Probably the Fe was magnetically saturated. For notation, see Table 4. Three specimens. Fe (12) Fe.—(Continued) i 2Ä|| 2R± i 2R\\ 2R± 11 + 2.3 -2.5 20 +4 -5 60 +H -9 30 +67 -6.6 65 + 8.7 35 + 7.6 70 + 6.5 -7.9 40 +8 -6.7 75 + 4.5 45 + 9 78.9 O -6.7 80 50 +10 -9 - ! 55 +10.5 85 - 3 -3

Steel (7) 2B|| + 2.7 + 7.3 + 7.7 + 6.9 + 7.5 + 8.7 + 8.1 + 6.8 + 2.6 - 2.3 - 1.9

i 19.0 29.9 39.5 50.1 61.3 65.0 70.0 75.0 80.3 82.0 85.2

2ßi_ -4.8 -4.5 -6.6 -7.7 -8.0 -9.4 -7.1 -6.0

Ni, Electrolytic Ni on steel ( 7 ) i 2R\\ 2R± 20.0 0.0 30.1 + 1.8 -1.7 40.0 + 1.4 -2.7 50.0 + 0.3 -4.7 61.5 - 0.7 -4.2 65.3 - 2.2 -3.8 75.0 - 1.9 -1.1

-4.3 -3.9

I

TABLE 6.—TRANSVERSE REFLECTION, PLANE POLARIZED LIGHT, OBLIQUE INCIDENCE (6) 7 is parallel to surface and perpendicular to plane of incidence. When / = O, the intensity of that component of the reflected light which is polarized in plane of incidence is equal to that of the component polarized perpendicular thereto, if the plane of polarization of the incident light makes an angle 6 with the plane of incidence. When I is not zero, the equality occurs when the angle is 6 + y. i = angle of incidence. The key numbers refer to Table 1 where the material is more fully defined. Tabulated values = 2??; unit of r\ — 1'; of X = Im/* = 10~6 mm = 10 A. I 730 I 910 [I X 1210 | 1650 | 2100 26 Fe or steel || i \ 26 Fe or steel + 3.77 19.8 + 3.0 + 0.4 0^0" + 3.9 + 4.3 41.9+ 3.9 + 0.5f - 1.2* +9.42*+9 +11.0 66.8 + 5.6f + 0.4 - 4 . 4 +17.8Of+16 +14.2 70 -3.7 +17.11 +15.7Ì +12.Ot 74.5 -7.5 + 9.87 + 5.2 + 1.5 75.0+ 4.0 - 4.0 + 5 . 6 f + 2 . 5 8 0 . 0 - 4 . 0 - 6 . 4 -11 +4.88 - 5 . 0 83.5-11.0 -16.0 -17.1 + 1.00 - 3.0 - 6.2 85 - 9.6 -2.3 86.8-12.9 -16.8§ - 2 . 5 - 5 . 0 88.3-7.511-13.8 -16.2

X i 18.6 19.6 40.9 66.8 74.6 79.9 80.0 83.4 86.4 87.3 88.3 X I i I 18.0 18.6 40.8 41.8 56.8 66.9 74.6 75 83.4 83.5 85 86.4 86.5

I \

590

590 I 740 I 39Co +1.3 +1.60 +3.98 +4.0 +5.6 +7.30 +6.56 +5.7 -1.00 -1.7-

930 [I [I +1.1

+3.0 +4.7 +4.3 -6.2 -8.6

-2.07 -3.5

-7.8

X | i I 18.0 29.8 41.8 56.8 66.9 72.5 75 77.5 80 83.5 85 86.5 88

1240 | 1700 | 39Co + 0.2 + 0.8 + 1.5 + 1.2 + 1.8 + 1.0 + 1.5 + 1.6 + 0.7 - 0.5 - 0.9 - 3.9 -9.2 -12.5 -13.4 -13.0 - 8.9

* t is 0.1° < tabulated. f * is 0.1° > tabulated. § t is 0.6° > tabulated. j[ t is 0.3° < tabulated.

X i 4Ö7s 66.9 79.9 83.4

I i

590 [I 49 Ni I] +1.24 +0.70 -1.41 -2.09

2130 O

+ 1.0 + 0.8 + 0.3 + 1.6

-5.8 -14.5

Î t is 0.2° > tabulated.

X I' 740 I 1240 | i I 49 Ni 20 -0.3 -0.7 60.5 -0.9 -3.6 67 -1.0 -5.4 74.8 -2.7 -5.9

2120 -1.2 -3.1 -3.9 -5.6

LITERATURE

TABLE 6.—(Continued) X

i 86.4

'I

590

I 49Ni -1.40

[I

IJ

X

I

740

i I 80 -4.5 85 -3.9 87.5 -2.3 88.6 -1.3

I

1240

|

49Ni -7.9 -7.3 -5.9 -4.0

2120


-6.3 -5.8 -4.1 -2.3

(!) Barker, 67, 29:1; 26. ( 2 ) Dziewulski, 63,13: 642; 12. (3) Foote, 0, 34: 96; 12. (4) Ingersoll, 3, 11: 41; 06. ( 5 ) Ingersoll, 3, 18: 74; 09. (6)Ingersoll, 2, 35: 312; 12. (7) Kundt, 8, 23: 228; 84. ( 8 ) Loria, 8, 38: 889; 12. ( 6 ) Martin, 8, 39: 625; 12. (io) Martin, 8, 55: 561; 18. ( l l ) Righi, 0, 9. 65; 86. ( 12 ) Righi, 6, 10: 200; 87. (13) Skinner and Tool, 3, 16: 833; 08.

MAGNETOSTRICTION AND ALLIED EFFECTS S. R. WILLIAMS Magnetostriction comprises that group of magnetic phenomena in which the application of a magnetic field is accompanied by changes in dimensions of the body, and those reciprocal relations in which the application of a stress is accompanied by changes in magnetic properties. The names of the various phenomena, and the more important or interesting papers treating of them, are as follows: Length Effects Joule effect—change in length due to a magnetic field ( 3 > 4> 7 » 8> 13, 20, 24, 27, 35, 36, 39, 46, 59, 62).

Villari effect—change in magnetization due to a longitudinal Stress (15, 26, 32, 52, 54, 60).

Transverse Joule effect—change in dimensions normal to magnetic field (9, 20, 27, 59). Transverse Villari effect—change in magnetic properties normal to stress. Wertheim effect—bending due to a magnetic field ( 17 J 34 > 55 ). Converse of Wertheim effect—magnetic properties changed by bending. Change in Young's modulus due to a magnetic field ( 12 > 25 > 47 > 48, 49).

Circular Effects Wiedemann effect—twist due to interaction of longitudinal and circular fields ( 6 > 16> 29 > 39> 43> 56 > 58). Wiedemann effect, No. 2—longitudinal magnetization produced by twisting circularly magnetized rod ( 39 > 56). Wiedemann effect, No. 3—circular magnetic field produced by twisting longitudinally magnetized rod ( 37 > 39» 56). Coefficient of rigidity changed by magnetization ( 12 » 25 > 47 > 48 > 49

).

Mechanically twisted rods twisted by a circular or longitudinal magnetic field. Volume Effects Barrett effect—volume change due to magnetization ( 4 > 38).

11

J

30

>

Nagaoka and Honda effect—changes in magnetic properties due to hydrostatic pressure. Change in bulk modulus due to a magnetic field ( 12 > 25 > 47 > 48 > 49 ). Allied Effects Change in electrical resistance due to a magnetic field ( 19 > 31 > 40, 42, 57) ; seepf 414. Change in thermoelectric emf's due to a magnetic field ( 1 J 45 > 50> 51 ); seep. 213. Emf due to magnetization ( 10 > 14 > 41 > 44 ). Change in frequency of a tuning fork when subjected to a magnetic field ( 2 ^, 33). Sounds produced by magnetization ( 2 > 3» 22 > 53> 61 > 63). The Joule and the Villari are the fundamental magnetostrictive effects, the others being merely special cases of them or of the superposition of two or more of them. The changes in the elastic moduli are to be regarded as the result of the changes in dimension which result from the Joule effects. Owing to the many factors which affect magnetostrictive phenomena—heat treatment, stress, hardness, impurities, previous magnetic history, etc., which factors are unknown in most of the work which has been done—it is extremely difficult to estimate the accuracy of the data. Those given in the following tables were selected as illustrative, rather than as exact numerical data applicable to definite materials; and the materials represented are those which will probably be most frequently needed for comparative studies. Much additional information will be found in the papers already listed. In careful work, the Joule effect can be determined with an accuracy of 4 % to 5 % for iron, and with a somewhat lower accuracy (4 % to 6 %) for other materials; the Wiedemann effect can be observed to a higher precision; the Barrett effect is extremely difficult to measure; 10 % is a fair average of probable error. If at the center of a bar the magnetic field is H-NI1 where H is the applied field and 7 is the intensity of magnetization of the bar, N is called the demagnetizing factor. Most data are expressed in terms of H-NI] exceptions are suitably indicated.

TABLE 1.—LONGITUDINAL JOULE EFFECT Tabular values = A; A X 10~"6 = (Z — Z0)/Z0; Z, Z0 = length of specimen in field = H1 field = O. Unit of H = 1 cgsm = 1 gauss; of one constituent (C, Ni, or Co) of alloy = ! % ; £ = centigrade temperature Fe, C, Iron-carbon alloys ( 1 3 )

||

Fe, Soft* iron (2*)

C

^7r^^ H ^-»^. ~ 20 40 60 80 100 200 300 400 500

0.60 0.74 0.89 0.98 1.18 1.37 ^7^^-^° ! 0-6° °-74 0.89 0.98 1.18 1.37 |7>-^ -186 8.4 168 319 ti ^"*^ I H ^-"^ 1.24 0.75 0.2 0.36 0.87 0.70 600 -4.88-4.09-3.82-4.24-3.68-3.65 50 1.86 1.60 1.062.00 1.68 1.24 0.5 0.77 1.38 1.40 700 -5.52-4.60-4.34-4.73-4.25-4.14 100 3.30 3.20 3.204.53 1.76 1.41 0.65 0.92 1.44 1.53 800 -5.86-4.99-4.67-5.13-4.65-4.52 150 2.93 3.03 3.404.78 1.74 1.34 0.67 0.87 1.37 1.47 1000 -6.28-5.53-5.24-5.72-5.36-5.13 200 2.10 2.40 3.104.74 1.56 1.17 0.57 0.72 1.22 1.26 1200 -6.65-5.84-5.62-6.12-5.86-5.58 300 -0.30 0.55 1.754.21 0.10-0.04-0.34-0.42 0.07-0.06 1400 -6.96-6.02-5.90-6.38-6.21-5.87 400 -2.56-1.15 0.403.68 -1.46-1.43-1.46-1.79-1.20-1.23 1600 -7.24-6.09-6.08-6.56-6.42-6.01 500 -4.50-2.63-0.723.20 -2.88-2.54-2.38-2.83-2.24-2.29 1800 -7.53-6.15-6.23-6.74-6.57-6.16 600 -6.07-3.90-1.672.80 -4.03-3.43-3.20-3.61-3.04-3.04 700 -7.25-4.95-2.222.50 800 -8.20-5.70-2.632.30 900 -9.14-6.05-3.002.18 * Demagnetizing factor = 0.0683, not corrected for; H = applied field. Fe, Ni, Iron-nickel alloy8 (") || Ni, Nickel* ( 2 *)

Î ri

1 ^-—-^? ~-

50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 ^P^—^--ÏL 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550

__

O

9.2

18.5 29.1 36.9

50

70

I

73.8

83

2.63 2.14 1.86 2.54 12.10 12.20 7.23 3.00 -5.75 -10.75 2.82 4.17 3.72 3.68 15.93 16.40 9.10 3.30 -6.38 -17.30 2.28 5.83 5.56 4.29 17.30 18.00 9.82 3.43 -6.65 -20.10 1.64 7.18 7.02 4.79 18.13 18.95 10.26 3.53 -6.81 -22.05 0.96 8.32 8.17 5.26 18.67 19.58 10.61 3.63 -6.92 -23.20 0.35 9.33 9.15 5.72 19.10 19.96 10.90 3.72 -6.98 -23.57 -0.18 10.23 10.03 6.17 19.45 20.30 11.13 3.78 -7.00 -23.75 -0.63 11.02 10.80 6.63 19.80 20.63 11.29 3.83 -7.02 -23.92 -1.00 11.74 11.50 7.08 20.10 20.95 11.42 3.88 -7.04 -24.10 -1.31 12.41 12.12 7.53 20.35 21.26 11.52 3.91 -7.05 -24.27 -1.57 13.45 12.71 7.98 | 20.60 21.58 11.60 3.95 -7.05 -24.45 Fe, Co, Iron-cobalt alloys ( 2 1 ) || O

J

10

20

30

40

50

70

80

90

~186

i 92.3 JI I^T^^-^J l ti —•—^.

100

2.97 10 45 13.85 21.40 28.70 17.00 20.70 4.36 -5.40 - 2.55 3.10 13.30 17.16 27.10 37.00 27.00 34.60 4.76 -6.58 - 4.60 2.62 14.55 19.00 29.56 40.40 33.90 43.55 4.00 -6.65 - 6.07 2.00 15.33 20.06 30.75 42.23 39.00 49.72 2.83 -6.50 - 6.96 1.20 15.84 20.60 31.21 43.60 43.10 54.30 1.44 -6.22 - 7.64 0.30 16.10 20.87 31.36 44.47 46.20 57.35 0.06 -5.87 - 8.16 -0.46 16.20 20.95 31.44 44.99 48.50 59.67 -1.26 -5.52 - 8.60 -1.07 16.16 20.92 31.49 45.37 50.25 61.40 -2.25 -5.13 - 9.03 -1.56 16.06 20.82 31.49 45.62 51.62 62.78 -3.20 -4.70 - 9.45 -1.98 15.91 20.69 31.49 45.80 52.80 63.83 -4.10 -4.25 - 9.83 -2.32 15.78 20.58 31.50 46.00 53.85 64.67 -4.96 -3.78 -10.21

17.2( 197

376

50 - 6.75 - 9.60 - 7.43 -0.19 100 -15.53-20.00-13.85-0.49 150 -20.65-26.00-16.92-0.53 200 -23.80-29.70-18.33-0.55 300 —27.20—33.10—19.52—0.55 400 -29.75-34.70-20.10-0.54 500 -32.00-35.45-20.50-0.54 600 -33.80 -36.03 -20.70 -0,54 700 -35.27-36.50-20.90-0.54 800 -36.44-36.82-21.00-0.54 900 -37.30 -37.10 -21.02 -0.54 Cu, Mn, Al, Heusler alloysf ( 18 ) H 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550

|

I

II

III

IV

(K99Ö 0.184 0.700 0.646 1.270 0.223 1.030 0.784 1.405 0.249 1.137 0.867 1.505 0.263 1.169 0.929 1.577 0.266 1.191 0.964 1.627 0.269 1.213 0.981 1.665 0.272 1.234 0.989 1.692 0.275 1.255 0.997 1.710 0.278 1.274 1.040 1.723 0.280 1.294 1.011 1.734 0.283 1.313 1.016

* Demagmetizing factor = 0.0801, not corrected for; H = applied field. t I = 64.49Cu, 20.39Mn, 13.25A1; II = 70.14Cu, 18.03Mn, 10.03A1; III ~59.43Cu, 22.60Mn, 14.50A1; IV = 65.22Cu, 19.76Mn, 11.13A1.

TABLE 2.—JOULE EFFECT: MAGNETITE CRYSTAL (20)

TABLE 3.—CHANGE IN YOUNG'S MODULUS WITH MAGNETIC FIELD

A2, As, A* — value of A along the digonal, trigonal, tetragonal Ey EQ = Young's modulus in field = H1 field = O; F = tension axis. A X IO"6 = (I - 10)/10; I1 I0 = length in field = H, in of specimen; AP = increase of F in determination of E; (E — field = O. Unit of H = 1 cgsm = 1 gauss. E0)/E0 = 0.0.1A. Tabular values = A. Unit of F = 1 kg/cm 2 = 980 665 barye = 14.22 lb./in.2 Longitudinal Transverse Ni, Nickel ( 2 S); 10.O0C, AF =^74.3 Fe* A2 I A3 I A4 ~ A2 I A3 I A4 900 4.04 2.01 -0.54 - 7.60 - 2.60 0.76 ;X5 154.0 302.1 449.8 ^X** 154.0 302.1 449.8 ^xj^ 162.7 " \. ti ^\ ti ^\ 1000 5.10 2.42 - 0 . 6 3 - 9 . 7 5 - 3 . 5 0 0.91 5 - 0.13 - 0.30 -0.10 80 -2.32 -8.18 -7.92 50 0.08 1500 10.09 4.46 -1.18-18.50-8.10 1.67 10 - 1.40- 0.70-0.23 90 -1.62-6.35-9.86 75 0.15 2000 14.35 6.37 -1.82-25.25-12.40 2.42 20 - 5.80- 1.73-0.67 100 -1.08-5.00-9.80 100 0.18 30 -11.30-3.18-1.31 150 +0.24-1.78-4.44 150 0.22 2500 17.85 8.04 -2.47-30.55-16.33 3.07 3000 20.93 9.40 -3.03-35.10-19.60 3.5740 -13.00-5.27-2.17 200 +1.03-1.15-3.03 200 0.24 50 -7.30-8.55-3.23 300 +2.14-0.37-1.47 300 0.26 3500 23.80 10.48 -3.50-38.70-22.13 3.94 60 -4.60-11.85-4.55 400 +2.40+0.22-0.78 400 0.28 4000 26.57 11.34 -3.85-41.33-24.04 4.20 70 - 3.26 -11.54 -6.10 4500 29.20 12.04 -4.08-43.20-25.77 4.35 * Swedish iron ( 2S ); 11.50C, A^ = 78.4.

TABLE 4.—WIEDEMANN EFFECT (^>) The circular field is in all cases produced by the current J flowing along the geometrical axis of the specimen, which is a circular cylinder, bar or tube. H - longitudinal field which produces the twist
3.12 5.26 8.86 0.0570.0800.186 0.2350.4080.706 0.4350.6480.954 0.4660.6880.941 0.3640.5150.733 0.2800.3770.533 0.1550.2220.302 0.1060.1510.186 0.0710.0710.120 0.044 0.062 0.084 0.0220.0440.062

TABLE 6.—DEMAGNETIZATION OF RODSBY IMPACT ANDBY TORSION tf»[0'] = total magnetic flux across given section of rod before [after] impact or torsion; x = distance of section from end struck, or from clamped end; 0 = twist per unit length; D = ( — <£')/<£• Unit of 0 = 1 cgsm = 1 maxwell; x = 1 cm; 6 = 1' per cm; D = 1%. Tool steel ( 5 ); single impact at x = O; total length = 110 cm

x

I

I D

H x

* I D

H x

I

* I ~

2 1296 11.0 29 7266 12.4 89 6301 10.6 5 2572 12.9 35 7831 12.0 95 5282 10.5 7 ^XJ 6.55 ti ^-^ 2.00 4.37 8 3349 14.2 44 8355 11.6 98 4666 10.5 11 4159 14.1 56 8559 11.5 101 3960 10.4 25 -0.288 -0.888 -1.243 14 4864 13.9 68 8260 11.3 104 3122 10.2 50 -0.302-1.052-1.421 17 5484 13.6 77 7675 10.9 107 2189 9.6 75 -0.217-0.879-1.221 23 6497 13.0 83 7082 10.7 110 1089 8.2 100 -0.164-0.733-1.021 150 -0.089-0.506-0.755 Norway iron ( 5 ); uniform torsion; total length 110 cm. For 200 -0.058-0.371-0.577 30 < x < 80, D is independent of x, and = A; for points nearer 300 -0.026-0.222-0.386 the ends, D may differ from Dc by 12% of Dc. Value of 4> at 400 -0.022-0.164-0.293 central section = 1500 maxwell. 500 -0.018-0.133-0.244 0.818 T796 2!S4 57426.16 600 -0.016 -0.106 -0.200 e Dc 21.6 43.2 55.7 68.2 77.6 700 -0.013-0.075-0.146

Fe, C, Low carbon steel: tubes ( 58 ) 7 1.00 1.50 1.50 2.00 ti^T^^^^-J""--—-^____ 0-52 ÎÔ0.3010.7021.2530.2510.377 20 1.332 2.682 4.436 1.255 1.757 30 1.805 3.561 5.226 1.962 2.610 40 1.499 2.924 4.493 1.862 2.534 50 1.223 2.387 3.684 1.606 2.133 60 0.978 1.959 2.964 1.330 1.752 LITERATURE 70 0.771 1.583 2.362 1.104 1.418 80 0.616 1.285 1.917 0.916 1.129 (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) 90 0.499 1.063 1.575 0.763 0.898 O) Bachmetjew, 8, 43: 723; 91. ( 2 ) Barkhausen, 63, 20: 401; 19. ( 3 ) Bar100 0.405 0.877 1.296 0.627 0.713 rett, 3, 47: 51; 74. ( 4 ) Barrett, 08, 26: 585; 82. («) Becknell, 2, 8: 504; 150 0.065 0.277 0.382 0.070 0.109 16. («) Beetz, 8, 128: 193; 66. (7) Bidwell, 5, 55: 228; 94. 56: 94; 94. (8) Brackett, 8, 5: 257; 97. ( 9 ) Brown, 117, 15: 121; 16. 200 -0.095-0.018+0.012 -0.100-0.031 8, 58: 564; 96. (* 1J Cantone, 22, 6: 252; 90. O2) Chi-Sun Yeh, 250 -0.160-0.150-0.217 -0.109-0.105 (i O)0;Bucherer, work with P. W. Bridgman, Harvard Univ. (*3) Dorsey, 2, 30: 698: 10. do* = 0.1600 cm 0.2447 cm (*4) Elias, 64V, 23: 455; 14. ( 15 ) Ewing, Magnetic induction in iron and di* = 0.0794 cm 0.0970 cm other metals. New York, Van Nostrand, 1900. ( 16 ) Groesser, Diss., Rostock. ( 17 ) Guillemin, 34, 22: 264, 432; 46. O 8) Guthe and Austin, Z* = 79.8cm 79.7 cm 19

SlA, 2: 297; 06. ( ) Heaps, 3, 22: 900; 11. 24: 813; 12. C 2 ») Heaps, 2, 24: 60; 24. (21) Honda and Kido, 159, 9: 221; 20. (22) Honda and Shimizu, 3, 4: 645; 02. (23) Honda and Shimizu, 3, 5: 650; 03. (24) TABLE 5.—NAGAOKA-HONDA EFFECT (*2) Honda and Shimizu, 44, 19: No, 10; 03. (2S) Honda and Terada, 3, 13: 36; 07. (26) Honda and Terada, 3, 14: 65; 07. ( 2 7) Joule, 3, 30: 76, 225; B, BQ — Magnetic induction in specimen in field H when 47. (28) Kirstein, 63, 4: 829; 03. (29) Knott, 174, 32: 193; 87. 3, 30: pressure = P, pressure = O; A = (B — B0)/BP. Unit of A = 244; 90. 37: 141; 94. 10-6cm2/kg = 1.0197 X lO'^barye-1 = 7.0307 X 10-7in.2/lb. = (30) Knott, 174, 38: 527; 97. (31) Laws, 3, 19: 685; 10. (32) Matteucci, 0, 1 2 53: 385; 58. (33) Maurain, 34, 121: 248; 95. (34) Miller, 8, 25: 250; 25. 1.0332 X 10-Mn ; of H = 1 cgsm = 1 gauss; of P = 1 kg/cm = (35) More, 3, 40: 345; 95. (36) Nagaoka, 3, 37: 131; 94. (37) Nagaoka 980 665 barye = 14.22 lb./in.2 = 0.9678An. and Honda, in Honda and Shimizu, 44, 13: 263; 00. (38) Nagaoka and Honda, 3, 46: 261; 98. ( 3 «) Nagaoka and Honda, 3, 4: 45; 02. Fe, C, Iron;* H = 1.30 [I Fe, Iron;t P = 7 510 (40) Onnes and Beckman, 64P, 15: 319; 12. (41) Paillot, 34, 132: 1318; 01. P \ A \ P \ A H \ A \ H \ A (42) Patterson, 3, 3: 643; 02. (43) Pidgeon, 2, 13: 209; 19. (44) Rowland 1010-2.13 7590 -1.90 0.27 -2.27 1.35 -5.38and Bell, 3, 26: 105; 88. ( 4 S) Smith, 8, 19: 285; 22. (46) Stevens, 2, 7: 1 9 3 0 - 2 . 1 0 8 4 9 0 -1.95 0.38 -3.31 1.62 -4.72 19; 98. (47) Stevens, 2, 10: 161; 00. (48) Stevens, 8t 11: 95; 00, (*») Stevens and Dorsey, 8, 9: 116; 99. 3470-2.01 9570 -1.94 0.54 -3.67 1.89 -3.86(so) Strouhal and Barus, 8, 14: 54; 81. (51) Thomson, Collected papers in 4370-1.9110320 -1.95 0.76 -4.45 2.16 -3.14 physics and engineering, 2: 286; 12. (52) Tomlinson, 3, 29: 394; 90. ( 53 ) 24. (54) Villari, 8, 126: 87; 66. ( 5S ) Wertheim, 34, 5360-1.9411290 -1.94 0.97 -5.15 2.70 -2.27 Tyndall, 2, 24: 439; 22: 336; 46. ( 56 ) Wiedemann, Die Lehre von der Elektricität, HI. Braun6 460 -1.94 1.08 -5.51 3.79J: -1.43 schweig, Vieweg, 1893-98. ( 57 ) Williams, 3, 9: 77; 05. ( 5S ) Williams, 2, * Carbonized, 32: 281; 11. ( 5 ») Williams, 2, 4: 498; 14. t Pure iron. (60) Williams, 66, 19: 130; 19. (61) Williams, 2, 22: 526; 23. ( 62 ) Williams, Î For H = 4.87, A = -0.99. Testing, 1: 190; 24. (63) Zschiesche, 96, 11: 201; 22. * do, di = outer, inner diameter of tube, I = free length of tube.

ATMOSPHERIC ELECTRICITY W. F. G. SWANN CONTENTS Potential gradient. Ionic content of atmosphere.

MATIÈRES Gradient de potentiel. Teneur ionique de l'atmosphère.

INHALTSVERZEICHNIS Potential-Gradient. lonengehalt der Atmosphäre.

Conductivity of atmosphere.

Conductibilité de l'atmosphère.

Leitfähigkeit der Atmosphäre.

Miscellaneous data. Air-earth current density.

Données diverses. Densité de courant air-terre.

Verschiedene Daten. Stromdichte Luft-Erde.

Rate of recombination of atmospheric ions.

Vélocité de recombinaison des ions atmosphériques.

Charge on rain. Lightning.

Charge sur la pluie. Éclair.

Potential Gradient.—See Tables 1, 2 and Figs. 1, 2, 3, 4. The values are supposed to represent the gradient as it would be if the effective surface of the earth were a true plane. The main sources of error lie in (a) an uncertainty of the correction for the non-planar form of the effective surface of the earth, and (6) errors due to leakage from the collector system ( 4 ). No precise limits of accuracy can be given without a precise study of each individual case, which is impracticable. As a result of the first (a) source of error, determinations on land have occasionally been unexpectedly found in error by as much as 50%. The importance of the second (6) source of error depends upon the speed of the collector; in a typical case in which it required one minute to obtain a reading within 1% of its final value, the error due to leakage resulting from atmospheric conductivity alone amounted to 1%. From an analysis of the diurnal variation over the ocean, Mauchly ( 22 ) has concluded that this variation is primarily due to a 24 hour wave which progresses according to universal, rather than local, time; he finds the same 24 hour wave from land observations, but for these it is not so large a part of the entire effect. TABLE 1.—POTENTIAL GRADIENT: LAND VALUES For ocean values, see Table 2. Mean values over the interval indicated: Long. = longitude east of Greenwich, Pot. Grad. = potential gradient, potential increasing upwards. (See also Figs. 1 to 4.) Unit of Pot. Grad. = 1 volt/meter = 3.33e X 10'5 cgse unit per cm. T»I T T Inter., Place Lat.j. Long. , ~Pot., TLit. 6 val Grad. Karasjok 69.3° N. 25.6° fyr Ï39 (6) Upsala 59.9 N. 15.2 2 70 (24) Moscow 55.7 N. 37.6 112 (i») Potsdam 52.4 N. 13.1 4 245 ( 6 ) Kew 51.5 N. 359.7 15 304 (<*) Seeham 48.0 N. 13.1 12 84 (29) 48.0 N. 14.1 10 107 ( 6 ) Kremsmünster Munich 48.1 N. 11.6 5 168 (6) Davos 46.8 N. 9.8 2 64 (6) Trieste 45.6 N. 13.8 2 73 (6) Perpignan 42.7 N. 357.1 2 55 (30) Tortosa 40.8 N. 0.5 7 114 (6) Buenos Aires 34.6 S. 301.6 1 126 (3) Petermann 1 65.2 S. 295.8 1 176 (**) TABLE 2.—POTENTIAL GRADIENT, IONIC CONTENT AND CONDUCTIVITY or THE ATMOSPHERE, AND AIR-EARTH CURRENT DENSITY: OCEAN VALUES For land values, see Table 1, potential gradient; Table 3, ionic content; Table 4, conductivity and current density. Com-

Geschwindigkeit der Wiedervereinigung atmosphärischer Ionen. Ladung am Regen. Blitz.

INDICE PAGE Gradiente di potenziale 442 Contenuto ionico dell' atmosfera 442 Conducibilità dell'atmosfera 444 Dati diversi. Densità della corrente aria-terra 444 Velocità di ricombinazione dei ioni atmosferici 444 Carica della pioggia 444 Lampi 445

piled from ( 4 > 4<1 ); data are averages for the region, and are based on observations distributed over one or two weeks and taken near 10 A. M. local mean time. Long. = longitude east of Greenwich; Pot. Grad. = potential gradient, potential increasing upwards; n+ [n_] = number of + [ —] ions per cm3 of air; X+[X_] = conductivity due to + [ — ] ions; i = current density of positive current from air to earth, i — (X+ + X_) X potential gradient. Dates are written thus: 3:20:15 = March 20, 1915. Unit of Pot. Grad. = 1 volt/meter = 3.33e X 10~5 cgse unit (per cm); of X+ and X_ = 10~4 cgse unit; of i = 10~7 cgse unit (per cm3). Region Mean Pot. n+ + nLat. I Long. date Grad.* 2 0 0 N. E. 12-31283-29312:18:15 117 490 2-8260-280 4:21:15 126 760 8-16233-258 5: 5:15 115 860 17-21204-230 5:16:15 109 920 22-36199-201 4: 7:15 112 690 37-52190-196 4:15:15 129 730 56-59175-193 8:11:15 155 790 32-54163-173 8:24:15 144 610 14-30165-171 9: 8:15 115 880 2-14162-166 9:23:15 102 820 1-19158-16310: 8:15 115 670 22-47155-17310:24:15 104 850 0 0 S. E. 46-56175-19812:11:15 109 840 59-60209-27112:24:15 145 660 54-59280-327 1: 8:16 165 690 52-54349-42f 1:26:16 114 630 36-52 47-93 2: 8:16 110 810 34-54 95-108 2:22:16 118 750 41-59110-133 3: 8:16 138 820 45-57135-173 3:26:16 122 870

n+ n_

X+ + "*" " X-

1.03 1.20 1.05 0.93 1.16 1.27 1.26 1.41 1.16 1.19 1.19 1.19

1.70 2.75 2.90 3.28 2.57 2.54 2.62 2.35 3.19 3.18 2.66 2.76

1.18 5.8 1.1811.1 1.2410.4 1.0512.1 1.45 9.3 1.1310.4 1.1512.4 1.3310.9 1.2212.0 1.1810.7 1.1310.3 1.14 9.5

1.28 1.30 1.25 1.15 1.15 1.18 1.26 1.18

2.63 2.50 2.54 2.10 2.71 2.89 3.02 2.83

1.2510.0 1.3411.7 1.2512.2 1.23 7.9 1.22 9.8 1.1910.9 1.2514.2 1.1414.1

* Deduced from observed change in potential of a conductor that is moved in the earth's field ( 4 ). t Taken, of course, over the lesser portion of the small circle.

Ionic Content.—The numbers n+ and n_, of positive and of negative ions per cm3, are derived from (n+ + n_)/2 and n + /n_ (Table 3). As the atmospheric potential gradient tends to decrease the rate at which negative ions enter "the measuring instrument, the values of n_ are apt to be too low. The size of this error depends upon instrumental details and the effect of surrounding objects, and may exceed 20% ( 21 > 23, 37, 38, 39). With the Ebert aspiration apparatus, the ions measured are mostly the so-called "small" ions, which, in laboratory experiments, have mobilities of 1.3 cm/sec per volt/cm. for the +ions and 1.8

FIG. 1.—Diurnal variation of potential gradient ( 2 4 ). Ordinates= percentage of the mean gradient for the season (summer, winter, or year), abscissae = local mean time. winter -. -, year — .

Summer

FIG. 3.—Annual variation of potential gradient: Southern hemisphere (6).

FIG. 2.—Annual variation of potential gradient: Northern hemisphere ( 6 ).

for the —ions. In addition to these, so-called "large" ions of mobility about 1/3000 cm/sec per volt/cm, and " intermedia te" ions of mobility of the order 0.01 are to be found in the atmosphere. The numbers of these larger ions vary very widely. Representative ratios of large to small ions are: In Paris 50 (Langevin), in Swiss Alps and in Freiburg 2 to 3 (Gockel), in Dublin 200 (McClelland and Kennedy). As determined on the fourth cruise of the Carnegie, the mobilities of the small ions over the Pacific and the sub-An tare tic Oceans averaged 1.3 cm/sec per volt/sec for both + and — ions. The large abnormalities in the mobilities of atmospheric "small" ions reported by some observers are probably attributable largely to experimental errors inherent in the methods used, the customary method with the Ebert apparatus leading in a large percentage of cases of observatory data to even a negative value of the mobility. TABLE 3.—IONIC CONTENT OF ATMOSPHERE: LAND VALUES For ocean values, see Table 2. These values have been reduced on the assumption that e = 4.8 X 10~10 es unit; most of them were obtained with Ebert's aspiration apparatus ( 18 > 36). Values of n + /n_ are apt to be too high, and of n_ too low. Dates are written thus: 8: 19, 20; 06 = August 19, 20, 1905. Long. = longitude east of Greenwich. Unit of n+ and n_ = 1 ion per cm.3 Place

Lat.

Karasjok 69.3° Kew 51.5 Freiburg 50.9 Munich 48.1 Aibling 47.9 Aibling 47.9 Jachenau 47.6 Barcelona* 41.4 Seewalchen Boliviaf Buenos Aires 34.6 * Barcelona harbor. t In high Cordilleras.

Long.

N. 2*Te N. 359.7 N. 16.3 N. 11.6 N. 12.0 N. 12.0 N. 11.4 N. 2.2 N. S. S. 301.6

Period

——^—

f y r 7 5 0 11 to 14 330 04 to 05 624 8: 19, 20; 05 994 06, summer 950 06, winter 913 5:05 915 1 day 541 8:6 to 9:20; 04 862 5: to 9: 09 1980 O: 11 to 4" 12 1980

r

-^-

Lit. 31

1.17 ( ) 1.40(4S) 1.36 ( 1 Z) 1.24(10) 1.25(8) 1.19(8) 2.16(10) 1.30 0°) 1.18 (27) 1.08(1«) 1.04(3)

land observations, the measured value of X+ is apt to be too high on account of the collection on the apparatus of radioactive material from the atmosphere. This error may amount to 5%. Values obtained by Schering's method, which involves measurement of rate of flow of charge from a body (usually a long wire) exposed to the free air, are apt to be too low on account of effect of earth's electric field (34), unless that field near the apparatus is very small, as seems to be the case at Potsdam. When this effect is neglected the values obtained are 20% to 30% lower than those obtained with the Gerdien apparatus. TABLE 4.—CONDUCTIVITY OF ATMOSPHERE, AND AIR-EARTH CURRENT DENSITY: LAND VALUES For ocean values, see Table 2; for values at high altitude, see Table 5. Long. = longitude east of Greenwich; X+, X_ = conductivity due to -fions, —ions; i = current density of positive current from air to earth, i = (X+ + X_) X potential gradient. Dates are written thus: 5: 09-4: 10 = May, 1909 to April, 1910; 4: 1-17; 06 = April 1 to 17, 1906. Unit of X+ and X_ = 10~4 cgse unit; of i — 10~7 cgse unit. Place I Lat. Greenland* 73.0° N. Edinburghf 56.0 N. Feeblest 55.7 N. Potsdam§ 52.4 N. Göttingen* 51.5 N. Munichf 48.1 N. Seeham§ 48.0 N. Davos§ 46.8 N. Simlaf 31.2 N. Samoa* 13.8 S. Buenos Aires*... 34.6 S. Petermann I*... 65.2 S.

Long. | 356.9 356.8 13.1 9.9 11.6 346.9 9.8 77.8 188.2 301.6 295.8

Period |x+ -f X. | X+/X07 to 08 5.53 1.28 5-6: 09 0.72 0:06-10:07 2.16 5:09-4:10 0.95 1.16 4: 1-17; 06 2.22 0.98 1-12: Q* 0.98 08-20 2.64 1.02 !year 2.68 1.13 11: 09 11.6 0:07-3:08 4.5 1.04 4, 6: 12 1.32 1.02 9 months 4.16 1.62

[ Î \ LitT 12.6(6)$ 8.4 (*) 13.4 («) 7.1(17) 8 O1) 6.1(<«) 6.9 (29) 5.2(») 10.8(33) 7.0(1) 5.7(3) 22.6(6)$

* By Gerdien's conductivity apparatus; values may be too low by 10 % or 15 %, see text. t By C. T. R. Wilson's method. Values of (X+ -f X_) - 2Xo, X 0 = directly observed X; i = 2Xo X potential gradient. $ Vol. Ill, p. 123 ( 6 ); observed by Wegener. § By Schering's method; values may be too low, see text.

TABLE 5.—CONDUCTIVITY OF ATMOSPHERE AT HIGH ALTITUDES (41)

Results of 4 ascensions; in each, data are reduced to correspond with (X + -f X_) = (1 to 1.5) X 10~4 cgse unit at earth's surface. Altitude = maximum altitude, tabulated values of (X + + X_) correspond to that altitude. Ascension | 1 [ 2 | 3 [ 4 | Unit (X++X_) 16.5 18.8 23.2 3 7 J J 1 0 ~ 4 cgse Altitude 5300 5385 8345 8865 meter Miscellaneous Data.—The air-earth current density is computed from the potential gradient and the conductivity, and is usually expressed in cgs electrostatic units per cm2 (=cgse units). See Tables 2 and 4. Rate of Recombination of Atmospheric Ions.—As determined by laboratory experiments with artificial ionization, the coefficient a in ~~dF^ = an+n- âs a vame about 1.6 X 10~6 cm3 per (ion sec) (cf. p. 110), but for atmospheric ions, a has, in general, been found to be of the order of (2 or 3) X IO"6. Recent work (25, 28)

FIG. 4.—Variation of potential gradient with altitude ( 30 ). Mean of results of various observers, each set reduced to correspond to 25 volt per meter at an altitude of 1500 meter.

indicates that for atmospheric ions ~JT-^ = an+n_ -\- ßn±, where

Conductivity of Atmosphere.—(Tables 2 and 4.) The conductivity (X+ -f X_) of the atmosphere is the sum of the conductivities due to the presence of the -f and of the — ions. For methods, see (18). Values of (X+ + X_) obtained by the Gerdien apparatus are apt to be too low, owing to neglect of effect of rod supporting the central cylinder. This error may amount to 10% or 15% (3S). In the ocean data recorded in Table 2, the measurements were taken in such a manner as to avoid this error. For

ß is considerably more important than a. Charge on Rain.—Rain may be charged either -J- or —. In Simla, Simpson ( 3 2) found that -f precipitation occurred 2.5 times as frequently as — precipitation, and in a long series of observations the total + charge brought down was 3.2 times as great as the total — charge. The corresponding values found at Potsdam (26) by Schindelhauer (confirmed by Kahler) are 2.2 and 1.4, and at Le-Puy-en-Velay by Baldit (2) are 2,86 and 1.36,

respectively. The charge on rain is generally less than l es unit per cm.3 Lightning.—Humphreys (16) estimates that the current associated with a lightning flash may, in certain cases, be of the order of 90 000 amperes. From a comprehensive series of experiments, C. T. R. Wilson ( 43 ) concludes that the average charge brought down in a lightning flash is of the order of 20 coulombs, and that the potential differences involved in the discharge are of the order of IO9 volt. LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) (i) Angenheister, 636, 9, No. 2; 11. 607, 28: 430; 11. (2) Baldit, Socmeteorol. France, Ann., 59: 105; 11. 199, 9: 92; 12. (3) Berndt, Veröff. deut Wise. Ver. Buenos Aires, No. 3. Berlin, 1913. 507, SO: 363; 13. ( 4 ) Bauer, Peters, Fleming, AuIt and Swann, 152, No. 175, III; 17. (4- 1 ) AuIt and Mauchly, 152, No. 175, V; 26. (5) Carseand MacOwan, 68, 30: 460; 10. («) Chauveau, Électricité atmosphérique. Paris, Douin, 1922-1925. 3v. (7) Chree, Encyclo. BriL, llth ed., 2: 860; 10. 13th ed., l: 257; 26. (8) Daunderer, 68, 10: 113; 09. ( 9 ) Domo, Studie über Licht und Luft der Hochgebirges. Braunschweig, Vieweg, 1911,

0°) Ebert, 63, 6: 641; 05. (11J Gerdien, 188, 1907: 77. (^) Gockel, 607, 23: 53, 339; 06. 25: 9; 08. ( 13 ) Gockel, Die Luftelektrizität. Leipzig, Hirzel, 1908. ( 14 ) von Kann, 607, 31: 504; 14. (15) Hess, Die elektrische Leitfähigkeit der Atmosphäre und ihre Ursachen. Braunschweig, Vieweg, 1926. O «) Humphreys, Physics of the air. Philadelphia, Lippincott, 1920. ( 17 ) Kahler, Veröff. kgl. preuss. meteorol. Inst., No. 223; 10. (18) Kahler, Luftelektrizität. 2nd ed. Gruyter, 1921. O») Knoche, 63, 12: 179; 11. ( 20 ) Mache and von Seh weidler, Die atmosphärische Elektrizität. Braunschweig, Vieweg, 1909. ( 21 ) Mackell, 2, 21: 436; 23, (*2) Mauchly, 268, 28: 61; 23. (") Nichols, 268, 21: 87; 16. ( 24 ) Norinder, 468, 58: No. 4; 18. ( 2S ) Power, 143, 196: 327; 23. ( 26 ) Schindelhauer, Abhandl. kgl. preuss. meteorol. Inst., No. 213; 09. No. 263; 13. Kahler, 63, 9: 258; 08. (27) von Seh weidler, 75, 113, HA: 1433; 04. ( 28 ) von Seh weidler, 75, 127, HA: 953; 18. 128 HA: 947; 19. ( 29 ) von Schweidler, 200, 18: 1; 22. (30) von Schweidler and Kohlrausch, B90, Vol. 3. (31) Simpson, 62, 205: 61; 06. ( 32 ) Simpson, 62, 209: 379; 09. 5, 83: 394; 10. ( 33 ) Simpson, S, 19: 715; 10. (3*) Swann, 268, 19: 23; 14. (3S) Swann, 268, 19: 81; 14. (36) Swann, 268, 19: 171; 14. (37) Swann, 268, 19: 205; 14. (38J Swann, 868, 21: 99; 16. ( 39 ) Swann, 2, 21: 449; 23. (4°) Swann, Encycl. Brit., 1927. ( 41 ) Wigand, 268, 19: 93; 14. 199, 11: 204; 19. («) Wilson, 6, 80: 537; 08. (<3) Wilson, 62, 221: 73; 21. (") Wilson, B2, Vol. 2. ( 4S ) Observatories Year Book, 1926: 330. ( 46 ) Lutz, 213, 1911: 305.

TERRESTRIAL MAGNETISM W. F. G. SWANN CONTENTS Terrestrial magnetism. General conclusions. Magnetic elements at various observatories : recent data. Magnetic elements for each 10° of latitude and longitude between 70° N. and 60° S. latitude. Curves of equal declination, of equal inclination, of equal horizontal intensity: for 1922. Diurnal variations at selected stations. Secular changes in declination at various places and over long periods (150 y r to 380 yr). Secular changes in magnetic elements at various observatories: 1905 to 1925. Earth currents. Aurora.

MATIÈRES Magnétisme terrestre. Conclusions générales. Éléments magnétiques à des observatoires différents : données récentes. Éléments magnétiques pour chaque 10° de latitude et longitude entre 70° N. et 60° S. de latitude. Courbes d'égale déclinaison, d'égale inclinaison, d'égale intensité horizontale: pour 1922.

INHALTSVERZEICHNIS Erdmagnetismus. Allgemeine Schlüsse. Magnetische Elemente verschiedener Observatorien : neue Daten. Magnetische Elemente für je 10° der Länge und Breite zwischen 70° N. und 60° S. Breite. Kurven gleicher Deklination, gleicher Inklination und gleicher horizontaler Intensität für das Jahr 1922.

Variation diurne à des stations choisies. Changements séculaires de la déclinaison à des places diverses et pour de longues périodes (150 ans à 380 ans). Changements séculaires des éléments magnétiques à divers observatoires: 1905 à 1925. Courants terrestres. Aurore.

Tägliche Änderung an ausgewählten Stationen. Säkulare Änderung der Deklination an verschiedenen Orten und für eine lange Periode (150 bis 380 Jahre).

General Conclusions.—The magnetic field of the earth is roughly that of a uniformly magnetized sphere; at external points the field of such a sphere is equivalent to that due to a magnetic doublet placed at the center of the sphere. The axis of the doublet is inclined to the axis of rotation. If M is its moment, and MP and Me are, respectively, the axial and the equatorial components of Mt then, according to an analysis by L. A. Bauer ( 4 ), M = 8.04 (1O)25, Mp = 7.88(1O)25, M« = 1.60(1O)25 cgs magnetic unit; the axis of the doublet intercepts the northern hemisphere at latitude 78° 32' N. and longitude 69° 08' W.; and the average intensity of magnetization of the earth is 0.074 cgs magnetic unit. The magnetic poles, defined as the places where the field is vertical, are not where the prolonged axis of the doublet intersects

Säkulare Änderung magnetischer Elemente an verschiedenen Observatorien : 1905 bis 1925. Erdströme. Aurora.

INDICE pAGE Magnetismo terrestre. Conclusioni generali.... 445 Elementi magnetici nei vari osservatori: dati recenti 446 Elementi magnetici per ogni 10° di latitudine e longitudine fra 70° N. e 60° S. di latitudine.. 446 Curve per il 1922 di declinazione uguale, di inclinazione uguale e di intensità orizzontale uguale 448 Variazione diurna in alcune stazioni 449 Cambiamenti secolari della declinazione nei vari posti e in lunghi periodi di tempo (15.0 anni a 380 anni) 449 Cambiamenti secolari negli elementi magnetici ai vari osservatori dal 1905 al 1925 449 Correnti terrestri 449 Aurora 449

the earth's surface. From observations between 1903 and 1906» Amundsen placed the north magnetic pole at lat. 71° N, long96° W.; from data obtained on the " Discovery," 1902 to 1904> the probable position of the south magnetic pole is latitude 72° 50' S., longitude 156° 20' E. From a harmonic analysis of the field, Gauss concluded that part of it is of external origin. Analyses by Schmidt (13) and by Bauer ( 4 ) lead these authors to conclude that a part of the field is not derivable from a potential; Bauer ( 4 ) concludes that about 3% of the field is of non-potential origin, and, of the remainder, 94% arises from internal, and 3% from external, causes. The non-potential portion would correspond, on classical electromagnetic theory, to vertical currents (see Table 1).

respectively. The charge on rain is generally less than l es unit per cm.3 Lightning.—Humphreys (16) estimates that the current associated with a lightning flash may, in certain cases, be of the order of 90 000 amperes. From a comprehensive series of experiments, C. T. R. Wilson ( 43 ) concludes that the average charge brought down in a lightning flash is of the order of 20 coulombs, and that the potential differences involved in the discharge are of the order of IO9 volt. LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) O) Angenheister, 536, 9, No. 2; 11. 607, 28: 430; 11. (2) Baldit, Socmétéorol. France, Ann., 59: 105; 11. 199, 9: 92; 12. (3) Berndt, Veröff. deut Wies. Ver. Buenos Aires, No. 3. Berlin, 1913. 607, SO: 363; 13. ( 4 ) Bauer, Peters, Fleming, AuIt and Swann, 162, No. 175, III; 17. (4- 1 ) AuIt and Mauchly, 168, No. 175, V; 26. (5) Carseand MacOwan, 68, 30: 460; 10. («) Chauveau, Électricité atmosphérique. Paris, Douin, 1922-1925. 3v. (7) Chree, Encyclo. Brit, llth ed., 2: 860; 10. 13th ed., l: 257; 26. (8) Daunderer, 68, 10: 113; 09. ( 9 ) Domo, Studie über Licht und Luft der Hochgebirges. Braunschweig, Vieweg, 1911.

( 10 ) Ebert, 63, 6: 641; 05. (11J Gerdien, 188, 1907: 77. ( 12 ) Gockel, 607, 23: 53, 339; 06. 25: 9; 08. ( 13 ) Gockel, Die Luftelektrizität. Leipzig, Hirzel, 1908. ( 14 ) von Kann, 607, 31: 504; 14. (15) Hess, Die elektrische Leitfähigkeit der Atmosphäre und ihre Ursachen. Braunschweig, Vieweg, 1926. O «) Humphreys, Physics of the air. Philadelphia, Lippincott, 1920. ( 17 ) Kahler, Veröff. kgl. preuss. meteorol. Inst., No. 223; 10. (18) Kahler, Luftelektrizität. 2nd ed. Gruyter, 1921. 0») Knoche, 63, 12: 179; 11. ( 20 ) Mache and von Seh weidler, Die atmosphärische Elektrizität. Braunschweig, Vieweg, 1909. ( 21 ) Mackell, 2, 21: 436; 23, ( 22 ) Mauchly, 268, 28: 61; 23. (") Nichols, 268, 21: 87; 16. ( 24 ) Norinder, 468, 58: No. 4; 18. ( 2S ) Power, 143, 196: 327; 23. ( 26 ) Schindelhauer, Abhandl. kgl. preuss. meteorol. Inst., No. 213; 09. No. 263; 13. Kahler, 63, 9: 258; 08. (27) von Seh weidler, 75, 113, UA: 1433; 04. ( 28 ) von Seh weidler, 75, 127, UA: 953; 18. 128 IIA: 947; 19. ( 29 ) von Schweidler, 200, 18: 1; 22. (30) von Seh weidler and Kohlrausch, B90, Vol. 3. (31) Simpson, 62, 205: 61; 06. ( 32 ) Simpson, 62, 209: 379; 09. 5, 83: 394; 10. ( 33 ) Simpson, S, 19: 715; 10. (3*) Swann, 268, 19: 23; 14. (3S) Swann, 268, 19: 81; 14. C 3 «) Swann, £68, 19: 171; 14. ( 37 ) Swann, 268, 19: 205; 14. (38J Swann, £68, 21: 99; 16. ( 39 ) Swann, 2, 21: 449; 23. (40) Swann, Encycl. Brit., 1927. (**) Wigand, 268, 19: 93; 14. 199, 11: 204; 19. («) Wilson, 6, 80: 537; 08. (<3) Wilson, 62, 221: 73; 21. (<*) Wilson, B2, Vol. 2. (*5) Observatories Year Book, 1926: 330. (*«) Lutz, 213, 1911: 305.

TERRESTRIAL MAGNETISM W. F. G. SWANN CONTENTS Terrestrial magnetism. General conclusions. Magnetic elements at various observatories : recent data. Magnetic elements for each 10° of latitude and longitude between 70° N. and 60° S. latitude. Curves of equal declination, of equal inclination, of equal horizontal intensity: for 1922. Diurnal variations at selected stations. Secular changes in declination at various places and over long periods (150 yr to 380 yr). Secular changes in magnetic elements at various observatories: 1905 to 1925. Earth currents. Aurora.

MATIÈRES Magnétisme terrestre. Conclusions générales. Éléments magnétiques à des observatoires différents : données récentes. Éléments magnétiques pour chaque 10° de latitude et longitude entre 70° N. et 60° S. de latitude. Courbes d'égale déclinaison, d'égale inclinaison, d'égale intensité horizontale: pour 1922.

INHALTSVERZEICHNIS Erdmagnetismus. Allgemeine Schlüsse. Magnetische Elemente verschiedener Observatorien : neue Daten. Magnetische Elemente für je 10° der Länge und Breite zwischen 70° N. und 60° S. Breite. Kurven gleicher Deklination, gleicher Inklination und gleicher horizontaler Intensität für das Jahr 1922.

Variation diurne à des stations choisies. Changements séculaires de la déclinaison à des places diverses et pour de longues périodes (150 ans à 380 ans). Changements séculaires des éléments magnétiques à divers observatoires: 1905 à 1925. Courants terrestres. Aurore.

Tägliche Änderung an ausgewählten Stationen. Säkulare Änderung der Deklination an verschiedenen Orten und für eine lange Periode (150 bis 380 Jahre).

General Conclusions.—The magnetic field of the earth is roughly that of a uniformly magnetized sphere; at external points the field of such a sphere is equivalent to that due to a magnetic doublet placed at the center of the sphere. The axis of the doublet is inclined to the axis of rotation. If M is its moment, and MP and Me are, respectively, the axial and the equatorial components of Mt then, according to an analysis by L. A. Bauer ( 4 ), M = 8.04 (1O)25, Mp = 7.88(1O)25, M« = 1.60(1O)25 cgs magnetic unit; the axis of the doublet intercepts the northern hemisphere at latitude 78° 32' N. and longitude 69° 08' W.; and the average intensity of magnetization of the earth is 0.074 cgs magnetic unit. The magnetic poles, defined as the places where the field is vertical, are not where the prolonged axis of the doublet intersects

Säkulare Änderung magnetischer Elemente an verschiedenen Observatorien : 1905 bis 1925. Erdströme. Aurora.

INDICE pAGE Magnetismo terrestre. Conclusioni generali.... 445 Elementi magnetici nei vari osservatori: dati recenti 446 Elementi magnetici per ogni 10° di latitudine e longitudine fra 70° N. e 60° S. di latitudine.. 446 Curve per il 1922 di declinazione uguale, di inclinazione uguale e di intensità orizzontale uguale 448 Variazione diurna in alcune stazioni 449 Cambiamenti secolari della declinazione nei vari posti e in lunghi periodi di tempo (15.0 anni a 380 anni) 449 Cambiamenti secolari negli elementi magnetici ai vari osservatori dal 1905 al 1925 449 Correnti terrestri 449 Aurora 449

the earth's surface. From observations between 1903 and 1906» Amundsen placed the north magnetic pole at lat. 71° N, long96° W.; from data obtained on the " Discovery," 1902 to 1904> the probable position of the south magnetic pole is latitude 72° 50' S., longitude 156° 20' E. From a harmonic analysis of the field, Gauss concluded that part of it is of external origin. Analyses by Schmidt (13) and by Bauer ( 4 ) lead these authors to conclude that a part of the field is not derivable from a potential; Bauer ( 4 ) concludes that about 3% of the field is of non-potential origin, and, of the remainder, 94% arises from internal, and 3% from external, causes. The non-potential portion would correspond, on classical electromagnetic theory, to vertical currents (see Table 1).

TABLE 1.—VERTICAL CURRENT DENSITIES AS COMPUTED FROM MAGNETIC DATA Computed by Bauer (3) from magnetic data of 1920. The average value, regardless of sign, is about 10 000 times the atmospheric-electric current density, see p. 442. Dyson and Furner (8) conclude that such vertical currents are not indicated with any certainty, although there is some evidence for them. A + sign indicates an upward positive current; IN [is] = current density in northern [southern] hemisphere. Unit of ÌN and is = 10~3 ampere/km2 = 3.0 X 10~4 cgse (per cm2). Lat. I IN I is 90° to 50° +21 +18 50 to 45 +45 +34 45 to 40 - 6 -47 40 to 35 +18 -22 35 to 30 +8 -31 30 to 25 -29 +19 25 to 20 -37 +58 20 to 15 -19 +41 15 to 10 -33 -41 10 to 5 -53 +14 5 to O -18 + 9 TABLE 2.—MAGNETIC ELEMENTS AT VARIOUS OBSERVATORIES: RECENT DATA ( 9 ) D = declination (east or west); I = inclination or dip (north or south); H = horizontal intensity, Z — vertical intensity. Italics indicate that the quantity is to the south (latitude and /) or the west (longitude and D); in column "Yr," 24 indicates 1924; Long. = longitude east or west from Greenwich. Unit of H and Z = Iy = 10"5 gauss = 10~5 cgsm. Observatory Matochkin Shar Sodankylä Pavlovsk Sitka Ekaterinburg Rude Skov Kasan Eskdalemuir Meanook Stonyhurst Wilhelmshaven Potsdam Seddin

| Lat. | Long. | 73° 15' 56° 24' 67 22 26 39 59 41 30 29 57 03 135 20 56 50 60 38 55 51 12 27 55 50 48 51 55 19 3 12 54 37 113 20 53 51 2 28 53 32 8 09 52 23 13 04 52 17 13 Ol

Yr | D \ I \ H \ Z~ 24 20° 35' 80° 03' 9 520 54 270 22 1 22.6 75 40.5 12 561 49 187 24 3 16.1 71 07.9 1581846970 22 30 29.1 74 22.4 15 560 55 631 24 11 00.8 71 58.4 1657850942 21 7 45.2 69 01.2 17 10544 607 24 8 53.570 07.61731047517 20 16 4 5 . 7 6 9 39.5 1670645062 24 27 17.7 77 73.7 12 866 59 984 24 10 05.3 68 41.7 17 276 44 281 11 11 28.2 67 30.7 18 11043747 23 6 06.9 66 36.5 1856542920 22 7 09.4 66 32.8 18 614 42 905

TABLE 2.—(Continued) Observatory Irkutsk (Zuja; DeBiIt Valencia Bochum Kew Greenwich Uccie Hermsdorf Prague ValJoyeux Munich

I Lat. 1 Long. | 52 28 104 02 52 06 5 11 51 56 10 15 51 29 7 14 51 28 O 19 51 28 O OO 50 48 4 21 50 46 16 14 50 05 14 25 48 49 2 Ol 48 09 11 37

O'Gyalla Odessa PoIa Agincourt Tiflis Capodimonte Ebro (Tortosa) Coimbra Cheltenham Athens San Miguel San Fernando Kakioka Tsingtau Tucson Lukiapang Dehra Dun Helwan Hongkong Honolulu Teoloyucan Toungoo Alibag Vieques Antipolo Kodaikanal Batavia-Buitenzorg.... St. Paul deLoanda... . Huancayo Apia Tananarive Mauritius Vassouras Watheroo Pilar Toolangi Christchurch Orcadas

47 53 18 12 46 26 30 46 44 52 13 51 43 47 79 16 4143 4448 40 52 14 15 40 49 O 31 40 12 8 25 38 44 76 50 37 59 23 42 37 46 25 39 36 28 6 12 36 14140 11 36 04 120 19 32 15110 50 31 19 121 02 30 19 78. 03 29 52 31 20 22 18 114 10 21 19 158 04 19 45 99 11 18 56 96 27 18 38 72 52 18 09 65 27 14 36 121 10 10 14 77 28 6 11 106 49 8 48 13 13 12 03 75 20 13 48 171 46 18 55 47 32 20 06 57 33 22 24 43 39 30 19 115 53 31 40 63 53 37 32 145 28 43 32 172 37 60 43 44 47

Yr | D \ I \ H \ Z 20 1 02.3 71 06.6 19 27756 337 24 10 38.3 66 52.7 1837243024 20 19 17.9 68 05.3 17 840 44 353 21 10 10.4 20 14 31.0 66 57.9 18 410 43 297 23 13 35.1 66 51.9 1843143 137 16 12 28.4 66 02.8 18 971 42 703 13 6 58.2 21 6 24.2 22 12 31.5Q4 39.6 1966141517 13 9 06.2 63 04.6 20 623 40 609 21 7 53.6 18 5 21.9 20 917 10 3 35.9 62 26.9 21 707 41 606 22 6 28.0 60 12.8 22 090 38 591 24 7 05.874 44.4 1575257733 13 3 0 9 . 1 5 6 5 1 . 1 2 5 2 1 7 3 7 6 1 2 14 24 166 24 11 20.2 57 30.5 23 35936 678 20 15 21.558 2 2 . 8 2 3 0 8 7 3 7 4 9 6 22 6 27.7 70 57.6 1902055 115 08 4 03.052 1 1 . 7 2 6 1 9 7 3 3 6 1 3 20 19 24.9 60 26.0 23 123 40 759 24 13 23.5 53 46.8 25016 16 5 17.6 49 3 1 . 7 2 9 7 4 3 3 4 8 5 9 20 4 12.9 52 07.0 30 817 39 610 22 13 4 7 . 5 5 9 2 9 . 0 2 6 8 3 9 4 5 5 3 3 20 3 21.4 45 30.7 33 17533 773 22 1 43.2 45 02.6 32 927 33 091 19 1 30.641 0 9 . 6 2 9 9 4 7 2 6 1 7 5 24 O 23.8 30 42.8 37 294 22 155 22 9 57.1 39 24.5 28 794 23 658 22 9 09.9 22 O 29.7 23 07.2 39 15616717 22 O 12.625 05.03696717303 22 4 00.9 51 33.1 27 695 34 880 20 O 35.9 16 11.7 38 10011 065 22 1 58.7 4 40.1 37 878 3 093 24 O 52.9 32 04.3 36 82123 072 19 14 49.0 24 8 01.7 O 54.6 29 755 395 24 10 19.2 30 07.5 35 249 20 453 14 8 25.2 53 37.9 22 48430 532 23 10 49.2 52 33.7 22 982 30 018 23 11 42.8 15 53.724407 6950 24 4 18.364 0 5 . 2 2 4 7 5 0 5 0 9 4 1 20 7 48.6 25 41.2 25 297 12 168 20 8 00.8 67 65.1 22 874 56 384 23 17 11.7 68 12.0 22 209 55 526 12 4 46.5 54 26.0 25 343 35 442

TABLE 3.—MAGNETIC ELEMENTS FOR EACH 10° OF LATITUDE AND LONGITUDE Data obtained from charts (5) compiled at Royal Observatory, Greenwich, England, 1922. A ? indicates that the curves were too widely spaced to permit satisfactory interpolation. D = declination (east or west); I = inclination or dip (north-seeking pole down or up); H = horizontal intensity; italics indicate that D is to the west or that / is such that north-seeking pole is up. Unit of H = 1007 = 10~3 gauss = 10~3 cgsm. Lat. Long. O0E. 10 E. 20 E. 30 E. 40 E. 50 E. 60 E. 70 E. 80 E. 90 E. 100 E. 110 E. 120 E.

7O 0 N. 6O 0 N. H\ D \T~ H\ D \ I ? ? 120 120 ? ? 106 98 88 80 ? ? ?

15.7° ? 10.6 ? 8.3 ? 2.6 ? 7.8 ? 13.0 ? 18.2 ? ? ? ? ? ? 80 16.0 80 10.0 80 3.9 80

153 157 160 163 162 160 156 150 148 137 135 137 144

16.S9 9.7 3.4 2.1 6.2 10.0 12.8 14.1 13.8 10.7 6.8 0.4 5.9

5O 0 N. H\ D \ I

72° 193 71 197 71 203 71 208 71 211 71 212 72 212 73 212 73 210 74 210 75 212 75 216 75 224

4O 0 N. 3Q0N. H\ D \ I~ H \ IT \ I

20°'N. H\ D \ I

IQ 0 N H D \ f~

13.5° 65° 240 11.8° 57° 280 11.0° 43° 308 11.1° 26° 318 12.6° 9.0 64 244 8.2 55 286 7.9 42 316 7.9 23 325 8.7 3.7 64 248 4.2 54 292 4.5 42 322 5.0 23 331 6.2 1.0 64 253 0.9 54 299 1.6 41 330 2.4 22 337 3.7 4.8 64 258 2.8 54 306 1.3 41 339 0.1 22 344 1.8 7.2 65 265 4.8 55 313 3.2 42 344 1.8 23 352 0.8 8.3 65 271 5.6 56 318 3.5 42 352 1.7 25 361 0.1 8.8 66 275 5.7 56 324 2.8 43 361 0.4 26 372 1.9 8.0 67 279 4.7 57 333 1.8 43 373 0.6 26 382 2.5 6.2 67 282 ? 57 342 ? 43 383 0.5 26 395 1.5 2.7 68 283 ? 57 346 ? 43 389 ? 25 ? 0.0 1.3 68 284 1.8 57 344 1.4 43 384 ? 25 ? 1.2 6.1 67 285 5.0 56 338 2.9 43 373 0.4 25 389 1.4

5° 2 1 2 2 3 5 5 4 4 3 3 4

TABLE 3.—(Continued) Lai. Long. 130 ~K

70° N. 60° N. 50° N. 40° N. 30° N. 20° N. 10° N. H\ D \ I H\ D \ I H\ D \ I ~H\ D \ I H D \ I H D \ I H\ D \ I 83 TO 80 157 ? 74 232 ~9~4 66 285 07#55 326 sTs 42 360 0~^9 26 379 1.5 5

140 150 160 170 180 170 160 150 140 130 120 110 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10

E. E. E. E. E. W. W. W. W. W. W. W. W. W. W. W. W. W. W. W. W. W.

92 100 109 114 114 110 102 93 81 67 47 33 13 19 40 58 70 82 91 100 107 ?

Lat. Long. O0E. 10 E. 20 E. 30 E. 40 E. 50 E. 60 E. 70 E. 80 E. 90 E. 100 E. 110 E. 120 E. 130 E. 140 E. 150 E. 160 E. 170 E. 180 E. 170 W. 160 W. 150 W. 140 W/ 130 W. 120 W. 110 W. 100 W. 90 W. 80 W. 70 W. 60 W. 50 W. 40 W. 30 W. 20 W. 10 W.

H 290 294 297 303 313 325 338 350 360 373 384 389 387 382 ? ? 360 355 352 349 346 ? ?? ? 341 337 330 320 308 295 291 291 290 289 289

4.8 0.0 4.3 10.2 15.4 21.2 27.7 35.0 44.5 54.6 62.8 70.0 60.0 67.3 74.0 73.0 67.7 69.0 50.0 40.3 33.6 26.3

80 ? ? ? ? ? 80 80 ? ? 85 ? ? ? ? 85 ? ? 80 ? ? ?

167 174 179 182 182 177 171 163 150 130 109 87 63 47 58 76 94 Ill 124 134 142 148

? 8.0 2.3 2.6 8.6 15.0 20.9 26.0 30.9 35.6 37.7 32.6 17.6 3.0 30.0 41.7 44.4 43.2 39.5 34.9 28.8 22.2

73 72 71 70 70 71 72 73 75 77 80 82 84 85 84 82 80 78 76 75 73 72

234 235 234 230 225 220 215 208 200 190 177 156 134 121 119 127 138 152 163 173 183 189

9.4 6.7 2.2 2.6 8.0 13.5 17.8 21.4 24.1 25.9 25.8 22.3 15.0 2.1 13.6 24.0 31.0 82.6 31.3 28.0 23.3 18.6

64 62 61 61 62 63 64 66 68 70 72 75 77 78 78 77 76 74 72 70 68 66

281 274 267 261 255 250 247 245 244 240 233 221 207 192 184 185 188 195 204 215 225 233

6.6 4.g 0.4 3.9 8.6 12.5 15.4 17.7 19.2 19.8 19.2 16.8 12.7 5.0 4.4 13.3 19.6 24.0 24.8 22.8 19.7 16.7

53 52 52 52 53 55 57 59 61 62 64 67 69 71 72 71 70 68 66 63 61 58

313 300 291 283 277 274 273 275 278 282 282 280 272 259 245 235 231 233 239 248 261 273

8.6 1.6 1.6 5.5 8.9 11.3 13.0 14.1 15.0 15.2 14.6 13.3 10.0 6.2 0.0 6.3 13.0 18.0 20.6 20.0 18.1 14.6

41 41 41 42 44 46 48 50 52 53 55 57 59 62 63 63 62 60 57 54 50 46

343 325 313 304 299 296 296 299 304 310 313 314 312 304 292 275 265 264 267 277 291 301

0.5 1.0 3.9 6.8 9.1 10.2 10.6 10.9 11.2 11.6 11.4 10.7 9.0 6.4 2.7 2.3 8.0 13.6 18.0 ? 18.0 14.7

26 26 27 29 32 35 37 38 40 41 43 44 46 49 52 52 53 51 48 43 36 30

364 2.2 348 3.7 338 5.7 330 8.0 325 9.0 324 9.0 324 8.8 325 8.8 328 ? 332 9.1 334 9.3 336 9.3 335 8.6 329 7.1 320 4.8 305 0.7 291 4.8 286 10.9 288 16.2 ? 19.0 302 .19.5 311 16.8

6 7 9 12 15 18 20 22 24 25 26 28 31 33 36 38 40 40 36 28 18 10

0° 10° S. 20° S. 30° S. 40° S. 50° S. 60° S. D \ I ~ H \ D \ I H \ D \ I H \ D \ I H \ D \ I H \ D \ T ~ H \ D \ I 16.1 12.0 8.2 5.5 2.2 0.6 2.0 4.3 4.6 3.0 0.6

17 22 23 23 22 21 19 19 20 20 20

246 20.4 33 209 26.1 44 188 28.0 51 181 28.2 245 16.6 38 205 22.0 50 180 26.5 56 169 ? 245 12.9 41 203 18.4 52 172 23.7 59 158 27.7 250 9.4 41 204 14.6 54 168 20.5 61 150 26.0 258 5.7 41 208 10.7 54 169 17.0 61 ? 24-4 270 3.4 40 220 8.9 53 176 15.6 61 150 24.6 285 6.0 38 234 JfO.3 52 188 18.0 61 161 27.1 301 7.2 38 247 18.7 ££'203 21.6 61 175 30.4 316 8.0 38 261 14.0 52 215 22.5 62 186 82.6 330 5.7 39 276 11.0 53 224 19.6' 62 188 30.4 342 2.3 38 290 6.5 53 233 13.3 63 188 24.6

55 60 62 64 65 65 65 66 67 68 70

184 169 159 153 ? ? ? 161 166 162 148

26.2 27.5 29.0 ? 29.8 32.2 36.0 39.7 ^2.5 42.1 38-.6

59 62 65 ? ? ? ? 68 70 73 75

189 178 168 160 ? ? ? ? ? 141 124

22.1 25.1 27.3 29..S 32.3 37.1 41.6 46.7 51.1 54.3 54.7

62 64 ? ? ? ? 70 72 74 76 78

1.4 2.4 3.0 4.0 5.3 6.9 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 9.1 9.4 8.8 6.6 2.7 3.8 9.2 15.3 19 5 21.1 19.6

19 17 16 14 12 10 7 4 O 1 3 4 6 7 9 12 15 18 23 25 25 20 11 1 8

353 360 364 367 ? ? ? 360 ? ? 344 337 333 330 324 318 310 298 286 278 272 268 263 257 250

16.2 7.3 0.4 5.5 9.7 13.3 15.5 16.5 16.7 16.7 16.8 16.8 17.1 17.9 19.2 20.5 20.5 18.3 13.6 6.7 1.0 0.J 15.7 21.0 £5.4

72 72 71 70 69 67 65 63 62 60 68 57 55 53 5# 48 45 41 37 54 33 55 39 45 51

135 127 128 137 151 166 182 195 204 211 218 227 237 248 255 262 268 270 265 258 250 237 224 209 197

30.6 18.5 6.9 4.0 12.1 16.6 19.2 20.4 20.7 20.8 20.9 21.3 22.0 23.1 24.4 25.4 24.4 21.1 16.6 10.1 3.1 4.0 11.5 ./7.O £1.7

77 78 78 77 76 75 73 71 70 68 00 65 64 02 60 57 54 50 47 44 45 44 47 51 55

105 87 ? ? 86 100 118 133 145 158 169 182 196 212 226 239 250 256 257 ? 249 237 224 211 199

62.3 43.2 26.0 0.0 14.4 21.6 26.9 28.8 29.6 29.7 29.8 30.1 31.4 32.7 33.1 32.0 28.8 25.0 20.0 13.6 7.0 0.4 0.4 12.7 17.8

? ? ? ? ? ? 80 78 77 75 74 70 71 69 07 64 61 55 50 55 53 55 54 57 59

0.4 2.2 3.5 4.8 6.3 7.9 8.9 9.3 9.4 9.3 9.3 9.4 9.5 9.7 10.0 10.6 10.5 9.0 5.0 0.9 8.2 15.1 20.0 22.6 23.1

37 36 34 32 31 28 25 23 21 19 17 10 15 13 11 8 4 O 6 8 8 2 5 15 25

303 314 325 332 336 338 339 340 338 333 327 322 318 314 309 302 292 280 270 260 250 243 236 227 218

1.9 0.6 3.1 5.2 7.1 9.0 10.2 10.7 11.0 11.1 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.6 12.0 12.9 13.2 11.3 7.4 1.0 0.5 14.5 19.8 #5.7 25.6

52 51 49 48 46 44 43 40 38 36 35 33 82 30 28 25 21 16 11 8 8 12 21 30 37

244 253 265 275 284 291 295 297 300 302 303 302 301 298 294 289 282 271 259 248 237 228 218 209 198

7.4 2.4 2.0 5.5 8.2 10.5 12.3 13.1 13.5 13.6 13.6 13.6 13.8 14.2 15.2 16.3 16.6 15.0 10.3 3.7 4.5 12.3 18.6 £5.0 27.0

63 63 62 61 60 58 56 54 62 50 48 46 45 43 41 38 35 30 26 22 ## 26 32 55 45

188 190 197 207 219 231 242 251 258 264 268 272 274 275 276 277 ? 269 260 250 239 227 214 203 J192

FIG. 1.—Curves of equal declination (D), of equal inclination (/), and of equal horizontal intensity H: for 1922 (6). Based on British Admiralty Charts for 1922. Values are marked on the curves; unit of H = 1 gauss = 1 cgsm unit.

Year 1540 1560 1580 1600 1620 1640 1660 1680 1700 1720 1740 1760 1780 1800 1820 1840 1860 1880 1900 1910 1920

|

7.2° 9.6 10.9 10.1 7.3 3.3 0.6 5. 9 7.1 11.0 16. 3 19. 6 22.7 24.1 24.1 23.2 21.6 18.7 16.6 15.7 14.1

Cape Town, S. Africa

Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Callao, Peru

Manila, P. I.

Havana, Cuba

San Francisco, California

Eastport, Maine

Place

London, England

FIG. 2.—Diurnal variations at selected stations (10). Data are based on average values for stormless days. Time is measured from local mean noon; !7 = IO"5 gauss = 10~5 cgsm unit. TABLE 4. —SECULAR CHANGES IN DECLINATION (D) AT VARIOUS TABLE 5.—SECULAR CHANGES IN MAGNETIC ELEMENTS AT PLACES, AND OVER LONG PERIODS (10) VARIOUS OBSERVATORIES: 1905 TO 1925 (10) For recent variations, see Table 5; south and west values are Z = total intensity, D — declination (east or west), I = incliprinted in italics nation (north-seeking pole down). West values are printed in Lat. 51° 28' 44° 55' 37° 48' 23° 07' 14° 36' 1 2° 04' 22° 64' 33° 06' italics. A = algebraic excess above value in column 1905; e.g., Long. O 19 67 OO 122 27 82 22 120 58 77 08 43 10 18 29 at Sitka in 1915, Z = 58 797 - 659 = 58 138, D = 29° 59.1' + 24.1' = 30° 23.2', I = 74° 43.2' - 16.7' = 74° 26.5'. Unit of Z = Iy = 10~5 gauss = 10~5 cgsm unit.

D

19.0° 18.6 17.6 16.0 14-5 13.1 12.4 12.2 12.4 13.2 14.7 16.3 18.0 18.8 19.3 20.0 20.8

12.6° 13.6 14.6 15.4 16.1 16.5 16.9 17.6 17.9

4.0° 5.0 5.8 6.3 6.5 6.3 6.0 5.2 4.0 3.1 3.0 3.4

0.1° 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.5 0.7 0.9 0.8 0.7

1.0° 1.5 4.0 12.1° 6.4 11.8 8.9 11.3 11. 6 6.7° 10.6 14.0 7.7 9.7 16. 8 8.6 8.5 19.4 9.4 7.1 88.18 10.0 5.5 25.0 10.4 3.5 27.1 10.6 1.2 29. 0 10.5 1.6 30.0 10.3 4.4 29.8 9.9 7.7 28.6 9.2 9.5 27. ö 8.5 11.2 26.1

Earth Currents.— It is not practicable to do more than to indicate the order of magnitude of earth currents. At the observatory del Ebro, Tortosa, Spain, the horizontal electrical potential gradient in the earth was measured over a distance of 1.28 km in a north-south line, and over a distance of 1.40 km in a west-east line. The average of observations extending over 4 yr (1914-18) gave as the gradient along the N.-S. line 0.204 volt per km,

Year Place Sitka 57° 03'N 135° 20'W Greenwich 51° 28'N O 0 OO' Toronto 43° 40'N 79° 24' W....... Cheltenham 38° 44'N 76° 50'W Tucson 32° 15'N 110° 50'W Honolulu 21° 19'N 158° 04'W Vieques 18° 09'N 65° 27'W

Z D J Z D J Z D J Z D I Z D J Z D I Z D I

1905 1910 | 1915 | 1920 | 1925 Value A ~ 58797 -371 -659 -997 -1 177 29° 59.1' +17.3' +24.1' +29.1' +28.1' 74° 43.2' -11.0' -16.7' -21.1' -21.0' 47 274 -34 -171 -252 -424 16° 09.9' -28.7' -1° 13.4' -2° Ol .3' -2° 59.9' 66° 55.9' -3.3' -4.1' -2.3' -4.4' 61 730 -309 -935 -1 439 6° 42.2' +21.7' +46.3' + 1° 03.2' 74° 34.3' +4.2' +8.6' +10.3' 59878 -282 -896 -1380 -1895 5° 17.8' +23.6' +46.2' +1° 00.7' +1° 21.4' 70° 25.4' +10.0' +21.4' +30.0' +35.1' 53669 1 Values f -374* -712* —1072* 13° 25.8' !• for \ +16.7'* +22.2'* +19.5'* 59° 19.6' J 1910 (+5.1'* +8.0'* +11.0'* 38 168 -258 -587 -827 -1006 9° 21.7' +8.0' +19.9' +31.5' +40.1' 40° 05.0' —17.8' -35.9' —39.9' -39.1' 44795 -61 -85 -213 1°38.3' +42.3' +1° 31.8' +2° 07.8' 49° 17.0' +35.0' +1° 28.9' +2° 05.7'

* Algebraic excess over value for 1910.

current (+) from N. to S., and along the W.-E. line 0.114 volt per km, current (+) from W. to E. Aurora.—Auroral activity is confined largely to two zones of the atmosphere situated at an angle of about 20° to the magnetic polar axis. The lower edge of the aurora is sharply bounded; the height of this boundary appears to vary from 70 to 300 km, with a maximum number at about 115 km.

LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume; O) Angenheister, B95, Vol. 15. ( 2 ) Auerbach, B90, Vol. 4. (3) Bauer, 268, 25: 145; 20. (4) Bauer, 268, 28: 1; 23. ( 5 ) British Admiralty Charts. ( 6 ) Bur. Central Magn. Terr. Atlas magnétique. Paris, Maurin, 1905. ( 7 ) Chree, EncycL Brit., llth ed., 17: 353; 10. (8) Dyson and Furner, 620, Geophys. Suppl., 1: No, 3; 23. ( 9 ) Fleming, Trans. Sect. Terr. Mag. Elee., Intern. Geophys. Union, Madrid, 1925. Bull. 5. ( 10 ) Hazard, 217, No. 117; 25, 0*) Nippoldt, in Müller-Pouillets, Lehrbuch

der Physik und Meteorologie, Vol. 4. 1914. ( 12 ) Schmidt, Emykl. math, Wiss., Vol. 6; 18. ( 13 ) Schmidt, Z. Geophysik, 1: 281; 25. ( 14 ) Swann. Encyd. Brit., 1927. In addition to the references specifically cited, see also (*» 2> ?» 11, 12, I4) f an(j the following publications: Publications of the magnetic observatories listed in Table 2, Researches of Department of Terrestrial Magnetism of Carnegie Institution of Washington, J. Terr. Mag. and Atm. Elee., B. A. A. S. Reports, Proc. Roy. Soc., Phil. Trans., Monthly Notices R. A. S., Meteorolog. Z., Physik. Z., Trans. Sect. Terr. Mag. and Elee, of Intern. Geophys. Union.

ACOUSTICS GEORGE WALTER STEWART, SPECIAL EDITOR COMPLETE INDEX Physical aspects of audition.

INDEX COMPLET Aspects physiques de l'audition.

Sound-generators. Detection and measurement of sound. Transmission, reflection, reverberation and absorption of sound. Velocity of sound.

Générateurs de son. Détection et mesure du son. Transmission, réflexion, réverbération et absorption du son. Vitesse du son.

GESAMT INDEX VERZEICHNIS Physikalische Betrachtungen des Hörens. Schall-Erzeuger. Ermittelung und Messung des Schalles. Durchlassen, Reflexion, Widerhall und Absorption des Schalles. Schall-Geschwindigkeit.

INDICE COMPLETO pAGB Principi fisici dell'audizione 450 Produzione del suono.... Percezione e misura del suono Trasmissione, riflessione, riverberazione e assorbimento del suono Velocità di propagazione del suono

453 457 458 461

PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF AUDITION H. FLETCHER For general bibliography of speech and hearing, see ( 6 ) SYMBOLS AND DEFINITIONS d.v. E

Double (or complete) vibration(s). Physical intensity of a sound = power (energy per second) it transmits per a unit of area normal to direction of propagation. JV Frequency = number of d.v. per unit of time. P Amount by which the r.m.s. pressure exceeds the static pressure; P0 = threshold value of P for an average normal ear; it depends upon JV; Pm = value of P required for audition in presence of a masking tone, r.m.s. Root-mean-square; r.m.s. pressure = square root of the time average of (pressure)2. S Sensation level, sen Sensation unit. t Time, v.p.s. Vibrations per second; 1 v.p.s. = 1 d.v. per sec. Phonic level. Masking of a tone (A) by another (B) means the difficulty in distinguishing A when sounded simultaneously with B. It is expressed by the difference in phonic level between Pm and P0, this equals 20 logio (Pm/Po) sen. (See Figs. 2, 3, 4.) Phonic level of P above the fixed datum corresponding to P' is p — 20 log 10 (P/P') sen. In this section P' is taken as 1 dyne cm"2. (C/. Sensation unit.) Sensation level (S) measures the auditory intensity of sound; it is the excess of the phonic level above that of Po. For a pure tone, S = vp - pQ = 20 logio (P/Po) sen.

Sensation unit (sen) is defined as that fractional change in intensity which is just perceptible by the ear. Throughout the range of audition, it is found that if the sensation being experienced is that corresponding to P = PI, then the smallest perceptible change is approximately Jô of that caused by increasing P from Pi to 10Pi. Hence in the range PI to P2 there are 20 logio (Pz /Pi) sen. It is convenient to regard this relation as extending indefinitely, irrespective of the range of audition, and to regard each value of P as corresponding to a phonic level of 20 logio (P/P') sen above some convenient fixed datum (P') which is independent of the auditor and audition. (C/. (5).) Sensitivity of the ear is inversely proportional to Po; the unit is so chosen that the sensitivity = 1/Po. Threshold value (P0) of P for any given auditor and tone is that least value of P1 in the ear canal, which produces an audible sound of that tone. TABLE 1.—SENSITIVITY OF THE EAR See also Vol. I, p. 94 Absolute Sensitivity — 1/Po.—Differential sensitivity is the reciprocal of the least perceptible fractional change (&E/E, AN/N) in E or N. Sensitivity in recognition of pitch may be taken as the reciprocal either of the time the tone must persist, or of the total number of d.v. that must reach the ear, in order that the tone shall be recognized. Unit of N = 1 v.p.s.; of P0 = 1 dyne/cm2; of t = 1 sec; of S = 1 sen. Limits of Audibility (6).—Lower limit varies from N = 8 to 40; upper, from N = 12 000 to 35 000.

LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume; O) Angenheister, B95, Vol. 15. ( 2 ) Auerbach, B90, Vol. 4. (3) Bauer, 268, 25: 145; 20. (4) Bauer, 268, 28: 1; 23. ( 5 ) British Admiralty Charts. ( 6 ) Bur. Central Magn. Terr. Atlas magnétique. Paris, Maurin, 1905. ( 7 ) Chree, EncycL Brit., llth ed., 17: 353; 10. (8) Dyson and Furner, 620, Geophys. Suppl., 1: No, 3; 23. ( 9 ) Fleming, Trans. Sect. Terr. Mag. Elec., Intern. Geophys. Union, Madrid, 1925. Bull. 5. ( 10 ) Hazard, 217, No. 117; 25, 0*) Nippoldt, in Müller-Pouillets, Lehrbuch

der Physik und Meteorologie, Vol. 4. 1914. ( 12 ) Schmidt, Emykl. math, Wiss., Vol. 6; 18. ( 13 ) Schmidt, Z. Geophysik, 1: 281; 25. ( 14 ) Swann. Encycl. Brit., 1927. In addition to the references specifically cited, see also (*» 2> ?» 11, 12, I4) f anci the following publications: Publications of the magnetic observatories listed in Table 2, Researches of Department of Terrestrial Magnetism of Carnegie Institution of Washington, J. Terr. Mag. and Atm. Elec., B. A. A. S. Reports, Proc. Roy. Soc., Phil. Trans., Monthly Notices R. A. S., Meteorolog. Z., Physik. Z., Trans. Sect. Terr. Mag. and Elec. of Intern. Geophys. Union.

ACOUSTICS GEORGE WALTER STEWART, SPECIAL EDITOR COMPLETE INDEX Physical aspects of audition.

INDEX COMPLET Aspects physiques de l'audition.

Sound-generators. Detection and measurement of sound. Transmission, reflection, reverberation and absorption of sound. Velocity of sound.

Générateurs de son. Détection et mesure du son. Transmission, réflexion, réverbération et absorption du son. Vitesse du son.

GESAMT INDEX VERZEICHNIS Physikalische Betrachtungen des Hörens. Schall-Erzeuger. Ermittelung und Messung des Schalles. Durchlassen, Reflexion, Widerhall und Absorption des Schalles. Schall-Geschwindigkeit.

INDICE COMPLETO pAGB Principi fisici dell'audizione 450 Produzione del suono.... Percezione e misura del suono Trasmissione, riflessione, riverberazione e assorbimento del suono Velocità di propagazione del suono

453 457 458 461

PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF AUDITION H. FLETCHER For general bibliography of speech and hearing, see ( 6 ) SYMBOLS AND DEFINITIONS d.v. E

Double (or complete) vibration(s). Physical intensity of a sound = power (energy per second) it transmits per a unit of area normal to direction of propagation. JV Frequency = number of d.v. per unit of time. P Amount by which the r.m.s. pressure exceeds the static pressure; P0 = threshold value of P for an average normal ear; it depends upon JV; Pm = value of P required for audition in presence of a masking tone, r.m.s. Root-mean-square; r.m.s. pressure = square root of the time average of (pressure)2. S Sensation level, sen Sensation unit. t Time, v.p.s. Vibrations per second; 1 v.p.s. = 1 d.v. per sec. Phonic level. Masking of a tone (A) by another (B) means the difficulty in distinguishing A when sounded simultaneously with B. It is expressed by the difference in phonic level between Pm and P0, this equals 20 logio (Pm/Po) sen. (See Figs. 2, 3, 4.) Phonic level of P above the fixed datum corresponding to P' is p — 20 log 10 (P/P') sen. In this section P' is taken as 1 dyne cm"2. (C/. Sensation unit.) Sensation level (S) measures the auditory intensity of sound; it is the excess of the phonic level above that of Po. For a pure tone, S = vp - pQ = 20 logio (P/Po) sen.

Sensation unit (sen) is defined as that fractional change in intensity which is just perceptible by the ear. Throughout the range of audition, it is found that if the sensation being experienced is that corresponding to P = PI, then the smallest perceptible change is approximately Jô of that caused by increasing P from Pi to 10Pi. Hence in the range PI to P2 there are 20 logio (Pz /Pi) sen. It is convenient to regard this relation as extending indefinitely, irrespective of the range of audition, and to regard each value of P as corresponding to a phonic level of 20 logio (P/P') sen above some convenient fixed datum (P') which is independent of the auditor and audition. (C/. (5).) Sensitivity of the ear is inversely proportional to Po; the unit is so chosen that the sensitivity = 1/Po. Threshold value (P0) of P for any given auditor and tone is that least value of P1 in the ear canal, which produces an audible sound of that tone. TABLE 1.—SENSITIVITY OF THE EAR See also Vol. I, p. 94 Absolute Sensitivity — 1/Po.—Differential sensitivity is the reciprocal of the least perceptible fractional change (&E/E, AN/N) in E or N. Sensitivity in recognition of pitch may be taken as the reciprocal either of the time the tone must persist, or of the total number of d.v. that must reach the ear, in order that the tone shall be recognized. Unit of N = 1 v.p.s.; of P0 = 1 dyne/cm2; of t = 1 sec; of S = 1 sen. Limits of Audibility (6).—Lower limit varies from N = 8 to 40; upper, from N = 12 000 to 35 000.

Absolute sensitivity ( 9 > 13> 20 ); see also Fig. 1. N 64 128 256 5Ï2ÏÔ242048 4096 P0 0.120.0210.00390.00100.000520.000410.00042 Differential sensitivity for monaural reception of successive tones (12, »4). AE/E depends upon both S and N, and is given by the empirical equationAE/E = (AE/E)* + { ( A E / E ) t - (AE/E)*} X IQ-^/10, where (AE/E)* = 126/{80#05 +N] + 0.000015N, (AE/E)t = 0.3 + 0.003AT + 193/AT°- 8 ,andr = 0.244 X 106/{358 000№-120 + 2 N } +0.65AT/{3500 + N}. AN/N varies with S about as AE/E does. For S = 40 sen, AN/N varies with N thus: A, v.p.s 64 128 256 5Î2 768 to 4096 AAVAT, % 0.93 0.59 0.4 0.32 0.3 Pitch Recognition (*).—t and d.v. = least duration of the tone, and smallest number of d.v. received, consistent with recognition of the tone. E Weak Medium

N t d.v

128

384

512

256

384

Hammer: Length =0.8 to 0.9 cm; weight = 23 mg. Anvil weighs 25 mg. Stirrup weighs 3 mg ( 1 0 > 21). Mechanical impedance of drum (?) for N = 200 to 4000 v.p.s. = 20 to 30 dyne/(cm per sec); that is, a value of P corresponding to an r.m.s. periodic force of 20 or 30 dyne is required to impart to the drum an effective r.m.s. velocity of 1 cm/sec, the effective

512

0.0946 0.0627 0.0579 0.0691 0.0445 0.0427 12.1 24.1 29.6 17.6 17.1 21.8

FIG. 3.—Masking of tones of various frequencies by one of N = 1200 v.p.s. and of sensation level = 44, 60 or 80 sen: Both tones sounded in same ear ( 19 ).

FIG. 1.—Phonic levels ( 11J 16).—Until recently it was thought that the loudness of a tone is measured by its sensation level, but there is not a strict proportionality between these two quantities. Contour lines of equal loudness for pure tones show that tones below 1000 v.p.s. increase in loudness more rapidly than do tones of higher frequency. ( See Fig. 1.) Localization of Pure Tones (17).—If 100 v.p.s. 13, 20). Ear canal: Length = 2.1 to 2.6 cm, volume = 1 cm3, area of open end = 0.33 to 0.50 cm2. Drum. Diameter = 0.85 cm vertical, 1.00 cm horizontal; area — 0.65 cm2.

FIG. 4.—Masking of tones Nz by tones of JV = 1200 v.p.s. of various intensities: Tones sounded in opposite ears ( 19 ). Tones introduced by telephone receivers. Dotted lines are from Fig. 2. Attenuation introduced by the skull from ear to ear is such that in monaural reception the phonic levels at the two ears differ by 40 or 50 sen. M = amount of masking. Unit of Nz = 1 v.p.s. ; of M and of sensation level = 1 sen.

FIG. 2.—Masking of tones JVi by tones of various frequencies and intensities: Both tones sounded in same ear («). Frequency (JV) of masking tone is marked on curve; unit of JV and JVi = 1 v.p.s.; of masking and sensation level = 1 sen.

velocity (v) being defined as v = -j I vda, A being the area of

A-J O

the drum and da being an element of area at which the velocity is v. Recognition of English Speech (4).—In order that at least 50 % of the spoken syllables shall be recognized: (1) S must be > 25 sen if the sound is undistorted. (2) If S = 60 to 80 sen and the sound is distorted either by the removal of all frequencies above JV = JVi, or of all below JV = JV2, then JVi must be >1200 v.p.s. and JV2 <1800 v.p.s. (See Fig. 5.) Speech Power (7).—Mechanical speech power delivered by average speaker = 10microwatt; if exclude silent intervals, it is 14 microwatt. Peak power frequently rises to 1000 microwatt. For unaccented vowels, average power in the particular cycle carrying the maximum energy is 35 microwatt; for accented vowels, it is 105 microwatt; instantaneous peak powers are 16 times average power (15). Telephonic speech power = electrical power output of a commercial telephone subset during a normal telephone conversation. For individual variations, see Fig. 6; for distribution of power among the tones, see Fig. 7.

FIG. 5.—Recognition of English speech (4). Recognition = relative number of syllables recognized. For curve A, all frequencies above JV are eliminated; for B, all those below JV; C shows effect of sensation level (S) upon recognition of the undistorted sounds. For A and B, S = 6 0 to 80 sen.

TABLE 2.—RELATIVE FREQUENCY (F) OF OCCURRENCE OF SOUND ELEMENTS OF ENGLISH SPEECH (3) Sound = sound element; Key = English word containing the sound; unit of F — 1 % of total Sound

I

Key

a

top

I

F

||

3.3

Sound

|

Key

|

F

1.81

h

a

tape

1,84

j

0,44

& e ê

tap ten eat

3.95 3.44 3.12

k 1 m

2.71 3.74 2.78

er i i

term tip dike

0.63 8.53 1.59

n ng p

o

ton

6.33

r

ö 6 u ü

tone talk took tool

1.63 1.35 0.71 1.89

s sh th th

ou b

our

0.59 1.81

t v

ch

chalk

hang

7.24 0.96 2.04

6.88 shell tooth then

4.55 0.87 0.37 3.43

7.13 2.28

0.52

w

2.08

d f

4.31 1.84

y z

0.60 2.97

g

0.74

Total

100.00

FIG. 6.—Variation in telephonic speech power of individuals (7). x = percentage of speakers having telephonic speech power < CA1 where A = average power of all speakers.

LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) O) Bode, Psychologische Studien, (Wundt), 2: 293; 07. ( 2 ) Crandall and MacKenzie, 2, 19: 221; 22. (3) Dewey, The relative frequency of English speech sounds, Cambridge, Harvard Univ. Press, 1923. ( 4 ) Fletcher, 143, 193: 729; 22. (5) Fletcher, 143, 194: 289; 23. («) Fletcher, 143, 194: 323; 23. (?) Fletcher, Bell System Tech. J., 4: 375; 25. (8) Fletcher and Steinberg, 8, 24: 306; 24. ( 9 ) Fletcher and Wegel, 2, 19: 553; 22. (10) Howell, Text-book of physiology. Philadelphia, Saunders, 1924. (") Kingsbury, 2, 29: 588; 27. O 2 ) Knudsen, 8, 21: 84; 23. (13) Kranz, 89 21: 573; 23. (**) Riesz, Bell Telephone Laboratories, N. Y., O. O*) Sacia, Bell Telephone Laboratories, N. Y., O. ( 16 ) Steinberg, 8, 26: 507; 25. O?) Stewart, 8, 15: 425, 432; 20. (18) Wegel, Bell System Tech. J., 1: 56; 22. (i *>) Wegel and Lane, 8, 23: 266; 24. (20) Wien, 278, 97: 1; 03. ( 21 ) Wrightson, Enquiry into the mechanism of the internal ear. New York, Macmillan, 1918.

FIG. ?.•—Distribution of power in average spoken English (2). Total power carried by all the tones from N = O to JV = nr is E = JQ Endn, where Endn = power carried by the tonal region JV = n — J^dn to N = n + ^dn. Unit of En — 1 microwatt per v.p.s.; of E = 1 microwatt; of n, n', N = 1 v.p.s.

SOUND-GENERATORS F. R. WATSON CONTENTS PAGE Definitions and symbols 453 Sound-generators 454 Means for stabilizing the frequency of an oscillating electric circuit 456 DEFINITIONS AND SYMBOLS Amplitude.—The amplitude of the oscillation of a point is its extreme departure from that condition of rest about which the

oscillations occur. If the departure (y) at the time T satisfies the equation y — A sin (UT + «), A is the amplitude. Frequency.—The frequency of an oscillation is the number of vibrations per unit of time. Period.—The period of an oscillation is the time required for one vibration; it is the reciprocal of the frequency. Vibration.—In each interval between successive returns of the body to exactly the same phase of its motion, it executes a single vibration. For example, from the instant a pendulum bob passes from left to right through the lowest point of its arc to the

next instant in which it passes in the same direction (left to right) through the same point is the interval occupied by a single vibration of the pendulum. a Thickness in the plane of vibration. E Young's modulus of elasticity. F Tensile force. I Length. Af Frequency. Ni, No1 Nt Frequency for ideal case, at O0C, at t, 0C. p Pressure. r, r0 Radius, value of r at O0C. t Temperature, 0C. v.p.s. Vibrations per second. P1 PQ Density, value of p at O0C. a Mass per unit of length. Other symbols will be defined where used. SOUND-GENERATORS

long, attached, below the water-line, to the side of a ship, and set into longitudinal vibration by means of a friction drum driven by a 2.2 kw (3 h.p.) motor. The sound was heard under water to a distance of 6.4 km (4 miles). 5. Tuning Forks (3, 40)._# = c^Ld^-yp,

wnere

C is a

numerical constant, and oa, Oi are corrections which are independent of a and I. For steel forks, C^/Wfp == 81 800, O0 = 0.05 cm, 81 = 0.38 cm; I is the projection of the prong on the axis of the fork; N is independent of width perpendicular to plane of vibration. If -260C < t < + 560C, Nt = N*/(I + 0.0001340 (l l ); for higher temperatures, see Fig. 1. For variation of N with amplitude, see Fig. 2. By controlling the temperature and amplitude, and using a specially designed spark-gap, a fork of 25 v.p.s. has been vibrated several hours daily for several weeks without a change exceeding 1 in 10 000 in N (6°). By means of a circuit containing an oscillating electron tube, forks of N = 50 to 2000 v.p.s. may be kept in vibration without the use of a mechanical contact circuit breaker (16).

Of the sound-generators, exclusive of musical instruments, only those that are most commonly used or that appear to be useful are considered here. They may be classified as follows: I. Strings and strips: (A) Transverse vibrations: (1) Plucked etring. (2) Ribbon loud-speaker. (B) Longitudinal vibrations: (3) Stretched wires. (4) Berger's hydrophone. II. Rods and forks: (5) Tuning fork. III. Plates and diaphragms: (A) Electromagnetic drive: (6) Telephone receiver. (7) Hewlett's generator. (8) Loud-speaker. (9) Fessenden's hydrophone oscillator. (B) Electrostatic drive: (10) Electrostatic transmitter. (C) Mechanical drive. (11) Piston-phone. (D) Piezoelectric generator: (12) Quartz (SiO2). (13) Rochelle salt (KNaC4H4O6^H2O). (E) Free elastic vibrations: (14) Bell. IV. Confined fluid: (15) Organ pipe. (16) Tonvariator. (17) Galton's pipe. (18) Singing tube. (19) Thermophone. FIG. 1.—Tuning forks: Variation of frequency (N) with temperature V. Free fluid: (20) Siren. (21) Diaphone. (22) Explosives. (")Of the preceding generators, numbers 2 and 8 are especially suited for the intense emission of spoken sounds, and numbers 4, 9, 14, and 22 are suitable for the emission of sound under water. Descriptions of other generators may be found in (3> 4> 5> 9> 10> 18, 47, 49, 54, 59).

1. Plucked String (3i 39).—If the string is perfectly flexible, Nt = n/2,1 \/f% = n/2l VF(I + at)/wr2oPQ, if I1 the distance between the bridges, is independent of t. Here n is the number of loops in the length I1 n may have any integral value, and a is the coefficient of linear expansion of the string. Actual strings are not perfectly flexible; for them N = Ni(I -f- c), where c, the stiffness correction, increases as I is reduced. For a steel wire with r = 0.203 mm, F constant and such that N = 76 v.p.s. if I = 90 cm, Melde ( 39 ) found c varied thus: 1 c

90 O

45 1.3

30 1.8

22To 3.9

18 cm 5.3%

2. Ribbon Loud Speaker (51).—When a variable electric current flows through a thin, corrugated, metallic ribbon mounted in a magnetic field, the ribbon vibrates, thus generating sound. For such loud speakers, an aluminum ribbon 10 cm long, 1 cm wide, 0.001 cm thick, weight = 30 mg, resistance = 0.05 ohm, is used; its maximum current, voltage, power, and amplitude are 10 ampere, 0.5 volt, 5 watt, and 0.5 cm. When fitted with a horn, the emitted speech was intelligible at a distance of 1 km ( 26 ). 3. Longitudinal Vibration of a Stretched Wire ( 12 ).—Ni = l/2l\/E/p and is independent of F. For a steel wire of I — 676 cm and r = ca. 0.2 mm, N was found to be 762 v.p.s. 4. Berger's Hydrophone ( 50 ) consists of 3 steel strips, each 3.84 cm (1.5 in.) wide, 0.16 cm (J/{6 in.) thick, and about 180 cm (6 ft.)

FIG. 2.—Tuning forks: Variation of frequency (N) with amplitude O 1 ). The driving current was interrupted by break between spring and point. Curves I and II refer to same fork; for I the amplitude was varied by varying the current, for II it was varied by changing the positions of the pole-pieces of the magnet. Curves III and IV refer to two other forks; the contacts of fork IV were mounted quite differently from those of the others.

6. Telephone receivers consist of a circular metallic diaphragm, either of magnetic material or with a plate of such material attached to its center, which is clamped along its circumference and is vibrated by a varying magnetic field. For variation of the amplitude with the frequency of the field, see Fig. 3. The over-all efficiency (Eff.) is defined as the ratio of the acoustic energy emitted to the electric energy supplied. For a bipole, 87 ohm, Bell telephone receiver, N = 992 v.p.s., no cap over diaphragm, Eff. = (0.375 ± 0.025) % (33). For variation of Eff. with N see, Fig. 4. Minimum electrical power required to give a sound audible to a normal ear is of the order of 3.3 X 10~~13 watt for a representative type of receiver (55). For acoustic characteristics, see

a suitable bridge connection, a constant direct current is passed through the coils in such a way as to produce in the diaphragm a radial magnetic field, and at the same time, an alternating current is so passed through them as to produce an axial field. As a result, the diaphragm vibrates with the period of the alternating current. If the diaphragm is nonmagnetic and the current is simply harmonic, the tone is pure. When a certain instrument was excited by a direct current of 1.5 ampere and a voice current of 0.1 ampere, the reproduced speech was comfortably audible at all points in a room 20 ft. square (28). The amplitude (A) varied thus with the frequency of the alternating current, the strength of the current remaining constant:

(»). N A..

FIG. 3.—Telephone receiver: Variation30of amplitude with frequency of current ( ).

FIQ. 4.—Telephone receiver: Variation of acoustic efficiency with frequency of the current (38). Ordinates are the over-all efficiencies. 7. Hewlett's tone generator (27) consists of a thin, circular, metallic diaphragm clamped along its circumference, and placed between two flat circular coils, each wound in its own plane. By

Ï 4 4 Ô Ï 6 Ô Ô 2 2 0 0 4.6 4.16 4.04

3700 v.p.s. 1.72 X IQ"5 cm

8. Loud-speaker.—For general discussion, see ( 13 > 44)- for "ribbon" loud-speaker, see 2, above. The over-all efficiency varies from 0.1% to 1% (13, 44). A balanced electromagnetic loud-speaker, diaphragm 7.62 cm (3 in.) in diameter, equipped with a horn, and radiating approximately 1 watt of acoustic energy, was heard loudly at a distance of 0.8 km (0.5 mile) (21). A loudspeaker equipped with a paper cone of 45°, maximum diameter = 15.25 cm (6 in.), paper 0.18 to 0.25 mm (0.007 to 0.010 in.) thick, had a general sensitivity equal to that of a good horn-type speaker, and responded to both low and high frequencies (48). Data for loud-speaker horns ( 19 » 22). 9. The Fessenden hydrophone oscillator is a diaphragm operated by either an electrodynamic or electromagnetic drive. With the electrodynamic arrangement, a 5 kw. oscillator of 545 kg. wt. (1 200 Ib. wt.) has a tuned diaphragm, about 60 cm (2 ft.) in diameter, clamped at the rim, and attached at the center to a light, hollow copper cylinder. This cylinder is mounted in a powerful magnetic field (about 15 000 line/cm2) so that alternating currents about the core inside the cylinder induce in the copper alternating currents of about 10 000 ampere. The cylinder is thus pushed and pulled with magnetic forces of about 1 800 kg. wt. (4 000 Ib. wt.). When suspended 366 cm. (12 ft.) below the surface of open water the sound (N — 500 v.p.s.) was detected under water at a distance of 57.4 km (*» 50). 10. Electrostatic, or condenser, transmitter ( 58 ) consists of an electric condenser composed of a thin (0.051 mm) metal diaphragm and a heavy plate separated by an air layer 0.025 mm thick. The diaphragm is under such radial tension that its natural frequency in air is 7000 v.p.s. An alternating voltage applied to the condenser causes the diaphragm to vibrate with.twice the frequency of the voltage. The intensity of the emitted sound is of the same order as that from a telephone receiver. Such a transmitter may be used as a standard source of sound. 11. Piston-phone ( 56 > 57).—A rotating cam imparts a simple harmonic motion to a piston which is attached to a diaphragm; N = 10 to 200 v.p.s. 12. 13. Piezoelectric Generator.—A suitably cut, thin parallelopipedon of a piezoelectric crystal (see p. 207) will execute dilatational-rarefactional vibrations when subjected to a transverse alternating electric field. The amplitude of the vibrations is exceedingly small unless the frequency of the field is near that of one of the natural periods of the parallelopipedon. Such plates are useful for generating waves of high pitch. If the plate is of quartz (SiO2) and is cut so that its broad faces are perpendicular to an electrical axis and its breadth is parallel to the optic axis, then its length (I) will be perpendicular to each of these axes, and a varying field perpendicular to its broad faces will generate vibrations in the directions of I and of e, the thickness; the natural frequencies, Ni and Ne are given by the equations INi = eNe = 275 000 cm v.p.s.

Plates of rochelle salt (KNaCJHUOe^HÔ) may be used likewise, and in some respects are superior to those of quartz ( 7 ). 14. Bells rung under water may be heard under water at a distance of 3 to 5 km (2 to 3 miles) (1J 41). 15. Organ Pipes.—The natural pitch of an open organ pipe is jy- _

.—_, anc[ of a closed one is N = An .—^ where 2(1+c+c') 4(Z-l-c) c — correction for mouth-end of pipe = 2.7r ( 45 ), cf = correction for open end (if pipe has a flange c' = 0.82r ( 36 ), if no flange c' = 0.6r ( 45 ), observed value for thin brass tube of r = 5.3 cm is c' — 0.57er ( 6 )), v = velocity of sound in fluid filling the pipe = X/TP/P = VoVl + cd + ßt*, T = ratio of specific heats; for air, VQ = 330.6 m/sec, a = 0.00371, ß = -0.126 X 10~6, for other fluids, see p. 461. The pitch of the sound actually emitted increases with the blowing pressure; for a pipe of natural pitch 255 v.p.s., the observed pitch was 255 + 5, where 6 varied as follows (46):

p d p 6

21. Diaphone ( 32 ) is a modified siren. It consists of a cylinder fitted with a piston which is oscillated through a small amplitude by compressed air, and which intermittently interrupts an airblast. It emits a powerful tone. It may emit 1.76 kw (2.36 h.p.) of acoustic energy with an over-all efficiency of 6 to 8 % and be heard for miles. 22. Explosives (23, 24, 52).—The detonation of bombs containing from 225 to 900 g (0.5 to 2 Ib.) of T.N.T. (2, 4, 6-trinitrotoluene, CrH 5 NsOe) has been used as an under-water source of sound. The sound from a 500 g bomb detonated at 8 to 10 m below the surface has been detected under water at distances of 15 to 18 km (52).

2.08 2~2 2.69 3.35 +0.1 +1.5 +2.1 +4.2 4.72 5.74 6.92 10.7 cm H2O +7.1 +8.4 +9.3 +11 v.p.s.

TO -0.5 3.88 +5.6

The intensity (/) also increases with the blowing pressure ( 37 ):

p 1

24.8 9

20 4

30.8 18

35.8 26

39.0 35

cm H2O Arbitrary units

16. Tonvariator ( 53 ) is a Helmholtz resonator blown by airblast. Its pitch can be varied continuously over about an octave; its tone is practically pure, the overtones being very high and weak (25, 47). The intensity (/) increases linearly with the blowing pressure (p cm of H2O), at least within the range 10 < p < 39.5, being given by / = 0.67p — 4.7, unit of 7 being arbitrary ( 37 ). 17. Gallon's pipe gives tones varying from about 3 500 to 50 000 v.p.s., depending upon its length (I) and the width (w) of its mouth ( 17 ):

1 w JVyiOOQ 1 w jy/1000

22.4 2.3 3.48

...

7.18 1.6 10.0

1.26 0.9 30.0

0.82 0.9 35.0

4.21 0.9 15.0

277 0.9 20.0 0.47 0.9 40.0

FIG. 5.—Thermophone: Relation between frequency (N) and amplitude (Ap) of oscillation of pressure ( 57 ). In each case mean temperature of strip = 3350K, of air in enclosure = 30O0K. For A, strip was a Wollaston wire 1 cm long, 2r = 0.003 mm; volume of enclosure = 1 cm3; for B, strip was gold foil, area = 5.5 cm2, thickness = 0.079/x = 0.79 X 10~5 cm; volume of enclosure = 14 cm3. K is a constant.

1.8 0.9 25.0

I 0.27mm 0.9mm 45.0 v.p.s.

18. Singing tube ( 35 ) consists of an outer glass (pyrex) tube closed at one end, and a shorter inner tube open at both ends and at one end sealed to the outer tube at such a place that its other end is near the closed end of the outer tube. When the relative dimensions of the tubes are suitably adjusted, a strong, pure tone is emitted when the closed end of the tube is heated. The pitch depends upon the difference in temperature of the two ends of the tube. For a certain tube the following data were obtained ( 34 ):

/*..' t0 tc - to N

Ï -181 182 213

204 -88 292 300

355 -16 371 378

448 +26 422 425

524 I 0C 0 +57 C 0 +467 C 450 v.p.s.

19. Thermophone ( 2 > 57 ).—When a very thin metallic strip immersed in a fluid is heated by an alternating electric current, the periodic expansion and contraction of the adjacent film of fluid give rise to vibrations in the fluid. The intensity of the sound is low, and is indefinite unless the fluid is confined in an enclosure of which the dimensions are all small as compared with the wavelength of the vibrations. If the heating current has a pure sinewave form, the emitted sound is a pure tone of twice the frequency of the current. (See Fig. 5.) 20. Siren.—In a "pure tone" siren, the overtones are weak (42). (See Fig. 6.)

FIG. 6.—Sirens: Comparison of "Pure tone" and Seebeck sirens ( 42 ). Notes analyzed by means of resonators. Arbitrary unit of intensity.

DEVICES FOR STABILIZING THE FREQUENCY OF OSCILLATION OF CIRCUITS CONTAINING ELECTRON TUBES The frequency of an oscillating electron tube and circuit may be stabilized by the use of a piezoelectric resonator (see No. 12 above). Variations with resonator are only about 3 % of those without (8). By the use of 2 electron tubes and coupling by tuned impedances, the frequency of oscillation of the circuit may be made quite independent of changes in plate voltage and in filament current.

In one case a change of 50 % in plate voltage produced but 0.1 %, and of 43 % in filament current produced but 0.3 %, change in the frequency (20). By the use of a tuning fork ( 1 4 > 2 9 ), the frequency can be maintained constant and equal to that defined by the fork to within 1 part in 100 000. Changing tubes produced a maximum effect of 1 in 100 000; there was no change as the tubes aged and no change as the filament current was reduced, provided the current was not less than 80% of its normal value. As the plate voltage was increased the frequency increased by 0.0002 % per volt of change. LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) C 1 ) Aigner, Unterwasserschatttechnik. Berlin, Krayn, 1922. ( 2 ) Arnold and Crandall, 2, 10: 22; 17. (3) Barton, A textbook on sound. London, Macmillan, 1914. ( 4 ) Barton, in B2, IV. ( 5 ) Berger, Die Schalltechnik. Braunschweig, Vieweg, 1926. (6) Blaikley, 3, 7: 339; 79. (7) Cady, U9 21: 371; 23. (*) Cady, 48, 10: 475; 25. (9) Chwolson, Traité de physique. I : KTo. 4. Paris, Hermann, 1908. 10 ( ) Crandall, Theory of vibrating systems and sound. New York, Van Nostrand, 1926. O 1 ) Dadourian, 2, 13: 337; 19. O 2) Davis, 66, 41: 691; 06. ( 13 ) Discussion on Loud-Speakers, 67, 36: 211; 24. (U) Eccles and Jordan, 18I9 82; 704; 19. (»*) Eckhardt, 143, 194: 49; 22, 0«) Eck-

hardt, Karcher and Keiser, 48, 6: 949; 22. ( 1 7 ) Edelmann, 8, 2: 469; 00. O ») Geiger and Scheel, B95, VII. (19) Goldsmith and Minton, 529, 12: 423; 24. ( 20 ) Gunn, 48, 8: 545; 24. («) Hanna, 529, 13: 437; 25. ( 22 ) Hanna and Slepian, 129, 43: 393; 24. (23) Heck, Eckhardt and Keiser, 217, No. 107; 24. (24) Heck and Service, 217, No. 108; 24. (25) Helmholtz and Ellis, On the sensations of tone. London, Longmans, 1895. (26) Henrard, L'onde électrique, 4: 120; 25. (27) Hewlett, 2, 19: 52; 22. ( £8 ) Hewlett, 48, 6: 1059; 22. (2») Horton, Ricker and Morrison, 129, 42: 730; 23. ( 30 ) Kennelly, Electrical vibration instruments. New York, Macmillan, 1923. (31) Kimball, 2, 25: 116; 25. ( 32 ) King, 143, 183: 259; 17. ( 33 ) King, 143, 187: 611; 19. (34) Knipp, 2, 17: 532; 21. ( 3S ) Knipp, 58, 120: 362; 27. ( 36 ) Lamb, The dynamical theory of sound. London, Arnold and Co., 1925. (37) Love and Dawson, 2, 14: 49; 19. ( 38 ) Mallet and Dutton, 469 63: 502; 25. (39) Melde, in B76, II: 293. (40) Mercadier, 34, 79: 1001, 1069; 74. (41) Millet, 541, 22: 107; 14. (42) Milne and Fowler, 5, 98: 414; 21. (43) Pocock, 67, 36: 120; 24. (44) Rankine, 67, 36: 115; 24. (45) Rayleigh, 3, 3: 456; 77. (46; Rayleigh, 3, 13: 340; 82. (47) Rayleigh, The theory of sound, II. London, Macmillan, 1896. (48) Rice and Kellogg, 39, 44: 982, 1915; 25. (49) Richardson, Sound. New York, Longmans, 1927. (50) Sawyer, 541, 22: 115; 14. (5i) Schottky, 63, 25: 672; 24. (52) Stephenson, 2, 21: 181; 23. (53) Stern, 281, 30: 422; 02, 63, 5: 693; 04. (54) Stewart, et al, 337, 4 : No. 23; 22. (55) Wegel, Bell Telephone Laboratories, New York, O. (56) Wente, 2,10: 39; 17. (57) Wente, 2,19: 333; 22. (5») Wente, 2, 19: 498; 22. (59) Winkelmann, B76, II. (60) Wood and Ford, J. Sd. Instruments, 1: 161; 24. <«») Wullner, 8, 4: 321; 78.

DETECTION AND MEASUREMENT OF SOUND E. A. ECKHARDT This bibliography covers all devices now available for quantitative measurements. For a recent discussion of such devices, see (39' i ). Apparatus covering the range within which the human ear is sensitive (see p. 450) is very elaborate and compromises are generally required to meet a given situation. 1. Interferometric measurement of amplitude of changes in density (29, 35, 39). 2. Rayleigh disc: In free air ( 52 ); in simple resonator ( 12 > 30); in double resonator ( 4 > 38, 41). 3. Webster's phonometer (21, 42, 43). 4. Wien's vibration manometer ( 47 I 5 I). 5. Torsion balance for measuring pondermotive force ( 2 > 31 > si), theory (31). 6. Miller's phonodeik (23). 7. Ballistic phonometer (3). 8. Acoustic valves ( 28 ). 9. Magnetophones (20, 27, 34). 10. Contact microphones (i °> 27). 11. Thermo-microphones (8, 9, 15,16,17, 24, 25, 33, 40). 12. Condenser microphones ( 5 > 4S, 46). 13. Resonators (13, 25, 26, 32, 40). 14. Horns (7, l l , 14, 18, 26, 36, 37, 43, 44).

15. Geophones (l> 22). 16. Hydrophones («• i 9 , 48, 49, so).

LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) C 1 ) Ackley and Ralph, 313, No. 2639; 24. (2) AHberg, 8, 11: 405; 03. (3) Banerji, 3, 32: 96; 16. (*) Boys, in B2, 3: 723; 23. (5) Crandall, 2, 11: 449; 18. («) Drysdale, 46, 58: 572; 20. (7) Foley, 2, 20: 505; 22. («) Friese and Waetzmann, 96, 29: 110; 24. ( 9 ) Friese and Waetzmann, 8, 76: 39; 25. ( 10 ) Gâti, Elektrotech. Maschinenbau, 36: 527; 18. C 11 ) Goldsmith and Minton, 529, 12: 423; 24. (12) Qrimsehl, 8, 34: 1028; 88, (13) Hahnemann and Hecht, 63, 22: 353; 21. (*4) Hanna and Slepian, 39, 43: 250, 1191; 24. (is) Heindlhofer, 8, 37: 247; 12. (16) Heindlhofer, 8, 45: 259; 14. (") von Hippel, 8, 75: 521; 24. (i«) Hoersch, 2, 25: 218, 225; 25. (i») Hopwood, 58, 103: 467; 19. ( 2 0 ) Karcher, Sl9 No. 473; 23. (21) King, 62, 218: 211; 19. (22) Leighton, 30, No. 277; 22. (23) Miller, Science of musical sounds. New York, Macmillan, 1916. (24) Neuscheler, 8, 34: 131; 11. (25) paris, 5, 101: 391; 22. (26) Paris, 3, 43.- 769; 24. (27) Pierce, 65, 43: 375; 08. (28) Raps, 8, 36: 273; 89. (29) Raps, 8, 50: 193; 93. (30) Rayleigh, 3, 14: 186; 82. (31) Rayleigh, 3, 3: 338; 02. (32) Rayleigh, 3, 36: 231; 18. (33) Richards, 3, 45: 926; 23. (34) gell, Wiss. Veröffentlich. Siemens-Konzern, 2: 353; 22. (35) Sharpe, 506, 27: 205; 99. (36) Stewart, 2, 16: 313; 20. (37) Stewart, 2, 25: 230; 25. (38) Stewart and Stiles, 2, 1: 309; 13. (39) Topler and Boltzmann, 8, 141: 321; 70. (39.1) Trendelenburg, in Geiger and Scheel's Handbuch der Physik, 8: 572; 27. (40) Tucker and Paris, 62, 221: 389; 21. (41) Watson, Acoustics of buildings. New York, Wiley, 1923. (42) Webster, 197, 5: 173; 19. (43) Webster, 197,5: 275; 19. (44) Webster, 197, 6: 316; 20. (4S) Wente, 2, 10: 39; 17. (46) Wente, 2, 19: 498; 22. (47) Wien, 8, 36: 834; 89. (48) Wilson, 2, 15: 178; 20. (49) Wood and Young, 5, 100: 252; 21. (50) Wood and Young, 6, 100: 261; 21. (Si) Zernov, 8, 21: 131; 06. («2) Zernov, 8, 26: 79; 08.

TRANSMISSION, REFLECTION, REVERBERATION AND ABSORPTION OF SOUND P. E. SABINE CONTENTS

MATIÈRES

Symbols and definitions. Transmission through tubes, horns and wave-filters. Acoustic resistivity and transmission of plane waves from medium to medium.

Symboles et définitions. Transmission à travers les tubes, trompes et filtres d'onde. Résistivité acoustique et transmission d'ondes planes de milieu à milieu.

Transmission through septa bounded by air. Coefficient of acoustic absorption by boundaries.

Transmission à travers les membranes entourées d'air. Coefficient d'absorption acoustique par les parois.

Absorbing power of objects.

Pouvoir absorbant des objets.

Reverberation in rooms.

Réverbération dans les salles.

SYMBOLS AND DEFINITIONS A a E I I N

Amplitude of displacement of element of the medium. Absorbing power. Bulk modulus, modulus of volume elasticity. Intensity of the sound. Length of a tube, or thickness of a septum. Frequency, pitch, number of complete vibrations per unit of time. P Acoustic power. R Radius. s Area. T Duration of audible reverberation. t Time. V Volume of room or other enclosure. v Velocity of sound in medium considered, v.p.s. Vibrations per second. a. Coefficient of absorption. O Damping coefficient, coefficient of attenuation. X Wave-length. fj. Acoustic resistivity. p Density. a Mass of septum per unit of area. Absorbing Power.—As the result of the absorption of sound by a surface of. area s, the intensity of the sound in an enclosure dies away exponentially after its emission ceases; / ( = Iê~asvt^v, where t is the time that has elapsed since / had the value /0, the source having ceased to emit sound prior to the beginning of the interval t, and v is the velocity of sound in the medium which fills the volume V. The absorbing power of the surface is as, and a is the coefficient of absorption. If the boundaries (walls, fittings, and occupants) consist of several types of surfaces, the total absorbing power is o = aiSi + «2^2 + • • • ; it is of the dimensions of an area. Acoustic power is the amount of acoustic energy that is emitted per unit of time. Acoustic resistivity of a medium is ju = *\/Ep. It is the amount by which the r.m.s.1 pressure in a plane wave must exceed the static pressure if the r.m.s.1 velocity of the medium is to be unity. Coefficient of Absorption.—See Absorbing power. 1 r.m.s. = square root of the mean square.

INHALTSVERZEICHNIS Symbole und Definitionen. Transmission durch Röhren, Hörner und Wellenfilter. Akustische Widerstandsfestigkeit und Transmission flacher Wellen von Medium zu Medium. Transmission durch Luftbegrenzten Septa. Akustischer Absorptionskoefnzient an Grenzflächen. Absorptionsvermögen Stoffe. Widerhall in Räumen,

der

INDICE P AG E Simboli e definizioni 458 Trasmissione attraverso tubi, trombe e filtri d'onda 458 Resistività acustica e trasmissione délie onde piane da mezzo a mezzo 459 Trasmissione attraverso setti circondati di aria... 459 Coefficiente di assorbimento acustico delle intercapedini 459 Potere assorbente di oggetti 460 Riverberazione nelle stanze 460

Coefficient of Attenuation.—As a sound travels along a tube, the intensity decreases exponentially; Ix = Ioe~8x; 8 is coefficient of attenuation. Intensity (I) of a sound is used in this section to denote the amount of acoustic energy per unit volume of the medium. For a single beam of advancing sound, Iv is the acoustic energy transmitted per unit of time through a unit of area perpendicular to the direction of propagation. Transmittivity of an interface or septum = (transmitted energy) -T- (incident energy). Reflectivity of a surface = (reflected energy) -f- (incident energy). TABLE 1.—TRANSMISSION OF SOUND THROUGH TUBES, HORNS AND WAVE-FILTERS Amplification by horns: theoretical ( 1 J 2, 7, 8, 14, 17, 23, 37)j experimental (3, 4, 12, 14, is, 16, is, 20, 21, 22, 31, 38, 39). Wave-filters are conduits with side openings and, in certain types, associated branches and air-chambers; sounds in predetermined ranges of frequencies cannot pass through them. Theory and experiments ( 32 ). For cylindrical tubes, radii RI and R2 (Rz = r2Ri), connected by a cone of length Z, sound proceeding from tube 1 to tube 2, 4,Af L . 7 2 'A*Ri Fl 1 4-( + JLzJU (1 -cos?)-]«+, f ( r 2 - I) (u -SJnT 2 7 )Ia

—T,

L

~^—\ L ~~^

^

J

where 77 = -r— (5). A

For tube of constant A, Ix = Ioe~8x', tabular values are 6 (ll). unit of R = 1 cm = 0.394 in.; of / = l m = 3.28 ft.; of N = 1 v.p.s.; of O = 0.01m-1 = 0.00305ft.-1. JV 2R

2.70 2.70 2.54 4.92 4.92 7.30 9.84

Material Brass Iron Fiber Brass Fiber Brass Brass

254 |1040|2285|3280 254|l040|2285|3250 I = 3 04* 90° Straight tube , ' ,' 9.8 16.715.7 12.1 13.4 18.7 20.0 14.815.125.230.2 . 6.9 8.212.111.86.9 8.9 8.914.4 8.913.514.115.1 5.6 6.2 8.9 8.26.2 8.2 9.810.2 4.9 6.6 5.64.1 3.110.3 7.2

TABLE 2.—ACOUSTIC RESISTIVITY AND TRANSMISSION OF PLANE WAVES FROM MEDIUM TO MEDIUM (5) The external media are assumed to have a thickness that is great as compared with X; the media are indicated by subscripts, 1, 2, 3, . . . , in the order in which they are entered by the wave, Ai1 Air = displacement amplitude of incident, of reflected, wave in medium 1. Two media, plane boundary, normal incidence. AI — Air = A 2 ; (Ai + AIT)PI = A2Ju2; (Ai + AIT)/(Ai — Air) = J^/ML Write W2 for /X2/M1Î i-e*y M2 = m2/ii. Then for the interface, the transmittivity is AIw/Aim = 4m2/(m2 + I) 2 ; the reflectivity is (m2 —

I)VN 2 + I)*.

Three media, plane parallel boundaries, normal incidence. Let m2 = M2/Mi> ^s = M3/M2, and I2 and X 2 = thickness of medium 2 and wave-length in it; then the transmittivity of the septum is

Acoustic resistivity GU) = \/Ep'f velocity (v) = -\/E/p. Unit of E = 1 kg wt./mm 2 = 1422 Ib. wt./in. 2 ; of p = 1 g/cm3 = 62.4 Ib./ft.3; of v = 1 m/sec = 3.28 ft./sec; of M = 104g cm~2 sec"1 = 2.05 X 104 Ib. ft.-* sec.-1. Medium | E | p | v* \ ß* Steel 20 000 TTs 5 010 391 Cast iron 9 500 7.0 3 650 255 Brass 6500 8.4 2750232 Bronze 3 200 8.8 1 890 166 Lead 600 11.4 718 81.9 Wood: Teak 1600 0.86 4 2 7 0 37 Fir 900 0.45 4 430 20 Beech 600 0.80 2710 22 Water 200 1.0 1 400 14 Rubber <1 ca. 1 <100 <1 Air 0.014 0.0013 325 0.004 * The numbers in this column have been slightly changed in order to make them accord with the tabulated values of E and p.

*£&> [M^b^-g]}

TABLE 3.—TRANSMISSION OF SOUND THROUGH SEPTA BOUNDED BY AIR Quilts.—Soft, flexible, porous, highly absorbent septa ( 25 ). Logio ( I i / I s ) = ß + 7^2, where I2 = thickness of the septum and I3 is intensity after passage through the septum. Unit of p = 1 g/cm 3 = 62.4 Ib./ft. 3 ; of N — 1 v.p.s.; of ß = 0.01; of 7 — 0.01 cm"1 = 0.305ft.-1. N — ; Covering Hair, loosely felted 0.14 None Plant fiber board, coarse 0.24 None Seaweed, quilted 0.11 Light paper Plant fiber, soft, quilted 0.14 Heavy paper Hair and asbestos fiber 0.40 Heavy paper Hair and asbestos fiber . . . 0.55 Paper + burlap Material of septum

p

128 i ß \ 38 77 85 71 122 60

y 5 25 14 17 22 36

256 i ß \ 25 77 67 56 130 96

7 8 20 14 14 24 34

5Î2 i ß \ 35 68 58 45 122 87 |

I v 10 29 22 23 43 63

ÏÔ24 i ß \ 7 35 15 105 41 33 34 45 55 110 65 56 100

2048 i ß \ 7 26 17 10 70 35 35 50 108

4096 \ ß \ y 48 17 22 80 30 52 100 123

WoOd1 Glass, Steel (24).—Sound transmitted by forced vibrations of the septum: resonance may cause a large variation in transmission for a small variation in pitch. Tabulated values are averages for the 6 values of N of the preceding section. Each complete septum was 2.1 m by 0.79 m ( = 6.9 ft. by 2.59 ft.); I = thickness of septum. Unit of I = 1 cm = 0.394 in. Material | Remarks | I \ Ii/f7 Plate glass 1 pane 0.63 200 Plate glass . 4 panes each, 38 by 99 cm 0.63 282 Plate glass 4 panes each, 38 by 99 cm 0.47 190 Plate glass Small, leaded panes 0.47 302 Window glass 12 panes, each 25.4 by 48 cm 0.32 140 Steel door 0.63 1020 Wooden door Panelled, birch veneer 74 Oak door Solid, well seasoned 4.45 140 Oak door Solid, damp 4.45 231 Masonry (27).—Tabulated values are averages for 20 tones covering the range N — 128 to 4096 v.p.s.; each septum was 1.88 m by 2.34 m ( = 6.17 ft. by 7.68 ft.); I1/!', = #
TABLE 4.—COEFFICIENT OF ACOUSTIC ABSORPTION BY BOUNDARIES If /o is the intensity of sound in an enclosure, of volume V1 at some instant after the production of the sound has ceased, the intensity at a later time is It = /oe~ov
Material Gypsum tile Gypsum tile Plaster Gypsum tile Clay tile Gypsum tile Gypsum tile Clay tile Plaster Plaster

Furnishings and Watt Coverings.—OL determined by method of reverberation, unless another is indicated; "draped" = draped back one-fourth; I — thickness of covering, a — mass of covering per unit area. 1 cm = 0.394 in.; 1 g/m 2 == 0.00184 Ib./yd.2 = 0.000205 Ib./ft.2; unit of a = 0.01. Material | Remarks | « 5 i 2 | Lit. Audience Closely seated 96 ( 26 ) Cork I= 2.54 cm 12 (26) Cork I = 3.8 cm 32* (34)

j

Remarks | Tt | ^~] I | * | li/Is K* Solid 5.08 5.08 50.8 230 206 Hollow 7.62 7.62 54.3 260 243 Solid, metal lath 3.81 3.81 68.0 340 427 Solid 7.62 7.62 69.5 468 451 Hollow 10.16 10.16 83.2 677 708 Solid, plastered 5.08 3.16 8.24 104.8 1180 1375 Solid, plastered 7.62 3.1610.78124.2 1910 1923 Hollow, plastered 10.16 3.1613.32141.0 2500 2640 Solid, metal lath 8.9 8.9 159.0 4000 3570 Solid, metal lath 11.7511.75204.0 6600 6660

Finish | Material Unpainted Brick Painted Brick Smooth Brick + gypsum plaster Smooth Clay tile + gypsum plaster Smooth Gypsum block -f gypsum plaster Smooth Lime plaster, wood lath and studding Smooth. Clay tile + gypsum plaster Rough Clay tile -f gypsum plaster Rough Gypsum plaster, metal lath Rough Gypsum plaster, metal lath * Rough.. Lime plaster, wood lath and studding * Wood studding.

| /TO | lc \ 05121 aa„ \ Lit. 45 3.1 4.0 (26) 45 1.7 1.9 ( 26 ) 45 1.5 1.2 1.5 ( 29 ) 10 2.2 3.4 ( 29 > 7.6 4.4 3.6 (29) 1.8 2.9 ( 26 ) 10 2.0 2.8 ( 26 ) 10 4.9 4.4 ( 29 > 6.3 4.7 3.6 (29) 11.4 4.73.0(29) 11.4 3.4 3.0 ( 2 6 )

TABLE 4.—(Continued) Material j Remarks | «512 I = 0.8cm 20 Carpet Carpet Brussels 23* Cheesecloth a = 48 g/m2 1.9 Chenille 23 17 Coco matting Cotton draperies.... Straight, a = 330 g/m 2 9 Cotton draperies.... Draped, a = 330 g/m 2 29 Velour draperies Straight,
[ Lit. (26) (34) (26) (26) (30) (*») (29) (29) (29) (26) (34) (26) (26) (34) (26) (26) (29) (34) (29) (29) (29) (35) (35) (26) (26) (26)

* Flue method.

TABLE 5.—ABSORBING POWER OF OBJECTS Absorbing power (a) of an object = as (cf. Table 4). a = 0.01 m2 = 0.108ft.2 Object I Remarks | a Audience Per person 44 Chairs Ash 1 Chairs Wood, veneered 3 Church pews Wood, per sitting 2 Pew cushions Per sitting 13.5 to Opera chairs Seats upholstered 9 to Opera chairs Seats and backs upholstered 14 to

Unit of \ Lit. (26) (26) (29) (35) 19 (26) 23 (35) 19 (29)

TABLE 6.—REVERBERATION IN ROOMS Duration (T) of audible reverberation in a room of volume V , , ,. . _ 4 F 1 /o 9.2F 1 /o , and absorbing power a is T = — loge — = CLV logio —1> » where CLV 1/ /o = average intensity of the sound at the instant its production ceased = — (1 — e-avt/* v)} where t = the time the sound has been continuously produced; i — minimum audible intensity. Assume v = 342 m sec"1 (= 1122 ft. sec"1) and t is so great that /0 = 4Plav, and put T0 = value of T when I0/i •= 106; T10 = value of T when P/i = 1010 m 3 sec"1 (= 35.3 X 1010 ft.3 sec"1). Then if units are 1 m and 1 sec, T0 = 0.161F/a, !Ti0 = 0.0269 ~ (8.07 y logio a), and if units are 1 ft. and 1 sec, TQ = 0.049 — » and T7I0 = 0.0082^(9.10 -Iog 10 a).

For each of the 11 rooms considered below, T is considered satisfactory for the purpose indicated. Values of TQ and TIQ are computed from V and the known values of a for the surfaces and furnishings, assuming N = 512 v.p.s. and that the audience fills the room to its capacity. Key = key number of room. Unit of V = 1 m 3 = 35.3 ft. 3 ; of TQ and T10 = 1 sec. Key I Purpose | V \ Seats [ TQ \ TIQ \ Lit. ~~ï Piano 74 to 0.95 to 1.07 to (26) 210 1.10 1.19 2 Intimate drama.... 1 700 300 1.20 1.14 (26) 3 Drama 5900 1670 1.51 1.23 (35) 4 Orchestra 11 500 1 600 2.35 2.02 (26) 5 Music, speech 12 200 1.70 1.41 (33) 6 Orchestra 18 400 2 600 2.33 1.92 (26) 7 Opera 1 4 2 0 0 2 3 5 0 1.51 1.23 (29) 8 Orchestra 20 600 2 300 2.40 1.96 (29) 9 Orchestra 22 400 3 340 2.08 1.66 (35) 10 Orchestra, speech... 22 600 5000 1.70 1.33 (33) 11 Music, speech 26 200 3 640 1.90 1.48 (29) KEY NUMBERS AND LOCATIONS OP ROOMS STUDIED Key I Name and location 1 New England Conservatory, Boston (5 small rooms) 2 Little Theater, New York, N. Y. 3 Apollo Theater, Chicago, 111. 4 Gewandthaus, Leipzig, Germany 5 Academy of Music Opera House, Brooklyn, N. Y. 6 Symphony Hall, Boston, Mass. 7 Opera House, Boston, Mass. 8 Masonic Auditorium, Cleveland, Ohio 9 Eastman Theater, Rochester, N. Y. 10 Hill Memorial, Ann Arbor, Mich. 11 Auditorium Theater, Chicago, 111. LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) O) Barton, 3, 15: 69; 08. ( 2 ) Bernouilli, 151, 1762: 431. (3) Blaikley, 3, 6: 119; 78. ( 4 ) Boutet, 6, 21: 150; 70. (5) Brillé, 384, 75: 171; 19. («) Chrisler, 31At 22: 227; 27. ( 7 ) Crandall, Theory of vibrating systems and sound. New York, Van Nostrand, 1926. (*) Duhamel, 408, 14: 49; 49. (9) Eckhardt, 143, 195: 799; 23. (1°) Eckhardt and Chrisler, SlA, 21: 37; 26. ( 1 J ) Eckhardt, Quayle, Evans and Buckingham, 32, No. 333; 26. ( 12 ) Foley, 2, 20: 505; 22. O 3) Franklin, 2, 16: 372; 03. (14) Goldsmith and Minton, 529, 12: 423; 24. O 5 ) Gripon, 34, 68: 909; 69. 0«) Hanna and Slepian, 39, 43: 250; 24. (17) Hoersch, 2, 25: 218; 25. (*») Hoppe, 63, 13: 1051; 12. (19) Jäger, 75, 120 Ha: 613; 11. (20) Mahillon, 2, 2: 193; 01. («) Masson, 6, 48: 5; 56. (22) Neyreneuf, 6, 16: 562; 99. ( 23 ) Rayleigh, The theory of sound, H. London, Macmillan, 1896. (24) Sabine, 530, 118: 102; 20. (25) Sabine, 530, 120: 215, 266; 21. (26) Sabine, Collected papers on acoustics, Cambridge, Mass., Harvard Univ. Press, 1922. (27) Sabine, 530, 124: 23; 23. (2«) Sabine, 530, 125: 579; 24. (29) Sabine, 0, (30) Stewart, 116, 17: 295; 03. (3i) Stewart, 2, 16: 313; 20. (32) Stewart, 2, 17: 382; 21. 19: 401; 22. 20: 528; 22. 25: 90; 25. (33) Tallant, The Brickbuilder, 19: 243; 10. (34) Taylor, 2, 2: 270; 13. (35) Watson, Acoustics of buildings. New York, Wiley, 1923. (36) Watson, 86, No. 172; 27. (37) Webster, 197, 5: 275; 19. (38) Webster, 197, 6: 316; 20. (39) Zamminer, 8, 7: 173; 56.

VELOCITY OF SOUND

ARTHUR L. FOLEY CONTENTS Symbols. Relation of velocity to various factors. Velocity of sound in : Free air. Gases and vapors: One temperature. Variation with temperature. Liquids. Natural waters. Solids. Velocity of sound in gases confined in tubes.

MATIÈRES Symboles. Relations entre la vitesse et divers facteurs. Vitesse du son dans: L'air libre. Les gaz et vapeurs: À une température. Variation avec la température. Les liquides. Les eaux naturelles. Les solides. Vitesse du son dans les gaz confinés dans des tubes.

As the determination of the velocity of sound is beset by many difficulties, the values obtained by different observers under nominally identical conditions are frequently quite different. Hence, it has seemed best to give either the individual observations, if few, or the simple average of all, if many (occasionally excluding a few that are markedly discordant); and, when data corresponding to each of a series of values of a single variable are available, to give, if possible, the coefficients of a simple empirical equation that represents the series within the estimated experimental error. Such an equation should not be used beyond the indicated limits. The averages and coefficients have been determined for these tables; the literature references indicate merely the sources of the data upon which they rest. Wherever given, the deviations from the equations refer to the deviations of the values derived by the authors, not necessarily of the individual determinations. SYMBOLS t Temperature, 0C. T1 TQ Absolute temperature, absolute temperature of O0C. V Velocity of sound in an unlimited volume of the medium, except in Table 7 where it is the observed velocity in the confined gas. Subscripts (e.g., Vt) indicate the temperature, or the temperature and pressure, to which V refers. RELATION OF VELOCITY OF SOUND TO VARIOUS FACTORS Pitch.—For frequencies up to 800 000 per sec, the velocity in free air and in free illuminating gas has been found to be independent of the pitch (22, 58). For air and CO2, see (71). When a gas is confined in a tube, the velocity is less than in the free gas, but approaches that as the frequency is increased; see Table 7. In liquids also, the velocity is independent of the pitch unless the viscosity is very great and the frequency is very high; in going from 43 000 to 600 000 per sec, the velocity in water decreases only 5 % (8). In glass rods, the velocity of transverse waves increases with the frequency and with the diameter; an increase from 400 m/sec to 2 400 m/sec has been observed when the frequency was increased from 285 000 to 455 000 per sec (i"). Intensity.—Even at ordinary intensities, the velocity is only approximately independent of the intensity, and at great intensities it is far from such independence, the velocity increasing with the intensity ( 9 » 28, 32, so, ei, 62, 72, 73, 83, 96, 97,100,102,109). The effect of the motion of the medium (q.v.) must be considered.

INDICE PAGE Simboli 461 Rapporte délia velocità con altrifattori 461 Velocità di propagazione del suono in: Aria libéra 461 Gas e vapori: A una data temperatura 462 Variazione con la temperatura 463 Liquidi. 464 Acque naturali 464 Solidi 465 Velocità di propagazione del suono nei gas racchiusi in tubi 466 Velocities ranging from 331 to 1270 m/sec in air (32, 72, 100)^ and from 1400 to 2013 m/sec in water (96) have been observed. Medium.—Unless the intensity is great, the velocity of sound with reference to the medium is quite approximately given by the equation V2 = E/d, where E is the adiabatic volume elasticity, and d is the density of the medium. In general, both E and d vary with the temperature, pressure, and composition of the medium. For an ideal gas, E = yp, and Vt = VoTfT0 is independent of the pressure; y — ratio of the specific heats. For many actual gases an equation of the form V2t,P = V2o,p(l + at + bt2) represents the observations within their experimental error; a will usually differ from 1/77O. Irons ( 47 ) concludes that the best general equation is V = a -J- bTn, where n is near 0.5 and varies with the complexity of the molecule. Velocity of Medium.—When the medium is streaming with reference to the observer, the apparent velocity of the sound is the sum of the normal velocity and that component of the mass velocity of the medium which is in the direction of the line joining the source and the observer. The wave-front of the sound wave from a gun is a circle with a moving center ( 67 ) ; if the distance measured along the axis of the gun from the muzzle to the wave-front is X1 then x — Vr -{- a(l — e~br)1 where V is the normal velocity, and r is the time since the initiation of the wave. The apparent velocity is dx/dr = V + abe~br. For a 10-inch gun firing a service charge, a — 22 m, and 6 = 27 sec"1 ( 67 ); see also ( 48 ). Velocity of Source.—Giving the source a velocity of 85.5 m/sec with reference to the medium and observer, relatively at rest, produces no change in the velocity of the sound (*). Radiation.—Under the action of X-rays an increase of 5 % in the velocity in O2 and N2, and a greater increase in H2 have been observed (55). The action of ultra-violet light on O2 forms ozone and decreases the velocity. Radiation from Ra produces no change. Velocity in argon is unaffected by radiation ( 92 ). It has been suggested that the effect upon the velocity arises, in general, from a change in the ratio of the specific heats ( 20 ). Topography.—The apparent velocity in free air is affected by the local topography and altitude (10I 59 > 85 )„ INHALTSVEEZEICHNIS Zeichen. Beziehung der Geschwindigkeit zu verschiedenen Faktoren. Geschwindigkeit des Schalles in: Freier Luft. Gasen und Dämpfen: Bei bestimmter Temperatur. Änderung mit der Temperatur. Flüssigkeiten. Natürlichen Wässern. Festen Stoffen. Geschwindigkeit des Schalles in Gasen innerhalb von Röhren.

TABLE 1.—VELOCITY OF SOUND IN FREE AIR The following data refer to dry air. The presence of water vapor increases the velocity. If e = pressure of water vapor present in air at barometric pressure p, then

" - M'-!GH>

where Vd and Vh = velocity in dry and in humid air of the same temperature, and ja and yw = ratio of specific heats of air and of water (88). Observed values ( 59 ) of VH at 75 % of saturation and over range — 14 to +270C are significantly greater than those computed by means of this equation, the value at 21.85° being 353.0 in/sec while the values computed for 50 % and 100 % are only 345.5 and 346.2, Vd being taken as 344.7, which corresponds to F0 = 331.7. Unit of V = Im/sec; of p = 1 atm.; temperature = t, 0C. Velocity (F0) at O0C, and 1 Atm. It has been noticed ( 33 ) that, from 1738 to 1919, there seems to be a progressive decrease, totaling about 0.3 %, in the recorded values of Fo, suggesting a slight change in the constitution of the atmosphere. This decrease has not been considered in taking the following averages. In the table are given (a) the unweighted averages of the recorded values grouped roughly according to method used; (6) the weighted average of all values obtained prior to 1902 ( 7 4); and (c) the average of the 1902 average and the best values obtained since then C 33 ). Method I Range | F0 | Lit. Gunfire 330.7-332.4 331.4 (2, 3, 10, 12, so, 34, 67, 68, 72, 90)

Pipes and tubes

330.0-331.9* 331.1

(6, 22, 23, 26, 57, 72, 80, 88, 101,

102,

105}

Other methods 331.3-332.1 331.6 (39, 40, 59,94,95) Weighted mean prior to 1902 331.78 (74) Weighted mean to 1927 331.45 ( 33 ) * Omitting 328.6 (23).

at -45.6°, and between O and 700° the range is from -0.43 to +0.29%. Variation of Vt with Pressure (52, 107); cft (53, 89) A = (Vp — Fi) -T- FI, temperature constant. Unit of p = latm.; of A « 0.01 t -14Q°| -103.50I -79.3°j -78.5°| -35° | O0C | Lit. p A 20 -16.8 - 3.1 ^TTs -0.3 - 0.1 O 0 7 ) 25 -1.7 + 0.8 ( 5 2) 40 -5.8 -3.2 -0.3+ 0.5 O 0 7 ) 50 -1.8 + 2.2 (52) 60 -2.5 O + 1.8 ( 107 ) 75 -0.2 + 4.1 (52) 80 +1.3+ 3.5 (i° 7 ) 100 + 6.0 (107) 100 +12.8 + 6.4 (52) 125 +22.7 + 9.5 (52) 150 +33.4 +13.2 (52) 175 +45.4 +17.3 (52) 200 +56.4 +19.0 (52) TABLE 2.—VELOCITY OF SOUND IN GASES AND VAPORS: ONE TEMPERATURE (For variation with temperature, see Table 3.) Temperature = t, 0C; pressure = 1 atm.; A« = average departure of observed velocities from the value tabulated; if no value given for A a , there is but one acceptable determination. The symbols serve merely to identify the gases, and give no indication of their molecular states. Unit of F = l m/sec; O f A 0 = 1 % of F. Gas I t I Vt I A0 ~ Lit. Air.. See Table 1 A O 307.8 0.2 (23,45) Br O 135.0 (91) Ca 850 652 (104) Cl O 205.8 0.2 (64,91) H

FIG. 1.—Excess of observed velocity in air above that calculated by means of the equation Vt = 330.6Vl +0.003707* -~ 1.256J2IO-7 1. Average of several observers. 2. Ciccone and Campanile ( 17 ). 3. Cook, and Witkowski and Cook ( 19 » 10 ^) 1 values at -136° and -104°, 3.55 % and 3.42 % low, lie below the bottom of the figures. 4. Dixon, Campbell, and Parker (23). 5. Dulong C 2 «). 6. Esclangon (30). 7. Greeley (3S). 8. Grüneisen and Merkel ( 39 ). 9. Low (58). 10. Stevens ( 88 ). 11. Strecker <»i). 12. Zoch (113).

Variation of Vt with Temperature The recorded values between —181 and +1000° are represented by the equation Vt = 330.6Vl +0.003707* - 1.256*2 X 10~7 X (1 + O), where 5 has the values shown in Fig. 1; with two exceptions, the extreme range of S is from —1.83 % at —181° to +1.42%

O

1261.7*

He Hg I K

O 330 O 850

971 187.Of 107.7f 652

0.3

N.

O

337.7

0.1

O H2O HCl HBr HI ICl IBr SO2 H2S NO

O O O O O O O O O O

316.2 401 295.2 199.8 157.1 135.4 120.4 209.2 289.3 325

0.3

(21,26,39,72,75,93)

(75) (54) (91) (104)

0.4

0.1

(11,23,75,79,80)

(26,75) (65) (65,80,91) (»i) (91) (91) (91) (65,80) (65) (65)

N2O

O

260.5

1.3

(45,64,72,80,112)

NH 3 CO

O O

414.8 337.4

0.2 0.1

(65, so, 112) (80,112)

CO2

O

259.3t

0.6

(11,23,26,45,64,65, 80, 112)

SiF4

O

167.4

(65)

* Values 1238 (5»), 1226 (»<>), and 1286.0 0*3) have been ignored. t At pressure of saturated vapor. JZoch C 11 3) finds 281.9.

Formula CCl4 CS2 CHCl3 CH2Cl2

|

Name Carbon tetrachloride Carbon disulfide Chloroform Méthylène chloride

|

t \ Vt | A « | Lit. 77 150.2 (56) O 195.0 (5) 20 155 (5) 43 175.9 (36)


TABLE 2.—(Continued) Formula CH^ CH4O C2N2 C2H2 C2H4

|

Name Methane Methyl alcohol Cyanogen Acetylene Ethylene

|

t O 67 O O O

\ Vt \ A0 | Lit. 430.5 0.3 (23,65) 341.2 (56) 229.5 (65) 327.5 0.2 (45, 80) 317.0 0.5 (26, 45,65, 80, 1 1 2 )

C2H4O2 C2H6 C2H6O C3H6O C3H6O C3H6O C3H6O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H10O C4H10O C5H10O2

Acetic acid Ethane Ethyl alcohol Allyl alcohol Propionaldehyde Acetone Propionic acid Butyric acid Isobutyric acid Ethyl acetate Ethyl ether Butyl alcohol Valeric acid

136 O O 95 50 58 146 158 150 76 O 82 169

209 ( 88 ) 303.0* 230.6 (65) 218.5 (36) 258.3 (36) 208.4 (36) 232 (56) 222.2 (56) 208.4 (56) 208.1 (56) 180.60.8(5,65) 225.6 (56) 218.4 (56)

Formula | Name C5H12 Pentane C5H12O Amyl alcohol C6H6 Benzene C6H14 Hexane C8H16O2 Isobutyl butyrate C10H20O2 Isoamyl valerate Benzine Coal gas Coal gas Gasoline

[ t \ ~Vt | A0 | Lit. 43 191.5 (24) 136 218.8 (56) 15 193 (5) 80 184.2 (24) 157 184.3 (56) 166 157.2 (56) 90 200 (24) O 50Of (58, us) 13.6453 (22) 50 171.3 (36)

Mixed Gases (24), 2O0C; volume %.

H2 % TT

56.4 51.6 21.0

Of n

%0 2

T7

V

%

H>

%

%

VT/

A.r

CQ2

%

Nz

%

CQ

V T/

43.6474.2 61.2 38.8 424.8 83.8 16.2351.8 48.4453.5 34.1 65.9 328.5 39.4 60.6351.6 79.0364.7 51.2 43.5 5.3389.2 |

* Deduced from observations at various temperatures; cf. Table 3. Heuse (4 8 ) gives Fo = 378. t Low (5») finds 490 to 515; Zoch ( 1 IS) gives 490.4.

TABLE 3.—VELOCITY OF SOUND IN GASES AND VAPORS: VARIATION WITH TEMPERATURE The empirical equation V = V\/l + «U0~3 -f ^2IO"6 should not be used beyond the "range " indicated; when ß is not zero, its value is given in a foot-note. A 0 = average departure of the submitted data from the value given by the empirical formula. The pressure is not always explicitly stated by the observer; it is assumed to be 1 atm. unless another value is indicated. Unit of V — 1 m/sec; of A 0 = 1% V. Temperature = t, 0C. Symbol j A Hg I N O H2O NH 3 N2O CO2 CS2 CHCl3 CH4 CH4O C2H4 C2H6 C2H6O C4H10O C4H10O C5H12 C6H6

Substance Air, v. Table 1 Argon Mercury* Iodine* Nitrogen Oxygen Oxygen Water Water Water Ammonia Nitrous oxide Carbon dioxide Carbon dioxide Carbon dioxide Carbon disulfide Chloroform Methane Methyl alcohol Ethylene Ethane Ethyl alcohol Ethyl ether Butyl alcohol Pentane Benzene

| ~' 307.8

|

a

|

Range

| A0

3.67? 0° to 1000° F330 = 187.0; F360 = 208.1 107.7 3.93? 0° to 290° 337.7 3.58e 0° to 1000° 316.2 3.78i -184.7° to 21° 300.8 3.652 -184.7° to -28.4° F0 = 401; F93 = 402; F96 = 410 Fn0 = 413;* Fi20 = 417.5;* Fi30 = 424.4* Fi00 = 471.5; F1000 = 853.9 414.8 | 3.71e | 0° to 86° Fi4.5 = 264.6; F600 = 446.9 258.0 3.63o 0° to 1080° 258.4 3.534§ 0° to 600° Fi6 = 264.7; Fi000 = 523.4 195.0|| 2.12e | 0° to 70° F20 = 155; F63 = 144.5; F80 = 163; F99.8 = 430.5 | 2.85? | 0° to 600° F67 = 341.2; F77 = 325.7; F99.7 = 350.3* 317.0 3.142§ 0° to 89° 303.0 3.304 10° to 100° 230.6 4.10 0° to 99.8 180.6 1.25o§ 0° to 100 F82 = 225.6; F116 = 235.4 163.9 |10.16§ | 43° to 86° F16 = 193; F90 = 200; F100 = 205

|

Lit

0.1

(23,45) (54, 56) 0.9 (56, 88, **) 0.1 (il, 23, 75, 79, 80) f (i», 26, 75) 1.0 (19) (49, 65) (98) (82) O. IJ (24,65,80,112) (82) O.Ot (") 0.0 (23) (82) Ot (5, 56) 171.4 (5, 36, 88) 0.2 (23,65) (24, 56, 88) 0.1 (24,26,45,65, so, 112) O . I t (23) 1.1J ( 2 4 , 5 6 , 6 5 , 7 0 , 8 8 ) 0.4t (5,24,49,65,93) (56) 0.1 (24) (X 24, 88)

* At pressure of saturated vapor. t For 0°, 21°, and -184.7°, Aa = 0.2; at -28.4°, -66.5°, and -137.3° computed V too great by 5.5 %, 3.4 %, and 4.1 %, respectively. . J The following values have been omitted: NH3, Fo = 407.4 ( 7 Z), low 1.8 %. CO2, F20 = 257.3 (5»), = 259.8 ( 93 ), low 3.7 % and 2.7 %. CS2, Fo = 189 (« 5 ), F48 = 187.7 (36), low 3.1 % and 8.3%. C 2 H 6 , Fo = 378 C**), high 25%. C2H6O, F48 = 235.7 (*9), low 6.6%. C4Hi0O (ether), Fi; = 175.9 (s») and Fas = 180.0 ( 36 ), low 4.0 % and 3.8 %; Fse = 192.8 (s8; and F37 = 194.4 (?<>), high 2.8 % and 3.5 %. § Values of ß: CO2, -0.210; C 2 H 4 , 24.6; C 4 Hi 0 O (ether), 25.0; C5Hi2, -37.6. Il F99.7 = 223.2 ( 8 8 ), high 4.4 %; at pressure of saturated vapor.

TABLE 4.—VELOCITY (V) OF SOUND IN LIQUIDS Pure liquids; aqueous solutions; ill-defined liquids. In column C is given either the density (g/cm3) or the wt. % of the solute; temperature = t, 0C. Unit of V = l m/sec. Pure Liquids Symbol | Substance | t Vt \ Lit. Hg Mercury 20 1407 (Ï3) H2O Water, distilled, air-free 15 1447* (25) 4 1419.2 (13) 21.51483.6 (13) 15 1433f ( 64 ) Water, pure Natural waters, v. Table 5 HNO3 Nitric acid 15.5 1518 (25) 16 1425 (76) CS2 Carbon disulfide 15 1161 (25) 20 1160 (76) CHCl3 Chloroform 15 983 (25) CH3NO2 Nitromethane 21.0 1360.5 (U) CH4O Methyl alcohol 19.0 1143.2 (14) C2H6O Ethyl alcohol 8.41264 (64) 15 1275 (76) 23 1160 (105) C8H6O Acetone 20.51189.4 (14) C4H10O Ethyl ether O 1152 (64, ios) 15 1024 (25, 76) C6Hi2O Amyl alcohol 20.0 1269.8 (14) C6H6Cl Chlorobenzene 17.0 1315.4 (14) C6H6NO2 Nitrobenzene 17.5 1506.1 (14) C6H6 Benzene 16.3 1170 (76) 17 1166J (25) C6H7N Aniline 20.8 1675.7 (14) C6Hi2O3 Paraldehyde 21.5 1202.4 (14) C 6 Hu n-Hexane 21.01111.7 (14) C7H7NO2 o-Nitrotoluene 20.5 1482.0 (i 4) C7H8 Toluene 20.51327.2 (14) C7H8O m-Cresol 21.5 1492.5 (14) C7H9N o-Toluidine 21.0 1644.8 (14) m-Toluidine 21.6 1602.4 (14) C8Hi0 Ethylbenzene 20.0 1351.0 (14) Solute

HCl H2SO4

NH 3

C2H6OH ZnSO4 CuSO4 FeSO4 CaCl2

Aqueous Solutions I C I t I Vt 1.207 15.5 1518 16 1455 7% 18.5 1455 31% 19.7 1475 63% 19.6 1380 92% 20.6 1280 2.8% 15 1440 7.3% 15 1470 17.5% 15 1540 23% 15 1635 0.880 16 1663 11% 4.4 1496 95% 12.5 1241 95% 20.5 1213 8% 16 1445 30% 13 1465 41% 17.5 1510 1.0663 21.5 1513.0 1.1238 21.5 1538.5 1.1615 21.5 1562.3 1.104 16.5 1485 1.0661 21.5 1546.9 1.1271 21.5 1601.3

\ Lit. (25) (76) (76) (76) (76) (76) (76) (76) (76) (76) (25) (64) (25) (25) (76) (76) (76) (13) (13) (13) (76) (13) (13)

Aqueous Solutions.—(Continued) Solute I C I t I Vt CaCl2.- (Continued) 1.1942 21.5 1672.0 43% 22.5 1980 BaCl2 1.0662 21.5 1503.6 1.1256 21.5 1524.4 1.1970 21.5 1547.6 NaCl 10% 15 1470 15% 15 1530 20% 15 1650 Cone. Il 14.7 1661 Cone. Jl 18.1 1561 1.0662 21.5 1586.1 1.1259 21.5 1676.1 1.1971 21.5 1784.6 Na2SO4 5.3% 18.6 1491 6% 19.4 1474 11.7% 17.3 1508 11.8% 20 1525 Cone. Il 19 1584 Conc.ll 14.7 1528 NaNO3 Conc.ll 15.3 1650 Conc.ll 20.9 1670 Na2CO3 Cone. I 22.2 1594.4 KOH 12% 15.7 1430 19% 19.1 1580 29% 19.7 1620 KNO3 Sat. U 14.4 1515

I Lit. (13) ("S) (13) (13) («) (25) (25) (25) ( 64 ) (i°5) (13) (13) («) (76) (76) (76) (105) (ios) (64) (64) (ios) (ios) (76) (76) (76) (64)

Ill-defined Liquids Liquid Gasoline Petroleum Turpentine

|

t TA 7.4 15 3.5

\

Vt \ Lit. 1395 I (64) 1395 (64) 1326 (64) 1371 (64)

1326 1212

15 24

(25) (105)

* Vt = 1398 + 3.28* from 13° to 31° (25). t Vt = 1383 + 3.33* from 3.9° to 25.2° («*). Î Author calls it "Benzin," does not give formula. Il Described as "concentrated;" perhaps saturated was meant. II Saturated solution.

TABLE 5.—VELOCITY (V) OF SOUND IN NATURAL WATERS In all oceans, the average vertical velocity for depths of 3.5 to 8.0 km is 1528 to 1529 m/sec; for lesser depths, it is less; values computed from density and adiabatic compressibility by method of Heck and Service (41) may differ by 20 m/sec from the actual value (41). Unit of V = 1 m/sec; of depth = 1 m; temperature = t, 0C. Water Lake Geneva Seine River

| Depth] Salt |

t 8.1 15 30 50 60

\ V \ Lit. 1435 («) 1437 (i<>5) 1528 (105) 1652.2 (105) 1724.7 (105)

Ocean: Horizontal Velocity Open ocean 13 3%* 14.5 1503.5 (63) Block Island Sound, N. Y 30 3.35% 3.0 1453.3 (»?) Long Island Sound, N. Y 30 13 1492.3 (29) Isle of Wight 3.51% 6 1474 (HO) 3.52% 7 1478 ("O) |3.5% 16.951511 (UO)

Papers, Fabrics, Skins.—(Continued)

TABLE 5.—(Continued) Water North Atlantic Caribbean Sea Pacific All oceans

| Depth] Salt | Ocean: Vertical Velocity 1288 338 1771 1185 2962 3500 to 8000

t

\

V

\ Lit.

1520 1478 1486 1505 1493 1528

(41) (41) (41) (41) (41) (41)

* Density at 14.9° = 1.0245 g/cm*.

TABLE 6.—VELOCITY (F) OF SOUND IN SOLIDS Pure metals; alloys; papers, fabrics, and skins; woods; miscellaneous. Either room temperature or tj 0C. Unit of V = 1 m/sec.

Material Paper: Blotting Parchment Silvered Straw Tissue Tracing Writing Parchment: French German Satin ribbon Sheepskin

|

w 0.5 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.1 0.7 0.9 2 1.5 1 0.1

\

V 1627 2198 2575 1617 1989 2278 2107 1860 1636 2015 471

Woods Hl > Vfi Vc ~ velocity parallel to grain, radial velocity, circumferential velocity; unit = 1 m/sec. d = density; unit = 1 g/cm3. Wood I d I Vc I Vr I V\\ I LLtT" Metals \ t \ V \ Lit. || Metals | t \ V \ Lit. Ash 1260 1390 4670 (105) Pure Metals Pure Metals.—(Continued) 0.542 4272 (46) Ag 2645 (65) Pd 103074 (105) 0.562 3657 (46) 182608* (lös) I 3257 (65) 1415 1840 3340 (ios) 10 2678f (10S) Pt (?) 2792 (65) Beech 3412 (66) 202678J (10S) 202690 (ios) 0.455 3975 (46) 100264Ot (10S) 1002570 (i<>5) Cedar 0.465 4926 (46) 200248Ot (105) 2002460 (i<>5) 4410 (46) Al 5105 (65) 182688* (i<>5) Cherry 1013 1420 4120 (105) Au (?)2082 (65) 102736t (105) Elm Fir 5256 («6) 102112t (105) Sn 132490 (35) 4179 (66) 201743* (l»5) 2490 (16) Fir: Red 4274 (46) 1001720* (105) 2640 (65) White 4640 (46) 2001735* (105) Zn 133681 (35) Mahogany 4135 (46) Cd 2307 (65) 3699 (65) Maple 4110 (ios) Co 4724 (65) Alloys Oak 3381 (66) Cu 203560 (105) Brass 3479 (65) Oak: Red 1003290 (105) 3617 (54) 4180 (46) 2002950 (105) 3235f (ios) White 4316 (46) Pine 3320 (ios) (?) 3825 (65) steel See above, Fe Poplar 4280 (I05) 3984 (16) Sycamore 4460 (ios) Fe 205130 (ios) Walnut 4781 (46) 1005300 (105) , T/ ... 2004720 (I 05 ) \ x \ y I Llt' Miscellaneous Materials (?) 5016 (65) Zn-Sn O 3681 (35) < -on indicates that V ranges from 430 to 530 m/sec 154913 (105) (13°C,zatoms 13338 Steel 184982J (ios) Sn to 5 23195 Material | t~ \ V \ Lit. 104940§ (65) atoms Zn) 33100 Beeswax 15 880 (86) 5093 § (54) 43032 16 863 (103) 20499011 (105) 52980 28 450 (86) 1004920Ü (105) 62940 Brick 3652 (16) 2004790Ü (i 05 ) 72898 Caoutchouc, vulcanized: Black O 54 (31) Mg 4602 (66) 82850 50 30.7 (31) Ni 4973 (65) 92785 Red O 69.3 (31) Pb 1322 (65) 102710 57 36.6 (31) 181229* (l 05 ) OQ 2490 70 33.9 (31) Gray O 43.2 (31) Papers, Fabrics, Skins (66) 45 32.3 (31) The velocity in a given specimen depends upon the tension. Tubing 27 (86) All the membranous materials were cut in strips 15mm wide ((66), Very hard... 150 (86) p. 575), but neither their thicknesses nor the diameters of the cords CorK 430 (86) are stated. The velocity was observed while the strip, or cord, 530 carried a longitudinal load of w kg. Ebonite 15 1573 («) Material | w \ V Gelatin 1364 (44) Cord: Cotton Ï 1425 1626 Glass 5991 (86) Linen 1 1815 2 1942 5060 (54) 16 5202 (103) Oilcloth 1 559 1

Miscellaneous Materials.—(Continued) Material

t

6.1 16 17.3 21.6

V \ Lit. 5000 ** 5300 4000 ** 3950 (37) 3013 (") 3810 (37) 1522 («4) 1304 (103) 1419 ( 84 ) 1325 ( 8 4)

25.2 27.8 29.3 30.5 32.9 35.3

1192 1035 851 748 470 250

Glass: Soda Flint Granite Ivory Marble Paraffin

Rock (±700m/sec) Sand (±600m/sec) Sealing wax Shellac, white 8.7 26.3 40

Slate Spermaceti Stearin

Suet Tallow Tuff Wax (v. Beeswax) * Soft. t Hard. Î Mild steel. § Blue tempered steel.

4.9 33.1 16 16.1 33.6 48.2 18 16

(84) (84) (84) (84) (84) (84)

2500 (4) 2000 (4) 1320 (86) 1320 (86) 1009 (84) 869 (84) 762 (84) 4510 (37) 1517 (84) 1091 (84) 1378 (103) 1354 (84) 1181 (84) 911 (84) 460 (86) 390 ("3) 2850 (37)

|[ Cast steel. TI Unannealed. ** Various observers.

TABLE 7.—VELOCITY OF SOUNDS IN GASES CONFINED IN TUBES The velocity of sound in a gas contained in a tube depends upon the heat conductivity of, and the velocity of sound in, the material of the tube, upon the viscosity and the heat conductivity of the gas, upon the character of the inner surface of the tube, upon the rate and the direction at which heat and vibrations are transferred between the tube and external objects, upon the pitch and intensity of the sound, and upon the thickness and diameter of the tube (27, 32, 42, 51, 69, 72, 77, 78, si, 93). if the inner surface of the tube is smooth, and if the transfer of energy to external objects is negligible, the velocity is given by the expression V — F 0 0 (I- K/ D\/n), where D = diameter, n = pitch, K depends upon the properties of the tube and gas, and F00 = velocity in an unlimited volume of the gas. Under other conditions, this expression may be multiplied by a quantity depending upon the material and dimensions of the tube, and K may involve D and n. Some observers (77,81) ciaim y = FA(1 - K/DnK), another (108) concludes that the exponent of n is 0.53. For air in iron and in porcelain ( 72 > 93), D *> 4 cm, n = 500, 600, and "explosion," F differs but little from its value in free air; see also ("). When other observations are represented by the following equations, d has the values tabulated: Air in glass, D > 0.6 cm (54, 58, 69, 8i) y y = 331.0(1 0.501/DVn)(I + 5).

Air in glass, D < 0.4 cm (78), F = 331.0(1 - 0.441/Z>Vn) X (1 + S). Air in brass, D > 1 cm (6), F = 331.0(1 - 0.362/Z>vV) X (1 + S). Air in brass, D < 0.2 cm (78), F = 331.0(1 - 0.834/DVn) X (1 + O). CO2 in glass (93), y = 260.0(1 - 0.452/Z)Vn)(I + *)• H 2 in glass (93), y = 1249.5(1 - 0.262/DVn)(I + S). Unit of 8 = 0.001; of D = 1 cm; of n = 1 double vibration per sec. Air in glass Air in brass n 256| 320 |384| 512 11023118501248215550 ~~n 256| 384 | 512 D 8 |~~D 5 0.101 +3-8 0.099 Ö Ö 0.151 +2+6 0.148 -25+16 0.34 +32 +35 1.17 O 0.68 -2 1.95 -1 0.93 +2 +2-0 3.25 +0 1.3 '+5 +5 5.41 +0 1.71 +1 O -1 8.82 O 2.80 O -0-2 5.5 +7 D

CO2 in glass H2 in glass 0.2l|0.35|0.53|l.02|2.rr "p.35 0.53 | 1.02 | 2.11

n __ 1943 3755

8 __

__

__

O -2 +4 -1

-3 -3

+4 +5

_ +4 +6

O -O

+1

-O

+9

LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) O) Abbott and Cook, 2, 16: 486; 20. (2) Cassini de Thury, 151, 1738: 128. (3) Angerer and Ladenburg, 8, 66: 293; 22. («) Barre and Schnell, 34, 180 : 1415; 25. (5) Beyme, Diss., Zürich, 1884. (*) Blaikley, 3, 16: 447; 83. 18: 328; 84. (?) Bosscha, 8, 92: 485; 54. 553, 21: 533; 62. (*) Boyle and Taylor, 69, 19 III: 197; 25. ( 9 ) Boys, 804, 16: 199; 92. 10 ( ) Bravais and Martins, 6, 13: 5; 45. 8, 66:: 351; 45. O 1 ) Buckendahl, Diss., Heidelberg, 1906. ( 12 ) Bureau des Longitudes, 6, 20: 210; 1822. Eûmes de Arago, Mem. Sei. ii : 1. ( 13 ) Bungetziano, Bull. soc. Romaine sei., 22: 182; 13. (U) Busse, 8, 75: 657; 24. O 5 ) Campanile, 59, 1: 259; 95. 71, 33: 63; 94. O 6) Chladni, Die Akustik. Breitkopf und Härtel, Leipzig, 1802. ( 17 ) Ciccone and Campanile, 71, 30: 187; 91. (18) Colladon and Sturm, 6, 36: 113, 225; 1827. 8, 12: 39, 161; 1828. (1S>) Cook, 2, 23: 212; 06. ( 20 ) Czuker, 88, 17: 261; 15. ( 21 ) Darrow, 2, 7: 413; 16. ( 22 ) Dieckmann, Dtss., Berlin, 1908. 8, 27: 1066; 08. (") Dixon, Campbell and Parker, 5, 100: 1; 21. ( 24 ) Dixon and Greenwood, 5, 105: 199; 24. 109: 561; 25. (25) Dorsing, Diss., Bonn. 8, 25: 227; 08. ( 2 «) Dulong, 6, 41: 113; 1829. 8, 16: 438; 1829. ( 27 ) Dvorak, 8, 154: 156; 75. ( 28 ) Earnshaw, 3, 19: 449; 60. 20: 37, 186; 60. ( 29 ) Eckhardt, 2, 24: 452; 24. (30) Esclangon, 34, 168: 165; 19. (3l) Exner, 75, 69 H: 102; 74. (32) Foley, 2, 14: 143; 19. 16: 449; 20. Proc. Indiana Acad. Sei., 1918: 205. (33) Foley, Proc. Indiana Acad. Sei., 37: 205; 27. (34) Frot, 34, 127: 609; 98. (35) Gerosa, 22, 4 I: 127; 88. (36) Gerosa and Mai, 22, 4 I: 728; 88. (37) Gray and Milne, Smithsonian Physical Tables. («) Greely, Proc. U. S. Expedition to Grinnel Land. Washington, 1888. 507, 7: 6; 90. 8, 30: 507; 90. (39) Grüneisen and Merkel, 8, 66: 344; 21. (40) Hebb, 2, 20: 89; 05. 14: 74; 19. (4i) Heck and Service, 217, Pub. No. 108; 24. (42) Helmholtz, 549, 3: 16; 65. ( 43 ) Helmholtz, Wiss. Abhandlungen, I. Leipzig, Barth, 1882. (44) Herbolsheimer, 96, 3: 182; 20. (45) Heuse, 8, 59: 86; 19. ( 4 «) Ihlseng, 12, 17: 125; 79. (47) Irons, S, 3: 1274; 27. (48) Jacques, 12, 17: 116; 79. (49) Jäeger, 8, 36: 165; 89. (50) Kayser, 8, 2: 218; 77. 6: 465; 79. («») Kirchhoff, 8, 134:77; 68. ( 5 2 ) Koch, 8, 26: 551; 08. ( 53 ) Krajevitsch, 53 (Phys. Sect.), 17: 335; 85. (54) Kundt, 551, 1865: 234. 1867: 858. 8, 127: 497; 66. 135: 337, 527; 68. ( 55 ) Küpper, 8, 43: 905; 14. (56) Lechner, 75, 118 HA: 1035; 09. (57) Leroux, 34, 64: 392; 67. 6, 12: 345; 67. 3, 33: 398; 67. ( 58 ) Low, 8, 52: 641; 94. ( 5 ») McAdie, Annals, Astron. Obs. Harvard, 86, pt. 2: 107; 23. (6°) Mach and Mach, 8, 41: 140; 90. ( ß i) Mach and Sommer, 75, 75 H: 101; 77. (62) Mach, Tumlirz and Kögler, 75, 77 II: 7; 78. (63) Marti, 34, 169:

281; 19. (64) Martini, 24, 12: 566; 88. 7: 491, 639; 81. 4: 1113; 92. 59, 18: 439; 09. 61, 8: 915; 09. (« 5 ) Massen, 34, 44: 464; 57. 8, 103: 272; 58. (66) Melde, 8, 45: 568, 729; 92. (67) Miller, 2, 17: 255; 21. (« 8 ) Moll and van Beek, 62, 114: 424; 1824. 8, 5: 351, 469; 1825. (69) Müller, Diss., Bonn, 1902. 8, 11: 331; 03. (70; Neyreneuf, Bl1 3: 209; 84. 4: 550; 85. 34, 98: 980, 1264; 84. 6, 9: 535; 86. 2: 251; 94. (71) Pierce, 65, 60: 271; 25. (72) Regnault, 34, 66: 209; 68. 5, 35: 161; 68. (73) Riemann, 188, 1859: 192. Gesammelte mathematische Werke. Leipzig, Teubner, 1876. (74) Rowland, Physical Papers, 1902: 411. Baltimore, Johns Hopkins Press. ( 7S ) Scheel and Heuse, 8, 37: 79; 12. 40: 473; 13. (76) Schmidt, 75, 114 1Ia: 945; 05. (77) Schneebeli, 8, 136: 296; 69. (7«) Schulze, 548, 1903: 59. 8, 13: 1060; 04. (7») Schulze and Rathjen, 8, 49: 457; 16. (80) Schwiekert, 8, 48: 593; 15. ( 8 I) Seebeck, 8, 139: 104; 70. 149: 129; 73. 6, 4: 19, 510; 70. (*2) Shilling, 3, 3: 273; 27. (83) Smith, 5, 45: 451; 89. (84) Smoluchowski, 75, 103 Ua: 739; 94. (85) Stampfer and von Myrbach, 8, 5: 496; 1823. (86) Stefan, 75, 57 II: 697; 68. 65 II: 419; 72.

(87) Stephenson, 2, 21: 181; 23. (88) Stevens, Diss., Heidelberg, 1900. 8, 7: 285; 02. (89) Stoletov, 53 (Phys. Sect.), 18: 65; 86. (90) stone, 3, 43: 153; 72. 62, 162: 1; 72. (9l) Strecker, 8, 13: 20; 81. 17: 85; 82. (92) Stneder, 88, 16: 615; 14. (»3) Sturm, Diss., Bonn, 1904. 8, 14: 822; 04. (94) Szathmari, 8, 2: 418; 77. (95) Thiesen, 8, 25: 506; 08. 243, 27: 112; 07. 23: 114; 03. 24: 133; 04. 25: 102; 05. 26: 111; 06. (96) ThrelfaU and Adair, 5, 45: 450; 89. 46: 496; 90. (97) Toepler, 8, 14: 838; 04. (98) Treitz, Diss., Bonn, 1903. (99; Vautier, 16, 6: 311; 26. (100) Vieille, 34, 127: 41; 98. O 01 ) Violle, 34, 127: 904; 98. Rapports près. au Congr. Intern, physique, 1: 228; 00. ( 102 ) Violle and Vautier, 34, 102: 103; 86. 106: 1003; 88. 110: 230; 90. 120: 1402; 95. 121: 51; 95. 140: 1292; 05. 6, 5: 208; 05. (103) Warburg, 8, 136: 285; 69. (104) Wenz, 8, 33: 951; 10. (lös) Wertheim, 6, 12: 385; 44. 8, 77: 427; 49. (106) Westphal, 88, 16: 13, 613; 14. ( 1 O?) Witkowski, 165, 1899: 138. (108) WoId and Stibitz, 166, 66: 381; 27. (109) Wolff, 8, 69: 329; 99. (HO) Wood and Browne, 67, 35: 183; 23. (111J Wood and Loomis, 3, 4: 417; 27. (i 1 2) Wüllner, 8, 4: 321; 78. (11S) Zoch, 8, 128: 497; 66.


REFERENCES BIBLIOGRAPmQUES

In all literature references cited in International Critical Tables the name of the journal or publication is indicated by means of a Key number corresponding to the list given below. The numbers which follow this key number in a literature citation are, in the order named: (1) the volume, (2) the page, and (3) the last two figures of the year. Thus 64V, 31: 253; 22, indicates Verslag koninklijke Akademie van Wetenschappen te Amsterdam, Vol. 31, page 253, 1922. Series numbers are not given. Key numbers referring to books and other non-serial publications are preceded by the letter B1 and the volume number is given in roman numerals. Thus BlO, IV: 191; 18, indicates Doelter, Handbuch der Mineralchemie, page 191 of Vol. 4 of the 1918 edition. The Key number O is used to indicate "private communication from."

Le nom du journal ou de la publication de toutes les références bibliographiques citées dans les Tables Critiques Internationales est indiqué au moyen d'un nombre-clé correspondant à la liste donnée ci-dessous. Les nombres qui suivent ce nombre-clé dans un renvoi bibliographique indiquent dans l'ordre suivant: (1) le volume, (2) la page, et (3) les deux derniers chiffres de Tannée. Ainsi 64V1 31: 253; 22, indique Verslag koninklijke Akademie van Wetenschappen te Amsterdam, Vol. 31, page 253, 1922. Les numéros des séries ne sont pas donnés. Les nombres-clés se rapportant à des livres ou à des publications non périodiques sont précédés de la lettre B et le numéro du volume est donné en chiffres romains. Ainsi, BlO1 IV: 191; 18, indique Doelter, Handbuch der Mineralchemie, page 191 du volume 4 de l'édition de 1918. Le nombre-clé O est employé pour indiquer " communication privée de."

DAS LITERATURVERZEICHNIS In allen Literaturstellen, die in I. C. T. verzeichnet sind, ist der Name der Zeitschrift oder der Publikation mit Hilfe einer Schlüsselnummer; entsprechend der unten folgenden Liste, angegeben. Die Zahlen, welche diesen Schlüsselnummern bei einem Literaturzitat folgen, bedeuten der Reihe nach: (1) der Band, (2) die Seite und (3), die letzten zwei Zahlen des Jahrganges. So bedeutet z. B. 64V1 31: 253; 22, Verslag koninklijke Akademie van Wetenschappen te Amsterdam, Band 31, Seite 253, 1922. SerienNummern werden nicht angegeben. Der Schlüsselzahl wird ein B vorausgesetzt, wenn sie Bücher, oder eine andre nicht periodische Veröffentlichung bezeichnet. Die Bandnummer wird durch römische Ziffern angegeben. Es bedeutet z. B. also BlO1 IV: 191; 18, Doelter, Handbuch der Mineralchemie, Seite 191, des 4 Bandes, der Auflage des Jahres 1918. Die Schlüsselzahl O wird gebraucht, um anzuzeigen, dass es eine "private Mitteilung" ist.

KEY TO THE PERIODICALS Data regarding the libraries which receive many of these periodicals may be found through the following sources : United States and Canada: "Periodicals Abstracted by Chemical Abstracts, 1926 " (Chemical Abstracts, Ohio State Univ., Columbus, Ohio); "Union List of Serials in the Libraries of the United States and Canada, 1927" (H. W. Wilson & Co., New York City); "A Catalogue of Scientific Periodicals in Canadian Libraries, 1924" (McGiIl Univ., Montreal, Canada). Great Britain: " A World List of Scientific Periodicals Published in the Years 1900-1921 " (Oxford Univ. Press, London, 1925). Holland: "Chemisch Jaarboekje tevens Jaarboekje der Nederlandsche Chemische Vereeniging, Vol. 3." (Amsterdam, D. B. Centen, 1920). 1. Journal of the American Chemical Society. 2. Physical Review. 3. London, Edinburgh and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science. 4. Journal of the Chemical Society, London. (Memoirs of the Chemical Society; continued as Quarterly Journal; later Journal.) 5. Proceedings of the Royal Society (London). A. Mathematical and Physical Sciences. 5B. Proceedings of the Royal Society (London). B. Biological Sciences.

INDICAZIONI BIBLIOGRAFICHE In tutte le indicazioni bibliografiche ehe si incontrano n elle " Tabelle Critiche Internazionali " il nome del giornale o délia pubblicazione è espresso con un numéro chiave riportato nell'elenco dato più oltre. I numeri ehe, nella citazione, vengono dopo il numéro chiave sono disposti con l'ordine seguente: (1) il volume, (2) la pagina, e (3) le ultime due cifre del millesimo. Cosi 64V1 31 : 253; 22, indica la Verslag koninklijke Akademie van Wetenschappen te Amsterdam, Vol. 31, pagina 253, 1922. I numeri di série non vengono dati. Quando un numéro chiave è preceduto dalla lettera B si riferisce a libri o ad altre pubblicazioni non periodiche, e il numéro del volume viene allora scritto in cifre romane. Cosi BlO1 IV: 191; 18, indica Doelter, Handbuch der Mineralchemie, pagina 191 del IV0 volume delFedizione 1918. Il numéro chiave O indica " Comunicazione privata da . . . " 6. Annales de chimie et de physique. (Divided into Nos. 14 and 16m 1914}. 7. Zeitschrift für physikalische Chemie, Stöchiometrie und Verwandtschaftslehre. 8. Annalen der Physik. [Journal der Physik, 1790-1794. Neues Journal der Physik, 1795-1796. Annalen der Physik, 1799-1819; Annalen der Physik und der physikalischen Chemie, 1819-1824 (Gilbert). Annalen der Physik und Chemie, 1824-1899 (Poggendorff, Wiedemann). Annalen der Physik, 1900(Drude, Wien and Planck).] 9. Zeitschrift für Elektrochemie und angewandte physikalische Chemie. 10. Tables annuelles internationales de constantes et données numériques. 11. American Chemical Journal. (Combined with No. 1 in 1914-} 12. American Journal of Science. (American Journal of Science and Arts, 1820-79; known also as Silliman's Journal of Science.) 13. Annalen der Chemie, Justus Liebig's. 14. Annales de chimie. 16. Annales de physique. 17. Anzeiger der Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien. Mathematisch-naturwissenschaftliche Klasse. 18. Archives néerlandaises des sciences exactes et naturelles. Séries IIIA (Sciences exactes). 19. Arkiv for Kemi, Mineralogi och Geologi. 20. Arkiv for Matematik, Astronomi och Fysik.

21. Astrophysical Journal. 22. Atti délia reale accademia nazionale dei Lincei. (Rendiconti classe di scienze fisiche, matematiche e naturali.) 23. Atti délia reale accademia délie scienze di Torino. 24. Atti del reale istituto Veneto di scienze, lettere ed arti. 25. Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft. 26. Berichte der deutschen physikalischen Gesellschaft. See also No. 96. 27. Bulletin de la société chimique de France. (Before 1908 was Bulletin de la société chimique de Paris.) 28. Bulletin de la société chimique de Belgique. (Before 1904 was Bulletin de l'association belge des chimistes.) 30. Bureau of Mines, Technical Papers. 31. Bureau of Standards, Scientific Papers. (Continued as No. 546.) 31A. Bureau of Standards, Bulletin. (Continued as No. 546.) 32. Bureau of Standards, Technologic Papers. (Continued as No. 546.) 33. Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering. (Name changed July, 1918 from Metallurgical and Chemical Engineering.) 34. Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des séances de l'académie des sciences, de l'institut de France. 36. Gazzetta chimica italiana. 37. Helvetica Chimica Acta. 38. Journal of the American Ceramic Society. 38B. Bulletin of the American Ceramic Society. 39. Journal of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers. 40. Journal of the American Institute of Metals. See No. 329. 41. Journal of the Chemical Society of Japan (Nippon Kwagaku Kwai Shi). (Name changed in Jan., 1921 from Journal of the Tokyo Chemical Society.) 41B. Bulletin of the Chemical Society of Japan. 42. Journal de chimie physique. 44. Journal of the Faculty of Science, Tokyo Imperial University. 45. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry. (Name changed Jan., 1928 from Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry.) 46. Journal of the Institution of Electrical Engineers (London). 47. Journal of the Institute of Metals (London). 48. Journal of the Optical Society of America and Review of Scientific Instruments. 50. Journal of Physical Chemistry. 51. Journal de physique et le radium. (Formed from Le radium and Journal de physique, théorique et appliquée.) 52. Journal für praktische Chemie. 53. Journal of the Russian Physico-Chemical Society. (Chemical part.) 54. Journal of the Society of Chemical Industry. 55. Kolloid-Zeitschrift. (Formerly Zeitschrift für Chemie und Industrie der Kolloide.) 57. Monatshefte für Chemie und verwandte Teile anderer Wissenschaften. 58. Nature (London). 59. Nuovo Cimento. 60. översikt av Finska Vetenskaps-Societetens Förhandlingar. (Discontinued with Vol. 64, 1921-22.) 61. Oversigt over det Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskabs Forhandlinger. 62. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series A, Physical and Mathematical. 62B. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B, Biological. 63. Physikalische Zeitschrift, vereinigt mit dem Jahrbuch der Radioaktivität und Elektronik. 64P. Proceedings of the Royal Academy of Sciences of Amsterdam.

64V. Verslag koninklijke Akademie van Wetenschappen te Amsterdam. 65. Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. 66. Proceedings of the American Society for Testing Materials. 67. Proceedings of the Physical Society of London. 68. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. 69. Proceedings and Transactions of the Royal Society of Canada. 70. Recueil des travaux chimiques des Pays-Bas. 71. Rendiconti dell'accademia délie scienze fisiche e matematiche. (Classe délia società reale di Napoli.) 72. Rendiconti reale istituto Lombardo di scienze e lettere. 74. Revue de métallurgie. 74E. Revue de métallurgie, Extraits. 75. Sitzungsberichte Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien, mathematisch-naturwissenschaftliche Klasse. 76. Sitzungsberichte der preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften. 77. Stahl und Eisen. 78. Transactions of the American Electrochemical Society. 80. Transactions of the American Institute of Mining and Metallurgical Engineers. 83. Transactions of the Faraday Society. 86. University of Illinois, Engineering Experiment Station, Bulletin. 88. Verhandlungen der physikalischen Gesellschaft zu Berlin. See also No. 96. 89. Wissenschaftliche Abhandlungen der physikalisch-technischen Reichsanstalt. 92. Zeitschrift für angewandte Chemie. 93. Zeitschrift für anorganische und allgemeine Chemie. (Name changed in 1915 from Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie.) 94. Zeitschrift für Krystallographie. (Name changed in 1921 from Zeitschrift für Krystallographie und Mineralogie.) 95. Zeitschrift für Metallkunde. (Formerly Internationale Zeitschrift für Metallographie.) 96. Zeitschrift für Physik. (Verhandlungen der physikalischen Gesellschaft zu Berlin, 1882-1898; Verhandlungen der deutschen physikalischen Gesellschaft, 1899-1902; Berichte der deutschen physikalischen Gesellschaft, 1903-1919; Zeitschrift für Physik, 1920.) 97. Zeitschrift für technische Physik. 98. Zeitschrift des Vereines deutscher Ingenieure. 99. Zeitschrift für wissenschaftliche Photographie, Photophysik und Photochemie. 101. Elektrotechnische Zeitschrift. 105. Journal of the Society of Glass Technology« 107. Electrical World. 114. Electric Journal. 115. Engineering. 116. Sibley Journal of Engineering. 117. Scientific Proceedings of the Royal Dublin Society. 119. Proceedings of the American Institution of Electrical Engineers. (Discontinued in 1919.) 120. General Elec trie *Re view. 121. Electrician. 125. Archiv für Elektrotechnik. (Supplement to No. 101.) 126. Bulletin de la société française des électriciens. 128. Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences. 129. Transactions of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers. 132. Anales de la sociedad espanola de fisica y quimica. 133. British Association for the Advancement of Science, Reports. 134. Bulletin de l'académie des sciences de l'union des républiques soviétiques socialistes. (Formerly Bulletin de l'académie impérial des sciences de St. Pétersbourg; name changed in 1917 to Bulletin de l'académie des sciences de Russie; présent name dates from 1925.}

135. Chemical News and Journal of Industrial Science. (Name changed in 1921 from Chemical News and Journal of Physical Science.) 137. Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskab, Mathematiskfysiske Meddelelser. 139. Ferrum. 140. Journal of the Iron and Steel Institute (London). 141. Journal of Biological Chemistry. 143. Journal of the Franklin Institute. 147. Meddelanden frân K. Vetenskapakademiens Nobelinstitut. 148. Zeitschrift für die gesamte Kälte-Industrie. 149. Archives des sciences physiques et naturelles. (Bibliothèque britannique, 1796-1815; Bibliothèque universelle des sciences, belles-lettres et arts, 1816-1835; Bibliothèque universelle de Genève, 1836-1845; Supplément à la bibliothèque universelle de Genève. Archives des sciences physiques et naturelles, 1846-1847; Bibliothèque universelle de Genève. Archives des sciences physiques et naturelles, 1848-1857; Bibliothèque universelle, revue suisse et étrangère. Archives des sciences physiques et naturelles, 1858-1861; Bibliothèque universelle et revue suisse. Archives des sciences physiques et naturelles, 1862-1877; Bibliothèque universelle. Archives des sciences physiques et naturelles, 1878.) 151. Mémoires de l'académie royale des sciences de !'institute de France. 152. Carnegie Institution of Washington, Publications. 154. Iowa Geological Survey, Bulletin. 159. Science Reports of the Tôhoku Imperial University. Series I, Mathematics, Physics and Chemistry. 159B. Science Reports of the Tôhoku Imperial University. Series III, Petrology, Mineralogy and Mineral Deposits. 165. Bulletin internationale de l'académie des sciences de Cracovie. (Name changed to Bulletin internationale de l'académie Polonaise des sciences et des lettres.) 166. Science. 168. Communications from the Physical Laboratory at the University of Leiden. 169. Annales de l'Institut Polytechnique Pierre-le-Grand, Petrograd. 170. Memorie délia reale accademia nazionale dei Lincei, Roma. 171. Sitzungsberichte der Heidelberger Akademie der Wissenschaften. Mathematisch-naturwissenschaftliche Klasse. Abteilung A. 172. International Congress of Applied Chemistry. 174. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. 175. Annales academiae scientiarum fennicae. 176. Chemisch Weekblad (Amsterdam). 177. Annales scientifiques de l'université de Jassy. 178. Archivio di fisiologia (Florence). 182. Proceedings of the Chemical Society, London. 186. Bulletin de la classe des sciences, académie royale de Belgique. 187. Metall und Erz, Zeitschrift für Metalhüttenwesen und Erzbergbau, einschl. Aufbereitung. 188. Nachrichten von der königlichen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen. Geschäftliche Mitteilungen; mathematisch-physikalische Klasse. 189. Centralblätt für Mineralogie, Geologie und Paläontologie. 190. Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie, Geologie und Paläontologie. 19OB. Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie, Geologie und Paläontologie, Beilage Band. 191. Bulletin de la société française de minéralogie. 192. Metallurgie. (Divided into Nos. 139 and 187.) 197. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 199. Le Radium. (Merged into No. 51 in 1920.) 200. Jahrbuch der Radioaktivität und Elektronik. (Combined with No. 63 in 1924.)

201. 202. 204. 205. 208. 211. 213. 214. 215. 217. 218. 219. 221. 231. 236. 237. 241. 242. 243. 250.

268. 269. 273. 278. 281. 284. 285. 286. 289. 290. 291. 292. 293. 294. 313. 325. 327. 329.

337. 338. 339. 362. 365. 384. 403.

Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society. Zeitschrift für physiologische Chemie. Photographic Journal. Biochemische Zeitschrift. Physica, Nederlandsch Tijdschrift voor Natuurkunde. Abhandlungen der mathematisch-physischen Klasse der sächsischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Leipzig. Sitzungsberichte der mathematisch-physikalischen Klasse der bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu München. Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskab, Skrifter naturvidenskabelig og mathematisk Afdeling. Lunds Universitets Arsskrift. U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey, Special Publications. Naturwissenschaften. Proceedings of the Physico-Mathematical Society of Japan. Berichte über die Verhandlungen der sächsischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Leipzig. Mathematisch-physische Klasse. U. S. Public Health Service, Public Health Reports. Ergebnisse der Physiologie. Fortschritte der Chemie, Physik und physikalischen Chemie. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society. Vierteljahrsschrift der naturforschenden Gesellschaft, Zürich. Zeitschrift für Instrumentenkunde. Bulletin de séances de la société française de physique (18731910). From 1873-1901 as Its Séances; continued as No. 51.) Terrestrial Magnetism. Mineralogical Magazine and Journal of the Mineralogical Society. Berichte der deutschen pharmazeutischen Gesellschaft. See ' also No. 293. Archiv für die gesamte Physiologie des Menschen und der Tiere. (Pflüger.) Zeitschrift für Psychologie und Physiologie der Sinnesorgane. Journal of the American Pharmaceutical Association. Journal of Mathematics and Physics (Massachusetts Institute of Technology). Chemical Reviews. Journal of Physiology. Journal of the Society of Dyers and Colourists. Arbeiten aus dem Reichsgesundheitsamte. Proceedings and Transactions of the Nova Scotian Institute of Science. Archiv der Pharmazie. (Combined with No. 273 in 1924 to form Archiv der Pharmazie und Berichte der deutschen pharmazeutischen Gesellschaft.) Mémoires de l'académie de Belgique. United States Bureau of Mines. Reports of Investigations. Proceedings of the Royal Institution of Great Britain. Annales de la société scientifique de Bruxelles. Mining and Metallurgy. (Transactions of the American Brass Founders' Association, 1908-11; Transactions of the American Institute of Metals, 1912-16; Journal of the American Institute of Metals, 1917-18; discontinued in 1918 and incorporated with Bulletin of the American Institute of Mining Engineers; with No. 148, 1919, this Bulletin became Bulletin of the American Institute of Mining and Metallurgical Engineers; with No. 154, 1919j name changed again to Mining and Metallurgy.) Bulletin of the National Research Council. Researches of the Electro-Technical Laboratory (Tokyo). American Journal of Mathematics. Chemické Listy pro vedu a prumysl. Bureau of Standards, Circulars. Le génie civil (Paris). Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers.

408. Journal de mathématiques pures et appliquées (Paris). (Continues Annales de mathématiques pures et appliquées; present name dates from 1836.) 417. Iron and Steel Institute, Carnegie Scholarship Memoirs. 420. Bulletin de la société d'encouragement pour l'industrie nationale. 422. American Machinist. 426. Acta societatis fennicae. (1839-184%, Commentationes societatis fennicae.) 427. Physikalische Berichte. (Beiblätter zu den Annalen der Physik und Chemie; Beiblätter united with Fortschritte der Physik and Halbmonatliches Literaturverzeichnis to form Physikalische Berichte.) 428. Repertorium für Experimental-Physik für physikalische Technik für mathematische und astronomische Instrumentenkunde. (Before 1867 was Repertorium für physikalische Technik für mathematische und astronomische Instrumentenkunde; also known as Carl's Repertorium.) 434. Scientific Transactions of the Royal Dublin Society. 440. Metal Industry and the Iron Foundry (London). 453. Proceedings of the Iowa Academy of Science. 468. Kongliga Svenska Vetenskaps-Akademien, Handlingar. 481. Tschermak's mineralogische und petrographische Mitteilungen. 502. Archives du Musée Teyler (Haarlem). 506. Monthly Weather Review. 507. Meteorologische Zeitschrift. 512. Proceedings of the Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science. 520. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society (London). 523. Gesammelte Abhandlungen zur Kenntnis der Kohle. 524. Abhandlungen der k. Akademie der Wissenschaften, Berlin. (K. preussische Akademie der Wissenschaften.) 529. Proceedings of the Institute of Radio Engineers (New York). 530. American Architect and the Architectural Review. 533. Deutsche Bunsen-Gesellschaft für angewandte physikalische Chemie, Abhandlungen. 534. Proceedings of the National Electric Light Association. 535. Transactions of the International Electrical Congress. 536. Abhandlungen der k. Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen. Mathematisch-physikalische Klasse. 537. Gesellschaft zur Beförderung der gesammten Naturwissenschaften (Marburg). Schriften. 539. Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy. Section A, Mathematical, Astronomical and Physical Science. Section B, Biological, Geological and Chemical Science. 540. Radio Review. (Now merged into Wireless World.) 541. Transactions of the Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers. 546. Bureau of Standards Journal of Research.

548. Sitzungsberichte der Gesellschaft zur Beförderung der gesammten Naturwissenschaften (Marburg). 549. Naturhistorisch-medizinischer Verein (Heidelberg). Verhandlungen. 551. Monatsberichte der k. preussische Akademie der Wissenschaften (Berlin). (Follows the "Berichte" and is followed by the "Sitzungsberichte.") 552. Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Engineering and Science Series. 553. Cosmos. Revue encyclopédique hebdomadaire des progrès des sciences. United with Cosmos: Les mondes, revue hebdomadaire des sciences to form Cosmos: Revue des sciences et leurs applications. Bl. Hund,.Linienspektren und periodisches System der Elemente. Berlin, Springer, 1917. B2. Glazebrook, R. T., Dictionary of Applied Physics. London, Macmillan, 1922-23. B3. Landolt-Börnstein, Physikalisch-chemische Tabellen, 5th ed. Berlin, Springer, 1923. B7. Peek, F. W., Dielectric Phenomena in High Voltage Engineering. New York, McGraw-Hill, 1920. B13. Nernst Festschrift, 1912. Knapp, Halle. B60. Fourth International Congress of Refrigeration, Reports. Papers presented by the President. Leiden, Ijdo, 1924. B62. Henning, Die Grundlagen, Methoden und Ergebnisse der Temperaturmessung. Braunschweig, Vieweg, 1915. B63. Holborn, Scheel and Henning, Wärmetabellen. Braunschweig, Vieweg, 1919. B76. Winkelmann, Handbuch der Physik. Leipzig, Barth, 190309. B78. Siegbahn, Spektroskopie der Röntgenstrahlen. Berlin, Springer, 1924. English ed., The Spectroscopy of X-Rays. London, Oxford Univ. Press, 1925. B87. Guerther, Metallographie. Berlin, Borntraeger, 1909B88. Marx, Handbuch der Radiologie. Akademische Verlagsgesellschaft m. b. H., Leipzig, 1925. B89. Richardson, Emission of Electricity from Hot Bodies. New York, Longmans, 1921. B90. Graetz, Handbuch der Elektrizität und Magnetismus. Leipzig, Barth, 1912-28. B91. Sosman, The Properties of Silica. New York, Chemical Catalog Co., 1927. B94. Sommerfeld, Atombau und Spektrallinien. Braunschweig, Vieweg, 1924. B95. Geiger and Scheel, Handbuch der Physik. Berlin, Springer, 1926B98. Sonderabdruck aus der Festschrift zur Feier des siebzigsten Geburtstages Richard Dedekind. Braunschweig, Vieweg, 1901. BlOl. de Broglie, Les Rayons-X. Paris, Blanchard, 1922.

Annual Tables of Constants and Numerical Data CHEMICAL, PHYSICAL, BIOLOGICAL AND TECHNOLOGICAL Published under the patronage of the International Research Council and of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry by the International Committee appointed by the Filth Congress of Applied Chemistry-, Londony June 2nd> 1929

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Table of Contents Volume VII Refractivity Refractivity of All Gases and Vapors and of Elementary Substances in the Isotropic Solid and Liquid States Symbols Table 1. Refractivity of Dry Air Variation of Reractivity of Air with Temperature, Pressure and Humidity Table 2. Dispersion Formulae for Dry Air Table 3. Corrections for Converting Wave-Lengths and Their Reciprocals in Air at 15°C and 760 mm of Hg to Their Values in a Vacuum Table 4. Refractivity of Gases and Vapors Table 5. Dispersion Formulae for Gases and Vapors

1 1 2 2 4 5 5 6 11

Table 6. Index of Refraction of Isotropic, Non-Metallic Solid and Liquid Elementary Substances Refractivity of Selected Solids and Liquids Table 1. Refractivity of Pure Solids and Liquids: Selected Substances

11 12 12

Table 2. Refractivity of Water (H2O) Table 3. Refractivity of Some Remarkable Cubic Crystals Table 4. Refractivity of Some Remarkable Organic Liquids Table 5. Refractivity of Dyes Refractivity of Birefringent Crystals List of Birefracting Minerals in Table 1 Accurate Dispersions Table 1. Refraction of Birefringent Crystals A-B-Table: Inorganic Substances C-Table: Organic Compounds Table 3. Wave-Lengths Corresponding to Various Symbols Table 2. Refraction of Pure Sulfates, Selenates, and Chromates of the Type R″R2(SO4)2·6H2O Table 4. Conversion of Temperature Coefficients of Refraction from Vacuum to Air Refractivity of Pure Organic Liquids

13 13 14 15 16 16 17 17 17 29 30 31 32 34

CCl3NO2 … C8H8Cl2O

34

C8H8Cl2O … C11H12O

43

C11H12O … C20H44Pb Refractivity of Mixtures Symbols Arithmetical Relations Wave-Length of Spectral Lines Used in This Section Table 1. Refractivity at One Wave-Length: Binary Mixtures

54 63 64 65 65 65

Aqueous Two-Component Systems Non-Aqueous Two-Component Systems—Inorganic Non-Aqueous Two-Component Systems Table 2. Refractivity at One Wave-Length: Ternary Mixtures I. Aqueous Mixtures, Standard Arrangement II. C-Table: Non-Aqueous Mixtures Table 3. Refractivity at One Wave-Length(D): Quaternary Aqueous Solutions Table 4. Refractivity of Solutions of Proteins: Various Solvents Table 5. Spectral Dispersion of Mixtures I. Two-Component Aqueous Mixtures; Standard Arrangement IIa. Non-Aqueous Binary Mixtures: Inorganic IIb. C-Table: Non-Aqueous Binary Mixtures III. Ternary Aqueous Mixtures Electric and Magnetic Birefringence Introduction General Relations Variation with λ Variation with t Time Effects Ratio of Changes in Index Relation between Electric and Magnetic Birefringence Table 1. Electric Birefringence of CS2 Table 2. Magnetic Birefringence of Nitrobenzene (C6H5NO2) Table 3. Electric and Magnetic Birefringence of Pure Substances: Relative Values Table 4. Electric and Magnetic Birefringence of Solutions and Mixtures Table 5. Magnetic Birefringence: Variation with Temperature and Wave-Length Kinetics of Chemical Processes Chemical Kinetics Formal Treatment Theories of Reaction Rate General Introduction Experimental Data First-Order Gas Reactions Higher-Order Gas Reactions Racemization Transformation of Geometric Isomers Intramolecular Transformation Tautomerism Decomposition Reactions CO2-Dissociation of Carboxylic Acids

65 77 77 91 91 96 98 98 99 99 102 102 108 109 109 109 109 109 109 109 110 110 110 110 112 113 113 113 114 115 115 116 116 117 118 118 118 119 120 122

Dissociation of Carboxylic Acids with the Production of CO or HCO2H Addition Reactions Coordination Reactions Rearrangement of Dyestuffs and Indicators Reactions of Sugars Hydrolysis or Saponification of Esters, Ethers and Acid Anhydrides Saponification of Esters of Inorganic Acids, Including Carbonic and Sulfonic Acids Esterification Dynamics of Esterification- and Acetalization-Equilibrium Hydrolysis of Nitriles, Acid Amides and the Inverse Reactions Hydrolysis of Diazo Compounds Kinetics of Diazotization and Coupling Processes Indirect Ether and Ester Formation Reactivity of the Halogens in Organic Compounds The Action of Halogens on Organic Substances Containing Oxygen Miscellaneous Organic Reactions Inorganic Oxidation-Reduction Reactions The Kinetics of Biochemical Reactions Introduction Hydrolysis of Fats Hydrolysis of Carbohydrates Starch-Splitting Enzymes Hydrolysis of Raffinose Hydrolysis of Sucrose Hydrolysis of Maltose Hydrolysis of Lactose Hydrolysis of α-Glucosides Hydrolysis of β-Glucosides Hydrolysis of Proteins Pepsinases Tryptases Peptases Milk Coagulation by Rennet Hydrolysis of Urea Decomposition of Peroxides Alcoholic Fermentation Photochemical Kinetics Abbreviations and Conventions Light Filters for the Mercury Vapor Lamp Velocity of Reaction Temperature Coefficients

123 123 126 127 127 128 137 137 139 140 141 142 143 143 146 146 147 153 153 153 154 154 154 154 155 155 155 155 156 156 156 156 156 157 157 158 159 159 160 161 164

Displacement of Equilibrium Phototropy Quantum Sensitivity General Bibliography Absorption Spectra of Dyes Arrangement, Symbols, Units and Conventions Abbreviations Table 1. Monoazo Dyes Table 2. Polyazo Dyes Table 3. Triphenylmethane Derivatives Table 4. Phthaleins and Sulfonphthaleins Table 5. Xanthene Dyes Table 6. Quinoline Dyes Table 7. Azine Derivatives Table 8. Oxazine Derivatives Table 9. Thiazine Derivatives Table 10. Anthraquinone Derivatives Table 11. Indigo Derivatives and Related Coloring Matters Table 12. Miscellaneous Dyes Table 13. Natural Coloring Matters Viscosity of Pure Liquids A-Table: Elementary Substances B-Table: Inorganic Compounds C-Table: Organic Compounds Influence of Pressure on Viscosity

166 166 167 170 173 173 174 175 181 184 188 190 193 195 197 198 199 202 204 206 211 212 212 212 222

Free Energy of Chemical Substances, Activity Coefficients, Partial Molal Quantities, and Related Constants Scope of the Section Arrangement Symbols and Abbreviations Units and Values of Constants Used Free Energy Data Activity Coefficients Table, Standard Arrangement A, Argon Kr, Krypton O, Oxygen H, Hydrogen F, Fluorine Cl, Chlorine Br, Bromine

224 224 225 225 226 226 227 231 231 231 231 231 232 232 234

I, Iodine S, Sulfur Se, Selenium Te, Tellurium N, Nitrogen P, Phosphorus As, Arsenic Sb, Antimony Bi, Bismuth C, Carbon Po, Polonium Si, Silicon Ti, Titanium Ge, Germanium Zr, Zirconium Sn, Tin Pb, Lead Th, Thorium Tl, Thallium Zn, Zinc Cd, Cadmium Hg, Mercury Cu, Copper Ag, Silver Au, Gold Ir, Iridium Pt, Platinum Ru, Ruthenium Pd, Palladium Mn, Manganese Fe, Iron Co, Cobalt Ni, Nickel Cr, Chromium Mo, Molybdenum W, Tungsten U, Uranium V, Vanadium Ta, Tantalum B, Boron Al, Aluminium

235 236 238 238 238 241 242 242 242 243 246 246 247 247 247 247 248 250 251 252 256 258 260 265 273 274 274 274 274 274 276 279 282 286 287 288 288 288 288 288 288

ix

Sc, Scandium Y, Yttrium La, Lanthanum Ce, Cerium Pr, Praseodymium Nd, Neodymium Sa, Samarium Gd, Gadolinium Er, Erbium Yb, Ytterbium Lu, Lutecium Be, Beryllium Mg, Magnesium Ca, Calcium Sr, Strontium Ba, Barium Li, Lithium Na, Sodium K, Potassium Rb, Rubidium Cs, Cesium Dehydration Behavior of Minerals (E) Solubility of Slightly Soluble Salts in Aqueous Solutions of Electrolytes

289 289 289 290 290 290 290 290 290 291 291 291 291 293 297 299 301 303 306 309 310 312 313

(CH3)4NI(s) … MnC2O4·2H2O(s)

314

MnC2O4·2H2O(s) … CaSO4·2H2O(s)

327

CaSO4·2H2O(s) … Cs[Cr(CNS)4(NH3)2](s) Optical Rotatory Power of Solid Crystals B-Table: Standard Arrangement C-Table: Standard Arrangement Optical Rotatory Power of Liquids and Solutions Arrangement Symbols and Abbreviations Class I. Organic Substances, the Asymmetric Carbon Atoms of Which Do Not Form Part of a Ring IB1: The Molecule Contains One Asymmetric Atom Attached to Two Other Carbon Atoms Simple Halides Alcohols: Monohydroxy Alcohols, Thiols and Their Esters Alcohols: Keto Alcohols Alcohols: Polyhydroxy Alcohols and Derivatives Amines: Monoamines

341 353 353 354 355 355 355 360 360 360 360 362 362 363

Amines: Diamines Amines: Hydroxyamines Carboxylic Acids: Monohalogenomonocarboxylic Acids Carboxylic Acids: Dihalogenomonocarboxylic Acids Carboxylic Acids: Monohydroxymonocarboxylic Acids Carboxylic Acids: Dihydroxymonocarboxylic Acids Carboxylic Acids: Simple Dicarboxylic Acids Carboxylic Acids: Monohalogenodicarboxylic Acids Carboxylic Acids: Monohydroxydicarboxylic Acids Carboxylic Acids: Monoaminomonocarboxylic Acids Carboxylic Acids: Diaminomonocarboxylic Acids Carboxylic Acids: Monoaminodicarboxylic Acids Polypeptides

365 365 365 366 366 368 368 369 369 374 377 377 377

IB2: The Molecule Contains Two Asymmetric Carbon Atoms Which Are Attached Each to Two Other Carbon s Atom Alcohols and Amines: Polyhydric Alcohols Alcohols and Amines: Hydroxyamines Alcohols and Amines: Diamines Carboxylic Acids: Dihalogeno Mono- and Dicarboxylic Acids Dihydroxydicarboxylic Acids

380 380 380 380 380 381

Carbohydrates and Related Compounds: Sugars Containing 5 Carbon Atoms and Related Compounds

386

Carbohydrates and Related Compounds: Pentahydric and Hexahydric Alcohols Containing 6 Carbon Atoms Carbohydrates and Related Compounds: Sugars Containing 6 Carbon Atoms Carbohydrates and Related Compounds: Sugar Acids Containing 6 Carbon Atoms Carbohydrates and Related Compounds: Sugars, Etc., Containing 7 Carbon Atoms Carbohydrates and Related Compounds: Sugars, Etc., Containing 8 Carbon Atoms Carbohydrates and Related Compounds: Sugars, Etc., Containing 9 Carbon Atoms Carbohydrates and Related Compounds: Sugars, Etc., Containing 10 Carbon Atoms Carbohydrates and Related Compounds: Sugars, Etc., Containing 12 Carbon Atoms Carbohydrates and Related Compounds: Other Disaccharides and Polysaccharides IC1: The Molecule Contains One Asymmetric Atom Attached to Three Other Carbon Atoms Hydrocarbons and Their Halogen Derivatives Alcohols and Their Derivatives Amines and Hydrazines Ketones and Aldehydes and Their Condensation Products Acids and Derivatives ID: The Molecule Contains One Asymmetric Atom Attached to Four Other Carbon Atoms Acids and Derivatives

388 388 396 398 399 399 399 399 400 401 401 402 402 402 403 405 405

Class II. Organic Substances, at Least One Asymmetric Carbon Atom of Which Forms Part of a Ring

405

IIB1 to Bn: The Molecule Contains Asymmetric Atoms Which Are Attached to Two Other Carbon Atoms

405 Oxygen Compounds: Monohydric Alcohols 405 Oxygen Compounds: Polyhydric Alcohols 405 Oxygen Compounds: Derivatives of Furane 406 Oxygen Compounds: Carboxylic Acids 406 Amines:Monobasic Amines: Nitrogen in Side Chain 406 Amines:Monobasic Amines: Nitrogen in Ring 406 Amines: Polybasic Amines 408 Amines: Amino Acids 408 IIC: The Molecule Contains Asymmetric Atoms Attached Each to Three Other Carbon Atoms 409 Hydrocarbons: Monocyclic Hydrocarbons 409 Hydrocarbons: Dicyclic Hydrocarbons 411 Hydrocarbons: Sesquiterpenes 411 Alcohols: Monohydric Alcohols 411 Alcohols: Dihydric Alcohols 412 Alcohols: Polyhydric Alcohols 412 Ketones: Ketones Not Derived Directly from Terpenes 412 Ketones: Ketones Derived from Terpenes 413 Carboxylic Acids: Monocarboxylic Acids 415 Carboxylic Acids: Oxy and Hydroxy Acids 417 Carboxylic Acids: Ketonic Acids 417 Carboxylic Acids: Dicarboxylic Acids 418 Carboxylic Acids: Tricarboxylic Acids 418 Amines: Monoamines 418 Amines: Diamines 419 Amines: Amino Acids 419

IICB: The Molecule Contains Two or More Asymmetric Atoms Attached Respectively to Two and Three Other Carbon Atoms Hydrocarbons and Halides Alcohols: Monohydric Alcohols Alcohols: Polyhydric Alcohols Ketones Carboxylic Acids: Hydroxy Acids (Including Those Derived From Menthol and Their Esters) Amines: Monoamines Amines: Diamines Amines: Amino Acids

420 420 420 428 428 428 428 431 431

IID: The Molecule Contains An Asymmetric Atom Forming Part of a Ring and Attached to Four Other Carbon Atoms: Acids

432

IIDB: The Molecule Contains Two or More Asymmetric Atoms Attached Respectively to Two and Four Other Carbon Atoms 433 Acids 433 Amino Acids 433 IIDC: The Molecule Contains Two or More Asymmetric Atoms Attached Respectively to Three and Four Other Carbon Atoms Hydrocarbons and Their Halogen and Nitrogen Derivatives Alcohols: Monohydric Alcohols Other Than Borneol Alcohols: Dihydric Alcohols and Other Dihydroxy Compounds Aldehydes and Ketones: Aldehydes and Ketones Not Related Directly to Terpenes Aldehydes and Ketones: Fenchone and Derivatives Aldehydes and Ketones: Thujone and Derivatives Aldehydes and Ketones: Epicamphor and Derivatives Aldehydes and Ketones: Camphor and Derivatives Aldehydes and Ketones: α-Diketones and Derivatives Aldehydes and Ketones: β-Diketones and Enolic Isomerides Carboxylic Acids: Monocarboxylic Acids Carboxylic Acids: Ketonic Acids Carboxylic Acids: Dicarboxylic Acids Amines and Imines: Monoamines and Hydroxyamines Amines and Imines: Ketoamines and Imines Amines and Imines:Amino Acids Compounds of Phosphorus, Arsenic and Antimony IIDCB: The Molecule Contains Three or More Asymmetric Atoms Attached Respectively to Two, Three and Four Other Carbon Atoms Hydrocarbons and Halogen Derivatives Alcohols: Monohydric Alcohols Glycols Carboxylic Acids Amines: Monoamines Class III. Compounds Containing No Asymmetric Carbon Atom or Containing An Asymmetric or Dissymmetric Atom of Some Other Element Centro-Asymmetric Carbon Compounds Optically Active Quinquevalent Nitrogen Compounds Substances Probably, or Certainly, Containing Optically Active Phosphorus Atoms Compounds Containing Optically Active Sulfur or Selenuim Compounds Containing Optically Active Silicon Class IV. Substances of Unknown, Doubtful or Complex Structure Hydrocarbons and Their Simple Derivatives Alcohols, Esters and Ethers Aldehydes and Ketones

433 433 434 434 434 435 435 435 435 441 442 443 444 446 449 449 453 453 453 453 453 456 456 456 458 458 459 461 461 461 461 461 462 465

Carboxylic Acids Other Carboxy Compounds Nitrogen Compounds, Mainly Alkaloids Literature Index to Names Commercial Explosives Introduction Types of Tests Simple Explosives (Pure Substances) Heat of Explosion Trauzl Lead-Block Test Lead-Block Test (Initiating Explosives) Fall-Hammer Test Limiting Charges Necessary for Various Initiating Explosives Detonation Velocity Notes Compounded Explosives Blasting Explosives Explosives for Use in Fiery Coal Mines Propulsive Explosives Properties of Some Sporting Powders Standard Ballistics for Shotgun Powders Typical American Standard Proof Typical British Standard Proof Rifle Powders Ordnance Powder Literature References Index

465 466 467 478 487 489 489 489 490 490 490 491 491 492 492 493 493 493 494 495 496 496 496 497 497 497 498 1

INTERNATIONAL CRITICAL TABLES REFRACTIVITY COMPLETE INDEX Gases and vapors. Elements. Non-metallic. Metallic, Vol. V, p. 248. Selected solids and liquids.

INDEX COMPLET Gaz el vapeurs. Elements. Non-metalliques. Metalliques, Vol. V, p. 248. Solides et liquides choisis.

Birefringent solids. Organic liquids. Mixtures. Electric and magnetic fringence. X-rays, Vol. VI1 p. 49.

Cristaux bire*fringents. Liquides organiques. Melanges. Birefringence electrique et magnetique. Rayons X, Vol. VI, p. 49.

bire-

GESAMT INDEX VERZEICHNIS Gase und Dampfe. Element e. Nichtmetalle. Metalle, Bd. V, S. 248. Ausgewahlte feste und fliissige Stoffe. Doppelbrechende Kristalle. Organische Fliissigkeiten. Gemische. Elektrische und magnetische Doppelbrechung. Rontgenstrahlen, Bd. VI, S. 49.

INDICE COMPLETO pAQE Gas e vapori 1 Elementi. Non metalli 1 Metalli, Vol. V, p. 248. Alcuni solidi e liquidi 12 Cristalli birifrangenti 16 Liquidi organici . 34 Miscele 63 Birifrangenza elettrica e magnetica 109 Raggi X, Vol. VI, p. 49.

REFRACTIVITY OF ALL GASES AND VAPORS AND OF ELEMENTARY SUBSTANCES IN THE ISOTROPIC SOLID AND LIQUID STATES J. J. Fox AND F. G. H. TATE CONTENTS Symbols and formulae. Refractivity of air. Refractivity of dry air. Variation with temperature, pressure and humidity. Dispersion formulae. Corrections for converting wave-lengths and their reciprocals in air at 15° and 760 mm to their values in a vacuum. Refractivity of gases and vapors. Dispersion formulae. Index of refraction of isotropic solid and liquid elementary substances.

MATIEBES Symboles et formules. Pouvoir re*fractif de Fair. Pouvoir re*fractif de Fair sec.

INHALTSVEBZEICHNIS Symbole und Formeln. Brechungsvermogen der Luft. Brechungsvermogen der trockenen Luft. Anderung mit Temperatur, Druck und Feuchtigkeit.

Variation avec Ia tempe*rature, Ia pression et Thumidite*. Formules de dispersion. Corrections pour Ia conversion des longueurs d'onde et de leur valeurs reciproques dans 1'air a 15° et 760 mm a leurs valeurs dans Ie vide. Pouvoir refractif des gaz et vapeurs. Formules de dispersion. Indices de refraction des substances elementaires isotropiques solides et liquides.

Dispersionsf ormeln . Korrekturen zur Umrechnung der Wellenlangen und deren reziproken Werte in Luft von 15° und 760 mm auf solche fiir das Vakuum. Brechungsvermogen der Gase und Dampfe. Dispersionsformeln. Brechungsindex isotroper fester und fltissiger elementarer Stoffe. 1

INDICE PAGE Simboli e formule 2 Refrattivita dell'aria. Refrattivita dell'aria secca 2 Variazione con Ia temperatura, pressione e umidita 4 Formule di dispersione. 5 Correzioni per convertire Ie lunghezze d'onde e i valori reciproci per 1'aria a 15° e 760 mm nei valori corrispondenti nel vuoto. 5 Refrattivita dei gas e vapori 6 Formule di dispersione. . 11 Indice di refrazione degli elementi allo stato di solidi isotropici e di liquidi. . . 11

SYMBOLS

SYMBOLES

Symbols and formulae that occur in a single table are explained there. d Density. F Formula-weight in accordance with the printed formula. g As subscript, g indicates that the quantity pertains to the gas. H As subscript, H indicates that the quantity pertains to hydrogen, H2. M Molecular weight. n Index of refraction referred to a vacuum. p Pressure. X Wave-length. Xtf Value of X when the unit is IM = 104 A; XM = IQ-4Xl.

Les symboles et formules qui se pre"sentent dans une seule table sont expliques a cette place. d Densit6. F Formule-poids en accord avec Ia for mule imprimee. g Comme souscrit, g indique que Ia quantite se rapporte a un gaz. H Comme souscrit, H indique que Ia quantite se rapporte a Phydrogene, H2. M Poids moleculaire. n Indice de refraction par rapport au vide. p Pression. X Longeur d'onde. XM Valeur de X lorsque !'unite est IM = 104 A; XM = IQ-4Xl.

SYMBOLE

SIMBOLI

Symbole und Formeln, die in einer einzelnen Tabelle vorkommen, sind dort erklart. d Dichte. F Formelgewicht entsprechend der gedruckten Formel. g AIs untergeschriebende Index bedeutet g, dass sich die Grosse auf ein Gas bezieht. H AIs untergeschriebende Index bedeutet H, dass sich die Grosse auf Wasserstoff, H 2 bezieht. M Molekulargewicht. n Brechungsindex auf das Vakuum bezogen. p Druck. X Wellenlange. X,, Wert von X, wenn als Einheit IM = 104 A gilt; X^ = K)-4Xl.

I simboli e Ie formule che si incontrano in ogni singola tabella sono ivi spiegate. d Densita. F Formula-peso corrispondente alia formula stampata. g Quando viene posto sotto, g indica che Ia quantita si riferisce allo stato gasoso. H Quando viene posto sotto, H indica che Ia quantita si riferisce aH'idrogeno, H2. M Peso molecolare. n Indice di rifrazione riferito al vuoto. p Pressione. X Lunghezza d'onda. X^ Valore di X quando Funita e IM = IQ4 A; XM = IQ-4Xl.

The indices for solids and liquids are given for the actual temperatures at which they were determined; those for gases and vapors have in most cases been reduced to O0C and 760 mm of Hg by some one of several, not always concordant, formulae. As values obtained previous to 1898 have been collected by Dufet (23), such values are, in general, omitted from this section if more recent data of equal or superior accuracy are available; a discussion of them will usually be found in the recent papers. The variation of the refractivity with temperature and pressure has been given special consideration in the case of air; for other gases and vapors the available data are included with the refractivities in Table 4, if there is an indication that the ideal gas laws do not apply. REFRACTIVITY OF AIR

REFRACTIVITY: DRY AIR.—(Continued)

Except as the contrary is stated, the following data refer to dry air containing the normal amount (0.03%) of CO2. Doubling this amount of CO2 will increase n by less than 1 in 107 (54). TABLE 1.—REFRACTIVITY OF DRY AIR For dispersion formulae, see Table 2; unit of X = 1 A; of p = I mm of Hg; temperature = t,°C (A) Range: X = 2218 to 8999, p = 760mm (54). Observations were made at constant t, and gave directly the values of n for pressures near 760; these were reduced to p — 760 on the assumption that over this short range (n — l ) / p is independent of p. For smoothed values, see Table 3. t \ O0C I 150C I 3O0C 6 X j (n - I)IO 2218Cu 298.27 2246Cu 296.04

t X 2303Cu 2369Cu 2392Cu 2406Cu 2441Cu 2492Cu 2618Cu 2739Fe 2766Cu 2824Cu 2851Fe 2882Cu 2918Fe 2961Cu 2987Fe 2997Cu 3010Cu 3036Cu 3055Fe 3063Cu 3075Fe 3116Fe 3175Fe 3205Fe 3280Fe 3347Fe

I I

O0C

322.34 322.27 320.90 319.66 314.58 310.17 313.94 310.38 308.58 308.06 307.98 307.83 307.37 307.42 307.82 308.41

I

150C (n - I)IO 6

305.00 304.66 301.22 296.24 293.20 295.05 294.08

306.61

292.10 291.23 291.40 291.80 291.53 289.48 290.82 291.05 290.12

304.89 303.43 303.82 302.89 302.27

288.98 289.40 288.49 287.25 285.70

I

3O0C 290.75 287.90 286.71 286.94 286.23 285.77 283.36 280.40 278.71 277.93 276.83 277.41 275.21 274.62 274.48 274.26 275.19 274.50 275.07 274.73 274.64 272.02 272.71 273.25 272.08

REPRACTIVITY: DRY AIR.—(Continued) t X 3413Fe 3485Fe 3513Fe 3594Fe 3640Fe 3659Fe 3701Fe 3753Fe 3787Fe 3790Fe 3843Fe 3846Fe 3865Fe 3867Fe 3906Fe 3935Fe 3969Fe 3977Fe 3983Fe 4005Fe 4021Fe 4076Fe 4095Fe 4118Fe 4147Fe 4191Fe 4210Fe 4213Fe 4233Fe 4245Fe 4282Fe 4315Fe 4352Fe 4369Fe 4375Fe 4422Fe 4427Fe 4484Fe 4494Fe 4531Fe 4547Fe 4592Fe 4602Fe 4647Fe 4691Fe 4736Fe 4789Fe 4859Fe 4903Fe 4966Fe 5001Fe 5012Fe 5051Fe 5110Fe 5167Fe 5171Fe 5232Fe 5266Fe 5324Fe 5397Fe 5455Fe 5506Fe

I I

O0C 302.36 300.45 301.00 298.89 298.61 299.87 299.64 298.80 297.75

I

150C (n - I)IO 6 285.97 285.70 285.80 284.50 284.24 283.63 283.42 283.18 283.16 282.91 282.92

I

REFRACTIVITY: DRY AIR.—(Continued) 3O0C 271.56 271.60 271.49 270.00 269.96 267.90 268.80 268.95 268.22

282.61 298.14 299.33 297.98 296.62 297.37 297.17 297.04 296.66 297.34 297.00 296.36 296.59 295.61 296.08 296.75 295.42 295.47

282.16 281.48 281.98 281.59 282.14 281.75 281.57 281.64 280.95 280.93 280.78 280.77 280.81 280.53 280.71 280.47 280.76 280.04 280.59 279.61 279.83 279.28 279.67

267.61 268.91 268.14 267.73 266.99 268.87 267.60 266.68 266.87 266.97 266.80 265.07 266.38 266.28 266.39 266.44

295.09 294.73 294.34 294.63 294.30 293.89 293.57 293.80 293.76 293.32 293.55 293.59 293.05 292.68 293.09 293.42 293.87 293.61 293.01 292.44 292.26

279.64 279.44 278.90 279.19 279.07 278.78 278.52 278.92 277.84 278.76 278.32 278.91 278.30 276.40 278.43 277.93 277.69 277.92 277.59 277.19 277.34 277.28

265.62 265.50 265.49 265.49 264.97 265.36 264.74 264.65 264.71 264.60 264.20 264.20 264.33 263.90 263.73 263.64 263.65 263.08 263.61 263.43 263.60

t X 5569Fe 5624Fe 5658Fe 5709Fe 5763Fe 5852Ne 5881Ne 5883Fe 5934Fe 5944Ne 6003Fe 6029Fe 6065Fe 6074Ne 6096Ne 6136Fe 6143Ne 6163Ne 6191Fe 6217Ne 6219Fe 6230Fe 6246Fe 6252Fe 6266Ne 6297Fe 6304Ne 6318Fe 6334Ne 6335Fe 6382Ne 6393Fe 6400Fe 6402Ne 6430Fe 6462Fe 6494Fe 6506Ne 6532Ne 6546Fe 6563H 6598Ne 6609Fe 6663Fe 6678Ne 6678Fe 6717Ne 6750Fe 6752A 6841Fe 6843Fe 6871A 6916Fe 6929Ne 6937A 6945Fe 6965A 6978Fe 7016Fe 7023Fe 703OA 7032Ne

I I

O0C 292.59 293.13 292.37 293.16 292.51 292.46 292.85 291.89 291.52 291.33

291.26 290.40

291.06 291.11 291.04 290.55 290.70 290.90 291.69 291.36 290.75 290.19

I

150C (n - I)IO 6 277.90 277.61 277.07 277.13 276.75 276.92 276.81 276.75 276.71 276.36 276.58 276.70 276.42 276.36 276.60 276.49 276.21 276.70 276.15 276.29 276.79 276.73 276.07 276.49 274.65 275.77 276.74 276.16 275.81 276.36 276.37 276.51 276.32 276.14 276.90 276.18 276.22 276.10 276.10 276.02 276.02 276.28 275.96 275.46 276.02 276.02 276.24 275.60

I

3O0C 263.13 263.26 263.00 262.82 262.41 262.96 262.99 263.88 262.99 263.41 262.40 262.61 262.61 262.34 262.59 262.66 262.07 262.57

262.07 262.48 262.38 262.47 262.10 262.40 262.03 262.39 261.53 262.18 261.80 262.15 262.27 261.98 261.96 261.25 262.74 261.82 261.81 262.68

290.70 260.94 275.09

289.97 290.39

275.76 275.45 274.93 274.87 275.08 276.54

263.33 261.84 262.13 261.45

290.91 274.90 275.71

261.74

REPRACTIVITY: DRY AIR.—(Continued) t X 7038Fe 7059Ne 7067A 7068Fe 7090Fe 7130Fe 7147A 7164Fe 7173Ne 7187Fe 7207Fe 7223Fe 7245Ne 7272A 7293Fe 7372A 7383A 7389Fe 7411Fe 7438Ne 7445Fe 7495Fe 7503A 7511Fe 7514A 7531Fe 7568Fe 7586Fe 7620Fe 7635A 7664Fe 7710Fe 7724A 7748Fe 7780Fe 7832Fe 7937Fe 7945Fe 7948A 7998Fe 8006A 8014A 8046Fe 8085Fe 8103A 8115A 8220Fe 8264A 8327Fe 8387Fe 8408A 8424A 8468Fe 8514Fe 8521A 8611Fe 8661Fe 8674Fe 8688Fe 8824Fe 8999Fe

I I

O0C

I

150C (n - I)IO 6

I

3O0C

(B) Values by various observers. Range: X = 2 652 to 130 000. For older values, see ( 23 » 54, 58). Data reduced by the formula ro = r . ™ P

261.01 290.24 290.53 289.87 289.50

273.70 274.87 276.71 275.76 274.99 276.12 275.67 274.93 275.29

290.57 275.26 274.88 291.45

X

262.41

2 2 2 o

260.90

290.36 290.68

289.72 290.30 289.58 289.02 289.74 290.23 288.78 290.49 288.67 289.03 290.26 289.52 289.43 289.04

274.81 274.61 274.81 274.49 274.17 274.73 275.06 274.55 274.71 274.54 274.87 274.58 274.36 275.01 273.92 274.28 274.20 273.61 274.25 273.88 274.12 274.36 274.27

290.01 274.59 274.63 288.10

274.07

288.73

273.41 273.55 273.56

(29) 652 314.00 894 309.02 967 307.37 noo QAA «0

3 965 4 471 4 713 5016 5 876 6 678 T = O, a.

262.64 260.89 261.66 262.24

275.19 274.24 275.62 276.45 274.83 274.97 274.89 274.07

r0

I™ ™:£

261.36

275.12 274.66 289.77 290.06

I

T = O, a = H 73

298.00 295.55 294.40 293.50 291.96 291.20 = K73

(14)

4 5 5 6

261.18 262.02 260.94 261.27

261.66 260.68 261.66 259.47 261.12 261.12 260.31 260.29 261.12 261.54 261.27 260.66 260.56 261.00

861 461 790 563

295.11 293.60 292.98 291.92

i+«l X

I

260.66 259.93

r0

I

X

I

r0

T = 7(1O)-7,

« = 0.003670(35) 5 894 292.98 67 094 288.06 86 784 288.75

( ) ° 4tu ' ^* 1 -* 1 . , 25 ^ . 6Q KQ on* o ^ 4VO.*

5461 292 9

T = 7(1O)"7, « = 0.003670 ( 75 )* 10 000 290 20000 289 30 000 289 40 000 289 * Based on preceding

-

(84 ) 8 000

2 90.9

10 000

2 89.7

20

000 30 Q00

value for X = 5894, Koch

( 6 2) 5 461 | 293.42

^

288.2 288.5

QQQ

2gg Q

50 000 63 000 80 000 130 OOP

287.9 287.3 287.8 286.9

Variation of Refractivity of Air with Temperature, Pressure and Humidity Temperature.—(n — l)o = (n — l)r (1 -{-at). Meggers and ft nonnn^ Peters (54) find OL = 0.00367 + " , ; Koch (35) and Statescu \H

(75) used a = 0.003670; Perard (59) used OL = 0.003716; Cuthbertson ( 14 ), Howell (29), and most of the other workers have used a = 0.003663 = K 73 . At t = -189 to -1880C, Ayres (3) obtained the following values, agreeing with those of Scheel ( 68 ): X I 507 I 735 |914mmofHg 5461 A ( n - I)IO 6 = 6 5 4 . 3 9 5 4 . 1 1 1 8 9 . 9 5780 A (n - I)IO 6 = 653.3 951.1 1186.4 Pressure.—For small ranges in p, t constant, (n — l ) / p may be regarded as a constant. Opinions differ regarding the effect of relatively great changes. Mathews (53) concludes that (n — l)/p is constant over the range p = 26 to p = 760 mm, but many consider that Mascart's relation, (n — l)/p — K(I + Jp)1 fits the observations better; the following values have been used for 7, the unit of p being 1 mm of Hg: X 5 461 5 461 5 462 p O to 760 O to 760 760 to 7 600 108r 357 ± 39 667+87 51 ± 5 (62)

(81)

(58)

4 359 760 to 7 600 53 ± 5

4 000 to 6 500 near 760 240

5 000 to 86 000 O to 760 70

(58)

(59)

(35)

Lit

261.22

(n _ 1)10 .

I + TP

X p 1O8T Lit

260.66 260.42

For the range X = 4050 to 5090 A, p = 30 to 100 atm., t = 9 to 140C, it has been found ( 70 > 71 > 73) that, whatever the pressure,

259.90 260.10 261.26 260.48 260.54 259.15

J*=^ = 0.98086{l + 5^» + MWM (n — 1J5461

[

X4

\4

J

For variation with p at t = — 1880C, see preceding text. Humidity.—If Ud and Um = index for dry air and for air in which the partial pressure of water vapor is m mm of Hg, then Lorenz (43) concludes that nd = nm -\

^

TABLE 2.—DISPERSION FORMULAE FOR DRY AIR XM = K)-4X^, unit of X^ = 1 A For the formula (n - 1)10« = |8/(M - X£2), Cuthbertson (14) finds /3 = 51626, M = 179.17; for the Cauchy formula (n — 1) 106 = A + B\-j? -f CX^4, the following values have been found, those of ( 54 ) being the best. Temperature is t, 0C; pressure = 760 mm of Hg, except as noted. t, 0C O 15 30 O O 11

I

A I B I C |lOOQg/A| 10'CMl Lit. 287.566 1.34120.03777 4.664i 131.3s (54) 272.643 1.22880.03555 4.507o 130.39 (54) 258.972 1.22590.02576 4.733? 99.4? (54) 287.987*1.804*0 6.264* O '( 65 ) 288.02 1.482 0.0309 5.145 107.3 (59) 5.63sf 54.0If ( 7 0 > 7 1 » 7 3 )

* Freed of CO2. t For pressures between 30 and 100 atm., t = 120C, 4050 A < X < 5090 A.

TABLE 3.—CORRECTIONS FOR CONVERTING WAVE-LENGTHS AND THEIR RECIPROCALS IN AIR AT 150C AND 760 MM OF HG TO THEIR VALUES IN A VACUUM (54) If X0, Xv = values in air and in vacuum, respectively, then X1, = X0 + 5\ and 1/X0 = 1/X» + 8V, where 5\ and dv have the values given in the table. The values of (n — 1) are those computed by means of the equation (n - 1)10« = 272.643 + 1.2288X^2 + 0.03555X)I4 which was derived from the observations in Table 1, section A. Unit of X and 6\ = 1 A; of dv = 1 cm"1 = 108 A"1. 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

X 000 050 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750 800 850 900 950 000 050 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700

I

(n - 1)10"« 325.582 322.012 318.786 315.863 313.207 310.787 308.575 306.550 304.691 302.981 301.405 299.948 298.600 297.350 296.188 295.108 294.100 293.160 292.280 291.457 290.685 289.960 289.279 288.638 288.033 287.463 286.924 286.415 285.933 285.476 285.043 284.632 284.241 283.869 283.516

I

5X 0.6512 0.6601 0.6695 0.6791 0.6891 0.6993 0.7097 0.7204 0.7313 0.7423 0.7535 0.7649 0.7764 0.7880 0.7997 0.8115 0.8235 0.8355 0.8476 0.8598 0.8721 0.8844 0.8968 0.9092 0.9217 0.9343 0.9469 0.9595 0.9722 0.9849 0.9977 1.0104 1.0233 1.0361 1.0490

I

3, 16.274 15.703 15.175 14.687 14.232 13.808 13.412 13.041 12.692 12.363 12.053 11.759 11.481 11.217 10.967 10.728 10.500 10.283 10.076 9.877 9.687 9.504 9.329 9.160 8.998 8.842 8.692 8.547 8.407 8.272 8.142 8.016 7.893 7.774 7.660

X 3 750 3 800 3 850 3 900 3 950 4000 4 050 4 100 4 150 4 200 4 250 4 300 4 350 4 400 4 450 4 500 4 550 4 600 4 650 4 700 4 750 4 800 4 850 4 900 4 950 5 000 5 050 5 100 5 150 5 200 5 250 5 300 5 350 5 400 5 450 5 500 5 550 5 600 5 650 5 700 5 750 5 8DO 5 850 5 900 5 950 6 000 6 050 6 100 6 150 6 200 6 250 6 300 6 350 6 400 6 450 6 500 6 550 6 600 6 650 6 700 6 750 6 800 6 850 6 900

I

TABLE 3.—(Continued) (n - I)IO 6 I 5X 283.179 1.0619 282.858 1.0749 282.551 1.0878 282.259 1.1008 281.979 1.1138 281.712 1.1268 281.456 1.1399 281.211 1.1530 280.976 1.1661 280.751 1.1792 280.536 1.1923 280.329 1.2054 280.130 1.2186 279.939 1.2317 279.755 1.2449 279.578 1.2581 279.408 1.2713 279.244 1.2845 279.086 1.2978 278.934 1.3110 278.788 1.3242 278.646 1.3375 278.509 1.3508 278.378 1.3640 278.250 1.3773 278.127 1.3906 278.008 1.4039 277.893 1.4173 277.781 1.4306 277.674 1.4439 277.569 1.4572 277.468 1.4706 277.370 1.4839 277.275 1.4973 277.183 1.5106 277.094 1.5240 277.007 1.5374 276.923 1.5508 276.841 1.5642 276.762 1.5775 276.685 1.5909 276.610 1.6043 276.537 1.6177 276.466 1.6311 276.398 1.6446 276.331 1.6580 276.265 1.6714 276.202 1.6848 276.140 1.6983 276.080 1.7117 276.022 1.7251 275.965 1.7386 275.909 1.7520 275.855 1.7655 275.-802 1.7789 275.751 1.7924 275.700 1.8058 275.651 1.8193 275.604 1.8328 275.557 1.8462 275.511 1.8597 275.467 1.8732 275.423 1.8866 275.381 1.9001

I

8y 7.550 7.442 7.337 7.235 7.137 7.041 6.948 6.857 6.769 6.683 6.599 6.517 6.437 6.360 6.285 6.211 6.139 6.069 6.000 5.933 5.868 5.804 5.741 5.680 5.620 5.561 5.503 5.447 5.392 5.336 5.285 5.234 5.183 5.133 5.084 5.037 4.990 4.944 4.899 4.854 4.811 4.768 4.726 4.685 4.644 4.604 4.565 4.527 4.489 4.452 4.415 4.379 4.344 4.309 4.275 4.241 4.208 4.175 4.143 4.112 4.081 4.050 4.020 3.990

TABLE 4.—REPRACTIVITY OF GASES AND VAPORS


X 6 950 7 000 7050 7 100 7 150 7 200 7 250 7 300 7 350 7 400 7 450 7 500 7 550 7 600 7 650 7 700 7 750 7 800 7 850 7 900 7 950 8 000 8 050 8 100 8 150 8 200 8 250 8 300 8 350 8 400 8 450 8 500 8 550 8 600 8 650 8 700 8 750 8 800 8 850 8 900 8 950 9 000 9 050 9 100 9 150 9 200 9 250 9 300 9 350 9 400 9 450 9 500 9 550 9 600 9 650 9 700 9 750 9 800 9 850 9 900 9 950 10 OOP

I (n - 1)10« 275.339 275.299 275.259 275.221 275.183 275.146 275.110 275.074 275.039 275.006 274.972 274.940 274.908 274.877 274.846 274.817 274.788 274.759 274.731 274.703 274.676 274.650 274.624 274.599 274.574 274.549 274.525 274.502 274.478 274.456 274.434 274.412 274.390 274.369 274.349 274.328 274.309 274.289 274.270 274.251 274.232 274.214 274.196 274.179 274.161 274.144 274.128 274.111 274.095 274.079 274.064 274.048 274.033 274.018 274.004 273.989 273.975 273.961 273.947 273.934 273.920 273.907

I

ax 1.9136 1.9271 1.9406 1.9541 1.9676 1.9811 1.9945 2.0080 2.0215 2.0350 2.0485 2.0620 2.0756 2.0891 2.1026 2.1161 2.1296 2.1431 2.1566 2.1702 2.1837 2.1972 2.2107 2.2243 2.2378 2.2513 2.2648 2.2784 2.2919 2.3054 2.3190 2.3325 2.3460 2.3596 2.3731 2.3867 2.4002 2.4137 2.4273 2.4408 2.4544 2.4679 2.4815 2.4950 2.5086 2.5221 2.5357 2.5492 2.5628 2.5763 2.5899 2.6035 2.6170 2.6306 2.6441 2.6577 2.6713 2.6848 2.6984 2.7119 2.7255 2.7391

I

8V 3.961 3.932 3.903 3.875 3.847 3.820 3.793 3.767 3.741 3.715 3.690 3.665 3.640 3.616 3.592 3.568 3.545 3.522 3.499 3.476 3.454 3.432 3.410 3.389 3.368 3.347 3.326 3.306 3.286 3.266 3.246 3.227 3.208 3.189 3.170 3.152 3.134 3.116 3.099 3.080 3.063 3.046 3.029 3.012 2.995 2.979 2.963 2.947 2.931 2.915 2.899 2.884 2.869 2.854 2.839 2.824 2.809 2.795 2.780 2.766 2.752 2.738

For dispersion formulae, see Table 5 Order: Elementary substances, pure compounds, mixtures. The formula used for reducing the observations is indicated, if known, by 7, 77, or 777: 7, r0 = r'—^-^_—^y > unless other values are given, 7 = 0 and a = MTSJ JIj ro = rdQ/d; 777, TQ =» r[(F/d)g]t,P X [(d/M)H]o.76o; r = (n - I)IO 6 . If the gas is ideal and diatomic, and if 7 = O and a = K 7 3 ( = 0.003663), all three formulae give the same value, and r 0 = 106(n — l)o,76o- K — TQ/p. Unit of X = 1 A; of p = 1 mm of Hg; temperature = t,0C I. 2V-Table.—Elementary Substances A, Argon; cf. ( 8 2)* Br2.—(Continued) X I ro X rQ I (65) 6 438 1 157.0 2 441.6 303.78 6 708 1 152.5 2 492.1 302.80 ^ - , . 2618.4 300.38 ^r^T™ 2766.4 298.11 2780 2 824.4 297.14 J Jg \ ™ 546 2961.2 295.50 J * 7J" 3349.3 291.62 J** J™ 6 562 2 675 4 275.1 286.34 4651.1 284.99 Cl2, Chlorine 5 105.6 283.79 /// (18) 5 153.2 283.67 4 799.9 791.66 5 218.2 283.50 5 Q85.8 787.91 5 700.2 282.55 5 209.1 786.51 5 782.2 282.47 5 460.7 784.00 777 (16); cf. (12) 5 769 5 781 35 4 800 283.8 5 790.5 781.21 5 086 283.1 6 438.5 777.03 5 209 282.8 6 707.85 775.63 5 461 282.3 T~I : 5769 281.7 '^5T 5790

281 7

6 438

' 280.9

5893 5 893

286.0 285.6 284.6 283.8 283.7 282.9

4 5 5 6

7

( ) 4 861 5 016 5 461 5 876 5 896 6563 (i)t 4 5 5 5 6

359 461 770 790 439

285.1 281.6 280.2 280.2 279.6

*At O0C and 760 mm Hg, («) finds ro = 282.70 for X = 5462.3. fLess accurate than those of ( 16 K

• ; As2, Arsenic 111 20 < )

5 461

1 579

5 893

l 552

5 5 5 5 5 6

Br2, Bromine 777 (18) 461 1 184.9 600 1 179.6 700 1 176.2 750 1 174.1 800 1 173.5 000 1 166.2

2 2 2 2 2 2

195°°' ca 195 II H2, Hydrogen* 7 ( 14 ) 861 140.64 461 139.71 780 139.33 563 138.66 7 (35, 36); c/. (34) 303 159.435 379 157.693 448 156.300 465 155.978 536 154.694 577 154.017

2 676 2 754 _

Z 7bl

2 858

2894 2 926 2 968 3127 3 133 3 342 3 545 3 664 3 705 3 908 3 985

152.538 151 510 ici AOQ

Io1.4Zo 150.268 149.873 149.530 149.118 147.717 147.661 146.130 144.950 144.321 144.103 143.246 142.979

4 4 4 4 4 5 5 6 67 86

H2.— (Continued) X ro 048 142.749 079 142.642 109 142.550 360 141.785 917 140.527 462 139.660 895 139.24 710 138.53 094 136.10 784 136.06 (43)

138.7 138.0

5 896 6 708

/C48) = O, a = 0.00381 5 085 130.2 5 896 136.7 6 438 136.3 7

(60)

4 4 5 5 5 6

677 800 085 378 896 438

4 4 4 5 6

358 712 922 780 676

140.8 140.6 140.0 139.3 139.0 136.5 /(68)

140.6 139.8 139.6 138.9 137.6 /(2S)

2 2 3 3 4 4 4 4 5

753 894 022 341 026 471 713 916 876

151.87 150.61 149.73 147.37 144.40 142.80 142.38 142.03 141.05 /(33)

1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 4 4 4 5

854.6 862.7 935.8 990.5 303 379 536 754 894 968 342 048 079 360 461

175.996 175.541 171.824 169.395 159.418 157.681 154.690 151.500 149.859 149.101 146.133 142.741 142.632 141.773 139.65Of

* For the range 56 < p < 2760 mm of Hg and t = constant, (n — 1) 10fl = kp, even at very low temperatures; for X = 5461, k = 0.615 if t = -187.50C, and k = 0.687 if t = - 191.10C; for X = 5780, t = - 191.10C, A; = 0.683 per mm of Hg ( 3 ). t Same value found by Schacherl ( 67 ).

Kr.— (Continued)

He, Helium; cf. (82) X I r0 III (16)

4 5 5 5 5 5 6

800 086 209 461 769 791 438

35.04 34.99 34.98 34.95 34.82 34.92 34.86

/( 3 7 ) 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 4 4 5

303 379 448 465 536 577 676 754 761 858 894 926 968 342 545 861 985 109 917 462

36.258 36.146 36.063 36.046 35.959 35.916 35.827 35.760 35.749 35.672 35.646 35.624 35.605 35.396 35.133 35.197 35.173 35.139 34.989 34.925

4 5 5 5 5 6

861 016 461 876 896 563

5 5 5 6

Hg2, Mercury /// (20) 183 1 885 461 1 882 893 1 866 562 1 799

K7)

35.10 35.08 35.04 35.00 35.00 34.95

!2, Iodine* III (18) 5 000 2 12o 5 005 2 16o 5 100 2 21o 5 250 2 25o 5 600 2 17o 6 180 2 13o 6 215 2 13o 6 438 2 1Oo 6 708 1 97o * Not very accurate. K, Potassium* * For dispersion near absorption bands, see Bevan ( 5 ).

4 5 5 5 5

Kr, Krypton III (16) 799.9 431.80 085.8 430.34 029.1 429.78 460.7 428.74 769.5 427.64

X

T0

5 790.5 6 438.5 6 707.8

427.61 425.80 425.33

N2, Nitrogen;* cf. (83) 7(14)

4861 5 461 6 563

301.21 299.77 298.16 /(37)

OL = 0.003675 2 379 326.09 2 448 324.11 2 465 323.64 2 536 321.80 2 577 320.84 2 676 318.71 2 754 317.21 2 760 317.08 2 858 315.42 2 894 314.84 2 926 314.34 2 968 313.74 3 342 309.37 3 545 307.64 3 705 306.36 3 908 305.11 3 985 304.73 4 079 304.24 4 109 304.06 4917 301.06 5 461 299.77

N2.— (Continued) t = -190.60C; X = 5461 A At = 0.03sp pf I (n - I)IO 6 10.8cm 144.1 22.2 294.4 35.6 470.6 39.0 515.3 72.6 975.4 76.3 1 023.3 110.4 1 508.3 123.3 1 692.4 132 3 1 829.9 t = -191.60C; X = 5461 A AJ = 0.2ap 11.0cm 149,8 20.2 278.5 33.9 456.6 75.8 1 034.3 119.6 1 669.5 * At 210C, X = 5461 A, and d between 70do and 200do, do = density

at O0C and 760 mm,~~ ' ^ ( = 199.7 X 10~6) is more nearly constant than either (n* - l)/d or (n - l)/d ( 57 ). t If computed by van der Waals's equation with a = 126 070,6 = 1.325, then both (n - l)/d and (n* - I ) / (n2 + 2)d are constant within 2 %. J A s (ri546i — nsTso) X 10«, where 5780 is the mean X of the yellow lines of Hg; p is expressed in cm of Hg. At -191.60C the coefficient of p is nearly 7 times as great at — 190.60C.

7(68)

CL = 0.003675 4 358 302.0 4712 301.4 4 922 299.9 5 461 298.2 5 780 297.6 6 576 296.1 7 056 294.5 7(66)

3 3 4 4 5 5

342 650 046 358 461 769

307.0 303.4 301.0 299.5 296.7 296.6

(3) t = -189.20C; X = 5461 I AJ = 0.03ep p^ (n - I)IO 6 10.1cm 133.3 21.9 288.2 35.5 461.8 42.8 558.9 76.2 1 004.0 76.4 1 009.9 76.6 1 008.6 100.9 1 347.0 101.0 1 349.3 122.8 1 662.5 122.8 1 659.0 143.4 1 961.1 143.5 1 962.9 149.5 2 049.7

Na, Sodium* * For dispersion near absorption bands, see Bevan ( 5 ).

Ne, Neon III (16)

4 5 5 5 5 5 6

799.9 085.8 209.1 460.7 769.5 790.5 438.5

4 5 5 6

861 461 790 563

2 2 3 3 3 4 4 5 5 6

753 894 022 188 889 471 713 016 876 678

67.31 67.23 67.21 67.16 67.10 67.10 67.02

O2, Oxygen* /( 1 4 ) 273.45 271.70 270.99 269.75 7(29)

324.23 293.60 291 . 19 287.93 279.65 276.31 275.11 274.01 271.84 270.83

O2.— (Continued) X I r0 4 5 5 6

O)

359 461 780 439

274.7 270.6 270.1 269.2

/(66)

3 4 4 5 5

342 047 359 461 771

283.2 277.6 275.2 272.5 271.9

/(35); cf. (34)

Oa.— (Continued) X r0 6 438 509.68 6 708 507.64 P2, Phosphorus /// (10) 5 893 I 1 197 Rb, Rubidium* * For dispersion near bands, see Bevan (5).

S2, Sulfur /// (10)

5 893

7

Y = 11(1O)- ; a = 0.003674 4 359.6 274.30 5 462.3 270.44 5 893 269.68 6 709.7 268.31 67 094 264.30 86 784 265.03 /// (18) 4 800 273.66 5 085 272.72 5 209 272.37 5 461 271.70 5 770 271.02 5 790 270.98 6 438 269.88 6 708 269.52 *At -189.90C, X = 5461 A, and 64 < p < 372 mm of Hg, (n - I)IQs = 1.185p ( 3 ). At 2O0C, X = 5461 A, and d between 50do and 200do, do = density at O0C and 760 mm, (n* -l)do/(n* + 2)d (= 181.4 X 10-«) is more nearly constant than either (n* - l)/d or (n - l)/d (57).

4 5 5 5 5 5

800 085 209 461 770 790

I 1 101 Se2, Selenium /// (20)

5 5 5 6 6

461 540 893 540 562

1 570 1 560 1 565 1 530 1 535

Te2, Tellurium /// (20) 5 461 2 620 5 893 2 495 6 562 2 370

4 5 5 5 5 5 6 6

Os, Ozone

Xe, Xenon /// (i 6 ) 799.9 712.8 085.8 709.2 209.1 707.9 460.7 705.5 769.5 702.9 790.5 702.8 438.5 698.7 707.8 697.3 Zn2, Zinc ///

/// (18)

532.90 526.21 523.75 520.00 516.24 515.14

absorption

5 5 5 5 5 6

183 461 630 893 893 562

(20)

2 070 2 150 2 020 2 050 2 065 1 960

II. 2^-Table.—Chemical Compounds, Standard Arrangement; v. Vol. Ill, p. viii HCl. — (Continued) H2O, Water X

TQ

///(18)

4 5 5 5 5 5 6 6

799.9 085.8 209.1 460.7 769.5 790.5 438.5 707.8

254.95 253.80 253.45 252.70 251.95 251.91 250.69 250.28

HCl, Hydrochloric acid ///(18)

4 799.9 5 085.8 5 209.1

451.87 450.07 449.30

X

TQ

5 460.7 448.00 5 769.5 446.66 5 790.5 446.56 6 438.5 444.44 6 707.8 443.75 HBr, Hydrobromic acid /// (18) 4 799.9 621.60 5 085.8 618.24 5 209.1 617.04 5 460.7 614.90 5 769.5 612.56 5 790.5 612.45 6 438.5 608.78 6 707.8 607.52

HI, Hydriodic acid X I rQ III (18)

4 5 5 5 5 5 6 6

799.9 085.8 209.1 460.7 769.5 790.5 438.5 707.8

939.00 932.57 930.15 925.80 921.06 920.87 913.34 910.87

SO2, Sulfur dioxide /// (15) 5 000 668.63 5 461 663.97 5 800 661.26 6 500 657.10 6 700 656.40 /(77) 4 359 696.3 5 461 682.0 6 708 660.6 ///* (31) 5 350 665.5 5 889 661.0 6 707 656.7 (79)

5 893

I

676

* Reduced to this basis by Cuthbertson (is).

SOs, Sulfur trioxide /// (19) 5 893 I 737 H2S, Hydrogen sulfide III (15)

4 5 5 6

861 461 790 563

650.98 644.03 641.17 636.22

SF6, / (63)

5 893 I 783 SeF6, / (63) 5 893 I 895 TeF6, / (63) 5 893 I 991 NO,/// (18) 4 799.9 297.76 5 085.8 296.66 5 209.1 296.22 5 460.7 295.50 5 769.5 294.74 5 790.5 294.68 6 438.5 293.44 6 707.8 293.06 NO 2 , /(17) 6 438 I 508.7 N2O4, / ( 1 7) 6 438 I 1 123 N2O, /// (18) 4 799.9 514.15 5 085.8 512.08 5 209.1 511.45 5 460.7 510.00 5 769.5 508.57

N2O.— (Continued) \ r0 5 790.5 508.48 6 438.5 506.16 6 707.8 505.44 (50)*;

4 5 5 6

cfm

800.2 086.1 378.9 439.2

(83)

523.0 520.7 519.2 513.2

*Gas not pure.

4 5 5 5 5 5 6 6

NH3, ///*(i 8) 799.9 383.00 085.8 380.83 209.1 380.02 460.7 378.60 769.5 377.07 790.5 377.01 438.5 374.55 707.8 373.76

4 4 5 5 6

a. = 0.00390 358 396.1 861 391.8 461 387.0 875 384.8 563 382.6

/f (47)

* Data given with reserve, f Reduced to O0C and 760 mm fc using a = 0.003914, then reduced th value to what it would be if (n — I)/ were constant and p had such a vah that the number of formula-weigh per unit volume was equal to t number of moles of EU per unit vc ume at O0C and 760 mm. The would agree with the following da ( 4 7 ) if reduced in the same way.

PH3 (24)

White

I 789 PCl3 (51) 5 893 I 1 740 CO; c/. (83) /(U)

4 5 5 5 5 5 6 6

800 085 209 461 770 790 438 708

339.20 337.82 337.32 336.40 335.42 335.35 333.79 333.27

4 4 4 5 5 6

472 713 922 016 876 678

2 2 2 2 2 2

a = 0.003667 379 386.7 448 382.3 465 381.3 536 377.4 577 375.4 676 371.0

(28)

340.8 339.4 338.3 337.9 334.9 333.4 / (35, 38)

CO.— (Continued) X ro 2 754 368.0 2 761 367.7 2 858 364.4 2 894 363.3 2 926 362.3 2 968 361.2 3 342 353.0 3 545 349.8 3 681 347.9 3861 345.8 3 985 344.6 4 109 343.4 4 359 341.6 4 917 338.3 5 462 336.0 5 893 334.9 67 094 332.5 86 784 332.5 (60)

4 4 5 5 5 6

679 801 087 380 896 440

338.7 338.2 336.8 335.7 334.2 332.8

/C 4 8 )

4 5 5 5 6

a = 0.00367 801 338.9 087 337.4 380 336.3 896 335.0 440 333.9 (84)

5 890 8 000 10 000 20 000 22 500 23 500 24 500 27 000 30 000 35 000 38 000 40 000 41 500 42 000 43 000 44 000 44 500 45 000 45 500 47 500 48 000 49 000 50 000 51 000 52 000 54 000 56 000 58 000 63 000 70000

334.8 330.9 329.5 326.9 327.3 327.6 327.7 326.3 325.1 323.0 322.3 318.1 315.9 316.9 305.2 294.9 288.1 282.1 272.9 378.9 374.6 359.8 350.8 347.4 343.6 340.1 338.0 336.2 333.7 333.7

CO.— (Continued) X ro 80 000 330.7 90000 331.2 130 000 328.0

CO 2 ,/*^ 1 ) X I r0 « = 0.00371 4 800 453.42 5 085 452.01 5 209 451.48 5 461 450.50 5 770 449.47 5 790 449.40 6 438 447.71 6 708 447.14 ///t ( n ) 4 800 449.99 5 085 448.58 5 209 448,06 5 461 447.10 5 770 446.08 5 790 446.01 6 438 444.34 6 708 443.77 /(29)

2 2 3 3 3 4 4 4 5 5 6 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 5 5 6 67 86

753 894 022 188 820 026 471 713 016 876 678

476.17 471.37 469.29 465.49 456.38 454.14 451.19 449.06 447.50 445.31 443.79

/ (35, 38); Cf,

(34)

a. = 0.003716 379 497.30 448 493.70 465 492.86 536 489.55 577 487.80 676 483.98 754 481.31 760 481.09 858 478.13 926 476.22 968 475.18 342 467.45 545 464.41 681 462.49 861 460.46 985 459.32 109 458.17 360 456.27 917 452.89 461 450.56 893 449.16 709 447.07 094 480.38 784 457.92

CO2. — (Continued) X I r0 / ( 77 ) 4 359 458.9 5 461 451.1 6 708 446.6

61 m ( ) 4 358 5 461 5 790

5 8 10 20 30 40 50 67 87 110 131

I

456.68 450.88 449.54

7(76) a = 0.003716 893 450.8 000 446.3 000 441.4 000 433.6 000 418.5 000 289.0 000 531.6 000 483.8 000 458.0 000 447.2 900 400.4 (57)

t = 210C, X = 5461 A d/do§ (n - I)IO 6 § 27 1 216o 35 1 581 o 45 2 034o 60 2 715o 70 3 169o (3) t = -78.30C, X = 5461 A PJ cm (n - I)IO 6 9.3 77.5 16.6 138.0 20.6 171.0 50.7 423.3 51.0 422.4 53.0 441.8 62.4 522.1 73.0 609.9 73.4 611.0 76.1 633.0 76.1 623.5 76.6 643.4 81.1 682.9 85.4 699.0

(n - I)IO 6 = 8.31ep For X = 5780 A (n - I)IO 6 = 8.29sp (62)

5 461 I 451.55 For p < 760 mm K = 0.5519 1O6T = 10.63 ± 0.55

CO2.— (Continued) (58)

760 mm < p < 7600 mm For X = 5462 A K = 0.5468 1O6T = 8.72 ± 0.32 For X = 4359 A K = 0.5533 1O6T = 8.71 ± 0.30

(84)

r0 454.3 451.6 450.0 441 . 1 435.1 431.9 428.7 427.4 429.5 431.6 432.2 426 9 423.2 405.2 375.0 329.5 288.0 217.0 139.0 + 92.0 -238.0 +974.0 834.0 696.0 670.7 617.6 584.9 548.1 523.6 507.0 492.0 483.2 472.7 468.2 457.7 445.5 423.8 371.0 317.0

X 5 890 8 000 10 000 20 000 24 000 25 000 26 000 26 500 27 000 27 500 28 000 29 000 30 000 33 000 36 000 38 000 39 000 40 000 40 500 41 000 42 000 43 500 44 000 44 500 45 000 46 000 47 000 49 000 52 000 56 000 62 000 70 000 80 000 90 000 100 000 110 000 122 000 132 000 137 500

* Also corrected for factor A in [(PF) 760 - (PV)]/ (PV) = A(P 760), using A = 10.2 X 10~« per mm ofHg. t Derived from same observations as preceding data. J At 340C, X = 5461 A, 0.10 < d < 0.74,{ -

Jd = 6.581(l + 0.0172X

Vl2— 1/

rf«).

§ (n2 - l)/(w2 + 2)d is more nearly constant than either (n2 — l)/d or (n - l)/d; do = density at O0C and 760 mm of Hg.

C-Compounds.—(T-Arrangement; v. Vol. Ill, p viii CCl2O, Carbonyl chloride (24) C 2 N 2 , Cyanogen (31.1) A

TQ

White

1 159

CCl4, Carbon tetrachloride

A

1 779

CS2, Carbon disulfide (51) 5 893 I 1 485 (43)

5 893 6 710

1 478 1 457

5 350 5 893 6 708

789 784 780

/C 7 7 ) 4 359 5 461 6 708

870.8 853.8 843.1 //(9) I

5 893 5 893

I I (44, 46)

1 442 1 435

CHN, Hydrocyanic acid (51) 5 893 I 438 CH3Br, Methyl bromide (so,* 52)

5 893

I

964

5 5 5 6 6

461 769 896 375 708

569.8 566.3 565.1 562.7 560.4 77

/( )

619.0 605.1 597.7

4 359 5 461 6 708

CH3Cl, Methyl chloride (50,* 52)

5 893

I

(52)

5 893

(64)

1 265 1 253

CH4, Methane I (44, 46)

290 718 935 375 585

4 5 5 6

359 461 780 435

447.8 445.4 443.5 441.1 440.4 (30)

450.5 443.5 441.9 438.7

/(35) a. = 0.003670

4 5 5 6 65 86

359 461 895 709 570 784

447.5 440.7 439.1 436.7 419.2 450.1

5 5 5 5 6 6

C2H4, Ethylene /( 4 5 ) 230 662.0 461 661.4 790 658.8 896 657.1 185 653.1 677 651.6 (30)

4 5 5 6

359 461 780 435

(50,* 52)

I

623

739.4 720.3 716.9 713.1

/(77) 4 359 5 461 6 708

742.8 731.5 716.8

C2H4Cl2, 1, 1-Dichloroethane (64)

5 893 6 708

1 415 1 408

C2H4Cl2, Ethylene chloride (50,* 52)

5 893

CH4O, Methyl alcohol 5 893

610

C2H3N, Acetonitrile (so,* 52) 5 893 I 776

CH3I, Methyl iodide (50,* 52) 5 893 I 1 273

5 5 5 6 6

I

870

CH3F, Methyl fluoride (10) 5 893 [ 449

5 893 6 708

820.2

C2H2, Acetylene

(43)

5 893 6 708

844.6

(48)

CHCl3, Chloroform (50,* 52) 5 893 I 1 464

I

1 417

(64)

5 893 6 708

1 349 1 341

(64)

5 893 6 708

552 550

* Data given with reserve.

X

I

C2H4O, Acetaldehyde («<>,* 52) 5 893 I 811 * Data given with reserve.

r0

C3H6O2, Ethyl formate X I r0 (50,* 52)

(50,* 52)

/O

(50,* 52)

5 893

C2H6Br, Ethyl bromide 5 893 I 1 223 C2H5Cl, Ethyl chloride (50,* 52)

5 893 I 1 179 C2H5I, Ethyl iodide (*o,* 52) 5 893 I 1 608

5 893 6 708

1 199 1 193

C3H6O2, Methyl acetate (50,* 52)

I

5 893 6 708

/ (45, 46)

756.8 756.6 754.2 752.8 750.9 747.8

/ (77) 4 359 782.4 5 461 769.0 6 708 762.9 C2H6O, Ethyl alcohol (so,* 52) 5 893 I 885 (43)

5 893 873 6 708 868 C2H6O, Methyl ether (50,* 52) 5 893 I 891 C3H4, Allylene (50,* 52) 5 893 I 1 188 C3H6Cl, 3-Chloropropylene (50,* 52)

5 893 I 1 444 C3H6, Propylene (*of* 52) 5 893 I 1 120 C3H6O, Acetone (so,* 52) 5 893 I 1 100

1 138 1 193 1 187

C3H7I, Propyl iodide (64) 5 893 1 788 6 708 1 775 C4H8O2, Ethyl acetate (50,* 52)

5 893

I

1 408

(43)

5 893 6 708

1 586 1 578

C4H8O2, Methyl propionate (64)

5 893 1 477 6 708 1 469 C4Hi0O, Ethyl ether (50,* 52) 5 893 I 1 544 (43)

5 893 6 708

1 521 1 514

C5Hi0, Amylene (50,* 52) 5 893 I 1 693 C6Hi2, Pentane (50,* 52) 5 893 I 1 711 C6H6, Benzene (50,* 52) 5 893 I 1 823 (80)

5 893

(64)

5 893 6 708

1 191

(64)

5 893 1 646 6 708 1 632 C2H6, Ethane

230 461 790 896 185 677

I (64)

5 893

(43)

5 5 5 5 6 6

5 893

I

1 820

(64)

1 082 1 076

5 893 6 708


1 705 1 691


Mixtures x = vol. % of second substance (or mixture); subscripts m«., i, and 2, refer to the mixture and to first and second substance, respectively. The refractivities are said to be additive if (n — l)mi*. = (n — l)i + x{ (n — I) 2 — (n — l)i}. Reducedrefractivity and density of the mixture are defined as (ra — l)r = (n — I ) X 760 T , _ , 760 T — .m*nddr = d~ :m Mixture Air O 2 + O3

|

X

Remarks | Lit. See Tables 1, 2, 3 4800 to Additive (18) 6708 NO2 + N2O4 6438 106(rc - l)r = 298.34dr (17) 105.33* H2 + CO2 5780 Additive (78) H2 + (He + Ne)... . 5780 Additive (78) * 2720K < T < 3430K; 55 mm < p < 238 mm.

TABLE 5.—DISPERSION FORMULAE FOR GASES AND VAPORS 4

XM = 10" X^; unit of XA = 1 A. The table is divided into 4 sections, each, except D, devoted to a single type of formula. In 0 general, the data refer to O C and 760 mm of Hg. Certain of the parameters depend upon the formula used in reducing the observations to 0° and 760 mm; these formulae are indicated by 7, 7/, 777 (see Table 4) placed at head of section or in column (2). 6

2

A. (n - I)IO = A + BX^ + CV (Formula 7) (1) A H2*

I

A

I

B

I

6

\1№QB/A\ IQ CMl

C

277.8261.5580 5.608 136.102 1.0246 0.0099061 7.5282

H2

Lit.

O (65) 72.78 (33)

7.3371

89t

(69,72,74)

O2 269.74 0.372 0.126 1.379 467 (66) CO2 6.787§ -6.14§ (70,71,73) Air See Table 2 * Those authors who use only A and B, find values of B varying from 0.90 to 1.00; see (»«). t Author uses a fourth term, D\jf; D = 70.51 X 10~8, D/A = 5.181 X 10-*. J For all pressures between 25 and 70 atmospheres, t = 2O0C, 4050 A < X < 5090 A. § For all pressures between 20 and 47 atmospheres, t = 120C, 4050 A < X < 5090 A.

TABLE 6.—INDEX OF REFRACTION OF ISOTBOPIC, NON-METALLIC SOLID AND LIQUID ELEMENTARY SUBSTANCES Double refracting solids, p. 16; metals, Vol. V, p. 248. n = index 4 of refraction; I = liquid; s — solid. Unit of X = IAI = 10~ cm. Temperature = £, 0C.

(1)

I

BrZ CH CH HZ Is NZ NZ OZ Ps* S sf SZ SZ Se sf * Yellow P.

X DO.589 7)0.589 7)0.589 0.579 7)0.589 0.579 DO.589 DO.589 DO.589 DO.589 DO.589 DO.589 DO.589

I

n 1.661 1.385 1.367 1.0974 3.34 1.197s 1.205s 1.221 2.1442 1.998 1.929 1.890 2.92

I

t

I Lit.

15 (29) 20 (22) 14 (6) -252.83 (2) (55) -195.83 (2) -190 (40) -181 (41,42) 25 (27) (56) 110 (4) 130 (4) (56)

f Amorphous.

B. (n - I)IO^ = PIU _ x-2) + 0///(/4,, _ x-2) In most cases, /3" and M" = O; when /3" and /*" are not zero, their values are written below those of /3' and //, with which they are connected by {.

I

(D

(2)

A Br2 Cl2 H2 „

777 777 777 7 T 7

Ha

He Kr N2 Ne O2 Xe H20 HCl HBr HI SO2 H2S NO N20 NH3 NH3 CO CO2 CO2

777 777 7 777 7 777 777 777 777 777 777 777 777 777 777 7 777 7 777

I

0

I

52404 47598 81 257 18800 / 1 2 200.7 \ 5 811.98 13470.9 59 385 55939 28 814 37 744 68 010 29190 51 583 57 162 64333 6364o 53 71i 39 122 62983 32953 30998 40452 69049 68524

I Lit.

/i 188.99 43.54? 106.99s 137.88 118.63? \ 175.327/ 388.80 141.866 189.94 432.40 142.27 99.754 118.86 118.49 96.316 72.849 99.21 86.76 135.73 126.84 90.392 83.442 123.60 156.63 156.63

(16) («) («) (U) ,„. (

}

(16) (16) (14) (16) (14) (16) (i 8 ) (i g ) (*8) (i*) (is) (is) (i g ) (i«) (i«) (47) (U) (U) (")

°' 1(S~T^)106 = W - X*2) + 0"/G*" - ^M2) (Formula 7)

I

(D

P

I

/i'

I

&'

I

M"

I Lit.

N2 39 534 152.294 -8 373.4* -240.651* (37) CQ2 74203172.400 485.22 45.038 (38) * Note the minus sign here. D. Miscellaneous formulae H2

7

(n2 - I)IO 6 == 272.16 + 2.112/(X« - 0.00776) (35)

He

/

\-$±\ = 28 860.8- «™ (3.)

O2 7 (n* - I)IO6 = 528.42 -f 3.696/(X*-0.00700O)* (35) * After correcting misprints in original article.

LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) (i) Ahrberg, Diss., Halle, 1909. (2) Augustin, 8, 46: 419; 15. (3) Ayres, 2, 2: 161; 13. (4) Becquerel, 6, 12: 5; 77. ( s ) Bevan, 6, 84: 209; 10. 85: 58; 11. (6) Bleekrode, 6, 37: 339; 84. (7) Burton, 5, 80: 390; 08. ( 8 ) Chappuis, 238, 13: 07. (») Chappuis and Rividre, 6, 14: 5; 88. (10) Cuthbertson, 68, 204: 323; 05. (U) Cuthbertson and Cuthbertson, 5, 97: 152; 20. (12) Cuthbertson, S, 114: 650; 27. (13) Cuthbertson, 5, 114: 659; 27. 0«) Cuthbertson and Cuthbertson, 6, 83: 151; 10. (is) Cuthbertson and Cuthbertson, 5, 83: 171; 10. (*6) Cuthbertson and Cuthbertson, 5, 84: 13; 10. (17) Cuthbertson and Cuthbertson, 5, 89: 361; 13. (18) Cuthbertson and Cuthbertson, 62, 213: 1; 14. (19) Cuthbertson and Metcalfe, 5, 80: 406; 08. (20) Cuthbertson and Metcalfe, 62, 207: 135; 07. (21) Cuthbertson and Prideaux, 68, 205: 319; 05. (22) Dechant, 57, 5: 615; 84. (23) Dufet, in Recueil de donnees numeriques, optique J. Paris, 1898. ( 24 ) Dulong, 6, 31: 154; 1826. (25) Fox and Tate, O. (26) Fricke, 8, 16: 865; 05. (27) Gladstone and Dale, 3, 18: 30; 59. (28) Gruschke, Diss., Breslau, 1910. (29) Howell, 8, 6: 81; 15. (30) Kessler, Diss., Halle, 1909. (31) Ketteler, Theoretische Optik. Braunschweig, Vieweg, 1885. ( 31pl ) Ketteler, Beobachtungen uber die Farbenzerstreuung der Gase. Bonn, 1865. (32) Ketteler, 8, 124: 390; 65. (33) Kirn, 8, 64: 566; 21. (34) Koch, 8, 17: 658; 05. (35) Koch, Nova Acta Reg. Soc. Sd. Upsaliensis, 2: No. 5; 09. (36) Koch, 20, 8: No. 20; 13.* (37) Koch, 20, 9: No. 6; 13. (38) Koch, 80, 10: No. 1; 14. (39) Leduc, 34, 123: 743; 96. (40) Liveing and Dewar, 3, 36: 328; 93. (41) Liveing and Dewar, 3, 34: 205; 92. (42) Liveing and Dewar, 3, 40: 268; 95. (43) Lorenz, 8, 11: 70; 80. (44) Loria, 165, 1908A: 1059. (45) Loria, 165, 1909A: 195. (46) Loria, 8, 29: 605; 09. (47) Loria and Patkowski, 165, 1913A: 494. (48) Mascart, 34, 78: 617; 74. (49) Mascart, 34, 78: 679; 74. (50) Mascart, Ann. I'ecole norm., 6: 9; 77. (Si) Mascart, 34, 86: 321; 78. (52) Mascart, 34, 86: 1182; 78. (53) Mathews, 143, 177: 673; 14. (54) Meggers and Peters, SlA, 14: 697; 18. ( 5S ) Meier, 5, 31: 1017; 10. (56) Merwin and Larsen, 12, 34: 42; 12. (57) Occhialini, 59, 8: 123; 14. (58) Opladen, 96, 42: 160; 27. (59) Perard, 34, 180: 49; 25. (60) Perreau, 6, 7: 289; 96. (61) Phillips, 5, 97: 225; 20. (62) Posejpal, 57, 2: 85; 21. (63) Prideaux, 4, 89: 316; 06. (« 4 ) Prytz, 8, 11: 104; 80. (65) Quarder, 8, 74: 255; 24. (66) Rentschler, 21, 28: 345; 08. (67) Schacherl, 555, No. 33; 23. (68) Scheel, 88, 9: 24; 07. (69) Siertsema and de Haas, 64V, 20: 624; 11. (70) Siertsema, 64V, 21: 866; 12. (71) Siertsema, 63, 14: 574; 13. (72) Siertsema and de Haas, &4P, 14: 592; 12. (73) Siertsema and de Haas, 64P, 15: 925; 13. (74) Siertsema and de Haas, 63, 14: 568; 13. (75) Statescu, 377, 3: 211; 15. (76) Statescu, 3, 30: 737; 15. (77) Stuckert, 9,16: 37; 10. (78) Valentiner and Zimmer, 88, 15: 1301; 13. (79) Walker, 68, 201: 435; 03. (80) Wasastjerna, 138, 2: No. 13: 24. ( 8 I) Zwetsch, 96, 19: 398; 23. (82) Schacherl, Faculty of Science, Univ. of Masaryk, Publ. No. 98; 1928. (83) Schacherl, Faculty of Science, Univ. of Masaryk, Publ. No. 99; 1928. (84) Wetterblad, Diss., Upsala, 1924.

REFRACTIVITY OF SELECTED SOLIDS AND LIQUIDS

CHARLES CHENEVEAU Scope.—The substances included in this section are those pure solids and liquids which have been studied with special care on account of their practical importance or of some unusual ' behavior. All are listed in Table 1.

Sujet traite.—Les substances mentionnees dans cette section, sont les solides et liquides purs qui ont e"te etudies avec un soin special, soit a cause de leur importance pratique, soit a cause de leur fac.on de se comporter inaccoutumee. Elles sont toutes mentionnees dans Ia Table 1.

Umfang.—Die in diesem Abschnitt enthaltenen reinen festen und fliissigen Stoffe sind solche, welche zufolge ihrer praktischen Bedeutung oder ihres ungewohnlichen Verhaltens mit besonderer Sorgfalt studiert worden sind. AlIe sind in der Tafel 1 angefiihrt.

Sostanze incluse.—Le sostanze incluse in questo capitolo sono quei solidi e liquidi puri che sono stati studiati con cura speciale sia per Ia loro importanza pratica o per il loro comportamento. anormale Essi sono riuniti nella Tabella 1.

CONTENTS Selected solids and liquids.

MATIERES Solides et liquides choisis.

INDICE Alcuni solidi e liquidi

Water. Remarkable cubic crystals.

Eau. Cristaux cubiques quables. Liquides organiques quables. Matieres colorantes.

INHALTSVERZEICHNIS Ausgewahlte feste und fltissige Stoffe. Wasser. Besondere kubische Kristalle. Besondere organische Fliissigkeiten. Farbstoffe.

Liquidi organici speciali.... 14

Remarkable organic liquids. Dyes. 4

4

remarremar-

0

3

Acqua Cristalli cubici speciali

Sostanze coloranti

PAQE 12 13 13

15

Units.—Unit of X = 1M = 10 A = ICT cm; of t = I C; of p = 1 atm.; of d = g/cm. TABLE 1.—REFRACTIVITY OF PURE SOLIDS AND LIQUIDS: SELECTED SUBSTANCES ND[TID] = index of refraction relative to vacuum [to air at 1 atm. and same temperature as the substance] for the Fraunhofer line D (X = 0.5893/x); similarly for nc, nF, etc.; (1O)-4Ac-D = (nc - nD)/(\c - \D), etc.; (1O)-5A^ = (nt>> - nt>)/(t" - t') for X = 0.5893(D); Ax = mean value of dn/d\ throughout visible spectrum; dn/dt = ^(1O)"6; dN/dp = Ap(IO) -6 ; C = crystal of cubic system; d = density; / = solidified from fusion; s = solid. Temperature (t) is 2O0C, except as noted; Xc — XD = 0.067Oj*, XD — Xi? = 0.1032/x, \p — KQ' = 0.0520/Z. Substance | nD | -Ac-p | -&D-F | -&F-G- | Lit. | -Atp \ t', 0C \t", 0C | Lit. H 2 O W a t e r (see Table 2) 1.3330 276 401 617 8 10 25 NH4Cl Sal ammoniac s 1.6422 Ax = -0.109 (21) C Diamond* (150C) s 2.4173 1747 (67) (At)D, 18° = +19 (56) CCl4 Carbon tetrachloride 1.460 402 649 1057 (63) 50 11.1 25 ( 7 ) CS2 Carbon disulfidef 1.629 1401 2412 4269 (6) 79 -20 +40 (26) CHCl8 Chloroform 1.446 373 610 1038 (33) 55 18 30 (20) CH2O2 Formic acid 1.371 328 465 711 (23,29) 43 19 21 (28) CH3I Methyl iodide 1.530 805 1230 2192 (22) 78 16 29.5(20) CH4O Methyl alcohol 1.329 239 368 576 (^, 30) 35 18 30 (20) C2H4Br2 Ethylene bromide 1.540 597 978 1634 (63) 57 Q 35 (69) C2H4O Acetaldehyde 1.333 268 416 673 (22, 28) 6 12 (28) 60 C2H4O2 Acetic acid 1.372 298 445 711 ( i i , i s , 2 4 ) 51 18 26 (15) C2EUI Ethyl iodide 1.513 686 1133 1923 (22,24) 69 10 20 (33) C2H6O Ethyl alcoholt 1.361 268 416 653 (54) 40 O 45 (27) C3H6O Acetone§ 1.359 283 455 750 (X 24) 53 Q 45 (27) C3H8O Isopropyl alcohol 1.377 283 436 692 (4) C3H8O3 GlycerolH 1.474 T 343** 532** 846** (29,32) 20 18 22 (29) C4H8O2 Butyric acid 1.398 313 475 788 (4) 40 19 21.7 (65) C4Hi0O Butyl alcohol 1.399 298 475 711 (4) 41 15.5 80.2(16) C4H10O Ethyl etherft 1.352 268 416 634 (6, 9 ) . 59 Q 35 (38) C5Hi2O Isoamyl alcohol 1.407 313 484 750 (4) 40 16 26 (9) C6H5NO2 Nitrobenzene 1.553 1044 1773 (4) 51 25 38 (20) C6H6 Benzenef 1.501 701 1162 2000 (6) 64 12 30 (69) C6H6O Phenol 1.550 880 1279 2307 (29) C6H7N Aniline 1.586 1013 1753 3153 (4) 54 11.2 90.1(41) C7H8 ToluenetJ 1.495 656 1114 1923 (6) 58 10 90 (41) C8H10 0-Xylenef 1.507 656 1104 1884 57 11 42 (5) C 8 Hi 0 N 2 O p-Nitrosodimethylaniline s 1.808 §§ (10) Ci0H7Br Bromonaphthalenellll 1.658 1313 2296 4211 (6) 46 16.5 77.6(37) C20H20ClN3 Fuchsin s 2.64 See Table 5 (42,44) C23H25ClN2 Malachite green s 1.33 See Table 5 (42) C26H32ClN3 Hofmann violet s 2.20 See Table 5 (42, 46) C 27 Hi 8 N 4 O 8 S Diamond green s 1.27 See Table 5 (43, 46) C 29 H 35 IN 2 JH 2 O Cyanin s 1.71 See Table 5 (42, 43) C30H20N4.HC1 Magdala r e d . . . . s 1.90 See Table 5 (42)

TABLE 1. — (Continued) I Form I t, 0C | nD \ -Ax | Lit. Substance SiO2; see Vol. VI, p. 341 s C 1.78200.197 (64) Pb(NO 3 MU s f,C 2.061 0.290 (70) AgCl s /,C 2.253 0.470 (?o) AgBr s f,C 2.181 0.740 (70) AgI (NH 4 ) 2S04.Fe2(S04)3.5 C 1.48480.081 (59) 24H2O (NH4)2S04.Cr2(S04)3.24H2O s C 1.48410.065 ( 59 ) s / 15 1.46360.042 (i-i) B2O3 (NH 4 ) 2S04. Al2(SO4) 3.s C 15 to 21 1.4594 0. 052 (59) 24H2O* s C 18 1.43380.0284 (36,55) CaF2* s C 1.57110.095 (64) Ba(N0 3 ) 2 s C 18 1.54430.0804 NaCl* NaClO3* •s C 19 1.51520.0458 (3) s / 16 1.51470.070 (i-i) Na2B4O7 Na2SO4.Al2(SO4)3.24s C 1.43880.044 (59) H2O KCl* s C 18 1.49040.0705 s C 1.55930.100 (64) KBr s C 1.66660.169 (64) KI C 1.48160.078 (59) K2SO4.Fe2(SO4)3.24H2O s C 1.48130.0638 (59) K2SO4.Cr2(SO4)3.24H2O s K2S04.A12(S04)3.24s C 21 1.45600.052 (59) H 2 O* * See also Table 3. t See also Table 4. J For 99.7 to 99.9 % C2H6OH. For pure C2H5OH, n* = 1.839 + X2 -^^m 6 if 0.215/z < X < 0.420Ai. If t' = 0° and t" = 45°, Atc = -40.3, AtD = -40.4, AtF = -41.0, AtGf = -41.5 (27). H x = 0.5893 (D), Ap = +40 at 10°; +42, 20°; +44, 25°; +45, 27.5° ( 48 ). § If ? = 0° and t" = 45°, AtC = -52.8, AlD = -53.0, AtF = -53.8, AtGf = -54.9 (27). Il If X = 0.5893 (Z)), Ap = +11 at 2O0C (2«). 1 For pure CsHsOa; deduced by extrapolation from 94.6 % CsH8Oa. ** For glycerol of d = 1.259 g cm~3 at 2O0C. ft If X = 0.5893 (D), Ap = +60 at 5°; +63, 10°; +69, 20°; +72, 25°; +75, 27.50C ( 48 ). Jt If t' = 10° and t" = 90°, AtC = -57.2, AtD = -57.7, AtF = -59.2 (*i). §§p-Nitrosodimethylaniline, P-(CHs) 2 NC 6 H 4 NO, at 2O0C ( 10 ): X 0.48780.50420.5189 0.5270(.E) 0.56030.58570.61700.6497 n 2.146 2.024 1.957 1.926 1.847 1.813 1.785 1.762 IUI If t' = 16.5° and t" = 77.6°, AtC = -45.4, AtD = -46.1; AtF = -47.8 ( 37 ). ff Isotopic Pb(NOa) 2 at 2O0C. Pb - 207.20, np = 1.7815; Urano-Pb = 206.41, UD = 1.7814 (47).

*At A t18.2 l 8 2 °CrI/ X = °-486 Ap ^ 15^

TABLE 2. — REFKACTIVITY OF WATER (H2O) Variation with wave-length (X), with temperature (t) and pressure (p)j and with source. N[n] = index of refraction with reference to vacuum [to air at 1 atm. and same temperature as the water]; met. r. = metallic reflection. Variation with X: Except as noted, t = 2O0C. At 180C, nz = O OOfi^d^ft -0.013414X2 + 1.76148 + ^Tî fff^' if 0. 224, < X < 1.256,. Radiation

s

|

x

Radiation

H

s

(12)

Ag Al Al

0.1151 0.1829 0.1862 0.1990

I

x

n

(17,34,57)

met. r. 1.46379 1.45343 1.42572

Cd Cd Cd Cd

0.2144 0.2195 0.2265 0.2313

TABLE 2.—(Continued) Radiation Radiation . n • n S I X S I X • (17, 34, 57) Mean of many observers Au 0.2428 1.38103 Hg 0.5770 1.33342 Cd 0.2573 1.37349 Hg 0.5790 1.33333 Au 0.2676 1.36904 Na(D) 0.5893 1.33300 Cd 0.2749 1.3663? Ha(C) 0.6563 1.33115 Al 0.3082 1.35671 Li 0.6708 1.33079 Cd 0.3404 1.35044 K(A') 0.7682 1.32888 Cd 0.3611 1.3473s (49) Mean of many observers 0.871 1.3270 Al 0.3944 1.34366 0.943 1.3258 Ca1(H) 0.3968 1.34352 1.028 1.3245 JIy(G') 0.4341 1.34035 1.130 1.3230 Hg 0.4360 1.34030 1.256 1.3210 Cd a.4416 1.33981 Residual rays ( 5 I) Cd 0.4678 1.33815 CaF2 25.5 to 26 1.41 Cd 0.4800 1.33750 NaCl 49.6 to 53.6 1.36 HP(F) 0.4861 1.33714 KBr 75.6 to 86.51.41 Cd 0.5338 1.33499 Electromagnetic (62) Tl 0.5350 1.33490 4 000 5.3 Hg 0.5460 1.33447 27 OOP 9.0 Variation with temperature (t) and pressure (p): nt = ^20 —10"5 X [0.124(* - 20) + 0.1993(Z2 - 400) - 0.00000504 - 160 000)]; dn/dt = ^4*(10)~ 6 (mean result of many observers). Values of dN/dp apply if 1.5 atm. < p < 8 atm.; dN/dp = Ap(10)~6. X 0 . 4 3 4 1 0 . 4 8 6 1 0.5893 0 . 6 5 6 3 0 . 5 8 9 3 t no' np UD no —At Ap * -10 (Liquid H2O) 1.3338f (46, 48, 72) O 1.3340 1 +16.8 + 5 1.3339 +16.2 10 1.3411 1.3378 1.3337 1.3318 41 +15.8 15 1.3334 +15.4 20 1.34035 1.337141.333001.33115 79 +15.2 25 1.3325 +14.8 30 1.3392 1.3360 1.3320 1.3302 115 40 1.3379 1.3347 1.3306 1.3288 148 50 1.3364 1.3332 1.3290 1.3274 176 60 1.3346 1.3315 1.3272 1.3257 197 70 1.3325 1.3294 1.3252 1.3237 212 80 1.3231 218 90 1.3207 Variation with source of water: Natural waters at 2O0C (13, 60). For X = 0.5893 (D), n is as follows: Pure distilled H2O, 1.33300; city supply, Paris, 1.33304; river, Seine, 1.33305; ocean, Mediterranean, 1.337; H2O saturated with CO2 at 1 atm., 1.33297.

1.40397 1.39883 1.3925? 1.3887s

0^89 1 5!

(K686 15.1

t For liquid (undercooled) HaO, no passes through a maximum (1.33412) between -I0C and -20C (45).

TABLE 3.—REFRACTIVITY OF SOME REMARKABLE CUBIC CRYSTALS Includes: Sylvite (KCl), rock salt (NaCl), fluorite (CaF2), sodium chlorate (NaClO3), diamond (C), ammonium alum [A12(SO4)3.(NH4)2SO4.24H2O] and potassium alum [AIj(SO4)*.K2SO4.24H2O]. For SiO2, see Vol. VI, p. 341. n = index of refraction with reference to air at 1 atm. and same temperature as crystal; At(lQ)~* = dn/dt; abs. = strong absorption; met. r. = metallic reflection,

n* = -J^(IO)-7X4 - A-(IO)-4X2 + a + ^^17 +

^2-3 if 0.185, < X < 22.30,. ni - n« + ^2 + ^1 A P2 A — AI A — A2 if X' < X < X".

TABLE 3.—(Continued) Parameter k' k a 61 100/3? 62 1000J r£ Af 1 M2 X12 X^ X' X"

m,

Radiation S \ \

| KCl \ n \ n (35)

^

|

1.67587 5.13495 2.174967 6.98382 2.555521 8.344206 1.190826 4.5531 0.0150 10 747 0.0234 4 517.1 0.434 22.30

TABLE 3. — (Continued) ^-

|

Radiation

2.86086 28.94 9.28584 32.055 2.330165 2.03913 5.343924 6.125 2.547407 0.0078925 12.78635 1.484985 5.1790 6.0104 0.018496 0.00612093 8 977 5 099.15 0.01621 0.008884 3 149.3 1 258.47 0.434 0.185 22.30 9.4291 NaCl \ A (27«)

| t

\

n

(36)

CaF2 \ A

(19,55)

t (36)

0.18540 1.82704 0.19352 (abs.) 0.19898 1.72432 0.20821 1.68302 0.214431.66182 0.219461.64739 0.231281.62037 0.24280 1.60041 0.257301.58119 0.27486 1.56380 0.291361.55134 0.30821 1.54130 0.30436 1.52720 0.361171.52042

1.89322 1.82800 1.79570 1.75403 +18.4 1.73210+8.51 1.71700+ 2.35 1.68825-7.57 1.66699 -14.0 1.64608-19.79 1.62690 - 23.96 1.61312-26.3 1.60190 -28.3 1.58605 - 30.68 1.57842-31.94

HS(/?) Cd Cd Na(D) Li K

0.410181.50901 0.44157 1.50384 0.508591.49614 0.58930 1.49038* 0.67080 1.48663 0.768221.48374

1.56547-33.4 1.55962 -34.25 1.55087-35.17 1.54433 -36.22 1.54002 - 36.5 1.53666

1.44112-10.04 1.43920 -10.28 1.43618-10.56 1.43385 -10.89 1.43226 1.43093

(31,39)

(31,39)

1.53037 1.52744 1.52586 1.52453 1.52317 1.51999 1.51601 1.51106 1.50529 1.49850

1.42786 1.42502 1.42198 1.41822 1.41379 1.40238 1.38719 1.36805 1.34444 1.31612

(40)

2D 3D 4D 5D 6D 8D 1OD 12D 14D 16D

1.1786 1.7679 2.3572 2.9465 3.5358 4.7144 5.8930 7.0716 8.2502 9.4288

1.47821 1.47579 1.47465 1.47373 1.47295 1.47102 1.46870 1.46591 1.46263 1.45875 (52,53)

2OD 24D 27D 3OD

11.786 14.143 15.911 17.679 20.60 22.30 51.2 66.1

1.44909 1.43712 1.42607 1.41393 1.3882 1.372

1.50989 - 2.96 1.50123-4.02 1.49621 - 4.64 1.48885 - 5.82 1.48460-6.37 1.48150- 6.55 1.47516-7.32 1.47009 - 7.70 1.46480-8.11 1.45967 -8.55 1.45586-8.90 1.45257 - 9.21 1.44774 -9.61 1.44535-9.79 (55)

(50)

Ca(F) TL(F, H ^ Na(D)

(50)

mm

N *^ K (t, 130C) (3)

(35)

0.21443 0.21946 0.22650 0.23128 1.61586 0.25730 0.27486 0.31332 2.5254 0.3261 1.54931 0.34036 2.5008 0.36117 1.53917 2.4853

1.54349 1.53782 1.53106 1.52684 1.50943 1.50096

1.53825 1.53280 1.52615 1.52209 1.50514 1.49675

1.48180 1.47814 1.47799 1.47436 (t, 15 to (t, 210C) 21°C)

(58)

(61)

0.39685 2.46476 1.46907 0.48615 2.43539 1.46481 1.46140 0.58930 1.51523 2.41734** 1.45939 1.45602ft (t, 230C) (14)

Q(B) (a) O (A)

0.6867 1.51163 0.71734 0.75938 2.40245

1.45509 1.45175 1.45057

* For KCl ( 3S ) at 180C; (At)D = -35. For visible spectrum, mean dn/dX = -0.0705. t In visible spectrum, mean dn/dX = —0.0804. J Thickness of plate used in finding n for the electromagnetic radiation (X = 57 000/i = 5.7 cm) is T mm. § For NaClO3 ( 14 ) (n23° - no0) /23 = -57 X 10~« per I0C if 0.686;* > X > 0.486/*. Il Diamond. 1f In visible spectrum, mean dn/dX = —0.052. ** For diamond ( 5 «) at 150C, (At)D = +19t f A t 210C (56) (At)D = -14.

TABLE 4. —REFRACTIVITY OF SOME REMARKABLE ORGANIC LIQUIDS „2 = _£ X 2 + a + _^__; „2 = nl + _^1_. dn = 4|(lor-10-«A
I

n (17,18,34)

1.3730 1.3403 (met. r.)

2.60 17.14

()

Cd Cd Cd Cd Cd Cd Cd Cd Cd Cd

X

1.48182 1.46055 1.44103

(50)

3

O).

(52,53)

2.40 11.28

(«, 190C)

CS2 t = 18°, d = 1.266; k = 0.0003, a = 2.51516, 61 = 0.041695, |8j = 0.04731930, if 0.260 < X < 1.998 (34); n^ = 2.511, M1 = 0.04736, X? = 0.0334, limits of X not indicated

(met. r.)

57 000 2.17 Tt 9.50

«,0,0,1 c,|15.c

(67)

Al Al Al Au Cd Cd Cd Au Cd Cd Au Al Cd Cd

(35)

——

—5

Al Fe Cd Cd Cd Cd Fe Sn Fe Cd Zn Cd

0.2175 0.260 0.2677 0.2749 0.2881 0.2981 0.304 0.317 0.321 0.3261 0.335 0.3610

met. r. 2.160 2.110 2.008 1.912 1.875 1.852 1.807 abs. 1.782* 1.791* 1.740

I At (25)

-1750 -1500

- 960

CS2. — (Continued)

0.3944 0.4341 0.4416 0.4678 0.4800 0.4861 0.5086 0.5338 0.5893 0.6563

n I At (6) 1.704 - 900 1.6766 - 870 1.673 - 860 1.661 - 840 1.656 - 830 1.6544 - 830 1.647 — 820 1.640 - 810 1.6295 - 800 1.6201 - 780

0.8 1.0 1.5 2.0 5.8

1.607 1.598 1 . 588 1.585 met. r.

X

Al HT Cd Cd Cd H/3 Cd Cd (D) Ha

I

(49)

* Anomalous dispersion (CS 2) from. X = 0.3261 to X - 0.355.

CS2. — (Continued) X I t, 0C I Ap (48)

(D) (D)

0.5893 5 +60 0.5893 10 +62 0.486 15 +67 (D) 0.5893 15 +64 0.686 15 +62 (D) 0.5893 20 +66 (D) 0.5893 25 +68 (D) 0.5893 27.5 +69 I X I Atx (G' 0. 4340 -87.2 ,', , 40i F 0.4861 -83.4 D

(2*\ (

'

°'5893 ~ 7 9 ' 4

[C 0.6563 CeHe) Benzene d = 0.880, t = 2O0C; 2.194, M1 = 0.02409, 0.01714, limits of X not cated (i). \

X

n

\

(57)

Cd Cd Cd Cd Cd Cd Cd Cd Cd Cd HT Cd Cd H/3 Cd (D) Ha

C6H6.— (Continued) For X = 0.5893 (D). t,°C A p (48) 5 +46 10 +47 20 +51 25 +52 27.5 +53 t' = 120C; *" = 3O0C. X I A,X ( 69 ) G' 0.4340 -67.4 F 0.4861 -66.8 D 0.5893 -64.6 C 0.6563 -64.5

0. 1745 met. p. 0.2763 1.625 0.2837 1.619 0.2881 1.612 0.2981 1.598 0.3081 1.587 0.3133 1.582 0.3261 1.570 0.3404 1.560 0.3466 1.556 0.3610 1.548 (6) 0.4341 1.523 0.4678 1.516 0.4800 1.514 0.4861 1.513 0.5086 1.509 0.5893 1.501 0.6563 1.496

-77.9

r£ = X? = indiAt (69)

C8Hi0, Xylene Mixture of o-, m-, and p-; d = 0.866, t = 2O0C; rc* = 2.177, Mi = 0.02037, Xf = 0.0246, limits of X not indicated

C 1 ).

X

-670 -660 -650 -640

Cd Cd Cd Cd Cd Cd Cd

0.2981 0.3081 0.3133 0.3261 0.3404 0.3466 0.3610

HT Cd Cd H/3 Cd (D) Ha

0.4341 0.4678 0.4800 0.4861 0.5086 0.5893 0.6563

(49)

0.8 1.0 1.5 1.85

1.489 1.485 1.480 1.478

0.8 1.0 1.5 1.88

I n(«) 1.586 1.575 1.570 1.560 1.550 1.546 1.539 (5) 1.517 1.509 1.507 1.507 1.503 1.496 1.492 (49) 1.486 1.482 1.477 1.476

TABLE 5.— REFRACTIVITY OF DYES All dyes in this table are isotropic solids which exhibit selective reflection, n is determined either by prism or by reflection, as indicated, and is with reference to air at the same (room) temperature. Designations of Fraunhofer lines are in italics; e.g. (D). Fuchsin, Fuchsin.— (Coned) Fuchsin.— (Cant'd) C 20 H 20 ClN 3 X I n X I n X I n Prism (42, 44) Reflection (68) Prism (42, 44) H7 0.4341.04 (H) 0.3971.32 0.3441.60 Sr 0.4610.83 0.4251.00 H/3 0.4861.05 (G) 0.4310.95 0.3601.52 Tl 0.5351.95 0.4550.847 0.3991.24 0.4051.38 (D) 0.5892.64 Hfl 0.4861.074 HS 0.4101.17 Li 0.6712.34 (E) 0.5271.912 0.4131.15 0.7032.30 (D) 0.5892.684 0.6342.412

Fuchsin.— (CW d) X I n Reflection (^ 8 ) Ha 0.6562.310 (B) 0.6872.161 (a) 0.7192.086 0.7602.019 Malachite green, C23H26ClN2 Prism (42) HS 0.4101.28 0.4161.37 HT 0.4341.38 H/3 0.4861.45 Tl 0.5351.16 (D) 0.5891.33 Li 0.6712.50 0.7032.40 Hofmann violet, C26H32ClN3 Prism (42, 66) 0.3761.58 0.4031.47 0.4231.45 HT 0.4341.32 0.4451.23 H0 0.4860.86 Tl 0.5351.27 (D) 0.5892.20 0.6502.42 Li 0.6712.53 0.7032.57 Diamond green C27H18N4O8S Prism (43) (G) 0.4311.48 0.4751.70 Hj3 0.4861.60

Diamond green.— (Cant'd) X I n Prism (43) 0.5171.41 (E) 0.5271.31 0.5531.09 (D) 0.5891.27 Ha 0.6562.01 (a) 0.7192.42 Reflection ( 68 ) (G) 0.4311.46 0.4751.54 H/3 0.4861.44 0.5171.24 (E) 0.5271.14 0.5531.03 (D) 0.5891.27 Ha 0.6562.15 (a) Q. 719 2. 41 Cyanin, C 29 H 36 IN 2 -LSH 2 O Prism (42,43) 0.2881.71 0.3501.70 0.3781.69 0.4071.68 Hy 0.4341.61 (e) 0.4381.59 Sr 0.4611.49 H/3 0.4861.43 0.5051.28 0.5201.19 Tl 0.5351.20 0.5401.25 0.5651.39 (D) 0.5891.71 0.6201.94

Cyanin.— (Cont'd) X I n Prism (42, 43) 0.6452.23 0.6562.19 0.6712.11 0.7002.03 0.7031.98 Prism (71) 0.3951.58 HS 0.4101.57 0.4211.55 0.4401.52 0.4551.47 0.4671.42 0.4841.35 0.4931.29 0.4971.25 0.5041.17 0.5081.12 0.6482.35 0.6602.25 0.6682.19 0.6852.12 0.7002.06 0.7232.02 (A) 0.7451.97 0.7651.93 Magdala red, C 30 H 20 N 4 -HCl Prism (42) HS 0.4101.76 HT 0.4341.72 H/3 0 . 486 1 . 54 Tl 0.5351.56 D 0.5891.90 Li 0.6712.06 0.7032.06

LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) C1) Becquerel, B85, p. 531. C 1 - 1 ) Bedson and Williams, 25, 14: 2549; 81. (2) Borel, 34, 120: 1404; 95. (3) Borel, 149, 34: 134; 95. (*) Briihl, 13, 203:1; 80. ( 5 ) Briihl, 13, 235: 1; 86. 52, 50: 119; 94. («) Brtthl, 7, 22 : 373; 97. (7) Bugarsky, 7, 71: 705; 10. (8) Carvallo, B85, p. 461. (»> ChSneveau, 6, 12: 145, 289; 07. (10) Crombez, 186, 1919: 875. (") Damien, Ann. icole norm., 10: 233; 81. ( 12 ) Duclaux and Jeantet, 51, 2: 346; 22. (*3) Dufet, 191, 8: 171; 85. (i*) Dussaud, 149, 27: 521; 92. (15) Eisenlohr, 7, 75: 585; 10. 0«) Eykman, 70, 12: 268; 93. (17) Flatow, 8, 12: 85; 03. (i*) Fricke, 8, 16: 865; 05. 0») Gifford, 5, 70: 329; 02. (20) Gladstone and Dale, 62, 153: 317; 63. ( 21 ) Grailich, KrystallographischOptische Untersuchungen, p. 76. Vienna, 1858. (22) Haagen, 8, 121: 117; 67. (23) Homfray, 4, 87: 1430; 05. (2*) Hubbard, 7, 74: 207; 10. (25) Ketteler, 8, 33 : 506; 88. (26) Ketteler, 8, 35 : 662; 88. (27) Korten, Diss., Bonn, 1890. ( 28 ) Landolt, 8, 117: 352; 62. (29) Landolt, 8, 122: 545; 64. (30) Landolt and Jahn, 7, 10: 289; 92. (Si) Langley, Ann. Ast. Obs. Smithsonian Inst., 1: 1; 00. (32) Lenz, 91, 19:297; 80. (33) Lorenz, 8, 11: 70; 80. (34) Martens, 8, 6: 603; 01. (35) Martens, 8, 8: 459; 02. (36) Micheli, 8, 7: 772; 02. (37) Nasini and Bernheimer, 36, 15: 59; 85. (38) Oudemans, 70, 4: 269; 85. (39) Paschen, 8, 4: 299; 01. (40) Paschen, 8, 26: 120; 08. («) Perkin, 4, 61: 287; 92. (42) Pfluger, 8, 56:412;95. (43) Pfluger, 8, 58: 6ZO; 96. (44) Pfluger, 8, 65: 173; 98. (45) Pulfrich, 8, 34: 326; 88. (46) Quincke, 8, 44: 774; 91. (47) Richards and Schumb, 1, 40: 1403; 18. (4»j Rontgen and Zehnder, 8, 44: 24: 91. (49) Rubens, 8, 45 : 238 ; 92. (50) Rubens, 76, 38: 556; 17. (Si) Rubens and Hollnagel, 186, 12: 83; 10. (52) Rubens and Snow, 8, 46: 529; 92. (53) Rubens and Trowbridge, 8. 60: 724; 97. ( 54 ) Rudolphi, 7, 37: 426; 01. ( 5S ) Sarasin, 149, 10: 303; 83.

(5«) Sella, 22, 7 II: 300; 91. ( 5 ?) Simon, 8, 53: 542; 94. (5») Soret, 149, 5 12: 553; 84. ( ^) Soret, 149, 13: 5; 85. (60) Soret and Sarasin, 84, 108: 1248; 89. ( 6 *) Stefan, 75, 63 H: 223; 71. («2) 63 Tear, 143, 194: 685; 22. ( ) Timmermans and Martin, Univ. Brussels, O. 4 (« ) Topsoe and Christiansen, 6, 1: 5; 74. (65) Verschaffelt, 186, 27: 69;

66

94. ( ) Verschaffelt and Crombez, 186, 2: 31; 20. (67) Walter, 8, 42: 505; 91. (68) Walter, Die Oberflftchen- oder Schillerfarben. Braunschweig, Vieweg, 1895. (69) Weegmann, 7, 2: 218; 88. (70) Wernicke, 8, 142: 560; 71. (71) Wood, S, 46: 380; 98. (72) Zehnder, 8.

34: 91; 88.

REFRACTIVITY OF BIREFRINGENT CRYSTALS H. E. MERWIN These tables have to do primarily with variations of refractive index with wavelength and temperature. For refractive indices at a single wave-length, for 2 V or 2E1 for orientations, etc., see Vol. I, p. 166, 279, 320; and (56, 81.1, 115, 116.1, 235.1). For disper59 sion of birefringence, see ( ~~ 62 ); for refractivity oi metallic crystals, see Vol. V, p. 248; for isotropic substances, see Vol. I, p. 165 (cf. p. 106), Vol. VII, p. 12, and for elementary substances, see Vol. VII, p. 1.

Ces tables concernent principalement les variations de Tindice de refraction avec Ia longueur d'onde et avec Ia temperature. Pour les indices de refraction concernant une seule longueur d'onde, pour 2 V ou 2E1 pour les orientations, etc., voir Vol. I, p. 166, 279, 320; et

(56,81.1,115,116.1,235.1).

CONTENTS List of birefringent minerals.

Pour Ia dispersion de Ia bire"fringence, voir (59-62) • pour Ie pouvoir refractif des cristaux metalliques, voir Vol. V, p. 248; pour les substances isotropiques, voir Vol. I, p. 165 (cf. p. 106), Vol. VII, p. 12, et pour les elements, voir Vol. VII, p. 1. MATINEES Liste des mineraux bire*fringents.

Accurate dispersions. of birefringent Refractivity crystals. Dispersion curves. Refractivity and 2 V of sulfates, selenates, and chromates of the type R 7 7 R 2 (SO4)2.6H2O.

Dispersions precises. Pouvoir refractif des cristaux bir6fringents. Courbes de dispersion. Pouvoir refractif et 2V des sulfates, s616nates et chromates du type R77R2(SO4)2.6H2O.

Wave-lengths corresponding to various symbols. temperature Conversion of coefficients of refraction from vacuum to air.

Longueurs d'onde correspondant aux divers symboles. Conversion des coefficients de temperature de refraction du vide a 1'air.

LIST OF BIREFRACTING MINERALS IN TABLE 1 Those for which the dispersion of the index has been most accurately and extensively measured are indicated by a "(d)." Name Acmite Adularia Afwillite Akermanite Albite Allactite Anatase Andalusite Andesine Anglesite Anhydrite Anorthite Apatite Apophyllite Aragonite Augite

Serial No., Table 1 209 261 147 170 №218 61 (d)14 101 229 (d)19 137.1 159 (d)140 (d)267 (d)141 169

Name Avogadrite Barite Barylite Beckelite Beryl Beryllonite Blodite Boracite Borax Borgstromite Boussingaultite Brookite Brucite Calamine Calcite Calomel

Serial No., Table 1 260.1 (d)182 187.1 165 (d)120 222 224 134 215 73 123 15 121 39 (d)142 46

Diese Tafeln behandeln vor allem die Anderung des Brechungsindexes mit der Wellenlange und der Temperatur. Fiir die Brechungsindexes einzelner Wellenlangen, flir 2V oder 2E1 Orientierung, etc., siehe Bd. I, S. 166, 279, 320;ferner (56, 81.1, 115, 116.1, 235.1). Fur die Dispersion der Doppelbrechung, siehe (59-62)- fur das Brechungsvermogen von Metallkristallen, siehe Bd. V, S. 248; fur isotropischen Stoffe, siehe Bd. I, S. 165 (cf. S. 106), Bd. VII, S. 12, und fur Elemente, siehe Bd. VII, p. 1. INHALTSVERZEICHNIS Register doppelbrechender Kristalle. Genaue Dispersion. Brechungsvermogen doppelbrechender Kristalle. Dispersions-Kurve. Brechungsvermogen und 2 V von Sulfaten, Selenaten und Chromaten der Type R77R2(SO4)2.6H20. Wellenlange entsprechend verschiedenen Symbolen. Umrechnung des Temperaturkoeffizienten der Brechung im Vakuum auf Luft.

Queste tabelle si riferiscono principalmente alle variazioni delFindice di birifrangenza in funzione della lunghezza d'onda e della temperatura. Per gli indici di rifrazione ad una sola lunghezza d'onda, per 2 F e 2E1 per Ie orientazioni, ecc., vedi Vol. I, p. 166, 279, 320; e (58, 81.1,

115,

116.1, 235.1)

per

Ia dispersione della birifrangenza, vedi (59-62) • per la refrattivita dei cristalli metallici, vedi Vol. V, p. 248; per Ie sostanze isotropiche, vedi Vol. I, p. 165 (cf. p. 106), Vol. VII, p. 12, e per Ie elementi, vedi Vol. VII, p. 1. INDICE PAGE Lista di minerali birifrangenti 16 Dispersioni accurate 17 Refrattivita dei cristalli birifrangenti 17 Curve di dispersione 18 Refrattivita e 2V dei solfati, seleniati e cromati del tipo R77R2(SO4)2 .6H 2 O... 31 Lunghezza d'onda corrispondente ai vari simboli. 30 Conversione dei coefficient di temperatura della rifrazione nel vuoto in quelli nell'aria 32

LIST.—(Continued) Name Cancrinite Carborundum Cassiterite Celestite Cerussite Chalcanthite Chrysoberyl Chrysolite. Cinnabar Clinozoisite Colemanite Copiapite Cordierite Corundum Cotunnite Cyanite Cyanochroite Danburite

Serial No., Table 1 228 (d) 13 18 173 25 49 118 (d)131 48 161 157 72 (d)136 (d)97 18.1 99 249 158

Name Diamond* Diopside Dioptase Dolomite Elpidite Epididymite Epidote Epsomite Euclase Eudialite Feldspars Finnemanite Forsterite Goethite Goslarite Greenockite Gypsum

Serial No., Table 1 11.1 (d) 169 52 (d)168 207 223 161 (d)122 119 227 261 23 (d)126 63 32 42 (d)138

(5«) Sella, 22, 7 II: 300; 91. ( 5 ?) Simon, 8, 53: 542; 94. (5») Soret, 149, 5 12: 553; 84. ( ^) Soret, 149, 13: 5; 85. (60) Soret and Sarasin, 84, 108: 1248; 89. ( 6 *) Stefan, 75, 63 H: 223; 71. («2) 63 Tear, 143, 194: 685; 22. ( ) Timmermans and Martin, Univ. Brussels, O. 4 (« ) Topsoe and Christiansen, 6, 1: 5; 74. (65) Verschaffelt, 186, 27: 69;

66

94. ( ) Verschaffelt and Crombez, 186, 2: 31; 20. (67) Walter, 8, 42: 505; 91. (68) Walter, Die Oberflftchen- oder Schillerfarben. Braunschweig, Vieweg, 1895. (69) Weegmann, 7, 2: 218; 88. (70) Wernicke, 8, 142: 560; 71. (71) Wood, S, 46: 380; 98. (72) Zehnder, 8.

34: 91; 88.

REFRACTIVITY OF BIREFRINGENT CRYSTALS H. E. MERWIN These tables have to do primarily with variations of refractive index with wavelength and temperature. For refractive indices at a single wave-length, for 2 V or 2E1 for orientations, etc., see Vol. I, p. 166, 279, 320; and (56, 81.1, 115, 116.1, 235.1). For disper59 sion of birefringence, see ( ~~ 62 ); for refractivity oi metallic crystals, see Vol. V, p. 248; for isotropic substances, see Vol. I, p. 165 (cf. p. 106), Vol. VII, p. 12, and for elementary substances, see Vol. VII, p. 1.

Ces tables concernent principalement les variations de Tindice de refraction avec Ia longueur d'onde et avec Ia temperature. Pour les indices de refraction concernant une seule longueur d'onde, pour 2 V ou 2E1 pour les orientations, etc., voir Vol. I, p. 166, 279, 320; et

(56,81.1,115,116.1,235.1).

CONTENTS List of birefringent minerals.

Pour Ia dispersion de Ia bire"fringence, voir (59-62) • pour Ie pouvoir refractif des cristaux metalliques, voir Vol. V, p. 248; pour les substances isotropiques, voir Vol. I, p. 165 (cf. p. 106), Vol. VII, p. 12, et pour les elements, voir Vol. VII, p. 1. MATINEES Liste des mineraux bire*fringents.

Accurate dispersions. of birefringent Refractivity crystals. Dispersion curves. Refractivity and 2 V of sulfates, selenates, and chromates of the type R 7 7 R 2 (SO4)2.6H2O.

Dispersions precises. Pouvoir refractif des cristaux bir6fringents. Courbes de dispersion. Pouvoir refractif et 2V des sulfates, s616nates et chromates du type R77R2(SO4)2.6H2O.

Wave-lengths corresponding to various symbols. temperature Conversion of coefficients of refraction from vacuum to air.

Longueurs d'onde correspondant aux divers symboles. Conversion des coefficients de temperature de refraction du vide a 1'air.

LIST OF BIREFRACTING MINERALS IN TABLE 1 Those for which the dispersion of the index has been most accurately and extensively measured are indicated by a "(d)." Name Acmite Adularia Afwillite Akermanite Albite Allactite Anatase Andalusite Andesine Anglesite Anhydrite Anorthite Apatite Apophyllite Aragonite Augite

Serial No., Table 1 209 261 147 170 №218 61 (d)14 101 229 (d)19 137.1 159 (d)140 (d)267 (d)141 169

Name Avogadrite Barite Barylite Beckelite Beryl Beryllonite Blodite Boracite Borax Borgstromite Boussingaultite Brookite Brucite Calamine Calcite Calomel

Serial No., Table 1 260.1 (d)182 187.1 165 (d)120 222 224 134 215 73 123 15 121 39 (d)142 46

Diese Tafeln behandeln vor allem die Anderung des Brechungsindexes mit der Wellenlange und der Temperatur. Fiir die Brechungsindexes einzelner Wellenlangen, flir 2V oder 2E1 Orientierung, etc., siehe Bd. I, S. 166, 279, 320;ferner (56, 81.1, 115, 116.1, 235.1). Fur die Dispersion der Doppelbrechung, siehe (59-62)- fur das Brechungsvermogen von Metallkristallen, siehe Bd. V, S. 248; fur isotropischen Stoffe, siehe Bd. I, S. 165 (cf. S. 106), Bd. VII, S. 12, und fur Elemente, siehe Bd. VII, p. 1. INHALTSVERZEICHNIS Register doppelbrechender Kristalle. Genaue Dispersion. Brechungsvermogen doppelbrechender Kristalle. Dispersions-Kurve. Brechungsvermogen und 2 V von Sulfaten, Selenaten und Chromaten der Type R77R2(SO4)2.6H20. Wellenlange entsprechend verschiedenen Symbolen. Umrechnung des Temperaturkoeffizienten der Brechung im Vakuum auf Luft.

Queste tabelle si riferiscono principalmente alle variazioni delFindice di birifrangenza in funzione della lunghezza d'onda e della temperatura. Per gli indici di rifrazione ad una sola lunghezza d'onda, per 2 F e 2E1 per Ie orientazioni, ecc., vedi Vol. I, p. 166, 279, 320; e (58, 81.1,

115,

116.1, 235.1)

per

Ia dispersione della birifrangenza, vedi (59-62) • per la refrattivita dei cristalli metallici, vedi Vol. V, p. 248; per Ie sostanze isotropiche, vedi Vol. I, p. 165 (cf. p. 106), Vol. VII, p. 12, e per Ie elementi, vedi Vol. VII, p. 1. INDICE PAGE Lista di minerali birifrangenti 16 Dispersioni accurate 17 Refrattivita dei cristalli birifrangenti 17 Curve di dispersione 18 Refrattivita e 2V dei solfati, seleniati e cromati del tipo R77R2(SO4)2 .6H 2 O... 31 Lunghezza d'onda corrispondente ai vari simboli. 30 Conversione dei coefficient di temperatura della rifrazione nel vuoto in quelli nell'aria 32

LIST.—(Continued) Name Cancrinite Carborundum Cassiterite Celestite Cerussite Chalcanthite Chrysoberyl Chrysolite. Cinnabar Clinozoisite Colemanite Copiapite Cordierite Corundum Cotunnite Cyanite Cyanochroite Danburite

Serial No., Table 1 228 (d) 13 18 173 25 49 118 (d)131 48 161 157 72 (d)136 (d)97 18.1 99 249 158

Name Diamond* Diopside Dioptase Dolomite Elpidite Epididymite Epidote Epsomite Euclase Eudialite Feldspars Finnemanite Forsterite Goethite Goslarite Greenockite Gypsum

Serial No., Table 1 11.1 (d) 169 52 (d)168 207 223 161 (d)122 119 227 261 23 (d)126 63 32 42 (d)138

LIST.— (Continued) Name Hambergite Hardystonite . Hedenbergite Hematite Hemimorphite Hornblende Hussakite Hutchinsonite Ice Iceland spar Iodyrite Kiinozoisite Laboradorite Lepidocrocite Leucite Leucosphenite Lorenzenite Marialite Mascagnite Meionite Melanterite Melilite Mellite Mesolite Mica Microcline Mimetite Moissanite Molybdenite Molybdophyllite Monazite Monticellite Morenosite Muscovite Narsarsukite Natrolite. Nephelite Niter Nocerine Oligoclase Olivine

Serial No., 'Table 1 |(d)117.1 I 150 153 62 39 166 113 57 (d)l 142 54 161 229 64 262 231 207 . 1 221 (d)5 162 64 . 1 170 98 230 263 261.1 24 13 92 129 106 (d)164 85 263 210 220 217 (d)236 167 229 (d)126

Name Orthoclase Parisite Penninite Phenacite Phosgenite Picromerite Pirssonite Proustite Pyromorphite Pyroxene Quartz Realgar Rhomboclase Rinneite Rutile Scapolite Scheelite Siderite Sillimanite Smithsonite Soda niter Sphalerite* Sphene Spodumene Saurolite {Sttibiotantalite Stibnite Sulfur Swedenborgite Syngenite Titanite Topaz Tourmaline Tremolite Trimerite Vanadinite Whewellite Willemite Wulfenite Zincite Zircon

Serial No., Table 1 (d)261 164 135 116 27 264 226 56 22 169 (d)12 9 71 271 16 162 156 76 100 36 (d)191.1 31.1 148 190 (d)103 96 11 2 216 266 148 (d)102 (d)225 171 117 95 143 (d)38 93 (d)31 (d)17

* Isotropic; for comparison only.

Accurate Dispersions.—The birefracting crystals for which the most accurate and extensive measurements of the dispersion of the refractive index have been made are these, and those which are marked "(d)" in the preceding list. No. I Ammonium oxalate (C2H8N2O4) Rhamnose (C6H12O6-H2O) Saccharose (Ci 2 H 22 On) . . . Co(NH 4 ) 2 (S0 4 ) 2 .6H 2 0.... 81 293 Cs2S2O6 CuSO4.5H2O 49 K2Co(S04)2.6H20 255 236 KNO3 KClO4 231.1

KIO4 K2SO4 K2S2O6 Mg(NH 4 ) 2 (SeO 4 ) 2 .6H 2 O.. (NH4)2S04 NaNO 3 («) Ni(NH 4 ) 2 (S0 4 ) 2 .6H 2 0.... SrS2O6. 4H2O ZnO

No. 231.2 232 233 124 5 191.1 87 174 31

The measurements for quartz (12), epsomite (122), and calcite (142) extend into the ultra-violet; and those for quartz and calcite into the infra-red also. (Numbers refer to Table 1.)

TABLE 1.—REFRACTION OF BIREFRINGENT CRYSTALS See also Figs. 1 and 2 Standard arrangement (Vol. Ill, p. viii); substances containing C but no element of key-number greater than 16 are given in section II (p. 29). For more exact wave-lengths corresponding to symbols in the X-column, see Table 3; alphabetical list of minerals, p. 16. Definitions.—10"4So)D = co\ - WD, etc.; IQ-5To, = dco/d£, etc.; also 10~VW = (« etc., if observations have been made at only two temperatures. The two classes of T are not distinguished; both are reduced to vacuum (see Table 4). For uniaxial crystals, co = index of refraction for ordinary ray, e = that for extraordinary ray; if a> < e, the crystal is optically positive. For biaxial crystals, a, /3, 7 = principal indices of refraction, a < /3 < 7. All indices of refraction are referred to air at the temperature of the crystal, usually room temperatures, except when expressed with r thus: TW, etc. 2V= interior optic f l2- lQ2 l*1 axial angle; tan V = -j y > the sign of the exponent being 2 a

2

_^~7 J

so chosen as to make tan2 V < 1; if this sign is +, then the crystal and V are positive, in the contrary case they are negative. For rapid computation of V1 see Wright's tables (236.2). Range of Variation.—The observed range is indicated in one of the following ways, e.g.'. COD = 2.534 to 2.564, <*D = 2.534(64), <** = f 2.534 \ 2.564* Accuracy.—If final figure is probably inaccurate by 2 to 5 units, it is printed in small type. Tabulated dispersions (5) probably do not depart from a smooth curve by more than 1.5 units in final figure unless that is printed in small type. Data.—Observers have often placed more stress upon variations for a particular specimen than upon actual values and the purity of the material. Data for materials probably pure are indicated by P1 those nearly pure by p. Unit of X = 10 A = Im^ = 10~7 cm. Temperature = t, 0C. I. A-£-Table: Inorganic Substances; Standard Arrangement; v. Vol. Ill, p. viii 1. H2O, Ice (59) P; cf. Fig. 1 \

589/; X 405Hg 436Hg 486/? 492Hg 546Hg 578Hg 623Hg 656C 691Hg 706He t = -3° l.OlfaD,'^

tta = 1.3090,

{ « = 1-3104, J^ t = _ 3 o 8uD 93 69 39 36+ 14 3+ -11 -19+ -27 -30 and -65°; 8eD = = re =-3.8.

2. S* (Rhombic form) (14, 60, 176, 179) ; P; c/. Fig. 1 X a /3 7 434G' 2.042 2.139 2.3914 436Hg 2.040 2.137 2.3878 447He 2.029 2.123 2.3682 468Cd 2.012

2.103

2.3384

2.—(Continued) X

a

/3

7

471He 2.010 2.101 2.3340 480Cd 2.004 2.093 2.3239 486F 1.999 2.087 2.3172 492He 1.996 2.084 2.3111 502He 1.991 2.077+2.3021 508Cd 1.987 2.073 2.2959 535Tl 1.976 2.058 2.2757 561Pb 1.967 2.049 2.2600 588He 1.958 2.038 2.2463 589Z) 1.957 2.037+2.2454 644Cd 1.944 2.023 2.2243 6560 1.942 2.019+2.2203 668He 1.940 2.017+2.2168 671Li 1.939+2.017 2.2159 768A' 1.926 2.001 2.1936 FOr 8° < t < 30° and X = 535Tl, ra = -17, rp = -23, ry = -28; for X = 671Li, ra = -17, T5 = -21+,rT = -25 + (179). +2F^ = 69° («, "9). (2VF - 2Fc) < ±0.5° (133). * Data read from curves.

FIG. !.—Dispersion curves for substances which are white when in the form of a fine dry powder. The lines of constant wave-length form a pencil diverging from n = 1; the values of X corresponding to the six lines drawn are marked at their upper ends. With few exceptions, the curve for any substance covers the entire range of X over which the index has been determined. A few isotropic substances are included for comparison.

5.—(Continued) For 15° < t < 80°, ra =

13. SiC, Carborundum,* moissanite (229); c/. Fig. 1

— 4.9, r/S = —4.0, T7 = —6.2J

all colors. 6. (NH 4 ) 3 H(S0 4 ) 2 ( 68 );P X OL $ T 535Tl 1.504 1.509 1.535 589£> 1.496 1.502 1.528 671Li 1.491 1.496 1.523 7. (NH4)2Se04 (210); P X

ft

a

7

589D/ 1 - 5 6 0 J 1 - 562 /1-584 \ 1.561+ \ 1.563+ \ 1.585 + 48QF 1.5687 1.5713 1.5935 589Z) 1.5607 1.5630 1.5846 656C 1.5571 1.5594 1.5806 For 80° < t < 100°, ra = — 1,T0 = — 3 + , T7 = -4 + ; all colors.

8. (NH4)H2PO4 (200); p; Fig. 1

FIG. 2.—Dispersion curves for substances (rutile e excepted) which are red, orange, or yellow when in the form of a fine dry powder. The lines (A' to D) of constant wave-length form a pencil diverging from a point on the line C, the abscissae are the values of the difference (Indexx — Indexc), where X = A', D, etc. Selenium is glassy, and cuprite (cuprtite in cut) is isotropic. 3. Se, (Hexagonal form) P By transmission, coesom/i = 3.0, (6 - CO)68On3,, = 0.17 (133)

By reflection (134.1, 184.1, 186) X

Wi*

Uz*

300 400 500 600 700

3.3 3.9 4.1 4.1 4.o

2.3 3.0 3.1 3.1 3.1

* Plane of incidence and electric vector Il principal axis of crystal for ni, J_ for ?i2. By comparison with transmission data, m = w, n\ = e(?).

3.2. NH4ClO4 (252);p X

a.

/3

45'. * Curves, gee 231.1.

4. NH 4 NO 3 (133) P] cf. Fig. 1 a

X

ft

y

1.6766 1.4194 1.634+ 1.6621 1.4163+ 1.623 1.6494 1.4130 1.611+ 1.6370 1.4110+ 1.605 1.6296

3.1. Te, (Hexagonal form) 5. (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 , Mascagnite

(134.1, 222.1); P

X 300 400 500 600 650

HI* 1.9 2.7 3.0 3.0 2.6

n2* 1.5 2.4 2.6 2.5 2.1

* Electric vector || optic axis for m, X for nz. By comparison with Se, nz = &>, n\ = ef?>.

(208),

X

a

5

T

589D 1.5209 1.523o 1.533o X

dan

X

€

1.484? 1.4792 1.476s

9. AsS, Realgar (230) ; see Fig. 2 X a. ft T 545 2.584 555 2.574 570 2.558 2.741 575 2.707 2.728 590 2.538 2.684 2.704 610 2.521 2.656 2.675 640 2.502 2.626 2.643 680 2.482 2.594 2.613 710 2.468 2.575 2.594 740 2.458 2.560 2.578 750 2.456 2.556 -2F648 = 49.5°. X

co

e

4SQF 589D 656C

1.5859 1.5766 1.572i

1.5296 1.521? 1.5186

11. Sb2S3, Stibnite (221) X n2 n\ 435 4.4 4.6 460 4.5 5.1 500 4.7 5.5 540 4.6 5.4 620 4.5 4.9 680 4.7 4.7 X a f r y 761 3.194* 4.046* 4.303* 823 3.919* 4.193* *From ( 9S ).

(133); p

/3

CO

1.5314 1.5246 1.52I 2

10. (NH4)H2AsO4 (200); p 7

589Z) 1.4818 1.483s 1.4881 X fy/>* X S0D* 434£' 86 656C -20 daD = 0.98 d@D; B-YD = 1.03 X SpD} 2VC = 69° 34'; 2F*- = 70°

405Hg 447He 502He 588He 668He

X

486F 589D 656C

see

dan

405Hg 138+ 546Hg 21 + 434G' 105 656C -25 486F 59+ 706He -40 + 50D = !.OlSttDjfryD = 1.05X dan', +2VD = 52°.

11.1. C, Diamond;* see Fig. 1; for other carbon compounds, see p. 29 * Isotropic; included for comparison only.

12. SiO2, Quartz; P; see Vol. VI, p. 341

X

CO

€

434£' 2.7313 2.7877 436Hg 2.7297 2.7859 455Ba 2.7138 2.7677 486F 2.6931 2.7442 492He 2.6894 2.7401 502He 2.6842 2.7342 546Hg 2.6632 2.7106 578Hg 2.6513 2.6974 588He 2.6481 2.6939 589D 2.6476 2.6933 656C 2.6296 2.6734 668He 2.6271 2.6707 706He 2.6195 2.6623 768A' 2.6098 2.6516 co2 = 0.83921 + 5.7099X2/ (X 2 - 1612), unit of X = Imju = 10 A. f 20° /460° f 760° \460° \760° \ 1150° ^

r

471 554 650 668 X 471 668

7.5o 10.0 6.6e 8.2i 9.7s 6.1s 7.6o 9.Oo 5.92 7.42 r€ 8.2o 11.5 + 6.36 8.0s

o>

* Contains 0.77 % Fe; values for A', C, D, F and G' are by interpolation. Values of w were computed by the equation given. For another specimen ( 126 ) (a and e were about 0.006 greater.

14. TiO2 ca., Anatase (59); cf. (14, 196, 237); c/. Fig. 1 X

co

e

405Hg 436Hg 492Hg 546Hg 578Hg 589D 623Hg 691Hg 706He

2.8760 2.7395 2.7688 2.6576 2.6586 2.5691 2.5955 2.5169 2.5694 2.4950 2.534(64)* 2.488(97)* 2.5407 2.4709 2.51061 2.4456f 2.50521 2.44091 f 25° f 300° I f 450° \ 300° \ 450° I \ 750° X T03 436 -1.8 492 -2.4 -l.i 546 -2.5 -1.4 -0.6 607 -2.4 -1.9 -l.i 691 -2.6 -2.0 -1.3 X

436 +0.4 492 -0.6 +0.6 546 -0.8 -O.i +0.6 607 -1.3 -0.4 O.o 691 -0.8 -l.i O.o * From (1 4 » l° 2 » 178 ). t Interpolated.

15. TiO2 ca., Brookite (196, 237, 250); c/. Fig. 1

a

X

y

(3

436Hg 2.769 2.784 48OF 2.68o 2.685 535Tl 2.624 2.62e 589Z) 2.58s 2.584 656C 2.54? 2.55i 671Li 2.54i 2.54s f 25° f 300° \ 300° \ 600°

2.941 2.820 2.752 2.700 2.660 2.653

rj,

X

436 492 546 579 671 708

5.3 3.0 2.1 1.9 1.4 1.3

7

^

3.0 2.1 1.9 l.i 0.9

X

\ \ ] I

5.1 3.7 2.4 2.4 2.0 1.7

Ta

3.7 2.4 2.4 1.8 1.5 J TC =

X

T(

2.981? 2.9029 2.841s ( 450°

\ 300° \ 450° \ 600° X

TU

546 579 623 691

-5.1 -5.0 -4.6 -4.5

-2.7 -3.1 -1.4 -3.1 -2.0 -3.0

X

546 -8.9 579 -7.7 -5.3 -4.8 623 -7.7 -5.4 Ranged 98,162,196) ; WI) = 2.60+ to 2.61 + ; *D = 2.89 to 2.90 + ; (e - CO)D = 0.286 to 0.287; dispersion for e (98, 196) 10% to 20% less than tabulated. 17.'ZrSiO4 ca., Zircon (133); c/. (14, 64, 172, 190); c/. Fig. 1 X

405Hg 434G' 436Hg 486F 492Hg 546Hg 589Z) 656C 768A'

a

589D

CC

€

1.9640 1.9540 1.9535 1.9411 1.9401 1.9309 1.9254 1.9192 1.9120

2.0239 2.0139 2.0134 2.0007 1.9996 1.9902 1.9848 1.9782 1.9708

/3

7

1.877(8) 1.882(3)1.893(4) dpD

X

X

dpD

405Hg 474+ 546Hg 165 436Hg 342 656C - 74 48QF 188+ 706He -116 SaD = 0.99S£z>; 8JD = 1.0250Z). If — 50° < t < +550°, for X = 434G', ra = -2.6, Tp = -2.1 +,T 7 = -3.5; for X = 6875, ra = -3.0 + , T/3 = -2.5+.T^ 3.9 + .

20. PbS206.4H20 (167) ; Cfm

€

535Tl 2.672s 5*9D 2.615s 671Li 2.567i f 25° f 300°

c

18.1 PbCl2, Cotunnite (56, us) X a /3 T 589Z) 2.199 2.217 2.259 671Li 2.179 2.192 19. PbSO4, Anglesite ( G I, 103, X

*

Ty

CO

co

2.0437 2.1345 2.0260* 2.1193* 2.0204 2.1144 1.9983 2.0944 1.9873 2.0842 1.9858 2.0826

111);P

492 -8.4 I 546 -9.1 -5.1 579 -8.9 -5.3 671 -8.9 -5.0 16. TiO2 ca., Rutile (9); cf. Fig. 1 and Fig. 2. for e X

X

447He 48&F 502He 588He 656C 668He

* Interpolated. Ta

T0

436 492 546 579 671 708

17.—(Continued) Range for zircon ( 64 ); WD = 1.878 to 1.931, €D = 1.895 to 1.993; low values are uncommon. If 25° < t < 1000°; in blue TU, = +2.0, r€ = +2.1; in red TO, = +1.6,rc = +1.8(64). 18. SnO2, Cassiterite ( 14 )

(17); P

X

co

c

405Hg 436Hg 492Hg 546Hg 579Hg 623Hg 691Hg

1.668s 1.6589 1.648o 1.64Oo 1.6366 1.633s 1.629o

1.686s 1.6774 1.6672 1.659i 1.6557 1.653i 1.6486

21. Pb 3 (P0 4 ) 2 (245); p X

cu

c

486F 1.999 1.962 527E 1.985 1.949 589Z) 1.970 1.936 656C 1.959 I 1.926 22. Pb5P3O12Cl, Pyromorphite (26) X

CO

CO

6

486P 2.36s 2.34s 589Z) 2.29s 2.28s 656C 2.272 2.263 24. Pb5As3Oi2Cl, Mimetite (26) X

486Pca. 589Z) 6560 ca.

CO

X

a

€

/3

T

/1.798 2.073 2.074\ \ 1.804 2.076 2.078/ daD

X

486F 513 578 636 656C

&7D

WD

230 15o 3o -60 -80

330 320 22o 21o 4o 4o -1Oo -1Oo -13o -13o

26. Pb(CHO 2 ) 2 (Formate) (ioi); Cf.

(154); p

X

a

434G' 4SQF 589D 656C

1.828+ 1.811 1.789+ 1.781+

0

-y

1.904(1) 1.938 1.878(80) 1.916 1.852(4) 1.887 1.843(1) 1.874 +

27. PbO.CO2.PbCl2, Phosgenite (14); X

434G' 447He 486F 502He 589Z) 656C 28. X 486F 535Tl 589Z) 656C 671Li

cf. Fig. 1 CO

€

2.212 2.199 2.167+ 2.158 2.118 2.100

2.234 + 2.222 2.192 + 2.183 2.145 2.127 +

Tl2SO4 (2U); P a /3 T 1.8859 1.8935 1.912e 1.8704 1.877s 1.8964 1.86Oo 1.867i 1.885s 1.8509 1.8579 1.875s 1.8493 1.85631.8739

29. Tl2SeO4 (211);P; c/. Fig.l X a 0 T 486F 1.984o 1.9942 1.9987 535Tl 1.9635 1.9737 1.9782 589Z) 1.949s 1.9592 1.964o 656C 1.935s 1.945o 1.95Oo 671Li 1.933i 1.942el.9476 30. Tl2C4H4O6 (Tartrate) ( 84 ); P X

CO

535Tl 589Z) 671Li

1.776s 1.7677 1.758s

€

1.821s 1.811s 1.80Oe

30.1. Zn (78-2);P X

€

486Fca. 2.09i 2.07s 589Z) 2.06i 2.049 656Cca. 2.050 2.042 23. Pb5Cl(AsO3M?), Finnemanite ( 4 ) X

25. PbCO3, Cerussite (43, 144); cf. Fig. 1

ni*

Ti2*

31.—(Continued) X

471He 486F 492He 502He 546Hg 589Z) 656C 668He 706He 768.4'

CO

€

2.0806 2.0649 2.0593 2.0515 2.0228 2.0041 1.9843 1.9817 1.9740 1.9648

2.0971 2.0814 2.0759 2.0681 2.0394 2.0203 2.0003 1.9977 1.9898 1.9806

31.1. ZnS, Sphalerite;* P; see Fig. 1 * Isotropic; for comparison only.

32. ZnSO4JH2O, Goslarite (43.2, 200); p

X

a

j3

T

486F 1.462o 1.486o 1.4905 589Z) 1.45681.48011.4844 656C 1.4544 1.4776 1.482o 33. ZnSe04.6H2O (200) X

co

486P 589Z) 656C

1.5367 1.5291 1.525s

e

1.510s 1.5039 1.5004

34. Zn(NH 4 ) 2 (SO 4 ) 2 .6H 2 O; see Table 2 35. Zn(NH 4 ) 2 (SeO 4 ) 2 .6H 2 O; see Table 2 36. ZnCO3, Smithsonite* (137) ; P X

431£ 486P 535Tl 589D 656(7

CO

€

1.8736 1.8621 1.8546 1.8485 1.8433

1.6326 1.6275 1.6241 1.6214 1.6190

* Sample 97.3 % pure ZnCO3. 37. C9H2oON2.2HCLZnCl2.-

3H2O (163) Triacetonediamine dihydrochloride zinc chloride trihydrate X

535Tl 589Z) 671Li

a

/3

T

1.570 1.574 1.603 1.566 1.569 1.594 1.563 1.565 1.586

1.00 0.78 1.35 1.09 38. Zn2SiO4, Willemite (61) 1.47 1.32 589Z); co = 1.689s; c = 1.7179 1.92 1.61 X SCOD X SCOD 2.58 2.02 405Hg 276 656C -46 2.47 2.27 436Hg 199 706He -73 2.47 2.07 486F 110 deD = 1.045co£ * Electric vector || optic axis for m, 546Hg 38 J. for nz. 455 486 520 560 589 630 650

31. ZnO, Zincite («3); p; cf. Fig. 1 X

2.186 2.17o 434G' 2.144 2.129 436Hg 2.133 2.12s 447He

co

c

2.1395 2.1358 2.1143

2.1550 2.1513 2.1302

39. Zn2H2SiO5, Hemimorphite (calamine) ( 14 7) If -185° < t < +13°, TUD = +0.0, T£D = +1.3,TTD = -0.2. For birefringence and dispersion of 27, see (i*4).

40. ZnSiF6.6H20 (200) X

CO

4SQF 589Z) 656C

1.386o 1.3824 1.380s

1.3992 1.3956 1.393s

41.1. Tl2Zn(SeO4)2.6H2O; see Table 2 42. CdS, Greenockite (124); p X

co

2.61 2.5Oe 2.43i 2.41i

e

2.61 2.529 2.45e 2.436

43. 2NH4CLCdCl2 ( 177 ) X

527E ca. 589Z) 687B ca.

CO

€

1.61U 1.603s 1.595s

1.6114 1.6042 1.596i

44. Cd(NH 4 )2(S0 4 ) 2 .6H 2 0; see Table 2 45. Cd(NH 4 WSeO 4 MH 2 O; see Table 2 46. HgCl, Calomel (49); P; cf. Fig. 1 X

CO

535Tl 589Z) 671Li

1.9908 1.9732 1.9556

8pD

2.7129 2.6559 2.6006

8pD

X

434(7' 44s 656C -92 4SQF 234 8oiD = 0.80 S^D; 5TD =1.20 X WD.

47.1. HgI2 (Red form) («3); see Fig. 2 X

578 589Z) 593 600 620 656C 671Li

co

2.74s 2.732 2.71i 2.656 2.6Oo 2.582

§ C *

O

0

'

~

+

fc O

S0 g

r 2

-2 °o

0

TH

IO

Q> №

I

X

c

2.475 2.455

48. HgS, Cinnabar (169); cf. (60); p; see Fig. 2 X co e 589.3D 3.275 599.0 2.903 3.256 607.5 2.887 3.238 623.9 2.865 3.209 3.178 643.9 2.842 672.0 2.816 3.143 707.7 2.789 3.107 762.1 2.760 3.068

o

$

I

§

|>

1-1

^

To,

13 9 8 13 8 12 15 5 9 15 5 7 14 17 3 6 13 14 2 2 7 9 r€

20 16 31 14 24 14 19 27 11 17 24 11 15 22 9 14 22 7 9 18 8 8 15 48.1. CuI;* see Fig.

31 25 18 14 1

* Isotropic; for comparison only.

X

434£' 436Hg 442.4 457.6 486F IfF <

co

X

2.584 546Hg 2.557 578Hg 2.491 589Z) 2.409 656C 2.328 768 A' X < A',* = co

co

X

CO

€

589D 656C 687B 719a 76OA

3.22* 3.042 2.98s 2.949 2.904

2.94* 2.797 2.759 2.72s 2.69o

55. Ag2S2O6.2H2O (200) X a 0 7 4SQF 1.6404l.674s 1.677o 6560 1.62721.6573 1.66Oi 56. Ag3AsS3 ca., Proustite; see Fig. 2 7

co

Lit.

e

589Z) 3.090+2.794 (98) 589Z) 3.087+2.792+ (41) 656C 2.991+2.720 (98) 671Li 2.979 2.711+ ( 4 i ) Dispersion of ( 4 i ) is 5% less than that of (98). 57. PbTlAgAs4S8 ca., Hutchinsonite ( i 8 7 ) X

589D 656(7

a

(81.1, 133); p

X

589Z) X

OL

7

ft

1.51411.53681.5434 dpD

dpD

X

405Hg 167 6560 4340' 125 671Li 4SQF 70+ 687£ 535T1 32 dan = 0.92S/3z>; 5 7D = WD.

-31 -37 -43 + 1.04 X

j8

58. AuS(CH2.C6H5)2Cl, Aurodibenzylsulfine chloride (I 0 I) X co c 535Tl 1.774 1.717 589Z) 1.761 1.705 671Li 1.753 1.693 59. Mn(NH 4 ) 2 (SO 4 ) 2 .6H 2 O; see Table 2 60. Mn(NH 4 ) 2 (Se0 4 ) 2 .6H 2 0; see Table 2

51. Cu(NH 4 ) 2 (SeO 4 ) 2 .6H 2 O;see Table 2 __ 52. CuSiO3-H2O, Dioptase (98,

61. Mn3(AsO4MMn(OH)2, Allactite (3) X a 0 7 4SQF 1.76331.7935 1.793? 527E 1.7869 589Z) 1.778s 656C 1.755 2 1.773i 1.7732 687B 1.7704 Uniaxial for X = 573.

CO

€

431G 1.683 1.742 4SQF 1.6697 1.724s 527E 1.6629 1.716o 589Z) 1.658o 1.709? 53. CuF6SLBH2O (200) X

co

e

486^ 1.413s 1.4124 589Z) 1.4092 1.408o 656C 1.4074 1.4062 53.1. CuTl2(SO4)2.6H2O; see Table 2 53.2. CuTl2(SeO4)2.6H2O; see Table 2 53.3. AgBr; see Fig. 1

61.1. MnSiF6.6H2O (200) X

CO

486F 589Z) 656C

1.360s 1.357o 1.3552

* Extrapolated.

63. FeO.OH, Goethite (i 54 -i); P X a ft v 589D 2.26o2.394 2.4Oo 612* 2.24s 2.377 2.37? 671Li 2.2l82.342f2.339t * For X = 612, /3 = 7, crystal ia uniaxial. t These correspond to same directions as the preceding, but, owing to changes in n, the first (2.342) is now v and the second is /3.

64. FeO.OH, Lepidocrocite (154.1); p

X

€

1.3774 1.3742 1.372i

61.2. MnTl2(SO4)2.6H2O; see Table 2 61.3. MnTl2(SeO4)2.6H2O; see Table 2

a

$

V

589D 1.93s2.20 2.51s 671Li 1.9192.15+ 2.42s 64.1. FeSO4JH2O, Melanterite (64.2); p

7

3.08 3.176 3.188 2.78 3.063 3.073

50. Cu(NH 4 ) 2 (SO 4 ) 2 .6H 2 O; see Table 2

159); c/. (60)

62. Fe2O3, Hematite (238); p; see Fig. 2

2.250 2.224 2.218 2.185 2.154 +0.011.

49. CuSO4-SH2O, Chalcanthite

X

2.43s 2.41i 2.375 2.36s

o

^H

-2 5 -2 ^ S. N *__

I

599 607 613 624 636 5 644 8 656 7 1 8 X I 577 30 589 19 607 21 613 20 624 17 636 644 14 656 691 718

€

47. HgCl2 (133); P; Cf, Fig. 1 X OL ft 7 589D 1.72s 1.859o 1.965 X

hexagonal

(133); p. cf. Fig. 1

41. Tl2Zn(S04)2.6H2O;see Table 2

523 589D 671Li 700

54. AgI, Iodyrite,

48.—(Continued)

€

X

OL

j3

I

7

589D 1.4713 1.4782 1.4856 671Li 1.468i 1.474s 1.4824 65. Fe2O3.2SO3.H2O (i 54 -2); P X a. ft V 4SQF 1.814 1.844 1.968 535Tl 1.796 1.821 1.940 589Z) 1.783 1.804 1.918 671Li 1.770 1.788 1.894 66. Fe2O3.2SO3.5H2O (I54.2) ; p X

48QF 535Tl 589D 671Li

<*

/3

7

1.603 1.702 1.594 1.688 1.588 1.678 1.580 1.667

1.787 1.765 1.749 1.733

67. Fe2O3.3SO3 (Orthorhombic form) (154.2); p X a /3 T 486F 1.844 1.857 1.861 535Tl 1.819 1.831 1.835 589Z) 1.802 1.814 1.818 671Li 1.785 1.797 1.801 68. Fe2O3.3SO3 (Rhombohedral form) (154.2); p X

CO

€

486F 1.809 535Tl 1.786 589Z) 1.770 671Li 1.754 69. Fe2O3.3SO3.6H2O X

4SQF 535Tl 589D 671Li

a.

/3

1.798 1.775 1.760 1.744 («4.2); p T

1.624 1.656 1.681 1.613 1.644 1.667 1.605 1.635 1.657 1.597 1.626 1.646

70. Fe2O3.3SO3.7H2O ( 154 - 2 ); 79.1. FeTl 2 (SO 4 )2.6H 2 O; see P] cf. Fig. 1 Table 2 X a |8 7 79.2. FeTl2(SeO4)2.6H2O; see 486F 1.585 1.603 1.666 Table 2 535Tl 1.578 1.593 1.651 83. CoF2.5HF.6H20 (133); p 589Z) 1.572 1.586 1.640 X co e 671Li 1.565 1.5781 1.629 434G' 1.390 1.406 + 71. Fe2O3.4SO3.9H2O, Rhom589Z) 1.384 1.399 boclase (154.2); P 656C 1.382 1.397 X a. /3 7 81. Co(NH 4 ) 2 (SO 4 ) 2.6H2O; see 48QF 1.545 1.564 1.657 Table 2 535Tl 1.538 1.556 1.644 589Z) 1.533 1.550 1.635 82. Co(NH 4 ) 2 (SeO 4 ) 2 .6H 2 O;see Table 2 671Li 1.528 1.544 1.625 82.1. CoTl2(SO4)2.6H2O; see 72. 2Fe 2 O 3 ^SO 3 ATH 2 O, CopiaTable 2

92.—(Continued) X I co t

82.2. CoTl2(SeO4)2.6H2O; see Table 2 486F 1.542 1.559 1.620 535Tl 1.536 1.552 1.606 83. NiF2.5HF.6H2O («0, 133); 589D 1.531 1.546 1.597 P 671Li 1.526 1.540 1.587 X co e 434£' 1.398 1.413 73. 3Fe2O3.4SO3.9H2O, Borg589Z) 1.392- 1.408stromite ( 154 - 2 ); P 656C 1.390 1.406 X co e 84. NiS04.6H2O (200); p 48QF 1.865 1.755 X CO € 535Tl 1.836 1.739 48QF 1.517s 1.493o 589Z) 1.816 1.728 589D 1.5109 1.4873 671Li 1.797 1.716 656C 1.507s 1.4844 74. Fe(NH 4 )2(SO4)2.6H 2 O; see 85. NiSO4.7H2O, Morenosite Table 2 (43.1, 200); p ' a

/3

7

75. Fe(NH 4 ) 2 (SeO 4 ) 2 .6H 2 O; see Table 2 76. FeCO3 co., Siderite (94,133) X

436Hg 486F 535Tl 546Hg 589Z) 656C 671Li

co

e

1.9025 1.8893 1.8803 1.8783 1.8726 1.8658 1.8645

1.6356 1.632i 1.628s

48QF 589D 656C

7

j3

a

1.461 1.594 1.716 1.455 1.580 1.690 1.453 1.574 1.681

78. Fe2(NH4)6(C204)6.6H20, Ferric-ammonium oxalate (133);p

X 48QF 589Z) 656C

a ft 7 1.520 1.586 1.629 1.510 1.570 1.610 1.506 1.564 1.603

79. FeSiF6.6H2O, Ferrous fluosilicate (5°) X

535Tl 589Z) 671Li

co

1.3656 1.3638 1.3619

e

1.3867 1.3848 1.3828

/3

7

1.469o 1.4892 1.4922 daD = WD = 8jD = 60; 2VD = 41° 55' 86. NiSeO4.6H2O ( 20 °); p X

77. FeC2O4.2H2O, Ferrous oxalate ( 133 );P X

a

X

589D 486^

CO

€

486F 1.5473 1.519s 589Z) 1.539s 1.512s 656C 1.5357 1.5089 87. Ni(NH4)2(SO4)2.6H20; see Table 2 88. Ni(NH4MSeO4)2.6H2O ; see Table 2 89. NiSiF6-GH2O (200) X

co

e

48QF 1.395 1.411 589Z) 1.391 1.407 656C 1.388 1.404 90. NiTl2(SO4)2.6H2O; see Table 2 91. NiTl2(SeO4)2.6H2O;see Table 2 92. MoS2, Molybdenite* X I co

5.6 5.0 4.7 5.4 4.9 5.9

= 18° (38)

X

co

527E ca. 589Z) 687£cq.

e

1.5435 1.5393 1.5345

1.5146 1.5110 1.5079

99. Al2O3-SiO2, Cyanite (196) X a $ 7 589D 1.713 1.722 1.728 X 434G' 48QF 656(7 dfo (133) I3a 74 -29 daD = 8jD = 50Dj -2V = 80° co. (196).

* See Vol. V, p. 250.

93. PbMoO4 co., Wulfenite* (14)

X

co

e

501.8 2.485 2.326 527.0 2.454t 587.6 2'.408+ 2.277 589.3D 2.405 + t 667.8 2.372 2.257 686.7 2.362f * By (60) the birefringence is 0.007 to 0.009 98 less than that tabulated. t By ( ) 0.002+ lower than values

by (14).

(l");p

X

co

527#ca. 589Z) 687Bca.

e

1.4862 1.4808 1.4754

1.4987 1.4933 1.4877

94.1. (NH4)2UO2C14.2H2O ("*•*) 95. Pb5V3O12Cl, Vanadinite (26) X

co

e

589 D 6560

2.35s 2.34i

2.31i 2.292

101.

Al2O3-SiO2,

I

a

I

0

I

X

Andalusite

97. Al2O3, Corundum (27, 122); P; cf. Fig. 1 589Z), co - 1.768, € = 1.760

j8

7

1.639 1.645 1.651 1.633 1.639 1.644 1.630| 1.636 1.641

102. Al2F2SiO4, Topaz; (OH and Fe replacements) (139, 143, 150) X d@D* X -dfo* 397F 138 589Z) O 405Hg 129 656C -23 434G' 97 706He -36 486^ 54 768A' -51 =

87Z> = 8&D',

&D

=

1.610(33), PD - OLD = 0.0014 (28), 7D - /3D = 0.006s, +2 X Vc = 49 to 67°, 2VF = (2VC2°). X

T

39% Ta2O5 and 17.5% Cb2O5 535Tl 2.4OU 2.4342 2.4876 589Z) 2.3742 2.4039 2.456s 671Li 2.347o 2.375o2.427s 22.5% Ta2O5 and 30% Cb2O5 535Tl 2.426i 2.45Os 2.4903 589Z) 2.397? 2.419o 2.458s 671Li 2.368e 2.387e 2.428o

CL

486F 589Z) Q5QC

8(XD

96. (SbO)2(Ta, Cb) 2 O 6 , Stibiotantalite (149) X

100. Al2O3-SiO2, Sillimanite (133) j pj specimen contains 0.5% Fe X « & 7 589/) 1.661 1.6621.682 + X 436Hg 48QF 656C 5/3 D 136 76 -32 dan = SJD = 5)3 z); ranges (121,188,196) : aD = 1.653(61), -YD = 1.675(84), +2VD = 26 to 31°. (196)

94. (NH 4 )UO 2 (C 2 H 3 O 2 )S, Ammonium-uranyl acetate

I

Ta

O t O 150°

\

T&

I

Ty

(143)

0.7s 0.8s 0.79 0.77 0.77 0.77 150 to 300° (143) 480 1.Oo 1.0s 0.9s 671 0.9o 0.9s 0.9o 480 671

* Variations from 0.97 to 1.08 times these values are observed ( 171 » 80 » 133 ).

5coz> (133)

103. 4FeO.9Al203.8SiO2.H2O ca., Staurolite ( 9 I); specimen contained ca. 2% Fe2Os X a p 7 589Z) 1.74401.74971.7561

436Hg 138 656C -33 486^ 76 706He -51 546Hg 27 5eD = 0.975coD> COD — CD — 0.0081(27, 122).

431G 166 656C -38 48QF 89 687B -53 527^ 48 I 8aD = 0.978^D; ST1) = 1.073fo?.

(221)

500 555 593 620 655 680

Mellite

(177)

705 11.3 721 8.5 732 7.9 800 6.0 3000 4.0 7000 3.9 t = -190° (38) 676 14.8 685 9.9 705 7.9 732 6.2

pite (154.2); P

X

98. Al2C12O12ISH2O,

X

6coz> (133)

X

X

d(3o

X

8@D

104. Yt 2 (Mo0 4 ) 3 X 535Tl 589Z) 671Li

( 2 4 5 );P «(=«) 2.042 2.027 2.012

105. Ce 2 (Mo0 4 ) 3 ( 2 4 5 );P X co c 535Tl 2.050 2.037 589Z) 2.034 2.022 671Li 2.018 2.006 106. CeLa(PO 4 ) 2 , Monazite (34,172,174)

111—(Continued) For birefringence ( 241 ) X co e 486F 1.477 1.437 589Z) 1.4714 1.4322 656(7 1.4686 1.4299 115. BeSe04.4H20 ( 2 °<>); p X

a

(3

X

X osy X

a

/3

7

/1.7891.790 1.843 \ 1.800 1.801 1.849 8(XD

SftD

&7D

535Tl 55 5s 6s 671Li -5? -5? -64 +2Vp = Il to 15.5°. 107. Pr2(SO4)3.8H2O (Si); P X

a

/3

7

535Tl 1.54301.55251.5641 589Z) 1.5399 1.5494 1.5607 671Li 1.5366 1.5459 1.5573 108. Pr 2 (MoO 4 ) 3 ( 2 4 5 );P X . . 535Tl 589Z) 671Li 6.. 2.015 2.002 1.989 Opt.—; probably co = e ca., cf. Ill, Nd 2 (MoO 4 ) 3 . 109. Nd2(S04)3.8H20 (51); P X

a

P

110. (Nd, Pr) 2 (Mo0 4 ) 3 (245) X. 486F 535Tl 589Z) 671Li co. 2.0542.037 2.025 2.011 (co — e) > O, but very small. 111. Nd 2 (MoOJ 3 ( 24S ); P; cf. Fig. 1 X

486P 535Tl 589Z) 671Li

CO

€

2.047 2.029 2.016 2.003

2.045 2.027 2.014 2.001

112. Sa2(SO4)3.8H2O (51); P X a )8 7 535Tl 1.54581.55511.5663 589Z) 1.54271.55191.5629 671Li 1.53951.54861.5594 113. 3[(Yt, Er)2O3].3P2O5.SO3, Hussakite (i° 8 ) X

co

c

535Tl 1.7244 1.8196 589Z) 1.7207 1.8155 671Li 1.7166 1.8113 114. BeSO4.4H20 For dispersion (200) X

486F 589Z) 656C

CO

1.4779 1.472o 1.469i

€

1.445o 1.439s 1.4374

CO

€

480Cd 1.6607+ 1.6767 + 508Cd 1.6586 1.6745 538Cd 1.6566+ 1.6725 + 589D 1.6539+ 1.6697 + 644Cd 1.6515+ 1.6673 + 671Li 1.6506 1.6664 X T^ re Interval O t o 150° 480 1.0+ 1.0 + 671 1.0 1.0 150 to 300° 480 1.2 1.2 671 1.1+1.1 +

* Electric vector || optic axis for m, _I_ for nz', by comparison with Se, nz = co and m = e(?).

121. Mg(OH) 2 , Brucite (233) ; c/. (59) X

(32)

X

535Tl 589D 671Li

a.

/3

7

1.719 1.725 1.729 1.715 1.720 1.725 1.712 1.717 1.722

117.1. Be2HBO4, Hambergite (59, 78) X

a

/3

7

f 1.55951.59081.6311 589Z) \ 1.55301.58641.6272 [ 2V = 87° 12' 2FF - 2Fc = 9' - 5o' X dpD X 8pD 404Hg 149 546Hg +21 + 436Hg 106 691Hg -3e 492Hg 57 760 -5s Sa0 = 0.885ffD; 5Tp = 1.10S0P 118. BeO.Al2O3, Chrysoberyl (121; X

a

7

/3

535Tl 1.7487 1.7516 1.7576 589Z) 1.7452 1.748i 1.754o 671Li 1.7412 1.744o 1.749s 119. 2BeO.Al2O3.2SiO2.H2O, Euclase (22?) X a. /3 7 447He 1.6606 1.6653 1.6814 502He 1.6560 1.6605 1.6767 588He 1.6508 1.6553 1.6714 668He 1.6474 1.6521 1.6677 120. Be3Al2Si6Oi8 ca., Beryl (44, 133, X

404Hg 447He 502He 588He 668He 7684'

143)

CO

1.5917 1.5869 1.5826 1.5778 1.5746 1.5717

€

1.5846 1.5800 1.5757 1.5711 1.5682 1.5654

I

co

447He 502He 588He 589D 706He 502He 588He 706He 502He 588He 706He

2O C 1.5794 1.573o 1.5662 1.561* 1.5617 10O0C 1.573o 1.5662 1.56Ie 20O0C 1.572o 1.5654 1.5607

1.588s 1.5835 1.5794

c/.

Fig.

1

T 1.5326 1.5284 1.5109 1.5023 1.4832 1.4820 1.4794 1.470i* 1.466o* 1.460s* 1.4607 1.4583*

of (43.2,

200).

123. Mg(NH4)2(S04)2.6H20, Boussingaultite; see Table 2 124. Mg(NH4)2(SeO4)2.6H2O; see Table 2 125. MgC4H4O5-SH2O (Malate) (136); p

X

a.

431£ 486F 589D 656C

1.483 1.479 1.473 1.470

/?

127. MgSiF6.6H2O ( 2 <>0) X

CO

4SQF 589D 656(7

1.347s 1.3439 1.3427

€

1.3634 1.3602 1.3587

129. 2(Pb, Mg)O.SiO2.H2Oca., Molybdophyllite ( 69 ) 129.1. MgTl 2 (SO 4 ) 2 .6H 2 O; see Table 2

130. MgPt(CN) 4 JH 2 O (73) X co c 589Z) 1.561 1.91 656C 1.558 1.905 687ff 1.555

*From (1Q2.1). 200); P;

y

ft

1.5949 1.5902 1.585s 1.581* 1.5815

122. MgSO4JH2O, Epsomite (21,

a

X

431G 1.6492+ 1.6645+ 1.6829 436Hg 1.6486 1.6639 1.6822 486F 1.6431 1.6582 1.6764 546Hg .6385 1.6534 1.6715 578Hg .6365 1.6513+ 1.6694 + 589D 1.6359 1.6507 1.6688 656C .6329 1.6475 1.6655 668He .6324+ 1.6470 1.6650 2Fc = 84.9°; 2Vp = 85.7°.

129.2. MgTl2(SeO4) 2.6H2O; see Table 2

1.5897 1.584s 1.580s

X a 0 226Cd 1.4990 1.5266 231Cd 1.4950 1.5223 257Cd 1.4786 1.5049 275Cd 1.4705 1.4963 340Cd 1.4528 1.4774 347Cd 1.4516 1.4762 361Cd 1.4492 1.4736 434G' 1.4406* 1.4644* 486F 1.4370* 1.4604* 589Z> 1.4322* 1.4553* 589Z> 1.4323 1.4553 656C 1.4300* 1.4528* -2VD = 51° 25'. * Recalculated from data

126. Mg2SiO4, Forsterite (oilvine) (133); P; for other olivines, see 131, 154

e

I

0

117. Mn2Be2.2SiO4, Trimerite

7

535Tl 1.54411.55341.5652 589Z) 1.54131.55051.5621 671Li 1.5379 1.5469 1.5583

7

486F 1.472s 1.5084 1.51Oi 589Z) 1.466? 1.5007 1.5027 656C 1.4639 1.497s 1.4992 116. Be2SiO4, Phenacite (i«)

120.—(Continued) Range (57, 113, 172) : Dispersion ca. 15%, birefringence ca. 0.003, co and e ca. 0.025. Interval X rw T6 O to 150° (I 4 S) 4801.2+1.2 6711.2 1.1 150 to 300° 4801.4 1.3 6711.3+1.2 + 120.1. Mg ( 78 - 2 ) X Tii* n2* 416 0.26 0.31 440 0.29 0.34 496 0.29 0.37 520 0.33 0.39 560 0.38 0.42 589 0.34 0.39 620 0.32 0.42 650 0.32 0.42

7

1.509 1.502 1.508 1.497 1.501 1.494 1.498

131. 2(Mg, Fe)O.Si02, Chrysolite or olivine ( 6 ^ 1 ); cf. 126 X 50D X &pD 410ft 200 589D O 431G 161 656C -35 + 4S6F 86 719« -61 527 E 46 761A -75 Samples averaged 16 wt. % (FeO + Fe2O3 + MnO). aD = 1.665; £D - «D = 0.0186; YD PD = 0.0189. daD = 0.945&?; djD = 1.028fr>. 2F0 = 88° 34'; 2FC = 90° I7. 132. MgCrO4JH2O ( 2 °0) X a ^ 7 589D 1.521 1.550 1.568 656C 1.513 1.541 1.563 133. Mg(NH 4 ) 2 (CrO 4 ) 2 .6H 2 O (133, 220); ê Table 2 134. Mg7B16O30Cl2 (?), Boracite (118)

Isotropic if t >^ 29O0C; at 290°, HD = 1.671, n502 - n588 = 0.0060; r = +1.0 if 290° < t < 65O0C. Just below inversion point (ca. 290°) n exceeds above values by 0.004 ca. 135. Mg5Al2H8Si3Oi8 ca., Penninite ( 98 > 157) X &pD X 50/> 486F 7s 589D O 535Tl 35 671Li -37 an =• &D = JD = 1.58.

136. 3MgO.Fe0.4Al2O3.10Si02.H20 co., Cordierite (145) X a. /3 7 f1.533 1.5371.541 & y * ^ \ 1.552 1.556 1.561 X

50D

5/?D

X

393JfT 17i 486F 62 + 410/i 145 656C -26 + 434G' 113 76OA -56 5atD, Sfro, STD are alike; variations of ± 5 %. For 20° < t < 320°, Ta = T0 = ry = 1.3, same f or all X's ( 143 );c/. (145). For effects of radiation from Po, gee (»2). 137. Mg-tourmaline; see 225 137.1. CaSO4, Anhydrite ( 6 I> 103,

115, 1 3 9 ) - p

X

a. 13 7 J 1.5693 1.5752 1.6130 6by ^ \ 1.5698 1.5757 1.6139 d@D

X

dpD

X

431(7 103 687£ -31 4SQF 55 619a -39 + 656C -22 + da = 0.975/3; d-y = 1.115/8. X l

431 687 431 687

ra

I

T/3

I

T7

-50° < < < 205° -0.3 -0.6 -1.0 -0.4 -0.6 -1.0 205° < t < 560° -0.5+ -0.5+ -1.4 -0.5 -0.7 -1.4 +

138. CaSO4.2H2O, Gypsum (47, 97, 107); p

X 68y

a /3 7 J l . 5195 1.5216 1.5283 \ 1.5208 1.5230 1.5305

X b&D X &pD 4346" 98 687£ -34 486F 54+ 76OA -54 656C -24 daD = 0.995/3z>;57z> = 1.03 X WD. At 2O0C, +2Fz> = 60°

co., 2Fc = 2Fi) - 24' to -28', 2FF = 2FD - 31'to -43'. If 12° < t < 90°, r« = -1.1, Tft = -4.2, TT = -2.4 for blue; and Ta = —1.5, rp . = —4.5, T7 = —2.8 for red. Becomes uniaxial near 9O0C. 139.

CaS206.4H20 (167) ;

(I7);p

X

436Hg 492Hg 546Hg 589Z) 623Hg

CO

1.5649 1.558o 1.554i 1.5516 1.549s

cf.

€

1.5516 1.546? 1.543i 1.54U 1.5399

140. 3Ca3P2O8.Ca(F, Cl)2 co., Apatite (13, 29, 226, 247, 249)

142.—(Continued) X*

C018°t

142.—(Continued) €18°t

430.78+G 434.047H7(7' 435.834Hg 447.148He 471.315He 486.133H0F 491.60Hg 492.193He 501.568He 526.99sFe 527.01£

1.67610+ 1.67552+ 1.67520 1.67331+ 1.66976+ 1.66785 1.66719 1.66711+ 1.66604+ \ .. } 1-66341+

1.49454+ 1.49428 1.49414 1.49327+ 1.49164 1.49076 1.49045 1.49042 1.48992+ ,007«, 1.48873+

535.047Tl 546.072Hg 576.960Hg 579.066Hg 587.563He 589.29NaD 643.847Cd 656.278HaC 667.815He 670.786Li 687.25 706.520He 718.9a 141. CaCO3, Aragonite ( 171 ); P 760.74 X a P 7 768.19K4" 397# 1.5422+ 1.7051 .7101 800.7 431£ 1.5388 1.6983+ .7032 904.7 48GF 1.5348 1.6905+ .6951 + 1041.7 527 E 1.5326+ 1.6863+ .6908 + 1159.2 589Z) 1.5301+ 1.6815+ .6859 1307.0 656(7 1.5282 1.6778 1.6820 + 1497.2 6875 1.5275 1.6763 1.6806 1614.6 Indices for D vary +0.0003 ca. 1681.5 (44,115,118,143,182). giow irre1847.8 versible change at 320°. 1908.5 0° < t< 300° 1945.7 Lit X T T T a 0 T 2053.1 471 -1.2 -2.5 -2.9 ("«) 2099.8 143 480 -1.3+ -2.5 -2.7+ ( ) " 2171.9 671 -1.4 -2.5+ -2.8 ( 143 ) 2324.3 18 706 -l.i -2.7 -3.0 Q ) 64Oo 65Oo 66Oo 68Oo 69Oo 142. CaCO3, Calcite, Iceland Spar (33, 37, 75, 83, 1 1 9 , 1 7 3 ) ; 695o 70Oo P; cf. Fig. 1; for X-rays, MoKa1, 705o X = 0.070772, co = *(?) = 71Oo

1.66267 .66168+ .65921+ .65906+ .65846+ .65836+ .65503+ .65438 .65381+ .65367 1.65290+ 1.65207 1.65156+ 1.65000 1.64974 1.64867 1.64579 1.64276 1.64052 1.63790 1.63459+

1.48838 1.48792+ 1.48681 1.48674 1.48647 1.48641+ 1.48491 1.48461+ 1.48436+ 1.48430 1.48396 1.48359 1.48337+ 1.48269+ 1.48258 1.48212 1.48095 1.47982 1.47907 1.47828 1.47741+ 1.47692

Sco£>

bean

(59)

X

X

(59)

405Hg 171+ 546Hg 25 434£ 127+ 656C -29 486F 71 706He -46 With 589Z); co = 1.633 to 1.667, en = WD — (0.001 to 0.004+). deD = 0.965co£> to 0.985w/>, range (13, 63, 85, 228) of dun ami 5ei> = ± 4 % from tabulated values. For 0° < t < 60O0C (63) TCO = -0.2s, T€ = -0.54 for X = 471; and r^ = -0.35, T€ = -0.64 for X = 706. Discontinuity (?) in co and € at t = -5O0C.

1.63126 1.62802+ 1.47570 1.62603 1.62371 1.47489 1.47389 0.76 0.13 0.07 0.11 0.34 0.35 0.36 0.67 2.9

198.98Al 200.06Au 204.448Au 208.20Au 211.07Au 214.439Cd 219.462Cd 223.986Cd 226.503Cd 228.803Cd 230.663Cd 231.288Cd 232.115Cd 242.796Au 257.304Cd 274.867Cd 291.358Au 298.062Cd 303.412Sn 312.923Cd 330.28Zn 340.365Cd 361.25Cd 394.402Al 396.154Al 396.848Ca# 404.656Hg 410.174Hgfc

C018°t

1.90302 1.8826s 1.86743 1.85695 1.84574 1.83086 .81903 .81300 .80778 .80377 .80246 .80075 .78121 .76048 .74147 .72776 .72304 .71956 .71393 .70516 .70080 .69314 .68374 .68331 .68314 .68134 1.68014

€18°t

1.578U 1.57663 1.5709s 1.56654 1.56340 1.55989 1.55511 1.55117 1.54914 1.54736 1.54596 1.54551 1.54491 1.53783 1.53013 1.52267 1.51728+ 1.51511 1.51366 1.51128+ 1.50752 1.50561 1.50223 1.49803 1.49782+ 1.49775 1.49694 1.49639

X

I

TW t

[ (izo.i)

r

COZ>||

*D\\

0.100 0.132 0.168

1.185 1.313 1.435

* In air at 150C and 760 mm of Hg (101.1).

t All values on smooth curve. I In air. § At 18°; calculated (1^, iei). II In vacuum ( 161 ). U From curve.

143. CaC2O4-H2O (Oxalate) (Whewellite) ( 1 0 °); p X

535Tl 589D 671Li

a

/3

T

1.4939 1.5599 1.6567 1.49Os 1.5554 1.6502 1.487s 1.5513 1.645o

144. Ca(CHO 2 ) 2 (Formate) (178) X a 0 T 527Eca. 1.51321.51671.5819 589Z) 1.51011.51351.5775 687ffca. 1.50671.51001.5731 145. CaH2(C4H4Os)2-GH2O (Acid malate) (i 78 ) X a. 13 T 527E co. 1.49721.51121.5492 589D 1.49331.50731.5449 6875 ca. 1.4887 1.5029 1.5404 146. CaSiO3 ( 65 ); P (hightemperature form) 486/^ 589Z) 656C

a

/3

T

1.618 1.618 1.663 1.610 1.610 1.654 1.607 1.607 1.649

147. Ca3Si2O7-SH2O, Afwillite (147.1); p

X

CL

/3

7

546Hg 1.6201.623+1-636 + 589Z) 1.6171.620+1.633 + 668He 1.6151.618 1.631 I

TtI

t = 61.5°C (134, 161); c/. (147)

211.07 214.44 219.46 226.50

T

152.5 248.5 349.0

X

1.62099

0.9999980 (83)

X*

t

148. CaTiSiO5 CGL, Titanite,

2.2 sphene; cf. Fig. 1; zoned speci2.02 2.62 men (82) 1.82 2.45 X a /3 7 2.29 589Z) 1.88o 1.88s 2.007

231.29 1.42 2.21 257.30 0.9s 1.89 274.87 0.76 1.76 298.0 0.6o 1.64 312.9 0.53 340.36 0.44 1.49 361.25 0.40 1.43 396.85ZJ 0.33 1.36 434. OSG7 0.30 1.32 486.13F 0.25 1.27 589.29Z) 0.21 1.21 589.29Z) 0.21§ !.!£§ 656.28(7 0.19 1.18 T * T<*D\\ CD\\ 18 0.07i If 1.05U 57.1 0.07s 1.094 61.5 0.079lf 1.1Of

X 8ctD 5/?D STD 460 ca. 322 28s 532 4SQF ca. 232 20s 37? 656Cca. - 81 - 7s -136 719aca. -14e -126 -22s For purest specimens, OLD = 1.88(1.91), TZ> = 1.98(2.05), PD = OLD + 0.002(8) = 7 . 0 0.08(13); +2VD = 24°(32°); 2VC=2VF + 10° ca: (33, 82). 149. PbCa2(C3H5Os)6 (Propionate) ( 7 I) X

535Tl 589D 671Li

co

1.531o 1.526s 1.523i

e

1.5436 1.5389 1.534i

150. 2CaO.ZnO.2SiO2, Hardystonite ( 93 ); specimen was 94 % 2CaO.Zn0.2Si02 CO

X

4Wh ca. 434£'ca. 4SQF ca. 589Z) ca. 656Cca. 719aca.

€

1.6941 1.6893 1.6815 1.6720 1.6681 1.6653

1.6810 1.6766 1.6696 1.6606 1.6570 1.6544

151. CaPt(CN)4.5H2O (12); p; see Fig. 2 X

a

4SQF 492He 502He 588He 688He 706He

1.6361

/3

7

1.994 1.633e 1.655o 1.949 + 1.622s 1.6444 1.767 1.6169 1.638s 1.708 1.691 +

152. Ca2Fe(CN)6.12H2O (50); p X a (3 7 535Tl 1.57531.58711.6017 589Z) 1.5700 1.5818 1.5961 671Li 1.5646 1.5764 1.5902 153. CaFeSi2O6, Hedenbergite ( 237 ) 154. 5Fe2SiO4.4Ca2SiO4, Olivine (or iron-monticellite) ( 93 ); cf. 126; specimen was 92 % 5Fe2SiO4.4Ca2SiO4 X

4Wh 434G' 4SQF 589Z) 656C 719a

OL

/3

7

1.72001.76281.7711 1.71461.75621.7648 1.7062 1.7460 1.7547 1.6958 1.7340 1.7430 1.69131.7291 1.7383 1.68841.72561.7351

155. CaMoO4 (245); p; c/. Fig. 1 X co e 535Tl 1.981 1.992 589Z) 1.970 1.980 671Li 1.958 1.966 Specimen containing Yt 2 (MoO 4 )S 535Tl 2.002 2.011 589Z) 1.989 1.998 671Li 1.977 1.985 Specimen containing 24.7 % Yt 2 (MoO 4 ) 3 and 21% % Ce 2 (MoO 4 )S 535Tl 2.014 2.019 5897) 2.000+ 2.005 671Li 1.989 1.992 156. CaWO4, Scheelite (245). P; pure CaWO4 X

CO

€

535Tl 1.928+ 1.945 589Z) 1.920 1.936 + 671Li 1.911 1.927 Addition of 10.3 % Ce2 (WO4), increases co by 0.006+ and c by 0.004+.

157. 2CaO.3B2O3.5H2O, Colemanite (139); cf. (227) X a 0 7 4SQF 1.59211.59811.6204 589Z) 1.58631.59201.6140 656C 1.58351.58921.6110 687£ 1.58231.58811.6098 158. CaB2Si2O8, Danburite* (89.1)

X

a.

163.—(Continued) Approximately dan = 5/3z> = ByD and probably increases with increase of Fe/Al, as do the refractivity and birefringence; cf. 16L 164. Ce(La, etc.)(CO3)3.CaF2 ca. Parisite (158) CO

X

$

7

535Tl 1.6339 1.6366 1.6393 589Z) 1.63091.63371.6363 671Li 1.6273| 1.6303 1! 6331 * Data for a recalculated.

159. CaAl2Si2O8, Anorthite; P; for other feldspars, v. 261 X a ft 7 589Z) 1.576*1.584*1.589* For specimen of 3.9M % albite (218); (ios) 486F 1.5807 1.5888 1.5947 535Tl 1.57701.58511.5906 589Z) 1.57381.58181.5872 671Li 1.57021.57871.5834 687 B 1.56971.57831.5828 X . . . 486 535 589 671 -27. 78°+ 77°+ 77° 76° + * By extrapolation from impure specimens, and for synthetic material

*From (7Q).

165. Ca3(Ce, La, Nd, Pr)4Si3Oi5, Beckelite ("Q) 166. 2CaO.5MgO.Al2O3.F2.7SiO2Ca., Hornblende (109) ; see also 171 X a 0 T 589Z) 1.614 1.618 1.633 535Tl (Ba = 5/3)67i = 62, 57671 =

63 '

167. Ca3Mg3O2F8 ca., Nocerine (242)

(123, 236.1)

160. (CaAl2Si2O8)?/ + (NaAlSi3OB)O;, Feldspars; see 229

€

1.684 1.788 1.676 1.775 + 1.676?* 1.7729* 1.672 1.770 1.6742* 1.770i* 1.668+ 1.764 + 1.671s* 1.7664*

453 533 535Tl 589Z) 589Z) 667 671Li

X

CO

475 533 589Z) 633

1.513s 1.511i 1.509i 1.5076

C

1.489s 1.487s 1.4856 1.484s

161. Ca2Al3HSi3Oi3, Clinozoisite (epidote) (77, 185, 244); for Fe-epidote, see 163 168. CaMg(COs)2, Dolomite X a. $ 7 (104) curves; P 589Z) 1.714 1.717 1.719 % X 6/3jD X co e FeCO 486F co. 9o 434G' 1.6964 1.5091 O 527E ca. 5o 4SQF 1.6893 1.5056 O 656C ca. -4o 1.6842 1.5032 O Approximately 8ao = &&D = +13 535Tl * +1°* 5d511 djp. +122f +83f 9.4 +167f + 107 f 11.9 162. Ca4Al6Si6O26 (CO3) ca., 1.6799 1.5013 O Meionite (22, 28, 88,117.1, 237) X 5coz> scan +14* +9* 589Z) +i2i t +82| 9.4 486F 71 + 165f +105f 11.9 535Tl 31 656C 1.6760 1.4995 O 656C -30 1.6753 1.4992 O 671Li -35 +14* +10* 7T 700 -45 671Ll +118t +83f 9.4 With 589Z), co = 1.61+, e = + 16Ij +104f 11.9 to - 0.046. deD = 0.895coD. 1.4974 Same values except of birefrin- 768A' 1.6714 9 4 ). gence (?), for specimens con- * Data ( S) minus data 0<> t Data (23) minus data ( 1 0 4 ). taining SO4. Scapolite is intermediate between Meionite and 169. CaMgSi2O6, Diopside, (pyroxene) (!28, 133); p Marialite (221). X

a

/3

8

163. Ca2(Al, Fe)3HSi3Oi3, Epi- 5SQD 1.664(6) 1.671(3) 1.694(5) dote ( 7 7 ); specimen contains 37 X 5ftD X 5/3z> 405Hg 187 535Tl 34 + atoms Fe to 63 atoms Al 434G' 140 656C -32 + X a j8 7 589Z) 1.729 1.763 1.780 486^ 77+ 768A' -71

169.—(Continued) 8aD = S0z>; 87D = 1.0556/3z>. For specimens with ca. 4.7% Fe2O3 and 5.1% FeO, (augite) all 5's are 25% > 6's for diopside (98, 238), 170. 2CaO.MgO.2SiO2, Akermanite ( 93 ); specimen has 95% 2CaO.Mg0.2SiO2 X co c 410ft 1.6591 1.662s 434G' 1.6552 1.6585 4SQF 1.6478 1.6514 589Z) 1.6392 1.6431 656C 1.6355 1.6397 719a 1.6332 1.6374 For Melilite, see (35, 90). 171. 2CaO.5MgO.H20.8SiO2 ca., Tremolite (109) X OL $ 7 589D 1.600 1.614 1.625 535Tl (da = 5/S)67I = 56, 57671 = 65 172. Sr(C103)2 (165) X

a

/3

7

486F 1.5717 1.61Ie 1.633? 589Z) 1.567o 1.604? 1.625? 687ff 1.56361.6002 1.621o 173. SrSO4, Celestite (ios, U5) ; P X

a.

7

ft

/1.6214 1.6214 1.6305 \ 1.6220 1.6245 1.6309 5's are 9 % less than for barite (178) (6, 103). For red and -50° < t < +200°, ra = T7 = -1.6, r0 = -1.3; 200° < t < 500°, ra = -1.7, rp =-1.6, Ty = —2.2. For blue, r's about 10% less (6, 1Q3). 174. SrS2O6.4H2O (167). cf. (17); P CO

X

€

405Hg 1.5461 1.5391 436Hg 1.5417 1.5357 4SQF 1.5362 1.5315 492Hg 1.5357 1.5310 546Hg 1.5316 1.5278 579Hg 1.5297 1.5262 623Hg 1.5277 1.5246 656C 1.5263 1.5235 691Hg 1.5253 1.5226 175. Sr(CHO 2 ) 2 (Formate) (154);

X

535Tl 589Z) 671Li

c/.

OL

(178); p

/3

7

1.560 1.580 1.605 1.559 1.574 1.598 1.555 1.571 1.594

175.1. Sr(CHO2 ) 2 .2H 2 O (Formate) (178); p X a. /3 7

527 E ca. 1.48691.52441.5420 589D 1.4838 1.5210 1.5382 687fl ca. 1.4806 1.5174 1.5342

176. \ 48QF 589Z) 656C

SrSiO3 (65); P a /3 7 1.606 1.606 1.646 1.599 1.599 1.637 1.596 1.596 1.634

194. NaH2PO4JI2O ( 4 5 );P X a ft 7 1.602 1.617 1.632 535Tl 1.4583 1.4881 1.4902 1.597 1.612 1.621 589Z) 1.4557 1.4852 1.4873 1.595 1.610 1.618 671Li 1.45271.4821 1.4841

185. BaSi2O4 ( 6 5 );P X

4SQF 589Z) 656C

a

0

7

195. NaH2PO4.2H20 ( 4 5 );P 186. Ba2Si3O8 ( 6 5 );P X a ft 7 4SQF 1.627 1.632 1.652 X a (3 7 535Tl 1.4123 1.46551.4843 1.620 1.625 1.645 589Z) 486F 1.740 1.744 1.766 589Z) 1.4400 + 1.4629 1.4814 + 1.617 1.622 1.641 671Li 1.4376 1.46001.4782 5897) 1.727 1.732 1.756 656<7 656C 1.722 1.727 1.752 187. BaPt(CN)4.4H 2 O («); see 196. Na2HPO4JH2O («);P Fig. 2 X a /3 7 178. SrPt(CN)4.5H20 (is) 535Tl 1.4437 1.44491.4552 187.1. BaBe2Si2O7, Barylite 245 179. SrMoO4 ( ); P', cf. Fig. 1 589Z) 1.4411 + 1.4424 1.4526 (248); p X CO € 671Li 1.4382 1.4395 1.4497 X a. /3 7 535Tl 1.926 1.932 540 1.699 1.705 1.707 197. Na2HPO4.12H2O (45, 46) ; 589Z) 1.917 1.922 589Z) 1.691 1.696 1.703 P 671Li 1.906 1.910 656C 1.687 1.692 1.699 X a. j8 I 7 180. Ca2Sr(C3H5O2)G (Pro535Tl 1.4348 1.4389 1.4402 188. BaCa2Si3O9 (65); p 71 pionate) ( ); p 589Z) 1.4321 1.4361 1.4373 X co e X O) € 671Li 1.4290 1.4330 1.4341 4SQF 1.690 1.678 535Tl 1.489? 1.498? 589Z) 1.681 1.668 198. Na2H2P2O7-GH2O (45); P 589Z) 1.487i 1.4956 656(7 1.677 1.664 X a /3 7 671Li 1.4839 1.491? 189. Li2S2O6.2H2O (200) 535Tl 1.4623 1.4672 1.4677 54 181. BaBr2.2H2O ( );P 589Z) 1.45991.46451.4649 X a P 7 X a /3 v 671Li 1.4573 1.4616 1.4617 4SQF 1.554s 1.568o 1.588? 4SQF 1.72821.74181.7588 589Z) 1.548? 1.5602 1.578s 199. Na3HP206.9H20 (45); P 535Tl 1.7197 1.7334 1.7507 656C 1.5462 1.5565 1.5763 X a & 7 589Z) 1.7129 1.7266 1.7441 190. Li2O.Al2O3.4SiO2, 535Tl 1.4682 1.4769 1.4836 656C 1.7067 1.7205 1.7382 57 Spodumene ( ) 589Z) 1.46531.47381.4804 671Li 1.70561.71941.7371 X a. 13 7 671Li 1.46221.47051.4769 182. BaSO4, Barite (56, ei, 85, 589Z) 1.660 1.665 1.675 200. Na3AsO4.12H20 (i°);P 103, 115); p X 5pD X CU € X a )8 7 535Tl 31 535Tl 1.4624 1.4704 f 1.6360 1.6372 1.6480 671Li -35 589Z) 1.4589 1.4669 \ 1.6368 1.6379 1.6486 dap = 8pD; dyp = 1.063/3j>. 671Li 1.4553 1.463o 4 6 X 5aD* 8$D* dyD* 191. Na2S203.5H20 ( );P 201. NaH2AsO4.H2O (45); p 397# 167+ 170 176 X OL /3 7 X a. (3 7 431£ 120+ 122 126 + 535Tl 1.4919 1.51171.5405 535Tl 1.54181.55731.5647 4SQF 64 65+ 68 589Z) 1.48861.50791.5360 589Z) 1.53821.55351.5607 656C -26 -26+ -27 + 671Li 1.48491.50381.5311 671Li 1.53411.54941.5563 716a -45 -46 -47 191.1. NaNO 3 , Soda niter (133); X I Ta I T0 I T7 202. Na 2 HAsO 4 JH 2 O (45); p P -50° < t < +215° (103) X a /3 7 X CO € 431 -1.7+ -1.4+ -2.3 535Tl 1.4654 1.4689 1.4814 4346^' 1.6126 1.3404 686 -1.8 -1.6 -2.3 436Hg 1.6121 589Z) 1.46221.46581.4782 1.34Oa 215° < * < 560° (103) 671Li 1.4587 1.4623 1.4746 4SQF 1.5998 1.3384 431 -2.0+ -1.8 -2.6 203. Na2HAsO4.12H2O (45); p 501He 1.5968 1.3379 686 -2.1 -1.8 -2.6 546Hg 1.5899 X a. ft 7 1.336s 0° < t <300° (143) 535Tl 1.44821.4527 1.4545 578Hg 1.5860 1.3363 480 -2.0 -1.7+ -2.5 + 589D 1.4453 1.4495 + 1.4513 589D 1.5848* 1.336o* 671 -2.0+ -1.8+ -2.6 671Li 1.4420 1.4462 1.4480 656C 1.5791 1.334? *From (85»103» 139» 143). 668He 1.5783 1.334s 204. NaSO3.NH2C6H4.2H2O * Cf, 102.1, 177). 183. Ba(CHO2)2, (Formate) (Sulfanilate) ( 5 2);P (178); p 192. Na4P2O7-IOH2O (45);p X CL ft 7 X a /3 7 X a /3 7 535Tl 1.5411 1.5722 1.6573 527Eca. 1.578 1.602 1.641 535Tl 1.45261.45511.4629 589Z) 1.53621.56671.6490 589D 1.573 1.597 1.636 589Z) 1.44991.45251.4604 671Li 1.53121.56111.6405 687£ca. 1.568 1.592 1.631 671Li 1.4470 1.4496 1.4575 205. NaSO3.C10H6NH2.4H2O (Naphthionate) (52); p 184. BaSiO3 ( 65 ); P; cf. Fig. 1 193. NaHPO3.3H2O (45); p X a /3 7 X a. /3 7 X a /3 7 486F 1.682 1.684 1.688 535Tl 1.4883 1.4927 1.5074 535Tl 1.5800 1.6067 1.665? 589Z) 1.673 1.674 1.678 589Z) 1.4855 1.4897 1.5041 589D 1.57311.59871.657o 656C 1.669 1.670 1.673 671Li 1.48221.48611.5006 671Li 1.56601.59061.6460 177. Sr2SiO4 ( 6 5 );P

205.1. (NH4)NaC4H406.4H20

(Tartrate*) (8.1 8i.i) ; p X a. ft 7 436 1.504+1.507+1.508 546 1.497+1.500+1.501 + 589Z) 1.495+1.498+1.499 + 650 1.494 1.497 1.498 * Mixed crystals of this with the K-Na salt ( 8 -*).

206. Na2SiF6 (i«o); P; cf. Fig. 1 X

CO

434G' 4SQF 589Z) 656C

1.3153 1.3141 1.3125 1.3116

6

1.3118 1.3106 1.3089 1.3081

207. Na2O.ZrO2.6SiO2.3H2O, Elpidite (70) X CL 0 7 535Tl 1.56321.5674 1.577 671Li 1.557s 1.562o 1.570 207.1. Na2(Ti, Zr)O2.Si2O7, Lorenzenite ( 70 ) X OL /3 7 535Tl 1.758 1.802 589D 1.743 1.74s 1.788 671Li 1.732 1.778 +2Ep = 72°; 2VD = 39° 208. Na2Pt(CN)4.3H2O (is) 209. Na2Fe2Si4Oi2, Acmite (132); p

a

X

589Z)

/3

'

1.77+ 1.82

-y

1.83 +

Dispersion 6 % greater than for the following, p: 434G' 436Hg 486^ 502He 546Hg 589Z> 656C 668He

1.8017 1.80Oo 1.7853 1.7818 1.7736 1.7675 1.7608 1.7597

1.8644 1.8524 1.8304 1.8254 1.8142 + 1.8062 1.7974 1.7961

1.877 1.850 + 1.823 1.813

210. Na6FeTi2SiI2O22F, Narsarsukite (70) 211. Na 2 CrO 4 .4H 2 O(?) (40) 212. Na2O.P2O5.(MoO3)5.UH2O (50); p X

535Tl 589Z) 671Li

a

7

p

1.6017 1.6494 1.6610 1.5962 1.6411 1.6520 1.59061.63281.6430

213. Na3V04.10H20 (i°);P X

CO

535Tl 589D 671Li

1.546o 1.539s 1.5332

214. Na3V04.12H20 X co 535Tl 1.515o 589D 1.5095 671Li 1.5040 I

€

1.553? 1.547s 1.540s (i°); P e 1.5293 1.5232 1.5173

215. Na2B4O7-IOH2O, Borax

223. BeNaHSi3O8, Epididymite

(46);p

(70)

X*

a

/3

7

f 1.4463 1.4682 1.4712 \ 1.4468 1.4694 1.4724 X 8(3D 4SQF 56 535Tl 25 671Li -29 5aD = 0.895/3/>; 8yD = 0.97 X 6^D. 2VD = 39° 14' to 39° 36'. *From ("S).

216. Na2OÂl2O3-Sb2O5, Swedenborgite (2) X co e 486F 1.7822 1.779i 527# 1.777s 1.774s 589Z) 1.7724 1.77Oo 656C 1.7696 1.766s 687ff 1.7684 1.765s 217. NaAlSiO4 ca., Nephelite X co e Lit. 486/^ca. 1.548ol.544a (189) 589Z) 1.541? 1.5382 (189) 589Z) 1.537*1.533* (24) 589D 1.537tl.539f (24) 656Cca. 1.53921.5357 (189) 759 A ca. 1.53661.5332 (189) * Pure NaAlSiO4. t Contains 35 % CaAl2Si2Os. 218. NaAlSi3O8, Albite; feldspar, c/. 261 (67, 106, 133); p

X

a

$

J

589Z) 1.5282 1.5323 1.538e X 8@D X S0D 405Hg 138- 656C -24 + 434£' 104- 687B -34 486F 58 706He -39 + 535Tl 27- 768 A 7 -54 + 8aD = 0.9855/S0; 570 = 1.02X WD', +2TV = 77.2°; +2Fc = TT. 220. Na2Al2H4Si3O12 ca., NatroH te (32, 148) X

a

p

7

X

0

a

7

535Tl 1.54651.54661.5491 589Z) 1.54401.54411.5464 671Li 1.54161.54171.5438 224. MgNa2.2SO4.4H2O, Blodite (192); p X

a

/3

7

535Tl 1.48431.48581.4888 589D 1.48251.48391.4866 671Li 1.4807 1.4820 1.4847 225. Na4AIi6B6SiI2H8O63, Natourmaline Tourmaline is near Na4AIi6B6SiI2H8O63 and Mgi2Al10B6Sii2H6O6S (Mg-tourmaline), with various substitutions. Data read from curves (16» 57 » 1 62 > 172, 175, 240),

Na-tourmaline X

589D

co

co — e

1.636 0.0172

X

5coc

5ec

4SQF

94 87 Mg-tourmaline X co co — e 589Z) 1.63s 0.019s X 5coc 5ec 434G' 150 136 + 486F 96 87 589Z) 29 26 656C O O Either with ca. 7 % Fe2O3 + 8 % FeO X

589Z) X

co

e

1.685 1.651 5coc?

5cc

486ff 14o 12o 226. CaNa2.2CO3.2H2O, Pirssonite (156) X

OL

/3

T

535Tl 1.507o* 1.512o 1.579i 589D 1.504o 1.5089 1.5749 671Li 1.50l3*1.506i 1.5712

f1.475 1.479 1.489 * From /3, 7 and 2 V. 5 9 227. Na, Ca, (Mn), Fe, Zr, etc. * ^ \ 1.478 1.481 1.491 metasilicate, Eudialite (237) X 3a0 600 670 X co c 535Tl 25 25 28 535Tl 1.6120 1.6142 671Li -24 -26 -29 589D 1.6084 1.6102 221. Na 4 Al 3 Si 9 O 24 Cl ca., Maria671Li 1.6042 1.6060 lite (11, 58, 74, 114, 194); with 589Z), co = e = 1.533; 5co0 = 228. 4Na2O.CaO.4Al203.2CO2.9SiO2-SH2O, Cancrinite (i) 8€D = S€D of Meionite (162) X

589Z)

03

€

1.568*

1.545*

* 50 % Marialite + 50 % Meionite.

222. BeNaPO4, Beryllonite

( 39 );c/. ( 72 )

X

a.

0

7

535Tl 1.5544 1.5604 1.563e 589Z) 1.5520 1.5579 1.56Os 671Li 1.5492 1.555o 1.557s -2F67i = 67° 22'; -2VD = 67° 34'; -2F636 = 67° 5o'.

229.—(Continued) Dispersion for the range 700 > X > 500 is linear with respect to either average refractive index or molecular composition. Oligoclase (143, 202), andesine and labradorite (202). For x = 78, y = 22, oligoclase ( 143 ): Range of X T temp. « T? ^ H4-

234. K2S3O6 ( 129 );P 436Hg 4SQF 546Hg 589D 656C 691Hg

X

a.

/3

231. BaNa4(Ti, Zr)O2(Si2Og)5, Leucosphenite ( 7 0 ) 231.1. KClO 4 (133, 251); p OL

/5

7

589D 1.472s 1.473s 1.476s 8pD

X

X

8pD

404Hg 101 546Hg 15 434(?r 76 656C -18 486F 43 706He -29 8oLD = «&>,• 87D = 1.03«^; 2FC = 50° Is 7 ; 2FF = 48° 4 8 7 231.2. KIO4 (133) X co e 434G' 1.6473 1.6804 436Hg 1.6468 1.6798 + 486F 1.6346 1.6651 546Hg 1.6253 1.6535 + 578Hg 1.6216 1.6492 + 589D 1.6205 1.6479 656C 1.6151 1.6416 232.

K 2 SO 4 (133, 200, 203); p;

cf. Fig. 1 X

a

0

7

589D 1.49341.49461.4973 X

8&D*

X

«

0

.7

4SQF 1.5421 1.5460 1.5518 589D 1.53521.53901.5446 656C 1.53251.53621.5418 For all colors if 20° < t < Ta = —5, T ft =

50°,

~6, T-y =

-7+.

7

535Tl 1.507o 1.5072 1.5075 589D 1.504s 1.505o 1.505s 671Li 1.5019 1.502i 1.5024

X

7

235. K 2 SeO 4 (205) ; p X

150

° \6710.270.3s0.37 ISOto \ 4800.47 0.60 0.5s 300° \ 671 0.440.50 0.49 230. Na2Ca2Al6Si9O30-SH2O ca., Mesolite ( 76 ); becomes uniaxial near 350C

/3

1.5040 1.5805 1.621 1.4993*1.5732*1.612 1.4954 1.5673 1.4934* 1.5641 * 1.602 1.4909 1.5607 1.490Of 1.5591 1.596

* Interpolated, t Corrected.

IKHO / 4800.3s 0 . 4 4 0 . 3 9

Ot

a

X

50D*

236. KNO3, Niter (133); p; f or soda niter, v. 191.1 X

a

/3

7

405Hg 436Hg 486F 546Hg 589D 656C 706He 7&8A'

1.3384 1.3368 1.3347 1.3330 1.3320 1.3310

1.5299 1.5224 1.5139 1.5072+ 1.5038 1.4998 1.4975 1.4951

1.5304 1.5229 1.5144 1.5077 1.5042 + 1.5002 1.4979 1.4955

237. KH2PO4 (200); c/. Fig. 1 X

CO

486F 589D 656C

1.5154 1.509s 1.5064

€

1.4734 1.4684 1.4664

238. KH2AsO4 (200) X

CO

486^ 589Z) 656C

1.5762 1.5674 1.5632

€

1.5252 1.5179 1.5146

239. KHCO3 (133); P; Cf. Fig. 1 X

a

0

7

405Hg 1.387 434G' 1.3851.492 1.588 486F 1.3831.487+ 1.581 589Z) 1.3801.482 1.573 656C 1.3791.479+1.569 768 A' 1.3771.476 1.564

405Hg 113+ 656(7 -19 + 240. KHC O (Acid oxalate) 2 4 434£; 84 706He -31 (133); p; . Fig. 1 486F 47 X a 0 7 8aD = 8(3 D = 8-YD', +2 VD = 404Hg 1.6004 67° 20'. For all colors if 20° < 436Hg 1.3791 1.5665 + 1.5933 t < 180°, ra = 70 = -4.0,T7 = 4SQF 1.37621.5602 1.5849 -5.0 (203). X co e 589Z) 1.37281.5518 1.5743 133 *( ). 486F 1.531 1.507 656C 1.3716 1.5482 + 1.5700 233. K2S2O6 (i 67 ); P 589D 1.525 1.502 668He 1.37141.5476+1.5694 X co e 656C 1.522 1.500 706He 1.5458 1.5673 405Hg 1.4662 1.5370 229. (NaAlSi3Os)x + (CaAl2Si2241. KC6H5O4S (p-Phenol436Hg 1.4631 1.5309 Og)y, Feldspars; see 261 sulfonate) ( 86 ); p 1.4594 1.5237 Includes: Albite (218) (for 492Hg 546Hg 1.4567 1.518(6) X a 0 7 which y = O), Andesine (229), 4SQF 1.5834 1.6222 1.7114 579Hg 1.4554 1.516(4) Anorthite (159) (for which x = 589Z) 1.5714 1.6079 1.6942 623Hg 1.4544 1.5140 O), Labradorite (229), Oligoclase 656C 1.5672 1.6033 1.6879 691Hg 1.4527 1.5110 (229). c/

242. KC6H6O4S^H2O (oPhenolsulfonate) (86); p X a ,3 7 486F 1.5362 1.579s 1.6636 589Z) 1.526s 1.567? 1.646? 656C 1.522s 1.56341.641 o 243. KC 6 H 2 (NO 2 ) 3 O (Picrate) (15); P X

OL

ft

7

258. K2Ni(SeO4)2.6H2O; see Table 2 259. K 6 Cr 2 (CN) 1 2 (SO) 5 P

X 535Tl 589Z) 671Li

a.

$

7

1.52681.52921.5423 1.52211.52441.5373 1.51761.51981.5324

261.1. KAlSi3O8, Microcline, a feldspar ( 57 ); see also Orthoclase (261)

X

OL

/3

7

589Z) 1.518s 1.5226 1.525s X 8@D 535Tl 3o 671Li -3o 8oiD = 8(3D = §7D.

267.—(Continued) Range: Dispersion, several %( 2 0 1 );"z> = 1-535 to 1.545; birefringence ( 2 3 I); &D — eD = +0.0003 to -0.0025. 268. LiKSO4 ( 241 » 254 ); P X

e

486JF 589Z) 656C

1.4759 1.4715 1.469?

cu

1.4762 1.472i 1.4703

260. K 2 UO 2 (SO 4 ) 2 .2H 2 O 486F 1.577 262. K2O.Al2O3.4SiO2, Leucite (142.1); p 502He 1.560 2.046 (164); Weak birefringence; n = X a j8 7 588He 1.527 1.903 1.952 mean index; 750° is above inver- 269. LiKPt(CN) .3(?)H O (14); 4 2 1.520 1.535 1.58s 656C 1.517 1.842 1.916 500 sion temperature see Fig. 2 1.514 1.527 1.570 668He 1.516 1.835 1.912 580 X n21o ^750° X a. ft 7 720 1.509 1.522 1.563 434£' 1.5188 1.5053 244. 2(SbO.K.C4H4O6).H2O 588He 1.6237l.627s 2.292 486P 1.5146 1.5009 (Tartrate) (200); p 656C 1.618s 1.621? 2.040 260.1. KBF4, Avogadrite (245.1) 589D 1.5088* 1.4947* X a. /3 7 668He 2.014 X a (3 7 656C 1.506i 1.4921 486F 1.6325 1.649? 1.6511 706He 1.953 577 1.325 1.325 1.325 719a 1.5046 1.4903 589D 1.6199 1.636o 1.637s 589Z) 1.324 1.325 1.325 X 434 |687 656C 1.614s 1.6306 1.6322 270. NaKC4H4O6.4H2O (Tar677 1.323 1.324 Interval.... rwf trate) (222); P 245. K 2 Zn(SO 4 ) 2 .6H 2 O; see 261. KAlSi3O8, Orthoclase; P; 21 to 425°.. . -0.8o -0.7o X a j8 7 Table 2 see also Microcline (261.1) 425 to 585°... -1.6 -1.5 434G' 1.50141.50281.5075 (A feldspar; others are: Albite * At 425, 585, and 660° nD = 246. K 2 Zn(SeO 4 ) 2 .6H 2 O; see 486JP 1.49621.49791.5022 (218), Andesine (229), Anorthite 1.5058, 1.5033, 1.5000, respectively. ' Table 2 589Z) 1.48991.49171.4954 t Between 500 and 750° is irregu(159), Labradorite (229), Micro- lar due to inversion. 247. CdCl2.2KCl ("7) 656C 1.4872 1.4890J 1.4926 cline (261.1), Oligoclase (229). If -70° < t < +40°, T01 = X OJ € 263. KH Al Si Oi , Muscovite 2 3 3 2 Orthoclase occurs in two 527#ca. 1.5965 1.5966 — 6.5, r/3 = —6.1 for all colors, (mica) (112,157,172) optical orientations, crystal axis 589Z) 1.59Oe 1.590? and T7 = —6.8 for blue and X a ft 7 a is always near the a-axis, but -6.2 for red. 687£ca. 1.584i 1.5842 589D 1.551 1.580 1.585 crystal axis b is the 7-axis in Addition of 5% Fe'" in248. CuCl2.2KC1.2H20 (59); P normal orthoclase (adularia, 271. FeCl2.3KCl.NaCl, Rincreases a, j8, 7 by 0.0018, 0.0024, X CO € etc.) and the 0-axis in abnormal neite (20) 0.0026, respectively. For sam405Hg 1.695? 1.6439 orthoclase. Here 6 and e, X CO € 436Hg 1.6807 1.6346 respectively, denote the 7 and /3 ple with ca. 2.5% Fe'", n535 535Tl 1.593o 1.5939 —ne?! = 0.006+, whether n = 492Hg 1.6636 1.6235 indices for normal, and the 0 589Z) 1.5886 1.5894 546Hg 1.6530 1.6162 and 7 indices for abnormal a, /3, or 7. 671Li 1.5836 1.5842 orthoclase. As temperature is 264. K2Mg(SO4)2.6H2O, Picro578Hg 1.6485 1.6133 623Hg 1.6438 1.6097 increased, normal orthoclase merifce; see Table 2 271.1. RbClO 4 (251); P ultimately becomes abnormal. 249. K2Cu(SO4)2.6H2O, 265. K 2 Mg(SeO 4 ) 2 .6H 2 O; see X CL /3 7 X OL e b Cyanochroite; see Table 2 Table 2 589Z) 1.4692 1.47Oi 1.473i 1 wm* J -5177 1.52I7 1.5231 X BftD* X d0D* 250. K2Cu(SeO4)2.6H2O; see 266. K2Ca(SO4)2.H2O, Synt 1.517o 1.521i 1.520s 434G' 75 656C -18 72 80 Table 2 /1.518 1.522 1.524 genite ( > I ); P; uniaxial for 5 y/>1 dciD = 8pD; 8JD = 1.018pD; 251. K 2 PtC 2 O 4 (NO 2 )2.H2O * \ 1.523 1.527 1.529 X = 706 if t = 127°, for X = 471 2VC = 55° !2'; 2VF = 54° 3s'. (Platonitritooxalate) ( 53 ); p if t = 178° X 8bDt X 56x4 * Curves, see 231.1. 434G' 101 656C -24 X a /3 7 X a /3 T 589Z) 1.500+ 1.517 1.518 535Tl 1.55791.6510 1.770 486F 57 719a -41 272. Rb2SO4 (203); p X 8aD 8(3D 8jD 589Z) 1.54501.6414 1.760 535Tl 26 X OL 0 7 471He 59 61 62 671Li 1.5343| 1.6319 1.748 8aD = (0.98to0.985)56z>; deD = 486F 1.51811.51831.5194 486F 49 50 51 (l.OOs to 1.01)5&D 252. K 2 Fe(SO 4 ) 2 .6H 2 O; see 589D 1.51311.51331.5144 502He 40 40+ 41 X Ta I T6 I Tb Table 2 656C 1.51121.51131.5124 -50° to 150° (232) 706He -31 -33 -36 253. K 2 Fe(SeO 4 ) 2 .6H 2 O; see If 60° < t < 180°, for all If 10° < * < 130°, ra = rp = 535-671 0.3o | 0.4s | 0.2o Table 2 colors, Ta = — 4, Tft = T7 = 150° to 400° (232) -2.6, T7 = -3.5. 254. K 3 Fe(CN) 6 (178) -3+. 535-671 0.5i I 0.6i I 0.5i 267. K2O.8CaO.16SiO2.16H20 X a /3 1 7 0°to 150° (143) 59 ca., Apophyllite ( ) 273. Rb2S2O6 ( 6 2 J; P 589Z) 1.566ol.5689 1.583i 480 0.3o 0.4s 0.2o X o> e (e — co)* X oj e 687Bca. 1.559i 1.5615Jl .5759 671 0.24 0.4o 0.17 405Hg 1.5496 1.5496 435Hg 1.46721.528 0.0598 255. K 2 Co(S0 4 ) 2 .6H 2 0;s6*? 150° to 300° (143) 436Hg 1.4642 1.52s 0.0572 436Hg 1.5456 1.5459 Table 2 480 0.6o 0.7o 0.5o 492Hg 1.5403 1.5410 486F 1.4613 1.5153 0.0541 256. K 2 Co(SeO 4 ) 2 .6H 2 O;see 671 0.5o 0.62 0.37 546Hg 1.5366+ 1.5376 + 589Z) 1.4565 1.506s 0.0505 * For pure; extrapolated from Table 2 578Hg 1.5349 1.5360 + 656C 1.45441.5034 0.0491 impure specimens. 257. K 2 Ni(S0 4 ) 2 .6H 2 0;see fFrom ( 30 » 106, 232). 623Hg 1.5329+ 1.5342 691Hg 1.45341.5017 0.0485 Table 2 t From ( 30 » 1 0 6 » 139, 143, 2 3 2 ) . * By interference. 671 1.5311 1.5325 +

274. Rb2SeO4 ( 2 0 5 );P a

X

486F 589Z) 656C If 20° colors, Ta T7

^

I

/3

7

1.55861.56091.5655 1.55151.55371.5582 1.54871.55091.5554 < t < 80°, for all = — 4+, Tft = —5,

6+.

275.

Rb 2 Zn(SO 4 )2.6H 2 O; see ' Table 2

276. Rb 2 Zn(SeO 4 ) 2 .6H 2 O; see Table 2 277.

Rb 2 Cd(SO 4 ) 2 .6H 2 O; see Table 2

278.

Rb 2 Cu(SO 4 ) 2 .6H 2 O; see Table 2

279.

Rb 2 Cu(SeO 4 ) 2 .6H 2 O; see Table 2

280. Rb 2 Mn(SO 4 ) 2 .6H 2 O; see Table 2 281. Rb 2 Mn(SeO 4 ) 2 .6H 2 O; see Table 2 282.

Rb 2 Fe(SO 4 ) 2 .6H 2 O; Table 2

see

292.—(Continued) For all colors, if 20° < t < 180°, Ta = -4, rp = -3+, TJ = — 3. 293.

Cs2S2O6 ( 6 1 );P

X

CO

405Hg 436Hg 486F 492Hg 589D 656C 719q

1.5366 1.5328 1.5285 1.5282 1.5230 1.5207 1.5191

€

1.564o 1.5583 1.5518 1.5513 1.5438 1.5405 1.5382

294.

Cs2SeO4 (205) ; P; c/. Fig. 1 X a ft 7 48QF 1.60701.60801.6084 589Z) 1.59891.59991.6003 656C 1.59551.59651.5969 For all colors, if 20° < t <

80°,

Ta =

~7+,

rp

= Ty =

-6.

295. Cs 3 Tl 2 Cl 9 ( 155 ) X

ct>

c

535Tl 589Z) 671Li

1.792 1.784 1.772

1.786 1.774 1.762

283. Rb 2 Fe(SeO 4 ) 2 .6H 2 O; see Table 2

296. Cs2Zn(SO4)2.6H2O; see Table 2

284.

Rb 2 Co(SO 4 ) 2 .6H 2 O; see Table 2

297. Cs2Zn(SeO4)2.6H2O; see Table 2

285. Rb 2 Co(SeO 4 ) 2 .6H 2 O; see Table 2

298. Cs2Cd(SO4)2.6H2O; see Table 2

286. Rb 2 Ni(SO 4 ) 2.6H2O; see Table 2

299. Cs2Cu(SO4)2.6H2O; see Table 2

287. Rb2Ni(SeO4)2.6H2O; see Table 2

300. Cs2Cu(SeO4)2.6H2O; see Table 2

288. Rb2Mg(SO4)2.6H2O; see Table 2

301. Cs 2 Mn(SO 4 ) 2 .6H 2 O; see Table 2

289. Rb2Mg(SeO4)2.6H2O; see Table 2

302. Cs2Mn(SeO4)2.6H2O; s$e Table 2

290. Rb 2 Mg(CrO 4 ) 2 .6H 2 O; see Table 2

303. Cs 2 Fe(SO 4 ) 2 .6H 2 O; see Table 2

291. RbLiPt(CN)4.3(?)H2O

304. Cs2Fe(SeO4)2.6H2O; see Table 2

(14)

\

a

p

v

588He 1.62041.6234 1.931 656(7 1.6153l.617e 1.827 668He 1.815 291.1. CsClO4 (251); P X

j8

a

7

589Z) 1.4752 1.478s 1.4804 X 8pD* X 8pD* 434£' 80+ 6560 -19 dotD = 0.985|3z>; $7z> = 1.02 X 6/3z>; -2FC = -2Fj. = 62.5°. * Curves, see 231.1. 292. CS2SO4 (203); P X

486F 589Z) 656C

a

/3

7

1.5660 1.5706 1.5725 1.5598 1.5644 1.5662 1.55731.56191.5637

305. Cs2Co(SO4)2.6H2O; see Table 2 306. Cs 2 Co(SeO 4 ) 2 .6H 2 O;see Table 2 307. Cs2Ni(SO4)2.6H2O; see Table 2 308. Cs2Ni(SeO4)2.6H2O; see Table 2 308.1. Cs2UO2Cl4 (142.1) 309. Cs2Mg(SO4)2.6H2O; see Table 2 310. Cs2Mg(SeO4)2.6H2O; see Table 2 311. Cs2Mg(CrO4)2.6H2O; see Table 2

II. (T-Table; Organic

Compounds; (T-Arrangement; v. Vol. Ill, p. viii C4H8Cl2O2, ErythritoldichloroCH2I2, Methylene iodide, hydrin (52) liquid; for comparison only see Fig. 1 X CO € 535Tl 1.5568 1.5175 CHsAsOs, Methylarsenic acid 589Z) 1.5535 1.5149 (53) 671Li 1.5497 1.5119 \ a P f 535Tl 1.5105 1.5490 1.5499 C 4 H 8 N 2 O 3 -H 2 O, Asparagine 589D 671Li

1.5074 1.5037

1.5457 1.5415

1.5463 1.5417

C 2 H 4 N 4 , Dicyandiamide ( 86 ) 486F 589Z) 656C

1.5321 1.5212 1.517?

1.5579 1.549s 1.5454

1.870 1.847 1.835

C2H5NO2, Glycocoll («7) 486^ 687B

1.5C65 1.4985

1.6256 1.6115

1.6758 1.6588

C2H8N2O4.H2O, Ammonium oxalate (133) 405Hg 436Hg 502He 546Hg 588He 668He 706He

1.4503 1.4472 1.4427 1.4403 1.4387 1.4362

1.5658 1.5606 1.5528 1.5489 1.5458 1.5417

1.6212 1.6139 1.6033 1.5983 1.5944 1.5889 1. 5868

C3H6N6, Melamine ( 8 «) 486F 589D 656(7

1.4992 1.4906 1.4876

1.7656 1.7429 1.7340

1.902o 1.872i 1.860s

C3H6N6O6, Trimethylenetrinitroamine ( 197 ) 447He 471He 486F 535Tl 589D 656(7

1.597 1.592+ 1.589+ 1.582+ 1.577s 1.573

1.620+ 1.614+ 1.611+ 1.603 1.5966 1.591+

1.624 + 1.618 + 1.615 + 1.608 1.6015 1.597

C3Hi2N6O3, Guanidine carbonate ( 18 > 120) X a? e 535Tl 1.5035* 1.493o* 589D 1.500o* 1.489s* 589Z) 1.499o 1.4962 671Li 1.4954* 1.4849* * Recalculated from ( 18 ).

C4H2O3, Maleic anhydride (138) X a p 7 589Z) 1.4429 1.4781 1.6384 671Li 1.43971.47451.6313 C4H4INO2, Iodosuccinimide (219) X

03

€

486F 1.7129 1.6909 535Tl 1.703s 1.679? 589Z) 1.696s 1.6726 656C 1.690s 1.6652 671Li 1.6896 1.6645 C4H6O4, Succinic acid ( 86 ) X

486F 589Z) 656C C4H6O4, 4SQF 589Z) 656C

a

/3

7

1.455s 1.541 o 1.6204 1.4503 1.533s 1.61Oo 1.4486 1.5315 1.6062 Dimethyl oxalate ( 8 6) 1.42671.470+1.563 1.417? 1.461 + 1.552 1.416 1.460+1.550

X 527E co. 589D 687B co.

(178) a /3 1.5513 1.5845 1.54761.5800 1.5438 1.5752

I

v 1.6238 1.6190 1.6139

C4H9NO6, Ammonium hydrogen tartrate (200) 486F 589Z) 656C

1.52s 1.569 1.519 1.56i 1.517 1.55s

1.6Oo 1.591 1.586

C 5 Hi 0 O 5 , Z-a-Arabinose (234) 589D I 1.551 [1.567 |l.571 Dispersion same as for d-a-Lyxose. C5Hi0O5, d-/8-Arabinose (234) I 1.555 |l.573 |l.577 589D Dispersion is co. 15 % > that for doi-Ly xose. C5H10O5, d-a-Lyxose (234)

450

1.541 1.550

500 589D 650

1.537 1.532 1.530

1.559

1.546 1.554 + 1.541 1.549 1.538+ 1.547

C5H10O5, d-a-Xylose (234) 589D I 1.517 |1.544 |l.546 Dispersion is co. 10 % < that for dq-Lyxose.

C6H6ClNO2, Picolinic acid hydrochloride ( 11G ) 535Tl 1.4514 1.713 1.764 •589D 1.4482 1.705 1.754 671Li 1.44381.695 1.741

C6H6N4O7, Ammonium picrate X a /3 7 486 1.543 513 1.528 1.960 2.004 528 1.522 1.944 1.961 541 1.518 1.933*1.933* 588 1.508+-1.872 1.908 668 1.499 1.81+1.880 Lit. (I*) (129) (129) * ft and y interchange orientations.

C6H6O2, o-Dihydroxybenzene (86)

486F 1.6204 1.63U 1.7538 589Z) 1.6044 1.61391.7336 656C 1.5980 1.6073 1.725s C6H6O2, Resorcinol ( 8 «) 486F 1.59Oi 1.6372 1.6449 589Z) 1.578i 1.6197 1.627a 656C 1.572s 1.6132 1.620s C6H6O2, Hydroquinol ( 8 ^) X

CO

6

486F 1.6479 1.642o 589Z) 1.632s 1.6262 656C 1.626o 1.619s C6H8O7-H2O, Citric acid (177) X 527E ca. 589D 687.B co.

a 0 7 1.4967 1.5012 1.5123 1.4932 1.4977 1.5089 1.4896 1.4943 1.5054

C6Hi2O5-H2O, Rhamnose ( 55 ) x a /s y 434G' 486F 535Tl 589Z> 656C 671Li

1.53379 1.54222 1.54446 1.52892 1.53724 1.53960 1.5256s 1.5338s 1.53631 1.5229s 1.531Oe 1.5336o 1.52034 1.5283s 1.531Oo 1.51986 1.5278s 1.53052

C7H6N2O4, 2, 4-Dinitrotoluene 486F 589Z> 656C

(86) 1.452 +11.677i 1.7884 1.442+ 1.6619 1.7556 1.439+1.6567 1.744o

C7H6N2O4, 2, 6-Dinitrotoluene 486F 589I> 656C

(86) 1.487s 1.689s 1.762i 1.478s 1.6694 1.734o 1.475s 1.622s 1.724s

C7HioN2O7, Dimethyl monoareidodihydroxysuccinate (135) C7H10N4O5, Isohydroxy-3, 7-dimethyluric acid ( 199 ) X OL /3 -y 535Tl 1.503 1.521 1.679 589Z) 1.495 1.513 1.672 671Li 1.491 1.509 1.665 C7Hi3NO6, Ammonium shikimate ( 66 ) 486F 1.476 1.595 1.668 589Z) 1.470 1.586 1.652 6560 1.468 1.581 1.646 C7Hi4O5, a-Methylrhamnoside (163)

535Tl 589Z) 671Li C7Hi4O6,

1.539 1.543 1.543 1.536 1.540 1.541 1.534 1.538 1.538 <*-Methylgalactoside

CgHi2N4Os, Tetramethyluric acid (163) X a. /3 T 535Tl 1.545 1.616 1.764 589Z) 1.538 1.609 1.754 671Li 1.532 1.604 1.750 CgHi 4 N 2 O 7 , Diethyl monoureidodihydroxysuccinate (135) 535Tl 1.539 1.557 1.579 589Z) 1.537 1.554 1.577 671Li 1.535 1.553 1.576 Ci0H4Cl6O, Hexachloro-|3-ketohydronaphthalene (") 535Tl 1.64291.646 1.65i 589Z) 1.63751.643 1.649 671Li 1.632o 1.639 1.64? Ci0H7Br, Bromonaphthalene* * Liquid; for comparison only; see Fig. 1.

CioH20O2.H2O, cis-Terpine hydrate ( 5 ) X a /3 T 535Tl 1.50731.514s 1.5272 589Z) 1.50491.5124 1.524s 671Li 1.50241.5093 1.521i CnH 2 iNO 3 , tf-Methyl-2, 2, 6, 6tetramethyl-4-hydroxypiperidinecarboxylic acid (198) 535Tl 1.541 1.5512 1.559i 589Z) 1.533 1.5459 1.5562 671Li 1.527 1.5412 1.5524 C12H20O, Matico camphor ( 89 ) X

e

co

535Tl 1.548s 1.5476 589Z) 1.544? 1.5436 671Li 1.541s 1.5404 (163) 535Tl 1.524 1.526 1.532 Ci 2 H 22 On, Saccharose (cane sugar) (133) 589Z) 1.521 1.523 1.529 X a /3 y 671Li 1.520 1.522 1.527 405Hg 1.5524 1.5803 1.5858 C7H14O6, /3-Methyl-d-glucoside 436Hg 1.5484 1.5762+ 1.5816 + (198) X

w

c

535Tl 1.534 1.520 589Z) 1.529 1.513 671Li 1.527 1.511 C7H14O6,
a

X

ft

y

535Tl 1.531 1.533 1.539 589Z) 1.528 1.529 1.537 671Li 1.527 1.528 1.532 CgHi7ClN2, Isobutyraldazine chlorohydrate ( 142 ) C9H6O2, a, 7-Diketohydrindene (153)

X 486F 589Z) 656C a? 1.640 1.619 1.613;e > o> C9H9NO, 2-(a)-Ketotetrahydroquinoline (hydrocarbostyril) (8) X

a

ft

y

535Tl 1.4821 1.8257 589D 1.47921.7095 1.8102

502He 546Hg 588He 706He

1.5425 1.5397+ 1.5377 1.5336

1.5702 1.5756 1.5673 1.5727 1.5652 1.5706 1.5610+1.5664

Ci4Hi2O, Phenyl p-tolyl ketone (19) X

to

535Tl 589Z) 671Li Ci 4 Hi 2 O 3 , X

€

1.725 1.569 1.717 1.563 1.707 1.556 Amyrolin(i68*)

a

/9

7

405Hg 1.4838 1.8558 2.1989 436Hg 1.4778 1.8164 2.0986 492Hg 1.4713 1.7791 2.0126 546Hg 1.46'69 1.7588 1.9684 579Hg 1.4650 1.7504 1.9505 589Z) 1.4645 1.7480 1.9458 623Hg 1.4630 1.7412 1.9326 691Hg 1.4604f 1.7323 1.9138 * Accuracy of data cannot be closely estimated, t IP original, 1.4589.

CisH12O2, Dibenzoylmethane (enolform) (166) 420 ca. 440 co. 480 ca.

1.7354 1.7206 1.7031

1.8800 1.7919 1.7264

2.396Of 2.2356f 2.0989f

Ci8H2INO3, Isocodeine (86)

C i gH12O 2.—(Continued) X

a

y

/3

526 ca.* 1.6913 1.6913 2.0242f 580 ca. 1.6817J 1.6672§ 1.9746f 720 ca. 1.6697£ 1.6401§ 1.9185f * a and /3 interchange as X passes through 526. t Quite uncertain, J /3. «*

C16Hi0O3, Diphenylmaleic anhydride (*2) Ci6H14O, Benzylidene p-tolyl ketone (i") X

a

535Tl 589Z> 671Li

1.634+ 1.620+ 1.607+

y

/3

1.653 1.935 1.642+ 1.909 1.634 1.881

C16H14O2, p-Toluylacetophenone (enolform) ( 166 )

438

1.690

1.805 2.36

459.3 500 552 646.5

1.679 1.663 1.650 1.638

1.758 1.711 1.680 1.652

2.23 2.12 2.03 1.95

C17H23NO4, Menthyl o-nitrobenzoate ( 79 ) 535Tl 1.5003 >1.505 1.5781 589D 1.4966 1.5015* 1.5722 671Li 1.4927 <1.498 1.5659 * Recalculated.

C 17 H 24 Oi 0 , Ethyl tetraacetylquinate ( 87 ) 535Tl 1.4931 589Z> 1.489? 671Li 1.4869 * Recalculated.

1.5071* 1.5172 1.5037* 1.513s 1.501o* l.Slli

Ci8Hi5BiCl2, Triphenylbismuth dichloride (81) 436Hg 1.785 1.788+ 1.848 546Hg 1.744+ 1.745 1.803 589Z> 1.734* 1.735* 1.795 * a and ft interchange between X = 589 and X = 546.

Ci 8 H 2 iNO 3 .H 2 O, Codeine ( 86 ) 486F 589D 656C

1.5507 1.542s 1.5402

1.6514 1.635s 1.6285

1.683s 1.6730

x

«

/s

-Y

486F 589Z) 656C

1.6149 1.6070 1.6026

1.6557 1.6422 1.6364

1.675? 1.6694,

C18H21NO3, Pseudocodeine ( 86 ) Ci8H32016.2H2O, Melezitose dihydrate (235) X a 0 7 589Z) 1.540 1.548 1.550 Dispersions = those of /3Arabinose, CsHioOs. C 2 iHi9BrN 2 , Amarine hydrobromide (i9*) X co e 535Tl 1.63s 1.772 589Z) 1.63o 1.75? 671Li 1.62s 1.75i C2iHi9ClN2, Amarine hydrochloride (193) 535Tl 1.62s 1.75s 589Z) 1.62s 1.747 671Li 1.614 . (?) C2iH3eO2, d-Bornylmethylene ether (239) a .5442 .5401 .5375 .5348 .5343

X 486F 535Tl 589D 656C 671Li

ft 1.5490 1.5449 1.5422 1.5395 1.5390

y .5561 .5520 .5493 .5464 .5459

C22H3sO2S3, Menthylxanthogenthic thioanhydride (I 95 ) 535Tl 1.530 1.6Oo 1.672 5SQD 1.526 1.597 1.66s 671Li 1.514 1.592 1.652

C 23 Hi 9 NO 5 , O7 4-Methylbenzoyl-AT-4-methoxybenzoylbenzhydroxamic acid ( 198 ) 535Tl 589I> 671Li

1.552 1.549 1.548

1.644 1.830 1.638 1.815 1.632 1.794

TABLE 2, see p. 31-32 TABLE 3.—WAVE-LENGTHS CORRESPONDING TO VARIOUS SYMBOLS Unit of X = 10 A = 1 HIM = IQ"7 cm SymSymSymX X A bol bol bol 226Cd 226.503 455Ba 455.40 .7^H /579.07 g 231Cd 231.288 468Cd 467.82 \576.96 257Cd 257.304 471He 471.31 588He 587.56 275Cd 274.867 480Cd 479.99 f 589.00Na 58q/) 340Cd 340.365 486/^ 486.13H/3 \589.59Na 347Cd 346.69 492Hg 491.60 623Hg 623.44 361Cd 361.2s 492He 492.19 644Cd 643.85 393ZT 393.37Ca 502He 501.57 656C 656.28Ha 397ZZ 396.85Ca 508Cd 508.58 668He 667.81 41OA 410.17H5 [526.95Fe 671Li 670.79 405Hg 404.66 527# \ 527.03Ca 691Hg 690.75 ( 430.77Ca [ 527.04Fe 687£ 687.1 ca. 4t51Cr \430.79Fe 535Tl 535.05 706He 706.52 4346" 434.05Hy 538Cd 537.89 719a 718.9m. 436Hg 435.83 546Hg 546.07 /759.41 ?fi(M 447He 447.15 561Pb 560.88 \762.13 768 A' 768.19K

TABLE 2.—REFRACTION OF PURE SULFATES, SELENATES AND CHROMATES OF THE TYPE R';R2(SO4)2.6H20 The data relating to dispersion (in air at room temperature) have been determined from curves that take account of the similarities of all these sulfates and selenates. In most cases, approximate measurements ( 204 ) have been made for X = G' — 434im*, but, excepting the Tl-salts, more accurate values can be derived from the relations: (&G> — PF) = 0.76 (/ifr — Pc) for the sulfates, and (/fc/ — PF) = 0.79 (/%r — fa) for the selenates. For a few of the salts, more complete dispersion data (5/3/), etc.) are given at the end of the Table, where 10~450z> = P\ — PD- The apparent uncertainties in the less accurate values of 2Fc and of 2(Vp — Vc) are indicated by a (=70, b ( = 120, c (=250, and d (=600. 10-6r0D = dfo/d*, if 10° < * < 80°; (ap - ac) = (ftp - Pc + Aa); (7* - yc) = (ftp - Pc + AY). For more exact wave-lengths corresponding to symbols for X, see Table 3, p. 30. Unit of Aa, Ay, (PD — Pc)1 and (ftp — PD) = 10~~4; of X = 10 A = limz = 10"7 cm. R"

I

R

I

I

to

I

JD

I A« \0D-0C\0F-PD\

A7 I

2Fc

\ 2(Vp-

Vc) \

r ap

\ rfip

\ Typ

\

-Lit.

R" R 2 (SQ 4 ) 2.6H2Q

Zn

Cd

Cu

Mn

Fe

Co

Ni

Mg

Zn

Cd Cu

Mn

Fe

Co

Ni

K Rb Cs NH 4 Tl Rb Cs NH 4 K Rb Cs NH 4 Tl** Rb Cs NH 4 Tl** K Rb...' Cs NH 4 Tl** K.... Rb Cs NH 4 Tl K Rb Cs NH 4 Tl K Rb Cs NH 4 Tl**

1.4775 1.4833 1.5021 1.4889 1.5933 1.4799 1.497s 1.4847 1.4836 1.4886 1.504s 1.491o 1.600 1.4766 1.4946 1.48Oi 1.586 1.4759 1.4814 1.5003 1.487o 1.5929 1.480+ 1.486 1.505+ 1.4902 1.6009 1.4836 1.4895 1.5087 1.4949 1.602^5 1.4607 1.4671 1.4857 1.4716 1.570s

.4834 1.4968 .4883 1.4975 .5049 1.5094 .4932 1.4994 .6093 1.6170 .4849 1.495o 1.50Oo 1.5062 1.4887 1.4959 1.4864 1.502o 1.49Oe 1.503s 1.5061 1.515s 1.5007 1.5054 1.610 1.619 1.4808 1.4908 1.4966 1.5025 1.484o 1.491s .600 1.608 .4821 1.4969 .4873 1.4978 .5035 1.5094 .4915 1.499i .6093 1.6162 .486+ 1.500+ .491+ 1.501+ .508+ 1.513+ .4953 1.5032 .6176 1.623s .49Ie 1.505i .496s 1.5054 .5129 1.5162 .5007 1.508i .6184 1.6252 .4629 1.4755 .4689 1.4780 .4858 1.4916 .473o 1.478e .5884 1.5949

K Rb Cs NH 4 Tl** NH 4 K Rb Cs NH 4 Tl** Rb Cs NH 4 Tl** K Rb Cs NH 4 Tl** K Rb Cs NH 4 Tl** K Rb Cs NH 4

1.512 1.5162 1.532+ 1.5240 1.641 1.52Oe 1.51Oi 1.515s 1.5282 1.52Oi 1.640 1.5094 1.525o 1.516o 1.628 1.5095 1.513s 1.53Oe 1.52Ie 1.6352 1.515s 1.5199 1.5354 1.526i 1.644 1.5181 1.519s 1.539s 1.5285

.518 .522 .5362 .53Oo .654 .526o .5228 .518s .5298 .5344 .656+ .514o .5279 .5202 .643 .5182 .52Oo .5352 .528o 1.65U 1.521s 1.5256 1.5399 1.5327 1.653 1.5272 1.529i 1.545o 1.537o

-2 -2 -1 -2 -9 -2 -2 -1 -3 -2 -1 -6 -2 -2 -1 O (?) -2 -2 -1 -1 (?) -2 -2 -1 -2 (?) -3 -2 -1 -3 -4 -1 -0.5 +0.5 -O -6

1.533+ -3 1.533 -2 1.541-0 1.538s -2 1.661 (?) 1.5352 O 1.5349 -5 1.531s -3 1.5394 -O 1.5387 -2 1.672 -7 1.525s -1 1.533s +1 1.528s -2 1.653 -6 1.534s -3 1.532s -3 1.5414 -2 1.538i -1 1.6589 -s 1.538o -2 1.5369 -2 .545s -2 .5417 -2 .659 (?) .5427 -3 .539o -3 .5489 -2 1.546o -2

24 54 4 24 55 3 25 57 2 26 60 2 47 111 12 24 58 4 25 59 4 26 61 2 26 58 4 26 59 5 26 61 2 27 63 -1 4e 12« 2 23 54 4 25 58 2 25 58 1 3e(?) Uo (?) 24 55 4 24 56 3 25 58 2 25 58 2 45 lie (?) 24 54 4 24 53 3 25 56 2 26 60 3 4s 117 (?) 24 55 4 24 56 3 25 58 1 26 60 3 49 116 8 22 51 4 22 52 2 24 55 1 25 56 1 46 108 4 R" R 2 (SeQ 4 ) 2 .6H 2 Q 31 70 8 31 71 6 31 73 4 33 78 2 5s 167(?) (?) 33 78 O 32 76 1 32 75 6 32 75 1 34 80 2 54 144 7 31 71 7 31 74 6 32 75 4 59 15o 6 32 72, 6 31 72 6 32 74 2 33 76 1 5s 14s s 32 74 5 32 76 4 33 77 4 33 77 4 4o(?) lli(?) (?) 33 76 6 32 73 4 33 76 3 33 78 2

68° 16' 73 4o* 74 27* 78 58 -67 54' 72 21« 68 2b 72 46* 46 6& 44 29* 43 96 -68 57& -85 21 67 8 60 7 69 46 -71 16 67 2& 73 23 75 O* 76 18 -68 46 68 39« 75 146 81 40& 82 2& -66 & 75 19 82 4& -87 17 86 28 -60 0« 48 O^ 49 2 18 O" 51 18 -74 42

- 0 ° 1' - O 22* - O 54* + 0 5 + 2 !2« + 0 2C|| - O 34 + O 15 + 1 27" + O 46 + 0 54 - 2 O* - O 19 - O 13 - O 29 + 0 16 O 43 + O 17 - O 10 - O 29« + O 15 1 13 + 0 9 - O li« - O ls« + 0 25 + 2 0 « - O 10 - O le« + O 23 + O 15 + 2 !2« - O 19* - O 52 - 6 45« - O 42* O 52

66 75 83 82 -68 76 88 53 48 -55 -85 66 69 70 -72 64 73 82 77 -69 62 73 87 82 -66 72 82 -82 86

+ +

13 14« 30 5 15 11« 46& 0& 20* 42 13 5* lb ls& 4 !2« 24 56* 37 5 13 41& 18& 6 15 45 22 43* 19

0 7 O 19 O 16& 0 5 1 15 + 0 49« - 1 10« + 0 43* + O 22b - 1 54* - O 17 - O 13 - O 56 + O 16 1 28 + O 24 - O 8 - O 36« + 0 17 1 40 + 0 3o& - O 2o* — 1 Is" + 0 3o& 1 21 + 0 11« - O 24« + 1 0 * + 0 10

-2+

-1

-3 +

*

-4

-3+

-3f

-2§

-3 + -2+ -3 -3

(isi, 204) (152, 204) (isi, 204) -4 (isi, 209) (133,152,212) ( 204 ) (204) (214) -4 (204) -3 (152, 204) -3 (204) -4 -5 (133,214) (252) -3+ (152, 204) -3+ (204) -3+ -3+ (214) (252) -2+ (204) -3+ (152, 204) -3+ (204) -3+ * (213) (252) -4 (133, 204) -3+ (152,204) -3+ (204) -4+ -5 (133,214) (21») -2+ (204) -3 (152, 204) -3 (204) -3+ -4 (iss, 214) (133, 219) -4 (204) -2+ (152, 204) -3 (204) -3+t -4t (209) (252) -4+ -4 -3+ -2+ -3+ -3 -2+ -3

-2

-3 -2+

-2+ -2+ -2

-3+ -2+ -3 -4 -4, -3 -2

-2+

-3+ -3 -3 -3+

(206) (206) (206) -3 (*°9) (253) (21?) (21«) (2»«) (218) (21«) (253) (218) -3 (217,218) (21«) (253) (21») -4 (218) (218) -3+ (216,218) (253) (218) (218) (218) (218) (253) (218) (218) -3+ (215,218) (218)

TABLE 2.—(Continued) R"

I

JC

I

I

ftp

\

Ni Mg

Tl** K Rb Cs NH 4 Tl**

1.638 1.650 1.497o 1.4991 1.5011 1.5031 1.5178 1.5179 1.507o 1.509s 1.625 1.633+

Mg

Rb Cs NH 4

1.6215 1.6369 1.636i

JD

I Aq

\0D-0C\0F-0D\

.656 (?) .513s -1 .5135 -1 .5236 +2 .5169 O .640+ (?)

3a(?) 29 29 30 31 4o(?j

AT I

14s 68 67 70 72 lls(?)

2VC

(?) 6 5 3 4 (?)

\ 2(VF-VC)\

âD

-58° 10' 39 42* 47 24 20 34" 54 546 -77 23

2° 43' - O 17 - 1 ls& -10 4& - O 51 O 50

^88 4* +67 7& 8 54«

+~6 S - 2 20" +41 №

rfip

\ TjD

\

Lit.

-3+ -3 -3 -1 + 1" -3t

(253) (207) (207) ( 2 <>7) -3! ( 133 » 209) (233)

^3

^4

R" R 2 (CrO 4 ) 2.6H2O 1.633o 1.6424 1.6372

1.643s 1.6546 1.653o

-42 -!2 -8s

KJo 94 1Oo

35e 332 356

Ia 3i 7s

R" = Co, R = K 405Hg 126 434G' 95 486F 54 535Tl 25 656C - 24 706He - 38 + daD = 0.9660P 8 JD = 1.065^

7

R ' = Ni, R = Rb 434G' 97 486^ 55 656C - 24 687B - 33 8aD = 0.97S&) ca. byD = 1.04SjS2) ca.

I

x

(220) (220) (133,220)

Mg(NH 4 )2(CrOQ 2 ^H 2 Q (133)

ITR2(SO4) 2.6H2O (133) \ 8pD R" = Zn, R - Tl 434G' 202 436Hg 198 + 486^ 111 502He 88 +535Tl 49 + 546Hg 37 + 578Hg 8+ 656C - 47 668He - 53 + 671Li - 55 8aD = 0.9450D §TD = 1.0755/3^

^4 -4+ -4

1

sftD

U" = Cu, R = K 434£' 107 48QF 60 + 656C - 26 5aD = 0.9550s

R" = Co, R = NH 4 434£' 112 + 486F 63 + 656C - 28 + 8aD = 0.9450D

R" = Co, R = Rb 434#' 95 4SQF 53 6560 - 24 687B - 34 716a - 42 8aD = 0.9750s 5TD = 1.0650D

R" = Co, R = NH 4 405Hg 138 + 434G' 104 + 4SQF 59 + 535Tl 27 + 656C - 26 706He - 42 5«s = 0.9750s 5Ts = 1.0450s

^

4SQF 492He 502He 509Cd 535Tl 546Hg 578Hg 588He 6560 668He 671Li

I

5«s

326 219 126

- 92 -114

I

50Q

356 319 271 239 138 104 24 3 -100 -122 -124

j

5-ys

414 315 277 159 3 -115 -140 -142

*For Fe(NH 4 )2(SO4)2.6H 2 O, rap = -2.2, T/SF = -2.8, TTF = -8.2; and for red, TO. = —2.8, r/3 = — 4.o, TJ = —3.6. t For Mg(NH4) 2 (SO 4 )2.6H 2 O, values of r apply to all colors. } For Ni (NH 4 )2(SO4)2.6H 2 O, strong absorption of 7 at X = 405 and 706. § For Zn(NH 4 J 2 (SeO 4 )2.6H 2 O, rajp = -1+, rau = -2+. U Recalculated. IT For Mg(NH 4 ) 2 (SeO4) 2 .6H 2 O, values of r apply if 486F < X < 671Li. ** Accuracy of 2V, and 2(VF — Vc) not estimated.

TABLE 4.—CONVERSION OF TEMPERATURE COEFFICIENTS OF REFRACTION FROM VACUUM TO AIR Assuming that the air and crystal are at the same temperature, and writing 10~5r = d(index)/dt, and A = rair — Tvac, A is directly proportional to the pressure of the. air, and increases by 2 % in going from the red (X = 65Om^) to the violet (X = 40OmM). The tabulated values refer to X = 650niM and air at a pressure of 760 mm of Hg. Index [I 1.3 | 1.7 | 2.2 | 3.0 Range, 0C || A -100 to -50 0.25 0.32 0.42 0.58 - 5 0 to O 0.17 0.22 0.29 0.39 Oto 50 0.12 0.15 0.20 0.27 50 to 150 0.08 0.10 0.13 0.17 + 150 to 300 0.04 0.06 0.07 0.10 O to 150 0.09 0.12 0.15 0.21 LITERATURE

R" = Ni, R = Tl 436Hg 207 486F 116 535Tl 52 656C - 49 668He - 58 8aD = 0.975502, ^TD = 1.0550D

X 405Hg 4SQF 656C

R" = Ni, R = NH 4 405Hg 140 + 434G' 105 + 486F 59 + 656C - 25 + 706He - 42 5«s = 0.9650s 5TD = 1.0450st

Mg(NH 4 )2(Se04) 2.6H2O (133) I dftD Il X 171 434G' 71+ 535Tl - 30+ 706He 3ap = 80D, 5Tn = 1.0550D

I

500 129 32 + - 49 +

(For a key to the periodicals, see end of volume) C 1 ) Albis, 82, 30 II: 472; 21. (2) Aminoff, 94, 60: 262; 24. (3) Aminoff, 207, 43: 24; 22. (*) Aminoff, 207, 45: 160; 23. ( 5 ) Arzruni, 8, 2: 282; 74. («) Arzruni, 94, 1: 165; 77. ( 7 ) Arzruni, 94, 1: 434; 77. (8) Backstrom, 94, 17: 427; 90. (8-1) Bacuvier, 191, 45: 73; 22. (») Baerwald, 94, 7: 167; 83. (10) Baker, 4, 47: 353; 85. ( 11 J Backlund, 134, 11: 19; 17. (»*) Baumhauer, 94, 44: 23; 07. (13) Baumhauer, 94, 45: 555; 08. (14) Baumhauer, 94, 47: 1; 10. (15) Baumhauer, 94, 49: 113; 11. (16) Becht, Diss., Heidelberg, 1913. ( J 7) Behr, 190, 1903 I: 135. ( 18 ) Bodewig, 8, 157: 122; 76. ( 1 ^) Bodewig, 8, 158: 232; 76. (20) Boeke, 190, 1909 II: 19. (21) Borel, 34, 120: 1404; 95. (22) Borgstrom, 94, 54: 238; 15. 57: 218; 22. (23) Born, 19OB, 5: 1; 87. (24) Bowen, 12, 33: 551; 12. (25) Bowen and Andersen, 12, 37: 487; 14. ( 2 «) Bowman, 269, 13: 324; 03. (27) Brauns, 189, 1909: 673. (28) Brauns, 190, 1917 I: 9. (29) Brauns, 19OB, 41: 60; 16. (30) Brautigam, 481, 35: 231; 22. (31) Brogger, 94, 18: 377; 91. (32) Brogger, 94, 16: 615; 90. (33) BUSZ, 19OB, 5: 330; 87. (3*) Busz, 19OB, 39: 482; 14. (35) BUSZ and Rusberg, 189, 1913: 625. ( 3 «) Carvallo, 84, 126: 950; 98. (37) Carvallo, Sl, 9: 465; 00. (3«) Crandall, 2, 2: 343; 13. (39) Dana and Wells, 12, 37: 23; 89.

( 40 ) Delhaye, 191, 41: 80; 18. (41) des Cloizeaux, BS. ( 4 2 ) Drugman, 94, 50: 576; 12. (43) Diibigk, 19OB, 36: 214; 13. C 43 - 1 ) Dufet, 191, 1: 58; 78. (43.2) Dufet, 191, 3: 180; 80. (44) Dufet, 191, 8: 262; 85. ( 45 ) Dufet, 191, 10: 77; 87. ( 4e ) Dufet, 191, 10: 214; 87. ( 47 ) Dufet, JW, 11: 123; 88. (48) Dufet, 191, 16: 149; 93. (49) Dufet, 191, 21: 90; 98. (SO) Dufet, J£f, 24: 118; 01. (51) Dufet, JTW, 24: 373; 01. ( 52 ) Dufet, .70.7, 25: 38; 02. (53) Dufet, 191, 25: 125; 02. ( 54 ) Dufet, 1911 26: 65; 03. ( 55 ) Dufet, 191, 27: 146; 04. ( 56 ) Dufet, Recueil de donnees numeriques optiques. Paris, 1900. (57) Duparc, Wunder and Sabot, 463, 36: 283; 10. (58) von Eckermann, 207, 44: 203; 22. (5») Ehringhaus, 190B, 41: 342; 17. (60) Ehringhaus, 19OB, 43: 557; 20. (61) Ehringhaus and Rose, 94, 58: 460; 23. (62) Ehringhaus and Rose, 94, 69: 249; 24. (63) Eissner, Diss., Leipzig, 1913. (64) Eppler, 190, 55A: 401; 27. («*-i) Ernst, 19OB, 52: 113; 25. (64.2) Erofejeff, 75, 56 II: 63; 67. ( 6 S) Eskola, 12, 4: 331; 22. (66) Eijkman, 25, 24: 1278; 91. (66.1) Ferguson and Merwin, 12, 48: 81; 19. (67) Fischer, 94, 61: 226; 25. (« 8 ) Fischer, 19OB, 32: 1; 11. (69) Flink, Bull. Geol. Inst. Upsala, 5: 81; 02. (70) Flink and Winter, Meddel. Grdndland Copenhagen, 24:180; 01. 94, 34: 639; 00. (71) Fitz and Sansoni, 94, 6: 67; 82. (72) Gaubert, 191, 30: 104; 07. (73) Gaubert, 191, 40: 177; 17. (74) Gaubert, in Lacroix, 34, 169: 261; 19. (75) Qifford, 5, 70: 329; 02. 84: 193; 10. (76) Gorgey, 481, 28: 77; 09. (77) Goldschlag, 481, 34: 23; 17. (78) Goldschmidt and Muller, 94, 48: 473; 11. (78-2) Graber, 2, 26: 380; 25. (79) Graham, 4, 87: 1193; 05. (80) Grandinger, Diss., Leipzig, 1919. 94, 56: 631; 22. ( 81 ) Greenwood, 269, 20: 123; 23. ( 8 ^ 1 ) Groth, Chemische Krystallographie. Leipzig, Engelman, 1906-1919. ( 82 ) Hadding, 207, 36: 319; 14. (83) Hatley, 2, 24: 486; 24. (84) Herbette, 191, 29: 97; 06. ( 8 S) Heusser, 8, 87: 454; 52. (86) Heydrich, 94, 48: 243; 10. (87) Hillebrand, 94, 1: 303; 77. (88) Himmelbauer, 75, 119 I: 115; 10. (89) Hintze, 8, 157: 127: 76. (89.1) Hintze, 94, 7: 296; 83. (90) Hlawatsch, 481, 23: 415; 04. (91) Homer, Diss., Heidelberg, 1915. (92) Hovermann, 19OB, 34: 321; 12. (93) Hofmann-Degen, 171, 1OA: No. 14; 19. (94) Hutchinson, 269, 13: 209; 03. (95) Hutchinson, 94, 43: 461; 07. (96) Hutchinson, 133, 1908: 701. ( 9 7) Hutchinson and Tutton, 94, 52: 218; 13. (98) Ites, Diss., Gottingen, 1903. 94, 41: 304; 06. (99) Jenssen, 94, 17: 225; 90. (ioo) JeSek, 94, 54: 191; 15. (ioi) KarandSeff, 189, 1910: 17. (loi.i) Kayser, Tabelle der Hauptlinien der Linienspektren. Berlin, Springer, 1926. ( 102 ) Klein, 190, 1875: 337. (102.1) Kohlrausch, 8, 4: 1; 78. (ios) KoIb, 94, 49: 14; 11. (104) Roller, 19OB, 42: 457; 19. (ios) K6zu, 159B, 2: 7; 14. (106) KOZU, 269, 17: 189, 237, 253; 16. (i° 7 ) Kraus and Peck, Mich. Acad. Sd., Rept., 1917: 95. (i° 8 ) Kraus and Reitinger, 94, 34: 268; 01. ( 109 ) Kreutz, 75, 117 I: 877; 08. (HO) Kreutz, 190, 1918: 134A. (Hi) Kruse, 19OB, 27: 541; 09. (U 2 ) Kunitz, 19OB, 50: 365; 24. (H3) Lacroix and Rengade, 191, 34: 123; 11. Lacroix, 191, 35: 200, 236; 12. (H4) Laitakari, 94, 57: 212; 22. (U 5 ) Landolt-Bornstein, BS. .(H6) von Lang, 75, 111 Ua: 1161; 02. (H6.i) Larsen, 156, No. 679; 21. (H7) Lebedev, 10, 4:1026; 22. O17-!) Manasse, 22, 19: 211; 10. (H8) Marbach, Diss., Leipzig, 1913. (U 9 ) Martens, 8, 6: 603; 01. 8: 459; 02. (120) Martin, 19OB, 7: 1; 91. (120.1) Matossi and Dane, 96, 45: 501; 27. (121) Melczer, 94, 33: 240; 00. (122) Melczer, 94, 35: 561; 02. (123) Merwin, see (24). (124) Merwin, 12, 34: 341; 12. (125) Merwin, 128, 5: 341; 15. (126) Merwin, 128, 7: 445; 17. (129) Merwin, 128, 9: 429; 19. (130) Merwin, 1, 42: 2432; 20. (133) Merwin, O. (134) Micheli, 8, 7: 772; 02. (134.1) Miller, 48, 10: 621; 25. (135) Monke, 13, 306: 38; 99. (136) Moroschkina, 94, 63: 371; 26. O 37 ) Mountain, 269, 21: 51; 26. O 3 8) Mttgge, 189, 1915: 481. O 3 9) Mulheims, 94, 14: 202; 88. (140) Mtiller, 19OB, 17: 187; 03. (142) Munteanu-Murgoci, 481, 18: 504; 99. (142.1) Nichols and Howes, 152, No. 298: 207; 19. (143) Offret, 191, 13: 405; 90. (144) Ohm, 19OB, 13: 1; 01. (*«) Oppenheimer, Diss., Heidel-

berg, 1914. (146) Palache, 94, 47: 576; 10. (147) Panichi, 170, 6: 38; 06. (147.1) parry and Wright, 269, 20: 285; 25. ( 148 ) Pelikan, 75, 111 I: 334; 02. (149) Penfield and Ford, 12, 22: 61; 06. (150) Penfield and Minor, 94, 23: 321; 94. (isi) Perrot, 149, 25: 26; 91. (152) Perrot, 149, 29: 28, 121; 93. ( 153 ) Pichetto, 22, 31 H: 143; 22. (154) Plathan, in ( 81 - J ), III: 15; 10. (184.1) Posnjak and Merwin, 12, 47: 311; 19. (154.2) Posnjak and Merwin, 1, 44: 1965; 22. (155) Pratt, 12, 49: 397; 95. ( 15 6) Pratt, 12,2: 123; 96. (157) Pulfrich, 8, 30: 487; 87. (158) Quercigh, 22, 21 I: 581; 12. (159) Quercigh, 71, 20: 256; 14. (160) Raiteri, 22, 31 I: 112; 22. (ieo.1) Rankin and Wright, 12, 39: 1; 15. (lei) Reed, 8, 65: 707; 98. (162) Reiner, 549, 12: 262; 13. (163) Reuter, .700,18991:155. (164) Rmne and KoIb, 190, 1910II: 138. (i««) Rjachina, 10,4:1026; 22. (166) Rosch, 94, 65: 680; 27. (i67) Rose, 19OB, 29: 53; 10. (168) Rose, 190, 1918: 1. (169) Rose, 96, 6: 165; 21. (170) Rosicky, 190, 1911 II: 21 A. ("i) Rudberg, 8, 17: 1; 1829. (172) Sabot, Dtss., Geneva, 1914. (173) Sarasin, 61, 2: 369; 83. (174) Schetelig, 94, 62: 567; 25. (*75) Schlossmacher, 189, 1919: 106. (176) Schmidt, Diss., Rostock, 1912. (177) Schrauf, 75, 41: 769; 60. (178) Schrauf, 75. 42: 107; 60. 0™) Schrauf, 94, 18: 113; 91. (180) Schreiber, 19OB, 37: 247; 14. • (isi) Schwarzmann, 190, 1897 I: 61. (182) Scouvart, 186, 1912: 97. (183) Seebach, 549, 11: 452; 12. (184) SSve, 61, 5: 249; 24. (184.1) gieg, 48, 6: 448; 22. (iss) Siliprandi, 508, 47: 61; 16. (i g 6) Skinner, 2, 9: 148; 17. O87) Smith and Prior, 269, 14: 283; 07. («*) Spencer, 269, 19: 107; 20. ( J 8 9) Starrabba, 508, 48: 52; 17. (190) Stevanovic, 94, 37: 235; 03. (191) Stevanovic", 94, 37: 257; 03. (192) Stranetzky, 481, 26: 143; 07. (193) Stuhlman, 94, 13: 339; 88. (194) Sundius, 94, 57: 212; 22. (195) Surgunoff, 94, 46: 220; 09. (196) Taubert, Diss., Jena, 1905. 94, 44: 313; 08. (197) Terpstra, 94, 64: 150; 26. (198) Tietze, 19OB, 12: 1; 99. (199) Tietze, 190, 1899 II: 87. (200) Topsoe and Christiansen, 8, Erganz. Bd., 6: 499; 74. (201) Trolle, 63, 7: 700; 06. (202) Tsuboi, 269, 20: 93; 23. (203) Tutton, 4, 65: 628; 94. (204) Tutton, 4, 69: 344; 96. (205) Tutton, 4, 71: 846; 97. (206) Tutton, 94, 33: 1; 00. (20 7) Tutton, 94, 35: 529; 02. (208) Tutton, 94, 38: 602; 03. (209) Tutton, 94, 41: 321; 05. (210) Tutton, 94, 42: 529; 07. (2U) Tutton, 94, 44: 113; 07. (212) TuttoD, 94, 48: 190; 10. (213) Tutton, 94, 52: 433; 13. (214) Tutton, 62, 216: 1; 16. (215) Tutton, 62, 217:199; 18. (216) Tutton, 62, 218: 395; 19. (217) Tutton, 5, 101: 225, 245; 22. (218) Tutton, 94, 58: 40; 23. (219) Tutton, 5, 108: 240; 25. (220) Tutton and Porter, 94, 51:53; 12. (221) Tyndall, 2, 21: 162; 23. (222) Valasek, 2, 20: 639; 22. (222.1) van Dyke, 48, 6: 917; 22. (223) Viola, 481, 15: 135; 96. (224) yiola, 94, 30: 417; 99. (225) yiola, 94, 32: 305; 00. (226) Walter, 19OB, 23: 581; 07. (226.1) Washington and Merwin, 328, 12: 233; 27. (22 7) Weber, 94, 57: 407; 22. (228) Weber, 189, 1909: 594. (229) Weigel, 188, 1915: 264, 299. (230) Weigel, 481, 38: 288; 25. (231) Wenzel, 19OB, 41: 565; 17. (232) Werner, Diss., Kiel, 1910. (233) Westphal, Diss., Leipzig, 1913. (234) Wherry, 1, 40: 1852; 18. (235) Wherry, 1, 42: 125; 20. (235.1) Winchell, Optical and microscopic characters of artificial minerals. Madison, Univ. Wisconsin, 1927. (236.2) Wright, IiB, 36: 509; 13. (237) Wiilfing in Rosenbusch, Mikroskopische Physiographic der Mineralien und Gesteine. Stuttgart, 1892. (238) Wulfing, 481, 15: 29, 49; 96. (239) Wiilfing, 94, 25: 454; 96. (240) Wulfing, 94, 36: 538; 02. (241) Wulfif, 94, 17: 592; 90. (242) Zambonini, Mem. serv. descr. carta geol. Italia, 7 II: 77; 19. (243) Zambonini, 94, 55: 292; 20. (244) Zambonini, 94, 57: 317; 22. (245) Zambonini, 94, 58: 226; 23. (245.i) Zambonini and Conoglio, 94, 67: R200; 28. (246) Zimanyi, 94, 39: 505; 04. (247) Zimdnyi, 94, 40: 281; 05. (248) Aminoff, 207, 45: 124; 23. (249) Nacken, 189, 1912: 554. (250) Schroder, 94, 67e 485; 28. ( 2 Si) Tutton, 5, 111: 462; 26. (252) Tutton, 5, 118: 367; 28. ( 2 S3) Tutton, 5, 118: 393; 28. (254) Blittersdorf, 94, 71: 141; 29.

REFRACTIVITY OF PURE ORGANIC LIQUIDS

ALFRED L. DIXON AND CLARENCE J. WEST (The numerical data for the following compounds, which were selected from the literature by Alfred L. Dixon and Dr. Roger Adams, were compiled by Clarence J. West.) The following table gives values for the density and the refractive indices for the Ha(a), D(He values are *), H0(/3) and H7(^) lines for the more important carbon compounds. In the literature column, the citation from which the values were selected is followed by at. Values of wave-lengths represented by symbols are: Ha (a), 656.3mju; H0 (/3), 486.15m/z; H7 (7), 434.06mju; D(Na), 589.3m/*; He, 587.6m/*. (T-Table; The (T-Arrangement (v. Vol. III. p. viii) (Metallo-organic compounds at end of table) Formula | Name | t, 0C [ d\ I « | D | ft | T | Lit. CCl3NO2 Trichloronitromethane. 22.8 1.6511 1.45793 1.46075 1.46785 1.47377 ( 106 ) CCl4 Carbon tetrachloride 12.3 1.6095 1.4599 1.4656 1.4726 1.4835 (i 3 2) CN4O8 Tetranitromethane 16.9 1.6425 1.43628 1.43976* 1.44835 1.45593 ( 7 4) CS2 Carbon disulfide 18 1.2661 1.62011 1.62950 1.65439 1.67665 (iii,f 112,132, 133,134,149, 153,154)

CHBr8 CHCl8

Bromoform Chloroform

19.0 18

2.891 1.5875 1.5980 1.6107 1.4844 1.44389 1.44643 1.45271

1.6334 1.45779

(132,f 134) (iu,f 112,124,

CH2I2 CH2O2 CH3I CH3NO CH3NO2 CH4N2O2 CH4O CH5NO C2Br4N2 C2Cl2O2 C2Cl4 C2HBr3 C2HCl3O C2HCl5 C2H2Br2 C2H2Br4 C2H2Br4 C2H2Cl4 C2H3Br8 C2H3ClO C2H3Cl3 C2H3Cl3 C2H3N C2H3NS C2H3N8 C2H4Br2 C2H4Br2 C2H4Cl2 C2H4Cl2

Methylene iodide Formic acid Methyliodide Formamide Nitromethane Methylnitroamine Methanol /3-Methylhydroxylamine Isocyanotetrabromide Oxalyl chloride Perchloroethylene Tribromoethylene Chloral Pentachloroethane Acetylene dibromide 1, 1, 1, 2-Tetrabromoethane.. 1,1,2, 2-Tetrabromoethane 1, 1, 1, 2-Tetrachloroethane 1, 1, 2-Tribromoethane Acetyl chloride 1, 1, 1-Trichloroethane 1, 2, 2-Trichloroethane Acetonitrile Methyl thiocyanate 1, 2, 5-Triazole 1, 1-Dibromoethane 1, 2-Dibromoethane 1, 1-Dichloroethane 1, 2-Dichloroethane

10.5 20 21.0 22.7 21.6 48.6 14.50 20.0 55.0 12.9 20 20 20 24.0 20 20 20 23.2 20 20 21.0 22 16.5 23.8 25.3 20 20 20 20

3.344 1.2188 2.274 1.1313 1.1354 1.2433 0.7980 1.0003 2.6796 1.4888 1.6226 2.6876 1.5121 1.6697 2.2289 2.8748 2.9673 1.5466 2.5790 1.1051 1.3345 1.4458 0.7863 1.0694 1.1861 2.0555 2.1768 1.1743 1.2521

1.7275 1.36927 1.5185 1.44292 1.37884 1.45722 1.32948 1.41415 1.63917 1.43111 1.50153 1.59431 1.45298 1.49946 1.53898 1.62244 1.63263 1.47880 1.58444 1.38736 1.43287 1.46927 1.34427 1.46509 1.48189 1.50900 1.53396 1.41423 1.44189

1.7559 1.37137 1.5293 1.44530 1.38133 1.46162 1.33118 1.41638 1.64650 1.43395 1.50547 1.59919 1.45572 1.50250 1.54367 1.62772 1.63795 1.48162 1.58902 1.38976 1.43765 1.47192 1.34596 1.46801 1.48544 1.51277 1.53789 1.41655 1.44432

1.7750 1.37643 1.5423 1.45426 1.38771 1.47211 1.33490 1.42196 1.44121 1.51522 1.61358 1.46235 1.50984 1.55548 1.64130 1.65114 1.48847 1.60064 1.39543 1.44176 1.47862 1.35004 1.47624 1.49432 1.52215 1.54793 1.42226 1.45024

1.8229(?) ( 132 ) 1.38041 (147) 1.5652 (i32,-fl34) 1.46085 (i°6) 1.39305 (i°6) 1.48176 (i° 9 ) 1.33801 (122,124,148) 1.42639 (ios,f 106) 1.68421 (109) 1.44743 (80) 1.52368 ( 9 2) 1.62548 (i 64 ) 1.46786 (»3) 1.51576 (i«) 1.56555 (164) 1.65290 (164) 1.66249 (164) 1.49405 (Hi) 1.61050 (164) 1.40002 (*o, 93-f) 1.44961 ( 9 I) 1.48402 (i 41) .35333 (i°6) .48285 O 5 *, 159) 1.50168 (ios) .53004 (164) .55624 (140, I64f) .42671 ( 9 ^, 164 f) 1.45528 ( 9 3, 140,141,

C2H4O C2H4O2 C2H6Br C2H6I

Ethylene oxide.. Acetic acid Ethyl bromide Ethyl iodide

8.4 22.9 20 7.0

0.8896 1.0446 1.4555 1.9671

1.35819 1.36944 1.42113 1.5124

1.35988 1.37152 1.42386 1.5222

1.36411 1.37610 1.43046 1.5343

1.36759 1.38003 1.43595 1.5551

(i«) (i2S,f 147) (164) (132,-j-134,

C2H6NO C2H6NO2 C2H5NO3 C2H6N2O C2H6N2O2 C2H6O

Acetaldoxime Nitroethans Ethyl nitrate Nitrosodimethylamine Dimethylnitroamine Ethyl alcohol

20.4 24.3 21.5 18.4 72.3 18.35

0.9656 1.0472 1.1050 1.0049 1.1090 0.7917

1.42290 1.38768 1.38254 1.43368 1.44246 1.36062

1.42567 1.43270 1.39007 1.38484 1.43743 1.44622 1.36242 1.36662

1.43834 1.40102 1.39511 1.45506 1.46519 1.37011

(106) (106) (i°6) (i °6) (i ° 9 ) (122,f 133,148,

C2H6S C2H7NO C2H8N2 C2H8N2

Ethylmercaptan £-Ethylhydroxylamine a57/m.-Dimethylhydrazine Ethylenediamine

20 63.9 22.3 26.1

0.839071.42769 0.9079 1.41381 0.7914 1.40503 0.8919 1.45113

1.43055 1.43788 1.41519 1.40753 1.41429 1.45400 1.46065

1.4445 1.42463 1.41990 1.46624

(i»3, f 154) (i03, 106f) (i 08, 109 j) (106)

132, 134,

149)

164 t)

149)

149)

Formula C 2 Hi 0 N 2 O C3H2Cl2O2 C3H2N2 C3H3NO C3H4N2 C3H4O C3H4O C3H4O3 C3H5Br C3H5Cl C3H5ClO C3H5ClO C3H6N C3H6NO C3H6 C3H6ClNO C3H6I2 C3H6O C8H6O C3H6O C3H6O2 C3H6O2 C3H6O2 C3H7Br C3H7Br C3H7Cl C3H7Cl2N C3H7I C3H7I C3H7N C3H7NO C3H7NO2 C3H8N2O2 C3H8O C3H8O C3H8O2

|

Name Ethylenediamine hydrate Malonyl chloride Malononitrile.. Isoxazole Pyrazole Propargyl alcohol Acrolein Pyrotartaric acid AUyI bromide Allyl chloride Epichlorohydrin Propionyl chloride Propionitrile Lactonitrile Trimethylene Dimethylchlorof ormamide Trimethylene iodide Allyl alcohol Propionaldehyde Acetone Propionic acid Ethyl formate Methyl acetate Isopropyl bromide n-Propyl bromide n-Propyl chloride Propyldichloroamine Isopropyl iodide n-Propyl iodide Allylamine Dimethylf ormamide Nitropropane Ethylmethylnitroamine Isopropyl alcohol w-Propyl alcohol Methylal

| J1 0C 20.5 22.1 34.2 16.6 99.8 20 20 15.3 20 20 11.55 20 14.6 18.4 17.7 22.1 7.5 20 20 19.4 19.9 20 20 20 20 20 23 20 20 21.8 22.4 24.3 19.2 20 20 20

|

d{ \ a \ D | ft 0.9634 1.44732 1.44997 1.45630 1.4488 1.45866 1.46172 1.46904 1.0488 1.41259 1.41463 1.0805 1.42685 1.42981*1.43701 1.0012 1.46633 1.47027*1.47946 0.9715 1.42796 1.43064 1.43734 0.8410 1.39620 1.39975 1.40890 1.2668 1.42768 1.43025 1.3980 1.46166 1.46545 1.47486 0.9379 1.41245 1.41538 1.42248 1.1927 1.43990 1.44195 1.44784 1.0646 1.40264 1.40507 1.41066 0.7872 1.36711 1.36888 0.9919 1.40374 1.40582 1.2105 1.43751 1.44021 1.44632 1.1657 1.44904 1.45196 1.45924 2.589 1.6347 1.6479 1.6643 0.8540 1.41051 1.41345 1.42004 0.8066 1.36157 1.36356 1.36825 0.791151.35672 1.35886 1.36366 0.987061.38535 1.38736 1.39220 0.916781.35789 1.35975 1.36416 0.924381.35745 1.35935 1.36357 1.3097 1.42230 1.42508 1.43165 1.3529 1.43142 1.43414 1.44064 0.8898 1.38659 1.38856 1.39344 1.1454 1.44940 1.45248 1.7033 1.49519 1.49969 1.51080 1.7427 1.50082 1.50508 1.51566 0.7613 1.41645 1.41943 1.42686 0.9484 1.42649 1.42938 1.43651 1.0081 1.39787 1.40027 1.0972 1.45326 1.45711 1.46668 0.7887 1.37569 1.37757 1.38210 0.8044 1.38345 1.38543 1.39008 0.8604 1.35183 1.35344 1.35763

\

7 1.46148

1.42371 1.44321 1.48666 1.44277 1.41691 1.44110 1.48297 1.42837 1.45264 1.41541 1.37679 1.41454 1.45131 1.46538 1.6940 1.42556 1.37203 1.36750 1.39596 1.36762 1.36707 1.43709 1.44625 1.39747 1.46595 1.52026 1.52467 1.43307 1.44254 1.41104 1.47536 1.38572 1.39378 1.36085

\

Lit. C1 06) ( 8 O) (106) (31) («<>) ( 9 2) («,f92) (105) ( 9 2) ( 9 S) (16,f 96) ( 9 S) (ioe,f 132) (106) (ioo) (l ° 9 ) (i 32) ( 9 2) ( 9 2) (125,f 134) (125,f 147) (125,f 134) (125) ( 9 3) ( 9 S) ( 9 2) ("6) ( 9 S) ( 9 S) (ioe) (i <> 9 ) (106) (109) ( 9 3) (92,f 148) (28, 93,f ios, 112)

C3H9N C3H9N C4N2 C4HCl3O2 C4HCl3O2 C4H2Br2S C4H2Cl2O2 C4H2Cl3N C4H2Cl4O C4H3BrS C4H3ClS C4H3Cl2N C4H3Cl3O C4H4Cl2O2 C4H4Cl2O2 C4H4N2 C4H4N2 C4H4N2 C4H4O C4H4O3 C4H4S

n-Propylamine Isopropylamine Acetylene dicyanide
16.6 15.4 25 18.1 17.6 13.8 18.1 11.2 18.8 15.8 14.2 20 19.6 15.2 99.4 63.1 60.9 23.5 20 99.3 16.8

0.7209 06935 0.9703 1.6049 1.5662 2.1531 1.4103 1.4319 1.5292 1.6900 1.2838 1.3049 1.4429 1.3948 1.3327 0.9848 1.0311 1.1035 0.9366 1.2621 1.0674

1.38793 1.37488 1.46021 1.50948 1.51663 1.62643 1.49592 1.50837 1.51414 1.58350 1.54556 1.49369 1.49547 1.47042 1.45680 1.41432 1.49037 1.51842 1.41837 1.45349 1.52570

1.39006 1.39532 1.37698 1.46471 1.47610 1.51362 1.52356 1.52172 1.53447 1.63315*1.64989 1.50038 1.51274 1.51225 1.52242 1.51812 1.52890 1.58927* 1.60365 1.55068* 1.56333 1.49735 1.50714 1.49928 1.50818 1.47348 1.48076 1.45966 1.46777 1.41645 1.49526 1.52311 1.53541 1.42157 1.42967 1.45632 1.46464 1.53072*1.54309

1.39956 1.38620 1.48593 1.53229 1.54625 1.66504 1.52360 1.53138 1.53823 1.61644 1.57458 1.51500 1.51674 1.48702 1.47565 1.42543 1.52040 1.54641 1.43668 1.55392

(ioe,f 132) (106) (151) (8 °) ( 8 O) (59) ( 8 O) (86) ( 8 ^) (59) (59) ( 8 «) ( 8 ^) (8O) ( 8 «) (i 06) (109) (i° 9 ) (41) (86) (59,-f 109, 144,

C4H6BrN2 C4H6BrO C4H5ClO C4H5Cl3O C4H6Cl3O

3-Methyl-4-bromopyrazole a-Bromocrotonaldehyde Crotonyl chloride 7, 7, 7-Trichlorobutyraldehyde Ethyl trichloroacetate

99.6 13.3 17.9 20 20

1.5638 1.5797 1.0818 1.3956 1.3826

1.51402 1.51682 1.45594 1.47259 1.44802

1.51823*1.52820 1.52142 1.53460 1.46001 1.47060 1.47554 1.48198 1.45068 1.45673

1.53677 1.54578 1.47993 1.48736 1.46176

(60) (53) ( 8 O) (93) (93)

157, 158,

159)

Formula C4H5N C4H5N C4H6NO C4H5NO C4H6Br2 C4H6Cl2O C4H6Cl2O2 C4H6N2 C4H6N2 C4H6N2O C4H6N2O2 C4H6O C4H6O2 C4H6O2 C4H6O2 C4H6O2 C4H7Br C4H7ClO C4H7ClO2 C4H7ClO2 C4H8N2O3 C4H8N2O4 C4H8O . C4H8O C4H8O C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C 4 H 9 Cl 2 N C4H9I C4H9I C 4 H 9 NO C 4 H 9 NO C 4 H 9 NO C 4 H 9 NO 2 C 4 H 9 NO 3 C4H10N2O C4H10N2O2 C4H10N2O2 C4H10O C4H10O C4H10O C4H10O

|

Name Crotononitrile Pyrrole a-Methylisoxazole 7-Methylisoxazole Dimethylacetylene dibromide /3-Chlorobutyryl chloride Ethyl dichloroacetate 3-Methylpyrazole C-Methylpyrazole Dimethylfurazane Ethyl diazoacetate Crotonaldehyde Trimethylenecarboxylic acid Methylacrylic acid Isocrotonic acid Diacetyl 2-Bromo-2-butene Butyryl chloride 0-Chlorobutyric acid Ethyl chloroacetate Nitrosomethylurethane Ethyl methylnitrocarbamate n-Butyraldehyde Isobutyraldehyde Methyl ethyl ketone n-Butyric acid Isobutyric acid Ethyl acetate Methyl propionate Diethylene dioxide Isobutyldichloroamine n-Butyl iodide Isobutyl iodide Acetimidoethyl ether Dimethylacetamide Isobutyraldoxime Isobutyl nitrite Isobutyl nitrate Nitrosodiethylamine n-Butylnitroamine sec.-Butylnitroamine n-Butyl alcohol Isobutyl alcohol Trimethyl carbinol Ethyl ether

| t, 0C 18.9 13.9 16.7 18.15 25.45 20.05 20 16.3 13.7 18.9 17.6 17.3 17.1 20 19.6 18.5 25.35 20 19.85 20 19.0 23.0 20 20 15.9 20.3 20 18.9 18.5 16.8 24.0 20 20 18.8 22.5 20.5 22.1 23.3 19.9 23.0 21.9 20 17.5 20 17.1

|

d\ 0.8225 0.9613 1.0259 1.0238 1.3180 1.2165 1.2821 1.0203 1.0227 1.0495 1.0852 0.8557 1.0907 1.0153 1.0261 0.9808 1.3216 1.0277 1.1865 1.1585 1.1402 1.2288 0.8170 0.7938 0.8087

|

a 1.41310 1.50399 1.43775 1.43296 1.45280 1.44833 1.43615 1.49330 1.49042 1.42477 1.45447 1.43415 1.43488 1.42815 1.44203 1.39105 1.45490 1.40971 1.43992 1.42056 1.43566 1.44507 1.38222 1.37094 1.37844 1.39582 0.9490 1.39093 0.894641.37023 0.916621.37570 1.0366 1.42003 1.0895 1.44544 1.6166 1.49601 1.6056 1.49192 0.8729 1.40122 0.9409 1.43436 0.9015 1.42752 0.8699 1.36932 1.0112 1.39904 0.9431 1.43535 1.0579 1.45680 1.0566 1.45457 0.8099 1.39712 0.8046 1.3948 0.7864 1.38572 0.7183 1.35246

\ D | /3 1.41607 1.42405 1.50851*1.51955 1.44087*1.44826 1.43590*1.44279 1.45616 1.46430 1.45085 1.45774 1.43860 1.44435 1.49717*1.50656 1.49412 1.50362 1.42713 1.43316 1.45876 1.47017 1.43838 1.44908 1.43754 1.44363 1.43143 1.43959 1.44579* 1.45495 1.39331 1.39897 1.45828 1.46637 1.41209 1.41781 1.44213 1.44828 1.42274 1.42812 1.43905 1.44807 1.44826 1.45628 1.38433 1.38932 1.37302 1.37769 1.38071 1.38554 1.39777 1.40271 1.39300 1.39722 1.37216 1.37662 1.37767 1.38218 1.42218* 1.42720 1.44843 1.45577 1.50006 1.51005 1.49597 1.50566 1.40348 1.40887 1.43708 1.44398 1.43022 1.37151 1.37708 1.40130 1.40699 1.43864 1.46039 1.46906 1.45810 1.46648 1.39909 1.40395 1.3968 1.4016 1.38779 1.39243 1.35424 1.35854

|

7 1.43080 1.52908 1.45484 1.44882 1.47115 1.46341 1.44894 1.51465 1.51157 1.43816 1.47994 1.45852 1.44856 1.44635 1.46276 1.40317 1.47337 1.42249 1.45327 1.43228

|

1.46330 1.39321 1.38170 1.38938 1.40685 1.40166 1.38022 1.38596 1.43146 1.46150 1.51844 1.51398 1.41326 1.44976 1.44243 1.38196 1.41171 1.45422 1.47665 1.47395 1.40773 1:4055 1.39618 1.36189

Lit. (S*) (6O 1 -JlGe) (31) (31) ( 107 ) (66) (93) ( 6 O) ( 157 ) ( 109 ) (i oe) (43,f44) (110) (92, 94) (69) ( 18 » 105 f) ( 107 ) (93) (66) (93) (118) (l ° 9 ) (93) (93) (1^) ( 13 I,f 147) (92, 94) (l 25, f 134,149) (125) ( l) (l oe) (93) (93,f 132) (* ° 9 ) (* °9) (l °6) ( 1Q 6) ( 106 ) (l oe) (* °9) (l ° 9 ) (93) ( 14 S) (93) (I08,f 133, 134,

(153,154) (I09,f 153,154) (153, 154) (153,154) (™e) (i oe) ( 106 ) (™9) (2) (23) (95) (45 f, 144) (81) (ioe,-f 134, 145, (34) («0) («6) («0)

149)

C4H10O8S C4H10S C4H10S C4H10S2 C4H11N C4HnN C4H11N C4H11N C4H11O3P C5H4O2 C5H4O2 C6H4O3 C6H5Cl3O2 C6H6N

Ethyl ethylsulfonate Ethyl sulfide Isobutylmercaptan Ethyl disulfide Diethylamine sec.-Butylamine Isobutylamine tert.-Butylamine Diethylphosphorous acid Coumalin Furfural Citraconic anhydride Methyl 7, 7, 7-trichlorocrotonate Pyridine

22 20.5 20 20 17.6 16.7 17.0 18.0 10 19.45 20 20 21.2 21

1.1452 1.41733 0.8362 1.43970 0.8357 1.43575 0.992671.50306 0.7108 1.38510 0.7271 1.39280 0.7359 1.39664 0.6978 1.37740 1.0757 1.40624 1.1984 1.52377 1.1594 1.51862 1.2542 1.46774 1.3970 1.48621 0.9808 1.50456

1.41959 1.44253 1.43859 1.50633 1.38730 1.39501 1.39878 1.37940 1.40823 1.53005 1.52608 1.47166 1.48975 1.50919

1.42420 1.44960 1.44547 1.51604 1.39264 1.38440 1.41300 1.54859 1.54566 1.48154 1.49883 1.52118

1.42864 1.45543 1.4511 1.52407 1.39703 1.40453 1.40829 1.38868 1.41699 1.56674 1.56484 1.49026 1.50635 1.53153

C6H6Cl2O2 C5H6Cl2O2 C6H6Cl2O2 C6H6Cl2O2

3, 3, Dichloroacetylacetone a, 5-Dichloro-7-valerolactone Methyl 7, 7-dichlorocrotonate Glutaryl chloride

16.75 24.6 17.7 20.2

1.3067 1.4363 1.3050 1.3239

1.45885 1.49624 1.47040 1.47281

1.46547 1.50286 1.47811 1.47989

1.47109 1.50838 1.48442 1.48576

157)

1.45648 1.49367 1.46744 1.47004

Formula [ Name | C5H6N2 Methylpyrazine C5H6N2 Trimethylene dicyanide C5H6N2O3 Methyl methyloximinocyanoacetate. . . . C5H6O2 a-Angelolactone C5H6O2 /3-Angelolactone C5H6O2 Propargyl acetate C5H6S a-Thiotolene C5H6S £-Thiotolene C5H7BrN2 1, 3-Dimethyl-4-bromopyrazole C5H7Br2N a, /3-Dibromovaleronitrile C5H7ClN2 1, 3-Dimethyl-4-chloropyrazole C5H7ClN2 1, 5-Dimethyl-4-chloropyrazole C5H7ClO ft /3-Dimethylacryl chloride C5H7ClO a, /3-Pentenyl chloride C6H7ClO ft 7-Pentenyl chloride C5H7ClO2 3-Chloroacetylacetone C5H7ClO2 Methyl a-chlorocrotonate C5H7N N-Methylpyrrole C5H7N a, 0-Pentenonitrile C6H7N ft 7-Pentenonitrile. C5H7NO a, T-Dimethylisoxazole C5H7NO2 Ethyl cyanoacetate C5H8 Cyclopentene C5H8 1, 1-Dimethylallene C5H8 Valerylene C5H8Cl2O2 Ethyl dichloropropionate C5H8N2 1, 3-Dimethylpyrazole C5H8N2O Ethylmethylfurazan C5H8O Cyclopentanone C5H8O Ethylideneacetone C5H8O Propargyl ethyl ether C5H8O2 Acetylacetone

t, 0C 18.7 23.2 20 13.2 15.2 20 15.3 14.8 14.7 17.6 17.1 17.7 12.35 18.0 16.9 16.7 22.6 16.0 15.5 18.8 16.7 20.5 7.1 3.3 20 20 15.2 13.8 17.3 19.6 20 18.5

|

d* 1.0302 0.9888 1.1768 1.0904 1.0783 1.0,052 1.0231 1.0268 1.4976 1.7598 1.1604 1.1686 1.0652 1.0653 1.0666 1.1686 1.1587 0.9106 0.8311 0.8423 0.9864 1.0629 0.7861 0.6915 0.6786 1.2461 0.9628 1.0180 0.9513 0.8577 0.8326 0.9771

|

a 1.50170 1.4318 1.4551 1.44776 1.45936 1.41796 1.51919 1.51910 1.51652 1.51766 1.49102 1.49349 1.47479 1.46225 1.44716 1.47485 1.45302 1.48454 1.43134 1.42084 1.44102 1.41584 1.42818 1.41396 1.39763 1.44553 1.46769 1.43022 1.43587 1.43536 1.40152 1.44696

\

D | (3 1.50666 1.4365 1.4420 1.4591 1.4693 1.45064*1.45771 1.46268* 1.470'92 1.42047 1.42659 1.52388*1.53555 1.52380*1.53538 1.52137* 1.53078 1.52133*1.53019 1.49462*1.50327 1.49725* 1.50592 1.47980* 1.49137 1.46616* 1.47597 1.44990* 1.45733 1.47976 1.49389 1.45634 1.46477 1.48890* 1.49945 1.43472*1.44308 1.42358* 1.42998 1.44393*1.45115 1.41793 1.42312 1.43052 1.43746 1.41722 1.42664 1.40044 1.40726 1.44815 1.45379 1.47118* 1.47959 1.43257 1.43861 1.43817 1.44390 1.43903 1.44846 1.40390 1.40964 1.45178 1.46450

T

1.53164 1.4514 1.4788 1.46381 1.47813 1.43163 1.54586 1.54564 1.54056 1.53881 1.51115 1.51335 1.50231 1.48481 1.46383 1.47187 1.50859 1.44988 1.43547 1.45736 1.42730 1.44306 1.43450 1.41304 1.45854 1.48686 1.44356 1.44867 1.45680 1.41439 1.47758

| ' Lit. (i°9) (132) (152) (28) (28) (92) (59) (59) (38) (69) (38) (38) (69) (69) (69) (34) (126) (6 O) (69) (58, 69-f) (31) (i 06) (16) (18) (92) (93) (60) (109) (55) (43) (92) (I7,f 56, 105, 131)

C5H8O2 C5H8O2 C5H8O2 C5H8O2 C5H8O2 ft C5H8O2 C5H8O2 C5H8O3 C5H8O3 C5H8O3 C5H8O3 C5H8O4 C5H9ClO C5H9ClO C5H9ClO2 C5H10 C5Hi0 C5Hi0Br2 C5Hi0N2O C5Hi0N2O2 C5Hi0N2O3 C5Hi0O C5H10O C5Hi0O C5H10O C5H10O C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C6H10O2 C5H10O2

Acetylpropionyl Angelic acid Cyclobutanecarboxylic acid a, /3-Pentenic acid T-Pentenic acid Tiglicacid Allyl acetate Levulinic acid Ethyl pyruvate Methyl acetoacetate Methyl a-methoxyacrylate Dimethyl malonate Isovaleryl chloride Valeryl chloride Ethyl a-chloropropionate Amylene.: 2-Pentene Amylene bromide Nitrosopiperidine Nitropiperidine Nitrosoethylurethane Cyclopentanol Allyl ethyl ether Diethyl ketone Methyl isopropyl ketone Methyl propyl ketone..... Cyclo-T-hydroxyvaleric aldehyde Isovaleric acid Ethyl propionate Isobutyl formate Propyl acetate

19.0 100 16.6 14.7 18.8 99.7 20 15.8 15.6 20.5 18.95 17.3 24.3 20 20 20 14.7 15 18.5 26.4 16.9 13.5 20 16.6 16 20.2 17.6 22.4 20.2 19.9 20

0.9565 1.39918 0.9295 1.41674 1.0570 1.44151 0.9947 1.44977 0.9885 1.43285 0.9425 1.42435 0.9276 1.40205 1.1449 1.43941 1.0596 1.40606 1.0756 1.41616 1.0702 1.42911 1.1571 1.41284 0.9854 1.41116 0.9887 1.41318 1.0869 1.41623 0.6476 1.37330 0.6574 1.38141 1.6700 1.5060 1.0631 1.48940 1.1519 1.49152 1.0885 1.43354 0.9533 1.45387 0.7651 1.38565 0.8175 1.39168 0.8046 1.38569 0.8089 1.28754 1.0216 1.43365 0.955921.39964 0.888861.38193 0.881821.38386 0.8865 1.38235

1.40135 1.41998*1.42846 1.44393 1.44976 1.45370* 1.46269 1.43569*1.44248 1.42746*1.43629 1.40448 1.41059 1.44217 1.44765 1.40830 1.41361 1.41837 1.42418 1.43207 1.43960 1.41490 1.41791 1.41361 1.41933 1.41555 1.42131 1.41850 1.42370 1.37576 1.38127 1.38354 1.38998 1.5094 1.5178 1.49328 1.49540 1.50526 1.43676 1.44530 1.45600 1.46169 1.38810 1.39387 1.39385 1.39877 1.38788 1.39268 1.38946 1.39461 1.43606*1.44100 1.40178 1.40677 1.38385 1.38849 1.38584 1.39063 1.38438 1.38903

1.41134 1.43593 1.45453 1.47068 1.44821 1.44407 1.41561 1.45267 1.41825 1.42906 1.44614 1.42420 1.42391 1.42599 1.42805 1.38588 1.39530 1.5240 1.51197 1.51392 1.46649 1.39874 1.40298 1.39687 1.39881 1.44532 1.41107 1.39225 1.39469 1.39274

(ios) (69) (iio,f 130) (69) (69) .(69) (92) (49,f ios) (6) (M 1 0 5 ) (5) (ios) (80) (93) (93) (92,-f 134, 148) (16) (i 40) (106) (109) (118, 119) (16) (92) (105,125J) O25) (125) (28) (I25,f 147) (125,-j-134) (!25) (92)

| «, 0C 20 12.8 18.2 13.5 25.7 18.7 24.1 22.1 16.9 18.2 20.7 20.6 21.7 15.7 23.6 22.5 14.60 17.8 20 20 17.9 18.1 21.3 20 20.1 18.7 99.3 20.4 20.9 80.3 20

Formula C6H10O3 C5H11Br C6H11Cl C6H11Cl C6H11Cl2N C6H11N C6H11NO C6H11NO C6H11NO C6H11NO2 C 6 H n NO 2 C6H11NO2 C6H11NO3 C6H12 C6H12N2O2 C6H12N2O2 C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O C6H12S C6H13N C6H13N C6H14N2 O6H3Ol3 C6H4BrNO2 CeH4Br2 OeH4Br2 OeH4Ol2 OeH4Ol2 CeH4Cl2 C6H6Br

Name Diethyl carbonate Amyl bromide Amyl chloride tert.-Amyl chloride Isoamyldichloroamine , Piperidine Diethyl ketoxime Isovaleraldoxime Propionimido ethyl ether Diethyl imidocarbonate Isoamyl nitrite Nitroisopentanc Isoamyl nitrate Pentane n-Butylmethylnitroamine Isobutylmethylnitroamine Amyl alcohol Isoamyl alcohol Propyl ethyl ether Isoamylmercaptan Isoamylamine Methyl-ft-butylamine asyw.-Methyl-ft-butylhydrazine Trichlorobenzene w-Bromonitrobenzene w-Dibromobenzene p-Dibromobenzene o-Dichlorobenzene w-Dichlorobenzene p-Dichlorobenzene Bromobenzene

C6H6Cl

Chlorobenzene

20

C6H6F C6H6I C 6 H 6 NO C 6 H 6 NO 2

Fluorobenzene lodobenzene Pyridine-2-aldehyde Nitrobenzene

C6H6N3 C6H6

Diazobenzeneimide Benzene

C6H6 C6H6BrN C6H6ClN C6H6O C6H6OS C6H6S C6H7ClO C6H7Cl3O2 C6H7N

Dipropargyl w-Bromoaniline w-Chloroaniline Phenol a-Acetothienone Thiophenol Sorbyl chloride Ethyl jj 7, 7-trichlorocrotonate Aniline

23.8 20.4 20.7 40.6 21.8 23.2 18.75 14.2 20

0.8008 1.5793 1.2142 1.0596 1.1679 1.0739 1.0666 1.3375 1.0216

1.44132 1.45014 1.62604 1.64550 1.59424 1.54247 1.55581 1.56630*1.58441 1.58613 1.60285 1.55710*1.58453 1.48693 1.49562 1.58629 1.60434

1.45774 1.66286 1.62794 1.56840 1.60177 1.61685 1.50303 1.62074

(ioi) (106) (ioe) (i26,f 133) ( 59 ) (126) (2 7 ) ( 8 I) (92, ioe,f 132,

C6H7N C6H7N C6Hg C6Hg O6HgBr2Ol2O2

a-Methylpyridine 0-Methylpyridine Dihydrobenzene 1, 3, 5-Hexatriene Ethyl Oi1 /5-dibromo-7, y-dichlorobutyrate Ethyl % 7-dichlorocrotonate 2, 5-Dimethylpyrazine w-Phenylenediamine Phenylhydrazine Methyl ethyloxhninocyanoacetate

16.7 24.0 21.2 16.2

0.9484 1.49844 1.50293 1.51444 0.9539 1.49963 1.50432 0.8466 1.46921 1.47296 1.48258 0.740671.47819 1.50272

1.52441 1.52571 1.49092 1.51958

(106) (ioe) (i<> 4 ) ( 4S )

22.6 16.6 23.6 57.7 17.7 20

1.8257 1.51936 1.2323 1.46096 0.9856 1.49457 1.106961.62558 1.0983 1.60201 1.1240 1.4538

1.53787 1.47711 1.52372 1.67617 1.64412 1.4769

(««) («6) (106) O 61 ) (29,-f 106) («»)

d[ I a 0.9762 1.38335 1.2214 1.4427 0.8720 1.4076 0.8699 1.4054 1.0273 1.44110 0.8628 1.45097 0.9083 1.44080 0.8897 1.43382 0.8707 1.40806 0.9637 1.41472 0.8717 1.38486 0.9599 1.41570 0.9961 1.40987 0.6251 1.3581 1.0232 1.45282 1.0211 1.45258 0.8142 1.40747 0.8134 1.4064 0.7386 1.36758 0.834751.43824 0.7514 1.40739 0.7363 1.39950 0.8040 1.42330 1.5563 1.5809 1.7036 1.59084 1.9561 1.60303 1.8201 1.56897 1.2979 1.54384 1.2879 1.54111 1.2189 1.51673 1.4914 1.55439

1.57289 1.56989 1.54455 1.58557

Lit. (28, 93,f 134) (!4O) (UO) (14°) (106) (ioe,f is?) (106) (106) ( 109 ) ( 109 ) ( 106 ) (io«) ( 106 ) ( 148 ) (i° 9 ) (109) (93, 122, f 148) ( 148 ) ( 9 2) (153,154) (106) (ios, iosf) (ios, I09f) (134) (109) ( 47 ) ( 47 ) ( 47 ) ( 47 ) ( 47 ) (47, 92, f 135,

1.1066 1.51986 1.52479 1.53693

1.54750

(47, 92, f 1 35,

22.8 18.5 18.5 20

1.0207 1.8324 1.1255 1.2039

1.4751 1.63964 1.55396 1.57124

1.4849 1.65520 1.56749

( 135 ) ( 4 M 13S) ( 139 ) (91, 92, ioe,f

22.5 20

1.0776 1.55760 1.56421 1.58181 0.8791 1.49663 1.50144 1.51327

1.59757 1.52361

(loe.jiei) (20,92,132,

I

D I ft 1.38523 1.38969 1.4450 1.4517 1.4097 1.4150 1.4082 1.4138 1.44381 1.45350 1.45989 1.44350 1.43645 1.41028 1.41571 1.41704 1.42235 1.38708 1.41806 1.41219 1.3570 1.3610 1.45631 1.46494 1.45607 1.46473 1.40963 1.41452 1.4084 1.4135 1.36948 1.37397 1.44118 1.44734 1.40959 1.40180 1.40708 1.42586 1.43196 1.5671 1.5602 1.59791 1.61705 1.60879 1.62469 1.57425 1.58939 1.54848 1.56141 1.54570 1.55887 1.52104 1.53388 1.55977 1.57362

I

T 1.39321 1.4570 1.4192 1.4181 1.45611 1.46512 1.45550 1.44830 1.42025 1.42674 1.39761 1.42908 1.42261 1.3645 1.47250 1.47228 1.41870 1.4176 1.37765 1.45308 1.41920 1.41145 1.43703 1.5945 1.63429 1.63829

1

140) 140)

1.4563 1.61438 1.53284 1.54593

1.4646 1.62145 1.53886 1.55291

134)

134, 144, 148, 162, 164-f)

1.43795 1.61900 1.58753 1.53691 1.55940 1.57971 1.54707 1.48360 1.57948

134, 144, 164)

C6HgCl2O2 C6H8N2 C6H8N2 C6H8N2 C6H8N2O3

1.52233 1.53096 1.46347 1.47098 1.49921 1.51202 1.63390 1.65600 1.60926*1.62761 1.4578 1.4677

Formula | Name | C6H8N2O3 Ethyl methyloximinocyanoacetate C6H8O 1, 4-Dimethylfurane C6H8O «, o-Dimethylfurfuran C6H8O Methyl-a-pyran C6H8O2 /3-Methyl-A'-angelolactone C6H8O4 Dimethyl maleate C6H8O4 Monoethyl fumarate C6H8S a, a'-Dimethylthiophene C6H8S ft /?'-Dimethylthiophene C6H8S a-Ethylthiophene C6H9BrO3 Ethyl a-bromoacetoacetate C6H9BrO3 Ethyl T-bromoacetoacetate C6H9ClN2 1, 3, 4-Trimethyl-5-chloropyrazole C6H9ClO «, /3-Isohexenoyl chloride C6H9ClO ft 7-Hexenoyl chloride C6H9ClO2 Ethyl a-chlorocrotonate C6H9ClO2 Ethyl /3-chlorocrotonate C6H9ClO2 Ethyl a-chloroisocrotonate C6H9ClO2 Ethyl /3-chloroisocrotonate C6H9N 1, 4-Dimethylpyrrole C6H9N 2, 4-Dimethylpyrrole C6H9N 2, 5-Dimethylpyrrole C6H9N ft T-Hexenonitrile C6H9N a, 0-Isohexenonitrile...t C6H9NO Trimethylisoxazole C6H10 Cyclohexene C6Hi0 Diallyl C6H10 Diisopropenyl C6H10 2, 4-Hexadiene C6H10 Tetrahydrobenzene C6H10N2 l-Ethyl-3-methylpyrazole C6H10N2 1, 3, 4-Trimethylpyrazole C6H10N2 1, 3, 5-Trimethylpyrazole C6H10O Anhydro-5-acetobutyl alcohol C6H10O Allylacetone C6H10O Diethylketene C6H10O Cyclohexanone C6H10O a-Methyl-/3-ethylacrolein C6H10O Mesityl oxide C6H10O2 Acetonylacetone C6H10O2 Propionylacetone C6H10O2 Hydroxymethylenediethylketone C6H10O2 Methylacetylacetone C6H10O2 Acetylacetone O-methyl ether C6H10O2 Cyclopentylcarboxylic acid C6H10O2 a-Ethylcrotonic acid C6H10O2 a, /3-Hexenic acid C6H10O2 a, 0-Isohexenic acid C6H10O2 Ethyl crotonate C6H10O2 Ethyl isocrotonate C6H10O2 Methyl ft /3-dimethylacrylate C6H10O3 5-Methoxy-T-valerolactone C6H10O3 Ethyl acetoacetate C6H10O3 Ethyl a-hydroxymethylenepropionate... C6H10O3 Methyl«, /3-butyleneoxide-5-carboxylate C6H10O3 Methyl methylacetoacetate C6H10O4 Diethyl oxalate C6H10O4 Dimethyl succinate C6H10O4 Methyl hydrogen pyrotartrate C6H10S Allylsulfide C6H11ClO2 Ethyl chlorobutyrate C6H11N Capronitrile C6H11NO Mesityloxime C 6 HnNO a-Mesityl oxide oxime

/, 0C 20 17.7 21.6 17.7 16.2 20 83 13.4 15 21.2 14.05 18.1 20 14.2 19.6 14.3 19.2 18.0 14.4 19.8 13.7 16.8 18 18.8 14.5 15.1 20 15 12.5 22.1 14.9 22.5 37.5 16.2 15.4 14.85 16.8 14 20 17.0 14.9 48.9 13.5 15.9 15.5 56.1 40 16.0 20 19.6 19.8 23.2 16.6 16.1 24.7 23.8 20 18.3 20.7 26.8 20 14.3 21.0 14.5

|

dj \ a \ D | /3 1.1255 1.4527 1.4565 1.4664 0.9026 1.43959 1.44270 1.45124 0.8871 1.43173 1.43508 1.44313 0.9187 1.45108 1.45421 1.46265 1.0602 1.46393 1.46740*1.47566 1.1517 1.43863 1.44150 1.44901 1.1149 1.43818 1.44088 1.45024 0.9906 1.51233 1.51693*1.52839 0.9932 1.51752 1.52217* 1.53339 0.9908 1.50834 1.51273 1.52359 1.4294 1.46081 1.46337 1.47066 1.5276 1.48020 1.48311 1.49149 1.1082 1.48368 1.48718* 1.49564 1.0235 1.45994 1.46396* 1.47348 1.0142 1.44405 1.44730* 1.45455 1.1073 1.45246 1.45580 1.46367 1.1018 1.45639 1.45985 1.46836 1.1021 1.45068 1.45391* 1.46171 1.0920 1.45317 1.45679 1.46561 0.9353 1.50049 1.50357 1.51504 0.9273 1.49536 1.49942*1.50947 0.9393 1.50354 1.50783* 1.51828 0.8424 1.43023 1.43313 1.43980 0.8556 1.43529 1.43796 1.44529 0.9862 1.45118 1.45420 1.46150 0.8147 1.44653 1.44921 1.45620 0.6880 1.39812 1.40102 1.40793 0.730741.4379 1.4421 1.4527 0.727321.45133 1.45591 1.46800 0.8081 1.44235 1.44507 1.45184 0.9491 1.47113 1.47472* 1.48292 0.9494 1.47145 1.47495* 1.48334 0.9304 1*. 46526 1.46865* 1.47678 0.9088 1.44535 1.44830*1.45503 0.8470 1.41856 1.42126 1.42778 0.8338 1.41108 1.41355 1.41991 0.9487 1.45004 1.45242 1.45834 0.8605 1.44427 1.44808 1.45761 0.8578 1.44028 1.44397 1.45352 0.9834 1.42167 1.42395 0.9639 1.44977 1.45391 1.46577 0.9653 1.45375 1.45792 1.46955 0.9775 1.43537 1.43804 1.44596 0.9744 1.46620 1.47068 1.48267 1.0555 1.45329 1.46142 0.9484 1.44022 1.44260* 1.45102 0.9490 1.44360 1.44666* 1.45538 0.9589 1.44706 1.45060* 1.45931 0.9237 1.42189 1.42495 1.43240 0.9246 1.42256 1.42590* 1.43285 0.9337 1.42901 1.43207 1.43985 1.1200 1.44313 1.44533 1.45076 1.0320 1.41851 1.42092 1.42660 1.0268 1.42559 1.42876 1.43602 1.0726 1.42380 1.42589 1.43107 1.0304 1.41416 1.41629 1.42184 1.0793 1.40824 1.41043 1.41564 1.1202 1.41774 1.41976 1.1436 1.43006 1.43230 1.43764 0.8876 1.48384 1.48770 1.49787 1.0517 1.42231 1.42458 1.42990 0.8069 1.40647 1.40851 0.9417 1.48655 1.49083 1.50219 0.9494 1.48521 1.48961 * 1.50021

|

y 1.4753 1.45832 1.45008 1.46977 1.48285 1.45528 1.53842 1.54320 1.53310 1.47665 1.49834 1.50299 1.48185 1.46038 1.47063 1.47538 1.46868 1.47345 1.52469 1.51828 1.52750 1.44557 1.45129 1.46782 1.46194 1.41385 1.4622 1.47855 1.45743 1.49008 1.49061 1.48409 1.46091 1.43327

1.46346 1.46542 1.46192 1.43431 1.47686 1.47926 1.45265 1.49367 1.46609 1.45842 1.46287 1.46689 1.43872 1.43974 1.44663 1.45540 1.43155 1.44269 1.43545 1.42648 1.41987 1.42868 1.44195 1.50637 1.43434 1.41739 1.51209 1.50962

|

Lit. (152) (i 5 7) (41) (23) (28) (45,-fi44) (49) (69,JiST) (59) (59) (34) (34) (38) (69) (69) (69) (69) (69, f 126) (69,f 126) (157) (60) («0) (69) (58, f 69) (31) (55, 104) (92) (43) (43, 121) (i 04) (60) (60) (*o) (28) (71,f 125) (18) (55) (43) (43,f 95) (ios) (56) (i 7 ) OM56) (i 7 ) (i 30) (69) (69) (69) (43, j 94, 95) (69) (43) (80) (93, I23f) O7) ( 8 O) (9) (i 8 , 93f) (i OS) (i°2) (160) (93) (i<>6) (106) ( 7 4)

Formula C6Hi1NO2 C6Hi1NO3 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12N2 C 6 Hi 2 N 2 C6H12N2O4 C 6 Hi 2 N 2 O 4 C 6 Hi 2 N 2 O 4 C6Hi2O C 6 Hi 2 O C6Hi2O C6Hi2O C 6 Hi 2 O 2 C6H12O2 C6Hi2O2 C6Hi2O2 C 6 Hi 2 O 2 C6H12O3 C6Hi2O4 C6Hi3N C6Hi3N C6H13N C6H13N C6H13NO2 C6H13NO2 C6H13NO2 C6H14 C6H14N2O2 C6H14O2 C6H16N C6H16N C6H16N3 C6H15O2P C6H16O3P C6H15O4P C7H6ClO C7H5ClO C7H5ClO C7H6ClO C7H5N C7H6NO C7H5NO C7H6NO C7H6NS C7H6O C7H6O2 C7H7BrO C7H7BrO C7H7BrS C7H7Cl C7H7Cl C7H7Cl C7H7Cl C7H7I C7H7NO C7H7NO2 C7H7NO3 C7H7NO3 C7H8

|

Name Ethyl /3-aminocrotonate..... Ethyl dimethyloxamate Cyclohexane Hexylene Dimethylketazine Propylglyoxalidme Methyl n-butylnitrocarbamate Methyl isobutylnitrocarbamate Methyl sec.-butymitrocarbamate 2-Hexen-4-ol Cyclohexanol Ethyl propyl ketone Methyl isobutyl ketone 5-Acetobutyl alcohol Caproic acid Amyl formate Ethyl butyrate Isobutyl acetate Paraldehyde Methyl a, a-dimethoxypropionate a-Methylpiperidine 0-Methylpiperidine T-Methylpiperidine Propylpropylideneamine Methyl n-butylcarbamate Methyl isobutylcarbamate Methyl sec.-butylcarbamate Hexane tf-Hexykutroamine Acetal Dipropylamine Triethylamine Triformalmethylamine Diethyl ethylphosphinate Diethyl phosphite Triethyl phosphate o-Chlorobenzaldehyde m-Chlorobenzaldehyde p-Chlorobenzaldehyde Benzoyl chloride Benzonitrile Anthranil Indoxazene Phenyl isocyanate Phenyl isothiocyanate Benzaldehyde Salicylaldehyde o-Bromoanisole p-Bromoanisole o-Bromophenyl methyl sulfide o-Chloro toluene m-Chlorotoluene p-Chlorotoluene Benzyl chloride o-Iodotoluene a-Benzaldoxime o-Nitrotoluene o-Nitroanisole p-Nitroanisole Toluene

| t, 0C | dj | a. \ D | ft 18.8 1.0219 1.49479 1.50067 1.51647 22.5 1.0735 1.43880 1.44144 1.44830 10.85 0.7872 1.42910 1.43119 1.43668 23.3 0.6792 1.39196 1.39446 1.40071 24.5 0.8381 1.44746 1.45102 1.46008 17.0 0.9641 1.48383 1.48708 1.49518 22.0 1.1396 1.44561 1.44859 1.45609 21.9 1.1346 1.44315 1.44614 1.45354 23.3 1.1248 1.43879 1.44167 1.44895 16.7 0.846971.43417 1.43688 1.44370 22.6 0.9463 1.46330 1.46560 1.47141 22 0.814911.39683 1.39899 1.40402 17.4 0.80316 1.39500 1.39694 1.40235 15.4 0.99431.449371.45180*1.45752 19.6 0.9220 1.41235 1.41449 1.41964 11.5 0.8832 1.3910 1.3951 1.4000 18 0.8797 1.39099 1.39302 1.39778 17.8.0.873061.38905 1.39114 1.39597 20 0.9943 1.40304 1.40486 1.40948 17.6 1.0678 1.41035 1.41221 1.41721 23.6 0.8436 1.44384 1.44639 24.3 0.8446 1.44380 1.44627 21.6 0.8184 1.43516 1.43779 17.5 0.7604 1.41032 1.41269 1.41878 23.3 0.9689 1.42647 1.42888 1.43448 21.6 0.9651 1.42509 1.42750 1.43300 24.9 0.9651 1.42380 1.42625 1.43168 20 0.6603 1.37337 1.37536 1.37988 25.2 1.0037 1.45610 1.45931 1.46733 20 0.8314 1.38000 1.38193 1.38636 19.5 0.7384 1.40242 1.40455 20 0.7277 1.39804 1.40032 1.40613 19.0 0.9178 1.46039 1.46320 1.47047 10 1.0259 1.41434 1.41627 1.42107 10 0.9687 1.41073 1.41309 1.41917 10 1.0682 1.40436 1.40616 1.41073 21.7 1.2474 1.55972 1.56564 1.58274 20.2 1.2410 1.55908 1.56500 1.58184 61.0 1.1958 1.54878 1.55525 1.57341 20 1.2122 1.54751 1.55369 1.56964 25.5 1.0003 1.52035 1.52570 1.53942 14.9 1.1866 1.57891 1.58676*1.60778 15.9 1.17441.558241.56446*1.58012 19.6 1.0956 1.53139 1.53684 1.55082 23.4 1.1289 1.63959 1.64918 1.67513 17.6 1.0492 1.53948 1.54629 1.56283 19.7 1.1671 1.56526 1.57358 1.59674 20 1.5018 1.56690 1.57245 1.58695 20 1.4569 1.55507 1.56051 1.57462 20 1.5216 1.62495 1.63190 1.65020 20.2 1.0795 1.52040 1.52466 1.53700 18.7 1.0760 1.51822 1.52252 1.53473 24.35 1.0651 1.51504 1.51925 1.53146 15.4 1.11381.5367 1.5415 1.5542 15.9 1.7192 1.60400 1.61066 1.62742 13.8 1.1160 1.58767 1.59558*1.61544 20.4 1.1625 1.54104 1.54739 20 1.2527 1.55468 1.56188 1.58289 60 1.2192 1.56385 1.57072 1.59262 16.35 0.8684 1.49365 1.49782 1.50967

\ 7 1.53160 1.45389 1.44116 1.40590 1.46805 1.50206 1.46249 1.45996 1.45532 1.44948 1.47623 1.40813 1.40638 1.46234 1.42397 1.4084 1.40166 1.39994 1.41302 1.42130 1.45769 1.45760 1.44951 1.42380 1.43906 1.43765 1.43616 1.38365 1.47410 1.39007 1.41453 1.410921.47653 1.42524 1.42423 1.41449 1.59807 1.59702 1.58411 1.55144 1.62923 1.59448 1.56303 1.69938 1.57731 1.62097

1.54739 1.54505 1.54158 1.5652 1.63345 1.57933 1.51970

|

Lit. (105,106,126) (i° 9 ) (SS) (I04,f 148) (i<> 9 ) (i<> 9 ) (i 09) (i° 9 ) (i° 9 ) («1) ( 55 ) (125) (l25) (28) ( 1 2 5 »f 1 4 7 ) (132) (94,134) (125) (93) (5) (l° 6 ) (106) (i°6) (i° 9 ) (i° 9 ) (i° 9 ) (i° 9 ) (92,148) (i<> 9 ) ( 93 ) (ios) ( 9 2, 106) (i° 9 ) (2) (2) (2) (47) (47) (47) (»<>, 9 Sf) (i° 6 ) (29,-f 117, 118) (31) (106) (i 58 ,1 59 ) (43) («) ( 9 I) ( 9 I) ( 9 I) (47) (47) (47) (140) (47) (74,106) (ioe) ( 9 I) ( 9 I) (20,f 92, 132, 134,

C7H8N2O C7H8O C7H8O

Nitrosomethylaniline Benzyl alcohol w-Cresol

22.7 20 18

1.1213 1.56832 1.57602 1.0429 1.53474 1.53955 1.55178 1.0363 1.53756 1.54246 1.55590

1.61585 1.56232 1.56727

148)

("6) (92,fl3l) (1^5)

Formula C7H8O C7H8OS C7H8OS C7H8O2S C7H8O3 C7H9Cl3O3 C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9NO C7H9NO C7H9NO C7H9NO C7H9NO2 C7H9NO2 C7H9NO3 C7H9NS C7HiO C7H10N2 C7H10N2 C7Hi 0N2O3 C7H10O C7Hi0O2 C7Hi0O2 C7H10O2 C7H10O2 C7H10O2 C7Hi0O3 C7H10O4 C7H10O4 C7H10O4 C7H10O4 C7H10O4 C7H10O4 C7H10Os C7H11ClO C7H11ClO4 C7H11N C7H11N C7H11N C7H12 C7H12 C7H12 C7H12 C7H12Br2O2 C 7 H 12 N 2 C7H12O C7H12O C7H12O C7H12O C7H12O C7H12O2 C 7 Hi 2 O 2 C7Hi2O2 C7Hi2O2 C7Hi2O2 C7H12Oa C7H12O2

Name Anisole

• t , 0C I d\ I a I D I ft 16.5 0.9989 1.51482 1.51950 1.53235

I

7 1.54338

I

Lit. (47, 91, 145, -f 155, 156)

a-Methyl-a'-acetothienone a-Propiothienone Ethyl a-thiophenecarboxylate Methyl salicylate Methyl 7, 7, 7-trichloro-j3-acetylbutyrate Benzylamine 0-Ethylpyridine Methylaniline o-Toluidine m-Toluidine p-Tomidine o- Anisidine p- Anisidine l-Cyanocyclohexan-2-one /3, 7-Tetrahydrobenzisoxazole Furylimido ethyl ether Ethyl a-cyanocrotonate Ethyl a-cvanoacetoacetate 0-Aminophenylmethyl sulfide 1, 3, 5-Heptatriene as^/w.-Methylphenylhydrazine si/m.-Methylphenylhydrazine Ethyl ethyloximinocyanoacetate l-Methyl-l-cyclohexen-3-one A^Tetrahydrobenzoic acid 7-Acetoxyvalerolactone a, a-Dimethylangelolactone Hy droxy methy lene- 1-cy clohexan-2-one . . Ethyl /S-vinylacrylate Ethyl /3-acetylacrylate Ethyl acetonoxalate Ethyl acetoxymethyleneacetate Ethyl hydroxymethyleneacetoacetate . . . Dimethyl citraconate Dimethyl itaconate Dimethyl mesaconate Diethyl oxomalonate a, /3-Isoheptenyl chloride Diethyl chloromalonate a, j8-Isoheptenonitrile A2-Isoheptenonitrile 2, 3, 5-Trimethylpyrrole 2, 4-Dimethyl-2, 4-pentadiene 1-Heptine Methenecyclohexane 1-Methyl-l-cyclohexene Ethyl a, /3-dibromovalerate 1, 3, 4, 5-Tetramethylpyrazole Allvlpropenyl carbinol Cycloheptanone 1-Methylcy clohexan-2-one l-Methylcyclohexan-3-one l-Methylcyclohexan-4-one Dimethylacetylacetone Ethylacetylacetone Hydroxymethylenemethyl-fer£.-b u t y 1 ketone Acetylacetone O-ethyl ether Cyclopentylacetic acid Cyclohexylcarboxylic acid a, /3-Isoheptenic acid

24.7 15.0 16.3 18.1

1.1185 1.1361 1.1623 1.1855

1.55329 1.55148 1.52181 1.53149

1.56038*1.57900 1.55776*1.57400 1.52719*1.54046 1.53773 1.55371

1.59760 1.58949 1.55273 1.56921

14.5 19.5 22.5 21.2 20 22.4 59.1 20 67 15.9 17.2 17.8 18.8 20 17 19.8 19.7 23.1 20 18.7 47.0 78.6 13.7 20.5 22.9 18.1 17.6 18.1 16.9 20 20 20 15.6 17.1 19.3 12 22.3 15.8 17.3 20 16.4 18.5 15.4 23.4 20 21.9 14.6 25.15 24.4 27.8 16.9

1.3935 1.46560 0.9827 1.53918 0.9401 1.49783 0.9851 1.56348 0.9986 1.56650 0.9962 1.56473 0.9538 1.54710 1.0923 1.56884 1.0605 1.54938 1.0741 1.47689 1.0996 1.49631 1.0782 1.48842 1.0255 1.44988 1.1107 1.4669 1.1333 1.61879 0.7636 1.50786 1.0404 1.57630 1.0296 1.56501 1.0818 1.4494 0.9707 1.49137 1.0719 1.48576 1.1231 1.42111 0.9818 1.43314 1.0848 1.50697 0.9351 1.46948 1.0387 1.44987 1.1275 1.46976 1.0905 1.44382 1.1338 1.46925 1.1104 1.44455 1.1218 1.44126 1.120971.45217 1.1419 1.41626 0.9940 1.45887 1.2047 1.43299 0.8286 1.44020 0.8241 1.42691 0.9351 1.50474 0.7412 1.43663 0.7458 1.41822 0.8021 1.44863 0.8115 1.44744 1.6199 1.49527 0.9442 1.47634 0.8612 1.45089 0.9495 1.45801 0.9300 1.44827 0.9139 1.44092 0.9119 1.44092 0.9496 1.42386 0.9560 1.43667

1.46815 1.47423 1.54406 1.55670 1.50214 1.57021 1.58823 1.57276 1.58945 1.57106 1.55324 1.57536 1.59235 1.55592 1.57244 1.47932*1.48623 1.49953*1.50714 1.49297 1.50451 1.45302 1.46172 1.4710 1.4816 1.62632 1.64659 1.51604 1.53754 1.58316*1.62761 1.57146*1.60111 1.4530 1.4624 1.49547 1.50624 1.49023*1.49882 1.42355 1.42862 1.43593 1.44247 1.51218 1.52774 1.47504*1.48928 1.45346*1.46250 1.47498 1.44742 1.45601 1.47376 1.48565 1.44759 1.45551 1.44412 1.45099 1.45568 1.46453 1.41865 1.42439 1.46259*1.47202 1.43527 1.44346*1.45132 1.42932 1.43614 1.50888*1.51892 1.44055 1.45006 1.42073 1.42690 1.45182 1.45879 1.45033 1.45711 1.49863*1.50656 1.47974*1.48811 1.45414*1.46191 1.46027 1.46646 1.45049 1.45653 1.44313 1.44914 1.44322 1.44918 1.42615 1.43183 1.43968 1.44736

1.47947 1.56753 1.52217 1.60322 1.60425 1.60267 1.58351

20.15 16.3 34.0 33.8 15.3

0.9347 0.9477 1.0083 1.0253 0.9458

1.44834 1.45263 1.46377 1.46204 1.46648 1.47759 1.44579 1.45378 1.45382 1.46197 1.45118 1.45460*1.46328

1.47449 1.48790 1.45838 1.46666 1.47034

( 59 ) ( 59 ) ( 59 ) (41)

(81) (106) ( 106 ) (ioe) (92,106,^145) ( 106 ) (106) ( 91 ) ( 91 ) 1.49156 (39) 1.51381 (31) 1.51508 ( 109 ) 1.46888 (58) 1.4905 (13S) (91) 1.55742 (27) 1.64412 (29,-j- 106) 1.61757 ( 29 ) 1.4710 (152) 1.51573 (44) 1.50705 ( 26 ) 1.43292 (49) 1.44820 (28) (",56) 1.50252 (27) 1.47081 (27) ( 105 ) 1.50054 1.46382 (") 1.49673 ( 17 ) 1.46218 (45, f 144) 1.45685 ( 144 ) 1.47225 (45, f 144) (18) 1.48011 (69) ( 105 ) 1.44568 1.45807 (58, 69f) 1.44166 (58) 1.52745 (GO) 1.45842 (43) 1.43212 (95,f ISO) . 1.46488 (46, f 55) 1.46293 (46) 1.51332 (69) 1.49528 (60) 1.46840 (27) 1.47149 (55) 1.46135 (55) 1.45394 (55) 1.45413 (55, f 61) 1.43663 ( 17 ) 1.45447 (",f 56) (") (") (130) (130) (69)

Formula C7H12O2 CyHi 2 O 2 CyHi 2 O 2

C 7 Hi 2 O 2 C 7 Hi 2 O 2 C7Hi2O2 C 7 Hi 2 O 2 C7Hi2Oa C 7 Hi 2 Os C7Hi2Os C7H12O3 C7Hi2Os C 7 Hi 2 O 3 C7Hi 2O3 C7H I2O 4 C7Hi2O4 C7H12O4 C7H12O4 C7H14N2 C7H14N2 C7H14N2O4 C7H14N2O4 C7H14N2O4 C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O2 C7H14O2

Name I A2-Isoheptenic acid a-Methyl-A2-hexenic acid 7-Methyl-A2-hexenic acid Ethyl angelate Ethyl /3, /3-dimethylacrylate Ethyl a, /3-pentenate Ethyl tiglate 6-Ethoxy-7-valerolactone Ethyl a-ethoxyacrylate Ethyl /3-ethoxyacrylate Ethyl methylacetoacetate Methyl dimethylacetoacetate Ethyl levulinate Methyl cyclopentan-1-ol-l-carboxylate. . Diethyl malonate Dimethyl dimethylmalonate Dimethyl pyrotartrate Ethyl hydrogen pyrotartrate Dipropylcarbimide Dipropylcyanamide Ethyl n-butylnitrocarbamate Ethyl isobutylnitrocarbamate Ethyl sec.-butylnitrocarbamate Butenyldimethyl carbinol 1-Methylcyclohexan-l-ol l-Methylcyclohexan-2-ol l-Methylcyclohexan-3-ol l-Methylcyclohexan-4-ol 5-Methyl-l-hexen-5-ol Oenanthyl aldehyde Dipropyl ketone Cycloacetobutyl methyl ether Heptylic acid

*, °C 17.2 13.45 14.2 19.5 15.0 21.9 19.5 24.9 17.2 16.7 17.8 16.8 16.2 17.0 17.2 24.2 19.6 20.2 23.0 24.4 20.7 20.5 21.4 16.2 24.65 13.4 24.4 20.7 16.2 20 21.7 16.7 19.8

d\ I a 0.9430 1.44274 0.9477 1.43980 0.9706 1.45027 0.9178 1.42781 0.9171 1.43335 0.9072 1.42737 0.9247 1.43236 1.0715 1.43860 0.9956 1.42941 0.9965 1.44497 1.0010 1.41876 1.0122 1.41946 1.0168 1.42192 1.1047 1.45445 1.0570 1.41255 1.0589 1.41106 1.0692 1.41841 1.0982 1.42899 0.8381 1.44253 0.8572 1.42744 1.0985 1.44256 1.0941 1.44043 1.0861 1.43685 0.838221.43192 0.9251 1.45631 0.9333 1.46352 0.9152 1.45497 0.9175 1.45595 0.8382 1.43194 0.8495 1.42339 0.8160 1.40521 0.9485 1.42629 0.918461.41932

I D I ft 1.44569 1.45354 1.44246 1.44945 1.45290 1.46001 1.43102*1.43802 1.43679*1.44462 1.43047*1.43788 1.43554*1.44290 1.44082 1.44621 1.43241 1.43925 1.44852 1.45765 1.42066 1.42671 1.42166 1.42701 1.42416 1.42955 1.45672 1.46237 1.41508 1.41977 1.41312 1.41816 1.42042 1.43121 1.44541 1.45244 1.42979 1.43537 1.44546 1.45270 1.44331 1.45052 1.43972 1.44681 1.43446 1.44082 1.45874 1.46428 1.46585 1.47180 1.45734 1.46319 1.45833 1.46406 1.43446 1.44082 1.42571 1.43094 1.40732 1.42830*1.43324 1.42162 1.42682

I 7 1.46017 1.45512 1.46601 1.44435 1.45177 1.44422 1.44927 1.45089 1.44536 1.46574 1.43154 1.43145 1.43415 1.46707 1.42395 1.42219 1.42939 1.44066 1.45830 1.44006 1.45887 1.45683 1.45287 1.44622 1.46908 1.47665 1.46819 1.46897 1.44622 1.43514 1.41650 1.43742 1.43132

I

Ethyl isovalerate Isoamyl acetate /3-Ethylpiperidine 7-Ethylpiperidine 7-Dimethylpiperidylamine Dipropylketoxime Ethyl n-butylcarbamate Ethyl isobutylcarbamate Ethyl sec.-butylcarbamate Heptane n-Heptyl alcohol Triethyl orthoformate Phthalyl chloride Isophthalyl chloride Phenylacetylene Quinoxaline Coumarone o-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid lactone Phthalide Thionaphthene Benzyl cyanide o-Tolunitrile Methylanthranil Cinnamene Styrene o-Methyldichloromethylketodihydrobenzene p-Methyldichloromethylketodihydrobenzene

18.8 17.9 23.2 18.9 19.2 24.1 25.6 26.7 26.0 23 22.4 18.8 15.5 46.9 12.5 48.0 22.7 15.4 99.1 36.2 20.2 23.1 19.95 21 17

0.868401.39520 0.874501.39958 0.8565 1.45058 0.8260 1.44192 0.7585 1.41940 0.8877 1.44456 0.9434 1.42552 0.9386 1.42302 0.9404 1.42430 0.6809 1.3826 1.42116 0.8971 1.39034 1.4077 1.56505 1.3872 1.56336 0.9371 1.54604 1.1334 1.61428 1.0913 1.55787 1.2220 1.54781 1.1636 1.53021 1.1484 1.62509 1.0176 1.51977 0.9896 1.52200 1.1334 1.57019 0.9111 1.5318 0.905951.53699

1.39671 1.40170 1.45310 1.44450 1.42203 1.44724 1.42784 1.42530 1.42666 1.3867 1.42326 1.39218 1.57099 1.56999 1.5524 1.62311 1.56450 1.55337 1.53560 1.63324 1.52422 1.52720 1.57795 1.5446 1.54344

1.40605 1.41072 1.46449 1.45647 1.43466 1.45914 1.43784 1.43534 1.43652 1.3991 1.43281 1.40044 1.60116 1.60236 1.59856 1.67341 1.59609 1.57667

1.60005 1.5615 1.56036

1.67386 1.54552 1.55228 1.62206 1.5936 1.57588

(125) (125,-j- 134) (106) (ios) (ioe) (106) (109) (109) (109) (132) (131) (108) («o,f 95) («0) (i 50 ) (109) (41) (19) (49) (41) (ioe) (ioe) (117,USf) (132) (14, 43,-f 155,

44

1.2573 1.52275 1.52908 1.54159

1.55792

(52)

51

1.53141 1.53644

.55832

(52)

Lit. (58) (53) (53) ( 69 ) ( 69 ) (69) (69) (80) (5) (V) (9,f 105) (9,f 105) (6) (63) (M 105) (9) (102) (102) (106) (106) (109) (109) (i° 9 ) (125) (55) (55) (55) (55,f 61) (") (93) (ios) (28) (125, f 130, 147)

C7H14O2 C7H14O2 C7H15N C7H16N C7H15N C7H15NO C7H15NO2 C7H15NO2 C7H15NO2 C7H1C C7H16O C7H16O3 OgH4Ol2O2 CsH4Cl2O2 C8H6 C8H6N2 C8H6O C8H6O2 C8H6O2 C8H6S C8H7N C8H7N C8H7NO C8H8 C8H8 C8H8Cl2O C8H8Cl2O

1.40203 1.40658 1.45103 1.42890 1.43339 1.43087 1.43214 1.3917 1.42843 1.39676 1.45676 1.58672 1.57986 1.64858 1.58101 1.56552 1.54896 1.65439

156)

.54779

Formula C8H8Cl2O C8H8Cl2O C8H8N2 C8H8O C8H8O C8H8O C8H8O C8H8O C8H8O C8H8O C8H8O2 C8H8O2 C8H8O2 C8H8O2 C8H8O2 C8H8O2 C8H8O3 C8H8O4 C8H9Br C8H9Br C8H9I C8H9I C8H9I C8H9I C8H9I C8H9NO C8H9NO2 C8HiO C8HiQ CsHio C8HiO C8H10N2O2 C8H10O C8H10O C8Hi0O C8H10O C8H10OS C8H10OS C8H11Cl C8H11ClO C8H11Cl3O3 C8HnClO4 C8H11N C8H11N C8H11N C8HnN C8Hi1N C8HnN C8H11N C8HnN C8HuN C8Hi1NO C8HnNO C8HnNO C8HnNO C8HuNO2

Name U 0C I tfj I « I D I ft 1- Methyl- 1-dichlorome thy1-3, 5-cyclo33.5 1.2700 1.52766 1.53284 1.54660 hexadien-2-one l-Methyl-l-dichloromethyl-4-keto-2, 551 1.53141 1.53644 1.54779 cyclohexadiene Methylmethenyl-o-phenylenediamine . . . 17.1 1.1283 1.59454 1.60133 1.61906 13.3 1.0800 1.54485 1.54997 1.56374 Coumarane 35.7 1.0466 1.56997 1.57724 1.59661 o-Hydroxystyrene 19.6 1.0272 1.52056 1.52546 1.53738 Phenylacetaldehyde 19.0 1.0386 1.54233 1.54852 1.56502 o-Toluic aldehyde 21.4 1.0189 1.53444 1.54068 1.55676 m-Toluic aldehyde 16.6 1.0195 1.54015 1.54693 1.56413 p-Toluic aldehyde 19.1 1.0293 1.52832 1.53427 1.55003 Acetophenone

1

7

Lit.

I

(45) 1.55832 1.63498 1.57572 1.61474 1.54783 1.57978 1.57168 1.58000 1.56103

(45) (109) (16) (U) (43) (41) («) («, «) (43,| 44, 105, 145)

Anisaldehyde p-Homosalicylaldehyde m-Methoxybenzaldehyde o-Hydroxyacetophenone Salicylaldehyde methyl ether Methyl benzoate Methyl salicylate Ethyl coumalate as^m.-Bromo-o-xylene Bromo-p-xylene ast/ra.-Iodo-o-xylene vic.-Iodo-o-xylene as?/m.-Iodo-ra-xylene s^/m.-Iodo-ra-xylene lodo-p-xylene a-Benzaldoxime O-methyl ether aci-Phenylnitromethane methyl ether. . . Ethylbenzene o-Xylene m-Xylene p-Xylene Benzylmethylnitroamine o- Me thoxy toluene m-Methoxy toluene p- Methoxy toluene Phenetole a-Butyrothienone a-Ethyl-a'-acetothienone 1, 3-Dimethyl-5-chloro-3, 5-cyclohexadiene 1, l-Dimethyl-5-chloro-4-cyclohexen-3one Ethyl 7, 7, 7-trichloro-/3-acetylbutyrate . Diethyl chlorofumarate Amylpropiolic nitrile wc.-0-Xylidine m-Xylidine asi/m.-m-Xylidine ST/m.-m-Xylidine vic.-m-Xylidine p-Xylidine Dimethylaniline

12.7 59.2 13.9 21.3 20.2 16.0 21 39.2 18.4 18.5 18.35 19.75 16.3 18.5 17.4 17.0 15.0 14.5 15.5 14.85 16.2 25.7 15.3 12.85 19.3 13.7 17.2 16.2

1.1302 1.0913 1.1245 1.1303 1.1326 1.0905

1.56784 1.53921 1.55006 1.55061 1.55245 1.51309 1.5206 1.50176 1.55240 1.54676 1.59884 1.60131 1.59436 1.59082 1.59273 1.54311 1.57895 1.49423 1.50368 1.49548 1.49335 1.54621 1.51447 1.51184 1.50797 1.50605 1.53747 1.54576

1.2094 1.3708 1.3582 1.6334 1.6395 1.6282 1.6085 1.6168 1.0227 1.1241 0.8708 0.8837 0.8686 0.8624 1.1706 0.9854 0.9784 0.9709 0.9698 1.0912 1.0832

15.4

1.0065 1.50022 1.50459 1.51626

19.7 14.1 18.3 13 15.3 19.6 14.75 12.1 14.05 21.3 20

1.0841 1.3395 1.1890 0.8508 0.9963 0.9783 0.9786 0.9791 0.9846 0.9790 0.9575

1.49175 1.46224 1.45455 1.45247 1.56493 1.55472 1.55579 1.55622 1.55785 1.55329 1.55203

1.57641 1.59764 1.54655 1.56840 1.55656 1.57486 1.55797 1.57821 1.55966 1.57947 1.51810 1.53060 1.5319 1.5241 1.50655 1.52081 1.55712 1.57058 1.55138 1.56467 1.60490 1.62163 1.60736 1.62372 1.60080 1.61687 1.59672 1.61312 1.59917 1.61508 1.55001*1.56798 1.58708*1.60751 1.49828 1.50953 1.50777 1.51960 1.49962 1.51128 1.49734 1.50912 1.55150 1.56531 1.51888 1.53150 1.51638 1.52892 1.51237 1.52488 1.51026 1.52242 1.54312*1.55806 1.55227*1.56951

1.49547 1.46458 1.45782 1.4553 1.57063 1.56066 1.56155 1.56179 1.56347 1.55914 1.55873

1.50550 1.47079 1.46594 1.46333 1.58664 1.57616 1.57748 1.57761 1.57922

1.59228 1.59931 1.59912 1.54157 1.5810 1.53396 1.58194 1.57589

1.58494 1.62445 1.51904 1.52958 1.52112 1.51902 1.57750 1.54238 1.53981 1.53557 1.53273 1.57136 1.58636

(«) («) (41) ( 4 I) (41) ( 43 I 4 4 t) (134) (23) (47) (47) (47) (47) (47) (47) (47) (74) (74) (20, f 95, 148) (20,^105,148) (20, f 148) (20, f 105, 148) (i° 9 ) (16, f 47) (47) (47) (47) ( 59 ) (S9) ( 77 )

1.57658

1.51434 1.47612 1.47299 1.46952 1.60058 1.59018 1.59132 1.59140 1.59281 1.58803 1.59332

(67) («i) («0) (ISO) (47) (106) (47) (47) (47) (i°6) (91, 95, 106,f

20.3 16.1 15.5

0.9620 1.54939 1.55558 1.0189 1.45976 1.46239*1.46820 1.0443 1.47084 1.47305*1.47969

1.58631 1.47341 1.48479

(i° 6 ) (39) (39)

16.2

1.0628 1.48956 1.49262*1.50031

1.50679

(31)

13.0 99.6

10687 1.49206 1.49517*1.50287 0.9715 1.44367 1.44690 1.45599

1.50943 1.46409

(31) (s»)

131)

Ethylaniline l-Methyl-l-cyanocyclohexan-2-one 3- Methyl- l-cyanocyclohexan-2-one l-Methyl-2, 3- (a, /3-tetrahydrobenz)isoxazole l-Methyl-2, 3- (/9, 7-tetrahydrobenz)isoxazole a-Cyano-AMsoheptenic acid

Formula C8H11NO3 C8H11NO2 C8H11NO3 C8H11NO4 C8H12 C8H12 C8H12 C8H12 C8H12ClN C8H12Cl2O O8JLi12Ol2O

C8H12Cl2O2 OgHi 2 N 2 C8H12N2 C8H12N2 C8H12O C8H12O C8H12O2 C8H12O2 C8H12O2 C8H12O2 C8H12O2 C8H12O3 C8H12O3 C8H12O4 C8H12O4 C8H12O4 C8H12O4 C8H12O4 C8H12Os C8H12O5 C8H13N C8H13NO C8H13NO2 C8H13NO2 C8H13NO2 C8H14 C8H14 C8H14 C8H14 C8H14 C8H14 C8H14 C8H14 C8H14 C8H14 C8H14Cl2 C8H14O C8H14O C8H14O C8H14O C8H14O C8H14O C8H14O C8Hi4O C8H14O2 C8H14O2 C8H14O2 C8H14O2 C8H14O2 C8H14O2

I

Name Ethyl a-cyano-A^pentenate Ethyl a-propiocyanoacetate Methyl a-butyrocyanoacetate Diethyl cyanomalonate A1»3-Dihydro-p-xylene 1, 3-Dimethyl-3, 5-cyclohexadiene 1, 4-Dimethyl-l, 3-cyclohexadiene l-Methyl-3-methene-l-cyclohexene Dimethylaniline hydrochloride 1-Methyl-l-dichloromethylcyclohexan2-one 1- Methyl- 1-dichloromethy Icyclohexan4-one Suberyl chloride 2, 5-Dimethyl-3-ethylpyrazine as?/ra.-Ethylphenylhydrazine 2-Methyltetrahydroindazole 1, 3-Dimethyl-6-eyclohexen-5-one l-Isopropylene-2-ketocyclopentane Amylpropiolic acid Diallylacetic acid A^Tetrahydro-w-toluic acid l-Hydroxymethylene-3-methylcyclohexan-2-one Ethyl sorbate Acetoxymethylenediethyl ketone Ethyl ethylideneacetoacetate Diethyl fumarate Diethyl maleate Ethyl acetoxymethylenepropionate Ethyl 0-acetylacetoacetate Ethyl diacetoacetate Diethyl hydroxymethylenemalonate . . . . Diethyl oxalacetate Tropidine Tropinone 2-Cyano-n-heptoic acid a-Mesityl oxide oxime acetate /3-Mesityl oxide oxime acetate 1, l-Dimethyl-3-cyclohexene 1, 2- Dimethyl- 1-cyclohexene 1, 3-Dimethyl-3-cyclohexene 1, 3-Dimethyl-4-cyclohexene 1, 3-Dimethyl-5-cyclohexene 1, 4- Dimethyl- 1-cyclohexene Ethenecyclohexane 1-Ethyl- 1-cyclohexene Ethylidenecyclohexane 1-Octine 1- Methyl- 1-dichloromethylcyclohexane. . Dially !methyl carbinol 1, 3-Dimethyl-l-cyclohexen-3-ol 1, l-Dimethylcyclohexan-2-one 1, l-Dimethylcyclohexan-3-one 1, l-Dimethylcyclohexan-4-one 1, 2-Dimethylcyclohexan-4-one 1, 3-Dimethylcyclohexan-2-one 1, 3-Dimethylcyclohexan-5-one Cyclohexylacetic acid 2, 6- Dimethyl- A2-hexenic acid a-Ethyl-A2-hexenic acid Dimethylacetonylacetone Ethoxymethylene diethyl ketone Propylacetylacetone

I a 1.44988 1.4567 1.4722 1.4240 1.47467 1.46828 1.47787 1.48274 1.56140

t,°C 19.9 20 20 20 19.5 19.7 16.1 17.0 18.5

I d\ 1.0004 1.0762 1.0933 1.0931 0.8363 0.8189 0.8370 0.8389 1.1156

17.5

1.2350 1.49798 1.50076 1.50738

1.51332

(67)

52.8 20.6 24.0 20.8 21.5 11.7 20 12.6 21.6 69.0

1.2214 1.1720 0.9657 1.0181 1.0287 0.9462 0.9355 0.9623 0.9474 1.0127

1.49459 1.46562 1.49683 1.56462 1.51257 1.48246 1.46359 1.46025 1.44774 1.47283

1.49775 1.50402 1.46847 1.47485 1.50136 1.57108*1.58745 1.51619*1.52520 1.48705 1.49633 1.46660 1.47383 1.46335 1.47100 1.45084 1.45831 1.47630*1.48496

1.50996 1.48049 1.52429 1.60262 1.53298 1.50518 1.47994 1.47750 1.46442

(67) («0) (i° 6 ) (29) (6°) (43) (90) (i 50 ) (71,125) (26)

15.8 20.15 18.25 18 20 20 18.6 14.95 18.3 14.25 16.6 18.4 99.6 17.0 14 17.1 16.2 13.5 22.4 18.0 21.1 22 17.6 19.05 17.3 12.5 23.7 20.6 17.5 19.9 18.6 22.45 12.6 11.85 18.2 33.5 15.8 16.5 23.0 18.15 18.2

1.0540 1.50072 0.9560 1.49554 1.0342 1.46116 1.0231 1.44945 1.051991.43780 1.069171.43779 1.0686 1.44558 1.0644 1.44402 1.0947 1.46512 1.1275 1.45287 1.1715 1.45309 0.9535 1.48752 0.9872 1.45975 1.0250 1.44686 0.9925 1.47379 0.9922 1.47554 0.8056 1/44251 0.8317 1.45906 0.8000 1.44263 0.8102 1.45014 0.797 1.44086 0.7989 1.44112 0.8237 1.46094 0.8238 1.45386 0.8244 1.45965 0.7530 1.4183 1.1272 1.48670 0.8437 1.43903 0.9327 1.47417 0.9146 1.44624 0.9068 1.44513 0.9280 1.45096 0.9121 1.44871 0.9204 1.44976 0.8933 1.44077 1.0012 1.45482 0.9360 1.44524 0.9313 1.44122 0.9336 1.42942 0.9446 1.46760 0.9363 1.43942

1.50569 1.52010 1.50227 1.52001 1.46486 1.47488 1.45283 1.46109 1.44103 1.44902 1.44070 1.44763 1.44903 1.45760 1.44695 1.45511 1.46950 1.48067 1.45605 1.46502 1.45614 1.49037 1.49793 1.46205 1.46910 1.44940*1.45495 1.47707*1.48671 1.47972*1.48998 1.44521 1.45182 1.46178 1.46908 1.44533 1.45215 1.45372 1.46078 1.44361 1.45020 1.44372 1.45056 1.46389 1.47139 1.45673 1.46347 1.46299 1.47010 1.42075 1.4272 1.48947 1.49596 1.44172 1.44856 1.47711 1.48458 1.44863 1.45443 1.44763 1.45352 1.45334 1.45941 1.45094 1.45712 1.45189 1.45811 1.44333 1.44916 1.46303 1.44800 1.45514 1.44364 1.45064 1.43168 1.43758 1.47169 1.48289 1.44369 1.45106

( 56 ) (27, 45f) (17) (45,f 105) (45, f 144) (45, f 144) (17) (") (17) (l7) (i° 5 ) (25) (25) 1.45968 (39) 1.49522 (74) 1.49852 (74) 1.45722 (68) 1.47517 ( 5 S) 1.45795 (55) 1.46728 (77) 1.45587 (55) 1.45626 (55) 1.47773 (55) 1.46944 (46) 1.47633 (46) 1.4309 (iso) 1.50145 (««) 1.45414 (Hi) 1.49076 (i°) 1.45940 (67) 1.45851 (67) 1.46442 (67) 1.46208 (21) 1.46252 (62) 1.45416 (55) 1.46780 (iso) 1.46105 (53) 1.45622 (53) 1.44254 (54) 1.49325(?) (") 1.45831 (seî

I D 1.45292 1.4603 1.4763 1.4263 1.47888 1.47212 1.48219 1.48723 1.56619

I ft 1.46152 1.4697 1.4871 1.4316 1.48983 1.48214 1.49380 1.49872 1.57829

T I Lit. 1.46869 (") 1.4780 («8) 1.4968 (138) 1.4362 (138) 1.49998 (Si) 1.49096 . ( 77 ) 1.50459 ( 43 » 54 t) 1.50910 (44) 1.58910 (161)

I

1.53435 1.53664 1.48438(?) 1.46882 1.45591 1.45352 1.46501 1.46179 1.49125 1.47275 1.46993 1.50417

Formula C8H14O2 CgHi4Oa CgHi4O2 CgHi4O2 C8H14O3 C8H14O3 C8H14O3 C8H14O3 C8H14O3 C8Hi4O4 C8Hi4O4 C8H14O4 C8H15Br C8H15Cl C8H15Cl C8H15N C8H15N C8H15NO C8H1G C8H1C C8H1B CsHu C8Hi6N2 C8H16O C8H16O C8H16O C8Hi6O C8H16O C8H16O C8Hi6O C8H16O C8H16O C8H16O C8H16O C8H16O2 C8H16O2 C8H16O2 C8H17N C8H17N C8H17NO C8H17NO C8H17NO C8Hi8 C8H18N2O C8H18O C8H18O C8Hi9N C9H5N C9H6ClN C9H6O C9H7BrO C9H7ClO C9H7N C9H7N C9H8 C9H8Cl4 C9H8Cl4 C9H8N2 C9H8N2 C9H8N2O C9H8O C9H8O

Name | Ethyl a-ethylcrotonate Ethyl CK, /3-hexenate Ethyl a, j8-isohexenate Ethyl trimethylacrylate Ethyl cyclopentan-1-ol-l-carboxylate. . . Ethyl dimethylacetoacetate Ethyl ethylacetoacetate Ethyl /?-ethoxycrotonate Ethyl /3-ethoxy-a-methylacrylate Diethyl methylmalonate Diethyl succinate Diethyl methylpyrotartrate 1, 3-Dimethylcyclohexyl bromide 1, 2-Dimethylcyclohexyl chloride I 7 4-Dimethylcyclohexyl chloride 7-Coniceine Tropane Tropine 1, 2-Dimethylcyclohexane 1, 3-Dimethylcyclohexane 1, 4-Dimethylcyclohexane Octylene Ethylmethylketazine Allyldiethyl carbinol Allylmethylpropyl carbinol 1, l-Dimethylcyclohexan-2-ol 1, l-Dimethylcyclohexan-3-ol 1, l-Dimethylcyclohexan-4-ol 1, 2-Dimethylcyclohexan-2-ol 1, 2-Dimethylcyclohexan-4-ol 1, 3-Dimethylcyclohexan-3-ol 1, 3-Dimethylcyclohexan-5-ol 1, 4-Dimethylcyclohexan-4-ol Methylhexyl ketone cis-Tetramethylbutenediol Zrans-Tetramethylbutenediol Octoic acid Coniine s?/m.-Copellidine Oenanthaldoxime methyl ether Isocaproimido ethyl ether Methyl hexylketoxime Octane Nitrosodiisobutylamine Octyl alcohol Methylhexyl carbinol Diisobutylamine Phenylpropiolic nitrile a-Chloroquinoline Phenylpropiolic aldehyde l-Methyl-4-bromocoumarone Cinnamyl chloride Quinoline Isoquinoline Indene 3, 5-Dichloro-l-methyl-4-(/3, 0-dichloroethyl) -benzene 3, 5-Dichloro-l-methyl-l -dichloromethyl4-methene-2, 5-cyclohexadiene 1-Phenylpyrazole Toluquinoxaline 2-Acetylindazole (stable) Cinnamaldehyde 1-Methylcoumarone

t, 0C 17.0 20 18.5 19.3 16.0 18.8 16.1 37.6 21.6 18.7 15.5 21.9 18.2 13.3 18.5 18.4 21.6 99.8 17.85 20.75 15.7 16.0 26.6 21.7 21.3 22.4 19.7 24.7 13.7 12.5 22.9 18.55 23.9 20 98.9 99.2 21 21.9 19.0 19.4 17.9 20.8 17.6 21.2 9.5 20 19.6 41.5 24.6 12.6 34.8 42.5 24.9 25.1 12.7

I

d\ I CL I D I ft 0.9106 1.43407 1.43705*1.44438 0.9005 1.43165 1.43474*1.44200 0.8971 1.43043 1.43363*1.44079 0.9072 1.42680 1.42987 1.43718 1.0604 1.44897 1.45160 1.45693 0.9771 1.41616 1.41828 1.42358 0.9835 1.42147 1.42366 1.42936 0.9663 1.44307 1.44678 1.45571 0.9788 1.44649 1.45009 1.45931 1.0192 1.41154 1.41369 1.41881 1.0454 1.42013 1.42227*1.42738 1.0285 1.41748 1.41959 1.2074 1.48020 1.48321 1.49033 0.9708 1.46492 1.46723 1.47407 0.9438 1.45088 1.45372 1.45942 0.8740 1.45808 1 . 46068 1 . 46707 0.9307 1.47427 1.47659 1.48318 1.0161 1.47917 1.48113 1.48766 0.7809 1.42820 1.43020 1.43592 0.7707 I .4227 Q 1.42499 1.43047 0.7722 1.42407 1.42597 1.43174 0.7256 1.4137 1.4157 1.4222 0.8338 1.44826 1.45160 1.46000 0.8470 1.43853 1.44100 1.44723 0.8340 1.43501 1.43758 1.44385 0.9257 1.46404 1.46640 1.47240 0.9089 1.45655 1.45893 1.46476 0.9220 1.45896 1.46128 1.46716 0.9252 1.46035 1.46248 1.46848 0.9118 1.45826 1.46042 1.46645 0.9028 1.45177 1.45414 1.45984 0.8996 1.45354 1.45601 1.46181 0.9060 1.45317 1.45534 1.46141 0.8185 1.41390 1.41613 1.42133 0.8693 1.42026 1.42258*1.42884 0.8634 1.41875 1.42164*1.42747 0.908661.42439 1.42677 1.43194 0.8430 1.44867 1.45119 0.8315 1.44113 1.44354 1.44982 0.8384 1.42192 1.42431 0.8575 1.41766 1.41996 1.42526 0.8845 1.44899 1.45166 0.7046 1.39677 1.39883 1.40372 0.8915 1.44094 1.44387 1.45147 1.4246 1.4279 1.4338 0.8193 1.42231 1.42444 1.42972 0.7450 1.40712 1.40934 1.0046 1.5775 1.58535 1.6068 1.2464 1.62586 1.63417 1.65650 1.0680 1.59745 1.60785 1.63214 1.4771 1.58473 1.59149 1.60979 1.1645 1.60451 1.61364 1.64950 1.0895 1.61610 1.62450 1.64702 1.0974 1.61411 1.62233 1.64430 1.019951.56454 1.57107 1.58743

I

Lit. ( 69 ) («») (69) («,f 69) ( 63 ) (») (9,f 10S) (6) (5) (9) (73,JlOS) (102) (55) (21) 1.46462 (21) 1.47251 (i° 9 ) 1.48854 (25) 1.49269 (25) 1.44056 (2i,f 130) 1.43500 (55) (2i,f 130) 1.43624 1.4274 (95, 148 f) 1.46717 (109) 1.45235 (Hi) 1.44889 (1*1) 1.47735 (67) 1.46964 (67) 1.47214 (67,f 68) 1.47330 (21) 1.47121 (21) 1.46463 (55) 1.46652 (55) 1.46622 (55) 1.42569 (93) (73) (73) 1.43654 ("S) 1.46239 (I06,f 157) 1.45524 (25) 1.43578 (106) 1.42957 (109) (i° 6 ) 1.46339 1.40781 (129,148) 1.45810 (106) 1.4386 (134) 1.43397 (93) 1.41919 (106) 1.62066 ("O) 1.67721 (i° 6 ) 1.64930 (iso) 1.62638 (23) 1.68531 ( 80 ) 1.66790 (I06,f 134, 145) 1.66476 (I06,f 109, 157) 1.60220 (161)

T 1.45069 1.44849 1.44704 1.44360 1.46171 1.42819 1.43434 1.46324 1.46760 1.42310 1.43160 1.42897 1.49626

I

19.0

1.3976 1.56306 1.56784 1.57991

1.59033

(4)

16.7 14.6 18.4 16.8 20 14.4

1.4084 1.1177 1.1180 1.1886 1.0497 1.0588

1.63470 1.67196 1.62611 1.68295 1.59297

(*) (6°) (109) (33) (*5»t 95) (23)

1.57462 1.59160 1.61205 1.58240 1.60852 1.55479

1.58005 1.59387 1.59890*1.61747 1.62112 1.64639 1.58955*1.60812 1.61949 1.65090 1.56145 1.57783

t, 0C 23.1 19 44.75 13.6 19.3 22 19.7 53.8 44.5 22.8 19.6 21.65 19.6 14.4 15.4 18.9 17.3 15.4 15.4 14.0

I

20.3 23.4 16.4 14.1 16.4 19.8 18.7

1.2874 1.54258 1.1223 1.55975 0.962501.53394 0.9155 1.54175 0.9003 1.53811 0.9078 1.52893 0.9145 1.54257

C 9 Hi 0 N 2 C9H10N2 C9Hi0O C9Hi0O

Name I 2-Methylcoumarone 4-Methylcoumarone a-Hydrindone 2-Methoxythionaphthene 2-Methoxycournarone Methylphthalide 1-Methylcoumaranone 4-Methylcoumaranone o- Acetoxybenzaldehyde a-Methoxyphthalide Methyl o-phthalaldehydecarboxylate 4-Methylthionaphthene a-Bromopropiophenone l-Methyl-4-bromocoumarane Ethyl 0-bromobenzoate Ethyl ra-bromobenzoate Ethyl p-bromobenzoate Ethyl o-chlorobenzoate Ethyl m-chlorobenzoate Ethyl p-chlorobenzoate 5-Chloro-l-methyl-4- (ft /3-dichloroethyl> benzene /z-Phenyloxazoline Hydrindene o-Methylstyrene p-Methylstyrene a-Methylstyrene /3-Methylstyrene l} 3-Dimethyl-l-dichloromethyl-2, 5cyclohexadien-4-one 1, 5-Dimethyl-l-dichloromethyl-3, 5-cyclohexadien-2-one 1-Ethylindazole 2-Ethylindazole o-Allylphenol Cinnamyl alcohol

C9Hi0O C9Hi0O C9Hi0O

o-Propenylphenol Ethyl phenyl ketone o-Methylacetophenone

OgXl I0O

ra-Methylacetophenone

C9Hi0O C9Hi0O O9Hi0O C9Hi0O C9Hi0O C9Hi0O C9Hi0O O9Hi0O C9Hi0O C9H10O O9Hi0O2 C9Hi0O2 C9Hi0O2 C9Hi0O2 C9Hi0O2 C9Hi0O2 C9Hi0O2 C9Hi0O2 C9Hi0Os C9Hi0Os C9HnBrO C9HnI C 9 HnN

p-Methylacetophenone o-Methoxystyrene a-Methoxystyrene j8-Methoxystyrene l'-Methyl-2-hydroxystyrene l'-Methyl-3-hydroxystyrene Chavicol Chromane 1-Methylcoumarane 4-Methylcoumarane o-Methoxy-ra-toluic aldehyde 2-Hydroxy-5-methylacetophenone a-Hydroxypropiophenone o-Methoxyacetophenone m-Methoxyacetophenone p-Methoxyacetophenone o-Ethylbenzoic acid Ethyl benzoate Ethyl salicylate Methyl o-methoxybenzoate 2-Ethoxy-4-bromo toluene si/m.-Iodopseudocumene 2-Dihydromethylindole

Formula C9H8O C9H8O C9H8O C9H8OS C9H8O2 C9H8O2 O9Xi8O2 O9H8O2 C9H8O3 C9H8O3 C9H8O3 O9Xl8D

C9H9BrO C9H9BrO C9H9BrO2 C9H9BrO2 C9H9BrO2 C9H9ClO2 C9H9ClO2 C9H9ClO2 C9H9Cl3 C9H9NO C9HiO C9HiO C9HiO C9HiO C9HiO C9HiOCl2O O9H ioOl2O

d{ 1.0543 1.0605 1.0938 1.2093 1.1443 1.1559 1.1531 1.1506 1.1580 1.2151 1.2027 1.1108 1.4302 1.4581 1.4438 1.4308 1.4332 1.1942 1.1859 1.1873

\

a 1.54663 1.55117 1.55500 1.61990 1.55277 1.53918 1.55620 1.55808 1.51715 1.53089 1.53635 1.60730 1.56617 1.56684 1.54088 1.53836 1.54329 1.52044 1.51803 1.52246

(

ft 1.56824 1.57300 1.57655 1.64810 1.57489 1.55703 1.58288 1.58638 1.53646 1.54758 1.55596 1.63374 1.58770 1.58670 1.55837 1.55616 1.56261 1.53686 1.53454 1.54013

D 1.55255 1.55729 1.56084 1.62767 1.55894 1.54380 1.56321 1.56521 1.52254 1.53522 1.54143 1.61476 1.57175 1.57270 1.54548 1.54298 1.54829 1.52470 1.52233 1.52700

I

1.55012 1.56554 1.53877 1.54765 1.54465 1.53492 1.54967

I

T 1.58224 1.58743 1.59206

Lit.

I

1.54940 1.55815 1.56898 1.65141 1.60204 1.59943 1.56941 1.56729 1.57505 1.54717 1.54500 1.55150

(41) (41) (16) (41) («) (i«) ( 19 ) ( 19 ) ( 4 I) ( 4 ^) ( 4 ^) ( 4 I) («) O6) ( 47 ) ( 47 ) ( 47 ) (47) ( 47 ) ( 47 )

1.56130 1.58074 1.55114 1.56444 1.56200 1.54959 1.56600

1.57143 1.59429 1.56136 1.57904 1.57784 1.56284 1.58103

(4) (i° 6 ) ( 16 I) (14) (8) (43) (43)

20.5

1.2405 1.53960 1.54379 1.55613

1.56675

(8»)

19.8 14.7 16.2 14.25 20

1.2250 1.0678 1.0768 1.0262 1.0440

1.52906 1.56918 1.58564 1.54290 1.57510

1.53366 1.54766 1.57577*1.59267 1.59310*1.61238 1.54853 1.56164 1.58190 1.59993

1.60856 1.63081 1.57345 1.61631

(88) (6°) ( 60 ) (4 7 ) (43, f 95, 132,

14.25 15.9 12.75 15.3 17.4 17.4 25.0 24.3 18.5 13.0 18 14.1 13.7 18.6 19.2 53 22.8 23.6 15.35 41.3 99.6 17.3 14.4 19.5 11.35 65.3 23.4

1.0438 1.0134 1.0203 1.0108 1.0061 1.0047 0.9936 0.9886 1.0296 1.0476 1.033 1.0697 1.0363 1.0463 1.0988 1.0797 1.1044 1.0850 1.0993 1.0816 1.0420 1.0496 1.1355 1.1566 1.3592 1.5113 1.0197

1.57670 1.52375 1.52963 1.52697 1.52976 1.55016 1.53402 1.55467 1.54328 1.56721 1.5393 1.54601 1.52919 1.53521 1.54672 1.53426 1.53104 1.53214 1.53693 1.53998 1.50559 1.50179 1.51977 1.52893 1.54387 1.57573 1.56264

1.58368 1.52900 1.53522 1.53270 1.53533 1.55701 1.53997 1.56197 1.54904 1.57337 1.5441 1.55063 1.53375 1.54044 1.55375 1.54095 1.53558 1.53787 1.54313 1.54684 1.51012 1.50682 1.52511 1.53422 1.54858 1.58129 1.56868

1.58941 1.56828 1.60277

155, 156)

1.60310 1.54223 1.54885 1.54654 1.55018 1.57526 1.55521 1.58139 1.56368 1.59064 1.5573 1.56376 1.54678 1.55351 1.57328 1.56135 1.54873 1.55339 1.55829 1.56443 1.52333 1.51839 1.54036 1.54789 1.56186 1.59673

1.62110 1.55403 1.56134 1.55946 1.56369 1.59233 1.56918 1.59962 1.57699 1.60612 1.6689 1.57526 1.55800 1.56537

1.56792 1.57247 1.58094 1.53455 1.52854 1.55466 1.56029 1.57332 1.59979

(14) (8) (41) (41) (8) (14) (5) («) (U) (U) (^ 8 ) (*«) (") (i«) («) ( 4 I) («) ( 4 I) ( 4 I) ( 4 I) (I 45 ) (43) ( 4 I) ( 4 I) (i«) ( 47 ) (106)

Formula C9H11N C9H11N C9H11NO C9H11NO2 C9H1 2 C9Hi2 C9H1 2

C9H1 2 C9H12 C 9 Hi 2 C9H12 C9H12 C9H12 C9H12Cl2O C9H12N2O C9H12O C9H12O C9H12O C9Hi2O C9H12O C9H12O C9H12O C9H12O C9H12O C9H12O C9H12O C9H12O C9H12O C9H12O C9H12OS C9H12OS C9H12O2 C9Hi2O2 C9H12Os C9H12O4 C9H13BrO5 C9Hi3ClO6 C9H13Cl3O C9H13N C9Hi3N C9H13N C9Hi3NO C9H13NO C9H13NO3 C9H13NO3 C9H13NO4 C9H1 4 C9H14Cl2 C9H14N2 C9Hi4O C9H14O C9H14O C9H14O C9H14O C9H14O C9H14O2 C9H14O2 C9H14O2 C9H14O2

I

. Name | Tetrahydroisoquinoline Tetrahydroquinoline a-Benzaldoxime ethyl ether o-Anisaldoxime methyl ether 1, l-Dimethyl-4-methene-2, 5-cyclohexadiene Isopropylbenzene Mesitylene

*, °C I d\ I a I D I ft 23.1 1.0642 1.57418 1.57982 23.9 1.0546 1.58675 1.59331 1.61093 21.7 0.9918 1.52880 1.53498 1.55126 18.6 1.0934 1.54784 1.55505*1.57405

I T 1.60681 1.62721 1.56628 1.59287

15.8 16.8 17.1

0.8360 1.49799 1.50295 1.51739 0.8662 1.49063 1.49441 1.50539 0.8646 1.49403 1.49804 1.50936

1.53009 1.51466 1.51891

(«») (20,f 148) (20, j 75, 92,

o-Methylethylbenzene m-Methylethylbenzene p-Methylethylbenzene Propylbenzene Pseudocumene 1, 2, 3-Trimethy !benzene 1, 4-Dimethyl-4-dichloromethyl-l-cyclohexen-3-one 2-Acetyltetrahydroindazole o-Ethoxytoluene w-Ethoxytoluene p-Ethoxytoluene os?/m.-Methoxy-m-xylene Benzylmethyl carbinol Phenylpropyl alcohol w-Tolylmethyl carbinol p-Tolylmethyl carbinol osym.-o-Xylenyl methyl ether vic.-o-Xylenyl methyl ether as?/ra.-ra-Xylenyl methyl ether . . si/ra.-ra-Xylenyl methyl ether . vic.-ra-Xylenyl methyl ether p-Xylenyl methyl ether ot-Isovalerothienone or-Propyl-o/-acetothienone o-Hydroxydihydrocinnamyl alcohol 1, 4- Dimethyl- 1, 3-cyclohexadien-3carboxylic acid Acetoxymethylenecyclohexanone Dimethyl isoprenedicarboxylate Diethyl a-bromoacetylmalonate Diethyl a-chloroacetylmalonate 1,1, l-Trichloro-2-hydroxy-3-nonine . . . . Dimethyl-o-toluidine Dimethyl-p-toluidine Hexylpropiolic nitrile l-Ethyl-l-cyanocyclohexan-2-one l-Cyano-2-ethoxy-l-cyclohexene Ethyl tt-butyro-a-cyanoacetate Ethyl a-isobutyro-a-cyanoacetate Diethyl methylcyanomalonate l-Methyl-4-ethyl-l, 3-cyclohexadiene . . . 1, 4-Dimethyl-l-dichloromethyl-3-cyclohexene 2, 7-Dimethyltetrahydroindazole asyra.-Diallylacetone syra.-Diallylacetone Phorone a, /3-Pulenenone 0, 7-Pulenenone 1, 1, 3-Trimethyl-2-cyclohexen-4-one. . . . a-Cyclohexenepropionie acid Hexylpropiolic acid 2-Methylcyclohexeneacetic acid 3-Methylcyclohexeneacetic acid

16.05 19.9 22.8 12.25 15.3 19.55

0.8831 0.8669 0.8597 0.8681 0.8794 0.8949

1.50148 1.49575 1.48921 1.49176 1.50259 1.50930

1.50569 1.49966 1.49303 1.49549 1.50672 1.51335

1.51697 1.51102 1.50417 1.50630 1.51841 1.52503

1.52653 1.52056 1.51353 1.51533 1.52816 1.53483

(16, 2 Of) (20, 61 j) (20, f 61, 145) (20,f 148) (20, f 1 05, 148) (20)

45.8 24.0 13.3 11.7 17.6 12.85 14.5 20 15.35 18.4 13.7 39.7 12.85 15.1 13.6 12.8 14.4 14.6 15.0

1.2067 1.1148 0.9592 0.9558 0.9509 0.9696 0.9988 1.0079 0.9973 1.0045 0.9744 0.9596 0.9696 0.9627 0.9619 0.9693 1.0677 1.0663 1.1259

1.51125 1.52635 1.50383 1.50507 1.50175 1.51298 1.52017 1.53101 1.52262 1.52880 1.51545 1.50786 1.51298 1.51056 1.50148 1.51388 1.53246 1.54079 1.55121

1.51508 1.52494 1.53098*1.54227 1.50791 1.51974 1.50920 1.52112 1.50582 1.51749 1.51730 1.52967 1.52425 1.53453 1.53565 1.54782 1.52635 1.53740 1.53391 1.54835 1.51980 1.53194 1.51197 1.52418 1.51730 1.52967 1.51485 1.52695 1.50533 1.51666 1.51818 1.53057 1.53803*1.55238 1.54710*1.56368 1.55576 1.56805

1.53365 1.55266 1.52987 1.53112 1.52793 1.54023 1.54355 1.55829 1.54710 1.56127 1.54249 1.53434 1.54023 1.53730 1.52610 1.54106 1.56627 1.57997 1.57881

(52) (60) (16,47) (47) (47) (16) (57) (92) (41) (61) (47) (47) ( 1 6 »t 47 ) (47) (47) (47) (59) (59) (16)

18.5 15.6 42.7 18.1 12.25 9.9 23.3 20.2 14.4 13.6 13.9 20 20 20 19.4

1.0446 1.1152 1.0964 1.3905 1.1948 1.2342 0.9250 0.9366 0.8493 1.0136 1.0243 1.0561 1.0542 1.0695 0.8371

1.49024 1.49537 1.49870 1.45777 1.44243 1.49695 1.51932 1.54061 1.45344 1.46619 1.49320 1.4577 1.4570 1.4209 1.47828

1.49384 1.50331 1.49936 1.51041 1.50482*1.52115 1.46024 1.46712 1.44456 1.45073 1.5000 1.50735 1.52437 1.54686 1.45637 1.46410 1.46851 1.47476 1.49657 1.50627 1.4614 1.4706 1.4606 1.4699 1.4232 1.4282 1.48250 1.49353

1.51158

(54) (17) (27) (34) (34) («0) (106) (106) ("O) (39) (39) (138) (138) (138) (43, 52 f)

23 19.1 20.9 14.0 20 16.5 17.7 16.3 20.3 12.5 15.8 15.4

1.1227 1.0126 0.8591 0.8684 0.8850 0.9317 0.9055 0.9332 1.0099 0.9525 1.0277 1.0273

1.49622 1.50872 1.44322 1.44752 1.49393 1.47613 1.45305 1.47622 1.47240 1.4611 1.47896 1.47935

1.49913 1.50650 1.51233*1.52099 1.44622 1.45363 1.45041 1.45789 1.49982 1.51527 1.47958 1.48884 1.45582 1.46277 1.47951 1.48857 1.47526 1.48253 1.46429 1.4715 1.48170 1.48239 1.48953

Lit.

I

( 106 ) (106) (106) (31)

148)

1.53691 1.47283 1.45573 1.51216 1.54841 1.57784 1.46977 1.47980 1.4789 1.4782 1.4324 1.50422 1.51275 1.52848 1.45991 1.46418 1.49688 1.46866 1.49645 1.48871 1.4777 1.49515

(68) (60) (71) (71, f 125) (95) (43, f 50) (50) (21) (46) (ISO) (46) (*«)

Formula CgHi402

C9Hi4Oa C9Hi4O2 CgHi 40 2 CgHuCH CgHi 4 02 C9Hi4O2 CgHi 4O 2

CgHi4Oa CgH 14Oa CgH 14Os

CgH i4O4 CgHi4O4

C9H14O4 CgHi4O4

C9Hi4O4 C9H14O4 CgH14O5 CgHi 4 Os CgH14O5 CgH 148

C9Hi5ClO CgHi5N CgHi 6 NO CgH ie CgH 16 CgH !6

CgHie CgHic CgHic CgHie CgH16

CgHie CgHi6Br2 C9Hi6O C9Hi6O CgHi6O

C9Hi6O CgHi6Oz CgHi6O2 CgHi6O2 CgHi6O8

C9Hi6O3 C9Hi6O3 C9H16O4 C9Hi6O4 C8Hi6O4 CgHi6O4

C9Hi7Br C9HnBr CgH17Cl

C9H17Cl CgHis CgHis

C9Hi8 CgHis

CgHis C9Hi8O C9H18O

I

Name l-Hydroxymethylene-4, 5-d i m e t h y 1cyclohexan-2-one Ethoxymethylenecyclohexanone Ethyl a-methylsorbate Ethyl 7-methylsorbate Ethyl A^tetrahydrobenzoate Methyl amylpropiolate Methyl cyclohexeneacetate Methyl cyclohexylideneacetate Acetoxymethylenemethyl-ter£.-b u t y 1 ketone Ethyl allylacetoacetate Ethyl isopropylideneacetoacetate Diethyl citraconate Diethyl itaconate Diethyl mesaconate Diethyl ethylidenemalonate Ethyl ethoxymethyleneacetoacetate Ethyl acetoneoxalate O-ethyl ether Diethyl acetonedicarboxylate Diethyl acetylmalonate Ethyl /3-hydroxycarbethoxy-a, /3-crotonate a-Isoamylthiophene a, j3-Nonylenyl chloride a, /3-Nonylenic nitrile Pseudopelletierine 1, 3-Dimethyl-5-methenecyclohexane.. . . 1-Isopropyl-l-cyclohexene Isopropylidenecyclohexane Geraniolene 1, 1, 2-Trimethyl-2-cyclohexene 1,1, 4-Trimethyl-3-cyclohexene 1, 2, 3-Trimethyl-l-cyclohexene 1, 2, 5-Trimethyl-4-cyclohexene 1, 3, 5-Trimethyleyclohexene 1, 1, 4-Trimethyl-3, 4-dibromocyclohexane 1, 1, 3-Trimethylcyclohexan-4-one 1, 2, 5-Trimethylcyclohexan-4-one 1, 3, 5-Trimethyl-3-cyclohexen-5-ol /3, 7-Pulenenol a, /3-Nonylenic acid Ethoxymethylenemethyl tert.-b u t y 1 ketone Ethyl a, 0-isoheptenate /3-Amyl-/3-methoxyacrylic acid ft /3- Dimethyl- 6-acetylvaleric acid Ethyl methylethylacetoacetate Azelaic acid Diethyl dimethylmalonate Dimethyl diethylmalonate Diethyl pyrotartrate 1,1, 4-Trimethyl-4-bromocyclohexane.. . 1, 3, 5-Trimethylcyclohexyl-l-bromide. . 1, 3, 5-Trimethylcyclohexyl-l-chloride.. . 1, 3, 5-Trimethylcyclohexyl-5-chloride.. . l-Methyl-3-isopropylcyclopentane 1,1, 3-Trimethylcyclohexane 1, 2, 4-Trimethylcyclohexane 1, 2, 5-Trimethylcyclohexane 1, 3, 5-Trimethylcyclohexane 2, 6-Dimethyl-2-hepten-6-ol 1-Isopropylcyclohexanol

*, 0C I

d\

I

a

D

I

ft

1.49950 1.51278 1.50019 1.51161 1.49907*1.51492 1.50087*1.51642 1.47167*1.47885 1.45092 1.4579 1.46871 1.47558 1.48308 1.49187

I

7

I .

Lit.

15.9 10.8 16.5 15.6 14.15 12.3 18.2 19.7

1.0257 1.0291 0.9501 0.9499 1.0032 0.9335 1.0032 0.9989

53.3 17.6 19.9 20 20 20 16.1 16.9 15.3 23.6 14.2

0.9645 1.44122 1.44434 0.9922 1.43602 1.43875 1.44915 1.45233 1.0624 1.44380 1.44693 1.0461 1.43614 1.43884 1.046741.44599 1.44931 1.0426 1.43798 1.44084 1.0709 1.47210 1.47623 1.0644 1.46655 1.47103 1.1071 1.43529 1.43775 1.1051 1.44574 1.44860

23.9 11.8 19.2 15.1 99.5 14.6 15.2 15.8 21.5 20.4 23.15 11.75 16.15 24.7

1.0890 0.9481 0.9675 0.8365 1.0014 0.7918 0.8320 0.8398 0.7680 0.8216 0.8021 0.8347 0.8078 0.7941

1.43808 1.49750 1.45738 1.44454 1.47351 1.44334 1.45884 1.47181 1.44222 1.45336 1.44152 1.46015 1.44742 1.44102

18 . 7 16.45 17.4 21.5 18.5 15.6

1 . 5320 0.9045 0.8989 0.9140 0.9209 0.9334

1 . 52474 1 . 52805 1 . 53642 1.44907 1.45130 1.45732 1.44797 1.45010 1.45618 1.46995 1.47251 1.47999 1.47113 1.47398 1.48116 1.45267 1.45581*1.46318

1 . 54354 (68) 1.46240 (21) 1.46112 (21) 1.48608 (75) 1.48715 ( 5 O) 1.46956 (69)

0.9158 0.8930 0.9688 1.0374 0.9732 1.0291 0.9917 1.0312 1.0110 1.1700 1.1749 0.9219 0.9342 0.7799 0.7866 0.7848 0.7799 0.7777 0.8449 0.9142

1.45697 1.43538 1.45506 1.45646 1.42399 1.42807 1.40842 1.42330 1.41717 1.47721 1.47951 1.45182 1.45566 1.42744 1.43177 1.43054 1.42860 1.42971 1.44633 1.46064

1.47951(7) (17) 1.45226 (69) (17) (68) 1.43619 (9) 1.44015 (13°) 1.41972 (9) 1.43488 (9) 1.42857 (73, J 102) 1.49311 (68) 1.49532 (55) 1.46555 (55) 1.46925 (21) 1.43947 ("O) 1.44453 (21) 1.44281 (130) 1.44099 (21) 1.44235 (21) 1.46135 (71) 1.47387 (46)

14.2 15.2 60.8 14.3 18.7 110.6 24.1 24.5 19.8 17.4 11.1 15.2 13.9 15.2 25.3 16.7 16.9 13.1 17.6 15.5

1.49489 1.49615 1.49306 1.49484 1.46793 1.4477 1.46561 1.47916

I

1.45359 1.46024 1.45439 1.44532 1.45751 1.44785 1.48710 1.48316 1.45692

1.44097 1.44809 1.50144*1.51096 1.46075*1.46876 1.44758*1.45483 1.47596 1.48289 1.44628 1.45313 1.46150 1.46851 1.47466 1.48203 1.44532 1.45324 1.45603 1.46298 1.44422 1.45086 1.46296 1.47021 1.44990 1.45683 1.44378 1.45057

1.46048 1.47052 1.43845*1.44576 1.45876 1.46841 1.45894 1.46516 1.42617 1.43154 1.43576 1.41049 1.41554 1.42528 1.43052 1.41938*1.42434 1.47995 1.48710 1.48280 1.48971 1.45455 1.46035 1.45775 1.46412 1.43505 1.43385 1.43998 1.43829 1.43056 1.43632 1.43175 1.43764 1.44892 1.45572 1.46419 1.46891

1.52562 (56) 1.52218 (17) 1.52998 (27) 1.53138 (27) 1.48558 (26) 1.4635 (15°) 1.48165 ( 46 ) 1.49959 ( 46 ) 1. 46226 (?) (17) 1.45031 (105) 1.46729 (45) 1.46098 (45, f 144) 1.45082 (44,144) 1.46460 ( 45 ,J 144) ( 45 ) 1.45393 1.49708 (17) 1.49452 (42) 1.44936 (105) 1.46411 (SG 1 JiOS) 1.45414 1.51930 1.47608 1.46096 1.48861 1.45917 1.47436 1.48869 1.45912 1.46877 1.45652 1.47603 1.46264 1.45638

( 4 3,f ios) (59) (69) (69) (25) (55) (46) ( 4 6) (71) (68) (68) (62) (21) (55)

Formula C9H18O C9H18O C9H18O C9H18O CgH1804

C9H18Ss C9H19N C9H19N C9H19NO2 C9H2oO4

C9H21N C9H21N3 C10HeCl2 O1OiIeOl2 C1QHeCl2 C1QHeCl2 O1QHyJDr C10H7Cl

CioH7Cl

Ci0H7ClO8 C10H7I CioH7I C1QH8 C1QH8O2 C10H9ClN2 C10H9ClN2 C10H9ClO2 O10HgClO2

C10H9N C10H9N C10H9N C10H9N C10H9N C10H9N C10H9N C10H10 C10H10 C10H10 C10H1Q C10H10N2 C10H10N2 CioH10N2 C10H10N2O C10H10N2O2 C10H10O C10H10O C10H10O C10H10O C10H10O C10H10O C10H10O C10H10O O10H10Oo C1QH10O2 C10H10O2 C10H10O2 C10H10O2 C10H10O2 C10H10O2 C10H10O2 C1QH10O2 Ci0H10O2

Name Pulenenol 1,1, 2-Trimethylcyclohexan-2-ol 1, 2, 5-Trimethylcyclohexan-4-oi 1, 3, 5-Trimethylcyclohexan-5-c 1 Ethyl a, a-diethoxypropionate Trithioacetone a-Isobutylpiperidine TV-Methyl-s^/m.-copellidine Ethyl n-hexylcarbamate Tetraethyl orthocarbonate Tripropylamine Triformalethylamine 1, 2-Dichloronaphthalene 1, 4-Dichloronaphthalene 1, 7-Dichloronaphthalene 1, 8-Dichloronaphthalene 1-Bromonaphthalene

| *, 0C 16.5 19.9 19.2 16.3 17.1 23.5 21.7 19.7 26.8 16.55 19.4 20.2 48.5 75.9 99.5 99.8 19.4

1-Chloronaphthalene 2-Chloronaphthalene l-Phenyl-3-hydroxy-4, 4, 4-trichloro-lbutine 1-Iodonaphthalene 2-Iodonaphthalene Naphthalene Methyl phenylpropiolate l-Phenyl-5-methyl-3-chloropyrazole l-Phenyl-3-methyl-5-chloropyrazole 1, 4- Dimethyl- 1-chlorocoumaranone . . . . 2, 2-Dimethyl-5-chlorocoumaranone . . . . a-Methylquinoline 7-Methylquinoline a-Methylisoquinoline 2-Naphthylamine o-Toluquinoline m-Toluquinoline p-Toluquinoline A^Dihydronaphthalene A2-Dihydronaphthalene 7-Methylindene . 1-Phenylbutadiene 1- Allylindazole 2-Allylindazole 1 -Phenyl-5-methylpyrazole 2-Acetyl-6-methylindazole Ethyl indazole-2-carboxylate 1, 4-Dimethylcoumarone 1, 6-Dimethylcoumarone 2, 4-Dimethylcoumarone l-Phenyl-3-hydroxy-l-butine Benzalacetone Propenyl phenyl ketone /3-Methylhydrindone a-Ketotetrahydronaphthalene 2-Ethoxythionaphthene Benzoylacetone Safrole Isosaf role 2-Ethoxycoumarone l-Methyl-6-methoxycoumarone 4-Methyl-2-methoxycoumarone 6-Methylchromanone Methyl cinnamate Methyl allocinnamate

I

d\ I a I D I "0 0.9082 1.46064 1.46319 1.46961 0.9258 1.46542 1.46788 1.47367 0.8988 1.45639 1.45851 1.46459 0.8880 1.45108 1.45371 1.45921 0.9792 1.41314 1.41508 1.42001 1.0647 1.53634 1.54026*1.54970 0.8510 1.45274 1.45534 1.46158 0.8231 1.44063 1.44299 1.44952 0.9226 1.43176 1.43412 1.43966 0.9198 1.39334 1.39518*1.39954 0.7573 1.41515 1.41756 0.8941 1.45758 1.46044 1.46716 1.3147 1.62571 1.63375 1.65620 1.2997 1.61508 1.62282 1.64541 1.2611 1.60165 1.60921 1.63070 1.2924 1.61545 1.62357 1.64675 1.4868 1.64995 1.65876 1.68245

I

T 1.47486 1.47862 1.46938 1.46422 1.42419

1.46681 1.45471 1.44416 1.40324 1.42814 1.47287 1.67720 1.66589 1.64954 1.66555 1.70433

I

Lit. (50) (67) (21) (55) (5) ( 73 ) ( 106 ) ( 25 ) ( 109 ) (28,f ios) (106, 132) ( 109 ) (48) (48) (i«) ( 14 S) (48, m,f 112, 132)

21.6 70.7

1.1906 1.62365 1.63184 1.65456 1.1377 1.60015 1.60787 1.62966

1.67521

(48) ( 4 S)

9.5 14 99.4 99.6 30.5 15.3 16.2 18.65 99.6 25.4 23.3 20.5 98.4 20.8 20.8 23.0 18.3 32.7 27 16 17.8 15.0 12.4 4.95 13.2 15.5 14.4 22.2 12.6 45.9 18.3 21.0 15.45 17.9 77.8 12 12 17.9 14.25 24.3 57.1 21.4 22.9

1.3541 1.7474 1.6319 0.9645 1.0768 1.2106 1.1971 1.2189 1.1484 1.0536 1.0709 1.0763 1.0614 1.0722 1.0670 1.0634 0.9976 0.9928 0.9682 0.9309 1.0687 1.0793 1.0936 1.1623 1.2060 1.0346 1.0414 1.0347 1.0363 1.0091 1.0298 1.0653 1.0989 1.1591 1.0560 1.110 1.128 1.1061 1.1252 1.1074 1.1246 1.0881 1.0761

1.6176

( 15 O) ( 14S ) ( 14 S) (48, 145 j) ( 15 °) (60) («°) ( 19 ) (40) ( 1 Oe) ( 1 OS) ( 1 OS) (i«) ( 109 ) ( 109 ) ( 109 ) ( 1 O) ( 10 ) (98) (45,f 142) (60) ( 6 O) (60) (33) (29) (23) (23) ( 41 ) ( 1 SO) (8) (24) (") (16) (4 1 ) (56) (I28,ji32) (iz«) ( 41 ) (23) (4 1 ) (19) ( 4 S, I07f) (45, I07f)

1.58585 1.69547 1.65665 1.57472 1.58046 1.57516 1.54953 1.51605 1.60116 1.59919 1.60173 1.63886 1.60810 1.60676 1.60608 1.57637 1.54992 1.55319 1.60345 1.57563 1.59298 1.57925 1.57984 1.56324 1.54964 1.55061 1.54260 1.56694 1.57466 1.55465 1.54812 1.56569 1.59779 1.55845 1.5369 1.5693 1.54210 1.55977 1.54458 1.54889 1.56831 1.54931

1.5917 1.60708 1.70540 1.73295 1.66617 1.69264 1.58218 1.60328 1.56006 1.5786 1.58653*1.60159 1.58127*1.59650 1.55580 1.57465 1.52238*1.53943 1.60909 1.63025 1.60695 1.62756 1.60946 1.63009 1.64927 1.67960 1.61616 1.63773 1.61486 1.63657 1.61410 1.63584 1.58317 1.60088 1.55489 1.56752 1.55907 1.57460 1.61283 1.64231 1.58246*1.59964 1.60054*1.62016 1.58550*1.60120 1.58676*1.60479 1.56939*1.58514 1.55537 1.57176 1.55708 1.57261 1.54846 1.56339 1.57305 1.58936 1.58359 1.60999 1.56091 1.57896 1.55338 1.56820 1.57118 1.58655 1.60495 1.62362 1.56775 1.59597 1.5420 1.5557 1.5763 1.5963 1.54773 1.56267 1.56616 1.58186 1.55036 1.56572 1.55529 1.57285 1.57661 1.59940 1.55616 1.57500

1.62261 1.5952 1.61512 1.61021 1.59368 1.55718 1.65024 1.64664 1.64914 1.70193 1.65765 1.65677 1.65607 1.61720 1.57866 1.58865 1.67190 1.61569 1.63876 1.61534 1.62177 1.59960 1.58632 1.58700 1.57683 1.6034 1.59544 1.58139 1.60032 1.64098 1.62646 1.5679 1.6155 1.57619 1.58638 1.57971 1.59138 1.62155 1.59262

Formula CioHio02 CioHioOa ClO-H. ioO 3

CioHioOs Ci0H I0Os CloHi004 CioHi004

Ci0HnBrO Ci0HnBrO CioHnClO2 C10HnCl 3 CioHiiCla Ci0H11NO C10Hi2 Cl 0 Hi2

Ci0Hi2 Cl 0 Hi2 Cl 0 Hi2 ClflHi2 Cl 0 Hl2Cl2O2

Ci 0 Hi2N2 Cl 0 Hi2N2

C10H12N2 C10H12N2 C 10 H 12 N 2 C10H12N2 C10H12N2 C10H12N2 C10H12O Ci0H12O Ci0H12O C10H12O C10H12O C10H12O C10H12O C10H12O C10H12O C10H12O Ci0H12O C10H12O C10H12O Ci0H12O C10H12O C10H12O C10H12O C10Hi2O Ci0Hi2O Ci 0 Hi 2 O Ci 0 Hi 2 O Ci 0 Hi 2 O Ci0Hi2O Ci 0 Hi 2 O 2 Ci 0 Hi 2 O 2 Ci 0 Hi 2 O 2 C10H12O2 C10H12O2 C10HÔ2 Ci 0 Hi 2 O 2 Ci 0 Hi 2 O 2 Ci 0 Hi 2 O 2

Name Phenylvinyl acetate Propiophenone-o-carboxylic acid Ethyl benzoylformate Ethyl phenylglyoxylate Methyl benzoylacetate Dimethyl phthalate Monoethyl phthalate a-Bromo-n-butyrophenone a-Bromoisobutyrophenone o-Isobutyro-p-chlorophenol 5-Chloro-l, 3-dimethyl-4(j3, /3-dichloroethyl)-benzene 5-Chloro-l, 3-dimethyl-l-d i c h 1 o r omethy l-4-methene-2> 5-cy clohexadiene . /3-Methyl-ju-phenyloxazoline /3^Butenylbenzene a, /3-Dimethylstyrene ft, /3-Dimethylstyrene /3-Ethylstyrene p-Methyl-a-methylstyrene 1, 2, 3, 4-Tetrahydronaphthalene d-Dehydrocamphoryl chloride Ethylethenyl-o-phenylenediamine l-Ethyl-3-methylindazole l-Ethyl-5-methylindazole 2-Ethyl-3-methylindazole 2-Ethyl-5-methylindazole 1-Isopropylindazole 2-Isopropylindazole 1-Propylindazole asi/ra.-Aceto-o-xylene Aceto-p-xylene (2, 4-dimethylacetophenone) o-Allylanisole o-Allyl-o-cresol o-Allyl-p-cresol o-Cresol allyl ether 1/, 5-Dimethyl-2-hvdroxystyrene oj-Ethoxystyrene /3-Ethoxystyrene l'-Methyl-2-methoxystyrene l'-Methyl-3-methoxystyrene o-Propenyl-p-cresol o-Propenylphenylmethyl ether 3, 4-Dimethylacetophenone Isopropyl phenyl ketone p- Propio toluene n-Propyl phenyl ketone Anethole 1, 4-Dimethylcoumarane 1, 6-Dimethylcoumarane 4, 6-Dimethylcoumarane Methylchavicol 5-Methylchromane m-Aceto-yj-methoxytoluene (2-methoxy5-methylacetophenone) o- Allylguaiacol Chavibetol Guaiacyl allyl ether Eugenol Isoeugenol o-Propio-p-cresol Ethyl phenylacetate Ethyl o-toluate

*, 0C 22.9 99.1 25.1 13.35 24.7 20.8 22.0 13.25 14.4 16.4

I

di 1.0658 1.1402 1.1222 1.1255 1.1524 1.1911 1.1877 1.3724 1.3613 1.1958

I

a 1.54255 1.51327 1.51373 1.51516 1.53083 1.51141 1.50490 1.55996 1.55425 1.54737

I

D I ft 1.54944 1.56930 1.51767 1.52944 1.51904 1.52008 1.53432 1.53654 1.55145 1.51546 1.52735 1.50875 1.52028 1.56520 1.58035 1.55923 1.57369 1.55379*1.57182

I

I Lit. (43) (49) 1.54458 (ios) 1.54722 («) 1.56551 (",fso) 1.53763 (49) (49) 1.59378 (65) 1.58617 (65) 1.59052 (40) 7 1.58344

16.1

1.2622 1.54788 1.55278 1.56427

1.57091

17.3 22.9 21.0 19.7 19.6 19.4 18.7 20.2 48.0 19.8 16.6 16.1 16.6 15.8 17.9 15.4 18.7 15.5

1.2693 1.0704 0.9008 0.9095 0.8986 0.9097 0.9022 0.9729 1.2189 1.0726 1.0387 1.0462 1.0611 1.0540 1.0387 1.0552 1.0405 1.0073

1.56255 1.54065 1.5269 1.52930 1.52185 1.53401 1.52870 1.54181 1.50059 1.57420 1.55806 1.56359 1.58084 1.57535 1.55563 1.57515 1.55726 1.53558

1.56812 1.58230 1.54598 1.5390 1.5545 1.53496 1.54895 1.52733 1.54105 1.54019 1.55615 1.53447 1.54944 1.54614 1.55869 1.50433 1.51363 1.58023 1.59622 1.56448*1.58082 1.56996*1.58638 1.58818*1.60726 1.58245*1.60079 1.56184*1.57729 1.58207*1.60007 1.56350*1.57919 1.54083 1.55578

1.57247 1.5834 1.56172 1.55357 1.57083 1.56306 1.56914 1.52171 1.61054 1.59657 1.60180 1.62593 1.61840 1.59179 1.61712 1.59390 1.56916

(4) (106) (132) (43) (43) (78) (8) (io, 145) (80) (109) (60) (60) (60) (60) («0) (60) (60) (89)

18.55 14.35 15.2 15.75 15.4 18.2 23.2 21.2 14.85 11.8 9.0 15 15.0 16.6 20.75 18.25 11.5 13.7 13.8 18.9 11.5 14.3

0.9962 0.9775 1.0041 1.0058 0.9687 1.0134 0.9673 0.9716 0.9882 0.9985 1.0291 0.9962 1.0085 0.9865 0.9899 0.9899 0.999 1.0145 1.0148 1.0261 0.979 1.0374

1.52479 1.52149 1.53580 1.53772 1.51439 1.54635 1.52233 1.54346 1.53074 1.54020 1.57101 1.55318 1.53563 1.51445 1.52184 1.51581 1.5558 1.52331 1.52509 1.53069 1.5199 1.53692

1.53005 1.52684 1.54059 1.54245 1.51876 1.55216 1.52775 1.55023 1.53575 1.54574 1.57768 1.55968 1.54128 1.51919 1.52714 1.52016 1.5624 1.52792 1.52967 1.53579 1.5244 1.54205

1.54349 1.53919 1.55359 1.55571 1.53111 1.56638 1.54198 1.56838 1.55005 1.56124 1.59639 1.57766 1.55603 1.53172 1.54072 1.53298 1.5813 1.54044 1.54211 1.54830 1.5371 1.55437

1.55550 1.55029 1.56485 1.56724 1.54160 1.57902 1.55480 1.58530 1.56252 1.57504 1.61410 1.59423 1.56944 1.54286 1.55289 1.54402 1.5988 1.55162 1.55293 1.55968 1.5476 1.56547

(41) (47) (47) (47) (47) (14) (5) (5) (14) (14) (14) (14) (8) ( 8 t> 43) (41) ^6) (128, iss) (16) (i«) (16) ("8) (")

13.8 12.75 16 12.75 14.5 18 13.8 18.5 21.6

1.0693 1.53229 1.0724 1.53778 1.065 1.5349 1.0604 1.53203 1.072 1.5385 1.09 1.5617 1.0843 1.54211 1.0348 1.49530 1.0324 1.50229

1.53769 1.54259 1.5397 1.53671 1.5439 1.5680 1.54852 1.49921 1.50699

1.55336 1.55592 1.5527 1.54987 1.5574 1.5868 1.56760

1.56802 1.56734 1.5644 1.56122 1.5692

1.51849

(4)

(41) (47) (128) (47) (128) (128) 1.58693 (41) 1.51718 (105) 1.52884 (41)

Formula CloHl202 CloHl202 CloHÔs C-I 0 Hi 2 O 3

Ci0Hi2O3 CioHi3Cl302

C10H13N C10H13N C10H13N C10H13N CioHu

I

Name Ethyl m-toluate Ethyl p-toluate Ethyl o-methoxybenzoate Ethyl m-methoxybenzoate Ethyl p-methoxybenzoate d-Chlorocamphoryl chloride 7-Methyltetrahydroquinoline JV-Methyltetrahydroquinoline ar.-Tetrahydro-a-naphthylamine ac.-Tetrahydro-jS-naphthylamine Cymene

«, °C 21.6 18.2 14.55 16.4 14.3 31.3 23.1 17.3 23.1 22.2 23.8

I d{ 1.0261 1.0269 1.1156 1.1032 1.1091 1.3221 1.0191 1.0236 1.0542 1.0295 0.8527

p-Diethylbenzene 1, l-Dimethyl-4-ethene-2, 5-cyclohexadiene asi/ra.-Ethyl-o-xylene Hexahydronaphthalene Isobutylbenzene o-Methylisopropylbenzene ra-Methylisopropy !benzene p-Methylisopropylbenzene o-Methylpropylbenzene ra-Methylpropylbenzene p-Methylpropylbenzene 1, 2, 3, 4-Tetramethylbenzene 1, 1, 2-Trimethyl-4-methene-2, 5-cyclohexadiene 1-E t h y l-4-methyl-4-dichloromethyl-lcyclohexen-3-one 1-E t h y l-4-methyl-4-dichloromethyl-5cyclohexen-3-one 1, 4, 5-Trimethyl-l-dichloromethyl-3cyclohexen-2-one d-cts-Camphoryl chloride Z-£rans-Camphoryl chloride Nicotine Metanicotine 2-Acetyl-5-methyltetrahydroindazole. . . Ethyl l-allyl-3-methylpyrazole-5-carboxylate Ethyl l-allyl-5-methylpyrazole-3-carboxylate p-Tolyldimethyl carbinol as?/m.-Ethoxy-w-xylene w'c.-Ethoxy-w-xylene Hemimellitenyl methyl ether Mesityl methyl ether Pseudocumenyl methyl ether asym.-o-Xylenvl ethyl ether wc.-o-Xylenyl ethyl ether asi/m.-ra-Xylenyl ethyl ether syw.-ra-Xylenyl ethyl ether ^c.-m-Xylenyl ethyl ether p-Xylenyl ethyl ether Carvacrol Thymol Carvone d-Carvone Eucarvone l-Methyl-4-ethyl-l, 3-cyclohexadiene-3carboxylic acid Methyl 1, 4-dimethyl-l, 3-cyclohexadiene-2-carboxylate

16.2

0.8679 1.49499 1.49897 1.50993

1.51924 (20)

15.15 15.05 18.4 14.5 16.15 17.05 15.0 15.75 17.0 18.8 16.0

0.8614 1.51072 0.8776 1.50103 0.9581 1.52879 0.871631.4916 0.8789 1.49826 0.8628 1.49016 0.8631 1.49105 0.8770 1.49765 0.8648 1.49262 0.8620 1.49278 0.9044 1.51621

1.54300 1.52531 1.55340 1.5141 1.52185 1.51336 1.51449 1.52125 1.51646 1.51687 1.54189

10.7

0.8735 1.51331 1.51813 1.53213

1.54435 (89)

17

1.1953 1.51908 1.52331 1.53285

1.54166 (52)

17.4

1.1671 1.49967 1.50292 1.51067

1.51723 (52)

19.8 19.9 20.7 22.4 19.7 17.9

1.1971 1.2449 1.2269 1.0121 1.0017 1.0807

1.52392 1.53417 1.50133 1.50842 1.49880 1.50606 1.52392 1.55509 1.57059 1.52228*1.53290

1.54298 1.51443 1.51206 1.54387 1.58475 1.54247

(88) (80) (80) (106) (ioe) (60)

16.0

1.0495 1.48654 1.49081*1.50116

1.51096

(38)

15.9 13.5 13.95 13.9 22.9 14.4 13.9 14.95 15.9 13.95 15.2 13.9 12.65 18.6 24.4 18.7 18.2 21.2

1.0803 0.9844 0.9487 0.9420 0.9739 0.9531 0.9690 0.9545 0.9559 0.9487 0.9437 0.9420 0.9451 0.9774 0.9689 0.9611 0.9626 0.9840

1.52350 1.54298 1.52872 1.51666 1.54520 1.52615 1.54455 1.53330 1.53342 1.52872 1.52814 1.51666 1.52827 1.54550 1.53998 1.51780 1.51824 1.53794

14.8

1.0284 1.49496 1.49887 1.50831

1.51684 (54)

16.8

0.9976 1.47338 1.47681 1.48544

1.49300 (45)

\

a 1.50042 1.50418 1.51913 1.51195 1.52183 1.50497 1.57354 1.57620 1.58385 1.55570 1.47925

\

D 1.50502 1.50888 1.52379 1.51697 1.52739 1.50797 1.58015 1.58268 1.58964 1.56039 1.48303

I ft 1.51670 1.52106 1.53694 1.52955 1.54143 1.51512 1.59789 1.60057

1.49222

\

7 I Lit. _ 1.52718 (41) 1.53183 (8) 1.54856 (41) 1.54111 («) 1.55436 («) 1.52133 (80) 1.61213 (i° 9 ) ( 25 ) 1.61805 (i° 6 ) 1.58354 (106) 1.50017 (98, f 134, 145, 148,

C10H 14 C10Hi4 OioH.it C10H14 C10Hi4 d 0 Hi4 C10Hi4 C10H14 CioHl4

C10Hi4 C10Hi4 C10H14 C10Hi4 CloHuCÔ

C10H1 4Cl 2O C10H14Cl2O Cv ^Jl1 4Ol 2W2

C1oH14Cl2O2

C 10 Hi4N2 C10H14N2 C10H14N2O C10H14N2O2 C 10 Hi 4 N 2 O 2 Ci0H14O C10Hi4O C10H14O C10H14O C ioHi4O C H)Hi4O C10Hi4O Ci 0 Hi 4 O Ci0H14O Ci0H14O C10H14O C10H14O Ci0Hi4O C10HÔ C10HuO C I0H 140 Ci0HuO Ci0HuO2 CloHi4O2

1.52013 1.49846 1.49593 1.51980 1.54906 1.51796

1.49947 1.51831 1.50297 1.49337 1.51846 1.50161 1.51777 1.50770 1.50790 1.50297 1.50305 1.49337 1.50288 1.52009 1.51453 1.49554 1.49614 1.50339

1.51572 1.50489 1.53311 1.4957 1.50206 1.49385 1.49474 1.50139 1.49640 1.49655 1.52031

1.53015 1.51606 1.54397 1.5056 1.51290 1.50452 1.50537 1.51218 1.50738 1.50765 1.53192

1.50362*1.51376 1.52215 1.53353 1.50692 1.51874 1.49694 1.50780 1.52272 1.53470 1.50553 1.51672 1.52203 1.53433 1.51194 1.52363 1.51187 1.52361 1.50692 1.51874 1.50705 1.51862 1.49694 1.50780 1.50699 1.51867 1.52450 1.53581 1.51893 1.53012 1.49935 1.50908 1.49994 1.50978 1.50872 1.52341

162)

(««) (89) (155,156) (148) (20) (20) (20) (20) (20, f 61) (20, 6 if) (20)

(38) (145) (16) (16) (47) ( 16 » 4 7 t) (47) (47) (47) (ie,f 47) (47) (1M47) (47) (47, i i o f ) (ise, 161) (43) ("O) (16)

Formula CloHi402

CloHi404

Ci0H15N Ci0Hi5NO Ci0Hi5NO2 Ci0H16NO3 Ci 0 Hi 5 NO 4 Ci 0 HiG C10HiG C 10 HiG Ci 0 HiG C 10 HiG CioHie C10HiG Ci 0 HiG Ci 0 HiG Ci0H1G C10H16Cl2O2

C10H16N2

C10H16N2 Ci0H16N2 Ci0H1GO C10H1GO C10H16O C10H16O C10H16O C10H16O C10H16O C10H16O Ci0H16O C10H16O2 C10H16O2 C10H16O2 C10H16O2 C10H16O2 C10H16O2 C10H16O2 C10H16O2 C10H16O2 C10H16O2 C10H16O2 C10H16O2 C10H16O2 C10H16O2 C10H16O2 C10H16O2 C10H16O2 C10H16O2 C10H16O4 C10H16O4 C10H16O4 C10H16O4 C10H16O4 C10H16O5 C10H16O5 C10H16O5 C10H16O6

Ci0H17N

I

Name Methyl 3, 6-dimethyl-2, 6-cyclohexadienecarboxylate Diethyl muconate Diethylaniline l-Propyl-l-cyanocyclohexan-2-one Ethyl a-cyano-AMsoheptenate Amyl a-acetocyanoacetate Diethyl ethylcyanomalonate 2, 6-Dimethyl-3, 5, 7-octatriene d-Limonene Z-Limonene 1-M e t h y 1-4-isopropyl-l, 3-cyclohexadiene Myrcene d-a-Pinene Z-a-Pinene Z-Pinene Sabinene Sylvestrene Sebacyl chloride l-Ethyl-5-methyltetrahydroindazole. . . . 2-Ethyl-5-methyltetrahydroindazole. . . . 2-Ethyl-7-methyltetrahydroindazole. . . . d-Carone Carvenone Carvotanacetone Dihydrocarvone Dihydroeucarvone Fenchone Pulegone Tanacetone 1, 1, 2, 4-Tetramethyl-2, 5-cyclohexadien-4-ol 1, 3-Dimethyl-4-cyclohexene-5-acetic acid Geranic acid Ethyl cyclohexene-1-acetate Ethyl cy clohexylideneacetate Ethyl diallylacetate Methyl 3-methylcyclohexeneacetate . . . . Methyl 4-methylcyclohexeneacetate . . . . Methyl 2-methylcyclohexylideneacetate . Methyl 3-methylcyclohexylideneacetate . Methyl 4-methylcyclohexylideneacetate . Methyl isolauronolate Methyl l-4-dimethyl-3-cyclohexene-3carboxylate Ethyl amylpropiolate Methyl hexylpropiolate Methyl a-cyclohexenepropionate Ethyl 0, S-dimethylsorbate Ethyl a-ethylsorbate Ethyl A^tetrahydro-w-toluate Diethyl m-/3-methylglutaconate Diethyl £rcws-/3-inethylglutaconate Diethyl isopropylidenemalonate Dipropyl fumarate Dipropyl maleate Diethyl ethoxymethylenemalonate Diethyl propionylmalonate Ethyl a-methyl-/3-hydroxycarbethoxy-a, 0-crotonate Triethyl methanetricarboxylate l-Cyano-2-methyl-5-isopropylcyclopentane

«, 0C I d{

\

a.

I

D

I

ft

I

T

I

Lit.

18 99.1 22.3 20.1 19.7 20 20 15.6 14.7 20.5

0.9965 0.9829 0.9325 0.9968 0.9666 1.0328 1.0521 0.8119 0.8468 0.8407

1.47358 1.46178 1.53509 1.46459 1.45198 1.4639 1.4245 1.54403 1.47172 1.47157

1.47643 1.48458 1.46755*1.48259 1.54105 1.46721*1.47320 1.45502 1.46340 1.4676 1.4772 1.4267 1.4319 1.54558 1.57682 1.47489 1.48277 1.47468 1.48256

1.49173 (51) 1.49695 (27) 1.57077 (I06,f 145) 1.47836 (39 ) 1.47037 ( 58 ) 1.4857 (138) 1.4363 (138) 1.60086 ( 45 ) 1.49062 (78,-f 120, 125) 1.48924 ( 12 O)

19.4 15.8 18.05 16.25 23.5 17.0 17.2 18.3 21.4 19.8 14.4 18.8 16.7 20 17.5 18.9 14.5 18.3 17.6

0.8361 0.8082 0.8594 0.8621 0.8570 0.8422 0.8486

1.47359 1.46684 1.46354 1.46517 1.46252 1.46428 1.47380 1.46570 1.49761 1.49678 1.50660 1.47597 1.48028 1.47730 1.46884 1.46455 1.46232 1.48328 1.44986

1.47810 1.48837 1.48061 1.46634 1.47322 1.46803 1.47509 1.46526 1.47202 1.46738 1.47514 1.47717 1.48505 1.46836 1.47503 1.50103*1.50940 1.50009*1.50818 1.51011*1.51854 1.47877 1.48560 1.48463 1.49304 1.48056 1.48887 1.47175 1.47870 1.46737 1.47406 1.47076 1.48705 1.49623 1.45220 1.45808

1.49795 ( 52 ) 1.48923 ( 43 ) 1.47925 ( 78 ) 1.48098 (78) 1.47779 (»8) 1.48196 ( 78 ) 1.49245 ( 78 ,f 12S) ( 80 ) 1.51637 ( 60 ) 1.51513 (60) 1.52566 (60) 1.49122 ( U O ) 1.50134 (43,-f 44, no) 1.49606 (43,f "O) 1.48449 (110) 1.47965 ( 110 ) 1.47571 (13°) 1.50437 (43) 1.46279 (110)

10.1

0.9332 1.48376 1.48685 1.49502

1.50176

( 8 ^)

20.3 20.2 16.2 16.9 19.1 15.7 16.9 14.2 15.5 16.9 17.3 19

0.9945 1.47428 0.9518 1.48284 0.9892 1.46422 0.9825 1.47721 0.8976 1.43354 0.9692 1.45524 0.9614 1.45132 0.9767 1,47681 0.9752 1.47534 0.9702 1.47200 0.972071.46634 0.9708 1.45656

1.47731 1.48695 1.46906 1.48083 1.43638 1.45822 1.45402 1.48072 1.47926 1.47583 1.46970 1.45922

1.46149 1.48991 1.48845 1.48506 1.47795 1.46585

1.49068 1.50690 1.48017 1.49737 1.44888 1.47071 1.46648 1.49802 1.49668 1.49329 1.48517 1.47142

(76,84) (44) (46) (46) (71) (46) (46) (46) (46) (46) (43) (54)

11.5 12.5 18.3 18.5 15.3 18.45 21.2 21.2 17.0 20 20 15.3 16.4

0.9207 0.9238 0.9864 0.9343 0.9345 0.9758 1.0332 1.0330 1.0284 1.0220 1.0290 1.0811 1.0791

1.45142 1.4583 1.45182 1.4588 1.46648 1.47321 1.48823*1.50175 1.49653 1.51162 1.46748*1.47473 1.45161*1.45918 1.45147*1.45883 1.44857 1.45602 1.44347 1.45148 1.44372 1.45053 1.46307 1.47235 1.44358 1.45095

1.4644 1.4647 1.47885 1.51447 1.52605 1.48126 1.46562 1.46538 1.46233 1.45771 1.45630 1.48060 1.45701

(I 50 ) (15°) (46) (27) (27) (26) (73) (73) (45) (45, f 144) (45,-f 144) O7) ( 3 4,f 56)

17.6 1.0799 1.43829 1.44091 16.15 1.1084 1.42558 1.42748 1.43313

1.45308 1.43762

(«, iosf) ( 3 S)

16.2

1.45994

(13°)

0.9837 0.9866 0.9954 0.9577 0.9300 0.9351 0.9273 0.9232 0.9488 0.9371 0.9182

1.44842 1.44915 1.46373 1.48301 1.49076 1.46413 1.44858 1.44828 1.44562 1.44133 1.44092 1.45966 1.44102

0.8814 1.44751

1.48449 1.49758 1.47414 1.48963 1.44312

1.45538

Formula Ci0H17NO C10H17NO2 C10H17NO3 C10H1S C10H1S C10H1S C10H1SO C10H1SO C10HisO C10H1SO C10H1SO C10H1SO2 C10H1SOs C10H1SOs C I0H isO 4

C10H1sO4 C10H1sO4 Ci0HisO4 C10H1SCl

C10H19N C10H19NO C1OH2Q C10H20 C10H20O C10H20O C10H20O C10H20O C10H2OO2 O10H21i3r C10H2iCl C10H21I C10H2iN C10H22 C10H22 C10H22O C10H22S C10H23N C11H8O C11H1Q C1IH1Q C11H10O CnHi0O2 C11H10O2 C11H10O2 C11H10O2S C11H10Oa C11H11ClN2 C11H11ClN2 CnH11ClO2 C11H12 C11H12N2 C11H12N2 CnH12N2 Ci1Hi2N2 Ci1H12N2 CnHi 2 N 2 C11Hi2N2 C n Hi 2 N 2 O Ci 1 Hi 2 N 2 O CnHi 2 O CnHi2O

Name a-Fencholamide Acetyltropein Methyl Z-ecgoninate Decahydronaphthalene Menthene Ij 2, 4, 5-Tetramethyl-4-cyclohexene. . . . Diallylpropyl carbinol Diiso valeric aldehyde A4'8-Menthen-l-ol A8-9-Menthen-l-ol 1, 1, 4, 4-Tetramethylcyclohexan-2-one . 1, 3-Dimethylcyclohexanyl 5-acetate. . . . Ethyl diethylacetoacetate Methyl j3-amyl-/3-methoxyacrylate Diethyl asz/ra.-dimethylsuccinate Diethyl /wra.-sT/m.-dimethylsuccinate. . . . Diethyl raaZ.-s^w.-dimethylsuccinate. . . . Diethyl methylethylmalonate 1, 2, 4, 5-Tetramethylcyclohexyl 4chloride Camphylamine .. l-Methyl-3-isopropylcyclopentane-lcarboxamide Decene 1, 2, 4, 5-Tetramethylcyclohexane 2, 6-Dimethyl-2-octen-6-ol Allyldipropyl carbinol 1, 1, 4, 4-Tetramethylcyclohexan-2-ol . . 1, 2, 4, 5-Tetramethylcyclohexan-4-ol . . . Isoamyl isovalerate n-Decyl bromide n-Decyl chloride n-Decyl iodide Isoamyl isoamylideneamine Decane Diisoamyl n-Decyl alcohol Isoamyl sulfide Diisoamylamine a-Naphthaldehyde 1-Methylnaphthalene 2-Methylnaphthalene Methyl-oj-naphthol S-Phenyl-Aângelolactone S-Phenyl-A2-angelolactone Ethyl phenylpropiolate Ethyl thionaphthene-2-carboxylate Ethyl coumarilate l-Benzyl-3-methyl-4-chloropyrazole l-Benzyl-5-methyl-4-chloropyrazole. . . . . Ethyl o-chlorocinnamate 1-Phenyl-l, 3-pentadiene . l-Allyl-5-methylindazole 2-Allyl-5-methylindazole l-Benzyl-3-methylpyrazole l-Phenyl-2, 4-dimethylpyrazole l-Phenyl-3, 4-dimethylpyrazole l-Phenyl-3, 5-dimethylpyrazole l-Phenyl-4, 5-dimethylpyrazole 2-n-Butyrylindazole (stable) 2-Isobutyrylindazole (stable) a-Benzalmethyl ethyl ketone 7-Benzalmethyl ethyl ketone

.«, 0C 1 d[ \ a 117.9 0.9331 1.46216 15.4 1.0627 1.47456 20.5 1.1468 1.48474 18.0 0.8952 1.47789 20.4 0.8060 1.44562 16.5 0.8199 1.45617 21.1 0.8645 1.45394 17.4 0.8542 1.44327 80 0.8948 1.46277 79.8 0.8703 1.44612 14.3 0.8931 1.44635 20.2 0.9277 1.43526 17.2 0.9707 1.43031 23.1 0.9610 1.45157 14.0 0.9988 1.42194 14.9 1.000 1.42157 14.3 1.0015 1.42355 18.2 0.9970 1.41696

I

D

I

0 1.47226 1.47687 1.48321 1.48765 1.48035 1.48638 1.44813 1.45484 1.45880 1.46597 1.45677 1.46378 1.45463 1.47297 1.45526 1.44849 1.45452 1.43758 1.44312 1.43266 1.43806 1.45494 1.46328 1.42406*1.42925 1.42377*1.42887 1.42568*1.43084 1.41896 1.42417

13.95 0.9406 1.46288 1.46515 1.47150 17.8 0.8736 1.46992 1.47284 108.2 17 13.1 15.9 19.0 30.2 18.1 19.0 20 20 20 18.9 14.9 23.2 20 20 21.1 19.3 99.2 39.9 13.9 14.9 15.7 13 55.4 32.2 14.2 14.2 21.1 13 12.2 16.6 14.2 19.3 19.8 16.6 18.1 33.5 12.8 50.3 45.3

0.9072 1.44683 0.7721 1.4357 0.7910 1.43517 0.8576 1.45275 0.8446 1.44201 0.8935 1.45471 0.8983 1.45738 0.858401.41095 1.0683 1.45251 0.8696 1.43573 1.2564 1.48269 0.7724 1.42325 0.7278 1.4088 0.7214 1.40502 0.8300 1.43503 0.843141.44966 0.7672 1.42059 1.1490 1.64404 0.9656 1.57353 0.9939 1.59499 1.0964 1.61474 1.1537 1.56004 1.1173 1.52622 1.0632 1.5500 1.1720 1.58370 1.1618 1.55453 1.1621 1.55323 1.1847 1.55752 1.1683 1.55782 0.9384 1.60167 1.0549 1.57276 1.0528 1.58373 1.0541 1.55147 1.0573 1.56801 1.0606 1.58023 1.0586 1.56897 1.0665 1.56933 1.1090 1.55242 1.1136 1.55902 0.9875 1.55991 1.0018 1.56143

1.45543 1.4385 1.4447 1.43718 1.44307 1.45552 1.46216 1.44452 1.45070 1.45714 1.46295 1.45945 1.46543 1.41311 1.41814 1.45504 1.46116 1.43799 1.44346 1.48589 1.49377 1.42576 1.43177 1.4108 1.4160 1.40702 1.41215 1.43719 1.44247 1.45238 1.45889 1.42289 1.65464 1.68490 1.58077 1.60159 1.60263 1.62395 1.62322 1.64597 1.56580*1.58011 1.53055*1.54129 1.5566 1.5738 1.59178*1.61332 1.56194 1.58119 1.55818*1.57043 1.56254 1.57476 1.56447 1.58439 1.61114 1.64065 1.57932*1.59620 1.59100 1.60987 1.55643*1.56872 1.57384 1.58961 1.58739*1.60613 1.57503*1.59047 1.57539*1.59066 1.55854 1.57460 1.56534*1.58140 1.56838 1.59237 1.56907 1.59084

I

1.49154 1.46026 1.47192 1.46945 1.46162 1.47904 1.46059 1.45957 1.44771 1.44269 1.47076 1.43343 1.43312 1.43515 1.42837

Lit. (13°) ( 25 ) ( 25 ) (1°) (^8) (21) (*«) (43) (130) (13°) ( 68 ) ( 55 ) (6,f 9 > 105) (") (73) (73) ( 73 ) (9)

1.47655 1.48555

(21) (i° 6 )

1.46042 1.4500 1.44772 1.46737 1.45575 1.46777 1.47021 1.42335 1.46636 1.44794 1.50051 1.43676 1.4200 1.41651 1.44688 1.46447 1.43317 1.71624 1.62067 1.64284 1.66763 1.59295

(130) ( 148 »t 155» 156) (21) (71) (Ui) (68) (21) (125) (163) (163) (163) (100) (148) ("i) (163) (153,154) (106) (145) (48) (48) (155,156) (28) (28) ^ 50 ) (59) (41) (38) (38) (47) («,f 142) (60) (60) (60) (106) (60) (60) (60) (33) (33) (8) (8)

T 1.47833

1.5897 1.63375 1.60020 1.58531 1.60310 1.67038 1.61199 1.62824 1.57938 1.60360 1.62376 1.60435 1.60437 1.58971 1.59652

I

Formula CnHi20 CnHi20 CnHi20 CnH12O CuH12O C11H12O C11H12O C11H12O CuH12O2 CuH12O2 C11H12O2 C11H12O2 C11H12O2 C11H12O2 C11H12O2 C11H12O2 C11H12O2 C11H12O2 C11H12O2 C11H12Oa C11H12O2 C11H12O2 C11H12O2 C11H12O2 Ci1H12O2 C11H12O2 CnH12O2 C11H12O2 C11H12O2 C11H12Oa C11H12Os CnH12O8 C11H12Os C1IHi2Os Ci1H12Os C11H12O3 C11H12Os C1IH12Os C1IH12Os C11H12Oa C11H13BrO2 C11H13Cl C11H14 C11H14 CnHi4 CnHuCl2 Ci1HuCl2 CnHi 4 N 2 CnH 14 N 2 C11H14N2 C11H14O CnH14O C11H14O C11H14O CnH14O C11H14O C11H14O C11H14O C11H14O

Name l-Keto-7-methyl-l, 2, 3, 4-tetrahydronaphthalene ac.-2-M e t h y I-1-ketotetrahydronaphthalene 2, 2-Dimethyl-a-chromene 4, 6-Dimethyl-o:-chromene j8, /3-Dimethyl-a-hydrindone 3, 3-Dimethyl-l-hydrindone l-Phenyl-3-hydroxy-l-pentine 1, 2, 4-Trimethylcoumarone p-Crotonylanisole «-Methyl-/?-acetoxystyrene l'-Methyl-2-acetoxystyrene l'-Methyl-3-acetoxystyrene 4-Methyl-2-ethoxycoumarone 1, 4-Dimethyl-2-methoxycoumarone . . . . Methyl-o-coumarketone methyl ether . . . Benzoylacetone 0-m ethyl ether 2, 5-Dimethyl-7-hydroxyhydrindone . . . . 2-Methyl-6-methoxyhydrindone 1,1, 4-Trimethylcoumaranone 1, 3, 5-Trimethylcoumaranone 2, 2, 7-Trimethylcoumaranone Propionylacetophenone Methylbenzoylacetone Ethyl atropate Ethyl allocinnamate trans-JZihyl cinnamate

t, 0C I

35.0

d[

a.

D

I

|8

I

7

Lit.

I

( 14 M 146 )

1.0569 1.55168 1.55674 1.57160

1.58479

20.9 14.4 19.9 13.9 14.25 13 14 11.7 15.2 13.5 14.1 16.6 19.0 61.4 16 13.6 16.9 19.3 19.2 100.6 20.0 20 16.1 22.05 20

1.0600 1.0183 1.0420 1.0313 1.0320 1.0138 1.0267 1.0906 1.0574 1.0481 1.0612 1.0826 1.0806 1.0534 1.0679 1.1293 1.1188 1.0730 1.0987 1.0010 1.0774 1.0798 1.0508 1.0465 1.0490

1.54669 1.54744 1.55610 1.53587 1.54026 1.55764 1.54685 1.57861 1.53680 1.51327 1.52765 1.53846 1.53828 1.57525 1.55296 1.56311 1.55310 1.53433 1.55106 1.50063 1.57455 1.53275 1.52151 1.53769 1.55216

1.55154 1.56542 1.55372 1.57018 1.56231 1.57851 1.54078 1.55470 1.54525 1.55936 1.56333 1.57861 1.55332 1.56865 1.58723*1.61003 1.54278 1.55801 1.51754 1.52983 1.53252 1.54651 1.54395 1.55856 1.54403 1.56052 1.58591 1.61640 1.55981 1.57810 1.56966*1.58663 1.55884 1.57529 1.54040 1.55877 1.55739 1.57622 1.50668*1.52279 1.58400 1.61197 1.53834 1.55336 1.52605 1.53871 1.54416 1.56140 1.55982 1.58043

1.57764 1.58565 1.59374 1.56714 1.57182 1.59206 1.58330 1.63306 1.57204 1.54030 1.55872 1.57184 1.57635

37.8 38.1 56.6 13.9 22.6

1.0544 1.0373 1.0273 1.1542 1.1299

1.54435 1.52274 1.54983 1.52103 1.53188

1.55045 1.52755 1.55807 1.52502 1.53827

1.56883 1.54200 1.58130(7) 1.53617 1.55672

1.58592 1.55457

17.4 16.0 20.35 19.7 16 16.7 24.7 15.2 19.9 22.3 19.85 15.1 16.2 19.8 19.8

1.1470 1.1193 1.1323 1.1126 1.1185 1.1368 1.1179 1.1288 1.1230 1.3669 1.0362 0.9541 0.8884 0.8970 1.1117

1.54711 1.53188 1.51533 1.51120 1.52560 1.57609 1.54337 1.51936 1.50913 1.56400 1.53639 1.53316 1.50444 1.51494 1.52404

1.55313 1.53780 1.51986 1.51533 1.53115 1.58535 1.54971 1.52396 1.51319 1.57141 1.54177 1.53719 1.50890 1.51997 1.52827

1.57057 1.55554 1.53104 1.52729 1.54587 1.61182 1.56637 1.53577 1.52342 1.59245 1.55548 1.54907 1.51986 1.53217 1.53900

1.55980 1.64016 1.58186 1.54594 1.53246 1.61218 1.56777 1.55897 1.52958 1.54311 1.54787

(72) (i«) (49) («) (I7,f56) (14) (14) (49) (16) (U) («) (146) (78) (43) (13)

21.8 17.2 17.1 19.1 19 12.2 15.3 19.2 14.9 21.2 17.6 12.25 21.5

1.1424 1.0215 1.0274 1.0395 0.9797 0.961 0.9710 0.9678 1.0037 0.9682 0.9661 0.9856 0.9912

1.53900 1.54889 1.55743 1.57254 1.5426 1.5133 1.50917 1.50427 1.53572 1.51366 1.52567 1.54948 1.54430

1.54310 1.55494 1.55466*1.56943 1.56358*1.57944 1.57952*1.59762 1.5559 1.5733 1.5179 1.5299 1.51385 1.52574 1.50857 1.51971 1.54111 1.55525 1.51873 1.53167 1.53083 1.54450 1.55573 1.57349 1.55013 1.56502

1.58663 1.59688 1.61596 1.6096 1.5400 1.53611 1.52964 1.56815 1.54352 1.55686 1.59021 1.57869

(89) ( 6 O) (60) (60) (132) (128) (8) (8) (8) («) (14) (14) (14)

1.59624 1.60329 1.57776 1.59485 1.54003 1.64247 1.56744 1.54996 1.57743 1.60053

(146) (23) (23) (16) (24) (150) (23) (30) (14) (14) (14) (41) (72) (14) (17) (30) (37) (11J 19 )t (i») (40) (56) (I7,f 56) (45) (45,79,107}) (14,45,95, 107 f )

Methyl /3-methylcinnamate Methyl allo-jS-methylcinnamate Methyl p-methylcinnamate Ethyl hydrocoumarilate 1, 4-Dimethyl-l-methoxycoumaranone. . l-Methyl-4-methoxycoumarone methyl ether Methyl p-cresyl diketone methyl ether . . a-Ethyl-a-methoxyphthalide a-Acetoxypropiophenone Ethyl benzoylacetate Methyl o-methoxy cinnamate Methyl /^methoxycinnamate Methyl propiophenone-o-carboxylate. . . . Methyl /3-phenylmethylglycidate o-(o:-Bromoisobutyro)-p-cresol 4-Methyl-a-ethyl-/3-chlorostyrene ar.-2-Methyltetrahydronaphthalene l-Phenyl-2-pentene a, a, /3-Trimethylstyrene l-Dichloro-2-p-toly !butane 1, 2, 3-Trimethyl-5-(/8, /3-dichloroethyl)benzene 1-n-Butylindazole 2-n-Butylindazole 2, 3-Diethylindazole a-p-Butenylanisole Ethylchavicol Isobutyl phenyl ketone tert.-Butyl phenyl ketone 2, 4, 5-Trimethylacetophenone p-Isobutyro toluene 3-Isopropenyl-4-methoxytoluene o-Propenyl-p-methoxytoluene 2', 2', 5-Trimethyl-2-hydroxystyrene. . . .

1.54577 1.57577 1 58791 1.54104

(14) (U) (14) (16) («)

Formula CuH14O CnHi 4 O CllHi402

C11H14O2 CnH 14 O 2 C11H14O2 Ci1Hi4O2 CnH 14 O 2 C11H14O2 C11H14O2 CnHi 4 O 2 C11H14O2 C11H14Oa CnH14Os

C1IH14Oa C11H14Os C1IH14O4 C11H14Oe

C1IH1G Ci1HiC

CnHie CnHiG CnHiG CiiHie CnHi 6 CnH1G CnHiG CnHiG CnHie CiiHi, CnHiGCl2O CnH16Cl2O CnHi 6 O CioHieO CioHieO CnHi 6 O CnHi6O CnH16O C11H16O C n Hi 6 O CnHi6O2 CnHi 6 O 4 CnHi 6 O 4 CnHi 6 O 6 CnHi6O6 CnHi6O? CiiHieOg CnHi 7 NO 2 CnHi 7 NO 3 CnHi 7 NO 4 CiiHisO2 CiiHisO2 CnHiSO2 CnHIgO2

I

Name | s?/ra.-ra-Xylenyl allyl ether asf/w.-Propionyl-o-xylene w-Propio-p-methoxytoluene o-Isobutyro-0-cresol o-Isobutyro-m-cresol 0-Isobutyro-p-cresol p-Isobutyroanisole o-Isobutyro-asf/ra.-ra-xylenol Methyleugenol Methylisoeugenol o-Tolyl isobutyrate Ethyl hydrocinnamate o-(a-Hydroxyisobutyro)-7>-cresol o-(a-Hydroxypropionyl)-p-m e t h o x ytoluene Ethyl o-toloxyacetate Methyl 0-methoxyhydrocinnamate a-Hydroxypropionylhydroquinol dimethyl ether Diethyl succinylmalonate p-ter£.-Butyltomene 1, l-Dimethylpropene-2, 5-eyclohexadiene s?/ra.-Ethylpseudocumene 2-Methylcymene 2-Methylmenthatriene Pentamethylbenzene as2/w.-Propyl-0-xylene 1, 1, 3-Trimethyl-4-ethene-2, 5-cyclohexadiene 1, 2, 5-Trimethyl-4-ethylbenzene 1, 3, 5-Trimethyl-2-ethylbenzene 1, 1, 2, 6-Tetramethyl-4-methene-2, 5cyclohexadiene 1, 1, 3, 6-Tetramethyl-4-methene-2, 5cyclohexadiene l-Isopropyl-4-methyl-4-d i c h 1 o r omethyl-l-cyclohexen-3-one l-Isopropyl-4-methyl-4-d i c h 1 o r omethyl-5-cyclohexen-3-one Carvacrol methyl ether Citral Cyclocitral 0-Ethyl-s?/w.-m-xylenyl methyl ether. . . . Hemimellitenyl ethyl ether Mesity 1 ethyl ether Pseudocumenyl ethyl ether Thymol methyl ether Ethyl 1-methylcyclohexene- 1-methene3-carboxylate Diethyl crotonylidenemalonate Diethyl isoprenedicarboxylate Diethyl acetylmalonate 0-acetate Diethyl diacetylmalonate Triethyl oxalylmalonate Dimethyldiethyl methanetetracarboxylate Ethyl tropidine-2-carboxylate Ethyl tropinone-2-carboxylate Diethyl propylcyanomalonate Diosphenol methyl ether Ethyl a-cyclohexenepropionate Ethyl isolauronolate Ethyl hexylpropiolate

t, 0C I d( I a \ D I ft 11.6 0.9548 1.51297 1.51793 1.52942 15.1 0.8749 1.49925 1.50294 1.51375 18.9 1.0484 1.52638 1.53179 1.54650 20.4 1.0468 1.53019 1.53663*1.55395 13.3 1.0485 1.53656 1.54308*1.56091 21.3 1.0425 1.52912 1.53550 1.55364 16.6 1.0498 1.53328 1.53925 1.55489 14 1.0334 1.52910 1.53555*1.55321 11 1.041 1.5328 1.5373 1.5511 11.5 1.064 1.5649 1.5720 1.5911 16.6 1.0036 1.48874 1.49262*1.50222 20 1.0147 1.49150 1.49542 1.50476 54.0 1.0943 1.52824 1.53470 1.55342 19.2 12.9 18.4

I

7 1.54006 1.52277 1.56045 1.57256 1,57931 1.57256 1.56926 1.57189 1.5631 1.6096 1.51040 1.51277 1.57053

Lit.

I (47) (89) («) (40) ( 30 ) (41) (41) (40) (128) (128) (40) (92) (U)

1.0994 1.52158 1.52630 1.53963 1.0848 1.50249 1.50608 1.51669 1.0954 1.50848 1.51260 1.52320

1.52554 1.53246

(72) (16) (16)

13.4 1.1486 1.53031 1.53527 1.54999 73.0 1.1675 1.46923 1.47245 1.48170 13.25 0.8667 1.49118 1.49465 1.50513

1.48952 1.51400

(72) (36) («)

15.2 12.05 15.5 15 72.8 12.7

0.8618 0.8938 0.8740 0.8776 0.8786 0.8719

1.50189 1.51078 1.49601 1.49803 1.50104 1.49504

1.50633 1.51474 1.50001 1.50217 1.50489 1.49881

1.51925 1.52580 1.51030 1.51260 1.51609 1.50920

1.53040 1.53481 1.51913 1.52188 1.51784

(89) («») (i 43 ) (143) (89) (89)

12.7 0.8844 1.51470 1.51931 1.53230 15.75 0.8867 1.50654 1.51047 1.52163 16.35 0.8885 1.50875 1.51274 1.52416

1.54371 1.53112 1.53376

(89) (20) (20)

23.2

0.8766 1.50884 1.51350 1.52660

1.53830

(89)

15.2

0.8809 1.51235 1.51687 1.53006

1.54172

(89)

15.8

1.1654 1.51343 1.51769 1.52677

1.53540

(52)

16.8 23 17 13.3 12.8 22.8 13.2 14.95 '28

1.1421 0.9385 0.8897 0.9566 0.9624 0.9541 0.9364 0.9460 0.9332

1.49798 1.50126 1.48506 1.49341 1.51322 1.51054 1.49489 1.50705 1.49817

1.50142 1.50518 1.48945 1.49707 1.51811 1.51461 1.49859 1.51097 1.50240

1.50877 1.51603 1.50073 1.50689 1.52949 1.52608 1.50930 1.52247 1.50902

1.51532 1.52566 1.51081 1.51575 1.53968 1.53586 1.51834 1.53224 1.51322

(52) (47) (44) (44) (47) (47) (47) (47) (162)

17.3 16.7 17.0 14.95 17.0 16.1

1.52646 1.47803 1.49515 1.44877 1.43037 1.44666

1.53312 1.55148 1.48291*1.49570 1.50081*1.51560 1.45145 1.45925 1.43257 1.44955 1.45742

1.56940

1.0483 1.0586 1.1161 0.9712 1.1599

(45) (27) (27) (34) (34,105) (35)

17.2 11.7 20.8 20 19.2 17.5 17.2 11.6

1.1828 1.43098 1.0721 1.49615 1.1207 1.49225 1.0332 1.4269 0.988 1.48405 0.9683 1.46204 0.953391.46307 0.9154 1.44965

1.43327 1.43891 1.49930 1.50768 1.49537 1.50432 1.4291 1.4343 1.48783*1.49744 1.46459 1.47149 1.46624 1.47429 1.45227 1.4593

1.44350 1.51462

1.52985 1.46581 1.44255 1.46432

1.4388 1.50601 1.47683 1.48127 1.4648

(35) (25) (25) (138) (32) (46) (43) («o)

Formula C11H 18O2 C11H 18O2 CnH 18 O 2 C11H i8O2 C11H 18O2 C11H 18O2

CuHIgO 2

C11H 18O2 C11H18O4 CnHi8O4 CuHi8Os CnHi8Os CnH I8Os C11H18Os C11H19NO C11H19NO2 C n H 19 NO 2 C11H20O C11H2QO C11H2QO C1IH2QO2 C11H20O4 C11H20O4 C11H20O4 C11H20O4 C11H21N C 11 H 22 N 2 C11H22O C11H22O2 CuH 24 O C12H8O C12H10 C12H10 C12Hi0O C12H10O C12H10O2 C12Hi2

C12Hi2 C12Hi2 C12H12N2O C12H12O C12H12O C12H12O2 C12H12Os C12H12Os C12H12Os C12Hi2O4 Ci 2 Hi 2 O 4 C12H12O4 C12H12S C12H13ClO2 C12H13N C12Hi3N Ci2H13N C12H13N C 12Hi 4 C12Hi4 C12Hi4Cl2O2 Ci2Hi4Cl2O2 C12H14N2

Name Ethyl 2-methylcyclohexylidene- 1-acetate Ethyl 3-methylcy clohexy lidene- 1-acetate Ethyl 4-methy Icy clohexy lidene- 1-acetate Ethyl 2-methy Icy clohexene- 1-acetate. . . Ethyl 3-methylcyclohexene- 1-acetate. . . Methyl 1, 3-dimethy Icy clohexy lidene-5acetate Hydroxymethylenementhone Methyl geranate Die thy 1 cis-a, /3-dimethy lglutaconate. . . . Diethyl trans-a, jS-dimethylglutaconate . . Diethyl acetylethylmalonate Diethyl n-butyrylmalonate Diethyl isobutyrylmalonate Ethyl a-ethyl-£-hydroxycarbethoxy-a, /3-crotonate Camphoroxime methyl ether Propionyltropein Ethyl tropane-2-carboxylate Bornyl methyl ether 2, 6-Dimethyl-2, 8-nonadien-6-ol 5-Ethyl-l, 8-nonadien-5-ol Ethvl a, /3-nonenate Diethyl diethylmalonate Diethyl /wra.-si/ra.-dimethylglutarate. . . . DiethylraaZ.-ss/ra.-dimethylglutarate. . . . Diethyl trimethylsuccinate N-Methylcamphidine Diisoamylcyanamide Methyl nonyl ketone n-Decyl formate Methyl n-decyl ether Diphenylene oxide Acenaphthene Diphenyl 4-Methyl-l-naphthaldehyde Methyl a-naphthyl ketone 4-Methoxy-l-naphthaldehyde 1, 2- Dimethy !naphthalene 1, 6-Dimethy !naphthalene Isobutylenephenylacetylene 2-Allylacetylindazole (stable) a-Ethoxynaphthalene /3-Ethoxynaphthalene Ethyl indene-/8-carboxylate 1, 4-Dimethyl-2-acetoxycoumarone Ethyl 2-methylcoumarilate Ethyl 5-methylcoumarilate Ethyl benzoylformylacetate Ethyl 2-methoxycoumarilate Ethyl 1-methylcoumaran-2-one- 1-carboxylate a- (o-Methy !benzyl) -thiophene Ethyl /3-chloro-a (p-tolvl) -aery late Dimethy 1-a-naphthylamine Dimethyl-/3-naphthylamine a-Ethylaminonaphthalene 0-Ethylaminonaphthalene 1-Phenyl-l-cy clohexene 1-Phenyl-l, 3-hexadiene Ethyl l-methyl-l-dichloromethyl-2, 5cyclohexadiene-4-methenecarboxylate . . Ethyl j8, /3-dichloro-a(p-tolyl)-propionate l-Benzyl-3, 5-dimethylpyrazole

t, 0C 1 dl \ a. 14.8 0.9587 1.47524 15.0 0.9571 1.47347 17.0 0.9943 1.47013 18.4 0.9476 1.45125 15.2 0.9506 1.45325

D 1.47906 1.47730 1.47378 1.45393 1.45592

15.0 15.5 19.1 20.3 19.3 19.25 22 19.0

0.9569 1.0010 0.9220 1.0241 1.0320 1.0542 1.0530 1.0514

1.47252 1.49556 1.46770 1.45039 1.45079 1.43185 1.44113 1.43801

1.47628 1.48477 1.49997 1.51268 1.47143 1.48106 1.45347*1.46086 1.45382*1.46126 1.43382 1.43971 1.44421 1.45132 1.44079 1.44786

1.49251 («*) 1.52496 (I7,f56) 1.48929 (44) 1.46731 (73) 1.46771 (73) 1.44440 (34,JlOS) 1.45765 (56) 1.45395 , (56)

18 22.5 19.6 20.5 23.4 16.6 20.7 19 16.6 15.9 17.0 16.7 19.0 23.7 17.3 20 20 99.3 99.2 77.1 38.2 21.5 43.7 16.35 16.3 13 22.6 15.7 47.3 73.9 15.7 56.6 43.9 24.9 70

1.0579 0.9578 1.0399 1.0408 0.9135 0.8661 0.8660 0.8901 0.9880 0.9807 0.9824 0.9956 0.9011 0.8461 0.8295 0.8732 0.7973 1.0886 1.0242 0.9896 1.1252 1.1171 1.1829 1.0219 1.0049 0.9301 1.1172 1.0643 1.0413 1.0544 1.1361 1.1164 1.1187 1.1400 1.1595

1.44127 1.47665 1.47208 1.47272 1.45992 1.46154 1.45945 1.43972 1.42308 1.42185 1.42195 1.42659 1.47378 1.43691 1.42765 1.42484 1.41952 1.59964 1.59877 1.58112 1.63548 1.61926 1.64151 1.61014 1.60119 1.57675 1.56427 1.59600 1.58602 1.54126 1.53580 1.54133 1.54821 1.52561 1.54280

1.44396 1.47949 1.48639 1.47434 1.48069 1.47562 1.48197 1.46237 1.46838 1.46469 1.47208 1.46231 1.46942 1.44263*1.44946 1.42516 1.43044 1.42402*1.42912 1.42419 1.42917 1.42891*1.43402 1.47625 1.48308 1.43915 1.43002 1.43539 1.42707 1.43217 1.42177 1.42696 1.60794 1.63272 1.60658 1.62838 1.58822 1.60760 1.64567 1.67575 1.62796 1.65273 1.65299 1.68748 1.61795 1.63945 1.60886 1.63021 1.58281 1.6046 1.57070*1.58716 1.60351 1.62501 1.59324 1.61409 1.54809 1.56773 1.54080 1.55571 1.54817 1.56657 1.55575 1.57565 1.53134 1.54631 1.54987 1.59611

1.45621 1.49216 1.48591 1.48719 1.47329 1.47850 1.47537 1.45544 1.43492 1.43346 1.43342 1.43840 1.48869 1.44938 1.44099 1.43648 1.43126 1.65367

16.7 12.1 19.7 10.8 53.2 15.1 21.3 14.2 12

1.1919 1.53316 1.0908 1.58392 1.1363 1.53053 1.046941.61787 1.63291 1.0652 1.63758 1.0545 1.64389 0.9905 1.56612 0.9253 1.59164

1.53902 1.55541 1.58969*1.60416 1.53579 1.54962 1.62609 1.65158 1.64432 1.67682 1.64773 1.67799 1.65446 1.68469 1.57157 1.58679 1.60252 1.62999

1.57176 1.61692 1.56029 1.67629 1.71289 1.71062 1.71642 1.60026 1.65874

(19) (59) (3) («i) (i«i) (145) (145) (83) (45,j 142)

22.1 18.7 15.0

1.2150 1.56171 1.56911 1.58984 1.2017 1.51729 1.52137 1.53173 1.0383 1.54628 1.55113*1.56292

1.54070 1.57312

(3) (3) («o)

!

/3 1.48816 1.48622 1.48311 1.46236

\

v 1.49639 1.49464 1.49133 1.46639 1.46844

1.62538 1.70698 1.67686 1.65976 1.64958 1.61954 1.60470 1.64508 1.63312 1.56884 1.58330 1.59513 1.55981

\

Lit. (46) (46) ( 4 6) (46) (46)

(43,JiOS) (i° 6 ) (25) (25) (97) (71) (") (69) (») (73) (73) (73) (25) (106) ("S) (163) (163) (48) (48) («) (145) (145) (48) (48) (48) (ISO) (33) (48,jiei) (48,ji6i) (i«) (23) (41) («) (ios) (41)

Formula C 12 H 14 N 2 C12H14N2O C 12 H 14 N 2 O 2 C 12 H 14 N 2 O 2 C12H14O C12H14O C12H14O C12H14O C12H14O C12H14O C12H14O C12H14O Ci2H14O C12H14O2 C12H14O2 C12H14O2 C12H14O2 C12H14O2 Ci2H14O2 C12H14O2 Ci2H14O2 Ci2Hi4O2 Ci2H14O2 Ci2Hi4O2 Ci 2 Hi 4 O 2 Ci2H14O2 Ci 2 Hi 4 Os Ci2Hi4Os Ci2H14Os Ci 2 Hi 4 Os Ci 2 Hi 4 Os Ci2Hi4Os Ci2Hi4Os Ci2Hi4Os Ci2H14Os Ci2H14O4 Ci 2 Hi 4 O 4 Ci2Hi4O4 Ci2H14O4 Ci2H16 Ci 2 H 1 G Ci 2 HiG Ci 2 HiG Ci 2 H 16 N 2 C12H16N2 Ci2H16N2 Ci2Hi6O C12Hi6O Ci2Hi6O2 Ci 2 Hi 6 O 2 Ci 2 Hi 6 O 2 Ci 2 Hi 6 O 2 Ci 2 Hi 6 O 2 Ci2Hi6O2 Ci2Hi6O2 Ci 2 Hi 6 O 2 Ci2Hi6Os Ci 2 Hi 6 Os Ci2HiS Ci2HiS C12H18

I

Name l-Phenyl-3, 4, 5-trimethylpyrazole 2-Isovalerylindazole (stable) Ethyl l-ethylindazole-3-carboxylate Ethyl 2-e thy lindazole-3-carboxy late o, o-Diallylphenol oj-Be nzalmethyl propyl ketone a-Benzalmethyl isopropyl ketone 5, 7-Dimethyl-l-ketotetrahydronaphthalene 7-E thy 1-1-ketotetrahydro naphthalene . . . o-Allylphenyl allyl ether 1, 4-Dimethyl-2-ethylcoumarone 2, 4, 6-Trimethyl-a-chromene 3, 4, 6-Trimethyl-a-chromene Butyrylacetophenone Diethylphthalide 1, 4-Dimethyl-l-ethylcoumaranone l-Ethyl-3, 5-dimethylcoumaranone l-Isopropyl-4-methylcoumaranone 5-Methyl-2-n-propylcoumaranone 1, 1, 3, 5-Tetramethylcoumaranone Ethyl tt-methylcinnamate Ethyl jS-methylcinnamate Ethyl 0-methylcinnamate Ethyl p-niethylcinnamate Methyl a, p-dimethylcinnamate Methyl /3, p-dimethylcinnamate 5-Methyl-2-methoxybenzoylacetone 1, 4-Dimethyl-l-ethoxycoumaranone. . . . Methyl p-tolyldiketone ethyl ether. . . . Ethyl /3-phenylmethylglycidate Ethyl l-methylcoumarane-4-carboxylate Ethyl p-methoxycinnamate Methyl allo-/3-methyl-o-methoxycinnamate Methyl a-methyl-o-methoxycinnamate. . Methyl /3-methyl-o-methoxycinnamate . . Apiol Isapiol Diethyl phthalate . Diethyl isophthalate /3, /3-Diethylstyrene ar.-l, 3-Dimethyltetrahydro naphthalene ar.-2-Ethyltetrahydro naphthalene a-Ethyl-0, /3-dimethylstyrene 1-Isoamylindazole 2-Isoamylindazole Propylpropenyl-o-phenylenediamine . . . . o-Allyl-s^/ra.-w-xylenyl allyl ether 2', 2', 5-Trimethyl-2-hydroxystyrene methyl ether o-Isovalero-p-cresol 0-Isobutyro-p-methoxytoluene Ethyleugenol Ethylisoeugenol Ethylchavibetol Ethylisochavibetol Amyl benzoate Ethyl 7-phenylbutyrate Asaron Ethyl 3-methyl-4-ethoxybenzoate 2-Ethylcymene 2-Ethylmenthatriene 1, 1, 3, 6-Tetramethyl-4-ethene-2, 5cyclohexadiene

«,°C 18.7 16.3 17.3 22.8 15.4 17.5 24.6

I

d\ 1.0453 1.0879 1.1431 1.1289 0.9918 0.9978 0.9858

• a 1.56543 1.54870 1.55924 1.56355 1.53676 1.56235 1.55870

15.5 17.2 15.0 11.4 14.25 15.2 21.0 61.6 19.6 20.5 13.8 16.8 18.2 20.6 16.6 16.3 15.9 18.3 60.2 17.9 14.05 65.0 16.7 14.3 59.2

1.0654 1.0556 0.9676 1.0108 1.0172 1.0336 1.0478 1.0403 1.0559 1.0667 1.0707 1.0675 1.0620 1.0321 1.0392 1.0428 1.0340 1.0507 1.0144 1.1196 1.1030 1.0524 1.0936 1.1179 1.0664

1.55986 1.55478 1.52188 1.54187 1.54841 1.55407 1.56208 1.50385 1.53023 1.53689 1.53692 1.53967 1.53765 1.54074 1.53930 1.54852 1.55503 1.55635 1.53389 1.57582 1.52654 1.50733 1.50197 1.53045 1.55317

1.56496 1.55988 1.52634 1.54715 1.55389 1.55968 1.57075 1.50872 1.53604 1.54240 1.54286 1.54589 1.54359 1.54753 1.54558 1.55552 1.56302 1.56400 1.54084 1.58562 1.53217 1.51270 1.50603 1.53626 1.56193

1.57971 1.57454 1.53900 1.56233 1.56984 1.57565 1.59629 1.51905 1.55356 1.55907 1.56046 1.56268 1.56110 1.56500 1.56165 1.57593 1.58531 1.58432 1.55926 1.61562 1.54976 1.52888 1.51569 1.55037 1.58829

1.59284 1.58752 1.54981 1.57583 1.58443

17.0 15.2 16.65 14 12 17.7 17.5 18.7 21.0 17.6 17.5 16.3 18.5 20.8 12.8

1.0978 1.1261 1.1037 1.176 1.197 1.1203 1.1232 0.8924 0.9589 0.9499 0.8886 1.0047 1.0084 1.0341 0.9666

1.53346 1.56466 1.54267 1.5330 1.5639 1.49890 1.50361 1.51199 1.53683 1.53072 1.50950 1.54160 1.55248 1.55712 1.52228

1.53897 1.55282 1.57207 1.59347 1.54881 1.56490 1.5380 1.5510 1.5703 1.5892 1.50293 1.51356 1.50815 1.51938 1.51677 1.52837 1.54094 1.55287 1.53474 1.54627 1.51422 1.52569 1.54724 1.56138 1.55877*1.57452 1.56255 1.57687 1.52750 1.53938

1.56547

17.05 18.4 13.7 9.5 11 11.5 11 17.4 19.45 11 15.1 15.6 15

0.9679 1.0291 1.0240 1.021 1.044 1.013 1.039 0.9910 1.0015 1.091 1.0618 0.8708 0.8880

1.53681 1.52683 1.51685 1.5256 1.5540 1.5232 1.5539 1.49114 1.49028 1.5648 1.51443 1.49494 1.50429

1.54253 1.53270 1.52175 1.5301 1.5607 1.5276 1.5602 1.49498 1.49396 1.5719 1.51908 1.49878 1.50847

15.4

I

D I /3 1.57152*1.58685 1.55466*1.57012 1.56587*1.58318 1.57123*1.59221 1.54163 1.55480 1.57046 1.59316 1.56693 1.59000

I

Y 1.60080 1.58451 1.59991 1.61255 1.56579 1.61594 1.61338

Lit.

I

( 60 ) (33) (29) (29) ( 47 ) («) (8)

(146) (H6) (47) (23) (23) (23) 1.62394 (56) (49) 1.57169 («) 1.57403 (66) 1.57857 (19) (8S) 1.58066 1.57820 (66) 1.58162 (45) 1.57654 (14, 45 f) 1.59533(?) (U) 1.60748 ( 8 »t 14) 1.60362 (U) (14) (66) 1.56849 (12, I9f) («) (16) 1.56357 (") (14)

1.53866 1.56297 1.55594 1.53575 1.57470 1.58954 1.58971 1.56029

(U) (U) (i*) («8) (128) (80,-j- 104, 145) («0) (43) (146) (146) (43) (60) (60) (109) (47)

1.55778 1.55001 1.53545 1.5426 1.5792 1.5403 1.5792 1.50530 1.50317 1.5931 1.53259 1.50878 1.51920

1.57181 1.56848 1.54811 1.5529 1.5993 1.5514 1.5980 1.51420 1.51110 1.6142 1.54428 1.51739 1.52763

(14) (65) (41) (128) (128) (128) (128) (US) (70) (12 8) (16) (143) (143)

0.8837 1.51028 1.51452 1.52702

1.53796

(«»)

1.57991 1.5619 1.6062 1.52284

Formula C12H18N2O2 C12H18O2 C12H18O2 C12H18O2 C12H18O2 C12H18Os C12H18Os C12H18Os C12H18Os C12H18O4 C12H 18O4 C12H18Oe C12H18Oe C12H18Oe C12H18O? C12H18Or C12H2oO C12H2oO2 C12H2QO2 C12H2OO2 C12H2QO2 C12H2oO2 C12H2oO2 C12H2QOs C12H2oO4 VV12HjJoOi C12H2oO4 C12H2oO4 C12H2oO4 C12H2oO4 C12H2oO4 C12H2oO4 C12H2oO5 C12H2oO? C12H21NO C12H22N2 C12H22O C12H22O C12H22O2 C12H22O2 C12H22Os C12H22Os C12H22Oi C12H22Oi C12H23NO2 C12H23NO2 Ci2H24N2O4 C12H24O C12H24O C12H24O2 C12H26O

I

Name U °C 2-Carbethoxy-7-methyltetrahydroindazole 21.8 Acetylcamphor 17.9 Methoxymethylenecamphor 15.2 23.1 Methylformylcamphor Ethyl 1, 5-dimethylcyclohexene-l-meth20.6 ene-3-carboxylate 14.6 Diosphenol acetate 17.4 Ethyl diallylacetoacetate Ethyl isophoronecarboxylate 20.4 18.0 Methyl camphocarboxylate 18.1 Dimethyl d-dehydro camphorate 17.5 Dimethyl isodehydrocamphorate Diethyl propionylmalonate 0-acetate . . . 16.7 Diethyl acetylmalonate 0-propionate . . . 18.6 20 Triethyl aconitate Diethyl 0-carbethoxy-/3-hydroxyethyli15.1 denemalonate Triethyl acetylmethanetricarboxylate . . . 13.5 24.3 Ethylcamphor 1, 1, 3, 3-Tetraethyl-2, 4-diketocyclo17.75 butane Diosphenol ethyl ether 19.0 Bornyl acetate 22.6 23.4 Isobornyl acetate Ethyl 1, 3-dimethyl-4-cyclohexene-513.8 acetate Ethyl 1, 3-dimethylcyclohexylidene-520.3 acetate Ethyl 1, 3-dimethyl-3-cyclohexene-517.6 hydroxy-5-acetate Diethyl c£s-/3-methyl-a-ethy lglutaconate . 20.9 Diethyl Zrans-/3-methyl-a-ethylglutacon19.9 ate 16.8 Diethyl as-hexahydrophthalate 14.4 Diethyl Zrcws-hexahydrophthalate 14.1 Diethyl cfcs-hexahydroisophthalate 20.6 Diethyl cis-hexahydroterephthalate Dimethyl camphorate 16,9 Ethyl acid camphorate 16.8 Diethyl isovalerylmalonate 21.0 Triethyl citrate 20 Camphoroxime ethyl ether 17.0 7-Ethylenedipiperidine 17.8 1, l-Dimethyl-4, 4-diethyl-cyclohexan-215.2 one Bornyl ethyl ether 24.7 Amylpropiolic acetal 9.5 Ethyl 2-methyl-5-isopropylcyclopentane1-carboxylate 11.8 Ethyl /3-amyl-/3-ethoxyacrylate 23.2 Ethyl 1, 3-dimethylcyclohexan-5-ol-5acetate 14.9 Bis-diethylacetal 26 Diethyl tetramethylsuccinate 22.7 Ethyl cis-p-amino-o, o, 6>'-trimethylhexahydrobenzoate 21.1 Ethyl trans-p-amino-o, O9 o'-trimethylhexahydrobenzoate 21.1 Diethylhydrazoisobutyrate 20.5 1, l-Dimethyl-4, 4-diethylcyclohexan-2ol 13.6 Menthyl ethyl ether 17.1 n-Decyl acetate 20 Ethyl n-decyl ether 20

d\ 1.0911 1.0314 1.0234 1.0214

a 1.50218 1.49077 1.50524 1.50118

D I |8 I 7 1.50555*1.51363 1.52027 1.49415 1.50284 1.51057 1.50913 1.51997 1.52986 1.50513 1.52376

I

0.9701 1.0415 0.9823 1.0291 1.0847 1.0881 1.0851 1.0983 1.0984 1.1064

1.51237 1.48027 1.45426 1.47539 1.48080 1.47078 1.46526 1.44937 1.44918 1.45255

1.51848 1.53424 1.48378*1.49233 1.45716 1.47878 1.48732 1.48333 1.48945 1.47363 1.48096 1.46782 1.47434 1.45211 1.45972 1.45191 1.45967 1.45562 1.46325

1.54950 1.49996 1.47001 1.49738 1.49461 1.48724 1.47988 1.46611 1.46627 1.46981

(45) (32) (105) (4M44) (H3,f 122) (9) (») <34) (34) (45, j 95)

1.1322 1.44787 1.45059 1.45802 1.1283 1.43456 1.43658 1.44257 0.9340 1.46624 1.46864 1.47453

1.46436 1.44722 1.47938

(35) (35) (97)

0.9456 1.44962 1.48405 0.9833 1.45998 0.9807 1.45978

1.45181 1.45803 1.48788*1.49743 1.46225 1.46827 1.46191 1.46798

1.46295 1.50601 1.47319 1.47275

(*8) (32) (25) (25)

0.9455 1.45901 1.46178 1.46869

1.47458

(84)

0.9374 1.45481 1.45753 1.46416

1.46965

( 84 )

1.46857 1.47133 1.47829 1.0182 1.45168 1.45487*1.46256

1.48411 1.46929

(76) (73)

1.0143 1.44984 1.0570 1.45207 1.0449 1.44996 1.0505 1.45176 1.0516 1.44978 1.0774 1.46098 1.102351.47126 1.0331 1.44138 1.1369 1.44302 0.9473 1.47574 0.9212 1.48570

1.45292*1.46017 1.45451 1.45992 1.45235*1.45791 1.45414*1.45970 1.45222*1.45769 1.46334 1.47372 1.47955 1.44429 1.45156 1.44554 1.45133 1.47853 1.48869 1.49603

1.46658 1.46460 1.46268 1.46431 1.46237 1.47366 1.48431 1.45793 1.45609 1.49122 1.50219

(73) (73) (73) (73) (73) (99) (97) (56) (93) (106) (106)

0.9112 1.46086 1.46307 1.46914 0.8969 1.45329 1.45554 1.46131 0.8858 1.43980 1.44210 1.4483

1.47419 1.46591 1.45307

(68) (97) («0)

0.9178 1.44047 1.44825 0.9307 1.44865 1.45179 1.45996

1.45272 1.46716

(130) (* 7 )

0.9895 1.45442 1.45664 1.46269 0.9529 1.4289 1.43276 1.4386 0.9928 1.43246 1.43484*1.44001

1.46777 1.4432 1.44450

(84) (iso) (73)

0.9888 1.47188 1.47493*1.48167

1.48776

(73)

0.9789 1.46938 1.47219*1.47823 0.9985 1.43165 1.43403*1.43941

1.48356 1.44411

(73) (29)

0.9196 0.8535 0.8671 0.7942

1.48715 1.45358 1.43698 1.43173

(68) (97) (163) ("3)

I

1.47367 1.44125 1.42494 1.42032

1.47588 1.44347 1.42727 1.42227

1.48213 1.44897 1.43257 1.42753

Lit. ( 60 ) (119) (17) ( 105 )

Formula C12H27N C12H27N3 C13HioO

C13H12 C13H12O C18H12O C13H12O2 C13H12O2 C13H12O2 C13H13N C13H13N C13H14 C13H14

C13H14N2 C13H14N2 C13H14O Ci3Hi4O2 Ci3H14O2 Ci3Hi4Oa C13H14O2 Ci3Hi4O2 Ci3Hi4O2 Ci3Hi4O2 Ci3H14O2 Ci3H14O3 Ci3H14O3 Ci3Hi4O4 Ci3Hi4O4 Ci3Hi4O4 Ci3H14O4 Ci3H16BrO2 Ci 3 HiG Ci3Hi6 C13H16N2O, C13H16O Ci3H16O Ci3Hi6O Ci3H16O2 Ci3H16O2 Ci3Hi6O2 Ci3H16O2 Ci3H16O2 C13H16O2 C13H16O2 C13H16O2 C13H16O2 C13H16O3 C13H16O3 C13H16O3 Ci3Hi6O3 Ci3H16O3 C13H16O3 C13H17NO C13H17NO2 C13H18O C13H18O C13H18O3 Ci3H18O3

I

Name Triisobutylamine Triformalpropylamine Benzophenone : (Stable) (Labile) Diphenylmethane l-Methyl-2-acetylnaphthalene 2-Methyl-( 5) 8-acety !naphthalene Ethyl 1-naphthoate Ethyl 2-naphthoate Methyl 6-me thy 1- 1-naphthoate Benzylaniline Methyldiphenylamine l-Methyl-2-ethylnaphthalene l-Methyl-4-ethy !naphthalene 1-Phenyltetrahydroindazole 2-Phenyltetrahydroindazole l-Benzyl-5-cyclohexen-2-one 2, 2-Diethylindanedione Ethyl allocinnamylideneacetate Ethyl cinnamylideneacetate Ethyl y-methylmdene-/3-carboxylate . . . . Ethyl A^dihydro-^-naphthoate Ethyl A2-dihydro-«-naphthoate (labile). Ethyl A^dihydro-a-naphthoate (stable) . Ethyl A3-dihydro-j8-naphthoate Ethyl 2, 4-dimethylcoumarilate l-Ethyl-4-methyl-2-acetoxycoumarone . . Ethyl 1, 4-dimethylcoumaran-2-one-lcarboxylate Ethyl l-ethyleoumaran-2-one-l-carboxylate Ethyl 2-ethoxycoumarilate Ethyl 4-methyl-2-methoxy coumarilate . . o- (a-Bromoisobutyro)-p-aceto toluene. . . 1-Benzyl-l-cyclohexene l-Phenyl-5-methyl-l, 3-hexadiene Isoamyl indazole-2-carboxylate <*-Benzalmethyl w-butyl ketone 1, 3-Dimethyl-6-isopropylcoumarone. . . . l-Methyl-4-fer£.-butylcoumarone p-Tolyl a-ethylcrotonate 2, 2-Diethyl-5-methylcoumaranone l-Isopropyl-3, 5-dimethylcoumaranone. . 2, 6-Dimethyl-3-ethylchromanone 3, 4-Dimethyl-2-ethyl-7-oxyhydrindone. . Ethyl a, /3-dimethylcinnamate Ethyl tt-ethylcinnamate Isovalerylacetophenone Phenylpropiolic acetal Ethyl /?-ethoxycinnamate Ethyl ethylbenzoy !acetate Ethyl a-methyl-p-methoxycinnamate . . . Methyl a, w-dimethyl-o-methoxyeinnamate Methyl j3-methyl-2-methoxy-5-methylcinnamate o-Isobutyro-0-tolyl acetate a-Mesityloxide oxime benzyl ether Ethyl /3-benzylaminoacetoacetate Thymol allyl ether o- Ally !thymol Ethyl a, p-toloxyisobutyrate a-Hydroxydiethylaceto-p-cresol

/ , 0 C I d\ I a I D I ft I v 17.3 0.7711 1.42280 1.42519 1.43571 18.8 0.8795 1.45712 1.45974 1.46630 1.47171

1.58932 1.59836 1.57145 1.61816 1.61572 1.58914 1.58756 1.60027 1.5974 1.5998 1.59422 1.59839 1.56243 1.57181 1.55746 1.53658 1.60619 1.60039 1.55417 1.57134 1.53057 1.55326 1.54587 1.53939 1.52993

45.2 23.4 20 16.1 13.3 14.7 22.7 15.3 24.8 24.6 15.4 13.1 99.9 99.6 21.65 14.5 18.5 42.2 39.1 18 19.6 20.2 18.2 59 18.7

1.0889 1.1076 1.0060 1.1046 1.0985 1.1270 1.1143 1.1400 1.0619 1.0466 1.0014 1.0086 1.0608 1.0544 1.0612 1.0693 1.0445 1.0294 1.0740 1.0950 1.0897 1.1019 1.0865 1.0931 1.1079

24.1

1.1533 1.52752 1.53340 1.55002

1.56719

(19)

18.6 14.3 23.8 25.7 14.1 20 15.1 44.7 14.15 13.85 14.6 22.6 21 21.0 12.2 15.2 13.75 20.1 13 24.5 13.7 15.6

1.1548 1.1681 1.1701 1.3173 0.9692 0.9248 1.1101 0.9596 0.9993 0.9938 1.0134 1.0320 1.0472 1.0627 1.0806 1.0202 1.0247 1.0307 0.9940 1.0593 1.0717 1.0894

1.56878 1.59662 1.60172

(19) (41) (41) (") (83) (45,f 142) (29) (8) (23) (23) (30) (30) (66) (30) (30) (l 4 ) (14) (56) (iso) (14) (I7,f56) (37)

14.6

1.0989 1.55727 1.56424 1.58477

12.7 18.4 14 21.6 15.4 15.4 19.55 21.1

1.0872 1.0755 0.9919 1.0596 0.9390 0.9700 1.0270 1.0796

1.53082 1.55231 1.55570 1.52435 1.54009 1.57822 1.53715 1.54416 1.53749 1.53326 1.51112 1.52549 1.53396 1.53330 1.54590 1.51620 1.53613 1.55232 1.51725 1.52511 1.50663 1.56213

1.54083 1.50985 1.53035 1.55119 1.50622 1.52382 1.48624 1.53392

1.59750 1.61615 1.60596 1.62519 1.57683 1.59183 1.62695 1.65215 1.62443 1.64933 1.59660 1.61774 1.59513 1.61649 1.60813 1.63056 1.6118 1.6301 1.6166 1.6391 1.60138 1.62151 1.60571 1.62624 1.56821*1.58313 1.57840*1.59640 1.56277 1.57641 1.54174 1.55632 1.61925*1.65711 1.61348*1.65080 1.56087 1.58022 1.57919 1.60038 1.53486*1.54549 1.55896*1.57328 1.55133 1.56534 1.54642 1.56425 1.53493 1.54952

I Lit. (106) ( 109 )

1.53660 1.55289 1.55922 1.57818 1.56279 1.58240 1.52883 1.54054 1.54426 1.55601 1.58727 1.61401 1.54251*1.55586 1.55181 1.57293 1.54273 1.55724 1.53831 1.55213 1.51566*1.52680 1.53141*1.54797 1.53955 1.55610 1.53912*1.55386 1.55190*1.56733 1.52119 1.51903 1.54252 1.55907 1.56044 1.58492 1.52216 1.53373 1.53072 1.54557 1.51103 1.52221 1.57009 1.59339

1.54716 1.56290 1.51436*1.52583 1.53557*1.54824 1.55786 1.57546 1.51025 1.52152 1.52809 1.53986 1.48945 1.49916 1.54040*1.55820

(45) (45) (48) (145) ( 14 S) (48, iei) (48) (48) 1.6663(?) ( 132 ) 1.6774 (132) 1.63995 (145) 1.64490 (145) 1.59647 (60) 1.61353 (60) 1.58865 (83) 1.56967 (36) 1.70021 (27) 1.69311 (27) 1.59885 (16) 1.62169 (70) 1.55458 (70) 1.58642 (70) 1.57811 (70) 1.58147 (41) 1.56293 (23)

1.64190 1.60483 1.67720 1.67405 1.63770 1.63543

1.56577 1.64065 1.56805 1.57032 1.56460 1.53675 1.56575 1.57256 1.56988 1.58263 1.57473 1.61114 1.54352 1.55949 1.53222

(14) 1.57804 1.53613 1.55961 1.59273 1.53110 1.54992 1.50720 1.57750

(14) (40) (™) (109) (47) (47) (82) (30)

Formula CisHô CisH20 CisH2oO C1SôO Oi3£l2o(-) O1S-Ll 2()O2 C13H2oO2 C13H2()O2 Cl3H2oO2

C13H2OOs Ci3H2oOs Ci3H2oOs C13H2()04 Ci3H2oO6

C13H2C)Os CisH22O2 C13H22O2

CisH22O4 C13H22O4 C 13 H 2 2O 4 CisH22O4

C 13 H 23 NO 4 C13H24O2

C13H26O2

C13H2SO Ci4Hi2

CnHi2 C14H12O C14H14

C14H14O C14H14O2 C14H14Os C14H14Os C14H16N C14H16NO C14H1S C14H1O C14H16N2 C14H16N2 C14H16O C14H16O C14H16O2 C14H16O2 C14H16O2 C14H16O2 C14H16Os Ci4H16Oa CnH16O4 CnHi 6 O 4 C14H17N C14H17N C14H1S C14H1S Ci4HiS Ci4HiS Ci4H18O C14H1SO2 Ci4H1SO3 C14H 2oO4

I

I ^0C 2-Propylcymene 15 2-Propyl-A2'5'8-(9)-menthatriene 15 a-Ionone 22.3 /3-Ionone 18.9 o, o-Diethyl-s?/m.-ra-xylenyl methyl ether 14.4 Ethylformylcamphor 17.9 Propiony !camphor 18.1 Ethyl bornylenecarboxylate 19.8 Ethyl l-methyl-4-isopropyl-l, 3-cyclohexadiene-3-carboxylate 16.9 Acetoxymethylenementhone 16.0 Ethyl camphorcarboxylate 24.3 Ethyl methylisophoronecarboxylate 19 Diethyl diallylmalonate 15.3 Diethyl propionylmalonate O-propionate 19.1 Tetraethyl methanetetracarboxylate . . . . 13.5 Ethoxymethylenementhone 15.15 Ethyl «-(1, 3-dimethyl-cyclohexylidene)18.7 5-propionate Diethyl m-hexahydrohomophthalate . . . 21.1 Diethyl £rcms-hexahydrohomophthalate . 21.2 o-Ethyl allomethylcamphorate 17.7 o-Methyl alloethylcamphorajte 17.1 Diethyl N-methylpyrrolidinediacetate . . 15.5 12.1 Hexylpropiolic acetal ft-Decyl propionate 20 Propyl w-decyl ether 20 20 a-Phenylstyrene 9-Methylfluorene 66.2 Diphenylacetaldehyde 21.9 p-Methyldiphenylmethane 19.3 15.7 l-Ethyl-4-acetylnaphthalene Ethyl «-methyl-/3-naphthoate 22.1 Ethyl l-methoxy-2-naphthoate 17.7 Ethyl 3-methoxy-2-naphthoate 17.7 Dibenzylamine 21.6 23.1 /3-Acetylethylaminonaphthalene 13.1 1, 4-Diethylnaphthalene 1, 3-Dimethyl-5-phenyl-3, 5-cyclohexa17.0 diene 1-Benzyltetrahydroindazole 17.0 2-Benzyltetrahydroindazole 16.1 62.4 Octracenone 1-Ketooctahydrophenanthrene 100.1 Ethyl Aâ-methyl-jS-naphthoate 15.6 Ethyl a-methylcinnamylideneacetate.. . . 18.7 Ethyl /3-methylcinnamylideneacetate. . . . 25.1 Ethyl 7-methylcinnamylideneacetate.. . . 20.3 l-Ethyl-3, 5-dimethyl-2-acetoxycoumarone 20.4 l-Isopropyl-4-methyl-2-acetoxycouma19.1 rone 20.4 Diethyl benzalmalonate Ethyl 4-methyl-2-ethoxycoumarilate . . . . 52.6 a-Diethylaminonaphthalene 18.1 0-Diethylamino naphthalene 21.6 Octahydroanthracene 88.8 Octahydrophenanthrene 12.8 1, 3-Dimethyl-5-phenyl-3-cyclohexene. . . 15.3 l-Phenyl-6-methyl-l, 3-heptadiene 14.9 Benzal dipropyl ketone 23.9 Ethyl PJ OL1 /3-trimethylcinnamate 18.35 Ethyl «-(|3-phenylethyl)-acetoacetate. . . 24.15 Methyl acetylcamphorcarboxylate 19.8

Name

I d{ 0.8685 0.8804 0.9298 0.9445 0.9507 1.0036 1.0187 0.9828

I

a 1.49198 1.49900 1.49452 1.51443 1.51035 1.50062 1.48729 1.47284

I

D 1.49585 1.50273 1.49842 1.51977 1.51525 1.50465 1.49051 1.47604

I

ft I y 1.50549 1.51386 1.51312 1.52141 1.50834 1.51735 1.53396 1.54783 1.52546 1.53491 1.51592 1.52473 1.49857 1.50569 1.48332 1.48969 1.51100 1.49697 1.47962 1.49023 1.45431 1.45868 1.44162 1.49954

Lit. (I 4 3 ) (143) (44) (45) (47) (ios) ( 119 ) (9) I

0.9773 1.0318 1.0528 1.0248 0.9961 1.0790 1.1401 0.9696

1.49592 1.48415 1.47106 1.47760 1.44502 1.44843 1.43375 1.48587

1.50010 1.48754 1.47356 1.48181 1.44771 1.45106 1.43593 1.48945

1.52074 (54). 1.50520 ( 17 ) 1.48454 (97, 11 3) 1.49776 (44) 1.45977 ( 71 ) 1.46488 (34) 1.44633 (35) 1.50907 ( 17 )

0.9702 1.0394 1.0369 1.0569 1.0492 1.0472 0.8808 0.8639 0.7969 1.0232 1.0263 1.0986 0.9978 1.0922 1.1103 1.1486 1.1616 1.0256 1.0893 0.9983

1.50227 1.45129 1.45039 1.45809 1.45656 1.45723 1.4398 1.42696 1.42273 1.60089 1.60233 1.58500 1.56579 1.61139 1.58638 1.58180 1.59336 1.56885 1.59614 1.59005

1.50753 1.52136 1.45363*1.45913 1.45283*1.45833 1.46042 1.45889 1.45969 1.46607 1.4424 1.4483 1.42907 1.43434 1.42487 1.43019 1.60849 1.62730 1.61009 1.63189 1.59114*1.60646 1.57103 1.58571 1.61979 1.64374 1.59408*1.61423 1.58923 1.60964 1.60090 1.62243 1.57432 1.58817 1.60312 1.62261 1.59699 1.61642

1.53443 ( 8 4) 1.46386 ( 73 ) 1.46277 ( 73 ) 1.47063 (") 1.46905 (") 1.47148 (25) 1.4530 ( 15 O) 1.43863 (163) 1.43444 (K*3) 1.64482 (45) (48) 1.62043 (28) 1.59804 (48) 1.66762 (145) 1.63293 ( 70 ) 1.62908 (48) 1.64306 (48) 1.60017 (i°«) 1.64039 (145) 1.63423 (145)

0.9722 1.0923 1.0903 1.0760 1.0638 1.0906 1.0421 1.0384 1.0387

1.56824 1.56906 1.57124 1.56549 1.55863 1.56723 1.60262 1.58849 1.59010

1.57486 1.59322 1.57393*1.58576 1.57620*1.58836 1.57072 1.58603 1.56282 1.57821 1.57438*1.59295 1.61553*1.65283 1.59936*1.63013 1.60100*1.63176

1.61083 (83) 1.59629 (6°) 1.59912 (60) ( 64 ) (64) 1.61143 ( 70 ) 1.69588 (2 7 ) 1.66379 (2 7 ) 1.66551 ( 27 ) (2 3 )

1.0776 1.52527 1.53010 1.54381

1.55630

1.0823 1.1045 1.1044 1.0071 1.0242 0.9648 1.0313 0.9462 0.9486 0.9718 1.0027 1.0441 1.0823

1.55466 (2 3 ) 1.57444 (45) 1.57637 (41) 1.63305 (145) 1.69595 (145) 1.55788 (64) 1.59185 (64) 1.55799 («3) 1.63025 (45) 1.58203 (8) 1.54290 (14) 1.51329 ( 7 O) 1.49847 (43,JIiS)

1.52377 1.53242 1.53367 1.58611 1.62219 1.53230 1.56588 1.53131 1.57364 1.54116 1.51483 1.49260 1.48128

1.52846 1.54241 1.53894 1.55697 1.54037 1.55855 1.59331 1.61410 1.63210 1.66216 1.63625 1.54791 1.57006 1.58189 1.53617 1.54773 1.58232 1.60620 1.54761 1.56514 1.51915 1.53187 1.49636*1.50548 1.48439 1.49202

Formula CnEUoOg Ci4H2202 Cl4H£2O2

C14H22Os Ci4H2204

C 14 H 24 N 2 C 14 H 24 N 2 C14H24O4 C14H24O4 C14H24O4 C14H24O? Ci4H28O2 C14H 28O2

C14H30O C14Hs0O C1SH12Os C1SH14 C1SH14 C15H14O C1SH14Oe C1SH1B

C15H16O C15H1BO C15H1S C15H18O C15H18O C15H18O2 C15H19NO2 C15H2QOe C15H20Oy C15H20Oi0 C15H22Os C1GH1OO4 C16H18 C1BH18

Ci6H18O2 Ci6H20O5 C16H22O4 C16H24O5 O I6H25OlOs Ci6H26O C16H26Oa C16H27N C17H14Br2O2 C17H16O2 Cj7H20 C17H21NO4 C17H21NO4 C17Hg6

C18Hi8O2 C1SH20 C18H26N2 C18H26N2 Ci 8 H 26 N 2 C18H28O C18H28O4 Ci8H28O4 CigH20

C19H22 C2oH28O2 C20H2SO2 C2QH28O 2

I

Name I «, °C Tetraethyl oxalylmethanetricarboxylate 15.45 Butyrylcamphor. . . 17.35 Ethyl «-(1, 3-dimethyl-3, 5-cyclohexa13.4 diene)-5-isobutyrate 19 Ethyl ethylisophoronecarboxylate Diethyl dZ-dehydrocamphorate 16.4 12.6 Tetraethyl-o-phenylenediamine 11.8 Tetraethyl-w-phenylenediamine 26.2 Diethyl camphorate 19.1 Diethyl d-m-camphorate 21.6 Diethyl Z-trans-camphorate 20 Tetraethyl citrate 20 n-Decyl butyrate 18.8 Heptyl heptoate Dimethylundecyl carbinol 81.8 Butyl decyl ether 20 19.65 Methyl o-benzoylbenzoate 60.5 w-Methylstilbene 63.5 a-Phenyl-/3-methylstyrene 3-Allyl-2-hydroxydiphenyl 18.7 84.4 Diethyl phthalylmalonate 17.2 1-Phenyl-l-p-tolylethane 3-Propyl-2-hydroxydiphenyl 16.0 l-Methyl-4-e thy 1-2-acety !naphthalene. . . 15.1 l-Methyl-2, 4-diethylnaphthalene . . . . . . 13.3 12.75 o, o, p-Triallylphenol 12.75 o, o-Diallylphenol allyl ether 4, 7-Dimethyl-2, 2-diethylindanedione.. . 62.4 100.1 Tropacocaine Triallyl tricarballylate 15.9 17.4 Triallyl citrate 14.9 Tetraethyl dioxalylmalonate Methyl allylcamphorcarboxylate 20.2 70.0 Diethyl naphthalate 15 2-Phenylcymene 2-Phenylmenthatriene . 15 47.4 O1 o-Diethoxydiphenyl 15.75 Diethyl a-oxalyl-y-phenylbutyrate Ethyl a, a-diethyl(o-methoxybenzoyl) 12.3 acetate 19.4 Diethvl camphoric carbonate 19.0 Amyl chlorocamphocarboxylate 20 Phenyl n-decyl ether 17.2 Isoamyl camphocarboxylate 24.9 Diamylaniline Ethyl 2, 7-dibromofluorene-9-acetate. . . . 99.8 18 55 Ethyl a-phenylcinnamate 15 2-Benzvlcymene 99.6 d-^>-Cocaine 99.5 d?-
I

di \ a \ D I /3 I I Lit. 7 1.1671 1.43820 1.44026 1.44627 (35) 1.0161 1.48900 1.49233 1.50088 1.50844 (U 9 )

0.9689 1.48605 1.0109 1.47936 1.0399 1.46313 0.9267 1.51676 0.9522 1.54778 1.0244 1.45127 1.0319 1.45386 1.0286 1.45226 1.1022 1.44582 0.8617 1.42867 0.864921.42692 1.41520 0.8009 1.42565 1.1900 1.58480 0.9891 1.62501 0.9813 1.57197 1.0735 1.59411 1.1887 1.53416 0.9847 1.56038 1.0512 1.57462 1.0737 1.60390 0.9870 1.58549 0.9801 1.53963 0.9563 1.52144 1.0174 1.52107 1.0426 1.50440 1.0973 1.46461 1.1358 1.46798 1.1926 1.45378 1.0670 1.48839 1.1399 1.55245 0.9776 1.56228 0.9752 1.56307 1.0430 1.55479 1.1162 1.49164

1.48950 1.49858 1.48288 1.49148 1.46588 1.47287 1.52134 1.53467 1.55367 1.57051 1.45354 1.45906 1.45613 1.46179 1.45454 1.46015 1.44844 1.45476 1.43077 1.43613 1.43177 1.43718 1.41736*1.42249 1.42777 1.43302 1.59128 1.60874 1.63628 1.66982 1.57913 1.59638 1.60107*1.61850 1.54105 1.56155 1.56590 1.57962 1.58063*1.59606 1.61183 1.63455 1.59231 1.61135 1.54451 1.55776 1.52583 1.53792 1.52598 1.54051 1.50801 1.51840 1.46747 1.47463 1.47142 1.47839 1.45665 1.46452 1.49113 1.49783 1.55863 1.57648 1.56797 1.58266 1.56914 1.58476 1.56022 1.57603 1.49526 1.50439

1.50654 («4) 1.49921 (44) 1.47879 (9) 1.54654 (US) 1.58588 (145) 1.46347 . ( 97 ) 1.46649 ( 80 ) 1.46506 ( 80 ) ( 9 3) 1.44048 ( 16 S) 1.44155 (125) 1.42675 ( 127 ) 1.43735 ( 163 ) 1.62492 (49) (48) 1.61169 (45) 1.63439 ( 87 ) (36) 1.59192 (13) ( 87 ) 1.65676 (145) 1.62870 (145) 1.56937 (4 7 ) 1.54823 (4 7 ) (38) 1.52707 (25) 1.48076 ( 7 I) 1.48439 (™) 1.47138 (35) 1.50326 (114) 1.59319 (48) 1.59626 (143) 1.59911 (143) 1.59014 (48) (™)

1.0931 1.0765 1.0906 0.8981 1.0143 0.8893 1.5121 1.0971 0.9690 1.1020 1.1026

1.51742 1.52868 1.47417 1.48140 1.48655 1.49285 1.48618 1.49474 1.47596 1.48197 1.50826 1.61300 1.63481 1.59723 1.61959 1.55650 1.56958 1.50218 1.51199 1.50209 1.51193 1.41320*1.41832 1.58850 1.60717 1.58749 1.60490 1.53943 1.55827 1.57421 1.59428 1.59508 1.61916 1.48503 1.49425 1.47717 1.48438 1.47644 1.48390 1.63636 1.67152 1.56261 1.57651 1.54621 1.56187 1.51547 1.53068 1.51602 1.53128

1.53909 (i 9 ) 1.48729 (43, f 97) 1.49800 ("8) 1.50213 ("3) 1.48685 (ii3,f 122) 1.53074 (108) 1.65429 O45) (45) 1.58098 (143) 1.51959 (25) 1.51996 (25) 1.42251 (127) (45) 1.62049 (44) 1.57731 (145) 1.61449 (145) 1.64005 (145) (8) 1.49049 (43,fiis) 1.48995 (43,f us) (22) 1.58868 ( 2 2 ) (48) (48) ("S)

1.0831 0.9892 0.9318 0.9889 1.0124 0.900 1.0223 1.0219 1.0017 0.9940 0.9919 0.9335 0.9411

1.51272 1.47417 1.48391 1.48279 1.47343 1.50368 1.60527 1.58973 1.55138 1.49862 1.49867 1.41105 1.58163 1.58083 1.53320 1.56740 1.58707 1.48149 1.47426 1.47366 1.62491 1.55791 1.54057 1.51043 1.51083

Formula C20H40 C 20 H 40 O 2 C20H42O C8H20Sn C8H20Pb C8H20Pb C9H22Pb C10H24Pb C10H24Pb C10H24Pb C11H26Pb C11H26Pb C11H26Pb C12H28Pb C13H30Pb C13H30Pb C14H32Pb C14H32Pb C16H34Pb C16H36Pb C16H36Pb C17H38Pb C17H38Pb Ci8H40Pb C19H42Pb C20H44Pb

|

Name Dimethylhexadecylethylene n-Decyl caprate Di-n-decyl ether Tetraethyl tin Dimethylethylisobutyl lead Methyldiethylpropyl lead Dimethylethylisoamyl lead : Dimethylpropylisoamyl lead Methyldiethylisoamyl lead Tri-n-propylmethyl lead Diethylpropylisobutyl lead Methylethyl-rc-propylisoamyl lead Tri-n-propylethyl lead Diethylpropylisoamyl lead Triisobutylmethyl lead Tri-n-propylisobutyl lead Triisobutylethyl lead Tri-w-propylisoamyl lead Triisobutyl-n-propyl lead Tetraisobutyl lead Triisoamylmethyl lead Triisoamylethyl lead Triisobutylisoamyl lead Triisoamyl-n-propyl lead Triisoamylisobutyl lead Tetraisoamyl lead '

| t, 0C | d\ \ a 79.1 1.42600 20 0.8586 1.44006 20 0.8187 1.43955 1.4089 1.5065 20.7 1.6234 1.50327 22.1 1.6403 1.50925 21.7 1.5579 1.50079 22 1.5028 1.49773 20.8 1.5225 1.50336 22.3 1.5220 1.50456 20 1.4890 1.50751 21.0 1.4792 1.50189 21.3 1.4846 1.50703 22.1 1.4392 1.50217 19.6 1.3977 1.49883 22.6 1.4034 1.50235 22.1 1.3758 1.50134 21.0 1.3810 1.50049 19.6 1.3505 1.50148 20.2 1.3240 1.50004 22 1.3134 1.49226 19.6 1.2922 1.49425 20.6 1.2976 1.49696 22 1.2737 1.49324 19.5 1.2522 1.49242 20.5 1.2332 1.49075

\

D | ft 1.42847*1.43434 1.44232 1.44783 1.44182 1.44743 1.5143 1.50783 1.51982 1.51412 1.52638 1.50524 1.51662 1.50201 1.51313 1.50783 1.51921 1.50911 1.52059 1.51195 1.52353 1.50636 1.51747 1.51149 1.52290 1.50655 1.51758 1.50321 1.51397 1.50673 1.51766 1.50552 1.51636 1.50465 1.51535 1.50561 1.51631 1.50416 1.51461 1.49618 1.50612 1.49825 1.50818 1.50097 1.51118 1.49703 1.50696 1.49618 1.50597 1.49457 1.50404

\

j 1.43931 1.45236 1.45206 1.5403 1.53010 1.53710 1.52647 1.52251 1.52934 1.53058 1.53359 1.52720 1.53299 1.52721 1.52324 1.52716 1.52573 1.52462 1.52554 1.52375 1.51477 1.51669 1.51989 1.51542 1.51428 1.51232

\

Lit. (127) (163) (163) (132) (136) (i 36) (136) (136) (136) (137) (i 36) (136) (137) (136) (i 37) (137) (137) (137) (137) (137) (137) (137) (137) (137) O 37 ) (137)

Auwers and Peters, 86, 43: 3076; 10. (76) Auwers and Peters, 85, 43: 3094; 10. (77) Auwers and Peters, 25, 43: 3111; 20. (78) Auwers, Roth and Eisenlohr, 13, 373: 267; 10. (79) Auwers and Schmellenkarp, 85, 54: 624; 21. 1 2 (80) Auwers and Schmidt, 85, 46: 457; 13. ( 8 I) Auwers and Schmidt, 86, 46: C ) Anschutz and Broeker, 25, 59: 2844; 26. ( ) Arbuzov and Ivanov, 53, 47: 2019, 2025; 15. (3) Auwers, 25, 44: 588; 11. ( 4 ) Auwers, 25, 44: 788; 11. 487; 13. (82) Auwers and Schutte, 86, 52: 77; 19. (83) Auwers and Trepp(5) Auwers, 25, 44: 3514; 11. ( 6 ) Auwers, 25, 44: 3525; 11. ( 7 ) Auwers, mann, 86, 48: 1207; 15. (84) Auwers and Treppmann, 86, 48: 1377; 15. 25, 44: 3679; 11. (*) Auwers, 25, 45: 2764; 12. (») Auwers, 25, 46: 494; (85) Auwers and Wegener, 68, 106: 226; 23. (86) Auwers and Wissebach, 13. 86, 66: 731; 23. (87) Auwers and Wittig, 68,108:99; 24. (88) Auwers and (10) Auwers, 185, 46: 2988; 13. (U) Auwers, 25, 47: 2334; 14. (12) Auwers, 86, Ziegler, 86, 53: 2299; 20. (89) Auwers and Ziegler, 13, 425: 217; 21. (90) Bonsdorff, #5, 44:3208;!!. (»*) Brand and Kranz, 68, 115: 143; 27. (92) 47: 3292; 14. (i 3) Auwers, 86, 49: 2389; 16. ( 14 ) Auwers, 13, 413: 253; 17. 16 (15) Auwers, 26, 50: 1177; 17. ( ) Auwers, 13, 415: 98; 18. (17) Auwers, Bruhl, I S , 200: 139; 80. ( 93 ) Bruhl, IS, 203: 1; 80. (94) Bruhl, 86, 14: 2797; 81. (95) Briihl, 13, 235: 1; 86. (96) Bruhl, 86, 24: 656; 91. ( 97 ) 13, 415 : 169; 18. 0«) Auwers, 85, 51: 1116; 18. («) Auwers, 86, 52: 113; 19. Bruhl, 85, 24: 3701; 91. (»«) Briihl, 86, 25: 151; 92. (99) Bruhl, 86, 25: (20) Auwers, 13, 419: 92; 19. (21) Auwers, 13, 420: 84; 20. ( 2 2 ) Auwers, 85, 1796; 92. 53: 941; 20. (23) Auwers, 13, 422: 133; 21. (24) Auwers, 86, 54: 987; 21. (ioo) Briihl, 86, 25: 1952; 92. (ioi) Briihl, 86, 25: 2638; 92. (102) Brlihl, 68, (25) Auwers, 68, 105: 102; 22. (26) Auwers, I S , 432: 84; 23. (27) Auwers, 47: 274; 93. (103) Briihl,.85, 26: 2508; 93. (104) Briihl, 68, 49: 201; 94. 68, 105: 361; 23. (28) Auwers, 86, 56: 1672; 23. (29) Auwers, 13, 437: 63; (ios) Briihl, 68, 50: 119; 94. (io«) Briihl, 7, 16: 193; 95. ( 1 QT) Briihl, 24. 7, 21: 385; 96. (108) Briihl, 86, 30: 158; 97. (»09) Briihl, 7, 22: 373; 97. (30) Auwers, IS, 439: 132; 24. (3i) Auwers, 86, 57: 461; 24. (32) Auwers, 86, (no) Briihl, 86, 32: 1222; 99. (Hi) Briihl, 7, 30: 1; 99. (H2) Briihl, 7, 34: 57: 1106; 24. ( 33 ) Auwers and Allardt, 13, 438: 1; 24. (34) Auwers and 31; 00. (H3) Briihl, 85, 35: 3510; 02. (H4) Briihl, 85, 35: 3619; 02. Auffenberg, 86, 50: 929; 17. (35) Auwers and Auffenberg, 86, 51: 1087; 18. (H5) Briihl, 86, 35: 4030; 02. (H6) Briihl, 86, 35: 4113; 02. (U7) Briihl, (36) Auwers and Auffenberg, 86, 51: 1106; 18. (37) Auwers and Auffenberg, 86, 36: 3634; 03. (l i 8 ) Briihl, 86, 36: 4294; 03. O i 9 ) Briihl, 86, 37: 761; 39 86, 52: 92; 19. (38) Auwers and Bahr, 68, 116: 65; 27. ( ) Auwers, Barr 04. and Frese, 13, 441: 68; 25. (120) Briihl,-4, 91: 115; 07. O 2 I ) Briihl, 86, 41: 3712; 08. (122) Bruhl and (4°) Auwers, Bauni and Lorenz, 52, 115: 81; 27. (41) Auwers, Boennecke, Schroder, 7, 50: 1; 04. (123) Briihl and Schroder, 7, 51: 1; 05. (««) Krollpfeiffer and Peters, 13, 408: 212; 15. ( 42 ) Auwers and Dieckmann, 85, Briihl and Schroder, 7, 51: 513; 05. O 2 5 ) Eisenlohr, 7, 75: 585; 10. ( 126 ) 56: 1527; 23. ( 43 ) Auwers and Eisenlohr, 68, 82 : 65; 10. (44) Auwers and Eisenlohr, 85, 44: 3188; 11. O 2 7) Eisenlohr, 85, 54: 2857; 21. ( 128 ) Eisenlohr, 68, 84: 1; 11. (45) Auwers and Eisenlohr, 68, 84: 37; 11. (46) Eykman, 86, 23: 855; 90. ( 12 9) Eykman, 176, 3: 653; 06. Auwers and Ellinger, IS, 387: 200; 12. (47) Auwers and Fruhling, 13, 422: (130) Eykman, i7^, 8:651; 11. (i 3 I) FaIk, 1, 31: 86; 09. (132) Gladstone, 4, 160; 21. (48) Auwers and Fruhling, 13, 422: 192; 21. (49) Auwers and 69: 290; 91. (133) Gladstone and Dale, 68, 1858: 887. (134) Gladstone Heinze, 86, 52: 584; 19. and Dale, 68, 1863: 317. O 3 5 ) Gladstone and Gladstone, S, Sl: 1; 91. (50) Auwers and Hessenland, 86, 41: 1790; 08. ( 5 I) Auwers and Hessenland, (136) Griittner and Krause, 86, 50: 202; 17. (137) Griittner and Krause, 86, 41: 1816; 08. (52) Auwers and Heyden, 85, 42: 2404; 09. (53) Auwers 86, 50: 278; 17. (1 3 8) Haller and Muller, 34, 138: 440; 04. (139) Harris and Heyna, I S , 434: 140; 23. (54) Auwers and Hinterseber, 86, 48: 1357; and Lenhart, 13, 410: 95; 15. 15. (55) Auwers, Hinterseber and Treppmann, 13, 410: 257; 15. (56) (140) Jahn and Moller, 7, 13: 385; 94. (141) Kanonnikofif, 68, 32: 497; 85. Auwers and Jacobsen, 13, 426: 161; 22. (57) Auwers and Jordan, 205, 144 : (142; Klages, 86, 40: 1768; 07. (143) Klages, 85, 40: 2360; 07. (144; 31; 24. (58) Auwers, Jordan, Meissner and Seydel, 25, 56: 1172; 23. (59) Knops, 13, 248: 175; 88. (145) Krollpfeiffer, 13, 430: 161; 23. (146) Auwers and Kohlhaas, 68, 108: 321; 24. Krollpfeiffer and Schafer, 13, 56: 620; 23. (147) Landolt, 8, 117: 351; 62". (60) Auwers and Kohlhaas, 13, 437: 36; 24. (61) Auwers and Kolligs, 86, 55: (i48)Landolt and Jahn, 7, 10: 289; 92. (149) Lorenz, 8,11: 70; 80. 63 21; 22. (62) Auwers and Krollpfeiffer, 85, 48: 1226; 15. ( ) Auwers and (150) Moureu, 6, 7: 536; 06. (isi) Moureu and Bongrand, 34, 150: 225; 10. 4 Krollpfeiffer, 85, 48: 1389; 15. (« ) Auwers and Krollpfeiffer, 13, 430: (152) Muller, 87, 27: 1014; 02. (153) Nasini, 86, 15: 2878; 82. (154) 230; 23. (««) Auwers and Lammerhirt, 85, 53: 428; 20. ( 66 ) Auwers and Nasini, 36, 13: 296; 83. (i") Nasini and Bernheimer, 88, 18: 608; 83. 6 Lammerhirt, 13, 421:1; 20. ( 7) Auwers andLange, 13, 401: 303; 13. (68) ( 156 ) Nasini and Bernheimer, 36, 15: 59; 85. ( 157 ) Nasini and Carrara, Auwers and Lange, 13, 409: 149; 15. ( 69 ) Auwers, Meissner, Seydel and 36, 241: 256; 94. (158) Nasini and Scala, 88, 2: 617; 86. (159) Nasini and Wissebach, IS, 432: 46; 23. Scala, 36, 17: 66; 87. (70) Auwers and Moller, 68, 109: 124; 25. (71) Auwers and Moosbrugger, 13, (160) Nasini and Scala, 36, 17: 72; 87. (i f i i) Perkin, 4, 69: 1025; 96. O 6 2 ) 387: 167; 12. (72) Auwers and Muller, 86, 60: 1149; 17. (73) Auwers and Pisati and Paterno, 36, 4: 557; 74. (i«3) Talvitie, 175, 26A: No. 16, 1; 27. Ottens, 85, 57: 437; 24. (74) Auwers and Ottens, 86, 57: 446; 24. (75) (164) Weegmann, 7, 2: 218; 88.

LITERATURE


REFRACTIVITY OF MIXTURES

ROBERT H. PICKARD, A. H. J. HOUSSA AND HAROLD HUNTER CONTENTS Symbols. Wave-lengths of spectral lines. Refractivity at one wavelength. Binary mixtures. Ternary mixtures. Quaternary mixtures. Proteins, solutions of. Spectra] dispersion of mixtures.

MATURES Symboles. Longueur d'onde des lignes spectrales. Pouvoir refractif pour une longeur d'onde. Melanges binaires. Melanges ternaires. Melanges quaternaires. Proteines, solutions de. Dispersion spec t rale des melanges.

Every substance appearing in this section is entered in Table 1 in its proper place, as determined by its formula, in standard (resp. (L-) arrangement. It appears as a B-component in the section devoted to aqueous solutions, or as an A-component in other sections. At that place reference by serial number is given to each other place at which it occurs. Each system in the dispersion table (Table 5) has the same serial number as in Table 1 or 2. In most cases observers have aimed at relative, and not absolute accuracy, hence such a tabulation as that here given subjects the data to a purpose never intended by the observer. A number of gross errors have been detected; some seem to be certainly errors in transcription and some of these have been corrected; the source of others cannot be determined. A number of such errors, one as great as 0.1 % of n, occur in the data of Krollpfeiffer ( 7 6); he seems to have much over-estimated the accuracy of his data.

Eine jede in diesem Teil enthaltene Substanz befindet sich in Tafel 1 an der Stelle, welche ihr durch die Formel in der Standard(bezw. (L-) Anordnung zukommt. Die Substanz ist entweder als B-Komponente in dem Abschnitt der wassrigen Losungen enthalten, oder sie befindet sich als A-Komponente in den anderen Abschnitten. An dieser Stelle wird durch eine Serienzahl der Hinweis, zu jeder anderen Stelle gegeben, wo sie vorhanden ist. Jedes System in der Dispersions-Tafel 5 hat dieselbe Serienzahl wie in der Tafel 1 oder 2. In vielen Fallen haben die Beobachter eine relative statt eine absolute Genauigkeit angestrebt. Daher werft ein Tafel, wie der hier zusammengestellte, die Daten einem Zwecke unter, der von dem Beobachter nie beabsichtigt war. Eine Anzahl grober Fehler sind aufgefunden worden. Einige davon sind sicher Dbertragungsfehler und einige davon sind korrigiert; die Quelle anderer konnte nicht aufgefunden werden. Solche Fehler bis 0,1% in n kommen in den Daten von Krollpfeiffer ( 76 ) vor, es scheint als ob dieser Autor die Genauigkeit seiner Zahlen sehr uberschatzt hatte.

INHALTSVERZEICHNIS Zeichen. Wellenlangen von Spektrallinien. Brechungsvermogen bei einer Wellenlange. Binare Mischungen. Ternare Mischungen. Quaternare Mischungen. Proteine, Losungen von. Spektrales Dispersionsvermogen von Losungen.

INDICE pAGE Simboli 64 Lunghezze d'onda delle linee spettrali 65 Refrattivita ad una lunghezza d'onda. Miscele binarie 65 Miscele ternarie 91 Miscele quaternarie 98 Soluzioni di proteina 98 Dispersione spettrale di miscele 99

Chaque substance mentionnee dans cette section est situe"e dans Ia Table 1 a sa prop re place, ainsi qu'elle est determine'e par sa formule dans !'arrangement type (resp. arrangement (L). ElIe est consideree comme un constituant B dans Ia section se rapportant aux solutions aqueuses, ou comme un constituant A dans les autres sections. A cette place il est donne une reference par un nombre de serie se rapportant a chaque autre place a laquelle Ia substance se presente. Dans Ia table de dispersion (Table 5) chaque systeme a Ie m£me nombre de serie que dans Ia Table 1 ou 2. Dans Ia plupart des cas, les experimentateurs ont eu pour but d'obtenir une precision relative et non absolue, par consequent un arrangement en tableaux tel qu'il est donne ici, soumet les donnees a un but qui n'a jamais e*te vise par Pexperimentateur. Un certain nombre d'erreurs grossieres a ete decele; quelques unes paraissent etre certainement des erreurs de transcriptions et certaines de celles-ci ont ete corrigees; Ia source des autres n'a pu 6tre determinee. Un certain nombre de telles erreurs, dont Tune atteint 0,1 % de n, se trouve dans les donnees de Krollpfeiffer ( 76 ); cet auteur semble avoir beaucoup surestime Ia precision de ses donnees. Le sostanze comprese in questo capitolo sono situate nella Tabella 1 al posto che ad esse spetta, secondo Ia formula scritta col sistema tipo (o col sistema (L). Esse figurano come componente B nella sezione dedicata alle soluzioni acquose o come componente A nelle altre sezioni. In quel posto e indicate a mezzo del numero di serie quali sono gli altri posti dove ciascuna sostanza e nominata. Ogni sistema ha nella Tabella 5 Io stesso numero di serie che nella Tabella 1 o 2. NeI maggior numero dei casi gli osservatori si sono prefissi di raggiungere un'accuratezza relativa e non gia assoluta; 1'ordinamento dei dati nella maniera qui adoperata Ii fa servire percio ad uno scopo non previsto dagli sperimentatori. Sono stati rilevati parecchi errori notevoli, alcuni sembra che debbono essere certamente attribuiti alia trascrizione, e sono stati corretti. L'origine degli altri non si e potuta stabilire. Parecchi di tali errori—uno arriva fino al 0,1% di n—si trovano fra i valori di Krollpfeiffer ( 76 ); sembra che questi abbia apprezzato molto al di Ia del giusto 1'accuratezza dei suoi valori.

SYMBOLS a, b, c g B/kg A MA/MB d%'

SYMBOLES 3

Coefficients in n = a + b(10)- (% B) + c(10)-« (% B)2. Number of grams of B per 1000 grams of A in a binary mixture. Molecular dilution of B = number of moles of A per mole of B in a binary mixture. Specific gravity at t"°C with reference to water at

rc.

a, b, c g B/kg A MA/Ms d$

eq. Isom. k max. Ms/1 soln. n n{ N

Equilibrium. Isomer. n = n0 + fc(g B/l soln.)(10)~4. Maximum value of. Number of gram moles of B per liter of mixture. Index of refraction. Index of refraction at Z0C, for light of wave-length X. Number of gram-equivalents of B per liter of mixture. %B Number of grams of B per 100 grams of mixture = Wt. % of B. VA Unit volumes of constituent A. Vol. % B, t° Volume of pure B, at t°C, per 100 cm3 of mixture, at t°C = Vol. % of B. g B/l soln. Number of grams of B per liter of mixture. a dn/dt = -a X 10~4. dd 10004 = 1000 + Sd. dn 1000w£ = 1333 + «». e Accuracy of n is + O.OOOle. X Wave-length of light. (ft) fax2 - wxi) = (£) X 10-5. The X's may be indicated by the Fraunhofer letter notation. # Indicates a place for which no digit is given; e.g., 5# indicates that the value is nearer 50 than 40 or 60, but the second digit is not known.

Coefficients dans n = a + b(10)~3 (% B)-H c(10)-« (% B)2. Nombre de grammes de B pour 1000 grammes de A dans Ie melange binaire. Dilution moleculaire de B = nombre de molecules de A pour une molecule de B dans Ie melange binaire. Poids specifique & /"0C par rapport a de 1'eau a

rc.

fiquilibre. Isomere. n = n0 -H Mg B/l soln.) (10)~4. Valeur maximum de. Nombre de MoI. gr. de B par litre de melange. Indice de refraction. Indice de refraction a Z0C pour une lumiere de longueur d'onde X. N Nombre d'equivalents grammes de B par litre de melange. % B Nombre de grammes de B pour 100 grammes de melange = % poids de B. VA Volumes unites du constituant A. Vol. % B, t° Volume de B pur a J0C pour 100 cm3 de melange a J0C = % Vol. de B. gB/1 soln. Nombre de grammes de B par litre de melange.

eq. Isom. k max. Ms/1 soln. n n*

a

5d Sn e X (xj)

#

dn/dt = -a

X 10~4.

1000J£ = 1000 -H «* lOOOn^ = 1333 + dn. La precision de n est ±0,0001e. Longueur d'onde de Ia lumiere. fax2 - Wx1) = (ll) X 10~5. Les X peuvent etre indiquees par les lettres de Ia notation de Fraunhofer. Indique une place pour laquelle aucun chtffre n'est donne; par ex., 5# indique que Ia valeur est plus rapproche"e de 50 que de 40 ou de 60, mais que Ie second chiffre n'est pas connu.

SYMBOLE Koeffizient von n = a + b(10)~ 3 (% B) -f c(10)-6 (% B)*. g B/kg A Anzahl von Grammen des Stoffes B auf 1000 g von A in einer binaren Mischung. MA/Ms Molekulare Verdiinnung von B = Zahl der Mole von A auf Mole von B in der binaren Mischung. d£' Spezifisches Gewicht bei t"°C auf Wasser bei t'°C bezogen. eq. Gleichgewicht. Isom. Isomer. k n = n0 + /c(g B/l soln.) (1O)-4. max. Maximaler Wert von. MB/! soln. Zahl der Gramm-Mole von B pro Liter der Mischung. n Brechungsindex. n* Brechungsindex bei J0C, fur Licht von der Wellenlange X. N Zahl der Gramm-Xquivalente von B pro Liter der Mischung. %B Zahl der Gramme von B pro 100 g der Mischung = Gewichts % von B. VA Einheitsvolumen des Bestandteiles A. Vol. % B, t° Volumen des reinen B bei J 0 C pro 100 cm3 der Mischung bei t°C = Vol. % von B. g B/l soln. Zahl der Gramme von B pro Liter der Mischung. a dn/dt = -a X 10~4. a, b, c,

SIMBOLI Coefficient! in n = a + b(10)~3 (% B) + c(10)-« (% B)2. g B/kg A Numeri di grammi di B per 1000 grammi di A in una miscela binaria. MA/MB Diluizione molecolare di B = numero di molecole di A per molecole di B in una miscela binaria. $,' Peso specifico a Z' /0 C rispetto alPacqua a t'°C. eq. Equilibrio. Isomero. Isom. k n = n0 + fc(g B/l soln.) (1O)-4. max. Massimo valore di. Ms/1 soln. Numero di grammi molecole di B per litro di miscela. n Indice di rifrazione. HX Indice di rifrazione a J0C, per luce di lunghezza d'onda X. Af Numero di grammi equivalenti di B per litro di miscela. %B Numero di grammi di B per 100 grammi di miscela = peso % di B. VA Volumi unitari del costituente A. Vol. % B, J° Volume di B puro a J0C, per 100 cm3 di miscela a Z0C = Vol. % di B. a, b, c,

Sd 6» c X (xP #

100O^ = 1000 + Sd. 1000n5> = 1333 + Sn. Genauigkeit von n ist ±0,0001c. Wellenlange des Lichtes. n 2 * ~ n*i = (xj) x 10~5> Die x-Werte konnen nach der Bezeichnungsweise von Fraunhofer gekennzeichnet werden. Zeigt eine Stelle an, fur welche keine Ziffer vorliegt; z. B. 5# gibt an, dass der Wert naher an 50 als an 40 oder 60 liegt, aber die zweite Ziffer ist nicht bekannt.

Arithmetical Relations.—For many binary mixtures, n is an additive function of the volume composition of the mixture: 100(r?/d)m = [ni(%)i/d1] -f [n 2 (%) 2 /d 2 ] where the subscript m indicates that the quantity refers to the mixture, but if there is a change in volume this relation does not hold. If WQ/dv = [(%) /d]i + [(%)/<*]*, 100/nv = [(%)/nh + [(%)/n] 2 , Cv EE (dm - dv)/dm, and Cn = (rim — nv)/nm, where dm and nm are the observed values of d and n for the mixture, then A = Cv/Cn has been called the "refraction constant" (133) of the mixture. It varies but slightly with temperature and wave-length. The equation (dm — dj/dm, = A(nm — nv)/nm is called PuIf rich's formula. Levi ( 81 ) used the formula (dm — dv)/dm = A'(nm — Nv)/(nm — 1), where 100(M, - l)/dv = [(%}(n - I)Xd]1 + [(%)(n - l)/d],, and Doroszewski ( 37 ) has shown that for aqueous solutions of nicotine (CiOHHN 2 ) and of trimethyl carbinol (C4Hi0O) A' is independent of the concentration. Hubbard ( 70 ) showed that for a number of mixtures PuIfrich's formula with n replaced by (n2 — I)/(n 2 + 2) gives a value of A which is independent of the concentration. Wave-lengths of the Spectral Lines Used in This Section In column (2) is the symbol of the chemical element which is the source of the line; in (3) is the Greek letter, and in (4) is the Fraunhofer designation of the line. Unit of X = 1 A = 10~8 cm. X I (2) I (3) I (4) [I X I (2) I (3) I (4) 2314 4679 2574 4861 H /3 F 2749 4961 Hg (Blue) Tl (Green) 2981 5351 Hg 3256 5780* 3405 5790 Hg (Yellow) 3612 5876 He 4047 Hg 5893* Na D 4341 H G ' 6563 H a C 7 4358 Hg (Violet) 6708 Li (Red) * Mean value of the doublet.

TABLE 1.—REFRACTIVITY AT ONE WAVE-LENGTH: BINARY MIXTURES Also formula index for all substances covered by this report. For dispersion and refraction at other wave-lengths, see Table 5. Substances of unknown composition are given at the end of Sections I and 116. The index of refraction (n$ is here tabulated for one or another of the following values of X: 6563 1 (C, Ha), 5893 (D), 5876 (He), 5790 (Hg), 4861 (F, H1S), 3256. (PuIfrich), (Abbe-Zeiss) . . . indicate type of refractometer used; (Kahlbaum) = material obtained from Kahlbaum. E = equivalent weight of B, n = a + b(% B)(IO)-3 + c(% B)2(10)-6 ± O.OOOle, n = n0 + k(g B/l soln.) (10) ~4 ± 0.00016. For a given mixture the value of NB and of g B/l soln. varies with the temperature. Unit of X = I A = 10~8 cm. t = centigrade temperature, 0C.

g B/l soln. a dd dn e X (^) #

Numero di grammi di B per litro di miscela. dn/dt = -a X 10~4. 10004 = 100° + 5<*1000n*> = 1333 + Sn. La precisione di n & ±0,000 Ie. Lunghezza d'onda della luce. (n\2 - nxi) = (xp X 10~5. I X possono essere indicati con Ia notazione di Fraunhofer, in lettere. Indica un posto per il quale nessuna cifra viene data; per es., 5# indica che il valore e piu vicino a 50 che a 40 o 60, ma Ia seconda cifra non si conosce

Two-Component Systems Standard Arrangement, v. Vol. Ill, p. viii; A = H2O The refraction of the H2O used in making the solution is not on record unless it is given below, or the authority is ( 38 > 65 > 85 > 86 ); the values given by the latter are: n1^ = 1.33345 (38), nJJ66 = 1.35326 (65), n^ = 1.32522 (»5) f n% = 1.33322 (86). a-!&-Table 1. HCl 5. HIO3 (64); see also 535, 536* gB/kgA N18 n l£ 0.1 1.33568 ( 41 )* n^ n™ 8.02 1.33432 1.33389 0.2 1.33802 17.72 1.33651 1.33608 0.5 1.34498 26.81 1.33847 1.33802 1.0 1.35642 36.92 1.34060 1.34019 2.0 1.37910 46.07 1.34255 1.34210 4.0 1.42393 *If #2i = 0.5, n^1 = 1.3444 (28); 1.34433 1.34393 54.79 if g B/l soln., 25° = 4.4867, n2g = 65.90 1.34662 1.34613 1.33311, d245 = 1.00093 ( 113 ). 73.81 1.34816 1.34769 1.35025 1.34977 84.67 6. HIO4 (28); see also 537-539 93.49 1.35190 1.35144 #26 n™ 103.3 1.35374 1.35325 0.5 1.3445 114.6 1.35590 1.35534 148.6 1.36187 1.36130 6.1. S; see 229 (5,42,85) 160.3 1.36395 1.36336 7. H2SO4 (95 to 96% H2SO4); N18 (64) < electrically heated SiO2 prism; 0.5 1.33753 n corrected to air at 2O0C and 1.0 1.34168 1 atm. ( 15 ); see also Table 5 2.0 1.34977 4.0 1.36480 t nlD * Dipping refractometer; C. P. 28.4 1.4245 HCl + dist. H2O; g B/kg A checked by Ba(OH) 2 standardized by HCl 1.4198 49.1 checked against Ag ( 41 ). 85.8 1.4119 2. HClO3 (64) 113.8 1.4058 N19 n}* 173.9 1.3924 0.5 1.33773 206.8 1.3848 1.0 1.34211 264.2 1.3709 2.0 1.35078 307.5 1.3591 3.0 1.35927 7.1. Se; see 229 3. HBr (64) 0.1 1.33452 8. H2SeO3 and H 2 SeO 4 Je about 0.2 1.33579 5; t = 2O0C (146); x = 5893 0.5 1.33952 (D); see also 540 1.0 1.34571 %B H2SeO3 H2SeO4 2.0 1.35805 2 1.3350 1.3352 4.0 1.38271 4 1.3371 1.3377 3.1. I (22) 6 1.3394 1.3401 4. HI (64)

0.1 0.2 0.5 1.0 2.0

1.33525 1.33734 1.34346 1.35387 1.37497

8 10 12 14 16 18

1.3417 1.3441 1.3467 1.3492 1.3517 1.3543

1.3425 1.3450 1.3476 1.3501 1.3527 1.3555

8.—(Continued) % B H2SeO3 H2SeO4 20 1.3570 1.3583 22 1.3598 1.3611 24 1.3628 1.3639 26 1.3658 1.3669 28 1.3689 1.3699 30 1.3721 1.3730 32 1.3755 1.3762 34 1.3789 1.3794 36 1.3823 1.3826 38 1.3858 1.3858 40 1.3895 1.3892 42 1.3935 1.3926 44 1.3977 1.3960 46 1.4020 1.3996 48 1.4064 1.4032 50 1.4109 1.4068 52 1.4156 1.4106 54 1.4205 1.4146 56 1.4255 1.4188 58 1.4305 1.4232 60 1.4358 1.4278 62 1.4414 1.4325 64 1.4474 1.4373 66 1.4537 1.4423 68 1.4603 1.4475 70 1.4670 1.4529 72 1.4741 1.4584 74 1.4816 1.4640 76 1.4893 1.4696 78 1.4971 1.4753 80 1.4810 82 1.4879 84 1.4935 86 1.4989 88 1.5038 90 1.5085 91 1.5106 92 1.5124 93 1.5140 94 1.5153 95 1.5163 96 1.5169 97 1.5171 98 1.5172 99 1.5160 9. NH4OH (28) ; see also 537, 540, 543, 544, and (50) Nt ni> t 0.5 1.3326 25 2.0 1.3352 15 10. HNO 3 ( 94 ); see also 541, 542 ,J20 (*4

20

i I>D

1.0209 1.3385 1.0253 1.3394 1.0373 1.3423 11. NH4F (64) AT18 n^ 0.1 1.33385 0.2 1.33441 0.5 1.33599 1.0 1.33836 2.0 1.34246 4.0 1.34882

12. NH4Cl (14,56) #20 ni° 1.0 1.34311* 0.1 1.3341 1.0 1.3438 1.0 1.3429(30°) * Salt dried at IQO0C ( 56 ).

13. (NH4) 2SO4 (35) ; best commercial material; see also 545, 546 MB/MA nj> d\ t 11.06 1.39275 1.2267 16 11.24 1.39246*1.2259 17 * If g B/l soln., 25° = 26.440, ng = 1.33679. d'2b = 1.01244 ("3).

14. NH4NO3 #20 ( 56 ) n™ 0.5 1.33776 1.0 1.34251 % B, 25° (95) n™ 10.49 1.3455 12.10 1.3458 20.59 1.3582 27.55 1.3680 49.38 1.3999 62.03 1.4185 15. P2O5 (113); see also 547 gB/1 soln., 25° n™ f* 3.2267 1.33341 1.00079 16. H3PO3 ( 28 ); see also 543, 548 MB/! soln., t° Ujy t 2.0 1.3507 12* 2.0 1.3479 17.5 * t - 12 to 12.50C.

16.1. H 3 PO 4 ; see 549 17. H4P2O7 ( 28 ); see also 550 0.5 I 1.3435 I 15 18. As2O3 (2) gB/1 I soln. n% dll 1.796 1.33309 1.0014 3.212 1.33326 1.0025 5.060 1.33348 1.0039 5.670 1.33355 1.0044 6.425 1.33363 1.0050 7.436 1.33381 10.13 1.33417 1.0080 12.85 1.33450 1.0102 14.368 1.33469 1.0113 g B/l soln. = 1288.39(2 1288.36. g B/l soln. = 755On 10062.7. a. = 0.97 if 20° « < 27°. 19. As2O5 (113); see also 551 gB/1 soln., 25° ng d\* 12.7597 1.33444 1.00845 19.1. As2S3; gee (83) 19.2. Sb2S3; gee (83)

(T-Table; The (!-Arrangement 2V-£-Table continued on p. 70 20. CH2O, Formaldehyde (io?) 22.—(Continued} % B I nj> % B I n\> t = 150C t = 15°C.—(Cont'd) 0 1.3334 25 1.34022 1 1.3345 30 1.34138 2 1.3358 35 1.34235 3 1.3369 40 1.34308 4 1.3382 45 1.34359 5 1.3394 50 1.34378 6 1.3406 55 1.34365 7 1.3418 60 1.34327 8 1.3430 65 1.34272 9 1.3442 70 1.34179 10 1.3454 75 1.34067 11 1.3467 80 1.33925 12 1.3478 85 1.33749 13 1.3489 90 1.33545 14 1.3501 95 1.33309 15 1.3513 100 1.33057 1 16 1.3525 Max. H Z = 1.34380 at % 17 1.3538 B = 51. 18 1.3549 t = 15.50C, Zeiss (67) 19 1.3560 0.00* 1.33336 20 1.3572 15.10 1.33728 21 1.3583 18.18 1.33820 22 1.3597 20.25 1.33888 23 1.3608 22.86 1.33987 24 1.3619 26.23 1.34090 25 1.3629 30.77 1.34184 26 1.3640 37.21 1.34279 27 1.3651 47.06 1.34358 If O < % B < 10, b = 1.2, 54.24 1.34369 c = O, e = 1 or 2. 64.00 1.34294 If 10 < % B < 27, b = 70.33 1.34184 1.215, c = -1.4, e =* 1 or 2. 78.05 1.34002 87.67 1.33663 100.0Of 1.33057 21. NH4CNS (64) t = 170C (39) #18 nl£ 0.1 1.33506 0.0 1.3335 0.2 1.33686 5.7 1.3346 0.5 1.34222 11.0 1.3358 1.0 1.35121 15.0 1.3371 2.0 1.36894 19.5 1.3386 4.0 1.40406 26.0 1.3401 31.4 1.3415 MB/MA* nt> d\ t 4.71 1.45521 1.1114 15 35.0 1.3422 6.28 1.436171.0944 15 39.7 1.3430 12.32 1.396341.0585 16 45.2 1.3434 * Crystallized from 96% C2H6OH 46.8 1.3435 3S ( ). 51.1 1.3436 56.0 1.3434 60.5 1.3429 22. CH4O, Methyl alcohol; see 65.2 1.3424 also 254-302 69.8 1.3417 % B I n£ 74.6 1.3404 t = 150C (38) 78.4 1.3394 O 1.33339 80.1 1.3389 2 1.33384 84.8 1.3372 5 1.33453 89.9 1.3350 7 1.33504 94.6 1.3327 10 1.33584 100.0 1.3304 12 1.33644 15 1.33730 Max. nll = 1.3436 at % 20 1.33879 B = 51.1.

22.—(Continued) % B I nlD 0 t = 25 C (51) 0.00 1.33232 21.70 1.33823 37.66 1.34090 52.22 1.34163 54.23 1.34163 64.35 1.34065 68.20 1.33984 80.44 1.33663 86.27 1.33505 92.48 1.33193 100.00 1.32773 Max. n2^ = 1.34170 at % B = 53. *d 1 4 5 - 5 = 0.99904. •fd]5-5 = 0.7956.

23. C2HCl3O2, Trichloroacetic acid (155) %B* nlD dl t 10.1570 1.346161.0509019.9 17.1480 1.355771.0893119.7 27.2570 1.37006 1.14742 19.8 41.9490 1.38968 1.23408 20.2 57.8790 1.413001.3408819.7 * Unit not stated, probably wt. %.

24. C2H2O4, Oxalic acid (H3) gB/1 soln., 25° n% d™ 3.1407 1.33289 0.99866 25. C2H4O2, Acetic acid (41); see also 310-315 gB/kgA n% nS 0.00 1.33251 1.33204 25.37 1.33427 1.33366 47.42 1.33569 1.33509 71.75 1.33720 1.33657 92.93 1.33848 1.33779 120.41 1.34001 1.33926 152.45 1.34172 1.34092 179.87 1.34308 1.34223 220.39 1.34493 1.34405 239.65 1.34579 1.34490 266.89 1.34694 1.34598 1.34838 1.34740 303.94 333.44 1.34949 1.34847 367.90 1.35068 1.34964 405.32 1.35187 1.35077 407.12 1.35226 1.35115 gB/1 soln., 25° ^(113) ^425 183.753 1.35110 1.03235 26. C2H4O3, Glycolic acid ("3) 40.4302 I 1.33632 | 1.01006 27. C2H6BrO, Ethylenebromohydrin; t = 2O0C (106) %B n'D 0.000 1.3330 3.361 1.3358 10.010 1.3422 18.810 1.3517 22.441 1.3561 30.999 1.3667 40.372 1.3790

27.—(Continued) % B rfD 49.179 1.3915 53.620 1.3980 60.586 1.4095 72.201 1.4299 80.007 1.4454 90.032 1.4671 95.340 1.4801 100.000 1.4915

28.—(Continued) % B I n£ t = 17.50C.- (Cont'd) 45.27 1.35953 55.42 1.36248 66.05 1.36448 77.21 1.36565 83.75 1.36587 88.46 1.36565 95.04 1.36448 100.00 1.36229

28. C2H6O, Ethyl alcohol; see also 320-348 t = 150C (38) O 1.33345 10 1.34020 20 1.34778 30 1.35470 40 1.35948 46 1.36170 50 1.36290 55 1.36405 60 1.36505 65 1.36586 70 1.36645 75 1.36676 80 1.36690 85 1.36678 90 1.36626 95 1.36518 100 1.36332 Max. n% = 1.36690 at % B = 80. t = 15.50C, Zeiss ( 66 ) 0.00 1.33336 6.00 1.33721 11.33 1.34105 1.34581 17.56 20.35 1.34787 22.11 1.34919 24.21 1.35075 26.06 1.35162 26.80 1.35250 29.87 1.35443 33.82 1.35654 1.35883 38.98 46.00 1.36152 56.09 1.36408 59.35 1.36471 63.01 1.36535 68.32 1.36591 72.50 1.36630 83.63 1.36651 91.09 1.36574 1.36316 100.00 t = 17.50C (139) 0.00 1.33320 0.99 1.33367 1.80 1.33416 2.60 1.33466 1.33517 3.41 4.22 1.33568 8.32 1.33843 16.25 1.34441 26.31 1.35043 35.67 1.35565

Max. rcU'5 = 1.36587 at % B = 83.75. t = 180C (93) 0.00 1.3331 18.5 1.3451 41.2 1.3589 60.8 1.3633 74.0 1.3650 91.9 1.3635 100.00 1.3599 0 t = 2O C (12) Vol. % B, t° n'D dl\:\ 2.85 1.3333 0.9958 3.56 1.3335 0.9948 0.9929 4.95 ' 1.3341 10.08 1.3370 0.9865 20.08 1.3432 0.9759 29.83 1.3492 0.9656 40.00 1.3545 0.9518 50.15 1.3585 0.9340 60.10 1.3615 0.9132 69.99 1.3633 0.8899 80.00 1.3648 0.8637 84.82 1.3650 0.8499 90.01 1.3643 0.8337 94.97 1.3635 0.8160 1.3618 0.7961 99.50 t = 250C (hydrogen scale) (3); c f- (77)> claims e =0.1, probably c > 0.1; Zeiss; n against air; for the C2H6O used, df = 0.78510 ± 0.00001 %B n'D 70 1.363038 74 1.363208 75 1.363239 76 1.363265 77 1.363286 78 1.363302 79 1.363313 79.3 1,363315 80 1.36331 81 1.36326 82 1.36319 83 1.36312 84 1.36305 85 1.36297 86 1.36290 87 1.36280 88 1.36269 89 1.36255 90 1.36239 91 1.36221

28.—(Continued) %B nj> 92 1.36200 93 1.36178 94 1.36153 95 1.36125 96 1.36094 97 1.36061 98 1.36024 99 1.35984 100 1.35941 Max. n% = 1.363315 at %

B = 79.3. (41)

%B 0.00 2.43 3.96 5.62 7.66 9.48 11.45 13.93 15.34 17.43 19.44 21.56 23.16 25.45 27.72 28.43

< 1.33204 1.33351 1.33444 1.33550 1.33679 1.33807 1.33934 1.34111 1.34204 1.34342 1.34476 1.34609 1.34718 1.34847 1.34974 1.35000

nS 1.33251 1.33402 1.33498 1.33604 1.33739 1.33864 1.34001 1.34181 1.34278 1.34428 1.34566 1.34709 1.34818 1.34961 1.35086 1.35123 (113)

%B 0.0 18.5 41.2 60.8 74.0 91.9 100.0

n% 1.3331 1.3451 1.3589 1.3633 1.3650 1.3605 1.3599

29. C2H6O2, Glycol ("2); n^ = 1.33298 + 0.00009600 (g B/l soln.) 30. NH4CH8CO2, Acetate (47) AT -W 19.5

n

19.6 D

J19.5 i9.b

a

tt 1.3338 1.0007 J 1.3343 1.0015 } 1.3354 1.0036 J 1.3376 1.0070 1 1.3416 1.0142 2 1.3504 1.0276 4 1.3670 1.0523 N18 (64) ng 0.5 1.33883 1.0 1.34423 2.0 1.35470 4.0 1.37435 31. (NH4)2C2O4.H2O, Oxalate; t = 180C (47) AT 18 ./V

^ \ J \

18 ™ UD

1.3339 1.3345 1.3365 1.3397

,718 Ct4

1.0021 1.0042 1.0084 1.0168

32. C3H6O, Acetone; t = 250C (51); see also 349-358 %B nlD 0.00 1.33232 25.90 1.35009 45.50 1.35940 51.50 1.36135 61.70 1.36261 76.30 1.36315 87.96 1.36208 94.90 1.35957 100.00 1.35545 Max. n% = 1.36320 at % B = 73.5. 33. CsHeO2, Propionic acid; see also 359 t - 190C (39) 50.3 1.3730 56.3 1.3764 62.5 1.3798 68.5 1.3830 74.4 1.3858 80.0 1.3878 86.0 1.3891 89.9 1.3899 92.9 1.3897 96.1 1.3891 1.3885 97.5 99.0 1.3879 100.0 1.3872 %B* f t

34.—'(Continued) % B I rfD t = 2O0C (iso)._(Con^) 34.71 1.36072 42.99 1.36526 50.46 1.36899 57.73 1.37243 61.62 1.37415 71.20 1.37798 78.41 1.38053 86.41 1.38299 93.34 1.38451 100.00* 1.38499 t = 2O0C (12) Vol. % B, f n*D d\l 2.85 1.3330 0.9984 3.56 1.3340 0.9958 4.95 1.3365 0.9916 10.08 1.3402 0.9869 20.08 1.3483 0.9760 29.83 1.3533 0.9652 40.00 1.3576 0.9517 50.15 1.3630 0.9340 60.10 1.3680 0.9135 69.99 1.3738 0.8897 80.00 1.3790 0.8638 90.01 1.3840 0.8341 99.5 1.3855 0.8098 * dlf = 0.8075.

35. C3HsO, Isopropyl alcohol t = 2O0C (12) 2.85 1.3335 0.9962 8.0930 1.34044 1.00580 19.9 3.56 1.3340 0.9952 23.7180 1.35397 1.01750 19.8 4.95 1.3375 0.9888 62.1330 1.380041.0251119.6 10.08 1.3392 0.9866 68.2130 1.38439 1.02424 18.7 97.7850 1.38760 0.99382 19.8 20.08 1.3478 0.9755 29.83 1.3542 0.9654 98.0120 1.388190.9940318.7 40.00 1.3590 0.9520 gB/1 soln.,25° ng (U 3) jy 50.15 1.3632 0.9345 60.10 1.3678 0.9137 221.397 1.35092 1.01362 * Unit not stated, probably wt. %. 69.99 1.3712 0.8900 80.00 1.3745 0.8640 33.1. C3H6O3, Lactic acid (H3) 90.01 1.3769 0.8338 93.8597 I 1.34326 | 1.02179 94.97 1.3770 0.8160 99.50 1.3775 0.7953 34. C3H8O, n-Propyl alcohol; t « 150C (38) see also 360, 361 % B n*D • % B I n*D O 1.3333 t = 150C (38) 10 1.3427 O 1.3333 20 1.3522 10 1.3429 30 1.3601 20 1.3523 40 1.3655 30 1.3590 50 1.3700 40 1.3651 55 1.3718 50 1.3705 60 1.3736 60 1.3754 70 1.3764 70 1.3795 75 1.3775 80 1.3831 80 1.3785 90 1.3860 85 1.3792 100 1.3873 90 1.3797 * = 2O0C (150) 95 1.3797 0.00 1.33296 100 1.3792 9.72 1.34195 Max. ni5 = 1.3798 at % 26.44 1.35555 B =94. 28.72 1.35713 (155)

*D

d

*

36. C3H8O3, Glycerol % B I n*D t = 250C ( 7 3) O 1.3333 5 1.3394 10 1.3455 15 1.3516 20 1.3577 25 1.3641 30 1.3709 35 1.3777 40 1.3846 45 1.3917 50 1.3985 55 1.4058 60 1.4131 65 1.4204 70 1.4281 75 1.4357 80 1.4435 85 1.4506 90 1.4576 95 1.4651 100 1.4730 * = 2O0C (H2) nff = 1.33298 + 0.00011778 (g B/l soln.) 37. C4H6O4, Succinic acid («3) gB/1 soln., 25° n^ df 45.8425 1.33730 1.01077

i

38. C4H6O5, Malic acid ("3) 168.079 I 1.35156 1.05782 39. C4H6O6, Tartaric acid (53); see also 563, 564 %B I n*D I d\ t = 110C 0.00 1.3325 10.45 1.3474 1.0497 17.79 1.3576 1.0871 25.44 1.3684 1.1274 1.1618 31.65 1.3779 38.26 1.3881 1.2006 44.28 1.3979 1.2370 a = 1.3345, b = 1.195, c = 5.25; 6 = 2 or 3. t = 11.50C 24.62 1.3669 1.1221 29.10 1.3742 1.1468 33.49 1.3807 1.1716 37.82 1.3872 1.1969 41.35 1.3925 1.2180 49.35 1.4015 1.2490 t = 14.30C 1.07 1.3349 1.0043 2.84 1.3369 1.0122 4.84 1.3395 1.0214 1.0313 6.93 1.3423 7.31 1.3428 1.0335 9.83 1.3462 1.0454 t = 2O0C 0.00 I 1.3330 2.00 1.3356 1.0077 4,91 1.3393 1,0211

39.—(Continued) %B I n'D I d\ t = 2Q°C.—(Cont'd) 9.61 1.3451 1.0429 18.46 1.3565 1.0864 26.64 1.3686 1.1294 34.22 1.3801 1.1714 41.31 1.3910 1.2131 47.88 1.4023 1.2540 a = 1.3330, b = 1.185, c = 5.25, € = 2 or 3. gB/1 soln.;25° n*£ ("3) d» 73.6565 1.34145 1.02960 200.00 1.35626 1.08440 40. NH4HC4H4O6, Acid tartrate; t = 180C (47) AT, n'D dl A1.3342 1.0031 I 1.3358 1.0062 41. C4Hi0O, Trimethyl carbinol (37)

%B ng dj§ 0.00 1.33284 0.99713 9.99 1.34316 0.9820 19.97 1.35330 0.9669 29.96 1.36056 0.9455 39.98 1.36635 0.9222 49.96 1.37147 0.8988 59.96 1.37585 0.8753 69.84 1.37935 0.8519 79.92 1.38220 0.8282 1.38411 0.8044 89.92 1.38548 0.78602 100.00 PuIfrich's formula (p. 65) applies accurately. Data reduced to vacuum. 42. C4H10O4, Erythritol ("2) n^ = 1.33298 + 0.00013097 (g B/l soln.) 43. (NH4)2C4H4O4, Succinate; t = 17.50C (47) Nt n*D d\ A 1.3337 1.0015 t 1.3345 1.0032 i 1.3366 1.0065 i 1.3398 1.0131 1 1.3455 1.0261 2 1.3575 1.0510 4 1.3804 1.0973 44. (NH4)2C4H4O6, Tartrate;

* = 180C (47) A 1.3344 1.0020 i 1.3356 1.0045 i 1.3375 1.0100 \ 1.3419 1.0209 1 1.3495 1.0411 2 1.3642 1.0802 4 1.3931 1.1532 45. C5H4O2, 2-Furaldehyde (132) t

I

^J876

4.6217 % B 24.05 1.34107 37.85 1.33902

45.—(Continued) *

I

^6876

5.6935 % B 1.34310 1.34143 6.5624 % B 21.75 1.34496 31.85 1.34351 96.340 % B 23.7 1.51682 30.3 1.51336 100.000 % B 22.1 1.52497 32.3 1.51978 46.5 1.51255 75.0 1.49788 23.8 35.4

46. C6H6N, Pyridine; see also 372-374 % B I n'D t = 150C (45)

Nt 1 2 4

47.—(Continued) n^ d\ 1.3440 1.0071 1.3545 1.0141 1.3751 1.0263

48. C6H6O, Phenol (83); 8.2 %B Solution I H2O n*D \8d\ 8n I dd 17.6 1.348005.0 18 1.347925.0 0.14-1.4 19 1.347554.8 0.06-1.6 20 1.347494.5 -0.02 -1.8 49. C6H7N, Aniline (4); see also 400-402 100- % B n^ 0.0000 1.58685 1.0484 1.58396 2.1232 1.58114 3.0571 1.57861 n% = 1.58685 - 0.00270 (100-%B). a =3.0 and almost independent of t. Saturated at (100-% B) =4.835, for which dll = 1.02393.

O 1.3341 5 1.3435 10 1.3532 15 1.3632 20 1.3731 25 1.3829 30 1.3927 50. C6H8O7, Citric acid ("3) 35 1.4025 gB/1 40 1.4123 soln., 25° n$ df 45 1.4219 89.8126 1.34253 1.03039 50 1.4317 MB/! 55 1.4414 soln., 15° n$ (28) 60 1.4516 2.0 1.3800 65 1.4616 51. C6Hi2O6, Fructose 70 1.4710 (109, 1 1 1 ) 75 1.4799 0 t = 2O C, nD(R2O) = 1.33298 80 1.4884 Isom. k 85 1.4960 /3 1.4366 90 1.5028 a, 0(eq.) 1.4100 95 1.5088 52. C6Hi2O6, Glucose; 100 1.5136 If O < % B < 60, b = 1.95,t =20°C ( I 0 9 , n i ) ; UD (H2O) c = O, e = 1 or 2. = 1.33298 t = 25.20C (i"); c/. (82) a 1.423637 O* 1.33266 /3 1.437518 11.63 1.35433 a, £(eq.) 1.4325 gB/1 soln., t° n*D ("8) 20.99 1.37122 O 1.33298 31.18 1.38981 41.54 1.40874 253 1.36946* 50.97 1.42591 253 1.36961f 280 1.37380* 60.36 1.44306 280 1.37397t 71.50 1.46295 * Age of solution: 10 min. 81.43 1.47976 t 24 hr. 91.39 1.49475 t6hr. 100.0Of 1.50677 53. C6H14O6, Dulcitol ("2) * d f ' 2 = 0.99971. t d j 5 - 2 = 0.99776. nz£ = 1.33298 + 0.00014254 (g B/l soln.) 47. NH4C6H9O2, Valerate; 54. C6H14O6, d-Mannitol («2) t = 2O0C (47) n% = 1.33298 + 0.00014216 Nt n*D d\ (g B/l soln.) •& 1.3340 1.0002 55. C Hi 6 4O6, d-Sorbitol (H2) i 1.3345 1.0006 n2£ = 1.33298 + 0.00014327 J 1.3361 1.0015 (g B/l soln.) I 1.3386 1.0036

56. C6Hi5N, Triethylamine (83); 5 %B Solution I H2O nj> I 8d I 8n I dd 171.33840 - 9.5 +0.21 -1.2 181.33821 -10.0 +0.14 -1.4 191.33777 -10.4+0.06 -1.6 201.33798 -10.5 -0.02 -1.8 21 1.33813 -10.7 -0.10-2.0 221.33823 -10.9 -0.19 -2.2 231.33835 -11.3 -0.28 -2.5 241.33845 -11.7 -0.37 -2.7 251.33875 -11.9 -0.47 -3.1 57. (NH4)3C6H5O7, Citrate; t = 17.50C (47) Nt n'D d\ & 1.3344 1.0023 i 1.3352 1.0046 i 1.3372 1.0092 \ 1.3411 1.0187 1 1.3487 1.0364 2 1.3636 1.0700 4 1.3903 1.1321 58. NH4C7H5O2, Benzoate; t = 2O0C (47) lV 1.3359 1.0019 i 1.3376 1.0040 j 1.3414 1.0082 59. NH4C7H5O3, Salicylate; t = 2O0C (47) & 1.3360 1.0023 i 1.3384 1.0052 J 1.3429 1.0111 I 1.3521 1.0228 1 1.3692 1.0461 60. C7Hi2O6, Quinic acid ("3) gB/1 soln., 25° n^ d\5 53.8721 1.34027 1.01722 61. C7Hi4O6, Methylglucoside; 10 %B, * = 2O0C (UO) Wg(H 2 O) = 1.33298 Isom. n^ df OL 1.34680 1.031022 /3 1.34688 1.030670 62. C8H8O2, Phenylacetic acid (113)

gB/1 soln., 25° n$ df 5.8743 1.33357 0.99800 63. C8H8O3, Phenylglycolic acid (H3) 84.7143 I 1.34783 | 1.01704 64. C10Hi4N2, Nicotine % B I n*D t = 150C (45)

O 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

1.3341 1.3443 1.3546 1.3652 1.3760 1.3868 1.3976 1.4083

64.—(Continued) % B I nlD t = 15°C.—(Cont'd) 40 1.4193 45 1.4303 50 1.4413 55 1.4523 60 1.4633 65 1.4743 70 1.4852 75 1.4950 80 1.5035 85 1.5118 90 1.5193 95 1.5255 100 1.5300 %B(8i) n'D t 0.00 1.33274 25.0 3.72 1.34058 22.5 10.01 1.35336 22.9 14.92 1.36321 23.9 24.17 1.38327 22.5 30.08 1.39472 25.5 37.46 1.41073 23.0 44.54 1.42576 24.4 50.24 1.43789 23.8 57.17 1.45324 23.8 63.30 1.46602 24.0 66.78 1.47277 24.5 73.04 1.48582 24.6 79.65 1.49724 25.4 88.66 1.51215 24.8 100.00 1.52682 25.0 n*D can be computed by PuIfrich's formula (p. 65) with an accuracy of ±0.0001 or ±0.0002. 65. Ci 2 H 22 On, Lactose %B I nl I d\ t = 18.50C (53) 4.65 1.3400 1.0172 7.56 1.3433 1.0273 14.35 1.3551 1.0580 18.47 1.3604 1.0716 22.51 1.3670 1.0888 26.97 1.3746 1.1093 66. Ci 2 H 22 Ou, Sucrose t = 16.50C (53) 2.97 1.3377 1.0107 4.63 1.3400 1.0169 1.0181 4.95 1.3404 6.36 1.3425 1.0239 6.86 1.3433 1.0256 1.3457 1.0325 8.49 9.29 1.3470 1.0360 9.72 1.3476 1.0376 11.04 1.3498 1.0433 16.06 1.3577 1.0643 18.36 1.3615 1.0742 21.48 1.3666 t1.0888 21.66 1.3669 '1.0895 23.99 1.3712 1.1002 29.91 1.3813 1.1280 30.91 1.3836 1.1329 40.09 1.4006 1.1783

66.—(Continued) % B

I

n^

I

df4

t = 18.50C (53) 5.01 1.3406 1.0185 9.77 1.3478 1.0379 14.20 1.3546 1.0561 18.67 1.3618 1.0758 22.92 1.3689 1.0942 26.98 1.3760 1.1134 31.00 1.3835 1.1331 34.80 1.3902 1.1510 38.53 1.3974 1.1694 42.14 1.4042 1.1885 49.12 1.4184 1.2250 59.59 1.4380 1.2789

66.—(Continued) %B ni (Si) t 74.55 1.47051 50.3 78.37 1.48063 48.5 78.37 1.47801 60.7 78.37 1.47783 61.4 78.37 1.47500 73.5 78.37 1.47486 74.3 If 72 < % B < 81 and 30° < t < 75°, n'D = 1.28534+0.00263 X ( % B) - (124.1 + 1.267(% B)) X *(10)~6, the fifth figure of n\) being unreliable. Gelatin, v. p. 76 Proteins, v. Table 4

&-:&-Table.-—(Continued) SiO2, see 570 (83) 73. CdCl2 (Pulfrich) (49) C/ /M ^7 % T3 JbJ nD «45 66.2. SnO2 (83) 1.599 1.33517 1.0115 66.3. SnCl4, see 237 4.472 1.33929 1.0368 67. Pb(NO 3 ) 2 ;* = 180C (86) 8.620 1.34499 1.0695 Nt n*D 11.600 1.35088 1.1068 0.5 1.34279 18.690 1.36316 1.1803 1.0 1.35210 1.36833 1.2165 21.201 2.0 1.37034 26.076 1.37850 1.2700 68. Pb(C 2 H 3 O 2 )2, Acetate; 31.090 1.38925 1.3401 * = 18°C (64) 41.540 1.41710 1.5153 0.1 1.33511 74. CdCl2.2H2O (Abbe-Zeiss); 0.2 1.33691 t = 2O0C (14) 0.5 1.34213 Nt n*D 1.0 1.35075 0.1 1.3348 2.0 1.36770 1.0 1.3465 Nt (65) n< 266 1 nj? = 1.3458 0.4971 1.36359 0.9725 1.37323 75. Cd(C10 3 ) 2 ;* = 180C (64) 2.006 1.39412 0.5 1.34061 1.0 1.34775 69. ZnCl2 (Abbe-Zeiss); 2.0 1.36193 t = 2O0C (14) 4.0 1.38442 ATt n{> 0.1 1.3350 76. CdBr2 (Pulfrich) (49) 1.0 1.3470 %B nS df 1.0 wff = 1.3462 1.05 1.33330 1.0059 0 70. Zn(ClOa) 2 \t = 18 C (64) 2.76 1.33623 1.0212 5.41 1.34001 1.0470 0.1 1.33476 0.2 1.33618 11.03 1.34782 1.1016 0.5 1.34043 15.66 1.35500 1.1509 1.0 1.34730 21.13 1.36425 1.2133 2.0 1.36083 27.51 1.37624 1.2991 4.0 1.38616 40.74 1.40373 1.4918 71. Zn(N03)2;* = 180C (64) 77. CdI2 (Pulfrich) (49) ; see also 0.1 1.33466 254, 320 0.2 1.33603 0.834 1.33368 1.0042 0.5 1.34008 3.340 1.33714 1.0249 1.0 1.34675 3.880 1.33780 1.0303 2.0 1.35971 6.984 1.34228 1.0581 4.0 1.38415 13.491 1.35258 1.1216 72. Zn(C2H3O2)2, Acetate (47) 20.133 1.36435 1.1933 26.785 1.37839 1.2780 AT22 ng dH A1.3331 1.0028 39.860 1.41104 1.4801 J 1.3345 1.0064 (Abbe-Zeiss), t = 2O0C (14) i 1.3361 1.0140 Nt n'D J 1.3395 1.0281 0.1 1.3360 1 1.3454 1.0548 1 1.3575 2 1.3569 1.1071 1 nj>° = 1.3570 66.1.

25

78. Cd(NOg) 2 ;* = 180C (64) Nt n'D 0.1 1.33468 0.2 1.33507 0.5 1.34018 1.0 1.34694 2.0 1.36013 4.0 1.38508 79. HgCl2; * = 180C (86); see also 572-574 0.3 1.33668 0.5 1.33900 If AT18 = 0.2, wJJ = 1.3381 (148). if g B/l soln., 25° = .54.18, nS = 1.33712, dj6 = 1.04160 (H3). 79.1. HgI2; see 571

2

79.2. Hg(NO 3 )^, see 541 79.3. Hg 2 (NOs) 2 ; see 542 80. Cu(ClOs) 2 ;* = 180C (86) 0.5 1.34086 1 1.34830 2 1.36269 4 1.39013 (64)

0.1 0.2 0.5 1.0 2.0 4.0

1.33482 1.33634 1.34087 1.34835 1.36278 1.39013

81. Cu(NOa)2;* = 180C (86) 0.5 1.34050 1 1.34749 2 1.36130 4 1.38751 (64)

0.1 1.33473 0.2 1.33619 0.5 1.34050 1.0 1.34756 2.0 1.36138 4.0 1.38756 82. AgF;* = 180C (64) 0.1 1.33465 0.2 1.33602 0.5 1.33982 1.0 1.34583 2.0 1.35647 3.0 1.36703 83. AgNO 3 (H3); see also 575, 576 g B/l 25 25 HD d soln, 25° * 169.97 1.34976 | 1.13615 0

84. MnCl2; * = 18 C (««); see also 590 Nt

0.5 1 2 6

nlD

1.33978 1.34623 1.35866 1.40498

84.—(Continued) l Nu (65) Wl f M 0.4995 1.36064 1.013 1.36805 2.024 1.38220 4.042 1.40909 gB/kgA ng( 1 7 ) 2.5 1.3355 l.ls 6.3 1.3361 1.Oo 12.6 1.3374 l.ls * If 15° « < 3O0C.

85. MnBr2 ( 86 ) AT18 < 0.5 1.34183 1 1.35030 2 1.36682 4 1.39898 86. MnSO4 (17); see also 577, 578, 590 gB/kgA nj? 3.0 1.3353 1.2o 7.5 1.3357 1.Oo 15.0 1.3371 1.Oo * If 15°
87. Mn(NOa) 2 ( 8 6); see also 577, 590 AT18 ny 0.5 1.33963 1 1.34592 2 1.35810 gB/kgA n g ( i 7 ) a* 3.6 1.3357 1.0? 9.0 1.3360 1.07 l.ls 18.0 1.3378 * If 15° < t< 3O0C.

88. FeCl 2 ;* = 180C (86) AT, nS> 0.5 1.34038 1 1.34742 2 1.36064 4 1.38631 89. FeCl3; * = 180C (86) ; see also 579, 591 0.5 1.34055 1 1.34769 2 1.36138 4 1.38805 (Abbe-Zeiss) * = 2O0C (14) 0.1 1.3350 1.0 1.3480 1 Ti^0 = 1.3471 gB/kgA n g ( i 7 ) «* 3.3 1.3365 l.ls 8.3 1.3388 1.2o 16.6 1.3431 1.27 * If 15°
90. FeBr2 (86) AT18 w» 0.5 1.34237 1 1.35137 2 1.36910 4 1.40314 5 1.41982

91. Fe2(SO4)3 (17); see also 578, 580, 591 g B/kg A nJJ a* 8.4 1.3363 1.0? 20.1 1.3386 l.ls 40.2 1.3422 1.2o *If 15° < t < 3O0C. 86

92. Fe(NOs)3 ( ); see also 580, 580.1, 591 AT18 nj? 0.5 1.34054 1 1.34769 2 1.36178 4 1 1.38917 g B/kg A raj? (") 4.8 1.3366 1.0? 12.0 1.3391 1.07 24.0 1.3434 1.Oo 0

* If 15° < t < 3O C.

93. CoCl2 (86); see also 581, 592 #18

0.5 1 2 4 g B/kg A 2.6 6.5 13.1

<

1.34055 1.34759 1.36127 1.38725 ng(i7) 1.3360 1.3368 1.3382

99. Ni(ClOs)2 (86) l N1S n* 0.5 1.34086 1 1.34823 2 1.36255 4 1.38959 99.1. 0.5 1 2 4

NiBr2 (86) 1.34280 1.35214 1.37053 1.40599

0

* If 15°
86

94. Co(ClOs)2 ( ) AT18 «» 0.5 1.34055 1 1.34766 2 1.36133 4 1.38746 5 1.39995 95. CoBr2 (86) 0.5 1.34242 1 1.35149 2 1.36925 4 1.40383 96. CoSO4 ( 17 ); see also 581, 592 g B/kg A n™ a* 3.1 1.3360 1.07 7.6 1.3366 1.07 15.3 1.3380 1.07 0

* If 15° < t < 3O C.

97. Co(NOs) 2 (86); see also 580.1, 592 N18 n$ 0.5 1.34030 1 1.34706 2 1.36029 4 1.38565 5 1.39795 g B/kg A <(17) «* 3.5 1.3362 1.Oo 9.0 1.3368 1.Oo 17.9 1.3384 l.ls * If 15° < t< 3O0C.

98. NiCl2 (86); see N19 0.5 1 2 4

* If 15° « < 3O0C.

100. NiSO4 (17); See also 593 g B/kg A ni° 3.2 1.3356 1.Oo 7.7 1.3364 1.Oo 15.5 1.3374 1.07

1.Oo 1.07 1.07

* If 15° < t< 3O0C.

98.—(Continued) N1S (65) JJ 5 6 W 0.4960 1.36173 1.002 1.37005 2.037 1.38651 4.014 1.41655 g B/kg A w g ( i 7 ) 2.6 1.3357 1.2o 6.5 1.3367 1.Oo 13.1 1.3379 l.ls

also 579, 593 n™ 1.34087 1.34823 1.36240 1.38962

101. Ni(NOs)2 (86); see also 593 tfis n$ 0.5 1.34058 1 1.34763 2 1.36130 4 1.38743 6 1.41222 g B/kg A w J J ( i 7) 3.7 1.3358 l.ls 9.2 1.3368 1.Oo 18.4 1.3381 1.2o

105. Cr(NOs)3 ( 17 ); see also 594 g B/kg A n™ 2.4 1.3357 1.07 4.8 1.3368 1.07 11.9 1.3393 1.07 0 * If 15° < t < 3O C. 106.

(NH4)2CrO4 (Abbe-Zeiss) (14)

N2Q 0.1 1 1

107. MoO3 (H 3 ); see also 535, 547, 551, 553-555, 559-563, 565, 567-569, 582 gB/1 soln., 25° nJJ df 1.0030 1.33267 0.99781 1.3131 1.33272 0.99814 4.8034s 1.33337 1.00119 5.49045 1.33347 1.00146 5.7626 1.33351 1.00186 9.4047 1.33426 1.00441 11.5253 1.33457 1.00660 11.8782 1.33472 1.00721 12.0676 1.33474 1.00708 12.0844 1.33514 1.00832 22.3675 1.33649 1.01554 108. (NH4)6Mo7O24, Crystallized twice (29); see also 564 gB/1 soln. n*D t 10 1.3314 19.6 10 1.3316 20.6 25 1.3343 20.3 200 1.36519* 25 *d| 6 = 1.13560 ("3).

109. UO2(NOs)2, Anhydrous (149)

0

* If 15°
101.1. CrO3 ( ); see also 582 g B/l 25 25 UD d soln., 25° * 3.5907s 1.33382 1.00082 102. CrCl3 (86); see also 5№ N1S n}* 0.3 1.33784 0.5 1.34072 1 1.34790 2 1.36193 g B/kg A n™ (17) 1.6 1.3355 1.07 3.2 1.3365 1.07 7.9 1.3391 1.3s * If 15° < t < 3O0C.

103. CrBr3 (86) N18 n™ 0.5 1.34275 1.35194 2 1.37029 104. Cr2(SO4), (17); see also 594 g B/kg A nJJ a* 4.0 1.3349 1.Oo 8.0 1.3361 l.ls 16.1 1.3370 1.07 * If 15°
n™ 1.3350 1.3532 n™ = 1.3522

% B 2.80 5.73 10.92 14.26 16.96 20.05 25.58 29.77 34.88 37.85 39.73 43.11 44.02 47.94 49.92 52.04 53.91 54.77

ni>7 1.33597 1.33869 1.34417 1.34675 1.35041 1.35412 1.36158 1.36758 1.37489 1.37901 1.38272 1.38804 1.38974 1.39714 1.39889 1.40511 1.40843 1.41155

dll 1.0257 1.0510 1.1035 1.1288 1.1625 1.1983 1.2599 1.3247 1.3939 1.4295 1.4669 1.5204 1.5275 1.6155 1.6506 1.7118 1.7480 1.7536

109.1. V2O5 (83) 110. AlCl3 (86) AT18 nJJ 0.5 1.33953 1 1.34568 2 1.35736 4 1.37981

Al2(SO4)s (i13); see also 545, 583 gB/1 soln., 25° nJJ dj 6 68.475 1.34710 1.06880

111.

86

112. Al(N0 3 )s ( ) l N1S n* 0.5 1.33932 1 1.34522 2 1.35682 4 1.37887 6 1.39972 113. Al(CNS)3 (Kahlbaum) (35) MB/MA wJJ d]* 36.79 1.41207 1.1582 0

114. BeCl 2 ;* = 18 C (86) Nt n*D 0.5 1.33783 1 1.34234 2 1.35117 4 1.36857 115. Be(NOs)2; t = 180C (86) 0.5 1.33772 1 1.34210 2 1.35082 4 1.36810 116. MgCl2;* = 180C (64) 0.1 1.33448 0.2 1.33567 0.5 1.33930 1.0 1.34511 2.0 1.35636 4.0 1.37751 117. MgCl2-GH2O (Abbe-Zeiss); t = 2O0C (14) 0.1 1.3346 1 1.3451 1 n^ = 1.3442 0

118. Mg(ClOs) 2 ; t = 18 C (64) 0.1 1.33452 0.2 1.33571 0.5 1.33831 1.0 1.34518 2.0 1.35649 4.0 1.33770 119. MgSO4JH2O (AbbeZeiss);* = 2O0C (14) 0.1 1.3344 1 1.3450 1 n*£ = 1.3440 120. Mg(NOs) 2 ;* 0.1 0.2 0.5 1.0 2.0 4.0

= 180C (64) 1.33443 1.33554 1.33891 1.34435 1.35504 1.37510

121. Mg(C2H3O2)2, Acetate; * = 18°C (64)

0.1 0.2 0.5 1.0

1.33461 1.33593 1.33977 1.34604

121.—(Continued)

n*D

Nt 2.0 3.0 AT23 AJ i i 1

1.35826 1.36995 nS(47) dg 1.3333 1.0004 1.3340 1.0027 1.3355 1.0074 1.3386 1.0168 1.3448 1.0348

MgCrO 4 ;* = 180C (86) Nt n*D 0.5 1.34421 1 1.35473 2 1.37525 4 1.41423 5 1.43295

122.

123. CaCl2 (Abbe-Zeiss); t = 2O0C (14) 0.1 1.3346 1.0 1.3461 1 ng = 1.3452 124. Ca(ClOa) 2 J* = 180C (64)

0.5 1.0 2.0 4.0

1.33997 1.34647 1.35900 1.38255

125. Ca(NOs) 2 , Anhydrous; t = 180C (64); see also 558 0.1 1.33454 0.2 1.33578 0.5 1.33947 1.0 1.34541 2.0 1.35677 4.0 1.37789 5.5 1.39257 * I d\ I ni O % B

15.0 17.5 20.0 22.5 25.0 27.5 30.0 32.5 35.0 15.0 17.5 20.0 22.5 25.0 27.5 30.0 32.5 35.0 15.0 17.5 20.0 22.5 25.0 27.5

0.9990 86 81 76 70 63 56 48 40 4.38 % B 1.0337 331 324 317 309 301 291 283 273 8.67% B 1.0671 662 653 644 634 624

1.33351 329 304 278 257 233 203 181 149 1.34153 126 104 076 041 010 1.33981 949 914 1.34915 882 848 822 779 740

t

125.—(Continued) I d\ n'D

8.67% B.—(CWd) 30.0 1.0614 1.34711 32.5 602 668 35.0 591 629 13.22% B 15.0 1.1054 1.35768 17.5 042 729 20.0 032 697 22.5 021 665 25.0 009 629 27.5 1.0997 588 30.0 985 545 32.5 972 512 35.0 958 473 17.44% B 15.0 17.5 20.0 22.5 25.0 27.5 30.0 32.5 35.0 126.

1.1422 402 396 383 371 357 344 330 315

1.36570 534 493 449 408 366 323 277 239

Ca(CNS) 2 (Kahlbaum) (35)

MB/MA 17.55 127.

di7 1.2185

Ti1J 1.43356

Ca(CHOs)2, Formate; t = 2O0C (47) Nt d\ n'D & 1.0022 1.3336 i 1.0052 1.3341 i 1.0109 1.3353 I 1.0220 1.3384

128. Ca(C2H3O2)2.H2O, Acetate; t = 2O0C (47) A 1.0022 1.3341 i 1.0050 1.3358 i 1.0107 1.3376 i 1.0216 1.3408 1 1.0426 1.3471 2 1.0825 1.3585 129. Ca(C3H5O3)2.3H2O, Lactate; t = 22.50C (47) A 1.0025 1.3339 i 1.0060 1.3350 i 1.0129 1.3374 j 1.0265 1.3416 130. Ca(C4H7O2)2, Isobutyrate; t = 22.50C (47) A1.0017 1.3339 i 1.0044 1.3352 i 1.0100 1.3373 i 1.0208 1.3420 1 1.0414 1.3507 131. SrCl2; t = 180C (64) Nt wi> 0.1 1.33471 0.2 1.33613 0.5 1.34033 1.0 1.34711 2.0 1.36036

131.—(Continued) Nt n*D 4.0 1.38549 5.5 1.40352 132. SrCl2.6H2O (Abbe-Zeiss); t = 2O0C (14) 0.1 1.3350 1 1.3472 1 ng = 1.3465 133. Sr(ClOs) 2 ;Z = 180C (64) 0.1 1.33475 0.2 1.33618 0.5 1.34041 1.0 1.34730 2.0 1.36047 4.0 1.38516 134. Sr(NO 3 ),;* = 180C (64) 0.1 1.33467 0.2 1.33599 0.5 1.33993 1.0 1.34625 2.0 1.35838 4.0 1.38075 t = 2O0C (14) 0.1 1.3350 1 1.3468 1 nf>° = 1.3460 135. Sr(C2H3Oa)2, Acetate; t = 180C (64) 0.2 1.33636 0.5 1.34066 1.0 1.34778 2.0 1.36112 3.0 1.37355 AT26 (47) dH ng A 1.3331 1.0019 i 1.3341 1.0061 i 1.3361 1.0144 i 1.3396 1.0307 1 1.3463 1.0631 136. BaCl 2 Ji = 180C (64) Nt n*D 0.1 1.33483 0.2 1.33634 0.5 1.34088 1.0 1.34831 2.0 1.36260 3.0 1.37643 137. BaCl2.2H2O (Abbe-Zeiss); t = 2O0C (14) 0.1 1.3350 1 1.3487 1 n3D° = 1.3478

138. Ba(ClOs)2; t = 180C (64) 0.5 1.34097 1.0 1.34831 2.0 1.36283 138.1. BaI2; see 571 139. Ba(CHO2)2, Formate (47) AT23 ng d\l A 1.3336 1.0049 i 1.3345 1.0108 i 1.3362 1.0227 i 1.3396 1.0460 1 1.3466 1.0921

140. Ba(C2H3Og)2, AT18 0.2 0.5 1.0 2.0 141.

Acetate (64) r48 1.33658 1.34136 1.34909 1.36397

Ba(C3H5O2) 2, Propionate (47)

AT23 & i 1 ^

ng 1.3344 1.3355 1.3379 1.3425

142.

dH 1.0054 1.0109 1.0225 1.0448

LiOH (PuIfrich) («)

t

I

n'D

10.1 g B/l soln. 20.0 1.3375 24.0 1.3374 30.0 1.3367 43.9 1.3346 50.5 1.3337 24.3 g B/l soln.

21.0 25.0 38.0 46.0

1.3421 1.3416 1.3399 1.3386

44.6 g B/l soln. 17.0 1.3504 21.0 1.3503 22.3 1.3502 30.0 1.3490 45.9 1.3468 98.2 g B/l soln. 17.0 1.3682 21.0 1.3677 22.6 1.3675 42.0 1.3645 43.0 1.3643 143. LiCl (10) % B n% dj8 0.6254 1.33388 1.00068 0.6977 1.33405 1.00116 0.9329 1.33456 1.00240 0.9578 1.33446 1.00243 0.9688 1.33460 1.00271 1.4114 1.33555 1.00511 2.7648 1.33833 1.01308 2.7703 1.33842 1.01311 5.7352 1.34465 1.02966 6.5965 1.34653 1.03484 10.5860 1.35494 1.05832 13.1099 1.36024 1.07299 AT18 nU (64) 0.5 1.33774 1.0 1.34207 2.0 1.35053 4.0 1.36651 t = 2O0C (56) 1 1.34174 % B n™ (95) 0.00 1.3326 10.68 1.3565 15.27 1.3673

143.—(Continued) %B nS (*5) 21.10 1.3838 31.50 1.4069 36.36 1.4149 40.76 1.4289 43.33 1.4343 (PuIfrich) (18) * I n*D 69.2 g B/l soln. 17.0 1.3477 19.3 1.3475 20.1 1.3474 40.8 1.3456 53.0 1.3443 206.2 g B/l soln. 1.3711 17.0 20.0 1.3708 34.0 1.3693 339.6 g B/l soln. 18.0 1.3979 20.2 1.3977 29.0 1.3966 35.0 1.3960 49.0 1.3943 1.3930 59.0 604.0 g B/l solri. 18.3 1.4373 20.1 1.4371 28.0 1.4357 46.0 1.4334 144. LiC1.2H2O (Abbe-Zeiss) (14)

#20 0.1 1.0 1

ri£

n$ 1.3340 1.3420 = 1.3410

145. LiClO3 ( 65 ) NIS wJ5 M 0.5124 1.35825 1.023 1.36313 2.043 1.37211 4.090 1.39000

% B 0.1980 0.3328 0.3889 0.4313 0.8136 1.0244 1.4355 1.6802 1.8718 3.5637 3.5919 3.7527 4.2994 4.6222 6.1940 14.966 18.190 32.55

146. LiBr (*°) n$ df 1.33273 0.9984 1.33300 0.9995 1.33307 0.9999 1.33309 1.0001 1.33369 1.0028 1.33401 1.0044 1.33466 1.00745 1.33499 1.0092 1.33530 1.0108 1.33788 1.0233 1.33793 1.0234 1.33825 1.0245 1.33905 1.0287 1.33954 1.0309 1.34200 1.04335 1.35662 1.1153 1.36254 1.1434 1.39194 1.2889

146.—(Continued) ny (64) 0.5 1.33969 1.0 1.34600 2.0 1.35833 4.0 1.38223

N18

%B 1.1083 1.4231 1.4512 2.1422 2.3577 2.5287 4.9689 12.3103 15.4751 N1S 0.2 0.5 1.0 2.0 4.0

147. LiI (10) nS df 1.33424 1.00509 1.33468 1.00742 1.33473 1.00755 1.33580 1.01282 1.33620 1.01438 1.33641 1.01567 1.34033 1.03405 1.35311 1.09490 1.35908 1.12291 ng (64) 1.33740 1.34357 1.35283 1.37428 1.41506

148. LiIO3 (64) 0.1 1.33575 0.2 1.33823 0.5 1.34559 1.0 1.35767 2.0 1.38105 3.0 1.40367 149. Li2SO4 N1S 0.5 1 2 4 5 N1S (65) 0.4307 0.871 1.744 3.493

( 86 ) ny 1.33802 1.34247 1.35078 1.36544 1.37207 nJS § . 1.35764 1.36175 1.36943 1.38324

151.—(Continued) N18 (65) w jj ie 0.4885 1.35871 1.047 1.36479 2.022 1.37506 4.033 1.39620 152. LiCNS (65) 0.5109 1.36371 1.031 1.37427 2.082 1.39530 3.465 1.42285 N1S ni 8 ( 64 ) 0.5 1.33971 1.0 1.34566 2.0 1.35781 3.0 1.36993 153. Li2CrO4 (86) N18 nl* 0.3 1.33916 0.5 1.34297 1 1.35242 2 1.37079 4 1.40591

156.—(Continued) Nt I n'D t = 22.70C (13) i 1.33400 I 1.33576 1 1.33929 t = 2O0C (56) 1 I 1.34277 t = 2O0C (14) 0.1 1.3341 1 1.3431 1 n*£ = 1.3423 If g B/l soln., 25° = 58.5, n^ = 1.34223, df = 1.03704 (113). 157. NaClO3; t = 180C (64) 0.1 1.33431 0.2 1.33532 0.5 1.33833 1.0 1.34313 2.0 1.35229 4.0 1.36916

(64)

0.1 0.2 0.5 1.0 2.0 4.0

1.33529 1.33727 1.34307 1.35251 1.37095 1.40612

154. Li2Cr2O7 (86) 0.3 1.34093 0.5 1.34603 1 1.35862 154.1. Na 2 O; see 570 155. NaOH (28); see also 536, 538, 566 Nt n'D t 0.5 1.3380 21 2.0 1.3535 15

150. LiNO 3 ; t = 180C (64); see 156. NaCl %B also 575 0.5280 Nt n*D 0.5493 0.5 1.33644 0.9980 1.0 1.33951 1.0618 2.0 1.34555 1.1068 4.0 1.35703 5.3562 * = 2O0C (56) 5.4131 0.5 1.33648 14.344 1.0 1.34123 If g B/l soln., 25° = 69.07, %B ng = 1.33800, df = 1.02338 5 113 ( ). 10 151. LiC2H3O2, Acetate; t = 15 18°C (64) 20 0.1 I 1.33428 Nt t 0.2 1.33528 0.5 1.33824 0.5 1.0 1.34312 1.0 2.0 1.35271 2.0 4.0 1.37119 4.0

(10); see also 230, 584 n* df 1.33342 1.00079 1.33341 1.00098 1.33417 1.00413 1.33433 1.00432 1.33438 1.00477 1.34169 1.03488 1.34179 1.03532 1.35747 1.10146 (138)

n^ 1.34172 1.35021 1.35893 1.36829 n*D = 180C (64)

1.33834 1.34318 1.35241 1.36959

158. NaBr (10) 07 Tl y c D

0.4857 0.9110 1.1162 1.9817 2.1044 2.8104 2.9218 4.5543 4.6241 6.5288 7.2055 7.3936 8.8063 17.261 46.06 AT18 0.5 1.0 2.0 4.0

2
25

/^ a 4

1.3311 1.00074 1.33370 1.0041 1.33402 1.0058 1.33522 1.0123 1.33535 1.01354 1.33639 1.01931 1.33649 1.0198 1.33883 1.03268 1.33890 1.03320 1.34159 1.0490 1.34257 1.0544 1.34291 1.05600 1.34501 1.06832 1.35822 1.14479 1.41841 1.5005 < (64) 1.34031 1.34718 1.36021 1.38611

159. NaI (10) %B r# df 0.5723 1.33333 1.00154 0.7125 1.33352 1.00258 0.7137 1.33353 1.00261 0.7469 1.33362 1.00294 3.7111 1.33793 1.02588 3.8603 1.33817 1.02716 6.8272 1.34278 1.05152 18.4384 1.36281 1.15808 30.418 1.38783 1.29156 N1S n}? (64) 0.5 1.34411 1.0 1.35476 2.0 1.37585 4.0 1.41763

160. Na2SO4 ( 35 ), Best commercial salt MB/MA nj> d\ t 74.9 1.34745*1.088015 74.9 1.34771 f 1.0884 13.5 72.4 1.34694 J l . 0872 15 71.2 1.34855 J 1.0938 13.5 65.8 1.3478311.0984 17 * Ignited in Pt. t Dried at 100°. J Recrystallized from dried.

H2O, air-

161. NaNO 3 ;* = 180C (64) Nt n*D 0.1 1.33427 0.2 1.33522 0.5 1.33802 1.0 1.34250 2.0 1.35086 4.0 1.36622 t = 2O0C (56) 0.5 1.33751 1 1.34174 (Abbe-Zeiss) * = 2O0C (U) 0.1 1.3341 1 1.3420 1 n$ = 1.3411 162. NaN 3 (PuIfrich) gB/1 soln. n*D 100 1.35226 1.35144 1.35071 a. = 1.63 200 1.36953 1.36883 1.36808 a = 1.66 300 1.38622 1.38549 1.38527 CL = 2.16 340 1.39296 1.39189 1.39102 CL = 2.49

(i») t 15 20.0 24.5 15.8 20.0 24.5 16.6 20.0 21 15.7 20.0 23.5

163. Na2C2O4, Oxalate; t = 19.50C (47) N't nlD d\ & 1.3340 1.0031 t 1.3347 1.0065 I 1.3360 1.0132 J 1.3388 1.0269 164. NaCHO2, Formate (47)

#20.5

n™*

d\i:i

A J J 4 1 2 4

1.3334 1.3337 1.3345 1.3365 1.3401 1.3470 1.3593

1.0016 1.0044 1.0092 1.0192 1.0387 1.0769 1.1490

165. NaHCO3 (Abbe-Zeiss) t = 2O0C (14) Nt n*D 0.1 1.3341 1 1.3441 1 n*£ = 1.3432 166. NaC2H3O2, Acetate; t = 180C(64); see also 255 0.1 1.33442 0.5 1.33883 1.0 1.34414 2.0 1.35423 4.0 1.37298 % B n£ (84) df 0 1.33253 0.9969 5 1.33463 1.013 167. NaC2H3O2.3H2O, Acetate (47)

#20

n™

d™

A t 1 4 1 2 4

1.3333 1.3340 1.3353 1.3378 1.3428 1.3526 1.3706

1.0012 1.0038 1.0086 1.0181 1.0367 1.0725 1.1406

168. NaC3H6O2, Propionate; t = 2O0C (47) ; see also 258 Nt n'D d\ A 1.3335 1.0011 i 1.3343 1.0034 \ 1.3360 1.0079 i 1.3392 1.0170 1 1.3455 1.0347 2 1.3580 1.0689 4 1.3805 1.1324 169. NaHC4H4O6, Acid tartrate; t = 19.50C (47) A 1.3342 1.0031 I 1.3351 1.0063 J 1.3366 1.0127 J 1.3396 1.0250 1 1.3454 1.0496 170. NaC4H7O2, Butyrate; t = 20.50C (41); see also 2Ql A 1.3339 1.0015 J 1.3350 1.0039 J 1.3372 1.0081 4 1.3410 1.0170 1 1.3485 1.0341 2 1.3633 1.0670 4 1.3889 1.1202 % B n™ (84) df 0 1.33253 0.9969 5 1.33470 1.014 171. NaC4H7O2, Isobutyrate; t = 22.50C (47) Nt n*D d\ A 1.3338 1.0013 1 1.3348 1.0039 \ 1.3371 1.0091 4 1.3410 1.0189 1 1.3492 1.0383 2 1.3650 1.0766 4 1.3916 1.1388

171.1. NaC6H9O2, Valerate; see 265 172. NaC5H9O2, Isovalerate; t = 22.50C (47) Nt n'D d\ A 1.3339 1.0009 I 1.3351 1.0030 \ 1.3373 1.0073 4 1.3417 1.0162 1 1.3506 1.0331 2 1.3677 1.0632 4 1.4000 1.1052 172.1. NaC7H4NO4, o-Nitrobenzoate; see 286 172.2. NaC 7 H 4 NO 4 , m-Nitrobenzoate; see 287 172.3. NaC7H4NO4, p-Nitrobenzoate; see 288 173. NaC7H5O2, Benzoate; t = 2O0C (47) ; see also 294 Nt n'D d\ & 1.3351 1.0033 J 1.3374 1.0071 i 1.3416 1.0152 i 1.3504 1.0303 1 1.3662 1.0602 2 1.3981 1.1169 174. NaC7H5O3, Salicylate; t = 190C (47) A 1.3352 1.0045 i 1.3375 1.0090 i 1.3421 1.0183 J 1.3512 1.0368 1 1.3687 1.0728 2 1.4035 1.1425 175. NaC7H6O3, ra-Hydroxybenzoate; t = 230C (47) A1.3352 1.0033 i 1.3370 1.0079 i 1.3411 1.0168 4 1.3501 1.0336 176. NaC8H7O2, o-Toluate I = 24°c (47) A 1.3349 1.0019 i 1.3370 1.0056 J 1.3412 1.0130 i 1.3505 1.0278 1 1.3701 1.0563 177. NaC8H7O2, m-Toluate t = 240C (47) A 1.3341 1.0026 i 1.3350 1.0060 i 1.3372 1.0132 J 1.3491 1.0267 1 1.3647 1.0527 178. NaC8H7O2, p-Toluate t = 240C (47) A 1.3346 1.0024 i 1.3367 1.0068 J 1.3409 1.0154 I 1.3493 1.0323 179. NaC8Hi5O2, n-Octoate t = 220C (47) i 1.3390 1.0042 1 1.3566 1.0174

180. NaCi0Hj9O2, w-Decoate; t = 25.50C (47) Nt nlD d\ A 1.3348 1.0012 \ 1.3363 1.0023 i 1.3397 1.0056 \ 1.3465 1.0122 1 1.3603 1.0234 181. NaCi6H3IO2, Palmitate (85); see also 341 g B/l soln., 70°| n^° Pure; from pure acid and alkali 30.4 1.32935 40.7 1.33078 51.9 1.33223 62.3 1.33362 Purified commercial material 28.9 1.32935 33.7 1.33050 45.2 1.33147 52.3 1.33293 64.7 1.33455 72.1 1.33549 86.8 1.33777 182. NaCi8H33O2, Oleate (85); see also 344 Pure; from pure acid and alkali 38.8 1.33078 49.7 1.33223 69.2 1.33503 100.4 1.33985 126.8 1.34351 149.0 1.34715 177.5 1 35122 183. NaCi8H35O2, Stearate (85) Purified commercial material 24.2 1.32855 28.4 1.32921 35.7 1.33042 44.9 1.33132 For the above and other soaps, see also Vol. V, p. 456, 458. 184. Na2C4H4O4, Succinate Nt I ni I d\ t = 220C (47) A 1.3335 1.0020 i 1.3343 1.0051 J 1.3360 1.0111 \ 1.3389 1.0231 1 1.3452 1.0465 2 1.3568 1.0915 4 1.3791 1.1772 185. Na2C4H4O6, Tartrate t = 190C (47) A 1.3343 1.0036 i 1.3352 1.0072 i 1.3368 1.0144 4 1.3400 1.0284 1 1.3462 1.0561 2 1.3578 1.1094 4 1.3797 1.2115

186. Na2C8H4O4, Phthalate Nt I n*D I d\ t = 230C (47) A 1.3343 1.0024 J 1.3359 1.0063 i 1.3384 1.0139 J 1.3440 1.0286 1 1.3548 1.0576 187.

Na2C8H4O4, Isophthalate t = 230C (47) A 1.3341 1.0019 i 1.3355 1.0056 J 1.3382 1.0123 i 1.3436 1.0256 1 1.3542 1.0523 2 1.3747 1.1041

188. Na(C2H5)SO4, Ethylsulfate, best commercial material (35)

MB/MA ni> d\ t 17.40 1.36387*1.168914 16.71 1.3636Of 1.1699 12.5 12.39 1.37431 1.238013.5 * Recrystallized from CaHsOH, dried at 10O0C t Recrystallized from CzRbOH, airdried.

188.1. NaC 7 H 5 N 2 O 4 , p-Nitrophenylnitromethane; see 293 189. NaCNS (64) #18

0.5 1.0 2.0 4.0 MB/MA 11.27 6.66 5.66

<

1.33990 1.34642 1.35927 1.38387 W1J (35) dl* 1.40250* 1.1600 1.43336* 1.2306 1.44461t 1.2599

* Crystallized from 96 % C2H5OH. t Kahlbaum's material.

190. Na2SiO3 (64); see also 570 N1S n l* 0.1 1.33474 0.2 1.33615 0.5 1.34019 1.0 1.34657 2.0 1.35859 4.0 1.38011 191. Na 2 CrO 4 (**) 0.3 1.33941 0.5 1.34342 1 1.35329 2 1.37234 192. KOH (28); see 54&-550 Nt n'D 1.0 1.3439 1.0 1.3427 2.0 1.3538 2.0 1.3530 * t - 12 to 12.50C.

also 539,

t 15 25 12* 17.5

193.

KCl (10); see also 230, 572, 584 07 "R /O -D

0.9466 0.9716 0.9769 0.9983 1.0013 2.4297 2.4623 4.6474 4.8150 4.8318 4.8340 7.1573 7.1699 9.0221 9.4153 9.5004 13.758 17.852 17.898 21.522 21.770

25

25

-wD n

/7 a±

1.33376 1.33380 1.33380 1.33382 1.33388 1.33577 1.33581 1.33871 1.33896 1.33896 1.33896 1.34215 1.34215 1.34463 1.34517 1.34528 1.35122 1.35678 1.35687 1.36202 1.36238

1.00303 1.0031 1.0032 1.0033 1.0036 1.0122 1.0124 1.02654 1.0285 1.0281 1.0282 1.0428 1.0430 1.0549 1.0577 1.05814 1.0865 1.1155 1.1160 1.1426 1.1441

(138)

%B 5 10 15 20 If g B/l soln., wg = 1.34208, df (113).

n2 1.33931 1.34643 1.35035 1.35992 25° = 74.6, = 1.04296

t = 18°C (64)

Nt n'D 0.1 1.33423 0.2* 1.33525 0.5 1.33825 1.0 1.34299 2.0 1.35215 3.0 1.36053 t = 2O0C (56) 1 I 1.34260 (Abbe) t = 2O0C (14) 0.1 1.3341f 1 1.34281 2 1.3518 3 1.3603 8

*»i = 1.33513 (148). t /i30 = 1.3329. t n3Q = 1.3420.

% B 0.3786 0.9874 1.4297 1.4978 2.9364 3.6692 4.1387 4.2164 4.2999 4.4552 7.1636

194. KBr(IO) n% df 1.33292 0.99971 1.33370 1.00396 1.33408 1.00718 1.33425 1.00776 1.33596 1.01829 1.33684 1.02373 1.33743 1.02704 1.33749 1.02770 1.33763 1.02821 1.33777 1.02941 1.34115 1.05006

194.—(Continued) % B ni* d\* 7.8856 1.34200 1.05543 8.8542 1.34327 1.06317 9.7228 1.34435 1.06977 10.7476 1.34575 1.07881 21.017 1.35984 1.16718 Nt I n*D t = 18°C (64)

0.5 1.34011 1.0 1.34658 2.0 1.35967 4.0 1.38409 (Abbe-Zeiss) t = 2O0C (14) 0.1 1.3345 1 1.3470 1 n3jj = 1.3461

195. KI (10); see also % B n% 0.4379 1.33306 0.9151 1.33367 1.2259 1.33409 2.3607 1.33554 3.1122 1.33658 5.1029 1.33927 8.5864 1.34422 25.604 1.37194 Nt I

573, 585 df 1.00045 1.00382 1.00601 1.01419 1.01986 1.03515 1.06282 1.2200 w}>

t = 18°C (64)

0.5 1.34411 1.0 1.35484 2.0 1.37581 4.0 1.41599 (Abbe-Zeiss) t = 2O0C (U) 0.1 1.3351 1 1.3540 1 n3D° = 1.3530 If g B/l soln. = 33.10, ng 1.33676, d\* = 1.02093 ("3).

197.—(Continued) If g B/l soln., 25° = 33.872, n% = 1.33661, dl5 = 1.02437 (113). * Recrystallized from HaO. t Recrystallized from HaO, dried at 10O0C. I Not recrystallized, dried at IQO0C.

198. KN 3 (PuIfrich) (19) g B/1

soln. 100

200

300

360

n' UD

1.34825 1.34774* 1.34731 a = 1.45 1.36220 1.36174* 1.36148 a = 1.6 1.37620 1.37527* 1.37480 a = 2.06 1.38385 1.38291* 1.38208 a = 2.08

tl

16.5 20.0 23.0 17.1 20.0 21.6 15.5 20.0 22.3 15.5 20.0 24

* Interpolated.

199. KNO 3 ; * = 180C (64) tf< ni 0.1 1.33426 0.2 1.33520 0.5 1.33801 1.0 1.34244 2.0 1.35066 t = 2O0C (56) 0.5 1.33743 1.0 1.34182 (Abbe-Zeiss) t = 2O0C (14) 0.1 1.3341 1 1.3419 1 n*£ = 1.3410 200.

196. KHSO4 (Abbe-Zeiss); t = 2O0C (14) 0.1 1.3349 1 1.3465 1 n*£ = 1.3455

K 2 CO 3 (Abbe-Zeiss); t « 2O0C (14) 0.1 1.3341 1 1.3441 1 n3D° = 1.3431 201. K2C2O4, Oxalate (47) AT17

197. K2SO4 (35); Best commercial material; see also 546, 583 MB/MA n'D d\ t 107.4 1.34372*1.070514 100.53 1.34402 f 1.0718 14 100.0 1.34344f 1.0715 17 100.0 1.34394 1.072711 99.39 1.34394 1.073510 99.2 1.34361} 1.0724 15.5 90.9 1.34436 1.077914 (Abbe-Zeiss) t = 2O0C (14) AT20 n™ 0.1 1.3341 1.0 1.3432 1 n% = 1.3422

n%

d\]

& 1.3344 1.0034 J 1.3349 1.0070 i 1.3361 1.0145 J 1.3395 1.0293 1 1.3442 1.0576 2 1.3543 1.1129 MB/MA n'D (35) d\ t 54.30 1.35344 1.111113.5 27.77 1.36723*1.197217 * Recrystallized from dilute CzHsOH.

202. KHCO3 (Abbe-Zeiss) (U) NZQ n™ 0.1 1.3341 1 1.3440 1 n*£ = 1.3431

203. KCHO2, Formate Ni I n'D { d\ t = 210C ( 47 ) A 1.3331 1.0023 I 1.33371 1.0053 i 1.3349 1.0112 J 1.3371 1.0243 1 1.3409 1.0461 2 1.3491 1.0909 4 1.3601 1.1763 204. KC2H3O2, Acetate; t = 18°C

tfis 0.1 0.2 0.5 1.0 2.0 4.0 Nt A \ i J 1 2 4

(64)

wj? 1.33444 1.33555 1.33888 1.34439 1.35487 1.37402 n*D (47) d\ 1.3340 1.0027 1.3346 1.0054 1.3361 1.0108 1.3389 1.0214 1.3439 1.0424 1.3537 1.0830 1.3730 1.1609

205. KC3H6O2, Propionate t = 2O0C (47) & 1.3340 1.0019 i 1.3348 1.0048 J 1.3364 1.0103 i 1.3396 1.0215 1 1.3464 1.0438 2 1.3592 1.0866 4 1.3785 1.1443 206. KC4H7O2, Butyrate t = 2O0C (47) A 1.3336 1.0023 i 1.3350 1.0051 i 1.3371 1.0106 \ 1.3411 1.0219 1 1.3489 1.0439 2 1.3641 1.0864 4 1.3904 1.1579 207. KC4H7O2, Isobutyrate t = 250C (47) A 1.3336 1.0011 i 1.3346 1.0042 1 1.3366 1.0100 i 1.3408 1.0218 1 1.3485 1.0448 2 1.3640 1.0890 4 1.3909 1.1678 208.

KC7H5O2, Benzoate t = 18.50C (47) A 1.3350 1.0037 i 1.3368 1.0078 J 1.3408 1.0159 £ 1.3490 1.0322

209. KCi 6 H 3 IO 2 , Palmitate (8S); see also 340 and Vol. V, p. 456, 458 Purified commercial material g B/l soln., 70° ng 33 1.32935 38.2 1.33034 47.3 1.33162 56.2 1.33277 66.3 1.33424 75.7 1.33564 91.5 1.33762 210. K2C4H4O4, Succinate N* I nj, I d\ i = 190C (47) A 1.3337 1.0030 \ 1.3345 1.0062 i 1.3361 1.0129 J 1.3393 1.0260 1 1.3460 1.0516 2 1.3579 1.1035 4 1.3800 1.2003 211. A i i i 1 2 4

K2C4H4O6, Tartrate t = 180C (47) 1.3341 1.0044 1.3350 1.0090 1.3372 1.0179 1.3408 1.0359 1.3485 1.0707 1.3625 1.1379 1.3913 1.2665

212.

K3C6H6O7, Citrate t = 16.50C (47) A 1.3340 1.0041 i 1.3350 1.0082 i 1.3370 1.0166 J 1.3410 1.0331 1 1.3478 1.0650 2 1.3618 1.1293 4 1.3867 1.2452

213. K(CH3)SO4, Methylsulfate ( 3S ); best commercial material MB/MA n1^ d\™ 9.86 1.36905 1.2914 214. K(C2H5)SO4, Ethylsulfate ( 35 ); best commercial material MB/MA n'D d\ t 14.50 1.36632*1.2033 12 12.17 1.36960 1.2315 14 12.17 1.37024 1.2315 13 *Recrystallized air-dried.

from

CaH5OH;

214.1 KC6H6O3S, Benzenesulfonate; see 280 215. KCN (H3) ; see 576, 585 gB/1 soln., 25° nJJ 13.036 1.33386 13.038 1.33386 65.19 1.34039

also

574,

dj6 1.00350 1.00346 1.03153

215.1. KC6H4NO3, o-Nitrophenolate; see 272 215.2. KC6H4NO3, ra-Nitrophenolate; see 273 215.3. KC6H4NO3, p-Nitrophenolate; see 274 215.4. KC6H3N2O5, 2, 3-Dinitrophenolate; see 267 215.5. KC6H3N2O5, 2, 4-Dinitrophenolate; see 268 215.6. KC6H3N2O5, 2, 6-Dinitrophenolate; see 269 215.7. KC6H3N2O5, 3, 4-Dinitrophenolate; see 270 215.8. KC6H3N2O5, 3, 6-Dinitrophenolate; see 271 215.9. KC7H5N2O4, aetVPhenylnitromethane; see 289 216. KCNS; t = 18°C(64) Nt nlD 0.1 1.33508 0.2 1.33681 0.5 1.34204 1.0 1.35069 2.0 1.36780 4.0 1.40018 (Abbe-Zeiss) * - 2O0C (14) 0.1 1.3349 1 1.3511 1 n*g = 1.3502 217. K3Fe(CN)6; t = 180C (86) 0.5 1.34211 1 1.35071 2 1.36730 218. K4Fe(CN)6; t = 180C (86) 0.5 1.34253 1 1.35143 2 1.36874 219. K2CrO4;* = 180C (64) 0.1 1.33529 0.2 1.33732 0.5 1.34335 1.0 1.35305 2.0 1.37188 4.0 1.40709 t = 180C (86) 0.3 1.33929 0.5 1.34332 1 1.35305 2 1.37181 4 1.40661 (Abbe-Zeiss) t = 2O0C (14) 0.1 1.3350 1 1.3521 1 ttff = 1-3512 220. K 2 Cr 2 O 7 ; t = 180C (86) 0.3 1.34107 0.5 1.34628 221. RbCl;* = 180C (64) 0.1 1.33439 0.2 1.33550

221.—(Continued) Nt rfD 0.5 1.33873 1.0 1.34398 2.0 1.35383 4.0 1.37265 ForlAT;n^ 0 = 1.34337(56). 222. RbBr; t = 180C (64) 0.1 1.33476 0.2 1.33624 0.5 1.34064 1.0 1.34784 2.0 1.36177 4.0 1.38840 223. RbI;* = 180C (64) 0.2 1.33771 0.5 1.34450 1.0 1.35538 2.0 1.37721 4.0 1.41904 224. Rb 2 SO 4 ;* = 180C (64) 0.1 1.33453 0.2 1.33575 0.5 1.33925 1.0 1.34472 2.0 1.35482 3.0 1.36377 225. RbNO 3 ;* = 180C (64) 0.1 1.33435 0.2 1.33542 0.5 1.33855 1.0 1.34360 2.0 1.35308 3.0 1.36216 * = 2O0C (56)

0.5 1.33785 1.0 1.34268 226. CsCl;* = 180C (64) 0.5 1.33986 1.0 1.34623 2.0 1.35853 4.0 1.38187 For IAT, nj>° = 1.34571 (56). 227. CsBr;* = 180C (86) 0.5 1.34194 1 1.35042 2 1.36717 4 1.39909 228. CsNO 3 ; * = 180C (86) 0.3 1.33707 0.5 1.33953 1 1.34547 * = 2O0C (56)

0.5 1.33902 1.0 1.34492 228.1. Gelatin (83); 3.2% B * n*D dl 20 1.33749 1.006 30 1.33616 1.005 40 1.33488 1.003 50 1.33410 1.002 60 1.33298 1.000 Proteins; see Table 4

Non-Aqueous Two-Component Systems—Inorganic S 229.—(Continued) 229. B = Se (88) %B nD Room temp. 99.2 2.90 % B WD 100 292 0.0 1.998 viln QO

9 099

176 9 ,' n

2050 9 ' n78

31 8

2 107

375

2 134

43.2 48.2 53.0 57.0 64.0 70.0 75.0 80.0 877 93.8

2.163 2.193 2.220 2.248 2.307 2.365 2.423 2.490 2624 2.755

naVxl

230. B = KCl W (Abbe) t = 18.0 ± 0.10C 18
'

3

1!'^ 4955

™ 10

^ !-SOJ0 1.5048 1.509s 1 45 ^ 1 5205 ^ 1.525s i-5318 1 5382 ^ * 544a

20 30 40 5

^

60 70

80 90 10

°

.

Non-Aqueous Two-Component Systems The A-Component is a C-Compound (D-Arrangement, t>. Vol. Ill, p. viii All carbon compounds containing no element of key-number greater than 16 are here indexed as A-components. For others, see Section I. CCl4 Carbon tetrachloride; cf. (13°) 231. B = C2H4Br2, Ethylene bromide; t = 250C (129) % A n'p 0.00 1.5363 1.5261 10.62 20.27 1.5161 29.86 1.5076 39.85 1.4989 49.90 1.4909 60.02 1.4832 70.64 1.4763 80.02 1.4694 90.13 1.4634

232. B = C2H4O2, Acetic acid (137)

t

13.0 24.5 40.3 13.3 39.5 57.0 14.5 22.5 34.1

\

n'D \ df I t' 21.319% A 1.385241.13292 14.6 1.380501.12456 21.1 1.373401.11416 29.2 41.728% A 1.398291.22167 14.2 1.385721.21144 21.3 1.377081.19884 29.3 64.436% A 1.416761.33894 16.4 1.412771.32430 24.2 1.406601.31563 30.4

232.—(Continued) t

I

n*D

I

<

I

f

100.000% A 10.7 1.465631.60012 17.0 23.8 1.457861.58622 24.1 37.1 1.449891.57358 30.5 233. B = C2H5I, Ethyl iodide; t = 25.20C (152) % B n*D 0.00 1.45707 12.78 1.46385 21.16 1.46782 29.35 1.47102 40.29 1.47755 49.35 1.48239 60.77 1.48858 70.15 1.49375 80.03 1.49901 90.23 1.50469 100.00 1.51009 234. B = C4H8O2, Ethyl acetate; t = 25.20C (152) %B nS, 0.00 1.45707 9.74 1.44305 20.10 1.43026 29.81 1.41936 39.99 1.40948 59.68 1.39362 69.44 1.38698 79.45 1.38082 89.98 1.37524 100.00 1.37012

235. B = C6H6, Benzene % A I n'D t = 180C (80) O 1.5024 10 1.5008 20 1.4985 30 1.4958 40 1.4929 50 1.4894 60 1.4853 70 1.4807 80 1.4755 90 1.4692 100 1.4618 t = 250C (70) 0.000 1.49794 16.873 1.49420 31.954 1.49030 43.419 1.48674 55.495 1.48232 64.704 1.47849 71.042 1.47555 79.671 1.47109 87.639 1.46629 93.504 1.46230 100.000 1.45732 236. B = C7H8, Toluene t « 180C (80) O 1.4970 10 1.4965 20 1.4937 30 1.4914 40 1.4889 50 1.4860 60 1.4827 70 1.4787 80 1.4742 90 1.4685 100 1.4618 t = 250C (129) 0.00 1.4929 9.66 1.4912 20.00 1.4891 31.21 1.4869 39.88 1.4849 49.88 1.4817 60.29 1.4785 69.94 1.4743 80.04 1.4698 89.89 1.4641 100.00 1.4575 See also 586.

CS2 Carbon disulfide; cf. («, 154) 237. B = SnCl4, Stannic chloride (135) t

I

W6876

I

<*4

I

t'

0.00% B 19.1 1.627831.26037 21.2 28.3 1.620701.24069 34.2 13.8282% B 25.7 1.611601..33067 25.9 34.1 1.604761.31700 34.5

237'.—(Continued) I r476 I < I t 27.2410% B 24.9 1.599531.41697 25.2 34.1 1.592591.40184 34.2 38.6050% B 23.7 1.588981.50003 24.5 34.1 1.580921.48290 34.3 44.3085% B 24.2 1.582341.54270 25.9 36.1 1.573461.52696 34.4 66.3864% B 26.2 1.555351.74819 26.5 35.5 1.548521.73114 34.6 80.7152% B 25.1 1.536901.91772 25.1 37.4 1.528621.89828 34.5 100.00% B 27.1 1.507512.21355 23.3 42.7 1.497952.12436 58.0 t

238. B = CHCl3, Chloroform (135) t

19.1 28.3 27.8 35.7 26.6 33.1 26.1 36.4 26.0 36.5 28.5 33.8 22.7 35.4

I

Wj 876

I

<

I

t'

0.000% B 1.627831.26037 21.0 1.620701.24069 34.2 19.1533% B 1.587061.27966 29.1 1.581481.27344 33.9 34.8063% B 1.559711.31066 27.7 1.554571.30240 33.0 50.6210% B 1.531571.34150 27.7 1.523911.33358 33.8 58.9405% B 1.516691.35928 27.8 1.508741.34857 33.9 75.7576% B 1.483821.39727 29.0 1.479921.38919 33.3 100.000% B 1.443201.47571 22.0 1.435481.44307 39.5

239. B = C2H4O2, Acetic acid (133, 136)

M

6.8 20.9 34.5 11.9 23.1 44.3 13.9 21.1 35.0 11.5 23.0 41.2

n*D I X I *' 0.000% B 1.638161.27348 13.4 1.626941.25983 22.6 1.615881.24283 33.9 12.076% B 1.587231.22831 13.5 1.578541.21786 20.6 1.561721.20261 30.8 - 61.284% B 1.446951.10562 14.7 1.442811.09475 22.7 1.434611.08355 30.7 80.298% B 1.408551.07807 13.0 1.403001.06871 20.7 1.394241.05643 30.1

C S2.—(Continued) 239.—-(Continued) t \ nj I dj I «' 100.000% B 21.2 1.371461.05819 12.5 31.7 1.367381.04546 23.9 49.7 1.360141.03897 30.4 240. B = C2H8NO3, Ethyl nitrate (105) %B n}? < t' 0.00 1.655131.26839 16.8 46.73 1.510121.17388 15.0 241. B = hol; % B 0.000 20.182 31.966 49.234 100.000

C2H6O, Ethyl alcot = 2O0C («4) n'p d\ 1.65268 1.26354 1.56279 1.12167 1.52081 1.05425 1.47039 0.97177 1.36676 0.79628

242. B = C3H6O, Acetone ( 70 > 71

);C/. (152)

%A 0.000 13.245 29.326 40.329 51.761 51.799 51.902 71.137 83.283 86.892 100.000

n$ 1.35645 1.37576 1.40364 1.42567 1.45253 1.45253 1.45271 1.50692 1.55043 1.56465 1.62357

243. B = C3H8O2, Methylal t = 250C (70, 71) 0.000 1.35018 12.921 1.37164 28.682 1.40178 38.408 1.42294 45.630 1.44005 53.139 1.45922 60.034 1.47810 62.38 1.48497 65.262 1.49357 75.141 1.52508 86.449 1.56665 100.000 1.62357 t = 25.4°C (152); cf. (82)

0.00 10.14 20.24 30.45 40.45 50.28 60.06 69.75 80.00 89.73 94.25 100.00

1.35064 1.36739 1.38556 1.40622 1.42831 1.45247 1.47892 1.50863 1.54264 1.57937 1.59829 .1.62341

244. B s= C4H8O2, Isobutyric acid

t

\

n*D I < I *' 0.000% B 6.8 1.638161.27348 13.4 20.9 1.626941.25983 22.6 34.5 1.615881.24283 33.9 20.336% B 11.751.564451.18353 13.3 19.5 1.559081.17067 22.7 34.5 1.548101.15993 30.1 45.276% B 11.2 1.496871.09615 12.4 18.2 1.492531.08550 21.1 30.8 1.484701.07236 31.0 68.028% B 13.2 1.448131.03144 13.1 18.4 1.445151.02316 20.4 38.0 1.434801.01398 28.2 100.000% B 9.1 1.396890.96211 11.4 25.9 1.389730.93921 34.2 39.4 1.383940.91978 53.2 68.4 1.371450.89795 74.4

245. B = C4Hi0O, Isobutyl alcohol (133,136) 15.803% B 9.6 1.576311.16304 11.3 28.9 1.561981.15392 18.7 39.7 1.553571.13648 31.7 30.008% B 8.3 1.533801.07702 13.9 25.2 1.522661.06903 21.1 33.6 1.516641,05245 34.2 50.220% B 11.8 1.482760.97919 15.5 22.1 1.476790.96248 30.7 70.388% B 9.5 1.444700.90118 13.8 22.4 1.438250.88336 32.4 100.000% B 23.7 1.393720.80680 16.2 34.9 1.389120.79423 31.8 246. B = C4Hi0O, Ethyl ether (135)

t 19.1 28.3 24.0 30.2 25.4 30.3 24.4 30.3 25.3 30.6 25.7 24.8 29.7

247. B = C6Hi0O2, Isovaleric

(133,136)

I n«M76 i ctf I t' 0.000% B 1.627831.26037 21.0 1.620701.24069 34.2 20.3505% B 1.535241.085081 24.2 1.530841.07455| 31.5 29.6571% B 1.501871.02038 25.0 1.497731.01067 31.8 41.5400% B 1.467290.95077 23.7 1.463360.94204 30.0 59.9864% B 1.420700.85919 23.0 1.416790.84799 31.6 79.7398% B |l.38123|0.77530| 25.5 100.000% B 1.349740.70920 23.7 1.346650.69894 32.3

acid ( 1 3 3 , 1 3 6 )

t

\

n'D

\

4

t I

V

28.295% B 9.5 1.546261.14718 12.1 20.3 1.538911.13613 20.7 32.0 1.530951.12267 30.7 45.900% B 8.0 1.503461.08096 14.2 19.8 1.496391.07130 22.3 26.6 1.492131.06044 31.2 62.573% B 11.2 1.466661.03281 10.2 20.5 1.461581.02326 19.7 37.7 1.452341.01100 30.7 100.000% B 8.1 1.40736 28.3 1.398880.93319 17.6 41.9 1.393220.91204 40.2 57.0 1.386940.89222 60.8 CHBr3 Bromoform 248. B = CHCl3, Chloroform (51)

%B 0.00 7.88 20.87 23.47 24.34 38.92 54.12 78.11 100.00

w« 1.58794 1.57086 1.54356 1.53988 1.53690 1.51184 1.49001 1.46360 1.44260

CHCl3 Chloroform; cf. («, 75) 249. B = C2H4O2, Acetic acid (137) «

I

»'/>

I

\

8.7 24.9 30.2 10.0 25.0 33.0 6.2 17.3 36.6 11.0 22.4 35.8 10.5 24.2 31.3 7.3 17.4 36.5 11.8 24.0 37.5 10.1 25.2 43.5

250.—(Continued) n*D \ dft I

t'

19.522% A 1.376260.87860 11.7 1.369440.86882 22.0 1.367110.86055 30.6 27.661% A 1.380360.91587 11.3 1.373670.90777 19.7 1.370280.89725 29.8 34.824% A 1.387140.95644 10.7 1.382110.94825 18.7 1.373310.93548 30.3 49.079% A 1.395371.04136 10.2 1.390021.02775 21.9 1.38351 1.01505 32.0 60.901% A 1.405391.11711 14.5 1.398491.10569 23.1 1.394861.09548 30.5 78.429% A 1.42431 1.26612 10.9 1.418771.25308 19.4 1.407951.23663 29.7 87.414% A 1.432511.35474 10.9 1.425561.33693 21.7 1.417541.32113 30.7 100.000% A 1.452061.50584 11.2 1.442901.49090 19.3 1.431761.46987 30.6

251. B = C3H6O, Acetone (137) ;c /. (70,152)

(tf

I

t'

27.584% A 12.9 1.387631.14511 14.5 22.0 1.38411 1.13496 22.3 39.4 1.376351.12221 32.0 50.994% A 12.1 1.403151.23599 14.5 22.8 1.398111.22515 21.9 39.2 1.390151.21275 30.0 68.619% A 13.0 1.417331.31752 14.7 24.0 1.411571.30404 23.1 43.9 1.400681.29206 30.3 80.763% A 10.0 I 1.430191.38688 11.7 21.6 1.423731.37281 20.0 41.8 1.412251.35469 30.4 250. B = C2H6O, Ethyl alcohol (137) 0.000% A 10.8 1.365010.79693 11.3 18.7 1.361850.78884 21.0 47.5 1.349840.78152 29.3

0.000% A 9.6 1.364360.7991 13.4 20.4 1.358740.7928 19.2 37.4 1.349620.7850 26.0 22.396% A 10.6 1.375330.89393 11.7 24.4 1.368030.88351 20.5 36.0 1.361710.87181 30.0 41.577% A 11.7 1.387240.99346 11.8 28.0 1.378470.97933 23.0 36.2 1.373990.96852 30.1 56.889% A 10.2 1.40037 1.09070 12.0 21.0 1.394601.07611 22.4 36.5 1.386091.06194 31.6 84.064% A 12.4 1.428351.32149 11.8 20.0 1.423881.30576 21.5 36.3 1.414561.28932 31.1 93.901% A 12.2 1.441681.42861 12.2 19.0 1.437881.41283 21.2 31.2 1.430341.39038 33.4

251.—(Continued) (70); c/. (71,152)

%A ng 0.00 1.35621 16.664 1.36454 33.039 1.37417 45.832 1.38332 56.298 1.39196 64.507 1.39943 72.276 1.40757 79.884 1.41618 88.409 1.42692 94.292 1.43487 100.000 1.44309 See also 238, 248. CH2I2

Methylene iodide 252. B = C6Hi0O4, Diethyl oxalate (105) % A njf d\* 0.00 1.41781 1.08547 75.50 1.57322 2.18438 100.00 1.77266 3.3398 CH2O Formaldehyde; see 20 CH2O2 Formic acid 253. B = Ci0Hi6O, Camphor (53)

%B

ny

di°

0.00 1.3709 1.2201 8.44 1.3794 1.1881 17.27 1.3891 1.1579 26.56 1.3971 1.1313 36.31 1.4063 1.1026 46.54 1.4175 1.0746 If % B < 50, a = 1.3709, b = 0.9775, € = 1 or 2.

CH4N2S Ammonium thiocyanate; see 21 CH4O Methyl alcohol 254. B = CdI2, Cadmium iodide; t = 20.50C (48) % B n*D d\ 0.000 1.32875 0.7942 0.012 1.32887 0.7942 0.115 1.32887 0.7943 0.460 1.32932 0.7969 1.150 1.33016 0.8021 2.301 1.33159 0.8099 4.602 1.33452 0.8269 11.555 1.34300 0.8766 If % B < 11.6, a = 1.32875, b = 1.235, c = O, 6 = 1. 255. B = C2H3NaO2, Sodium acetate; t = 250C (84) 5 I 1.33279 I 0.8134

256. B = C2H4O2, Acetic acid; t = 250C (84) % B n*D dl O 1.32663 0.7894 5 1.32978 0.8021 257. B = C2H6O, Ethyl alcohol; t = 150C (36) %B n'D 0.00 1.33057 10.63 1.33390 21.22 1.33740 32.03 1.34115 41.21 1.34422 49.84 1.34697 61.08 1.35070 74.895 1.35517 81.31 1.35718 90.10 1.36010 100.00 1.36330 10On = UA(% A) + n B (% B); € = 1 or 2. 258. B = C3H5NaO2, Sodium propionate; t = 250C (84) % B n'D dl 5 1.33415 0.8146 259. B = C3H6O2, Propionic acid; t = 250C (84) 5 I 1.33176 I 0.8036 260. B = C3H8O, n-Propyl alcohol; t = 150C (36) % B n}> 0.00 1.33053 4.37 1.33312 9.88 1.33603 34.63 1.35002 40.90 1.35394 59.62 1.36423 68.12 1.36900 78.94 1.37518 88.035 1.38036 100.00 1.38726 10On = n A (% A) + n B (% B); e = 1 or 2. 261. B = C4H7NaO2, Sodium butyrate; t = 250C (84) % B ni> d\ 5 1.33540 0.8156 262. B = C4H8O2, Butyric acid; t = 250C (84) 5 I 1.33350 I 0.8050 263. B = C4Hi0O, Isobutyl alcohol; t = 150C (36) %B ni> 0.00 1.33053 5.34 1.33484 14.19 1.34055 22.545 1.34620 39.47 1.35710 49.415 1.36372 89.84 1.39102 100.00 1.39750 n is not quite linear in % B.

264. B = C5H6N, Pyridine; t = 17.50C (147) g B/l soln. nlD 0.00 1.32979 7.98 1.33130 15.96 1.33285 59.80 1.34124 119.59 1.35257 If g B/l soln. < 120, n%'5 = {1.32979 + 0.00019(gB/l soln.)} + 0.0001. 265. B = C5H9NaO2, Sodium valerate; t = 250C (84) %B n*D dl 5 1.33508 0.8160 266. B = C5HI0O2, Valeric acid; t = 250C (84) 5 I 1.33500 I 0.8066 267. B = C6H3KN2O5, 2, 3-Dinitrophenolate; t = 250C (84) 5 I 1.33251 I 0.8106 268. B = C6H3KN2O5, 2, 4-Dinitrophenolate; t = 250C (84) 5 I 1.33375 I 0.8112 269. B = C6H3KN2O5, 2, 6-Dinitrophenolate; t = 250C (84) 5 I 1.33395 I 0.8115 270. B = C6H3KN2O5, 3, 4-Dinitrophenolate; t = 250C (84) 5 I 1.33242 I 0.8105 271.B = C6H3KN2O5, 3, 6-Dinitrophenolate; t = 250C (84) 5 I 1.33240 I 0.8104 272. B = C6H4KNO3, o-Nitrophenolate; t = 250C (84) 2.5 I 1.32654 | 0.7909 273. B = C6H4KNO3, ra-Nitrophenolate; t = 250C (84) 2.5 I 1.32335 | 0.7900 274. B = C6H4KNO3, p-Nitrophenolate; t = 250C (84) 2.5 [ 1.32910 I 0.7940 275. B = C6H4N2O5, 2, 3-Dinitrophenol; t = 250C (84) 5 I 1.33234 I 0.8050 276. B = C6H4N2O5, 2, 4-Dinitrophenol; t = 250C (84) 5 I 1.33270 I 0.8056 277. B = C6H4N2O5, 2, 6-Dinitrophenol; t = 250C (84) 5 I 1.33290 I 0.8058 278. B = C6H4N2O5, 3, 4-Dinitrophenol; t = 250C (84) 5 I 1.33217 I 0.8048 279. B = C6H4N2O5, 3, 6-Dinitrophenol; t = 250C (84) 5 I 1.33231 I 0.8049 280. B = C6H5KO3S, Benzenesulfonate; t = 250C (84) 5 I 1.32689 I 0.8015

281. B = C6H5NO3, o-Nitrophenol; t = 250C (84)

% B

n'D

dl

5

1.33020

0.7951

282. B = C6H5NO3, m-Nitrophenol; t = 250C (84) 5 I 1.32850 I 0.7957 283. B = C6H5NO3, p-Nitrophenol; t = 250C (84) 5 I 1.32880 [ 0.8006 284. B = C6H6, Benzene; t = 17.50C (147) g B/l soln. U 1D 0.00 1.32979 4.07 1.33057 8.13 1.33133 15.01 1.33266 30.03 1.33549 49.58 1.33924 105.72 1.34988 156.60 1.35961 If g B/l soln. < 40, n%'b = {1.32979 -f 0.000285 (gB /1 soln.)} +0.0001. 285. B = C6H6O3S, Benzenesulfonic acid; t = 250C (84)

% B nj> d\ 5 1.32989 0.8002 286. B = C 7 H 4 NNaO 4 , o-Nitrobenzoate; t = 250C (84) 5 I 1.33510 I 0.8189 287. B = C 7 H 4 NNaO 4 , m-Nitrobenzoate; t = 250C (84) 5 I 1.33479 I 0.8188 288. B = C7H4NNaO4, p-Nitrobenzoate; t = 250C (84) 5 I 1.33528 I 0.8189 289. B = C7H5KN2O4, aci-oNitrophenylnitromethane; t = 250C (84) 2.5 I 1.32842 | 0.7990 290. B = C7H5NO4, o-Nitrobenzoic acid; t = 250C (84) 5 I 1.33290 I 0.8120 291. B = C7H5NO4, ra-Nitrobenzoic acid; t = 250C (84) 5 I 1.33290 I 0.8118 292. B = C7H5NO4, p-Nitrobenzoic acid; t = 250C (84) 5 I 1.33291 I 0.8120 293. B = C7H5N2NaO4, acip-Nitrophenylnitromethane; t = 250C (84) 2.5 I 1.32870 I 0.7987 294. B = C7H5NaO2, Benzoate; * = 250C (84) 5 I 1.33466 I 0.8160 295. B = C7H6N2O4, aci-oNitrophenylnitromethane; t = 250C (84) 2.5 I 1.32811 I 0.7962

CH4O.—(Continued) 296. B = C 7 H 6 N 2 O 4 , aci-pNitrophenylnitromethane; t = 250C (84) % B 1 n'D d{ 2.5 I 1.32802 0.7960 297. B = C7H6O2, Benzole acid; t = 250C (84) 5 I 1.33369 I 0.8100 298. B = C 9 H 7 N, Quinoline; t = 17.50C (147) g B/l soln. /4) 0.00 1.32979 19.82 1.33549 1.34111 39.64 If g B/l soln. < 4 0 , w = f 1.32979 + 0.000285(g B/l soln.)} + 0.0001. 299. B = Ci0H8, Naphthalene; t = 17.50C (147) % B n\> 0.00 1.32979 1.07 1.33208 1.99 1.33435 1.33888 3.91 If %B <4, n = {1.32979 + 0.00232(%B)} ±0.0001. 300. B = C10Hi6O, Camphor; * = 2O0C ( 5 3) % B n*D dl 0.00 1.3290 0.7912 12.34 1.3435 0.8102 24.14 1.3576 0.8286 35.46 1.3723 0.8472 46.26 1.3876 0.8649 56.66 1.4026 0.8827 If % B < 50, a = 1.3290, b = 1.112, c = 3.24, e = 2 or 3. 301. B = Ci2Hi0, Diphenyl; * = 17.50C (147) %B n*D 0.00 1.32979 0.355 1.33062 1.40 1.33296 1.71 1.33370 2.76 1.33603 3.24 1.33743 6.50 1.34485 If % B < 6.5, a = 1.32979, b = 2.32, c = O, e = 1. 302. B = Cj9Hi6, Triphenylmethane;* = 17.50C (147) 0.00 1.32979 0.543 1.33097 0.717 1.33135 1.42 1.33293 If % B < 1.5, a = 1.32979, b = 2.21, c = O, e = 1. See also 22, 552.

C2HCl3O2 Trichloracetic acid; see 23

307. B = C3H6O, Acetone

C2H2O 4

(137)

Oxalic acid; see 24, 553 f

C2H4Br2

Ethylene bromide; cf. O 28 ) 303. B = C3H6Br2, Propylene bromide;* = 25.40C (152) %B n'D 0.00 1.53601 6.06 1.53466 19.74 1.53190 26.97 1.53048 32.10 1.52953 40.27 1.52797 51.64 1.52588 60.11 1.52430 69.72 1.52263 80.27 1.52081 90.64 1.51898 100.00 1.51745 304. B = C7H8, Toluene; t = 250C (129) 0.00 1.5363 10.00 1.5250 20.00 1.5170 30.00 1.5110 40.00 1.5065 50.00 1.5028 60.00 1.5000 70.00 1.4977 80.00 1.4960 90.00 1.4943 100.00 1.4929

I

9.8 23.8 7.8 20.3 9.8 25.9 12.1 23.3 9.7 25.4 43.0

t

n}, I d* \ 26.844% A 1.380580.88827 1.372940.87478 51.575% A 1.399380.98873 1.392830.97591 72.414% A 1.417741.09289 1.408941.07983 86.874% A 1.431981.17482 1.425921.16078 100.000% A 1.450311.25759 1.441781.24792 1.432101.23841

t'

11.9 23.3 11.2 21.4 10.3 20.1 12.5 22.6 17.2 23.8 30.1

308. B = C6H6, Benzene (152) % A n%'2 0.00 1.49779 10.16 1.49294 23.25 1.48641 30.30 1.48273 41.35 1.47696 49.40 1.47270 60.07 1.46687 60.44 1.46643 71.04 1.46041 78.81 1.45572 90.80 1.44842 100.00 1.44225

C2H4O 305. B = Ci0H8, Naphthalene; t = 17.40C (76) % B n*D d[ 0.000 1.53832 2.1639 9.629 1.55250 1.9540 14.407 1.55897 1.8655 See also 231, 586.

C2H4Cl2 Ethylene chloride 306. B = C 2 H 4 O 2 , Acetic acid (137)

t

9.0 21.2 41.8 9.7 20.2 37.2 8.6 23.5 42.0 9.0 28.5 52.3

\

n'D I tf I 26.593% A 1.390181.10223 1.384881.09026 1.375891.07690 46.948% A 1.403071.13834 1.398351.12615 1.390221.11395 69.568% A 1.421131.18804 1.413701.17327 1.404311.16102 88.390% A 1.438251.23438 1.428111.22088 1.415341.20640

f

10.1 20.0 31.3 11.4 20.9 30.3

Acetaldehyde 309. B = 78 C2H6O, Ethyl alcohol

( );c/. (134)

%A 0.00 10.01 20.99 21.61 30.58 36.36 42.01 52.04 61.56 74.10 81.10 100.00

ni8 1.3601 1.3660 1.3720 1.3727 1.3764 1.3784 1.3790 1.3775 1.3718 1.3614 1.3538 1.3392

mide (137)

10.4 21.3 30.3

14.1 24.4 44.4

10.7 20.2 30.2

13.5 24.0 36.1

\

n'D \ d{ I 21.961% B 1.381501.08095 1.377171.07000 1.368431.06157 43.647% B 1.391731.11132 1.386931.10189 1.381181.08960

10.4 26.0 58.8

311. B = C5H5N, Pyridine (152)

r$-2 1.50695 1.50170 1.49523 1.48399 1.47284 1.46235 1.45277 1.44335 1.43312 1.42051 1.39891 1.37015

% A 0.00 4.62 10.21 20.30 30.40 40.40 50.05 60.07 70.24 79.80 90.35 100.00

312. B = C6H6, Benzene (™> 71

); C/. (152)

% A 0.000 11.634 23.614 34.008 44.857 54.459 63.968 73.819 82.321 91.338 100.000 313. B = C6H7N, % B 0.00 11.87 33.33 38.65 57.10 65.54 79.16 93.31 100.00

C2H4O2 Acetic acid; cf. (20, iss) 310. B = C4H9Br, Butyl brot

13.2 40.7

310.—(Continued) \ n*» I d{ I f 68.091% B 1.405541.15152 14.4 1:391161.12783 31.0 100.000% B 1.432281.22678 10.8 1.423321.21142 20.5 1.403571.19534 30.2

t'

14.4 23.5 30.3 14.4 21.7 31.0

ng 1.49794 1.48218 1.46628 1.45265 1.43861 1.42618 1.41418 1.40172 1.39119 1.38023 1.36976 Aniline («) n$ 1.37070 1.40811 1.46261 1.47446 1.51066 1.52412 1.54916 1.53718 1.58118

314. B = C7H8, Toluene (152) % A n%'2 0.00 1.49366 4.69 1.48785 9.20 1.48224 19.75 1.46910 29.75 1.45667 40.27 1.44360 49.90 1.43166 60.11 1.41921 69.94 1.40691 79.88 1.39469 89.84 1.38242 100.00 1.37003

315. B = Ci0H16O, Camphor

C2H5NO3

(53)

%B ni° dj° 0.00 1.3713 1.0495 1.3811 1.0397 9.64 1.3913 1.0308 19.40 29.45 1.4010 1.0211 1.0115 39.56 1.4115 49.89 1.4221 1.0022 If % B < 50, a = 1.3713, b = 1.018, e = 1 or 2. See also 25, 232, 239, 249, 256, 306, 554.

C2H4O3 GIycolic acid; see 26, 555

C2H5Br Ethyl bromide 316. B = C3H6O, Acetone («7)

« I *!> I <# ! r

0.000% A 9.6 1.364360.79279 19.2 20.4 1.358740.78499 26.0 33.110% A 16.9 1.372690.93226 18.3 28.7 1.366100.91795 28.7 50.812% A 16.3 1.382021.02784 19.2 28.3 1.375071.01465 28.0 67.809% A 16.8 1.392901.14969 14.9 24.7 1.388451.12158 29.8 100.000% A 16.0 1.425771.45543 20.9 32.1 1.415561.44561 25.6 C2H6BrO Ethylenebromohydrin; see 27 C2H6ClO Ethylenechlorohydrin ( 54 )

C2H6I Ethyl iodide 317. B = C4H8O2, Ethyl acetate (70»

71

); C/.

%A 0.000 19.082 35.007 49.517 59.741 68.529 74.566 82.792 89.093 94.970 100.000 See also 233.

(152)

nU 1.37005 1.38150 1.39393 1.40822 1.42090 1.43402 1.44447 1.46121 1.47646 1.49318 1.50992

318. B %B 0.00 38.16 100.00

Ethyl nitrate = C7H16, Heptane (105) nj,5 dj' f 1.38509*1.1131516.2 1.38442 0.8959915.0 1.38855

* At 16.20C.

319. B = C10H7Br, a-Bromonaphthalene ( 105 ) 59.99 1.51739 1.3067715 100.00 1.65186 1.4934015 See also 240.

C2H6O

50

Ethyi alcohol; c/. ( > 63, 68, 75, 131)

320. B = CdI2, Cadmium iodide ( 48 ) %B ng-6 dl0'6 0.000 1.36104 0.7891 0.116 1.36117 0.7900 0.232 1.36136 0.7911 0.464 1.36148 0.7924 1.160 1.36219 0.7973 2.321 1.36355 0.8052 4.641 1.36559 0.8210 5.802 1.36695 0.8292 11.613 1.37289 0.8688 23.206 1.38517 0.9484 46.412 1.40964 1.1068

323. B = C4Hi0O, Isobutyl alcohol; * = 150C (36) % A wj> 0.00 1.39750 31.46 1.38644 40.91 1.38312 50.51 1.37995 70.94 1.37295 87.66 1.36734 93.695 1.36542 100.00 1.36330 n is not quite linear in % B. 324. B = C6H6, Benzene; t = 180C (80) O 1.5024 10 1.4869 20 1.4716 30 1.4568 40 1.4425 50 1.4283 60 1.4146 70 1.4011 80 1.3878 90 1.3749 100 1.3622

325. B = C6H7N, Aniline (95) %B rig 0.00 1.3596 9.81 1.3782 20.49 1.3993 29.71 1.4183 36.37 1.4317 321. B = C3H8O, rc-Propyl 50.88 1.4630 alcohol;* = 250C (»», 100) 59.61 1.4830 % A n*D 1.5110 71.46 0.00 1.3833 80.99 1.5343 12.54 1.3803 88.73 1.5531 25.00 1.3772 100.00 1.5842 37.49 1.3742 50.02 1.3712 326. B = C6H8O2, Cyclo62.40 1.3681 hexan-1, 4-dione ( 26 ) 74.93 1.3649 % B n\j d\ t 0.00 1.360970.79252 16.8 87.50 1.3619 100.00 1.3590 7.55 1.367920.81303 17.5 8.08 1.368530.81466 17.4 WOn = WA(% A) + n B (% B), e = 1 or 2. 327. B = C7H8, Toluene; For A, dl5 = 0.78516 t = 180C (80) (=99.97% C2H6O). % A n'D For B, dj6 = 0.8004 O 1.4970 (=99.35% C3H8O). 10 1.4823 20 1.4680 322. B = C3H8O, Isopropyl 30 1.4539 alcohol; t = 250C ("» 100) 40 1.4401 0.00 1.3750 50 1.4265 17.23 1.3721 60 1.4131 33.60 1.3697 70 1.4000 49.87 1.3673 80 1.3873 66.89 1.3646 90 1.3747 83.61 1.3622 100 1.3622 100.00 1.3595 328. B = C9H6Br2O2, DibrolOOn = n A (% A) + »B(% B), e = 1 or 2. mocinnamic acid; t — 250C 5 (151) For A, dl = 0.78516 (=99.97% C2H6O). % B n% df For B, dj6 = 0.78086 0.000 1.35954 0.7851 (=99.99% C3H8Q). 5.205 1.36603 0.8107

329. B = C9H7BrO2, a-Bromocinnamic acid; t = 250C (151) 07 R /O D

0.000 4.677 5.041 5.192 330. B = cinnamic 0.000 4.512 4.877

25 -w D

n

1.35967 1.36691 1.36742 1.36780

/725

U4

0.7851 0.8053 0.8069 0.8076

C9H7BrO2, 0-Bromoacid; t = 250C (151) 1.35954 0.7851 1.36623 0.8045 1.36681 0.8062

331. B = C9H7BrO2, a-Bromoallocinnamic acid; t = 250C (151)

0.000 4.824 5.248 5.320

1.35967 1.36681 1.36747 1.36757

0.7851 0.8056 0.8075 0.8077

332. B = C9H7BrO2, /3-Bromoallocinnamic acid; t = 250C (151)

0.000 5.044 333. B = cinnamic 0.000 4.984 5.136 5.190 5.469

1.35954 1.36649

0.7851 0.8061

C9H7ClO2, a-Chloroacid; t = 250C (151) 1.35967 0.7851 1.36851 0.8026 1.36879 0.8031 1.36893 0.8034 1.36930 0.8042

334. B = C9H7ClO2, a-Chloroallocinnamic acid; t = 250C (151)

0.000 5.008 5.051 5.260

1.35954 1.36758 1.36767 1.36776

0.7851 0.8021 0.8024 0.8024

335. B = Ci0Hi5BrO, Bromocamphor; t = 250C ( 10 4) % B n'D dl 0.000 1.3602 0.7878 0.5078 1.3605 0.7892 4.978 1.3647 0.8040 9.765 1.3693 0.8213 14.320 1.3739 0.8379 18.730 1.3788 0.8549 If % B < 20, a = 1.3600, b = Q.92, c = 4; e = 1 or 2. 336. B = Ci0H16O, Camphor; t = 2O0C (53) 0.00 1.3618 0.7939 12.32 1.3735 0.8129 24.10 1.3846 0.8304 35.57 1.3961 0.8478 46.25 1.4076 0.8649 56.79 1.4191 0.8822 If % B < 50, a = 1.3618, b = 0.902, c = 1.84; € = 1 or 2.

345. B = Ci8H34O2, Oleic C2H6O.- (Continued) acid (84) 336.—(Continued) %B nS dl° % B I n'D I d\ O 1.34093 0.7490 t = 250C (104) 5 1.36540 0.8114 0.000 1.3600 0.7874 0.7643 1.3606 0.7886 346. B = C18H36O2, Stearic 3.050 1.3629 0.7918 acid (84) 7.538 1.3673 0.7987 O 1.34093 0.7490 14.820 1.3736 0.8094 5 1.36640 0.8133 24.280 1.3832 0.8239 347. B = Ci9H22N2O, Cincho0.8460 37.830 1.3971 toxine (103) 50.720 1.4108 0.8671 gB/1 If % B < 50, a = 1.3600, soln. tt^ dl5 b = 0.9075, c = 1.85; e = 1. 0.00 1.3602 0.7878 1.232 1.3607 0.7887 337. B = C10Hi8O, Borneol; t = 250C (i°3) 6.240 1.3617 0.7910 0.000 1.3602 0.7878 9.528 1.3630 0.7920 28.900 1.3667 0.7984 1.0162 1.3613 0.7889 44.612 1.3695 0.8032 2.736 1.3635 0.7921 85.548 1.3796 0.8169 3.586 1.3636 0.7934 93.000 1.3800 0.8186 5.290 1.3659 0.7944 7.541 1.3682 0.7998 348. B = C26H26N2O2, Benzoyl0.8040 9.967 1.3711 cinchotoxine ( 103 ) 24.330 1.3872 0.8278 0.000 1.3602 0.7878 0.8466 35.070 1.3993 9.704 1.3621 0.7911 If % B < 35, a = 1.3602, 21.028 1.3647 0.7954 b = 1.115, c = O;e =* 2. See also 28, 241, 250, 257, 309, 338. B = Ci2Hi2O2, 2-Benzoyl- 556, 557, 558. \ cyclopentanone ( 9 ) C H O 2 6 2 % B nj> d\ t GIycol; see 29 0.0001.361630.78534 25.0 4.5201.370180.79784 25.0 C 2 H 7 NO 2 6.4541.373770.80310 25.2 Ammonium acetate; see 30 339. B = Cj 3 Hi 4 O 2 , 2-BenzoylC2H8N2O4 cyclohexanone ( 9 ) Ammonium oxalate; see 31 0.0001.361630.78534 25.0 C3H6Br2 2.5671.365830.79246 24.8 2.8351.366170.79314 24.8 Propylene bromide; see 303 340.

B = C ]6 H 3 iKO 2 , Palmitate ( 8 4) % B nS rfo" 2.5 1.35366 0.7552 5.0 1.35905 0.7560

341. B = Ci6H3iNaO2, Palmitate (84) 2.5 I 1.35363 | 0.7547 342.

B = C16H32O2, Palmitic acid (84) O 1.34093 0.7490 5 1.36450 0.8100

343. B = Ci8H22N2, Dibenzylpiperazine (25) % B ntf dl* 0.00 1.36138* 0.79982 6.43 1.37235 0.81305 * t = 18.60C.

344. B = Ci8H33NaO2, Oleate (84) % B

Wg

1.25 2.5

1.35490 1.3586.2

df

0.7500 0.7524

C3H6O Acetone; cf. (39) 349. B = C3H8O, Isopropyl alcohol (98) %B n% 0.00 1.35633 1.38 1.35655 1.35651 1.95 2.41 1.35660 3.50 1.35701 5.07 1.35714 8.24 1.35754 9.71 1.35772 13.49 1.35834 15.10 1.35862 16.20 1.35871 29.30 1.36097 53.80 1.36537 67.30 1.36766 72.30 1.36940 89.90 1.37225 100.00 1.37470 a = 1.35633, b = 0.148, c = 0.35; e = 1 or 2; nf = n*c2 + 0.00663 for Q < % B < 100.

350. B = C6H6, Benzene (39) % A wj? 0.0 1.5036 5.3 1.4962 9.8 1.4885 20.0 1.4723 31.0 1.4558 40.0 1.4426 49.5 1.4284 1.4011 69.4 84.7 1.3803 100.0 1.3609 351. B = C6H6N2O2, o-Nitroaniline; t = 2O0C (58) %B n*D d\ 4.4756 1.3687 0.8089 5.0076 1.3689 0.8093 352. B = C6H6N2O2, p-Nitroaniline; t = 2O0C (58) 0.8111 4.9334 1.3719 5.6797 1.3736 0.8139 353. B = C10H8, Naphthalene (76)

%B 0.000 14.728 26.826 100.000

nj> dl t 1.361260.798315.8 1.393800.828115.7 1.422570.854615.7 1.582180.964599.6

354.

B = C10Hi5BrO, Bromocamphor ( 104 ) %B ni? dl6 0.000 1.3571 0.7881 0.7693 1.3577 0.7901 7.381 1.3637 0.8117 22.930 1.3807 0.8719 34.720 1.3948 0.9219 48.580 1.4137 0.9884 If % B < 50, a = 1.3569, b = 0.917, c = 5.1; e = 1 or 2. 355. B = CioHieO, Camphor (104)

0.000 1.3569 0.7962 1.3576 3.054 1.3597 5.037 1.3613 9.992 1.3665 24.270 1.3807 37.830 1.3945 50.730 1.4091 66.940 1.4283 If % B < 50, a

356.—(Continued) If % B < 40, a = 1.3571, b = 1.0245; c = 3.7; € = 2 or 3. 357. B = Ci9H22N2O, Cinchotoxine ( 1Q 3) gB/1 soln. 7i2^ d\* 0.00 1.3571 0.7881 5.160 1.3579 0.7898 21.136 1.3614 0.7951 41.592 1.3662 0.8015 60.348 1.3711 0.8100 88.712 1.3774 0.8152 358. B = C26H26N2O2, Benzoylcinchotoxine ( 103 ) 0.000 1.3571 0.7881 1.3581 0.7916 9.448 25.280 1.3623 0.7973 1.3651 0.8033 41.584 62.128 1.3726 0.8102 See also 32, 242, 251, 307, 316. C3H6O2 Propionic acid 359. B = Ci0Hi6O, Camphor (53)

% B n|>0 dj° 0.00 1.3847 0.9948 10.12 1.3940 0.9921 20.22 1.4026 0.9893 30.40 1.4123 0.9868 40.66 1.4213 0.9844 50.96 1.4309 0.9810 If % B < 50, a = 1.3847, b = 0.905, c = O; e = 1 or 2. See also 33, 259, 559.

C3H6O2 Methyl acetate; v ( 79 ) C3H6O3 Lactic acid; see 560

0.7874 C3H8O 0.7887 rt-Propyl alcohol; cf. (128) 0.7915 360. B = C5H1J, Amyl iodide; 0.7949 t = 25.10C (153) 0.8021 %B n'D 0.8241 0.00 1.38308 0.8461 11.74 1.38976 0.8673 22.41 1.39653 0.8962 37.21 1.40740 = 1.3569, b 45.35 1.41433 = 0.92, c = 2.1; e = 1. 53.43 1.42071 60.15 1.42881 356. B = Ci 0 Hi 8 O, Borneol 65.06 1.43453 (103) 73.79 1.44541 0.000 1.3571 0.7881 82.81 1.45792 1.0302 1.3583 0.7860 86.78 1.46419 1.3613 0.7925 2.9805 93.22 1.47559 5.0730 1.3623 0.7960 97.12 1.48292 9.9940 1.3675 0.8035 100.00 1.48863 15.322 1.3739 0.8113 Specific, rot. power of B was 19.652 1.3791 0.8184 MD = +1.540CmV1. 37.697 1.4005 0.8493

361. B = Ci0H16O, Camphor; t = 2O0C (53) %B wi, di 0.00 1.3855 0.8046 12.19 1.3940 0.8210 23.90 1.4030 0.8380 35.10 1.4124 0.8543 45.93 1.4212 0.8709 56.37 1.4293 0.8874 If % B < 40, a = 1.3855, b = 0.66, c = 2.75; c = 1 or 2. See also 34, 2QO, 321. C3H8O Isopropyl alcohol; see 35, 322, 349 CsHgO 2 Methylal; see 243 C3H8O3 Glycerol; see 36 C4H6NS Allyl isothiocyanate 362. B = C 4 HnN, Diethylamine; t = 250C (52) % B UD 0.00 1.52481 21.20 1.54033 32.60 1.54933 42.40 1.54928 53.97 1.51233 64.80 1.46856 100.00 1.38416 363. B = C5HnN Piperidine; t = 250C (52) 0.0 1.53066 15.8 1.54750 31.1 1.56700 46.2 1.57300 60.9 1.54995 71.8 1.50166 83.6 1.47933 1.45542 100.0 C4H6O4 Succinic acid; see 37, 561 C4H6O5 Malic acid; see 38, 562 C4H6O6 Tartaric acid; see 39, 563, 564 C4H8O2 Butyric acid; see 262 C4H8O2 Isobutyric acid; see 244 and

(")

C4H8O2 Ethyl acetate 364. B = Ci0Hi5BrO, Bromocamphor ( 104 ) %B ni5 Jf 0.000 1.3701 0.8947 1.3710 0.8959 0.4572 4.394 1.3749 0.9083 20.760 1.3920 0.9630 31.890 1.4049 1.0031 38.900 1.4136 1.0286 If % B < 40, a = 1.3704, b = 0.96, c = 3.75; e = 1 or 2. 365. B = Ci 0 Hi 6 O, Camphor (104)

0.000 0.4656 1.119 2.671 4.468 8.882 22.000 34.850 51.690 If % B b = 0.97, c

1.3704 0.8947 1.3707 0.8951 1.3714 0.8953 1.3729 0.8967 1.3744 0.8979 1.3788 0.9004 1.3915 0.9091 1.4041 0.9176 1.4210 0.9283 < 50, a = 1.3704, = O; e = 1 or 2.

366. B = Ci0Hi8O, Borneol (103)

0.000 1.3701 0.8947 0.8953 0.8699 1.3711 2.2461 1.3719 0.8965 4.433 1.3761 0.8976 8.951 1.3790 0.9004 17.663 1.3891 0.9063 26.301 1.3983 0.9127 IfO < % B <5, a = 1.3701, b = 0.65, c = 50; e = 2. If 5 < % B < 25, a = 1.3691, b = 1.12, c = O; e = 2. See also 234, 317. C4H8O2 Diethylene disulfide 367. B = C8Hi0, Xylene (26) % A n*c d\ t 0.00 1.487900.85744 22.8 8.44 1.492650.87719 28.0 8.47 1.492700.87732 23.2 C4H9Br Butyl bromide; see 310 C4H9NO6 Ammonium bitartrate; see 40 C4Hi0O w-Butyl alcohol 368. B = C8Hi4O6, Diethyl tartrate (104) %B n^ d\5 0.000 1.3979 0.8092 5.3231 1.3997 0.8206

368.—(Continued) % B nj? dj5 23.1060 1.4067 0.8730 43.638 1.4148 0.9425 59.440 1.4228 1.0043 1.1000 80.990 1.4339

C4Hi0O Isobutyl alcohol 369. B = C8Hi4O6, Diethyl tartrate (i° 4 ) 0.000 1.3944 0.7994 4.510 1.3960 0.8115 27.278 1.4044 0.8803 50.314 1.4157 0.9622 65.578 1.4240 1.0247 1.1114 83.960 1.4353 370. B = Ci0Hi6O, Camphor (104)

0.000 1.3944 0.7994 0.9796 1.3957 0.8007 4.9447 1.3979 0.8065 23.984 1.4108 0.8330 46.148 1.4262 0.8666 56.654 1.4342 0.8825 If % B < 50, a = 1.3944, b = 0.69, c = O; e = 1. See also 245, 263, 323. C4Hi0O Trimethyl carbinol; see 41 C4Hi0O Ethyl ether; see 246, 556 (42, 68, 75)

C4Hi0O4 Erythritol; see 42 C4H11N Diethylamine 371.B = C7H5NS, Phenyl isothiocyanate ( 52 ) t = 250C % A UD 0.00 1.64912 7.10 1.6373 16.20 1.6290 23.50 1.6245 35.10 1.6215 38.90 1.6060 42.60 1.5910 46.60 1.5710 58.80 1.5270 71.40 1.4867 80.50 1.4533 100.00 1.38725 See also 362. C 4 Hi 2 N 2 O 4 Ammonium succinate, see 43 C 4 Hi 2 N 2 O 6 Ammonium tartrate; see 44 C5H4O2 2-Furaldehyde; see 45

C5H5N Pyridine 372. B = Ci0H8, Naphthalene (76)

% B 0.000 9.413 29.426 100.000

nj> dl t 1.511370.984216.8 1.522090.988716.9 1.544620.997617.0 1.582180.964599.6

373. B = C13Hi0N4O6, a-Methylphenylpicramide ( 5 ^) %B nS dl° 2.5590 1.5060 0.9919 2.5601 1.5063 0.9925 374. B = Ci 3 Hi 0 N 4 O 6 , jS-Methylphenylpicramide 2.3446 1.5057 0.9911 2.5490 1.5059 0.9916 See also 46, 264, 311. C5Hi0O2 Valeric acid; see 266 C 5 Hi 0 O 2 Isovaleric acid; see 247 CsHi0O2 Propyl acetate 375. B = C5Hi0O2, Ethyl propionate; t = 2O0C ( 9 2) %A nD 0.0000 1.53889 33.3914 1.53890 49.5407 1.53890 67.4112 1.53894 100.0000 1.53887 n is linear in % B for all X's, to accuracy of 0.0001. C5Hi0O2 Ethyl propionate; see 375 C6H11I Amyl iodide; see 360 C6H11N Piperidine 376. B = C6H6, Benzene; t = 250C (51) % A UD 0.00 1.49856 15.56 1.49174 30.57 1.48402 40.77 1.47984 47.52 1.47289 58.12 1.47053 73.21 1.46459 82.79 1.45761 100.00 1.45542 See also 363. C5H13NO2 Ammonium valerate; see 47

C6H5NO3 C6H4Br2 w-Dibromobenzene p-Nitrophenol; see 283 377. B = C9H7N, Quinoline (76) C6H6 %A n'D d\ t 0.000 1.632261.1018 9.6 Benzene; cf. (20, 39, 62, 75, 79, 130) 52.574 1.625691.4342 9.4 382. B = C6H7N, Aniline; 0.000 1.629941.097914.8 t = 250C (51) 29.635 1.626721.263414.8 %B /4 C6H4N2O5 0.00 1.49856 23.95 1.51790 2, 3-Dinitrophenol; see 275 36.88 1.53020 C6H4N2O5 50.44 1.54193 2, 4-Dinitrophenol; see 276 66.68 1.55535 75.85 1.56276 C6H4N8O6 84.09 1.56963 2, 6-Dinitrophenol; see 277 100.00 1.58118

C6H4N2O5 3, 4-DinitrophenoI; see 278 C6H4N2O5 3, 6-Dinitrophenol; see 279 C6H5Cl Chlorobenzene 378. B = Ci0Hi6O, Camphor (104)

%B ng d? 0.000 1.5246 1.1010 0.7255 1.5243 1.0992 5.509 1.5216 1.0920 18.643 1.5139 1.0719 30.350 1.5071 1.0538 59.250 1.4921 1.0138 No simple relation between n and % B.

C 6 H 5 NO 2 Nitrobenzene 379. B = C6H7N, Aniline; t = 2O0C (16) % B n'D 0.00 1.55296 16.77 1.55902 29.27 1.56331 46.14 1.56913 62.49 1.57443 77.25 1.57919 1.58672 100.00 380. B = Ci0H8, Naphthalene (76)

% B 0.000 8.875 20.327

n'D d?4 t 1.555951.209913.5 1.562051.190114.6 1.570401.167114.6

381. B = Ci0H9N, a-Naphthylamine ( 76 ) 0.000 1.552461.202120.8 8.943 1.565191.193920.8 C 6 H 5 NO 3 o-Nitrophenol; see 281

C6H5NO3 m-Nitrophenol; see 282

383. B = C7H7NO2, m-Nitrotoluene (33) % B I n'D I d\ t = 150C 0.0 1.50439 0.8841 30.5 1.51517 0.9536 50.4 1.52475 1.0130 72.4 1.53387 1.0692 87.8 1.54208 1.1197 100.0 1.54919 1.1603 * = 3O0C 0.0 1.49534 0.8684 30.5 1.50687 0.9379 50.4 1.51698 0.9975 72.4 1.52665 1.0538 87.8 1.53520 1.1047 100.0 1.54263 1.1483 384. B = C7H9N, m-Toluidine (33) t = 150C 0.0 1.50439 0.8841 25.1 1.51966 0.9097 48.3 1.53405 0.9346 67.1 1.54713 0.9564 84.2 1.55898 0.9770 100.0 1.57068 0.9970 t = 3O0C 0.0 1.49534 0.8684 25.1 1.51132 0.8947 48.3 1.52600 0.9204 67.1 1.53961 0.9428 1.55181 0.9640 84.2 100.0 1.56381 0.9848 385. B = %B 0.00 56.26 100.00

C7Hi6, Heptane ( los ) r# d*-* 1.38855 1.44063 0.78278 1.50381 0.89137

386. B = C8Hi8O, l-/3-Octanol (34) % B

w«°

0.00 2.386 2.989 5.458 5.666 8.259

1.5007 1.4983 1.4977 1.4954 1.4948 1.4929

dll

0.8788 0.8773 0.8767 0.8745 0.8737 0.8722

386.—(Continued) % B n$ d\l 9.942 1.4913 0.8704 13.801 1.4876 0.8679 18.933 1.4832 0.8647 23.122 1.4798 0.8618 23.742 1.4790 0.8608 29.846 1.4738 0.8567 36.021 1.4692 0.8532 42.262 1.4642 0.8493 49.430 1.4592 0.8453 54.021 1.4556 57.807 1.4530 0.8406 61.631 1.4503 0.8385 65.575 1.4475 0.8368 68.481 1.4454 0.8358 77.747 1.4395 0.8308 84.473 1.4353 0.8276 92.456 1.4304 0.8241 98.098 1.4269 0.8218 100.000 1.4259 0.8215 Temperature controlled to ±0.1°. 387. B = Ci0H15BrO, Bromocamphor; t = 250C (104) %B n^ d{ 0.000 1.5004 0.8728 0.4665 1.4998 0.8743 4.512 1.4999 0.8871 21.210 1.5018 0.9431 32.500 1.5032 0.9848 46.120 1.5055 1.0409 If % B < 45, a = 1.4997, b = 0.078, c = 1;€ = 1 or 2. 388. B = Ci0Hi6O, Camphor t = 18.50C (53) 1.5017 0.8814 0.00 11.07 1.4980 0.8893 21.87 1.4945 0.8983 33.28 1.4912 0.9063 43.70 1.4882 0.9155 54.20 1.4853 0.9237 t = 2O0C (53) 0.00 1.5014 0.8809 11.30 1.4961 0.8861 22.34 1.4931 0.8953 33.18 1.4903 0.9042 43.82 1.4874 0.9130 54.28 1.4842 0.9215 n is not linear in % B. t = 250C (104) 0.000 1.4997 0.8728 0.4472 1.4990 0.8728 0.928 1.4987 0.8736 2.722 1.4985 0.8748 4.550 1.4986 0.8766 9.097 1.4970 0.8802 22.470 1.4936 0.8913 35.480 1.4897 0.9019 52.373 1.4848 0.9164 If % B < 50, a = 1.4997, b = -0.2593, c = -0.53; c = L

389. B = Ci0Hi8O, Borneol; = 250C (103) % B nj> d{ 0.000 1.5004 0.8728 0.9238 1.4995 0.8737 2.3214 1.4992 0.8747 4.586 1.4985 0.8765 11.348 1.4973 0.8813 16.940 1.4960 0.8864 22.455 1.4953 0.8909 If % B < 20, a = 1.5004, b = -0.4, c = 8; e = 2. 390. B = C10H20O2, 1-0-Octyl acetate (34) % B n26?90 d\l 0.000 1.5015 0.8802 4.350 1.4974 0.8787 9.738 1.4923 0.8777 15.842 1.4865 0.8762 23.142 1.4796 0.8742 29.168 1.4742 0.8732 36.850 1.4673 0.8718 43.254 1.4619 0.8708 55.207 1.4516 0.8687 1.4388 0.8661 70.726 81.118 0.8645 87.987 1.4245 0.8632 96.747 1.4176 0.8622 1.4153 0.8617 100.000 Same sample of C6H6 as for C8Hi8O, but it has probably absorbed traces of H2O. Temperature controlled to 0.10C. 391. B = C16H18N2, Diphenylpiperazine ( 25 ) %B nl2 d» 0.00 1.49484 0.87605 1.49915 0.88315 3.64 4.78 1.50028* 0.88517* * t = 210C.

392. B = Ci6H20N2, si/ra.-Diphenyldimethylethylenediamine ( 25 ) 0.00 1.49484 0.87605 10.30 1.50536 0.89334 11.46 1.50719* 0.89594* * t = 21.50C.

393. B = Ci8H22N2, Dibenzylpiperazine ( 2S ) 0.00 1.49484 0.87605 11.09 1.50221 0.89215 13.52 1.50360 0.89536 394. B = C27H44, a-Cholesterylene (24) %B ni° < 0.000 1.50093 0.87862 6.639 1.50207 0.88340 10.412 1.50290 0.88612 395. B = C27H46, Cholestene (24)

0.000 10.104 17.979

1.50093 1.50113 1.50182

0.87862 0.88426 0.88912

396. B = C27H46O, Cholesterol (24)

% B 0.000 6.018 6.628

nJJ 1.50093 1.50165 1.50170

dj° 0.87862 0.88420 0.88476

397. B = C27H48, Cholestane (24)

0.000 6.151

1.50093 1.50076

0.87862 0.88164

398. B = C29H48OS2, Methyl cholesterylxanthogenate ( 24 ) 0.000 1.50093 0.87862 6.772 1.50366 0.88830 11.355 1.50561 0.89506 399. B = C29H50OS2, Methyl dihydro cholesterylxanthogenate (24) 0.000 I 1.50093 0.87862 10.987 1.50482 0.89386 15.665 1.50663 0.90056 See also 235, 284, 308, 312, 324, 350, 376, 552, 557. C6H6N2O2 o-Nitroaniline; see 351 C6H6N2O2 p-Nitroaniline; see 352 C6H6O Phenol; see 48

C6Hi0O Cyclohexanone 403. B = Ci0H8, Naphthalene (76)

% B

n'D

di

t

0.000 1.451710.9488 17.9 12.678 1.472270.9590 17.8 22.190 1.487880.9669 17.6 C6HioO 4 Diethyl oxalate; see 252 C6Hi2 Cyclohexane 404. B = C 7 H 7 NO 2 , m-Nitrotoluene (33) % B I n'D I di t = 150C 0.0 1.42890 0.7830 29.8 1.45329 0.8662 50.0 1.47498 0.9347 70.4 1.50194 1.0158 86.8 1.52614 1.0923 100.0 1.54919 1.1630 * = 3O0C 0.0 1.42206 0.7696 29.8 1.44718 0.8525 50.0 1.46861 0.9198 70.4 1.49553 1.0014 86.8 1.51974 1.0776 100.0 1.54263 1.1483 405. B = C7H9N, m-Toluidine

C6H6O3S Benzenesulfonic acid; see 285 C6H7N Aniline 400. B = C9H7N, Quinoline (76)

%A 0.000 9.709 16.679 100.000

T& d{ t 1.626941.092920.7 1.624551.087020.9 1.622501.082720.8 1.585921.021720.7

401. B = Ci0H8, Naphthalene (76)

%B

nlD

d{

(33)

0.0 24.1 45.7 61.7 82.4 100.0 0.0 24.1 45.7 61.7 82.4 100.0

* = 150C 1.42890 1.45480 1.48171 1.50582 1.53791 1.57068 t = 3O0C 1.42206 1.44821 1.47513 1.49921 1.53145 1.56381

0.7830 0.8249 0.8669 0.9015 0.9509 0.9970 0.7696 0.8117 0.8538 0.8886 0.9382 0.9848

t

0.000 1.588571.0248 16.5 9.998 1.591161.0239 17.2 20.037 1.594181.0234 17.8 402. B = C10H9N, or-Naphthylamine ( 76 ) 0.000 1.585521.2632*21.1 10.880 1.595481.0301 21.1 See also 49, 313, 325, 379, 382. * This is obviously wrong.

C6HgO2 Cyclohexan-l, 4-dione; see 326 C6H8O7 Citric acid; see 50, 544, 565, 566

C6Hi2O2 Isobutyl acetate 406. B = C 7 Hi 4 O 2 , Ethyl isovalerate; t = 2O0C (92) %B n'D 0.0000 1.54444 18.7251 1.54552 31.3151 1.54622 48.3989 1.54734 64.4828 1.54824 77.1855 1.54894 100.0000 1.55026 10On = n A (% A) + WB(% B) ± 0.0001.

C6Hi2O2 Ethyl butyrate 407. B = C6H12O2, Ethyl

isobutyrate; t = 2O0C ( 9 2) %B n}> 0.0000 1.54624 25.4236 1.54511 49.0035 1.54403 74.2817 1.54298 1.54181 100.0000 WQn = WA(% A) + WB(% B) + 0.0001.

C6H16N Triethylamine; see 56 C6H17N3O7 Ammonium citrate; see 57 C7H6NO4 o-Nitrobenzoic acid; see 290 C7H6NO4 m-Nitrobenzoic acid; see 291 C7H6NO4 p-Nitrobenzoic acid; see 292

C6Hi2O2 Ethyl isobutyrate; see 407

C7H6NS Phenyl isothiocyanate; see 371

C 6 Hi 2 O 6 Fructose; see 51

C7H8NS Phenyl thiocyanate; see (154)

C6Hi2Og Glucose; see 52

C7H5N3O6 2, 4, 6-Trinitrotoluene; see 587

C6H14 Hexane 408. B = C7H7NO2, ra-Nitrotoluene (33) %B I n*D I di t = 150C 0.0 1.37805 0.6680 28.3 1.41154 0.7614 53.1 1.44886 0.8658 69.7 1.48286 0.9522 86.6 1.51770 1.0591 100.0 1.54919 1.1630 t = 3O0C 0.0 1.37025 0.6545 28.3 1.40451 0.7468 53.1 1.44263 0.8513 69.7 1.47650 0.9368 86.6 1.51132 1.0422 100.0 1.54263 1.1483 409. B = C7H9N, m-Toluidine

C7H6N2O4 2, 4-Dinitrotoluene; see 587

(33)

0.0 27.7 44.9 63.1 83.1 100.0 0.0 27.7 44.9 63.1 83.1 100.0

t = 220C 1.37441 1.41346 1.44278 1.47860 1.52395 1.56746 * = 320C 1.36921 1.40928 1.43916 1.47493 1.51973 1.56289

0.6617 0.7277 0.7761 0.8361 0.9138 0.9913 0.6527 0.7188 0.7673 0.8273 0.9053 0.9832

C 6 Hi 4 Oe Dulcitol; see 53 C 6 Hi 4 O 6 d-Mannitol; see 54 C6H14O6 d-Sorbitol; see 55

C7H6N2O4 o-Nitrophenylnitromethane; see 295 C7H6N2O4 p-Nitrophenymitromethane; _ see 296 C7H6O Benzaldehyde 410. B = C9H7N, Quinoline (76) % A n*D di t 0.000 1.630251.0979 14.9 17.090 1.615651.0899 14.8 C7H6O2 Benzoic acid 411. B = C9H7N, Quinoline ( 76 ); see also 297 0.000 1.626261.0930 19.1 40.079 1.603261.1388 19.1 0.000 1.625171.0911 21.6 13.418 1.617401.1061 21.6 45.882 1.598831.1433 21.5 0.000 1.623951.0890 25.0 10.202 1.618381.1007 24.6 C7H7Br Benzyl bromide 412. B = C7H7Cl, Benzyl chloride; t = 2O0C (92) % B n}> 0.0000 1.52505 1.53165 18.8772 23.3439 1.53347 33.0428 1.53669 48.0849 1.54197 65.3828 1.54820 73.9944 1.55130 78.9757 1.55295 100.0000 1.56042 10On = n A (% A) + n B (% B) + 0.0002.

C7H7Cl Benzyl chloride; see 412 C7H7NO2 m-Nitro toluene 413. B = C7H8, Toluene (33) % B I Wi 8 9 8 I dl 0 t = 15 C 0.0 1.54919 1.1630 14.4 1.54052 1.1095 30.7 1.53160 1.0544 49.6 1.52177 0.9970 72.7 1.51131 0.9353 1.49985 0.8715 100.0 * = 3O0C 0.0 1.54263 1.1483 14.4 1.53388 1.0948 30.7 1.52451 1.0398 49.6 1.51468 0.9825 72.7 1.50366 0.9210 100.0 1.49178 0.8576 414. B = C7H14, Methylcyclohexane (33) 0 t = 15 C 0.0 1.54919 1.1630 15.3 1.52368 1.0792 32.3 1.49887 0.9988 51.8 1.47368 0.9208 73.9 1.44845 0.8465 100.0 1.42535 0.7734 * = 3O0C 0.0 1.54263 1.1483 15.3 1.51746 1.0646 32.3 1.49261 0.9845 51.8 1.46766 0.9069 73.9 1.44214 0.8330 100.0 1.41864 0.7603 See also 404, 408. C7H7NO2 p-Nitrotoluene; see 587

№

7S

Toluene; cf. ( ) 415. B = C7H9N, w-Toluidine (33)

n{89, I dj 0 t = 15 C 0.0 1.49985 0.8715 19.0 1.51203 0.8928 45.9 1.53043 0.9247 65.4 1.54443 0.9495 82.4 1.55698 0.9722 100.0 1.57068 0.9970 * = 3O0C 0.0 1.49178 0.8756 19.0 1.50430 0.8790 45.9 1.52279 0.9114 65.4 1.53715 0.9365 82.4 1.54991 0.9595 100.0 1.56381 0.9848 416. B = C12Hi2O2, 2-Benzoylcyclopentanone (9) % B rtD d\ \ t 0.000 1.495150.86002 25.0 5.895 1.501230.8717 I 25.2 %B

1

417. B = C13H14O2, 2-Benzoyl9 cyclohexanone ( ) % B n'D d{ t 0.000 1.495150.86002 25.0 3.607 1.497330.86796 25.0 8.002 1.499740.87755 25.0 See also 236, 304, 314, 327, 413, 586. C7H8O ra-Cresol 418. B = C9H7N, Quinoline (76)

% B 0.000 88.167 88.584 100.000 100.000

n'D d\ t 1.541351.033820.4 1.619891.090819.0 1.619771.089720.4 1.627241.093520.0 1.627241.093120.5

419. B = Ci0H8, Naphthalene (76)

0.000 1.542461.036318.0 9.556 1.550191.035118.0 13.000 1.552781.034918.0 C7H8O Anisole 420. B = C9H7N, Quinoline (76)

80.358 84.809 100.000 100.000

1.611461.0835 8.0 1.612731.082115.0 1.633421.1024 8.8 1.630071.097715.0

421. B = C10H8, Naphthalene (76)

0.000 1.519500.998916.5 11.013 1.531031.001816.6 19.089 1.539511.004316.8

422. B t % B 0.000 90.527 100.000

C7H9N o-Toluidine = C9H7N, Quinoline; = 20.70C (76) *5> d\ 1.57222 0.9977 1.62299 1.0849 1.62694 1.0929

423. B = Ci0H9N, a-Naphthylamine; * = 20.70C (76) 0.000 1.57222 0.9977 10.926 1.58351 1.0100 C7H9N w-Toluidine 424. B = C7H14, Methylcyclohexane (33) %B i nj> I d\ 0 t = 15 C 0.0 1.57068 0.9970 18.6 1.53797 0.9456 37.9 1.50771 0.8979 57.9 1.47802 0.8528 78.1 1.45025 0.8125 100.0 1.42535 0.7734

424.—(Continued) % B I < I d\ i = 3O0C 0.0 1.56381 0.9848 1.53148 0.9332 18.6 37.9 1.50141 0.8852 57.9 1.47151 0.8399 78.1 1.44400 0.7995 100.0 1.41864 0.7603 See also 384, 405, 409, 415.

C8H8O2 Phenylace tic acid; see 62, 568 C8H8O3 Phenylglycolic acid; see 63, 569 C8H9Br Bromo-p-xylene 430. B = C9H7N, Quinoline (76)

C7H9NO2 Ammonium benzoate; see 58 C7H9NO3 Ammonium salicylate; see 59 C7H12O6 Quinic acid; see 60, 567

C7H i4

Methylcyclohexane; see 414, 424 C7H i4O2 Ethyl isovalerate; see 406 C7H14O6 a-Methylglucoside; see 61 C7H140 e /3-Methylglucoside; see 61

C7H ie

Heptane 425. B = C10H7Br, a-Bromo105 naphthalene ( ) l % B n/ d*15 t 69.46 1.54312 1.10062 15 See also 318, 385. C8H7N Benzyl cyanide 426. B = C8Hi0O, Phenetole (105)

% B ny d{5 t 0.00 1.536251.02025*15.2 48.73 1.529170.99653 15.0 100.00 1.521970.96963*14.7 *4

C8H8O Acetophenone 427. B = C9H7N, Quinoline (76)

% B nl> di t 83.285 1.619781.1350 15.2 100.0001.630111.0979 15.2

C8HiO Ethylbenzene 431. B = C8H10, o-Xylene (92) % B n*£ 0.000 1.50497 24.1074 1.50283 50.1866 1.50058 75.2146 1.49847 100.0000 1.49659 a = 1.50497, b = -0.0905. c = 0.062; 6 = 1. 432. B = C8H10, m-Xylene (92) 0.000 1.49843 24.6565 1.49786 50.3372 1.49728 78.8580 1.49673 100.000 1.49659 a = 1.49843, b = -0.0276, c =0.092, e = 1. 433. B = C8H10, p-Xylene (92) 0.000 1.49625 25.2055 1.49632 51.1066 1.49635 75.2683 1.49646 100.000 1.49659 UD is linear in % B; e = 1.

C8HiO o-Xylene 434. B = C8H10, m-Xylene; * = 2O0C (92)

%B 0.000 24.6677 49.5001 74.7756 100.0000 HD is linear in %

n'D 1.50497 1.50333 1.50168 1.50006 1.49843 B; e = 1.

% B n'D dj t 77.932 1.608761.0831 14.8 100.000 1.630251.0979 14.9 428. B = Ci0H8, Naphthalene

435. B = C8H10, p-Xylene;

0.000 1.536601.0308 14.9 13.423 1.548661.0311 14.9 14.198 1.549411.0311 14.9 429. B = C10H9N, a-Naphthylamine ( ? 6) 0.000 1.533551.0249 20.7 0.936 1.548931.0352 20.7

0.000 1.50497 24.9410 1.50292 49.4932 1.50075 74.7171 1.49852 100.000 1.49625 UD is linear in % B; e = 1. See also 367, 431.

(76)

* = 2O0C (92)

CgHio

439. B = C9H10O2, Ethyl benzoate ( 76 )

ra-Xylene 436. B = C8H10, p-Xy lene; t = 2O0C (92)

vfD

% B

0.000 1.49840 24.9807 1.49828 50.2550 1.49772 75.0229 1.49712 100.000 I 1.49625 a = 1.49840, b = -0.0013, c = -0.202; e = 1. See also 432, 434. CgHio p-Xylene; see 433, 435, 436

C8Hi0N2O p-Nitrosodimethylaniline ( 31 )

CgH ioO Phenetole; see 426

CgH 140 G Diethyl tartrate; see 368, 369

C8Hi8O l-ff-Qctanol; see 386

CgHeBr2O2 Dibromocinnamic acid; see 328 C9H7BrO2 cg-Bromocinnamic acid; see 329

C9H7BrO2 /3-Bromocinnamie acid; see 330

C9H7BrO2 a-Bromoallocinnamic acid; see

331

C9H7BrO2 j8-Bromoallocinnamic acid; see

332

C9H7ClO2 «-Chlorocinnamic acid; see 333 C9H7ClO2 a-Chloroallocinnamic acid; see

334 C9H7N Quinoline 437. B = C9H8N2O, 2-Acetylindazole ( 76 ) % B

0.000 10.013

I

n}>

1.62728 1.62378

d{

t

1.0932 20.4 1.1018 20.0

438. B = C9Hi0O2, o-Ethylbenzoic acid ( 76 ) 0.000 1.62799 1.0944 19.1 0.000 1.62724 1.0938 19.8 10.659 1.61973 1.0984 19.8 11.817 1.61936 1.0995 19.1 46.712 1.59482 1.1152 18.9 100.000 1.51012 1.0420 99.6 100.000 I 1.50993 1.0413 100.0

452. B = C10H9N, a-Naphthylamine ( 76 ) % B d{ t %B n}) d{ t n*D 0.000 1.63342 1.1024 8.8 0.000* 1.62751 1.0936 19.6 14.974 1.61483 1.0965 | 8.4 9.494 1.63473 1.0976 20.4 9.954 1.63547 1.0982 19.6 440. B = C9H12, p-Methyl17.358 1.64072 1.1007 20.4 100.000* 1.67032 1.0997 51.2 ethy!benzene ( 76 ) 100.000* 1.66932 1.0965 54.1 0.000 1.63226 1.1018 9.6 * Air excluded as well as possible. 0.000 1.63006 1.0981 14.5 18.346 1.60286 1.0496 14.4 453. B = C10H9N, /3-Naph53.375 1.57714* 0.9886 8.6 thylamine ( 76 ) 100.000 1.49896 0.8667 14.6 * The first 7 is probably a misprint. 0.000 1.62577 1.0913 22.8 9.548 1.63383 1.0947 22.8 441. B = C10H6Cl2, 1, 410.682 1.63449 1.0951 22.9 15.315 1.63828 1.0964 22.8 Dichloronaphthalene ( 76 ) 16.808 1.63927 1.0969 22.9 0.000 I 1.62954 1.0979 15.0 14.297 I 1.63161 1.1276 15.0 454. B = C10H10N2,1, 4-Naph442. B = C10H6Cl2, 1, 5thylenediamine ( 76 ) 0.000 1.62881 1.0958 17.8 Dichloronaphthalene ( 76 ) 11.352* 1.64414 1.1104 17.8 0.000 1.62872 1.0972 15.7 * Darkened by oxidation. 8.541 1.62986 1.1148 15.8 9.835 1.63021 1.1175 15.6 455. B = C H N , 1, 5-Naph10 10 2 Max, solubility is ca. 13 % B. thylenediamine ( 76 ) 0.000 1.62966 1.0979 14.4 443. B = C10H6Cl2, 1, 78.408 1.64301 1.1104 13.8 Dichloronaphthalene ( 76 ) 9.646 1.64462 1.1117 14.4 0.000 1.62854 1.0968 16.1 9.195 1.62990 1.1153 15.8 " 456. B = C10H10N2, 1, 6-Naph28.217 1.63237 1.1542 16.0 thylenediamine ( 76 ) 100.000 1.60921 1.2611 99.5 0.000 1.62657 1.0933 19.3 10.189 1.64149 1.1067 19.3 444. B = C10H6Cl2, I1 814.498 1.64752 1.1120 19.3 Dichloronaphthalene ( 76 J 100.000 1.70831 1.1472 99.4 0.000 1.62877 1.0958 17.4 10.086 1.63110 1.1176 17.4 457. B = C10H10N2, 1, 8-Naph38.683 1.63811 1.1840 17.4 thylenediamine ( 76 ) 100.000 1.62357 1.2924 99.8 0.000 1.62608 1.0928 19.3 9.125 1.63681 1.1028 19.2 445. B = C10H6Cl2, 2, 728.692 1.65770 1.1221 19.2 76 Dichloronaphthalene ( ) 100.000* 1.68278 1.1265 99.4 0.000 1.62845 1.0970 15.9 * Darkened as soon as placed in cell. 9.984 1.62968 1.1159 15.9 458. B = C10H10N2, 2, 3-Naph10.510 1.62973 1.1170 15.9 thylenediamine ( 76 ) 446. B = C10H7Cl, /3-Chloro0.000 1.62395 1.0890 25.0 naphthalene ( 76 ) 0.000 1.62256 1.0863 28.4 0.000 1.62945 1.0977 15.3 7.476 1.63390 1.0969 26.0 10.011 1.62985 1.1058 15.3 8.029 1.63426 1.0968 27.2 447. B = C10H7I, a-Iodonaphthalene ( 76 ) 0.000 1.62775 1.0959 17.2 100.000 1.70540 1.7474 14.0 448. B = C10H7I, /3-Iodonaphthalene ( 76 ) 0.000 1.62775 1.0959 17.2 16.824 1.63702 1.1675 16.8 100.000 1.66617 1.6319 99.4 449. B = C10H8, Naphthalene (76)

0.000 14.438 16.104

1.62880 1.0963 16.8 1.62863 1.0862 16.8 1.62847 1.0851 16.9

450. B = C10H8O, (76) 0.000 1.62755 10.971 1.63393 100.000 1.62240

a-Naphthol 1.0937 19.9 1.1039 19.9 1.0989 99.3

451. B = C10H8O, 0-Naphthol (76)

0.000 9.841 15.571

1.62816 1.0947 18.6 1.63328 1.1029 18.6 1.63634 1.1076 18.6

459. B = C10H10N2, 2, 7-Naphthylenediamine ( 76 ) 0.000 1.63040 1.0995 13.0 0.000 1.62846 1.0962 17.1 9.581 1.64465 1.1120 12.5 9.652 1.64289 1.1085 17.0 460. B = C10H14, p-Cymene (76)

0.000 0.000 16.046 18.486 52.013 100.000

.63058 .63007 .60566 .60138 .55396 .49271

1.0988 1.0979 1.0552 1.0474 0.9656 0.8605

13.4 15.2 13.2 15.1 12.9 16.1

461. B = C10H14O, p-Tolyldimethyl carbinol ( 76 ) 0.000 1.63072 1.0985 13.8 19.223 1.60933 1.0774 13.7 100.000 I 1.52215 0.9844 13.5 462. B = C11H8O, a-Naphthaldehyde (™) 0.000 1.62539 1.0914 21.2 14.012 1.62920 1.0989 21.3 44.593 1.63748 1.1156 21.0 100.000 1.65464 1.1490 19.3

463. B = C11H8O, /3-Naphthaldehyde (™) %B

0.000 28.679 100.00

n*D

1.62597 1.63272 1.62107

dl

I

1.0925 21.0 1.1018 20.7 1.0775 99.4

464. B = C11H12O, l-Keto-7methy1-1, 2, 3, 4-tetrahydronaphthalene ( 76 ) 0.000 1.62917 1.0965 16.9 33.830 1.60647 1.0876 17.0 100.000 1.55674 1.0569 35.0 465. B = Ci2H8O, Diphenylene oxide ( 76 ) 0.000 1.63072 1.0989 I 13.5 12.824 1.63302 1.1063 I 13.6 466. B = C12H10, Diphenyl (76) 0.000 1.63093 1.0992 13.4 17.311 1.62948 1.0891 13.1 467. B = Ci2H12O, /3-Naphthyl ethyl ether ( 7 6) 0.000 1.62923 1.0976 15.4 10.607 1.62707 1.0939 15.4 468. B = C12H13N, a-Ethylaminonaphthalene ( 76 ) 0.000 1.62788 1.0957 17.4 9.130 1.63114 1.0938 17.2 48.730 1.64280 1.0836 16.6 100.000 1.64773 1.0652 15.1 469. B = C12H13N, /3-Ethylaminonaphthalene ( 76 ) 0.000 1.62541 1.0902 24.1 11.512 1.63032 1.0868 23.6 46.552 1.64273 1.0745 23.7 100.000* 1.65175 1.0524 25.3 lOO.OOOf 1.65440 1.0545 21.3 * Prepared from pure acetyl compound. t Purified by recrystallization of hydrochloride. 470. B = Ci3H7Cl3, Trichlorofluorene ( 76 ) 0.000 1.63212 .1005 11.5 0.000 1.62917 .0956 17.6 9.479 1.63242 .1208 18.0 9.735 1.63567 .1267 11.6 9.906 1.63230 .1215 18.5 471. B = C13H8Br2, 2, 7-Dibromofluorene ( 76 ) 0.000 1.62679 1.0913 22.9 0.000 1.62455 1.0878 27.2 9.201 1.63084 1.1293 24.1 9.532 1.62964 1.1287 26.8 10.776 1.63082 1.1351 26.0 472. B = Cj3H8O, Fluorenone 0.000 10.846

( 76 )

1.62924 1.63349

1.0965 16.7 1.1056 16.9

473. B = C13Hi0, Fluorene (76) 0.000 1.62924 1.0965 16.7 9.171 1.63092 1.0954 16.8 474.

B = C13H12, Diphenylmethane ( 76 ) 0.000 1.62986 1.0974 15.7 17.968 1.62099 1.0820 15.6 475. B = C13H12O, 1-Methyl2-acetylnaphthalene ( 76 ) 0.000 1.62819 1.0967 16.5 43.769 1.62743 1.0999 16.4 100.000 1.62695 1.1046 16.1

C 9H7N.—(Continued) 476. B = Ci 3 H 12 O 2 , Ethyl /3-naphthoate ( 76 ) %B

n'D

0.000 10.530

1.62926 1.62601

t

dl

1.0975 15.6 1.0998 15.6

477. B = C 13 H 14 , l-Methyl-2ethylnaphthalene ( 76 ) 0.000 64.421 100.000

1.62837 1.61066 1.60138

1.0970 16.0 1.0338 15.7 1.0014 15.4

478. B = C14H8Br2, 9, 10-Dibromoanthracene ( 76 ) 0.000 0.000 9.114 9.776

1.59096 1.59087 1.60060 1.60137

1.0309 1.0310 1.0697 1.0724

99.5 99.6 99.7 99.6

479. B = Ci4H8Cl2, 1, 4-Dichloroanthracene ( 76 ) 0.000 0.000 9.064 9.678

1.59110 1.59105 1.59937 1.60000

480. B = C14H8Cl2,

1.0310 1.0311 1.0498 1.0510

99.0 99.1 99.2 99.0

1, 5-Di-

chloroanthracene ( 76 ) 0.000 1.59090 1.0305 99.3 0.000 1.59082 1.0308 99.4 8.278 1.59854 1.0477 99.3 10.255 1.60037 1.0520 99.4

481. B = Ci4H8Cl2, 9, 10-Dichloroanthracene ( 76 ) 0.000 1.59077 1.0310 99.3 0.000 1.59072 1.0311 99.3 9.828 1.60113 1.0535 99.2 9.972 1.60141 1.0535 99.3

482. B = C14H8Cl2, 9, 10-Dichlorophenanthrene ( 6 ) %B n{876 dl t 0.000 1.622711.0875 25.4 6.644 1.627331.1032 25.6 5.981 1.627331.1023 25.5 483. B = Ci4H9Cl, a-Chloro anthracene ( 76 ) % B

0.000 0.000 0.000 '11.891 13.780 19.448 100.000

n*D

dl

t

1.629241.0962 17.0 1.628211.0947 18.9 1.590321.0302100.3 1.602141.0452 99.7 1.641491.1111 18.8 1.647971.1194 16.7 1.695891.1707 99.5

484. B = Ci4H9Cl, /3-Chloroanthracene ( 76 ) 0.000 1.590781.0306 99.7 9.258 1.600001.0422 99.6 10.346 1.601101.0435 99.7 485. B = Ci4H9Cl, 9-Chloroanthracene ( 76 ) 0.000 1.630721.0984 14.1 0.000 1.630541.0985 14.4 11.713 1.641831.1139 14.4 12.214 1.643171.1148 14.1 486. B = Ci4H9Cl, 9-Chlorophenanthrene (6) %B n*876 dl t 0.000 1.623151.0888 25.6 9.986 1.629631.1032 25.7

486.—(Continued) % B nJ876 dl t 10.714 1.628211.1019 25.7 100.000 1.673931.2167100.5 487. B = Ci4Hi0, Anthracene (76)

% B

n'D

dl

497.—(Continued) %B n'D dl t 46.652 1.630081.060021.9 100.000 1.632101.0242|21.6 498. B = C14H17N, 1, 4-Diethy lamino naphthalene (76)

t

0.0001.590781.0307 99.4 9.8221.600871.0325 99.5 10.9501.601871.0335 99.5 488. B = Ci4H10, Phenanthrene (76)

0.0001.629901.0972 15.6 10.6531.637491.0997 15.7 25.995 1.64835 1.1032 15.7 100.000 1.68588 1.0412* 129.6 *t = 1310C.

489. B = C14H10Br2, 2, 7-Dibromo-9-methylfluorene ( 76 ) 0.0001.631181.0985 13.8 10.0131.635741.1391 13.7 17.2441.638991.1699 13.8 490. B = Cj4H12, 9, 10-Dihydroanthracene ( 76 ) 0.0001.62911 1.0959 17.3 13.7491.627741.0946 17.2 18.5781.627431.0944 17.0 491. B = C14H12, Dihydrophenanthrene (6) % B Wj 876 d\ t 0.000 1.623231.0906 24.6 9.319 1.629791.0940 24.5 9.911 1.630151.0942 24.5 492. B = Ci4H12, Stilbene (6) 0.000 1.625771.0943 20.5 9.673 1.631341.0888 19.9 9.709 1.631081.0883 21.7 493. B = C14H14O, 1-Ethyl4-acety!naphthalene (76) % B nfi dl t 0.000 1.628191.097116.0 39.667 1.624461.095016.0 100.000 1.61979| 1.0922 15.7 494. B = Ci4Hi5NO, a-Acetylethylaminonaphthalene ( 76 ) 0.000 1.626491.093120.2 12.087 1.622761.093320.3 100.000 1.59471 1.0888 27.3 100.000 1.564401.035999.0 495. B = Ci4H16NO, 0-Acetylethylaminonaphthalene C 76 ) 0.000 1.624731.089924.1 9.873 1.622521.090323.5 48.278 1.613201.090023.5 100.000 1.603121.089323.1 496. B = Ci 4 Hi 7 N, a-Diethylaminonaphthalene ( 76 ) 0.000 1.628331.095318.0 10.258 1.625091.086118.0 44.072 1.613691.056518.0 100.000 1.59331 1.0071 18.1 497. B = Ci4H17N, /3-Diethylaminonaphthalene ( 76 ) 0.000 1.625391.091522.1 10.871 1.626851.084021.8

0.000 1.630541.098714.2 23.080 1.619051.075314.2 100.000 1.539430.931899.6 499. B = C14H17N, 2, 3-Diethy lamino naphthalene (76)

0.000 10.137 16.494 100. OOP

1.625691.091720.6 1.622191.080920.7 1.620141.074820.8 11.55589 0.9371 99.3

500. B = C14H24N2, Tetraethyl-o-phenylenediamine (76)

0.000 1.631921.101010.7 19.935 1.609441.065310.6 100.000 1.521340.926712.6 501. B = C14H24N2, Tetraethyl-w-phenylenediamine (76)

0.000 13.739 46.892 100.000

1.631761.100711.2 1.621741.080410.8 1.596291.030311.0 1.553670.952211.8

502. B = C14H24N2, Tetraethyl-p-phenylenediamine (76)

0.000 1.631921.101010.7 14.310 1.620321.078810.4 100.000 1.505510.879599.3 503. B == Ci5Hi0, Fluoranthene (6) %B n5'876 d\ t 0.000 1.626471.094218.6 9.974 1.636931.099618.7 0.000* 1.627781.096915.8 14.023* 1.642691.104515.2 * A second preparation.

504. B = C15HuCl, 1-Methyl4-chloroanthracene ( 76 ) %B n*D dl t 0.000 1.629201.095917.2 13.007 1.639711.110817.2 16.596 1.642591.115217.2 505. B = C15H12, a-Methylanthracene ( 76 ) 0.000 1.630331.098014.5 0.000 1.629851.097315.6 9.213 1.638391.097515.3 16.901 1.645871.098314.4 17.059 1.645701.097815.1 100. OOP 1.68027 1.0471 99.4 506. B = C15H12, /3-Methylanthracene ( 76 ) 0.000 1.590731.030899.1 0.000 1.590871.031099.5 8.604 1.598551.030399.6 9.409 1.599141.030799.3

507. B ±* Ci6H12, 9-Methylanthracene ( 76 ) %B n*D d\ t 0.000 1.630111.098014.9 0.000 1.629161.096417.0 9.851 1.640301.099714.7 10.518 1.640061.098716.7 100.000 1.695891.065799.4 508. B = C15H12O, Anthranol methyl ether ( 7 6) 0.000 1.629381.096017.2 10.801 1.638331.101417.2 17.879 1.644171.105017.2 100.000 1.678551.094199.3 509. B = Ci5Hi4, ra-Methylstilbene ( 76 ) 0.000 1.630091.098214.5 13.297 1.63495 1.0879 14; 7 510. B = Ci6Hi0, Pyrene («) %B ^876 dl t 0.000 1.627261.094917.1 13.783 1.645281.105217.0 0.000* 1.626471.094218.6 9.789* 1.639271.101218.8 * A second preparation.

511. B = C16H13Cl, 9-Ethyl10-chloroanthracene ( 76 ) % B n'D dl t 0.000 1.631371.099313.0 0.000 1.630761.098114.2 10.527 1.640921.111212.6 11.080 1.640671.110714.2 512. B = C16H16O, Ethylhydroanthranol ( 76 ) 0.000 1.629681.096616.3 0.000 1.629241.096217.0 18.203 1.626641.104116.8 24.909 1.625761.107316.2 513. B = Ci7Hi4Br2O2, Ethyl 2, 7-dibromofmorene-9acetate ( 76 ) 0.000 1.631331.099013.4 16.726 1.633401.160613.3 100.000 1.613001.512199.8 514. B = Ci8Hi8, Retene (6) % B n5876 dl t 0.000 1.626551.094917.9 10.550 1.630091.090817.5 0.000*1.622801.088625.6 11.718*1.626621.084125.6 * A second preparation.

515. B = C20H28O2, 1, 5-Dihydroxynaphthalene diamyl ether (™) % B

n*D

dl

t

0.000 1.626201.091822.2 11.097 1.616781.079922.3 19.983 1.60931 1.071022.3 100.000 1.516020.941199.9 See also 298, 377, 400, 410, 411, 418, 420, 422, 427, 430.

C9H8N2O 2-Acetylindazole; see 437 CgHi0O2 o-Ethylbenzoic acid; see 438 CgHiOO2

Ethyl benzoate; see 439 CgHi2

p-Methylethylbenzene; see 440 CiQHeCl2 1, 4-Dichloronaphthalene 516. B = Ci0H12, Tetralin (76) % A n'D dl t 0.000 1.546140.972920.2 12.072 1.555581.006220.2 517. B = Ci0H15N, Diethylaniline ( 76 ) 0.000 1.543920.937216.7 12.456 1.55404 0.9747 16.7 518. B = C 12 Hj 4 O 4 , Diethyl phthalate (76) 0.000 1.504441.124517.7 13.994 1.52121|1.150217.6 519. B = Ci2H16O2, Amyl benzoate (76) 0.000 1.494980.991017.4 12.770 1.509881.024818.3 See also 441 CiQHgCl2 1, 5-Dichloronaphthalene; see 442 CiOHgCl2 1, 7-Dichloronaphthalene; see 443 CiOHgCl2 1, 8-Dichloronaphthalene; see 444 CiOHgCl2 2, 7-Dichloronaphthalene; see 445 C ioHyBr a-Bromo naphthalene; see 319, 425 Q54) C H)HyCl

ff-Chloronaphthalene;

see 446

CioH7l

a-Io do naphthalene; see 447 CioHyI

ff-Iodonaphthalene;

see 448

Cn)H8 Naphthalene; cf. (42) 520. B = Ci0H15N, Diethylaniline (76) %A

n'c

d\

t

0.0000 1.546190.940712.3 10.171 1.554230.950212.9 20.922 1.562870.960313.2

521. B = Ci2Hi4O4, Diethyl phthalate (76) % A n*D d[ t 0.000 1.504861.125016.8 11.274 1.519031.113617.5 20.912 1.531541.104317.5 522. B = Ci2H16O2, Amyl benzoate (76) 0.000 11.496010.993015.3 17.568 1.517880.999615.5 18.873 1.519531.000015.6 523. B = Ci4Hi0, Anthracene (144)

% B n*D d\ t 0.000 1.589960.975785.30 7.976 1.589320.977390.35

CioHi2O Anethole (154) C H)Hi2O2 Eugenol 526. B = Oil of cinnamon (96) %A 0.0 I 80.0 t ri 19.7 1.5556 29.6 1.5923 1.5508 35.1 1.5902 1.5484 41.1 1.5453 527. B = Sandalwood oil (**) % A 0.0 I 20.0 I 40.0 t

CuHi2O l-Keto-7-methyl-l, 2, 3, 4-tetrahydronaphthalene; see 464 Ci2H8O Diphenylene oxide; see 465 Ci2HiO Diphenyl; see 301, 466 Ci2Hi0N2 Azobenzene ( 4 °» 72) Ci2Hi0O 4-Methylnaphthaldehyde (76)

n'D

Ci2Hi0O 1.5208 Methylnaphthyl ketone ( ? 6) 1.5166 524. B = Ci4Hi0, Phenanthrene Ci 2 Hi 2 O 1.5142 (144) 1.5117 ff-Naphthyl ethyl ether; see 467 0.000 1.589960.975785.30 100.0 Ci2Hi2O2 8.539 1.594270.980087.65 t n*D 2-Benzoylcyclopentanone; see 43.126 1.618441.006288.42 19.7 1.5276 1.5347 1.5422 338, 416 See also 299, 305, 353, 372, 29.6 1.5232 1.5304 1.5377 380, 401, 403, 419, 421, 428, 449. 35.1 1.5207 1.5277 1.5351 Ci2Hi3N 41.1 1.5182 1.5250 1.5324 a-Ethylamino naphthalene; see Ci0H8O If t = 19.70C, a = 1.5086, 468 a-Naphthol; see 450 b = 0.284, c = 0.52. Ci2Hi3N If t = 29.6, a = 1.5048, b = Ci0H8O /3-Ethylaminonaphthalene; see 0.275, c = 0.54. ff-Naphthol; see 451 469 If t = 35.1, a = 1.5024, b = 0.273, c = 0.54. CioHgN C I2HuO 4 If t = 41.4, a = 1.5001, b = Diethyl phthalate; see 518, 521 a-Naphthylamine 525. B = Ci0H12, Tetralin (76) 0.273, c = 0.5. CI2H IgO2 In all cases e = 1. % A n'D d{ t Amyl benzoate; see 519, 522 0.000 1.546050.972820.6 Ci0Hu 10.572 1.558930.986620.7 Ci2H22Ou p-Cymene; see 460 See also 381, 402, 423, 429, Lactose; see 65 452. C H)HnN2 Ci2H22Ou Nicotine; see 64 Ci0HgN Sucrose (cane sugar); see 66 /3-Naphthylamine; see 453 (43) C ioH uO CioHioN2 p-Toly!dimethyl carbinol; see CisiLfCls 1, 4-Naphthalenediamine; see 461 Trichlorofluorene; see 470 454 Ci0Hi5BrO CiSH8Br2 CioHioN2 Bromocamphor; see 335, 354, 2, 7-Dibromofluorene; see 471 1, 5-Naphthalenediamine; see 364, 387 C13H8O 455 C ioH I5N Fluorenone; see 472 CioHioN2 Die thy!aniline; see 517, 520 Ci3HiQ 1, 6-Naphthalenediamine; see C ioH igO 456 Fluorene; see 473 Camphor; see 253, 300, 315, 336, C ioH H)N2 CI3HI0N 40 6 355, 359, 361, 365, 370, 378, 1, 8-Naphthalenediamine; see a-Methylphenylpicramide; see 388 457 373 C ioH I8O CioHioN2 Ci3Hi 0 N4Og Borneol; see 337, 356, 366, 389 2, 3-Naphthalenediamine; see /3-Methylphenylpicramide; see Ci0H20O2 458 374 l-/3-Octyl acetate; see 390 CioHioN2 CI3H H)O s CnH8O 2, 7-Naphthalenediamine; see Phenyl salicylate (salol); see 9 459 a-Naphthaldehyde; see 462 19.7 29.6 35.1 41.1 %A

1.5086 1.5048 1.5024 1.5001 60.0

1.5147 1.5105 1.5083 1.5056 80.0

( °)

CioHi2 Tetralin; see 516, 525

CnH8O

ff-Naphthaldehyde;

see 463

Ci3Hi2 Diphenylmethane; see 474

528.—(Continued)

Ci5HiO

CiaHi2O l-Methyl-2-acety !naphthalene; see 475

9, 10-Dihydroanthracere; see 490

Fluoranthrene; see 503

CisHÔ

CuH 12

2-Methyl-(5)8-acetylnaphthalene (76)

Dihydrophenanthrene; see 491

l-Methyl-4-chloroanthracene; see 504

CuH 12 Stilbene; see 492

Cl3Hl2O2

Ethyl /3-naphthoate; see 476 CisHisN Benzy!aniline ( 72 ) Ci3Hi4

l-Methyl-2-ethy !naphthalene; see 477 CisHu l-Methyl-4-ethylnaphthalene ( 76 ) Ci3Hl4O2

2-Benzoylcyclohexanone; 339, 417

see

C 14H8Br2 9, 10-Dibromoanthracene; see 478 C 14HgCl 2

1, 4-Dichloroanthracene; see 479 C 14H8C12

1, 5-Dichloroanthracene; see 480 CuHsCU 9, 10-Dichloroanthracene; see 481

CuHu g-Tetrahydrophenanthrene ( 6 ) Ci4HuO l-Ethyl-4-acetylnaph thalene; see 493 Ci4Hi5NO " a-Acetylethylaminonaphthalene; see 494

C14H15NO

9, 10-Dichlorophenanthrene; see 482 . 6

10-Bromophenanthrene ( ) C 14HgCl

a-Chloroanthracene; see 483 C 14HgCl

Ci5HuCl

Ci5Hi2 a-Methylanthracene; see 505

Ci5H 12 ff-Methylanthracene;

see 506

CI5H12 9-Methy!anthracene; see 507

Ci5Hi2Br2 2, 7-Dibromo-9-ethylfluorene (76)

Ci5Hi2O

/3-Aeetylethylaminonaphthalene; see 495

Anthranol methyl ether; see 508

Ci 4 HiG 1, 4-Diethylnaph 7e thalene; see

«-Methylstilbene (76)

( )

Ci4H17N a-Diethylamino naphthalene; see 496

Ci4Hi7N /3-Diethylamino naphthalene; see 497

C14Hi7N

Ci 5 Hi 4 Ci5Hi4

Ci5HiS l-Methyl-2, 4-diethylnaphthalene (76)

1, 8-Diethylaminonaphthalene

Ci6Hi4 9-Ethylanthracene (76)

C14H17N

Ci6Hi4 9-Ethylphenanthrene (76)

CuHi7N 2, 6-Diethylaminonaphthalene

nD

-M 60

nD

nD

-W 8 0

79.70 1.44281.43951.4362 90.40 1.44471.44101.4373 100.00 1.44591.44151.4371 529. B = Ci8H36O2, Stearic acid (101)

0.00 1.43391.43041.4269 10.46 1.43411.43071.4273 25.00 1.43451.43101.4275 40.00 1.43481.43131.4278 53.85 1.43531.43171.4281 70.00 1.43571.43201.4283 90.00 1.43651.43271.4289 100.00 1.43741.43351.4296 See also 342, 588 and Figs. 4, 5, 6.

Ci7Hi2Os

Naphthyl salicylate (betol) ( 90 )

Ci7Hi4Br2O2 Ethyl 2, 7-dibromofluorene-9acetate; see 513

Ci8HiS Ci8H22N2 Dibenzylpiperazine; see 343, 393

CieHisCl 9-Ethyl-10-chloroanthracene; see 511

2, 3-Diethylaminonaphthalene; see 499

"R

Ci5Hi6O l-Methyl-4-ethyl-2-acetylnaphthalene ( 76 )

CuH17N 1, 5-Diethylaminonaphthalene

(™)

Of

Retene; see 514

Ci6HiO Pyrene; see 510

Ci4Hi7N

7o J3

m-Methylstilbene; see 509

1, 4-Diethylaminonaphthalene; see 498

(76)

C 14HgCl2 C 14HgBr

CuH 12

Ci6Hi6O Ethylhydroanthranol; see 512

Ci6Hi8N2

Ci8Hs4O2 Oleic acid 530. B = Ci8H36O2, Stearic acid (101)

%B nS>° n™ ni° 0.00 1.44591.44151.4371 10.00 1.44471.43991.4351 20.00 1.44411.43911.4341 30.58 1.44361.43861.4336 44.05 1.44251.43771.4329 60.00 1.44121.43651.4318 74.70 1.43981.43541.4310 86.53 1.43861.43441.4302 100.00 1.43741.43351.4296 See also 345, 528, 588 and Figs. 4, 5, 6.

Ci8Hs6O2 Stearic acid; see 346, 529, 530, 588

/3-Chloroanthracene; see 484

c™)

Diphenylpiperazine; see 391

C 14HgCl

Ci4H17N 2, 7-Diethylaminonaphthalene 7

Ci6H2oN2 st/m.-Diphenyldimethylethylenediamine; see 392

CigHie Tripheny!methane; see 302

CI4H24N 2

Ci6Hs2O2

9-Isoamylanthracene (76)

9-Chloroanthracene; see 485 C 14HgCl

9-Chlorophenanthrene; see 486 C i4Hio Anthracene; see 487, 523 C 14HiQ

Phenanthrene; see 488, 524

( «)

Tetraethyl-o-phenylenediamine; see 500

Ci4H24N2 Tetraethyl-m-phenylenediamine; see 501

CuHiQBr2

Ci4H24N2

2, 7-Dibromo-9-methylfluorene; see 489

Tetraethyl-p-phenylenediamine; see 502

Palmitic acid 528. B = Ci8H34O2, Oleic acid (101)

%B 0.00 9.90 22.30 36.50 50.59 64.44

n™ n 7£ wf? 1.43391.43041.4269 1.43571.43251.4293 1.43731.43421.4311 1.43851.43551.4325 1.43951.43651.4335 1.44061.43751.4344

C IgH2Q

C IgH22N2O

Cinchotoxine (Cinchonicine); see 347, 357

C20H8Br4O5 Eosin (143) C2oH2sO2

1, 4-Dihydroxynaphthalene diamyl ether (76)

C2oH2sO2

1, 5-Dihydroxynaphthalene diamyl ether; see 515 C26H26N2C/2

Benzoylcinchotoxine (benzoylcinchonicine); see 348, 358 C2?H44

a-Cholesterylene; see 394 C27H46

Cholestene; see 395 C2?H4eO Cholesterol; see 396 C2?H48

Cholestane; see 397 C2gH48OS2

Methyl

cholesterylxanthogenate; see 398 C 29HUoOS 2

Methyl dihydroeholesterylxanthogenate; see 399

CsiHgsOe Tripalmitin 531. B = C 57 H 104 O 6 , Triolein (101)

%B 0.00 10.00 23.57 34.35 45.00 52.47 61.05 67.58 79.30 79.65 90.10 100.00

nj>° ng n*£ 1.44281.44021.4376 1.44431.44171.4391 1.44621.44341.4406 1.44751.44471.4419 1.44871.44591.4431 1.44981.44681.4438 1.45121.44811.4450 1.45181.44881.4458 1.45331.45001.4467 1.45341.45021.4476 1.45491.45131.4477 1.45611.45231.4485

532. B = C67Hi10O6, Tristearin (101)

O 10 20 31.15 40 50 60 65.15 75 78.75 90 100

1.44271.44021.4377 1.44301.44041.4378 1.44341.44071.4380 1.44421.44091.4376 1.44501.44101.4370 1.44551.44101.4365 1.44541.44101.4366 1.44531.44101.4367 1.44501.4411 1.4372 1.44471.44111.4375 1.44451.44121.4379 1.4441 1.44131.4385 C 57!! 104O 6

Triolein 533. B = C 67 Hu 0 O 6 , Tristearin (101)

%B nj>° n™ n|? 0.00 1.45611.45231.4485 14.29 1.45461.45061.4466

533.—(Continued) TABLE 2.—REFRACTIVITY AT ONE WAVE-LENGTH (D): TERNARY %B < n™ n*D° MIXTURES 27.27 1.45341.44911.4448 For dispersion and refraction at other wave-lengths, see end of 38.46 1.45221.44801.4438 Table 5. For order of arrangement, see Vol. Ill, p. viii; for refrac51.02 1.45061.44671.4428 tivity of corresponding binary mixtures, see same authority in 68.15 1.44851.44481.4411 j Table 1. (Pulfrich) (Abbe-Zeiss) . . . indicate the type of 86.05 1.44641.44311.4398 ' refractometer used. 100.00 1.44411.44131.4385 5'd + 1000 = 10004, $n + 1333 = 1000nJ>, Mc = g-moles C See also 531, 589 and Figs. per liter of mixture; % B = g B per 100 g of mixture; 1 Vol. B + 7, 8, 9. 2 Vol. C = mixture of 1 volume of solution containing B to 2 yolumes of solution containing C; Vol. % B, t° = volume % of B at Z0C; g B/l soln. = g B per liter of mixture. CsyHnoOe Tristearin (stearin); see 532, I. Aqueous Mixtures, Standard Arrangement 533, 589 538. B = HIO4, MB = 0.5; H2O C = NaOH, M0 = 0.5; 535. B = HIO3; C = MoO3 Acetoacetic ester * = 260C (28) (113) 60 89 5 Vol. % B, 21° ni> derivatives ( » ) gB/lsoln.gC/lsoln. 8* df 43.5 1.3376 4.4867 O 0.110.93 45.4 1.3374 Albumen ( 127 ) O 12.0676 1.747.08 47.7 1.3372 1 Vol. B +2 Vol. C 1.144.93 50.0 1.3372 Albumin 52.7 1.3376 See Table 4.

Oil of Bergamot 534. B = Sandalwood oil (^ 6 ) % B 0.0 I 60.0 I 80.0 t nj> 19.7 1.49071.4996 29.6 1.46131.48631.4959 35.1 1.45881.48421.4932 41.1 1.48191.4905

Blood serum See Table 4 and (46)

Castor oil (42) Cinnamon, Oil of See 526 Q 5 4 )

Diketones (* 40, 142) Dyestuffs, Commercial (32)

Eosin derivatives (143)

55.6 1.3381 58.8 1.3386 62.5 1.3391 66.7 1.3396 71.4 1.3403 77.0 1.3413 83.4 1.3422 91.0 1.3433 100.0 1.3445 539. B = HIO4, MB = 0.967;

536. B = HIO3, MB = 0.5; C = NaOH, Mc = 0.5; t = 210C (28)

Vol. % B, 21°

0.0 9.0 16.7 23.0 33.3 41.2 45.4 47.6 50.0 52.6 55.5 58.8 62.5 66.6 71.5 77.0 83.3 91.0 100.0

n*D

1.3380 1.3382 1.3384 1.3385 1.3387 1.3389 1.3390 1.3391 1.3392 1.3395 1.3397 1.3401 1.3405 1.3409 1.3414 1.3421 1.3426 1.3435 1.3444

C = KOH,0 Mc = 1.0;

* = 25 C (28) 0.0 1.3427 4.7 1.3430 9.0 1.3433 13.0 1.3437 16.6 1.3440 20.0 1.3443 23.0 1.3445 25.8 1.3446 28.5 1.3446 31.0 1.3445 1.3445 33.3

540. B = H2SeO3, MB = 1.0; C = NH4OH, M0 = 1.0;

Gelatin See 228.1 23

Glyoximes ( ) Nitroaniline derivatives (59)

Paraffin oil (42) Proteins See Table 4

Sandalwood oil See 527, 534

Turpentine, Oil of ( 62 )

537. B = HIO4, MB = 0.5; C = NH4OH, Mc = 0.5;

* = 250C 0.0 6.2 11.7 16.7 21.0 25.0 28.6 31.8 34.8 37.5 40.0 42.3 44.4

(28) 1.3326 1.3331 1.3347 1.3357 1.3364 1.3371 1.3377 1.3381 1.3381 1.3379 1.3378 1.3376 1.3374

I

* = 190C 16.2 23.1 28.6 33.3 37.5 41.2 44.5 47.4 50.0

(28) 1.3379 1.3395 1.3408 1.3421 1.3422 1.3422 1.3422 1.3423 1.3423

541. B = HNO 3 ; C = Hg(NOs) 2 (Pulfrich) Anhydrous (94) % C nS d™ O 1.3394 1.0253 5.3037 1.3451 1.0767 O 1.3423 1.0373 6.6201 1.3495 1.1014

C2oH2sO2

1, 5-Dihydroxynaphthalene diamyl ether; see 515 C26H26N2C/2

Benzoylcinchotoxine (benzoylcinchonicine); see 348, 358 C2?H44

a-Cholesterylene; see 394 C27H46

Cholestene; see 395 C2?H4eO Cholesterol; see 396 C2?H48

Cholestane; see 397 C2gH48OS2

Methyl

cholesterylxanthogenate; see 398 C 29HUoOS 2

Methyl dihydroeholesterylxanthogenate; see 399

CsiHgsOe Tripalmitin 531. B = C 57 H 104 O 6 , Triolein (101)

%B 0.00 10.00 23.57 34.35 45.00 52.47 61.05 67.58 79.30 79.65 90.10 100.00

nj>° ng n*£ 1.44281.44021.4376 1.44431.44171.4391 1.44621.44341.4406 1.44751.44471.4419 1.44871.44591.4431 1.44981.44681.4438 1.45121.44811.4450 1.45181.44881.4458 1.45331.45001.4467 1.45341.45021.4476 1.45491.45131.4477 1.45611.45231.4485

532. B = C67Hi10O6, Tristearin (101)

O 10 20 31.15 40 50 60 65.15 75 78.75 90 100

1.44271.44021.4377 1.44301.44041.4378 1.44341.44071.4380 1.44421.44091.4376 1.44501.44101.4370 1.44551.44101.4365 1.44541.44101.4366 1.44531.44101.4367 1.44501.4411 1.4372 1.44471.44111.4375 1.44451.44121.4379 1.4441 1.44131.4385 C 57!! 104O 6

Triolein 533. B = C 67 Hu 0 O 6 , Tristearin (101)

%B nj>° n™ n|? 0.00 1.45611.45231.4485 14.29 1.45461.45061.4466

533.—(Continued) TABLE 2.—REFRACTIVITY AT ONE WAVE-LENGTH (D): TERNARY %B < n™ n*D° MIXTURES 27.27 1.45341.44911.4448 For dispersion and refraction at other wave-lengths, see end of 38.46 1.45221.44801.4438 Table 5. For order of arrangement, see Vol. Ill, p. viii; for refrac51.02 1.45061.44671.4428 tivity of corresponding binary mixtures, see same authority in 68.15 1.44851.44481.4411 j Table 1. (Pulfrich) (Abbe-Zeiss) . . . indicate the type of 86.05 1.44641.44311.4398 ' refractometer used. 100.00 1.44411.44131.4385 5'd + 1000 = 10004, $n + 1333 = 1000nJ>, Mc = g-moles C See also 531, 589 and Figs. per liter of mixture; % B = g B per 100 g of mixture; 1 Vol. B + 7, 8, 9. 2 Vol. C = mixture of 1 volume of solution containing B to 2 yolumes of solution containing C; Vol. % B, t° = volume % of B at Z0C; g B/l soln. = g B per liter of mixture. CsyHnoOe Tristearin (stearin); see 532, I. Aqueous Mixtures, Standard Arrangement 533, 589 538. B = HIO4, MB = 0.5; H2O C = NaOH, M0 = 0.5; 535. B = HIO3; C = MoO3 Acetoacetic ester * = 260C (28) (113) 60 89 5 Vol. % B, 21° ni> derivatives ( » ) gB/lsoln.gC/lsoln. 8* df 43.5 1.3376 4.4867 O 0.110.93 45.4 1.3374 Albumen ( 127 ) O 12.0676 1.747.08 47.7 1.3372 1 Vol. B +2 Vol. C 1.144.93 50.0 1.3372 Albumin 52.7 1.3376 See Table 4.

Oil of Bergamot 534. B = Sandalwood oil (^ 6 ) % B 0.0 I 60.0 I 80.0 t nj> 19.7 1.49071.4996 29.6 1.46131.48631.4959 35.1 1.45881.48421.4932 41.1 1.48191.4905

Blood serum See Table 4 and (46)

Castor oil (42) Cinnamon, Oil of See 526 Q 5 4 )

Diketones (* 40, 142) Dyestuffs, Commercial (32)

Eosin derivatives (143)

55.6 1.3381 58.8 1.3386 62.5 1.3391 66.7 1.3396 71.4 1.3403 77.0 1.3413 83.4 1.3422 91.0 1.3433 100.0 1.3445 539. B = HIO4, MB = 0.967;

536. B = HIO3, MB = 0.5; C = NaOH, Mc = 0.5; t = 210C (28)

Vol. % B, 21°

0.0 9.0 16.7 23.0 33.3 41.2 45.4 47.6 50.0 52.6 55.5 58.8 62.5 66.6 71.5 77.0 83.3 91.0 100.0

n*D

1.3380 1.3382 1.3384 1.3385 1.3387 1.3389 1.3390 1.3391 1.3392 1.3395 1.3397 1.3401 1.3405 1.3409 1.3414 1.3421 1.3426 1.3435 1.3444

C = KOH,0 Mc = 1.0;

* = 25 C (28) 0.0 1.3427 4.7 1.3430 9.0 1.3433 13.0 1.3437 16.6 1.3440 20.0 1.3443 23.0 1.3445 25.8 1.3446 28.5 1.3446 31.0 1.3445 1.3445 33.3

540. B = H2SeO3, MB = 1.0; C = NH4OH, M0 = 1.0;

Gelatin See 228.1 23

Glyoximes ( ) Nitroaniline derivatives (59)

Paraffin oil (42) Proteins See Table 4

Sandalwood oil See 527, 534

Turpentine, Oil of ( 62 )

537. B = HIO4, MB = 0.5; C = NH4OH, Mc = 0.5;

* = 250C 0.0 6.2 11.7 16.7 21.0 25.0 28.6 31.8 34.8 37.5 40.0 42.3 44.4

(28) 1.3326 1.3331 1.3347 1.3357 1.3364 1.3371 1.3377 1.3381 1.3381 1.3379 1.3378 1.3376 1.3374

I

* = 190C 16.2 23.1 28.6 33.3 37.5 41.2 44.5 47.4 50.0

(28) 1.3379 1.3395 1.3408 1.3421 1.3422 1.3422 1.3422 1.3423 1.3423

541. B = HNO 3 ; C = Hg(NOs) 2 (Pulfrich) Anhydrous (94) % C nS d™ O 1.3394 1.0253 5.3037 1.3451 1.0767 O 1.3423 1.0373 6.6201 1.3495 1.1014

H 2O.—(Continued) 542. B = HNO 3 ; C = Hg2(NOs) 2 (Pulfrich), Anhydrous (94)

% C O 4.0118 7.4925 O 7.9896

dl« 1.0209 1.0563 1.0913 1.0253 1.0991

nS 1.3385 1.3424 1.3465 1.3394 1.3477

543. B = NH4OH, MB = 2; C = H3PO3, Mc = 2; t = 19°C

(28)

nlD 1.3406 1.3426 1.3446 1.3464 1.3478 1.3468 1.3461 1.3454 1.3455

Vol. % C 15 20 25 30 33.3 40 45 50 65

544. B = NH4OH, MB = 2.0; C = C6H8O7, Citric acid, M0 = 2.0; t = 150C (28) 0.0 1.3352 1.3438 10.0 15.0 1.3476 20.0 1.3520 25.0 1.3563 30.0 1.3578 40.0 1.3608 50.0 1.3640 60.0 1.3672 1.3704 70.0 80.0 1.3736 90.0 1.3768 100.0 1.3800 545. B = (NH 4 ) 2 S0 4 ; C = Al 2 (SO 4 )S (H3) g B/l g C/l soln. soln. 5« df O 68.475 14.10 68.88 26.440 O 3.79 12.44

"&'„•"}..««....

546. B = (NH4) 2 SO 4 ; C = K 2 SO 4 (US) O 33.872 3.61 24.37 26.440 O 3.79 12.44 "t,BC+'} 3.70.8.40

548. B = H3PO3, MB = 2; C = KOH, Mc = 2; « = 17.50C (28) Vol. % B n*D 0.0 1.3530 9.1 1.3515 16.7 1.3504 23.1 1.3493 28.6 1.3485 33.3 1.3476 37.5 1.3469 41.2 1.3464 44.5 1.3459 47.4 1.3454 50.0 1.3450 52.6 1.3450 55.5 1.3451 58.8 1.3452 62.5 1.3454 66.6 1.3457 1.3458 71.4 76.9 1.3462 83.3 1.3465 90.9 1.3472 1.3479 100.0 549. B = H3PO4, MB = 2; C = KOH, M0 = 2; * = 12 to 12.50C (28) Vol. % B n'D d[ 0.0 1.3538 1.0964 4.7 1.3534 9.1 1.3530 16.7 1.3525 1.0983 20.0 1.3522 23.1 1.3520 1.3518 1.0991 24.5 25.9 1.3515 28.6 1.3509 1.0977 31.0 1.3505 33.3 1.3500 1.0960 1.3493 1.0947 37.5 1.3488 1.0936 41.2 44.5 1.3484 47.4 1.3482 1.0927 1.3480 50.0 52.6 1.3480 1.0929 1.3481 55.5 58.8 1.3482 1.0940 62.5 1.3483 66.6 1.3484 1.0957 71.4 1.3486 76.9 1.3489 1.0980 83.8 1.3493 1.1025 90.9 1.3499 100.0 1.3507 1.1056 550. B = H4P2O7, MB = 0.5; C = KOH, Mc = 1.0; t = 15°C

547. B = P 2 O 5 ; C = MoO3 (113)

3.2267 O 0.41 0 12.0844 2.14 1 Vol. B + 2 \ VoLC / 1^6

0.79 8.32 5 73

'

Vol. % B 0.0 9.1 16.2 23.1 28.6 33.3

(28)

nj> 1.3439 1.3431 1.3425 1.3420 1.3416 1.3412

550.—(Continued) Vol. % B nj> 62.5 1.3409 66.6 1.3411 71.4 1.3414 76.9 1.3418 83.8 1.3422 90.9 1.3429 100.0 1.3435

550.—(Continued) Vol. % B n'D 37.5 1.3410 41.2 1.3408 44.5 1.3407 47.4 1.3406 50.0 1.3404 52.6 1.3405 55.5 1.3406 58.8 1.3407

551. B = As2O5; C = MoO3 Q 13 ) g B/l soln. I g C/l soln. | ff | d2/ 12.7597 O 1.40 8.45 0 12.0844 2.14 8.32 1 Vol. B + 1 Vol. C 1.79 8.41 552. B = C6H6, Benzene;* C = CH4O, Methyl alcohol ( 7 ) * No numerical values of n; a triangular diagram too small for accurate reproduction; analyses of layers in heterogeneous portion; it is stated that at 250C the area of the heterogeneous portion = 0.7658 of total area of the triangular diagram, in contrast with 0.6739 for the system 02HsOH-CeHe-BÔ; v. 557.

B = C6H6, Benzene; C =» C2H6O, Ethyl alcohol, v. 557 553. B = C2H2O4, Oxalic acid; C = MoO3 (U 3 ) 3.1407 O -0.11 -1.34 O 12.0676 1.74 7.08 1 Vol. B + 1 Vol. C -0.18 2.89 554. B = C 2 H 4 O 2 , Acetic acid; C = MoO3 (i 13 ) 183.753 O 18.10 32.35 O 5.7626 0.51 1.86 2 Vol. B + 1 Vol. C 12.67 23.34 555. B = C2H4O3, Glycolic acid; C = MoO3 (U 3 ) 40.4302 O 3.32 10.06 0 4.80345 0.37 1.19 1 Vol. B + 2 Vol. C 1.44 4.23 556. B = C2H6O, Ethyl alcohol, ^ = 30.66; C = C4H10O, Ethyl ether, S*5 = 22.43; for H2O, ^ = 0.39; (Zeiss) t = 150C (125) % C I Q I 5 I 10 %B I ft O 0.39 4.506 5 3.670 8.240 10 7.290 12.111 15 11.184 15.841 20 15.246 19.272 22.510 25 18.579 22.294 24.860 30 21.574 24.860 27.128 35 24.348 26.837 28.630 40 26.516 28.343 30.158 45 28.378 29.945 31.360 50 30.050 31.174 32.280 55 31.120 32.242 33.155 60 32.070 33.120 33.540 65 32.980 33.540 33.820 70 33.435 33.785 33.855 75 33.715 33.855 33.715 80 33.875 33.680 33.225 85 33.645 33.225 32.105 90 33.159 32.070 30.554 95 32.000 30.590 100 30.66

% C %B 25 30 35

I I

15 26.732 28.558 30.050

I

20 ^ 29.800 31.115

I

25

|

30.695 31.820

556.—(Continued) % C %B

I I

40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 % C %B

I I

I I

I

45

I 1

60

I

10 15 20 25 % B=5 % B=O

75

25

32.175 33.050 33.575 33.855 33.960 33.645 33.050 32.070 30.230

32.840 33.400 33.820 33.890 33.610 32.910 31.856 29.905

35 6^

I

50 a"

I

65 5j?

I

80 5^

55

31.856 31.325 30.050 28.090 I

70

29.800 28.847 26.948

30.302 29.240 27.272 I

40

32.105 32.875 33.190 33.085 32.350 31.010 28.990

32.420 32.385 31.856 30.554 28.630

31.115 30.835 29.590 27.632 I I

20 dj?

31.712 32.700 33.365 33.575 33.310 32.455 31.360 29.310

32.280 32.875 32.805 32.140 30.835 28.954

20 25 30 35 40 % C %B

30

31.150 32.350 33.190 33.610 33.750 33.540 32.870 31.640 29.765

30 35 40 45 50 55 % C %B

I

31.185 32.245 33.190 33.505 33.855 33.925 33.680 33.225 32.105 30.302

30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 % C %B

15

I

90

24.068 27.380 25.436

28.055 26.120 % C = 95 % G = 100

Si6 = 23.132 5*5 = 22.43

557. B = C2H6O, Ethyl alcohol;* C = C6H6, Benzene, D1 250C (Fery, direct reading) (8); see Fig. 1 %B

I

%C

I

^

0.00 0.00 5.85 5.86

0.00 100.00 93.66 93.90

- 0.7 +164.9 145.0 155.2

5.89

94.11

155.0

10.00 10.00 10.00 10.09 10.09

0.00 89.93 90.00 88.93 89.30

5.8 148.5 148.7 147.7 148.1

I

df

0.99707 0.87363

0.98043 0.86309 0.86299

% B 10.9 18.48 20.00 20.00 20.00 20.00 21.42 24.02 27.06 29.54 30.00 30.00 30.00 30.00 30.00 30.00 30.00 30.00 30.00 32.42 35.26 38.08 40.00 40.00 40.00 40.00 40.00 40.00 40.00 40.00 40.68 43.43 45.96 46.90

I

557.—(Continued) % C <• 89.91 148.8 81.52 136.1 0.00 13.0 76.97 129.8 77.69 130.7 80.00 133.6 77.16 129.8 73.31 124.5 68.80 117.8 65.12 113.2 0.00 18.4 0.40 18.5 0.50 18.6 63.20 110.3 63.81 111.0 65.44 113.2 67.28 114.9 67.58 115.9 70.00 118.8 60.85 107.3 56.64 101.5 52.46 96.0 0.00 23.5 0.40 24.1 1.23 25.1 1.50 25.7 48.61 90.7 54.31 97.7 59.72 104.3 60.00 104.6 48.61 90.9 44.53 85.5 40.78 80.5 6.91 33.0

47.13

5.46

32.4

47.49 49.85 49.85 49.83 50.00 49.86 49.86 50.00 49.87 49.87 50.00 49.88 49.94 49.94 49.94 50.00 50.00 50.00 50.00 50.00 51.49 60.00 60.00 60.00 60.00 60.00 60.00 60.00

4.74 1.22 0.00 35.04 0.00 2.64 4.99 5.87 6.67 7.43 8.44 9.03 28.23 29.30 30.48 30.80 35.76 39.85 44.18 50.00 32.58 0.00 3.90 7.05 14.06 19.16 23.21 28.60

31.5 28.0 26.8 72.8 26.6 30.6 32.9 33.8 35.0 36.2 37.1 38.5 64.3 65.7 67.2 67.3 73.6 78.9 84.4 90.9 69.8 28.7 33.2 37.3 46.0 52.1 57.6 64.5

I

ffl 0.85503 0.96639 0.85668

0.95067

0.85430 0.85161 0.84897 0.84818 0.84474 0.85287 0.85238 0.93148 0.93063 0.85332 0.84490 0.83600 0.83574 0.85199

0.90787 0.91019 0.90985 0.90068 0.89923 0.89460

0.87791 0.85000 0,84352 0.83613 0.82869 0.85189 0.88689 0.87958 0.87388 0.86180 0.85367 0.84701 0.83799

557.—(Continued)

%B

%c

60.00 60.00 70.00 70.00 70.00 70.00 70.00 70.00 70.00 70.00 70.00 73.46 79.98 79.98 79.98 79.99 79.99 79.99 89.97 89.94 89.92 89.90 89.87 100.00

34.47 40.00 0.00 7.46 10.72 14.68 18.09 22.45 24.31 25.64 30.00 0.00 0.00 3-58 9.23 13.75 15.89 20.01 0.00 2.42 4.99 7.53 10.13 0.00

I

<•

I

71.0 77.3 29.6 38.7 42.2 46.8 50.8 55.5 57.4 58.8 63.2 29.8 29.9 33.7 40.3 45.0 47.2 50.9 29.0 31.4 33.9 36.6 38.8 26.2

d» 0.82797 0.81825 0.86340 0.85007 0.84421 0.83716 0.83165 0.82388 0.82014 0.81810 0.80953 0.85506 0.83911 0.83267 0.82271 0.81418 0.81021 0.80095 0.81369 0.80922 0.80418 0.79897 0.79343 0.78506

* At 250C the area of the heterogeneous portion = 0.6739 of total area of triangular diagram.

FIG. 1.—Refractivity of system 557; Water (H 2 O), Ethyl alcohol (C2H6O), and Benzene (C 6 H 6 ). Coordinates are Wt. %; on curve are values of Sn, lOOOnif = 1333 + 5n. Below the curve the system is heterogeneous; see 557, Table 2.

558. B = C2H6O, Ethyl alcohol; C = Ca(NOs) 2 ; concentration of C2H6Q in B = % B; of C in B ^ M0; t = 180C (**) Mc I ' 0.0 I 0.2 I 0.5

% B

I

0.0 18.5 41.2 60.8 74.0 91.9 100.0 Mc

I

% B

I

0.0 18.5 41.2 60.8 74.0 91.9 100.0

dn 0.1 12.1 25.9 30.3 32.0 30.5 26.9 1.0

I

6.8 15.8 30.0 34.3 36.3 34.5 32.1 1.5

I

11.4 21.5 35.6 39.4 42.0 40.8 39.0 2.0

dn

22.8 30.9 44.0 47.3 50.6 50.4 49.3

33.2 40.4 52.7 55.6 59.4 59.6 59.6

43.5 49.3 61.0 63.9 68.0 73.0 77.8

559. B = C3H6O2, Propionic acid; C = MoO3, t = 250C (H3) g B/l soln. I g C/l soln. | Sn | dd 221.397 O 17.92 13.62 0 11.5253 1.57 6.60 2 Vol. B + 1 Vol. C 12.76 12.11 560. B = C3H6O3, Lactic acid; C = MoO 3 ; t = 250C (U 3) 93.8597 O 10.26 21.79 O 11.5253 1.57 6.60 1 Vol. B + 2 Vol. C 3.93 11.87 561. B = C4H6O4, Succinic acid; C = MoO 3 ; t = 250C ("3) 45.8425 O 4.30 10.77 O 1.3131 -0.28 -1.86

1 Vol. B + 2 Vol. C

1.26

2.37

FIG. 2.—Refractivity of system 570; H2O + SiO2 -f Na 2 O ( 1 ^s). Coordinates are Wt. %; on curves are values of Sn, 100On = 1333 + Sn ± 1. Neither t nor X recorded, but X is obviously D. See 570, Table 2. 562. B = C4H6O5, Malic acid; C = MoO 3 ; t = 250C ("3) g B/l soln. I g C/l soln. | Sn | 8d 168.079 O 18.56 57.82 0 11.8732 1.72 7.21 1 Vol. B + 2 Vol. C 7.38 24.42 563. B = C4H6O6, Tartaric acid; C = MoO3; t = 250C ("3) 73.6565 O 8.45 20.69 O 22.3675 3.49 15.54 1 Vol. B + 1 Vol. C 6.30 22.80 564. B = C4H6O6, Tartaric acid; C = (NH4)6Mo7O24; t = 250C (113)

200.00 I O O I 200.00 2 Vol. B + 1 Vol. C

23.26 32.19 29.29

84.40 135.60 109.27

565. B = C6H8O7, Citric acid; C = MoO 3 ; t = 250C (U 3) 89.8126 O 9.53 30.39 O 11.5253 1.57 6.60 1 Vol. B + 2 Vol. C 4.37 14.72

566. B = C6H8O7, Citric acid, MB = 2.0; C = NaOH, Mc = 2.0; t = 15°C

Vol. % B 0.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0 40.0

I

n*D 1.3535 1.3539 1.3541 1.3543 1.3545 1.3561 1.3592

[I

(28)

% B

Vol. % B 50.0 60.0 70.0 80.0 90.0 100.0

I

*}> 1.3625 1.3659 1.3694 1.3729 1.3763 1.3800

567. B = C7H12O6, Quinic acid; C = MoO 3 ; t = 250C ("3) g B/l soln. I g C/l soln. | 5n \ dd 53.8721 O 7.27 17.22 O 5.49045 0.47 1.46 1 Vol. B + 2 Vol. C 2.92 6.82

568. B = C3H8O2, Phenylacetic acid; C = MoO3; t = 250C ("3) 5.8743 O I +0.57 -2.00 O 1.0030 -0.33 -2.09 2 Vol. B + 1 Vol. C +0.27 -2.02

569. B = C8H8O3, Phenylglycolic acid; C = MoO3; t = 250C (113)

84.7143 O O 9.4047 1 Vol. B + 2 Vol. C

14.83 1.26 6.14

17.04 4.41 9.34

570. B = SiO2; C = Na 2 O; see Fig. 2; commercial sodium silicate* (145) % B I % C I n I d Z(Na 2 O + 1.69SiO2)

1.05 3.13 6.65 9.90 13.34 16.70 19.82 21.40 22.94 23.81 24.70 25.69 26.51 28.23 29.69 31.58 32.58 2.96 5.98 9.00 12.12 15.32 16.86 18.76

0.64 1.3358 1.90 1.3425 4.04 1.3550 6.02 1.3651 8.10 1.3770 10.14 1.3886 12.04 1.4010 13.00 1.4077 13.93 1.4127 14.46 1.4157 15.00 1.4188 15.60 1.4235 16.10 1.4264 17.14 1.4337 18.03 1.4390 19.18 1.4473 19.78 1.4473f X(Na2O + 2.06SiO2) 1.48 1.3399 2.99 1.3484 4.50 1.3570 6.06 1.3651 7.66 1.3740 8.43 1.3787 9.38 1.3850

1

1.0161 1.0584 1.1069 1.1637 1.2970 1.3705 1.4037 1.4414 1.4646

1.0829 1.1328 1.1789 1.2664 1.3028

21.06 22.24 23.10 24.02 24.86 25.78 26.60 29.60 1.21 2.41 7.06 11.66 16.68

19.64 21.92 24.17 25.64 27.00 28.39 29.43 30.64 31.65 32.89 1.80 3.36 6.72 9.89 13.15 16.58 19.49 21.18 22.46 24.38 26.24 27.74 29.76 1.86 3.75 5.69 7.55 9.41 11.34 13.31 14.98 17.7J 20.82 21.96 22.99 23.89 24.28 24.54 25.11 25.75 26.21 26.59

570.—(Continued) I % C I n I X(Na12O + 2.06SiO2).- (Continued) 10.53 1.3916 11.12 1.3972 11.55 1.3984 12.01 1.4016 12.43 1.4043 12.89 1.4090 13.30 1.4122 14.80 1.4222 Z(Na 2 O + 2.4OSiO2) 0.52 1.3359 1.03 1.3388 3.02 1.3495 4.99 1.3610 Z(Na2O + 2.44SiO2) 7.04 1.3734

8.29 1.3823 9.25 1.3883 10.20 1.3948 10.82 1.4009 11.40 1.4059 11.98 1.4100 12.42 1.4142 12.93 1.4176 13.36 1.4219 13.88 1.4247 Z(Na2O + 3.36SiO2) 0.55 1.3368 1.03 1.3403 2.06 1.3470 3.03 1.3529 4.03 1.3609 5.08 1.3671 5.97 1.3733 6.49 1.3777 6.88 1.3809 7.47 1.3860 8.04 1.3905 8.50 1.3944 9.12 1.3997 Z(Na2O + 3.9OSiO2) 0.49 1.3367 0.99 1.3400 1.50 1.3430 1.99 1.3466 2.48 1.3501 2.99 1.3538 3.51 1.3570 3.95 1.3614 4.64 1.3666 5.49 1.3718 5.79 1.3735 6.06 1.3774 6.30 1.3793 6.40 1.3800 6.47 1.3807 6.62 1.3814 6.79 1.3840 6.91 1.3844 7.01 1.3855

d

1.3426 1.3653 1.3849 1.4023 1.4188 1.4428

1.0147 1.0313 1.0935 1.1600

1.2866 1.3266 1.3783 1.3969 1.4230 1.4529

1.0183 1.0733 1.1137 1.1499 1.1934 1.2404 1.2653 1.2839 1.3170 1.3476 1.3692 1.4078 1.0190 1.0394 1.0584 1.0781 1.0985 1.1206 1.1435 1.1656

1.3028 1.3063

* Impurities, computed as metallic oxides, = 1 % of (NazO -f ySiOz) content. Neither t nor X is recorded, but X is obviously Z); accuracy in d and n is probably not greater than ±0.001. t 1.4493(7). j 17.6(?)

571. B = HgI2; C = BaI2, Rohrbach's solution* (» 7 ); IQO g BaI2 + 130 g HgI2 + ^H2O ^20

i

~20

Tj

320

I

T20

^4

I

^D

Ij

^4

I

^D

2.067 1.5148 3.046 1.6944 2.163 1.5320 3.180 1.7195 1.5685 3.246 1.7312 2.367 3.396 1.7590 2.648 1.6205 2.649f 1.6207f 3.449 1.7656 2.748 1.6391 ±0.0015 ±0.00015 2.980 1.6823 («<*/««)20 = +0.0005. If 2.00 < d™ < 2.25, d™ = 5.7OnJ,0 6.567; 2.25 < d 20 < 3.40, d 20 = 5.39ng - 6.0865; 3.40 < d 20 < 3.50, d™ = 5.52ng - 6.313. * For determining density of minerals; 100 g Bal2, 130 g Hgl2, and 20 cms HaO are rapidly mixed and heated to boiling point on an oil-bath, then diluted as desired. tFor quartz (SiQ2). d\° = 2.6495, np = 1.6208.

572. B = HgCl2, N = 0.2; C = KCl, N = 0.2 (148) Vol. % B, 18° I Vol. % C, 18° I n^ 0 1 1.33513 1 O 1.3381 1 1 1.3367 1 2 1.3362 2 1 1.3372 573. B = HgCl2; C = KI ("3) g B/l soln. I g C/l soln. | - 5»6 | 54.18 O 4.12 0 33.20 3.76 1 Vol. B + 5 Vol. C 4.33

52/ 41.66 20.93 24.69

574. B = HgCl2; C = KCN ("3) 54.18 O 4.12 0 13.038 0.86 1 Vol. B + 1 Vol. C 2.52 54.18 O 4.11 0 13.038 0.86 1 Vol. B + 4 Vol. C 1.39

41.66 3.50 22.53 41.53 3.46 40.77

575. B = AgNO 3 ; C = LiNO3 ("3) 169.97 O 16.76 0 69.07 5.00 1 Vol. B + 1 Vol. C 10.89

136.15 23.38 79.72

576. B = AgNO 3 ; C = KCN (H3) 169.97 O 16.76 0 65.19 7.39 1 Vol. B + 3 Vol. C 9.20

136.15 31.53 54.64

577. B = MnSO4; C = Mn(NO 3 ) 2 Q 7 ) gB/kgA I gC/kgA I ng I 7.5 I 6.3 I 1.3371 |

1.0?

17

578. B = MnSO4; C = Fe 2 (SO 4 )S ( ) T T s 1 0 . 0 1 . 3 3 9 1 T 7 2 o 7.5 20.1 1.3400 1.2o 3.75 20.1 1.3413 1.2o 8.3 8.3 4.15

579. B = FeCl3; C = NiCl2 (17) 2.35 1.3419 6.5 1.3410 6J> 1.3401

1.Oo 1.Oo l.la

580. B = Fe2(SO4V, C = Fe(NO 3 ) 3 C 17 ) 20.1 I 12.0 I 1.3427 [ 1.2o

580.1. B = Fe(NOs) 3 ; C = Co(NO 3 ) 2 ( 17 ) g B/kg A I g C/kg A I n™ I a 12.0 4.5 1.3415 1.07 12.0 9.0 1.3408 l.la 6.0 IU) 1.3401 l.ls 6.5

581. B = CoCl2; C = CoSO4 ( 17 ) I 7.6 I 1.3381 |

582. B = CrO3; C = MoO 3 ( g B/l soln., 25° I g C/l soln., 25° | SJ6 3.59075 O 0.82 O 12.0844 2.14 2 Vol. B + 1 Vol. C 1.27

113

1.0?

) \

df 0.82 8.32 3.37

583. B = Al 2 (SO 4 )S; C = K2SO4 ( 113 ) 68.475 O 14.10 68.88 0 34.872 3.61 24.37 1 Vol. B + 1 Vol. C 8.82 46.57 584. B = NaCl; C = KCl (H3) 58.5 O 9.23 37.04 0 74.6 9.08 42.63 1 Vol. B + 1 Vol. C 9.15 39.84 (138) I B I C I % C = 20 -% B

% B or c I 5 10 15 20

ay 8.72 17.21 25.93 35.29

I

<• 6.31 13.43 20.35 26.92

|

%B O 4.44s 9.35 12.36 20.00

585. B = KI; C = KCN (H3) g B/l soln., 25° I g C/l soln., 25°| ff | 33.00 O 3.76 0 13.036 0.86 1 Vol. B + 1 Vol. C 2.31

|

ay 26.92 28.90 30.72 31.99 35.29 df 20.93 3.50 12.25

II. Non-Aqueous Mixtures; C-Table, the
586.—(Continued)

% C I Q I 10 I 20 I 30 I 40 I 50 I 60 I 70 I 80 I 90 % A/% B I S* Y-2.5+4.2 9.814.418.421.724.727.229.331.1 ! +3.4 9.113.717.520.623.425.928.229.931.5 ! 9.6 14.217.620.723.225.627.428.930.531.7 I 16.3 19.322.024.025.827.528.930.231.332.0 ! 23.4 24.926.227.528.529.530.331.131.732.3 I 30.6 31.131.131.331.631.731.932.232.432.7 f 38.8 37.135.734.934.433.933.533.233.133.0 f 47.3 43.540.738.637.135.935.134.433.833.3 I 56.6 50.645.942.640.138.236.735.534.733.6 i 66.7 57.851.446.843.240.438.436.535.234.1 r°ir 76.3 65.057.051.046.542.840.037.736.034.3 * Data computed by formula n2 = (1.62197)2 — sin2 e, where e is angle of deviation.

C7H6N8O6

FIG. 3.—Refractivity of system 586; Carbon tetrachloride (CCh), Ethylene bromide (C2H4Br2), Toluene (C7H8) («»). Coordinates are Wt. %; on curves are values of 5, 10007i|>5 = 1640 H- 5; see 586, Table 2.

586.—(Continued)

% A I d % B/% C = % 0.00 42.7 9.87 39.7 20.34 35.9 29.82 32.8 39.87 28.5 50.06 24.2 59.90 19.6 69.93 15.0 79.95 9.5 90.15 I 3.7 % B/% C = % 0.00 46.5 9.80 42.7 19.91 38.6 29.85 34.5 40.06 29.9 49.94 25.3 59.87 20.3 69.93 15.1 79.91 9.6 90.06 3.5 % B/% C = K 0.00 51.0 10.11 46.3 19.76 41.5 29.71 36.5 39.99 31.5

[I

% A I d % B/% C = % 50.05 25.6 60.16 20.7 69.95 15.4 79.88 9.5 89.52 3.6 %B/%C = M 0.00 57.0 9.88 51.3 20.03 45.2 30.47 39.4 40.14 33.5 49.93 27.6 59.85 21.4 69.92 15.5 80.11 9.3 89.83 3.5 % B/% C = K 0.00 65.0 10.21 57.7 20.21 50.0 29.96 43.0 39.91 36.1 50.02 29.0 60.15 22.4 69.99 15.9 80.17 9.4 89.95 3.5

2, 4, 6-Trinitrotoluene 587. B = C 7 H 6 N 2 O 4 , 2, 4-Dinitrotoluene; Nitrotoluene (U); (Abbe) t = 38 to 390C; approximately eutectic composition (melts 1.580(% A) + 1.572(% B) + 1.542(% C) +

C = C7H7NO2, ppresumably D-line; ca. 170C); 10On = 0.001.

CieH32O2

Palmitic acid 588. B = Ci8H34O2, Oleic acid; C = C18H36O2, Stearic acid (ioi) ; % A = % C = (100 - % B)/2; 5< = 100(nS> - 1.42); see Figs. 4, 5, 6. % A; % C I % B I a 60 I d70 I 580 50.00 0.00 1.52 1.16 0.80 44.30 11.40 1.65 1.29 0.93 38.30 23.40 1.77 1.40 1.03 32.10 35.80 1.87 1.51 1.15 25.55 48.90 2.02 1.65 1.28 20.60 58.80 2.11 1.74 1.37 15.00 70.00 2.25 1.85 1.47 5.00 90.00 2.46 2.05 1.64 0.00 100.00 2.59 2.15 1.71 CsiHgsOe Tripalmitin 589. B = C57H104O6, Triolein; C = C57Hn0O6, Tristearin (1<>1) ; % A = % C = (100 - % B)/2; 5« = 100(n^ - 1.42); see Figs. 7, 8, 9. % A; % C I % B I 360 I S70 | a 80 50.00 0.00 2.45 2.10 1.65 44.79 10.42 2.62 2.22 1.82 39.09 21.82 2.72 2.36 2.00 34.32 31.36 2.80 2.50 2.20 29.46 41.08 2.93 2.61 2.29 24.32 51.36 3.05 2.73 2.41 18.05 63.90 3.19 2.88 2.57 9.95 80.10 3.39 3.07 2.75 4.36 91.28 3.51 3.16 2.81 0.00 100.00 3.61 3.23 2.85 %A I %B I %C I 5™ 71.06 5.25' 23.69 2.11 23.15 7.40 69.45 2.20 66.56 11.25 22.19 2.21 21.16 15.36 63.48 2.29 57.19 23.75 19.06 2.36 17.46 30.16 52.38 2.49 41.93 44.10 13.97 2.63 12.57 49.72 37.71 2.72 '

FIG. 5.

Fia. 4.

FIG. 6. FIG. 7. FIGS. 4, 5, 6.—Refractivity of system 588; Palmitic (Ci6H32O2), Oleic (CiSH34O2), and Stearic (CiSH36O2) acids (101). Coordinates are Wt. %; on curves are values of 5, 100On^ = 1420 + 5; three temperatures, 60, 70, and 8O0C; see 588, Table 2.

TABLE 3.—REFEACTIVITY AT ONE WAVE-LENGTH (D): QUATERNARY AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS ( 17 ) Component A = H2O; unit of concentration (C) = 1 gof B(C7 D) per 1000 g of A I

590 591 592 593 594

B

MnCl2 FeCl3 CoCl2 NiCl2 CrCl3

I

C

I

D

MnSO4 Mn(NO 3 ) 2 Fe2(SO4)S Fe(NO3)3 CoSO4 Co(NOa)2 NiSO4 Ni(NO3)2 Cr2(S04)3 Cr(NO 3 ) 3

I CB I Cc I Cp \

4.2 5.0 5.513.4 4.4 5.1 4.4 5.1 1.1 2.7

n™

TABLE 4.—REFRACTIVITY OF SOLUTIONS OF PROTEINS: VARIOUS SOLVENTS rfD = (w^)0 -f fc(10)~6 (g A/1 soln.); (n{D)Q = value for solvent; 1000(y4))o = 1333 + S0; OAS = 0.4 saturated; for symbols, o. p. 64

\ a™

6.01.33751.20 8.01.34321.20 6.01.33821.13 6.1 1.33801-. 13 1.61.33661.07

1

24 22.5 22.5 23

' I

Solvent I C I Cone, of C I 5o A = Albumins from ox-blood serum H2O I (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 I O to 0.45 | | A = Ovalbumen H2O (NH4)2S04 1% 1.49 H2O NaOH tf = 0.1 0.98 H2O NaOH N = 0.05 to 0.005 B

^_ 177± 8| ("») 177± 6 (55) 177± 6 (5«) 177± 6 (««)

FIG. 8.

FIG. 9.

FIGS. 7, 8, 9.—Refractivity of system 589; Tripalmitin (CsiHgsOe), Triolein (CsrHmOe), and Tristearin (CöTÜuoOe) (101). Coordinates are Wt. %; on curves are values of 5, lOOOnJ, = 1420 + S; three temperatures, 60, 70, and 8O0C; see 589, Table 2.

TABLE 4.—(Continued) 1

B

20 to 40

I

Ac., Al.*

H2O

25 25 25 25

H2O 25% C2H5OHJ 50% C2H6OHJ 75% C2H6OHJ

16 to 2 6 ]

Solvent C I Cone, of C I A = Casein

H2O

f

KOH N = 0.025 KOH # = 0.025 KOH N = 0.025 KOH N = 0.025 A = Edestin I Ac., Al., S.* I t A = Gli adi n from wheat

H2O

H2O H2O H2O H2O H2O H2O H2O

C2H4O2J N = 0.1 C2H5OHJ 60 Vol. % C2H5OHJ 70 Vol. % C3H6OJ 25 Vol. % C3H6OJ 5OVoI. % C3H7OHJ 6OVoI. % CeH6OJ 75% A = Globin from ox-blood

H2O

I Ac., Al.* I # = 0.1

I

|

KOH

149± 4 157± 5 149± 5 125± 6

(118) (118) ("8) (118)

|l74±6|(««)

I

H2O

I

KOH

1.26 161 ± 6 (122) 28.90 143± 6 ( 122 ) 31.50 152± 6 ( 1 2 Z) 15.21 168+ 6 ( 122 ) 27.82 147+ 6 O 2 2 ) 38.70 152± 6 (*") 163.49 -38± 6 (122) I 169± 5| («')

I

I JV = 0.1 I

2.52| 162± 5\ (

121

)

I

H2O

I

NH3

I # = 0.1

[

1.1 I 183+ l| («»)

A = Serum globulin from ox 23

H2O

23 23 23 19

25% C 2 H 5 OHJ 50% C2H5OHJ 25% C3H6OJ 50% C3HeOJ

18

I

H2O

Ac., Al.*

(I

KOH # = 0.025 KOH # = 0.025 KOH # = 0.025 KOH #=0.025 A = Ovomucoid I

I

O

12.78 24.29 13.69 26.84

229

("7)

202 119 227 146

0") (»") ("7) (117)

I 160

I (US)

I

I 130

I (US)

I

I 140

I («•)

I

0.3

A = Ovovitellin 18

I

H2O

I

22

I

H2O

I

Al*

I

Il

A = Paranuclein 20

I

20

I

22

I

AL*

I

Il

A = Protein: Total from ox-blood serum H2O I KOH [ # = 0.01 I I 195± 2\ («») A = Serum of ox-blood H2O I I O I I 195± 2| (u») A = Salamine sulfate^f H2O I I O I 1.10| 174 ± 7| (3)

B

I

H2Q

5o

^J__

0.56| 172±16| (3)

TABLE 5.—SPECTRAL DISPERSION OF MIXTURES For index of refraction at one wave-length, see Table 1 or 2; for formula index of substances, see Table 1; for order of arrangement, see Vol. Ill, p. viii. Each mixture has the same index number as in Table 1 or 2. The tabular values (

1

I represent differences in n\ n\2 = Wx1 +

(X / .

1

2

A = Hemoglobin from horse 19.5§

18

I

* Ac., Al., S. = acids, alkalies, salts, f Various concentrations. J C2H4O2 = acetic acid; C2H5OH = ethyl alcohol; CsHeO = acetone; CsH?OH = n-propyl alcohol; C6HeO = phenol. § Same value for t = 19 to 210C. || Dilute, 1 From prolamine from Pacific salmon.

2.37 167 ± 6 («*)

A = Globin caseinate 16

'

( 114 )

152

- 1.30 +12.27 +23.50 29.26

N =0.1

20

25 25 25 25 25 25 25 18

l

So

TABLE 4.—(Continued) Solvent I C I Cone, of C I A = Salamine chloride^f I I O I

J X 10~5; the average dispersion between Xi and X2 is ~r^ r^-1 Xl — \2

= [ . 1 J X TT T-T Per unit of X. The symbol expressing the \X 2 / (Xi — X2) concentration always refers to constituent B unless another is indicated. By combining the differences given in this table with the value of n (for Cj D1 5876, F1 or 3256) for the same author, as given in Table 1 or 2, his values of n for other values of X are obtained. Unit of X = 1 A = 10~8 cm. t = centigrade temperature, 0C. I. Two-Component Aqueous Mixtures; Standard Arrangement Only authorities (38, 65, 85, 86) have recorded the refraction and the dispersion of the H2O used in making the solution, as follows: (38) , =

15oC,

ni - 1.33345, Q

(65)'t -180C, Ul256

- 219, (gjj) = 186;

= 1.35326, (JJJj) = 1491, (gjj) =

568

>

f3405\ V3256/ -

/3256\ ' V2981/

262

(Su) = 3576;

/3256\ ' W9^ =

= 624

/3256\ ' 12574/ = 204°>

1332

(85) t = 70 c

° ' n° = L32522> (D) = 175'

(J) = 431; (86) t = 180C, ni = 1.33322, (£) = 183, (J) = 415, (J,) = 323.

7 . B = H2SO4, 95 to 96% H2SO4; electrically heated SK>2 prism, indices corrected to air at 20°Candlatm (15) /5893\ /5893\ t V5780/ V4358/ 28.4* 5# 80# 49.1 3# 79# 85.8 4# 75# 113.8 4# 75# 173.9 6# 76# 206.8 4# 71# 264.2 6# 70# 307.5 3# 71# /5893\ /5893\ t V4341/ V4047/ 28.4* 81# 106# 49.1 81 # 105# 85.8 77# 102# 113.8 78# 102# 173.9 77# 99#t 206.8 74# 97# 264.2 71# 91# 307.5 72# 93#

•««"••(SD-«* es) -.o-«i.

68. B = Pb(C2H3O2)2, Acetate; t = 180C (65) /4679\ /3612\ N V3256/ V3256/ 0.4971 1611 618 0.9725 1741 726 2.006 2004 790 /3405\ f3256\ N V3256/ V2981/ 0.4971 288 731 0.9725 313 760 2.006 368 914 73. B = CdCl2 (Pulfrich); t = 250C (49) (C] (^] %B \DJ \F/ 1.599 192 418 4.472 174 432 8.620 207 436 11.600 230 434 18.690 206 505 21.201 218 493 26.076 219 530 31.090 244 548 41.540 274 623

t Assumes n4047 = 1.4023 instead of 1.4923.

28. B = C2H6O, Ethyl alcohol (38); t = 150C; for all values of /6708\ /5893\ %B 'Vo893/- 2 2 1 ± 6 ' \5361/ =185 + 6 45. B = C6H4O2, 2-Furaldehyde (132)

/6563\ /5876\ % B V5876/ V4861/ * 4.6217 213 480 24.05 212 474 37.85 5.6935 219 496 23.8 219 496 35.4 6.5624 224 502 21.75 224 503 31.85 96.3400 719 1912 23.7 714 30.3 100.000 744 1971 22.1 735 1954 32.3 729 2031 46.5 700 1973 75.0 67. B = Pb(N0 3 ) 2 ;i = 180C

76. B = CdBr2 (Pulfrich); t = 250C (49) 1.05 287 561 2.76 193 415 5.41 167 457 11.03 183 465 15.66 192 508 21.13 212 540 27.51 243 560 40.74 243 690 77. B = * = 0.834 3.340 3.880 6.984 13.491 20.133 26.785 39.860

CdI2 (Pulfrich); 250C (49) 182 436 166 437 233 413 207 471 209 448 268 572 286 669 306 848

80. B = Cu(ClOs) 2 ; t = 180C (86)

N 0.5 1 _2

(C\ VD/

(D\ VF/

(F \ VG'/

189 192

431 444 448

340 350 378

81. B = Cu(NO 3 ) 2 ; t = 180C (86)

0.5 1 _2

193 202

438 457 499

341 362 402

84. B = MnCl2; t = 180C (86) 0.5 189 429 336 1 194 445 351 2 206 471 382 6 249 583 475 /4679\ /3612\ N (65) V3256/ V3256/ 0.4995 1546 591 1.013 1625 616 2.024 1738 665 4.042 1968 753 f3405\ f3256\ N (65) V3256/ V2981/ 0.4995 273 652 1.013 284 682 2.024 308 735 4.042 352 841 /3256"V /3256\ N (65) V2749/ V2574/ 0.4995 1395 2142 1.013 1461 2244 2.024 1583 2441 4.042 1815 2816 /3256\ N (65) V2314/ 0.4995 3769 1.013 3966 2.024 4336 4.042 4998 85. B = MnBr2; t = 180C (86) (C\ (D\ (F \ N \D/ \F/ \G'J 0.5 193 444 348 1 204 470 377 2 225 522 422 4 263 633 506 87. B = Mn(NOs)2; t = 180C (86)

0.5 1 2

190 198 214

434 453 482

339 355 403

(86)

/C\

fD\

(F \

N

VZ)/

\FS

\G'/

0.5 1.0 2.0

195 209 235

355 372 535

443 478

79. B = HgCl2; t = 180C (86) (0\ (D\ (F \ N VD/ \F/ \Gf/ 0.3 186 417 339 0.5 190 433 336

88. B = FeCl2; 0.5 189 1 196 2 183 4 183

t = 180C (86) 435 332 457 524 610

89. B = FeCl3; t = 180C (86) (C\ (D\ (F \

N 0.5 1 2 4

VD/ 196 209 235 293

\F/ 447 480 560

\G'J

90. B = FeBr2; t = 180C (86) 0.5 195 444 351 1 206 472 373 2 231 529 4 271 631 5 296 689 92. B = Fe(NOs)3; t = 180C (86)

0.5 1

196 207

450 479

2

232

535

4

282

654

93.B = CoCl2;^ = 180C (86) 0.5 193 433 340 1 199 450 351 2 211 4 \ 234 94. B = Co(ClO3), \t = 180C (86)

0.5 1 2 4 5

189 192 201 218 235

426 431 449

330 342 358

95. B 0.5 1 2 4

= CoBr2;* = 180C (86) 194 444 345 208 472 368 228 526 410 273

97.B = Co(N03)2J* = 180C (86)

0.5 1 2 4 5

189 196 211 239 243

431 447

344 357

98. B = NiCl2; t = 180C (86) 0.5 189 434 340 1 197 450 2 493 4 545 /4679\ /3405\ # (65) V3256/ V3256/ 0.4960 1555 274 1.002 1622 286 2.037 1752 311 4.014 2021 359 /3256\ /3256A AT (65) V2981/ V2749/ 0.4960 655 1400 1.002 684 1470 2.037 744 1603 4.014 848 1852

98.—(Continued) /3256\ /3256\ N (65) \2574/ V2314/ 0.4960 2149 3784 1.002 2260 3991 2.037 2471 4391 4.014 2878 99. B = Ni(ClOs) 2 it = 180C (86)

N 0.5 1 2 J

(C) VD/

(D) VF/

(F) \Gf/

426 436 456 502

330 340

189 190 197

99.1. B = NiBr2; t = 180C (86)

0.5 1 2 J

196 205 225

443 473 530 656

346 376

0

101. B « Ni(NO3), ; t = 18 C (86)

0.5 1 2 4 J>

190 197

433 451 488 560 631

336

102. B = CrCl3 ; t = 180C (86) 0.3 197 416 307 0.5 189 434 1 199 454 2 215 500 103. B 0.5 1 2

= CrBr 3 ;* = 180C (86) 194 450 207 578 224 554

110. B = AlCl3;* = 180C (««) 0.5 188 431 333 1 194 444 345 2 204 473 370 4 225 534 406 112. B = Al(NOs)3;* = 180C (86)

0.5 1 2 4 6 114. B 0.5 1 2 4

189 196 207 232 257

433 449 483 547 608

335 350 375 436 488

= BeCl2;* = 180C («6) 187 427 331 191 440 339 200 464 356 214 513 394 0

122. B = MgCrO 4 ; * = 180C (86)

(D) VF/

(F) \G'J

145. B = LiClO 3 ;* /4679\ JV (65) V3256/ 0.5124 1518 1.023 1544 2.043 1567 4.090 1697 /3405\ N (65) V3256/ 0.5124 264 1.023 270 2.043 249 4.090 299 /3256\ AT (65) V2749/ 0.5124 1359 1.023 1386 2.043 1463 4.090 1531

= 180C /3612\ V3256/ 579 587 580 648 /3256\ V2981/ 635 646 699 701 /3256\ V2574/ 2081 2123 2228 2352

N 0.5 1 2 4 5

(C) VD/ 213 240 296 401 464

149. B = Li 2 SO 4 ;* = /4679\ N V3256/ 0.4307 1507 0.871 1514 1.744 1532 3.493 1568 /3405\ N V3256/ 0.4307 265 0.871 266 1.744 268 3.493 275 /3256\ N V2749/ 0.4307 1343 0.871 1351 1.744 1370 3.493 1398

* = 18° C(86)

N 0.5 1 2 4

(C) VD/ 185 186 191 199

0.5 1 2 4

189 195 205 225

428 443 474 532

337 351 373 423

(D) VF/ 420 425 432 440

(F) \G'/ 329 333 340 344

151. B = LiC2H3O2, Acetate; * = 18°C (65)

115. B = Be(NOg) 2 ;* = 18 C (86)

180C (65) /3612\ V3256/ 576 578 582 597 /3256V V2981/ 631 638 643 655 /3256\ V2574/ 2057 2071 2092 2134

N 0.4885 1.047 2.022 4.033

/4679\ V3256/ 1529 1571 1741 1791

/3612\ \3256/ 584 600 420 681

151.—(Continued) f3405\ /3256\ N V3256/ V2981/ 0.4885 269 642 1.047 278 661 2.022 291 699 4.033 314 761 /3256\ /3256\ N V2749/ V2574/ 0.4885 1385 2116 1.047 1418 2201 2.022 1499 2332 4.033 1634 2588 152. B = LiCNS ; * = /4679\ N V3256/ 0.5109 1646 1.031 1796 2.082 2105 3.465 2514 /3405\ AT V3256/ 0.5109 293 1.031 321 2.082 383 3.465 464 /3256\ N \2746/ 0.5109 1525 1.031 1716 2.082 2081 3.465 2497

180C (65) /3612\ V3256/ 631 696 824 983 /3256\ V2981/ 703 783 941 1115

153. B = Li 2 CrO 4 ;* = 180C (86)

N 0.5 1 2 4

(C) \D/ 210 238 292 402

(D) \F/ 512

154. B = Li2Cr2O7 ; * = 180C (86)

0.3 0.5 l

207 224 267

182. B = NaCi8H33O2, * = 7O0C (85) (C) g B/l soin. \D/ 0.0 175 38.8 200 49.7 188 69.2 181 100.4 182 126.8 189 149.0 213 177.5 246

Oleate; (D) VF/ 431 413 425 426 381 431 430 408

183. B = NaC18H35O2, Stéarate; * = 7O0C (85) 0.0 175 431 24.2 170 400 28.4 176 407 35.7 177 422 44.9 184 400 191. B = Na 2 CrO 4 ;* = 180C (86)

N 0.3 0.5 1 2

(C) VD/ 201 213 242 296

(D) VF/ 470

(F) \G'J

193. B = KCl;* = 180C (Abbé) (14) 1 19# 44# 33# 2 20# 47# 35# 3 20# 48/ 38/ 209. B = KCi6H31O2, Palmitate; * = 7O0C (85) g B/l soin. 0.0 33 38.2 47.3 56.2 66.3 75.7 91.5

C ( VD/ì

D (VF/ ì

175 431 174 420 179 416 166 417 170 425 162 419 161 436 180 419 217. B - K3Fe(CN)6; * = 180C (86)

181. B = NaC16H31O2, Palmitate; * = 7O0C (85) (C) (D) g B/l soin. \D/ VF/ Pure, prepared from pure acid and alkali 30.4 183 425 40.7 169 426 51.9 196 430 62.3 184 427 Purified commercial material 28.9 214 400 33.7 180 406 45.2 183 420 52.3 186 404 64.7 189 418 72.1 178 416 86.8 171 426

N

0.5 1 2 218. B

(C) VD/

(D) VF/

(F) \G'J

195 467 210 519 238 620 - K4Fe(CN)6; * = 180C (86)

0.5 1 2 219. B

194 447 204 480 227 525 = K2CrO4;* =

0.3 0.5 1 2 4

201 213 242 292 397

(86)

474 513

345 361 404 180C

220. B = K 2 Cr 2 O 7 ;* = 180C ( 86 )

(c\

(D\

(F \

N 0.3

VD/ 208

\PJ

\G'J

JLJ!

?24

227. B = CsBr; t = 180C (86) 0.5 193 442 346 1 203 465 370

227.—(Continued) (C\ (D\ (F \

N \D) 2 4

\G'J

\F)

223 514 263 | 613

420 504

228. B = CsNO3 ;< = 180C (*«) 0.3 187 424 333 0.5* 190 458 312 i 195 444 352 * (&} ^ 7 7 0 V(?//

Ila. Non-Aqueous Binary Mixtures : Inorganic

%B 0.0 9.0 17.6 25.0 31.8 37.5 43.2 48.2 53.0

S 229. B = Se; t is not stated ( 88 ) /6708\ /5893\ /6708\ \5893/ \5351/ %B \5893/ 20## 20## 57.0 48## 22## 24## 64.0 57## 25## 29## 70.0 65## 28## 32## 75.0 73## 32## 36## 80.0 90## 34## 39## 87.7 124## 38## 44## 93.8 155## 43## 47## 99.2 200## 45^ 52## 100 204##

/5893\ \5351/ 57## 68## 80##

lib. Non-Aqueous Binary Mixtures : (T-Table, the (T -Arrangement The A-Component is a C-Compound CCl4 Carbon tetrachloride 232. B = C2H4O2, Acetic acid ( 137 ) I~\ % A

1/6563^ /5893\ A961\""

V5893/ W/ V4358y *

21.319 209 514 363 13.0 21.319 208 491 375 24.5 21.319 205 492 357 40.3 41.728 236 523 395 13.3 41.728 215 518 386 39.5 41.728 214 507 370 57.0 64.436 214 585 453 14.5 64.436 515* 573 454 22.5 64.436 221 565 442 34.1 100.000 287 700 554 10.7 100.000 283 682 555 23.8 100.000 279 661 549 37.1 * Possibly it should be 215.

CS2 Carbon disulfide 237. B = SnCl4, Stannic chloride (135) %

0.000 0.000 13.8282 13.8282 27.2410 27.2410 38.6050 38.6050 44.3085 44.3085 66.3864 66.3864 80.7152 80.7152 100.000 100.000 * Surely

/6563\ /5876\ /4861\ V5876/ V4861/ \4341/ * 961 2455 2285 19.1 956 2418 2742* 28.3 935 2337 25.7 908 2276 34.1 863 2177 24.9 855 2151 34.1 821 2055 23.7 820 2075 34.1 786 1977 24.2 759 1971 36.1 656 1653 26.2 656 1663 35.5 586 1459 25.1 580 1443 37.4 368 1102 27.1 446 1107 42.7 wrong.

239. B = C2H4O2, Acetic acid

244. B = C4H8O2, Isobutyric

(133, 136)

T~I

%B

0.000 0.000 0.000 12.076 12.076 12.076 61.284 61.284 61.284 80.298 80.298 80.298 100.000 100.000 100.000

acid ( 1 3 3 , 1 3 6 )

/6563 \ /5893\IA961\I

\sm)\mi)\mJ 963 940 910 806 788 756 416 406 396 300 289 292 197 196 196

2530 2486 2429 2133 2108 2039 1045 1040 1009 759 735 706 475 471 462

B

*

%B

2274 6.8 0.000 2256 20.9 0.000 2208 34.5 0.000 11.9 20.336 1900 23.1 20.336 1836 44.3 20.336 896 13.9 45.276 890 21.1 45.276 870 35.0 45.276 601 11.5 68.028 582 23.0 68.028 568 41.2 68.028 331 21.7 100.000 327 31.7 100.000 322 49.2 100.000 100.000

240. B = C2H5NO3, Ethyl nitrate; * = 150C (ios) /CN /F\ %B \F/ \G'J 0.00 3426 2273 46.73 1956 1260 241. B = C2H6O, Ethyl alcohol; t = 2O0C («4) (ti) (F) %B \FJ \G'J 0.000 3421 2247 20.182 2508 1623 31.966 2085 1328 49.234 1589 1002 100.000 611 350 242. B = C3H6O, Acetone;

245. B = C4H10O, Isobutyl alcohol (133,135) 15.803 15.803 15.803 30.008 30.008 30.008 50.220 50.220 70.388 70.388 100.000 100.000

(C\ \D/ 187 243 317 385 477 459 452 599 718 763 917

754 737 725 627 606 607 474 456 338 319 180 179

1999 1932 1903 1614 1567 1552 1169 1205 856 840 496 491

1772 9.6 1722 28.9 1703 39.7 1422 8.3 1379 25.2 1376 33.6 1039 11.8 982 22.1 742 9.5 701 22.4 380 23.7 376 34.9

i 246. B = C4Hi0O, Ethyl ether (135)

A563\ /5876\ /4861\ V5876/ \4861/ \4341/ * 0.000 961 2455 2285 19.1 (D) (F) 0.000 956 2418 2742* 28.3 \F/ \G'J 20.3505 700 1742 1568 24.0 476 398 20.3505 687 1725 1545 30.2 601 524 29.6571 606 1495 1352 25.4 29.6571 594 1481 1366 30.3 807 716 41.5400 495 1237 1108 24.4 966 857 501 1236 1075 30.3 1134 108441.5400 59.9864 377 904 783 25.3 1164 110559.9864 365 900 773 30.6 1168 1032 79.7398 269 635 561 25.7 186 422 347 24.8 1571 1398100.000 186 420 346 29.7 1899 1702100.000 * Surely wrong.

t = 25°C (70, 71); c/. (152)

%A 0.000 13.245 29.326 40.329 51.761 51.799 51.902 71.137 83.283 86.892 100.000

(6563 \ /5893\ /4961\ V5893/ V4961/ V4358/ * 963 2530 2274 6.8 940 2486 2256 20.9 910 2429 2208 34.5 719 1920 1705 11.75 726 1884 1703 19.5 730 1841 1674 34.5 514 1338 1267 11.2 495 1326 1256 18.2 482 1313 1217 30.8 349 936 914 13.2 337 945 896 18.4 344 915 879 38.0 198 481 504 9.1 191 473 494 25.9 184 466 486 39.4 178 453 466 68.4

%ü

2012 1814 2473 2243

235. B = C6H6, Benzene; 247. B = C5H10O2, Isovaleric t = 250C (70) 238. B = CHCl3, Chloroform 243. B = C3H8O2, Methylal; acid (133, 136) 0 (135) (C\ (D\ (F \ t = 25 C (70, 71) |/6563\|/5893\ /496A % A VD/ W \G'J 0.000 961 2455 2285 19.1 %B 0.000 148 407 334 V5893/ \4961/ V4358/ * 956 2418 2742* 28.3 0.000 464 1190 1030 0.000 12.921 225 566 476 28.295 673 1727 1519 9.5 19.1533 839 2163 1906 27.8 16.873 447 1142 985 307 776 685 28.295 637 1680 1513 20.3 19.1533 829 2068 1885 35.7 28.682 31.954 428 1090 938 28.295 629 1660 1498 32.0 366 926 817 34.8063 740 1805 1629 26.6 38.408 45.900 529 1337 1168 8.0 43.419 413 1044 895 34.8063 703 1786 1622 33.1 45.630 410 1049 932 45.900 508 1308 1151 19.8 50.6210 603 1499 1350 26.1 53.139 55.495 389 991 847 463 1193 1 0 6 4 45.900 504 1296 1164 26.6 50.6210 597 1495 1343 36.4 64.704 373 939 804 524 1336 1179 62.573 395 1029 888 11.2 58.9405 550 1346 1200 26.0 60.034 71.042 358 906 770 404 1003 890 20.5 62.38 533 1392 1234 62.573 58.9405 539 1343 36.5 62.573 393 976 856 37.7 79.671 334 845 714 75.7576 438 1038 913 28.5 65.262 559 1458 1246100 000 212 495 539 8.1 75.7576 417 1042 889 33.8 87.689 309 780 660 75.141 649 1 6 9 7 100.000 204 481 536 28.3 100.000 251 626 514 22.7 98.504 289 731 615 764 2025 1815 100.000 201 508 488 41.9 100.000 255 610 513 35.4 86.449 100.000 268 668 554 100.000 195 491 482 57.0 100.000 917 2473 2243 * Surely wrong.

CHCl3 Chloroform 249. B = C 2 H 4 O 2 , Acetic acid ( 137 )

%A 0.000 /5893\ /496Al . 16.664 V4961/ \4358/ * 33.039 552 369 12.9 501 363 22.0 45.832 491 369 39.4 56.298 581 412 12.1 64.507 531 404 22.8 72.276 513 390 39.2 569 438 13.0 79.884 557 432 24.0 88.409 549 430 43.9 94.292 583 455 10.0 381* 656* 21.6 100.000

~/6563\ V5893/ 27.584 159 27.584 201 27.584 199 50.994 179 50.994 210 50.994 230 68.619 230 68.619 220 68.619 216 80.763 240 80.763 240 80.763 257f 560 434 41.8 * Probably W496i should be 1.42954 instead of 1.42754. t Assumes nesea = 1.40968 instead of 1.42968. %A

250. B = C2H6O, Ethyl alcohol 0.000 0.000 0.000 19.522 19.522 19.522 27.661 27.661 27.661 34.824 34.824 34.824 49.079 49.079 49.079 60.901 60.901 60.901 78.429 78.429 78.429 87.414 87.414 87.414 100.000 100.000 100.000

251.—(Continued)

(137) 172 438 170 434 164 420 181 462 173 448 175 449 186 468 176 469 179 456 205 446 190 482 186 474 194 516 189 515 188 499 212 532 207 520 203 510 231 568 226 578 209 579 225 584 227 585 231 568 255 633 252 624 248 613

310.—(Continued)

t = 25°C (70); cf. (71, 152)

/C\ VD/ 186 193 206 210 214 222 226 233 241 250 252

/ZA VF/ 470 487 503 516 532 551 562 578 595 610 623

(F\ \G>/ 393 403 414 427 443 455 471 480 497 508 523

CH.212

Méthylène iodide 252. B = C6H10O4, Diethyl oxalate; t = 150C (ios) /C\ (F \ %A VF/ VG'/ 0.00 745 435 75.50 1985 1306 100.00 3766 2691

TT

/6563\ /5893\ /4961\ , %B (.5893J (mi) V4358/ * 68.091 230 585 437 40.7 100.000 274 693 528 10.4 100.000 276 683 522 26.0 100.000 247 662 504 58.8

312. B = C6H6, Benzene t =25°C (70, 71); c/. (152)

%A 0.000 11.634 23.614 34.008 44.857 54.459 63.968 73.819 82.321 91.338 100.000

(C\ VD/ 465 436 403 375 345 318 287 .265 244 220 197

(D\ (F \ VF/ VG'/ 1191 1030 1105 953 1016 873 943 812 863 736 796 672 732 615 655 548 593 494 529 431 466 376

C2H5Br Ethyl bromide 316. B = C3H6O, Acetone (137)

356 10.8 347 18.7 A /6563\ /5893\ /4961\ 344 47.5 % V5893/ V4961/ V4358/ 364 8.7 C2Ü4C12 0.000 198 478 396 9.6 361 24.9 Ethylene chloride 0.000 195 471 392 20.4 360 30.2 B = C H O , Acetic acid 306. 2 4 2 33.110 191 510 407 16.9 384 10.0 33.110 212 490 426 28.7 ( 137 ) 368 25.0 50.812 239 532 429 16.3 366 33.0 /6563\ /5893\ /4961\ /0 A 50.812 224 519 447 28.3 387 6.2 \5893/ V4961/ \4358/ 67.809 252 559 473 16.8 382 17.3 26.593 210 499 359 9.0 67.809 273 538 467 24.7 384 36.6 26.593 204 497 355 21.2 100.000 291 651 561 16.0 410 11.0 26.593 200 474 336 41.8 100.000 289 638 564 32.1 405 22.4 46.948 218 527 393 9.7 496 35.8 46.948 213 513 393 20.2 420 10.5 C2H5I 46.948 209 496 383 37.2 409 24.2 Ethyl iodide 69.568 223 546 407 8.6 410 31.3 69.568 222 543 412 23.5 317. B = C4H8O2, Ethyl ace446 7.3 69.568 217 527 398 42.0 tate;* = 25°C (70, 71) ;c/. (152) 441 17.4 88.390 233 581 449 9.0 (C\ (D\ (F \ 439 36.5 88.390 234 569 436 28.5 426 11.8 88.390 %A VD/ VF/ \G'/ 239 553 401 52.3 454 24.0 0.000 183 450 371 431 37.5 307. B = C3H6O, Acetone (137) 19.082 207 417 510 508 10.1 26.844 205 498 383 9.8 35.007 231 571 474 515 25.2 26.844 200 490 398 23.8 497 43.5 49.517 259 643 539 51.575 213 529 419 7.8 59.741 282 710 594 51.575 209 526 415 20.3 68.529 310 774 657 72.414 225 558 437 9.8 72.414 225 536 450 25.9 74.566 328 827 703 86.874 234 576 453 12.1 82.792 364 911 779 251. B = C3H6O, Acetone 86.874 219 585 436 23.3 (137); Cf, (70,152) 89.093 393 993 850 100.000 250 609 477 9.7 0.000 198 478 396 9.6 94.970 420 1080 925 100.000 247 603 467 25.4 0.000 195 471 392 20.4 100.000 246 578 454 43.0 100.000 458 1166 1002 0.000 193 465 385 37.4 22.396 208 499 417 10.6 C2H5NO3 G2H4O2 22.396 195 491 410 24.4 Ethyl nitrate Acetic acid 22.396 195 466 399 36.0 318. B = C7H16, Heptane ÔS) 41.577 215 522 448 11.7 310. B = C4H9Br, Butyl 137 41.577 211 510 423 28.0 (C\ (F \ bromide ( ) 41.577 214 501 414 36.2 %B VF/ \G'J t 6563> 5893 496 56.889 223 547 456 10.2 %B ( ) C ) (" O t % 0.00 811 479 16.2 * \5893/ V4961/ V4358/ * 56.889 229 547 476 21.0 56.889 215 511 392 36.5 38.16 745 425 15 21.961 192 516 361 14.1 84.064 238 600 536 12.4 21.961 212 504 367 24.4 319. B = Ci0H7Br, a-Bromo84.064 206 627 453 20.0 21.961 195 503 351 44.4 84.064 231 580 469 36.3 naphthalene; t = 150C (i<> 5 ) 43.647 219 547 400 13.5 93.901 253 625 562 12.2 43.647 220 533 397 24.0 59.99 1989 1312 93.901 277 592 562 19.0 43.647 223 527 399 36.1 100.00 3269 2218 93.901 239 510 567 31.2 68.091 237 599 449 13.2

C2H6O Ethyl alcohol 326. B = C6H8O2, Cyclohexan-1, 4-dione (26) %B 0.00 7.55 8.08

(°] VG'/ 962 979 988

t 16.8 17.5 I 17.4

328. B = C9H6Br2O2, Dibromocinnamic acid; t = 250C (151)

M VD/ 180 191

%B 0.000 5.205

329. B = C9H7BrO2, a-Bromocinnamic acid; t = 250C (isi) 0.000 180 4.677 198 5.041 190 5.192 200 330. B = C9H7BrO2, /3-Bromocinnamic acid; t ~ 250C (151) 0.000 180 4.512 197 4.877 192 331. B = C9H7BrO2, a-Bromoallocinnamic acid; t = 250C (151)

0.000 4.824 5.248 5.320

180 198 200 202

332. B = C9H7BrO2, ß-Bromoallocinnamic acid; t = 250C (151)

0.000 5.044

180 195

333. B = C9H7ClO2, a-Chlorocinnamic acid; t = 250C (I 5 I) 0.000 180 4.984 206 5.136 206 5.190 207 5.469 206 334. B = C9H7ClO2, a-Chloroallocinnamic acid; t = 250C (151)

0.000 5.008 5.051 5.260

180 198 197 200

338. B = Ci2H12O2, 2-Benzoylcyclopentanone (9) (C] (D] %B VD/ VF/ t 0.000 172 407 25.0 4.520 202 496 25.0 6.454 212 532 25.2

381. B = Ci0H9N, a-Naphthylamine; t = 20.80C (76)

C2H6O.- (Continued) 339. B = Ci3Hi4O2, 2-Benzoylcyclohexanone (9) (C) (D] % E \D/ \F/ t 0.000 172 407 25.0 2.567 185 428 24.8 2.835 177 428 | 24.8

C3H6O

«B G) C) (£) Ta

C6H6N

0.000 9.413 29.426 lOO.OOOl

426 477 531 746

1231 1022 16.8 1316 1123 16.9 1524 1363 17.0 2110 1933 99.6

t 483 509 564 592 621 636

3O0C 1187 1362 1493 1605 1695 1761

0.0 25.1 48.3 67.1 84.2 100.0

487 522 560 581 598 620

(33) 1194 1312 1409 1512 1589 1657

483 523 551 573 594 619

1187 1289 1392 1478 1547 1610

385. B = C7Hi6, Heptane; t = 150C (lös) /C) (F) %A \F/ \G'/ 56.26 1158 718 100.00 1705 1068

CeH 4812 386. B = C8H18O, 1-0-Octanol; ra-Dibromobenzene t = 2O0C (34) 377. B = C9H7N, Quinoline (76)

•B Q C) C) .

0.000 52.574 0.000 29.635 * If np

>* (5ÏÏ) -

%B 0.00 16.77 29.27 46.14 62.49 77.25 100.00

n VD/ 688 704 709 714 709 704 684

380. B = Ci0H8, Naphthalene (^)

» o o e) i

0.000 8.875 20.327 100.000

(229 -10[S5 - °-30(%

825 2299 2114 9.6 B)];S;)=10[8-0.04(% 727 2030* 1836* 9.4 815 2294 2102 14.8 773 2175 1952 14.8 B 19 10[32 = 1.64599 instead of 1.65599.

C6H5NO2 Nitrobenzene 379. B = C6H7N, Aniline; t = 2O0C (16)

682 694 700 746

1869 13.5 1898 14.6 1965 14.6 2110 1833 99.6

( ) VD/

0.00 6.639 10.412

478 461 459

CeH 12 Cyclohexane 404. B = C7H7NO2, ??î-Nitrotoluene (33) (C) (D)

%B

395. B = C27H46, Cholestene; t = 2O0C (24) 478 0.000 10.104 442 17.979 450

0.0 29.8 50.0 70.4 86.8 100.0

396. B = C27H46O, Cholesterol; t = 2O0C (24) 0.000 478 6.018 466 6.628 471

0.0 29,8 50.0 70.4 86.8 100.0

VD/

\F/

t = 150C 225 544 351 912 435 1157 540 1396 608 1609 653 1766 t = 3O0C 223 550 351 910 424 1154 513 1399 568 1607 636 1761

384. B = C7H9N, m-Toluidine

.

C6HioO2 Propyl acetate 375. B = C6H10O2, Ethyl propionate ( 92 ) n%° = n% + 0.01354 if O < % B < 100 w*°, = n2F° +0.01191 if O < % B < 100

t = 150C 487 1194 543 1371 573 1501 604 1607 637 1698 653 1766

0.0 30.5 50.4 72.4 87.8 100.0

Pyridine 372. B = Ci0H8, Naphthalene (^) Q C) C)

C

%B

C6H6 Benzene 383. B = C 7 H 7 NO 2 , m-Nitrotoluene (33)

Acetone 349. B = C3H8O, Isopropyl alcohol (98) n$ = nf + 0.00663 if O < % B < 100

*B

(C] VD/ 709

C ( \DJ) %B 648 I 8.943

%B 0.000

394. B = C27H44, a-Cholesterylene; t = 2O0C (24)

<%

B)1;

(SS) =

- °-

101178

-

1.25(% B)+0.0022(% B)']; 10 85 53 B

(SS) = [ -°- (% )i; for density, see Table 1. 390. B = Ci0H20O2, 1-0-Octyl acetate; t = 2O0C (34)

10[55

B (25) - IQ - °-

31(%

>].-(SS)- P-°-°*<%

B)i; (SS) = !OB« - 0.10

(% B)]

; (SS)= 10[178-

1.15(% B) +0.0010 (% B)>]; (SS) = 10185 -0.52(%B)]; for density, see Table 1.

397. B = C27H48, Cholestane; t = 2O0C (24) 0.000 478 6.151 461 398. B = C29H48OS2, Methyl cholesterylxanthogenate ; t = 2O0C (24) 0.000 478 6.772 461 11.355 474 399. B = C29H50OS2, Methyl dihydrocholesterylxanthogenate; t = 2O0C (24) 0.000 478 10.987 455 15.665 451

C6H7N Aniline 400. B = C9H7N, Quinoline Cf)

«» C) G) &) « 0.000 83.321 90.291 100.000

651 805 813 816

1830 2227 2256 2279

1637 20.7 2061 20.8 2074 20.9 2100 20.7

401. B = Ci0H8, Naphthalene

405. B = C7H9N, m-Toluidine (33)

0.0

24.1 45.7 61.7 82.4 100.0 0.0 24.1 45.7 61.7 82.4 100.0

t = 150C 225

544

323 819 404 1054 470 1225 541 1457 620 1657 t = 3O0C 223 550 303 816 409 1029 463 1213 538 1420 619 1610

CeHi2O2 Isobutyl acetate 406. B = C7H14O2, Ethyl isovalerate; t = 2O0C ( 92 ) (C\ (D) /F) %B VD/ VF/ VGV 0.0000 566 1349 1193 18.7251 560 1352 1211 31.3151 550 1372 1216 48.3989 562 1358 1206 64.4828 562 1354 1205 77.1855 561 1360 1225 100.0000 565 1352 | 1225

(76)

CeH]Ô 2 Ethyl butyrate 407. B = C6Hi2O2, Ethyl isobutyrate; t = 2O0C ( 9 2) (C\ /D) (F) 402. B = Ci0H9N, a-Naph%B VZ>/ \F/ \G'/ 0 thylamine; t = 21.1 C (76) 0.0000 550 1357 1208 25.4236 543 1358 1216 (C) (D\ (F \ 49.0035 540 1365 1204 %B \D/ \F/ \G'/ 0.000 651 1824 1637 74.2817 540 1362 1190 10.880 702 1964 1788 100.0000 537 1348 1212

%B 0.000 9.998

(C)

\D/ 663 685

(D)

\F/ 1824 1871

t 16.5 17.2

CeH 14 Hexane 408. B = C7H7NO2, ra-Nitrotoluene (33) %B 0.0 28.3 53.1 69.7 86.6 100.0

(C]

(D)

VD/ t = 150C 177 306 421 507 613 653 t = 3O0C

VF/ 484 858 1166 1377 1602 1766

0.0 28.3 53.1

177 306 433

479 849 1148

69.7 86.6 100.0

499 578 636

1380 1594 1761

0.0

297 384 453 554 620 177 307 362 450 545 619

484

805 995 1208 1447 1639 479 787 988 1196 1413 1604

2187 1994

14.8

C7H6O2 Benzoic acid 411. B = C 9 H 7 N, Quinoline (76)

«* (S) C) g) « 0.000 813 2284 2096 19.1 40.079 0.000 13.418 45.882 0.000 10.202

723 813 776 695 809 787

1982 1803 19.1 2273 2082 21.6 2193 1971 21.6 1934 21.5 2277 2085 25.0 2205 2001 24.6

C7H7Br Benzyl bromide 412. B = C7H7Cl, Benzyl Chloride; t = 2O0C (92)

%A

(C] VD/

0.0000 18.8772 23.3439 33.0428

502 511 519 512

(^] VF/ 1207 1245 1250 1274

0.0 14.4 30.7 49.6 72.7 100.0

1301 1319 1329 1348 1366

t = 3O0C

636 608 570

1761 1681 1591

49.6 72.7 100.0

546 500 453

1469 1328 1170

t = 3O0C

0.0 15.3 32.3 51.8 73.9 100.0

636 561 499 437 330 223

1761 1574 1366 1110 855 530

C7H8 Toluene 415. B = C7H9N, ra-Toluidine (33)

%B

(C] VD/ t = 150C

0.0 19.0 45.9 65.4 82.4 100.0

469 476 541 565 586 620

0.0 19.0 1017 45.9 65.4 1085 82.4 1094 1087 100.0

(F] \G'J

1766 1572 1368 1146 867 537

653 595 527 413 340 230

(D] VF/

1145 1237 1375 1486 1571 1657

t = 3O0C

453 491 522 566 590 619

(D]

(C]

1766 1686 1572 1472 1315 1145

653 617 604 540 519 469

(C]

VD/ VF/ * 1117 % B 441 1134 25.0 1136 0.000 471 1226 25.2 1143 5.895 1150 417. B = Ci Hi O , 2-Benzoyl3 4 2 1180 cyclohexanone; t — 250C ( 9 )

0.0 14.4 30.7

0.0 15.3 32.3 51.8 73.9 100.0

«* (g) (?) Q « 0.000 820 2293 2088 14.9 782

513 530 538 532 552

414. B = C7H14, Methylcyclohexane (33) t = 150C

C7H6O Benzaldehyde 410. B = C9H7N, Quinoline (76)

17.090

48.0849 65.3828 73.9944 78.9757 100.0000

416. B = Ci2Hi2O2, 2-Benzoylcyclopentanone (9)

VF/ \G'J

ra-Nitrotoluene

t = 320C

0.0 27.7 44.9 63.1 83.1 100.0

VD/

413. B = C7H8, Toluene (33) (C] (D] %B VD/ VF'/ t = 150C

(33)

27.7 44.9 63.1 83.1 100.0

%A

C7H7NO2

409. B = C7H9N, ra-Toluidine t = 220C 177

412.—(Continued) (C] (D] (F]

1170 1242 1379 1457 1532 1610

%B 0.000 3.607 8.002

VD/ 441 443 444

(D] VF/ 1134 1134 1146

C7H8O m-Cresol 418. B = C9H7N, Quinoline (76)

424.—(Continued) C

D

( ì ( ì %B VD/ VF/ t = 150C (Cont'd) 37.9 462 1247 57.9 398 1004 78.1 319 776 100.0 230 537 t = 3O0C 0.0 619 1610 18.6 542 1417 37.9 480 1203 57.9 385 979 78.1 288 760 100.0 223 539

C7Hi6 Heptane » B (g) (g) ft) • 425. B = Ci0H7Br, a-Bromo0.000 495 1325 1143 20.4 naphthalene; t = 150C (1°*) 88.167 784 2157 19.0 (C) (F] 88.584 785 2157 20.4 %B VF/ VG'/ 100.000 812 2282 20.0 100.000 816 2288 20.5 69.46 1959 1282 419. B = Ci0H8, Naphthalene (76) C8H7N 0.000 490 1344 1137 18.0 Benzyl cyanide 9.556 521 1426 1226 18.0 13.000 531 1457 1254 18.0 426. B = C8H010O, Phenetole; t = 15 C (los) 100.000 746 2110 1933 99.6 (C] (F] C7H8O %B VF/ VG'/ t Anisole 0.00 1560 969 15.2 420. B = C9H7N, Quinoline (76) 48.73 1597 996 15.0 100.00 1634 1013 14.7

«B g) C) G) .

80.358 84.809 100.000 100.000 421. B

752 2096 1871 8.0 C8H8O 766 2125 1955 15.0 827 2299 2109 8.8 Acetophenone 820 2294 2107 15.0 427. B = C9H7N, Quinoline (76) = Ci0H8, Naphthalene

»B g) o (a~

(76)

0.000 468 11.013 499 19.089 528

1285 1153 16.5 77.932 754 2090 1877 14.8 1390 1206 16.6 100.000 820 2293 2088 14.9 1468 1287 16.8 428. B = Ci0H8, Naphthalene ' C 7 H 9 N t = 14.90C (76) 0-Toluidine (C] (D]\(F] 422. B = C9H7N, Quinoline; %B VD/ VF/ \G'/ t = 20.70C (76) 0.000 524 1455 1255 (C] (D] (F] 13.423 557 1553 1387 %B VD/ VF/ \G'/ 14.198 569 1568 1375 0.000 595 1678 1492 90.527 805 2241 2057 429. B = Ci 0 H 9 N, tt-Naph100.000 816 2279 2100 thylamine; t = 20.70C (76) 423. B = Ci0H9N, a-Naph(C] (D] thylamine; t = 20.70C (76) %B VJV VF/ 595 1678 1492 0.000 0.000 507 1449 10.926 648 1824 1671 0.936 575 1636 C7H9N m-Toluidine 424. B = C7H14, Methylcyclohexane (33)

(C] %B 0.0 18.6

VD/ t = 150C 620 541

(D] VF/

1657 1450

C8H9Br Bromo-p-xylene 430. B = C9H7N, Quinoline; * = 15.20C (76) (C) (D) (F) %B VD/ VF/ VGY 83.285 772 2142 1984 100.000 819 2294 2107

449. B = Ci0H8, Naphthalene

CsHio

C9H7N

Ethylbenzene 431. B = C8H10, o-Xylene; t = 2O0C (92)

Quinoline 437. B = C 9 H 8 N 2 O, 2-Acetylindazole ( 76 )

%A 0.000 24.1074 50.1866 75.2146 100.000

n VD/ 445 442 437 434 447

D

(VF/]

1131 1117 1108 1096 1085

D

433. B = C8H10, p-Xylene; t = 2O0C (92) 0.000 465 1097 25.2055 442 1109 51.1066 441 1094 75.2683 434 1096 100.000 447 1085

VF/

t

820 810

2277 2249

20.4 20.0

(g) (g)|(£)

0.000 0.000 10.659 11.817 46.712 100.000 100.000

822 821 781 807 674 453 453

2288 2278 2183 2188 1857 1321 1318

«

2088 19.1 2105 19.8 2007 19.8 1982 19.1 1658 18.9 1122 99.6 1065 100.0

439. B = C9H10O2, Ethyl benzoate ( 7 6 ) 0.000 14.974

827 763

2299 2109 2129 1941

8.8 8.4

440. B = C9H12, p-Methylethylbenzene ( 7G ) 0.000 0.000 18.346 53.375 100.000

825 824 738 570 382

2299 2290 2030 1602 1121

2114 9.6 2107 14.5 1857 14.4 1412 9.6 933 14.6

441. B = C10H6Cl2, 1, 4-Dichloronaphthalene ( 76 )

CgHio o-Xylene 434. B = C8Hi0, m-Xylene; t = 2O0C (92)

c

VD/

438. B = C 9 H 10 O 2 , o-Ethylbenzoic acid ( 76 ) «B

432. B = C8Hi0, m-Xylene; t = 2O0C (92) 0.000 468 1122 24.6565 441 1112 50.3372 442 1093 78.8580 428 1100 100.000 447 1085

n (]

%B 0.000 10.013

D

%B

(VD/ì

(VF/ì

0.000 24.6677 49.5001 74.7756 100.0000

445 442 445 442 468

1131 1130 1122 1121 1122

435. B = C8H10, p-Xylene; t = 2O0C (92) 0.000 445 1131 24.9410 439 1147 49.4932 446 1119 74.7171 443 1101 100.000 465 1097

0.000 14.297

863 854

2260 2267

2098 15.0 2108 15.0

442. B = C10H6Cl2, 1, 5-Dichloronaphthalene ( 76 ) 0.000 8.541 9.835

820 815 828

2296 2303 2290

2110 15.7 2102 15.8 2111 15.6

443. B = C10H6Cl2, 1, 7-Dichloronaphthalene ( 76 ) 0.000 9.195 28.217 100.000

821 819 813 756

2292 2294 2284 2149

2105 2116 2110 1884

16.1 15.8 16.0 99.5

444. B = C10H6Cl2,

1, 8-Dichloronaphthalene ( 76 ) 0.000 819 2288 2109 17.4 10.086 38.683 100.000

823 834 812

2303 2328 2318

2123 17.4 2168 17.4 1880 99.8

445. B = Ci0H6Cl2, 2, 7-Dichloronaphthalene (™)

CgHio m-Xylene 436. B = C8H10, p-Xylene; t = 2O0C (92) (C\ (D\ %B VD/ VF/ 0.000 465 1125 24.9807 468 1104 50.2550 479 1091 75.0229 478 1107 100.000 465 1097

0.000 9.984 10.510

820 815 820

2292 2290 2285

2105 2101 2101

15.9 15.9 15.9

446. B = C10H7Cl, 0-Chloronaphthalene ( 76 ) 0.000 10.011

868 877

2260 2255

2100 15.3 2140 15.3

448. B = C10H7I, /3-Iodonaphthalene ( 76 ) 0.000 16.824 100.000

825 851 952

2286 2345 2647

2091 17.2 2165 16.8 99.4

(76)

%B 0.000 14.438 16.104

C ( i VD/

823 829 837

D

( ] VF/ 2285 2276 2270

t 16.8 16.8 16.9

450. B = Ci0H8O, a-Naphthol (76)

0.000 10.971 100.000

825 852 844

2278 2346 2420

19.9 19.9 99.3

451. B = Ci0H8O, 0-Naphthol; t = 18.60C ( 76 ) (C) (D) (F) %B VD/ VF/ \Gf/

0.000 9.841 15.571

816 2289 2102 845 2345 2153 853 2365 2202

452. B = Ci0H9N, a-Naphthylamine ( 76 )

» Q (?) ft)~T 0.000 827 9.494 858 9.954 865 17.358 893 100.000 1088 100.000 1083

2282 2417 2415 2511 3149 3156

2106 19.6 2275 20.4 2280 19.6 2424 20.4 51.2 54.1

453. B = Ci 0 H 9 N, /3-Naphthylamine ( 76 ) 0.000 9.548 10.682 15.315 16.808

823 858 863 891 893

2271 2092 2402 2254 2431 2468 2352 2489

22.8 22.8 22.9 22.8 22.9

455. B = C10Hi0N2, 1, 5-Naphthylenediamine ( 76 )

D

%B

0.000 8.408 9.646

n (] VD/

828 901 897

VF/

t

2289 14.4 2527 13.8 2565 14.4

456. B = Ci 0 Hi 0 N 2 , 1, 6-Naphthylenediamine ( 76 ) 0.000 813 2288 19.3

10.189 14.498 100.000

896 2513 19.3 922 2605 19.3 1312 3836 99.4

457. B = Ci 0 Hi 0 N 2 , 1, 8-Naphthylenediamine ( 76 ) 0.000 813 2280 19.3 9.125 878 2486 19.2 28.692 997 2904 19.2 100.000 1285 99.4 458. B = Ci 0 Hi 0 N 2 , 2, 3-Naphthylenediamine ( 76 ) 0.000 809 2277 25.0 0.000 815 2265 28.4 7.476 863 2424 26.0 8.029 870 2433 27.2

459. B = Ci 0 Hi 0 N 2 , 2, 7-Naphthylenediamine (76) (C) (D) %B VD/ VF/ t 0.000 824 2298 13.0 0.000 820 2288 17.1 9.581 898 2495 12.5 9.652 895 2488 17.0 460. B = Ci0Hi4, p-Cymene « B (g) ( ? ) f t ) ~ 0.000 823 2302 2113* 13.4 0.000 824 2294 2107 15.2 16.046 737 2058 1865 13.2 18.486 721 2020 1843 15.1 52.013 556 1573 1392 12.9 100.000 387 1036 882 16.1 * If nGf = 1.67473 instead of 1.66473.

461. B = Ci 0 Hi 4 O, p-Tolyldimethyl carbinol ( 7 6 ) 0.000 19.223 100.000

813 735 384

2297 2049 1138

2111 1856 945

13.8 13.7 13.5

462. B = CnH8O, tt-Naphthaldehyde (™) 0.000 813 14.012 842 44.593 926 100.000 1060

2277 2388 2603 3026

2095 2244 2560 3134

21.2 21.3 21.0 19.3

463. B = CnH8O, /5-Naphthaldehyde (™) 0.000 28.679 100.000

812 881 994

2279 2450 2879

2098 21.0 2314 20.7 99.4

464. B = CnHi 2 O, l-Keto-7methyl-1, 2; 3, 4-tetrahydronaphthalene ( 76 ) 0.000 33.830 100.000

820 689 506

2291 2100 16.9 2053 1840 17.0 1486 1319 35.0

465. B = Ci2H8O, Diphenylene oxide ( 76 ) 0.000 12.824

818 835

2302 2326

2101 2146

13.5 13.6

466. B = Ci2Hi0, Diphenyl (™) 0.000 17.311

800 810

2297 2255

2110 2074

13.4 13.1

467. B = Ci 2 Hi 2 O, /3-Naphthyl ethyl ether ( 7 ^) 0.000 10.607

847 848

2260 2247

2105 15.4 2089 15.4

468. B = Ci 2 Hi 3 N, a-Ethylaminonaphthalene ( 76 ) 0.000 816 9.130 853 48.730 951 100.000 1015

2289 2390 2767 3026

2112 17.4 2265 17.2 16.6 3263 15.1

469. B = Ci 2 Hi 3 N, 0-Ethylaminonaphthalene ( 76 ) 0.000 817 2270 11.512 851 2401 46.552 934 2717 100.000 1037 3009 100.000 1051 3029

2097 2266 2730 3147 3173

24.1 23.6 23.7 25.3 21.3

470. B = Ci3H7Cl3, Trichlorofluorene ( 76 )

482. B = Ci4H8Cl2, 9, 10-Dichlorophenanthrene ( 6 ) /6563\ /5876\ % B \5876/ \4861/ * 11.5 0.000 864 2212 25.4 17.6 5.981 879 2250 25.5 18.0 879 2250 25.6 11.6 6.644 18.5 483. B = Ci H Cl, a-Chloro-

«» (a o «FT"

0.000 0.000 9.479 9.735 9.906

828 819 822 826 822

2299 2108 2283 2102 2299 2116 2318 2135 2295 2127

4

9

anthraeene ( 76 )

«B o 0 &)~r

471. B = Ci3H8Br2, 2, 7-Dibromofluorene ( 76 ) 0.000 816 2275 2087 22.9 0.000 0.000 809 2263 27.2 0.000 9.201 827 2312 2131 24.1 0.000 9.532 829 2286 26.8 10.776 827 2316 2124 26.0 11.891

821 812 756 824 13.780 900 19.448 938 100.000 1373

2289 17.0 2293 2095 18.9 2137 100.3 2367 99.7 2560 2545 18.8 2685 2752 16.7 4232 99.5

472. B = Ci3H8O, Fluorenone (76) /3-Chloro0.000 818 2293 2105 16.7 484. B = C14H9Cl, 76 anthracene ( ) 10.846 845 2361 16.9 (C\ (D] %B V/)/ \pJ t 473. B = Ci3H10, Fluorene ( 76 ) 0.000 818 2293 2105 16.7 0.000 766 2138 99.7 9.171 827 2303 2106 16.8 9.258 820 2301 99.6 10.346 824 2316 99.7 474. B = Ci3Hi2, Diphenyl485. B = Ci4H9Cl, 9-Chloromethane ( 76 ) anthracene ( 7 ^) 0.000 824 2290 2097 15.7 17.968 770 2144 1954 15.6 *B 0.000 475. B = Ci3Hi2O, 1-Methyl0.000 2-acetylnaphthalene ( 76 ) 0.000 821 2284 2101 16.5 11.713 43.769 843 2390 2281 16.4 12.214

100.000

879

2520

2505

16.1

476. B = Ci3H12O2, Ethyl £-naphthoate (™) 0.000 857 2258 2104 15.6 10.530 870 2239 2081 15.6

(S) 819 817 860 904

g)

ft)

«

2297 2298 2604 2578

2106 2106 2583 2597

14.1 14.4 14.4 14.1

486. B = Ci4H9Cl, 9-Chlorophenanthrene ( 6 ) ~/6563\ WeJ 0.000 863 9.986 886 10.714 878 100.000 1093 %B

/5876\ U6J ' 2212 25.6 2281 25.7 2275 25.7 2892 100.5

477. B = Ci3H14, 1-Methyl2-ethylnaphthalene (™) 0.000 821 2291 2108 16.0 487. B = Ci4H10, Anthracene (76) 64.421 747 2118 1943 15.7 100.000 716 2013 1844 15.4 (C\ (D\ 478. B = Ci4H8Br2, 9, 10-Dibromoanthracene ( 76 ) 0.000 765 2128 99.5 0.000 9.114 9.776

761 820 833

2133 2326 2334

99.6 99.7 99.6

479. B = Ci4H8Cl2, 1, 4-Dichloroanthracene ( 76 ) 0.000 9.064 9.678

762 822 821

2148 2303 2320

99.0 99.2 99.0

480. B = Ci4H8Cl2, 1, 5-Dichloroanthracene ( 76 ) 0.000 0.000 8.278 10.255

756 760 807 825

2150 2144 2287 2323

99.3 99.4 99.3 99.4

481. B = Ci4H8Cl2, 9, 10-Dichloroanthracene ( 76 ) 0.000 756 2144 99.3 0.000 765 2136 99.3 9.828 828 2387 99.2 9.972 834 2386 99.3

%B

\nJ \pJ

0.000 9.822 10.950

760 824 829

t

2146 99.4 2347 99.5 2366 99.5

488. B = Ci4Hi0, Phenanthrene (^)

%B G) C) g) i 0.000 819 10.653 856 25.995 896 100.000 3942

2294 2380 2509 ta = tD =

2099 15.6 2171 15.7 2335 15.7 130.6°, 129.6°.

491. B = Ci4H12, Dihydrophenanthrene ( 6 ) /6563\ /5876\ % B \5876/ \4861/ t 0.000 917 2212 24.6 9.319 886 2290 24.5 9.911 887 2297 24.5 492. B = C14H12, 0.000 870 9.673 921 9.709 929

Stilbene (6) 2226 20.5 2372 19.9 2366 21.7

493. B = C14H14O, l-Ethyl-4acetylnaphthalene ( 76 ) «B

0.000 39.667 100.000

(£)

(?)

825 826 840

2287 2324 2395

ft)fT" 2101 16.0 2210 16.0 2388 15.7

494. B == C14H15NO, a-Acetylethylaminonaphthalene ( 76 ) 0.000 12.087 100.000 100.000

817 801 660 632

2283 2105 20.2 2237 2052 20.3 1874 27.3 1779 99.0

495. B = Ci4H15NO, /3-Acetylethylaminonaphthalene ( 76 ) 0.000 9.873 48.278 100.000

812 802 751 698

2264 2229 2105 1949

2093 2052 1874 1778

24.1 23.5 23.5 23.1

496. B = C14H17N, a-Diethylaminonaphthalene ( 76 ) 0.000 10.258 44.072 100.000

825 821 805 720

2289 2273 2197 2079

2101 2109 1888 1895

18.0 18.0 18.0 18.1

497. B = C14Hi7N, /3-Diethylaminonaphthalene ( 76 ) 0.000 10.871 46.652 100.000

813 848 926 991

2273 2372 2660 3006

2100 2266 2796 3379

22.1 21.8 21.9 21.6

498. B = Ci4Hi7N, 1, 4-Diethylaminonaphthalene

502. B = Ci4H24N2, Tetraethyl-p-phenylenediamine ( 76 )

%B 0.000 14.310 100.000

(°) \DJ 822 793 520

(D] \pJ 2305

t 10.7 10.4 1566 99.3

503. B = Ci5Hi0, Fluoranthrene (6) /6563\ /5876\ % B \5876/ \4861/ t 0.000 869 2222 18.6 9.974 925 2414 18.7 0.000 869 2219 15.3 14.023 955 2503 15.2 504. B = Ci5HnCl, 1-Methyl4-chloroanthracene ( 76 )

*»KD (?)(a~

0.000 819 13.007 889 16.596 917

2288 2524 2582

505. B = Ci5H12, anthracene 0.000 828 2289 0.000 820 2290 9.213 871 2488 16.901 932 2652 17.059 936 2652 100.000 1335 4079

2105 17.2 2502 17.2 17.2

a-Methyl( 76 ) 2104 14.5 2103 15.6 2411 15.3 2681 14.4 2661 15.1 99.4

506. B = C15Hi2, ß-Methylanthracene ( 76 ) 0.000 770 2135 99.1 0.000 8.604 9.409

765 831 816

2317

99.5 99.6 99.3

507. B - Ci5Hi2, 9-Methylanthracene ( 76 ) 0.000 819 2290 2107 14.9 0.000 819 2292 2092 17.0 9.851 890 2538 2525 14.7 10.518 898 2548 2542 16.7 100.000 1423 4486 99.4

(76)

14.2 508. B = Ci5Hi2O, Anthranol methyl ether ( 76 ) 14.2 99.6 (C\ (D\ % B VZ)/ VF/ t 499. B = Ci4H17N, 0.000 819 2288 17.2 2, 3-Diethylaminonaphthalene 10.801 891 2535 17.2 (76) 17.879 936 2701 17.2 0.000 814 2281 2097 20.6 100.000 1406 4429 99.3 10.137 815 2294 2143 20.7

0.000 818 2298 2106 23.080 794 2249 2140 100.000 622 1884 1904

16.494 100.000

816 736

2297 2176 20.8 2192 99.3

500. B = C14H24N2, Tetraethyl-0-phenylenediamine ( 76 )

509. B = Ci5Hi4, w-Methylstilbene ( 76 ) 0.000 826 2292 14.5 13.297 884 2479 14.7

489. B = Ci4Hi0Br2, 2, 7-Dibromo-9-methylfluorene 0.000 822 2305 10.7 (76) 19.935 748 2103 10.6 0.000 825 2291 2106 13.8100.000 510. B = Ci6Hi0, Pyrene (6) 458 1333 1187 12.6 10.013 845 2317 2153 13.7 6563 587Q %* B C ) (\4861/ Î t %ì 17.244 840 2355 2173 13.8 501. B = CnH N , Tetra\5876/ ' 24 2 76 0.000 878 2221 17.1 490. B = Ci4H12, ethyl-ra-phenylenediamine ( ) 13.783 970 2572 17.0 9, 10-Dihydroanthracene (76) 0.000 822 2304 11.2 0.000* 869 2222 18.6 10.8 0.000 818 2288 2101 17.3 13.739 791 2236 9.789* 932 2468 18.8 11.0 13.749 788 2200 2017 17.2 46.892 718 2042 18.578 807 2169 1998 17.0100.000 589 1684 1538 11.8 * A second préparation.

C 1 °) Baxter, Boylston, Mueller, Black and Goode, 1, 33: 901 ; 11. (* *) Bell and Cummings, 45, 11: 1028; 19. O 2 ) Bennett and Garratt, 617, 16: 18; 25. 511. B = Ci6H13Cl, 9-Ethyl(»*) Berget, 84, 152: 984; 11. (^) Bernaola, 307, 8: 73; 20. (IS) Bichow76 10-chloroanthracene ( ) sky and Merwin, 48, 5: 441; 21. ( 1 ^) Biron and Morguleva, 53, 46: 1598; 14. (17) Blanc, 357, 4: 294; 16. (18) Briner, Tykociner and Alfimov, 42. "TE f 6563\ f 5893\ /486A %B 18: 3; 20. (19) Briner and Winkler, 42, 20: 201; 23. V5893/ V4861/ Wl/ ' ( 20 ) Buchkremer, Diss., Bonn, 1890. (21) Buchkremer, 7, 6: 161; 90. (22) 433 1255 1045 20.2 0.000 826 2301 2100 13.0 0.000 Carelli, 71, 27: 288; 21. (23) Chugaev and Koch, 34, 153: 259; 11. (24) 0.000 822 2293 14.2 12.072 487 1339 1161 20.2 Chugaev and Koch, 13, 385: 352; 11. (25) Clarke, 4, 99: 1927; 11. (2«) 10.527 896 2559 12.6 517. B = Ci0Hi5N, DiethylClarke, 4, 101: 1788; 12. (27) Clemens, 45, 13: 813; 21. (28) Cornee, 6, 11.080 900 2576 14.2 76 29: 491; 13. (29) Counsón, 149, 5: 361; 23. aniline ( ) ( 30 ) de Crinis, 202, 110: 254; 20. (3l) Crombez, 186, 1919: 875. (32) Davies, 0.000 588 1614 1494 16.7 l, 44: 2705; 22. (33) Dessart, 28, 35: 9; 26. (34) Dickes, Battersea Poly12.456 608 1687 1572 | 16.7 512. B = Ci6H16O, Ethyltechnic, London, O. ( 35 ) Dixon and Taylor, 4, 97: 927; 10. (36) Doroszew518. B = Ci Hi O , Diethyl 76 2 4 4 skii, 53, 43: 46; 11. (37) Doroszewskii, 63, 43: 66; 11. (38) Doroszewskii hydroanthranol ( ) phthalate (76) and Dworzanczyk, 10, 2: 756; 13. ( 39 ) Drude, 7, 23: 267; 97. 0.000 819 2288 2103 16.3 40 ( ) Duval, 34, 153: 874; 11. (4l) Elsey and Lynn, 50, 27: 342; 23. («) 0.000 393 1081 921 17.7 0.000 821 2289 17.0 Forch, 8, 8: 675; 02. (43) Fouquet, 478, 27: 848; 10. (44) Friedländer, 7, 13.994 458 1211 1061 17.6 18.203 771 2129 16.8 38: 385; 01. (*5) Fryer and Fryer, 173, 44: 363; 19. (46) Fürth and Blüh, 24.909 751 2094 16.2 519. B = Ci2Hi6O2, Amyl 65, 34: 129; 24. (47) de Garcia, 357, 8: 381; 20. (48) Getman and Gib? benzoate ( 6) bons, I1 37: 1990; 15. (49) Getman and Gilroy, 11, 48: 138; 12. 50 0.000 384 1032 890 17.4 ( ) Gladstone and Gladstone, 3, 31:1; 91. (5l, 52) Glazunov, 169, 21: 291; 14. 513. B = C17H14Br2O2, Ethyl 2, 12.770 420 1158 999 18.3 10, 4: 368; 21. ( 53 ) Golse, Thesis, Bordeaux, 1911. 10, 2: 138; 13. ( 54 ) 7-dibromofluorene-9-acetate Gomberg, l, 41: 1414; 19. (55) Haas, 141, 35: 119; 18. (56) Haigh, l, (76) CioHs 34: 1137; 12. (57) Hammett, 143, 199: 91; 25. ( 58 ) Hantzsch, 25, 43: Naphthalene 1651; 10. (59) Hantzsch, 25, 43: 1662; 10. 0.000 822 2296 2111 13.4 (60) Hantzsch, 25, 43: 3049; 10. (6l) Hantzsch and Meisenburg, 25, 43: 95; 16.726 822 2296 2110 13.3 520. B = Ci0H15N, Diethyl10. (62) Hess, 75, 114 Ila: 1231; 05. (63) Hess, 8, 27: 589; 08. (64) 100.000 773 2181 1948 99.8 aniline (76) Heydweiller, 8, 41: 499; 13. (65) Heydweiller and Grube, 8, 49: 653; 16. (66) Holmes, 4, 103: 2147; 13. (67) Holmes, 4, 107: 1471; 15. (68) Horiba, 429, 3: 63; 11. (69) Howard, 141, 41: 537; 20. 514.B = C18Hi8, Retene (6) (70) Hubbard, 7, 74: 207; 10. (71) Hubbard, 2, 30: 740; 10. (72) lsaac, 5, 84: 0.000 567 1634 1500 12.3 6563 5876 % f\5876/ ) (V4861/ ) t' /0 B 344; 11. (73) Iyer and Usher, 4, 127: 841; 25. (74) Kanonnikov, 52, 31: 10.171 600 1698 1559 12.9 321; 85. (75) de Kowalski and de Modzelewski, 34, 133: 33; 01. (76) 20.922 633 1765 13.2 0.000 870 2223 17.9 Krollpfeiffer, 13, 430: 161; 23. (77) Leach and Lythgoe, I, 27: 964; 05. 100.000 746 2110 1933 | 99.6 10.550 877 2277 17.5 (78) de Leeuw, 7, 77: 284; 11. (79) Lehfeldt, 3, 40: 397; 95. 0.000* 864 2211 25.6 521. B = Ci 2 Hi 4 O 4 , Diethyl (80) Lehfeldt, 3, 46: 42; 98. (8l) Levi, 24, 75 II: 1916. 10, 4: 354; 21. (82) 11.718* 879 2259 25.6 phthalate (76) Lichtenecker, 63, 26: 297; 25. (83) Lifschitz and Beck, 55, 26: 10; 20. (84) * A second preparation. 0.000 389 1085 896 16.8 Lifschitz and Beck, 55, 26: 58; 20. (85) Lifschitz and Brandt, 55, 22: 133; 11.274 421 1238 1028 17.5 18. (86) Limann, 96, 8: 13; 22. (87) Merwin, 12, 32: 425; 11. (88) Mer20.912 488 1340 1167 17.5 win and Larsen, 12, 34: 42; 12. (89) Meyer and Schoeller, 25, 53: 1410; 20. 515. B = C20H28O2, 1, 5-Dihy- 100.000 746 2110 1933 99. 6) Miers and Isaac, 5, 79: 322; 07. ( 9 I) Miller and Worley, 54, 37: 98T; 18. ( 90 droxynaphthalene diamyl (92) Morguleva, 53, 46: 235; 14. (93) Muchin and Tarle, 181, 43 : No. 27; 16. C ioHgN ether (76) (94) Muller and Carrière, 34, 154: 695; 12. (95) Muller and Guerdjikoff, 34, 155:774; 12. (96) Nacken, 76, 1918: 192. (97) öholm, 147, 2: No. 23; a-Naphthylamine 13. (98) Palmer, 173, 45: 302; 20. (9») Parks and Kelley, 50, 28: 727; 525. B = Ci 0 Hi 2 , Tetralin (76) 24. 0.000 817 2280 2098 22.2 (10°) Parks and Schwenck, 60, 28: 720; 24. (loi, 102) pascal, 27, 15: 360; 11.097 791 2196 2023 22.3 14. (i° 3 ) Peacock, 4, 105: 2782; 14. (i° 4 ) Peacock, 4, 107: 1547; 15. 19.983 762 2140 1958 22.3 0.000 443 1248 1054 20.6 (lös) Perking, 77: 267; 00. (106) Read and Hook, 4, 117: 1214; 20. (107) 100.000 519 1521 99.9 10.572 500 1423 1255 20.7 Reicher and Jansen, 176,9: 106; 12. (108) Rüber, 25, 65: 3132; 22. (i° 9 ) Riiber, 25, 56: 2185; 23. 57: 1599; 24. (HO) Riiber, 25, 57: 1797; 24. ( U i ) Riiber and Esp, 25, 68: 737; 25. ("*) III. Ternary Aqueous Mixtures Riiber, Sörensen and Thorkelsen, 25, 58: 964; 25. (l 13 ) Rimbach and Wintgen, 7, 74: 233; 10. (H4) Robertson, 50, 13: 469; 09. (H5) Robert541. B = HNO 3 ; C = 542. B = HNO 3 ; C = son, 141, 7: 359; 10. ("«) Robertson, 141, 8: 287; 10. (H7) Robertson, Hg(NOs)2, Anhydrous (PuIHg2(NOs)2, Anhydrous (PuI141, 8: 441; 10. ("«) Robertson, 141t 8: 507; 10. (l 19) Robertson, 141, frich) (94) frich) (94) 11: 179; 12. (120) Robertson, 141, 11: 307; 12. (12l) Robertson, 141, 13: 455; 13. (122) (C\ (D\ (F \ (C\ (D\ (F \ Robertson and Greaves, 141, 9: 181; 11. ( 123 ) Rosanoff, Bacon and White, % C \D/ \F/ \G'J %C \Dj VF/ \G'J l, 36: 1803; 14. (124) Rosanoff and Easley, l, 31: 953; 09. (125) ganO 19# 42# 35# O 20# 42# 34# fourche and Boutin, 27, 31: 546; 22. (126) Schmidt, 141, 23: 487; 15. 5.3037 20# 46# 36# 4.0118 20# 44# 36# (i 2 7) Schoorl, 70, 43: 203; 24. (i 2 S) Schutt, 7, 9: 349; 92. O 2 9) Schulze, l, 36: 498; 14. O 19# 41# 37# 7.4925 20# 46# 36# (13°) Schulze, 7, 86: 309; 14. (13l) Schwers, 27, 7: 875; 10. (132) Schwers, 6.6201 22# 37# 46# O 19# 42# 35# 186, 1911: 641. (133) Schwers, 4, 101: 1889; 12. (134) Schwers, 186, 7.9896 21 # 47# 38# 1912: 55. (135) Schwers, 186, 1912: 252. (136) Schwers, 186, 1912: 525. (137) Schwers, 186, 1912: 610. (138) Schippy and Burrows, I, 40: 185; 18. (139) Sidersky, 478, 27: 1168; 10, LITERATURE ("O) Smedley, 4, 95: 218; 09. (14l) Smedley, 4, 97: 1475; 10. (142) Smedley, 4, 97: 1484; 10. (143) Söderborg, 8, 41: 381; 13. (144) von Steiger, 25, (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) 65: 1968; 22. (145) Stericker, Diss., Univ. Pittsburgh, 1922. (146) Stone, (i) Ahlman and Enroos, 138, 1: No. 14; 22. (2) Anderson and Story, 1, 45: l, 45: 29; 23. ( 14 ?) Svedberg and Andreen-Svedberg, 7, 76: 145; 11. (148) 4 1102; 23. Andrews, 1, 30 : 353; 08. ( ) Applebey and Davies, 4, 127 : 1836; Tourneux, 14, U: 349; 19. (149) Vasiljev, 53, 43: 1183; 11. 25. (5) Aten, 7, 88: 321; 14. (6) von Au wers and Kraul, 13, 443: 181; 25. (150) Vrevskii, 53,42: 1; 10. ( 1 5 I) Walker and James, 4, 115: 1243; 19. O 5 2 ) (7) Bardaudy, 34, 182 : 1279 ; 26. («) Bardaudy, 27, 39 : 371 ; 26. (») Bauer, Zawidzki, 7, 35: 129; 00. (l") Zawidzki, 7, 46: 21; 03. (154) Zecchini, 14, 1: 393; 14. 36, 27 I: 358; 97. O 5 S) Zecchini, 36, 35 II: 65; 05.

C9H7N.- (Continued)

CioHeCl^ 1, 4-Dichloronaphthalene 516. B = Ci0Hi2, Tetralin (76)

«* (S) C) C) «

«* (s) o (a «

%B (£) (?) C) i

«A o (?) g)"~r

ELECTRIC AND MAGNETIC BIREFRINGENCE H. MOUTON CONTENTS Introduction. General relations. Variation with X. Variation with t. Time effects. Ratio of changes in index. Relation between electric and magnetic birefringence. Tables: Electric birefringence of CS2. Magnetic birefringence of nitrobenzene (C6HgNO2). Electric and magnetic birefringence : relative values. Pure substances. Solutions and mixtures. Magnetic birefringence : variation with t and X.

MATIÈRES Introduction. Relations générales. Variation avec X. Variation avec t. Effets du temps. Rapport des changements dans l'indice. Relation entre la biréfringence électrique et la biréfringence magnétique. Tables: Biréfringence électrique de CS2. Biréfringence magnétique du nitrobenzene (CeH5NO2). Biréfringence électrique et magnétique: valeurs relatives. Substances pures. Solutions et mélanges. Biréfringence magnétique: variation avec t et X.

Introduction.—While a non-crystalline substance is in either an electric or a magnetic field it acts optically as a uniaxial crystal with its axis parallel to the field intensity, Kerr (23), Cotton and Mouton ( 7 > 12). Some act as positive (+) others as negative (-) crystals. Crystalline substances are excluded from this section. The molecules of '"crystalline" liquids seem to be completely aligned by the applied field and the order of the resulting birefringence is 106 times as great as that of the liquids here considered. General Relations.—If n = index of refraction of the substance when in zero field, ne and n0 = indices when in a field of strength E (electric) or H (magnetic), X = wave-length of the light in vacuo, I — actual length of path of the light in the substance and perpendicular to the field, o = difference in the equivalent optical paths of the components with electric vector parallel and perpendicular, respectively, to the field, then the coefficients of birefringence (Cej Cm) are defined by the equations 5/X = (ne —n0)l/\ = CeIE* (or = CmlH*\ or (n. - n0) = Ce\E* (or = CWX#2). C€ and Cm depend upon X, the temperature (£), and the substance; for any given gas, Ce is proportional to its density ( 19 > 27 ). Ce is sometimes called Kerr's constant; it should not be confused with Kerr's magneto-optic constant, Vol. VI, p. 435. Variation with X.—For any substance at a constant temperature, Havelock (20, 21) concludes that n(ne — n0) = k(n* — I)2, or Ce\n/(n2 — I) 2 = key CmXn/(n2 — I) 2 = km, where k, kej km are pure numbers which are independent of X, cf. ( 30 > 31 > 37). For anisole (C7H8O), phenetole (C8Hi0O), and m-xylene (C8Hi0), ke has been found to be independent of X; for toluene (C7Hg) and ethyl 7i-butyrate (C6Hi2O2), ke varies slightly with X; and for ethyl ether (C4Hi0O) and acetal (C6Hi4O2), CeX varies less than this relation indicates ( 4 ). For a number of substances ( 3 7 > 4 0 ), including nitrobenzene (C6H6NO2) ( 8 > 1 2 ), /cmhas been found to be independent of X. Variation with t.—For a given X, Langevin ( 25 ) concludes that CenT/{d(n* + 2)2( € + 2) 2 } =
INHALTSVERZEICHNIS Einleitung. Grundbeziehungen. Änderung mit X. Änderung mit t. Einfluss der Zeit. Verhältnis der Indexänderungen. Beziehungen zwischen elektrischer und magnetischer Doppelbrechung. Tabellen: Elektrische Doppelbrechung des CS2. Magnetische Doppelbrechung von Nitrobenzol (C6H6NO2). Elektrische und magnetische Doppelbrechung: relative Werte. Reine Stoffe. Lösungen und Mischungen. Magnetische Doppelbrechung: Änderung mit t und mit X,

INDICE pAQB Introduzione 109 Relazioni generali 109 Variazione col variare di X 109 Variazione col variare di t. 109 Influenza del tempo 109 Rapporto delle variazioni degli indici 109 Relazione fra la birifrangenza elettrica e magnetica 110 Tabelle: Birifrangenza elettrica del CS2 110 Birifrangenza magnetica del nitrobenzene (C6H5NO2) 110 Birifrangenza elettrica e magnetica : valori relativi. Sostanze pure 110 Soluzioni e miscele 112 Birifrangenza magnetica : suo variare in funzione di J e di X 113

where d = density, e — dielectric constant, and = -2.01, -1.99, -2.03, and -2.04, respectively; the same was found for red, yellow-green and blue light; Himstedt (22) found p = -1.92; McComb ( 3 I), p = -1.88 for 0.540^ < X < 0.660ju. For CS2, électrostriction compensates the change in (n0 — n), making the apparent (pf) value of p infinite, when T = 8.1/z sec. If électrostriction alone increases the index

from n to n + 5', and we write ß = ô'(n0 — n), then p' = ( ß+ 2)/ (0-1); for CS2, Pauthenier (35) found as follows:

TABLE 3.—ELECTRIC AND MAGNETIC BIREFRINGENCE OF PURE SUBSTANCES: RELATIVE VALUES

r ß

For most inorganic liquids C6 and Cm are inappreciable, but magnetic birefringence should be exhibited by those paramagnetic substances which have quite anisotropic molecules (cf. aqueous solution of erbium nitrate, Table 4). For organic substances containing only C, H and O, Cm is very small or zero if they are acyclic, and, so far as they have been studied, it is inappreciable if they contain a cyclic nucleus without a double bond. In this table Ye/100 = (C/Ccs2)e, where C and Ccs2 refer to the same temperature (2O0C) and the same radiation (usually D-line, X = 0.589/z), and Tm/100 = (0/Cc6H5NO2)W where C6H0NO2 = nitrobenzene, C and Cc6H5NO2 refer to the same temperature (tm) and to the yellow mercury line (X = 0.578^). For most substances J6 is nearly independent of X; as a first approximation, ym is independent of tm. Available data for variation of Ce and je with t and X are given in footnotes; for variation of Cm and jm, see Table 5. For C6(CS2) and Cm(C6H5NO2), see Tables 1 and 2. Data for je are from (26) unless another source is indicated in a footnote: those for jm are from ( 9 > 1 2 ). g — gas at 2O0C and 1 atm., I = liquid, b. = boils at, m. = melts at. Pure inorganic substances Formula je \ jm t, 0C | Lit. H2O I 123 17 (35) SO2 g 0.051 17.3 (38, 41) HNO3 I +2.5 15.5 (9,12) NH3 g 0.0185 20 (26,27) g 0.018l 17.9 (38,41) CO2 g 0.007 20 (26,27) g 0.0074 17.5 (3«, 4i) Glasses (Schott and Gen.) (42), t = 2O0C

0.65 O 2To O |o 0.12

r /3

20 2

25 1.47

3077 1

4~9 0.36

7 I 7 Ï < U T 0.74 1 1.4

4Ï7749 1.3 1.1

65.6/* sec 1.1

Relation between Electric and Magnetic Birefringence.—The preceding temperature relations indicate that C e /{C m (e + 2) 2 } = (Pe/'(Pm is independent of T. Cotton and Mouton ( 12 ) have proposed the simpler relation Ce/(Cme) — const., and have found it more satisfactory for nitrobenzene (C 6 HoNO 2 ); their values are as follows, a and 6 being arbitrary constants:

' °c- ™- -I^ (&). (fe)7

60C 16 33 54

68 57.6 45.8 37.2

129 39.4 119.5 37.4 105.2 34.2 90.8 30.6

133.9 129.0 127.4 133.9

1.18 1.00 0.79e 0.64e

1.08 1.00 0.881 0.76o

Units.—Unit of A = 1M = IO 4 A = 10~4 cm. TABLE 1.—ELECTRIC BIREFRINGENCE OF CS2 ( 6 > 18> 29 > 30) ne — n0 = Ce\Ez. A X 10~7 = Ce when X is expressed in cm and E in cgs electrostatic units. Time required for A 20 to attain equilibrium value is 0.014/* sec = 14 X 10~9 sec (17). Ai5 = 1.025 AZO, AZS = 0.966 A 20 ; approximately At = AZO [1 - 0.005 (t - 20)1 if 18° < t < 280C (26, 27) ; f or iower temperatures, see below. For effect of électrostriction, see above. X

I

A

I

A\

[I

t'

I As/Au«

+180C O -18.5 -37.7 -47.3 -68.3 -78.5

1.000 1.089 1.205 1.397 1.497 1.708 1.819

(t = 2O0C)

0.589 0.440 0.460 0.480 0.500 0.520 0.540 0.546 0.560 0.578 0.580 0.589 0.600 0.630 0.660

(29)

+3.226* ±0.005 +4.97 +4.63 +4.32 +4.06 +3.83 +3.63 +3.577t +3.45 +3.31Of +3.30 +3.226f +3.15 +2.95 +2.78

2.187 2.130 2.073 2.030 1.991 1.960 1.953 1.932 1.913 1.914 1.900 1.890 1.858 1.835

* Basis of reference ( 6 ). t(6).

TABLE 2.—MAGNETIC BIREFRINGENCE OF NITROBENZENE (C6H6NO 2 ) (9, 12)

(ne - n)/(n0 - n) = -2.00, km = Cm\n/(n* - I) 2 = 1.11 X IO"16 at 19 to 2O0C, is independent of X. 12). He — Ho = Cm\Hz'y A X 10~12 = Cm, if X is expressed in cm and H in cgsm (gauss), t = 2O0C; 1/z = 10~4 cm. X A A\

0.578 0.436 2.46±0.02* 3.62 1.580

0.486 0.546 0.578 0.656 3.10 2.66 2.46 2.14 1.509 1.450 1.422 1.405

* Basis of reference; derived from A = 2.53 ± 0.02 at 16.30C (9).

Number je ^ J^ Number | ^ O378 0.288 27.5 59.3 O41 2.950 O569 1.096 36.3 54.1 O165 3.277 O118 1.845 43.8 46.6 O198 3.951 Carbon compounds ((T-arrangement) Formula CCl4 CCl3NO2 CN4Os CS2 CHBr3 CHCl3 CHN CH2CU CH2I2 CH3Br CH3Cl CH3I CH 3 NO 2 C2Ch C2HCl3 C2HCIs C 2 H 2 Br4 C2H2Cl2 C2H2Cl4 C2H3Cl3 C 2 H 4 Br 2 C2H4Cl2 C2H4CIa C2H4O2 C2H6Cl C2H6I C2H6O C3H6Cl C3H6ClO C3H6ClO2 C 3 H 6 NS C3HeO

|

Substance Carbon tetrachloride Chloropicrin Tetranitromethane Carbon disillude Bromoform Chloroform Hydrocyanic acid (g) Méthylène chloride Méthylène iodide Methyl bromide (0) Methyl chloride (0) Methyl iodide Nitromethane Tetrachloroethylene Trichloroethylene Pentachloroethane 1, 1, 2, 2-Tetrabromoethane.. . 1, 2-Acetylene di chloride 1, 1, 2, 2-Tetrachloroethane.... 1, 1, 2-Trichloroethane Ethylene bromide Ethylene chloride 1, 1-Dichloroethane Acetic acid (17°) Ethyl chloride (g) Ethyl iodide Ethyl alcohol 3-Chloropropylene Epichlorohydrin Ethyl chloroformate Ethyl isothiocyanate Acetone

j

7«

^ J^ 61.0 34.7 65.5 31.2 71.0 27.2

|

Tm

+ + -f— + -

2.3 55.7 3 100.00* 86 100 0.55 36

+ + + + + + + + + +

0.216 0.163 208f 330 24 43 20 103 40 88.7 50 89 181

+ + + + + -f +

13OJ 0.270 343 23.8Î + 174 185 354 505 +

+

O + 3.4 + 1.0 - 19.6 — 6.8 2.8

\

tm 14.6 14.2 14.2 15.5 14.6 17.2

-

12.3

16

+

2.9 3.6

14 18.4

-

1.3

16

-

7.1 2.1 1.8

16.4 14 14

O

14.6

8.4 1.6

14.6 20.2

TABLE 3.—(Continued] Formula \ Substance C3H6O2 Propionic acid C3H6O2 Ethyl formate C3HvBr n-Propyl bromide C3H7Cl n-Propyl chloride C3H8O n-Propyl alcohol C3H8O2 Methylal C4H4S Thiophene C4H5Br3O2 Ethyl tribromoacetate C4H6Cl3O2 Ethyl trichloroacetate C4H5N Pyrrole C4H8O Methyl ethyl ketone C4H8O2 Isobutyric acid C4H8O2 Ethyl acetate C4H9Br Isobutyl bromide C4Hi0O n-Butyl alcohol C 4 Hi 0 O Isobutyl alcohol C 4 Hi 0 O lert.-Butyl alcohol C4Hi0O Ethyl ether C4Hi0S Ethyl sulfide C4Hi0S2 Ethyl disulfide C 4 HnN Diethylamine C5H4O2 Furfural C5H5N Pyridine C5H6 Cyclopentadiene C 5 H 7 NO 2 Ethyl cyanoacetate C5H8 Isoprene C6H8O2 Acetylacetone C6Hi0 Amylene C6Hi0O2 n-Valeric acid C6Hi0O2 Methyl n-butyrate C6Hi0O3 Diethyl carbonate C6HuCl Isoamyl chloride C 6 HuCl tert.-Amyl chloride C 6 Hi 2 n-Pentane C 6 Hi 2 2-Methylbutane C6Hi2O n-Amyl alcohollî C6Hi2O tert.-Amyl alcohol C 6 Hi 3 N Isoamylamine CeH3ClN2O4 2, 4-Dinitrochlorobenzene CeH3N3O7 2, 4, 6-Trinitrophenol CeH4Cl2 o-Dichlorobenzene CeH4Cl2 ra-Dichlorobenzene CeH6Br Bromobenzene CeH6Cl Chlorobenzene CeH6ClO o-Chlorophenol C6H5ClO2S Benzenesulfone chloride CeH6F Fluorobenzene CeH6I lodobenzene C 6 H 6 NO 2 Nitrobenzene (21.3°) CeH6 Benzene CeH7N Aniline CeH8N2 PhenylhydrazineJt CeHi0O3 Ethyl acetoacetate CeHnNO 2 Ethyl /3-aminocrotonate CeHi 2 Cyclohexane CeHi2O Cyclohexanol CeHi 2 O 2 Caproic acid CeHi 2 O 2 Ethyl n-butyrate C6Hi2O3 Paraldehyde CeHi4 n-Hexane CeHuO2 Acetal C7H4F3NO2 p-Nitrophenylfluoroform C7H6ClO Benzoyl chloride C7H6Cl3 Phenylchloroform C7H5F3 Phenylfluoroform C7H6N Benzonitrile Benzonitrile (X = 0.550/x) C7HeCl2 Benzylidene chloride C7HeO Benzaldehyde C-H7Cl o-Chlorotoluene C7H7Cl p-Chlorotoluene C7H7Cl Benzyl chloride C7H7NO Benzaldoximeîî C7H7NO2 o-Nitrotoluene C7H7NO2 m-Nitrotoluene C7H7NO2 p-Nitrotolueneîî C7H8 Toluene C7HsO Benzyl alcohol

j + + + -f +

ye ) 44 138 318 234 78 0.3

TABLE 3.—(Continued) jm

+15.6 - 2.2 + + + + + + + + -

161 12§ + 7 co. 420 6 52 271.5 113 137 154 20.5|| 10.6 168 15.3 -f 45 co. -f 632 + 27 ca. + 14. l (b. 40 to + 1 200 + O 2.7 + 4.2 + 8 (b. 36 to + 8.4 + 24 + 9.6 + 108 + 345 + 2.0 + 1.6 98 -f40 — 0.3 (Fused) 108 + 45 + 1 320 § + 218 § + 374 +25.7 + 385 +28.8 + 189 + 2 775 + 191** + 25.5 + 288 +24.8 +10070ft +100.0ft + 12 +23.3 50.7§ + 1 6 . 0 + O +29.6 + 145 + 960 + 2.2 + O - 286 + 8.7 + 21§§ 713 + O + 1.7 19|||| +58.0 +66 +25.4 + 26.7 + 39.5 +36.2 + 318 +23.8 + 2496 +59.5 + 27OfIf + 711 UIf + 24.2 + 67.6 + 5 400 + 58 co. + 5 500 + 77 co. + 6 900 + 24*** + 24.5 477 +26.0

\

tm

14.8 16

Formula C7H8O C7H8O C7H9N C7H9N C7Hi2O4 C7Hi4 C7Hi4O C7Hi4O C7Hi4O C7Hi4O2 C 7 Hi 4 O 2 C7Hi4O2 C 7 Hi6 C7HieO CsHe CsH7ClO C8H7N C8Hs CsH8O CsHsO2 C8H9ClO CsH9FO CsH9N CsHio CsHio CsHio CsHio CsH ioO CsHioO CsHuN CsHi4O3 CsHi6 CsHi6 CsHIeO2 CsHis CsHisO C9H7N C9H8 C9Hi0 C9HwO C9Hi0O2 C9Hi0O2 C9Hi0O3 C 9 HnN C 9 Hi 2 C9Hi2 C9HiZ C9HiZ C9Hi8O2 Ci0H7Br Ci0H7Cl Ci0H9N CioHio Ci0Hi0O2 Ci0Hi0O2 Ci0Hi2O Ci0Hi2O2 Ci0Hi2O2 Ci0Hi2O2 Ci0Hi4O Ci0Hi4O CioHuO CioHuN CioHiö

Substance | m-Cresol + Phenyl methyl etherftt + o-Toiuidine ra-Toluidine Diethyl malonate + Methylcyclohexane + Heptaldehyde + Dipropyl ketone + 1-Methylcyclohexanol 2-Methylcyclohexanol 3-Methylcyclohexanol — Heptylic acid + n-Amyl acetate + Ethyl n-valerate + w-Heptane + n-Heptyl alcohol Phenylacetylene m-Chloroacetophenone + Benzyl cyanide Styrène (redistilled) Acetophenoneîî + Methyl benzoate p-Chlorophenetole p-Fluorophenetole Benzylidenemethylamine o-Xylene + w-Xylenem + p-Xylene + Ethylbenzene + Phenylethyl alcohol Phenetoleîîî + Dimethylaniline + Ethyl dimethylacetoacetate....+ n-Octylene + 1, 3-Dimethylcyclohexane + n-Caprylic acid + n-Octane + n-Octyl alcohol Quinoline + Indene Hydrindene Hydratropaldehyde + Benzyl acetate Ethyl benzoate Ethyl salicylate + P2/-Tetrahydroquinoline Cumene + Mesitylene + n-Propylbenzene Pseudocumene + Pelargonie acid + a-Bromonaphthalene || || || + a-Chloronaphthalene a-Methylquinoline + Phenylbutadiene Safrol Isosafrol Anethole Eugenol Isoeugenol n-Propyl benzoate Carvacrol + Carvone + ThymolJt Diethylaniline + Limonene +

CioHieO CioHis CioHis CioHisO Ci0H22 Ci0H23N CuH 7 N CiiHio CnHi 2 O 2 CuHi 2 O 3 CnH 24 O 2

Camphor Dihydropinene Dihydrolimonene Cineol Diisoamyl Diamylamine a-Naphthyl cyanideJÎ a-Methylnaphthalene Ethyl cinnamate Ethyl benzoylacetate Methyl diamyl ether

16

17 18.5 430C) 14.6 16.3 16.3 370C)

(?)

15.7 20

13 16.4 13.4 18.3 13.4 20.4

15 13.6 17 16.8 14 20.2 16.6 15.2 16.6 12.5 16.5 22 17.5 15.8

|

+

+ — + + + +

ye \ ym \ tm 657 35.5 + 2 2 . 2 16.5 73 128 48 2 125 157 172 163 319 8.2 38 10 3.3 233 + 27.5 14.1 2 140 +22.5 14.2 +36.8 15.2 2 060 +49 21.7 + 40.3 14.8 +26.4 15.1 +30.8 17.8 +45.8 13.6 41 +27.8 14 24 + 25.0 16.2 23 + 26.6 20 25.6 + 2 1 . 5 17.4 +19.0 13.8 41 +21.8 14.8 312 137.5 13 (b. 116 to 1260C) 3 I 9.4 | 4.2 (b. 110 to 1250C) 236 466§ +83.0 14.9 +44.6 13.8 + 28.4 15.2 314 + 33 co. (?) +37 16 607 +36.5 16.8 102§§§ + 2 6 . 0 14.5 19 +22.2 16 +20.3 18.3 30 + 28.0 15.6 8.3 332 + 99 17 +108 15 25.6 + 9 3 . 6 16.5 +64 15.4 + 24.1 17.2 +49.5 17.2 + 74.1 21.4 +20.9 15.8 + 36.0 16.8 +33 13.4 83 + 15.1 13 7301"Uf +17.7 13.4 323 181"Iff (dis = 0.845 g cm~3) 159IfT[U + O + O + O 2.2 6.05 +166 17 66 228 + 60 co. 17 495 O

TABLE 3.—(Continued) Formula Ci 2 Hi 6 O 2 CisHioO CisHioOs CisHidOa CuHi 2 CnHi 2 O 2 Ci4HisO4 CnHi 2 O 3 Ci8H34O2

|

Substance Amyl benzoate Benzophenoneît Saloli» (m. 41.50C) Ethyl benzylacetoacetate 1, 1-Diphenylethylene Benzyl benzoate Diethyl benzylmalonate Naphthyl salicylateîî Oleic acid Petroleum etherfttt

|

7«

—

—

|

ym \ tm + 27 ca. 19.7 +57.2 14 + 62**** 16

68 +48 + 38.4

16.4 15.8

+160 + O + O

18 14.6 15.5

48

* See Table 1. t 7e = 207 to 210 JFrom (35).. § From ( 28 ). H For X = 0.589ft and 2O0C, C6 = -0.621 X 10~7 and y e = -19.2 ( 41 ). C«X varies with X less rapidly than is indicated by Havelock's relation (p. 109) ( 4 ); variation with t satisfies Langevin's relation (p. 109) from —78.5° to + 180C, giving ( 2 9 ): t 18 5 -21.7 -38.9 -60.5 -78.50C CWCe180 1.000 1.220 1.547 1.927 2.707 3.880 t Free of pyridine (C5H6N). ** ye = 184 to 191. tt ye/100 = 100.7 at 21.3°, 99.5 at 22.5°, 65.7 at 490C. Lippmann (28) gives 7e = 11 390 at room temperature. Near 2O0C, Cet -= Ce20O {l - H8(t 20)}, and mean change per I0C between O and 470C is Ks of mean value of Ce (12, 13) ; between 6.14 and 250C, change of Ce with t satisfies Langevin's relation (p. 109) ( 3 8); (ne - n)/(no - n) = -2.00 (p. 109) (22, so, si, 35). For Cn and its variation with X and t, see Table 2. ÎÎ Undercooled. §§ Slight departure from Havelock's relation (p. 109). Il I) Variation of C6X with X is less than that indicated by Havelock's relation (p. 109). UU For 0-C7HrCl, 7« = 261 to 270; for P-C7H7Cl, ye •= 690 to 711 (28). *** Slight departure from Havelock's relation (p. 109). Time for C, to reach equilibrium - 0.017/i sec = 17 X 10~» sec ( 17 J. . ttt Phenyl methyl ether = anisole; Havelock's relation for C« is satisfied (p. 109). Jîî Havelock's relation for Ce is satisfied (p. 109). §§§ Boils at 160 to 1780C. H I I I I Time for Ce to reach equilibrium = 0.006/u sec «= 6 X 10-» sec ( 17 ). Mean decrease of Cm per I0C increase between 11.8 and 47.90C «= Kos of mean value of Cm ( 8 > 9> 10, 11, 12, is). IUIf Obtained from solution in hexane (CeHu) using X = 0.546/* (Hg) ; value computed for camphor is independent of concentration; electric birefringence and rotary power are superposed without change in either (32). **** Between -17 and +50.50C, Cm varies sensibly linearly and Cmt = Cm20OJl -

HSO (t -

20) j (8» 9» 10, 11, 12, 13).

tttt Mixture of saturated hydrocarbons.

TABLE 4.—ELECTRIC AND MAGNETIC BIREFRINGENCE OP SOLUTIONS AND MIXTURES (Values of ye for limonene (Ci0Hi6), camphor (Ci0Hi6O), and carvenone (Ci0Hi6O) as deduced from solutions in n-hexane (C 6 Hi 4 ) are given in Table 3.) 7^/100 = (CVCc6H6No2),*; C6H5NO2 = T,/100 = (C/Ccs2)e, nitrobenzene. Generally 7 can not be readily computed from the composition (Comp.) of the mixture or solution. If ye for one constituent of a binary mixture is very great the curve ye vs. Comp. is usually convex towards axis of Comp.; if -yö for one is negative and not too nearly zero, the curve is concave towards this axis, and may pass through a maximum at an intermediate Comp.

TABLE 4. — (Continued) MoI % = molecular per cent, VoI . % = volume % = 100 d'/dj where df = mass of constituent in unit volume of mixture, and d = density of same constituent when pure. > = very much greater than. C6H5NO2, NitroH2O CeHe Benzene (28) benzene C2H6O, Ethyl alcohol (35) t = room MoI % B ye temperature t = 170C O 11.3 CCl4, Carbon Vol. % B I Te 2.77 73.6 tetrachloride O 123 5.20 131 MoI % B I 7e 24.2 94 10.32 288 O 11.3 14.2 401 46.3 69.1 2.54 11.0 66.3 45.4 49.13 2 185 10.99 10.4 100 11 390 85.5 26.8 64.51 5.3 93.5 20.7 100 2.3 96.7 20.0 C6H7N, Aniline 100 23.8 O +11.3 CH2Cl2, Méthylène chloride Er(NO 3 ) 3 .6H 2 O, O +11.3 Erbium nitrate (14 > 7.19 + 8.8 15). x =0.503M;^ 9.30 + 8.3 ca. 18(?)°C. For H 12.78 + 3.7 = 26.3 kilogauss and 100 -36 Comp. equivalent to 0.56 g Er2O3 per cm3, jm = 800. C2H2Br4, 1, 1, 2, 2Tetrabromoethane O + 11.3 C6H5NO2 1.98 + 9.9 Nitrobenzene (ll) 8.36 + 3.6 t = ca. 180C 100 -102.9 CCl4, Carbon tetrachloride C2H4Cl2, Ethylene VoI % A I ym chloride O O O 11.3 19.9 9.8 2.01 11.0 39.8 23.8 5.10 11.2 59.6 42.1 15.21 14.0 79.0 65.6 28.57 22.1 100 100.0 45.2 37.7 100 181 C2H4Br2, 1, 1-Dibromoethane O Small x
C6H4Cl2, o-Dichlorobenzene O 11.3 2.75 29.9 5.61 49.6 11.74 96 26.47 224 55.23 546.4 100 1 320

C6H4Cl2, m-Dichlorobenzene O 11.3 2.75 13.5 4.53 15.3 11.72 24.3 27.28 47.4 C6H6, Benzene; see 48.15 83.3 Benzene 100 218,4 C3H6O, Acetone O 1.6 x
4.31 13.20 17.52 36.13 100

+12.6 +14.0 +13.9 + 9.6 -50.7

C7H7NO2, m-Nitrotoluene O 11.3 3.12 96 9.54 279 19.5 635 36.3 1 363 100 5 664 C7H9N, w-Toluidine O + 11.3 4.32 + 10.3 7.50 + 9.3 100 -128 CgH7N, Quinoline O 11.3 1.58 13.9 3.49 17.8 13.30 44.3 38.08 133.5 100 466

CioHyBr a-Bromon aphthalene (") t = ca. 180C CCl4, Carbon tetrachloride Vol.

% A I

O

x 100

7m

O >3.32z 332

C6Hi2, Cyclohexane O O x !>3.323 100 332

TABLE 5. — MAGNETIC BIREFRINGENCE: VARIATION WITH TEMPERATURE AND WAVE-LENGTH am = mean temperature coefficient of Cm between t' and t"; VlOO s (*w - *mJA*.20 where
LITERATURE

(For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) (20) Havelock, O, 80: 28; 07. ( 21 ) Havelock, 2, 28: 136; 09. (22) Hinstedt, 8, C1) Abraham and Lemoine, 84, 129: 206; 99. 6, 20: 264; 00. ( 2 ) Aeckerlein, 59: 322; 19. (23) Kerr, 3, 50: 337, 446; 75. 8: 85, 229; 79. 9: 157; 80, 63, 7: 594; 06. (3) Aeckerlein, 63, 8: 117; 07. ( 4 ) Becker, 8, 76: 849; 25. 13: 153, 348; 82. (2*) Kerr, 3, 37: 380; 94. (25) Langevin, 199, 7: 249; 10. 5 5 1 ( ) Bergholm, 8, 53: 169; 17. ( ^ ) Cabannes, Ann. Faculté Sci. Marseille, (26) Leiser, Elektrische Doppelbrechung der Kohlenstoff Verbindungen. Halle, 18: 225; 09. («) Chaumont, 16, 4: 61; 15. 5: 17; 15. (7) Cotton and Knapp, 1910. ( 2 ?) Leiser, 63, 12: 955; 11. 26, 13: 903; 11. (2») Lipp8 Mouton, 34, 145: 229; 07. ( ) Cotton and Mouton, 34, 147: 193; 08. mann, 9, 17: 15; 11. ( 29 ) Lyon and Wolfram, 8, 63: 739; 20. 149: 340; 09. (9) Cotton and Mouton, 34, 150: 776; 10. 151: 862; 10. (30) McComb, 2t 29: 525; 09. (*i) McComb, 2, 6: 180; 15. ( 32 ) de Malle(10) Cotton and Mouton, 34, 154: 818, 930; 12. (U) Cotton and Mouton, 34, mann, 34, 177: 1028; 23. ( 33 ) de Mallemann, 34, 180: 1483; 25. ( 34 ) de 156: 1456; 13. (i 2) Cotton and Mouton, 6, 19: 154; 10. 20: 194; 10. O 3 ) Mallemann, 61, 7: 295; 26. ( 35 ) Pauthenier, 51, 2: 183, 384; 21. ( 36 ) Cotton and Mouton, 6, 28: 209; 13. ( 14 ) Elias, 88, 12: 955; 10. (15) Pockels, 199, 9: 148; 12. (37) Skinner, 2, 29: 541; 09. ( 3 ») Szivessy, 96, 2: Elias, 63, 13: 136; 12. (i«) Enderle, Diss., Freiburg, 1912. (17) Gutton, 30; 20. (s») Szivessy, 8, 68: 127; 22. 34, 156: 387, 1370; 13. 51, 3 : 206, 445; 13. (18) Hagenow, 2, 27: 196; 08. (40) Szivessy, 96, 18: 97; 23. ( 41 ) Szviessy, 96, 26: 323; 24. ( 42 ) Tauern, 8, (19) Hansen, Diss., Berlin, 1912. 32: 1064; 10. ( 43 ) Voigt, Lehrbuch der Optik, p. 352; 1900. 63,7:811; 06.

KINETICS OF CHEMICAL PROCESSES COMPLETE INDEX Chemical kinetics. Kinetics of explosion of gaseous mixtures, Vol. II, p. 172. Biochemical kinetics. Photochemical kinetics. Kinetics of photographic processes, Vol. V, p. 438.

INDEX COMPLET Cinétique chimique. Cinétique de l'explosion des mélanges gazeux, Vol. II, p. 172. Cinétique biochimique. Cinétique photochimique. Cinétique des processus photographiques, Vol. V, p. 438.

GESAMT INDEX VERZEICHNIS Chemische Kinetik. Kinetik der Explosionen der Gasmischungen, Bd. II, S. 172. Biochemische Kinetik. Photochemische Kinetik. Kinetik der photographische Processus, Bd. V, S. 438.

INDICE COMPLETO PAGE Cinetica chimica 113 Cinetica dell'esplosione di miscele gassose, Voi. II, p. 172. Cinetica biochimica 153 Cinetica fotochimica 159 Cinetica dei processi fotografici, Vol. V, p. 438.

CHEMICAL KINETICS1 ANTON SKRABAL CONTENTS Formal treatment. Theories. General introduction : equations, symbols and conventions. Experimental data. First-order gas reactions.

MATIÈRES Traitement formel. Théories. Introduction générale: équations, symboles et conventions. Données expérimentales. Réactions gazeuses du premier ordre. Réactions gazeuses d'ordre supérieur. Racémisation.

INHALTSVERZEICHNIS Formales. Theorie. Vorbemerkungen : Gleichungen, Zeichen und Konventionen.

Spezieller Teil. Gasreaktionen erster Ordnung. Higher-order gas reactions. Gasreaktionen höherer Ordnung. Racemization. Racemisierungsgeschwindigkeiten. Transformation of geometric Transformation d'isomères Umwandlung geometrischer isomers. géométriques. Isomerer. Intramolecular transformaTransformation intramolécuIntramolekulare Umwandtion. laire. lung, 1 The Editors are greatly indebted to Prof. W. C. Bray for his careful editing of the translated text.

INDICE PAGE Esposizione formale 114 Teorie 115 Introduzione g e n e r a l e : equazioni, simboli e convenzioni 115 Dati sperimentali. Reazioni gassose di primo ordine 116 Reazioni gassose di ordine superiore 117 Racemizzazione 118 Trasformazioni d'isomeri geometrici 118 Trasformazioni intermolecolari 118

TABLE 5. — MAGNETIC BIREFRINGENCE: VARIATION WITH TEMPERATURE AND WAVE-LENGTH am = mean temperature coefficient of Cm between t' and t"; VlOO s (*w - *mJA*.20 where
LITERATURE

(For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) (20) Havelock, O, 80: 28; 07. ( 21 ) Havelock, 2, 28: 136; 09. (22) Hinstedt, 8, C1) Abraham and Lemoine, 84, 129: 206; 99. 6, 20: 264; 00. ( 2 ) Aeckerlein, 59: 322; 19. (23) Kerr, 3, 50: 337, 446; 75. 8: 85, 229; 79. 9: 157; 80, 63, 7: 594; 06. (3) Aeckerlein, 63, 8: 117; 07. ( 4 ) Becker, 8, 76: 849; 25. 13: 153, 348; 82. (2*) Kerr, 3, 37: 380; 94. (25) Langevin, 199, 7: 249; 10. 5 5 1 ( ) Bergholm, 8, 53: 169; 17. ( ^ ) Cabannes, Ann. Faculté Sci. Marseille, (26) Leiser, Elektrische Doppelbrechung der Kohlenstoff Verbindungen. Halle, 18: 225; 09. («) Chaumont, 16, 4: 61; 15. 5: 17; 15. (7) Cotton and Knapp, 1910. ( 2 ?) Leiser, 63, 12: 955; 11. 26, 13: 903; 11. (2») Lipp8 Mouton, 34, 145: 229; 07. ( ) Cotton and Mouton, 34, 147: 193; 08. mann, 9, 17: 15; 11. ( 29 ) Lyon and Wolfram, 8, 63: 739; 20. 149: 340; 09. (9) Cotton and Mouton, 34, 150: 776; 10. 151: 862; 10. (30) McComb, 2t 29: 525; 09. (*i) McComb, 2, 6: 180; 15. ( 32 ) de Malle(10) Cotton and Mouton, 34, 154: 818, 930; 12. (U) Cotton and Mouton, 34, mann, 34, 177: 1028; 23. ( 33 ) de Mallemann, 34, 180: 1483; 25. ( 34 ) de 156: 1456; 13. (i 2) Cotton and Mouton, 6, 19: 154; 10. 20: 194; 10. O 3 ) Mallemann, 61, 7: 295; 26. ( 35 ) Pauthenier, 51, 2: 183, 384; 21. ( 36 ) Cotton and Mouton, 6, 28: 209; 13. ( 14 ) Elias, 88, 12: 955; 10. (15) Pockels, 199, 9: 148; 12. (37) Skinner, 2, 29: 541; 09. ( 3 ») Szivessy, 96, 2: Elias, 63, 13: 136; 12. (i«) Enderle, Diss., Freiburg, 1912. (17) Gutton, 30; 20. (s») Szivessy, 8, 68: 127; 22. 34, 156: 387, 1370; 13. 51, 3 : 206, 445; 13. (18) Hagenow, 2, 27: 196; 08. (40) Szivessy, 96, 18: 97; 23. ( 41 ) Szviessy, 96, 26: 323; 24. ( 42 ) Tauern, 8, (19) Hansen, Diss., Berlin, 1912. 32: 1064; 10. ( 43 ) Voigt, Lehrbuch der Optik, p. 352; 1900. 63,7:811; 06.

KINETICS OF CHEMICAL PROCESSES COMPLETE INDEX Chemical kinetics. Kinetics of explosion of gaseous mixtures, Vol. II, p. 172. Biochemical kinetics. Photochemical kinetics. Kinetics of photographic processes, Vol. V, p. 438.

INDEX COMPLET Cinétique chimique. Cinétique de l'explosion des mélanges gazeux, Vol. II, p. 172. Cinétique biochimique. Cinétique photochimique. Cinétique des processus photographiques, Vol. V, p. 438.

GESAMT INDEX VERZEICHNIS Chemische Kinetik. Kinetik der Explosionen der Gasmischungen, Bd. II, S. 172. Biochemische Kinetik. Photochemische Kinetik. Kinetik der photographische Processus, Bd. V, S. 438.

INDICE COMPLETO PAGE Cinetica chimica 113 Cinetica dell'esplosione di miscele gassose, Voi. II, p. 172. Cinetica biochimica 153 Cinetica fotochimica 159 Cinetica dei processi fotografici, Vol. V, p. 438.

CHEMICAL KINETICS1 ANTON SKRABAL CONTENTS Formal treatment. Theories. General introduction : equations, symbols and conventions. Experimental data. First-order gas reactions.

MATIÈRES Traitement formel. Théories. Introduction générale: équations, symboles et conventions. Données expérimentales. Réactions gazeuses du premier ordre. Réactions gazeuses d'ordre supérieur. Racémisation.

INHALTSVERZEICHNIS Formales. Theorie. Vorbemerkungen : Gleichungen, Zeichen und Konventionen.

Spezieller Teil. Gasreaktionen erster Ordnung. Higher-order gas reactions. Gasreaktionen höherer Ordnung. Racemization. Racemisierungsgeschwindigkeiten. Transformation of geometric Transformation d'isomères Umwandlung geometrischer isomers. géométriques. Isomerer. Intramolecular transformaTransformation intramolécuIntramolekulare Umwandtion. laire. lung, 1 The Editors are greatly indebted to Prof. W. C. Bray for his careful editing of the translated text.

INDICE PAGE Esposizione formale 114 Teorie 115 Introduzione g e n e r a l e : equazioni, simboli e convenzioni 115 Dati sperimentali. Reazioni gassose di primo ordine 116 Reazioni gassose di ordine superiore 117 Racemizzazione 118 Trasformazioni d'isomeri geometrici 118 Trasformazioni intermolecolari 118

Tautomerism. Decomposition reactions.

Tautomerie. Réactions de décomposition.

Tautomerie. Zerfallsreaktionen.

C02-dissociation of carboxylic acids. C0-(resp. HCOOH-) dissociation of carboxylic acids.

Décarboxylation des acides carboxylés. Décarbonylisation (resp. déformylisation) des acides carboxylés. Réactions d'addition. Réactions de coordination.

CO2-Spaltung der Carbonsäuren. C0-(bezw. HCOOH-) Spaltung der Carbonsäuren.

Addition reactions. Coordination reactions.

Additionsreaktionen. Koordinationsreaktionen.

Rearrangement of dyestuffs and indicators.

Transposition moléculaire des matières colorantes et des indicateurs.

Umlagerung der Farbstoffe und Indikatoren.

Reactions of sugars.

Réactions des sucres.

Hydrolysis or saponification of esters, ethers and acid anhydrides.

Hydrolyse ou saponification des éthers sels, éthers oxydes et anhydrides d'acides.

Saponification of esters of inorganic acids, including carbonic and sulfonic acids. Esterification. Dynamics of esterificationand acetalization-equilibrium. Hydrolysis of nitriles, acid amides and the inverse reactions. Hydrolysis of diazo compounds. Kinetics of diazotization and coupling processes.

Saponification des éthers d'acides inorganiques, y compris les éthers de l'acide carbonique et des acides sulfoniques. Vitesse d'éthérification Dynamique de l'éthérification et équilibre d'acétalisation. Hydrolyse des nitriles, acides-amides et réactions inverses. Hydrolyse des composés diazoïques. Cinétique de diazotation et processus de la copulation.

Reaktionen der Zuckerarten (Kohlenhydrate). Hydrolyse oder Verseifung der Ester, Äther und Carbonsäurenanhydride (Umesterung). Verseifung der Ester anorganische Säuren, der Kohlensäureester und der Sulfonsäureester.

Indirect ether and ester formation. Reactivity of the halogens in organic compounds.

Formation indirecte d'éther oxyde et d'éther sel. Réactivité des halogènes dans les composés organiques.

The action of halogens on organic substances containing oxygen.

Action des halogènes sur des substances organiques contenant l'oxygène.

Indirekte Äther- und Esterbildung. Reaktionsfähigkeit des organisch gebundenen Halogens. Die Einwirkung von Halogen auf sauerstoffhaltige organische Substanzen.

Miscellaneous organic reactions. Inorganic oxidation-reduction reactions.

Réactions organiques diverses. Réactions inorganiques d' oxydation et de réduction.

Verschiedene organische Reaktionen. Anorganische OxydationsReduktionsreaktionen.

FORMAL TREATMENT Mathematical treatment of homogeneous, heterogeneous, isothermal and adiabatic reactions. Bibliography (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) (i) Abel, 9, 12: 681; 06. 19: 933; 13. 7, 56: 558; 06. (2) Arrhenius, 147, 1: No. 9; 08. (3) Baur, 7, 93: 240; 19. 112: 199; 24. (-*) Baur and Orthner, 7, 91: 75; 16. (5) Benedicks, 7, 70: 12; 10. ( 6 ) Bodenstem and Wolgast, 7, 61: 422; 08. ( 7 ) Boselli, 34, 152: 256, 374, 602; 10. ( 8 ) Bray, 00, 9: 573; 05. ( 9 ) Bredig and Epstein, 93, 42: 341; 04. (10) Brunner, 7, 51: 494; 05. 58: 1; 07. O 1 ) Einstein, 76, 1920: 380. C 12 ) Fuhrmann, 7, 89: 520; 89. (*3) Goldschmidt, 9, 11: 5; 05. ( 1 ^) von Grützner, 278, 141: 63; 11. ( 1S ) Guldberg and Waage, Untersuchungen über die chemische Affinität, in Ostwald, Klassiker der exakten

Veresterungsgeschwindigkeit. Dynamik des Veresterungsund Acetalisierungsgleichgewichtes. Hydrolyse der Nitrile, Säureamide und die inversen Reaktionen. Hydrolyse der Diazo Verbindungen. Kinetik des Diazotierungsund Kuppelungsvorganges.

Tautomeria. Reazioni di decomposizione Separazione di CO2 dagli acidi carbossilici Separazione di C0-(risp. HCOOH-) dagli acidi carbossilici Reazioni di addizione... Reazioni di coordinazione Trasformazioni molecolari delle materie coloranti e degli indicatori Reazioni degli zuccheri..

119 120 122

123 123 126

127 127

Idrolisi o saponificazione di esteri, eteri ed anidridi 128 Saponificazione di esteri di acidi inorganici, inclusi acidi carbonici e solfonici 137 Esterificazione Dinamica dell'equilibrio di esterificazione e acetilazione Idrolisi di nitrili e di amidi acidi e reazioni inverse Idrolisi di diazo-composti Cinetica dei processi di diazotazione e di copulazione Formazione indiretta di eteri ed esteri Reagibilità degli alogeni nei composti organici.

137 139 140 141 142 143 143

L'azione degli alogeni sulle sostanze organiche contenenti ossigeno 146 Reazioni organiche varie.. 146 Reazioni inorganiche di ossidazione e riduzione.. 147

Naturwissenschaften, No. 104; 99. ( 16 ) Harcourt and Esson, 62, 156: 193; 66. (!7) Hartridge and Roughton, 5, 104: 376; 23. C 1 ») Hinshelwood and Bowen, 3, 40: 569; 20. 5, 99: 203; 21. 7, 101: 504; 22. (^) Hirniak, Beiträge zur chemische Kinetik. Lemberg, 1911. 7, 75: 675; 11. (20) yan't Hoff, Etudes de dynamique chimique. Amsterdam, 1884. ( 21 ) Jüttner, 9t 15: 169; 09. 7, 65: 595; 09. 77: 735; 11. ( 22 ) Jungius, 7, 49: 368; 04. (2*) Kaufler, 7, 55: 502; 06. ( 25 ) Lewis, System of physical chemistry. London, Longmans, 1921. ( 26 ) Lotka, 50, 14: 271; 10. 7, 72: 508; 10. 80: 159; 12. (27) Lowry and John, 4, 97: 2634; 10. (28) De Lury, 50, 10: 423; 06. ( 29 ) Luther, 9, 12: 596; 06. (30) Meli or, Higher mathematics for students of chemistry and physics. New York, Longmans, 1922. Chemical statics and dynamics. New York, Longmans, 1904. (31) Mieli, 36, 37 II: 155, 636; 07. ( 32 ) Miller, 69, 2 III : 245; 08. 50, 11: 9; 07. (33) Miller and Rosebrugh, 69, 9 III: 73; 03. ( 3 <) Mittasch, 7, 50: 613; 05. (35) Moesveld, 7, 103: 481; 23. (36) Muller, 34, 169: 793; 19. (37) Nernst, in Boltzmann Festschrift, p. 904. Leipzig, Barth, 1904. 93, 45: 126; 05. 49: 213; 06. 7, 47: 52; 04. (38) Nernst and Hohmann, 7, 11: 352; 93, (39) Noyes, 7, 19: 599; 96.

(4°) Noyés and Scott, 7, 18: 118; 95. (41) Ostwald, Lehrbuch der allg. Chemie, Ui 199. Leipzig, Engelmann, 1902. (42) Piazza, 7, 93: 183; 19. (43) Quartaroli, 36, 33 I: 497; 03. (44) Rakovskii, 7, 57: 321; 07. (45) Reichinstein, 9, 15: 734; 09. (46) Reiner, 93, 127: 187; 23. 141: 363; 25. (47) Robertson and Aeree, 11, 49: 474; 13. ( 48 ) Rosebrugh and Miller, 5O1 14: 816; 10. (49) Scheffer, 70, 40: 477; 21. (50) ShröderandAcree,4,105:2582;14. (51) Skrabal, 57, 37:137; 16. (52) von Smoluchovski, 7, 92: 129; 17. (53) Snethlage, 7, 90: 1; 15. (54) Thiersch, 7, 111: 175; 24. (55) Visser, 7, 52: 257; 05. (56) Wagner, 7, 115: 130; 25. (57) Walker, 68, 22: 22; 97. (58) Wegscheider, 7, 30: 593; 99. 35: 513; 00. 36: 543; 01. 39: 257; 02. 41: 62; 02. 57, 21: 693; 00. 29: 83, 233; 08. 36: 471; 15. 39: 15, 201; 18. 9, 14: 133; 08. 28: 99; 22. (59) Winther, 7, 100: 566; 22. («0) Zawidski, 165,1915A : 275. 1916A : 339. ( 61 ) Zawidski and Staronka, 165, 1915A: 319. (62) Zawidski and Zaykowski, 165, 1916A: 752.

THEORIES OF REACTION RATE Reaction rate as a function of temperature and nature of the medium. Applications of statistical mechanics, theories of radiation (quantum theory) and activation theories.

127, 241; 17. 1915: No. 2. 2: 117; 20. 115: 121; 25.

102: 81, 149; 17. 104: 169; 18. 106: 95, 149; 19. 171, 8: No. 3; 17. In Elster und Geitel Festschrift, 1915: 333. 96, ( 7 I) Trautz and Volkman, 7, 64: 53; 20. (72) Wagner, 7, (73) Wegscheider, 7, 103: 273; 23.

GENERAL INTRODUCTION Isothermal Monomolecular First-Order Reactions: A —>. QX

¥

7/

%

QL/

7

.~

=fc(a- x) or -^ = kC

._..

(I)

Integration gives: k =

t bge aT^x °r k

=

t

loge

~Ü

(II)

and

k = i-i-r log. jpf or k = -^7 log, £' (III) Î2 — ti a — X2 £2 — ti c/2 If logio is used instead of loge, the constant will become k' = 0.4343&; a or Co = the initial concentration of the reacting substance and (a — X n ), or Cn, its concentration at a time Jn units later. Reversible First-Order Reactions. ki

Bibliography

AZUB *2 ~ = A 1 Ca - x) - A 2 (b + x)


O) Arrhenius, 7, 4 : 226; 89. 28: 317; 99. (2) Auerbach, 9, 11: 296, 433; 05. (IV) Ergebnisse der exakt. Naturwiss., l : 228; 22. (3) BaIy, 70, 41: 516; 22. 83, 17: 588, 598; 22. (4) BaIy and Rice, 4, 101: 1475; 12. (5) Baume, 34, *i + *2 = } loge -^- or = -J— loge ^f! (V) 157: 774; 13. (6) Berthelot, 34, 160: 440, 519; 15. (7) Berthoud, 42, 9: t A00 A. 12 — l'i X0Q — X2 352; 11. 10: 573; 12. (») Bjerrum, 93, 109: 275; 20. 7, 108:82; 24 (») where Bodenstein, 9, 24: 183, 381; 18. 7, 49: 61; 04. 100: 68; 22. X 0 0 - X for t = oo, =0= x at equilibrium, (1O) Böeseken, 64V, 31: 226; 22. (U) Boltzmann, 8, 22: 39; 84. Vorlesungen über Gastheorie, II: 177. Leipzig, Barth, 1896. ( 12 ) Briner, 34, 157: 281, where 664; 13. ( 13 ) Brönsted, 7, 102: 169; 22. 103: 307; 23. ^,42:761,1448; = TT = KE, the "equilibrium constant" (VI) 20. 45: 2898; 23. 4, H9: 574; 21. 214, 2: No. 10; 19. 3: No. 9; 20. a — X00 A/2 147, 5: No. 25; 19. ( 14 ) Brönsted and LaMer, l, 46: 555; 24. ( 15 ) BrönIf TT be any property of the reacting mixture such that sted and Petersen, l, 43: 2265; 21. ( 16 ) Cassel, 96, 2: 90; 20. 3: 31; 20. ir = p (a - x) + q(b + x), (VII) (17) Christiansen, 7, 103: 91; 23. 113: 35; 24. ( 18 ) Christiansen and Kramers, 7, 104: 451; 23. (i») Cohen, 7, 23: 442; 97. where p and q are proportionality factors, then (20) Corran and Lewis, l, 44: 1673; 22. (2l) Dhar, 93, 141: 1; 25. (22) 7 , 7 IT TTo ^QO 1 i T! — TToo /TTTTTN kl + &2 = T 10ge Or = loge — ~> (VIII) Dushman, 143, 189: 515; 20. l, 43: 397; 21. (23) Ebert, 9, 30: 65; 24. t TT — TT00 Iz — f i TT2 — TT00 (24) Einstein, 5,37:832; 12. 63,18: 121; 17. (25) Von Eulerand Rudberg, where the subscript identifies the time to which the TT value 96, 16: 54; 23. (26) Fricke and Rohmann, 9, 30: 580; 24. ( 27 ) Goldbelongs. schmidt, Diss., Breslau, 1907. 63, 10: 206, 421; 09. ( 28 ) Griffith, Lamble and Lewis, 4, 111: 389; 17. (2») Haber, 88, 13: 1117; 11. If A and B are optical antipodes, (30) Haber and Just, 9, 16: 275; 10. 8, 36: 308; 11. (31) Harned and BrumA1 = /C2 = /e, /ci + /C2 = 2k, and KE = 1 (IX) baugh, l, 44: 2729; 22. (32) Harned and Seftz, l, 44: 1475; 22. (33) Isothermal Bimolecular Second-Order Reactions: A + B >. Herzfeld, 8, 59: 635; 19. 9, 25: 301; 19. 7, 95: 139; 20. 98: 161; 21. 63, 22: 186; 21. 96, 8: 132; 21. (34) Hückel, Ergebnisse der exakten ^5=A(B-X)Cb-X) (X) Naturwiss., 3: 199; 24. (35) Jäger, 75, 100 Ua: 1182; 91. 104 Ua: 671; 7 1 /, a . b \ 95. (36) Jeans, The Dynamical theory of gases. Cambridge Univ. Press, k = TTT ~\[ loge — log« J & r 1921. (37) Jellinek, Physikalische Chemie der homogenen und heterogenen t(b — a) V & a — x b — x/ Gasreaktionen. Leipzig, S. Hirzel, 1913. (38) Job, 27, 33: 1561; 23. (39) or Kohnstamm and Scheffer, 64V, 19: 878; 11. 7 1 /, a — XI ', b — Xi\ /V-TX (40) Krüger, 188, 1908: 318. (4l) Lamble and Lewis, 4, 105: 2330; 14. 107: 6e r v (XI) k = T1 TT7Ü N ( l°ge löge I 42 fe *i)(b a)\ a X b X / 2 2 233; 15. ( ) Langmuir, l, 42: 2190; 20. (43) Lazarev, 34, 178: 773; 24. or if b = a (44) Lewis, 65, 43: 257; 07. 7, 61: 129; 08. 4, 109: 796; 16. 111: 457, 1 1 \ /VTTN 1086; 17. 113: 471; 18. 115: 182, 710, 1360; 19. Scientia, 25: 450; 19. /c = -1 X or = -(/ 1 1 (XII) 3, 39: 26; 20. 83, 17: 573; 22. (45) Lewis and McKeown, I , 43: 1288; 21. ta, a — x Z 2 — £i\a — X 2 a — XI/ (46) Lindemann, 3, 40: 671; 20. 83, 17: 599; 22. (47) Lowry, 83, 17: If a differs but slightly from b, a series expansion of Eq. (XI) 596; 22. (48) Lueck, l, 44: 757; 22. (49) Marcelin, 34, 151: 1052; 10. may be used; or k may be taken as the geometrical mean of the 157: 1419; 13. 158: 116, 407; 14. 6, 3: 120; 15. (50) March, 63, 18: 53; 17. (si) Moran and Lewis, 4, 121: 1613; 22. (52) values obtained from Eq. (XII) by putting, 1st, a = a and 2nd, Natanson, 8, 38: 288; 89. (53) Padoa, 36, 51 I: 193; 21. (54) Perrin, 6, a = b. 11: 5; 19. 83, 17: 546; 22. (55) Polanyi, 9, 26: 49, 228; 20. 96,1: 337; 20. The differential equation is given in case the rate does not follow 2: 90; 20. 3: 31; 20. (56) Randall and Vanselow, l, 46: 2418; 24. (57) a simple law, and the integrated expression is then often omitted. Rice, l, 45: 2808; 23. 133, 1915: 397. (58) Rice, Fryling and Wesolowski, Progressive Change in k.— J, (resp. | ) = "the value of k is l, 46: 2405; 24. (59) Rodebush, l, 45: 606; 23. (60) Rosanoff, l, 35: 173; 13. (6l) Sackur, 9, 15: 865; 09. 8, 36: 958; 11. greatest at the beginning (resp. end) of the reaction." (62) Scheffer, 64V1 20: 761; 11. 21: 1134; 13. 64P, 17: 695, 1011; 13. Temperature Coefficient.—The effect of temperature will be (62.5) Sirkin, Ber. polytech. institut. Ivanovo,-W osnessensk., 7: 143; 23. 63, 24: 236; 23. 7, 106: 243; 23. ( 63 ) Skrabal, 57, 35: 1157; 14. 37: 495; 16. exhibited approximately by Qi0 = -y1^ where ko is the value of KO 9, 28: 224; 22. (64) Skrabal and Rieder, 9, 30: 109; 24. (65) von Smoluk at 0°; or more exactly by the constant A in the equation log« k chovski, in Boltzmann Festschrift, p. 626. Leipzig, Barth, 1904. 8, 25: 205; 08. (65.5) stern, 8, 44: 497; 13. (66) Taylor and Lewis, 4, 121: 665; = A/T + / or logio k' = -A'/T + /' where A' (resp. J'} = 22. (67) van Thiel, 64V, 31: 232; 22. 64P, 25: 199; 22. (68) Thomson, 0.4343 X A (resp. X J). E (= RA, where R is the gas constant) 3, 47: 337; 24. (69) Tolman, l, 42: 2506; 20. 43: 126, 269; 21. has been called the " internal energy" (Rice), the " critical energy" (70) Trautz, 7, 66: 496; 09. 67: 93; 09. 68: 295, 637; 10. 74: 747; 10. 76: (Marcelin), the "critical energy increment" (McC. Lewis) or the 129; 11. 9,15: 692; 09. 18: 513, 908; 12. 21: 118; 15. 22: 104; 16. 25: "activation heat" (Arrhenius). 4, 297; 19. 93, 88: 285; 14. 93: 177; 15. 95: 74; 16. 96:1; 16. 97:113, 7

EXPERIMENTAL DATA First-Order Gas Reactions Nearly all reactions of this class take place almost entirely on the surface of the containing vessel as shown by the increase of k with increasing ratio of surface to volume; and several investigators have expressed the opinion that true first-order reactions do not exist (417). However, as a result of recent work, several > SO2 + Cl2 and N2O5 —> examples are known; cf. SO2Cl2 N2O4 + 1/2O2 below. For nearly all these first-order gas reactions k has been shown to decrease at very low pressure (254.5, 41 1« 5 ); and new theories have been advanced ( 419 - 5 ). The important qualitative result is that the new evidence favors the collision mechanism and not the radiation theory. DECOMPOSITION OF PHOSPHINE 4PH 3 —>P 4 + 6H2 Manometric method; t in seconds ( 309 ). T7, 0K 845 785 719 640 583 10'fe 54o 2.1 0.81 0.19 0.053 The observed values have been smoothed by graphing. The calculated values are computed from the equation: logio k = ^|— + 2 logio T + 12.130; cf. (ieo)

DECOMPOSITION OF SULFURYL CHLORIDE.—(Continued) Manometric method; t in minutes; at 32O0C rate is uninfluenced by a 200-fold increase of the ratio of surface to volume. Concluded to be a true first-order reaction at and above this temperature (491.5).

% G = % of reaction in the gas phase; 100 — % G = % on walls; t in seconds ( 517 ).

DECOMPOSITION OF NITROGEN PENTOXIDE N 2 O 5 —> N 2 O 4 + MO2 Manometric method with correction for NO2 formation; t in minutes ; E = 24 700; log, k = -^- + 35.56 (132)

T, 0K

1( 3fc ? . obs. I cale. UTa18.0 15.0 15.5 12.0 12.0 10.2 10.3 9.1 8.9

%G

T, °K

^ % G obs. | cale. 956 ÏÔ5 940 8^3 sTÖ 96~~ 953 100 936 7.1 6.5 92 948 100 933 6.3 5.6 89 945 100 929 5.5 4.5 82 942 98 928 4.6 3.3 72 918 3.8 2.5 66 Measurements in quartz vessels with and without addition of quartz powder; t in seconds; S/V = surf ace/volume; even at 10440K the reaction is obviously not a homogeneous one ( 258 ). S/V = 1 cm-1; f T1 0 K... 10441018 998 970 946 E = 49500 10 3 fc.... 7426.719.510.95.29 8/V = S-OCm- 1 ; T1 0 K... 1007 979956 917 894 858 828 # = 41800 103fc 110 49 3213.25.922.411.19 S/V = 15.7 cm-1; T, 0 K... 983 963 919 890 864 E = 34 100 IQ 3 A;.... 11070.730.819.28.89 REARRANGEMENT OF TRIMETHYLENE TO PROPYLENE (CH2) 3 » CH3CH=CH2 Bodenstein and Wolgast's gas-stream method with analysis of condensate by density; t in seconds; E = 54 800 to 70 400; QIO = 1.55; the reaction is influenced by the walls, whose effect can, however, be largely diminished ( 519 ). 0 C 550 570 580 600 600 65(T~ 103/c 6.87 15.2 22.2 44.7 45.7 146 DECOMPOSITION OF HYDROGEN PEROXIDE H2O2 » H 2 O + KO 2 Manometric method; t in minutes; k = 0.22 to 0.38 at 76.O0C; 257 wall reaction ( ). DECOMPOSITION OF SULFURYL CHLORIDE SO2Cl2 ±=; SO2 + Cl2 Manometric method; t in minutes; wall reaction ( 257 ); at temperatures above 20O0C in the dark, the equilibrium concentration of SO2Cl2 is negligibly small (514.5). —Ioge2 —ß—

Vio

&

2 Ï Î Ï 7 2 237 26.5 283 ^6

2.06 1.85

35 000 34 OOP

^

T, 0K 105/c E

552.3 6.09

572.5 27.1 46 400

593.1 132.1 51 850

602.4 274.2 55 700

DECOMPOSITION OF FORMIC ACID HCO2H —> H2O + CO; /bco HCO 2 H—> H 2 + CO2; kco2 Manometric method; wall reaction dependent on nature of glass used; t in minutes; % P = % of (CO2 + H 2 ) formed ( 256 ); for catalysis by Al2O3, v. (*6> 17). 0

C 104fc'co %P

137.5 158 236 236 239 302 302 350 0.49 3.6 12.1 11.4 14.4 46.5 58.0159 1.5 1.6 2.5 9.0 3.4 10.8 14.4 29.1

0

237 302 302 350 0.66 5.6 9.8 65

C IQ4^CQ2

E = 12 000 (CO) E = 24 500 (CQ2)

0

C I 65 I 55 I 45 I 35 I 25 / obs. 290* 90.0 29.9 8.08 2.03 \ cale. 286 93.2 28.3 7.90 (2.03) 0

C

f •\

I obs. cale. I

25 I 1.911 2.03

20 I 15 1.17f O.624t 0.992 0.475

I

O 0.0472f 0.0440

* Average using Bodenstein's calculations ( 51 ). t Vapor saturated with solid N 2Us; values less accurate.

Effect of NO2 at the beginning of the reaction According to later measurements by Daniels et al. ( 133 > 134 > 56 °), traces of NO2 are necessary for a smooth monomolecular course of the reaction, which would thus have an autocatalytic induction period. However, White and Tolman (549.5) have found no evidence of this effect at the lowest concentration measurable, and conclude that the reaction is monomolecular in its initial stage. Colorimetrie method; t in minutes; the values of k agree with those above. 0

C Initial PN2O5, mm 103fc

20 1.3-55 1.03

25 2.5-29 2.19

35 2.9 8.37

40 2.5 14.8

Decomposition in solvents; gas-volumetric method; t in seconds ( 346 ). ^ CC*4 I CHCl3 I Gas* 104fc I Qi0 I E \ 104/c I Qi0 I E I IQ4A; 55 2ÏT2 15.0 50 11.6 3.47 25 29212.8 45 6.11 3.60 26 070 5.0 40 3.22 3.77 25 242 3.81 3.33 24 252 35 1.62 3.83 26 218 1.35 30 0.8415 3.96 24 222 1,025 3.73 24 648 25 0.409 25 770 0.34 Mean: 25 469 Mean: 24 450 * (132, 133).

Higher-Order Gas Reactions

FORMATION OF HYDROBROMIC ACID

DECOMPOSITION OF NITKIC OXIDE

H2 + Br2 _1> 2HBr a —x b —x x dx = fc(a-x)Q)-x)H .

2NO —> N 2 + O2 Analysis with nitrometer; units: seconds and M/cm3; SecondOrder /b (278, Sl5); c/. (379).

T,° K 1 620 1 525 1355 1 252

I

k I QIO I A u 191 800 47 059 1.1636 440 3843 1.1630390 1 073.61.1321 OOP

T9 0K I k I QIO | A 1 201 624.6 1.11 Io 970 1 108 228.3 1.1214 400 962 39.821.1312740

d<=

™» + !^r

Titrimetric method; units: minutes and M/22.41 (52);cf. (380, 4 "). 0 0 C I k I QIO [I C I k QIQ 301.3 0.0856 251.4 0.00260 2.00 277.5 0.0159 2.03 224.7 0.00036 2.25

DECOMPOSITION OF NITROUS OXIDE 2N2O —> 2N2 + O2 Gas-density method; units: seconds and M/cm3; second-order k (276). 0

T1 K 986 1 078 1 168

k 6.72 110.9 977.0

j

I

A 32 800 30 800 31 900 I Mean: 31 800 ; Manometric method; units: seconds and M/l ( 25S ). T, 0K I Values of fc, second-order ÏÏ25 12To ÏOTë 1085 3.70 3.27 3.93 4.05 (4.47) 1053 1.38 1.59 1.82 1.91 1030 0.84 0.85 0.77 0.98 1.14 1001 0.38 0.51 967 0.135 838 0.011 The reaction is homogeneous since neither quartz powder nor Pt or Rh foil influences its rate.

DECOMPOSITION AND FORMATION OF HYDROIODIC ACID k

2HI Û H2 + I2 Ari

^ = Jb[HI]' - /C1[H2][I2]

(I)

[H2][I2] - A - & (II) (L } [HI]» " Jb1 " KE Titrimetric method; ki (obs.)—4th column—by the gascurrent method; ki (cale.) from Equation II above, and the relation log* Ks = -90.48/T - 1.5959 loge T + 0.005545477 + 2.6981; units: minutes and M/22.41 (49). T, 0K I &(obs.) I /ciCobs.) | fa (obs.) | fa (cale.) 556 0.06942 O. O3119 0.04796 575 0.05326 0.03353 0.03239 599 0.00146 629 0.04809 0.00676 0.00546 647 0.03230 0.0140 0.0146 666 0.03588 0.0379 0.0350 679 0.0568 0.0535 683 0.00137 0.0659 0.0784 700 0.00310 0.172 0.164 703 0.250 0.225 713 0.362 0.336 716 0.00670 0.375 0.337 781 0.1059 3.58 4.21 loge k =

Ol QOO K

L

* ™*-° _ 14.468 log, T + 0.02305T + 104.185. 01 CQO

loge ki =

T

- 12.872 loge T + 0.005545477 + 2.6981.

For discussion of theory of the reaction, v. ( 160 > 336).

FORMATION OF NITROSYL BROMIDE 2NO + Br2 > 2NOBr Manometric method; units: seconds and M/cm3; third-order k; homogeneous reaction plus some wall reaction ( 518 > 518.5), T, 0K 258 265 273 279 286 IQ-10Jc 1.4(?) 1.2 1.2 1.9 0.9(?) FORMATION AND DECOMPOSITION OF NITROGEN DIOXIDE k O2 + 2NO ~^ 2NO2 T Î *i T a —x b —x x jj* = fc(a -x)(b -x) 2 -fax 2 Manometric method; units: minutes and M/l; smoothed values (50) ,-formation of NO2. T1 0K 273 308 333 363 4Î4 10-6fc 2.09 1.59 1.31 1.12 0.925 QIO 0.912 0.932 0.949 0.963 T1 0K 470 5Ï4 564 6Î3 662 10-6A 0.791 0.724 0.681 0.659 0.649 Q10 0.972 0.980 0.988 0.993 0.997 k and fa calculated from KE. NO ^decomposition NO2-formation ' fa I fa (cale.) I Qi0 10-6/c(calc.) [ Q^ 592.0 61.0 66.4 0.670 603.5 90.6 98.4 1.50 0.667 0.996 627.0 204 222 1.50 0.647 0.987 651.0 485 489 1.53 0.693 1.029 656.0 568 561 1.51 0.705 1.039 From O to 3540C the reaction of formation of NO2 has a negative temperature coefficient or a fractional value for Qi0 ( 98 » 559).

DECOMPOSITION OF PHOSGENE COCl2 JL+ CO + Cl2 ^ïgjp! = /b([COCl2] - K)[Cl2]^ [CO][Cl2] ,K [CO][Cl2] K = KE ***** = [COCl2] [CO] and [COCl2] are of the same order of magnitude (10~3 to 10~4). Manometric method; units: minutes and M/l; logio k = Y h 15.154; logio KH = reaction (110). T,0K 655 100fc(obs.) 0.53 100fc(calc.) 0.52

—/^

f- 5.50; homogeneous gas

685 I 715 745 782 2.95 15.1 67.6 354.0 3.03 15.2 66.8 354.0

SUMMARY OF GAS REACTION DATA ACCORDING TO TRAUTZ (516)

Z-MENTHONE *"~7 ^-MENTHONE.—(Continued)

Units: seconds and M/cm 3 — A' 1 Second-order: logio k = —^—h 0 l°gio T + J'

Polarimetrie method; t in minutes; catalyst, 0.02 (resp. 0.0I)AT alcoholate (resp. 0.01N HCl) (522, 523). -__AlcoholateÔ02ÂT 0 . 0 1 J V 0 . 0 1 JV HCl Solvent : alcohoT^^-1 -^ kf, 2Q0C fc', 250C A/, 2O0C Methyl 0.00317 0.0067 Ethyl 0.00826 0.0150 n-Propyl 0.0107 0.0215 w-Butyl 0.0130 0.0092 n-Heptyl 0.0165 n-Octyl 0.0191 0.0492 Isobutyl 0.0147 0.0105 0.0265 Isoamyl 0.0159 0.0277 Isopropyl 0.0171 sec.-Butyl , 0.0336 0.0244 sec.-Octyl 0.0572 terf.-Butyl 0.0504 AUyI 0.00200 0.0104 Benzyl 0.00118 0.0335 Values of lOOOfe' at 2O0C in various solvents with 0.01N HCl Solvent CVHU C 6 H 4 (CH 3 ) 2 C6H5Cl (C2H6)2O IQ3A/ 2.3 2^0 6.9 0.4

Reaction H2 + O2 -> H20 H 2 + I 2 -> 2HI 2HI -^ H2 + I2 HI + O2 -> H2O +I2 N 2 + O2 ^ NO 2NO -» N 2 + O2 2O3 -> O2 NO + Cl2 -» NOCl2 NOCl2 + NO -» NOCI 2NOC1 -> NO + NOCl2

| A' | /' | Authority 10 141 12.7 Bodenstein 8 640 13.7 Bodenstein 9 630 13.4 Bodenstein 5 600 11.9 Trautz and Helmer 18 800 11.4 Nernst and Jellinek 13 700 10.3 Nernst and Jellinek 5 760 14.1 Warburg 4 220 12 Trautz and Schlueter 3 940 12 Trautz and Schlueter 6 040 12 Trautz and Schlueter —A' Third-order: logio k = —^ logio T + J'

2NO + Cl2 -> NOCI

l 220 14.6 Trautz, Wachenheim, Schlueter, Henglein 2NO + Br2 -> NQBr 760 15.1 Trautz and Dalai Additional references (««• 8?, 8 «> 10», lie, 299, 440, soi, 502, 536) 4

Racemization HYOSCYAMINE (HY.) <

SCOPOLAMINE (Sc.)

Polarimetrie method; t in minutes; first-order reaction with reversal ( 194 ). l g Hy. with absolute alcohol to 15 cm 3 + 1 cm3 N NaOH; 2k = 0.0148 at 50C. 1.048 g Hy. with absolute alcohol to 24.95 cm3 + 0.5238 g tropine; 2k = 4.97 X 10~6 at room temperature. 4.0173 g Sc. with absolute alcohol to 70 cm3 + 8.51 cm 3 absolute alcohol containing 0.004017 mole NaOH; 2k = 0.0295 at 30C. 15.519 g alcohol solution of Sc. (of which 1 cm3 =c= 9.46 cm3 0.01AT H2SO4) + 0.3736 g tropine; 2k = 4.42 X 10~6 at room temperature. The reaction is useful for determining [OH"].

Solvent C2H5Br CH2BrCH2Br CCU CHCl3 IQ3A;7 3.4 10.8 5.3 47.1 For all reactions Qi0 = 2.31-3.19; A' = 3250-4250. For determination of the "alcoholytic constant" of the type [acetoacetic ester] [alcoholate]/[Na acetoacetic ester] = K, and for theory of the reaction, v. ( 225 ); cf. (*<>» 427). Transformation of Geometric Isomer s syn-ALDOXIME » anti-ALDOXIME (398, 399) Method: change in rotation of the optically active solvent; t in minutes; 9 = 2O0C. 5 g oxime in 95 g solvent. Values of 1000&, (first-order) : si/n-Anisaldoxime in dimethyl tartrate (3.0); in diethyl tartrate (1.8); in di-ri-propyl tartrate (1.0); in dimethyl malate (5.0); in diethyl malate (6.7); in di-ra-propyl malate (8.4) (398); cf. (399). sî/n-m-Nitrobenzaldoxime in di-n-propyl tartrate (0.5) ( 39 S); Cf. (399).

POTASSIUM CHROMOOXALATE K8[Cr(C8O4)B], IU^d k Polarimetrie method; t in seconds ( 4 ZQ); cf. (277,513,549) / 0C O 11 22 24 Q10 E T H0 in Xi 8 U.... ^ 2 X 106fc 149 239 542 598 1.779328 I % Acetone] H2O, M/l ( O 55.55 In H2O + Acetone, 220C. . . < 40 33.33 [ 60 22.22

|

2k 0.000542 0.000329 0.000262

Al

Z-MENTHONE

>

C^MENTHONE; k = ki + k2

k2

According to Beckmann (33) the two menthones are not optical antipodes and hence fci T^ kz. Measurements in various solvents; k independent of direction. Catalyzed by alcoholates, quaternary ammonium bases, and strong acids but not proportionally to their concentration. Slight catalysis by weak acids. Not influenced by neutral salts, by acetic esters, or by dimethylhydroresorcinols. The catalysis by alcoholates is not influenced by slowly saponifiable esters but rapidly saponifiable ones react with Na from the alcoholates and decrease the reaction velocity accordingly.

cci

œci

L J—co/

I J—coci

Intramolecular Transformation PHTHALYL CHLORIDE

k

n~ >^n~

Reaction in liquid melt; method: initial freezing point; t in minutes; k (first-order) = 0.036 at 13O0C; Qi0 = 1.6 (90 - 170°) (130).

DIAZOAMINOBENZENE C6H5NHN2C6H5 _i* C6H5N2C6H4NH2 Gas-volumetric method: t in hours; solvent, aniline; catalyzed by CeH5NH3Cl; rate proportional to concn. of catalyst, Ccat. (M/l); first-order k (216); cf. (2Q4, 217). 0 C 25 25 I 35 I 45 I 55 [ Ccat. 0.1 I Q.2| 0.3 O1I 1O3A;' 6.0 12.318.1 6.0 24.6 81.0 253 A' Qi0 4.10 3.29 3.12 5355 TRIBROMOBENZENEDIAZONIUM CHLORIDE Br3C6H2N2Cl -JU ClBr2C6H2N2Br Gravimetric method; t in minutes; solvent, methyl alcohol; first-order k ( 23 9) ; I03/c' = 0.83 at O0C = 1.93 at 40C; Q10 = 8.2. The solid salt decomposes rapidly, the aq. soin, slowly, the alcoholic soin, at measurable rate ( 23 9).

ACETOPHENOXIME C 6 H 5 C(NOH)CH 3 JU C 6 H 5 NHCOCH 3 Beckmann rearrangement; titrimetric method; t in minutes; catalyst, H 2 SO 4 ; first-order A; ( 49 °). % H2SO4 1 68.5 I 93.6 | 94.6 | 97.2 98.2 (6O 0 C 1.1 1.3 4 7 IU/C \ 650C 0.6 1.9 2.1

The reaction in the melt is very slow and depends on the nature of the walls, the presence of traces of impurities (e.gr., acids) and the previous history of the sample used. Acids are poor catalysts in H2O and alcohol and good catalysts in non-ionizing solvents. The reaction in the gas phase is very slow even on the walls. For preparation of the pure tau tomers, v. (370, 37i) t

CINCHONINE OR CINCHONIDINE » CINCHOTOXINE Gravimetric and polarimetrie methods; t in hours; solvent, aqueous acids ( 39 > 40 > 41 > 42 > 44 ). Cinchonine at 99.7 ± 0.20C; values of lOOO/c', (first-order); Ccat. in M/l. 1

^T^^—^ ' ^ cat.

^~~~—-~~__

HYDROXYTRIAZOLE

» DIAZOMALONIC ESTER Ji Acid form < Neutral form

C2H5CO2H CH3CO2H HCO2H (CO2H)2 HCl

0.15 5^60 Tea 0.175 7.12 0.77 9.4 6.2 0.3 0.20 11.7 0.40 29.6 23.9 12.1 4.0 0.80 61.1 49.9 16.5 2.00 90.1 0.7 The value of k varies also with the initial concn. of the alkaloid. For theory of the reaction, v. ( 38 > 39). Tautomerism HEXACHLORO-a-KETO-jS-A-PENTENE IN THE LlQUID MELT

ClC _x CCl Jb1 ClC y CCl2 >CO T"" )>CO Cl2C / CCl2 ^ ClC / CCl2 Gravimetric method; t in hours; first-order k, powerfully catalyzed by traces of H2O or HCl. With material dried with P 2 O 5 , /ci = 0.049, /C2 = 0.078. KE = 1.59 at 210.50C (321, 322). ENOL

»KETONE

i *« i -C=C- —"* —C—C— AH

" A A

First-order k; tin minutes: I = Ethyl acetoacetate, CH3COCH2CO2C2H5. II = Methyl benzoylacetate, C6H5COCH2CO2CH3. III = Methyl mesityloxidoxalate, (CHg) 2 C: CHCOCH2COCO2CH3. Methods: (a) titration by Meyer's method; (6) bromine extraction; (331); cf. (138,139,141,142); (c) viscosity; (d) refractometric; (e) FeCl3 extraction; (/) FeCl3, colorimetrie. Ester I Solvent | Jb1 | /C2 | 0C | Method | Lit. Ï Melt 0.0355 0.0446 15 (o)(368) I H20 2.4 0.010 O (a) I 0.013 O (6) I 0.039 10 (6) I O.lJVHCl 0.018 O (6) I Alcohol 0.077 0.0105 O (a) I Hexane 0.0041 0.0035 O (a) I Melt /ci + f c 2 = 0.034 25 (c) (158) I 0.03172| 0.0537 Rm (d) ( 3 <>6) I /C1 +/C 2 = 0.0178 Rm (d) I /C1 + /C2 = 0.613 Rm (d) I 0.0397 I 0.0 4 2 Rm (d) I ki + /C2 = 6.05 Rm (d) I Petroleum ether. 0.0192 0.0073 15 (d) I H2O i 0.017 O (e) (266) II Melt /ci + k2 = 1.3 Rm (d) (305) II Alcohol 0.10 0.04 O (a) (367) III Melt 0.0085 0.0333 98 (/) (307) III Alcohol 0.0335 0.047 78 (/) III 0.0455 0.0 6 2 Rm (/)

k

A

*

N

Method: iodine titration of the acid form; t in minutes; firstki

order k.

Methyl l-methyl-5-hydroxytriazole-4-carboxylate < fc2 Methyl methylaminodiazomalonate. lonization constant of the acid form = 2.8 X 10~3.

103/ci 10«% KE 103/ci 106/c2 KE

Values for 5O0C in various solvents ( 149 ) I GH3OH I C6H5CH2OH | CH3CQCH3 0.120 0.278 1.36 25.3 23.2 72.6 4.679 11.95 18.69 |CH3CO2C2H5| C 6 H 5 NO 2 [ C 2 H 5 QNO 2 67Ï6 7736 8~97 117 73.6 98 54.25 100.0 98.9

KE = T~ — GQ~ where S is the solubility (N- resp. A-form) in a KZ OA given solvent and G is a universal constant independent of the nature of the solvent; cf. ( 26 O).

KE SN/SA G. KE

SN/SA G

Values for 180C in various solvents ( 149 ) I CH3OH I C6H5CH2OHl CH3COCH3 3.27 8.62 14.15 6.29 13.28 20.82 0.52 0.65 0.68 ICH 3 CO 2 C 2 H 6 I C6H5NO2 | C2H5QNQ2 51.63 99.0 89.91

84.61 0.61

157.7 0.63

Effect of solubility (g/1) on /Ci at 1O0C.

171.3 0.53

Methyl l-phenyl-5-

ki

hydroxytriazole-4-carboxylate nate (149).

<

k»

Methyl

anilinodiazomalo-

Solvent I /ci | SA | SN | CH3OH 0.00053 218 34.4 C2H5OH 0.00103 97.7 29.1 C6H5CH2OH 0.0011 90 222 CH3CN 0.0047 41.5 194 CH3COCH3 0.00527 56.5 206 HCO 2 C 2 H 5 0.00828 23.3 257 CHCl3 0.0211 8.8 572 CH3CO2C2H5 0.0267 12 194 C 6 H 5 NO 2 0.046 6.5 346 C 2 H 5 ONO 2 0.055 3.2 317 Results obtained in water as the solvent indicate non-ionized acid form is the reacting molecular species,

/Ci X SA 0.116 0.101 0.099 0.195 0.298 0.193 0.186 0.320 0.299 0.176 that the v. ( 149 ).

R H H C6H6CH2 P-C6H4CH3 C 6 H 5 ..' P-C6H4Br P-C6H4NO2

I

6

X j /ci I 10 /c2 I KE CONH2 O.O 5 S 1.3 2.26 CO2CH3 0.0646 0.13 36 CO2CH3 0.0 4 26 0.22 118 CO2C2H5 0.0094 78 120 CO2CH3 0.01 34 300 CO2C2H5 0.046 83 555 CO2CH3 0.6 Very large

Effect of Temperature Values of 104&i for R = C6H6CH2 and X = CO2CH3 (i«) Solvent CH3OH C2H6OH CH3COCH3 CHCl3

0

I 4O C

15.2 61.8

0

0

5O C | 6O C | 6.35 9.59 10.0 42.3 65.1 172

Qi 0 3.5 4.2 4.3 6.5

Succinic Malic Tartaric Phthalic Oxalic Phosphoric

0.320 6.00.21 0.07656.40.69 0.03636.33.7 0.0296.2 4.5 0.00796.30.0049 Mean: 6. 2

105fcc2(n/cD2)°-83

k'o2

n

J

105/CD2

8.9

1O5AJc1(^D1)0'83

è \ Ì è

1/^Ci

0.065 0.40 0.97 1.2

1

»ex X kit measured; &2, calculated from KE] reaction in C2H5OH; values for very rapid or very slow reactions obtained by extrapolation to 250C ( 149 ).

Acid

NJ

n

ir ?&

1O3^D1

Catalysis Constants for Anions of Acids. — (Continued)

Effect of Chemical Constitution NR CO-NHR kl /\ I /N

2 1.8 6.2 2 0.72 6.8 2 0.1656.2 2 0.104 4.8 1 86 7.2 Mean: 6.2

Catalysis Constant for Bases The "acid" equilibrium constant of the base, RNH2, is &B = [RNH2][H-IX[RNH3I Aniline 105&B /e«

2.0 0.531

Quinoline

.,.

Pyridine

1.2 1.9

0.63 2.7

0.44 4.6

For applications of the nitramide method to the determination of the ionization constants of (a) weak acids, (6) unsymmetrical dibasic acids, (c) H2CO3 (true constant), and (d) pseudo acids, v. (93).

HYDROGEN PEROXIDE H2O2 —L_> H2O + KO 2 (aqueous solution) Homogeneous Catalysis Catalysis by Alkalies First-order k; t in minutes; 0 = 4O0C (ioo)

AMMONIUM THIOCYANATE ki NH4CNS UU CS(NH2), kz

Reaction in the melt; titrimetric method; first-order k; t in minutes; at 17O0C, A1 = 0.015, fa = 0.044, KE = H ( 25 > 415 > 528).

Decomposition Reactions

0

H 2 N 2 O 2 -^H 2 O + N2O For preparation of nitramide, v. ( 512 ). First-order k; t in minutes; solvent, water; all values at 150C (93). k = ko +fccCcat.,where kQ is the constant for the uncatalyzed reaction and kc that with a catalyst of concn. Ccat., M/l. All substances which decrease the [H+] of the solution act as catalyzers, /co = 366 to 398 X 10~6, mean = 0.0338. Catalysis Constants for Anions of Acids Values of kc for the anions of weak monobasic acids, and their relation to the ionization constants, &D Propionate Acetate Phenylacetate Benzoate Formate Salicylate Dichloroacetate

k'0 I 0.65 0.50 0.23 0.19 0.082 0.021 0.0007

Base, 0.04 N 1O3A;

0.0004 0.896 NaOH 4.51

0.0016 1.67

0.008 3.06

KOH 4.68

0.04 0.16 4.51 7.90

NH4OH 3.98

Ba(OH) 2 2.26

Effect of temperature in 0.04AT NaOH

NITBAMIDE

Acid

[NaOH] 103fc

IQOfcp 1105fec X fep°-83 0.00134 5.9 0.0018 5.8 0.0053 6.5 0.0065 6.3 0.021 7.2 0.1 6.2 5.0 5.8 Mean: 6.2

In the case of polybasic acids the value of kc for each anion was found to be similarly related to the corresponding ionization constant when the latter is corrected by a "statistical" factor, n, as illustrated below. The subscripts 1 and 2 refer to the first and second ionization stages, respectively.

C 103/b Oio

20 30 35 40 45 50 60 70 1.063.085.167.9013.417.338.958.8 2.9 2.6 2.2 2.2 1.5

Catalysis by Iodide Ion According to Abel (3), the reactions are H2O2 + I 2 » 2H+ + 21-+O 2 [for kinetics, v. (S)] and H2O2 + 2H+ + 2I~ > 2H2O + I2. For t in minutes; first-order fccat. = k[I~]. At 250C, k = 1.33 (84, 534); c/. (89); = 1.4 (3); = 1.38 (241).

Neutral salts alone have slight influence. In the presence of iodide their pronounced catalytic effects increase in the order K+, Na+, Li+ (241, 537, 538, 540).

In cases where the H2O activity is constant, this catalysis by a neutral chloride is related to the Cl~-activity, a, by the simple rule, & cat ./a = constant, for the same salt concentration (24°). Catalysis by K2Cr2O7 '- ^^ = MK2Cr2O7][H2O2] t in minutes; 0 = 250C; k = 20.9 to 34.5 in the interval [K2Cr2O7] = 0.009 to 0.043 (494); cf. («i, 495). Heterogeneous Catalysis By Colloidal Platinum First-order Ar; t in minutes; 0 = 250C; Pt, 1 to 31 500 (76, 79) ? effect of age of Pt soin. Pt-soln., days old O 1 5 kf 0.023 0.025 0.022 k' (with Na2HPO4, 1 to 2000).. . . 0.015 0.016 0.012

Effect of concentration of Pt soin.; k = constant X [Pt]n where n is a constant dependent upon the nature of the Pt preparation.

1.13 X IQ6 [Pt] 103/c'(obs.) n

I 32 I 24 I 16 I 12 I 6 | 4 | 3 " 115 72 40 24 8.4 4.6 27T

~10^(cak)

115 74 39 24 8.2 13

2.7

Effect of Poisons The catalytic action of colloidal Pt is diminished by various "poisons" most of which are likewise physiological poisons. With certain of these poisons the catalyst, toward the end of the reaction, partially ''recovers" from the effects. This is illustrated by the following table for HCN on [Pt] = 1.03 X 10~5. IQ^[HCN] 102/c', (begin) 102^ (end)

O |0.05| 0.1 | 0 . 2 | 0 . 5 1 2 4.1 1.6 1.30.750.330.200.15 4.1 2.4 1.5 0.860.360.290.35

List of "Poisons" (* = Partial Recovery) Powerful "poisons:" HCN*, ICN, I2, HgCl2, H2S, Na2S2O3, CO*, P, PH3, AsH3, Hg(CN) 2 , CS2. Moderate "poisons:" aniline, hydroxylamine,* Br2, HCl, oxalic acid, amyl nitrite, As2O3, Na2SO3,* NH4Cl. Weak "poisons:" H3PO3, NaNO3, HNO2, pyrogallol, nitrobenzene, HF, NH4F. Inactive substances: dilute KClO3, ethyl and amyl alcohols, ether, glycerol, turpentine, chloroform. Positive catalysts, ("tonics"): formic acid, hydrazine, dilute HNO3. By Colloidal Palladium First-order k; t in minutes; B = 250C (75) [Pd] I [NaOH] I k Il [Pd] I [NaOH] | Jb O 1:33 000 O 1:13 200* 1:6 000 0.0073 1:100 000 1:33 000 0.003 1: 6 600 1:3 000 0.0045 1: 13 000 1: 6 000 0.014 1: 6 60Of 1:3 000 0.001 1: 4 400 1: 3 000 0.016 1:16 800 1:6 000 0.013 1: 13 200 1: 6 OOP 0.0103 |l:16 80Oj 1:6 OOP 0.0010 Poisoned by: *[!,] = 0.5 X IO"7; flHgClJ = 10~3; JAsH3 saturated. By Colloidal Gold Catalysis in Alkaline Solution, v. ( 80 ) In all of the preceding cases, the H2O2 reacts according to a first-order heterogeneous reaction [v. (95.8, 378)] jf the reaction at the boundary is rapid in comparison with the rate of diffusion. By Platinized Platinum ^=I 1 0 8 1 0 ^x = 0.4343^ D = diffusion coefficient; S = active surface; 5 = thickness of diffusion layer; v = total volume, cm3; RPM = stirring rate, revolutions per min.; t in minutes; B = 250C (83). v 450 R P M . . . . 235 IQ4F 60

450 255 67

Temp, interval, 0C QIO

450 275 74

450 285 80

675 245 46

25-35 1.28

900 240 39

900 266 42

35-45 1.28

900 1350 272 250 39 20

45-55 1.28

By Mercury For pulsating catalysis on Hg surface, v. (l 9> 68) The thinnest Hg layer on gold which exhibits catalytic action is ca. 3 X 10~8 cm thick (").

DIANTHRACENE —> ANTHRACENE O 2 8Ü20

» 2(^14-HiO

Gravimetric method; first-order k; t in minutes ( 349 ) 0 Solvent I C 104/c | Qi0 Phenetole 170 39.0 167 28.6 2.8 160 Anisole 154 The reaction is complete in the dark.

13.9 (L7

2.8

k

NA ISONITROSOACETOPHENONE > NA BENZOATE + HCN C6H5COCH: NONa _*U C6H5COONa + HCN Colorimetrie method; first-order k; t in minutes (489) 0 C 35.6 60"! 6 9 7 0 7 Ô T Ô Q10 H0 f 2 \ IQ3A/ 0.62 2.3 4.5 4.8 3.5 Effect of solvent at 60.10C Aqueous | IQ3A/ || Solvent | IQ3A;7 0.1ATNaOH Ï 7 4 5 0 % C2H6OH 1.3 ATNaOH 1.5 97% C2H6OH 1.0 ATNaCl... 1.5 97% CH3OH 1.8 IQATNaOH 2.2 100% CH3OH 1.7 HYDRAZOBENZENE » ANILINE + AZOBENZENE 2C6H6NHNHC6H5-L 2C6H5NH2 + C 6 H 5 NrNC 6 H 5 Titrimetric method; first-order fc; t in minutes ( 499 ) In C2H5OH dried with Na, k = 0.00156 at 140.30C. Authors conclude that free radicals are formed as intermediate step. XANTHOGENIC ACID CS(SH)(OC2H5) —> CS2 + C2H5OH Autocatalyzed by the alcohol. -TT = (k + k0x) (a — x).

At

the beginning of the reaction and in media where the reaction is rapid k0x is negligible in comparison with k and the reaction is of first order. Titrimetric method; t in minutes (233) Solvent I fc', O0C [ fe', 250C | A" CS2 0.05132 Ligroin 0.06190 0.05198 2500 Chloroform 0.0654 0.05480 2972 Benzene O .O6SO 0.0668 3060 Nitrobenzene 0.04644 0.03415 3548 Ether 0.0474 0.0364 3080 Acetone 0.00324 0.0343 3199 Alcohol 0.143 Reaction in benzene-alcohol mixture of normality N with respect to alcohol; B = 250C (233) AT O 0.01 0.02 0.174 5~5 TO k' 0.0568 0.04274 0.0458 0.03294|0.0251 0.0423 For reaction in aqueous solution, v. (232). DIACETONE ALCOHOL —* ACETONE CH3COCH2C(CHa)2OH _*U 2CH3COCH3 In aqueous solution, the reaction is reversible, but for concentrations less than 10% it may be treated as complete. Dilatometrie method; first-order k proportional to [OH-]; t in minutes; [OH-] from conductivity; N = normality; B = 25.20C (308). 7 NaOH k'/N I 102[OH-] I /c7[OH-] 0.0942 0.2316 8.762 0.2490 0.0471 0.2357 4.503 0.2465 O.01884 O.2320 1.841 O.2375 0.00942 0.2358 0.929 0.2392 0.00471 0.2236 0.468 0.2250 0.002355 (0.1890) 0.235 (0.1894)

DIACETONE ALCOHOL » ACETONE.—(Continued) " Ba(OH) 2 ~ k'/N I IQ2IOH-] I JbV[OH-] 0.0942 (0.2161) 8.006 0.2544 0.0471 0.2300 4.192 0.2584 0.01884 0.2243 1.771 0.2386 0.00942 0.2301 0.918 0.2362 0.00471 0.2252 0.466 0.2276 The average of k'/N — 0.2298, and hence on the assumption of complete ionization, dx/dt = 0.5292[OH-] (a - x) at 25.20C. Effect of neutral salts M/l [NaCl]| O I 0.471 0.942 | 1.413 [NaOH] = 0.0942. . 1O3A;' 21.81 18.90 16.93 15.67 [NaOH] =0.0942.. Salt NaCl NaNO3 Na2SO4 Na2S2O3 [Salt] = 0.942 IQ3A/ 16.93 15.59 22.87 20.79 Method used to determine hydrolysis of Na2CO3 and ionization of ammonia and amine bases. NITROSOTKIACETONEAMINE > PHORONE + N2 + H2O In aqueous solution with catalysis by OH". Gas-volumetric and (more accurate) manometric method; first-order k, t in minutes ("7, ^ 84 , ^ 85 , * 8 6 > 386). fc/[OH-] = 1.92 at 3O0C; mean of 12 measurements between 0.016 and 0.020AT OH~. 0 C I 18 I 30 I 40 I 50 I 60 fc/[OH-], (obs.) 0.612 T92 Ï T o ï 1 0 . 1 5 22.0 /b/[OH-], (cale. A = 8101) 0.637 1.92 4.51 10.06 21.3 Q10 2.58 2.35 2.25 2.17 For application to determination of [OH~], v. ( 26 ); effect of neutral salts ( 2 1 > 308) ; hydrolysis of soap solutions (35°); acidity of Sn(OH)4 solutions («3).

0

C 103fc 0

C 103/c 0

C 103k

Ethylmalonic acid, C 2 H 6 CH(CO 2 H) 2 80.0 8(TO 95JÔ 102.0 105.0 110.0 4.4 11.5 33.6 63.5 75.4 116.2 Benzylmalonic acid, C 6 H 5 CH 2 CH(CO 2 H) 2 76.0 8575 8975 9 5 7 0 1 0 6 . 3 110.0 14.3 48.6 83.3 116.1 259.0 476.5 Diethylmalonic acid, (C2Hs)2C(CO2H)2 95.0 99^7 102.0 105.0 110.0 9.1 35.5 55.5 73.0 122.5 Acid

Formula

Phenylmalonic Benzylmalonic Chloromalonic Allylmalonic Tartronic Malonic Diallylmalonic Methylmalonic Ethylmalonic Dichloromalonic Di-n-propylmalonic Methylethylmalonic Dimethylmalonic Diethylmalonic Dibromomalonic

C 6 H 5 CH(CO2 H) 2 C6H5CH2CH(CO2H)2 CHCl(CO2H)2 CH2: CHCH2CH(CO2H)2 CH(OH)(CO 2 H) 2 CH 2 (CO 2 H) 2 (CH2: CHCH2) ,C(CO2H)2 CH3CH(CO2H)2 C 2 H 5 CH(CO 2 H) 2 CCl2(CO2H)2 (C 3 Hr) 2 C(CO 2 H) 2 (CH 3 )(C 2 H 5 )C(CO 2 H) 2 (CH3)2C (CO2H) 2 (C2H5)2C(CO2H)2 CBr2(CO2H)2

—

^'

yy.oK o 179 0.197 0.18 0.132 0.080 0.0757 0.07 0.06 0.051 0.05 0.05 0.035 0.029 0.028 0.02

ACETOACETIC ACID > ACETONE + CO2 CH3COCH2CO2H —> CH3COCH3 + CO2; solvent, H2O Both the undissociated acid (HA) and its anion (A") undergo the reaction:

CO2-Dissociation of Carboxylic Acids

î1 = Jb1[HA] + *,[A-]

MALONIC ACID —* ACETIC ACID + CO2 CH 2 (CO 2 H) 2 JL> CH3CO2H + CO2 Manometric method; first-order k; t in minutes; medium: the melt, stable and undercooled ( 254 ) 0 C* 153.6 153.2 143.5 142.3 136.4 1Q3/C 65.0 62.7 24.6 22.0 12.5

Let &D = the ionization constant and a the degree of ionization of the aceto-acid, then ^ =*>,[(! - < * ) + M ( a - x )

ar -[fcl[H+1 + "0IiBTA

ki is measured in strongly acid and & 2 in strongly alkaline 0 C* 134.2 133.6 129.4 125.9 solution, ki and k% together with a velocity measurement in an IQ3A; 10.15 9.58 6.39 4.58 acetic acid-acetate solution give &D. tin minutes ( 55 i);c/.( 343 ). * QIO = 2.6 over the whole range. For preparation of the aceto-acid, v. ( 344 ). 0 For the solid acid, k is not constant, but a value ka can be C I 103/ci I 10% I 103/cD I QIQ obtained by extrapolation to t — O. In the following table this 25 0.99 0.02 0.316 3.53(fci) value is compared with the value, k, for the undercooled melt. 37 4.5 0.08 0.24 3.16(fo) 0 C 126.3 125.3 121.2 117.3 110.8 Catalysis by Aniline W*ks 0.58 0.51 0.113 0.094 0.028 This reaction is of interest because, as in the case of many 103fc 4.77 4.42 2.91 2.00 1.08 biochemical reactions, there is a maximum catalytic effect at a k/kB 8 9 26 21 39 given [H+]. For details, v. ( 552 ). Solvent: acetic acid (34°) TRICHLOROACETIC ACID —> CHLOROFORM + CO2 0 C* 9ST5 9 9 7 Ï 9 9 7 Ï 1 0 0 . 0 102.5 104.5 CCl3CO2H --> CHCl3 + CO2 106/c 650 708 739 830 1150 1460 First-order k; t in minutes; solvent, aniline ( 207 ). 103fc = * QIO = 3.85 over the whole range. 0.040 at 250C; = 0.80 at 450C; Qi0 = 4.47. Addition of picric Values of 103/c at 110.80C in different media are: the solid acid, acid does not influence the velocity. 0.028; the undercooled melt, 1.08 (254) ; acetic acid, 3.41 ( 34 <>); AMINOBENZOIC ACID —> ANILINE + CO2 H2O, 3.62 (35, 36). C 6 H 4 (NH 2 )CO 2 H JL+ C 6 H 5 NH 2 + CO2 CRR'(CO2H)2-Û CRR'HCO2H + CO2 Titrimetric method; first-order k; t in hours; solvent, H2O; 35 36 Titrimetric method; first-order k; t in hours; solvent, H2O ( > ) Temp. = B. P. of the solution ( 3 Si) Malonic acid, CH2(CO2H)2 Solution I 103fc 0 C 66.0 68.5 78.0 87.5 91.6 95.2 99.5 2 g Anthranilic acid in 150 cm3 H 0 27 IQ3A; 0.27 0.9 4.4 16.4 28.8 47.3 75.5 3 g Anthranilic acid in 200 cm3 H20 30 2 0 C 75.0 88.5 99.35103.6107.0110.0 2 g p-Aminobenzoic acid* in 200 cm3 H2O 15 103fc 3.3618.9 75.5 108.4154.4201.9 * m-Aminobenzoic acid does not react.

FORMIC ACID —> H2O + CO HCO2H —> H2O + CO First-order k; t in minutes; solvent, 90% H2SO4 ( 365 )

d-Camphorcarboxylic acid —> Camphor + CO2 First-order k'} t in minutes ( 30 > 69 ); reaction in aqueous solution; no catalytic effect by H+ or OH~

Reaction mixture; 0.610 g Reaction mixture: m grams HCO2H + v cm3 H2SO4 HCO2Na -f v cm3 H2SO4 0 s v I C I W k I Qi0 u m I v I 0C I 103fc | Q10 0 25 18 3.09 0.483 40 18 3.49 ' C 68 78 88 98 40 18 2.85 0.807 25 18 3.47 W k 305 958 2 91 8 48 Id(Un * °' °' ' ' 4.17 3.61 QIO 3.14 3.04 2.91 40 25 8.44 0.512 40 25 8.68 In I C 6 H 5 NH 2 I C2H5OH | C6H6 25 25 8.90 0.738 25 25 8.95 103/c I 32.50 I 10.40 I 8.48 Measurements by Schierz; same units ( 434 ) %H2SO4 98.9 97.6 94~5 9 Ï 7 8 8 9 . 2 85.0 At OS0C In 3 I C 6 H 5 OC 2 H 5 I (C 2 Hs) 2 O | H2O 10 fc 7.36 I 3.02 I 2.12 108fc', 250C 320.0106.0 31.5 10.5 2.38 0.751 3 0 32.6 9.9 3.29 In alcohol, esterification takes place also with a first-order 10 /c', 15 C E 18 520 19 670 19 720 k = 0.0102. Bases act as catalyzers; optically inactive bases act the same on the d- and the £-acids, but active bases act more powerIn acetic anhydride as solvent the mixed anhydride CH3CO2OCH fully on the d-acid ( 73 > 75 ). is formed. For details of the reaction with various catalyzers, 0 v. ( 535 ). For application of this reaction to the determination of C I Solvent | 103fc acetic acid in acetic anhydride, v. ( 434 ). 0

C 1O3A; for the undissociated acid 103fc for the anion of the acid

78 88 98 OUT 0.2140.6692.12 3.14 0.063

dr-

80 80 90 70 70 70 70 75

I

I-

Aniline Acetophenone

6.76 6.63 CHLORAL HYDRATE 1.14 1.15 3.57 3.55 CCl3CH(OH)2 + NaOH—> CHCl3 + HCO2Na + H2O Nitrobenzene 0.333 The equilibrium: Nicotine 4.88 4.34 CCl3CH(OH)2 + OH-±z;CC!3CH (OH)O-+ H2O (I) 20 cm 3 Nitrobenzene + 1-02 cm3 Nicotine 3.02 2.79 10 cm3 Acetophenone + 1.00 cm3 Nicotine 2.77 2.33 is rapidly established in alkaline solution and is followed by the slower reaction: 10 cm 3 Acetophenone -f- 1.65 g Quinidine 6.46 4.42 CCl3CH(OH)O- JL> CCl3H + HCOO(II) The dZ-acid is made optically active by catalysis with an optically At low temperatures in strongly alkaline solutions the equilibactive base. The optical activity attains a maximum at the time, rium (I) is displaced to the right and the net reaction is (II) with . _ 1 , fe 1 first-order k. "fcTTTdloge A? Titrimetric method; first-order k; t in minutés; reaction mixture: where ki (resp. kd), are the constants of the two isomers. For 1 liter, composed of a moles chloral hydrate and b equivalents of 74 asymmetric synthesis, v. ( ). base, the titer being T1 hence The catalytic action of bases in general can be interpreted in terms of two velocity constants, one for the free acid and one for *'« JlogiojrE-^-IOH-] = b -a its salt. For details, v. ( 77 > 285 ). Measurements at O0C, with KOH and with a = 0.01 (164) Bromocamphorearboxylie acid > Bromocamphor + CO2 b I b - a I kr I k'/(b - a) First-order /c; t in minutes (128, 128.5) 0.012 0.002 0.0062 3.10 0 3 ! TT^ C 60 70 80 0.014 0.004 0.0134 3.35 0 n 3 A ". T 10 2.16 5 . 0 3 1^ 2.1 0.016 0.006 0.0204 3.40 Acetophenone ^^ 2 37 For the first solution (k' = 0.0062) we have therefore In ethyl benzoate as solvent the acid is polymerized (2x), and d[H d?°"] = 7^[OH-KCCl3CH(OH)O-] atO 0 C the decomposition is a second-order reaction. It is catalyzed by bases. Quinine catalyzes the Z-acid; quinidine, the d-acid, more Neutral salts catalyze the reaction as in the case of sugar inverrapidly. sion by acids. With increasing temperature (Qi0 = 5), hydrolysis of the chloral salt increases and the constant k' exhibits a progressive decrease; c/.

Dissociation of C arboxy lie Acids with the Production of CO or HCO2H

(57, 412,

548).

Addition Reactions

ADDITION OF PHENOLS TO OLEFIN OXIDES IN 98% ALCOHOL OXALIC ACID —> CO + CO2 + H2O CH2x CH2OR (CO 2 H) 2 —> CO + CO2 + H2O 7 I >0 + ROH_1_ I First-order k; t in minutes; solvent, H2SO4 + various % H2O. CH2/ CH2OH Even at O0C the reaction is too rapid to be measured in H2SO4 With pure phenol the reaction proceeds slowly, catalyzed by 78 338 containing 1% SO3 ( > ). the phenolate (59, 60): %H20 0.60 0.70 0.801.00 1.20 1.50 2.00 3.00 (CH2)2O + RO-—» CH2(OR)CH2O" (measurable) 103fc, 7O0C 18.1 13.1 10.2 6.8 4.9 3.15 1.93 0.94 CH 2 (OR)CH 2 O- + ROH —» ( Uapid; %H 2 0 3.0 ÏTO 6.0 8.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 Q^ CH 2 (OR)CH 2 (OH) + RQIQ3A;, 980C 23.7 14.6 -6.9 4.0 2.22 0.73 0.294 3-4 (CH2)20 + ROH > CH2(OR)CH2(OH) (net reaction)

At constant concentration of phenol, k for olefm oxides is of first-order. Gravimetric method; t in hours; [ROH] = 1; [RONa] = 0.05; e = 70.40C (59, 60). (i) &' for ethylene oxide = 0.4343/b; (II) k' for propylene oxide = 0.4343&. Phenol I (I) I (II) Mesitol 0.375 ^-Cumenol 0.338 0.125 Thymol 0.311 0.107 o-4-Xylenol 0.305 m-6-Xylenol 0.301 m-Dimethylaminophenol 0.105 p-Cresol 0.279 0.101 Carvacrol 0.257 0.101 w-Cresol 0.256 0.083 2, 5-Dimethylphenol 0.244 0.092 Eugenol 0.226 0.080 o-Cresol 0.225 0.078 Phenol 0.205 0.075 a-Naphthol 0.173 0.083 Guaiacol 0.171 0.064 0-Naphthol 0.144 0.053 p-Chlorophenol. 0.108 0.042 o-Chlorophenol 0.104 0.050 w-Chlorophenol 0.101 0.043 2, 4, 6-Tribromophenol 0.099 0.065 2, 4, 6-Trichlorophenol 0.075 0.045 p-Benzeneazophenol 0.050 0.023 w-Hydroxybenzonitrile 0.044 0.0224 Salicylic nitrile 0.033 0.0193 w-Nitrophenol 0.032 0.0152 p-Hydroxybenzonitrile 0.026 0.0150 p-Nitrophenol 0.013 0.0075 o-Nitrophenol 0.0073 0.0035 REVERSIBLE ADDITION OF PCl3 TO BENZALDEHYDE ( 125 ) ki PCl3 + C6H5CHO ;=± C6HfiCHO.PCl3 (a - x) (b - x) *2 x

ADDITION OP BROMINE TO DOUBLE BONDS CHCl: CHCl + Br2 _1> CHClBrCHClBr First-order k if the concn. of olefin as solvent is constant; t in hours; B = 250C (249) ; cf, (31, 248). Olefin I Formula | kf = 0.4343A; cis-Dichloroethylene CHCl: CHCl 0.024 Zrans-Dichloroethylene... CHCl: CHCl 0.012 Tetrachloroethylene CCl2: CCl2 0.077 ADDITION OF OLEFINS TO ORGANIC ACIDS TO FORM ESTERS Acetic acid scarcely reacts with amylene. The equilibrium is toward the side of the dissociation product. In general, ester formation is more nearly complete the stronger the acid. CH (CH3) : C (CH3) 2 + CHCl2CO2H ±zz; CHCl2CO2C(CH2CH3)(CHs)2 CH(CH3): C(CH 3 ) 2 + CCl8CO2Hf=Z; CCl3CO2C(CH2CH3)(CHa)2 Reaction with Excess of Amylene The reaction is of the third-order with respect to the acid and runs to completion at low temperatures: , , _ _ ! /

POLYMERIZATION OP CYANAMIDE TO DICYANDIAMIDE BY AQUEOUS ALKALIES 2CNNH2-I, (CNNH 2 ) 2 The velocity in 0.125AT NaOH is a maximum (223, 224) which accords with the relation: dlÇ^ÎOJ = ,[CNNH-HCNNH2]

1

\ _ constant

v*~~

Trichloroacetic Acid (382) Titrimetric method; V = dilution per mole; t in minutes JVlole 0 r— V in cm3 C k' 104fc'F2 Acid I Amylene Ï (Ts 9Ï5 2S77 0.037 3JLÖ 1 15.75 1986 28.7 0.0079 3.12 1 4.124 595.6 31.2 0.127 4.50 1 7.663 1018 31.2 0.041 4.25 QIO = 3.93 The acid which combines acts therefore simultaneously as a catalyst according to its second power. Equilibrium Reaction k Amylene -f- Acid * ^ Amyl Ester

fc

O 0.0573 0.0573 (0.56) 0.126 O 0.0573 0.1146 (4.60) 0.216 O 0.1146 0.0573 (0.71) 0.533 25 0.0226 0.0226 5.1 0.416 25 0.0226 0.0452 4.8 0.424 25 0.0452 0.0226 2.5 0.182 25 0.0452 0.0452 4.0 0.266 Average values in the benzene solution: ki = 4 X 10~3; kz = 13.3 X IO-3; K = 0.3.

1

~rîAa -x) 2 "(i -X 0 )V

^- =fci(a- x)(b - X ) - ^ 2 X * logeSgx+m-V-q x mW^ ZV q 2.S.X + m + Vq m — Vq m = -(JKa + Kb + 1) 2 2 q = (Ka, + Kb + I) - 4£ ab ki = k2K Concn. in M/1; t in hours; O = 250C; solvent: nil or benzene ( 125 ) -o , a = mole b = mole ,-„ Benzene, cm* 10% K pa> CeHtCH().

idx /i-xy vdt - K\ v )

AJl

(a — x) (b — x) x Both reactions are catalyzed by the acid according to the second power, hence 1 Hv If If' = x)(b x)3 [x(b x)2]

V a! T^ -

-

- f°

-

Integration for b = 1 gives approximately C -

k(l

- *№ - !finer frtt ~

X)

~ ^ 3 Ui + £2) ~t L10ge E i - X

where

-

o - «(• + ^) (rh- O] £1 = x for t = oo

£2 = — for t in minutes. £1 Dichloroacetic Acid and Amylene at IQO0C (382) Mole —— i—T : £1 £2 C, average Acid I Amylene Ï 5 ? 9 0 . 6 5 0 9 . 0 3 5 0 . 0 0 2 3 4 1 8.03 0.682 11.77 0.00139 1 8.03 0.682 11.77 0.00138 Trichloroacetic Acid and Amylene at 10O0C 1 I 9.51 0.86 ! 11.06 I 0.0087 The formation of isomerie esters does not affect the calculation-

FORMATION OP AMMONIUM SALTS FROM ALKYL HALIDES AND AMINES RX + NR'R"R'" JU NRR'R"R"'X Second-order reaction: titrimetric method; units: minutes and M/l. Addition of Amines to Ethyl Bromoacetate in Absolute Alcohol SoIn. at O0C ("5); cf. (^ 4 ) NR (CH3)2 + CH2BrCO2C2H5-Ju BrNR(CHs)2CH2CO2C2H6 ~— -____ n Values of 1O3A; Base —-__ 2 I 3 I 4 I 5 I 6 I 7 C 2 H 6 (CH 3 ) n N(CH 3 ) 2 11 .4 10.7 10.3 11 .2 10.9 (CH3)2CH(CH2)nN(CH3)2 9.7 9.910.610.6 (CH 3 ) 2 N(CH 2 ) n N(CH 3 ) 2 9.516.824.920.824.527.5 CH 3 O(CH 2 ) n N(CH 3 ) 2 6.7 9.310.610.511.5

Addition of Aniline to o>-Bromoacetophenone in Various Solvents at Various Temperatures (127); cf. (126) C6H5NH2 + BrCH2COC6H5 JU BrNH2(C6H5)(CH2COC6H5) o i JL Solvent

Ethyl ether Benzene Chloroform Nitrobenzene Acetone Benzyl alcohol ra-Butyl alcohol Ethyl alcohol Methyl alcohol

102^

' At .0

^ Qi 0

102

102fc ^ ^ > „700 Qw *±t ,7.0 Ro Oi .0

v* E*

0 .0607 0.06441.530.09851.52 0.150 8088 0.09701.920.186 1.61 0.29910760 0.617 2.191.35 1.87 2.52 13470 1.39 1.932.69 1.64 4.40 11080 2.08 2.124.40 2.10 9.24 14290 2.67 2.065.50 2.1011.6 14 060 2.90 2.166.26 1.9812.4 13 910 3.89 1.927.48 1.91 14.3 12 440

* Computed on the basis of R = 1.985.

Addition of Pyridine to Allyl Bromide in Various Solvents at Various Temperatures (244) C5H5N + CH2: CHCH2Br > CH2: CHCH2N(C5H5)Br o i * Solvent Toluene Benzene Ethylalcohol Acetone p-Nitrotoluene Acetophenone Nitrobenzene

103 !°3^ ^ ^ ^ n 283; Q10 0 QIO

103/b

^>

0

0.2312.25 0.5171.97 1.86 0.3052.11 0.6421.90 2.23 2.51 2.22 5.57 1.9820.2 5.05 2.0210.2 1.8233.8 6.57 1.9212.6 1.6337.6 10.4 1.9520.3 1.4252.6 12.9 1.9425.1 1.8584.8

Ev 15100 14400 15100 13600 12600 12 100 13 300

Mixed solvents; bimolecular k at 56.50C Mole Acetone

Toluene

1 0.88 0.75 0.59 0.40 0.23 O

O 0.12 0.25 0.41 0.60 0.77 1

k 0.0338 0.0244 0.0177 0.0124 0.00945 0.00687 0.00193

Mole AcetoBenzene phenone 1 O 0.32 0.68 0.57 0.43 0.81 0.19 1 O

Addition of Primary and Secondary Amines to Aromatic Halides 2C6H6NH2 + C6H2Br (NO2), Jî_> C6H6NHC6H2(NO2)S + C6H0NH3Br (a - 2x) (b - x) The effect of the C6H6NH3Br formed upon the bromide is 100 times slower than that of the free aniline so that only the above reaction is significant. Calculation of bimolecular k (416) k

for = 2t sïx b(b UTU^—N a = 2b — x) , 1 . b(a—2x).

k

0,

= &=Wtlo*° IOTÔfor a ~ 2b

Solvent: absolute alcohol; units: hours and M/l; 0 = 5O0C; values of 102/c (416) T1 ,._.

Amine C 6 H 5 NH 2 I C 6 H 5 NHCH 3 0.275 0.0295 . 0.421* 0.0869 0.123 0.0212 1.90 0.0493 3.31 0.269 1.72 0.668

ai e

C6H3Cl (1) (N0 2 ) 2 (2, 4) C6H3Br (1) (NO 2 ) 2 (2, 4) C6H3I (1) (NO 2 ) 2 (2, 4) C6H2Cl (1) (NO 2 ) 3 (2, 4, 6) C6H2Br (1) (N02)3 (2, 4, 6) C6H2I (1) (NOjQ 3 (2, 4, 6)

* Mean of 7 determinations with the following extremes: a I b I 0.025 0.025 0.4 0.2

1Q2& 0.383 0.466

REVERSIBLE DECOMPOSITION AND FORMATION OF AMMONIUM AND SULFONITJM SALTS IN DIFFERENT SOLVENTS ( 229 ); cf. (23°) ki = first-order constant of decomposition. kz = second-order constant of formation. Titrimetric method; units: minutes and M/l; k[ = 0.4343 ki. Reversible Decomposition of p-Bromophenyldimethylallylammonium Bromide ki

BrC6H4NBr(CHa)2C3H5 UUBrC6H4N(CHg)2 + C3H5Br &2 —-7

S 1Vent

° Tetrachloroethane... Chloroform Nitrobenzene Tetrabromoethane... Acetone

-—-

Q

25° I 35° » 0.78 3.8 4.8 0.27 1.42 5.3 0.80 1.6 5.0

25° I 35° ^ 17 29 1.7 5.5 10.2 1.9

Reversible Decomposition of Triethylsulfonium Bromide ki

*

0.0526 0.0340 0.0203 0.00913 0.00227

(C2He)3SBr^ (C2Ho)2S + C2H6Br ki

Measurement at 250C; the constant of formation, &2, is corrected for the velocity of decomposition Solvent Acetone Acetone+3.46% H20 Acetone + 7.11 % H2O

I

104fci 0.42 0.04 O

|

104fc2 0.023 0.035 0.058

Decomposition of (C2H5)3SBr, values of W4k( I A' \ 180C | 3O0C | 4O0C | 5O0C | 6O0C | 7O0C | 6680 0.072 0.59 2.89 13.4 55 230 6240 0.109 0.78 3.52 14.5 55 180 5990 6460 12.8 49 194 7260 0.218 1.03 4.6 7380 0.399 1.77 7459 6087

Solvent Tetrachloroethane Nitrobenzene Nitromethane Ethyl acetoacetate Amyl alcohol Propyl alcohol Benzyl alcohol Acetic acid Ethyl alcohol Tetrabromoethane

8O0C | 860C | 880C | 9O0C | 920C | 980C

47.0 90.0

171.0

17.3 7.10 3.9 3.5

66 27.0 15.9 8.0

179 74.0 47.0 26.5 26.5

3.8

For the velocity of formation of (C2Hs)8SI, v. ( 10G ). Coordination Reactions By this is understood reactions of the type: [Co(NHs)5Cl]++ + H2O » [Co(NHs) 5 (H 2 O)]+++ + Gland the analogous reaction of alkyl halogen amines in forming heterocyclic compounds : f I TCH2, I+ ClCH2CH2NH2 > I >NH 2 + ClL

J

J

LCH/

ALKYL HALOGEN AMINES (iss, 189, 190, 192) In alkaline media the first-order reaction runs to completion with the formation of a heterocyclic compound; in acid media the reverse reaction runs to completion; in neutral media the reaction reaches a measurable equilibrium but is accompanied by a side reaction. Method: volumetric and coagulation of As2Ss sol; k, firstorder; t in minutes. Conversion of /3-Bromoethylamine into Ethyleneimine in aqueous alkaline solution: CH2 +

r BrCH CH NH i Hi. r | ^)NH \ I 2

0

C 102fc

2

2

2

O 0.068

+ Br-

16.65 0.89

25 2.9

loge * = - ^p + 38.770 Conversion of o-Chlorobutylamine into Pyrrolidine in aqueous alkaline solution: TCH2-CH2x 1+ Cl (CH2) 4NH 2 JL, I >NH 2 + Cl0

LCH2-CH/ O

C

k

0.021

J

0.45

3.6

löge k = -A/T + B I Tetrachloroethane | A = 7 231, B = 17.94

KINETICS OF MONOMOLECTJLAB REACTIONS IN WATER [Co(NHs)5X]++ + H2O JL, [Co(NHs) 5 (H 2 O)]+++ + X~ (1) [Cr(NH3)5X]++ + H2O Jj [Cr(NH 3 ) 5 (H 2 O)]+++ + X~ (2) cislCr en2Cl2]+ + 4H2O-L cis[Cren2 (O 2 H 4 )J+++ + 2Cl- (3) en = NH2(CH2)2NH2. [Cr(CNS)6] Reaction | F 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 4

Benzene A = 7 575, B = 15.84

+ H2O-L [Cr(CNS)5(H2O)]- + CNS- (4) First-order k', t in minutes X Cl Br NO3 Cl Br Cl Br I

\

k \ 0.000132 0.00039 0.00175 0.00058 0.003 0.00002 0.00010 0.01 0.0032 0.00013 0.00050

0

C 25 25 25 25 25 O O O 25 O 17

|

Lit. ( 3 29)

Method" (a)

(188)

(5)

(191)

(6)

(47)

(c)

1

Reaction 1.—X = Cl: log, k = - ^7- + 31.330; Qi 0 = 4.2. Reaction 2.—X = Cl: log, k = -^^ + 29.093; O10 = 4.2. Reaction 3.—

2 5 ~ Q ^

Conversion of €-Chloroamylamine into Piperidine in various solvents : T ,CH2-CH2, 1+ C1(CH2)5NH2 J_ CHX >NH 2 + Cl2/ L CH2—CH/ J The solvents immiscible with water were saturated with H2O. Solvent I 1Q2/C, 0G Aqueous alkali 0.029 (0°) 0.71 (25°) 2.98 (37°) Ethyl alcohol, 91.2 Vol. % 0.10 (25°) Tetrachloroethane 0.019 (0°) 0.17 (24.8°) 0.45 (36.7°) Nitrobenzene 0.13 (25°) Benzene 0.0049 (25°) 0.012 (36.1°) H2Q A - I O 440, B = 30.088

For the analogous reaction of Br (CH2) 5 NH 2 (resp. I(CH 2 ) 5 NH 2 ) at O0C in aqueous alkalies k = ca. 0.02 (resp. ca. 2).

loge k = -^^ + 29.264; Q10 = 3.6.

Methods: (a) = conductivity; (6) = coagulation; (e) colorimetrie.

REVERSIBLE COORDINATION REACTIONS fti [Cr(H2O)5(CNS)]++ + H2OUi; [Cr(H2O)6]+++ + CNS~ fa ^P^ = /C1[Cr(H2O)5(CNS)]++ - fc2[CNS-][Cr(H20)6]+++ Qt

Colorimetrie method; units: minutes and M/l; solvent, H2O ( 47 ) I 250C I 5O0C ki 0.0000054 0.00040 /b2 0.0018 0.13 ki [Ir(NHa) 5 X]++ + H2OUi; [Ir(NH 3 ) 5 (H 2 0)]+++ + Xr kz

^3 = /C1[Ir(NHs)5X]++ - &2[X-][Ir(NH3)5(H20)]+++

Conductivity method; units: hours and M/l; aqueous medium (327) 0 ~ 95 C I 8O0C ~ I

ki

kz

ki

Cl Br 1

0.00231 0.0081 0.0081

0.118 0.076 0.054

NO3

1.564

0.0475

I

0.0028

kz

0.0151

According to Lamb and Fonda (328) the hydrolysis constants are: [CrCl2(H2O)3(OH)][H+] = 2.05 X IQ-6ICrCl2(H2O)4I+ [Cr(H2O)6(OH)I-H-[H+] = 1.6 X 10~4[Cr(H2O)J+++ The large temperature coefficients of fci and &2 are caused by the great increase of hydrolysis with increasing temperature. The reaction: green chromic salt > blue chromic salt is an example of the negative catalysis of hydrogen ion. For other work on negative catalysis, see ( 45 > 514 > 563).

COORDINATION REACTIONS IN STAGES

Rearrangement of Dyestuffs and Indicators

The complete conversion of green dichlorotetraaquochromic chloride [CrCh(H2O)4]Cl into blue hexaaquochromic chloride [Cr(H2O)C]CIs takes place in dilute aqueous solution:

CARBINOL FORM !l~ QUINOID FORM

[CrCl 2 (H 2 O)J + rî» [CrCl(H2O)6]++ J^ [Cr(H2O)6]+++ ki and £2 are first-order constants. Conductivity method; t in minutes; 0 = O0C (46, 328). s = Concn. of HCl added, M/l. a = Initial concn. of green dichlorochloride, M/l; ki refers to the beginning (t = O) and k2 to the end of the reaction. IQ3S I 103a I ~0 3.22 O 10.74 0.415 9.99 1.015 3.56 10.81 1.015 10.07 2.050 10.22 3.22 8.52 10.22 10.20 9.65 9.98 10.34 O 7.930 O 7.987 O 7.948 0.0824 8.072 0.2000 7.978 0.844 8.045 0.878 8.033 0.999 8.016 1.005 7.935 1.005 7.815 1.005 7.950 4.196 8.133 8.000 7.933 9.815 8.050 10.09 7.565

fci(obs.) I 0.187 0.107 0.0362 0.0180 0.0182 0.0104 0.0042 0.0044 0.0044 0.0044 0.143 0.144 0.131 0.098 0.066 , 0.0204 0.0205 0.0179 0.0179 0.0186 0.0190 0.0064 0.0047 0.0042 0.0042

/cacale.) |

0.0365 0.0183 0.0180 0.0105 0.0043 0.0043 0.0043 0.0043 (0.133) (0.134) (0.134) 0.0967 0.0644 0.0211 0.0205 0.0187 0.0185 0.0185 0.0185 0.00642 0.00463 0.00419 0.00418

k2 | Lit. 0.008 (**) 0.0035 0.00465 0.0031 0.00231 0.00131 0.00031 0.00032 0.00032 0.00032 (328)

fcl

374, 433).

Crystal violet: carbinol > quinone; Qi0 = 2.75 HCl, N I k', 250C I k', 3O0C [ k', 350C | k', 4O0C 0.0026 0.1001 0.1688 0.2751 0.0051 0.0249 0.0412 0.0726 0.1209 0.0068 0.0160 0.0261 0.0440 0.0730 0.0151 0.0096 0.0153 0.0255 0.0430 0.0234 0.0090 0.0150 0.0243 0.0399 » carbinol: Qi0 = 2.04 Crystal violet: quinone KOH, N I k', 250C | k', 3O0C | k', 350C | k', 4O0TT" 0.0033 0.0189 0.0263 0.0377 0.0535 0.0050 0.0290 0.0399 0.0570 0.0828 0.0083 0.0474 0.0651 0.0931 0.1334 Crystal violet: carbinol > quinone, at 250C HCl, N 0.0432 0.0234 0.0151 0.0068 0.0051 0.0026 k' 0.011700.00899*0.009690.016280.024820.10009 * Minimum at ça. 0.0234JV HCl.

Malachite green at 250C

HCl, N k'

0.065 0.023 0.015 0.007* 0.005 0.003 0.1224 0.1092 0.0645 0.0480 0.0559 0.0628

* Minimum at ca. 0.007JV HCl.

0.0038 0.0038 0.0033

0.00080 0.00050 0.00032

Neutral salts have no significant influence. The influence of temperature is great. For fci, Qi0 = 4.80 between 1 and 25°, = 3.80 between 20 and 25°; for A2, Qi0 = 4.00 between 20 and 25° ( 46 ). 0 At 25 C, ki and fc2 are expressed by the equations: fcl=

Colorimetrie method; t in minutes; aqueous solution with 7% alcohol; first-order k' = 0.0434 k ( 43 ); cf. (is, 38, 197, 236, 237,

0.00272 +9^g™?(4.)

= 0.00265 + 0^0142(328)

î X v 10-6 v 10-10 d.l IU ö* X JU , 46) [H+] ^ [H+]2 ^ ' ki and k% are aggregates of the velocity of conversion of the separate forms in which the reacting salts may appear. The hydrolytic forms act more rapidly than the ions. The first-order constants of the following forms have the values indicated ( 46 ): [CrCl 2 (H 2 O) 4 ]+ = 0.00272 [CrCl 2 (H 2 O) 3 (OH)] = 4.26 [CrCl(H2O)4(OH)]+ = 0.36

Phenolphthalein at 250C KOH, N 0.11 OTÏ5 0722 OTS3 k' 0.0280 0.0420 0.0707 0.1048 The velocity of decolorization of triphenylmethane dyes increases with the concentration of alkali; with basic dyes it is proportional to the [OH-]; with acid dyes (e.g., phenolphthalein) it increases with increasing [OH~] more rapidly than with the basic. Retardation by neutral salts Crystal violet in 0.013AT KOH Salt, N O OTI 072(T3 (K4 OTs k' (KNO3) 0.07120.05200.04110.03500.03090.0259 k' (KCl) 0.07120.05400.04400.03800.03280.0290 Crystal violet in 0.004AT HCl Salt, N 0.004 0.092 0.183 0.362 k' (KCl) 0.0337 0.0163 0.0125 0.0105 k' (NaCl) 0.0334 0.0186 0.0133 0.0105 Phenolphthalein in 0.31JV KOH NaCl, N O 0.116 0.194 0.388 0.966 1.940 k' 0.1048 0.1204 0.1306 0.1451 0.1555 0.1625 Reactions of Sugars INVERSION OF CANE SUGAR Sucrose + H2O > Dextrose + Lévulose Earlier investigations showed that the reaction with respect to sucrose is of the first order and that its velocity is proportional tO [H+] (23, 1 1 9 , 3 9 6 , 4 9 7 ) .

Polarimetrie method: t in hours; concn. in M/l; 6 = 270C; catalyst, 57.50 g HCO2H/! (428, 429).

Decomposition of Pine Shavings by Caustic Soda in Autoclave under Pressure of 6-9 atm. at 140-17O0C (24) The velocity of decomposition of the shavings (52 % cellulose, gj = JbW(S - x) where W = [H2O] and S = [Ci2H22Ou] 48 % non-cellulose) is proportional to the concn. of NaOH and to 4 4 4 g Ci2H22O11/! |g H2O/1| W | 10 /g'W | 10 A/(obs.) | IQ A/(cale.) those of the dissolved portions of cellulose and non-cellulose. 400 705.4 39.15 58.1 1.484 1.485 h — first-order constant for the non-cellulose; t in hours 300 768.52 42.65 57.0 1.337 1.335 kß = first-order constant for the cellulose 200 829.60 46.04 54.4 1.182 1.203 0 C I /Ci I fcc I kj'.ko 160 855.52 47.48 54.8 1.156 1.152 140 1.94 0.069 28 140 887.60 48.15 53.8 1.117 1.128 160 5.34 0.430 12.4 100 892.82 49.54 53.9 1.088 1.081 170 8.47 0.976 8.7 60 916.86 50.88 53.1 1.044 1.039 270 1* 0 03049 k' (cale.) from k' = 0.00049Oe" - W. A 9 004 16 120 If Ci, C2 ... equal the concentration of the substances which 0 * The value, k\: kc = 1 for 27O C is extrapolated from A. determine the nature of the medium, and AI, kz . . . equal the catalysisk coefficients of these substances, the velocity coefficient, Ureide Formation of Sugars in Aqueous Solution k = kQe î+k^2+k3c3+ - • • 284 Polarimetrie method: units: M/l and hours; 0 = 250C; catalyst, Sugar inversion in O. IAT H2SO4; t in sec ( ) 435 N H SO ( ); cf. (526). 2 4 106/c I QÏÔ g Ci2H22Q11/! 100 200 300 400 500 600 700

MH2Q/!

51.95 48.45 44.99 41.62 38.09 34.59 30.94

^| ^| ^| ^| 3Q/2Q| 4Q/3Q| ^^

4.43 4.79 5.21 5.54 5.95 6.22 6.29

18.3 67.3 229 19.7 73.7 255 21.2 80.4 281 22.9 88.0 308 24.5 95.3 25.8 102.2 26.6 109.2 394

4.13 3.68 3.40 4.11 3.74 3.46 4.07 3.79 3.49 4.13 3.84 3.50 4.12 3.89 4.15 3.96 4.23 4.11 3.64

For formulation in terms of activities, see ( 372 ). Definition of activities according to (335); cf. (90, 243, 401, 433). For sugar inversion with subsequent mutarotation of glucose and fructose, see (362). Effect of Pressure Polarimetrie method; p in atm.; B = 250C; catalyst, 1{&N HCl (121)

Glucose and Galactose ki

C6Hi2O6 + CO (NH 2 ) 2 ÎZ; C6H12O6NCONH2 + H2O kz

d[üreide] Sugar Glucose Galactose... :

=

fci[Sugar] I

[Urea]

__ fc2[Ureide]

ki 0.00260 0.02435

k-2 0.00153 0.00645

Mannose kl

2C6H12O6 + CO(NH 2 ) 2 !1"(C6H12O5N)2CO + H2O ^2 Concentration Substance —-1 ,

p 1 250 500 750 1000 1250 1500 t = O I t =t I t = QO 1O6A/(obs.).... 243 231 220 210 197.5 190 181 6 Mannose C0 C C00 10 fe'(calc.)... (243) 233 222 212 202 191 (181) Urea CJ C J - è(C0 - C) f k (cale.) from k' = a -f- bp. Ureide O i (C0 - C) Sugar inversion in 0.5^ HCl in aqueous alcohol with 10% 101 C12H22Ou ( ). ^W = W* ! C'o - * (C0 - C) j - -^2(C0 - C) First-order k\ — 0.4343&1, and second-order k'2 = 0.4343&2, the 1 ^ +7 latter calculated under the assumption that H2O acts according to * - Hnge (£ - Co)2(<* + T 533). For autocatalytic inversion C0 I Cp I CQO I /Cl /C2 I Lit. by boric acid and its causes, see (55). 0.4386 0.5 0.2074 0.0368 0.00527 (435) MTJTAKOTATION OB BIEOTATION OF SUGARS 0.4386 0.2412 0.2977 0.0367 0.00788 (526) Mutarotation of Glucose in Aqueous Solution Hydrolysis or Saponification of Esters, Ethers and Acid Anhydrides ki CH CO CH + H O —> CH CO H + CHSOH IN AQUEOUS 3 2 3 2 3 2 a-Glucose > ß-Glucose kz SOLUTION Influence of the concentration of the catalyst, HCl, on first-order k k = kl + ki = 1 loge ^ = i log.^-^ (in minutes), titrimetric method (33O) Polarimetrie method; t in minutes; 6 = 250C. 2

few ' 0.0221

I

k = k, + £a[H+] + frJQH-] kB I k* I Lit. 0.594 22450 (272,273,274, 275, 394)

0.0239 0.769 21 520 ( 323 , 324) For further references on mutarotation of sugars, see ( 29 » 17 °» 172, 334, 362, 377, 400, 422, 521, 524).

HC1 N

0.1005 0.5024 0.8275 1.800 2.429

25°C I WÌk 0.653 3.510 6.001 16.09 20.78

35°C — 1.663 8.836 15.26 37.84 63.47

°» 2.547 2.520 2.542 2.353 3.054

Polarimetrie method: t in hours; concn. in M/l; 6 = 270C; catalyst, 57.50 g HCO2H/! (428, 429).

Decomposition of Pine Shavings by Caustic Soda in Autoclave under Pressure of 6-9 atm. at 140-17O0C (24) The velocity of decomposition of the shavings (52 % cellulose, gj = JbW(S - x) where W = [H2O] and S = [Ci2H22Ou] 48 % non-cellulose) is proportional to the concn. of NaOH and to 4 4 4 g Ci2H22O11/! |g H2O/1| W | 10 /g'W | 10 A/(obs.) | IQ A/(cale.) those of the dissolved portions of cellulose and non-cellulose. 400 705.4 39.15 58.1 1.484 1.485 h — first-order constant for the non-cellulose; t in hours 300 768.52 42.65 57.0 1.337 1.335 kß = first-order constant for the cellulose 200 829.60 46.04 54.4 1.182 1.203 0 C I /Ci I fcc I kj'.ko 160 855.52 47.48 54.8 1.156 1.152 140 1.94 0.069 28 140 887.60 48.15 53.8 1.117 1.128 160 5.34 0.430 12.4 100 892.82 49.54 53.9 1.088 1.081 170 8.47 0.976 8.7 60 916.86 50.88 53.1 1.044 1.039 270 1* 0 03049 k' (cale.) from k' = 0.00049Oe" - W. A 9 004 16 120 If Ci, C2 ... equal the concentration of the substances which 0 * The value, k\: kc = 1 for 27O C is extrapolated from A. determine the nature of the medium, and AI, kz . . . equal the catalysisk coefficients of these substances, the velocity coefficient, Ureide Formation of Sugars in Aqueous Solution k = kQe î+k^2+k3c3+ - • • 284 Polarimetrie method: units: M/l and hours; 0 = 250C; catalyst, Sugar inversion in O. IAT H2SO4; t in sec ( ) 435 N H SO ( ); cf. (526). 2 4 106/c I QÏÔ g Ci2H22Q11/! 100 200 300 400 500 600 700

MH2Q/!

51.95 48.45 44.99 41.62 38.09 34.59 30.94

^| ^| ^| ^| 3Q/2Q| 4Q/3Q| ^^

4.43 4.79 5.21 5.54 5.95 6.22 6.29

18.3 67.3 229 19.7 73.7 255 21.2 80.4 281 22.9 88.0 308 24.5 95.3 25.8 102.2 26.6 109.2 394

4.13 3.68 3.40 4.11 3.74 3.46 4.07 3.79 3.49 4.13 3.84 3.50 4.12 3.89 4.15 3.96 4.23 4.11 3.64

For formulation in terms of activities, see ( 372 ). Definition of activities according to (335); cf. (90, 243, 401, 433). For sugar inversion with subsequent mutarotation of glucose and fructose, see (362). Effect of Pressure Polarimetrie method; p in atm.; B = 250C; catalyst, 1{&N HCl (121)

Glucose and Galactose ki

C6Hi2O6 + CO (NH 2 ) 2 ÎZ; C6H12O6NCONH2 + H2O kz

d[üreide] Sugar Glucose Galactose... :

=

fci[Sugar] I

[Urea]

__ fc2[Ureide]

ki 0.00260 0.02435

k-2 0.00153 0.00645

Mannose kl

2C6H12O6 + CO(NH 2 ) 2 !1"(C6H12O5N)2CO + H2O ^2 Concentration Substance —-1 ,

p 1 250 500 750 1000 1250 1500 t = O I t =t I t = QO 1O6A/(obs.).... 243 231 220 210 197.5 190 181 6 Mannose C0 C C00 10 fe'(calc.)... (243) 233 222 212 202 191 (181) Urea CJ C J - è(C0 - C) f k (cale.) from k' = a -f- bp. Ureide O i (C0 - C) Sugar inversion in 0.5^ HCl in aqueous alcohol with 10% 101 C12H22Ou ( ). ^W = W* ! C'o - * (C0 - C) j - -^2(C0 - C) First-order k\ — 0.4343&1, and second-order k'2 = 0.4343&2, the 1 ^ +7 latter calculated under the assumption that H2O acts according to * - Hnge (£ - Co)2(<* + T 533). For autocatalytic inversion C0 I Cp I CQO I /Cl /C2 I Lit. by boric acid and its causes, see (55). 0.4386 0.5 0.2074 0.0368 0.00527 (435) MTJTAKOTATION OB BIEOTATION OF SUGARS 0.4386 0.2412 0.2977 0.0367 0.00788 (526) Mutarotation of Glucose in Aqueous Solution Hydrolysis or Saponification of Esters, Ethers and Acid Anhydrides ki CH CO CH + H O —> CH CO H + CHSOH IN AQUEOUS 3 2 3 2 3 2 a-Glucose > ß-Glucose kz SOLUTION Influence of the concentration of the catalyst, HCl, on first-order k k = kl + ki = 1 loge ^ = i log.^-^ (in minutes), titrimetric method (33O) Polarimetrie method; t in minutes; 6 = 250C. 2

few ' 0.0221

I

k = k, + £a[H+] + frJQH-] kB I k* I Lit. 0.594 22450 (272,273,274, 275, 394)

0.0239 0.769 21 520 ( 323 , 324) For further references on mutarotation of sugars, see ( 29 » 17 °» 172, 334, 362, 377, 400, 422, 521, 524).

HC1 N

0.1005 0.5024 0.8275 1.800 2.429

25°C I WÌk 0.653 3.510 6.001 16.09 20.78

35°C — 1.663 8.836 15.26 37.84 63.47

°» 2.547 2.520 2.542 2.353 3.054

Influence of concentration of ester, a, and of H2O, w, upon hydrolysis constant (222)

a*

|

w

•gj = *(a - x)

(1)

^ = /C!(a - x)w - /C2X*

(2)

| IWk(I)

\ 10%/w | 10%i(2) | IQ'faff)"

Values of 10%' at 250C in 0.05JV acid (18) Acid HCl HNO 3 H2SO4 10%' 13.84 + 0.06 13.83 + 0.11 10.11 ±0.15 In each of the following determinations, the catalyst was 0.05JV solution of the acid of the salt listed (i&); cf. ( 436 ). KCl, N 3.60 3.00 2.50 2.00 1.50

10%'

Reaction in IN HCl at 250C 45.38 9.03 0.1991 0.1652 48.76 8.18 0.1679 0.1482 50.94 7.64 0.1467 0.1392 Reaction in O. IN HCl at 250C 49.69 0.726 0.01461 0.01302 51.86 0.690 0.01330 0.01236 54.25 0.606 0.01217 0.01177 54.86 0.606 | 0.01104 0.01093

21.7 20.2 19.1 17.7 17.0

NaCl, AT 4.80 4.08 3.40 2.72 2.04 1.36 1.741 0.755 10%' 29.7 27.4 25.4 22.9 20.2 18.4 1.151 0.677 NH4Cl, N 4.77 3.98 3.31 2.65 1.99 1.32 0.7093 0.636 10%' 22.8 21.3 20.7 19.5 17.8 16.4 BaCl2, JV 2.92 2.42 2.02 1.62 1.22 1.156 0.0595 1O5A/ 23.3 21.9 20.1 18.4 17.3 0.7013 0.0565 CaCl2, 2V 10.10 8.42 7.02 5.60 4.20 2.80 0.2425 0.0538 10%' 55.9 50.7 45.2 38.2 30.4 24.3 0.1304 0.0499 MgCl2, N 7.28 6.06 5.06 4.04 3.02 2.02 * At still higher concentrations of ester, A(I) increases with time. 10%' 47.8 43.3 36.2 31.2 25.4 21.1 4 Reaction in a viscous medium (water-gelatin) (i° ) KNO3, JV 2.25 1.85 1.56 1.25 0.94 k — First-order constant for minutes and 180C. IWk' 16.1 15.6 15.3 14.9 14.5 kg — Constant reduced to the same H2O concentration (unit: NaNO 3 5 AT 5.82 4.68 3.90 3.12 2.34 1.56 pure H 2 O at 180C). 1OW 21.4 18.9 18.0 17.3 16.3 15.5 rç = Viscosity measured with Scarpa viscometer and referred to NH4NO3, JV.. 7.95 6.63 5.30 3.98 2.65 that of 0.5JV HCl. 10%' 20.4 19.8 17.6 16.1 15.1 HCl, N \ % Gelatin | T? | 103fc | 103/Cr Ca(NO3K N 7.70 6.42 5.32 4.28 3.20 2.14 10%' 22.1 20.5 19.4 18.3 16.9 15.7 OTo O 1.000 2.116 2.138 Mg(NO3)2, A^ 6.30 5.24 4.36 3.50 2.62 1.76 0.5 1.348 1.480 2.025 2.061 10%' 20.8 19.4 18.2 17.2 16.5 15.7 0.5 3.354 3.692 1.698 1.747 K2SO4, N 1.08 0.90 0.60 0.30 0.5 5.152 8.976 1.747 1.813 10%' 3.4 3.5 3.6 4.0 0.5 9.642 20.23 1.593 1.696 (NH 4 J 2 SO 41 JV 6.80 5.68 4.72 3.78 2.84 1.88 0.2 O 1.000 0.7598 0.7628 10%' 3.5 3.8 3.7 3.4 3.4 3.3 0.2 9.627 0.6502 0.6876 Na 2 SO 47 JV. 1.92 1.60 1.07 0.53 Reaction in the presence of sugar (103) 10%' 3.6 3.5 3.8 4.0 fc'=lloglo^-x;^=llogloy^ MgSO4^ 4.24 3.54 2.96 2.36 1.76 0.60 IW 7.0 6.6 6.1 5.6 5.1 5.4 w = H2O concentration; t in minutes; O = 250C; g = x for t = QQ Catalyst, 0.03JV HCl; 2O0C; 10%' =5.10 (406) HCl, JV I % Ester | % Sugar w IQ4A/ 106^ OTs 5 O 52.32 14.97 28.6 JV I KCl I NaCl I LiCl | BaCl2 | SrCl2 | MgCl2 0.5 5 7.5 49.60 16.6 33.5 1 6.39 6.37 6.36 6.31 6.30 6.42 0.5 5 15.5 46.88 17.5 37.3 0.6 5.95 5.94 5.90 5.88 5.86 5.88 0.25 5 O 52.35 7.16 13.63 0.3 I 5.45 5.45 5.46 5.43 5.42 5.50 0.25 5 7.5 49.83 8.05 16.16 Catalyst, 0.03JV HBr; 2O0C; 10%' = 4.94 (406) 0.125 5 O 52.67 3.50 6.64 JV I KBr I NaBr | BaBr2 0.125 5 7.5 49.95 3.99 7.99 1 5.80 5.94 5.91 0.5 2.5 O 53.72 14.81 27.6 0.6 5.53 5.53 0.5 5.0 O 52.32 14.97 28.6 0.3 5.23 5^25 5.22 0.5 10.0 O I 49 60 I 15.94 | 32.1 Catalyst, 0.03JV HNO3; 2O0C; 10%' = 4.93 (406) For the determination of hydrolysis constants of salts of weak JV • I KNQ3 I NaNQ3 [ Sr(NO 3 ) 2 bases from the velocity of hydrolysis of CH3CO2CH3, see (5SO, 556). 1 5.33 5.37 5.34 0.6 5.11 5.16 5.26 CH3CO2C2H6 + H2O —> CH3CO2H + C2H5OH IN AQUEOUS 0.3 5.02 5.06 5.11 SOLUTION For the determination of hydrolysis constants of salts of weak Effect of Salts on Acid Hydrolysis bases from the velocity of saponification of CH3CO2C2H5, see (555, 558). First-order k (minutes); k' = 0.4343/c 5 ~ Values of IQ A/ (SQ7) Q^0 Q10 CH3CO2C2H5 + NAOH —> CH3CO2NA + C2H5OH IN AQUEOUS O0C I 250C I 4O0C V ft SOLUTION O.IN HCl 2.056 28.29 109.4 2.85 2.46 Effect of concentration of NaOH and of neutral salts on k; O . I N HCl + INKCl 2.480 34.45 132.9 2.86 2.46titrimetric method, second-order fc; units: M/l and minutes; Values of 10s/b' at 250C in 0.1N HCl (241) O = 24.7 0 C'(21) ga^T^^"-^^^ KCl NaCl

O

0.5

28.8 31.45 28.8 31.75

1.0

1.5

2.0

34~3 SoTe 39.2 35.9 39.9 42.85

3.0 42.8 52.3

NaOH, N 0.05 0.025 I 0.0125 k. 6.76 6.52 6.48 0.025JV NaCl + JV NaCl NaNO 3 CH3CO2Na k 5.75 5.06 6.50

0.006250.003125 6.58 6.65 Na2S2O3 Na2SO4 6.63 7.31

Effect of nature of the alkali and temperature on k (369) Base A:, 180C /c, 250C Q10

LiOH 3.92 6.12 1.89

NaOH 3.98 6.17 1.87

KOH 4.01 6.20 1.86

RbOO CsOH 4.00 4.03 6.22 6.22 1.88 1.86

Effect of neutral salts on k (i»3) Salt, AT fc,25°C

O 6.76

0.5KCNS IKCNS l 0.5KC1 IKCl 5.49. 4.79 | 6.10 5.99

Various concentrations of salts at 250C ( 498 ) Salt*

I

KCl KBr KI KNO3 K2SO4 (CO2K)2

4AT 4.688

I

3.267

2N 5.307 4.550 4.155 5.978

\

7.136

IN \ 5.673 5.292 4.898 5.356 7.159 6.790

0.52V 5.913 5.665 5.505 5.666 6.903 6.636

* In absence of salt, k = 6.510

Effect of temperature (413) 0

C /c(obs.) fc(calc.)

VA 2.307 (2.307)

TTA 3.204 3.20

24.22 35.14 6.151 12.096 (6.151) 11.97

44.94 21.648 (21.648)

logic k = -1780/T + 0.0075477 + 4.53. Effect of pressure (122) kt by titrimetric method; fcc by conductivity method, cf. (531); P1 pressure in atm.; A = (*»»tm - *i.tm.\ I00. \

KI atm.

/

k = a + bp Uj^? = Constant

(1) (2)

Effect of pressure.—-(Continued) /ct I fcc I A |/c(l)(calc.)|fc(2)(calc.)' 1 1.22 1.21 (1.21) (1.21) 250 1.26 3.7 1.29 1.28 500 1.35 1.37 11.9 1.36 1.35 750 1.44 18.5 1.44 1.42 1000 1.52 1.53 25.5 1.52 1.50 1250 1.59 30.9 1.59 1.58 1500 1.67 1.67 37.4 (1.67) (1.67) Effect of blood charcoal ( 32 °); blood charcoal, Merck (purified with HCl); e = 250C 3 mgC/lOQcm | k \\ mgC/lOQcm 3 | k p

I

O

6.26 ; 6.23

745.1

2.61 - 1.66

401.2

3.58 - 2.60 1066.0 1.99-1.49 Reaction in aqueous alcohol solution (312) Vol. % C2H5OH 50 75 95 ÏOÔ /c, 250C 1.62 0.668 0.136 0.00753 0 = 250C; 96.4 Wt. % C2H5OH. The H2O content = 3.6 Wt. % or 3.6 M/l if it is assumed that all the soda is present as NaOH ( 547 ); a. — cale, degree of dissociation of NaOH (assuming the mass law to hold true) with 0.02 used as the NaOH dissociation constant : -d[CH3C02C2H5] = [CH3Co2C2H5][NaOH][0.12911(l - a) + 0.0571Oa] The undissociated base therefore saponifies more rapidly than its ions. The velocity increases greatly with increased water content of the alcohol. If the solution is prepared by dissolving metallic sodium and if the water content of the alcohol is not sufficient to combine all Na as NaOH, the bimolecular law no longer holds and the velocity is very small. This makes it probable that the saponification is entirely caused by NaOH and not by NaOC2H6; c/. in this connection (545, 546).

ALKALINE SAPONIFICATION OP ESTERS BY SALTS OF WEAK ACIDS Slightly Hydrolyzed Salts (22, 26, 234, 325, 352, 369, 441, 479, 555, 557, 558) Example: CH3CO2C2H6 +KCN +H2O Ui; CH3CO2K +HCN +C2H6OH (a - x) (b - x) dx , ^(a — x)(b — x) ., . j -. „ = kK— ; units: minutes and M/l. CLt

X

0

Ester I C | k \ Salt CH3CO2C2H6 24.2 6.22 KCN C6H5OK Na2CO3 CH3CO2CH3 25.0 10.2 C6H6ONa P-ClC6H4ONa 0-ClC6H4ONa 2, 4-Cl2C6H3ONa 2, 4; 6-Cl3C6H2ONa P-NaOC6H4NO2 P-NaOC6H4CN CH3CO2C2H6 25.0 6.86 Leucine-Na Glycine-Na Alanine-Na CH3CO2C2H6 10.3 2.29 KCN 25.05 5.91 KCN 41.8 15.67 KCN CH3CO2CH3 25.0 11.42 Oxyuracil-Na Allantoin-Na Hydantoin-Na Methyluracil-Na

k = Second-order constant of ester saponification by [OH~]. Km = [H+][OH^] = constant = ion product of H2O. K8 = dissociation constant of HCN. IT"

K = —^ = hydrolysis constant of KCN. A8

| IWkK (obs.) | 1014#w | 1O5K (cale.) | 1010K8 (cale.) | Lit. 7.46 1.00 1.20 8.33 (44i) ; c/. (22, 26, 325) 58.0 1.00 9.32 1.07 64.7 1.00 10.4 0.96 86.7 1.00 8.50 1.18 (234) 27.3 1.00 2.68 3.74 14.8 1.00 1.45 6.91 0.86 1.00 0.084 119.0 0 . 438 1 . OO 0 . 0429 232 . 0 0.25 1.00 0.025 400.0 0.878 1.00 0.0861 116.0 40.0 1.00 5.81 1.72 (555) 40.1 1.00 5.85 1.71 37.4 1.00 5.46 1.83 2.58 1.128 (352) 8.13 1.544 32.17 2.047 5.38 1.20 0.480 25.0 (557,558) 11.7 1.20 1.03 11.7 18.0 1.20 1.58 7.59 43.5 1.20 3.82 3.14

ALKALINE SAPONIFICATION OF ESTERS.—(Continued) | 105fcg(obs.) | 1№KW \ 105g(calc.) | 1010gs(calc.) | Lit. 155.0 1.20 13.6 0.88 (557, 558) 185.0 1.20 16.2 0.74 453.0 1.20 3.97 0.302 104.0 1.20 10.8 1.11 89.0 1.20 9.23 1.30 8.45 1.20 0.741 16.2 6.16 1.20 0.540 22.2 6.05 1.52 (369) 10.36 1.68 110.0 1.00 10.2 0.977 (479)

Ester I 0C | k \ Salt CH3CO2CH3 25.0 11.42 «-Dimethyluracil-Na /3-Dimethyluracil-Na Succinimide-Na Theobromine-Na C6H5ONa Theophylline-Na Paraxanthine-Na CH3CO2C2H6 18.0 3.98 NaCN 25.0 6.17 NaCN CH3CO2CH3 25.0 10.74 Na2CO3

The following values of Qw hold for the constants kK and k of the reaction CH3CO2C2H5 + KCN, according to (352, 369):

The disubstituted acetic acid ester which forms no salts with NaOH behaves as a normal (i.e.j neutral) ester ( 215 > 218, 343,

0

359).

C 10.3-25.05 25.05-41.8 18-25 Mean Qi0 for kK = T' 2.18 2.28 2.162.20 Qiofor/b=r 1.90 1.79 1.871.85 The relation between T' and r, according to ( 447 > 449 ) is given by: ge

lL

10*7

r ~ ET(T + 10) where U is the heat of the reaction OH~ + HCN = H2O + CN-, which is considered constant over the temperature range 10°. Strongly Hydrolyzed Salts For the theory of the reaction, see (347). Saponification of CH3CO2C2H5 by NaOH in the presence of sugars (!2O)

The following velocity constants were found at 250C (k = 6.86), in the presence of sugars or high-order alcohols in ^V/40 solution of ethyl acetate and NaOH: ^7^

-^____^

Cane sugar Invert sugar d-Glucose d-Fructose Mannitol.

1/5

1/10

1/20

1/40

1/80

2.01 0.38 0.79 0.59 5.17

3TÎ2 0.67 1.37 1.02 5.85

4.29 1.17 2.32 1.88 6.18

5.19 2.08 3.69 3.04 6.40

5.88 3.38 4.79 4.27 6.81

From this may be calculated the degree of hydrolysis of the corresponding sugar solution.

Titrimetric method; O = 250C; units: minutes and M/l Ester I ki \ IQ11K8 | k \ Lit. CH3COCH2CO2CH3 0.0279 2.0 43.0 (343) CH3COCH2CO2C2H5 0.0186 2.0 28.6 (2is, 218)

CH3COCH(C2H5)CO2C2H5.. CH3COC(CHs)2CO2CH3 CH 3 COC(CHs) 2 CO 2 C 2 H 5 .... CH3COC(C2H5),CO2C2H5...

0.09 10. Oca. 2.43 0.76 (359) 0.0058 (2is, 218)

THE THREE CONSTANTS OF SAPONIFICATION IN AQUEOUS SOLUTION If (a — x) is the concentration of the ester, organic acid anhydride or ether, all of which have an "ether oxygen," then: XOY + H2O > XOH + YOH Where X and Y represent alkyl or acyl, the general velocity equation is: ~ = (few + /C8[H+] +fca[OH-])(a- x) where k^ = constant for water saponification, ^8 for acid saponification, and k& for alkaline saponification. The units for all the constants quoted in the-f oliowing are minutes and M/l. For references on the general equation, see (92, 456, 476, 541, S42 ). For methods of determining ka and k& by means of buffer Salts, see (423, 450, 451, 454, 458, 460, 467, 470, 476, 478, 479, 481, 485).

ALKALINE SAPONIFICATION, IN AQUEOUS SOLUTION, OF ESTERS (GENERAL FORMULA HAR) WHICH ARE THEMSELVES WEAK (RESP. PSEUDO) ACIDS AR- + H2O Ui; HAR + OH- (rapid) HAR + OH-—» HA- + RQH (measurable) AR- + H2O > HA- + ROH (net reaction) g = MHAR][OH-] = fc[HAR]J^J2^ = A1[RA-]. ki = kj^ = First-order constant. iVs

k — Second-order constant of alkaline saponification of HAR. Kw = [H+][OH-] = 1.3 X 10-". KB = Dissociation constant of the weak acid, HAR. Example: CH3C(ONa): CHCO2C2H5 + H4OlI^CH3COCH2CO2C2Hs + NaOH CH3COCH2CQ2C2Hs + NaOH >CH8CO CH2CQ2Na + C2H5QH CH3C(ONa): CHCO2C2H6 + H2O ^CH3COCH2CO2Na -f C2H5OH

480,

Esters and ethers of polybasic acids and of poly-alcohols saponify in stages. As a rule, with esters of polybasic acids, the constant of the second saponification stage, &8, holds for the undissociated ester-acid, and k& for its anion. Esters and ethers of poly-alcohols with dissimilar groups yield isomerie intermediate products. The latter, under the catalytic influence of acids and bases are capable of changing from one to the other; cf. (487). If the velocities for different types of esters or ethers are to be intercompared, such comparison must be made through the "group constants;" that is, the constants reduced to the bases of a single "ether oxygen." If the group constants of a poly-ester or ether are the same, the following simple relation holds: The velocity is directly proportional to the number of saponifiable groups present. For the determination of the constant of the intermediate stages from the 544 total net reaction, see the fundamental work of Wegscheider ( ).

Influence of Temperature upon Acid Saponification of Esters; Titrimetric Method " Ester

CH3CO2C2H5 CH2ClCO2C2H5 CH2(CN)CO2C2H5 CH3CH2CO2C2H5 CH3CHBrCO2C2H5 CH3CHClCO2C2H5 CH2ClCH2CO2C2H5 CH2BrCH2CO2C2H6 _

Î 0 25° I 35° 6.77 15.93 4.58 9.17 1.025 2.31 7.04 17.7 2.106 3.89 2.85 5.69 0.975 2.39 0.815 2.16

* £ Q ^ Q ^ 77~ I 50° » H Llt' 49.69 2.35 2.14(150) 32.12 2.00 2.31 7.69 2.26 2.23 53.38 2.51 2.09 9.25 1.84 1.78 18.74 2.00 2.21 8.61 2.45 2.35 5.45 2.65 1.85

3

10 /ca Q^ do T .. 25° I 35° I 45° If Il Llt' CH3CO2C2H5 6.37 16.26 37.4 2.55 2.30(155) CH2(OH)CO2C2H5 6.83 16.62 38.5 2.43 2.32 CH2(OCH3)CO2C2H5 3.80 9.00 22.6 2.37 2.51 CH2(OC2H5)CO2C2H5 3.56 8.75 21.7 2.46 2.48 CH2(OC3H7)CO2C2H5 3.52 8.40 21.2 2.39 2.52 CH3CO2C2H5 6.47 16.3 37.4 2.51 2.29(156) CH2(OH)CO2C2H5 7.04 17.3 39.2 2.45 2.26 CH3CH2CO2C2H5 7.16 17.9 40.6 2.50 2.26 CH3CH(OH)CO2C2H5. . . . 7.32 17.8 39.6 2.43 2.22 CH2(OH)CH(OH)CO2C2H5 1.85 4.39 10.1 2.43 2.20 CH3CH (OC2H5)CO2C2H5.. 1.97 4.95 11.1 2.51 2.24 CH2(OC2H5)CH2CO2C2H5. 1.43 3.52 8.47 2.45 2.41 CH3CH2CH2CO2C2H5 5.21 11.0 23.7 2.09 2.17(144) (CHs)2CHCO2C2H5 3.99 9.14 20.3 2.31 2.23 CH3CH2CH(OH)CO2C2H5.3.98 8.70 19.5 2.18 2.24 (CHg) 2 C(OH)CO 2 C 2 H 5 .... 2.10 5.12 11.2 2.43 2.19 CH3CH(OH)CH2CO2C2H5. 1.07 2.76 6.4 2 . 5 7 2 . 3 3 (CHs)2CHCH2CO2C2H5... 10.6 (isi) (CA)2CHCO2C2H5 5.73 CH 3 CH(CN)CO 2 C 2 H 5 .... 0.914 2.27 4.54 2.48 2.00 CH 2 (CN)CH 2 CO 2 C 2 H 5 .... 1.30 3.34 7.42 2.57 2.24 CH3CH2CH(CN)CO2C2H5.0.615 1.41 3.50 2.29 2.48 CH3CH(CN)CH2CO2C2H5. 2.04 4.78 2.34 CH3CH2CH2CH(CN)CO2C2H5 0.467 1.39 3.10 2.97 2.23 (CHs)2CHCH(CN)CO2C2H5 0.250 0.649 1.81 2.59 2.78 (C 2 HiO 2 C(CN)CO 2 C 2 H 5 ... 0.258 0.650 1.44 2.53 2.15 CH3CH2CO2C2H5 7.12 17.71 40.53 2.49 2.29(152) CH 3 CH(OH)CO 2 C 2 H 5 .... 7.61 17.75 39.66 2.33 2.23 CH 2 (OH)CH 2 CO 2 C 2 H 5 .... 1.62 4.06 9.87 2.50 2.43 CH3CO2CH2CH3 6.47516.2 37.7 2.5 2.3 (1*4) CH 3 CO 2 CH 2 CH 2 (OH).... 4.71511.73 27.9 2.5 2.4 CH3CO2CH2CH2(OCH3).. 12.2528.15 2.3 CH3CO2CH2CH2(OC2H5).. 4.65 11.76 27.95 2.5 2.4 CH3CO2CH2CH2Cl 4.68 11.76 27.5 2.5 2.3 CH3CQ2CH2CH2Br 5.58 13.46 |29.8 2.4 2.3 Esters in which halogen has been substituted on the a-carbon of the alkyl group saponify with great rapidity. Influence of Temperature upon Alkaline Saponification of Esters; Titrimetric Method ~ . Ester ———» 250 QIO Lit. Ester

CH3CO2C2H5 CH2(OH)CO2C2H5 CH2(OCH3)CO2C2H5 CH 2 (OC 2 H 5 )CO 2 C 2 H 5 .... CH3(OC3H7)CO2C2H5

ÏTÎ7 6756 1.99 (143) 12.9 65.3 1.91 36.4 128.0 1.65 15.9 64.8 1.75 12.7 52.1 1.76

Influence of Temperature.—(Continued) Ester

Qo

*j*

25o

do

Lit.

CH3CH2CO2C2H5 Ï7Ï4 5^94 1.94 (143) CH3CH(OH)CO2C2H5 14.6 63.7 1.80 CH2(OH)CH2CO2C2H5 1.83 10.2 1.99 (152) CH 2 (OH)CH(OH)CO 2 C 2 H 5 .... 9.02 57.3 2.10 (143) CH3CH(OC2H5)CO2C2H5 2.07 9.29 1.82 CH2(OC2H5)CH2CQ2C2H5 1.07 5.02 1.86 Influence of Constitution of Ester on Velocity of Hydrolysis; Titrimetric Method (391); cf. (390) k Ester 0.2° I 10° I 20° I 30° I 4Q°" CH3CO2CH2CH3 5.08 CH 3 CO 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 .... 1.03 2.15 4.23 8.10 14.95 CH3CO2CH(CHs)2 0.319 0.640 1.26 2.50 4.80 CH3CO2CH2CH2CH2CH3 0.945 1.94 3.93 7.58 CH 3 CO 2 CH 2 CH(CHs) 2 .. 0.838 1.76 3.54 6.75 12.9 CH3CO2CH(CH3)(C2H5) 0.209 0.419 0.817 1.55 CH3CO2C(CH3)3 0.0160 0.0369 0.0810 0.166 CH3CO2CH2CH2CH(CHs)2 0.914 1.80 3.61 6.72 CH3CO2C(CHs)2(CH2CH2CH3) 0.0175 0.0348 0.0662 CH 3 CO 2 CH 2 CHiCH 2 ... 4.29 9.08 17.05 CH3CO2CH2CH2CH2OH 3.32 6.94 13.8 CH3CO2CH2C6H5 4.58 9.90 19.4 CH2(OH)CO2CH2CH2CH3 11.1 22.8 44.7 CH 2 (OH)CO 2 CH(CHs) 2 . 3.54 6.96 13.7 k& as function of temperature: lo glo /c a = - ^ + B T - + C X Ester I A' | B' | C' CH3CO2C2H5 1780 0.00754 4.53 CH3CO2CH2CH2CH3 2359.9 0.001528 8.2351 CH3CO2CH(CHg)2 883.8 0.019259 -2.5231 CH 3 CO 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 .... 1948.9 0.006839 5.2397 CH3C02CH2CH(CH3)2 1856.0 0.007903 4.5675 CH3CO2CH(CH3)(C2H5) 1820.9 0.007179 4.0242 CH3CO2C(CHs)3 3300.7 -0.005920 11.9064 CH3CO2CH2CH2CH(CHs)2... 1852.2 0.006817 4.8761 CH3CO2C(CHs)2(CH2CH2CH3) 2419.5 0.000675 6.6014 CH3CO2CH2CH: C H 2 . . . . . . . 4954.5 -0.027188 25.8337 CH 3 CO 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 (OH)... 2528.8 0.001515 9.0281 CH3CO2CH2C6H5 5352.8 -0.031077 28.3700 CH 2 (OH)CO 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 .. . 2377.6 0.000754 9.5439 CH2(OH)CO2CH(CHs)2 303.5 0.025939 -5.4259 Ester CH3CO2(CH2)2CH3

I k& cale. obs. CH3CO2CH(CHs)2 cale. obs. CH3CO2(CHa)3CH3 cale. obs. CH3CO2CH2CH(CH3)2.. cale. obs. CH3CO2CH(CH3)(C2H5) cale. obs.

\ 0.2° | 10° | 20° | 30° | 40° 1.03 2.13 4.25 8.12 14.92 1.03 2.15 4.23 8.10 14.95 0.319 0.637 1.27 2.49 4.80 0.319 0.640 1.26 2.50 4.80 0.944 1.94 3.91 7.59 0.945 1.94 3.93 7.58 0.844 1.75 3.54 6.87 12.9 0.838 1.76 3.54 6.75 12.9 0.209 0.419 0.819 1.55 0.209 0.419 0.817 1.55

Influence of Constitution. — ^Continued) Ester CH3CO2C(CHs)3 CH3C02(CH2)2CH(CHs)2

Values of ka (39? '•^.—(Continued)

I /Ca | 0.2° | 10° | 20° | 30° | 40° cale. 0.01600.03700.08070.166 obs. 0.01600.03690.08100.166 cale. 0.910 1.82 3.57 obs. 0.914 1.80 3.61

6.74 6.72

ka of Acid Saponification for Different Mono-esters at 250C; Titrimetric Method Ester

ka

HCO2CH3

0.145 (397.2)

HCO2CH2CH3

0.187 (397.2); 0.192 (476)

0.1845

(353);

HCO2CH2CH2CH3 HCO2CH(CHs)2 HC02(CH2)sCH3 HCO2CH2CH(CHs)2 CH3CO2CH3 CH3CO2CH2CH3

0.195 (397.2) 0.168 (397.2) 0.187 (397.2) 0.190 (397.2) 0.00680 (397.2); 0.00659 (2*5) 0.00658 (397.2) ; 0.00658 (391); 0.00682 (245) CH3CO2CH2CH2CH3 0.00680 (397.2); 0.00671 (245) CH3CO2CH(CHs)2 0.00370 (397.2); 0.00360 (391); 0.00350 (467) CH3CO2(CH2)3CH3 0.00660 (397.2) CH3CO2CH2CH(CHa)2 0.00552 (148) CH3CO2C(CH3)S 0.00740 (39l); 0.00758 (467) CH3CO2C(CHs)2(CH2CH2CH3).. 0.0283(391) CH3CO2C(CH3)(C2Ho)2 0.0731 (391) CH3CO2C6H6 0.00469 (467); 0.0046 (492) CH3CO2CH2C6H5 0.00654 (467); 0.0051 (492) CH3CH2CO2CH3 0.00724 (397.2); 0.00708 (245) CH3CH2CO2C2H5 0.00706 (397. 2); 0.00727 (245); 0.00716 (144) CH3CH2CO2(CH2)2CH3 0.00724 (245) CH3(CH2)2C02CH3 0.00444 (397.2); 0.00394 (245) CH3(CH2)2CO2C2H5 0.00417 (245); 0.00460 (148); 0.00521 (144) (CHs)2CHCO2CH3 0.00398 (397.2) (CHs)2CHCO2C2H5 0.00344 (397.2); 0.00409 (245); 0.00460 (148) CH3(CH2)sC02C2H5 0.00143 (245) (CHs)2CHCH2CO2C2H5 0.00207 (148) (CHs)3CCO2C2H5 0.00292 (39l) CH2BrCO2C2H5 0.00492 (157) CO(NH 2 )CO 2 CH 3 0.0020 (473) CO(NH2)CO2C2H5 0.0015 (473) CH3COCO2C2H5 0.00722 (397.2); 0.00816 (474) CH3COCH2CO2C2H5 0.000989 (484) CH3CO(CH2)2C02C2H5 0.00151 (397.2); 0.00156 (474) CH3CO2CH2COCH3 0.00201 (397.2) CH3CO2(CH2)3COCH3 0.00595 (397.2) CH3CO2CH2CO2H 0.0018 (265, 266) CH3CO2CH2CO20.0060 (265, 266) Values of ka (397.2) Alcohol CH3OCH2OH CH3CH2OCH2OH CH3(CH2)2OCH2OH. HO(CH 2 ) 2 OH CH3O(CH2)2OH CH3CH2O (CH2)2OH CH 3 (CH 2 ) 2 O(CH 2 ) 2 OH.... HO(CH2)3OH

Formate Acétate

0.121 0.121 0.124 0.122 0.153

Propionate 0.0925 0.325 0.319

n-Butyrate

0.143 0.520 0.510 0.00485 0.00483 0.00503 0.00315 0.00476 0.00276 0.00599

Alcohol CH3O(CH2)3OH CH3CH2O (CH2) sOH CHs(CH2)2O(CH2)3OH. . . .

Formate Acetate 0. 151 0.158 0. 156

Propionate

n-Butyrate

0.00574 0.00579

Acid | CHs-ester | C2H5-ester CH2(OH)CO2H 0.00716 CH2(OCH3)CO2H 0.00373 0.00393 CH2(OC2H5)CO2H 0.00367 0.00361 CH2[O (CH2)2CH3]CO2H 0.00357 0.00357 CH2[O (CH2)3CH3] CO2H 0.00334 CH2[OCH2CH(CHs)2]CO2H 0.00317 CH3CH(OH)CO2H 0.00780 0.00766 CH3CH(OCH3)CO2H 0.00239 CH3CH(OC2H5)CO2H 0.00211 (CHs)2C(OH)CO2H 0.00205 CH2(OCH3)CH2CO2H 0.00147 CH2(OC2H5)CH2CO2H 0 . 00133 CH3CH(OH)CH2CO2H 0.00114 CH2(OH)CH(OH)CO2H 0.00181 CH2(OCH3)CH2CH2CO2H 0.00339 CH2(OC2H5)CH2CH2CO2H 0 . 00324 CH2(OCH3)CH2CH2CH2CO2H 0 . 00392 ks of Acid Saponification of Mono-esters at 4O0C Ester ks 0.51 (345) HCO2C2H5 0.479 (99) HC02CH2CH2CH(CH3)2 0.0197 (157); o. 0259 (99) CH3CO2C2H5 0.0201 (157) CH3CO2(CH2)2CH3 0.0214 (99) CH3CO2CH2CH: CH2 0.0152 (345) CH2ClCO2C2H5 0.0119 (157) CH2C1C02(CH2)2CH3 0.0166 (345) CH2ClCO2CH3 0.0153 (157) CH2BrCO2(CH2)2CH3 0.0152 (345) CH3CO2C6H5 0.0244 (345) CHCl2CO2C2H5 0.0283 (99) CH3CH2CO2CH3 0.0101 (99) CH3CHClCO2CH3 0.0243 (99) CH3CCl2CO2CH3 0.0160 (99) CH3(CH2)2CO2CH3 CH3CH: CHCO2CH3, Methyl croton0.00102 (99) ate CH3CH : CHCO2CH3, Methyl isocro0.00453 (99) tonate 0.00014 (345) C6H5CO2CH3 /ca of Alkaline Saponification of Mono-esters at O0C (144); Conductivity Method Ester I /ca CH3CO2C2H5 1.2 CH3CH2CO2C2H5 1.1 CH3CH2CH2CO2C2H5 0.68 (CHs)2CHCO2C2H5 0.46 CH3CH2CH(OH)CO2C2H5. 6.2 CH3CH(OH)CH2CO2C2H5 2.1 (CHs) 2 C(OH)CO 2 C 2 H 5 1.6 k& of Alkaline Saponification of Mono-esters at 250C Ester I /ca | Method | Lit. CH3CO2C2H5 6.5 (a) (177,178, 531)

CH3CO2C2H5 CH3CH2CO2C2H5 CH2(OH)CO2C2H5

6.2 5.3 75

(6) (a)

(536.5) (177,178, 531)

fca of Alkaline Saponification of Mono-esters at 250C. — '(Continued) k& of Alkaline Saponification of Mono-esters at 150C; Titrimetric Method (397.5)._ .(Continued) Ester Method I Lit. I

CH3CH(OH)CO2C2H6 06HsOxI2OO2O2-H-S C6H6CH(OH)CO2CH3 C6H6CH(OH)CO2C2H5 C6H6CH(OH)CO2CH2CH2CH3. C6H6CH2CH(OH)CO2C2H6 C6H6CH(OCH3)CO2C2H6 C6H6CH(OC2H6)CO2C2H6 C6H6CH(OCH2CH2CH3)CO2C2H6 C6H5CH(OH)CH2CH2CO2C2H6 C6H6CH(OH)CH2CO2C2H6

*a

I

63.5

(O)

12.4 157 66 55 40.1 23.3 15.7

Alcohol

13.3

(C)

(473)

(C)

(474)

(d) (C)

(218) (474)

№

(467)

Ester CH3CO2C2H6 CH3C02CH(C2H6)2 CH3CO2C(CHs)2(C2H6) CH3CO2C(CH3) (C2H6), CH3CO2CH2CH: CH2 CH3CO2CH2CH2CH: CH2 CH3CO2C(CHs)2(CH2CH: CH2) CH3CO2CH(CH3)(C6H6) CH3CO2CH(C2H6)(C6H6) (CHs)3CCO2C2H6 CH2(OH)CO2CH2CH (CH3)2 CH2(OHiCO2CH(CH3)(C2H6) CH3CH2CO2C2H6 CH2: CHCO2C2H5 CH3CH2CH2CO2C2H6 CH3CH: CHCO2C2H6

531,

(d)

(218)

k& \ Lit. 5.08 (391) 0.340 0.0372 0.0172 9.08 5.73 0.0600 3.37 2.06 1.18 37.2 9.25 5.44 (553) 5.78 3.213 0.842

A;» of Alkaline Saponification of Mono-esters at 150C; Titrimetric Method (397.5) C2H6ester

Ti-C3H7ester

fca

55 50.5 52.3 51.7 39.6 16.8

29.0 33.8 26.2 31.2 26.1 5.20

5.05

15.55 13.1 11.1 7.17 6 . 20 5 . 82 5 . 54 4.17 3.51 3.33

fc a for: Propi- T^ButyIsoonate rate butyrate 14.1 11.9 11.3

5.30 5.00 4.90

3.41 2.98 2.99

3.11 2.49 2.48

fca of Alkaline Saponification of Esters of Formic Acid; cf. (383,

I

CH3ester

n-C3H7ester

4.61 4.40 3.85

Acetate

CH3OCH2OH CH3CH2OCH2OH CH3CH2CH2OCH2OH . . . . HOCH2CH2OH CH3OCH2CH2OH CH3CH2OCH2CH2OH . . . . CH3CH2CH2OCH2CH2OH HO(CH2)3OH CH30(CH2)3OH CH3CH2O(CH2)3OH

C2H6ester

fc» 2.40

CH2(OC2H6)CH2CO2H CH2(OCH3)CH2CH2CO2H CH2(OC2H6)CH2CH2CO2H CH2(OCH3)CH2CH2CH2CO2H

Methods: (a) = conductivity; (b) refractometer; (c) buffer salts; (d) titrimetric. k& of Alkaline Saponification of Mono-esters at 2O0C; Titrimetric Method

CH2(OH)CO2H CH2(OCH3)CO2H CH2(OCH2CH3)CO2H CH2(OCH2CH2CH3)CO2H CH2(OCH2CH2CH2CH3)CO2H CH3CH(OH)CO2H CH3CH(OCH3)CO2H CH3CH(OC2H5)CO2H CH2(OCH3)CH2CO2H

Acid

531)

16.5 4.9 27.4 48 000 CO(NH2)CO2CH3 CO(NH2)CO2C2H6 22 000 110 000 CH3COCO2C2H6 CH3COCH2CO2C2H6 28.6 CH3COCH2CH2CO2C2H6 7.7 CH3CO2CH(CHs)2 1.57 0.090 CH3CO2C(CH3)3 82.0 CH3CO2C6H6 CH3CO2CH2C6H6 11.8 3.3 CH2(OCOCH3)CO^ 1-CO7 (CHOCOCH3)CH2CO^. . . 0.23

Acid

CH3ester

(177,178,

27.2 21.5

Ester I HCO 2 CH 3 ....

0

HCO 2 C 2 H 6 ...

C I 18 18 .O O

451)

fca I 1452 1656 460 330

0

C

I

fca

| Method] Lit. (a) (165) (b) 2400 (c) (481) 1400 (c) 1080 (d) (476)

25 25 25

Methods: (a) = residual current; (b) = conductivity; (c) = kinetic buffers; (d) = buffer salts. The Three Saponification Constants for Ethyl and Vinyl Acetates at 250C; Titrimetric Method (294, 485) Ester I kw \ CH3CO2CH2CH3 .... 0 . 0000000092 CH3CO2CH : CH2 . . . 0 . 0000068

kB \ 0 . 00546 0 . 00813

k& 9 . 83 620

The Saponification Constants of Lactones at 250C; Titrimetric Method Lactone CH3CHCH2COO

|

fcw [ 0.0009

ks

\ fca | 50 (281)

CH2CH2COO

0.0035

119

CH2CH(CH3)COO

0.0039

140

(J-OCOCH2CHCO2H

0 . 00035 0 . 00096

(268)

CH2CH2CH2COO

0.0138

( 2 î)

CH3CHCH2CH2COO

0.0106

24.7 (246,265, 291)

(J-OCO(CHOH)2CHCHOHCO2H COCH2CHCO2H I I O CH2 As a rule, with /3-lactones, with T- and o-lactones, it is lactonic acid, d-saccharic applies for the anion and ka acid.

0.00394 0.00883 43

(361)

(268)

kv is large as compared with [H+]A8, small. With lactonic acid (d-maloacid-7-lactone, paraconic acid) k& chiefly for the undissociated lactone

Ethyl citrate.—(Continued)

Saponification Constants of Lactides CH3CH-O-CO 1 1 fco—O—CHCH3

. *

CH3CH-O-CO 1 1 CO 2 HHOCHCH 3

,. L 2CH3CH(OH)CO2H *

Titrimetric method Ester I 0C fcw | ka \ fca | Lit. Glycolide, / C L . . . 19.8 0.0179 0.119 (283) Lactide,/ci 19.8 0.00313 0.0611 Lactide, /C1 25 0.00459 0.1088 1.2 X IO6 (423) Lactide, /C2 25 0.00203 19.5 Saponification of Symmetrical Esters of Dicarboxylic À cids at 250C The constant of alkaline saponification holds for the anion; that of acid saponification for the undissociated ester acid. Buffer-Salts method (450, 451, 465, 468, 471, 474.5, 479, 480)

Ester Dimethyl oxalate Diethyl oxalate Dimethyl malonate Diethyl malonate Dimethyl succinate Dimethyl glutarate Diethyl glutarate Dimethyl suberate Dimethyl azelate Dimethyl sebacate Dimethyl tartratej Dimethyl antitartrate Dimethyl fumarate Dimethyl maleate

I Stage* | /C8 | /ca /Ci 0.0192 1 760 000 /C2 0.0096 90 /Ci 0.0106 530 000 /C2 0.0053 36 /ct 0.00206 147 /C2 0.00103 2.0 /ci 0.00206 59 /C2 0.00103 0.88 ki 26 /C2 2.8 ki 21. 6f /C2 3.16f /ci 10.Of /C2 1.631 ki 1.53f /C2 0.491 &i 1.24 f /C2 0.42f fci 1. 2f /C2 0.43Î fci 363 /C2 18 ki 258 /C2 9 ki 414 /C2 19 ki 48 Ic1 0.72

ReaCti0n

15° I 23° I 30° I >III 63.7 98.9 149.8 III >V 2.92 4.28 5.14 II »IV 0.841 1.48 2.27 V >VI 0.0149 0.0283 0.0409 IV >VI 0.132 0.238 0.302 Saponification, in Aqueous Solution, of Esters of Poly-alcohols with Groups Capable of Identical Reactions CH3CO2CH2 ^ CH3CO2CH2 ^ HOCH2 CH3CO2CH2 " HOCH2 ' HOCH2 fc is the constant calculated on the equivalent basis. For ki/kz — 2/1, k = O.öfci = k2 = constant or more generally: if the velocity is directly proportional to the number of reacting groups in the molecule, k is constant. Titrimetric method Ester I /ca [ 0C | Lit. | /ca | 0C [ Lit. (CH3CO2CH2)2 2.50 O (313) 12.54 19.8 0.00235 18 (363) 7.618 18 (364) 0.00456 25.2 16.330 25 (CH 3 CO 2 CH 2 ) 4 C... 0.00432 25 (487)20.5 25 (487) The constants ka (resp. k&) calculated from equivalents are approximately constant. Saponification of Esters of Poly-alcohols with Unlike Groups (e.g., Glycerol) in Aqueous Solution Titrimetric method; k = the "equivalent constant" for saponification of glyceryl acetate Monacetin | Diacetin | Triacetin | 0C | Lit. 103/Cs 2727 1793 2TÖÖ 18 (360) 103/cs 4.32 3.53 3.62 25.2 103/cs 8.94 35 (562) /ca 8.13 7.85 7.89 18 (364) /Ca 17.22 17.79 16.74 25 /ca 20.1-21.5 22.1-25.5 21.9-22.5 25 (491) For further data on saponification of glyceryl esters, see (i> i 96 , 337, 508, 520).

The conditions for k = constant are ( 543 ); /ci + /C2 = 3/c /Cu

C(OH)CO2R

C(OH)CO?

C(OH)CO2R

CH2CO2R I CH2CO2R

CH2CO2R II CH2CO^

CH2CO^ III CH2COl

C(OH)CO-

C(OH)CO2R

C(OH)COj

CH2CO^ IV

CH2COl V

CH2CO-S VI

/C 2 i ~T~ /C 22

==

2iK>

kw = &2o = k CH2OA CH2OA

* Saponification stage. t These constants were measured in 50 vol. % aqueous alcohol; methyl alcohol for the methyl esters and ethyl alcohol for the ethyl esters. Î The saponification constants for d-, I-, and dZ-tartaric esters are the same.

For diethyl diethylmalonate (C 2 Ho) 2 C(CO 2 C 2 Ho) 2 , the two constants of alkaline saponification at 850C in 50 vol. % aqueous alcohol are 0.138 and 0.0122 (157.5). Alkaline Saponification of Esters of Polycarboxylic Acids with Unlike Groups Ethyl citrate in aqueous solution; titrimetric method (405) R = C2H5 CH2CO2R CH2CO2R CH2CO2R

==

, CHOH —^-> CHOH \ *t /

CH2OA

/

CHOA / CH2OA \ *.\ \

I

I

CH2OA

r

kn/ CH2OA / I / CHOA kzz \ I CH2OH

CH2OH

\ Aio

\7

CH2OH ^ CHOH

CH2OH / I /*» ^CHOA / I CH2OH

CH2OH

where A = Acyl. For the effect of rearrangement (acyl wandering) on the variation of fc, see ( 487 ). Saponification of Fats by NaOH in 95 % Alcohol at 250C; Titrimetric Method (271) S = Saponification number; A = Acid number; I = Iodine number Fat I S I A I I 60/Ca Almond oil. 191.0 5.6 95.9 2.2 Lard 249.1 16.9 22.1 2.1 Castor oil 177.9 4.0 85.5 2.1

Saponification of Fats.— (Continued) Fat

I

Codliveroil Rapeseedoil Linseed oil

S A I I I 60/Ca 182.4 2.3 156.4 2.3 170.6 14.2 104.3 2.1 188.4 7.3 177.7 2.1

Saponification of a Few Aldehyde Derivatives of Ester Character at 250C in Aqueous Solution; Titrimetric Method (459, 461, 463, 477, 478)

(CH3C02)2CHCH3 + H 2 O—> 2CH3CO2H + CH3CHO CH3CO2CH2OCH3 + H2O —> CH3CO2H + CH3OH + CH2O Values of k reduced to the Ester basis of one ether-oxygen A/W

(CH3COa)2CH2 (CH3CO2)2CHCH3 CH3CO2CH2OCH3 CH3CO2CH2OC2H6 (CH3CO2)2CHCH3 (C2H5CO2)2CHCH3 (CH3CO2) (C2H6CO2)CHCH3 CH3CO2CH(CH3) (OC2H6) [(CH3C02)2CH]2

"'s

*â

0.00402 476 0.00302 48 0.0715 34 0.260 29.5 0.00345 65 0.00453 47 0.00403 52.5 0.37 0.000034 | 0.00410 685

Hydrolysis of Ethers and Ethereal Substances (Alkylacetals, Orthocarboxylic Acid Esters) at 250C, in Aqueous Solution; Titrimetric Method (457, 458, 460, 461, 462, 470, 476, 478, 487.5)

k& for ethers is usually immeasurably small. CH2(OCH3)2 + H2O —> CH2O + 2CH3OH CH2(OCH3)(OC2H6) + H2O > CH2O + CH3OH + C2H6OH (CH3)2C(OC2H6)2 + H2O —> CH3COCH3 + 2C2H6OH HC(OC2Hs)3 + H2O —> HCO2C2H5 + 2C2H6OH C(OC2Hs)4 + H 2 O—> CO(OC2Hs)2 + 2C2H6OH CH2(OCH2)2C(CH2O)2CH2 + H 2 O—> CH2(OCH2)2C(CH2OH)2 + CH2O C2H6OC2H5 + H2O —» 2C2H6OH Values of k reduced to the Ether basis of one ether-oxygen few I

CH3C(OC2H6)3 HC(OC2H6)3 C(OC2H6)4 (CHs)2C(OCHs)2 (CH3)2C(OC2H6)2 CH3CH(OC2H6)2 CH2(OCHs)2 CH 2 (OC 2 Ho) 2 CH2(OCH3) (OC2H6) C2H6OC2H6 CH2(OCHg)2 CH2(OC2H6)0 CH2(OCH2CH2CHs)2 CH2IOCH(CH3)2]2 CH2(OCH2CH2CH2CHs)2 CH2[OCH2CH(CH3)2]2 CH2[OCH(CH3)(C2H6)I2 Ct(CH 2 O) 2 CH 2 J 2 C[(CH2O)2CHCH3]2 C[(CH2O)2CHC2H6]2 C[(CH20)2CHCH(CH3)2]2 CI(CHaOj) ,C(CH8)J,

0.00019 0.000085

* This value is extrapolated from 9 X 10"« at 980C.

kB

~~

333000 23 300 3000 18 500 67 500 30 0.03765 0.00468 0.00272 0.066* 0.0376 0.0065 0.0072 0.0362 0.00715 0.00995 0.0496 0.065 0.003 0.0051 0.0022 5.2

The Constant, kw, of Hydration of Organic Acid Anhydrides in Aqueous Solution (CH3CO)2O + H2O —> 2CH3CO2H CH3CO2OCC2H5 + H2O —> CH3CO2H + C2H5CO2H CH2. COx CH2CO2H I >0+H20_| CH2.CO/ CH2CO2H The anhydrides undergo a rapid saponification in water. Because of the high value of kw, ks and k& are measured only with difficulty. Conductivity method except for those of (454) which were determined from the kinetics of the simultaneous reaction with iodideiodate. Acid anhydride |fcw,0° Lit. |fcw,25° | Lit" Acetic. 0.0336(525) Q.170 (525) 0.160 (425) 0.175 (554) 0.190

Propionic Propionic-acetic n-Butyric

(454)

0.0161 (525)

0.0857 (425,525) 0.121 (525) 0.0108 (525) 0.0560 0.0470 (554) Isobutyric 0.0105 (525) 0.0523 ( 525 ) Isopropylacetic 0.023 J Butyric-isopropylacetic 0.0357 Methylethylacetic 0.041J, Succinic 0.0202 (56,527) 0.169 (56,527) 0.159 (425) Methylsuccinic 0.227 Ethylsuccinic 0.154 (525) asî/m.-Dimethylsuccinic... 0.176 sî/w.-Dimethylsuccinic.... M. P. = 87° 0.253 (56) M. P. = 42° 0.352 0.180 (52 5) Trimethylsuccinic Tetramethylsuccinic 0.0147 Maleic 0.287 (56) 1.59 (425) Glutaric 0.171 (527) /3-Acetylhydroxyglutaric... 0.0269 (56) 0.221 (56) Phthalic : 0.607 (425) Itaconic 0.179 Citraconic 1.057 Benzoic 0.0218 (554) Camphoric 0.0219 For velocity of reaction in various solvents, its acceleration by acids and the influence of the initial anhydride concentration on AV, see (392). Alcoholysis of Esters (Interconversion of Ester by Alcohol) in Solutions of ROH The reaction is accelerated by acids as well as bases: XCOOR/ + ROH —> XCOOR + R'OH The velocity is proportional to the HCl concentration; k = monomolecular constant referred to [HCl] = 1; t in minutes; 6 = 3O0C; polarimetrie method (135, 136). Ester I Solvent | 106fc Menthyl butyrate Methyl alcohol 6 200 Menthyl crotonate 561 Menthyl hydrocinnamate 5 185 Menthyl cinnamate 397 Ethyl butyrate 90 200 Ethyl crotonate 6 250 Ethyl hydrocinnamate 78 000 Ethyl cinnamate 3 900 Ethyl butyrate Menthol 58 Methyl butyrate 94.4 Methyl crotonate 9.7

Methyl Methyl Methyl Methyl

Alcoholysis of Esters.—(Continued) Ester I Solvent butyrate Ethyl alcohol ero tonate hydrocinnamate cinnamate

|

6

10 fc 19 800 l 400 19 100 1 075

Saponification of Esters of Inorganic Acids, Including Carbonic and Sulfonic Acids SAPONIFICATION OF PHOSPHORIC ACID ESTERS IN AQUEOUS SOLUTION R3PO4 i R2HPO4 Jl* RH2PO4 J!* H3PO4 Titrimetric method; first-order reaction; t in hours; water saponification ~ " 880G (io?) fci I /C2 I k3 CH3 0.0632 0.0036 0.0056 CH3CH2. 0.0114 0.0015 0.0032 CH2I1CHCH2 I 0.0191 0.00533 R CH3 C2H5 C2H5

440C (107) /C3 = 0.000047 Qi0 & 2 = 0.000022 Q10 fci =0.000115 Qj 0 Values of fci at IQO0C (153) I Ester I

= 2.96 = 2.61 = 2.85

In the presence of alcohol, cf. (408*5), the following proceeds as a further accompanying reaction: C6H5SO2OCH3 + C2H5OH —> C6H5SO2O- + H + + CH3OC2H5 SAPONIFICATION OF SULFURIC ACID ESTERS R2SO4 + H2O —> RSOi + H+ + ROH RSOl + H2O —> SO4- + H+ + ROH The first reaction follows the same law as for the saponification of sulfonic acid esters (301.5). In aqueous solution at 6O0C, with units of M/l and hours, k& = 0.00209 for alkaline saponification according to the second stage of saponification (340.5). SAPONIFICATION OF CARBONIC ACID ESTERS IN AQUEOUS SOLUTION R2CO3 + H2O —> CO2 + 2ROH Titrimetric method; units: minutes and M/l; 6 = 250C ( 45 2, 458); constant for alkaline saponification R CH3 C 2 Hs /Ca

7.0

1.6

ka and kw are immeasurably small. Esterifìcation C6H5CO2H + C2H5OH —> C6H5CO2C2H5 + H2O The velocity of esterification is retarded by water ( 2 2 0 > 542.S) 0 Esterification in Ethyl Alcohol with HCl as Catalyst at 250C First-order k for minutes; c = concentration of HCl in M/l; w = concentration of H2O in M/l; titrimetric method ( 287 > 290 J

104/bi 292, 293), (CHs)3PO4 Ï3Ï4 Benzoic acid (C2H5)3PO4 322 2.303 _ _ 5.78 +-^13.24+/(^-35.36 +59.26 4.778 ___ — ^- +1.707X —-J (CHg) 2 (C 2 H 5 )PO 4 1110 (CHg)2(CH3CH2CH2)PO4 1212 (w - 0.013) + (16.98 - ^ + **j* - *f?)(w - 0.013)2 (C 2 Hs) 2 (CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 )PO 4 366 c = 0.15 - 0.8; w = 0.03 - 2.26 Alkaline saponification of phosphoric acid esters; second-order reaction; units: hours and M/l (i° 7 ) Trichloroacetic acid (CsH5)SPO4: &i, 13° = 0.011; /C1, 88° = 3.28. /C1 is measurable; 2g§ = 6 554 + 4^50 + OTO85 + (_ 4 Q 15 + 35^9 _ kz and &3 are immeasurably slow. SAPONIFICATION OF CHLORIDES AND NITRATES; WATER SAPONI^p0) (w - 0.013) + (l6C90 + AM-8 - A||£)C(W - 0.013)* FICATION NOT APPRECIABLY ACCELERATED BY ACIDS c = 0.16 - 0.67; w = 0.04 - 1.3 Titrimetric method; first-order k; t in minutes; solvent, equal Tannic acid volumes of H2O and 95.4% alcohol (388,389) 2.303 __ ÓM o QQ , 49.07 2.916 +, / A1 , 23.40 , 25.02X 4 C6H5CH2Cl, 10 /c 1.1(30°) 3.2(40°) 157.0(83°) G C 6 H 4 (CH 3 )(CH 2 Cl) omp2 (w - 0.013) + (-276.6 + ^ - ^ )(w - 0.013)10 3 /cat30° 0.55 0.144 1.04 k at 83° 0.077 0.0221 0.163 c = 0.16 - 0.67; w = 0.04 - 1.3 C6H4(Cl) (CH2Cl), /c at 83°.... 0.0052 0.00368 0.0088 For dibasic acids, the first-order k is calculated on the equivalent C 6 H 4 (NQ 2 )(CH 2 Cl), k at 83°... 0.00130 | 0.00140 0.00115 basis. Succinic acid 1-Monochlorohydrin, CH2ClCHOHCH2OH, in aqueous soin.; 2.303 = Q0758 0.19146 0.0053507 0.000045457 1O5A; = 9 at 10O0C. Ethyl nitrate, C2H5ONO2, in equal volumes of H2O and acetone; / i noT* . 0.73858 , 0.085448 0.00075172X 106/c = 8.3 at 640C. I —1.0875 H Jw 2 \ c c c3 / SAPONIFICATION OF SULFONIC ACID ESTERS IN AQUEOUS SOLUTION nnooT + . -^0.50665 0.028853 +. ^/ -0.0327 ^- +, 0.00025145XJw», C6H5SO2OCH3 + H2O _L C6H5SO2O- + H+ + CH3OH o = 0.01 - 0.67; w = 0.002 - 1.4 Titrimetric method; k — kw + [H+]^8 + [OH~]fca; units: minutes and M/1; O = 250C (408, 542) Fumarie acid [H+]^8 even in rather strongly acid solution is vanishingly small + 09+ + in comparison with the constant, kw, of water saponification. AW = 0.0007015; /ca = 0.05275 °^)w+ (-...S7+3-f?+»i«),. In the presence of halogen ion, X~, the accompanying reaction: c = 0.16 - 0.66; w = 0.002 - 1.4 C6H5SO2OCH3 + X- _^ C6H5SO2O- + CH3X Tartaric acid also proceeds according to: 2 303 4999 1 2

"OOF -

+ ~-

^- v

~-T~+~c^~;

»!=„.« +Iff-OJ^ (-,.O

' "6OF

^ = A0[X-Ka - x)

x-

0

/C0, 25 C

:

cF 0.00139

B r 0.00513

1

F 0.0398

=

O 44ß 4- °°'446 + —

^

Q-QQ6107 4. ( 1 598 i CQQ , ^ , ^- + (- + —c— +

^>+(-2.069+^8-^)w2 c = 0.16 - 0.67; w = 0.002 - 1.4

Esterification in Glycerol with HCl as Catalyst at 250C Benzoic acid 2 3c f! = 21.74 + 140.2w 65.32w%

CATALYTIC ESTERIFICATION OF ACIDS. — (Continued) Acid I /C8, 15° I /C8, 20° Allylacetic, CH : CH(CH ) C0 H 45.1 2 2 2 2 DU K Hydrosorbic, CH CH CH : CHCH CO H 69.6 3 2 2 2 c = 0.08 - 0.24; w = 0.03 - 2.0 Phenylpropylideneacetic, C6H6(CH2)2n-Butyric acid CH: CHCO2H 1.328 ~jï = 0.6072 4- 0.5811W + 0.07628w^ Phenylethylidenepropionic, C6H5CH2CH: CHCH2CO2H 81.8 c = 0.04 - 0.2; w = 0.03 - 1.35 Cinnamenylacetic, C6H6CH: CHCH2CO2H. . . 48.4 Esterification in Ethyl Alcohol at 250C without Catalyst Cinnamalacetic, C6H6CH: CHCH: CHCO2H. . 0.732 a = concentration of acid (in equivalents). Sorbic, CH3CH: CHCH: CHCO2H 0.737 /C2 = — X T(a — x)^; bimolecular constant a, /3-Oleic, CH3 (CH2) I4CH: CHCO2H 1.311 ta, Allocinnamic, C6H6CH: CHCO2H 0.882 fcjl =-( — , -T= ); sesquimolecular constant Tetrolic, CH3C: CCO2H 1.274 fr\va — x Va/ Phenylacetic, C6H6CH2CO2H 53.80 71.10 Acid I 10«Aa I 105% I a I w Chloroacetic, CH2ClCO2H 37.0 56.2 Mandelic 0.8 0.4 -0.7 0.03-0.1 Bromoacetic, CH2BrCO2H 38.7 Trichloroacetic 11.0 0.14-0.57 0.1 -0.2 Iodoacetic, CH2ICO2H 30.4 MaHc 0.30 0 . 1 4 - 0 . 4 0.05 Cyanoacetic, CH2(CN)CO2H 3.4 Succinic 0.18 0.1 - 0 . 4 0.05 Phenoxyacetic, CH2(OC6H5)CO2H 40.1 Tartaric 0.43 0.1 -0.4 0.02 Dichloroacetic, CHCl2COH 6.29 0.17 0.1 -0.4 1.40 Trichloroacetic, CCl3CO2H2 0.969 For the esterification of HCl by C2H5OH, see (288, 289, 296). Benzoic, C6H5CO2H 0.238 0.437 o-Toluic, CH3C6H4CO2H 0.092 THE CATALYTIC ESTEBIFICATION OF VARIOUS ORGANIC ACIDS IN o-Ethylbenzoic, C2H5C6H4CO2H 0.056 0.092 CH3OH o-Propylbenzoic, C3H7C6H4CO2H 0.049 Titrimetric method; t in hours; ka = monomolecular constant o-Diphenylcarboxylic, C6H6C6H4CO2H 0.051 referred to [HCl] = 1(503, 504, 504.5) o-Salicylic, C6H4(OH)CO2H 0.0129 0.0235 Acid I /C8, 15° I /C8, 20° o-Phenoxybenzoic, C6H4(OC6H5)CO2H 0.471 Formic, HCO2H 2568 Acetophenone-o-carboxylic, CH3COC6H4CO2H 7.69 Acetic, CH3CO2H 239 o-Chlorobenzoic, C6H4(Cl)CO2H 0.105 Propionic, CH3CH2CO2H 211.7 o-Bromobenzoic, C6H4(Br)COaH 0.085 0.123 115.2 n-Butyric, CH3(CHa)2CO2H o-Iodobenzoic, C6H4(I)CO2H 0.0625 0.0936 123.2 n-Valeric, CH3(CH2)3CO2H o-Nitrobenzoic, C6H4(NO2)CO2H 0.0088 Caproic, CH3(CHa)4CO2H 118.7 o-Benzoylbenzoic, C6H5COC6H4CO2H 0.244 rc-Heptylic, CH3(CH2)5CO2H 120.9 o-Naphthoylbenzoic, Ci0H7COC6H4CO2H 0.0897 Caprylic, CH3(CH2)6CO2H 125.8 n-Nonylic, CH3(CH2)7CO2H 123.5 Capric, CH3(CH2)8CO2H 119.3 Laurie, CH3(CH2)10CO2H 121.9 Catalytic Esterification in Absolute CH3OH (Dehydrated by Myristic, CH3(CH2) 12CO2H 120.9 Metallic Ca) Palmitic, CH3(CH2)14CO2H 114.4 Titrimetric method; ka monomolecular constant referred to Stearic, CH3(CH2)i6CO2H 123.7 [HCl] = 1; t in hours; B = 250C; values of fcs decrease; initial Cinnamic, C6H6CH: CHCO2H 11.07 value of /C8 given (227). 0-Ethylacrylic, C2H6CH: CHCO2H 17.18 Acid I ka Allylacetic, CH2: CHCH2CH2CO2H 45.92 Acetic, CH3CO2H 178.7 Phenylisocrotonic, C6H6CH : CHCH2CO2H.. . . 81.8 Ethylidenepropionic, CH3CH: CHCH2CO2H. . 85.4 Phenylacetic, C6H5CH2CO2H 82. 12 Diphenylacetic, (C6H6)2CHC02H 4.66 Cyclohexanecarboxylic, C6Hi1CO2H 19.5 Triphenylacetic, (C6H6)3CCO2H 0.0116 Benzoic, C6H6CO2H 0.251 p-Tolylacetic, CH3C6H4CH2CO2H 86 . 41 Phenylacetic, C6H6CH2CO2H 50.2 Phenyl-p-tolylacetic, CH3C6H4CH(C6H5)CO2H . . 5 . 09 0-Phenylpropionic, C6H6(CH2)2CO2H 46.8 7-Phenyl-n-butyric, C6H6(CH2)3CO2H Diphenyl-p-tolylacetic, CH3C6H4C(C6H5)2CO2H 0 . 0040 56.9 p-Hydroxyphenylacetic, CH2(C6H4OH)CO2H 91 . 64 39.2 0-Phenyl-w-valeric, C6H6(CHa)4CO2H p-Hydroxydiphenylacetic, C6H5CH(C6H4OH)CO2H . . 4 . 73 Furylpropionic, OCH : CHCH: Cp-Hydroxytriphenylacetic, (C6Hs)2C(C6H4OH)CO2H. 0.0078 (CHa)2CO2H 43.5 CH (OH)CO H 227. 1 Glycolic, 2 2 a-Phenylpropionic, CH3CH(C6H6)CO2H 9.67 Mandelic, C6H5CH(OH)CO2H. 71.34 a-Phenylbenzylacetic, C6H5CH2CH(C6H6)Benzilic, (C6H5)2C(OH)CO2H 0.407 CO2H 3.59 Chloroacetic, CH2ClCO2H 54.24 Undecylenic, CH2: CH(CHa)8CO2H 53.0 Phenylchloroacetic, C6H5CHClCO2H 10.25 Oleic, CH3(CHa)7CH: CH(CHa)7CO2H 54.4 Elaidic, CH3(CHa)7CH: CH(CH2)7CO2H For the influence of degree of dehydration of methyl alcohol 54.4 Erucic, CH3(CH2)7CH: CH(CH2)nC02H on the constant of catalytic esterification, see (228). For the 51.2 retarding effect of small amounts of water, see (200, 201, 203, Brassidic, CH 3 (CH 2 ) 7 CH:CH(CH 2 ) n CO 2 H. . . 51.8 220). For esterification of mercaptans, see (174, 187, 298, 430). Phenyl-/3-7-crotonic, C6H6CH '.CHCH2CO2H. . 85.4

Dynamics of Esterification- and Acetalization-Equilibrium See the classic WOrk of (37, 226, 259, 304, 356).

DYNAMICS OF ESTER EQUILIBRIUM WITH CONSTANT TRATION OF WATER AND ALCOHOL

CONCEN-

ki

XCO2H + C2H5OH -~ XCO2C2H6 + H2O kz a - x x jg- = fci(a - x) — &2x

»i +

fa-riog.^«-«'«!..;*-;-^

Titrimetric method; t in minutes; B = 24.80C; catalyst, 0.026N HCl (300) r* J^TT 1^ JdL (JxI 2

Substrate

5

56^5 56.7 56.5 56.5 50.2 50.5 43.9 43.9

10»(fci + kz)

10%

105/b2

32.70 32.93 360.9 358.1 370.8 368.5 393.8 393.8

19.80 19.94 175.5 173.9 159.4 158.4 153.6 153.6

12.90~ 12.99 185.4 184.2 211.4 210.1 240.2 240.2

CH3CO2H CH3CO2C2H5 HCO2H HCO2C2H5 HCO2H HCO2C2H5 HCO2H HCO2C2H5

EFFECT OF LENGTHENING THE CARBON CHAIN 2ki

(CH2)n (CO2CH3)2 + H 2 OU^ (CH2)n (CO2H) (CO2CH3) + fa

CH3OH

ki

(CHOn(CO2H)(CO2CH3) + H2OUi; (CH 2 )n(CO 2 H) 2 + CH3OH 2k2

Titrimetric method; t in hours; 0 = 250C; catalyst, 0.05AT HCl; solvent = 50 Vol. % CH3OH (397.8) 1

7 . 7 I U - U ki +/C 2 =-log e -^ _ u

0

U0, u, U = Titer for time = O, I1 «. ki = Saponification velocity 1 , , , ,, ,-..,>,, n I •£ xi •/ r reduced to N HCl. «7 2 = Esterification velocity] Methyl ester of: | n | fei + fc2 | fci | kz \ ki'.k2 Oxalic acid O 0.554 0.3080.246 1.256 Malonic acid 1 0.153 0.0510.102 0.496 Succinic acid 2 0.220 0.0650.155 0.417 Glutaricacid 3 0.546 0.1520.394 0.386 Adipic acid 4 0.618 0.1700.448 0.380 Pimelicacid 5 0.626 0.1720.454 0.379 Suberic acid 6 0.664 0.178 0.486 0.366 Azelaic acid 7 0.632 0.1690.463 0.366 Sebacicacid 8 0.504 0.1120.392 0.286 n-Butyric acid 0.667 0.1860.491 0.377 n-Butyric acid is introduced for comparison. In the series of oxalic acid homologues, ki and & 2 are at a minimum for malonic acid and at a maximum for suberic acid; cf. ( 453 > 469 > 472 ). DYNAMICS OF ESTER EQUILIBRIUM WITH VARYING CONCENTRATIONS OF WATER AND ALCOHOL ki CH3CO2C2H5 + H2O ~- CH3CO2H + C2H5OH a—x b —x ^ 2 x x Titrimetric method; units: minutes and M/l; catalyst, HCl; e = 250C (242) ~ = &i(a - x)(b — x) - /C2X2. l n — mx 7 *i = ^°g« n _ 2(1 -K)x " VTa + b) 2 - 4ab(l - K)

m

_

- V(a + b ) 2 - 4ab(l - K) (a + b) + V(a + b) 2 - 4ab(l - K)

_

(a + b )

n = (a + b) - V(a + b) 2 - 4ab(l -K). K-J-^J equilibrium constant. KI Determinations with ester concentration, a, = 0.470. [HCl] 0.01 0.03 0.05 0.07 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.30 0.50 0.70 1.00 1.50

K 3.39 3.87 3.50 3.89 3.87 3.61 4.01 4.00 3.93 3.68 3.35

I

10'fei; [HCl] 116.7 114.7 114.5 113.9 114.6 115.8 116.3 117.8 120.1 122.9 125.2 130.8

Acid Hydrolysis of Methyl Acetate in Water-Acetone at 250C ( 1Q 2) AJi

CH3CO2CH3 + H2O Ui; CH3CO2H + CH3OH a—x w — x kz x x 2 -^= &i (a- x)(w — x) — ^2X . 1 A + y + 2 ( g - I)x A - y kl -
DYNAMICS OF HYDROLYSIS OF Y-LACTONES IN AQUEOUS SOLUTION COOH COOH CH-CH2OHJ^ CH-CH2 CH2

kz

COOH Itamalic acid a —x -j- = &i(a — x) — kzK. at a >• î

CH2

CO-O Paraconic acid x

«--;*-€-STT*,-

ki + /C2 = - loge T

I

ç

-•

X

K = -T^ = 1.10, equilibrium constant. /C2

HYDROLYSIS OF 7-!. ACTONES—(Continued) Titrimetric method; units: hours and M/l; catalyst, HNO3; a = 0.025; 0 = 250C (268) JNTHNO 3 , 0.0125 0.0250

I

(fci+fa)* 0.014 0.031

|

(fei+fo)t 0.014 0.0305

DYNAMICS OF ACETALIZATION EQUILIBRIUM Acetalization of diols by acetone at constant concentrations of water and acetone with HCl as catalyst: —C—OH I —C—OH

1

I n Â k, = 0.58 [H+], fc2 = 0.53[H+], K = ^ = 1.1.

C

ki kz

i

ki

Reaction without Catalyst If a is the degree of dissociation of the hydroxy acid, K its dissociation constant, then, under the assumption that only the undissodated hydroxy acid is converted to lactone: TT- = kia(l — a) (a — x) 2 — fcsa(a — x)x a2(a — x) = (1 — O)K', or, since 1â, a = * / \a

— x

X K&

t\l +K \/ l

_ ( Vr+g + Va -*XVrnr " ^) (N/rJ* - Va^)(Vrih? + ^) a

i

/

ä

/-\

K = 1.94 X IO-8 for 7-hydroxybutyric acid; K = 0.202 X 10~5 for 7-hydroxyvaleric acid. Reaction 1 (291) a 0.042950.06170.12970.14290.1789 ki + /C8 |o.153 0.148 0.146 0.144 0.144 Mean: 0.148. Reaction 2 (291): ki + kB = 0.0509. Reaction with HCl (HNO3) as Catalyst ^ = hC (a - x) - /O8Cx at fo + /C8 =^ löge t 1 x î x = ^ for f = co Reaction 1 2

X

Ioga k = - ^ + J

C = concentration of catalyst. /C1 - [H+]/cz, /C2 = [H+]/c8, [H+] = C. _ = Tki- = [Lactone] M-I± *. 1 K , T-J^ equilibrium constant. /C8 rTJ [Hydroxy acid] n K for butyrolactone = 2.683 (246) ; = 2.66 (291); mean = 2.67. K for valerolactone = 13.71 (246) ; =13.86 and 13.7 (291); = 11.5 (509); = 15.7 (195) ; mean = 13.8.

I

c

1

0 = 250C ( 1 9 5 > 246, 282, 291, 509)

.l

•;;—

Titrimetric method; units: hours and M/l ( 247 )

7-Valerolactone

CH2(OH)CH2CH2CO2H U; CH2CH2CH2COO (2) i 1 k2 7-Hydroxybutyric acid 7-Butyrolactone (a — x) x Titrimetric or conductivity method; units: minutes and M/l;

/

—

-C-Ox /CH3 I >C< +H2O — C—O/ XCH3

k2 ki + k2 = ~ log, T-^~; x = ^ for t = oo

CH3CH(OH)CH2CH2CO2H ^, CH3CHCH2CH2COO (1)

h + k» =

*i n~ *2 XV

* From lactonization of itamalic acid, t From hydrolysis of paraconic acid.

7-Hydroxyvaleric acid

/CH3 +OC< \CH3

Means of all determinations | fa + ka \ K | /c^ | 0.156 13.8 0.145 0.0506 2.67 0.0368

CHOH

C

CHOH

/NcHOH

CH2

/^Y^NcHOH

/N/NcHOH

'CH2

I s x I ^ JcH 2 IsxJsxJcHOH CH2 CH2 A: cis-1, 2-HydrinB C denediol Tetrahydronaphthalenediol C6H5CH(OH)CH(OH)C6H5, Hydrobenzoin D: dZ-Hydrobenzoin (inactive analog of antitartaric acid) E: r-Hydrobenzoin (inactive analog of racemic acid) | [H2O]: 1(CHa)2CO] [HCl] Solvent and catalyst: For the three cyclic diols 2.310 0.00018 For the two hydrobenzoins 0.9809 0.0106 Diol: I A I B I G I D I E fci, 24.9°* 0.0138 0.00644 0.00144 0.00263 0.0230 /Ci, 44.5° 0.0736 0.0396 0.0123 0.0212 0.130 /C2, 24.9°* 0.00160 0.00122 0.000522 0.00598 0.00269 /C2, 44.5° 0.0150 0.0125 0.00712 0.0793 0.0304 /C1, E 16 100 17 500 20 600 20 200 16 700 jfci, J 22.7 24.3 28.1 27.9 24.3 /C2, E 21 600 22 500 25 100 23 900 21 900 /C2, J 29.7 31.0 34.6 35.0 30.8 /C1, Qi01 2.23 2.36 2.76 2.69 2.26 /C2, Q10f 2.90 3.06 3.49 3.27 2.94 * For D and E the temperature is 25.O0C. t QIC holds for the interval 25-350C.

On account of the equilibrium position, the measurements of (ki + &2) for A, B and E were made starting from the diol; for C and D from the acetonal. For the dynamics of acetalization of CH2O with various alcohols, see (145). Hydrolysis of Nitriles, Acid Amides and the Inverse Reactions HYDROLYSIS OP ACETAMIDE IN AQUEOUS SOLUTION CH3CONH2 -f H2O —» CH3CO2H + NH 3 (a - x) ^ = /c8[H+](a - x) + /ca[OH-](a - x) Titrimetric and gas-volumetric methods; t in minutes ( 173 > 402); cff

Constant ka 0.0106 0.0138

For the effect of temperature, the use of activity in place of concentration, the effect of electrolytes (KCl, LiCl) and of nonelectrolytes (sugar) on the velocity, see the original literature.

/ca /C3 /C8* fc8*

(13, 129, 295, 395, 414)

[

Value 0.0024 0.000377 0.00777 0.0223

|

0

C | Lit. 25 (402) 25 49.3 (173) 64.3

*#=15 400.

For dynamics of equilibrium in glacial acetic acid solution, see (387).

HYDROLYSIS OF ACETANILIDE IN AQUEOUS SOLUTION CH3CONHC6H5 + H2O —> CH3CO2H + C6H5NH2 (a -x) ft =fc[H+](a- x) + WOH-](a -x) Titrimetric method; t in hours; B = 10O0C; ka = 8.4 ± 0.1 ( 358 ); fca = 3.2

(137)

In NaOH and HCl solution the reaction runs to completion; in CH3C02H solution it is perceptibly reversible. CONVERSION OF CREATINE INTO CREATININE IN AQUEOUS SOLUTION /NH 2 /NH CO HN = C< —>HN = C< I +H2O NN(CH3)CH2CO2H \N (CH3)- CH2 The reaction is reversible. In strongly acid solution it runs to completion. Titrimetric method; first-order k for t in minutes; if [HCl] ^ a, [H+] = constant; a = initial concentration of creatine in M/l (161). 0 C I [HCl] I a I 1O2A; I Q10 25 0.38 0.0075 0.00340 57 0.38 0.0300 0.0777 2.66 78 0.38 0.0075 0.494 2.41 100 0.38 0.0075 2.816 2.21 100 0.19 0.00367 1.367 78 0.19 0.00447 . 0.256 2.14 78 0.76 0.0300 1.235 78 0.76 0.0150 1.256 E = 20 000 as average independent of [HCl]. KINETICS OF ANILIDE FORMATION FROM ORGANIC ACIDS IN ANILINE (RESP. O-TOLUIDINE) AS SOLVENT XCO2H + C 6 H 5 NH 2 —> XCONHC6H5 + H2O Titrimetric method; units: hours and M/1; 0 = 10O0C (206, 221) With respect to XCO2H, the reaction is of second-order (constant, A 2 ); in the presence of picric acid (concn., c) as catalyst, it is of first-order (constant, ki) and the velocity is approximately proportional to c. Aniline, Aniline, o-ToluiSolvent, XCO2H c = 0.5, /C dine, kz 2

CH3CO2H CH3CH2CO2H CH3(CH2)2CO2H (CHs)2CHCO2H HCO2H in Aniline, k2 HCO2H in o-Toluidine,

0.039 0.021 0.0126 0.0052 fc2

fci

0.013 0.0050 0.0023

1 . 77(45°) 0 . 87(45°)

0.070 0.043 0.026 0.011 3 . 30(55°) 1 . 44(55°)

HYDROLYSIS OF UREA IN AQUEOUS AND ACID SOLUTIONS CO(NH2)2 + 2H2O —» CO(ONH4)2 Titrimetric method; first-order k for t in minutes; B = 10O0C (176,

410)

N = normality of acid, HCl (I76) ; HNO3 («0) N I 1O5MHNO3) I 1O5AKHCl) 2 168 1 201 133 0.5 246 177 0.25 255 207 0.125 267 232 0.0625 306 232 Effect of temperature on reaction mixture, 0.5N CO(NH2^ + 0.5AT HNO 3 0 C 100 89 80 70 10*fc 235 53.0 21.4 3.5

HYDROLYSIS OF CYANAMIDE IN AQUEOUS SOLUTION CNNH 2 + H2O -L> CO(NH 2 ) 2 (1) 2CNNH2 > (CNNH 2 ) 2 (2) Titrimetric method; monomolecular k [reaction (I)] for t in minutes in 0.06 molai H2SO4; k = 0.00189; 0 = 5O0C (251) In alkaline solution in addition to reaction (1) apparently catalyzed by OH~? reaction (2) also proceeds; t in hours; Ney (resp. ATU, Nd) = % N of cyanamide (resp. urea, dicyandiamide). ^^-^^NaOH, N\ 0.01 | 0.1 | 1.0 t ^^^—^, N0 I Nn I Nd I N0 I Nn I Nd I NG \ Nn \ Nd 1 92.1 2.9 5.069.6 3.217.294.0 5.0 1.0 2 90.4 3.3 6.355.6 3.840.692.3 7.0 0.7 3 85.5 3.310.944.4 4.151.589.3 8.3 2.4 20 47.2 4.947.914.110.175.8|62.734.4 2.9 For both reactions, see also (223, 373). ACID HYDROLYSIS OF NITRILES IN AQUEOUS ALCOHOL RCN -f H2O JL> RCONH2 (measurable) RCONH2 + H2O + H + —> RCO2H + NH 4 + (rapid) RCN + 2H2O +H + -L RCO2H + NH4+ (net reaction) a —x b —x

= fc(a-x)(b-x) Volumetric method;ûnits: minutes and M/l; solvent 46.2% C2H5OH (27.3M H2O + 13.2M C2H5OH/!); catalyst, HCl; fc, corrected for the formation of C2H5Cl ( 297 ). A , _ T1T2 (logiofci-Iog 10 fc 2 ) A ~ T i - T2 Nitrile

74° I m* I ACH3CN 00242 0.76 5530 CH3CH2CN 0.0363 1.17 5640 CH3(CH2)2CN 0.715 CH3(CH2)3CN 0.0224 0.66 5430 CH3OCH2CN : 0.0595 CH3CH2OCH2CN 0.0550 1.44 5260 CH3(CH2)2OCH2CN 1.52 CH3O(CH2)2CN 0.62 6010 CH3CH2O(CH2)2CN 0.0161 CH30(CH2)3CN 0.77 CH3CH2O(CH2)3CN I 0.0239 | For the alkaline saponification of nitriles, see ( 402 ). Hydrolysis of Diazo Compounds KINETICS OF DECOMPOSITION OF DIAZOACETIC ESTER IN AQUEOUS SOLUTION CHN2CO2C2H5 + H2O > CH2(OH)CO2C2H5 + N 2 Catalysis of Reaction by Acids Gas-volumetric method; monomolecular k for t in minutes; 0 = 250C; c = concentration of catalyst ( 67 ) Catalyst | IQ3C | 103[H+] | IQOfc | fc:[H+] HNO3 1.82 1.82 7.03 38.7 0.909 0.909 3.51 38.6 0.909 0.909 3.37 37.1 C6H2(OH)(I)(NO2)3(2, 4, 6)... 0.909 0.909 3.63 39.9 0.909 0.909 3.45 38.0 37.6 0.364 0.364 1.37 0.364 0.364 1.42 39.0 C6H4(NO2) (3) (CO2H)(I) 9.90 1.68 6.40 38.1 9.90 1.68 6.25 37.2 CH3CO2H 18.2 5.63 2.20 39.1 18.2 5.63 2.14 38.0 ^d = 38.5[H+][CHN2CO2C2H6]

Effect of temperature log, p = AÂ A = 8869; k. = t: [H+] 1

;

#2

^1^2

0

C 15 25 35 45 kB, obs 13.7 38.5 102 246 /C8, cale (13.7) (38.5) 104 250 Q10 2.80 2.64 2.43 For adiabatic kinetics of the reaction, see ( 7 2 > 3 2 6 ). For kinetics of the reactions : CHN2CO2C2H5 + H+ 4- Cl- —> CH2ClCO2C2H5 + N 2 CHN2CO2C2H5 + C 2 H 5 OH—» CH2(OC2H5)CO2C2H5 + N 2 see

(81, 183,

375).

Determination of [H+] in a Solution of K 2 Cr 2 O? from the Velocity of Diazoacetic Ester Catalysis at 250C (495) K2Cr2O7 I 10*fc, obs. | W[H+], cale. "~ 0.2208 173 4.49 117 3.04 0.1206 0.1012 100 2.60 0.0603 72.2 1.88 0.0483 65.2 1.69 0.0302 48.4 1.27 0.0169 37.8 0.95 For further application of this method, see (i3i, 262, 534). DECOMPOSITION OF AROMATIC DIAZONIUM SALTS IN AQUEOUS SOLUTION ArN2Cl + H2O —» ArOH + HCl + N2 Ar = Aryl Titrimetric and colorimetrie methods; monomolecular k for t in ~ minutes, k' = 0.4343fc; B = 250C (235) Ar IQW Benzene 6.4r-7.2 p-Toluene 0.81 p-Bromobenzene Very small Anisole Very small Pseudocumene 30-44 The reaction is not influenced by acids. Methods and units as above (166) Diazonium chloride of*; | IQ4A/ | IQW, 50° (extrap.) Benzene 12.2 (25°) 270 o-Toluene 35 (25°) 770 w-Toluene 37 (25°) 800 p-Toluene 0.81 (25°) 18 Pseudocumene 31 (25°) 680 ra-Benzoic acid 12 (25°) 264 p-Benzoic acid 2.7 (25°) 59 o-Anisole 4.0 (80°) 0.11 p-Anisole 4.4 (80°) 0.12 o-Chlorobenzene 0.80 (80°) 0.068 ra-Chlorobenzene 11.5 (50°) p-Chlorobenzene 5.1 (60°) 1.5 w-Bromobenzene 15.0 (45°) 30 p-Bromobenzene 2.3 (50°) * The italicized letters indicate the position of the N2Cl group in the compound.

The anion of the diazonium salt is without appreciable influence. Effect of temperature C6H6N2Cl I P-BrC6H4N2Cl 0 0 C I 1(W j Q10 I C I IQW I Q10 15 0.31 40 0.062 25 1.22 3.93 50 0.23 3.72 30 2.40 3.87 70 2.8 3.49 A = 11 905 A = 13 634

Kinetics of Diazotization and Coupling Processes KINETICS OP DIAZOTIZATION IN AQUEOUS SOLUTION ArNH3Cl + HNO 2 —> ArN2Cl + 2H2O The velocity of diazotization is proportional to the concentrations of amine salt and nitrous acid. Colorimetrie method; the velocity was only slightly influenced by excess acid; second-order fc; units: minutes and M/l; Q = O0C (54, 238); c/. (437, 505, 506), Salt of amine | k (54) | k (238) C6H5NH2 48.3 36 C6H3(CH3)2(2, 4)NH 2 44.3 41 C6H4(CH3) (2)NH2 46.4 C6H4(CH3) (4) NH 2 34.4 38 C6H4(CH3)(S)NH2 68.5 C6H4C1(2)NH2 241.5 C6H4C1(4)NH2 76.5 C6H4Cl(S)NH2 67.5 C6H4Br(2)NH2 225.0 C6H4Br(4)NH2 64.5 45 C6H4Br(S)NH2 71.0 C6H4I(2)NH2 226.5 C6H4I(4)NH2 75.2 C6H4I(S)NH2 75.7 C6H4(SO3H) (2)NH2 483.0 C6H4(SO3H) (4) NH 2 123.5 C6H4(SO3H) (S)NH2 53.5 C6H4(CO2H) (2)NH2 880.5 C6H4(CO2H) (4)NH 2 160.5 C6H4(CO2H) (3)NH2 72.5 C6H4(NO2)(S)NH2 565.0 KINETICS OF THE COUPLING PROCESS IN AQUEOUS SOLUTION Gas-volumetric determination of diazonium salt; units: minutes and M/l (208, 209, 211, 212, 214). Formation of Aminoazo Compounds in Strongly Acid (HCl) Solutions N2C6H4SO2O + C 6 H 6 N(CHs) 2 HCl—> (c - x) ' (a - x) (CHs)2NC6H4N2C6H4SO3H + HCl PPt. (b+x) K = hydrolysis constant of amine salt. £ = concn. of free amine.

t1= c (»-*) (b+x)

The diazonium salt and free amine react, therefore, as follows :

dx

j

.

, (a - x)(c - x)

^ - - E j (f C - X ) - J *

(b+x)

k = bimolecular constant. Diazonium salt [ Salt of amine P-N2C6H4SO2O C6H6N(CH3), 1 '

| 0C | JCK 20 0.0053 25 0.0086 30 0.0135 C6H6N(C2H6)2 20 0.00095 25 0.00145 30 0.00246 C6H6N(CH2CH2CH3)2 20 0.00202 25 0.00365 W-CH3C6H4N(CHs)2 20 0.0606 25 0.0797 W-CH3C6H4N(C2H6), 20 0.00709 25 0.0104 W-ClC6H4N(CH3)2 25 0.0099 TTZ-ClC6H4N(C2Ho)2 20 0.00147 25 JO.00215

Effect of temperature log, p = AÂ A = 8869; k. = t: [H+] 1

;

#2

^1^2

0

C 15 25 35 45 kB, obs 13.7 38.5 102 246 /C8, cale (13.7) (38.5) 104 250 Q10 2.80 2.64 2.43 For adiabatic kinetics of the reaction, see ( 7 2 > 3 2 6 ). For kinetics of the reactions : CHN2CO2C2H5 + H+ 4- Cl- —> CH2ClCO2C2H5 + N 2 CHN2CO2C2H5 + C 2 H 5 OH—» CH2(OC2H5)CO2C2H5 + N 2 see

(81, 183,

375).

Determination of [H+] in a Solution of K 2 Cr 2 O? from the Velocity of Diazoacetic Ester Catalysis at 250C (495) K2Cr2O7 I 10*fc, obs. | W[H+], cale. "~ 0.2208 173 4.49 117 3.04 0.1206 0.1012 100 2.60 0.0603 72.2 1.88 0.0483 65.2 1.69 0.0302 48.4 1.27 0.0169 37.8 0.95 For further application of this method, see (i3i, 262, 534). DECOMPOSITION OF AROMATIC DIAZONIUM SALTS IN AQUEOUS SOLUTION ArN2Cl + H2O —» ArOH + HCl + N2 Ar = Aryl Titrimetric and colorimetrie methods; monomolecular k for t in ~ minutes, k' = 0.4343fc; B = 250C (235) Ar IQW Benzene 6.4r-7.2 p-Toluene 0.81 p-Bromobenzene Very small Anisole Very small Pseudocumene 30-44 The reaction is not influenced by acids. Methods and units as above (166) Diazonium chloride of*; | IQ4A/ | IQW, 50° (extrap.) Benzene 12.2 (25°) 270 o-Toluene 35 (25°) 770 w-Toluene 37 (25°) 800 p-Toluene 0.81 (25°) 18 Pseudocumene 31 (25°) 680 ra-Benzoic acid 12 (25°) 264 p-Benzoic acid 2.7 (25°) 59 o-Anisole 4.0 (80°) 0.11 p-Anisole 4.4 (80°) 0.12 o-Chlorobenzene 0.80 (80°) 0.068 ra-Chlorobenzene 11.5 (50°) p-Chlorobenzene 5.1 (60°) 1.5 w-Bromobenzene 15.0 (45°) 30 p-Bromobenzene 2.3 (50°) * The italicized letters indicate the position of the N2Cl group in the compound.

The anion of the diazonium salt is without appreciable influence. Effect of temperature C6H6N2Cl I P-BrC6H4N2Cl 0 0 C I 1(W j Q10 I C I IQW I Q10 15 0.31 40 0.062 25 1.22 3.93 50 0.23 3.72 30 2.40 3.87 70 2.8 3.49 A = 11 905 A = 13 634

Kinetics of Diazotization and Coupling Processes KINETICS OP DIAZOTIZATION IN AQUEOUS SOLUTION ArNH3Cl + HNO 2 —> ArN2Cl + 2H2O The velocity of diazotization is proportional to the concentrations of amine salt and nitrous acid. Colorimetrie method; the velocity was only slightly influenced by excess acid; second-order fc; units: minutes and M/l; Q = O0C (54, 238); c/. (437, 505, 506), Salt of amine | k (54) | k (238) C6H5NH2 48.3 36 C6H3(CH3)2(2, 4)NH 2 44.3 41 C6H4(CH3) (2)NH2 46.4 C6H4(CH3) (4) NH 2 34.4 38 C6H4(CH3)(S)NH2 68.5 C6H4C1(2)NH2 241.5 C6H4C1(4)NH2 76.5 C6H4Cl(S)NH2 67.5 C6H4Br(2)NH2 225.0 C6H4Br(4)NH2 64.5 45 C6H4Br(S)NH2 71.0 C6H4I(2)NH2 226.5 C6H4I(4)NH2 75.2 C6H4I(S)NH2 75.7 C6H4(SO3H) (2)NH2 483.0 C6H4(SO3H) (4) NH 2 123.5 C6H4(SO3H) (S)NH2 53.5 C6H4(CO2H) (2)NH2 880.5 C6H4(CO2H) (4)NH 2 160.5 C6H4(CO2H) (3)NH2 72.5 C6H4(NO2)(S)NH2 565.0 KINETICS OF THE COUPLING PROCESS IN AQUEOUS SOLUTION Gas-volumetric determination of diazonium salt; units: minutes and M/l (208, 209, 211, 212, 214). Formation of Aminoazo Compounds in Strongly Acid (HCl) Solutions N2C6H4SO2O + C 6 H 6 N(CHs) 2 HCl—> (c - x) ' (a - x) (CHs)2NC6H4N2C6H4SO3H + HCl PPt. (b+x) K = hydrolysis constant of amine salt. £ = concn. of free amine.

t1= c (»-*) (b+x)

The diazonium salt and free amine react, therefore, as follows :

dx

j

.

, (a - x)(c - x)

^ - - E j (f C - X ) - J *

(b+x)

k = bimolecular constant. Diazonium salt [ Salt of amine P-N2C6H4SO2O C6H6N(CH3), 1 '

| 0C | JCK 20 0.0053 25 0.0086 30 0.0135 C6H6N(C2H6)2 20 0.00095 25 0.00145 30 0.00246 C6H6N(CH2CH2CH3)2 20 0.00202 25 0.00365 W-CH3C6H4N(CHs)2 20 0.0606 25 0.0797 W-CH3C6H4N(C2H6), 20 0.00709 25 0.0104 W-ClC6H4N(CH3)2 25 0.0099 TTZ-ClC6H4N(C2Ho)2 20 0.00147 25 JO.00215

Formation of Aminoazo Compounds.—(Continued) 0 Diazonium salt | Salt of amine G [ fc* TW-C 6 H 4 (NO 2 )N 2 NO 3 C6H 5 N(CH 3 ) 2 " 20 0.135 C 6 H 5 N(C 2 Ho) 2 20 0.023 P-C 6 H 4 (NO 2 )N 2 NO 3 C 6 H 5 N(C 2 Ho) 2 20 0.022 W-N2C6H4SO2O C 6 H 5 N(CHs) 2 20 0.0054 Formation of Aminoazo Compounds in Solution of Weak Acids (HA) N2C6H4SO2O + C 6 H 6 N(CHs) 2 HA—> (c - x) '

(a - x)

(CHs)2NC6H4N2C6H4SO3H + HA ppt. (b + x) K = hydrolysis constant of amine salt. £ = concn. of free amine, ô = dissociation constant of acid, HA. If b is sufficiently great with respect to a (b > 1Oa), then

^-•£^

E[H+] = K (a - x) t = * (a - *)' * O (b + x) The diazonium salt and the free amine react, therefore, as follows : dx , ., . , K (a— x) 2 (c— x)

Formation of Hydroxyazo Compounds.—(Continued) Hydroxy comp ß-Naphthol Thymol Resorcinol fociKg 0.03 0.11 0.2 Measurements with sodium diazobenzene at O0C Hydroxy comp ß-Naphthol m-Cresol fang 2.3 0.95 Indirect Ether and Ester Formation FORMATION OF ETHEK FBOM RBR IN C2H5OH AS SOLVENT RBr + C2H5OH > ROC2H5 + HBr Volumetric method; first-order k for t in minutes, W — 0.4343&; C2H5OH(abs.) = commercial abs. alcohol (1 % H 2 O); C2H5OH (CaO) = alcohol dried over CaO (231). io«fc' in C2H5OH(abs.) as solvent. RBr I 25° I 45° | 65° | 65°* C6H5CH2Br 1.44 13.4 101 86 C6H5CH2Cl 4.33 3.44 CH 2 ICHCH 2 Br 0.30 2.93 24.0 21.6 C2H5Br 2.39 1.73 * C2H6OH(CaO) as solvent.

In an inert solvent (e.g., CH3COCH3) the reaction with respect to RBr and C2H5OH is of the first-order, the total, therefore, of the second order. A' = 4600 for benzyl bromide; = 4750 for allyl bromide g--** ( e - x ) -V (b + x) ETHER FORMATION FROM ESTERS OF SULFONIC ACID IN ALCOHOLS k-,O = C (ROH) AS SOLVENT kit C6H5SO3C2H5 + ROH —> C6H5SO3H + ROC2H6 Between C and kit of the preceding tables, the relation C = y Titrimetric method; first-order k for t in minutes; kr = 0.4343&; must, therefore, hold; whereby C may be calculated from kn and 8. B = IQO0C ( 431 ) _ Determinations with ^-N2C6H4SO2O ROH IIQW11 ROH I IQ5A;7 i i 0 Methyl alcohol 2311 Allyl alcohol 649 HA 1005 Amine C C1 obs. C' [ cale. Ethyl alcohol 1130 Benzyl alcohol 346 813 Isopropyl alcohol 373 CH2ClCO2H 0.155 C 6 H 5 N(C 2 He) 2 25 1.15 0.94 Propyl alcohol CH3CO2H 0.0018 25 77.7 80.6 Isobutyl alcohol 498 Capryl alcohol 105 546 Trimethyl carbinol 94 Î 20 49.2 52.8 ac£.-Isoamyl alcohol Octyl alcohol 420 Dimethylethyl carbinol. . 96 t HCO2H 0.0214 C6H5N(CHa)2 2 0 2 5 . 8 25.0 C 6 H 5 N(C 2 H 5 ) 2 20 3.9 4.4 ETHER FORMATION FROM DIALKYL SULFATE IN ALCOHOLS (ROH) 25 7.0 6.8 AS SOLVENT C2H5CO2H 0.00134 20 61.0 70.9 R2SO4 + ROH —»R'HS04 + ROR' 25108.7 108.2 Titrimetric method; first-order k for t in minutes, k' = 0.4343&; CH3CO(CH2)2CO2H . 0.00255 20 38.3 37.7 0 = 550C (314) 25 57.3 57.0 R2SO4 I ROH I WW I Q10 CH3CH(OH)CO2H .. 0.0310 20 3.1 3.1 (CHs) SO CH OH 10.9 3.0 2 4 3 25 5.0 4.7 C2H5OH 7.7 Measurements of k were also made in solutions saturated with CH3 (CH2) 2OH 6.0 respect to diazonium salt (c = constant). They yielded the same (C2Hs)2SO4 CH3OH 3.5 values for kit and for C. C2H5OH 2.15 2.1 Formation of Hydroxyazo Compounds in Alkaline Solution CH3(CH2)2OH 1.9 NaON2C6H4SO3Na + C6H5ONa —> ESTER FORMATION FROM (CH3)2SO4 IN CH3OH AS SOLVENT (c - x) (a - x) (CHs)2SO4 + MX > CH3X + M(CH3)SO4 NaOC6H4N2C6H4SO3Na + NaOH (a - x) (b - x) x (b+x) dx = A (a -x)(b -x)d« KI = hydrolysis constant of phenolate. Titrimetric method; second-order k for t in minutes and M/l (529) K2 = hydrolysis constant of diazotate. MX I k, 0° I fc, 12.6° I k, 25° | fc, 40° £ = concn. of free phenol. NaI 0.029 0.142 1.04 t\ = concn. of free diazo acid. NaCNS 0.196 0.804 t (a - x), _ (c -x) KCNS 0.236 1.01 * -«!(b+x)''7 -**(b+x)" Free phenol and free diazo acid react, therefore, as follows : Reactivity of the Halogens in Organic Compounds dx DOUBLE DECOMPOSITION OF ALCOHOLATES (RESP. PHENOLATES) _ Ktn _ K „ (a -x)(c -x) — - Afcl - **!*• WITH ALKYL HALIDES (RESP. CYANIDES) IN NON-AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS (WILLIAMSON ETHER SYNTHESIS) Measurements with sodium sî/n-diazobenzene-p-sulfonic acid at RONa + R'X > ROR' + NaX O0C a —x b —x x Hydroxy comp Phenol o-Cresol ra-Cresol J = fc(a-x)(b x ) ^K1K2 0.0008 0.01 0.01 (b + x ) 2

The bimolecular constant varies with the dilution, F, in 1/M, from which it follows that phenolate and phenolate ion react with different velocities: RO- + R'X Jl* ROE' + XRONa + R'X^» ROR' + NaX -d[R'X] = ft[RO-] + A1n[RONa])[R7X]^ or, if kv is the bimolecular constant and a. the degree of dissociation at the dilution, V: k = 7/cv = fe« + fen(l - a) h — i. — a , a(b — x) V " v " (b - a)* °ge b(a - x) Titrimetric method; units: minutes and M/l; solvent, C2H5OH (abs.) (0.01-0.03 % H2O) (*<>8) ; c/. (IO, 11, 12, 14, 95, 354, 384, 426, 442, 493).

RONa C6H5ONa

I

R'l CH3I

I

C2H5ONa

C8H6N3OSNa

C2H5I C2H5Br C6H5CN CH3CN C2H5CN

0

C I kj \ km \ h:k~ 25 0.0282 0.00474 5.95 35 0.091 0.0131 6.74 25 0.127 0.0594 2.13 25 0.0120 0.00472 2.81 25 0.005760.00233 2.41 25 0.1172 0.0976 1.14 25 0.344 0.228 1.51 25 0.4625 0.1579 2.90

ki and fcm can be computed from any pair of values of k and V. For example, the following reaction of sodium l-phenyl-3thiourazol with C2H5I at 250C, yields: k = 0.4625« + 0.1579(1 - «) V I kj obs. I a I kj cale. 4 0 . 2 2 6 5 0 . 2 4 8 0 . 2 3 3 4 8 0.2575 0.334 0.2595 16 0.2895 0.421 0.2861 32 0.3120 0.514 0.3144 64 0.3350 0.607 0.3428 C6H5ONa + RI 'C6H5OR + NaI Titrimetric method; second-order k for t in minutes and M/l; b = a = 0.2; 6 — 58.50C; solvent, various alcohols; D = dielectric constant of solvent at 20° ( 439 ). S lvent

° Methyl alcohol Ethyl alcohol Propyl alcohol Isobutyl alcohol Isoamyl alcohol

C2H5I I CH8(CH,) J 0.0276 0.0115 0.0622 0.0249 0.0381 0.0161 0.0187 0.00798 0.01245 0.00540

D

31.2 25.8 22.2 20.0 16.0

Effect of alkyl radical and temperature; solvent, C2HoOH(abs.); b = a = 0.1. ., _ T1T2(IOgIQ k2 - logio fei) A T2-T1 calculated from the values of k at 31.0 and 58.50C. T> ^f T) T

^ 01 ^1 Methyl Ethyl.... Ur-Propyl n-Butyl n-Amyl w-Hexyl n-Heptyl n-Octyl n-Hexadecyl Isobutyl Isoamyl

I. î

1

I ^l

1

1

J î

U

J

U >

A'

31.0° 42.5°* 58.5° 80.1° 0.0155 0.0607 0.326 4850 0.00342 0.0135 0.07100.510 4825 0.00128 0.005200.02880.209 4922 0.00127 0.004850.02670.197 4845 0.0005450.002100.01170.085 4887 0.00121 0.004640.02550.192 4825 0.00116 0.004510.02480.190 4874 0.00109 0.004340.02420.187 4933 0.00107 0.004290.02360.184 4918 0.000512 0.00193 0.0103 0.0700 4778 0.000727 0.00285 0.0156 0.0760 4880

Effect of alkyl radical and temperature.—(Continued) I I î. JL T>

nf

T>T

° ^1

Isopropyl sec.-Butyl sec.-Amyl., sec.-Hexyl. sec.-Heptyl sec.-Octyl tert.-Butylf

K

K

t

i

K

1

K

)

A/

31.0° 42.5°* 58.5° 80.1° 0.00123 0.004650.02590.193 4846 0.00132 0.005130.02770.205 4844 0.00120 0.00470 0.0260 0.197 4893 0.00113 0.004330.02400.178 4866 0.00110 0.004200.02300.170 4845 0.00107 0.00411 0.02260.168 4848 0.0295 0.121 5100

* k for 42.50C can be calculated from A' in good agreement with k, obs. t k, 0° = 0.000 381 for (CHa)8CI.

C6H5CH2ONa + R I > C6H5CH2OR + NaI Titrimetric method; units: minutes and M/l; solvent, C2HsOH (abs.); b = a = 0.1 (244.5).* The equilibrium: C6H5CH2ONa + C2H5OH U^ C2H5ONa + C6H5CH2OH is reached very rapidly in this solvent with the result that the same k was found in both the following mixtures : In C2H5OH solution | fe, 40° O.ltf C2H5I + O.ltf C6H5CH2ONa 0.04556 0.1AT C2H5I + 0.1 AT C2H5ONa + 0.1 JV C6H5CH2OH 0.04560 * Contains citations from earlier literature. R

Methyl Ethyl n-Propyl Isopropyl n-Butyl. Isobutyl Isoamyl sec.-Hexyl n-Heptyl n-Octyl sec.-Octyl Hexadecyl

°fRI

30° I 15 950 1 423 554.4 331.0 401.1 520.7 203.4 576.8 400.7 400.5 435.2 414.2

__

40° I 50° 4 1 1 1 1

-

60°

55613 690 772 5 119 14 350 035 3 053 8 175 297 3 768 10 310 637 4 890 12 790 726 2 089 5 133 1830 540714595 1 297 3 776 10 160 1 274 3 770 9 816 1 395 4 129 11 300 1 276 3 640 9 826

A/

4 510 4 793 4 765 4 695 4 737 4 683 4 695 4731 4 716 4 703 4 750 4 624

CH3I, 10ö/c 383.6(0°) 5147 (20°) C2H5I, 105fc 414.2(20°) The relative constant, fc, referred to any RI as unit is dependent upon T1 since in the equation: A + 1 1 A A k = e~ T ^ = e e ~ T = kQe~T the A's for various RI's are different. For T= QO, k = k0 is the limiting velocity. The relative limiting velocities are independent of T. C 6 H 4 Br(NO 2 ) + C2H5ONa > C 6 H 4 (OC 2 H 5 )(NO 2 ) + NaBr Titrimetric method; units: hours and M/1, e — 50 ± 0.10C; a = b = 0.02 - 0.025 (416) I ~ I k in C2H5OH r0mi 6 99.16VoI. % I 90.7VoI. % C 6 H 4 Br(l)NO 2 (2) 0.0000627 0.0000271 C6H4Br (1)NO2(4) 0.000122 0.0000820 C 6 H 4 Br(I)NO 2 (S) | Very small Very small RCl + KI > RI -f KCl Titrimetric method; second-order k for hours and M/l, k' = 0.4343fc; solvent, absolute acetone ( 124 ) RCl |fc', 25°| fe', 50°* |fe, 60°| A 7 CH3(CHa)3Cl. 0.0415 0.1194 920 CH3(CH2)4C1 0.128 C6H5CH2Cl 0.774 (9.83) 3 920 C6H5(CH2)2C1 0.0466 0.1083920 C6H5(CH2)3C1 0.0713 0.1603770

KCl + "KL,-(Continued)

RCI C6H5(CH2)4C1 C6H6(CH2)OCl C6H6(CHs)6Cl C 6 H 6 (CHa) 7 Cl ClCO2C2H5 ClCH2CO2C2H5 C1(CH2)2C02C2H5 C1(CH2)3C02C2H5 C1(CH2)4C02C2H5 C6H5COCl C6H6COCH2Cl C6H5CO(CH2)2C1 C6H5CQ (CH2) ,Cl

l A/, 25°|

COCH2CHCO2Na —> COCH2CHCO2Na + NaBr e

v, 50 *i

0.0617 (0.0590) (0.0607) (0.0580) 0.0954 (1.74) 6.37 (116) 0.0667 0.0686 0.0562 (90) (12 600) 3.60 (15.4)

/c', 6o°| A' 0.1353660 0.1293 660 0.1333 660 0.1273 660 4 850 4 850

4 850 4 850

ONa

* The values in parentheses are extrapolated.

Chloride C6H5COCl C6H5COCH2Cl fr, 0° 0.16 22.4 In homologous series, "alternating polarity" or the so-called " saw-tooth " rule is noted. 0-C10H7ONa + C 2 H 5 I—> /S-Ci0H7OC2H6 + NaI Titrimetric method; second-order k for t in minutes and M/l ( 127 ) Solvent I k, 40.0° [ k, 50.5° [ k, 62.8° \ Q10 \ E Ethyl alcohol 0.00790 0.0212 0.125 2.73 19 840 Isopropyl alcohol 0.00646 0.0177 0.101 2.75 19 990 Methyl alcohol 0.00460 0.0130 0.0875 2.8921010 n-Propyl alcohol 0.00442 0.0127 0.0868 2.93 21 300 n-Butyl alcohol 0.00404 0.0107 0.0631 2.70 19 650 Isobutyl alcohol 0.00399 0.0113 0.0525 2.7019650 Benzyl alcohol 0.00273 0.00781 0.0456 2.84 20 650 Isoamyl alcohol 0.00223 0.00649 0.0320 2.78 20 240 tert.-Amyl alcohol 0.000533 0.00155 0.00987 2.92 21 190 Ci 0 is calculated from E for range 37.8-47.8°. E is calculated from : /cj E (!_ _ 1\ Oge /c 2 "1.985V^2 T1)' REARRANGEMENT IN AQUEOUS SOLUTION C6H5NCl(COCH3) > P-ClC6H4NH(COCH3) Acetochloroanilide p-Chloroacetanilide Titrimetric method; monomolecular k for t in minutes at 250C is approximately proportional to [H+]2; effect of neutral salts ( 241 ) Salt, N 0.5 (Te OTs TO 1.2 1.5 KCl, 10«fc 6.83 7.65 9.3011.10 12.815.3 NaCl, 103/c I 6.92J 7.80 9.65|ll.75| 13.616.9 There is a simple relation between the activity of Cl" and the acceleration caused by neutral salts if the concentration of H2O7 Cw, does not appear in the velocity equation ( 24 °). For the effect of degree of hydration of Cl~, see( 5 3 7 > 5 3 8 » 5 4 0 ). For kinetics of the reaction, see also ( 424 ). Formation of Lactone from the Salts of Organic Halogen Acids Titrimetric method; first-order k for t in minutes. CH3CH2CHBrCOONa > CH3CH2CHCOO + NaBr k = 0.000021 a t 250C (265, 266). ' ' CH 3 CHBrCH 2 CO 2 Na—> CH3CHCH2COO + NaBr k = 0.009 at 380C (280). ' ' COCH2CHBrCO2Na—^COCH2CHCO2Na + NaBr

ONa O k = 0.0024 at 25° (267, 279).

ONa CH2Br O CH2 Itabromopyrotartaric acid Paraconic acid k = 0.0072 at 0.050C; = 0.30 at 250C; Qi0 = 4.46 (268). Acids retard lac tone formation. The latter is accompanied by saponification of the lactone as a follow-reaction and by the formation of unsaturated organic acids and their saponification to hydroxy acids as side-reactions. Alkalies promote both of these effects. Formation of Unsaturated Organic Acids from Halogen Acids Titrimetric method; second-order k& for alkaline saponification for t in minutes and M/l. The constant is greatly influenced by neutral salts. COCH2CHBrCO2Na + NaOH —> COCH: CHCO + NaBr +

'

ONa ONa Fumarie acid

H2O /ca = 0.05 at 250C (279). COCHBrCHBrCO + NaOH —> COCH: CBrCO + NaBr + H2O ONa

ONa

ONa ONa Bromofumaric acid /Ca = 1.13 at 19.40C; = 2.00 at 250C; = 2.87 at 3O0C (264, 265,

266).

CH2BrCHBrCO2Na + NaOH /Ca = 7.73

to 9.27

> CH2: CBrCO2Na + NaBr + H 2 O

at 25°C (264, 265,

266).

CH3CHBrCHBrCO2Na + NaOH > CH 3 CHrCBrCO 2 Na + NaBr + H2O 96.5 % a-Bromocrotonic acid 3.5 % a-Bromoallocrotonic acid /ca - 0.134 to 0.160 at 250C (264, 265, 266). For the barium salts, /ca is larger. Saponification of Organic Halogen Acids to Hydroxy Acids Alkaline saponification of salts of halogen acetic acids. CH2XCO2Na + NaOH > CH2(OH)CO2Na + NaX Titrimetric method; bimolecular k& of alkaline saponification for t in minutes and M/l at 250C (269, 279) X

Cl Br 1

I

/Ca

0.00005 0.0026 0.0013

I

Lit.

(279) I

(269)

In neutral or acid solutions the saponification proceeds very Slowly ( 1 6 7 , 1 6 8 , 4 4 0 . 5 ) .

In concentrated solutions especially, it is accompanied by the following side- and follow-reactions (440.8): 2CH2XCO2Na —> CH2XCO2CH2CO2Na + NaX CH2XCO2CH2CO2Na + H2O > CH2XCO2H + CH2(OH)CO2Na CH2XCO2CH2CO2Na + H2O —> CH2(OH)CO2CH2CO2H + NaX CH2XCO2CH2CO2Na —> CH2COQCH2COQ + NaX Reaction of Free Halogen Acetic Acid CH2XCO2H + H2O —> CH2(OH)CO2H + HX Titrimetric method; first-order k for t in minutes (168)

TT 106/c ^ 40° I 50° I 60° I 65° I 70° [ 75° | 80° | 85° | 90° CH2ClCO2H 8.2 16 25 34 55 80 CH2BrCO2H 17 41 99 For reaction of halogen acetic acids with KCNS and Na2S2Os, see ( 1 4 7 , 2 7 0 , 3 1 0 , 3 1 1 ) .

The Action of Halogens on Organic Substances Containing Oxygen ACTION OF IODINE ON ACETONE IN AQUEOUS SOLUTION +

CH3COCH3 + I2—> CH3COCH2I + H + I-(1[CH3COCH3] = /c[CH3COCH3][H+№ According to (138, 142, 331) the mechanism of the reaction is: CH3COCH3!Z; CH3C (OH): CH2 (slow) + CH3C(OH): CH2 + I2 > CH3CQCH2I + H + I" (rapid) + CH3COCH3 + I2 > CH3COCH2I + H + I~ (net reaction) The enolization of acetone catalyzed by H+ is the rate-determining reaction. Weight-titrimetric method; units: minutes and M/l; catalyst, 418 HCl; M = accuracy of measurement in % ( ) 0 C O 2 4 2 5 2 7 35 IWk 0.6994 15.187 17.148 21.609 52.840 M 0.10 0.20 0.070 0.14 0.10 Temp, interval, 0C Qi0

0-24 3.605 20 669

A

25-27 3.181

27-35 3.057

20 540

20 528

The Arrhenius constant, A1 shows a tendency to fall with rise of temperature. Non-electrolytes change the value of k but not that of A; for the effect of electrolytes on these constants, see (419). For acceleration of the reaction by various acids and its autocatalysis, see (138, 141).

Units: minutes and g-atom Br/1; C — concn. of catalyst in M/l; 0 6 = 25 C (393). Catalyst | IQOC [ IQOfe || Catalyst | IQOC | 1ÖOÄT H2SO4 0.2 1.11 SnCl4 0.097 0.77 0.4 1.33 0.19 0.78 0.8 2.23 SnBr4 0.06 0.81 FeCl3 0.06 1.39 0.12 0.96 0.12 2.26 0.31 1.30 0.24 4.20 0.50 1.60 0.48 3.98 CH3COCl 27 0.82 FeBr3 0.065 3.38 54 0.50 HCl 2.72 0.96 81 0.62 Miscellaneous Organic Reactions CANNIZZARO REACTION OF ALDEHYDES IN AQUEOUS SOLUTION 2CH2O + NaOH —> HCO2Na -f CH3OH -d[OH-] = /C[CH2O] [OH-]d* Titrimetric method; units: minutes and M/l (169); cf. (171, 407) 0 C 50 65 75 85 103/c 5.5 30.2 93 294

Q10

3_1

3J.

3.1

For reaction of C6H5CHO, see (407). PHENYLHYDRAZONE FORMATION IN 95% ALCOHOL C 6 H 5 NHNH 2 + CH3COC6H5 Jl> a —x b —x C 6 H 5 NHNtC(C 6 H 5 )(CH 3 ) + H2O Titrimetric method; second-order k for t in minutes and M/l; 0

e = 18 C (53)

SAME REACTION WITH DIFFERENT KETONES IN 40% C2H5OH 0

Titrimetric method; first-order k for t in minutes; B = 25 C; catalyst 0.2AT H2SO4 ( 139 > 142 ) Ketone | lQ 6 fc || Ketone | 10«fe CH3COCH3 288 CH3COC6H5 108 C2H5COC2H5 236 CH3COCH2C6H5 395 C3H7COC3H7 202 C2H5COC6H5 24 CH3COC2H5 300 P-CH3COC6H4Br 90 CH3COC3H7 270 P-CH3COC6H41 90* CH3COCH(CH3)2 200 P-CH3COC6H4NH2 80 CH3CO(CH2)3CH3.. 318 W-CH3COC6H4NO2 45 CH3COCH2CH(CH3),.... 247 CH2BrCOC6H5 O CH3COC(CH3)3 132 CH3COC6H13 306 * Solvent = 60 % C 2 H 5 OH.

OXIDATION OF ACETALDEHYDE BY BROMINE IN AQUEOUS SOLUTION CH3CHO + Br2 + H2O > CH3CO2H + 2H+ + 2Br~ -d[CH3CHO] = MCH3CHO] [BrJd* Titrimetric method; units: minutes and M/l ( 97 > 14°) 0

C*

O

0.117

k Q10

10

20

25

0.308

0.790

1.205

2.64

2.55

2.33

18

0.654

* The values at 180C are from ( 1 4 °); all others from ( 97 ). For the side14 reaction, see ( °).

ACTION OF BROMINE ON ACETIC ANHYDRIDE USED AS ITS SOLVENT (CH3CO)2O + Br2 -L, CH2BrCO2H + CH3COBr Titrimetric method: — dx = kdt, where x = concn. of Br2; (CH3CO)2O <—; CH2: C(OH)OCOCH3 (rate-determining, catalyzed) CH2IC(OH)OCOCH3 + Br2—> CH2BrCO2H + CH3COBr (rapid)

a b I [HC2H3O2] I [KC2H3O2] | k 0.1 0.1 0.01 0.1 0.26 0.06 0.06 0.01 0.1 0.23 0.075 0.075 0.01 0.1 0.25 0.05 0.1 0.01 0.1 0.24 0.05 0.05 0.01 0.25 0.15 CN- CATALYSIS OF THE BENZOIN SYNTHESIS 2C6H5CHO JU C6H5CH(OH)COC6H5 a —x dx = /c(a - x)2d£; k = A1[CN-] Gravimetric method; units: minutes and M/l ( 82 > 500)j soi_ vent: 10 cm3 H2O + 20 cm3 C2H5OH; A1 = 0.089(0.085 to 0.092) at 6O0C; A = 6572. Effect of solvent at 6O0C and [CN"] =0.1 . 3 Cm H 2 Ol cm3 C2H5OH | IQQfc || cm3 H2O| cm3 CH3OH lOOfc 5 25 0.87 5 25 0.45 15 15 1.16 10 20 0.65 20 10 1.24 15 15 0.91 NITRILE FORMATION IN THE MELT (C6H5CO)2O + C 6 H 6 CONH 2 -A* 2C6H5CO2H + C6H5CN (1 - x) (1 - x) dx = fc(l - x)2d* Method: temperature of primary crystalization of system. (1 - x)[(C6H5CO)2O + C6H5CONH2] + x[2C6H5CO2H + C6H5CN] k = 0.053(0.050 to 0.055) at 980C; t in hours (318). For methods, see further ( 316 > 317 > 317.5, 318.5). CHLORINATION OF NITROBENZENE (AS SOLVENT) C 6 H 5 NO 2 + Cl 2 —> C 6 H 4 Cl(S)(NO 2 )(I) + HCl -d[C!2] = AC[Cl2Jd* Titrimetric method; t in minutes; C = concn. of catalyst in M/l (213)

Catalyst SnCl4 AlCl3

[ fc, 50° . . 0.000778 0.0239

|

k, 100° 0.131

|

Qi0 1.35

THE FKIEDEL-CRAFTS REACTION

Reduction with SnCl2.—(Continued) XN 2 Y I k I /C1 110-2/c21 /C3 I /C4 k, CH3O(I)C6H4(^CH2C6H6 + HCl Chrysoidin T 7.5 5.2 -(1[C6H5CH2Cl] = /C[AlCl3][C6H5CH2ClJdE p-Hydroxyazobenzene 4.4 1.4 Solvent, CH3OC6H5; catalyst, AlCl 3 ; units: minutes and M/l; Tropäolin Y 521 0 0 k = 0.46 at O C; = 2.0 at 2O C (21 3); cf. (95.5, 488). a-Naphthol orange 99.6 0.9 /3-Naphthol orange 25.8 RELATIVE VELOCITY OF STJLFONATION OF PHENOLS Ponceau 4GB 1.8 23.9 C6H5OH + H2SO4 —> C6H4(OH)(SO3H) + H2O Ponceau G 6.7 10.7 If the velocity of sulfonation of phenol is taken as 1, then that Ponceau 2R 1.15 1.45 105 for each of the three cresols is as follows ( ): Reduction with SnBr2 and HBr: 0 C 20 40 60 80 -d[XN2Y] = /C0[XN2Y][SnBrJd^ o-Cresol 0.773 0.859 0.894 0.905 fco = /c[Br-]3 ra-Cresol 1.395 1.362 1.118 0.399 /C0 = Aa[H+][Br-]2 p-Cresol 0.300 0.474 0.573 0.287 fco = /C2 + /C3[Br-] m-Cresol: p-Cresol = 1.059(100°). XN 2 Y I lQ-2/c I 10^/C11 /C2J^T ra-Cresol: ra-4-Xylenol = 3.020(40°); = 1.284(80°). ra,ra'-Azobenzenedisulfonic acid 12.1 m-Cresol: p-Xylenol = 1.260(40°); = 1.297(80°). Dimethylaminoazobenzene . 9.48 These relationships are important in the separation of phenols in Diethylaminoazobenzene 23.9 crude carbolic acid (355). Benzeneazo-ß-naphthol-3, 6-disulfonic acid 30 157 NITRATION OF AROMATIC SUBSTANCES (20); cf. (261, soi, 550) For the reduction of nitro compounds by SnCl2, see (202, 210, 219, C6H5OH + HNO3 > C6H4(OH)(NO2) + H2O 302). The reaction is autocatalytic, thus: HYDROLYSIS OF AMINO ACIDS IN AQUEOUS SOLUTION AT 10O0C HNO3 + HNO2 U" N 2 O 4 + H2O (561) C6H6OH + N2O4 —> C 6 H 4 (OH)(NO 2 ) + HNO2 CH CH(NH )CO H + H O—> CH CH(OH)CO " + NH + CH3OC6H6 + C6H5CH2Cl —>

3

OXIDATION OF NAPHTHALENE TO PHTHALIC ACID BY MEANS OF H2SO4 Ci0H8 + 9H2SO4 —> C 6 H 4 (CO 2 H) 2 + 9SO2 + 2CO2 + 1OH2O Gas-volumetric method; solvent, H2SO4; monomolecular k for t in minutes, k' = 0.4343/c; mixture: 40 cm3 H2SO4; 0.0480 g Ci0H8; 0.28 g Hg2SO4 as catalyst (70, 94). 0

C 300 275 250 225 105/c', without catalyst. . . . ca. 178 21 2.2 105/c', with catalyst ca. 800 165 26 2.8 Slight amounts of water are without appreciable influence. CuSO4 is a less satisfactory catalyst than Hg2SO4; the simultaneous action of both catalysts is more than additive. With increase of temperature, the uncatalyzed reaction gains the upper hand.

REDUCTION OF Azo COMPOUNDS BY SNCL2 IN AQUEOUS HCL (RESP. BY SNBu2 IN AQUEOUS HBu) XN: NY —> XNH 2 + YNH 2 Colorimetrie method; units: minutes and M/l; 6 = 250C (205) Reduction with SnCl2 and HCl: -d[XN2Y] = /C0[XN2Y][SnCl2№ fco = A)[H+][Cl-]2 A0 = AJ1[Cl-] + /C2[H+][Cl-]2 /C0 = A8[Cl-] k0 = /C4 + /C5[Cl-] XN 2 Y k I AI I 10-2/c2| /C3 I /C4 I k, Azobenzenetrimethylammonium chloride 991 Azobenzene-ra,m'-disulfonic acid 175 p- Dimethy lamino azobenzene. 368 p-Diethylaminoazobenzene. . . 955 p-Amiiioazobenzene 726 Methyl orange 69.5 ß-Naphthylaminoazoben260 66.2 zenesulfonic acid B e n z e n e azo-a-naphthyla596 134.7 mine-4, 7-disulfonic acid Naphthionic acid-azoben506 329.3 zenesulfonic acid

2

2

2

3

2

4

The reaction takes place only with animal charcoal as catalyst. No hydrolysis is observed in the absence of catalyst. The reaction proceeds to the equilibrium: [CH3CH(OH)CO2-][NH4+] = ^[CH3CH(NH2)CO2H] But the kinetics of the process corresponds to a reaction without reversal: dx = /c(a - £ - x)cU. 1 a —£ k = - loge r-^— for t in minutes. k' = 0.4343/c. a = initial concentration of amino acid in M/l. £ = equilibrium concentration, or, more exactly, concentration of amino acid at the end of the reaction. || Aspartic acid Alanine a I I: KE I IQO/c7 Jl a | l:KE \ HKW 0.0422 56.8 6 . 4 - 5 . 3 0.0315 18.5 3.9-5.4 0.080 73.5 7 . 1 - 5 . 8 0.0593 15.4 6 . 7 - 6 . 5 0.116 77.0 7 . 6 - 6 . 1 0.0795 17.9 | 7.3 - 6.9 For further examples of one-sided equilibria and for the theory, see (32, 565). Inorganic Oxidation-Reduction Reactions The symbols in square brackets denote concentration in M/l, in parentheses, the analytic or total concentration in M/l. Examples: (AsO2-) = [HAsO2] + [AsO2-J + [H3AsO3] + [H2AsO3-] + [HAsO3-] + • • • (SO2) = [SO2] + [H2SO3] + [HSO3-] + [SO3-] DECOMPOSITION OF NA2S2O4 IN AQUEOUS SOLUTION 2Na2S2O4 + H2O JL* 2NaHSO3 + Na2S2O3 a —x c = constant dx/di =fcc2(a- x) 2 Titrimetric method; t in minutes; c and a in g/100 g soin.; values of fcc2 for c = 15 (278.5). 0 C O ÏÔ 20 30 104fcc2 1.4 2.3 3.7 6.3 Qi 0 (O - 30°) = 1.65. Recalculated to M/l: -d(Na&O 4) = 0.003(NaHSO3)2 X 2 (Na2S2O4) d*(20°).

Catalyst, Cu++

DECOMPOSITION OF NITROUS ACID IN AQUEOUS SOLUTION 3HNO2^- 2NO + HNO3 + H2O Titrimetric method; first-order k for t in minutes; R = velocity in liters per minute of the inert gases (N2, H2) which are bubbled through the solution (302.5), The process defining the velocity is the escape of NO from the system. For more recent data, p. (8.5, 564). 0

C R [HNO3] IQOfc

^

15 0.56 1.185 3.7

15 1 15 I 0.93 0.56 1.185 3.626 4.5 5.0

15 0.77 3.626 8.0 |

30 30~~ 0.03 0.77 3.626 3.626 1.2 1.0

CATALYTIC DECOMPOSITION OF K2S2O8 AT 180C SOLUTION CATALYZED BY AcNOs K2S2O8 + H2O —> 2KHSO4 + MO2 -d[S208—] = /C[Ag+]IS2O8-]^ Titrimetric method; t in minutes ( 253 ). [Ag+] I MAg+] I 0.004 0.00079 0.01 0.00210 0.02 0.00375 Mean k = 0.20. DECOMPOSITION OF H2S2O8 IN AQUEOUS SOLUTION 5O0C A first-order reaction in two stages with reversal:

IN AQUEOUS

~d[^2°21 = 1.53[H2O2][S2O3-] + 1.0 X 103[Cu++][H202]at25°C 4H2O2 + S2O3-—> 2SO4- + 2H+ + 3H2O (6) Catalyst, molybdic acid "d[^2°2] = J0.75 X IO3 + 1.75 X 1O7IH+]I[S2O3-I(MoO3) at CLt I J 250C FORMATION OF IODATE FROM IODINE IN AQUEOUS ALKALINE SOLUTION 3I3- -f 6OH-—> 81- + 1O3- + 3H2O 3I2 + 6OH> 51- + IOr + 3H2O Titrimetric method; t in minutes; 6 = 250C (445, 446, 447, 464).

For the rapid reaction :

-dl1«-] - o n [OH-][I,-]' ~St *° [Fp~

k 0.20 0.21 0.19 OF H2SO4 AT

ki

H2S2O8 + H2O UZ; H2SO5 + H2SO4 Ä2

*JLH2SO5 + H2O U^ H2SO4 + H2O2 &4

(H2SO4) = constant Titrimetric method; t in seconds ( 397 ). (H2SO4) I IQQk1 I IQOOJc3 | 10% | kiik, kii (H2SO4) 5.00 8.758 2.244 4.5 39.0 0.01752 39.8 0.00804 3.76 3.026 0.760 2.50 I 1.043 I 0.262 | 39.8 0.00418 kz is measurable only at very high (H2SO4). For the above computations of ki and &3, &2 and & 4 were taken as zero. To a slight extent the following simultaneous reactions take place: H2SO5 + H2O2Jl* H2SO4 + H2O + O2 2H2SO5 Ji> 2H2SO4 + O2 ^1 =fc6[H2SO5] [H2O2] +fc6[H2SO5P (H2SO4) I 106/c5 I 107/c6 5.00 4.3 9 3.76 8.9 9 2.50 53.0 112 The loss of active oxygen through evolution of O2 increases greatly with decreasing (H2SO4). For strongly acid solution it is negligible. ACTION OF PERSULFATE ON IODINE IN AQUEOUS SOLUTION S2O8- + 21> 2SO4- + I2 Titrimetric method; t in minutes ( 409 ). -d[S2O8—] = 0.16[S2O8-][I-]d* at 250C OXIDATION OF THIOSULFATE BY H2O2 IN AQUEOUS SOLUTION WITH AND WITHOUT CATALYST

Titrimetric method; solvent, acetic acid; t in minutes ( 2 > 2 « 5 ). Catalyst, I" ""d[^2°2] = 1.53[H2O2][S2O3-] + 0.7[1-J[H2O2] at 250C

_

(1)

For the slow iodate formation : ^= 2.3 x 10"^™3

(II)

1^.4.1X10» S^C (III) Values of QIO for I, II, III in various buffer solutions

QIQ NaOH|Na 2 CO 3 /NaHCO 3 Na2HPO4/NaH2PO4|NaAc/HAc* 1 3 6 II 3.6 .45 ca. 100 III 50 * Ac = Acetate radical.

FORMATION OF BROMATE FROM BROMINE IN AQUEOUS ALKALINE SOLUTION 3Br3- -f 6OH-—+ 8Br~ -f BrO^ -f 3H2O Titrimetric method; t in minutes; 6 = 250C (483). For the rapid bromate formation: -d[Brfl _ . . 1
3XO> 2X- -f XO3(net reaction) Titrimetric method ( 179 > 181> 31d); steady state in electrolysis Of NaCl (374.5); c/. (180, 303, 486).

-d[XQ-] =fc[XQ-][HXO]2d*;t in minutes XQI fe, 15° I k, 25° ClO-

1. 12 (374.5)

1.6 (179)

BrO"

170 (319)

DECOMPOSITION OF HYPOCHLORITE IN STRONGLY ALKALINE SOLUTION 3C1O- JL, 2Cl- + ClO3Titrimetric method; bimolecular k'} t in days (149.5, ISO). -dg°"' - «CLO-p (NaQH) /c, 25° fc, 50° k, 90°

I

0.1 I 0.0022 0.0455 4.9* I

0.5 | 0.0023 0.0512

2.0 0.0028* 0.08|*

* The reaction proceeds with Oa-evolution as a simultaneous reaction. Mechanism of the reaction:

2C10- Ji, Cl- + ClOI (slow) (rapid) ClO- H- ClOl Ji» Cl" + ClOl 3C10-JU 2Cl- -f ClOr (net reaction)

Values of bimolecular ki and k2 for O.IN NaOH; t in hours C 25 i 50 | QIQ fei 0.00010 0.0019 3.16 fc2 0.0035 0.050 2.88 For this reaction and the analogous hypobromite reaction, see 0

(112, 198).

DECOMPOSITION

OF HYPOBROMITE IN NA2CO3 AND NAHCOa SOLUTION ( 445 ) 3NaBrO > 2NaBr + NaBrO3 Titrimetric method; t in minutes; B = 25° -d(NaBrO) [Br-](NaBrO)* dt - 2 X 10 jgjpj

DECOMPOSITION OF HYPOIODITE IN STRONGLY ALKALINE SOLUTION 3NaIO > 2NaI + NaIO3 Titrimetric method; t in minutes; 9 = 250C ( 444 > 445 > 446 > 466);

c ft

(96, 118, 182, 339, 404, 438)

For solution rich in I~: -d(NalQ) [1-1(NaIO)'. n 1 = 87 dl [OH-] ' ^10 = 2J For solution poor in I~~: -d(NalO) _ 9 (NaIO)*. Q 2 dt TUHT' ^10 "2'5 HYDROLYSIS OF FREE THIOCYANATE ( 48 ) 3(CNS)2 + 4H2O > 5H+ + 5CNS~ + HCN + H2SO4 Titrimetric method; t in minutes; 0 = 180C. -d[(CNS) t ] _ - [(CNS)2P _ 5 2 10

dt IH^MCNST '^ "

3(H2O + (CNS)2 ±1- H+ + CNS- + CNSOH) (preliminary equilibrium) 2CNSOH —> CNS- + H+ + HCNSO2 (rate-determining velocity) HCNSO + HCNSO 2 —> H+ + CNS~ + HCNSO3 (rapid) HCNSQ3 + H2O —> HCN + H2SQ4 (rapid) 3(CNS)2 + 4H2O > 5H+ + 5CNS~ + HCN + H2SO4 (net reaction) The hydrolysis of free thiocyanate determines also the velocity of auto-reduction of Au(CNS)4": 3Au(CNS)4- + 4H2O > 3Au(CNS)2- + 5H+ + 5CNS- -f HCN + H2SO4 HYDROLYSIS OF CHLORINE DIOXIDE, CLO2 6ClO2 + 3H2O > 5ClO3- + Cl" + 6H+ Titrimetric method; t in minutes ( 63 > 64 ). ~d[^1Q2] = A[ClO2]2ICl-] + AJ1[ClO2]2ICl-J[H+]. k = 0.056 at 6O0C; Qi0 = 2.25 2ClO2 + 2NaOH > NaClO2 + NaClO3 + H2O

~d[^03"] = [I03-][I-][H+]2{7.6[I-] + 5.5[I3-Ji X 10i0F at 250C F = 10-2-20Vl f or H2SO4 solution. F = 10-0.20Vl+0.501 for CH3CO2H solution. Where I = SiQZi2 = ion concentration according to the theory of (9). REDUCTION OF HALOGENATE BY HALIDE IN ACID SOLUTION, WITH OR WITHOUT REMOVAL OF THE REACTION PRODUCTS BY MEANS OF H3AsOs OR H2SO3 Titrimetric method or simultaneous kinetics of the Landolt reaction; t in minutes; 0 = 250C. "d[^°3"] = Kf(c); X = Cl, Br, I No. I f(c) 1 [IO3-][H+]2[I-]2

I

K I QIQ I Lit. 5300 X IO7 1.25 (I 59 , 447 > 448)

2 3 4 5 6 7 8

[1O3-][H+P[I-][Br-] [I03-]'[H+]2[I-][C1-] [IO3-][H+]2[Br-]2 [1O3-][H+]2IBr-][Cl-] [1O3-] [H+]2ICl-]2 [BrO3-][H+]2[I-] [BrOr][H+]2IBr-]

600 X IO7* 6 X IO 7 * 6600* 6000* 600* 4900 200

( 47 S)

1.9 2.0

(l 13,385) (34,286,

2.6

( 4 *2) (*i, *4)

2.7

(«*> ^ 4 )

482)

9 10 11 12

[BrO3-] [H+]2ICl-] [ClO3-I[H+]2II-] [ClOr][H+P[Br-] [ClQ3-][H+p[Cl-]

30 0.0008 0.0005t 0.00OU

* At room temperature. f Interpolated. Î Products removed by I~.

REDUCTION OF IODIC ACID BY SULFUROUS ACID 1O3- + 3SO3- —> I- +. 3SO4The reaction is the initial step of the Landolt reaction; cf. (162, 163, 330.5, 486, 510, 511).

For the region of [H+] = 10~3 with t in seconds and 0 = 160C (455 ):

~d[^°3

]

= 0.34 X 103(S03-)[I03-][H+]; Q io = 1.3

Simultaneous reactions: 1O3- + 3HSO3- —> I- + 3SO4- + 3H+ 103- + 3SO3-—> I- + 3SO4In the range [H+] = 10~4 to 10~13, for t in minutes at 250C ( 48 6) the rate law is: ~d^°3"1 = 0.53 X 106[H+][HS03-][I03-] + 0.67 X 10i7[H+]2

~d[d°102] = A[ClO2]2IOH-] 0

At 0 = 25°, /Ci = 5.33 X IO10 («2); = 5.29 X IO10 ( 44 7).

0

k = 300 at O C; = 950 at 19 C; Q10 = 1.8 DECOMPOSITION OF CHLORIC ACID BY HCL 2ClO3- + 2Cl- + 4H+ i 2ClO2 + Cl2 -f 2H2O Method: Removal of reaction products by a stream of inert gas; t in minutes; 0 = 5O0C ( 34 S). -(1[ClO8-] = 0.001 [ClO3-]2[Cl-]2[H+]4dZ REDUCTION OF IODIC ACID BY HYDROIODIC ACID 1O3- + 81- + 6H+ —> 3I3- + 3H2O Titrimetric method; t in minutes (159).

[SO3-I2IIO3-I REDUCTION OF PERIODATE IN ACETIC ACID SOLUTION [1O4-] + AsO2-—> 1O3- + AsO3Titrimetric method; t in minutes; 0 = 250C (7). -d[I04-] = 5.5[1O4-] (AsO2-J(U 104- + 21- + 2H+ —> 1O3- + I2 + H2O Acetic acid-acetate buffer; measured quantities of HAsO2 present; method depended upon determination of time of first appearance of iodine color; for t in minutes at 250C (8). -d[IOrl = fc[IO4-][I-]d* k = 380 to 545 according to the salt content.

"dS>rl =fc.[i03-][H+Hi-]i-<>+ fc2[ios-][H+p[l-][i3-] 0

C 10-10/b! IQ-10^2

H+ buffer: acetic acid + acetate O 14 37 2.54 3.90 5.90 1.70 0

* These values at O C were obtained in mineral acid solution.

O* 0.84 0.32

REDUCTION OF POTASSIUM DICHROMATE BY HYDROIODIC ACID Cr2O7- + 91- + 14H+ > 3I3- + 2Cr+++ + 7H2O Titrimetric method; t in minutes; 0 = O0C (*46, 199, 252).

~dd[^"] = 103(Cr2O7-)[H+p[I-] + 0.25 X 10'(Cr2O7-)[H+][I-p; do == 1.4.

REDUCTION OF ARSENIC ACID BY HYDROIODIC ACID AND THE REVERSE REACTION Jci +

With the numerical values: A1 = O.00741 /C2 = 0.035 J Addition of (6) and (7) gives:

w

H3AsO4 + 2H + 31-U~ H3AsO3 + I3- + H2O fa •^g?o1]+d№!]=2fci[Hi0d[H+][Br.] Titrimetric method; t in minutes; 0 = O0C (427.5) ; cf. (58, 62); 0 for the determination of the equilibrium constant at 25 C, v. or, for the steady state: (539). d

II3"l _ r. /TT A - UT-irTT+l

^

dî =0

T, (H3AsO3)[I3-]

— /CH-Li 3 ASU^L-L J[M J — /C2

ïl-mjj-H—

3

A1 = 3 X IO- ; Q10 = 2.2. /C2 = 4.7 X IO-4; O10 = 3.5. The equilibrium constant, K7 for O 0 C then becomes: (H3AsQ4)[I-P[H+P = fe = K = n 1ft Ua (H3AsO3)[I3-] Ai ° A PERIODIC REACTION IN HOMOGENEOUS SOLUTION ( 65 ); cf. (315, 342)

The periodicity refers to the iodine determined by colorimetrie method in the following reaction mixture (M/l) at 250C: 0.0327H2O2 + 0.009OHIO3 After 29 days the concentration of H2O2 had decreased to about 93%; see figure below. The following reactions also take place in the mixture: 5H2O2 + I 2 > 2HIO3 + 4H2O (1) 5H2O2 + 2HIO3 —> 5O2 + I2 + 6H2O (2) 2H2O2 > 2H2O + O2 (3) Reactions (1) and (2) catalyze (3). The periodic evolution of oxygen was demonstrated at 6O0C in a narrow range of H + concentrations.

A REACTION WITH A STEADY STATE Aqueous solution of H2O2, Br2, Br~ in 0.2JV H2SO4; titrimetric method; units: minutes and M/l; 6 = 250C (66, 66.5, 111, 34i) ; cf. ( 342 ). Simultaneously: H 2 O 2 + 2Br- + 2H+ -2l» Br2 + 2H2O (1) H2O2 + Br2 —1+ 2H+ + 2Br- + O2 (2) Addition of (1) and (2) gives: 2H2O2 JL, 2H2O + O2 (3) Reaction (1) and (2) proceed independently of each other. If their velocities are equal, [Br~], [Br2] and [H+] are constant, and therefore independent of time, and the net result is only the velocity of (3). Measurement in this steady state gives: ^g2-^1 = ^H2O2][H+][Br-] i (4) k = 0.0140 J In the steady state, moreover, the following relation holds:

ÏÏFIW--F = * = 0-20

The time law for -d[H202] _ d[Br _ 2] -gp

(5)

the simultaneous reactions (1) and (2) is: _ , 0 Irn+1TO,-! , £ [H2O2][Br2] _ /CrH (6) 1 [M 2 U 2 ][M^J[Br J + /C2 rH+irBr-i , r O ][H irTT+irRr-1 2][Br2] WH HBr ] - i./C[HsO (7) 2 2 2-Jg1^gPJp

(9)

i

(10) ^^=2fcl[H202][HWj From (10) and (4) it follows that: k = 2/Cj = 2 X 0.0074 = 0.0148 (11) in satisfactory agreement with the directly measured value, k = 0.014. It further follows from (7) for the steady state:

IA= Ï -S? -*»-*

in agreement with the observed value, R = 0.20. Probable mechanism of reactions (1) and (2): H 2 O 2 + H+ + Br» HBrO + H2O (rate-determining) \ HBrO + H+ + Br- U~ H2O + Br2 (rapid) J 'W H2O2 + HBrO > H2O + H+ + Br~ + O2 (rate-determining) \ Br2 + H2O !l~ HBrO + H+ + Br~ (rapid) J (2) LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) C 1 ) Abel, in Ulzer and Klimont, Allgemeine und physiologische Chemie der Fette. Berlin, Springer, 1906. ( 2 ) Abel, 9, 13: 555; 07. ( 2 - 5 ) Abel, 67, 28: 1239; 07. 34: 1361; 13. (3) Abel, 9, 14: 598; 08. (4) Abel, 57, 34: 821; 13. (S) Abel, 7, 96: 1; 20. 57, 41: 405; 20. (6) Abel and Baum, 67, 34: 425; 13. ( 7 ) Abel and Fürth, 7, 107: 305; 23. (») Abel and Fürth, 7, 107: 313; 23. (8-5) Abel and Schmid, 7, 132: 55; 28. 134: 279; 28. 136: 135; 28. (») Abel and Stadler, 7, 122: 49; 26. ( 10 ) Aeree, 11, 48: 352; 12. (H) Aeree, i, 37: 1909; 15. O*) Aeree and Johnson, 11,37: 410; 07. 38: 258; 07. (i 3) Aeree and Nirdlinger, U1 38: 489; 07. (i*) Aeree and Shadinger, 11, 39: 226; 08. (i 5) Adams and Rosenstein, 1, 36: 1452; 14. (*«) Adkins, 1, 44: 2175; 22. (i 7) Adkins and Nissen, I1 45: 809; 23. (i«) Akerlöf, 7, 98: 260; 21. (i») von Antropoff, 62, 77: 273; 08. (20) Amali, 4, 123: 3111; 23. (21) Arrhenius, 7, 1: 110; 87. (22) Arrhenius, 7, 11: 805; 93. (23) Arrhenius, 7, 28: 317; 99. (24) Arrhenius, 9, 30: 375; 24. (25) Atkins and Werner, 4, 101: 1167, 1982; 12. (26) Auerbach and Pick, &91, 38: 243; 11. (27) Baker, 4, 77: 646; 00. 121: 568; 22. 135, 99: 126; 09. (28) Baker and Baker, 4, 91: 1862; 07. 101: 2339; 12. (29) Baker, Ingold and Thorpe, 4, 125: 268; 24. (30) Balconi, Diss., Heidelberg, 1905. (31) Bauer and Moser, 25, 40: 918; 07. (32) Baur, 7, 112: 199; 24. (33) Beckmann, 25, 42: 846; 09. (34) Bell, 60, 7: 61; 03. (35) Bernoulli and Jakubowicz, 37, 4: 1018; 21. (36) Bernoulli and Wege, 37, 2: 511; 19. (37) Berthelot and Péan de St. Gilles, 6, 65: 385; 62. 66: 5; 62. 68: 225; 63. (38) Biddle, I1 35: 273; 13. 36: 84; 14. (39) Biddle, I, 37: 2088; 15. 38: 901; 16. (40) Biddle and Brauer, l, 37: 2065; 15. (4l) Biddle, Brauer and Kelly, l, 34: 500; 12. (4 2 ) Biddle and Butzbach, l, 37: 2082; 15. ( 4 ?) Biddle and Porter, l, 37: 1571; 15. (44) Biddle and Rosenstein, l, 35: 418; 13. (45) Bigelow, 7, 26: 493; 98. (46) Bjerrum, 7, 59: 336, 581; 07. 73: 724; 10. ( 4 7 ) Bjerrum, 93, 118: 131; 21. (48) Bjerrum and Kirschner, !Bl4, 5: No. 1; 18. (49) Bodenstein, 25, 26: 1Ï46, 2603; 93. 7, 13: 56; 94. 22: 1; 97. 29: 295; 99. (50) Bodenstein, 9, 24: 183, 381; 18. 7, 100: 68; 22. (Si) Bodenstein, 7, 104: 51; 23. ( 5 2 ) Bodenstein and Lind, 7, 57: 168; 05. ( 53 ) Bodforss, 7, 109: 223; 24. ( 54 ) Böeseken, Brandsma and Schoutissen, 64P, 23: 249; 22. (55) Böeseken and Couvert, 70, 40: 354; 21. ( 56 ) Böeseken, Schweizer and van der Want, 70, 31: 86; 12. (57) Böttger and Kotz, 52, 65: 481; 02. (58) Bowman, 50, 11: 292; 07. (59) Boyd and Marie, 4, 105: 2117; 14. ( 60 ) Boyd and Thomas, 4, 115; 1239; 19. (61) Bray, 50, 7: 92; 03. ( 62 ) Bray, 50, 9: 573; 05. (63) Bray, 93, 48: 217; 06. ( 6 4) Bray, 7, 54: 463; 06. (65) Bray, l, 43: 1262; 21. (66) Bray and Livingston, I, 45: 1251; 23. (66.5) Bray and Livingston, I1 50: 1654; 28. ( 67 ) Bredig, 649, 9: 1; 08. (68) Bredig and von Antropoff, 9, 12: 585; 06. ( 69 ) Bredig and Balconi, 25, 41: 740; 08. (70) Bredig and Brown, 7, 46: 502; 03. (72) Bredig and Epstein, 93, 42: 341; 04. (73) Bredig and Fajans, 25, 41: 752; 08. (74) Bredig and Fiske, 205, 46: 7; 12. (75) Bredig and Fortner, 25, 37: 798; 04. (76) Bredig and Ikeda, 7, 37: 1; 01. (77) Bredig and Joyner, 9, 24: 285; 18. (78) Bredig and

Lichty, 9, 12: 459; 06. (79) Bredig and Müller von Berneck, 7, 31: 258; 99. (80) Bredig and Reinders, 7, 37: 323; 01. ( 81 ) Bredig and Ripley, 25, 40: 4015; 07. ( 8 2) Bredig and Stern, 9, 10: 582; 04. (83) Bredig and Teletow, 9, 12: 582; 06. (84) Bredig and Walten, 9, 9: 114; 03. (85) Bredig and Weinmayr, in Boltzmann Festschrift, 839. Leipzig, Barth, 1904. (86) Briner, 42, 10: 129; 12. (87) Briner and Boubnoff, 42, 11: 597; 13. (88) Briner and Rossignol, 87, 6: 647; 23. (89; Brode, 7, 37: 257; 01. 49: 208; 04. (90) Brönsted, 7,102: 169; 22. (9l) Brönsted, 70, 42: 718; 23. (92) Brönsted, Om Syre og Basekatalyse. Copenhagen, 1926. (93) Brönsted and Pedersen, 7, 108: 185; 24. (94) Brown, Diss., Heidelberg, 1903. (95) Brunei and Aeree, 11, 43: 505; 10. (95.5) Bruner, 7, 41: 513; 02. (95.8) Brunner, 7, 51: 95; 05. (96) Brunner, 7, 56: 321; 06. (97) Bugarszky, 7, 48: 63; 04. (98) Burdick, l, 44: 244; 22. (99) Bürki, 37, 1: 231; 18. (100) Bürki and Schaaf, 37, 4: 418; 21. (ioi) Burrows, 4, 105: 1260; 14. (102) Burrows, 4, 115: 1230; 19. ( 1 OS) Burrows, 4, 119: 1798; 21. ( 1 O^)CaIIoW, 83, 11: 55; 16. ( 10 S) Campbell, 4, 121: 847; 22. ( 1 Oe) Carrara, 22, 2 II: 407; 93. 31: 115, 504; 94. ( 1 OT) Cavalier, 6, 18: 449; 99. ( 1 OS) Chandler and Aeree, 7, 91: 607; 16. O° 9 ) Chapman and Jones, 4, 97: 2463; 10. 99 : 1811; 11. (iiO) Christiansen, 7, 103: 99; 23. O 11 ) Christiansen, 7, 117: 433, 448; 25. 128: 430; 27. ("2) Clarens, Thesis, Toulouse, 1913. 34, 157: 216; 13. (113) Clark, 50, 10: 679; 06. 11: 353; 07. (H4) Clarke, 4, 97: 416; 10. 99: 1927; 11. 101: 1788; 12. ( 11 S) Clarke, 4, 103: 1689; 13. ("«) Clarke and Chapman, 4, 93: 1638; 08. (ll 7) Clibbens and Francis, 4, 101 : 2358; 12. (i 18) Cofman, 4, 115: 1040; 19. (i i9) Cohen, 7, 23: 442; 97. (120) Cohen, 7, 37: 69; 01. 021) Cohen and de Boer, 7, 84: 41; 13. ( 122 ) Cohen and Kaiser, 7, 89: 338; 15. ( 123 ) Collins and Wood, 4, 121: 441; 22. ( 124 ) Conant and Kirner, 1, 46: 232; 24. ( 12 S) Conant and Wallingford, 1, 46: 192; 24. ( 12 6) Cox, 4, 117: 493; 20. (127) Cox, 4, 119: 142; 21. (128) Creighton, Diss., Zurich, 1911. ( 12 S-S) Creighton, 7, 81: 543; 13. (129) Croker, 4, 91: 593 ; 07. O 30 ) Csânyi, 57, 40: 81; 19. (131) Gumming, 5, 78: 103; 06. (132) Daniels and Johnston, 1, 43: 53; 21. (133) Daniels and Johnston, 1,43: 72; 21. 034) Daniels, Wulf and Karrer, 1, 44: 2402; 22. ( 1 SS) Dasannacharya, 1, 46: 1627; 24. (i 36) Dasannacharya and Sudborough, 818, 4: 181; 21. (!37) Davis, 4, 95: 1397; 09. ( 1 SS) Dawson, 4, 95: 1860; 09. 103: 2135; 13. ( 1 S9) Dawson and Ark, 4, 99: 1740; 11. (i 40 ) Dawson, Burton and Ark, 4, 105: 1275; 14. (i*i) Dawson and Powis, 4, 101: 1503; 12. (^ 2 ) Dawson and Wheatley, 4, 97: 2048; 10. (143) Dean, 12, 35: 605; 13. (^4) Dean, 12, 37: 331; 14. (i«) Delépine, 6, 23: 378, 482; 01. (146) De Lury, 50, 7: 239; 03. (i«7) Demierre and Duboux, 42, 5: 340; 07. 0*«) van Dijken, 70, 14: 106; 95. (H») Dimroth, 13, 335: 1; 04. 338: 143; 05. 364: 183; 09. 373: 336; 10. 377: 127; 10. 378: 382; 10. 399: 91; 13. 9, 11: 137; 05. (149.5) Dolch, Diss., Leipzig, 1912. (150) Drushel, 12, 33: 27; 12. 34: 67; 12. ( 1 Si) Drushel, 12, 37: 514; 14. (152) Drushel, 12, 39: 113; 15. ( 1 SS) Drushel, 12, 40: 643; 15. (!54) Drushel and Bancroft, 12, 44: 371; 17. ( 15 S) Drushel and Dean, 12, 34: 293; 12. (1S6) Drushel and Dean, 12, 35: 486; 13. O57) Drushel and Hill, 12, 30: 72; 10. (157.5) Dumesnil, 34, 172: 1043; 21. ( 1 SS) Dunstan and Mussell, 4, 99: 565; 11. ( 15 9) Dushman, 50, 8: 453; 04. (160) Dushman, 1, 43: 397; 21. (***) Edgar and Wakefield, 1, 45: 2242; 23. (162) Eggert, 9, 23: 8; 17. 30: 501; 24. (!63) Eggert and Scharnow, 9, 27: 455; 21. ( 16 4) Enklaar, 70, 23: 419; 04. 24: 419; 05. 25: 297; 06. 29: 173; 10. (165) Eucken, 7, 71: 550; 10. (!66) Euler, 13, 325: 292; 02. (167) Euler, 25, 39: 2726; 06. ( 16 S) Euler and Cassel, 7, 84: 371; 13. (169) Euler and Euler, 25, 38: 2551; 05. 39: 36, 39; 06. (170) Euler and Hedelius, 205, 107: 150; 20. (i") Euler and Lövgren, 93, 147: 123; 25. (^ 2 ) Euler, Myrbäck and Rudberg, 19, 8: No. 28; 23. (i73; Euler and Rudberg, 93, 127: 244; 23. (i™) Faber and Reid, I, 39: 1930; 17. (i75) Fajans, 7, 73: 25; 10. ("6) Fawsitt, 7, 41: 601; 02. (^7) Findlay and Hickmans, 4, 95: 1004; 09. ( 17 S) Findlay and Turner, 4, 87: 747; 05. O 79) Foerster, 52, 63: 141; 01. (180) Foerster, 9, 23: 137; 17. O 81 ) Foerster and Jorre, 52, 59: 53; 99. ( 182 ) Forster, 50, 7: 640; 03. ( 18 S) Fraenkel, 7, 60: 202; 07. (1*4) Francis, 54, 37: 252; 18. ( 18 S) Francis and Geake, 4» 103: 1722; 13. O86) Francis, Geake and Roche, 4, 107: 1651; 15. ( 18 7) Freas and Reid, 1,40: 569; 18. (188) Freundlich and Bartels, 7, 101: 177; 22. (189) Freundlich and Krestovnikoff, 7, 76: 79; 11. (190) Freundlich and Neumann, 7, 87: 69; 14. (191) Freundlich and Pape, 7, 86: 458; 14. (192) Freundlich and Richards, 7, 79: 681; 12. (!93) Freundlich and Seal, 55, 11: 257; 12. (194) Gadamer, 293, 239: 294; 01. ( 19 S) Garrett and Lewis, 1, 45: 1091; 23. O 96) Geitel, 52, 55: 417, 429; 97. 57: 113; 98. (197; Gerlmger, 25, 37: 3958; 04. (^s) Giordani, 36, 54: 844; 24. (i99) Golblum and Lew, 42, 10: 310; 12. (200) Goldschmidt, 25, 28: 3218; 95. ( 201 ) Goldschmidt, 9, 12: 432; 06. ( 2 O 2 ) Goldschmidt, 7, 56: 1; 06. ( 2 °3) Goldschmidt, 7, 60: 728; 07. (204) Goldschmidt and Bakscht, 13, 351: 108; 07. ( 2 OS) Goldschmidt and Braanaas, 7, 96: 180; 20. ( 2 O6) Goldschmidt and Bräuer, 25, 39: 97; 06. ( 2 °7) Goldschmidt and Bräuer, 25, 39: 109; 06. ( 208 ) Goldschmidt and Bürkle, 25, 32: 355; 99. ( 2 0 9 ) Goldschmidt and Buss, 25, 30: 2075; 97.

( 2 1 O) Goldschmidt and Ingebrechtsen, 7, 48: 435; 04. ( 211 ) Goldschmidt and Keller, 25, 35: 3534; 02. (212) Goldschmidt and Repeller, 25, 33: 893; 00. ( 213 ) Goldschmidt and Larsen, 7, 48: 424; 04. ( 21 4) Goldschmidt and Merz, 25, 30: 670; 97. ( 21 S) Goldschmidt and Oslan, 25, 32: 3390; 99. 33: 1140; 00. ( 21 6) Goldschmidt and Reinders, 25, 29: 1369; 96. ( 2 i7) Goldschmidt and Salcher, 7, 29: 89; 99. ( 218 ) Goldschmidt and Scholz, 86, 40: 624; 07. ( 219 ) Goldschmidt, Storm and Hassel, 7, 100: 197; 22. ( 22 °) Goldschmidt and Sunde, 86, 39: 711; 06. ( 221 ) Goldschmidt and Wachs, 7, 24: 353; 97. ( 222 ) Griffith and Lewis, 4, 109: 67; 16. ( 22 S) Grube and Krüger, 7, 86: 65; 14. ( 2 2 4) Grube and Nitsche, 98, 27: 368; 14. ( 2 2 S) Gruse and Aeree, 1, 39: 376; 17. ( 2 2 6 ) Guldberg and Waage, 68, 19: 69; 79. (227) Gyr, 86, 41: 4308; 08. ( 228 ) Gyr, 86, 41: 4322; 08. ( 229 ) von Halban, Diss., Würzburg, 1909. 7, 67: 129; 09. ( 23 O) yon Halban, 7, 72: 719; 11. 82: 510; 13. ( 231 ) von Halban and Gast, 7, 91: 593; 16. ( 2 s 2 ) von Halban and Hecht, 9, 24: 65; 18. ( 23 S) Von Halban and Kirsch, 7, 82: 325; 13. ( 2 34) Hantzsch, 25, 32: 3066; 99. ( 23 S) Hantzsch, 86, 33: 2517; 00. ( 23 6) Hantzsch and KaIb, 86, 32: 3109; 99. ( 23 7) Hantzsch and Osswald, 86, 33: 278; 00. ( 23 S) Hantzsch and Schumann, 85, 32: 1691; 99. ( 23 9) Hantzsch and Smythe, 86, 33: 505; 00. ( 24 °) Harned, 1, 38: 1986; 16. (241) Harned, 1, 40: 1461; 18. (242) Harned and Pfanstiel, 1, 44: 2193; 22. (243) Harned and Seltz, 1, 44: 1475; 22. ( 2 4 4) Hawkins, 4, 121: 1170; 22. ( 2 44.5) Haywood, 4, 121: 1904; 22. ( 2 45) Hemptinne, 7, 13: 561; 94. (246) Henry, 7, 10: 96; 92. (247) Hermans, 7, 113: 337; 24. ( 2 4S) Herz and Mylius, 86, 39: 3816; 06. (249) Herz and Rathmann, 86, 46: 2588; 13. (250) Herzfeld, 96, 8: 132; 21. (251) Heterington and Braham, 1, 45: 824; 23. ( 2 S 2 ) Higgins, 4, 103: 1816; 13. (253) ffigson, 4, 119: 2048; 21. ( 25 4) Hinshelwood, 4, 117: 156; 20. ( 2 S4.5) Hinshelwood, 5, 113: 221; 26. 114: 84 ; 27. ( 2 s 5) Hinshelwood and Burk, 5, 106: 284; 24. ( 2 S6) Hinshelwood and Hartley, 4, 123: 1333; 23. ( 2 S 7) Hinshelwood and Prichard, 4, 123: 2725; 23. ( 2 SS) Hinshelwood and Topley, 4, 125: 393; 24. ( 2 59) van't Hoff, 86, 10: 669; 77. (260) van't Hoff, B99, I: 217. (261) Holleman, Hartogs and van der Linden, 861 44: 704; 11. ( 2 62) Holmberg, 7, 62: 726; 08. ( 2 63) Holmberg, 25, 45: 2997; 12. ( 2 64) Holmberg, 7, 79: 147; 12. ( 2 6S) Holmberg, 7, 80: 573; 12. (266) Holmberg, 7, 84: 451; 13. ( 26 7) Holmberg, 68, 87: 456; 13. 88: 553; 13. ( 2 68) Holmberg, 519, 30: 190, 215; 18. ( 26 9) Holmberg, 147, 5: No. 11; 19. ( 2 7 O) Holmberg, 7, 97: 134; 21. ( 271 ) Holmberg and Hahnel, 486, 1921: No. 10. ( 2 72) Hudson, 7, 44: 487; 03. ( 2 73) Hudson, 1, 29: 1571; 07. 32: 889; 10. ( 2 74) Hudson and Brown, 1, 30: 960; 08. ( 27 S) Hudson and Yanovsky, 1, 39: 1013; 17. ( 27 6) Hunter, 7, 53: 441; 05. ( 27 7) Jaeger, 70, 38: 171; 19. (278) Jellinek, 93, 49: 229; 06. (278.5) Jellinek and Jellinek, 7, 93: 325; 19. (279) Johansson, 7, 79: 621; 12. 81: 573; 13. (280) Johansson, 25, 48: 1262; 15. ( 2 8 I) Johansson, 215, 12 II: No. 8; 16. ( 282 ) Johansson and Sebelius, 86, 51: 480; 18. ( 28 S) Johansson and Sebelius, 86, 52: 745; 19. ( 28 4) Jones and Lewis, 4, 117: 1120; 20. ( 28 S) Joyner, Diss,, Karlsruhe, 1913. ( 286 ) Judson and Walker, 4, 73: 410; 98. (287) Kailan, 75, 115 lib: 341; 06. 116 Hb: 869, 1093; 07. 117 lib: 513; 08. ( 2 88) Kailan, 57, 28: 559; 07. ( 28 9) Kailan, 13, 351: 186; 07. 29 ( O) Kailan, 7, 85: 706; 13. 87: 619; 14. 89: 641; 15. ( 291 ) Kailan, 7, 94: 111; 20. 101: 63; 22. (292) Kailan, 70, 41: 592; 22. (293) Kailan and Oboge, 70, 43: 512; 24. ( 29 4) Karlsson, 93, 145: 1; 25. ( 29 S) Kilpi, 7, 80: 165; 12. (296) Kilpi, 7, 86: 427; 14. (297) Kilpi, 7, 86: 641; 14. (298) Kimball and Reid, 1, 38: 2757; 16. (299) Kiss, 70, 42: 112; 23. 43: 68, 221; 24. (300) Kistiakowsky, 7, 27: 250; 98. (3°i) Klemenc, 57, 35: 85; 14. (soi.s) Klemenc, 57, 38: 553; 17. (302) Klemenc, 13, 433: 351; 23. (302.5) Klemenc and Pollak, 7, 101: 150; 22. (sos) Knibbs and Palfreeman, 83, 16: 402; 21. (304) Knoblauch, 7, 22: 268; 97. (305) Knorr, 86, 44: 2767; 11. (306) Knorr, Rothe and Averbeck, 86, 44: 1138; 11. (307) Knorr and Schubert, 86, 44: 2772; 11. (308) Koelichen, 7, 33: 129; 00. (309) Kooij, 7, 12: 155; 93. (310) Krapivin, 48, 10: 289; 12. (3U) Krapivin, 7, 82: 439; 13. ( 31 2) Kremann, 57, 26: 279; 05. (Sis) Kremann, 57, 27: 607; 06. ( 31 4) Kremann, 57, 27: 1265 ; 06. (31 S) Kremann, 196,19: 289 ; 13. (316) Kremann, Auer, Oswald and Zoff, 57, 43: 345; 22. (317) Kremann and Rosier, 67, 43: 359; 22. (317.5) Kremann, Rosier and Penkner, 57, 43: 145; 22. (sts) Kremann and Wenzing, 57, 38: 445; 17. (31 s.s) Kremann, ZoS and Oswald. 57, 43: 139; 22. (319) Kretzschmar, 9, 10: 789; 04. (320) Kruyt and van Duin, 70, 40: 249; 21. (321) Küster, 7, 18: 161; 95. (322) Küster and Thiel, Lehrbuch der allg. physik. und theor. Chemie, I: 526. Heidelberg, Winter, 1913. ( 32 S) Kühn, 7, 114: 44; 25. ( 324 ) Kühn and Jacob, 7, 113: 389; 24. ( 32 S) Van Laar, 7, 12: 742; 93. ( 32 6) Lachs, 7, 73: 291; 10. ( 327 ) Lamb and Fairhall, l, 45: 378; 23. ( 32 S) Lamb and Fonda, l, 43: 1154; 21. ( 329 ) Lamb and Harden, I , 33: 1873; 11. (330) Lamble and Lewis, 4, 105: 2330; 14. (sso.5) Landolt, 86, 19: 1317; 86. 20: 745; 87. ( 331 ) Lapworth, 4, 85: 30; 04. (332) Lapworth, 188, 24: 100; 08. (SSS) Landolt, 86, 19: 1317; 86. 20: 745; 87. ( 33 4) Levy, 7, 17: 301; 95. (335) Lewis, 66, 43: 257; 07. (336) Lewis, 4, 113: 471; 18. (337) Lewkowitsch, 64, 17: 1107; 98. ( 3 SS) Lichty, 60, 11: 225; 07. (339) Lievin, 34, 174: 868; 22.

(3*0) Lindner, 57, 28: 1041; 07. (340.5) Linhart, 18, 35: 283; 13. ( 3 4i) Livingston, 1, 48: 53; 26. ( 342 ) Livingston and Bray, I1 46: 2048; 23. ( 3 43) Ljunggren, 85, 66: 2469; 23. (344) Ljunggren, 205, 145: 422; 24. (345) Löwenherz, 7, 15: 389; 94. ( 3 46) Lueck, 1, 44: 757; 22. ( 3 47) Lundén, 196, 14: 1; 09. ( 3 48) Luther and MacDougall, 7, 62: 199; 08. (349) Luther and Weigert, 7, 51: 297; 05. (350) McBain and Bolam, 4, 113: 825; 18. ( 3 S 1 ) McMaster and Shriner, 1, 45: 751; 23. (352) Madsen, 7, 36: 290; 01. ( 353 ) Manning, 4, 119: 2079; 21. ( 3 54) Marshall, Harrison and Aeree, 11, 49: 369; 13. ( 35S ) Martinsen, 7, 62: 713; 08. (356) Menschutkin, IS1 195: 334; 79. 197: 193; 79. (557) Menschutkin, 6, 20: 289; 80. 23: 14; 81. 30: 81; 83. ( 3 S8) Merrill and Adams, 1, 39: 1588; 17. ( 359 ) Meyer, 57, 27: 1083; 06. (360) Meyer, 9, 13: 186; 07. (361) Meyer, 9, 13: 494; 07. (362) Meyer, 7, 62: 59; 08. 72: 117; 10. (363) Meyer, 7, 66: 81; 09. (364) Meyer, 7, 67: 257; 09. (365) Meyer, 9, 15: 506; 09. (366) Meyer, 86, 44: 2725; 11. (367) Meyer, 25, 44: 2729; 11. ( 368 ) Meyer, 13, 380: 212; 11. (369) Meyer, 93, 115: 203; 21. (370) Meyer and Hopff, 86, 54: 579; 21. ( 371 ) Meyer and Schoeller, 85, 63: 1410; 20. (372) Moran and Lewis, 4, 121: 1613; 22. (373) Morrell and Burgen, 4, 105: 576; 14. (374) Müller, 85, 43: 2609; 10. (374.5) Müller and Müller, in BIS. ( 37S ) Mumm, 7, 62: 589; 08. ( 376 ) Myers and Aeree, 11, 50: 396; 13. ( 3 77) Nelson and Beegle, 1, 41: 559; 19. ( 378 ) Nernst, 7, 47: 52, 56; 04. ( 3 79) Nernst, 93, 45: 126; 05. 49: 213; 06. (380) Nernst, 9, 24: 335; 18. ( 3 «2) Nernst and Honmann, 7, 11: 352; 93. (383) Nernst and Merriam, 7, 63: 235; 05. (384) Nirdlinger, Rogers and Aeree, li, 49: 116; 13. (385) Noyés, 7, 18: 118; 95. 19: 599; 96. (386) Noyés, et al., 162, No. 63; 07. (387) Noyés and Goebel, 1, 44: 2286; 22. (388) Olivier, 70, 41: 301; 22. ( 3 89) Olivier and Berger, 70, 41: 637; 22. (390) Olsson, 7, 118: 107; 25. ( 391 ) Olsson, Die Abhängigkeit der Hydrolysegeschwindigkeit der Ester von der Konstitution. Lund, 1927. (392) Orton and Jones, 4, 101: 1708; 12. ( 393 ) Orton, Watson and Bayliss, 4, 123: 3081; 23. ( 3 9 4 ) Osaka, 7, 35: 661; 00. ( 39S ) Ostwald, 68, 27: 1; 83. (396) Ostwald, 58, Sl: 307; 85. (397) Palme, 93, 112: 97; 20. (3»7.2) Palomaa, 175,4A:No. 2; 14. (397.5) Palomaa, ^ 75, 5A: No. 4; 14. ( 397 - 8) Palomaa, 175, 1OA: No. 16; 17. (398) Patterson and McMillan, 86, 40: 2564; 07. 4, 91: 504; 07. 93: 104; 08. ( 399 ) Patterson and Montgomerie, 4, 101: 26; 12. (400) Pennycuick, 4, 125: 2049; 24. (40i) Pennycuick, l, 48: 6; 26. (402, 403) von Peskoff and Meyer, 7, 82: 129; 13. (404) Pieroni, £0/481: 534; 12. (405) Pinnow, 9, 24: 21, 270; 18. (406) pOma, 36, 41 I: 353; 11. (407) Pomeranz, 67, 21: 389; 00. (408) Praetorius, 57, 26: 1; 05. 27: 465; 06. (408.5; Praetorius, 67, 28: 767; 07. (409) price> 7> 27: 474; 98. (410) Price, 4, 115: 1354; 19. (4H) Pusch, 9, 24: 336; 18. (4ii.S) Ramsperger, l, 49: 912, 1495; 27. 50: 714; 28. (412) Reicher, 514, 12: 78; 85. 70,4:347:85. (4i 3 ) Reicher, 13, 228: 257; 85. 232: 103; 86. (414) Reid, 11, 24: 397; 00. 45: 327; 11. (4is) Reynolds and Werner, 4, 83: 1; 03. (416) Rheinlander, 4,123: 3099 ; 23. (417) Rice, Fryling and Wesolowski, l, 46: 2405; 24. (4i8) Rice and Kilpatrick, l, 45: 1401; 23. (419) Rice and Lemkin, l, 45: 1896; 23. (419.5) Rice and Ramsperger, l, 49: 1617; 27. 50: 617; 28. (420) Rideal and Thomas, 4, 121: 196; 22. (421) Riesenfeld, 93, 74: 48; 12. (422) Rüber, 85, 55: 3132; 22. (423) Ringer and Skrabal, 57, 43: 507; 22. (424) R1Vett, 7, 82: 201; 13. 85: 113; 13. (425) Rivett and Sidgwick, 4, 97: 732, 1677; 10. (426) Robertson and Aeree, l, 37: 1902; 15. (427) Robertson and Aeree, 50, 19: 381; 15. (427.5) Roebuck, 50, 6: 365; 02. 9: 727; 05. (428) Rosanoff, l, 35: 173; 13. (429) Rosanoff and Potter, l, 35: 248; 13. (4SO) Sachs and Reid, I , 38: 2746; 16. (4 3 M Sagrebin, 7, 34: 149; 00. ( 4 3 2) Sand and Kaestle, 93, 62: 101; 07. (4 33 ) Scatchard, l, 43: 2387; 21. 45: 1580; 23. (434) Schierz, l, 45: 447, 455; 23. (435) Schoorl, 70, 22: 31; 03. (4S6) Schreiner, 93, 116: 102; 21. ( 4 3 7) Schumann, 85, 33: 527; 00. (438) Schwicker, 7, 16: 303; 95. (439) Segaller, 4, 103: 1154, 1421; 13. 105: 106, 112; 14. (440) Seile, 7, 104: 1; 23. (440.5) Senter, 7, 70: 511; 10. (440.8) Senter, 25, 45: 2318; 12. (44l) Shields, 7, 12: 167; 93. (442) Shroder and Aeree, 4, 105:2582; 14. (443) Sidgwick and Moore, 4, 95: 889, 899; 09. (444) Skrabal, 07, 32: 167; 11. (445) Skrabal, 57, 32: 185; 11. (446) Skrabal, 57, 33: 99; 12. (447) Skrabal, 67, 35: 1157; 14. (448) Skrabal, 9, 21t 461; 15. (449) Skrabal, 67, 37: 495; 16. (450) Skrabal, 67, 38: 29; 17. (451) Skrabal, 57, 38: 159; 17. (452) Skrabal, 57, 38: 305; 17. (453) Skrabal, 57, 39: 741; 18. (454) Skrabal, 67, 43: 493; 22. (455) Skrabal, 9, 28: 224; 22. (456) Skrabal, 9, 33: 322; 27.

(457) Skrabal and Airoldi, 67, 46:13; 24. (458) Skrabal and Baltadschiewa, 67, 45: 19, 95; 24. (459) Skrabal and Belavic, 7, 103: 451; 23. (460) Skrabal and Bilger, 7, 130: 29; 27. (461) Skrabal, Brunner and Airoldi, 7, 111: 109; 24. (462) Skrabal and Eger, 7, 122: 349; 26. (463) Skrabal and Gitschthaler, 7,128: 459; 27. (464) Skrabal and Gruber, 57, 37: 535; 16. (465) Skrabal and Hermann, 67, 43: 633; 22. (466) Skrabal and Hohlbaum, 67, 37: 191; 16. (467) Skrabal and Hugetz, 57, 47: 17; 26. (468) Skrabal and Matievic, 57, 39: 765; 18. (469) Skrabal and Matievic, 67, 45: 39; 24. (470) Skrabal and Mirti, 7, 111: 98; 24. (471) Skrabal and Mrazek, 67, 39: ' 495; 18. (472) Skrabal and Mrazek, 57, 39: 697; 18. (473) Skrabal and Muhry, 57, 42: 47; 21. (474) Skrabal, Pfaff, and Airoldi, 67, 45: 141; 24. (474.5) Skrabal and Raith, 57, 42: 245; 22. (475) Skrabal and Rieder, 9, 30: 109; 24. (476) Skrabal and Ringer, 57, 42: 9; 21. (477) Skrabal and Sawiuk, 7, 122: 357; 26. (478) Skrabal and Schiffrer, 7, 99: 290; 21. (479) Skrabal and Singer, 57, 40: 363; 19. (480) Skrabal and Singer, 57, 41: 339; 20. (481) Skrabal and Sperk, 57, 38: 192; 17. (482) Skrabal and Weberitsch, 67, 36: 211; 15. (483) Skrabal and Weberitsch, 57, 36: 237; 15. (484) Skrabal and Zahorka, 57, 46: 559; 25. (485) Skrabal and Zahorka, 57, 48: 459; 27. (486) Skrabal and Zahorka, 9, 33: 42; 27. (487; Skrabal and Zlatewa, 57, 47: 39; 26. (487.5) Skrabal and Zlatewa, 7, 119: 305; 26. (488) siator, 7, 45: 513; 03. (489) Sluiter, 70, 24: 365; 05. (490) Sluiter, 70, 24: 372; 05. (491) Smith, 7, 102: 54; 22. (491.5) Smith, l, 47: 1862; 25. (492) Smith and Paterson, 4, 1926: 940. (49S) Snethlage, 7, 90: 1; 15. (494) Spitalsky, 93, ÖS: 184; 07. (495) Spitalsky, 93, 54: 265; 07. (496) Spitalsky, 93, 56: 72; 07. 69: 179; 11. (497) Spohr, 52, 33: 265; 86. (498) Spohr, 7, 2: 194; 88. (499) Stieglitz and Curme, 86, 46: 911; 13. (5°0) Stern, 7, 50: 513; 05. (soi) stock and Bodenstein, 25, 40: 570; 07. (502) stock, Gomolka and Heynemann, 86, 40: 532; 07. (503) Sudborough and Gittins, 4, 93: 210; 08. 96: 315; 09. (504) Sudborough and Thomas, 4, 91: 1033; 07. (S04.s) Sudborough and Turner, 4, 101: 237; 12. (505) Tassilly, 34, 167: 1148; 13. 168: 335, 489; 14. (506) Tassilly, 27, 27: 19; 20. ( 507 ) Taylor, l, 37: 551; 07. ( 5 <>8) Taylor, 147, 2: No. 34; 13. ( 509 ) Taylor and Close, I, 39: 422; 17. (510) Thiel, 548, 1912: 11. (SU) Thiel and Meyer, 93, 137: 125; 24. (512) Thiele and Lachman, 13, 228: 267; 95. (513) Thomas, 64V, 27: 674; 19. 4, 119: 1140; 21. (514) Titoff, 7, 45: 641; 03. (5i4.S) Trautz, 9, 14: 534; 08. ( 51S ) Trautz, 7, 68: 295; 10. (516) Trautz, Lehrbuch der Chemie, III: 132. Berlin, de Gruyter and Co., 1924. (5i 7) Trautz and Bhandarkar, 93, 106: 95; 19. (««) Trautz and Dalal, 93, 102: 149; 18. (Sis.S) Trautz and Dalal, 93, 110: 1; 20. (519) Trautz and Winkler, 68, 104: 53; 22. (520) Treub, 48, 16: 107; 18. 70, 42: 556; 23. (521) Trey, 7, 18: 193; 95. 22: 424; 97. 46: 620; 03. (522) Tubandt, 13, 339: 41; 05. 354: 259; 07. (523) Tubandt, Mohs, Tubandt and Weinhausen, 13, 337: 284; 10. (524) Urech, 85, 16: 2270; 83. 17: 1547; 84. ( 52 S) Verkade, 70, 35: 79, 299; 15. 36: 194; 16. 37: 315; 18. 40: 192, 199; 21. (526) Visser, 7, 52: 257; 05. (527) Voerman, 70, 23: 265; 04. (528) Waddell, 50, 2: 525; 98. (529) Waiden and Centnerszwer, 9, 15: 310; 09. (530) Walker, 7, 4: 319; 89. (ssi) Walker, 5, 78: 157; 07. (« 32 ) Walker and Aston, 4, 67: 576; 95. (5 33 ) Walker and Wood, 4, 83: 484; 03. (5S4) Walton, 7, 47: 185; 04. (5S5) Walton and Withrow, l, 45: 2689; 23. (536) Warburg, 8, 9: 1286; 02. 13: 1080; 04. (536.5) Wasastjerna, 138, 1: Nos. 37, 40; 23. («37; Washburn, l, 31: 322; 09. (sss) Washburn and Millard, l, 37: 694; 15. ( 53 9) Washburn and Strachan, I1 35: 681; 13. (540) Washburn and Williams, l, 35: 750; 13. (*4i) Wegscheider, 7, 30: 593; 99. (542) Wegscheider, 7, 41: 52; 02. (542.5) Wegscheider, 25, 39: 1054; 06. ( 543 ) Wegscheider, 57, 29: 83, 233; 08. (544) Wegscheider, 57, 36: 471; 15. (545) Wegscheider, 57, 39: 201; 18. (546) Wegscheider and Amann, 67, 36: 549; 15. (547) Wegscheider and Ripper, 57, 39: 325; 18. (548) Werner, 4, 85: 1376; 04. (549) Werner, 85, 45: 3061; 12. (549.5) White and Tolman, l, 47: 1240; 25. (550) Wibaut, 70, 34: 241; 15. (55i) Widmark, Acta medica Scand., 53: 393; 20. ( 552 ) Widmark and Jeppsson, Skand. arch, physiól., 42: 43; 22. (553) Williams and Sudborough, 4, 101: 412; 12. (554; Wilsdon and Sidgwick, 4, 103: 1959; 13. 107: 679; 15. (555) Winkelblech, 7, 36: 546; 01. (556) Wood, 4, 83: 568; 03. (557) Wood, 4, 89: 1831; 06. (558) Wood, 4, 89: 1839; 06. (559) Wourtzel, 34, 170: 229; 20. (560) Wulf, Daniels and Karrer, l, 44: 2398; 22. (sei) Wunderly, 7, 112: 175; 24. (562) Yamasaki, l, 42: 1455; 20. (563) Young, I , 23: 119; 00. 24: 297; 01. (564) Abel and Schmid, 7, 136: 430; 28. (S«5) Baur, 7, 140: 194; 29.

THE KINETICS OF BIOCHEMICAL REACTIONS

J. TEMMINCK GROLL Enzyme Concentration ( = E). —Jalander (96) finds:

CONTENTS PAGE

Introduction Hydrolysis of fats Hydrolysis of carbohydrates Hydrolysis of proteins Coagulation of milk by rennet Hydrolysis of urea Decomposition of peroxides Alcoholic fermentation

153 153 . 154 156 156 157 157 158

INTRODUCTION The following standard works and monographs, used in composing these tables, should be consulted in the first instance for further information on this subject. The periodical literature is so extensive that only a very small part of it could be cited here. Arrhenius, Immunochemie. Anwendungen der physikalischen Chemie auf die Lehre von den physiologischen Antikörper. Leipzig, Akadem. Verlagsges., 1907. Bayliss, The nature of enzyme action. London, Longmans, 1919. Effront, Les catalyseurs biochimiques dans la vie et dans l'industrie (fermentes protéolytiques]. Paris, Dunod et Pinat, 1914. Euler, Chemie der Enzyme. München, Bergmann, 1920-22. Euler and Lindner, Chemie der Hefe und der alkoholischen Gärung. Leipzig, Akadem. Verlagsges., 1915. FaIk, The chemistry of enzyme action. New York, Chem. Cat. Co., 1924. Harden, Alcoholic fermentation. London, Longmans, 1923. Berlin, Springer, Michaelis, Die Wasserstoffionenkonzentration. 1922. Oppenheimer, Die Fermente und ihre Wirkungen. Leipzig, Vogel, 1913. 5th ed., Leipzig, Thieme, 1924-26. Zunz, Fermente. In Abderhalden, Biochemisches Handlexikon, V: 538-665; IL SYMBOLS For explanation of equations and symbols, v. p. 115. HYDROLYSIS OF FATS LIPASE, RICINUS Time.—According to Nicloux (127) and Taylor (1^) the reaction is monomolecular. According to Connstein ( 35 ), x/-y/7 = k. In a mixture of 4 g of 0.1% H2SO4 -f- 5 g rie. seed + 6.5 g rie. oil he finds: t (min) x x/Vf

15 30 [Ï5 Ì60 90 150 2ÎÔ 330 1620 12 20 30 33 41 54 59 68 81 3.11 3.65 4.47 4.26 4.32 4.51 4.07 3.74 2.01

Using 0.02 g rie. lip. + I g triolein -f l cm3 0.01AT acetic acid, shaken at 2O0C, Jalander ( 96 ) finds ( ki = —r~ logio ): \ i a — x/ t (min) cm 3 0.1ATNaOH % split ki x/V*

ÏÔ 6.76 20.39 100 6.4

20 ) 11.55 34.87 93 7.8

~3Ö 15.93 48.05 93.9 8.7

60 120 240 18.85 26.18 28.54 56.86 78.97 86.54 60.6 56.2 35.7 7.3 7.2 5.7

cm3 0.1 % ' cm3 0.1 ] % . %/E 10E ATNaOH split l ATNaOH split %/E 1 1.68 4.46 4.46 10 15.63 41.57 4.16 2 3.40 9.04 4.52 15 19.96 53.08 3.54 3 5.20 13.85 4.65 20 22.18 58.99 2.99 4 6.70 17.82 4.45 25 23.05 61.30 2.41 5 8.31 22.10 4.40 Temperature. —Reaction checked at 5O0C (35). pH. —Optimum at ±5 ( 76 ), checked at 3. Activation.—Q. 2% MnSO4 activates strongly (l*> 35). Bile salts (38) and saponin decrease action. For neutral salts, v. (58). Reversibility. —v. (96» 162);v. also (59, 68, 91). Jalander ( 9 ^) finds at 2O0C, with 2 min shaking 5 times daily: a r*j.*. 0.01 ^ ni g dry j Synthesis 0.01 Splitting off ester ... , of _ _ _ester _ . . g .,dry, . , n x • i • , Ï rie. lip. 4- 0.957 g oleic acid + rie. rlip. -f 11.0 g triolem + 1 _. ^ f ' 1 , 1 ,^™ n , ' - Ar & ,. ., 0.104 g& glycerol + 1 cm3 0.01 0 cm3 0.01 AT acetic acid J ,. ., N acetic acid F 10 E

P1 Days

cm3 0.1 ,, ,, ,. AT alkali

%oil ' ... split

_ Days J

cm3 0.1 ,. „ ,. N alkali

15 30

29.51 29.30

89.02 88.37

15 30

30.31 30.35

% ol C

f acid . , bound 11.16 11.04

LIPASE, PANCREATIC Time. —Using 10 cm3 olive oil + 3.9 cm3 0.1 AT alkali + 0.25 cm3 AT CaCl2 + 1 cm3 pancr. extr. (hog), Kanitz (98) found: * (min) 70 140 288 405 1455 x/t 0.131 0.088 0.065 0.057 0.023 x/V* 1.1 1.04 1.12 1.15 0.90 Enzyme Concentration (E). —Velocity proportional to E (10°). Temperature (10°). 0 C O I 10 I 20 I 30 ko+io/ke 1.50 1.34 1.26 A (cal.) 6300 4800 4100 pH.—Optimum at 8.3-9 (145). Activation.—FOT neutral salts, v. ( 61 > 98> 1 ZS, 132, 164). LIPASB OF TISSUE EXTKACTS Spontaneous increase of activity (128). Ester-hydrolyzing action of tissue and tumor extracts after different time-intervals, preserved at room temperature. Rabbit Whole rats livers 28 days 3.5 days old 22 days old pregnant O I 15 ^ O \'8 \ 16 O \ 3 \ 9 Phenyl acetate 4.304.034.086.065.945.97 4.562.88 3.062.78 Glyceryl triacetate 2 . 72 2 . 94 2 . 92 3 . 71 3 . 35 3 . 28 Methyl butyrate. 1.311.731.682.623.553.20 3.633.72 Benzyl acetate 0.790.940.881.261.681.67 1.781.96 Ethyl acetate 0.780.830.811.241.391.40 1.231.48 Methyl acetate 0.73 0.740.68 1.05 1.16 1.05 1.601.80 Ethyl butyrate 1.40 1.75 1.62 2.693.55 3.37 2.643.05 0.230.200.210.680.610.61 0.820.82 Methyl benzoate Ethyl benzoate 0.360.360.330.770.820.82 0.540.55 Isobutyl acetate 0.800.941.001.331.701.66 1.791.88

X

pH.—Per cent split at different pH. pH To 2.5 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0 Starch-Splitting Enzymes % 47.5 55.8 58.9 63.3 64.1 58.7 50.5 37.0 14.4 9.4 AMYLASE, MALT Time.—With this and also with the other amylases, no conRAFFINASE, ALMONDS cordant data are to be found, in consequence of the complicated structure of the starch molecule. Time.—Using a 2.3% solution, and l g emulsion, at 30°, and According to Brown ( 25 ), k of the monomolecular reaction pH = 4.2, Willstätter (171) found monomolecular k: increases rapidly with time. t (hr) Ï iTs 6 9 ~ ~ ] 2 2 . 5 26 30.5 According to Henri ( 83 ) and Euler ( 51 ), the monomolecular k % split 3.5 8.5 18.0 25.6 55.2 60.5 66.0 134 135 is approximately constant; according to Philoche ( > ), only 104/b 351 355 330 .328 350 356 352 after 30 % of the starch is split. 17 7 pH.—Optimum at 4.1 ( I). Substrate Concentration; v. also ( > 39, 44, 74, 102, 105, 107, 129, HYDROLYSIS OF CARBOHYDRATES

136, 153, 155, 156, 166)

% starch g maltose in 1 hr

1 ï~5 2 2 0.24 0.30 0.338

7 s 0.397

3 0.397

AMYLASE, TAKA (ASPERGILLTJS ORYZAE) Time.—At 31.5°, 1 % starch and taka-diastase 1:20 000, Philoche (134) found: ti (min) 21 51 113 224 390 x/a 0.06 0.11 0.15 0.26 0.36 10*fc 12.3 10.0 6.2 5.8 5.0 pH.—Optimum at 4.8 ( 15 2). Activation.—Neutral salts, no definite activation ( 147 > 152). NaCl activates above 0.1 N ( 174 ). AMYLASE, YEAST pH.—Optimum at 4.5 to 6 ( 7 2). AMYLASE, SALIVA Time.—Should be monomolecular according to Taylor (163). Temperature.—ke+io/ke, (20-30°) = 2 . A = 12 300 (168). Enzyme Concentration. E I 1 I 2 I 3 I 5 I Lit. % maltose in 10 m i n . . . | 0.077 j 0.150 | 0.202 | 0.385 | (55) pH.—Optimum at 6.0 to 6.4 (40, 72, 75, 115,142). Neutral Salts— ( 7 I). AMYLASE, PANCREATIC Time .—(83, 101, 133, 134).

pH.—Optimum = 5-7 (Hog); = 6-7.5 (Ox); = 6-8 (Man) (72). Hydrolysis of Raffinose RAFFINASE, YEAST Time.—According to Willstätter (i 72 ), [ k = -^ logio —— VV & a — x/ First experiment 1 Second experiment Mm • ; i % split I k I % split I k ÏÔ (T9 3ÏO S 7 9 4 0 4 20 14.5 340 18.5 445 30 21.6 352 24.4 404 45 31.3 362 32.6 381 60 39.4 362 40.5 376 80 48.4 359 49.2 367 110 60.0 362 59.4 356 150 69.5 344 160 72.1 346 200 77.5 324 220 82.1 340 260 85.9 327 QO 100.0 100.0 Enzyme Concentration ( 172 ); cf. (ll). E (cm3 in 25) .. .1 0.25 OTo TO 2?5 5.0 t (min) 400 200 100 40 20 % split 24.8 25.6 25.6 26.2 26.2

Hydrolysis of Sucrose INVERTASE, YEAST Time.—[k =— logio 8) ~~ Xy) according to Hudson ( 92 ): \ t

t (min) 30 60 90 ÏÏÔ Ï3Ô 150 k 558 530 539 534 559 533 According to Michaelis (117): « ( m i n ) . . 0.5 21 ToO 130 190.2 246.0 x 0.010 0.389 1.074 2.205 3.004 3.590 105fc . .. . 1.45 1.51 1.64 1.71 1.76 According to Nelson and Vosburgh ( 126 ): t (min) 35 80 359.5 265 Î425 785 % inversion . . 9.42 21.02 39.66 60.02 80.04 94.88 105fc.... 1.23 1.28 1.38 1.50 1.65 1.64 Concentration of Enzyme and Substrate.—Relation between time for 40% inversion (/40) and concentration of sucrose, (Cs) at pH = 5.5 (126); ,, cm3 invertase, . Z4o X y n Csg/1

y

—er

^

50 2 47.5 19.0 50 l 93 18.6 100 2 79 15.8 100 l 163 16.3 200 2 175 17.5 200 l 376 18.8 Temperature.—According to Kjeldahl (103) calculated by Herzog; cf. (123.1). 0 C O 18 30 40 45 k 17 60 113 179 228 A 11100 9300 8800 9600 ke+io/ko 2.01 1.69 1.58 1.62 According to Tammann ( 16 °); v. also Euler and Laurin (48). 0 C Ô 2Ï 30~I 3 57 ); salts of heavy metals ( 52 ); various organic substances ( 53 ); v. also ( î 4 » l ? » 24 » 29 > 30» 31 » 32 > 33, 47, 50, 84, 92, 120, 124, 1 2 5 , 126, 131).

INVEETASE, BANANA Time.—No satisfactory data ( 62 ). pH 3.0 375 4JQ 4~5 HTO Action 183 481 489 478 458 For effect of aging, v. ( 1 1 1 J; v. also ( 63 ).

5?5 375

6~0 135

(Uf 52

Hydrolysis of Maltose

Reversibility. — Influence of alcohol concentration (CA) on yield,0 % bound; 1% solution of glucose; aqueous extract of yeast at 16 C (20):

MALTASE, YEAST Time.—No concordant results, v. ( 9 » 87 > 107» 173). According to Willstätter the reaction is monomolecular (173). / ( m i n ) . . . 10 20 30 40 60 80 ÏÔÔ Ï 5 Ô 2 0 0 300 % split... 19.226.933.837.744.049.0 53.2 61.2 66.4| 75.0 Enzyme Concentration.—(173).

E 2 5 ÏÔ t (min) 150 60 30 % split 34.2 34.4 34.5 108 Temperature.—According to Lintner and Kröber ( ), calculated by Herzog; cf. (130). 0

C Velocity A ko+io/ko

H) 20 30 40 1 1.9 2.74 3.58 10600 6500 5100 1.90 1.44 1.28 pH.—Optimum at 6.1-6.8, with "untergährige Bierhefe/' brewers' bottom yeast ( 122 ). Activation.—Neutral salts, no effect except Ca which decreases action. MALTASE, TAKA DIASTASE pH,—Optimum at ca. 4 (» 7 ); at 4.1 («); v. also (34).

CA\ O 2 4 6 8

days | % || O O 1-4 6.9 1-4 10.0 1-4 14.0 8-1419.4

LACTASE, ALMOND

days | % || &-1420.6 8-1422.9 8-1426.7 14-2029.7 20-2431.2

CA 20 22 24 26 28

\ days | % || 31-3532.6 31-3531.7 28-3130.0 24-2828.7 14-2025.6

CA days | % 30 14-2014.4 32 1-4 8.2 34 1-4 36 5.2

Synthesis of or-Methyl-a-glucoside Alcohol Concentration (CA). — 1% solution of glucose, extract of dried yeast, 16-180C (20).

CA g/100 cm3 . . 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 Days 16-20 18-22 18-22 18-22 35-38 35-38 42-48 31-35 % bound 45.0 50.2 54.0 59.0 59.6 61.1 54.0 Quantity of Enzyme. — Solution of 1 g glucose and 16 g methyl alcohol in 100 cm3. Yeast powder: % || Yeast, g| Yeast, g| % II Yeast, g| Days 0.025 3.01 0.15 30-40 11.56 0.50 0.05 3.59 0.20 60-80 21.86 1.00 0.10 6.41 0.25 120-140 34.20 2.00

Days | % 40-43 50.43 22-25 53.15 11-15 53.15

Quantity of Glucose. — 18 g methyl alcohol in 100 cm3; aqueous extract of yeast ( 20 ).

g Gl. /100 cm3. . . t (days) Gl. bound %

Hydrolysis of Lactose

CA 10 12 14 16 18

1 22-31 57.5

2 30-40 57.8

10 15 150-180 180-210 52.4 44.6

5 60-70 54.7

Time.—With 0.7% solution, 0.5 g emulsin, pH at 4.4, 3O0C, monomolecular k (171); v. also ( 9 > 10).

t (hr) % split 1Q4/C

4~~ 7 15 24 410 390

21 55 380

24 30 46~ 61 69.5 85 390396 410

7

pH.-(i *). pH % split 1Q3/C

3.2 30 9.7

3.8 39 13.4

4.4 44 15.7

4.9 41 14.3

6.0 30 9.7

7.0 8.5 2.3

^ 8.0 2.5 0.7

Hydrolysis of a-Glucosides a-GLUCOSIDASE, YEAST

Time.—2.7% solution of glucoside at 3O0C (17*). t (min) IlO 20 40 60 ÏÔÔ Ï6Ô 240 340 % split 7.612.320.426.7 35.9 45.9 53.1 60.2 Enzyme Concentration.

E (cm 3 in 50 cm3) ï 2 5 ÏÔ t (min) 800 400 160 80 % split 32 32 31.4 31.4 E X t = ca. constant ( 174 ). pH.—Hydrolysis of maltose and of a-methylglucoside at pH = 6.0 to 7.8. T. V. = time value of yeast extract ( 174 ): Maltose Glucoside pH % split I T. V. I % split I T. V. " 6.0 43.0 86 32.7 142 6.4 42.8 87 33.3 137 6.8 42.7 87 32.7 142 6.8 42.7 87 28.2 280 7.2 41.4 93 24.5 340 7.8 40.3 99 24.5 340

Hydrolysis of (5-Glucosides EMULSIN, ALMOND Time. —0.8% glucoside pH =4.4, 3O0C (I 7 I).

(ß-methylglucoside) ; 0.1 g emulsin

Hr 2 16 19 23 26 41 48 % split 7.1 48.35 57.45 62.0 65.4 81.0 84.2 104/c 370 410 450 420 410 400 380 l 61 71 Enzyme Concentration. — ( > * ) . Enzyme 1 2 4 Lit. Initial velocity 1 2.3 3.9 (169) pH.—Optimum at 4.7-5.1 ("i). Temperature. —According to Tammann (161), calculated by R. Herzog. 0 C O 20.5 30 40.2 50.3 k 1 5.6 14.0 21.0 30.5 A 13400 17200 7600 7300 ko+io/ke 2.31 2.62 1.49 1.44 Reversibility. — Synthesis of /3-ethylglucoside. Solution of 1 g glucose in 100 cm3; 0.4 g emulsin ( 21 ): Reaction Glucose Reaction Glucose Reaction Glucose AlcoAlco- duration, Alcoduration, not not duration, not hol hol hol days bound bound bound days days 100 95 90 85

No reaction 55-58 30-35 20-25

0.140 0.203 0.300

80 60 50 40

10-15 10-15 10-15 5-10

0.345 0.553 0.648 0.691

30 20 10

5-10 <5 <5

0.767 0.844 0.894

Synthesis of ß-Ethylgalactoside (23) Alcohol Concentration.—CA in g/100 cm3: % galactose bound after, months A 1 I 4 I 8 -9Î 20 15.92 19.70 27.77 29.47 30 22.16 29.92 37.31 38.52 40 23.32 33.40 39.06 39.64 50 28.57 38.10 45.84 45.36 60 36.29 47.32 49.24 49.90 70 56.75 57.28 59.41 59.06 80 59.66 67.55 69.20 69.20 V. also (22, 82, 93). HYDROLYSIS OF PROTEINS Pepsinases PEPSIN, GASTBIC Enzyme Concentration.—l g globulin and 5 cm3 5% HCl in 100 cm3 for 16 hr at 37.50C; x = constant X E^, where x is the rotation of the peptone and E the pepsin concentration ( 148 ). Accorda a ing to Arrhenius ( 12 ) a more accurate relation is Efc = - log t

Qt — X

X

T Time.—E X t = ca. constant, where t is the time. Accuracy ± 10%. See further (12). Temperature.—(8 8 ). 0 C 14 19.4 24.2 28.9 35.5 % split 0.95 2.14 3.67 4.9 7.7 A 25 400 19 600 11 100 12 800 ke+lo/ke 4.5 3.08 1.85 1.98 V. also (4» 6, 26, 73, 90, 104, 138, 149, 151, 157, 165).

pH.—Optimum at 1.5-2 («8). Tryptases TRYPSIN, PANCREATIC Time.—According to Arrhenius ( 12 ), who calculated experiments of V. Henri and des Bancels ( 85 ), x = k№ where x is the increase in conductivity. SoIn $(min) 10 20 30 40 55~~ 4% gelatin x(obs.) 27Ut 44~ 53 58?7 6577 44.30C, k = 7.37 x(calc.) 29.341.55058.768.8 Casein in 2% NaHCO3 soin x(obs.) 24 36 Tl 42 44 440C, k = 7.59 x(calc.) 24 34 42 48 54 Enzyme Concentration.—fa, t2, t3 = times for same decomposition. E I ti I ti X E I t2 I ft X E I £3 £3 X E 0.5 37 18.5 89 44.5 720 360 1 19 19 45 45 480 480 2 10 20 24 48 274 548 2.5 7.5 18.8 19 47.5 245 613 _Jt 4.5 18 13 52 226 904 Temperature.—(i 30). 0 C 19.4 25.2 29.8 35.8 % split 3.3 7.1 9.5 18.2 A 23000 11400 20200 ke+io/ke 3.75 1.88 2.96 pH.—Trypsin from pancreatin "Rhenania" acting on "pepton Riddel" ( 118 );c/. ( 14 °» 141 ), "Sorensen-method." pH 3.65 4.25 4.78 5.78 6.49 6.98 Activity O 0.028 0.075 0.31 0.58 0.78 pH 7.01 7\02 7768 9ÏÏ7 11.26 Activity 0.84 0.86 1.00 0.87 0.085 v. otoo («»»«).

TRYPSIN, MALT Temperature.—(i 70). 0

C v A k0 + 1o/ke

15 25 36 45 0.42 1.42 3.80 5.34 20 900 16 500 7 400 3.38 2.45 1.46 Peptases EREPSIN, HOG INTESTINE

Time.—Q.W glycylglycine; 0.04 N NaOH; 5 g erepsin prep, in IO3 a 100 cm3; 370C. &i = — log™ Conductivity method (43). v a —x «(min) O 7 103(a - x) 930 837 fei 6.54 Temperature.—(2). 0 C v A fco + io/fcfl v. also (1» 3, 5).

13 20 28 36 763 690 620 550 6.60 6.48 6.30 6.33

j 25 35 45 1 2.35 3.5 14 800 8 600 2.25 1.56

EREPSIN, YEAST JUICE Time and pH.—0.4 g glycyl-Z-leucine in 10 cm3 HzO -j- 20 cm3 phosphate + 2 cm3 yeast juice. pH electrometr.; 250C. For the formol titration are taken 5 cm3 a = 62.5 mg. /CQ = 104x/£, ki = 10* lo a k. 104x (66) _

~r z*^^' * = 7M- pH 6.27

7.37

8.41

9.33

I £(min) | 10 20 30 40 10 20 30 40 10 20 30 40 10 20 30

x, mg | 10.5 22.4 29.9 38.0 Ï5T2 25.8 35.2 41.6 23.5 37.2 44.5 49.3 ITo 18.4 25.4

fc0 | ki 10.5 184 (11.2) (222) 9.9 217 9.5 234 25.6 279 30.6 266 34.1 276 34.9 273 472 401 415 389 205 174 174

\

k2

25.6 30.6 34.1 34.9 39.5 44.3 43.2 41.2 36.7 41.2 24.6

MILK COAGULATION BY RENNET Time and Concentration of Rennet.—Time of curdling X concentration of rennet = constant (±ca. 30%), with calf rennet, not with that of swine or man ( 112 ). Temperature.—(6 6 ). 0 C 25 30 35 40 v 1 1.69 3.15 5.40 A 18 600 22 300 20 800 ke+lo/kd 2.86 3.32 2.94 pH.—Optimum at 5 ( 36 ). In the presence of Ca salt, optimum at 6-6.4 (119). Calcium Salts.—For effect, v. (l 46 ); v. also (65, 66, 77, 89, 95, 106, 139, 159).

HYDROLYSIS OF UREA UREASE, SOY-BEAN TlC

1

Time.—According to ( ls ), m X t = Q ^^ Iog10 j-^ h a#« x = concentration urea (g in 100 cm3) c — concentration H-ions (g in 100 cm3) n = coefficient of absorption ( I g H-ions absorbs n times the radiation absorbed by 1 g urea) _ a ~x a m = velocity constant =

t (min) 20 30 50 70 90 ÎÏÔ cm 3 0.1ATNH 3 1.78 2.58 3.68 5.08 5.88 6.51 y 0.223 0.323 0.460 0.635 0.735 0.814 IQ6TTC 290 292 267 295 291 291 pH.—(15). IQ5TTC pH 105m

5.84

6.13

20.5 7.52 75.2

22.1 7.64 70.3

6.40 26.7 7.80 62.3

6.67 35.4 8.03 47.3

7.0

7.21

51.3 | 67 8.13 8.65 41.7 24.4

Concentration of Urea.—cm3 of %Q N NH3 formed in 120 min

in 12 CHI3 ( 1 5 );t>. also ( 4 6> 60, 69, 70, 109, HO, 113, 114,143, 144, 167).

,N?H 5.83 LU \

0.03 0.05 0.08 0.1 0.2 0.5 1 2 4 6 8

6.68

6.81

0.58 0.9 0.164 1.3 0.21 1.6 0.375 2.3 0.85 3.3 1.5 3.9 2.75 4.45 3.2 4.8 4.15 4.85 4.65 4.8

0.95 1.4 1.9 2.15

0.068

6.89

1.2 1.7 2.3 2.5 3.4 3.9 4.3 4.5 4.65 4.9 5.2 5.15 5.4 5.2 5.3 5 5.15

A

(135).

0.0327 logio Y~ + °-012/

pH

Living Yeast.—(Continued) I B I C Min cm3 I IQ4A; | cm3 104fc | cm3 [ lQ4fe O 5 7 2 5 ? 2 5 ? 2 15 5.0 11 4.8 23 4.5 42 30 4.8 11 4.4 24 3.7 49 45 4.7 10 4.1 23 3.2 47 60 4.5 10 3.8 21 2.8 45 Activation.—The activating action of toluene, chloroform, phenol and thymol on the H2O2-splitting capacity of living yeast ( 45 ) ; v. also

I I

7.14

7.47

7.83

8.10

1.65 2.25 2.7 3 3.55 4.1 4.3 4.5 4.45 4.45 4.25

3.2 3.45 4.05 4.15 4.65 5 5.05 5.15 5.25 4.85 4.6

3.2 3.75 3.55 4.1 4.3 4.5 4.25 4.75 4.6 4.35 4

2.9 3.2 3.2 3.4 3.7 3.8 3.9 4.1 3.9 3.65 3.25

DECOMPOSITION OF PEROXIDES CATALASE, YEAST Time.—Values of 434.3fc (94). 250C, Yv o mole H2O2 t (min) 5 I 5 ÏO Ï5 20 25 30 Cm 3 KMnO 4 ... 41.8 31.5 23.7 17.9 13.5 10.2 7.6 434.4fc 24.57 24.67 24.55 24.54 24.50 24.69 O0C, Yz 3 mole H2O2 t (min) O 5 10 20 30 40 60 Cm 3 KMnO 4 ... 48.4 38.1 30.1 18.7 11.6 7.2 2.8 434.4fc 20.78 20.62 20.65 20.67 20.6820.62 Enzyme Concentration.—k = 0.183E0-366 ± ca. 1%. Living Yeast.—Splitting of H2O2 by living yeast, pH = 6.8; O0C, according to Euler (45). A =0.1 g of yeast in 100 cm3 0.4% Na phosphate; of this are taken 50 cm3 + 50 cm3 0.02 N H2O2 B = 0.2 g of yeast in 100 cm3 0.4% Na phosphate; of this are taken 50 cm3 + 50 cm 3 0.02 N H2O2 C = 0.3 g of yeast in 100 cm3 0.4% Na phosphate; of this are taken 50 cm3 + 50 cm3 0.02 N H2O2

A : 0.2 g of yeast in 100 cm3 water, saturated with 0.5 cm3 toluene, chloroform, etc., 50 cm3 of this + 50 cm3 0.0185 N H2O2, pH = 6.2. B: The same, without toluene, chloroform, etc., pH = 6.8. Toluene t (min) | 0 I 10 I 20 | 30 | 40 | 50 | 60 A cm3 5.2 4.8 4.4 4.0 3.8 3.5 3.3 104/c 35 36 38 34 34 33 B cm3 5.2 4.9 4.7 4.6 4.5 4.4 104fc 13 13 13 13 12 Chloroform t (min) | 0 I 20 I 30 I 40 I 50 A cm3 5.6 2.7 1.8 1.4 0.9 104/b 158 164 150 158 B cm 3 ôTë 5.05 4~8 4~6 T^2 1O4A; 22 22 21 25 . Thymol, cm3 of O2 150C, humid t (min) I 15 I 30 I 60 90 | 105 TTA Ï2 14 22 28 30 ^m 3 < \B 11 13 16 20 21 Phenol = I A, 0.0 | B, 0.5 g B, 2 g Min l pH = 7 I pH = 6 . 9 [ pH = 6.6 20 7.5 9.0 14.2 40 9.5 14.5 18.6 60 11.5 18.3 21.5 80 13.5 19.5 22.5 CATALASE, BLOOD (HEMASE) Time.—Monornolecular k (15°). t (min). Ö 5 ÎÔ 20 30 50 H2O2 concn 46.1 37.1 29.8 19.6 12.3 5.0 434.3/c 19.0 19.2 19.0 19.3 19.4 Enzyme concentration E 3 6 8 24 v 28 58 72 230 p/E 9.33 9.66 9.00 9.6 Enzym e Concentration.—(54 ). E I y I p/E** II E y I v/É 100 100 10.0 20 40.3 2.01 50 76.7 10.8 15 32.7 2.18 40 63.8 10.06 10 22.6 2.26 30 57.4 10.50 6 16.6 2.76 4 9.5 2.37 2 3.52 1.76 Temperature.—Herzog. 0 C 5 ÎÔ ke + io/fcfl vi 0.0120 0.180 ±1.5 vu 0.192 0.0294 OTHER CATALASE Liver (12l, 137). Milk (56). Fat tissue (13).

Boletus scaber (42). Apple-leaf tissue (").

ALCOHOLIC FERMENTATION Time.—1 1 of a 1.136 N dextrose solution with 1.2 g acetone yeast

(dead).

24.50C.

ki = monomolecular

k] ks = ^- loge

^L? v(86)

a —x '' t (min) a -x 434.3X10% 434.3 X 103fcs t (min) a -x 434.3 X 103/bi 434.3X10% t (min) a - x 10'fei (41)

O l

120 240 1200 0.961 0.922 0.673 144 147 143 141 141 123

1440 Ï740 2690 3ÖÖÖ 0.612 0.549 0.396 0.354 148 149 149 150 123 121 120 111 O 200 301 465 561923 520 493 477 454 443 407 1.16 1.25 1.26 1.24 1.15

I

A ntiseptics.—(Continued) Substance | Effect on total fermentation Ammonium fluoride, 0.55% Completely destroyed Sodium azoimide, NaNs, 0.36%... Slight diminution Sodium azoimide, NaNs, 0.71 % . . . Marked diminution Quinine hydrochloride, 1 % Slight increase Ozone 10.4-34.8 milligram per 20 cm3 Marked diminution Hydrocyanic acid, 1.2% Completely destroyed Phosphates.—(79). Optimum vol. of 0.6 ,, , , m -, i i i, T~ j. Maximum rate, cm3 Total vol., molar phosphate, , nr. , . 0 Sugar, g ' ofC0 2 /5mm cm3 cni3

Glucose I Fructose Glucose | Fructose 2 35 2 5 7^5 32.2~ 4 50 1 10 5.4 28.4 1.6 23 2 5 8 17 1 25 1.75 5 5.2 25.9 Living yeast cells ( 67 ) 2 25 5 7.5 16.2 31.2 t (min) Ö 34 68 86 Î36 1 5 6 Ï 8 2 215 2 20 2 3.5 7.9 22.6 °Rotation 36.4 34.2 31.9 30.7 27.7 26.7 24.7 23.4 2 22.5 0.75 2 3.4 22.2 IQgfe 154 158 157 156 152 156 |l51 Arsenates.—Fermentation of glucose by yeast juice. CA = t (min) . 246 273 304 330 404 452 572 concentration of arsenate, mole/1. Amax = maximum rate of °Rotation 21.6 20.3 18.8 17.2 14.0 12.0 8.4 fermentation ( 80 ); v. also ( 49 ). 5 10 /c 152 151 151 154 152 155 154 CA, M/l Rn^ Il CA, M/l | fl max Substrate Concentration.—20 cm3 yeast juice in presence of O 3.5 0.00375 34.9 0 toluene at 22 C (27). 0.04375 6.3 0.0075 29.5 | CO2 in g after: Sucrose: 0.0475 8 0.015 23.2 Wt. I % I 6hr 24 hr | 96 hr 0.0315 14.2 0.0375 14.5 0.033 19.9 0.075 8.7 2.2 10 0.17 0.50 0.55 0.0375 29.7 0.1125 5.3 3.52 15 0.14 0.53 0.64 0.0015 35 0.15 3.2 5 20 0.13 0.54 0.73 6.66 25 0.13 0.52 0.80 A " ~~. Rate" Arsenate concentration —-— 8.56 30 0.12 0.46 0.81 Glucose Fructose 10.76 35 0.12 0.40 0.82 0.0075 molar Ï27I 26.6 13.33 40 0.11 0.36 0.82 0.0225 (opt. for glucose) 13.4 Antiseptics ( 78 ). 0.0525 (opt. for fructose) 45.8 Substance | Effect on total fermentation 0.1125 5.1 39 Concentrated solution of glycerol... Slight diminution LITERATURE Concentrated solution of sugar Slight increase (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) Toluene (to saturation or excess)... Less than 10 % diminution C 1 ) Abderhalden and Brahm, 202, 57: 342; 08. ( 2 ) Abderhalden, Caemmerer Chloroform, 0.5% Slight increase and Pincussohn, 202, 59: 293; 09. ( 3 ) Abderhalden and Fodor, 489, 1: Chloroform, 0.8% (saturation)... ; . No change 533; 16. (4) Abderhalden and Fodor, 489, 6: 248; 22. 7: 61; 23. (5) Abderhalden and Michaelis, 202, 52: 326; 07. ( 6 ) Abderhalden and SteinChloroform large excess, 17% 64% diminution beck, 202, 68: 293; 10. (7) Adler, 205, 77: 146; 16. («) Anon., Tokyo Chloral hydrate, 0.7% Increase up to 27% Igakakai Zasshi, 32 : No. 23; 19. ( 9 ) Armstrong, 5, 73 : 500; 04. 10 Chloral hydrate, 3.5-5.4 % Completely destroyed ( ) Armstrong and Armstrong, 5B, 80: 321; 08. ( 1 M Armstrong and Glover, Phenol, 0.1 % No change 6B, 80: 312; 08. ( 12 ) Arrhenius, Immunochemie. Anwendungen der physikalischen Chemie auf die Lehre von den physiologischen Antikörpern., Leipzig, Phenol, 0.5% 40% diminution Akadem. Verlags., 1907. (13) Bach, 25, 38: 1878; 05. (**) Barendrecht, Phenol, 1.2% Completely destroyed 7, 49 : 456; 04. 54: 367; 06. (* 5) Barendrecht, 64V, 27:1113, 1236, 1406; 19. Thymol, 1 % Slight diminution 28: 23; 19. 0«) Barton, l, 42: 620; 20. (17) Bayliss, OB, 84: 81; 11. O*) Thymol, 5 % Marked diminution Bayliss, The nature of enzyme action, 4th ed. London, Longmans, 1919. ( 19 ) Bodenstein, 9, 12: 605; 06. Benzoic acid, 0.1% 7% diminution 20 ( ) Bourquelot, 14, 3: 287; 15. (21) Bourquelot and Bridel, 6, 28: 145; 13. Benzoic acid, 0.25% 26% diminution ( 2 2 ) Bourquelot and Ludwig, 49, 9: 542; 14. (^ 3 ) Bourquelot and Mougne, Salicylic acid, 0.1% 10% diminution 49, 10: 157; 14. (24) Brown, 4, 81: 373; 02. (25) Brown and GlendinSalicylic acid, 0.27% 35% diminution ning, 4, 81: 388; 02. (26) Brücke, 75, 37: 131; 59. (27) Buchner, Hahn and Hahn, Die Zymase-Gährung. Berlin, Oldenbourg, 1903. (28) Cole, 289, 30: Formaldehyde, 0.12% 20% diminution 281; 03. (29) Colin and Chaudun, 34, 167: 208, 338; 18. Formaldehyde, 0.24% 30-60% diminution (30) Colin and Chaudun, 34, 168: 1274; 19. (31) Colin and Chaudun, 34, 169: Acetone, 6 % 20 % diminution 849; 19. (32) Colin and Chaudun, 34, 174: 218; 22. (33) Colin and ChauAcetone, 14 % 80 % diminution dun, 42, 20: 471; 23. (34) Compton, OB, 92: 1; 21. (35) Connstein, Hoyer and Wartenberg, 25, 35: 3988; 02. (36)van Dam, 202, 61: 147; 09. 64: Alcohol, 6% 0-2% diminution 316; 10. (37) Dietz, 202, 52: 279; 07. (38) Donath, 494, 10: 390; 07. (39) Alcohol, 14 % 75 % diminution Effront, Les enzymes et leurs applications. Carré et Naud, Paris, 1899. Sodium fluoride, 0.5% 99% diminution (40) Ernström, 202, 119: 190; 22. (4l) Euler, 202, 45: 420; 05. (*2) Euler, Sodiumfluoride,2.0% | Almost completely destroyed | 494, 7: 1; 05. (43) Euler, 202, 51: 213; 07. ( 4 4 ) Euler, Chemie der

Enzyme, II: 121. München, Bergmann, 1920-22. (*5) Euler and Blix, (no) Mack and Villars, l, 45: 501; 23. 0") FaIk and McGuire, l, 45: 1539; 147, 5: No. 23; 19. (46) Euler and Brandung, 205, 97: 113; 19. (47) Euler 23. (112) Madsen, in (12). (H3) Marshall, 141, 17: 351; 14. (H4) and Josephson, 25, 56: 446, 453, 1097,1749; 23. (48) Euler andLaurin, 202, Mattaar, 70, 39: 495; 20. 40: 65; 21. ( 115 ) Michaelis, Die Wasserstoffionenkonzentration. Berlin, Springer, 1922. (U 6 ) Michaelis and Davidsohn, 110: 55; 20. ( 4 9 ) Euler and Lindner, Chemie der Hefe und der alkoholischen 205, 30: 481; 11. (H7) Michaelis and Davidsohn, 205, 35: 386; 11. (U 8 ) Gärung. Leipzig, Akadem. Verlags., 1915. Michaelis and Davidsohn, 205, 36: 280; 11. (n 9 ) Michaelis and Mendels(SO) Euler and Myrbäck, 202, 129: 100; 23. (5l) Euler and Svanberg, 808,112 : 192; 20. (52) Euler and Svanberg, 489, 3: 330; 20. 4: 90, 142; 20. (53) sohn, 205, 58: 315; 13. Euler and Svanberg, 489, 4: 29; 1920. (54) Evans, 280, 2: 133; 07. (55) (120) Michaelis and Menten, 205, 49: 333; 13. (i 21 ) Michaelis and Pechstein, 205, 53: 320; 13. (122) Michaelis and Rona, 205, 57: 70; 13. (123) Minami, Evans, 889, 44: 191; 12. (56) Faitelowitz, Diss., Heidelberg, 1904. (57) £05, 39: 392; 12. (124) Nelson and Bloomfield, I1 46: 1025; 24. (™5) Fales and Nelson, l, 37: 2769; 15. (58) FaIk, l, 35: 601; 13. (59) FaIk, Nelson and Griffin, l, 38: 1109; 16. (126) Nelson and Vosburgh, l, 39: 197, 2: 557; 16. 790; 17. (127) Nicloux, 206, 56: 840; 04. (128) Noyes, Sugiura and FaIk, (60) FaIk, 141, 28: 389; 17. (61) FaIk, 141, 36: 229; 18. (62) FaIk and McGuire, 8881 3: 595; 21. (63) FaIk and McGuire, 141, 54: 655; 22. (64) l, 46: 1885; 24. (129) Olsson, in Euler, Chemie der Enzyme, II : 114. Flohr, 18B1 3: 182; 19. ( 6 S) FuId, 494, 2: 169; 02. (66) FuId, Ergeb. (130) Oppenheimer, Die Fermente und ihre Wirkungen. Leipzig, Vogel, 1924. (13l) O'Sullivan and Tompson, 4, 57: 834; 90. (132) Pekelharing, 202, Physiol. I, 1: 468; 02. (67) Qiltay and Aberson, JaArO. wiss. Botan., 26: 81: 355; 12. (133) philoche, 48, 6: 212; 08. (134) Philoche, 48, 6: 355; 08. 543; 94. (68) Goldschmidt, in B61, 5: 445. (69) Groll, 55, 21: 138; 17. (135) Phragmén, 147, 4: No. 22; 18. (136) Pottevin, Ann. inst. Pasteur, (70) Groll, 64V, 26: 710; 17. (71) Groll, 18B, 2: 516; 18. (72) Groll, 18B, 13: 665; 99. (137) Pottevin, 34, 136: 1152; 03. 138: 378; 04. (138) 9: 520; 24. (73) Gross, Beri. Min. Wochschr., 45: 643; 08. (74) Hahn and Harpuder, 145, 71: 286, 302; 20. (75) Hahn and Michalik, 146, 73: 10; 21. Reichel, Wiener Min. Wochschr., 21: 1085; 08. (139) Reichel and Spiro, (76) Haley and Lyman, 1: 43: 2664; 21. (77) Hammarsten, 202, 56: 18; 08. 494, 7: 485; 05. 8: 15; 06. 68: 119; 10. 74: 142; 11. 94: 104, 291; 15. 102: 33; 18. 108: 243; 19. (140) Ringer, £0£, 116:107; 21. (141) Ringer, 202,124: 171; 23. (142) Ringer 121: 240, 261 ; 22. 130: 55; 23. (78) Harden, Alcoholic fermentation, p. 36, and van Trigt, 202, 82: 484; 12. (143) Rockwood, l, 46: 1641; 24. (144) London, Longmans, 1923. (79) Idem, p. 120. Rockwood and Husa, l, 45: 2678; 23. (145) ROna and Bien, 205, 64: 13; 14. 59: 100; 14. (146) Rona and Gabbe, 205, 134: 39; 22. (147) Saito, Centr. (80) Idem, p. 123. (81) Heinicke, Cornell Agr. Expt. Sta. Mem., 62; 19; 23. (82) Helferich, 202, 117: 159; 21. (83) Henri, Thesis, Paris, 1903. (84) Henri, Bakt. Parasitenk., II, 17: 20; 06. (148) Schütz, 202, 9: 577; 85. 30: 1; 00. 7, 39: 194; 01. 51: 19; 05. (85) Henri and Bancels, 806, 55: 787, 789, 866; (149) Schütz and Huppert, 278, 80: 470; 00. 03. (86) Herzog, 808, 37: 149, 383; 03. (87) Herzog, Z. allgem. Physiol., (ISO) Senter, 7, 44: 257; 03. (isi) Sherman and Neun, l, 38: 2199; 16. (152) 4: 163; 04. (88) Herzog, Diss., Karlsruhe, 1905. (8») Herzog, 202, 60: Sherman and Tanberg, l, 38: 1638; 16. ( 153 ) Sherman and Thomas, l, 37: 623; 15. (154) Sherman, Thomas and Baldwin, I , 41: 231; 19. (155) 306; 09. (90) Herzog and Margolis, #02,60: 298; 09. ( 9 M Hoyer, 86, 37: 1436; 04. ( 9 2) Sherman, Thomas and CaId well, l, 46:1711 ; 24. (iS6)Sherman and Walker, l, 39: 1476; 17. (157) Sjögvist, 202, 47: 307; 05. (iss) Sörensen, 205, 21: Hudson, l, 30: 1160, 1564; 08. ( 93 ) Hudson and Paine, l, 31: 1242; 09. 131; 09. (159) Spiro, 494, 8: 365; 06. (94) Issajew, 202, 42: 102; 04. 44: 546; 05. ( 9 5 ) Jacoby, 205, 1: 53; 06. (96) Jalander, 205, 36:435; 11. (97) Josephson, in Euler, Chemie der Enzyme. (160) Tammann, 7, 3: 25; 89. O 6 I ) Tammann, 7, 18: 426; 95. (162) Taylor, Univ. Calif., Pub. Path., 1: 33; 04. (163) Taylor, quoted in (i 30), p< 991. II: 159. (98) Kanitz, 202, 46: 482; 05. (99) Kastle, Johnston and Elvove, (164) Terroine, 80S, 23: 404; 10. (165) van Urk, Diss., Leiden, 1924. (166) 11, Sl: 521; 04. (100) Kastle and Loevenhart, 11, 24: 491; 00. (ioi) Kendall and Sherman, I, Van Laer, 88, 1910: 611, 707. 1911: 84, 362, 795. 1913: 183. (i67) Van 32: 1087; 10. O02) Kjeldahl, 235, 1: 109; 79. O 0 3 ) Kjeldahl, 235, 1: 186; Slykeand Cullen, 141, 19: 141, 211; 14. (168) Vernon, Ergebnisse Physiol., 9: 81. (104) Kleinmann and Asada, KUn. Wochschr., 3: 572; 24. (los) 138; 10. 889, 27: 174; 01. (i69) Visser, 7, 52: 257; 05. (170) Weis, 235, 5: 133; 03. (17l) Willstätter and Csânyi, 202, 117: 172; 21. Klempin, 205t 10: 204; 08. (ioe ) Laquer, Diss., Breslau, 1905. 494, 7: 273; (172) Willstätter and Kühn, 202, 115: 180; 21. (173) Willstätter, Oppen05. 277. 55: 240; 06. (107) Ling and Davis, J. Inst. Brewing, 8: 475; 02. (lös) Lintner and Kröber, 26, 28: 1050; 95. (109) Lövgren, 205, 119: 215; heimer and Steibelt, 202, 110: 232; 20. (174) Willstätter and Steibelt, 808, 115: 199; 21. (l75) Wohlgemuth, 205, 39: 324; 12. 21.

PHOTOCHEMICAL KINETICS CHRISTIAN WINTHER MATIÈRES

CONTENTS Abbreviations and conventions.

Abréviations et conventions.

Light filters for the Hg-vapor lamp. Reaction velocities. Temperature coefficients. Displacement of equilibrium. Phototropy. Quantum sensitivity. General bibliography.

Filtres de lumière pour lampe à vapeur de Hg. Vitesses de réaction. Coefficients de température. Déplacement de l'équilibre. Phototropie. Sensibilité au quantum. Bibliographie générale.

INHALTSVERZEICHNIS Abkürzungen und Konventionen. Lichtfilter für die Hg-Dampflampe. Reaktionsgeschwindigkeit. Temperaturkoeffizienten. Gleichgewichtsverschiebung. Phototropie. Quantenempfindlichkeit. Allgemeine Literaturliste.

INDICE Abbreviazioni e convenzioni Filtri di luce per le lampade a vapori di mercurio.... Velocità di reazione Coefficienti di temperatura Spostamento di equilibrio. Fototropia Sensibilità per un quanto. Bibliografia generale

pAGB 159 160 161 164 166 166 167 170

ABBREVIATIONS AND CONVENTIONS A

Fraction of incident energy absorbed. Light filter (wave filter).

Fs Spark gap. KQ Equilibrium constant. K0 = [M]m[N]n/[A]a[B]b for

Fraction absorbée de l'énergie incidente. F Filtre de lumière (filtre d'onde). Fs Distance explosive. KC Constante d'équilibre. Kc = [M]m[N]n/[A]a[B]b pour

Fs Funkenstrecke. Kc Gleichgewichtskonstant. Kc = [M]m[Nf/[A]a[B]b f ü r

aA + bB <=± mM + nN.

aA + bB ç± mM + nN.

aA + bB ?=± mM + nN.

F

A

A F

Der absorbierte Bruchteil der einfallenden Energie. Lichtfilter (Strahlenfilter).

A F

Frazione di energia incidente assorbita. Filtro di luce.

Fs Distanza esplosiva. KC Costante di equilibrio. Ka = [M]m[N]n/[A]a[B]b per aA+bB^mM+nN.

Enzyme, II: 121. München, Bergmann, 1920-22. (*5) Euler and Blix, (no) Mack and Villars, l, 45: 501; 23. 0") FaIk and McGuire, l, 45: 1539; 147, 5: No. 23; 19. (46) Euler and Brandung, 205, 97: 113; 19. (47) Euler 23. (112) Madsen, in (12). (H3) Marshall, 141, 17: 351; 14. (H4) and Josephson, 25, 56: 446, 453, 1097,1749; 23. (48) Euler andLaurin, 202, Mattaar, 70, 39: 495; 20. 40: 65; 21. ( 115 ) Michaelis, Die Wasserstoffionenkonzentration. Berlin, Springer, 1922. (U 6 ) Michaelis and Davidsohn, 110: 55; 20. ( 4 9 ) Euler and Lindner, Chemie der Hefe und der alkoholischen 205, 30: 481; 11. (H7) Michaelis and Davidsohn, 205, 35: 386; 11. (U 8 ) Gärung. Leipzig, Akadem. Verlags., 1915. Michaelis and Davidsohn, 205, 36: 280; 11. (n 9 ) Michaelis and Mendels(SO) Euler and Myrbäck, 202, 129: 100; 23. (5l) Euler and Svanberg, 808,112 : 192; 20. (52) Euler and Svanberg, 489, 3: 330; 20. 4: 90, 142; 20. (53) sohn, 205, 58: 315; 13. Euler and Svanberg, 489, 4: 29; 1920. (54) Evans, 280, 2: 133; 07. (55) (120) Michaelis and Menten, 205, 49: 333; 13. (i 21 ) Michaelis and Pechstein, 205, 53: 320; 13. (122) Michaelis and Rona, 205, 57: 70; 13. (123) Minami, Evans, 889, 44: 191; 12. (56) Faitelowitz, Diss., Heidelberg, 1904. (57) £05, 39: 392; 12. (124) Nelson and Bloomfield, I1 46: 1025; 24. (™5) Fales and Nelson, l, 37: 2769; 15. (58) FaIk, l, 35: 601; 13. (59) FaIk, Nelson and Griffin, l, 38: 1109; 16. (126) Nelson and Vosburgh, l, 39: 197, 2: 557; 16. 790; 17. (127) Nicloux, 206, 56: 840; 04. (128) Noyes, Sugiura and FaIk, (60) FaIk, 141, 28: 389; 17. (61) FaIk, 141, 36: 229; 18. (62) FaIk and McGuire, 8881 3: 595; 21. (63) FaIk and McGuire, 141, 54: 655; 22. (64) l, 46: 1885; 24. (129) Olsson, in Euler, Chemie der Enzyme, II : 114. Flohr, 18B1 3: 182; 19. ( 6 S) FuId, 494, 2: 169; 02. (66) FuId, Ergeb. (130) Oppenheimer, Die Fermente und ihre Wirkungen. Leipzig, Vogel, 1924. (13l) O'Sullivan and Tompson, 4, 57: 834; 90. (132) Pekelharing, 202, Physiol. I, 1: 468; 02. (67) Qiltay and Aberson, JaArO. wiss. Botan., 26: 81: 355; 12. (133) philoche, 48, 6: 212; 08. (134) Philoche, 48, 6: 355; 08. 543; 94. (68) Goldschmidt, in B61, 5: 445. (69) Groll, 55, 21: 138; 17. (135) Phragmén, 147, 4: No. 22; 18. (136) Pottevin, Ann. inst. Pasteur, (70) Groll, 64V, 26: 710; 17. (71) Groll, 18B, 2: 516; 18. (72) Groll, 18B, 13: 665; 99. (137) Pottevin, 34, 136: 1152; 03. 138: 378; 04. (138) 9: 520; 24. (73) Gross, Beri. Min. Wochschr., 45: 643; 08. (74) Hahn and Harpuder, 145, 71: 286, 302; 20. (75) Hahn and Michalik, 146, 73: 10; 21. Reichel, Wiener Min. Wochschr., 21: 1085; 08. (139) Reichel and Spiro, (76) Haley and Lyman, 1: 43: 2664; 21. (77) Hammarsten, 202, 56: 18; 08. 494, 7: 485; 05. 8: 15; 06. 68: 119; 10. 74: 142; 11. 94: 104, 291; 15. 102: 33; 18. 108: 243; 19. (140) Ringer, £0£, 116:107; 21. (141) Ringer, 202,124: 171; 23. (142) Ringer 121: 240, 261 ; 22. 130: 55; 23. (78) Harden, Alcoholic fermentation, p. 36, and van Trigt, 202, 82: 484; 12. (143) Rockwood, l, 46: 1641; 24. (144) London, Longmans, 1923. (79) Idem, p. 120. Rockwood and Husa, l, 45: 2678; 23. (145) ROna and Bien, 205, 64: 13; 14. 59: 100; 14. (146) Rona and Gabbe, 205, 134: 39; 22. (147) Saito, Centr. (80) Idem, p. 123. (81) Heinicke, Cornell Agr. Expt. Sta. Mem., 62; 19; 23. (82) Helferich, 202, 117: 159; 21. (83) Henri, Thesis, Paris, 1903. (84) Henri, Bakt. Parasitenk., II, 17: 20; 06. (148) Schütz, 202, 9: 577; 85. 30: 1; 00. 7, 39: 194; 01. 51: 19; 05. (85) Henri and Bancels, 806, 55: 787, 789, 866; (149) Schütz and Huppert, 278, 80: 470; 00. 03. (86) Herzog, 808, 37: 149, 383; 03. (87) Herzog, Z. allgem. Physiol., (ISO) Senter, 7, 44: 257; 03. (isi) Sherman and Neun, l, 38: 2199; 16. (152) 4: 163; 04. (88) Herzog, Diss., Karlsruhe, 1905. (8») Herzog, 202, 60: Sherman and Tanberg, l, 38: 1638; 16. ( 153 ) Sherman and Thomas, l, 37: 623; 15. (154) Sherman, Thomas and Baldwin, I , 41: 231; 19. (155) 306; 09. (90) Herzog and Margolis, #02,60: 298; 09. ( 9 M Hoyer, 86, 37: 1436; 04. ( 9 2) Sherman, Thomas and CaId well, l, 46:1711 ; 24. (iS6)Sherman and Walker, l, 39: 1476; 17. (157) Sjögvist, 202, 47: 307; 05. (iss) Sörensen, 205, 21: Hudson, l, 30: 1160, 1564; 08. ( 93 ) Hudson and Paine, l, 31: 1242; 09. 131; 09. (159) Spiro, 494, 8: 365; 06. (94) Issajew, 202, 42: 102; 04. 44: 546; 05. ( 9 5 ) Jacoby, 205, 1: 53; 06. (96) Jalander, 205, 36:435; 11. (97) Josephson, in Euler, Chemie der Enzyme. (160) Tammann, 7, 3: 25; 89. O 6 I ) Tammann, 7, 18: 426; 95. (162) Taylor, Univ. Calif., Pub. Path., 1: 33; 04. (163) Taylor, quoted in (i 30), p< 991. II: 159. (98) Kanitz, 202, 46: 482; 05. (99) Kastle, Johnston and Elvove, (164) Terroine, 80S, 23: 404; 10. (165) van Urk, Diss., Leiden, 1924. (166) 11, Sl: 521; 04. (100) Kastle and Loevenhart, 11, 24: 491; 00. (ioi) Kendall and Sherman, I, Van Laer, 88, 1910: 611, 707. 1911: 84, 362, 795. 1913: 183. (i67) Van 32: 1087; 10. O02) Kjeldahl, 235, 1: 109; 79. O 0 3 ) Kjeldahl, 235, 1: 186; Slykeand Cullen, 141, 19: 141, 211; 14. (168) Vernon, Ergebnisse Physiol., 9: 81. (104) Kleinmann and Asada, KUn. Wochschr., 3: 572; 24. (los) 138; 10. 889, 27: 174; 01. (i69) Visser, 7, 52: 257; 05. (170) Weis, 235, 5: 133; 03. (17l) Willstätter and Csânyi, 202, 117: 172; 21. Klempin, 205t 10: 204; 08. (ioe ) Laquer, Diss., Breslau, 1905. 494, 7: 273; (172) Willstätter and Kühn, 202, 115: 180; 21. (173) Willstätter, Oppen05. 277. 55: 240; 06. (107) Ling and Davis, J. Inst. Brewing, 8: 475; 02. (lös) Lintner and Kröber, 26, 28: 1050; 95. (109) Lövgren, 205, 119: 215; heimer and Steibelt, 202, 110: 232; 20. (174) Willstätter and Steibelt, 808, 115: 199; 21. (l75) Wohlgemuth, 205, 39: 324; 12. 21.

PHOTOCHEMICAL KINETICS CHRISTIAN WINTHER MATIÈRES

CONTENTS Abbreviations and conventions.

Abréviations et conventions.

Light filters for the Hg-vapor lamp. Reaction velocities. Temperature coefficients. Displacement of equilibrium. Phototropy. Quantum sensitivity. General bibliography.

Filtres de lumière pour lampe à vapeur de Hg. Vitesses de réaction. Coefficients de température. Déplacement de l'équilibre. Phototropie. Sensibilité au quantum. Bibliographie générale.

INHALTSVERZEICHNIS Abkürzungen und Konventionen. Lichtfilter für die Hg-Dampflampe. Reaktionsgeschwindigkeit. Temperaturkoeffizienten. Gleichgewichtsverschiebung. Phototropie. Quantenempfindlichkeit. Allgemeine Literaturliste.

INDICE Abbreviazioni e convenzioni Filtri di luce per le lampade a vapori di mercurio.... Velocità di reazione Coefficienti di temperatura Spostamento di equilibrio. Fototropia Sensibilità per un quanto. Bibliografia generale

pAGB 159 160 161 164 166 166 167 170

ABBREVIATIONS AND CONVENTIONS A

Fraction of incident energy absorbed. Light filter (wave filter).

Fs Spark gap. KQ Equilibrium constant. K0 = [M]m[N]n/[A]a[B]b for

Fraction absorbée de l'énergie incidente. F Filtre de lumière (filtre d'onde). Fs Distance explosive. KC Constante d'équilibre. Kc = [M]m[N]n/[A]a[B]b pour

Fs Funkenstrecke. Kc Gleichgewichtskonstant. Kc = [M]m[Nf/[A]a[B]b f ü r

aA + bB <=± mM + nN.

aA + bB ç± mM + nN.

aA + bB ?=± mM + nN.

F

A

A F

Der absorbierte Bruchteil der einfallenden Energie. Lichtfilter (Strahlenfilter).

A F

Frazione di energia incidente assorbita. Filtro di luce.

Fs Distanza esplosiva. KC Costante di equilibrio. Ka = [M]m[N]n/[A]a[B]b per aA+bB^mM+nN.

Constante de vitesse pour une réaction du xleme ordre. fcx(z) Velocity constant for x- fcx(Z) Constante de vitesse pour une réaction du xieme order reaction in presordre en présence d'un ence of catalyzer or added catalyseur ou d'une subsubstance. stance additionnelle. p Pression. p Pressure. QQ Quartz mercury vapor QQ Lampe de quartz à vapeur de mercure. lamp. R\ Range of active wave AX Intervalle des longueurs d'ondes actives. lengths. Sp Spectral purification of the Sp Purification spectrale d'une radiation monochromamonochromatic radiatique. tion. fcx Velocity constant for reaction of the order x.

[X] Concentration of the substance X in g-mole/liter. Z

Catalyzer or added substance. Wave length in up. Extinction coefficient.

X a

a=

[XT* logl° (T) where

&x

[X] Concentration de la substance X en mol. gr. par litre. Z Catalyseur ou substance additionnelle. X Longueur d'onde en W. a Coefficient d'extinction.

J0

(resp. J) = Intensity of the incident (resp. emergent) radiation. Bold face numbers following a ± deviation indicate the number of experiments included in the average,

Reactionsgeschwindigfcx Costante di velocità per keitskonstante x-ter reazioni di ordine x. Ordnung. fcx (z) Geschwindigkeitskonstan- ^x(z) Costante di velocità per te x-ter Ordnung mit reazioni di ordine x in Zusatz. presenza di catalizzatori o di sostanze aggiunte. p Druck. QQ Quartz-QuecksilberDampflampe. R\ Wirksame Wellenlänge.

p Pressione. QQ Lampada di quarzo a vapori di mercurio. R\ Lunghezze d'onda attive.

Sp Spektrale Reinigung der monochromatischen Strahlung (Monochromator). [X] Die Konzentration der Substanz X in g-mol/liter.

Sp Separazione spettrale di radiazioni monocromatiche.

Z X a

I = Épaisseur de la couche absorbante en cm. J0 (resp. J) = Intensité de la radiation incidente (resp. émergente). Les chiffres en caractères gras suivant une déviation ± indiquent le nombre des valeurs expérimentales dont on a pris la moyenne.

Ein Katalysator oder Zusatz. Die Wellenlänge in WJL. Extinktionskoefficient. = l ,log /JA wo

[X] Concentrazione della sostanza X in grammi molecole per litro. Z Catalizzatore o sostanze aggiunte. X Lunghezza d'onda in MJU. a Coefficiente di estinzione.

mi "\j) l = Schichtdicke in cm.

logi dove m ° (T) I = Lunghezza del percorso in

J0

J0

a

« = p^logio (j) Où

I = Length of path in cm.

kx

(bezw. J) = Intensität der einfallenden (bezw. austretenden) Strahlung. Schwarze Ziffern nach eine ± Abweichung bedeuten die Anzahl Werte, aus welchen der Mittelwert berechnet wurde.

a=

cm. (resp. J) = Intensità delle radiazioni incidenti o emergenti. I numeri scritti in nero dopo uno scarto + indicano il numero delle esperienze dalle quali è stato calcolato il valore medio.

LIGHT FILTERS FOR THE MERCURY VAPOR LAMP '

Thickness of layer, cm

Composition

MM

0.5 g eosin in 100 cm3 HaO "Gelbglas" No. 5657* 44 Gelbglas" No. 5899* 579 0.25 g eosin in 100 cm3 H2O "Gelbglas" No. 5657* "Gelbglas" No. 5899*

579

579

0.5 0.1 0.1 0.5 0.1 0.1

(a) 2 g quinine in 100 cm3 JV HCl

(6) 6 g CuSO4.5H2O in 100 cm» H2O

(c)0.02gt a rtra 2 in 1 0.02 g erythrosm / Total filter

^3

1

1

1

Transmission X

Lit.

%

579 9.20 546 0.07 436 0.02 579 30.3 546 0.27 436 0.14 f 436 99 1405 0.3 f 730 1 710 2.2 690 4.9 670 10.4 650 19.4 630 35.7 610 52.5 590 70.4 579 87 546 O 436 O Red 3.2

O)

' MM

Composition

546 0.01 g malachite green in 100 cm3 H2O "Gelbglas" No. 5657* "Gelbglas" No. 5899*

Thickness of layer, cm 0.5 0.1 0.1

"OT

546

(a) 2 g quinine in 100 cm3 JV HCl

1

(&) 6 g CuSO4.5H2O in 100 cm3 H2O

1

(c) 0.02 g tartrazin in 100 cm3 H2O

1

(d) " Didymglas" (Schott, Jena)

1.3

(4)

Total filter 546 0.42 g " Filtergelb " \. , rr m 0.007 g Saüregrün (Höchst) ) m 10° °m> H'° * Schott, Jena.

1

Transmission X

i

579 3.9 54622.0 49233.8 436 0.02 f 436 99 I 405 0.3 730 1 710 2.2 690 4.9 670 10.4 I 650 19.4 630 35.7 61052.5 59070.4 436 O / 579 1.3 \ 546 84 Red 3.4 546 26

Lit.

%

C1)

(4)

(6)

LIGHT FILTERS.— (Continued] 1

Composition

UU

492

436

Transmission

Thickness of layer, cm

(a) 1.2 g triphenylmethane in 100 cm3 CzRoOH

0.55

(6) 0.1 g " Cyanolechtgrün G" in 100 cm3 H2O

1.05

0.15 g Victoria blue B in 100 cm3 C 2 H 5 OH . .

0.5

436

0.0075 g rhodamine B ) In 6 cm3 JV H2SO4 2 g quinine sulfate J and 94 cm3 H2O. ..

1

436

(a) 2 g quinine in 100 cm3 N HCl

1

(6) 6 g CuSO4-SH2O in 100 cm3 H2O

1

(c) 0.003 g acid rhodamine in 100 cm8 HaO.

1

(d) 0.2 N CuSO4 soin. + excess NH 3

1

X

J 546 0.046 I 49237.4

405

0.06 g "Diamantfuchsin" 1 In 100 1.2 g triphenylmethane J C2H5OH

"07

0.5

"07

cm3 0.5

405 0.03 g " Diamantfuchsin " 1 In 100 cm3 4 g quinine hydrochloride J C2H5OH(96%)

1

366 0.03 g " Diamantfuchsin" in 100 cm3 H2O..

1

7*7

7^7 7 )"

313

0.0243 g K2CrO4 i In 100 0.00188 g nitrosodimethylaniline / cm3 H2O

(3)

( 436 0.0006 I 405 0.0008 579 0.04 "07 546 0.11 492 0.58 43629.8 405 0.1 43638 W I 405 Tr. I 366 Tr. Also red f 436 99 (4) I 405 0.3 730 1 710 2.2 690 4.9 I 670 10.4 1 650 19.4 63035.7 61052.5 I 59070.4 579 O 546 O 436 72 Absorbs red and fluorescent light /405 ca. 0.3 I red 0.7 [579 0.2 I 546 0.02 [ 405 13.5 579 4.5 546 0.13 436 Tr. 40536.8 I 436 Tr. I 405 34 ( Also red 366|si Also red 1 [ 313 30 302 19 436 Tr. Also red, yellow and some green

Total filter 405 0.12 g "Diamantfuchsin" i In 100 cm3 1.2 g triphenylmethane J C2HsOH

Lit.

%

1

LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) (i) Andrich and Le Blanc, 99', 15: 183; 15. (2) Le Blanc, Kangro and Andrich, 9, 25: 229; 19. (3) Vrânek, 9, 23: 336; 17. (-») Warburg and Negelein, 7, 106: 191; 23. ( 5 ) Winther, 9, 19: 390; 13. ( 6 ) Winther, O.

VELOCITY OF REACTION H2O2 -» H2O + O (a) [H2O2] = 0.05; Fs; R\ = 280-210///*; retardation constant, K _ fci(z) X 100 ATi

Z

H2SO4 H2SO4 H2SO4 H2SO4 H2SO4 NaOH NaOH

^ ^

[Z] I K Il Z . . 2 X IO-4 93 NaOH 4 X 10~3 66 I2 2X10-3 40 HgCl2 2 X IO"2 33 KCN 2 X IO'1 33 Na2S2O3 2X10- 4 60 H2S 2 X 10~3 20 HoS I

I

2 2 4 6 2

[Z] I K X 10~2 O X 10~6 60 X 10~4 33 X 10~3 76 X 10~3 26 10~6 75 10~4 14

(o) [H2OJ = 0.5-0.01; Z = H2SO4; QQ; Ax = 305-316MAt; titration (8) [Z] \ K \ [I [Z] I K - \ 0.5 X 10~5 67 ± 2.3 4 0.5 X 10~3 24 ± 0.7 22 0.5 X 10~4 58 + 4.9 4 0.5 X 10~2 1 4 + 0 . 6 12 (c) [H2O2] = 0.6-1.2; QQ; unilateral glass filter; 250C; KMnO4 titration. The K values in the presence of the additions (Z) are relative to 100 for pure H 2 O 2 ; X's in /*/*; accuracy ±10% (l).

10TZ1

Z

L J

Nil

O

Acetic acid Phenylacetic acid /3-Phenylpropionic acid Benzoic acid Ethyl acetate Ethyl benzoate Ethyl phenylacetate Ethyl cinnamate Methyl oxalate Methyl benzoate Ethylamine Aniline Benzylamine Acetamide Benzamide Acetanilide Ethyl alcohol Phenol Benzyl alcohol Acetone Acetophenone Benzophenone Benzene Quinine hydrochloride Quinine salicylate * Three experiments,

5 1 ca. 3 5 5 ca. l ca. l ca. 0.2 5 5 ca. 5 5 5 5 3 0.1 5 2 ca. 3.3 5 0.2 0.1 5 0.2 0.2

^ for X up to 200 I 265 I 293 305 100 30* 16* 71 ±2.3 ±0.0 ±0.4 75 100 100 100 13 45 80 100 12 40 70 100 9 100 100 100 100 100 14 50 80 100 17 70 85 100 25 45 65 100 10 20 35 70 9 5 O O O 7 O O O 8 O O O 65 100 100 100 9 60 100 100 100 35 35 35 35 0 0 0 0 8 25 40 40 70 60 55 50 11 40 65 100 45 60 100 100 20 70 9 20 10 O 4_ 0_ 0_ 0_

t Four experiments.

(d) [H2O2] = 0.6-1.2; QQ; unilateral glass filter; titration; accuracy ±10%; retardation independent of X and temp. ( 2 ) Z1 I IQ3IZ1] I Z2 [Z2] I K HClO4 5 Nil O 30 Nil O KClO4 0.1 100 HClO4 5 KClO4 0.1 40 HNO3 5 Nil O 30 Nil O KNO3 0.005 100 Nil O NaNO3 0.005 100 Nil O Ba(NO3)2 0.005 110 H2SO4 0.5 Nil O 65 Nil O Na2SO4 1.0 100 H2SO4 0.5 .Na2SO4 1.0 100 H2SO4 5 Nil O 35 Nil O Na2SO4 3.0 100 H2SO4 5 Na2SO4 1.0 75 H2SO4 5 Na2SO4 2.0 100 Nil O K2SO4 1.5 100 H2SO4 5 K2SO4 1.5 100 Nil O MgSO4 2.0 100 H2SO4 5 MgSO4 2.0 100 H2SO4 5 MgSO4 1.0 70 Nil O (NH4)2SO4 3.0 100 H3PO4 5 Nil O 40 H3BO3 5 Nil O 100 H3BO3 100 I Nil O I 100

(a) With half-watt lamp

(d).—(Continued) 3

Z1 NaOH NaOH NaOH NaOH NaOH NaOH NaOH NaOH K O H KOH KOH Ba(OH) 2 NH4OH NH4OH C2H6NH3OH C6H5CH2NH3QH

IQ IZ1] I Z2 I [Z2J I K 5 N i l O O 1 N i l 0 2 1 Na2SO4 1.0 10 1 Na2SO4 2.0 30 1 Na2SO4 3.0 70 0.5 Nil O 14 0.5 Na2SO4 2.0 60 0.5 Na2SO4 3.0 100 5 N i l O O 0.5 Nil O 16 0.5 K2SO4 1.5 70 5 N i l O O 5NH3 Nil O 10 5NH3 (NH4)2SO4 3.0 60 5RNH 2 Nil O 5 5RNH2 Nil O 8_ Values of K (2)

^\10HZ] h

—-^.^

HCl NaF NH4Cl NaCl KCl

5 I2

1 0 5 ^^W

5

JU ^-~-~^,

20 120 35 100 40 70 80100 40 75 80100

MgCl2 BaCl2. NH4Br KBr BaBr2

2

1 0.5

50 75 100 40 55 80 100 60 85100100 60

[K3CoQx8] I 0C 0.02 0.01 0.005 0.002 0.001 0.0005 0.0002 0.0001

3 ^V^1 î ^--^ 35 45 55 MgCl2 40 50 75 100 NH4Br 40 60 70 KBr

O 1 1.5 2

I

[NaCl] 0.0 0.34

|

[NaOCl] X, MM 10% ±

I

[NaOH] 0.0 0.143

|

10» Jb1 40.8 ± 0.5 40.0 ± 0.9

I 0.075 | 0.076 | 0.013 436 405 405 3.69 4.04 3.84 0.03 0.04 0.14 5

3

4

3 3

| 4 4

0.075 | 0.075 366 3Ï3 4.75 2.16 0.06 0.03 4

4 7

IWk1 I 250 ± 6 6 K p o , 434 ± 5 7 [K3CoOx3l X 666 ± 4 7 790 ± 22 4 ^ 799 ±35 7 2 987 ± 31 6 1

Path length, cm 1.06|0.52 10^1 ^ ^f

03 10

636

776

79Q

734

X, MM I [K3CoOx3] I

0.005 0.002 0.001 0.0002 0.005 0.002 0.001 0.0002 0.005 0.002 0.001 0.0002

366

0

C

I

10.2 11.3 10.9 10.8 11.4 10.9 8.8 10.0 10.7 10.1 11.5 9.4

IWk1

I

93.9 ± 1.0 75.7 ± 1.4 126 ± 4 88.3+3.3 75.2 ± 3 . 8 64.5 ± 1.6 92.1 ± 1.5 88.3 ± 2 . 9 49.7 ± 0.5 49.7 ± 0 . 5 59.5 ± 1.3 64.7 ± 1.8

102/b2

I

7 10 11 6 6 11 13 10 9 9 12 7

749

21 42.7 149 600 16.4 37.1 102 522 10.9 27.7 63.8 380

I

± 0.7 ± 0.3 ± 2 ±50 ± 0.7 ± 0.7 ± 1 ±14 ± 0.4 ± 0.3 ± 1.5 ± 5

5 6 9 9 3 3 5 9 5 6 4 8

ANTHBACENE —» DIANTHRACENE

IWk1 | 41.2 ± 0.9 36.7 ± 0.4

[NaQCl] = 0.075; [NaOH] = 0.0053; [Na2CO3] = 0.0089 10 3 [HC1]= 0.0 9.1 17.1 25.3 37.9 49.5 IWk1 = 41.8 51.0 48.7 43.0 30.4 25.0 [NaQCl] 0.076 0.076

[K2C2O4] | 105fci 0.0 383 0.001 316 0.0025 264 0.005 232 0.009 225 0.035 211 0.080 211

0_1 987 (c) With QQ and filter (for filters, see p. 160)

NAOCL -> NACL + O Aqueous solution; Uviol lamp, F; 15 ± I0C; titration with As2O3; t in hr (16) [NaQCl] 0.08 0.08

1.40 1.67 1.69 1.85 1.81 1.88 1.80 1.70

(6) With QQ

[K3CoQx3] I 0C I 0.01 10.2 0.005 10.4 0.002 9.7 0.001 11.2 0.0002 9.8 0.0001 9.5

3

50 75 55 60 85 60 85100

2 4 4 6 11 9 15 6

oSo?a?l35^

* kZl corresponds to an addition of 35-80 moles K2C2O4 per mole K3Co-

405

O 1 1.5 2

97 ± 0.2 149 ± 0.8 249 ± 1.2 326 ± 2.0 383+ 2.5 418 ±15 426 ± 11.5 612 ± 37 kz 13.0 85 ± 4.7 10.9 95 ± 4.5

^

(C2O4)S-

K for halide (Zi) and sulfate (Z2) of the same metal; [Zi] = 0.005 "^>45£ î ^^^. NH4Cl NaCl KCl

12.0 12.0 13.4 14.5 12.2 14.7 14.3 13.0

0.0001 0.0001

436

(2)

Wk1

4

0.013 313 13.7 0.02 3

2K3Co(C2O4), -» 2CoC2O4 + 3K2C2O4 + 2CO2 Aqueous solution; half-watt lamp or QQ, F; analysis by extinction measurement; in white light ca. monomolecular, at high dilutions ca. bimolecular (concn. in %); tin min; velocity/intensity = const, variation of intensity, 1/4.73 (17).

Arc lamp, glass vessels, v in g-mole cm~3 sec"1 with 1 cm2 illuminated at 1 cm distance (10) Solvent I C6H6 Toluene | Xylene | Anisole Phenetole 0 C 80 109 137 154 154 160 167 IQ^ 3.42 4.80 4.50 3.10 3.003.87|4.42 C2H5OH + O2 Catalyzed by ketones; QQ, glass filter; path length 1 mm; 35 ± 0.010C; measurement of pressure, Ap = cm3 O2 required per hr; for complete absorption Ap is independent of [Z] ( 4 ). Z I Benzophenone

[zi

î

Ï

è

ï

l

Ä

5

Ap

10.30

12.00

12.00

11.90

9.00

5.60

5.65

Z

I Phenyl cyclohexyl ketone ||

izi i Ap

Z [Z] Ap

5.15

I 2 1.30

è

5.00

î

2.82

ï

1.12

A~~ 2.28

Phenyl n-hexyl ketone

2

1.00

ï

0.97

ï

0.68

r"

0.22

Acetophenone || Propiophenone U ï 4 ï 2 î ï T" 1.40 1.42 1.03 0.22 1.10 1.11 0.92 0.20

C2H5OH + O2.- (Continued) -

Phenyl benzyl ketone

[Z] Ap

i 5.05

i 4.85

Dibenzyl ketone

7

i 2.35

Diphenylacetophenone

A

A

3.13

0.78

Phenylacetone 3 0.50

Triphenylacetone

as?/w.-Diphenylacetone

2 0.48

1 0.35

s?/w.-Tetraphenylacetone A 0.17

i [Z] 2 1 è i i Ap 1.761.750,85 0.03 0.01 0.05 _ Phenyl furfuryl Diacetyl ketone 4 3 2 IJ [Z] 2 1 è 15.10 Ap 0.07 0.10 0.10 16.00 15.30 15.30 Z I Diacetyl [ Z ] ! f i l i A Ap 14.90 14.10 10.60 6.40 2.60 0.64 0.16

Z [Z] Ap

I

Z

I

Benzil |] i A 4 1.44 0.52 8.60

i 3.20

Acetylbenzene 3è 3 11.70 12.90

2 12.60

Acetylbenzene

[Z]

H

i

I

i

i

J

A

Ap

12.80

13.10

10.80

8.50

6,05

4.15

2.08

IsophthaloTerephthalophenone phenone 0.01 [Z] A 2 1 è A 0.010.0060.004 0.1 Ap 2.80 5.806.306.202.20 2.803.55 3.45 2.80 1.48 1, 2-InAnthraj Phenanthrenea-Hydrindone dandione quinone quinone 2 1 \ 0.004 [Z] 0.02 0.01 i A 0.67 0.190.170.07 0.92 0.39 Ap 10.50 6.25 The following are inactive: Dicyclohexyl ketone, Di-n-hexyl ketone, Triphenylacetophenone, Acetone, Fluorenone, Pentane triketone, Diphenyl triketone, Alloxan. Z

Furii

Benzofuril

(&) Uviol, F; active X = 436; 190C; benzene solution; effects of catalyzers (13) Z

I

Nil NO 2 ... NaNO 2

[Z] . I 106fcL I 106/CN O 36.9 6.1 66X10-7 34.1 6.9 Satd. 44 O

KNO3

Satd.

34.6

6.4

K2Cr2O7 Na formate Cu acetate Na butyrate

Satd. Satd. Satd. Satd.

32.2 36.6 38.0 31.5

5.8 6.4 5.0 6.5

Z

^/°° 5cm 3 O.lcm3 0.025 g 5cm 3 0.03125 g 0.25 cm3 0.035 g 0.0025 g 0.0025 g 0.0325 g

CHCl3 C6H5NO2 Cinnamic acid C 6 H 6 NH 2 Nitrosodimethylaniline Anethole Aminoazobenzene Triphenylmethane Crystal red Cyanin

lOe^n^T 38.1 7.9 35.6 7.4 34.6 6.4 4.5 O 33.0 7.0 27 O 33.1 5.8 32.5 9.5 39.6 2.4 36.2 5.8

DYES + O2 In collodion; Nernst lamp, Sp; analysis by extinction measurement; A[Dye]/[Dye] X t = a + bpo2; Po2 = pressure of O2 in cm Hg; ( 9 ); A0 = A at beginning; ta = time of exposure, min. Dye Cyanin Pinachrome "Lepidincyanin"

I

X I A0 I 589 0.71 580 0.62 604 0.18

ta 5 5 7

I

a | b 0.0031 0.0331 0.0024 0.0329 0.020 0.0345

HYDEOLYSIS OF ACETONE, ETHYL ALCOHOL AND ACETALDEHYDB Fs, unilateral filter; aqueous solutions; conductivity measurement; Sen. = A[X] per unit of incident radiation (E) (6) GHI3 + O2 (a) Uviol lamp; quinine filter; active X = 436; stirred with O2, 220C; k = [1 2] /2«; t in min ( 12 ); /CL = direct reaction in light; fcN s= after effect in dark. [CHI3] 106fcL 106/cN 6

10 /cL

In benzene 0.10 0.08 0.06 0.04 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.005 91.5 85.6 73.3 58.1 38.6 30.9 25.3 15.5 50.5 37.9 26.7 15.7 6.4 6.2 In C2H5OH (/CN = O) I 4.56| 4.25| 4.00| 3.12| | 1.75| 0.84 Solvent

CCl4 C6H6 CS2 CH3CO2C2H6 C2H6OH 95% C2H6OH + 5% H20 85.5% C2H6OH + 14.5% H20 80% C2H6OH + 20% H20 Acetone

106/cL | 106/cN 39.4 2.4 34.6 5.5 24.1 O 8.1 0.9 2.3 O 1.29 O 0.61 O 0.44 O 0.7 O

X

_ E

360-320 298-288 274.8

324 81 113

S'.9 231.3 228.8 226.5 226.5 219.5 214.4

28 753 199 199 199 339 256

, A Acetone

Ethyl I 1 1 alcohol

a I Sen. ||

a

<1 0.1

Acetalde^ 1 hyde a

| Sen. ||

0.7 2.8

10

21

12

20 8

'

<°- 54

3

0.6

7

35

0.8 0.5

27

116

10 12

[ Sen.

1.3

5.3 79 3 2

-

4 2

'

1.2

1.7

9

3.8

CH2CLCOOH + H2O -> CH2OHCOOH + HCL QQ, 270C; analysis as AgCl (resp. AgBr), resp. acid titration (5) [Acid] I I CH2ClCOOH | CH2BrCOOH 1.0 106/ci = 10 28 2.0 106fei = 5 16.5

HALOGEN ACIDS + C2H5OH Aqueous solution; arc lamp; [acid] = 0.5; 180C, t in min; analysis, as AgCl (resp. AgBr), resp. titration with NaHSO4 + KI3 (3) Vol. % 106fci C2H5OH Cl-acetic | Br-acetic | Cl-succinic Br-succinic 0 4073 27 63Te 84^6 25 56.0 485 50 70.0 947 155.0 258.0 75 70.0 662 100 71.0 479 HALOGEN ACIDS + EXCESS KOH Aqueous solution; QQ, quartz vessels; t in hr; Z = 5 drops 5% soin, of CuSO4 per 50 cm3; A = p-bromobenzenesulfonic, B = p-bromobenzoic, C = p-chlorobenzoic (15). 1 77 In dark + Z | In light | In light + Z ACld ° 10'Jb1 I 1(M1 I I 10% I A 107 3.71+0.28 4 36.9 ±0.2 3 70.3 ±3.3 4 B 103-105 1.46 + 0.24 2 78.8 ±2.7 3 101.3±31 3 C 104-105 O 17.86+0.18 4 18.21+0.28 4

TEMPERATURE COEFFICIENTS Except in the case of the reaction, NH3 —» N + 3H, all known temperature coefficients refer only to the incident (not the absorbed) light. Possible changes in absorption with temperature are therefore not taken into account. A = arc lamp; B = blue; D = in dark; Da = daylight: DB = dark blue; G = green; Gl = incandescent lamp; Mf = metal filament; Or = orange; R = red; S = sunlight; T = tungsten arc lamp; UV = ultraviolet; V = violet; W = white. Substance (process)

|

H2+0-»H20

H 2 Q -» H2 + O H 2 + S* (QQ)

I

2Q3 -> 3O 2 (H-CIa) H 2 + Cl2 -» 2HCl

I

0i, 02, 0C |

kß+io/kß

\ Lit.

150-240 131-191 130-194 191-228 UV > 220 | 8- 20 [ 280-270 300-340 D 300-340

1.04 1.12 1.11 1.06 1.137 1.37 1.48

] («) (3) (3) (3) | ( S6 ) ( 40 ) ( 40 )

Radiation | Gases UV > 220

W-Mf

W-Mf

C2H5OH + (NH4)2CRO4 (RESP. (NH 4 ) 2 CR 2 O 7 ) Aqueous solution; Uviol lamp, F for X = 436; 2O0C; titration; k = A[chromate] X 103/Khr) (**) [(NH4) 2Ur2O7] = (8.3-8.7) X 10~3 ] [C2H5OH] = 6 4 % [C2H5QH] I 10«fc 1 [(NH 4 )2Cr 2 O 7 ] ] 102fc 87% 36 161.5 XlO- 3 40 64% 23 25.1 X IO"3 35 48% 16 16.1 X IO-3 30 32% 9.5 8.45 X 10~3 21 8.1% 4.8 [(NH 4 ) 2 CrQ4] = (8.4-8.7) X IQ"3 I [C2H5OH] = 64% [C2H5OH] I IQ'fe I [(NH4)2Cr04] | IQ^fc 87% 39 84.58 53 80% 34 48.01 44 64% 24 25.22 29 32% 3.35 17.02 25 8.1% 3J. 4.42 9.6 H 2 + S -» H2S QQ, active X = 280-270/-^; A[H2S] in g/sec X IO8; p = partial pressure of sulfur vapor (11J p = 6.3 mm Hg | 32O0C 0 C I A[H2S] I p, mm | A[H2S] | A[H2S]/? 300 1 8.99 1 5.25 11.6 2.22 310 13.37 6.30 16.4 2.60 320 17.45 7.60 17.4 2.29 330 24.83 9.10 20.7 2.27 340 34.39

G 550-530

B 490-470

V 460-440

UV 400-350 H2 + CI 2 -»2HC1(+I 2 )

U

B

V H 2 + Br2 HI~»H + I Cl2Q-* Cl2 + Q SO2 + O->SQ 3 SQ2 + Cl2 -» SQ2Cl2 N H 3 - ^ N +3H

I I I I

W-T D UV V UV > 220 UV > 220 214-202.5

16-25.2) 1.17 I ( 59 ) 10-20 1.14 (9T 20-30 1.17 (9) 30-40 1.23 (9) J 40-50 1.25 (9) 50-60 1.23 (9) 10-20 1.27 ( 42 ) 20-30 1.15 (42J 30-40 1.45 C42) [ 10-20 1.50 (42) I 20-30 1.50 (42) I 30-40 1.56 (42) 10-20 1.29 (42) 20-30 1.34 (42) I 30-40 1.31 ( 42 ) 10-20 1.22 ( 42 ) ! 20-30 1.21 ( 42 ) I 30-40 1.20 ( 42 ) 10-20 1.19 ( 42 ) 20-30 1.15 (42) ( 30-40 1.17 (42) ( 0-20 1.091 (4O I 20-40 1.028 ( 41 ) 0-10 1.133 (4O 10-20 1.147 ( 41 ) 20-30 1.250 (4M 30-40 1.240 ( 41 ) f 0-20 1.107 C 41 ) 20-30 0.939 ( 4 I) I 30-40 0.882 ( 4 I) I 0-20 1.084 ( 41 ) 20-30 0.919 (4M [ 30-40 0.868 ( 41 ) 160-218 1.58±0.13 O 1 ) 224.7-301.3 2.09±0.08 ('«) I 150-175 I 1.00 JQ2) I 10-40 I 1.09 I ( 13 ) I 50-160 | 1.2 | ( 17 ) | 18-99 | 0.88 \ (**) 10-20 1.00 ( 32 ) |

20-100 100-200 200-300 300-400

LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) (M Anderson and Taylor, 1, 45: 650; 23. (2) Anderson and Taylor, 1, 45: 1210; 23. (3) Cassel, 7, 92: 113; 16. ( 4 ) Cohen, 64P, 26: 443; 23. ( 5 ) Euler and Cassel, 7, 84: 371; 13. ( 6 ) Henri and Wurmser, 84, 156: 230; 13. 51, 3: 305; 13. (7) Henri and Wurmser, 34, 157: 284; 13. ( 8 ) Kornfeld, 99, 21: 66; 21. (») Lasareff, 7, 78: 657; 12. (10) Luther and Weigert, 7, 53: 385; 05. (") Norrish and Rideal, 4, 125: 2070; 24. (* 2 ) Plotnikow, 7, 75: 337, 385; 11. (13) Plotnikow, 7, 76: 743; 11. (i*) Plotnikow, 99, 19: 40; 19. («) Rosenmund, Luxât and Tiedemann, 25, 56: 1950; 23. (»«) Spencer, 4, 105: 2565; 14. (17) Vränek, 0,23:336; 17.

1.05 1.04 1.05 1.06

(33) (33) (33J <33)

400-500 1.04 ( 33 ) I W 1 0.1-78 | 1.0 | ( 30 ) Aqueous solutions H 2 O 2 -VH 2 O + 0 UV ÎTÏS (2T f 10-30 1.15 ( 56 ) UV > 220 I 21-35.5 1.45 ( 3 «) ( 35-45 1.54 ( 38 ) UV > 254 21.4-34.3 1.32 ( 31 ) Cl 2 + H 2 Q ^ H C l O + HCl.. I UV > 220 | 15-30 | 1.40±0.02 | («) NaOCI -> NaCl + O . . ' UV > 254 ( 10-24 | 1.06±0.01 j (^ 5 ) NaNO 2 + I 2 W-S 25-35 1.1 ( 4 )" D 40-60 2.8 "(4)" NOCI-»NO +Cl

Aqueous solutions. — Radiation Substance (process) F 6 +++ + I- -> Fe++ + I (dis579 placement of equilibrium). . D Fe +++ + I--* Fe++ + 1 | W-S CCl3CO2H +H 2 O D Lactic acid + H2O -> CO2 + UV C2H6OH 436 C2H5OH + (NH 4 HCrO* 436 C 2 H 5 OH + (NH 4 ^Cr 2 O 7 W-S Na formate + I 2

Na formate + HgCl2

W-S

C2H2O4 + CrO3 + MnSO4. . .

W-S D W-S D

C 2 H 2 O 4 + KMnO 4 + MnSO4 C2H2O4 + FeCh

WQ W b

" D

(NHe)2C2O4 + HgCl2

0

B 478-410 UV 400-280 (NH4)2C204 + HgCl2 (+eosin) G 540-505 D R B

K2C2O4 + HgCl2 K2C2O4 + I 2

D

W-Gl D W-S

K2C2O4 + Br2 C2H2O4 + HIO3 K cobaltioxalate C2H2O4 + uranyl salt CaHaO4 + uranyl sulfate

I

Tartaric acid + Br2 Mandelic acid + TiCl4 Quinine + CrO3 Lévulose Cane sugar + H2O Tetanus toxin

W D W-S

B Da UV > 254 D UV > 220 W-S D UV > 220

(Continued) | 0i, 0 2 , 0C I

I

25-35 25-35 I 75-85 80-90

30-75 20-30 I 20-30 i 30-40 f 25-35 I 25-50 30-40 r 25-40 I 40-50 10-20 0-20 10-20 0-20 f 3-44 I 21-61 40-62.1 f O- 8 8-15 15-25 25-30 30-40 40-48 48-60 60-80 v 80-100 } 20-30 I 30-40 20-40 20-40 f 20-30 I 30-40 20-40 |79. 6-99.61 25-40 25-40 25-40 40-50 50-60 0-15 0-11.5 33-43 f 29-59 1 59-69 11.9-21.9 60.1-67.2 ! 4-40 I ( 25-35 I 35-45 124.3-34.3 I 10-27 23-65 25-60 I 40-70 I 30-40 30-40 I 0-24 I

I I

ke+io/ke 1.17 2.71 1.92 4.28

\ Lit. ( S3 ) ] (53) («)f (*)f

1.04 (24) 1.02±0.02 | (51) 0.99 + 0.05 | ( 51 ) ca. 2.6 (22) 4.01 (20) 3.89 (20) ca. 2.3 (22) 4.03 (20) 3.63 (20) ca. 1.3 ( 2 2 ) 2.98 (20) ca. 1.1 (22) 3.21 (52) 1.02 + 0.02 I (35) 1.01 (7) W-S 3-35 I 1.34 I (36) Styrène —»Metastyrene (liquid) 5.26 I (34) * Partial pressure of sulfur vapor = 6.3 mm. 1.07 (23) t These values have been calculated from the velocity constant for the com.08 (23) bined dark and light reaction and for the reaction in the dark. .12 (23) .24 (23) FADING OF DYES .27 (23) .23 (23) Substance (process) Rtiona" 01 ' 02 '° C .37 (23) fy+ioA0 Lit. .29 (23) 600 19.0-91.21.036+0.004 .91 (23) Cyanin (in collodion) 1.28 + 0.05 (4*) 560 19.5-88.71.084 + 0.0002 1.33 + 0.07 (*«) Pinachrome (in collo- 600 16.6-58.01.067+0.0002 1.22±0.05 (44) dion) 580 18.3-79.21.079+0.0005 I 54) 1.13±0.06 ( 4 4 ) Pinaverdol (in collo1.6510.07 (44) dion) 570 18.2-69.51.069+0.0001 1.29 + 0.11 (44) 1 . 77 ± 0 . 03 (44) Pinacyanol (in collo2.24 | •(«) dion) 610 19.1-62.81.038+0.0001, 3.10 (8) New méthylène blue (in 3.04 (*) glycerol) Or 19- 81 1.6 7.2 («) Fluorescent blue (in 6.1 (20) glycerol) Or 19-81 1.6 (48) 5.4 (20) Uranin ( in glycerol) . . . . Or 19- 81 1.00 1.98 (8) 5.99 («) Eosin (in glycerol) Or 15-105 1.00 2.4 (4)f Visual purple (solution) . W-Gl 7-36 1.0 (29) 3.19 (4)f PHOTOTROPIC TRANSFORMATION (SOLIDS) 2.98 (4)f 1.06 (58) R Substance (process) 4.6 (58) tiorT 01>'°C *Wty Lit. 1.0 I (15) 25-35 1.65 (47) p 1.07 (i) Triphenylfulgide (coloration) 35- 45 1.68 1.05 (i) 18- 28 1.32 1.7-2.0 (25) 2.2 (5) DB 28- 38 1.31 1.04 (28) 38- 48 1.40 1.88 (21) Triphenylfulgide (decolora- 718-639 23- 33 1.08 (47) 1.035 | (7) tion) MAMA /28- 38 0.92 1.79-1.18 (4)f 614 574 \38-48 0.87 3.82 (4)f Benzaldehydephenylhydra20-30 1.08 DB ca. 1.0 | (16)

Other solutions CHI3 + O2: (InC 6 H 6 ) (In C 2 H 5 OH) Cinnamicacid + Cl2 (in CCl4)] Cinnamic acid + Br2 (in CCl4) Cinnamicacid + Br 2 (UiCeH 6 )I CeHe + Br2 1

UV UV UV UV

> 254 > 254 > 254 > 254 W UV > 254 UV > 254

Other solutions. — (Continued) Radiation | 0i, O2, 0C | Substance (process) ke+io/kß \ Lit. f 1-14 1.9 (14) Toluene + Br2 UV > 254 ! 18-33 1.8 O4) I 1-33 2.0 (!4) 0-10 4.8 (14) D ! 10-25 5.6 (i 4 ) [ 25-33 3.9 (14) 23-33 2.6 (26) Stilbene + Br2 (in CCl4) 33-43 2.5 (26) Allocinnamylideneacetic acid W 24-34 1.75 (27) + I2 (in CCl4) Benzophenone + C 2 H 5 OH.. . .| W-S |26.5-76.5 1.063 + 0.003 O 9 ) o-Chlorobenzophenone + C2H5OH W-S 26.5-76.5 1.101±0.007 (**) Anthracene —* Dianthracene I UV-A 154-167 1.47 ( 3 ?) (in phenetole) | 1 . 10 | ( 6 <>) /8-Methylanthracene (in C 6 H 6 ) UV > 220 I 70-80 0-Methylanthracene (in tolUV > 220 80-105 1.025±0.025 (60) uene) Di-/8-methyldianthracene (in f 150-160 2.74 (60) phenetole) 1 160-170 2.60 (60)

1 6-51.3 1.42 + 0.06 (< 9 ) 20.5-40.1 1.415 + 0.015(49) | 8-3 1 | 1. 402 + 0. 002 1 (39) 1 . 5-19 1 . 42 ± O . Ol ( 5 0 ) 32-42 2.0 (26) | 6-19 | 1.37±0.01 | ( 50 ) | 6-19 | 1.40 + 0.01 | ( 5 O)

zone (coloration)

V

Benzaldehydephenylhydrazone (decoloration)

W-S D

30- 40 14-20 20- 40 40- 50 -80- O 60-70 80- 90 90-100 100-110

1.16 1.02 (47) 1.05 1.06 1.067 (43) 1.7 (43) 1.71 1.69 (45) 1.72 J

PHOTOTROPIC TRANSFORMATION. — (Continued)

DISPLACEMENT OF EQUILIBRIUM

RadiaOi , 02,0C kß+io/kß Lit. tion (15- 25 1.05 (47) Benzyl-o-tolylosazone (coloration) W-S | 25- 35 1.04 35- 45 1.07 '15-25 1.11 DB - 25- 35 1 . 13 35- 45 1 . 13 Piperyl-0-tolylosazone (coloration) W-S -90— 101.06±0.01 (45) Piperyl-o-tolylosazone (de-10—1-10 2 (45) coloration) D Salicylidene-/3-naphthylamine W-S O- 10 1.43+0.04 (43) (coloration) [40- 50 1.80 } G \ 50- 60 1.80 [60-70 1.75 (46) B 40- 60 1.45 V 50- 60 1.39 J Salicylidene-ß-naphthylamine (decoloration) 90-110 2.0 (43) D Na diacetyl-di-p-diaminostilbene-di-o-disulfonate (col1.07 (46) oration) W-S -10-+20 Na diacetyl-di-p-diaminostilbene-di-o-disulfonate (decoloration) D -10- +20 ca. 1.65 (46)

3O2 -> 2O3 Al-Fs; pressure measurement (5) 0 C 20 40 54~ Equilibrium at, % O3 3.4 3.15 2.7 H2O -> H 2 + O QQ, active: ultra-violet >220; gas at rest; gasometric measurement (*) 0 C 150 150 Ï5Ô~Ï5Ô 240 Initial p, atm 0.825 0.585 0.448 0.370 0.825 % decomposition 0.1237 0.1992 0.2960 0.3618 0.1240 IQ 11 Ac 2.23 6.65 16.8 28.3 1.84

Substance (process)

LITERATURE

FORMATION AND DECOMPOSITION OF HALOGEN ACIDS QQ, gas at rest; iodomet. and acidimet. titration (3) -o Initial _0^ Process X C KG A p, atm. HI ->H + I >2200.97-0.985 13.2-14.0 SoTs H +!-»HI >220 0.4 23.10 >220 0.66 33.45 >220 1 54.26 >220 1.33 60.30 >254 0.985 13.2 oo >300 0.99 12.2 oo HBr -> H + Br >220 0.99-1 12-19 oo >254 1 ca. 18 ca. 0.2 >300 1 ca. 18 O H C l - + H + Cl >220 1 5.4 XlO- 6 >254 1 O >300 1 I O CO2 -» CO + O QQ, X = 254-220; gas at rest; 24O0C; a = 33.31-0.0194 pco2 ( 2 )

(For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) C1) Anderson and Robinson, 1, 47: 718; 25. ( 2 ) Anderson and Taylor, 1, 45: 1210; 23. (3) Andrejeff, 53, 43: 1342; 11. 9, 19: 551; 13. (*) Banerji and Dhar, 93, 134: 172; 24. (5) Benrath and Obladen, 99, 22: 65; 22. (6) Benrath and Tuchel, 99, 13: 383; 14. 14: 238; 15. cf. Dawson, 99, 14: 213; 15. (?) Berthelot, 34, 160: 441; 15. ( 8 ) Berthoud and Bellenot, 37, 7: 307; 24. 42, 21: 308; 24. (») Bevan, 201, 12: 398; 04. (10) Bodenstein and Lind, 7, 57 : 168; 07. (i i ) Bodenstein and Lütkemeyer, 7, 114: 208; 24. (i 2) Bodenstein and Lieneweg, 7, 119 : 123; 26. (*3) Bodenstein and Kistiakowski, 7, 116: 371; 25. ( 14 ) Bruner and Czarnecki, 165, 1910 A: 516. (IS) Bruner and Kozak, 9, 17: 354; 11. (l«) Cernovodeanu and Henri, 34, 149: 365; 09. (17) Coehn and Becker, 7, 70: 88; 09. (^ 8 ) Coehn and Grote, Nernst Festschrift, 136; 13. See also Grote, Diss., Göttingen, 1912. cf. Weigert, 25, 46: 815; 13. («) Cohen, 70, 39: 243; 20. (2°) Dhar, 4, Ul: 707; 17. (21) Dhar, 14, 11: 130; 19. (22) Dhar, 4, 123: ' 1856; 23. (23) Eder, 75, 80: 636; 79. (24) Euler and Ryd, 205, 51: 97; 13. (25) Ghosh and Mukherjee, 482, 2: 165; 25. (26) Ghosh and Purkayestha, 482, 2: 261; 25. (27) Ghosh and Gupta, 482, 2: 241; 25. (28) Goldberg, 99, 4: 61; 06. ( 29 ) Hecht, 223, 3: 285; 20. (30) Kiss, 70, 42: 665; 23. (3l) Kornfeld, 99, 21: 66; 23. (32) Kühn, 34, 177: 956; 23. (33) Kühn, 34, 178: 708; 24. (34) Lemoine, 6, 30: 289; 93. (35) Lemoine, 6, 6: 433; 95. (36) Lemoine, 34, 129: 719; 99. (37) Luther and Weigert, 7, 51: 297; 05. 53: 385; 05. (38) Mathews and Curtis, 50, 18: 166; 14. (3») von Nasaroff, 53, 47: 943; 15. 99, 18: 231; 19. ( 4 O) Norrish and Rideal, 4, 125: 2070; 24. (4l) Padoa, 36, 51 1: 193; 21. (42) Padoa and Butironi, 22, 25 II: 215; 16. 36, 47: 6; 17. ( 43 ) Padoa and Minganti, 22, 22 II: 500; 13. 36, 45 I: 15; 15. ( 44 ) Padoa and Minganti, 22, 24 II : 97; 15. (45) Padoa and Tabellini, 22, 21 II : 188; 12. 36, 45 1 : 10; 15. (46) Padoa and Zazzaroni, 22, 24 I: 828; 15. (47) Padoa and Zazzaroni, 22, 25 I: 808; 16. ( 48 ) Perrin, 34, 177: 665; 23. ( 49 ) Plotnikow, 7, 75: 337, 385; 11. (50) Plotnikow, 7, 78: 573; 12. (5l) Plotnikow, 99, 19: 40; 19. («2) Purkayestha and Dhar, 93, 121: 1561; 22. (53) Rideal and Williams, 4, 127: 258; 25. (54) Schwezow, 99, 9: 65; 10. ( 55 ) Spencer, 4, 105: 2565; 14. ( 56 ) Tian, 16, 5: 248; 16. ( 5 7 ) Trautz, 9, 21: 329; 15. ( 58 ) Vrânek, 9, 23: 336; 17. (5o) Weigert, 9, 14: 591; 08. (60) Weigert and Krüger, 7, 85: 579; 13. 86: 383; 14. cf. Krüger, Diss., Berlin, 1913.

Pco2, mm a = % decomposition 10s-gc

1397 818 325 94.7 6.06 17.06 27.39 31.60 0.54 8.50 17.43 8.62

FUMARIC ACID (F) ±± MALEIC ACID (M) (a) Fs; stirring; conductivity measurement; values computed from velocity measurements (6) ^^^^_ [F + M] 0.0102 I 0.00306 X "^-—-^^ % M at equilibrium 207 76.4 68.3 253 69.6 63.5 282 80.6 76.0 75^5 69~3 ass or 0 4 (&) QQ> gl quartz vessels; 45-5O C ( ) [F + M] 0.02 0.04 0.05 I 0.2 % M at equilibrium 72.1 74.2 74.7 79 LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) C 1 ) Coehn and Grote, Nernst Festschrift, 136; 13. See also Grote, Diss., Göttingen, 1912. cf. Weigert, 25, 46: 815; 13. ( 2 ) Coehn and Sieper, 7, 91: 347; 16. ( 3 ) Coehn and Stuckardt, 188, 1916: 99. ( 4 ) Kailan, 7, 87: 333; 14. (5) Regener, 8, 20: 1033; 06. ( 6 ) Warburg, 76, 1919: 960.

PHOTOTROPY A comprehensive review with a list of substances studied is given in ( 34 ). The following classes of compounds show phototropy (in absence of light designated by (D); on exposure to light by (L)):

QUANTUM SENSITIVITY

Fulgides (32, 33, 36)

H2C:C.CO\ O H2C:C.CO/ Diaryl derivatives: yellow to orange (D); orange to dark brown (L). Triaryl derivatives: orange to red (D); dark brown (L). Fulgenic acids, their salts and esters ( 36 ): H2C:C.CO2H H2C:C.CO2H White to pale yellow (D); yellowish green, yellow or orange (L). Hydrazones ( 7 > 8 > 13 > 1S» 16 > 17 > 18» 21 » 24 > 36) Ar.HC:N.NHR White to yellowish white (D); rose to purple-red (L). Osazones (i» 14, 19, 20) Ar.CiN.NHR Ar.C:N.NHR Stilbene derivatives (35). For other organic compounds showing phototropy, see (3> 5 » 9 > 10» 11, 22, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 34, 37, 38).

INORGANIC COMPOUNDS I

Lithopone CaS, SrS Li2NH SnI2

(D) I (L) white gray white rose to violet white red red yellow

Lit. ( 2 > 23 ) ( 12 ) (4) (6)

Additional Abbreviations B Bolometer. B Bolomètre. EA Energy absorbed, erg cm"2 EA Energie absorbée, erg cm"2 sec""1. sec"1. ET Total energy absorbed by ET Energie totale absorbée the system, erg sec"1. par le système, erg sec'l. Gl Incandescent lamp. Gl Lampe à incandescence. Sk Radiation calorimeter. Sk Calorimètre à radiation. Ts Thermopile. Ts Pile thermoélectrique. n Quantum sensitivity. n Sensibilité au quantum. n = A[X]AT hy/#A, where N = n = A[X]ATh7/^, où N = Avogadro's number, h = nombre d' Avogadro, Planck's constant, y = h=constantede frequency. Planck, 7 = fréquence. B EA

Bolometer. Die absorbierte Energie, erg cm"2 sec"1. ET Totale Energie bei dem System absorbiert, erg sec"1. Gl Glühlampe. Sk Strahlungskalorimeter. Ts Thermosaule. n Quantenempfindlichkeit. n = A[X]AT hj/EA wo JV = die Avogadrosche Zahl, h = die Plancksche Konstante, y = die Frequenz.

SOLUTIONS IN CHCL3 (31) a-Naphthylaminocamphor m-Phenylenebisaminocamphor ar-Tetrahydro-uj-naphthylaminocamphor

(D) • colorless colorless pale red

I

(L) green green green

LITERATURE

Gl Sk Ts n n =

Lampada a incandescenza. Radiocalorimetro. Termopila. Sensibilità per un quanto. A[X]AT hy/EAì dove AT = numero di Avogadro, h = costante di Planck, y = frequenza.

GAS REACTIONS 3O2 -» 2O3 p,kg/cm2 95-150 98-131 115-135 300 110-143 124-139 300 136-146 293.5

(For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) (1) Biltz, 7, 30: 527; 99. 13, 305: 165; 99. See also Biltz and Wienands, 13, 308: 1; 99. (2) Cawley, 135, 63: 88; 91. (3) Chancel, 34, 96: 1466; 83. (4) Dafert and Miklauz, 57, 33: 63; 12. (S) Deichsel, quoted by Stobbe, 221, 74: 161; 22. (6) Freundler and Laurent, 34, 179: 1049; 24. (7) Oraziani, 22, 19 II: 190; 10. (8) Oraziani, 22, 22 I: 623; 13. (*>) Hantzsch, 25, 40: 1533; 07. (10) Heilbron, Hudson and Huish, 4, 123: 2273; 23. (U) ter Meer, 13,181:1; 76. ( 1 2 ) Mourelo, 149, 25: 15; 08. 132, 10 I: 231; 12. 34, 158: 122; 14.' 160: 174; 15. 161: 172; 15. (i3) Padoa, 22, 18 I: 694; 09. O«) Padoa and Bovini, 22, 20 II: 712; 11. (iS) Padoa and Oraziani, 22, 18 II: 269; 09. ( 16 ) Padoa and Oraziani, 22, 18 II: 559; 09. O 7) Padoa and Oraziani, 22, 19 I: 489; 10. (18) Padoa and Oraziani, 22, 19 II: 193; 10. 0») Padoa and Santi, 22, 19 II: 302; 10. (20) Padoa and Santi, 22, 20 I: 675; 11. (21) Padoa and Santi, 22, 20 II: 196; 11. C 2 2 ) Peuckert and Siegel, quoted by Stobbe, 881, 74: 161; 22. (23) Phipson, 34, 93: 387; 81. 135, 44: 138; 81. 45: 61; 82. (24) Santi, 88, 20 II: 228; 11. (25) Schönburg, Diss., Leipzig, 1913, p. 103. (26) genier and Clarke, 4, 105: 1917; 14. (27) Senier and Forster, 4, 105:2462; 14. (28) Senier and Shepheard, 4, 95: 441; 09. (29) Senier and Shepheard, 4, 95: 1943; 09. (30) Seiner, Shepheard and Clarke, 4, 101: 1950; 12. (31 ) Singh, 1, 43: 333; 21. 482, 1: 45; 24. (32) Stobbe, 13, 359: 1; 08. (33) Stobbe, 13, 380: 1; 11. (34) Stobbe, 881, 74: 161; 22. (35) Stobbe and Mallison, 25, 46: 1226; 13. (36) Thormann, Diss., Leipzig, 1912. (37) Von Walther, 52, 67: 445; 03. (38) Wilson, Heilbron and Sutherland, 4, 105: 2892; 14.

B Bolometro. EA Energia assorbita, erg cm~2 sec"1. ET Energia totale assorbita dal sistema, erg sec"1.

47.5 47.5 47.5 97 97 97

I X |lO-«#r| A I n [N*| Remarks | Lit. |203-214I, 47-182) 0.95-0.99 | 1.67 [ ( Fs, Sp. B | (47) 209 85-174 0.95-0.98 1.87±0.03 12 Fs, Sp, B. Bomb O2 (49) 209 86-1170.933-0.956 1.74±0.05 6 209 98-115 0.978 1.52±0.02 4 253 90-1270.437-0.589 1.09±0.07 6 253 85-1030.378-0.457 1.09+0.04 3 253 157-196 0.88 0.57±0.04 4 209 0.88-0.98 1.85±0.04 3 Fs,Sp,B. 33-95voi.% ( 5 <>) O2, 67-5 vol. % Na, 209 0.94 1.30 21 voi. % O2,79 voi.% N2 207 64-111 0.636 1.06+0.03 7 Fs, Sp1 B. Streaming C 5 «) 207 68-92 0.636 1.00±0.01 8 gas 207 76-102 0.636 1.06+0.02 8 253 85-101 0.317 0.56±0.02 3 253 86-116 0.311 0.59±0.02 4 253 92-185 0.526 0.70±0.04 2

2O 3 -»3O 2 Voi. % Q3 I Voi. % Q2 I X \IO-*ET\ A I n |N*| Remarks 9.29 90.71 250-256 ÏÏ5 Ï 3?48 Fs, Sp, B. 2.92 97.08 250-256 84 0.95 1.65 Streaminggas 1.85 98.15 250-256 95 0.98 0.76 0.75 99.25 250-256 102 0.94 0.49 0.47-0.18 99.53-99.82 250-256 67-1880.752-0.248 0.28±0.01 4 Vol. % O3 Vol. % N2 2.56 97.44 250-256 108 0.98 2.64 1.41 98.59 250-256 232 0.93 1.89 0.65-0.16799.35-99.833250-256 61-2150.877-0.267 1.08+0.0513 Vol. % O3 Vol. % He 0.429 99.571 250-256 108 0.804 1.78 0.361 99.639 250-256 104 0.710 1.60 Voi. % O3 Voi. % O2 8.49 91.51 209 115 0.857 11.15 Moist gas 6.44 93.56 209 116 0.780 9.65 5.66 94.34 209 118 0.733 9.00

|Lit. (**)

(4«)

(il)

(48)

Bromine + Hydrocarbons

2O3 -> 3O2.—(Continued) Vol. % (fa I Vol % Q2 I X |lO-*flr| A 8.60 91.40 253 100 1.00 8.49 91.51 253 77 1.00 7.80 92.20 253 104 1.00 5.84 94.16 253 116 1.00 5.43 94.57 253 144 1.00 4.23 95.77 253 125 1.00 3.54 96.46 253 136 1.00 2.77 97.23 253 117 1.00 0.91 99.09 253 124 1.00 10.50 89.50 253 102 1.00 6.56 93.44 253 118 -1.00 4.47 95.53 253 106 0.99 2.49 97.51 253 253 0.97 2.23 97.77 253 96 0.97 1.30 98.70 253 106 0.93 0.80 99.20 253 83 0.86 8.15 91.85 287 126 0.96 7.93 92.07 287 388 0.94 6.27 93.73 287 433 0.93 5.69 94 31 287 138 0.92 X 436

I I

ET 323-526

I

n 6.53 7.67 6.24 5.49 4.75 4.09 3.87 3.21 2.05 4.70 3.69 3.17 2.19 3.08 2.07 1.66 6.58 3.82 2.90 5.09

|N*|

Remarks Moist gas

| Lit. (««)

HBr ( mm Hg) 20.3-30.3 120-156 11.3-14.6 28.3-30.3 386-394 226-324 267-379

Mix with ÏS H2 N2 N2 N2 N2 N2

n

(48)

/ W (mm Hg)ï 80.2-112.7 92.3-136 260-344 I

M

| |

Lit. (27) ~~

N*

Remarks

Lit

209 51-67 0.496-0.667 2.13±0.06 4 Fs, Sp, B. 209 97-101 0.969-0.983 2.07±0.04 4 Streaming gas 209 30-46 0.289-0.383 2.03±0.10 4 209 46-66 0.635-0.676 2.10±0.03 3 209 101-1040.985-0.987 1.96±0.01 2 209 75-1090.946-0.981 1.92±0.12 3 209 37-51 0.495-0.608 1.99±0.09| 7

X 10 2ET

(5Ï)"

A

Ìt ~ n N* Remarks Lit. with H2 207124-1520.967-0.9971.95+0.03 7 Fs, Sp, B. Streaming (52) H2 253 144-189 0.929-0.982 2.06±0.04 6 gas H2 282 237-273 0.655-0.706 2.09±0.07 6

NH 3 -> N + 3H 1

^4 T X 10-2#r A n Remarks Jig) 80-90 203-214 46-54 0.735-0.9680.221+ 0.014 Fs, Sp, B 0.5-90 203-214 0.5-0.4 Fs, Sp, Ts. Differen206.3 0.3-0.1 tial manometer 0.4(0 = 20°) Fs, Sp, Ts 3-30 203-214 0.6(0 = 100°) 0.9(0 = 200°) 1.4(0 = 300°) 2.5(0 = 400°) I 3.3(0 = 500°)

Lit. (46) (29) (30)

X I IQ-o ET I A I n I N* I Remarks | Lit. blue-violet 1.38-3.89 0.25-0.60 2.26 ±0.04 11 Arc lamp, F, B, Ts, («) or air-thermometer I IQ"2 ET I A I n I N* I 118.7-34.2|0.40-0.67) 1.995 + 0.0051 2 I

Remarks Gl, F

| Lit. [ (7)

2NOC1 -> 2NO + Cl2 Arc lamp, F, Tp, Pressure measurement, A = ca. 0.90 ( 14 ) X

I

10-4 ET n

X

350 0.49

500-438 (470) 350 424 0.46 0.47

I 520-448 (485) 424 263 320 0.52 0.48 0.47

Acetic aldehyde —» Acetone (decomposition and polymerization) I 1Q-« ET I n I N* I Remarks

UV (313)

5.02

2.3

UV(313)

3.08-3.53 1.80 + 0.11

QQ. E measured with oxalic acid + U sulfate 4

* N indicates the number of experiments upon which the mean is based.

[H 2 Q 2 ]I [Z] I EA I A \ n H [ H 2 Q 2 ] J [Z] \ 0.525 85 0.49275.0 0.316 1.0 X 10~5 0.525 249 0.49278.9 0.317 0.5 X 10~4 0.389 205 0.39568.8 1.032 0.5 X 10~3 227 0.33859.3 0.463 0.5 X 10~s 0.319 196 0.29854.0 0.283 0.5 X 10~3 0.276 105 0.15145.8 0.170 0 . 5 X 1 0 - 3 0.126 0.053 49 0.06745.3 0 . 0 5 4 8 0 . 5 X 1 0 - 3 0.049 41 0.06043.4 0.0293 0.5 X 10~3 26 0.02023.2 0.541 0.5 X 10~2 0.016 0.311 140 0.33074.2 0.362 0.5 X 10-2 0.303*0.5 X l O - i 140 0.32474.2 0.255 0 . 5 X 1 0 - 2 0.305f0.25 X 10-5 211 0.32561.4 0.1046 0.5 X 10~2 0.572 0.5 X 10-5 352 0.52157.4 0.0512 0.5 X 10~2 0.382 0.5 X 10-5 215 0.38968.3 0.560 0.5 X 10~i 0.327 0.5 X 10-5 215 0.34463.0 0.388 0.5X10-1 0.323 0.5 X 10-6 223 0.34176.0 0 . 2 4 8 7 0 . 5 X 1 0 - 1 0.297 0.5 X 10-5 207 0.31859.4 0.1332 0.5 X 10~i 0.284 0.5 X 10-5 205 0.30754.2 0 . 0 4 1 5 0 . 5 X 1 0 - 1 0.054 0.5 X IO"6 52 0.067(38.7 0.0280 0.5 X IQ"1 * Z is Na2SO4. t For this and all values which follow, Z is H2SO4.

EA 187 205 338 262 170 107 36 21 252 190 130 59 31 390 355 172 92 42 36

\ A \ n 0.33569.8 0.33560.6 0.73640.8 0.44933.4 0.30536.5 0.19631.4 0.06929.3 0.03424.5 0.50321.3 0.37325.9 0.28026.0 0.12726.6 0.06523.1 0.51514.1 0.39317.9 0.27414.8 0.15914.9 0.05212.2 0.036 6.8

Cl-Compounds Substance) [Subs.] ' \ IQr* ET \ A \ n | N* | Remarks | Lit. ClO2 0.317-0.034611.79-3.46|0.90-0.57J0.83±0.02 12 SoIn. in CCl4. Arc (") Cl2O 0.145-0.08551.61-2.31 0.60-0.420.90±0.03 7 lamp F (X = 445), NCl3 0.43 -0.227 |l.08-1.65 0.43-0.28|0.85-3.7 B. +25%

HI -» H + I (liquid) X I W-ÊT I UV (300) 73.9-77.6

A 1.0

I

n I N* 1.84 ±0.02 4

.

I

Remarks | Lit. QQ, Ts, Spectrophotometric («) measurement. * N indicates the number of experiments upon which the mean is based.

HI + O 2 QQ, Sp, Ts; constant O2-concn.; 17.1-23.20C;4 = 1 ( 63 ) ; cf. ( 39 > 64 )

Cl2O -> Cl2 + O

X 430

[H2Q2] I X I EA I a I A I n I Remarks | Lit. 0.037 I 214.4-298.0(231) | | | 0.025-0.92 | 114 | Fs, Sp. Ts | (™) 0.023 210 1550 127 0.82 5.0 Fs, Sp, Ts (2s) 0.049 230 2823 75 0.88 4.9 0.049 255.8 897 20 0.43 4.2 0.049 280 538 3.0 0.082 3.7

QQ, Uviol filter, Ts, a = 0.422, X = 305 - 316 (311) (26)

HI -> H + I PH

SOLUTIONS H 2 O 2 -> H2O + O (in H2O)

(«)

Moist gas

R 2 + C12->2HC1 I A I IQ-* n I Remarks | 0.43-0.70 | 2.22-2.48 | Gl, Sp, Ts

1()_

X I EA I A I n N* | Remarks | Lit. 530-440 1700 0.68-0.93 1.02 + 0.04 6 Gl, F, Ts.f (38) 476 336-5320.595-0.938 1.08 ±0.03 5 Gl, F, Ts, (*«) Titr. of Br2 C6Hi4 476 258-4490.455-0.79232 CrHi 6 476 162-5020.285-0.885 8.4-19.6 C 6 H 6 -CH 3 476 162-4380.285-0.772 7.1-57 * N indicates the number of experiments upon which the mean is based. t Spectrophotometric for Br2.

. Moist gas

HBr -+ H + Br P

Br 2 + CeHi2

|Lit. ( *5)

[KI] 0.955 0.955 0.954 0.954 0.954 0.954 0.954 0.954 0.954 0.954 0.954 0.954 0.954 0.248 0.248 0.248 0.248 2.619 2.619 0.248 0.248

I

X= [HCl] 0.239 0.239 0.954 0.954 0.954 0.954 0.954 0.954 0.954 0.954 0.954 2.861 2.861 0.989 0.989 0.989 0.989 0.873 0.873 0.247 0.247

I 1Q3 [Q2] 1.03 1.03 0.84 0.84 0.84 0.84 0.84 0.50 0.50 0.17 0.17 0.74 0.74 1.18 1.18 1.18 1.18 0.58 0.58 1.23 1.23

I 436 I 405 I \ EA \ n \ EA \ n \ 120 5.8 72 7.0 116 6.0 71 8.1 133 9.7 80 12.0 127 14.5 71 13.1 125 9.2 69 16.0 95 12.0 95 12.8

150 146 128 120 152 142 117 114 127 119 80 77

2.5 3.1 16.6 17.2 0.9 1.2 0.8 1.2 8.8 10.0 0.5 0.5

313 | EA \ n \ 105 7.1 106 5.7 115 10.1 114 11.8

88 71 79 75 72 69

2.7 3.7 18.4 22.0 2.1 2.0

91 82 110 105 104 100 99

3.8 4.1 13.8 16.9 1.2 1.7 2.5

75 73 82 .74

13.1 101 14.2 100 0.6 99 0.6 96

10.6 11.7 0.7 1.1

280 EA \ n 17 19.9 15 26.6 22 24.0 17 23.0 15 20.0

17 17 17 14 18 17 20 19

21.9 20.0 3.7 3.9 35.8 31.9 3.9 3.9

19 17 19 18

28.3 23.6 2.2 1.6

HI + O 2 .—(Continued) [KIl 0.248 1.860 1.860 2.426 2.426 2.426 2.426

X= I [HCl] 0.247 1.860 1.860 2.426 2.426 2.426 2.426

I 436 I 405 I 313 I |103[Q a f| EA \ n \ EA \ n \ EA [ n \ 1.23 93 10.6 0.68 118 12.2 80 12.9 101 10.2 0.68 77 14.4 72 14.5 98 0.61 0.61 0.61 0.61

280 EA \ » 19 18 22 17 17 17

10.5 12.7 16.8 23.9 25.7 30.3

X = 366

(KIJ I [HCl] I 0.955 0.05 0.955 0.05 '0.955 0.05 0.955 0.125 0.955 0.125 0.955 0.125 0.955 0.239 0.955 0.239 0.955 0.239 0.954 0.478 0.954 0.478 0.954 0.478 0.954 1.910 0.954 1.910 0.954 1.910 0.954 2.861 0.954 2.861 0.954 2.861 0.248 0.989 0.248 0.989 0.248 0.989 0.490 0.977 0.490 0.977 0.490 0.977 1.786 0.915 1.786 0.915 1.786 0.915 2.619 0.873 2.619 0.873 2.619 0.873 0.248 0.247 0.248 0.247 0.248 0.247 0.487 0.487

103[Q2] I EA I 1.14 307 1.14 274 1.14 247 1.08 314 1.08 307 1.08 207 1.03 307 1.03 227 1.03 200 0.96 287 0.96 267 0.96 214 0.77 267 0.77 260 0.77 247 0.74 334 0.74 300 0.74 274 1.18 320 1.18 294 1.18 227 1.02 327 1.02 320 1.02 254 0.69 300 0.69 274 0.69 254 0.58 307 0.58 274 0.58 267 1.23 294 1.23 267 1.23 254 1.06 307

n H [KI] | 1.4 0.954 1.9 0.954 1.7 0.954 1.8 0.954 1.8 0.954 2.7 0.954 2.6 0.954 2.6 0.954 V 3.3 0.954 3.0 0.954 3.4 0.954 3.6 0.954 4.5 0.954 4.3 0.954 5.1 0.954 4.3 0.954 5.2 0.954 6.1 0.954 0.9 0.954 1.0 0.954 1.1 0.954 3.1 0.954 3.0 0.954 4.1 0.954 4.2 0.954 4.0 0.954 4.7 1.860 3.7 1.860 3.7 1.860 5.2 2.426 0.3 2.426 0.3 2.426 0.3 1.8

[HClJ | 0.954 0.954 0.954 0.954 0.954 0.954 0.954 0.954 0.954 0.954 0.954 0.954 0.954 0.954 0.954 0.954 0.954 0.954 0.954 0.954 0.954 0.954 0.954 0.954 0.954 0.954 1.860 1.860 1.860 2.426 2.426 2.426

1Q3[Q2] | EA 0.84 320 0.84 294 0.84 254 0.84 240 0.81 227 0.84 220 0.84 207 0.84 160 0.84 154 0.84 154 0.84 147 0.84 87 0.84 80 0.84 48 0.84 45 0.84 23 0.84 23 0.84 23 0.84 9.3 0.84 9.3 0.50 327 0.50 287 0.50 274 0.17 307 0.17 287 0.17 267 0.68 280 0.68 267 0.68 254 0.61 294 0.61 280 0.61 267 X = 254

IS S:£ I^ S î:î «•«• ••- "•**

39

\

n 3.3 3.4 4.1 4.4 5.7 5.2 5.6 7.2 7.5 7.6 62 10.4 11.0 11.6 10.9 25.9 18.7 21.2 26.0 41.5 3.0 3.8 3.8 1.6 1.4 1.7 4.5 4.2 4.5 5.0 5.0 4.8

"••

2K3Co(C2O4)S = 2CoC2O4 + 3K2C2O4 + 2CO2 (aqueous solution) QQ, F, Ts; extinction measurement ( 45 ) X= [K3CoOx3] 0.005 0.002 0.001 0.0002

H 436 H \\ EA \ A \ n H EA 12.3 0.47 0.53 13.0 6.0 0.23 0.43 8.0 3.1 0.12 0.71 4.7 0.8 0.03 0.60 1.1

X 253.6 253.6 253.6 253.6 253.6 253.6 237.8 240.0 248.2 253.6 265.5 297.0 310.0 366.0 435.0 546.0

I

EA 6.4 13.6 17.9 21.4 27.2 33.6 0.96 3.3 6.4 19.8 18.3 34.8 119 159 123 129

I

IP"7« 0.63 0.63 0.63 0.63 0.63 0.63 0.82 0.80 0.70 0.63 0.47 0.16 0.095 0.019 0.0052 0.0022

I

A 0.14 0.29 0.38 0.46 0.58 0.72 0.33 0.31 0.28 0.25 0.19 0.07 0.04 0.009 0.003 0.001

I

n 0.3 0.9 1.5 1.8 2.6 3.4 4.2 3.2 2.5 1.8 1.5 0.30 0.09 0.035 0.008 0.003

2Fe+++ -f. 2I-£=»2Fe++ + I2 (displacement of equilibrium) ( 4 2) X

QoTr^

QQ>F>TS

I

579

I |

1Q 2

-^ 365

\ [

A 0.61

366 I A 0.86 0.55 0.33 0.06

| n 1.30 1.30 1.50 1.79

Cl2 + 2CBrCl3 = 2CCl4 + Br2 (dilution with CCl4) Remarks Lit G1,F, Ts. Spectre- (38) photometric for Br2. A = 0.500.70 Gl1 F. Relative (22) energy measurement. Spectro1.04 photometric for 0.87 Br2

1:4.07 1:9.15 1:19.3 1:39.7 1:80.3

blue and violet

CBrCl3: Si Ch 1:0.889 1:2.48 1:7.24 1:16.33 1:32.3

|

r 0.98 \ 0.94 I 0.94

Diluted with SiCl4 n || CBrCI3: SiCl4 0.90 1:64.3 0.87 1:162 0.96 1:324 0.94 1:647 0.98

|

n 0.77 0.67 0.57 0.39

2CBrCl3 + O2 = 2COCl2 + Br2 + Cl2 (22) Sensitized with Br2, 880 g/l. X = 436, 405; EA = 454; A = 0.87 System | n | N* | Remarks Pure CBrCl3, satd. with Oz 1.07 üviol lamp, F, Ts, spec1 vol. CBrCl3 and 15 vols. CCh, trophotometric for Br2; 0.71+0.05 4 ±20% satd. with Oz 1 vol. CBrCl3 and 15 vols. CCh, satd. with air 0.88 + 0.06 11

Hydrolysis of monochloro- and monobromoacetic acids QQ, Sp, Ts. X = 254. Electrometric titr. RG constant, n, + 11 — 18% (43).

Substance ClCH2CO2H BrCH2CO2H

| [Subs.] | 0.5 0.3 0.02 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.02

EA 72 61 66 53 51 48 43

\

X 0.84 0.94 22 27.5

]

A 0.86 0.72 0.87 0.72

\

n 1.05 0.95 0.35 0.32 0.47 0.54 0.36

Organic acids + Br2

Hydrolysis of PtCl4(OH)2H2 QQ, Sp, Ts; conductivity measurements (7) I

EA 16.8 10.7 6.4 1.2

[CBrCl3] :[CC14]| X 1 10-2 EA | n \ N* 1:0 410-391(410) 170 0. 94 ±0.03 15 1:0 468-440(449) 156 0.90±0.10 6

BrCH2CO2Na (in 0.02JV NaOH) (in 0.04JV Na2SO4)

10*[Pt] 0.2 0.5 0.75 1 1.5 2 1 1 L 1 i l l l l _J

405 H \ A \ n \\ 0.83 0.82 0.51 0.71 0.30 1.00 0.07 0.94

\ I

n 0.93

Br 2 + I X I EA I A I n Remarks Lactic acid 530-490(500) 8.10« 0 . 70 0 . 22 Gl, F, Ts, or Calactate 530-490(500) 8.10" 0.70 0.6-1.0 radio-miTartaric acid crometer [Br2] = 0.015 490-450 360 ca. 12 [Br2] = 0.0325.... 490-450 360 ca. 4 Cinnamic acid (in CCh) 650-390(470) 32 0. 17 436 Stilbene (in CCh) . . . 650-390(470) 32 0.17 290

Lit. (18) (18) (20) (20) (21) (21)

Oxidation with I2 (37) I2 K formate K oxalate FeSO4 NaNO 2

I X I 103 ET 460-316(388) 11 11 13.3 9.3

I A I n I Remarks 0.21 8.3 Gl, radio-micrometer; 0.191.2 6 = 310C 0.321.95 0.160.7

o-Nitrobenzaldehyde (in acetone) ( 58 ) X I E\ I A I n I N* I Remarks 436 10.4- 8010. 035-0. 245 0. 469 ±0.026 10 QQ, F, B, conductivity 405 600 - 820 0 . 606-0 . 975 0 . 473 ± 0 . 020 7 366 810-11400.76-1.00 0.533 + 0.015 14 * N indicates the number of experiments upon which the mean is based.

X 405 366 400 400

I 1Q5 ET I A \ n I Remarks I Lit. o-Nitrobenzaldehyde —> o-Nitrosobenzoic acid (in acetone) 67 1 1.3 QQ, F, Sk, conduc- (31, 6°) 25 1 3.2 tivity Anthracene —> Dianthracene (in phenetole) I 23 I 1 I 0.49 ) QQ, glass filter I ("» S9 );c/. ( s ) /3-Methylanthracene —> Dimethyldianthracene (in phenetole) I 23 I 1 I 0.39 I QQ, glass filter I (2«> 59 ); cf. (S)

Acetone + H2Q System Acetone + H 2 O (1 M) % 0.3 15

I X I UV (313) Ì J

___

| X [ A \ n \ Remarks | Lit. (298-214.4(231) J0.38-1.00| 1175 ( Fs, Ts, Titr. I (24) IWET 3.8 7.2

I

n } Remarks I Lit." 0.06 QQ. E measured with oxalic (*5) 0.15 acid + U sulfate.

K oxalate -f I 2 ; X = 486, blue,

n = ca, 0.11 (3)

I IQ5 ET \ A I n I Remarks | Lit." Oxalic acid + Uranyl nitrate (both 0.001 M) 253.6 37.1 0.80 47 QQ, Sp, Ts, a = ( 8 ) 2.3 X 10« Oxalic acid (0.033JW) -j- Uranyl sulfate (0.016M) 492.7-407.2(423) 10.6 0.72 1.07±0.02| Incand. lamp. 0«) I F.* * Spectrophotometric for the energy. Titr. ± 2 0 % . X

GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPHY

Oxalic acid + Uranyl sulfate (* ) X 356

IQ"2 EA 328

I I

X ! 10~6 E 313 I 1.18 * Titr. with KMnO 4 . \

\

A

l I

n 0.027

I \ QQ.

Remarks Titr. with KMnQ 4 .

\ A \ n I Remarks I I 0.43 I 1.06 + 0.05 I QQ, Ts.* [acid] = O.IN. [sulfate] = 0.01 M. \

n

\

\

\

\

A

Lit. Qg) n

436 565

X 500 500

I 10-3 EA 25 25

\

n 0.36 0.83

0.080 0.087 0.099

0.037 0.049 0.035

A 1

1 7 1 , 177, 179, 182, 190, 1 9 1 , 1 9 5 ) ,

False equilibrium: O 2 2 , 149, 102, i98). Isomerie transformations: (34,78, 84,92, 100, lis, lie, 123, iss, 159, ieo, 166, Phototropy: (133, 134, iss, 145, 157, ITS). Quantum sensitivity: (17S, 184). Reactions: Constant velocity: ( 1 . 5 , 2 6 , 3 1 . 5 , 3 2 , 33, 35, 43, SS, S 6 , 1 S 2 , 1 4 9 , I S I , 1 8 9 , 196) Monomolecular: ( 2 »

17

» 23, 26, 28, 32, 34, 40, 46, SS, 64, 80, 82, 95, 96, 97,

113, 125, 1 3 4 , 135, 139, 143, 146, 148, 149, 1 5 2 , 1 6 3 , 1 6 8 , 1 6 9 , 2 0 0 ) .

Lit. O9)

C O 2- Assimila tion X I I^ ET I 610-690(600)| 730-1570 |

176, 1 8 7 , 1 8 9 , 193, 1 9 7 , 199, 201).

182, 1 8 9 ) .

366 684.5 | Remarks | Gl, F

162, 164, 169, 180, 181, 193),

Displacement of equilibrium: 0» 2 » 4, 41, 52, 53, 54, 58, 59, 63, 78, 84, 109, us,

Allocinnamylideneacetic acid (catalysed by I 2 ) [Acid](mol/I)| 0.171 0.342

Catalysis: ( 3 » 4, 7.5, 18, 18.5, 30, 32.5, 37, S8, 3S.5, S9, 42, 4S, 44, 67.5, 75, 76, 77, 79, 86, 89, 90, 91, 93, 98, 125, 126, 128, 131, 1 3 1 . 1 , 1 3 1 . 2 , 1 3 1 . 5 , 1 3 7 , 145, 156.

116, 119, 123, 133, 141, 144, 147, 149.5, 153, 1 5 5 , 1 5 7 , 159, 160, 162.5, 166, 169,

Ethyl malate + Br2 (in CCl4) QQ. Analysis by M. P. determination. RG proportional to EA, independent of Br2 (limits 1:9) and of CCl4 (limits 1:5). 180C. TK for the absorbed energy = 2 (*7). 557 429

(The numbers refer to the list of literature citations on p. 171) After effects: (96, 97, 129, ies). Autocatalysis: (4, 7i, iei, ies, i9 7) .

Color sensitivity: ( 3 » 36 > 49, 57, ss, 84, 87, ios, 105, los.s, no, 120, 136, 140,

\

Fumarie acid —> Maleic acid (in HzO) (53*) 0.0102M 0.00306M 207 1 0.104 207 1 253 1 0.098 253 0.95 282 0.857 0.134 282 0.553 Maleic acid —» Fumarie acid (in Ü2O) (53*) 0.0102M 0.00514M 207 I 1 0.032 207 1 253 0.99 0.043 253 0.97 282 I 0.725 0.032 282 0.531 * Fs, Sp, B, stirring, conductivity.

X n

2: 261; 25. (22) Gruss, 9, 29: 144; 23. (23) Hatt, 7, 92: 513; 18. (24) Henri and Wurmser, 34, 156: 1012; 13. 51, 3: 320; 13. (25) Henri and Wurmser, 34, 157: 126; 13. (26) Kornfeld, 99, 21: 66; 21. (27) Kornfeld and Müller, 7, 117: 242; 25. 118: 476; 25. ( 28 Ì Krüger, Diss., Berlin, 1913. (29) Kühn, 34, 177: 956; 23. (30) Kühn, 84, 178: 708; 24. (3i ) Kummerer, Diss., Berlin, 1914. (32) Ladenburg, 63, 5: 525; 04. (33) Lasareff, 8, 24: 661; 07. (34) Lemoine, 6, 6: 433; 95. (35) Lewis and Rideal, 4, 1926: 596. (36) Luther and Forbes, I, 31: 770; 09. (37) Mukherjee and Dhar, 9, 31: 621; 25. (38) Noddack, 9, 27: 359; 21. (39) Plotnikow, 7, 111: 171; 24. ( 4 O) Pusch, 9, 24: 336; 18. (41) Rideal and Norrish, 5, 103: 366; 23. ( 4 2 ) Rideal and Williams, 4, 127: 258; 25. ( 43 ) Rudberg, 96, 24: 247; 24. (44) Sebelien, Norske Via. Selsk. Skr. Math.-naturv. JH.,'1904: No. 9. ( 4 5 ) Vrânek, 9, 23: 336; 17. (46) Warburg, 76, 1911: 746. (47) Warburg, 76; 1912: 216. (48) Warburg, 76, 1913: 644. (49) Warburg, 76,1914: 872. (50) Warburg, 76, 1915: 230. (Si) Warburg, 76, 1916: 314. (52) Warburg, 76, 1918: 300. (53) Warburg, 76, 1919: 960. (54) Warburg, 9, 27: 136; 21. (55) Warburg and Negelein, 7, 106: 191; 23. (56) Weigert, 7, 80: 78; 12. (57) Weigert, N ernst Festschrift, 464; 12. (58) Weigert and Brodmann, 83, 21: 453; 26. 7, 120: 24; 26. (59) Weigert and Krüger, 7, 85: 579; 13. 86: 383; 14. (60) Weigert and Kummerer, 25, 46: 1207, 1884; 13. (6l) Wigand, 7, 77: 423; II. (62) Winther, 99, 11: 92; 12. (63) Winther, 7, 108: 236; 24. ( 6 4 ) Winther, 7, 113: 275; 24. (65) Winther and Oxholt-Howe, 99, 14: 196; 14.

I n I Remarks [ Lit. | 0.226 | QQ or Gl, Sp, or F, B. | (ss~

LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) (l) Anderson and Robinson, 1, 47: 718; 25. (2) Berthelot and Gaudechon, 34, 156: 707; 13. ( 3 ) Berthoud and Bellenot, 42, 21: 308; 24. (4) Bodenstein, 7, 85: 329; 13. (5) Bodenstein, 7, 87: 93; 14. (6) Bodenstein and Lieneweg, 7, 119: 123; 26. (7) Bodenstein and Kistiakowski, 7, 116: 371; 25. (8) Boll, Thesis, Paris, 1914. 34, 156: 691; 13. 157: 115; 13. (9) BonhoeSeT,96, 13: 94; 23. (10) Book and Eggert, 9, 29: 521; 23. (U) Bowen, 4, 123: 1199; 23. (12) Bowen, 4, 123: 2328; 23. (13) Bowen, Hartley, Scott and Watts, 4, 125: 1218; 24. O4) Bowen and Sharp, 4, 127: 1026; 25. (i5) Bowen and Watts, 4, 1926: 1607. (16) Buchi, 7, 111: 304; 24. ( i ? ) Eggert, 63, 25: 19; 24. (18) Ghosh and Basu, 482, 2: 39; 25. (» 9) Ghosh and Gupta, 482, 2: 241 ; 25. (2°) Ghosh and Mukherjee, 482, 2: 165; 25. ( 2 1) Ghosh and Purkayestha, 482,

ls

Bimolecular: ( , 24, 29, 75, 94, i34, iss, 174). Velocity and intensity: (8, 20'5, 24, 24.5, 32.5, 34, ss, 48, 64, 72, 73, 82, lös, 108, 1 1 1 , 123, 134, 1 4 1 , 1 5 3 , 154, 1 5 7 , 1 6 9 , 1 8 1 , 1 8 9 ) ,

Retardation by oxygen: (24, 42, 43, 46, 74, 78, 121, iso, iss). Systems: Ammonia: (58). Bromates: (151). Bromine + organic compounds: (3, 10, 20, 20.5, ss, 40, 141, iso, 164). Carbon monoxide + halogens: (39, 42, iss, 167, I T I , 179, 192). Carbon monoxide -f- oxygen: ( 4 I, 60, 171) Carbonyl chloride (phosgene): (54, 179). Chlorates: (isi, 162.5). Chlorine + organic compounds: ( 12 > 74, 142, 142.5, 156). Chlorine + water: (O.s, 16, 17, 22, 98, isi, 200). Chromium trioxide + organic compounds: (69, 73, 120). Cobalt compounds: (i*.s, 36, 86). Copper salts: ( 167 ). Dyes: (los.s, ise.s). Eder's solution: O 8 » «9, 90, ise, iso, 152, 193, 198). Enzymes: (49, 50). Fehling's solution: (14, 27, no). Ferric salts -f iodine: (149.5, 153). Ferric salts + organic compounds: (9, 10, n, is, ie, ss, in, 136, 143, isi, 194, 1 9 9 ) .

Ferrous sulfate: ( I ß 7). Halogen acids: (23, si, 59, 63, 72, ise, 137, 139, iei, 171, 197). Hydrogen: (38.5). Hydrogen + halogens: (8, 21, 24, 24.5, ss, 37, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 56, 57, 62, 70, 1 1 7 , 124, 131.3, 1 7 1 , 1 8 8 )

Hydrogen + oxygen: (2, 7.5, ss, si, 67.5, 131.2, I 7 i ) . Hydrogen peroxide: ( 82 , 93, 125, 163, 168, 169). Hydrogen peroxide + organic compounds: ( 8 1 » 94, 96, 97, 196). Iodic acid + oxalic acid: ( 112 ). Iodine + organic compounds: (20, 20.5, 32.5, 67).

Mercury compounds: ( 175 > 195 ). Nitric acid and nitrates: C 1 » 118 » 147 » 162 - 5 » 178). Nitrogen + hydrogen: ( 131 - 5 ). Nitrosyl chloride: (si.s, 95). Organic compounds: (ll> 19 > 32 > 34 » 38 > 51 » 64, 6S » 68 » 71 » 77 » 78» 80» 84 » 87 » 91, 92, 99, 100, 158, 159, 160,

103, 104,

105, 107, 108.5, 1 1 5 , 116, 123, 129, 132,

165, 166, 167, 172,

1 7 7 , 182,

148,

154,

155,

189),

Oxides: ( 30 > 41 » 53 > 83» 90 » 174 > 201 ). Oxygen: (isi.i, ITI). Ozone: ( 7 > 2 5 > 75 > 76 > 146 > 181 > 183 » 186 » 187). Platinum compounds: ( 4 » 5 » 29 ). Potassium salts: ( 90 > 126 > 13°» 149 » 151» 162 » 162.5). Silver halides: (78-5, n»). Sodium salts: (^3, * 2 8 » 167, 172 » 173 ). Sulfur compounds: ( 53 » 83 > 109 » 144 » 171 » 174 » 19°» 191). Titanium tetrachloride + mandelic acid: ( 15 ). Toxins: ( 40 ). Uranyl salts + organic compounds: O- 5 » 6, 1 3 » 1 8 - 5 » 26 » 28 » 79 » 8 5 » 1 0 1 » 1 2 7 )Water: ( 2 , 52, 169}. Temperature coefficient: ( 20 » 25 » 34 > 42 » 53 > 66 > 67 » 68 > 73 » 94 » 9 5 » l l 1 » 123 » 12S » 134,

170,

172,

174,

187,

189).

Theory: (102, 106, 114, 170, 176).

LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) Abbreviations: QQ Quartz mercury vapor lamp. Sp. Spectral purification of monochromatic radiation. F Light filter (wave filter). UV Ultra-violet radiation.

X Wave length in /*/*. / Intensity. RV Reaction velocity. C Concentration. t Temperature, 0C TC Temperature coefficient.

(0.5) Allmand, Cunliffe and Maddison, 4, 127: 822; 25. (Cl2 + H2O. QQ.) (i) Anderson, 1, 46: 797; 24. (KNO3-»KNO2 + O. QQ. Stationary state.) O' 5 ) Anderson and Robinson, 1, 47: 718; 25. (Oxalic acid + uranyl sulfate. QQ. Constant velocity. Absolute actinometer. TC.) ( 2 ) Andrejeff, 68, 43: 1342; 11. 9, 19: 551; 13. (2H2O ^: 2H2 + O2. QQ. [amalgam]. UV. t = 260-290. 2H2 + O2-* 2H2O. RV. Monomolecular, t = 113.) ( 3 ) Andrich and Le Blanc, 99, 15: 148, 183, 197; 16. (Br2 + toluene. Arc lamp. F. Extinction. Color sensitivity. Action of O2 and other substances.) ( 4 ) Archibald, 4, 117: 1104; 20. (Hydrolysis of K2PtCIe. Incandescent lamp. Analysis [titration of HCl]. Autocatalysis. Stationary state.) ( 5 ) Archibald and Gale, 4, 121: 2849; 22. (Hydrolysis of K2PtBre. Incandescent lamp. Analysis [titration of HBr].) (6) Bacon, 867, 5 A: 281; 10. (Oxalic acid + uranyl acetate.) ( 7 ) Bahr, 8, 33: 598; 10. (2O3 -» 3O2. UV. RV at various pressures.) ( 7 - 5 ) Baker and Carlton, 4, 127: 1990; 25. (H2 + O2. Effect of water.) ( 8 ) BaIy and Barker, 4, 119: 653; 21. (H2 + Cl2. No proportionality between RV and I. ) (9 ) Benrath, 52, 80: 283 ; 09. (FeCl3 + alcohol. UV. Decolorizing time proportional to FeCh concentration.) (10) Benrath, 7, 74: 115; 10. (FeCIa + organic acids or glycerol. Br2 + tartaric acid. UV. Measurement of decolorizing time.) (U) Benrath, 13, 382: 222; 11. (FeCl3 + alcohol, CHCl3 + aqueous alcohol, methyl acetate, chloroacetic acid. UV. RV.) ( 12 ) Benrath and Hertel, 99, 23: 30; 24. (Chlorination of chloroform, acetic anhydride, acetic acid, acetyl chloride, isobutyric acid, propionic acid, n-butyric acid, dimethyl malonate, ethyl ether. QQ. Empirical equation for RV.) ( 13 ) Benrath, Hess and Obladen, 99, 22: 47; 22. (FeCl3 + organic acids. Oxalic acid + uranyl acetate + electrolytes. Daylight. Acid concentration has no effect.) (* 4 ) Benrath and Oberbach, 7, 98: 498; 21. (Fehling's solution. Sunlight, UV.) (15) Benrath and Obladen, 99, 22: 65; 22. (TiCU + mandelic acid. Daylight or QQ. Change of C. Bimolecular.) ( 16 ) Benrath and Schaffganz, 7,103: 139; 22. (FeCl3 + tartaric acid + silicic acid jellies. Cl2 + H2O -f silicic acid jellies. Spatial progress of reaction.) ( 17 ) Benrath and Tuchel, 99, 13: 383; 14. 14: 238; 15. Criticism by Dawson, 99, 14: 213; 14. (Cl2 + H2O. QQ. Monomolecular.) ( 18 ) Berger, 70, 40: 387; 21. (Eder's solution + electrolytes.) (is.S) Berger, 70, 44: 47; 25. (Uranyl formate + formic acid, complex cobalt salts. QQ. Stirring. Salt effect. Curves for time and RV.) ( 19 ) Berthelot and Gaudechon, 34, 156: 707; 13. (Lévulose. UV. Decomposition at various C.) (20) Berthoud and Bellenot, 37, 7: 307; 24. (K oxalate + Br2 or I2. Incandescent lamp, F. No stirring. RV proportional to V7. Kinetics. TC.) (20.5) Berthoud and Bellenot, 42,21: 308; 24. (K oxalate + I2. Incandescent lamp, F. Equation given for RV for red [weak absorption] and for blue [strong absorption]. TC. K oxalate -f- Br2.) ( 2 I ) Bevan, 5, 202: 71; 04. (H2 + Cl2. Kinetics.) ( 2 2 ) Billitzer, Jahrbuch für Photographie und Reproduktionstechnik, 1907: 82. (Cl2 + H2O. Kinetics.) ( 2 3 ) Bodenstein, 7, 22: 23; 97. 61: 447; 08. (HI -> H + I. Daylight. Monomolecular.) ( 2 4 ) Bodenstein and Dux, 7, 85: 297; 13. (H2 + Cl2. Incandescent lamp. No stirring. Equation given for RV.) («4.B) Bodenstein and Lütkemeyer, 7, 114: 208; 24. (H2 + Br2. Tungsten arc lamp, t = 218. TC. Equa-

tion for RV.) (25) Bohm, Diss., Berlin, 1913. (Oa -f H2. QQ. Variation of C. Kinetics. TC.) ( 2 6 ) Bolin, 7, 87: 490; 14. (Lactic acid + uranyl sulfate. Arc lamp, glass filter. Without O2, monomolecular. With O2, constant velocity.) ( 2 7 ) Bolin and Linder, 7, 93: 721; 19. (Fehling's solution. UV. Kinetics.) ( 28 ) Boll, Thesis, Paris, 1914. 34, 156: 138, 691, 1891; 13. 157: 115; 13. (Oxalic acid + uranyl nitrate. QQ. X = 253.6. Analysis [conductivity measurements]. Monomolecular.) ( 2 9 ) Boll and Job, 34, 154: 883; 12. See also Job and Boll, 34, 155: 827; 12. (Hydrolysis of H2PtCIe. QQ. Analysis [conductivity measurements]. Bimolecular.) ( 30 ) Bose, 58, 112: 95; 23. (CO2 assimilation. Catalysis by very small amounts of material.) ( 3 I) Bowen, 4, 125: 1233; 24. (Mathematical treatment of the formation and decomposition of halogen acids. ) (Si- 5 ) Bowen and Sharp, 4,127: 1026; 25. (2NOC1 = 2NO + Cl2. Arc lamp, F. Ts. X = 500 - 438. Constant velocity. Recalculation of data of Kiss ( 95 ).) ( 3 2 ) Bredig and Goldberger, 7, 110: 521; 24. (Decomposition of formaldehyde. QQ. t =3 80 and 195. Monomolecular at low C, constant velocity at high C [total absorption].) (S2.5) Briers, Chapman and Walters, 4, 1926: 562. (K oxalate + I2. RV and I. Duration of catalytic effect.) ( 33 ) Bruner and Czarnecki, 165, 1910 A: 516. (Br2 + toluene. Nernst lamp, uviol lamp. Addition of I 2 makes reaction independent of O2. Constant velocity.) ( 34 ) Bruner and Krolikowski, 165, 1910 A: 192. (Maleic acid [+Br2] —* fumarie acid. Sunlight. Monomolecular. TCca. 1. Constant transformation coefficient for given intensity and bromine concentration.) (55) Bunsen and Roscoe, 8, 100: 43; 57. (H2 + Cl2. Constant velocity. RV proportional to J.) ( 36 ) Burger, 182, 27: 160; 11. (Pentamminenitrosocobalt salts. Sunlight. RV, color sensitivity.) ( 37 ) Burgess and Chapman, 4, 89: 1399; 06. (H2 + Cl2. Catalyzers.) ( 38 ) Butler, 135, 125: 38; 22. (CHI3 + O2. Incandescent lamp. Various solvents. Kinetics.) ( 38 -5) Cario and Franck, 96, 11: 161; 22. (H 2 -> 2H. Sensitization with Hg. X = 253.67.) ( 39 ) Cathala, 27, 33: 576; 23. (CO + CI2. QQ. Retardation with CO2.) ( 4 O) Cernovodeanu and Henri, 34, 149: 365; 09. (Tetanus toxin. QQ. RV proportional to (7.) ( 4 1 ) Chapman, Chadwick and Ramsbottom, 4, 91: 942; 07. Criticism by Coehn, 200, 7: 613; 10. (CO2 = CO + O. QQ.) ( 42 ) Chapman and Gee, 4, 99: 1726; 11. (CO + Cl2. Retardation with O2, NO. TC.) ( 43 ) Chapman and MacMahon, 4, 95: 959; 09. (H2 + Cl2. Hefner lamp. Pressure measurement. Ratio for RV.) ( 4 4 ) Chapman and MacMahon, 4, 95: 1717; 09. 97: 845; 10. (H2 + Cl2. Catalyzers.) ( 4 S) Chapman and Underbill, 4, 103: 491; 13. (H2 + Cl2. Change of H 2 pressure.) ( 4 6 ) Chapman and Whiston, 4, 115: 1264; 19. (H2 + Cl2. Change of Cl2 pressure. Ratio for RV.) ( 4 7 ) Chapman, 4, 123: 3062; 23. Calculations by Berthoud, 37, 7: 324; 24. (H2 + Cl2. Change of H2, Cl2 and O2 pressure.) ( 48 ) Chapman, 4, 125: 1521; 24. (H2 + Cl2. Approximate proportionality between RV and J. [Variation 1:6].) ( 4 9 ) Chauchard and Chauchard, 34, 156: 1858; 13. (Amylase. Color sensitivity in UV.) (50) Chauchard and Mazoué, 34,152:1709; 11. (Amylase, invertase. Decomposition velocity in UV.) (Si) Clark and Allardyce, 69, 17 III: 167; 23. (Oxime formation. Visible and UV radiation.) (52) Coehn, 25, 43: 880; 10. (2H2O -» 2H2 + O2. QQ.) (ss) Coehn and Becker, 7, 70: 88; 09. See also Becker, Diss., Göttingen, 1908. (SO3 ^ SO2 + O. QQ. Equilibrium independent of t between 50 and 800°.) ( 5 4 ) Coehn and Becker, 25, 43: 130; 10. (COCl2 -» CO + Cl2. QQ.) ( 5 S) Coehn and Grote, Nernst Festschrift, 136; 13. See also Grote, Diss., Göttingen, 1912. Criticism by Weigert, 25, 46: 815; 13. (2H2 + O -» 2H2O. QQ. Gases in motion. Monomolecular.) ( 56 ) Coehn and Jung, 2B1 56: 696; 23. (H2 + Cl2. Very dry gases. UV.) (5 7 ) Coehn and Jung, 7, 110: 705; 24. (H2 + Cl2. Incandescent lamp. Insensitive at a vapor pressure of <10~7 mm Hg. Sensitivity limit at X = 540.) (58 ) Coehn and Prigent, 9, 20: 275; 14. (2NH 3 -» N 2 + 3H2. QQ. Constant velocity.) (59) Coehn and Stuckardt, 188, 1916: 99. (2HBr -> H 2 + Br2, 2HI ^± H 2 + I2. QQ. Unstirred gases. Equilibrium displacement and RV.) (60) Coehn and Tramm, 25, 54: 1148; 21. (CO + O2. QQ. H2O unimportant.) ( 6 1 ) Coehn and Tramm, 25, 56: 455; 23. (H2 + O2. QQ. H2O unimportant.) ( 62 ) Coehn and Tramm, 25, 56: 458; 23. (H2 + Cl2. Visible light. Very dry gases. Insensitive.) ( 6 3 ) Coehn and Wassiljewa, 25, 42: 3183; 09. (2HCl -» H 2 + Cl2. QQ.) (64) Cohen, 70, 39: 243; 20. (Benzophenone + alcohol. Sunlight, QQ. Ratio given for RV.) (65) Cohen, 64V, 32: 555; 23. 64P, 26: 443; 23. (Alcohol + O 2.) (66) Dhar, 4, 111: 707; 17. (TC for different reactions. Daylight. RV in dark.) (67) Dhar, 14, 11: 130; 19. (K oxalate + I2. TC for reactions in light and dark.) (67.5) Dickinson, Ì97, 10: 409; 24. (H2 + O2 -» H2O. Sensitization with Hg. QQ.) (68) Euler and Ryd, 205, 51: 97; 13. (Lactic acid + H2O = CO2 + C2H5OH. UV. Induction period. TC.) (69) Forbes, Woodhouse and Dean, 1, 45: 1891; 23. (Quinine + CrO3 + H2SO4. UV. Change in C.) ( 7 0 ) Gautier and Helier, 34, 124: 1128; 97. Calculations by Bevan, 5, 202: 71; 03. (H2 + Cl2.) (71) Genthe, Diss., Leipzig, 1906. (Linseed oil + O2. Uviol lamp. Autocatalysis.) (72) Gil, 132, 12: 534; 14. (HI + O2. QQ or arc lamp. Confirmation of law [J] X [time] = constant.) ( 7 3 ) Goldberg, 7, 41: 1; 02. 99, 4: 95; 06. (Quinine + CrO3. Sunlight, Uviol lamp, Kinetics. TC. RV proportional to I.) ( 7 4 ) Goldberg, 99, 4: 61; 06. (Cl2 + CeH6. Arc lamp. O2 retardation.) (75) Griffith and Shutt, 4,

123: 2752; 23. (2Oa —> 3O2. Incandescent lamp. In mixtures with Oa, RV proportional to [Os]2. Accelerated by H2.) ( 7 6 ) Griffith and MacWillie, 4, 123: 2767; 23. (2Oa -» 3O2. Incandescent lamp. Accelerated by He, A, N2, CO, CO2.) ( 7 7 ) Gros, 7, 37: 157; 01. (Leuco compounds + Oa. Light sensitivity offluoresceinsand derivatives.) ( 78 ) Halban and Geigel, 7, 96: 233; 20. (Coloration and decoloration of tetrabenzoylethylene. Sunlight, Uviol lamp. Oa retardation.) (78.5) Härtung, 4, 125: 2198; 24. (AgBr. Sunlight. RV.) ( 7 9 ) Hatt, 7, 92: 513; 18. (Uranyl formate. Sunlight, incandescent lamp, QQ. Retardation by uranous salts. Kinetics. Added substances.) («O) Hecht, 223, 3: 1; 20. (Bleaching of visual purple [solution]. Incandescent lamp. Monomolecular.) ( 8 I) Henri and Rane, 34, 154: 1261; 12. (Glycerol + HaOa. UV.) («2) Henri and Wurmser, 34, 157: 126; 13. (H2Oa -> H2O +O. X = 280 — 210. Monomolecular. RV proportional to the absorbed energy.) ( 8 S) Hill, 83, 20: 109; 24. (3SO2 = 2SO3 + S. Uviol lamp. Unilateral F. Sensitive to 313MM-) ( 84 ) Holmes, 1, 44: 1002; 22. (Triphenylmethanesulfonic acid. Equilibrium between the colored and colorless forms. Change with X.) ( 85 ) Holmes, 483, 13: 188, 197; 24. (Oxalic acid and uranyl salts as chemical photometer in actinometer.) ( 8 *) Jaeger and Berger, 64P, 23: 84; 21. 70, 40: 153; 21. (K cobaltioxalate. QQ. RV independent of C. Salt effect.) ( 87 ) Job and Emschwiller, 34, 179: 52; 24. (Ethyl iodide. Sensitivity limit at 410MM-) (« 8 ) Jodin, 6, 27: 426; 82. (Ferric oxalate. Daylight.) ( 89 ) Jodlbauer and Tappeiner, 25, 38: 2602; 05. (Eder's solution. Dyestuffs as catalyzers). (90) Jodlbauer and Tappeiner, 484, 82: 520; 05. (KI + O2, Eder's solution, As2O3 + Oa. Catalyzers.) ( 9 M Jorissen and Reicher, 7, 31: 142; 99. (Oxalic acid + Oa + various metallic salts. Daylight, sunlight. Effect of C of catalyst.) ( 9 2) Kailan, 57, 33: 1305; 12. 25, 46: 1628; 13. (o-Nitrobenzaldehyde —» o-nitrosobenzoic acid.) ( 93 ) Kailan, 7, 98: 495; 21. (HaOa. QQ. Effect of H2SO4.) ( 9 4 ) Kastle and Loevenhart, 1, 21: 262; 99. (HaOa + formaldehyde. Sunlight. Bimolecular. TC.) ( 95 ) Kiss, 70, 42: 665; 23. (NOCI —> NO + Cl. Incandescent lamp. Monomolecular. TC.) ( 9 6 ) Kistiakowsky, 7, 35: 431; 00. (HaOaH-K 3 Fe(CN) 8 +K 4 Fe(CN) 6 . Arc lamp. Partially monomolecular. After effect.) ( 97 ) Kistiakowsky, 169, 23: 1915. 10, 4: 924; 22. (H2O2 + K 3 Fe(CNh +K 4 Fe(CN) 6 . Monomolecular. After effect.) ( 98 ) Klimenko, 25, 28: 2558; 95. (Cl2 + H2O. Catalyzers.) (") Landau, 34, 152: 1308; 11. (Lactic acid. UV.) (ioo) Landau, 34, 155: 403; 12. (Polymerization of CaH4. QQ.) (101) Landau, 34, 156: 1894; 13. (Oxalic acid + uranyl salts. UV.) (™2) Langmuir, 1, 42: 2190; 20. (Radiation hypothesis and chemical action.) ( 103 ) Lasareff, 8, 24: 661 ; 07. (Fading of dyestuffs. Nernst lamp. Sp. Rotating sector. Sensitivity to various X proportional to absorbed energy.) (>° 4 ) Lasareff, 8, 37: 812; 12. (Fading of dyestuffs. Nernst lamp. Sp. Several absorption bands.) (ios) Lasareff, 7, 78: 661; 12. 79: 638; 12. (Méthylène blue. Nernst lamp. Sp. Color sensitivity.) ( 106 ) Lasareff, 134, 1919: 239. (Kinetics. Theory.) ( 1 0 7 ) Lasareff, 7, 98: 94; 21. (Fading of dyestuffs. High O2 pressure. Relation between RV and Oa pressure.) (108) Lasareff and Perrin, 34, 177: 1436; 23. (RV for periodically fluctuating 7.) (108.5) Lasareff, 83, 21: 475; 26. 7, 120: 58; 26. (RV and X. Fading of dyestuffs.) (109) Le Blanc, Andrich and Kangro, 9, 25: 229; 19. (SOaCIa ;=± SOa + CIa. Spark gap, QQ, Sp, F. Extinction measurements. Equilibrium.) (11°) Leighton, 50, 17: 205; 13. (Fehling's solution + hydroquinone. Color sensitivity.) (m) Lemoine, 6, 6: 433; 95. (FeCl3 -f- oxalic acid. Sunlight. Relation between RV and absorption. TC. RV proportional to J.) (112) Lemoine, 34, 173: 192; 21. (Oxalic acid + HIO3. Sunlight. Kinetics.) (H3) Lewis, 4, 101: 2371; 12. (NaOCl -> NaCl + O. Uviol lamp, t = 25. Stirring. Monomolecular in neutral and alkaline soluti on.) (U 4 ) Lewis and MacKeown, 1, 43: 1288; 21. (Radiation theory of thermal reactions.) (ll 5 ) Lifschitz and Joffé, 25, 52: 1919; 19. (Di- and triphenylmethane derivatives in solution. UV. Reversible transformations.) (U 6 ) Lifschitz and Joffê, 7, 97: 426; 21. (Triarylmethane derivatives. UV. Equilibrium between colorless and colored forms.) O 1 7 ) Lind, 50, 28: 55; 24. (Ha + Bra. Arc lamp, t = 250.) (U 8 ) Lombard, 27,7: 186; 10. (KNO3. QQ. Kinetics.) (H9) Luther, 7, 30: 628; 99. (AgCl. Daylight. Stationary state.) (120) Luther and Forbes, 1, 31: 770; 09. (Quinine + CrO3. Uviol lamp, F. Kinetics. Spectral effect additive. Color sensitivity.) ( 121 ) Luther and Goldberg, 7, 56: 43; 06. (O2 retardation in CIa reactions.) O 2 2 ) Luther and Plotnikow, 7, 61: 513; 08. (Pseudoreversible reactions. HI + H3POa +O2.) (123) Luther and Weigert, 7, 51: 297; 05. 53: 385; 05. (Anthracene —» dianthracene. Arc lamp. RV and stationary state. TC. RV proportional to 7.) (124) Marshall and Taylor, 58, 112: 937; 23. (H 2 + Cl2. Reaction mechanics.) O 2 S )Mathews and Curtis, 50, 18: 166; 14. (HaOa. Uviol lamp. Monomolecular. Negative catalyzers. TC.) ( 126 ) Mathews and Curtis, 50, 18: 641; 14. (KIO3. QQ. Catalysis.) (127) Mathews and Dewey, 50, 17: 211; 13. (Oxalic acid + uranyl salts. QQ.) (12S) Mathews and Weeks, 1, 39: 635; 17. (Na2SO3 + O2. QQ. Negative catalyzers. O 2 9 ) Mathews and Williamson, 1, 45: 2574; 23. (Acetylchloroaminobenzene. UV. Kinetics. After effects in nonaqueous solvents.) O 30 ) Matuschek, 136, 25: 411, 522; 01. (K3Fe(CN)6. Daylight.) O 3 I)

Milbauer, 7, 86: 564; 14. (Cl2 + H2O. Catalyzers.) (isi.i) Moore and Noyes, 1, 46: 1367; 24. (3O2 -» 2O3. Sensitization with Hg.) (isi.2) Norrish and Rideal, 4, 127: 787; 25. (H2 -f O2. Sensitization with CIa. QQ. Glass filter. RV proportional to [O2] X [Cl2].) (is 1.3) Norrish, 4, 127: 2317; 25. (H2 + Cl2. Induction period.) (isi.5) Noyes, 1, 47: 1003; 25. (N 2 + 3H2 -* 2NH3. Sensitization with Hg. QQ, F. X > 215MM.) ( 132 ) Noyes and Kouperman, 1, 45:1398; 23. (Solid oxalic acid. UV. Induction period. Constant velocity.) (132.5) padoa, 36, 55: 87; 25. (TC and X.) (132.6) Padoa, 53, 21: 573; 26. 7,120: 202; 26. (Spectral effect not additive.) (133) padoa and Foresti, IBS1 22 II : 576; 13. 36, 45 I : 21; 15. (Phototropy. Sunlight. Equilibrium at various temperatures.) (134) Padoa and Minganti, 22, 22 II: 500; 13. 36, 45 I: 15; 15. (Phototropy. Coloration monomolecular, decoloration in dark bimolecular. RV proportional to I. TC.) (i 35) padoa and Zazzaroni, 22, 24 1: 828; 15. (Phototropy. Coloration bimolecular, decoloration monomolecular. ) ( i 3 6 ) Padoa and Vita, 36, 54: 147; 24. (HI + Oa, ferric oxalate, Eder's solution. Arc lamp, F. Spectral effect not additive.) (136.5) Perrin and Choucroun, 34, 178: 1401; 24. (Méthylène blue, eosin in glycerol. RV and C.) ( J 3 7 ) Pinnow, 25, 34: 2528; 01. 42, 63: 239; 01. (HI + Oa. Quinine as catalyst.) (13S)'Piva, 36, 45 I: 219; 15. (CO + Br2. Sunlight.) O 3 9 ) Plotnikow, 7, 58: 214; 07. 64: 215; 08. (HI + Oa. Uviol lamp. RV proportional to concentration of Oa. Criticism by Winther, 137, 2 : No. 2; 20.) (140) Plotnikow, 7, 78: 573; 12. 79:641;12. 0,19:753;13. (Br2 + benzene, cinnamic acid. Uviol lamp. Color sensitivity. Criticism by Bruner, 9, 19: 555; 13.) (141) Plotnikow, 99, 19: 1; 19. (Br2 + a-phenylcinnamic nitrile. Uviol lamp. Equilibrium. Reaction order. Change in I.) (142) Plotnikow, 99, 19: 22; 19. (Cl2 + CCl4. Uviol lamp. Periodic reaction. Criticism by Grüss, 9, 29: 144; 23, and Benrath and Hertel, 99, 23: 30; 24.) (142.5) Plotnikow, 99, 23: 79; 24. (Aliphatic compounds -f Cl2 ; c/. Benrath and Hertel ( i 2 ).) ( 14 3 ) Puxeddu and Vodret, 36, 52 1: 229 ; 22. (FeCl3 + ethyl ether. Sunlight, arc lamp. Approximately monomolecular.) (144) Rankin, 50, 11: 1; 07. (Sx ^ SM.) (145) Reddelien, Dtss., Leipzig, 1908. (Phototropy. Kinetics. Catalysis.) (146) Regener, 8, 20:1033; 06. Zh'ss., Berlin, 1905. (2O3 -» 3O2. UV. Monomolecular.) (147) Reynolds and Taylor, 4, 101: 131; 12. (HNO3 vapor. Sunlight. Reversible decomposition.) (148) Richardson, 4, 65:450; 94. (Oxalic acid + Oa. Daylight. Approximately monomolecular.) ( 1 4 9 ) Rideal and Norrish, 5, 103: 342; 23. (KMnO4. UV. Pseudoreversible reaction. Monomolecular in neutral solution, constant velocity in acid solution. TC ca. 1.) (149.5) Rideal and Williams, 4, 127: 258; 25. (Fe+++ + I~ ^±Fe ++ + I. Displacement of equilibrium. Incandescent lamp, QQ, F. Sensitive to X - 550-650 and UV. I 2 is active. Effect of KCl. TC.) (150) Roloff, 7, 13: 327; 94. (Eder's solution. O2 retardation. Oxalic acid + Br2.) (151) Ross, 1, 28: 786; 06. (KI. UV. Chlorates, bromates, organic Fe compounds. Constant velocity. Calculations by Kailan, 57, 34: 1209; 13.) O 5 2 ) Sanyal and Dhar, 93, 128: 212; 23. (Eder's solution. Sunlight. RV proportional to concentration of oxalate, independent of HgCl2.) (i 5 3 ) Sasaki, 429, 5: 315; 22. 93, 122: 61; 22. (Fe +++ + I~ = Fe++ 4- I. Incandescent lamp. Increasing I reverses the reaction.) (l 5 4 ) Schall, 99, 10: 89; 12. (p-Phenylenediamine nitrate paper. Only sensitive to UV. Measurement of action of UV.) O 5 5 ) Schlenk and Herzenstein, 25, 43: 3541; 10. (Formation and decomposition of diphenylbiphenylmethyl. Sunlight. Reversible.) O 5 6 ) Slator, 7, 45: 513; 03. (Cl 2 +C 6 H 6 . Sunlight. Kinetics. Catalysis.) O 5 7 ) Stobbe, 13, 359: 1; 08. (Triphenylfulgide. Phototropic transition. Discussion of effect of X, t, and I.) O 58 ) Stobbe and Schmidt, 99, 20: 57; 20. (Alkyliodide -JOa. QQ. Time curves.) O 5 9 ) Stoermer, 25, 42: 4865; 09. (Transformation of stereoisomers.) (i 60 ) Stoermer and Heymann, 25, 46:1249; 13. (Transformation of halogen cinnamic acids in UV. Curves for RV.) (1*1) Strachoff, 53, 48: 824; 16. 99, 18: 227; 19. 10, 4: 925; 22. (HI + O2. Autocatalysis.) O 6 2 ) Sträub, 486, 51: 1093; 04. £77, 51: 383; 04. (KI 4-Oa + catalyzers. False equilibrium.) (162.5) Suryanarayana, 194, 2: 12; 24. (KI, no reaction to UV. KNO3, KClO3, reversible reaction, UV.) O 6 3 ) Swensson, 19, 7: No. 25; 20. (H2O2. UV. Monomolecular. No after effects,) (164) Swensson, 99, 20: 206; 21. (Bra + aromatic hydrocarbons. Uviol lamp. Kinetics. Added substances.) O 6 5 ) Szilard, 99, 4: 127; 06. (CHI3 in CHCl3. Autocatalysis. After effect. Course of the reaction.) (166) Taylor and Lewis, 1, 46: 1606; 24. (Dianthracene —> anthracene. Sensitive to red. Extinction measurements.) (166.5) Taylor, 83, 21: 560; 26. 7, 120: 183; 26. (Sensitization of CaH4, CO, O2, N2O with Hg.) (167) Thomas, Diss., Freiberg, 1908. (Oxidation of Na2S, Cu2Cl2, Cu2Br2, Na2SO3, FeSOe, HI, pyrogallol. CO + Br2. Retardation by radiation. Visible light.) (i 6 8 ) Tian, 34, 151: 1040; 10. 156: 1879; 13. (H2Oa. QQ. Monomolecular.) (169) Tian, 16, 5: 248; 16. (H2Oa. UV. Monomolecular. Effect of acids and bases. RV proportional to /. 2H2O —» 2H2 + O2. Kinetics. Effect of acids and bases.) (I 7 O) Tolman, ^, 42: 2506; 20. 45: 2285; 23. (TC. Theory.) O 7 I ) Tramm, 7,105: 356; 23. (3O2 ^ 2O3, H 2 + Cl2 ^=± 2HCl, HBr, HI, CO + Cl2, SOa -f Cl2, CO + O, H 2 + O2. Extremely dry gases.) (i™) Trautz, 63, 7: 899; 06. (Pyrogallol + O2, Na2S -f- Oa. TC.) O 7 3 ) Trautz, 9, 13: 550; 07. (Na2S + O2. Retardation by light.) ("«) Trautz, 9, 21: 336; 15. (SOa

+ Ch. QQ. Uviol lamp. Bimolecular. TC.) ( 1 7 5 ) Varahalu, Ram and Rao, 194, 1: 107; 24. (Phototropy of Hg compounds.) ( 1 7 6 ) Volmar, 34, 178: 697; 24. (Calculations of effective X.) ( 1 7 7 ) Volmer and Riggert, 7, 100: 502; 22. (Anthracene dissolved in hexane. Splitting off of an electron. QQ. Equation for RV.) ( 1 7 8 ) Warburg, 76, 1918: 1228. (KNOa. UV. Quantum sensitivity. Criticism by Anderson, 1, 46: 797; 24. cf. Robinson, 1, 46: 1834; 24.) ( 179 ) Weigert, 8, 24: 55; 07. (COCIa ^ CO + Ch. UV. Equilibrium at high temperature.) (180) Weigert, 8, 24: 243; 07. (Sensitizing gas reactions with Ch. UV.) (181) Weigert, 9, 14: 591; 08. (2O3[ + C12] -> 3O2. QQ. Glass filter. Equation for RV.) ( 182 ) Weigert, 7, 63: 458; 08. (Anthracene -> dianthracene. Calculations from earlier researches.) ( 183 ) Weigert, 7, 80: 78; 12. 9, 18: 654; 12. (2O3 -> 3O2. UV. Kinetics.) ( 184 ) Weigert, 99, 11: 381 ; 12. (Efficiency factor of absorbed energy.) (185) Weigert, Nernst Festschrift, 464 ; 12. (O2 retardation. Calculations by Winther, 7, 108: 271 ; 24.) ( i » « ) Weigert, 25, 46: 815; 13. (O3 + H2. UV. Kinetics.) O 8 7 ) Weigert and Bohm, 7, 90: 189; 15. (O3 + H2. UV. RV in relation to C. TC. Spectral effect not additive.) ( 188 ) Weigert and Kellermann, 7, 107: 1; 23. 76, 1922: 315; 9, 28: 456; 22. (H2 + Cl2. Draper effect.) (189) Weigert and Kummerer, 25, 46: 1207, 1884; 13. See also Kummerer,

Diss., Berlin, 1914. (o-Nitrobenzaldehyde —> o-nitrosobenzoic acid. X =» 405 and 366. Constant velocity at total absorption. RV proportional to I. TC ca. 1.) (190) Wigand, 7, 65: 442; 09. (Sx ?± SM. Arc lamp.) ( 191 ) Wigand, 7, 77: 423; 11. (Sx^SM. QQ. Glass filter. Soluti on and fusion.) (192) Wildermann, 7, 42: 257,- 03. (CO + Cl2. Acetylene lamp. Kinetics.) (193) Winther, 99, 7: 409; 09. 8: 197, 237; 10. 9: 205; 11. (Eder's solution. Catalysis. Color sensitivity. Mechanics.) 0» 4 ) Winther, 99, 8: 135; 10. (Ferric oxalate. UV. Inversion.) (i»S) Winther, 99, 11: 60; 12. 9, 18: 138; 12. (Hg + + + Fe++ ^± Hg+ + Fe+++. UV. Light accumulator.) (196) Winther, 137, 2: No. 1; 20. (H2O2 + K4Fe(CN)6. UV. Constant velocity.) (i» 7 ) Winther, 137, 2: No. 2; 20. (HI + O2. X = 436 - 313. Autocatalysis.) ( 198 ) Winther and Oxholt-Howe, 99, 13: 89; 13. (Eder's solution, eosin. False equilibrium.) ( 1 9 9 ) Winther and Oxholt-Howe, 99, 14: 196; M. (Organic Fe salts. X => 436 - 313. Kinetics.) (200) Wittwer, 8, 94: 597; 55. 97: 304; 56. 106: 266; 59. (Cl2 + H2O. Daylight. Monomolecular. Criticism by Bunsen and Roscoe, 8, 96: 373; 55.) (201) Wurmser, 34, 171: 820; 20. (CO2 assimilation. Daylight. Color sensitivity.)

THE ABSORPTION SPECTRA OF DYES WALTER C. HOLMES ARRANGEMENT, SYMBOLS, UNITS AND CONVENTIONS The following tables are designed to'supplement the tables of spectroscopic data on technical synthetic dyes supplied by Formänek and Gnälidmougin in their " Untersuchung und Nachweis organischer Farbstoffe auf spektroskopischem Wege" and the review of the ^pectroscopy of natural coloring matters found in Kayser's "Handbuch der Spektroskopie." The primary aim has been that of affording a ready means of ascertaining what data are available for any given coloring matter. With this end in view the selection of dyes has been made as comprehensive and the literature references as complete as possible. There have also been recorded numerous data on the spectral location of the maxima of absorption bands, under various conditions, in the ultra-violet, visible and infra-red, which will usually prove adequate to those interested in the identification of dyes or in the correlation of color and constitution. If a more complete qualitative or quantitative definition of the absorption is desired it may, in numerous instances, be obtained readily by consulting the references recorded. Synthetic dyes have been arranged by classes in twelve tables and listed in the order of their constitutional formulae. Natural coloring matters have been listed in alphabetical sequence in Table 13. The dye formulae are followed by the scientific names of the coloring matters, supplemented, in some instances, by names of more common usage and by C. I. (Colour Index of the Society of Dyers and Colourists) numbers. All absorption maxima in the ultra-violet and visible spectrum are recorded in terms of wave length in millimicrons. Italicized values refer to the principal bands and bracketed values to relatively insignificant bands. (The common bracketing of several values signifies multiple maxima in a single band.) The absorption data are followed by reference numbers to the source from which they were taken, together with further reference numbers to other literature on the dye in question which may prove of further interest. References followed by (q) contain data on the more definitely quantitative aspect of the absorption. In instances in which various data of independent origin have been available the recorded values are those which have appeared the more reliable to the writer. The question of the dependence which may be placed upon the greater portion of the material presented is left to the discrimination of the reader. Since data

Les tables suivantes ont pour objet de compléter les tables des données spectroscopiques concernant les colorants synthétiques techniques présentées par Formanek et Grandmougin dans leur ouvrage " Untersuchung und Nachweis organischer Farbstoffe auf spektroskopischem Wege" et la revue de la spectroscopie des matières colorantes naturelles, qui se trouve dans l'ouvrage de Kayser "Handbuch der Spektroskopie." L'objectif principal a été celui de procurer un moyen rapide de s'assurer quelles données sont disponibles pour une matière colorante donnée. À cette fin la sélection des colorants a été faite aussi étendue et les références bibliographiques aussi complètes que possible. Il a aussi été mentionné un très grand nombre de données sur la position spectrale des maxima des bandes d'absorption, pour des conditions variées, dans l'ultra-violet, le visible et l'infra-rouge, qui se révéleront ordinairement suffisantes pour ceux qui s'occupent de l'identification des colorants ou de la corrélation entre la couleur et la constitution. Si une définition qualitative ou quantitative plus complète de l'absorption est désirée, celle-ci pourra être obtenue promptement dans bien des cas en consultant les références mentionnées. Les colorants synthétiques ont été arrangés par classes en douze tables et sont inscrits en listes suivant l'ordre de leurs formules de constitution. Les matières colorantes naturelles ont été disposées dans l'ordre alphabétique dans la Table 13. Les formules des colorants sont suivies des noms scientifiques des matières colorantes, complétés dans certains cas par les noms d'un usage plus courant, et les nombres C. I. (Colour Index of the Society of Dyers and Colourists). Tous les maxima d'absorption dans les spectres ultra-violet et visible sont exprimés en millimicrons. Les valeurs en italique concernent les bandes principales, et les valeurs entre crochets ont rapport à des bandes relativement insignifiantes. (Plusieurs valeurs comprises entre deux crochets signifient des maxima multiples dans une seule bande.) Les données d'absorption sont suivies de nombres de référence indiquant la source dont elles proviennent; d'autres nombres de référence mentionnés à la suite se rapportent à d'autres sources bibliographiques relatives aux colorants en question qui peuvent présenter par surcroit un certain intérêt. Les références suivies de (q) signifient la disponibilité de données au point de vue plus défini de l'aspect quantitatif de l'absorption.

+ Ch. QQ. Uviol lamp. Bimolecular. TC.) ( 1 7 5 ) Varahalu, Ram and Rao, 194, 1: 107; 24. (Phototropy of Hg compounds.) ( 1 7 6 ) Volmar, 34, 178: 697; 24. (Calculations of effective X.) ( 1 7 7 ) Volmer and Riggert, 7, 100: 502; 22. (Anthracene dissolved in hexane. Splitting off of an electron. QQ. Equation for RV.) ( 1 7 8 ) Warburg, 76, 1918: 1228. (KNOa. UV. Quantum sensitivity. Criticism by Anderson, 1, 46: 797; 24. cf. Robinson, 1, 46: 1834; 24.) ( 179 ) Weigert, 8, 24: 55; 07. (COCIa ^ CO + Ch. UV. Equilibrium at high temperature.) (180) Weigert, 8, 24: 243; 07. (Sensitizing gas reactions with Ch. UV.) (181) Weigert, 9, 14: 591; 08. (2O3[ + C12] -> 3O2. QQ. Glass filter. Equation for RV.) ( 182 ) Weigert, 7, 63: 458; 08. (Anthracene -> dianthracene. Calculations from earlier researches.) ( 183 ) Weigert, 7, 80: 78; 12. 9, 18: 654; 12. (2O3 -> 3O2. UV. Kinetics.) ( 184 ) Weigert, 99, 11: 381 ; 12. (Efficiency factor of absorbed energy.) (185) Weigert, Nernst Festschrift, 464 ; 12. (O2 retardation. Calculations by Winther, 7, 108: 271 ; 24.) ( i » « ) Weigert, 25, 46: 815; 13. (O3 + H2. UV. Kinetics.) O 8 7 ) Weigert and Bohm, 7, 90: 189; 15. (O3 + H2. UV. RV in relation to C. TC. Spectral effect not additive.) ( 188 ) Weigert and Kellermann, 7, 107: 1; 23. 76, 1922: 315; 9, 28: 456; 22. (H2 + Cl2. Draper effect.) (189) Weigert and Kummerer, 25, 46: 1207, 1884; 13. See also Kummerer,

Diss., Berlin, 1914. (o-Nitrobenzaldehyde —> o-nitrosobenzoic acid. X =» 405 and 366. Constant velocity at total absorption. RV proportional to I. TC ca. 1.) (190) Wigand, 7, 65: 442; 09. (Sx ?± SM. Arc lamp.) ( 191 ) Wigand, 7, 77: 423; 11. (Sx^SM. QQ. Glass filter. Soluti on and fusion.) (192) Wildermann, 7, 42: 257,- 03. (CO + Cl2. Acetylene lamp. Kinetics.) (193) Winther, 99, 7: 409; 09. 8: 197, 237; 10. 9: 205; 11. (Eder's solution. Catalysis. Color sensitivity. Mechanics.) 0» 4 ) Winther, 99, 8: 135; 10. (Ferric oxalate. UV. Inversion.) (i»S) Winther, 99, 11: 60; 12. 9, 18: 138; 12. (Hg + + + Fe++ ^± Hg+ + Fe+++. UV. Light accumulator.) (196) Winther, 137, 2: No. 1; 20. (H2O2 + K4Fe(CN)6. UV. Constant velocity.) (i» 7 ) Winther, 137, 2: No. 2; 20. (HI + O2. X = 436 - 313. Autocatalysis.) ( 198 ) Winther and Oxholt-Howe, 99, 13: 89; 13. (Eder's solution, eosin. False equilibrium.) ( 1 9 9 ) Winther and Oxholt-Howe, 99, 14: 196; M. (Organic Fe salts. X => 436 - 313. Kinetics.) (200) Wittwer, 8, 94: 597; 55. 97: 304; 56. 106: 266; 59. (Cl2 + H2O. Daylight. Monomolecular. Criticism by Bunsen and Roscoe, 8, 96: 373; 55.) (201) Wurmser, 34, 171: 820; 20. (CO2 assimilation. Daylight. Color sensitivity.)

THE ABSORPTION SPECTRA OF DYES WALTER C. HOLMES ARRANGEMENT, SYMBOLS, UNITS AND CONVENTIONS The following tables are designed to'supplement the tables of spectroscopic data on technical synthetic dyes supplied by Formänek and Gnälidmougin in their " Untersuchung und Nachweis organischer Farbstoffe auf spektroskopischem Wege" and the review of the ^pectroscopy of natural coloring matters found in Kayser's "Handbuch der Spektroskopie." The primary aim has been that of affording a ready means of ascertaining what data are available for any given coloring matter. With this end in view the selection of dyes has been made as comprehensive and the literature references as complete as possible. There have also been recorded numerous data on the spectral location of the maxima of absorption bands, under various conditions, in the ultra-violet, visible and infra-red, which will usually prove adequate to those interested in the identification of dyes or in the correlation of color and constitution. If a more complete qualitative or quantitative definition of the absorption is desired it may, in numerous instances, be obtained readily by consulting the references recorded. Synthetic dyes have been arranged by classes in twelve tables and listed in the order of their constitutional formulae. Natural coloring matters have been listed in alphabetical sequence in Table 13. The dye formulae are followed by the scientific names of the coloring matters, supplemented, in some instances, by names of more common usage and by C. I. (Colour Index of the Society of Dyers and Colourists) numbers. All absorption maxima in the ultra-violet and visible spectrum are recorded in terms of wave length in millimicrons. Italicized values refer to the principal bands and bracketed values to relatively insignificant bands. (The common bracketing of several values signifies multiple maxima in a single band.) The absorption data are followed by reference numbers to the source from which they were taken, together with further reference numbers to other literature on the dye in question which may prove of further interest. References followed by (q) contain data on the more definitely quantitative aspect of the absorption. In instances in which various data of independent origin have been available the recorded values are those which have appeared the more reliable to the writer. The question of the dependence which may be placed upon the greater portion of the material presented is left to the discrimination of the reader. Since data

Les tables suivantes ont pour objet de compléter les tables des données spectroscopiques concernant les colorants synthétiques techniques présentées par Formanek et Grandmougin dans leur ouvrage " Untersuchung und Nachweis organischer Farbstoffe auf spektroskopischem Wege" et la revue de la spectroscopie des matières colorantes naturelles, qui se trouve dans l'ouvrage de Kayser "Handbuch der Spektroskopie." L'objectif principal a été celui de procurer un moyen rapide de s'assurer quelles données sont disponibles pour une matière colorante donnée. À cette fin la sélection des colorants a été faite aussi étendue et les références bibliographiques aussi complètes que possible. Il a aussi été mentionné un très grand nombre de données sur la position spectrale des maxima des bandes d'absorption, pour des conditions variées, dans l'ultra-violet, le visible et l'infra-rouge, qui se révéleront ordinairement suffisantes pour ceux qui s'occupent de l'identification des colorants ou de la corrélation entre la couleur et la constitution. Si une définition qualitative ou quantitative plus complète de l'absorption est désirée, celle-ci pourra être obtenue promptement dans bien des cas en consultant les références mentionnées. Les colorants synthétiques ont été arrangés par classes en douze tables et sont inscrits en listes suivant l'ordre de leurs formules de constitution. Les matières colorantes naturelles ont été disposées dans l'ordre alphabétique dans la Table 13. Les formules des colorants sont suivies des noms scientifiques des matières colorantes, complétés dans certains cas par les noms d'un usage plus courant, et les nombres C. I. (Colour Index of the Society of Dyers and Colourists). Tous les maxima d'absorption dans les spectres ultra-violet et visible sont exprimés en millimicrons. Les valeurs en italique concernent les bandes principales, et les valeurs entre crochets ont rapport à des bandes relativement insignifiantes. (Plusieurs valeurs comprises entre deux crochets signifient des maxima multiples dans une seule bande.) Les données d'absorption sont suivies de nombres de référence indiquant la source dont elles proviennent; d'autres nombres de référence mentionnés à la suite se rapportent à d'autres sources bibliographiques relatives aux colorants en question qui peuvent présenter par surcroit un certain intérêt. Les références suivies de (q) signifient la disponibilité de données au point de vue plus défini de l'aspect quantitatif de l'absorption.

available for a given dye are meager and difficult to locate, in general, and since any information may be of service, it has not been considered advisable to exclude any material of definite character.

Die folgenden Tafeln bilden eine Ergänzung (1) zu den Tafeln spektroskopischer Werte technischer synthetischer Farbstoffe, die von Formänek und Grandmougin in ihrem Werke " Untersuchung und Nachweis organischer Farbstoffe auf spektroskopischem Wege" beigegeben sind. Sie ergänzen (2) die Zusammenstellung über die Spektroskopie natürlicher Farbstoffe, die Kayser in seinem "Handbuch der Spektroskopie" gegeben hat. Das Hauptziel war, ein bequemes Mittel für die Feststellung zu schaffen, welche Werte für einen bestimmten färbenden Stoff zu Gebote stehen. Unter diesem Gesichtspunkte geschah die Auswähle der Farbstoffe so umfassend wie möglich und der Nachweis der Literatur möglichst vollständig. Dort wurden zahlreiche Angaben über die spektrale Lage der Maxima von Absorptionsbanden zusammengetragen und zwar für verschiedene Bedingungen : im sichtbaren, Ultraviolett und Infrarot. In der Regel werden sie sich als ausreichend erweisen für diejenigen Forscher, denen an der Identifizierung von Farbstoffen oder an der Beziehung von Farbe und Konstitution gelegen ist. Braucht man eine vollständigere qualitative oder quantitative Definition der Absorption, so ist sie in zahlreichen Fällen bequem zu erhalten, wenn man die gesammelten Literaturangaben einsieht. Synthetische Farbstoffe sind nach Klassen in zwölf Tafeln angeordnet und in der Reihenfolge ihrer Konstitutionsformeln aufgeführt. Natürliche Farbstoffe sind in alphabetischer Folge in Tafel 13 gesammelt. Den Formeln der Farbstoffe folgen die wissenschaftlichen Namen der färbenden Stoffe. Zur Ergänzung dienen in einigen Fällen mehr allgemein gebräuchliche Bezeichnungen und die C. I. Nummern (des " Colour Index of the Society of Dyers and Colourists"). Alle Absorptions-Maxima im Ultraviolett und in sichtbaren Spektren sind in Millimikron angegeben. Kursiv (in Schrägschrift) gesetzte Werte beziehen sich auf die Hauptbanden, eingeklammerte Werte beziehen sich auf verhältnismässig unbedeutende Banden. (Das Zusammenklammern verschiedener Werte bedeutet mehrere Maxima in einer einzelnen Bande.) Auf die Absorptionswerte folgen die Nummern-Angaben anderer Literaturstellen für die in Rede stehenden Farbstoffe, die von weiterem Interesse sein können. Angaben, die mit einem (q) versehen sind, kennzeichnen die Brauchbarkeit von Werten für die mehr quantitative Betrachtung der Absorption. In Fällen, in denen verschiedene Werte aus von einander unabhängigen Quellen zur Verfügung standen, hat der Herausgeber die ihm zuverlässiger erscheinenden Werte aufgenommen. Die Frage der Verlässlichkeit, die für einen grossen Teil des Stoffes gestellt werden kann, ist der Entschiedung des Lesers überlassen. Im allgemeinen sind die für einen bestimmten Farbstoff verfügbaren Werte so dürftig und auch so schwierig festzustellen— während auch der geringste Nachweis schon von Nutzen sein kann—dass es nicht ratsam erschien, irgendwelche Unterlagen bestimmten Charakters fortzulassen.

Dans le cas où des données diverses d'origines différentes ont été disponibles, les valeurs mentionnées sont celles qui ont paru les plus dignes de confiance au rédacteur. La question de la confiance, qui peut être placée dans la plus grande portion de la matière présentée, est laissée à la discrimination du lecteur. Comme les données disponibles pour un colorant donné sont en général peu abondantes et difficiles à trouver et comme chaque information peut être utile, il a été considéré comme judicieux de n'exclure aucune matière présentant un caractère défini.

Le seguenti tabelle sono compilate come complemento delle tabelle di dati spettroscopici sulle sostanze coloranti sintetiche di uso industriale dati da Formänek e Grandmougin nella loro "Untersuchung und Nachweis organischer Farbstoffe auf spektroskopischem Wege" e sulle sostanze coloranti naturali contenute nel "Handbuch der Spektroskopie" di Kayser. Il principale nostro scopo è stato quello di fornire un modo rapido per stabilire quali sono i dati dei quali si dispone per qualsiasi sostanza colorante. Tenendo presente questo fine si è tenuto conto del maggior numero possibile di sostanze coloranti, e si è riportato nel modo più completo la bibliografia. Abbiamo pure riportato un considerevole numero di dati sopra la posizione dei massimi nelle bande di assorbimento in diverse condizioni, nelPultra-violetto, nel visibile e nelPinfra-rosso, i quali dati potranno bastare per chi si interessa della identificazione dei coloranti o dei rapporti tra colore e costituzione. Se si vuole un quadro più completo, dal punto di vista qualitativo o quantitativo, dell'assorbimento, lo si può ottenere subito in molti casi consultando le citazioni riportate. I coloranti sintetici sono stati disposti per classi in dodici tavole e ordinati in base alle loro formule di costituzione. Le sostanze coloranti naturali sono state messe in ordine alfabetico nella Tavola 13. Le formule dei coloranti sono seguite dai nomi scientifici della sostanza colorante completati in alcuni casi con i nomi di uso più comune e con i numeri del C. I. (Colour Index of the Society of Dyers and Colourists). Tutti i massimi di assorbimento nell'ultravioletto e nello spettro visibile sono riportati in millimicron. I valori in italici si riferiscono alle principali bande e i valori fra parentesi alle bande relativamente insignificanti. (Le parentesi comuni che racchiudono vari valori significano massimi multipli in una stessa banda.) I dati degli assorbimenti sono seguiti da numeri che si riferiscono alla memoria dalle quali sono stati presi insieme con altri numeri di riferimento ad altra letteratura sul colorante in questione, che può essere di ulteriore interesse. Quando una citazione è seguita da (q) significa che si hanno a disposizione dati quantitativi sull'assorbimento. Nei casi nei quali si sono potuti avere dati di origine indipendente, i valori riportati sono quelli che sono sembrati i più attendibili al compilatore. La questione della fiducia che si può avere nella maggior parte dei dati riprodotti è lasciata al criterio del lettore. Siccome i valori ottenibili per un dato colorante sono in genere rari e difficili a rintracciare e siccome qualsiasi informazione può essere utile, non abbiamo creduto opportuno di escludere nessun dato di carattere definito.

AcO HOAc AmOH B. A. A. EtOH S. B. A.

= = = = = =

ABBREVIATIONS CH3COOCH3COOH C5H11OH Boric acid—-acetic anhydride C2H5OH Sulfuric—boric acid

TABLES NUMBER

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Monoazo dyes Polyazo dyes Triphenylmethane derivatives Phthaleins and sulfonphthaleins Xanthene dyes. . . Quinoline dyes Azine derivatives

PAGE

175 181 184 188 190 193 195

TABLE 1.—MONOAZO DYES Ci0H8N4O2.—o-Nitrobenzeneazopyrrole: 639 in EtOH (76). m-Nitrobenzeneazopyrrole : 560 in EtOH ( 76 ). p-Nitrobenzeneazopyrrole: 600 in EtOH ( 76 ). Ci0H9N3.—Benzeneazopyrrole: 612 in EtOH (76). CnHi0N4O2.—p-Nitrobenzeneazo-A^-methylpyrrole: 635 in EtOH (76). Ci2H6Br4N2O2.—Tetrabromo-p-azophenol: 476, 360 in EtOH (with both a.- and ß-isomers) ( 543 ). Ci2H6N8Oi2.—Hexanitrohydrazobenzene: 314 in CHCl3; 493 in MeOH; 337 with HCl; 500 with NaOEt (224). Ci2H7Br2N3O3.—p-Nitrobenzeneazo-ra-dibromophenol: alkali salt, 555 in Me2CO; 511 in EtOH; 493 in H2O (643). Ci2H7Br3N2O.—si/m.-Tribromobenzeneazophenol: 430, 384 in alk. H2O (468). Ci2H8BrN3O3.—p-Nitrobenzeneazo-p-bromophenol: alkali salt, 550 in Me2CO; 504 in EtOH; 498 in H2O (643). p-Nitrobenzeneazo-0-bromophenol: alkali salt, 559 in Me2CO; 502 in EtOH; 480 in H2O (643). Ci2H8ClN3O3.—p-Nitrobenzeneazo-ra-chlorophenol: alkali salt, 556 in Me2CO; 501 in EtOH; 470 in H 2 O (643). Ci2H8N4O4.—p-Dinitroazobenzene: 494 in H2O (463). Ci2H9BrN2O.—Benzeneazo-o-bromophenol: 436, 390 in alk. H2O (468). p-Bromobenzeneazophenol: 445, 395 in alk. H2O ( 46 S); tf. (595). Ci2H9ClN2O.—Chlorobenzeneazophenol : data on o-, ra- and p-isomers ( 596 ). Ci2H9ClN4.—Azobenzenediazonium chloride: 340 in EtOH

NUMBER

8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13.

PAQB

Oxazine derivatives Thiazine derivatives Anthraquinone derivatives Indigo derivatives and related coloring matters Miscellaneous dyes Natural coloring matters

197 198 199 202 204 206

Ci2H9N3O6S.—p-Nitrobenzeneazosulfocarbolate: alkali salt, 575 in Me2CO; 514 in EtOH (643) ; data given in (501) are incorrect. Ci2Hi0N2.—Azobenzene: 463, 312 in H2O (suspension) ( 4 7 I); 444, (345), 817 in EtOH; 417, 280 in coned. HCl (59) ; 440 in H2SO4; 589 in fuming acid (diacid salt) (310). In EtOH, 455, 313 (« 4 ); (third band at 229) (393). Similar abs. in CHCl3 (210) and in Vapor form (532); c/. (26, 29, 111, 185q, 201q, 214, 22Oq, 231q, 385, 413, 516, 534q, 618).

Ci2Hi0N2O.—Azoxybenzene: 323 in EtOH and in vapor form (532).

Metallic Salts (225); c/. (533).

o-Hydroxyazobenzene: 441, 390 in alk. H2O; 480 in acid H2O (468). m-Hydroxyazobenzene: 415, 380 in alk. H2O (468). p-Hydroxyazobenzene (benzeneazophenol) : 340, 315 in H2O; 433, 395 with alkali; 490, 463 with acid (468); ^9, 268 in alk. H2O (62); 331 in HCl (818); 465, 248 in H2SO4 (210) ; 360 in EtOH (456, 320 with NaOEt); 348 in Et2O (211); (470), SSO, 235 in EtOH (62). Abs. in 30 organic solvents (I2q). Abs. Of various derivs. (185q, 220q); c/. (26, 111, 225, 469, 471, 475, 544, 595, 596q, 613q, 624).

Ci2Hi0N2O2.—2, 2'-Dihydroxyazobenzene: 490 in alk. H2O ( 471 ). 2, 4-Dihydroxyazobenzene (benzeneazoresorcinol) : 483 in alk. H2O (471); 488, 450 in H2SO4 ( 19 6) ; 408 in EtOH (352); c/. (624).

3, 3/-Dihydroxyazobenzene: 500, 475 in alk. H2O (471). 3, 4-Dihydroxyazobenzene (benzeneazocatechol) : 480, 430 in alk. H2O (468); c/. (622).

2, 5-Dihydroxyazobenzene (benzeneazoquinol) : abs. of neutral and alk. soins, in visible and ultra-violet (622). 2, 4/-Dihydroxyazobenzene: 490 in alk. H2O (471). Ci2H9IN2.—p-Iodoazobenzene: 340 in EtOH (476, 294 with HCl) (260). 3, 4/-Dihydroxyazobenzene: 480 in alk. H2O (471). 4, 4'-Dihydroxyazobenzene: 473 in alk. H2O, 360 in EtOH Ci2H9N3O3.--o-Nitrobenzeneazophenol: 362, 235 in EtOH; 437, 240 in alk. H2O (62); 356 in EtOH (465 with NaOEt) (31); (463 with NaOEt) (619). 487, 440 in alk. H2O (468) ; c/. (596q, 622). Ci2Hi0N2O3.—2, 3, 4-Trihydroxyazobenzene: abs. in visible ra-Nitrobenzeneazophenol: 350 in EtOH (459 with NaOEt) and ultra-violet in neutral and alk. soins. (623). (31); 308, 245 in EtOH; 436, 262 in alk. H2O (62); 480 in alk. 2, 4, 2/-Trihydroxyazobenzene: 540, 492 in alk. H2O (471). H2O (471); c/. (596q, 622). 2, 4, 4r-Trihydroxyazobenzene: 528, 490 in alk. H2O (471). 2, 4, 5-Trihydroxyazobenzene: 505, 440, 345 in alk. H2O ( 4 7 I). p-Nitrobenzeneazophenol; 88O1 257 in EtOH; 478, 273, (237) in alk. H2O (62); alkali salt, 556 in Me2CO; 505 in EtOH; 475 in 2, 4, 6-Trihydroxyazobenzene: 460, 410 in alk. H2O ( 4 7 I); 490, H2O ( 643 ); Cf. (31, 468, 501, 5 2 1 , 595, 596q, 624). 405 in H2SO4 (196); c/. (623). Ci2H9N3O4.—o-Nitrobenzeneazoresorcinol: abs. in visible and 3, 4, 4'-Trihydroxyazobenzene: 470, 535 in H2O with Na2CO3; 470, 440 with NaHCO3 ( 4 7 I). ultra-violet in neutral and alk. soins. (622). 3, 4, 5-Trihydroxyazobenzene: 515, 495, 420 in alk. H2O ( 4 7 I). ra-Nitrobenzeneazoresorcinol; abs. in visible and ultra-violet in neutral and alk. soins. (624). Ci2Hi0N2O3S.—Azobenzene-p-sulfonic acid: 432 in H2O over p-Nitrobenzeneazocatechol : abs. in visible and ultra-violet for pH range 1-12 (613q). neutral and alk. soins. (622). Ci2Hi0N2O4.—2, 2', 4, 4'-Tetrahydroxyazobenzene: 575, 540, p-Nitrobenzeneazoresorcinol: alkali salt, 605 in Me2CO; 570 462 in H2O with NaHCO3 ( 4 7 I). in EtOH; 550 in H2O (643) ; c/. (soi, 624). 2, 4, 3', 4'-Tetrahydroxyazobenzene: 585 in alk. H2O ( 47 I). 3, 3', 4, 4'-Tetrahydroxyazobenzene: 680 in alk. H2O (471). p-Nitrobenzeneazohydroquinol: abs. in visible and ultra-violet for neutral and alk. soins. (622). Ci2Hi0N2O4S.—m-Sulfobenzeneazophenol: 460, 410 in alk. 4 Ci2H9N3O5.—p-Nitrobenzeneazopyrogallol: alkali salt, 528 in H2O ( 7i). Me2CO (643); c/. (623). p-Sulfobenzeneazophenol: 440, 400 in alk. H2O ( 4 7 I); cf. (595, p-Nitrobenzeneazophloroglucinol : abs. in visible and ultra-violet 613). for neutral and alk. soins. (623). Benzeneazosulfocarbolate: 455 in alk. H2O ( 468 ). (260).

Ci2Hi0N2O5S.—p-Sulfobenzeneazocatechol: 520 with NaOH; 485 with Na2CO3 ( 471 ). p-Sulfobenzeneazoresorcinol (C. I. 148): Na salt, 430 in H2O (271); cf. (231q, 42Oq, 525q).

Ci2Hi0N2OeS.—p-Sulfobenzeneazophloroglucinol: 490 in H2SO4 (196).

Ci2Hi0N4O2.—3'-Nitro-4-aminoazobenzene: 518, 490 in acid H2O ( 471 ). Ci2HnN3.—m-Aminoazobenzene: 430 in H2O (pH 1) (613); (495 in acid H2O (471)). p-Aminoazobenzene: 490 in acid H2O (pH 1) (613); 420 in H2SO4 (diacid salt) ; 556 in fuming acid (triacid salt) ; 89O1 250 in EtOH (300 With HCl) (310). 468, 469, 619).

AbS. Of Vapor (532); c/. (26, 260, 385,

463,

Diazoaminobenzene: 361, 235 in EtOH; abs. of vapor (532). Ci2HnN3O.—Aminoazoxybenzene: 527 in acid H2O ( 468 ). 3-Hydroxy-4'-aminoazobenzene: 490, 470 in acid H2O; 485, 430 inalk. H2O (471). p-Aminobenzeneazophenol: 385 in EtOH; 046, 354 in dil. HCl; 467 in cone. HCl (diacid salt) (261). Ci2HnN3O2.—2-Amino-3', 4-dihydroxyazobenzene: 478 in alk. H2O; 490, 460 in acid H2O (471). 5-Amino-2, 4'-dihydroxyazobenzene: 460 in alk. soin. (473). Ci2HnN3O3S.—4-Sulfo-4'-aminoazobenzene (Aniline Orange): 485 in acid H2O (pH 1) (613q); 448, (280) in dil. NaOH; 496 in dû. HCl (216). Ci2Hi2N2.-Hydrazobenzene: 290, 246 in EtOH (413); 310 in CHCl3 (534).

Ci2Hi2N4.—p-Diaminoazobenzene: 499 in acid H2O (463); 603 in very dil. HOAc (monacid salt); 497, 310 in EtOH + 3 % HCl (diacid salt); 410 in H2SO4 (triacid salt) (261). Benzeneazo-ra-phenylenediamine (hydrochloride, C. I. 20): Infra-red abs. (296). Acid salts (497); cf. (23iq). Ci3H9N8O4.—p-Nitrobenzeneazosalicylaldehyde: alkali salt, 564 in Me2CO; 500 in EtOH; 478 in H2O (643). p-Nitrobenzeneazo-p-hydroxybenzaldehyde: alkali salt, 547 in Me2CO; 494 in EtOH; 470 in H2O (643). Ci3H9N3O5.—p-Nitrobenzeneazosalicylic acid (C. I. 40): 609 in alk. Me2CO; 555 in alk. EtOH; 514 in alk. H2O (643); c/. (soi, 525q,

595).

p-Nitrobenzeneazo-w-hydroxybenzoic acid: alkali salt, 583 in Me2CO; 508 in EtOH; 474 in H2O (643). p-Nitrobenzeneazo-p-hydroxybenzoic acid: alkali salt, 566 in Me2CO; 505 in EtOH; 475 in H2O (643). Ci3Hi0ClN3O2.—p-Nitrobenzeneazo-2-chloro-5-hydroxy toluene: alkali salt, 580 in Me2CO; 524 in EtOH; 505 in H2O (643). Cj3Hi0N2O.-Benzoylazobenzene: 294 in EtOH (?) (434). Ci3Hi0N2O3.—4-Hydroxy-2-carboxyazobenzene: 445, 395 in alk. H2O (471). 4-Hydroxy-2'-carboxyazobenzene : 435, 385 in alk. H2O ( 471 ).

Ci3Hi0N2O3.—4-Hydroxy-3-carboxyazobenzene: 452, 402 in alk. H2O ( 4 7i). 4-Hydroxy-3'-carboxyazobenzene: 438, 388 in alk. H2O ( 471 ). 4-Hydroxy-4'-carboxyazobenzene: 452, 402 in alk. H2O ( 471 ). Ci3Hi0N2O4.—2, 4/-Dihydroxy-5-carboxyazobenzene: 475 in alk. soin. (473). Ci3Hi0N4O4.—p-Nitrobenzeneazosalicylamide: alkali salt, 525 in Me2CO; 480 in EtOH (643). Ci3HnN3O3.—o-Nitrobenzeneazo-0-cresol: 38O1 238 in EtOH; 4o7y 273 in alk. H2O (62). o-Nitrobenzeneazo-m-cresol: 375, 240 in EtOH; 445, 278 in alk. H2O

(62).

o-Nitrobenzeneazo-p-cresol : abs. in visible and ultra-violet in neutral and alk. soins. (621).

w-Nitrobenzeneazo-w-cresol: 37O1 257 in EtOH; 436, 273 in alk. H2O (62). m-Nitrobenzeneazo-o-cresol: 370, 255 in EtOH; 465, 276 in alk. H2O (62). m-Nitrobenzeneazo-p-cresol: abs. in visible and ultra-violet in neutral and alk. soins. (621). p-Nitrobenzeneazo-o-cresol: 391, 273 in EtOH; 493, 287 in alk. H2O (62); alkali salt, 590 in Me2CO; 530 in EtOH; 490 in H2O (643); Cf. (621).

p-Nitrobenzeneazo-m-cresol: 398, 266 in EtOH; 486, 286 in alk. H2O (62); 585 in alk. Me2CO; 520 in alk. EtOH (643). c/. (501,

621).

p-Nitrobenzeneazo-p-cresol: alkali salt, 590 in Me2CO: 542 in EtOH; 499 in H2O (643); c/. (94, sol). Ci3HnN3O4.—p-Nitrobenzeneazoguaiacol: alkali salt, 600 in Me2CO; 540 in EtOH; 510 in H2O (643); c/. (soi, 622). p-Nitrobenzeneazosaligenin: alkali salt, 565 in Me2CO; 509 in EtOH; 483 in H2O (643); cf. (soi). p-Nitrobenzeneazoorcinol : 539 in alk. Me2CO ( 64 3). p-Nitrobenzeneazoresorcinol methyl ether; alkali salt, 574 in Me2CO; 520 in EtOH; 493 in H2O (643). p-Nitrobenzeneazohydroquinol methyl ether: abs. in visible and ultra-violet in neutral and alk. soins. (622). Ci3HnN3OrS.—p-Nitrobenzeneazothiocol: alkali salt, 555 in Me2CO; 536 in EtOH; 510 in H2O (643); c/. (soi). Ci3Hi2N2O.—Benzeneazo-o-cresol: (470), 358, 238 in EtOH; 450, 273 in alk. H2O (62);cf. (621). Benzeneazo-w-cresol: 352 in EtOH (431 with NaOEt); 481, 328 in HCl (618); (450), 808, 238 in EtOH; ##,.270 in alk. H2O (62); cf. (621). Benzeneazo-p-cresol: 316 in EtOH (488, 330 with NaOEt); 492, 406 in HCl (618); cf. (624). Tolueneazophenol: abs. of isomers in visible and ultra-violet in neutral and alk. soins. (62I).; abs. of derivs. (22Oq). Ci3Hi2N2O2.—Benzeneazoguaiacol: 460 in alk. H2O (46S). o-Tolueneazoresorcinol: 435 in EtOH ( 352 ); cf. (621). m-Tolueneazoresorcinol: abs. in visible and ultra-violet in neutral and alk. soins. ( 62 I). p-Tolueneazoresorcinol: 427 in EtOH (352); c/. (621). p-Methoxybenzeneazophenol: 360 in EtOH ( 6 I 9 ). p-Azoxyanisole: 355 in EtOH (533). Ci3Hi2N2O4S.—p-Sulfobenzeneazo-0-cresol: 463 in alk. H2O (468).

p-Sulf obenzeneazo-w-cresol: 475 in alk. H2O (468). Ci3H12N2S.-Benzeneazothioanisole: 365 in EtOH (180). Ci3Hi2N4O3.—p-Nitrobenzeneazo-0-methylaminophenol: alkali salt, 635 in Me2CO; 573 in EtOH; 550 in H2O (643). Ci3Hi3N3.—Benzeneazo-0-toluidine: 505, 308 in 2AT HCl; 392 in EtOH (216). Ci3Hi3N3O3S.—p-Sulfobenzeneazo-0-toluidine (o-Toluidine Orange): 491 in dil. HCl (6134); 414, (280) in dû. NaOH; 488, (319) in dil. HCl (216). ra-Sulfobenzeneazo-ra-toluidine (m-Toluidine Orange): 483 in dil. acid (613*); 414, (280) in dil. NaOH; 501, (320) in dil. HCl (216).

4-Sutfo-4'-methylaminoazobenzene (Monomethyl Orange): 500 in acid soin. (pH 1); 454 in alk. soin. (pH 12) (61 aq) ; 453, (280) in dil. NaOH; 506 in dil. HCl (216). Ci3HnN3O5.—p-Nitrobenzeneazovanillin: alkali salt, 572 in Me2CO; 525 in EtOH; 509 in H2O (643). CI4H i iN3O4.—p-Nitrobenzeneazohomosalicylaldehyde : alkali salt, 595 in Me2CO; 546 in EtOH; 525 in H2O (643). CI4H i iN3O 5.—p-Nitrobenzeneazomethylsalicylate : alkali salt, 530 in Me2CO; 485 in EtOH; 467 in H2O (643). p-Nitrobenzeneazo-0-cresotic acid: alkali salt, 535 in Me2CO; 530 in EtOH; 512 in H2O (643).

Ci4HnN3O5.—'p-Nitrobenzeneazo-ra-cresotic acid: alkali salt, 544 in Me2CO; 525 in EtOH; 508 in H2O (643). p-Nitrobenzeneazo-p-cresotic acid: alkali salt, 579 in Me2CO; 535 in EtOH; 515 in H2O (643). Ci4Hi2N2O2.—p-Acetylbenzeneazophenol: 370 in EtOH; 476 in NaOH soin. (258). Ci4Hi3N3O.—p-Acetylaminoazobenzene: 345 in EtOH ( 619 ); c/.

2, 5-Dimethyï-4-amino-4'-sulfoazobenzene: 490 in acid H2O (eis.*). 3, 5-Dimethyl-4-amino-4'-sulfoazobenzene: 500 in acid H2O

(385).

With 0.17V HCl (214); cf. (473).

CI4H13N3O2.—m-Acetylamino-o-hy droxy azobenzene (38 5). Ci4Hi3N3O4.—p-Nitrobenzeneazocreosol: alkali salt, 602 in Me2CO; 545 in EtOH; 512 in H2O (643). Ci4Hi4N2O.-Benzeneazophenetole: 340 in EtOH; 474, 331 in HCl (618). o-Tolueneazocresol: abs. of cresol isomers in visible and ultraviolet in neutral and alk. soins. (620). m-Tolueneazocresol: abs. of cresol isomers in visible and ultraviolet in neutral and alk. soins. (620). p-Tolueneazocresol : abs. of cresol isomers in visible and ultraviolet in neutral and alk. soins. (620). p-Cresol isomer: 327 in EtOH (481, 334 with NaOEt); 505, 427 in HCl (618). Ci4H14N2O2.-O1 o'-Azoanisole: 490 in HOAc-HCl soin. (54q). p, p'-Azoanisole: 500 in HOAc-HCl soin. (64Q). p-Ethoxybenzeneazophenol: 447, 390 in alk. H2O (468). Ci4Hi4N2O4S.—2, 6-Dimethyl-4-hydroxy-4/-sulfoazobenzene: influence of pH (613Q). Ci4Hi4N2S2.-o, o'-Azophenylmethylsulfide: 620 in HOAc-HCl soin. (54Q). p, p'-Azophenylmethylsulfide: 577 in HOAc-HCl soin. (54q). Ci4Hi4N3O3.—p-Nitrobenzeneazo-2-hydroxy-l, 3-dimethylbenzene: alkali salt, 610 in Me2CO; 558 in EtOH; 517 in H2O (643). p-Nitrobenzeneazo-2-hydroxy-1, 4-dimethy!benzene : alkali salt, 599 in Me2CO; 544 in EtOH; 510 in H2O (643). p-Nitrobenzeneazo-4-hydroxy-1, 2-dimethylbenzene : alkali salt, 600 in Me2CO; 540 in EtOH; 510 in H2O (643). p-Nitrobenzeneazo-4-hydroxy-1, 3-dimethylbenzene : alkali salt, 605 in Me2CO; 553 in EtOH; 513 in H2O (643). Ci4Hi4N4O2.—m-Nitrobenzeneazodimethylaniline: 467 in EtOH (31). p-Nitrobenzeneazodimethylaniline: 483, 277 in EtOH ( 31 ). Ci4Hi4N4O3.—p-Nitrobenzeneazo-w-dimethylaminophenol: alkali salt, 596 in Me2CO; 564 in EtOH; 530 in H2O (643). Ci4Hi5N3.—p-Dimethylaminoazobenzene (C. I. 19): 508 in acid soin. (pH 1); 450 in alk. soin. (pH 13) (6i3q) ; 545, 507 in 3% HCl; 420 in H2SO4 (diacid salt); 607 in fuming acid (triacid salt); 410 in EtOH; 550, 511, 300 in EtOH + 3% HCl (310); 405, 375 in H2O; 490, 460 with alkali; 543, 508 with acid (469);

Ci5Hi0N2O3.—Benzeneazocarbonylcoumaranone: 417, 250 in EtOH (868, 286 with NaOEt) (abs. of acetyl deriv. also described)

cy.

(26, 1 1 1 , 210, 214, 218, 423q, 468, 475, 619).

(613*).

Ci4Hi6N2O2.—Benzeneazodimethyldihydroresorcinol: 394, 246 in EtOH (472, 349, 283 with NaOEt) (380). Ci4Hi6N4.—Anilineazodimethylaniline: 51S1 306, 256 in EtOH

(434).

Ci5HnN3O.-Quinolineazophenol: 380 in EtOH (159). 5-Benzeneazo-8-hydroxyquinoline: 376 in EtOH; 518, 256 in HCl (159). Ci5Hi2N4O.—5-p-Aminobenzeneazo-8-hydroxyquinoline: 412 in EtOH (159). Ci5Hi3N3O5.—p-Nitrobenzeneazoethylsalieylate: alkali salt, 531 in Me2CO; 490 in EtOH; 465 in H2O (643). Ci5Hi5N3O2.—2-Carboxy-4-dimethylaminoazobenzene: 549, 503 (471).

3-Carboxy-4-dimethylaminoazobenzene: 531, 497 ( 47 I). 2'-Carboxy-4-dimethylaminoazobenzene (Methyl Red, C. I. 211): 517 in pH 1 soin.; 530 in pH 4.5 soin.; 447 in pH 13 soin. (6139); 530 in alk. soin. (5S4) (double band, 548, 514 (469)); c/. (433, 471, 6l2q).

3'-Carboxy-4-dimethylaminoazobenzene: 538, 503 ( 471 ). 4'-Carboxy-4-dimethylaminoazo benzene: 512 in acid soin. (pH 1); 463 in alk. soin. (pH 13) («3Q); 539, 495 ( 47 I). Ci5Hi6N2O.—Benzeneazo-ra-cresetole: 348 in EtOH (479, 331 with NaOEt) (618). Benzeneazo-p-cresetole: 313 in EtOH; 500, 410 in HCl (618).

Ci5HnN3.—Benzeneazodimethyl-o-toluidine : 347 in EtOH; 493, 250 in 2N HCl (216). Ci5Hi7N3O.—2-Methoxy-4-dimethylaminoazobenzene: 575, 532 in acid H2O ( 4 7 I). 4'-Methoxy-4-dimethylaminoazobenzene: 412 in EtOH; 51O1 351 in dil. HCl; 4?3, 323 in HCl (diacid salt) (261); 549, 350, 200 in O. IN HCl (214). Ci5Hi7N3O3S.—p-Sulfobenzeneazodimethyl-0-toluidine: 374 in EtOH; 447, SIl in HCl (216). C15H17N3O4S.-m-Methoxymethyl orange: 510, 480 ( 47 3). C15H isN2 O2.—Benzeneazodimethyldihy droresorcinol methyl ether: 379, 244 in EtOH (380). Ci5Hi8ClN3.—Azobenzenetrimethylammonium chloride: 448, 312 (216). C15H18IN3.—Azobenzenetrimethylammonium iodide: 437, 314 in EtOH; 498, (314) in EtOH + 1 % HCl; 428 in H2SO4; (500), 435

Ci4Hi5N3O.—p-Dimethylaminobenzeneazophenol: 413 in EtOH; in HCl (26); c/. (210, 260). 55O1 341 in dil. HCl; 4??, 314 in HCl (diacid salt) (261). Ci6H10BrN3O3.—4/-Nitrobenzeneazo-2-bromo-l-naphthol: 608 in p-Dimethylaminoazoxybenzene: 545 in acid H2O ( 471 ). 2-Dimethylamino-4-hydroxyazobenzene: 486, 463 in alk. H2O alk. EtOH (473). Ci6Hi1BrN2O.—p-Bromobenzeneazo-a-naphthol: 470 in EtOH; (471). 4-Dimethylamino-2-hydroxyazobenzene: 492, 463 in alk. H2O; K salt, 476 in EtOH (595). Ci6HnN3O3.—o-Nitrobenzeneazo-a-naphthol: 476 in EtOH 503, 473 in acid H2O (471). . Ci4Hi5N3O3S.—p-Sulfobenzeneazodimethy !aniline (Na salt, (540 with NaOEt) (31). ra-Nitrobenzeneazo-ß-naphthol (m-Nitroaniline Orange, C. I. C. L 142, Methyl Orange): 506 in acid soin. (pH 1), 472 in alk. soin. (pH 13) (613<1); 442 in EtOH; 481, 281 in H2O; 46S1 280 in 38): 557.6, 524.1 in H2SO4 (19<>). p-Nitrobenzeneazo-a-naphthol: alkali salt, 630 in Me2CO; 590 N NaOH; 508, (333), 283 in dil. HCl (469) ; cf. (208, 231, 269, 473, in EtOH; 568 in H2O (643); (602), 576, (552) in H2O; (623), 598, 525, 583q, 612, 647). (572) in EtOH (468) ; cf, (soi). 47 TW-SuIfobenzeneazodimethy!aniline: 535, 490 in acid H2O ( I). p-Nitrobenzeneazo-/3-naphthol (p-Nitroaniline Red, C. I. 44): o-SuKobenzeneazodimethylaniline: 510 in acid soin. (pH 1); 578.3, 541.3 in H SO (352); alkali salt, 587 in Me CO; 555 in 2 4 2 435 in alk. soin. (pH 13); 516 in QN HCl (61 3q). EtOH (643); c/. (501). p-Sulfobenzeneazoethylaniline: 498 in acid soin. (pH 1); 442 in Ci6Hi2N2O.—Benzeneazo-a-naphthol: 496 in alk. H2O, (468); alk. soin. (pH 12) («3«); 493 in dil. HCl; 453, (280) in dil. NaOH 469, 405 in EtOH (29); 490, 406, 275 in EtOH (352); 555 in H2SO* (216).

(196); c/. (595).

Ci6Hi2N2O.-Benzeneazo-/3-naphthol (Sudan I, C. I. 24): 514, 311 in EtOH; 311 in H2SO4 ( 352 ); 66S1 517 in H2SO4 ( 196 ); cf. (423<1, 619),

Ci6Hi2N2O2.—Benzeneazo-1, 5-dihydroxynaphthalene : 540 in alk. EtOH (174). Benzeneazo-2, 7-dihydroxynaphthalene: 545, 498 in H2SO4 (196).

p-Hydroxybenzeneazo-a-naphthol: 490 in alk. EtOH ( 174 ). p-Hydroxybenzeneazo-0-naphthol: 610, 490 in alk. EtOH ( 174 ). C16H i 2 N 2 O3.—?>-Hy droxy benzeneazo-1, 3-dihy droxynaph thalene: 490 in alk. EtOH ("4). p-Hy droxy benzeneazo-1, 5-dihydroxynaphthalene: 550 in alk. EtOH (174). p-Tolueneazocarbonylcoumaranone: 431, 253 in EtOH (369, 288 with NaOEt) (434). Ci6Hi2N2O4S.—Benzeneazo-a-naphthol-2-sulfonic acid: Na salt, (424q).

Benzeneazo-a-naphthol-4-sulfonic acid: 547, 500 in H2SO4 (i 96 ). Benzeneazo-/3-naphthol-5-sulfonic acid: 525, 493 in H2SO4 (l 96 ). Benzeneazo-ß-naphthol-6-sulfonic acid: 526.5, 495 in H2SO4 (196); Na salt, 49S, 315 in H2O (352). Benzeneazo-ß-naphthol-7-sulfonic acid: 534 in H2SO4 (196). Benzeneazo-ß-naphthol-8-sulfonic acid: 522, 495 in H2SO4 O 96 ). p-Sulfobenzeneazo-cK-naphthol (Orange I, C. I. 150): 476, 267, 232 in H2O ("**); cf. (23ia, 420Q, 422Q, 468, 519d, 595).

p-Sulfobenzeneazo-ß-naphthol (Orange II, C. I. 151): 490 in H2O (271); c/. (2314).

C16H12N2O6S.—ra-Sulf o-0-hy droxybenzeneazo-ß-naphthol (Na salt, C. I. 169), Pontachrome Violet S. W.: 548 in H2O (coned.), 515 (diL) (269). Ci6Hi2N2OTS2.—Benzeneazo-a-naphthol-4, 8-disulfonic acid: 557, 500 in H2SO4 (i»6). Benzeneazo-/3-naphthol-3, 6-disulfonic acid (Na salt, Orange R, C. I. 28): 528, 496 in H2SO4 ( 196 ); 600, 321 in H2O (352); cf. (23iq). Benzeneazo-/3-naphthol-6, 8-disulfonic acid (Na salt, Orange G, C. L 27): 503, 487 in H2SO4 (196); 491, 320 in H2O (352); cf. (162, 271).

p-Sulfobenzeneazo-a-naphthol-2-sulfonic acid: Na salt ( 424q ). Ci6Hi2N2O8S2.—Benzeneazo-1, 8-dihydroxynaphthalene-3, 6disulfonic acid (Na salt, C. I. 29, Chromotrop 2R) : 510 in H2O ( 271 ). Ci6Hi2N2O8S2.—p-Hydroxybenzeneazo-tf-naphthol-3, 6-disulfonic acid: 560, 494 (473). Ci6Hi2N2O9S2.—l-Hydroxy-3, 6-sulfonaphthaleneazoresorcinol: 491 in alk. soin.; 545, 491 in acid soin. (473). Ci6Hi2N4O2.—2-(4/-Nitrobenzeneazomethylene)-l, 2-dihydroquinoline: 545 in EtOH; 527 in H2SO4; hydrochloride, 460 in EtOH; data given for isomerie phenylhydrazone ( 341 ). Ci6Hi2N4O9S2.—2-p-Nitrobenzeneazo-l-amino-8-naphthol-3, 6disulfonic acid: 522 in 1% HCl; 556 in 1% NaOH; 584 in 10% NaOH; 535 in H2O (60
Benzeneazo-ß-naphthylamine-7-sulfonic acid: 545, 495 in H2SO4 (196).

Ci6Hi8N8O4S.—o-Aminosulfobenzeneazo-/3-naphthol: 567.5, 537 (123).

w-Aminosulfobenzeneazo-/3-naphthol: 556.3, 526 (l23). p-Aminosulfobenzeneazo-ß-naphthol: 563, 533.3 O 23 ). Ci6Hi3N3O6S.-l-Amino-4-sulfo-2-naphtholazoresorcinol: 640, 590.5, 550 in alk. soin.; 583.5, 543, 513.5 in acid soin. (123). l-Amino-6-sulfo-2-naphtholazoresorcinol: 560, 510, 472 in H2O; 625, 582, 540 with NH4OH (123). l-Amino-7-sulfo-2-naphtholazoresorcinol: 566, 520, 481 in H2O; 633, 588, 546 with NH4OH (123). l-Amino-8-sulfo-2-naphtholazoresorcinol: 547, 514 in H 2 O; 610. 568, 530 with NH4OH (123). 2-Amino-3-sulfo-l-naphtholazoresorcinol: 560, 483 in H2O; 630. 541.5, 502.5 with NH4OH («3). 2-Amino-4-sulfo-l-naphtholazoresorcinol: 561, 518, 478 in H2O; 528 with NH4OH ("3). 2-Amino-5-sulfo-l-naphtholazoresorcinol: 574, 529, 476 in H2O; 586, 541 with NH4OH (123). Ci6Hi3N3O6S2.—Benzeneazo-/3-naphthylamine-3, 6-disulfonic acid: 539, 495 in H2SO4 ("6). Ci6Hi3N3O7S.—2-Amino-4-sulfo-l, 8-dihydroxynaphthaleneazoresorcinol: 518 in alk. soin. ( 12 3). Ci6Hi3N3O7S2.—Benzeneazo-1, 8-aminonaphthol-3, 6-disulfonic acid: 541 in NaOH; 529, 494 in HCl; 545, 502 in HOAc (47*); 495 in 10% NaOH; 530 in H2O (60). 2, 4-Disulfo-l-aminobenzeneazo-/3-naphthol: 507.5, 1+83 in H2O; 66O9 528.5 in H2SO4; 505, 479.5m EtOH (123). 2, 5-Disulfo-l-aminobenzeneazo-ß-naphthol: 509.5, 478 in H2O; 562, 538 in H2SO4; 502, 479.5 in EtOH (123). Ci6Hi3N3O9S2.—l-Amino-3, 6-disulfo-2-naphtholazoresorcinol: 566.5, 526, 486.5 in H2O; 635, 586.5, 550 with NH 4 OH (123). l-Amino-6, 8-disulfo-2-naphtholazoresorcinol: 543, 508.2 in H2O; 611.5, 536, 497 with NH4OH (123). 2-Amino-3, 6-disulfo-l-naphtholazoresorcinol: 569, 537.5, 502 in H2O; 635, 582.5 with NH4OH (123). 2-Amino-3, 8-disulfo-l-naphtholazoresorcinol: 564, 480.5 in H2O; 637.5, 588 with NH4OH (123). 2-Amino-4, 8-disulfo-l-naphtholazoresorcinol: 560, 523, 483 in H2O; 629, 560 with NH4OH (123). Ci6Hi3N3Oi0S2.—2-Amino-3, 6-disulfo-l, 8-dihydroxynaphthaleneazoresorcinol: 564.5, 537 in alk. soin.; 591.5, 549.5 in acid soin. (123). Ci6Hi3N3Oi2S3.—l-Amino-3, 6, 8-trisulfo-2-naphtholazoresorcinol: 555, 521 in H2O; 626.5, 578, 541.5 with NH 4 OH (123). Ci6Hi5BrN2O.—p-Bromobenzene-l-azo-1', 2', 3', 4'-tetrahydro4-naphthol: K salt, 476 in EtOH (595). Ci6Hi5N3O3.—p-Nitrobenzene-l-azo-1', 2', 3', 4'-tetrahydro-4naphthol: K salt, 581 in EtOH (595). Ci6Hi5N3O4.—p-Nitrobenzeneazoeugenol: alkali salt, 610 in Me2CO; 556 in EtOH; 535 in H2O (643); c/. (soi). Ci6Hi6N2O.—Benzeneazotetrahydro-a-naphthol: 470, 430 in alk. H2O; 471 in EtOH (595). Ci6Hi7N3O3.—p-Nitrobenzeneazocarvacrol: alkali salt, 606 in Me2CO; 545 in EtOH; 511 in H2O (643); cf, (soi). p-Nitrobenzeneazothymol: alkali salt, 610 in Me2CO; 559 in EtOH; 515 in H2O (643); c/. (soi). Ci6Hi8ClN3O3S.—2-Chloro-4-diethylamino-4/ - sulfoazobenzene : 510 in acid soin. (pH 1); 470 in alk. soin. (pH 12) (613q). Ci6Hi8N2O.—Benzeneazothymol: 455, 410 in alk. H2O (468). p-Tolueneazo-p-cresetole: 325 in EtOH; 495, 420 in HCl (618).

Ci6Hi8N2O2,-Azophenetole: 384 in EtOH (431 with NaOEt) (619).

Ci6Hi8N2O3.—p-Azoxyphenetole: 360 in EtOH(533). Ci6Hi8N2O5S.—o-Methyl-w-isopropyl-p-sulfobenzeneazoresorcinol: Na salt, 440 in H2O (271). Ci6Hi8N4O.—4-Acetylamino-4'-dimethylaminoazobenzene: 540 473

( ).

Ci6Hi9N3O.—4-Ethoxy-4'-dirnethylaminoazobenzene: 548 ( 473 ). Ci6Hi9N3O3S.—4-Diethylamino-4'-sulfoazobenzene (Ethyl Orange): 510 in acid soin. (pH 1); 470 in alk. soin. (pH 13) (61sq). Ci6Hi9N3O5S.—2, 2'-Dimethoxy methyl orange: 537, 495 ( 473 ). Ci6H2ON4.—Tetramethyl-p-diaminoazobenzene: 450 in EtOH; 692, (514), 450 in dû. HOAc; 530, 497 in 3% HCl (diacid sait); (498), 410 in H2SO4 (triacid sait) (3io) ; c/. (475). Ci7HnN3O5.—p-Nitrobenzeneazo-rc-butylsalicylate: alkali salt, 556 in Me2CO; 496 in EtOH; 480 in H2O (643). p-Nitro-a-naphthaleneazosalicylic acid: K salt, 541 in EtOH (595).

Ci7Hi2N2O6S.—o-Carboxybenzeneazo-a-naphthol- 2- sulf onic acid: Na salt (424Q). Ci7Hi3N3O3.—0-Nitro-p-tolueneazo-j3-naphthol (Toluidine Red, C. I. 69): 569.4, 533.2 in H2SO4 (i»°); 561 in gelatin (^ 4 ). Ci7Hi4N2O.-o-Tolueneazo-a-naphthol: 406, 275 in EtOH (352). 0-Tolueneazo-/3-naphthol: 515, 313 in EtOH; 313 in H2SO4 (352).

p-Tolueneazo-a-naphthol: 402 in EtOH; 300 in H2SO4 (352). p-Tolueneazo-0-naphthol: 496, 312 in EtOH (352). Ci7Hi4N2O4S.—o-Tolueneazo-ß-naphthol-6-sulfonic acid: Na salt, 496, 316 in H2O; 311 in H2SO4 (352). p-Tolueneazo-ß-naphthol-6-sulfonic acid: Na salt, 498, 316 in H2O (352).

o-Tolueneazo-a-naphthol-2-sulfonic acid: Na salt ( 424q ). p-Tolueneazo-a-naphthol-2-sulfonic acid: Na salt ( 424q ). Ci7Hi4N2O5S.—2-Anisoleazo-a-naphthol-6-sulfonic acid (Na salt, Anisole Red) : 522 in gelatin (i 14). Ci7Hi4N2O7S2.—o-Tolueneazo-ß-naphthol-3, 6-disulfonic acid: Na salt, 503, 323 in H2O (352). o-Tolueneazo-/3-naphthol-6, 8-disulfonic acid: Na salt, J+91, 324 in H2O; 320 in H2SO4 (352). p-Tolueneazo-ß-naphthol-3, 6-disulfonic acid: Na salt, 500, 322 in H2O (352). p-Tolueneazo-ß-naphthol-6, 8-disulfonic acid: Na salt, 497, 323 in H2O (352). CnHi4N4O2.—l-Methyl-2-(4'-nitrobenzeneazomethylene)-l, 2dihydroquinoline : hydrochloride, 527 in H2SO4 (343). CnHi5N3,-o-Tolueneazo-a-naphthylamine: 298 in H2SO4 (352). o-Tolueneazo-ß-naphthylamine (Oil Yellow OB, C. I. 61): 474, 306 in EtOH; 455, 323 in H2SO4 (352) ; cf, (22OQ). p-Tolueneazo-j8-naphthylamine: 473, 305 in EtOH; 323 in H 2 SO 4 (352).

Ci7Hi6N4O2.—2-(4'-Nitrobenzeneazomethylene)-3, 3-dimethylindoline: hydrochloride, 469 in HOAc ( 347 ). Ci7Hi7N3.—2-(Benzeneazomethylene)-3, 3-dimethylindoline : hydrochloride, 465; base, 435 (347). Ci7Hi9N3O2.—2-Carboxy-4/-diethylaminoazobenzene: 512 in pH 1 soin.; 522 in pH 4 soin.; 499 in pH 12 soin. (6134). 4-Dimethylamino-4'-ethylcarboxyazobenzene : 444, 275 in EtOH ( 214 ). Ci8Hi2N4O.—Quinolineazo-8-hydroxyquinoline: 403 in EtOH (159).

C18Hi4N2O.-Diphenylazophenol: 451 in alk. H2O (468). Ci8Hi4N2O2.—p-Hydroxydiphenylazophenol; monobasic salt, 492 (NaHCO3); dibasic salt, 470 (NaOH) (463). Benzeneazo-a-naphthyl acetate: 376 in EtOH ( 619 ). Benzeneazo-/3-naphthyl acetate: 472, 282 in EtOH (619). p-Acetylbenzeneazo-a-naphthol: 467, 315 in EtOH; 526, 300 in NaOH (258). p-Acetylbenzeneazo-ß-naphthol: 476, 318 in EtOH; 513, 286 in NaOH (258). Ci8Hi4N2O6S.—o-Methylcarboxybenzeneazo-a-naphthol-2- s u 1fonic acid: Na salt (424q).

Ci8Hi5N3O3S.—4-Phenylamino-4'-sulfoazobenzene (Na salt, C. I. 143) : 527 in pH 1 soin.; 456 in pH 12 soin. (6isq). Ci8Hi5N3O8S2.—Benzeneazo-8-acetylamino-l-naphthol-3, 6-disulfonic acid (Na salt, C. I. 31): Kiton Red G (22). Ci8Hi6N2O.—Benzeneazo-a-naphthol ethyl ether: 400 in EtOH (619).

Ci8Hi7N3.—Benzeneazodimethyl-a-naphthylamine: 570, 525 in acid H2O (471). C18H17N3O3S.—4-Sulf onaphthaleneazodimethy!aniline : ( 473 ). Ci8Hi8N4O3.—2-(4/-Nitro-2/-methoxybenzeneazomethylene)-3, 3-dimethylindoline: hydrochloride, 484 in HOAc ( 347 ). Ci9Hi4N2O2.—p-Benzoylbenzeneazophenol: 481, 333 in EtOH (?) (471); 370 in EtOH; 476 in NaOH (258). Ci9Hi4N4O2.—p-Nitrobenzylideneaminoazobenzene: 383 in EtOH (521). Ci9Hi5N3.—Benzylidineaminoazobenzene: 383 in EtOH ( 521 ). Ci9Hi5N3O.—p-Hydroxybenzylidineaminoazobenzene: 375 in EtOH (521). Ci9Hi7N3O3S.—p-Sulfobenzeneazobenzylaminobenzene : 448, (280) in dil. NaOH; 496 in dû. HCl (216) ; 560 in pH 1 soin. (613Q).

C19HI8N2O7S2.—Pseudocumeneazo-j3-naphthol-3, 6-disulfonic acid (Na salt, C. I. 80): 504, 330 in H2O ( 17 Sq); cf. («2Q). Ci9Hi9N3O.—2-(4/-Acetylbenzeneazomethylene)-3, 3-dimethylindoline: hydrobromide, 456 in EtOH (347). Ci 9 Hi 9 N 3 O 4 S.—p - Sulf o- o - methoxybenzeneaz odimethyl - a napthylamine: 580, 525, 500 in acid H2O (595). Ci9H20N4O2.—2-(4/-Nitrobenzeneazomethylene)-3, 3-diethylindoline: hydrochloride, 472 in HOAc (347). C20Hi3BrN2O.—p-Bromobenzene-l-azo-4-anthrol: 503 in EtOH; K salt, 588 in EtOH (595). C20Hi3N3O3.-p-Nitrobenzeneazoanthrol: 460 in EtOH (595). p-Nitrobenzene-l-azo-4-anthrol: 482 in EtOH; K salt, 650 in EtOH (595).

3'-Nitro-4-hydroxyazonaphthalene: 557 in H2O ( 471 ). C20Hi4N2O.—Benzeneazoanthrol: 466 in EtOH; K salt, 580 in EtOH (595). Benzene-l-azo-4-anthrol: 499 in EtOH; K salt, 549 in EtOH (595).

a-Naphthaleneazo-/3-naphthol (Autol Red RL, C. I. 82) : 628, 585.8inH2SO4 (190). ß-Naphthaleneazo-ß-naphthol: 483 in EtOH (85). ft /S'-Azoxynaphthalene: 337, 282, 266 in EtOH (?) [550 after exposure to light] ( 85 ). C20Hi4N2O4S.—p-Sulfobenzene-l-azo-4-anthrol: 503 in EtOH; K salt, 571 in EtOH (595). a-Naphthaleneazo-tt-naphthol-2-sulfonic acid: Na salt ( 424q ). ß-Naphthaleneazo-a-naphthol-2-sulfonic acid: Na salt ( 424q ). 4-Sulfo-a-naphthaleneazo-a-naphthol (Na salt, C. I. 175): (231).

4-Sulfo-a-naphthaleneazo-/3-naphthol (Na salt, Fast Red A.S., C. I. 176): 500 in H2O (coned.); 505 (dil.) (269) ; cft (231, 390, 391, 516).

C20Hi4N2O7S2.—a-Naphthaleneazo-ß-naphthol-3, 6-disulfonic acid (Na salt, Bordeaux B, C. I. 88): 510 in H2O (coned.); 515 (dil.) (269); c/. (42IQ, 516Q, 588).

a-Naphthaleneazo-ß-naphthol-6, 8-disulfonic acid (Na salt, Crystal Scarlet, C. I. 89); 508, 329.5 in H2O (39i
4-Sulfo-a-naphthaleneazo-a-naphthol-2-sulfonic acid: Na salt ( 424q ). 4-Sulfo-a-naphthaleneazo-a-naphthol-4-sulfonic acid (Na salt, C. I. 179): "Azorubin," infra-red abs. (Sii); Pontacyl Ruby G, 505 in H2O (coned.); 512 (dil.) (269); Chromotrope FB, 555.9, 519.5 in dil. HOAc; 569.5 in H2SO4; Chrome Lake, 680.7, 575.7, 537.5 in 90% HOAc + HCl; 614.7, 568.2, 530.3 in H2SO4 (190).

C2oH ^N 2 O8S2.—a-Naphthaleneazo-1, 8-dihydroxynaphthalene3, 6-disulfonic acid (Na salt, C. I. 90): 533 in Q.1N HCl; 519 in 0.1AT NaOH; 535 in H2O (pH 6.75) (««). C20Hi4N2Oi0S3.—a-Naphthaleneazo-a-naphthol-3, 6, 8-trisulfonic acid: Na salt, 534 in O.IN HCl; 514 in O.IN NaOH; 535 in pH 6.75 soin. (Hi). 4-Sulfo-o:-naphthaleneazo-/3-naphthol-3, 6-disulfonic acid (Na salt, Amaranth, C. I. 184): 522, 331 in H2O ( 179q ); cf. (422Q). 4-Sulfo-a-naphthaleneazo-ß-naphthol-6, 8-disulfonic acid (Na salt, C. I. 185) : Cochineal Red A, 515, 500 on wool (522). C20Hi5N3.—a-naphthaleneazo-a-naphthylamine: (2319). ß-Naphthaleneazo-ß-naphthylamine : ( 2 31 Q). C20H15N3O4S.—4-Sulfo- l-naphthylamineazo-/3-naphthol : Na salt, 500 in H2O; 629, 587.5 in H2SO4 ( 123 ). 5-Sulfo-l-naphthylamineazo-ß-naphthol: Na salt, 499 in H2O; 608.5, 568 in H2SO4 (123). 6-Sulfo-l-naphthylamineazo-/3-naphthol: Na salt, 499 in H2O; 607.5, 568.5 in H2SO4 (i 23). 7-Sulfo-l-naphthylamineazo-ß-naphthol: Na salt, 500 in H2O; 572 in H2SO4 (123). l-Sulfo-2-naphthylamineazo-ß-naphthol; Na salt, 505.5 in H2O; 589.5, 552.5 in H2SO4 ("3). 5-Sulfo-2-naphthylammeazo-/3-naphthol: Na salt, 492.5 in H2O; 576, 541.5 in H2SO4 (i23). 6-Sulfo-2-naphthylamineazo-ß-naphthol: Na salt, 494 in H2O; 579.5, 543.5 in H2SO4 (123). 7-Sulfo-2-naphthylamineazo-/3-naphthol: Na salt, 493 in H2O; 580, 543 in H2SO4 (123). 8-Sulfo-2-naphthylamineazo-ß-naphthol: Na salt, 494.5 in H2O; 581, 544.5 in H2SO4 ("3). C20Hi5N3OTS2.—a-Naphthaleneazo-8-amino-o:-naphthol-3, 6 disulfonic acid: Na salt, 544 in O.IJV HCl; 545 in O.ltf NaOH; 548 in pH 6.75 soin, (ii). 3, 6-Disulfo-l-naphthylamineazo-/3-naphthol: Na salt, 498.5 in H2O; 604.5, 568 in H 8 SO 4 X 123 )3, 8-Disulfo-l-naphthylamineazo-ß-naphthol: Na salt, 492 in H2O; 578.5, 542 in H2SO4 (123). 4, 7-Disulfo-l-naphthylamineazo-ß-naphthol: Na salt, 498.5 in H2O; 617, 575 in H2SO4 (123). 4, 8-Disulfo-l-naphthylamineazo-/3-naphthol: Na salt, 491 in H2O; 540 in H2SO4 (i 23). 3, 6-Disulfo-2-naphthylamineazo-/3-naphthol: Na salt, 493.5 in H2O (123).

4, 7-Disulfo-2-naphthylamineazo-/3-naphthol: Na salt, 495.5 in H2O; 582, 542.5 in H2SO4 («3). 4, 8-Disulfo-2-naphthylamineazo-/3-naphthol: Na salt, 492 in H2O; 581.5, 544.5 in H2SO4 (123). 5, 7-Disulfo-2-naphthylamineazo-/3-naphthol: Na salt, 490.5 in H2O; 580, 543 in H2SO4 (123). 6, 8-Disulfo-2-naphthylamineazo-/3-naphthol: Na salt, 494.5 in H2O; 583.5, 546 in H2SO4 (123). C20Hi5N3O I0S3.—5-Sulfo-l-naphthylamineazo-ß-naphthol-3, 6disulfonic acid: Na salt, 594.5, 555 in H2SO4 (123). 6-Sulfo-l-naphthylamineazo-/3-naphthol-3, 6-disulfonic acid: Na salt, 572, 537.5 in H2SO4 (123). C20Hi5N3Oi3S4.—3, 6-Disulfo-2-naphthylamineazo-ß-naphthol3, 6-disulfonic acid: Na salt, 495 in H2O; 583, 547 in H2SO4 (i23). C20Hi6N2O2.—p-Benzoylbenzeneazo-p-cresol: 327 in EtOH; 513, 341 in NaOH (258); c/. (618). C20HIeN4O5S.—4-Sulfo-l, 5-diamino-2-naphtholazo-u:-naphthol: Na salt, 521.5 in alk. soin.; 518 in acid soin. (123). C20H16N 4 011S3.—3-Sulf 0-2, 5-diamino-l-naphtholazo-/3-naphthol-3, 6-disulfonic acid: Na salt, 496.5 in H2SO4 ( a 2 3 ).

C20HnN3O.—p-Methoxybenzylideneaminoazobenzene: 327 in EtOH; 513, 341 in NaOH (521). C20Hi8N4OgS2.—p-Acetylaminobenzeneazo-8-acetylamino-a:naphthol-3, 6-disulfonic acid (Na salt, C. I. 57) : Pontacyl Carmine 6B, 514in H2O (concd.); 525 (dû.) (269). C20H20N2O.-p-Cymeneazo-ß-naphthol: 532 in H2SO4 (677). C20H20N2O3S.—p-Cymeneazo-a-naphthalene-4-sulfonic acid : Na salt, 460 in H2O (677). C20H20N2O4S.—o-Methyl-w-isopropyl-p-sulfobenzeneazo-ßnaphthol: Na salt, 495 in H2O ( 27 I). C20H20N2OrS2.—o-Methyl-m-isopropylbenzeneazo-ß-naphthol-6, 8-disulfonic acid: Na salt, 492 in H2O (271). C20H20N2OsS2.—o-Methyl-m-isopropylbenzeneazo-1, 8-dihydroxynaphthalene-3, 6-disulfonic acid: Na salt, 520 in H2O ( 2 7 I). C20H20N2Oi0S3.—0-Methyl-w-isopropyl-p-sulfobenz enea zo-ßnaphthol-3, 6-disulfonic acid: Na salt, 498 in H2O (677). (The 6, 8-disulfo isomer in H2O, 485 ( 677 ).) C20H20N2OuS3.—o-Methyl-ra-isopropyl-p-sulfobenzeneazo-l, 8dihydroxynaphthalene-3, 6-disulfonic acid: Na salt, 525 in H2O ( 271 ). C20H2iN3.—p-Cymeneazo-/3-naphthylamine: 570 in H2SO4 ( 677 ). C20H26N2.-Azocymene: 465 in H2SO4 (677). C2iHi3N3O5.—p-Nitronaphthalene-l-azo-4-naphthol-3-carboxylic acid: 470 in EtOH; K salt, 606 in EtOH (595). C22HnN3O3S.—4-Diphenylazo-a-naphthyl a m i n e-4- s u l f o n i c acid: 575 in du. HCl (468). C22Hi8N4O5S.—8-Sulfo-4-amino-l-phenylnaphthylamineazoresorcinol: 561.5 with excess H2SO4 (i 23 ). C22Hi9N3O7S2.—3, 6-Disulfo-8-hydroxy-or-naphthaleneazoethyla-naphthylamine (Na salt, C. I. 307): Pontacyl Sulfon Violet R, 530 in H2O (concd.); 550 (du.) (269). C22H20N2O2.—p-Benzoylbenzeneazo-p-cresetole: 326 in EtOH (618).

C23Hi6N2O2.—p-Benzoylbenzeneazo-a-naphthol: 461, 330 in EtOH; 535, 300 in NaOH (258). p-Benzoylbenzeneazo-ß-naphthol: 486, 320 in EtOH; 513, 283 in NaOH (258). C23Hi6N4O4.—p-Nitrobenzeneazo-/3-hydroxynaphthoic acid anilide (Fast Red GG): 570 in H2SO4 (677). C 23 H 22 N 4 O 3 .—Phenyl-(p-dimethylaminobenzeneazobenzoylamino)-acetic acid: 461, 375 (306), 274 in EtOH (abs. of d, I, and di forms identical) (64<1). C 24 Hi 6 ClN 3 OTS 3 .—Benzenylaminothiocresolazo-8-chloro-anaphthol-3, 6-disulfonic acid (Na salt, C. I. 128): Diamine Rose BD on cotton and silk (627). C25Hi9N3O4.—ß-Naphthol deriv. of diazotized phenyl- (p~ aminobenzoylamino)- acetic acid: 486, (381), 314, (271) in H2O; 516, 443 with excess alkali; 553, 622 with excess acid (abs. of d, I and dl forms identical) (63<1). C26HiTN3O6.—2>-Nitrobenzeneazophenolphthalein: alkali salt, 568 in Me2CO; 508 in EtOH; 495 in H2O (643) ; c/. (soi). C26H2iN5O8S2.—3-Sulfo-2, 5-diamino-a-naphtholazophenyl-/3naphthylamine-5-hydroxy-7-sulfonic acid: 493.8 in dil. H2SO4 (123).

C2TH20N4OgS2.—8-Benzoylamino-2-amino-3, 5-disulfo-a-naphtholazo-0-naphthol: 525, 493 in H2SO4 (123). Aminobenzoyl-H-acid-azo-jS-naphthol: 608, 578 in H2SO4 ( 123 ). Azo dyes derived from substituted pyrroles: (33, 378, 399, 408, 409).

p-Nitrobenzeneazocephaeline: 610 in alk. Me2CO; 550 in alk. EtOH; 525 in alk. H2O (502). p-Nitrobenzeneazoemetamine : 627.5 in alk. Me2CO; 590 in alk. EtOH; 570 in alk. H2O (502).

TABLE 2.—POLYAZO DYES Ci8Hi3NsO3.—p-Nitrobenzeneazobenzeneazophenol: 395 in EtOH; Na salt, 546 in EtOH (521). Ci8Hi4N4O.—Benzeneazobenzeneazophenol: 435 ( 1U ); 497 in alk. H2O (463). Ci8Hi4N4O2.—Phenolazobenzeneazophenol: disodium salt, 515 in H2O (463). C i sH i gN8.—Benzene-ra-disazo-ozs-w-phenylenediamine (hydrochloride, Bismarck Brown Y, C. I. 331): infra-red abs. ( 296 ); 460 On COtton (627); c/. (231).

C2QHi9N6.—Benzeneazobenzeneazodimethylaniline : 509 ( 111 J. C22Hi0N7OnS2.—2-p-Nitrobenzeneazo-l-amino-8-naphthol-3, 6disulf o-7-azo-p-nitrobenzene : Na salt, 612 in H2O ( 60q ). C22HIeN4O.—Benzeneazobenzeneazo-a-naphthol: 656', 625 in H2SO4 (196). Benzeneazobenzeneazo-/3-naphthol (Sudan III, C. I. 248): 640.9, 589.8 in H2SO4 ( 19 <>); cf. ( 196 ). C22Hi6N4O3S.—p-Sulfobenzeneazobenzeneazo-a-naphthalene: Na salt, 507 in H2O; 516 in 0.027V HCl; 663 in H2SO4 (436). C22Hi6N4O4S.—Benzeneazobenzeneazo-a-naphthol-4-sulfonic acid (Na salt, C. I. 249): 627, 575 in H2SO4 ( 19 6). Benzeneazobenzeneazo-/3-naphthol-6-sulfonic acid: 610, 580 in H2SO4 ( 19 6). Benzeneazobenzeneazo-ß-naphthol-8-sulfonic acid: 598, 572 in H2SO4 ( 19 6). C22HiGN4OeS2.-—p-Sulfobenzeneazo-0-sulfobenzeneazo-a-naphthalene: Na salt, 524 in H2O; 542 in alk. H2O; 519 in 0.027V HCl; 643 in H2SO4 (436). p-Sulfobenzeneazobenzeneazo-a-naphthalene-7-sulf onic acid : Na salt, 532 in H2O (520 with alkali); 496 in 0.027V HCl; 657 in H2SO4

p-Sulfobenzeneazo-o-sulfobenzeneazo-ß-naphthol-S, 6, 8-trisulfonic acid: 607, 580 in H2SO4 ( 196 ). C22Hi6N6O9S2.—p-Nitrobenzeneazo-3, 6-disulfo-8-amino-a naphtholazobenzene (Na salt, C. I. 246) : Agalma Black 1OB, 620 in H2O 029); cf. (6Oq); 600 in H2O (concd.); 620 (du.) (269). C22H24N6.—4, 4'-Benzenedisazodimethylaniline: (570), 544, 510 (473).

C24Hi8N4O2.—Diphenyldisazo-6zs-phenol : monosodium salt, 496 (NaHCO3); disodium salt, 370 (NaOH) (463). 5, 5'-ßt8-benzeneazo-2, 2'-CUpLeIIoI: 344 in EtOH (?) (544). C24Hi8N4O8S2.—Diphenyldisazo-òis-p-sulfophenol: 475 in alk. H2O (468). C24Hi8N6O.—Benzeneazobenzeneazobenzeneazophenol : 436

C111).

C24H20N4O.—o-Tolueneazo-o-tolueneazo-/3-naphthol (Sudan IV, C. L 258): 607.4, 605.5 in H2SO4 ( 19 <>); cf. (Si6). C24H20N4O4S.—o-Tolueneazo-o-tolueneazo-tt-naphthol-4-sulfonic acid: 629, 589 in H2SO4 ( 196 ). 0-Tolueneazo-0-tolueneazo-ß-naphthol-6-sulfonic acid: 630, 589 in H2SO4 ( 19 6). o-Tolueneazo-o-tolueneazo-jÖ-naphthol-8-sulfonic acid: 620, 580 in H2SO4 (196). C24H20N4OoS.—m-Sulfobenzeneazo-p-methylanisoleazo-a-naphthol: Na salt, 506 in H2O; 503 in 0.027V HCl; 592 in 0.027V NaOH; 530 in 85% EtOH; 587 in 80% HCOOH (436). ?n-Sulfobenzeneazo-p-methylanisoleazo-ß-naphthol: Na salt, 506 in H2O; 502 in 0.027V HCl; 497 in 0.027V NaOH; (566), 540 in 85% EtOH; 661, 597 in 80% HCOOH (436). p-Sulfobenzeneazo-p-methylanisoleazo-a-naphthol: Na salt, 513 in H2O; 512 in 0.027V HCl; 596 in 0.027V NaOH; 530 in 85% EtOH; (436). 6Sl, 586 in 80% HCOOH (436). C22Hi6N4O7S2.—Benzeneazobenzeneazo-a-naphthol-4, 8-disulp-Sulfobenzeneazo-p-methylanisoleazo-ß-naphthol: Na salt, 515 fonic acid (Na salt, C. I. 251): 630, 575 in H2SO4 (196). in H2O; 511 in 0.027V HCl;507 in 0.027V NaOH; (566), 545 in 85% Benzeneazobenzeneazo-ß-naphthol-3, 6-disulfonic acid (Na salt, EtOH; 633, 610 in 80% HCOOH (436). C. I. 253): 616, 573 in H2SO4 ( 19 6). C24H20N4O 7S2.—o-Tolueneazo-o-tolueneazo-a-naphthol-4, 8-diBenzeneazobenzeneazo-/3-naphthol-6, 8-disulfonic acid (Na salt, sulfonic acid: 630, 575 in H2SO4 ( 19 6). C. I. 252): 692, 550 in H2SO4 (196). Brilliant Croccine M, 545 0-Tolueneazo-o-tolueneazo-ß-naphthol-3, 6-disulfonic acid: 635, on silk (627). 58OmH 2 SO 4 ( 196 ). p-Sulfobenzeneazo-o-sulfobenzeneazo-/3-naphthol (Na salt, Biep-Sulfo-o-tolueneazo-o-tolueneazo-a-naphthol-4-sulfonic acid : brich Scarlet, C. I. 280): (231). 647, 589 in H2SO4 (196). C22Hi6N4OgSs.—p-Sulfobenzeneazo-o-sulfobenzeneazo-a-naphp-Sulfo-o-tolueneazo-o-tolueneazo-/3-naphthol-6-sulf onic acid : thalene-7-sulfonic acid: Na salt, 539 in H2O; 530 in 0.027V HCl; 638 660, 589 in H2SO4 ( 19 6). in H2SO4 (436). p-Sulf o-ö-tolueneazo-o-tolueneazo-/?-naphthol-8-sulf onic acid : 19 C22Hi6N4Oi0S3.—Benzeneazobenzeneazo-a-naphthol-3, 6, 8- 630, 585 in H2SO4 ( 6). trisulfonic acid: 620, 573 in H2SO4 (1^). o-Tolueneazo-o-tolueneazo-/3-naphthol-6,8-disulfonic acid: 675, Benzeneazobenzeneazo-ß-naphthol-3, 6, 8-trisulfonic acid: 58OmH 2 SO 4 (196). 600, 555 in H2SO4 ( 19 6). C24H20N4O8S2.—m-Sulf obenzeneazo-p-methylanisoleazo-a-naphp-Sulf obenzeneazobenzeneazo-a-naphthol-4, 8-disulfonic acid : thol-4-sulfonic acid: Na salt, 591, 531 in H2O; 604, 524 in 0.02N 642 in H2SO4 ( 19 6). HCl; 555 in 0.02AT NaOH; 583, 538 in 85% EtOH; 675, 585, 542 p-Sulfobenzeneazobenzeneazo-ß-naphthol-3, 6-disulfonic acid : in 80% HCOOH (436). 607, 575 in H2SO4 ( 19 6). p-Sulf obenzeneazo - p - methylanisoleazo - or-naphthol-4-sulf onic p-Sulfobenzeneazobenzeneazo-ß-naphthol-6, 8-disulfonic acid : acid: Na salt, 594, 533 in H2O; 601, 525 in 0.027V HCl; 586, 649 in 587 in H2SO4 ( 19 6). 0.027V NaOH; 586, 549 in 85% EtOH; 676, 588, 547 in 80% HCOp-Sulf obenzeneazo-o-sulf obenzeneazo-a-n a p h t h o 1-4- s u l f o n i c OH (436). acid: 688, 596 in H2SO4 ( 19 6). m-Sulfobenzeneazo-p-methylanisoleazo-a-naphthol-ö-sulfonic p-Sulf obenzeneazo-o-sulf obenzeneazo-ß-n a p h t h o 1-8- s u l f o n i c acid: Na salt, 608, 646 in H2O; 616, 537 in 0.027V HCl; 587, 546 in acid: 620 in H2SO4 (i96). 85% EtOH; 556 in 0.027V NaOH; 674, 602, 554 in 80% HCOOH (436). C22Hi6N4Oi3S4.—p-Sulfobenzeneazo-0-sulfobenzeneazo-a-naphthol-4, 8-disulfonic acid: 631, 584 in H2SO4 (l»«). p-Sulfobenzeneazo-p-methylanisoleazo-a-naphthol-5-sulfonic p-Sulfobenzeneazo-o-sulfobenzeneazo-ß-naphthol-S, 6-disulfonic acid: Na salt, 604, 546 in H2O; 612, 538 in 0.027V HCl; 598, 560 acid: 6SO, 575 in H2SO4 (i96). in 0.027V NaOH; 585, 546 in 85% EtOH; 677, 606, (553) in 80% p-Sulfobenzeneazo-o-sulfobenzeneazo-ß-naphthol-o, 8-disulfonic HCOOH (436). acid: 589 in H2SO4 (*»6). m-Sulfobenzeneazo-p-methylanisoleazo-a-naphthol-7-sulfonic C22Hi6N4Oi6S5.—p-Sulfobenzeneazo-o-sulfobenzeneazo-a-naph- acid: Na salt, 522 in H2O; 518 in 0.027V HCl; 576 in 0.027V NaOH; thol-3, 6, 8-trisulfonic acid: 629, 582 in H2SO4 ( 19 6). 523 in 85% EtOH; 629, 586 in 80% HCOOH (436).

024H2ON4O8S2.- p-Sulfobenzeneazo-p-methylanisoleazo-a-naphthol-7-sulfonic acid: Nasalt, 522 in H2O; 518 in0.027V HCl; 578 in 0.027V NaOH; 531 in 85% EtOH; 636, 587 in 80% HCOOH (436). TTi-Sulfobenzeneazo-p-methylanisoleazo-a-naphthol-S-sulfonic acid: Na salt, 528 in H2O; 523 in 0.027V HCl; 635 in 0.027V NaOH; 686, 582 in 80% HCOOH (436). p-Sulfobenzeneazo-p-methylanisoleazo-a-naphthol-8-sulfonic acid: Na salt, 535 in H2O; 528 in 0.027V HCl; 635 in 0.027V NaOH; 6Sl9 586 in 80% HCOOH (436). m-Sulfobenzeneazo-p-methylanisoleazo-jS-naphthol-6-sulfonic acid: Na salt, 625 in H2O; 617 in 0.027V HCl; 523 in 0.027V NaOH; 573, 541 in 85% EtOH; 660, 563 in 80% HCOOH (436). p-Sulfobenzeneazo-p-methylanisoleazo-jö-naphthol-6-sulfonic acid: Na salt, 525 in H2O; 522 in 0.027V HCl; 528 in 0.027V NaOH; 573, 544 in 85% EtOH; 666, 592, 564 in 80% HCOOH (436).

m-Sulfobenzeneazo-p-methylanisoleazo-jÖ-naphthol-8-sulfonic acid: Na salt, 535 in H2O; 533 in 0.027V HCl; 526 in 0.027V NaOH; 558, 533 in 85% EtOH; 6Sl9 598 in 80% HCOOH (436). j5-Sulfobenzeneazo-^-methylanisoleazo-/?-naphthol-8-sulfonic acid: Na salt, 539 in H2O; 535 in 0.027V HCl; 527 in 0.027V NaOH; 563, 537 in 85% EtOH; 6S69 609 in 80% HCOOH (436). C24H20N4OiOS3.—0-Tolueneazo-0-tolueneazo-a-naphthol-3, 6, 8trisulfonic acid: 6'4O9 592 in H2SO4 ( 196 ). p-Sulfo-o-tolueneazo-o-tolueneazo-a-naphthol-4, 8-disulfonic acid: 630, 575 in H2SO4 (196). p-Sulfo-o-tolueneazo-o-tolueneazo-ß-naphthol-S, 6-disulfonic acid: 6SO1 580 in H2SO4 (i»6). C 24 H 20 N 4 O nS3.—ra-Sulf obenzeneazo-p- m e t h y l a n i s o l e a z o-anaphthol-3, 6-disulfonic acid: Na salt, 585, ô49 in H2O; 550 in 0.027V HCl; 532 in 0.027V NaOH; 57S1 539 in 85% EtOH; 664, 601 in 80% HCOOH (436). p-Sulfobenzeneazo-p-methylanisoleazo-a-naphthol-S, 6-disulfonic acid: Na salt, 580, SSl in H2O; 586, 548 in 0.027V HCl; 554 in 0.027V NaOH; 579, 538 in 85% EtOH; 6679 602 in 80% HCOOH

H2O; 610, 564 in 0.027V HCl; 596 in 0.027V NaOH; 603, 560 in 85% EtOH; 685, 606, 561 in 80% HCOOH (436). p-Sulfobenzeneazo-p-methylanisoleazo-1, 8-dihydroxynaphthalene-3, 6-disulfonic acid: Na salt, 600, 562 in H2O; 602, 561 in 0.027V HCl; 599 in 0.027V NaOH; 604, 559 in 85% EtOH; 688, 614, 567 in 80% HCOOH (436). C24H20N4Oi3S4.—p-Sulf o-o-tolueneazo-o-tolueneazo-a-naphthol3, 6, 8-trisulfonic acid: 650 in H2SO4 ( 196 ). p-Sulfo-o-tolueneazo-o-tolueneazo-ß-naphthol-S, 6, 8-trisulfonic acid; 630, 585 in H2SO4 (196). C24H20N4Oi4S4.—ra-Sulf obenzeneazo-p-m e t h y l a n i s o l e a z o-anaphthol-3, 6, 8-trisulfonic acid: Na salt (580), 558 in H 2 O; (582), 561 in 0.027V HCl; 570 in 0.027V NaOH; 581 in 85% EtOH; 66S9 608 in 80% HCOOH (436). p-Sulfobenzeneazo-p-methylanisoleazo-tt-naphthol-S, 6, 8-trisulfonic acid: Na salt, 566 in H2O; (583), 559 in 0.027V HCl; 579, 559 in 0.027V NaOH; 084, 545 in 85% EtOH; 669, 613 in 80% HCOOH (436).

ra-Sulfobenzeneazo-p-methylanisoleazo-ß-naphthol-S, 6, 8-trisulfonic acid: Na salt, 593, 545 in H2O; 594, 542 in 0.027V HCl; 547 in 0.027V NaOH; 576, 548 in 85% EtOH; 66S9 557 in 80% HCOOH (436). p-Sulfobenzeneazo-p-methylanisoleazo-jO-naphthol-S, 6, 8-trisulfonic acid: Na salt, 592, 545 in H2O; 598, 543 in 0.027V HCl; 548 in 0.027V NaOH; 578, 550 in 85% EtOH; 673 in 80% HCOOH (436).

2, 4-Disulfobenzeneazo-p-methylanisoleazo-a-naphthol-3, 8disulfonic acid: Na salt, 573, 558 in H2O; 576, 552 in 0.027V HCl; 565 in 0.027V NaOH; 575, 537 in 85% EtOH; 674 in 80% HCOOH (436).

C24H20N401584.—2, 4-Disulfobenzeneazo-p-methylanisoleazo-l, 8-dihydroxynaphthalene-3, 6-disulfonic acid: Na salt, 603, 571 in H2O; 598, 564 in 0.027V HCl; 602 in 0.027V NaOH; 606, 563 in 85% EtOH; 692, 613 in 80% HCOOH (436). C24H20N4OnSs.—2, 4-Disulfobenzeneazo-p-methylanisoleazo-a(436). naphthol-3, 6, 8-trisulfonic acid: Ba salt, 577, 566 in H2O; 565 in ra-Sulfobenzeneazo-p-methylanisoleazo-a-naphthol-S, 8-disul- 0.027V HCl; 576 in 0.027V NaOH; 583, 547 in 85% EtOH; 678, 618 fonic acid: Na salt, 574, SSl in H2O; 545 in 0.027V HCl; 555 in in 80% HCOOH (43.6). C24H2iN0O8S2.—m-Sulfobenzeneazo-p-meth y l a n i s o l e a z 0-60.027V NaOH; S69, 539 in 85% EtOH; 6579 606 in 80% HCOOH (436). amino-a-naphthol-3-sulfonic acid: Na salt, 592, 533 in H2O; 525 p-Sulfobenzeneazo-p-methylanisoleazo-a-naphthol-S, 8-disul- in 0.027V HCl; 587, 532 in 0.027V NaOH; 558, 534 in 85% EtOH; fonic acid: Na salt, 573, 554 in H2O; 552 in 0.027V HCl; 553 in 657 in 80% HCOOH (436). 0.027V NaOH; 574, 542 in 85% EtOH; 66S1 612 in 80% HCOOH p-Sulfobenzeneazo-p-methylanisoleazo-e-amino-a-naphthol-S(436). sulfonic acid: Na salt, 585, 536 in H2O; 498 in 0.027V HCl; 591, ra-Sulfobenzeneazo-p-methylanisoleazo-ß-naphthol-S, 6-disul- 535 in 0.027V NaOH; 554, 533 in 80% EtOH; 662, 600, 559 in 80% fonic acid: Na salt, 588, 543 in H2O; 595, 542 in 0.027V HCl; 548 HCOOH (436). in 0.027V NaOH; 573, 549 in 85% EtOH; 664, 553 in 80% HCOOH C 24 H 2 IN 5 OnS 3 .—w-Sulfobenzeneazo-p-methylanisoleazo-8, amino-a-naphthol-3, 6-disulfonic acid: Na salt, 593 in H2O; 605( 436 X p-Sulfobenzeneazo-p-methylanisoleazo-/3-naphthol-3, 6-disul- 571 in 0.027V HCl; 587 in 0.027V NaOH; 607, 563 in 85% EtOH fonic acid: Na salt, 590, 543 in H2O; 596, 541 in 0.027V HCl; 549 (436). in 0.027V NaOH; 573, 550 in 85% EtOH; 669, 594, 558 in 80% p-Sulfobenzeneazo-p-methylanisoleazo-S-amino-a-naphthol-S, 6HCOOH (436). disulfonic acid: Na salt, 603, 575 in H2O; 603, 569 in 0.027V HCl; ra-Sulfobenzeneazo-p-methylanisoleazo-/3-naphthol-6, 8-disul- 593 in 0.027V NaOH; 607, 567 in 85% EtOH (436). fonic acid: Na salt, 577, 537 in H2O; 582, 534 in 0.027V HCl; 575, 2, 4-Disulfobenzeneazo-p-methylanisoleazo-6-amino-a-naph539 in 0.027V NaOH; 567, 537 in 85% EtOH; 654 in 80% HCOOH thol-3-sulfonic acid: Na salt, 575, 550 in H2O; 591, 542 in 0.027V (436). NaOH; 565, 539 in 85% EtOH; 676 in 80% HCOOH (436). p-Sulfobenzeneazo-p-methylanisoleazo-ß-naphthol-6, 8-disulC24H2IN5Oi4S4.—2, 4-Disulfobenzeneazo-p-methylanisoleazofonic acid: Na salt, 574, 540 in H2O; 597, 537 in 0.027V HCl; 575, 8-amino-a-naphthol-3, 6-disulfonic acid: Na salt, 619, 590 in 541 in 0.027V NaOH; 566, 537 in 85% EtOH; 658, 580 in 80% H2O; 559, 573 in 0.027V HCl; 605 in 0.027V NaOH; 612, 573 in 85 HCOOH (436). % EtOH (436). 2, 4-Disulfobenzeneazo-p-methylanisoleazo-a-naphthol-4-sulC24H3ON4O5.—-p-Nitrobenzeneazocapsaicin : alkali salt, 593 in fonic acid: Na salt, 594, 547 in H2O; 600, 544 in 0.027V HCl; (598), Me2CO; 550 in EtOH; 510 in H 2 O (643). 664 in 0.027V NaOH; 584, 542 in 85% EtOH; 687, 588, 547 in 80% C25H22N4O8S2.—4-Sulfo-2-methylbenzeneazo-p-methylanisoleHCOOH (436). azo-a-naphthol-4-sulfonic acid: Na salt, (593), 530 in H2O; (604), C24H2oN4Oi2S3.—ra-Sulfobenzeneazo-p-methylanisoleazo-1, 8- 524 in 0.027V HCl; 552 in 0.027V NaOH; 583, 542 in 85% EtOH dihydroxynaphthalene-3, 6-disulfonic acid: Na salt, 602, 560 in (436).

C25H22N4OnSs.—4-Sulfo-2-methylbenzeneazo-p-methylanisoleazo-a-naphthol-3, 8-disulfonic acid: Na salt, 576, 551 in H2O; 545 in 0.027V HCl; 552 in 0.02N NaOH; 572, 538 in 85% EtOH; 667, 578, 552 in 80% HCOOH (436). C25H22N4Oi2S3.—4-Sulfo-2-methylbenzeneazo-p-methylanisoleazo-1, 8-dihydroxynaphthalene-3, 6-disulfonic acid: Na salt, 599, 563 in H2O; 604, 562 in 0.027V HCl; 597 in 0.027V NaOH; 602, 561 in 85% EtOH; 554, 513 in 80% HCOOH (436). C25H23N5OsS2.—4-Sulfo-2-methylbenzeneazo-p-methylanisoleazo-6-amino-a-naphthol-3-sulfonic acid: Na salt (592), 533 in H2O; 510 in 0.027V HCl; 588, 533 in 0.027V NaOH; 558, 533 in 85% EtOH (436). C25H2SN5OnS3.—4-Sulfo-2-methylbenzeneazo-p-methylanisoleazo-8-amino-a-naphthol-3, 6-disulfonic acid: Na salt, 602, 582 in H2O; 607, 568 in 0.027V HCl; 587 in 0.027V NaOH; 607, 567 in 85% EtOH (436). C26H22N4O2.—5, 5'-#w-p-tolueneazo-2, 2'-diphenol: 350 in EtOH (544).

C26H23Ny.—Benzeneazobenzeneazobenzeneazodimethylaniline: 513(iii). C2TH20N6O?.—Diphenylurea-p, p'-disazo-fo's-salicylic acid (Na salt, C. I. 346): Cotton Yellow G (eoo). C2SH22N4OnS3.—6-Sulfo-ß-naphthaleneazo-p-methylanisoleazo0-naphthol-3, 6-disulfonic acid: Na salt, 543 in H2O; 539 in 0.027V HCl; 537 in 0.027V NaOH; 576, 546 in 85% EtOH; 692 in 80% HCOOH (436).

7-Sulfo-a-naphthaleneazo-p-methylanisoleazo-/3-naphthol-3, 6disulfonic acid: Na salt, 552 in H2O; 548 in 0.027V HCl; 553 in 0.027V NaOH; 580, 556 in 85% EtOH (436). C28H22N4OI4S4.—3, 6-Disulf o-a-naphthaleneazo-p-methylanisoleazo-/3-naphthol-3, 6-disulfonic acid: Na salt, 553 in H2O; (602), 553 in 0.027V HCl; (587), 551 in 0.027V NaOH; 586, 557 in EtOH (436).

3, 6-Disulf o-jo-naphthaleneazo-p-methylanisoleazo-^-naphthol3, 6-disulfonic acid: Na salt, 552 in H2O; 558 in 0.027V HCl; 540 in 0.027V NaOH; 576, 500 in 85% EtOH; 705 in 80% HCOOH (436).

C28H22N4Oi7S5.—3, 6, 8-Trisulfo-ß-naphthaleneazo-p-methylanisoleazo-/3-naphthol-3, 6-disulfonic acid: Na salt, 573, 556 in H2O; 584, 556 in 0.027V HCl; 548 in 0.027V NaOH; 580, 555 in 85% EtOH; 707 in 80% HCOOH (436). C28H23N5O8S2.—6-Sulfo-ß-naphthaleneazo-p-methylanisoleazo6-amino-a-naphthol-3-sulfonic acid: Na salt, 592 in H2O; 530 in 0.027V HCl; (598), 547 in 0.027V NaOH; 568, 546 in 85% EtOH (436).

7-Sulfo-a-naphthaleneazo-p-methylanisoleazo-6-amino-a-naphthol-3-sulfonic acid: Na salt, 543 in H2O; 538 in 0.027V HCl; 543 in 0.027V NaOH; 551 in 85% EtOH (436). C2SH23N6OnS3.—3, 6-Disulfo-a-naphthaleneazo-p-methylanisoleazo-6-amino-<*-naphthol-3-sulfonic acid: Na salt, 543 in H2O; 538 in 0.027V HCl; 543 in 0.027V NaOH; 551 in 85% EtOH (436).

3, o-Disulfo-ß-naphthaleneazo-p-methylanisoleazo-o-amino-anaphthol-3-sulfonic acid: Na salt, (582), 548 in H2O; 546 in 0.027V HCl; 544 in 0.027V NaOH; 572, 546 in 85% EtOH (436). C2gH2iN5O7S.—2-Amino-6-sulfo-a-naphtholazodiphenylazosalicylic acid (Na salt, C. I. 419): Diamine Fast Red F, 532.5 on silk (627).

C29H23N5O4S.—4-Sulfo-a-naphthylamineazodiphenylazocresol: (Na salt, C. I. 374): Erie Orange 2R, 483 in H2O; 490 in 0.17V NaOH; 480 in EtOH (677). C 30 H 22 N 8 O.—Benzeneazobenzeneazobenzeneazobenzeneazophenol: 436 (m). C30H25N5O8S2.—m-Sulfobenzeneazo-p-methylanisoleazo-6-phenylamino-a-naphthol-3-sulfonic acid: Na salt, (603)3 544 in H2O;

534 in 0.027V HCl; 553 in 0.027V NaOH; 572, 546 in 85% EtOH (436).

p-Sulfobenzeneazo-p-methylanisoleazo-6-phenylamino-a-naphthol-3-sulfonic acid: Na salt, 545 in H2O; 535 in 0.027V HCl; (590), 552 in 0.027V NaOH; 574, 548 in 85% EtOH (436). C30H25N5OnS3.—2, 4-Disulfobenzeneazo-p-methylanisoleazo-6phenylamino-a-naphthol-3-sulfonic acid: Na salt, 556 in H2O; 567 in 0.027V HCl; 559 in 0.027V NaOH; 579, 550 in 85% EtOH (436).

C3IH25N5OgS2.—w-Sulfobenzeneazo-p-methylanisoleazo-6-benzoylamino-a-naphthol-3-sulfonic acid: Na salt, 604, 520 in H2O; (614), 518 in 0.027V HCl; 536 in 0.027V NaOH; 568, 537 in 85% EtOH (436).

p-Sulfobenzeneazo-p-methylanisoleazo-6-benzoylamino-a-naphthol-3-sulfonic acid: Na salt, (603), 536in H2O; (610), 525 in 0.027V HCl; 540 in 0.027V NaOH; 570, 538 in 85% EtOH (436). C3iH25N5Oi2S3.—2, 4-Disulfobenzeneazo-p-methylanisoleazo-6benzoylamino-a-naphthol-3-sulfonic acid: Na salt, (603), 539 in H2O; 532 in 0.027V HCl; (596), 544 in 0.027V NaOH; 575, 544 in 85% EtOH (436). C3iH27N5O8S2.—4-Sulfo-2-methylbenzeneazo-p-methylanisoleazo-6-phenylamino-a-naphtholsulfonic acid: Na salt, (605), 542 in H2O; 532 in 0.027V HCl; 548 in 0.027V NaOH; 571, 546 in 85% EtOH (436). C32H22N4O2.—Diphenyldisazo-6w-j3-naphthol (C. I. 381): 640.6, 595.ImH 2 SO 4 (19<>). C32H22N4O8S2.—Diphenyldisazo-6zs-a-naphthol-2-sulfonic acid : Na salt (42 4q). C32H22N4OuS3.—Diphenyldisazo-8-sulfo-ß-naphthol-a-naphthol-4, 8-disulfonic acid (Na salt, C. I. 386) : metallic salts in H2O; Al, 542, Ba, 540, Cu, 515 (677). C32H23N5O7S2.—Diphenyldisazo - 8-sulf o-ß-naphthol-a-naphthylamine-4-sulfonic acid (Na salt, C. I. 376): Congo Rubine (498).

Diphenyldisazo-4-sulfo-a-naphthylamine-a-naphthol-4-sulfonic acid (Na salt, C. I. 375): (269). Metallic salts in H2O; Na, 520, Al, 518, Cu, 495 (677). C32H23N7Oi0S3.—p-Sulfobenzeneazo-o-sulfobenzeneazo-a-naphthaleneazo-6-amino-a-naphthol-3-sulfonic acid: Na salt, 576 in H2O (572 with alkali, 578 with acid) (436). C32H23N7Oi3S4.—p-Sulfobenzeneazo-o-sulfobenzeneazo-7-sulfoa-naphthaleneazo-6-amino-a-naphthol-3-sulfonic acid: Na salt, 555 in H2O (551 with alkali, 566 with acid) (436). p-SuKobenzeneazo-o-sulfobenzeneazo-7-sulfo-tt-naphthaleneazo6-amino-a-naphthol-4-sulfonic acid: Na salt, 581 in H2O (569 with alkali, 580 with acid) (436). C32H24N6O6S2.—Diphenyldisazo-foVa-naphthylamine-4-sulfonic acid (Na salt, Congo Red, C. I. 370): 497, 319inalk. EtOH; 577, (320) in dil. H2SO4 (215); cf. (468, 525); 500 on cotton (627) ; influence of concn. ( 269 ); quant, data (I62q). C32H24N6O7S2.—Diphenyldisazo-4-sulfo-a-naphthylamine-7amino-a-naphthol-3-sulfonic acid (Na salt) : Pontamine Bordeaux B, metallic salts in H2O; Na, 510, Ba, 505, Cr, 480, Al, 480 (677). C32H24N6O8S2.—Diphenyldisazo-6zV7-amino-a-naphthol-3-sulfonic acid (Na salt, C. I. 394) : Pontamine Violet N, 520 in H2O (coned.); 525 (dil.) (269); 545 in EtOH (266) ; Ba salt, 510 in H2O (677). Erie Violet 3R identical with above when heated. When dissolved in cold—640, 585 in H2O (545 in EtOH) (269); cf.(266) ; Ba salt, 635, 590 in H2O (677). C32H24N6Oi4S4.—Diphenyldisazo-fos-S-amino-a-naphthol-S, 6disulfonic acid (Na salt, C. I. 406) : Pontamine Blue BBF, metallic salts in H2O; Na, Ba, 580, Cu, 590, Al, 570, Cr, 595 ( 6 77). C32H27N5O9S2.—• 4-Sulf o-2-methylbenzenea z o- p- methylanisoleazo-6-benzoylamino-a-naphthol-3-sulfonic acid: Na salt, 641, (598), 530 in H2O; 638, 522 in 0.027V HCl; (630), 542 in 0.027V NaOH; 571, 542 in 85% EtOH (436).

C32H27Ng.—Benzeneazobenzeneazobenzeneazobenzeneazodi- 535 in H2O; 516 in 0.02tf HCl; 543 in Q.Q2N NaOH: 560 in 85% EtOH (436). methylaniline: 514 ( in ). C33H25N5O6S2.—w-Sulf obenzeneazo-a-naphthaleneazo-p-to IyIC35H2TNsOiOS4.—3, 6, 8-Trisulfo-j8-naphthaleneazo~p-methyla-naphthylamine-8-sulfonic acid (Na salt, C. I. 289): influence of anisoleazo-6-benzoylamino-a-naphthol-3-sutfonic acid: Na salt, neutral salts (635, 636)• influence of concn. ( 269 ). (596), 540 in H2O; 535 in Q.Q2N HCl; 543 in 0.02N NaOH; 576, 538 CSaH2ON8Oi5S4.—3, 3'-Disulfodiphenylurea-4, 4'-disazo-foV7- in 85% EtOH (436). amino-a-naphthol-3-sulfonic acid (Na salt, C. I. 353): soin, and C38H2TNrOiOS3.—p-Sulfobenzeneazo-o-sulfobenzeneazo-cMiaphdyeing ( 22 ); influence of concn. ( 269 ). thaleneazo-6-phenylamino-a-naphthol-3-sulfonic acid: Na salt, C34^4NgOi0S2.—Phenolazodiphenylazo-8-amino-3, 6-disulfo-a- 593 in H2O (580 with alkali, 621 with acid) (436). naphtholazo-p-nitrobenzene (Na salt, C. I. 593): Pontamine C38H2TNTOi3S4.—p-Sulfobenzeneazo-o-sulfobenzeneazo-7-sulfoGreen X (2^). a-naphthaleneazo-6-phenylamino-a-naphthol-3-sulfonic acid: Na C34H26N4O2.-Ditolyldisazo-ois-/3-naphthol: 654.2, 606.1 in salt, 575 in H2O (556 with alkali, 578 with acid) (436). H 2 SO 4 (I 9 O). p-Sulfobenzeneazo-o-sulfobenzeneazo-7-sulfo-a-naphthaleneazoC34H2GN4O4.—Dimethoxydiphenyldisazo-&is-0-naphthol (C. I. 6-phenylamino-a-naphthol-4-sulfonic acid: Na salt, 601 in H2O 499): 663.2, 614.2 in H2SO4 O 9 «). (580 with alkali, 608 with acid) (436). C34H26N4Oi0S2.—Dimethoxydiphenyldisazo-&is-a-naphthol-4C39H29NTOioS3.—p-Sulfobenzeneazo-0-sulfobenzeneazo-a-naphsulfonic acid (Na salt, C. I. 502): Pontamine Blue AX, metallic thaleneazo-6-p-tolylamino-cK-naphthol-3-sulfonic acid: Na salt, salts in H2O; Na, 552, Cr, 550, Ba, 540, Al, Cu, 520 (677). 595 in H2O (587 with alkali, 620 with acid) (436). C34H2TN0O8S2.—7-Sulfo-a-naphthaleneazo-p-methylanisoleazoC39H29NyOi3S4.—p-Sulfobenzeneazo-o-sulfobenzeneazo-7-sulfo6-phenylamino-a-naphthol-3-sulfonie acid: Na salt, 560 in H2O; a-naphthaleneazo-6-p-tolylamino-a-naphthol-3-sulfonie acid: Na 569 in 0.022V HCl; 550 in 0.02N NaOH (436). salt, 578 in H2O (560 with alkali, 579 with acid) (436). C34H 2 7N5O i iS3.—3, 6-Disulf o-a-n aphthaleneazo-p-methylanip-Sulfobenzeneazo-o-sulfobenzeneazo-7-sulfo-«-naphthaleneazosoleazo-6-phenylamino-a-naphthol-3-sulfonic acid: Na salt, (608), 6-^tolylamino-a-naphthol-4^sulfonic acid: Na salt, 603 in H2O; 556 in H2O; 554 in 0.02AT HCl; 553 in 0.02N NaOH (436). (576 with alkali, 604 with acid) (436). 3, 6-Disulf o-ß-naphthaleneazo-p-methylanisoleazo-o- p h e n y 1C46H34Ni0OI3S3.—4-Sulfo-a-naphthaleneazo-3, 6-disulfo-a-naphamino-a-naphthol-3-sulfonic acid: Na salt, 555 in H2O; 555 in thol-7-azo-m-toluylenediamineazodiphenylazosalicylic acid (Na 0.02AT HCl; 558 in 0.02AT NaOH; 582, 555 in 85% EtOH (436). salt, C. I. 561): Trisulfon Brown B ( 22 ). 3, 6-Disulf o-8-amino-a-naphtholazoditolylazo-a-n a p h t h o 1-4Diazine Black D. R. Concd. (probably identical with Zambesi sulfonic acid (Na salt, C. I. 472): Niagara Blue BR, 568 in H2O Black II): 560 in H2O (concd.); 565 (dil.); 585 in EtOH (266, 269). at 23°; 567 at 49°; 565 at 76° (677). Diazo Dark Blue 3B: 560 in H2O (concd.), 570 (dil.), 590 in C34H27N6Oi2S3.—3, 7-Disulfo-ß-naphtholazoethoxybenzidine- EtOH ( 2 66, 269). azo-7-amino-a-naphthol-3-sulfonic acid (Na salt, C. I. 492): 580 Pontachrome Yellow 3R: on wool (10). in H2O (dissolved cold); 575 (dissolved hot); 565 in EtOH ( 2 66) ; Pontamine Copper Blue RRX (probably N. W. acid-»ben zidine of. ( 2 6 9 ). —»2-amino-8-naphthol-5-sulfonic acid): 545 in H2O (concd.); 555 C34H2TNoOi4S4.—3, 6, &-Trisulfo-/3-naphthaleneazo-p-methylani- (dil.) (269). Metallic salts in H2O: Na, 555, Ba, 550, Al, 510, Cu, soleazo-6-phenylamino-a-naphthol-3-sulfonie acid: Na salt, 562 530 (677) t in H2O; 561 in 0.02AT HCl; 560 in 0.02AT NaOH; 580, 556 in 85% EtOH (436). C34H28N6O6S2.—Ditolyldisazo-òis-a-naphthylamine-4-sulfonic acid (Na salt, C. I. 448): Erie Red 4B, 490 in H2O (coned.); 498 (du.); 505 in EtOH ( 2 69). Purpurine 4B (DuP.), 490 in H2O TABLE 3.—TRIPHENYLMETHANE DERIVATIVES (coned.), 496 (dû.), 510 in EtOH (677). Benzopurpurine 4B (By), 62 62 Ci9Hu)Br4O2.—ra-Tetrabromobenzaurin (subst. in phenol resion cotton, 505 ( 7). Diamine Red 4B, 512.5 on cotton ( 7). Ditolyldisazo-bis-a-naphthylamine-5-sulfonie acid (Na salt, dues): 583 in alk. H2O (461). Ci9Hi3BrO2.—o-Bromobenzaurin (subst. in benzene residue): C. I. 449). Metallic salts of Benzopurpurine 6B in H2O: Na, Cu, 568 in alk. H2O (461). Al, 500; Cr, 505 (677). w-Bromobenzaurin (subst. in benzene residue) : 565 in alk. H2O C34H28N6OgS2.—Ethoxydiphenyldisazo-òìs-7-amino-a-naphthol3-sulfonic acid (Na salt, C. I. 493): Diamine Black BO, dissolved (461). p-Bromobenzaurin (subst. in benzene residue) : 539 in alk. H2O with heat, 600 in H2O (coned.); 580 (dil.); dissolved cold, 580 in (461). H2O (coned.); 570 (dil.); 570 in EtOH ( 2 66) ; cf. ( 2 6 9 ). Ci9Hi3BrN2O4.—p-Bromo-p-dinitrotriphenylmethane: 274 in C34H28N6O9S3.—Ditolyldisazo-3, 6-disulfo-j3-naphthylamine-ß22 naphthylamine-6-sulfonic acid (Na salt, Vital Red, C. I. 456): EtOH; Na salt, 513 in EtOH and C6H6 ( *). 2 9 Ci9Hi3N3O6.—p-Trinitrotriphenylmethane: Na salt, 549 in 500 in H2O ( 6 ). 22 C34H2SN6OI4S4.—Ditolyldisazo-6tV8-amino-a-naphthol-3, 6- EtOH ( I). Ci9Hi4O.-Fuchsone: 38I1 262, 250 in EtOH; 468, 402, (289), disulfonic acid (Na salt, Trypan Blue, C. I. 477): 585 in H2O (4851); cf. (473). 248 in concd. H2SO4; 472, 381, 283, 278, 270 in EtOH + HCl; 286, 2 C34H28N6Oi6S4.—Dimethoxydiphen y 1 d i s a z o- 6i s-8- am in o- OL- 25O1 in EtOH + KOH (4911); 379, (262) in CHCl3 ( 19); (471 With excess SnCl (438)) /. (213,.218, 438, 442, 454, 470). 4 ; c naphthol-3, 6-disulfonic acid (Nasalt, C. I. 520): Pontamine Sky Ci9Hi4O2.-Benzaurin: 435, 343, (284), 275 in EtOH; 504, 402, Blue 5BX, 595 in H2O (concd.), 603 (dil.) (269). Metallic salts (284, 276, 266) in EtOH + HCl; 473, 410, (292, 285?), 256 in in H2O: Na, 603, Al, 605, Cr, 610, Ba, 610, Cu, 580 (677). Dimethoxydiphenyldisazo-6is-8-amino-a-naphthol-5, 7-disul- concd. H2SO4; 567, 379, 296, 85Om EtOH -f KOH; 345,296, 247 in fonic acid (Na salt, C. I. 518): Pontamine Sky Blue 6BX, lakes 33% KOH (489q;; c/. (155, 438, 442, 454, 461, 463, 49Iq). Ci9Hi4O3.-Aurin: 463, (385, 297, 276), 265 in EtOH; 476, (428, with Méthylène Blue ( 26 S). Metallic salts in H2O; Na, 620, 333, 298, 289), 860 in concd. H2SO4; 488, (338, 309), 272, 266 in Cu, 620, 670, Cr, 590, Ba, 618 (677). C3SH27N6Oi2S3.—3, 6-Disulf o-ß-iiaphthaleneazo-/?-methylani- EtOH -f HCl; 536, (500), 283 in EtOH -f- KOH; (364), 298, 848 in soleazo-6-benzoylamino-a-naphthol-3-sulfonic acid: Na salt (601), COncd. aq. KOH (491q); tf. (57, 155, 174, 196, 231, 454, 461, 525).

C32H27Ng.—Benzeneazobenzeneazobenzeneazobenzeneazodi- 535 in H2O; 516 in 0.02tf HCl; 543 in Q.Q2N NaOH: 560 in 85% EtOH (436). methylaniline: 514 ( in ). C33H25N5O6S2.—w-Sulf obenzeneazo-a-naphthaleneazo-p-to IyIC35H2TNsOiOS4.—3, 6, 8-Trisulfo-j8-naphthaleneazo~p-methyla-naphthylamine-8-sulfonic acid (Na salt, C. I. 289): influence of anisoleazo-6-benzoylamino-a-naphthol-3-sutfonic acid: Na salt, neutral salts (635, 636)• influence of concn. ( 269 ). (596), 540 in H2O; 535 in Q.Q2N HCl; 543 in 0.02N NaOH; 576, 538 CSaH2ON8Oi5S4.—3, 3'-Disulfodiphenylurea-4, 4'-disazo-foV7- in 85% EtOH (436). amino-a-naphthol-3-sulfonic acid (Na salt, C. I. 353): soin, and C38H2TNrOiOS3.—p-Sulfobenzeneazo-o-sulfobenzeneazo-cMiaphdyeing ( 22 ); influence of concn. ( 269 ). thaleneazo-6-phenylamino-a-naphthol-3-sulfonic acid: Na salt, C34^4NgOi0S2.—Phenolazodiphenylazo-8-amino-3, 6-disulfo-a- 593 in H2O (580 with alkali, 621 with acid) (436). naphtholazo-p-nitrobenzene (Na salt, C. I. 593): Pontamine C38H2TNTOi3S4.—p-Sulfobenzeneazo-o-sulfobenzeneazo-7-sulfoGreen X (2^). a-naphthaleneazo-6-phenylamino-a-naphthol-3-sulfonic acid: Na C34H26N4O2.-Ditolyldisazo-ois-/3-naphthol: 654.2, 606.1 in salt, 575 in H2O (556 with alkali, 578 with acid) (436). H 2 SO 4 (I 9 O). p-Sulfobenzeneazo-o-sulfobenzeneazo-7-sulfo-a-naphthaleneazoC34H2GN4O4.—Dimethoxydiphenyldisazo-&is-0-naphthol (C. I. 6-phenylamino-a-naphthol-4-sulfonic acid: Na salt, 601 in H2O 499): 663.2, 614.2 in H2SO4 O 9 «). (580 with alkali, 608 with acid) (436). C34H26N4Oi0S2.—Dimethoxydiphenyldisazo-&is-a-naphthol-4C39H29NTOioS3.—p-Sulfobenzeneazo-0-sulfobenzeneazo-a-naphsulfonic acid (Na salt, C. I. 502): Pontamine Blue AX, metallic thaleneazo-6-p-tolylamino-cK-naphthol-3-sulfonic acid: Na salt, salts in H2O; Na, 552, Cr, 550, Ba, 540, Al, Cu, 520 (677). 595 in H2O (587 with alkali, 620 with acid) (436). C34H2TN0O8S2.—7-Sulfo-a-naphthaleneazo-p-methylanisoleazoC39H29NyOi3S4.—p-Sulfobenzeneazo-o-sulfobenzeneazo-7-sulfo6-phenylamino-a-naphthol-3-sulfonie acid: Na salt, 560 in H2O; a-naphthaleneazo-6-p-tolylamino-a-naphthol-3-sulfonie acid: Na 569 in 0.022V HCl; 550 in 0.02N NaOH (436). salt, 578 in H2O (560 with alkali, 579 with acid) (436). C34H 2 7N5O i iS3.—3, 6-Disulf o-a-n aphthaleneazo-p-methylanip-Sulfobenzeneazo-o-sulfobenzeneazo-7-sulfo-«-naphthaleneazosoleazo-6-phenylamino-a-naphthol-3-sulfonic acid: Na salt, (608), 6-^tolylamino-a-naphthol-4^sulfonic acid: Na salt, 603 in H2O; 556 in H2O; 554 in 0.02AT HCl; 553 in 0.02N NaOH (436). (576 with alkali, 604 with acid) (436). 3, 6-Disulf o-ß-naphthaleneazo-p-methylanisoleazo-o- p h e n y 1C46H34Ni0OI3S3.—4-Sulfo-a-naphthaleneazo-3, 6-disulfo-a-naphamino-a-naphthol-3-sulfonic acid: Na salt, 555 in H2O; 555 in thol-7-azo-m-toluylenediamineazodiphenylazosalicylic acid (Na 0.02AT HCl; 558 in 0.02AT NaOH; 582, 555 in 85% EtOH (436). salt, C. I. 561): Trisulfon Brown B ( 22 ). 3, 6-Disulf o-8-amino-a-naphtholazoditolylazo-a-n a p h t h o 1-4Diazine Black D. R. Concd. (probably identical with Zambesi sulfonic acid (Na salt, C. I. 472): Niagara Blue BR, 568 in H2O Black II): 560 in H2O (concd.); 565 (dil.); 585 in EtOH (266, 269). at 23°; 567 at 49°; 565 at 76° (677). Diazo Dark Blue 3B: 560 in H2O (concd.), 570 (dil.), 590 in C34H27N6Oi2S3.—3, 7-Disulfo-ß-naphtholazoethoxybenzidine- EtOH ( 2 66, 269). azo-7-amino-a-naphthol-3-sulfonic acid (Na salt, C. I. 492): 580 Pontachrome Yellow 3R: on wool (10). in H2O (dissolved cold); 575 (dissolved hot); 565 in EtOH ( 2 66) ; Pontamine Copper Blue RRX (probably N. W. acid-»ben zidine of. ( 2 6 9 ). —»2-amino-8-naphthol-5-sulfonic acid): 545 in H2O (concd.); 555 C34H2TNoOi4S4.—3, 6, &-Trisulfo-/3-naphthaleneazo-p-methylani- (dil.) (269). Metallic salts in H2O: Na, 555, Ba, 550, Al, 510, Cu, soleazo-6-phenylamino-a-naphthol-3-sulfonie acid: Na salt, 562 530 (677) t in H2O; 561 in 0.02AT HCl; 560 in 0.02AT NaOH; 580, 556 in 85% EtOH (436). C34H28N6O6S2.—Ditolyldisazo-òis-a-naphthylamine-4-sulfonic acid (Na salt, C. I. 448): Erie Red 4B, 490 in H2O (coned.); 498 (du.); 505 in EtOH ( 2 69). Purpurine 4B (DuP.), 490 in H2O TABLE 3.—TRIPHENYLMETHANE DERIVATIVES (coned.), 496 (dû.), 510 in EtOH (677). Benzopurpurine 4B (By), 62 62 Ci9Hu)Br4O2.—ra-Tetrabromobenzaurin (subst. in phenol resion cotton, 505 ( 7). Diamine Red 4B, 512.5 on cotton ( 7). Ditolyldisazo-bis-a-naphthylamine-5-sulfonie acid (Na salt, dues): 583 in alk. H2O (461). Ci9Hi3BrO2.—o-Bromobenzaurin (subst. in benzene residue): C. I. 449). Metallic salts of Benzopurpurine 6B in H2O: Na, Cu, 568 in alk. H2O (461). Al, 500; Cr, 505 (677). w-Bromobenzaurin (subst. in benzene residue) : 565 in alk. H2O C34H28N6OgS2.—Ethoxydiphenyldisazo-òìs-7-amino-a-naphthol3-sulfonic acid (Na salt, C. I. 493): Diamine Black BO, dissolved (461). p-Bromobenzaurin (subst. in benzene residue) : 539 in alk. H2O with heat, 600 in H2O (coned.); 580 (dil.); dissolved cold, 580 in (461). H2O (coned.); 570 (dil.); 570 in EtOH ( 2 66) ; cf. ( 2 6 9 ). Ci9Hi3BrN2O4.—p-Bromo-p-dinitrotriphenylmethane: 274 in C34H28N6O9S3.—Ditolyldisazo-3, 6-disulfo-j3-naphthylamine-ß22 naphthylamine-6-sulfonic acid (Na salt, Vital Red, C. I. 456): EtOH; Na salt, 513 in EtOH and C6H6 ( *). 2 9 Ci9Hi3N3O6.—p-Trinitrotriphenylmethane: Na salt, 549 in 500 in H2O ( 6 ). 22 C34H2SN6OI4S4.—Ditolyldisazo-6tV8-amino-a-naphthol-3, 6- EtOH ( I). Ci9Hi4O.-Fuchsone: 38I1 262, 250 in EtOH; 468, 402, (289), disulfonic acid (Na salt, Trypan Blue, C. I. 477): 585 in H2O (4851); cf. (473). 248 in concd. H2SO4; 472, 381, 283, 278, 270 in EtOH + HCl; 286, 2 C34H28N6Oi6S4.—Dimethoxydiphen y 1 d i s a z o- 6i s-8- am in o- OL- 25O1 in EtOH + KOH (4911); 379, (262) in CHCl3 ( 19); (471 With excess SnCl (438)) /. (213,.218, 438, 442, 454, 470). 4 ; c naphthol-3, 6-disulfonic acid (Nasalt, C. I. 520): Pontamine Sky Ci9Hi4O2.-Benzaurin: 435, 343, (284), 275 in EtOH; 504, 402, Blue 5BX, 595 in H2O (concd.), 603 (dil.) (269). Metallic salts (284, 276, 266) in EtOH + HCl; 473, 410, (292, 285?), 256 in in H2O: Na, 603, Al, 605, Cr, 610, Ba, 610, Cu, 580 (677). Dimethoxydiphenyldisazo-6is-8-amino-a-naphthol-5, 7-disul- concd. H2SO4; 567, 379, 296, 85Om EtOH -f KOH; 345,296, 247 in fonic acid (Na salt, C. I. 518): Pontamine Sky Blue 6BX, lakes 33% KOH (489q;; c/. (155, 438, 442, 454, 461, 463, 49Iq). Ci9Hi4O3.-Aurin: 463, (385, 297, 276), 265 in EtOH; 476, (428, with Méthylène Blue ( 26 S). Metallic salts in H2O; Na, 620, 333, 298, 289), 860 in concd. H2SO4; 488, (338, 309), 272, 266 in Cu, 620, 670, Cr, 590, Ba, 618 (677). C3SH27N6Oi2S3.—3, 6-Disulf o-ß-iiaphthaleneazo-/?-methylani- EtOH -f HCl; 536, (500), 283 in EtOH -f- KOH; (364), 298, 848 in soleazo-6-benzoylamino-a-naphthol-3-sulfonic acid: Na salt (601), COncd. aq. KOH (491q); tf. (57, 155, 174, 196, 231, 454, 461, 525).

Ci9Hi4O4.—0-Dihydroxybenzaurin (subst. in phenol residues): 516 in alk. H2O (467). Ci9Hi4O6.-o-Dihydroxyaurin: 545 in alk. H2O (467). Ci9Hi4O6S.—m-Sulfobenzaurin (subst. in benzene residue): 560 inalk. H2O (461). p-Sulfobenzaurin (subst. in benzene residue): 568 in alk. H2O; 512 in acid H2O (458). w-Sulfobenzaurin (subst. in phenol residue): 559 in alk. H2O (461). Ci9Hi4O6.—o-Trihydroxyaurin (resaurin): 498 in alk. EtOH (174).

m-Trihydroxyaurin (catechaurin) : 583.5 in dil. NaHCOa soin. (461). o-Hydroxy-m-dihydroxyaurin: 610 in alk. EtOH ( 174 ). CIgHi6CIoN3(OAc).—o-Trichloro-p-rosaniline acetate: 533 in H 2 O (440).

Ci9Hi6N.—Fuchsoneimine: 430 in acid H2O (461); chloride, 435, 335, 258 in EtOH ( 44 <>); cf. (463). Ci9Hi6NO.—p-Aminofuchsone: 558 in H2O ( 461 ). Ci9Hi6NO2.—p-Nitrotriphenylmethane: Na salt, 429 in EtOH -JC6H6 (221). o-Aminobenzaurin: 565 in H2O ( 46 I). p-Aminobenzaurin (C. I. 726): 539.1, 486.4 in alk. EtOH; 630.S1 477A in alk. H2O (i 5 S); 497 in acid H2O (461). Ci9Hi6Cl.—Triphenylcarbonium chloride: abs, of alkylmercapto derivs. ( 54 Q). Ci9Hi6N(ClO4).—p-Aminotriphenylcarbinol anhydride perchlorate: 485, 420, 310 in HOAc ( 314 ). Ci9Hi6N2O.—p-Diaminofuchsone (C. I. 726): 541 in H2O ( 461 ). Ci9Hi6O,-p-Hydroxytriphenylmethane: 278 in EtOH (442). Triphenylcarbinol: 269, 265, 262, 259, 253, 248, 242 in EtOH (492q); 431, 404, (289, 262, 241) in coned. H2SO4 (4911); cf. (219, 314, 470). Ethyl ether (7q). Methoxy derivs. (389q). Ci9Hi6O2.—p-Dihydroxytripheny!methane: 289, 280, 271, 264, 258 in EtOH (489) ; cf. (370,

490).

p-Hydroxytriphenylcarbinol: (8
Ci9HiTN2Cl.—p-Diaminotriphenylcarbinol anhydride chloride (Döbner's Violet): 561.6 in H2O; 577 in EtOH O 55 ); 568, 399, 305 in EtOH (442). Diacid salt, 480 (314); cf. (465). Ci9HiTN3O9S3.—Sulfonated p-rosaniline (Na salt) and its monoand trimethyl isomers ( 162 Q). Commercial acid fuchsine: infrared abs., 0.8, (2.0?), 2.8, (4.2?), (4.7?), (5.2?), 6.2, 7.4, 8.3, 9.2, 9.8, (10.2?), (10.7?)M (296) ; ultra-violet band, 294 in H2O (308 with NH4OH) (352); on SUk (627); on WOOl ( 5 22); cf. (269, 42lq).

Ci9Hi8N3CL-p-Rosaniline (C. I. 676): base, 555, 287 in EtOH (20); chloride, in H2O, 540.3, 483.7 O 5 5 ); in EtOH, 547, (490), 295 (314); in N HCl, 588, 405; in HCl, 476 (20); diacid salt, 585; triacid salt, 485 (314); In solid form (352); cyanide, 532, 290, 249 in EtOH ( 3 8 1 ) ; cf. (3, 162q, 269, 273q, 352, 461, 497, 509q).

With rosaniline (Fuchsine, C. I. 677): infra-red abs., 0.7, (1.7?), 2.8, (4.1?), (4.7?), 6.3, 7.5, 8.6, (9.6), ll.l/i (296); (3.5> 6f6j 8.2M) (80); influence of conçu. (269, 273); influence of temp. (57); cf. (286q, 334, 335); dyeings ("2, 627); c/. (4, 114, 218, 299q, 508q).

C2OHi2Br4O3.—Tetrabromorosolic acid: 566.4 in alk. H2O; 576.9 in alk. EtOH ( 35 O); influence of temp. ( 5 ^). C20Hi6O3.—p-Methoxybenzaurin: 551 in alk. H2O (467). C20Hi6O3.-Rosolie acid: 543.3 in alk. H2O; 569.4 in alk. EtOH (350); Cf, (497).

C2OHnOCl.—0-Methoxytriphenylcarbonium chloride: 550 in HOAc-HCl mixture ( 54 I). p-Methoxytriphenylcarbonium chloride: 470 in HOAc-HCl mixture ( 54
C20H20N3(Cl).—Rosaniline chloride: infra-red abs., 0.9, (1.6?), (2.7?), 6.3, 7.2, 7.8, 9.0, (9.4), 10.1, (10.5?), (11.3?)/* (296); 544.5 in H 2 O (I 55 ); ultra-violet band at 291 in EtOH (289 with NH3) (352); cf. (3, 231q, 273q, 647q).

Phenolate (275).

C2iH I 8 N 2 O3.—p-Nitro-p-dimethylaminofuchsone : " apparently 610" (467). C2iHi9NO.—p-Dimethylaminofuchsone: 586 in alk. H2O; 515, (530, 500) in acid H2O (461); 468 in H2SO4 (470). C2iHi9NO4.—4-Dimethylamino-3', 4', 3", 4"-tetrahydroxytripheriylcarbinol anhydride: 700 in alk. soin.; 595 in NaHCO3 soin.; 565 in acid soin. (473). C2iHi9O2Cl.—o-Dimethoxytriphenylcarbonium chloride: 577, 495 in HOAc-HCl mixture ( 5 4q). p-Dimethoxytriphenylcarbonium chloride; 500 in HOAc-HCl mixture (54
464).

C 2 iH 2 iN 2 (Cl).—s ym.- Dimethyl- p-dia mino tripheny !methane anhydride chloride: 587 in H2O (155). C2iH22N3(Cl).—asyw.-Dimethyl-p-rosaniline chloride: 547, 493 in H2O (575 with acid) (467). C22H2iO3(Cl).—o-Trimethoxytriphenylcarbonium chloride: 546 in HOAc-HCl mixture (54
C23Hi6O.—Benznaphthaurin: 568 in H2SO4 ( 454 ). C23H24ClN2(Cl).—o-Chloromalachite green: 630.1 in H2O (151). C23H24N2O.—Tetramethyl-p-diaminofuchsone: 540, 286 in EtOH; 521, 283 in CHCl3; 461, 278 in Et2O (218). C23H24N2O3S.—Tetram ethyl-p-diamino tripheny Ic arbinol-o-sulfonic acid anhydride: Na salt, 623.9 in H2O ( 15S ). C23H24N3O2(Cl).-o-Nitromalachite green: 633.1 in EtOH O51). ra-Nitromalachite green: 635.7 in EtOH (151). p-Nitromalachite green: 637 in EtOH (151); 642 in H2O (467).

C23H25N2(Cl),-Malachite green (C. I. 657): infra-red abs., 0.7, 3.4, 4.3, (4.8?), 6.5, 7.4, 8.5, (9.2), (10.6), (10.9), 11.2M (296); 616, 430 in H2O (271); (400, 305 ( 4 I»*)); influence of acidity (218, 219, 271, 306, 314, 463); influence Of temp. (286); cf. (3, 54q, 111, 155, 352, 465, 525).

s^w.-Diethyl-p-diaminotriphenylmethane carbinol anhydride chloride: 589.8 in H2O O 55 ). C23H25N2O(Cl).-o-Hydroxymalachite green: 620.7 in H2O (605.8, 560.3 with alkali); 617.7 in EtOH O 55 ); cf. ("i, 4 67). m-Hydroxymalachite green: 617.4 in H2O; 618 in EtOH (155); cf. (»»). p-Hydroxymalachite green: 602.5 in H2O (068.7, 518.6 with KOH); 599.5 in EtOH (568.6, 515.2 with KOH) ( 155 ); cf. (".I, 174, 463).

C23H25N2O2Cl.—2, 4-Dihydroxymalachite green: 601 (acetate in EtOH + 1 mol HCl ( 111 U). 3, 4-Dihydroxymalachite green: 603, 505 in acid EtOH (174). C23H25N2O3(Cl).-2, 3, 4-Trihydroxymalachite green: 612, 500 in acid EtOH ( 174 );c/. t111). C23H26N3(Cl).—o-Aminomalachite green: 616.2 in EtOH; 618.9 in H2O; 635.4 in dil. HCl ( 155 ); cf. (539). m-Aminomalaehite green: 614.7 in EtOH; 615.9 in H2O; 627.1 indii. HCl ( 155 );c/. (539).

C23H26N3(C1).—p-Aminomalachite green: 576.2, 532.1 in AmOH; 578, 529.4 in EtOH; 686.S1 513.6 in H2O; 623.9 in dil. HCl (155); 420 in HCl (467); cf. (152, 539).

C24H26N2O3S.—Tetramethyl-p-diaminodiphenyl-w-tolylcarbinol-0-sulfonic acid anhydride: Na salt, 622.3 in H2O (155). C24H27ClN3(Ac).—2-Chloro-3-amino-5-methylmalachite green : 614.5 in H2O (541). 2-Chloro-4-ammo-5-methylmalachite green: 617.5 in H2O (541).

3-Chloro-2-amino-5-methylmalachite s41

green: 594.6 in

( 4-Chloro-2-amino-5-methylmalachite ). green: 613.4 in H O (

H2O

54 I). 2 4-Chloro-3-amino-6-methylmalachite green: 620.4 in H2O (541). 5-Chloro-3-amino-2-methy !malachite green: 617.6 in H2O ( 541 ). 5-Chloro-3-amino-6-methy !malachite green: 632.2 in H2O ( 54 I). 5-Chloro-4-amino-2-methylmalaehite green: 611.5 in H2O ( 541 ). C24H27N2Cl.—o-Methylmalachite green: 618 in H2O; 619.5 in EtOH (i 55 ). p-Methylmalachite green: 611.1 in H2O, 614.7 in EtOH (155). C24H27N2O(Cl).—o-Methyl-p-hydroxymalachite green: 617 in slightly acid H2O; 587 in alk. H2O ( 4 î). o-Methoxymalachite green: 602.1 in H2O; 601.1 in EtOH O 55 ). p-Methoxymalachite green: 603 in H2O; 603.6 in EtOH («5); 613, 465, 290 in dil. acid (218); cf. (m, 4 ^ 7 ). C 24 H 27 N 4 O 2 (Ac).—2-Nitro-3-amino-5-methylmalachite green : 661.4 in H2O ( 5 4 I). 2-Nitro-3-amino-6-methylmalachite green: 617.5 in H2O ( 541 ). 3-Nitro-2-amino-5-methylmalachite green: 595.4 in H2O ( 541 ). 5-Nitro-4-amino-2-methylmalachite green: 602.1 in H2O ( 541 ). C24H28N3(Cl).-Pentamethyl-p-rosaniline: 583.3, 529.5 in H2O; 583.3, 538.5 in EtOH (i 55 ). Commercial Methyl Violet: infra-red abs., 2.9, (4.4), 6.4, 7.2, 8.4, (9.1?), (9.4), 10.6/A (somewhat different data with Paris Violet) (296) ; 540 in H2O (coned.), 580 (dil.) (269); ultra-violet bands at 302, 247 in EtOH (260 with NH3) (352); dyeings (170, 627); c/.

(3, 162q, 274q, 419q).

Gentian Violet ( 274 I); cf. (3, U 4 ). C24H28N3(Cl).—2-Amino-5-methylmalachite green: 618.5 in H2O; 635,3 in dil. HNO3; 618.1 in EtOH ( 5 39). 3-Amino-2-methylmalachite green: 619.8 in H2O; 619.2 in EtOH (155); C /. (539).

3-Amino-4-methylmalachite green: 612.3 in H2O; 612.6 in EtOH (155); 624.1 in dil. HNO3; 622.9 in acid EtOH (S39). 3-Amino-6-methylmalachite green: 620.6 in H2O; 631.4 in dil. HNO3; 619.1 in EtOH (630.1 with HNO3) ("9). 4-Amino-2-methylmalachite green: 601 in H2O; 590.4, 536.6 in EtOH (155); influence of acidity (539). 4-Amino-3-methylmalachite green: 582.7, 512.8 in H2O; 578, 529.9 in EtOH (I 55 ); 620.4 in dil. HNO3 ( 53 9). C24H28N3O3S(Ac).—2-SuKo-4-amino-5-methylmalachite green : 617.2 in H2O ( 54 I). 4-Sulfo-2-amino-5-methylmalachite green: 590.8 in H2O ( 54 I). 5-Sulfo-3-amino-2-methylmalachite green: 632.5 in H2O ( 54 I). 5-Sulfo-3-amino-6-methylmalachite green: 632.2 in H2O ( 541 ). C 2 SH 24 N 3 O 2 (OAc).—Tetramethyl-p-diaminodiphenylisatinyl carbinol acetate: 599.1, 498.4 in H2O ( 54 O). C2BH28N2O7S2.—2, 4-Disulfo-5-hydroxydiethyl-p-diaminophenylditolyl carbinol anhydride, Na salt (C. I. 715): Cyanole Extra, 612.5 in H2O (606.3 with alkali); 611.3 in EtOH (267q). Cyanole FF, 622 on silk (627). C25H29N2O(Cl).—o-Ethoxymalachite green: 606.7 in H2O; 603.3 in EtOH (i 55 ). p-Ethoxymalachite green: 605.3 in H2O; 605.8 in EtOH (155). C2oH3oN3(Cl).—Hexamethyl-p-rosaniline (Crystal Violet, C. T. 681): 590.5, 539.5 in H2O; 591.1, 544.5 in EtOH (l 55 ); ultra-

violet bands at 305, 249 in EtOH (260 with NH3) (352); diacid salt, 626 (2% H2SO4); triacid salt 490-495 (HCl) (314); triacid salt, 440, (312), 261 (H2SO4) (219); influence of concn. (269) ; dyeings ( 522 , 627); jake wjth paper stock (265); Jn sond form, 540 (269) ; dye base, 590 in EtOH; 588 in Me2CO; 490-495 in C6H6 (677); pseudo-base, 262 in EtOH (213); resorcinol addition product (2 7 8); cyanide, 268 in EtOH (381); cf. (2Q, 54q, ill, il4q, 162q, 218, 274q, 276, 299q, 461, 463, 465, 518q).

C26H26N3O2(OAc).—Tetramethyl-p-diaminodiphenyl-o-methylisatinylcarbinol acetate: 594.3, 503.7 in H2O ( 5 40). Tetramethyl-7?-diaminodiphenyl-p-methylisatinylcarbinol acetate: 626.2 in H2O ( 54 <>). C26H3iN2(Cl).—p-Isopropylmalachite green: 614, 440 in H2O; 462 in dil. H2SO4 (2 7 I). C26H32N3(Cl).—m-Dimethylamino-o-methylmalachite green : 618.9 in H2O; 620.7 in EtOH (l 55 ). m-Dimethylamino-p-methylmalachite green: 614.4 in H2O; 615.6 in EtOH (i 55 ). p-Dimethylamino-0-methylmalachite green: 589.2, 545.5 in H2O; 598.8, 551.5 in EtOH (l55). p-Dimethylamino-m-methylmalachite green: 589.3, 534.8 in H2O; 590.6, 542.5 in EtOH (i 55 ). Triethylrosaniline (Hofmann's Violet, C. I. 679): 540 in H2O (coned.); 585 (dil.) (269); c/. (231). C26H33ClN3(Cl).—Heptamethyl-p-rosaniline (Methyl Green, C. I. 684): infra-red abs., 0.7, (2.0?), 3.0, 3.9, (4.5?), (5.1?), (5.5?), 6.3, 7.4, 8.8, 10.3M (296); c/. (3, 162q, 269, 511).

C2TU2TN3O6S2.—Tetramethyltriaminodiphenyl-a-naphthylcarbinoldisulfonic acid anhydride, Na salt (C. I. 733): Intensive Blue, 612, (540) in H2O (coned.); 615 (dil.) (269). C2TH32N2O6S2.—Tetraethyldiaminotriphenylcarbinol-2, 4-disulfonic acid anhydride, Na salt (C. I. 672): Xylene Blue VS, 640 in H2O; 632.5 in EtOH (267q). Tetraethyldiaminotriphenylcarbinol-2, 5-disulfonic acid anhydride: Na salt, Alphazurine 2G, 640 in H2O; 631.3 in EtOH (267q).

C2TH32N2UTS2.—2,4-Disulfo-5-hydroxytetraethyldiaminotriphenylcarbinol anhydride, Ca salt (C. I. 712): Patent Blue V, 637.5 in H2O (627.5 with alkali); 630 in EtOH (267q) ; ultra-violet bands, 390, 305 (419); 410, 308 in EtOH (352); dyeings ("2). C2TU32N2O3S.—o-Sulfotetraethyldiaminotriphenylcarbinol anhydride: Na salt, 630.8 in H2O O 55 ). C2TU33N2 (Cl).—Tetraethyl-p-diaminotriphenylcarbinol anhydride chloride (Brilliant Green, C. I. 662): infra-red abs., 0.7, 1.3, (5.2), 6.4, 7.1, 7.5, (8.5), 9.O9 9.8,10.8,11..SM (296); 623 in H2O (155); influence of concn. ( 2ß 9); influence of temp. ( 426 ); dyeings (522, 627); solid dye ( 54 6); ultra-violet bands at 429, 313 in EtOH (352).

C27H33N2O(Cl).—m-Hydroxybrilliant

green:

623.6 in H2O

(155).

C27H34N3(Cl).-o-Dimethyl crystal violet: 605 in H2O; 605, 560.3 in EtOH; 605.8, 562.5 in AmOH (l 55 ). Tetraethyl-p-rosaniline: 591.4, 517.7 in H2O; 582.5, 533 in EtOH; 580.7, 535.7 in AmOH (l 55 ). C29H2i(Cl).—Phenyldiphenylnaphthylchloromethane: 595, 495 in HOAc-H2SO4 mixture; 620, 495 in C6H5OH (98). C29H23NO2.-p-Dimethylamino-p-dihydroxyphenyldinaphthylcarbinol anhydride: 730 in H2O (492 with acid) ( 467 ). C29H29N4(OAc).—p-Azobenzenemalachite green: 572 in EtOH + 1 mol HCl (Hi). C 29 H 29 N 4 O (OAc).—m-Azobenzene-o-hydroxymalachite green : 557 in EtOH + 1 mol HCl (i"). pÂzophenolmalachite green: 556 in EtOH + 1 mol HCl (11I). m-Azophenolmalachite green: 565 in EtOH + 1 mol HCl (111J. C29H29N4O2(OAc).—p-Azoresorcinolmalachite green: 565 in EtOH + 1 mol HCl ( 11 I).

w-Azophenol-0-hydroxymalachite green: 565 in EtOH + 1 mol HCl (Hi). C29H29N4O3(OAc).—p-Azopyrogallolmalachite green: 567 in EtOH + 1 mol HCl (in). 029H30N3(Cl).—p-Phenylaminomalachite green: 594, 538.5 in H2O; 094, 549.5 in EtOH; 094, 552.6 in AmOH (31); cf. (152). 029H 32 N 3 (Cl).—Tetramethylethyltriaminodiphenyl-a-naphthylcarbinol chloride (Victoria Blue R, C. I. 728): 565 in H 2 O (coned.); 605 (dil.) ( 269 ). C30H28N3(Cl).-Acridylmalachite green: 642 in H2O (523). C3oH3iN4O(OAc).—p-Azoanisolemalachite green: 561 in EtOH + lmol HCl (Hi). C30H32N3(Cl).—p-Benzylaminomalachite green: 583.S1 526.7 in H2O; 583.3, 537.5 in EtOH; 583.5, 540.5 in AmOH (155); c/. (152). C3iH33N3O9S3.—Benzylpentamethyltriaminotriphenylcarbinoltrisulfonic acid anhydride (Na salt, Acid Violet 4BN, C. I. 695) : 550 in H2O (coned.); 590 (dil.) (269). C3iH34N3(Cl).—Benzylpentamethyl-p-rosaniline (Benzyl Violet, C. I. 683): 587, 535.7 in H2O (152);V- ( 274q ). C3IH34N5(OAc).—p-Azodimethylanilinemalachite green: 557 in EtOH + 1 mol HCl (i"). C3IH42N3(Cl).-Hexaethyl-p-rosaniline (Ethyl Violet, C. I. 682): 696.1, 545.5 in H2O; 596, 550.5 in EtOH; 696.6, 552.6 in AmOH (155); influence of concn. (269, 274q). C32H28N3(Cl).—Diphenylrosaniline and homologs (C. I. 689): Aniline Blue 2B (51U, 528q). C32H29N3O4S.—Diphenyltriaminodiphenyltolylcarbinolsulfonic acid (Na salt, with triphenyl isomer, Alkali Blue, C. I. 704): (334q).

C32H35N3Oi0S3.—Tetramethyl-p-tolyltriaminoethoxytriphenylcarbinoltrisulfonic acid anhydride (Na salt, C. I. 717): Pontacyl Violet 6BN, 540, 620 in H2O (coned.); 620 (dil.); 610 in EtOH (269). Acid Violet 6BN (B), dyeings (522). C32H36N3 (Cl).—Tetramethylethylbenzyl-p-rosaniline : 585.7, 535.7 in H2O (152). C33H32N3(Cl).—Tetramethylphenyltriaminodiphenyl-a-naphthyl carbinol anhydride chloride (Victoria Blue B, C. I. 729): 618.8, (567) in H2O (155); 565 in H2O (coned.); 615 (dil.) (269). Base, 605 in EtOH; 482 in C6H6 (677). C34H34N3 (Cl).—Pentamethyl-a-naphthyl-p-rosaniline (Victoria Blue 4R, C. I. 690): 545 in H2O (coned.); 590 (dil.) (269); cf. ( 3 ). C34H39N3O3S.—Methyltetraethylphenyltriaminotriphenylcarbinolsulfonic acid anhydride (C. I. 700): Alkali Violet R, 540 in H2O (coned.); 590 (dil.) (269). C35H33N6O (OAc).—p-Azobenzeneazophenolmalachite green : 558 in EtOH + 1 mol HCl (Hi). m-Azobenzeneazophenolmalachite green: 578 in EtOH + 1 mol HCl (Hi). C35H34N6O.—p, p'-Disazodimethylanilinetriphenylcarbinol: 505 in coned. HCl (Hi). C35H34N6O2.—p-Hydroxy-p', p''-disazodimethylanilinetriphenylcarbinol: 514 in coned. HCl ( 1 U). C 36 H 38 Nr(OAc).—p-Azobenzeneazodimethylanilinemalachite green: 558 in EtOH + 1 mol HCl (Hi). C37H29N3O6S2.—Triphenyltriaminotriphenylcarbinoldisulfonic acid anhydride (Na salt, C. I. 705): Soluble Blue (DuP.), 550 in H2O (coned.); 560 (dil.) (269). C37H29N3O9S3.—Triphenyltriaminotriphenylcarbinoltrisulfonic acid anhydride (Na salt, C. I. 706): Methyl Blue, ultra-violet band at (380) in H2O (301 with NH3) (352). C37H30N3 (Cl).—Triphenyl-p-triaminotriphenylcarbinol anhydride chloride: 594.8 in EtOH (155); 594.3 in H2O (151).

C37H3iN3O4S.—Triphenyltriaminotriphenylcarbinolsulfonicacid anhydride (Na salt, C. I. 703): Methyl Alkali Blue (M. L. B.), 585 in H2O (coned.); 590 (dil.) (269); Alkali Blue (305) in H2O (300 with NH3) (352). C37H36N2O6S2.—Dibenzyldiethyldiaminotriphenylcarbinol-2, 4disulfonic acid anhydride (Na salt, C. I. 673): 637.5 in H2O; 630 in EtOH (267q). Dibenzyldiethyldiaminotriphenylcarbinol-2, 5-disulfonic acid anhydride: Na salt, 637.5 in H2O; 630 in EtOH (267q). Dibenzyldiethyldiaminotriphenylcarbinoldisulfonic acid anhydride (Na salt, Guinea Green, C. I. 666): infra-red abs., 0.7, 3.1, 5.2, 6.4, 7.2, 7.5, (8.2), 9.0, 9.8, 10.8, 11.3/* (296); dyeings (522); c/. (21Id).

C37H36N2O7S2.—2, 4-Disulfo-5-hydroxydibenzyldiethyldiaminotriphenylcarbinol anhydride (Ca salt, Patent Blue A, C. I. 714): 637.5 in H2O; (627.5 in alk.); 630 in EtOH (267q). C37H36N2O9S3.—Dibenzyldiethyldiaminotriphenylcarbinol-p, pf, o"-trisulfonie acid anhydride (NH4 salt, Alphazurine FG, C. I. 671): 630 in H2O; 628.8 in EtOH (267q). Dibenzyldiethyldiaminotriphenylcarbinol-p, pf, p"-trisulfonic acid anhydride (Na salt, C. I. 670): 634, 425, 317 in H2O (i™q) ; 433, 313 in EtOH (311, 264 with NH3) (352); dyeings (522, 590); c/.

(419q, 422q, 519q).

C37H36N2Oi0S3.—Fast Green FCF (p-hydroxyerioglaucine A): disodium salt, 628 in H2O; trisodium salt, 611; indicator application (283Q). C37H37N3O6S2.—Tetramethyl-p-diaminodibenzyl-m-aminotriphenylcarbinoldisulfonic acid anhydride (Na salt, C. I. 691): Fast Green extra, 628, 590 in H2O (coned.); 622 (dil.); Fast Green CR and extra blue shade, 630 in coned, and dil. soins. ( 26 9). C37H3SN3(Cl).—Tetramethyldibenzyl-p-triaminotriphenylcarbinol anhydride chloride: 588, 532 in H2O; 588.5, 542.5 in EtOH; 588.8, 544.5 in AmOH (152). C37H39N7O.—p-Dimethylamino-p', p"-disazodimethylanilinetriphenylcarbinol: 516 in coned. HCl (m). C38H33N3(Cl),-Triphenylrosaniline: 596.1 in EtOH (155); 597.4 in H2O (isi). C3SH42N3(Cl).—Tetraethyl-p-tolyltriaminodiphenyl-a-naphthylcarbinol anhydride chloride (Night Blue, C. I. 731): 570 in H2O (coned.); 620 (dil.) (269). C40H35N3O9S3.—Trimethyltriphenyltriaminotriphenylcarbinoltrisulfonic acid anhydride (Na salt, C. I. 708) : Hoechst New Blue, 311 in H2O (306 with NH3) (352). C4iH3sN8.—p-Azobenzene-p', p''-disazodimethylanilinetriphenylmethane: 507 in coned. HCl (Hi). C4IH38N8O.—p-Azophenol-p', p"-disazodimethylanilinetriphenylmethane: 507 in coned. HCl ("i). C4IH46N3O6S2.—Dibenzyltetraethyltriaminotriphenylcarbinoldisulfonic acid anhydride (Na salt, C. I. 698): Pontacyl Violet C4B, 540in H2O (coned.); 590 (dil.) (269); c/. (276); Formyl Violet S4B, 599.8 on silk (627). C43H43N9.—p-Trisazodimethylanilmetriphenylmethane: 507 in coned. HCl (Hi). C46H48N4(OAc)2.-Dimalachite green (diacetate): 622 (Hi). Miscellaneous: Acid Violet, 300 in H2O (309 with NH3) (251); Acid Violet 4B extra (By), 530 in H2O (coned.); 575 (dil.) (269); Acid Violet.6B, 535 in H2O (coned.); 570 (dil.) (269); c/. (419); Alkali Blue 6B (By), 590in H2O (coned.); 580 (dil.) (269); Bavarian Blue DSF, 580 in H2O (coned.); 595 (dil.) (269); Corallin, 460 in EtOH (coned.); 480 (dil.) (269); c/. (299q) ; Cotton Blue 6B extra, 311 in EtOH (294 with NH3) (352); Guinea Violet 4B, dyeings (522); Iodine Green (231); Methyl Blue, infra-red abs., 0.7, 3.3, 5.2, 6.5, 7.3, 8.7, 9.5, 10.2, 10.4, (10.8), 11.4/* (296); Neptune Green, infra-red abs. (296); New Patent Blue, 625 in H2O; 617.5 in EtOH (26q) ; New Patent Blue 4B, 615 in H2O, 608.8 in EtOH

(267q); PontacylBlueR,575inH20 (coned.), 620 (dil.) (269) ; pure Blue, 595 on cotton, 60O1 580 on silk ( 522 ); Water Blue, influence of concn. (299); Water Blue 6B, 305 («»«). TABLE 4.—PHTHALEINS AND SULFONPHTHALEINS 6

3

HO/\5

7

4/NoH

U8 xy\c/Ui

2

I °

5 3 6'/\

U'

C20H9I5O4.—Pentaiodophenolphthalein ("probably two isomers"): 596 in alk. H2O (462). C20Hi0Br4O4.—2, 3, 6, 7-Tetrabromophenolphthalein: 580, 392, 305 in alk. H2O; 588, 311.5 in alk. EtOH (288q); 529 in H2SO4 (454); cf. (45q, 287, 441, 445, 460, 638q).

3', 4', 5', 6'-Tetrabromophenolphthalein: 583 in alk. H2O (462); 501 in H2SO4 (454). C20Hi0Cl4O4.-Tetrachloro-o, p-phenolphthalein: 576 (473). 2, 3, 6, 7-Tetrachlorophenolphthalein: 581.5, 303 in alk. H2O; 590, 309 in alk. EtOH; 530 in H2SO4 (460); cf. («q, 638q). 3', 4', 5', 6'-Tetrachlorophenolphthalein: 303, 281, 272, 250 in abs. EtOH (178); 575, 302, 278 in alk. H2O; 583, 364, 280 in alk. EtOH (288q) ; cft (45q, 287, 467, 638q).

C= O

4' See also Table 5 for other so-called phthaleins CI9H I0Br2Cl2O5S. —Dibromodichlorophenols u l f o n p h t h a l e i n ("Brom chlor phenol blue"): 596 in alk. soin. («H); cf. (433Q). Ci9Hi0Br4O5S.—2, 3, 6, 7-Tetrabromophenolsulfonphthalein ("Brom phenol blue"): 593 in alk. soin. (8U); 440 in acid soin. (613q); c/. (58, 433q, 465).

Ci9Hi2Br2O5S.—Dibromophenolsulfonphthalein ("Brom phenol red"): 574 in alk. soin. (8iq); cf. (*33q). Ci9Hi2Cl2O5S.—Dichlorophenolsulfonphthalein ("Chlor phenol red"): 573 in alk. soin. (8iq) ; cf. (433Q). Ci9Hi4O5S.-Phenolsulfonphthalein ("Phenol red"): 559 in alk. H2O; 507 in acid H2O, 435 in "mid-form" (*™);483, (318), 265 in H2O; 009, (429, 396, 320, 284), 270 in abs. EtOH; 50O1 376, (327), 265 in coned. H2SO4; 562, 360, 288 in alk. H2O (178S); cf. (45, 58, 66q, 2 7 1 , 288q, 433q, 455, 461, 465).

C20Hi0I4O4.—2, 3, 6, 7-Tetraiodophenolphthalein: 593.5, 400, 312.5 in alk. H2O; 597, 313 in alk. EtOH (288q) ; c/. (4Bq, 287, 454, 458).

C20HnBr3O4.—2, 3, 6-Tribromophenolphthalein : 577 in alk. H2O (462); c/. (638q).

3' (4' or 5'), 6'-Tribromophenolphthalein: 576 in alk. H2O (462). C20Hi2Br2Os.—2, 3-Dibromophenolphenylphthalein: 568 in alk. H2O (454).

C20Hi2Br2O4.—2, 3-Dibromophenolphthalein: 570 in alk. H2O (462); 506 in H2SO4 (460). 3, 6-Dibromophenolphthalein: 569 in alk. H2O (462) ;c /. (638q). 3', 5'-Dibromophenolphthalein: 571 in alk. H2O (462). 3', 6'-Dibromophenolphthalein: 573 in alk. H2O ( 462 ). C20Hi2Br2O6.—3, 6-Dibromocatecholphthalein: 720, 489 in alk. H2O (454-).

C20Hi2Cl2O4.—2, 3-Dichlorophenolphthalein: 569 in alk. H2O 505 in H2SO4 (460). 2, 7-Dichlorophenolphthalein: 570 in alk. H2O (460). 4, 5-Dichlorophenolphthalein: 597 in alk. H2O (454). C20Hi2N2O8,-3', 5'-Dinitrophenolphthalein: 582 (473). C20Hi3BrO4.—Phenol-p-bromophenolphthalein: 559 in alk. H2O

Ci9Hi4O7S.-Catecholsulfonphthalein: 600 in NaHCO3 soin.; (476). 557 in dil. HCl (461). 3-Bromophenolphthalein: 561.5 in alk. H2O (462). C20H4CIi0O4.-!, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 4', 5'-Dekachlorophenol4-Bromophenolphthalein: 567 in alk. H2O (462). phthalein: 642 in alk. H2O (462). 3'-Bromophenolphthalein: 566 in alk. H2O (462). C20H6Br4Cl4O4.-2, 3, 6, 7-Tetrabromo-3/, 4', 5', 6'-tetrachlorophenolphthalein: 610, 377, 304 in alk. H2O; 615, 306 in alk. EtOH 4'-Bromophenolphthalein: 556 in alk. H2O (462). (288q) ; c/. (45q, 287). 5'-Bromophenolphthalein: 561 in alk. H2O (462). C20Hi3ClO4,- 1-Chlorophenolphthalein: 564 in alk. H2O (462). C20H6Br8O4,-2, 3, 6, 7, 3', 4', 5', 6'-Octabromophenolphthalein : 2-Chlorophenolphthalein: 560 in alk. H2O; 502 in H2SO4 (460). 608 in alk. H2O; 577 in H2SO4 (454). 3'-Chlorophenolphthalein: 563 in alk. H2O (462). C20H6Cl4I4O4,-3', 4', 5', 6'-Tetrachloro-2, 3, 6, 7-tetraiodoC20Hi3IO4,- 1-Iodophenolphthalein: 568.5 in alk. H2O (462). phenolphthalein: 621, 389, 308.5 in alk. H2O; 625, 308 in alk. EtOH (288q); c/. (45q, 287). C20Hi3NO6.-3'-Nitrophenolphthalein: 570 in alk. H2O (467). 4/-Nitrophenolphthalein: 542 (473). C20H7Br7O4.—2, 3, 6, 7, 3', 4' (?), 5'-Heptabromophenolphthal5'-Nitrophenolphthalein: 570 (473); c/. (467). ein: 609 in alk. H2O (462). TW-Nitro-o, p'-phenolphthalein: 588 in alk. H2O (456). C20H8Br6O4.-2, 3, 4 (?), 6, 7, 5' (?)-Hexabromophenolphthalein: 605 in alk. H2O (462). C20Hi3O4.—"Bridged phenolphthalein" (in 4, 5 positions): 555 2, 3, 6, 7, 3', 5'-Hexabromophenolphthalein: 602 in alk. H2O (ll1). (462). C20Hi4O2.-Diphenylphthalide: (283, 276, 269, 259, 253) in 2, 3, 6, 7, 3', 6'-Hexabromophenolphthalein: 606 in alk. H2O EtOH; 446, (408), 305, 253 in coned. H2SO4 (490q). (462). C20Hi4O3.—Phenylphenolphthalein (p-hydroxydiphenylphthal2, 3, 6, 7, 4', 5' (?)-Hexabromophenolphthalein: 592 in alk. H2O ein): 395 in alk. H2O (464); 262 in EtOH; 470 in H2SO4 (««); cf. (462).

(470).

C20H9Br4IO4.-2, 3, 6, 7-Tetrabromo-4-iodophenolphthalein: 600 in alk. H2O (462). C20H9Br4NO6.—2, 3, 6, 7-Tetrabromo-3/-nitrophenOlphthalein: 597 in alk. H2O (467). 2, 3, 6, 7-Tetrabromo-5'-nitrophenolphthalein: 599 in alk. H2O

C20Hi4O4.—Isophenolphthalein (o, p'-phenolphthalein) : 285, 277 in EtOH; (500), 449, (426), (286), (260) in H2SO4; 294, 243 in 33% KOH soin.; 590, 410 in alk. EtOH (487); 552 in alk. soin.

(467).

C20H9Br6O4.—2, 3, 4, 6, 7-Pentabromophenolphthalein : 602 in alk. H2O (462). 2, 3, 6, 7, 3'-Pentabromophenolphthalein: 597 in alk. H2O (462). 2, 3, 6, 7 (4' or 5')-Pentabromophenolphthalein: 592 in alk. H2O (462).

(475); & (490).

Phenolphthalein: 284, 277 in EtOH; 494, 391, (324, 281, 260) in coned. H2SO4; 560, (367, 294), 253m EtOH +KOH; 296,248m3Z% aq. KOH (490); 552.5, 369, 286 in alk. H2O; 562, 364 in alk. EtOH (288q); 570 in alk. Me2CO ( S O I ) ; Cf. (13, 45, 58, 111, 156, 178, 195, 197, 262q, 287, 433q, 439q, 441, 442, 444q, 445, 454, 458, 461, 487, 583q, 638q).

Phenolisophthalein: 560 in alk. H2O (461).

C20H14O4.-Phenolterephthalein: 550 in alk. H2O ( 4 ^); cf. (462).

C2iHi7NO3.—Phenolmethylanilinephthalein: 576 in alk. H2O (455).

m-Methylaminoisophenolphthalein: 640 in alk. H2O ( 456 ). Resorcinolphenylphthalein: 498 in H2SO4 ( 454 ). C2iHi8O6S.—o-Cresolsulfonphthalein ("Cresol Red") : 437, (318), C20Hi4O6.—3'-Hydroxyphenolphthalein: 556 in H2O with 287 in H2O; 625, (426), 406, (320), 276 in abs. EtOH; 509,381, (284, NaOH; 562 with NaHCO8 ( 467 ). 78 4'-Hydroxyphenolphthalein : 542 in alk. H2O; 481 in H2SO4 ( 454 ). 265) in coned. H2SO4; 573, 367, 294 in alk. aq. soin, O ); cf. Phenolpyrocatecholphthalein : 579 in alk. H2O; 552 in H2SO4 (58q, 66q, 433q). m-Cresolsulfonphthalein ("Metacresol Purple"): 580 in alk. (455 ); c/. (550). 8 Phenolhydroquinolphthalein (p-Hydroxyisophenolphthalein) : soin.; 533 in acid soin. ( I*). C2iH18O7S.—Guaiacolsulfonphthalein: 608 in alk. H2O; 565 in 498 in alk. H2O(Moir?). 455 C20Hi4O6.—3', 6'-Dihydroxyphenolphthalein: 549 in H2O with N HCl; 570 in H2SO4 ( ). C22H14Br4O4.—Tetrabromophenolphthalein ethyl ester (638q). NaOH; 563 with NaHCO3 ( 467 ). C22Hi4Cl4O4.—o-Cresol-3', 4', 5', 6'-tetrachlorophthalein : 305, 4', S'-Dihydroxyphenolphthalein: 558 in H2O with NaOH; 568 282, 275, 253 in abs. EtOH O 78 ). 467 with NaHCO3 ( ). C22Hi4O8.—o-Dicarboxyphenolphthalein: 559 in alk. H2O ( 454 ). Pyrocatecholphthalein: alkaH salt, 635 in H2O; 600 in dû. NaOH m-Dicarboxyphenolphthalein : 559 in alk. H2O ( 454 ). soin.; 543.5 in H2SO4 («6); c/. (197, 454, 550). C22Hi4Oi0.-Protocatechuicphthalein: 612 in alk. H2O ( 4 S 4 ). C20Hi4O10S2.—2, 7-Disulfophenolphthalein: 577 in alk. H2O C22Hi6Br2O4.—o-Dibromo-0-cresolphthalein: 578 in alk. H2O; (454). 530.5 in H2SO4 ( 4 54). 4 C20Hi6NO3.—Phenolanilinephthalein: 558 in alk. H2O ( SS). C22Hi6Br2O6.—Dibromoguaiacolphthalein: 673 in alk. H2O C20Hi6NO4.—o-Amino-o, p'-phenolphthalein : 570 in alk. H2O (4S4). 456 (473)j (value given in ( ) is erroneous). C22Hi6O6.—p-Carboxyisophenolphthalein methyl ether: 558 in C20Hi6N2O4.—o-Diaminophenolphthalein : 630 in alk. H2O alk. H2O; 503 in H2SO4 (456). (454); (value of 610 given in (172) for "diaminophenolphthalein"). C22Hi8O4.—o-Cresolphthalein: 569.5 in alk. H2O; 577 in alk. C2iHi2Cl4O4.—Tetrachloro-0, p'-phenol-w-cresolphthalein : 590 EtOH (156); 587 in AmOH ( 4 S 8 ); 284, 277 in abs. EtOH; 508, 386, ( 473 ). (322), 282, (267), 234 in coned. H2SO4 O 78 ); cf. («s, 197, 454, C2IHi4Br2O4.—2, 3-Dibromo-6-methylphenolphthalein: 573 in 476). alk. H2O; 511 in H2SO4 (460). m-Cresolphthalein: 576 in alk. H2O; 583 in alk. EtOH (««); cf. 2, 3-Dibromo-8-methylphenolphthalein: 584 in alk. H2O; 521 (197, 457, 476). 4 in H2SO4 ( 60). Phenolphthalein dimethyl ether: 518 in H2SO4; 521 in CHCl3 C2iHi4Br4O6S.—2, 3, 6, 7-Tetrabromo-w-cresolsulfonphthalein + SnCl2 (314); cf. (4S7). ("Bromcresol Green"): 614 in alk. H2O; 619 in alk. EtOH (2«*); Phenol-ast/m.-o-xylenolphthalein: 578 in alk. H2O (476). Cft (81 q, 433). Phenol-ad/.-0-xylenolphthalein : 575 in alk. H2O ( 476 ). C2IHi4Cl4O6S.—2, 3, 6, 7-Tetrachloro-ra-cresolsulfonphthalein Phenol-4-hydroxy-o-xylenephthalein: 573 in alk. H2O (473). ("Chlorcresol Green"): 612 in alk. soin. («Hi). Phenol-a^.-w-xylenolphthalein: 570 in alk. H2O (476). C2iHi4O6.—Phenyl-o-hydroxybenzoic acid-phthalein (hydroxyPhenol-as2/ra.-ra-xylenolphthalein: 573 in alk. H2O ( 476 ); cf. diphenylphthalide-o-carboxylic acid): 420 in weakly alk. H2O (473). (464) ; 471 in H2SO4 ( 47 O). Phenol-sî/w.-w-xylenolphthalein: 572 in alk. H2O ( 476 ). Phenyl-p-hydroxybenzoic acid-phthalein: 486 in alk. H2O ( 457 ). Phenol-p-xylenolphthalein: 574 in alk. H2O ( 4 76) ; cf. ( 47 3). C2iHi4O6.—Phenolphthalein-o-carboxylic acid: 561 in H2O with C22Hi8O6.—Phenolhydroquinolphthalein ethyl ether: 552, (490) NH3; 567 with NaOH ( 4 56). in alk. H2O ( 4 S7). Isophenolphthalein-ra-carboxylic acid: 562 in very weak alkali; C22Hi8O6.—Guaiacolphthalein: 597 in alk. H2O; 602 in alk. 570 in strong alkaH; 502 in H2SO4 ( 4 56). EtOH (156); c/. (197, 454). C2iHi6BrO4.—Phenolbromo-o-cresolphthalein: 570 in alk. H 2 O 3', 6'-Dimethoxyphenolphthalein: 568 in alk. H2O (467). (476). 4', 5'-Dimethoxyphenolphthalein : 556 in alk. H2O ( 467 ). 476 Phenolbromo-p-cresolphthalein : 569 in alk. H2O ( ). 5', e'-Dimethoxyphenolphthalein: 571 in alk. H2O ( 467 ). C2iHi6IO4.—2-Iodo-3-methylphenolphthalein: 576 in alk. H2O C22Hi9NO2.—Phenyldimethylanilinephthalein: 480 in alk. H2O (473).

Phenol-6-iodo-o-cresolphthalein: 576 in alk. H2O ( 476 ). C2iHi6Br2O6S.—Dibromo-o-cresolsulfonphthalein ("Bromcresol Purple"): 591 in alk. H2O (ssq); cf. (66q). Ultra-violet abs. (21). C2IHi6O3.-Phenyl-0-cresolphthalein: 564 in alk. H2O ( 4 54). Phenyl-m-cresolphthalein: 506 in H2SO4 ( 4 57). C21Hi6O4.-Phenol-0-cresolphthalein: 562 in alk. H2O ( 47 6); cf. (455).

(464).

C22Hi9NO3.—Phenoldimethylanilinephthalein : 587.5 in alk. H 2 O ( 4 SS); 430 in H2SO4 (470). C22H20OeS.—Hydroxyisopropylphenolsulfonphthalein : 598 in alk. H2O; 507 in acid H2O (271). C23Hi4O6.—Phenolcoumarinphthalein: 565 in alk. H 2 O (455). C23Hi6NO7S.—Phenolquinosolphthalein: 598 in alk. H2O; 520 in H2SO4 ( 4 SS). C23H20O4.—Phenolpseudocumenolphthalein : 581 in alk. H2O

Phenol-ra-cresolphthalein: 569 in alk. H2O; 526 in H2SO4 ( 457 ); (476). cf. ( 47 *). Phenol-p-cresolphthalein: 563 in alk. H2O ( 476 );572 in alk. H2O; C23H22O6S.—Phenolsulfonphthalein diethyl ether: (509, 402, 487 in H2SO4 (456). 310, 282, 275, 268) in EtOH (178). Phenolphthalein methyl ether: 555 in alk. H2O; 503 in H2SO4 C23H24N2O3S.—ozs-Dimethylanilinesulfonphthalein: 593 in H2O; 634 in acid H2O ( 4 Gi). (457). Phenolphthalein methyl ester: 560 in alk. H2O (567 in strong C24Hi2Cl4O4.—Tetrachloro-o, p - phenol- a-naphtholphthalein : alkali); 523 in H2SO4 ( 4 S*); cf. ( 4 39). 630 ( 47 S). C2iH I6O6.—Phenolguaiacolphthalein : 580 in alk. H2O; 525 in C24Hi6O3.-Phenyl-a-naphtholphthalein: ( 4 54, 467). H2SO4 ( 4 SS). C 24 Hi 6 O 4 .—p, o'-Phenol-a-naphtholphthalein: 612 in alk. H2O (476) ;c/ . (455). 5'-Methoxyphenolphthalein: 565 in alk. H2O ( 467 ).

C24Hi6O4.—P1 p'-Phenol-a-naphtholphthalein: 601 in NH4OH soin.; 587 in coned. H2SO4 (473) ; c/. (476). Phenol-0-naphtholphthalein: 570 in alk. H2O (476) ; c/. (467). C24Hi6O5.—Resorcinol-a-naphtholphthalein: 468 in alk. H2O (197).

C24HnNO3.—Phenol-a-naphthylaminephthalein: 740 in alk. H2O (455). C24Hi8Cl4O4.—Tetrachloro-o, p'-phenolthymolphthalein: 597 (473).

p-Xylenoltetrachlorophthalein: 625 ( 473 ). C24Hi8O8.-Methyl salicylate phthalein: 557 in alk. H2O (454). C24H20O4.—Phenoltetrahydro-a-naphtholphthalein: 584 in alk. H2O (476) ; 530 in H2SO4 (455). C24H22O4.-Phenolcarvacrolphthalein: 580 in alk. H2O («5); cf. (476). Phenolthymolphthalein: 578 in alk. H2O; 520 in H2SO4 (455); cf. (476). C24H22O4.-*nc.-0-Xylenolphthalein: 593 in alk. H2O (476). wc.-ra-Xylenolphthalein: 581 in alk. H2O ( 476 ). p-Xylenolphthalein: 590 in alk. H 2 O (476) ; c/. (473). C24H22O6.—3', o'-Dimethoxy-o-eresolphthalein: 580 in alk. soin. (195). 195

3, 6'-Dimethoxy-w-cresolphthalein: 585 in alk. soin. ( ). C24H28O4.-Phenolmentholphthalein: 563 in alk. H2O (455). C26Hi8O4.—a-Naphtholmethyl ether phenolphthalein: 470 in alk. soin.; 572 in coned. H2SO4 (473). C25H24O4.—Thymol-ra-cresolphthalein: 590 in alk. H2O; 530 in H2SO4 (457). Thymol-p-cresolphthalein: 595 in alk. H2O (457). C20H26O5S.—o-Cresolsulfonphthalein diethyl ether: 525, (394, 318), (284, 275, 269), 237 in EtOH (178). C26Hi8O6.—Phenolnaphthoxyacetic acid phthalein: 485 in slightly alk. soin.; 592 in coned. H2SO4 (473). C26Hi9NO3.—Phenoldiphenylaminephthalein: 565 in alk. H2O (456).

C26H2iNO3.—Phenoldimethyl-a-naphthylaminephthalein : 625 in alk. soin. ( 467 ). C26H26O4,-p-Ethoxyphenolthymolphthalein: 598 in alk. H2O ( 457 ). C27Hi8O5S.—tt-Naphtholsulfonphthalein: 730 in alk. H2O; 720, 500 in H2SO4 (455). C27H28Br2O6S.—Dibromothymolsulfonphthalein (" Bromthymol Blue")- 61? in alk. H2O (58
C27H30O5S.-Carvacrolsulfonphthalein: 593 in alk. H2O, 603 in alk. EtOH (677). Thymolsulfonphthalein ("Thymol Blue"): 596 in alk. H2O; 544 in acid H 2 O (W); 570 in H2SO4 (4S5) ; c/. (280q, 433q). C28Hi4Br4O4.—a-Naphtholtetrabromophthalein : 678 in alk. H2O; 654 in H2SO4 (454). C28Hi7NO6.-3'-Nitro-a-naphtholphthalein: 730 in alk. H2O (455).

C 28 Hi 8 O 4 .—Oj o'-a-Naphtholphthalein : 671 in alk. H2O; about 625 in coned. H2SO4 (473). P1 p'-«-Naphtholphthalein: 650 in alk. H2O (476) ; cf. (156, 197, 454, 458, 66Q).

Phenol-a-anthrolphthalein: 628 in alk. H2O; 611 in H2SO4 (457). Phenol-/3-anthrolphthalein: 730 in alk. H 2 O (457). C28Hi8O5.—3'-Hydroxy-a-naphtholphthalein: 622 in alk. H2O (454). C28H24O4.—Thymol-a-naphtholphthalein: 633 in alk. H2O ( 457 ). Thymol-0-naphtholphthalein: 700 in alk. H2O (457). C28H26Br4O4.—Thymoltetrabromophthalein: 623 in alk. H2O; 575 in H2SO4 (454).

C28H26O4.-Tetrahydronaphtholphthalein: 602 in alk. H2O (454). C28H28Br2O4.—Dibromocarvaerolphthalein: 623 in alk. H2O (454).

Dibromothymolphthalein: 625 in alk. H2O (454). C28H29NO6.-3'-Nitrothymolphthalein: 602 in alk. H2O (455). C28H30O4.-Carvacrolphthalein: 602 in alk. H2O (156); 554 in H2SO4 (454); c/. (197, 476).

Thymolphthalein: 596.5 in alk. H2O; 603 in alk. EtOH (156); 548 in H2SO4 (454) ; ultra-violet band at 398 in alk. H2O (458); C/. (58q, 197, 476).

C32H26O4.—Thymol-a-anthrolphthalein: "probably" 710 in alk. H2O; 636 in H2SO4 (457). C36H22O4.—a-Anthrolphthalein: 740 in alk. H2O; 720 in H2SO4 ( 457 ).

TABLE 5.—XANTHENE DYES YV0Xf

HO/Y°y\OH

YxV2

YxV2

I

OH

Il

ft'/\9'

6

4/

'V3'

O

«fy-o-o Y S\

N

«U»'

Ci3H8O2.—Xanthone: 333, 282 (also gives data on xanthene) (608); 405, 340 in H2SO4 (470). Ci3H8O3.-3-Hydroxyfluorone: 504 in EtOH + HCl (644). Ci3H8O4,-3, 6-Dihydroxyxanthone: 381 in EtOH + HCl (644).

Ci3H10O2.-Xanthydrol: 450 in H2O (470). Ci3Hi0O4.—3, 6-Dihydroxyxanthydrol: 479 in H2O (465). (Ci5Hi5N2O)2SO4.—si/w.-Dimethyldiaminoxanthenyl sulfate: 583 in EtOH (44q). CnHi8N2O2.—3, 6-Tetramethyldiaminoxanthone : 386.1 in EtOH + HCl (644). Ci7Hi9N2O(Cl).—Tetramethyldiaminoxanthenyl chloride (Pyronine G, C. I. 739): 547.5, 505.6 in H2O; 547.9, 511.2 in EtOH; 548.3, 512.8 in AmOH ' (155); 507 in H2O (coned.), 545 (dil.) (677) ; c/. (ill, 465, 644). Cyanpyronine G; 663, 603, (280, 270) in EtOH (221). Ci9H8Br4O6S.—Tetrabromoresorcinolsulfonphthalein: 527 in alk. H2O (466). Ci9H9Br4NO6.—2, 4, 5, 7-Tetrabromo-4'-nitroresorcinolbenzein: 527 in alk. H2O (466). Ci9Hi0Br2O6S.-Dibromosulfonfluorescein: (497.5), 462, (393, 307, 283, 269), 262, 241 in abs. EtOH; 45O1 (354, 340, 327, 304), 269, (261, 234) in coned. H2SO4 O 77 *). Diacetate: (497), 464, (447), 359, (303), 272, 265, 237 in abs. EtOH 0 77 «). Ci9Hi0Br4O4.—2, 4, 5, 7-Tetrabromoresorcinolbenzein : 519 in alk. H2O (466). Ci9HnNO8S.—4'-Nitroresorcinolsulfonphthalein: 506 in alk. H 2 O (466). Ci9Hi2O6S.-Sulfonfluorescein: (488), 446, (315, 300, 264, 252), 230 in abs. EtOH; 439, (333, 316, 291), 257, (252, 225) in coned. H2SO4; 502.5, (475, 379, 321, 293, 260), 243 in EtOH + KOH; diacetate, (482), 444, (411, 293), 259 in abs. EtOH; dichloride, 309, 299, 266 in abs. EtOH ("7«); Moir reports bands at (522), 497 in alk. H2O and at 576 in N HCl for resorcinolsulfonphthalein (455).

Ci9Hi2O6S.-Hydroquinolsulfonphthalein: (510), 443, 366, 884, (242) in EtOH; (500), 432, 365, 280, (241) in H2O; (488), 403, 370, 274, (241) in coned. H2SO4; 542, 375, 315, 249 in EtOH + KOH; 461, 325, 250 in 33% aq. KOH; dibenzoate, (458), 388> (302), 269, 227 in EtOH (584q). Ci9Hi8BrO4.—3'-Bromoresorcinolbenzein: 497 in alk. H2O (466).

4'-BrOmOFeSOrcinolbenzein: 493 in alk. H2O ( 466 ). 6'-Bromoresorcinolbenzein : 505 in alk. H2O ( 466 ). Ci9Hi3BrO6.—3'-Bromo-4Vhydroxyresorcinolbenzein: 490 in H2O (550 with alkali) (466). Ci9Hi3NO6S.—Resorcinolsaccharein: "spectrum identical with fluorescein" ( 455 ). Ci9Hi3NO6.—4/-Nitroresorcinolbenzein: 500 in alk. H2O (466). Ci9Hi4O4.-Resorcinolbenzein: 490, 459, (433, 370, 317, 312, 276, 270, 253) in EtOH; 446, (348, 295, 262, 251) in EtOH + HCl; 486, (370, 282), 256, 251 in coned. H2SO4; 505, (475, 379), 324, 292, (259), 242 in EtOH + KOH; 498, (384), 327, 285, (256), 239 in 5% aq. KOH ( 4 93q) ; 501 in alk. H2O; 442 in H2SO4 (454) ; 508 in EtOH (514, 478) with alkali) (429). Ci9Hi4O6.—3'-Hydroxyresorcinolbenzein: 494 in H2O (492 with alkali) (466). 4/-Hydroxyresorcinolbenzein: 484 in H2O; 492 in slightly alk. sohi.; 544 with excess alkali (466). 6'-Hydroxyresorcinolbenzein: 492, 430 in H2O (466). Ci9Hi4O6.—Hydroxyquinolbenzein: 500 in EtOH (523 with alkali) (429). Pyrogallolbenzein: 496 in EtOH (535 with alkali) (429). C20H2Ii0O6.—Dekaiodofluorescein: K salt, 549.5 in alk. H2O; 556.5 in alk. EtOH (272). C20H4Br3Cl4IO6.-4, 5, 7-Tribromo-3', 4', 5', 6'-tetrachloro-2iodofluorescein: 543 in alk. H2O (466). C20H4Br4Cl4O3.—Tetrabromotetrachlorofluoran: 311 in EtOH

2, 4, 5, 7-Tetrabromo-4', 5'-dichlorofluorescein : 529 in alk. H 2 O (466).

C20H6Br6O6.—2, 4, 5, 7, 3', 5'-Hexabromofluorescein : 535 in alk. H2O (466). 2, 4, 5, 7, 3', 6'-Hexabromofluorescein: 539 in alk. H2O (466); (538)

7.6, 9.1, (9.9), 10.3, 11.0/* (296); 560 on wool (642); c/. (388q, 39Oq, 391, 418q, 518q).

C20H7Br4NO7.—2, 4, 5, 7-Tetrabromo-3'-nitrofluorescein: 530 in alk. H2O (466). 2, 4, 5, 7-Tetrabromo-5'-nitronuorescein: 529 in alk. H2O (466). C20H7Br6O6.—2, 4, 5, 7, 3'-Pentabromofluoreseein: 529 in alk. H2O (466). 2, 4, 5, 7, S'-Pentabromofluorescein: 526 in alk. H2O (466). C20H7Cl4IO6.—3', 4', 5', 6/-Tetrachloro-2-iodofluorescein: 520 in alk. H2O (466). C20H8Br2N2Og.—2, 7-Dibromo-4, 5-dinitrofluorescein : 522 in alk. H2O (466). 4, 5-Dibromo-2, 7-dinitrofluorescein (C. I. 771): 535 on wool; 530 in gelatin (transmission); 541 (reflection) ( 64 2); 519 in H2O; 530 in SOlid form (677); c/. (162q, 497).

C20H8Br4O6.—2, 4, 5, 7-Tetrabromofluorescein (Na salt, Eosin, C. I. 768): 516, 482.5 in H2O; 527.6, 489.2 in EtOH; 545 in H2SO4 (155); 523 in alk. EtOH (272); 285 in slightly acid EtOH (287); 510 on wool (642); 533 in \% HOAc; 520 in solid form (677); infra-red abs., 0.7, 6.9, (8.4), 9.2, 10.2/* (296);ultra-violet bands in H2O at 344, 303 (352); c/. (335, 418); influence of temp., (57, 426);

(287).

cft

C20H4Br4Cl4O6.-2, 4, 5, 7-Tetrabromo-3', 4', 5', 6'-tetrachlorofluorescein (C. I. 778): K salt, 537.3, 498.5 in H2O; 549.9, 509.5 in EtOH; 474.5 in H2SO4 (155); ultra-violet band at

637).

307 in H2O (352); c/. (272, 287, 466, 637); also (?) (3, 162q, 299, 497, 642).

C20H4Br4I4O6.-2, 4, 5, 7-Tetrabromo-3', 4', 5', 6'-tetraiodofluorescein: 540 in alk. H2O; 551 in alk. EtOH (272). 3', 4', 5', 6'-Tetrabromo-2, 4, 5, 7-tetraiodofluorescein : 548 in alk. H2O; 560 in alk. EtOH (637). C20H4Br8O6.—Octabromofluorescein: 539 in alk. H2O; 550 in alk. EtOH (272); 553 in o.l% HOAc; 520 in solid form (677); c/.

(465).

C20H6Cl2I4O3S2.—2, 4, 5, 7-Tetraiodo-3', 6'-dichlorothiofmorescein: 560 in H2O + NH3; 565 in EtOH + NH3 (637). C20H6Cl2I4O6.—2, 4, 5, 7-Tetraiodo-3', 6'-dichlorofluorescein (C. I. 777): Na salt, 638.1, 499.5 in H2O; 648.7, 508 in EtOH; 483 in H2SO4 (155); 540 in alk. H2O; 556.5 in alk. EtOH (637) ; ultraviolet band at 310 (352) ; infra-red abs., 8, (1.3), 3.5, 5.4, 6.4, 7.0,

(3, 114, 162q, 272, 299, 332, 39Oq, 391q, 445q, 447, 454, 497,

3', 4', 5', 6'-Tetrabromofluorescein: 510 in alk. H2O; 521 in alk. EtOH (272); 438.5 in H2SO4 (454); ^ 473 in solid form (677); c/.

(466, 637).

C20H8Cl4O3.-3', 4', 5', 6'-Tetrachlorofluoran: 309, 295 in EtOH (286).

C20H8Cl4O6.—2, 4, 5, 7-Tetrachlorofluorescein: 518 in alk. H2O (466); (519)

(460).

3', 4', 5', 6'-Tetrachlorofluorescein: 509.5 in alk. H2O; 520 in alk. EtOH (272); ultra-violet abs. (287); c/. (466, 637). C20H8Cl4O7.—3', 4', 5', 6'-Tetrachlorohydroxyhydroquinolphthalein: 577, 530 in alk. H2O (466). (456, 637). C20H8I4O6.—2, 4, 5, 7-Tetraiodofluorescein (Na salt, ErythroC20H4Cl4I4O6.-3', 4', 5', 6'-Tetrachloro-2, 4, 5, 7-tetraiodosin, C. I. 773) : 626, 351, 309, 260 in H2O (i 79q); in EtOH, disodium fluorescein (C. I. 779): Na salt, 547.7, 507.3 in H2O; 658.I1 516.1 279 in EtOH; 490.5 in H2SO4 ("S); 560 on wool (642); c/. (3, 162, 272, salt, 531; monosodium salt, 541; dye acid, 490 ( ); 467.5 in H2SO4 (155); 537.5 on wool (642); 542 on silk (627); c/. (1O); 466, 637). influence of temp. (334q, 335q); infra-red abs. (0.9), 1.9, 3.1, 4.5, C20H4Cl8O6.—Octachlorofluorescein: 537 in alk. H2O (466). 6.4, 6.9, 7.4, 8.1, 9.5, 10.2, 10.8, (11,4) M (296); c/. (114q, 272, 454, C20H4I8O6.—Octaiodofluorescein: 550 in alk. H2O; 558 in alk. 628, 629, 637). EtOH (272).

C20H6Br4Cl3O6.-2, 4, 5, 7-Tetrabromo-3/, 4', 5'-trichlorofluorescein: 536 in alk. H2O (466). C20H6Br7O6.—2, 4, 5, 7, 3', 5', 6'-Heptabromofluorescein : 540 in alk. H2O (466). C20H6Br4Cl2O3S2.-2, 4, 5, 7-Tetrabromo-3', 6'-dichlorothiofluorescein: 520.5 in H2O + NH3; 526.5 in EtOH + NH3 (637). C20H6Br4Cl2O6.-2, 4, 5, 7-Tetrabromo-3/, 5'-dichlorofluorescein: 538 in alk. H2O (466). 2, 4, 5, 7-Tetrabromo-3/, 6'-dichlorofluorescein (C. I. 774): K salt, 689.4, 492 in H2O; 541.1, 501.5 in EtOH; 466 in H2SO4 ( 15 S); 531.5 in alk. H2O; 546.5 in alk. EtOH (637); 545 on wool (642); ultra-violet band at 305 in H2O (352); cft (676q).

3', 4', 5', 6'-Tetraiodofluorescein: 511 in alk. H2O; 522 in alk. EtOH (272); 5S2, 500 in solid form (677). C20H8N4Oi3.—2, 4, 5, 7-Tetranitrofluorescein: 489 in H2O; 523.8 in EtOH (500.4 with alkali) (350). C20H9Br3O5.—2, 4, 7-Tribromofluorescein: 515 in alk. H2O (466).

3', 5' (or 4'), 6'-Tribromofmorescein : 511 in alk. H2O (466). C20H9Cl3O5.—3', 4', 5'-Trichlorofluorescein: 505 in alk. H2O (466).

C20Hi0Br2O6.-2, 7-Dibromofluorescein: 509 in alk. H2O (466) ; 508 (460). 4, 5-Dibromofluorescein: 505 in alk. H2O; 510 in alk. EtOH (272) ; 520, 490 in solid form (677) ; c/. (155, 637).

C20Hi0Br2O6.-3', S'-Dibromonuoreseein: 506 in alk. H2O (466). 3', 6'-Dibromofluorescein: 509 in alk. H2O ( 46 6). C20Hi0Cl2O3.—4, 4'-Dichlorofluoran: 295, 284, 275, 265 in abs. EtOH (494q). C20Hi0Cl2O3S2.—3', 6'-Dichlorothiofluorescein: 530, 503 in H2O H- NH 3 (637). C20Hi0Cl2O5.-3', 6'-Dichlorofluorescein: 505 in alk. H2O; 517.5 in alk. EtOH (637). C20Hi0I2O5.—4, 5-Diiodofluorescein (Na salt, C. I. 772): 507 in alk. H2O; 518 in alk. EtOH (637); 510.8 in H2O (155). C20Hi0N2O9.—4, 5-Dinitrofluorescein: salts ( 497 ). C20Hi0O5S2.-Fluorescein disillùde: 509 in EtOH; 489.2 in alk.

C2iHi4O6.—3'-Methoxyfluorescein: 497 in alk. H2O (466). 4'- (or 5') Methoxyfluorescein: 492 in alk. H2O (466). C2iHi8O2.—o-Cresolbenzein: 437, (347, 285), 278 in EtOH; 515, 406, (297), 274 in EtOH + HCl; 681, 385, 300, (250) in EtOH + KOH; 488, 412, (297, 280), 261 in coned. H2SO4; 356, (296), 251 in coned, aq. KOH (49Bq). C2iH27N2O(Cl).—Tetraethyldiaminoxanthenyl chloride (C. I. 741): 653.9, 514.4 in H2O; 553.7, 513.3 in EtOH; 553.7, 513.3 in AmOH (155). C22H8Br4Cl4O5.-2, 4, 5, 7-Tetrabromo-3', 4', 5', 6'-tetrachloroT-orcinolphthalein: 555, (520) in alk. EtOH (486). C22H12Br4O5.-Eosin ethyl ester (K salt, C. I. 770): 536.7 at H 2 O (395). 20°, 538.4 at 70° in EtOH (57). C20HnBrO5.-3'-Bromofluorescein: 501 in alk. H2O (466). 2, 4, 5, 7-Tetrabromo-a-orcinolphthalein: 572 in alk. H2O (486). 5'-Bromofluorescein: 499 in alk. H2O (466). 2, 4, 5, 7-Tetrabromo-iO-orcinolphthalein: 576 in alk. EtOH (486); 307 in EtOH (287). C20HnNO7.-3'-Nitrofluorescein: 500 in alk. H2O (466). 5'-Nitrofluorescein: 498 in alk. H2O (466). 2, 4, 5, 7-Tetrabromo-r-orcinolphthalein: 521 in alk. H2O (466); C20Hi2O3.-Fluoran: 293, 284, 278, 262 in abs. EtOH; (468, 447, 529 in alk. EtOH (486). 427), 378, (362, 277), 259, (253) inconcd. H2SO4 (494q) ; cf. (287, C22Hi2Cl4O6.—3', 4', 5', e'-Tetrachloro-a-orcinolphthalein: 562 442, 454, 470, 473). in alk. H2O (486). C20Hi2O3S2.-Thiofluorescein: 586 in alk. H2O (172). 3', 4', 5', 6'-Tetrachloro-/3-orcinolphthalein: 294 in EtOH C20Hi2O5.-Fluorescein (Na salt, C. I. 766): 482, 455, (431, 374, (287); 554 in alk. EtOH (486). 3', 4', 5', 6'-Tetrachloro-7-orcinolphthalein: 511.5 in alk. H2O 289, 283), 277 in EtOH; 443, (309, 298, 264, 249) in EtOH + HCl; 432, (329, 311, 290, 256), 250 in coned. H2SO4 (494q) ; Na salt, (466); 521 in alk. EtOH (486). 489.8, 457.2 in H2O; 498.5, 465.7 in EtOH (155); 470on wool (642) ; C22Hi3Br3O6.—Tribromo-ß-orcinolphthalein: 463 in alk. H2O (466). 500, 470 in solid form ( 677 ); influence of temp. ( 57 ); influence of pH (272); infra-red abs., 0.8, (1.3), 3.5, 5.4, 6.4, 7.0, 7.6, 9.1 (9.9), C22Hi4Br2O6.—4, 5-Dibromo-2, 7-dimethylfluorescein: 516 in 10.3, 11.0/z (296); cf. (3, 111, 114, 156, 287, 351q, 395, 418q, 429, alk. H 2 O (466). 441, 444, 445, 447q, 454, 466, 470, 497, 603, 666q). Diacetate, C22Hj6O6.—2, 7-Dimethylfluorescein (Cresorcin): 500 in alk. 291, 282, 273, 262 in abs. EtOH (494q) ; o-toluidide, 533; p-tolui- H2O (466). dide, 557 (396); anilide, 555 (396). a-Orcinolphthalein: 528 in alk. H2O (486); cf. (197, 466). 0-Orcinolphthalein: 536 in alk. H2O (««); cf. (is«); 440 (466) ; Hydroquinolphthalein: (517), 443, 363, 883, (245) in EtOH + HCl; (484), 396, 366, 27I1 (240) in coned. H2SO4; (526), 346, 281 (287); 546 in alk. EtOH (156). 261 in EtOH + KOH; 332, 247 in 33% aq. KOH (584q); 497.5 in T-Orcinolphthalein: 490.5, 453 in alk. H2O (156); 500.5, 461 in H2SO4 (454); alkali salt: 494in H2O (466). 614, 506, 367 (441); 498 alk. EtOH (156); cf. (466, 486). in alk. H 2 O (454); 510.4, (502), 486.5, 456 in EtOH (156); cf. (287, C22H16O7.-3', 6'-Dimethoxyfluorescein: 499 in alk. H2O (466). 444q, 445). Dibenzoate: (299, 282, 272, 232) in EtOH (584q). 4', 5'-Dimethoxyfluorescein: 496 in alk. H2O (466). C20Hi2O6.—3'-Hydroxyfluorescein: 489 in H2O (494 with alkali) C22Hi9N2O3(Cl).—asym.-Dimethylrhodamine chloride: 52^, (466); 420 in H2SO4 (454). 488.5 in H2O; 626.7, 489.2 in EtOH (619.5, 489.2 after standing) (155). 4'- (or 5'-) Hydroxyfluorescein: 492 in H2O (466). o-Hydroxyfluorescein: 523, 498 (473, 550). C23Hi8O8.-3', 4', 5'-Trimethoxyfluorescein: 499 in alk. H2O C20Hi2O7.—1, 8-Dihydroxyfluorescein (Phloroglucinolphthal- (466). ein): 489 in H2O (466); 400 in H2O (156); 496 in alk. H2O C23H20NO3(Cl).—Aporhodamine chloride: 530.7, 491.3, 459 in (197); 500 in alk. EtOH (463 with excess alkali) (156); 433 in EtOH (155). H2SO4 (454). C23H23N2O(Cl).—Tetramethylrosamine chloride: 548.7, 511.2 2, 7-Dihydroxyfluorescein (Hydroxyhydroquinolphthalein) : in H2O; 551.9, 515.1 in EtOH (iss) ; 555, 393, 360 in EtOH (44). 550, 527, 509 in alk. H2O (466); 494.5, 462 in EtOH; 554.5, 503 in C24H20O3.—Tetramethylfluoran: 480, 505 in coned. IJ2SO4 (476). alk. EtOH; 580.5 with Zn salt (156); cf. (197, 429, 550). 4, 5-Dihydroxyfluorescein (Gallein): 505 in slightly alk. H2O; C24H20O5.—3', 6'-Dimethoxy-2, 7-dimethylfluoran: 585 in alk. 540 with excess alkali (156); 561.8 in dil. NaOH + NaSH (395) ; soin. (195). 495 in EtOH (505 with alkali) (429); 522.1 in EtOH with HCl C24H23N2O3(C1).—Tetramethylrhodamine chloride: 546.7, 509 and SnCl2 (395) ; 46l in H2SO4 (454). in H2O; 639.5, 505.6 in EtOH (538.1, 501.6 after standing) (155). 3', 6'-Dihydroxyfluorescein: 493 (466). sz/ra.-Diethylrhodamine chloride: 519.3, 487 in H2O; 516.3, C20Hi2O6S2.-Thiogallein: 526.2 in EtOH with HCl and SnCl2; 483.7 in EtOH (155). 582.3 in EtOH with NaOH and NaSH (395). as^w.-Diethylrhodamine chloride: 527.4, 490.5 in H2O, 527.4, C20Hi6N2O3(Cl).-Rhodamine chloride: 494, 461.4 in H2O; 490.5 in EtOH (523.6, 490 after standing) (155). 600, 468 in EtOH (155). C25H25N2O3(Cl).—as^ra.-Diethylhomorhodamine chloride : C20Hi6O5.—4'-Methoxyresorcinolbenzein: 493 in alk. H2O 630.6, 496.2 in H2O; 527.3, 492.7 in EtOH (155). (466). as^m.-Dimethylhomorhodamine chloride ethyl ester (C. I. 6'-Methoxyresorcinolbenzein : 492, 430 in alk. H2O (466). 753): 533.7, 497.3 in H 2 O; 631.3, 494.8 in EtOH (155). C2IH8Br4Cl2O5.—Phloxine methyl ester (K salt, C. I. 776): C26H27N2O3(Cl).—si/m.-Diethylrhodamine chloride ethyl ester abs. in various solvents (3). (C. I. 752): 521.9, 486.4 in H2O; 524.7, 489.2 in H2SO4 (««); C2IHi0Br4O6.—Eosin methyl ester (K salt, C. I. 769): in H2O, influence of concn. ( 269 ); in various solvents ( 3 ); in solid form 517 at 20°, 519 at 80°; in EtOH, 529.9 at 20°, 531.4 at 70°; in(548); 530 on wool (642). CHCl3, 538.2 at 20°, 539.3 at 60° (664). Triethylrhodamine chloride (C. L 750): 353 in H2O (352) ; 540 on wool (642). C 2 iHi 4 O 2 .—ß, 0-Dinaphthoxanthydrol: 508, 484 (473).

C27Hi8O2.-C-Phenyl-ft /3-dinaphthoxanthydrol: 495, 470 (473). C27Hi9NO4.—Tetraethylrosamine chloride: 563.5, 527.5 in H2O (523). C2SHi0Br4O7.—2, 4, 5, 7-Tetrabromoanthraquinonefluorescein: NH 4 salt, 533 in H2O; 039, 500 in EtOH (649). C2SHi2Br2O7.—4, 5-Dibromoanthraquinonefluorescein: NH 4 salt, 519 in H2O; 525, 491 in EtOH (649). C28Hi4O7.—Anthraquinonefluorescein: NH 4 salt, 506 in H2O; 512, 484 in H 2 O (649). C28Hi6O3.-a-Naphthofluoran: 500, 475 in H2SO4 (467) ; 496, 470 in H2SO4 (473). C28Hi6O5.-a-Naphthofluorescein: 536.2, 496 in alk. H2O; 489.5, 525, 459.5 in EtOH (541.5, 501 with alkali) ( 156 ); cf. (466).

C28H3iNaO3(Cl).—Tetraethylrhodamine chloride (Rhodamine B, C. I. 749): 552.6, 514.6 in H2O; 545.5, 509.6 in EtOH (543.5, 505.6 after standing) (155); infra-red abs., 0.8, (2.0), 3.0, 6.4, 7.3, 8.6, 8.9, (9.6), (ll.O)M (296); influence of concn. (269) ; dyeings (627, 642) ; cf. (3, 481, 5i9q, 666q, 676). Base: 545 in EtOH; 548 with band in the far violet in CeH6 ( 67 7). C30H35N2O3(Cl).—Tetraethylrhodamine chloride ethyl ester (C. I. 751): 555.5, 516.3 in H2O; 551.9, 512.8 in EtOH (155); g60, 525 on wool (522). C32H22N2O6S.—Sulfodiphenyldiamino-o-carboxyphenylxanthenyl (Na salt, Violamine B, C. I. 757): 535 in H2O (coned.); 545 (dil.) (269); 555 On wool (642). C34Hi6O10.—Difluorescein: 495 ( i n ). C34H 26N 2O6S.—SuIf o di-o-tolyldiamino-o-carboxyphenylxanthenyl (Na salt, Violamine R, C. I. 758): 361, 306 in H2O (352); 540 on wool ( 64 2); influence of concn. ( 26 9). C34H34N3O(Cl).-Acridylpyronine B: 580, 534.8 in H2O (523). C34H36N4O2(Cl)2.-Dipyronine G: (668), 538 ("i). C 38 H 34 N 2 O 6 S.—Sulfodimesityldiamino-0-carboxyphenylxanthenyl (Violamine G, C, I. 759): 522.5 in H2O; 535 on wool (642).

C 2 oH 2 iN 2 (ClO 4 ).—0-Dimethylaminobenzylidenequinaldine methyl perchlorate: 455, 350 in EtOH (353 with HCl) (348). p-Dimethylaminobenzylidenequinaldine methyl perchlorate: SIo9 338 in EtOH (350 with HCl) (348). p-Dimethylaminobenzylidenelepidine methyl perchlorate: 526, 293 in EtOH (348). C20H2IN2S2(I) .—5 (or 5')-Methyl-2, 2'-diethylthiocyanine iodide: 427, 400 in EtOH (448). C20H22N3(I).—p-Dimethylaminoanil of quinaldine aldehyde ethiodide: 568 (205). C2iHi9N2(I).—1, I'-Dimethylpseudocyanine iodide: 523, 488, 455 in EtOH; 317 with H2SO4 (340) ; c/. (iso, 317). 1, I'-Dimethylisocyanine iodide: 558, 519 in EtOH (446); c/. (122, 202, 667); perchlorate, 545, 500, 286 in EtOH (317 with HCl) (348).

CnH20N3(I).—5-Amino-l, l'-dimethylisocyanine iodide: 555, 520 in EtOH (202). 6-Amino-l, I'-dimethylisocyanine iodide: 575, 535 in EtOH (202).

7-Amino-1, l'-dimethylisocyanine iodide: 570, 535 in EtOH (202).

6'-Amino-1, l'-dimethylisocyanine iodide: 570, 535 in EtOH (202).

7'-Amino-l, I'-dimethylisocyanine iodide: 545, 510 in EtOH (202).

C 2 iH 2 iN 2 O 2 (I).—2, 2/-Diethyloxacarbocyanine iodide: 485, 460 in EtOH (206). 1', 6'-Dimethyi-2-ethylthioisocyanine iodide: 500, 487 in EtOH ( 56 ). 2, I'-Diethylthioisocyanine iodide: 503, 489 in EtOH (155). C2iH2iN2S(I).—2, I'-Diethylthiopseudocyanine iodide: 493, 461 (449); J8S1 (460) (207).

CnHnN2S2(I).—2, 2'-Diethylcarbothiocyanine iodide: 559, 525 in EtOH (448). CnH23N2(I).—p-Dimethylaminobenzylidenequinaldine ethiodide: 532 (205). C22H2iN2(I).—l-Methyl-l'-ethylisocyanine iodide: 558, 519 in EtOH (446). TABLE 6.—QUINOLINE DYES 1, 6, l'-Trimethylisocyanine iodide (Pinaverdol, C. I. 807): NOTE.—The 2, 2'-linkage is denoted by the term "pseudocyanine." When employed without further qualification the term "carbocyanine" also implies the 558 in EtOH (667) ; c/. (36iq, eesq). 2, 2'-linkage. 1, 1', 6'-Trimethylisocyanine iodide: 558 in EtOH (667). Ci3Hi6N2.—Dimethylprotocyanine (1, l'-dimethyl-2-pyridylC22H23N2(ClO4).—p-Dimethylaminocinnamylidenequinaldine methane): 428, 405 in H2O (472). methyl perchlorate: 523, 341 in EtOH (405 with HCl) (348). Ci7Hi7N2.—Dimethylmesocyanine: 495, 465, 430 in H 2 O (472). C22H23N2(I).—1,3, 3, I'-Tetramethylindopseudocyanine iodide: Ci7Hi9N2S(I).—2, l/-Diethylthio-(pseudo)-pyridocyanineiodide: 470 in EtOH (207). two poorly defined bands between 460 and 400 (449). C22H23N2S(I).-5, I', 6'-Trimethyl-2-ethylthioisocyanine iodide: Ci8HnNO2.-Quinoline yellow (C. I. 800): on wool (i°); 440 507, 495 in EtOH (56). in 50% EtOH; isopropyl deriv. and sulfonates (513). 5-Methyl-2, l'-diethylthioisocyanine iodide: 508, 492 in EtOH Ci9H14N2.—Di-(quinolyl-2)-methane: base, 508, 479, 453 in (56). EtOH (554). C23Hi3NO5.—Resorcinolquinolineine: 490 in alk. H2O (467). Ci9Hi7N2O2(I).—2, 2/-Dimethyloxacarbocyanine iodide (Oxazole C23Hi5NO4.—Phenolquinolineine: 533 in alk. H2O (467). Yellow): 485, 456 in EtOH (346); (^85, 460) (206). C23H2xN2(I).-1, l'-Dimethyl-2, 2'-carbocyanine iodide: 607, / Ci9Hi7N2S(I)—1, 2 -Dimethylthiopseudocyanine iodide: 485, 561, 521 in EtOH (331 with H2SO4) (340) ; c/. (203, 346, 667). (460) (207). 1, l'-Dimethyl-4, 4'-carbocyanine iodide: 715 in EtOH (206). Ci9Hi7N2S2(Br).—1, l'-Dimethylthiocarbocyanine bromide C23H2IN2S2(Br).—2, 2'-Diallylcarbothiocyanine bromide: 560, (Thiazole Purple): 558, 526 in EtOH (346). 522 in EtOH (206). Ci9Hi9N2S2(I).-2, 2'-Diethylthiocyanine iodide: 423, 400 in C23H22N3O(I).—5-Acetylamino-l, I'-dimethylisocyanine iodide: EtOH (346); c/. (448). 560, 525 in EtOH (202). C2oHi6N2.—Af-Methylquinolylenequinaldine: base, 461 in EtOH 6-Acetylamino-1, I'-dimethylisocyanine iodide: 570, 530 in (554).

EtOH (202).

C20Hi8N3(I).—1, l'-Dimethyl-2, 2'-azocyanine iodide: 424, 402, 285 in EtOH (205) ; 421, 396 in H2O; 375, 358 in coned.

EtOH (202).

H2SO4 (472).

C20Hi9N2S(I).—2-Methyl-I'-ethylthiopseudocyanine iodide : 480, (460) (207). r-Methyl-2-ethylthiopseudocyanine iodide: 485, (460) (207).

7-Acetylamino-l, I'-dimethylisocyanine iodide: 565, 530 in 6'-Acetylamino-l, I'-dimethylisocyanine iodide: 565, 530 in EtOH (202).

7'-Acetylamino-l, l'-dimethylisocyanine iodide: 555, 525 in EtOH (202).

C23H23N2(I).—l, 6, l', 6'-Tetramethylisocyanine iodide: 562 in BtOH (667). l, 6-Dimethyl-l'-ethylisocyanine iodide: 560 in EtOH (667). l, l'-Diethylisocyanine iodide (Ethyl Red, C. I. 807): 558, 517 in EtOH (446); e/. (30i). 1, 6, 1', 6'-Tetramethylpseudocyanine iodide: 522, 490 in EtOH (207).

1, l'-Diethylpseudocyanine iodide: 525, 490 in EtOH (207); cf. (555).

C26Hi9N2(Cl).—1, l'-Benzylidene-2, 2'-quinocyanine chloride (Quinoline Red, C. I. 805): 536, 499 (78). C26H29N2(I).—Methylhexylisocyanine iodide: 56O1 519 in EtOH (446).

C26H29N2O(I).—1, l'-Diethyl-6-methyl-6'-ethoxyisocyanine iodide: 575, 545 in EtOH; 580 in CHCl3 or C7H8; 590 in C 9 H 7 N (587) ; bromide, 575, 535 in H2O; 577, 535 in EtOH; 583, 540 in CHCl3 (influence of temp, given) (588). 1, l'-Diethyl-6-ethoxy-6'-methylisocyanine iodide: 580, 545 in

C23H25N2(Br).—"Rosol red bromide:" 526, 492, 276 in MeOH EtOH (587). C26H29N2O2(I).—l, l'-Diethyl-6-ethoxy-6'-methoxyisocyanine C23H25N2OS(I).—6'-Ethoxy-2, l'-diethylthioisocyanine iodide : iodide (Pinachrome, C. I. 807): 530 in alk. H2O (concd.); 575 506, 493 in EtOH (56). (du.); 580 in EtOH (95%) (269); 535 in H2O; 650, 595 in EtOH C24H24ClN2(I).—6-Methyl-6'-chloro-l, l'-diethylisocyanine io- (588); Cf. (36Iq). dide: 575, 540 in EtO1H (587). C27H25N2(I).—1, l'-Diallyl-4, 4'-carbocyanine iodide; 715 in 6-Chloro-6'-methyl-l, l'-diethylisocyanine iodide: 575, 547 in EtOH (206). EtOH (587). 1, l'-Diethyl-5, 6 (or 5', 6')-benzopseudocyanine iodide: 538, 500 C24H24N3(I).—p-Dimethylaminoanil of ß-naphthoquinaldine in EtOH (207). aldehyde ethiodide: 560 in EtOH (205). Diethylbenzoisocyanine iodide (?): 580, 548 in EtOH ( 34 I). / C24H25N2(I).—2 -Methyl-l, l'-diethylisocyanine iodide: 559, C27H29N2(Br).-!, l'-Diethyl-4, 4'-dimethyl-2, 2'-carbocyanine 518 (301). bromide (Fischer's a-Pseudodicyanine) : 606, 559 in EtOH (316). 7-Methyl-l, l'-diethylisocyanine iodide: 570, 535 in EtOH C27H29N2(Cl).-!, l'-Diethyl-6, 6'-dimethyl-2, 2'-carbocyanine (587). chloride: 613, 566 in EtOH (316). C27H29N2(I).-!, l'-Diethyl-2', 4-dimethyl-2, 4'-carbocyanine 6 (or 6')-Methyl-l, l'-diethylpseudocyanine iodide: 530, 495 in EtOH (207). iodide (Fischer's a-Dicyanine) : 655.5, 603.5 in EtOH (450q) ; cf. C23H25N2S2(I).—5, 5'-Dimethyl-2, 2'-diethylthiocarbocyanine (149, 6 6 7 ) . iodide: 563, 529 in EtOH (448). C27H33N2(I).-3, 3, 3', 3'-Tetramethyl-l, l'-diethylindocarboC24HjJyN2(I).—3, 3-Dimethyl-l, l'-diethylindopseudocyanine cyanine iodide: 548, 512 in EtOH (206). iodide: 480 in EtOH (207). C28H19N3.—syra.-Triquinolyl-2-methane: 523, 487 in EtOH C24H27N2OS(I).—6'-Ethoxy-5-methyl-2, l'-diethylthioisocyan- (556). ine iodide: 511, 499 in EtOH (56). C28H25N2(I).—l-Ethyl-l'-methyl-2'-phenylisocyanine iodide : 565, 525 in H2O or EtOH (301). C25Hi7NO5.—Orcinolquinolineine: 496 in alk. H2O (467). C25Hi9NO5.-o-Cresolquinolineine: 544 in alk. H2O (467). C28H27N2(I).—1, l'-Diethyl-6'-methyl-5, 6-benzoisocyanine C25H2iN2(I).—1, l'-Dimethyl-5, 6 (or 5', 6')-benzopseudocyan- iodide ( t ) : 585, 550 in EtOH (341). ine iodide: 538, 500 in EtOH (207). C29H27N2(Br).—1, l'-Diethyl-5, 6-benzocarbocyanine broC25H25N2(I).—p-Dimethylaminobenzylidene-/3-naphthoquin- mide: 625, 575, 535 in EtOH (451). aldine ethiodide: 525 in EtOH (205). C29H29N2(I).-6, 6'-Dimethyl-l, l'-diallyl-2, 2'-carbocyanine 1, 6, 1', 6'-Tetramethyl-2, 2'-carbocyanine iodide: 570, 530 in iodide: 620, 570 in EtOH (206). EtOH (202). C29H3iN4O2(I).—1, l'-Diethyl-6, 6'-diacetylaminocarbocyanine 1, l'-Diethylcarbocyanine iodide (Pinacyanol, C. I. 808): iodide: 625, 575 in EtOH (204). infra-red abs. (387) ; 607, 562.5, 519.2 in EtOH (4SI); cf. (149, 203, C29H33N2(I).-!, l'-Diethyl-4, 6, 4', 6'-tetramethyl-2, 2'340, 362q, 363q, 45Oq, 668q). carbocyanine iodide (Fischer's "Pseudodicyanine Iodide"): 611, 1, 4, V, 2'-Tetramethyl-2, 4'-.carbocyanine iodide: 653, 606 (667). 565 in EtOH (316). C29H33N2(Br).-!, l'-Diethyl-4, 6, 2', 6'-tetramethyl-2, 4'1, l'-Diethyl-2, 4'-carbocyanine iodide: 657, 606.5 in EtOH (45Oq). carbocyanine bromide (Fischer's "Dicyanine Bromide"): 662, 1, l'-Diethyl-4, 4'-carbocyanine iodide (Kryptocyanine, C. I. 610 in EtOH (317). 810): 711.5, 655 in EtOH (450q) ; cf. (449). C29H33N2O2(I).—1, l'-Diethyl-5, 5'-diethoxycarbocyanïne C25H27Cl2N2(I).-5, 5'-Dichloro-l, 3, 3, 1', 3', 3'-hexamethyl- iodide: 603, 559 in EtOH (55). indocarbocyanine iodide: 551, 517, (489) in MeOH (342). 1, l'-Diethyl-6, 6'-diethoxycarbocyanine iodide: 622, 576 in C25H27N2(I).—1, l'-Diethyl-6, 6'-dimethylisocyanine iodide EtOH (55). 1, l'-Diethyl-7, 7'-diethoxycarbocyanine iodide: 617, 571 in (Orthochrome T, C. I. 807): 520 in alk. H2O (concd.); 570 (dû.) (269); Cf. (362). EtOH (55). Propylisocyanine: 563, 522 in EtOH (446). C29H35N2(I).—1, I'-Diisoamylcyanine iodide (Cyanine, C. I. C25H27N2O(I).—1, r-Diethyl-6-methoxy-6'-methylisocyanine 806): infra-red abs., 0.7, 3.3, (5.1), 6.6, 7.5, 8.5, 9.5, 10.4M (296). cf. (80, 510, sii); 586, 550 in H2O; 595, 552 in EtOH (3); cf. (H4q, iodide: 580, 540 in EtOH (587). 1, l'-Diethyl-6-methyl-6'-methoxyisocyanine iodide: 575, 540 361q, 362q, 528q); influence of temp. (334, 363q). in EtOH (587). C29H35N2O2(I).-!, l'-Diethyl-2, 2'-dimethyl-6, 6'-diethoxy1, l'-Diethyl-6'-ethoxyisocyanine iodide: 575, 540 in EtOH cyanine iodide: 620 in EtOH (500). (587). C3oH26N3O (I).—5-Cinnamoy lamino-1, l'-dimethylisocyanine C 25 H 27 N 2 O 2 (I).—1, l'-Diethyl-6, 6'-dimethoxyisocyanine io- iodide: 560, 525 in EtOH (202). dide: 585, 560 in EtOH (587). 6-Cinnamoylamino-l, I'-dimethylisocyanine iodide: 575, 535 C25H27N4(I).—1, l'-Diethyl-6, 6'-diaminocarbocyanine iodide: in EtOH (202). 640, 595 in EtOH (204). 6'-Cinnamoylamino-l, I'-dimethylisocyanine iodide: 570, 530 C25H29N2(I).—1, 3, 3, 1', 3', 3'-Hexamethylindocarbocyanine in EtOH (202). iodide (Indolenine Red): 048, 512 in EtOH (zoe) ; cf. (346); 5^6, 7'-Cinnamoylamino-l, I'-dimethylisocyanine iodide: 560, 520 in EtOH (202). 512, (483), 281 in MeOH (342). (342).

C3iH3iNO4.—Thymolquinolineine: 593 in alk. soin. ( 467 ). C3IH37N2O2(I).-!, l'-Diethyl-4, 2'-dimethyl-6, 6'-diethoxy-2, 4'-carbocyanine iodide (Dicyanine A, C. I. 811): 672 in EtOH (500); band at 1.4M (387). C33H27N2(I).—4, 4/-Diphenyl-l, I'-dimethylpseudocyanine iodide: S41, 501 (ISO). C33H27N2(Br).—5, 6, 5', 6'-Dibenzo-l, I'-diethylcarbocyanine bromide: 638, 588, 550 in EtOH (451). C35H29N2(I).—4, 4/-Diphenyl-l, I'-diethylcarbocyanine iodide: 624, 576 in EtOH (149). CaAsN2(I).—4, 4'-Diphenyl-l, 6, 1', o'-tetramethylpseudocyanine iodide: 547, 507 in EtOH (ISO). C37H33N2(I).—4, 4'-Diphenyl-l, 6, 1', 6'-tetramethylcarbocyanine iodide: 631, 581 in EtOH (1*9). C44H44ClN4O6(I).—4'-Chloro-3, 3'-di-(o-carbethoxyphenylmethylcarbamyl)-!, 2, I'-trimethylisocyanine iodide: 574, 325 (250). TABLE 7.—AZINE DERIVATIVES 9

8

iì10 7 \/\/ N \/\

YT YT TY Yi VyV VvY A/ N \y\

3

11

O\> 13

Phenylnapthophenazine

11

OV

3-Dinitromethyldihydrophenazine: 581, 538

Ci3HnN2.—N-Methylphenazine : monacid salt, 390, 260 in acid EtOH; diacid salts, 560, 510, 400, 265 in H2SO4 (316); c/. (309) ; holo- and meriquinoid salts ( 217 ). Ci3HuN3.—3-Aminomethylphenazine: 530, 505, 490 in Et2O; monacid salt, 562, 525, (494), 385, 285 in EtOH; diacid salt, 674.5, 610, 459 in H2SO4; triacid salt, 520, 490 in fuming H2SO4 (319); c/. (308, 309).

Ci3Hi3N4(ClO4).—3, 6-Diaminomethylphenazine perchlorate: 530, 483 in EtOH (320); c/. (318). Ci5Hi3N4(Cl).-Cyantrypaflavine: 538, 501, 275 in EtOH (221).

C16H19N 4 ( Cl).—3, 5-Tetramethyldiaminophenazonium chloride: 510 in H2O (465). Ci7H2iN4(Cl).—3, 5-Tetramethyldiaminomethylphenazonium chloride: 567, 280, 265 in EtOH (182). Ci8Hi0N4.—Phenazineazine: 431 (111J. Ci8Hi2Cl2N2(Cl).—3, 6-Dichlorophenylphenazonium chloride: 411, 269 in EtOH (23). Ci8Hi2N2O2.—Hydroxyaposafranone : 488, 268 in dil. NaOH soin.; 479, 270 in dil. HCl (23). Ci8Hi3N2.—Phenylphenazine : monacid salt, 395, 265 in EtOH; diacid salt, 570, 525, 416, 270 in H2SO4 (316); c/. (309). Ci8Hi3N3.—1-Aminophenylphenazine : monacid salt, 487, 390, 310, 240 (nitrate in EtOH) (319); c/. (245) ; diacid salt, 390, 263 in H2SO4; triacid salt, 603, 485 in 100% H2SO4 (319); c/. (309). 2-Aminophenylphenazine : monacid salt, 582 in EtOH; diacid salt, 400, 288 in EtOH + H2SO4; triacid salt, 575, 470 in H2SO4 (319).

12

3-Aminophenylphenazine (Aposafranine) : 555, 512, 483 in EtOH (319); 290 (309); monacid salt, 563, 519, 483, 390, 285 in EtOH; diacid salt, 694, 625, 570, (465), 420, 285 in 60% H2SO4; triacid salt, 580, 520, 490, 420, 270 in H2SO4 (319); cf. (155, 309,

13

Phenylphenazine

Ci3Hi0N4O4.—1, (304).

1

1

._

10

CTCt YvYi-

324).

Ci8Hi5N3.-Dimethylnaphtheurhodine: 482 in (377).

EtOH (or CHCl3)

Ci8Hi5N4(ClO4).—1, 3-Diaminophenylphenazine perchlorate: 585, 463, 431, 295 in EtOH; diacid salt, 564, 530, 490, 395, 285 in EtOH + H2SO4; triacid salt, 483 in H2SO4; tetraacid salt, 530 in fuming H2SO4 (320) ; c/. (308, 309). 2, 6-Diaminophenylphenazine perchlorate: 640, 605, 330, 295 in EtOH; diacid salt, 565, 528, 483, 390, 285 in EtOH + H2SO4; triacid salt, 610, (583), 410, 295 in H2SO4 (320) ; c/. (309). Ci8Hi5N4(Cl).—2, 13-Diaminophenylphenazine chloride: mon13 acid salt (460), 400, 297, 265 in acid EtOH; abs. of diacid salt Phenylisonaphthophenazine indefinite; triacid salt, 563, 518, 410, 275 in coned. H2SO4 (309). 3, 6-Diaminophenylphenazine chloride (Phenosafranine, C. I. C12H8N2.-Phenazine: 355 in EtOH (217) ; c/. (ill, 3i7) ; 360, 840): 525, 494 in H2O (155); 534, 501, 270 in EtOH; diacid salt (240) in Et2O (309); monacid salt, 450, 385, 255 (309); c/. (317); (645), 586, 400, 290 in acid EtOH; triacid salt, (583) in H2SO4; diacid salt, 552, 506, 395, 265 (317); c/. (309, 316). tetraacid salt, 570 in fuming H2SO4 ( 32 O); influence of concn. (269); cf. (23, 35q, 221, 308, 309, 467). PhenosafranineazodiCi2H8N2O2.—3, 6-Dihydroxyphenazine: 510 (465). Ci2H9N3.-3-Aminophenazine: 472, 265 in EtOH (317); 468, methylaniline, 579; phenosafraninedisazo-ozs-dimethylaniline: 513 365, 265 in Et2O (300); monacid salt, 557, 516, 385, 285, 255 in (ill). H2O (309); c/. (155); 557, MM, 483 in EtOH (155); 385, 280 3, 7-Diaminophenylphenazine chloride: diacid salt, 567, 530 in (317); diacid salt, 750 in HCl; triacid salt, 541, 506 in H2SO4 acid EtOH (308). (317); ^. (309). 3, 11-Diaminophenylphenazine chloride: 572, 535, 490 in EtOH; Ci2Hi0N4.-2, 3-Diaminophenazine: 454, 285, 265 in EtOH diacid salt, 565, 525 in acid EtOH (308) ; c/. (246). (317); chloride, 483.7, 455.5, 433.8 in EtOH (155); 285 (317);, 3, 13-Diaminophenylphenazine chloride: 572, 535, 490, 395, 285 diacid salt, 505, 463 in EtOH; triacid salt, 505 in H2SO4; tetraacid in H2O; diacid salt, 565, 525, 490, 400, 286 in dil. H2SO4 (300) ; C/. (35). salfc (598), (489) in fuming H2SO4 (317). Ci2Hi0N4.-3, 6-Diaminophenazine: 447, 265 in EtOH (317); Ci9Hi5N3.—3-Phenylaminomethylphenazine: 525 in Et2O; monchloride, 513, 491.5 in H2O (155); 521.7, 490 in EtOH («S); 280 acid salt, 565, 410, 285 in EtOH; diacid salt, 478 in H2SO4 (319). (317); diacid salt, 580 in EtOH; polyacidic salts (317). Ci2Hi0N4.—Aminophenylphentriazine: 310 in EtOH + HCl C20Hi5N3O.—2-Acetylaminophenylphenazine : monacid salt, 500, (377). 400, 285 in EtOH; diacid salt, 570, 515, (470) in H2SO4 (319)

A115U' 6

U*

C2oH I6N3O.—3-Acetylaminophenylphenazine : 564, 58O1 499 in EtOH; monacid salt, 508, (489), (472), 410, 285 in EtOH; diacid salt, 579, 520, 441, 415 in H2SO4 ( 319 ); cf. (309). C2oHi7N4O(Cl).—l-Acetylamino-3-aminophenylphenazine chloride: 590, 548 in EtOH (320). 2-Acetylamino-6-aminophenylphenazine chloride: 582, 543 in EtOH (320). 02OHi9N4(Cl).—asym.-Dimethylphenosafranine chloride (C. I. 842) : 550, 526.5 in H2O; 551.9, 511.5 in EtOH; 555, 514.4 in AmOH (155).

Ethylphenosafranine chloride: 537.5, 502.4 in H2O; 539.S1 500 in EtOH; 543, 503 in AmOH (155). C2iH2iN4(Cl).—Diamino-o-tolylditolazine chloride (withphenyl isomer, commercial Safranine, C. I. 841): 495 in H2O (coned.); 515 (dil.) ( 269 ); ultra-violet abs. and influence of acidity ( 388 ); on silk ( 10 > 627) ; 5S5, 515 on wool (522); cf. (I62q, 391). Safranüieazodimethylaniline (C. I. 133): infra-red abs. (511). Safranineazo0-naphthol (C. I. 135) : 600 on cotton, 608.5 with tannin mordant (627).

022Hi5N2.—Phenylnaphthophenazine: monacid salt, 480, 290; diacid salt, 524, 513, 484, 303 (321); c/. (324). Phenylisonaphthophenazine: monacid salt (475), 415, 292 in H2O (325); 496 in EtOH (322); diacid salt, 632, 598, 503, 310 in H2SO4 (325) ;c /. (322).

C22Hi5N3.—2-Aminophenylnaphthophenazine : monacid salt, 545, (490), 440, 312, 290; diacid salt, 290: triacid salt, 510, 485, 305 (321); cf. (324).

2-Aminophenylisonaphthophenazine: 580, 560, J+65, perchlorate in EtOH; diacid salt, 490 in 50% H2SO4; triacid salt, 590, 506, 450 in fuming H2SO4 (322); c/. (325). 3-Aminophenylnaphthophenazine (Isorosinduline) : 575, 531, 493 in Et2O; monacid salt, 565, 533, 425, 310, 282, 265; diacid salt, 690, 481, 285; triacid salt, 529, 517, 485, 302 (321); cf. (324). 3-Aminophenylisonaphthophenazine: monacid salt, 581, 540, 499; diacid salt, 430 in 50% H2SO4; triacid salt, 590, 505, 450 in fuming H2SO4 (322); cf. (325). 6-Aminophenylnaphthophenazine (Rosinduline) : 599, 556, 516, 483 in Et2O; monacid salt, 533, 501, 472, 313; diacid salt, 668, 605, 555, (453), 335; triacid salt, 530, 512, 490 (321); cf. (324). 6-Aminophenylisonaphthophenazine: monacid salt, 581, 545, (425), 335, 270 in H2O; diacid salt, 395, 293 in 30% H2SO4; triacid salt, 586, 539, 482, 303 in coned. H2SO4 (325); c/. (322). 7-Aminophenylnaphthophenazine : monacid salt (577), 350, 277; diacid salt, 288; triacid salt, 583, 500, 302 (321); cf. (324). 7-Aminophenylisonaphthophenazine: monacid salt, 580, 544, 335, 285 in H2O; diacid salt, 462, 296 in 35% H2SO4; triacid salt, 583, 535, 485, 305 in coned. H2SO4 (325); c/. (322). 8-Aminophenylnaphthophenazine : monacid salt, (486), 4^6, 333, 285; diacid salt 290; triacid salt, 577, 496, 460, 304 (321);c/. (324).

8-Aminophenylisonaphthophenazine: monacid salt, 586, 547, 457, (362), 332, 272 in H2O; diacid salt (475), 400, 290 in 30% H2SO4; triacid salt, 584, 536, 482, 303 in coned. H2SO4 (325); c/. (322).

9-Aminophenylnaphthophenazine : monacid salt, 585, 480, 442, 335; diacid salt, 287; triacid salt, 579, 496, 460, 288 (321); c/. (324).

9-Aminophenylisonaphthophenazine: monacid salt, 585, 553, 408, 325 in H2O; diacid salt, 580, 458, 333, in 50% H2SO4; triacid salt, 583, 532, 508, 450, 310 in H2SO4 ( 325 ); cf. (322).

10-Aminophenylnaphthophenazine: monacid salt, (465), 290; diacid salt, 290 (32i) ; c/. (324). 10-Aminophenylisonaphthophenazine: chloride in H2O, 420, 335, 260 (245); diacid salt, 489, (450) in dil. H2SO4; triacid salt, 585, 535, 490 (322). 12-Aminophenylnaphthophenazine: monacid salt, 287; diacid salt, 290; triacid salt, (645, 593), (520, 488, 452), 310 (321); cf. (324).

13-Aminophenyhiaphthophenazine: monacid salt, 287; diacid salt, 290; triacid salt, (590), (528, 492), (540), (310) (321); cf. (324). 13-Aminophenylisonaphthophenazine: perchlorate in EtOH, 475; diacid salt, 488 in 10% H2SO4; triacid salt, 590, 500, (470?), 450 in coned. H2SO4 (322). C22Hi9N4O2(Cl).—1, 3-Di-(acetylamino)-phenylphenazine chloride: 580, 505 in EtOH (320). 2, 6-Di-(acetylamino)-phenylphenazine chloride: 545, 504 inEtOH (320).

C22H23N4(Cl).—asi/ra.-Diethylphenosafranine chloride: 561.8, 531.2 in H2O; 556.1, 569.3 in EtOH; 558.5, 517.5 in AmOH (155). C24Hi2N6.—Phenazineazineazine: 432 (111X C24HiTClN3(Cl).—3-Chloro-6-phenylaminophenylphenazine: 545, 405, 316 (23). C24Hi8N3.—3-Phenylaminophenylphenazine : 516 in Et2O; monacid salt, 569.3, 400, 285 in EtOH; diacid salt, 490 in H2SO4 (3i9). C24Hi8N4.—2, 3-Di-(phenylamino)-phenazine: 480, 285in EtOH; monacid salt, 508, 285 in EtOH; diacid salt, 542 (317). C24Hi9N4(Cl).—Phenylphenosafranine chloride: 547 in H2O; 556 in EtOH; 561 in AmOH (1SS). C24H30N3(Cl).—Dimethylisorosinduline chloride (Neutral Blue, C. I. 832): infra-red abs. (296). C25H2IN4(ClO4).—3, 6-Di-(phenylamino)-methylphenazine perchlorate: 572 in EtOH (320). C26H22N4.—3, 6-Di-(tolylamino)-phenazine: 494, 285 in EtOH; monacid salt, 572, 285 in EtOH; polyacidic salts (317). Indazine M: 598.5 on cotton; 610 with tannin mordant ( 62 ^) 4 C26H3iN4(Cl).—Tetraethylphenosafranine chloride (C. I. 847): 589, 548.9 in H2O; 578.7, 534.8 in EtOH; 580.2, 535.7 in AmOH (1SS); 579, 535, 285 in EtOH (221); perchlorate in EtOH, 595, 545 (320). C2TH25N4(ClO4).—3, 6-Di-(p-tolylamino)-methylphenazine perchlorate: 580 in EtOH (320). Aminophenylamino-p-tolylditolazonium salts (and homologs) C. I. 846: Aniline violet, various salts ( 497 ). C28Hi9ClN3(NO3).—S-Chloro-o-a-naphthylaminophenylphenazine nitrate: 549, 390, 303 (23). C30H2oN3Cl.—Aminonaphthyldinaphthazine and diamino isomer (Magdala Red, C. I. 857): 570 in EtOH; 575 in C 6 H 0 NH 2 (299q).

C S0H23N4(Cl).—$2/w.-Diphenylphenosafranine chloride: 570.7 in H2O; 580.7 in EtOH; 585.7 in AmOH (1SS). C34H24ClN4(NO3).—3-Chloro-7-phenylammo-6-naphthylammophenylphenazine nitrate: 561, 303 ( 23 ). C34H25N4(NO3).—S-Phenylamino-o-a-naphthylaminophenylphenazine nitrate: 561, 302 (23). Fast Blue: influence of concn. (299). Induline dyes: ( 65 ). Nigrosine SS: infra-red abs. (387). Rhoduline Blue R: 550 in H2O (coned.), 565 (dil.) (269). Rhoduline Red B (C. I. 844): 510 in H2O (coned.), 533 (dil.) (269). Azine and eurhodol dyes obtained from the reduction products of azo dyes (123).

Ac.

ride: 633.1, 579 in H2O; 628.5, 609.9, 575.3, in EtOH; 630.6, 611.1, 577 in AmOH (155). 3-Ammopheno-6-dimethylamino-o-tolazoxonium chloride : 628.2, 578.5 in H2O; 626.7, 603.9, 576 in EtOH; 628.2, 606.7, 578.5 in AmOH (155); cf. (49
TABLE 8.—OXAZINB DERIVATIVES Ac.

f/f} (YVr

2 AA /V V\NA> 7 N 7

Y

Y

si

Jio 9

1

Naphthophenazoxonium salts

8

1

(315).

Phenazoxonium salts

10

XT

1

f) Cl /y^Y 1\/* Ac. 6

Isonaphthophenazoxonium salts

Ci2H2Br4NO3(NH4).-Tetrabromoresorufin, NH 4 salt (C. I. 908): (481). Ci2H6N6O9.—1, 3, 5, 7-Tetranitrophenazoxine: ( 304 ). 1, 3, 6, 7-Tetranitrophenazoxine: 642 in alk. EtOH ( 304 ). 1, 3, 6, 8-Tetranitrophenazoxine: 632 in alk. EtOH (304). Ci2H6N4O7.-!, 3, 6-Trinitrophenazoxine: 639 in alk. EtOH

Ci6Hi2N3O.—3, 6-Diaminonaphthophenazoxonium salts: chloride, 690.4, 544.5 in H 2 O; 610.5, 593, 545.5 in EtOH; 615.9, 595.6, 570.7 in AmOH (155); monacid salt, ultra-violet bands at 320, 266 in EtOH; diacid salt, 460 in H2SO4; triacid salt, 585 in oleum (315). 3, 6-Tetramethyldiaminophenazoxonium salts: chloride, 648.9, 591.4 in H2O; 643.3, 620.7, 588.6 in EtOH; 644.6, 622.3, 589!8 in AmOH (155); nitrate, 646, 588, 285, 260 in EtOH (313); cf. (221); triacid salt, 557, 518 (oleum) (309). asym.-3, 6-Diethyldiaminophenazoxonium chloride; 622.5, 573.2 in H 2 O; 619.2, 598.5, 569.3 in EtOH; 621.8, 599.9, 571 in AmOH (155).

asym.-3, 6-Dimethyldiamino-2,7-di-o-tolazoxonium chloride: 631.4, 581 in H2O; 628.6, 606.9, 578.5 in EtOH; 629.8, 608.4, 580 in AmOH (155). Ci7H20N3O (Cl).—3, 6-Tetramethyldiaminopheno-o-tolazoxonium chloride: 660, 602.2 in H2O; 653.7, 597 in EtOH; 655.2f 633.7, 597.9 in AmOH (155). (304). Ci8Hi4N3O(Cl).—3, 6-Phenyldiaminophenazoxonium chloride: 1, 3, 7-Trinitrophenazoxine: 505 in alk. EtOH (304). 605, 285, 266 in EtOH (312). Ci2H7N2O3.-Resorufin: 568, 422 in EtOH (648) ; K salt, 573.6, Ci8Hi6N2O.—3-Dimethylaminonaphthophenazoxonium salts : 554.8, 530.8 in H2O; 588.5, 578.8, 559.4, 540.1 in EtOH; 592.4, chloride, 620.1, 572, 531.2 in H2O; 623, 57^.5, 533 in EtOH; 628.8, 680.6, 561.2, 543.5 in AmOH (155); cf. (465, 497). 578.2, 536.1 in AmOH (155); cf. (249, 303, 315); diacid salt, 520 Ci2H7NO4.-Resazurin: Na salt, 601, 555.9 in H2O; 610.8, (H2SO4) (315); influence of concn. (269). (Meldola's Blue, C. I. 587.5 in EtOH; 629.8, 612, 592.5, 574, 559.6 in AmOH (155); c/. 909.) 3-Dimethylaminoisonaphthophenazoxonium salts: nitrate in ( 497 ). Ci2H7N3O6.-!, 3-Dinitrophenazoxine: 534, 502 in EtOH (304). EtOH with trace of HCl, 620, 582 (303). 3, 6-Dinitrophenazoxine: 704 in alk. EtOH ( 304 ). Ci8Hi6N2O2(Cl).—3-Dimethylamino-9-hydroxynaphthophenazCi2H8NO.—Phenazoxonium salts: monoacid, 505 (312); 410, oxonium chloride (C. I. 915): 627.8, 575.7, 534.8 in H 2 O; 637.6, 313 (309); diacid, 460 (in H2SO4 + H2O2) (312). 584.5, 541.5 in EtOH; 647.2, 591.4, 547.5 in AmOH (155). Ci2H8N2O3.—3-Nitrophenazoxine: 678, 618, 572 in alk. EtOH Ci 8 Hi 6 N 3 O(Cl).—3- Dimethylamino -6-aminonaphthophen(304). azoxonium chloride: 636.4, 582.7 in H2O; 624.5 in EtOH; 623.6 in Ci2H8N2O2.-Resorufamine: 577.7, 533.9 in H2O; 578.7, 535.7 AmOH (155); c/. (183, 303). in EtOH; 580.2, 536.6 in AmOH (155). Ci8H22N3O(Cl).—asym.-3, 6-DimethyldiethyldiaminophenazoxCi2H9N2O.—1-Aminophenazoxonium salts: monacid, 400, 285, onium chloride: 651.7, 594.5 in H2O; 645.1, 622, 590.9 in EtOH; 265; diacid, 535, (480), 430, 265 (in H2SO4) (3i2) ; cf. (309). 646.9, 623.9, 591.9 in AmOH (155). 3-Aminophenazoxonium salts: monacid, 492, 285, 265] diacid, 3, 6-Triethyldiaminophenazoxonium chloride: 637.4, 584.5 in 640, 590, 285, 265 (312); cf, (309). H2O; 632.4, (611.1), 579 in EtOH; 634.2, 612.3, 581 in AmOH Ci2Hi0N3O.—1, 3-Diaminophenazoxonium salts: monacid, (440) (155). in dil. H2SO4; diacid (568), 529, 265 in 50% H2SO4 ( 3 09). Ci9Hi8N3O(Cl). — 3- Dimethylamino-6-aminonaphtho-o-tolaz3, 6-Diaminophenazoxonium salts: chloride, 586.8, 541.5 in oxonium chloride (Cresyl Violet): 585 in H2O; 603 in EtOH (6); H2O; 593, 574.5, 545.1 in EtOH; 698.8, 579.5, 549.5 in AmOH Cf. (162I). (155); bands at (410) in H2O (309) and at 285, 265 in EtOH Ci9H24N3O(Cl). — 3-Dimethylaminopheno-6-diethylamino-o(313); triacid salt, 522 (with fuming H2SO4) (309). tolazoxonium chloride (C. I. 876): 6444, 606.4 in H2O; 666.7. Ci4Hi2N2O2.—Dimethylresorufamine: 691.7, 545.5 in H2O; 599.9 in EtOH; 668.1, 636, 601.3 in AmOH (iss). 580, 538.5 in EtOH; 576.2, 535.7 in AmOH (155). 3-Diethylaminopheno-6-dimethylamino-o-tolazoxonium chloCi4Hi2NO.—3, 6-Dimethylphenazoxonium salts: monacid, 560, ride: 663.7, 632.7, 597.1 in EtOH; 666.3, 634.7, 599.6 in AmOH; (460); diacid, 500 (in H2SO4) (312); cf. (309). 603 in H2O (155). Ci4Hi4N3O(Cl).—asym.-3j 6-Dimethyldiaminophenazoxonium C 2 oHi 8 N 3 O(Cl).—3-Phenylamino-6-dimethylaminophenazoxchloride: 619.6, 570 in H2O; 616, 597.1, 566.8 in EtOH; 618, 598.5, onium chloride: 651, 265 in EtOH (313). 568.2 in AmOH (155). 9-Acetylamino-3-dimethylaminoisonapht h o p h e n a z o x o n i u m Ci 6 Hi 2 N 2 O 5 .—Dimethylaminohydroxycarboxydiphenoxazone chloride: 590 in EtOH with trace of HCl (303). (C. I. 883): Gallocyanine W, 520 in H2O (coned.), 620 (dil.) (269). C20Hi9N2O(Cl).—3-Diethylaminonaphthophenazoxonium chloCi6Hi6N3O(Cl).—3, 5-Trimethyldiaminophenazoxonium chloride: 622.3, 573.3, 532.1 in H2O; 625.2, 575.7, 533.9 in EtOH; 631.1,

C20Hi9N2O(Cl).—(Continued) 679.5, 537 in AmOH (iss) ; c/. (183); chlorate in EtOH with trace HCl, 629, 685, 539 (303). C20Hi9N2O(ClO4).—3-Diethylaminoisonaphthophenazoxonium perchlorate: 625, 580 in EtOH with trace HCl (303). C2OHiQNsO.—3-Diethy lamino-6-aminonaphthophenazoxine : 525 in abs. EtOH (303). C 2oH 2oN 3 O ( Cl).—3, 6-Tetramethyldiaminonaphthophenazo xonium chloride (C. I. 911): 662.2, 603.5 in H2O; 656.3 in EtOH; 652.6 in AmOH (155). 3-Dimethylammo-6-ethylaminonaphthophenazoxonium chloride: 641.8, 587 in H2O; 634.1 in EtOH; 633.7 in AmOH (155). 3-Diethylamino-6-aminonaphthophenazoxonium chloride: 643.5, 592 in H2O; 630.4 in EtOH; 629.4 in AmOH (155); polyacidic salts (303); influence of concn. (269). (The sulfate is Nile Blue A, C. I. 913. Nile Blue A-azodimethy!aniline has max. abs. at 582

(»»).)

3, 6-Dinitrothiodiphenylamine: 492 in alk. EtOH ( 304 ). Ci2H8ClNS.-Chlorothiodiphenylamine: 544 in H2SO4 ( 62 S). Ci2H8N2O2S.-3-Nitrothiodiphenylamine: 703, 641, 589 in alk. EtOH (304). Ci2H8N2OS.—3-Hydroxy-6-aminothiazine (Thionoline) : 592.2, 547.5 in H2O; 696.3, 580, 552.6 in EtOH (155); cf. (5, 42). Ci2H8NS.—Thiazine: acid salt, 518, 435; diacid salt, 520, 460, 290 (H2SO4) (313); cf. (309, 323).

Ci2H9NS.-Thiodiphenylamine: 520, 478, 461 in H2SO4 (Ber. 27: 3321; 94). Ci2H9N2S.—1-Aminothiazine: acid salt, 410, 290 in acid EtOH; diacid salt, 540, 440, 290 (H2SO4) (313); cf. (309). 3-Aminothiazine (Thiazime): chloride, 598.5, 664.8, 516 in H2O; 593, 648.6, 511.2 in EtOH (iss) ; 292 (H2O) (311); diacid Salt, 470 (H2SO4) (309); cf. (42, 323, 529).

Ci2Hi0N2S.—Aminothiodiphenylamine: 655.9, 515.2 in H2O (153).

C2oH26N3O(Cl).—3, 6-Tetraethyldiaminophenazoxonium chloCi2Hi0N3S(Cl).—1, 3-Diaminodiphenazthionium chloride: 486, ride: 664.6, 597.4 in H2O; 646.9, 624, 592.2 in EtOH; 649, 626.1, 310 indii. H2SO4 (309). 593.5 in AmOH (155). 2, 7-Diaminodiphenazthionium chloride: 535 ( 42 ); 532 (625). C 2 iH 20 N 3 O(Cl).—3-Phenylaminopheno-6-dimethylamino-03, 6-Diaminodiphenazthionium chloride (Thionine, C. I. 920); tolazoxonium chloride: 656.3 in H 2 O; 658.1 in EtOH or AmOH 602.5, 559.4 in H2O; 606.3, 588.3 in EtOH (155); 284 in H2O (309); (155). triacid salt, 470 (H2SO4) ( 309 ); influence of temp. (57); influence of C22H2iN3O2.—S-Diethylamino-o-acetylaminonaphthophenazox- COncn. (269); c/. (5, 42, 111, 307, 465, 529q). ine: 560 in abs. EtOH (303). Ci3HnN2S(ClO4).—3- Methylaminodiphenaz thionium perchloC22H22N3O2(Cl).—3-Diethylamino-6-acetylaminonaphthophen- rate: 596, 553, (514), 290 in acid EtOH (3ii). azoxonium chloride: 662, 602 in EtOH with trace HCl (303). Ci3HnNOS.—N-Methylthiodiphenylamine sulfoxide: acid salt, 3-Diethylamino-9-acetylaminoisonaphthophenazoxonium chlo- 515; diacid salt, 460 (H2SO4) (313). ride: 596 in EtOH with trace HCl (303). Ci3Hi2N3S(Cl).-Methylthionine chloride: 611.4, 568.2 in H2O; C 24 Hi 8 N 3 O (Cl).—sym.-3, 6-Diphenyldiaminophenazoxonium 614.7, 598.5, 567 in EtOH (iss). chloride: 664, 285, 265 in EtOH (313). 3, 6-Diaminopheno-0-tolaz thionium chloride: 604-4j 562.5 in C 24 H 20 N 3 O(Cl).—3-Dimethylamino-9-phenylaminonaphtho- H2O; 607.2, 590.9 in EtOH (155). phenazoxonium chloride: 605.5, 655.9, 518.6 in H2O; 585.7, 545.5 3, 6-Diaminopheno-w-tolaz thionium chloride: 592 in H2O in EtOH; 585, 543.5 in AmOH (155). (153); eo44, 587.5 in EtOH («s). 3-Dimethylamino-6-phenylaminonaphthophenazoxonium chloCi4H8Br4N2OS.—Tetrabromomethylene violet: 580, 536 in ride: 645 in EtOH with trace HCl (303). C6H5CH3; 590, 557 in C6H5NO2; 612 in H2SO4; 661, 596 in HOAc; C24H28N3O(Cl).—3, 6-Tetraethyldiaminonaphthophenazoxoni- 600, 557 in AmOH (625, 580 with KOEt) (182). um chloride: 671.4, 615.3 in H2O; 671.4 in EtOH; 674.6 in AmOH Ci4HnN2OS(Cl).—3-Acetaminodiphenazthionium chloride: 556, (155). 458 in H2O (529). C 2 SH 22 N 3 O(Cl).—3-Dimethylamino-6-p-tolylaminonaphthoCi4Hi2NS.—3, 6-Dimethylthiazine: holo- and meriquinoid salts; phenazoxonium chloride: 670, 600 in H 2 O; 670 in EtOH (183). visible and ultra-violet spectrum of sulfate (323); visible spectrum of chloride (529). C26H22N4O2(Cl)2.-Di-Meldola's Blue: 702 (Hi). C26H24N3O(Cl).—3-Diethylamino-6-phenylaminonaphthophenCI4HI3N2S (ClO4).—3-Dimethylaminodiphenazthionium perazoxonium chloride: triacid salt, 582 (303). chlorate: 635, 686, (536), 293 in EtOH (3ii). C 2 TH 26 N 3 O (Cl).—S-Diethylamino-o-p-tolylaminonaphthophenCi4Hi3N2OS(Cl).—Dimethylthionoline chloride (Bernthsen's azoxonium chloride: 670, 615 in H2O; 670 in EtOH (i g 3). Méthylène Violet): 688.3, 573.2 in H2O; 601.6, 558.1 in EtOH S-Diethylamino-o-benzylaminonaphthophenazoxonium chloride (155); c/. (5,42). (C. I. 914): 592 in H2O (coned.), 650 (dû.) (269). Ci4Hi4N3S(Cl).-s^w.-Dimethylthionine chloride: 680.1, 574.5 C32H28N3O.—3-Diethylamino-6-diphenylaminonaphthophenaz- in H2O; 617.8, 572 in EtOH (iss) ; cf. (5). oxine: 550 in abs. EtOH (303). as^m.-Dimethylthionine chloride (Azure A): 638, 587 in H2O; 630.1, 579.5 in EtOH (iss) ; cf. (307); influence of temp. (57). Ethylthionine chloride: 618.8, 570.7 in H2O; 617.1, 600.7, 569.5 in EtOH (155). TABLE 9.—THIAZINE DERIVATIVES CIgHi6N3S(Cl).—as2/m.-Dimethyldiaminopheno-o-tolazthionium Ci2H6Cl4NS.—Tetrachlorothiodiphenylamine : 596 in H2SO4 chloride: 640, 588.3 UiH2O; 630.8,580.2inEtOH (155). Toluidine (625). Blue O (C. I. 925): 580 in H2O (coned.), 635 in H2O (dû.) (269). Ci2H6N4O6S.—1, 3, 6-Trinitrothiodiphenylamine: 667 in alk. a«2/m.-Dimethyldiaminopheno-m-tolazthionium chloride : 627.6, EtOH (304). 578.2 in H2O; 626.5, 630, 579.5 in EtOH (155). Ci2H7Cl2NS.—Dichlorothiodiphenylamine: 569 in H2SO4 (625). Trimethylthionine chloride: 661.7, 596.1 in H2O; 642.4, 588.3 Ci2H7NOS.—3-Oxythiazine (Thiazone): 543 in H2O; (acid in EtOH (155); c/. (277). salts) (529). Ci6Hi4N3O2S(Cl).-Diacetylthionine chloride: 535 in H2O Ci2H7NO2S.—6-Hydroxythiazone (Thionol): 584.5, 544.5 in (529). H2O; 594.8, 558 with alkali; 607.2, 596, 579, 554.8 with alk. EtOH Ci6Hi7INS(I).-Iodomethylene blue iodide: 661.4, 610.9 in (155 ) ; c / . (465). H2O; 669.8, 610.2 in EtOH ("O). Ci2H7N3O4S.—1, 3-Dinitrothiodiphenylamine: (595), 520 in Ci6Hi7N2S(Br).—3-Diethylaminodiphenazthionium bromide : alk. EtOH (304). 638, 589, (540), 293 in acid EtOH (3U).

TABLE 10.—ANTHRAQUINONE DERIVATIVES Ci6HnN2OS(Cl).—Diethylthionoline chloride: 625.S1 577 in H2O; 607.2, 561.8 in EtOH (iss). 8 1 10 1 2 ro Ci6Hi7N4O2S(Cl).-Nitromethylene blue: 658, 606, (470), 280 in H2O; 400, 300 in 90% H2SO4 ( 309 ). Méthylène Green B (C. I. 924): 665 on cotton (627); influence of concn. (269). Ci6Hi8N3S(Cl).—sî/w.-Diethylthionine chloride: 621.6, 575.7 in V5 XCO/ Y V7 co Tfb *5 4 H2O; 619.2, 573.2 in EtOH (155); c/. (5). asi/ra.-Diethylthionine chloride: 641, 590.9 in H2O; 633.7, 582 Abbreviations: S. B. A. = sulfuric-boric acid; B. A. A. = boric in EtOH (155); cf. (181). acid-acetic anhydride Tetramethylthionine chloride (Méthylène Blue, C. I. 922): Ci4H5Br3O5.—Tribromoflavopurpurin: 537.4, 498.4 in dil. 667.6, 608.4 in H2O; 6574, 602.1 in EtOH (iss) ; ultra-violet H2SO4 (350). bands, 290, 243 in EtOH (302) ; influence of temp. (57, 426) ; Ci H Br O .—Tribromohydroxyanthrapurpurin: 570, 532 inalk. 4 5 3 6 influence of acidity ( 276 > 309 ); influence of concn. and solvent H2O; 548, 506, 474 in H2SO4; 557, 516 in S. B. A. (ioi). (269, 276) ; lakes (265) ; dyeings (522); solid dye (269); dye base, Ci4H6Br2O4.—Dibromoquinizarin: 605, 570 in dil. KOH; 555, 527 in CHCl3 ( 6 7 7 ) j Cf. (5, leiq, 277q, 299q, 307, 581). 518 in H2SO4 (107); 578, 534 in B. A. A. (103). Ci6Hi9N4S(I).—Aminomethylene blue iodide: 647.5, 578 in C14H7BrO4.-3-Bromoalizarin: 515, 481.5 in H2SO4 (350). AmOH (180); cf. (309). 2-Bromoquinizarin: 603, 565 in dil. KOH; 553, 515 in H2SO4 Ci7H20N3S(Cl).-Trimethylethylthionine chloride (C. I. 926): (107); 570, 530 in B. A. A. (103). 668.6, 609.9 in H2O; 668.1, 603 in EtOH (155). Ci4H7BrO0.-Bromopurpurin: 524.7, 492.4 in H2SO4 (350). Diethylmethylthionine chloride: 666, 600.2 in H2O; 646.I9 590.9 Ci4H7ClO4.-2-Chloroquinizarin: 565, 528 in B. A. A. (103); 601 in EtOH (155). in alk. H2O (467). Diethylaminophenoamino-o-tolazthionium chloride: 643.2, 593.5 Ci4H7FO4.—2-Fluoroquinizarin: 560, 522 in B. A. A. (103). in H2O; 634.7, 583.2 in EtOH (155). Ci4H7NO6.-3-Nitroalizarin (C. I. 1033): 518.3, 490.4 in H2SO4 Diethylaminophenoamino-m-tolazthionium chloride: 630, 582 (350); 577.7, sss.7, 494 in alk. H2O (155). 4-Nitroalizarin (C. I. 1031): 601.9, 557, 519.5 in alk. H2O; 564.7, in H2O; 630.1, 607.5, 582 in EtOH (155). Ci8Hi3N2S(Cl).—3-Phenylaminodiphenazthionium chloride:592, 525.8 in EtOH (609.6, 664.7, 526.7 with alkali) (155). Ci4H7NO7.-Nitroflavopurpurin: 525.1, 493.4 in dil. H2SO4 (428) in H2O (529); 626, 572, 290 in acid EtOH (3ii). Ci8Hi4N3S(NO3).—Phenylthionine nitrate: 625, 290 in acid (350). Cj4H8O2.-Anthraquinone: 412, 310, 265 in H2SO4 (443). EtOH (302). Ci4H8O3.—1-Hydroxyanthraquinone: 570.4, 522.9, 495 in Ci8H22N3S(Cl).—Triethylthionine chloride: 665.9, 601.6 in CHCl3; 570, 515.9, 495 in Et2O; 551.6 in H2SO4 (350) ; 475, 305, H2O; 646.5, 592.2 in EtOH (155). syw.-Diethyldimethylthionine chloride: 672.2 in H2O; 659.9 in 262 in H2SO4 (443); 500, 480 with excess alkali (474); cf. (431, 457). EtOH; 658.9 in CHCl3; 668.5 in CS2; influence of temp. (57). 2-Hydroxyanthraquinone: 500, 410, 320, 288 in H2SO4; alkali asi/m.-Diethyldimethylthionine chloride: 6"7O, 611.4 in H2O; salt, 492, 300, 238 in H2O (443); 495, 470 with excess alkali (474); 659.2, 604.1 in EtOH (iss) ; influence of temp. (57);cf. (5). Cf. ( 4 57). Diethyldiaminodi-o-tolazthionium chloride (C. I. 927): New Ci4H8O4.—1, 2, Dihydroxyanthraquinone (Alizarin, C. I. Méthylène Blue, 575 in H2O (coned.), 630 (dil.) (269); On cotton, 1027): in H2SO4, 605.4, 493.1 (3Si) ; (540.5), 497, 464 (iss) ; 625, 610 (627). 501, 316, 270 (443); c/. (350, 379, 430); in g. ß. A. (617.5), (569.5), C i gH i oN2S (Br).—3-Phenylmethylaminodiphenazthionium bro- 600, 466.3 (155); in EtOH, 455, (286), 247 (394); i h excess alkali w t mide: 637, 607, (539), 296 in acid EtOH (3U). in H2O, 610.8, 666.6, 527.6; in EtOH, 624.9, 578.2, 537.1 (™*);cf. Ci9Hi6N3S(Cl).—as^w.-Phenylmethylthionine chloride: 627, 288 (443, 474); alkali salt, 527, 330, 260; on mordants, Sn, 473, Al, in acid EtOH (302). 507, Cr, 528 (431); absorption in solid and vapor form (336). Ci9H24N3S(Cl).-Methyltriethylthionine chloride: 671.6, 612.9 1, 4-Dihydroxyanthraquinone (Quinizarin, C. I. 1028) : in EtOH, in H2O; 660.2, 604.7 in EtOH (iss). 516, 502.1, 484.4, 468.8, 453.9 (155); cf. (430, 431); 314, 279, 244 Diethylaminophenoethylamino-0-tolazthionium chloride: 658.9, (394); in H2SO4, 548.3, 509.6, 476.4 (155); c/. (351, 379, 430) ; 325, 605.8 in H2O; 647.2, 592.7 in EtOH (iss). 272 (443); in g. B. A., 547.5, 508.8, 475.5 («5); hi B. A. A., 558, C20H26BrN3S(Br).—Bromotetraethylthionine bromide: 670, 624 520 (103); c/. (105); in vapor form, 513.7, 504, 492.6, 481.5, 473.6, in H2O; 676, 614.8 with KOH ("i). 463.5 (430); with excess alkali in EtOH, 608.1, 565.4, 529.4; in C20H25N4O2S(Br).—Nitrotetraethylthionine bromide: 639.7 in H2O, 696.1, 553.7, 517.7 (155); c/. (430, 431, 443, 474); on morH2O; 672 in EtOH ("i). dants, Sn, (546), 492, Al, 575, 528, Cr, 587, (537) (431). C20H26N3S(Cl).-Tetraethylthionine chloride: 673, 614.3 in 1, 5-Dihydroxyanthraquinone (Anthrarufin, C. I. 1029): in H2O; 661.1, 605.5 in EtOH (1SB); 664.7 in CHCl3; 667.4 in CS2; H2SO4, 570.7, 557.7, 628.6, 517.7, 487.1 (155); cf. (350); 320, 272 57 influence of temp. ( ). (443); in s. B. A., 670.7, 550, 628.2, 515.2, 491.3, (459.5) («S); C20H27N4S(Br).—Aminotetraethylthionine bromide: 628.8 in in B. A. A., 570, 527 (ios) ; with excess alkali, 500, 470 (474). c/. (443). EtOH (181). C21H20N3S(NO3).-Phenyltrimethylthionine nitrate: 645, 290 1, 7-Dihydroxyanthraquinone: 501.4 in H2SO4 (350). in EtOH (302). 1, 8-Dihydroxyanthraquinone (Chrysazin, C. I. 1030): 533, C24Hi8N3S(Cl).—s?/ra.-Diphenylthiomne chloride: 700, 290 in 496.6, 465.9 in H2SO4; 533.9, 496.6, 466.9 in S. B. A. (is5); 597.9, acid EtOH (302). 538 (350). C26H22N3S(Cl).—st/w.-Diphenyldimethylthionine chloride: 670, 2, 3-Dihydroxyanthraquinone (Hystazarin) : 619.8, 587.4 in 290 (302). dil. NaOH (351). C28H26N7S(OH).—Thioninedisazo-ots-dimethylaniline : 505 2, 6-Dihydroxyanthraquinone (Anthraflavin) : 495, 462.6 in H2SO4 (351); c/. (350, 379);293 (443) ; aikali salt, 500, 406, 338, C111). "Méthylène Azure:" (42, 57, ssi). 290 in H2O (443); with excess alkali, 485, 4SO, 400 (474).

ffrj ry rfr 6

\A /\/*

\A AA/ 4

8

Ci4H8O4.—2, 7-Dihydroxyanthraquinone (Isoanthraflavin) : 539.7, 493.6 in H2SO4 (35°); cf. (379) ; 303 (443) ; alkali salt, 505, 394, 343, 305 in H2O (443); with excess alkali, 500, 475, 390 (474). Ci^sOg.—l, 2, 3-Trihydroxyanthraquinone (Anthragallol, C. I. 1035): in H2SO4, 575, 626.6, 486.4, 456.6 (iss) ; cf. (156, 350, 379, 430) ; aiso 291 (443) ; in S. B. A., 522.6, 486.5, 455 (band at 578 due to by-product) (156); alkali salt (620), 509, 428, 288 (443).

1, 2, 4-Trihydroxyanthraquinone (Purpurin, C. I. 1037): in H2SO4, 559.9, 520.4, 489.2 (155); c/. (350, 430) ; (320), 280 (443); in S. B. A., 559.9, 520.4, 489.2 (iss) ; in EtOH, 521.1,.485.5, 455.5 (155); Cf, (430, 431); in vapor form, 525.6, 504.5 (430); aikali salt, 646.7, 508.9, 477.7 (iss) ; cf. (430, 431); 275 (443); in aik. EtOH, 660.7, 512.8, 481.5 O 55 ); on mordants: Sn, 538, 512, Al, 553, 520, Cr, 564, 530 (431). 1, 2, 5-Trihydroxyanthraquinone (Brilliant Alizarin Bordeaux R, C. I. 1038): in H2SO4, 640, 573.2, 530, 501 (430) ; cf. (155, 350); in S. B, A., 640.4, 587, 512.8 (155); in EtOH, (523.8), 470; in vapor form, 513.5, 505, 489.6, 480.5, 469.3 (430);with excess alkali, 619.5, 573.2, 533.5 in H2O; 631.5, 583, 541.1 in EtOH (155); cf. (430). 1, 2, 6-Trihydroxyanthraquinone (Flavopurpurin, C. I. 1039): in H2SO4, 531.2, 490.2, 457.8 (155); cf. (3S1); in dil. H2SO4, 533.5, 495.4 (350); cfm (379); in S. B. A., 534.8, 492.3, (456.6) (155); in excess alkali, 594.8, 551, 512.8 in H2O (155); c/. (351); 601, 557, 518.5 in EtOH (351). 1, 2, 7-Trihydroxyanthraquinone (Anthrapurpurin, C. I. 1040): in H2SO4, 548.5, 508.8, 478.3 (155); cf. (350) ; in S. B. A., 687, 612.6, 479.3, 448.9; with excess alkali, 605.8, 561.8, 523 in H2O; 610.8, 567, 527.6 in EtOH (155). 1, 2, 8-Trihydroxyanthraquinone: in H2SO4, 549.5, 510, 478.3; in S. B. A., 594.3, 548.9, 514.4; in alk. H2O, 618, 570.7, 534, 498.5; in alk. EtOH, 631.1, 583, 540.5, 505.5 (155). 1, 4, 5-Trihydroxyanthraquinone: 584.2, 539.1, 497.7 in H2SO4;, 696.6, 550.5, 511.3 in S. B. A.; 526.7, 512.8, 492.5, 478.9, 462 in EtOH (611.7, 560.7, 521.3 with alkali); 598.8, 553.7, 516.3 in alk. H 2 O(i55). 1, 4, 6-Trihydroxyanthraquinone: 587, 554, 515 in H2SO4; 561, 513 in S. B. A.; 591, 553 in alk. H2O (ioi). Ci4H8O5S.-1-Sulfoanthraquinone: 385, 340 in alk. H2O ( 474 ). Ci4H8O6.—1, 2, 5, 8-Tetrahydroxyanthraquinone (Quinalizarin, C. I. 1045): 637.7, 573.2, 530.3, 492 in H2SO4; 635.4, 590.9 in S. B. A.; 530.7, 517.0, 490.2, 461.4 in EtOH; (649.7, 634.1), 590.1, 546.5 with alkali; 587.0, 543.5, (506.4) in alk. H2O (155); cf. (350, 431); on mordants: Sn, 510; Al, 542; Cr, 548 (431). Oxyflavopurpurin; 623, 490 in H2SO4; 534, 494 in S. B. A.; 541, 501 in alk. H2O (ioi). Oxyanthrapurpurin; 587, 534, 500, 467 in H2SO4; 590, 489, 469 in S. B. A.; 661, 521, 489 in alk. H2O (ioi). 1, 3, 5, 7-Tetrahydroxyanthraquinone (Anthrachrysone) : 508.3, 471.7 in H2SO4 ( 35 O). 1, 4, 5, 8-Tetrahydroxyanthraquinone: 636.4, 617.1, 584-2, 539.9, 526.2 in H2SO4; 637.7, 618.3, 585.5, 568.7, 541.1, 527.4 in S. B. A.; 658, 543.9, 519.7, 507.1, 485.6, 475.1 in EtOH; 620.7, 574, 533.9 in alk. H2O (155). 2, 4, 6, 8-Tetrahydroxyanthraquinone: 504.8, 472 in H2O; 512.8, 478.3 in S. B. A.; 449.5 in EtOH; (541) in alk. H2O (155). Ci4H8O7.—1, 2, 4, 5, 8-Pentahydroxyanthraquinone (Alizarin Cyanin, C. I. 1050): 633.2, 583, 538.5 in H2SO4; 629.8, 577, 532.5 in S. B. A.; 559.2, 545.3, 520.2, 507.7, 485.9, 475.5 in EtOH (587, 543.9, 507.4 with alkali); 681.7, 538.7, 520.4 in alk. H2O (155); on mordants: Sn, 555; Al, 584; Cr, 592 (43i) ; in organic solvents (430). Ci4H8O8.—1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7-Hexahydroxyanthraquinone (Rufigallol, C. I. 1052): 576.5, 531.9 in H2SO4 (351); cf. (350, 379); 572.5, 530.3, 457, (432) in H2SO4; 576.2, 534 in S. B. A. (I55) ; 443 in EtOH (431); on mordants: Sn, 478; Al, 496; Cr, 510 (431).

1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 8-Hexahydroxyanthraquinone (C. I. 1062): 603, 588.3, 665.9, 542.5, 513.6 in H2SO4; 599.7, 550.7, 506.4 in S. B. A.; 546.3, 533.5, 521.3, 508.7, 496.9, 486.7, 475.9, 465.5 in EtOH (iss). 1, 2, 4, 5, 7, 8-Hexahydroxyanthraquinone (C. I. 1064): (661.5), 584.3, 540.5, 502.4 in H2SO4; 649.5, 593.5, 546.5, 506.4 in S. B. A.; (611), 668.2, 550.5, 527.8, 512, 492.3, 480 in EtOH (155). 1, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8-Hexahydroxyanthraquinone: (675), 604.4, 556.4, 519 in H2SO4; 565.5, 548.7, 534.8, 508.9, 499.5, (487.5) in EtOH (430); c/. (431); on mordants: Sn, 550; Al, 592; Cr, 600 (431). Ci4H8O8S2.—1, 5-Disulfoanthraquinone: 420, 333 in alk. H2O (474).

Ci4H9NO3.—!-Hydro xy-4-aminoanthraquinone : 562.5, 522.2 in H2SO4; 571.2, 528.3, 486, 455 in S. B. A.; 570.2, 629.4, 493 in EtOH (602.7, 559.4, 521.7 with alkali); 690.7, 548.5, 511.2 in alk. H2O (155). Ci4H9NO4.—1, 2-Dihydroxy-4-aminoanthraquinone (C. I. 1032): 560.3, 515.2, 485 in H2SO4; 569.5, 626.7, 489 in S. B. A.; 564, 523.5, 488.5 in EtOH (567.7, 527.6, 491.7 with alkali); 559.2, 519.9, 486.4 in alk. H2O (155); (531.3, 495.2 in H2SO4 (35O)). 394, 343, 305 1, 2-Dihydroxy-3-aminoanthraquinone: 540.3, 499.4 in H2SO4 (350). 2, 4-Dihydroxy-l-aminoanthraquinone: 550.9, 510.5, 480.5, 450 in H2SO4; 552.6, 511.7, 477, 448 in S. B. A.; 552.8, 615.2, 482.5 in EtOH (555.5, 520.6, 487.8 with alkali); 545.9, 510.4, 480.7 in alk. H2O (155). Ci4Hi0N2O2.—1, 4-Diaminoanthraquinone (584.5, 568.2), (537.3, 526.7), (497, 492.4) in S. B. A.; 595.6, 551.3, 512.7 in EtOH (iss). Ci4Hi0N2O4.—1, 5-Dihydroxy-4, 8-diaminoanthraquinone : 617.7, 568, 523 in H2SO4; (626.1, 609.9), (577.7, 562.9), (536, 524), in EtOH (641.4, 591, 547.5 with alkali) (iss). Ci4Hi2N4O2.—1, 4, 5, 8-Tetraaminoanthraquinone: 576, 531.5, 507.5 in S. B. A.; 638.7, 590.4, 549.3 in EtOH (625.5, 578.2, 536.6 with acid) (155). Ci5H7Br3O6.-Tribromococcin: 656, 514, 482 in H2SO4; 570, 528 in S. B. A.; 581, 538 in alk. H2O (ioi). Ci5H8O7.—Purpurincarboxylic acid (pseudopurpurin): 563.5, 520.8, 489.8 in H2SO4 (350). Ci5H9BrO5.—2-Methoxy-3-bromoquinizarin: 520, 485 in H2SO4; 540, 505 in S. B. A.; 540, 505 in dil. KOH (107). Ci5Hi0O3.—l-Hydroxy-4-methylanthraquinone: 555.2 in H2SO4; 523.5 in CHCl3 (350). Ci5Hi0O4.—1, 8-Dihydroxy-3-methylanthraquinone: 604.8, 534.4, 499.2 in H2SO4 (350). Ci5Hi0O5.—Methylhydroxyalizarin: 607.2, 569.4, (519.7) in H2SO4 (350). a-Methylanthragallol: 541.5, 502.4 in H2SO4 (350). 1, 4, 6-Trihydroxy-8-methylanthraquinone: 580, 524, 486 in H2SO4; 579, 527, 486 in S. B. A.; 595, 532 in alk. H 2 O (ioi). 1, 5, 8-Trihydroxy-2-methylanthraquinone: 459 in EtOH -JHCl; 517 in EtOH + NaOH (195). 1, 5, 8-Trihydroxy-3-methylanthraquinone: 487 in EtOH + HCl; 557 in EtOH + NaOH («5). 1, 5, 8-Trihydroxy-4-methylanthraquinone: 478 in EtOH -fHCl; 520 in EtOH + NaOH (195). 2, 5, 8-Trihydroxy-l-methylanthraquinone: 468 in EtOH + HCl; 532 in EtOH + NaOH (195). Ci5Hi0O6.—Methyltetrahydroxyanthraquinone: 540, 501 in H2SO4; 546, 503 in S. B. A.; 539, 501 in alk. H2O (ioi). Ci6Hi2O4.-Dimethylanthrarufin: 569.4, 520.8 in H2SO4 (350). Alizarin dimethyl ether: 597.6, 487.5 in H2SO4 (35i) ; cf. (379). Quinizarin dimethyl ether: 564.4, 519.8, (484.3) in H2SO4; 577.4, 535.4, 494.1 in neutral soin. ( 3 Si); c/. (379). Anthraflavin dimethyl ether: 501.5, 472.6, (436.9) in H2SO4 (351); cf. (379). Ci6Hi2O5.—Dimethylanthragallol: 544.3, 507.5 in H2SO4 (350). Anthragallol ethyl ether: 515 in H2SO4 (351); <$. (379).

C16Hi2O6.—Dimethyltetrahydroxyanthraquinone (probably 1, 5-dimethylanthrachrysone): 635.3, 617.8, 582.4, 540.3 in H2SO4

C20H20O8.—Rufigallol triethyl ether: 579, 544.6 in H2SO4 ( 35 I); Cf. (379).

C2iH13NO4.—l-Benzoylamino-4-hydroxyanthraquinone (Algol Pink R, C. I. 1128): 577, 534.5, 489.5 in H2SO4 (190); cf. ("6); 538, 496 in C9H7N (U 6 ). C2iH13NO6.—l-Benzoylamino-4, 5, 8-trihydroxyanthraquinone (Algol Violet B, C. I. 1130): 656, 603, 529, 495 in H2SO4; 637, 559, 523 in C 9 H 7 N ("6); 60O7 575 on cotton (522). C2iH14N2O3.—a-Benzoylhydrazinoanthraquinone: 540, 500, 300, 264 in H2SO4 (560, 530 on adding H3BO3) (39). ß-Benzoylhydrazinoanthraquinone: 504, 400, 303, 254 in H2SO4 (39). C2iH15NO3.—l-Hydroxy-4-o-tolylaminoanthraquinone : 586.5, 541.5 in H2SO4; 591.5, 545.3, 505 in S. B. A.; 583.5, 542, 504 in EtOH (628.2, 579.5, 538 with alkali) (15S). l-Hydroxy-4-p-tolylaminoanthraquinone: 587, 542.5 in H2SO4; 592.2, 545.9, 505.6 in S. B, A.; 587.5, 546.6, (509) in EtOH (632.4, (350). !-Hydro xy-2-methyl-5, 8-dimethoxyanthraquinone : 460 in 583.3, 541.5 with alkali) (155). C22H14O6.—1, 8-Diacetoxynaphthacenequinone : 571, 328 in EtOH + HCl; 507 in EtOH + NaOH (195). S. B. A.; 400 in EtOH (476, 382 with NaOEt) (41). l-Hydroxy-3-methyl-5, 8-dimethoxyanthraquinone: 473 in C22H15NO4.—l-Benzoylamino-4-methoxyanthraquinone (Algol EtOH + HCl; 525 in EtOH + NaOH (195). Scarlet G, C. I. 1129): 490, 460 in C9H7N; 597, 530, 500 in H2SO4 l-Hydroxy-4-methyl-5, 8-dimethoxyanthraquinone: 467 in (116). EtOH + HCl; 506 in EtOH + NaOH (19S). C24Hi4N2O6.—l-Hydroxy-2 (?)-nitro-6 (?)-anilinonaphthaceneCi8Hi6O4.—Quinizarin diethyl ether: 577, 535, (494) in H2SO4 quinone: 588, 297 in S. B. A.; 610, 575 in EtOH (606 with NaOEt) (379). (41). Anthraflavin diethyl ether: 504.5, 477.5, (439.8) in H2SO4 C24H15NO3.—l-Anilino-6-hydroxynaphthacenequinone: 556, 293 (351); cf. (379). in S. B. A.; 526 in EtOH (613, 568 with NaOEt) (41). Isoanthraflavin diethyl ether: 505.1, 492.3 in H2SO4 (35i) ; cf. C26H18N2O2.—1, 4-Dianilinoanthraquinone: 633.4, 577.5, 533 in (379). H2SO4; 521.7, (483) in S. B. A.; 642.4, 589.6, 545.5inEtOH (155). C18Hi6O5.-Anthragallol diethyl ether: 515 in H2SO4 (379). 1, 5-Dianilinoanthraquinone: 533 in solid form; 482 in vapor Anthrapurpurin diethyl ether: 508.1 in H2SO4 (351). form (340°) (336). Flavopurpurin diethyl ether: 542.3, 501.5 in H2SO4 (35i) ; c/. C28H8Cl4O2.—4, 5, 4', 5'-Tetrachloro-raes0-naphthadianthrone: (379). 610, (564), 518 in H2SO4 ("3); cf. (437). C18H8N2O7.—l-Hydroxy-2, 6-dinitronaphthacenequinone: 416 C28H10Br2O2.—3, 3'-Dibromo-raeso-naphthadianthrone: 550 in in EtOH (521, 408 with NaOEt) (*i). H2SO4 (US). C18H9ClO3.—l-Chloro-6-hydroxynaphthacenequinone: 571, 523, C28H10Cl2O2.—3, 3'-Dichloro-raeso-naphthadianthrone: 254 in 304 in S. B. A.; 458, 250 in EtOH (510, 402, 261 with NaOEt) ( 4 I). H2SO4 (us). Ci8HK)O3.—!-Hydroxynaphthacenequinone: 571, 324 in S. B. 4, 4'-Dichloro-raeso-naphthadianthrone: 591, 521 in H2SO4 (H3). A.; 455, 249 in EtOH (526, 263 with NaOEt) (41). C28H12Br2O2.—3, 3'-Dibromo-weso-benzodianthrone: 640 in C18Hi0O4.—1, 6-Dihydroxynaphthacenequinone : 540, 492, 463, H2SO4 (us). 331, 894 in S. B. A.; 488, 260 in EtOH (555, 265 with NaOEt) («). C28H12Cl2O2.—3, 3'-Dichloro-raeso-benzodianthrone: 645 in 1, 7-Dihydroxynaphthacenequinone: 613, 571, 297 in S. B. A.; H2SO4 (113). 476 in EtOH (488, 250 with NaOEt) (41). C28H12Cl4O2.-!, 5, 1', 5'-Tetrachlorodianthrone: 546 in H2SO4 1, 8-Dihydro xynaphthacenequinone: 571, 323 in S. B. A.; 454, (113). 291 in EtOH (508, 472, 250 with NaOEt) («). 4, 5, 4', 5'-Tetrachlorodianthrone: 567 in H 2 SO 4 (US). C18H10O6.—1, 2, 6-Trihydroxynaphthacenequinone: 57O7 326 in 1, 4, 1', 4/-Tetrachlorodianthrone: 546 in H2SO4 (H3). S. B. A.; 488, 280 in EtOH (513 with NaOEt) (41). C28H12O2.—raeso-Naphthadianthrone: 569, 511 in H2SO4 (H3). C18Hi0O7S.—1, 5-Dihydroxynaphthacenequinone-4 (?)-sulfonic C28H12N2O2.-Indanthrene Yellow G (C. I. 1118): 484, 454 in acid: 610, 571, 300 in S. B. A.; 488, 260 in EtOH (588 with NaOEt) C9H7N; 510, 479, 453 in H2SO4 (H«). 41 ( ). C28H14Cl2O2.-3, 3'-Dichlorodianthrone: 546, 450 in H2SO4 C18HnNO3.—l-Amino-6-hydroxynaphthacenequinone: 541, 508, (113). 292 in S. B. A.; 556, 510, 481, 264 in EtOH (562, 264 with 4, 4'-Dichlorodianthrone: 630, 584 in H2SO4 (H3). NaOEt) (41). C28H16NO4.—a, jo-Dianthraquinonylamine (Algol Orange R, C. C18HnNO4.—l-Amino-6, 8-dihydroxynaphthacenequinone: 571, I. 1137): 496 in C9H7N (lie). 293 in S. B. A.; 556, 513, 477 in EtOH (588, 250 with NaOEt) C28H16O2 (?).—Helianthrone: 618, (590) in H2SO4 (437). (41). Dianthrone: 558, (530) in H2SO4 (437). C19Hi2O4.—l-Hydroxy-5-methoxynaphthacenequinone : 700, C28H18N2O4.—1, 4-Dibenzoyldiaminoanthraquinone (Algol 300 in S. B. A.; 481, 252 in EtOH (530, 261 with NaOEt) (41). Red 5G, C. I. 1131): 541, 502 in C9H7N; 571, 530, 491 in H2SO4 l-Hydroxy-8-metho xynaphthacenequinone: 571, 327 in (116). S. B. A.; 467, 290 in EtOH (532, 260 with NaOEt) («). C28H i8N2 O5.—1, 5-Dibenzoy ldiamino-8-hy droxy anthraquinone C2oHi3NO3.—l-Hydroxy-4-phenylaminoanthraquinone : 585, (Algol Red R, C. I. 1133): 560.2, (521.4), 488.4 in S. B. A. (190); 540.5 in H2SO4; 692.7, 546.5, 506.4in S. B, A.; 588.6, 646.5, 508.3 in 562, 524, 492 in C 9 H 7 N; 610, 568, 526 in H2SO4 (H6). EtOH; 631.5, 583.2, 541.1 in alk. EtOH (155). C28H22N2O5S.—l-p-Toluido-4-o-sulfo-p-toluidoanthraquinone: C20H20O5.—Flavopurpurin triethyl ether : 535.3, (489.5), 468.4 in 649.7, 591 in H2SO4; 643.8, 586.5, 540.3, 500, 469.5 in S. B. A.; H2SO4 (351). 650.7, 596.1, 552.2 in EtOH (155). (350).

Ci6Hi4N2O2.—1, 4-Dimethylaminoanthraquinone: (624.9, 602.5), (572.0, 552.8), (526.7, 509.6) in S. B. A.; 644.5, 595.1, 550.5 in EtOH (155). C17HgNO4.—1, 2-Dihydroxyanthraqumone-a-quinoline (C. I. 1068): 597.7, 551.5, 516.8, 487.8 in H2SO4; 660, 603 in S. B. A.; 588.8, 545.5, 507.2 in EtOH; 578.3, 535.3, 497.3 in H2O; 567.5, 526.9, 491.9 in alk. H2O; 576, 530.5, 494.7 in alk. EtOH (iss). 1, 2-Dihydroxyanthraquinone-ß-quinoline (C. I. 1066): 604.4, 560.7, 524, 492.7 in H2SO4; 578 in S. B. A.; 675, 617.7, (579.5) in alk. H2O; 600.6, 632.1, 580.7 in alk. EtOH (155). Alizarin Blue: on wool (1°); infra-red bands at 0.8 and 1.0/z with strong band at O.SM in EtOH (388). C17Hi4O6.-Trimethylanthragallol: 554.1, 507.5 in H2SO4

C2SH22N2O2.—l, 4-Di-o-toluidoanthraquinone: 634.4, 678.2, 533.4 in H2SO4; (618, 600.2), (567, 551.5), (523, 512.8) in S. B. A.; 638.7, 585.7, 543.1 in EtOH (15B). l, 4-Di-p-toluidoanthraquinone: 682.7, 578.2, 533 in H 2 SO 4 ; 618.8, 567, 522.4 in S. B. A.; &44.1, 590.9, 546.5 in EtOH (155). l, 5-Di-p-toluidoanthraquinone: 482 in vapor form (370°) (336).

C29Hi6N2O5.-!, l'-Dianthraquinonylurea: 265 in H2SO4 ( 40 ). 1, 2'-Dianthraquinonylurea: 260 in H2SO4 ( 40 ). 2, 2/-Dianthraquinonylurea (C. I. 1138): 410, 270 in H2SO4 (40). Cs0Hi2Br2O2.—Dibromopyranthrone (Indanthrene Scarlet G, C. I. 1098): 509, 478, 449 in C 9 H 7 N; 538 in H2SO4 (U6). Cs0Hi4O2.—Pyranthrone (Indanthrene Gold Orange G, C. I. 1096): 486 in C 9 H 7 N; 620, 575, 545, 504 in H2SO4 (H6); 544.3, 503.5 in vat O 90 ). Cs0HiCO4.—2, 2/-Dianthraquinonylethylene (Anthraflavone, C . I. 1095): 581, 548 in H2SO4 ("6). C30H18N2O4.-N-Dimethylindanthrene (C. I. 1108): Algol Blue K, 700 in xylene O 9 O). Cs0H2SN4O2.—Tetramethyl-p-diamino-1, 4-dianilinoanthraquinone: 628.8, 575, 530.7 in H2SO4; 619.6, 568.2, 524 in S. B. A. (155).

C3iHi8N2O4.—/3-Anthraquinone-a-anthra-N-methylpyridoneamine (Algol Red B, C. I. 1155): 555, 521, 488 in C 9 H 7 N; 530, 493, 460 in H2SO4 ("6); 524.8, 490.5, 457.8 in S. B. A. ("O). C34Hi4Cl2O2.—Dichloroisoviolanthrone (C. I. 1104): Indanthrene Violet 2R, 594, 545, 505 in C 9 H 7 N (l 16). C34Hi6O2.—Violanthrone (Indanthrene Dark Blue BO, C. I. 1099): 578.3, 535.6. 500.8 in vat ( 19 O); Violanthrene B, 618, 568, 523, 488 in C 9 H 7 N; 575, 531, 524 in H2SO4 (i16). Isoviolanthrone (Indanthrene Violet R, C. I. 1103): 603, 555, 516, 482 in C 9 H 7 N; 520, 490 in H2SO4 (116). C42H20Cl2N2Oe.—Dichloro-di-a-anthraquinonyl-2, 7-diaminoanthraquinone (Indanthrene Bordeaux B, C. I. 1143): 540, 500 in C 9 H 7 N; 580 in H2SO4 ("6). C42H22N2Oe.—Di-a-anthraquinonyl-2, 6-diaminoanthraquinone (Indanthrene Red G, C. I. 1140): 641, 587, 543.2, 497.7 in H2SO4 (190); 530, 50OmC 9 H 7 N ("6). 2, 7-Di-a-anthraquinonyldiaminoanthraquinone (Indanthrene Red R, C. I. 1142): 520, 500 in C 9 H 7 N (ne); 525 on cotton (522). C44H26N2O8.—4, 4'-Dimethoxy-di-a-anthraquinonyl-2, 6-diaminoanthraquinone (Algol Bordeaux 3B, C. I. 1141): 668, 540, 500 in C 9 H 7 N; 606, 572 in H2SO4 (H6); 608.6, 538.5 in S. B. A. O 9 O). Algol Brown B (C. L 1166): 581, 536 in C9H7N (i13). Algol Corinth (C. I. 1144) : 606, 561 in C9H7N; 603,552 in H2SO4 (116). Algol Gray B (C. 1.1145) : 642, 547 in C9H7N; 615, 562 in H2SO4 (116). Alizarin Blue S 5R: 540 in H2O (concd.), 560 (du.) (269). Alizarin Red W: 610, 559, 518 in alk. EtOH (369). Cibanone Brown B (C. I. 1171): 568, 528, 488 in C9H7N; 581, 643, (493) in H2SO4 (l 16). Cibanone Brown G: 570, 530, 493 in C9H7N; 581, 530, (490) in H2SO4 (ne). Cibanone Yellow R (C. I. 1170): 530.6, 492.6 in H2SO4 O 9 O); cf. O 16 ). Helindone Orange GRN (C. I. 1147): 490 in C9H7N ("6). Indanthrene Blue GED: 650 on cotton (522). Indanthrene Brown B (C. I. 1120): 614, 557 in C 9 H 7 N (H6). Indanthrene Gray: 530, 490 in C9H7N (H6). Indanthrene Maroon R (C. I. 1125): 553, 493 in C9H7N (H6). Indanthrene Orange RT (C. I. 1157): 557, 492 in H2SO4 (U 6). Indanthrene Violet RT (C. I. 1100): 601, 554, 511 in C 9 H 7 N; 575, 531, 524 in H2SO4 ("«); 683.2, 539.7, 500 in xylene O 9 O).

TABLE

11.—INDIGO DERIVATIVES AND RELATED COLORING MATTERS B/0

4

O 7

/ /

C

\\ \

3'/° O

/ O/ /

4,

° \ \/ /\ \K/

I

/

l

/° = °\ 6 \XNH// \NSTH/A/ ' ^ 7 I

1'

Ci3HnNO3.-2-Indole-3-pentanoneindigo: 478 in CHCl3 ( 254 ). Ci4Hi0N2O4S2,-Disulfurylindigo: 460, 288 in HOAc; 455 in H2SO4 (382).

Ci6H10N2O3S.-Sulfurylindigo: 456, 254 in EtOH (633, 288 with alkali); 472 in H2SO4 ( 3 82). Ci6H2Br8N2O2.—Octabromoindigo: 611.5 in xylene; 613.5 in tetralin (154). Ci6H2Cl8N2O2.—Octachloroindigo: 606.9, 555.4 in xylene; 604.3, 555.2 in methyl benzoate (191); cf. O 9 4 ). Ci6H4Br6N2O2.—4, 5, 7, 4', 5', 7'-Hexabromoindigo : 616.2 in xylene; 623.6 in CHCl3 ("»); 619 in tetralin (154). Ci6H6Br5N2O2.—4, 5, 7, 5', 7/-Pentabromoindigo: 615 in xylene; 621.3 in CHCl3 («9); 618 in tetralin (154). Ci6H6Br2Cl2N2O2.—5, 5'-Dibromo-4, 4/-dichloroindigo (C. I. 1189): 612.5 in xylene O 91 ); 631.3 in methyl benzoate O 94 ); 615.5 in tetralin (154). 7, 7'-Dibromo-5, 5'-dichloroindigo: 611.5 in xylene; 614.5 in tetralin (154). Ci6H6Br2O2S2.—5, 5'-Dibromothioindigo (C. I. 1208): 555.5, 513.8 in xylene (19<>) ; 554, 522, 486, 455 in C 9 H 7 N (H6); 559, 515 in tetralin ( 15 4). 6, 6'-Dibromothioindigo: 539.5, 498 in xylene; 641.6, 500 in tetralin (154). Ci6H6Br3NO2S,-2-(5, 7-Dibromoindole)-5/-bromo-2/-thionaphtheneindigo (C. I. 1222): 598, 557 in C 9 H 7 N; 550 in H2SO4 (U 6 ); 590, 545 in xylene; 592.5, 547.5 in tetralin (154). 2-(4, 5, 7-Tribromoindole)-2/-thionaphtheneindigo; 585.5, 539.5 in xylene; 588, 542 in tetralin (154). Ci6H6Br4N2O2.-5, 7, 5', 7/-Tetrabromoindigo (C. I. 1184): 623 in CHCl3 (350) ; 620 in C6H6NO2 ( 87 ); 613 in xylene; 616 in tetralin O 5 4 ); cf, (188, 191). (Ciba Blue 2B reported as 653, 600.5 in xylene O 90 ).) 5, 7, 5', 7'-Tetrabromoindirubin (C. I. 1205): 579.5, 537 in xylene (i 9 <>); 590, 545 in C9H7N; 580 in H2SO4 (l 16); 613 in xylene; 616 in tetralin (154). Ci6H6Cl2O2S2.—4, 4/-Dichlorothioindigo: 545, 503 in xylene; 547.5, 505 in tetralin (154). 5, 5'-Dichlorothioindigo (C. I. 1209): 547.3, 504 in xylene (I 9 O); 556, 511 in C 9 H 7 N ("6); 550.5, 507.5 in tetralin (154). 6, 6'-Dichlorothioindigo (C. I. 1210): Ciba Red B, 539, 497.5 in xylene; 541, 499.5 in tetralin. Helindone Rose R, 538, 497 in xylene; 540, 499 in tetralin (154). Ci6H6Cl4N2O2.-4, 7, 4', 7'-Tetrachloroindigo: 596.7, 546.8 in xylene; 600.6, 551.7 in methyl benzoate (I 9 I). 5, 7, 5', 7'-Tetrachloroindigo (C. I. 1190): 609 in xylene; 616.6 in methyl benzoate (I 9 I); cf. (194); 615 in C6H5NO2 ( 87 ); 613.5 in tetralin (154). Ci6H7Br2NO2S.— 2-(5-Bromoindole)-5'-bromo-2'-thionaphtheneindigo (C. I. 1221); 600, 556 in C 9 H 7 N (U 6); 589, 544.5 in xylene; 591.5, 547 in tetralin O 54 ); cf. (I 9 O). 3- (5, 7-Dibromoindole)-2/-thionaphtheneindigo (C. I. 1226): 543.5, 502 in xylene; 546, 504 in tetralin (154). Thioindigo Scarlet G, 500 in C 9 H 7 N; 580, 500 in H2SO4. Ciba Red G, 530, 50OmC 9 H 7 N ("6). 2- (5, 7-Dibromoindole)-2'-thionaphtheneindigo: 584, 539 in. xylene; 586.5, 541.5 in tetralin O 54 ).

Ci6H7Br3N2O2.—5, 7, 5'-Tribromoindigo: 608.7 in xylene ( 188 ); 612.5 in xylene; 615.5 in tetralin (is*). Ci6H7Br3N2O2S.—Tribromo-3-indole-2X6'-aminothionaphthene)-indigo (Helindone Brown G, C. I. 1227) : 540 in H2SO4 (116). Ci6H8BrNO2S.—2-(5-Bromoindole)-2/-thionaphtheneindigo (C. I. 1220): 582.5, 538.5 in xylene; 585, 541 in tetralin (154). (Ciba Grey G, 598, 548 in C 9 H 7 N ("6).) Ci6H8Br2N2O2.-4, 4'-Dibromoindigo: 613 in C2H2Cl4 (165). 5, 5'-Dibromoindigo: 621 in C2H2Cl4 (165); 605.5 in xylene; 609 in tetralin (154) ; cf. (188, 350). 6, 6'-Dibromoindigo: 591.6, 536.5 in xylene; 593.5, 554 in methyl benzoate (191); 585 in C2H2Cl4 ( 165 ); 592, 550in tetralin (154); cf. ( 1 1 7 , 1 9 4 ) .

7, 7'-Dibromoindigo: 606 in C2H2Cl4 (165). 6, 6'-Dibromoindirubin: 567, 520 in xylene (U 8 ). Ci6H8Br2N2O2S2.—5, 5'-Dibromo-6, 6'-diaminothioindigo (C. I. 1215): 519, 484 in xylene; 621, 485.5 in tetralin (154). Ci6H8Br4N4O2.—5, 7, 5', 7'-Tetrabromo-6, 6'-diaminoindigo (C. I. 1187): 559, 523 in xylene; 662.6, 526 in tetralin (154); 563.3 in methyl benzoate (194); 585.1 in H2SO4 (350). Ci6H8Cl2N2O2.—6, 6'-Dichloroindigo: 558.5, 518.5 in xylene; 561, 621 in tetralin (154). Ci6H8I2N2O2.—6, 6'-Diiodoindigo: 598, 546.5 in xylene; 600.9, 558.1 in methyl benzoate ( 194 ). Ci6H8N4O6.-5, 5'-Dinitroindigo: 585.5 in CHC13(?) (350). 6, 6'-Dinitroindigo: 635.5 in xylene; 638 in tetralin ( 154 ). Ci6H8N6O2(Cl)2.—Tetrazoindigo chloride: 565, 517 in H2O (115). Ci6H8O2S2.-Thioindigo: 543.5, 502 in xylene; 546, 504 in tetralin (154) ; 547 in CHCl3 O 63 ); 552, 508 in C9H7N ("*); 407, 310 in H2SO4 (382); c/. ( I l l , 167, 169, 190,

524).

Ci6H8O3S2.—Hydroxythioindigo: 539, (497.5) in xylene (88). Thioindigo sulfoxide: 520 in xylene (524). Ci6H8O4S2.—5, 5'-Dihydroxythioindigo: 590 in C2H2Cl4 (164). 6, 6'-Dihydroxythioindigo: 560, 520 in H2SO4 (164). Thioindigo sulf one: 500 in xylene ( 524 ). Ci6H8O6S2.—Trihydroxythioindigo: 487.7 in xylene (88). Ci6H9NO2S.—2-Indole-2'-thionaphtheneindigo: 575, 531.5 in xylene; 577.5, 533.5 in tetralin (1S4) ; 579 in CHCl3 (163); cf. (122). 3-Indole-2'-thionaphtheneindigo (C. I. 1225): 544.5, 507 in xylene; 546, 504 in tetralin (154) ; 510 in C9H7N; 580 in H2SO4 (116); Cf. (640).

Ci6Hi0N2O2.-Indigo (C. I. 1177): 630 in C6H0NH2 (382); 615.9 in HOAc (u 7 ); 604.8 in CHCl3 (350) ; 590.9 in xylene (U 7 ); 601.5 in tetralin (154) ; 472, 300 in H2SO4 (382). (Formanek reports band at 637, Krüss at 605.1); 678 in solid form; 546 in vapor at

Ci6HnN3O2.—5-Aminoindigo: 589 ( nl ). Ci6Hi2N4O2.-4, 4/-Diaminoindigo: 594 ("I). 5, 5'-Diaminoindigo: 588.9 in H2SO4 ( 35 O); hydrochloride, 623 in H2O ("S). CnH9NO3.-2-Indanone-2'-indoleindigo: 508 in CHCl3 (122). Ci7Hi0N2O3.—2-Isoquinolone-2/-indoleindigo : 584 in CHCIs (122). Ci7Hi0N2O2S,-—5TIsatinyl-3-phenylrhodanic acid: 430 in HOAc ( 677 ). CnHnBrN2O2.-5-Bromo-7-methylindirubin (C. I. 1206): 582, 538 in xylene; 585, 541 in tetralin (154). Ci7H11NO2.-2-Indane-2'-indoleindigo: 492 in CHCl3 (122). C17H12N2O2.—]V-Methylindigo: 635.5 in xylene; 638.5 in tetralin (154); 639.4 in xylene ("7). 5-Methylisoindigo: 491 in HOAc (641). 7-Methylisoindigo: 489 in HOAc (641). 5-Methyl-2-indole-3/-indoleindigo: 535 to 544 in HOAc (641). 7-Methyl-2-indole-3/-indoleindigo: 546 in HOAc (641). 5-Methyl-3-indole-2'-indoleindigo: 544, 532 in HOAc (641). 7-Methyl-3-indole-2/-indoleindigo: 546, 528 in HOAc (641). C18H8Br2N2O3S.—2-Naphthsultam-2-(5/, 7'-dibromoindole)-indigo: 674, 614 in C6H6 (349). Ci8H9NO4S2.—2-Thionaphthene-2'-naphthsultamquinoneindigo: 590, 545 in C6H5NO2 (168). Ci8Hi0Br2O2S2.—6, 6'-Dibromo-4, 4/-dimethylthioindigo (C. I. 1211): 642.5, 501 in xylene; 545, 503 in tetralin (154). Ci8Hi0Cl2O2S2.—5, 5'-Dichloro-6, e'-dimethylthioindigo (Helindone Red 3B, C. I. 1212): 662, 520.7 in xylene (i*0) ; 575, 530 in C9H7N (116); 560, 540 on cotton (522). 5, 5'-Dichloro-7, 7/-dimethylthioindigo: 565, 526 in xylene; 667.6, 528 in tetralin (154). C18H10NO3S.—2-Naphthsultam-2'-indoleindigo : 655, 605 in EtOH (168); 664, 608 in C6H6; 666, 609 in CHCl3; 670, 614 in C 6 H 5 NO 2 (349).

Ci8H10N2O6.-Indigodicarboxylic acid: 648.7 in dil. NH4OH; 647.9 in dil. NaOH; 649.9 in dil. KOH ( 35 O). Ci8Hi0O2S2.—Dye from oxythionaphthene and glyoxal: 609, 476 in xylene (167). C18H11NO2.—2-Naphthalene-2'-indoleindigo: 644, 591 in CHCl3 (163); c/. (122).

C18H12Br2N2O2.—6, 6'-Dibromo-l, I'-dimethylindigo: 635 in xylene; 638 in tetralin (154); 638 in xylene ("7). Ci8Hi2Cl2N2O2.—5, 5'-Dichloro-l, I'-dimethylindigo: 665 in xylene (H ? ). Ci8Hi2N2O2.—Dye from indoxyl and glyoxal: 600, 555 in xylene (167). Ci8Hi2N2O2S.—5-Isatinyl-3-p-tolylrhodanic acid: 433 in HOAc

187, 191, 524, 528q,

(677).

Indirubin: 561, 522 in xylene; 064, 525 in tetralin (154); 544 in HOAc (641); 568, 534 in C9H7N (U6); 289 in MeOH (ios) ; 492 in vapor form (305°) (336). Isoindigo: 520, 335, 268 in MeOH (ios) ; 477 in HOAc (641). Ci6Hi0N2O2S2.-5, 5'-Diaminothioindigo: 592, 523 (Hi). 7, 7/-Diaminothioindigo (C. I. 1213): 646 in C9H7N; 584, 550 InH 2 SO 4 (ne). Ci6Hi0N2O6S.—Indigo-5-sulfonic acid: K salt, 608 in H2O; 615 in 80% EtOH; 525 in solid form (268q). Ci6Hi0N2O8S2.—Indigo-5, 5'-disulfonic acid: K salt, 610 in H2O; 610 in 80% EtOH (268q) ; Na salt (C. I. 1180): 612, 289, 252

(164).

320° (336); 650 On COtton (522); cf. (Ul, 602Q, 669q).

in H2O (179<1); Cf. (H5q, 268q, 299q, 390qj 391q, 422q).

Ci6Hi0N2OnS3.—Indigo-5, 7, 5'-trisulfonic acid: K salt, 603 in H2O; 605 in 80% EtOH; 560 in solid form (268q). Ci6Hi0N2Oi4S4.—Indigo-5, 7, 5', 7'-tetrasulfonic acid: K salt, 590 in H2O; 598 in 80% EtOH (268).

C18H12O4S2.-4, 4'-Dimethoxythioindigo: 554, 504 in C2H2Cl4 5, 5'-Dimethoxythioindigo: 590 in C2H2Cl4 (164). 6, 6'-Dimethoxythioindigo: 570, 530 in C2H2Cl4 (164). C18H14N2O2.-!, I'-Dimethylindigo: 644.5 in xylene (U 7 ); 642 in xylene; 645 in tetralin (154); cf. (166). 7, 7/-Dimethylindigo: 603.8 in xylene; 617.7 in HOAc (187); 606.5 in tetralin (154); cf. (350, 524), 5, 5'-Dimethylisoindigo: 512 in H2SO4 (641). 7, 7'-Dimethylisoindigo: 528 in H2SO4 ( 64 I). C18H14N2O4.-4, 4/-Dimethoxyindigo: 603 in C2H2Cl4 (165). 5, 5'-Dimethoxyindigo: 644 in C2H2Cl4 (165).. 6, 6'-Dimethoxyindigo: 577 in C2H2Cl4 (165). 7, 7/-Dimethoxyindigo: 644 in C2H2Cl4 (16S); 650.8 in CHCl3 (350).

Ci8H9BrO2S.—5-Bromo-2-thionaphthene-2'-acenaphthylenindigo: 520.5, 480.5 in xylene; 533.5, 483.5 in tetralin (is4).

C30Hi6N4O8.—N, AT'-Dinitrobenzoylindigo: 570 in xylene (524). C2oHioO2S.—2-Thionaphthene-2;-acenaphthyleneindigo (C. I. 1228): 516.5, 479 in xylene; 519$, 482 in tetralin (154). Ciba C30Hi8N2O4.-N, #'-Dibenzoylindigo: 578, 534 in xylene; 58O1 Scarlet G, 526, 490, 444 in C9H7N. Thioindigo Scarlet 2G, 525, 536 in tetralin (154); 575 m xylene (524). C32H18N2O2.-Lake Red Ciba B: 555 in xylene (524). 490 (U6); c/. (190). C32H18N4O4Zn.-"Zinc indigo:" 570 in CHCl3 (?) (35S). C2oHi2O2S2.—Dye from hydroxythionaphthene and maleic 67 C32H26N6O2S2.—fo's-Dimethylanilinedisazothioindigo: 499 ( 1 U). dialdehyde: 527, 484 in xylene (i ). C2QHi4Br2O4S2.—5, 5'-Dibromo-6, 6'-diethoxythioindigo (C. I. C32H28N8O2.—fos-Dimethylanilinedisazoindigo : 501 (111J. C 50 Hs 2 N 6 O 2 .—Di-(tetramethyldiaminodiphenylmethane)1218): 629, 490.5 in xylene; 631.6, 492.5 in tetralin (154); 539, 494 diindoxyl: 596.4, 499.3 in H2O after oxidation in HOAc soin. (540). in C 9 H 7 N; 598, 547, 501 in H2SO4 (H 6 ). C52H56N6O2.—Di-(tetramethyldiaminodiphenylmethane)-di-0C20Hi4Cl2O4S2.—4, 4'-Dimethyl-5, 5'-dichloro-7, 7'-dimethoxythioindigo (C. I. 1219) : 690.6, 554 in xylene; 593.5, 556.5 in tetralin methylindoxyl: 576.3, 507.4 in H2O after oxidation in HOAc soin. (540). ( 154 ). C20Hi4N2O4.-^, N'-Diacetylindigo: 545 in xylene (524); cf. Di- (tetramethyldiaminodiphenylme thane)-di-p-me thy lindoxyl : (166). 634.3 in H2O after oxidation in HOAc soin. (540). The indigoid dye from a-aminopyridine and ClCH2CO2H has a C20Hi6N4O4.—5, S'-Diacetyldiaminoindigo : (l 15 ). C20Hi6O2S2.—4, 7, 4', T'-Tetramethylthioindigo: 552, 511 in max. at 515 in slightly alk. soin, and "glyoxalin red" a max. at xylene; 555, 513 in tetralin (154). 510 (124). Dye max. in C9H7N:-Ciba Red R (C. I. 1229), C20Hi6O2S4.-6, 6'-Diethylthiothioindigo (C. I. 1216): 584.5, 529, 491; Ciba Violet R (C. I. 1222, note), 603, 563; Helindone 494.5 in xylene; 537, 496.5 in tetralin ( 15 4). Helindone Scarlet S, Brown 2R (C. I. 1223), 582, 530, 498; Helindone Brown 5R (C. I. 542, 492 in C 9 H 7 N; 530, 490 in H2SO4 ("6). 1224), 584, 532, 496; Helindone Violet B (C. I. 1219), 603 (?), 568; C20Hi6O3S.—3, 4-Dihydro-2-naphthalene-6'-ethoxy-2'-thio- Helindone Violet 2B (C. I. 1219), 607, 562; Helindone Violet BD, 597, 549; Helindone Violet R (C. I. 1219), 574, 531 ("«). naphtheneindigo: 666, 525 in C6H5NO2 O 68 ). C20Hi6O4S2.-6, 6'-Diethoxythioindigo (C. I. 1217): 618.6, 485.5 in xylene; 620.6, 487.5 in tetralin ( 15 4). Helindone Orange R, 526, 490 in C9H7N; 547 in H2SO4 (U 6 ). TABLE 12.—MISCELLANEOUS DYES C 20 Hi 8 N 2 O 2 .—N, TV'-Diethylindigo : 650 in xylene; 653 in tetralin (524); 652.6 in CHCl3 (350); c/. (266). C6H3N3O7.—sî/m.-Trinitrophenol (picric acid, C. I. 7): 360 in EtOH; 380 with NaOEt; 380 in piperidine; 520 in benzene and 1, 5, I', 5'-Tetramethylindigo: 655 in xylene ( 117 ). 5 C2iHi4N2O4.—Ethylindigomalonate: 550 in xylene. Benzoyl anthracene (27); cf. ( Iq, 332). deriv., 505 in xylene (524). Ci0H6N2O5.—2, 4-Dinitro-l-naphthol, Na salt (Martius Yellow, C22Hi3NO2.—l-Anthracene-2-indoleindigo : 660 in C2H2Cl4 C. I. 9): 445, 399, 379 in H2O (370). c/. (325q, 348q). Ci0H6N2O8S.—2, 4-Dinitro-l-naphthol-7-sulfonic acid, Na salt (43). 2-Anthracene-2-indoleindigo: 660, 603 in C2H2Cl4 (43). (Naphthol Yellow S, C. I. 10): 429, 399, 257 in H2O (l 79 *); cf. (39Oq, 391q, 42Oq, 422q). 9-Anthracene-2-indoleindigo: 492 in C2H2Cl4 (43). C22Hi3NO2S.—2-(AT-Phenylindole)-2'-thionaphtheneindigo: 535 Ci0H6O4.—5, 6-Dihydroxy-l, 4-naphthoquinone (Naphthazin H2SO4 (?) (166). arine): 488, 333, 267 in EtOH (394); neutral alkali salt, 627, 569, 3-(N-Phenylindole)-2'-thionaphtheneindigo: 500 in H2SO4 (?) 309, in coned. H2SO4, 548, 505, 325 (443); c/. (550) ; m acetic (166). anhydride with boracetate, 580, 535 (268). C22Hi3NO3.—5-Hydroxy-2-anthracene-2-indoleindigo: 664, 606 Ci2H4N7Oi2.NH4.—Hexanitrodiphenylamine, NH 4 salt (Aurantia, C. I. 12): 425 in H2O (390q) ; c/. (391). in C2H2Cl4 (43). C22Hi4N2O2.-N-Phenylindirubin: 550 in H2SO4 (?) (166). C12H7Br2NO.—2, 6-Dibromo-7V- (p-hy droxypheny 1) -p-quinoneC22Hi6O4.—foV(4-Methoxynaphthalene)-indigo: 610 in C6H6 imine: (I75q). (185). Ci2H7Cl2NO.—2, 6-Dichloro- N- (p-hy droxypheny l)-p-quinoneC22Hi8N2Oi0.—Tetramethoxyindigodicarboxylic acid: 563.3, imine: ( 175 Q). 516.2 in H2SO4 (350). Ci2H9NO.—Indophenol (N - (p - hy droxy p h e n y l ) - p - quinoneC24Hi2Br2N2O2.—Dibromo-6is-jS-naphthindoleindigo (C. I. imine): 630 in alk. H2O; 495 in acid H2O; 645 in alk. EtOH; 505 in acid EtOH (677). 1198): 619.5 in xylene; 623.5 in tetralin (154). C24Hi2O2S2.—bis-\, 2-Naphthothiopheneindigo : 565 in C2H2Cl4 Ci2HuN3.—Indamine (p-aminophenyl-p-quinonediimine) (Phen(169). ylene Blue): 660 (57); cf. ( 111 J; indamineazodimethylaniline, bis-2, 1-Naphthothiophenindigo: 577 in C2H2Cl4 (169). 598(Ui). bis-2, 3-Naphthothiopheneindigo: 605 in C2H2Cl4 ( 16 9). Ci3H9NO2.—2, 8-Dihydroxyacridine: 421 in H2O (57). ots-1, 8-Naphthothiopheneindigo: 644 in C2H2Cl4 (169). Ci3Hi0O3.—4, 4/-Dihydroxybenzophenone: 323 (550). C24Hi3NO2S.—Naphthindole-2, 1-naphthothiopheneindigo: 596 Ci3Hi0O6.—3, 3', 4, 4'-Tetrahydroxybenzophenone: 449, 406 (550). in C2H2Cl4 (169). C24Hi4N2O2.—6zs-Naphthindoleindigo: 626 in C2H2Cl4 (169). Ci3HnN3.-2, 8-Diaminoacridine (Flavine) : 427 in H2O (57). Ci4Hi4N2O.-Phenol blue: (512). Ethylindigophenylacetate : 555 in xylene. Benzoyl deriv., 510 in xylene (524). CuHi6N3(Cl).—2, 8-Diamino-3, 7-dimethylacridinium chloride Dye from oxythionaphthene and terephthalic aldehyde: 488, (Acridine Yellow): 457 in H2O; 463.3 in EtOH; 464 in AmOH (155). 457 in C7H8 (167). C24Hi6N2O2.—Dye from indoxyl and terephthalic aldehyde: Ci5Hi9N4(Cl),-Toluylene blue: (512). 530, 49OmC 7 H 8 (167). Ci6HnNOoS.—Ar-(p-Hydroxyphenyl)-2-sulfo-l, 4-naphthoquinC24Hi9N5O2.—Indigoazodimethy!aniline: 572 ( 111 J. oneimine: 500 in neutral or acid H2O; 625 in alk. H2O; 510 in EtOH (272); c/. (269, 282q). C2OHi8N2O3.—Benzoyl-o-tolylindigo : 575 in xylene ( 524 ). C28H18N2O2.-^, N'-Diphenylindigo: 630 in H2SO4 (?) (166). Ci6H12Cl2N4O7S2.-Xylene yellow, Na salt (C. I. 639): (eooqj. C29Hi8N2O4.—Ethyl (anhydrophenylacetic acid)-indigomalonCi6Hi2N4O9S2.-Tartrazine, Na salt (C. I. 640): 430, 260 (432); cf. (271, 388q, 447q, 60Oq). ate: 555 in xylene (524).

Ci6Hj2N4O9S2.—w-Sulfophenylhydrazone of l-w-sulfophenyl-5hydroxypyrazol-3-carboxylic acid, Na salt: 434 in H2O ( 297 ). Ci6Hi2O5.—Succinylresorcein: 504 in alk. H2O ( 454 ). Ci6Hi4N4O4S,-Flavazin L, Na salt (C. I. 636): (60 °). Ci6H20N3(Cl).—Tetramethylindamine chloride (Bindschedler's Green): 730 in H2O (465) ; perchlorate in acid EtOH, 640; polyacidic salts ( 306); 656.7 in CHCl3; 669.6 in CS2; influence of temp. (57); c/. (512).

Ci7Hi9N2S(Cl).-Thiopyronine: 664.5, 528 in H2O; 564.3, 524.2 in EtOH; 564.3, 524.2 in AmOH (155). CnH20N2O.—4, 4/-Tetramethyldiaminobenzophenone (Michler's Ketone): 368 in acid EtOH (644) ; c/. (192, 465) ; (see also 4, 101: 1469; 12.) Ci7H20N3(Cl).—2, 8-Tetramethyldiaminoacridinium chloride (Acridine Orange, C. I. 788): 494-4, 463.9 in H2O; 490.9, 459.5 in EtOH; 490.9, 459.5 in AmOH (iss). Ci7H2IN2(Cl).—4, 4'-Tetramethyldiaminobenzhydrol chloride (Michler's hydrol): 603.3 in H2O; 605 in EtOH (155); 610 in acid EtOH (644); c/. ( I l l , 463,

465).

Ci7H22N3(Cl).-Auramine (C. I. 655): base, 300 in EtOH (192); chloride in H2O, 365, 315, 270 (420q) ; c/. (600q) ; 265 in H2SO4 (192); infra-red abs. (514); acetate in EtOH, 435, 375, (310) (192); cf.

(38).

Ci8Hi0N2O2.-Triphendioxazine: 504, 470.5 in EtOH; 642.1, 586, 537.5 in H2SO4 (coned.) (iss). Ci8Hi2N4.—Fluorindine: hydrochloride, 630.1, 578.7, 534.8, 497.3, 465.9 in EtOH (619.2, 570.2, 530.3 with HCl; 576, 532.8, 495.5 with NH3) (155). Ci8Hi6N2O.—Indophenol P (C. I. 821): (516). Ci8Hi9N2S(ClO4).—p-Dimethylaminobenzylidene-AT-methylbenzothiazole perchlorate: 528, 278 in EtOH; o-dimethy lamino isomer, 478, 341 in EtOH (348). Ci9Hi3N.-Phenylacridine: 348, 254 in EtOH (or CHCl3); sulfate, 403, 348, 256 in EtOH (212). Ci9HuN3.—Chrysaniline: various salts ( 497 ); phosphine (C. I. 793), 481, 366, 280 in EtOH (421); 470 in H2O (coned.); 472 (dû.) (269).

Ci9H2iN4(Cl).—Cyanoacridine Orange (2, 8-dimethylamino-2, 5, 8, 10-tetrahydro-10-methyl-5-acridine nitrile) : 585, 540, 280 in EtOH (221). Ci9H24N3O(Cl).—Acetylauramine chloride: 350 in alk. H2O (192); 385 in EtOH (582). C20HiO(Fe)N2Oi0S2(Na2).-Naphthol Green (C. I. 5): 700 (5iO) ; infra-red abs. (511); cf. (5iO). C20Hi2OS2.—Dithiofluoran: 513, 363, 360 in HOAc + EtOH (442).

C20Hi3NO4.-Resorcinolphthalamein: 489 in dû. NH4OH (173). C20Hi5NO3.-Phenolphthalamein: 555 in dû. NH4OH (173). C20Hi6N(Cl).-N-Methylphenylacridine chloride: 436, 348, 266 in CHCl3; 436, 348, 254 in EtOH; iodide in CHCl3, 425, 354, 254 (2i2q); various acid salts (209). C20H23N2O3(Cl).—asî/ra.-Dimethyl-w-am ino phenolsuccinein (Rhodamine S, C. I. 743): 540 in H2O and on wool (642). C20H26N3O(I).—Acetylmethylauramine iodide: 600 in EtOH (582).

C20H27N3S.—Tetraethylindamine sulfide: ZnCl2 double salt, 656.5, 604.2 in EtOH (5). C20H28N3(Cl).-Tetraethylindamine chloride: 659.4, 605.2 in EtOH; 657.3 in CHCl3; 664.8 in CS2; 673.9, 615.3 in H2O (influence of temp.) (57). C2IHi2Br4O6.—Tetrabromoresorcinolumbellein: 505 in H2O + NH3 (173). C2iHi6O6.—Resorcinolumbellein: 482 in H2O + N H 3 (173). C2iHi8O3.—Phenolcinnamein: 565 in H2O + NH3 (173). C2IHi8O5.—Phenolumbellein: 543 in H2O + NH3 (173).

C2iH20N3(C1).—2, 8-Diamino-3, 7-dimethylphenylacridine chloride (Benzoflavine, C. I. 791): 458 in H2O; 468 in EtOH; 468.8 in AmOH (155); c/. (465).

C22H22O?.—Resorcinolcamphorein : 497.5 in alk. H2O ( 59 4). C22H24O4.-Phenolcamphorein: 518 in alk. H2O (594). C23H23N2(OAc).—3, 6-Di-(dimethylamino)-9-phenyl-3-isofluorene: 621 (Hi). C23H26N3O2S(Cl).—Benzenesulfoneauramine chloride: 570 in EtOH (582). C24Hi6N4O9S2.—p-Sulfonaphthylhydrazone of 1-p-sulfonaphthyl-3-carboxy-5-pyrazolone : Na salt, 480 in H2O (abs. of 5sulfonaphthyl deriv. about the same) (297). C24H23N3O2.—Tetramethylflaveosine: 500.7, 471.3 in H2O; 500.7, 471.3 in acid H2O; 493, 465.7 in EtOH; 494.8, 462.6 with acid (155). C24H26N3O(Cl).—Benzoylauramine chloride: 590 in EtOH (582).

C24H28N4.—Hexamethylrheonine: 503.2, 473.2 in H2O; 490.9, 458.2 in EtOH (iss) ; 492.7, 460.2 in acid EtOH (193). C24H28O4.—o-Cresolcamphorein: 532 in alk. H2O (594). C24H28N4O9S2.—Di-(methylisopropyl)-tartrazine: Na salt, 445 in H2O (271). C25Hi3N7Oi2.—1, 3, 6, 8-Tetranitrodinitrodiphenylcarbazine: 539 in alk. EtOH (304). C25Hi6N6O8.—1, 3, 6, 8-Tetranitrodiphenylcarbazine: 542 in alk. EtOH (304). C25Hi6N4Oe.—1, 3, 6-Trinitrodiphenylcarbazine: 555 in alk. EtOH (304).

C25Hi7N3O4.—3, 6-Dinitrodiphenylcarbazine: 594 in alk. EtOH (304).

1 (?), 3-Dinitrodiphenylcarbazine: 572 in alk. EtOH (304). C26Hi8N2O.—2-Aminodiphenylcarbazone: 595 in EtOH; 591 in MeOH; 512 in Et2O; 508 in CHCl3; 508 in CS2; 500 in C6H6; 548 in Me2CO; 564 in C6H6N (305). C25Hi8N2O2.—3-Nitrodiphenylcarbazine: 560 in alk. EtOH (304).

C26Hi9N3O.—2, 4-Diaminodiphenylcarbazone: 535 in EtOH; 509 in Me2CO; 495 in Et2O; 490 in C6H6 (305). C28H20N4O6S4.—Chloramine yellow, C. I. 814 (Na salt): on wool (10). C28H3iN3O2.—Tetraethylflaveosine; 505.6, 473.6 in acid H2O; 492.6, 460.2 in EtOH (499.7, 467.5 with acid) (155). C30H3IBr4N3O2.—Tetrabromotetraethylflaveosine, ethyl ester: 494.8, 466.3 in H2O (496.6, 467 with acid); 498.2, 466.8 in EtOH (500, 468 with acid) (155). C30H36N3O2.—Tetraethylflaveosine, ethyl ester: 507.7, 474 in H2O (neutral or acid); 501.1, 467 in EtOH (501.9, 468 with acid) (155).

C34H40N4(OAc) 2.—fo's-Tetramethyldiaminodiphenylcarbinol diacetate: 599 ( ni ). Cyanile green: infra-red abs. (296). Eastman Red Sensitizer No. 700: infra-red abs. (387). Filter Yellow: ultra-violet abs. ( 4 47). Immedial Black B: 610, 580 on cotton (522). Immedial Pure Blue (C. I. 201): dyeings, (522, 627). Immedial Purple: 545, 525 on linen (522). Katigen Green 2S (C. I. 1006): 660, 540 on cotton (522). Katigen Violet: 565, 640 on cotton (522). Pontachrome Green GLO: 555 in H2O (coned.), 575 (du.) (269). Aminopyrazolones : (123). Azomethines: (30, 468, 469, 471, 475, 521, 542). Citraconeins and itaconeins: (91). Dianilides from substituted malachite green leuco bases and dinitrophenylpyridine chloride (541). Diphenylmethane derivatives: (192, 454, 463, 464, 467, 470, 529,

644).

Dirosanilides and rosdianilides of /3-oxyacrolein and diformaldehydes (539). Dyes from bromocyanopyridine and secondary amines: ( 345 ).

Chalkone: 302 in EtOH (also data on hydroxy- and alkyloxyderiv.) (592). Chetopterin: ( 547 ). Hydrazones: (29, 32, 53, 256, 360, 380, 434, 531, 597, 598, 618, Chlorocruorin: ( 157 ). 619 Chlorocruoroporphyrin: 641, 580> 553, 512 in Et2O; 614, 559 in ). HCl (1:2) (158). Meriquinones: ( 77 ). Nitro- and nitroso-compounds: (27, 51, 221, 222, 224, 333, 424, Chlorophyll: 670, (641), 614, 580, (540) in phytol (662); 656.5, 447, 467, 468, 469, 470). 609.5, 537 in EtOH; 662, 607, 534.5 in Me2CO (252); c/. (92, 286, 29iq, 386, 404, 647q) ; infra-red abs., 745 ( 4 8 I); ultra-violet Pyronol dyes derived from natural coloring matters: ( 645 ). Pyrrylmethane derivatives: (137, 141, 144, 145, 146, 229, 517, abs., 420, 325 ( 374 ); colloidal solutions, 676, 616, 543.5 in EtOH + 651). H2O (252); c/. (662); Hying leaf, 678, (643), (616), (581), (543), 513 (662); 675.6, 615.5, 547 (252); cf. (29iq, 404, 626q) [Euglena Substituted chromones: (249). (19)]; "crystallized chlorophyll" (ethylchlorophyllide): 666, Succinyl- and glutaryl-fluoresceins and rhodamines: (112). 615, (581), (538), (465), (433) in EtOH (652); cf. (404). "Vinylene-homologous" indol and pyrrol dyes: ( 344 ). Chlorophyll A: 662, 612, 578, (531), (497), 459, 433 in Et2O (662); 304 (92); colloidal soin., 678, 626, 588, (544), (500), 461 in TABLE 13.—NATURAL COLORING MATTERS H2O with 1% Me2CO (662). Hepatochlorophyll A (95). Acacetin: 333, 263; diacetyl deriv., 317 (606) ; cf. (608). Chlorophyll B: 663, 643, 613, 592, (565), (539), (503), 457, 429 Acaciin: 333, 263 (238) ; cf. (607). in Et2O (662) ; 304 (92). Hepatochlorophyll B: (95). Chlorophyllan: (292, 293, 294, 398); (see Allo- and NeochloroAllochlorophyllan: 655, 600, 557, 533, 519, 487, 433, 413, (370) in Et2O ( 4 0 5 ); Cf. (292Q, 293q, 294Q, 412). phyllan). Cholecyanin: 638 (367). Alloporphyrin: 635, (600), 585, 573, 644, 507 in Et2O; 623, (597), 578, 568, 634, 603 in alk. EtOH; chloride, 634, 576, 545, 507 in Chromodoris (zebra, etc.) pigment: 620-22 in formaldehyde; EtOH (610, (604), 676, 564, 556, 531 with excess HCl) ( 6 I); c/. 622 in EtOH (83); 620 in alk. H2O; 629 in acid H2O (82). (404). Chrysin: (317), 266 in EtOH; diacetyl deriv., 286, 250 in EtOH (59iq); cf, (240, 590, 607, 608). Dimethylchrysin: (606). Apigenidin: (16). Apigenin: 333, 247 in EtOH ( 591 ); c/. (240,590d, 607, 608) ; 341, Goccinone: (10°). 266 in dû. KOH; reduction product, 570 in dil. KOH (644). Copratin: 645, 516 with pyridine and hydrazine hydrate ( 568 ); c/. (573, 577). Trimethylapigenin (606). Apiin: (2 4 0);c/. (607). Copratoporphyrin: 621.3, (574.5), 566.3, (529.3), 523.8, 493 in Et2O with little HOAc; 591.5, 548.5 in 25% HCl; 592, 548.3 in ApIysia punctata pigment: ( 499 ). H2SO4 ( 576 ); cf. ( 4 35, 571, 573, 577, 579). Methyl ester: 620.2, Bacteriochlorin: 593 in EtOH (68); cf. (478). 68 565.3, 532.8, 498 in CHCl3 (56S). Fe complex: ( 574 , 57S, 576). Bacterioerythrin: 548, 510, 470 in CS2 ( ). Bacteriopurpurin : 593, 528, 490, 463 (mixture of bacteriochlorin Cu complex: (568, 579). Coproporphyrin: 693.1, 573.5, 549.9, 524.5, 509.3 (also 405.4 and bacterioerythrin) ( 68 ); cf. ( 478 ). Baicalein: 333, 271 in EtOH (589*). Triacetyl deriv., 288, 250 according to 808, 126: 169; 23) in 25% HCl; 617.6, 565.5, 538.3, in EtOH (589q). 503.3 in dil. KOH (565); 624, 597, 578, 568, 531, 497 in Et2O Baicalin: 286 in EtOH (5891). Tetraacetyl deriv., 300 in EtOH (125); cf. (!26, 329, 435, 483, 567, 5 7 1 , 573, 5 7 7 , 579, 614q). (589Q). Methyl ester: 688.6, 597.6, (577.1, 567.6), 532.5, 498.9 in CHCl3 Bilirubin: 638 with NH3 and Zn salts (367) ; cf. (18, 37, seq, (126); (also 405 ( 244 )); cf. (125, 565, 568). pe complex: (125, 253q, 515, 585Q, 586q, 644, 646q). Copper bilirubin: 666.5 to 635.9 574, 575, 577). MÌSC. derivs. (126, 579). Corpus luteum pigment: (principally carotin) (369). in EtOH with 1% HCl (354). Azo dye with diazoniumacetophenone salts: 522 in EtOH; 639 in KOH ( 4 96); (cf. 202, 29: 411; Crenilabrus blue (Crenildbrus parvo): (674$). Cyanidin: 510.5, 269.5 in EtOH (56oq) ; chloride, 545, (286) 00). (608); (549 in EtOH (656)). Biliverdin: 639 in acid EtOH (367) ; cf. (515, 646q). Bixin: ( 4 02). Cyanin chloride: 504 in 7% H2SO4; K salt (670), 598, 570 in salt soin. (656); cf, (608). Blood: (60iq, 599q). Cyanohematin : ( 63 4). Bone marrow pigment (cattle): 488.8, 459.5, 433.4 in CHCl3 (369). Cyanohemochromogen: 568, 537 (634); cf. (570, 572). Cyanohemoglobin: 551 (373); c/. (24iq). Bromococcin: (106). Bromoporphyrin I: 626.1, 570, 530.3, 495.8 in Et2O (with Cyanomethemoglobin: 539 ( 245 ). Cyanomyochromogen: 555 ( 570 > 572 ). HOAc); 598.6, 555.5 in 25% HCl («3). Capsanthin: (673). Cytochrome: 604.6, 566.5, 660.8, (532, 528), 521 (326); c/. (119, Carbon monoxide hemoglobin: 570, 538, 416, 347 (480q) ; cf. 327, 573, 670). (9q, 24, 78, 109, 232q, 233, 236q, 386, 548, 599q, 672); infra-red abs. Delphinidin: 522.5, 275 in EtOH (seoq) ; cf. (477, 660). (235) ; influence of temp. ( 234 ); action of light (237). [From Delphinin chloride: 527 hi 25% HCl (660). Dermocybin: (337). human blood, 571.0; from Arenicola, 569.9 (36).] Carbon monoxide sulfhemoglobin: ( 78 > 386). Deuterohemin: 545.6, 516.2 (135). Carminic acid: 644, 604, 474 in H2SO4; 624, 581, 498, 466 in Deuteroporphyrin: 621.7, 595.7, 576.8, 566.8, 525.9, 494.1 in S. B. A.; 671, 530, 492 in alk. H2O (ioi); cf. (102) ; influence of Et2O; 592.4, (572.6), 549.3 in 25% HCl (135). temp. ( 57 ); ammoniacal carmin, 560, 518 ( 369 ); carminic anDiazona violacea pigments: green pigment, 620 in CS2; violet hydride, 585, 545 in H2SO4; 580, 535 in S. B. A.; 580, 545 in dil. pigment, 611 in ethyl benzoate, 606 in C2H2Cl4 ( 284 ). KOH (104). Dopamelanin: no characteristic bands in visible or ultra-violet Carotin: 485, 435 in EtOH; 517, 482 in CS2 (662); 424 in Et2O ( 46 ). (93); 482, 451, 273 in cyclohexane (530q); cf. (557S 558S 617 > Echinochrome (Arbacia punctulata): 530, 484 in Et2O; 550, 530 ess). Hepatocarotin (95). in EtOH (530, 484 with HCl; 515, 484 with NH3) ( 427 ).

Endothia pigments: ( 247
Etiophyllin: (643), (621), (612), 578, 543, 498, (470, 458, 446) in Et2O (662); c/. (139).

Etioporphyrin: (646), 688, 611, 596, 576, 567, 528, 482 in Et2O (662); Cu salt, 659.7, 522.7, 483.3 (18°); halogen deriv. ( 148 ). Etiouroporphyrin : (and Fe salt) (13°). Etioxanthoporphyrin: ultra-violet abs. (148). Esculin: infra-red abs. (1.1), 3.9, 8.7M (296); ultra-violet abs., 340 ( 4 28); cf. ( 4 8 I).

Flavone : 286, 250 in EtOH (S9iq) ; cf. (59Oq, 608);flavonecoloring matters from various sources (591(0; cf. (59Oq); flavone and flavonol derivs. (239). Fluorohemin: ethyl derivs. ( 356 ). Fluoromethemoglobin: 612, 494 (631); cf. (24lq, 548). Fucoxanthin: 478, 448 in EtOH (662). Galangin: 366, 265 in EtOH (5"«); cf. (59W, 608). Trimethylgalangin: (606). Glaucophyllin: (663), 601, 554, (521) in EtOH (662). Green animal coloring matters: ( 527 ). Green pigments of ripe seeds: (386). Helicorubin: ( 96 ). Hemateric acid (a-hematoporphyroidin) : 630.3, (604), 574.4, 540.6, 507 in CHCl3 ( 56 6) ; 601, 555 in H2SO4 ( 571 ); cf. (43S, 573, 579, 580) ; methyl ester ( 5 7 7 ); metallic complexes (574, 575, 577, 579).

Hematin: 659, 578, 535 in dil. HCl; 616, 568, 540 in alk. H2O; 632 in EtOH; 630, 540, 502 in acid Me2CO; 580, 560, 524 in alk. Me2CO (369); action of light (631): reduced hematin, 583.5, 556 (264); carbon monoxide reduced hematin, 566.5, 530 (264); cf. (7Oq, 368, 577).

48Oq,

548,

633q); a-hemathi: (566,

567,

568,

573,

Hematoporphyrin: 595.5, 573.8, 551.7, 526.3, 514.3, (507.8), 407.5 in 25% HCl (406.5, 390 in dil. acid); 618.5, 566.8, 540.5, 504.5, 461 in dil. KOH; 624, (597), 569, 529, 497, (471) in Et2O (657); cf. (7Oq, 121, 186q, 23Oq, 244, 298, 368, 414, 435, 483q, 505, 548, 566, 567, 571, 573, 577, 599q, 611q, 661, 672, 676);

acetyl

Isocoproporphyrin: 622.8, 597.1, 577.9, 568.2, 527.7, 494.4 in acetic ether; 591.2, 568.4, 547.1, 521.6, 505.9 in 5% HCl («6); /3-isocoproporphyrin and various derivatives (126). Isomesoporphyrin: 622.5, 611.8, 596, 576.4, 567.1, 559.4, 544, 526.8, 494.1, 465 in Et2O; 589.5, 566.7, 546.9 in 5% HCl; ester and its Cu salt ( 147 ). Isoquercitrin: 362, 263 in EtOH (551). Isorhamnetin: 374, 255 in EtOH (59U); cf. (5ôq). Isouroporphyrin: 608.5, 558.2, 537.6, 502.9 in dil. NaOH; 598.2, 576.5, 552.2 in 25% HCl (128); octamethyl ester and Cu salt (128).

Kämmerer's porphyrin: 603, 557, (554) in 25% HCl; 641, 582, 544, 509 in dil. KOH; 633, 578, 567, 533, 498 in Et2O (««); cf. (132, 483q); dimethyl ester (132). Kämpferide: (590q, 59iq, 608). Kämpferoi and Kämpferitrin, (607, 608). Trimethylkämpferide (606). Kémeri's porphyrin: 638, 582, 534, 499 in Et2O; 595, 556 in 25% HCl (329). Kermesic acid: 633, 534, 501, 470 in H2SO4; 623, 576, 529, 493, 463 in S. B. A.; 567, 527, 493 in alk. H2O ( 101 ); c/. ("); trimethyl ether, 600, 540 in H2SO4 (» 9 ); decarboxy deriv., 567, 527, 490 in alkali; 543, 504, 474 in H2SO4 (ioi); cf. (106). Lutein: (655); c/. (370, 373).

Luteolin: 337, 253 in EtOH (591); cf. (590); reduction product (608).

Lycopin: (654). Malvin: 519, 277.5 in slightly acid EtOH; 451, 389.5, 322 in slightly alk. EtOH (560q). Mandarin orange peel coloring matter: (33°). Marennin (Navicula ostrearia) : ( 47 ). Meconium pigment: 539, 576 in Me2CO (band develops at 639 on long standing) ( 3ß 7). Melanins: (171). Mesobilirubin: Cu salt, 634.7, 580.3 in HOAc (1 4 2). Mesobilirubinogen: ( 483 ); condensation product with p-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde, 556 (483); condensation product with p-nitrobenzaldehyde, 545, 495 in EtOH (1^). Mesobiliviolin: 606.5, 560.6, 498.3 in CHCl3; Zn salt in EtOH, 626, 575, 509 O 41 ). Mesobiliviolinogen: Zn salt, 556, 489 in EtOH ( 141 ). Mesoporphyrin: 592.7, 572.5, 549.7, 524, 509, 404.7 in 25% HCl; 629, 617, 601, (584, 574.5), (548, 526.5, 506.5) in dil. KOH (563); 623, 598, 579, 569, 528, 495 in Et2O (125) ; cf. (i 3 », 368,

deriv., 601, 554.5 in H2SO4 ( 578 ); esters (*40, 244, 355, 564, 604q); metallic complexes (263, 453, 574, 575); a-hematoporphyrin: 629, 575, 540, 507 in CHCl3 ( 56 6); cf. (505, 567, 580). Hemibilirubin: (371). 369, 404, 435, 504, 505, 567, 571, 573, 577, 657, 672); dimethyl Hemin: 612, 567, 390 in dil. alk. H2O ( 3 69) ; 405 in CHCl3 ester (139); metallic derivs. (574, 575, 671, 672). 414 with NH 3 ( ); cf. (125, 368, 403, 404, 672); hemin derivatives Methemoglobin: 631, 576, 540, 500 in neutral soin. (535) ; (410) (184, 355, 356, 357, 358). (369); (604), 577.9, 540.6 in alk. soin. (233); (493, 415) (369); 36 Hemochromogen: 558, 526, 385 ( 9) ; cf. (7Oq, 94, 237, 263, action of light (237); Met. Hb. of annelids (632); cf. (25, 7Oq, 73, 368, 548, 614q, 672); derivatives (263, 264, 327, 570).

Hemoglobin: 558, 429 ( 3 69) ; infra-red abs. (235) ; ultra-violet abs. (538); action of light (237); Hb. of annelids (632q); ehlorohemoglobins (639); cf. (9q, 15q, 24, 72q, 228q, 251, 263, 295, 328q, 368, 548, 672).

Hemophyllin: (18°). Hemoporphyrin: 592.8, 572.4, 549.7 in 25% HCl; 617.4, 570.5, 539.4, 505, 449 in dil. KOH (125); c/. (435, 504, S7i) ; derivatives (139).

Hepato-pancreas pigment of crayfish: secretion gave 560, (596) (372).

Hesperetidin : (16, 17). Hesperetin: ( 17 ). Hydrobilirubin: 497 in acid H2O; 508 in EtOH with ZnCl2 + NH3 ( 37 I). Hypericum red (Hypericum perforatimi): about 597, 547, 512 in 80% EtOH (75). Idaeine chloride: 507 in 7% H2SO4 (659).

109, 227, 241q, 242q, 255, 366q, 368, 435, 548).

Methyl chlorophyllide a: 668, 612, 578, 532, (500), 458, 432, in Et2O (662); Q^ 596, (566), 526, 494, 458 in alk. EtOH (663). Methyl chlorophyllide b: 663, 643, (614), 593, (566), 539, (504), 456, 430 in Et2O (662); 641, 625, 580, (537) in alk. EtOH (663). Methyl phäophorbide a: 666, (635), 608, (559), 533, 502, (471) in Et2O (663). Methyl phäophorbide b: 666, 599, 558, 534, 520, (489), (448), 436 in EtOH (663). Morin: ( 64 4); pentamethylmorin ( 606 ); morin reduction product, 586 in dil. KOH (644); cf. (608). Muscle pigment: (200). Mycoporphyrin (Penicilliopsis clavariaeformis) : (91). Myochromogen: 549.5, 519 (569, 572). Myohematin: (569, 572). (Cytochrome.) Myricetin: 374, 253 in EtOH (S9i) ; cf. (590q, 607); hexamethylderiv. ( 6 °6); myricitrin ( 6( >7); reduction product of myricetin and myricitrin (608).

Myrtillidine chloride: 583 in EtOH (665). Myrtilline chloride: 517 in 7% H2SO4 (66S). Naringenin: (592q, 593). Naringin: (592q, 593). Neochlorophyllan: 667, 606, (559), 532, 496, (471), 411, 393, 371 in Et2O (405) ; 668, 607, (563), 537, 506,414,399, 374 in CHCl3

Protopelargonidine : 438, 481 in pH 5 to 6 soin., 538 in alk. soin., ( 477 ). Protoporphyrin: 604, 581.4, 558.2 in 25% HCl (abs. of dimethyl ester and metallic complexes also given) (143). Pyocyaneus pigments: ultra-violet abs. ( 55 I). Pyrrole black: ("i). (294Q); c/. (292q). Pyrrophyllin: (620), 582, 542, 503 in EtOH (662). Nephrorosein : ( 14 ). Pyrroporphyrin: (650), 622, 597, 568, 525, (498, 492, 487) in Nitric oxide hemoglobin: 578.5, 541.8 (233) ; c/. (24iq, 242, 548). Et2O; 621, (596), (575, 567), 529, 497 in alk. EtOH: chloride (620), Nitrite methemoglobin: (631.1), 577, 539 (233) ; c/. (24iq). 599, 568, 560, 552, 529, 496 in EtOH (600, (569, 560, 552), 527 with excess HCl) («58) ; c/. (125). Ocrein: (416). Quercetin: 375, 258 in EtOH (551); cf. (59Oq, 59iq, 607, 608, Oenidine chloride: 553 in EtOH (665). 644); quercitrin, (607, 608); quercimeritrin ( 5 SO); reduction prodOenine chloride: 518 in 7% H2SO4 ( 66S ). Ooporphyrin: (132,134, 566.) • dimethyl ester (125) jesters and Fe ucts (608, 644); pentamethylquercetin ( 6 °6); pentaacetylquercetin (591). complexes ( 132 ). Oxyhelicorubin : ( 96 ). Resoapigenidin: 465; 489 in pH 5 to 6 soin.; 540 in alk. soin. Oxyhemocyanin : 571 to 581 in alk. H2O with samples of different ( 477 ). Resochrysinidin: 435; 487 in pH 5 to 6 soin. (477). origins; ultra-violet bands at 346, 278 (69); 579, 475 (mollusks); 563, 475 (arthropods) (536). Rhizostoma cuvieri pigment (zoocyanin): 640, 590, 560 ( 67 S). Oxyhemoglobin: infra-red abs. (235); 577.5, 541.7, 411.5 (562); Rhodochlorogen (Hawaiian Dioscorea): 520 in acetic ether (38). ultra-violet abs. (251, 417, 480, 507) ; effect of light (237); influence Rhodophyllin: 699, 554, (516) in EtOH (662); 534, 545, (505) of temp. (234, 289) ; action of Cl, etc. (425) ; e ff e ct of phenylhydra- in alk. EtOH (661). zine ( 3 7 3 ); cf. (9<1, 71q, 72q, 73q,89q, 109, 226q, 228, 232q, 233, 236q, Rhodoxanthin: (479). 241q, 255q, 368, 369, 414, 548, 599q, 672); of human blood, 576.4; Rutin: 363, 263 in EtOH (552); reduction product (608). of Arenicola, 574.6; of Nephys, 575.7 (36):of annelids (632). Sakuranetidin : (16). Paeonidin: 511, 274 in EtOH (56Oq). Saproporphyrin D: 624.2, 568.8, 527, 496 in Et2O; 597.5, 552 in Papendieck porphyrin (chloroform-soluble): 630, 576, 540.5, H2SO4 (578). 507 in CHCl3; 632, (585, 575.5), 535, 501 in Et2O; 603.5, 557.5 Schizoneura lanigera pigment: 651, 589, 571, 543, 526, 504, 478 in 25% HCl (565); c/. (132, 503): ester (132). in Et2O (561). Parahematins : ( 32 7). Schizophyceae phycoerythrin : (48, 49). Scutellarein (and scutellarin) : (240, 589q). Pelargonidine: 504.6, 450, 400.5, 331, 867 in EtOH (560). chloride (608, 653, 664). Selenohemoglobin : (78). Pelargonine chloride: (608, 653). Shikizarin: 480, 333, 281, 250 in EtOH (394). Shikonin: 513, 282 in EtOH (394). Phäophytin: 662, 607, 561, 533, 501 in Me2CO; Cu compd., Skatol red: (285). 633, 599, 561 in Me2CO; Zn compd., 654, 605.5, 564.5, 524 in Stercobilin: (34). Me2CO; (data on colloidal soins.) (252). Stick lac: (6is) ; c/. (102). Phäophytin component a: 667, (635), 608, (559), 533, 502, 471 Sulfhematin: (634). InEt 2 O (663). SuIfhemoglobin: 623, (579, 542), 423 in H2O (369); c/. (386, 548). Phäophytin component b: 6661 600, 559, 534, 520, (503), 449, 434 in EtOH (663). Syringidin: 520, 273.5 in EtOH (560). Thujorhodin: (616). Phonoporphyrin: 593, 573, 549 in 25% HCl; 621, 572, 540, 506 indii. KOH (125). Turacin: 565, 528 in H2O with NH 3 («9) ; cf, (327). Urinary pigments: pathological pigment ( 36 4) : pigment isolated Phycocyan: blue violet pigment (Ceramium rubrum), 616, 551 in H2O: blue pigment (Phormidiumsp.), 613, 575 in H2O; blue green with p-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde (attributed to skatoxyl) pigment (Gallaei siridot), 621 in H2O (359); cy. (331, 365q) ; pa^ (553). Urobilin: 495 in EtOH; 510 in EtOH with ZnCl2; 511 in alk. mellococcus ( 49 ); Schizophyces ( 48 ). Phycoerythrin: (Ceramium rubrum), 567, 539, 495 in H2O (359); H2O; 496 in acid H2O ( 3 7i); cf. (198, 373, 672); urobilinogen: (Nostoc commune) (61°); (Phormidium persicinum) ( 65 °); cf. (331) (483q). (data on ultra-violet abs.) (365q, 545). Uroerythrin: (50). Phylloerythrin: (641), 594, 567, 526 in CHCl3; 620, 611, 570, Uroporphyrin: 696.7, 577, 5534, 526.3, 511.8 in 25% HCl; (536) in HOAc + HCl (613, 567, 525 with zinc acetate) (407). c/. 611.3, 559.3, 538.4, 501.8 in dil. KOH (565); eoo, 555.5 in H2SO4 (131, 414q). ( 571 ); cf. (125, 435, 577);methyl ester, 626, 599, (581.5, 570.5), 536, 499.5 in CHCl3 (565); 408 (244); c/. (125, 577); metallic salts Phyllohemin: (403); /3-phyllohemin, 606.5, 556.5 in H2SO4; 556, (125, 126, 575). 549.5, (522) with pyridine and hydrazine hydrate ( 571 ). Urorosein: (14, 285). Phyllophyllin: 594, 583, 551, 510, (480) in Et2O (662). Vegetable oils: cottonseed (526q); cy. (415); sesame ( 415 ); cf. Phylloporphyrin: 632, 622, (604), 576, 567, 533, 501 in Et2O; 628, 574, 537, 503 in alk. EtOH; chloride (609), 567, 536, (502) in (52); soya bean (526); misc. (415). EtOH (604, 661, (520) with excess HCl) (658); c/. (125, 404q, Visual purple: 503 in H2O; 511 in the rods; 540 (corr.) in the cones (248); 565, 530, 500 (630). 563); phylloporphyrin ß: 604.5, 556 in H2SO4 ( 571 ); cf. (573). Wogonin: 286 in EtOH; acetylwogonin, 290, 248 in EtOH Phytochlorin e: lactam hydrate, 667, 609, (558), 531, 500 in Et2O (662); 664, 613, 584, 533, (497) in 3% HCl; 662, 634, 606, 558, (589q). 534, 501, 467 in MeOH with 5% KOH (663). Worm porphyrin: 607, 571, 544 in HOAc; 629, 579, 539, 504 in Phytorhodin g: 664, 599, 562, 527 in Et2O (***): 647, 589, 563, Et2O (125). Xanthophyll: 475, 445, 419 in Et2O (93); 478, 448 in EtOH; 508, 538 in 9% HCl; 653, 599, 575, (556), 531 in MeOH with 5% KOH (663). 476 in CS2 (662); c/. (sssq, 655); hepatoxanthophyll (95). Zooerythrin: (537). "Porphyrin X:" («5).

The greater part of the tabulated data on chlorophyll derivatives was taken from the work of Willstätter and his collaborators. The following references to the work of Marchlewski and his collaborators may also prove of interest: ( 397 > 400 > 401 > 404 > 406 > 410, 411, 414).

LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) (i) Adams and Haller, I 1 42: 2661; 20. ( 2 ) Adams and Rosenstein, l, 36: 1452; 14. (3) Adinolfi, 22, 31: 461; 22. ( 4 ) Adinolfi, 71, 32: 189; 26. ( 5 ) Althausse and Krüss, 25, 22: 2065; 89. (6) Ambler and Holmes, 166, 60: 501; 24. (7) Anderson, 1, 50: 208; 28. ( 8 ) Anderson and Gomberg, 1, 50: 203; 28. ( 9 ) Anson, Barcroft, Mirsky and Oinuma, 6B, 97: 61; 24. ( 10 ) Appel, 483, 17: 49; 28. C 1 1 ) Appel and Brode, 45, 16: 797; 24. O 2 ) Appel, Brode and Welch, 45, 18: 627; 26. (1S; Arnold, E. L., 1, 46: 489; 24. ( 1 4 ) Arnold, V., 202, 71: 1; 11. (15) Arons and Müller, 203, Suppl. 1: 109; 06. (!6) Asahing and Inubuse, 25, 61: 1646; 28. ( 17 ) Asahing, Shinoda and Inubuse, J. Pharm. Soc., Japan, 48: 207; 28. ( 18 ) Auche, 84, 146: 496; 08. ( 19 ) Baas-Becking and Ross, 888, 9: 111; 25. (20) Baker, 4, 91: 1490; 07. ( 21 ) Baker, T. T., and Davidson, 204, 62: 375; 23. ( 2 2 ) Baker, T. T., Davidson and Balmain, 290, 41: 267; 25. (23) Balls, Hewitt and Newman, 4, 101: 1840; 15. (24) Balthazard, 561, 6: 618; 24. (25) Balthazard and Philippe, Ann. mêd. légale, 6: 137; 26. ( 26 ) BaIy and Hampson, 4, 107: 248; 15. ( 2 7 ) BaIy and Rice, 4,103: 2085; 13. ( 28 ) BaIy and Tryhorn, 4, 107: 1121; 15. ( 29 ) BaIy and Tuck, 4, 89: 982; 06. (30) BaIy, Tuck and Marsden, 4, 97: 571; 10. (31) BaIy, Tuck and Marsden, 4, 97: 1494; 10. (32) BaIy, Tuck, Marsden and Gazdar, 4, 91: 1572; 07. (33) Barabasz and Marchlewski, 205, 21: 548; 09. (35) Barbier and Sisley, 6, 13: 96; 08. (36) Barcroft and Barcroft, 5B, 96: 28; 24. (36a) Bareggi, Folia clinica, 1: 194; 26. (37) Barrensheen and Weltman, 205, 140: 273; 23. (38) Bartlett, U. S. Bur. Piantina., Bull. 264: 13. ( 39 ) Battegay and Amuat, 87, 35: 1450; 24. (40) Battegay and Bernhardt, 87, 33: 1510; 23. ( 41 ) Bentley, Friedl, Thomas and Weizmann, 4, 91: 411; 07. ( 42 ) Bernthsen, 13, 229: 73; 85. ( 43 ) Bezdik and Friedländer, 67, 30: 871; 09. ( 4 4 ) Biehringer, 13, 391: 308; 12. ( 4 5 ) Birge and Aeree, 1, 41: 1031; 19. ( 46 ) Block and Schaaf, 205, 162: 181; 25. ( 4 7 ) Bocat, 206, 62: 1073; 07. ( 48 ) Boresch, 205, 119: 167; 21. ( 49 ) Boresch, Ber. botan. Ges., 40: 288; 22. (50) Borrien, 49, 16: 45; 17. ( 51 ) Bortini, 7, 87: 104; 14. ( 52 ) Bosch, 233, 50: 526; 13. ( 53 ) Brady and McHugh, 4, 121: 1648; 22. (*4) Brand, Stallmann, Groebe and Stein, 52, 109: 1; 25. ( 55 ) Braunholtz, 4, 121: 169; 22. (56; Braunholtz and Mills, 4, 121: 2004; 22. ( 57 ) Bremer, 93, 1: 112; 92. (SS) Brode, 1, 46: 581; 24. (s») Brode, 1, 48: 1984; 26. (60) Brode, 45, 18: 708; 26. (61) Brode, 50, 30: 56; 26. ( 62 ) Brode, 25, 61: 1722; 28. (63) Brode and Adams, 1, 46: 2032; 24. ( 64 ) Brode and Adams, 1, 48: 2193; 26. (65) Brown and Cummings, 04, 45: 355; 26. (66) Buch, 188, 2: Nos. 19-30; 26. (67) Buck and Heilbron, 4, 121: 1198; 22. (68) Buder, Jahrb. wiss. Botanik, 58: 525; 19. (69) Burdel, Thesis, Fribourg, 1922. ( 70 ) Burker, in Tigerstedt, Handbuch der physiologischen Methodik; 1911. ( 71 ) Butterfield, 202, 62: 173; 09. ( 72 ) Butterneid, 202, 79: 439; 12. ( 7 3) Butterfield and Peabody, J. Expt. Med., 17: 587; 13. ( 74 ) Camichel and Bayrac, 34, 132: 882; 01. ( 7 S) Cerny, 202, 73: 731; 11. ( 76 ) Ciusa, 36, 51: 49; 21. ( 7 7 ) Clark, Cohen and Gibbs, 881, Suppl. No. 54; 26. ( 78 ) Clarke and Hurtley, 289, 36: 62; 07. ( 7 9 J Cluzet, Rochaix and Kofman, J". physiol. path, gen., 17: 378; 21. (80) Coblentz, 8, 16: 119; 03. ( 8 I) Cohen, 881, 41: 3051; 26. ( 82 ) Crozier, 889, 47: 491; 14. ( 83 ) Crozier, 883, 4: 303; 22. ( 84 ) Crymble, Stewart and Wright, 25, 43: 1188; 10. ( 85 ) Cumming and Ferrier, 4, 125: 1108; 24. ( 86 ) Cutten, Emerson and Woodruff, 562, 41: 428; 28. ( 87 ) Danaila, 34, 149: 1383; 09. ( 88 J Danaila, 87, 7: 359; 10. ( 89 ) Davis, 453, 34: 279; 27. (90) Davis and Sheard, 668, 40: 226; 27. ( 91 ) Dhar and Dutt, 488, 4: 253; 27. (92) Dhéré and Rogowski, 84, 155: 653; 12. (93) Dhéré and Ryneki, 34, 157: 501; 13. ( 94 ) Dhéré and Vegezzi, 84, 163: 209; 16. ( 95 ) Dhéré and Vegezzi, 34, 163: 399; 16. (96) Dhéré and Vegezzi, 34, 164: 869; 17. (97) Dieterle and Stegemann, 293, 264: 1; 26. (98) Dilthey, 68, 109: 273; 25. (") Dimroth, 25, 43: 1387; 10. (100) Dimroth, 13, 399: 1; 13. O» 1 ) Dimroth and Fick, 13, 411: 315; 16. (102) Dimroth and Goldschmidt, 13, 399: 62; 13. ( 103 ) Dimroth and Hilken, 86, 54: 3050; 21. ( 104 ) Dimroth and Kämmerer, 86, 53: 471; 20. (105) Dimroth and Ruck, 13, 446: 123; 25. ( 106 ) Dimroth and Scheurer, 13, 399: 43; 13. (i° 7 ) Dimroth, Schultze and Heinze, 86, 54: 3035; 21. (108) Dernier and Martinet, 87, 33: 779; 23. ( 109 ) Doumer and Fourrier, 206, 93: 1364; 25. (HO) Ducou, Ann. mêd. legale, 6: 84; 26. (Hi) Dutt, 4, 1926: 1171. ( 112 ) Dutt and Thorpe, 4, 125: 2524; 24. ( 113 ) Eckert and Tomaschek, 75, 127: 649; 18, ( 114 ) Eder, 67, 6: 927; 85. ("*) Eder, 67, 24: 13; 03. ("«)

Eijman, 176, 8: 333; 11. (U?) Ettinger and Friedländer, 86, 45: 2074; 12. ( 118 ) Ettinger and Friedländer, 86, 45: 2081; 12. (U 9 ) Euler and Fink, 808, 164: 69; 27. (1 2 <>) Everest and McCombie, 4, 99: 1752; 11. (121) Fabre, 34, 181: 623; 25. (122) Felix and Friedländer, 57, 31: 55; 10. O 23 ) Fierz-David, Künstliche organische Farbstoffe. Berlin, 1926. ( 1 2 4 ) Finger and Kraft, 86, 57: 1950; 24. ( 1 2 S ) Fischer, H., in Oppenheimer, Handbuch der Biochemie. Jena, 1923. ( 12 6) Fischer, H., and Andersag, 13, 458: 117; 27. O 2 7 ) Fischer, H., and Beller, 13, 444: 238; 25. ( 128 ) Fischer, H., and Heisel, 13, 457: 83; 27. ( 1 2 9 ) Fischer, H., and Hilger, 202, 138: 49; 24. (130) Fischer, H., and Hilger, 808, 140: 223; 24. («i) Fischer, H., and Hilmer, 202, 143: 1; 25. ( 132 ) Fischer, H., and Kögl, 202, 138: 262; 24. (133) Fischer, H., and Kotter, 86, 60: 1861; 27. ( 134 ) Fischer, H., and Lindner, 808, 142: 141; 25. (135) Fischer, H., and Lindner, 808, 161: 17; 26. (136) Fischer, H., and Meyer, 202, 75: 339; 11. ( 137 ) Fischer, H., and MeyerBetz, 202, 75: 232; 11. («8) Fischer, H., and Meyer-Betz, «57, 59: 799; 12. (139) Fischer, H., and Müller, 808, 142: 120; 25. 14 ( °) Fischer, H., and Müller, 202, 142: 155; 25. O 4 I) Fischer, H., and Niemann, 202, 137: 293; 24. O 4 2 ) Fischer, H., and Niemann, 202, 146: 196; 25. O«) Fischer, H., and Pützer, 202, 154: 39; 26. O 4 4 ) Fischer, H., and Schubert, 86, 56: 1202; 23. O 4 5 ) Fischer, H., and Schubert, 86, 56: 2379; 23. 0 4 6) Fischer, H., and Schubert, 86, 57: 610; 24. O 4 ?) Fischer, H., and Treibs, 13, 450: 132; 26. ( 148 ) Fischer, H., and Treibs, 13, 457: 209; 27. O 4 9 ) Fischer, O., 68, 98: 204; 18. ( 1 5 O) Fischer, O., and Scheibe, 68, 100: 86; 20. (isi) Formanek, 563, 2: 171; 03. (i 5 2 ) Formanek, 668, 2: 473; 03. («3) Formanek, 663, 4: 33; 05. (154) Formanek, Chem. obzor, 3: 133; 28. ( 155 ) Formanek and Grandmougin, Untersuchung und Nachweis organischer Farbstoffe auf spektroskopischem Wege, Part I, Berlin, 1908. ( 156 ) Formanek and Knop, 91, 56: 273; 17. (i 5 7 ) Fox, H., 5B, 99: 199; 26. O 58 ) Fox, H., 68, 117: 49; 26. O 5 9 ) Fox, J., 4, 97: 1337; 10. (160) FOX, J., 4, 101: 1498; 12. (lei) French, 45, 18: 298; 26. (i62) French, 559, 2: 124; 27. 0*3) Friedländer, 86, 41: 772; 08. ( 164 ) Friedländer, 86, 49: 955; 16. (165) Friedländer, Bruckner and Deutsch, 18, 388: 23; 12. (166) Friedländer and Kunz, 86, 55: 1597; 22. (167) Friedländer and Risse, 86, 47: 1919; 14. (i««) Friedländer and Sander, 86, 57: 637; 24. (169) Friedländer and Woroshov, 18, 388: 1; 12. ( I 7 O ) Gaidukov, Z. Farben-Ind., 7: 267; 08. O™) Gallerani, Arch. ital. bioL, 72: 189; 24. (l 72 ) Gattermann, 86, 32: 1127; 99. O 73 ) George, 551, 13: 259; 26. O 7 4 ) Ghosh and Watson, 4, 111: 815; 17. ( 175 ) Gibbs, H., 141, 72: 649; 27. O 7 6 ) Gibbs, R., Howe and Tyndall, 8, 10: 779; 17. (i 7 7 ) Gibbs, R. and Shapiro, l, 50: 1755; 28. (» 7 8 ) Gibbs, R. and Shapiro, l, 50: 2798; 28. O 7 9 ) Gibson, McNicholas, Tyndall, Frehafer and Mathewson, 31, 440: 22. (i 80 ) Gnehm, 68, 76: 401; 07. ( l g i) Gnehm, 68, 76: 471; 07. O 82 ) Gnehm and Kaufler, 86, 37: 3032; 04. (l 83 ) Gnehm and Rubel, 68, 64: 497; 01, (i 8 4 ) Goldman, 205, 172: 127; 26. (i*s) Gorke, Köpper and Staiger, 86, 41: 1156; 08. O 86 ) Goto, 205, 135: 329; 23. O 8 7 ) Grandmougin, 25, 42: 4218; 09. O 8 8 ) Grandmougin, £5,42: 4408; 09. O 89 ) Grandmougin, 86, 43: 937; 10. (I 9 O) Grandmougin, 186, 34: 1076; 10. O 9 I) Grandmougin, 84, 173: 1363; 21. (i 9 2 ) Grandmougin and Favre-Ambrumyan, 86, 47: 2127; 14. O 93 ) Grandmougin and Lang, 86, 42: 3631; 09. O 9 4 ) Grandmougin and Seyder, 86, 47: 2365; 14. (i 9 S) Graves and Adams, lt 45: 2439; 23. (»9«) Grebe, 7, 10: 673; 92. O 9 7 ) Gsell, 91, 55: 417; 16. O 98 ) Guigues, 345, 16: 86; 09. (i") Gulik, 8, 46: 147; 15. (200) Günther, Arch. path. Anat. (Virchow's), 230: 146; 21. ( 2 °i) Halban and Siedentopf, 7, 100: 208; 22. (202) Hamer, 4, 119: 1432; 21. ( 2 03) Hamer, 4, 123: 246; 23. (204) Hamer, 4, 123, 2333; 23. ( 2 OS) Hamer, 4, 125, 1348; 25. ( 2 °6) Hamer, 4, 1927: 2796. (207) Hamer, 4, 1928: 206. (208) Hantzsch, 86, 41: 1187; 08. ( 2 09) Hantzsch, 86, 42: 68; 09. ( 2 IO) Hantzsch, 86, 42: 2129; 09. ( 211 ) Hantzsch, 86, 43: 2512; 10. ( 2 I 2 ) Hantzsch, £5,44: 1783; 11. ( 2 I 3 ) Hantzsch, 9, 18: 470; 12. ( 2 I 4 ) Hantzsch, 25, 46: 1537; 13. (215) Hantzsch, 25, 48: 158; 15. (216) Hantzsch, 25, 48: 167; 15. ( 2 1 7 ) Hantzsch, 25, 49: 511; 16. ( 2 I 8 ) Hantzsch, 25, 52: 509; 19. ( 2 Î 9 ) Hantzsch, 25, 54: 2573; 21. (220) Hantzsch and Glover, 25, 39: 4153; 06. ( 2 2 I ) Hantzsch and Kein, 86* 52: 493; 19. ( 2 2 2 ) Hantzsch and Korczynski, 25, 42: 1217; 09. ( 223 ) Hantzsch and Lifschitz, 25, 45: 3011; 12. ( 22 4) Hantzsch and Lister, 25, 43: 1685; 10. ( 2 2 S) Hantzsch and Robertson, 25, 43: 106; 10. ( 22 6) Hari, 205, 82: 229; 17. ( 2 2 7 ) Hari, 205, 103: 271; 20. ( 22 S; Hari, 205, 115: 52; 21. ( 2 2 9 ) Hari, 205, 117: 41; 21. (230) Hari, 205, 135: 344; 23. ( 2 3 I) Hartley, 4, 51: 152; 87. ( 2 3 2 ) Hartridge, 289, 44: 1; 12. ( 23 S) Hartridge, 289, 54: 253; 21. ( 23 *) Hartridge, 289, 54: (Proc. cxxviii); 21. ( 23 S) Hartridge and HiIl, 289, 48: (Proc. Ii); 14. ( 23 6) Hartridge and Roughton, 889, 64: 405; 28. ( 2 3 7 ) Hasselbalch, 205, 19: 435; 09. ("8) Hattori, 558, 2: 99; 25. ( 2 3 9 ) Hattori, 558, 4: 41; 28. ( 2 4 °) Hattori, 558, 4: 63; 28. ( 2 4 Î ) Haurowitz, 202, 138: 68; 24. ( 2 4 3) Haurowitz, 202, 151: 130; 26. ( 2 4 4 ) Hausman and Krumpel, 205, 186: 203; 27. ( 2 4 5 ) Havas, 25, 47: 994; 14. (246) Havas and Bernhard, 25, 46: 2723; 13. ( 2 4 7 ) Hawkins and Stevens, Am. J. Bot., 4: 336; 17. ( 24 *)

Hecht and Williams, 888, 5: 1; 22. ( 2 4 9 ) Heilbron, Barnes and Morton, 4, 123: 2559; 23. C 2 5 «) Heilbron, Holt and Kitchen, 4, 1928: 934. ( 251 ) Henri and Wurmser, 206, 72: 1039; 12. ( 2 S 2 ) Herlitzka, 65, 11: 171; 12. ( 253 J Herzfeld, 202, 77: 280; 12. ( 2 5 4 J Herzog and Jolies, 25, 48: 1574; 15. ( 2 5 5 ) Heubner and Rosenberg, 205, 38: 345; 12. (256) Hewitt, Johnson and Pope, 4, 105: 364; 14. (2*7) Hewitt, Lewcock and Pope, 4, 101: 604; 12. ( 2 5 8 ) Hewitt, Mann and Pope, 4, 105: 2193; 14. (259) Hewitt and Mitchell, 4, 91: 1251; 07. (260) Hewitt and Thole, 4, 97: 511; 10. (261) Hewitt and Thomas, 4, 95: 1292; 09. ( 2 « 2 ) Hildebrand, 9, 14: 349; 08. ( 263 ) HiIl, 230, 19: 341; 25. ( 2 64) Hill, OB, 100: 419; 26. ( 2 65) Holmes, 560, 13: 6; 23. ( 2 66) Holmes, 060, 13: 54; 23. ( 2 ^ 7 ) Holmes, 45, 15: 833; 23. ( 2 ^ 8 ) Holmes, l, 46: 208; 24. ( 269 ) Holmes, 4ß, 16: 35; 24. ( 2 70) Holmes, l, 46: 627; 24. ( 2 T i ) Holmes, l, 46: 631; 24. ( 2 72) Holmes, l, 46: 2770; 24. (273) Holmes, 45, 17: 59; 25. (274) Holmes, J1S, 17: 918; 25. (275) Holmes, l, 49: 790; 27. ( 27 6) Holmes, 483, 16: 429; 27, ( 2 7 7) Holmes, 559, 3: 45; 28. ( 2 78) Holmes and Kann, 559, 3: 122; 28. ( 2 7 9 ) Holmes and Scanlan, l, 49: 1594; 27. ( 2 «O) Holmes and Snyder, l, 47: 221; 25. ( 281 ) Holmes and Snyder, l, 47: 226; 25. ( 2 8 2 ) Holmes and Snyder, l, 47: 2232; 25. ( 2 8 3 ) Holmes and Snyder, l, 50: 1907; 28. ( 2 8 4 ) Holt, 5B, 88: 227; 14. ( 2 8 5 ) Homer, 141, 22: 345; 12. ( 28 S) Houstoun, 8, 21: 535; 06. ( 287 ) Howe, 2, 8: 674; 16. ( 288 ) Howe and Gibson, 2, 10: 767; 17. ( 2 8 9 ) Hüfner, 808, 58: 39; 08. (290) Hüttig, 7, 87: 129; 14. (29l) Iwanowski, Ber. botan. Ges., 25: 416; 07. ( 2 9 2 ) Jacobson, l, 34: 1266; 12. (293) jacobson and Marchlewski, 205, 39: 174; 12. l, 47: 221; 25. (294) Jacobson and Marchlewski, 205, 40: 296; 12. ( 2 9 5 ) Jirgensons, 205,194:140: 28. ( 2 96) Johnson, J. and Spence, 2, 5: 349; 15. ( 2 9 7) Johnson, M., 54, 40: 176; 21. ( 2 9 8 ) Kajdi, 205, 165: 475; 25. ( 2 9 9 ) Kalandek, 63, 9: 128; 08. (300) Kauffmann, 18, 433: 237; 23. ( 301 ) Kaufmann and Vonderwahl, 85, 45: 1404; 12. (302) Kehrmann, 85, 49: 1013; 16. (303) Kehrmann and Borgeaud, 37, 9: 881; 26. (304) Kehrmann and Goldstein, 37, 4: 26; 21. ( 305 ) Kehrmann, Goldstein and Brunner, 37, 9: 222; 26. (306) Kehrmann, Goldstein and von Salis, 87, 10: 33; 27. ( 3 0 7 ) Kehrmann, Havas and Grandmougin, 85, 46, 2131; 13. (308) Kehrmann, Havas and Grandmougin, 85, 46, 2803; 13. ( 309 ) Kehrmann, Havas and Grandmougin, 85, 47, 1881; 14. (310) Kehrmann and Hempel, 85, 50: 856; 17. (311) Kehrmann, Robert and Sandoz, 85, 49: 2831; 16. ( 3 I 2 ) Kehrmann and Sandoz, 85, 50: 1667; 17. (313) Kehrmann and Sandoz, 86, 50: 1673; 17. ( 314 ) Kehrmann and Sandoz, 86, 51: 915; 18. ( 315 ) Kehrmann and Sandoz, 85, 51: 923; 18. ( 316 ) Kehrmann and Sandoz, 37, 1: 270; 18. ( 317 ) Kehrmann and Sandoz, 87, 3: 104; 19. ( 318 ) Kehrmann and Sandoz, 85, 53: 63; 20. (319) Kehrmann and Sandoz, 37, 4: 31; 21. ( 32 °) Kehrmann and Sandoz, 37, 5: 895; 22. ( 321 ) Kehrmann and Sandoz, 87, 6: 982; 23. ( 322 J Kehrmann and Sandoz, 37, 8: 250; 25. ( 323 ) Kehrmann, Speitel and Grandmougin, 85, 47: 2976; 14. ( 3 2 4 ) Kehrmann, Speitel and Grandmougin, 86, 47: 3205; 14. (325) Kehrmann, Speitel and Grandmougin, 86, 47: 3363; 14. (326) Keilin, 6B, 98: 312; 25. ( 3 2 7 ) Keilin, OB, 100: 129; 26. ( 328 ) Kennedy, 181, 79: 346; 27. (329) Kémeri, 205, 151: 438; 25. (330) Kimura and Nakamura, 437, 1: 41; 22. ( 331 ) Kitasato, 558, 2: 75; 25. ( 332 ) Knoblauch, 8, 43: 739; 91. ( 333 ) Koch, 8, 32: 167; 87. ( 334 ; Koenigsberger and Kilching, 8, 28: 889; 09. (335) Koenigsberger and Kilching, 8, 32: 843; 10. (336) Koenigsberger and Küpferer, 8, 37: 601; 12. ( 3 3 ^) Kögl and Postowsky, 13, 444: 1; 25. ( 338 ) Kögl and Taeuffenback, 13, 445: 170; 26. ( 339 ) König, 68, 88: 193; 13. (340) König, 85, 55: 3293; 22. (34l) König, 85, 56: 1543; 23. (342) König, 86, 57: 685; 24. (343) König, 85, 57: 891; 24. (344) König, 98, 38: 743; 25. (345) König and Becker, 68, 85: 353; 12. (346) König and Meier, 68, 109: 324; 25. (347) König and Müller, 85, 57: 144; 24. (348) König and Treichel, 68, 102: 63; 21. (349) König and Wagner, 86, 57: 1057; 24. (350) Krüss, G., 7, 2: 312; 88. (351) Krüss, G., 7, 18: 559; 95. ( 352 ) Krüss, P., 7, 51: 257; 05. ( 3 53) Kunz, 85, 55: 3689; 22. ( 354 ) Küster, 202, 149: 30; 25. (355) Küster and Heess, 86, 58: 1022; 25. (356) Küster and Neunhöffer, 808, 172: 179; 27. ( 35 7) Küster and Ruff, 202, 151: 98; 26. ( 358 ) Küster and Zimmermann, 808, 153: 125; 26. (359) Kylin, 808, 76: 396; 12. (360) Lankshear and Lapworth, 4, 99: 1785; 11. (361) Lasareff, 8, 24: 661; 07. (362) Lasareff, 8, 37: 812; 12. (363) Lasareff, 7, 100: 266; 22. (364) Lehmann and Zinn, Beri. Min. Wochschr., 47: 2244; 10. (365) Lemberg, 13, 461: 46; 28. (366) Letsche, 202, 80: 412; 12. (367) Lewin, 278, 145: 393; 12. (368) Lewin, Miethe and Stenger, 34, 143: 115; 06. (369) Lewin, Miethe and Stenger, 278, 118: 80; 07. (370) Lewin, Miethe and Stenger, 278, 124: 585; 08. (37.1) Lewin and Stenger, 278, 144: 279; 12. (372) Lewin and Stenger, 278, 178: 80; 20. (373) Lewin and Stenger, 99, 21: 221; 22. ( 3 74) Lewkowitsch, 230, 22: 777; 28. (375) Ley, 86, 50: 243; 17. (376) Ley, 7, 94: 405; 20. (377) Ley and Engelhardt, 86, 41: 2509; 08. ( 3 ? 8 ) Ley ko and Marchlewski, 205, 22: 464; 09. (379) Liebermann, 86, 21: 2527; 88.

(380) Lifschitz, 86, 47: 1401; 14. (381) Lifschitz, 86, 52: 1919; 19. (382) Lifschitz and Laurie, 86, 50: 897; 17. (383) Lipmaa, 84, 182: 867; 26. ( 384 ) List, 202, 138: 164; 24. (3S5; Llemura and Tabei, 41B, 3: 105; 28. (386) Long and Spriggs, Quart. J. Med., 11: 102; 18. ( 387 ) Lubimenko, 34, 142: 1432; 06. (388) Lubovitch and Peaven, 69, 16: 195; 22. (389) Lund, 1, 49: 1346; 27. (390) Lunelund, 60, 59A: No. 21; 16. (3^1) Lunelund, 60, 6OA: No. 12; 17. (392) Lunelund, 60, 62A: No. 5; 19. (393) Macbeth and Maxwell, 4, 123: 370; 23. (3 94 ) Majima and Kuroda, 058, 1: 43; 22. (395) Maki, №, 39 39 11: 1; 20. ( 6) Maki, 148,21:1; 24. ( 7) Malarski and Marchlewski, 806, 21: 523; 09. (398) Malarski and Marchlewski, 205, 24: 319; 10. (399) Malarski and Marchlewski, 205, 27: 246; 10. ( 4 0 °) Malarski and Marchlewski, 205, 42: 219; 12. ( 401 ) Malarski and March2 403 lewski, 805, 57: 112; 13. (4° ) Marchlewski, 805, 3: 287; 07. t ) 404 Marchlewski, 205, 3: 320; 07. ( ) Marchlewski, Die Chemie der Chiaro40S 406 phylle, Braunschweig, 1909. ( ) Marchlewski, 205, 43: 234; 12. ( ) 4 408 Marchlewski, 561, 4: 476; 22. ( 07) Marchlewski, 661, 6: 464; 24. ( ) 409 Marchlewski and Retinger, 205,10: 437; 08. ( ) Marchlewski and Robel, 86, 43: 260; 10. 4 411 ( » O) Marchlewski and Robel, 205, 32: 204; 11. ( ) Marchlewski and Robel, 4 2 85, 45: 816; 12. ( I ) Marchlewski and Marszalek, 205, 35: 413; 11. 413 414 ( ) Marchlewski and Moroz, 87, 35: 37; 24. ( ) Marchlewski and 415 4 6 Moroz, 87, 35: 705; 24. ( ) Marcine, Ann. fais., 30: 423; 10. ( I ) Marino-Zuco and Foa, 36, 41: 331; 11. ( 4 l 7 ) Mashimo, 489, 2: 199; 17. ( 4 1 8 ) Massol and Faucon, 87, 13: 217; 13. ( 419 ) Massol and Faucon, 87. 13: 513; 13. ( 42 °) Massol and Faucon, 87, 13: 700; 13. ( 421 ) Massol and Faucon, 87. 13: 803; 13. ( 4 2 2 ) Mathewson, J. Assoc. Off. Agr. Chem., 2: 164; 16. ( 4 2 3 ) Mathewson, 45, 12: 883; 20. ( 4 2 4 ) Mathewson, J. Assoc. Off. Agr. Chem., 6: 16; 22. ( 4 2 5 ) Mayer and Vies, 661, 2: 96; 20. ( 4 2 6 ) Mazzucchelli, 88, 23: 953; 14. ( 4 2 ?) McClendon, 141, 11: 435; 12. ( 4 2 8 J McLennan and Cole, 5, 102: 256; 23. ( 4 2 9 ) Medhi and Watson, 4, 107: 1579; 15. (430) Meek, 4, 111: 969; 17. ( 4 3 I) Meek and Watson, 4, 109: 544; 16. ( 43 2) Mees and Clark, 45, 11: 454; 19. ( 43 3) Mellon and Martin, 50, 31: 161; 27. ( 4 3 4) Merriman, 4, 103: 1845; 13. ( 4 3 S) Mertens, 202, 167: 179; 27. (436) Meuly, Diss., Weide, 1923. ( 4 3 7 ) Meyer, H., Bondy and Eckert, 75, 121: 1011; 12. (438) Meyer, K., 85, 41: 2568; 08. ( 4 3 9 ) Meyer, K. and Hantzsch, 85, 40: 3479; 07. (440) Meyer, M., 85, 47: 1161; 14. (441) Meyer, R., and Fischer, 85, 44: 1944; 11. ( 4 4 2 ) Meyer, R., and Fischer, 85, 46: 70; 13. ( 4 4 3 ) Meyer, R., and Fischer, 8o. 46: 85; 13. ( 444 ) Meyer, R., and Marx, 85, 40: 3603; 07. (445) Meyer, R., and Marx, 85, 41: 2446; 08. ( 4 4 6 ) Miethe, 317, 26: 54; 03. ( 4 4 7) Miethe and Stenger, 99, 19: 57; 19. (*48) Mills, 4, 121: 455; 22. (449) Mills and Braunholtz, 4, 123: 2804; 23. (450) Mills and Odams, 4, 125: 1913; 24. ( 4 5 I) Mills and Raper, 4, 127: 2466; 25. ( 4 5 2 ) Milroy, 889, 38: 384; 09. ( 453 ) Milroy, 230, 12: 318; 18. ( 4 5 4 J Moir, 607, 7: 5; 18. ( 455 ) Moir, 557, 7: 111; 18. ( 4 5 6 ) Moir, 557, 1: 123; 18. ( 4 5 7 ) Moir, 557, 1: 183; 19. (458) Moir, 557, 8: 41; 19. ( 4 5 9 ) Moir, 557, 8: 42; 19. (460) Moir, 557, 8: 225; 20. ( 4 6i) Moir, 557, 8: 303; 20. ( 4 62) Moir, 557, 9: 129; 21. ( 4 6 S) Moir, 557, 9: 205; 21. ( 4 6 4 ) Moir, 657, 10: 35; 22. (465) Moir, 557, 10: 65; 22. ( 46 6) Moir, 557, 10: 159; 22. ( 4 6 7) Moir, 557, 10: 233; 22. ( 4 68) Moir, 557, 10: 273; 22. ( 4 69) Moir, 4, 121: 1555; 22. ( 4 70) Moir, 557, 11: 91; 23. ( 4 7i) Moir, 4, 123: 2792; 23. ( 472 ) Moir, 4, 127: 2338; 25. ( 4 73) Moir, 557, 13: 131; 26. ( 4 74) Moir, 4, 1927: 1809. ( 4 75) Moir, 557, 14: 301; 27. ( 4 76) Moir, 557, 14: 233; 27. ( 4 77) Moir, 557, 16: 121; 28. ( 47 S) Molisch, DiePurpurbacterien. Jena, 1907. ( 4 7 9 ) Monteverde and Luybimenko, 134, 1- 1105; 13. 481 (480) Newcomer, 141, 37: 465; 19. ( ) Nichols and Merritt, 8, 19: 18; 04. (482) Nichols and Merritt, 8, 31: 376; 10. ( 483 ) Niemann, 202, 146: 181; 25. ( 4 8 4 ) Oesterle and Tisza, 293, 245: 534; 07. ( 4 8 S ) Okunev, 805, 193: 70; 28. ( 4 8 6 ) Orndorff and Allen, 1, 37: 1244; 15. ( 4 8 7 ) Orndorff and Barnett, 1, 46: 2483; 24. ( 488 ) Orndorff and Hitch, 1, 36: 707; 14. (489) Orndorff, Gibbs and McNulty, 1, 47: 2767; 25. 491 (490) Orndorff, Gibbs and McNulty, 1, 48: 1994; 26. ( ) Orndorff, Gibbs, McNulty and Shapiro, 1, 49: 1545; 27. ( 4 9 2 ) Orndorff, Gibbs, McNulty and Shapiro, 1, 49: 1541; 27. ( 493 ) Orndorff, Gibbs and Shapiro, 1, 48: 1327; 26. ( 494 ) Orndorff, Gibbs and Shapiro, JT 1 50: 819;' 28. ( 49S ) Orndorff and McNulty, 1, 49: 1588; 27. ( 4 9 6 ) Orndorff and Teeple, 1, 33: 215; 05. ( 4 9 7 ) Ostwald, 7, 9: 579; 92. ( 498 ) Ostwald, 287, 10: 179; 19. (499) Paladino, Beitr. ehem. Physiol. Path., 11: 65; 08. (500) Palkin, 45, 15: 379; 23. ( 5 0 1 J Palkin and Wales, 1, 46: 1488; 24. (502) 5 Palkin and Wales, 1, 47: 2005; 25. ( OS) Papendieck, 202, 140: 16; 24. (504) Papendieck, 808, 152: 215; 26. ( 5 0 S ) Papendieck and Bonath, 808. 144: 60; 25. (506) partos, 205, 105: 49; 20. ( 5 07) Peyrega and Vies, 34,154: 133; 12. ( 5 OS) Pfluger, 5, 65:173; 98. (509) Pfluger, 8,12:430; 03. (510) Pfund, 172, 20: 279; 12. ( 5 U) Pfund, 99, 12: 341; 13. ( 5 12; Phillips, Clark and Cohen, 231, Suppl. No. 61: 27. (513) Phillips and Goss, 1, 48: 823; 26. (514) Piccard, 1, 48: 2352; 26. (515) Piettre, 84, 146: 786; 08. (516) Pihlblad, 7, 81: 417; 12. ( 5 17) Pilotty, Stock and Dorman, 86, 47: 1124; 14. (518) Plaats, 8, 47: 429; 15. (519) Plotnikow, 7, 79: 357; 12.

(520) p0p6| ^1 93; 532; 08. ( 521 ) Pope and Willett, 4, 103: 1258; 13. ( 5 2 2 ) ( 6 °o) Stumpf, 99, 20: 183; 21. (60 1 ) Suhrmann and Kollath, 205, 184: 216; 27. ( 602 ) Svedberg and Pihlblad, 7, 74: 513; 10. (*03) Szceniovski, 165. Porai-Koschitz and Auschkap, Z. Farben-Ind., 10: 321; 11. ( 523 ) Porai1927A: 127. ( 604 ) Szilârd, 205,170: 185; 26. (605) Tasaki, 558, 2: 49; 25, Koschitz, Auschkap and Amsler, 53, 43: 1587; 11. ( 5 2 4 ) Posner, 25, 59: (606)Tasaki, 558, 2: 119; 25. ( 6 07) Tasaki, 558, 2:129; 25. (608) Tasaki, 1799; 26. (525) Prideaux, The theory and use of indicators. London, 1917. 52 528 ) 558, 3: 1; 27. ( 609 ) Tasaki, 558, 3: 21; 27. ( 526) Priest, 848, 3: 37; 20. ( 7) Przibram, 278, 153: 385; 13. ( Pulfrich, 8, 14: 177; 81. ( 529 ) Pummerer, Eckert and Gassner, 25, 47: (610) Teodoresco, 34, 163: 62; 16. (6H) Téthi, 805, 192: 105; 28. ( 612 ) Thiel and Dassler, 85, 56: 1667; 23. (6i 3 ) Thiel, Dassler and Wulf ken, 1494; 14. (530) Pummerer and Rebmann, 25, 61: 1099; 28. ( 531 ) Purvis, 4, 97: 2535; 10. 237, 18: No. 3; 24. (614) Treibs, 808, 168: 68; 27. (««) Tschirch and (532) Purvis, 4, 105: 590; 14. ( 533 ) Purvis, 4, 107: 660; 15. ( S3 *) Purvis Ludy, 37, 6: 994; 23. («1«) Tswett, 34, 152: 788; 11. («") Tswett, Ber. botan. Ges., 29: 630; 11. (618) Tuck, 4, 91: 449; 07. ( 619 ) Tuck, 4, and McCleland, 4, 101: 514; 12. ( 535 ) Quagliariello, Arch. sci. bioL, 3: 536 95: 1809; 09. 65; 22. ( ) Quagliariello, Pubbl. staz. zool. Napoli, Rie. ßsiol. chim. biol., (620) Uemura and Tabei, 41B, 2: 229; 27. ( 621 ) Uemura and Tabei, 41B, 2: 1: 57; 22. ( 53 ?) Régnier, 206, 95: 77; 26. ( 538 ) Reinhard, 223, 11: 1; 27. (539) Reitzenstein and Bönitsch, 52, 86: 1; 12. 249; 27. (622) Uemura, Yokojima and Endo, J>1B, 2: 10; 27. ( 6 2 3 ) Uemura, Yokojima and Endo, 41B, 2: 48; 27. ( 6 2 4 ) Uemura, Yokojima ( 54 °) Reitzenstein and Breuning, 13, 372: 257; 10. ( S41 ) Reitzenstein and and Tan, 41B, 1: 260; 26. (625) Unger and Hofmann, 85, 29: 1362; 96. Schwerdt, 52, 75: 369; 07. ( 5 4 2 ) Reitzenstein and Stamm, 52, 81: 150; 10. (626) Ursprung, Ber. botan. Ges., 36: 73; 18. ( 62 7) Uspenski and Woron(543) Robertson, 4, 103: 1473; 13. ( 544 ) Robertson and Brady, 4, 103: 1479; 13. (545) Rodio, 22, 1: 188; 25. (546) R0I1n, 8, 38: 987; 12. (547) koff, 96, 17: 112; 23. (628) Vaillant, 84, 184: 939; 27. ( 6 2 9 ) Vaillant, 61, 8: 391; 27. Romieu and Obata, 34, 175: 51; 22. (548) Rost, Franz and Heise, 291, (630) Venable, 48, 10: 133; 25. (6 3 I) Ville and Derrien, 34, 140: 1195; 05. 31: 223; 09. (549) Sando, Am. J. Botany, 6: 242; 19. (632) Vies, 34, 169: 303; 19. (633) Vies, 561,2: 125; 20. (634) vies, 561, (550) Sando, 141, 68: 407; 26. (ssi) Sando and Bartlett, 141, 54: 629; 22. 2: 223; 20. (635) vies, 34, 185: 644; 27. ( 636 ) Vies and Gex, 84, 185: (552) Sando and Lloyd, 141, 58: 737; 24. ( 553 ) Scheff, 205, 168: 451; 26. 946; 27. ( 63 7) Vogel, 8, 43: 449; 91. (638) Vogt, 7, 132: 101; 28. (639) (554) Scheibe, 26, 56: 137; 23. (555) Scheibe and Fischer, 25, 59: 502; 26. (556) Scheibe and Rossner, 25, 56: 137; 23. ( 5 5 7) Schertz, 341, 26: 383; 23. Volta and Viterbi, Boll. soc. ital. biol. sper., 2: 431; 27. (558) Schertz, 341, 30: 253; 25. ( 559 ) Schneider and Kunzl, Z. Mikros(640) Wahl and Bagard, 87, 15: 336; 14. (641) Wahl and Faivret, 14,5: 314; 26. (642) Wales, 1, 45: 2420; 23. (643) Wales and Palkin, l, 48: 810; 26. kopie, 23: 394; 06. (644) Watson and Meek, 4, 107: 1567; 15. (645) Watson, Sen and Medhi, (560) Schou, 37, 10: 907; 27. ( 5 ^ 1 ) Schultz, 205, 127: 112; 22. (562) Schumm, 563 4, 107: 1477; 15. (646) Weber, Z. biol. Tech. Methodik, 2: 29; 10. (647) 202, 83: 1; 13. ( ) Schumm, 202, 90: 1; 14. (564) Schumm, 202, 132: 34; 24. (565) Schumm, 202, 136: 243; 24. (566) Schumm, 202, 139: 219; Weigert, 85, 49: 1496; 16. (648) wick, 2, 24: 356; 07. ( 6 49) Willgerodt 24. ( 5 67) Schumm, 202, 147: 221; 25. ( 568 ) Schumm, 202, 149: 1; 25. and Maffezzoli, 68, 82: 205; 10. (569) Schumm, 202, 149: 111; 25. (650) Wille, Ber. botan. Ges., 40: 188; 22. (651) Willstätter and Asahina, 13, (570) Schumm, 202, 150: 276; 25. (571) Schumm, 202, 152: 1; 26. (572) 385: 188; 11. (652) Willstätter and Benz, 18, 358: 267; 08. ( 6S3 ) WillSchumm, 202, 152: 55; 26. (573) Schumm, 202, 152: 147; 26.* (574) stätter and Bolton, 13, 408: 42; 15. (654) Willstätter and Escher, 202, 64: Schumm, 202, 153: 225; 26. ( 5 75) Schumm, 202, 156: 268; 26. ( 5 7 6) 47; 10. (655) Willstätter and Escher, 202, 76: 214; 12. (656) Willstätter Schumm, 202, 159: 194; 26. ("7) Schumm, 202, 164: 143; 27. (578) and Everest, 13, 401: 189; 13. (657) Willstätter and Fischer, 202, 87: 423; 13. (658) Willstätter and Fritzsche, 13, 371: 33; 09. (659) Willstätter and Schumm, 202, 169: 52; 27. ( 5 79) Schumm and Mertens, 202, 156: 61; 26. Mallison, 13, 408: 15; 15. (580) Schumm and Papendieck, 202, 159: 190; 26. ( 581 ) Scott and French, Military Surgeon, Sept., 1924. (582) Semper, 13, 381: 234; 11. (583) (660) Willstätter and Mieg, 18, 408: 61; 15. (661) Willstätter and PfannenShaeffer, Paulus and Jones, 1, 37: 776; 15. ( 584 ) Shapiro, 1, 50: 1772; 28. stiel, 13, 358: 205; 08. ( 6 6 2 ) Willstätter and Stoll, Untersuchungen über (585) Sheard, Baldes, Mann and Bollman, 131, 76: 577; 26. (586) Sheard, Chlorophyll. Berlin, 1913. (663) Willstätter, Stoll and Utzinger, 13, 385: 156; 11. (664) Willstätter, Zechmeister and Kindler, 85, 57: 1938; 24. Mann and Bollman, 181, 81: 774; 27. ( 587 ) Sheppard, 204, 48: 300; 08. 58 (665) Willstätter and Zollinger, 13, 408: 83; 15. (666) Winther, 9, 19: 389; (588) Sheppard, 5, 82: 256; 09. ( 9) Shibata, 558, 1: 106; 23. 591 13. (667) wise and Adams, 45, 10: 801; 18. (668) wise and Adams, 46, (590) Shibata and Kimotsuki, 41, 39: 771; 18. ( ) Shibata and Kimotsuki, 59 11: 460; 19. (669) Wolff, 91, 17: 65; 78. 658, 1: 91; 23. (592) Shibata and Nagai, 41, 43: 101; 22. ( S) Shibata (670) Yaoi and Tamiya,.043, 4: 436; 28. («7i) Zaleski, 25, 46: 1687; 13. and Nagai, 558, 2: 25; 24. (594) Singh, Rai and LaI, 4, 121: 1421; 22. (672) Zaleski, 53, 48: 1337; 16. (673) Zechmeister and Cholnoky, 13, (595) Sircar, 4, 109: 757; 16. (596) Smith and Boord, 1, 44: 1449; 22. 454: 54; 27. (674) Zeynek, 75, 121: 1495; 12. (675) Zeynek, 75, 121: (597) Stevens and Ward, 4, 125: 1324; 24. (598) Stobbe and Nowak, 25, 1539; 12. (676) zilner> 205, 192: 118; 28. (677) Holmes, O. 46: 2887; 13. (599) Strub, 99, 24: 97; 26.

VISCOSITY OF PURE LIQUIDS F. GIORDANI CONTENTS Elementary substances. Inorganic compounds,A- Table. Organic compounds, (T-Table. Effect of pressure on viscosity. Units.—All values of the viscosity, 17, are expressed in poises. The values tabulated are those of lOOrj which are equivalent to values of t\ expressed in centipoises.

MATIÈRES Substances élémentaires. Composés inorganiques, Table ». Composés organiques, Table (T. Effet de la pression sur la viscosité. Unités.—Toutes les valeurs de la viscosité, TJ, sont exprimées en poises. Les valeurs mentionnées dans les tables sont celles de lOOi? qui sont équivalentes aux valeurs de 77 exprimées en centipoises.

INHALTSVERZEICHNIS Elemente. Anorganische Verbindungen, »Tafel. Organische Verbindungen, <£Tafel. Einfluss des Druckes auf die Viskosität. Einheiten.—Alle Werte der Viskosität, 77, sind in C. G. S.Einheiten ausgedrückt. Die in Zahlentafeln stehen Werte gelten für lOOrç und entsprechen den Werten von 77, die in Hundert-C. G. S.-Einheiten gegeben sind.

INDICE PAGE Elementi . 212 Composti inorganici, Tavola» 212 Composti organici, Tavola
212

Effetto della pressione sulla viscosità 222 Unità.—Tutti i valori della viscosità, 77, sono espressi in poise. I valori nelle tabelle sono quelli di 100?? che sono equivalenti al valore di TJ espresso in centipoise.

(520) p0p6| ^1 93; 532; 08. ( 521 ) Pope and Willett, 4, 103: 1258; 13. ( 5 2 2 ) ( 6 °o) Stumpf, 99, 20: 183; 21. (60 1 ) Suhrmann and Kollath, 205, 184: 216; 27. ( 602 ) Svedberg and Pihlblad, 7, 74: 513; 10. (*03) Szceniovski, 165. Porai-Koschitz and Auschkap, Z. Farben-Ind., 10: 321; 11. ( 523 ) Porai1927A: 127. ( 604 ) Szilârd, 205,170: 185; 26. (605) Tasaki, 558, 2: 49; 25, Koschitz, Auschkap and Amsler, 53, 43: 1587; 11. ( 5 2 4 ) Posner, 25, 59: (606)Tasaki, 558, 2: 119; 25. ( 6 07) Tasaki, 558, 2:129; 25. (608) Tasaki, 1799; 26. (525) Prideaux, The theory and use of indicators. London, 1917. 52 528 ) 558, 3: 1; 27. ( 609 ) Tasaki, 558, 3: 21; 27. ( 526) Priest, 848, 3: 37; 20. ( 7) Przibram, 278, 153: 385; 13. ( Pulfrich, 8, 14: 177; 81. ( 529 ) Pummerer, Eckert and Gassner, 25, 47: (610) Teodoresco, 34, 163: 62; 16. (6H) Téthi, 805, 192: 105; 28. ( 612 ) Thiel and Dassler, 85, 56: 1667; 23. (6i 3 ) Thiel, Dassler and Wulf ken, 1494; 14. (530) Pummerer and Rebmann, 25, 61: 1099; 28. ( 531 ) Purvis, 4, 97: 2535; 10. 237, 18: No. 3; 24. (614) Treibs, 808, 168: 68; 27. (««) Tschirch and (532) Purvis, 4, 105: 590; 14. ( 533 ) Purvis, 4, 107: 660; 15. ( S3 *) Purvis Ludy, 37, 6: 994; 23. («1«) Tswett, 34, 152: 788; 11. («") Tswett, Ber. botan. Ges., 29: 630; 11. (618) Tuck, 4, 91: 449; 07. ( 619 ) Tuck, 4, and McCleland, 4, 101: 514; 12. ( 535 ) Quagliariello, Arch. sci. bioL, 3: 536 95: 1809; 09. 65; 22. ( ) Quagliariello, Pubbl. staz. zool. Napoli, Rie. ßsiol. chim. biol., (620) Uemura and Tabei, 41B, 2: 229; 27. ( 621 ) Uemura and Tabei, 41B, 2: 1: 57; 22. ( 53 ?) Régnier, 206, 95: 77; 26. ( 538 ) Reinhard, 223, 11: 1; 27. (539) Reitzenstein and Bönitsch, 52, 86: 1; 12. 249; 27. (622) Uemura, Yokojima and Endo, J>1B, 2: 10; 27. ( 6 2 3 ) Uemura, Yokojima and Endo, 41B, 2: 48; 27. ( 6 2 4 ) Uemura, Yokojima ( 54 °) Reitzenstein and Breuning, 13, 372: 257; 10. ( S41 ) Reitzenstein and and Tan, 41B, 1: 260; 26. (625) Unger and Hofmann, 85, 29: 1362; 96. Schwerdt, 52, 75: 369; 07. ( 5 4 2 ) Reitzenstein and Stamm, 52, 81: 150; 10. (626) Ursprung, Ber. botan. Ges., 36: 73; 18. ( 62 7) Uspenski and Woron(543) Robertson, 4, 103: 1473; 13. ( 544 ) Robertson and Brady, 4, 103: 1479; 13. (545) Rodio, 22, 1: 188; 25. (546) R0I1n, 8, 38: 987; 12. (547) koff, 96, 17: 112; 23. (628) Vaillant, 84, 184: 939; 27. ( 6 2 9 ) Vaillant, 61, 8: 391; 27. Romieu and Obata, 34, 175: 51; 22. (548) Rost, Franz and Heise, 291, (630) Venable, 48, 10: 133; 25. (6 3 I) Ville and Derrien, 34, 140: 1195; 05. 31: 223; 09. (549) Sando, Am. J. Botany, 6: 242; 19. (632) Vies, 34, 169: 303; 19. (633) Vies, 561,2: 125; 20. (634) vies, 561, (550) Sando, 141, 68: 407; 26. (ssi) Sando and Bartlett, 141, 54: 629; 22. 2: 223; 20. (635) vies, 34, 185: 644; 27. ( 636 ) Vies and Gex, 84, 185: (552) Sando and Lloyd, 141, 58: 737; 24. ( 553 ) Scheff, 205, 168: 451; 26. 946; 27. ( 63 7) Vogel, 8, 43: 449; 91. (638) Vogt, 7, 132: 101; 28. (639) (554) Scheibe, 26, 56: 137; 23. (555) Scheibe and Fischer, 25, 59: 502; 26. (556) Scheibe and Rossner, 25, 56: 137; 23. ( 5 5 7) Schertz, 341, 26: 383; 23. Volta and Viterbi, Boll. soc. ital. biol. sper., 2: 431; 27. (558) Schertz, 341, 30: 253; 25. ( 559 ) Schneider and Kunzl, Z. Mikros(640) Wahl and Bagard, 87, 15: 336; 14. (641) Wahl and Faivret, 14,5: 314; 26. (642) Wales, 1, 45: 2420; 23. (643) Wales and Palkin, l, 48: 810; 26. kopie, 23: 394; 06. (644) Watson and Meek, 4, 107: 1567; 15. (645) Watson, Sen and Medhi, (560) Schou, 37, 10: 907; 27. ( 5 ^ 1 ) Schultz, 205, 127: 112; 22. (562) Schumm, 563 4, 107: 1477; 15. (646) Weber, Z. biol. Tech. Methodik, 2: 29; 10. (647) 202, 83: 1; 13. ( ) Schumm, 202, 90: 1; 14. (564) Schumm, 202, 132: 34; 24. (565) Schumm, 202, 136: 243; 24. (566) Schumm, 202, 139: 219; Weigert, 85, 49: 1496; 16. (648) wick, 2, 24: 356; 07. ( 6 49) Willgerodt 24. ( 5 67) Schumm, 202, 147: 221; 25. ( 568 ) Schumm, 202, 149: 1; 25. and Maffezzoli, 68, 82: 205; 10. (569) Schumm, 202, 149: 111; 25. (650) Wille, Ber. botan. Ges., 40: 188; 22. (651) Willstätter and Asahina, 13, (570) Schumm, 202, 150: 276; 25. (571) Schumm, 202, 152: 1; 26. (572) 385: 188; 11. (652) Willstätter and Benz, 18, 358: 267; 08. ( 6S3 ) WillSchumm, 202, 152: 55; 26. (573) Schumm, 202, 152: 147; 26.* (574) stätter and Bolton, 13, 408: 42; 15. (654) Willstätter and Escher, 202, 64: Schumm, 202, 153: 225; 26. ( 5 75) Schumm, 202, 156: 268; 26. ( 5 7 6) 47; 10. (655) Willstätter and Escher, 202, 76: 214; 12. (656) Willstätter Schumm, 202, 159: 194; 26. ("7) Schumm, 202, 164: 143; 27. (578) and Everest, 13, 401: 189; 13. (657) Willstätter and Fischer, 202, 87: 423; 13. (658) Willstätter and Fritzsche, 13, 371: 33; 09. (659) Willstätter and Schumm, 202, 169: 52; 27. ( 5 79) Schumm and Mertens, 202, 156: 61; 26. Mallison, 13, 408: 15; 15. (580) Schumm and Papendieck, 202, 159: 190; 26. ( 581 ) Scott and French, Military Surgeon, Sept., 1924. (582) Semper, 13, 381: 234; 11. (583) (660) Willstätter and Mieg, 18, 408: 61; 15. (661) Willstätter and PfannenShaeffer, Paulus and Jones, 1, 37: 776; 15. ( 584 ) Shapiro, 1, 50: 1772; 28. stiel, 13, 358: 205; 08. ( 6 6 2 ) Willstätter and Stoll, Untersuchungen über (585) Sheard, Baldes, Mann and Bollman, 131, 76: 577; 26. (586) Sheard, Chlorophyll. Berlin, 1913. (663) Willstätter, Stoll and Utzinger, 13, 385: 156; 11. (664) Willstätter, Zechmeister and Kindler, 85, 57: 1938; 24. Mann and Bollman, 181, 81: 774; 27. ( 587 ) Sheppard, 204, 48: 300; 08. 58 (665) Willstätter and Zollinger, 13, 408: 83; 15. (666) Winther, 9, 19: 389; (588) Sheppard, 5, 82: 256; 09. ( 9) Shibata, 558, 1: 106; 23. 591 13. (667) wise and Adams, 45, 10: 801; 18. (668) wise and Adams, 46, (590) Shibata and Kimotsuki, 41, 39: 771; 18. ( ) Shibata and Kimotsuki, 59 11: 460; 19. (669) Wolff, 91, 17: 65; 78. 658, 1: 91; 23. (592) Shibata and Nagai, 41, 43: 101; 22. ( S) Shibata (670) Yaoi and Tamiya,.043, 4: 436; 28. («7i) Zaleski, 25, 46: 1687; 13. and Nagai, 558, 2: 25; 24. (594) Singh, Rai and LaI, 4, 121: 1421; 22. (672) Zaleski, 53, 48: 1337; 16. (673) Zechmeister and Cholnoky, 13, (595) Sircar, 4, 109: 757; 16. (596) Smith and Boord, 1, 44: 1449; 22. 454: 54; 27. (674) Zeynek, 75, 121: 1495; 12. (675) Zeynek, 75, 121: (597) Stevens and Ward, 4, 125: 1324; 24. (598) Stobbe and Nowak, 25, 1539; 12. (676) zilner> 205, 192: 118; 28. (677) Holmes, O. 46: 2887; 13. (599) Strub, 99, 24: 97; 26.

VISCOSITY OF PURE LIQUIDS F. GIORDANI CONTENTS Elementary substances. Inorganic compounds,A- Table. Organic compounds, (T-Table. Effect of pressure on viscosity. Units.—All values of the viscosity, 17, are expressed in poises. The values tabulated are those of lOOrj which are equivalent to values of t\ expressed in centipoises.

MATIÈRES Substances élémentaires. Composés inorganiques, Table ». Composés organiques, Table (T. Effet de la pression sur la viscosité. Unités.—Toutes les valeurs de la viscosité, TJ, sont exprimées en poises. Les valeurs mentionnées dans les tables sont celles de lOOi? qui sont équivalentes aux valeurs de 77 exprimées en centipoises.

INHALTSVERZEICHNIS Elemente. Anorganische Verbindungen, »Tafel. Organische Verbindungen, <£Tafel. Einfluss des Druckes auf die Viskosität. Einheiten.—Alle Werte der Viskosität, 77, sind in C. G. S.Einheiten ausgedrückt. Die in Zahlentafeln stehen Werte gelten für lOOrç und entsprechen den Werten von 77, die in Hundert-C. G. S.-Einheiten gegeben sind.

INDICE PAGE Elementi . 212 Composti inorganici, Tavola» 212 Composti organici, Tavola
212

Effetto della pressione sulla viscosità 222 Unità.—Tutti i valori della viscosità, 77, sono espressi in poise. I valori nelle tabelle sono quelli di 100?? che sono equivalenti al valore di TJ espresso in centipoise.

a-TABLE, ELEMENTARY SUBSTANCES 10077* - X + I0-Sb* + IO"* cZ Br2 (84) 0 I9 C 1007J -2.6 1.287* +7 1.136 13.6 1.058 19.5 0.995 27 0.925 31.4 0.901 -4.3 1.311t +4.9 1.164 12.6 1.071 19.1 1.003 a = 1.241 b = 12.257 c = 8.721 * Purified with KOH. t Prepared from pure KBr.

Cl2 (84)

-76.5 -74 -70.5 -65.8 -65.4 -60.2 -60 -53 -52.4 -45.1 -44.1

0.729 0.710 0.680 0.649 0.646 0.616 0.610 0.569 0.566 0.530 0.524

Cl2.- (Coned) 0 t, C !OUT? -35.4 0.494 -33. 8 0.489 a = 0.385 b = 5.878 c = -3.92 H 2 (94)

-252. 57 I 0.0130 I2 (84)

116 2.268 116.6 2.246 121.9 2.157 122.8 2.180 128.7 2.080 136.1 1.979 142.7 1.870 147.8 1.822 149 1.813 152.5 1.770 157.7 1.716 158.9 1.688 169.8 1.572 171.4 1.545 178.7 1.462 a = 9.68 b = 21.833 c = 52.01 O2 (96%) (95) -252. 07 I 0.189 .

2

S (37) 0 *, C 123 135.5 149.5 156.3 158.8 159.2 159.5 160 160.3 165 171 184 190.5 197.5 200 210 217 222

!OUT/ 10.94 8.66 7.09 7.19 7.59 9.48 14.45 22.83 77.32 500 4 500 16 000 19 700 21 300 21 500 20 500 19 100 18 600 (8) 121 9.94 9.92 * 11.4 t 10.27 Î * After 1 hour stand-

ing at 121°.

t After many hours standing at 200° and subsequent cooling to 121°.

Ï After further standing 1 hour at 121°.

HgBr2 t, 0C 240 247 258 258

(8) 10077 3.31 2.97 1.97

HgI2 (8) I 3.54

AgCl (62)

603 632 669 734

1.60 1.46 1.37 1.18

AgBr (62)

609 649 688 770 803

1.86 1.66 1.49 1.22 1.19

AgI (62)

605 611 630 698 730 792 806 827

3.02 2.85 2.75 2.37 2.12 1.85 1.68 1.55

AgNO3 (40)

244 265 275 309 342

3.77 3.27 3.04 2.61 2.29

B2O3 (2)

»-TABLE, STANDARD ARRANGEMENT (v. Vol. Ill, p. viii) H2O v. Vol. V, p. 10 SO2 (38)

t, 0C -33.5 -10.5 0.1

1007? 0.5508 0.4285 O.3936

H2SO4 v. Vol. V, p. 11 N 2 O 4 ( 91 ) 0.72 0.5220 5.09 0.4954 9.15 0.4720 11.87 0.4578 15.36 0.4401 28.155 1 7349 ^ ~ (140.89 + Q NH3 -33.5 0.254(34) -33.5 0.266(38)

NOCI -33.3 -29.5 -27 -25.2 -20

(15) 0.642 0.604 0.586 0.567 0.547

SbBr3 (57) *,°C 10077 95 3.3i 100 3.12 BiCl3 (4) 260 32.0 270 29.5 280 27.0 290 25.0 300 23.0 310 21.5 320 20.5 330 19.0 340 18.0 CO2 v. Vol. V, p. 11

For other C-compounds, v. the (T-Table infra SnCl4 (56) 25 0.919 30 0.806 40 0.72s 50 0.66s 70 0.60

PbCl2 (63) t, 0C !GOT? 498 5.53 508 5.06 518 4.66 528 4.30 538 4.02 548 3.78 558 3.59 568 3.42 578 3.28 588 3.16 598 3.06 608 2.95 PbBr2 (63) 372 10.2 382 8.80 392 8.06 402 7.47 412 6.97 422 6.53 432 6.13 442 5.74 452 5.38 462 5.03 472 4.70 482 4.38 492 4.07

750 800 850 900 950 1 000 1 050 1 100

43 600 26 000 17 000 11 800 9 000 7 000 5 300 4 OOP

LiNO3 (40)

259 269 274 284 310

5.58 5.10 4.85 4.50 3.69

LiNO3.- (Cont'd) 0 t, C 10077

317.5 319 320

3.49 3.48 3.47

KOH.- (Cont'd) t,0C 10077

500 550 600

1.3 1.0 0.8

NaOH (3)

350 400 450 500 550

4.0 2.8 2.2 1.8 1.5

KCl (61) 790 1.42 835 1.21 920 0.99 1035 0.71

NaCl (61)

841 850 896 924

1.30 1.20 1.01 0.97

KBr (61) 745 1.48 775 1.34 805 1.19

NaBr (61)

762 766 780

1.42 1.35 1.28

NaNO3 (63)

308 318 328 338 348 358 368 378 388 398 408 418

2.92 2.78 2.66 2.54 2.44 2.33 2.24 2.14 2.06 1.98 1.90 1.83

(40)

337 353 356

2.53 2.29 2.28

385.2

1.99

406 495

1.77 1.32

NaPO3 (2)

650 1250 700 700 750 440 800 300 850 210 KOH (3) 400 2.3 450 1.7

KNO3 (63)

333 343 353 363 373 383 393 403 413

2.97 2.83 2.69 2.56 2.44 2.33 2.21 2.11 2.01

(40)

347 371 377 396 418 462 506

2.79 2.35 2.29 2.14 1.89 1.58 1.34

K2Cr2O7 (63)

397 407 417 427 437 447 457 467 477 487 497

13.4 12.6 11.8 11.2 10.6 9.9 9.4 8.8 8.2 7.7 7.1

507

6.6

(T-TABLE; (T-ARRANGEMENT (v. Vol. Ill, p. viii) A A, B, n are the coefficients in the formula 77 = >r> , ^n w + *)

CCl 4 (Oi), Carbontetrachloride t, 0C 0.60 7.15 14.89 21.21 27.56 35.21

10077 1.3322 1.8884 1.0476 0.9517 O 8705 0.7855

t, 0C 42.08 49.51 56.29 62.87 69.89 74.16

10077 0.7198 0.6567 0.6078 0.5659 0.5246 0.5017

A = 32.780 B = 95.05 n = 1.7121 60

0

t, C 25

( ) l№rj 0.8876

CS2 (9l) Carbon disulfide t, 0C 10077 0.4 0.428 4.88 0.413 9.45 0.397 14.91 0.381 19.94 0.367 25.34 0.356 30.30 0.342 35.51 0.328 40.60 0.317 45.96 0.306 A = 24.379 B = 199.17 n = 1.6328

CH2O2.- (Cont'd) A = 32.8143 B = 59.799 n = 1.7164

t, 0C

CH3I (9l); cf. (39) Methyl iodide I, 0C !OUT? O 0.593 0.42 0.5914 6.06 0.5576 10.53 0.5330 15.81 0.5064

21.37 27.22 33.38 39.96

CHBr3 Bromoform (8) 6.4 | 2.381 (20)

10 76.5

2.217 1.009

CHCl3 Chloroform v. Vol. V, p. 11 HCN (102) Hydrogen cyanide -7.5 0.259 +5.0 0.232 10.8 0.218 15.1 0.211 20.2 0.201

CH2Br2 (26) Méthylène bromide 25 I 0.1225 CH2Cl2 (9l) Méthylène chloride 0.46 0.5329 5.73 0.5023 10.18 0.4794 15.45 0.4545 20.53 0.4330 25.59 0.4137 30.98 0.3933 37.51 0.3707 A - 5.8768 B = 128.88 n = l.4408 CH 2 O 2 (9l); cf. (io, 68, 82)

Formic acid 7.59 2.385 15.96 1.951 24.16 1.635 32.86 1.379 40.36 1.208 48.03 1.064 56.30 0.937 64.20 0.838 72.05 0.754 80.22 0.681 97.23 0.558

C2Cl4.- (Cont'd) A = 30.656 B = 126.17 n = 1.6325

0.4810 0.4564 0.4323 0.4090

A = 6.6577 B = 134.32 n = 1.4329 CH3NO (20) Formamide O 7.552 76.5 1.254 (68)

25 40

3.359 2.379 (27)

105 0.768 120 0.659 A = 874 B = 60.78 n = 2.2780 CH3NO2 (18) Nitromethane 25 I 0.619 (74)

O 25 40 55 70 85

0.843 0.631 0.526 0.450 0.392 0.342

CH4O Methyl alcohol v. Vol. V, p. 11 CH6N (38) Methylamine O I 0.2364 C2Cl4 (9l) Tetrachloroethylene O 1.133 11.24 0.986 22.30 0.869 32.34 0.784 42.78 0.707 52.68 0.645 0.585 64.14 74.67 0.536 0.491 85.75 95.60 0.455 106.03 0.422 117.09 0.390

25 50 75

I 10Or7 (13)

0.841 0.656 0.534

C2Cl6 Hexachloroethane

C2H2Cl2 (44) cis-1 j 2-Acetylene dichloride t, 0C 10077 25 0.391 C2H2Cl2 (44)

trans-I, 2-Acetylene dichloride 25 0.4564 50 0.3685

(79)

25 I 2.2e C2HBr3O (33) Bromal 25 5.3i 40 3.725 50 3.026 60 2.501 70 2.081 85 1.607 100 1.264 C2HCl3 (44)

Trichloroethylene 25 0.550 50 0.446 75 0.371 C2HCl3O (33) Chloral .25 0.1263 40 1.01 50 0.87 70 0.68 85 0.56 C2HCl3O2 (49) Trichloroacetic acid 60 3.97 70 3.15 C2HCl5 (79)

Pentachloroethane O 3.7s 25 2.2e (44)

25 2.176 50 1.480 75 l.Oei C2H2Br2 (91) 1, 2-Acetylene dibromide 0.86 1.217 10.95 1.070 19.93 0.960 30.14 0.859 39.49 0.782 47.80 0.722 57.96 0.659 67.19 0.610 76.72 0.565 85.95 0.525 97.10 0.483 105.72 0.454 A = 14.868 B = 112.29 n = 1.5032

1,

C2H2Cl4 (i 7 *) 1, 2, 2-Tetraehloroethane O 2.656 10 2.147 15 1.952 25 1.637 35 1.389 50 1.132 (44)

75

I 0.8185 (20)

80 I 0.763 *l/r,t = 0.13796 X [1 -f- 0.019171« + 0.00000925*2] X (273.1+0.

C2H3Br3O2 (33) Bromal hydrate 40 46.14 50 20.69 60 10.9 70 6.349 85 5.166 100 2.00 C2H3N (78) Acetonitrile 25 I 0.36 C2H4Br2 Ethylene bromide (91)

9.49 2.053 1.698 20.63 31.21 1.445 41.64 1.252 51.81 1.099 62.87 0.967 73.48 0.862 85.97 0.762 95.81 0.694 105.71 0.634 117.01 0.577 126.71 0.532 A = 30.535 B = 80.802 n = 1.6222 C 2 H 4 Cl 2 (91) 1,1-Dichloroethane 7.06 0.5686 11.24 0.5413 15.34 0.5156 19.31 0.4934 23.22 0.4736 27.85 0.4506 31.55 0.4337

C3H4Cl2.- (Cont'd) t, 0C

1

!OUT/

35.61 0.4160 40.18 0.3976 43.74 0.3836 47.95 0.3695 54.54 0.3476 A = 22.247 B = 132.02 n = 1.6762 C 2 H 4 Cl 2 (91) Ethylene chloride 1.1211 0.31 7.23 1.0021 14.73 0.8961 21.84 0.8129 28.78 0.7417

36.88 43.89

0.6695 0.6166

51.74 0.5668 58.53 0.5239 65.53 0.4912 72.95 0.4558 81.07 0.4217 A = 24.256 B = 100.67 n = 1.6641 C2H4O (91) Acetaldehyde 0.33 0.2663 5.35 0.2538 9.56 0.2442 13.92 0.2345 19.17 0.2234 A = 15652.2 B = 286.11 n = 2.7550

C2H4O2.- (Cont'd) t, 0C I !OUT? (13*)

1.148 0.991 0.865 0.760 0.676 0.607 0.546 0.489

25 35 45 55 65 75 85 95

(39)

20

I 1.234 (49)

25

1.121

I

* 1/T7, = 0.2072 [1 + 0.01597*+0.0000178«2] X (273.1 + Q . C 2 H 4 O 2 (92)

Methyl formate 0.58 0.4263 6.39 0.3999 10.88 0.3809 15.63 0.3626 20.15 0.3467 25.52 0.3298 29.25 0.3190 A = O . 144673 B = 68.234 n = 0.8325 I (39)

20 I 0.367 C2H6Br (91) Ethyl bromide 0.34 0.4759 5.18 0.4525 9.67 0.4327 15.46 0.4087 20.54 0.3903 25.28 0.3734 30.03 0.3581 36.15 0.3394 A = 6.8898 B = 138.65 n = 1.4749

C2H4O (64) Ethylene oxide -49.8 0.5772 -45.7 0.5387 -38.2 0.4883 -32.6 0.4505 -21 0.3937 -13.6 0.3637 O 0.3202 + 9.3 0.2927

19.2 19.9 46 77 C2H5I

C 2 H 4 O 2 (91) Acetic acid 30.86 1.025 39.88 0.903 48.47 0.806 57.46 0.721 68.10 0.638 76.66 0.580 84.53 0.534 93.97 0.484 102.89 0.445 112.57 O.400 A = 267.814 B = 112.207 n = 2.0492

Ethyl iodide 0.28 0.7167 7.70 0.6605 13.18 0.6235 20.80 0.5782 26.09 0.5496 0.5151 32.98 38.74 0.4891 45.24 0.4621 51.39 0.4387 57.51 0.4168 63.72 0.3966 69.38 0.3792 A = 50.810 B = 157.42 n = 1.7520

(46)

0.3973 0.3968 0.3037 0.2336 (9l)

C2H8L-(CWd) t, 0C I 10Or7 (79)

O

I 0.725 C 2 H 6 NO (27) Acetamide 105 1.32 120 1.06 C 2 H 6 NO 2 (81) Methyl carbamate 55.6 2.28 74.6 1.37 82.2 1.24 99 0.85 C2H6O

Ethyl alcohol v. Vol. V, p. 11 C 2 H 6 O 2 (23)

Glycol 25 17.4 C 2 H 6 O 4 S (20) Dimethyl sulfate O 2.732 76.5 0.802 C2H6S (91) Methyl sulfide 0.27 0.3529 5.56 0.3351 10.05 0.3209 14.75 0.3075 20.19 0.2927 26.14 0.2776 31.35 0.2655 35.81 0.2559 A = 21.768 B - 170.34 n = 1.6981 C2H6S (22) Ethylm er captan 25 I 0.210 C 2 H 7 N (34) Dimethylamine -33.5 I 0.3208 C 2 H 7 N (34) Ethylamine -33.5 I 0.4368 C 2 H 8 N 2 (26) Ethylenediamine 25 1.54 C 3 H 2 N 2 (103) Malonic nitrile 32.68 2.85 50 2.15 C3H6Br (»i) 3-Bromopropylene 0.30 0.6168 6.64 0.5730 12.42 0.5372 18.34 0.5046 24.73 0.4727 30.84 0.4449 37.22 0.4198 42.84 0.3988 47.86 0.3805 54.55 0.3587

C8H6Bn-(CWd) *, 0C 10OT7

61.15 68.67

0.3402 0.3193

A = 30.360 B = 145.03 n = 1.7075 C3H6Cl (»i) 3-Chloropropylene 0.53 0.4035 5.98 0.3800 11.19 0.3598 16.66 0.3408 21.93 0.3230 28.32 0.3039 33.97 0.2885 38.37 0.2774 42.10 0.2681 A = 27.705 B = 157.08 n = 1.7549 C3H6ClO (i«) a-Epichlo roh y drin 25 I 1.03 C3H6I (9l) 3-Iodopropylene 0.33 0.926 9.33 0.825 16.77 0.754 26.12 0.679 35.77 0.614 44.18 0.565 55.16 0.510

63.44 0.476 71.14 0.443 81.29 0.410 91.86 0.375 98.45 0.358 A = 28.411 B = 126.05 n = 1.6592 C3H6N (96) Propionitrile O 0.54i 25 0.413 C3H6NS (96) Ethyl thiocyanate O 1.105 25 0.779 C3H6Br2 (9l) l, 2-Dibromopropane 0.36 2.285 12.91 1.816 25.27 1.494 38.02 1.247 50.08 1.072 63.19 0.918 76.46 0.797 89.13 0.704 101.18 0.628 113.71 0.565 127.97 0.501 136.67 0.468 A =48.803 B = 88.757 n = 1.7075

C3H6Br2 (26) l, 3-Dibromopropane t, 0C 10077 25 1.79? C 3 H 6 Cl 2 (26)

l, 3-Dichloropropane 25 | 0.873 C3H6O (9l) Allyl alcohol 7.41 1.810 15.31 1.508 22.81 1.283 30.50 1.096 38.05 0.946 0.811 46.36 54.10 0.708 60.77 0.633 68.86 0.557 76.81 0.492 84.50 0.440 92.26 0.394 95.24 0.379 A = 10748.4 B = 109.42 n = 2.7925 (23)

25

1.237

C3H6O (i») Propionaldehyde 25 | 0.435 (96)

C1)

O -10.6 -20.4 -30.3 -40 -49.9 -59.7 -69.7 -79.7 -89.7

0.467 0.344

C3H6O (91) Acetone 7.86 0.3638 11.72 0.3495 15.24 0.3376 19.02 0.3258 0.3131 23.01 27.22 0.3007 32.43 0.2863 36 0.2772 40.04 0.2675 44.12 0.2584 47.62 0.2503 52.20 0.2405 53.86 0.2377 A = 572.63 B = 209.08 n = 2.2244 (2l)

C3H6O2 (91) Propionic acid 4.70 1.404 16.87 1.151 28.21 0.979 40.04 0.839 52.03 0.729 63.63 0.642 76.70 0.562 89.56 0.496 101.01 0.448 112.98 0.403 123.67 0.368 137.05 0.329 A = 105.746 B = 109.53 n = 1.8840 (39)

| l.109 C3H6O2 (92) Ethyl formate 0.46 0.5024 6.57 0.4656 11.52 0.4409 16.58 0.4171

0.362 0.331

22.59 0.3910 27.90 0.3699 33.25 0.3501 38.09 0.3344 43.36 0.3178 48.61 0.3030 52.03 0.2942 A = 22.2406 B = 139.932 n = 1.7006 (39)

20

0.399 0.345 0.316 (14)

O 10 20 30

0.397 0.361 0.325 0.296

I 0.4132 (58)

25 30 40 50

0.389 0.375 O.345 0.311 (3l)

(6)

O 15 25

0.389 0.451 0.516 0.613 0.713 0.818 0.981 1.200 1.505 2.051

20

O 25

10 20

C3H6O.- (CWd) t, 0C 10Or7 40 0.271 50 0.249

25

I 0.379 C3H6O2 (92) Methyl acetate 0.34 0.4762 6.31 0.4436 11.41 0.4186 16.70 0.3948 22.74 0.3706

C3H6O2.- (CWd) t, 0C 10Ot7 28.38 0.3492 33.85 0.3304 40.45 0.3100 46.06 0.2942 50.34 0.2828 54.33 0.2727 A = 57.4012 B = 154.499 n = 1.8636 (39)

20

I 0.3831

C 3 H 6 O 3 (23) Lactic acid 25 I 40.5 C3H7Br (91) n-Propyl bromide 0.45 0.6414 7.86 0.5884 13.66 0.5523 19.17 0.5209 25.44 0.4903 0.4588 31.88 38.60 0.4300 45.64 0.4032 51.01 0.3844 57.37 0.3633 61.98 0.3495 67.86 0.3328 A = 65.713 B = 155.75 n = 1.8282 C3H7Br (91) Isopropyl bromide 0.33 0.6021 5.12 0.5688 10.14 0.5371 15.30 0.5068 0.4803 20.28

25.46 0.4551 29.94 0.4343 35.90 0.4095 41.17 0.3894 46.36 0.3704 50.91 0.3555 56.76 0.3371 A = 188.08 B = 169.03 n = 2.0166 C3H7Cl (91) r&-Propyl chloride 0.45 0.4327 5.24 0.4104 10.06 0.3894 14.65 0.3709 20.71 0.3495 25.76 0.3344 30.38 0.3178 35.38 0.3038 40.82 0.2887 44.68 0.2784 A = 662.52 B = 203.36 n = 2.2453

C3H7Cl (91) Isopropyl chloride t, 0C 10Or7 0.27 0.4000 6.68 0.3714 11.02 0.3540 16.47 0.3341 0.3137 22.50 28.22 0.2962 0.2829 33.02 A = 9.2541 B = 133.60 n = 1.5819 C3H7I (91) w-Propyl iodide 0.30 0.934 10.98 0.817 20.81 0.730 28.31 0.673 38.83 0.605 46.17 0.564 55.59 0.516 65.46 0.474 74.38 0.439 83.88 0.406 90.78 0.384 98.89 0.362 A = 50.893 B = 136.84 n = 1.7483 C3H7I (91) Isopropyl iodide 0.30 0.875 9.18 0.782 15.92 0.722 23.43 0.664 0.601 32.69 40.67 0.555 49.43 0.509 57.01 0.475 65.44 0.440 71.49 0.418 80.45 0.388 0.361 88.72

A = 129.85 B = 150.03 n = 1.9161 C3H7N (72) Allylamine 25 I 0.3745 C3H7NO (27) Propionamide 105 1.27 120 1.03 C3H7NO2 (85) Urethane 60 2.357 70 1.805 80 1.456 (27) 105 0.916 120 0.715

C5H8O (9l) ft-Propyl alcohol *, 0C 10Or7 7.35 3.145 15.06 2.555 22.86 2.101 30.83 1.732 31.02 1.724 38.79 1.440 46.47 1.218 54.33 1.030 61.74 0.888 69.04 0.771 76.75 0.666 84.82 0.576 93.10 0.499

95.59 0.477 A = 8 801 350 B = 135.75 n = 3.9188 (39)

10 20 30 40 50

2.877 2.230 1.756 1.389 1.125 (73)

O 13.4

4.137 2.868

C3H8O (9l) Isopropyl alcohol 0.36 4.5018 7.21 3.5568 14.41 2.8157 22.22 2.2204 30.55 1.7275 37.92 1.4053 A = 2 175 320 000 B = 141.72 n = 4.9635 (9l)

45.15 1.1604 51.97 0.9770 59.39 0.8157 66.60 0.6923 72.02 0.6141 78.09 0.5407 A = 192 398 B = 86.259 n = 3.4079 (39)

10 20 30 40 50

3.319 2.431 1.810 1.375 1.063 (29)

20 25 30

2.19 1.95 1.74

C3H9N (72) n-Propylamine *, 0C 10Or7 25 0.353 C3H9N (34) Trimethylamine -33.5 0.3208 C3H10N2 (26) Trimethylenediamine 25 | 1.81 C4H4S (91) Thiophene 0.24 0.8676 8.39 0.7692 16.61 0.6876 22.50 0.6384 31.12 0.5754 37.83 0.5328 44.94 0.4934 53.08 0.4540 61.66 0.4170 68.60 0.3907 75.06 0.3682 82.53 0.3447 A = 15.677 B = 105.87 n = 1.6078 C4H6NS (59) Allyl thiocyanate 25 0.67s 50 0.54i 80 0.42l (57.5)

100 125

0.316 0.263

C4H6O2 (88) Trimethylenecarboxylic acid 25 | 2.9s C4H6O3 (9l) Acetic anhydride 0.18 1.238 12.52 1.007 24.10 0.852 35.40 0.734 48.15 0.630 0.551 60.39 71.04 0.494 84.42 0.434 95.09 0.394 108.92 0.351 120.23 0.320 133.39 0.289 A = 27.713 B = 97.10 n = 1.6851

C4H8Q (91) Methyl ethyl ketone 0.32 0.5361 7.04 0.4923 14.10 0.4522 21.31 0.4170 28.36 0.3861 35.42 0.3586 42.49 0.3342 48.72 0.3149 55.92 0.2944 63.74 0.2750 70.26 0.2595 76.25 0.2465 A = 36.972 B = 139.33 n = 1.7895 (65)

25

10 15 76.5

| 0.497 (39)

20

! 0.442

C4H8O2 (91) n-Butyric acid 3.21 2.128 18.02 1.591 31.83 1.263 44.49 1.049 59.39 0.860 73.36 0.727 86.55 0.628 101.55 0.537 115.24 0.470 130.26 0.408 0.358 144.97 155.76 0.327 A = 195.765 B = 94.462 n = 1.99205 (39)

| 0.946

1.05s 0.979 0.462

C4H8O2 (91) Isobutyric acid I9 0C 10Or7 3.69 1.761 17 1.383 29.33 1.137 42.53 0.945 54.54 0.811 70.49 0.674 88.06 0.560 98.94 0.499 109.78 0.450 120.97 0.407 134.50 0.361 147.47 0.323 A = 212.41 B = 104.63 n = 2.00595 C4H8O2 (92) Ethyl acetate 0.25 0.5763 8.90 0.5144 14.46 0.4795 21.38 0.4418 28.12 0.4096 36.54 0.3738 44.12 0.3455

51.15 0.3224 60.16 0.2960 68.43 0.2741 74.60 0.2594 A = 45.322 B = 135.423 n = 1.8268 (39)

20

I 0.4521 (58)

25 50 70

0.44l 0.34s 0.283 (101)

O

I 0.588 (46, 47)

(39)

20

(20)

C3H8O2 (39) 1, 2-Propyleneglycol 20 | 44.80

C4H8Br2 (9l) 1, 2-Dibromo-2methylpropane t, 0C 10Or7 0.39 3.290 13.67 2.456 26.94 1.916 40.80 1.528 53.18 1.274 66.90 1.065 80.60 0.903 93.63 0.781 107.15 0.680 121.74 0.593 133.75 0.532 142.44 0.494 A = 79.485 B = 75.60 n = 1.7988

10 20 30 40 50

1.920 1.599 1.341 1.160 1.004

20.9 46.2 77.7 99.6

4.53s 3.37s 2.515 2.090 (51)

25

I 0.4239 (49)

25

I 0.4236 C 4 H 8 O 2 (92) Methyl propionate 0.38 0.5788 9.73 0.5142 16.79 0.4725 23.46 0.4368 29.61 0.4098 38.66 0.3746 45.59 0.3477 52.65 0.3254 60.37 0.3028 68.49 0.2812 A = 74.898 B = 146.621 n = 1.89725

C4H8O2.—(Cont'd) t, 0C I 10Or7 (39)

0.461

20

C 4 H 8 O 2 (92)

n-Propyl 0.35 7.33 15.54

formate 0.6647 0.6041 0.5457

23.16 30.77 38.53 45.73 54.14 61.56

0.4975 0.4558 0.4184 0.3875 0.3565 0.3315

67.13 0.3136 74.98 0.2928 77.55 0.2861 A = 35.3453 B = 139.283 n = 1.9154 (39)

20

I 0.5134 C4H8O2 (39) Isopropyl formate 20 I 0.5649 C4H9Br (91) Isobutyl bromide 0.34 0.820 7.40 0.745 16.08 0.669 23.71 0.611 32.17 0.556 0.510 40.34 48.39 0.470 56.14 0.435 64.17 0.404 72.57 0.373 80.18 0.348 87.93 0.323 A = 472.23 B = 161.62 n = 2.1547 C4H9Cl (91) Isobutyl chloride 0.35 0.5816 5.97 0.5401 0.5015 11.95 18.69 0.4637 23.47 0.4386 29.46 0.4102 37.32 0.3768 42.43 0.3575 0.3359 48.71 53.74 0.3197 60.26 0.3007 65.30 0.2877 A = 61.940 B = 141.87 n = 1.8706 C4H9I (91) Isobutyl iodide 0.45 1.154 11.23 0.978 22.44 0.844

C4H9I.- (Cont'd) t, 0C 10Or7 33.84 0.739 44.56 0.658 54.65 0.593 65.11 0.536 77.33 0.480 86.83 0.442

97.84 0.403 109.20 0.368 116.07 0.349 A = 27.652 B = 108.86 n = 1.6577 C4H9N (88) Tetrahydropyrrole 25 " | 0.697 C4H10 (54)

n-Butane -23.6 0.265 O 0.207 18.5 0.176 34.5 0.153 C4H10O (9l) w-Butyl alcohol 0.27 5.154 10.69 3.796 21.83 2.801 31.73 2.172 42.91 1.661 A = 65 187 500 B = 139.05 n = 4.2452 52.17 1.344 61.99 1.090 72.24 0.8860 83.13 0.7183 94.88 0.5817 102.96 0.5096 114.11 0.4259 A = 117 255 B = 91.997 n = 3.2150 C4H10O (91) Isobutyl alcohol 0.45 7.9111 9.90 5.5735 19.01 3.9779 27.77 3.0658 38.16 2.2392 A = l 486 370 B = 92.248 n = 3.6978 47.44 1.7217 56.48 1.3571 56.59 1.3502 65.95 1.0697 74.61 0.8748 A = l 112 440 B = 86.751 n =3.6708 83.95 0.7173 93.85 0.5864 105.07 0.4753

C4H10O.- (Cont'd) A = 29790.3 B = 63.14 n = 3.0537 (67)

t, 0C

10Or7

18.8

3.93 (35)

25

I 3.382

C4H10O (9l) /erL-Butyl alcohol 5.887 22.41 32.08 3.004 37.22 2.367 42.41 1.909 47.82 1.550 A = 2.05152 B = -7.803 n = 1.3242 52.99 1.296 57.94 1.097 62.09 0.9678 68.35 0.8102 73.47 0.7057 77.05 0.6447 A = 46.3090 B = 5.077 n = 2.0143 C4H10O

Ethyl ether v. Vol. V, p. 11 C4H10O (91) Methyl propyl ether 0.30 0.3064 5.14 0.2914

10.47 15.17 20.10 25.73 29.48 35.15

0.2759 0.2630 0.2513 0.2385 0.2300 0.2187

A = 8.4251 B = 146.862 n = 1.5863 C4H10S (91) Ethyl sulfide 0.21 0.5575 8.32 0.5064 15.85 0.4652 24.64 0.4233 32.63 0.3901 40.19 0.3623 47.75 0.3374 56.49 0.3118 63.50 0.2933 71.25 0.2749 80.31 0.2555 87.99 0.2406 A = 49.886 B = 149.15 n = 1.8175 C4H11N (72) n-Butylamine 25 I 0.68l

C4H11N (72) Isobutylamine t, 0C 10Or7 25 0.553 C4H11N (59) Diethylamine 25 I 0.346 35 0.279 25 (72) 0.367 (34)

-33.5 I 0.8236 C5H5N (14) Pyridine O 1.328 10 1.112 20 0.945 30 0.824 40 0.717 60 0.580 80 0.489 110 0.386 (77)

25

I

0.889

(27)

25

I 0.884 (41)

O 25.08

1.33 0.888

C5H8 (91) Isoprene 0.35 0.2589 5.62 0.2459 10.27 0.2358 15.33 0.2249 20.41 0.2147 25.25 0.2060 28.94 0.1996 32.02 0.1944 29.93 0.1985 A = 3.3891 B = 144.01 n = 1.4433 C5H8O (88) Cyclopentanone 25 I 1.07 C5H8O (48) Ethyl propargyl ether 25 I 0.529 C5H8O2 (88) Cyclobutanecarboxylic acid 25 I 2.45 C 5 H 8 O 3 (39)

Methyl acetoacetate 20 I 1.702 C5H10 (16) Cyclopentane O 0.572 15 0.477 20 0.456 25 0.427 30 0.406

C5H10 (9i) 2-Methyl-2-butene t, 0C 10Or7 0.20 0.2529 5.46 0.2406 10.21 0.2306 15.82 0.2192 20.03 0.2114 25.75 0.2015

30.69 32.59

0.1931 0.1903

A = 28.916 B = 187.24 n = 1.7855 C5H10Br2 (26) 1, 5-Dibromopentane 25 I 0.305 C5H10Cl2 (26)

Dichloropentane 25 I 1.60 C6H10O (91) Diethyl ketone 0.46 0.5914 9.10 0.5302 18.70 0.4748 27.07 0.4328 36.21 0.3939 44.70 0.3623 53.44 0.3339 62.43 0.3079 72.20 0.2834 81.47 0.2623 90.97 0.2426 98.82 0.2279 A = 64.487 B = 146.67 n = 1.8626 (39)

20

I 0.4799 (88)

25

I 0.442

C5H10O (91) Methyl propyl ketone 0.38 0.6404 9.40 0.5692 18.30 0.5109 27.77 0.4592 35.43 0.4234 45.29 0.3831 53.94 0.3525 62.24 0.3262 72.74 0.2980 80.64 0.2787 90.06 0.2574 98.77 0.2400 A = 51.543 B = 137.75 n = 1.8248 (88)

25

I 0.473

C6H10O2 (39) Methylethylacetic acid t, 0C

10Or7

20

2.055

C 5 H 10 O 2 (24)

n-Valeric acid 16.5 2.41 20 2.30 25 2.05 50 1.315 70 0.986 90 0.753 (31)

1.25 0.979

50 70 (39)

20

C6H10O2 (92) Methyl isobutyrate t, 0C 10Or7 0.28 0.6687 9.40 0.5914 18.11 0.5299 28.98 0.4660 35.81 0.4317 44.66 0.3932 52.55 0.3631 62.72 0.3289 0.3036 76.22 79.77 0.2813 88.84 0.2588 A = 98.0935 B « 139.956 n - 1.9405

I 2.233

C 6 H 10 O 2 (93)

Isovaleric acid 20 I 2.411 C 6 H 10 O 2 (39) n-Butyl formate 20 I 0.5627 C 6 H 10 O 2 (39)

Isobutyl formate 20 I 0.6650 (66)

20

I 0.644

C6H10O2 (92)

Ethyl propionate 0.39 0.6890 10.09 0.6037 20.08 0.5310 29.74 0.4735 39.88 0.4230 49.68 0.3817 59.14 0.3477 69.24 0.3155 72.12 0.3073 80.14 0.2854 89.69 0.2627 A = 72.981 B = 133.905 n = 1.8914 (39)

20

I 0.5367 (66)

20

I 0.549 C5H10O2 (92)

Methyl 0.32 10.45 20.38 30.64 40.58 50.30 60.20 71.50 79.45 90.63 98.28 A = B = n =

n-butyrate 0.7551 0.6527 0.5727 0.5049 0.4503 0.4058 0.3667 0.3295 0.3057 0.2767 0.2592 53.0991 123.745 1.8375

(39)

20

I 0.5170

C6H10O2 (92) n-Propyl acetate 0.38 0.7652 9.78 0.6659 20.59 0.5762 30.13 0.5108 39.75 0.4563 50.04 0.4079 61.36 0.3624 69.90 0.3331 80 0.3028 89.50 0.2775 96.90 0.2602 A = 73.6005 B = 125.269 n = 1.8972 (6) 25 I 0.557 (66)

20

I 0.592 (39)

20

0.5959

t, 0C 10Or7 18.91 0.2351 26.30 0.2192 30.41 0.2110 0.2070 32.66 A = 19.459 B = 165.59 n = 1.7295

C5H12O (91) d-Amyl alcohol 0.40 10.9672 11.63 6.9581 23.30 4.5372 34.75 3.0788 A = 66 652 700 B = 101.51 n = 4.3736 0° < t < 35° 47.40 12.0880 56.94 1.5956 1.2183 67.52 A = 97413.3 B = 64.67 n = 3.2542 35° .< t < 73° 79.25* 0.9254 91.88* 0.7075 100.03* 0.6033 112.78* 0.4819 124.36* 0.4008 A = 71.8436 B = 7.838 n = 2.0050 * 273.1 +, = 0™ ^

335.66 + ^rr71^ + I/ ? 7618.7 IA2

C 6 H 10 O 2 (39)

Isopropyl acetate 20 I 0.5247 C5H11N (88) Piperidine 25 1.37 (59)

1.36 0.84s 0.73s C5H12* (91) Isopentane A = 391.101 B = 208.6 n = 2.2186

25 50 80

* Data given for isopentane prepared from English, Scotch, and Irish amyl alcohols.

C5H12 (91) n-Pentane 0.74 0.2805 7.47 0.2620 13.16 0.2481

C5H12O (91) Isoamyl alcohol 0.24 8.4610 11.91 5.6249 23.83 3.8633 34.25 2.8303 A = 77 360 200 B = 117.79 n = 4.3249 0° < t < 40° 47.661.9654 58.74 1.4847 71.05 1.1210 A = 211 442 B = 79.872 n = 3.3395 40° < t < 80° 81.87 0.8888 94.94 0.6872 104.58 0.5794 117.60 0.4654 128.10 0.3974

C6H12O.- (CWd) A = 1156.78 B = 37.682 n = 2.4618 80° < t < 128° C5H12O (9l) tert.-Amyl alcohol t, 0C 10Or7 0.49 13.7969 9.31 8.2034 18.48 4.9978 27.24 3.3643 A = 35 091 B = 47.922 n = 3.2081 0° < t < 27° 36.42 2.3322 1.7135 45.05 53.18 1.3199 62.95 0.9943 A = 3255.20 B = 37.007 n = 2.7578 27° < t £ 63° 71.91 0.7931 81.06 0.6400 0.5301 89.94 95.70 0.4718 96.70 0.4643 A = 2159.86 B = 38.340 n = 2.6611 60° < t < 95° (16)

25 3.697 40 1.975 50 1.401 70 0.798 85 0.573 C5H12O (29) sec.-Amyl alcohol 25 | 3.103 C 5 H 12 O (29)

Methylisopropyl carbinol 25 | 3.525 C6H12O (92) Ethyl propyl ether 0.35 0.3952 5.65 0.3714 10.65 0.3510

15.66 0.3324 20.32 0.3165 25.34 0.3006 30.08 0.2864 35.08 0.2727 39.98 0.2598 45.62 0.2466 50.30 0.2363 55 0.2264 60.18 0.2159 A = 284.675 B = 183.355 n = 2.1454

C 5 H 12 O (92)

Methyl isobutyl ether t, 0C 10Or7 0.36 0.3797 6.92 0.3526 14.51 0.3246 21.35 0.3022 28.89 0.2800 35.98 0.2620 42.55 0.2458 49.75 0.2305 55.22 0.2192 A = 122.591 B = 174.318 n = 2.0109 C5H13N (72) Isoamylamine 25 | 0.7235 C5H13N (88) Ethyl-npropylamine 25 | 0.903 C5H14N2 (26) Pent amethy lend iamine 25 | 2.36 C6H3N3O6 ( 57 ) l, 3, 5-Trinitrobenzene 152 | 1.5? C 6 H 4 N 2 O 4 ( 55 ) ra-Dinitrobenzene 90 | 2.53 C6H5Br (69) Bromobenzene 0.1 1.573 5.9 1.445 10.1 1.332 18.2 1.171 28.3 1.023 43.6 0.842 61.4 0.694 71.2 0.626 80.7 0.579 91 0.526 102.2 0.485 111.7 0.445 121.7 0.417 132.3 0.373 142.3 0.351 (79)

I 1.5o C6H5Cl (69) Chlorobenzene O 1.053 4.7 0.988 9.7 0.917 15.9 0.848 17.6 0.827 20.1 0.800 25.1 0.751 30.2 0.704 40.2 0.629 O

C6H6CL-(CWd) I1 0C 10Or7 49.9 0.570 60 0.513 72.1 0.460 80.4 0.428 88.1 0.393 96.2 0.369 107.8 0.344 119.6 0.307 (26)

25

| 0.76 (14)

20 | 0.77 C6H5ClO (14.5) o-Chlorophenol O 10.7 10 6.39 20 4.21 30 3.08 40 2.32 60 1.51 80 1.07 110 0.76 150 0.54 (86)

45

|

2.291

C6H8L-(CWd) t, 0C 10Or7 107.5 0.623 117.7 0.549 126.9 0.529 137.6 0.487 148.8 0.448 C 6 H 5 NO 2

21, 81, 89)

Nitrobenzene 0.3 3.083 10 2.509 20 2.013 30 1.682 40 1.438 50 1.251 60 1.094 70 0.970 90 0.779 100.5 0.704 C 6 H 5 NO 3 (14) 0-Nitrophenol 40 2.75 60 1.82 80 1.35 (86)

(90)

25 4.11 50 2.0 C6H5ClO (86) m-Chlorophenol 45 | 4.82 (90)

25 11.5 50 4.0 C6H5ClO (86) p-Chlorophenol 45 | 6.15 (90)

50

| 5.0 C6H5F (69) Fluorobenzene 9.3 0.647 15.9 0.615 19.9 0.577 29.1 0.514 33.2 0.495 38.1 0.468 44 0.438 50.2 0.412 60.5 0.370 71.9 0.334 80.9 0.305 C6H5I (69)

lodobenzene 4.6 2.207 17.4 1.780 27.5 1.504 36.8 1.316 48.1 1.135 58.1 1.005 68.2 0.902 80.6 0.792 98 0.673

(9);

(14, 18, 19, 20,

45

2.388 C6H6 Benzene v. Vol. V, p. 12 C6H6ClN (87) o-Chloroaniline 55 | 1.65 C6H6ClN (87) m-Chloroaniline 55 | 1.76 (78)

25 | 3.50 C6H6ClN (87) p-Chloroaniline 55 | 1.96 C6H6O (80) Phenol

18.30 20.38

12.744 11.384

25.03 29.26 35.25 38.04 39.51 40.20 49.84 55.52 60.46 66.45 70.30

8.976 7.371 5.779 5.151 4.876 4.771 3.449 2.903 2.531 2.163 1.973 (12*)

35 40 45 50 55 60

6.024 4.803 4.000 3.419 2.938 2.562

cf.

C6H6(X-(CWd) t, 0C 10Or7 65 2.249 70 1.997 75 1.779 80 1.596 85 1.439 90 1.306 1 *„,=

^ (0.00151 It + 0.00001075«2 - 0.01219) X "(273. l + Q.

C6H10.- (Cont'd) t, 0C 10Or7 46.76 0.2137 51.54 0.2047 56.20 0.1966 A = 72.193 B = 173.01 n = 1.9340 (39)

20

0.2733

C 6 H 10 O (42.5)

C6H7N (36*)

Aniline -5.50 13.86 -0.06 10.25 O 10.24 +2.50 9.15 10.35 6.44 15.35 5.20 16.32 5.015 17.38 4.84s 31.76 2.977 49.01 1.84 61.27 1.48s

80.33 1.099 100.39 0.829 119.87 0.660 120 0.653 (9) 0.5 10.050 10 6.491 15 5.379 20 4.429 25 3.781 30 3.221 35 2.826 45 2.158 60 1.553 80 1.094 98 0.838 *log (10Or7) = -

Cyclohexanone 17.3 2.30 39.1 1.55 65.9 1.01 (88)

25

C6H10O (25) Mesityl oxide 25 | 0.879 C6H10O2 (88) Ethyl cyclopropanecarboxylate 25 0.98 C6H10O3 (9l) Propionic anhydride 0.47 1.592 14.70 1.220 29.97 0.960 44.86 0.780 59.52 0.651 74.87 0.549 94.87 0.450

104.52 0.412 119.57 0.361 134.65 0.319 148.66 0.287 164.56 0.254 A = 31.312 B = 85.011 n = l.7049

'-""Xf1^gDC6H7N (32) tt-Picoline 25 | 0.795 C6H7N (32) ß-Picoline 25 | 0.876 C 6 H 8 N 2 (90) Phenylhydrazine 50 | 4.58 C6H10 (9i) Diisopropenyl 0.37 0.3374 5.95 0.3169 10.78 0.3010 15.46 0.2866 20.76 0.2719 25.46 0.2599 30.71 0.2474 36.06 0.2355 41.99 0.2229

2.8

C6H10O3 (39) Ethyl acetoacetate 20 1.712 (89)

25

1.53* 1.54t

* Freshly distilled. t After standing 90 min.

C6H10O4 (26) Diethyl oxalate 25 | 1.76 C6H12 (16) Cyclohexane 15 1.043 20 0.960 30 0.797 (19)

22

| 0.93

C6H12 (16) Methylcyclopentane t, 0C 10077 O 0.665 15 0.545 20 0.521 25 0.484 30 0.456 C6H12O (42.5)

Cyclohexanol 39.1 20.3 65.9 5.8 90 2.45 C6H12O (39) Methyl w-butyl ketone 20 | 0.6261 (88)

25

| 0.584

C6H12O (39) Methyl isobutyl ketone 20 | 0.5799 C6H12O2 (39) Caproic acid 20 | 3.198 (24)

16.1 20 25 40 50 70 90

3.56 3.23 2.84 2.12 1.75 1.29 0.98

C6H12O2 (39)

Diethylacetic acid 20 | 3.159 C6H12O2 (39) Methylpropylacetic acid 20 | 2.867 C6H12O2 (66) Isoamyl formate 20 | 0.794 C6H12O2 (39) Isobutyl acetate 20 | 0.7034 (46)

19.9 78.1 99.4

0.724 0.366 0.287

C6H12O2 (39) Ethyl n-butyrate 20 I 0.6668 (66)

20

I 0.668 (58)

25 50 70

0.62s 0.46e 0.38i

C 6 H 12 O 2 (39)

Ethyl isobutyrate t, 0C 10OT7 20 0.588 (88)

25

I 0.557

C6H12O2 (39) Methyl n-valerate 20 0.7119 C6H12O2 (39) n-Propyl propionate 20 I 0.6722 (66)

20

I 0.678

C6H12O3 (71) Paraldehyde 15 1.31 20 1.17 C6H14 (16) Diisopropyl O 0.495 15 0.409 20 0.385 25 0.361 30 0.342 C6H14 (13) n-Hexane 25 0.3289 35 0.2828 50 0.2746 65 0.2177 (91)

0.80 0.3931 9.15 0.3581 14.75 0.3378 19.98 0.3202 25.39 0.3035 30.23 0.2894 36.76 0.2722 43.47 0.2557 47.42 0.2470 0.2351 52.90 58.76 0.2231 63.59 0.2143 A = 276.01 B = 189.42 n = 2.1264 C6H14 (16) Isohexane O 0.371 15 0.324 20 0.310 25 0.295 30 0.280 C6H14 (16) 2, 2-Dimethylbutane

O 15 20 25 30

0.477 0.397 0.375 0.351 0.330

C6H14 (91) 2- Methylpentane t, 0C lOOî? 0.61 0.3688 5.59 0.3487 10.25 0.3316

15.26 0.3147 20.51 0.2987 25.45 0.2841 31.97 0.2670 36.63 0.2550 41.07 0.2450 45.38 0.2355 51.17 0.2235 55.43 0.2151 A = 917.96 B = 209.35 n = 2.3237 C6H14 (16) 3- Methylpentane O 0.394

15 25 30

0.339 0.307 0.292

C6H14O (30) Ethylisopropyl carbinol 25 I 4.05 C6H14O (31) Hexyl alcohol 25 0.437 50 0.216 C6H14O (30) Methylbutyl carbinol 25 I 3.99 C6H14O (92) Ethyl isobutyl ether 0.36 0.4803 7.34 0.4397 15.10 0.4003 21.70 0.3709 28.14 0.3454 35.39 0.3200 41.76 0.2996 48.97 0.2791 55.99 0.2615 63.17 0.2440 70.66 0.2280 77.48 0.2147 A = 98.4046 B = 152.69 n = 1.9733 C6H14O (92) Propyl ether 0.58 0.5359 8.58 0.4826 16.95 0.4358 24.65 0.3985 32.45 0.3654 40.47 0.3360 48.06 0.3114 56.14 0.2876 64.16 0.2664 72.59 0.2469

C6Hi4(X-(CWd) «, 0C 10077 81.47 0.2284 88.01 0.2154 A = 104.068 B = 148.362 n = 1.9734 C6H14O (39) Isopropyl ether 20 I 0.322 C6H15N (34) Triethylamine -33.5 I 0.7726 (72)

25 0.363 C7H6Cl3 (21) Benzotrichloride 10 3.07 17 2.05 C7H5N (I«) Benzonitrile 25 I 1.25 C7H5N (9) Phenyl isocyanide 0.28 1.957 10 1.615 20 1.330 30 1.133 40 0.983 50 0.863 60 0.767 70 0.687 80 0.622 100 0.514 C7H6NS (59) Phenyl thiocyanate 25 1.4 35 1.2 50 0.98 C7H6O (18) Benzaldehyde 25 I 1.40 C 7 H 6 O 2 (86) Salicylaldehyde 45 I 1.798 C 7 H 6 O 2 (26) Benzoic acid 122.5 1.6? 130 1.26 C7H7NO (27) Formanilide 120 1.65 (65)

I 8.70 C7H8 (46) Toluene 0.583 20.6 78.2 0.323 100 0.272 55

(50)

25

I 0.5520 (60)

25

I 0.5512

C7H8--(CWd) I1 0C I 10Or7 (91)

0.26 0.7655 9.88 0.6683 19.47 0.5900 0.5184 30.25 39.86 0.4667 49.43 0.4219 60.18 0.3799 69.13 0.3503 80.59 0.3164 91.74 0.2877 99.95 0.2695 107.08 0.2554 A = 18.954 B = 112.99 n = 1.6522 C7H8O (39) Benzyl alcohol 20 I 5.582 (83)

25 30 35 40 45

5.054 4.326 3.739 3.288 2.906

50 2.574 C7H8O (14.5) o-Cresol O 39.7 10 17.9 20 9.56 30 6.12 40 4.10 60 2.24 80 1.43 110 0.89 C7H8O (14.5) m-Cresol O 84.4 10 34.6 20 16.9 30 9.47 40 5.92 60 2.99 80 1.80 110 1.02 C7H8O (14.5) p-Cresol O 98.4 10 39.6 20 18.9 30 10.5 40 6.54 60 3.28 80 1.93 110 1.08 C7H8O (5) Phenyl methyl ether 25 I 1.01 C7H9N (72) Benzylamine 25 1.59 130 0.44 2

C7H9N (32) 2, 6-Lutidine t, 0C 100?7 25 0.88i C 7 H 9 N (9); cf. (59, 72, 87)

Methylaniline 0.3 4.265 10 3.065 20 2.303 30 1.811 40 1.466 50 1.215 70 0.886 C 7 H 9 N (9) ;c/. (72,87)

o-Toluidine 0.31 10.105 10 6.428 20 4.392 30 3.194 40 2.436 50 1.919 60 1.578 70 1.302 80 1.109 90 0.952 100 0.831 C7H9N (72) m-Toluidine 25 3.31 130 O.50 (87)

I 1.5i C7H9N (87) p-Toluidine 55 I 1.56

55

(72)

130

I 0.52 (14)

39.9 2.08 59.9 1.39 79.8 1.01 99.9 0.776 125 0.60s 150 0.49i 175 0.423 C 7 H 9 NO (87) o-Anisidine 55 I 2.2i C7H9NO (87) p-Anisidine 55 I 3.2i C 7 H 12 O (42.5)

o-Methylcyclohexanone 17.3 1.82 39.1 1.21 65.9 0.83 C 7 H 12 O (42.5)

w-Methylcyclohexanone 17.3 1.83 39.1 1.22 65.9 0.85

C 7 H 12 O (42.5)

p-Methyleyclohexanone t, 0C IGOi7 17.3 1.83 39.1 1.23 65.9 0.87 90 0.69 C 7 H 12 O (75)

Methylcyclohexanone 20 I 1.76 C 7 H 12 O (88)

Suberone 25 2.59 C7H12O2 (88) Ethyl cyclobutanecarboxylate 25 I 0.996 C7H12O2 (88) Hexahydrobenzoic acid 50 8.3s C 7 Hi 2 O 4 (26)

Diethyl malonate 25 I 1.88 C7H14 (16) Methylcyclohexane

O 15 30

0.976 0.780 0.627

C7H14O (39) Diethylacetone 20 I 0.6989 C 7 H 14 O (42.5)

o-Hexahydrocresol 39.1 6.97 65.9 2.56 90 1.26 (99)

20

I 21.8 C 7 H 14 O (99)

m-Hexahydrocresol 20 I 23.0 C 7 H 14 O (99)

p-Hexahydrocresol 20 I 30.7 C 7 H 14 O (88)

Dipropyl ketone 25 I 0.685 C7H14O (39) Methylpropylacetone 20 I 0.8398 C7H14O (87) Methyl n-amyl ketone 25 I 0.766 C 7 H 14 O 2 (87)

a-Ethylvaleric acid 25 3.80 50 2.06

C 7 H 14 O 2 (39)

Heptylic acid t, 0C lOOo/ 20 4.357 (24)

17.5 20 25 50 70 90

4.60 4.33 3.80 2.30 1.61 1.19

C 7 H 14 O 2 (53)

n-Amyl acetate 11 I 1.58 (6) 25 I 0.811 C 7 H 14 O 2 (39)

Ethyl n-valerate 20 I 0.8362 (31)

25 0.76 50 0.536 C7H14O2 (87) Ethyl a-methylbutyrate 25 I 0.675

C7H14O2 (31) Isobutyl propionate 25 I 0.67 C 7 H 14 O 2 (39) Propyl n-butyrate 20 I 0.8296 C 7 H 14 O 2 (39)

Propyl isobutyrate 20 I 0.7389 C7H16 (91) n-Heptane 6.43 0.4797 6.56 0.4795 13.45 0.4418 21.74 0.4027 30.27 0.3685 38.34 0.3397 47.25 0.3112 55.03 0.2890 62.04 0.2714 70.09 0.2526 77.70 0.2372 85.49 0.2218 92.21 0.2096 A = 445.97 B = 180.14 n = 2.1879 (60)

25

I 0.3855 C7H16 (91) 2- MethyIhexane 0.42 0.4743 7.70 0.4343 15.88 0.3959 24.63 0.3607 32.31 0.3333

40.05 49.01

0.3092 0.2839

C7H16.- (Cont'd) t, 0C 10Or7 56.46 0.2651 63.92 0.2484 71.84 0.2316 80.66 0.2149 88.41 0.2012 A = 362.79 B = 180.47 n = 2.1633 C7H16O (39)

n-Heptyl alcohol 20 I 7.009 (31)

5.6s 2.6s 1.00

25 50 90

C7H16O (30) n-Propylisopropyl carbinol 25 I 4.76 C7H16O (30) Methylamyl carbinol 25 I 5.0s C8H6 (48)

Phenylacetylene 25 I 0.886 C8H7N (26) Benzyl cyanide 25 I 1.98 C8H8 (48) Styrène 25 I 1.11 C8H8O (14.6)

Acetophenone 16 1.99 25 1.67 (57)

1.67 JL24 0.653

25 50 95

(74.5)

25

I 1.67 (49)

25

I 1.681

C8H8O2 (18) Methoxybenzaldehyde 25 I 4.22 C8H8O2 (26) Phenylacetic acid 77 3.54 130 1.40 C8H8O2 (39) Methyl benzoate 20 2.067 C8H8O2 (86) Phenyl acetate 45 I 1.832

C8H9Cl (26) iS-Chloroethylbenzene t, 0C 10Or7 25 1.92 C 8 H 9 NO (65) Form-o-toluide 55 12.91 C8H9NO (27) Acetanilide 120 I 2.22 (72)

130

I 1.90 C8H10 (91)

Ethylbenzene 0.41 0.869 11.41 0.744 21.66 0.654 32.90 0.572 47.11 0.491 60.51 0.430 73.81 0.381 83.62 0.349 95.60 0.316 107.97 0.287 119.19 0.263 131.40 0.241 A = 41.215 B = 121.68 n = 1.7616 (26)

25 0.632 C8H10 (91), o-Xylene 0.49 1.095 13.88 0.881 26.54 0.738 39.33 0.628 51.94 0.544 65.41 0.473 0.416 78.78 90.82 0.373 101.78 0.340 116.61 0.302 128.15 0.276 141.14 0.252 A = 19.644 B = 96.352 n = 1.6386 C8H10(9i),m-Xylene 0.24 0.799 11.52 0.684 23.36 0.595 0.513 35.97 48.71 0.450 59.94 0.404 60.27 0.403 71.20 0.366 86.35 0.322 98.68 0.293 109.75 0.269 123.53 0.244 135.28 0.225 A = 19.395 B = 115.66 n = 1.6400

C8H10 (91) p-Xylene t, 0C 10Ot7 8.28 0.752 20.53 0.639 31.23 0.561 41.85 0.498 53.59 0.441 64.87 0.396 77.27 0.353 88.87 0.320 100.84 0.290 111.83 0.267 123.26 0.245 135.21 0.225 A = 32.7453 B = 117.730 n = 1.7326 C8H10O (26) 2-Phenylethyl alcohol 25 7.61 50 3.20 C8H10O (86)

Benzyl methyl ether 45 I 1.042 C8H10O (86)

o-Cresyl methyl ether 45 I 0.858 C8H10O (86) m-Cresyl methyl ether 45 I 0.885 C8H10O (86) p-Cresyl methyl ether 45 I 0.814 C8H10O (39) Phenetole 20 I 1.261 (51)

25

I 1.158 (86)

45

I 0.833 (14)

O 9.9 20.2 29.6 40 60 80

1.86 1.53 1.24 1.03 0.87s 0.687 0.55s

C8H11N (9) Dimethylaniline 10 1.688 20 1.413 30 1.201 40 1.036 50 0.905 60 0.800 70 0.714

C8H11N,- (Cont'd) t, 0C 10OT7 80 0.642 90 0.579 98 0.537 (14)

O 10 20 30 40 60 80 126 177

2.025 1.654 1.387 1.17 1.024 0.798 0.65s 0.46l 0.34l

C8H11N (9) ; cf. (72, 87)

]V-Ethylaniline 0.27 4.123 10 2.979 20 2.251 40 1.434 60 1.013 80 0.766 90 0.674 100 0.603 C8H11N (72) a-Phenylethylamine 25 I 1.66 C8H11N (72) ß-Phenylethylamine 25 I 3.07 C8H11N (87) Methyl-0-toluidine 55 I 1.17 C0H11N (87) Methyl-p-toluidine 55 I 1.22 C8H12O3 (88) Ethyl 1-acetylcyclopropanecarboxylate 25 I 1.73 C8H12O3 (88) Ethyl cyclopentanonecarboxylate 25 I 3.50 C8H12O4 (86.5)

Diethyl fumarate 24.7 I 2.45 C8H12O4 (86.5) Diethyl maleate 24.7 I 3.01 C 8 H 14 (97)

n-Hexylacetylene 25 I 0.657 C 8 H 14 O 3 (39)

Methyl propylacetoacetate 20 I 2.339 C 8 H 14 O 3 (88)

Ethyl ethylacetoacetate 25 1.69

C 8 H 14 O 3 (88) Ethyl dimethylacetoacetate t, 0C 10Or7 25 1.60 C 8 H 14 O 4 (26) Diethyl succinate 25 I 2.41

C8H18O (39) n-Octyl alcohol t, 0C 10O*? 20 8.925 (31)

25 50 90

7.21 3.22 1.21

C8H16 (16) o- DimethyIcy clohexane

C8H18O (87) d-sec.-Octyl alcohol 25 6.33

C8H16 (16) m-Dimethylcyclohexane

C8H18O (87) Z-sec.-Octyl alcohol 25 I 6.55

C8H16 (16) p-Dimethylcyclohexane C8H16O (39) Ethylpropylacetone 20 I 0.8482 C8H16O2 (39) n-Caprylic acid 20 I 5.7482 (31)

50 70 90

2.62 1.84 1.30

C 8 H 16 O 2 (39)

Dipropylacetic acid 20 I 7.642 C8H16O2 (31) Hexan-ß-ol acetate 25 I 0.944 C8H16O2 (31) Isobutyl n-butyrate 25 I 0.84 C8H16O2 (39) n-Propyl n-valerate 20 1.038 C8H16O2 (39)

Propyl methylethylacetate 20 I 0.8479 C8H18 (91) n-Octane 0.25 0.700 12.18 0.594 22.92 0.520 32.96 0.463 0.411 43.89 54.73 0.367 66.46 0.328 77.82 0.296 88.33 0.269 98.52 0.247 109.07 0.227 122.07 0.204 A = 171.82 B = 145.50 n = 2.029

C8H18O (87)

dl-sec.-Octyl alcohol 25 I 6.49 C8H18O (29)

Isopropylbutyl carbinol 25 7.12 C8H18O (39) Isobutyl ether 20 I 0.7491 C8H18O (31) Ethyl hexyl ether 25 0.929 50 0.653 C8H19N (72) Diisobutylamine 25 I 0.687 C9H7N (72) Isoquinoline 25 I 3.57 C9H7N (14) Quinoline 9.8 4.80 20.1 3.64 29.9 2.94 40 2.38 60 1.67 80 1.25 125 0.786 175 0.54? (52)

25

I 3.361

C9H10O2 (86) Benzyl acetate 45 I 1.423 C9H10O2 (39) Ethyl benzoate 20 I 2.238 (51)

25

I 2.014 (79)

25 50 70

2.03 1.28 0.95 (49, 50)

25

I 1.986

C9H10O2 (26) /3-Phenylpropionie acid «, 0C IQOi7 49.7 9.8 130 1.72 C9H10O3 (86) Ethyl salicylate 45 I 1.803 C9H10OS (76) Ethyl thiobenzoate 25 I 2.42 C9H10S2 (76)

Ethyl dithiobenzoate 25 I 3.12 C9H11Cl (26) 7-Chloropropyl-

benzene 25 I 2.47 C9H11N (87) Allylaniline 55 I 1.41 (72)

130

I 0.5Oe C9H11N (72) 1, 2, 3, 4-Tetrahydroquinoline 25 I 5.25 C9H11NO (27) N-Methylacetanilide 120 I 0.82 C9H11NO (65) Ethylformanilide 55 I 2.42 C9H11NO2 (87) Ethyl anthranilate 55 I 3.26 C9H11NO2 (65) Phenylurethane 55 I 85.35 C9H12 (26)

n-Propylbenzene 25 I 0.793 C9H12O (26)

/3-Phenylpropyl alcohol 25 15.6 50 52.3 C9H12O (39)

Ethyl o-cresyl ether 20 I 1.449(?) C9H12O (39)

Ethyl p-cresyl ether 20 1.467 C9H12O (39)

Propyl phenyl ether 20 I 1.588 C9H13N (88) Dimethyl-otoluidine 55 I 0.88

C9H13N (88) Dimethyl-ptoluidine «, 0C 100i7 55 0.86 C9H13N (72) Ethyl-o-toluidine 25 I 1.98

C9H16O4 (88)

Diethyl dimethylmalonate «, 0C

IQOi7

25

1.95

C9H16O4 (26)

Diethyl glutarate 25 I 2.49

(88)

C9H18O (39)

25 2.00 55 1.10 C9H13N (88) Ethyl-p-toluidine 25 2.40 55 1.21 C9H13N (88) Methylethylaniline 55 I 0.97 C9H13N (88) n-Propylaniline 25 I 2.53 C9H13N (26) 3-Phenylpropylamine 25 I 3.6

Dipropylacetone 20 I 1.282 C9H18O2 (31) Isobutyl n-valerate 25 I 1.01 C9H18O2 (31)

(72)

25

I

3.9

C9H14O (25)

25

Phorone I 1.40

C9H14O4 (86.5)

Ethyl n-heptylate 25 I 1.11

C9H20O (30) Methylheptyl carbinol t, 0C 10Or7 25 8.31 C10H8 (57)

Naphthalene 80 0.886 90 0.759 (55)

150 0.217 152 0.196 C10H9N (90) a-Naphthylamine 50

I 11.2 (72)

130 I 1.44 C10H9N (72) /3-Naphthylamine 130 I 1.34

C9H18O2 (88) Ethyl a-ethylvalerate 25 I 0.90s C10H10O2 (25) C9H18O2 (39) Safrol Propyl methyl25 I 2.30 propylacetate C10H10O2 (25) 20 I 1.128 Isosafrol C9H18O2 (39) 25 I 4.00 Propyl diethylaceC H (88) 10 12 tate Tetrahydronaphtha20 I 1.182 lene C9H18O2 (39) 25 I 2.14 Ethyl ethylpropyl-

(45) Diethyl citraconate acetate 25 2.00 24.7 I 3.25 20 I 0.994 50 1.30 C9H14O4 (86.5) C9H18O2 (39) 75 0.9Oe Diethyl mesaconate Methyl dipropylC H O 10 12 2 (48) 24.7 I 2.40 acetate Eugenol C9H14O4 (88) 20 I 1.204 25 I 6.96 Diethyl cycloproC9H18O2 (31) C H pane 1, 1-dicarboxy- Hexan-ß-ol propion10 12O2 (48) Isoeugenol late ate 25 I 2.68 25 I 2.36 25 I 1.04 C C9H14O6 (65) 10 H 12 O 2 (26) C9H18O2 (31) Ethyl phenylacetate Triacetin Heptan-ß-ol acetate 25 2.39 55 I 4.79 25 I 1.17 C H O C9H16O2 (88) 10 12 3 (87) C9H18O2 (31) Ethyl mandelate Ethyl cyclohexaneMethyl octoate 25 I 19.7 carboxylate 25 1.26 25 I 1.79 C10H13N (87) 50 0.846 Methjdallylaniline C9H16O3 (39) C9H18O2 (39) 55 I 1.06s Methyl diethylPelargonie acid acetoacetate C10H13N (72) 20 8.333 20 ! 4.108 (24) 5, 6, 7, 8-TetraC9H16O3 (39) hydro-a-naphthyl20 8.08 amine Methyl methyl25 7.00 130 I 1.18 50 3.79 propylacetoacetate 70 2.41 20 I 2.826 C10H13N (72) 90 1.73 C 9 H 16 O 3 (39) 5, 6, 7, 8-Tetrahydro-/3-naphthylC9H20 (7) Ethyl propylacetoamine n-Nonane acetate 130 I 1.08 20 I 2.264 22.3 I 0.624 C 10 H 13 NO 2 (65) C9H20O (30) C 9 H 16 O 3 (39) MethylphenylEthyl methylethylAmylisopropyl urethane carbinol acetoacetate 25 I 7.32 55 I 2.55 20 I 2.357

C11H16O (39) Thymyl methyl ether t, 0C 10OT7 55.6 6.2s 20 2.288(?) 74.6 2.47 88 C10H14 C ) 82.2 1.85 C11H17N (87) n-Butylbenzene 99 1.04 Isoamylaniline 25 I 1.05 55 '| 1.72 C 10 H 20 O 2 (31) C10H14O (88) C11H20 (97) Butan-ß-ol n-hexoate d-Carvol Nonylacetylene 25 1.27 25 I 3.39 25 I 2.00 C10H20O2 (39) C H 11 20 O 4 (26) C10H14O (39) Ethyl dipropyln-pimelate Diethyl Propyl o-tolyl ether acetate 25 I 3.29 20^ |2.014(?) 20 I 1.425 C 11 H 22 O 2 (26) C10H20O2 (31) C10H15N (9) Undecylic acid Diethylaniline Ethyl n-caprylate 50 I 7.30 0.5 3.841 25 1.38 C H 11 22 O 2 (31) 50 0.94 10 2.850 Hexan-/3-ol 20 2.185 C10H20O2 (31) n-valerate 40 1.425 Hexan-/3-ol 25 I 1.56 60 1.021 n-butyrate C H O 2 (31) 11 22 80 0.777 25 I 1.33 Heptan-ß-ol 98 0.630 C 10 H 20 O 2 (31) n-butyrate (31) C10H16O4 (88) Heptan-/3-ol 25 I 1.57 Diethylcyclobutanepropionate C 11 H 22 O 2 (31) 1, 1-dicarboxylate 25 I 1.25 Octan-ß-ol propion25 2.61 ate C10H20O2 (31) 25 I 1.59 C10H18 (45) Octan-ß-ol acetate C 11 H 22 O 2 (31) 25 I 1.52 Decahydronaphthalene Ethyl pelargonate C10H20O2 (31) 25 2.41 25 1.69 n-Capric acid 50 1.58 50 1.11 50 4.34 75 1.08 C 11 H 22 O 2 (31) 70 2.88 Isobutyl n-heptoate C10H18O (88) C10H22 (7) 25 I 1.52 Menthone n-Decane C 11 H 22 O 2 (39) 25 I 2.31 22.3 I 0.78 Propyl dipropylC10H22 (13) C10H18O3 (39) acetate Methyl ethylpropyl- 2, 7-Dimethyloctane 20 I 1.791 acetoacetate 25 0.8278 C 11 H 22 O 2 (39) 35 0.6702 Ethyl diethylpropyl20 I 4.869 50 0.5540 acetate C10H18O3 (39) 65 0.4686 20 I 3.861 Ethyl methylpropylCi0H22O (30) C11H24 (7) acetoacetate Methyl-n-octyl 20 I 2.720 n-Undecane carbinol 22.7 I 0.94 C10H18O3 (39) 25 I 10.1 C11H24O (30) Ethyl diethylacetoC10H22O (30) Methylnonyl acetate Isopropyl-n-hexyl carbinol 20 I 3.502 carbinol 25 I 12.3 25 I 10.2 C10H18O4 (88) C12H10O (51) C11H14O2 (26) Diethyl methylDiphenyl ether Ethyl /3-phenylethylmalonate 25 I 3.864 25 [ 2.47 propionate (79) 25 I 3.07 C10H18O4 (26) 25 I 3.66 C H 11 16 NO (6) Diethyl adipate C12H11N (87) Acetoethyl-o25 I 2.78 Diphenylamine toluidine 55 I 4.66 C10H20O (47) 25 I 9.99 (14) Menthol C11H16NO2 (65) 61 4.18 34.9 25.05 Ethylphenyl81 2.53 37.8 20.36 (72) urethane 43.4 13.68 55 I 2.76 130 I 1.04 56.9 6.89 C10H14 (88)

0-Cymene t, 0C 10Ot7 25 1.02

C10H20O.- (Cont'd) t, 0C

I 10Or7 (81)

C12H13N (87) Dimethyl-a-naphthylamine t, 0C 10OT7 55 3.25 (72)

I 0.87 C12H13N (87) Dimethyl-ß-naphthylamine 55 I 3.36

130

(72)

130

0.95

C12H14O4 (6) Diethyl phthalate 25 I 10.1 (65)

C12H26O (30) Octylisopropyl carbinol J, 0C 10Or7 25 14.4 C13H10O (57) Benzophenone 25 13.6 95 1.74 (65)

55

I 4.67

C13H12 (57)

Diphenylmethane 100 I 0.83 C13H13N (87) Benzylaniline 55 I 5.39

Ci4H12O2,- (Cont'd) t, 0C 10Or; 40 5.243 60 3.259 80 2.245 90 1.912 100 1.655 (50)

25

I 8.454

C14H16N (72) Dibenzylamine 25 6.16 130 0.812 C 14 H 26 O 4 (26) Diethyl sebacate 25 I 5.1 (97)

55 I 4.182 25 I 5.42 (72) C 12 H 16 O 2 (39) C14H28O2 (24) 130 I 1.20 Propyl hydrocinMyristic acid namate C13H13N (14) 60 7.4a 20 I 3.9377 70 5.8s N-Methyldiphenyl80 4.64 amine C12H17NO2 (6) 90 3.8i 9.8 11.0 Ethyl-o-tolyl(31) 20.1 7.25 urethane 70 6.76 30 5.15 25 I 9.44 90 4.I6 40 3.85 C12H18O (39) 60 2.49 C14H28O2 (31) Thymyl ethyl ether 80 1.74 Ethyl laurate 20 I 2.513(?) (72) 25 3.08 C12H18O6 (97) 130 I 0.81 50 1.74 Triethyl aconitate C 14 H 28 O 2 (31) C13H20O (39) 25 I 11.7 Heptan-ß-ol Thymyl propyl ether C12H22O3 (39) n-heptoate 20 I 3.527 Ethyl dipropyl25 I 2.56 acetoacetate C 13 H 26 O 2 (31) C H O2 (31) 14 28 20 I 4.829 Methyl laurate Octan-jS-ol C12H22O4 (26) 25 3.08 n-hexoate 50 1.85 Diethyl suberate 25 I 2.55 25 I 4.05 C 13 H 26 O 2 (31) C14H28O2 (31) C12H24O2 (24) Isobutyl n-nonate Undecan-ß-ol Laurie acid 25 I 2.18 propionate 50 7.3 C 13 H 26 O 2 (31) 25 2.84 60 5.6i Hexan-ß-ol C14H30 (7) 70 4.4s n-heptoate 80 3.62 n-Tetradecane 25 I 2.15 90 2.99 21.9 I 2.22 C 13 H 26 O 2 (31) C 12 H 24 O 2 (31) C16H17N (87) Heptan-jS-ol Isobutyl n-octoate Ethylbenzylaniline hexoate 25 I 1.82 55 I 4.77 25 I 2.19 C 12 H 24 O 2 (31) C16H30O2 (31) C 13 H 26 O 2 (31) Hexan-ß-ol Isobutyl n-undecate Undecan-ß-ol n-hexoate 25 3.25 acetate 25 I 1.80 C H O 16 30 2 (31) 25 I 2.81 C 12 H 24 O 2 (31) Hexan-/3-ol n-nonate Heptan-ß-ol C13H28 (7) 25 I 3.08 n-valerate n-Tridecane 25 I 1.79 C H 16 30 O 2 (31) 23.3 I 1.52 Heptan-/3-ol C12H24O2 (31) C14H12O2 (51) n-octoate Octan-ß-ol Benzyl benzoate 25 I 3.03 n-butyrate 25 I 8.504 25 I 1.89 n C H 16 30O2 (31) ( ) C12H26 (7) Octan-/3-ol 5 19.28 n-Dodecane n-heptoate 15 12.12 23.3 I 1.15 25 I 3.07 25 8.292

Ci6H30O2 (3i) Undecan-ß-ol n-butyrate t, 0C 100? 25 3.62

C17H34O2 (3l) Undecan-ß-ol n-hexoate t, 0C 10Or7 25 4.U

C16H32 ( 7 ) n-Pent adec âne 22 | 2.86

C18H16N (72) Triphenylamine 130 | 6.4

C16H17NO2 (65) Benzylphenylurethane 55 | 10.96

C18H16O4P (65) Triphenyl phosphate 55 | 9.50

C16H27N (") Diisoamylaniline 55 | 2.92 C 16 H 32 O 2 (24) Palmitic acid 70 7.8 80 6.1 90 5.0 95 4.47 C16H32O2 (3l) Isobutyl laurate 25 | 8.87 C16H32O2 (31) Heptan-ß-ol n-nonoate 25 | 3.69

C18H16P (97)

Triphenylphosphine 100 | 4.62 C18H16Sb (97) Triphenylstibine 70 | 9.34 C18H36O2 (24) Stearic acid 70 9.8? 80 7.72 90 6.1 95 5.47 98 5.1s

70 90

9.4 5.6

C18H36O2 (31) Ethyl palmitate 25 5.76 50 3.14

C 16 H 32 O 2 (3l) Undecan-ß-ol n-valerate 25 | 3.74

C18H36O2 (31) Isobutyl myristate 25 5.32

3.63

C18H36O2 (31) Hexan-jS-ol laurate 25 | 5.4

C16H34O (31) Cetyl alcohol 50 14.6 90 3.53

C18H36O2 (3l) Heptan-ß-ol n-undecoate 25 [ 5 . 1 s

ft-Hexadecane

22.2

C17H34O2 (31) Hexan-/3-ol undecoate 25 | 4.3

INFLUENCE OF PRESSURE ON VISCOSITY (H-7)

Heptan-ß-ol laurate

T7 = viscosity of liquid under tabulated pressure and temperature. T730O = viscosity of liquid at 30° and atmospheric pressure; poises. P = pressure in kg/cm2. The reference value of T7300 is indicated under the name of compound.

t, °C

25

10Or7

5.9

C19H38O2 (3l) Octan-ß-ol undecoate 25 | 5.82 C 20 H 38 O 2 (86.5)

Ethyl elaidate 24.7 | 8.17 C20H38O4 (97) Diisoamyl sebacate 25 | 12.0

C 18 H 36 O 2 (Si) Undecan-jS-ol rt-heptoate 25 | 4.9l

C17H34O2 (3l)

C19H16 (57)

Octan-ß-ol n-nonoate 25 | 4.22

Triphenylmethane 95 3.5 100 3.22

Values of Iog10 -~

î?30°

CCl4, Carbon tetrachloride T730O = 0.00845 P, kg/cm2 30° 75° 1 0.000 9.760 500 0.190 9.949 1 000 0.351 0.100 4 QOO 0.542

C 20 H 40 O 2 (31) Ethyl stéarate 50 | 3.7s C20H40O2 (3l) Hexan-0-ol myristate 25 | 6.7s C20H40O2 (31) Octan-ß-ol laurate 25 i 6.87

(3l)

C16H32O2 (3l) Octan-ß-ol n-octoate 25 | 3.64

C16H34 (7)

Ci9H38O2 (3l)

C20H40O2 (3l) Undecan-ß-ol nonoate 25 | 6.6l C21H21N (72) Tribenzylamine 130 | 2.09 C 21 H 42 O 2 (3l) Heptan-/3-ol myristate 25 | 7.75 C 22 H 44 O 2 (3l) Octan-/3-ol myristate 25 " [ 8.9i C 22 H 44 O 2 (31) Undecan-ß-ol undecoate 25 | 8.73 C 23 H 46 O 2 (3l) Undecan-ß-ol laurate 25 I 9.6e C26H50O2 (3l) Undecan-ß-ol myristate 25 I 12.3

1 2 4 6 8 10 12

CS2, Carbon disulfide ,730o = 0.00352 1 0.000 9.875 500 0.090 9.972 000 0.160 0.051 000 0.307 0.180 000 0.509 0.372 000 0.674 0.527 000 0.840 0.671 000 1.010 0.808 000 1.189 0.946

C2H6I, Ethyl iodide T730O = 0.00540 P, kg/cm 2 30° 75° 1 0.000 9.837 500 0.115 9.954 1 000 0.218 0.057 2 000 0.385 0.227 4 000 0.656 0.467 6 000 0.888 0.672 8 000 1.108 0.854 10 000 1.330 1.030 12 000 1.549 1.200

C2H6O, Ethyl alcohol v. Vol. V, p. 11

CHCl3, Chloroform y. Vol. V, p. 11 CH4O, Methyl alcohol y. Vol. V, p. 11 C2H4Br2, Ethylene bromide T730O = 0.0149 1 0.000 9.756 500 0.138 9.885

1 000 2 000 C2H5Br, T730O 1 500 1 000 2 000 4 000 6 000 8 000 10 000 12 000

0.003 0.203 Ethyl bromide = 0.00368 0.000 9.806 0.121 9.959 0.222 0.072 0.387 0.235 0.631 0.472 0.854 0.653 1.043 0.816 1.223 0.978 1.400 1.123

C2H5Cl, Ethyl chloride 1 0.000 9.850 500 0.134 0.017 1 000 0.242 0.131 2 000 0.405 0.285 4 000 0.649 0.514 6 000 0.837 0.683 8 000 1.008 0.834 10 000 1.172 0.977 12 OOP 1.323 1.111

1 2 4 6 8 10 12

C3H6O, Acetone T730O = 0.00285 1 0.000 9.895 500 0.135 0.017 000 0.226 0.113 000 0.373 0.245 000 0.605 0.445 000 0.804 0.610 000 0.987 0.762 000 1.160 0.898 000 1.031

C3H8O, n-Propyl alcohol T730O = 0.01779 1 0.000 9.598 500 0.151 9.754 1 000 0.283 9.880 2 000 0.494 0.074 4 000 0.836 0.368 6 000 1.131 0.610 8 000 1.402 0.827 10 000 1.667 1.033 12 000 1.915 1.223

C3H8O, Isopropyl alcohol T730" = 0.01757 1 0.000 9.505 500 0.193 9.695 1 000 0.343 9.851 2 000 0.591 0.087 4 000 0.982 0.425 6 000 1.318 0.701 8 000 1.640 0.957 10 000 1.977 1.191 12 OOP 2.311 1.424

C8H8O8, Glycerol 7730° = 3 . 8 P, kg/cm2 30° 75° l 0.000 8.810 500 0.134 8.920 1 000 0.260 9.023 2 000 0.497 9.204 4 000 0.936 9.529 6 000 1.346 9.818 8 000 1.741 0.094 10 000 2.133 0.369 12 OOP 0.628 C4H8O2, Ethyl acetate W = 0.0039 1 0.000 9.836 500 0.142 9.976 1 000 0.258 0.081 2 000 0.463 0.253 4 000 0.818 0.517 6 000 1.120 0.761 8 000 1.393 0.992 10 000 1.686 1.213 12 000 1.974 1.416 C4H9Br, n-Butyl bromide T730O = 0.00537 1 0.000 9.832 500 0.143 9.975 1 000 0.269 0.090 2 000 0.474 0.273 4 000 0.816 0.564 6 000 1.115 0.811 8 000 1.408 1.040 10 000 1.715 1.264 12 000 2.018 1.484 C4Hi0O, r/so0 1 500 1 000 2 000 4 000 6 000 8 000 10 000 12 OOP

n-Butyl alcohol = 0.02237 0.000 9.548 0.175 9.724 0.321 9.867 0.554 0.089 0.934 0.312 1.289 0.690 1.609 0.941 1.912 1.172 2.208 1.396

C4Hi0O, Isobutyl alcohol T730O = 0.02864 1 0.000 9.444 500 0.210 9.659 1 000 0.388 9.824 2 000 0.696 0.075 4 000 1.203 0.488 6 000 1.655 0.838 8 000 2.075 1.158 10 000 2.483 1.459 12 OOP 2.898 1.747 C4Hi0O, Ethyl ether v. Vol. V, p. 11 CeHi2, Isopentane T730O = 0.00198 1 0.000 9.821 500 0.202 0.040 1 000 0.344 0.193

C5Hi2.—(Continued) P, kg/cm2 30° 75° 2 000 0.559 0.408 4 000 0.894 0.715 6 000 1.175 0.960 8 000 1.431 1.179 10 000 1.687 1.381 12 OOP 1.947 1.586

1 2 4 6 8 10 12

CoHi2, n-Pentane 7730« = 0.00220 1 0.000 9.811 500 0.181 0.014 000 0.315 0.163 000 0.524 0.380 000 0.847 0.676 000 1.112 0.908 000 1.360 1.119 000 1.615 1.313 OOP 1.846 1.493

CoHi2O, 1 500 1 000 2 000 4 000 6 000 8 000 10 000 12 OOP

Isoamyl alcohol 0.000 9.424 0.209 9.618 0.386 9.787 0.686 0.065 1.185 0.492 1.636 0.848 2.069 1.168 2.505 1.483 2.952 1.780

C5Hi2O, 1 500 1 000 2 000 4 000 6 000 8 000 10 000 12 QOO

n-Amyl alcohol 0.000 9.540 0.188 9.723 0.341 9.871 0.607 0.105 1.060 0.466 1.448 0.772 1.811 1.049 2.164 1.313 2.495 1.562

C6H5Br, Bromobenzene T730O = 0.00985 1 0.000 9.801 500 0.138 9.930 1 000 0.262 0.044 2 000 0.486 0.228 4 000 0.897 0.558 6 000 0.874 C6H5Cl, Chlorobenzene T7300 = 0.00711 1 0.000 9.814 500 0.133 9.936 1 000 0.253 0.053 2 000 0.478 0.245 4 000 0.867 0.563 6 000 1.223 0.852 8 000 1.146 10 000 1.465 C6H5NO2, Nitrobenzene 1 0.000 500 0.134 1 OOP 0.264 C6H6, Benzene v. Vol. V, p. 12

C6Hi2, Cyclohexane T730O = 0.00828 P, kg/cm2 30° 75° 1 0.000 9.723 500 0.261 9.975 1 OOP 0.169 C6H7N, Aniline T730O = 0.0319 1 0.000 9.551 500 0.195 9.703 1 000 0.376 9.847 2 OOP P.7P9 P.1P2 4 PPP P.56P

1 2 4 6 8 IP 12

C6Hi4, -ft-Hexane T730O = P.PP296 1 P.PPP 9.8P3 5PP P. 184 P.P28 PPP P. 332 P. 171 PPP P.561 P.379 PPP P.914 P.7Pl PPP 1.224 P.961 PPP 1.514 1.198 PPP 1.8P3 1.426 PPP 1.646

1 2 4 6 8 IP 12

C7H8, Toluene T730O = P.PP523 1 P.PPP 9.796 5PP P. 145 9.939 PPP P. 274 P.P65 PPP P.497 P.267 PPP P.897 P.597 000 1.285 P.896 PPP 1.699 1.186 PPP 2.177 1.5P4 PPP 1.832

C7Hi4, Methylcyclohexane T730O = O.PP639 1 P.PPP 9.747 5PP P.22P 9.976 1 PPP P. 388 P. 154 2 000 0.71P P.434 4 PPP 1.274 P.9PP 6 PPP 1.8P4 1.335 8 PPP 2.318 1.756 IP OPP 2.167 12 PPP 2.582

1 2 4 6

C8Hi0, o-Xylene T730O = P.PP7P9 1 P.PPP 9.767 5PP P. 165 9.925 PPP P.311 P.P57 PPO 0.577 0.292 OOP P.689 POO 1.087

1 2 4 6 8

C8Hi0, w-Xylene T730O = 0.00552 1 0.000 9.799 500 0.154 9.959 OOP 0.290 0.079 000 0.529 0.286 000 0.967 0.637 000 0.983 OOP 1.333

C8Hi0, p-Xylene T730O = P.PP568 P, kg/cm2 3P° 75° 1 P.PPO 9.797 5PP P. 152 9.957 1 PPP 0.092 2 OOP P.315 C8Hi8, n-Octane T730O = 0.00483 1 0.000 9.810 500 0.196 0.003 1 000 0.327 0.153 2 000 0.641 0.390 4 000 1.088 0.763 6000 1.487 1.080 8 000 1.363 10 OOP 1.63P

1 2 3 5 8

Ci0Hi2O2, Eugenol 1 P.PPP 9.429 5PP P. 288 9.616 PPP P. 541 9.810 PPP 1.P81 P. 143 PPP 2.273 P.8P5 PPP 1.52P PPP 2.343

1 2 4 6 8 10

Ci0Hi4, p-Cymene 1 1 P.PPP 9.800 500 0.172 9.948 000 0.333 0.087 OOP P.626 P.335 POO 1.194 0.749 000 1.859 1.168 000 1.612 OOP 2.164

Ci0Hi5N, Die thy !aniline 1 P.PPO 9.690 500 0.201 9.839 1 000 0.394 9.984 2 000 0.761 0.259 4 OOP P.758 6 PPP 1.25P 8 PPP 1.775 Ci0Hi8O, Cineole 1 P.PPP 9.654 500 0.315 9.905 1 000 0.142 2 OQO 0.575 Ci0H22O, n-Amyl 1 0.000 500 0.218 1 000 0.401 2 000 0.708 4 000 1.230 6 000 1.685 8 000 2.091 IP PPP 12 PPP

ether 9.736 9.943 0.107 0.364 0.776 1.125 1.437 1.728 2.PP7

Ci8H34O2, Oleic acid 1 P.PPO 9.419 500 0.306 9.671 1 PPP P. 616 9.989 2 PPP P.255 4 PPP P.843

LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) C 1 ) Archibald and Ure, 4, 125: 726; 24. ( 2 ) Arndt, Z.chem. Apparatenkunde, 3: 549; 08. ( 3 ) Arndt and Ploetz, 7,121: 439; 26. (*) Aten, 7, 66: 641; 09. (5) Baker, 4, 101: 1049; 12. (6) Baker, 4, 103: 1653; 13. ( 7 ) Bartoli and Stracciati, 09, 8: 195; 85. 6, 7: 375; 86. (8) Beck, 7, 58: 425; 07. ( 9 ) Bingham, VanKlooster and Kleinspehn, 5O1 24: 1; 20. ( 10 ) Bingham, Schlesinger and Coleman, 1, 38: 27; 16. (11J Bingham and Sarver, 1, 42: 2011; 20. (12) Bingham and White, 1, 33: 1257: 11. (13; Bingham, White, Thomas and Cadwell, 7, 83: 641; 13. O*) Bramley, 4, 109 : 10 ; 16. ( 14 - 5 ) Bramley, 4, 109: 434 ; 16. ( 1 4 - 6 ) Bregemann, Thesis, Lausanne, 1914. ( 14 - 7 ) Bridgman, 65, 61: 55; 26. ( 15 ) Briner and Pylkoff, 48, 10: 640; 12. (16) Chavanne and van Resseghem, 28, 31: 87; 22. ( 17 ) Cohen and Bruins, 7, 103: 404; 23. (18) Creighton, 143, 189: 641; 20. C 1 9 ) Drapier, 28, 1911; 621. ( 20 ) Drucker and Kassel, 7, 76: 367; 11. ( 21 ) Dummer, Diss., Freiburg, 1909. (22) Dunstan, 7, 49: 590; 04. (23) Dunstan, 7, 51: 732; 05. (24) Dunstan, 4, 107: 667; 15. ( 25 ) Dunstan and Hilditch, 9, 18: 185; 12. (26) Dunstan, Hilditch and Thole, 4, 103: 133; 13. ( 2 7 ) Dunstan and Mussel, 4, 97; 1935; 10. (28) Dunstan and Mussel, 4t 99: 565; 11. ( 29 ) Dunstan and Thole, 4,95:1556:09. (30) Dunstan and Thole, 4, 103: 127; 13. (31) Dunstan, Thole and Benson, 4, 105: 782; 14. ( 32 ) Dunstan, Thole and Hunt, 4, 91: 1728; 07. (33) Efremov, 53, 50:340; 18. 10, 5: 50; 25. (34) Elsey, I1 42: 2454; 20. ( 35 ) English and Turner, 4, 105: 1656; 14. (36) Erk, Zähigkeitsmessungen an Flüssigkeiten, Berlin, V. D. I. Verlag, 1927. ( 37 ) Farr and McLeod, o, 97: 80: 20. ( 38 ) Fitzgerald, 50, 16: 621; 12. (39) Gartenmeister, 7, 6: 524; 90. (4°) Goodwin and Mailey, 2, 26: 28; 08. ( 41 ) Hartley, Thomas and Applebey, 4, 93: 538; 08. ( 42 ) Herz, 9, 23: 24; 17. ( 42 - 5 ) Herz and Bloch, 7, 110: 23; 24. ( 43 ) Herz and Martin, 93, 132: 41; 24. ( 44 ) Herz and Rathmann, 93, 44: 589; 13. ( 45 ) Herz and Schuftan, 7, 101: 269; 22. ( 46 ) Heydweiller, 8, 59: 193; 96. ( 47 ) Heydweiller, 8, 63: 56; 97. ( 48 ) Hilditch and Dunstan, 9, 18: 881; 12. ( 49 ) Kendall and Brakeley, 1, 43: 1826; 21. (50) Kendall and Monroe, 1, 39: 1787; 17. ( 51 ) Kendall and Wright, 1, 42: 1776; 20. ( 52 ) Kernot and Pomilio, 71, 17: 359; 11. (53) Kremann, Gugl

and Meingast, 67, 35: 1365; 14. (5*) Kuenen and Visser, 64P, 16: 355; 13. 168, No. 138a. ( 55 ) Kurnakov, 93, 135: 81; 24. ( 5 6) Kurnakov and Beketov, 134, 9: 1381; 15. 10, 4: 13; 21. (57) Kurnakov, Krotkov and Oksmann, 53, 49: 583; 15. 10, 4: 13; 21. (57.5) Kurnakov and Kviat, 169, 20: 664; 13. 53, 46: 138; 14. 7, 88: 411; 14. ( 58 ) Kurnakov, Perel'muter and Kanov, 169, 24: 399; 15. io, 4: 64; 21. (59) Kurnakov and Zhemchuzhnui, 7, 83: 481; 13. ( 60 ) Lewis, I 1 47: 626; 25. («o.S) Linebarger, I1 17: 615, 690; 95. (") Lorenz, 7, 79: 63; 12. (62) Lorenz and Hoechberg, 93, 94: 317; 16. ( 63 > Lorenz and Kalmus, 7, 59: 244; 07. ( 64 ) Maass and Boomer, 1, 44: 1709; 22. (65) McBain, Harvey and Smith, 50, 30: 312; 26. (66) Mathews and Faville, 50, 22: 1; 18. ( 67 ) Menneret, 51, 1: 753; 11. (68) Merry and Turner, 4, 105: 748; 14. ( 69 ) Meyer and Mylius, 7, 95: 349; 20. ( 70 ) Miller, 5, 106: 724; 24. ( 71 ) Muchin, 9, 19: 819; 13. ( 72 ) Mussel, Thole and Dunstan, 4, 101: 1008; 12. ( 73 ) Pagliani and Battelli, 23, 20: 449; 85. ( 74 ) Philip and Oakley, 4, 125: 1189; 24. ( 74 -5; Polliack, Thesis, Lausanne, 1913. ( 7 S) Rabe and Pollack, 25, 45: 2924; 12. ( 7 6) Reid, 172(8th), 25: 423; 13. ( 77 ) Sachanov, 7, 83: 129; 13. ( 7 8) Sachanov and Rabinovich, 53, 47: 861; 15. 10, 4: 64; 21. ( 79 ) Sachanov and Ryakhovskii, 53, 47: 128; 15. 10, 4: 64; 21. (80) Scarpa, 59, 6: 277; 04. 42, 2: 447; 04. ( 8 I) Scheuer, 7, 72: 513; 10. ( 82 ) Schlesinger and Coleman, I1 38: 271; 16. ( 83 ) Sorkau, 63, 15: 768; 14. ( 84 ) Steacie and Johnson, I1 47: 754; 25. (8S) Stückgold, 49, 15: 502; 17. (86) Thole, 4, 97: 2596; 10. ( 86 - 5 ) Thole, 4, 101: 552; 12. ( 87 ) Thole, 4, 103: 317; 13. ( 88 ) Thole, 4, 105: 2004; 14. ( 89 ) Thole, 7, 74: 683; 10. ( 90 ) Thole, Mussel and Dunstan, 4, 103: 1108; 13. ( 91 ) Thorpe and Rodger, 62, 185: 397; 95. ( 92 ) Thorpe and Rodger, 62, 189: 71; 97. ( 93 ) Traube, 86, 19: 871; 86. ( 94 ) Verschaffelt, 64P, 20: 986; 18. 168, No. 153b. ( 95 ) Verschaffelt, 64Pt 18: 1659; 16. 168, No. 149b. ( 9 6) Waiden, 7, 55: 207; 06. ( 97 ) Waiden and Swinne, 7, 82: 271; 13. ( 98 ) Warburg and von Babo, 8, 17: 390; 82. (") Weissenberger and Schuster, 57, 45: 413; 24. (ioo) Weissenberger, Schuster and Mayer, 57, 45: 449; 24. ( 101 ) Wroczynski and Guye, 48, 8: 189; 10. (i<>2; Fredenhagen and Dahlmlos, 93, 179: 77; 29. (!03) Waiden and Swinne, 7, 79: 717; 12.

FREE ENERGY OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES, ACTIVITY COEFFICIENTS, PARTIAL MOLAL QUANTITIES, AND RELATED CONSTANTS1 MERLE RANDALL, SPECIAL EDITOR Including EQUILIBRIA BETWEEN TWO SOLID PHASES AND A GAS PHASE (DECOMPOSITION PRESSURES OF HYDRATES, AMMONIATES, ETC.) FRITZ EPHRAIM2 and SOLUBILITY OF SLIGHTLY SOLUBLE SALTS IN AQUEOUS SALT SOLUTIONS MERLE RANDALL AND WILLIAM V. VIETTI3 SCOPE OF THE SECTION This section includes all chemical equilibria except those which have been treated in previous sections. The section also includes miscellaneous thermodynamic data, such as partial molai quantities, activity coefficients, heat capacities of substances, etc., when these are combined with other dataThe tables are not as complete as could be desired. An attempt has been made to include as many types of systems as possible, and more space has been given to those systems which have not been widely discussed in the literature than to the more common systems. Omission of a table or mention by reference only in no way reflects upon the quality or importance of the data.

1

OBJET TRAITÉ DANS LA SECTION Cette section comprend tousiês équilibres chimiques, à l'exception de ceux dont il a déjà été traité dans des sections précédentes. La section renferme aussi des données thermodynamiques diverses, telles que des quantités moléculaires partielles, coefficients d'activité, capacités calorifiques des substances, etc., lorsque celles-ci sont combinées à d'autres données. Les tables ne sont pas aussi complètes qu'on puisse le désirer. On s'est efforcé d'y mentionner un nombre aussi grand que possible de types de systèmes, et il a été réservé plus d'espace aux systèmes qui n'ont pas été largement discutés dans la littérature qu'aux systèmes plus communs. L'omission d'une table ou sa mention par une référence seulement ne se rapporte en aucune manière à la qualité ou à l'importance de la donnée.

See also Entropy, etc., Vol. V, p. 84. Editorial Note.—The data on this topic, compiled by Professor Ephraim, have been combined with the other data of this section according to the Standard Arrangement. They are identified by the symbol (E). Translation from the German and conversion into the units 0K and atm. were effected by Gerald F. Breckenridge under the direction of the Special Editor. 3 The senior author is alone responsible for the data on the complex ammines and for references subsequent to the year 1925. For this section, see p. 313. 2

LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) C 1 ) Archibald and Ure, 4, 125: 726; 24. ( 2 ) Arndt, Z.chem. Apparatenkunde, 3: 549; 08. ( 3 ) Arndt and Ploetz, 7,121: 439; 26. (*) Aten, 7, 66: 641; 09. (5) Baker, 4, 101: 1049; 12. (6) Baker, 4, 103: 1653; 13. ( 7 ) Bartoli and Stracciati, 09, 8: 195; 85. 6, 7: 375; 86. (8) Beck, 7, 58: 425; 07. ( 9 ) Bingham, VanKlooster and Kleinspehn, 5O1 24: 1; 20. ( 10 ) Bingham, Schlesinger and Coleman, 1, 38: 27; 16. (11J Bingham and Sarver, 1, 42: 2011; 20. (12) Bingham and White, 1, 33: 1257: 11. (13; Bingham, White, Thomas and Cadwell, 7, 83: 641; 13. O*) Bramley, 4, 109 : 10 ; 16. ( 14 - 5 ) Bramley, 4, 109: 434 ; 16. ( 1 4 - 6 ) Bregemann, Thesis, Lausanne, 1914. ( 14 - 7 ) Bridgman, 65, 61: 55; 26. ( 15 ) Briner and Pylkoff, 48, 10: 640; 12. (16) Chavanne and van Resseghem, 28, 31: 87; 22. ( 17 ) Cohen and Bruins, 7, 103: 404; 23. (18) Creighton, 143, 189: 641; 20. C 1 9 ) Drapier, 28, 1911; 621. ( 20 ) Drucker and Kassel, 7, 76: 367; 11. ( 21 ) Dummer, Diss., Freiburg, 1909. (22) Dunstan, 7, 49: 590; 04. (23) Dunstan, 7, 51: 732; 05. (24) Dunstan, 4, 107: 667; 15. ( 25 ) Dunstan and Hilditch, 9, 18: 185; 12. (26) Dunstan, Hilditch and Thole, 4, 103: 133; 13. ( 2 7 ) Dunstan and Mussel, 4, 97; 1935; 10. (28) Dunstan and Mussel, 4t 99: 565; 11. ( 29 ) Dunstan and Thole, 4,95:1556:09. (30) Dunstan and Thole, 4, 103: 127; 13. (31) Dunstan, Thole and Benson, 4, 105: 782; 14. ( 32 ) Dunstan, Thole and Hunt, 4, 91: 1728; 07. (33) Efremov, 53, 50:340; 18. 10, 5: 50; 25. (34) Elsey, I1 42: 2454; 20. ( 35 ) English and Turner, 4, 105: 1656; 14. (36) Erk, Zähigkeitsmessungen an Flüssigkeiten, Berlin, V. D. I. Verlag, 1927. ( 37 ) Farr and McLeod, o, 97: 80: 20. ( 38 ) Fitzgerald, 50, 16: 621; 12. (39) Gartenmeister, 7, 6: 524; 90. (4°) Goodwin and Mailey, 2, 26: 28; 08. ( 41 ) Hartley, Thomas and Applebey, 4, 93: 538; 08. ( 42 ) Herz, 9, 23: 24; 17. ( 42 - 5 ) Herz and Bloch, 7, 110: 23; 24. ( 43 ) Herz and Martin, 93, 132: 41; 24. ( 44 ) Herz and Rathmann, 93, 44: 589; 13. ( 45 ) Herz and Schuftan, 7, 101: 269; 22. ( 46 ) Heydweiller, 8, 59: 193; 96. ( 47 ) Heydweiller, 8, 63: 56; 97. ( 48 ) Hilditch and Dunstan, 9, 18: 881; 12. ( 49 ) Kendall and Brakeley, 1, 43: 1826; 21. (50) Kendall and Monroe, 1, 39: 1787; 17. ( 51 ) Kendall and Wright, 1, 42: 1776; 20. ( 52 ) Kernot and Pomilio, 71, 17: 359; 11. (53) Kremann, Gugl

and Meingast, 67, 35: 1365; 14. (5*) Kuenen and Visser, 64P, 16: 355; 13. 168, No. 138a. ( 55 ) Kurnakov, 93, 135: 81; 24. ( 5 6) Kurnakov and Beketov, 134, 9: 1381; 15. 10, 4: 13; 21. (57) Kurnakov, Krotkov and Oksmann, 53, 49: 583; 15. 10, 4: 13; 21. (57.5) Kurnakov and Kviat, 169, 20: 664; 13. 53, 46: 138; 14. 7, 88: 411; 14. ( 58 ) Kurnakov, Perel'muter and Kanov, 169, 24: 399; 15. io, 4: 64; 21. (59) Kurnakov and Zhemchuzhnui, 7, 83: 481; 13. ( 60 ) Lewis, I 1 47: 626; 25. («o.S) Linebarger, I1 17: 615, 690; 95. (") Lorenz, 7, 79: 63; 12. (62) Lorenz and Hoechberg, 93, 94: 317; 16. ( 63 > Lorenz and Kalmus, 7, 59: 244; 07. ( 64 ) Maass and Boomer, 1, 44: 1709; 22. (65) McBain, Harvey and Smith, 50, 30: 312; 26. (66) Mathews and Faville, 50, 22: 1; 18. ( 67 ) Menneret, 51, 1: 753; 11. (68) Merry and Turner, 4, 105: 748; 14. ( 69 ) Meyer and Mylius, 7, 95: 349; 20. ( 70 ) Miller, 5, 106: 724; 24. ( 71 ) Muchin, 9, 19: 819; 13. ( 72 ) Mussel, Thole and Dunstan, 4, 101: 1008; 12. ( 73 ) Pagliani and Battelli, 23, 20: 449; 85. ( 74 ) Philip and Oakley, 4, 125: 1189; 24. ( 74 -5; Polliack, Thesis, Lausanne, 1913. ( 7 S) Rabe and Pollack, 25, 45: 2924; 12. ( 7 6) Reid, 172(8th), 25: 423; 13. ( 77 ) Sachanov, 7, 83: 129; 13. ( 7 8) Sachanov and Rabinovich, 53, 47: 861; 15. 10, 4: 64; 21. ( 79 ) Sachanov and Ryakhovskii, 53, 47: 128; 15. 10, 4: 64; 21. (80) Scarpa, 59, 6: 277; 04. 42, 2: 447; 04. ( 8 I) Scheuer, 7, 72: 513; 10. ( 82 ) Schlesinger and Coleman, I1 38: 271; 16. ( 83 ) Sorkau, 63, 15: 768; 14. ( 84 ) Steacie and Johnson, I1 47: 754; 25. (8S) Stückgold, 49, 15: 502; 17. (86) Thole, 4, 97: 2596; 10. ( 86 - 5 ) Thole, 4, 101: 552; 12. ( 87 ) Thole, 4, 103: 317; 13. ( 88 ) Thole, 4, 105: 2004; 14. ( 89 ) Thole, 7, 74: 683; 10. ( 90 ) Thole, Mussel and Dunstan, 4, 103: 1108; 13. ( 91 ) Thorpe and Rodger, 62, 185: 397; 95. ( 92 ) Thorpe and Rodger, 62, 189: 71; 97. ( 93 ) Traube, 86, 19: 871; 86. ( 94 ) Verschaffelt, 64P, 20: 986; 18. 168, No. 153b. ( 95 ) Verschaffelt, 64Pt 18: 1659; 16. 168, No. 149b. ( 9 6) Waiden, 7, 55: 207; 06. ( 97 ) Waiden and Swinne, 7, 82: 271; 13. ( 98 ) Warburg and von Babo, 8, 17: 390; 82. (") Weissenberger and Schuster, 57, 45: 413; 24. (ioo) Weissenberger, Schuster and Mayer, 57, 45: 449; 24. ( 101 ) Wroczynski and Guye, 48, 8: 189; 10. (i<>2; Fredenhagen and Dahlmlos, 93, 179: 77; 29. (!03) Waiden and Swinne, 7, 79: 717; 12.

FREE ENERGY OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES, ACTIVITY COEFFICIENTS, PARTIAL MOLAL QUANTITIES, AND RELATED CONSTANTS1 MERLE RANDALL, SPECIAL EDITOR Including EQUILIBRIA BETWEEN TWO SOLID PHASES AND A GAS PHASE (DECOMPOSITION PRESSURES OF HYDRATES, AMMONIATES, ETC.) FRITZ EPHRAIM2 and SOLUBILITY OF SLIGHTLY SOLUBLE SALTS IN AQUEOUS SALT SOLUTIONS MERLE RANDALL AND WILLIAM V. VIETTI3 SCOPE OF THE SECTION This section includes all chemical equilibria except those which have been treated in previous sections. The section also includes miscellaneous thermodynamic data, such as partial molai quantities, activity coefficients, heat capacities of substances, etc., when these are combined with other dataThe tables are not as complete as could be desired. An attempt has been made to include as many types of systems as possible, and more space has been given to those systems which have not been widely discussed in the literature than to the more common systems. Omission of a table or mention by reference only in no way reflects upon the quality or importance of the data.

1

OBJET TRAITÉ DANS LA SECTION Cette section comprend tousiês équilibres chimiques, à l'exception de ceux dont il a déjà été traité dans des sections précédentes. La section renferme aussi des données thermodynamiques diverses, telles que des quantités moléculaires partielles, coefficients d'activité, capacités calorifiques des substances, etc., lorsque celles-ci sont combinées à d'autres données. Les tables ne sont pas aussi complètes qu'on puisse le désirer. On s'est efforcé d'y mentionner un nombre aussi grand que possible de types de systèmes, et il a été réservé plus d'espace aux systèmes qui n'ont pas été largement discutés dans la littérature qu'aux systèmes plus communs. L'omission d'une table ou sa mention par une référence seulement ne se rapporte en aucune manière à la qualité ou à l'importance de la donnée.

See also Entropy, etc., Vol. V, p. 84. Editorial Note.—The data on this topic, compiled by Professor Ephraim, have been combined with the other data of this section according to the Standard Arrangement. They are identified by the symbol (E). Translation from the German and conversion into the units 0K and atm. were effected by Gerald F. Breckenridge under the direction of the Special Editor. 3 The senior author is alone responsible for the data on the complex ammines and for references subsequent to the year 1925. For this section, see p. 313. 2

ARRANGEMENT 1. The systems or reactions are listed in the standard arrangement (see Vol. Ill, p. viii) in accordance with that substance in the reaction which has the highest key-formula. Thus, for example, in the reaction Pb (s) + PbO2(S) + 2H2S04(aq) = 2PbS04(s) + 2H2O(I) the key-formulae are: Pb, 23; PbO2, 23—12; H2SO4, 8—22—U; PbSO4, 23—8—U; H2O, 22—1. The highest key-formula is that for PbSO4, 23—8— U and this reaction will therefore be found listed under PbSO4 and can be found by turning the pages until 23 appears as the first member of the key-numbers which appear at the top of each right-hand page. After locating the proper section in this way, the desired system or reaction can then be located by inspection. 2. Where choice of condition or state is involved for a given substance the order is gas (g); liquid (1); solid (s); in aqueous solution (aq); in non-aqueous solution, standard arrangement by solvents. 3. Important Exceptions.—Solid hydrates, ammines, etc., containing water, ammonia, etc., "of crystallization" are listed under the parent material. Water, ammonia, etc., of crystallization should, therefore, be neglected in writing key-formulae. (These exceptions do not, however, apply to complex ions, complex cobaltammines, etc.) Solubility data are in all cases listed under the solute. SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS In general the notation of Lewis and Randall (885) is used, a Activity. c Concentration (moles per liter). c* Geometrical mean of concentration of ions. / Fugacity. het. Two-phase system richest in solute. In Logarithm to the base e. log Logarithm to the base 10. m Molality (moles per 1000 g H2O, in vacuo).

227

:» }•• p- -

n p p.f. s Sc t x Cp C9 E E E~ F H 7 K K' K0 Kn Kp L M P R S T V w

Number of moles. Vapor pressure (in atmospheres). Proportionality factor (see activity coefficients). Solubility (moles per 1000 g H2O, in vacuo). Solubility (moles per liter). Temperature, 0C. Mole fraction. Molai heat capacity at constant pressure. Molai heat capacity at constant volume. Internal energy. Electromotive force. One gram atom of negative electricity. Free energy. Heat content. Integration constant. Equilibrium constant (activities) v. p. 227. Special equilibrium function. Equilibrium function in terms of concentration. Equilibrium function in terms of molalities. Equilibrium function in terms of partial pressures. Relative partial molai heat content. Molai. Total pressure or vapor pressure, in atmospheres. Gas constant. Entropy. Absolute temperature. Volume. Molai mass.

ARRANGEMENT 1. Les systèmes ou les réactions sont disposés en liste suivant l'arrangement type (voir Vol. III, p. viii) en accord avec la substance de la réaction qui possède la formule-clé la plus élevée. Ainsi, par exemple, dans la réaction Pb (s) + PbO2(S) + 2H2SO4(aq) = 2PbSO4(s) + 2H2OG) les formules-clés sont Pb, 23; PbO2, 23—12; H2SO4, 8—22—14; PbSO4, 23—8—U; H2O, 22—1. La formule-clé la plus élevée est celle de PbSO4, 23—8—14 et par conséquent on trouvera la réaction mentionnée ci-dessus sous PbSO4; on tournera donc les pages jusqu'à ce qu'on atteigne 23, premier membre des nombres-clés inscrits au haut de chacune des pages se trouvant à main droite. Ayant trouvé de cette façon la section convenable, on y recherchera alors, le système de réaction désiré. 2. Lorsque le choix de la condition ou de l'état est impliqué pour une substance donnée, l'ordre est gaz (g); liquide (1); solide (s); en solution aqueuse (aq); en solution non-aqueuse, arrangement type par dissolvants. 3. Exceptions Importantes.—Les hydrates solides, les ammines, etc., contenant de l'eau, de l'ammoniaque, etc., "de cristallisation" sont inscrits en liste sous la matière principale. L'eau, l'ammoniaque, etc., de cristallisation doivent donc être négligés lorsqu'on écrit la formule-clé. (Ces exceptions cependant ne s'appliquent pas aux ions complexes, cobaltammines complexes, etc.) Les données de solubilité sont dans tous les cas inscrits sous le corps dissous. SYMBOLES ET ABRÉVIATIONS C'est en général la notation de Lewis et Randall (88S ) quies utilisée. a Activité. c Concentration (mol gr. par litre). c± Moyenne géométrique de la concentration des ions. / Fugacité. het. Système à deux phases le plus riche en corps dissous. In Logarithme de base e. log Logarithme de base 10. m "Molalité" (mol gr. par 1000 g H2O, dans le vide).

Sn }••Nombre p-227-de molécules grammes.

p p.f. s sc t x Cp C9 E E E"" F H / K K' K0 Km Kp L M P R

Pression de vapeur (en atmosphères). Facteur de proportionalité (voir coefficients d'activité). Solubilité (molécules gr. par 1000 g H2O, dans le vide). Solubilité (molécules gr. par litre). Température, 0C. Fraction moléculaire gramme. Capacité calorifique moléculaire à pression constante. Capacité calorifique moléculaire à volume constant. Énergie interne. Force électromotrice. Un atome gramme d'électricité négative. Énergie libre. Contenu de chaleur. Constante d'intégration. Constante d'équilibre (activités), v. p. 227. Fonction d'équilibre spéciale. Fonction d'équilibre en termes de concentration. Fonction d'équilibre en termes de molalité. Fonction d'équilibre en termes de pressions partielles. Contenu de chaleur relatif partiel moléculaire. Moléculaire gramme. Pression totale ou pression de vapeur, en atmosphères. Constante des gaz.

S Entropie. T Température absolue. V Volume. w Masse molale. 7 Coefficient d'activité. fjL Force ionique. Uc Force ionique (pour concentrations). v Nombre d'ions formées par dissociation d'un molécule. A Incrément. UNITS AND VALUES OF CONSTANTS USED* Petite majuscule romaine: Quantités moléculaires, ainsi H. 1 cal. 4.182 joules. Petite majuscule romaine avec barre: Quantité moléculaire T t + 273.1. partielle, ainsi H. 3 R 82.07 cm -atm. per deg. K. L'indice i (resp. 2) identifie le solvant (resp. le corps dissous). R 1.9885 cal. per deg. K. UNITÉS ET VALEURS DES CONSTANTES UTILISÉES* 3 V (for 1 mole of a perfect gas) 22 412 cm at 1 atm. and 0 1 cal. 4,182 joules. 273.1 K. T t + 273,1. F 96 494 coulombs per equiv. R 82,07 cm3-atm. par deg. K. F 23 074 cai. per volt equiv. R 1,9885 cal. par deg. K. All pressures are expressed in atmospheres, all temperatures V (pour une molécule gramme d'un gaz parfait) 22 412 in degrees absolute, all electromotive forces in volts and all energy cm3 à 1 atm. et à 273, I0K. quantities in calories (v. supra) unless otherwise expressly stated. 96 494 coulombs par equiv. When making further transformations of the data, it is important F F 23 074 cal. par volt equiv. to use only the constants and data of this section. Toutes les pressions sont exprimées en atmosphères, toutes les FREE ENERGY DATA températures en degrés absolus, toutes les forces électromotrices In general, the accuracy of the free energy equations may be en voltes et toutes les quantités d'énergie en calories (v. ci-dessus), judged by the constancy of the quantity 7 where this has been à moins d'une autre indication. Lorsqu'on veut effectuer des tabulated. The lack of a definite trend with a variation in tem- transformations ultérieures des données, il est important de perature indicates that the choice of the particular form of sub- n'utiliser que les constantes et les données de cette section. stances taking part in the reaction and the values of the AH and DONNÉES RELATIVES À L'ÉNERGIE LIBRE ACp are probably substantially correct. The individual variations En général, on peut juger de la précision des équations relatives indicate the degree of precision of the experimental measurements. à l'énergie libre par la constance de la quantité I en consultant Since many of the derived values involve addition and subtraction la table où celle-ci est mentionnée. Le manque d'une tendance of other equations, it is not possible, at this time, to give the définie avec la variation de la température indique que le choix probable error, and the number of significant figures given should de la forme particulière des substances prenant part à la réaction not be interpreted as an indication of the accuracy. Where et des valeurs de AH et ACP est probablement réellement exact. "revised" values are indicated, it is usually necessary to use the Les variations individuelles indiquent le degré de précision des unrevised (885) values, when these are to be combined with other mesures expérimentales. Comme plusieurs des valeurs dérivées equations in this section. comportent l'addition et la soustraction d'autres équations, il The free energies are given in the form n'est pas possible, pour le moment, de donner l'erreur probable 0 7 73 AF = AHl - AFjT In T - %AT'T* - JÂF"? - • • • +IT (1) et le nombre de chiffres significatifs donnés ne doit pas être interwhere Ar, AT' and Ar", etc., are the coefficients in the algebraic prété comme une indication de la précision. Lorsque des valeurs expression for the increase in heat capacity of the reaction. "revised" sont indiquées, il est ordinairement nécessaire d'utiliser We thus have les valeurs non revisées (885), lorsque celles-ci doivent être com0 0 7 2 77 73 AH = AHl H- AF T + KAFT + HAr T (2) binées avec d'autres équations de la section. AS0 = ArJ(I H- In T) H- AF7T7 H- ÂF7T2 + • • • - / (3) Les énergies libres sont données sous la forme The superscript ° on the quantities AF, AH, AS indicates that AF« = AHl - AT°0T In T - %AT'T* - %AT"T* - • • • the quantity is that for a stated or implied reaction in which all + IT (I) chemical substances involved are assumed to be at unit activity, at où AF, Ar' et AF", etc., sont les coefficients dans l'expression a fugacity of 1 atm. (or, when specifically so stated, at a pressure algébrique de l'augmentation de la capacité calorifique de la of 1 atm.), or hypothetical unit concentration. Where the reac- réaction. tion is not explicitly stated it is assumed to be the reaction of On a ainsi formation of a stated substance out of its elements in their standard AH0 = AHg H- Ar 0 T H- %AT'T* + YBAT"T* (2) states. I The standard state of an element is that state to which the AS" = AFg(I -h In T) H- AT'T + %AT"T2 + ' • • - / (3) 0 value AF = O is assigned in the tables, the pressure being always L'exposant ° sur les quantités AF, AH, AS, indique que la one atm. unless otherwise specifically stated. When no standard quantité est celle se rapportant à une reaction établie ou implicite, state is thus indicated in the tables, the " ordinary " solid form of dans laquelle toutes les substances chimiques engagées sont supthe element is assumed. posées être à l'activité unité, à une fugacité d'une atmosphère, In writing the equilibrium constant, K, the activities of the (ou, lorsque cela est établi spécifiquement ainsi, à une pression substances appearing on the right of the reaction as written always d'une atm.), ou à une concentration unité hypothétique. Lorsque appear in the numerator. For gases the units are always at- la réaction n'est pas établie explicitement, il s'agit d'une réaction mospheres, and for solutes the units are always mole fractions, de formation d'une substance donnée à partir de ses éléments dans or moles per 1000 g of water. For the constant K so defined, leur état type. L'état type d'un élément est l'état pour lequel la AF0 = -RT In K. *À noter que celles-ci ne sont pas les valeurs I. C. T. acceptées (voir Vol. I, 7 Activity coefficient. U Ionic strength. iuc Ionic strength (for concentrations). v Number of ions formed by dissociation of one molecule. A Increment. Small cap roman: molai quantities, thus H. Small cap roman with bar: Partial molai quantity, thus H. Subscript i (resp. 2) identifies solvent (resp. solute).

»Note that these are not the accepted I. C. T. values (see Vol. I, p. 17). The data of the present section form a consistent whole but cannot be readily combined with other data in I. C. T.

p. 17). Les données de la présente section constituent un tout consistant, mais elles ne peuvent être directement combinées avec les autres données dans les I. C. T.

In some cases we use equilibrium functions (Km) in which the molality of the substances or ions is used instead of the activity, and others (Kc) in which the concentrations (moles per liter) of the substances in solution are used instead of the activities. In still others we have used special functions (K'm or K'C) in which activities are used for all the substances except the ions present. The concentration of a gas is never used in these expressions. See Lewis and Randall ("S), Randall and Vietti (1192), Randall (1170.5).

ACTIVITY COEFFICIENTS In the case of all reactions involving only ions on the right-hand side of the equation, and a few others, the various equilibria are transformed in such a way that (log 7 + a constant) and ^ are given in the tables. By a simple graph of these quantities interpolations and comparisons may be made, and by superimposition of the curves so obtained upon the corresponding curves for suitable reference salts made upon the same scale, the extrapolation to unit activity coefficient can be easily made, and when these extrapolated numbers become available the activity coefficient of the particular pair of ions may be found by subtraction of log p.f. (given in a few cases) from the value of (log 7 + a constant). The activity coefficient for concentration, the ionic strength for concentration, etc., are defined in the sense used by Randall and Vietti ( 1192 ), namely, the product of the-activity-coefficient-forconcentration by the concentration gives the activity (defined with reference to molalities). log 7 + const. = log 7 - #°/(0.00019844*>7YAO = -#/(0.00019844*/7YAO + log (l/m ± ) (4) where EQ and E are the standard and measured electromotive forces, N the number of equivalents, and m± the mean molality of the ions studied in the cell.* Or log 7 + const. = ( l / v ) log p + log (I/m=*) (5) where p is the vapor pressure of the solute. Or log 7 -f const. = (!/*>) log X2 + log (l/w ± ) where X2 is the mole fraction of the solute in a second immiscible solvent. Or log 7 + const. = log (l/m ± ) where m± is the mean molality of the ions in equilibrium with the pure solid (solubility). Or log 7 + const. = (\/v) log (I/O, where K'm is an equilibrium function in which activities are substituted for all substances taking part in the reaction (usually undissociable substances or gases) except the pair of ions considered. (See CaCO3 (calcite) + H2CO3(aq) = Ca++ -r 2HCO1, p. 296.) INHALT DIESER ABTEILUNG Zu dieser Abteilung gehören alle Gleichgewichte bis auf solche welche in den vorhergehenden behandelt worden sind. Die Abteilung enthält auch verschiedene thermodynamische Daten wie partielle molare Grossen, Aktivitätskoeffizienten, Molwärmen der Substanzen, usw., wenn dieselben mit anderen Daten verbunden sind. Die Tabellen sind nicht so vollständig wie man sich wünschen könnte. Es wurde versucht, möglichst verschiedenartige Systeme zu behandeln; jenen Systemen, welche in der Literatur nicht so ausführlich diskutiert worden sind, ist mehr Raum gewidmet als den gewöhnlicheren. Das Weglassen einer Tabelle, oder die blosse Zitierung einer Arbeit ist nie als eine Unterschätzung der Qualität oder Wichtigkeit der Daten zu betrachten. ANORDNUNG 1. Die Systeme und Reaktionen sind nach der Standardanordnung (siehe Bd. Ill, S. viii) geordnet, dem Reaktionsteilnehmer mit der höchsten Schlüsselformel entsprechend. So sind zum * In general AF = - NEV.

valeur AF0 = O est assignée dans les tables, la pression étant toujours une atm. à moins d'une autre indication. Lorsque aucun état type n'est indiqué ainsi dans les tables, il s'agit de la forme " ordinaire " solide de l'élément. En écrivant la constante d'équilibre, K1 les activités des substances se trouvant au deuxième membre de la réaction sont écrites au numérateur comme d'habitude. Pour les gaz, les unités sont toujours atmosphères, et pour les corps dissous, les unités sont toujours fractions moléculaires grammes, ou molécules grammes pour 1000 g d'eau. Pour la constante K, ainsi définie, AF0 = -RTIn K. Dans quelques cas on s'est servi des fonctions d'équilibre (K1n), dans lesquelles la molalité des substances ou des ions est utilisée à la place de l'activité, et d'autres fonctions (K0) dans lesquelles les concentrations (mol gr. par litre) des substances en solutions sont utilisées à la place des activités. Dans d'autres cas encore, il a été employé des fonctions spéciales (Km ou K'e) dans lesquelles les activités ont été utilisées pour toutes les substances à l'exception des ions présents. La concentration d'un gaz n'est jamais utilisée dans ces expressions. Voir Lewis et Randall (88S), Randall et Vietti (1192), Randall (IITO.B). COEFFICIENTS D'ACTIVITÉ Dans le cas de toutes les réactions ne comportant que des ions au deuxième membre de l'équation, et dans quelques autres cas, les divers équilibres sont transformés de telle façon que (log y + une constante) et i№ soient donnés dans les tables. Au moyen d'un simple graphique de ces quantités, on peut faire des interpolations et des comparaisons et par superposition des courbes ainsi obtenues avec les courbes correspondantes de sels de référence convenables, dessinées à la même échelle, on peut effectuer facilement l'extrapolation pour le coefficient unité d'activité; lorsque ces nombres extrapolés sont disponibles, on trouvera le coefficient d'activité de la paire particulière d'ions en soustrayant log p.f. (donné dans quelques cas) de la valeur de (log 7 + une constante). Le coefficient d'activité pour la concentration, la force ionique pour la concentration, etc., sont définis suivant le sens utilisé par Randall et Vietti (1192), c'est-à-dire, le produit du coefficient d'activité pour la concentration, par la concentration donne l'activité (définie avec référence aux molalité). log y + constante = log y - J67°/0,00019844v71/Ar) = -J0/(0,00019844*!T/JV) - log (l/m ± ) (4) où -EJ0 et E sont respectivement les forces électromotrices types et mesurées, N le nombre des équivalents et m± la molalité moyenne des ions étudiés dans la pile.* Ou log 7 + constante = (1 / v ) log p -J- log (l/m±) (5) où p est la pression de vapeur du corps dissous. Ou log 7 + constante = (1 / v ) log X2 + log (1/m=*=) où X2 est la fraction moléculaire du corps dissous dans un deuxième dissolvant non miscible. Ou log 7 -J- constante = log (l/m±) où ra± est la molalité moyenne des ions en équilibre avec le solide pur (solubilité). Ou log 7 + constante = (l/z>) log (1/Kjn) où K'm est une fonction d'équilibre dans laquelle les activités sont substituées à toutes les substances prenant part à la réaction (ordinairement des substances non dissociables ou des gaz), à l'exception de la paire d'ions considérés. (Voir CaCO3 (calcite) + H2C03(aq) = Ca++ + 2HCO^, p. 296.) ARGOMENTI COMPRESI IN QUESTO CAPITOLO Questo capitolo comprende tutti gli equilibri chimici, eccettuati quelli dei quali si è parlato in capitoli precedenti. Vi sono pure contenuti dati termodinamici diversi, come quantità molari parziali, coefficienti di attività, capacità termiche, ecc. *En général AF = -NEW.

Beispiel in der Reaktion Pb (s) + PbO2(S) + 2H2S04(aq) = 2PbSO4(s) + 2H2O(I) die folgenden als Schlüsselformeln zu nehmen: Pb, 23; PbO2, 23-12; H2SO4, 8-2a-U; PbSO4, 23-8-14; H2O, 22-1. Die höchste Schlüsselformel ist jene für PbSO4, 23-8-14, und diese Reaktion wird deswegen unter PbSO4 angegeben; man kann sie auffinden, indem man die Blätter des Bandes umschlägt, bis 23 als das erste Glied der Schlüsselnummern, die am oberen Ende jeder rechten Seite sind, erscheint. Nachdem die richtige Abteilung so gefunden worden ist, kann man das erwünschte System oder die erwünschte Reaktion nach Besichtigung festsetzen. 2. Wo es sich um eine Zustandswahl für die gegebene Substanz handelt, ist die Ordnung wie folgt : Gas (g) ; Flüssigkeit (1) ; fester Körper (s); in wässriger Lösung (aq); in nicht-wässriger Lösung, Standardanordnung nach Lösungsmitteln. 3. Wichtige Ausnahmen.—Feste Hydrate, Ammine, usw., Krystallwasser oder Krystall-Ammoniak enthaltend, stehen unter dem lösungsmittel-freien Salz verzeichnet. Krystall-Wasser, -Ammoniak, usw., sind deswegen im Schreiben der Schlüsselformeln fortzulassen. (Diese Ausnahmen sind aber für Komplexionen, Komplexkobaltammine, usw., nicht gültig.) Löslichkeitsdaten sind immer unter der Schlüsselformel des gelösten Stoffes zu finden. ZEICHEN UND ABKÜRZUNGEN Im allgemeinen werden die Formelzeichen von Lewis und Randall (885) gebraucht. (Siehe auch die deutsche Übersetzung von Redlich.) a Aktivität. c Konzentration (Mol pro Liter). c* Geometrisches Mittel der lonenkonzentrationen. i Flüchtigkeit. (Fugazität). het. Zwei-Phasen System am reichsten an gelöstem Stoff. In Natürlicher Logarithmus. log Dekadischer Logarithmus. m Molarer Gehalt (Mol pro 1000 g H2O in vacuo, Molarität). w

t wi n p p.f. s sc t x Cp Cv E E E" F H 7 K K' Kc Km Kp L M P R S T V w

) Siehe S. 230. J Molzahl. Dampfdruck (in Atmosphären). Proportionalitätsfaktor (siehe Aktivitätskoeffizienten). Löslichkeit (Mol pro 1000 g H2O in vacuo). Löslichkeit (Mol pro Liter). Temperatur, Grad Celsius. Molenbruch. Molwärme bei konstantem Druck. Molwärme bei konstantem Volumen. Innere Energie. Elektromotorische Kraft. Ein Gramm-Atom Äquivalent negativer Elektrizität. Freie Energie. Wärmeinhalt. Integrationskonstante. Gleichgewichtskonstante (Aktivitäten) siehe S. 230. Spezielle Gleichgewichtsfunktion. Gleichgewichtsfunktion in Konzentrationen ausgedrückt. Gleichgewichtsfunktion in Molaritäten ausgedrückt. Gleichgewichtsfunktion in Partieidrücken ausgedrückt. Relativer partieller molare Wärmeinhalt. Molar. Gesamtdruck oder Dampfdruck in Atmosphären. Gaskonstante. Entropie. Absolute Temperatur. Volumen. Molare Masse (Molekulargewicht).

Le tabelle però non sono così complete come si potrebbe desiderare. Si è cercato di includervi il maggior numero possibile di tipi di sistemi, e sono stati trattati con maggiore estensione i sistemi non ampiamente discussi nella letteratura, anziché quelli più comuni. Il fatto che qualche tabella sia stata omessa o che dei dati siani stati semplicemente citati non indica nulla rispetto alla qualità e alla importanza di essi. DISPOSIZIONE 1. I sistemi e le reazioni sono elencate con l'ordinamento standard (vedi Voi. Ili, p. viii) seguendo l'ordine delle sostanze che hanno la formula-chiave più alta. Così, per esempio, nella reazione Pb(s) + PbO2(S) + 2H2SO4(aq) = 2PbSO4(s) + 2H2OQ) le formule-chiavi sono: Pb, 23; PbO2, 23—12; H2SO4, 8—22—U; PbSO4, 23—8—U; H2O, 22—1. La formula-chiave più alta è quella del PbSO4, 23—8—14 e quindi questa reazione si troverà elencata sotto PbSO4 e si troverà dove il 23 apparirà come il primo membro dei numeri-chiave che stannò in cima ad ogni pagina di destra. Stabilita a questo modo la sezione si può trovare il sistema di reazione per ispezione. 2. Quando una data sostanza è considerata in diversi stati, allora l'ordine è il seguente: gas (g); liquido(1); solido(s) in soluzione acquosa (aq); in soluzione non acquosa l'ordine è quello standard dei solventi. 3. Eccezioni Importanti.—Gli idrati solidi, le ammine, ecc., che contengono acqua, ammoniaca, ecc. "di cristallizzazione" sono elencati sotto la sostanza originaria. L'acqua, l'ammoniaca, ecc., di cristallizzazione dovrà essere tralasciata nello scrivere la formula-chiave. (Queste eccezioni non si riferiscono tuttavia agli ioni complessi, alle cobaltammine complesse, ecc.) I dati di solubilità sono in ogni caso elencati sotto i soluti. ABBREVIAZIONI E SIMBOLI In genere viene impiegata l'annotazione di Lewis e Randall (88S). a Attività. c Concentrazioni (moli per litro). c± Media geometrica della concentrazione degli ioni. f Fugacità. het. Sistema di due fasi più ricco in soluto. In Logaritmo a base e. log Logaritmo a base 10. m Molarità (moli per 1000 g di H2O, nel vuoto).

5 K230-

n p p.f. s sc t x Cp C« E E E~ F H / K Kf KC

Numero di moli. Tensione di vapore (in atmosfere). Fattore di proporzionalità (vedi coefficienti di attività). Solubilità (moli per 1000 g H2O, nel vuoto). Solubilità (moli per litro). Temperatura, 0C. Frazione di mole. Capacità termica molare a pressione costante. Capacità termica molare a volume costante. Energia interna. Forza elettromotrice. Un grammo atomo di elettricità negativa. Energia libera. Contenuto termico. Costante d'integrazione. Costante di equilibrio (attività) v. p. 230. Funzione speciale di equilibrio. Funzione d'equilibrio espressa in concentrazioni.

7 p Uc j/

Aktivitätskoeffizient. lonenstärke. lonenstärke (für Konzentrationen). Anzahl Ionen, die bei Dissoziation einer Molekül gebildet werden. A Zuwachs. Kleingedruckte lateinische Grossbuchstaben, z. B. H, bedeuten molare Grossen. Kleingedruckte lateinische Grossbuchstaben überstrichen, z. B. H, bedeuten partielle molare Grossen. Index i (bezw. 2) entspricht dem Lösungsmittel (bezw. gelöstem Stoff). EINHEITEN UND WERTE DER GEBRAUCHTEN KONSTANTEN* l cal. 4,182 Joule. T t + 273,1. E 82,07 cm3-Atm. pro Grad K. E 1,9885 KaI. pro Grad K. V (für einem Mol eines idealen Gases) 22 412 cm3 bei l Atm. und 273,10K. F 96 494 Coulomb pro Äquiv. F 23 074 KaI. pro Volt Äquiv. Alle Drucke sind in Atmosphären, alle Temperaturen in Grad absolut, alle elektromotorischen Kräfte in Volt, und alle Energiegrössen in Kalorien (siehe weiter oben) ausgedrückt, wenn nicht ausdrücklich anders angegeben ist. Bei weiterer rechnerischer Verwendung dieser Daten ist es wichtig nur die Konstanten und Daten dieser Abteilung zu gebrauchen. DATEN DER FREIEN ENERGIE Im allgemeinen kann man die Genauigkeit der Gleichungen für die freie Energie nach der Konstanz der Grosse / beurteilen, wenn letztere tabellarisiert ist. Das Ausbleiben einer bestimmten Richtung der Konstante bei einer Temperaturänderung zeigt, dass die Wahl dieser besonderen Formen der Reaktionsteilnehmer, sowohl wie die Werte von AH und ACP wahrscheinlich richtig ist. Die einzelnen Abweichungen zeigen den Präzisionsgrad der experimentellen Messungen. Da viele der abgeleiteten Werte durch Addition und Subtraktion anderer Gleichungen erhalten worden sind, ist es zu dieser Zeit nicht möglich, die Grosse des wahrscheinlichsten Fehlers anzugeben; die Zahl der angegebenen Ziffern soll deswegen nicht als Mass der Genauigkeit genommen werden. Wo "revised" Werte angegeben sind, ist es gewöhnlich nötig dass man die nicht revidierten (885) Werte gebraucht, wenn man solche Daten mit anderen der Abteilung kombinieren will. Die freien Energien sind in folgender Form gegeben AF» = AH°Q- AFjT 7 In T- ÂT'T2- %AT"T3- . . . + IT (l) wo Ar, Ar', AF", usw., die Koeffizienten in dem algebraischen Ausdruck für die Zunahme des Wärmeinhalts während der Reaktion sind. So haben wir A#° = AHl + AF0T7 + HAFT2 + ÂF"?73 (2) A£° = AFg(I + In T7) + AT'T + %AT"T* + . . . - / (3) Der Index ° an den Grossen AF, AH, AS bedeutet dass die Grosse zu einer angegebenen oder angedeutenden Reaktion gehört, in welcher alle teilnehmenden chemischen Substanzen bei Aktivität Eins, bei einer Flüchtigkeit von l Atm. (oder, wenn es besonders angegeben ist, bei einem Druck von l Atm.), oder bei * Es ist zu beachten das diese Werte nicht diejenigen sind welche sonst in den I. C. T. (siehe Bd. I, S. 17) angenommen wurden. Die Daten dieser Abteilung bilden unter sich ein einheitliches System, aber können nicht leicht mit anderen Daten in den I. C. T. kombiniert werden.

Kn Kp L M P E S T V w 7 ju PC v

Funzione d'equilibrio espressa in molarità. Funzione d'equilibrio in termini delle pressioni parziali. Contenuto termico molare relativo parziale. Molare. Pressione totale o tensione di vapore in atmosfere. Costante dei gas. Entropia. Temperatura assoluta. Volume. Massa molale. Coefficiente di attività. Forza ionica. Forza ionica per le concentrazioni. Numero degli ioni formatisi per la dissociazione d'una molecula. A Incremento. Let. cap. rom. piccola. Quantità molari, per esempio H. Let. cap. rom. pic. sbarrata. Quantità molari parziali, per esempio H. L'indicazione sottoscritta i (risp. 2) si riferisce al solvente (risp. soluto). UNITÀ E VALORI DELLE COSTANTI IMPIEGATE* 1 cai. T E E V

4,182 joules. t + 273,1. 82,07 cm3-atm. per grado K. 1,9885 cai. per grado K. (per una mole di gas perfetto) 22 412 cm3 a I atm. e 273,10K. F 96 494 coulombs per equiv. F 23 074 cai. per volt equiv. Tutte le pressioni sono espresse in atmosfere, tutte le temperature in gradi assoluti, tutte le forze elettromotrici in volte e tutte le quantità di energia in calorie (v. sopra) a meno che non venga espressamente altrimenti indicato. Nel fare ulteriori trasformazioni dei dati è importante che vengano usati solo le costanti e i dati di questo capitolo. DATI SULL'ENERGIA LIBERA In genere, l'accuratezza delle equazioni dell'energia libera può essere giudicata dalla costanza di 7, dove questo è riportato. Quando il valore di / non mostra tendenza a variare con la temperatura deve ritenersi che la scelta delle forme particolari delle sostanze prendenti parte alla reazione, e i valori di AH e ACP sono da ritenersi con probabilità sostanzialmente corretti. Le singole variazioni indicano il grado di accuratezza delle misure sperimentali. Siccome molti dei valori dedotti implicano la addizione e la sottrazione di altre equazioni, non è possibile, oggi, indicare l'errore probabile; non bisogna prendere quindi come indice di accuratezza il numero delle cifre riportate. Dove sono riportati valori "revised" bisognerà usare i valori non corretti (885) quando dovranno essere combinati con altre equazioni di questo capitolo. Le energie libere sono date nella forma AF* = AH* - AT°QT IuT- Y2AT'T* - YQAT"T* • • • +/!T(D dove Ar, Ar' e Ar", ecc., sono i coefficienti dell'incremento della capacità termica della reazione nell'espressione algebrica. Così si ha: AH0 = AH* + AFT + KAFT 2 + HAr"?7* (2) AA0 = ArJ(I + In T) + AT'T + y2AT"T* + • - • -I (3) * Nota bene che questo non sono i valori accettati dalle I. C. T. (vedi Vol. I, p. 17). I dati di questa sezione formano un tutto unico, ma non possono essere combinati senz'altro con gli altri dati delle I. C. T.

einer hypothetischen Konzentration Eins angenommen sind. Ist die Reaktion nicht ausdrücklich angegeben, so wird angenommen, dass es sich um jene Reaktion handelt, in welcher eine gegebene Substanz aus ihren Elementen in dessen Normalzuständen gebildet wird. Der Normalzustand ist jener, welchem in den Tabellen der Wert AjP0 = O zugeteilt ist, wobei der Druck immer l Atm. sein soll, falls kein anderer Wert dafür besonders angegeben wird. Im Fall, dass kein Normalzustand in den Tabellen derart angegeben ist, nimmt man den "gewöhnlichen" festen Zustand des Elementes an. Die Gleichgewichtskonstante, Ä", ist immer so definiert, dass die Aktivitäten der Substanzen, welche rechts in der geschriebenen Reaktionsgleichung erscheinen, im Zähler stehen, Für Gase sind die Einheiten immer Atmosphäre, und für gelöste Stoffe immer Molenbrüche, oder Mol pro 1000 g Wasser. Für die Konstante K auf diese Weise definiert, ist AF0 = -RT In K. In einigen Fällen gebrauchen wir Gleichgewichtsfunktionen (K"OT), in welchen, anstatt Aktivitäten, die Molarität der Substanzen oder Ionen gebraucht wird, und anderere (Kc) in welchen die Aktivitäten durch Konzentrationen (Mol pro Liter) ersetzt sind. In noch anderen Fällen haben wir Spezialfunktionen (K'm oder KC) gebraucht, in welchen für alle Substanzen, ausser den Ionen, Aktivitäten benutzt worden sind. Die Konzentration eines Gases kommt in solchen Ausdrücken nie vor. Siehe Lewis und Randall (885), Randall und Vietti (1192), und Randall (H70.5). AKTIVITÄTSKOEFFIZIENTEN Im Falle aller Reaktionen, welche auf der rechten Seite nur Ionen enthalten, und etlicher anderer, sind die verschiedenen Gleichgewichte so umgeformt, dass (log 7 H- Konstante) und p% in den Tabellen angegeben sind. Durch einfache graphische Auftragung dieser Grossen, kann man Interpolieren und Vergleiche ausführen; durch Auflegen der so erhaltenen Kurven auf entsprechende Kurven in demselben Massstabe für passende Bezugssalze kann man leicht zum Aktivitätskoeffizienten Eins extrapolieren. Wenn diese extrapolierten Grossen vorhanden sind, kann der Aktivitätskoeffizient für das betreffende lonenpaar durch Subtraktion von log p./. (in einigen Fällen angegeben) von dem Wert der Grosse (log 7 + Konstante) erhalten werden. Der Aktivitätskoeffizient für Konzentration, die lonenstärke für Konzentration, usw., sind in dem Sinne Randall und Viettis (1192) definiert, nämlich so, dass die Aktivität (in Bezug auf Molaritäten definiert) gleich ist dem Produkt von dem besagten Konzentrationsaktivitätskoeffizient und der Konzentration. log 7 H- Konstante = log 7 - E°/(0,00019844? T/N) = E/(0,00019844? T/N) + log (1/m-.) (4) wo E° die normalen und E die gemessenen elektromotorischen Kräfte, N die Nummer der Äquivalenten, und ra± die mittlere Molarität der Ionen in der Kette bedeutet*. Oder log y -f. Konstante = (l/v) log p + log (l/m*) (5) wo p der Dampfdruck des gelösten Stoffes ist. Oder log 7 H- Konstante = (l/v) log X2 + log (l/m±) wo Xz den Molenbruch gelösten Stoffes in einem zweiten unvermischbaren Lösungsmittel bedeutet. Oder log 7 + Konstante = log (l/m±) wo m=*= die mittlere Molarität der Ionen in Gleichgewicht mit dem reinen festen Stoffe (Löslichkeit) ist. Oder log 7 H- Konstante = ( l / p ) log (I/O wo K'm eine Gleichgewichtsfunktion ist, in welcher für alle Reaktionsteilnehmer (am gewöhnlichsten undissozierbare Stoffe oder Gase) bis auf das betrachtete lonenpaar, Aktivitäten eingesetzt worden sind. (Siehe CaC03(Calcite) + H2CO3 (aq) =Ca++ + 2HCO-3-, S. 296.) *In allgemeinen AF = NE1P.

Il contrassegno ° sulle quantità AF, A#, AS, indica che esse si riferiscono ad una reazione in cui tutte le sostanze che vi partecipano vengono considerate a una attività unitaria, a una fugacità di 1 atm. (oppure, quando sia specificamente indicato, alla pressione di 1 atmosfera) o a una concentrazione unitaria ipotetica. Quando la reazione non è esplicitamente indicata, si suppone sia quella di formazione di una data sostanza dagli elementi, nei loro stati standard. Lo stato standard di un elemento è quello per il quale nelle tabelle viene dato il valore AF0 = O, la pressione essendo sempre di 1 atm. salvo che non venga altrimenti indicato. Quando nelle tabelle non è indicato nessuno stato standard, si tratta della forma solida "ordinaria" dell'elemento. Nello scrivere la costante di equilibrio, K, le attività delle sostanze del membro di destra della reazione, come essa viene comunemente scritta, appaiono sempre al numeratore. Per i gas le unità sono sempre atmosfere, e per i soluti frazioni di moli o moli per 1000 g di acqua. Per la costante K così definita, Aô = -RTIn K. In alcuni casi è fatto uso di funzioni di equilibrio (Km) nelle quali invece dell'attività si impiega la molarità delle sostanze o dei ioni, in altri casi (Kc) nelle quali le concentrazioni (moli per litro) delle sostanze in soluzioni sono impiegate invece dell'attività. In altri casi sono state impiegate speciali funzioni (Kfn, o K'c) nelle quali le attività sono usate per tutte le sostanze tranne che per gli ioni presenti. La concentrazione di un gas non viene mai impiegata in queste espressioni. Vedi Lewis e Randall (88S), Randall e Vietti (1192), Randall (iiTO.B). COEFFICIENTI DI ATTIVITÀ Nel caso delle reazioni che implicano solo gli ioni del membro di destra dell'equazione, e in pochi altri casi, i vari equilibri vengono trasformati in modo che nelle tabelle sono riportati (log 7 H- una costante) e pfó. Con un semplice grafico, si potranno fare interpolazioni e confronti. Sovrapponendo le curve così ottenute ad altre corrispondenti (di sali di riferimento opportunamente scelti, e disegnate sulla stessa scala) si può facilmente fare l'estrapolazione rispetto al coefficiente di attività unitaria. Quando si abbiano questi valori estrapolati si può trovare il coefficiente di attività di questa particolare coppia di ioni sottraendo log p.f. (dato in pochi casi) dal valore di (log 7 + una costante). Il coefficiente di attività per concentrazione, la forza ionica per concentrazione, ecc., sono definite nel senso in cui sono state impiegate da Randall e Vietti (1192), cioè il prodotto del coefficiente d'attività per concentrazione moltiplicato per la concentrazione da l'attività (definita riferendosi alle molarità). log 7 H- const. = log 7 - E0/ (0,00019844»/T/N) = -#/(0,00019844? T/N) + log (1/m*) (4) dove E° e E sono le forze elettromotrici standard e misurate, N il numero degli equivalenti e m± la molarità media degli ioni studiati nella cella.* Oppure log 7 + const. = (l/v) log p H- log (l/m ± ) (5) dove p è la !tensione di vapore del soluto. Oppure log 7 H- const. = (l/v) log X2 H- log (1/w*) dove X2 è la frazione molare del soluto in un secondo solvente immiscibile. Oppure log 7 H- const. = log (l/m±) dove m± è la molarità media degli ioni in equilibrio con li solido puro (solubilità). Oppure log 7 + const. = (l/v) log (I/O, dove K'm è una funzione d'equilibrio nella quale si sono sostituite le attività per tutte le sostanze che prendono parte alla reazione (generalmente sostanze indissociabili o gas) eccettuata la coppia di ioni presa in considerazione. (Vedi CaCO3 (calcite) H- H^COa (aq) = Ca++ + 2HCO~ p. 296.) * In generale &F = NEV.

A, Àrgon A.5^H20(?) = Afe) + 5MH2O(I) (436) (E) T PA

I 233.9 I 273.3 I (1) (extrap.) | 98.5

| |

281.1 || 210 ||

A# 14 885

Kr, Krypton Kr.5H2O(?) = Rr(g) + 5H2O(I) (436) (E) AH = 14 710 T I P u T I P 248.3 (1.0) (extrap.) 279.1 26.00 273.1 14.50 281.1 30.91 275.1 17.78 283.1 37.58 277.1 21.38 285.1* 45.19 * Critical decomposition point, T = 285.6 to 286.10K.

O, Oxygen Ofe);^ = 5.0 Ot(g) = 0+(g) + O (excited) __ ( 11 Q); cf. Vol. V, p. 418 Äff = 150 OOP, band spectra Ag° = O; AF0 = O (877, 885); Çp = 6.5 +-0.QQlOT7 («76, 885) O2(g) = Ofe) + O (excited) &H « 162 000, band spectra ( 11 O); = 150 000, positive ray analysis (637, 638). c/. yoi. yy p. 413 O2(aq) AF?M.! = 3904, from solubility in water ( 468 ); for activity coefficient in aqueous salt solutions, v. ( 1175 ) "0^) Cp = 7.0 + 0.007ir - 0.00000186772 («77, 885) %02(g) = 0,fe) Ag = 34 600 - 2.75 T7 + 0.028T2 - 0.00000062T3 (88B); AF° = 34 600 + 2.7577In T - 0.0028772 + 0.00000031773 - 22AT (425, 885, 922, 923); c/. (400, 943, 1228, 1503, 1504); AFJj98-1 = 32 400

H, Hydrogen H(g) Cp = 5.0; AFlJ98.! = 45 730 (88S) ; see H 2 = 2H 0

ÏF

0

AF , Ag and all partial molai quantities are arbitrarily taken equal to O

afe)

AF0 = O; Ag° = O (877, 885); Cp = 6.5 + 0.0009T («76, 885)

H,fe) = 2H(g) AF0 = 97 000 - 3.577In T + 0.00045772 -f 1.1777; AFj^1 = 91 460 (825,826,827,829,885); cf. (309, 1545, 1546, 1547) 'and

Vol. V, p. 418 Hj (g); v. Vol. V, p. 418

AF298.i

H2(aq) 4182, from solubility in water ( 468 ); for activity coefficient in aqueous salt solutions, v. ( 117 S) =

OHAFJ98.! = -37 455 (885)

#298.i = -0.3976

(Pt)OH-, O 2 (885); [OH- = K0,fe) + ^H2O(I) + E"; AF^1 = 9175]

H20(g) Cp = 8.81 - 0.001977 + 0.00000222772 (885); SeeH2(g) + KO2(g) • H20(g) H20(g) ( 1 1 90)/ r o m (56)

Activity function of water vapor in mixtures with hydrogen and with nitrogen at 323.10K P

•

TT

7

.

TT

h/P

.

XT

,

.

XT

/C 2 /P

(atm.) X* m H2 fe2 in H2 in H2 ** m Na ^ m Nz in N 2 100 0.1391 93.8 0.938 0.1576 82.8 0.828 200 .0785 178.0 .890 .1001 139.6 .698 300 .0582 257.1 .857 .0796 188.0 .627 400 .0473 338.7 .847 .0684 234.1 .585 500 .0408 420.0 .840 .0623 275.0 .550 600 .0364 504.0 .840 .0584 318.0 .530 700 .0334 586.5 .838 .0551 355.6 .508 800 .0312 671.5 .839 .0527 397.4 .497 900 .0294 761.0 .845 .0505 443.0 .492 1000 .0282 849.0 .849 .0486 493.0 .493 Activity function of water vapor in mixtures with 3:1 hydrogennitrogen at 298.1, 310.6 and 323.10K 298 10K ^ 310.60K 323.10K (atm.) ~x 2 I Jc2 I kz/P xz \ fo | fo/P xz \ fa \ fo/F 100 0.0385 87.3 0.873 0.0768 89.0 0.890 0.1451 89.9 0.899 200 .0234 154.7 .773 .0449 163.3 .817 .0846 165.0 .825 300 .0183 212.5 .708 .0341 230.9 .770 .0631 237.1 .790 400 .0157 266.8 .667 .0287 294.1 .735 .0521 307.2 .768 500 .0140 321.5 .643 .0254 377.0 .724 .0460 372.5 .745 600 .0128 377.8 .630 .0231 420.0 .700 .0417 439.5 .732 700 .0120 433.0 .619 .0214 487.0 .696 .0386 508.0 .726 800 .0113 494.5 .618 .0200 558.0 .697 .0362 579.0 .724 900 .0108 556.0 .618 .0189 632.0 .702 .0344 651.0 .723 1000 .0104 620.0 .620 .0181 702.0 .702 .0328 729.0 .729

H 2 (g) + K 0 2 ( g ) = H 2 0 ( g ) ( 1 1 B, H7, 11 S, 821, 914, 915, 1057, 1350, 1495, 1496); cf. (546, 548, 643, 1053, 1320)

AF298.! = 57 820; AF2°98 / = -54 507; AF0 = -57 410 + 0.9477 In T + 0.00165772 - 0.00000037773 + 3.92T7 (885)

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 T

T 397 480 561 705 783 863 968 155 257 325 354 393 433 455 474 531 550

I % dissoc. I log K I / I Mean / | 0.0078 6.312 3.81 3.81 .0184 5.753 3.94 .0340 5.354 3.67 .0326 4.362 3T7Î .0778 4.260 .211 3.826 .373 3.579 Ï7Ï8 3.039 sToT Z~Q2 1.77 2.771 3.57 0.00325 6.884 3.55 .0049 6.616 .0069 6.393 .0103 6.129 .0142 5.922 .0141 5.927 .0255 5.540 .0287 5.464

% dissoc. 2 642 4T3 (Pt)H2, OH2698 7.5 Au = 0.8280 (877, 885); [j£H,fe) + OH~ = H2O(I) + E-; 2 761 6.6 AFlJ98.! = -19 105] 2 834 9.8 HO2-; AF2V1 = -15 610(885) 2 929 11.1

log K

T

Lit.

2.188 (1^, 117, 1.813 n») 1.898 1.626 1.554

337 2505 2 684 2 731 3 092

2

Lit. (1057)

(9! 4, ^1S)

(1495, ^96) (821)

% log K Lit. dissoc. e 2LS 2.470 (1350) 4.5 2.105 6.2 1.945 8.2 1.755 13.0 1.430

A.

H 2 O(I) (885) ; c p /rom(48) AF273.! = -68 470; AF29M = -68 330; AF298.! = -68 270; AP2Vi = -56 560; AF0 = -70 650 - 8.OT In T + 92.84T7

H202(aq) = H+ + HOJ K273.i = 0.67 X IO-12; K298.i = 2.4 X 10~12 15 860 (88S)

(743);

AF°98 l

=

H202(aq) = H2O2(I) Sp. ~ Cp AF2V1 = 3 240 (88S) from (926) heat 18.182 50 0.9978 17.98 F, Fluorine 18.108 60 0.9989 18.00 F2(g) 18.054 70 1.000 18.02 0 0 AF = O; AF = Q; Cp = 6.5 + 0.001177 ( 885 ) 18.018 80 1.002 18.05 HF(g);Cp = 6.5 +0.OQlT 7 17.994 90 1.004 18.09 17.978 100 1.006 18.12 KH2(g) + ^F2(g) = HF(g) 17.969 125 1.012 18.23AF0 = -32 240 + 2.41T; AF^98 l = -31 800 (1018); AAj98 l = 2.41 (833) ' 17.966 150 1.019 18.36 17.966 200 1.026 18.48 T I - E (volts) I log P I AF0 496 1.505 -1.261 -31 800 Fugacity of liquid water at various temperatures and pressures 497 1.479 -1.277 -31 200 (1190) 497 1.484 -1.277 -31 300 P a a a 7 7 ~7 497 1.486 -1.277 -31 300 (atm.) (298.1°) (310.6°) (323.1°) (298.1°) (310.6°) (323.1°) 504 1.489 -1.217 -31 500 508 1.477 -1.217 -31 200 ï î ï Î 0 . 0 3 1 2 5 0.06372 0.1219 518 1.480 -1.101 -31 000 100 1.0757 1.0728 1.0703 .03362 .06836 .13047 519 1.466 -1.097 -31 200 200 1.1576 1.1515 1.1461 .03618 .07337 .13971 521 1.467 -1.081 -31 100 300 1.2454 1.2356 1.2270 .03892 .07873 .14957 521 1.468 -1.081 -31 100 400 1.3394 1.3254 1.3132 .04186 .08445 .16009 521 1.467 -1.081 -31 100 500 1.4402 1.4214 1.4050 .04501 .09057 .17127 534 1.456 -0.981 -31 100 600 1.5481 1.5240 1.5029 .04838 .09711 .18320 534 1.460 -0.981 -31 200 700 1.6637 1.6336 1.6072 .05199 .10409 .19592 538 1.452 -0.953 -31 000 800 1.7874 1.7506 1.7184 .05586 .11155 .20947 538 1.448 -0.953 -30 900 900 1.9200 1.8755 1.8367 .06000 .11951 .22389 545 1.445 -0.901 -31 000 1000 2.0618 2.0089 1.9628 .06443 .12801 .23927 545 1.441 -0.901 -30 950 H2O(I) = H+ + OHHF(I) = HF(g) ,

opt

Sp.

*' ° O 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

„ Cp

heat 1.0092 1.0051 1.0021 1.0001 0.9988 .9979 .9974 .9972 .9972

*'

# 298%1 = 1.005 X IO"14 (885); from

op U

(877, 9 1 1 ) ;

AF

= 29 210 -

53T7, or ACp = -53; AF 29 Li = 13 780 (1S44.S) ; AF0 = 29210 + 53T In T - 335MT; K27^1 = 0.114 X 10~14; Kî.i = 0.58 X 10-14 (885) ; See further Vol. VI, p. 152 and Vol. V, p. 212 H2O(I) = H2O (g) AFlJ98.! = 2 053 (885) from (1301); P298.i = 23.8 mm; see also (337); 'AF373.i = 9 730; AF298.i = 10 450 (885) from (1222, 1368); see further Vol. V, p. 138 H 2 O(S); AF°98.i = -56 418 (885) H2O(I) = H2O(S) ACp = -9.11 - 0.0336(273.1 - T); AF273.i = -1438 (88S, 1262) from (858, 1367); see further Vol. V, p. 95, 131 H202(g) Cp = 7.5 + 0.00427 ( ?7, 885); AF° = -31 200 + 5.5T7 In T - 0.00115772 - 9.3T; AFJj 98-1 = -24 730 ( 8 77, 885) 7

8

H2O2(I)

MoI. wt. of HF(I) (1352); vapor pressure, 192 to 32O0K (1351)

T 234 252 263 273 278.3 281.6 285.0 289.0 298.1

I

P 0.038 .086

I]

T 417.1*

I

AF298-1 P 1.000

w* 87.4 81.6 74.3 67.6 69.3 64.3 69.5 47.7

(HF)6(g); AF2V1 = -210 OOP (1018) 6HF(g) = (HF),(g) = -40 OOP; AFJj 98-1 = -19 200 (1352) from (1441)

Cl, Chlorine CI(g); Cp = 5.0 ( 88 S); see ^Cl2(g) = Cl(g)

ci-

* Extrapolated ( 885 ). H 2 O 2 (S)

CP = 16.0 (926); AF1Jj98.! = -27980 (88S) H 2 O 2 (I) = H2O2(S) AF 27 L 4 = -2 516 (»26); c/. Vol. V, p. 131; AF0 = -1 512 + 3.7TIn T - 15.1677; AF^1 = 252; AF2V1 = -2 615 (88S) 88

i

I

HF(aq) = H+ + F- ("36) g298.i = 7.2 X IQ"4 (conductivity); AF^ 98-1 = 4300 HF2" = HF(aq) + F-("36) K 298 .i = 0.182; AFl)98-1 = 1000

H 2 O 2 (I) = H 2 0 2 (g) (214, 1549)

T 342.1 358.1

P 0.0739 .1895 .3079 .4789 .5737 .6461 .7579 .8697 1.186

* w = apparent MoI. wt.

Cp = 19.7 (926); AFj98.! = -28230 ( 8 ?7, 885)

AF347 = 12 300; AF^ 98-1 = 3 500 (88S)

I

H 2 0 2 (aq); AF2V1 = -31 470 ( S)

AFJj98.! = -31 367 ( 88 S) 7 revised value - 31 345 ("95) CWg) (a = 1) AF°, AF0 = O; Cp = 7.4 + O.OOir ( 88 S); cf. (1546) MCWg) = CL(K) AF0 = 35 000 - 1.3T In T -f 0.00025772 - 1.577; AF^98.! = 32 400 (88S) from ("37); Cf. (600, 601, 11S8, 1450, 1452, 1505, 1546)

Ci2Cg),-ci-, (Pt); Kci2(g) + E- = ciff2°98.i = 1.3594 (««S); = 1.3583 ("»S)

HCl(aq) AF2Vi = -31 367 (885), revised value, -31345 (i««) Log of activity coefficient of hydrochloric acid to IM (U 9S)

Cl2(g, a = 1) = Cl2(g, actual) When P = I, AF2V1 = -6.5 (885)

m 0.001 .002 .005 .01 .02 .05 .1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8 .9 L1O

Cl2(I) JAF 2 V 1 = 1 146 Cl2(g) = Cl2(I) P298.! = 7.63 atm., a(g) = 6.99 atm., a(l) = 1.012; AF1J98.! = 1 146 (««S) from (766); g/. (603, 715, 1127, 1451)

Cl2(aq); AFIj98., = 1 650(885) Cl2(g) = Cl2(aq) At P = 1, Wt(Cl2) as such is 0.0618 (692); AFJj98.! ^ 1 650 (885) Cl2 (in CCl4) AFg98-1 = 1 030 (««S) Cl2(aq) = Cl2 (in CCl 4 ); see Vol. Ill, p. 419 AF10M-1 = -620 (885) Cl2-SH2O(S) = Cl 2 (g) +8H 2 O(I) (1245) (E) T I P [I T \ P 270.1 0.241 279.1 0.653 271.1 0.263 281.1 0.816 272.1 0.293 282.1 0.922 272.86 0.321 283.1 1.048 273.1 0.331 285.1 1.301 275.1 0.421 287.1 1.632 277.1 0.524 289.1 2.003 Cl2.8H20(s) = Cl2(g) + 8H2O(S) (1245) (E)

T 263.1 265.1 267.1 269.1

I

P 0.205 0.222 0.243 0.267

Il

T 270.1 271.1 272.1 272.86

I

P 0.280 0.293 0.308 0.321*

* Quadruple point, hydrate, ice, saturated solution, vapor. For the quadruple point, hydrate, solution of KhO in Ch, solution of Ch in HzO, vapor, Roozeboom (1245; finds T = 301.8, in good agreement with Isambert ( 668 ).

m 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 _J

[log 7 (298.1°)I ai (298.1°) || -0.0743 0.95482 - .0556 .94605 - .0359 .93696 - .0153 .92753 + .0080 .91750 .0610 .89224 .1205 .86452 .1818 .83515 .2460 .80401 |

m (TOO .05 .1 .2 .5 1.0

ClOFSAFV 1 = -250(885) Cl2(aq) + 3H2O(I) = 6H+ + 5C1~ + ClO^ g364.i = 4.3 X IP"7 (1100.5); AFJj98.! = 7 650 (885)

1062)

AF0 = 6835 - 0.027 7 InT - 0.00085T2 + 0.000000185773 - 7.27T] AF2V1 = 4 560 (885) T 625 659 692 723 873 923 703 753

I

logg -0.608 -0.475 -0.380 -0.353 -0.001 +0.100 -0.403 -0.335

I

/ -7.56 -7.59 -7.51 -7.20 -7.09 -7.11 -7.24 -6.88

I

Lit. (855)

(408.i)

(»20)

(298.1°) 0.999965 .999928 .999825 .999650 .999310 .998295 .99660 .99321 .98975 .98623 .98262 .97891 .97509 .97124 .96726 .96324

fll

m [log? (298.1°)[oi (298.1°) 5 0.3757 0.73890 6 .5078 .67106 7 .6403 .6027 8 .7705 .5361 9 .9000 .4720 10 1.0189 .4146 12 1.2367 .3162 14 1.4368 .2371 16 1.6276 .1740

I

opi 17.977 17.976 17.974 17.969 17.947 17.893

Cp2 ^41 -37.8 -36.5 -34.6 -31.0 -27.0

I

Sp. heat 0.9979 .9939 .9903 .9830 .9631 .932

|

Activity coefficient in aqueous salt solutions Salt

I LaCl3 | BaCl2 [

Lit

I (1172) I (1172) | ( 5 2 7 , 5 7 8 , 5 8 0 ) | ( 5 2 7 , 5 7 8 , 5 8 0 )

LiCl

|

Salt

I

Lit

I ( 2 7 9 > 527, 577, 578, 580, 908)

0

^Cl2(g) + KH 2 0(g) = HCl(g) + K0 2 (g); cf. (408.2, 408.3,

I

Partial molai heat capacities and specific heats of aqueous hydrochloric acid at 298.1°K (U87)

3Cl2(g) =2Cl,(g) (1545-1547)

HH,(g) + KCl,(g) = HCl(g) 181O K, degree of dissociation, 0.27% (»* 4 » 915); cf. (1546, 1S47)

log T (298.1°) -0.0153 - .0211 - .0322 - .0438 - .0585 - .0812 - .0993 - .1156 - .1213 - .1227 - .1210 - .1171 - .1118 - .1058 - .0987 - .0915

Log of activity coefficient of hydrochloric acid at 298.10K in concentrated solution (U 95 )

ClO-; AF2V1 = -6 500 (885)

HCl(g) Cp = 6.5 + O.OOlOr (885); AF0 = -21 870 + 0.45T In T 0.000025T2 - 5.3177; AH291^1 = -22 000; AF2V1 = -22 692 (885); AF2V1 = -22 741, revised value (U95)

I

NaCl

KCl +

I CsCl j

(527)

0

HCl(aq) = H + Cl~î AF = O HC1.2H20(s) = HCl(g) + 2H2O(S) (1244) (E)

T 249.7 251.3 252.6 253.05 253.9 254.3

P 0.255 0.361 0.495 0.551 0.703 0.826

Il

T 254.5 254.9 255.05 255.27 255.4*

I

P 0.896 1.039 1.175 1.302 1.421

* Melts at atm. pressure. HC10(aq)î AFJj98-1 = -19 018 (885)

HClO (aq) = H + + ClO#298.i = 6.7 X IO- (i° 9 i); AF§98<1 = 12 520 (««s); cf. (1292, 10

1392)

Cl2(aq) + H2O(I) = H+ + Q- + HClO (sie, 692) AF2°98.i = 4 525 (»»S); c/. (516, 692)

T 273.1 278.1 283.1 288.1 288.1* 293.1 298.1 298.1*

K X IO4 1.45 1.96 2.58 3.28 3.22 4.06 4.84 4.66

I

II

T 303.1 303.1* 308.1 313.1 318.1 323.1 328.1 333.1

I

g X IO4 5.65 6.24 6.43 7.15 7.84 8.51 9.12 9.75

* From ( 516 ) recalculated by ( 6 9 2 ) ; all other values from ( 6 9 2 ).

Br2(aq) AFS98-1 = 977 (885); in satd. soin, at 298.1°, m = 0.207, 7 = ___ q 2 /m = 0.925 from ( 17 Z) Br2(I) = Br2(aq) AFg98-1 = 977 (885) from (690, 890); at 298.1°, m = 0.207 ( 1 ^z) Br2 (in CCl4) AF^1 = 389 (885) Br2 (in CCl4) = Br2(g) at 298.1°, P2M = 0.539 (89Q); AF°98.t = 366 (885) Br2 (in CCl4) = Br2(aq) X2 07Ï4 (TO AF°298., m/x2 0.35 0.371 588

Br, Bromine

T

Br2(g) AF°98>1 = 755 (885); see Br2(I) = Br2(g)

Br2(g) = 2Br(g) AF - 41 600 - 2.6TIn T + 0.0005T2 - 5.OT; AFV1 = 35 740 (885) from (1128) and entropies

* See also ( 1 6 6 »

60

°»

log K -5.983 -5.267 -4.944 -3.747 -3.775 -3.395 -4.296 -2.854 -3.982 -3.119 -2.484 -2.114 -2.376 -2.222 -1.740 -2.093 -1.999 -1.871 -1.623 -1.585 -1.408 -1.244 -1.209 -0.885 -0.876 601

»

603

0

»

675

I

AH 41 200

42 100 41 900 41 500 41 000

I

Lit.* ( 334 ) ( 11 ZS) (131) 11 ( ZS) (334) (11ZS) (334) (131) ( 11 ZS) ( 13 I) (H28) ( 1 Si)

» 1S4S-1S47).

0

Br 2 (I); AH , AF = O; Cp = 17.0 + 0.001T (sss) Br2(I) = Br2 (g) AF0 = 10 450 + 9.6TIn T - 87.21T; AH305.! = 7 520; AF2°981 = 755 (885) from

(885)

(1169, 1243); c/. yoL V, p. 135

Br2(S) Cp = 17.0 + 0.001T; AFg98-1 = 314 (885) Br2(I) = Br2(S) AF0 = -2580 + 9.71T; A# = -2580; AF£98>1 = 314 (885) ; cf. Vol. V, p. 131

P

0.033 .037 .041 046 .051 .054 .057*

I

PH 2 O

I

0.00262 .00313 .00371 .00439 00516

PBr2

0.030 .0337 .037i .0417 .0461

* Quadruple point for solid bromohydrate, ice, satd. soin., vapor.

Br2.10H2O(s) = Br2(g) + IQH2O(I) ( 1 ZSi) (E)

0

I

I

263.1 265.1 267.1 269.1 271.1 272.1 272.8

Br-, Br2(I), Br~, Pt AF2Vi = -24 595 (885), revised value, -24 574; JPJ 98-1 = 1.0659(885), revised value, 1.0650

T 923 1 000 1 051 1 073 1 075.7 1 123 1 130 1 173 1 173 1 176.7 1 223 1 273 1 275.6 1 299.1 1 323 1 326.1 1 333.8 1 352.4 1 396.6 1 408.6 1 443.2 1 477.9 1 483.4 1 555.8 1 557.8

(890)

Br2.10H20(s) = Br2(g) + 10H2O(s) ( 1 ZSi) (E)

Br(g); Cp = 5.0; AF2V1 = 18 250 (885)

Cp = 7.4 + 0.001 T-,

( 69 °)

Lit

HClOs(aq); AF°98.i = -250 (»8«)

T

I

273.5 275.1 276.1 277.2

PBr2

0.0664 .075 .0836 .096

T

278.1 278.6 279.0 279.3

I

PBr2

0.106 .112 .118 .122*

* Quadruple point for solid bromohydrate, Hq. Ü2O, liq. Br2, vapor. Accord" ing to (1472, 1473) at the quadruple point the pressure is 1 atm. at T = 279.9°; in oxygen, 150 atm. at T = 293.1°.

3Br2(g) = 2Br3(g) (1545-1547) Br" ; AFg98-1 = -25 230 (88S) Br- + Br 2 (aq) = BrJ; cf. ( Z 2 1 , 691, 725, 729, 899, 1 1 2 1 , 1466)

AF2V1 = -1 610 (885); g298.i = 15.2 (890) BrJT + Br2(aq) = Br^ (729, 899) BrOJ; AFg98-1 = 2 300(885) KBr 2 (I) + 3H2O(I) = 6H+ + BrOJ + 5E~ AFg98.! = 172 OOP (885) from (1291) HBr(g) Cp = 6.5 + 0.001T; AF2V1 = -12 540 (885); See KH2(g) + KBr2(g) = HBr(g) ^H2(g) + KBr2(g) = HBr(g) AF0 = -11 970 + 0.45TInT - 0.000025T2 - 5.74T; AFiJ98 t = - 12 920 (885); c/. (401); #o o31 = 0.557, 0.558 and 0.549, or AF30Q3.! = -12 800('33) T (408.2) I io g g I / 1 297.1 2.60 -5.87 1 381.1 2.44 -5.72 1 495.1 2.27 -5.64 HBr(aq)-, AFJj 98-1 = -24 595 (88S) y revised value, -24 574 m 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 11.0 T 6.14 8.23 11.2 15.8 23.0 33.4 In C2H5OH (1331); in NaBr(aq) and KBr(aq) (U S3). HBr(aq) = HBr(g) (60) ; c/. (1482.1, 1482.2) At 298.1° m I P X IO4 II m I P X IO4 6 0 . 0 1 9 8 7 9 0 . 2 9 7 4 7 0.04868 10 0.7763 8 0.1171 11 1.987

KHs(g) + KBr2(aq) = HBr(aq) from («»«>) log [H+] I log [Br-] -2.0000 -2.0000 -2.0000 -1.5229 -1.5229 -1.5229 -1.0000 -1.0000 -1.0000 -1.0000

-2.0334 -2.0123 -2.0092 -1.5591 -1.5391 -1.5302 -1.0825 -1.0635 -1.0283 -1.0092

^}] -2.3062 -2.7416 -2.8671 -2.2716 -2.6273 -3.0259 -1.8891 -2.0123 -2.3778 -2.8827

Jm.t

1.2623 1.2476 1.2442 1.2093 1.1976 1.1852 1.1648 1.1600 1.1471 1.1312

+^Jt

I2(I)

,

-9.2302 -9.2254 -9.2295 -9.2492 -9.2492 -9.2485 -9.2772 -9.2769 -9.2768 -9.2782

AF0 = 4 000 - 10.3477; AF2Vi = 920 (885) — AF0, A#° = Q (885)

„H 0.1000 .1000 .1000 .1732 .1732 .1732 .3162 .3162 .3162 .3162

* Constant = —9.1883.

HBr.H2O(s) = HBr(g) + zH2O(g) + H2(XxHBr(I) (1248-1250) (E) T I P || T P 257.5 2.5 265.9 6.0 258.3 2.75 267.3 7.0 259.1 3.0 268.4 8.0 262.1 4.0 269.1 9.0 264.4 S1O 269.8 10.5*

I2(S) = I2(g) AfJQg.i = 4 630 (885) from

I2(S) = I2(I)

AF0 = 4 OOP - 10.3477; AFJj98-1 = 920 (885); c/. (1169, 1170) I,(aq) A^298.i = 3 926, corrected for hydrolysis, (878) from (173, 174, 587, 690); activity coefficient in aqueous salt solutions (1176) from (260) 12 (in var. solvents) = I2(g) In CHCl3, CCl4, CS2, C4H10O (ether) and C6H6 (benzene) (^46) 3I2(g) = 2!3(g) (1545-1547) 17; AF0S98., = - 12 315 (885) 17 = I- + I 2 (aq) (Ì73, 174, 210, 322, 359, 413, 424, 605, 633, 691, 729, 730, 731, 899, 1466, 1467, 1477, 1507)

In HI(aq) at 298.10K («07) C(ZHI)

* Appearance of liquid HBr.

2(HBr.H20)(s) = HBr.2H2O(s) + T I P [I 244.6 0.100 247.1 .112 249.1 .126 251.1 .146

M 0.001 .002 .005

* Appearance of solution of HBr in HaO.

103J£C

I

I

[KI]/[KI3] 1.14 1.11 1.08

H

M 0.010 .020 .100

I

[KI]/[KIa] 1.06 1.04 0.99

^H 2 + KI2(g) = HI(g); Cf. (287, 408, 409, 410, 820)

AF0 = -1 270 + 0.4577In T - 0.000025772 - 5.0177; AF^1 =

K 2 9 8 -I = 5.2 X IO"« (172); K273.! = 5.7

I, Iodine

CP = 5; AFg98.! = 15 470 (885) m I-; I2(S), I-, Pt T 118 #?98.i =0.5357 (885) ? revised value, 0.5345 ( I); AFJ98.i = - 12 361 (885), revised value, - 12 333 ( 11 Si) I2(g) Cp = 7.4 4- 0.00177; AF2V1 = 4 630 (885) life) = 2I(g) AF° = 31 700 - 2.677In T + 0.0005772 - 3AT; AF2Vi = 26 310 (1399); cf. (169, 341, 483, 529, 1403)

C(I2)

HI(g) CP = 6.5 + O.OOir; AFg 98-1 = 315 (885)

X IQ"10 ( 729 ) HBrQ3(aq); AF2V1 = 2 300 (885)

(885) from

I

107; A^298.i = ~31 580 (885) KI2(S) + 3H2O(I) = 6H+ + 107 + 5E-; cf. ( 1 O, 1357, isss) #298.i = -1.197 (^1); AF^98-1 = 138 100 (885)

HBrO(aq); AFg98.! = -19 680 (885) Br2(aq) + H 2 O(I) = H+ + Br~ + HBrO (aq); c/. (171, 1121)

Kg)

C(SHI3)

217 + 4I2(S) = Ir4- (173, 174, 899, 1112)

* M. P.; hydrate and solution contain equal amounts of HBr.

AFS98^ = 11 310 (««S);

I

O.05715 O.000904 O.0000202 1.30 + a.d. to to to = 0.01s 0.0801 .0821 .00132 In KI(aq) at 298.10K (885) from (173, 174)

HBr(g) (1248-1250) (E) T I P 253.1 0.172 255.1 .205 257.1 .242 257.6 .257*

HBr.2H2O(s) = HBr(g) + zH2O(g) + H2(XxHBr(I) (1248-1250) (E) T I P Il T I P The solution contains less HBr than the hydrate 260.1 0.289 248.1 0.0013 .013 260.7 .368 251.3 254.2 .039 261.1 .447 256.3 .079 261.5 .579 258.5 .158 261.8 .691* The solution contains more HBr than the hydrate 257.6 2.5 260.5 1.5 258.3 2.25 261.1 1.25 259.1 2.00 261.5 1.00 259.8 1.75

(67); c/. (549, 1045, 1046)

- 2 000 (885) from (126)

T 553 633 713 793 T (1401) 304.7 328.3 354.7

\

I

IuK 2.2229 2.0984 1.9631 1.8219 AF0 -2 036 -2 019 -1 958

I

I

/ -4.94 -5.05 -5.06 -5.00 / -5.0 -4.8 -4.5

HI(aq) AF2V1 = -12 361 (885); activity coefficient at 298.10K (885) 6 7 8 9 10 6.35 9.71 16.1 30.5 57.9

m 6 7 8

HI(aq) = I- + H + ; AF0 = O HI(aq) = HI(g) (60) ~ I Pm X 104(298.1°K)|| m |PHi X 104(298.1°K) 0.00750 9 0.3882 .02395 10 1.737 .08555

HlO(aq); AFJj98., = -23 170 ( 88 S)

6Sx,„(l) = S6(g) AF7V1 = 860 ( 88 S) from (1*59, lieo)

HIQ(aq) = H + + IQ"? K = ca. IQ"11 (*<">) I2(aq) + H2O(I) = H+ + I- + HlO(aq) #298.1 = 3 X IO"» (171, 172); cf. (1040, 1355, 1358);. AFV1 = 17 100 ( 88 S) 2HIO3(S) = I2O5(S) + H20(g) (338, 844) (E)

T 293.1 313.1 342.1

I

P 0.001 0.012 0.150

T 351.6 358.1* 373.1

[I

I

P 0.217 0.386 0.692

* From ( 338 ); all other values from ( 844 ).

HI03(aq); AFJg98-1 = -31 580 ( 88 S) ICl3 (493)

S(g) CP = 5; AFj98.! = 30 240 ( 88 S) S2(g) Cp = 6.5 + 0.00177 ( 88 S); AF7V1 = 3 320; AF2°98.i = 18 280; 0 A#298 i = 29 690; AF = 30 580 + 1.7477 In T + 0.0042772 AF0

(124, 1159, 1160)

S2(g) =2S(g);c/. (H7,2i7) = 46 700 - 3.5T In T + 0.0005772 + 4.QT; AFj200 = O (1QS2); AF2V1 = 42 200( 88 S)

Se(g) AF0 = 22 600 - 35.9ÜT; AFJj98-1 = 11 900 ( 88 S) Ss(g) AF0 = 20 OOP - 33.QT; AFJj98-1 = 10 OOP (88S) S (rhomb) = S (equilib. vapor) and S\,M(1) = S (equilib. vapor) ; see Vol. Ill, p. 201 Pt, S~, S (rhomb) ff°298.1

Sx(I) CP = 5.4 + 0.005T7 ( 88 S) from ( 8 ?5) ; AFJj 98-1 = 94 ( 88 S) S (rhomb) = Sx(I) AH373.i = 467 ( 875 ); M. P. = 112.80C (779, 1373); AF0 - 1.2ST In T - 0.00015772 + 7.77T (88S)

=

_ 35

88

S x ^(I)JAF 2 V 1 = 93 ( S) 2SX,M(1) = S2(g) AF6Vi = 7 710; AF?18.i = 4 660; AF?23 t = 4 590 ( 8 79, 885) from (124, 1159, 1160) 885

)/rom (259, 875, 1375); AF3083.5 = -2.7

from S (rhomb) = SX,M(1) T

298 373 393 413 423 433 443 453 473 510 573 653 718

2/*

0.008 .031 .040 .055 .067 .111 .187 .225 .270 .313 .332 .338 .341

* y = mole fraction of S^ in SX,M.

T

J 298

-4 ^ L

0.0 -0.00465 -0.00664 -0.00902 -0.01037 -0.01217 -0.01553 -0.01981 -0.0295 -0.0496 -0.0771 -0.1070 -0.1267

Solvent

/ t *u\* (rhomb)* 11.01 8.52 1.13 0.28 16.58 20.04 23.35 0.66 16.76 2.56 29

Chloroform Ethyl bromide Ethyl ether Ethyl formate 288.6 Chloroform 291.7 Benzene 298.4 Benzene Ethyl alcohol Ethyl bromide Ethyl ether 313.1 Chloroform

t * IN* (monocl)* 7V88 6.11 0.80 0.19 12.53 15.12 18.35 0.52 13.07 2.00 0.24

Ratio

1.40 1.40 1.41 1.4 1.33 1.32 1.27 1.3 1.28 1.28 1.2

* s is the solubility in grams/liter of soin.

S"; AF2V1 = 23 450 ( 88 S) S02(g) Cp = 7.0 + 0.007177 - 0.00000186T72; AF2V1 = -69 660 (88S); cf. ( 88 6> 1052) S02(aq); AF0^1 = -69 770 ( 88 S) SO2(aq) = SO2(g) S02.7H2Q(?) = S02(g) +7H 2 0(s)(i246) (E) T I P [I T I P 264.1 0.197 269.1 0.2545 265.1 0.211 270.1 0.2716 267.1 0.233 270.5 0.2785* * Quadruple point, hydrate, ice, soin., vapor. S02.7H20(?) = S02(g) +7H 2 O(I) (1246); c/. (1472, 1473) (E)

Sx = SM; Aff = 416 (S7S)

Sx(I) = SX,M(1) ( 8 7 9 >

S (rhomb) AF0, Ag° = O; Cp = 4.12 -f 0.0047T (88S) S (rhomb) = S (monocl) (189) AF0 = 120 + 0.5077 In T - 0.00125772 - 2.82077; AF?98 l = 17.5 (879, 885); AF3V1 = O; AH273.! = 77.0; AF^1 = 18.3 ( 8 79, 885)

AFJV1 = 110( 885 )/rom( 8 94); C /. (1347) ; i n H 2 SO 4 (aq) (357,358)

(885)

= 0.51

+ 10.6077 (S79, 885)

__^T 273.1

S, Sulfur

- 52AT (S79, 885) from

8SX,M(1) = S8(g) AF^18-1 = 1 250 (88S) from (H59, 1160) S (monocl); Cp = 3.62 + 0.007277 (88S) S (monocl) = Sx(I) AF3V1 = O (1374, 1526); AF0 = -155 - 1.78!TIn T + 0.0011T2

AFo

- 0.8 - 2.5 - 3.4 - 4.5 - 5.2 - 6.1 - 7.7 - 9.8 -14.8 -26.1 -45.0 -70.9 -91.8

T 267.1 269.1 270.1 270.5 271.1 272.1 273.1 273.23

I

P 0.180 0.2321 0.264 0.2785 0.303 0.345 0.391 0.395

[I

T 275.9 277.55 279.1 281.5 283.1 284.4 284.85 285.15

I

P 0.568 0.683 0.876 1.218 1.548 1.977 2.191 2.311*

* Quadruple point, hydrate, satd. soin, of SOz in PhO, satd. soin, of H2O in SO2, vapor.

S03(g); AF2V1 = -86 890 ( 88 S) S02(g) + K02(g) = S03(g) AF0 = -22 600 4- 21.3677; AFg98-1 = -16 230 (88S) from (136) T I logg I / [I T I logg I / 801 1.496 21.35 1000 0.268 21.37 852 1.141 21.31 1062 -0.020 21.38 900 0.816 21.37 1105 -0.202 21.37 953 0.510 21.38 1170 -0.446 21.36 SOr-; AF2V1 = -116 680 (88S) SOrSAF 2 V 1 = -176 500( 88 S)

HS-; AFj98.! = 2 980 (885) +

HS- = H + S" £208.1 = IO'16; AF2Vi = 20 470 (***) from (768) ; c/. (177, 699,

H2S03(aq) = H+ + HSOJ g298.i = 0.017; AFJj98-1 = 2 410 from (355, 698, 778, 779, 976) HSO^; AFg98-1 = -123 920 (885)

1506)

H2S(g) CP = 8.81 - 0.001927 + 0.00000222T2; AFJj 98-1 = -7 840 (885)

HSO7 = H+ + SOT" g298.i = 5 X IQ"6 ( 698 ) ; AF2V1 = 7 240 (885) HSO7 = H+ + SOjAF = O (885); however, £M8.i = 3 X IO2 (1088); = 2 X IO2 0

H 2 (g) + KS2(g) = H2S(g) (««S); c/. (1157)

(783, 784); see also (356, 384.5, 1444) AF0 = -19 200 + 0.9477In T + 0.00165T72 - 0.00000037273 + 1.6521JAF1J98.! = -16 980 (885) H2S04(g) = S03(g) +H 2 0(g) (134) T I logg 1 / I Lit. SxO) + 2H2S04(aq) = 3SO2(g) + 2H2O (g) 1 023 2.025 T68 (116°) AF0 = 91 205 - 12.827 In T - 0.00625272 + 0.00000019273 + 1 103 1.710 1.63 124.6T; AF^98.! = 31 500 (88) 1 218 1.305 1.64 ~~' H2S04(aq); AF20^11 = -176 500 (885) 1 338 0.964 1.63 1 362 .902 1.63 (U 7 I) m I 7298.1 Il m I T298.1 1 405 .793 1.64 (H60) 0.01 0.617 2 0.147 1 473 .643 1.61 (U 71) .02 .519 3 .166 1 537 .490 1.69 .05 .397 4 .203 1 667 .257 1.69 .1 .313 5 .242 S (rhomb) + 2HI(g) = I2(s) + H2S(g) (885) from (liso) .2 .244 10 ,660 .5 .178 15 1.26 AF0 = -17 880 - 4.8927In T + 0.0043272 - 0.00000037273 + 1 .150 20 2.22 58.31 T7; AF2V1 = -8 470 T I log K I / Partial molai heat capacities at ca. 2880K (885) from (112); c/. 313.2 5.595 58.27 (348) 323.2 5.223 58.32 X I CpI I Cp Il X I CpI I Cp 333.2 4.878 58.33 0.00 18.02 I 10.4 0.30 13.78 34.3 3H2(g) + S02(g) = H2S(g) + 2H20(g) (885, H7i) .01 17.98 14.7 .35 12.02 38.1 0 72 73 AF = -50 760 + 0.07T In T + 0.007752 - 0.000001422 + .02 17.87 21.8 .40 10.45 40.7 9.352* .04 17.75 26.8 .50 15 35 2

T

1 1 1 1 1

I

logffcor.*

I

/

5.93 4.33 3.57 3.50 2 53

160 362 473 473 645

9.03 9.02 9.27 9.59 9.85

* log K corrected for Safe) = 2S.

2H20(g) + Sx^(I) = 2H2S(g) + S02(g) K718-1 = 0.00154; AF?18<1 = 9 240 (882) H2S(aq) AFg98 ! = —6 490 (885) j for activity coefficient in aqueous salt ' solutions at 298.10K, v. (977, 1175) H2S(aq) = H+ + HS-; cf. (177, 699, 1506) £291.1 = 0.91 X IO"7 (34); K298.i = 1.15 X IO-7; Atf = 6 000; AF2V1 = 9 470 (885> H2S(g) = H2S (aq) AF^98-1 = 1 350 (885) from

(754.5, 1532);

=

j 363 (977)

H2S.6H20(s) = H2S(g) + 6H2O(S) (isos) (E) 1 QQQ

logPmm =

Tp- + 3.8585 (range -26 to -I0C); AF = 5 550

H2S.6H2O(S) = H2S(g) + 6H2O(I) (434, 440, 1305) ; cf. (233) (E)

The ^ vs. log P graph is linear between P273.i = 0.974 and P 282 1 = 2.5 atm. and between P282.i = 2.5andP3oi.6 = 16atm. Critical decomposition at 290C and 23 atm. (233). p = 50 atm. at 3O0C; AH = 14 270. Partial pressures (interpolated) T, 0K I 274.0| 275.01 276.0| 277.0| 278.0| 280.0| 282.0 ÌH2O 7 7.2 7.2 7.9 8.6 9.9 11.2 atm J H2S 1 092 1 221 1 329 1 485 1 611 1 971 2 408 H2S03(aq); AF2V1 = -126 330 (885) S02(aq) + H2O(I) = H2SO3(aq); AF0 = O (885)

2

17.96 18.31 18.61 17.80 16.68 15.33

.06 .08 .10 .15 .20 .25

2

23.0 17.1 14.7 19.9 25.3 30.1

2

.60 .70 .80 .90 1.00

21.6 29.8 19.7 30.6 16.2 31.9 11.7 32.7 8.1 33.0

For activity coefficient in ZnSO4(aq) at 298.10K, v. (3O, 1184). For activity coefficient in Na2SO4(aq) at 298.10K, v. (H> 580, 583, 1184); ^ 981 = 0.6241. Partial molai heat content at ca. 2980K (885) from (192) S2

I

Li

I

L2

u

X2

0.00 .05 .10 .15 .20 .25 .30 .35 .40 .45 .50

I

Li

I

0.0 O 0.55 -5 730 43.7 4 130 .60 -6 300 - 293.3 7 730 .65 -6 690 - 580 9310 .70 -7010 -1 000 11 190 .75 -7 280 -1 450 12 680 .80 -7 490 -1 910 13 970 .85 -7 700 -2 470 15 130 .90 —7 870 -3 060 16 160 .95 -8 050 -3 880 17 240 1.00 -8 220 -4 850 18 310 H2SQ4(aq) = H+ + HSO4"; AF2V1 = O (885) S02Cl2(g); AFg98-1 = -71 560 (885) S02(g) + Cl,(g) = S02Cl2(g) AF0 = -11 150 + BIT (range 383 to 4110K); AFiJ98 j =

L2

19 040 19 530 19 740 19910 20 027 20 098 20 136 20 153 20 172 20 200

-1 900

from (1445, 1447)

S02(g) +Br 2 (g) = S02Br2(g) (1447) S2OJ-; AFg98-1 = -125 110 (89) S— + H2S(aq) = 2SH~ + (n - 1) S(s) (502) With Na+, m = 0.0995 to 0.303 at 298.10K, K(n = 2) = 17.9 to 25.1; K(n = 4) = 64.8 to 85.9

6Te = 2Te2- + Te++++

Se, Selenium 0

Se (hexagonal) ; AF , Äff ° = O Se (hexagonal) = Se (g, equilib.) (345) Se(I) = Se (g, equilib.) (345, 841, liss) Se6 = 3Se2(g) ("58); c/. (1498) Gas assumed to obey perfect gas law T I K [I T I K 823.1 9.2 XlO- 7 973.1 2.51 X 10~4 873.1 7.41 X IO-6 1 023.1 1.16 X 10~4 5 923.1 4.78 X IQ" 1 073.1 4.78 X IQ"3 + 8 15 HSeOJ = H -f SeO~; g298.i = 0.87 X IQ" ( ^Q) 2H2Se(g) « 2H2(g) + Se2(g) ("*«); qf. ("") H2(g) and H2Se(g) assumed perfect gases; Ps62 calculated from K for Se6 = 3Se2 T 873.1 923.1 1023.1 K 8.4 X IP"8 3.42 X IQ-7 1.14 X IQ"6 H2Se(aq) = H+ + HSe~; K298.i = 1.7 X IQ"4 (2*5) H2Se(g) = H2Se(aq) (972) Pn2S0 = 1 ( 9 7 2 )J AH298.i = -2 431 (437, 438); AjFJ98 ^ ^ 0»72) T_

I

C(H2Se.aq)

||

T_

|

groom = IQ"95 (747, 748, 749)

TeO2(S) + 4H+ = Te++++ + 2H2O(I) In HCl(aq) at 291.10K (750) C(HCI)

C(Te++++)

I

0.10 .22 .46 .92

287.7 0.09789 298.7 0.08277 288.1 .09611 308.1 .07317 298.1 .08415 In HI(aq) at 298.10K (»72). H2Se.xH20(?) = H2Se(g) + xH2O(?) (437, 438) (E) T I P [I T I P 273.1 0.455 281.1 1.00 275.45 .568 287.2 1.9 276.5 .645 295.1 5.0 278.5 .786 303.1* 11.0 280.6 .945 Ag = 16 82Ox H2SeO3(S) = SeO2(S) + H2O(g) (947, 992) I P [I T I P 0.0013 335.1 0.0332 .0021 345.4 .0561 .0042 348.1 .0651 .0078 353.1 .0787 .0097 364,2 .1261 .0107 378.1 .1966 .0142 384.1 .2419 .0153 SeO2.4HCl(s) = SeO2(S) + 4HCl(g) P = 1 atm. at 3790K (339, 340) SeO2.4HBr(s) = SeO2(s) + 4HBr(g) P = I atm. at 3280K (339, 340) H2Se(g) + I2(S) = 2HI(g) + Se(amorp) (1240) 273.1 290.0 300.0 Aff 33.68 22.62 18.06 3954 H2Se03(aq) = H+ -f HSeOJ g298.i = 3.45 X IQ"3 ( 1259 ); g298.i = 4.0 X IQ"5 ( I g 29)

T K

Te, Tellurium Te(s); AF0, Aff 0 = 0 Te(g, equilib.) (»o, 357, 128?, 1288, 1498) Te(s) + 2E- = Te—, (Te(s), Te-) ^2V293 = -0.894 (749) Te(s) = Te++++ + 4E~; (Te(s), Te++++) ^292_293 = -0.549; (Te++++) = 0.25m (748, 749). ^J92-191 = -0.558 (1200)

I

0.22 .458 .73 .914

C(Te++++)* |

K*

0.000039 0.026 .00039 .016 .0029 .022 .0060 .021 Mean = 0.021

2Te(s) + 2E- = Te7~; (Te(s), TeD #292-293 = -0.818; Ter = 0.5m; ^92_293 = -0.836 (748, 749); ^92-293 = -0.827; Te2" = 0.5m (12QQ) Tei" = Te— + Te(s); K292 < IO"2 ( 7 ^) TeOr + 3H2O(I) = Te++++ -h 6OH#292-293 = 1.7 X IO"47 (748, 749, 1200)

HTeO3" = H+ + TeO;~

K298.i = IO"8 (^22); = lQ-9.87 (325)

HTeO7 = H+ -f- TeOT"; ^293.1 = 4 X IO"11 ( 12 2) H2Te(aq) = H+ + HTe~; g298.i = 10~2 (215) H2TeO3(S) + 4H+ = Te++++ + 3H2O(I) In HCl(aq) at 291.10K (750) by emf method C(Ci-) 0.0 .001 .005 .01

c(Te++++) 0.2 X IO"19 .49 X 10~9 .78XlO-7 .14XlO-5

I

I

Kc 510 140 190 Mean = 300

TeO2(S) + H2O(I) = H2TeO3(S) AFS91>1 = -5 550 ± 500 ( 7 SQ)

* Critical decomposition temperature.

T 294.1 297.1 305.1 314.1 316.1 318.1 321.1 322.1

C(HCl)*

* By emf method ( 75 °).

1 467

C(H28e,aq)

|l

0.00057 .0012 .0037 .0091

H2TeO3(aq) = H+ + HTeO" #298.1 = 2 X 1Q~3 ( 12 2); = 0.6 X IQ"5 (325)

H2TeO4(aq) = H+ + HTeO^ K298.i = 6 X IQ"7 (^22)

N, Nitrogen N.(g) AF0, Aff° = Q; Cp = 6.5 + 0.00177 (88S) N2(g) =2N(g);t;. Vol. V7 p. 418 N2(aq) ^298.i = ^ 358 (468); for activity coefficient in aqueous salt solutions at 298.10K, v. (468, 1175) N0(g) CP = 6.5 + O.OOir (88S); AF^98.! = 20 869, revised value ("»3) KN 2 (g) + K02(g) = N0(g) Aô = 21 600 - 2.5077; AF^98.! = 20 850 (88S). AF0 = 21 605 2.470T; AH°98A = 21 605; AT^98.! = 20 869, revised values ("»3) from (419> 697, 1053,

T 1 811 1 877 2 023 2033 2195 2 580 2 675

[

1054); fft

logg -2.038 -1.982 -1.784 -1.798 -1.609 -1.283 -1.245

Cp = 17.35 (402); AF2V1

I

(110,

509,

550, 551, 1026.5, 1092)

I I Lit. -2.599 (1053, 1054) -2.434 ( 697 ) -2.509 ( 697 ) -2.395 (1053, 1054) -2.478 (iosa, 10S4) -2.500 ( 419 > 1053, 1054) -2.376 ( 419 > 1053, 1054) NO(I) = 24 594; A^98.i = 20 228 ("93)

NO(I) = NO(g) AF0 = 4 567 H- 10.85T In T - 0.0005T2 - 89.484T7 (range 110 to 1250K); AFiJ98.! = -3 725; AH°298A = 1 377; vapor pressures corrected for fugacity of liquid and vapor (U93) from (soi, 602); cf. (*81.5) NO(s) Cp = -1.2 H- 0.1577 - 0.00048T2 (40 - 12O0K) (« 93) /rom (402); AFj9811 = 26 398; A^98-1 = 17 926 ("93) NO(s) = N0(g) AF0 = 3 765 - 7.7T In T7 + 0.0745T2 - 0.00008773 - 2.407r (range 73 to 11O0K); AFj9811 = -5 529; AlTj98.! = 3 679; vapor pressures corrected for fugacity of solid and vapor (H93) from (501,

602, 1038). cy (481.5)

N02(g) Cp = 7.0 + 0.0071 T7 - 0.00000086772 (885); AF2V1 - 8 018; AFJj98.! = 11 920 (885); = 12 495, revised value (ii»3) N0(g) H- K02(g) = N02(g) AF0 = - 14 170 H- 2.7571In T - 0.0028772 + 0.00000031T3 + 7 2.73T ; AFJJ98.! = -8930 (««5). A/?O = _13 000 + 2.75T In T - 0.0028T2 H- 0.00000031T3 H- 0.65627; AF?98il = -8 374; AgJ98.i = -13 587, revised values (ii»3)/ rom (Ì3Q, 134, 1224) N(XÂF 2 V 1 = -8 500 (885) NO"; AFJj98.! = -26 500 (885) HN0 2 (aq); AFg98.! = -13 070 (885) HNO 2 (aq) = H+ + NO^ JT898.! = 0.00045 (1334); = 0.00056 (337); AFJj98.! = 4 570 (885) H + + NO3" + 2NO(g) H- H2O(I) = 3HNO2(aq) AF2V1 = 2040 (885) W(HNOs)

Ö

7

I

Ö

5

K298.1

0

.

0

3

\

2

(

1

Lit.

2

9

4

)

.1

.024

(1294)

.1

.2

.030 .022

(866) (1294)

.2

.019

(866)

HN0 3 (g); AF2V1 = -18 210(885) 2HN03(g) = H20(g) +2N0 2 (g) + KO2(g) ( 127 ) 3N02(g) + H 2 0(g) = N0(g) + 2HN03(g) (885) from (223) T 283.1 298.1 1 323.1 348.1 AF° -3000 -3190 -3250 -3810 HNO3(aq) (885) from (223) AF°298.! = -26 500 (885) m 0.05 0.1 0.2 0.5 1 y 0.83 0.79 0.76 0.73 0.73 m 2 4 9 16 36 7 0.79 0.92 1.16 1.45 2.18 HN0 3 (aq) = H+ + NO3"; AF0 = O (885) HNOs(aq) = HNO3(g) AF° = 8 290( 885) from (223); c/. (84, 312, 1115, 1295, 1296, 1297, 1396, 1522)

NH3(g) Cp = 8.04 H- 0.000777 + 0.0000051772; AF|>98.i = -3 910 (885) Activity functions of ammonia vapor in mixtures with nitrogen at 318.10K (1190) from (921) P

7.123 10.133 11.716 13.272 23.695

(N3H3) /2 ft 1.0006.7596.759 0.7040 6.774 9.40 .6393 6.783 10.73 .5655 6.791 12.02 .3313 6.845 19.75

k ki/ kz/P &x* * & 6 . 7 5 9 6 . 7 5 9 1.0000.952 6.615 9.62 1.022 .949 6.86 10.61 0.990 .906 6.88 12.05 1.003 .905 6.54 20.67 1.046 .872

NH3(g).—(Continued) P

(N*g0

/2

fi

fix*

k*

fa/jfî

kz/P

32.818 0.2478 6.894 2 5 . 4 5 ( T 2 6 2 7 . 8 0 1 . 0 7 8 0 . 8 4 6 47.912 .1743 6.974 (32.65) (5.69) 40.00 (1.225) .835 60.864 .1484 7.043 (37.09) (5.50) 47,45 (1.279) .780 Activity functions of ammonia vapor in mixtures with 1:3 nitrogenhydrogen mixtures (1190) from (831) ~p

v.p 50 100 300 600 1000

/2

I

X2

I kt/P

/1

I

Si

I

fo/F

/2

1

X2

fa/P

I

(253.1°) (273.1°) (291.1°) 1.8331.0000 0.972 4.0451.0000 0.954 7.3511.0000 1.9460.0570 .683 4.2710.1000 .854 7.7160.1885 2.071 .0339 .611 4.533 .0581 .780 8.174 .1050 2.655 .0150 .590 5.753 .0340 .56410.309 .0597 3.858 .0126 .510 8.219 .0246 .55514.608 .0476 6.344 .0109 .58213.239 .0209 .63423.241 .0403

0.927 .818 .778 .575 .512 .577

The vapor pressure of ammonia was taken as 1.88 at 253.1°, 4.24 at 273.1° and 7.93 atm. at 291.1°, and the molai volumes as 25.84 at 253.1°, 26.69 at 273.1° and 27.74 cms at 291.10K.

KN 2 (g) H- %H2(g) = NH3(g) AF0 = -9 500 H- 4.96T In T + 0.000575T2 - 0.00000085T3 9.6177; AFJ 98 .! = -3 910 (885) from (537-544, 955); c/. (183, 185, 281, 486, 487, 488, 535, 536, 552, 553, 554, 556, 557, 558, 735, 736, 830, 832, 838, 1055)

-AIn Kp = -9 274 + 4.9677In T + 0.000575!T2 - 0.00000085T3 - 9.86077 (1193) T I Kp I / Jl T I Kp I P=W atm. (832) 598.1 0.0401 -9.845 698.1 0.00919 -9.856 623.1 .0266 -9.848 723.1 .00659 -9.815 648.1 .0181 -9.839 748.1 .00516 -9.907 673.1 .0129 -9.872 773.1 .00381 -9.851 P = 30 atm. (832) 623.1 0.0273 648.1 .0184 673.1 .0129 698.1 I .00919

T 623.1 648.1 673.1

I

-9.900 -9.872 -9.872 -9.857

723.1 0.00676 748.1 .00515 773.1 .00386

T I Kp [I T P = 50 atm. (832) 0.0278 698.1 0.00932 748.1 .0186 723.1 .00690 773.1 .0130 P = 100 atm. (832) Kp

[I

-9.866 -9.903 -9.877

I

Kp 0.00513 .00388

648.10.0202698.10.00987748.10.00532 673.1 .0137 723.1 .00725 773.1 .00402 P = 300 atm. (832) 723.1

I 0.00884 || 748.1 | 0.00674 || 773.1 | 0.00498 P = 600 atm. (832) 723.1 I 0.01294 || 748.1 0.00895 || 773.1 | 0.0065T P = 1000 atm. (832) 723.1 I 0.02328 || 748.1 | 0.01493 || NH3(I) Cp = 47.3 - 0.2476T H- 0.000516T2 ("93); c/. ( 402 » 76°); AF^ 98-1 = -2620(885) ? -2570; A^98-1 = - 16 258, revised value (U 93) NH3(I) = NH3(g) AF0 = 10 450 H- 39.26T7 In T - 0.1241772 + O.OOOOSoOT7* 233.791T (range 189 to 3980K); AF?98-1 = -1 290 (885)? _i 340; A#298.i = 5 264; corrected for fugacity of liquid and vapor (U 93) from (81, 181, 227, 255, 321, 760, 1405); A^ 3 9 9 -

cf. (3*1) and Vol. V, p. 138

5 730 (445);

NH3(S) Cp = 0.20 + 0.063977 (70 - 17O0K); AFJ98 ! = -l 585; AJEfJ98 = -15 109 (ll93) from (402)

t

NH3(S) = NH3(g) AF0 = 7 336 - 7.84T7 In T + 0.0316772 - 0.00000085T3 -f 2.91677 (ränge 146 to 1960K); AF2V1 = -2 325; A#°98.i = 4 125; vapor pressures corrected for fugacity of solid and vapor (U 93) from (181, 227, 746, 1038)

NH3(aq) AF^98-1 = —6 300 (885); for activity coefficient in aqueous salt solutions at 298.10K, v. ( 7 > 1175 > * 181 > 1 ^ 26 ) NH3(g) = NH3(aq) AF^1 = -2 390 (««S); cf. ( 7 , 464, 904, 1226)

NH3(in C7H8, toluene) + H2O(I) = NH4OH(aq) (usi) T_

3(NH3)

I

W(NH4OH)

I

Km

2 9 8 . 1 0 . 0 0 0 4 0 0 6 0 . 7 3 4 7 1 833 .0004629 .8394 1 813 NHt; AF0S98-1 = -18 930(885) NH 4 OH(aq); AFJj98.! = -62 860 (885) NH3(aq) + H2O(I) = NH4OH(aq) ; AF0 = O (885) NH4OH(a) = NHJ + OH~ g»,8.i = 18.1

X IQ'6 (1083); AF2V1 = 6 470 (885); cf.

(800)

I K X IQ6 l| T I K X IQ6 || T \ K X IQ6 17.2 348.3 16.4 429.1 6.28 18.1 373.1 13.5 491.1 1.80 18.1 397.9 10,4 579.1 0.093 NOCl(g); AFJj98.! = 16 010 (885) N0(g) + JiCl2(g) = NOCl(g) AF0 = -9 100 + 14.377; AF§98.i = -4 840 (885) from (1453); c/.

T 291.1 298.1 324.1

(1446, 1464)

T \ logg p Il T I logg p Il 503 0.822 605 0.152 531 0.608 641 0.025 589 0.206 678 -0.133 HNO 3 (aq) + 3HCl(aq) = NOCl(g) + Cl2 + NH 4 Cl(S); AFg98-1 = -47 810 ("89) from

T I logK~ 695 -0.248 704 -0.316 733 -0.497 2H2O(I) (184) (193, 1231)

NH4CKg) = NH3(g) + HCl(g) (1376, 1377); cf. 1060,

1164,

1169,

1170,

(44, 534,

717,

1287)

T I 553 I 563 | 573 | 583 | 593 | 603 Kp I 0.0790 I 0.1996 [ 0.2333 j 0.3082 | 0.4030 | 0.544 MH2(g) + NH4OH(0.05m) + HgCl(s) = Hg(I) + NH4Cl(s) + H2O (in satd. NH4Cl) #2M.i = 0.6924 (193); AH = -70 600; AF2V1 = -14 670 (i 189) NH4Cl (a-s); AF^98.! = -47 810 (H89)/ rom (193) NH4Cl(/3-s) = NH4Cl (equilib. vapor) log p = -l 920.357/77 + 9.778609 log T - 24.081 (I 37 I); cf. (649,

712, 1169,

1170, 1196,

1379,

1510)

NH4Cl(a-s) = NH4Cl(^-S) AH = 1 030 (1303); AF°457.6 = O (1302)

NH4CLSNH3(S) = NH4Cl(S) + T \ P \ \ 237.1 0.184 244.5 .217 .237 246.1 .316 250.1 .408 253.1 255.4 .474 .520 257.1 260.1 .638

3NH3(g) (1457) (E) T \ P 262.3 0.730 267.1 .961 273.1 1.362 276.1 1.651 278.1 1.862 279.1 1.947 280.1 2.184 281.1 2.368

~

NH4C1.6NH3(s) = NH4CLSNH8(S) + 3NH,(g) (1457) (E) T I P u T I P 237.1 0.763 246.1 1.178 240.1 .875 248.1 1.289 242.0 .987 250.1 1.395 244.5 1.098 252.1 1.487 N0(g) + HBr2(g) = NOBr(g) (1449) NH4Br(g) = NH3(g) + HBr(g) (1376, 1377); c/. (1288) T I Kp U T I Kp U T I K9 573 0.00192 613 0.0260 643 0.0186 593 .0233 623 .0202 653 .0167 603 .0260 633 .0203 661 .0053 NH4Br(«-s) = NH4BrO-S) AFÎ10.4 - O (1304) NH4Br(0-s) = NH4Br (equilib. gas) log P = -2 056.541/T + 9.54014 log T - 23.8655 (1371); rf ( 712 ) NH4BnNH3(S) = NH4Br(S) -f NH3(g) Q 458 ) (E) T I P [I T I P 246.1 0.118 273.1 0.461 249.1 .145 282.1 .770 254.1 .191 287.9 1.020 .276 293.1 1.349 263.1 266.5 .322 299.1 1.737 .382 304.1 2.184 270.1 NH4Br.3NH3(s) = NH4Br.NH3(s) + 2NH3(g) (12*7, 1458) (E) T I P [I T \ P 252.1 0.213 279.6 1.072* .243 280.1 1,105 255.1 258.1 .299 282.9 1.197 263.1 .412 287.7 1.506 268.1 .562 292.6 1.796 .759 298.1 2.105 273.1 276.1 .905 303.2 2.428 278.1 .921 * Quadruple point. Liquid phase containing 1 mole NiUBr to 2.63 moles NH3.

NH4Br.6NH3(s) = NH4Br.3NH3(s) + 3NH8(g) (1*58) (E) T I P [I T \ P 241.1 0.711 258.1 1.375 245,3 .862 261.1 1.579 247.6 .908 263.1 1.684 247.8 .921 265.1 1.868 ' 268.1 2.092 251.3* 1.099 254.3 1.184 270.3 2.295 * Above 2530K, the compound fuses.

NH4Br3(S) = ? (382) (E) T

290.1 322.6 333.5

T 291.6 303.1 314.6

' \

P

Il

NH4I(g) = NH3(g) + HI(g)

T 573 593 613 623

T

0.026 347.3 357.3 .138 .209 365.4 NH4BrCl2(S) = ? (382) (E) I P II T 0.092 321.6 .191 327.1 .408 328.9 I

I

P

0.395 .625 .882 I

P 0.586 .800 .895

(1376, 1377); c/. (1288)

T 633 643 653

I dvapo g/cm* 0.000874 .00105 .00129

N 2 O 4 (in CHCl3) = 2NO 2 (in CHCl3) (885) from (315, 316)

NHJfc-s) = NH4IOS-S); AfJ67.! = O (1304) NH J03-s) = NH 4 I (equilib. gas) log p = -7 714.591/T7 - 10.04345 log T + 39.8148 ( 1371 ); cf. ( 712 ) NH 4 LNH 3 (S) = NH 4 I(S) + NH 3 (g) (1458) (E) '

T I P \ T | P 246.1 0.013 j 2827Ï 0.132 257.1 .022 292.1 .236 259.1 .026 300.1 .368 263.1 .036 308.1 .597 267.3 .050 323.1 1.237 273.1 .075 329.1 1.500 NH4LSNH3(S) = NH 4 LNH 3 (S) + 2NH3(g) (1458) (E) T 246.1 250.1 254.1 259.1 263.3* 268.1

I

P 0.171 .178 .197 .237 .309 .382

||

T 273.1 282.1 287.7 292.6 298.1 303.1

|

P 0.500 .763 .921 1.105 1.309 1.526

NH4LGNH3(S) = NH4I.3NH3(s) + 3NH3(g) (1458) (E) I

P 0.572 .671 .757 .862 1.073 1.316

Il

T 268.1 273.1 277.8 282.5 284.5

|

P 1.362 1.645 1.862 2.132 2.283

~

NH4IBr2(S) = (?) (382) (E) I

P 0.086 .182 .268

Il

T 417.6 427.1 434.1

X(N2O4)

I

| K X IQ8

%(N02)

0.0 1.00 0.00094 88 .27 0.73 .00080 87 .46 .54 .00067 83 .70 .30 .00045 67 .875 .125 .00029 66 .934 .066 .00019 52 .950 .050 .00015 43 .963 .037 .00012 35 .982 .018 .00010 49 2N2O4(I) + H2O(I) = 2HNO3(I) + N2O3(I) (1225) NH4NO3(S) = NH 4 NO 3 (equilib. vapor) Vapor density = 20.66 at 553.10K, P = 0.153 atm. ("»7) 2NH 4 NO 3 ^NH 3 (S) = 2NH 4 NO 3 (s) + 5NH3(g) (1459) (E) T I P [I T I P 243.1 0.118 i 283.2 0.691 0.789 247.1 0.151 287.1 255.1* 0.224 291.5 0.941 293.9 1.007 263.1 0.329 273.1 0.480 298.1 1.234 N3H(aq) = H+ + Nj" (UQQ) T 273.1 278.1 283.1 288.1 293.1 K X IQ 5 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 N203(g) + NQ2(g) + N0(g) = N406(g)(?) (726) NH 4 N 3 .2NH 3 (s) = NH 4 N 3 (S) + 2NH3(g)(?) (E) P = 0.300 at 240.10K (213)

P, Phosphorus T 773 1 313

* The compound becomes liquid above 245.10K.

T 380.1 397.6 407.1

I

* The compound becomes liquid above 2510K.

* The compound becomes liquid above 2610K.

T 244.1* 248.1 251.9 256.1 260.3 267.1

#(CHC13)

P 0.412 .612 .842

NH3(g) + H2S(g) = NH4SH(S) AF0 = -22 240 + 70.14877 (range 277 to 30O0K); AFJ 981 = -1 329; AH2V1 = -22 240 (H93)/ r0 m (670, 935, 1493) N 2 O (aq) Activity coefficient in aqueous salt solutions (U" 75 ) from ( 468 > 767 > 945)

N 2 0(g) = N 2 0(aq); AFJ98-1 = 2 268 from (468) N 2 O.XH 2 O(?) = N 2 0(g) + H 2 O(I) (1469, 1470, 1472, 1473) (E)

T I P Il T \ P 2 6 4 . 1 * s T o 2 8 0 . 2 2 1 . 5 268.4* 5.8 283.8f 34.7 273.1 9/7 A# = 15 OOP * Ice present. t Critical decomposition point above 285.10K.

* P4(g); v.d. = 4.294 referred to air.

HPOT- = H+ + PO" £291.1 = 3.6 X IQ"13 (i); # 29 i.i = 2 X 10~12 (122) H2POi = H+ + HPO~; If298.! = 2 X IQ"5 (122) H2POj = H+ + HPO~ #29i.i = 2.0 X IO-7 (i); = 8 X 10-7 ( i 2 2 ) ; = 5.5 X IQ-* (121); Cf. (997, 1162)

PH3.6H20(?) T_ I 266.70* 273.1* 275.3 277.1 279.9 282.1

= PH3(g) + 6H2O(I) (233, 439) (E) P [1 T I P TO 284.1 (TT 1.63 287.1 8.9 2.3 288.1 9.8 3.0 290.1 11.0 3.9 293.lt 15.1 5_1

* From ( 4 3 9 ); all other values from ( 2 3 3 ). f Critical decomposition point at 301.10K.

H3P03(aq) = H+ + H 2 POj; g 29g<1 = 0.05 (122) H3P04(aq) = H+ + H2PO4#291.1 = 0.011 (i); K298.! = 0.009 (1268) ; = Q.0083 (1344); c/. (782,

N204(g) Cp = 2 X Cp(NO2)(g); AHS98.! = 3 036 (H93) ; A ^ 98 , = 22 640 (885) ; = 23 853, revised value (1193) 2N0 2 (g) = N 2 0 4 (g) AF° = -13 600 + 41.677; Af°98>1 = -1200(885). AF0 = -13 000 + 39.83077; (range 273 to'404 0 K); AF°98>1 = -1 127; AHJ98.! = - 13 000, revised values ("93) from (130, 308, 885, 1327); c/. (1280, 1306)

4P(equilib. vapor) = P4(g) (106, 1463) I Vapor density* || T \ Vapor density* 4^35 1 757 3.632 4.50 1 950 3.226

1162)

PCla(g) + Cl2(g) = PCls(g) (232)

T 455.1 463.1 473.1

Vapor density (P = 1) 5.08 4.99 4.85

T 503.1 523.1 547.1

Vapor density (P = 1) 4.80 4.00 3.84

T 561.1 573.1

Vapor density (P = 1) 3.67 3.65

PCI« (g) + Cl2(E)-(Continued) e = mole per liter at saturation; PCl6(s) in equilib. (1377) T I e I % dissoc. I P 363.1 0.000945 100+ 0.024 373.1 .00159 100+ .046 383.1 .00273 2.8 .088 393.1 .00446 7.1 .154 403.1 .251 413.1 .01098 4.0 .387 2.0 .586 423.1 .01655 433.1 .02368 4_8 .882 PCl5(S) = PCl5 (equilib. vapor) (1371); cf. (262, 640, 1059, nei, 1376, T

\

P

u

+

T

\

P

9

HP2Of" = H + P 2 Oj

; #291.1 = 3.6 X IO" (*)

+

H2P2Of- = H + HP2O-; #291.1 = 2.9 X IO"7 (*) H3P2Of = H+ + H2P2Of-; #291.1 = 0.011 (*) H4P207(aq) = H+ + H8P2O7"; £291-1 = 0.14 Q) As, Arsenic As (gray) ; AF0, A#° = O As2(g) = 2As(g) (us«)

1 073 1 173 1 273 1 373 1 473 0.000211 0.00105 0.00414 0.01342 0.0368 As4(g) = 2As2(g) (1158) T 1073 1173 1273 1373 1473 K 0.00397 0.0118 0.0296 0.0658 0.1316 HAsO2 (in C5Hi2O, amyl alcohol) = HAsO2(aq); see Vol. Ill, p. 421 AsO2- + HAsQ2(aq) = HAs2Or, -£298.1 = 0.2 to 0.7 (32) AS(S) + ^H2(g) = AsH3(g) (518) AsH3.6H20(?) = AsH3(g) + 6H2O(I) (439) (E) Ag = 17 750 to 18 830 T. K

T_

I

ÂsH3

0.807 1.000 1.289 2.65

* Critical decomposition point.

d\\

I

1.0232 1.0250 1.0140 1.0155 1.0148 1.0144

JJ

T

286.1 291.35 294.1 301.3*

I

PAsH3

3.83 6.79 8.85 17.5

H3As03(aq) = AsO+ + OH~ + H2O(I) K 298 -I = 0.5 X 10~14; corrected for error in cale. (1507) H3AsO3(aq) = H+ -f- H2AsO3" g298.i = 2.1 X IO"8 (1561) H3As04(aq) = H+ + H2AsO^ g298.i = 0.00432 H- 0.004c^ (15Q7); c/. (i486) C(HCi) 0.05057 0.1011 0.1268 g298.i 0.00530 0.00560 0.00575 H3AsO3(aq) -f H2O(I) = H3AsO4(aq) -f 2H+ + 2E~ AF2V1 = 26 923; ^2Vi = -0.5834 (1507)

C(SI)

I

11O3XC(I2)I

C(SAs)

x

I 0.04 0.04 1.48-0.19 1.70

0.18568 .20686 .09059 .10734 .10248 .10140

0.10128 .10121 .05198 .04937 .04935 .04934

T 303.1 430.1 430.1 373.1

P [I 0.0016 .026 .329 .042

Mc^

I

Kc

0.0625 0.392 0.0546 .0943 .400 .0597 .00727 .290 .0555 .0720 .300 .0580 .0446 .300 .0595 .0394 .298 .0601 .0175 .333 .0543 I I Mean Kc = 0.057 ± 4% As205.xH20(s) = ? + yH20(g) (844) (E)

1377)

363.1 0.0237 433.1 0.882 393.1 .154 435.9 1.000 413.1 .387 470.1 1.209 423.1 .586 (liquid) PH4I(S) = PH4I (equilib. vapor) (i 371); c/. (714) T I P [I 'T I P 288.1 0.0474 333.1 0.8684 303.1 .1419 335.7 1.00 313.1 .2618 339.1 1.207 323.1 .4844

273.1 274.7 277.25 283.1

H3As03(aq) + I3" = H3AsO4(aq) + 2H+ + 31" Corrected for errors in cale. ( 15 °7); c/. (1236, 1237). f or M
I

x 1.89 2.2

I

4

T 303.1 373.1

I

303.1

P 0.0054 1.044 to 1.052 0.0054

2As2S2(g) + 4H2(g) = 4H2S(g) + As4 PH.S/PH, = 3.70 at 8830K (H24) As2Se5(g) = ?(1417) As4S4(g) = 7 ( 1 4 1 7 )

^

Sb, Antimony

Sb(s) = Sb+++ + 3E-; fl°98tl = -0.244 (7Qi) Sb4(g) = 2Sb2(g) (105) T I w I Average composition 1 845 3ÎO Sb 2-06 1 913 282 Sb2.68 Sb(s) + 4OH- + 3E- = SbO~ + 2H2O(I) #293.i = 0.675 - 0.058/3 log msbol in IQm KOH (524) SbO2" + 2OH- + 2E- = SbO7 + H2O(I) Jg293.! = 0.589 - 0.058/2 log msbol/msbo^ in IQm KOH (524) Sb2O4(S) = Sb2O3(S) -f H02(g) At 12230K, P = 1.00 (431) Sb2S3(S) + 3H2(g) = Sb2(S) + 3H2S(g) (H25) T I 713 I 783 I 828 I 883 | 898 % gas as H2S 43.22 | 48.6 | 51.8 | 56.01 | 56.92

Bi, Bismuth Bi(s) + 4OH- = BiO^ + 2H2O(I) + 3E" (524) %H2(g) -f BiOCl(s) = Bi(s) + H+ + Cl" + H2O(I) (loss) Pt, H 2 (I atm.), HCl (am), HCl (xm + BiOCl(s)), Bi(s) (iQ8S) W(HCl)

I

E 298-1

[I

W(HCl)

I

E298-1

\

E 288-1

\

^308-1

0.0009830.282490.10410.202210.204470.20011 .001010 .28212 .2304 .08887 .19160 .18617 .003175 .26071 .5005 .17563 .009022 .24293 J^98-1 .EV1 #3°08.i .02007 .22947 .04586 .21606 0.1599 0.1635 0.1563 BiOCl(s) + 2H+ + 3Cl- = H2O(I) +BiCi;* (iQ82.i);c/. (678.5) d%^

1.002 1.007 1.009 1.009 1.010 1.011 1.012 1.013 1.015

I

C(SH+)

0.3438 .4237 .4295 .4698 .4960 .5006 .5399 .5714 .5742

I

C(SCl)

0.3477 .4350 .4414 .4892 .5221 .5276 .5796 .6244 .6299

I

C(SBi)

0.00130 .00376 .00396 .00646 .00869 .00899 .01323 .01767 .01856

BiOCUs) + 2H+ + 3C1-.—(Continued) df

1.015 1.018 1.020 1.025 1.028 1.036 1.044 1.048 1.055 1.061 1.066 1.066 1.075 1.083 1.122 1.157 1.185 1.221 1.237 1.288 1.329

C(SH+)

I

0.6222 .6434 .6537 .7223 .7343 .8079 .8746 .8752 .9488 .9891 1.016 1.020 1.065 1.105 1.293 1.481 1.599 1.758 1.799 2.025 2.115

C(SCl)

I

0.7038 .7375 .7579 .8824 .9125 1.0760 1.2277 1.2724 1.4348 1.5321 1.6235 1.6350 1.7706 1.9021 2.5578 3.1865 3.6366 4.2552 4.5056 5.325 6.066

CO2(g).—(Continued) C(SBi)

T

I Gas I

0.02720 .03138 .03473 .05338 .05936 .08937 .1177 .1324 .1620 .1810 .2025 .2050 .2352 .2657 .4216 .5685 .6792 .8324 .9022 1.100 1.317

273.1

N2

* Some Bi+++ and some BiCl^" also present. Bi 2 (SO 4 )S = (?) + S02(g) + KQ 2 (g) (

636

)

C (graphite) AF°, A # ° = 0 (880, 885); Cp = 1.1 + 0.004877 - 0.0000012T2 ( 885 ) C (diamond) AF2V1 = 390; AgJj98.! = 180 (885) C (graphite) = C (diamond) (1264); c/. (1263)

C0(g) Cp = 6.5 + 0.001T; AF0 = -26 600 - 2.1577In T + 0.00215772 0.0000002T3 - 8.2077; AF2V1 = -32 510 (885) C02(g) Cp = 7.0 + 0.007177 - 0.00000186T2; AF0 = -94 110 -f 0.6077 In T - 0.00065772 + 0.0000001ÜT3 - 3.74ÏT; AF2Vi = - 94 260 (885) Activity function of carbon dioxide in nitrogen and in hydrogen (1190)

T I Gas I P \ 221.5 N 2 40.6 60.5 74.6 78.4 92.9 108.4 122.0 125.8 139.9 143.2 146.6 148.6 153.4 H2 78.4 95.3 100.6 112.8 157.3 273.1 N 2 53.7 63.9 65.1

X2 I a, (1) | 0.222 1.086 .182 1.133 .176 1.167 .176 1.176 .179 1.212 .188 1.252 .200 1.289 .205 1.299 .230 1.338 .237 1.347 .248 1.357 .256 1.364 .270 1.376 .120 1.176 .105 1.218 .101 1.232 .094 1.264 .084 1.387 .744 1.12 .668 1.12 .665 1.15

a2/N, \ /2/Ng | k*/P 4.89 29.55 0.728 6.22 37.60 .621 6.63 40.07 .537 6.68 40.35 .515 6.77 40.90 .440 6.66 40.25 .371 6.44 38.93 .319 6.33 38.28 .304

5.82 5.68 5.47 5.33 5.10 9.80 11.60 12.20 13.45 16.50 1.50 1.68 1.73

35.13 34.34 33.05 32.19 30.80 59.15 70.08 73.7 81.2 99.8 36.0 40.3 41.5

I

X2

I q 2 ( l ) | a 2 / N2 | /2/N 2 | fc,/P

68.2 0.642 75.8 .616 76.5 .615 81.9 .603 88.6 .594 78.4 .594 92.4 .534 103.0 .503 122.0 .458

H2

1.16 1.17 1.18 1.19 1.21 1.18 1.22 1.24 1.30

1.81 1.90 1.92 1.98 2.04 1.99 2.29 2.47 2.84

43.4 0.64 45.6 .60 46.1 .60 47.4 .58 48.9 .55 47.8 .61 54.9 .60 59.3 .58 68.1 | -56

C0(g) + K0 2 (g) = C02(g) AF0 = -67 510 + 2.75T In T - 0.0028772 + 0.00000031 T3 + 4.46T; AFS98>1 = -61 750 (885); c/. (lis, 373, 1146) T 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

395 400 443 478 481 498 565 823

I % dissoc. I 0.0142 .015 .025 .032 .028 .047 .064 A

K I 837 000 781 000 358 000 247 000 295 000 138 000 87 300 5 600

/ 4.7 4.6 4.8 4.4 3.9 4.9 4.9 3.3

I

Lit. (821) (1058) (821) (l°58) (821) (821) (821) (915)

C02(g) + H2(g) = C0(g) + H20(g) AF° = 10 100 - 1.81 T In T + 0.00445!T2 - 0.00000068773 -

C, Carbon

Affo = -27 + 0.777 (885) from

P

.251 .240 .225 .216 .201 .755 .736 .733 .720 .634 .67 .63 .64

0.5477; AF2Vi = 7 240 (885) ; c/. (16, 17, 19, 216, 368, 377, 401, 535, 555, 585, 588, 590, 631)

T (566, 567)

959 1 059 1 159 1 259 1 278 1 359 1 478 1 678 T (559) 1 503 1 528 1 538 1 582 1 597 1 643 1 768 1 783 1 797 1 824 T (364) 967 1 002 1 009 1 017

I

I

I

K

0.534 0.840 1.197 1.571 1.620 1.960 2.126 2.490 K 3.05 2.68 2.85 2.72 2.93 3.26 3.83 3.66 3.86 3.56 K 1.56 1.58 1.73 1.66

I

J

/

"

-0.59 -0.53 -0.56 -0.52 -0.49 -0.50 -0.23 -0.06 / -0.65 -0.51 -0.58 -0.37 -0.47 -0.64 -0.61 -0.47 -0.55 -0.32

I

C (graphite) + CO2(g) = 2CO(g) AF° = 40 910 - 4.9T7 In T -f 0.00495T2 - 0.00000051 T3 7 12.667 ; AF2V1 = 29 240 (885) from (1210) ; c/. (25, 160, 283, 284, 405, 406, 407, 408, 700, 969, 1211, 1212, 1307, 1326, 1432)

T

1 1 1 1 1

123 173 223 273 323

I

K

14.11 43.07 73.77 167.5 268.3

I

/

-12.16 -12.73 -12.43 -12.72 -12.46

C (graphite) + CO 2 (g).—(Continued)

T

\ ~

1 373 1 473

K

C0(g)

I

-13.15 -12.95 Average = -12.66 2C02(g) + KS2(g) = 2CO(g) + S02(g) AF0 = 51 760 - 2.75T7 In T + 0.0028772 - 0.00000031 T3 7.SQQT, corrected for COS(g) (885) from (414) No. Exps. I T (mean) | log K \ I 4 1 275 -3.56 -7.789 4 1 460 -2.38 -7.943 CO2(aq) AFj 98-1 = —92 250 ( 885 ); for activity coefficient in aqueous salt '

664.7 1 665

Solutions, y. (W*) from (422, 468)

C02(g) = C02(aq) K298.! = 0.0338 (885)

from

(145, 744); AF2Vi

=

3

010

(S85).

KWi = 0.037; AF2V1 = 1 954; A# = —4 900, revised values (li7S) ; c/, Vol. IU7 p.' 260 C0 2 .6H 2 O(?) = CO 2 (g) + 6H 2 O(I) (1472, 1473, 1554) (E)

T 273.1 273,58 275.8 276.7

P Il T I F 12.3 278.4 21.8 12.7 279.2 23.3 16.7 279.9 26.1 17.9 283.1 44.3 AH = 14 710 COT" Î AF2V1 = -125 760 (885) HCOr; AF2V1 = -140 OOP (885) HCOj = H+ + CQr #298.1 = 3.7 X IO"11; AF2Vi = 14 240 (885) from (35, 139, I

974). cft (447, 1191, 1341, 1346, 1353, 1354, 1490)

COj-+ H 2 Q(I) = HCO3- + OH- (447) C02(g) + COj- + H 2 O(I) = 2HCOj AFJj98-1 = -3 546 (1191); cf. ( 974 > 1341> 1353> 1354> 149°) HCOOH(I) AFS98<1 = -84 040 (885); A/ Sf0 981 = -44.5; AF2Vi = -86 400 (484,

485)

HCOOH(aq); AF2V1 = -87 920 (885) HCOOH(aq) = H 2 O(I) + CO(g) AFo = 5 200 - 21.377 (885); AF2Vi = -1 150 (885) from (164) ; #429.4 = 90.8, 89.3, 89.6; JT 49 La = 313; = 306 HCOOH(I) = HCOOH(aq) AFJj 98-1 = -3 880 (885) from (164) H 2 C0 3 (aq); AFV1 = -148 810 (885) C02(g) + H2O(I) = H 2 C0 3 (aq); AF° = O (885). c/. (719) H 2 CO 3 (aq) = H+ + HCOj AF2V1 = 8 810 (885) from

(754); c/. (719, 1491)

+

3H2(g)

/

764, 982, 1165,

H2C03(aq) + COj- = 2HCOj #298.1 = 9 400 (885); c/. (974, 1341, 1490)

1435,

T log g

= CH4(g) + H20(g) (678, 1065); 590, 965)

Cf,

(818.5,

1 133.11 173.11 213.11 253.11 307.11 325.1 -2.37 -2.75 -3.09 -3.45 -4.06 -4.31

C02(g) + 4H2(g) = CH4(g) + 2H20(g) AF0 = -35 093 + 12.3877 In T - 0.00415772 - 0.00000025773 - 39.9177 (range 570 to 67O0K); AF2V1 = -38 401; AF2Vi = -26

339 ( 1 1 8 O ) ; cf. (620, 678, 968, 1065,

T K Lit* * See also (252,

1120)

681.1 3.13

709.1 765.1 I 2.64 1.69

(968)

(678)

(968)

773.1 1.58 (678)

408, 965, 1 2 9 8 ) _

CH4.xH20(?) = CH4(g) +XH 2 O(I) 0*69, 1470) (E) T 273.1 274.2 278.6 281.6 283.0 283.9

I

P 26.5 30.0 47.0 63.5 75.0 83.0

T 287.4 289.2 290.4 292.4 293.4*

y

I

P 123.5 152.0 178.5 232.0 265.0

* Critical decomposition point at T = 294.60K. CH3C1.6H2O(?)

T 273.1 273.6 274.0 275.5 277.9 279.6 281.1 283.6 285.6

= CH3Cl(g)

I

+

P 0.409 .439 .420 .547 .733 .904 1.059 1.311 1.852

6H 2 O(I) (332,

T 287.45 287.6 288.0 288.6 289.3 290.6 292.6 293.2 283.5*

Il

1472,

I

1473)

(E)

P 2.401 2.425 2.510 2,800 2.990 3.526 4.134 4.618 4.861

* Critical decomposition point above 294.O0K.

COCl 2 (g); AFV-1 = -48 770 (885) C0(g) + Cl2(g) = COCl2(g) AF0 = -24 100 + 4T7 In T + 3.5T; AF2°981 = -16 260 (885) from (t32, 645);

c/.

(31, 135, 280, 1511)

CCl4(I) AH2V1 = -75 700; ASJj98-1 = -50.84; AFg98-1 = -60 550 (833) C0(g) + Br2(g) = COBr2(g) K = 0.185 at 346.40K; = 0.0475 at 454.40K (1447) COS(g);AF 2 ° 98 . 1 = -39 600(885) C0(g)

+ KS2(g) = COS(g) (885) from

(874)

AF0 = -22 500 + 21.077; AF2V1 = -16 230 (885) from (874). Cf. (1336, 1406,

T 533 575

I

7

AFVT -21.39 -18.10

1407)

I

/ 20.82 21.03

CH4(g) Cp = 3.00 + 0.0228T — 0.00000480772 ( 11 SO) from (343, 344, C0(g) + Sx^(I) = COS(g) 1005); c/. (402, 481); AF0 = -16 300 + 6.6T In T + 0.0008772 K = 435 at 5330K; 201 at 5750K (874) - 0.0000002773 - 26.077; AF2Vi = -12 800 (885). AF0 = C (graphite) + S8(g) = CS2(g) (23, 789, 885, 1406, 1407) - 14 342 + 11.IT7 In T - 0.008ÌT2 + 0.0000006T3 - 51.74T; CN-; AF2V1 = 39 370 (885) A#2°98.i = -16 963,'AF2V1 = -11 617 (revised values) ("8Q) C (graphite) + 2H2(g) = CH4(g) CNQ-; AFV-1 = "23 750 (885) AF0 = -14 342 + 11.177In T - 0.0081772 + 0.0000006T3 HCN(g); AF2V1 = 28 910 (885); c/. (38) 51.7477 (range 748 to 90O0K); between 1470 and 172O0K the C (graphite) + №(g) + KH2(g) = HCN(g) average value of 7 is -48.21; AiTJ98.! = -16 963; AF£98>1 = -11 617, revised value ("«<>) from (966, lies); c/. (iso, 151, log K 2000 = -1.24 or AF2V, = U 300; AF0 = 32 000 - 10.377 (1497); AF2^8-1 = 28 910 (885); Cf, (461, 462) 152, 283, 310, 428, 965, 966, 967, 1163); cf. CH4(g)

C + NH3(g) = H,(g) + HCN(B) " Very active" charcoal supplied by Fixed Nitrogen Laboratory, Washington, D. C. (38) ; cf. (80, 817, 1475, 1476,

T IQ6K

785 3.5

793 4.9

8ÔÎ 7.7

1513)

803 3.7

807 8.6

811 7.7

HCN(I); AFg98-1 = 28 870 (885) HCN(I) = HCN(g); AF2V1 = 40 (88S ); c/. (1129) HCN(aq); AJFV1 = 27 510 (885) HCN (aq) = H+ + CN~ K291.! = 1.32 X 10-3 (1491); AJT = 11 000 (1402); K^1 = 2.06 X IQ"9; AF2V1 = 11 860 (885); cf. ( 575 > 803 -i> 885> 1346)

CN- + H2S(aq) = HS" + HCN(aq) (808) HCN(aq) = HCN(g) #298.1 = 0-096 ( 871 ); A*w8.i = 1 390 (885); c/. (176) and Vol III, ' p. 365 HCN (in C6H6, benzene) = HCN(aq) (" 8 I); cf. Vol. Ill, p. 422 HCNO(aq); AFJj98-1 = -29 100 ( 88 S) +

HCNO(aq) = H + CNO" #291.1 = 0.00012 (1047, 1Q48) ; AfO 98A = 5 350 (885) CO(g) + NH3(g) = CH3ON(I) (formamide) g473.i = 0.0000138 ("4) NH4HCO3(S) = NH3(g) + H20(g) + CO2(g) Q54, I07i) CNI(s); AF20^1 = 42 790 ( 88 S); cf. ( 87 M I2(s) + HCN(g) = H+ + I- + CNI(s) ( 8 7 I); cf. (7»i, 88S, 991.5, 1074); AF^98-1 = 1 520 PHCN I m (H +) I ^(i~) I K 0.00115 0.0161 0.0065 0.091 .00605 .0361 .0144 .086 .00675 .0285 .0118 .049 .00360 .0268 .0100 .075 .00471 .0246 .0106 .055 CN.NH 2 (aq) (cyanamide) #298.1 = 5.4 X IP"11 (745); cf. (522)

CO(NH 2 ) 2 (s) (urea); AF2°98.t = -47 280 ( 88 S) C02(g) + 2NH3(g) = CO(NH 2 ) 2 (s) + H2O(g) K298.! = 0.615; AF2V1 = 290 (88S) from ( 8 ^S); cf. (418, 962) CO(NH 2 ) 2 (aq); A^298. i = -48 840 ( 88 S) CO(NH 2 ) 2 (aq) = NH 4 + + CNO~ AF2°981 = 6 160 ( 88 S) from (411, 1492, 1494) ; A# = 7 500; AF°73>1 = 5 820(229, I488);f or values in C2H6O(I) and C2H6O(aq), v. (1260) T I K I Lit. 334.15 0.000107 (229) 348.31 0.000146 (229) 373.1

0.000391

(*11, ^492,

1494)

CO(NH 2 ) 2 (s) = CO(NH 2 ) 2 (aq); AFg98-1 = -1 560 (88S) from ( 8 ^S) CO 2 (NH 3 ) 2 (s) = CO2(g) H- 2NH3(g) (i° 9 > l 7 9 » l 82 » 65 I, 671, 672, 673, 960, 961,

1044)

NH 2 COONH 4 (S) = CO(NH2)2(s) +H 2 O(I) (S8, 418) NH2COONH4(S) + H 2 O(g) = (NH 4 ) 2 CO 3 (s) (409) NH4SCN(I) ='CS(NHj) 2 O) (thiourea) (29, 228, 421, 1209, 1478, 1483)

C 2 H 2 (g)

For activity coefficient in aqueous salt solutions at 298.10K, v. (945, 1174) C2H2(g) = C 2 H 2 (aq); AF2098tl = 1 878 from (945)

C2H2.6H2O(?) = C2H2(g) + 6H2O(I) (1471, 1472, 1473) (E)

T \ P Il T \ P 273.1 5.75 282.7 16.4 9.4 288.1 33.0 277.7 280.1 12.0 Ag = 15 OOP H2C2O4.2H2O(s) = H2C2O4(S) +2H 2 O(g) ( 66 , 68 );c/. ( 8 44,1325) (E) Ag = 6 330 (Thomsen, H2O(I)) T I P u T I P 248.1 0.00007* 313.1 0.01025 258.1 .00014* 323.lt .02053 273.lt .00045 333.1 .03992* 288.1 .00151 343.1 .07623* 298.lt .00354 * Cale, from log P = 15.172 - 9661/(T7 + 250). t From ( 6 6); all other values from (^ 8 ). C2H4.6H2O(?) = C2H4(g) + 6H2O(I) (1469, 1470) ; 1473) (E)

T 273.1 276.1 278.6 281.1 284.1

I

I

P 6^5 8.5 11.0 14.0 21.0

c/.

(1472,

T I P 286.5 28^5 287.9 34.5 289.7 45.0 290.3* 59.0 Ag = 15 400

I]

* Critical decomposition point at T = 291.80K.

C2H4O2(aq) (acetic acid) For activity coefficient in aqueous salt solutions, v. (H77) from (973,

1414)

C2H4O2(I) = C2H4O2 (equilib. vapor) log K = 15 000/4.5777 - 1.75 log T - 6.76 (640, 1059) C2H6.xH20(?) = C2H6(g) + XH2O(I) (E) P = 6.0 at 273.10K; = 28.0 at 285.10K; critical decomposition point at about 285.10K (1469, 1470) C 2 H 6 OH(I); AFJj98.! = -45 100 (88S) from (484, 485) C2H3ClO2(aq) (chloroacetic acid) For activity coefficient in aqueous salt solutions at 298.10K, v. (U 77 ) C2H3ClO2(aq) = H + + C2H2ClO^ AF2Vi = 3 900 from Jf298.! = 0.00139 from (HQ2, 1177, 1344) C2H3C102(aq) = C2H3ClO2 (in ?i-dibutyl ether) ("77, H78) C2H2Cl2O2(aq) (dichloroacetic acid) For activity coefficient in aqueous salt solutions at 298.10K, v. (l l77) C2H2Cl202(aq) = H+ -f C2HCl2O2A*Vi = 1 716 from K298.! = 0.0553 (U 7 7 ); K 29 M = 0.0583 (1177, 1402)

C2H2Cl2O2(aq) = C2H2Cl2O2 (in n-dibutyl ether) (H77, 1178) NH4C2H3O2(S) = NH4C2H3O2 (equüib. vapor) (acetate) Vapor density = 0.20 g/cm3 at 5530K, p = 0.153 atm. ( i i » 7 ) (CN) 2 (g) A^98-1 = 92 OOP (885); cf, (517, 1047, 1048,

1497)

x(CN) 2 (g) = (CN)x(S) (1466) (CN)3; is not a definite substance (U 8 I) 2HCN(g) = H2(g) + (CN) 2 (g) (1048) 2CNI(S) = (CN)2(g) + I2(g) ( 87 I) AF = 41 800 (87.5); =48 000 (87i) ; AF° = 32 000 - 7077; ^298.! = H 000

T 363.1 383.1 389.6 396.1

I

P 0.0045 .0277 .0436 .0746

(835)

I

K 2.00 X 10~« 7.76 XlO" 4 1.91 X 10~3 5.63 X 10~3

(NH4)2C204.H20(s) = (NH 4 ) 2 C 2 0 4 (s) + H2O(g) (E) At T = 298.10K, P = 0.0008 to 0.0024 (916) H(CH3)2As02(aq) = H+ + (CH3)2AsOj g298.i = 6.4 X 10~7 ( 716 )

C 4 H 6 O 6 -H 2 O(S) (tartaric acid) = (?) + xH2O(g) (Hi3) (E)

I

p

Il

r

l

P

293.370.00738313.100.05664 298.10 .01359 323.10 .10653 302.99 .02393 CH3CONH2(I) + (CH 3 CO) 2 O(I) = CH3CN(I) + 2CH3COOH(I) ( 796 ) 2CH3COOH(g) = (CH3COOH)2(g) log K = 16 480/4.571T - 8.17 (64Q, 1Q59) N(CH3)4Cl(s) = N(CH3)4C1 (equilib. vapor) log p = 23 649.7/T + 132.316 log T - 404.1929 (1371) N(CH 3 )J(S) = N(CH 3 )J (equüib. vapor) log p = 1493.085/77 + 24.96449 log T - 71.5399 (1371) +

C7H5NO4(aq) (o-nitrobenzoic acid) Activity coefficient in aqueous salt solutions at 298.10K (H77) from (635, 1254)

(CH3)2As(OH)3(aq) = (CHs)2As(OH)+ + OH~ K298.i = 3.8 X !(T13 (conductivity) (716); = 4.05 X IQ-13 (hydrolysis of chlorohydrate) (716); = 2.63, 1.14 and 1.35 X 10~13 (1561); ^273.! = 4.15 X 10~14 (hydrolysis of chlorohydrate) (1561)

r

C7H5NO3(S) = C 7 H 6 N0 3 (aq); A^2°98jl = 2 476 (503)

+

SbC4H4O7 + 2H = C4H4O^ + Sb ++ + H2O(I) (tartrate) g298.i = IQ"11 (701)

C 7 H 5 NO 4 (S) = C 7 H ß NO 4 (aq); A^2Vi = 2 097 (H77, 1178, 1254) C 7 H 5 N0 4 (aq) = H+ + C 7 H 4 NOj ^298,! = 6.12 X IO-3; AF0^1 = 3 021 (H77) ; c/. (1344) NH4C7H5O2(S) = NH4C7H5O2 (equüib. vapor) (benzoate) (H97) C7H8N2S(aq) (phenylthiourea) Activity coefficient in aqueous salt solutions at 293.10K (H76) from (92, 1265) C8H8O2(aq) (o-toluic acid) Activity coefficient in aqueous salt solutions at 298.10K (H77) from (1265) C8H8O2(S) = C8H8O2(aq) A^2V1 = 2 881 (1177); solubility in MgSO4(aq) at 298.10K; (1177, 1265)

C8H802(aq) = H+ + C8H7O^ K2^1 = 1.30 X IO-4; AF0^1 = 5 304 (H77) ; c/. (1344) C6H5NHCOCH3 (acetanuide) + H+ + H2O(I) = C 6 H 5 NHj + CH3COOH(aq) (acetic acid) £373.1 = 950 (987); Q/. (321)

C6H6(I) ASJj98.! = -51.6 (867); AFg98-1 = 27 100 (8«5)

3C6H5CHO (benzaldehyde) + 2NH3 = (C6H6CH)3N2 (hydrobenzamide) + 3H2O (344.5)

C6H6(g) -f 3H2(g) = C6H12(g) ^539.6 = 5.47; g553.i = 1.62; AF546 = -53 260; (230); c/. (358)

Ammonium stéarate (normal) = Acid + NH3(g) (E) At 338.O0K, P = 0.0367 (370)

H + + C 6 H 2 (NO 2 ) 3 O~ = C 6 H 2 (NO 2 ) 3 OH (picric acid in benzene) (885) Cw

I

0.0 .00208 .00327 .00701 .0101 .0199 .0334

from

4

0.0 .000932 .00225 .0101 .0199 .0700 .1772

I

(1268) CB/CW

I

15.4 14.9 14.5 14.3 14.0 13.3 12.6

T(Picric)

1.00 0.97 .94 .93 .91 .86 .82

*cj7 = concn. in water phase; Cg = concn. in CeHe phase.

C 7 H 6 O 2 (aq) (benzoic acid) Activity coefficient in aqueous salt solutions at 298.10K (H77)

Ammonium arachidate (normal) = Acid + NH3 (g) (E) At 350.40K, P = 0.0532 (370) Ammonium salt of humic acid (E) (370) The ammonia pressure is proportional to the NH 3 content of the substance (C 2 iH 22 N 2 O 2 ) 2 .H 2 SO 4 .6H 2 O(s) (strychnine sulfate) = (?) + XH2O (g) (E) For maximum loss in weight at 298.10K over H2SO4, v. (916)

Po, Polonium Po(s) = Po++ + 2E-; (Po(s), Po++); E° = -1.0 (749)

Si, Silicon

from (635, 1254)

^2981 '

=

C7H6O2(S) = C7H6O2(aq) 2 151 (i 177 ); solubility in aqueous salt solutions at 298.1°K (635, 1177, 1178, 1254)

C 7 H 6 0 2 (aq) = H+ + C7H5O^ K298.! = 6.61 X IP"5; AFV1 = 5 705 (U™); c/. (1344) C7H6O 3 (aq) (salicylic acid) Activity coefficient in aqueous salt solutions at 298.10K (H77) from (635) C7H603(aq) = H+ + C7H5O3" g298.i = 1.06 X IO"3; AFV1 = 4 060 ("77); cf. (1344) C7H6O3(S) = C 7 H 6 0 3 (aq); AF2V1 = 2 613 (H77) HOC6H4COOH(S) = C6H5OH(I) + CO2(g) At T = 476.10K, 21 - 28% dissociated (64, noi) C 7 H 5 NO 3 (aq) (o-nitrobenzaldehyde) Activity coefficient in aqueous salt solutions at 298.10K (H76) from ( 5Q 3)

Si(I) = Si(g)

T 1 800-2 QOQ

I I

P 1

I I

A# I Lit. 44 000-49 QOO | (157)

Si(s) ; Atf°, AF0 = O SiO2(I) = Si(g) -f 02(g); P02 = IQ"12 at 200O0K (is?) SiO2(I) = Si02(g); P 20 Q 0 = 0.003 (157) HSiO3- = H+ + SiOr (574) H2SiO3(aq) = H+ + HSiO3- (144, 574, 773) 2H2 + Si(s) = SiH4(g) (1499) log K = 8 700/4.57T - 1.75 log T + 2.18 T 453.1 473.1

I

P8JH4 I Pn2 Il T I P8JH4 I Pn2 0.0697 1.187 478.1 0.0342 1.116 0.0500 0.926 533.1 0.0500 1.213 SiF4 (1499)

H2SiF6 = H+ + HSiF;- (568)

Zr, Zirconium

SiCl4(I) Aff298-i = -128 IQOiASfJj 98 .! = 48.27; AF0^1 = -113710(833)

Ti, Titanium I I

P 1

I A# I 77 000-117 OOP

I Lit. j ( 157 )

TiO2(I) = Ti02(g) T I P 2 0 0 0 0 . 0 0 4 2 500-3 OOP 1 +++

Ti TTC(H+)

0.9573 .9573 .9576 1.925 1.925

I

W(Ci")

I

I Lit.

AH

( 157 )

63 000-77 OOP + H = Ti + KH2(g) from (329) In HCl(aq) at 298.10K +

^H2

I

0.0062 0.9592 .0068 .9492 .0061 .9684 .0130 .9605 .0131 .9605

M

I

1.048 1.047 1.048 2.025 2.025

In H2SO4(aq) at 298.10K m(H + ) I m ( S04

^W(Ti + +++)! TTC(Ti+++) I

P 1

I I

AH 63 000-77 OOP

I Lit. | (157)

PH2

I

P

ZrO2(S) = Zr(g) + O 2 (g); Pp2 = IQ"11 at 200O0K (157) ZrO2(I) = Zr02(g) T 2 000 3 000 3 500-4 OOP

I

P I Aff I Lit. 0.068 . (157) 0.021 1 92 000-117 OOP

Zr(N03)4.5H20(s) = (?) + xH2O(g) (E) For maximum loss in weight at 298.10K over H2SO4, v. (9*6)

++++

|m(Ti +++4 )| m (T i +++ )

0.965 0.0073 .965 .0072 .965 .0074 1.930 .0049 1.930 .0048

I I

ZrO2(I) = Zr(g) + 0 2 (g); Po2 = 0.6 at 300O0K (is?)

Ti(I) = Ti(g)

T 3 000-4 OOP

Zr(I) = Zr(g)

T 2 500-3 OOP

Km

Sn, Tin

Sn (white); Aff°, AF0 = P (885) 1.196 1.148 Sn (white) = Sn (gray) 1.226 A#2°731 = 532; AF0 = 666 + 0.4977 In T - 4.78T7; ASfJ98-! = 0.194 -1.94; AF2V1 = 9.5; Q 9 7 , 198) ; c/. (290-294, 300, 885, 988, 989) 0.186 Sn++; ^98-1 = P.136; AF°98tl = -3 138 (885)

\

0.9604 0.4825 0.0048 0.0091 0.9643 1.524 .9270 .4660 .0077 .0147 .9648 1.523 .9604 .4825 .0047 .0091 .9671 1.524 .9270 .4660 .0077 .0146 .9671 1.523 .9896 .4911 .0033 .0061 .9389 1.531 .9896 .4911 .0033 .0061 .9389 1.531 .9896 .4911 .0033 .0060 .9406 1.531 .9882 .4902 .0035 .0063 .9444 1.531 -.9899 .4911 .0031 .0063 .9617 1.530 .9566 .4828 .0049 .0091 .9683 1.523 .9569 .4825 .0049 .0090 .9683 .523 .9839 .4937 .0031 .0049 .6889 .526 .9835 .4937 .0035 .0045 .5175 .527 .9924 .4982 .0031 .0026 .3541 .529 .9982 .5007 .0027 .0017 .2446 .529 .9789 .4909 .0037 .0058 .8095 1.527

Km

SnO (s) + H2(g) = Sn(I) + H 2 O (g) K = 7.9P at 1073.10K; = 10.35 at 1173.10K (1538)

0.536 SnO(s) + C(s) = Sn(I) + CO(g); ^1023 = 1 (1363, 1364) .548 .534 Sn(I) + 2H20(g) = SnO2(S) + 2H2(g) (362) ; c/. (1538) .559 T I K u T \ K [I T I K .520 928 0.434 1044 0.240 1099 0.203 .518 931 .377 1046 .240 1099 .193 .542 971 .359 1082 .191 1169 .152 .548 976 .333 .486 Sn(I) + 2C0 2(g) = SnO2(S) + 2CO(g) (362); c/. (933) .551 T 918 939 954 977 1 045 1 088 .558 K 0.326 0.312 0.304 0.295 0.270 0.255 .553 .563 Sn++++ + 4H2O = Sn(OH)4(S) + 4H+ (303) .693 SnCl2.4NH3(s) = SnCl2(s) + 4NH3(g) (»») (E) .778 T 237.1 273.1 283.7 A# .523 P 0.0229 0.424 0.757 37200 0 In H2SO4(aq) at 308.1 K SnCl2.9NH3(s) = SnCl2.4NH3(s) + 6NH3(g) (") (E) + m( H ) |%TiasTi + + + + | pH2 | Km T 194.6 224.1 237.6 A# P 0.0091 0.188 0.478 38000 0'.959O 42.2 0.9408 0.740 .9590 42.8 .9408 .757 SnCl4(I) .9590 41.9 .9408 .730 A# 2 °98i = -128 010; ASJ 981 = -49.66; AF°981 » -113210 .9590 41.8 .9408 .726 (833) .9590 41.8 .9408 .726 SnBr2.2NH3(s) = SnBr2(s) + 2NH3(g) (") (E) In H2SO4(aq) at 318.10K T 353.1 370.1 383.6 AH P 0.039 0.105 0.211 27200 m(H+) I % Ti as Ti++++1 pH2 | Km SnBr2.3NH3(s) = SnBr2.2NH3(s) + NH3(g) (9*>) (E) 0.9569 49.3 0.9342 0.982 T 329.0 334.1 337.7 IS 49.8 .9461 1.008 .9573 P 0.0463 0.088 0.121 12400 .9569 49.8 .9461 1.008 .9573 49.9 .9474 1.013 SnBr2.6NH3(s) = SnBr2.3NH3(s) + 2NH3(g) ( 9 ^) (E) .9573 49.4 .9487 0.993 T 251.8 273.1 290.7 AH .9573 49.6 .9487 1.001 P 0.017 0.1756 0.466 19600 TiO2(I) = Ti(g) + 0 2 (g); P02 = IQ"18 at 2QOO0K (157) SnBr2.9NH3(s) = SnBr2.6NH3(s) + 4NH3(g) (") (E) T 194.6 225.6 233.4 AH TiCl4(I); SV1 = 59.5IjAS2V1 = -47.09 (833) P 0.018 0.2703 0.457 30200 TiCl4(g) + H2(g) = TiCl3(S) + HCl(g) (499) SnI2.NH3(s) = SnI2(S) + NH3(g) ( 9 ^) (E) Ge, Germanium T 370.1 388.1 412.1 AH GeH4(g) = Ge(s) + 2H2(g) (1028) P 0.0084 0.0108 0.066 16000

H2SiF6 = H+ + HSiF;- (568)

Zr, Zirconium

SiCl4(I) Aff298-i = -128 IQOiASfJj 98 .! = 48.27; AF0^1 = -113710(833)

Ti, Titanium I I

P 1

I A# I 77 000-117 OOP

I Lit. j ( 157 )

TiO2(I) = Ti02(g) T I P 2 0 0 0 0 . 0 0 4 2 500-3 OOP 1 +++

Ti TTC(H+)

0.9573 .9573 .9576 1.925 1.925

I

W(Ci")

I

I Lit.

AH

( 157 )

63 000-77 OOP + H = Ti + KH2(g) from (329) In HCl(aq) at 298.10K +

^H2

I

0.0062 0.9592 .0068 .9492 .0061 .9684 .0130 .9605 .0131 .9605

M

I

1.048 1.047 1.048 2.025 2.025

In H2SO4(aq) at 298.10K m(H + ) I m ( S04

^W(Ti + +++)! TTC(Ti+++) I

P 1

I I

AH 63 000-77 OOP

I Lit. | (157)

PH2

I

P

ZrO2(S) = Zr(g) + O 2 (g); Pp2 = IQ"11 at 200O0K (157) ZrO2(I) = Zr02(g) T 2 000 3 000 3 500-4 OOP

I

P I Aff I Lit. 0.068 . (157) 0.021 1 92 000-117 OOP

Zr(N03)4.5H20(s) = (?) + xH2O(g) (E) For maximum loss in weight at 298.10K over H2SO4, v. (9*6)

++++

|m(Ti +++4 )| m (T i +++ )

0.965 0.0073 .965 .0072 .965 .0074 1.930 .0049 1.930 .0048

I I

ZrO2(I) = Zr(g) + 0 2 (g); Po2 = 0.6 at 300O0K (is?)

Ti(I) = Ti(g)

T 3 000-4 OOP

Zr(I) = Zr(g)

T 2 500-3 OOP

Km

Sn, Tin

Sn (white); Aff°, AF0 = P (885) 1.196 1.148 Sn (white) = Sn (gray) 1.226 A#2°731 = 532; AF0 = 666 + 0.4977 In T - 4.78T7; ASfJ98-! = 0.194 -1.94; AF2V1 = 9.5; Q 9 7 , 198) ; c/. (290-294, 300, 885, 988, 989) 0.186 Sn++; ^98-1 = P.136; AF°98tl = -3 138 (885)

\

0.9604 0.4825 0.0048 0.0091 0.9643 1.524 .9270 .4660 .0077 .0147 .9648 1.523 .9604 .4825 .0047 .0091 .9671 1.524 .9270 .4660 .0077 .0146 .9671 1.523 .9896 .4911 .0033 .0061 .9389 1.531 .9896 .4911 .0033 .0061 .9389 1.531 .9896 .4911 .0033 .0060 .9406 1.531 .9882 .4902 .0035 .0063 .9444 1.531 -.9899 .4911 .0031 .0063 .9617 1.530 .9566 .4828 .0049 .0091 .9683 1.523 .9569 .4825 .0049 .0090 .9683 .523 .9839 .4937 .0031 .0049 .6889 .526 .9835 .4937 .0035 .0045 .5175 .527 .9924 .4982 .0031 .0026 .3541 .529 .9982 .5007 .0027 .0017 .2446 .529 .9789 .4909 .0037 .0058 .8095 1.527

Km

SnO (s) + H2(g) = Sn(I) + H 2 O (g) K = 7.9P at 1073.10K; = 10.35 at 1173.10K (1538)

0.536 SnO(s) + C(s) = Sn(I) + CO(g); ^1023 = 1 (1363, 1364) .548 .534 Sn(I) + 2H20(g) = SnO2(S) + 2H2(g) (362) ; c/. (1538) .559 T I K u T \ K [I T I K .520 928 0.434 1044 0.240 1099 0.203 .518 931 .377 1046 .240 1099 .193 .542 971 .359 1082 .191 1169 .152 .548 976 .333 .486 Sn(I) + 2C0 2(g) = SnO2(S) + 2CO(g) (362); c/. (933) .551 T 918 939 954 977 1 045 1 088 .558 K 0.326 0.312 0.304 0.295 0.270 0.255 .553 .563 Sn++++ + 4H2O = Sn(OH)4(S) + 4H+ (303) .693 SnCl2.4NH3(s) = SnCl2(s) + 4NH3(g) (»») (E) .778 T 237.1 273.1 283.7 A# .523 P 0.0229 0.424 0.757 37200 0 In H2SO4(aq) at 308.1 K SnCl2.9NH3(s) = SnCl2.4NH3(s) + 6NH3(g) (") (E) + m( H ) |%TiasTi + + + + | pH2 | Km T 194.6 224.1 237.6 A# P 0.0091 0.188 0.478 38000 0'.959O 42.2 0.9408 0.740 .9590 42.8 .9408 .757 SnCl4(I) .9590 41.9 .9408 .730 A# 2 °98i = -128 010; ASJ 981 = -49.66; AF°981 » -113210 .9590 41.8 .9408 .726 (833) .9590 41.8 .9408 .726 SnBr2.2NH3(s) = SnBr2(s) + 2NH3(g) (") (E) In H2SO4(aq) at 318.10K T 353.1 370.1 383.6 AH P 0.039 0.105 0.211 27200 m(H+) I % Ti as Ti++++1 pH2 | Km SnBr2.3NH3(s) = SnBr2.2NH3(s) + NH3(g) (9*>) (E) 0.9569 49.3 0.9342 0.982 T 329.0 334.1 337.7 IS 49.8 .9461 1.008 .9573 P 0.0463 0.088 0.121 12400 .9569 49.8 .9461 1.008 .9573 49.9 .9474 1.013 SnBr2.6NH3(s) = SnBr2.3NH3(s) + 2NH3(g) ( 9 ^) (E) .9573 49.4 .9487 0.993 T 251.8 273.1 290.7 AH .9573 49.6 .9487 1.001 P 0.017 0.1756 0.466 19600 TiO2(I) = Ti(g) + 0 2 (g); P02 = IQ"18 at 2QOO0K (157) SnBr2.9NH3(s) = SnBr2.6NH3(s) + 4NH3(g) (") (E) T 194.6 225.6 233.4 AH TiCl4(I); SV1 = 59.5IjAS2V1 = -47.09 (833) P 0.018 0.2703 0.457 30200 TiCl4(g) + H2(g) = TiCl3(S) + HCl(g) (499) SnI2.NH3(s) = SnI2(S) + NH3(g) ( 9 ^) (E) Ge, Germanium T 370.1 388.1 412.1 AH GeH4(g) = Ge(s) + 2H2(g) (1028) P 0.0084 0.0108 0.066 16000

SnI2.2NH3(s) = SnI2.NH3(s) + NH3(g) (99) (E) T P

334.1 0.025

353.1 0.063

370.1 "AH 0.153 13300

SnI2.3NH3(s) = SnI2.2NH3(s) + NH3(g) (99) (E) T P

307.9 0.028

334.1 353.1 0.196 0.503

Äff 11900

SnI2.6NH3(s) = SnI2.3NH3(s) + 2NH3(g) (99) (E) T P

250.1 0.0110

273.1 0.078

289.6 0.220

A# 20400

PbOH+; AF2V1 = ~53 440 (H89.i) HPbO2-; AF2V1 = -80 602(1189.1) PbO (red) + OH" = HPbO2K298.! = 0.0402; AFVi = 1 903 (H89.i) ; cf. (22, 45, 83, 450, 494, 1025, 1207, 1272); f or solubility in KQH soins., v. (1189.1 PbO (yellow) + OH~ = HPbO^ £ 298>1 = 0.0531; AF§98<1 = 1 740 (1189.i); f or solubility in KOH soins., v. (1189.1) PbO.MH2O(s) + OH- = HPbO ^+ H H 2 O(I) K 298 .! = 0.0780; AFV1 = 1 512 (H89.1) ; c/. (494, 1269, 1551) ;

for solubility in KOH soins., v. (1189.1) Pb(OH) 2 (aq);AFV 1 = -96 888 (l 189.1) T 194.6 217.1 227.1 AH PbO.HH20(s) + KH2O(I) = Pb(OH)2 (aq) P 0.0067 0.074 0.155 31600 JE291.! = 0.00045 (1147) Pb(OH)2(aq) = PbOH+ + OH~ Pb, Lead K291.! = 4 X IO"5 (1147); A# = 1 000; K298.i = 4.2 X IO"5; Pb(g) AFV1 = 5 980 (1189.1) CP = 4.97; AF0 = 51 091 + 0.3677 In T + 0.00176772 - 33.86T7; AFg98.! = 41 764 (1189) Pb(OH) 2(aq) = H+ + HPbO2" K 29 Li = 1.47 X IO"12 (estimated); K298.i = 1.2 X 10~12; AH = Pb(I) 6 OOP; AFV1 = 16 260 (H89.i ) ; c/. (83) 0 7 2 AF = 401 - 2.34T In T + 0.00176T + 13.25T; AFVi = 533 PbCl2(I) + H2(g) = Pb(I) + 2HCl(g) (40, 1109) (1189); AFV5 = O; Cp = 7.67 (1*84); c/. (663, 765) Sn(I) + PbCl2(I) = Pb(I) + SnCl2(I) (912) Pb(I) = Pb(g) 0 7 7 PbCl2(S) AF = 50 690 + 2.707 In T - 47.1087 ; AFVi = 41 231 (1189) fr om (369, 510, 511, 512, 586, 664, 1233, 1234, 1274, 1500, A8.i = 1.6264; AFVi = -75 056 ± 10 (H89) from (256, SnI2.(9?)NH3(s) = SnI2.6NH3(s) + 4NH3(g) (99) (E)

4 7 0 ) ; c/. (14, 193, 530, 792)

1501)

PbCl2(S) + 2H2O(I) + Cl2(g) = PbO2(S) + 4HCl(aq) Pb(s) (1189); AFQ = Q; Ago = Q. (7p = 5t33 + Q.QQ352Ê K298.i = 2.8 X IO-« (1518); ^298., = 3.22 X 10~9; AF^98.! = Pb(s) = Pb (in het. amalg.); E = 0.00552 + 0.0000137*; 11 590 (1189) (gives for PbQ2, q.v., AFg98-1 = -51 118) #298.i =0.00586; AF2V1 = -270 (H89) from (256, 470); c/. PbCl2.xNH3 = (?) + xNH3(g) (E) (37, 188, 189, 193) The large degree of supersaturation of the solid solutions reduces 38 Pb(s) = Pb (in amalg., X2 = 0.00697); #298.i = 0.0140; AF2Vi the pressure according- to ( °) and hence values of (98)are = -646 (1189) from (37, 188, 189, 862, 1220, 1395); E = uncertain 0.0051 + 0.000233*; ff298.i = 0.0109 (188, 189) PbCl2.NH3(s) = PbCl2(S) + NH3(g) (98) (E) Pb++ T I P [I T I P ^98i = 0.122; AF2V1 = -5630 (885). (Revised value) 351.56 0.0174 372.7 j 0.220 /rom(188,189, 470, 477, 4 7 8 , 5 9 8 , 862); c/. (701); # V l = 0.1203; 353.24 0.024 Ag = 13 300 AF^1 = -5 551 (1173) PbCl2.lJiNH3(s) = PbCl2.NH3(s) + Y2 NH3(g) (98) (E) AH = 11 300; Ephraim (380) observed an intermediate stage in Sn(s) + Pb++ = Pb(s) + Sn++ In SnClO4 and PbClO4 at 298.10K (i<>89) ; c/. (885, 1283, 1284) the decomposition T I P [I T I P "T^ 0 ~ 3 9 0 7 4 3 0 7 5 2 0 7 5 5 294.8 I 0.021 u 319.1 | 0.351 K 3.124 ±0.0342.979 ± 0.0213.005 +0.0202.956 ±0.024 PbCl2.2NH3(s) = (?) + xNH3(g) (98, 380) (E) PbO (red) Aff = 12 4QOx (380); = 11 OQQx (98) AFV.i = -45 050 (1381); cf. (954) ; see Ishikawa and Shibata (674) ; jf these authors used PbO(y), then AF23^1 = -45 081 T \ P Il T I P Pb(s) + H 2 O(I) = H2(g) + PbO (red) 2 9 3 . 6 * 0 . 0 4 3 2 3 4 1 . 6 0 . 7 6 8 ^V1 = -0.2494; AF?98>1 ^ 11 510 (1381) 307.75* .1849 344.6 .816 319.2* .455 345.1 .829 Pb (in het. amalg.) + H2O(I) = H2(g) + PbO (red?) 324.1 .345 345.6 .941 E" = -0.2579 -f 0.000375 (t - 25) - 0.0000035 (t - 25)2; AF21^1 = 11 902 (674) 332.6 .487 353.1 1.026 333.1 .529 PbO (yellow) Cp= 11.57 (887); = 11.25+ 0.001677 (H89.1) fr om (785, 786, 934, 1056, 1198, 1281); A^98-1 = -44 896 (1189.1)

PbO (red) = PbO (yellow) AFJV1 = 160 (1189.1); cf. (22, 495, 1272)

PbO. MH 2 Q(S); AFV1 = -63 520 (H89.i) PbO2(S) AFV1 = -52 070 (1189.1);gegqZsoPbCl2(S) +2H 2 O(I) + Cl2(g) PbO2(S) = PbOx(S) + K(2 - X)0 2 (g) (1002, 1205)

PbO2(S) + H2(g) = PbO (yellow?) + H2O (in NaOH, IAT) ff2°90.1 = 1.078 (495, 496, 497)

* From (98); aU other values from (**°).

PbCl2.3HNH3(s) = PbCl2.2NH3(s) + lHNH3(g) (98) (E) T I P y T I P 251.9 0.0449 273.1 j 0.474 262.0 0.1489 Ag = 11 750 PbCl2.8NH3(s) = PbCl2.3KNH3(s) + 4%NH3(g) (98) (E) T I P H T I P 194.6 0.0024 251.9 | 0.445 223.1 0.0350 AH = 38 950 PbCl^-; AF2V1 = -104 700 ("89)

PbCi2(S) -f- cj2(g) + ci- = Pbcir g298.i = 0.055 (1518); AF2V1 = -31 367 ("89) HPbCl 5 (aq); AF2V1 = -104 700 ("89) PbBr2(S) E°298A = 1.3449; AF°98.i = -62 063 ± 20 ("«») from (470, 1173); CJ4 (168, 473, 792, 834)

Pb (in het. amalg.) + Br2(I) = PbBr2(s) ; ^298-1 = 1.4343 (473) PbBr2.NH3(s) = PbBr2(s) + NH3(g) ( 98 ) (E) T 383.7 412.5

I

P [I T I P 0.0220 I 429.7 0.2009 Il 457.45 0.604 0.1012 AH = 15 600 PbBr2.2NH3(s) = PbBr2.NH3(s) + NH3(g) (380) (E)

T 272.1 295.1 305.1 315.1 325.1

I

P* u T 0.059 326.6 .176 333.1 .276 335.1 .393 339.6 .566 343.1 A# = 12 100

I

P* 0.599 .738 .789 .897 .995

* Ephraim observes various degrees of supersaturation. In such cases the lower pressure values which Biltz and Fischer ( 98 ) observed for the compound are given.

PbBr2.3NH3(s) = PbBr2.2NH3(s) + NH3(g) (98) (E) T I 244.4 273.1

P 0.0372 0.2480

u

T I P 291.6 j 0.784 AH = 9 500

PbBr2-S^ NH3(S) = PbBr2.3NH3(s) + 2J^ NH3(g) (»«) (E) T 228.1 245.1

I

P 0.022 0.0946

[I

T I P 273.1 | 0.568 Aff = 22 500

PbBr2.8NH3(s) = PbBr2.5^NH3(s) +2KNH3(g) (»*) (E) T 221.1 243.7

I

P 0.036 0.266

[I

T I P 262.2 j 0.921 A# = 20 500

PbI2(S) EJj98.! = 0.89949; AF°298tl = -41 510 + 5 (*70) ; cf. (789.5) Pb(s) + I2(s) = PbI2(S) #298.i = 0.8983 in Q.5N KI; = 0.8968 in 0.1JV KI (789.5) ; = 0.89949; ^273-1 = 0.90012 (470) Pb (in het. amalg.) + I2(s) = PbI2(s) #298.1 = 0.89363; ^ 273-1 = 0.89460 (470) Pb (amalg. X2 = 0.000697) + I2(s) = PbI2(s) #298.i = 0.8843 in Q.5N KI (interpolated); = 0.8828 in O.IJV KI (interpolated) (789.5) PbI2.^NH3(s) = PbI2(S) + ^NH3(g) (98) (E) T I P [I T I P 3 8 3 . 7 0 . 0 6 3 6 4 2 9 . 7 j 0 . 4 7 5 6 388.0 0.0840 Ag =* 7 200 PbI2.NH3(s) = PbI2.^NH3(s) + KNH 3 (g) (98) (E) T I P [I T I P 329.0 0.014 384.1 j 0.398 353.3 0.093 Aff = 6 600 PbI2.2NH3(s) = PbI2.NH3(s) + NH3(g) (98) (E) T \ P u T I P 289.6 0.0180 329.0 | 0.417 307.55 0.1470 AH = 11 300

PbI2.5NH3(s) = PbI2.2NH3(s) + 3NH3(g) (98, 380) (E) T I P \[ T I P 2 4 2 . 2 0 . 0 1 2 9 2 8 9 . 6 0 . 5 0 9 9 258.1 .053 290.2 .530 270.1 .132* 291.6 .546 270.1 ,136 295.1 .651 273.1 .161 300.1 .825 286.1 .408 303.6 .938 First decomposition product (380) 315.6 0.164 343.1 0.658 320.1 .211 351.1 .893 329.1 .362 354.1 .980 330.6 .382 Second decomposition product (380) 356.1 0.084 399.6 0.605 373.6 .184 408.6 .804 388.6 .378 * Interpolated value from ( 98 ) ; all others from ( 38 °). The yellow PbI2-SNH3 of Biltz and Fischer ( 98 ) is very likely identical with the white PbIa.4NH3 of Ephraim ( 38 °). Biltz and Fischer studied the decomposition; Ephraim the synthesis.

PbI2.8NH3(s) = PbI2.5NH3(s) + 3NH3(g) (98) (E) T 194.6 216.6

P [I T I P 0.0079 239.1 | 0.557 .0852 A# = 23 400 Pb(IO3)2(s) = Pb++ -f 21O3g298.i = 5-92 X IP"12; AF2V1 = 16 690 PbS(s) I

AFJj98.! = 18 OOP (1189) from

(615); Cp = 12.20 (887) ; g/. (363)

PbS(s) = Pb(I) + S (equilib. gas) P 96 I = 0.0026 ( 13 °7); cf. (456) PbS(s) + 2PbO(s) = 3Pb(I) + SO2(g) (1201, 1202, 1203, isos, 1311, 1312, 1313, 1314)

PbS(s) + H2S(g) = Pb++ + 2HSlog ^ 298 -I = -18.88; AF2V1 =25770 ( 1189 ) from (615) PbSO4(S) A^298.i = -176 500 ( 118 Q); Cp = 25.07 (786) Pb(s) + PbO2(S) + 2H2SO4(aq) = 2PbSO4(s) + 2H2O(I) ^98.! = 2.021 (347) ; A^Q 2981 = _Q3 270 (366) m(H2S04)

I T(H2SO4) I

Cl(H2O)

2.687 2.541 0.4961 0.05306

0.158 .155 .178 .388

0.879 .888 .982 .998

I #( 3 66)

1.994 1.988 1.866 1.735

| ff(347) |

tf*^

1.953 2.021 1.947 2.021 1.828 2.053 1.727 2.024

PbI2(S) + SO™ = PbSO4(S) + 21- (420) #298.i = 0.62 (approx.); AFlJ98-1 = 892; solubility at 298.10K C(Na2SO4)

I

C(NaI)

j

Mc

|

KC

0.001820.022880.02830.5742 .00214 .02520 .0316 .5932 .6136 .00564 .04158 .0585 .00577 .04151 .0588 .5968 .0089 .0523 .0790 .6140 .0090 .0521 .0791 .6042 .0811 .5870 .00946 .05275 .00940 .05265 .0809 .5896 .0178 .0684 .1218 .5256 .0177 .0687 .1218 .5342 .2186 .4616 .0406 .0968 .04101 .1009 .2239 .4420 .04116 .1008 .2243 .4400

PbS(s) + PbSO4(S) = 2Pb(I) + 2SO2(g) AH298.i = 96 550 (by combination of calorimetrie data) ; = 95 230 (by addition of AH's obtained by slopes of two other equations) ; A^298.! = 67 900 (by addition); = 71 650 (by use of entropies) (**7)'from

Cp

PbCO3(S) = PbO (yellow) + CO2(g) AF0 = 21 140 + 7.3ST In T - 0.00355T2 + 0.00000031 T3 81.8277 (range 457 to 5580K), from A# 290 .i = 19 280; graph gives AH = 20 700; AF°9fU = 8 970 ("89.1) from (306, 307). AH = 24 830; AF^98., = 11 380 (274) PbCl2(S) + CO" = PbCO3(S) -f 2ClT = 298.10K from (609, 610) C(NaCl)

I

C(Na 2 CO 3 )

|

Mc

j

KC_

2 . 2 7 7 0 . 0 0 6 3 5 2 . 2 8 3 8 Î 7 3.674 I .01325 3.687 1 020 PbBr2(S) + CO3- = PbCO3(S) + 2Br" T = 298.1°K/rom (609, 610) C(NaBr)

|

C(Na 2 CO 3 )

|

1 . 6 8 2 0 . 0 1 0 0 2.262 .0138

Pc

|

KC

1.692 2.274

C(Na 2 SO 4 )

I

C(Na 2 CO 3 )

|

283 371

Mc

K0

0 . 2 1 0 3 0 . 0 0 2 5 0 . 6 3 8 4 8 4 ^ 2 .4213 .00425 1.277 99.2 .6319 .00635 1.915 99.6 .8425 .0085 2.554 99.2 PbSO4(S) + 2HCO3- = PbCO3(S) + SO~ + H 2 CO 3 (aq) Km.i = 29.74; AFJ91.! = -2 010; AH = -10 000; AF^ 98-1 = -1 820("89)/ rom (36) I

C(HCO3")

I

C(H 2 CO 3 )

I

Mc

|

KcWl-I

0 . 0 4 6 1 0 . 0 0 6 1 0 . 0 4 5 1 0 . 1 4 5 2 8 . 4 3 .0468 .0061 .0449 .147 28.87 .0476 .0036 .0164 .196 30.82 .0473 .0055 .0378 .147 30.30 Pb(CH3CO2)2.3H2O(s) = Pb(CH 3 CO 2 ) 2 (s) + 3H2O(g) (1032) (E) For the salt which resulted from the anhydrous salt through absorption of water from the air :

T 288.1 291.7 293.5

I

ReI. P* 0.00043 .00047 .00047

[I

T 294.5 294.6

\

ReI. P* 0.00050 .00051

For the salt crystallized out of solution. The pressure decrease becomes greater after the loss of 2 moles of water. At ^ mole of water, the pressure becomes a minimum: I

ReLP* 0.00059 0.00056

[I

T 294.0 294.5

\

ReLP* 0.00050 .00056

* " Relative pressure;" i.e., the ratio of the loss in weight of the salt to the loss in weight of pure water.

PbSO4-PbO(S); Cp = 36.64 (887) SPbS(s) + 2(PbO.PbSO4)(s) = 7Pb(I) + 5SO2 (g) AFo = 267 970 + 30.7T In T - 0.0177T2 + 0.00000155 T73 435.5T7 (range 985 to 10630K); AF2°98.i = 188 757 (887) from (1201, 1202, 1203)

NH4C1.2PbCl2(s) AFIj98-1 = -200 740 (1189)

^^^

NH4Cl(S) + 2PbCl2(S) = NH4C1.2PbCl2(s) #°298.i = 0.0307; AFJ9811 = -2 834; AFj91.! = -2 815; AFJ^1 = -3 195 (193) 2PbCO3(S) = PbO.PbCO3(s) + CO2(g) AF0 = 17 000 + 16.9977 In T - 0.00355772 + 0.00000031T3 - 74.96T7 (range 489 to 5410K); AFlJ 981 = 6 883 ("89)/ roTO

( 274 );c/. ( 275 )

Pb3O4(S) Cp = 35.70 + 0.009577 (1189)/rom (1006,1106,1281); AFj98.! = -147 342 (1189) Pb3O4(S) = 3PbO (yellow) + KO 2 (g) AF0 = 19 179 - 1.3077In T + 0.0021772 - 15.10977 (range 718 0 to 88O K); AF^ 98-1 = 12 654 ("89) from (1205) ; cf. (*95, 496, 497, 998-1001, 1006)

PbSO4(S) + CO3- = PbCO3(S) + SO^fT = 298.10K/row (609, 610)

T 288.0 291.7

1203, 1307, 1311, 1312, 1313, 1314)

(636, 1201, 1202, 1203, 1308, 1311, 1312, 1313)

PbCO3(S) = 25.95 (785, 786); A^j 9 8 1 = _149 000(H89.1)/rom (306, 307)

C(SO")

PbS(s) + 7PbSO4(S) = 4(PbSO4JPbO) (s) + 4SO2(g) AF0 = 157 907 + 13.13T In T - 0.0142772 + 0.00000124773 235.6!T(range 855 to 9610K); AF°98<1 = 97 684 (887) from (636,

3PbO2(S) + 2H2(g) = Pb3O4(S) + 2H2O (in NaOH, IAT) #290.1 = 1.135 (495, 496, 487)

3 (PbO .PbCO3)(S) = 2(PbCO3.2PbO)(s) + CO2(g) AF0 = 45 000 + 16.9977 In T - 0.00355T2 + 0.00000031 T3 - 119.0T (range 541 to 6140K); AF°298 ! = 21 750 ("89.1) from ( 274 ) PbCO 3.2PbO(s) = 3PbO (yellow) + CO2(g) AF0 = 25 700 -f 16.9977In T - 0.00355772 -f 0.00000031773 83.8077 (range 611 to 6780K); AF2°98 ^ = 12 946 ("89.1) from ( 274 ) Pb 3 (COs) 2 (OH) 2 (S); AF0^1 = -407 700 ("89) Pb3(C03)2.(OH)2(s) + 4H2C03(aq) = 3Pb++ + 6HCO;- + 2H2O(I) log p./.29i.i = 2.5; AF2°91 i = 30 020; AH = -23 160; AFJ98-1 = 31 330 ("91) from ("*7); cf. (™4) meno I ^(H2CQ3) I (log l/KmH) I ß» 0.000008 (?) .000029 0.000064 3.0325 0.009 .000034 .000123 2.5991 .010 .000040 .000328 2.7193 .011 .000048 .000592 2.7627 .012 .000053 .000988 2.7825 .013 .000076 .002400 2.7541 .015 Pb 3 (COs) 2 (OH) 2 (S) + 7OH- = 3HPbO" + 2CO~ + 3H2O(I) ^298.! = 8 X IQ"6; AFg98-1 = 6 961 ("89.i); c/. (ii47) Pb 3 (COs) 2 (OH) 2 (S) + 2HCO~ = 3PbCO3(s) + CO~ + 2H2O(I) Approx. log K 29 i.i = 1.50; AH = -18 000; K 298 .i = 15.1; AF2V1 = -1 610 (1189.1) from (36)

Th, Thorium T_ 2 000-2 500 T

Th(I) = Th(g) (157) I P j A// I 1 I 49 000-63 OOP Th02(?) = Th02(g) (157) \

P

I

AH

2 000 0.0 5 4 3 000 0.021 3 500-3 800 1 91 000-100 OOP Th02(?) = Th(g) + Oa(g) ( 157 ) T I P02 II T I P02 2 OOP I IQ"2? u 3 OOP I 0.0 5 6

ThCl4.18NH3(s) = ThCl4.12NH3(s) + 6NH3(g) (278) (E) T 250.6 263.1

I

P 0.324 0.737

[I

T 273.1 281.1

\

P 1.356 2.145

AH = 52 980 +

Th(S04)2.8H20 = Th +++ + 2SO;~ + 8H2O(I); v. SOJ'Th++++, Vol. IV, p. 336 Th(SO 4) 2.9H2O (s) = (?) + XH2O (g) (E) Maximum loss in weight at 298.10K over H2SO4 ( 916 ); for the reaction, Th(S04)2.8H20 = Th(SO4)2.4H20 + 4H2O/Koppel (787) gives log P' = log P - 3381/4.60677 + 2.3286. P = 0.04154 at T = 303.10K and P = 0.08044 at T = 315.10K Th(C2O4)2.6H20(s) = (?) + xH20(g) (E) Maximum loss in weight at 298.10K over H2SO4 (916). The water is lost continuously at first, then suddenly at the change to dihydrate. This change to the dihydrate is the same for the crystalline and microcrystalline form, whence the two forms are identical (59*)

Tl, Thallium Tl(/3); AF0 = 94 - 0.19877; AFVi = 35

Tl(I) AF0 = 389 - 1.85TIn T + 10.94077; AFVi = 468; AHVi = 900

Tl (amalg.).—(Continued) ^Tl

I

XTI/XHg

I

(q/aOTl( 676.1)

O 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80 (1.00)

I

(fl/S) Hg (676.1)

1 1.53 1.86 2.05 2.17 2.23 2.28 2.30 2.31 (2.32)

XTl

Ivri(3Q3. 1)

0.0000 0.0250 0.0500 0.0863 0.1000 0.1070 0.1500 0.2000 0.2500 0.3000 0.3500 0.4000 1.000 (extrapolated) Tl (s, satd. with Hg)

1 0.98 0.95 0.92 0.89 0.87 0.85 0.83 0.82 (0.80)

I

LHg(303.1)

O 212 413 671 750 800 1 013 1 195 1 324 1 415 1 478 1 520 1 640 805

0.0 - 3.1 - 10.2 - 28.1 - 37.2 - 41.8 - 75.8 -112 -144 -176 -207 -232

Tl(I) = Tl(g) (482, 1500, 1501) «ET!

Tl(s)(elect. crystals); AH0, AF0 = O (470, 1221) Tl(a); AF2V1 = -4 Tl(/3) = Tl(I) AF = 255 - 1.85TIn T + 11.13877; AF2°981 = 433; AH° 98 , = 551; AF3V6 = Q ( 1223 ); Aff576. 6 = 1 470 (1230) AFQ

=

Tl(«) = Tl(« 39 .. imS6T. AFV1 = 39; AFV4

=

Q (I 2 2 3 )

I

0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 1.OO (extrapolated)

CpHg(303.1)

j

6.70 6.72 6.75 6.80 6.85 6.93 6.97 7.02 7.05

CpTl(303.1)

10.20 9.81 9.54 9.15 8.82 8.62 8.50 8.40 8.34 8._2

Tl (in het. amalg.) Cp = 8.3 («S3, 885); AF = -614 - 1.957Mn T + 12.98577; AF298-1 = -55; AH298.! = -33 (470)

Tl(I) = Tl (amalg., x = 1) AF0 = -2 246 - 2.077In T +14.8277JAF2Vi = -1 225; AHVi

Tl(«) = Tl (in het. amalg.) #29i.i = 0.00208; #298.i = 0.0022 (!223) ; = 0.0026 0218); = 0.0028 (732) ; = 0.0027;dE/dt =0.000020(470). AF° = -614 - 1.9577In T + 12.99877; AF298.! = - 51; Ag298.! = -33 (470).

Tl (in 90. 5-96% amalg.) = Tl (in het. amalg.) #29i.i = 0.0013 (!223); AF = -614 - 1.9577 In T + 13.06977; AF298-1 = -30; AH298., = -33

Tl(/3) = Tl (in het. amalg.) AF = -708 - 1.957Mn T + 13.183T; AF 298-1 = -90; AH 2981 = -127; #291.1 = 0.0038 from (1223)

732, 803, 1061, 1218, 1348, 1413)

Tl (amalg., x = 1) AF0 = -1 897 - 3.85T In T + 25.760T; AF2V1 = -757; AHj98.! = -749

_

XTl

0.005 0.01 0.05 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5

XTl/XHg

_

0.00502 0.0101 0.0526 0.111 0.250 0.428 0.667 1.000

(885)

_

1.06 1.15 1.80 2.84 4.98 6.60 7.57 7.98

'

a

( /#)Hg(293.1)

_

0.9998 0.999 0.986 0.950 0.866 0.790 0.734 0.704

= -1

650 from (883, 885) from

(623, 1 2 1 8 )

Tl+;Tl(s), Tl+ #Vi = 0.3363; AF2V1 = -7 760 (883) from (470 ); c/. (9, 186, Tl+ = Tl+++ + 2E- (8, 9) Grube and Hermann (520) gjve Pt, Tl+, Tl+++ ^91-1 = -1.211 TlOH(s); AFV1 = -45 400 (883) TlOH (s) = Tl+ H- OHm* (298.1) = 1.70 (42); AFV-1 = 190 ( 885 ) TlCl(S)SAF 2 V 1 = -44 195 TlCl (s) = Tl+ + ClK298.! = 2.78 X IQ-4; AFg98-1 = 5 086 Q192) TlCLSNH8(S) = TlCl(s) + 3NH3(g) ( 1 ^ 8 ) (E) T I P* [I T I P* 194.1 0.050 223.1 | 0.382 213.1 0.205 AH = ca. 21 300 * The pressure hardly differs from that of pure NHa.

TlCl3.3NH3(s) = Solid solution + xNH3(g) (395) (E)

T 294.6 307.1 327.1

I

P [I T 0.032 350.6 0.070 374.1 0.142 376.1 AH = 13 40Ox

I

Zn, Zinc

P 0.316 0.905 1.000 (extrap.)

Zn(g); Cp = 5.0; see Zn(s) = Zn(g) Zn(I); Cp = 7.24 (166); see Zn(s) = Zn(I)

Zn(I) = Zn(g) AF0 = 30 540 + 2.24T7 In T - 41.76077; AF2°98-1 = 21 887 (936) from ( 1 6 6 J 365, 511, 616, 617, 1233, 1234,

TlBr(s); AFJj98-1 = -39 770

Zn(s) = Zn(g) AF0 = 31 515 + 0.1077In T -^- 0.0015772 - 29.932T7; AF°98.i = 22 885 (936) from (368) Zn(s); AF0, AH0 = O; Cp = 5.10 + 0.00377 (365) Zn(s) = Zn(I) AF0 = 975 - 2.UT In T + 0.0015772 + 11.82877; AF2^1 =

TlBr(s) = Tl+ + Br-; AFg98-1 = 7 420 (774) TlCl(s) + Br- = TlBr(s) + Cl- ( 505 )

(KCl or KBr) 0.025 0.05

ff298.i (KCl or KBr) .EW1 0.0958 Il 0.1 0.1007 0.0991 || 0.2 0.1013 AF2V1 = -2 340 TlBr.3NH3(s) = TlBr(s) + 3NH3(g) (E) P2i3.i = 0.211; P223.i = 0.378; Ag = ca. 21 300 (395)

998 (936) from

TlCl(s) + BrOj = TlBrO3(S) + ClAt 312.850K, Kc = 1.246 and AF0 = -137 ( 107 7) Tll(s); AFg98.! = -30 020

TU(s) = Tl+ + IAFJ98 i = 9 883 from sc = 0.000243, interpolated from conductivity (774) ; AF2Vi = 9 933 from sc = 0.0002352; at 273.10K, So = 0.0000587 (732) TlI.3NH3(s) = TlI(s) + 3NH3(g) (107) (E)

T I P* [I T P* 1 9 4 . 1 0 . 0 5 0 2 2 3 . 1 0 . 3 6 1 213.1 0.209 A# = ca. 21 300 * The pressure hardly differs from that of pure NHs.

TlCl(s) + CNS- = TlCNS(s) + Cl~ (772) T_

C(KC1+KCNS)

Kc

273.9 293.1 313.0

0.10 0.10 0.10

1.736 1.241 0.850

JC298-1 = 1.13; AFjJ98-1 = -74 (772); at 298.10K, Kc = 1.112 and AF0 = -63 from ( 107 S); at 312.850K, Kc = 0.841 and AF0 = 107 from (1Q77) TlBrO3(S) + CNS- = TlCNS(s) + BrO^ At 312.850K, Kc = 0.677 and AF0 = 243 from (1Q77) Tl2O(S); AFg98^ = -32 410 (885) 2T10H(s) = Tl2O(S) + H2O(g) (42) (E) AfV 1 = 3 880 (885)

^

I

F 0.017 0.030 0.055 0.070 0.096 0.109 0.145 0.178

[I

T I 378.5 383.7 389.6 395.3 403.1 408.8 413.1 A# = 15 200

F 0.214 0.279 0.367 0.479 0.670 0.886 1.013

2TlClO3(S) + SO4- = Tl2SO4(S) -f 2ClOj At 293.10K, Kc = 0.164 and AF0 = 1 055 from (1Q78) Tl2(S04)3.10NH3(s) = (?) + xNH3(g) (395) (E)

T 333.1 348.1

I

F 0.228 0.408

[I

T I F 373.1 j 1.013 AH = 13 30Ox

(492, S I l , 618, 663, 971, 1131,

1556)

Zn++ ^2Vi = 0.7581; AF2V1 = -17 492 (885) from (648) ZnO (s) Cp = 9.96 + 0.0029877 - 0.000000387T2 (940) from (322.5) AF2^8., = -75 720; A^g98., = -23.62 (940); c/. (938) ZnO(s) + H2(g) = Zn(I) + H 2 O(g) (491) ZnO(s) + C = Zn(g) + CO(g) (137, 842) ZnO(s) -f- C0(g) = Zn(g) + CO 2 (g) AF0 = 47 290 + 4.4677In T - 0.00156772 - 0.0000002455T73 - 60.30577 (range 825 to 112O0K); AF2V1 = 36 855 (941); c/. (137, 459, 842,

1097)

Zn++ + H2O(I) = H+ -f ZnOH+ In ZnCl2 (aq) (8QQ) c I % Hydrolysis at 358.6°K| % Hydrolysis at 373.10K 0.00392 0.137 .0157 0.0368 .0760 .125 .0421 .0835 In ZnSO4 (aq) at 373.10K (8QQ) c I % Hydrolysis 0.00392 0.110 .0157 .0416 .065 .0244 In Zn(NOs) 2 (aq) (800) c I % Hydrolysis at 358.6°K| % Hydrolysis at 373.10K 0.00392 0.0421 0.0784 .0157 .0470 .125 .0242 .0309 Zn(OH) 2 (S) + 2OH- = ZnO2" + 2H 2 O(I); K = 180 (1SS1) Zn(OH) 2 (S) H- OH- = ZnO2H" + H2O(I) At 298.1 0 K( 1 SSi);^. (1027) C(NaOH)

T 319.4 344.6 352.2 356.3 362.6 364.9 370.4 374.7

1556)

I

C(Zn)

||

0.2636 .3871

C(NaOH)

|

C(Zn)

0 . 0 0 3 1 1 0 . 5 4 1 4 0 . 0 1 2 9 .0057 .9280 .0425 Zn(OH) 2 (aq) = H+ + ZnO2H" K = >0.5 X IP"12 ( 136 Q); cf. (763, 1027) ZnCl2(I) + H2(g) = Zn(I) + 2HCl(g) (40) ZnCl2. lowest hydrate = ZnCl2(s) + aq (E) F298-1 = 0.00112; F323-1 = 0.00288 (70) ZnCl2.NH3(s) = ZnCl2(S) + NH3(g) (E) ^489.1 = 0.0088 (801);P7Q3.1 = 0.132 (extrap.); Ag = 25 OOP (*Q4) ZnCl2.2NH3(s) = ZnCl2.NH3(s) + NH3(g) (^4, soi) (E) T I F [I T I F 400.6 0.000061 483.9 0.039 429.1 0.00186 489.1* 0.057 457.6 0.00667 Aff = 19 200 * From (»«i); all other values from (i<>4).

ZnCl2.4NH3(s) = ZnCl2.2NH3(s) + 2NH3(g) (io*, 388, soi) (E) T \ P* Il T I P* 292.8 0.0155 351.lt 0.5291

308.0 327.1 338.2

0.0406 0.132 0.2635

353.3 0.5554 365.lt 0.961 Ag = 23 640

* Isambert (666) found pressures a little higher, t From (»Öl). Î From ( 3 8 8 ); all other values from (i<>4).

ZnCl2.6NHs(s) = ZnCl2.4NH3(s) + 2NH3(g) (1O*, 379, soi). c/.

T 260.1 273.1 283.1 290.2* 292.1 296.1* 300.1 308.0* 312.1 * From (104).

I

(390, 666) (E)

P 0.008 0.029 0.059 0.0939 0.108 0.132 0.172 0.2731 0.353

[I

T 318.1 319.9* 323.1 326.1 329.1 330.6 333.1 334.4 351.lt

I

P 0.483 0.5095 0.630 0.717 0.837 0.897 1.009 1.054 2.150

f From (»oi) ; all other values from ( 3 7 9 ).

The values of ( 666 ) and (390) show good agreement with the above. According to Ephraim ( 388 ), the decomposition goes first to NH 3 content of 4.4 moles (P830.9 = 0.953); between 4.4 and 4.0 moles NH 3 lies a series of solid solutions which show P = 0.961 for the following: Moles NH 3 4 ~ 3 Ï 7 Î Ï 7 Ô T, 0K 332.1 334.6 336.6 ZnCl2.10NH3(s) = ZnCl2.6NH3(s) + 4NH3(g) ( 104 ) (E) T I P II T I P

194.6 203.1 208.1

0.0380 0.0816 0.1237

I

213.1 218.1 223.1

0.1871 0.2769 0.3923

A# = 28 280 ZnCl2.5CH3NH2(s) = (?) + xCH 3 NH 2 (g) (393) "(E) T I P [I T I P 310.6 0.082 348.6 0.579 324.6 0.130 360.1 1.000 (extrap.) 338.6 0.342 AH = 12 79Ox Zn(C103)2.4NH3(s) = ? + xNH3(g) (391) (E) T I P [I T I P 387.1 0.021 450.1 0.116 413.1 0.042 489.1 1.000 (extrap.) 438.1 0.066 Zn(C103)2.6NH3(s) = Zn(ClO3)2.4NH3(s) + 2NH 3 (g) (391) (E) T I P [I T I P 258.1 0.296 274.1 0.591 259.1 0.305 276.1 0.639 263.1 0.355 279.1 0.724 265.1 0.400 280.6 0.782 267.1 0.437 283.1 0.908 271.1 0.511 284.1 0.983 0.562 Ag = 19 600 273.1 Zn(C104)2.6H20(s) = Zn(ClO 4 ) 2 .4H 2 O(s) + 2H2O(g) ( 129 °) (E) T I P [I T I P 373.1* 0.011 503.1 0.036 391.1 0.029 523.1 0.045 533.lt 0.064 398.1 0.029 483.1 0.032 * Transition point at 373.10K.

f Decomposition begins at 533.10K.

Zn(ClO4MNH3(S) = (?) + xNH3(g) (1290) (E) T 343.1 373.1 383.1 408.1 438.1 473.1

I

P 0.009 0.029 0.032 0.032 0.033 0.036

[I

T 503.1 523.1 553.1 583.1 598.1

I

P 0.038 0.042 0.064 0.087 0.136

Zn(ClO4)2.6NH3(s) = Zn(ClO4)2.4NH3(s) + 2NH3(g) (390) (E) T 265.1 270.6 276.1 283.1 289.1

I

P 0.063 0.100 0.139 0.204 0.280

u

T I P 295.1 0.383 301.1 0.507 308.1 0.721 315.1 1.033 Ag = 22 OOP

ZnBr2. lowest hydrate = ZnBr2(S) + aq ( 7 O) (E) T I P u T I P 2 7 3 . 1 0 . 0 0 0 3 7 3 2 3 . 1 0 . 0 0 8 3 4 298.1 0.00153

ZnBr2.NH3(s) = ZnBr2(s) + NH 3 (g) (E) P678.i = 0.132 (104, 666); AH = 24 OQQ (104) ZnBr2.2NH3(s) = ZnBr2.NH3(s) + NH3(g) (104) (E) T I P [I T I P 403.1 0.000021 457.6 j 0.00305 429.1 0.00083 AH = 19 900 ZnBr2.4NH3(s) = ZnBr2.2NH3(s) + 2NH3(g) (104) ; cf. (388) (E) T 328.8 352.7

I

P 0.0095 0.0439

Il

T I P 384.1 | 0.257 AH = 27 100

ZnBr2.6NH3(s) = ZnBr2.4NH3(s) + 2NH3(g) (388) (E) The decomposition exhibits a continuous series of solid solutions, whose dissociation points lie very near one another. The following results are for P = 0.953 atm.: Moles NH 3 I T \\ Moles NH 3 | T (TOO 333.6 4~5 341.1 5.60 339.1 4.05 341.6 5.1 340.1 AH = 22 040 But the pressure is dependent upon the previous history. Fresh ZnBr2.6NH3 dissociates at 335.10K; a day old at 333.60K (388). of the three vapor pressure curves of ( 104 > 379, 388); the first two only agree fully and show P = 1.00 at 341.6, and P = 0.132 at 304.6 T (388)

I

p

||

T (388)

I

p

2 8 5 . 1 0 . 0 3 9 3 2 3 . 1 0 . 4 8 2 295.1 0.095 ' 326.1 0.568 300.1 0.129 331.1 0.739 307.1 0.196 333.1 0.829 314.1 0.292 336.1 0.957 318.1 0.364 337.1 1.000 ZnBr2-SCH3NH2(S) = (?) + xCH3NH2(g) (395) (E) T I P Il T I P 318.1 0.124 338.1 0.505 330.1 0.318 352.1 1.000 (extrap.) Ag = 12 48Ox (393) ZnI2.NH3(s) - ZnI2(S) + NH 3 (g) (E) P613.i = 0.132; AH = 22 OOP (*o*) ZnI2.2NH3(s) = ZnI2.NH3(s) + NH3(g) (E) P429.i = 0.00139; P457.5 = 0.0056; Ag = 19 420 QQ4)

ZnI2.4NH3(s) = ZnI2.2NH3(s) + 2NH3(g) (*04) (E)

r

I

P

Il

r

P

429.5 457.7

0.1648 0.5070

329.1 353.1

0.00082 0.00372

383.8

0.018 484.1* Ag = 30 760

1.000

* Ephraim (388) finds P = 1.00 at T = 472.10K.

ZnI2.6NH3(s) = ZnI2.4NH3(s) + 2NH3(g) (i<>4, 388) (E)

T 273.1* 284.1 287.1 288.2* 290.1 294.1 301.6 302.1* 307.1 307.4*

I

P 0.0201 0.049 0.059 0.054 0.071 0.087 0.139 0.132 0.195 0.191

[I

I

T I P 311.1 0.255 311.6 0.258 317.1 0.362 319.4* 0.3401 321.1 0.450 322.1 0.468 327.3 0.616 331.1 0.741 336.1 0.987 AH* = 21 860

* From ( 1 0 4 ); all other values from ( 388 ).

There possibly exist between ZnI2.6NH3 and ZnI2.5.7NH3 solid solutions, for which Ephraim (388) found P = 0.961 as follows: MolesNH 3 5.92 5.79

I

T 332.1 336.1

\\ Moles NH 3 5.03 4.08

|

T 338.1 338.6

ZnI2.6CH3NH2(s) = (?) + xCH3NH2(g) (393) (E)

T 314.1 323.1

P I] T I P 0.258 330.1 0.513 0.393 344.1 1.000 (extrap.) AH = 12 17Ox Zn(IO3)2.4NH3(s) = (?) + xNH3(g) (391) (E) T I P [I T I P 350.1 0.058 392.1 0.318 364.6 0.107 403.1 0.468 379.6 0.186 417.1 1.000 (extrap.) ZnS03.3NH3(s) = (?) + xNH3(g) (390) (E) T I P Il T I P 325.1 0.078 369.1 0.329 334.1 0.101 379.1 0.658 347.1 0.134 387.1 1.039 360.1 0.204 Aff = 13 80Ox ZnSO4.H2O(s) = ZnSO4(S) + H2O(g) (E) I

T 298.1If 298.25J 301.45î 303.05î 303.1* 307.3t 307.6 313.1 318.1

* From (843, 844). § ± 0.2° from (641).

C/. (1030,1325) (E)

AH = 11 400, calculated from pressures T I P I] T I P 2 9 0 . 9 5 0 . 0 1 0 4 2 9 8 . 2 5 0 . 0 1 7 4 9 293.55 0.01247 302.00 0.02295 298.1* 0.0168 303.05 0.02447 298.lt 0.0171 304.80 0.02773 * From C* 30 ),

t From O 0 9 0 ); all other values from (458).

ZnSO4.7H2O(s) = ZnSO4.6H2O(s) + H2O(g) (*so, 458, 641, 843, 844, 895, 1335, 1524); cft (1030, 1033, 1325) (E)

T 283.1* 289.6 291.1Ot 293.1*

I

AH = 3 440 (458) P [I T 0.0064 293.1§ 0.0096 293.55Î 0.01106 295.1 0.0120 298.111

\

P 0.0138 0.01326 0.0166 0.0179

ZnSO4.7H2O (s) .—(Continued) P I) T I 0.02018 323.1 0.01934 328.1 0.02518 333.1 0.02814 339.1 0.0249 343.1 0.0393 348.1 0.0375 351.9 358.6 0.0582 0.0757 361.1

P 0.0962 0.1192 0.1499 0.1914 0.2248 0.2911 0.3401 0.4953 0.562

t From («95) ;a ii other values from (1524). |j From (430). ^ From (1335).

$From (458).

ZnSO4.3NH3(s) = ZnSO4.2NH3(s) + NH3(g) (E) P 458 -I = 0.953 (388) ZnSO4.4NH4(s) = ZnSO4.3NH3(s) + NH3(g) (E) P371.6 = 0.953 (388) ZnSO4.5NH3(s) = ZnSO4.4NH3(s) + NH3(g) (regular series of solid solutions (388) (E) The following results are for P = 0.953: Moles NH 3 5.0 4.5

I

T 292.1 305.1

\\ Moles NH 3 4.3 4.01

|

T 314.1 321.1

ZnSO4.6NH3(s) = (?) + xNH3(g) (regular series of solid solutions) (388) (E)

The following results are for P = 0.953: MolesNH 3 Qca. 5.6

I

T 238.1 254.1

\\ Moles NH 3 | 5.3 5.2

T 267.1 274.1

2ZnSO4(S) + 2HCl(g) = ZnSO4.H2SO4(s) + ZnCl2(s) Pm.i = 0.510; P285.4 = 1 (extrap.) (959) ZnS203.3NH3(s) = (?) + xNH3(g) (E) P423.i = 0.25 (390) ZnS203.5NH8(s) = ZnS2O3.3NH3(s) + 2NH3(g) (390) (E)

T I P II T I P 2 8 8 . 1 0 . 0 3 7 3 1 7 . 1 0 . 4 2 4 297.1 0.097 327.1 0.834 310.1 0.275 332.1 1.039 Aff = 23 400 ZnS206.5NH3(s) = (?) + xNH3(g) (390) (E)

T

P298.1 = 0.0013 (430); cf, (1030, 1325)

ZnS04.6H20(s) = ZnSO4.H2O(s) + 6H2O(g) (430, 458, 1090);

I

297.1 313.1 327.1

I

P

[I First form

T

I

P

0.036 333.1 0.507 0.101 340.1 0.829 0.322 Second form 320.1 0.246 Il 342.1 0.941 333.1 0.550 Il 343.1 1.000 (extrap.) AF = 12 IQOx ZnS406.3NH3(s) = (?) + xNH3(g) (390) (E) Vapor pressure curve uncertain ZnS4O6^NH3(S) = ZnS4O6.3NH3(S) + 2NH3(g) (390) (E) T \ P u T I P 275.1 0.028 310.1 0.259 284.1 0.047 315.1 0.424 293.1 0.072 318.1 0.458 298.1 0.117 323.1 0.708 301.1 0.142 332.1 1.049 306.1 0.195 AH = 23 400

Zn(N0 2 ) 2 .NH 3 (s) = (?) + xNH3(g) (390) (E) T 298.1 318.1 328.1 337.1

P 0.033 0.072 0.104 0.136

I

ZnCO3(S) + H2CO3(ao).—(Continued)

T I P 346.1 0.176 353.1 0.208 359.1 0.238 Aff = 14 60Ox

[I

Zn(NO 3 ) 2 .4NH 3 (s) = Zn(NO 3 ) 2 .3NH 3 (s) + NH 3 (g) (388, 390) (E) T I P II T I P 3 8 0 . 1 0 . 0 2 4 4 4 6 . 1 0 . 2 3 4 393.1 0.037 456.1 0.358 407.1 0.051 463.1 0.479 418.1 0.074 474.1 0.747 427.1 0.105 479.1* 0.953 434.1 0.142 481.1 1.000 440.1 0.182 AH = 17 600 * Value from ( 388 ), particularly reliable; all other values from ( 39 °).

Zn(NO8)2.6NH3(s) = Zn(NO 3 ) 2 .4NH 3 (s) + 2NH3(g) (388, 390) (E) T 273.1 279,1 283.1 288.1 293.1

I

P 0.209 0.284 0.349 0.442 0.557

T I P 298.1 0.699 303.1 0.876 303.6* 0.953 306.1 0.995 Aff = 21 400

[I

»Value from ( 388 ), particularly reliable; all other values from ( 39 °).

(NH4)2Zn(S04)2.6H20(s) = (NH 4 ) 2Zn(SO4)2.2H2O(s) + 4H2O(g) (264) (E)

T 303.8 315.6 318.1 320.7 328.7 329.6

log P = 2.755 + 471.5/77 \ P \ \ 0.0037* 0.0097 0.0122* 0.0143 0.0270 0.0287*

- 622 OOO/T2 T \ P ~ 332.8 0.0361 337.8 0.0497* 341.1 0.0616* 343.3 0.0708 352.5 0.1219 Ag = 61 600

* Measured on cooling.

Zn(OH)2(S) + 4NH3C2H5OH(aq) = Zn(NH2C2H6)J+ + 2OH~ + 4H2O(I) (607) C(NH3C2H5OH)

C(NH 3 C 2 HsOH)

C(Zn) total ^ total 0.068 0.00015 0.68 0.0049 .00225 L51 Zn[I(As203)2]2.4NH3(s) = Zn[I(As2O3)2]2.2NH3(s) + 2NH3(g) (E) P473.i = 1.00 (396) Zn[I(As203)2]2.6NH3(s) = Zn[I(AsO3)2]2.4NH3(s) + 2NH 3 (g)

(396) (E)

Decomposition between 343.1 and 360.10K gives a series of solid solutions Zn[I(As203)2]2.7NH3(s) = Zn[I(As2O3)2]2.6NH3(s) + NH3(g) (396) (E)

Decomposition begins at 253.10K, and leads through a series of solid solutions, to the hexammine at 343.10K ZnCO3(S) = ZnO(s) + CO2(g) For Smithsonite, at ca. 668.10K, P = I (453) ZnCO3(S) + H2C03(aq) = Zn++ + 2HCO^ ("oi) from ( 137 °); c/. (564) log p./. 298.1 = 2.292; AH = -7 150; AF2Wi = 9 385 C(H2CQ3)

0.1390 .1797 .2579

I

C(Zn++)

I

C(HCQj-)

|

T = 298.10K 0.00194 0.00388 .00211 .00422 .00242 .00484

l&

0.076 .080 .085

\ log U/g**)

2.2258 2.2263 2.2194

C(H2CO,)

C(Zn++)

I

I

C(HCO3")

|

/ift

[kg (V^)

T = 298.1°K.—(Continued) 0.3580 0.00270 0.00540 0.090 2.2192 .4103 .00278 .00556 .091 2.2263 .4480 .00291 .00582 .093 2.2192 .6657 .00317 .00634 .098 2.2395 .6969 .00319 .00638 .098 2.2432 .7610 .00343 .00686 .101 2.2245 1.3701 .00445 .00890 .115 2.1965 T = 303.10K 0.1838 0.00215 0.00430 0.080 2.2216 .3838 .00277 .00554 .091 2.2181 .4038 .00286 .00572 .093 2.2117 .4601 .00308 .00616 .096 2.1981 .6064 .00324 .00648 .099 2.2163 .6257 .00337 .00674 .100 2.2037 .7470 .00352 .00704 .102 2.2105 .8351 .00376 .00752 .106 2.1979 1.0840 .00339 .00678 .101 2.2809 1.1275 .00429 .00858 .114 2.1840 ZnC2O4.5NH3(s) = ZnC2O4.2NH3(s) + 3NH3(g) (390) (E) T I 256.1 260.1 265.1 . 267.1 270.1 275.1

P y T 0.053 I 280.1 0.083 283.1 0.139 288.1 0.171 291.1* 0.229 294.1 0.326 295.1 Ag = 30 600

I

P 0.441 0.524 0.705 0.841* 0.978 1.026

* Ephraim ( 38 S) finds P29i.i = 0.953.

Zn(HC02)2.2JiNH3(s) = Zn(HCO2)2.2NH3(s) + KNH 3 (g) (E) P = 0.953 from 335 to 3370K (388) Zn(HC02)2.4NH3(s)

= Zn(HCO2) 2.2KNH3(s) (388, 390)

T 281.1 287.1 292.1 296.1 301.1

I

P 0.078 0.118 0.164 0.211 0.283

[I

+

lKNH 3 (g)

(E)

T I P 309.1 0.451 315.1 0.625 319.1 0.766 324.1 0.980 Ag = 17 100

Zn(HC02)2.6NH3(s) = Zn(HCO2)2.4NH3(s) + 2NH3(g) (E) P269.1 = 0.953; decomposition to the tetrammine at 276.10K (390) Zn(CNS)2.4NH3(s) = Solid solutions + xNH3(g) (390) (E) T I P || T I P 304.1 0.026 350.1 0.397 318.1 0.058 353.1 0.511 330.1 0.111 358.1 0.776 337.1 0.166 361.1 1.013 345.1 0.266 Ag = 12 80Ox Zn(CNS)2.6NH3(s) = Zn(CNS)2.4NH3(s) + 2NH3(g) (390) (E) T I P || T P 2 5 2 . 1 O . 3 2 0 2 7 3 . 1 0 . 9 4 5 258.1 0.441 274.1 1.000 (extrap.) Aff = 19 OOP Zn(CH3CQ2)2.2NH3(s) = (?) + xNH8(g) (390) (E) T I P Il T I P 377.1 0.043 395.1 0.129 387.1 0.075 403.1 0.236 391.1 0.097 411.1 0.451

Zn(CH3CO2)2.2NH3(s).—(Continued}

T 409.1 418.1

\

P [I T 0.368 420.1 421.1 0.783 AH = 15 20Ox

I

P 0.930 1.037

2ZnSO4-ZnO (s) = 3ZnO (s) + 2SO2(g) + O2(g) /Wi = LOO (455) ZnSO4(S) = 2ZnSO4.ZnO(s) + SO2(g) + MO 2 (g) Piiis.1 = 1.00 < 4 5 5 ) ;C/. ( 6 3 6 , 8 3 5 )

Cd, Cadmium

Zn(OH) 2 (S) + 4NH4OH(aq) = Zn(NH3)J+ + 2OH- + 4H2O(I) (155, C(NH4OH)

Cd(I); Cp = 7.50 (* **); see Cd(s) = Cd(I)

C(NH 4 OH)

total 0.0942* .236* .321 .643 .707*

^ 0.00055 .0055 .00417 .01038 .0295

0

total 1.215 1.928 2.570 3.213

^ 0.0332 .0623 .0862 .1249

* From ( 6 °7); all other values from (155).

Zn(OH)2(S) + 4NH3CH3OH(aq) = Zn(NH2CH3)++ + 2OH~ +4H 2 O(I) (607) C(NH 3 CH 3 OH)

C(NH3CH3OH)

C(Zn) total ^ total 0.0944 0.00025 0.944 0.015 .472 .00405 Zn(C 6 H 5 C0 2 ) 2 .2NH 3 (s) = (?) + xNH3(g) (1457) (E) T I P Il T I P 408.1 0.141 455.1 0.704 0.218 461.1 0.939 426.1 442.1 0.388 463.1 1.000 Zn(C 6 H 0 CO 2 ) 2 .3NH 3 (s) - Zn(C6H5CO2) 2.2NH3(s) + NH 3 (g)

(1457); c/. (388*)

T 299.1 308.1 318.1

I

Cd(g); CP = 5.0; see Cd(s) = Cd(g)

607); c/. (1400)

P 0.121 0.230 0.454

H

(E)

T 323.1 328.1 330.1

I

P 0.632 0.875 1.000

* According to Ephraim ( 388 ), P = 0.953 at T between 329.1 and 338.60K, depending upon previous history of sample.

Zn(C6H5CO2)2.6NH3(s) = Zn(C6H5CO2)2.3NH3(s) + 2NH3(g) (1457 ) ; c / . (388) (E)

. T I P H T I P 278.1 0.461 288.1 0.724 283.1 0.533 291.1 0.980 285.6 0.605 294.1 0.953 Zn(C6H5C02)2.8NH3(s) = Zn(C6H5CO2)2.5NH3(s) + 3NH3(g) (1457); Cf, (388, 390) (E)

T I P [I T I P 254.1 0.346 266.1 0.770 258.1 0.408 270.6 1.000 260.1 0.528 271.1 1.058 263.1 0.632 AJJ = 27 900 Zn(C6H6SO3)2.5NH3(S) = Zn(C6H5SO3)2.4NH3(s) + NH3(g) (E) P = 1.00 between 261.10K and room temperature (1457) Zn 2-naphtholsulfonate.8NH3(s) = Zn 2-naphtholsulfonate.4NH3 (s)+4NH 3 (g) (1457) (E) T P Il T I P 254.1 0.272 269.1 0.592 258.1 0.336 273.1 0.842 265.6 0.474 | 274.6 1.000 Zn o-naphthoylbenzoate with 8NH3 = (?) -f xNH3(g) (1457) (E) T I P - H T I P 255.1 0.368 265.1 0.789 259.1 0.513 267.1 1.000 260.6 0.566

Cd(I) = Cd(g) AF0 = 26 645 + 2.5OT InT- 43.06877; AF^98 i = 18 053 (»36) from (166, 427, 616, 6 1 7 )

CdOO AF0, Äff 0 = O; Cp = 5.46 + 0.002677 (936) from (515, 1043)

Cd(s) = Cd(g) AF0 = 27 050 + OAQT In T + 0.0013772 - 31.30171; AF2^1 = 18 616 ( 936 ) from (368) ' Cd(s) = Cd(I) AF° = 405 - 2.0477 In T + 0.0013773 + 11.767; AFJ98^1 = 563 (936); qf. (1131, 1232, 1242)

#298.1 = 0.3976; AFJj98-1

Cd++ = -18 348 (***) from (648)

Cd(s) = Cd (in het. amalg.) E = A - Bt 1O4A

1O4B

566.3 565.6 563.9 563.7 562.7 565.8

2.44 2.437 2.42 2.48 2.48 2.48

#298.i 0.05053 0.05047 0.05034 0.05021 0.05008 0.05040

. %, Range, 0C Lit. Amalg. 12^5 12.1-60 (661) 10 0-51 (662) 10 CdSO4(aq) (1093) 10 CdCl2(aq) (1093) 10 CdBr2(aq) (1093) 10 CdI2(aq) (1093)

Cd(s) = Cd (amalg., xz = 0.0792); E298.i = 0.0534 (648) Cd (satd. with Pb, Hg) = Cd (in het. amalg.) E = 0.00113 + 0.000025 (t - 25) + 0.0000002 (t - 25)2; ^273.! = 0.000630; ff298.i = 0.00113 (1480) CdO(s) + H 2 (g) = Cd(I) + H20(g) (491) Cd++ + H2O(I) = H+ + Cd(OH)+ («oo) C(CdCi2) 0.0156 0.0625

I

% hydrolysis, 373.10K 0.0072 0.0045

Cd(I) + PbCl2(I) = CdCl2(I) + Pb(I) (9io, 913) Cd(I) + 2TlCl(I) = 2X1(1) + CdCl2(I) (»iQ) CdCl2(S) A^°298.i = -82 26Qj-EJ68.! = 1.54; AFJ68., = -72 320 (885) from (1509)

CdCl2.H20(s) = CdCl2(S) + H 2 O(I); AF^98-1 = 1 320 («85) CdCl2.2KH20(s) EJ98.! = 1.8236; AF^98-1 = -84 156 ± 150 (H^ 9 ) from (648, 901, 1093, 1099, 1429, 1482)

H2O (in satd. CdCl2.2KH2O) = H 2 O(I) AF^ 98tl = 220 (885) from («47, 1419, 1420) CdCl2.2KH2O(s) = CdCl2.H20(s) -f ^H 2 O(I) AF^07.2 = 360; AF°298tl = 430 (88S) Cd (in het. amalg.) -f PbCl2(S) + 2^H2O (in satd. CdCl2.2K H2O) = Pb (amalg., X2 = 0.00697) + CdCl2.2JiH2O(s) E273 ! = 0.1484; Jg298 ! = 0.1484 (1429)

Cd (in het. amalg.) + PbCl2(S) + 2K H 2 O (in satd. CdCl2.2Ji H 2 O) = Pb (in het. amalg.) + CdCl2.2H H2O (s) E = 0.14178 - 0.00020065 - 20) - 0.000002^ - 2O)2; #298>1 = = 0.14073; E 273<1 = 0.1450 (1093); E = 0.13759 - 0.000193 (t 25) - 0.0000012(2 - 25)2; ^2981 = 0.13759; ^ 2731 = 0.14157 ( 1482 ) Cd (satd. with Pb, Hg) + PbCl2(s) + 2^H 2 O (in satd. CdCl2.2MH2O) = Pb (in het. amalg.) + CdCl2.2K H2O(s) E° = 0.13872 - 0.000168(2 - 25) -0.0000010(2 - 25)2; #°98.i = 0.13872; E°27SA = 0.14286 (1482) CdCl2 (l, 2, and 4NH3) ( 801 ) (E) CdCl2.6NH3(s) = (?) + xNH 3 (g) ( 379 ); c/. ( 801 > 819) (E) T \ P II T \ P 2 8 6 . 6 0 . 0 6 8 3 2 1 . 6 0 . 5 9 6 298.1 0.142 325.1 0.697 304.1 0.224 326.6 0.758 310.6 0.326 329.1 0.836 315.1 0.432 331.1 0.934 318.1 0.500 332.6 1.007 ' AH = 11 40Ox Cd(C103)2.4NH3(s) = (?) + xNH3(g) (39l) (E)

T I P \\ T P 3 8 9 . 6 0 . 1 5 4 4 0 9 . 1 0 . 4 4 1 398.6 0.229 426.1 1.00 (interp.) AH = 15 40Ox Cd(C103)2.6NH3(s) = Cd(C103)2.4NH3(s) + 2NH3(g) (39l) (E)

T P II T \ P 3 4 2 . 1 0 . 1 1 7 3 7 6 . 6 0 . 4 3 4 355.1 0.205 389.6 0.697 367.1 0.317 395.1 1.015 AH = 28 200 Cd(ClO4)2.6H20(s) = Cd(ClO4)2.4H20 (s) + 2H2O(g) (1290) (E)

T \ P [I T \ P 368.1 0.013 563.1 0.172 383.1 I 0.039 598.1 0.233 Cd(C104)2.6NH3(s) = (?) + xNH3(g) («90) (E) T 343.1 393.1 423.1 453.1 473.1

\

P 0.033 0..043 0.045 0.068 0.080

[I

T 503.1 523.1 543.1 563.1

\

CdBr2.4H2O(s) #?98.i = 1.5617; AFS98.! = -72 070 ("89) from

P 0.083 0.097 0.170 0.242

CdBr2.6NH3(s) = (?) + xNH3(g) (379) (E)

T 304.1 318.1 323.1 329.1 333.6

I

CdBr2.4H20(s) = CdBr2(S) + 4H2O(g) (847) (E)

P 0.0118

\ |

T 333.1

\ |

P 0.453 0.559 0.704 0.921 1.026

CdBr2.3NH2CH3(s) = (?) + xNH2CH3(g) (393) (E)

T 316.1 328.1 342.6

I

P [I T 0.179 349.1 0.353 350.6 0.743 356.1 AH = 13 61Ox

I

P 1.000 (interp.) 1.072 1.283

CdI2(S) ^98.! = 1.0438; A^98-1 = -48 169 ± 10 (?) (^^) from (1093, 1099, 1429, 1482, 1559)

Cd (in het. amalg.) + PbI2(s) = Pb (amalg., X2 = 0.000697) + CdI2(S) E273.! = 0.09655; #298.i = 0.10725; En*.i = 0.1350 (1429) Cd (hi het. amalg.) + PbI2(s) = Pb (hi het. amalg.) + CdI2(s) E = 0.09839 + 0.000245(£ - 20) - 0.000001 (Z - 2O)2; £7298.1 = 0.09958; ^273.! = 0.09309 (1 «93) ; E = 0.0997 +0.000235 (* - 25) - 0.00000020 - 25)2; E 298 -I = 0.0997 (1482) Cd (amalg. satd. Pb, Hg) + PbI2(s) = Pb (hi het. amalg.) -f CdI2(S) E = 0.1007 + 0.000026(2 - 25); #298.i = 0.1007; #273.i = 0.0942 ( 1482 ) CdI2.6NH3(s) = (?) + xNH3(g) (379) (E) T I P [I T I P 291.1 0.004 364.1 0.487 297.1 0.011 367.6 0.572 317.1 0.039 372.1 0.691 332.1 0.078 372.6 0.713 0.833 337.6 0.126 376.6 342.6 0.166 377.6 0.876 351.6 0.268 380.6 0.964 AH = 13 60Ox 358.1 0.357 CdI2.3NH2CH3(s) = (?) + xNH2CH3(g) (393) (E)

r

I

316.6 327.6 340.1

P

[I

T

P

I

0.063 356.6 0.125 371.6 0.224 381.6 AH = 13 61Ox

T 364.1 374.1

\

Previous treatment Cd (in het. amalg.) -f PbBr2(s) + 4H2O (in satd. CdBr2.4H2O) = Pb (in het. amalg.) + CdBr2.4H2O(s) 296.6 E = 0.14505 - 0.00037 (2 - 20) - 0.00005 (2 - 2O)2; ^2981 = 304.1 0.14330; E273-1 = 0.15045 (10*3) 314.6

\ |

I

0.434 0.743 1.007

Cd(I03)2.4NH3(s) = (?) + xNH3(g) (391) (E) (loss, 1099)

H2O (in satd. CdBr2.4H2O) = H2O(I) AFS98-1 = 337(H89)/rom(847)

T 293.1

P [I T 0.051 340.1 0.136 344.1 0.182 349.1 0.253 355.4 0.324 357.4 A# = 12 70Ox

P 0.163

The vapor pressure is not distinguishable from that of the saturated solution.

P 0.501 0.639

||

T 383.1

I

P 0.933

with NH3 in the cold: 0.074 0.125 0.222

327.1 I 0.266 338.1 0.292 Ag = 13 70Ox

CdSO4(S) = (?) + S02(g) + KQ 2 (g) ( 636 ) CdS04.H20(s) = CdSO4(S) -f H2O(g) (848) (E)

T 438.1 443.1

I I

P 0.072 0.151

[I

T 447.6

P 0.213

CdSO4-^H2O(S) = CdS04.H20(s) + %H2O(g) (257); c/. (848) (E) T I P Il T I P 298.1 0.0234 308.28 0.0461 303.28 0.0336 313.35 0.0641 CdS04.4NH3(s) = (?) + xNH3(g) (380) (E) T 325.6 334.1 338.1 344.6 346.1

\

P Il 0.151 0.263 0.322 0.447 0.507

T I F 352.1 0.691 355.6 0.796 356.1 0.836 359.6 0.974 AF = 12 83Ox

CdSO4.6NH3(s) = CdSO4.4NH3(s) + 2NH3(g) (380) (E) T 291.1 306.1 315.1

I

T I P 325.1 0.720 331.6 0.980 Ag = 23 660

P [I 0.074 0.205 0.391

(n + I)CdSO4(S) + 2HCl(g) = nCdSO4.H2SO4(s) + CdCl2(s) (958)

T 338.7 353.3 373.1

I

P 0.0863 .208 .509

T 380.8 390.1 394.1

[I

I

P 0.735 .917 1.000

Cd(OH)2(S) + 4NH4OH(aq) = Cd(NH3)^+ + 2OH~ + 4H2O(I) T = 298.10K (155, 156) C(NH 4 OH) total I

( U 5 " 1.0

C(Gd)

H C(NH 4 OH) total

0.00187 0.00483

~

|

Ts 4J>

C(Cd)

0.01037 0.03735

CdCO3(S) = CdO(s) + C02(g) (269) (E) log P = -43 630/4.677 + 15.113 (269) ; log p = -4 703.1/T + 1.75 log T - 0.000751477 + 3.2 (20) ; cf. (272, 273, 970)

r

I

523.1 535.1 553.1 573.1 581.1 588.1 593.1 595.1 603.1

P

Il

r

I

* Interpolated according to equation: log P = — 15.32 + 0.02439 T.

Cd(C6H5C02)2.2NH3(s) = (?) + xNH3(g) (383) (E) I

P 0.336 0.572 0.724

T I P 453.1 0.921 455.1 0.993

[I

Cd(C6H5CO2) 2.4NH3(s) = Cd(C6H5CO2)2.2NH3(s) + 2NH3(g) (383)

(E)

In the decomposition, solid solution results T 296.1 301.1 306.1

I

P [I 0.317 0.439 0.579

(383)

T 273.1 278.1 280.1 283.1

T I P 313.1 0.875 315.1 1.000

I

(E)

P [I 0.316 0.447 0.511 0.618

T I P 287.1 0.789 290.1 0.953 290.6 1.000

Cd(C6H5C02)2.8NH3(s) = Cd(C6H5CO2)2.6NH3(s) + 2NH3(g) (383) (E)

r

I

p

Il

r

I

p

Fresh substance 278.1 0.941 258.1 0.468 263.1 0.511 279.1 1.000 273.1 0.730 Old substance 267.1 0.632 254.1 0.330 263.1 0.483 273.1 0.901 265.1 0.559 274.6 1.000 Cd(C10H7S03)2.6NH3(s) = (?) + xNH3(g) (383) (E) T I P (I T I P 3 2 5 . 1 0 . 2 2 4 3 5 9 . 1 0 . 8 2 2 334.1 0.329 362.1 0.925 1.000 346.1 0.528 363.6 351.1 0.651

Hg, Mercury Hg(g) Cp = 5.0; AFlJ98.! = 14 690; AP2V1 = 7 632; AAj98.! = 23.679; AFQ = 15 391 + 3.42T7 In T - 0.0049772 + 0.0000022773 14.25277 (valid below 14O0C) (H83) _-

AF0, AP0 = O; Cp (-40 to +14O0C) = 8.42 - 0.009877 + 0.0000132772; Sg98-1 = 17.831 (H83) Hg(l'), hypothetical liquid mercury Cp = 6.73 - 0.001 T + 0.00000156T2 (M83) Hg(I) = Hg(IQ (1183)

P

0.00066 613.1 0.434* 615.1 0.403 0.0033 620.1 0.536 0.0053 0.0079 623.1 0.750* 626.1 0.691 0.030 0.072 632.1 1.042 0.132* 633.1 1.349* 0.1324 636.1 1.574 0.250 641.1 2.062 Aff = 21 860

T 431.1 441.1 447.1

Cd(C6H6CO2)2.6NH3(s) = Cd(C6H6CO2)2.4NH3(s) + 2NH3(g)

TVK 233.1 253.1 273.1 293.1 298.1 313.1 333.1 353.1 373.1 393.1 413.1 433.1 453.1

HgG) 6.965 6.797 6.730 6.684 6.676 6.650 6.626 6.610 6.599 6.593 6.592 6.595 6.600

IW) 6.582 6.577 6.573 6.571 6.570 6.570 6.570 6.572 6.574 6.578 6.583 6.590 6.597

Ag ^ *S ™ AF -0.3830.06633 18.223 15.46 2.76 -0.220 .04161 12.443 10.53 1.91 -0.157 .02728 8.673 7.45 1.22 -0.113 .01769 5.973 5.18 0.79 -0.106 .01583 5.425 4.72 .71 -0.080 .01127 4.03 3.53 .50 -0.056 .00705 2.67 2.35 .32 -0.038 .00432 1.73 1.53 .20 -0.025 .00256 1.10 0.96 .14 -0.015 .00152 0.70 .60 .10 -0.009 .00093 .46 .38 .08 -0.005 .00063 .32 .27 .05 -0.003 .00045 .24 .20 .04

Hg(l') = Hg(g) AF0 = 15 170 + 1.7377 In T - 0.0005272 + 0.00000026773 35.02077 (range 235.1 to 1708.10K); A^ 981 = 14685; A^ 981 = 23.663; A^98-1 = 7 631 (^^) from (85, 234, 368, 549, 770/771, 984, 985, 1149, 1168.5, 1234, 1378, 1379, 1380);cft (427)

Hg(s) CP (above IQO0K) = 5.31 + 0.0061477 (H 8 3); see Hg(I) = Hg(s) Hg(s) = Hg(g) AP0 = 15 595 + 0.31 T In T - 0.00307T72 - 29.9077 (H83)

Hg(I) = Hg(S) A^ 3423 = O (1183) /rom (604, 1527, 1 5 2 8 ) ; A#° 298 .l ^ __ 5 5 1 7

(lisi); AF0 = -204 + 3.1177In T - 0.00797T2 + 0.0000022773 14.3527Âg2V1 = -539.4; AF°98tl = 149.3 ("83) #2*98.1 =

Hg2++ -0.7986; AF21^1

= 36 854 (885) +

Hg++ + H 2 (g) = 2Hg(I) + 2H

KH 2 (g) + HgCl(s) = Hg(I) + H+ + ClE°29S j = 0.2700; AF2°98 l = -6 230 (885); revised value, #298.i = 0.2676; AF2V1 = -6 175 (U 95 ); c/. (261, 372, 576, 578, 579, 864, 897, 898, 907, 909, 1172, 1443)

(885, 896, 1096)

HgO (red) Cp = 9.00 + 0.00677 (885); A# = -21 500 (1468) = _21 700 (190, 191); AffV ! = -21 600 ("ss, 1185); AF^98-1 = -13 808 (885); = -13 950(1183) from

Hg(I) + MCl2 (1 atm. actual) = HgCl(s) E = 1.1040 - 0.000945*; .E298.! = 1.0904 (H89)/rom (470); E = 1.1090 - 0.00100*; #298.j = 1.0843 (^ ^) from (1548)

JiH2(g) + NH4OH (0.05m) + HgCl(s) = Hg(I) + NH4Cl(s) + H2O (in satd. NH4Cl) J^298 ! = 0.6924; AF298.i = -15 980 (193); A# = -70 600; AF2V1 = -14 670 (1189) Pb(s) + 2HgCl(S) = 2Hg(I) + PbCl2(S) E = A + Bi

( 1 4 2 7 ) ; = _ U Q63 (H83) from

third law of thermodynamics HgO (red) = Hg(g) + MO 2 (g) (H83) from (1427). c/. (1123) AF0 = 36 728 + 0.75T In T + 0.00275772 - 56.00077; A#2°98.i = 36 290; AFlJ98.l = 21 582 ^ I 633.1 643.1 653.1 663.1 673.1 683.1 693.1 703.1 713.1 723.1 733.1 743.1 753.1

T ^ ^ - A I n K in atm. 0.1185 8.262 .1422 7.719 .1858 6.923 .2370 6.195 .3040 5.451 .3990 4.642 .5095 3.911 .6550 3.159 .8450 2.402 1.067 1.709 1.339 1.030 1.679 0.3554 2.081 .2862

/ -56.377 -56.058 -56.016 -55.936 -55.872 -55.943 -55.935 -55.972 -56.033 -56.052 -56.074 -56.113 -56.562

HgO (red) + H2(g) = Hg(I) + H2O(I) ("83) #298.i = 0.9264; AF°298.i = -42 752 Hydroxide \ m \ ^JV1 | Lit. NaOH 0.672 0.9263 (190, 191) 4.80 .9293 10.00 .9355 (279) 0.316 .92640 .101 .92637 .0316 .92644 .0103 .92608 .00310 .92637 .00105 .92666 KOH .09635 .92646 (218) Cd (in het. amalg.) + HgO (s) = CdO (s) + Hg(I) #298.i = 0.824; AF298-1 = -38 040 (930)

A 0.5321 0.5277 0.5274

I

B 0.000147 0.000210 0.00020

I

JEJ298. i 0.5358 0.5329 0.5324

I

Lit. (470) ("O) (792)

Pb (in het. amalg.) + 2HgCl(s) = 2Hg(I) + PbCl2(s) E = 0.5265 + 0.00013*; ^298.! = 0.5298 (37); E = 0.52657 + 0.000133*; J^298.! = 0.5299 (470) Pb (amalg., X2 = 0.00697) + 2HgCl(s) = 2Hg(I) + PbCl2(s) #298.!= 0.5224 ( 1 4 2 9 )

Tl (in het. amalg.) + HgCl(s) = Hg(I) + TlCl(s) #298.i = 0.8225; also Tl (in het. amalg.), TlCl(s), 0.1 KCl, ATelectrode, ^298.i = 0.7704 (891) Cd (in het. amalg.) + 2HgCl(s) + 2J^H2O (in satd. H 2 O) = 2Hg(I) + CdCl2.2KH20(s) E = 0.67080 - 0.000102(* - 25) - 0.0000025« #298.1 = 0.67080; #273.1 = 0.67329 (9°i); E = 0.67179 (t - 18) - 0.0000015« - 18)2;E298.i = 0.67118; #273.i

CdCl2.2^ - 25)2; 0.000074 = 0.67254

(1099)

HgC1.2NH3(s) = (?) + xNH3(g) (E) P63L1 = 0.887; P640.i = 1.202 (666) ; Ag = 14 33Ox (153) HgCl2(g) A^2V1 = -36 658; AF2V1 = "34 569 (H83) 2HgCl(S) = HgCl2(g) + Hg(g) AF° = 41 350 - 60.271 T (range 363 to 6760K); AFJ 981 = 41 350; AF2Vi = 23 383; ACP = O (U83) from (404, 1198, 1372, 1380, 1525)

HgCl2(I) AFg98-1 = -51 938; AFg98-1 = -41 932 (H83) HgCl2(I) = HgCl2(g) AF° = 15 280 - 26.557T7 (range 551 to 5750K); AF 2 ° 981 = 7 3 6 3 (1183)/rom(713)

HgCl2(S) AH2V1 = ~55 428; AFV1 = -43 550 (H83) Cd (in het. amalg.) + HgO(s) + H2O(I) = Hg(I) -f Cd(OH)2(s) (93°) HgCl2(S) = HgCl2(g) AF° = 18 770 - 32.837T (range 363 to 5480K); AF^98 t = 18 770; In NaOH, m \ JgJ98-1 | AFV1 AF2V1 = 8 981 (1183) from (713, 1525)' 1.0 0.8595 -39 667 HgCl2(S) = HgCl2(I) 13.0 0.85014 -39 232 AF° = 3 490 - 6.28077; AFg55 7 = O (H83); c/. (713, 733); AFJ48 ! HgO (red) + 2HF(aq) = HgF2(aq) + H 2 O(I) (679) =Q(1293);AFg50.5 =0(1105)

C

(HF)

0.12 .24 .57

I

C(HgF2)

0.01258 .0247 .0629

[I

C(HF)

1.11 2.17

|

C(HgF2)

0.1168 .2586

HgCl(s) #2°98.i = 1.0905; AF2Vi = -25 163 ± 5 ("89) from (470) ; c/. (193,

1 1 9 5 , 1548)

HgCl2(aq) + H 2 O(I) = Hg(OH)+ + H+ + 2Cl" (8QQ) % Hydrolysis % Hydrolysis (HgCl2) at 358.60K at 373.60K 0.000977 4^87 ' 6^91 .00392 2.31 2.99 .0157 1.06 1.35 .0625 0.451 0.60

^

HgBr(s) Cd (in het. amalg.) + Hg2SO4(S) + MH2O (in satd. CdSO4. ^2Vi =0.9253; AF2V1 = -21351 ± IQ (1189)/rom (472, 1183) %H20) = 2Hg(I) + CdS04.^H20(s) #293.1 = 1.0183 (224) ; E = 1.0186 - 0.000038(2 - 20) HH2(g) + HgBr(s) = Hg(I) + H+ + Br2 £Wi (m = 0.10015) = 0.2685 (*72) ; E0^1 =-0.1397; 0.00000065(2 - 2O) (1°"); cf. (47, 48, 50, 680, 681, 684, 685, 686, 687, 688) AF2V1 = -3 223(H89) Cd (in net. amalg.) + 2HgBr + 4H2O (in satd. CdBr2.4H2O) = 2Hg(I) + 2H2SO4QE) = Hg2SO4(S) + SO2(g) + 2H2O(g) (H82) 2Hg(I) + CdBr2.4H20(s) P P (acid + E = 0.55916 - 0.0003660 - 18) - 0.0000046(£ - 18)2; E^1 = S(H2SQ4) Total P (pure acid) Hg2SO4) K' AF 0.55638; JE2V1 = 0.56426 (i<> 99 ) r=457.5°K HgCl(s) + Br- = HgBr(s) + Cl- (U 83) 0.2795 I 4.26 1 2.25 | 2.27 | 10.61J-2144 E°298A = 0.1274; AFg98-1 = -2 940 ± 10 T =491.10K + W(H ) I m(ci-) I m(Br~) I Km 0.300 11.60 4.20 119.6 -4662 0.00909 0.00907 0.000084 108.5 0.2795 10.44 4.87 4.80 119.6 -4662 .00781 .00747 .00013 57.5 0.2102 8.56 7.85 7.76 35.6 -3482 .04429 .04390 .00019 231.1 r 2 K =/ (H2Q)/(so2); AF298.! =: 9 540 (x = 0.2795) .04005 .03988 .00011 362.5 .09994 .09631 .00317 30.4 Cu, Copper .1092 .0824 .00087 94.7 .2021 .2012 .00190* | 105.9 Cu(g) * Estimated by titrating the liberated !2 with NasS2O3 solution. CP = 5.0; Aff2°98jl = 66 480; AFg98-1 = 63 210 (1186) Hg++ + 4Br- = HgBrr Cu(I) g298.i = 4.3 X IQ21 ( 1343 ) CP = -4.5 + O.OOSr (1186) from (1555, 1556); see çu(s) = çu(j) HgBr2(aq) + 2Br~ = HgBr~ Cu(I) = Cu(g) K298.i = 2.8 X IQ4 O 343 ) T I K I logg 7* I Lit. xHgBr2(aq) + yNH4OH(aq) = various solid phases (463) 2 148.1 0.0263 -1.580 24.17 (1274) Hgl(s) 2253.1 0.1315 -0.881 23.22 (510, 511, 512, 513) #298.1 = 0.5761; AF2V1 = -13 290 ("89) from (1481) 2 298.1 0.0860 -1.066 24.97 (1274) Pb (in het. amalg.) + 2HgI (s) = 2Hg(I) + PbI2(s) 2 378.1 0.1631 -0.787 25.18 (1274) #298.1 =0.3175 (1481); c/. (471) 2 448.1 0.275 -0.560 25.36 (1274) Cd (in het. amalg.) + 2HgI(s) = 2Hg(I) + CdI2(s) 2453.1 0.338 -0.471 25.02 (510, 511,512,513) 2 E = 0.41470 + 0.000362(2 - 18) - 0.0000003(2 - 18) ; 2 488.1 0.395 -0.404 25.30 (1274) ^98.i = 0.41722; E^1 = 0.40809 (i°99); E = 0.41885 + 2 518.1 0.532 -0.274 25.21 (1274) 2 0.0003568(2 - 30) -f 0.0000008 (t - 3O) ; JZJ98.! = 0.41709; 2 573.1 0.988 -0.0052 25.02 (1274) ^273.1 = 0.41065 (1559) 2 583.1 1.000 O 24.94 (510, sii, 512, 513) 3 HgCN.2NH3(s) = (?) + xNH3(g) (H 4) (E) * Calculated by Randall and Nielsen (us«) from AH$ determined from vapor T I P Il T I P pressure data. Whence: AF0 = 101 700 - 9.5T In T + 0.004Z^ + 25.13IT; A#°298.i = 104 18°î ^298.1 = ^3 410. 278.1 0.004 303.1 0.0243 0.033 283.1 0.005 308.1 Randall and Nielsen (1186) also calculated from above for 288.1 0.008 313.1 0.0454 Cu(s) = Cu(g), AiSg98 i = 45.95; and from Lewis, Gibson and 292.1 0.008 318.1 0.059 Latimer (868), Cu(s),' S2V = 8.18; and (859) Cu(g), ^298-1 = 293.1 0.0112 323.1 0.075 38.12 (from theory of ultimate rational units); AAjJ9^1 = 29.94; 296.1 0.0112 328.1 0.096 or for Cu(I) = Cu(g), AS21^1 = 20.12. 298.1 0.0204 332.1 0.114 Using this value of A^298.i and above values of the vapor presHg2SO4(S) ',AFg98-1 = -162 100(1183) sure (1186) calculated values for AH% (average 62 440), and values for log P are consistent with the following equation. These values Pb(s) + Hg2SO4(S) = 2Hg(I) + PbSO4(S) of log P are probably more reliable than the experimental values Jg2V1 =0.9697 (598 ); c/. (420) above. AFJ = 62 240 gives AJf^ 414-1 = 62 060 in fair agreePb (in het. amalg.) + Hg2SO4(S) = PbSO4(s) + 2Hg(I) ment with AH = 66 900 calculated by Hildebrand (622). # 9 .i = 0.96466; AFJj = -44 516 (979) 2 8

98-1

Zn (in het. amalg.) + Hg2SO4(S) + 6H2O (in satd. ZnSO 4 -GH 2 O) = 2Hg(I) + ZnSO4.6H2O(s) (299) T \ E* Il T E* 298.11.41371318.11.39400 303.1 1.40952 323.1 1.38823 308.1 1.40462 328.1 1.38212 311.1 1.40143 __ * Weston cell at 303.10K = 1.0182v.

Zn (in het. amalg.) -f Hg2SO4(S) + 7H2O (in satd. ZnSO4.7H2O) = 2Hg(I) + ZnSO4.7H2O(s) (235, 299, 682, 683, 684, 685,

T

I

E*

Il

T

I

686)

E*

298.11.41974308.11.40625 303.1 1.41368 311.1 1.40147 * Weston cell at 303.10K = 1.0182v.

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

T 148.1 253.1 298.1 378.1 448.1 453.1 488.1 518.1 573.1 583.1

I

AH0 65 302 61 374 64 577 63 804 63 112 62 211 62 237 61 618 60 288 59 902

I

log P -1.288 -0.982 -0.862 -0.664 -0.502 -0.489 -0.414 -0.347 -0.236 -0.214

AF0 = 62 240 - 9.5T In T + 0.004T2 + 41.12T; A#°98>1 = 59 250; AF2V1 = 58 910. This value probably better than 93 410 above.

Cu(s) AF0, AH0 = O (853, 873); Cp = 5.46 + 0.0072T ("»6)/row (346,

Bi(s) + SCuCl(s) + H2O(I) = 3Cu(s) + BiOCl(s) + 2H+ + 2C1~ At 298.10K (1390)

1043, 1333, 1555, 1556) C(SCl)

Cu(s) = Cu(g) ; see Cu(I) = Cu(g) Cu(s) = Cu(I) AF0 = 9 895 + 9.96!TIn T - 0.0034772 - 74.52T; AF2°98.i = 4 300; A

^298.1 = 7 228 (U8«)/row ( 4 9 2 > 1215, 1555, 1556)

Cu++ #2°98.i = -0.3448; AF2V1 = 15 912 (885) from (873) Cu(s) = Cu (inhet. amalg.) (297, 471, 1067, 1093, 1099)

0.977 1.939 0.594 0.594 0.537 0.902 0.818 1.243 1.176 0.258 0.229

CuO (s) AF0 = -37 280 + 0.39!TIn T - 0.0027T2 + 21.981T; AHj98.! = 37 160; AF°298>1 = -30 300 ("86) C(SCl)

CuO (s) = CuO(I) AF^ = 13 300 - 8.264T; AFJ609 = O; AF21^1 = 10 836 ("86) Cu++ -I- H2O(I) = Cu(OH)+ + H+ °_ 0.00392 .0157 .0625 .25 I 0.00392 .0156 .0625 .248

% Hydrolysis in CuCl2(aq) ( 8 °Q) 358.60K I 373.10K 0.515 0.888 .375 .612 .276 .407 .252 .313 In Cu(N03)2(aq) (800) 1.02 0.660 0.530 0.648 0.368 0.231

I

Cu(OH)2(S) = CuO (s) + H2O (g) (E) ^298.I = 0.0001(13); = 0.0011 (430)

Cu(OH)2(S) + OH- = HCuO2" + H 2 O(I) (1023, 1024)

HH2(g) + CuCl(s) = Cu(s) + H+ + Cl- (loss)

T E»

I

m(nci) 0.01447 .01447 .04304 .09596 .09596 .09596 .1876 .1876 .1876 .3253 .3253 .6310

288.1 0.1274

I

298.1 0.1216

CuCl(S) +Y2 H2(g) = Cu(S) + HCl(g) (40, "09,

C(SBi)

I

0.4059 .4186 .4087 .4079

C(SCu)

I

0.0762 .0781 .0769 .0765

C(SBi)

I

C(SH)

0.0033 .0044 .00225 .00196

0.3198 .3273 .3251 .3255

CuCl.NH3(s) = CuCl(s) + NH3(g) (108) (E)

T 305.8 336.0

I

P [I T 0.000047 Il 349.4 0.00066 || 417.6 AH = 16 730

I P 0.00186 0.132 (extrap.)

CuCLlKNH3(S) = CuCLNH3(S) + KNH 3 (g) (108) (E)

r

I

P

Il

r

I

p

305.8 0.033 349.4 | 0.532 336.0 0.241 AH = 6 305 CuC1.3NH3(s) = CuCLlKNH3(S) + l^NH,(g) (ios, 385). ^ (903,

T 273.1* 286.1* 288.1 301.6 305.8*

I

1134) (E)

P [I T 0.078 307.6 0.158 315.3 317.6 0.200 0.421 318.1 0.450 320.1 AH = 14 220*

I

P 0.568 0.822 0.928 0.949 1.034

* From C 108 ); all other values from C 385 ).

CuCl(s); AFV1 = -28 440 ("86)

T 298.1 308.1 298.1 288.1 298.1 308.1 288.1 298.1 308.1 298.1 308.1 298.1

I

0.0499 0.0615 .0642 .2640 .0117 .0345 .0341 .0114 .0239 .0087 .0468 .0484 .0456 .0449 .0560 .1075 .0543 .0958 .0171 Trace .0134 Trace 0 At 348.1 K (1085) K348.! = 2.10 X 10~3; AH = -7 390

CuO(S) + OH" = HCuO2" (1023, 1024)

Cu(OH) 2 (S) AF298.! = -85 090 ("86)/row (13)

C(SCu)

E 0.34718 .34643 .29227 .25340 .25204 .25049 .22134 .21911 .21663 .19158 .18823 . 15798 308.1 0.1156 1213, 1214)

2CuCl2(S) = 2CuCl(S) + Cl2(g) (973)

T 739.4 769.4

I

P I] T I P 0.1374 774.1 0.5032 .3937 CuCl2.2H20(s) = CuCl2.H20(s) + H 2 O(g) (331, 847) (E)

T 291.0 299.7 304.5 312.9 326.64

I

P 0.0049 0.0114 0.0154 0.0247 0.0714

[I

T 333.1* 337.28 338.1* 343.1* 353.1*

I

P 0.120 0.1389 0.153 0.200 0.322

*From ( 847 ); all other values from (331).

CuCl2.3H20(s)* = CuCl2.2H20(s) + H2O(g) (847) (E)

T 353.1 363.1

\

P 0.082 0.141

[I

T I 373.1

* The existence of the trihydrate is questionable.

P 0.243

CuCl2.2NH3(s) = (?) + xNH3(g) (E) P 6 43.i = LOOP ( 387 ) 3CuCl2.10NH3(s) = 3(CuCl2,2NH3)(s) + 4NH3(g) (E) P397.! = 0.938 (387)

CuBr.NH3(s) = CuBr(s) + NH3(g) (ios) (E) T 317.1 336.4

\

3(CuCl2.6NH3)(s) = 3CuCl2-IONH3(S) + 5NH3(g) (379) (E) T 336.6 344.6 351.6 358.1 361.6

I

P 0.150 0.237 0.332 0.425 0.500

T I P 368.5 0.668 373.1 0.804 377.6 0.964 378.1 1.000 Ag = 68 OOP

[I

CuCl2.6NH3(s) = (?) (Solid solution) + xNH3(g) (387) (E) * * i XTTT Moles NH 3

T at which

,, , ATTT Moles NH 3

p = Q 93g

5.76 5.49 5.23

289.1 323.1 343.1

T at which p = Q Q3g

5.17 5.13 5.08

353.1 363.1 376.1

CuCl2.4NH2CH3(s) - (?) + xNH2CH3(g) (393) (E) T 323.6 337.6 355.6 364.1

I

P 0.086 0.141 0.306 0.454

II

T I P 372.1 0.645 381.6 0.888 385.6 1.026 AH = 13 77Ox

CuCl(S) + Cl- = CuCl2- (1085); c/. (142, 143)

In HCl(aq) at 298.10K C(HCl)

1.1650 0.3165 .2156 .0978

I

C(SCl)

I

C(SCu)

I

I

p

Il

r

I

I

p

0.047 420.1 0.592 (extrap.) 0.072 424.1 0.717 (extrap.) 0.461 431.1 1.000 (extrap.) Aff = 15 60Ox Cu(ClO3)2.6NH3(S) = (?) + xNH3(g) (E) P284.1 = 0.938; AH = 9 80Ox ; solid solution results upon decomposition (391) Cu(C104)2.4NH3(s) = (?) + xNH3(g) (****) (E) T I P I] T I P 387.1 0.0143 462.1 0.0518 399.1 0.016 467.1 0.062 484.1 0.101 422.1 0.0182 431.1 0.0230 498.1 0.237 439.1 0.0267 543.1 | 1.000* 452.1 0.0431 AH = 20 OQOx * Extrapolated from (390).

Cu(ClO4)2.6NH3(s) = (?) + xNH3(g) (E) PSSO.I = 1.000; A/f = 11 60Ox; solid solution upon decomposition (390)

Cu(C104)2.8(?)H20(s) =

I

CuBr.lKNH3(s) = CuBr,NH3(s) + KNH3(g) (ios) (E) T

P I] T I P 3 0 6 . 1 0 . 0 1 3 3 4 9 . 9 0 . 2 3 0 336.4 0.118 371.1 0.774 Ag = 6 575 I

CuBr.3NH3(s) = CuBr.lKNH3(s) + lKNH 3 (g) (ios, 385) (E)

r

I

283.1 285.1 286.5f 296.1 305.lt

p

Il

0.132* 0.151 0.158 0.263* 0.434

* Interpolated,

T

I

P

306.1 0.442 313.6f 0.684 317.1 0.733 322.lt 0.974 Ag = 14 250

t From ( 38S ); all other values from ( 108 ).

2CuBr2(S) = 2CuBr(s) + Br2(g) (676) T 439.1 453.2 486.1 505.4

I

^c

370.1 389.1 415.5

T* 355.1 366.1 400.1 411.1

I P 0.041 0.132 (extrap.)

P 0.0041 .0089 .0474 .1118

u

T 523.1 539.4 554.1

I

P 0.2447 .4651 .8085

CuBr2.2NH3(s) = (?) + xNH3(g) (E) Kc

1.2815 0.1165 0.1111 1.080 0.3365 .01988 .0671 0.562 .2290 .01340 .0662 .464 .1038 .00595 .0650 .313 Cu(C103)2.4NH3(s) = (?) + xNH3(g) (3»i) (E)

r

P [I T 0.0033 349.9 0.017 359.1 Ag = 14 640

Cu(C104)2.4H20(s) + 4(?)H,O(g) (129°) (E) P [I T* I P 0.0129 421.1 0.0216 0.0187 456.1 0.0216 0.0187 462.1 0.0274 0.0201 472.1 0.0792

* At 373.1°, changes into the tetrahydrate; at 420.1° basic salt forms; at 456.1° decomposition begins.

P533.1 = 0.938 (387)

3CuBr2.10NH3(s) = 3(CuBr2.2NH3)(s) + 4NH3(g) (E) Freshly prepared substance, P439-i = 0.938; previously heated __ j substance, P428.i = 0.938 (387) 3(CuBr2.5NH3)(S) = 3CuBr2.10NH3(s) + 6NH3(g) (397); c/. (386) (E) T 296.1 331.1 345.6 357.1 369.6

I

P 0.007 0.072 0.151 0.259 0.421

u

T I P 377.6 0.618 382.9 0.766 387.6 0.895 392.1 1.037 Ag = 70 OOP

CuBr2.6NH3(s) = (?) (Solid solution) -f xNH3(g) (387) (E) Moles NH 3 in T at which Moles NH 3 in T at which P = 0.938 substance P = 0.938 substance (TÖ4 273.1 5728 354.1 5.89 288.1 5.19 364.1 5.82 305.1 5.15 376.1 5.65 324.1 5.08 388.1 5.48 338.1 CuBr2.4NH2CH3(s) = (?) + xNH2CH3(s) (393) (E) T 337.6 349.6 362.6 372.1

P Il T | P 0.079 379.1 0.618 0.191 384.6 0.776 0.330 392.6 1.019 0.476 396.1 1.138 A# = 14 OQOx Cul(s) + KI 2 (aq) = Cu++ + 21" (174, 413, 1342) CuLMNH3(S) = Cul(s) + KNH 3 (g) (io*) (E) T I P Il T I P 371.1 0.047 409.1 j 0.370 382.1 0.0769 Ag = 7 610 I

CuI.NH3(s) = CuI-HNH1(S) + KNH3(g) (™8) (E)

T 349.7 371.1

I

P 0.039 0.124

[I I

T \ P 382.1 | 0.228 AH = 7 350

CuI.2NH,(s) = CuLNH3(S) + NH3(g) (108) (E)

T 281.1 286.1

I

P u T 0.037 305.9 0.055 317.1 AH = 11 300

I

P 0.213 0.426

CuLSNH8(S) = CuI.2NH,(s) + NH3(g) (ios, 385); c/. (903) (E)

T 263.1* 285.9* 290.1 303.3

I

P 0.025 0.121 0.174 0.371

[I

T I P 305.9* 0.425 316.6 0.739 322.1 0.961 AH = 10 370*

* From ( 1 0 8 ); all other values from ( 38S ).

3CuI2.10NH3(s) = 3(CuI2.2NH3)(s) + 4NH3(g) (E) P 420 -I = 0.938 (387)

3(CuI2.5NH3)(s) = 3CuI2.10NH5(s) + 5NH3(g) (E) P392.6 = 0.938; AH = 41 000 (387) CuI2.5NH3(s) = (?) (Solid solution) + xNH3(g) (390) (E)

T 329.1 349.1 359.1 363.1 366.1

I

P 0.061 0.129 0.205 0.262 0.313

[I

T 371.1 379.1 386.6 393.1

I

P 0.395 0.563 0.758 0.991

CuI2.6NH3 (E) Ephraim (387) gives P = 0.94 at ca. 3030K CuI2.4NH2CH3(s) = (?) + xNH2CH3(g) (393) (E)

T 330.1 340.6 349.6 361.6 376.1

I

P 0.092 0.138 0.184 0.267 0.454

[I

T I 385.6 392.1 397.6 402.6 AH = 14

P 0.641 0.816 1.000 1.182 24Ox

Cu(I03)2.5NH3(s) = Cu(IO3)2.4NH3(S) + NH 3 (g) (391) (E)

T 323.6 338.1 348.1

I

P 0.186 0.342 0.579

u

T I P 355.1 0.842 357.6 0.946 AH = 12 700

CuS C9 = 12.03 + 0.0017 (158, 1186); AF0 = -12 120 - 2AbT In T + 0.0025T2 + 14.8977; AH2Vi = -11 610; AFlJ98-1 = - 11 620 (158) 7

CuSO4(S) Cp = 24.09 (1325) ; AF0 = _i 82 350 + 0.877 In T + 84.322T7; AHVi = -182 600, AFVi = -155 850 (H86) CuS04.H20(s) Cp = 31.08 (1325); AF0 = 256 360 + 3.2477In T + 0.00165772 - 0.00000037T3 + 114.41877; AHJ98.! = -257 460; AF°98.l = -216 610 (1186) ' ' CuSO4.3H2O(s) Cp = 48.88 (1325); AF0 = -398 600 + 5.12TIn T + 0.00495T2 - 0.00000111773 + 194.44877; AH2V1 = "40O 520; AF2Vi = -331 530 (use)

CuSO4.H2O(s) = CuSO4(S) + H2O (g) AF0 = 16 590 - 1.577 In T - 26.125T (range 298 to 4930K); AHJ98-1 = 17 040; AF2°98>1 = 6 2^5 (n 86 ) from (*30, 843, 844, 1325,1350)

CuSO4.3H2O(s) = CuSO4.H2O(s) + 2H2O(g) AF0 = 27 420 - 72.19077 (range 298 to 3730K); AF2°981 = 5 900 (1186)/rom (257, 458, 843, 844)

CuSO4.5HÔ(s) Cp = 67.15 (1325); AF0 = -539 970 + 7.0077In T + 0.00825772 - 0.00000185773 + 273.16471; AH^ 98-1 = -542 710; AFVi = - 445 960 (1186) ZnSO4JH2O and CuSO4.5H2O (mixed crystals) = (?) + xH2O(g) (641) (E) P at which. P at which Mole % ZnSO4 T =293.1 Mole % ZnSO4 T = 293.1 ± 0.2° ± 0.2° Rhombic (7H2O) Triclinic (5H2O) 100.0 0.0138 11.6 0.0050 97.8 0.0129 2.8 0.0063 0.0 0.0076 Monoclinic (7H2O) 74.6 0.0122 64.7 0.0123 CuSO4.5H20(s) = CuSO4.3H2O(s) + 2H2O(g) AF0 = 26 550 - 70.87677 (range 283 to 3730K); AFVi = 5 420 (1186) from (257, 430, 458, 641, 843, 844, 895, 1090, 1113, 1114, 1335, 1531)

Cu (in net. amalg.) + Hg2SO4(S) + 5H2O (in satd. CuSO4.5H2O) = 2Hg(I) + CuSO4.5H2O(s) AH298tl = -24 710; AF298-1 = -15 995 (H86) from (297, 1093, 1099)

CuS04.4NH3(s) = CuSO4.2NH3(s) + 2NH3(g) (380) (E)

T I P u T I P 3 9 3 . 1 0 . 0 8 2 4 3 3 . 6 0 . 6 6 1 410.1 0.162 439.6 0.875 424.6 0.421 441.6 0.948 AH = 32 160 (380); P414.6 = 0.938 (387) CuSO4.5NH3(s) = CuS04.4NH3(s) + NH3(g) (380, 387) (E)

T 293.1 343.1 360.6

I

P 0.004 0.162 0.470

u

T I P 368.1 0.761 373.1 0.949 AH = 12 830

CuS203.4NH3(s) = (?) + xNH3(g) (390) (E)

T 339.1 350.1

I

P 0.136 0.155

[I j I

T 354.1

I

P decomposes

CuS206.4NH3(s) = (?) + xNH3(g) (390) (E)

T 385.1 422.1 444.1

I

P 0.032 0.045 0.054

[I

T I P 457.1 0.110 523.1 1.000 (extrap.) AH = 19 30Ox

CuS206.5NH3(s) = CuS206.4NH3(s) + NH3(g) (390) (E)

T 253.1 260.1 264.1 269.1 274.1

I

I

P 0.079 0.149 0.188 0.241 0.312

u

T I P 282.1 0.462 287.1 0.599 292.1 0.770 299.1 1.045 AH = 10 400

CuS406.4NH3(s) = (?) + xNH3(g) (390) (E) T 293.6 323.1 338.1

P [I T 0.007 355.1 0.115 362.1 0.154 366.1 AH = 13 OQOx

I

I

P 0.316 0.632 0.991

Cu(N0 3 )2(aq) = (?) + xH2O(g) (849) (E) Cu(NO3)2.4NH3(s) = Cu(N03)2.2NH3(s) + 2NH3(g) (387, 390) (E) T I P Il T I P 416.1 0.086 448.6 0.336 426.6 0.112 479.1 1.000 437.6 0.207 AH = 34 800 Cu(NO3)2.6NH3(s) = Cu(N08)2.4NH3(s) + 2NH3(g) (646) (E)

r

I

p

236.6 237.1 256.6 263.7 270.6 271.6 281.0

T

I!

0.029 0.046 0.158 0.316 0.509 0.514 0.722

I

P

288.5* 288.9 296.5 302.4 308.5 316.5 323.6

0.996 0.997 1.282 1.572 1.908 2.500 3.088

Cu(CH3C02)2.4NH3(s) = Cu(CH3CO2)2.2NH3(s) +2NH 3 (g) (390) (E) T \ P K T I P 273.1 0.007 331.1 0.437 297.6 0.059 338.1 0.572 310.1 0.130 346.1 0.812 317.1 0.207 348.1 0.938(387) 324.1 0.312 351.1 1.013 Cu(C6H5SO3)2.5NH3(s) = Cu(C6H5SO3)2.4NH3(s) + NH3(g) (E) P = 1.000 at room temperature (383) Cu(C6H5C02)2.2NH3(s) = (?) + xNH3(g) (383) (E) T I P [I T I P 3 9 6 . 1 0 . 0 6 7 4 5 3 . 1 0 . 8 5 6 426.1 0.230 456.1 1.000 (decom448.1 0.618 poses)

Cu(C6H5CO2)2.3.77NH3(s) = (?) (Solid solution) + xNH3(g) (3 8 3); cf. (387) (E)

T 317.1 328.1 339.1

I

(383) ; c/. (387)

T 266.1 273.1 275.1 278.1

CuOH(s) + 2NH4OH(aq) = Cu(NH 3 )+ + OH~ + H2O(I) (349) 507

2CuP2(S) = 2Cu(s) + P4(g) (

T I P [I 718.1 0.0097 728.1 .0150 758.1 .0180 768.1 .0218 CuC204.5NH3(s) = CuC204.2NH3(s)

T 793.1 803.1 843.1

)

I

P 0.1226 .1237 .1313

T I P [I T I P 260.1 0.012 293.1 0.087 268.1 0.020 301.1 0.129 271.1 0.025 309.1 0.242 284.1 0.054 332.1 1.000 (extrap.) AH = 11 70Ox; at 310° the compound changes into another form

Cu(CNS)2.4NH3(s) = (?) (Solid solution) + xNH3(g) (387) (E) T at which

4.00 2.55

,... , NH ATTT Moles 3

373.1 381.1

2.23 2. OO

T at which ^

p = Q

388.1 400.1 (decomposes)

Cu(CNS)2.6NH3(s) = Cu(CNS)2.4NH3(s) + NH3(g) (E) P276.i = 0.938 (387) Cu(CNS)2.> 5NH3(S) = (?) (Solid solution) + xNH3(g) (387, 390) 2

(E)

A/r •{ ATTT MoIe 8 NH 3

T ^ which p = 0938

., , ^TJ. MoIe 8 NH 3

5.50 5.16

255.1 260.1

5.05

T at which p = Q Q38

266.1

T 345.1 354.1 355.6

I

P 0.629 0.928 1.000

I

P 0.188 0.436 0.483 0.591

[I

(E)

T 285.1 285.6 287.1

\

P 0.888 0.912 1.000

Cu(C6H5C02)2.mNH3(s) = (?) + xNH3(g) (387) (E) A/T i TVTTT T at which ^TJ. T at which A/r , NH Moles NH Moles 3 p = Q 93g 3 p = Q 938

+ 3NH3(g) (387, 390) (E)

T I P H T I P 294.1 0.387 310.1 0.938 300.1 0.576 311.1 1.037 305.1 0.786 Cu(HC02)2.4NH3(s) = (?) + xNH3(g) (390) (E)

p = Q 938

Il

Cu(C6H5CO2)2.6.74NH3(s) = (?) (Solid solution) + xNH3(g)

* According to ( 387 ), Pzss.i =.0.938.

»«• i NH ATTT Moles 3

P 0.099 0.237 0.466

8.32 260.1 4.08 323.1 8.27 268.1 4.05 343.1 5.99 273.1 3.77 355.1 5.85 282.1 2.31 362.1 5.74 289.1 2.15 371.1 4.12 293.1 2.10 400.1 305.1 2.08 443.1 4.10 At a pressure of 0.938 the oetammine is stable at 270.10K; at a little above 270.10K, the hexammine is stable. Solid soin., ^ Solid soin., ,., Moles NH3 Moles NH3 6 -5.74 270.1-288.1 4 -3.77 351.1-354.1 5.74-4.12 288.1-293.1 3.77-2.31 354.1-361.1 4.12-4 293.1-351.1 2.31-2.0 361.1-453.1 Cu salt of a-naphthoylbenzoic acid -f 8NH3 (383) (E) T I P u T \ P 266.1 0.192 281.6 0.487 268.1 0.237 285.1 0.632 0.855 272.1 0.309 289.1 277.1 0.408 289.1 0.968 Cu salt of naphthalene-2-sulfonic acid -f 6NH3 (383, 384) (E) T I P u T I P 339.1 0.599 352.1 0.963 346.1 0.780 352.6 1.000 Cu salt of naphthalene-2-sulfonic acid -f- 8NH3 (E) P272^1 = 1.000 (383, 384) ; for ammoniates of Cu salts of sulfanilie, phthalic, trinitrobenzoic, naphthalic, naphthalene-1sulfonic, dibromonaphthalene-2-sulfonic acids, see (383, 384)

2CuO(S) = Cu2O(S) + K02(g) AF0 = 33 550 - 0.95T In T + 0.00375T2 - 22.340T (range 1111 to 13580K); AaV1 = 33 510; AF°98.i = 25 610 ("»6)

Cu2S(«) = Cu2SG?) ^76.i = O; AH°76<1 = 896; AF° = -2 520 - 13.7T In T -J0.0123T2 + 83.32T;'AH^98 ! = 470; AFV 1 = 140 (1186) from from (431, 1229, 1391, 1537) ( 75 ). CuO.CuSO4(s) Cu2O(S) AH0 = -219 090 ("«e) from ( 1204 ); AF0 = -219 090 AF0 = -41 150 - 0.17T In T - 0.0033T2 + 22.583T; AH2°98.i 0.37TIn T + 112.31T; AHVi = ~218 980; AFJ98.! = -186 240 = -40 810; AFV1 = -35 OOP (1186) A

(1186)

Cu2O(S) = 2Cu(s) + K02(g) AF° = 41 150 + 0.17T In T + 0.0033T2 - 22.583T; AH°298.i = 40 810; AFg98-1 = 35 QOO ( 118 S) CU2O(S) = 2CU(I) + ^0 2 (g) (UtG] from (1229)

(455, 636, 835)

AF0 = 60 940 + 20.09T In T - 0.0035T2 - 171.6T; AH° 98< i = 55 270; AF V.1 = 43 600 T

I 392.3 1 423.5 1 457.7

I

P

0.0000368 0.0000460 0.0000540

\

xT

0.975 0.965 0.953

I

2CuSO4(S) = CuO.CuSO4(s) + SO3(g) AF° = 55 080 + 1.25TIn T - 58.546T (range 953 to 10530K); AHV.! = 55 120; AFVi = 39 750 (1186) from (1204) ; cf.

K

0.00577 0.00632 0.00666

2CuO(S) = CU 2 O(I) + K02(g) ( 1 1 8 6)/ r o m (1391)

AF = 51 950 - 0.95T In T + 0.00375T2 - 34.533T (range 1356 to 15050K); AH0 = 51 900; AFV1 = 40 410

CuO.CuSO4(s) + Cu2O(S) = 4CuO(s) + SO2(g) AF° = 43 020 - 40.676T (range 917 to 10270K); AF2°98 ! = 30 895 (1186) from (1204) 4CuSO4(S) + Cu2O(S) = 3(CuO.CuSO4)(s) + SO2(g) AF° = 45 240 - 48.673T (range 825 to 9210K); AFV l = 30 730 (1186) from (1204) CuCO3-Cu(OH)2 (malachite) + 3H2CO3(aq) = 2Cu++ + 4HCO^ + 2H 2 O(I) ("»I) /row (448); Cf,

(564,

1147)

log p./.303.i = 2.316; AFJ08., = 19 285; AH = -9 200; ZT298-1 = 1.64 X IP"14; AFV-1 = 18 815 2CuO(I) = Cu2O(S) + K0 2 (g) ^(H2CO3) I m(Cu++) I W(NaCi) I yfì \ log (!/£"$) AF0 = 6 950 - 0.9577In T + 0.00375T2 - 5.812T (range 1357 to 0.00338 0.000131 0.019 2.4465 15060K); AH = 6 900; AF2V1 = 3 938 (118S) from (1391) .00598 .000215 .025 2.3553 Cu2O(S) + H2(g) = 2Cu(s) + H20(g) .00751 .000267 .028 2.3106 K 723-1 = 16.7 to 19.0 (1538) .01630 .000404 .035 2.2990 2CuO(S) + Ha(g) = Cu2O(S) + H 2 O (g) .01890 .000440 .036 2.2941 g 7 2 3.i = 26.3 tO 30.1 ( 1 5 3 8 ) ; Cf, (304, 491) .02110 .000489 .038 2.2722 3Cu(s) H- CuSO4(S) = 2Cu2O(S) + SO2(g) .02558 .000531 .040 2.2782 AF0 = 32 400 - 53.614T (range 525 to 5880K); AFVi = 16 420 .02703 .000548 .041 2.2765 (il**) from ( 13 IQ) .02804 .000555 .041 2.2790 Cu2O(S) = Cu2O(I) .03431 .000625 .043 2.2711 M.P. = 12360C; AF0 = 18 400 - 12.193T; AFJJ 981 = 14760; .03107 .000598 0.000171 .044 2.2687 AH = 18 400 (il«6) .00482 .000241 .00171 .049 2.2588 .02555 .000551 .000856 .050 2.2618 Cu2S(a) .01923 .000461 .00171 .056 2.2770 Cp = 6.75 + 0.039T; AF0 = -17 920 + 8.29TIn T - 0.0160T2 .02254 .000550 .00171 .058 2.2350 - 46.46T; AHJ 981 = -18 970; AF°98 l = -19 110 ( 1 1 ê)/row .02936 .000559 .00171 .058 2.2860 (13 .03575 .000583 .00171 .059 2.3102 SCuS(s) + CuSO4(S) = 2Cu2S(a) + 2SO2(g) .02766 .000614 .00857 .102 2.2320 P368 j = 0.2368; AF0 = 46 940 + 6.17TIn T - 158.25T; AHJ 9 8 , .02796 .000924 .1729 .420 2.0574 = 45 100; AFg98-1 = 10 245 (ii86)/ rom (1204) ^ Cu2S(^) Ag, Silver Cp = 20.45 + 0.0145T; AF0 = -20 440 - 5.41T In T Ag(s); AH0 = O; AF0 = O («53, 885, 1195) 0.0037T2 -f- 36.86T; AH° 98 1 = -18 500; AFVi = -18 970 Ag + ; #Vi = -0.7995; AFV-1 = 18 448 (^^) from (»S3, 1079) (1186)/ r o m (75) 2Hg(I) + 2Ag++ = 2Ag(s) + Hg2++ ( 1 Q^s, 1096) 4CuS(s) = 2Cu2SGS) + S2(g) 4Ag(s) + 4HCl(g) + 0,(g) = 4AgCl(I) + 2H2O(g) AF° = 38 160 + 0.72T In T - 0.013T2 - 39.56T (range 666 K1173., = 0.15 X IQ14; ffim.i for liquid Ag = 0.29 X IQ12 (161) 0 118 to 775 K); AH2V1 = 39 100; AF2V1 = 26 820 ( 6) from (™y 2Ag(s) + 2HCl(g) = 2AgCl(I) + H2(g) 1158, 1508) AF0 = -8 560 - 0.9T In T + 0.00005T2 + 22.44T (1^1) from 3CuS(s) + CuSO4(S) = 2Cu2S(/5) + 2SO2(g) (739, 740, 741, 742) AF0 = 41 890 - 6.37T In T - 55.25T (range 394 to 4480K); 118 T I K u T I K AHg98-1 = 43 730; AFJj98-1 = 14 600 ( S) from (*2Q4) 799 0.044 978 0 . 0 18 2Cu2O(S) + Cu2S(ß) = 6Cu(s) + SO2(g) 878 .030 I AF0 = 34 480 + 9.37T In T + 0.0063T2 - 105.212T (range, AgCl(I) = AgCl(g) 781 to 13240K); AH2°98a = 31 130; AF?98.i = 19 590 (^^) from (1204, 1310, 1412) log P (1200-140O0K) = -7 625/T + 3.651 ( 1 î) AgCl(s) 2CuSO4(S) + Cu2S(/3) = 2Cu2O(S) + 3SO2(g) 1 AF0 = 99 280 + 13.37T In T - 233.52T (range 433 to 6730K); #Vi = 1-1363; AFV1 = -26 220 ± 5 ( ^) from (470 ); c/. (888, 1195, 1548) AHJV1 = 95 290; AF2V1 = 52 370 ( 118 S)/TWTC (^04, 1310) Ag(s) + KCl 2 (g) (1 atm. actual) = AgCl(s) CuO.CuSO4(s) = 2CuO(s) + SO3(g) AF0 = 53 970 + 1.25T In T - 54.617T (range 1013 to 10930K); E = 1.1511 - 0.000595J; E 298 -I = 1.1362 (470). ß = 1.1451 Q.OQ0672Ê; #298.i = 1.1284 (1S48) AHJj98 l = 54 010; AF2V1 = 39 810 (118S) from (1204)

2CuO(S) = Cu2O(S) + K02(g) AF0 = 33 550 - 0.95T In T + 0.00375T2 - 22.340T (range 1111 to 13580K); AaV1 = 33 510; AF°98.i = 25 610 ("»6)

Cu2S(«) = Cu2SG?) ^76.i = O; AH°76<1 = 896; AF° = -2 520 - 13.7T In T -J0.0123T2 + 83.32T;'AH^98 ! = 470; AFV 1 = 140 (1186) from from (431, 1229, 1391, 1537) ( 75 ). CuO.CuSO4(s) Cu2O(S) AH0 = -219 090 ("«e) from ( 1204 ); AF0 = -219 090 AF0 = -41 150 - 0.17T In T - 0.0033T2 + 22.583T; AH2°98.i 0.37TIn T + 112.31T; AHVi = ~218 980; AFJ98.! = -186 240 = -40 810; AFV1 = -35 OOP (1186) A

(1186)

Cu2O(S) = 2Cu(s) + K02(g) AF° = 41 150 + 0.17T In T + 0.0033T2 - 22.583T; AH°298.i = 40 810; AFg98-1 = 35 QOO ( 118 S) CU2O(S) = 2CU(I) + ^0 2 (g) (UtG] from (1229)

(455, 636, 835)

AF0 = 60 940 + 20.09T In T - 0.0035T2 - 171.6T; AH° 98< i = 55 270; AF V.1 = 43 600 T

I 392.3 1 423.5 1 457.7

I

P

0.0000368 0.0000460 0.0000540

\

xT

0.975 0.965 0.953

I

2CuSO4(S) = CuO.CuSO4(s) + SO3(g) AF° = 55 080 + 1.25TIn T - 58.546T (range 953 to 10530K); AHV.! = 55 120; AFVi = 39 750 (1186) from (1204) ; cf.

K

0.00577 0.00632 0.00666

2CuO(S) = CU 2 O(I) + K02(g) ( 1 1 8 6)/ r o m (1391)

AF = 51 950 - 0.95T In T + 0.00375T2 - 34.533T (range 1356 to 15050K); AH0 = 51 900; AFV1 = 40 410

CuO.CuSO4(s) + Cu2O(S) = 4CuO(s) + SO2(g) AF° = 43 020 - 40.676T (range 917 to 10270K); AF2°98 ! = 30 895 (1186) from (1204) 4CuSO4(S) + Cu2O(S) = 3(CuO.CuSO4)(s) + SO2(g) AF° = 45 240 - 48.673T (range 825 to 9210K); AFV l = 30 730 (1186) from (1204) CuCO3-Cu(OH)2 (malachite) + 3H2CO3(aq) = 2Cu++ + 4HCO^ + 2H 2 O(I) ("»I) /row (448); Cf,

(564,

1147)

log p./.303.i = 2.316; AFJ08., = 19 285; AH = -9 200; ZT298-1 = 1.64 X IP"14; AFV-1 = 18 815 2CuO(I) = Cu2O(S) + K0 2 (g) ^(H2CO3) I m(Cu++) I W(NaCi) I yfì \ log (!/£"$) AF0 = 6 950 - 0.9577In T + 0.00375T2 - 5.812T (range 1357 to 0.00338 0.000131 0.019 2.4465 15060K); AH = 6 900; AF2V1 = 3 938 (118S) from (1391) .00598 .000215 .025 2.3553 Cu2O(S) + H2(g) = 2Cu(s) + H20(g) .00751 .000267 .028 2.3106 K 723-1 = 16.7 to 19.0 (1538) .01630 .000404 .035 2.2990 2CuO(S) + Ha(g) = Cu2O(S) + H 2 O (g) .01890 .000440 .036 2.2941 g 7 2 3.i = 26.3 tO 30.1 ( 1 5 3 8 ) ; Cf, (304, 491) .02110 .000489 .038 2.2722 3Cu(s) H- CuSO4(S) = 2Cu2O(S) + SO2(g) .02558 .000531 .040 2.2782 AF0 = 32 400 - 53.614T (range 525 to 5880K); AFVi = 16 420 .02703 .000548 .041 2.2765 (il**) from ( 13 IQ) .02804 .000555 .041 2.2790 Cu2O(S) = Cu2O(I) .03431 .000625 .043 2.2711 M.P. = 12360C; AF0 = 18 400 - 12.193T; AFJJ 981 = 14760; .03107 .000598 0.000171 .044 2.2687 AH = 18 400 (il«6) .00482 .000241 .00171 .049 2.2588 .02555 .000551 .000856 .050 2.2618 Cu2S(a) .01923 .000461 .00171 .056 2.2770 Cp = 6.75 + 0.039T; AF0 = -17 920 + 8.29TIn T - 0.0160T2 .02254 .000550 .00171 .058 2.2350 - 46.46T; AHJ 981 = -18 970; AF°98 l = -19 110 ( 1 1 ê)/row .02936 .000559 .00171 .058 2.2860 (13 .03575 .000583 .00171 .059 2.3102 SCuS(s) + CuSO4(S) = 2Cu2S(a) + 2SO2(g) .02766 .000614 .00857 .102 2.2320 P368 j = 0.2368; AF0 = 46 940 + 6.17TIn T - 158.25T; AHJ 9 8 , .02796 .000924 .1729 .420 2.0574 = 45 100; AFg98-1 = 10 245 (ii86)/ rom (1204) ^ Cu2S(^) Ag, Silver Cp = 20.45 + 0.0145T; AF0 = -20 440 - 5.41T In T Ag(s); AH0 = O; AF0 = O («53, 885, 1195) 0.0037T2 -f- 36.86T; AH° 98 1 = -18 500; AFVi = -18 970 Ag + ; #Vi = -0.7995; AFV-1 = 18 448 (^^) from (»S3, 1079) (1186)/ r o m (75) 2Hg(I) + 2Ag++ = 2Ag(s) + Hg2++ ( 1 Q^s, 1096) 4CuS(s) = 2Cu2SGS) + S2(g) 4Ag(s) + 4HCl(g) + 0,(g) = 4AgCl(I) + 2H2O(g) AF° = 38 160 + 0.72T In T - 0.013T2 - 39.56T (range 666 K1173., = 0.15 X IQ14; ffim.i for liquid Ag = 0.29 X IQ12 (161) 0 118 to 775 K); AH2V1 = 39 100; AF2V1 = 26 820 ( 6) from (™y 2Ag(s) + 2HCl(g) = 2AgCl(I) + H2(g) 1158, 1508) AF0 = -8 560 - 0.9T In T + 0.00005T2 + 22.44T (1^1) from 3CuS(s) + CuSO4(S) = 2Cu2S(/5) + 2SO2(g) (739, 740, 741, 742) AF0 = 41 890 - 6.37T In T - 55.25T (range 394 to 4480K); 118 T I K u T I K AHg98-1 = 43 730; AFJj98-1 = 14 600 ( S) from (*2Q4) 799 0.044 978 0 . 0 18 2Cu2O(S) + Cu2S(ß) = 6Cu(s) + SO2(g) 878 .030 I AF0 = 34 480 + 9.37T In T + 0.0063T2 - 105.212T (range, AgCl(I) = AgCl(g) 781 to 13240K); AH2°98a = 31 130; AF?98.i = 19 590 (^^) from (1204, 1310, 1412) log P (1200-140O0K) = -7 625/T + 3.651 ( 1 î) AgCl(s) 2CuSO4(S) + Cu2S(/3) = 2Cu2O(S) + 3SO2(g) 1 AF0 = 99 280 + 13.37T In T - 233.52T (range 433 to 6730K); #Vi = 1-1363; AFV1 = -26 220 ± 5 ( ^) from (470 ); c/. (888, 1195, 1548) AHJV1 = 95 290; AF2V1 = 52 370 ( 118 S)/TWTC (^04, 1310) Ag(s) + KCl 2 (g) (1 atm. actual) = AgCl(s) CuO.CuSO4(s) = 2CuO(s) + SO3(g) AF0 = 53 970 + 1.25T In T - 54.617T (range 1013 to 10930K); E = 1.1511 - 0.000595J; E 298 -I = 1.1362 (470). ß = 1.1451 Q.OQ0672Ê; #298.i = 1.1284 (1S48) AHJj98 l = 54 010; AF2V1 = 39 810 (118S) from (1204)

KH2(g) + AgCl(s) = Ag(s) + H+ + ClAj98.! = 0.2234; AF2V1 = -5155 (88S). E0^1 = 0.2221; APJ98-1 = -5125 (1195) (revised value) from (527, 581, 582, 584, 648, C(HNO3)

900, 1072, 1081, 1299, 1300)

Pb(s) + 2AgCl(S) - 2Ag(s) + PbCl2(s) #2°98.i = 0.4905 (193); E° = 0.49493 - 0.000189*; #2°981 = 0.49019 (470); #o = 0.4915 - 0.00012J; #°98-1 = 0.4885 ( 5 30) ; E0 = 0.4958 - 0.000124J; E2°98 l = 0.4927 (amorphous and fused AgCl) (792) Pb (in het. amalg.) + 2AgCl(s) = 2Ag(s) + PbCl2(S) #298.i = 0.4833 (stick lead "amalgamated") (14); .E298.! = 0.4841 (plated Ag and AgCl) (256); .E29^1 = 0.48941 - 0.000203*; #298>1 = 0.48433 (470) Pb (amalg., Z2 = 0.00697) + 2AgCl(s) = PbCl2(s) + 2Ag(s) E = 0.4865 - 0.00003981*; .E298.! = 0.4765 (plated Ag and AgCl) (193). E = 0.4765 - 0.000004*; #298.i = 0.47638 (1429) Tl (in het. amalg.) + AgCl(s) = Ag(s) + TlCl(s) ^298.! = 0.7766; dE/dt = - 0.0000794/deg. (470) Cd (in het. amalg.) + 2AgCl(s) + 2^H 2 O (in satd. CdCl2.2H H2O) = 2Ag(s) + CdCl2.2KH2O(s); E = 0.6249 - 0.000004*; #298.1 = 0.62478 (1429) Cd (amalg., X2 = 0.0792) + 2AgCl(s) + 2JiH2O (in satd. CdCl2.2^H2O) = 2Ag(s) + CdCl2.2KH2O(s) ; #298.i = 0.62203 (648) Hg(I) + AgCl(s) - Ag(S)1 + HgCl(s) EQ = A + B* A I B I ff°98.! I Remarks | Lit. 0.0385 0.00035 0.0473 Plated Ag and AgCl (i«7) 0.0365 0.000362 0.0455 (196) 0.03705 0.000338 0.0455 In KCl, in m HCl (470) 0.0455 In HCl and KCl (H95) 0.0362 0.000336 0.0446 (1548) CuCl(s) + AgCl(s) = Ag(s) + Cu++ + 2Cl- (367) ra(Cu++)

I

M(CuCI2)

I

AgCl (s).—(Continued) In HN03(aq) at 298.10K (498)

^(Cl")

I

^(Cu+)

I

C(HCI)

O.00478 .00938 .0178 .0341 .0741 .0914 .3167 .649 .6818 .7797

I

C(SAg x io")

O.00075 .00084 .00125 .00219 .00361 .00426 .01403 .032 .0448 .0559

Il

C(HCl)

O.9258 1.300 1.911 2.149 2.569 2.975 3.576 4.182 4.735 5.508

0.0345 .0350 .0398 .0506 .0665 .0927 .1106 .1852

C(SAg X IQ3)

O.0719 .126 .266 .374 .610 .814 1.358 2.147 3.168 5.126

C(IINO3)

C(ZAgXlO3)

C(NH4O)

I

0.0112(498) .0166(498) .042 .113 .172 .365 .842 1.425 In NH4NO3(aq), c -

Il

T10K

I

291.1

I 1.04 X IQ"5 [I

C(ZAg X IQ) 3

|

c(SAg)

C(NH4Ci)

H

C(SAgXlO 3 )

|

2.918 3,162 3.510 4.363 4.902 5.503 5.764

2.160 2.795 4.029 9.353 14.92 24.04 30.17

0.01 (1261) r,°K

I

298.1

| 1.43 X 10~5

c(SAg)

In Hg(NO3)2(aq) at 298.10K (1019) C(Hg(NO 3 ) 2)

I

C(SAg)

Il

C(Hg(NO 3 ) 2)

|

C(SAg)

0.01 0.00432 0.05 0.00914 .0125 .00499 .1 .01395 .025 .00690 1.0 .04810 In AgNO3(aq) at room temperature ( 4 32) ; cf. (917) I C(SCl X IQ 3 )

C(AgNO 3 )

2.0 I 0.03 In ZnCl2(aq) at 298.10K (432) C(ZnCl2)

I C(SAg x 103)

1.694 I 0.364 0 In CaCl2(aq) at 298.1 K (432); c/. (433)

V

0.0354 .0368 .0466 .0910 .1863 .2375 .2920

Il

ÎTÏ5 (K3 1.57 1.19 1.5 1.71 1.24 at 298.10K (432, 498). c/. (433, 1316)

0.00001 .0001 .513 .926 1.141 1.574 2.143 2.566

0

T = 298.1 K 0.00976 0.00160 0.02402 0.00015 .00813 .00178 .02694 .00007 .00411 .00265 .0399 .00134 .00558 .08405 .00057 .01145 .1743 .00048 .01503 .2224 .00038 .01800 .2733 T = 313.10K 0.01042 0.00236 0.02168 0.00059 .00814 .00264 .02422 .00050 .00571 .00334 .03071 .00056 .00317 .00466 .04277 .00034 .00200 .00634 .05813 .00027 .00124 .00890 .0826 .00100 .01093 .0987 .000832 .0173 .1675 AgCl(s) = Ag+ + Cl- + (?) complex In HCl(aq) at 298.10K (432, 433)

C(SAgXlO3)

I

0.0005 .001 .01 In NH4Cl(aq)

C(CaC12)

0.874 1.100 1.370 1.632 C(SrCl2)

||

0.289 .501 .900 1.463 In SrCl2(aq) at 298.10K I

0.275 .494 .679 .786 .849 .909 1.070 C(BaCi2)

C(SAg X IQ 3 )

I

C(SAgXlO5)

Il

C(CaCl2)

|

1.868 2.182 2.016 2.802 2.269 4.175 2.503 5.823 (432); c/, (433) C(SrCl2)

|

0.033 1.238 .092 1.496 .173 1.747 .236 1.797 .284 4.087 .348 6.02 .510 In BaCl2(aq) at 298.10K (432) I

c

(SAg X IQ 3 )

Il

C(SAg x IQ3)

C(BaCl2)

C(SAg

X

IQ 3 )

0.747 1.252 2.018 3.594 8.174 12.04

C(SAg x IQ 3 )

|

0.624 0.186 1.338 1.274 .805 .339 1.630 2.366 In NaCl(aq) at 298.10K (432, 433); c/ (917) C(NaCl)

0.00386 .00924 .01758 .03654 .08844 .3556 .5112 .933

I

C(SAg x 10 )

0.00072 .00091 .00131 .00189 .00361 .0174 .0280 .086

Il

I

C(NaCl)

0.9747 1.190 1.433 1.617 1.871 2.094 2.272 2.449

|

C( SAg x IQ 3 )

0.0806 .130 .184 .245 .348 .446 .570 .684

AgCL3NH3(s) = AgCLlKNH3(S) + lKNH3(g) (**, ™7, 384);

AgCl (s).—(Continued) C(NaCl)

I

C(SAg x IO 3 )

2.658 2.841 3.000 3.270 3.471 3.747

||

C(NaCl)

0.851 1.040 1.194 1.583 1.897 2.462

|

3.977 4.170 4.363 4.535 5.039

2.879 3.335 3.810 4.298 6.039

In NaCl + NaNO 3 (aq) at 298.10K (432) C(NaCl)

I

C(NaNO 3 )

3.743 3.592 3.462

C(SAg X IQ3)

|

0.00 .84 1.50

2.457 2.493 2.538

I

T = 3.325 T7 = 1.111 1.425 1.713 2.022 2.396 2.628 C(KCl x IQ 5 )

C(SAgXlO3) 0

M

C(KCl)

I 0

C(SAgXlO3)

274.1 K T = 298.1 K- (Cont'd) I 1.734 2.850 1.845 298.10K 3.081 2.435 0.141 3.083 2.415 .235 3.424 3.602 .391 3.843 5.725 .616 T= 308.10K 1.050 2.955 | 2.786 I 1.390 T = 298.10K (498) I

C(SAg X IQ 5 )

3.16 6.32

Il

C

(KC1 X IQ 5 )

|

C(SAg X 10)

1.28 20.0 1.52 40.0 In KNO 3 (aq) (1261)

T_

I

C(KCl)

2.13 2.24 C(SAg X IQ5)

I

291.1 298.1

0.01 1.04 I 1.43 L01 AgCl(s) = AgCl(I) AH* = 3 050; A^ 24-1 = O (5Q6) ; AFJj98-1 = 1 900 (161) AgCLNH3(S) = AgCl(s) + NH3(g) (107) (E)

r

I

273.1 289.4 304.1 305.9

P

Il

0.022 0.055 0.132* 0.155 Aff = 11 110

r

I

P

315.1 316.1 332.1 336.1 (94)

0.316 0.332 0.807 0.859

* Interpolated.

AgCLlJ^NH3(S) = (mixed crystals of lower NH3 content) + xNH3(g) (94, 107) (E)

T 273.1 278.1 287.1 289.6

I

P 0.0553 0.0724 0.132* 0.153

u

T 248.1 253.1* 257.1 260.lt 273.1 273.1*

I

T I P 292.1 0.209 299.1 0.304 305.9 0.482 Ag = 10 52Ox

* Interpolated from ( 94 ); all other values from ( 107 ). For NHs content of somewhat less than 1}£ molecules, the pressure-temperature curves show irregularities (decrease of pressure with rise of temperature), on account of mixed crystals of a composition depending upon the temperature ( 107 ); cf.

2AgC1.3NH3(s) -f 3H2O(I) = 2AgCl(s) + 3NH4OH(aq) (1410) T = 298.10K 6.26 6.27 6.25 6.25

I

T^(ZAg)

0.745 .754 .757 .760

I W(NH 4 OH)

4.77 4.76 4.74 4.73

|

K^

4.77 4.76 4.74 4.73

\

T 282.1* 282.6 287.1 289.1* 289.4 290.4* 740

I

P 0.611 0.612 0.832 0.875 0.922 0.968

* From (384). -j- Interpolated from (94) ; all other values from (* ° 7 ).

T 273.1 282.6 288.1 289.9 293.6 305.1

\

fJ.

0.745 .754 .757 .760

P 0.012 0.025 0.037 0.042 0.057 0.121

T 314.1 319.6 324.1 334.1 338.1

u

\

P 0.221 0.309 0.411 0.770 0.993

AgC103.3NH3(s) = (?) + xNH3(g) (384) (E) T 284.1 319.1

I

P [I T I P 0.012 288.6 0.559 0.428 338.6 1.000 (extrap.) AgC104.3NH3(s) = (?) + xNH3(g) (384)(E)

T 282.1 315.1 332.6 344.1

I

P 0.042 0.209 0.442 0.704

T 350.1 351.4 352.1

u

I

P 0.896 0-945 0.961

AgBr(s) JFS98-1 = 0.9925; AF2V1 = "22 910 (i™») from (890); cf. ("Si) HH2(g) + AgBr(s) = Ag(s) + H+ + Br~ (»90) Constant = -0.6103; J0JM>1 = 0.0725; AFVi = -1 673 w^ OJL .1732 .3162

I

^298.i 0.3141 .2604 .2022

I

log 7 + const. -0.6551 -0.6783 -0.7092

Pb(s) + 2AgBr(S) = 2Ag(s) + PbBr2(s) EQ = 0.3552 - 0.000126J; £%9Sml = 0.3520 (amorphous AgBr); #° = 0.3550 - 0.000123*; ^2V1 = 0.3517 (fused AgBr) (792); E° = 0.3592 - 0.000275*; E^Mml = 0.3524 (H73) Pb (in het. amalg.) + 2AgBr(s) = 2Ag(s) + PbBr2(s) E = 0.3537 - 0.000289*; E298. i = 0.3465 (U 73) AgBr(s) = Ag+ + Br- + (?) complex In Hg(NOs)2 (aq) at 298.10K (1019) C(Hg(NOs) 2 )*

I

0.0100 .0125 .025

C(SAg)

[I

0.00306 .00329 .00459

C(Hg(NO3) 2) *

|

0.05 .1 I1O

C(SAg)

0.00639 .00873 .03660

* HNOs present in these solutions.

In KBr (aq) at 298.10K (597)

(6SO, 666, 6 9 6 ) .

^(SNH 3 )

P Il 0.0743 0.0842 0.111 0.132f 0.357 0.338 Ag = 13

AgCLCH3NH2(S) = AgCl(S) + CH3NH2(g) (69*) (E)

In KCl (aq) (432) C(KCl)

C/. (646, 650, 696) (E)

C(ZAg X IO3)

C(KBr)

2.76 3.68 4.18

I

C(SAg)

0.0117 .0400 .0718

||

C(KBr)

4.44 4.864

|

C(SAg)

0.0955 .1407

AgCl(s) + Br- = AgBr(s) + Clffigs.1 = Q-1^Q; AFÎ98.1 = -3 461 (*i*i)/rom ( 5 <> 5 )

Pb(s) + 2AgI(S) = 2Ag(s) + PbI2(S) E° = A - B*

AgBnNH3(S) = AgBr(s) + NH3(g) (i<>7, 707) (E) àH = 10 650 (94); log P = -4 033/77 - 13.249 log T + 44.7039

T 273.1 278.1 305.6

P 0.039 0.067 0.367

I

[I

T 310.6 316.1 324.6*

I

P 0.479 0.726 1.000

* From ( 7 0 7 ); all other values from ( 107 ). AgBnI^NH3(S) = (Unsaturated mixed crystals with AgBnNH3) + xNHs(g) (696, 707) (E)

T I P I] 273.1 0.116 277.1 0.141 283.5 0.218 284.3 0.229 287.1 0.271 * From (707); all other values from (G**).

T 289.7 301.7 307.1* 316.9 326.1

\

P 0.328 0.675 1.000 1.612 2.613

AH = 9 95Ox (94); log P = -6650.6/77 - 34.239 log T + 108.3096 ( 707 ) ; according to ( 107 ), the decomposition of the mixed crystals gives: MolesNH 5 1.32 1.22 1.23

I

T 278.1 305.6 315.7

\

P 0.149 0.538 0.921

AgBr.3NH3(s) = AgBr.lKNH3(s) + l^NH3(g) (E) PWC-G = 1.00; log P = -1787.13/Î7 + 1.075 log T + 2.8340 (707); AgBnCH3NH2(S) = AgBr(s) + CH3NH2(g) (696) (E)

I

P 0.014 0.068 0.076

Il

T 318.3 328.1

I

P 0.382 0.676

AgBrO3(S) = Ag+ + BrO3- (626) AF2°98a = 5847; K = 5.20 X IQ"5 AgBr03.3NH3(s) = (?) + xNH3(g) (384) (E)

T 252.1 267.1 273.1

B I 0.000177 0.000178 0.000130 0.000137

P Il T P 0.276 274.1 1.000 0.662 274.6 1.053 0.947 AgI(I) = Ag(S) + Y2Ug) (""S) Agl(s) #298.1 = 0.6856; A^ 98 .j = -15 820 in 0.1N KI (470) ; c/. I

(730, 731, 1119)

Ag(s) + MI2(S) = Agl(s) E* = A + Et A I B I ^98-1 I Remarks | Lit. 0.6831 0.5N K I ( 4 2 4 ) 0.6812 0.333AT KI (424) 0.6818 0.000152 0.6856 O . I N KI (470) CE2V1 = 0.6834) 0.6872 INKI ( 47 °) 0.6842 0.5NKI (476) 0.6821 0.025NKI (476) №273.1 = 0-6812) 0.6858 O.IN (729,1189) CE2V1 =0.6798) 0.6850 0.05N (729, ii89) 0.6823 0.000160 0.6863 O.IN (729, 730) 0.67974 0.000217 0.68516 0.05N ( 7 SO) 0.67961 0.000206 0.68475 0.02N ( 7 SO) 0.67927 0.000209 0.68462 0.01N ( 7 SO) 0.68253 0.000084 0.68463 0.33N(ca.) ( 7 30) 0.6857 I 0"»)

^2V1 I Remarks | Lit. 0.2139 O. IN KI (AgI, amorph.) (470) 0.2123 IN KI (Agi, amorph.) (470) 7 0.2114 Agi, amorph. ( 92) 7 0.2111 Agi, fused ( 92)

Pb (in het. amalg.) + 2AgI (s) = 2Ag(s) -f- PbI2(s) E = 0.2128 - 0.000191*; #298.i = 0.2080, 0.1N KI; E = 0.2112 - 0.000192*; ff298.i = 0.2064, N KI (47Q) Pb (amalg., X2 = 0.00697) + 2AgI(s) = PbI2 + 2Ag(s) E MZ.i { Ezn.i | Remarks Lit. 0.20965 0.20065 0.05N KI (1426) 0.20905 0.19977 O.IN KI (1426) 0.20405 0.19625 (1429) Cd (in het. amalg.) + 2AgI(s) = 2Ag(s) + CdI2(s) #273.1 = 0.3006; ff298.i = 0.3035; EWi = 0.3050 (1429) AgI (s) = Ag + + I- + (?) complex In Hg(NO3)2(aq) at 298.10K (1019) C(Hg(NO-Q 2 )*

|

C(SAg)

||

C(H8(NO3) 2) *

|

0.0100 0.00340 0.050 .0125 .00358 .10 .025 .00476 I1O * Solutions contain HNOs. In AgNÖ3(aq) at 298.10K (597) C(AgNO3)

Aff = 12 960 (94); cf. (696)

T 273.1 292.6 93.6

A I 0.2183 0.2167 0.2146 0.2145

J

C(Sl)

||

C(AgNO3)

C(SAg)

0.00740 .01161 . 10700

|

C(SQ

0.20 0.000289 0.50 0.00127 .35 .000532 .75* .00362 * In more concentrated solutions there is a complex solid phase. Agl(s) = AgI (hexag.) A^2V1 = -531 (usi) AgL^NH3(S) = (?) +xNH 3 (g) (696, 707) (E) log P = -3438.36/T7 - 8.88031 log T + 31.1991 (707) T I P I] T I P 273.1 0.004 338.1 0.355 292.1 0.016 353.1 0.638 310.1 0.068 363.1* 1.000 312.1 0.083 373.1 1.506 325.6 0.204 A# = 11 59Ox (94) * From (707); au other values from ( 69 S). AgLNH3(S) = (?) + xNH3(g) (94, 107, 696, 707) (E) log p = -1787.1294/77 + 1.0741 log T + 2.8340 (707) T I P Il T I P 241.1* 0.0789 276.6t 0.921 246.lt 0.132 279.3 1.079 250.1 0.191 283.6 1.388 260.1 0.368 288.1 1.816 273.1 0.770 293.6 2.658 273.lt 0.812 AF = 8 650xf * From O 0 ?), f From (9*). ì From (707) ; an other values from (6»*). AgLlMNH3(S) = (?) + xNH3(g) (94, 107) (E) T I P || T I P 215.8 0.102 241.5 0.475 223.1* 0.132 253.1 0.912 231.6 0.204 AH = 7 25Ox* * From ( 94 ); value at 223.10K interpolated; all other values from ( 107 ). AgL2NHs(s) = (?) +xNH 3 (g) (94, 107) (E) T I P [I T I P 194.1 0.022 216.1* | 0.132 (extrap.) 215.8 0.136 AH = 7 050* * From ( 9 *) ; all other values from (K> 7 ).

AgLSNH3-(S) = (?) + xNH3(g) (**, ™7) (E) T 194.1 212.1* 215.8

I

P 0.042 0.132 0.162

Il

T ' I P 231.6 0.467 241.5 0.833 A# = 6 92Ox*

* From (94) ; value at 212.10K extrapolated; all other values from (i<>7).

AgLmNH3(S) = (?) (E) The decomposition of all compounds results in formation of mixed crystals ( 107 ) AgLCH3NH2(S) = (?) + xCH3NH2(g) (™*) (E)

T 273.1 288.1 298.6 302.6 307.1 311.1

I

P 0.046 0.187 0.395 0.530 0.724 0.938

[I I

T 313.1 318.1 320.1 324.1 329.1 333.1

P 1.056 1.487 1.592 1.789 2.072 2.296

I

AgIO3(S) = Ag+ + 107 g298.i = 5.29 X IQ"8; AF°98>1 = 10 270 (1Q8*) 6AgIO3(S) + 3I2(aq) + 3H2O(I) = 6AgI(s) + 6H+ + 61O^ AFÎ 98tl = 4 190 (885) from (1291) Ag(SOs) 2 ---; AFg98-1 = -226 545 ("81) AgCl(s) + 2SOr = Ag(SO3)"- + Cl- (usi) from (924, 1463); Cf. (1465)

#298.i = 0.0578; AFjJ98.! = 1 690 U " _ .

Total c

C(AgCl)

(SOs)

C(SO3 , free)

0

lOg K0 + Z

U

p'*

(978, 1465)

g298.i = 1.76 X IQ"4; AJy1 = 5 124

^ 0.0084

.474 .466 .232 .406* .448*

.0055 .0053 .0025 .0023 .0023

1(8O3)

I

TV 0.658

log K +4

free)

.463 .453 .227 .401 .443

* These solutions contain 0.01.ÜV" sodium bromide.

° 1 1.426 ^~"

0.204 .146 .146 .079 .230 .146

1.19 1.18 0.831 1.11 1.16

Ag(S2O3)J- = Ag+ + 2S2Oa"; K = 4.20 X IQ"14 (1118) AgBr(s) + 2S2Or- = Ag(S2O3)- + Br- (289, 1219) Agl(s) + 2S2Or = Ag(S2O3)"- +1" ( 289 > 1465) AgNO2(S) AF2V1 = 4 900 (««S) AgNO2(S) = Ag+ + NO2AFJ98.! = 5 050 (885); K298.i = 2.0 X 10~4 (6) from (5, 892, 1049, 1050)

T_

I

C(I 2 )*

I

C(N 2 O 4 )

298.1

I

0.0397

|

3.96

* I 2 is 0.35 saturated.

AgN02.3NH3(s) = (?) + xNH3(g) (383) (E) T I P II T I P 253.1 0.018 319.1 0.388 273.1 0.041 330.1 0.603 291.1 0.102 338.6 0.855 309.1 0.251 341.1 0.942 AgN03.2NH3(s) = AgN03.NH3(s) + NH,(g). (E) P 443 . L — 1.0; the dissociation curves proceed irregularly (707) AgN03.3NH3(s) = AgN03.2NH3(s) + (?) NH3(g) (383) (E) log p = -5 864.68/T7 -26.1384 log T + 82.4857 ( 707 ) T 273.1 283.1 293.1 304.1

P Il T I P 0.037 313.6 0.374 0.071 323.6 0.595 0.132 331.6 0.845 0.236 336.1 1.016 Ag(NH 3 )+; AF2V1 = -4 003 ("81) AgCl(s) + 2NH4OH(aq) = Ag(NH3)J + Cl~ + 2H2O(I) (Hi, I

1410,

0.937 0.142 0.653 0.672 1.72 .890 .140 .610 .724 1.68 .652 .103 .446 ,633 1.44 .470 .070 .330 .653 1.22 .470 .070 .330 .653 1.22 .472 .070 .332 .653 1.22 .234 .036 .162 .763 0.859 .220 .033 .154 .672 .832 .219 .034 .151 .708 831 .106 .017 .066 .756 579 .080 .011 .058 .591 .501 .079 .012 .055 .602 .499 .478 .057 .364 .663 1.24 .483 .059 .365 .681 1.26 AgBr(s) + 2SOr = Ag(SO8)- + Br~ ("81) from (924) ; c/.

~1± 0.675

2AgNO2(S) = Ag+ + NOj + Ag(s) + NO(g) AFJl98.! - 3 600 (885) from (6 ); P(NO) = 4.28 atm.; m(AgNO.) = 0.179 at 328.10K (885) from (6). p(NO) = 8.35 atm.; ra(AgNO3) = 1.10 at 373.10K (860). AFJj98 t = 2 680 ± 200 ("93, 1194) 2AgNO2(S) + I 2 (in CCl4) = 2AgI(s) + N 2 O 4 (in CCl4) ( 2 )

1523, 1181)

K298.i = 2.86 X IQ-3; log P^298.! = 1.272; AFJj98-1 = 3472 ("Si) Total W(NH4OH, log u T., Llt mcKH.) m^ J) m(NaC1) (1/KP) " '. 0.0942 0.004592 0.0838 1.261 0.0764 O41) .1006 .005164 .0890 1.236 .0804 (Hi) .1033 .005343 .0912 1.232 .0820 O41) .1089 .005665 .0960 1.229 .0835 ("8I) .2084 .01137 .1837 1.208 .1156 (i41) .2947 .01588 .2605 1.215 .1355 (141) .437 .023 .388 1.227 .161 (141°) .428 .025 .375 1.176 .167 (141°) .4881 .02588 .4333 1.204 .169 (141) .7522 .04758 .6532 1.138 .227 O41) .7517 .04173 .6440 0.0102* 1.141 .236 (141) .7477 .04392 .6561 .0102 1.129 .241 (*41) .7503 .03503 .6255 .0256* 1.133 .253 (*41) .9662 .06117 .8394 1.138 .256 (141) .7458 .03869 .6641 .0255 1.125 .261 (141) .7550 .02751 .5933 .0513* 1.106 .282 O41) .7497 .03330 .6788 .0511 1.108 .297 (141) 1.3039 .0895 1.1198 1.097 .307 ("8I) 1.700 .1197 1.4545 1.085 .355 (141°) 1.710 .1256 1.4525 1.063 .363 ("8I) 1.688 .1308 1.419 1.035 .370 (141°) 1.9044 .13616 1.6252 1.077 .378 (141) 1.8782 .1379 1.5956 1.064 .380 (118I) 2.1339 .1628 1.8009 1.054 .413 ("81) 2.6400 '.2151 2.2014 1.010 .473 (118I) 2.8393 .2254 2.3796 1.024 .484 (141) 2.9091 .2395 2.4211 1.005 .498 (1181) 3.7574 .3438 3.0596 0.949 .595 (141) 3.782 .372 3.028 .911 .618 (141°) 3.945 .378 3.171 .924 .624 (141<>) 4.6918 .4680 3.7443 .903 .693 (141) 5.10 .574 3.938 .836 .760 (141°) 5.33 .609 4.098 .828 .788 (141°) 5.545 .633 4.265 .829 .803 (141Q) * Added salt, AgNO3.

AgCl(s) + 2NH4OH(aq).—(Continued) (1523) j cf.

(464,

696,

906,

1148,

Ag(NH3)2Cl(aq) ("»!)

1465)

W

Total

" C(AgC1)

~ C(NH4 H) b

0.0282 .0285 .0287 .0288 .0585 .0589 .0590 .118 .118 .118 .252 .252 .253 .397 .411 .416 .428 .818 .863 .873 .896 .903 .909 .916 .961 1.991 2.013 2.017 2.042

0.00141 .00142 .00143 .00149 .00300 .00297 .00304 .00625 .00619 .00621 .0139 .0140 .0140 .0227 .0235 .0240 .0249 .0514 .0541 .0555 .0569 .0572 .0584 .0583 .0616 .147 .149 .149 .151

0.02481 .02509 .02527 .02525 .0514 .0519 .0518 .1040 .1041 .1041 .2218 .2218 .223 .349 .361 .365 .375 .711 .751 .758 .777 .784 .788 .794 .833 1.690 1.708 1.712 1.733

C(NH3)

g

°

(!/&:*) 1.245 1.247 1.247 1.229 1.224 1.225 1.231 1.221 1.226 1.224 1.203 1.200 1.202 1.191 1.186 1.182 1.178 1.141 1.142 1.135 1.135 1.137 1.130 1.134 1.131 1.061 1.060 1.061 1.060

Mx 0.0445 .0446 .0447 .0454 .0638 .0636 .0641 .0881 .0878 .0879 .1271 .1275 .1275 .1582 .163 .164 .167 .236 .242 .245 .248 .249 .251 .251 .258 .392 .395 .395 .398

AgBr(s) + 2NH4OH(aq) = Ag(NH3)+, + Br- + H2O(I) (1181) from (141, 1523) Total C(NH 3 ) (1523)

C(NH 4 OH, C(AgBr)

free

>

i

"

1Og (\/K^ U/A-C ;

i£ ^

T 663.1 673.1 723.1

™ W(AgBr)

W(NH 4 OH, fre

<0

lOg n /i^x ^/^W /

y »™

0.19320.000600.19012.5010.0504 .3849 .00120 .3797 2.500 .0630 .5741 .00179 .5682 2.502 .0724 .7573 .00223 .7488 2.526 .0789 1.965 .00692 1.944 2.449 .1166 3.024 .01163 2.992 2.410 .1257 5.244 .02443 5.181 2.326 .1894 log P./.298.1 = 2.537; K298.i = 8.4 X IO"4; AFJ98.! = 6 934; ( 1 1 8 1 ) ; cy. (696,

906,

1148)

Agl(s) + 2NH4OH(aq) = Ag(NH3)J + I- + 2H2O(I) (61, 62, 807,

906)

-0.530 -0.535 -0.566 -0.560 -0.566 -0.563 -0.556 -0.554 -0.540

2AgP2(S) = 2Ag(s) + P4(g) (so?) I P [I T I 0.0771 793.1 .0776 878.1 .1436 I 883.1

P 0.2275 .2816 .2822

AgCN(s); AFJ98.! = 38 499 (lisi) AgCN.NH3(s) = AgCN(s) + NH3(g) (E) P373.! = 0.091; log P = -12497.12/77 - 58.7176 log T + 183.4738 ( 707 ) AgCl(s) + CNS- = AgCNS(s) + Cl~ (H8i)/ rom (624) #298.i = 161; AFJ98.! = -3 012 C(ci-) 0.197 .193 .0501 .0489 .010 .010

I

C(CNS-) 0.00104 .00100 .00293 .00280 .00060 .00057

I

log Kc 2.278 2.286 2.232 2.242 2.222 2.244

I

1$ 0.450 .450 .224 .224 .10 .10

AgBr(s) + CNS- = AgCNS(s) + Br~ ("*i) from (624) K 298 .i = 0.505; AFlJ98.! = 404 I

C(CNS~)

I

log

KC

\

M^

0 . 0 6 4 7 0 . 1 2 0 5 0 . 2 7 0 0 . 4 4 7 .0665 .1207 .258 .447 .0165 .0312 .276 .224 .0176 .0324 .265 .224 AgC2H3O2(S) (Acetate) + H + = Ag+ + C 2 H 4 Oj In HNO3(aq) at 298.10K (629, 630) C(SH+)

™ W(NH 3 ) (141)

Qog T)/M^

I

-0.017 -0.024 -0.040 -0.056 -0.080 -0.126 -0.176 -0.248 -0.382

AgHCO3(S) = Ag+ + HC07 KHI.I = 1.23 X IO-4; AFJ91.! = 5 210 (ii9i)/ r o m (564)

C(Br-)

0.07770.0002640.07602.4690.0384 .0764 .000276 .0747 2.433 .0384 .118 .000386 .1115 2.476 .0436 .115 .000391 .1125 2.459 .0435 .273 .001070 .269 2.400 .0586 .268 .000941 .264 2.448 .0573 .497 .001590 .491 2.490 .0694 __ .450 .001700 .445 2.418 .0691

log 7

j

0.001 .002 .005 .01 .02 .05 .1 .2 j)

I

C(Ag+)

0.0 .4845 .9506 1.789 3.269 3.923 4.703

j

<^5

0.0667 .511 .970 1.841 3.290 3.929 4.745

1.005 1.072 1.140 1.267 1.470 1.561 1.670

Ag(CN)-JAF 2 V 1 = 72 047(1181) AgCl(S) + 2CN- = Ag(CN)^ + Cl~ (1465) ; c/. (1143, 1144, 0

T = 298.1 K

W(Ci-)

I

W(Ag(CN)IO

I

0.192

I

0.192

I

W(CN-)

I

K_

0.384

|

0.25

1145)

AgCl(s) H- 2HCN(aq) - 2H+ + Ag(CN) 2- + Cl- ("«l) tf298.i = 1.9 X IO-9; log P./.298.1 = 2.180; AFJ98-1 = 11 902

i

log

W(HCN(aa))

W(acid)

^(complex)

m (chloride)

ZJ

fl/^M)

**

0.09380.003030.001320.001612.1630.0552 .1831 .00430 .00182 .00258 2.146 .0652 .2292 .00493 .00199 .00294 2.141 .0702 AgBr(s) + 2CN- = Ag(CN)J + Br- (1465) ; ^. (289, 1143, 1144, 1145)

T = 298.10K W(Br-)

I

0.349

I

W(Ag(CN)D

I

|

0.070

|

K

Total W(KCNS)

24.8

Agl(s) H- 2CN- = Ag(CN)I + I" (1181) K 298 -I = 221; AFJ 98-1 = -3 201 Total

m

W(CN-)

0.01837 .03676 .05521 .07337

(A«i)

0.00866 .01778 .02666 .03549

m (CN-,

W(NaOH,

free)

added)

0.00065 .00120 .00191 .00239

0.0197 .0200 .0199 .0196

log TfU &m

i£ ^2

1.131 0.192 1.170 .238 1.146 .275 1.173 .305

Total

0.0208 .0208 .0405 .0836 .0836 .146 .195 .195 .261 .318 .318 .398

w ( Agi)

W(CN",

W(NaOH,

free)

added)

0.0102 0.00049 .0093 .0021 .0191 .00224 .0386 .00456 .0396 .00434 .0684 .00889 .0911 .0126 .0916 .0116 .1217 .0177 .1474 .0232 .1475 .0230 .1840 .0300

log

(ir*A\

P

(&m)

L£

0.0244 1.301 0.212 .0244 0.653 .212 .0444 .931 .292 .0946 .938 .423 .0946 .961 .423 .1738 .886 .566 .2433 .858 .663 .2433 .897 .663 .2448 .836 .712 .2421 .802 .748 .2421 .806 .748 .2424 .788 .800

AgCN(s) + HCN(aq) = H+ + Ag(CN)^ (usi) K298.i = 3.77 X IO"5; log p./.298.i = 2.212; AF°98.i = 6 038 W(HCN(aq))

0.0296 .1016 .1596 .1780 .1825 .2124 .2245 .2275 .2325 .3000 .3625 .4230 .4260 .4465

|

W(HAg(CN) 2 )

[

log (1/K%)

0.000983 .002039 .00245 .00366 .00246 .00292 .00272 .00424 .00316 .00375 .00331 .00400 .00511 .00427

2.244 2.144 2.211 2.067 2.198 2.197 2.241 2.050 2.184 2.164 2.254 2.210 2.106 2.195

\

M^

0.0314 .0452 .0496 .0606 .0544 .0541 .0523 .0652 .0562 .0612 .0576 .0653 .0612 .0654

AgCl(s) H- 2CH3NH2(aq) (methylamine) = Ag(CH3NH2)J + Cl(140,

403.5,

1534)

AgBr(s) H- 2CH3NH2(aq) (methylamine) = Ag(CH3NH2)J + Bf- (140, 696,

1534)

0.202 .315 .425 .500 .608 .710 .765 1.009

W(AgBr)

|

W(KCNS, free)

|

log

(K%)

I

W(AgI X IO 4 )

0.20 .14 .67 .51 .40 .97 1.46 1.63

I

W(KCNS, free)

I

0.202 .315 .425 .500 .608 .710 .765 1.008

|

log

(K%)

-4.00 -4.30 -3.91 -4.00 -4.18 -3.85 -3.72 -3.80

AgCNS(s) H- CNS- = Ag(CNS); (usi) Originai W(KCNS)

Agi (hexag.) + 2CN- = Ag(CN)^ + I- (lisi) K298.! = 90.4; AF2Vi = -2 670 W(CN")

I

0 . 2 5 1 0 0 . 0 0 1 1 0 . 2 4 9 - 2 . 3 4 0 .2702 .0012 .267 -2.340 .5205 .0095 .501 -1.722 .5819 .0085 .564 -1.824 .7577 .0285 .701 -1.390 .7762 .0307 .715 -1.367 1.0089 .0663 .875 -1.122 1.0089 .0668 .875 -1.118 Agl(s) + 2CNS- = Ag(CNS)2" + I- (lisi)

W(CN-)

0.349

AgBr(s) H- 2CNS- = Ag(CNS)JT H-Br-(USi) Total W(KCNS)

0.312 .564 .870 1.124

W ( KCNS,

W(AgCNS)

free)

0.00202 .0121 .0458 .0985

0.310 .512 .824 1.026

, ,^ x log (Km) -2.187 -1.627 -1.255 -1.018

Ag((NH 2 ) 2 CS)J = Ag+ H- 3(NH2)2CS(aq) (thiourea) K = 1.39 X IO-14 at T = 2930K (?) ("i«) Ag(CH3CN)J = Ag+ + 2CH3CN(aq) (acetonitrüe) K = 5.93 X IO-2 at T = 2930K (?) (l 118) Ag(CH2NH2COO)" = Ag+ + 2CH 2 NH 2 COO~ (glycine) K = 1.10 X 10~5 at T = 2930K (?) ("l«) AgCl(s) H- 2C2H6NH2(aq) (ethylamine) = Ag(C 2 H 5 NH 2 )J + Cl~ (140,

403.5, 1534)

AgC(CHa) 2 NH)J = Ag+ + 2(CH 3 ) 2 NH(aq) (dimethylamine) K = 2.53 X IO"6 at T = 2930K (?) (m«) AgBr(s) H- 2C2H6NH2(aq) (ethylamine) = Ag(C2H5NH2)J + Br~ (140,

1534)

Ag(C 2 H 4 (NH 2 ) 2 )J = Ag+ H- 2C 2 H 4 (NH 2 ) 2 (aq) (ethylenediamine) ( 708 ) Ag(C2H5CN)J = Ag+ H- 2C2H5CN(aq) (propionitrile) K = 0.114 at T = 2930K (?) ("18) Ag(C 2 H 4 (CN) 2 )J = Ag+ H- 2C2H4(CN) 2(aq) (ethylene cyanide) K = 0.1 at T = 2930K (?) (in«) Ag((C 2 H 5 ) 2 NH)J = Ag+ H- 2(C2H6)2NH(aq) (diethylamine) K = 1.71 X 10~6 at T =» 2930K (?) (1118); cf. ( 709 ) Ag(C6H5NH2)J = Ag+ H- 2C6H5NH2(aq) (aniline) K = 5.85 X IQ"4 at T = 2930K (?) (1"8)

.

Ag((C 2 H 5 ) 3 N)J = Ag+ + 2(C2H5)3N(aq) (Methylamine) K = 8.85 X 10~5 at T = 2930K (?) ("i«) Ag((CH 2 ) 6 N 4 )J = Ag+ H- 2(CH 2 ) 6 N 4 (aq) (hexamethylenetetramine) K = 2.65 X 10~4 at T = 2930K (?) (i"8); cf. (7Q9) Ag(C7H7NH2)J = Ag+ + 2C7H7NH2(aq) (toluidine) K = 2.46 X IQ"4 at T = 2930K (?) (in8)

AgMn04.3NH3(s) = (?) + xNH3(g) (384) (E) T I P [I T P 252.1 0.127 283.1 0.882 273.1 0.434 285.1* 0.934 282.1 0.812 * The substance which has lost no NH 3 has P = 1 at 285.10K. 2Ag(g) + MQ 2 (g) = Ag20(g) ( 1 5 0 °)

Ag 2 O(S); AF^98-1 = -2 395 (*™) 2Ag(S) + K0 2 (g) = Ag2O(S) (762, 853, 854)

AF0 = -7 240 - LOT In T + 21.95T; A#J 9 8 1 = -6 942; AFJj98.! = -2

T 575.1* 598.1* 647.1 676.1 718.1*

395 (««S); cf. (756,1428)

P [I 20.5 32.0 74.3 114.5 207

T I 725.1 740.8 757.1 773.3

P 213.5 257.8 323.5 388.3

* From (»ss, 854). aii other values from (762).

Ag2O(S) + H2(g) = 2Ag(s) + H 2 OCg)-( 491 ) Ag2O(S) + H2 = 2Ag(s) + H2O(I) #298.1 = 1.582; A^98.! = -53 449 (218); cf, (4, 925) Ag2O(S) + H2O(I) = 2Ag+ + 2OHAF2V1 = 10 520 (159); Cf, (701) AgCl(s) + OH- = KAg2O(S) + Cl" + KH2O(I) (1Q84) C(KOH)

0.0542 0.0597 0.0650 0.0707 0.0944 0.1095 0.3297 0.3349 0.3495 0.3568 0.3578 0.3583 In dilute

I

C(KCI)

I

Mc

I

Kc

T = 298.10K 0.000494 0.0547 0.00902 0.000530 0.0602 0.00877 0.000620 0.0656 0.00941 0.000666 0.0714 0.00928 0.000918 0.0953 0.00948 0.1111 0.00927 0.001046 0.003295 0.3330 0.00999 0.003303 0.3382 0.00986 0.003410 0.3529 0.00976 0.003503 0.3603 0.00982 0.003434 0.3612 0.00960 0.003540 0.3618 0.00988 soin., a(Hïo(i)) = H 1084 ); #298.i = 0.00891; AF°98tl

= 2 798 (877, 878, 879, 885)

2Ag(s) + HgO(s) = Ag2O(S) + Hg(I) E^1 = 0.2312; AFg98., = -10 669 (218) JiAg2O(S) + 2NH4OH(aq) = Ag(NH3)+ + OH~ + KH 2 O(I) (lisi) and from (1523) log P./.2981 = 0.247; log K 298 ! = -0.494 ± 0.005; AF2°98 ! = 674 (1181) m (total base)

W(Ag, (NHs) + )

m (N H40H)

-\ ivy» 1/A/r

0.05302 0.01155 0.01838 1.59 .05532 .01282 .01667 1.32 .05821 .01338 .01806 1.35 .06173 .01406 .01955 1.39 .1479 .03499 .04289 1.23 .1575 .03606 .04932 1.37 .2456 .05787 .07198 1.25 .3155 .07352 .09490 1.29 .3200 .07535 .09494 1.26 .3540 .07787 .1231 1.55 .6519 .1525 .1945 .6767 .1582 .2021 1.28 .6950 .1623 .2082 1.28 .8673 .2033 .2574 1.26 .9518 .2225 .2841 1.26 1.2304 .2888 .3642 1.26

1 /JT^l l/K'm?

^0S

n / | r ^v

(l/K^/)

W /U / 2

Âg2O(S) + ZNHjOILtaq).—(Continued)

» .•*"•** 1/g°H

™ 0.214 .220 .458 .469 .671 .684 .720 .733 .830 .827 .811 .876 .915 .899 .999 1.147 1.498 1.522

0.0654 0.0832 .0658 .0884 .134 .190 .140 .189 .205 .261 .205 .274 .225 .270 .224 .285 .242 .346 .248 .331 .251 .309 .257 .362 .276 .363 .278 .343 .299 .401 .343 .461 .454 .590 .470 .582

(1/g

'^ (i/&) ^

1.272 1.300 1.343 1.373 1.417 1.467 1.350 1.412 1.275 1.355 1.337 1.423 1.200 1.288 1.273 1.378 1.430 1.543 1.336 1.446 1.232 1.334 1.408 1.528 1.317 1.435 1.234 1.347 1.340 1.472 1.344 1.498 1.298 1.452 1.238 1.393

0.114 0.256 .137 .257 .165 .366 .150 .374 .132 .453 .153 .453 .110 .474 .139 .474 .188 .492 .159 .498 .125 .501 .184 .508 .156 .526 .129 .528 .168 .548 .173 .585 .162 .674 .144 .686

2Ag(s) + H2S(g) = Ag2S(S) + H2(g) (1082) A^298. i = -1 688 T I ff(O.lHCl) I ff(0.5HCl) I E (mean) 278.1 0.0382 0.0379 0.03805 283.1 .0378 .0376 .0377 298.1 .0367 .0365 .0366 308.1 .0358 .0357 .0357 2AgI(S) + H2S(aq) = Ag2S(s) + 2H+ + 21- (1082) m(H2s.aq) 0.0002531 .0002954 .0003436 .001006 .002820 .004077 .005053 .006834 .01982 .03318 .03369 .06371 .07747 .1116

I

m(Hi) | M log (!/&») I MH 0.02435 0.7143 0.1560 .1609 .02589 .7045 .02664 .7085 .1633 .03492 .7076 .1869 .04546 .7050 .2132 .05047 .6996 .2246 .05277 .7035 .2297 .05705 .7025 .2388 .07491 .6998 .2737 .08557 .6979 .2925 .08602 .6973 .2933 .1015 .6538 3186 .1068 .6937 .3268 .1170 .6937 .34205

Ag2S(S) = Ag2S(S') Aô = 953; A^981 - 239; A^98-1 = Q from (76); AF°48a = 0 (452); c/. (161, 1323, 1463)

Ag2S(SQ + H2(g) = 2Ag(s) + H2S(g) (761)

1.59 0.201 0.107 T \ K [I T I K 1.32 .119 .113 749.15 0.359 889.63 | 0.278 1.36 .133 .116 811.25 .325 AF0 = -2 408 + 5.253T7 1.40 .146 .119 1.25 .097 .187 Ag2SO4(I) = 2Ag(s) + S02(g) + (?) 1.39 .143 .190 P1368.! = 1.00 (455); c/. (636>949> 95°) 1.26 .100 .240 Ag2CO3(S) + C02(g) + H2O(I) = 2Ag+ + 2HCO3- ("^) from 1.32 .120 .272 (561, 1490). cf. (4, 716, 737, 738, 797) 1.29 .111 .274 log p./.298.1 = 2,111-AF = -16 990; AFJ98.! = 11 525 1.59 .201 .279 1.28 1.34 .127 .391 m(Ag+) P(CO2) /(CO2) M1/2 (1/KnX) 1.34 .127 .398 T 1.35 .130 .403 291.1*0.00764TO0.990.0872.1158 1.34 .127 .452 298.1 .008338 0.943 .934 .0913 2.0716 1.35 .130 .472 298.1 .008353 .943 .934 .0914 2.0711 1.38 .140 .538 298.1 .008375] .946 .937 .0915 2.0700

Ag2CO3(S) + CQ2(g) + H2O(I).- (Continued) T

w(Ag+)

P(CO2)

/(CO2)

(l/Kmy*)

V^

298.10.0084370.9750.9660.09202.0700 291.1* .01234 56 43.46 .111 2.3182 * From (56 1 ); all other values from O* 90 ). Ag 2 CO 3 (S) = Ag2O(S) + C02(g) (273, 305); c/. (716, 737, 738, 1257)

T 405.1 440.1 455.6

P 0.0276 .148 .241

I

T 483.1 491.1 492.1*

Il

I

P 0.736 1.004 1.000

* From (273). an ofaer values from (3°5).

3(AgC104)2 (in C6H6, benzene) = 2(AgClO4)S (in C6H6) (627) Ag2S-AgNO3(S) = 3Ag+ + S— + NO3" In AgNO 3 (aq) at 288.10K* (917) W(AeNOs)

I

T^(Ag2S)

2.35 2.94 3.92

11

WE(AgNO 3 )

O tr. 0.000261 0

J

5.89 11.8

W(Ag2S)

0.000916 .00562 \

9

* For data at 373.1 K, v. C *?).

Au, Gold Au(s) î A#°, Aff° = O Au(OH) 3 = Au+++ + 3OHK = 5.5 X IQ"46 ( 704 ) Au(OH) 3 (S) + 3H+ = Au+++ + ^H2O(I) In H2SO4(aq) (703) T^

291.1

292.1

I

C(H2SO4)

I

C(SAu)

0.265 0.000016 .445 .000036 .505 .000042 .73 .000081 .79 .00011 9.35 .0632 In HNO 3 (aq) at 295.10K (704) C(HNO 3 )

u

C(SAu)

0.45 II 0.00003 2AuCl(S) = 2Au(s) + Cl2(g) (989) T \ P Il T \ P 443.1 0.018 489.1 0.118 460.1 .030 513.1 .289 474.1 .065 AuC1.2NH3(s) = (?) + xNH3(g) (386) (E) T I P || T P 381.6 0.789 387.6 1.053 386.6 1.000 AuCl3(S) = AuCl(s) + Cl2(g) ; cf. (1258) log p = -6937/T7 - 1.177 log T + 45.823 ( 1127 ); c/. (989) T I P (total) I P ( q 2(g)) I Lit. 373.1 0.0076 (1135) 411.6 .0099 413.1 0.0054 (1127) 423.1 .0092 433.1 .0131 443.1 .0237 453.1 .0403 454.1 .0678 (1135) 463.1 .0872 (1127) 473.1 .263 475.1 .1388 (1135) 483.1 .199 (1127) 493.1 .303

T 502.1 503.1 513.1 523.1 524.1 526.8 533.1

I

AuCl3 (s).—(Continued) P (total) I P(ci2(g)) 0.1868 0.438 .629 .886 1.031 1.000 1.225 AuCl3(S) = AuCl3(g) (1135)

I

Lit. (1135) (1127) (1135) (1127)

T I P [I T I P 454.1 0.0127 599.1 (liquid) 0.0882 524.1 .0324 AuCl3.mNH3(s) = (?) + xNH3(g) (386) (E) Equilibrium reversible with difficulty. In decomposition AuCl3.12NH3 gives P < 1 at T = 255.1; AuCl3.6NH3 gives P < 1 at room temperature 2AuBr(S) = 2Au(s) + Br2(g) (989) T I P I) T I P 484.1 0.085 543.1 0.743 503.1 .234 AuBr3(S) = AuBr(s) + Br2(g) (989) T I P [I T I P 4 3 8 . 1 0 . 0 8 5 4 9 3 . 1 0 . 7 4 3 463.1 .234 503.1* 1.000 * Extrapolated.

AuBr3.mNH3(s) = (?) + xNH3(g) (386) (E) m = 18 moles, P = 1.00 atm. at T = 274.1; m = 9 moles, P = 1.00 atm. at T — 284.1. Between these two compounds there exists a complete series of solid solutions. There are also solid solutions of ammonia content greater than 18 moles, and less than 9 moles. Here increase of NH3 content causes an increase of pressure, e.g., with 21 moles NH3, P = 1.00 atm. at T = 258.1. Au(s) + KI2 (in CCl4) = Aul(s) (251) I 2 is 1.088 moles per liter at 298.10K. (I2 is 95% saturated; that is, solubility of I2 is 1.156 moles per liter in CCl4 at 298.1°) Aul(s) = Au+ + I- (251) In KI(aq) at 298.10K C(KI)

I

0.1009 .2508 .4038 1.0096

C(SAu)

I

C(I 2 )*

0.0106 .0290 .0522 .1142

0.0482 .1308 .198 .556

* I2 = total titratable I2.

H2(g) + Au2O(S) = 2Au(s) + H2O(I) ff2°98.i = -1.2 (474) from (249, 250)

Au2O(S) + 2H+ = 2Au+ + H2O(I) (2) from (249) In HNO 3 (aq) C(HNO 3 )

I

C(SAu)

H

C(HNO 3 )

|

C(SAu)

3.32 7.76 8.77

0.00002 9.13 0.000041 .000047 11.66 .000086 .000053 Au2O3(S) AP2Vi = 19 100; Aff = -13 200; A^98-1 = -108.4 (219) 3H2(g) + Au2O3(S)

^(H2SO4)

0.0100 .1000 1.024

= 2Au(S) + 3H2O(I) (219); 703, 704., 705) I

-ffi 2 98.1

1.3639 1.3635 1.3634

Cf.

(220, 474,

I

AP^98. i = -188 800 E 298 .i (mean) = 1.364 + 0.001

6Hg(I) + Au2O3(S) + 3SOr + 6H+ = 2Au(s) + 3Hg2SO4(S) +

RuCl3(S) = Ru(S) + MCl2(g) (1208)

3H2O(I) (474) WE(H 2 SO 4 )

I

.#298.1

[I

^(H2SO4)

I

#298.1

O.05060.599 ± 0 . 0 0 2 1 . 0 3 1 0 . 6 9 0 ± 0.001 .1031 .629 ±0.002

Ir, Iridium

2IrCl = 2Ir(s) + Cl2(g) ( 1543 > 1544) T I P u T I 971.1 0.201 1 046.1 1 012.1 .337 1 071.1* 1 024.1 .424 1 072.1

P 0.599 1.000 1.014

* Interpolated.

2IrCl2 = 2IrCl + Cl2(g) (1543, 1544) T 984.1 1 010.1 1 022.1

P 0.317 .508 .664

I

[I

T 1028.1 1 044.1 1 046.1*

I

P 0.721 .962 1.000

* Extrapolated.

2IrCl3 = 2IrCl2 + Cl2(g) (1543, 1544) T 859.1 916.1 989.1 1 010.1

I

P 0.063 .116 .395 .603

[I

T 1 022.1 1 036.1* 1 038.1

I

P 0.730 1.000 1.014

* Interpolated.

Pt, Platinum 2PtCl =* 2Pt(s) + Cl 2 (g); P855.! = 1.000 (1544) 2PtCl2 = 2PtCl + Cl 2 (g); P855.i = LOOP (1 54 4) PtCl2.5NH3(s) = Solid solution -f- xNH3(g) (395) (E) T I P [I T I P 277.1 0.395 295.1 j 1.000 286.1 0.658 AH = 10 30Ox 2PtCl3 = 2PtCl2(g) + Cl2(g) ; P708.! = 1.000 (1544) 2PtCl4 = 2PtCl3 + Cl 2 (g);P643.i = 1.000 (1544) PtI2 = Pt(S) + I 2 (g) (1045)

T 416.0 427.5

P X IQ5 H T I P X IQ5 0.6316 437.4 3.408 1.592 PtI2.4NH3(s) = (?) + xNH3(g) (395) (E) I

T 399.1 436.1 PtI2.6NH3(s) T I 265.1 266.1

P [I T I P 0.171 443.6 | 1.000 (extrap.) 0.774 AH = 16 IQOx = PtI2.4NH3(s) +2NH3(g) (395) (E) P u T I P 0.743 267.6 0.879 0.770 269.1 1.000 (extrap.) AH = 18 600

Ru, Ruthenium RuO2(S) = Ru(S)* + O 2 (g) (1208); c/. (282, 323, 324, 532, 533)

T 1 203

I

P u T 0.026-0.053 || 1 228 AH = 52 200

* RU(S) is slightly soluble in RuO2(s).

P 0.066

1 1 1 1

T I 962.1 993.1 997.1 001.1 008.1 009.1 015.1

P 0.154 .182 .186 .200 .225 .211 .246

[I

T I P 1 018.1 0.232 1 039.1 .331 1 050.1 .387 1 088.1 .693 1 089.1 .739 1 114.1 .957 H = 94 500

Pd, Palladium Pd2H (in s. satd. Pd) = 2Pd (in s. satd. PdH2) + HH2(g) ( 489 ); cf. (639, 644, 813, 1014, 1349, 1461, 1462)

T I P I A// 273.1 0.00520 8 780 303.1 .0246 8 700 353.1 .2008 8 450 433.1 1.746 453.1 2.580 PdCl2.4NH3(s) = PdCl2.2NH3(s) + 2NH3(g) (E) P483-1 = 1.00; A# = 31 120 (669) PdI2.4NH3(s) = PdI2.2NH3(s) + 2NH3(g) (E) P383.! = 1.00; A# = 25 760 (669)

Mn, Manganese

Mn++ = Mn+++ + E"; E^1 = -1.511 (521); cf. (523) Mn+++ = Mn++++ + E-; Jg20^1 = -1.642 (521) Mn++ = Mn++++ + 2E-; ^85>1 = -1.577 (521) MnO2(S) + 2H2O(I) = MnO7 + 4H+ + 3E" ^98.i = -1.757 (1270) MnO2(S) + 2OH- + V2O^g) = MnQr + H2O(g) (28, 1318) MnO2(S) + 4OH- = MnOj- + 2H2O(I) + 2E~ JgJj 98-1 = -0.50 (1285); = -0.66 (1270) MnOl- = MnOr + E-; ^Jj98.! = -0.61 (1285) ; = -Q.647 (127Q) 3MnOj- + 2H2O(I) = MnO 2 (s) + 2MnOj + 4OH~ K318., = 53; ^2V1 = 0.0545; Af1Jj18.! = -2 510 (1270) Mn++ + H2O(I) = MnOH+ + H+ At 373.10K, for c = 0.25, % hydrolysis = 0.0017 ( 80 <>) MnCl2.2H20(s) = (?) + xH2O(g) (E); P 373tl = 0.126 (844) MnCl2.4H20(s) = MnCl2.2H2O(s) + 2H2O(g) (884) (E) T I P II T I P 293.1 0.0050 333.1 0.103 303.1 0.024 343.1 0.164 313.1 0.0408 353.1 0.239 323.1 0.0605 MnCl2.NH3(s) = MnCl2(S) + NH3(g) (loi) (E) T I P U T I P 484.1 0.0124 545.1 | 0.125 511.1 0.037 AH = 20 120 (102) MnCl2.2NH3(s) = MnCl2.NH3(s) + NH3(g) (K") (E) T I P Il T I P 452.6 0.086 502.1 | 0.536 480.6 0.258 Ag = 16 970 (*Q2) MnCl2.6NH3(s) = MnCl2.2NH3(s) + *NH3(g) ( 101 > 379) (E) T P H T I P 332.1* 0.287 353.1 0.618 335.1 0.339 357.1 0.733 338.1 0.303 360.6 0.875 343.1 0.395 363.6 0.987 364.1 1.007 348.6 0.493 350.1* 0.651 Aff = 45 320 (102) * From ( 101 ); all other values from ( 379 i.

MnCl2.6CH3NH2(s) = (?) + xCH3NH2(g) (393) (E)

T 314.6 330.1 337.6 345.6

I

369.6 379.1 388.1 416.6 430.6 438.1

MnBr2.6CH3NH2(s).—(Continued)

P [I T I P 0.224 346.1 1.00 (interp.) 0.476 352.6 1.243 0.684 357.6 1.438 0.955 A# = 12 25Ox First decomposition product 0.188 395.1 0.658 0.358 402.6 0.816 0.517 409.1 0.953 Second decomposition product 0.086 448.1 0.263 0.145 458.1 0.329 0.197

MnCl2^C2H6NH2(S) = (?) + xC2H5NH2(g) (393) (E)

T 256.1 263.1 267.1 272.6

I

P I] T 0.022 277.1 0.071 283.6 0.141 289.1 0.330 295.1 A# = 10 05Ox

I

\

P 0.011 0.018 0.024

\\

T* 468.1 470.1

\

P 0.034 0.075

P 0.074 0.130

~

j

[I

T 428.1 433.1

I

P [I T Decomposition products 0.050 432.1 0.100 444.1 0.201 452.6 0.383

I

P

0.526 0.724 0.882

MnBr2.4C2H5NH2(s) = (?) + xC2H5NH2(g) (393) (E)

T 284.1 293.6 298.1 301.6

I

P 0.124 0.295 0.463 0.674

Il

T 305.1 305.6 309.6 A# =

I

P 1. OO (interp.) 1.021 1.322 10 66Qx

I

P 0.171 0.237

[I

T 406.1

P 0.261

MnI2.2H2O(s) = MnI2.H20(s) + H 2 O(g) («47) (E)

MnBr2.H20(s) = MnBr2(S) + H2O(g) («47) (E) I

382.1 392.6 406.6 422.1

T 393.1 403.1

* The compound melts at 388.10K and changes into the tetrahydrate. Decomposition begins at 423.10K.

T 413.1 423.1

I

MnI2.H20(s) = MnI2(S) + H2O(g) (847) (E)

P 0.497 0.782 1.021 1.349

Mn(C104)2.6H20(s) = Mn(ClO4)2.4H2O(s) + 2H2O(g) (1290) (E) T* 373.1 383.1 393.1

T

P 0.164 0.205

T I P [I T P 3 3 9 . 1 0 . 0 2 5 3 8 3 . 1 0 . 1 2 0 373.1 0.062 393.1 0.147 MnI2.4H20(s) = MnI2.2H20(s) + 2H2O(g) («47) (E)

T 323.1 353.1

I

P 0.007 0.045

[I

T 373.1 383.1

I

P 0.109 0.178

MnI2.6H2O(s) = MnI2.4H2O(s) + 2H2O(g) (E) P293.! = 0.0049 (847) MnI2.2NH3(s) = MnI2(s) + 2NH3(g) (E) P 48 Li = 0.0146; P488.i = 0.0192 (ioi) ; AH = 39 420 (102)

MnBr2.4H2O(s) = MnBr2.H2O(s) + 3H2O(g) («47) (E)

MnI2.6NH3(s) = MnI2.2NH3(s) + 4NH3(g) (ioi, 379) (E)

T 293.1

T 398.6 408.1 416.6 422.6 427.1 *

I I

P 0.0067

|| Il

T 373.1

I [

P 0.263

MnBr2JSTH3(S) = MnBr2(S) + NH3(g) (ioi) (E)

T 488.1 503.1

I

P 0.0162 0.0303

||

T I P 551.1 0.150 AF = 20 030

MnBr2.2NH3(s) = MnBr2.NH3(s) + NH3(g) (ioi) (E)

T 455.1 488.1

I

P 0.0180 0.0742

Il

T I P 503.1 | 0.129 Ag = 18 420

MnBr2.6NH3(s) = MnBr2.2NH3(s) + 4NH3(g) ( 1 Oi, 379) (E)

T 380.1* 383.1 387.6 393.1

I

P 0.401 0.405 0.487 0.616

[I

T I P 397.1 0.724 401.1 0.855 403.6 0.947 AH = 50 720

* From ( 101 ); all other values from (3 7 9 ).

MnBr2.6CH3NH2(s) = (?) + xCH3NH2(g) (393) (E)

T 340.6 349.6 362.6 374.1 381.1

I

P 0.125 0.197 0.361 0.605 0.783

I]

T 385.6 387.1 390.1 395.1 A# =

I

P

0.936 1.000 (interp.) 1.112 1.309 13 85Ox

I

' P [I 0.138 0.197 0.296 0.368 0.416 AH = 56 680

T 429.1 435.6 441.6 446.6 448.6 (102)

I

P 0.479 0.625 0.784 0.947 1.000 (extrap.)

* From (ioi); all other values from (379).

MnI2.6CH3NH2(s) = (?) + xCH3NH2(g) (393) (E)

T I P u T I P 3 4 3 . 1 0 . 0 7 6 3 8 6 . 6 0 . 7 1 1 358.1 0.224 395.1 0.987 369.1 0.349 400.1 1.184 378.1 0.509 405.1 1.382 AH = 14 16Ox Decomposition product 387.6 0.151 427.6 0.875 402.6 0.338 434.1 1.012 416.1 0.616 MnI2.4C2H5NH2(s) = (?) + xC 2 H 5 NH 2 (g) (393) (E)

T 285.6 292.6 299.1 304.1

I

P u T 0.133 313.1 0.207 318.1 0.297 322.6 0.392 324.1 AH = 11 23Ox

I

P 0.653 0.913 1.220 1.324

MnI2^C2H5NH2(S) = MnI2.4C2H5NH2(s) + 2C2H5NH2(g) (393) (E) T I P Il T I P 2 4 1 . 1 0 . 1 3 2 2 6 8 . 1 0 . 8 6 3 253.1 0.397 269.1 0.916 257.6 0.522 273.1 1.103 263.1 0.684 277.1 1.320 Aff = 18 720 MnSO4(S) = (?) + S02(g) + HQ 2 (g) (125, 455); cf, (636)

:r(i25)

i

p

y

r(4ss)

i

P

823-873 I 1.00 || 1 308 | 1.000 MnS04.^H20(s) = MnSO4(S) + MH2O(g) (E) P293.il = 0.00 (148) MnSO4-H2O(S) = MnSO4(S) + H2O(g) («47) (E) T I P I] T I P 293.1 I 0.004 [j 333.1 0.037 AH = 3 990 (1325) MnS04.2H20(s) = MnSO4.KH2O(s) + lKH 2 O(g) (E) P293. n = 0.00471 (148) MnSO4.5H2O(s) = MnSO4.H2O(s) + 4H2O(g) (148, 641, 848, 895); Cf, (1325) (E)

T 282,1 283.1 284.1 285.1 286.1 287.1 287.85 288.1 288.1 289.1 291.1 292.1

I

P 0.00741 0.00813 0.00895 0.00975 0.01060 0.01150 0.01210 0.01239 0.01329 0.01422 0.01517 0.016606

u

T 293.1 293.1* 293.1f 298.If 303.28Î 305.57J 306.9§ 308.27t 309.75t 323.28{ 333.1*

I

P 0.01703 0.0149 0.0176 0.0261 0.0357 0.0409 0.0450 0.0487 0.0532 0.0514 0.211

*From ( 8 4 8 J. t From ( 6 4 1 J. :{: From (257). § From ( 8 9 5 ); all other values from ( 1 4 8 ) who states that decomposition results in the dihydrate. According to Linebarger ( 895 ), the compound is the tetrahydrate instead of the pentahydrate.

MnSO4.5H2O and CuSO4-SH2O (mixed crystals) (641) (E) Mole P at T = Mole P at T = % MnSO4 293.1 + 0.02 % MnSO4 293.1 + 0.02

100.0 97.8

0.0176 0.0167

14.9 8.0

0.0050 0.0049

93.9 0.0158 3.3 0.0058 84.4 0.0155 0.0 0.0076 23.3 0.0063 MnSO4-SH2O and ZnSO4.7H2O (mixed crystals) (*4i) (E) % = Mole % MnSO4; P is measured at 293.1 + 0.020K Rhombic 7H2O || Monoclinic 7H2O || Triclinio 5H2O % I P Il % I P [I % P

0.0 0.0138 36.4 0.0149 1.9 0.0137 46.5 0.0153 5.2 0.0136 58.3 0.0157 10.6 0.0134 67.2 0.0163 16.3 0.0134 70.2 0.0167 24.0 0.0136 MnSO4.7H20(s) = MnSO4.5H2O(s) +

90.4 0.0166 95.8 0.0172 100.0 0.0176

2H2O(g) (E)

P287.85 = 0.01387 (148)

MnSO4.2NH3(s) = (?) + xNH3(g) (380) (E) T I P u T I P 375.1 0.096 401.6 0.171 387.1 0.130

MnSO4.6NH3(s)

= MnSO4.2NH3(s) +

4NH3(g) (380) (E)

T

I P [I T I P 3 2 3 . 6 0 . 3 4 3 3 4 4 . 4 0 . 9 1 4 329.6 0.450 346.6 1.000 (extrap.) 338.1 0.626 Ag = 49 160

(NH4)2Mn(S04)2.6H2O(s) = (NH4) ,Mn(SO4)2.2H2O(s) + 4H20(g) (399) (E) T I P II T \ P 3 3 9 . 1 0 . 2 0 3 3 5 5 . 1 0 . 4 3 7 346.1 0.272 358.1 0.488 0.311 363.1 0.587 348.1 352.1 0.372

MnNH4P04.7H2O(s) = MnNH4PO4(aq) +7H 2 O(I) (isi7) MnCO3(S) + C02(g) + H2O(I) = Mn++ + 2HCOl ( 564 ) At 291.10K P

I

m(Ma++)

11

P

I

W(Mn-H-)

1

0.00348 [I 56 I 0.00696 MnCO3(S) = MnO(s) + CO2(g) (946) (E) MnCO3 is always deposited hydrated and cannot be dehydrated without almost complete decomposition. The value of the COa pressure depends upon the amount of retained water and is reproducible for equal amounts of water. For example, for 2.5% water, P = 0.0012 atm. at T = 523.10K, and for 2.0% water, P = 0.004 atm. at T = 523.10K. The following data are for a mineral containing 4.63% FeO, 39.63% MnO, 12.98% MgO, 0.074% SiO2 and 41.63% CO2: T I P [I T I P 523.1 0.0099 623.1 0.075 573.1 0.022 648.1 0.149 598.1 0.026 Friedrich ( 45 3) finds for Rhodocrosite from Colorado a pressure of 1 atm. at T = 798.10K. For manganese-bearing dolomites, see (525). Mn(OH)3(S) + 3HCN(aq) + 3CN- = Mn(CN)"" + 3H2O(I) K = 0.25 X IQ7 ( 99 °) Mn(C6H5C02)2.8NH3(s) = (?) + xNH3(g) (383) (E) T P u T I P 263.1 0.297 283.1 0.947 273.1 0.524 283.6 1.000 282.1 0.855 2MnO2(S)

= Mn2O3(S) +

KO 2 (g) (27, 995) ; c/. (451, 504.5)

T \ P Il T \ P 6 5 5 . 1 0 . 0 3 0 8 0 3 . 1 (9»5)0.209 721.1 .164 809.1 1.36 751.1 .263 1 213.1 (^B) I.QQQ Mn3O4(S) + H2(g) = 3MnO(s) + H2O(g) ; K723.! = 34.6 (1^S); Cf. (46, 491)

3Mn2O3(S) = 2Mn3O4(S) + Ô2(g) (995);cf. (451, 1321) T I 1 213.1 I

P || T I 0.209 y 1 363.1 | AgMnO 4 ; see p. 272

P 1.000

Fe, Iron

Fe + +; ^2V1 = 0.441; AF2V1 = ~20 350 (885). (1179) ? revised value

A^ 981 = _20 240

Fe(s) + 2HgCl(S) = Fe++ + 2C1~ + 2Hg(I) EÌ9B.1 = 0.7061; AF2V1 = -32585;Const.298.i = -7.9750(569, 1179) ; cft

(1216)

Fe(s) + 2TlCl(S) = Fe++ + 2Q- + 2Tl(s) ("79)from(569) FeCl2.6NH3(s) = FeCl2.2NH3(s) + A^298.i = 5 455 T I P [I 287.1 0.007 T^(Fe-H-) I ^(Tl+) I W(Cj-) I log ^ \ M*/2 0.011 307.1 0.0453 I 0.0042 j 0.0948 | -1.1301 | 0.3743 319.1 0.012 Fe+++; AF2V1 = -3 120(885) 0.014 323.1 0.033 328.1 2Fe+++ + 21- = 2Fe++ + I2(aq) (21 Q) 329.1 0.038 + +++ 2Fe++ + H3As04(aq) + 2H = 2Fe + H3AsO3(aq) + H2O(I) 0.108 337.6* T (702) I 290.1 I 380.1 I 400.1 338.1 0.084 343.1 0.122 K I 2.1 X IQ"5 I 0.0354 ± 15% | 0.117 + 20% 344.lt 0.132 + + Cu + + Fe + + H2O(I) + F- = CuOH(s) + HF(aq) + Fe+++ 347.1 0.153 (1022) 348.1* 0.171 Fe++ + Ag+ = Ag(s) + Fe+++ 353.1 0.197 K298.i = 0.128; ^98.! = -0.0528 (1079); AF°98>1 = l 218 (885); Äfft = 49 cft

(359, 776, 1141, 1425)

FeO(s) + H2(g) = Fe(s) + H2O(g) (361); cf (360, 491, 963) T I K [I T I K 951.1 0.56 1 138.1 0.78 998.1 .61 1 182.1 .84 1 045.1 .67 1 225.1 .88 1 091.1 .73 I 1 295.1 .96 FeO(S) + C0(g)

= Fe(S) + CO2(g) (360); c/. (63, 258, 405,

406, 407, 408, 465, 1070, 1309, 1315, 1431, 1473)

T I K [I T I K 873.1 0.871 1 173.1 0.466 973.1 0.678 . 1 273.1 0.403 1 073.1 0.552 FeCl2(I) + H2(g) = Fe(s) + 2HCl(g) (40) FeCl2(aq) (**79)/ rom (91, 504, 569, 1133, 1419)

m I log T Il ra I log 7 0.001 -0.048 0.05 -0.205 .002 -0.065 .1 -0.236 .005 -0.095 .2 -0.252 .01 -0.124 .5 -0.234 .02 -0.157 1.0 I -0.175 FeCl2JI2O(S) = FeCl2(S) + H2O(g) (E); P428.i = 0.072 (847) FeCl2.2H2O(s) = FeCl2.H2O(s) + H2O(g) (847) (E) T \ P \\ T \ P 363.1 0.039 393.1 0.171 373.1 0.063 398.1 0.247 383.1 0.099 FeCl2.NH3(s) = FeCl2(S) + NH3(g) ( 101 > 102) (E) T I P [I T I P 487.6 0.0076 550.1 0.0716 503.1 0.014 564.1 * 0.132 (extrap.) AH = 20 760* * From ( 102 ); all other values from ( 101 ).

4NH3(g) ( 102 > T I 356.1 358.6* 366.1* 368.1 373.1 373.6* 375.1 378.8* 379.1 381.9* 385.6* 388.1* 388.1 OOP

38

3, 490) (E) P 0.250 0.267 0.355 0.437 0.559 0.493 0.611 0.645 0.741 0.720 0.849 0.941 0.978

* From ( 383 ). t From ( 102 ); all other values from (*90).

FeCl2.5CH3NH2(s) = (?) + xCH3NH2(g) (393) (E) T \ P u T I P 332.1 0.167 370.1 1.00 (interp.) 344.6 0.366 371.6 1.055 353.6 0.558 378.1 1.305 363.1 0.795 AH = 13 18Ox 2FeCl3(?) = 2FeCl2(S) + Cl2(g) P564.6 = 0.0317; P574.9 = 0.0420 (937) FeCl3.6H20(s) = FeCl3.3HH2O(s) + 2^H2O (g) (E) P288.i = 0.0024 (1253) FeCl3.6NH3(s) = (?) (Solid solution) + xNH3(g) (395) (E) T I P [I T I P 300.6 0.147 331.1 0.616 311.4 0.263 338.1 0.771 322.1 0.426 343.6 0.939 FeCl3.12NH3(s) = (?) + xNH3(g) (E) Pi94.i = 0.0118 (652) FeBr2.H2O(s) = FeBr2(s) + H2O(g) (E) P433.1 = 0.257 (847) FeBr2.2H2O(s) = FeBr2.H2O(s) + H2O(g) (847) (E) T I P (I T I P 383.1 0.118 403.1 0.276 393.1 0.158 FeBr2-NH3(S) = FeBr2(S) + NH3(g) (ioi, 102) (E) T I P [I T I P 488.1 0.0075 Il 550.1 0.0809 503.1 0.0128 Il 564.6* 0.132 (interp.) AF = 20 780* * From (102); an other values from (101).

FeBr2.2NH3(s) = FeBr2.NH3(s) + NH3(g) (*<", 102) (E) T I P u T I P 488.1 0.0151 514.1* 0.132 (interp.) 550.1 0.166 503.1 0.0309 Aff = 19 870*

FeCl2.2NH3(s) = FeCl2.NH3(s) + NH3(g) (101> 1Q2, 490) (E) T I P [I T I P * From (102); all other values from (I 01 ). 369.1 0.001 485.1 0.149 FeBr 2.6NH3(s) = FeBr2.2N'H3(s) + 4NH3(g) (ioi, 102, 383) (E) 408.1 0.007 498.1 * 0.132 (extrap.) T I P u T I P 416.1 0.008 503.lt 0.159 430.1 0.014 508.1 0.291 336.1 0.029 388.4 0.230 433.1 0.017 528.1 0.497 0.311 348.1 0.045 396.6 439.1 0.025 530.1 0.546 358.6 0.063 403.6 0.433 447.1 0.036 534.1 0.625 0.100 416.1 0.714 369.6 455.1 0.050 543.1 0.791 378.6 0.150 422.1 0.899 459.1 0.055 550.lt 0.730 380.1 0.166 426.1 1.019 478.1 0.082 545.1 0.957 AH = 53 360 (102) * From O02).

f From (i°i); all other values from («»o).

FeBr2.6CH3NH2(s) = (?) + xCH3NH2(g) (393) (E) T 358.1 365.6 374.1 383.1 390.6

I

P 0.100 0.145 0.262 0.434 0.629

[I

T I P 398.6 0.882 401.1 1.000 (interp.) 1.087 403.6 409.1 1.313 AH = 14 40Ox

FeBr3.6NH3(s) = (?) (Solid solution) + xNH3(g) (E) P,ig.i = 1.000; AH = ca. 11 20Ox (395) FeI2.H20(s) = FeI2(S) + H2O(g) (E) P433.i = 0.145 (847)

FeI2.2H20(s) = FeI2.H20(s) + xH2O(g) («47) (E) T 363.1 373.1

I

I

P 0.101 0.151

[I

T 383.1 393.1

I

P 0.211 0.306

FeI2. > 2H2O(s) = FeI2.2H2O(s) + xH2O (E) Vapor pressures very similar to those of saturated solution ( 847 ) FeI2.2NH3(s) = FeI2(s) -f 2NH3(g) (ioi, 102) (E) T 488.1 504.1

I

P 0.0080 0.0159 AH =

[I T Il 551.1 Il 560.1* 40 920*

I P 0.112 0.132 (extrap.)

* From O ° 2 ); all other values from ( 101 ).

FeI2.6NH3(s) = FeI2.2NH3(s) + 4NH3(g) (ioi, 102, 383) (E) T 385.1 398.1 408.1* 408.6 418.6 426.1* 429.6

I

P 0.082 0.116 0.132 0.151 0.237 0.271 0.363

[I

T I P 437.1 0.467 445.6 0.628 450.6 0.746 453.6 0.822 457.1 0.932 460.6 1.053 AH = 58 OOP (*Q2)

* From (ioi. 102 ); all other values from ( 383 ).

FeI2.5CH3NH2(s) = (?) + xCH3NH2(g) (393) (E) T 360.6 376.1 385.6 393.6 398.1

P I) T I P 0.099 404.1 0.875 0.230 407.1 1.000 (interp.) 0.380 409.1 1.055 0.566 415.1 1.284 0.692 AH = 14 63Ox FeSO4.H2O(s) = FeSO4(S) + H2O(g) (E) P293.i = 0.0026; P333.i =0.049 («48) FeSO4.7H2O(s) = FeSO4.6H2O(s) + H2O(g) (291,292,1335); cf. ( 1325 ) (E) T I P (I T I P 298.1* 0.01915 317.55 0.06495 303.77 0.04301 318.53 0.10106 313.06 0.07203 I

*From (1335). an ofaer

values

from ( 2 9 1 >

292

).

ZnSO4JH2O and FeSO4.7H2O (mixed crystals) = (?) + xH2O(g) (E) For mixed crystals with from 37.45 to 96.28% FeSO4, each compound as if uninfluenced by the other is dehydrated to the hexahydrate ( 1241 ). Similar data also given for the rhombic mixed crystals FeSO4.6NH3(s) = FeSO4.4NH3(s) + 2NH3(g) (384) (E) T I P || T P 346.1 0.197 I 361.6 0.461 355.1 0.337 Il 367.6 0.611

FeSO4.6NH3(s).—(Continued) T 371.6 375.6

I

369.1 379.1 384.6

373.6 386.6 391.6

P [I T I 0.725 380.1 0.845 382.6 AH = 27 300 First decomposition product 387.1 0.349 0.643 387.6 0.814 Second decomposition product

P 0.974 1.037

0.947 1.019

0.246 401.1 0.647 0.484 413.6 0.743 0.555 432.6 0.841 Fe++ + N0(g) = Fe(NO)++ (944)

NH4Fe(SO4)2.12H20(s) = (?) + xH2O(g) (399) (E) T 298.1 306.1

I

P 0.008 0.024

y

T 314.1

P 0.051

FeCO3(S) + H2C03(aq) = Fe++ + 2HCOJ (H9i) from (1369) log P./.303.1 = 2.226; AFg03 l = 9 268; AH = -6 270; AJ1^981 = 9 Oil C(H 2 CO 3 )

0.1868 .1985 .2168 .2327 .2960 .3116 .3294 .3745 .3153 .4046 .4750 .6600 .7154 .7600

I

C(Fe++)

0.00245 .00257 .00262 .00274 .00303 .00304 .00311 .00315 .00318 .00332 .00348 .00402 .00418 .00434

I

C(HCO3")

0.00490 .00514 .00524 .00548 .00606 .00608 .00622 .00630 .00636 .00664 .00696 .00804 .00836 .00868

|

/ij*

0.086 .088 .089 .091 .095 .096 .097 .097 .098 .100 .102 .110 .112 .114

\ log

(1/K^)

2.1673 2.1553 2.1596 2.1505 2.1416 2.1476 2.1460 2.1587 2.1298 2.1471 2.1498 2.1350 2.1298 2.1222

FeCO3(S) + C02(g) + H2O(I) = Fe++ + 2HCO3" (H91) from (565)

At 291.10K, p* = 0.136; pco2 = 1; log (!/£*)* = 2.004; log p./. = 2.108; A*Vi = 8 429; AH = -11 170; AFlJ98-1 = 8 900; values probably too high Fe(HC03)2(s) = Fe++ + 2HCO3" AlV1 = 8 336 (1191) from (565) FeCO3(S) = FeO(s) + CO2(g) (E) At T = ca. 6530K, P = I atm., from Ivigtut and Neudorf; at T = ca. 6880K, P = 1 atm., ppt. FeCO3(453) CH3NH2.Fe(SO4)2.12H2O(s) = (?) + xH2O(g) (1026) (E) T P I] T I P 295.6 0.0059 307.6 0.033 298.1 0.009 308.1 0.0380 300.6 0.013 310.1 0.039 303.1 0.0191 313.1 0.051 305.1 0.024 315.1 0.062 (NH4)3Fe(C204)3.4H20(s) = (NH4)3Fe(C2O4)3(s) +4H 2 O(g)(E) P298.! = 0.0024 - 0.0058 (916) (NH4)3Fe(C2O4)3.5H2O(s) = (NH4)3Fe(C2O4)3.4H2O(s) + H2O (g) (E) P298.i = 0.0058 - 0.0116 (916) (NH4)3Fe(C204)3.6H20(s) = (NH4)3Fe(C2O4)3.6H2O(s) + H20(g) (E) P298.! = 0.0116 - 0.0176 (916)

Fe(s) + 6CO(g) = Fe(CO)5(g) 04<>8); cf. (lois) T -353.10K Pup

PFe(CO)5

0.579 .737 .868 .918 .963 1.121 1.126 1.270 1.479

I

log K

0.00120 .00314 .00762 .00799 .0100 .0200 .0207 .0339 .0586

Fe(C6H6C02)2.6NH3(s) = (?)

-1.734 -1.841 -1.811 -1.912 -1.918 -1.947 -1.942 -2.002 -2.082

(Solid solution) + xNH3(g) (E)

Fe2N(S) = 2Fe(s).+ HN8(g) P733.! 20 000 102 000 Solid phase, atomic ratio Fe/N... . 17:1 to 9:1 7.7:1 2Fe2N(S) + 3H2(g) = 4Fe(s) + 2NH3(g)

solution) + xNH3(g) (E)

Fe(CioH7SO3)2.8NH3(s) = (?) (Solid solution) + xNH3(g) (E) P283.i = 1.00 (383) Zn[Fe(NO)(CN)6].8NH8(s) = Zn [Fe (N O) (CN) J. 4NH8(s) + 4NH3(g) (1457) (E)

r

I

p

Il

0.376 0.536 0.687

r

964, 1010.5, 1521)

I

269.1* 272.1

P 0.825 0.928

%FeO in solid | P1373 | P1473 0.90 0.00049 0.0066 1.80 .00029 .0047 2.71 .00022 .0039 4.52 .00017 .0034 .00283 9.09 .00013 13.70 .00012 .00236 .000111 .00204 18.37 23.07 .000091 .00167 27.83 .000068 .00112 <. 000006 <. 00005 31.03 Fe3O4(S) + H2(g) = 3FeO(S) + H 2 O(g) (36i) ; cf. (332, 333, 360, 415,

* The decomposition results in solid solutions. For the pure compound P = 1.00 at co. 268.10K.

Zn2[Fe(CN)6]. 6H2O(S) = (?) + xH2O(g) (916) (E) Loss in weight over H2SOe determined P 0.02838 0.02579 0.02319 0.01769 0.0116

I

MolesH 2 O 2.45 3.14 3.32 3.60 3.90

Il

P 0.00580 0.00230 0.00074 0.0003 0.0000

I

Moles H2O 4.18 4.72 5.44 5.96 5.96

Cu2[Fe(CN)6].10H20(s) = (?) + xH2O(g) (916) (E) Loss in weight over H2SO4 determined P 0.02838 0.02579 0.02319 0.01769 0.0116

I

MolesH 2 O 0.95 2.28 3.60 4.92 6.14

[I

P 0.00580 0.00230 0.00074 0.0003 0.0000

I Moles H2O 7.14 7.82 8.74 9.30 9.77

Fe2(SO4Ms) = (?) + S02(g) + K0 2 (g) (138, 1540); cf. (453, 636)

T

I

P

I]

T

909.1* 0.129 953.1 919.1 .093 953.1* 948.1 .290 973.1 948.1* .291 I 994.1 * From ( 138 ); all other values from (154°).

I

T

I

P 0.105 0.167 0.255 0.382

I]

T I P 302.4 0.625 309.1 0.928 310.1 0.980 AH = 10 90Ox

I

u

K

T

\

K

1.27 1 138.1 4.60 1.93 1 182.1 5.52 2.68 1 225.1 6.75 3.54 1 295.1 8.3 3FeO(s) + CO2(g) (361); cf. (63, 163, 360, 405, 790, 963, 1307)

T

\

K

[I

T

I

K

1 091.1 2.71, 2.49 1 225.1 3.61 1 138.1 2.83 1 312.1 4.35,4.50,4.56 3Fe2O3(S) = 2Fe3O4(S) + KQ 2 (g) ( 1 4 8 6 )î cf. ( 13 94) T I P [I T I P 1 373 0.0066 1 613 0.182 1 423 .0092 1 623 .218 1 473 .0118 1 633 .266 1 523 .0263 1 653 .391 1 573 .0782 1 663 .464 1 593 .119 1 773 .597

Co, Cobalt

Co(s) = Co++ + 2E#2°98.i = -0.255 (812); cf. (1061); = -0.262 (*04) ; = -0.307 (1317);

P

0.333 .331 .586 .987

491, 516.5, 632, 1156, 1332, 1538, 1541, 1542)

951.1 998.1 1 045.1 1 091.1 Fe3O4(S) + C0(g) =

=

-0.292 (288)

+

Co + = Co+++ + Eff2°73.i = -1.779; ElWfl = -1.817 (812); cf. ( 68 Q, 1Q94) CoO(S) + H 2 (g) = CO(S) + H 2 0(g) (1538) ; c/. ( 2 7 7 , 491)

T 728

Fe2(SO4)3.12NH3(s) = (?) (Solid solution) + xNH3(g) (395) (E)

T 273.1 281.6 288.3 295.3

4.9:1 2.6:1 ("87) ; c/. (65, 442,

(1394); cf; (457, 1273)

P280.! = LOO (383)

252.1 258.1 264.1

41 000

Atomic ratio, Atomic ratio, K 733 ± 5 Fe/N in solid K 733 + 5 Fe/N in solid phase phase TO Î7TÏ 572 7V72 0.8 9.5 30 4.87 1.2 9.0 2JL 2.59 Fe3O4 (in satd. FeO(s)) = 3FeO (in satd. Fe3O4(S)) + Ô2(g)

P287.! = 0.618 (383)

Fe(C6H5CO2MNH3(S) = (?) (Solid

( 1087 ) 590 000

c 0.0156 .0625

I K [I T \ K I 14 Jl 1 023 I 19 Co++ + H2O(I) = CoQH+ + H+ (800) % Hydrolysis In CoCl2(aq) In Co(NO3)2(aq) 358.60K I 373.O0K 358.60K | 373.Q0K 0.0147 0.0196 0.0152 0.0154 .0173 .0172 | .00328 .0048

.

CoCl2(S) +H2(g) = CQ(S) +2HCl(g) (314) CoCl2.6H20(s) = CoCl2.2H20(s) + 4H2O(g) (33i);c/. («43, 844)

__ T

I

293.1 296.15 297.29 298.1 301.78 303.1 305.75 308.1 309.08 312.57 * Interpolated,

P

(E) Il T

0.0071* 0.0084 0.0089 0.0095* 0.0126 0.0134* 0.0163 0.0196* 0.0217 0.0270

I

313.1 317.02 318.1 319.94 321.7 322.33 323.1 324.68 325.35f

P 0.0279* 0.0366 0.0389* 0.0438 0.0505 0.0522 0.0550 0.0613 0.0639f

t Transition point.

I

P 0.00376 0.00495

Il

T P 503.1 | 0.01059 AH = 21 100 (102)

CoCl2.2NH3(a-form) (s) = CoCl2.NH3(s) + NH3(g) (96) (E) T 409.6 426.6 441.1 456.6

I

P 0.0091 0.0175 0.0355 0.0559

H

T I 503.1 507.1 509.7 Ag = 18 670

P 0.1084 0.1121 0.1183 (102)

CoCl2.6NH3(s) = CoCl2.2NHs(s) + 4NH3(g) (E) r(iQ2) I P I] r(96) I p 362.1 0.132 [I 410.1 1.053 AH = 51 600 (102) On rapid heating to 430.10K, no mixed crystals form. On slow heating mixed crystals of the formula CoCl 2 .6NH 3 .2 3 ffooCoCl2.2NH3 appear between 425.1 and 448.10K. Disregarding mixed crystals, Ephraim (379) obtained the following results : T 355.6 365.6 374.6 384.1 391.1

I

P 0.099 0.133 0.205 0.304 0.401

Il

T 399.1 405.1 409.1 412.6

I

P 0.559 0.708 0.816 0.925

CoCl2.6CH3NH2(s) = (?) + xCH3NH2(g) (393) (E) T 333.1* 345.6 355.6 363.1

I

377.1 387.6 401.6

P u T I P 0.197 370.6 0.822 0.349 376.1 0.987 0.520 381.1 1.171 0.664 A# = 13 42Ox Decomposition product 0.074 406.6 0.221 0.109 423.6 0.358 0.186 433.1 0.446

* The compound melts at 323.10K.

CoCl2.4C2H6NH2(s) = (?) + xC2H5NH2(g) (393) (E) T 285.1 294.1

I

P 0.145 0.270

u I Il

T 303.1 307.1

\

P 0.537 0.724

CoCl2.4C2H5NH2(s).—(Continued) \ P [I T I P 0.921 312.6 I 1.250 1.086 A# = 10 85Ox

Co(C104)2.6H20(s) = (?) + xH20(g) (1290) (E) T 360.1 403.1 418.1 426.1 443.1*

I

P 0.021 0.042 0.0518 0.0547 0.0547

I]

T 455.1 470.1 480.1 485.1 493.1

I

P 0.0547 0.0649 0.079 0.124 0.337

* Decomposition begins at 453.10K.

Co(ClO4)2.6NH3(s) = (?) -fxNH3(g) («»<>) (E)

I

T

CoCl2.NH3(s) = CoCl2(S) + NH3(g) (96) (E) T 481.1 488.1

T 309.6 311.1

350.1 370.1 380.1 390.1

P

II

0.0100 0.0259 0.0359 0.0561

T

I

400.1 410.1 421.1*

P 0.0901 0.1280 0.1737

* Decomposition begins at 421.10K.

CoBr2(S) +H 2 (g) = Co(s) + 2HBr(g) (314) CoBr2.NH3(s) = CoBr2(s) + NH3(g) (96) (E) T 434.5 454.9

I

P I] T 0.00038 461.7 0.00130 481.5 AH = 21 OOP (102)

I

P 0.00161 0.00468

CoBr2.2NH3(s) = CoBr2.NH3(s) + NH3(g) (96) (E) T I P [I T I P 425.5 0.00057 454.9 j 0.00268 0.000914 AH = 20 170 (102) 433.6 Co.Br2.6NH3(g) = CoBr2.2NH3(s) + 4NH3(g) (379)(E) T* 377.1 386.1 394.6 404.6 415.1 423.1

I

P 0.097 0.117 0.145 0.184 0.272 0.367

u

T7* 432.6 438.1 443.6 448.1 449.6 451.1

I

P 0.533 0.649 0.776 0.900 0.958 1.000 (extrap.)

* According to Biltz and Fetkenheuer ( 96 ), the decomposition results in an unbroken series of mixed crystals. For the pure substance, P = 0.132 at T = 394.1 ( 1 0 2 );P = 0.262 at T = 409.9 ( 9 «); Atf = 56 000 (i<>2).

CoBr2.6CH3NH2(s) = (?) + xCH3NH2(g) (393) (E) T 347.6 355.6 366.1 376.6

P [I T 0.084 387.6 0.109 398.6 0.166 404.6 0.279 410.6 Ag = 14 47Ox

I

I

P 0.491 0.821 1.034 1.268

CoBr2.4C2H5NH2(s) = (?) + xC2H5NH2(g) (393) (E) T I 303.6 315.1 325.6 330.6 CoI2.2NH3(s) T (96)

409.6 426.6

I

P [I T I P 0.122 335.1 0.830 338.6 0.989 0.255 0.488 343.1 1.220 Ag = 12 21Ox 0.666 = CoI2(S) +2NH 3 (g) (96, 102) (E) P

0.00022 0.00123

y

T (102)

I

P

545.1 J O . 132 (extrap.) AH = 39 800 (102)

CoS04.6NH3(s) = (?) + xNH3(g) (380) (E)

CoI2.6NH3(s) = y (CoI2-ONH8) (CoI,.2NH,) i.« (s) + xNH 3 (g) (96, 102) (E)

T 410.1 414.1*

I

P 0.087 0.132

u

T \ P 454.1 | 0.600 AH = 14 70Ox*

* From C 1 0 2 ); all other values from ( 96 ). Somewhat smaller values of pressure, which disregard mixed crystals, are given by ( 379 ).

y(CoI2.6NH3)(CoI2.2NH3)i.i5(s) = CoI2.2NH3(s) + xNH3(g) (96)

(E)

T

I

410.1

I

P 0.060

u

T

I

P

Il

454.6

|

0.374

CoI2.6CH3NH2(s) = (?) + xCH3NH2(g) (393) (E)

T 368.1 377.1 389.6 394.1 399.6 408.1

\

377.1 387.6 401.6

P Il T I 0.093 413.1 0.128 418.6 0.207 423.6 0.257 431.1 0.330 436.1 0.480 A# = 15 Decomposition product 0.074 406.6 0.119 423.6 0.186 433.1

P 0.571 0.687 0.796 0.993 1.175 58Ox 0.221 0.358 0.446

CoI2.4C2H5NH2(s) = (?) + xC 2 H 6 NH 2 (g) (393) (E)

T 313.6 324.1 331.6 338.6

I

P II T 0.068 349.1 0.158 355.1 0.266 360.1 0.400 364.6 Aff = 12 75Ox

I

P 0.671 0.863 1.057 1.249

T I P [I T I P 256.1 0.132 280.6 0.789 263.1 0.236 284.1 0.921 268.1 0.384 286.6 1.053 273.2 0.553 291.6 1.276 276.6 0.658 AH = 21 860 CoSO4(S) = (?) + S02(g) + KQ 2 (g) ( 636 ) CoSO4-H2O(S) = CoSO4(S) + H 2 O(g) («48) (E) T I P [I\ T I P 290.1 0.0157 333.1 0.228 293.1 0.0180 353.1 0.388 CoSO4JH2O(S) = CoS04.6H20(s) + H 2 O(g) (257, 1335) (E) T I P [I T I P 298.1* 0.02181 309.75 0.050 298.1 0.0224 313.32 0.0637 305.6 0.0378 318.16 0.087 * From (1335); au other values from (257).

CoS04.2NH3(s) = (?) + xNH3(g) (E) P 42 Q.! = 0.053 (379, 380, 381) COSO4.4NH3(S) = (?) +xNH 3 (g) (379, 380, 381) (E)

I

P [I T 0.186 397.1 0.337 404.6 0.276 408.1* 0.532 409.1 AH = 14 78Ox

* Substance previously heated for a long time.

\

P \\ T 0.114 375.6 0.229 379.1 0.384 382.6 0.545 389.6 Aff = 13 98Ox

\

P 0.637 0.708 0.784 1.000 (extrap. )

I

CoS206.6NH3(s) = (?) + xNH 3 (g) (398) (E)

T 373.6 384.1 394.1 406.6

I

P 0.116 0.175 0.264 0.437

[I

T 414.6 423.1 430.1 430.6

I

P 0.599 0.803 0.974 1.000

Co(N0 3 ) 2 (aq) = (?) + xH2O(g) (848) (E) Co(N03)2.6NH3(s) = (?) + xNHs(g) (398) (E)

T 294.1 382.6 404.1 410.6

I

P 0.017 0.170 0.275 0.357

Il

T • \ P 425.1 0.620 426.1 0.704 430.6 0.855 433.1 1.000 (extrap.)

(NH4)2Co(S04)2.6H20(s) = (NH4)2Co (SO4)2.2H2O(s) + 4H2O(g) (265) (E)

Ag = 59 200; log P = 4.719 + 843.4/T7 - 388 300/T2 T 308.4 310.6 316.9 320.2 323.8

I

P 0.0075 0.0095* 0.0155 0.0204* 0.0254

[I

T 327.1 334.8 340.4 355.3

I

P 0.0339* 0.0542 0.0772 0.1854


CoI2.6C2H5NH2(s) = CoI2.4C2H6NH2(s) + 2C2H6NH2(g) (393) (E)

T 376.6 385.6 386.6* 397.1*

T 339.1 353.6 363.1 371.6

I

P 0.583 0.855 0.863 1.080

NH4Co(SO4)2.12H2O(s) = (?) +xH2O(g) (*Q26) (E) T I P Il T I P 288.1 0.0086 303.1 0.0664 295.6 0.0256 308.6 0.1197 301.1 0.053 [Co(NH3)4(H2O)2]+++(0.077M) (diaquotetramminecobaltic chloride) + KH2(g) + 2H2O(I) = Co++(0.019 Af) + H+ + 4NH4OH (3.256M) #298.1 = 0.1034 (812) [Co(NH3)5H2O]+++(0.077M) (aquopentamminecobaltic chloride) + KH 2 (g) +4H 2 O(I) = Co++(0.019 Af) + H + +6NH 4 OH (3.256Af) JWi = 0.0884 (812) [CoCl(NH3)5]Cl2(aq) (purpureocobaltic chloride) + H2O(I) = [Co(NH3)5H2O]Cl3(aq) (roseocobaltic chloride) g373.l = 1.4 (USO)

[CoNO2(NH3)5]++(0.015Af) (nitritopentamminecobaltic chloride) + KH 2 (g) +6H 2 O (1) = Co++(0.019Af) +H + +6NH 4 OH (3.256Jf) + NO-(?) #298.1 = 0.0929 (812) [Co(NO2)2(NH3)4]+(0.015Af) (1, 2-dinitritotetramminecobaltic chloride) + J^H2(g) + 6H 2 O(I) = Co++ (0.019Af) + H+ + 2NO^ (?) + 4NH4OH(3.256M ) #298.1 = 0.0674 (812) [Co(NO2)2(NH3)4]+(0.015Af) (1,6-dinitritotetramminecobaltic chloride) + KH 2 (g) + 6H 2 O(I) = Co++(0.019Af) + H+ + 2NO^ (?) + 4NH4OH(3.256Af) #298.i = 0.1156 (812) Co(NH3)J+ + 6H 2 O(I) = Co++ + 6NH4OH(aq) K298.! = 1.25 X IQ"5 (812)

[Co(NH3)6]+++(0.077M) (hexamminecobaltic chloride) + J^H2(g) + 6H2O(I) = Co++(0.019M) + H+ + 6NH4OH(OM) #298.1 = 0.1558 (812)

[Co(NH3)4(H20)2]2(S04)3.3H20(s) = [Co(NH3)4(H2O)2]2(SO4)3(s) + 3H20(g) (E) P298.i = 0.0022 (77)

[Co(NHs)6]ClSO4^H2O(S) = [Co(NH3)6] ClSO4 (s) + 3H2O(g) (E) P298.i = 0.0092 - 0.0116 (77)

[Co(NH3)6H20]2(S04)3.3H20(s) = [Co(NH3)6H2O]2(SO4)3.KH2O(s) + 2MH 2 0(g) (E) P298.i = 0.0022 (77)

[Co(NH3)6]2(S04)3.6H20(s) = [Co(NH3)6]2(SO4)3.4H2O(s) + H20(g) (E) P298.! = 0.0178 - 0.01921 (77) Co(H2P02)2.6NH3(s) = (?) + xNHs(g) (398) (E)

T 293.1 304.1 310.1

I

P 0.161 0.305 0.455

I]

T 315.1 322.1 324.1

I

P 0.605 0.892 1.000 (extrap.)

Co(HC02)2.4NH3(s) = (?) + xNH3(g) (405) (E)

T 297.1 323.1 337.1 347.1

I

P 0.036 0.117 0.261 0.379

Il

T I P 355.1 0.629 363.6 0.917 365.1 1.000 (extrap.)

Co(HC02)2.6NH3(s) = Co(HC02)2.4NH3(s) + 2NH3(g) (405) (E)

T 258.1 273.1 279.1 284.1

I

0.129 0.296 0.424 0.539

= [Co(NH3)6]2(SO4)3.4H2O(s) H20(g) (E) P298.i = 0.0178 - 0.0192 (77)

+

[Co(NH3)4CO3]2SO4.3H2O(s) = [Co(NH3)4CO3]2SO4(s) + 3H2O(g) (E) P298.! = 0.0099 - 0.0120 (77) [Co(C2O4) (NO2)2(NH3)2]2Zn.6NH3(s) = [Co(C2O4) (NO 2 ) 2 (NH 3 ) 2 ] 2 Zn.4NH3 + 2NH3(g) (E) P = 1.00 above room temperature ( 403 ) [Co(C2O4) (N02)2(NH3)2]2Zn.8NH3(s) = [Co(C2O4) (NO 2 ) 2 (NH 3 ) 2 ] 2 Zn.6NH3 + 2NH3 (E) P = 1.00 between room temperature and 258.60K (4Q3)

T

I

287.1 293.1 294.6

Co(CH3C02)2.4(?) NH3(S) - (?) + xNH3(g) (40S) (E)

T 287.1 300.1 312.1 318.1

[Co(NH3)6]2(S04)3.6H20(s)

P [Co(NH3)4(N02)2]2IrCl6.3H20(s) = [Co(NH3)4(NO2)2]2IrCl6.lKH2O(S) + 1^H2O (g) (E) 0.670 P298.i = 0.0013 - 0.0022 (77) 0.888 1.000 (extrap. ) [Co(C H ) Cl ] IrCl .H O(s) = [Co (C H ) Cl ] IrCl (s)+ H O (g) 2 4 2 2 2 6 2 2 4 2 2 2 6 2 I (E) Co(CO)4(g) = Co(s) +4CO(g) (1013) P298.i = 0.0178 - 0.0232 for trans-salt (77) P

H

[Co(NH3)6]2(S04)3.4H20(s) = [Co(NH3)6]2(SO4)3.H2O(s)+3H2O(g) (E) P 298tl = 0.0057 - 0.0092 (77)

I

P 0.088 0.183 0.384 0.554

||

T 323.1 327.1 328.6

I

P 0.714 0.914 1.000

[Co(C2H4)3]Cl3.3H20(s) = [Co(C2H4)JCl3(S) + 3H2O(g) (E) P298.! = 0.0059 - 0.0116 (77) [Co(C2H4)3]Br3.3H20(s) = [Co(C2H4)3]Brs(s) + 3H2O(g) (E) P298.i = 0.0059 - 0.0092 (77) [Co(C2H4)3]I8.3H20(s) - [Co(C2H4)3]I3(s) + 3H2O(g) (E) P298.! = 0.0013 (77) Co(C6H6CO2)2.8NH3(s) = Co(C6H6CO2)2.4NH3(s) + 4NH3(g) (383) (E) T \ P [I T I P 278.6 0.161 304.6 0.939 285.6 0.303 305.6 1.000 295.6 0.547 Co(C10H7S03)2.6NH3(s) = (?) + xNH3(g) (383) (E) T \ P \\ T \ P 263.1 0.317 284.1 0.618 268.1 0.375 291.1 0.947 273.1 0.447 291.6 1.000 278.1 0.520 [Co(NH3)6Cl]IrCl6.xH2O (E) Maximum H2O = 12.52% or 4.13 moles; the dehydration proceeds continuously at 298.10K (77) [Co(C2H4MOH) (H2O)]IrCl6-XH2O (E) Maximum H2O = 9.48% or 2.68 moles for cis-salt; = 8.0% or 2.26 moles for trans-salt. The dehydration proceeds continuously at 298.10K (77) 2CoO2(S) = Co2O3(S) + KQ 2 (g) ( 519 )

[Co(C2H4)2Cl2]2IrCl6.4H2O(s) = [Co (C2H4)2Cl2]2IrCl6(s) +4H 2 O(g) (E) P298.i = 0.0013 - 0.0022 for eta-salt ( 77 ) [Co(NHa)5H2O]2(IrCIe)3-XH2O (E) Maximum H2O = 14.98%. The dehydration proceeds continuously at 298.10K (77) [Co(NH3)6]2(IrCl6)3.xH20 (E)J Maximum H2O = 21.39%; the dehydration proceeds continuously at 298.10K (77) [Co(C2H4)3]2(IrCl6)3.xH20 (E) Maximum H2O = 12.65% or 12.29 moles; the dehydration proceeds continuously at 298.10K (77) Co3O4(S) = 3CoO(S) + K0 2 (g) ( 4 3 8 )î cf. (226) T I P Il T j P

l 073

0.013

l 183

l 123

0.037

l 223

0.686

l 173

0.189

l 243

1.007

0.241

Co3O4(S) + H2(g) = 3CoO(S) + H2O (g) g 723 .i = 34.4 (1538); # (491)

6Co2O3(S) = 4Co3O4 + O2(g) P645.! = 1.00 (226)

Ni, Nickel

Ni(s) = Ni++ + 2E- (1321.5) T_ 297.1 368.0

j

C(NiSQ4) 0.5 OJ)

I

^^^

E^ 0.48 ± 0.005 0.44

NiO(S) = Ni(S) -f ^0 2 (g) (431); cf. (1397)

T l 273 l 373

|

P Il T | P 0.0026 l 473 0.0171 .0072 l 318 .0237 NiO(s) + H2(g) - Ni(s) + H20(g) g723.! = 15 (1538). Cf, (491, 1282)

[Co(NH3)6]+++(0.077M) (hexamminecobaltic chloride) + J^H2(g) + 6H2O(I) = Co++(0.019M) + H+ + 6NH4OH(OM) #298.1 = 0.1558 (812)

[Co(NH3)4(H20)2]2(S04)3.3H20(s) = [Co(NH3)4(H2O)2]2(SO4)3(s) + 3H20(g) (E) P298.i = 0.0022 (77)

[Co(NHs)6]ClSO4^H2O(S) = [Co(NH3)6] ClSO4 (s) + 3H2O(g) (E) P298.i = 0.0092 - 0.0116 (77)

[Co(NH3)6H20]2(S04)3.3H20(s) = [Co(NH3)6H2O]2(SO4)3.KH2O(s) + 2MH 2 0(g) (E) P298.i = 0.0022 (77)

[Co(NH3)6]2(S04)3.6H20(s) = [Co(NH3)6]2(SO4)3.4H2O(s) + H20(g) (E) P298.! = 0.0178 - 0.01921 (77) Co(H2P02)2.6NH3(s) = (?) + xNHs(g) (398) (E)

T 293.1 304.1 310.1

I

P 0.161 0.305 0.455

I]

T 315.1 322.1 324.1

I

P 0.605 0.892 1.000 (extrap.)

Co(HC02)2.4NH3(s) = (?) + xNH3(g) (405) (E)

T 297.1 323.1 337.1 347.1

I

P 0.036 0.117 0.261 0.379

Il

T I P 355.1 0.629 363.6 0.917 365.1 1.000 (extrap.)

Co(HC02)2.6NH3(s) = Co(HC02)2.4NH3(s) + 2NH3(g) (405) (E)

T 258.1 273.1 279.1 284.1

I

0.129 0.296 0.424 0.539

= [Co(NH3)6]2(SO4)3.4H2O(s) H20(g) (E) P298.i = 0.0178 - 0.0192 (77)

+

[Co(NH3)4CO3]2SO4.3H2O(s) = [Co(NH3)4CO3]2SO4(s) + 3H2O(g) (E) P298.! = 0.0099 - 0.0120 (77) [Co(C2O4) (NO2)2(NH3)2]2Zn.6NH3(s) = [Co(C2O4) (NO 2 ) 2 (NH 3 ) 2 ] 2 Zn.4NH3 + 2NH3(g) (E) P = 1.00 above room temperature ( 403 ) [Co(C2O4) (N02)2(NH3)2]2Zn.8NH3(s) = [Co(C2O4) (NO 2 ) 2 (NH 3 ) 2 ] 2 Zn.6NH3 + 2NH3 (E) P = 1.00 between room temperature and 258.60K (4Q3)

T

I

287.1 293.1 294.6

Co(CH3C02)2.4(?) NH3(S) - (?) + xNH3(g) (40S) (E)

T 287.1 300.1 312.1 318.1

[Co(NH3)6]2(S04)3.6H20(s)

P [Co(NH3)4(N02)2]2IrCl6.3H20(s) = [Co(NH3)4(NO2)2]2IrCl6.lKH2O(S) + 1^H2O (g) (E) 0.670 P298.i = 0.0013 - 0.0022 (77) 0.888 1.000 (extrap. ) [Co(C H ) Cl ] IrCl .H O(s) = [Co (C H ) Cl ] IrCl (s)+ H O (g) 2 4 2 2 2 6 2 2 4 2 2 2 6 2 I (E) Co(CO)4(g) = Co(s) +4CO(g) (1013) P298.i = 0.0178 - 0.0232 for trans-salt (77) P

H

[Co(NH3)6]2(S04)3.4H20(s) = [Co(NH3)6]2(SO4)3.H2O(s)+3H2O(g) (E) P 298tl = 0.0057 - 0.0092 (77)

I

P 0.088 0.183 0.384 0.554

||

T 323.1 327.1 328.6

I

P 0.714 0.914 1.000

[Co(C2H4)3]Cl3.3H20(s) = [Co(C2H4)JCl3(S) + 3H2O(g) (E) P298.! = 0.0059 - 0.0116 (77) [Co(C2H4)3]Br3.3H20(s) = [Co(C2H4)3]Brs(s) + 3H2O(g) (E) P298.i = 0.0059 - 0.0092 (77) [Co(C2H4)3]I8.3H20(s) - [Co(C2H4)3]I3(s) + 3H2O(g) (E) P298.! = 0.0013 (77) Co(C6H6CO2)2.8NH3(s) = Co(C6H6CO2)2.4NH3(s) + 4NH3(g) (383) (E) T \ P [I T I P 278.6 0.161 304.6 0.939 285.6 0.303 305.6 1.000 295.6 0.547 Co(C10H7S03)2.6NH3(s) = (?) + xNH3(g) (383) (E) T \ P \\ T \ P 263.1 0.317 284.1 0.618 268.1 0.375 291.1 0.947 273.1 0.447 291.6 1.000 278.1 0.520 [Co(NH3)6Cl]IrCl6.xH2O (E) Maximum H2O = 12.52% or 4.13 moles; the dehydration proceeds continuously at 298.10K (77) [Co(C2H4MOH) (H2O)]IrCl6-XH2O (E) Maximum H2O = 9.48% or 2.68 moles for cis-salt; = 8.0% or 2.26 moles for trans-salt. The dehydration proceeds continuously at 298.10K (77) 2CoO2(S) = Co2O3(S) + KQ 2 (g) ( 519 )

[Co(C2H4)2Cl2]2IrCl6.4H2O(s) = [Co (C2H4)2Cl2]2IrCl6(s) +4H 2 O(g) (E) P298.i = 0.0013 - 0.0022 for eta-salt ( 77 ) [Co(NHa)5H2O]2(IrCIe)3-XH2O (E) Maximum H2O = 14.98%. The dehydration proceeds continuously at 298.10K (77) [Co(NH3)6]2(IrCl6)3.xH20 (E)J Maximum H2O = 21.39%; the dehydration proceeds continuously at 298.10K (77) [Co(C2H4)3]2(IrCl6)3.xH20 (E) Maximum H2O = 12.65% or 12.29 moles; the dehydration proceeds continuously at 298.10K (77) Co3O4(S) = 3CoO(S) + K0 2 (g) ( 4 3 8 )î cf. (226) T I P Il T j P

l 073

0.013

l 183

l 123

0.037

l 223

0.686

l 173

0.189

l 243

1.007

0.241

Co3O4(S) + H2(g) = 3CoO(S) + H2O (g) g 723 .i = 34.4 (1538); # (491)

6Co2O3(S) = 4Co3O4 + O2(g) P645.! = 1.00 (226)

Ni, Nickel

Ni(s) = Ni++ + 2E- (1321.5) T_ 297.1 368.0

j

C(NiSQ4) 0.5 OJ)

I

^^^

E^ 0.48 ± 0.005 0.44

NiO(S) = Ni(S) -f ^0 2 (g) (431); cf. (1397)

T l 273 l 373

|

P Il T | P 0.0026 l 473 0.0171 .0072 l 318 .0237 NiO(s) + H2(g) - Ni(s) + H20(g) g723.! = 15 (1538). Cf, (491, 1282)

Ni++ + H2O(I) = Ni(OH) + + H+ (800) T I e I % Hydrolysis 3 5 8 . 6 0 . 0 6 2 5 0 . 0 0 8 4 373

.0156

.0194

373

.0625

.0142

373

.25

.0131

NiCl2(S) + H 2 (g) = Ni(s) + 2HCl(g) ( T I K Il T 583 0.0066 688 613

.024

314

) î cf. (™) I K 0.156

718

1.000

NiCl2.2H2O(s) = (?) + xH2O(g) (E) P373.! = 0.164 (843,

NiCl2.4H2O(s) T 288.1 293.1 298.1 298.10 303.1 305.41 308.1 311.30 313.1 318.1

844)

= NiCl2.2H2O(s) + 2H2O(g) (331) (E) P II T I P 0.0064* 320.79 0.0347 0.0068* 323.1 0.0392* 0.0078* 327.60 0.0532 0.0080 327.73 0.0536 0.0100* 328.1 0.0516* 0.0117 332.73 0.0741 0.0145* 333.1 0.0767* 0.0187 338.1 0.1030* 0.0214* 339.44 0.1106 0.0299*

* Interpolated.

* Transition point,

NiCl2.6H20(s) = NiCl2.4H20(s) + 2H2O(g) (331);c/. (844) (E) T I P [I T I P 288.1 0.0086* 304.1 0.0212 293.1 0.0100* 308.1 0.0275* 298.1 0.0138* 308.15 0.0275 303.1 0.0196* 308.35 O.0296t 303.8 0.0200 * Interpolated,

NiCl2.6CH3NH2(s) = (?) + xCH3NH2(g) (393) (E) I P Il T I P 0.0559 398.1 0.567 0.106 407.1 0.804 0.183 413.1 1.000 (interp.) 0.343 417.1 1.140 AH = 14 87Ox NiCl2^C2H5NH2(s) = (?) + xC2H5NH2(g) (393) (E) T I P u T I P 322.1 0.047 381.1 0.721 333.6 0.067 385.6 0.918 344.1 0.138 387.1 1.000 (interp.) 360.6 0.305 390.6 1.237 375.1 0.545 Aff = 13 85Ox Ni(C103)2.6NH3(s) = (?) + xNH3(g) (379, 391) (E) T I P u T I P 399.1 0.066 I 432.1 0.184 413.6 0.098 Ii 477.1 1.000 (extrap.) Aff = 17 50Ox Ni(C104)2.6H20(s) = Ni(C104)2.4H20(s) + 2H2O(g) (129Q) (E) T I P I] T I P 357.1 0.0145 515.1 0.0579 385.1 0.0214 530.1 0.0666 410.1 0.0345* 535.1 0.0882 460.1 0.0482 540.1 0.1803 505.lt 0.0482 541.1 0.2355 T 356.6 366.6 376.1 388.1

f Transition point.

NiCl2.NH3(s) = NiCl2(S) + NH3(g) (95) (E) T I P I] T I P 538.1 0.026 612.1 0.293 628.1 0.462 557.6 0.050 584.1 0.132 646.1 0.934 648.1 1.000 (extrap.) 595.1 0.209 AH = 21 460 NiCl2.2NH3(s) = NiCl2.NH3(s) + NH3(g) (95) (E) T I P [I T I P 488.1 0.014 569.1 0.6746 578.1 0.876 512.1 0.0809 533.1 0.175 584.1 0.934 555.1 0.353 586.1 1.000 (extrap.) AH = 19 OOP (102) NiCl2.6NH3(s) = NiCl2.2NH3(s) + 4NH3(g) (95, 102, 379) (E) T .1 P II T I P 403.1* 0.159 430.6 0.503 411.1 0.211 437.1 0.638 415.1* 0.272 442.1 0.776 417.6 0.287 445.6 0.868 426.1 0.414 448.1* 0.934 450.1 1.020 428.1 0.458 AH = 56 600 (102) * From (379). an otner vaiue8 from ( 95 ).

f Decomposition begins at 513.10K.

Ni(C104)2.6NH3(s) = (?) + xNH3(g) (1290) (E) T I P [I T I P 380.1 0.0099 475.1 0.091 398.1 0.016 480.1 0.1337 450.1 0.024 484.1 0.1375 470.1 0.0676 NiBr2(S) + H2(g) = Ni(s) + 2HBr(g) (314) NiBr2.NH3(s) = NiBr2(S) + NH3(g) (97) (E) T

I

P

u

T

\

P

549.3 0.0786 609.1 | 0.501 572.1 0.159 Ag = 20 780 (102) NiBr2.2NH3(s) = NiBr2.NH3(s) + NH3(g) (95, 97, 102) (E) T I P [I T I P 480.1 0.004 577.1 0.2217 491.1 0.011 582.1 0.251 509.1 0.018 583.1 0.262 523.1 0.034 584.6 0.275 588.1 0.350 535.1 0.049 546.1 0.089 591.1 0.374 549.3* 0.124 598.1 0.423 551.1 0.107 602.6 0.469 556.1 0.125 607.1 0.545 558.lt 0.132 613.1 0.707 0.134 620.1 0.787 562.1 629.1 0.933 568.1 0.1875 572.1 0.1928 Ag « 20 40Ot * From (97). -f From 0°2) ; all other values from ( 95 ).

NiBr2.6NH3(s) = NiBr2.2NH3(s) + 4NH3(g) (95, 379) (E) T I P u T I P 357.6 0.005 431.6 0.096 390.1 0.012 436.1 0.1335 407.6 0.034 443.6 0.193 423.1 0.059 447.1 0.2125 425.1 0.074 453.6 0.267

NiBr2.6NH3(s).—(Continued)

T 461.6* 465.6 467.1* 471.1 472,1* 473.1

\

P [I T 0.509 476.1 0.463 479.1 0.621 479.6* 0.641 480.6 0.737 483.1 0.6995 486.1 A# = 61 400 (102)

NiI2.6CH3NH2(s) = (?) + xCH3NH2(g) (393) (E)

P 0.787 0.932 0.913 0.942 1.033 1.089

I

* From (379) ; au other values from (»5).

NiBr2.6CH3NH2(s) = (?) + xCH3NH2(g) (393) (E)

T 356.6 366.6 376.1 388.1

I

P u T 0.0559 398.1 0.1058 407.1 0.183 413.1 0.343 417.1 Aff = 14 87Ox

I

P 0.567 0.804 1.000 (interp.) 1.139

NiBr2.4C2H5NH2(s) = (?) + xC2H5NH2(g) (393) (E)

T 376.6 386.6 397.6 411.6

I

P 0.058 0.145 0.251 0.418

[I

T \ P 423.1 0.708 432.6 1.020 437.1 1.251 AH = 15 97Ox

NiBr2.6C2H5NH2(s) = NiBr2^C2H6NH2(s) -f 2C2H6NH2(g) (393) (E)

T 293.1 310.6 315.1 326.1 335.6

I

P [I T 0.045 345.6 0.107 352.1 0.142 354.1 0.263 357.1 0.424 363.1 AH = 25 120

I

P 0.680 0.908 1.000 (extrap.) 1.109 1.441

NiBr2.4(CH3)2NH(s) = (?) + x(CH 3 ) 2 NH (393) (E)

T 295.1 309.1 312.1 318.6 329.1

I

P 0.025 0.107 0.153 0.264 0.504

II

T 337.6 346.1 349.1 354.1 AH =

NiI2.2NH3(s) = NiI2(S) + 2NH3(g) ( 95 >

T 452.1 460.1 479.1 503.1 515.1 519.6 526.1

I

P 0.0047 0.0053 0.0125 0.0499 0.0572 0.0599 0.0868

u

P 0.724 1.000 (interp.) 1.098 1.335 12 24Ox

I

1Q

2) (E)

T I P 538.1 * 0.132 (extrap.) 549.6 0.167 558.6 0.261 575.1 0.4298 581.6 0.459 595.6 0.7572 Ag = 39 360*


NiI2.6NH3(s) = NiI2.2NH3(s) + 4NH3(g) (**, 379) (E) T I P II T I P 443.1 0.111 486.1 0.476 447.1* 0.112 491.1* 0.528 452.1* 0.147 493.1 0.618 455.1 0.164 498.6 0.743 468.1 0.257 507.1 0.947 478.1 0.362 508.6 1.000 (extrap.) AH = 63 760 (102) * From ( 95 ); all other values from ( 379 ).

T 416.6 432.1 441.1 457.6

I

P [I T 0.084 469.1 0.160 476.1 0.245 479.1 0.482 485.1 AH = 17 37Ox

I

P 0.758 1.000 (interp.) 1.093 1.326

NiI2.4C2H5NH2(s) = (?) + xC2H5NH2(g) (393) (E) T I P [I T I P 391.6 0.043 444.1 0.763 410.6 0.108 449.1 1.000 (interp.) 418.1 0.178 450.6 1.055 428.6 0.334 454.6 1.189 437.1 0.530 Ag = 16 29Ox Decomposition product 416.1 0.058 II 449.1 0.096 431.1 0.076 II 477.1 0.124 NiI2.6C2H6NH2(s) = NiI2.4C2HfiNH2(s) + 2C2H5NH2(g) (393) (E) T I P [I T I P 330.1 0.063 368.6 0.734 345.1 0.203 373.6 0.918 357.1 0.430 375.1 1.000 (interp.) 363.6 0.599 380.6 1.275 AH = 27 140 NiI2.4(CH3)2NH(s) = (?) + x(CH 3 ) 2 NH(g) (393) (E) T I P • I) T I P 345.6 0.382 371.1 1.OO (interp.) 354.1 0.496 373.1 1.087 363.6 0.701 377.6 1.334 AH = 13 22Ox NiI2.6(CH3)2NH(s) = NiI2.4(CH3)2NH(s) + 2(CH3)2NH(g) (393) (E) T I P II T I P 273.6 0.054 292.6 0.707 276.1 0.132 296.6 0.924 282.6 0.324 298.1 1.000 (interp.) 285.1 0.408 299.1 1.074 AH = 20 780 NiI2.2C3H7NH2(s) = (?) + xC3H7NH2(g) (393) (E) T I P* I) T I P* 327.6 0.021 392.1 0.291 341.6 0.063 407.6 0.391 355.6 0.130 418.6 0.536 374.1 0.107 427.6 0.672 * The curve is abnormally flat. At higher pressures, the substance contains a different amount of CaHrNHa.

NiI2.! or IK (CHs)3N(S) = (?) + x(CH3)3N(g) (393) (E) T I P* || T ] P * 316.1 0.036 368.1 0.220 333.1 0.068 383.lt 0.309 354.1 0.147 395.6 0.391 * The curve is abnormally flat, t The substance melts at 383.10K. Ni(IOa)2.5NH3(s) = (?) + xNH3(g) (391) (E) T I P Il T I P 326.1 0.236 350.1 0.882 338.1 0.480 352.6 1.191 NiSO4-H2O(S) = NiSO4(S) + H2O(g) (8*8) (E)

T 288.1 293.1

I

P

[I

T.

0.0138 0.0189

I Il

333.1 348.1

I

P 0.211 0.355

NiS04.7H20(s) = NiS04.6H20(s) + H2O(g) (E) P 29 S-I = 0.02722 (1335); according to (848), the vapor pressure of the compound differs very little from that of the saturated solution NiSO4.4NH3(s) = NiSO4.2NH3(s) + 2NH3(g) (381) (E)

T 409.1 424.6 436.6

I

P Il T 0.116 443.6 0.188 448.1 0.461 451.6 A# = 32 880

I

P 0.724 0.943 1.000 (extrap.)

NiS04.6NH3(s) = NiS04.4NH3(s) + 2NH3(g) (380) • cf. (1238, 1532)

T 373.6 384.1 395.6

I

P 0.224 0.338 0.580

Il

(E)

T I P 404.6 0.846 407.1 0.989 A# = 29 340

Ephraim (380) found for a preparation after IJ^ years the following pressures: I

T I P 3 9 3 . 1 0 . 3 8 7 4 0 8 . 1 0 . 6 9 1 396.6 0.445 414.4 0.895 403.1 0.582 417.6 1.065 T

P

[I

NiS203.5NH3(s) = (?) +xNH 3 (g) (381) (E) I P [I T P 3 6 4 . 6 0 . 1 0 5 4 1 0 . 1 0 . 7 8 9 382.6 0.221 415.1 0.941 394.6 0.411 416.6 1.000 (extrap.) 405.6 0.671 A# = 15 OQOx T

NiS206.6NH3(s) = (?) + xNH3(g) (381) (E) T 389.1 403.6 421.1 433.1

I

P [I T 0.092 IJ 442.1 0.187 451.6 0.322 455.6 0.447 459.6 AH = 16 80Ox

I

P 0.566 0.732 0.850 1.000 (extrap.)

NiS406.6NH3(s) = (?) + xNH 3 (g) (381) (E) T I P Il T I P 3 4 9 . 1 0 . 0 7 9 3 9 9 . 1 0 . 7 7 6 369.6 0.208 403.1 0.888 378.6 0.333 404.6 0.920 389.6 0.579 406.6 1.000 (extrap.) AH = 14 70Ox

NiSe04.6NH3(s) = (?) + xNH3(g) (E) P 4 4 Ll = LOO ( 3 9 7 )

Ni(NO 2 ) 2 .6NH 3 (s) = Ni(NO 2 ) 2 .4NH 3 (s) + NH3(g) ( 381 XE) T I P [I T I P 3 2 0 . 6 0 . 0 7 9 3 6 1 . 6 0 . 4 3 8 335.1 0.164 372.6 0.611 342.1 0.217 379.6 0.757 348.1 0.274 388.1 0.953 358.6 0.388 389.6 1.000 (extrap.) AH = 13 800 Ni(N03)2.6NH3(s) = (?) +xNH 3 (g) ( 38 I) (E) T I P [I T I P 388.1 0.087 420.6 0.254 395.6 0.118* 426.6 0.308* 408.6 0.163 432.6 0.366 413.1 0.217* 441.6 0.499*

Ni(NO3)2.6NH3(s).—-(Continued) I P I] T P 4 4 4 . 6 0 . 5 4 2 4 5 8 . 6 0 . 8 3 3 * 450.1 0.647* 464.1 0.996* 453.1 0.674 Aff = 17 OQOx T

* Substance contains somewhat less than 6 moles NHa.

(NH4)2Ni(SO4)2.6H2O(s) = (NH4)2Ni(SO4)2.2H2O(s) + 4H2O(g) (265, 399) (E)

AH = 61 600; log P = -0.511 + 2 427/T - 946 400/T2

T

I

306.6 314.0 316.3 321.3 326.8

P

Il

0.0021 0.0045* 0.0054 0.0075* 0.0121

* Measured on cooling,

T

337.2 341.1 345.9 393.lt 403.lt

I

P

0.0245* 0.0320 0.0420 0.0537 0.0737

f From ( 399 ); all other values from ( 265 ).

Ni(H2P02)2.6NH3(s) = (?) + xNH3(g) ( 38 I) (E)

T 313.1 324.1 330.6

I

P 0.053 0.125 0.192

||

T I P 335.1 0.243 368.1 1.000 (extrap.) Ag = 13 30Ox

Ni[I(As203)2]2.nNH3(s) = (?) + xNH3(g) (3*>6) (E) . T at which Il ,, , ,TTT T at which Moles NH 3 P-I Moles NH 3 p - i ÏÔ/L 259.1 ÏÔT3 339.1 14.2 291.1 9.9 345.1 13.9 331.1 1^2 350.1 Ni(HC0 2 ) 2 .4NH 3 (s) = (?) +xNH 3 (g) ( 38 I) (E) T I P [I T I P 333.1 0.012 404.6 0.493 375.6 0.079 418.1 1.000 (extrap. ) 391.6 0.192 AH = 15 IQOx Ni(HCO 2 ) 2 .6NH 3 (s) = Ni(HCO2)2.4NH3(s) + 2NH3(g) ( 38 I) (E) T \ P [I T I P 273.1 0.164 293.1 0.479 283.1 0.287 297.1 0.592 289.1 0.403 304.1 0.816 292.1 0.467 308.1 0.980 AF = 21 600 Ni(CNS) 2 .6NH 3 (s) = Ni(CNS)2.4NH3(s) + 2NH3(g) ( 38 I) (E) -T I P II T I P 3 1 8 . 1 0 . 1 3 2 3 5 1 . 1 0 . 7 6 1 330.1 0.263 357.1 0.974 340.1 0.441 357.6 1.000 (extrap.) 346.6 0.605 AH = 21 600 Ni(CH3C02)2.nNH3(s) = (?)* + xNH 3 (g) ( 38 I) (E) T \ . P I] T I P Compound containing ca. 5J-2 moles NH3 273.1 0.158 302.6 0.868 282.1 0.305 304.1 0.921 294.6 0.600 306.1 0.968 299.6 0.757 Compound containing ca. 5 moles NH3 293.1 0.026 346.6 0.579 304.1 0.079 350.1 0.687 316.1 0.164 352.6 0.803 326.6 0.245 353.1 0.838 336.1 0.349 357.1 1.026 339.6 0.428 * Forms solid solution with NHa.

Ni(C6H6CO2)2 (SoUd solution with ca. 7K NH3) = Ni(CeH6C02)2.6NH8(s) + xNH3(g) (383)

T

\

P

II\

T

\

P

288.1 0.351 308.1 0.804 311.1 0.947 298.1 0.496 303.1 0.658 312.1 1.000 Ni(C6H6CO2)Z-SNH8(S) = (Solid solution with ca. 7h NH3) + xNH 3 (g) (383)

T I P [I T I P 257.1 0.305 267.1 0.625 260.1 0.364 271.1 0.938 262.6 0.447 271.6 1.000 Ni(C,H,SO,),.6im,(s) = (?) + xNH3(g) (383) (E) T \ P [I T \ P 396. 0.318 417.6 0.953 418.6 1.000 413.6 0.750 Ni o-naphthoylbenzoate.8NH3(s) = Ni o-naphthoylbenzoate.6NH3 (s) + 2NH3(g) (383) (E) T \ P* u T \ P* 266.1 0.192 281.6 0.487 268.1 0.237 285.1 0.632 272.1 0.309 289.1 0.855 277.1 0.408 291.1 0.968 * Since solid solutions result from the decomposition, the pressure of the pure octammine is somewhat higher than here found.

Ni dibromonaphthalene-2-sulfonate.6NH3(s) = (?) + xNH3(g) (E) P = 1.00 at co. 4230K (383) Ni naphthalene-2-sulfonate.8NH3(s) = Ni naphthalene-2-sulfonate.6NH3(s) + 2NH3(g) (383) (E) T I P II T I P 278.1 0.303 298.1 0.980 286.1 0.493 299.1 1.019 292.1 0.704 Ni dibromonaphthalene-2-sulfonate.8NH3(s) = Solid soin, up to hexammine + NH3 (g) (E) P = 1.00 at co. 273.10K (383) Ninaphthalate.6NH3(s) = Ninaphthalate.4NH3(s) + 2NH3 (g) (E) P = 1.00 below 273.10K (383) Ni(NH2C6H4S03)2.8NH3(s) = (?) + xNH3(g) (E) Solid solutions result upon decomposition. The compound exerts a pressure of 1.00 atm. several degrees below 273.10K (383) Ni[Co(N02)4(NH3)2]2.8NHs(s) = (?) + xNH3(g) (E) The pressure of NH3 above 2730K is considerable. On heating to 373.10K, the compound still contains 6 moles of NH 3 (396) Ni[Co(C 2 0 4 )(N0 2 ) 2 (NH 3 ) 2 ] 2 .8NH 3 (s) = (?) + xNH3(g) (E) The compound is stable at room temperature. At about 26O0K it contains an additional 2 moles of NH3; at 2530K still 2 more moles of NH 3 (396)

Cr, Chromium

Cr+++ T_

290.1 290.1 291.0 291.0 273.1 273.1 290.1 290.1

Cr(s) = Cr+++; E$nA = -0.29 (7Qi) + H 2 O(I) = Cr(OH) + + + H+ (us); cf. (iiss) I

C(CrCl3)

0.0000625 .0000625 .0000625 .0000625 .0003333 .0003333 .0003333 .0003333

I

C(KCl)

0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1

I

Kc

0.99 .41 .88 .44 .27 .156 .83 .48

Cr+++ + H2O(I).- (Continued) ^

I

C(CrCl3)

I

C(KCl)

I

Kc

290.1 291.1 291.1 291.1 290.1 290.1 292.1 291.1 291.1

0.0003333 0.2 0.30 .0003333 .88 .0003333 0.1 .51 .0003333 0.2 .32 .00100 .61 .00100 0.1 .45 .00100 .82 .0100 .79 .0100 .84 HCrO^ = CrO~ + H+ K 29 Li = 3.7 X IO""7 (72) + Cr(OH) + + H2O(I) = Cr(OH)+ + H+ ("S)

T_

I

C(CrCl3)

I

C(KCl)

I

Kc

290.1 0.0000625 0.1 0.0062 273.1 .000333 0.1 .0025 290.1 .000333 0.1 .0060 290.1 .000333 0.2 .0065 290.1 .001000 .0059 290.1 .001000 0.1 .0096 Cr(OH)J- +H 2 O(I) = Cr(OH)3(S) + H + ("S) Cr(OH)3(S) + 3OH- = CrO~ + 3H2O(I) (449.5, 1023.5,1024.5) Cr(OH)3(S) = Cr(OH)J + OHK = 1.5 X IP"16 (701); cf. (115) CrCl2.3NH3(s) = (?) (Decomposes without formation of solid soin.) +xNH 3 (g) (395) (E) T I P [I T I P 317.1 0.059 365.1 0.813 332.6 0.127 367.6 0.901 345.1 0.261 368.1 0.961 359.1 0.570 AH = 13 IQOx CrCl2.6NH3(s) = (?) (Solid solution on decomposition) + xNH3(g) (E) P3i3.i = 1.00; Aff = 11 IQOx (395) [CrCl2(H2O)J+ (green) + 3H2O(I) = [Cr(H2O)6OH]++ + 2C1~ H-H + 4 811 JT298.! = 1.9 X IQ" ( ); cf- ( 114 > 115> 328 > 809) CrBr2.6NH3(s) = (?) + xNH3(g) (E) Dissociation temperature higher than that of CrCl2.6NH3 (395) (NH2OH)Cr(S04)2.12H20(s) = (?) + xH2O(g) (1026) (E) T I P [I T I P 303.1 0.011 334.1 0.150 308.1 0.018 334.6 0.1503 312.1 0.026 338.1 0.184 318.1 0.047 342.1 0.228 328.1 0.103 345.1 0.263 NH4Cr(S04)2.12H20(s) = (?) + xH2O(g) (399)(E) T I P [I T I P 323.1 0.053 353.1 0.321 333.6 0.105 359.1 0.429 345.1 0.213 Cr(NH3)6-salts; anions: Br, Cl, I, NO 3 (NO3, Br), SO4, and PO4 (395) (E)

The results are not easy to interpret. The determination of the vapor pressure was made difficult through the slowness of pressure equilibrium, and through the tendency toward further decomposition Cr(H2O)+++ (hexaaquochromiate) + CNS~ = Cr(H2O)6CNS++ (thiocyanopentaaquochr orniate) + H 2 O(I) g323.i =328 (119); c/. (120)

Ag2CrO4(S) + 2H+.—(Continued)

CH3NH2Cr(S04)2.12H20(s) = (?) + xH2O(g) (i<>25, 1026) (E)

T I P Il T \ P 308.1 0.007 341.1 0.155 315.1 0.018 342.1 0.161 323.1 0.042 345.6 0.203 333.1 0.095 348.1 0.236 336.6 0.121 351.6 0.286 340.1 0.147 [Cr(H2O)6CNS]++ (thiocyanopentaaquochromiate) + CNS" = [Cr(H2O)4(CNS)2]+ (dithiocyanotetraaquochromiate) + H2O(I) .£323.1 = 17.5 (119); cf. (120) [Cr(H2O)4(CNS)2I* ' (dithiocyanotetraaquochromiate + CNS~ = [Cr(H2O)3(CNS)3] (trithiocyanotriaaquochromiate) + H2O(I) K323.! =4.56 (119); cf. (120) __ CrO (s) + Cr4C = 5Cr (s) + CO(g) Pi665 = 0.0058 - 0.0082; P1612 = 0.0121 (1362, 1366)

\

Kc 0.000277 .000365

[I

T 341.1 371.6

I

Kc 0.000440 .000505

PbCrO4(S) + COr = PbCO3(S) + CrOr g8,i.i = co. 0.2 (36) 2PbCO3(S) + CrO7~ + H 2 O(I) = PbCrO4.PbO(s) + 2HCO3" JE29U = ca. 1.95 (36) 2PbCrO4(S) + 2CO~ + H 2 O(I) = PbCrO4.PbO(s) + 2HCO~ + CrOr g 29 i.i = ca. 0.057 (36) TlCr(S04)2.12H20(s) = (?) + xH 2 O(g) (399) (E) T I P u T P 306.1 0.011 353.1 0.349 314.1 0.028 360.6 0.518 0.058 367.1 0.667 323.1 334.1 0.130 373.1 0.832 0.884 341.1 0.204 375.1 346.1 0.262 2AgIO3(S) + CrOr = Ag2CrO4(S) + 2IQ3" (lie?, lies) T

I

C(KIO 3 )

I C(K 2 CrO 4 ) I

C(KNO 3 )

|

Mc

|

Kc

293.1 I 0.007 I 0.0865 j 0.02 | 0.2865 | 0.000567 Solid phases not identified; value approximate. Ag2CrO4(S) + 2H+ = 2Ag+ + H 2 CrO 4 (aq) (1345) C(Ag+)^ = 2C(SCr)J C(SCr) = C(H2CrO4)(a
was added. C(HNO 3 )

I

C(SCr)

|

C(HNO 3 )

[

I

C(SCr)

0.05 .06

II

0.006380 .006833

C(HNO3)

|

C(SCr)

0.07 .075

0.007333 .007425

Ag2CrO4(S) + 4NH4OH(aq) = 2Ag(NH3)J + CrOr + 4H2O(I) (1345); c/. (142,

143)

y3 log (l/K) at 298.10K = -1.630 ± 0.010; AF 2 Vi= -6 674 C(Total NH 4 OH)

0.01 .01 .02* .04 .04 .08*

— C(CrO4 )

0.002 .002005 .004170 .008585 .008625 .01758

C(Free

V$ lug /-, /T^/X (l/Kc)

NH 4 OH)

0.00200 .00198 .00332 .00566 .00550 .00968 |

W PC

-1.7025 -1.7093 -1.7280 -1.7328 -1.7513 -1.8721

0.0775 .0775 .1119 .1605 .1609 .2297

* Two experiments.

[Cr(H2O)3(CNS)3] (trithiocyanotriaquochromiate + CNS~ = [Cr(H2O)2(CNS)4J- (tetrathiocyanodiaquochromiate) + H2O(I) g323.i = 1.93 (119); cf. (120) [Cr(H2O)2(CNS)4]- (tetrathiocyanodiaquochromiate + CNS~ = [Cr(H2O)(CNS)6]- (pentathiocyanoaquochromiate) + H2O(I) ffm.i = 0.81 (119); cf. (120) [Cr(H2O)(CNS)5]"- (pentathiocyanoaquochromiate) + CNS~ = [Cr(CNS)6] (hexathiocyanochromiate) + H2O(I) g323.i =0.41 (119); cf. (120) PbCrO4(S) = Pb++ + CrO~ K29Li = 1.77 X IQ"14 ( 72 ) PbSO4(S) + CrOr = PbCrO4(S) + SOr (ioo4) ; q f. (254)

T 291.1 311.1

C(HNO3)

C(SCr)

( T O Ï 0 . 0 0 3 1 5 7 5 0 . 0 2 5 0 . 0 0 4 5 6 7 .015 .00373 .03 .005200 .02 .004178 .04 .005804

NiCrQ4.6NH3(s) = (?) + xNH3(g) (E);F 408 .i = 1.00 (397) Cr 2 O 3 (I) = Cr203(g) Q 5 7 ) T I P I A# 2 500-3 OOP I 1 I 63 000-77 OOP Cr2O3(S) = Cr203(g) ; P20QO = 0.004 (is?) Cr2OT" + H 2 O(I) = 2CrOr + 2H + ; K,9i.i = 3.4 X IQ"13 ( 72 ) Cr2Or + H 2 O(I) = 2HCrOr; K 29 i.i = 2.5 (72) HCr207 = Cr2Or + H+; K*9i.i = IQ"3 (72) Cr2(S04)3.nH20(s) = (?) + xH2O(g) (1339) (E) Pressures for n = 17.25 I 16.55 I 15.77 | 15.05 | 14.78~ 298.7 0.0263 0.0145 0.0146 302.4 0.0321 0.0229 0.0184 0.0182 0.0168 307.1 0.0414 0.0318 0.0251 0.0242 0.0228 311.6 0.0514 0.0420 0.0328 0.0309 313.5 0.0571 0.0364 0.0345 Cd[Cr(CNS)4(NH3)2]2.10NH3(s) = (?) + xNH3(g) (E) P = I atm. at room temperature (396) Cd[Cr(CNS)4(NH3)2j2.m. 20NH3(s) = (?) + xNH3(g) (E) P = I atm. at ca. 253.10K (396) Ag2Cr2O7(S) + H2O(I) = 2Ag+ + 2HCrO4" (1345) C(SH)

j

C(SCr)

I

0.06 0.01110 0.08 0.01110 0.08 0.006623 2Ag2CrO4(S) + 2H+ = Ag2Cr2O7(S) + 2Ag+ + C(SH)

j

C(SCr)

I

C(SAg)

0.01110 0.01110 0.016623 H 2 O(I) (1345) C(SAg)

0.0 0.03220 0.005390 .01 .02506 .006131 .02 .02021 .007148 .04 .01359 .009524 .08 .00726 .01546 .10 .005647 ,01901 .13 .004294 .02389 .14 .003498 .02563 Ni[Cr(CNS)4(NH3)2]2.nNH3(s) = (?) + xNH3(g) (E) n at 373.10K = 4, at room temperature = 9; on evaporation of the solution, in liquid NH3, n = 14 (396)

Mo, Molybdenum MO(S) + 2H20(g) = MoO2(S) + 2H2(g) (277) Mo(CN)+++ = Mo(CN)++++ + E" (3Q2) NiMo04.6NH3(s) = (?) + xNH3(g) (E) P389.! = 1.00 ( 397 )

W, Tungsten

BN(s)

T 1 007 (!542) 1 073 (1538) 1 101 (1542) 1138(1542) 1 173(1538)

K 0.45 .53 .65 .75 .82

I

I

I)

T 1 214 (1542) 1 223 (1538) 1 273 (1538) 1309(1542)

I

K 0.99 i.oo !.iß 1.29

WO3(I) = W03(g) P200Q = 1; A# = 49 OOP (157); cf. (S 24 ) W(CN)+++ = W(CN)++++ + E" (302) NiW04.6NH3(s) = (?) + xNH3(g) (E) P393.i = 1.00 (397)

W2O5(S) + H 2 (g) = 2WO2(S) + H20(g) K 1073 = 5.0 (1538); c/. (277)

2WO3(S) + H2(g) = W2O5(S) + H20(g) K1073 = 15 (1538); c/. (1206)

U, Uranium

+

U++++ + 2H2O(I) = UOj-+ + 4H -f 2E- (924.5) UO2SO4.H20(s) = UO2SO4(S) + H20(g) (E) P293.i = 0.0026 ( 848 ); Lescoeur (»48) aiso gives some data for a more highly hydrated salt U02(N03)2.6H20(s) = (?) + xH20(g) («16); cf. (848) (E) Maximum loss in weight at 298.10K over H2S04(aq) PH2o I % Loss H2O |[ PH2o | % Loss H2O 0.02839 Deliquescent 0.00580 2.94 0.02579 Deliquescent 0.00230 2.99 0.02320 0.0 0.00074 3.97 0.01769 0.0 0.0003 4.01 0.01161 (U) 0.00 4.01

V, Vanadium VN(s)

= V(s) + HN 2 (g)

P1476 = >O.OOQ3 (1364); P1644

=

0.0020 (1365, 1366)

(NH4)V(S04)2.12H20(s) = (?) +xH 2 0(g) (399) (E) T I P [I T I P 323.1 0.049 353.1 0.309 333.1 0.097 363.1* 0.567 343.1 0.184 * Decomposition begins.

V0(s) + VC(s) = 2V(s) + C0(g) PIM = 0.0016 - 0.0022; P2100 = 1.00 (extrap.); Atf = 80 875 (1366)

= B(s) + HN 2 (g)

Pi 495 = 0.0116 (1147,5, 1364, 1365, 1366)

KWO 2 (S) H- H 2(g) = KW(S) + H 2 0(g) (1538, 1542); c/. (277, 1206, 1541)

B4Of- + ZOO— + H2O(I) = 2HCO3- + 4BO2" (982) Al, Aluminium Al+++ + H2O(I) = Al(OH) + + + H+ (800) ; c/. (liss) % Hydrolysis C(AiCi 3 ) C(NSa) ! 3731,K 35860R 0.00065 0.0026 0.0104 0.00065 0.0026 0.0026 0.0104 0.0104

0.125 0.0312 0.125 0.0312 0.125

34.09 16.05 6.57 15.4 8.9 18.2 0.2 6.8

47.68 24.16 9.92 17.4 18.7 5.1

C(Al(NOs) 3 )

0.0026

15.36

23.98

C(Al 2 (SO 4 )S)*

0.0001625

(0.000325) 0.0065 (0.0013) 0.0026 (0.0052) 0.0104 (0.0208)

48.22 23.17 8.39 9.64 5.115

* The concentrations given by ( 8 <> 0 ) for Ah(SO^s are probably twice the actual concentrations.

Al(OH)3(S) + OH- = AlO2 + 2H 2 O(I) ("59) ; c/. (1360) T_

Room

j

C(NaOH)

I

I 0.6414 j Al(OH),(aq) - H+ + AIO3H2"

C(AlOl)

0.172

K > 10~10 ( 1 3 6 0 ) ; c / . (328, 1550, 1551)

AlCl3.S02(s) = (?) + xS02(g) (392) (E) I P || T I P 0.026 311.6 0.138 0.053 335.1 0.211 0.086 373.1 0.329 AlCl8-^SO2(S) - (?) + xS02(g) (E) Peii.i = 1.00 ( 62 ) AlCl3.KH2S(s) = (?) + xH2S(g) (E) P 323 -I = 1.00 calculated from heat of formation ( 62 ) AlCl3.H2S(s) = AlCl8-HH2S(S) + MH2S(g) (E) P 2 28.i = 1; calculated from heat of formation ( 62 ) A1C13.1KNH3* (E) AlCl8-SHNH8* (E) AlCl8-SHNH8* (E) T 273.1 282.6 293.6

Pi04i.i = 1.00 ( 62 ) P767.! = 1.00 ( 6 2) P607.! = LOO ( 6 2) * Solid solutions of compound of this empirical molecular formula.

AlCl3.6NH3(s) = (?) + xNH3(g) (395) (E) \ . P I] T I P TaN(s) = Ta(s) + KN 2 (g) 0.025 396.6 0.682 Pi 443 = 0.0006 (1364); P1581 = 0.0013 (1365, 1366) 0.0513 401.1 0.908 TaO(s) + TaC(s) = 2Ta(s) + CO(g) 0.184 402.6 1.000 (extrap.) AH = 14 50Ox P1648 = 0.00013 (1366) AlCl8-OHNH8(S) = (?) (Solid solution) + xNH3(g) (E) B, Boron P369-S = 1.000 (62); Ephraim and Millman (395) find for AlCl3.HB02(aq) + AsO2" = HAsO2(aq) + BO2" (32) T = 298.10K; c(HNo3) = 0.8952; H2BO3(s) present: for the 6NH3 saturated with NH 3 at room temperatures, a pressure of range c(HAsO2) = 0.0626 - 0.2230; c(SA8) = 0.0856 - 0.2620, 0.164 atm. at T - 322.1 AlCl8-SHNH8(S) = (?) (Solid solution) + xNH3(g) (62) (E) C(SNa) = 0.3694 - 0.0522, C(AsO2") = 0.0084 -0.0457, C(HASO!) = 0.0019 - 0.0218, Kc (average) = 0.83 with range 0.94 - 0.67 T I P I] T I P BO21H2O2- = BO2- + H 2 O 2 (aq) 236.1 0.249 262.4 1.287 ^273.1 = 0.024 (983) 250.8 0.633 273.1 2.355 258.5 1.000(interp.) H3B03(aq) = H+ + H2BO3" X 2 9 Li = 5.7 X IO-" (982); K 298 .i = 8 X IO"10 (1162); = 5.78 AlCl3.6C2H2(s) = (?) + xC2H2(g) (E) P2i3.i = 1.00 calculated from heat of formation ( 62 ) X IQ"10 ( 177 )

Ta, Tantalum

T 320.1 342.6 370.6

AlBr3.S02(s) = (?) + xS02(g) (392) (E)

T 289.1 325.6

I

P 0.014 0.161

H

T 348.1 360.6

Al2O3(S) = 2Al(g) + K02(g)

I

r

I

p

Il

T

I

0.113 484.1 0.155 501.1 0.321 502.1 A# = 18 40Ox

P

0.579 1.000 (interp.) 1.037

* The hexammine absorbs 2.5 % more NHs at room temperature. It then shows a pressure of 0.066 atm. at T = 273.10K.

AlI..S02(s) = (?) + xS02(g) (392) (E)

T 290.6 313.1 327.1

I

P 0.013 0.071 0.129

[I

T 361.1 363.1

I

P 0.279 0.349

AlI3.6%NH3(s) = (?) + xNH 3 (g) (395) (E)

T 292.6 325.6

I

P Il T 0.039 352.6 0.212 353.6 AH = 12 50Ox

I

P 1.00 (interp.) 1.054

AlN(s) = Al(I) + KN 2 (g) (417) (NH2OH)Al(S04)2.12H20(s) = (?) + xH 2 O(g) (1026) (E)

T 300.1 305.1 308.1 313.1 318.1 328.1

I

P 0.008 0.013 0.016 0.028 0.045 0.101

Il

T 333.1 335.1 336.1 338.1 343.1 348.1

I

P 0.145 0.1455 0.149 0.168 0.226 0.297

NH4Al(SO4)2.3H2O(s) = NH4Al(SO4)2.H2O(s) + 2H2O(g) (E) P 373 -I =0.099 (851); cf. (1033)

NH4Al(SO4)2.12H2O(s) = NH4Al(SO4)2.3H2O(s) + 9H 2 O(g) (399, 851); c/. (1033) (E)

T 323.1 333.1* 333.1 342.4* 343.1

I

P 0.028 0.061 0.064 0.108 0.114

Il

T 351.9* 352.1 357.1 361.5*

Al2O3(S) = Al203(g) P 200 Q = 0.035 (157); P2500 = l.QOO (1279)

Al2O3(S) + 3C (graph.) + N 2 (g) = 2AlN(s) + 3CO(g) (444)

AlBr3.6NH3*(s) = (?) + xNH 3 (g) (395) (E) 421.1 444.6 469.6

P 20 Q 0 = < 10-^0 (157)

P 0.283 0.384

I

P 0.193 0.212 0.288 0.421

Sc, Scandium Sc2(S04)3(s) = (?) + S02(g) + 02(g) (1539)

T 1 073 1 093 1 113 1 133

I

P 0.039 0.063 0.101 0.164

I]

T I P 1 173 0.375 1 213 0.820 At 11730K, P803 = 0.014

Y, Yttrium Y(N03)3.6H20(s) = (?) +xH 2 0(g) (916) (E) Maximum loss in weight at 298.10K over H2SO4(aq) „ ^H2° 0.02839 0.02579 0.02320 0.01769 0.01161

Loss H2O, Moles Deliquescent Deliquescent Deliquescent Deliquescent 0.00

„ ^H2° 0.00580 0.00230 0.00074 0.0003 0.00

Loss H2O, Moles 1.02 1.03 3.01 3.01 3.03

Y 2 (S0 4 ) 3 (s) = (?) + S02(g) + 0 2 (g) (1539)

T 1 1 1 1

I

113 133 173 213

P 0.018 .029 .072 .162

[I

T I P 1 253 0.325 1 273 .449 1 293 .618 At 11730K, Ps03 =0.004

Y2(C2O4)3.9H20(s) = (?) +xH 2 0(g) (916) (E) Maximum loss in weight at 298.10K over H2SO4 (aq) Loss H2O, Moles 0.0 0.06 0.16 0.26 0.34

D

^H2° 0.02839 0.02579 0.02320 0.01769 0.01161

„ ^H2° 0.00580 0.00230 0.00074 0.0003 0.00

Loss H2O, Moles 0.50 3.96 6.21 6.86 7.05

*From ( 8S1 ); all other values from ( 399 ).

CH3NH2Al(SO4)2.12H2Q(s) = (?) -f xH2O(g) (JQ26) (E) T I P [I T I P 313.1 0.0164 343.1 0.166 323.1 0.0401 345.1 0.184 328.1 0.061 348.6 0.216 333.1 0.088 Al(CN)3.6NH3(s) = (?) + xNH3(g) (E); P240^ = 0.013 (82) Al(CN),.9NHa(s) = Al(CN)3.6NH3(s) + 3NH3(g) (E) P 240 .i = 0.132 (82) Al(CN)3.14(?)NH3(s) = Al(CN)3.9NH3(s) + 5(?)NH,(g) (E) P240.! = 0.605 (82) TlAl(S04)2.12H20(s) = (?) +xH 2 0(g) (399) (E) T \ P [I T I P 324.1 0.030 353.1 0.241 333.1 0.066 359.1 0.368 343.1 0.130 362.1 0.476

La, Lanthanum La(N03)3.6H20(s) = (?) + xH2O(g) (916) (E) Over H2SO4(aq) p ^H2° 0.02839 0.02579 0.02319 0.01769 0.0116

Loss H2O, Moles Deliquescent Deliquescent Deliquescent 0.0 O1O

p ^H2° 0.00580 0.00230 0.00074 0.0003 0.000

Loss H2O, Moles 0.00 2.01 1.98 4.92 4.98

La2(SO4Ms) = (?) + S02(g) + 02(g) (1539)

T 1 1 1 1

I

113 133 173 213

P 0.013 .021 .054 .130

[I

T I P 1 253 0.258 1 273 .355 1 293 .487 At 11730K, P808 = 0.0026

La2(SO4)3.6H20(s) = (?) + xH2O(g) (die) (E) Over H2SO4(aq) p Loss H2O, p Loss H2O, ^H2° Moles ^H2° Moles 0.02839 0.0 0.00580 0.0 0.02579 0.0 0.00230 0.0 0.02319 0.0 0.00074 3.04 0.01769 0.0 0.0003 5.96 0.0116 0.0 0.000 6.03 La2(C2O4)3-9H2O(S) = (?) + xH2O(g) (916) (E) Over H2SO4(aq) P Loss H2O, p Loss H2O, ^H2° Moles ^H2° Moles 0.02 0.00580 0.41 0.02839 0.02579 0.08 0.00230 0.57 0.02319 0.12 0.00074 3.93 0.01769 0.18 0.0003 6.89 0.0116 0.26 0.000 6.95

Ce, Cerium CeCl3.2NH3(s) = CeCl3(S) + 2NH3(g) (55) (E) T \ P u T I P 363.1 0.545 378.1 1.594 373.1 1.089 CeCl3.4NH3(s) = CeCl3.2NH3(s) + 2NH3(g) (55) (E) T I P Il T I P 323.1 0.295 343.6 1.209 333.1 0.645 348.1 1.695 338.1 0.858 CeCl3.8NH3(s) = CeCl3.4NH3(s) -f 4NH3(g) (E) T I P Il T I P 273.1 0.345 300.1 1.421 282.6 0.654 303.1 1.718 292.1 1.053 CeCl3.12NH3(s) = CeCl3.8NH3(s) + 4NH 3 (g) ( 5S ) (E) T I P |i T I P 243.1 0.432 262.1 1.160 255.1 0.836 273.1 2.068 258.1 0.934 CeCl3.20NH3(s) = CeCl3.12NH3(s) + 8NH3(g) (55) (E) T I P [I T I P 204.1 0.087 247.1 1.263 233.1 0.734 256.6 2.006 238.1 0.892 273.1 4.142 CeN(s) = Ce(s) + MN 8 (g) ( 902 ) 2CeN(S)+ 3H2(g) = 2CeH3(s) + N2(g) (io*i) Ce(N03)3.6H20(s) = (?) + xH2O(g) (916) (E) Over H2SO4(aq) Loss H2O, p Loss H2O, ^H2° Moles ^H2° Moles 0.01161 O 0.00074 2.01 0.00580 O 0.00026 4.89 0.00230 2.01 0.000 5.05 Ce2(S04)3(s) = 2CeO2(S) + O 8 (g) + 3SO2(g) (1S4Q) T_ I P I P8Q3 973 0.013 1 053 .066 1 133 .339 0.030 1 173 .671 .062 1 193 .982

Ce2(SO4)3.8H20(s) = (?) + xH2O(g) (E) Over H2SO4(aq) p Loss H2O, Loss H2O, PH2 P 2 ° Moles *° Moles 0.01161 2.99 0.00074 4.00 0.00580 2.99 0.00026 5.98 0.00230 3.91 0.0000 5.98 Ce2(C2O4)3.1OH2O(s) = (?) + xH20(g) (916) (E) Over H2SO4(aq) p Loss H2O, p Loss H2O, FH2 Pg2 ° Moles ° Moles 0.02838 0.06 0.00580 0.91 0.02580 0.15 0.00230 1.20 0.02319 0.27 0.00074 4.35 0.01769 0.36 0.00026 9.29 0.01161 0.60 0.0000 9.29

Pr, Praseodymium Pr2(SO4)3(s) = (?) + S02(g) + 02(g) (i 539 ) T I P Il T I P 1 093 0.024 1 253 0.539 1 113 .037 1 273 .742 1 133 .057 1 293 1.026 1 173 .118 At 11730K, P8O3 = 0.0072 1 213 .270

Nd, Neodymium Nd 2 (SOJ 3 (S) = (?) + S02(g) + 02(g) (1539)

1 1 1 1 1

T 073 093 113 133 173

\

P 0.018 .028 .045 .067 .145

Il

T I P 1 213 0.313 1 253 .618 1 273 .855 At 11730K, P803 = 0.008

Sa, Samarium Sa2(SOQ3(S) = (?) + S02(g) + 02(g) ( 1539 ) T I P H ' T I P 1 073 0.025 1 173 0.168 1 093 .038 1 213 .401 1 113 .058 1 253 .816 1 133 .076 At 11730K, P803 = 0.011

Gd, Gadolinium Gd2(SO4)8(s) = (?) + S02(g) + 02(g) (i 539 ) T I P u T I P 1 073 0.021 1 213 0.355 1 093 .033 1 253 .705 1 113 .051 1 273 .971 1 133 .076 At 11730K, Pso3 = 0.009 1 173 .168

Er, Erbium Er2(SO4)3(s) = (?) + S02(g) + 0«(g) (1539) T I P u T I P 1 113 0.030 1 253 0.454 1 133 .046 1 273 .632 1 173 .107 1 293 .875 1 213 .233 At 12730K, Pso3 = 0.007

Er2(C2O4)3.12H2O(S) = (?) + xH2O(g) (»i«) (E) Maximum loss in weight at 298.10K over H2SO4(aq) of following strengths: Q % H2SO 4

10 20 30 40 50

Loss H2O, Moleg,

o/ H TT ô % 2SO4

0.0 0.11 0.28 0.44 0.56

60 70 80 90 97

Loss H2 °' Moleg,

0.65 4.43 6.52 6.59 7.11

* The loss of water takes place continuously.

Yb, Ytterbium Yb2(SQ4).(s) = (?) + S02(g) + 02(g) (1539) T I P u T I F 1 113 0.025 1 253 0.395 1 133 .039 1 273 .553 1 173 .091 1 293 .743 1 213 .197 At 12730K, Pso3 = 0.005

Lu, Lutecium

Mg(OH) 2 (S) = MgO(s) +H 2 0(g) (711) (E) T 308.1 309.1 317.1 323.1 326.1 335.1 336.1 339.1 347.1 352.1 353.1

I

P 0.010 0.013 0.0229* 0.034 0.0414* 0.064 0.072* 0.088 0.121 0.149 0.164

u

T I P 358.1 0.172 359.1 0.196* 360.1 0.211 367.1 0.272 373.1 0.308* 375.1 0.321 391.1 0.467* 395.1 0.521 420.1 0.692* 431.1 0.770 444.1 0.836

* Interpolated.

MgCl2(S) ; Cp = 18.7 (*85) MgCl2(S) + K0 2 (g) = MgO(s) + Cl2(g) (885) AF0 = 8 820 + 4.95T IuT- 0.00025772 - 44.95T7 (range 823 to 987°K); AFJj98.! = 3 810 (885); c/. (545, 547, 634, 1010)

1539

Lu8(SO4),(s) = (?) + S02(g) + 08(g) ( ) I P u T P 113 0.022 1 253 0.361 133 .034 1 273 .503 173 .082 1 293 .684 213 .179 At 12730K, PsO 3 = 0.0046

T

1 1 1 1

Mg(OH)2 + 2NH+ = Mg++ + 2NH4OH(aq) (612, 613, 1454)

MgCl2(S) + H20(g) = MgO(S) + 2HCl(g) AF° = 22 480 + 4.91 T In T - 0.00195T2 + 0.00000037T3 59.1077 (range 803 to 9730K); AF°98tl = 13 040 (885) from (ioio) MgCl2.lKH20(s) = (?) + xH20(g) (E) F413.1 = 0.191 (847)

'

MgCl2.4H20(s) = (?) + XH2O (g) (E) P373.1 = 0.039 (847)

Be, Beryllium

Be++ + H2O(I) = BeOH+ + H + ; K = 0.000232 (issi) Be(OH) 2 (S) = BeOH+ + QH~î K = 5.2 X IO"11 ( 1551 ) BeO2-- + H 2 O(I) = Be(OH) 2 (S) -f 2OH~; K = 0.00121 (issi) BeSO4(S) = (?) + S03(g) log PsO3 = -14 907/77 - 14.10 log T + 55.09 (^ 51 ) BeS04.2H20*(s) = (?) -f xH2O(g) (795) (E) Moles I Moles H2O T P H2O T P content | content TST 438.1 0.0149 ÔT4Î 534.1 0.0237 1.76 454.1 0.0112 0.14 555.1 0.0238 1.51 473.1 0.0220 0.09 573.1 0.00062 484.1 0.0255 0.06 583.1 0.00062 1.18 501.1 0.0254 0.04 628.1 0.0253 0.88 0.66 508.1 0.0193 0.02 663.1 0.0237 * AJ? for decomposition to monohydrate = 21 220; AJÏ for decomposition of monohydrate to anhydrous substance = 23 430.

BeSO4.4H2O(s) = BeSO4.2H2O(s) + 2H2O(g) (E) F887.! = 0.024; AH = 34 500 (795) Mg, Magnesium Mg(s) = Mg + ++2E- (1382) MgO(I) = Mg(g) + K0 2 (g) At 300O0K, P02 = 0.3 (157) MgO(s); Cp = 9.6 (88S, nos) MgO(s) = Mg(g) + K0 2 (g) At 200O0K, Po2 = 0.000008 (157) MgO(s) + C (graph.) = Mg(g) + CO(g) ( 1277 ) MgO (s) = MgO (g) P 20 QO = 0.0004 (157) Mg++ + H2O(I) = MgOH+ + H+ In MgCl2 at 373.10K, c(Mgci2) = 0.0625; % hydrolysis = 0.00266 (800)

MgCl2.6H20(s) = MgCl2.4H2O(s) + 2H2O(g) (331, 847) (E) T 304.7 310.6* 315.20 331.41 337.20 337.6* 341.37 342.48 347.37 349.63 350.6*

I

P 0.0021 0.003 0.0036 0.0103 0.0149 0.013 0.0174 0.0192 0.0280 0.0288 0.030

u

T 361.95 370.06 373.1* 377.8 381.3 383.1* 386.2 388.7 393.1* 403.1*

I

P 0.0546 0.0830 0.109 0.1296 0.1536 0.163 0.1922 0.2177 0.271 0.362

* From ( 8 47); an other values from ( 331 ).

MgCl2-NH3(S) = MgCl2(S) +NH 3 (g) (los.s) (E) T I P u T I P 502.1 0.008 572.1 j 0.124 549.6 0.054 Ag = 20 800 MgCl2.2NH3(s) = MgCl2.NH3(s) + NH3(g) (1Q3.5) (E) T I P I] T I P 454.6 0.024 502.1 j 0.205 488.1 0.107 AH = 17 900 MgCl2.6NH3 and MgCl2.2NH3 (saturated mixed crystals) = (?) + xNH 3 (g) (E) P 367 -I= 0.132; Ag = 13 30Ox (io*) MgBr2.H20(s) = MgBr2(S) + H 2 O(g) (847) (E) T \ P \\ T \ P 393.1 0.033 423.1 0.106 403.1 0.039 433.1 0.192 413.1 0.067 438.1 0.270 MgBr2.6H2O(s) = MgBr2.H2O(s) + 5H2O(g) (847) (E) T I P u T I P 293.1 I 0.0139 u 333.1 | 0.163

MgBr2-NH3(S) = MgBr2(S) + NH3(g) (1(>3-5) (E)

T I P u T I P 503.1 0.0041 573.1 j 0 . 0 4 9 550.1 0.0229 Aff = 21 700 MgBr2.2NH3(s) = MgBr2.NH3(s) -f NH3(g) (i<>3.5) (E) T 488.1 503.6

I

P u T 0,011 Il 550.6 0.0176 H 573.1 Aff = 20 100

I

P 0.107 0.195

MgBr2.6NH3 and MgBr2.2NH3 (saturated mixed crystals) = (?) + xNH3(g) (E) P420.! = 0.132; Ag = 15 20Ox (103.5) MgI2.2NH3*(s) = MgI2(S) + 2NHs(g) (ios.5) (E) T 488.1

I

P u T 0.00087 || 503.1 AH = 45 400

I

P 0.0013

* Isambert ( 666 ) and Ephraim (379) give data for various magnesium halide ammoniates.

MgI2.6NH3 and MgI2.2NH3 (saturated mixed crystals) = (?) + xNH3(g) (E) P 476 -I = 0.132; AH = 17 20Ox (103.5) MgSQ4(S) = (?) + S02(g) + 02(g) (636, 951)

MgS04.H20(s) = MgSO4(S) + H 2 O(g) (E) P 298 -I = 0.0013 (430)

MgSO4-H2O(S) = MgSO4. (?) H2O(S) + xH2O(g) (E) P 3U3 .85 = 0.000 (148)

MgSO4.2H2O(s) = MgSO4.H2O(s) + H 2 O(g) (E) P303-S5 = 0.00359 (148) MgS04.4H20(s) = MgS04.2H20(s) + 2H2O(g) (E) P303-S5 = 0.00945 (148) MgSO4.6H2O(s) = MgSO4.H2O(s) -f 4H2O(g) (E) P 298 -I = 0.0064 (430) MgSO4.6H2O(s) = MgSO4.4H2O(s) + H2O(g) (148, 430) (E) T (430)

I

P

T (148)

u

I

p

298.1 j 0.0116 U 303.85 | 0.01646 MgS04.6H20(s) = MgS04.6H20(s) + H 2 O(g) (i«, 430) ; c/. (843, 844, 1032) (E)

T (430)

|

P

T (148)

u

I

P

298.1 I 0.0129 [I 303.85 | 0.02094 MgS04.7H20(s) = MgS04.6H20(s) + H2O(g) (257, 458) (E)

T 288.05 293.15 298.10* 298.85 303.85 304.15

\

P 0.00641 0.00999 0.0167 0.01601 0.02391 0.02459

[I

T* 305.50 309.75 313.29 318.17 318.31

\

P 0.0300 0.0413 0.0534 0.0753 0.076

* From ( 2 5 7); all other values from («s«).

Accurate single values; cf. (331, 843, 986, 1032, 1325) T I 293.1(641) 298.1(430) 298.1(1335)

P 0.012 0.0155 0.0164

u

T I 303.85(148) 303.85(295) 307.3(895)

P 0.02488 0.02496 0.032

MgS04.12H20(s) = MgS04.7H20(s) + 6H20(g) (»43, 844) (E)

T 283.1

I I

P 0.0100

u [I

T 293.1

I |

P 0.0192

MgSO4.7H2O and CuSO4.6H2O (mixed crystals) = (?) + xH20(g) (691) (E) T = 293.1 ± 0.020K Mole % p Mole % p MgSQ4 MgSO4 Rhombic 7H2O Monoclinic 7H2O 100.0 0.011 68.0 0.0199 59.9 0.0197 97.9 0.0104 Triclinic 5H2O 15.2 0.0062 4.5 0.0068 7.6 0.0063 0.0 0.0076 MgSO4JH2O and ZnSO4.7H2O (mixed crystals) = (?) -f xH2O(g) (641) (E)

T =293.1 ± 0.020K Mole % MgSQ4 100.0 90.1 81.6 72.0 66.0 63.0 54.5

p

Mole % MgSO4 48.8 44.3 31.7 23.6 11.2 0.0

0.0105 0.0103 0.0101 0.0108 0.0114 0.0109 0.0114

p

0.0129 0.0126 0.0124 0.0125 0.0130 0.0138

MgSO4JH2O and FeSO4-TH2O (mixed crystals) = (?) + xH2O(g) (E) The vapor pressure of the monoclinic mixed crystals is lower, that of the rhombic higher than that of the components. At 317.110K7 the vapor pressure of the mixed crystals is equal to that of the components (1239) (NH4)2Mg(S04)2.6H20(s) = (NH4) 2Mg(SO4)2.4H2O(s) + 2H20(g) (265) ; c/. (399) (E) log P = 2.502 + 485.1/T - 563500/T2; AH = 27 400 T 315.9 325.2 334.3 341.3

I

P 0.0239 0.0463 0.0805 0.1221

I

T 316.8 309.4 301.5

I

P 0.0259* 0.0151* 0.0083*

* Measured on cooling. MgCO3(S) = MgO(S) + C02(g) (946) ; c/. (180, 270, 271, 453, 525, 595, 597.5, 948) (E)

T 673.1 673.1 723.1 723.1 763.1 763.1

\

P Il T 0.0001 813.1 0.0037* 813.1 0.0089 843.1 0.0076* 843.1 0.0776 873.1 973.1 0.0825* AH = 60 863

I

P 0.983 0.949* 1.763 3.67* 13.87* 473.4*

* Calculated by means of equation: log kPl - log kpt = AH(Ti - Tî)/4.571(Ti • !T2)

Mg(HCOs)2(S) = Mg++ + 2HCOJ (ini) from ( 56S ) AH = -5 300; AFJj 9 ^ 1 = 370

MgCO3.3H2O (nesquehonite) + CO2(g) = Mg++ + 2HCO8" + 2H 2 O(I) ( 1 1 9 1 ) from (247, 374, 376, 563, 564, 565, 1455, 1515) T

I

'§

C

XJ

O

U

S

w

5

POO,

/CO2

288.10.0224 0.0278 0.00039 0.000386 288.1 .0233 .0296 .00145 .00144 288.1 .0244 .0304 1.00210 .00208 363.1 .028 .056 1.007 1.000 288.1 .0270 .0360 0.00330 0.00327 288.1 .0324 .0466 .00605 .00599 288.1 .0356 .0500 .00618 .00612 288.1 .0505 .0814 .0108 .0107 355.1 .058 .116 1.007 1.000 288.1 .0615 .1042 0.0136 0.0135 288.1 .0830 .1656 .0444 .0440 288.1 .0830 .1656 .0547 .0542 288.1 .0830 .1656 .1885 .1867 288.1 .0830 .1470 .0154 .0153 343.1 .096 .192 1.007 1.000 323.1 .113 .226 1.00 0.99 335.1 .123 .246 1.007 1.000 313.1 .140 .280 1.00 0.99 319.1 .186 .372 1.007 1.000 303.1 .187 .374 1.00 0.99 295.1 .237 .474 1.00 .99 296.1 .209 .418 0.121 0.96 .95 285.1 .255 .510 .50 .50 302.4 .260 .520 1.004 .996 291.1 .262 .524 1.00 .99 292.6 .306 .612 1.005 .995 285.1 .326 .652 1.0 .99 286.5 .337 .674 0.993 .984 285.1 .379 .758 1.5 1.48 292.6 .393 .786 2.1 2.08 291.1 .415 .830 2.0 1.98 285.1 .417 .834 2.0 1.98 276.6 .422 .844 1.0 0.99 292.8 .442 .884 3.2 3.15 285.1 .443 .886 2.5 2.48 291.1 .444 .888 2.5 2.48 285.1 .474 .948 3.0 2.95 291.1 .508 1.016 4.0 3.93 292.1 .516 1.032 4.7 4.58 285.1 .519 1.038 4.0 3.93 296.1 .206 0.412 0.965 0.96 0.95 292.3 .548 1.096 5.6 5.48 292.3 .575 1.150 6.2 6.05 292.6 .607 1.214 7.5 7.35 285.1 .612 1.224 6.0 5.84 291.8 .671 1.342 9.0 8.80 291.1 .700 1.400 10.0 9.62 291.1 .836 1.672 16.0 14.92 291.1 .888 1.776 18.0 16.76 291.1 .888 1.776 35.0 30.17 291.1 .888 1.776 56.0 43.46 296.1 .210 0.420 2.21 0.96 0.95 296.1 .190 .380 3.11 .96 .95 296.1 .178 .356 4.82 .96 .95 296.1 .105 I .210 7.50 .96 .95

T 276.6 285.1 291.1 291.1 293.1 295.1 296.1 303!I 313.1 323.1

I

log pj. 0.455 .568 .568 .670 .709 .709 .756 .806 .919 1.006

I

& 0.276 .279 .288 .290 .300 .309 .342 .401 .417 .440 .499 .499 .499 .508 .537 .582 .607 .648 .747 .749 .843 .864 .875 .883 .887 .958 .989 .005 .066 .086 .116 .118 .125 .151 .153 .154 .192 .234 .244 .248 .258 .282 .313 .349 .355 .418 1.449 1.584 1.632 1.632 1.632 1.685 1.918 2.314 2.795

AF°/r 8.25 7.80 7.80 9.20 9.74 9.74 10.38 11.07 12.62 13.82

* 1 atm. series (374, 376). § Solid phase, Mg(HCOs)2. t Concentrations in molalities. J Varying pressure series ( 374 » 376).

(i/^é;

c

Lit. ___

T

m(M8++)

(1^±)

M*

log P./.

AFQ/r

273.1 1.011 -0.2054 1.741 -0.024 -0.330 278.1 0.987 -0.1950 1.721 -0.009 -0.124 283.1 .941 -0.1743 1.680 0.022 0.302 291.1 .889 -0.1496 1.635 .057 0.783 303.1 .816 -0.1124 1.565 .110 1.511 -0.0838 1.514 .148 2.033 313.1 .764 323.1 .733 -0.0658 1.482 .172 2.363 333.1 .660 -0.020 1.407 .230 3.159 Mg[Pt(CN)J-TH 2 O(S) = (?) + xH20(g) (1029) (E) Over H2SO4(aq) Loss H2O, „ Loss H2O, D ^H2° Moles ^H2° Moles 0.01914 0.15 0.01099 0.63 0.01758 0.43 0.00974 0.67 0.01642 0.52 0.00796 0.68 0.58 I 0.01442 Mg3N2(S) = 3Mg(s) + N,(g) (902)

0.4509 (145S) .6164 (14s5) .6550 (1455) 1.3522 (376*) 0.6568 (1455) .6433 (1*55) .6125 (1455) .5016 (MSS) 1.0359 (376*) 0.4352 (1455) .4288 (1455) .4589 (1455) .6380 (1455) .3093 (1455) .8170 (376*) .7447 (374*) .7094 (376*) .6517 (374*) .5298 (376*) .5260 (374*) .4231 (3?4) .4716 (247t) .2925 (374J) .3837 (376*) .3795 (374*) .3129 (376*) .2846 (374*) .2694 (376*) .2775 (374J) .3109 (376J) .2802 (563-56Sf) .2781 (374*) .1725 (374*) .3199 (376J) .2838 (374J) .2834 (563-56S|) .2801 (374J) .2915 (563-565-j-) .3070 (376J) .2822 (374J) .4780 (247t) .3068 (376J) .3002 (376) .3049 (376) .2721 (374J) .2874 (376J) .2819 (563-565^) .2684 (563-565) .2590 (563-565) .3441 (563-565) .3969 (563-5s5-j-§) .4696 (247t) .5129 (247) .5414 (247) .7705 (247)

Ca(I) = Ca(g) AF0 = 91 280 + 1.2077 In T + 0.00076772 - 72.866T (range 1233 to 138O0K) (^^) from (I277) ; f r o m Pilling ("4O) and entropies Ca (|3) = Ca (g), AU0 = 41290 and measurements on Ca (ß) = Ca(I) give AH0 = -9 590; whence AH0 = 31 700. Undetermined errors must exist

I

* From Ca(g);/Si 9 S.!= 36.71 whence 7 = -33.952; AA 0 = 41 290; AHws i = 40 870; AFlas.i = 33 285.

Lit. (374*) (374*) (563-5651) (374*) (is«) (374*) (247f) (374*) (374*) (374*)

Ca, Calcium

Ca(a) AH0, A^0 = O; Cp = 4.94 + 0.004277; SJ»8.i = 9-546 ("»!) from (86, 222, 335, 363, 365, 529, 1073)

Ca(j8) Cp = 6.2 + 0.0015277; £°98>1 = 10.827; AF0 = -140 - 1.26T In T + 0.00134T2 + 7.511T; AHJ9811 = 117; A^98-1 = 78; AS°298>1 = 0.131; AAj98.! from specific heats = 1.281 ( 1191 ) Ca(0) = Ca(I) ACp = O; AHM. P. = -9 590 ("91)/row (I*» 8 , IQ") Ca(/3) = Ca(g) ("»i) from ("4O) AF0 = 40 600 + 1.2077 In T + 0.00076772 - 32.67T; AHJJ98 1 = 40 310; AaJj98.! = 24.60; AFg98-1 = 32 980 T I P I 7 I AH0* I P (cale.)* 7 776.1 7.38 X IO" -32.812 41463 8.36 X HT7 6 826. l 2.99 X IO- 32.541 41 766 3.57 X 10~6 878. l l. 225 X IO"5 - 32.546 41 834 l. 67 X IO"5 881. l l. 474 X 10~5 - 32.762 41 648 l. 81 X 10~5 925.1 8.079 X 10~5 -34.047 40 512 5.29 X 10~5 973.1 2.276 X 10~4 -34.040 40 514 1.52 X 10~4

Ca(o) = Ca(0) AH 673 .i = 100 + 25; see Ca(0) Ca(s) = Ca + +; ^00-1 = 2.77 (i*i8) Ca.6NH3(s) = Ca(s) + 6NH3(g) (*03, 793) (E) T | P [I T \ P 262.1 0.0230 294.8* 0.114 273.1* 0.0300 304.3 0.204 283.9* 0.0605 316.8* 0.4035 290.4 0.0908 | AH = 61 920 * From (793) ; an other values from (i° 3 ).

CaO(s); Cp = 11.0 + Q.OOOSJ7 ("91)

CaO(s) = Ca(g) +KQ 2 (g); At 200O0K, Po2 = 0.0002 (is?) CaO(s) = CaO(g) ; P2000 = 0.0003 (157) . CaO2(S) = CaO(s) + KQ 2 (g) from (79) T 473.1 523.1 573.1 623.1 673.1

I

P I 7* 0.1228 -16.35 .1330 -15.51 .1411 -15.35 .1632 -15.16 .1998 -15.15

I

/t -10.50 -10.52 -10.50 -10.71 -11.03

I

Ii -31.85 -29.83 -28.14 -26.92 -26.04

* Upper temp, range gives AF0 = 3 470 - 15.277; AFas.i = -1 060. t Lower temp, range gives AF<> = 700 — 10.577; AF298.1 = -2 430. î d e Forcrand ( 435 ) found AH = 10 800; or AF» = 10 800 - 28.56T; AF298.1 = 2 290.

CaH2(S) ; Cp = 10.3 + 0.0066T (H»i)

CaCl2.2H20(s) = CaCl2.H20(s) + H2O(g) (!252); c/. (lose, 1037)

(E)

T I P u T I P 3 3 8 . 1 0 . 0 1 7 4 2 8 . 1 0 . 5 7 6 351.1 0.032 438.1 0.799 443.1 0.941 373.1 0.079 402.1 0.230 448.6 1.108

CaCl2.4H20 (a-s) = CaCl2.2H20(s) + 2H2O(g) (1252) ; c/. (lose, 1037)

(E)

T I P u T I P 2 5 8 . 1 0 . 0 0 0 2 2 3 0 3 . 1 0 . 0 0 6 1 0 273.1 0.00078 308.1 0.00824 283.1 0.00164 313.1 0.01122 293.1 0.00326 318.4 0.01549 298.1 0.00447

CaH2(S) = CaH2(I) CaCl2.6H2O(s) = CaCl2.4H2O (tt-s) + 2H2O(g) («52) ; cf. AFW. = O ( 745 - 5 ) (843, 844, 1036, 1037) (E) CaH2(S) = Ca(0) + H,(g) 0 2 AF = 47 370 - 2AT In T + 0.00209T - 22.778T (range 914 T I P [I T I P to 102O0K); A#° 981 = 47 900; AF^ 981 = 36 690 ("»!) from 258.1 0.00036 293.1 0.00497 (198); AHS 8 L 1 = 45 100 (528); c f , (394, 794) 273.1 0.00121 298.1 0.00668 283.1 0.00253 302.9 0.00895 . CaH2(S) = Ca(I) + H2(g) (1011) CaCl2.6H2O(s) = CaCl2.4H2O (0-s) + 2H2O(g) («52); cf. (lose, T I P Il T I P 1037) (E) 10 5 3 . 1 0 . 0 1 4 5 1 2 3 6 . 1 0 . 4 6 5 1 098.1 .0592 1 259.1 .580 T I P u T I P 1 146.1 .125 1 279.1 .716 258.10.00029 293.1 0.00414 1 190.1 .243 1 300.1 .928 273.1 0.00100 298.1 0.00568 + 283.1 0.00213 302.3 0.00746 Ca(OH) 2 (S) = Ca + + 2OH~ AFJj98-1 = 6 960 ("gì) CaCl2.NH3(s) = CaCl2(S) + NH3(g) ( 653 ) (E) T I P u T \ P Ca(OH) 2 (S) = CaO(s) + H2O(g) (353, 7ii) (E) A#29i.i (Thomsen) 25 190; A# calculated by equation d In P/dt = 381.8 0.0041 487.8 | 1.089 AH/RT* = 25 400 426.6 0.088 AH = 16 500 CaCl2.2NH3(s) = CaCl2.NH3(s) + NH3(g) ( 653 ) (E) T I P II T I P T I P I) T I P 574.1*0.00350701.10.072J: 593.8* 0.00708 707.1 0.084 3 8 1 . 7 0 . 0 5 0 3 4 2 6 . 6 0 . 5 8 8 603.1* 0.00976 717.1* 0.2308 399.1 0.132 453.1* 1.000* 606.9* 0.01103 721.1 0.121J 409.7 0.230 AH = 15 100 609.6* 0.01218 721.1 0.125J * Extrapolated (666). 613.7* 0.01388 731.1 0.158 CaCl2.4NH3(s) = CaCl2.2NH3(s) + 2NH3(g) (653, 666 ) ; cf. (153) 614.8* 0.01440 740.1 O.191t (E) 620.7* 0.01762 741.1 O.196t T I P Y T I P 622.8* 0.01863 759.1 0.305 273.1 0.086 306.1 0.654 639.1 0.013t 761.1 0.308Î 283.1* 0.168 310.1* 0.778 642.1 0.0121J 773.1 0.417f 287.1 0.207 315.1 l-.OOOf 650.1 O.021t 776.1 0.439f 291.1 0.262 319.1* 1.241 662.1 O.0229t 780.1 O.467t 299.5* 0.418 326.1* 1.603 663.1 0.032f 780.1 0.476 AH = 20 200 O.0617t 797.1 O.668t 663.8* * From ( 666 ); all other values from ( 653 ). f Interpolated. 670.1 0.032f 797.1 0.695 CaCl2.8NH3(s) = CaCl2.4NH3(s) + 4NH3(g) ( 379 > 653, 666 ) (E) 0.0805t 800.1 0.692| 674.2* 681.1 0.0414Ì 804.1 0.879 T I P u T I P 690.1 0.046t 812.1 O.863t 267.6 0.094 297.1 0.632 694.4* 0.1332f 830.1 1.0001 0.147 298.7* 0.697 273.1 * From ( 353 ); all other values from ( 711 ). The values of Dragert and 0.186 301.lt 0.921 273.1* Johnston differ materially. It is difficult to say which are the better values. 279.1 0.205 301.1 0.816 t Average of two determinations at neighboring temperatures, 283.1 0.264 305.1 0.917 t Interpolated according to equation: t = l,98tw + 349, where t = tempera284.3* 0.317 306.1 l.OOOj: ture of substance and tw = temperature of HgO corresponding to pressure P. 287.lt 0.388 303.7* 1.053 CaCl2 (lowest hydrate) = CaCl2(s) + xH2O(g) (69) (E) 287.5* 0.375 312.1* 1.422 T I P u T I P 293.1 0.500 316.6* 1.778 2 7 3 . 1 0 . 0 0 0 0 9 3 2 3 . 1 0 . 0 0 1 7 6 293.5* 0.513 Ag = 39 20Ot 298.1 0.00045 * From ( 666 ). t From ( 653 ); all other values from (3^). J Interpolated.

CaCl2-CH3COCH3(S) = (?) + xCH3COCH3(g) («) (E) T 310.1 323.1

P 0.007 0.020

I

[I

T 337.1

I

P 0.066

CaCl2.2CH3COCH3(s)

= CaCl2.CH3COCH3(s) +CH3COCH3(g) ( 41 ) (E) T I P [I T I P 2 9 3 . 1 0 . 0 5 4 3 2 2 . 1 0 . 6 2 9 299.1 0.114 I 327.1 0.820 304.1 0.183 330.1 0.980 309.1 0.263 333.1 1.105 315.1 0.395 335.1 1.214 CaBr2 (lowest hydrate) = CaBr2 + xH2O(g) (™) (E)

T I P I] T I P 2 7 3 . 1 0 . 0 0 0 1 2 3 2 3 . 1 0 . 0 0 0 2 5 298.1 0.00024

CaBr2.NH3(s) = CaBr2(s) + NH3(g) (653) (E) T 488.1

P Il T I P 0.151 U 503.1 0.255 AH = 18 600 CaBr2.2NH3(s) = CaBr2.NH3(s) + NH3(g) (653) (E)

T 410.1 426.1

I

I

P 0.013 0.0454

[I

T I P 488.1 I 0.592 AH = 17 100

CaBr2.6NH3(s) = CaBr2.2NH3(s) + 4NH3(g) (653) (E) T 273.1 336.5

P [I T I P 0.0067 350.1 0.549 0.295 351.3 0.588 Aff = 46 800 CaBr2.8NH3(s) = CaBr2.6NH3(s) + 2NH3(g) (653) (E) I

P II T I P 0.153 u 296.1 0.636 A# = 19 600 CaI2.4S02(s) = (?) + xS02(g) (392) (E) T I P u T I P 273.1 0.074 300.6 0.638 289.1 0.099 306.1 1.000 290.6 0.316 AH = ca. 10 70Ox CaI2.NH3(s) = CaI2(S) + NH 3 (g) (653) (E) T I P u T I P 488.1 0.061 Jj503.1 0.100 Ag = 19 500 CaI2.2NH3(s) = CaI2.NH3(s) + NH3(g) (653) (E) T \ P u T \ P 427.1 0.0036 503.1 j 0.170 488.1 0.103 Ag = 19 OOP CaI2.6NH3(s) = CaI2.2NH3(s) + 4NH3(g) (653); c/. (153) (E) T I P [I T I P 380.1 0.115 409.8 | 0.401 409.4 0.383 AH = 56 OOP CaI2.8NH3(s) = CaI2.6NH3(s) + 2NH 3 (g) (653) (E) T \ P u T I P 194.8 0.0017 252.1 0.461 233.1 0.038 261.1 0.891 Ag = 17 200 CaSO3.2H2O(s) = Ca++ + SO~ + 2H2O(I) ; AP2V1 = 9 740 («») T 273.1

\

CaSO3.2H2O(s) + S = Ca++ + S2Or + 2H2O(I) (89) T 352.9 373.1 383.1 395.1 414.1

I

I

m 1.120 0.713 0.618 0.417 0.2665

S (rhomb) S (monocl) S (monocl) Sx, „(1) Sx, „(1)

CaSO4(S) = CaO(s) + SO2(g) + MO 2 (g) (149, 636) CaSO4-KH2O(S) = CaSO4(S) + KH2O(g) (»43) (E) T 373.1 387.1 397.1

I

P 0.0230 0.037 0.0586

Il

T 421.1 434.6

I

P 0.220 0.395

CaSO4.2H2O(s) + 2NH4OH (aq) = Ca++ + 2NH+ + SOT" -f2OH- +2H 2 O(I) (1064) Ca(OH)2(S) + SO4- + H2O = CaSO4.2H2O(s) + 2OH- (i<>66) C(OH-)

0.1786 .1818 .1625 .1632 .1370 .1357 .0972 .0968 .0737 .0745 0.1314 .1305 .1086 .1119 .0770 .0776 .0596 .0576 0.1212 .1024 .1118 .0675 .0864 .P596 .0588 .0440 .0436 0.1054 .1092 .0904 .0880 .0708 .P693 .0485 .0499 .0334 .0360

I

C(SO4"")

T 0.702 .925 .437 .431 .199 .193 .0674 .0682 .0326 .0336 T 0.460 .455 .216 .218 .072 .077 .0374 .044 T 0.713 .477 .4810 .2287 .2241 .P822 .0832 .0383 .0355 T 0.727 .930 .487 .478 .243 .234 .0912 .0908 .0482 .0472

I

C(Ca++)

= 288.10K 0.00250 .00250 .00271 .00268 .00325 .00332 .00571 .00526 .00696 .00687 = 313.10K 0.00152 .00153 .00232 .00225 .00401 .00392 .00517 .00544 = 343.10K 0.00071 .00098 .00089 .00130 .OP134 .00241 .00244 .00357 .00360 = 373.10K 0.00018 .00041 .00045 .00082 .PPP89 .00187 .00178 .00303 .00271

|

Kc

0.0454 .0357 .0604 .0617 .0942 .0952 .140 .138 .167 .165 0.0376 .0375 .0545 .0573 .0827 .0783 .0950 .0760 0.0207 .0221 .0259 .0334 .0332 .0433 .0416 .0506 .0535 0.0153 .0128 .0167 .0162 .02P6 .0205 .0258 .0274 .0230 .0274

CaS04.2H20(s) = CaSO4^H2O(S) + lHH2O(g)

(634.5,* 843)

(E) I

T 290.1 298.1 321.1 323.1 333.1

P

[I

T 0.00661 345.1 0.0120 350.2 0.0617 355.85 373.lt 0.0651 0.1180 374.55 AH = 3 921

I

P 0.2366 0.3136 0.4209 0.881-0.942 0.9984

* Values of P also calculated according to equation: log P = log Pw + 1.493 - 567.7/T where Pw = the vapor pressure of the water. t From (843). CaSO4.2H2O(s) T

=

CaSO4 (soluble anhydrite) (634.5*) (E)

\

I

P

-f

2H2O (g)

I

T

P

2 8 8 . 4 0 . 0 0 9 6 3 3 3 . 1 0 . 1 4 1 7 298.1 0.0188 345.1 0.2712 321.9 0.0759 AH = 4 740, Thomsen * Also gives calculated values, according to equation: log P = log Pw + 1.407 — 514.6/ T where Pw = vapor pressure of the water. CaSO4.2H2O(s) = CaSO4 (natural anhydrite) + 2H2O(g) (E) Afl" = 4 606 (634.5) j calculated values of P according to equation: log P = log Pw + 1.486 - 500/y CaS203.6H20(s) + SOr = CaSO4.2H2O(s) + S2OJ- + 4H2O(I) g282.i = 7 940 X IQ4; K2î = 9 475 X IQ4 ( 7 9 5 - 5 ) CaS203.6H20(s) + CO^ = CaCO3(s) + S2Or + 6H2O(I) ^298.1 = IQ2 ( 7 9 5 * 5 )

Ca(NO3)2.2H2O*(s) = Ca(NO3)2.(?)H2O(s) + 2H2O(g) P303.i = 0.0036 (843) * Composition uncertain. Ca(N03)2.3H20(s) = Ca(NO3)2.2H2O*(s) + H2O(g) (843) (E)

T

I

P

Il

I

T

P

288.1 0.0013 313.1 0.0080 303.1 0.0047 * Composition uncertain. Ca(N03)2.4H20(s) = Ca(NO3)2.3H2O(s) + H2O(g) («43) (E)

T

I

P

H

I

T

P

283.10.0014 308.1 0.0096 293.1 0.0025 313.1 0.0126 303.1 0.0058 + CaCO3 (aragonite) + CO2(g) + H2O(I) = Ca + + 2HCOJ (1191) from (39) AS&8.1 = -54.807; Ag 2 V 1 = -8 550; AF 2 V 1 = 7 788 C(HCOi")

C(Ca++)

T

/CO2

M^

(1/K^)

308.10.008760.017520.9690.1621.8522 298.1 .01066 .02132 .992 .179 1.7703 282.1 .0146 .0292 1.012 .209 1.6366 T 282.1

I

298.1 308.1

log p.f. 1.783

1.901 1.974

I

(241, 244, 245,

294.1 0.00059 294.1 .00061 289.1 .000747 274.1 .00082 289.1 .000850 289.1 .001372 289.1 .002231 289.1 .002965 289.1 .003600 289.1 .005330 289.1 .006634 308.1 .007650 289.1 .007875 289.1 .008855 298.1 .009430 289.1 .009720 289.1 .010860 289.1 .010850 288.1 .01175 282.1 .0130 289.1 .014110 273.1 .0156 289.1 .018340 289.1 .021390 328.1 .0255 291.1 .0256 291.1 .0283 291.1 .0307 218.1 .0339 391.1 .0342 291.1 .0380 308.1 .0380 291.1 .0393 298.1 .0403

T

C(HC03) PCO2 0.00118 .00122 .001462 .00164 .001674 .002728 .004452 .005922 .007194 .010656 .013264 .015300 .015748 .017708 .018860 .019440 .021720 .021700 .02350 .0260 .028220 .0312 .036680 .042780 .0510 .0512 .0566 .0614 .0678 .0684 .0760 .0760 .0786 .0806

I

273.1 274.1

/CO2

$ (i/#H)

Lit

-

0.0003150.042 1.8612(1514, isis) .000315 .043 1.8466 (15I*, isis; .000500 .047 1.8323 (1319) .000315 .050 1.7182 (1514, isis) .000800 .051 1.8419 (iais) .00330 .064 1.8364 (1319) .01374 .082 1.8296 (1319) .02792 .094 1.8096 (1319) .04958 .104 1.8082 (1319) .1408 .127 1.7882 (1319) .2513 .141 1.7776 (1319) .969 .151 1.9110 (39) .4125 .154 1.7751 (1319) .5478 .163 1.7650 (1319) .992 .168 1.8236 (39) .7224 .175 1.7646 (isi9) .9743 .180 1.7609 (1319) 1.0 .99 .180 1.7622 (374) .92 .188 1.7235 (263) 1.012 .198 1.6871 (39) 2.0 1.98 .206 .7485 (374) 0.92 .216 .5967 (2«3) 4.0 3.93 .235 .7340 (374) 6.0 5.84 .253 .7247 (374) 56.0 46.93 .277 .9499 (563-565) 10.0 9.62 .277 .7188 (563-565) 14.0 13.24 .291 1.7214 (ses-ses) 18.0 16.76 .303 1.7203 (ses-sesj 56.0 45.92 .319 1.8231 (563-565) 25.0 22.58 .320 1.7164 (563-565) 35.0 30.17 .338 1.7127 (563-565) 56.0 44.97 .338 1.7704 (563-565) 56.0 43.46 .343 1.7509 (563-565) 56.0 44.07 .348 1.7420 (563-565)

log p./.

I

Aiyr

1.747 1.763

24.00 24.20

282.1

1.828

25.11

288.1 289.1 289.1 291.1 294.1 294.1 295.1 296.1 298.1 298.1 298.1 298.1 303.1 308.1 308.1 318.1 323.1 328.1

1.860 1.892 1.892 1.951 1.886 1.898 1.914 1.914 1.949 1.944 1.994 1.949 1.929 2.026 1.969 2.015 2.184 2.079

25.55 25.99 25.99 26.79 25.89 26.08 26.28 26.28 26.77 26.70 27.39 26.77 26.50 27.83 27.03 27.68 30.00 28.56

I

Lit. (263) (1514, i s i s )

(39) (263) (374) (1319) (563-565) (1514, i s i s ) (1514, i s i s ) (isi4, i s i s ) (1514, i s i s ) (39) (563-565) (752) (975) (1514, i s i s ) (39) (563-565) (563-565) (752) (563-565)

26.11 27.12

log p.jf.298.1 = 1.458; AFiJ 98-1 = 5 970

371)

A#298.i = -55.579; AFJj 98-1 = -8 588; AFg98-1 = 7 980 T C(Ca++) I C(HCO?) PCO2 /CO2 323.1 0.000293 0.000586 0.000300 298.1 .000461 .000922 .000300 303.1 .00055 .00110 .000315 296.1 .00057 .00114 .000315 295.1 .00057 J .00114 .000315

C(Ca++)

CaCO3 (calcite) + H2CO3(aq) = Ca++ + 2HCO3" ("«i) from

CaCO3 (calcite) + CO2(g) + H2O(I) = Ca++ + 2HCO^ (usi) f

T

*F»/T 24.49

from (39, 263, 374, 563, 564, 565, 719, 752, 975, 1319, 1514, 1515); c t

CaCO3(calcite) + CO2(g) + H2O(I),- (Continued}

| M^ ((l/!^)' Lit' 0.030 2.1581 (752) .037 1.9595 (752) .041 1.8916 (!514, isis) 1514 .041 1.8761 ( , 1515) .041 1.8761 0*14, isis)

(975, 1340)

C(H 2 CO 3 )

C(Ca++)

C(HCO3")

№

(\/K^ )

^"

0.002690.003700.007400.1051.3744(1340) .00104 .00363 .00244 .110 1.3595* (1340) .00363 .00414 .00828 .111 1.3685 (!34O) .00352 .00412 .00824 .111 1.3666 (975) .00181 .00423 .00304 .117 1.3545* («40) .00206 .00436 .00317 .119 1.3572* (1S40) .00475 .00278 .01181 .121 1.3627f (134°) .00315 .00473 .00364 .124 1.3676* («40)

^"

atm. at 1182.10K.) The values of Riesenfeld (122?) occupy a mean position. He gives the equation: log P = —9 300/27 + 1.75log T + 0.01191677 - 20323 X IQ-9T72 + 82 446 X 10"13T73 +

134

0.319; Cf.

CaCO3(calcite) -f H2CO3(aq).—(Continued) C(H2CO3)

C(Ca++)

C(HCO?)

№

0.00406 0.00170 I 0.01590 .00455 .00560 .00441 .0100 .00604 .01208 .00395 .00931 .00612 .00656 .00611 .00492 .0114 .00657 .01314 .00356 .00662 .00350 .0373 .00973 .01946 .00494 .01004 .00379 .00256 .00406 .00812 .00310 .00412 .00824 .00444 .00461 .00922 .001875 .00366 .00732 .333 .0224 .0448 .444 .0250 .050 .550 .0260 .052 .858 .0260 .052

0.133 .134 .135 .136 .139 .140 .152 .171 .191 .193 .193 .197 .227 .259 .274 .279 .279

(l/K$)

1.32511 ( °) 134 1.3393* ( °) 134 1.3516 ( °) 1.3514§ («40) 1.3814* (1340) 1.3340 («40) 1.3468]| («40) 975 1.3351 ( ) 40 1.3109 If (« ) 40 1.3269** (« ) 40 1.3482ft (« ) 40 1.3513» (« ) 1.3272§§ («40) 975 1.2897 ( ) 1.2838 (975) 1.2976||H ( 975 ) 1.3620|||| ( 97S )

* 0.00199Mc CaSO4 added. 10.00625MC NaHCO3 added. $ 0.0125M* NaHCO3 added. § 0.00625MC CaCl2 added. || 0.00312MC CaSO4 added, t 0.00625MC CaSO4 added. ** 0.00625Afc NaCl added, ft 0.0125Mc NaCl added. ÎÎ 0.0625MC MgSO4 added. §§0.01251fc Na2SO4 added. Il U Solid phase Ca(HCO3) 2. (Mc = Moles per liter.)

CaCO3(S) = CaO(s) + CO 2 (g) («90.5) (E) AF0 = 42 216 - 2AT In T + 0.00355T2 + 0.00000031 T3 23.698T (1191) from (1390.5); or __ 23.753T7 (H91) from (71SÂF 2 V 1 =31 384(1191) 1 1 1 1 1 1

T 115.4 126.0 127.6 142.0 177.4 179.6

I

P [I T 0.4513 1 210.1 0.5245 1 322.4 0.5317 1 355.6 0.6722 1 430.8 1.157 1 499.4 1.151 1 514.0 Ag = 43 300, Berthelot

I

P 1.770 6.439 8.892 18.687 34.333 39.094

The various forms of CaCO3, chalk, marble, calcite and aragonite give identical values within the accuracy of the measurements. For pressure values above the eutectic temperature, see the original article. CaCO3 with only 0.38% CaO melts at 1662.10K and has at that temperature a pressure of 1.025 atm. The formula: log P = -11 355/T - 5.388 log T + 26.238, calculated from the experimentally determined values, gives: T I 773.1 823.1 873.1 923.1 973.1 1 023.1 1 073.1 1 123.1 1 170.1

P* 0.000096 0.00054 0.00242 0.00908 0.0292 0.0832 0.220 0.489 1.000

u

T I 1 173.1 1 223.1 1 273.1 1 323.1 1 373.1 1 423.1 1 473.1 1 513.1

P* 1.043 2.075 3.871 6.837 11.499 18.092 28.680 39.66

* In good agreement with these values (1394) finds P = 0.000004-0.000012 0

at 673.1 K; cf. (us*, 1227, iseo).

Johnston (7ls) worked with very small quantities of materials and found P = I atm. at 1171.10K. According to Johnston, P can be calculated according to the formula: log P = -9 340/77 + 1.1 log T - 0.001277 + 6.001. By the hastening of equilibrium through the addition of basic compounds such as Li2CO3 or Na2CO3, Zavrieff (i860) obtained somewhat higher pressures at lower temperatures, but on the other hand lower pressures at the higher temperatures. (P = 1

( 1 8 0 > 453, 525, 839). 836

According to Lebeau ( ), mixtures with alkali carbonates have a lower CO2 pressure than the pure CaCO3; they also include double carbonates; cf. ( 837 ). ^ CaS04.2H20(s) + CO^ = CaCO3(s) + SOr +2H 2 O(I) With NHÎ (1063) CaCO3 (calcite) = CaCO3 (aragonite) AS2Vi = 0.772; A#298.i = 38; AF^s.i = -192 ("91)from(39) Ca(HCO3)2(s) = Ca++ + 2HCOa AFj98.! = 6 399 (1191) CaCO3 (calcite) + H2CO8(aq) = Ca(HCO3)2(s) AFV1 = -429 (1191) from (975) CaCO3 (calcite) + C2O^ = CaC2O4(S) (oxalate) + COJ- (1191) from

(429,

1167, 1168)

AF298-1 = -7 46OrAFV 1 = -306 (H9i) T

I C(K 2 C 2 O 4 )

I C(K 2 CO 3 )

I

C(KCl)

\

pc

\

Kc

298.10.080 0.303 0.034 1.183 3.8 298.1 .084 .299 .034 1.183 3.6 298.1 .1869 .3131 1.50 1.675 298.1 .159 .607 .068 2.37 3.8 298.1 .160 .606 .068 2.37 3.8 298.1 .166 .600 .068 2.37 3.6 322.8 .3062 .1938 1.50 0.633 332.1 .3531 .1469 1.50 .416 369.1 .266 .117 1.183 | .44 CaCO3 (aragonite) + C2O~ = CaC2O4(S) (oxalate) + CO~ (1191) fr om (429)

Ag298.! = -7 225; AF^1 = -484 T_

I

C(K 2 C 2 O 4 )

I

C(K 2 CO 3 )

I

Mc

I

Kc

298.1 0.1532 0.3467 ToO 2.262 322.8 .2682 .2318 1.50 0.864 332.1 .3302 .1698 1.50 .514 CaC2(S) + N 2 (g) = CaCN2(S) + C (graph.) (1439) CaC2(S) = Cafe) + 2C (graph.) (m, 1438) CaO(s) + 3C (graph.) = CaC2(I1S) + CO(g) (129, 426, 816, 1266, 1271, 1437, 1438, 1439)

CaCN2(S) + C + 2NaCl(I) = CaCl2(I) + 2NaCN(I) (449, 818) Ca(CNS)2.KS02(s) = (?) + xS02(g) (392) (E) T \ P [I T I P 268.1 0.046 292.6 0.362 273.1 0.086 300.6 0.562 284.6 0.224 307.1 1.000 (extrap.) AH = 10 74Ox CaSO4(S) + SiO2(S) = CaSiO3(S) + SO2(g) + KO 2 (g) Pi 646 = 1.00 (extrap.) (950) CaSO4(S) + Al2O3(S) = CaAl2O4(S) + SO2(g) + JiO 2 Cg) Pi636 = 1.00 (extrap.) (950) Ca3N2(S) = 3Ca(I) + N 2 (g) log p = -24 360/r + 13.285 (794)

Sr, Strontium Sr.6NH3(s) = Sr(s) + 6NH3(g) (656) (E) T I P y T I P 273.1 0.0555 293.1 0.175 278.6 0.071 297.1 0.207 284.1 0.103 300.1 0.255 287.6 0.120 306.6 0.362* 291.1 0.154 319.1 1.000* AH = 59 460 * Extrapolated from Roederer ( 1238 ).

^"

atm. at 1182.10K.) The values of Riesenfeld (122?) occupy a mean position. He gives the equation: log P = —9 300/27 + 1.75log T + 0.01191677 - 20323 X IQ-9T72 + 82 446 X 10"13T73 +

134

0.319; Cf.

CaCO3(calcite) -f H2CO3(aq).—(Continued) C(H2CO3)

C(Ca++)

C(HCO?)

№

0.00406 0.00170 I 0.01590 .00455 .00560 .00441 .0100 .00604 .01208 .00395 .00931 .00612 .00656 .00611 .00492 .0114 .00657 .01314 .00356 .00662 .00350 .0373 .00973 .01946 .00494 .01004 .00379 .00256 .00406 .00812 .00310 .00412 .00824 .00444 .00461 .00922 .001875 .00366 .00732 .333 .0224 .0448 .444 .0250 .050 .550 .0260 .052 .858 .0260 .052

0.133 .134 .135 .136 .139 .140 .152 .171 .191 .193 .193 .197 .227 .259 .274 .279 .279

(l/K$)

1.32511 ( °) 134 1.3393* ( °) 134 1.3516 ( °) 1.3514§ («40) 1.3814* (1340) 1.3340 («40) 1.3468]| («40) 975 1.3351 ( ) 40 1.3109 If (« ) 40 1.3269** (« ) 40 1.3482ft (« ) 40 1.3513» (« ) 1.3272§§ («40) 975 1.2897 ( ) 1.2838 (975) 1.2976||H ( 975 ) 1.3620|||| ( 97S )

* 0.00199Mc CaSO4 added. 10.00625MC NaHCO3 added. $ 0.0125M* NaHCO3 added. § 0.00625MC CaCl2 added. || 0.00312MC CaSO4 added, t 0.00625MC CaSO4 added. ** 0.00625Afc NaCl added, ft 0.0125Mc NaCl added. ÎÎ 0.0625MC MgSO4 added. §§0.01251fc Na2SO4 added. Il U Solid phase Ca(HCO3) 2. (Mc = Moles per liter.)

CaCO3(S) = CaO(s) + CO 2 (g) («90.5) (E) AF0 = 42 216 - 2AT In T + 0.00355T2 + 0.00000031 T3 23.698T (1191) from (1390.5); or __ 23.753T7 (H91) from (71SÂF 2 V 1 =31 384(1191) 1 1 1 1 1 1

T 115.4 126.0 127.6 142.0 177.4 179.6

I

P [I T 0.4513 1 210.1 0.5245 1 322.4 0.5317 1 355.6 0.6722 1 430.8 1.157 1 499.4 1.151 1 514.0 Ag = 43 300, Berthelot

I

P 1.770 6.439 8.892 18.687 34.333 39.094

The various forms of CaCO3, chalk, marble, calcite and aragonite give identical values within the accuracy of the measurements. For pressure values above the eutectic temperature, see the original article. CaCO3 with only 0.38% CaO melts at 1662.10K and has at that temperature a pressure of 1.025 atm. The formula: log P = -11 355/T - 5.388 log T + 26.238, calculated from the experimentally determined values, gives: T I 773.1 823.1 873.1 923.1 973.1 1 023.1 1 073.1 1 123.1 1 170.1

P* 0.000096 0.00054 0.00242 0.00908 0.0292 0.0832 0.220 0.489 1.000

u

T I 1 173.1 1 223.1 1 273.1 1 323.1 1 373.1 1 423.1 1 473.1 1 513.1

P* 1.043 2.075 3.871 6.837 11.499 18.092 28.680 39.66

* In good agreement with these values (1394) finds P = 0.000004-0.000012 0

at 673.1 K; cf. (us*, 1227, iseo).

Johnston (7ls) worked with very small quantities of materials and found P = I atm. at 1171.10K. According to Johnston, P can be calculated according to the formula: log P = -9 340/77 + 1.1 log T - 0.001277 + 6.001. By the hastening of equilibrium through the addition of basic compounds such as Li2CO3 or Na2CO3, Zavrieff (i860) obtained somewhat higher pressures at lower temperatures, but on the other hand lower pressures at the higher temperatures. (P = 1

( 1 8 0 > 453, 525, 839). 836

According to Lebeau ( ), mixtures with alkali carbonates have a lower CO2 pressure than the pure CaCO3; they also include double carbonates; cf. ( 837 ). ^ CaS04.2H20(s) + CO^ = CaCO3(s) + SOr +2H 2 O(I) With NHÎ (1063) CaCO3 (calcite) = CaCO3 (aragonite) AS2Vi = 0.772; A#298.i = 38; AF^s.i = -192 ("91)from(39) Ca(HCO3)2(s) = Ca++ + 2HCOa AFj98.! = 6 399 (1191) CaCO3 (calcite) + H2CO8(aq) = Ca(HCO3)2(s) AFV1 = -429 (1191) from (975) CaCO3 (calcite) + C2O^ = CaC2O4(S) (oxalate) + COJ- (1191) from

(429,

1167, 1168)

AF298-1 = -7 46OrAFV 1 = -306 (H9i) T

I C(K 2 C 2 O 4 )

I C(K 2 CO 3 )

I

C(KCl)

\

pc

\

Kc

298.10.080 0.303 0.034 1.183 3.8 298.1 .084 .299 .034 1.183 3.6 298.1 .1869 .3131 1.50 1.675 298.1 .159 .607 .068 2.37 3.8 298.1 .160 .606 .068 2.37 3.8 298.1 .166 .600 .068 2.37 3.6 322.8 .3062 .1938 1.50 0.633 332.1 .3531 .1469 1.50 .416 369.1 .266 .117 1.183 | .44 CaCO3 (aragonite) + C2O~ = CaC2O4(S) (oxalate) + CO~ (1191) fr om (429)

Ag298.! = -7 225; AF^1 = -484 T_

I

C(K 2 C 2 O 4 )

I

C(K 2 CO 3 )

I

Mc

I

Kc

298.1 0.1532 0.3467 ToO 2.262 322.8 .2682 .2318 1.50 0.864 332.1 .3302 .1698 1.50 .514 CaC2(S) + N 2 (g) = CaCN2(S) + C (graph.) (1439) CaC2(S) = Cafe) + 2C (graph.) (m, 1438) CaO(s) + 3C (graph.) = CaC2(I1S) + CO(g) (129, 426, 816, 1266, 1271, 1437, 1438, 1439)

CaCN2(S) + C + 2NaCl(I) = CaCl2(I) + 2NaCN(I) (449, 818) Ca(CNS)2.KS02(s) = (?) + xS02(g) (392) (E) T \ P [I T I P 268.1 0.046 292.6 0.362 273.1 0.086 300.6 0.562 284.6 0.224 307.1 1.000 (extrap.) AH = 10 74Ox CaSO4(S) + SiO2(S) = CaSiO3(S) + SO2(g) + KO 2 (g) Pi 646 = 1.00 (extrap.) (950) CaSO4(S) + Al2O3(S) = CaAl2O4(S) + SO2(g) + JiO 2 Cg) Pi636 = 1.00 (extrap.) (950) Ca3N2(S) = 3Ca(I) + N 2 (g) log p = -24 360/r + 13.285 (794)

Sr, Strontium Sr.6NH3(s) = Sr(s) + 6NH3(g) (656) (E) T I P y T I P 273.1 0.0555 293.1 0.175 278.6 0.071 297.1 0.207 284.1 0.103 300.1 0.255 287.6 0.120 306.6 0.362* 291.1 0.154 319.1 1.000* AH = 59 460 * Extrapolated from Roederer ( 1238 ).

SrH2(S) = St(s) + H 2 (g) (394)

SrCl2.6H2O (s).—(Continued)

Sr(OH) 2(aq) = Sr++ + 2OH~ (780, 781)

T 307.3§ 307.76t 310.651

Sr(OH)2(S) = SrO(s) + H 2 O(g) (7ii, 718) ((E) T I P [I T I P 7 0 3 . 1 0 . 0 0 8 9 9 0 7 . 1 0 . 1 9 6 725.1 0.0121 912.1 0.217 733.1 0.0141 943.1 0.308 0.0158 952.1 0.367 743.1 761.1 0.0229 962.1 0.413 776.1 0.0276 979.1 0.467 797.1 0.0414 994.1 0.567 1013.1 0.689 819.1 0.054 834.1 0.072 1015.1 0.692 1027.1 0.811 870.1 0.109 870.1 0.121 1038.1 0.862 901.1 0.197 I 1051.1 1.000

0.038 0.050 0.075 0.107

358.1* 361.0 362.6 373.1*

T 273.1 336.1

T I 312.55t 313.1(63) 323.1 (63)

P 0.02838 0.03157* 0.06126*

I

P [I T 0.083 I 351.1 0.317 U 381.1 AH = 11 500

I

P 0.395 0.541

* These values are not very reliable.

* From ( 8 4 4 ); all other values from (7H, 718).

Sr(OH)2.8H20(s) = Sr(OH)2.2H2O(s) -f 6H2O(g) (7ii, 718) (E) AH = 106 800; AH = 109 980 (Thomsen) For the compound of composition Sr (OH)2.4.2H2O: T I P Il T I P 2 8 8 . 3 0 . 0 1 4 6 3 3 5 . 6 0 . 2 0 0 3 301.0 0.0313 343.6 0.2888 311.5 0.0589 353.1 0.428 323.4 0.1091 363.2 0.624 t = tw + 2.2, where tw = the temperature at which the pressure of pure water is equal to that of the substance at temperature t. A material of the composition Sr(OH)2.2.2H2O (composed of the 9- and 2-hydrate), shows an average pressure between the two, according to the equation t = 0.93^ + 17 ( 711 > 7 I 8 ). The values of ( 844 ) are too low SrCl2.2H20(s) = SrCl2(S) + 2H2O(g) (8**)M(E) T I P u T I P 293.1 0.0024 353.1 0.091 313.1 0.0074 373.1 0.309 SrCl2.6H2O(s) = SrCl2.2H2O(s) + 4H2O(g) (18, 68, 458, 895, 1335); c/. (291, 844, 1325) (E)

H

SrCl2.NH3(s) = SrCl2(S) + NH3(g) (654*) (E)

0.126 0.141 0.150 0.314

Menzies (9 g 6) considers the values of ( 18 ) to be more accurate than those of Fro wein ( 458 ); AH = 12 760, calculated according to van't Hoff equation ( 458 ) T I P [I T I P 248.1(63) 0.00007* 298.1(63) 0.01101 258.1(63) 0.00014* 298.111 0.01121 273.1(63) 0.00050 298.76t 0.01029 287.85t 0.00432 298.7f 0.01147 288.1 (63) 0.00525 303.Of 0.01557 292.8f 0.00738 303.lit 0.01430 293.44t 0.00676 307.2f 0.02083

P 0.0186 0.02016 0.02617

* Interpolated according to equation: log P = 7.785 — 2794.1/(T + 152). tFrom( 18 ). Î From ( 4 S 8 ). §From( 8 9 5 ). || From (133S).

AH = 27 350 (Thomsen); AH = 20 700; t = 3.62^ + 416, where tw = the temperature at which the pressure of pure water is equal to that of the substance at the temperature t. Sr(OH)2.H2O(S) = Sr(OH)2(S) + H2O(g) (1Q3Q, 1Q32) (E) Sr(OH)2.7H20(s) = Sr(OH)2.H2O(s) + 6H2O(g) (1Q3Q, 1Q32) (E) Sr(OH)2.8H20(s) = Sr(OH)2.7H2O(s) + H 2 O(g) ( 103 Q, 103 Z) (E) Sr(OH)2.2H2O(s) = Sr(OH)2.H2O(s) + H2O(g) (711, ?18, 8*4) (E) T I P u T. \ P

326.7 332.2 343.3 352.3

\

SrCl2.8NH3(s) = SrCl2.(?)NH»(s) + xNH3(g) (654) (E) T I P Il T I P 273.1 0.105 305.9 j 0.803 291.1 0.339 AH = 9 90Ox SrBr2.6H20(s) = (?) + xH2O(g) (8*4) (E) T I P u T \ P 293.1 I 0.0023 u 313.1 | 0.0071 SrBr2.NH3(s) = SrBr2(S) + NH3(g) (654) (E) T I P u T I P 427.1 0.151 fj 488.1 0.541 AH = 16 800 SrBr2.2NH3(s) = SrBr2.NH3(s) + NH3(g) (654) (E) T \ P \\ T \ P 336.1 0.102 u 350.1 0.363 AH = 12 800 SrBr2.8NH3(s) = SrBr2.2NH3(s) + 6NH3(g) ( g 54) (E) T I P [I T I P 273.1 0.012 326.1 | 0.842 332.1 0.672 A# = 65 400 SrI2.2S02(s) = (?) + xSQ2(g) (392) (E) T I P u T I P 273.1 0.039 Jl 315.6 1.000 (extrap.) Aff = 11 06Ox SrI2.4S02(s) = (?) + xS02(g) (392) (E) T I P u T I P 273.1 0.118 292.1 0.329 279.1 0.171 307.1 1.000 (extrap.) 286.1 0.245 AH = 10 74Ox SrI2.NH3(s) = SrI2(S) + NH3(g) (654) (E) T I P [I T I P 481.1 0.155 503.1 j 0.330 488.1 0.200 AH = 18 300 SrI2.2NH3(s) = SrI2.NH3(s) + NH3(g) (654) (E) T I P [I T I P 380.1 0.039 426.1 | 0.258 410.1 0.151 AH = 15 500 SrI2.6NH3(s) = SrI2.2NH3(s) + 4NH3(g) ( 654 ) (E) T I P [I T \ P 336.1 0.087 380.6 | 0.574 349.7 0.143 AJJ = 50 400 SrI2.8NH3(s) = SrI2.6NH3(s) + 2NH3(g) (654) (E) T I P [I T I P 273.1 0.012 324.1 0.439 332.6 0.658 306.1 0.139 309.1 0.174 AH = 22 OOP

Ba(OH)2(aq) = Ba++ + 2QH~ (780, 781)

SrCO3(S) + CO2(g) + H2O(I) = Sr++ + 2HCO^ (i i»i) from (564)

AF298.i = -6 740; AFJ98.! = 9 052 (»»i) T

m lSr++)

Pco2

M1^

/CO2

(1/mï)

2 9 1 . 1 0 . 0 0 8 1 2 Î 0 7 9 9 0 . 1 5 6 1 . 8 8 8 2 291.1 .0257 35* 30.17 .278 1.8826 * And greater pressures.

SrCO3(S) + H2C03(aq) = Sr++ + 2HCOg (H9i)/roOT (975) g298.i = 6.93 X IQ"6; Ag298-1 = -1 940; AFJj98.! = 7 042 SrCO3(S) = SrO(S) + C02(g) T (180)

I

1 428.1 I

P

1.00

(«O,

595) ;

c/.

(453, 614) (E)

\\

T (595)

I

p

[I

1 418.1

I

1.00

Sr(HCOs) 2 = Sr++ + 2HCOg gm.i = 1.83 X IQ"5; AFJ91.! = 6 314 (ii9i)/ r o m (564) SrSiF6(?) = SrF2(?) + SiF4(g) (1398) (E)

T 752.7 780.6 795.7 808.6

I

P 0.0293 0.0857 0.2004 0.3319

I]

T 810.1 827.3 834.7 844.2

I

P 0.3518 0.6895 0.8953 1.2555

SrF2/SrSiF6 = 0.274 in solid phase; log P = -20 680/4.57177 + 1.751 log T + 0.319.

Ba, Barium Ba.6NH3(s) = Ba(s) + 6NH3(g) (1Q3); cf. (98i) (E) T I P u T I P 248:1 0.017 273.1 j 0.081 261.1 0.037 AH = 57 900 BaO(s) + M0 2 (g) = BaO2(S) (621) ; c/. (840) APg98.! = -13 200 (885) T I P Il T I P 891.1 0.0149 1 067.1 0.497 928.1 .0353 1 108.1 .945 970.1 .0861 1 126.1 1.220 1 010.1 .1855 1 141.1 1.534 BaO2.10H2O(s) = Ba++ + 2OH~ + H 2 O 2 (aq) + 8H2O(I) K273.i = 18.5 X IO"12; AF = 23 700; K 298 -I = 7.17 X 10~10; APJj98.! = 12 840 (877, 885)

AH

1 1 1 1 1

BaO2.10H20(s) = BaO2(S) + 10H2O(g) (877, 885) T I P Il T I P 295.1 0.0197 304.1 j 0.0372 298.1 .0245 APIj98-1 = 22 OOP BaH2(S) = Ba(s) + H8(g) ( 394 ) Ba(OH)2(I) = BaO(s) + H2O(g) (™i, 717) (E) (Thomsen) = 31 800; AH = 27 780 gives 7's as below; AP^1 = 25 900 (885) T I P I 7 u T I P I / 903.1 0.0121* 1 130.1 0.278 918.1 0.0158 1 143.1 0.308* 943.1 0.0229* 21.945 1 164.1 0.429 953.1 0.025 1 183.1 0.467* 21.967 983.1 0.0414* 1 187.1 0.507 022.1 0.072 21.958 1 223.1 0.661 022.1 0.074 1 224.1 0.692* 059.1 0.125 1 239.1 0.764 062.1 0.121* 1 263.1 0.921 102.1 I 0.196* 21.967 1 261.1 1.000*

* Values calculated from t — 4.0tw + 590, where t = temperature of substance; tw = temperature of KUO corresponding to P.

Ba(OH)2.H20(s) = Ba(OH) 2 + H 2 O(g) (843); cf. (iosi) AH = 14 800; AFJj98.! = 4 650 (885) T I P [I T I P 350.1 I 0.018 Jj 373.1 j 0.059 Ba(OH) 2.8H2O(s) = Ba++ + 2OH- + 8H2O(I) AF2V1 = 3 140 (885) Ba(OH)2.8H2O(s) = Ba(OH)2.H2O(s) + 7H2O(g) (717) (E) AP298.i = 18 350 (885) ; Ag (Thomsen) = 94 500; = 93 380 (717) T I P [I T I P Solid phase : Ba (OH)2.7H2O 290.8 0.0047 327.4 0.0604 305.3 0.0130 328.4 0.0675 312.2 0.0222 331.0 0.0791 313.9 0.0233 337.0 0.1204 323.9 0.0501 338.0 0.1241 Solid phase: Ba(OH)2.1.3H2O 285.0 0.0022 341.9 0.150 307.1 0.0161 349.0 0.226 331.1 0.0776 356.9 0.346 332.6 0.0850 360.1 0.414 BaCl2-H2O(S) = BaCl2(S) + H 2 O(g) (*30, 844, 1325). c/. (ioso, 1325) (E)

T 298.1* 313.1 333.1

I

P314.i = 0.0034 P H T 0.0033 353.1 0.005 373.1 0.0269

I

P 0.0665 0.357

* From ( 43 °); all other values from ( 844 ).

BaCl2.2H2O(s) = BaCl2JK2O (s) + H2O (g) (66, 458, 1 3 2 5 ) ; CJ. (291, 844, 986, 1035, 1036) (E)

P298.! = 0.0063 (430); = 0.00692 ("13); = 0.00724 (1335); = 0.0076 ± 0.0001 ( 15 Si); AH = 3 820 (4S8) ; c/. (1325) T I P Il T P 273.1 0.00124* 303.1 0.01063* 283.1 0.00259* 304.75f 0.01077 288.1 0.00372 308.05î 0.01529 288.lt 0.00314 308.1 0.01489* 289.lt 0.00347 309.3f 0.01709 291.35 0.00391 309.55f 0.01677 293.1 0.00532* 309.95t 0.01725 298.1 0.00754 310.4f 0.01774 298.78t 0.00718 313.1 0.02077 299.Ot 0.00730 316.55f 0.02779 301.95t 0.00938 323.1 0.03967* 303.05t 0.01047 * Values calculated according to equation: log P = 15.0870 — 9 839.59/ (T + 273.75). t From (458). an other values from (««). Menzies ( 98 «) considers the values of (1325) more reliable than those of ( 458 ). % From ( 132 S).

BaCl2.6H2O(s) = BaCl2.2H2O(s) + 4H2O(g) (844) (E)

T

I

P

[I

T

I

P

278.1 I 0.0071 Jl 283.1 | 0.0099 BaCl2.8NH3(s) = BaCl2(S) + 8NH3(g) ( 656 ) (E) T I P I] T I P 257.6 0.249 Il 262.3 0.378 258.1 0.254 II 273.1 0.658 AH = 72 QOO BaBr2.H20(s) = BaBr,(s) + H 2 O(g) (847) (E) T I P u T I P 313.1 0.030 343.1 0.120 333.1 0.076 348.1 0.151 338.1 0.089

BaBr2.2H20(s) = BaBr2.H2O(s) + H 2 O(g) (»47) (E) T 293.1

I I

P 0.0139

I] Il

T 333.1

I |

P 0.163

BaBr2.NH3(s) = BaBr2(S) + NH 3 (g) (656) (E) T 273.1

I

P || T 0.007 [i 314.1 A# = 11 800

I

P 0.049

BaBr2.2NH3(s) = BaBr2.NH3(s) + NH3(g) (656) (E) T I P || T I P 273.1 0.033 Il 306.1 0.288 A# = 10 600 BaBr2.4NH3(s) = BaBr2.2NH3(s) + 2NH3(g) ( 656 ) (E) T I P Il T \ P 273.1 0.064 Jl 306.1 0.654 AH = 20 400 BaBr2.8NH3(s) = BaBr2.4NH3(s) + 4NH3(g) (656) (E) T I P [I T I P 273.1 0.092 Ii 288.1 0.262 Il 306.1 0.843 277.1 0.132 Aff = 40 OOP BaI2.6H2Q(s) = (?) -f- xH 2 O(g) («47) (E) T I P [I T I P 293.1 I 0.0108 [I 333.1 | 0.079 BaI2.2S02(s) =. (?) + xS02(g) (392) (E)

T 288.1 302.1 314.1

r

P

u

r

l

P

0.086 322.1 0.987 1. PPP (extrap.) 0.191 322.6 0.513 Aff = 11 34Ox BaI2.4S02(s) = (?) + xS02(g) (392) (E)

I

p

II

y

I

P

273.1 0.500 282.1 0.820 275.6 0.576 285.6 1.000 (extrap.) 280.1 0.737 AH = 9 91Ox BaI2.2NH3(s) = Bal»(s) + 2NH3(g) ( 656 ) (E) T I P [I T I P 336.1 0.021 351.1 j 0.071 349.7 0.066 A# = 26 800 BaI2.4NH3(s) = BaI2.2NH3(s) + 2NH3(g) ( 65 S) (E)

r

I

p

Il

r

I

p

306.1

.

0.092 fj 336.1 0.441 Ag = 22 600 BaI2.6NH3(s) = BaI2.4NH3(s) + 2NH3(g) (656) (E) T I P [I T I P 273.1 0.018 U 306.1 0.132 AH = 22 200 BaI2.8NH3(s) = BaI2.6NH3(s) + 2NH3(g) ( 656 ) (E) T P [I T I P 273.1 0.030 Il 306.1 0.257 Ag = 21 400 BaI2.9NH3(s) = BaI2.8NH3(s) + NH3(g) (™*) (E)

T

P

il

y

I

P

273.1

0.179 fj 306.1 0.566 AH = 10 OOP BaI2-IO NH3(S) = BaI2.9NH3(s) + NH3(g) (656) (E)

r 195.1

I

p

Il

T

O.P24 H 273.1 AH = 7 7PP

l

P >1.111

Ba(N03)2(aq) 7 at 293.10K (il««)

""" m

I

P.PPP5 .PPl .PP2 .005 .Pl .P2 .P5 .1 .2

-log

7'

I

7'

P.P382 .P536 .0741 .1133 .1541 .2P74 .3PP2 .3898 .5P3P

I

P.915 .884 .843 .770 .7Pl .62P .5Pl .4P8 .314

6*

I

P.PP271 .PP535 .01053 .02556 .P4955 .P9532 .22274 .417P2 .76449

Q(H2O)

P.999975 .99995P .999898 .999750 .99952P .999P78 .99784P .995965 .992615

* 0 =• Freezing-point lowering, 0C.

BaCO3(S) + H2CO3(aq) = Ba++ + 2HCO^ #298.1 = 3.63 X IP"5; AF2V1 = 6 P6P (1191) from (975) BaCO3(S) -f C02(g) + H 2 O(I) = Ba++ + 2HCO? Log P./.289.I = 1.952; JfT289.! = 1.39 X IP-6; AF2Vi = 7 752; K298.! = °-92 X IP"6; AF = -7 86P; AFJ98-1 = 8 239 (* 19 i) from (975) ; X298.i = 1.22 X 1P~6; AFj98^1 = 8 P7P ("»!) from (1319)

C(Ba++)

C(HCO3")

PCO2

/CO2

/*?

(1/K$)

P.PP6P1P.PPl178 P.PPP5P4 P.PPP499P.P431.9257 .PP732 .PP1444 .PPP8P8 .PPP8PP .P47 1.9P63 .PPl17 .PP232 .PP333 .PP333 .P59 1.9P64 .PP196 .PP392 .P1387 .P1373 .P77 1.8862 .P0255 .00510 .0282 .0279 .087 1.8747 .00312 .00624 .0499 .0495 .P97 1.87PP .PP464 .PP928 .1417 .1403 .118 1.8485 .01156 .2529 .2504 .131 1.8369 .00578 .00690 .01380 .4217 .4175 .144 1.8341 .00766 .01532 .5529 .5474 .152 1.8279 .00843 .01686 .7292 .7220 .159 1.8263 .00941 .01882 .982 .973 .168 1.8217 .0137* .0274 1.000 .990 .203 1.6611 .0299* .0598 25.0 22.6 .299 1.7748 * Measurements by ( 564 ) at 291.10K, expressed in molalities.

BaCO3(S) = BaO(s) + CO2(g) Afl" = 62 200, at room temperature; Hedvall (595) employing the not very accurate isothermal method, by the continued addition of heat, found P = I atmosphere at a temperature of 1634.10K BaCO3(S) + SO^- = BaSO4(S) + CO~ (?) #298.1 = ca. 25; AFg98-1 = — 1 908; dj5 given in original W(K 2 SO 4 )

W(K 2 COS)

I

Al

j

Km

T = 298.10K 0.00331 0.0690 0.217 20.9 .01218 .1873 .598 15.4 .0580(s) .5243 1.747 9.03 T = 353.10K P.P1178 P.P6P4 P.217 5.13 .P2756 .1223 .45P 4.49 .1704(s) .463P 1.9PP 2.72 T = 373.10K P.P1533 P.P571 P.217 3.73 .P3639 .1131 .448 3.11 .2279(s) .4144 1.927 1.82 K2SO4(aq) and K2CO3(aq) by BaCl2(aq); the solid phases may not be pure; ^Wi = ca- 8; AFJj98^ = ca. -l 23P ("67, 1168) C(K2SO4)

P.PPP5 .PPP9 .PP28

I

C(K2CO3)

I

C(KCi)

|

T = 293.10K P.PP72 P.PPP68 .PP68 .PPP68 .P164 .OP17

Mc

P.P238 .P238 .P593

I

KC

14.5 7.6 5.9

2BaCO3(S).—(Continued)

BaCO3(S) + SO—.—(Continued) C(K2SO4)

I

C(K2CO3)

I

C(KCi)

\

Uc

\

Kc

T = 293.1°K.—(Continued) 0.0160 0.0017 0.0593 .0619 .0068 .2366 .0607 .0068 .2366 .287 .034 1.183 .279 .034 1.183 T = 369.10K 0.300 0.034 1.183 .294 .034 1.183

0.0032 .0147 .0159 .096 .104 0.083 .089

5.0 4.2 3.8 3.0 2.7 3.6 3.3

Ba(HCOs) 2 (S) = Ba++ + 2HCO^ g«98.i = 2.50 X IP"5; AF2V1 = 6 282 (ll9l)/rom (»7S) ; c/. (564) BaSiF6(?) = BaF2(?) + SiF4(g) (1398) (E) log P = -30 000/4.571 T + 1.75 log T + C, where C is dependent upon n* T

I

P

[I

T

^ 0.0687 = Q 16 1 009.1 0.1170 1 020.1 0.4803 1 042.6 n* = 0.415 0.0821 1 017.1 0.2132 1 038.1 0.3902 1054.1 n* = 1.23 0.0162 1 005.1 0.0379 1 014.6 0.1200 1 043.6 0.1364 1 049.6

942.6 962.6 1008.1 960.1 995.1 1008.1 932.6 952.6 987.6 992.1

P

I

0.4913 0.7092 1.464 0.5039 0.9280 1.862 0.1995 0.2735 0.6426 0.7257

* n = BaF2/BaSiF6.

BaCrO4(S) + H + = Ba++ -f UCrO* 0

In HCl(aq) at 291.1 K (?i) || C(SH+)

I

0.2 .3 .4 .5 .6

C(SCr)

Il

0.0251 .0355 .0443 .0548 .0662

0

In HCl(aq) 310.1 K (71) C(SH+)

0.1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6

|

C(SCr)

I

0.0202 .0367 .0535 .0702 .0875 .106

In HNO3(aq) at 291.10K («o«) || In HNO3(aq) 310.10K (806) C(SH+)

I

0.2 .3 .4 .5 .6

C(SCr)

||

0.0251 .0355 .0443 .0548 .0662

C(SH+)

|

0.1 .2 .3 .4 .5

C(SCr)

0.0202 .0367 .0535 .0702 .0875

.106

L6

BaO.BaC08(s) = 2BaO(s) + CO2(g) (423) ;c/. (io.s,i80,667.5)(E)

T

\

1 293.1 1 393.1

P

\\

T

\

0.0025 Il 1 523.1 0.0137 II 1 727.1* Aff = 2 100

P 0.0893 0.987

* At higher temperatures the solid phase liquefies.

2BaCO3(S) = BaO.BaCO3*(s) + CO2(g) (423) (E)

T 1 1 1 1 1

188.1 218.1 238.1 268.1 273.1

I

P 0.0005 0.0011 0.0016 0.0032 0.0036

[I

T 1 293.1 1 318.1 1 343.1 1 368.1 1 373.1

I

P 0.0053 0.0086 0.0137 0.0214 0.0233

1 1 1 1

T I P Il 3 9 3 . 1 0 . 0 3 3 0 1 418.1 0.0504 1 468.1 0.1116 1 493.1 0.161 1 Aff = 63 200

T I P 528.10.272 573.1 0.503 623.lt 0.967 625.1 1.000

* The resulting BaO.BaCOs can dissolve BaO as well as BaCO3. f At higher temperatures the basic carbonate exists as a fused mass. Pure BaCOa melts at 1623.10K.

3Ba(NH2)2(s) = Ba3N2(S) + 4NH3(g) (794, 980)

Li, Lithium Li(s) ; A#°, AF0 = O Li(s) = Li+ + E#298.1 = 2.9578; AFJj98^1 = -68 248 (8»S) from (s™) LiH(s) = Li(I) + ^H2(g) (394) LiOH(aq) = Li+ + QH~ (780, 781) 2LiOH(S) = Li2O(S) + H20(g) (7"> 717) (E) AH (cale.) = 24 OQO; AH (Thomsen) = 24 OOP T I • P u T I P 793.1 0.003 1 038.1 0.259 1 055.1 0.309* 823.1 0.009 834.1 0.012* 1 085.1 0.424 867.1 0.0229* 1 099.1 0.467* 883.1 0.030 1 119.1 0.546 1 148.1 0.692* 935.1 0.072* 1 156.1 0.729 943.1 0.082 1 176.1 0.856 973.1 0.121* 997.1 0.159 1 197.1 1.000* 1 013.1 0.196* * Interpolated according to equation: log P = 3.9iw + 530, where tw = the temperature at which the pressure of pure water is equal to the pressure of the LiOH at the measured temperature.

LiCLH2O(S) = LiCl(s) + H20(g) (657, 658) (E) T I P u T I P 303.1 0.0005 333.1 0.008 308.1 0.0010 338.1 0.0116 313.1 0.0016 343.1 0.0153-0.0174 318.1 0.0021 373.6 0.118* 375.lt 0.132f 323.1 0.0037 328.1 0.0050 AH = 14 630 * Quadruple point,

t Extrapolated from ( 6 5 7 ); all other values from ( 658 ).

LiC1.2H20(s) = LiCLH2O(S) + H2O(g) (657, 658) (E) T I P u T I P 273.1 0.0005 285.6 0.003* 283.1 0.0016 338.1 0.132f AH = 13 700 * Quadruple point,

t Extrapolated from ( 6 5 7 ); all other values from (658).

LiC1.3H2O(s) = LiC1.2H2O(s) + H2O(g) (657, T I P [I T I 238.1 0.0003 256.6 331.1 244.1 0.0004 248.1 0.0004 AH = 13

658) (E) P 0.0010* 0.132f 600Î

* Quadruple point, f Extrapolated from ( 6 5 7 ); all other values from (6^8). Î Calculated according to the Nernst equation.

LiCLNH3(S) = LiCl(s) + NH3(g) ( 100 > 15S) (E) T I P [I T \ P 343.1 0.132* 382.3 0.850 392.1 1.283 361.1 0.337 369.1 0.483 AH = 12 400 * Extrapolated from ( 10 °); all other values from (153).

LiC1.2NH3(s) T I 317.1 341.9 350.1

= LiCLNH3(S) + NH3(g) ( 100 > 153) (E) P II T I P 0.132* 356.1 0.972 0.491 372.3 1.289 0.734 I Ag = 11 500 (iQQ)

* Extrapolated from ( 1 0 0 J; all other values, from ( 153 ).

LiC1.3NH3(s) = LiC1.2NH3(s) + NH 3 (g) ( 100 > 153) (E)

r

I

296.6 305.9 316.1 323.1

P 0.132* 0.233 0.421 0.622

Il

r

I

P

333.1 1.040 335.3 1.161 338.1 1.330 Ag = 10 700 (ioo)

* Extrapolated from ( 10 °); all other values from ( 153 ).

LiCl^NH1(S) = LiCLSNH8(S) + NH 3 (g) ( 100 > 153) (E) T I P [I T I P 273.1 0.505 285.84 0.992 282.1 0.842 289.6 1.053 AH = 8 800 LiCLSNH8(S) = LiCUNH3(S) + NH 3 (g) ( 10 °) (E) T I P [I T I P 214.6 0.0326 228.1 | 0.116 223.1 0.076 AH = 8 OOP LiCLCH 3 NH 2 (S) = LiCl(s) + CH 3 NH 2 (g) (iss) (E) T I P [I T I P 339.3 0.664 347.5 | 1.077 344.1 0.845 Aff = 13 800 LiC1.2CH3NH2(s) = LiCLCH3NH2(S) + CH3NH2(g) ( 153 ) (E) T I P [I T I P 300.1 0.196 323.3 | 0.845 313.1 0.457 Ag = 12 100 LiC1.3CH3NH2(s) = LiC1.2CH3NH2(s) + CH3NH2(g) (153) (E) T \ P [I T I P 295.5 0.380 313.6 | 1.088 308.1 0.789 A# = 10 900 LiCLC 2 H 6 NH 2 (S) = LiCl(s) + C 2 H 5 NH 2 (g) (153) (E) T I P Il T I P 362.4 0.996 || 364.8 1.129 Ag = 10 500 LiC1.2C2H5NH2(s) = LiCLC2 H 6 NH2(S) + C 2 H 5 NH 2 (g) (iss) (E) T I P [I T \ P 342.5 0.978 || 345.1 1.105 Ag = 11 100 LiC1.3C2H6NH2(s) = LiC1.2C2H5NH2(s) + C 2 H 5 NH 2 (g) (153) (E) T I P [I T I P 330.1 0.916 II 334.1 1.107 AH = 10 500 LiC104.4NH3(s) = (?) +xNH 3 (g) (E) P = 1.00 at room temperature (385) LiBr.H20(s) = LiBr(s) + H 2 O(g) (657, 658) (E) T I P H T I P 353.1 0.0024 413.1 0.132* 376.8 0.0122 432.1 0.30Of 393.1 0.0343 Ag = 17 25Ot * From ( 6 5 7 ), all other values from ( 658 ). !Quadruple point. $ Calculated according to the Nernst equation.

LiBr.2H20(s) T I 277.1 290.6-294.6 299.1

= LiBr.H2O(s) + H 2 O(g) (657, 658) (E) P [I T I P 0.00018 301.1 0.0013 0.00079 303.1 0.0016 0.0010 305.1 O.0037f

LiBr.2H2O(s).—(Continued] 35^9.1*

!

Q. £a

Ag = I 7 7 3 QI

* From ( 6 5 7 ) ; all other values from ( 658 ). f Quadruple point. according to Nernst equation.

Î Calculated

LiBr.3H20(s) = LiBr.2H2O(s) -f H 2 O (g) (E) P335.! = 0.132

(657)

LiBr.NH3(s) = LiBr(s) + NH 3 (g) (ioo, 153) (E) AH = 13 600 (ioo); 13 400 (153) T I P I] T I P 334.1 0.0138 368.6* 0.961 349.7 0,0349 370.6* 1.060 353.1 0.0428 372.1* 1.138f 365.1* 0.0826t 375.1 0.132f 366.1 0.0874 384.1 0.199 * From ( 153 ); all other values from ( 10 °); difficult to determine which are more accurate, t Extrapolated.

LiBr.2NH3(s) T I 321.1* 358.1 360.6

= LiBr.NH3(s) + NH3(g) (ioo, iss) (E) P Il T P 0.132f 363.6 1.115 0.862 365.1 1.216f 0.9761 Ag = 11 800*

* From ( 10 °); all other values from (153). t Extrapolated.

LiBr.3NH3(s) = LiBr.2NH3(s) + NH 3 (g) (ioo, 153) (E) T I P Il T I P 306.1* 0.132f 344.9 1.062 340.1 0.837 Ag = 11 100* * From ( 10 °); all other values from (153). f Extrapolated.

LiBr.4NH8(s) = LiBr.3NH3(s) + NH 3 (g) (ioo, 153) (E) T I P Il T I P 2 9 3 . 1 * 0 . 1 3 2 f 3 3 1 . 1 1 . 0 0 0 327.1 0.812f 333.1 1.088 329.1 0.896 AH = 10 200* * From (i°°); all other values from (is 3 ),

f Extrapolated.

LiBr.5NH3(s) = LiBr.4NH3(s) + NH 3 (g) (i°°) (E) T \ P [I T I P 213.1 0.025 H 233.1 0.174 (I 253.1 0.629 223.1 0.071 AH = 8 050 LiBr.6KNH3(s) = LiBr.5NH3(s) + 1^NH3(g) (ioo) (E) T I P Il T P 194.6 0.047 Il 213.1 0.207 AH = 10 350 LiLKH 2 O(S) = Lil(s) + KH 2 0(g) (E) P486.i = 0.132; AH = 10 200 (657) LiLH2O(S) = LiLKH 2 O(S) + KH 2 O(g) (657) (E) T I P II T I P <403.1 0.0086* Il 451.1 0.132 AH = 9 500 * Quadruple point.

LiI.2H20(s) = LiLH2O(S) + H 2 O(g) (657) (E) T I P Il T P 350.1 0.0059* U 401.1 0.132 (extrap.) AH = 16 800 * Quadruple point.

LiL3H2O(s) = LiI.2H2O(s) + H2O (g) (657) (E) T I P Il T I P 343.6 0.009* Il 385.1 0.132 (extrapT) Ag = 16 OOP * Quadruple point.

LiLSO2(S) = (?) + xS02(g) (392) (E) I P [I T I P 0.329 273.1 0.592 0.362 281. l l. 000 (extrap.) AH = 9 74Ox 0.382 LiI.2S02(s) = (?) + xS02(g) (392) (E) T \ P Il T \ P 252.6 0.355 265.6 0.671 259. l 0.500 272. l l. 000 (extrap.) 261.6 0.553 AH = 9 40Ox LiLNH3(S) = Lil(s) + NH 3 (g) ("><>) (E) T \ P II T \ P 3 8 8 . 1 0 . 0 1 1 2 4 0 8 . 1 j 0 . 0 3 0 9 398.1 0.0195 AH = 16 000 LiI.2NH3(s) = LiI.NH3(s) + NH 3 (g) (*oo) (E) T \ P Il T P 337.9 0.0132 363.1 0.054 351.3 0.0276 373.1 0.0821 353.1 0.0320 AH = 13 800 LiL3NH3(s) = LiI.2NH3(s) + NH 3 (g) ( 10 °) (E) T \ P Il T P 291.1 0.0068 329.1 0.0864 307.6 0.0221 337.9 0.140 AH = 12 200 319.1 0.0509 LiI.4NH3*(s) = LiI.3NH3(s) + NH 3 (g) (ioo, 385) (E) T \ P U Tf I Pf 288.1J 0.008 338.1 0.214 307.6 0.030 348.1 0.408 319.1 0.061 356.1 0.638 329.1 0.103 360.1 0.804 334.6 0.133 363.1 0.979 337.9 0.159 AH = 11 600 (lQQ) T 261.1 263.6 265.6

* According to (385) LÌI.4NEU exists in an unstable form for which P = 0.434 at T = 230.10K. f From ( 3 8 5 J; all other values from ( 10 °).

LiLSNH3(S) = LiI.4NH3(s) + NH3(g) (10°) (E) T I P Il T ] P 203.1 0.009 233.1 0.159 213.1 0.0266 253.1 0.661 223.1 0.067 AH = 8 300 LiLo^NH3(S) = LiLSNH3(S) + ^NH 3 (g) (*<><>) (E) T I P [I T \ P 194.6 0.033 213.1 j 0.162 203.1 0.071 AH = 3 600 LiLTNH3(S) = LiLSKNH3(S) + l^NH 3 (g) (*QQ) (E) T I P Il T I P 194.6 0.0386 213.1 0.197 203.1 0.092 AH = 10 650 LiC2H3O2-C2H4O2(S) = LiC2H3O2(S) +C 2 H 4 O 2 Cg) ( 846 ) (E) T I P || T I P 353.1 I 0.046 Il 373.1 | 0.197 Li2SO4-H2O(S) = Li2SO4(S) + H 2 0(g) ( 848 ) (E) T I P [I T I P 333.1 0.029 373.1 0.242 353.1 0.080 381.1 0.347 Li2CQ3(S) = Li2O(S) + CQ2(g) (717>837) (E) T \ P y T I P 883.1* 0.0013 913.1 0.011 883.1 0.0013 983.1 0.021 893.1 0.004 996.1* 0.005

Li2CO3(S),—(Continued) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

T 013.1 043.1 058.1* 073.1 083.1* 103.1 113.1 133.1 133.1*

I

I

P 0.025 0.030 0.013 0.038 0.020 0.045 0.049 0.054 0.029

I]

T 1 161.1* 1 163.1 1 183.1* 1 203.1 1 235.1* 1 273.1 1 283.1* 1 473.1

I

P 0.042 0.067 0.054 0.080 0.083 0.120 0.131 0.395

* From ( 7 1 7 ); all other values from ( 8 3 7 ); difficult to determine which are more accurate.

Li2SiF6 (s) = LiF (?) + SiF4(S) ( 1^s) (E) log P = -25 200/4.57177 + 1.75 log T + 0.0130677 - 0.041766T2 + 0.319

T 753.1 775.1 791.1 812.1 824.1

I

P 0.0399 0.1104 0.2203 0.3646 0.6713

[I

T 836.1 844.1 848.1 862.1

I

P 0.9510 1.036 1.3037 1.789

Na, Sodium

Na(s) ; AH0, AF0 = O Na(s) = Na+ + E#298.i = 2.7125; AFg98.! = -62 588 (8»S) from (is, 1»1Q)

Na(s) = Na (in amalg.) %Na = 0.206, #298.1 = 0.8453 (i 9 ™); cf. (l*17) NaH(s) = Na(g) + KH 2 (g) log p = -5 7QO/I7 - 2.5 log T + 1.075 (759) NaOH (lowest hydrate) = NaOH(s) + xH2O(g) (**) (E) T I P Il T I P 2 7 3 . 1 0 . 0 0 0 0 5 3 2 3 . 1 0 . 0 0 1 5 1 298.1 0.00020

NaCl(s) ; AP2V1 = -91 792 (***) from (is) NaC1.5NH3(s) = NaCl(s) + 6NH3(g) (ioo) (E) P H T I P 0.0094 Ij 223.1 j 0.145 0.053 II 249.1 1.022 AH = 39 OOP NaBr.2H20(s) = NaBr(s) + 2H2O(g) (211, 844);c/. (1325)(E)

'

T 194.6 213.1

I

T 283.1 293.1*

I

P 0.0045 0.00720

Il

T 293.1 303.1

I

P 0.01007 0.0204


NaBr.5MNH3(s) = NaBr(s) + 5KNH3(g) (ioo) (E) T I P Il T I P 213.1 0.0108 233.1 0.0695 218.1 0.0179 243.1 0.158 AH = 44 360 NaBr.6%WH,(s) = NaBr.5HNH3(s) -f KNH3(g) (ioo) (E) T 194.6

I

P [I T 0.047 |1 203.1 AH = 3 475

\

P 0.0953

NaI.2H20(s) = Nal(s) + 2H2O(g) (526, 847) (E)

I

T 294.96* 302.90* 303.1 311.86*

P

I]

0.00287 0.00514 0.0057 0.00972

T

I

313.1 323.1 333.1

P 0.0118 0.022 0.037

NaL2S02(s) - (?) + xS02(g) (392) (E)

I

P 0.096 0.145 0.237 0.276 0.404

Il

T I P 276.1 0.500 280.1 0.629 284.6 0.809 288.1 0.987 AJ? = 10 QlOx

NaI.4S02(s) = (?) + xS02(g) (392)(E)

T 271,1 273.1

I

P 0.671 0.763

H

T I P 278.1 [ 1.000 (extrap.) AH = 9 65Ox

NaI.4KNH3(s) = Nal(s) + 4^NH,(g) (ioo)

T 233.1 243.1 253.1

I

P 0.0084 0.0172 0.0375

2PbCO3(S) + Na+ + CO~ + H2O(I) = NaPb2(CO3)2OH(s) + HCO3g,9i.i > 12 (36)

* From ( 5 2 6 ); all other values from ( 847 ).

T 253.1 261.6 265.6 268.1 273.1

NaC2Cl3O2-C2H4O2(S) = NaC2Cl3O2(S) + C2H4O2(g) (E) P403.1 = 0.500; if the content of C 2 H 4 O 2 falls to 0.27 mole, the pressure falls to 0.395 atm. (846)

||

3NaPb2(C03)2OH(s) + H 2 O(I) = 2(2PbCO3-PbOH)(s) -f SNa+ + COr +HCOJ A/K'291.1 < 0.05 (36) NaPb2(CO3)2OH(s) + CrOj- = PbCrO4.PbO(s) + COj- + HCOJ + Na+ K291.i = ca. 6.6 (36) NaCr(S04)2.12H20(s) = (?) + xH2O(g) (399) (E)

T 324.1 336.Ì 344.1

I

P 0.057 0.109 0.161

T I P 263.1 0.0770 273.1 0.162 Ag = 42 300

P [I T 0.014 208.1 0.024 213.1 0.0321 218.1 Ag = 11 250

I

P 0.0522 0.078 0.113

NaHC2O4.3H2O(s) = NaHC 2 O 4 (s) + 3H2O(g) (66) (E) log P = 16.7013 - 11 042.9/(T7 -f 290.1)

T 248.1 258.1 273.1 278.1 283.1 288.1

I

P [I T 0.00014 293.1 0.00036 298.1 0.00118 303.1 0.00183 308.1 0.00271 313.1 0.00399 323.1 AH = 26 040 (Thomsen)

\

P 0.00579 0.00841 0.01209 0.01730 0.02461 0.04895

NaC 2 H 3 O 2 -IKH 2 O(S) = (?) + xH2O(g) (»43) (E)

T 288.1 293.1

I

P 0.00270 0.0047

Il

T 303.1 308.1

I

P 0.0091 0.0138

NaC2H3O2.3H2O(s) = NaC2H3O2(S) + 3H2O(g);c/. (1325) (E) NaC2H3O2-SH2O(S)

=

NaC2H3O2.lJiH2O(s)

+

lKH 2 O(g)

( 8 4 3 ) ; c/. (1033)

T

I

P

||

T

I

I

P 0.213 0.317 0.503

NaAl(S04)2.12H20(s) = (?) + xH2O(g) (851); cf. (1033) (E)

(E)

T I P u T I P 3 0 4 . 1 0 . 0 2 6 3 2 8 . 1 0 . 1 3 3 315.1 0.064 332.1 0.164 323.1 0.103

NaI.6NH3(s) = NaI.4KNH3(s) + l^NH,(g) (ioo) (E)

T 195.1 200.1 203.1

T 349.1 353.1 363.1

[I

P

288.1 0.0032 308.1 0.0201 293.1 0.0058 313.1 0.0271 298.1 0.0091 323.1 0.0464 303.1 0.0138 NaC2H3Q2-C2H4O2(S) = NaC2H3O2(S) + C 2 H 4 O 2 (g) ( 846 ) (E) T I P U T I P 393.1 0.082 I 413.1 0.171 403.1 0.125 423.1 0.292 NaC2H3O2.2C2H402(s) = NaC2H3O2.C2H4O2(s) + C2H4O2(g) (E) P348.i = 0.145 (846)

Na 2 SO 4 (aq) 7 at 273.10K (1188) m

I

-log y'

0.0005 .001 .002 .005 .01 .02 .05 .1 .2

\

0.0365 .0507 .0701 .1060 .1433 .1903 .2701 .3482 .4276

yf

[

0.920 .890 .851 .783 .719 .645 .537 .449 .374

0*

I

0.00271 .00536 .01057 .02574 .05013 .09706 .22978 .43551 .85767

Q(H 2 O)

0.999975 .999950 .999895 .999748 .999515 .999060 .997775 .995787 .991715

* o = Freezing-point lowering, 0C.

Na2SO4-TH2O(S) = Na2SO4(s) + 7H2O(g) (1389, 1557); c/. (843, 844) (E)

T 293.1* 294.1 295.1 296.0

I

P 0.0174 0.0188 0.0203 0.0218

[I

T 296.7 297.0 297.2 297.5

\

P 0.0232 0.0237 0.0241 0.0249

* From (1389); an other values from O 55 ?).

Na2SO4-IOH2O(S) = Na2SO4(S) + 10H2O(g) (66, 68, 843, 844, 1335, 1389, 1531, 1557) • cfm (437, 1033) (E)

AH = 188000 (Berthelot); = 192 600 (Thomsen); = 244 000 (1557) calculated from van't Hoff equation; log P = 7.685 - 2794.1/

T 273.1* 273.lt 278.1J 282.1 283.lt 288.lt 293.1* 293.lt 293.1

I

(T + 3) (68) P y T 0.00368 0.0050 0.00684 0.00689 0.0092 0.01276 0.01743 0.0183 0.0164

294.7 296.1 297.2 298.1J 298.1§ 298. l|| 298.1 298.lt 299.0

I

P 0.0186 0.0207 0.0224 0.02526 0.02521 0.02529 0.0238 0.0250 0.0255

Na2SO4-IOH2O(S),- (Continued) T 300.1 301.2 302.lt

P 0.0276 0.0299 0.0316

I

[I

T 302.6 304.1 305.5

I

P 0.0329 0.0367 0.0405 If

*From (66). t From (843, 844). J From (68). § From (1335). (i 55 7) ; all other values from ( 138 S). f Transition point.

|| From

Na2S203.5H20(s) = Na2S2O3(S) + 5H2O(g) («49) ;c/. (1032,1325) (E)

r

P

I

y

r

I

( 1 0 3 0 , 1 3 2 5 ) (E) i

p

Ti

298.1

I

0.0117

u

rp (1090)

298.1 j

P

0.0128

Na2HPO4.7H2O(s) = Na2HPO4.2H2O(s) + 5H2O(g) (437, 843, 1031, 1531) ;cfm (1030, 1325) (E)

T 273.1 278.1 283.1 288.1 290.6* 293.1 298.1 298.lt 298.IJ 299.35* 299.7* 303.1 * From (1031).

I

P 0.0024 0.0036 0.0051 0.0075 0.00837 0.01065 0.0157 0.0163 0.01909 0.0167 0.0176 0.0237

f From (437).

y

T I P 305.7* 0.0250 308.1 0.0342 313.1 0.0507 329.2* 0.1042 0.1146 330.9* 332.3* 0.1134 333.1 0.149 333.2* 0.1229 334.9* 0.1341 353.1 0.3579 372.1 0.784

J From (issi). aii other values from (8*3).

Na2HPO4.12H2O(s) = Na2HPO4.7H2O(s) + 5H2O(g) (66, 437, 458, 1531) ;cff (843, 844, 1030, 1031) (E)

Atf = 56 100 (Thomsen); = 112 200 («*) ; qf. (132S) T I P y T I P 248.1 0.00037* 293.25t 0.01717 258.1 0.00095* 296.12j 0.02130 273.1 0.00350 298.1 0.00754 278.1 0.00530* 298.IJ 0.02517 279.9Ot 0.00607 298.1§ 0.0237 283.1 0.00793* 300.1Ot 0.02840 283.92t 0.00839 303.1 0.01063 288.1 0.01175 308.1 0.01491 288.1Ot 0.01163 313.1 0.02076 290.38t 0.01385 323.1 0.03967 293.1 0.00532* * Calculated according to equation: log P = 11.2764 — 5 172/(T -f 103.63). t From (458). % From (issi). § From (437) ; an other values from (66).

Na2HAsO4.12H2O(s) = Na2HAsO4.7H2O(s) + 5H2O(g) (843, 1114 ) (E) T \ P u T I P 273.1 0.0013 303.1* 0.02006 278.1 O.0016 308.1* 0.02729 283.1 0.0028 313.1 0.0382 288.1 0.0045 333.1 0.101 293.1 0.0061 343.1 0.149 298.1 0.0129 353.1 0.247 298.1* 0.01461 373.1 0.558 303.1 0.0197 AH* = 4 650 for H2O(I) * From (ii 14); all other values from f843i

665)

Na2CO3(S) = Na2O(S) + CO2(g) .(837, 717) (E)

P

288.1 0.0037 308.1 0.0154 293.1 0.0054 313.1 0.0238 Na2HP04.2H20(s) = Na2HPO4(S) + 2H2O(g) (437, 1090) ; c/. ^1 ^437^

Lescoeur ( 84 3) ascribes the above values to the 7-hydrate. He gives the following values for the change from the 12-hydrate to 7-hydrate : T I P u T I P 273^1 0.0041 288.1 0.0151 278.1 0.0059 293.1 0.0211 283.1 0.0099 I Na2CO3(I) + 4C (graph.) + N2(g) = 2NaCN(I) + 3CO(g) (416,

T

1 1 1 1 1 1 1

933.1* 973.1 003.1 038.1* 093.1 130.1* 153.1 193.1* 248.1*

I

P 0.0022 0.0013 0.0020 0.0038 0.0039 0.0051 0.013 0.0061 0.0075

Il

T 1 263.1 1 283.1 1 323.1 1 353.1 1 373.1 1 423.1 1 453.1 1 473.1

I

P 0.016 0.018 0.021 0.025 0.028 0.037 0.050 0.054

Il

* From ( 7 1 7 ); all other values from ( 837 ); difficult to determine which are more accurate.

2NaHCO3(S) = Na2CO3(s) + H2O(g) + CO2(g) (266) (E) log P = 8.9377 - 3 340/77 T I P H T I P 303.1 0.0082 373.1 0.9620 380.5 1.4501 323.1 0.0395 343.1 0.1584 383.1 1.6481 363.1 0.5451 384.8 1.8410 365.5 0.6151 388.6 2.1772 Na2CO3-H2O(S) = Na2CO3(S) + H2O(g) (226, 843) (E) AH = 13 800; log P = 7.944 - 3000.0/T7 T I P [I T .I P 293.1* 0.0047 349.5 0.2192 303.6 0.0104 353.4 0.2843 313.5 0.0209 356.2 0.3202 324.1 0.0482 359.5 0.3909 330.2 0.0705 363.4 0.4781 339.5 0.1226 365.8 0.5525 343.2 0.1601 370.8 | 0.7093 * From (84 3 ); all other values from (2*6).

Na2C03.10H20(s) = Na2CO3.7H2O(s) + 3H2O(g) (66) ; cf. (843) (E) T I P Il T I P 248.1 0.00038* 288.1 0.01146 258.1 0.00097* 293.1 0.01656* 273.1 0.00350 298.1 0.02369 305.12 0.03850* 278.1 0.00530* 283.1 0.00784* AH = 16 470 (Thomsen) * Calculated according to equation: log P = 7.9263 — 3 634.51/(r -f 46.45).

Na2C4H406.2H2Q(s) = (?) + xH2O(g) (*™) (E) T I P Il T I P 282.2 0.0099 303.1 0.0367* 285.8 0.0126 308.1 0.0488* 288.1 0.0145* 310.6 0.0563 290.3 0.0164 313.1 0.0643* 293.1 0.0200* 314.1 0.0688 295.1 0.0228 317.7 0.0820 321.7 0.0995 296.6 0.0245 298.1 0.0272* * Interpolated according to equation: t = l.QOtw + 2.3, where tw = the temperature at which water has the same pressure as the compound at the temperature, t.

nNa2SiF6(?) = mNaF(?) + SiF4 (g) ( 1398 ) (E) n = moles Na2SiF6, m = moles NaF in solid phase; log P = -30 600/4.57177 + 1.75 log T - 0.00182377 -f 0.319 T I P II T I P n = 0.976; m = 0.024 n = 0.776; m = 0.224 1 049.1 0.0136 989.1 0.0039 1 098.1 0.0509 1 103.1 0.0517 1 202.1 0.3173 1 199.1 0.3177 1 225.1 0.4609 1 251.1 0.6110 n = 0.511; m = 0.489 n = 0.330; m = 0.670 1 105.1 0.0559 1 171.1 0.1873 1 197.1 0.2842 1 234.1 0.5207 1 248.6 0.6137 1 251.6 0.6634 1 277.1 0.8405 1 320.1 1.1148 1 310.1 1.415 1 380.1 1.485 n = 0.092; m = 0.908

1 158.1 1 220.1

0.1482 0.4011

1 291.1 1 343.1

0.9044 1.2601

1 256.1 I 0.6772 Na2B407.5H20(s) = (?) + xH 2 O(g) (849) ( E ) T I P II T I P 333.1 0.040 [I 338.1 | 0.059 Na2B407.10H2O(s) = Na2B4O7.5H2O(s) + 5H2O(g) (E) P293.! = 0.01145 (849)

KH(s) = K(I) + KHs(g) log p = -5 850/77 + 2.6 log T + 1.014 (759) KOH (lowest hydrate) = KOH(s) + xH2O(g) (E) P323.i = 0.000009 (69) KOH.KH20(s) = KOH(s) + JiH2O(g) (E) P303.1 = 0.00

KOH.%H20(s) = KOH.KH 2 0(s) + KH a O(g) (E) P304.85 = 0.00097 (i 4 8 ) KOH.H20*(s) = KOH.%H20(s) + HHsO(g) O 4 8 ) (E)

T

300.85

Deliquescent O 0.18 0.30 0.57 1.98 6.00 6.01 6.01 6.01

K, Potassium

Deliquescent Deliquescent O 0.16 0.43 1.62 1.96 5.96 5.96 5.96

K(s) ; AH0, AF> = O K.NH3(s) = K(s) + NH3(g) (706) (E) K(s) = K+ + EJ^98-1 = 2.2924; AFJj98-1 = -67 431 (885) from («69)

P

u

T

I

P

0.0020

||

314.85

|

0.00275

KOH.2H2O(s) = KOH.H2O(s) + H 2 O(g) (E) P 30 (K 85 = 0.00475 (i 48 ) KCl(aq) (1193) m

I

0.1 .2 .5

7293.1

[I

0.772 .715 .651

m

I

1.0 2.0

T293.1

0.601 .570

KClO3(S) ; AFSJ98-1 = -69 250 ( 88 S)

An>2.2 = Q ( - )

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 97

I

* KOH.H 2 O dissolves KOH.^H 2 O in very small amounts, therefore the dissociation pressure does not diminish abruptly at the transition point, but diminishes continuously over a very small interval. The same holds for KOH.%H 2 O, which can absorb KOH.^H 2 O in small amounts.

NaNO3.CaS2O3.Na2S2O3.11H2O(s) = NaNO3.CaS2O3.6H2O(s) + Na2S2O3.6H795 2 O(s) 5 Na1[Fe(CsO4)J-SHsO(S) = Na 3 [Fe(C 2 O 4 ) 3 ](s) + 3H2O(g) (E) P298.i = 0.0003 - 0.0008 (916) Na3[Fe(C204)3].9H20(s) = Na 3 [Fe(C 2 O 4 ) 3].3H2O(s) + 6H2O(g) (E) P 298 .i = 0.0116 - 0.0176 (916) Na 3 (NH 4 ) 3 [FeCC 2 0 4 ) 3 ] 2 .7H 2 0(s) = (?) + xH2O(g) (916) (E) The first two molecules of water are lost continuously while the crystals remain clear. The next four molecules are evolved discontinuously and the crystals are turbid; over H2SO4 at 298.10K Loss H2O, o Loss H2O, D Fuz ^H2° Moles ° Moles 0.02579 0.00 0.01161 0.97 0.02139 0.18 0.00593 2.00 0.01769 0.48 0.00230 to O.OO 5.98 Na 3 (NH 4 ) 3 .[Al(C 2 0 4 ) 3 ] 2 .7H 2 0(s) = (?) + xH2O(g) (916) (E) The first two moles of H2O escape continuously, the crystals remaining clear; the next four moles escape while the crystals are turbid; over H2SO4 soin. Loss H2O, Moles %H2SQ4 583.10K I 296.10K ~

(148)

KBr.4NH3(s) = KBr(s) + 4NH3(g) (i°°) (E)

T

I P u T I P 1 9 4 . 6 0 . 0 3 6 6 2 1 3 . 1 0 . 1 7 9 208.1 0.120 A# =|28 600 KICl2(S) = (?) (382) (E)

T I P [I T I P 3 1 4 . 1 0 . 0 3 7 3 7 5 . 1 0 . 3 8 4 331.1 0.076 385.1 0.509 344.6 0.150 395.1 0.664 0.201 404.1 0.816 352.6 363.1 0.276 409.1 0.926 KIBr2(S) = (?) (382) (E) T 290.1 313.1 327.6

P 0.007 0.020 0.062

Il

T 344.1 353.1

I

P 0.129 0.184

KI.4S02(S) = (?) + X802(g) (392, 1487) ( E )

T P Il T I P 2 5 2 . 1 0 . 1 4 6 2 7 4 . 6 0 . 6 8 0 261.1 0.184 278.1 0.796 273.1 0.649 278.6 0.836 273.36* 0.657 279.6 0.895 AH = 9 67Ox * From (i 4 8 7 ); all other values from (392).

KI.4NH3(s) = KI(s) +4NH 3 (g) (ioo) (E)

T 186.1 203.1 208.1

P 0.010 0.0195 0.0309

Il I

T I P 213.1 0.0467 218.1 0.070 Ag = 30 600

KI.6NH3(s) = KI.4NH3(s) + 2NH3(g) (ioo) (E)

T 194.6

P II T 0.020 u 203.1 AH = 14 700

I

P 0.397

KCN(s) = K+ + CN-; AFJj98-1 = -2 130 («85) from (863)

KAl(S04)2.12H20(s).—(Continued)

KCNO(s) = K + + CNQ-;AFjj98jl = -1 440 (885) from («63)

T

KCNO(s) + CO = KCN(s) + CO2 £555.1 = 0.89; AF0^1 = 128 («63); ^981 = 2 060 (***)

330.lt 333.1J 333.1 338.1 340.1

KCNO(I, with 14.6% KCN) + CO(g) = KCN(I, with 85.4% KCNO) H-C0 2 (g) ( 863 )

I

T 721 724 770 774 776 778 780 781

K

II

T

I

K

(1.86) 816 2.22 (1.92) 823 2.28 1.98 840 2.35 1.98 840 2.29 1.97 841 2.26 2.03 846 2.46 2.06 847 2.33 1.99 KCNS.KS02(s) = (?) + xS02(g) (392) (E)

T 273.1 282.6 283.6 286.6 296.1

P [I T I P 0.033 312.6 0.526 0.071 314.9 0.654 0.079 320.1 0.912 0.103 322.1 0.980 0.195 Il Aff = 11 31Qx KCNS.S02(s) = (?) + xS02(g) (392) (E) I

T 252.1 273.1 278.1

I

P u T 0.112 279.6 0.470 285.1 0.632 286.1 AH = 9 91Ox

I

P 0.678 0.993 1.026

KC2H3O2-C2H4O2(S) = KC2H3O2(S) + C2H4O2(g) (846)(E) T \ P [I T I P 433.1 0.016 453.1 0.092 443.1 0.042 KC2H3O2.2C2H4O2(s) =KC2H3O2.C2H4O2(s) + C2H4O2(g) (846) (E) T 333.1 353.1

I

P 0.079 0.132

' 11

T 373.1

\

P 0.171

I KCr(SO4)2.12H2O(S) = (?) + xH2O(g) (399, *si) (E)

T I P II T I P 2 8 3 . 1 * 0 . 0 0 4 9 3 2 3 . 1 0 . 0 8 3 288.1* 0.0079 328.1 0.113 293.1* 0.0120 333.1 0.157 298.1* 0.0162 339.1 0.222 303.1* 0.0220 343.1 0.266 304.1 0.020 346.1 0.295 308.1* 0.0313 352.1 0.342 313.1 0.041 * From (»si); all other values from (399).

KAl(SO4)2.3H20(s) = (?) +xH 2 Q(g) (85i) ; c /. (1Q33) (E) T I P [I T I P 303.1 0.0013 373.1 0.167 0.036 388.1 0.421 343.1 363.1 0.111 KAl(SO4)2.12H20 (s) = (?)* +xH 2 0 (g) (146, 399, 85i) ; c/. (i 033) (E) T I P |[ T I P 2 9 3 . 1 0 . 0 0 6 1 3 1 6 . l t 0 . 0 2 0 1 303.1 0.00849 323.IJ 0.024 306.lt 0.0114 328.1 0.0953

I

P 0.0529 0.067 0.129 0.168 0.1116

Il

T

P

343.lt 343.1 348.1 350.lt 353.lt

0.136 0.163 0.276 0.2198 0.263

* According to ( 851 ) and (i° 33 ) the decomposition goes to the trihydrate; (146), however, found at 3.2 moles H2O, P = 0.1356 at T = 350.1; ( 399 ) found for 9 moles HÔ, that the vapor pressure diminished only a little; e.g., P = 0.057 at T = 333.1, and P = 0.232 at T = 353.1. t From (i*«). Î From ( 399 ); all other values from (851).

KFe(SO4)2.12H2O and KA1(SO4)2.12H2O (mixed crystals) = (?)* + xH20(g) (641) (E) Mole % FeP at T = Mole % FeP at T = alum 293.1 ± 0.2 alum 293.1 ± 0.2 ÖTÖ 0.0026 j 62^4 0.0086 4.0 0.0022 71.8 0.0106 7.8 0.0020 I 78.1 0.0103 15.2 0.0018 I 89.0 0.0106 24.6 0.0021 98.2 0.0130 39.3 0.0028 100.0 0.0143 0.0051 I 54.9 * From the maximum in the vapor-pressure curve Hollman deduces a compound containing 2 moles Fe-alum and 1 mole of Al-alum.

KCr(SO4)2.12H2O and KAl(SO4)2.12H2O (mixed crystals) = (?)* +xH 2 0(g) (641) (E) Mole % P at T = Mole % P at T = Cr-alum 293.1 ± 0 . 2 Cr-alum 293.1 ± 0 . 2 ( T O 0 . 0 0 2 6 6 3 T 2 0 . 0 0 7 1 2.3 0.0022 71.8 0.0088 17.2 0.0020 78.8 0.0077 28.9 0.0020 87.4 0.0089 41.1 0.0026 95.3 0.0134 0.0044 100.0 0.0174 53.3 * Hollman deduces a compound of 2 moles Cr-alum to 1 mole of Al-alum.

BeK(S04)2(s) = (?) + S02(g) + O8(g) (951) KMgCl3.6H20(s) = (?) + XH2O (g) (E) P305.45 = 0.0013 (148) MgK(S0 4 ) 2 (s) = (?) .+ S02(g) + 02(g) ( 9 5 I) MgS04.KC1.3H20(s) = (?) + xH20(g) (E) P3Q5.45 =0.0013 (1 48)

NaKC4H406.4H20(s) = (?) + T I P u 288.1 0.0054* 291.1 0.0072 293.1 0.0083* 294.5 0.0093 297.1 0.0113 298.1 0.0122* 298.2 0.0122

xH2O(g) (918) (E) T I P 302.8 0.0176 303.1 0.0178* 303.2 0.0180 308.1 0.0253* 308.2 0.0258 313.1 0.0366*

* Interpolated according to equation: t = Q.881tw + 16.0.

2KHF2(I, in satd. (KF)2HF) = (KF)2HF(I, in satd. KF) + HF(g) Upper phase KHF2 with slight excess of KF, lower phase approx. (KF)2HF. Compositions remain constant(1018) T I P u T P 5 0 3 . 6 0 . 0 6 5 9 5 3 1 . 6 0 . 1 0 4 5 506.1 .0654 539.1 .1269 515.1 .0828 554.1 .1581 521.1 .0814 567.1 .2198 526.6 .0953 610.6 .3480 530.1 .0993

2KHCO3(S) = K2CO3(S) + CO2(g) + H 2 O(g) (266)(E) log P = 7.951 - 3 420/77 T I P [I T I P 340.8 0.0054 411.5 0.4247 349.4 0.0150 419.4 0.6203 363.3 0.0324 420.9 0.6620 365.6 0.0411 424.9 0.8034 376.6 0.0759 426.5 0.8725 389.5 0.1463 428.5 0.9392 0.1633 429.1 0.9645 392.2 400.3 0.2527 K2CO3(S) = K 2 O(S) + CQ2(g) (837) T I P [I T I P 1 003.1 0 . 0 0 0 1 2 3 3 . 1 0 . 0 0 7 1 063.1 0.0007 1 243.1 0.012 1 083.1 0.0013 1 273.1 0.016 1 163.1 0.004 1 363.1 0.022 K2C03.lKH20(s) = K2CO3(S) + lKH20(g) (E) P298.t = 0.0014 (430) K2C03.2H20(s) = K2CO3(S) + 2H2O(g) (849) (E)

r

I

P

Il

r

l

p

363.1 0.075 383.1 0.226 373.1 0.132 393.1 Q. 362 K 2 CO 3 .2H 2 O(s) + Ba++ = BaCO3(s) + 2K+ + 2H2O(I) (996.5) T_

I

^(K2CO3)

I

W(K 2 SO 4 )

298.1 I 2.663 [ 0.000918 K2C204.2H20(s) = K 2 C 2 Q 4 (S) + 2H2O(g) (8*9) ; c/. (916)* (E)

T 323.1 333.1 343.1

I

P 0.026 0.030 0.054

Il

r 353.1 363.1 373.1

I

P 0.091 0.174 0.283

* According to Lowenstein ( 916 ), the decomposition results in the monohydrate as an intermediate product. At 298.10K, for the compound K2C2O4.2H2O, P = 0.0024 to 0.0058; for the compound K2C2O4-H2O, P = 0.0008 to 0.0024.

K2MnO4(S) = K2MnO3(S) + >iO2(g) (27, 43); c/. (28, 1012)

T 683.1* 727.1* 776.1 780.1 786.1 789.1 816.1 821.1* 834.1 845.1 850.1 859.1* 873.1 879.1

I

P

I)

0.003 .007 .0084 .0145 .0174 .0199 .0359 .053 .0538 .0692 .0789 .143 .1444

T 883.1 887.1 889.1* 891.1 902.1 904.1 906.1 915.1 925.1* 926.1 934.1 940.1 941.1*

I

P 0.1822 .2030 .310 .2224 .2908 .3079 .3201 .3868 .747 .5020 .617 .700 1.005

.1632

* From (27); all other values from ( 4 3).

K2Mn(S04)2.6H20(s) = K2Mn(SO4)2.2H2O(s) + 4H2O(g) (399) (E) T I P II T I P 328.1 0.133 353.1 0.430 358.6 0.549 335.1 0.195 340.6 0.245 364.1 0.670 345.1 0.303 368.1 0.780 350.1 0.388 372.1 0.896 FeCl3.2KC1.6NH3(s) = (?) (395) (E) T I P II T I P 273.1 0.171 299.6 0.592 287.1 0.362 305.1 0.737 293.6 0.480 313.6 0.947 K2Fe(S04)2.6H2O(s) = K2Fe(SO4)2.4H2O(s) +2H 2 O(g) (265) (E) log P = 3.887 - 866.5/r - 244 400/?^ T I P [I T I P 298.2 0.0276 324.3 0.1203 0.0311 328.8 0.1490 299.7 0.1955 305.6 0.0433 334.8 312.1 0.0636* 339.7 0.2458 318.1 0.0880 344.6 0.3012 323.8 0.1291 Ag = 20 800

K 2 C 4 H 4 0 6 .MH 2 0(s) = K2C4H4O6(S) + KH2O(g) (91«) (E) T I P I] T I P 287.3 0.0132 298.1 0.0241* 288.1 0.0138* 300.4 0.0267 0.0171 303.1 0.0313 291.6 * Measured on cooling. 293.1 0.0183* 305.1 0.0337 K2Co(SO4)2.6H2O(s) = K2Co(SO4)2.2H2O(s) + 4H2O(g) (265) 293.2 0.0184 308.1 0.0404* (E) 294.8 0.0195 308.5 0.0403 log P = 3.853 - 265.7/r - 451 350/772 297.0 0.0216 313.1 0.0525 T I P [I T I P »Interpolations from t = 1.15t» + 1.2. 299.6 0.0095 327.1 0.0704* K2SiF6(S) = (?) + SiF4(g) (1398) (E) 300.7 0.0109* 330.1 0.0845 T I P [I T I P 305.9 0.0153 333.7 0.1074 1 248.1 0.0308 1 398.1 0.2423 312.7 0.0253 339.3 0.1491* 1 299.1 0.0439 1 420.1 0.5293 318.8 0.0403 339.4 0.1505 1 349.1 0.0968 1 453.1 1.512 324.2 0.0582 349.4 0.2649 1 383.1 0.1780 AH = 56 OOP K2Zn(S04)2.6H20(s) = K2Zn(SO4)2.2H2O(s) + 4H2O(g) (264) * Measured on cooling. (E) K2Ni(SO4)2.6H2O(s) = K2Ni(SO4)2.2H2O(s) -f 4H2O(g) (265, log P = 7.953 - 2 992/r 399) (E) log P = -1.900 + 3 329/T7 - 1 039 000/772 T P II T I P T I P [I T I P 289.3 0.0047* 322.3 0.0450 309.0 0.0186 325.4 0.0584* 306.9 0.0082 333.9 0.0563* 311.2 0.0213* 330.3 0.0784 318.2 0.0192 339.6 0.0784* 0.0218 336.5 0.1146 311.8 321.7 0.0255* 349.3 0.1291 Ag = 55 200 318.5 0.0359* 370.lt 0.151 328.9 0.0411 * Measured on cooling. Ag = 56 400 K2HgI4.2NH3(s) = (?) (1134) (E) * Measured on cooling, f From ( 399 ); all other values from ( 265 ).

K2Mg(SO4)2.6H2O(s) = K2Mg(SO4)2.4H2O(s) + 2H2O(g) (265). cf. ( 3 99) (E) log P = 3.982 - 908.3/77 - 221 950/772 T \ P [I T \ P 323.9 0.1153 330.4 0.1583* 0.1367 318.0 0.0846* 327.4 333.4 0.1822 309.3 0.0529* 338.0 0.2253 300.3 0.0322* 343.5 0.2856 AH = 20 800 * Measured on cooling.

K3[Fe(C204)3].2H20(s) = K 3 [Fe(C 2 O 4 )J(S) + 2H2O(g) (E) P298-1 = 0-0.0007 (916) K3[Fe(C204)3].6H20(s) = K3[Fe(C2O4)3].2H2O(s) + 4H2O(g) (E) P298.i = 0.0008 - 0.0024 (916) K4[Fe(CN)6].3H20(s) = K4[Fe(CN)6](s) + 3H2O(g) (8*9, 1325) (E) T | P II T \ P

288.1* 293.1 293.1* 298.1*

0.0070 0.0094 0.0096 0.0134

303.1* 333.1 343.1 353.1

* From (1325). an Other values from ( 849 ).

+

Hg(I) + Cl- + K3[Fe (CN) 6](aq) + K |

0.050 .100 .500 1.031 IfI(KCl) ("»)

Jg2Q98^

u

0.2269 .2209 .2187 .2184 |

0.05 .1 .2 Wt(Ka) O 3 2 2 ) | 0.005 .010 .025 .050 .100

^2V1

0.2264 .2217 .2190 Jg2V1 0.2776 .2693 .2507 .2401 .2322

m(KC1)

|

1.572 2.007 3.320 4.284 u

Ut(KQ) t 889 )

0.4 .8 II m(KC1) (1322) 0.200 .250 .300 .400

E^1

[I

T 373.2 374.6 378.6

P 0.743 0.800 l.QQQ

\

P 0.380 0.530 0.684 0.759

[I

T 285.6 286.6 288.6 Aff =

\

P 0.829 0.882 1.000 (extrap.) 10 03Ox

RbI.6NH3(s) = Rbl(s) + 6NH3(g) (ioo) (E)

T 194.6

P y T 0.017 II 203.1 Aff = 45 000

\

P 0.041

|

370.1 382.1 393.1

P

u First form

T

|

P

0.105 407.1 0.192 424.1 0.309 Second form 0.039 451.1 0.101 459.1 0.187 467.1 0.322

0.530 1.000 (extrap.) 0.461 0.645 0.822

RbIBr2(S) = (?) (382) (E)

^98.!

T 379.1 398.6 410.1 420.1 429.1

0.2190 .2184 JgQ98A 0.2310 .2279 .2234 .2260

\

P 0.059 0.146 0.213 0.303 0.395

II

T 438.1 447.6 453.1 459.6

\

P 0.507 0.664 0.789 1.000

\

P 0.678 1.000 (extrap.)

RbI3(S) = (?) (382) (E)

T 439.1 446.6

Rb, Rubidium Rb (s) ; AF, AF° = O Rb (s) = Rb+ + E^2Vi = 2.9242; AFJj98-1 = -67 473 (885) from («6l) RbBr.3NH3(s) = RbBr(s) + 3NH3(g) (IQQ) (E) T \ P u T \ P 194.6 0.0454 || . 203.1 0.0809 Aff = 21 300 RbBrCl2(S) = (?) (382) (E) T \ P u T \ P First form 290.1 0.026 356.6 0.599 330.1 0.099 364.6 0.920 345.6 0.309 366.1 1.000 Second form 334.3 0.204 365.1 0.895 355.1 0.487 RbBr2Cl(S) = (?) (382) (E) T | P \\ T \ P 291.1 0.039 350.1 0.737 323.1 0.105 353.1 0.921 335.1 0.316 354.1 1.000 342.1 0.447

T 273.1 278.1 282.1 283.9

385.1 405.1 424.1 439.1

0.2187 .2192 .2190 .2188 |

P 0.115 0.325 0.542

RbI.4S02(s) = (?) + xS02(g) ( 39 2) (E)

T

= K4[Fe(CN) 6](aq) -f

(898)

\

RbICl2(S) = (?) (382) (E)

0.0193 0.145 0.224 0.368

HgCl(S) («89, 898, 1332) PI(KCi) (898)

RbBr3(S) = (?) (382) (E)

T 336.1 356.1 366.3

P 0.395 0.495

[I

T 455.1 465.1

RbCNS.i£S02(s) = (?) + xS02(g) (392) (E)

T 273.1 284.6

|

P [I T 0.097 292.1 0.216 304.6 AH = 10 64Ox

\

P 0.382 1.000 (extrap.)

RbTi(S04)2.12H20(s) = (?) + xH20(g) (399) (E)

""

T \ P u T 313.1 0.009 353.1 323.1 0.024 363.1 333.1 0.057 373.1 344.1 0.117 378.1 RbFe(S04)2.12H20(s) = (?) + xH2O(g) T \ P IJ T 298.1 0.005 321.1 306.1 0.020 329.1 314.1 0.043 RbCr(S04)2.12H20(s) = (?) + xH2O(g) T \ P u T 313.1 0.033 344.1 324.1 0.055 357.1 334.6 0.113 363.1

\

P 0.201 0.353 0.691 0.921 (399) (E) | P 0.079 0.150 (399)(E) \ P 0.218 0.467 0.545

RbV(S04)2.12H20(s) = (?) + xH20(g) (399) (E) T 326.1 334.6 345.6

P 0.070 0.121 0.264

I

II

T 354.1 363.6

I

P 0.399 0.588

RbAl(S04)2.12H20(s) = (?) + xH20(g) (399) (E) T I P 3 2 3 . 1 0 . 0 3 8 333.1 0.059 343.1 0.109 353.1 0.196

Il

T 363.1 368.1 370.1

I

P 0.354 0.476 0.517

Rb 2 CO 3 (S) = Rb 2 O(S) + C0 2 (g) (836, 837) (E)

T

I

P

936.1 1 013.1 1 103.1 1 143.1

T

I]

0.000 0.003 0.008 0.011

P

1 173.1 1 263.1 1 293.1 1 353.1

0.013 0.024 0.026 0.043

2RbHCO3(S) = Rb 2 CO 3 (S) + H 2 O(g) + CO 2 (g) (267) (E) A# = 19 780; log P = 9.831 - 4 300/T T 379.6 384.5 393.2 409.6 419.9 420.2

I

P 0.0678 0.100 0.128 0.2857 0.4251 0.4514

[I

T 425.0 426.6 431.7 434.1 437.1 443.7

I

P 0.5341 0.5872 0.7400 0.8207 0.9868 1.3663

Rb 2 Zn(SO 4 ) 2 .6H 2 O(s) = Rb2Zn(SO4) 2.2H2O(s) + 4H2O(g) log P = 0.858 + 1 804/T - 845 640/T2 (264) (E) T

I P [I T I P 3 0 6 . 4 0 . 0 0 4 7 3 3 7 . 8 0 . 0 6 0 5 314.3 0.0104 339.3 0.0680* 319.9 0.0175* 343.3 0.0855* 320.7 0.0179 350.6 0.1318 328.4 0.0329* 354.6 0.1646 328.7 0.0332 AH = 62 OOP * Measured on cooling.

Rb2Cd(SO4)2.6H20(s) = Rb2Cd(SO4)2.2H2O(s) + 4H2O(g) log P = -1.636 + 2 735/T - 816 170/T2 (265) (E) T 301.1 307.7 313.2 318.6 324.0 329.5

I

P 0.0304 0.0461 0.0629 0.0841 0.1120 0.1469

u

T I P 334.8 0.1875 340.6 0.2427 320.3 0.0916* 311.0 0.0561* 305.7 0.0411* AH = 42 QOO


Rb2Mn(SO4) 2.6H2O(s)

= Rb2Mn(SO4) 2.2H2O(s) + 4H2O(g) (265,

399) (E)

A# = 52 000; log P = -10.965 + 8 419/T - 1 781 000/772 (265) T 300.6* 307.5* 314.1* 319.8* 326.5* 328.1

I

P 0.0220 0.0378 0.0603 0.0887 0.1296 0.136

u

* From (2«5); all other values from ( 399 ).

T 339.1 343.8* 348.1 357.1 363.1 368.1

I

P 0.239 0.2850 0.355 0.493 0.629 0.757

Rb2Co(S04)2.6H20(s) = Rb2Co(SO4)2.2H2O(s) + 4H2O(g) log p = 0.859 + 1 594/T7 - 762 740/772 (265) (E) T I P u T I P 300.5 0.0054* 325.7 0.0354 301.3 0.0057 326.4 0.0379* 306.4 0.0089 332.0 0.0549 308.9 0.0105* 338.2 0.0788 311.5 0.0118 349.2 0.1476 318.4 0.0214 AH = 57 600 * Measured on cooling.

Rb 2 Ni(SO 4 ) 2 .6H 2 O(s) = Rb 2 Ni(SO 4 ) 2.2H2O(s) + 4H2O(g) log P = 7.682 - 2 937/T - 44 740/T2 (265, 399) (E) T I P [I T I P 305.6 0.0039 347.9 0.0733 348.1f 0.0711 307.5 0.0046* 313.2 0.0072 363.lt 0.103 322.7 0.0138 378.1f 0.168 325.0 0.0170* 383.lt 0.207 331.4 0.0262 388.lt 0.251 340.2 0.0463* AH = 57 600 f From ( 3 9 9 ); all other values from ( 2 6 5 ).

* Measured on cooling,

Rb2Mg(SO4) 2.6H2O(S)

= Rb2Mg(SO4)2.4H2O(s)

+ 2H2O(g)

(265) ;c/. (399) (E)

AH = 20 800; log P = 4.871 - 1 US/T - 264 03Q/772 T I P u T I P

304.5 317.0 340.0

0.0178 0.0416 0.1617

330.5 319.4 301.9

0.0928* 0.0470* 0.0151*


Cs, Cesium T 352.1 372.1 385.1 397.6 T 327.1 350.1 364.1 377.1

T

CsBrCl2(S) = (?) (382) (E) I P [I T I P 0.059 405.6 0.805 0.164 408.4 0.895 411.1 1.000 0.300 0.553 CsBr2Cl(S) = (?) (382) (E) I P [I T I P 0.020 387.1 0.634 0.118 393.1 0.821 0.224 395.6 0.901 0.417 397.1 1.000 CsBr3(S) = CsBr(s) + Br2(g) (382) (E) I P Il T I P

364.9

0.087

411.6

0.717

382.6 404.1

0.204 0.509

416.6 420.6

0.862 1.000

CsICl2(S) = (?) (382) (E)

T 385.1 407.1 420.1 430.1 439.1 442.1 451.6 T 252.6 261.6 272.6 279.1

P u T I P 0.032 466.1 0.599 0.092 472.6 0.730 0.136 477.6 0.842 0.184 479.1 0.895 0.243 480.1 0.928 0.267 482.1 1.000 0.359 CsI.4S02(s) = (?) + xS02(g) (392) (E) I P [I T I P 0.092 285.6 0.776 0.171 289.1 0.934 0.329 290.1 1.000 (extrap.) 0.513 AH ~ 10 89Ox I

T 430.1 443.1 462.6 479.1

I

I

T 445.1 455.6 464.1

CsIBr2(S) = (?) (382) (E) P [I T I . P 0.059 492.1 0.450 0.112 504.1 0.666 0.211 508.1 0.789 0.316 515.6 1.000 CsI2Br(S) = (?) (382) (E) P [I T I P 0.382 468.6 M. P. 0.816 0.520 473.1 0.862 0.672 474.6 1.000 (extrap.)

CsI3(S) = CsI(S) + I 2 (g) (382) (E)

T

333.2* 353.1* 432.1 444.1 458.1 463.1

I

P

II

0.0000395 0.000256 0.026 0.051 0.091 0.113

T

470.1 479.1f 488.1 499.1 510.1 (523.1)

*From ( 1 0 4 5 ). t The compound melts at T = 480.6. the curve of the solid substance.

\

• P

0.147 0.211 0.254 0.322 0.454 (1.O)J: J Extrapolation of

CsCNS.^S02(s) = (?) + xS02(g) (392) (E) I P [I T I P 2 5 7 . 6 0 . 1 6 4 2 8 4 . 6 0 . 6 7 8 273.1 0.408 292.1 0.967 282.6 0.618 AH = 10 14Ox CsTi(S04)2.12H20(s) = (?) + xH20(g) (399) (E) T I P II T I P 298.1 0.009 334.1 0.192 303.1 0.018 345.1 0.321 311.1 0.041 353.1 0.455 318.1 0.072 363.1 0.679 325.1 0.109 368.1 0.807 CsMn(SO4)2.12H2O(s) = (?) + xH2O(g) (E)

T

P 3 Q2.i = 0.018 (399)

CsFe(S04)2.12H20(s) = (?) + xH2O(g) T I P u T 3 1 3 . 1 0 . 0 2 4 3 5 3 , 1 325.1 0.074 363.1 335.1 0.184 CsCo(S04)2.12H20(s) = (?) + xH2O(g) T I P II T 300.1 0.005 [I 312.1*

(399) (E) I P 0 . 4 8 7 0.704 (399) (E) I P I 0.033

* Above 313.1 decomposition sets in.

CsCr(S04)2.12H20(s) = (?) + xH2O(g) (399) (E) T I P [I T I P 2 8 7 . 1 0 . 0 1 8 3 6 8 . 1 0 . 6 7 4 344.9 0.157 370.1 0.721 353.1 0.295 376.1 0.934 363.1 0.541 CsCr(SeO4)2.12H2O(s) = (?) + xH2O(g) (399) (E) T \ P \\ T \ P 323.1 0.020 353.1 0.272 334.1 0.074 363.1 0.487 345.1 0.157 368.1 0.607 CsV(S04)2.12H20(s) = (?) + xH20(g) (399) (E) T I P I] T I P 323.1 0.033 352.1 0.287 333.1 0.088 359.1* 0.428 344.1 0.183 363.1 0.543 * Decomposition begins.

CsAl(S04)2.12H20(s) = (?) + xH20(g) (399) (E) T I P [I T I P 323.1 0.017 368.1 0.362 334.1 0.043 373.1 0.488 348.1 0.124 378.1 0.624 358.1 0.209 2CsHCO3(S) = Cs2CO3(S) + CO2(g) + H2O(g) (266) (E) log P = 14.049 - 6 300/ T T I P Il T P 376.1 0.0379 439.1 0.5260 391.0 0.0625 443.0 0.6607 0.1041 445.3 0.7891 406.2 413.1 0.1325 450.1 1.1146 424.7 0.2222 451.2 1.2041 431.2 0.3089 452.9 1.3678 436.1 0.4248 Ag = 28 980 Cs2CO3(S) = Cs2O(S) + C02(g) (837) (E) T I P u T I P 883.1 0.003 1 273.1 0.058 953.1 0.005 1 323.1 0.083 1 078.1 0.008 1 366.1 0.118 1 133.1 0.011 1 403.1 0.159 1 163.1 0.016 1 423.1 0.181 1 253.1 0.042 1 453.1 0.207 Cs2Zn(SO4)2.6H2O(s) = Cs2Zn(SO4)2.2H2O(s) + 4H2O(g) log p = -1.148 -f 3 135/r - 1 059 800/T2 (264) (E) T I P u T I P 307.5 0.0071* 326.5 0.0332 307.5 0.0078 332.9 0.0505 314.1 0.0122 333.9 0.0541* 317.4 0.0167* 343.8 0.1005 319.8 0.0197 AH = 62 400 * Measured on cooling.

Cs2Cd(SO4)2.6H20(s) = Cs2Cd(SO4)2.2H2O(s) + 4H2O(g) Ag = 42 400; log P = 1.878 + 471.2/T7 - 449 370/772 (265) (E) T. \ P \\ T I P

298.8 305.1 307.6 313.3 319.2

0.0226 0.0371 0.0416 0.0607 0.0826

324.9 334.1 337.5 321.5 306.7

0.111 0.1712 0.1989 0.0950* 0.0397*


Cs2Mn(SO4)2.6H20(s)

=

Cs2Mn(SO4) 2.2H2O(s)

+

4H2O(g)

(265, 399) (E)

log P = -0.051 + 2 263/T7 - 830 860/772 (265) T I P u T I P 301.6* 0.0183 340.1 0.225 309.5* 0.0314 350.1 0.347 358.1 0.476 316.9* 0.0522 0.0918 363.1 0.589 324.8* 328.9* 0.1162 369.1 0.741 329.1 0.118 374.1 0.889 338.5* 0.2004 AH = 53 200* * From (265). an other values from ( 3 » 9 ).

Cs2Co(SO4)2.6H2O(s) = Cs2Co(SO4)2.2H2O(s) + 4H2O(g) A# = 57 200; log P = 5.283 - l 221/77 - 313 270/^2 (265) (g) T I P [I T I P 302.3 0.0067 326.9 0.0412

314.1 316.2 320.1 324.7

0.0160 0.0197* 0.0258' 0.0349*


331.9 333.3 339.3 348.1

0.0579* 0.0626 0.0926 0.1559

Cs2Ni(SO4)2.6H2O(s) = Cs2Ni(SO4)2.2H2O(s) + 4H2O(g) (265) AH = 53 600; log P = -4.611 + 4 798/T7 - 1 249 600/T2 T

I P [I T \ P 3 0 8 . 1 0 . 0 0 6 3 3 2 9 . 0 0 . 0 2 4 9 317.3 0.0118 338.8 0.0466 355.1 | 0.0989 321.8 0.0166

Cs2Mg(SO4)2.6H2O(s)

=

Cs2Mg(S04)2.4H2O(s)

+

Potassium Desmine (916)

;

Cf. (399) (E)

2H2O(g)

% H2So4 PH2804 10 20 30 40 50

AH = 50 800; log P = 3.716 - 751.8/T - 260 600/T2

I

P 0.0249 0.0370 0.0725

u

T I 330.1 340.8 326.3

P 0.1116 0.1833 0.0908*


DEHYDRATION BEHAVIOR OF MINERALS (E) K„Si6Oc.xH20 = (?) + yH20 Potassium Silicate Hydrate The results of the detailed work of Morey (1016) cannot be interpreted in a short abstract. Kaolin The results of Tammann and Pape (1424) cannot be interpreted in a short abstract. Zeolite (916) Maximum loss in weight over H2SO 4 of various concentrations at 298.10K. The pressure of this hydrate changes continuously with the temperature, the residue remaining clear. The pressure is equal to that of a sulfuric acid solution, for which the compound does not change in weight. Chabasîte (»*«)

% H2SQ4 Pn2SQ4 10 20 30 40 50

0.02839 0.02579 0.02320 0.01769 0.01161

M^;ss

% H2SQ4 PH2S04

0.06 60 0.12 70 0.20 80 0.26 90 0.30 97 Desmine (916)

%H 2 s Q< Pn2SQ4

0.04 0.11 0.18 0.26 0.44

60 70 80 90 97

0.00580 0.00230 0.00074 0.0003 0.00

M^;ss 0.66 0.89 1.16 2.14 2.24

Potassium Heulandite (916)

(265) ; c/. (399) (E)

T 303.1 309.7 321.8

0.02839 0.02579 0.02320 0.01769 0.01161

M^;ss

M^;gs

% H2So4 PH2S04 10 20 30 40 50

0.02839 0.02579 0.02320 0.01769 0.01161

M^;sg 0.00 0.07 0.14 0.20 0.36

% H2So4 PH2S04 60 70 80 90 97

M^;sg

0.00580 0.51 0.00230 0.72 0.00074 1.13 0.0003 2.08 0.00 2.18

Ammonium Desmine ( 9 I 6 ) % H2SQ4 10 20 30 40 50 % H2SQ4 10 20 30 40 50

PH2804

M^;ss

% H2SQ4

PH2804

Mg^ss

0.02839 0.04 60 0.00580 0.81 0.02579 0.14 70 0.00230 1.26 0.02320 0.21 80 0.00074 1.88 0.01769 0.34 90 0.0003 2.34 0.01161 0.52 97 0.000 2 . 4 6 Calcium Chabasite (916) Pn2SQ4

J1^88 % H2SO4

Pn2SQ4

J1^

0.02839 0.07 60 0.00580 0.54 0.02579 0.13 70 0.00230 0.93 0.02320 0.22 80 0.00074 1.49 0.01769 0.26 90 0.0003 2.15 0.01161 0.31 97 0.00 2.26 Calcium Heulandite (916)

0.00580 0.53 0.00230 0.90 0.00074 1.46 % H2SQ4 Pn2SO4 Jf1^88 % H2SQ1 PH£so4 ^88 0.0003 2.12 10 0.02839 0.02 60 0.00580 0.28 0.00 2.22 20 0.02579 0.04 70 0.00230 0.41 30 0.02320 0.09 80 0.00074 0.56 40 0.01769 0.13 90 0.0003 1.29 % H2SO4 Pg2SO4 Molei;sg % H2SO4 Pn2SQ4 Mol*logs 50 0.01161 0.18 97 0.00 1.57 10 0.02839 0.04 60 0.00580 0.32 Calcium Desmine (916) 20 0.02579 0.07 70 0.00230 0.46 30 0.02320 0.11 80 0.00074 0.69 % H,so4 /WQ, Mg^;ss % H2So41 PH2804 MHAgs 40 0.01769 0.15 90 0.0003 1.47 10 0.02839 0.04 60 0.00580 0.34 50 0.01161 0.22 97 0.00 1.80 20 0.02579 0 . 0 7 70 0.00230 0.49 Heulandite (916) 30 0.02320 0,11 80 0.00074 0.73 40 0.01769 0.16 90 0.0003 1.50 % H2SO. I PH2804 M^;ss % H2SQ4 Pn2SQ4 M^ss 50 0.01161 0.24 97 0.00 1.73 10 0.02839 0.02 60 0.00580 0.27 For the following zeolites studied by Tammann ( 1422 ), the first 20 0.02579 0.04 70 0.00230 0.39 column (1) gives the pressure of the H2SO4 solution, over which 30 0.02320 0.08 80 0.00074 0.53 the mineral was kept; the second column (2) gives the maximum 40 0.01769 0.12 90 0.0003 1.26 loss of water in wt. %; the third column (3) gives how much wt. 50 0.01161 0.17 97 0.00 1.53 % of water would not be absorbed again for the rehydration of the Potassium Chabasite (916) dehydrated mineral on standing over the said sulfuric acid solution. (D I (2) I (3) u (1) I (2) I (3) % H2SQ4 PH.SO. Mg;0;ss % H2SQ4 Pn2SQ4 ^n Gmelinite, CaNa2Al2Si4O i2.6H2O (1422) 10 0.02839 0.08 60 0.00580 1.16 0.02068 0.05 0.05 0.00386 1.40 1.41 20 0.02579 0.14 70 0.00230 1.56 0.01914 0.08 0.00162 2.48 3.11 30 0.02320 0.27 80 0.00074 2.23 0.01642 0.18 0.00051 4.19 4.58 40 0.01769 0.38 90 0.0003 3.07 0.01199 0.42 0.00014 4.58 50 0.01161 0.72 97 0.00 3.14 0.00796 0.75

DEHYDRATION OF MINERALS.—(Continued) I (2) I (3) H (1) t (2) I (3) Phacolite, CaNa2Al2Si4Oi2-GH2O (1422) 0.02068 0.05 0.05 0.00386 1.81 1.76 0.01914 0.16 0.00162 2.90 0.01642 0.31 0.00051 3.82 4.56 0.01199 0.60 0.00014 4.47 0.00796 1.06

(1)

(D

0.01914 0.01642 0.01199

Chabasite, CaNa2Al2Si4O12-GH2O (1422) 0.11 0.00162 1.69 0.14 0.00014 3.14 0.37

0.01914 0.01199

Leonhardite, CaAl2Si4O12.4H2O (1422) 0.06 0.00051 3.40 0.70

0.01914 I

0.02068 0.01914 0.01642 0.01199 0.02068 0.01914 0.01642 0.01199 0.02068 0.01914 0.01642 0.01199 0.00796

Laumontite, CaAl2Si4O12.4H2O (1422) 0.05 I Il 0.00051 | 0.58 |

0.01914 0.01642 0.01199

Phillipsite, (CaK2)Al2Si5O14.5H2O (1422) 0.18 0.00386 0.40 0.22 0.00051 1.41 0.24

0.01914 0.01642 0.01199 0.00796

0.02 0.19 0.25 0.94

Gismondite (1422) 0.16 0.00386 0.00162 0.29 0.00051 0.00014

0.02068 0.01914 0.01642 O*. Ol 199 0.00796

Okenite, 0.06 0.84 1.02 1.29 1.67

0.01914 0.01642

Natrolite, Na2Al2Si3Oi0^H2O (1422) 0.21 0.01199 0.39 0.25 0.00051 0.79

SOLUBILITY

0.01642 0.01199 0.00796 0.00386 0.01914 0.01642 0.01199 0.00796

1.48 2.51 3.42 3.73

0.01914 0.01642 0.01199 0.00796

CaO.2SiO2.2H2O (1422) 0.27 0.00386 2.10 0.00162 2.66 1.25 0.00051 3.21 1.49 0.00014 3.56

0.01914 0.01642 0.01199 0.00796

(2) I (3) || (1) I (2) I (3) Scolecite, CaAl2Si3012.3H2O (1422) 0.000 0.000 0.00796 0.029 0.029 0.004 0.00386 0.042 0.013 0.00162 0.079 0.017 0.00014 0.105 Pyrophyllite, Al2Si4O11-H2O (i«2) 0.000 0.00796 0.050 0.004 0.00386 0.059 0.013 0.00014 0.060 0.017 Pitchstone (1*22) Brown form 0.005 0.00386 0.42 0.005 0.00162 0.60 0.04 0.00051 0.84 0.08 0.00014 0.92 0.17 Green form 0.04 0.00162 0.75 0.08 0.00051 0.95 0.31 0.00014 1.06 0.57 Black form 0.01 0.00386 0.04 0.02 0.00162 0.05 0.02 0.00051 0.06 0.04 Semiopal (1422) 2.96 8.28 0.00386 11.60 3.90 10.80 0.00162 12.09 9.95 0.00014 13.30 10.75 12.18 Hyalite (i«2) 0.00 0.00386 0.05 0.01 0.00162 0.09 0.02 0.00051 0.10 0.03 0.00014 0.12 LITERATURE; v. p. 347

OF SLIGHTLY SOLUBLE SALTS IN AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS OF ELECTROLYTES

MERLE RANDALL AND WILLIAM V. VIETTI The Standard arrangement (Vol. Ill, p. viii) is used throughout this section. Under each A-component, printed in large type, are listed the Bcomponents in the standard order. The A-component is the slightly soluble salt; the B-component is a solute in the aqueous solution.

L'arrangement type (Vol. Ill, p. viii) est utilisé dans toute cette section. Sous chaque constituant A, imprimé en grands caractères, se trouvent les constituants B disposés en liste suivant l'ordre type. Le constituant A est le sel peu soluble; le constituant B est un corps dissous dans la solution aqueuse.

In diesem Abschnitt ist die Standardanordnung (Bd. Ill, S. viii) durchweg verwendet. Unter jeder A-Komponente, die in grossen Buchstaben gedruckt ist, folgen die B-Komponenten in Standardanordnung. Die A-Komponente ist der wenig lösliche Salz; die BKomponente ist ein Körper in der wässrige Lösung.

In tutto questo capitolo si fa uso dell'ordinamento standard (Voi. Ili, p. viii). Sotto ogni componente A stampato in lettere grosse, sono elencati i componenti B con l'ordinamento standard. Il componente A è il sale poco solubile ; il componente B è un soluto nella soluzione acquosa.

SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS Concentration of B-component in moles/liter. Geometric mean of concentration of ions.

SYMBOLES ET ABRÉVIATIONS Concentration du constituant B en mol. gr./litre. Moyenne géométrique de la concentration des ions.

SYMBOLE UND ABKÜRZUNGEN Konzentration der BKomponente in Mol/Liter. Geometrisches Mittel der lonenkonzentrationen.

ABBREVIAZIONI E SIMBOLI Concentrazione del componente B in moli/litro. Media geometrica della concentrazione degli ioni.

CB c±

CB c±

CB c=t

CB e*

DEHYDRATION OF MINERALS.—(Continued) I (2) I (3) H (1) t (2) I (3) Phacolite, CaNa2Al2Si4Oi2-GH2O (1422) 0.02068 0.05 0.05 0.00386 1.81 1.76 0.01914 0.16 0.00162 2.90 0.01642 0.31 0.00051 3.82 4.56 0.01199 0.60 0.00014 4.47 0.00796 1.06

(1)

(D

0.01914 0.01642 0.01199

Chabasite, CaNa2Al2Si4O12-GH2O (1422) 0.11 0.00162 1.69 0.14 0.00014 3.14 0.37

0.01914 0.01199

Leonhardite, CaAl2Si4O12.4H2O (1422) 0.06 0.00051 3.40 0.70

0.01914 I

0.02068 0.01914 0.01642 0.01199 0.02068 0.01914 0.01642 0.01199 0.02068 0.01914 0.01642 0.01199 0.00796

Laumontite, CaAl2Si4O12.4H2O (1422) 0.05 I Il 0.00051 | 0.58 |

0.01914 0.01642 0.01199

Phillipsite, (CaK2)Al2Si5O14.5H2O (1422) 0.18 0.00386 0.40 0.22 0.00051 1.41 0.24

0.01914 0.01642 0.01199 0.00796

0.02 0.19 0.25 0.94

Gismondite (1422) 0.16 0.00386 0.00162 0.29 0.00051 0.00014

0.02068 0.01914 0.01642 O*. Ol 199 0.00796

Okenite, 0.06 0.84 1.02 1.29 1.67

0.01914 0.01642

Natrolite, Na2Al2Si3Oi0^H2O (1422) 0.21 0.01199 0.39 0.25 0.00051 0.79

SOLUBILITY

0.01642 0.01199 0.00796 0.00386 0.01914 0.01642 0.01199 0.00796

1.48 2.51 3.42 3.73

0.01914 0.01642 0.01199 0.00796

CaO.2SiO2.2H2O (1422) 0.27 0.00386 2.10 0.00162 2.66 1.25 0.00051 3.21 1.49 0.00014 3.56

0.01914 0.01642 0.01199 0.00796

(2) I (3) || (1) I (2) I (3) Scolecite, CaAl2Si3012.3H2O (1422) 0.000 0.000 0.00796 0.029 0.029 0.004 0.00386 0.042 0.013 0.00162 0.079 0.017 0.00014 0.105 Pyrophyllite, Al2Si4O11-H2O (i«2) 0.000 0.00796 0.050 0.004 0.00386 0.059 0.013 0.00014 0.060 0.017 Pitchstone (1*22) Brown form 0.005 0.00386 0.42 0.005 0.00162 0.60 0.04 0.00051 0.84 0.08 0.00014 0.92 0.17 Green form 0.04 0.00162 0.75 0.08 0.00051 0.95 0.31 0.00014 1.06 0.57 Black form 0.01 0.00386 0.04 0.02 0.00162 0.05 0.02 0.00051 0.06 0.04 Semiopal (1422) 2.96 8.28 0.00386 11.60 3.90 10.80 0.00162 12.09 9.95 0.00014 13.30 10.75 12.18 Hyalite (i«2) 0.00 0.00386 0.05 0.01 0.00162 0.09 0.02 0.00051 0.10 0.03 0.00014 0.12 LITERATURE; v. p. 347

OF SLIGHTLY SOLUBLE SALTS IN AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS OF ELECTROLYTES

MERLE RANDALL AND WILLIAM V. VIETTI The Standard arrangement (Vol. Ill, p. viii) is used throughout this section. Under each A-component, printed in large type, are listed the Bcomponents in the standard order. The A-component is the slightly soluble salt; the B-component is a solute in the aqueous solution.

L'arrangement type (Vol. Ill, p. viii) est utilisé dans toute cette section. Sous chaque constituant A, imprimé en grands caractères, se trouvent les constituants B disposés en liste suivant l'ordre type. Le constituant A est le sel peu soluble; le constituant B est un corps dissous dans la solution aqueuse.

In diesem Abschnitt ist die Standardanordnung (Bd. Ill, S. viii) durchweg verwendet. Unter jeder A-Komponente, die in grossen Buchstaben gedruckt ist, folgen die B-Komponenten in Standardanordnung. Die A-Komponente ist der wenig lösliche Salz; die BKomponente ist ein Körper in der wässrige Lösung.

In tutto questo capitolo si fa uso dell'ordinamento standard (Voi. Ili, p. viii). Sotto ogni componente A stampato in lettere grosse, sono elencati i componenti B con l'ordinamento standard. Il componente A è il sale poco solubile ; il componente B è un soluto nella soluzione acquosa.

SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS Concentration of B-component in moles/liter. Geometric mean of concentration of ions.

SYMBOLES ET ABRÉVIATIONS Concentration du constituant B en mol. gr./litre. Moyenne géométrique de la concentration des ions.

SYMBOLE UND ABKÜRZUNGEN Konzentration der BKomponente in Mol/Liter. Geometrisches Mittel der lonenkonzentrationen.

ABBREVIAZIONI E SIMBOLI Concentrazione del componente B in moli/litro. Media geometrica della concentrazione degli ioni.

CB c±

CB c±

CB c=t

CB e*

M WB

m

Molai. Moles of B-component/ 1000 g H2O in vacuo.

* w± N SA

\Seep. F 227. J Normal Solubility of A-component in moles/liter.

SA

Solubility of A-component in moles/1000 g H2O in vacuo. Activity coefficient (see p. 227). Ionic strength. Ionic strength (for concentrations). For other abbreviations, see p. 225.

y IL juc

M WB

m

? w± N SA

SA

7 IJL Uc

Moléculaire. Mol. gr. du constituant B/1000 g H2O dans le vide. } Voir p. 227. J * Normal. Solubilité du constituant A en mol. gr./litre. Solubilité du constituant A en mol. gr./1000 g H2O dans le vide. Coefficient d'activité (voir p. 227). Force ionique. Force ionique (pour concentrations). Pour d'autres abréviations, voir p. 225.

(CH8)JJI(S) = (CH3)4N+ + IB = NH 4 OH; T = 298.10K (626)

* For CB = 0.000 to 8.2962, v. ( 62S ).

PbCl2(S) = Pb++ + 2Cl-

0.0 .01371 .02743 .05485 .08228 .1646 .2743 2.743 5.485 6.857 8.228 10.471 0.0 .0001 .0002 .0005 .00102 .0102 0.0 .05 .10 .20

I

B = HCl* SA I log (l/c*) T = 273.10K (375) 0.02104 1.4766 .01624 1.4868 .01299 1.4771 .00794 1.4670 .00577 1.4314 .00505 1.2707 .00433 1.1534 .00433 0.4947 .01877 0.0808 .0379 -0.0868 .06315 -0.2147 .1443 -0.4374 T = 291.10K (1147) 0.03358 1.2732 .03346 1.2730 .03344 1.2727 .03326 1.2740 .03310 1.2746 .03019 1.2681 T = 298.10K (1076) 0.03885 1.2093 .02393 1.2133 .01621 1.1821 .00964 1.1113

I

Molar. Gramm Mol der B-Komponente/1000 g H2O in vacuo.

m

o } Siehe S. 230. w± J AT Normal. SA Löslichkeit der A-Komponente in Gramm Mol/ Liter. SA Löslichkeit der A-Komponente in Gramm Mol/ 1000 g H2O in vacuo. 7 Aktivitätskoeffiziente (siehe S. 230). fji lonenstärke. Uc lonenstärke (für Konzentrationen). Für andere Abkürzungen, siehe S. 228.

CB

CB j SA [I CB j SA 0 . 0 0 0 0 . 2 6 2 4 8 0.5224 0.26158 .0494 .26223 1.0149 .26062 .1001 .26200 2.1099 .25877 .2102 .26180 B = KOH; T = 298.10K (625,* 626) 0.000 0.26228 0.112 0.25810 .057 .25999 .251 .25073

CB

M WB

ju| 0.252 .250 .2572 .293 .361 .411 .538 1.657 2.354 2.639 2.900 3.375 0.3170 .318 .318 .317 .317 .320 0.341 .349 .385 .477

I

0.0 .0009 .0022 .003 .0045 .0091 .0114 .0151 .0226 .0302 .0452 .0910 .1850 .3714 .5142 .7386 1.026 1.538 2.051 2.564 3.085 3.718 5.00 7.50 10.0 12.05

M WB

Molare. Moli del componente B/ 1000 g di H2O nel vuoto.

m

t \ Vedi p. 230.

w± J

*

N SA

Normale. Solubilità del componente A in moli/litro.

SA

Solubilità del componente A in moli/1000 g di H2O nel vuoto. Coefficiente di attività (vedi p. 230). Forza ionica. Forza ionica (per concentrazioni). Per altre abbreviazioni, vedi p. 228.

7 ju juc

B = ÏÏCL—(Continued) SA I log (1/c*) T = 298.30K (373.5) 0.0388 1.2105 .03866 1.2066 .03820 1.2066 .03794 1.2080 .03735 1.2078 .03580 1.2108 .03499 1.2117 .03375 1.2126 .03146 1.2127 .02932 1.2126 .02546 1.2124 .01712 1.1900 .01012 1.1234 .00635 1.0095 .00537 0.9433 .00473 .8591 .00441 .7753 .00461 .6524 .00518 .5525 .00625 .3991 .00778 .3754 .00816 .3146 .01938 .2871 .06586 .0943 .14135 -0.0582 .1643 -0.0989

I

/4 0.341 .342 .342 .340 .341 .341 .341 .341 .342 .344 .348 .364 .464 .617 .728 .868 1.020 1.245 1.437 1.607 1.763 1.934 2.249 2.774 3.229 3.541

*For values at 290.90K, v. ( 7 3 J; at 273.1, 293.1, 313.1, 328.1, 359.10K, v. ( 341 ).

B = HNO 3 ; T = 298.30K (373.5)

0.001 .01 .051 .01*

0.03387 .03971 .04291 .04336

1.2097 1.2004 .1666 .1622

I

0.343 .359 .424 .424

|

SA

* O.OIN HNO3 + 0.04N KNO3.

WB 0.0 .1817 .4605

I

B = NH4Cl SA Il WB T = 290.10K (326) 0.323 0.8187 .00762 .8432* .00516

* Complex in solid phase.

0.00263 .00301

mB

I

0.0 .1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .52 CB 0.0 .25 .50 1.00 mB

I

0.0 .09502 .2886 .4704 .7529 .8412 .8763 0.0 .2535 1.103 1.219 1.799

B = NH4Cl.- (Continued) SA. I log (1/m^) T = 295.10K (193) 0.03745 1.2250 .01625 1.1815 .0097 1.1102 .00765 1.0397 .0069 0.9758 .0065 .9222 .00635 .9148

I

ju* 0.334 .385 .479 .569 .648 .720 .734

SA I log (!/e*) T = 298.30K (373.5) 0.03880 1.2105 .00947 1.0548 .00711 0.9086 .00435 .7630

I

£A I log (l/m ± ) T = 333.10K (326) 0.06404 1 0.9186 .03995 .9709 .02472 .8497 .02158 .7488 .01887 .6428 .02046 .5994 .02204 .5763 T = 373.10K (326) 0.11503 0.7386 .07440 .6390 .06780 .3270 .06866 .2992 .07147 .1894

|

mB 0.0 .01005 .02516 .0513 0.1000 .250 CB

/4 0.341 .527 .722 1.005 ^ 0.438 .463 .603 .732 .899 .950 .971 0.587 .690 1.142 1.195 1.424

B = Pb (NO3)2 SA \ log (1/m*) T = 298.10K (570) 0.03903 1.2079 .03855 1.1798 .03851 1.1410 .03922 1.0847 T = 298.1°K(24) 0.04204 0.9994 .05127 .8331

I

I

log (1/c.O

M* 0.342 .382 .437 .522 0.653 .950

I

(570) 1.2099 1.1817 1.1465 1.0892 1.0029

À

0.341 .381 .436 .517 .652

B = ZnCl2; T = 298.10K (1Q76)

CB 0.1

I

T = 298.10K 0.03888 .03838 .03832 .03899 .0416

0.0 .01001 .02503 .04983 .10* *From (1076).

SA

I

I

SA 0.0110

I I

log (1/Csb) 1.0886

I I

M| 1.04

B = CdCl2; T = 298.10K (1Q76) 0 . 0 2 5 0 . 0 3 0 0 5 1 . 1 4 6 2 0 . 4 1 2 .05 .02405 1.0926 .472 .10 .01775 1.0023 .594 B = HgCl2; T = 293.10K (441) I SA Ij CB | 0.03492 0.03683 .03569 .05* .03665 .07367 .03886 .1474

SA .04413 .0496 .05348 .06822

CB 0.025 .05 .10

B = MnCl2; T = 298.10K (1Q76) I SA I log (1/0 I 0.02505 1.2001 .01895 1.1478 .01085 1.0910

M! 0.387 .454 .577

0.025 .05

B = MgCl 2 ; T = 298.10K (1Q76) 0.02515 j 1.1990 I .0175 1.1621

0.730 .766

B = CaCl2; T = 298.10K (6ii) 0.03895 1.2088 .02515 1.1990 .01775 1.1623 .01095 1.0894 .00696 0.9008 .00563 .7612 .00771 .5114 .01268 .3089 .2057 I .1495

0.342 .388 .450 .580 .894 1.200 1.699 2.140 2.499

B = CaBr2; T = 298.10K Solid phase contains PbBr 2 (?) (6U) B = SrCl2; T = 298.10K (6U) j SA I log (1/c*) I 0.00678 0.9103 .00640 .7219 .00824 .6310 .01418 .3298 .01578 .2711 .02698 .1753

/i* 0.880 1.245 1.445 2.02 2.16 2.50

CB 0.0 .004604 .009208 .01842 *From (1076).

B = C 2 H 4 O 2 , Acetic acid; T = 298.10K (626) CB

0.0 .050 .100 .150 .200 .465 .929 1.845 3.680

I

SA

0.03877 .03891 .03909 .03880 .03852 .03696 .03452 .02843 .01894

I

log (l/c=0

1.2172 1.2093 1.2073 1.2105 1.2136 1.2316 1.2612 1.3455 1.5218

I

/4

0.341

B = C2H6O, Ethyl alcohol; T = 298.10K (758) O T O 0 . 0 3 8 8 1 . 2 1 0 5 0 . 3 4 1 .0125 .0367 1.2347 .025 .0338 1.2704 .5 .0330 1.2989 1.0 .0298 1.3251 2.0 .0257 1.3893 4.0 .0172 1.5638 B = C6H14O6, Mannitol; T = 298.10K (758) 0 . 0 1 5 6 3 0 . 0 3 7 7 1 . 2 2 3 0 .03125 .0385 1.2138 .0625 .0384 1.2497 .125 .0394 1.2039 .25 .0403 1.1939 .5 .0408 1.1887

0.0 .05* .10* .20 .26 .475 .955 1.515 2.06 *From (1076).

CB 0.255 .51 .69 1.33 1.545 2.065

PbCl2.—(Continued) B = SrBr2; T = 298.10K Solid phase contains PbBr 2 (?) (611) CB 0.16 .32 .69 1.04

mB 0.4934 1.191 1.265 2.515 4.571 7.871 11.23 14.24 15.49 17.54 21.27 23.06 ras 0.0 .173 .903 2.65 mB 0.51 1.02 2.05 3.03 4.10 0.2851 .7626 1.428 2.83 3.463 4.121 4.856 5.173 0.3565 .3638 .7429 .915 1.253 2.66 4.429 6.1307 6.346 6.704 7.181 7.27

B = BaCl2; T = 298.10K (611) I SA I log (!/e*) I 0.00699 1.0421 .00553 0.8792 .01089 .5588 .02388 .3253 B = BaBr2; T = 298.10K Solid phase contains PbBr2(?) (611) B = LiCl; T = 323.10K (326) I £A I log (l/m ± ) | 0.01649 0.7801 .01332 .5685 .01411 .5209 .01967 .2974 .03605 .0365 .1141 -0.2914 -0.5329 .2851 .4283 -0.6630 -0.7051 .4820 .5190 -0.7511 -0.7760 .5357 -0.8193 .4961 B = NaCl; T = 286.10K (326) j SA [I ^B I 0.02970 3.383 .00654 5.319 .00344 6.221 .00794 I SA I log (1/m.O I T = 298.10K (en) 0.00648 0.9172 .00631 .7240 .00961 .4619 .01279 .3076 .04377 .0983 T = 323.10K (326) 0.02111 0.8819 .01454 .6801 .02328 .4359 .05309 .1132 .07005 .0138 -0.1134 .1165 .2069 -0.2531 -0.3085 .2599 T = 373.10K (326) 0.06154 0.4823 .05974 .4843 .05714 .4549 .05884 .3999 .06548 .3000 -0.0156 .1083 -0.2515 .2356 .4830 -0.4293 .5223 -0.4858 .5855 -0.5207 -0.5685 .6900 .6928 -0.5725 B = NaBr; T = 298.10K Solid phase contains PbBr2(?) (611)'

/4 0.708 .988 1.450 1.790

^ 0.737 1.109 1.142 1.630 2.160 2.865 3.47 3.94 4.11 4.37 4.78 4.95 SA 0.01337 .05240 .09396

n* 0.732 1.020 1.443 1.75 2.06 0.590 .898 1.220 1.725 1.915 2.115 2.34 2.44 0.736 .737 .956 1.045 1.205 1.728 2.26 2.75 2.81 2.91 3.04 3.06

mB 0.0 .1866 .3358 mB

0.199 .306 .387 .475 .497 .502 .523 .545*

B = KCl; T = 287.10K (326) j SA [J WB j 0.03301 0.4769 .0066 .5347* .00517 j /SA I log (l/m ± ) I T = 293.10K (194) 0.00967 1.1122 .00744 1.0386 .00683 0.9873 .00648 .9373 .00652 .9235 .00643 .9228 .00644 .9110 .00643 .8996

SA. 0.00449 .00567

^ 0.477 .573 .638 .702 .718 .723 .730 .750

»Solid phase contains 2PbCl2-KCl.

CB

I

0.05 .10 .20 0.0 .001 .0025 .0049 .0099 .02 .0599 .09991 .5006 .7018 .9991 1.5018 2.0024 3.0036 me, 0.1918 .3262 .4860 .6832 .8476 .8982 .9213 .9321 .9425 0.1289 .143 .431 .5575 .7234 .8593 1.044 1.207 1.429 1.617 1.695

I

SA I log(l/e*) T = 298.10K (1076) 0.0241 1.2113 .01705 1.1711 .1095 1.0894 T = 298.30K (373.5) 0.0388 1.2105 .03832 1.2128 .03785 1.2151 .03702 1.2123 .03528 1.2138 .03216 1.2136 1.2111 .02262 .01690 1.1647 .00740 0.9022 .00738 .8088 .00490 .7674 .00483 .6524 .00556 .5490 .00974 .3502 SA I log (IMQ T = 298.10K (326) 0.02840 0.9186 .02306 .8318 .01880 .7626 .6468 .02173 .02237 .5831 .02245 .5665 .02248 .5593 .02329 .5505 .02136 .5611 T = 373.10K (326) 0.0838 0.7098 .0844 .6942 .0656 .5600 .06869 .4925 .0667 .4395 .0717 .3723 .0738 .3258 .0804 .2737 .08624 .2178 .1045 .1519 . 10725 .1353

|

/4 0.350 .389 .486

I

0.341 .340 .340 .340 .339 .341 .357 .387 .610 .850 1.005 1.23 1.42 1.74 M*

j

0.526 .628 .736 .865 .956 .982 .994 1.001 1.003 0.617 .630 .792 .874 .961 1.035 1.120 1.203 1.300 1.390 1.425

B = KBr; T = 298.10K Solid phase contains PbBr2(?) (611) B = KNO 3 ; T = 298.30K (373.S); see value in B = HNO3

PbBr2(S) = Pb++ + 2BrB = HBr; T = 283.10K Soin, contained 8.9wB and 1.5£A (341) B = HNO 3 ; T = 298.10K (373,5) CB 0.00 .001 .01 .05* .051

|

SA 0.02628 .02659 .02735 .03025 .03004

|

log (1/c*) 1.3797 1.3746 1.3624 1.3199 1.3216

|

/4 0.281 .283 .304 .375 .376

* O.Oltf HNO 3 + 0.04ÌV KNO3.

mB 0.00 ;0020 .0050 .0100 .0200 .0500 .1000 .1326 .2000 .3134 .5000 .703 .9521 1.6547 1.964*

/i* 0.283 .293 .307 .330 .372 .479 .624 .692 .841 1.035 1.288 1.519 1.737 2.310 2.510

B = CdBr2; T = 298.10K (* *$2) 0 . 0 0 1 0 0 . 0 2 6 3 7 1 . 3 6 7 4 0 . 2 8 6 .0020 .02591 1.3643 .289 1.3539 .298 .0050 .02466 .0100 .02307 1.3321 .315 .0200 .01999 1.2977 .346 .0500 .01450 1.2059 .440 .1000 .01117 1.0860 .577 .1305 .01038 1.0281 .650 .2000 .00939 0.9280 .793 .3236 .00969 .7890 1.000 .5000 .01072 .6505 1.238 .5607 .01143 .6083 1.310 1.000 .01597 .3939 1.745 1.692 .02445 .1803 2.270 4.182* .06508 .2170 3.570 * Solid phase, PbBr2 and CdBr2.4H2O.

B = CaCl2; T = 298.10K Solid phase probably contained PbCl2Cs) (*") B = CaBr2; T = 298.10K (eil) CB

I

SA

0.02625 .00667 .01205 .0438 .1175 .5187

CB 0.26 .52 1.04 1.56 2.08

I

log (IA*)

1.3803 0.9073 .6217 .2289 -0.0411 -0.3827

A

I

0.281 .893 1.255 1.803 2.246 2.795

B = SrCl2; T = 298.10K Solid phase probably contained PbCl2(s) (611)

298.10K (eil) log (1/C-) I 0.9060 .6134 .2294 -0.0880 -0.4010

4 0.883 1.264 1.798 2.269 2.819

B = BaCl2; T = 298.10K Solid phase probably contained PbCl2(s) ( 611 ) B = BaBr2; T = 298.10K (eil) CB

B = Pb(N03)2; T = 298.10K ("92) | £A | log (l/m±) |. 0.02680 1.3723 .02664 1.3634 .02644 1.3520 .02622 1.3340 .02612 1.3001 .02663 1.2202 .02954 1.1169 .03159 1.0612 .03544 0.9757 .04333 .8573 .05342 .7332 .06522 .6279 .07754 .5354 .1268 .3138 .1346 -0.2727

* Solid phase, PbBr2 and Pb(NOs)2.

0.00 .26 .52 1.04 1.565 2.085

B = SrBr2; T = I SA I 0.00673 .01273 .04367 .1559 .5687

I

0.225 .455 .91 1.38 1.835

SA

I

0.00607 .01091 .04443 .1604 .4140

log

(1/c*)

I

0.9624 .6745 .2639 -0.0609 -0.3077

/4

0.832 1.182 1.692 2.150 2.597

B = Ba(NOs) 2 ; T = 298.10K ("92) ' mn I £A I log (IMO I 0.002 0.02737 1.3664 .005 .02808 1.3509 .01 .02883 1.3395 .02 .03034 1.3173 .05000 .03370 1.2717 .09045 .03691 1.2322 .1000 .03780 1.2219 1.1574 .2000 .04385 1.1532 .2105 .04428 .3513 .05008 1.0997 .4116* .05337 1.0720

M* 0.297 .315 .341 .389 .501 .618 .693 .855 .874 1.097 1.222

* Solid phase, PbBr2(s) and Ba(NO3)2(s).

B = NaCl, T = 298.10K Solid phase probably contained PbCl2(s) (611) B = NaBr; T = 298.10K (eii) CB

I

0.73 1.47 2.20 2.93 3.67 4.40

«A

0.00860 .02247 .07043 .1958 .3936 .7337

I

log

(1/c*)

I

0.7727 .4292 .1375 -0.1115 -0.2977 -0.4675

/i*

0.869 1.240 1.553 1.875 2.202 2.569

B = KCl; T = 298.10K Solid phase probably contained PbCl2(s) (611) mB 0.001 .002 .0050 .0100 .0200 .0500 .1000 .2000 .3740

B = KBr; T = 298.10K ("92) I £A I log (IM* ) I 0.02645 1.3714 .02611 1.3718 .02500 1.3734 .02345 1.3732 .02043 1.3737 .01380 1.3594 .00859 1.3097 1.1661 .00694 | 0.9955 .00687

/** 0.283 .283 .283 .283 .285 .303 .347 .470 .628

PbI2(S) = Pb++ + 21SA 0.00165

T = 298.10K (862) I log (1/c*) I I 2.5818 |

MC 0.0703

PbSO4(S) = Pb++ + SO4-

PbI2.—(Continued) B = HNO 3 ; T = 298.30K (373.5) CB

I

0.0 .001 .01 .051 .01*

SA

I

0.00158 .00165 .00184 .00223 .00223

log

(l/c*)

I

2.6006 2.5818 2.5345 2.4510 2.4510

B = HCl; T = 291.10K (71); c/. (1235) M*

0.0688 .0771 .1246 .240 .240

* O.Oltf HNO 3 + 0.04tf KNO3. B = NH4I

mB 0.0 .2532 .4448 .5207* 0.0 .4462 .7593 1.0986*

I

£A I log (1/W-.) T = 293.10K (326) 0.001301 2.6850 .0006507 1.4584 .000694 1.2889 .00232 1.0645 T = 333.10K (326) 0.00369 2.2656 .00319 1.0616 .00360 0.8916 .00729 .6814

I

M* 0.0625 .505 .668 .726 0.1052 .676 .878 1.053

* Solid phase, PbIa(a) + PbNH4l3.2H2O(s).

0.0 .1361 .2626 .6024 .9813 1.1488* 0.0 .17608 .6199 1.0199 1.2669 1.394 1.462 1.6072 2.5885 2.7523 2.939

B = KI T = 286.10K (326) 0.00108 2.766 .0000221 2.1292 .0000226 1.8057 .0000694 1.5329 .0000755 1.3794 .001291 0.9222 T = 333.10K (326) 0.00369 2.2656 .0000434 1.9567 .000477 1.2427 .0005076 1.0922 .003154 0.7638 .003744 .7112 .004048 .6860 .007442 .5761 .05748 .1253 .08169 .0528 .1036 -0.0036

0.0569 .3691 .5125 .7741 .9910 1.0740 0.1052 .3195 .788 1.011 1.129 1.185 1.214 1.276 1.661 1.731 1.803

* Solid phase, PbI2(S) + PbKI3.2H2O.

CB

I

0.0 .1 .2 .3 .4

SA

log

(1/c*)

I

M|

3.899 3.037 2.764 2.573 2.439

0.0225 .3220 .4549 .5575 .6430

B = H2SQ4; T = 298.10K ( T O 0 . 0 0 0 1 2 6 3 . .00005 .000110 .0001 .000101 .00025 .000064 .0005 .000043 .005 .000017

( 1147 ); cf. (342) 8 9 9 0 . 0 2 2 5 3.877 .0243 3.846 .0265 3.848 .0317 3.816 .0409 3.535 .1228

B = HNO 3 ; T = 291.10K O T I 0 . 0 0 0 5 0 6 3 . .2 .000844 .3 .00113 .4 .00144

(7l); cf. (1235) 2 9 6 0 . 3 3.072 2.947 2.841

1 9 3 .4475 .5518 .6370

B = NH 4 C 2 H 3 O 2 , Ammonium acetate; T = 298.10K (»52, 1090.5) mB j £A [I WB j SA Ö T Ö 0 . 0 0 0 1 3 5 0 . 7 3 6 5 0 . 0 1 9 6 2 .104 .00212 1.580 .06320 .2094 .00459 3.708 .1715 .4285 .01037 B = NaCl; T = 291.10K (7i) CB

I

SA

I

log (l/c ± )

I

/4

0.1 .2 .3 A

0.000546 3.263 0.3197 .000904 3.044 .4512 .00128 2.893 .5523 .00163 2.775 .6377 B = NaC2H3Q2, Acetate; T = 298.10K (443) ras j $A [J mB j AA 0 . 9 0 9 8 0 . 0 2 6 0 9 3 . 9 2 6 0 . 3 7 1 4 1.8 .09992 4.673 .5224 2.981 .2342 2.5* .1858 * 291 - 2930K.

B = KC2H3O2, Acetate (443) Th(C2O4)2.6H2O(s) = Th++++ + 2C2O4- + 6H2O(I)

Pb(IOs)2(S) = Pb++ + 21O3-

log (I/o 0 =) = 4.076 B = Pb(NO 3 ) 2 î T = 298.10K (573) CB I SA I log (1/c*) I /4 I log Tc 0.0 0.0000551 4.0581 0.01286 -0.018 .00005 .0000435 4.0500 .01675 -0.026 .0005 .0000206 4.0186 .03952 -0.057 .005 .00000925 3.9219 .1226 -0.154 .050 .000008 3.6309 .3873 -0.445 .250 .000014 3.2359 .8660 -0.840 1.50 .000075 2.4906 2.121 -1.585 B = KIO3; T = 298.10K (573) 0.000053040.000035754.08550.012660.009 .0001061 .00002185 4.1032 .01310 .027 B = KNO 3 ; T = 298.10K (573) 0.0020.000057054.04310.04659-0.033 .010 .0000667 3.9752 .1010 -0.101 .050 .0001019 3.7912 .2243 -0.285

I

0.000126 .000917 .00172 .00267 .00363

B = HCl mB*

I

0.0 .329 .878 .987 1.26 0.0 1.12 2.30 3.40

£At Il ^B* T = 290.10K (301) 0.0000416 2.30 .0000857 3.59 4.44 .0000115 5.43 .0000149 .000230 0 T = 333.1 K (301) 0.0000416 4.42 .000245 4.94 .000686 5.46 .00139 5.92

* See (301) for B = HCl + H2C2O4.

I

£Af

0.000416 .000686 .000931 .00157 0.00252 .00328 .00414 .00568

t Per 1000 g solution.

B = H 2 SO 4 CB

0.5 .5

I

SA*

[I

CB

T = 298.10K (592) 0.00098 H 2.5 .00114 [I

j

SA*

0.00757

CB

B = H2SO4.—(Continued] SAJ^ y CB T = 298.10K (1534)

j

0.25 .50 .725 1.08

I

0.000975 1.544 .001475 1.672 .001703 2.113 .00416 T = 298.10K (594);c/. (1324) 0.000264 0.525 .000529 .800 .000983 1.225

0.0625 .125 .250

SA*

0.00572 .00679 .00938

0.00158 .00268 .00499

* Per 1000 g solution.

B = H2C2O4, Oxalic acid; T = 290.10K (3Qi); c/. (594) CB 0.189 .722

I

s A *t Il CB 0.0000049 1.033 .0000171 2.556 T = 298.10K (594) SA = ThO2f 0.0015 satd.

0.75

* See ( 301 ) for B = H 2 C 2 O 4 H-HCl at 290.1 and 323.10K.

0.005 .05 .25

I

s A *t 0.000024 .00073 SA = ThO2I 0.0030

f Per 1000 g solution.

B = (NH4) 2C2O 4, Ammonium oxalate T = 298.10K (592) 0.00004 satd. 0.561 .0083 satd. .550 .0666 T = 298.10K (594)

0.00033 .00044 .00072 .00109

0.000050 .000081 .00012 .000200

0.00120 .00130 .00148 .00153

0.000208 .000220 .000250 .000260

Th(C2O4) 2.6H2O (amorph.) = Th++++ +2C 2 O 4 -+6H 2 O (1) B = HCl; T = 298.10K (1324) CB 0.25 .50

SA JJ CB | 0.0000235 1.00 .0000438 B = H 2 SO 4 ; T = 298.10K (1324)

0.0001109 .0002401

0.5

SA 0.0001084

I

£A 0.01657 .02571 .03092 .03941 .05625

I

log (IMO 1.7807 1.6899 1.5098 1.4044 1.2499

* The temperature is probably higher than 298.10K.

0.1265 .7254 1.015 1.428

B = C2H4O2, Acetic acid; T = 298.10K (625) ; c/ (626) mB 0.0 .5310 1.080 2.272 5.43 14.53 31.00 70.00 150.00 CB

I

I

0.0 .0501 .0958 .263 .524

dy

I

SA 0.01634 0.9986 .01639 1.0014 .01595 1.0085 .01495 1.0295 .01281 1.0521 .00960 1.0570 .00708 1.0614 .00605 1.0638 .00467 SA I log (Vc=Q T = 298.10K (626) 0.016085 1.7934 .016027 1.7951 .016006 1.7956 .015662 1.8052 .015258 1.8164

I

log (!/m*) 1.7828 1.7854 1.7973 1.8254 1.8925 2.0177 2.1500 2.2183 2.3307 /4

B = TlClO3; T = 298.10K (1075) corrected by (175) 0.025 I 0.00893 | 1.7591 | 0.184

CB 0.0 0.01567

I

/i* 0.1285 .736 1.055 1.550 2.350

I

SA 0.02523 0.01952

I

log (1/C=O 1.5981 1.5816

I

M! 0.1588 0.1876

B = Tl2SO4; T = 298.10K (231)

0.0005270

TlCl(s) = Tl+ + Cllog(l/mi) = 1.8630 ± 0.002; log 1/cl = -1.8630 ± 0.002 (1192) B = HCl CB I SA I log (l/c*) I /4 T = 298.10K (1075, 1076) corrected by ("S) 0.0 0.01607 1.7940 0.1265 .025 .008654 1.7677 .1834 .0283(1075) .00834 1.7575 .191 .05 .00583 1.7437 .2364 .0560(1075) .00564 1.7294 .248 .01 .00383 1.7002 .3215 .1468(1075) .00315 1.6629 .387 .2 .002534 1.6452 .450 .00200 1.3492 1.001 1.00 (1075) B = HNO 3 ; T = 298.10K* (629, 630) mB 0.0 .5169 1.0804 2.3700 5.4512

0.0 .5 1 2

B = NH4NO3; T = 298.10K (468) 0.01606 1.7943 .02587 1.5872 .03121 1.5057 .03966 1.4016

B = TlBrQ3; T = 312.850K (1Q77)

I

0.125 .25

B = NH4Cl; T = 298.10K (1075, 1Q76) corrected by Q75) CB I SA I log (1/cQ I /4 0.025 0.00875 1.7647 0.1835 .05 .00591 1.7404 .236 .2 .00270 1.6301 .450

mB 0.0 .02511 .05039 CB

0.0 .01004 .01415* .02511 .0280* .05029 mB 0.0 .02542 .05076

I

J

I

SA ! log (IMO 0.01612 1.7926 .00683 1.7132 .00467 1.6537 SA I log (1/C=Q T = 298.10K (175) 0.01615 1.7918 .01039 1.7497 .00883 1.7415 .006804 1.7056 .00624 1.7054 .004708 1.6524 SA I log (IMO T = 323.10K (231) 0.03341 1.4761 .02095 1.4114 .01591 1.3643

^ 0.1268 .2865 .394 /4

I

0.1271 .2012 .1515 .2865 .185 .394 Mè 0.1827 .3112 .4100

* From (1075) corrected by ( 17S ).

0.0 .05035 .10075 . 20284

B = TlNO3; T = 298.10K (231) 0.01612 1.7926 .00619 1.7284 .00416 1.6851 .00304 1.6017

0.1268 .237 .324 .453

TlCL- (Continued) CB 0.0 .0283 .0560 .1468 mB 0.0 .025 .05 .1 0.0 .10167 .20481

B = TlNO3.- (Continued) SA I log (1/c*) I T = 298.10K (1075) corrected by (175) 0.01607 1.7940 .00828 1.7584 .00570 1.7269 .00331 1.6519 I /SfA I log (IMQ I T = 298.10K (1076) corrected by (175) 0.01607 1.7940 .0088 1.7633 .00624 1.7274 .00422 1.6783 T = 323.10K (231) 0.03341 1.4761 .01404 1.3947 .01034 1.3264 I

/4 0.1266 .1905 .248 .387 J 0.1265 .1838 .2371 .3228 0.1827 .340 .463

B = TlCNS CB

I

SA

I

log (1/c*)

I

4

T = 298.10K (1075) 0.0 0.01607 1.7940 0.1265 .0107 .0119 1.7844 .1503 T = 312.840K (1077) 0.02149 I 0.01807 | 1.7430 | 0.1989 B = ZnCl2; T = 298.10K (1Q76) corrected by (175) 0 7 0 0 . 0 1 6 0 7 1 . 7 9 4 0 0 . 1 2 6 5 .0125 .00896 1.7584 .215 .025 .00625 1.7270 .285 .05 .00411 1.6844 .392 .1 .00280 1.6229 .550 B = ZnSO4 SA I log (1/m*) | M* T = 273.10K (231) 0.0 0.006701 2.1739 0.0819 .04997 .008746 2.0582 .457 .1 .009786 2.0094 .639 .2998 .01213 1.9161 1.100 5986 .01421 1.8474 1.552 T = 298.10K (231) 0.0 0.01612 1.7926 0.1268 1.6851 .470 .05013 .02065 .10021 .02284 1.6413 .650 .30045 .02773 1.5571 1.108 .60062 .03209 1.4936 1.559 T = 323.10K (231) 0.0 1.4761 0.1827 .05066 0.04081 1.3892 .4935 .6712 .10142 .04520 1.3448 .3047 .05432 1.2650 1.1285 .6093 .06265 1.2031 1.5810 B = CdCl2; T = 29§.1°K (1Q76) corrected by (175) CB I SA I log (1/c*) I M| 0.0 0.01607 1.1940 0.1265 .0125 .01037 1.7178 .218 .025 .00778 1.6736 .287 .05 .00576 1.6076 .394 .1 .00426 , 1.5302 .551 B = CdSO4; T = 298.10K (1Q7S) corrected by (175) 0.1887 0.015 0.0206 1.5665 .03935 .0254 1.3912 .2545 .0787 .0309 1.2343 .3311 ms

I

B = CuCl2; T = 298.10K (1076) corrected by (175) CB SA I log (1/c*) I Ml 0.0 0.01607 1.7940 0.1268 .0125 .00903 1.7562 .215 .025 .00612 1.7321 .285 .05 .00421 1.6789 .392 .1 .00290 1.6144 .550 B = MnCl2; T = 298.10K (10*6) corrected by (175) ( T O 0 . 0 1 6 0 7 1 . 7 9 4 0 0 . 1 2 6 8 .0125 .00895 1.7587 .215 .025 .00615 1.7309 .285 .05 .00411 1.6894 .392 .1 .00285 1.6189 .550 B = FeCl2; T = 298.10K (569) (569) states same solubility as in BaCl2 O 75 ) B = La2(SO4)3 mB I SA I log (IMQ I M* T = 273.10K (231) 0.0 0.00670 2.1739 0.0819 .01001 .00747 2.1267 .3965 .482 .01502 .00806 2.0937 .02005 .00830 2.0809 .555 .02507 .00847 2.0721 .620 T = 298.10K (231) 0.0 0.01612 1.7926 0.1268 .01004 .01809 1.7433 .410 .01508 .01845 1.7352 .484 .02012 .01925 1.7176 .566 .02516 .01950 1.7120 .630 B = La(NO3V, T = 298.10K (H74) WB I £A I log (1/m.Q | M* 0.0 0.01611 1.7929 0.1269 .005215 .01740 1.7594 .2224 .008808 .01778 1.7500 .2657 .02024 .01946 1.7109 .3754 1.6718 .5216 .04180 .02129 .08166 .02433 1.6138 .7171 .1970 .02697 1.5692 1.100 B = MgCl2; T = 298.10K (1Q76) corrected by (175) CB I SA I log (1/c*) I M! 0.0 0.01607 1.7940 0.1265 .0125 .00901 1.7559 .147 .025 .00616 1.7297 .176 .05 .00412 1.6882 .233 .10 .00274 1.6268 .320 B = MgSO4; T = 298.10K (H74) WB I £A I log (IM*) I M* 0.0 0.01611 1.7929 0.1269 .01708 .01920 1.7127 .2958 .03364 .02042 1.6899 .3937 .04384 .02106 1.6765 .4454 .06259 .02214 1.6548 .5220 .1291 .02504 1.6014 .7358 .1994 .02641 1.5782 .9078 .3529 .02878 1.5409 1.2002 B = CaCl2; T = 298.10K (1Q76) corrected by (175) CB I SA I log(l/c*) I M? 0.0 0.01607 1.7940 0.1265 .0125 .00893 1.7593 .215 .025 .00622 1.7281 .285 .05 .00416 1.6867 .392 .1 .00283 1.6206 .550

B = BaCl2; T = 298.10K (1Q76) corrected by (175) CB

I

0.0 .01415* .025 .05 .0734*

SA

0.01607 .00855 .00618 .00424 .00322

I

log (l/c ± )

M!

1.7940 1.7508 1.7297 1.6772 1.6580

0.1265 .226 .285 .393 .472

* (1075)

0.0 .5 1 2 3

B = LiNO 3 ; T = 298.10K (468) 0.01606 1.7943 .02542 1.5948 .03035 1.5178 .03785 1.4219 .04438 1.3528 |

0.1265 .7249 1.015 1.427 1.744

B = NaCl; T = 298.10K (1076) corrected by (175) ( T O 0 . 0 1 6 0 7 1 . 7 9 4 0 0 . 1 2 6 5 .025 .00867 1.7669 .1835 .05 .00590 1.7408 .236 .1 .00394 1.6989 .322 .2 .00270 1.6308 .450 B = NaClO3; T = 298.10K (468) 0.0 0.01606 1.7943 0.1265 .5 .02320 1.6345 .7233 1 .02687 1.5707 1.1425 2 .03060 1.5142 1.425 3 .03303 1.4810 1.7415 4 .03850 1:4145 2.01 B = NaNO 3 ; T = 298.10K (468) 0.0 0.01606 1.7943 0.1265 .5 .02564 1.5910 .725 1 .03054 1.5151 1.014 2 .03851 1.4144 1.428 3 .04544 1.3425 1.745 4 .05128 1.2900 2.013 B = NaC2H3O2, Acetate; T = 298.10K (1075) corrected by (175) ( T O 0 . 0 1 6 0 7 I 1 . 7 9 4 0 0 . 1 2 6 5 .0150 .0163 1.7878 .177 .0300 .0169 1.7721 216 .0787 .0181 1.7423 311 .1574 .0192 1.7167 .420 B = KCl; T = 298.10K (231) mB

I

SA I log (1/m*) 0.0 0.01612 1.7926 .05025 .00589 1.7403 .10051 .00389 1.6957 .20190 .00260 1.6372 .50911 .00179 1.5194 CB I SA I log (l/c*) T = 298.10K (1075) corrected by (175); 0.0 0.01607 1.7940 .025 .00869 1.7667 .05 .00590 1.7408 .1 .00396 1.6927 .2 .00268 1.6325 .8 .00170 1.4237 mB I SA I log (1/w*) T = 323.10K (231) 0.0 0.033412 1.4761 .05071 .01861 1.4448 .10151 .01300 1.4136 .2036 .00909 1.3568 .5140 .00623 1.2447

Me 0.1265 .237 .322 .451 .714 I /4 " cf. (199) 0.1265 .1835 .2364 .3224 .4502 .8954 I Me I

0.1827 .2633 .3384 .4612 .7211

CB 0.5

B = KClO3; T = 298.10K (468) I SA I log (1/C=Q I I 0.5237 I 1.6252 |

/z* 0.7237

B = K 2 SO 4 ; T = 298.10K (175) mB 0.0 .01006 .02511 .05028 .1515 .5133

I

I log (1/m*) 1.7918 1.7479 1.7093 1.6674 1.5814 1.4544

|

B = KNO3 T = 273.10K (231) 0.006701 2.1739 .007894 2.1027 .009623 2.0167 .01206 1.9191 .015310 1.8150 T = 298.10K (231) 0.01612 1.7926 .01836 1.7361 .02176 1.6623 .02619 1.5819 .03178 1.4979 T = 298.10K (175); c/. (199)

0.0 .0501 .2015 .5094 1.0401 0.0 .05028 .20234 .51228 1.0487

0.0 .0201 .0503 .1008 .3080 1.047 CB

£A 0.01615 .01787 .01953 .02151 .02628 .03512

0.01615 .01725 .01838 .01977 .02375 .03217

1.7918 1.7632 1.7467 1.7040 1.6243 1.4925

P* 0.1271 .2002 .314 .415 .686 1.255

0.0819 .2405 .459 .721 1.025 0.1268 .262 .473 .733 1.040

0.127 .193 .262 .347 .575 1.037

I

jSA I log (Vc=O I M| T = 298.10K (468) 0.0 0.01606 1.7943 0.1265 .5 .02566 1.5907 .725 1.0 .03077 1.5119 1.019 2 .03904 1.4085 1.428 T = 298.10K (1075) corrected by (175) 0.015 0.0170 1.7695 0.1789 .03 .0179 1.7471 .2189 .0787 .0192 1.7167 .3129 .1574 .0212 1.6736 .4226 mB I SA I log (1/m.Q | M* T = 323.10K (231) 0.0 0.03341 1.4761 0.1827 .05075 .03652 1.4375 .295 .20435 .04226 1.3741 .495 .51797 .04966 1.3040 .753 1.06067 .05859 1.2322 l ..Q52

TlClO3 (s) = Tl+ + ClO3CB 0.0 .0683

B = Tl2SO4; T = 293.10K (1Q78) I SA I log (1/c^) I 0.1340 0.8729 .1058 .5889

Ml 0.3611 .5574

B = K2C2O4; T = 298.10K (»)

TlBr(s) = Tl+ + Br0

B = TlNO3; T = 341.6 K (i075) CB

I

SA

0.0 .0163 .0294 .0995

I

0.00869 .00410 .00289 .00148

log

(l/c*)

I

2.0609 2.0387 2.0150 1.9127

MC*

0.09311 .1428 .1797 .3178

TlBrO3(S) = Tl+ + BrO3-

CB

I

SA

I

log

0.02216 0.01567

(!/e*)

I

1.6544 1.6292

M?

0.1489 0.1876

B = TlCNS; T = 312.850K (iQ77) 0.02210* I 0.01496 | 1.6280 |

0.1925

TlCNS(s) = Tl+ + CNSB = TlCl SA

I

log

(l/c*)

I

T = 298.10K (1075) 0.0149 1.8286 .0107 1.8082 T = 312.850K (1077) 0.02773 1.5570 0.03956 1.5452

O 0.0119* 0.0 .01807*

MC*

0.1221 .1503 0.1665 .1989

* TlCl(s) present.

B = TlBrO3; T = 312.850K (1Q77) 0.01496satd.| 0.03706* [ 1.5433 |

0.1925

* TlBrO3(S) present.

B = TlNO 3 ; T = 298.10K (1Q7S) ( T O I 0 . 0 1 4 9 1 . 8 2 8 6 0 . 1 2 2 1 .0227 .00852 1.7875 .1767 .0822 .00406 1.7278 .2937 B = KCNS; T = 298.10K (1Q7S) 0.0227 I 0.0083 | 1.7947 | 0.1761 Tl2SO4(S) = 2Tl+ + SO4B = H2SO4; T = 298.10K (iQ7S) CB

I

SA

I

log

(1/c.O

I

0.0 .0247 .04935

0.1083 0.7646 .1172 .7027 .1249 .6545 B = TlClO3; T = 293.10K (1Q78) 0.0 0.0964 0.8152 . 1058 .0683 .7988 B = TlNO3; T = 298.10K (1Q78) 0.0996 I 0.08365 | 0.7416 | B = NaHSO4; T = 298.10K (1Q78) 0.0505 I 0.1161 I 0.6821 | B = Na2SO4; T = 298.10K (1Q78) 0.02485 I 0.1080 | 0.7359 |

M?

0.570 .652 .723 0.538 .558 0.593 0.707 0.632

Tl2C2O4(S), Oxalate = 2Tl+ + C2O4CB 0.0 .04114 .0799 .1597

I

log (1/c*) 1.1261 1.0541 0.9199 .7877 .6324

I

M! 0.505 .637 .926 1.262 1.763

B = TlNO3; T = 298.10K (9) I SA I log (l/c*) I 0.03768 1.2232 .0264 1.2108 .0195 1.1865 .01235 1.1256

AgBr (s) = Ag+ + BrB = Hg(NOs) 2 and B = KBr; see p. 267

AgBrO3 (s) = Ag+ + BrO3-

* TlCNS (s) present.

I

SA 0.0351 .03565 .0390 .04506 .05536

B = HCl, B = HNOa and B = Various salts; see p. 266

* TlCl (s) present.

CB

I

AgCl (s) = Ag+ + Cl-

B = TlCl; T = 312.850K (io??) 0.0 0.01952*

CB 0.0498 .0996 .2467 .4886 .9785

M! 0.336 .347 .372 .444

log I/ml= 2.142 ± 0.003 B = C2H4O2, Acetic acid; T = 298.10K (626) CB I SA I log (1/Cd=) M! 0.0 0.008267 2.0827 0.09092 .0498 .008240 2.0840 .0997 .008219 2.0851 .1995 .008145 2.0891 .4988 .007904 2.1022 .9975 .007639 2.1169 2.1636 1.8721 .006861 B = CdSO4; T = 298.10K (317) O 0 . 0 0 8 0 6 2 j 2 . 0 9 3 7 0 . 0 8 9 8 .1 .01041 1.9828 .6406 .5 .01335 1.8745 1.419 B = AgNO 3 ; T = 297.60K (iQ7S) CB I SA I log (1/0 I M! 0.0 0.00810 2.0915 0.0900 .00850 .00510 2.0794 .1167 .0346 .00216 2.0500 .1917 B = Ce(NOs) 3 ; T = 298.10K (317) 0.0125 0.008888 2.0512 0.2835 .025 .009336 2.0298 .3992 B = MgSO4; T = 298.10K (317) 0.02 0.00892 2.0497 0.2212 .051 .00967 2.0143 .4622 .1 .0103 1.9872 .6406 .1988 .01138 1.9439 .8981 B = Mg(NOs) 2 ; T = 298.10K (317) I 0.008935 2.0489 0.2897 0.025 .05 .009414 2.0263 .3983 .10 .01009 1.9961 .5576 B = Ba(NOs) 2 ; T = 298.10K (317) 0 . 0 2 5 I 0 . 0 0 9 0 8 8 2 . 0 4 1 5 0 . 2 9 0 0 .05 .009655 2.0153 .3995 .10 .010373 1.9841 .5571 B = Na2SO4; T = 298.10K (317) 0.05 0.009965 2.0015 0.400 .10 .01097 1.9597 .5706 1.00 .01862 1.7300 1.737 B = KClO4; T = 298.10K (317) 0 . 0 2 5 0 . 0 0 8 7 1 6 2 . 0 5 9 6 O . 1 8 3 6 .05 .009190 2.0367 .2433 .10 .009706 2.0129 .3312 B = KBrO3; T = 297.60K (1Q7S) 0 . 0 0 8 5 0 0 . 0 0 5 1 9 2 . 0 7 4 2 0 . 1 1 7 .0346 .00227 2.0386 .192

B = K 2 SO 4 ; T =» 298.10K (317) CB I SA I log (1/c*) I M* 0.025 0.00929 2.0159 0.2903 .05 .01002 1.9994 .400 .1 .01109 1.955 .5577 B = KNO 3 ; T = 298.10K (317) 0.0400.009122.04000.2221 .100 .00992 2.0035 .3303 .200 .01106 1.9562 .4594 .394 .01266 1.8976 .6377

AgI (s) = Ag+ + IB = Hg(NO 3 ) 2 and B = AgNO 3 ; see p. 268

AgIO3(S) = Ag+ + 1O3-

SA = 1.89 X 10-* ( 1084 ) log (I/ml)(298.1) = 3.762 ± 0.003; K298.! = 5.29 X IO'8 B = HNO 3 ; T = 298.10K (629, 630) CB

I

0.0 .125 .25 .5 1.0 2.0 4.0 8.0

SA

I

log (I/O

0.000178 .000304 .000379 .000499 .000731 .001174 .002469 .005608

I

3.7496 3.5171 3.4214 3.302 3.136 2.930 2.6075 2.2511

/i?

0.01334 .354 .5004 .7075 1.001 1.415 2.000 2.829

AgNO2 (s) = Ag+ + NO2-

log (I/ml) (298.1) = 1.850 from #298.1 = 2.0 X 10~4 (6) from (5, 892, 1049,

1050)

B = AgNO 3

CB

I

SA

I

log

(1/c*)

I

M?

T = 298.10K (313) 0.0 0.0269 1.5702 0.164 .00258 .0260 1.5644 .169 .00588 .0244 1.5657 .174 .01177 .0224 1.558 .185 .02355 .0192 1.542 .207 .04710 .0164 1.4913 .252 T = 291.10K (1049) 0.0 0.02067 1.6846 0.1438 .00258 .01975 1.6777 .1494 .00517 .01900 1.6689 .1555 .01033 .01689 1.6687 .1650 .02067 .01435 1.6494 .1871 04134 .01168 1.6040 .2303 1.5270 .3038 .08268 .00961 B = KNO2; T = 298.10K (313) 0.002580.02591.56600.1688 .00588 .0249 1.5577 .1754 .01177 .0232 1.5454 .187 .02355 .0203 1.5252 .2094 .04710 .0181 1.4640 .2552

AgC2H3O2, Acetate = Ag+ + C2H3O2-

B = C2H4O2, Acetic acid; T = 298.10K (769) CB j SA I log (l/c±) I /4 0.0 0.06635 1.1782 0.2576 1 .0643 0.5823 2 .0618 .4474 2.98 .0598 .3702 4.19 .0570 .3089 5.99 .0532 .2464

CB 8.01 9.96 12.32 13.97 14.96 15.93 17.28

j

B = C2H4O2.—(Continued] SA I log (1/Cd=) 0.0463 0.2140 .0406 .1956 .0319 .2022 .0257 .2221 .2558 .0206 .0149 .3127 .00653 .4736

I

/4

B = Pb(C2H302)2, Acetate; T = 298.10K (677) 0.0 0.0667 1.1759 0.2583 .01 .06403 1.1346 .3067 .05 .0566 1.0262 .4545 .1 .04995 0.9518 .5916 .5 .04349 .6715 1.242 1.0 .03587 .5711 1.743 B = Cd(C 2 H 3 O 2 )2, Acetate; T = 298.10K (677) 0.01 0.06224 1.1454 0.3037 .05 .04852 1.0711 .4455 .1 .04021 1.0075 .583 .5 .02592 0.7876 1.235 1.0 .02363 .6601 1.739 B = AgNO3 T = 289.10K (1051) 0.0 0.0603 ].2196 0.2484 1.1841 .3205 .061 .0417 1.1411 .3913 .119 .0341 .230 .0195 1.1564 .4995 T = 292.90K (26) 0.0 0.0590 1.2291 0.2429 .0533 .0411 1.2056 .3072 .1 .0311 1.1948 .3621 T = 298.10K (677) 1.1728 0.2754 0.01634 0.0595 1.1648 .2944 .03268 .0540 .06535 .0444 1.1561 .3312 .1307 .0348 1.1199 .4063 B = NaC2H3O2, Acetate; T = 289.10K (iosi) 0 . 0 6 1 0 . 0 3 9 2 1 . 2 0 2 9 0 . 3 5 9 7 .119 .0280 1.1927 .3834 .230 .0208 1.1412 .5010 0 T = 289.1 K (1049) 0.0 0.0569 1.2448 0.2385 .0569 .03748 1.2256 .3072 .1138 .02787 1.2018 .3764 .2276 .01973 1.1558 .4973 T = 291.70K (26) 0.0 0.0593 1.2269 0.2435 .0333 .0474 1.2087 .2841 .0667 .0384 1.1970 .3242 .1333 .0282 1.1708 .4018 .2667 .0203 1.1173 .5357 .5000 .0147 1.0605 .7173 T = 298.10K (677) 0.0240 0.05557 1.1771 0.2821 .2403 .02519 1.0874 .5153 1.201 .01396 0.8853 1.102 2.403 .01239 .7620 1.554 B = KC2H3O2, Acetate; T = 298.10K (677) 0.0226 0.0575 1.1973 0.2648 .2262 .02653 1.0868 .5027 1.131 .01442 0.8911 1.070 2.262 .01305 .7637 1.510

AgC2H2ClO2(S), Chloroacetate = Ag+ + C2H2ClO2B = HNO 3 ; T = 298.10K (629, 630) CB I SA I d I log (i/c*) | /4 0.0 0.0737 1.0095 1.1325 0.2715 .2405 .2546 1.0426 0.5941 .7036 .4738 .4560 1.0791 0.3410 .9642 .9525 .8309 1.1473 0.0904 1.335 1.751 1.543 1.2716 -0.1884 1.815 3.271 2.726 1.4749 -0.4355 2.449 2.644 3.918 3.273 1.5673 -0.5149

B = NaC4H7O2, Butyrate; T = 291.30K (26) CB I SA I log (!/e*) I M! 0.0 0.0224 1.6497 0.1497 .0066 .0199 1.6389 .1628 .0164 .0169 1.6252 .1825 .0329 .0131 1.6099 .2145 .0658 .0091 1.5832 .2675 .1315 .0060 1.5417 .3708 .263 .0040 1.4857 .5167 .493 .0027 1.4367 .6953

B = AgNO 3 ; T = 290.O0K (26) I SA I log (1/c*) I 0.0644 1.1911 .0449 1.1567 .0373 1.1453

AgC5H9O2, Valerate = Ag+ + C6H9O2B = AgNO 3 ; T = 289.60K (26) CB I SA I log (1/c*) j /4 0.0 0.0094 2.0268 0.0969 .0067 .0068 2.0185 .1162 .01333 .0051 2.0134 .1358 .0267 .0031 2.0171 .1726 0.1 .0012 1.9578 .3181 B = AgC2H3O2, Acetate; T = 290.90K (26) Ö T Ö 0 . 0 0 9 4 2 . 0 2 6 8 0 . 0 9 6 9 .0067 .0070 2.0091 .1170 .0135 .0057 1.9804 .1386 .0270 .0037 1.9723 .1752 .0505 .00265 1.9257 .2305 B = NaC5H9O2, Valerate; T = 291.70K (26) 0.0 0.0095 2.0223 0.0975 .1486 .0175 .0047 1.9908 .0349 .0030 1.9721 .1947 .0698 .0018 1.9448 .2676 .1395 .0015 1.9373 .3755

CB 0.0 .0533 .1

/i* 0.2538 .329 .3705

B = NaC2H2ClO2, Chloroacetate; T = 290.O0K (26) 0 . 0 3 3 3 0 . 0 4 9 9 1 . 1 9 0 9 0 . 2 8 8 5 .0667 .0405 1.1812 .3274 .0299 1.1557 .404 .1333 .2667 .0208 1.1112 .5362 .5 .0162 1.0388 .7185 AgC3H5O2(S), Propionate = Ag+ + C3H5O2B = C3H6O2, Propionic acid; T = 298.10K (769) CB I SA I log (l/c*) I /4 0 0.04782 1.3203 0.2187 1 .04539 0.6618 1.022 2 .04237 .5313 1.429 2.97 .04020 .4586 1.735 4.95 .03587 .3738 2.233 6.97 .03057 .3347 2.646 8.56 .02623 .3240 2.929 11.40 .01671 .3597 3.380 13.03 .01148 .4154 3.611 B = AgNO3; T = 292.80K (26) 0.0 0.0462 1.3353 0.2150 .0167 .0393 1.3286 .2366 .0333 .0345 1.3154 .2604 .0667 .0258 1.3064 .3074 .1333 .0191 1.2679 .3904 .2667 .0131 1.2179 .5290 .5000 .0101 1.1440 .7142 B = NaC3H5O2, Propionate; T = 291.10K (26) 0.0 0.0471 1.3269 0.217 .0133 .0415 1.3653 .2117 .0267 .0379 1.3056 .2542 .0533 .0307 1.2943 .2898 .1 .0222 1.2832 .3496 AgC4H7O2, Butyrate = Ag+ + C4H7O2B = AgNO 3 ; T = 291.90K (26) CB I SA I log(l/c*) I /if 0.0 0.0228 1.6420 0.151 .0667 .0078 1.6179 .273 .1 .0062 1.5907 .3257 B = AgC2H3O2, Acetate; O T O 0 . 0 2 2 1 1 . 6 .0270 .0139 .0103 .0506

T = 290.90K (26) 5 5 6 0 . 1 4 8 6 1.6226 .2022 1.6013 .2468

AgC7H5O2, Benzoate = Ag+ + C7H5O2B = HNO 3 ; T = 298.10K (io«6) CB I SA I log (1/c*) I /4 0.0 0.01144 1.9416 0.1070 .004435 .01395 1.8557 .1356 .00887 .01698 1.7700 .1608 .008915 .01715 1.7657 .1614 .01774 .02324 1.6337 .2024 .01783 .02351 1.6287 .2034 .02674 .03071 1.5127 .2397 B = C2H3ClO2, Chloroacetic acid; T = 298.10K (1086) 0 . 0 0 3 9 3 5 0 . 0 1 3 8 5 1 . 8 5 8 5 I .00785 .01612 1.7926 .01574 .02093 1.6792 Ag2SO4(S) = 2Ag+ + SO4B = H 2 SO 4 ; T = 298.10K (1415); c/. (354) CB I SA I log (1/c*) I d 0.0 0.02699 1.3681 0.2949 .01451 .02744 1.2995 .3389 .02901 .02782 1.2515 .4365 .05263 .02841 1.1941 .4930 B = HNO3; T = 298.10K (His) 0 . 0 1 5 8 9 0 . 0 2 9 9 3 1 . 3 2 3 3 0 . 3 2 5 1 .03178 .3266 1.2853 .3603 .06357 .3795 1.2201 .4212 my I SA I d I log (IMQ I M* T = 298.1°K (629, 630)

0.0 1.043 2.163

0.02684 .1138 .1688

1.0054 1.0610 1.1069

1.3705 0.7432 .5718

0.2838 1.177 1.634

mB 4.568 4.861 6.764 10.423 15.311

mB ' 0.7522 1.468 2.206 2.944 3.634 4.26 5.0386 5.51 0.0 .7438 1.46 2.204 2.898 3.448 4.344 5.066 5.922 0.0 .7505 1.5007 2.243 3.006 3.689 3.829 5.015 5.769 6.442 0.0 .7316 1.395 2.244 3.098 3.715 5.109 6.644 6.943 0.0 0.7885 1.378 2.223 2.933 4.299 5.091 6.425 7.28

B = HNO3.—(Continued) I /SA I d I log (l/mj \ 0.2633 1.1871 0.3788 .2754 1.1956 .3593 .3317 1.2456 .2786 .3803 1.3326 .2191 .4515 1.3676 .1446

I

B = (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 /S-A I log (1/m.fc) T = 289.60K (53) 0.02851 0.8651 .03492 .7929 .03903 .6213 .040825 .5670 .04162 .5313 .04137 .5103 .04015 .4949 .03919 .4821 T = 304.10K (53) 0.02941 1.3307 .03531 0.8035 .04269 .6534 .04811 .5603 .5053 .05083 .05192 .4744 .05218 .4406 .05131 .4228 .04993 .4083 T = 324.10K (53) 0.03441 1.2626 .04369 0.7391 .05388 .5811 .06052 .4906 .0635 .4350 .0661 .3942 .06719 .3805 .06677 .3475 .06590 .3313 .06497 .3196 T = 348.10K (53) 0.04018 1.1953 .06193 0.6382 .08364 .4609 .1062 .3250 .127 .2252 .1389 .1755 .1615 .0866 .182 .0145 .1838 .0054 T = 373.10K (53) 0.04531 1.1607 .08043 0.5484 .1022 .4230 .1316 .2628 .153 .1797 .1912 .0609 .2102 .0094 .2377 -0.0592 .2505 -0.0921

^ 2.315 2.385 2.785 3.400 4.082

mB 0.0 .02501 .05009 .1002

/^ ' 1.530 2.124 2.595 2.994 3.320 3.592 3.903 4.080 0.2970 1.529 2.123 2.599 2.974 3.391 3.623 4.233 0.3212 1.543 2.160 2.628 3.035 3,357 3.463 3.905 4.184 4.418 0.3471 1.540 2.106 2.650 3.110 3.400 3.976 4.525 4.624 0.3612 1.615 2.098 2.658 3.043 3.670 3.987 4.471 4.754

B = AgNO 3 ; T = 298.10K (570) I £A I log (IMQ I 0.02684 1.3705 .01958 1.3645 1.3511 .01429 .00853 1.3102

B = MgSO4; T = 298.10K (STO) 0 . 0 1 0 0 4 0 . 0 2 6 1 9 1 . 3 3 4 1 0 . .02511 .02555 1.2927 .05019 02506 1.2412 . 10027 .02489 1.1722 B = Mg(NOg) 2 ; T = 298.10K (STO) 0 . 0 1 2 4 5 0 . 0 2 9 8 9 1 . 3 2 3 7 0 . .02500 .03243 1.2883 .05038 .03683 1.2331 B = Na 2 SO 4 mB I £A I log (!/m*) I T = 287.60K (51) 0.0 0.02358 1.4267 .3715 .02376 1.0164 .7112 .02899 0.8680 .9183 .03217 .8017 T = 291.10K (53) 0.0 0.02456 1.4091 .0176 .02283 1.3580 .0359 .02187 1.3188 .05209 .02165 1.2865 .07039 .02133 1.2591 .1042 .02149 1.2113 .176 .02210 1.1374 .214 .02254 1.1061 .3513 .02463 1.0132 .711 .02989 0.8590 .9179 .03297 .7945 T = 304.10K (53) 0.0176 0.02761 1.2868 .0359 .02678 1.2484 1.2179 .05279 .02646 .1056 .02629 1.1461 .1746 .02723 1.0743 .3759 .03117 0.9002 .7075 .03688 .7975 1.0686 .04233 .6996 1.789 .04964 .5806 2.776 .04689 .5350 3.307 .02989 .6460 T = 324.10K (53) 0.0176 0.0331 1.2495 1.1839 .03449 .03239 .04787 .03207 1.1609 .0718 .03191 1.1247 .1063 .03213 1.0809 .1732 .03316 1.0041 .2780 .03537 0.9348 .7117 .04422 .7427 1.773 .05731 .5396 2.473 .05538 .5049 3.130 .02828 .6651 T = 348.10K (53) 0.01408 0.03896 1.166 .03308 .03874 1.1217 .0563 .03868 1.0851 .06899 .03880 1.0625 .107 .03919 1.0155

^ 0.2838 .2894 .3049 .3546

3 5 8 7 .4208 .5253 .6897 3 5 6 4 .4151 .5115 M* 0.2660 1.089 1.490 1.689 0.2714 .3483 .4163 .4703 .5246 .6140 .7709 .8423 1.061 1.491 1.689 0.3682 .4343 .4876 .6290 .7780 1.105 1.494 1.826 2.349 2.770 3.164 0.3494 .4479 .4897 .5578 .6381 .7867 .9696 1.506 2.343 2.734 3.078 0.3989 .4642 .5337 .5687 .6623

Ag 2 SO 4 .—(Continued) B = Na2SO4.—(Continued) >SA log (l/m±) T = 348.10K.- (Continued) 0.04069 0.9476 .04676 .8100 .05442 .6847 .06202 .5487 .06933 .4813 .03707 .5968 T = 373.10K (53) 0.04300 1.0792 .04371 1.0189 .04432 0.9804 .04547 .9407 .04791 .8727 .05295 .7425 .06452 .6289 .07414 .5302 .0754 .4574 .07248 .4475 .03714 .2671

WB 0.176 .378 .6906 1.406 1.799 2.911 0.0352 .0711 .1014 .1366 .2126 .3752 .7145 1.093 1.792 2.091 2.827

mB |

/J 0.8063 1.129 1.495 2.099 2.367 2.974 0.4843 .5869 .6611 .7391 .8840 1.259 1.529 1.871 2.367 2.547 2.941

B = KNO 3 î T = 298.10K (57Q) mB 0.02502 .05006 .1016

(

CB 0.02632 .05263 mB

I

0.01359 .02717 WB 0.1926 .3451 .5302 .6749 .7776 0.1957 .3451 .5335 .6839 .8843 .9801

I

log (IMQ 1.3372 1.3115 1.2609

I

B = KHSO 4 ; T = 298.10K (His) I SA I log (!/Cd=) I 0.02609 1.2818 .02588 1.2238 I

0.1911 .3460 .5251 .5939 0.01256 .02513 .05025 .1007 CB

/SA 0.02898 .03075 .03456

j

I

B = K 2 SO 4 SA I log (Vm8Q T = 287.60K (53) 0.02203 1.1277 .02511 1.0096 .02877 0.9122 .03037 .8792 T = 298.10K (570) 0.02543 1.3359 .02478 1.3041 .02414 1.2537 .02432 1.1763 SA I log (1/c*) T = 298.10K (1415) 0.02545 1.3316 .02465 1.2999 #A I log (l/m*) T = 304.10K (53) 0.02885 1.0440 .03226 0.9346 .03701 .8358 .04047 .7762 .04336 .7365 T = 324.10K (53) 0.03499 0.9823 .03874 .8691 .04426 .7813 .04875 .7184 .05445 .6511 .05811 .6177

|

I

M* 0.3450 .3772 .4531

/*| 0.3964 .4853 M* 0.7996 1.055 1.289 1.369

I

0.3375 .3865 .4725 .6124 M|

I

0.3424 .3943 M* 0.4416 1.064 1.304 1.465 1.569 0.8319 1.073 1.316 1.486 1.678 1.765

0.1873 .3540 .5371 .6892 .8889 1.0364 1.210 0.1945 .3466 .5408 .7483 .9342 1.048 1.257 1.354

B = K2SO4.—(Continued) £A I log (1/w*) T = 348.10K (53) 0.04270 0.9550 .04855 .8079 .05535 .7130 .06080 .6517 .06821 .5830 .07559 .5470 .08011 .4933 T = 373.10K (53) 0.05009 0.8700 .05791 .7552 .0676 .6512 .07831 .5642 .08758 .5014 .09364 .4659 .1037 .4118 .109 .3859

I

/i* 0.758 1.099 1.333 1.500 1.695 1.826 1.967 0.8566 .102 .351 1.575 1.751 .850 2.020 2.095

Ag2C2O4(S), Oxalate = 2Ag+ + C2O4B = HNO 3 ; T = 298.10K (629, 630) CB 0.2513 .5025 .9608 1.925 3.986 5.534 5.829

I

«A 0.008853 .01411 .02449 .04720 .1192 .1998 .2230

I

dws. t 1.008 1.0186 1.0339 1.0647 1.1415 1.1996 1.2162

Ag2S.AgN03(s) = 3Ag+ + S— + NOB = AgNO 3 ; seep. 273

AuI (s) = Au+ + IB = KL; see p. 273

MnC2O4.2H2O(s), Oxalate = Mn++ + C2O4" + 2H2O(I) B = H 2 SO 4 ; T = 298.10K (593)

WB I SA I log (IMO I M* 0.0125 0.0128 1.8928 0.2978 .025 .0195 1.7099 .3912 .050 .0317 1.4989 .5261 .124 .0619 1.2083 .7872 .245 .1048 0.9796 1.074 .478 .1815 .7411 1.470 .696 .2482 .6052 1.726 .884 .3080 .5114 1.971 .989 .3376 .4716 2.078 1.079 .3572 .4470 2.160 B = H2C2O4, Oxalic acid; T = 298.10K (593) 0 . 0 1 2 5 0 . 0 0 5 3 0 2 . 0 1 2 6 0 . 2 4 2 3 .025 .0065 1.8443 .3178 .05 .00755 1.6810 .4245 .125 .00976 1.4405 .6426 .25 .0119 1.2524 .8931 .49 .0145 1.0679 1.236 B = (NH 4 ) 2 C 2 O 4 , Oxalate; T = 298.10K (593) 0 . 0 0 5 0 . 0 0 2 3 7 2 . 3 7 8 8 0 . 1 5 6 5 .025 .00335 2.0089 .2973 .05 .00562 1.7525 .4153 .125 .0125 1.3823 .6519

Ag 2 SO 4 .—(Continued) B = Na2SO4.—(Continued) >SA log (l/m±) T = 348.10K.- (Continued) 0.04069 0.9476 .04676 .8100 .05442 .6847 .06202 .5487 .06933 .4813 .03707 .5968 T = 373.10K (53) 0.04300 1.0792 .04371 1.0189 .04432 0.9804 .04547 .9407 .04791 .8727 .05295 .7425 .06452 .6289 .07414 .5302 .0754 .4574 .07248 .4475 .03714 .2671

WB 0.176 .378 .6906 1.406 1.799 2.911 0.0352 .0711 .1014 .1366 .2126 .3752 .7145 1.093 1.792 2.091 2.827

mB |

/J 0.8063 1.129 1.495 2.099 2.367 2.974 0.4843 .5869 .6611 .7391 .8840 1.259 1.529 1.871 2.367 2.547 2.941

B = KNO 3 î T = 298.10K (57Q) mB 0.02502 .05006 .1016

(

CB 0.02632 .05263 mB

I

0.01359 .02717 WB 0.1926 .3451 .5302 .6749 .7776 0.1957 .3451 .5335 .6839 .8843 .9801

I

log (IMQ 1.3372 1.3115 1.2609

I

B = KHSO 4 ; T = 298.10K (His) I SA I log (!/Cd=) I 0.02609 1.2818 .02588 1.2238 I

0.1911 .3460 .5251 .5939 0.01256 .02513 .05025 .1007 CB

/SA 0.02898 .03075 .03456

j

I

B = K 2 SO 4 SA I log (Vm8Q T = 287.60K (53) 0.02203 1.1277 .02511 1.0096 .02877 0.9122 .03037 .8792 T = 298.10K (570) 0.02543 1.3359 .02478 1.3041 .02414 1.2537 .02432 1.1763 SA I log (1/c*) T = 298.10K (1415) 0.02545 1.3316 .02465 1.2999 #A I log (l/m*) T = 304.10K (53) 0.02885 1.0440 .03226 0.9346 .03701 .8358 .04047 .7762 .04336 .7365 T = 324.10K (53) 0.03499 0.9823 .03874 .8691 .04426 .7813 .04875 .7184 .05445 .6511 .05811 .6177

|

I

M* 0.3450 .3772 .4531

/*| 0.3964 .4853 M* 0.7996 1.055 1.289 1.369

I

0.3375 .3865 .4725 .6124 M|

I

0.3424 .3943 M* 0.4416 1.064 1.304 1.465 1.569 0.8319 1.073 1.316 1.486 1.678 1.765

0.1873 .3540 .5371 .6892 .8889 1.0364 1.210 0.1945 .3466 .5408 .7483 .9342 1.048 1.257 1.354

B = K2SO4.—(Continued) £A I log (1/w*) T = 348.10K (53) 0.04270 0.9550 .04855 .8079 .05535 .7130 .06080 .6517 .06821 .5830 .07559 .5470 .08011 .4933 T = 373.10K (53) 0.05009 0.8700 .05791 .7552 .0676 .6512 .07831 .5642 .08758 .5014 .09364 .4659 .1037 .4118 .109 .3859

I

/i* 0.758 1.099 1.333 1.500 1.695 1.826 1.967 0.8566 .102 .351 1.575 1.751 .850 2.020 2.095

Ag2C2O4(S), Oxalate = 2Ag+ + C2O4B = HNO 3 ; T = 298.10K (629, 630) CB 0.2513 .5025 .9608 1.925 3.986 5.534 5.829

I

«A 0.008853 .01411 .02449 .04720 .1192 .1998 .2230

I

dws. t 1.008 1.0186 1.0339 1.0647 1.1415 1.1996 1.2162

Ag2S.AgN03(s) = 3Ag+ + S— + NOB = AgNO 3 ; seep. 273

AuI (s) = Au+ + IB = KL; see p. 273

MnC2O4.2H2O(s), Oxalate = Mn++ + C2O4" + 2H2O(I) B = H 2 SO 4 ; T = 298.10K (593)

WB I SA I log (IMO I M* 0.0125 0.0128 1.8928 0.2978 .025 .0195 1.7099 .3912 .050 .0317 1.4989 .5261 .124 .0619 1.2083 .7872 .245 .1048 0.9796 1.074 .478 .1815 .7411 1.470 .696 .2482 .6052 1.726 .884 .3080 .5114 1.971 .989 .3376 .4716 2.078 1.079 .3572 .4470 2.160 B = H2C2O4, Oxalic acid; T = 298.10K (593) 0 . 0 1 2 5 0 . 0 0 5 3 0 2 . 0 1 2 6 0 . 2 4 2 3 .025 .0065 1.8443 .3178 .05 .00755 1.6810 .4245 .125 .00976 1.4405 .6426 .25 .0119 1.2524 .8931 .49 .0145 1.0679 1.236 B = (NH 4 ) 2 C 2 O 4 , Oxalate; T = 298.10K (593) 0 . 0 0 5 0 . 0 0 2 3 7 2 . 3 7 8 8 0 . 1 5 6 5 .025 .00335 2.0089 .2973 .05 .00562 1.7525 .4153 .125 .0125 1.3823 .6519

mB 0.245 .245 .281

I

B = (NHQ2C2O4.- (Continued) /SA I log (IMO I 0.0278 1.0600 .0280 1.0583 .0325 0.9959

Mè 0.9198 .9203 .9904

[CoCl2(NH3)JBr(S) = [CoCl2(NH3)J+ + Br~

B = C2HCl3O2, Trichloroacetic acid; T = 273.10K (2*2) CB I SA I log (1/^) I /4 0.0 0.00632 2.1993 0.0795 .02 .00681 2.1669 .1636 .05 .00703 2.1547 .239 .1 .00731 2.1361 .327 .2 .00752 2.1238 .455 B = C 2 H 2 Cl 2 O 2 , Dichloroacetic acid; T = 273.10K (212) Ö L Ö 2 0 . 0 0 6 7 7 2 . 1 6 9 4 0 . 1 6 3 6 .05 .00702 2.1537 .239 .1 .00723 2.1409 .327 .2 .00740 2.1308 .455 B = C2H3ClO2, Chloroacetic acid; T = 273.10K (212) Ö J Ö 2 0 . 0 0 6 5 6 2 . 1 8 3 1 0 . 1 6 2 7 .05 .00673 2.1720 .138 .1 .00677 2.1694 .327 .2 .00685 2.1643 .455 0.02 .05 .1 .2

B = C2H4O2, Acetic acid; T = 273.10K (212) 0.00638 2.1952 0.1625 .00642 2.1925 .2375 .00641 2.1934 .326 .00636 2.1965 .454

B = KBr; T = 273.10K (202) O J O 0 . 0 0 6 3 5 2 . 1 9 7 3 0 . 0 7 9 7 .02 .00212 2.1644 .1486 .05 .00107 2.0913 .226 .1 .000635 2.0973 .316 CB 0.02 .05 .1 .2

B = KCHO2, Formate; T = 273.10K (212) SA I log (1/c*) I /x| 0.00678 2.1688 0.1635 .00720 2.1437 .2390 .00752 2.1238 .328 .00805 2.0966 .456

B = KC2Cl3O2, Trichloroacetate; T = 273.10K (212) 0 . 0 2 i 0 . 0 0 6 8 3 2 . 1 6 5 6 O . 1 6 3 5 .05 .00719 2.1433 .2390 .1 .00755 2.1221 .328 .2 .00802 2.0968 .456 B = KC2HCl2O2, Dichloroacetate; T = 273.10K (212) 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 0 6 8 9 2 . 1 6 1 8 0 . 1 6 4 0 .05 .00725 2.1397 .2393 .1 .00763 2.1175 .328 .2 .00811 2.0910 .456 B = KC2H2ClO2, Chloroacetate; T = 273.10K (212) 0 . 0 2 j 0 . 0 0 6 8 7 2 . 1 6 3 0 O . 1 6 4 0 .05 .00726 2.1391 .1395 .1 .00764 2.1169 .328 .2 .00818 2.0872 .4562

[CoCl2(NH3)JIO3(S) = [CoCl2(NH3)J+ + 1O3B = NaCl; T = 273.10K (2Q4, 212) CB 0.0 .02 .05 JL

\

SA 0.00441 .00486 .00524 .00568

I

1Og(Vc*) 2.3556 2.3134 2.2807 2.2457

I

ßi 0.0670 .1576 .235 .325

B = NaClO3; T = 273.10K (2Q4, 212) ( T Ö 2 0 . 0 0 4 9 1 2 . 3 0 8 9 0 . 1 5 7 7 .05 .00528 2.2774 .235 .1 .00576 2.2396 .325 B = KCl; T = 273.10K (2Q4, 212) Ô 7 Ô 2 0 . 0 0 4 8 7 2 . 3 1 2 5 0 . 1 5 7 6 .05 .00525 2.2798 .235 J. .00571 2.2434 .325 B = KClO3; T = 273.10K (204, 212) 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 0 4 9 1 2 . 3 0 8 9 0 . 1 5 7 7 .05 .00531 2.2749 .235 .1 .00579 2.2374 .326

[CoCl2(NH3)JNO3(S) = [CoCl2(NH3)J+ + NO3B = HCl; T = 273.10K (212) CB 0.0 .005 .01 .05 .1

I

SA 0.00383 .00404 .00410 .00447 .00474

I

logd/c*) 2.4169 2.3936 2.3872 2.3497 2.3242

I

B = NaCl; T = 273.10K (2Q4, 212) 0.0(204) 0.00386 2.4134 .005(212) .00395 2.4034 .01 (212) .00405 2.3925 .05(212) .00449 2.3478 .05(204) .00451 2.3458 .1 (212) .00480 2.3188 .1 (204) .004835 2.3156

/** 0.0619 .0951 .1187 .233 .3235 0.01962 .0946 .1185 .2334 .234 .3234 .323

B = NaC6H5SO3, Benzenesulfonate; T = 273.10K (212) 0 . 0 0 5 0 . 0 0 3 9 4 2 . 4 0 4 5 0 . 0 9 4 5 .01 .00404 2.3936 .1183 .05 .00445 2.3516 .2331 .1 .00477 2.3215 .3235 .2 .00519 2.2948 .453 B = KCl; T = 273.10K (212) 0 . 0 0 5 0 . 0 0 3 9 9 2 . 3 9 9 1 0 . 0 9 4 8 .01 .00408 2.3893 .1186 .03 .00434 2.3625 .1851 .05 .00458 2.3391 .2337 .1 .00496 2.3045 .324 .1 (204) .00500 2.3010 .324 B = KCHO2, Formate; T = 273.10K (212) 0 . 0 0 5 0 . 0 0 3 9 5 2 . 4 0 3 5 0 . 0 9 4 6 .01 .00409 2.3883 .1186 .05 .00455 2.3420 .2336 .1 .00487 2.3125 .3235 .2 .00533 2.2733 .453 .5 .00635 2.1972 .711 1.0 .00760 2.1192 1.004

[CoCl(NH3) 5]Cl2(s) = [CoCl(NH3)5]++ + 2C1~ B = NaCl; T = 273.10K (2Q4) CB 0.0 .1

I

SA I log (1/c*) I /i* 0.0091 1.8403 0.1652 .000593 1.7355 .318 B = KOH; T = 273.10K (212) 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 1 0 9 0 1 . 7 6 1 9 0 . 2 2 9 5 .05 .01320 1.6787 .309 .1 .01310 1.6820 .373 B = KCl; T = 273.10K (2Q4, 212) 0.1 0.000610 I 1.7381 | 0.318

[CoBr(NHs)5]Cl2(S) = [CoBr(NH3)J++ + 2Cl-

B = NaCl; T = 273.10K (204)

CB 0.0 .1

I

SA I log (l/c*) I d 0.00542 1 2.0653 0.1275 .000213 1.8894 .317 B = NaClO 3 ; T = 273.10K (212) ( T Ö 5 0 . 0 0 6 9 4 1 . 9 5 7 9 0 . 2 6 6 .1 .00791 1.9011 .352 1.0 .01511 1.6200 1.205 B = KCl; T = 273.10K (204) 0.1 I 0.000220 I 1.8844 [ 0.317 B = KClO 3 ; T = 273.10K (212) 01)5 I 0.00699 1.9558 0.264 .1 .00792 1.9006 .352

B = NaClO3; T = 273.10K (212) CB 0.02 .05 .1

SA I log (1/c*) I M| 0.00323 2.2901 0.1724 .00369 2.2323 .247 .00420 2.1760 .335 B = NaCHO 2 , Formate; T = 273.10K (212) 0 7 0 2 0 . 0 0 3 1 5 2 . 3 0 1 0 0 . 1 7 1 5 .05 .00351 2.2540 .246 .1 .00393 2.2039 .333 .2 .00442 2.1539 .462 .5 .00527 2.0775 .718 1.0 .00593 2.0262 1.008 B = KClO 3 ; T = 273.10K (212) Ö T Ö 2 0 . 0 0 3 2 3 2 . 2 9 0 1 0 . 1 7 2 4 .05 .00371 2.2299 .247 A .00425 2.1709 .335 B = KCHO2, Formate; T = 273.10K (212) Ö ~ Ö 2 0 . 0 0 3 2 3 2 . 2 9 0 1 0 . 1 7 2 .05 .00357 2.2466 .2465 .1 .00397 2.2005 .334 .2 .00455 2.1413 .462 .5 .00549 2.0597 .718 1.0 .00648 1.9877 1.010 B = KC2Cl3O2, Trichloroacetate; T = 273.10K (212) O T l 0 . 0 0 3 8 8 2 . 2 1 0 5 0 . 3 3 3 .2 .00444 2.1519 .462

[Co(N02)2(NH3)4]Cl(s) = [Co(N02)2(NH3)4]+ + ClB = KCl; T = 273.10K (i»», 202)

[CoCl(NH3)JBr2(S) = [CoCl(NH3)J++ + 2Br~ 0

B = MgSO4; T = 273.1 K (212) CB

I

SA

I

log (I/O

I

/i*

0.0 0.00725 1.9390 0.1475 .01 .00916 1.8374 .259 .02 .01027 1.7877 .333 .05 .01245 1.7041 .487 B = Ca(CHO 2 ) 2 , Formate; T = 273.10K (212) O T Ô Ï 0 . 0 0 8 1 5 1 . 8 8 8 1 0 . 2 3 3 .02 .00900 1.8451 .295 .04 .00979 1.8085 .386 .05 .00997 1.8006 .424 B = Na 2 SO 4 ; T = 273.10K (212) 0.01 0.00903 1.8436 0.239 .02 .01040 1.7823 .302 .05 .01312 1.6814 .435 B = KC2HCl2O2, Dichloroacetate; T = 273.10K (212) ( T O Ï 0 . 0 0 7 7 4 1 . 9 1 0 6 0 . 1 8 2 2 .05 .00938 1.8271 .279 .075 .00980 1.8081 .322 .1 .01016 1.7964 .361 B = K2C8H4O4, Phthalate; T = 273.10K (212) 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 0 9 3 2 1 . 8 2 9 9 0 . 2 4 0 5 .02 .01073 1.7697 .304 .05 .01340 1.6722 .436 .1 .01604 1.5968 .590

[CoBr(NH3)JBr2(S) = [CoBr(NH3)J++ + 2Br~

B = C2HCl3O2, Trichloroacetic acid; T = 273.10K (212) CB I SA I IQg(Vc 8 .) I Ml 0.0 0.00275 2.3600 0.0908 .1 .00372 2.2288 .333 .2 .00411 2.1855 .460

I

CB 0.0 .02 .05 .1

I

SA I log (1/c*) I 4 0.02216 1.6544 0.1490 .01515 1.6370 .1875 .01005 1.6097 .2451 .00640 1.5840 .3263 B = KCHO2, Formate; T = 273.10K (212) 0.0 0.0222 1.6536 0.1490 .02 .02310 1.6364 .2075 .05 .02400 1.6198 .270 J. .02520 1.5986 .354

[Co(N02)2(NH3)4]C104(s) = [Co(N02)2(NH3)4]+ + C104B = C2HCl3O2, Trichloroacetic acid; T = 273.10K (212) CB I SA I log (l/c+ì d 0.0 0.01239 1.9069 0.1114 .1 .01398 1.8545 .3372 B = NaCHO2, Formate; T = 273.10K (212) 0 . 0 5 0 . 0 1 3 6 2 1 . 8 6 5 8 0 . 2 5 2 J. .01420 1.8477 .3375 B = KCHO2, Formate; T = 273.10K (212) 0 . 0 5 0 . 0 1 4 2 3 1 . 8 4 6 8 0 . 2 5 3 2 .I .01566 1.8052 .340 B = KC2Cl3O2, Trichloroacetate; T = 273.10K (212) 0.1 I 0.01562 I 1.8063 | 0.340

a[Co(N02)2(NH3)4]N03(s) = a[Co(N02)2(NH3)4]++N03CB 0.0 .02 .05 .1

B = HNO 3 ; T = 273.10K (2QQ) I SA I log (1/c^) I 0.00546 2.2628 .001610 2.2293 .000793 2.1974 .000481 2.1578

M! 0.0739 .147 .225 .323

B = C2HCl3O2, Trichloroacetic acid; T = 293.10K (2QQ) CB I SA log (1/C8I8) I 4

0.0 .2 .387

I

0.01483 .01749 .01811

I

1.8289 1.7572 1.7421

0.1216 .466 .636

0.05

B = Pb(NOa) 2 ; T = 293.10K (2QQ) I 0.00346 I 1.7230 |

0.391

0.05 .1 .2

B = NaNO 3 ; T = 293.10K (2
0.234 .321 .449

0

B = Na 2 C 2 O 4 , Qxalate; T = 273.1 K (2QQ) 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 0 6 2 9 2 . 2 0 1 3 0 . 2 5 7 2 .05 .00683 2.1656 .3956 .1 .00745 2.1278 .552 B = NaC6H5O3S, Benzenesulfonate; T = 293.10K (2QQ) 0.2 I 0.01897 1.7219 0.4675 B = KOH; T = 273.10K (2QQ) ( T Ö 2 I 0.00605 2.2182 .05 .00445 2.3514 JL .00343 2.4647

0.161 .233 .321

B = KNO 3 ; T = 273.10K (2QQ) Ö 7 Ö 2 I 0.001654 2.2230 .05 .000851 2.1819 .1 .000524 2.1393

0.147 .225 .3165

0.05 .1 .2 .5

B = KCHO2, Formate T = 273.10K (200) 0.00590 2.2291 .00633 2.1986 .00684 2.1649 .00760 2.1192 T = 293.10K (200) 0.01666 1.7783 .01772 1.7515 .01926 1.7153 .02298 1.6486

0.02 .05 .1

B = KCNS; T = 273.10K (2QQ) 0.00601 2.2211 .00657 2.1824 .00730 2.1367

0.02 .05 .1 .2

0.161 .237 .326 .456 0.258 .342 .468 .722 0.161 .238 .327

/3[Co(N02)2(NH3)4]N03(s)=/5[Co(N02)2(NH3)4]++N03B = HNO 3 ; T = 273.10K (2QQ) CB I SA I log (!/e*) I /4 0.0 0.00494 2.3063 0.0702 .02 .001340 2.2718 .146 .05 .000660 2.2379 .225 JL .000400 2.1981 .316 B = C2HCl3O2, Trichloroacetic acid; T = 293.10K (200, 212) ( T O I 0 . 0 1 2 9 8 1 . 8 8 6 7 0 . 1 1 3 8 .2 .01545 1.8111 .464 .387 .01601 1.7954 .634 B = Pb(NOs) 2 ; T = 293.10K (200) 0.05 I 0.00274 I 1.6892 | 0.3904 B = NaNO 3 T = 273.10K (200) 0.0(206) 0.00501 2.3002 0.0714 .02 .00138 2.2651 .146 .05 .000706 2.2231 .225

CB I 0.1(206) .1 0.0 .1 0.0 .1 0.0 .1 0.0(206) .0 .05 .1 .1 (206) .2

B = NaNO3.—(Continued) sA I log (l/c ± ) 0.000409 2.1854 .000436 2.1794 T = 278.120K (206) 0.00645 2.1904 .000666 2.0743 T = 283.160K (206) 0.00821 2.0857 .00104 1.9795 T = 288.170K (206) 0.0104 1.9820 .001609 1.8643 T = 293.10K (200, 206) 0.01306 1.8841 .01298 1.8867 .00390 1.8387 .00243 1.8070 .00244 1.7589 .001515 1.7626

I

£ 0.316 .316 0.0802 .316 0.0904 .317 0.102 .317 0.114 .1138 .232 .319 .318 .448

B = NaC6H5O3S1 Benzenesulfonate; T = 293.10K (200) 0.2 I 0.01672 I 1.7768 | 0.465 B = Na 2 C 2 O 4 , Oxalate; T = 273.10K (2QQ) ( T Ö 2 0 . 0 0 5 7 2 2 . 2 4 2 4 0 . 2 5 6 .05 .00621 2.2069 .395 JL .00678 2.1688 .552 B = KOH; T = 273.10K (200, 212) Ö 7 Ö 2 0 . 0 0 5 5 3 I 2 . 2 5 7 3 0 . 1 5 9 5 .05 .00405 2.3925 .232 Jl .00311 2.5072 .320

0.0 .02 .05 .1 (206) .1 0.1

I

0.1

I

0.1

I

0.1

I

B = KNO 3 T = 273.10K (200) 0.00501 2.3002 .001376 2.2658 .000706 2.2231 .000441 2.1684 .000436 2.1799 T = 278.120K (206) 0.000698 I 2.0635 T = 283.160K (206) 0.001098 I 1.9573 T = 288.170K (206) 0.001694 I 1.8498 T = 293.10K (206) 0.00256 I 1.7964

0.0714 .146 .225 .316 .317 |

0.316

|

0.317

j

0.317

[

0.318

|

0.1593 .236 .3258 .455

B = KCHO2, Formate T = 273.1°K (199> 200, 202)

0.02 .05 .1 .2

0.00536 .00575 .00621 .00693

2.2708 2.2403 2.2069 2.1593

T = 293.1°K (199, 200, 202)

0.05 .1 .2 .5

0.01467 .01571 .01713 .02035

1.8336 1.8038 1.7662 1.6893

0.254 .340 .4655 .721

B = KCNS; T = 273.10K (200, 212) Ô 7 Ô 2 0 . 0 0 5 4 6 2 . 2 6 2 8 0 . 1 5 9 7 .05 .00596 2.2247 .2365 .1 .00663 2.1785 .3265

[CoCl(NH3)5](N03)2(s) = [CoCl(NH3)J++ + 2NOB = NaNO 3 ; T = 273.10K (204) CB 0.1 0.1

I SA I IQg(Vc*) I I 0.003670 I 1.4580 | B = KNO 3 ; T = 273.10K (204) I 0.00397 I 1.4451 |

/i* 0.333 0.334 +

[CoNO 2 (NH 3 ) 6 ](N0 3 )2(s) = [CoNO 2 (NH 3 )J ++ 2NO3B = MgCl2; T = 273.10K (212) CB 0.0 JOl

I

SA I log (Vc=O I /4 0.0170 1.5689 0.226 .0185 1.5321 .292 B = Na 2 SO 4 ; T = 273.10K (212) Ô 7 Ô Ï 0 . 0 1 9 7 1 . 5 0 5 8 0 . 2 9 8 .02 .0221 1.4549 .382 .05 .0272 1.3646 .481 .1 .0336 1.2730 .633 B = KCl; T = 273.10K (212) 0.01 0.01784 1.5479 0.252 .02 .01858 1.5303 .275 B = KC2HCl2O2, Dichloroacetate; T = 273.10K (212) Ô T Ô 2 0 . 0 1 8 4 1 . 5 3 4 5 0 . 2 7 4 .05 .0201 1.4961 .332 .1 .0215 1.3669 .4105 [Co(NH8)J(NO8Ms) = [Co(NH3) J++++ 3NO3B = NaNO 3 ; T = 273.10K (2Q4) CB I SA I log (1/c*) I g* 0.1 I 0.00450 j 1.2954 | 0.3744 B = KNO 3 ; T = 273.10K (2Q4) 0.1 I 0.00493 I 1.2818 | 0.364 [CoCl2(NH3)JCNS(S) = [CoCl2(NH3)J+ + CNSB = MgSO4; T = 273.10K (212) CB I SA I log (1/c*) I 4 0.0 0.00289 2.5391 0.0538 .02 .00340 2.4685 .2887 .05 .00358 2.4461 .451 .1 .00379 2.4214 .635 .2 .00400 2.3979 .896 B = NaCl; T = 273.10K (204, 212) 0.0 ( 2 0 4 ) 0 . 0 0 2 8 2 2 . 5 4 9 8 0 . 0 5 3 1 .02 .00313 2.5045 .1520 .05 .00332 2.4789 .231 JL I .00353 2.4522 .322 B = NaClO3; T = 273.10K (™9, 202) 0.01 0.00306 2.5143 0.1142 .02 (212) .00316 2.4003 .152 .03 .00327 2.4855 .1825 .05 .00339 2.4698 .2310 .05 (212) .00337 2.4724 .231 .1 (204) .003605 2.4431 .321 B = KCl; T = 273.10K (2Q4, 212) 0.0 0.00282 2.5498 0.0531 .02 .00314 2.5131 .1520 .05 .003355 2.4743 .231 .1 .003580 2.4461 .322 .2 I .00389 2.4101 .451 B = KClO3; T = 273.10K (2Q4, 212) 0.0 0.00282 2.5498 0.0531 .02 .00318 2.4976 .1522 .05 .00339 2.4698 .231 .1 .003645 2.4383 .318

CB 0.01 .03 .05 .1 .2 .5 1.0

B = KCHO2, Formate; T = 273.10K (212) I SA I log (1/^) I 4 0.00300 2.5229 0.1140 .00321 2.4935 .182 .00331 2.4802 .231 .00345 2.4622 .321 .00374 2.4272 ,451 .00409 2.3883 .710 .00439 2.3576 1.002

[CoCNS(NH3)6](I03)2(s) = [CoCNS(NH3)J++ + 21O3" B = NaCHO2, Formate; T = 273.10K (212) CB j SA log (1/c*) I /4 0.0 0.00204 2.4897 0.0782 .02 .00230 2.4376 .164 .05 .00268 2.3712 .241 .1 .00312 2.3051 .330 .2 .00367 2.2346 .459 .5 .00488 2.1109 .717 1.0 .00635 1.9965 1.010 B = KOH; T = 273.10K (212) 0.02 0.00286 2.3427 0.169 .05 .00324 2.2888 .244 .1 .00323 2.2901 .331 [CoNCS(NH3)JSO4(S) = [CoNCS(NH3)J++ +

SO4-

CB 0.0 .02 .05 .1

B = MgSO4; T = 273.10K (202) I SA I log (1/c^) I 0.01177 1.9292 .01005 1.7599 .00980 1.6161 .01034 1.4712

M* 0.217 .3494 .489 .664

[CoC2O4(NH3)JCl(S) = [CoC2O4(NH3)J+ + Cl~ B = NaCl; T = 273.10K (2Q4) CB I SA log (l/c±) I M| 0.1 I 0.0057 1.6100 I 0.325 B = KCl; T = 273.10K (2Q4) 0.1 I 0.00581 I 1.6056 | 0.325 [CoC2O4(NH3)JClO4(S) = [CoC2O4(NH3)J+ + ClO4B = MgSO4; T = 273.10K (212) CB

I

SA

I

log

(1/C-)

I

M|

0.0 0.00510 2.2924 0.0714 .05 .00739 2.1314 .455 .,1 .00823 2.0846 .638 B = C2HCl3O2, Trichloroacetic acid; T = 273.10K (212) Ô 7 Ï 0 . 0 0 6 0 7 2 . 2 1 6 8 0 . 3 2 5 .2 .00638 2.1952 .454 B = NaCl; T = 273.10K (212) 0 . 0 5 0 . 0 0 6 1 4 2 . 2 1 1 8 0 . 2 3 7 .1 .00684 2.1649 .327 B = NaCHO2, Formate; T = 273.10K (I**9, 202, 212) Ö 7 Ö 0 . 0 0 5 0 8 2 . 2 9 3 1 0 . 0 7 1 3 .05 .005965 2.2244 .2365 .1 .00640 2.1938 .3265 .2 .00718 I 2.1439 | .455 B = KOH; T = 293.10K (212) Ö J Ö 0 . 0 1 4 0 1 . 8 5 3 9 \ 0 . 1 1 8 2 .02 .01603 1.7951 .1897 .05 .01814 1.7414 .261 J. .01808 1.7428 .343

B = KCl; T = 273.10K (212) I SA I log (l/ C8b ) I 0.00634 2.1979 .00712 2.1477

CB 0.05 .1

B = KCHO2, Formate; T = 273.10K (212) M* 0.237 .327

B = KCHO2, Formate; T = 273.10K (212) 0.05 0.00616 2.2104 0.237 .1 .00679 2.1681 .327 .2 .00796 2.0991 .451 B = KC2Cl3O2, Trichloroacetate; T = 273.10K (212) Ô 7 Î 0 . 0 0 6 7 7 2 . 1 6 9 4 0 . 3 2 7 .2 .00781 2.1073 .456 [CoC204(NH3)4]N03(s) = [CoC2O4(NH8)J+ + NO3" B = NaNO 3 ; T = 273.10K (2Q4) CB I £A I log (!/e*) I A*| 0.1 I 0.000777 I 2.0531 | 0.317 B = KCl; T = 273.10K (212) ( T O 0 . 0 0 6 5 8 2 . 1 8 1 8 0 . 0 8 1 1 .02 .00736 2.1331 .1655 .05 .00803 2.0967 .241 .1 .00905 2.0455 .330 B = KNO 3 ; T = 273.10K (2Q4) 0.1 I 0.000816 I 2.0424 | 0.317 [CoCl(NHs)5]C2O4(S) = [CoCl(NH3)5]++ + C2O4B = MgSO4; T = 273.10K (212) CB 0.0 .02 .05 .1 .2 .5 1.0

j

SA 0.000359 .00238 .00354 .00608 .01150 .02040 .02930

I

log (1/C=Q 3.4449 2.6234 2.4510 2.2161 1.9393 1.6904 1.5331

I

/4 0.0379 .2992 .4630 .650 .920 1.442 2.025

B = KCl; T = 273.10K (212) Ö T Ö 2 0 . 0 0 0 3 5 9 3 . 4 4 4 9 0 . 1 4 6 2 .05 .000528 3.2774 .2285 .1 .000715 3.1467 .320 .15 .000935 3.0392 .392 B = KCHO2, Formate; T = 273.10K (212) 0.1 0.000849 3.0711 0.321 .2 .001113 2.9535 .452 .5 .001715 2.7657 .712 1.0 .002424 2.6155 1.003 [CoN02(NH3)5]C204(s) = [CoNO2(NH3)5]++ + C2O4B = MgSO4; T = 273.10K (212) CB 0.0 .02 .05 .1 .2 1.0 0.02 .05 .1 .2 .5 1.0

I

SA 0.0001614 .00131 .00183 .00310 .00445 .01026

I

log (1/c*) 3.7921 2.8827 2.7375 2.5086 2.3516 1.9889

B = KCl; T = 273.10K (212) 3.5528 0.00028 .000382 3.4179 .000487 3.3125 .000705 3.1518 .001212 2.9165 .002011 2.6966

I

/4 0.0254 .292 .455 .642 .904 2.010 0.145 .227 .319 .450 .710 1.004

CB 0.02 .05 .1 .2 .5 1.0

I

SA 0.000272 .000356 .000455 .000612 .000967 .001277

I

log (1/c^) 3.5654 3.4485 3.3420 3.2132 3.0156 2.8938

I

M! 0.145 .227 .319 .449 .710 1.002

[CoCl2(NH3)JC6H2N3O7(S) = [CoCl2(NH3)J+ + C6H2N3O7B = NaCl; T = 273.10K (204, 212) CB 0.0 .02 .05 .1 .2 .5 1.0

I

SA I log (l/c ± ) I 0.000212 3.6737 .000253 3.5969 .000266 3.5751 .000285 3.5450 .000301 3.5223 .000338 3.4711 .000414 3.3930 B = KCl; T = 273.10K (2Q4, 212) Ö T Ö 2 0 . 0 0 0 2 5 7 3 . 5 8 0 0 0 . .05 .000274 3.5622 .1 .000295 3.5302 .2 .000335 3.4750 .5 .000418 3.3788 1.0 .000536 3.3708

M* 0.01456 .1403 .224 .317 .4475 .708 1.000 1 4 2 4 .2247 .317 .4475 .707 1.000

Tl[Co(N02)4(NH3)2](s) = Tl+ + [Co(NO2)4(NH3)2]B = KClO3; T = 273.10K (212) SA I log (I/O I /it 0.00259 2.5867 0.0509 .00274 2.5622 .1507 .00287 2.5421 .230 .00298 2.5258 .321 B = KNO 3 ; T = 273.10K (212) ( T Ö 2 0 . 0 0 2 7 8 2 . 5 5 6 0 1 0 . 1 5 0 7 .05 .00294 2.5317 .230 J. .00308 2.5114 .321 B = KHCO2, Formate; T = 273.10K (212) 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 0 2 7 3 2 . 5 6 3 8 0 . 1 5 0 7 .05 .00285 2.5451 .230 .1 .00287 2.5421 .3204 .15 .00283 2.5482 .391 .2 .00277 2.5575 .450 CB 0.0 .02 .05 .1

I

[CoCl(NH3)JPtCl6(S) = [CoCl(NH3)5]++ + PtCl6B = MgSO4; T = 273.10K (212) CB

I

SA

I

log

(1/c=.)

I

M*

0.0 .05 .1

0.000091 4.0410 0.01907 .000282 3.5497 .448 .000483 3.3161 .642 B = KCl; T = 273.10K (212) Ö T Ö 0 . 0 0 0 0 9 2 4 . 0 3 6 2 I 0 . 0 1 9 1 9 .02 .000132 3.8794 .143 .1 .000268 3.5719 .318 .15 .000327 3.4855 .389 [Co(NH3)6][Fe(CN)6](s) = [Co(NH3)6]++++[Fe(CN)6]-~ B = MgSO4; T = 298.10K (814)

CB 0.0 .001 .005 .01

I

SA 0.00002925 .00006506 .0001524 .0002267

I

log (1/^) 4.5539 4.1867 3.8170 3.6445

I

M| 0.0162 .0677 .1462 .2050

[Co ( NH3)6][Fe (CN) 6].—(Continued) B = BaCl2; T = 298.10K («4)

lCo(N02)2(NH3)4]2S04(s) = 2[Co(N02)2(NH3)4]+ +SO4-

CB 0.005

j SA I log (1/c*) I /4 I O.OQQQ8314 4.0802 0.1255 B = NaCl T = 273.10K (212) 0.0 0.0000098 5.0088 0.00939 .1 .0000831 4.0804 .317 1.0 .000791 3.1018 1.002 T = 298.10K (814) 0.0005 0.00003379 4.4712 0.0284 .001 .00003526 4.4527 .0363 .005 .0000464 4.3335 .0736 .01 .0000624 4.1925 .1028 B = KCl; T = 273.10K (^^) from (212) 0 7 0 5 0 . 0 0 0 0 5 3 4 4 . 2 7 2 5 0 . 2 2 4 .1 .0000911 4.0405 .317 .2 .0001724 3.7645 .449 .5 .000462 3.3354 .710 .75 .000751 3.1244 .870 1.0 .001079 2.9670 1.003 2.0 .00272 2.5654 1.423 0 B = KNO 3 ; T = 298.1 K (»i*); cf. (956) 0 . 0 0 0 5 0 . 0 0 0 0 3 2 0 4 . 4 9 4 8 0 . 0 2 8 1 .001 .0000367 4.4353 .0365 .003 .0000427 4.3690 .0582 .005 .0000536 4.2708 .0740 .01 .0000660 4.1805 .1029 .02 .0000880 4.0516 .1442 .03 .0001173 3.9303 .1762 .05 .0001577 3.8022 .2268 .06 .0001799 3.7450 .2482 .07 .0002098 3.6782 .2681 .1 .0002887 3.5496 .3203 B = K2SO4; T = 298.10K (814) 0.001 I 0.00006224 4.2059 | 0.0597

[Co(N02)2(NH3)4][Co(N02)4(NH3)2](s) = [Co(N02)2(NH3)4]+ + [Co(N02)4(NH3)2]CB 0.0 .001 .002

B = NaCl; T = 293.10K (2Q5, 209) I SA log (1/Cd=) I 0.00037 3.4318 .00138 2.8601 .00238 2.6234

/4 0.01924 .0488 .0662

CB 0.0 .01 .02 .05 .1

B = MgCl2; T = 273.10K (212) I SA I log (l/c-0 I 0.00096 2.8170 .001326 2.6768 .001500 2.6232 .001855 2.5315 .002235 2.4500

B = Na 2 C 2 O 4 , Oxalate; T = 273.10K (212) 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 0 1 2 2 2 2 . 7 1 2 2 O . 1 8 3 5 .025 .001407 2.6510 .284 .05 .00161 2.5924 .393 .1 .001891 2.5226 .552 B = KCl; T = 273.10K (212) Ô 7 Ô Ï 0 . 0 0 1 1 1 5 2 . 7 5 1 6 0 . 1 1 5 5 .02 .001199 2.7205 .1536 .05 .001385 2.6578 .232 .1 .001612 2.5919 .324 B = KC2HCl2O2, Dichloroacetate; T = 273.10K (212) 0.001189 2.7241 0.1535 0.02 .05 .001366 2.6638 .2327 .1 .001558 2.6067 .323

[CoC2O4(NH3) J[Co(NO2 )4(HH,)J = [CoC2O4(NH3)J+ + [Co(N02)4(NH3)2]B = NaCl CB

j

0.0 .02 .05 .1 0.0 .1

SA I log (1/C=Q T = 273.1°tf (212) 0.00103 2.9872 .001145 2.9412 .00123 2.9101 .00137 2.8633 T = 293.10K (212) 0.002659 2.4753 .003531 2.4521

I

M| 0.0321 .1452 .2265 .318 0.0515 .321

B = NaNQ 3 ; T = 293.10K (2Q4) 0.1 0.003615 I 2.4419 | 0.3215 B = NaCHO2, Formate; T = 273.10K (212) Ö T Ö 2 0 . 0 0 1 1 1 2 . 9 5 4 7 O . 1 4 5 3 .05 .00120 2.9208 .226 JL .00128 2.8928 .318 B = KCl

B = KCl 0

T = 273.1 K (212) 0.0 0.000096 4.0177 0.0098 .05 .000124 3.9066 .224 .1 .000132 3.8794 .316 .2 .000149 3.8268 .447 .5 .000202 3.6946 .707 T = 293.10K (205, 209) 0.001 0.00138 2.8601 0.0488 .002 .00238 2.6234 .0662 B = KNO 3 ; T = 293.10K (205, 209) 0 . 0 0 1 0 . 0 0 1 3 8 2 . 8 6 0 1 0 . 0 4 8 8 .002 .00238 2.6234 .0662 B = KCHO2, Formate; T = 273.10K (212) 0 . 0 5 0 . 0 0 0 1 1 9 3 . 9 2 4 5 0 . 2 2 4 .1 .000128 3.8928 .316 .2 .000139 3.8570 .447 .5 .000175 3.7570 .707

4 0.0536 .184 .254 .394 .554

0.02 .05 .1 0.1

I

T = 273.10K 0.00115 .00123 .00137 T = 293.10K 0.003647 I

(212) 2.9397 2.9101 2.8633 (204) 2.438

0.1454 .226 .3185 |

0.3215

B = KNO3 T = 273.10K (212) 0.02 0.00116 2.9355 0.1455 .05 .00126 2.8996 .2262 .1 I .00141 2.8508 .318 T = 293.10K (204) 0.1 I 0.003723 I 2.4291 | 0.3215 0 B = KCHO2, Formate; T = 273.1 K (212) 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 0 1 1 2 2 . 9 5 0 8 0 . 1 4 5 2 .05 .00121 2.9172 .2263 .1 .00132 2.8796 .318

[Co(CNS)(N02)(NH3)4][Co(N02)2C204(NH3)2](s) = [Co(CNS)(NO2)(NH3)J+ + [Co(NO2)2C204(NH3)2]B = NaCl CB 0.0 .0003 .001 .002 .01 .02

I

SA I log (l/c ± ) T = 288.10K (209) 0.0003355 3.4743 .0003377 3.4715 .0003405 3.4679 .0003451 3.4621 .0003627 3.4405 .0003790 3.4214

I

4 0.01831 .0252 .0366 .0484 .1015 .1428

T = 293.1°K (207, 1479)

0.0 .005 .01 .02 .05 .10

0.0004449 3.3478 0.0212 .000476 3.3224 .0740 .0004894 3.3103 .1024 .0005051 3.2964 .143 .000540 3.2674 .225 .000571 3.2434 .317 B = Na 2 SO 4 ; T = 293.10K (2Q7, 1479) 0 . 0 0 2 5 0 . 0 0 0 4 8 1 3 . 3 1 7 9 0 . 0 8 9 2 .005 .000499 3.3019 .1245 .01 .0005137 3.2893 .1744 .025 .000552 3.2581 .275 .05 .000587 3.2314 .3875 B = KNO 3 ; T = 288.10K (2Q9) 0 . 0 0 1 0 . 0 0 0 3 4 1 8 3 . 4 6 6 2 j 0 . 0 3 6 6 .0025 .0003488 3.4574 .0538 .005 .0003572 3.4471 .0732 .01 .0003669 3.4345 .1015 B = K3Co(CN)6; T = 288.10K (209) 0.00033 0.0003464 3.4604 I 0.0484 .00067 .0003556 3.4490 .0660 .00167 .0003687 3.4333 .1015

[CoC204(NH3)4][Co(N02)2C204(NH3)2](s) = [CoC2O4(NH3)J+ + [Co(N02)2C204(NH3)2]-

B = MgSO4; T = 288.10K (2Q9) CB I SA I log (1/c.Q I /4 0.0 0.00049 3.3098 0.0221 .0501 .0005 .0005102 3.2923 .001 .000522 3.2823 .0672 .0025 .0005446 3.2639 .1027 .005 .0005710 3.2434 .1435 B = BaCl2; T = 288.10K (2Q9) 0.00050.00050593.29590.0447 .0015 .0005222 3.2822 .0709 .0025 .0005375 3.2696 .0826 .005 .0005649 3.2480 .1245 .01 .0006093 I 3.2152 .1750 B = NaCl; T = 288.10K (2Q9) 0.00030.00049353.30670.0282 .0007 .0004977 3.3030 .0346 .001 .0005 3.3010 .0387 .002 .0005067 3.2952 .0500 .005 .000522 3.2823 .0743 .008 .0005326 3.2736 .0924 .01 .0005396 3.2679 .1027 .02 .0005646 3.2483 .1434 T = 293.10K (207, 1479) 0.0 0.000670 3.1739 0.0259 3.1469 .0756 .005 .0007136 .01 .000739 3.1314 .1036 .02 .0007725 3.1121 .1441

B = NaCL- (Continued) SA I log (1/c*) Ml T = 293.1°K.—(Continued) 0.05 0.0008482 3.0715 0.2255 .1 .0009400 3.0269 .3177 .2 .0010800 2.9666 .449 .5 .00144 2.8416 .708 1 .002050 2.6882 1.01 B = Na 2 SO 4 ; T = 293.10K (2Q7, 1479) 0 . 0 0 2 5 0 . 0 0 0 7 4 1 7 3 . 1 2 9 8 0 . 0 9 0 6 .005 .0007879 3.1035 .1255 .01 .0008496 3.0708 .1752 .025 .0009775 3.0099 .275 .05 .001131 2.9465 .3885 .1 .00134 2.8729 .548 .25 .00178 2.7496 .868 .5 .00231 2.6364 1.226 B = KNO 3 ; T = 288.10K (2Q9) 0.0010.00053.30100.0387 .0025 .0005088 3.2935 .0549 .005 .0005218 3.2825 .0743 .01 .0005414 3.2665 .1027 .02 .0005725 3.2422 .1434 B = K3Co(CN)6; T = 288.10K (209) 0.0001667 0.0005055 3.2963 0.0388 .0003334 .000515 3.2882 .0502 .0006667 .0005289 3.2764 .0673 .0016667 .0005572 3.2640 .1028 CB

I

[CoC2O4(NH3)J2S2O8(S) = 2[CoC2O4(NH3)J+ + S2O8B = NaCl; T = 293.10K (2Q7, 1479) CB I SA I log (!/e«,) I /4 0.0 0.000755 2.9214 0.04755 .01 .0008735 2.8580 .112 .02 .0009438 2.8244 .151 .05 .001091 2.7615 .231 .1 .0012956 2.6867 .3210 B = Na 2 SO 4 ; T =* 293.10K (2Q7, 1479) 0 . 0 0 5 0 . 0 0 0 9 5 0 5 j 2 . 8 2 1 3 O . 1 3 3 5 .01 .001064 2.7724 .182 .025 .001316 2.6800 .280 .05 .001642 2.5839 .393

[CoC2O4(NH3)J2S2O6(S) = 2[CoC2O4(NH3)J++ +S2O6B = MgSO4; T = 288.10K (2Q9) CB I SA I log (1/c*) I /4 0.0 0.0001545 3.6104 0.0215 .0005 .0001652 3.5813 .0500 .001 .0001723 3.5630 .0672 .0025 .0001866 3.5284 .1028 B = BaCl2; T = 288.10K (2Q9) 0.00050.00016413.58420.0446 .001 .0001710 3.5663 .0593 .0025 .0001862 3.5293 .0898 .005 .0002032 3.4914 .1249 B = K2SO4; T = 288.10K (2Q9) 0.0003 0.0001614 3.5914 0.0372 .0005 .0001630 3.5871 .0446 .0005 .000165 3.5818 .0447 .001 .0001718 3.5643 .0593 .0015 .0001775 3.5501 .0709 .0025 .0001878 3.5256 .0897

[CoC2O4(NH3)^S2O6.- (Continued}

B = K 3 Co(CN) 6 ; T = 288.10K (20») CB I SA I log (1/C5J8) 0.00033 0.0001651 3.5816 .00067 .0001728 3.5618 .00167 .0001889 3.5231 B = NaCl; T = 288.10K (20») 0.001 0.0001597 3.5960 .002 .0001645 3.5831 3.5595 .005 .0001737 T = 293.10K (207) 0.0 0.000201 3.4961 .01 .0002382 3.4224 .02 .0002601 3.3842 .05 .0003075 3.3115 J. .0003638 3.2484 B = Na 2 SO 4 ; T = 293.10K (2Q7, 1479) 0.005 0.0002597 3.3848 .01 .0002945 3.3302 .025 .0003719 3.2389 1.05 .0004563 3.1400 B = KNO 3 ; T = 288.10K (20») 0.001 0.0001603 3.5744 .005 .0001737 3.5595 .01 .0001880 3.5251

j4 0.0500 .0673 . 1028

I'

SA

I

log

(1/c*)

I

0.0385 .0500 .0744 0.0245 .1035 .144 .2253 .3175 0.1255 .176 .276 .389 0.0385 .0744 .1028

M?

0.0 .02 .05 .1 1.0

0.000593 3.2269 0.0244 .000703 3.1530 .1438 .000790 3.1024 .225 .000917 3.0376 .3274 .00334 2.4763 1.001 B = KCHO2, Formate; T = 273.10K (212) ( T l 0 . 0 0 0 8 9 5 3 . 0 4 8 2 0 . 3 1 6 1.0 .00233 2.6326 1.000

[Co(NHs)6][Co(C2OO3](S) = [Co(NH3)6j+++ + CB 0.0 .05 .1 .2 .5 1.0

[Co(C2OO3]— B = NaCl; T = 273.10K (212) I SA I log (l/c±) I 4 0.000019 4.7212 0.01307 .0001014 3.9940 .2255 .000178 3.7496 .317 .000348 3.4584 .447 .001008 2.9966 .713 .00245 2.6108 1.010

[Co(NH3)6][Co(CN)6](s) = [Co(NH3)J++++[Co(CN)J— B = MgSO4; T = 273.10K (212) CB 0.0 .05 .1 1.0

I

I

B = NaCl.- (Continued) SA I log (!/e*) 0.0003472 3.4694 .000602 3.2204

^f;

/4 0.709 1.004

ma/«.)

*?

0

[Co(N02)2(NH3)4][Co(C204)2(NH3)3](s) = [Co(NOO 2 (NH 3 )J + + [Co(C 2O O 8 (NH 8 )JB = KCl; T = 273.10K (212) CB

CB 0.5 1.0

SA I log (!/e*) I M| 0.000007 5.3548 o". 00792 .000243 3.6154 .449 .000390 3.4089 .635 .00277 2.5574 2.010 B = NaCl; T = 273.10K (212) 0 . 0 5 0 . 0 0 0 0 3 7 8 4 . 4 2 2 5 0 . 2 2 4 .1 .0000602 4.2204 .316 .1 .0000651 4.1864 .316 .2 .0001246 3.9045 .448

T = 293.1 K (208) 1.375 4.862 4.862 0.0111 1.69-1.73 4.772 4.762 .0340 2.11 4.676 4.676 .0565 2.42 -2.49 4.616 4.604 .0723 3.02-3.22 4.520 4.492 .1002 4.02-3.83 4.396 4.417 .1239 4.41 -4.70 4.356 4.328 .1428 B = NaCHO2, Formate; T = 273.10K (212) CB I SA I log (1/C=Q I M? 0.2 0.0001216 3.9151 0.448 .5 .0002632 3.5797 .708 1.0 .0004882 3.3114 1.002 B = KCl; T = 273.10K (212) 0 . 0 5 0 . 0 0 0 0 3 7 9 4 . 4 2 1 4 O . 2 2 4 5 .1 .0000650 4.1871 .317 .2 .0001246 3.9045 .448 .5 .000347 3.4597 .710 .75 .000562 3.2503 .868 1.0 .000813 3.0899 1.002 2.0 .00207 2.6840 1.420 B = KCHO2, Formate; T = 273.10K (212) 0 7 2 0 . 0 0 0 1 3 7 7 3 . 8 6 1 1 0 . 4 4 8 .5 .0003402 3.4683 .709 1.0 .0007135 3.1466 1.003

0.0 .001 .003 .005 .010 .015 .020

[CoN02(NH3)5][Co(N02)4(NH3)2]2(s) = [CoNO2(NH3)J++ + 2[Co(N02)4(NH3)2]0

T, K 273.1 273.1 293.1 293.1

I

273.1 293.1 273.1 293.1 273.1 293.1

B = NaCl (204) CB I SA I log (l/c-) | 0.0 0.000311 3.3065 .2 .000621 3.0062 .0 .000992 2.8028 .2 .001823 2.5385 B = NaCHO2, Formate (204) 0~2 0.000570 3.0434 0_2 0.001692 2.5707 B = KCl (204) 0~2 0.000682 2.9655 0.2 0.001952 2.5088 B = KCHO2 (204) 0720.000629 3.0006 0_2 0.001824 2.5383

M| 0.305 .4485 .5445 .453 0.448 0.452 0.449 0.453 0.448 0.452

[CoCl(NH3)J[Co(NOO4(NH3)J2(S) = [CoCl(NH3)J++ + 2[Co(NOO4(NHOJB = NaCl (204) T, 0K

273.1 273.1 293.1 293.1 273.1 293.1

I

CB

0.0 .2 .0 .2

I

SA

| log (1 /C^) |

0.000173 .000353 .000637 .001187 B = NaCHO 2 (204) 0.2 0.000325 0.2 0.001100

M!

3.5613 3.2515 2.9952 2.7248

0.02403 .448 .0437 .451

3.2874 2.7579

0.447 0.450

B = KCl (204) 0

T1 K 273.1 293.1

CB 0.2 0.2

I

«A I log (I/o*) I 0.000393 3.2049 0.001291 2.6884

273.1 293.1

B = KCHO2, Formate (204) ÖT2 0.000363 3.2394 0.2 0.001207 2.6176

Ml 0.448 0.451 0.448 0.450

[CoCl2(NH3)J3[Fe(CN)6](S) = 3[CoCl2(NH3)4]+ + [Fe(CN)6]— B = MgCl2; T = 273.10K (212) CB I SA I log (1/c*) I /4 0.0 0.000121 3.5594 0.02695 .005 .000157 3.4463 .1262 .01 .000171 3.4092 .176 .05 .000231 3.2786 .489 .1 .000261 3.2256 .549 B = MgSO4; T = 273.10K (212) 0 . 0 0 5 0 . 0 0 0 1 4 9 3 . 4 6 9 0 0 . 1 4 4 5 .01 .000167 3.4155 .2025 .05 .000222 3.2958 .448 J. .000251 3.2425 .634 B = Ca(CHO2)2, Formate; T = 273.10K (212) OUÏ 0.000168 3.4169 0.176 .05 .00023 3.2805 .389 .1 .000263 3.2222 .549 B = Na 2 SO 4 ; T = 273.10K (212, 956) 0 . 0 0 5 0 . 0 0 0 1 3 8 3 . 5 0 2 3 O . 1 2 5 6 .01 .000158 3.4435 .176 .05 .000222 3.2958 .389 .1 .000265 3.2190 .549 B = KCl; T = 273.10K (212) 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 0 0 1 3 9 3 . 5 0 9 2 0 . 1 0 4 .05 .000193 3.3466 .226 .1 .000233 3.2748 .318 B = K2C8H4O4, Phthalate; 0 . 0 0 5 0 . 0 0 0 1 4 4 3 .01 .00016 .05 .000227 .1 .000282

T = 273.10K (212) . 4 8 3 8 O . 1 2 6 0 3.4381 .176 3.2862 .388 3.1920 .550

[Co(NH3)6][Co(N02)4(NH3)2]3(s) = [Co(NH3)J+++ + 3[Co(N02)4(NH3)2]B = MgCl2; T = 273.10K (212) CB I SA I log (l/c*) I M| 0.0 0.000043 4.0087 0.0161 .01 .0000636 3.8387 .1735 .05 .0000941 3.6686 .388 .1 .0001140 3.5853 .548 0 . 0 .05 .1 0.0 .001 .005 .01 .05

B = MgSO4; T = 273.10K (212) 1 0 . 0 0 0 9 4 8 3 . 6 6 5 4 : 0 . 2 0 1 5 .00144 3.4836 .447 .00173 3.4042 .634 0 T = 298.1 K (815) 0.0001651 3.4245 0.03147 .0002218 3.2962 .07301 .0003083 3.1532 .1478 .0003556 3.0912 .2052 .0005446 2.9061 .4508

B = Ca(CH02)2, Formate; T = 273.10K (212) OB SA l log (l/c*) I /4. 0.01 0.0000605 3.8604 0.1734 .05 .0000893 3.6913 .388 .1 .0001020 3.6336 .548 0.001 .003 .01 .02 .03 .05 .1

B = BaCl2; T = 298.10K («is) 0.0001822 3.3817 .0002048 3.3409 .0002507 3.2430 .0002893 3.1809 .0003211 3.1356 .0003714 3.0724 .0004653 2.9745

0.06397 .1011 .1774 .2484 .3032 .3901 .5503

B = NaNO 3 ; T = 298.10K (sis) 0 . 0 0 1 0 . 0 0 0 1 7 2 4 3 . 4 0 5 7 0 . 0 4 5 0 9 .005 .0001946 3.3531 .07853 B = Na 2 SO 4 ; T = 273.10K (212) ( T O l 0 . 0 0 0 1 0 1 3 . 6 3 7 9 0 . 1 7 5 .05 .000156 3.4491 .389

0.01 .05 J.

B = KCl; T = 273.10K (212) 0.0000523 3.9237 .0000756 3.7637 .0000960 3.6599

0.1015 .2245 .317

B = KNO 3 ; T = 298.10K (956) 0 . 0 0 1 0 . 0 0 0 1 7 1 9 3 . 4 0 6 9 0 . 0 4 5 0 6 .005 .0001976 3.3446 .07864 .05 .0003040 3.1593 .2277 .1 .0003737 3.0697 .3197 B = K 2 SO 4 ; T = 298.10K («") 0 . 0 0 1 0 . 0 0 0 2 3 0 2 3 . 2 8 0 1 0 . 0 6 6 1 8 .005 .0003271 3.1275 .1302 .01 .0003922 3.0487 .1798 .05 .0006403 2.8358 .3922 1 .0008320 2.7221 .5522 B = K2C8H4O4, Phthalate; T = 273.10K (212) 0.01 0.000110 3.6008 0.175 .05 .000182 3.3821 .389

[Co(NH3)6][Co(N02)2C204(NH3)2]3(s) = [Co(NH3),]+++ + 3[Co(N02)2C204(NH3)2]CB 0.0 .0002 .0005 .001 .003 .004 .005 .007 .02 .03 .04 .05 07

B = MgSO4; T = 298.10K («is) I SA I log (1/c*) I 0.00008269 3.7247 .0000941 3.6686 .000103 3.6294 .0001144 3.5838 .0001436 3.4853 .0001508 3.4638 .0001600 3.4381 .0001715 3.4080 .0002228 3.2943 .0002439 3.2550 .0002666 3.2163 .0002848 3.1877 .0003238 3.1419

ji» 0.0227 .03693 .05116 .06845 .1134 .1300 .1447 .1704 .2852 .3484 .4020 .4492 .5308

[Co(NH3)6][Co(NO2)2C2O4(NH3)2]3.—(Continued) B = BaCl2; T = 298.10K («is) CB I SA I log (l/c=b) I /4 0.0005 0.00008958 3.6900 0.04513 .001 .00009415 3.6684 .05968 .003 .0001067 3.6140 .09818 .005 .0001165 3.5859 .1252 .01 .0001362 3.5080 .1755 .02 .0001645 3.4260 .2469 .04 .0002109 3.3181 .3480 .05 .0002344 3.2722 .3890 .06 .0002605 3.2264 .4260

0.0 .001 .002 0.001 .003 .005 .01 .02 .05 .1

B = KNO 3 T = 288.10K (209) 0.00005041 3.9397 3.9107 .00005389 .00005661 3.8893 T = 298.10K (»is) 0.00008767 3.6993 .00009481 3.6653 .00010101 3.6379 .00010984 3.6016 .00012536 3.5439 .00015796 3.4435 .00019992 3.3514

1

0.0174 .0364 .0483 0.0390 .0597 .0749 .1032 .1440 .2257 .3180

B = K2SO4; T = 298.10K (8*g) 0.0005i0.00010363.62680.04604 .001 .00011701 3.5740 .06083 .003 .0001484 3.4708 .09945 .005 .0001676 3.4179 .1264 .007 .00018277 3.3802 .1486 .01 .00020339 3.3338 .1767 .02 .0002512 3.2422 .2479 .03 .00028031 3.1946 .3028 .05 .00033625 3.1155 .3898 .07 .00038090 3.0615 .4605 .1 .00043700 3.0017 .5500 B = K3Fe(CN)6; T = 298.10K (815) 0.0010.00012903.53160.0823 .003 .0002121 3.3157 .1388 0.0005

CB 0.1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 0.0 .1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6

B = K 4 Fe(CN) 6 ; T = 298.10K («15) I 0.0001793 3.3886

0.07795

PbCrO4(S) = Pb++ + CrO4" B = HCl; T = 291.10K (71) I SA I log (1/c*) I y\ 0.000186 3.7305 0.3175 .000393 3.4056 .4490 .000654 3.1844 .5551 .00107 2.9706 6358 .00156 2.8069 .7115 .00225 2.6472 .7804 B = HNO 3 ; T = 291.10K (*i) 0.073 7.523 .000129 3.8894 .000227 3.6439 .000312 3.5959 .000401 3.3969 .000498 3.3028 .000598 3.2233

0.0001 .3170 .4482 .5479 .6337 .7085 .7761

[CoNO2(NH3)JCrO4(S) = [CoNO2(NH3)5]++ B = MgSO4; T = 273.10K (212) CB SA I log (1/c*) I ( T O * I 0 . 0 0 0 2 5 8 3 . 5 8 8 4 0 . .02* .00062 3.2076 .05* .000908 3.0419 .1* .001237 2.9073 .2 .001804 2.7438 1.0 .00512 2.2907

+ CrO4M| 0 3 2 0 .287 .451 .636 .898 2.005

* See also (i»*, 202).

B = NaCl;'? 7 = 273.10K (2Q3, 212) 0.05 ( 2 1 2 ) 0 . 0 0 0 4 1 5 3 . 3 8 2 0 0 . 2 2 7 .05(203) .000414 3.3830 .227 .1 (212) .000565 3.2479 .320 .1 (203) .000563 3.2495 .319 .2(212) .000785 3.1051 .450 .2(203) .000781 • 3.1077 .450 .5 (203) .001054 2.8229 .708 B = NaClO 3 ; T = 273.10K (212) ( T Ö 2 0 . 0 0 0 3 1 8 3 . 4 9 7 6 0 . 1 4 5 .05 .000417 3.3799 .227 .1 .000561 3.2510 .320 B = NaNO 3 ; T = 273.10K (212) ( T Ö 2 0 . 0 0 0 3 4 4 3 . 4 6 3 4 0 . 1 4 5 .05 .000442 3.3546 .227 .1 .000577 3.2388 .320 B = NaCHO2, Formate; T = 273.10K (212) ( T Ö 2 0 . 0 0 0 3 2 3 3 . 4 9 0 8 0 . 1 4 5 .05 .00041 3.3872 .227 .1 .000558 3.2534 .320 .2 .000746 3.1273 .450 .5 .001131 2.9465 .710 1.0 .001729 2.7622 1.003 B = KCl; T = 273.10K (212) 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 0 0 3 7 1 3 . 4 3 0 6 O . 1 4 6 5 .05 .00052 3.2840 .228 .1 .00069 3.1612 .321 .2 .000887 3.0521 .450 B = KClO3; T = 273.10K (212) Ö 7 Ö 2 0 . 0 0 0 3 3 2 3 . 4 7 8 9 0 . 1 4 5 .05 .000421 3.3757 .227 .1 .000570 3.2441 .320 B = KNO 3 ; T = 273.10K (212) Ö 7 Ö 2 ] 0.000345 3.4622 0.145 .05 .000444 3.3526 .227 .1 .000588 3.2306 .320 B = KCHO2, Formate; T = 273.10K (212) 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 0 0 3 6 1 3 . 4 4 2 5 O . 1 4 6 2 .05 .000480 3.3188 .224 .1 .000636 3.1965 .320 .2 .000816 3.0887 .450 .5 .001212 2.9161 .710 1.0 .001787 2.7479 1.003

[CoNCS(NHs)5]CrO4(S) = [CoNCS (NH3)5]++ +CrO4B = MgSO4; T = 273.10K (212) CB I SA I log (I/e*) I /4 0.0 0.001074 2.9690 0.0655 .02 .00224 2.6498 .297 .05 .00329 2.4828 .4615 .1 .00455 2.4908 .647 .2 .00673 2.1720 .909

B = MgSO4.- (Continued) CB I SA I log (l/ C8fc ) I 4 0.5 0.01150 1.9393 1.430 1.0 .01770 1.7520 2.020 B = NaCHO2, Formate; T = 273.10K (212) 0.0 0.00107 2.9706 0.0654 .02 .001377 2.8611 .1594 .05 .001570 2.8141 .237 .1 .001835 2.7364 .327 B = KCHOg, Formate; T = 273.10K (212) ( T O 0 . 0 0 1 0 7 2 . 9 7 0 6 0 . 0 6 5 4 .02 .001402 2.8533 .160 .05 .001628 2.7883 .238 J. .001898 2.7217 .3275

[Co(N0 2 ) 2 (NH 3 )4][Cr(CNS)4(NH3) 2 ](s) = [Co(N02)2(NH3)4]+ + [Cr(CNS) 4(NH3),]B = NaCl; T = 293.10K (2Q5, 209) CB

I

SA

I

log (1/c*)

I

P*

0.0(205) .001(205) .001 (209)

0.000143 3.8447 0.01196 .000115 3.9393 .0334 .000146 3.8356 .0339 B = KCl; T = 293.10K (2Q5, 209) 0 . 0 0 1 0 . 0 0 0 1 1 5 3 . 9 3 9 3 0 . 0 3 3 4 .001 .000146 3.8356 .0339 B = KNO 3 ; T = 293.10K (205, 209)

0.001 .001

0.000115 .000146

3.9393 3.8356

0.0334 .0339

[CoC2O4(NHa)4][Cr(CNS)4(NHs)2](S) = [CoC2O4(NH3)J+ + [Cr(CNS)4(NHs)2]-

B = NaCl; T = 293.10K (2Q4, 205, 207, 209, 1479) CB I SA I log (1/c.Q I /4 0.0(204) 0.001366 2.8645 0.0370 0.0(205) .00137 2.8633 .0370 0.0(1479) .00139 2.8570 .0373 .001(205) .00239 2.6214 .0582 .002 (205) .00340 2.4685 .0735 .005(1479) .001446 2.8398 .0803 .01 (1479) .001489 2.8271 .1072 .02(1479) .001554 2.8085 .1468 .05(1479) .001644 2.7841 .2272 .1 (204) .001737 2.7602 .318 .1 (1479) .00175 2.7570 .3190 .2 (1479) .001900 2.7212 .449 .5(1479) .00212 2.6737 .709 1 (1479) .00226 2.6459 1.01 B = Na 2 SO 4 ; T = 293.10K ( 1 4 ™); qf. ( 2 Q?) 0.0025 0.00151 2.8210 0.0949 .005 .00159 2.7986 .1287 .01 .00171 2.7670 .1780 .025 .001903 2.7206 .277 .05 .002123 2.6730 .390 .1 .002669 2.5737 .554 .25 .002720 2.5654 .870 .5 .002770 2.5575 1.228 B = NaNO 3 ; T = 293.10K (2Q4) 0.1 I 0.001786 2.7481 0.318 B = KCl; T = 293.10K (2Q4, 205, 209) 0 . 0 0 1 0 . 0 0 2 3 9 2 . 6 2 1 4 0 . 0 5 8 0 .002 .00340 2.4685 .0735 .1 (204) .001771 2.7518 .318

B = KNO 3 ; T = 293.10K (204, 205, 209) CB

I

0.001 .002 .1 (204)

SA

I

0.00239 .00340 .001813

JQg (1/C^)

I

2.6214 2.4685 2.7416

/4

0.0582 ,0735 .4185.

[CoC204(NH3)4]3[Cr(CNS)6](s) = 3[CoC2O4(NH3)J+ + [Cr(CNS)6] B = MgCl2; T = 273.10K (212)

CB

I

SA

I

log

(1/c*)

I

M*

0.0 .001 .005 .01 .05

0.000532 2.9163 0.0565 .000577 2.8810 .0804 .000666 2.8187 .1377 .000728 2.7801 .1852 .000954 2.6626 .395 B = MgSO 4 ; T = 273.10K (212, 956) 0 . 0 0 1 0 . 0 0 0 5 8 6 2 . 8 7 4 3 0 . 0 8 6 7 .005 .000687 2.8052 .155 .01 .000766 2.7580 .211 .001100 2.6008 .455 105 B = Ca(CHO 2 ) 2 , Formate; T = 273.10K (212) 0 . 0 0 1 0 . 0 0 0 5 7 5 2 . 8 8 2 5 0 . 0 8 0 3 .005 .000665 2.8194 .1377 .01 .000729 2.7795 .1853 .05 .000954 2.6626 .395 B = NaCl; T = 273.10K (212) 0 . 0 0 1 0 . 0 0 0 5 4 9 2 . 9 0 2 6 0 . 0 6 5 4 .005 .000586 2.8743 .0922 .01 .000627 2.8449 .1172 .05 .000797 2.7407 .234 B = Na 2 SO 4 ; T = 273.10K (212) 0 . 0 0 1 0 . 0 0 0 5 7 5 2 . 8 8 2 5 0 . 0 8 0 3 .005 .000678 2.8110 .138 .01 .000770 2.7557 .186 .05 .001177 2.5734 .396

[CoCl(NH3)5][Cr(CNS)4(NH3)2]2(s) = [CoCI(NH8)J++ + 2[Cr(CNS)4(NH3),]B == NaCl (204) T, 0K 273.1 293.1

I

273.1 293.1 273.1 293.1 273.1 293.1

CB I SA I log (1/C-) I 0.2 0.000524 3.0800 0_2 0.001627 2.5879 B = NaCHQ2, Formate (2Q4) 072 0.000477 3.1208 0_2 0.001516 2.6286 B = KCl (204) 072 0.000548 3.0605 0_2 0.001702 2.5683 B = KCHO2, Formate (204) 072 0.000510 3.0917 0.2 0.001592 2.6074

M| 0.448 0.452 0.448 0.452 0.448 0.4525 0.448 0.448

[CoN02(NH3)5][Cr(CNS)4(NH3)2]2(s) = [CoNO2(NH3)J++ + 2[Cr(CNS)4(NH3)JB = NaCl (204) T9 0K 273.1 273.1 293.1 293.1

I

CB 0.0 .2 .0 .2

I

SA I log (Vc*) | 0.000392 3.2060 .000680 2.9668 .001284 2.6907 .002097 2.4777

MJ 0.0342 .449 .0620 .453

Y2(C2O4)3.9H2O(s), Oxalate = 2Y+++ + 3C2O4- + 9H2O(I)

[CoNO2(NH3)5][Cr(CNS)4(NH3)2]2.—(Continued) B = NaNO 3 (204) T, 0K 273.1 293.1 273.1 293.1 273.1 293.1 273.1 293.1 273.1 293.1

I

CB I SA I log (1/c*) I 0.2 0.000746 2.9266 0_2 0.002228 2.4514 B = NaCHQ2, Formate (204) 0.2 0.000629 3.0006 0_2 0.001950 2.5093 B = KCl (204) 0.2 0.000723 2.9407 0.2 0.002193 2.4573 B = KNO 3 (204) 0.2 0.000790 2.9017 (K2 0.002325 2.4329 B = KCHO2, Formate (204) 072 0.000667 2.9752 0.2 0.002040 2.4897

/4 0.449 0.4545 0.449 0.453

B = (NBU)2C2O4, Oxalate (*70) B = (CH3NHs)2C2O^ Methylamine oxalate (508) B = (C 2 H 6 NHs) 2 C 2 O^ Ethylamine oxalate (508) B = [(C2Hs)3NH]2C2O4, Triethylamine oxalate (5Q8) B = Na2SO4 (693)

0.449 0.454

Y2(C3H204)3.8H20(s), Malonate = 2Y+++ + 3C3H2O4- + 8H2O(I)

0.4495 0.4548 0.449 0.453

B = MgCl2; T = 273.10K (212) CB I SA I log (1/C8Q | /4 0.0 0.0000663 3.8207 0.01994 .005 .0000741 3.7724 .1242 .01 .0000812 3.7326 .1747 .1 .0001184 3.5688 .549 B = MgSO4; T = 273.10K (212) Ô 7 0 Î 0 . 0 0 0 1 1 5 3 . 5 8 1 5 0 . 2 0 2 .1 .000186 3.3727 .433 B = Ca(CH02)2, Formate; T = 273.10K (212) 0 . 0 0 5 0 . 0 0 0 0 8 6 1 3 . 7 0 7 2 O . 1 2 4 6 .01 .0000976 3.6527 .1747 .05 .0001200 3.5630 .386 .1 .0001360 3.5087 .549 B = Na 2 SO 4 ; T = 273.10K (212) 0 . 0 0 5 0 . 0 0 0 1 1 0 3 . 6 0 0 8 O . 1 2 5 0 .01 .000126 3.5418 .1754 .05 .000198 3.3455 .389 B = KCl; T = 273.10K (212) 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 0 0 0 7 3 2 3 . 7 7 7 7 0 . 1 0 2 .05 .0000905 3.6855 .225 .1 .0001024 3.6319 .317 B = K2C8H4O4, Phthalate; T = 273.10K (212) 0 . 0 0 5 0 . 0 0 0 1 2 3 3 . 5 5 2 3 O . 1 2 5 4 .01 .000141 3.4930 .1754 .1 .000272 3.2076 .549

Sc2(S04)3.5H20(s) = 2Sc+++ + 3SO4- + 5H2O(I) B = H 2 SO 4 ; T = 298.10K (1536) Sc2(C2O4)3.5H2O(s), Oxalate = 2Sc+++ + 3C2O4- + 5H2O(I) B = HCl; T = 298.1 and 323.10K (991, 1324) B = H 2 SO 4 ; T = 298.10K (1536) B = (NH 4 J 2 C 2 O 4 , Oxalate; T = 298.10K (1536)

YC6H5O7^H2O(S), Citrate = Y+++ + C6H5O7

B = C3H4O4, Malonic acid; T = 293.10K (642) B = (NH 4 )ZC 3 H 2 Q 4 , Malonate; T = 293.10K (642) Y2(C4H4O6)3.5H2O(s), Tartrate = 2Y+++ + 3C4H4O6- + 5H2O(I) B = (NH^2C4H4O6, Tartrate; T = 293.10K (642)

La(IOa)8(S) = La+++ + 31O3-

[CoH20(NH3)5][Cr(CNS)4(NH3)2]3(s) = [CoH2O (NH3)5]+++ + 3[Cr(CNS)4(NH3)2]-

^H2O(I) B = C6H8O7, Citric acid ( 6 42)

B = H 2 SO 4 P 7 0 » 285, 1534)

+

B = La(NQ 3 ) 3 ; T = 298.10K (572) CB I SA I log (1/c*) I A 0.0 0.001030 2.6293 0.0786 .00066667 .0008430 2.6530 .0979 .0016667 .0007967 2.6181 .1216 .0033333 .0007825 2.5685 .1572 .016667 .0008320 2.3913 .3240 .033333 .0009363 2.2799 .4534 .06684 .0011195 2.1473 .6385 B = La(NO 3 MNH 4 NO 3 ; T = 298.10K (572) 0.005268 0.000951 2.46010.2208 .010536 .0010156 2.3714 .3006 .02107 .0011367 2.2638 .4187 .03161 .0012303 2.1956 .5101 .039366 .0013061 2.1529 .5680 .07873 .0016016 2.0125 .8046 .15747 .0020551 1.8568 1.125 .31495 .0028968 1.5702 1.593 B = NaNO3; T = 298.10K (572) 0.001 0.001043 2.6238 0.0852 .002 .001056 2.6185 .0913 .01 .00115 2.5815 .1300 .025 .0013093 2.5250 .1812 .05 .001492 2.4684 .2424 .1 .001748 2.3996 .3324 .2 .0020873 2.3226 .4610 .4 .0024657 2.2502 .6440 .8 .0032487 2.1305 .9052 1.6 .0043114 2.0075 1.275 3.2 .0045657 1.9831 1.796 B = NaIO3; T = 298.10K (572) 0.00009130.00095722.65110.0764 .000456 .0008507 2.6588 .0746 .000913 .0007658 2.6491 .0756 .001826 .0006016 2.6352 .0737 .003653 .0002973 2.6386 .0725 .004533 .0002017 2.6408 .0758 .006799 .0001468 2.5635 .0877 B = KIO3; T = 298.10K (572) 0.0000990.00094762.65190.0761 .0004957 .0008488 2.6555 .0748 .0007488 2.6492 .0741 .0009914 .0019828 .0005632 2.6387 .0724 .0039656 .0002633 2.6371 .0745

La2(SO4)3.9H20(s) = 2La+++ + 3SO4- + 9H2O(I) B = H 2 SO 4 ; T = 298.10K (*S34, 1536) mB I SA I log (1/m^) I M* 0.0 0.04497 0.9404 0.8213 .2624 .05387 .6107 1.263 .5735 .05742 .4525 1.607 1.1608 .05991 .2923 2.093 .04762 .2282 2.543 1.854 2.396 .03774 .2093 2.785 3.873 .01886 .2128 3.450 .2100 4.257 5.992 .010096 .1389 5.084 8.571 .008912 .1042 5.715 10.84 .007765 B = (NH 4 J 2 SO 4 -, T = 291.10K (51, 52, 53) B = Na 2 SO 4 ; T = 29Ll 0 K (Si, 52, 53) " B = K 2 SO 4 ; T = 289.60K (Si, 52, 53) +++

La 2 (C 2 O 4 )S-OH 2 O(S), Oxalate = 2La

Nd2(C2O4)3.10H20(s), Oxalate = 2Nd+++ + 3C2O4- + 1OH2O(I)

B = H2SO4; T = 293.10K (170) B = (NHO 2 C 2 O 4 , Oxalate; T = 293.10K (170) B = (CH 3 NH 3 ) 2 C 2 O4, Methylamine oxalate; T = 293.10K (508) B = (C 2 H 5 NHg) 2 C 2 O 4 , Ethylamine oxalate; T = 293.10K (508) B = [(C2Hs)3NH]2C2O4, Triethylamine oxalate; T = 293.10K (508) B = Nd(NO 3 ) 3 ; T = 298.10K (694)

Sa2(C2O4)3.1OH2O(S), Oxalate = 2Sa+++ + 3C2O4- + 1OH2O(I) B = HCl; T = 298.10K (991, 1324); T = 323.10K (99i) ; T = B.P. (996)

B = H 2 SO 4 ; T = 298.10K (991, 1534, 1536) ; T = 323.10K (991)

Gd2(SO4)3.8H20 = 2Gd+++ + 3SO4- + 8H2O(I) B = H 2 SO 4 ; T = 298.10K (1534) B = Na 2 SO 4 ; T = 298.10K (H3)

+ 3C2O4- +

9H2O(I) B = H 2 SO 4 ; T = 293.10K (17Q); T = 298.10K (1534) B = HNO 3 ; T = 288.10K (isoi.s) B = C 2 H 2 O 4 , Oxalic acid; T = 298.10K (591) B = (NH 4 J 2 C 2 O 4 , Oxalate; T = 293.10K (17Q)

La2(C3H2O4)3.5H2O(s), Malonate = 2La+++ + 3C3H2O4- + 5H2O(I) B = C3H4O4, Malonic acid (643) B = (NHQ 2 C 3 H 2 O 4 , Malonate (6*3)

La2(C4H4O6)3.9H2O(s), Tartrate = 2La+++ + 3C4H4O6- + 9H2O(I) B = C4H6O6, Tartaric acid; T = 293.10K (643) B = (NH^ 2 C 4 H 4 O 6 , Tartrate; T = 293.10K (643)

CeC6H5O7-TH2O(S), Citrate = Ce+++ + C6H5O7— + 7H2O(I) B = C6H8O7, Citric acid; T = 293.10K (642)

Ce2(SO4)3.8H2O(s) = 2Ce+++ + 3SO4- + 8H2O(I)

Gd2(C2O4)3.10H2O(s), Oxalate = 2Gd+++ + 3C2O4- + 1OH2O(I)

B = HCl; T = 298.10K (1324) B = H 2 SO 4 ; T = 298.10K (1534, 1536) B = (CH 3 NHg) 2 C 2 O 4 , Methylamine oxalate; T = 298.10K (508) B = (C 2 H 6 NH 3 )2C 2 O 4 , Ethylamine oxalate; T = 298.10K (508) B = [(C2H5)SNH]2C2O4, Triethylamine oxalate; T = 298.10K (508)

Er2(S04)3.8H20(s) = 2Er+++ + 3SO4- + 8H2O(I) B = H 2 SO 4 ; T = 298.10K (1534, 1536) Er2(C2O4)3.14H2O(s), Oxalate = 2Er+++ + 3C2O4- + UH2O(I) B = H 2 SO 4 ; T = 298.10K (1534)

Yb2(C2O4)3.10H2O(s), Oxalate = 2Yb+++ + 3C2O4- + 1OH2O(I) B = H 2 SO 4 (285)

B = H 2 SO 4 ; T = 298.10K (iS34) B = (NHQ 8 SO 4 ; T = 289.10K (Si, 52, 53) B = Na 2 SO 4 ; T = 289.10K (Si, 52, 53) B = K 2 SO 4 ; T = 289.10K (Si, 52, 53)

B = (NHQ 2 C 2 Q 4 , Oxalate (285) B = (CH 3 NHg) 2 C 2 O 4 , Methylamine oxalate (508) B = (C 2 H5NH 3 ) 2 C 2 O 4 , Ethylamine oxalate (508) B = [(C2Hs)3NH]2C2O4, Triethylamine oxalate (508)

Ce2(C2O4)3.9H2O(s), Oxalate = 2Ce+++ + 3C2O4- +

BeSO4.6H2O= Be+++ SO 4 -+ 6H2O(I) B = H 2 SO 4 ; T = 298.10K (1535)

9H2O(I) B = H2SO4; T = 293.10K (170); T = 298.10K (591, 1534) B = C 2 H 2 O 4 , Oxalic acid; T = 298.10K (591, 1534) B = (NHQ 2 C 2 O 4 , Oxalate; T = 293.10K (170)

BeC2O4.3H2O(s), Oxalate = Be++ + C2O4- + 3H2O(I) B = H 2 SO 4 ; T = 298.10K (issc) B = C 2 H 2 O 4 , Oxalic acid; T = 298.10K (1536)

Ce2(C3H2O4)3.6H2O(s), Malonate = 2Ce+++ + 3C3H2O4- + 6H2O(I)

B = C3H4O4, Malonic acid; T = 293.10K (642) B = (NH^ 2 C 3 H 2 O 4 , Malonate; T = 293.10K (642)

Ce2(C4H4O6)3.6H2O(s), Tartrate = 2Ce+++ + 3C4H4O6- + 6H2O(I)

B = C4H6O6, Tartaric acid; T = 293.10K (642) B = (NHQ 2 C 4 H 4 O 6 , Tartrate; T = 293.10K (642)

Pr2(C2O4)3.10H20(s), Oxalate = 2Pr+++ + 3C2O4-+ 1OH2O(I) B = H 2 SO 4 ; T = 293.10K (170) B = (NHQ 2 C 2 O 4 , Oxalate; T = 293.10K (*™)

.

Mg(OH) 2 (S) = Mg++ + 2OHB = NaOH + NaCl (942) MgCO3.3H2O(s) = Mg++ + CO3- + 3H2O(I) B = NaCl; T = 296.10K; air free from CQ2(g) (247) WB

I

/SA

Ij

Ö T Ö 0 . 0 0 2 0 9 4 1 . 0.4846 .005015 1.039 .006371 B = Na 2 SO 4 ; T = 297.10K; air Ö T Ö 0 . 0 0 2 5 6 9 1 . .1776 .006981 .3886 .009899 .6843 .01229

ms

j

SA

8 8 7 0 . 0 0 7 2 0 2.663 .006816 4.339 .005965 free from CO2(g) (247) 1 6 5 0 . 0 1 5 0 1 1.896 .01670 2.076 .01681 2.296 .01759

MgCO3-SH2O.- (Continued) B = Na 2 CO 3 ; T = 298.10K; air free from CO2(g) (247) mB J SA I log (l/m ± ) | y? 0.0 0.002654 2.5761 0.1031 .2188 .003428 1.5591 .8186 .4805 .006069 1.2648 1.211 .8192 .01047 1.0305 1.581 1.213 .01573 0.8569 1.924 1.540 .01969 .7564 2.168 1.745 .02342 .6915 2.309 2.065 .02822 .6143 2.512 For T = 308.60K, v. (247) _ B = KHCO 3 ; T = 288.11, 298.1 and 308.10K (33, 34)

MgC2O4.2H2O(S), Oxalate = Mg+++C20 4—+2H2O(I) B = HCl; T = 298.10K (1324) I SA I log (l/c±) 0.003426 2.4652 .003778 2.4227 .004124 2.3847 .004293 2.3672 .005129 2.2899 .006793 2.1679 .010115 1.9960

M| 0.1171 .1229 .1323 .1357 .1517 .1794 .2246

B = MgSO4; T = 298.10K (1489) I SA I log (IMO I 0.00307 2.5129 .00235 2.4620 .00215 2.4094

Mè 0.1108 .1424 .1680

CB 0.0 .0005 .001 .00125 .0025 .005 .01 mB

0.0 .00272 .00491

Ca(OH) 2 (S) = Ca++ + 2OHm = 0.0210 at 298.10K (589) B = NH 4 Cl; T = 298.10K (ioso) CB

SA

I

0.0 0.02022 .02176 .02908 .04532 .03923 .05968 .08703 B = C3H8O3, Glycerol; T WB

j

SA

I]

log

(l/C:*)

I

I

CB

0.0 .002872 .004892 .007015 .008918 .01167 0.0 .01 .04 .0666 .125 .2 .5

M|

1.4934 0.2463 1.3357 .3302 1.2057 .4037 1.0234 .4886 = 298.10K (243.5) WB

B = CaI2; T = 298.10K (1007) mB I SA I log (1/m.Q | ^ 0.3425 0.01493 1.1655 1.0354 .7184 .01924 0.9872 1.4875 1.184 .02093 .8918 1.9013 1.354 .02417 .8307 2.0333 B = Ca(NOs) 2 -, T = 298.10K (59) 0.0 0.02053 1.4873 0.2482 .2134(245) \01342 1.2622 .8248 .31 .01835 1.1181 .9925 .63 .021156 0.9778 1.398 .97456 .02471 .8708 1.752 1.16 .02689 .8214 1.887 1.493 .02985 .7551 2.138 2.217 .03956 .6166 2.602 .05150 .4964 3.028 3.003 4.193 .07346 .3452 3.577 3.873 4.901 .09876 .2366 B = CaSO 4 ; T = 298.10K (239, 240)

SA.

'0.O .3946 2.109

0.02089 2.372 0.1048 .03296 5.752 .2422 .09018 13.70 .5479 B = C6H6O, Phenol; T = 298.10K (987.5) 0.0 0.01666 1.224 1.271 .224 .1288 1.541 1.541 .7126 .7697 B = CaCl2; T = 298.10K (1329) WB I SA. I log (1/m^) | /^ 0.4766 0.018985 1.0486 1.2193 1.002 .02281 0.8903 1.7533 1.61 .02947 .7481 2.2218 2.001 .032308 .6923 2.4697

B = CaBr2; T = 298.10K (*o° 7 ) 0 . 5 1 2 4 0 . 0 2 3 4 2 0 . 9 7 6 5 1 . 2 6 7 7 .7984 .02091 .9479 1.5676 1.189 .02541 .8344 1.9060 .8805 1.9964 1.308 .02072

mB* 0.0 .236 .947 1.894

I

SA

I

log

(!/ft»)

I

M|

0.0208 1.4812 0.2498 1.4716 .2693 .02035 .02051 1.4563 .2848 .02167 1.4228 .3051 .02215 1.4049 .3195 .02179 1.3989 .3348 B = N a O H î T = 293.10K (318) 0.02087 1.4797 0.2502 .01677 1.4996 .2456 .01017 1.4771 .2655 .006956 1.4486 .2957 1.4189 .3669 .003210 .001962 1.3628 .4537 .0003567 1.3495 .7079 For 323.1, 343.1 and 373.10K, y. (318) B = NaCl (942) B = KClî T = 323.10K (757) I SA* \\ mB* | SA* 0.029 2.368 0.038 .042 2.841 .036 .045 3.315 .033 .042 3.552 .017


CaS04.2H20(s) = Ca++ + SO4- + 2H2O(I) B = HCl; T = 298.1°K(919) B = NH 4 Cl; T = 298.10K (243) CB I SA I log (l/c*) I 0.2019 0.02865 1.5428 .4561 .03952 1.4031 .8729 .05194 1.2845 1.766 .06464 1.1895 2.798 .07566 1.1211 3.712 .0797 1.0985 3.925 .07992 1.0973 1.1086 5.140 .07787 6.074 .06905 1.1608 .05421 1.2659 7.015 B = NH 4 NO 3 ; T = 298.10K (243) 0 . 1 2 4 9 0 . 0 2 3 3 6 1 . 6 3 1 5 0 . .3123 .02887 1.5395 .6871 .04261 1.3704

/4 0.5608 .7839 1.040 1.423 1.761 2.008 2.060 2.335 2.520 2.684 4 6 7 2 .6539 .9260

MgCO3-SH2O.- (Continued) B = Na 2 CO 3 ; T = 298.10K; air free from CO2(g) (247) mB J SA I log (l/m ± ) | y? 0.0 0.002654 2.5761 0.1031 .2188 .003428 1.5591 .8186 .4805 .006069 1.2648 1.211 .8192 .01047 1.0305 1.581 1.213 .01573 0.8569 1.924 1.540 .01969 .7564 2.168 1.745 .02342 .6915 2.309 2.065 .02822 .6143 2.512 For T = 308.60K, v. (247) _ B = KHCO 3 ; T = 288.11, 298.1 and 308.10K (33, 34)

MgC2O4.2H2O(S), Oxalate = Mg+++C20 4—+2H2O(I) B = HCl; T = 298.10K (1324) I SA I log (l/c±) 0.003426 2.4652 .003778 2.4227 .004124 2.3847 .004293 2.3672 .005129 2.2899 .006793 2.1679 .010115 1.9960

M| 0.1171 .1229 .1323 .1357 .1517 .1794 .2246

B = MgSO4; T = 298.10K (1489) I SA I log (IMO I 0.00307 2.5129 .00235 2.4620 .00215 2.4094

Mè 0.1108 .1424 .1680

CB 0.0 .0005 .001 .00125 .0025 .005 .01 mB

0.0 .00272 .00491

Ca(OH) 2 (S) = Ca++ + 2OHm = 0.0210 at 298.10K (589) B = NH 4 Cl; T = 298.10K (ioso) CB

SA

I

0.0 0.02022 .02176 .02908 .04532 .03923 .05968 .08703 B = C3H8O3, Glycerol; T WB

j

SA

I]

log

(l/C:*)

I

I

CB

0.0 .002872 .004892 .007015 .008918 .01167 0.0 .01 .04 .0666 .125 .2 .5

M|

1.4934 0.2463 1.3357 .3302 1.2057 .4037 1.0234 .4886 = 298.10K (243.5) WB

B = CaI2; T = 298.10K (1007) mB I SA I log (1/m.Q | ^ 0.3425 0.01493 1.1655 1.0354 .7184 .01924 0.9872 1.4875 1.184 .02093 .8918 1.9013 1.354 .02417 .8307 2.0333 B = Ca(NOs) 2 -, T = 298.10K (59) 0.0 0.02053 1.4873 0.2482 .2134(245) \01342 1.2622 .8248 .31 .01835 1.1181 .9925 .63 .021156 0.9778 1.398 .97456 .02471 .8708 1.752 1.16 .02689 .8214 1.887 1.493 .02985 .7551 2.138 2.217 .03956 .6166 2.602 .05150 .4964 3.028 3.003 4.193 .07346 .3452 3.577 3.873 4.901 .09876 .2366 B = CaSO 4 ; T = 298.10K (239, 240)

SA.

'0.O .3946 2.109

0.02089 2.372 0.1048 .03296 5.752 .2422 .09018 13.70 .5479 B = C6H6O, Phenol; T = 298.10K (987.5) 0.0 0.01666 1.224 1.271 .224 .1288 1.541 1.541 .7126 .7697 B = CaCl2; T = 298.10K (1329) WB I SA. I log (1/m^) | /^ 0.4766 0.018985 1.0486 1.2193 1.002 .02281 0.8903 1.7533 1.61 .02947 .7481 2.2218 2.001 .032308 .6923 2.4697

B = CaBr2; T = 298.10K (*o° 7 ) 0 . 5 1 2 4 0 . 0 2 3 4 2 0 . 9 7 6 5 1 . 2 6 7 7 .7984 .02091 .9479 1.5676 1.189 .02541 .8344 1.9060 .8805 1.9964 1.308 .02072

mB* 0.0 .236 .947 1.894

I

SA

I

log

(!/ft»)

I

M|

0.0208 1.4812 0.2498 1.4716 .2693 .02035 .02051 1.4563 .2848 .02167 1.4228 .3051 .02215 1.4049 .3195 .02179 1.3989 .3348 B = N a O H î T = 293.10K (318) 0.02087 1.4797 0.2502 .01677 1.4996 .2456 .01017 1.4771 .2655 .006956 1.4486 .2957 1.4189 .3669 .003210 .001962 1.3628 .4537 .0003567 1.3495 .7079 For 323.1, 343.1 and 373.10K, y. (318) B = NaCl (942) B = KClî T = 323.10K (757) I SA* \\ mB* | SA* 0.029 2.368 0.038 .042 2.841 .036 .045 3.315 .033 .042 3.552 .017


CaS04.2H20(s) = Ca++ + SO4- + 2H2O(I) B = HCl; T = 298.1°K(919) B = NH 4 Cl; T = 298.10K (243) CB I SA I log (l/c*) I 0.2019 0.02865 1.5428 .4561 .03952 1.4031 .8729 .05194 1.2845 1.766 .06464 1.1895 2.798 .07566 1.1211 3.712 .0797 1.0985 3.925 .07992 1.0973 1.1086 5.140 .07787 6.074 .06905 1.1608 .05421 1.2659 7.015 B = NH 4 NO 3 ; T = 298.10K (243) 0 . 1 2 4 9 0 . 0 2 3 3 6 1 . 6 3 1 5 0 . .3123 .02887 1.5395 .6871 .04261 1.3704

/4 0.5608 .7839 1.040 1.423 1.761 2.008 2.060 2.335 2.520 2.684 4 6 7 2 .6539 .9260

B = NH4NO3.- (Continued) SA I log (1/c*) I Ml 0.0572 1.2426 1.234 1.1855 1.461 .06523 .07236 1.1405 1.669 .07934 1.1005 2.016 .08374 1.0771 2.309 .08962 1.0476 3.119 .08675 1.0617 3.583 .07361 1.1330 4.216 B = (NH 4 ) 2 S0 4 ; T = 298.10K (1414.5) 0.0009766 0.01500 1.8099 0.2508 .001953 .01466 1.8067 .2540 .007812 .01327 1.7766 .2766 .01563 .01218 1.7350 .3094 .01131 1.6587 .3728 .03125 .06250 .01058 1.5558 .4797 .1250 .01069 1.4192 .6467 .2500 .01188 1.2535 .8930 .7500 .01712 0.9408 1.522 1.500 .02446 .7142 2.144 3.00 .03305 .4995 3.022 0 B = NH4C2H3O2, Acetate; T = 298.1 K (952) B = CuSO4; T = 298.10K (74, 571) mB I SA \ log (l/m ± ) | ^ 0.0(571) 0.01535 1.8138 0.2478 .00718 .01521 1.7339 .2993 .01254(571) .01360 1.7248 .3233 .0224 .01464 1.6329 .3849 .03793 .0143 1.5634 .4571 .04561 .01365 1.5476 .4869 .05010(571) .01239 1.5557 .5000 .09286 .01293 1.4320 .6505 .10100(571) .01242 1.4255 .6735 .1236 .01275 1.3799 .7388 .1853 .0124 1.3053 .8893 .21200(571) .01329 1.2591 .9492 .2469 .0126 1.2428 1.019 .01281 1.1922 1.135 .3094 .3689 .01309 1.1499 1.236 .6145 .0142 1.0246 1.586 .9227 .0151 0.9245 1.937 .97710(571) .01654 .8921 1.994 .01531 .8587 2.235 1.2332 1.4220 .01548 .8263 2.398 B = MgCl2; T = 299.10K (246) 0.0 0.01537 1.8133 0.2479 .08947 .03141 1.5029 .6087 .2025 .04203 1.3764 .9890 .4953 .05638 1.1488 1.486 1.3114 .06514 1.1861 2.347 2.289 .05082 1.2939 3.059 3.895 .02239 1.6505 3.958 5.272 .01162 1.9348 4.597 B = MgSO4 T = 298.10K (571) 0.00502 0.01441 1.7762 0.2788 .01012 .01362 1.7451 .3082 .01528 .01310 1.7150 .3369 T = 298.10K (239) 0.0265 0.0119 1.6700 0.3919 .0530 .01106 1.5748 .5061 .0884 .01081 1.4849 .6299 CB 1.249 1.874 2.498 3.748 4.997 9.369 12.49 17.49

I

B = MgSO4.- (Continued) I SA I log (l/m±) \ T = 298.1°K.—'(Continued) 0.1774 0.01086 1.3446 1.1355 .3551 .01142 .5312 .01177 1.0972 .7144 .01183 1.0330 1.077 .01208 0.9404 1.683 .01065 .8719 2.270 .00809 .8672 3.114 .00388 .9586 B = Mg(NOs) 2 ; T = 298.10K (1335) Ö 7 Ö 0 . 0 1 5 3 7 1 . 8 1 3 3 0 . 2 .09845 .04284 1.3682 .1985 .05899 1.2292 .4025 .07525 1.1235 .8327 .10467 0.9802 .11366 .9444 1.2923 1.7976 .12436 .9054 2.4251 . 13374 .8737 B = Ca(OH)2; T = 298.10K (240) CB I SA I log (1/c*) I 0.0 0.01562 1.8063 .001106 .01491 1.8109 .003139 .01409 1.8073 .006224 .01361 1.7844 .0109 .01265 1.7629 .01675 .01200 1.7310 .02179* .011665 1.7043 WB

/^ 0.8678 1.370 1.474 1.704 2.087 2.603 3.019 3.532 4 8 7 .7518 1.050 1.382 1.936 2.371 2.773 3.199 A 0.2500 .2509 .2622 .2704 .2886 .3134 .3349

* Solid phase CaSO4.2H2O (s) + Ca(OH) 2(s).

B = CaCl2; T = 298.10K (246) 0.0 0.01510 1.8210 .06747 .009138 1.5792 .1077 .008675 1.4980 .2322 .00805 1.3567 1.3141 .2887 .007933 .4642 .007463 1.2267 .8741 .006178 1.1322 1.1130 1.736 .003416 2.525 .001491 1.2119 3.314 .000235 1.5743 B = Ca(NOg) 2 ; T = 298.10K (1338) mB I SA I log (1/m.Q | 0.0 0.01534 1.8142 .1542 .00921 1.4114 .3107 .00897 1.2712 .6303 .00862 1.6295 1.301 .0073 1.5100 2.0235 .0062 1.4502 2.816 .00483 1.4329 3.679 .00357 1.4405 1.4442 4.102 .00315 B = NaCl; T = 298.10K (237) CB I SA I log (l/ C=fc ) I 0.0 0.01558 1.8074 1.559 .04889 1.3107 2.463 .05273 1.2779 2.537 .05262 1.2788 1.2815 3.019 .05229 3.913 .04991 1.3018 4.519 .04773 1.3212 5.482 .04198 1.3769 For 288.1, 299.1, 303.1, 335.1, 343.1 and 355.10K,

0.2458 .4887 .5981 .8536 .9475 1.193 1.627 2.285 2.753 3.153 ^ 0.2477 .7066 .9839 1.388 1.983 2.465 2.908 3.377 3.508 M| 0.2497 1.325 1.635 1.657 1.797 2.003 2.170 2.377 v. (237)

CaSO4.2H2O.—(Continued) B = NaNO 3 ; T = 298,10K (1338) mB

I

SA I log (l/m ± ) [ 0.0 0.01534 1.8141 .298 .03165 1.4996 .596 .0413 1.3840 .05483 1.2609 1.237 1.1559 2.544 .06983 4 .07729 1.1118 9.337 .07664 1.1155 10.582 .07303 | 1.1365 B = Na 2 SO 4 ; T = 298.10K (242) B = KNO 3 ; T = 298.10K (STI, 1338) mB I £A I log (IMQ I 0.0 0.01534 1.8141 .02766(571) .01812 1.7419 .05293(571) .02019 1.6949 .10380(571) .02130 1.6715 .1245 .02432 1.6140 1.5171 .2508 .03039 .53 .03952 1.4031 1.2781 1.035 .05271 1.587 .06217 1.2064 2.163 .06986 1.1557 B = K 2 SO 4 ; T = 298.10K (242) ( T O 0 . 0 1 5 3 7 1 . 8 1 3 3 0 . 2 .02808 .01179 1.6639 .02928 .01149 1.6646 .05673 .01069 1.5711 .1638 .01147 1.3506 .1774 .01164 1.3287

CaC4H4O6.4H2O(s), Tartrate = Ca++ + C4H4O6- + M* 0.2477 .6516 .8726 1.207 1.680 2.076 3.105 3.298

M* 0.2477 .3164 .3656 .4347 .4710 .6102 .7669 1.116 1.355 1.563

4 8 0 .3625 .3658 .4615 .7330 .7608

CaSO4.2H2O, Selenite = Ca++ + SO4- + 2H2O(I) me 0.0 0.0 .01114

B = MgSO4; T = 298.10K (571) I SA \\ WB | 0.01521 0.02755 .01514 .05248 .01314 . 10288

£A 0.01210 .01145 .010985

CaC2O4-H2O(S), Oxalate = Ca++ + C2O4- + H2O(I)

B = C2H4O2, Acetic acid; T = 299-30O0K (612, 613) ; c/. (599) CB I SA [I CB \ SA

0.0 0.58

0.0002325 0.0006564

2.89 5.79

0.000793 0.000875

CaC4H4O4-H2O(S), Succinate = Ca++ + C4H4O4- + H2O(I) B = MgC4H4O4, Succinate; T = 298.10K Q 491) WB I £A I log (IM*) | ^ 0.0 0.08252 0.5834 0.5745 .04121 .07769 .5172 .6896 .06179 .07474 .4957 .7390 .08230 .07340 .4709 .7892 .1231 .07173 .4273 .8827 .1631 .07087 .3905 .9675 B = Na 2 C 4 H 4 Q 4 , Succinate; T = 298.10K (1491) 0.00826 0.08013 0.5748 0.5875 .0506 .07103 .5318 .6602 .1014 .06495 .4830 .7510 .1526 .06138 .4407 .8386 .2560 .05757 .3717 .9992

4H2O(I) B = C2H4O2, Acetic acid; T = 299-30O0K (612, 613) B = C4H6O6, Tartaric acid; T = 291.10K (in?) CB I SA I] CB | SA Ö T Ö 0 . 0 0 1 4 6 2 0 . 0 6 0 . 0 0 8 1 0 .00666 .00350 .06667 .00848 .01333 .00447 .07333 .00903 .02 .00517 .08 .00915 .026667 .00581 .086667 .00933 .03333 .00632 .09333 .00967 .04 .00678 .10000 .00989 .04666 .00719 .10666 .0102 .05333 .00758 B = CaCl2; Tartrate; T = 291.10K (m 7 ) 0.004530.0007760.04980.000595 .00905 .000699 .0679 .0006573 .0226 .0006531 .0905 .0006804 .0317 .0006381 .2263 .0007004 .0408 .0005916 .4526 .0008614 .0453 .0005927 B = K2C4H4O6, Tartrate; T = 291.10K (H17) 0 . 0 0 6 7 0 . 0 0 0 6 4 0 0 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 0 0 8 5 7 2 .0091 .0006169 .1 .001011 .01 .0006030 .2 .001172 .0111 .0005762

Sr(OH)2-SH2O(S) = Sr++ + 2OH~ + 8H2O(I)

B = SrCl2; T = 298.10K (*OQ7) mB I SA I log (1/m.Q | M* 0.0 0.068 0.9670 0.452 .09580 .3878 1.738 .9113 1.806 .0938 .3916 2.387 3.217 .1606 .1526 3.183 B = SrBr2; T = 298.10K (lOQT) 0 . 7 9 1 4 0 . 0 7 6 6 7 0 . 5 6 3 4 1 . 6 1 4 1.113 .08053 .5159 1.892 1.534 .08844 .4315 2.206 2.279 .11107 .3095 2.678 .1259 .2550 2.850 2.582 .1386 .2149 2.973 2.808 B = SrI2; T = 298.10K (iQOT) 0 . 8 4 9 6 0 . 0 7 1 3 7 0 . 5 7 5 5 1 . 6 6 2 1.263 .0736 .5547 2.003 1.929 .08853 .4164 2.460 2.898 .09548 .3207 2.997 B = Sr(SH)2; T = 298.10K (ioo?) 0 . 5 1 9 4 0 . 0 6 3 3 8 0 . 6 7 6 2 1 . 3 2 2 1.066 .06546 .5709 1.842 1.536 .06026 .5450 2.188 1.855 .06082 .5159 2.397 2.109 .05713 .5162 2.549 B = Sr(NOs) 2 ; T = 298.10K (t*30) (TO ( T Ö 8 0 . 8 9 6 2 0.490 .0 .085 .8751 .505 .2102 .07527 .7297 .925 .2972 .0762 .6872 1.059 .4233 .07816 .6373 1.227 .6038 .08106 .5815 1.433 .8486 .0878 .5131 1.673 1.126 .09167 .4626 1.911 1.531 .0994 .3969 2.212

m* 2.081 2! 852 3.827

I

B = Sr(NOs)2.—(Continued) £A I log (IMO 0.1158 0.3096 .1419 .2059 .1698 .1121

I

/** 2.567 2.997 3.450

SrSO4(S) = Sr++ + SO4B = NH4C2H3O2, Acetate; T = 298.10K (952) CB

I

SA

I

log

(1/C=Q

I

0.000822 3.0851 0.0574 .002455 2.6099 1.463 .003985 2.3995 2.313 .005128 2.2900 3.268 .00626 2.2035 4.623 B = MgCl2; Room temp. (1474) ras j SA | log (l/m ± ) [ ^ 0 . 1 7 0 1 0 . 0 0 1 0 9 9 2 . 9 5 9 0 . 4 1 7 7 .4412 .001167 2.9329 .6676 1.290 1.657 .001525 2.8167 B = CaCl2; Room temp. (1474) 0 . 8 5 5 9 0 . 0 0 1 0 4 7 2 . 9 8 0 0 0 . 9 2 7 4 1.626 .001208 2.9179 1.277 4.58 .001401 2.8535 2.141 B = NaCl; Room temp. (1474) ^^ 1.576 0.0009826 3.0076 1.255 3.147 .001409 2.8510 1.776 4.873 .001267 2.8972 2.219 B = KCl; Room temp. (1474) 1 . 1 3 4 0 . 0 0 1 1 4 0 2 . 9 4 3 0 1 . 0 5 1 1.923 .001203 2.9197 1.388 2.96 .001670 2.7772 1.723 SrC2O4.H2O(S), Oxalate = Sr++ + C2O4- + H2O(I) B = C2H4O2, Acetic acid; T = 299-30O0K («12» 613) CB

j

SA

0.000464 .002713 .003208 .003311

[j

CB

3.86 5.79 16.26

j

CB

I

SA

0.0 .565 1.425 2.85

[j

0.00783 .02338 .02978 .03435

CB

j

3.77 5.65 16.89

SA

0.03626 .03393 .00634

A«!

0.0 2.13 5.34 10.68 21.37

0.0 .58 1.45 2.89

SrC4H4O6.3H2O(s), Tartrate = Sr++ + C4H4O6- + 3H2O(I) B = C2H4O2, Acetic acid; T = 299-30O0K (613)

SA

0.003094 .002568 .000320

SrC4H4O4(S), Succhiate = Sr++ + C4H4O4B = Na2C4H4O4, Succhiate; T = 298.10K (1489) mB I SA I log (l/m±) \ M* 0.0 0.02013 1.6962 0.2838 1.6658 .3126 .00938 .01740 .01875 .01535 1.6552 .3430 .03751 .01322 1.5917 .4067 .05582 .01221 1.5403 .4651 .07457 .01143 1.5037 .5190 SrC4H4O5(S), Malate = Sr++ + C4H4O5B = SrCl2; T = 298.10K (1489) MB I SA I log(l/m ± ) | ^ 0.0 0.03050 1.5157 0.3493 .01828 .02523 1.4798 .3946 .03103 .02349 1.4464 .4325 .06149 .02019 1.3914 .5150

Ba(OH)2.8H20(s) = Ba++ + 2OH~ + 8H2O(I) B = BaCl2; T = 303.10K (1328) mB I £A I log (1/m.Q | M* 0.0 0.3446 0.2619 1.017 .5848 .3282 .1352 1.655 .7492 .3638 .0765 1.827 1.054 .3856 .0234 2.071 1.128 .3923 .0096 2.135 0.0 .5478 .7967 1.186 1.375

B = BaBr2; T = 298.10K (ioo?) 0.2765 0.3576 .2786 .1969 .2858 .1504 .3196 .0703 .3304 .0427

0.9163 1.575 1.802 2.125 2.262

B = BaI2; T = 298.10K (ioo?) 0,60250.2717O.19601.620 1.065 .2877 .1162 2.015 1.788 .3069 .0342 2.507 1.905 .3698 -0.0316 2.612 B = Ba(NO3)2; T = 298.10K (mo) Ö T Ö 0 . 2 4 7 4 0 . 4 0 5 9 0 . 8 6 1 5 .01645 .2474 .3966 .8896 .05547 .2509 .3709 .9587 .07192 .2509 .3633 .9841 .09679 .2549 .3463 1.027 .1327 .2584 .3270 1.083 .2165 .2653 .2883 1.202 .2888 .2722 .2598 1.293 .3906 .2843 .2204 1.423 .4392 .2895 .2040 1.478 CB 0.0 .75 1.42 2.3 m* 1.779 2.52 3.853 4.787 8.042 11.64 12.81 CB

0.73 1.43 2.82

B = LiCl; T = 298.10K (608) I SA I log (1/c*) M| 0.2775 0.3560 0.9112 .3725 .2055 1.366 .4685 .1286 1.681 .668 -0.02531 2.074 B = NaOH; T = 303.10K (1328) I SA \ log (l/m+) \ ^ 0.0899 0.1540 1.431 .0632 .1187 1.646 .0427 .0362 1.995 .0409 .0044 2.216 .0396 -0.1389 2.857 .0992 -0.3950 3.454 .1821 -0.4998 3.654 B = NaCl; T = 298.10K (608) I

SA

0.315 .3495 .403

I

log (l/c ± )

0.3010 .2558 .1940

I

d

1.271 1.576 2.007

CB 0.86 1.75 3.4 1.25

Ba(OH) 2.8H2O.- (Continued) B = KCl-, T = 298.10K (608) I SA I log (l/c±) I 0.3255 0.2876 .330 .2808 .388 .2105 B = RbCl; T = 298.10K (6Q8) 0.324 I 0.2887 |

4 1.355 1.650 2.136 1.491

+

Ba(BrO3)2.H2O(s) = Ba + + 2BrO3- + H2O(I) B = Mg(NQ3V, T = 298.10K (570) mB I £A I log (IMQ I M* 0.0 0.02017 1.4946 0.246 .0503 .02644 1.3770 .480 B = Ba(NO 3 ) 2 ; T = 298.10K (S 7 Q) 0.01255 0.01846 1.4613 0.305 .357 .02515 .01748 1.4277 .05027 .01641 1.3812 .447 . 10064 .01560 1.3035 .5905 B = KBrO3; T = 298.10K (570) 0 . 0 2 5 0 9 0 . 0 1 3 3 2 1 . 4 8 2 7 0 . 2 5 5 " ~ .05023 .00873 1.4659 .276 . 10058 .00441 1.4225 .337 B = KNO 3 ; T = 298.10K (S7Q) 0.02512 0.02204 1.4561 0.302 .05032 .02315 1.4344 .346 . 10059 .02627 1.3798 .4235 Ba(I03)2(s) = Ba++ + 21O3B = Ba(N0 3 ) 2 ; T = 298.10K (573) CB

I

SA

I

log (1/c*)

I

Ml

0.0 .0005 .0010 . 0025 .0100 .0250 .0500 .1000

0.000790 2.9017 0.0487 .000681 2.8867 .0596 .000606 2.8758 .0694 .000488 2.8486 .0947 .000337 2.7757 .1761 .000307 2.6734 .2751 .000283 2.5974 .3885 .000279 2.5017 .548 B = KIO3; T = 298.10K (573) 0 . 0 0 2 0 . 0 0 0 8 1 2 2 . 8 8 9 4 0 . 0 6 6 6 .010 .000913 2.8392 .1129 .050 .001320 2.6790 .2322 .200 .001595 2.5964 .453 B = KNO 3 ; T = 298.10K (573) 0.0001060.0007552.90170.0498 .000530 .000621 2.9033 .0541 .001061 .000471 2.9080 .0595 BaSO4(S) = Ba++ + SO4B = HNO 3 (1104) _____ B = H 2 SO 4 ; T = 293.10K (isia) B = NH 4 Cl; T = 2870K (371) B = NH4C2H3O2, Acetate; T = 298.10K (660, 952) B = FeCl3; T = 293-2980K (446)

0.006164 .01541 .03082 .06164 .1541

I

SA

0.0002485 .0003085 .0004927 .000527 .0006427

I

log (1/c*)

3.6048 3.5107 3.3074 3.2782 3.1919

BaC2O4^H2O(S), Oxalate = Ba++ + C2O4- +

KH2O(I)

B = C2H4O2, Acetic acid; T = 299-30O0K (612) B = NH 4 Cl; T = 289.10K (253) B = NaCl; T = 289.10K (253) B = KCl; T = 289.10K (253) BaC4H4O4(S), Succhiate = Ba++ + C4H4O4B = MgC4H4O4, Succhiate; T = 298.10K (1489) WB j SA. | log (l/m ± ) M* O T O 0 . 0 1 5 7 0 1 . 8 0 4 1 0 . 2 5 0 8 .0077 .01397 1.7276 .2944 .01538 .01294 1.6613 .3366 .03074 .01155 1.565 .4101 .04620 .01065 1.4877 .4770 .06149 .01024 1.4261 .5356 B .= CaC4H4O4, Succhiate; T = 298.10K (1489) 0 . 0 0 7 9 8 0 . 0 1 3 8 3 1 . 7 2 7 3 0 . 2 9 5 4 .01597 .01275 1.6476 .3389 .03193 .01155 1.5536 .4170 B = Na2C4H4O4, Succhiate; T = 298.10K (1489) 0 . 0 0 7 9 8 0 . 0 1 3 0 7 1 . 7 4 5 7 0 . 2 7 6 1 .01575 .01154 1.6886 .3056 .03149 .00987 1.591 .4049 .04726 .00913 1.4992 .4223 BaC4H4O6(S), Tartrate = Ba++ + C4H4O6B = C2H4O2, Acetic acid; T = 299-30O0K (612) CB

B = HCl (1104)

CB

B = FeCl3.- (Continued) SA I log (1/Cd=) I M| 0.0006855 3.1639 1.361 .0007284 3.1376 1.924 B = AlCl3; T = 293-2980K (446) 0.007490.00014143.84960.2135 .01873 .000184 3.7352 .3363 .03746 .0002571 3.5899 .4752 .07492 .0004027 3.3950 .6716 .1873 .000497 3.3037 1.107 .3746 .000728 3.1379 1.500 .7492 .0007498 3.1250 2.121 B = MgCl2; T = 293-2980K (446) 0.010450.00012853.89110.1785 .02613 .0001285 3.8911 .2809 .05225 .0001414 3.8495 .3966 .1045 .0001414 3.8495 .5604 .2613 .0002142 3.6692 .8859 .5225 .0002142 3.6692 1.253 1.045 .0002142 3.6692 1.771

CB 0.3082 .6164

I

Mg

0.1949 .306 .4225 .6099 .9629

0.0 .565 1.425 2.85

CB 0.0 .005 .05 .5

I

SA

0.0023 .00806 .01092 .01218

[j

I

CB

|

3.77 5.65 16.85

RaSO4(S) = Ra++ + SO4B = H2SO4 I SA X IQ8 Il CB | T = 298.10K (893) 6.5 10% 6.3 15% 6.8 25% 6.8 30%

SA

0.01308 .01306 .00153

SA X IQ8 7.5 7.5 7.1 7.1

CB 45% 50% 55% 60% 0.005

I

I

B = K2SO4; T = 298.10K (469)

B = H2SO4.- (Continued') SA X IO8 Il CB 5.9 65% 6.5 70% 10.5 80% 19.5 90% T = 308.10K (893) 9.7 I] 25%

|

I I

SA X IO 20.0 >245 >245 >245 10.2

0

25%

CB 0.0 .1 .25 .5

I

T = 318.1 K (893) 15.5 11

I

Li2CO3(S) = 2Li+ + CO3B = NH 4 Cl; T = 298.10K (469) SA I log (1/c*)* [ 0.1708 0.5670 .1951 .5090 .2339 .4302 .283 .3475

/4* 0.7156 .8278 .9748 1.161

8

CB 0.125

I

SA 0.2014

I

log (1/C=Q 0.4952

)

/4 0.9895

.25

.2178

.4613

1.185

.5

.2430

.4137

1.493

Na[Co(NO2)SC2O4(NHg)2](S) = Na+ + [Co(N02)2C204(NH3)2]- i B = NaCl; T = 273.10K (2Q4) CB I SA I log (l/c±) I /4 0.1 I 0.00928 1.4971 | 0.330 B = NaNO 3 ; T = 273.10K (204) 0.1 I 0.00972 I 1.4861 [ 0.331 KClO3(S) = K+ + ClO3B = TlClO3; T = 273.1, 288.1, 323.1, 373.10K ("66) B = KOH; T = 287-2880K (123); T = 293.1°K (201, 202) B = KOH + H 2 O 2 ; T = 298.10K (236) C(KOH)

I

C(H 202)

I

SA

.3135

.3031

1.300

0.0

0.0

0.675

1 1.5

.3405 .3732

.2672 .2273

1.422 1.619

2

.387

.2116

1.778

.125 .250 .250 .250 .250 .250 0.0 O1O

.0 .0 .015 .276 .954 1.073 1.260 1.310

.624 .573 .578 .584 .616 .673 .730 .737

.75

4 .3941 .2037 * Values of log (l/c±) and /i| not corrected for hydrolysis. 0.125 .25 .5 .75 l 0.1 .25 .5 .75 1.0 1.5 2

2.276

B = (NHQ8SO4; T = 298.10K (469) 0.253 0.3962 1.067 .3932 .2047 1.389 .4902 .1089 1.724 .5545 .0554 1.978 .587 .0306 2.182 B =s NaCl; T = 298.10K (469) 0.1785 0.5474 .1846 .5331 .1934 .5128 .1978 .5030 .1973 .5043 .1951 .509 .1888 .5233

0.7922 .8965 1.039 1.159 1.262 1.444 1.602

B = Na 2 SO 4 ; T = 298.10K (469) 0 . 2 5 0 . 2 2 0 6 0 . 4 5 5 6 1 . 1 8 8 .5 .2463 .4078 1.496 .1 .2767 .3573 1.957 B = KCl; T = 298.10K (469) . Ô 7 Ï 0 . 1 7 7 7 0 . 5 4 9 6 0 . 7 9 5 7 .25 .1795 .5453 .8880 .5 .1891 .5227 1.033 .75 .1916 .5169 1.151 1.00 .1918 .5164 1.255 1.50 .1866 .5284 1.435 2.0 .1779 .5442 1.592 B = KNO 3 ; T = 298.10K (469) O T O i 0 . 1 7 0 7 5 i 0 . 5 6 7 0 0 . 7 1 5 7 .25 .1824 .5383 .8928 .5 .1844 .5335 1.026 .75 .1838 .5349 1.141 1 .1828 .5373 1.244 1.5 .1745 .5575 1.422 2.0 .1634 .5860 1.578

B = KCl; T = 287-2880K (*23) ; T = 293.10K (1533) B = KBr; T = 287-2880K (123) B = KI; T = 287-2880K (123) B = KNO 3 CB j SA Ij CB | SA T = 291.970K (26) 0.0 I 0.645 || 0.5 I 0.515 T = 292.950K (26); for T = 287-2880K, v. (123) 0.0 0.570 1.0 0.374 .125 .529 2.0 .328 .25 .492 B = K2SQ4; T = 287-2880K (123) B = K2C2O4, Oxalate; T = 287-2880K (123) KClO4(S) = K+ + ClO4B = HClO4; T = 298.30K (*436) mB I £A I log (IMO I Mè 0.0 0.1505 0.8225 0.3875 .01 .1443 .8262 .3928 .1 .1072 .8267 .4552 1 .0381 .7014 1.019 B = C2H6O, Ethyl alcohol + HClO4; T = 298.30K (1436) % C2H6Q I % HCIO4 I A, Mol/1000 g soin. 93.5 0.2 0.0127 98.8 .2 .0007 98.8 2^0 .0020 B = BaCl2; T = 298.10K (162) mB I £A I log (l/m ± ) [ ^ 0.0 0.1491 0.8265 0.386 .04955 .1569 .8054 .544 .1487 .1638 .786 .781 .2997 .1693 .7714 1.034

KClO4.- (Continued) B = Ba(N0 3 ) 2 ; T = 298.10K (162) rriB 0.0495

I

I

A** 0.566

.1902 .721 B = NaCl; T = 298.10K (1*2) 0.1567 0.8049 .1658 .7804 .1732 .7615 B = NaClO 4 ; T = 298.10K (162) 0.1122 0.8090 .0752 .7696 .0533 .7203 B = NaNO 3 ; T = 298.10K (162) 0.1611 0.7929 .179 .7472 .1994 .7003 B = Na 2 SO 4 ; T = 298.10K (*62) 0.1633 0.7870 .180 .7447 .1951 .7002 B = KCl; T = 298.10K (162) 0.1136 0.8093 .0757 .7734 .0535 .7252 I SA I log (1/c*) I T = 298.10K (1078) 0.1481 0.8295 .1282 .8205 .1123 .8023 B = KNO 3 ; T = 298.10K (162)

1.049

.1509 .3037 0.1007 .2994 .5903 0.1026 .309 .6273 0.1008 .3139 .622 0.0528 .1605 .3305 0.0983 .2994 .6089 CB 0.0 .04973 .09933 mB 0.0971 .2954 .6686

0.0499 .1517 .3004 CB 0.02485 .04961

£A 0.1605

.1747

I

log (1/w*) 0.795

.758

£A I log (IM*) I 0.1173 0.7995 .0846 .7464 .0642 .6637 B = K 2 SO 4 ; T = 298.10K (162) 0.1194 0.7909 .0857 .7385 .0644 .6840 I SA I log (1/c*) I T = 298.10K (1078) 0.1315 0.8115 .1181 .7954 I

.792 ^ 0.5073 .682 .8738 0.4572 .6198 .8251 0.5118 .702 .8675 0.5672 .814 1.089 0.4603 .6125 .8139 /*t 0.385 .4218 .460 ^ 0.4631 .6164 .856

0.5187 .7354 .9826 /i* 0.454 .516

KBrO3(S) = K+ + BrO3B = NaCl; T = 298.10K (468) CB I SA I log (l/c ± ) I M| 0.0 0.4715 0.3265 0.6859 .5 .5220 .2923 1.011 1 .5616 .2505 1.25 2 .6042 .2188 1.614 3 .6244 .2045 1.904 4 .6400 .1938 2.154 B = NaNO 3 ; T = 298.10K (468) 0 7 5 0 . 5 7 4 5 0 . 2 4 0 7 1 . 0 3 7 1 .6794 .1678 1.296

2 3 4

.768 .9026 1.031

.1146 .0444 -0.01326

1.664 1.976 2.243

CB 4.71 5.06 6.35 7.95 9.41 10.95

KIO3(S) = K+ + 1O3B = KOH; T = 293.10K (2Qi) I SA [j CB | 0.0390 11.10 .0362 12.19 .0256 12.92 .0179 14.02 .0144 14.85 .0130

SA 0.0128 .0131 .0135 .0154 .0194

KMnO4(S) = K+ + MnO4B = Na 2 SO 4 ; T = 298.10K (i486) CB 0.0 .0655 .5535 1.691 CB 1.0 2.0 4.0

I

SA I 0.469 .490 .548 .489 B = KOH; T = 298.10K (i486)

d? 1.0454 1.0554 1.1180 1.2363

I

Ol .5 CB 0.0 .048 .1195 .337 .486 .583 CB 0.05 .5

SA Ij CB j 0.228 6.0 .153 8.0 .102 10.0 B = KCl; T = 298.10K (1456) 0.4315 TO .306 2_0 B = K 2 SO 4 ; T = 298.10K (1456) I SA I 0.469 .437 .395 .307 .266 .247 B = K 2 CO 3 ; T = 298.10K (1456)

I

SA 0.4375 .2589

Il

CB 2.0

|

SA 0.092 .046 .032

0.220 .1432 d\* 1.0454 1.0483 1.0537 1.0730 1.0876 1.0979 SA 0.093

2PbBr2.KBr(s) = 2Pb++ + K+ + 5BrB = KBr ^B

I

Ij

WB

I

T = 298.10K (U 92) 0.0070 Il 0.8041 .00707 || 1.200

0.3887 .5902 CB

TTC(PbBr2)

I

C(PbBr2)

11

CB

^(PbBr2)

0.00740 .01137 I

C(PbBr2)

T = 298.10K (611) ' 0.79 0.00725 3.23 0.08542 1.58 .00874 4.28 .1790 2.16 .02650 PbBr2 added to solution of concentration shown. Solid 2PbBr2.KBr must have been present K[Co(N02)2C204(NH3)2](s) = K+ + [Co(N02)2C204(NH3)2]B = KCl; T = 273.10K (2Q4) CB I SA I log (l/c±) I /4 0.1 0.00351 I 1.7199 | 0.321 B = KNO 3 ; T = 273.10K (2Q4) 0.1 0.03800 1.7020 | 0.3215

Cs[Co(N02)4(NH3)2](s) = Cs+ + [Co(NO2)4(NH3)2]B = MgSO4; T = 273.10K (2Q4, 212) CB I SA I log (I/O I à 0.0 0.00532 2.2741 0.0730 j) .00815 2.1888 1.417 B = Mg(NOs) 2 ; T = 273.10K (204, 212) 0.5 I 0.01113 I 1.9535 | 1.230 B = NaCl; T = 293.10K (204) 0.0 0.01713 1.7664 0.1306 .1 .01987 1.7018 .3455 B = NaNO 3 (204, 212) T7 0 K I CB I SA I log (1/c.Q | „* 273.1 0.1 0.01268 1.8969 1.006 293.1 0.1 0.02055 1.6872 0.347 B = NaCHO2, Formate (204, 212) 273.1 I 1.0 I 0.00785 | 2.1051 | 1.004 B = KCl (204) 293.1 I 0.1 I 0.020210 j 1.6944 | 0.3464 B = KNO 3 (204) 293.1 I 0.1 I 0.020920 | 1.6794 | 0.347 Cs[Cr(CNS)4(NHs)2](S) = Cs+ + [Cr(CNS)4(NH3)2]B = MgSO4 (204, 212) 0

T1 K 273.1 273.1 273.1 293.1 293.1 273.1 293.1 273.1 293.1 293.1

I

CB I SA | log (l/c*) 0.0 0.00789 3.1029 .5 .00976 3.0105 B = Mg(NOs) 2 ( 204 > 212 ) Ì 0.5 I 0.001356 | 2.8677 B = NaCl (204) 0.0 0.002629 2.5802 .1 I .003072 2.5126 B = NaNO 3 (204, 212) TO 0.001365 2.8649 0.1 0.003182 2.4073 B = NaCHO2, Formate (204, 212) I 1.0 I 0.000831 | 3.0804 B = KCl (204) I 0.1 I 0.003110 I 2.5072 B = KNO3 (204) i 0.1 I 0.003233 | 2.4904

|

- /4 0.0289 1.414

|

1.226 0.0512 .320 1.006 0.321

|

1.000

|

0.321 0.321

LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) (i) Abbott and Bray, Jf, 31: 729; 09. ( 2 ) Abegg, 9, 13: 440; 07. (3) Abegg and Auerbach, Handbuch der anorganischen Chemie. Leipzig, Hirzel, 1913. (4) Abegg and Cox, 7, 46: 1; 03. («) Abegg and Pick, 25, 38: 2571; 05. (6) Abegg and Pick, 93, 51: 1; 06. (7) Abegg and Riesenfeld, 7, 40: 84; 02. («) Abegg and Spencer, 93, 44: 379; 05. (9) Abegg and Spencer, 93, 46: 406; 05. (10) Abel, BIS: p. 1. (io.s) Abich, 13, 26: 314; 1831. C11) Akerlöf, l, 48: 1160; 26. O 2 ) Allen and Lombard, 12, 43: 175; 17. (13) Allmand, 4, 97: 603; 10. (14) Allmand and Hunter, 83, 24: 300; 28. (15) Allmand and Polack, 4, 115: 1020; 19. (16) Allner, 397, 48: 1035, 1057, 1081, 1107; 05. (17) Allner, Diss., Karlsruhe, 1905. (l») Andreae, 7, 7: 241; 91. O 9) Andrew, 4, 105: 444; 14. (20) Andrussov, 7, 115: 273; 25. ( 2 I) Andrussov, 7, 116: 81; 25. (22) Applebey and Reid, 4, 121: 2129; 22. (23) Arctowski, 93, 8: 314; 95. ( 2 *) Armstrong and Eyre, 5, 88: 234; 13. ( 2S ) Arndt and Schraube, BIS: p. 46. (26) Arrhenius, 7, 11: 391; 93. (27) Askenasy and Klonowsky, 9, 16: 104; 10. (28) Askenasy and Solberg, BIS: p. 53. (29) Atkins and Werner, 4, 101: 1167; 12. ( 30 ) Atkinson; cf. ( 1184 ). ( 3 I) Atkinson, Heycock and Pope, 4, 117: 1410; 20. (52) Auerbach, 93, 37: 353; 03. ( 33 ) Auerbach, 9, 10: 161; 04. ( 3 4)

Auerbach, 7, 49: 217; 04. ( 3S ) Auerbach and Pick, 291, 38: 243; 11. (56) Auerbach and Pick, 891, 45: 113; 13. ( 3 ?) Babinski, Diss., Leipzig, 1906. See (196, 4 70). (38) Badger, lt 46: 2166; 24. (3S) Bäckström, 7, 97: 179; 21. (40) Bagdasarian, 78, 51: 4^9; 27. (4l) Bagster, 4, Ul: 494; 17. (42) Bahr, 93, 71: 79; 11. (4 3 ) Bahr and Sackur, 93, 73: 101; 11. (44) Baker, 4. 65: 615; 94. (45) BaIUn, Diss., Wurzburg, 1923. See (1025). (46) Balz, Thesis, Darmstadt, 1919. (47) Barnes, 60, 4: 339; 00. (48) Barnes, 62, 199: 149; 02. (49) Barnes, Rep. Brit. Assoc., Winnipeg, 403; 09. (50) Barnes and Lucas, 50, 8: 196, 04. (5I) Barre, 34, 150: 1321; 10. (52) Barre, 34, 150: 1599; 10. (*3) Barre, 6, 24: 145; 11. (54) Barre, 27, 11: 646; 12. (55) Barre, 34, 156: 1017; 13. (56) Bartlett, l, 49: 65; 27. (57) Barus, 3, 29: 141; 90. (58) Bassarow, 42, 1: 283; 70. (59) Bassett and Taylor, 4, 105: 1926; 14. (60) Bates and Kirschman, l, 41: 1991; 19. (6l) Baubigny, 34, 146: 1263; 08. 27, 3: 772; 08. (62) Baud, 6, 1: 8; 04. (63) Baur and Glaessner, 7, 43: 354; 03. (64) Baur and Orthner, 7, 91: 75; 16. (65) Baur and Voerman, 7, 52: 467; 05. (66) Baxter and Cooper, I, 46: 923; 24. (67) Baxter, Hickey and Holmes, l, 29: 127; 07. (68) Baxter and Lansing, I, 42: 419; 20. (69) Baxter and Starkweather, I, 38: 2038; 16. (70) Baxter and Warren, l, 33: 340; 11. (71) Beck, 9, 17: 843; 11. (72) Beck and Stegmüller, 291, 34: 446; 10. (73) Bell, 4, 21: 350; 68. (74) BeU and Taber, 50, 11: 637; 07. (75) Bellati and Lussana, 24, 7: 8; 89. (76) BeUati, Manfredo and Lussana, 24, 7: 1051; 89. (77) Benrath and Kohlberg, 93, 138: 65, 24. (78) Berger and Crut, 34, 173: 977; 21. (79) Bergius, BIS: p. 68. (80) Bergmann, 397, 39: 117; 96. (*i) Bergstrom, 50, 26: 358; 22. (82) Bergstrom, i, 46: 1559; 24. (83) Beri and Austerweil, 9, 13: 165; 07. (84) Beri and Samtleben, 98, 35: 201, 206; 22. 33, 27: 1025; 22. (85) Bernhardt, 63, 26: 265; 25. (86) Bernini, 63, 7: 168; 06. ( 87 ) Berthelot, 34, 131: 380; 00. (87.5) Berthelot, B73, 2: 169; 97. (88) Bichowsky, l, 44: 116; 22. (89) Bichowsky, l, 45: 2225; 23. (90) Biltz, 7, 19: 385; 96. (9i) Biltz, 7, 40: 185; 02. (92) Biltz, 7, 43: 41; 03. (93) Biltz, 7, 82: 688; 13. (94) Biltz, 93, 130: 93; 23. (9S) Biltz and Fetkenheuer, 93, 83: 163; 13. (96) Biltz and Petkenheuer, 93, 89: 97; 14. (97) Biltz and Fetkenheuer, 93, 89: 134; 14. (98) Biltz and Fischer, 93, 124: 230; 22. (99) Biltz and Fischer, 93, 129: 1; 23. (loo) Biltz and Hansen, 93, 127: 1; 23. (loi) Biltz and Hüttig, 93, 109: 89; 20. (102) Biltz and Hüttig, 93, 109: 111; 20. (103) Biltz and Hüttig, 93, 114: 241; 20. (ios.5) Biltz and Hüttig, 93, 119: 115; 21. (104) ßiltz and Messerknecht, 93, 129: 161; 23. (105 ) Biltz and Meyer, 7, 4: 262; 89. (106) Biltz and Meyer, 25, 22: 725; 89. (107) Biltz and Stollenwerk, 93, 114: 174; 20. (108) Biltz and Stollenwerk, 93, 119: 97; 21. (109) Bineau, 6, 67: 240; 38. (iio) Birge and Sponer, 2, 28: 259; 26. (Ui) Birner and Kühne, 42, 12: 432; 14. (112) Biron, 53, 31: 171; 99. ("») Bisseil and James, l, 38: 873; 16. (114) Bjerrum, 7, 59: 336, 581; 07. ("») Bjerrum, 7, 73: 724; 10. ("«) Bjerrum, 7, 79: 513; 12. (H7) Bjerrum, 7, 81: 281; 12. ("«) Bjerrum, 7, 79, 537; 12. ("») Bjerrum, 814, 12: No. 4; 15. (120) Bjerrum, 93, 119: 179; 21. (121) Bjerrum, 7, 106: 230; 24. O 22 ) Blanc, 48, 18: 28; 20. O 23 ) Blarez, 34, 112: 434, 939, 1213; 11. (124) Blitz and Preuner, 7, 39: 323; 02. (125) Blum, 172 (8th), 1: 75; 12. ("6) Bodenstein, 7, 29: 295; 99. (127) Bodenstein, 9, 14: 544; 08. (128) Bodenstein, 136, 32: 539; 08. (129) Bodenstein, 136, 36: 606; 13. (130) Bodenstein, 7, 100: 68; 21. (131) Bodenstein and Cramer, 9, 22: 327; 16. (i 32 ) Bodenstein and Dunant, 7, 61: 437; 07. (i33) Bodenstein and Geiger, 7, 49: 70; 04. (134) Bodenstein and Katayama, 9, 15: 244; 09. 7, 69: 26; 09. O 35 ) Bodenstein and Plant, 7, 110: 399; 24. O 3 6) Bodenstein and Pöhl, 9, 11: 373; 05. 0 3 7) Bodenstein and Schubart, 9, 23: 105; 17. (158) Bodenstein and Suzuki, 9, 16: 912; 10. O30) Bodländer, 7, 35: 23; 00. (140) Bodländer and Eberlein, 86, 36: 3945; 03. (141) Bodländer and Fittig, 7, 39: 597; 01. O 4 2 ) Bodländer and Storbeck, 93, 31: 1; 02. (143) Bodländer and Storbeck, 93, 31: 458; 02. (144) Bogue, l, 42: 2575; 20. (145) Bohr and Bock, 8, 44: 318; 91. (146) Boissieu, 27, 47: 494; 87. (147) Bokhorst, Diss., Amsterdam, 1915. (148) Bolte, 7, 80: 338; 12. (149) Bondnikoff and Syrkine, Butt. Inst. Polytech. Ivanovo Voaniesensk., Ii No. l, 84: 23. (i so) Bone and Coward, 4, 97: 1219; 10. (i 5 I) Bone and Jerdan, 4, 71: 41 ; 97. (152) Bone and Jerdan, 4, 79: 1042; 01. (153) Bonnefoi, 6, 23: 317; 01. (154) Bonnier, 14, 5: 37; 26. (155) Bonsdorff, 25, 36: 2322; 03. (156) Bonsdorff, 93, 41: 132; 04. (157) Born, 9, 31: 309; 25. (158) Bornemann and Hengatenberg, 187, 17: 339; 21. (159) Böttger, 7, 46: 521; 03. (160) Boudouard, 34, 130: 132; 00. (I6i) Bouton, Riddell and Duschak, 30, No. 317; 24, (162) Bozorth, l, 45: 2653; 24. (163) Braithwaite, 135, 72: 211; 95. (i64) Branch, l, 37: 2316; 15. (i65) Braun, 7, 33: 721; 00. (166) Braune, 93, 111: 109; 20. (l68) Braune and Koref, 93, 87: 175; 14. (169) Braune and Ramstetter, 7, 102: 480; 22. (170) Brauner, 4, 73: 951; 98. (17l) Bray, I, 32: 932; 10. (172) Bray and Connolly, 1,33: 1485; 11. (173) ßray and MacKay, l, 32: 914; 10. (174) Bray and MacKay, l, 32: 1207; 10. (i75) ßray and Winninghoff, /, 33: 1663; 11. (176) Bredig and Shirado, 9, 33: 209; 27. (177) Breitner,

Thesis, Budapest, 1911. (178) Bridgman, I1 36: 1344; 14. (i™) Briggs and Migrdichian, 50, 28: 1121; 24. C 1 » 0 ) Brill, 93, 45: 275; 05. ( 18i ) Brill, 8, 21: 170; 06. (i") Briner, 42, 4: 276; 06. O83.) Briner, 42, 13: 18; 15. O 84 ) Briner, ^, 162: 387; 16. (ISS) Briner and Kahn, 42, 12: 534; 14. Kahn, Thesis, Geneva, 1914. (186) Brislee, 83, 4: 159; 09. ( 187 ) Bronsted, 7, 50: 481; 04. 0««) BronBted, 7, 56: 645; 06. (i«») Bronsted, 7, 55: 371; 06. (190) Bronsted, 7, 65: 84; 09. ( 191 ) Bronsted, 7, 65: 744; 09. ( 192 ) Bronsted, 7, 68: 693; 10. O 93 ) Bronsted, 7, 77: 129; 11. ( 194 ) Bronsted, 7, 8Ot 206; 12.- (i»5) Bronsted, 9, 18: 714; 12. (i»«) Bronsted, 9, 19: 754; 13. (197) Bronsted, 7, 88: 479; 14. (i 98 ) Bronsted, O, 20: 81; 14. (i") Bronsted, 137, 2: No. 10; 19. (200) Bronsted, 147, 5: No. 25; 19. ( 2 Oi) Bronsted, I9 42: 1448; 20. (202) Bronsted, 1, 42: 761; 20. (203; Bronsted, 4, 119: 574; 21. (2o4) Bronsted, 1, 44: 877; 22. (2os) Bronsted, 1, 44: 938; 22. (206) Bronsted, 7, 100: 139; 22. (207) Bronsted, 1, 45: 2898; 23. (2os; Bronsted and Brumbaugh, 1, 48: 2015; 26. ( 2 <> 9 ) Bronsted and La Mer, 1, 46: 555; 24. (210) Bronsted and Pedersen, 7, 103: 307; 22. (2H) Bronsted and Pedersen, 137, 1: No. 3; 17. (212) Bronsted and Petersen, 1, 43: 2265; 21. (213) Browne and Houlehan, 1, 35: 649; 13. ( 2 I 4 ) Bruhl, 25, 28: 2847; 95. (215) Bruner, 9, 19: 861; 13. (216) Bubnoff, 7, 88: 641; 14. (217) Budde, 98, 78: 169; 12. (218) Buehrer, Unpubl. Thesis, Univ. of Calif., Berkeley, Calif., 1921. (219) Buehrer and Roseveare, 1, 49: 1989; 27. (220) Buehrer, Wartman and Nugent, 1, 49: 1271; 27. (221) Bugarszky, 7, 71: 705; 10. (222) Bunsen, 8, 141: 1; 70. (223) Burdick and Freed, 1, 43: 518; 21. (224) 365, No. 29; 10. (225) see, No. 35; 19. (226) Burgstaller, Abh. Lotos, 3: 83; 12. (227) Burrell and Robertson, 1, 37: 2482; 15. (228) Burrows, 1, 46: 1623; 24. (229) Burrows and Fawsitt, 4, 105: 609; 14. (230) Burrows and Lucarini, 1, 49: 1157; 27. ("i) Butler and Hiscocks, 4, 1926: 2554. (232) Cahours, 13, 141: 39; 67. (233) Cailletet and Bordet, 84, 95: 58; 82. ( 234 J Cailletet, Colardeau and Riviere, 34, 130: 1585; 00. (235) Callender and Barnes, 5, 62: 117; 97. (236) Calvert, 7, 38: 513; 01. ( 2 37) Cameron, 50, 5: 556; 01. ( 238 ) Cameron, 50, 11: 641; 07. ( 239 ) Cameron and Bell, 50, 10: 210; 06. (240) Cameron and Bell, 1, 28: 1220; 06. ( 2 4 Î ) Cameron, Bell and Robinson, 60, 11: 396; 07. (242) Cameron and Breazeale, 50, 8: 335; 04. (243) Cameron and Brown, 50, 9: 210; 05. (243.5) Cameron and Patten, 50, 15: 67; 11. (244) Cameron and Robinson, 50, 11: 577, 690; 07. (245) Cameron and Robinson, «50, 11: 273; 07. (246) Cameron and Seidell, 50, 5: 643; 01. (247) Cameron and Seidell, 50, 7: 578, 588; 03. (249) Campbell, Diss,, Breslau, 1906. See (2). (250) Campbell, 135, 96: 15, 25; 07. (251) Campbell, 83, 3: 24; 07. (252) Cautelo, 50, 28: 1036; 24. ( 253 ) Cantoni and Jolkowski, 27, 1: 1181; 07. (254) Cantoni and Mauri, 27, 3: 929; 08. (255) Carbonelli, 86, 49 I: 151; 19. (256) Carmody, Stanford University, Calif., and Reed College, Portland, Oregon, O. (257) Carpenter and Jette, 1, 45: 578; 23. ( 258 ) Carpenter and Smith, 140, 98: 139; 18. ( 259 ) Carson, 1, 29: 499; 09. ( 26 <>) Carter, 4, 127: 2861; 25. ( 2 «i) Carter, Lea and Robinson, 4, 131: 1906; 27. ( 262 ) Casselmann, 13, 83: 257; 52. (263) Cavazzi, 36, 46 II: 122; 16. (264) Caven and Ferguson, 4, 121: 1406; 22. (265) Caven and Ferguson, 4, 125: 1307; 24. (266) Caven and Sand, 4, 99: 1359; 11. (267) Caven and Sand, 4, 105: 2752; 14. (268) Centnerszwer, 7, 85: 99; 13. t 2 * 9 ) Centnerszwer and Andrusow, 7, 111: 79; 24. ( 2 7 O) Centnerszwer and Bruzs, 7, 114: 237; 25. (271) Centnerszwer and Bruzs, 7, 115: 365; 25. (272) Centnerszwer and Bruès, Acta Univ. Latviensis, 14: 485; 26. (273) Centnerszwer and Bruzs, Ibid., 14: 505; 26. ( 2 7 4 ) Centnerszwer, FaIk and Awerbach, 7, 115: 29; 25. ( 27S ) Centnerszwer and Krustinsons, 7, 132: 185; 28. ( 27 S) Chaudron, 34, 159: 237; 14. ( 2 7 7 ) Chaudron, 14, 16: 221; 21. ( 27 S) Chauvenet, 6, 23: 275; 11. ( 27 9) Ming Chow, 1, 42: 488; 20. (280) Christiansen, 7, 103: 99; 23. ( 2 8 I) Claude, 34, 169: 1039; 19. ( 282 ) Glaus, 13, 59: 234; 46. ( 283 ) Clement, 29, No. 17: 11. ( 28 4) Clement and Adams, 29, No. 7; 09. ( 285 ) Cleve, 93, 32: 129; 02. (286) Qouet, 14, 11: 30; 1791. (287) Coehn and Stuckardt, 7, 91: 722;16. (288) Cofetti and Forester, 25, 38: 2934; 05. ( 28 9) Cohen, 7, 18: 61; 95. (290) Cohen, 7, 30: 623; 99. ( 2 9i) Cohen, 7, 33: 57; 00. (292) Cohen, 7, 35: 588; 00. (293) Cohen, 7, 36: 517; 01. (294) Cohen, 7, 48: 243; 04. (295) Cohen, 18, 5: 195; 00. (297) Cohen, Chattaway and Tombrook, 7, 60: 706; 07. (298) Cohen and von Eyk, 7, 30: 601; 99. (299) Cohen, Inouye and Euwen, 7, 75: 1; 10. (500) Cohen and Moesveld, 7, 115: 151; 25. ( 301 ) Colani, 34, 156: 1075; 13. ( 3 02) Collenberg, 7, 109: 353; 24. ( 3 OS) Collins and Wood, 4, 121: 441; 22. ( 3 04) Colson, 34, 128: 1458; 99. ( 3 O 5 ) Colson, 34, 132: 467; 01. ( 3 06) Colson, 34, 140: 865; 05. ( 307 ) Colson, 34, 148: 837; 09. ( 3 Os) Colson, 34, 154: 428; 12. ( 3 °9) Condon, 197, 13: 466; 27. ( 3 IO) Coward and Wilson, 4, 115: 1380; 19. (311) Cragoe, Meyers and Taylor, 1, 42: 206; 20. ( 3 I 2 ) Creighton and Githens, 143, 179: 161; 15. ( 3 i 3 ) Creighton and Ward, 1, 37: 2333; 15. ( 3 14) Crut, Thesis, Paris, 1923. (315) Cundall, 4, 59: 1076; 91. ( 3 I*) Cundall, 4, 67: 794; 95. ( 3 t 7 ) Dalton, Pomeroy and Weymouth, 1, 46: 60; 24. ( 3 I 8 ) d'Anselme, 27, 29: 936; 03. ( 3 I 9 ) Danneel, 7, 33: 415; 00.

( 32 O) Davies, 6, 78: 41; 06. (321) Davis, 4, 95: 1397; 09. ( 3 2 2) Dawson and Leslie, 4, 99: 1601; 11. (322.5) Day and White, Geophysical Laboratory, Washington, D. C., O. ( 3 23) Debray and JoIy, 34, 106: 100; 88. ( 3 24) Debray and JoIy, 34, 106: 328; 88. ( 3 25) Deckert, Diss., Rostock, 1924. (326) Demassieux, 14, 20: 233; 23. ( 32 7) Demassieux, 34, 177: 51; 23. (328) Denham, 4, 93: 41; 08. ( 3 29) Denham, 7, 72: 641; 10. (330) Derby, Daniels and Gutsehe, 1, 36: 793; 14. ( 33 I) Derby and Yngve, 1, 38: 1439; 16. ( 332 ) Deville, 34, 70: 1105, 1201; 70. ( 333 ) Deville, 34, 71: 30; 71. ( 334 ) DeVries and Rodebush, 1, 49: 656; 27. ( 335 ) Dewar, 5, 39: 158; 13. ( 33 6) de Wijs, Thesis, Delft, 1923. ( 337 ) Dhar and Datta, 9, 19: 407; 13. ( 33 S) Ditte, Thesis, Paris, 1870. ( 33 9) Ditte, 25, 9: 1130, 1432; 76. (540) Ditte, 34, 83: 56, 223; 76. ( 34i ) Ditte, 34, 92: 718; 81. ( 342 ) Ditz and Kanhauser, 93, 98: 128; 16. (343) Dixon, Campbell and Parker, 5, 100: 1; 21. ( 344 ) Dixon and Greenwood, 5, 105: 199; 24. (344.5) Dobler, 7, 101: 1; 22. ( 34 S) Dodd, 1, 42: 1579; 20. ( 34 «) Doerinckel and Werner, 93, 115: 1; 20. ( 347 ) Dolezalek, 9, 4: 349; 98. ( 348 ) Domke and Bein, 93, 43: 125; 04. ( 3 49) Donnan and Thomas, 4, 99: 1788; 11. (350) Doolan and Partington, 83, 20: 342; 24. ( 3 5 I) Dougherty and Taylor, 50, 27: 533; 23. ( 3 52) Dover, Diss., Breslau, 1908. (353) Dragert, Diss., Berlin, 1914. ( 354 ) Drucker, 93, 28: 361; 01. ( 35S ) Drucker, 7, 49: 563; 04. (3S6) Drucker, 9, 17: 398; 11, ( 3 S 7) Dunn, 135, 43: 121; 81. (3S8) Dunn, 135, 45: 270; 82. ( 3 S 9) Dunningham, 4, 105: 368; 14. (360) Eastman, 1, 44: 975; 22. ( 3 î) Eastman and Evans, 1, 46: 888; 24. ( 3 62) Eastman and Robinson, 1, 50: 1106; 28. ( 3 « 3 ) Eastman and Rodebush, 1, 40: 489; 18. ( 364 ) Eastman and Sullivan, U. S. Bureau of Mines Experiment Station, Berkeley, Calif., O. (365) Eastman, Williams and Young, 1, 46: 1184; 24. ( 3 *6) Edgar, Thesis, Mass. Inst. Tech., Boston, 1912. ( 3 * 7 ) Edgar and Cannon, 1, 44: 2842; 22. (s« 8 ) Egerton, 3, 33: 33; 17. (369) Egerton, 5, 103: 469; 23. ( 37 O) Ehrenberg and Bahr, J. Landwirtschaft, 61: 427; 23. ( 3 7 I) Ehlert and Hempel, 9, 18: 727; 12. ( 372 ) Ellis, 1, 38: 737; 16. ( 373 ) Emich, 67, 26: 1011; 05. ( 373 -5j yon Ende, 93, 26: 129; 01. ( 374 ) Engel, 6, 13: 344; 88. (375) Engel, 6, 17: 338; 89. ( 376 ) Engel and Ville, 34, 93: 340; 81. ( 377 ) Engels, 397, 62: 477, 493; 19. ( 377 -5) Enklaar, 176, 9: 28; 12. ( 378 ) Ephraim, 25, 45: 1322; 12. ( 379 ) Ephraim, 7, 81: 513; 13. ( 38 O) Ephraim, 7, 83: 196; 13. ( 3 8 Î ) Ephraim, 25, 46: 3103; 13. (3") Ephraim, 25, 50: 1069; 17. (383) Ephraim, 26, 51: 644; 18. ( 384 ) Ephraim, 25, 51:706; 18. ( 38 S) Ephraim, 25, 52: 236; 19. ( 386 ) Ephraim, 25, 52: 241; 19. ( 387 ) Ephraim, 25, 52: 940; 19. ( 388 ) Ephraim, 25, 52: 957; 19. ( 389 ) Ephraim and Aeilig, 37, 6: 37; 23. ( 39 O) Ephraim and Bolle, 25, 48: 638; 15. 48: 1770; 15. ( 39 I) Ephraim and Jahnsen, 25, 48: 41; 15. ( 39 2) Ephraim and Kornblum, 25, 49: 2007; 16. (393) Ephraim and Linn, 25, 46: 3742; 13. ( 39 4) Ephraim and Michel, 37, 4: 900; 21. ( 39 S) Ephraim and Millmann, 25, 50: 529; 17. ( 39 6) Ephraim and Moser, 25, 53: 548; 20. ( 3 97) Ephraim and Muller, 25, 54: 973; 21. ( 398 ) Ephraim and Rosenberg, 25, 51: 130; 18. ( 399 ) Ephraim and Wagner, 25, 50: 1088; 17. ( 4 OO) Eucken, 7, 107:436; 23. ( 4 Oi) Eucken and Fried, 96, 29: 36; 24. (402) Eucken and Karwat, 7, 112: 467; 24. ( 403 ) Eucken, Karwat and Fried, 96, 29: 1; 24. (403.5) von Euierr 25f 36: 2878, 3400; 03. ( 4 ° 4 ) Ewald, 8, 44: 1213; 14. («os) Falcke, 25, 46: 743; 13. ( 4 06) Falcke, 9, 21: 37; 15. (407) Falcke, 9, 22: 121; 16. ( 4 OS) Falcke, 9, 27: 268; 21. ( 4 os.i) von Falkenstein, 7, 59: 313; 07. (408.2) von Falkenstein, 7, 68: 270; 09. (408.3) von Falkenstein, 7, 65: 371; 09. ( 409 ) Faurholt, 214, 20: No. 3; 21. (410) Favre and Silbermann, 6, 37: 406; 52. ( 4 U) Fawsitt, 7, 41: 601; 02. (412) Fay and North, 11, 25: 216; 01. ( 4 i 3 ) Fedotieff, 93, 69: 22; 10. (414) Ferguson, l, 40: 1626, 1900; 18. ( 41S ) Ferguson, 128, 13: 275; 23. (416) Ferguson and Manning, 45, 11: 946; 19. (417) Fichter and Spengel, 93, 82: 192; 13. ( 4 I 8 ) Fichter, Steiger and Stanisch, Verh. Natur/. Ges., Basel, 28 H: 66; 17. ( 4 I 9 ) Finckh, 93, 45: 116; 05. (420) Findlay, 7, 34: 409; 00. ( 4 2 I) Findlay, 4, 85: 403; 04. ( 4 2 2 ) Findlay and Shen, 4, 101: 1459; 12. ( 423 ) Finkelstein, 25, 39: 1585; 06. (424) Fischer, 93, 78: 41; 12. ( 42 S) Fischer and Braehmer, 25, 39: 940; 06. (426) Fixed Nitrogen Research Laboratory, Washington, Report on Fixation and Utilization of Nitrogen, p. 218; 1922. ( 4 2 7 ) Folger and Rodebush, l, 45: 2080; 23. ( 42 S) Fonda and Van Aernem, 45, 14: 539; 22. (429) Foote, 7, 33: 740; 00. (430) Foote and Scholes, 1, 33: 1309; 11. ( 43Î ) Foote and Smith, 1, 30: 1344; 08. ( 432 ) Forbes, 1, 33: 1937; 11. ( 433 ) Forbes and Cole, 1, 43: 2492; 21. (434) de Forcrand, 34, 94: 967; 82. (43S; de Forcrand, 34, 130: 1308, 1388; 00. (436) de Forcrand, 34, 176: 355; 23. ( 437 ) de Forcrand and FonzesDiaçon, 6, 26: 247; 02. (438) de Forcrand and Fonzes-Diaçon, 34, 134: 229; 02. ( 439 ) de Forcrand and Taboury, 34, 169: 162; 19. (440) de Forcrand and Villard, 34, 106: 849, 1357; 88. (441) Formanek, 185, 18: 270; 87. ( 44 2) Fowler, 4, 79: 285; 01. ( 443 ) Fox, 4, 95: 878; 09. (444) Fraenkel, 9, 19: 362; 13. ( 44 S) Franklin and Kraus, 50, 11: 553; 07. ( 4 46) Fraps, 11, 27: 288; 01, ( 447 ) Frary and Nietz, l, 37: 2268; 15. (448) Free, l, 30: 1366; 08. ( 449 ) Freeman, 324, 6: 129; 22. (449.5) Fricke, 7, 113: 248; 24. (450) Fried, 7, 123: 406; 26. ( 4 Si) Friedheim and BrUhI, 91, 38: 690; 99. (452) Friedrich, 192, 4: 479; 07. ( 453 ) Friedrich, 77, Sl: 1909; 11. («4)

Friedrich, 189, 1912; 653. (*55) Friedrich and Buckle, 192, 7: 323; 10. (456) Friedrich and Leroux, 192, 2: 536; 05. ( 457 ) Friend, 140, 80: 172; 09. (458) Frowein, 7, 1: 5; 87. (459) Fulton, 80, 60: 280; 19. (460) Furth, 9, 28: 57; 22. (461) Garner and Matsumo, 4, H9: 1903; 21. (462) Garner and Matsumo, 4, 121: 1729; 22. (463) Gaudechon, 34, 150: 467; 10. (464) Gaus, 93, 25: 236; 00. (465) Gautier and Clausmann, 34, 151: 16, 355; 11. (466) Gebhardt, Diss., Erlangen, 1904. (46?) Gebhardt, 88, 7: 184; 05. (468) Geffcken, 7, 49: 257; 04. (469) Geffcken, 93, 43: 197; 05. (470) Gerke, l, 44: 1684; 22. (47i) Gerke, 286, 1: 377; 25. (472) Gerke and Geddes, 50, 31: 886; 27. (473) Gerke and Gordon, O; see (4Ti). (474) Gerke and Rourke, l, 49: 1855; 27. (475) Germs, 176, 14: 1156; 17. (476) Gerth, 9, 27: 287; 21. (477) Getman, l, 38: 792; 16. (478) Getman, Jf, 40: 611; 18. (479) Getman, 50, 32: 91; 28. (480) Getman, 50, 32: 940; 28. (481) Giacomini, 3, 50: 146; 25. (481.5) Giauque and Johnston, Univ. of Calif., Berkeley, Calif., O. (482) Gibson, Diss., Breslau, 1911. (483) Gibson and Heitier, 96, 49: 465; 28. (484) Gibson, Latimer and Parks, 1, 42: 1533; 20. (485) Gibson, Latimer and Parks, 1, 42: 1542; 20. (486) Gillespie, 197, 11: 73; 25. (487) Gillespie, 286, 4: 84; 25. (488) Gillespie, 1, 48: 28; 26. (489) Gillespie and Hall, 1, 48: 1207; 26. (490) Girardet, 27, 7: 1028; 10. (491) Glaser, 93, 36: 1; 03. (492) Glaser, 192, l : 103, 121; 04. (493) Glass and Fuoss, 1, 47: 2892; 25. (494) Glasstone, 4, 119: 1689; 21. (495) Glasstone, 4, 121: 58; 22. (496) Glasstone, 4, 121: 1456; 22. (497) Glasstone, 4, 121: 1469; 22. (498) Glowczynski, 287, 6: 147; 14. (499; Goerges and Stähler, 26, 42: 3200; 09. (500) Goldschmidt, 63, 4: 166; 02. (soi) Goldschmidt, 96, 20: 159; 23. (502) Goldschmidt and Larsen, 7, 71: 437; 10. ( 503 ) Goldschmidt and Sunde, 7, 56: 1; 06. (S04) Goldschmidt and Syngros, 93, 5: 129; 94. (504.5) Gooch and Austin, 93, 17: 264; 98. ( 5( > 5 ) Goodwin, 7, 13: 577; 94. (506) Goodwin and Kalmus, 2, 28: 1; 09. ( 507 ) Granger, 6, 14: 5; 98. (508) Grant and James, l, 39: 933; 17. (509) Grau and RUSS, 9,13: 573; 07. (SiO) Greenwood, 5, 82, 396; 09. (S") Greenwood, 5, 83: 483; 10. (Si2) Greenwood, 83, 7: 145, 11. ( 5 i3) Greenwood, 9, 18: 319; 12. (514) Griffiths, 5, 89: 561; 14. (sis) Griffiths and Griffiths, 5, 88: 549; 13. 62, 213: 119; 13. (sie) GrOh, 7, 81: 695; 13. (sie.S) von Groningen, Diss., Delft, 1921. (517) Grotrian and Runge, 63, 15: 545; 14. (sis) Grube, 9, 30: 517; 24. (519) Grube and Feucht, 9, 28: 568; 22. (520) Grube and Hermann, 9, 26: 291; 20. (sai) Grube and Huberich, 9, 29: 8; 23. (522) Grube and Krueger, 7, 86: 64; 14. (523) Grube and Metzger, 9, 29: 17; 23. (524) Grube and Schweigardt, 9, 29: 257; 23. (525) Grünberg, 93, 80: 337; 13. (526) Güntelberg, 61, 1915; 241. (527) Güntelberg, 7,123: 199; 26. (528) Gunst and Bassett, 34,140: 863; 05. (529) Günther, 8, 51: 828; 16. (530) Günther, 9, 23: 197; 17. (53l) Guntz, 34, 128: 996; 99. ( 532 ) Gutbier, Leuchs, Wiessmann and Maisch, 93, 96:182; 16. (533) Gutbier and Ransohoff, 93, 45: 243; 05. (534) Gutmann, 13, 299: 267; 98. (535) Haber, 7, 68: 726; 09. (536) Haber, 9, 16: 244; 10. (537) Haber, 9, 20: 597; 14. (538) Haber, 92, 27: 475; 14. (539) Haber, Tamaru and Ponnaz, 9, 21: 89; 15. (540) Haber and Maschke, 9, 21: 128; 15. (54i) Haber and Tamaru, 9, 21: 191; 15. (542) Haber, Tamaru and Oeholm, 9, 21: 206; 15. (543) Haber and Tamaru, 9, 21: 228; 15. (544) Haber and Greenwood, 9, 21: 241; 15. (545) Haber and Fleischmann, 93, 52: 127; 07. (546) Haber and Fleischmann, 93, 51; 245; 06. (547) Haber and Fleischmann, 93, 51: 336; 06. (548) Haber and Foster, 93, 51: 289; 06. (549) Haber and Kerschbaum, 9, 20: 296; 14. (550) Haber and Koenig, 9, 13: 725; 07. (551) Haber and Koenig, 9, 14: 689; 08. (552) Haber and Le Rossignol, 26, 40: 2144; 07. (553) Haber and Le Rossignol, 9, 14: 181; 08. (554) Haber and Le Rossignol, 9, 14: 513, 688; 08. (555) Haber and Moser, 9, 11: 593; 05. (556) Haber and van Oordt, 93, 43: 111; 05. (557) Haber and van Oordt, 93, 44: 341; 05. (558) Haber and van Oordt, 93, 47: 42; 05. ( 55 9) Haber and Richardt, 93, 38: 5; 04. (560) Haber and Zisch, 96, 9: 302; 22. (56l) Hackspill, 34, 154: 877; 12. (562) Hackspill, 6, 27: 613; 13. (563) Haehnel, 62, 107: 165; 24. (564) Haehnel, 52, 108: 187; 24. (565) Haehnel, 62, 108: 61; 24. (566) Hahn, 7, 44: 513; 03. (567) Hahn, 7, 48: 735; 04. (s««) Halla, 9, 30: 124; 24. (569) Hampton, 50, 30: 980; 26. (570) Harkins, l, 33: 1807; 11. (S7i) Harkins and Paine, l, 41:1155; 19. (572) Harkins and Pearce, l, 38: 2679; 16. (573) Harkins and Winninghoff, l, 33 : 1827; 11. (574) Karman, 50, Sl: 616; 27. ( 5 75) Karman and Worley, 83, 20: 502; 25. ( 5 76) Harned, l, 37: 2460; 15. (577) Harned, l, 38:1986; 16. (578) Harned, l, 42: 1808; 20. (579) Harned, l, 48: 326; 26. (580) Harned and Akerlöf, 63, 27: 411; 26. ( 5 Si) Harned and Brumbaugh, l, 44: 2729; 22. (582) Harned and Fleysher, Î, 47: 82; 25. (583) Harned and Sturgis, l, 47: 945; 25. (584) Harned and Swindells, I, 48: 126; 26. (585) Harries, 397, 37: 82; 94. (586) Harteck, 7, 134: 1; 28. (587) Hartley and Campbell, 4, 93: 741; 08. (588) Haslam, 45, 16: 782; 24. (589) Haslam, Calingaert and Taylor, l, 46: 308; 24. (590) Haslam and Forrest, Gas Age-Record, 52: 615; 23. (59l) Hauser and Wirth, 91, 47: 389; 08. (592) Hauser and Wirth, 92, 22: 484; 09. (593)

Hauser and Wirth, 62, 79: 358; 09. (594) Hauser and Wirth, 93, 78: 75; 12. (595) Hedvall, 93, 98: 47; 16. (596) Heike, 93, 118: 254; 21. (597) Hellwig, 93, 25: 157; 00. (597.5) Hempel and Schubert, 9, 18: 729; 12. Hempel, Diss., Dresden, 1912. (598) Henderson and Stegeman, l, 40: 84; 18. ( 59 9) Henderson and Taylor, 50, 20: 663; 16. (600) Henglein, 96, 12: 245; 22. (eoi) Henglein, 93, 123: 137; 22. (602) Henglein and Krüger, 93, 130: 181; 23. (eo3) Henglein, Rosenberg and Muchlinski, 96, 11: 1; 22. (604) Henning, 8, 43: 282; 14. (60S) Herz, BIS, 2: 193; 12. (eoe) Herz, 93, 94: 1; 16. ( 607 ) Herz, 93, 30: 280; 02. (608) Herz, 93, 66: 358; 10. (eo9) Herz, 93, 71: 206; 11. (610) Herz, 93, 72: 106; 11. (eil) Herz and Hellebrandt, 93, 130: 188; 23. (612) Herz and Muhs, 25, 36: 3715; 03. (««) Herz and Muhs, 93, 38: 138; 03. (614) Herzfeld and Stiepel, Rübenzuckerindustrie, 1898; 830. ( 6 15) Hevesy and Paneth, 93, 82: 323; 12. (616) Heycock andLamplough, 182, 28: 3; 12. (ei7) Heycock and Lamplough, 135, 105:66; 12. (618) Heycock and Neville, 4, 72: 383; 97. (618.5) Kohlrausch and Heydweiller, see Heydweiller, 8, 28: 503; 09. (619) Heyn, 93, 39: 1; 04. (620) Hightower and White, 45, 20: 10; 28. (621) Hildebrand, l, 34: 246; 12. (622) Hildebrand, jf, 40: 45; 18. (623) Hildebrand and Eastman, l, 37: 2452; 15. (624) Hill, I , 30: 68; 08. (625) Hill, I , 32: 1186; 10. (626) HiIl, l, 39: 218; 17. (627) HiIl, l, 43: 254; 21. (628) HiIl, 2, 20: 259; 22. (629) Hill and Simmons, 7, 67: 594; 09. (630) Hill and Simmons, l, Sl: 821; 09. (631) Killer, 7, 81: 59lfï3. (632) Hilpert and Dieckmann, 25, 48: 1281; 15. (633) Hirsch, Thesis, Budapest. (634) Hirschkind, 93, 67: 113; 10. (634.5) van't Hoff, Armstrong, Hinrichsen, Weigert and Just, 7, 45: 257; 08. (635) Hoffman and Langebeck, 7, 51: 385; 05. (636) Hofman and Wanjukow, 80, 43: 523; 12. (637) Hogness and Lunn, 2, 27: 642; 26. ( 638 ) Hognesa and Lunn, 2, 27: 732; 26. (639) Hoitsema, 7, 17: 1; 95. (640) Holland, 9, 18: 234; 13. See (1059). (64l) Hollmann, 7, 37: 193; 01. (642) Holmberg, 93, 53: 83; 07. (643) Holt, 3, 13: 630; 07. (644) Holt, Edgar and Firth, 7, 82: 513; 13. (645) Horak, Diss., Berlin, 1909. (646) Hörn, 11, 37: 619; 07. (647) Hörn, Trans. Wagner Free Inst, of Science, 10: 63; 23. (648) Horsch, l, 41: 1787; 19. (649) Horstmann, 25, 2:137; 69. (650) Horstmann, 25, 9: 749; 76. (65l) Horstmann, 13, 187: 48; 77. (652) Hüttig, 93, 114: 161; 20. (653) Hüttig, 93, 123: 31; 22. (654) Hüttig, 93, 124: 322; 22. (655) Hüttig and Kurre, 93, 122: 44; 22. (655.5) Hüttig and Kurre, 93, 126: 167; 23. (656) Hüttig and Martin, 93, 125: 269; 22. (657) Hüttig and Pohle, 93, 138: 1; 24. (658) Hüttig and Reuscher, 93, 137: 155; 24. (659) Hüttig and von Schröder, 93, 121: 243; 22. (660) Hulett, 7, 37: 385; 01. (eei) Hulett, 78, 7: 333; 05. (662) Hulett, 78, 15: 435; 09. (663) ütaka, 159, 8: 99; 19. (663.5) ütaka, 47, 26: 505; 12. (664) ingold, 4, 121: 2419; 22. (665) ingold and Wilson, 4, 121: 2278; 22. (666) Isambert, Thesis, Paris(?), 1868. (667) Isambert, 34, 70: 456; 70. (667.5) Isambert, 34, 86: 332; 78. (668) Isambert, 34, 86: 481; 78. (669) Isambert, 34, 91: 768; 80. (670) Isambert, 34, 92: 919; 81. ( 6 7 I) Isambert, 34, 93: 731; 81. ( 672 ) Isambert, 34, 96: 340; 82. (673) Isambert, 34, 97: 1212; 83. (674) ishikawa and Shibata, 41, 48: 59; 27. (675) Isnardi, 8, 61: 264; 20. (675.5) van Iterson-Rotgans, 7, 87: 305; 14. (676) Jackson, 4, 99: 1066; 11. (677) Jacques, 83, 5: 225; 08. (678) Jacob, Diss., Breslau, 1924. (678.5) Jacobs, 176, 14: 208; 17. (679) Jaeger, 93, 27: 22; 01. (680) Jaeger, Die Normalelemente. Halle, Knapp, 1902. (681) Jaeger, 8, 14: 726; 04. (682) Jaeger and Kahle, 243, 18: 161; 98. (683) Jaeger and Kahle, 8, 65: 926; 98. (684) Jaeger and Lindeck, 243, 21: 33, 65; 01. (685) Jaeger and Lindeck, 8, 5: 1; 01. (686) Jaeger and Lindeck, 7, 37: 641; 01. (687) Jaeger and Wachsmuth, 101, 15: 507; 94. (688) Jaeger and Wachsmuth, 8, 59: 575; 96. (689) jahn, 93, 60: 292; 08. (690) Jakowkin, 7,18: 585; 95. (esi) Jakowkin, 7, 20: 19; 96. (692) Jakowkin, 7, 29: 613; 99. (693) james and Holden, l, 35: 559; 13. (694) James and Robinson, l, 35: 754; 13. (695) Janneck and Meyer, 25, 46: 2876; 13. (695.5) Janneck and Meyer, 93, 83: 51; 13. (696) Jarry, 6, 17: 327; 99. (697) Jellinek, 93, 49: 229; 06. (698) Jellinek, 7, 76: 257; 11. (699) Jellinek and Czerwinski, 7, 102: 438; 22. (700) Jellinek and Diethelm, 93, 124: 203; 22. (70l) Jellinek and Gordon, 7, 112: 207; 24. (702) Jellinek and Winogradoff, 9, 30: 477; 24. (703) Jirsa and Jelinek, 9, 30: 286; 24. (704) Jirsa and Jelinek, 9, 30: 534; 24. (705) jirsa an( j Jelinek, Chem. Listy, 18: 1; 24. (706) Joannis, 6, 7: 5; 06. (707) Joannis and Croizier, 34, 118: 1149; 94. (708) job, 34, 176: 1805; 23. (709) Job, 34, 176: 442; 23. (710) Johnson, 135, 54:75; 86. (711) Johnson, 7, 61: 457; 08. (712) Johnson, 7, 65: 36; 09. (7l3) Johnson, l, 33: 777; 11. (714) Johnson, l, 34: 877; 12. (715) Johnson and Mclntosh, l, Sl: 1138; 09. (716) Johnston, 26, 37: 3625; 04. (717) Johnston, 7, 62: 330; 08. (718) Johnston, l, 32: 938; 10. (719) Johnston, l, 37: 2001 ; 15. (720) Johnston, l, 38: 947; 16. (721) Johnston, 45, 9: 873; 17. (T22) Jolibois, Thesis, Paris, 1910. (723) Jolibois, 34, 149: 287; 09. (724) Jolibois, 34, 151: 382; 10. (725) J0nes, 4, 99: 392; 11. (726) J0nes, 4, 105: 2310; 14. (727) Jones and Hartmann, l, 37: 752; 15. (728) Jones and Hartmann, I9 37: 241; 15. (729) J0nes and Hartmann, 78, 30: 295; 16. (730) Jones and Kaplan, l, 50: 1845; 28. (TSi) Jones and Kaplan, I, 50: 2066; 28. (732) Jones and Schumb, 65, 56: 199; 21. (733) JOnker, 176,

6: 1035; 09. (734) J08eph and Jinendradasa, 4, 99: 274; 11. (734.5) Joseph and Jinendradasa, 182, 26: 233; 11. (735) jogt, 9, 14: 373; 08. ( 736 ) Jost, 93, 57: 414; 08. (737) Joulin, 6, 30: 248; 73. (738) Joulin, 6, 30: 276; 73. (739) Jouniaux, 34, 129: 883; 99. (740) Jouniaux, 34, 132: 1270; 01. (741) Jouniaux, 84, 133: 228; 01. (742) Jouniaux, 34, 136: 1003; 03. (743) J0yner, 93, 77: 103; 12. (744) ju8t> 7, 37: 342; 01. (745) Kameyama, 78, 40: 131; 21. (745.5) Kamiensky, Bull, intern, acad. Polonaise, 1926À; 109. (746) Karwat, 7, 112: 486; 24. (747) Kasarnowsky, Thesis, Zürich, 1915. (748) Kasarnowsky, 98, 128: 17; 23. (749) Kasarnowsky, 93, 128: 33; 23. (750) Kasarnowsky, 7, 109, 287; 24. (751) Katz, 202, 95: 16; 15. (752) Kendall, 3, 23: 958; 12. (753) Kendall, 147, 2 : No. 38; 13. (754) Kendall, 1, 38: 1480; 16. (754.5) Kendall and Andrew, 1, 43: 1545; 21. (755) Kendall and Fuchs, l, 43: 2017; 21. (756) Kendall and Fuchs, l, 44: 1447; 22. (757) Kernot, d'Agostino and Pellegrino, 36, 38 I: 532; 08. (758) Kernot and Pomilio, 71, 17: 353; 12. (759) Keyes, 1, 34: 779; 12. (760) Keyes and Brownlee, 1, 40: 25; 18. (760.5) Keyes and Brownlee, Thermodynamic properties of ammonia. John Wiley and Sons, New York, 1916. (761) Keyes and Felsing, 1, 42: 246; 20. (762) Keyes and Kara, 1, 44: 479; 22. (763) Klein, 93, 74: 157; 12. (764) KIemenc and Herzog, 67, 47: 405; 27. (765) Klinkhardt, 8, 84: 167; 27. (766) Knietsch, 13, 259: 100; 90. (767) Knopp, 7, 48: 97; 04. (768) Knox, 83, 4: 29; 08. (769) Knox and Will, 4, 115: 853; 19. (770) Kmidsen, 8, 29:179; 09. (771) Knudsen, 8,32:809; 10. (772) Knüpffer, 7, 26: 255; 98. (773) Kohlrausch, 7, 12: 773; 93. (774) Kohlrausch, 7, 64: 129; 08. (776) Kohlschütter and Eydmann, 13, 398: 1; 13. (777) Kohner, Diss., Berlin, 1914. (778) Kolthoff, 93, 109: 69; 19. (779) Kolthoff, 176, 16: 1134; 19. (780) Kolthoff, 70, 42: 973; 23. (781) Kolthoff, 70, 42: 969; 23. (782) Kolthoff, Gebrauch der Farbenindikatoren. Berlin, Springer, 1923. (783) Kolthoff, 70, 43: 207; 24. (784) Kolthoff, 70, 43: 216; 24. (785) Kopp, 13, Suppl. 3: 289; 65. (786) Kopp, 62, 155: 71; 65. (787) Koppel, 93, 67 : 293; 10. (788) Koppel and Holtkamp, 93, 67: 266; 10. (789) Koref, 93, 66: 73; 10. (789.5) Koref and Braune, 9, 18: 818; 12. (790) Koster, see (8*2). (791) Kovâch, 7, 80: 107; 12. (792) Krahmer, 9, 26: 97; 20. (793) Kraus, 1, 30: 653; 01. (794) Kraus and Kurd, 1, 45: 2559; 23. (795) Krauss and Gerlach, 93, 140: 61; 24. (795.5) Kremann and Rodemund, 57, 35: 1061; 14. (796) Kremann, Zoft, and Ostwald, 67, 43: 139; 22. (797) Kremers, 8, 85: 246; 52. (798) Kroner, 8, 40: 438; 13. (799) Kruyt, 7, 64: 513; 08. (800) Kullgren, 7, 85: 466; 13. (soi) Kuriloff, 604, 1: 1; 95. (802) Kuriloff, 9S9 15: 344; 97. (8°3) Kurnakov and Puschin, 93, 30: 86; 02. (sos.i) van Laar, 7, 12: 742; 93. (sos.2) van Laar, 64P9 20: 492; 18. («os.3) van Laar, 70, 39: 647; 20. (804) Labendzinski, 9, 10: 77; 04. (80S) Lacenko, Ann. Inst. Polytechnique du Don, 3: 59; 14. (806) Lacland and Lapiere, 34, 113: 196; 91. (807) Ladenberg, 25, 35:1256;02. (80S) Lajos, Thesis, Budapest, 1914. (809) Lamb, 1, 28: 1710; 06. (810) Lamb and Fairhall, 1, 45: 378; 23. (8U) Lamb and Fonda, 1, 43: 1154; 21. («i 2 ) Lamb and Larson, 1, 42: 2024; 20. (813) Lambert and Gates, 5, 108: 456; 25. (814) LaMer, King and Mason, 1, 49: 363; 27. («is) LaMer and Mason, 1, 49: 410; 27. (816) Lampen, 1, 28: 846; 06. (8i7) Lance, 34, 124: 819; 97. ("8) Landis, S3, 22: 265; 20. (818.5) Lang, 397, 1888: 933. (« 9 ) Lang and Rigaut, 34, 129: 294; 99. (820) Lange, 7, 110: 343; 24. (821) Langmuir, 1, 28: 1357; 06. (822) Langmuir, 1, 34: 860; 12. (823) Langmuir, 2, 2: 329; 13. (824) Langmuir, 2, 6: 138; 15. (825) Langmuir, 120, 29: 153; 26. (826) Langmuir, 1, 37: 417; 15. (827) Langmuir, 1, 38: 1145; 16. (828) Langmuir and Mackay, 2, 4: 377; 14. (829) Langmuir and Mackay, 1, 36: 1708; 14. (830) Larson, I9 46: 367; 24. («31) Larson and Black, 1, 47: 1015; 25. (832) Larson and Dodge, 1, 45: 2918; 23. (833) Latimer, 1, 44: 90; 22. (834) Latimer and Hoenshel, 1, 48: 19; 26. (835) Laudie, 33, 8: 22; 10. (836) Lebeau, 34, 138: 1496, 1602; 04. (837) Lebeau, 6, 6: 422; 05. (838) Le Blanc, 221, 66: 38; 14. (839) Le Chatelier, 34, 102: 1243; 86. (840) Le Chatelier, 34, 115: 654; 92. (841) Le Chatelier, 34, 121: 323; 95. (842) Lemarchands, 74, 17 ; 803 ; 20. (843) Lescoeur, 6, 21: 511 ; 90. (8 4 4) Lescoeur, 6, 19: 35, 533; 90. (845) Lescoeur, 6, 25: 423; 92. (846) Lescoeur, 6, 28: 237; 93. (847) Lescoeur, 6, 2: 78; 94. (848) Lescoeur, 6, 4: 213; 96. (849) Lescoeur, 6, 7: 416; 96. (850) Lescoeur, 6, 9: 537; 96. (ssi) Lescoeur and Mathurin, 27, 50: 33; 88. (852) Levin, Bl3, p. 252. (853) Lewis, 1, 28: 158; 06. (854) Lewis, 1, 28: 139; 06. (855) Lewis, I9 28: 1380; 06. (856) Lewis, 267, 1: 439; 06. (857) Lewis, 7, 55: 449; 06. (858) Lewis, 1, 30: 668; 08. (859) Lewis, 2, 18: 121; 21. (860) Lewis and Adams, 1, 37: 2308; 15. (8«i) Lewis and Argo, i, 37: 1983; 15. (862) Lewis and Brighton, 1, 39: 1906; 17. (863) Lewis and Brighton, I9 40: 482; 18. (864) Lewis, Brighton and Sebastian, 1, 39: 2245; 17. (865) Lewis and Burrows, I9 34: 1515; 12. (866) Lewis and Edgar, I9 33 : 292: 11. (867) Lewis and Gibson, 1, 39: 2554; 17. (868) Lewis, Gibson and Latimer, I9 44: 1008; 22. (869) Lewis and Keyes, 1, 34: 119; 12(870) Lewis and Keyes, 1, 35: 340; 13. (871) Lewis and Keyes, 1, 40: 472; 18. (872) Lewis and Kraus, 1, 32: 1459; 10. (873) Lewis and Lacey, I9 36: 804; 14. (874) Lewis and Lacey, 1, 37: 1976; 15. (875) Lewis and Randall, 1,

33: 476; 11. (876) Lewis and Randall, I9 34: 1128; 12. (877) Lewis and Randall, 1, 36: 1969; 14. (878) Lewis and Randall, 1, 36: 2259; 14. (879) Lewis and Randall, 1, 36: 2468; 14. (880) Lewis and Randall, 1, 37: 458; 15. (881) Lewis and Randall, 1, 38: 2348; 16. (882) Lewis and Randall, 1, 40: 362; 18. (883) Lewis and Randall, I9 43: 233; 21. (884) Lewis and Randall, 1, 43: 1112; 21. (885) Lewis and Randall, Thermodynamics and the free energy of chemical substances. McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, 1923. (886) Lewis, Randall and Bichowsky, 1, 40: 356; 18. (887) Lewis, Randall, Frost and Spencer, O. (888) Lewis and Rupert, I9 33: 299; 11. (889) Lewis and Sargent, 1, 31: 355; 09. (890) Lewis and Storch, l, 39: 2544; 17. (891) Lewis and von Ende, I9 32: 732; 10. (892) Ley and Schäfer, 25, 39:1259; 06. (893) Lind, Underwood and Whittemore, 1, 40: 465; 18. (894) Lindner, 67, 33: 613; 12. (895) Linebarger, 7, 13: 500; 94. (896) Linhart, 1, 38: 2356; 16. (897) Linhart, I9 39: 2601; 17. (898) Linhart, I9 39: 615; 17. (899) Linhart, I9 40: 158; 18. (so«) Linhart, 1, 41: 1175; 19. (901) Lipscomb and Hulett, /, 38: 20, 889; 16. (»o 2 ) Lipski, Diss., Braunschweig, 1909. (903) Lloyd, 00,12: 398; 08. (904) Locke and Foresail, 11, 31: 268; 04. (90S) Long, 11, 22: 217; 99. (906) Longi, 36, 13: 87; 83. (907) Loomis and Aeree, 11, 46: 585; 12. (908) Loomis, Essex and Meacham, I9 39:1133; 17. (909) Loomis and Meacham, 1, 38: 2310; 16. (aio) Lorenz, 78, 47: 249; 25. (9U) Lorenz and Böhi, 7, 66: 733; 09. (912) Lorenz, Fraenkel and Ganz,. 93, 153: 281; 26. (913) Lorenz, Fraenkel and Silberstein, 93, 131: 247; 23. (914) Löwenstein, 7, 54: 715; 05. (915) Löwenstein, 7, 54: 707; 05. (916) Löwenstein, 93, 63: 69; 09. (917) Lowry, 5, 91: 53; 14. (918) Lowry and Morgan, I9 46: 2192; 24. (919) Lunge, 54, 4: 31; 85. (920) Lunge and Marmier, see (408.1). ££, 1897: 105. (921) Lurie and GiIlespie, l, 49: 1146; 27. (922) Luther, 9, 11: 832; 05. (923) Luther and Inglis, 7, 43: 203; 03. (924) Luther and Leubner, 93, 74: 389; 11. (924.5) Luther and Michie, 9, 14: 826; 08. (925) Luther and Pokorny, 93, 57: 290; 08. (926) Maass and Hatcher, l, 42: 2548; 20. (927) Maass and Herzberg, l, 42: 2569; 20. (928) Mack, Osterhof and Kraner, l, 45: 617; 23. (929) Maclnnes and Parker, l, 37: 1445; 15. (930) Mackae, Thesis, Mass. Inst. Tech., Boston, 1917. (93l) Mackay and Ferguson, 143, 181: 209; 16. (932) MacRae and Voorhis, I9 43: 547; 21. (933) Maeda, 469, 2: 350; 23. (934) Magnus, 63, 14: 5; 13. (935) Magnusson, 60, 11: 21; 07 (936) Maier, l, 48: 356; 26. (937) Maier, Bureau of Mines, Berkeley, Calif., O. (938) Maier, Parks and Anderson, 1, 48: 2564; 26. (939) Maier and Ralston, 1, 48: 364; 26. (940; Maier and Ralston, 1, 49: 3189; 27. (941) Maier and Ralston, 78, 51: 339; 27. (942) Maigret, 27, 33: 631; 05. (943) Manchot and Bauer, 93, 133: 341; 24. (944) Manchot and Haunsehild, 93, 140: 22; 24. (945) Manchot, Jahrstorf er and Zepter, 93, 141: 45; 24. (946) Manchot and Lorenz, 93, 134: 297; 24. (947) Manchot and Ortner, see Manchot, 93, 120: 300; 22. (948) Marc and Simek, 93, 82: 17; 13. (949) Marchai, 34, 176: 299; 23. (950) Marchai, 34, 177: 1300; 23. (951) Marchai, 6, 22: 493; 25. (952) Marden, 1, 38: 310; 16. (953) Marino and TonineUi, 22, 21 II: 98; 12. (954) Marshall and Bruzs, 50, 29: 1184; 25. (955) Maschke, Diss., Karlsruhe, 1911. See also (5*°). (956) Mason, Thesis, Columbia University, New York, 1926. (957) Matignon, 69 14: 5; 08. (958) Matignon, 84, 154: 772; 12. (959) Matignon, 34, 156: 788; 13. (960) Matignon and Fréjaques, 27, 29: 21; 21. (961) Matignon and Frêjaques, 14, 17: 257; 22. (962) Matignon and Fréjaques, 27, Sl: 394; 22. (963) Matsubara, 80, 67: 3; 21. ( 9 64) Maxted, 04, 37: 105T; 18. (965) Mayer, Diss., München, 1908. (966) Mayer and Altmayer, 25, 40: 2134; 07. (967) Mayer and Altmayer, 397, 52: 326; 09. (968) Mayer and Henseling, 397, 52: 166, 194; 09. (969) Mayer and Jacoby, 397, 52: 282, 305; 09. (970) Mazzetti, 22, 33 II: 46; 24. (971) Mazzetto, 23, 17: 132; 81. (972) McAmis and Felsing, l, 47: 2633; 25. (973) McBain and Kam, 4, 115: 1332; 19. (974) McCoy, 11, 29: 437; 03. (975) McCoy and Smith, I9 33: 468; 11. (976) McCrae and Wilson, 98, 35:11; 03. (977) McLauchlan, 7, 44: 600; 03. (978) Mees and Piper, 204, 33: 227; 12. (979) Mellon and Henderson, 1, 42: 676; 20. (980) Mentrel, 34, 135: 740; 02. (981) Mentrel, 27, 29: 493; 03. (982) Menzel, 7, 100: 276; 22. (983) Menzel, 7, 105: 402; 23. (984) Menzies, 1, 41: 1783; 19. (985) Menzies, 197, 5: 558; 19. (986) Menzies, I9 42: 1951; 20. (987) Merrill and Adams, I9 39: 1588; 17. (987-5) Van Meurs, 7, 91: 313; 16. (988) Meyer, Verh. Ges. nat. Ärtzezu Meram, etc.9 III: 94. (989) Meyer, Thesis, Paris, 1912. (990) Meyer, 93, 81: 385; 13. (991) Meyer, 93, 86: 257; 14. (991.5) von Meyer, 52, 36: 292; 87. (992) Meyer and Jannek, 91, 52: 534; 13. (994) Meyer and Orthner, 25, 54B: 1705; 21. (995) Meyer and Rötgers, 93, 57: 104; 08. (996) Meyer and Winter, 93, 67: 398; 10. (996.5) Meyerhoffer, 7, 53: 513; 05. (997) Michaelis and Mizutami, 7, 116: 135; 25. (998) Milbauer, 136, 33: 513; 09. (999) Milbauer, 136, 33: 522; 09. (iooo) Milbauer, -136, 33: 950; 09. (iooi) Milbauer, 136, 33: 960; 09. ( 1002 > Milbauer, 136, 34: 138; 10. (i°03) Milbauer, 136, 34: 1341; 10. (i«04) Milbauer and Kohn, 7, 91: 410; 16. (i°o 5) Millar, I9 45: 874; 23. (1006)

Millar, U. S. Bureau of Mines, Berkeley, Calif., O. (iooT) Millikan, 7, 92: 59; 18. (ioos) Mitscherlich, 444, 1852: 636. (ioo9) Mitscherlich, 52, 58: 239; 53. (ioio; Moldenhauer, 93, 51: 369; 06. (loio.S) Moldenhauer and Groebe, 98, 27: 334; 14. ( 1011 ) Moldenhauer and Roll-Hansen, 93, 82: 130; 13. (1012) Moles and Crespi, 7, 100: 337; 22. (lois) Mond, Hirtz and Cowap, 135, 98: 165; 08. ( 1 OM) Mond, Ramsay and Shields, 62, 191: 105; 98. (lois) Mond and Wallis, 4, 121: 29; 21. (ioi6) Morey, 1, 39: 1173; 17. (loi?) Morey and Williamson, 1, 40: 59; 18. ( 1 OiS) Morgen and Hildebrand, 1, 48: 911; 26. (ioi9) Morse, 7, 41: 709; 02. (1020) Mott, 78, 34: 255; 18. (1021) Mueller and Burgess, 1, 41: 745; 19. (1022) Müller, 9, 14: 76; 08. (1023) Müller, 92, 33: 303; 20. (1024) Müller, 7, 105: 73; 22. (1024.5) Müller, 7, 110: 363; 24. (io25) Müller, 7, 114: 129; 24. (io25.S) Müller, 918, 35: 551; 22. (1026) Müller, 7, 112: 161; 24. (1026.5) Müller and Barck, 93, 129: 309; 23. (l ° 27 ) Müller, Müller and Fauvel, 9, 33: 134; 27. (1028) Müller and Smith, 1, 44: 1909; 22. (1029) Muller-Erzbach, 8, 27: 623; 86. (1030) Müller-Erzbach, 185, 19: 2874; 86. (»osi) Müller-Erzbach, 25, 20: 137; 87. (1032) Müller-Erzbach, 25, 20: 1628; 87. (io32.s) Müller-Erzbach, 25, 20: 2974; 87. ( 1 OSS) Müller-Erzbach, 7, 2: 539; 88. (»034) MüllerErzbach, 7, 4: 1; 89. 0<>35) Müller-Erzbach, 7, 17: 446; 95. ("36) Müller-Erzbach, 7, 19: 135; 96. (los?) Müller-Erzbach, 7, 21: 545; 96. (1038) Mündel, 7, 85: 435; 13. (1040) Murray, 4, 127: 882; 25. (1041) Muthmann and Baur, 13, 325: 281; 02. (1042) Myers and Aeree, ^, 50: 396; 13. (1043) Naccari, 23, 23: 107; 87. (1044) Naumann, 13, 160: 1; 71. (»045) Naumann, R., Diss., Berlin, 1907. (1046) Naumann, C., Diss., Leipzig, 1909. (1047) Naumann, 9, 16: 772, 778; 10. (1048) Naumann, 9, 16: 191; 10. (1049) Naumann and Rücker, 25, 38: 2292; 05. (1050) Niementowski and Roszkowski, 7, 22: 145; 97. ( 1 OS 1 ) Nernst, 7, 4: 372; 89. (1052) Nernst, 9, 9: 622; 03. (loss) Nernst, 93, 45: 126; 05. (1054) Nernst, 93, 49: 213; 06. (ios4.5) Nernst, 9, 13: 521; 07. (loss) Nernst, 9, 16: 96; 10. (»ose) Nernst and Schwers, 76, 1914: 355. (»057) Nernst and von Wartenberg, 188, 1905: 35. C1 ° 58 ) Nernst and von Wartenberg, 7, 56: 548; 06. C 1 059) Nernst and von Wartenberg, 9, 22: 37; 16. (1060) Neuberg, 25, 24: 2543; 91. (ioei) Neumann, 7, 14: 193; 94. (»062; Neumann, 92, 28: 233; 15. (1063) Neumann, 92, 34: 445; 21. (»064) Neumann, 92, 34: 457; 21. (ioes) Neumann and Jacob, 9, 30: 557; 24. (1066) Neumann and Karwat, 9, 27: 114; 21. (1067) Nielsen and Brown, l, 49: 2423; 27. (1070) Nippert, Dias., Breslau, 1913. (I07i) Nishizawa, 142, 23: 830; 20. (1072) Nonhebel, 3, 2: 1085; 26. (1073) Nordmeyer, 26, 10: 202; 08. (1074) Nóvacs, Thesis, Budapest, 1910. See (791). (io?5) Noyes, 7, 6: 241; 90. (1076) Noyes, 7, 9: 603; 92. (1077) Noyes and Abbott, 7, 16: 125; 95. (1078) Noyes and Boggs, l, 33: 1650; 11. (1079) Noyes and Brann, l, 34: 1016; 12. (1080) Noyes and Chapin, 7, 28: 518; 99. ( 1 OSi) Noyes and Ellis, I, 39: 2532; 17. (iosi.5) Noyes and Farwell, l, 33: 1654; 11. (1082) Noyes and Freed, l, 42: 476; 20. (I082.i) Noyes, Hall and Beattie, l, 39: 2526; 17. (1083) Noyes and Kanolt, 152, No. 63: 285; 07. (1084) Noyes and Kohr, l, 24: 1141; 02. (loss) Noyes and Ming Chow, l, 40: 739; 18. (»ose) Noyes and Schwartz, l, 20: 742; 98. 7, 27: 279; 98. (»087) Noyes and Smith, l, 43: 475; 21. (loss) Noyes and Stewart, l, 32: 1133; 10. (»oss.S) Noyes and Stewart, l, 33: 1650; 11. (ios9) Noyes and Toabe, l, 39: 1537; 17. (1090) Noyes and Westbrook, l, 43: 726; 21. (1090.5) Noyes and Whitcomb, l, 27: 747; 05. (io9i) Noyes and Wilson, Calif. Inst. Tech., Pasadena, Calif., O. (1092) Nüranen, 9, 13: 297; 07. (io93) Obata, 219, 2: 79, 223; 20. (1094) Oberer, Diss., Zürich, 1903. (1095) Ogg, 7, 22: 536; 97. (1096) Ogg, 7, 27: 285; 98. (1097) O'Hara, 30, No. 336; 24. (»098) öholm, 147, 5, No. 4: 1; 19. (1099) Öholm, 138, 41: 1; 12. (iioo) Oliveri-Mandala, 36, 45 I: 303; 15. (noo.s) Olson, I, 42: 896; 20. (iioi) Orthner, Thesis, Zürich, 1915. (iioi.S) Osborne and Van Düsen, (1102) Ostwald, 7, 3: 170; 89. (i»03) Ostwald, Lehrbuch der see (760.5). allgemeinen Chemie. Leipzig, 1893. (H04) Ostwald and Heucke, 50, 29: 49; 84. (HOS) padoa and Tibaldi, 22, 12 II: 158; 03. (H06) Palmaer, 9, 29: 415; 23. (i»07) Pareau, 13, 1: 39; 87. (nos) parks and Kelley, 50, 30: 47; 26. (H09) Parravano and Malquori, 36, 56: 3; 26. (ino) Parsons and Corson, l, 32: 1383; 10. O111) Parsons and Perkins, I, 32: 1387; 10. ( 1112 ) Parsons and Wittemore, l, 33: 1933; 15. ( 1113 ) Partington, 4, 99: 466; 11. ( 1114 ) Partington and Huntingford, 4, 123: 160; 23. (U 1 5 ) Pascal, 14, 15: 253; 21. 33, 25: 1103, 1145; 21. (»"«) Pascal, 34, 165: 589; 17. (H 1 7 ) Paul, 9, 21: 542; 15. (1118) Pawelka, 9. 30: 180; 24. O 11 ») Pearce and Fortsch, l, 45: 2852; 23. (1120) Pease and Chesebro, l, 50: 1464; 28. ( 1121 ) Peczi, Diss., Budapest, 1914. (1122) Pélabon, 7, 26: 659; 98. ( 1 â) Pélabon, 34, 128: 825; 99. (1124) Pélabon, 34, 131: 416; 00. 132: 774; 01. (i»2S) Pélabon, 34, 130: 911; 00. (H26) Pélabon 27, 23: 801; 00. (1127) Pellaton, 42, 13: 426; 15. (1128) Perman and Atkinson, 7, 33: 215, 577; 00. (»i*») Perry and Bardwell, l, 47: 2629; 25. (1130) pers> S4, 153: 673; 11. ( 1 1 3 I) Person, 6, 21: 295; 47. ("S2) Person and Brodie, see (1 42 3). (ii33) Peters, 93, 26: 193; 98. ( 1134 ) Peters, J

93, 77: 186; 12. (H3S) petit, 27, 37: 615; 25. (U 3 6 ) Pick, BIS, p. 360. (1137) Pier, 7, 62: 385; 08. (H38) Pier, 7, 66: 759; 09. ( 113 S) Piesse, 25, 7: 599; 74. (1140; Pilling, 2, 18: 362; 21. (1141) Pissarjewski, 68, 40: 367; 08. ( 1142 ) Pissarjewski, 93, 58: 399; 08. ( 1143 ) Pissarjewski and Litwin, 53, 42: 1062; 07. (U 4 4 ) Pissarjewski and Trachoniotowski, 53, 42: 249; 07. (1145) Pissarjewski and Zembicky, 53, 42: 537; 07. ( 1146 ) Plank, 7, 100: 372; 22. (U 4 7 ) Pleissner, 1891, 26: 384; 07. (in7.5) Podszuz and Masing, 92, 30: 153; 17. ( 1148 J Pohl, 75, 41: 263; 60. ( 1149 ) Poindexter, 2, 26: 859; 25. (liso) Pollitzer, 93, 64: 121; 09. (11S1) Pollitzer, 9, 17: 5; 11. (HS2) pollitzer, 9, 19: 513; 13. (H53) pOma, 7, 88: 671; 14. ( 1154 ) Pott, Diss., Freiburg, 1905. (iiss) Powarnin, 63, 42: 207; 10. (H56) Preuner, 7, 47: 385 ; 04. ( 1* s 7) Preuner, 93, 55: 279 ; 07. ( 11 s 8) Preuner and Brockmöller, 7, 81: 129; 12. (i 159) Preuner and Schupp, 7, 68: 129; 09. (lieo) Preuner and Schupp, 7, 68: 157; 09. ("6I) Prideaux, 4, 91: 1711; 07. (1162) prideaux and Ward, 4, 125: 423; 24. (H63) pring and Fairlie, 4, 101: 91; 12. (H64) puiiinger and Gardner, 182, 7: 2; 91. ( l i e s ) pusch, 9, 22: 206; 16. (H66) RaDe, 93, Sl: 154; 02. ( 116 T) Ramann, University Munich, O. (ne«) Ramami and Sallinger, 7, 98: 103; 21. (i168.5) Ramsay and Young, 4, 49: 37; 86. (!i69) Ramsay and Young, 4, 49: 453; 86. ( 11 TO) Ramsay and Young, 62, 177: 71; 86. (H70.S) Randall, 83, 23: 498, 502; 27. ( 1171 ) Randall and Bichowsky, 1, 40: 368; 18. (H72) Randall and Breckenridge, 1, 49: 1435; 27. (H73) Randall and Cann, O. ( 1 1 7 4 > Randall and Chang, 1, 50: 1535; 28. ( 1175 ) Randall and Failey, 286, 4: 271; 27. (u 7 6 ) Randall and Failey, 286, 4: 285; 27. (»177) Rajidall and Failey, 286, 4: 291; 27. (H78) Randall and Failey, 1, 49: 2678; 27. (i»79) Randall and Frandsen, O. (liso) Randall and Girard, 46, 20: 1335; 28. ( 1181 ) Randall and Halford, O. (1182) Randall and James, O. ( 1 ISS) Randall and Langford, O. ( 1 1 8 4 > Randall and Langford, 1, 49: 1445; 27. (»»85) Randall and McGrane, O. (use) Randall and Nielsen, O. (HS7) Randall and Ramage, 1, 49: 93; 27. (iiss) Randall and Scott, 1, 49: 647; 27. (»is9) Randall and Spencer, O. (1189.1) Randall and Spencer, 1, 50: 1572; 28. (H90) Randall and Sosnick, 1, 50: 967; 28. ( » 1 9 » ) Randall and Tamele, O. (1192) Randall and Vietti, 1, 50: 1526; 28. (H93) Randall and White, O. (1194) Randall and White, 1, 48: 2514; 26. (i»9S) Randall and Young, 1, 50: 989; 28. (»196) Rass0w, 93, 114: 117; 20. (»»97) Ray and Jânâ, 4, 103: 1565; 13. (H98) Regnault, 6, 1: 129; 41. (H99) Reicher, 94, 8: 593; 84. (1200) Reichinstein, 7, 97: 257; 21. («oi) Reinders, 6Jf, 17: 703; 14. (1202) Reinders, 64V, 23: 596; 14. (1203) Reinders, 93, 93: 213; 15. (1204) Reinders and Goudriaan, 93, 126: 85; 23. (» 2 0 5 ) Reinders and Hamburger, 93, 89: 71; 14. (1206) Reinders and Vervloet, 70, 42: 625; 23. (1207) Reissmann, Diss., Dresden, 1922. See (»025). (1208) R e my, 93, 137: 365; 24. (1209) Reynolds and Werner, 4, 83: 1; 03. (1210) Rhead and Wheeler, 4, 97: 2178; 10. 182, 26: 220; 10. ( 1 2 U) Rhead and Wheeler, 4, 99: 1140; 11. (1212) Rhead and Wheeler, 4, 101: 831; 12. (1213) Ribalquine, 134, 33: 279; 89. ( 1 2 I 4 ) Ribalquine, 134, 34: 165; 91. (1215) Richards, 136, 68: 58, 69, 82, 93, 105; 93. (1216) Richards and Behr, 7, 58: 301 ; 07. (1217) Richards and Conant, 1, 44: 601 ; 22. (» 218) Richards and Daniels, 1, 41: 1732; 19. O 2 19) Richards and Faber, 11, 21: 167; 99. (1220) Richards and Garrod-Thomas, 7, 72: 165; 10. (1221) Richards and Lewis, 66, 34: 87; 98. 7, 28: 1; 99. (1222) Richards and Matthews, 65, 46: 511; 11. O 2 2 S) Richards and Smyth, 1, 44: 524; 22. (1224) Richardson, 4, 51: 397; 87. (1225) Rideal, 45, 12: 531; 20. (1226) Riesenfeld, 7, 45: 461; 03. (1227) Riesenfeld, 42, 7: 561; 09. (1228) Riesenfeld and Beja, 93, 133: 245; 24. (1229) Roberts and Smyth, 1, 43: 1061; 21. (1230) Robertson, 4, 81: 1233; 03. (»231; Rodebush, l, 40: 1204; 18. (1232; Rodebush, l, 45: 1413; 23. (1233) Rodebush and Dixon, 1, 47: 1036; 25. (1234) Rodebush and Dixon, 2, 26: 851; 25. (1235) Rodwell, 4, 15: 59; 62. (1236) Roebuck, 50, 6: 365; 02. (»237) Roebuck, 50, 9: 727; 05. (»238) Roederer, 84, 140: 1252; 05. (1239) R0IIa, 22, 20 I: 112; 11. (1240) R0Ua, 36, 42: 67; 12. (1241) R0Ua and Ansaldo, 22, 21: 272; 12. (1242) R00S, 93, 94: 329; 16. (1243) Roozeboom, 70, 3: 73; 84. (1244). Roozeboom, 70, 3: 84; 84. (1245) Roozeboom, 70, 3: 29, 59, 84; 84. (1246) Roozeboom, 70, 4: 65; 85. (1247) Roozeboom, 70, 4: 361; 85. (1248) Roozeboom, 70, 4: 108, 331; 85. (1249) Roozeboom, 70, 5: 351; 86. (1250) Roozeboom, 70, 6: 374; 87. (»251) Roozeboom, 7, 2: 449; 88. (1252) Roozeboom, 7, 4: 31; 89. (1253) Roozeboom, 7, 10: 477; 92. (1254) Rördam, Thesis, Copenhagen, 1925. (i 2 s 5) Rördam, 7, 99: 474; 21. (1256) Rose> g, 46: 353; 1839. (1257) Rose, 13, 84: 202; 52. (1258) Rose, 4, 67: 881; 95. (i 2 S 9 J Rosenheim and Krause, 93, 118: 177; 21. (1260) Ross, 4,105: 690; 14. (i 2 ei) van Rossem, 176, 9: 657; 12. O«*) Roth, 7, 63: 441; 08. (1 2 63) Roth, 9, 26: 288; 20. (1 2 64) R ot h and Wallasch, 25, 46: 896; 13. (i 2 65) Rothmund, 7, 33: 401; 00. (1266) Rothmund, 93, Sl: 136; 02. (1 2 67) Rothmund, 7, 69: 523; 10. (1"S) Rothmund and Drucker, 7, 46: 827; 03. (1268.5) van Royen, Disa., Bonn, 1911. See (852). (1269) Rubenbauer, 93, 30: 331; 02. (1270) Ruby, l, 43: 294; 21. (»271) Rudolfi, 93, 54: 170; 07. (1272) Ruer,

93, 50: 265; 06. (1273) Ruer and Nakamoto, 70, 42: 675; 23. (1274) R u ff and Bergdahl, 93, 106: 76; 19. O 2 7 5 ) R u ff and Bormann, 93, 88: 397; 14. (1276) Ruff and Graff, 93, 58: 209; 08. (1277) Ruff and Hartmann, 93, 133: 29; 24. (1278) R u ff and Keilig, 93, 88: 410; 14. (1279) R u ff and Schmidt, 93, 117: 172; 21. (1280) RUSS> 7, 82: 217; 13. (i28i) Russell, OS, 13: 59; 12. (1282) Sabatier, 54, 158: 668; 14. O 283) Sackur, 291, 20: 512; 03. (1284) Sackur, 9, 10: 522; 04. (i 285) Sackur and Taegener, 9, 18: 718; 12. (1286) Sainte-Claire Deville and Troost, 34, 49: 239; 59. (1287) Sainte-Claire Deville and Troost, 6, 58: 257; 60. (1288) Sainte-Claire Deville and Troost, 34, 56: 895; 63. (1289) Sainte-Claire Deville and Troost, 34, 91: 83; 80. (1290) Salvadori, 36, 42 I: 458; 12. (1291) Sammet, 7, 53: 641; 05. (1292) Sand, 7, 48: 610; 04. (1293) Sandonnini, 22, 21 II: 524; 12. (1294) Saposchnikov, 53, 32: 375; 00. (1295) Saposchnikov, 7, 49: 697; 03. (1296) Saposchnikov, 7, 51: 609; 05. (1297) Saposchnikov, 7, 53: 225; 05. (1298) Saunders, 00, 28: 1151; 24. (1299) Scatchard, 1, 47: 641; 25. (1300) Scatchard, 1, 47: 2098; 25. («oi) Scheel and Heuse, 8, 31: 715; 10. (1302) Scheffer, 6Jf, 18: 446; 15. (isos) Scheffer, 6Jf, 18: 1498; 16. (1304) Scheffer, 6Jf, 19: 798; 17. (isos) Scheffer and Meyer, 6Jf, 21: 1338; 19. (1306) Scheffer and Treub, 7, 81: 308; 13. (i307) Schenck, 9, 24: 248; 18. («os) Schenck and Albers, 93, 105: 145; 18. (1309) Schenck and Heller, 25, 38: 2132, 2139; 05. (1310) Schenck and Hempelmann, 187, 10: 283; 13. ( 13 U) Schenck and Rassbach, 192, 4: 455; 07. (isi2) Schenck and Rassbach, 25, 40: 2185; 07. (1313) Schenck and Rassbach, 25, 40: 2947; 07. C 1 * 1 *) Schenck and Rassbach, 26, 41: 2917; 08. (isis) Schenck, Semiller and Falcke, 25, 40: 1704; 07. (1316) Schierholz, 75, 101 Ub: 4; 90. (1317) Schildbach, 9, 16: 967; 10. (isis) Schlesinger, Mullinix and Popoff, 45, 11: 317; 19. (1319) Schloesing, 34, 74: 1552; 72. 75: 70; 72. Values corrected by (719). (1320) Schmidt, Diss., Berlin, 1921. (I32i) Schneider, 8, 107: 605; 59. (1321.5) Schoch, 11, 41: 208, 232; 09. (1322; Schoch and Feising, l, 38: 1928; 16. (1323) Schoen, 192, 8: 737; 11. (1324) Scholvien, Diss., Berlin, 1913. (1325) Schottky, 7, 64: 415; 08. (1326) Schraube, Diss., Berlin Tech. Hoch., 1911. (1327) Schreber, 7, 24: 651; 97. (1328) Schreinemakers, 7, 68: 83; 09. (1329) Schreinemakers and Figee, 176, 8: 683; 11. (1330) Schreiner, 93, 122: 201; 22. (issi) Schreiner, 7, 111: 419; 24. (1332) Schreiner and Grimnes, 93, 110: 311; 20. (1333) Schübel, 93, 87: 81; 14. (1334) Schumann, 25, 33: 527; 00. (1335) Schumb, l, 45: 342; 23, (1336) Seelig, Thesis, Zürich, 1919. (1337) Seibert, Hulett and Taylor, l, 39: 38; 17. (1338) Seidell and Smith, 50, 8: 493; 04. (1339) Sénéchal, 34, 156: 552; 13. (1340) Seyler and Lloyd, 4, 95: 1347; 09. («41) Seyler and Lloyd, 4, 111: 138; 17. (1342) Shaffer and Hartmann, 141, 45: 349; 21. (1343) Sherrill, 7, 43: 705; 03. O 3 4 *) Sherrill and Noyes, l, 48: 1861; 26. (1345) Sherrill and RUSS, 1,29:1661; 07. (1346) Shields, 7,12:167; 93. (1347) Sherwood, 45, 17: 745; 25. (1348) Shukoff, 25, 38: 2691; 05. (1348.5) Siegel, 7, 87: 641; 14. (1349) Sieverts, 7, 88: 451; 14. (isso) Siggel, 9, 19: 340; 13. (issi) Simons, l, 46: 2179; 24. (1352) Simons and Hildebrand, l, 46: 2183; 24. (1353) Sieverts and Fritzsche, 93, 133: 1; 24. (1354) Sieverts and Fritzsche, 93, 133: 17; 24. (isss) Skrabal, 57, 32: 815; 10. (läse; Skrabal, 9, 17: 665; 11. (1357) Skrabal, 75, 123 H: 654; 14. (issa) Skrabal, 57, 35: 1157; 16. (1359) Slade, 9, 17: 261; 11. (1360) Slade, 93, 77: 457; 12. (1361) siade and Farrow, 5, 87: 524; 12. (1362) Slade and Higson, 5, 87: 519; 12. (1363) siade and Higson, 133, 1913: 451; 14. (1364) siade and Higson, 135, 108: 166; 14. (ises) siade and Higson, 4, 115: 215; 19. (1366) siade and Higson, 4, 115: 205; 19. (1367) Smith, 2, 17: 193; 03. (1368) Smith, 2, 33: 173; 11. (1369) Smith, l, 40: 879; 18. (1370) Smith, l, 40: 883; 18. (1371) Smith and Calvert, l, 36: 1363; 14. (1372) Smith and Calvert, l, 38: 801; 16. (1373) Smith and Carson, 7, 77: 661; 11. (1374) Smith and Holmes, 7, 42: 469; 03. (1375) Smith and Holmes, 7, 54: 257; 05. (1376) Smith and Lombard, l, 37: 38; 15. (1377) Smith and Lombard, l, 37: 2055; 15. (1378) Smith and Menzies, l, 32: 1434; 10. (1379) Smith and Menzies, l, 32: 1412; 10. (isso) Smith and Menzies, l, 32: 1541; 10. (issi) Smith and Woods, l, 45: 2632; 23. (1382) Smits, 64V, 32: 353; 23. (1383) Smits and Bokhorst, 6Jf, 17: 678, 962, 973; 15. (1384) Smits and Bokhorst, 64V, 23: 664, 930, 941; 14. (1385) Smits and Bokhorst, 6Jf, 18: 106; 15. (1386) Smits and Bokhorst, 7, 91: 249; 16. (1387) Smits, Bokhorst and Terwin, 6Jf, 16:1174; 14. (1388) Smits, Meyer and Beck, 6Jf, 18:992; 15. (1389) Smits and Wuite, 64V, 18: 225; 09. (1390) Smyth, Thesis, Mass. Inst. Tech., Boston, 1915. (1390.5) Smyth and Adams, 1, 45: 1167; 23. (i39i) Smyth and Roberts, 1, 42: 2582; 20. (1392) Soper, 4, 125: 2227; 24. (1393) Sosman and Hostetter, 1, 38: 807; 16. (1394) Sosman, Hostetter and Mervin, 128, 5: 563; 16. (1395) Spencer, 9, 11: 681; 05. (1396) Sproesser and Taylor, 1, 43: 1782; 21. (1397) stahl, 192, 4: 682; 07. (1398) Starck, Dis«,, Stockholm, 1915. (1399) Starck and Bodenstein, 9, 16: 961; 10. (1400) Stasevich, 63, 43: 354; 11. (i4oi) Stegmüller, 9, 16: 85; 10. 0*02) Steinwehr, 7, 38: 185; 01. (1403) stern, 8, 44: 497; 14. (1404) Sterner, Diss., Stuttgart, 1894. O 405 ) stock, Henning and Kuss, 25, 54B: 1119; 21. (1406) stock and Seelig, 25, 52: 672; 19. (1407; Stock, Siecke and Pohland,

25, 57B: 719; 24. O 4 0 8 ) Stoffel, 176, 8: 722; 11. (1409) Stoffella, Boll, chim. farm., 64: 481; 25. (Mio; Sträub, 7, 77: 331; 11. O 4 U) Strömholm, 93, 38: 429; 04. ( 14 I 2 ) Stubbs, 4, 103: 1445; 13. (i 413 ) Sucheini, 9, 12: 726; 06. (1414) Sugden, 4, 1926: 174. (1414.5) Sullivan, l, 27: 529; 05. (1415) Swan, see Harkins, l, 33: 1807; 11. O 4 I* 5 ) Swan, Thesis, Mass. Inst. Tech., Boston, 1899. (i 4 17) Szarvasy and Messinger, 25, 30: 1343; 97. O 4 I 8 ) Tamele, 50, 28: 502; 24. O 4 IS) Tammann, 604, 35: No. 9; 87. (1420) Tammann, 7, 2: 42; 88. O 4 2 I) Tammann, 8, 63: 16; 97. (1422) Tammann, 7, 27: 323; 99. (1423) Tammann, Kristallisieren und Schmelzen, 275; 1903. O 4 24) Tammann and Pape, 93, 127: 43; 23. (l 4 2 5 ) Tananaeff, 7, 114: 49; 24. O 4 2 6 ) Taylor, l, 38: 2295; 16. (1427) Taylor and Hulett, 50, 17: 565; 13. 0 4 28) Taylor and Hulett, l, 44: 1443; 22. 0 4 29) Taylor and Perrott, l, 43: 484; 21. (1430) Terres and Brückner, 9, 26: 25; 20. O 43 I) Terres and Pongracz, 9, 25: 386; 19. 0 4 3 2) Terres and Schaller, 397, 65: 761, 780, 800, 818, 852; 22. 0 4 33) Terwin, Di««., Amsterdam, 1913. O 4 3 4 ) Thiel, 93, 24: 1; 00. (1435) Thiel and Strohecker, 25, 47: 945; 14. (1436) Thin and Cumming, 4, 107: 361; 15. (1437) Thompson, 65, 45: 431; 09. '(1438) Thompson, 78, 16: 197; 09. O 4 3 9 ) Thompson, 33, 8: 279, 324; 10. (1440) Thompson and Lombard, 65, 46: 247; 10. (1441) Thorpe and Hambly, 4, 55: 163; 89. 0 4 42) Tiede and Birnbräuer, 93, 87: 129; 14. (1443) Tolman and Ferguson, Jf, 34: 232; 12. (1444) Tolman and Greathouse, l, 34: 364; 12. O 4 4 5 ) Trautz, 9, 14: 534; 08. (1446) Trautz, 93, 88: 285; 14. (1447) Trautz, 9, 21: 329; 15. (1448) Trautz, 93, 104: 169; 18. (1449) Trautz and Dalal, 93, 102: 149; 18. (1450) Trautz and Geissler, 93, 140: 116; 24. (l45l) Trautz and Gerwig, 93, 134: 417; 24. O 4 5 2 ) Trautz and Stäckel, 93, 122: 81; 22. (1453) Trautz and Wackenheim, 93, 97: 241; 16. (1454) Treadwell, 93, 37: 326; 03. (1455) Treadwell and Reuter, 93, 17: 170; 98. (1456) Trimble, /, 44: 451; 22. O 4 5 7 ) Troost, 34, 88: 578; 79. (1458) Troost, 34, 92: 715; 81. (1459) Troost, 34, 94: 789; 82. (1460) Troost and Hautefeuille, 34, 66: 795; 68. O46l) Troost and Hautefeuille, 34, 78: 686; 74. (1462) Troost and Hautefeuille, 6, 2: 273; 74. 34, 78: 807; 74. (1463) Truthe, 93, 76: 161; 12. (1463.5) Unmach and Bjerrum, see («i). (1464) Vagò, Thesis, Budapest. (1465) Valenta, 75, 103 Ub: 191; 94. 67, 15: 249; 94. (1466) Van Name and Brown, 12, 44: 105; 17. O 4 6 7 ) Van Name and Brown, 12, 44: 453; 17. (1468) Varet, 6, 8: 79; 96. (1469) Villard, 34, 106: 1062; 88. (1470) Villard, 34, 107: 395; 88. O 4 ?!) Villard, 34, 120: 1262; 95. (1472) Villard, 51, 5: 453; 97. (1473) Villard, 6, 11: 289; 97. (1474) Virck, 185, 1862: 402. 0 4 75) Voerkelius, Diss., Hanover, 1909. (1476) Voerkelius, 136, 33: 1078, 1090; 09. (1477) Vohlendorff, Diss., Berlin, 1891. (1478) Volhard, 25, 7: 92; 74. (1479) Volquartz, see (207). (1480) Vosburgh, l, 47: 2531; 25. O 4 »!) Vosburgh, O. See (471). (1482) Vosburgh, l, 49: 2222; 27. (1482.1) Wrewsky, 7, 112: 109; 24. (1482.2) Wrewsky, Sawaritzky and Scharloff, 7, 112: 97; 24. (1483) Waddell, 60, 2: 525; 98. (1484) Waidner and Burgess, SlA, 6: 149; 10. (1485) Waiden, 7, 2: 49; 88. (i486) Waiden, l, 30: 1350; 08. (1487) Waiden and Centnerszwer, 7, 42: 432; 03. (1488) Walker, 7, 42: 207; 02. (1489) Walker, 4, 127: 61; 25. (1490) Walker, Bray and Johnston, l, 49: 1235; 27. (1491) Walker and Cormack, 4, 77: 5; 00. (1492) Walker and Hambley, 4, 67: 746; 95. (1493) Walker and Lumsden, 4, 71: 428; 97. (1494) Walker and Kay, 4, 71: 489; 97. (1495) von Wartenberg, 7, 56: 513; 06. (1496) von Wartenberg, 88, 8: 97; 06. (1497) von Wartenberg, 93, 52: 299; 07. (1498) Von Wartenberg, 93, 56: 320; 08. (1499) VOn Wartenberg, 93, 79: 71; 12. (isoo) von Wartenberg, 9, 19: 489; 13. (isoi) VOn Wartenberg, 9, 19: 482; 13. (1502) von Wartenberg, 9, 20: 443; 14. (isos) VOn Wartenberg, 7, 110: 285; 24. (1504) Von Wartenberg and Sieg, 25, 53: 2192; 20. (isos) Von Wartenberg and Weigel, 93, 142: 337; 25. (isos) Wasastjerna, 138, 1: No. 39; 23. (iso7) Washburn and Strachan, l, 35: 681; 13. (isos) Wasjuchnowa, Diss., Berlin, 1909. (iso9) Weber, 93, 21: 305; 99. (1510) Wegscheider, 7, 65: 97; 09. (isn) Weigert, 8, 24: 55; 07. («12) von Weimarn, 7, 76: 212; 11. (isis) Weisberg, Thesis, Mass. Inst. Tech., Boston, 1915. O 5 I 4 ) Wells, 128, 5:617; 15. (isis) Wells, 128, 5:491; 15. (1516) Wells and McAdams, l, 29: 721; 07. («17) Wenger, Thesis, Geneva, 1911. (isis) Wescott, l, 42: 1335; 20. (1519) Whitby, 93, 67: 107; 10. (1520) White, O. See (»39). (1521) White and Kirschbaum, l, 28: 1343; 06. (1522) Whitman and Evans, 33, 27: 686; 22. (1523) Whitney and Melcher, l, 25: 69; 03. ( 1524 ) Wiedemann, 8, Jubelband: 481. (152S) Wiedemann, Stelzner and Niederschulte, 26, 3: 159; 05. (1526) Wigand, 7, 75: 235; 11. (1527) Wilhelm, 143, 182: 525; 16. (is28) Wilhelm, Sl, No. 204; 1916. (1529) Willcox and Prideaux, 4, 127: 1543; 25. (isso) Williams, Thesis, University of California, 1922. (issi) Wilson, 1, 43: 704; 21. (1532) Winkler, Diss., Leipzig, 1910. (1533) Winteler, 9, 7: 360; 00. (1534) Wirth, 93, 76: 174; 12. (isss) Wirth, 93, 79: 357; 13. (1536) Wirth, 03,87:9; 14. (1537) Wöhler, 9,12:781;06. (1538) Wöhler and Balz, 9, 27: 406; 21. (1539) Wöhler and Grünzweig, 25, 46: 1726; 13. (1540) Wöhler and Grünzweig, 25, 46: 1587; 13. (I54i) Wöhler and Günther, 9, 29: 276; 23. (1S42) Wöhler and Prager, 9, 23: 199; 17. ( 154 3) Wöhler

and Streicher, 25, 46: 1577; 13. ( 1S44 ) Wöhler and Streicher, 85, 46: 1591; 13. (1544.5) Wörmann, 8, 18: 775; 05. (is«) Wohl, 7, 110: 166; 24. (1S46) Wohl, 9, 30: 36; 24. (1547) Wohl, 9, 30: 49; 24. (i*48) Wolff, 9, 20: 19; 14. (1549) Wolffenstein, 86, 27: 3307; 94. (isso) Wood, 4, 93: 411; 08. (issi) Wood, 4, 97: 878; 10. (i***) Worthing, 2t 10: 377; 17. ("M) Wourtzel, 34, 169: 1397; 19. (1S54) Wroblewski,

34, 94: 212; 82. (iss5) Wüst and Durrer, 414, No. 241; 21. (iss«) Wüst, Meuthen and Durrer, 84S, 39: 294; 19. 414, No. 204; 18. (iss?) Wuite, 7, 86: 349; 14. (i**«) Wuth, 80, SS: 2415; 02. (1559) Yoshida, 41, 48: 435; 27. (isso) Zavriev, 42, 7: 31; 09. (1*61) von Zawidzki, 86, 36:1427; 03. (*562) von Zawidzki, 25, 37: 153; 14. (1563) von Zawidzki, 25, 37: 2289; 14.

OPTICAL ROTATORY POWER OF SOLID CRYSTALS W. T. ASTBURY Optically active crystals exist in two enantiomorphous forms having equal and opposite rotatory powers for light of a given wave-length. No isotropie substances (cubic crystals) exhibit optical rotation when in solution, but some do when in crystal form. Rotatory power = 6/1 where B is the angle through which the plane of polarization is rotated while plane polarized light is passing a distance I through the crystal in the direction of an optic axis. In some cases the variation of 6/1 with the wavelength (X) can be represented by an empirical Drude equation 6/1 = k/ (X2 - Xj). Temperature is stated whenever it is given in the published paper, in other cases it is presumably room temperature. t[T] = centigrade (0C) [absolute (0K)] temperature. Iso = isotropie (cubic crystal), Uni = uniaxial, Bi = biaxial, d_ p_] = dextro- [levo-] rotatory. " d-solutions —» Z-crystals " means that levorotatory crystals form from a solution which is dextrorotatory. Yes [No] means that solutions of the substance are [are not] active. A — accuracy; example: For HIOg, X = 0.436, 6/1 = (74.5 ± 0.7) degrees per mm. »-TABLE, STANDARD ARRANGEMENT

NiSO4JH2O, Nickel sulfate (12), Bi, No X e/I A 0.546 6.30 0.31 0.579 6.10 0.30 (MoO4I2C4H6O5(NH4MH2O, Ammonium molybdomalate (12), Bi, Yes, d-solutions —» Z-crystals 0.436 72.87 0.73 0.4 0.546 37.2 0.579 32.3 0.3 0.5893 30.8 0.3 MgSO4.7H2O, Magnesium sulfate (12), Bi, No 0.436 3.18 0.03 0.546 2.30 0.02 0.579 1.98 0.02

Unit of 6/1 and of A = 1° per mm; of X = I^ = IO4 A = 10~4 cm HIO3 Iodic acid (12), Bi, No, dimorphous, both forms are orthorhombic bisphenoidal; prism angle of specimen » 86°23'

x

e/i

A

0.436 0.546 0.579

74.5 58.7 50.5

0.7 0.6 0.5

N2H41H2SO4, Hydrazine sulfate (12), Bi, No 0.436 4.00 0.08 0.546 3.05 0.06 0.579 2.80 0.06

ZnSO4JH2O, Zinc sulfate (12), Bi, No

e/i

x

0.436 0.546 0.579

I

4.05 2.72 2.41

A

0.08 0.05 0.04

Zn(C4H6O5) 2.2H2O, Zinc malate (25)7 Uni, Yes, Z-crystals~»Z-solutions 0.5893 I 3.0 I 0.2

C-Compounds, v. p. 354 SiO2, v. Vol. VI, p. 342 PbS2O6^H2O, Lead dithionate (18, 19), Uni, No, 2O0C 0.5461 6.57 0.03 0.5893 5.46 0.03 If 0.4047
HgS, Cinnabar* (", «), Uni, No, 2O0C 0.5893 560 10 0.6022 480 8 0.7188 140 5 If 0.6103 < X < 0.6870, k « 33.65, Xj =0.2915, A » 1% ofA; * For X « 0.6438, (0/I)T « 237.5X (1.00421 - 0.00056r + 0.00000355 !P), A = 0.5%, 870K < T < 2770K; and (0/1)t « 264(1 +0.001«), A = 1 %, 40C < t < 220C. For X « 0.6708,« = -184.50C, 0/1 = 190 ± 1; for X = 0.5893, t = -187.40C, 0/1 =* 142 ± 1. See (*?> *»).

MgCrO4JH2O, Magnesium chromate (12), Bi, No 0.436 8.13 0.08 0.546 6.74 0.07 0.579 5.59 0.06 CaS2O6.4H2O, Calcium dithionate («), Uni, No, 2O0C 0.5461 2.74 0.05 0.5893 2.10 0.04 If 0.4047 < X < 0.7188, k » 0.702, Xj « 0.0133, A = 2%

of k SrS2O6.4H2O, Strontium dithionate (19), Uni, No, 2O0C 0.5461 3.27 0.03 0,5893 2.78 0.03 If 0.4047 < X < 0.6868, k « 0.894, X* « 0.025, A « 1%

of k Sr(CHO2)2.2H2O, Strontium formate (12), Bi, No 0.436 2.0 0.2 0.546 1.0 0.1 0.579 0.75 0.08 Ba(MoO4)2C4H6O5.2H2O, Barium molybdomalate O 2 ), Bi, Yes 0.436 78.3 0.8 0.546 41.5 0.4 0.579 33.96 0.34 0.5893 31.68 0.32

NaClO3, Sodium chlorate* (8> 21, 26) ? iSO) N 0j 2O0C X

0/1

A

0.5461 3.69 0.02 0.5893 3.16 0.01 If 0.3184 < X < 0.7188, k = 1.078, Xu = 0.0062, A = 0.5% of k *(0/l)t Guye (8) t < 310C Sohncke 160C < t 0.5893.

- (0/I)0 J l + #(10)-*}; found ß = 59 ± 1 if O0C < and 0.3821 < X < 0.5893; ( 21 ) found ß = 61 ± 6 if < 1480C and 0.4862 < X <

NaBrO3, Sodium bromate (19, 22), Is0, No, 2O0C 0.4047 7.2 0.1 0.5461 2.62 0.02 0.5893 2.13 0.02 0.7188 1.39 0.04 If 0.4102 < X < 0.6867, k = 0.541, -A» = 0.092, A « 1% offe NaIO4.3H2O, Sodium periodate (7), Uni, No 0.4308 47.1 0.7 0.4862 34.2 0.2 0.5270 28.5 0.4 0.5893 23.3 0.1 0.6563 19.4 0.5 NaH2PO4.2H2O, Sodium dihydrogen phosphate (6), Bi, No O..5893 I 4.5 I 0.4 Na3SbS4.9H2O, Sodium sulfantimoniate (16), Iso, No 0.556 I 2.7 I 0.3 NaNH4C4H4O6.4H2O, Sodium ammonium tartrate (6), Bi, Yes, ^-solutions —» ^-crystals 0.5893 I 1.55 I 0.15 NaUO2(C2H3O2)S, Sodium uranyl acetate (22) y ISo, No 0.5893 I 1.48 I 0.05 K2S2Oe, Potassium dithionate (is, i»), Uni, No, 2O0C 0.5461 9.67 0.05 0.5893 8.20 0.04 If 0.4047 < X < 0.7188, fe 2.664, X0 » 0.0225, A = 1 %

ofjfc K3Ir(C2O4)a.H2O, Potassium iridium trioxalate (i 5 ), Uni, Yes 0.579 I 12.0 I .0.6

and Streicher, 25, 46: 1577; 13. ( 1S44 ) Wöhler and Streicher, 85, 46: 1591; 13. (1544.5) Wörmann, 8, 18: 775; 05. (is«) Wohl, 7, 110: 166; 24. (1S46) Wohl, 9, 30: 36; 24. (1547) Wohl, 9, 30: 49; 24. (i*48) Wolff, 9, 20: 19; 14. (1549) Wolffenstein, 86, 27: 3307; 94. (isso) Wood, 4, 93: 411; 08. (issi) Wood, 4, 97: 878; 10. (i***) Worthing, 2t 10: 377; 17. ("M) Wourtzel, 34, 169: 1397; 19. (1S54) Wroblewski,

34, 94: 212; 82. (iss5) Wüst and Durrer, 414, No. 241; 21. (iss«) Wüst, Meuthen and Durrer, 84S, 39: 294; 19. 414, No. 204; 18. (iss?) Wuite, 7, 86: 349; 14. (i**«) Wuth, 80, SS: 2415; 02. (1559) Yoshida, 41, 48: 435; 27. (isso) Zavriev, 42, 7: 31; 09. (1*61) von Zawidzki, 86, 36:1427; 03. (*562) von Zawidzki, 25, 37: 153; 14. (1563) von Zawidzki, 25, 37: 2289; 14.

OPTICAL ROTATORY POWER OF SOLID CRYSTALS W. T. ASTBURY Optically active crystals exist in two enantiomorphous forms having equal and opposite rotatory powers for light of a given wave-length. No isotropie substances (cubic crystals) exhibit optical rotation when in solution, but some do when in crystal form. Rotatory power = 6/1 where B is the angle through which the plane of polarization is rotated while plane polarized light is passing a distance I through the crystal in the direction of an optic axis. In some cases the variation of 6/1 with the wavelength (X) can be represented by an empirical Drude equation 6/1 = k/ (X2 - Xj). Temperature is stated whenever it is given in the published paper, in other cases it is presumably room temperature. t[T] = centigrade (0C) [absolute (0K)] temperature. Iso = isotropie (cubic crystal), Uni = uniaxial, Bi = biaxial, d_ p_] = dextro- [levo-] rotatory. " d-solutions —» Z-crystals " means that levorotatory crystals form from a solution which is dextrorotatory. Yes [No] means that solutions of the substance are [are not] active. A — accuracy; example: For HIOg, X = 0.436, 6/1 = (74.5 ± 0.7) degrees per mm. »-TABLE, STANDARD ARRANGEMENT

NiSO4JH2O, Nickel sulfate (12), Bi, No X e/I A 0.546 6.30 0.31 0.579 6.10 0.30 (MoO4I2C4H6O5(NH4MH2O, Ammonium molybdomalate (12), Bi, Yes, d-solutions —» Z-crystals 0.436 72.87 0.73 0.4 0.546 37.2 0.579 32.3 0.3 0.5893 30.8 0.3 MgSO4.7H2O, Magnesium sulfate (12), Bi, No 0.436 3.18 0.03 0.546 2.30 0.02 0.579 1.98 0.02

Unit of 6/1 and of A = 1° per mm; of X = I^ = IO4 A = 10~4 cm HIO3 Iodic acid (12), Bi, No, dimorphous, both forms are orthorhombic bisphenoidal; prism angle of specimen » 86°23'

x

e/i

A

0.436 0.546 0.579

74.5 58.7 50.5

0.7 0.6 0.5

N2H41H2SO4, Hydrazine sulfate (12), Bi, No 0.436 4.00 0.08 0.546 3.05 0.06 0.579 2.80 0.06

ZnSO4JH2O, Zinc sulfate (12), Bi, No

e/i

x

0.436 0.546 0.579

I

4.05 2.72 2.41

A

0.08 0.05 0.04

Zn(C4H6O5) 2.2H2O, Zinc malate (25)7 Uni, Yes, Z-crystals~»Z-solutions 0.5893 I 3.0 I 0.2

C-Compounds, v. p. 354 SiO2, v. Vol. VI, p. 342 PbS2O6^H2O, Lead dithionate (18, 19), Uni, No, 2O0C 0.5461 6.57 0.03 0.5893 5.46 0.03 If 0.4047
HgS, Cinnabar* (", «), Uni, No, 2O0C 0.5893 560 10 0.6022 480 8 0.7188 140 5 If 0.6103 < X < 0.6870, k « 33.65, Xj =0.2915, A » 1% ofA; * For X « 0.6438, (0/I)T « 237.5X (1.00421 - 0.00056r + 0.00000355 !P), A = 0.5%, 870K < T < 2770K; and (0/1)t « 264(1 +0.001«), A = 1 %, 40C < t < 220C. For X « 0.6708,« = -184.50C, 0/1 = 190 ± 1; for X = 0.5893, t = -187.40C, 0/1 =* 142 ± 1. See (*?> *»).

MgCrO4JH2O, Magnesium chromate (12), Bi, No 0.436 8.13 0.08 0.546 6.74 0.07 0.579 5.59 0.06 CaS2O6.4H2O, Calcium dithionate («), Uni, No, 2O0C 0.5461 2.74 0.05 0.5893 2.10 0.04 If 0.4047 < X < 0.7188, k » 0.702, Xj « 0.0133, A = 2%

of k SrS2O6.4H2O, Strontium dithionate (19), Uni, No, 2O0C 0.5461 3.27 0.03 0,5893 2.78 0.03 If 0.4047 < X < 0.6868, k « 0.894, X* « 0.025, A « 1%

of k Sr(CHO2)2.2H2O, Strontium formate (12), Bi, No 0.436 2.0 0.2 0.546 1.0 0.1 0.579 0.75 0.08 Ba(MoO4)2C4H6O5.2H2O, Barium molybdomalate O 2 ), Bi, Yes 0.436 78.3 0.8 0.546 41.5 0.4 0.579 33.96 0.34 0.5893 31.68 0.32

NaClO3, Sodium chlorate* (8> 21, 26) ? iSO) N 0j 2O0C X

0/1

A

0.5461 3.69 0.02 0.5893 3.16 0.01 If 0.3184 < X < 0.7188, k = 1.078, Xu = 0.0062, A = 0.5% of k *(0/l)t Guye (8) t < 310C Sohncke 160C < t 0.5893.

- (0/I)0 J l + #(10)-*}; found ß = 59 ± 1 if O0C < and 0.3821 < X < 0.5893; ( 21 ) found ß = 61 ± 6 if < 1480C and 0.4862 < X <

NaBrO3, Sodium bromate (19, 22), Is0, No, 2O0C 0.4047 7.2 0.1 0.5461 2.62 0.02 0.5893 2.13 0.02 0.7188 1.39 0.04 If 0.4102 < X < 0.6867, k = 0.541, -A» = 0.092, A « 1% offe NaIO4.3H2O, Sodium periodate (7), Uni, No 0.4308 47.1 0.7 0.4862 34.2 0.2 0.5270 28.5 0.4 0.5893 23.3 0.1 0.6563 19.4 0.5 NaH2PO4.2H2O, Sodium dihydrogen phosphate (6), Bi, No O..5893 I 4.5 I 0.4 Na3SbS4.9H2O, Sodium sulfantimoniate (16), Iso, No 0.556 I 2.7 I 0.3 NaNH4C4H4O6.4H2O, Sodium ammonium tartrate (6), Bi, Yes, ^-solutions —» ^-crystals 0.5893 I 1.55 I 0.15 NaUO2(C2H3O2)S, Sodium uranyl acetate (22) y ISo, No 0.5893 I 1.48 I 0.05 K2S2Oe, Potassium dithionate (is, i»), Uni, No, 2O0C 0.5461 9.67 0.05 0.5893 8.20 0.04 If 0.4047 < X < 0.7188, fe 2.664, X0 » 0.0225, A = 1 %

ofjfc K3Ir(C2O4)a.H2O, Potassium iridium trioxalate (i 5 ), Uni, Yes 0.579 I 12.0 I .0.6

K3Rh(C2O4)S-H2O, Potassium rhodium trioxalate ( 14 ), Uni, Yes, solution has similar dispersion of rotation, but inversion is at X = 0.597 instead of 0.519

x

e/l

A

0.490 0.500 0.520 0.540 0.560 0.580 0.600 0.620 0.640 0.660 0.680 0.700

+5.1 +2.8 -1.0 -2.6 -4.8 -6.4 -7.4 -8.4 -8.9 -9.1 -8.8 -8.4

0.1 0.06 0.02 0.05 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

K4MOi2SiO4O-ISH2O, Potassium silicomolybdate ( 4 ), Uni, No 0.5893 I 17.2 I 0.3

K4Wi2SiO40.18H2O, Potassium silicotungstate (30), Uni, No

x

e/l

A

0.5893 14.4 0.2 LiKSO4, Lithium potassium sulfate (23), Uni, No 0.5893 I 3.5 I 0.2 K2SO4Xi2CrO4, Potassium lithium sulfochromate (23), Uni, No 0.5893 I 1.9 I 0.2 KNaC4H4O6.4H2O, Rochelle salt (6), Bi, Yes, ^-solutions —> ^-crystals 0.5893 I 1.35 I 0.15 Rb2C4H4O6, Rubidium tartrate (24, 29), Uni, Yes, d-solutions —» /-crystals 0.5893 I 10.4 I 0.2 Cs2C4H4O6, Cesium tartrate (24), Uni, Yes, ^-solutions —» /-crystals 0.5893 I 17 I 3

C-TABLE, STANDARD ARRANGEMENT v. Vol. Ill, p. viii C4H4O e (NH4) 2, Ammonium (COONH4) 2.H2O, Ammonium tartrate (12), Bi, Yes oxalate («), Bi, No X

9/1

A

0.436 0.546 0.579

20.0 IS.7 12.0

0.4 0.3 0.2

C2H4(NH2^-H2SO4, Ethylenediamine sulfate C 11 ), Uni, No 0.5893 | 15.5 | 0.3

(CH5Ns)2-H2CO3, Guanidine carbonate ( 2 ), Uni, No 0.5351 17.1 0.2 0.5893 14.6 0.3 0.6708 12.6 I 0.1

C4H4O6, Tartaric acid (13), Bi, Yes, d-solutions (aqueous) —> /-crystals 0.436 24.0 0.2 0.546 13.0 0.1 0.589 10.7 0.1 0.650 9.1 0.1 If 0.480 < X < 0.600, k = 2.80, Xp = 0.0839, A = 1 % of k

X

e/I

A

0.436 0.546 0.579 0.5893

16.0 14.0 8.9 8.8

0.3 0.3 0.2 0.2

C 4 H 4 O 6 (SbO)NH 44 H 2 O, Ammonium antimonyl tartrate (27), Bi, Yes 0.491 24.9 0.6 0.536 18.5 0.4 0.570 16.8 0.4 0.620 13.9 0.3 C4H8N2O3.H2O, Asparagine (12), Bi, Yes, /-solutions —> /-crystals

0.436 0.546 0.579 0.5893

9.7 7.2 6.2 5.9

0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1

C6H12O6, Quercitol (l O)1 Bi, Yes "Weak" axis 0.5461 4.5 0.2 0.5893 3.7 0.2 If 0.4862 < X < 0.6868, k = 1.04, \l = 0.067, A = 4% of k "Strong" axis 6.4 0.4 0.5270 0.5550 5.9 0.3 0.5893 4.6 0.3 0.6563 3.9 0.3

CrHi4O6, c/-Methyl-a-glucoside (6), Bi, Yes, d-solution —» dcrystals X e/l A 0.5893 4.4 0.3

CigH22O2, Anisalcamphor (12), Bi, Yes, d-solutions —> /-crystals X e/l A 0.436 82.0 0.8 0.546 44.0 0.4 0.579 38.0 0.4 0.5893 36.2 0.4

CioHieO, Camphor (common, Laurus) (20), Uni, Yes 0.4308 1.82 0.02 0.5893 0.65 0.01 0.6868 0.46 0.01

C20H23NO4, d-Corydine (1), Uni, Yes 0.5351 14.6 0.2 0.5893 13.2 0.2 0.6708 10.5 0.2

Ci2H2QO, Matico camphor (», 24), Uni, Yes 0.5351 2.47 0.05 0.5893 1.98 0.06 0.6708 1.68 0.05

C14Hi0O2, Benzil (5), Uni, No 0.5893 I 25.0 | 0.3

Ci6H26O, Patchouli camphor (24), Uni, Yes. All crystals seen were levo 0.5893 I 1.33 I 0.02

Ci7H2oO, Benzylidenecamphor (12), Bi, Yes, ^-solutions —> ^-crystals

0.436 0.546 0.579 0.5893

20.2 10.0 8.6 8.18

0.4 0.2 0.2 0.16

C24Hi8O6, Diacetylphenolphthalein (3), Uni, No 0.5351 23.8 0.2 0.5893 19.8 0.1 0.6708 17.1 0.2 (C19H24N20)2.H2S04.11H20, Hydrocinchonine sulfate (31), Uni, Yes, all crystals are dextro 0.1 0.5893 I 12.8 (C2iH22N2O2)2.H2SO4.6H2O, Strychnine sulfate (22, 3l), Uni, Yes, /-crystals—» /-solutions 0.5893 13.25 (?) 0.5893 10.9 (?) (Ci9H24N2O)2(SbO)2C4H4O6.5H2O, Cinchonine antimonyl tartrate (25), Uni, Yes, d-solution —* ^-crystals 0.5893 I 9.8 I 0.1 (Ci9H22N2O)2.C4H6O4.6H2O, Apocinchonine succinate (28), Uni, Yes 0.5893 I 3.5 I 0.5

LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) C 1 ) Blass, 94, 48: 20; 11. (2) Bodewig, 8, 157: 122; 76. (3) Bodewig, 94, 1: 72; 77. ( 4 ) Copaux, 6, 7: 118; 06. ( 5 J Des Cloizeaux, 34, 68: 308; 69. 70: 1209; 70. ( 6 ) Dufet, 51, 3: 757; 04. (7) Groth, 8, 137: 433; 69. («) Guye, Î49, 22: 130; 89. (9) Hintze, 8, 157: 127; 76. (10) Karandyeev, 134, 9: 1285; 15. C11) von Lang, 75, 65 II: 30; 72. (") Longchambon, 191, 45: 161; 22. 34, 172: 1187; 21. 173: 89; 21. 175: 174; 22. Thesis, Paris, 1923. (13) Longchambon, 84, 178: 951; 24. (14) Longchambon, 34, 178: 1828; 24. (l5) Longchambon, Univ. Nancy, O. ( l 6 ) Marbach, 8, 99: 451; 56. (*7) Molby, 2, 31: 291; 10. ( 1 ^) Pape, 8, 139: 224; 70. («) Rose, 19OB, 29: 53; 10. ( 20 ) von Seherr-Thoss, in Traube, 94, 23: 577; 94. (21) Sohncke, 8, 3: 516; 78. (22) Traube, BS, 2nd ed., 1894; p. 459, 460. (23) Traube, 190, 1: 171; 94. (24) Traube, 76, 1895: 195. (25) Traube, 190B, 11: 623; 97. (26) Voigt, es, 9: 585; 08. (27) Wallerant, 34, 158: 91; 14. (28) Wyrouboff, 6, 1: 5; 94. ( 2 ^) Wyrouboff, 61, 3: 451; 94. (30) Wyrouboff, 191, 19: 219; 96. ( 3 I) Wyrouboff, 191, 24: 76; 01.

OPTICAL ROTATORY POWER OF LIQUIDS AND SOLUTIONS1 THOMAS MARTIN LOWRY ARRANGEMENT

ARRANGEMENT

Arrangement is by classes defined as follows:

Arrangement par classes, définies comme suit:

Carbon Compounds* I. None of the asymmetric carbon atoms forms part of a ring. II. At least one asymmetric carbon atom forms part of a ring. III. The compound contains no asymmetric carbon atom or contains at least one asymmetric or dissymmetric atom other than carbon. IV. Substances of unknown, doubtful or complex structure. Classes I to IV are subdivided according to the number and nature of the asymmetric atoms as follows: An, The molecule contains n asymmetric atoms which are attached each to only one other carbon atom. Bn The molecule contains n asymmetric atoms which are attached each to two other carbon atoms. Cn The molecule contains n asymmetric atoms which are attached each to three other carbon atoms. Dn The molecule contains n asymmetric atoms which are attached each to four other carbon atoms. For substances which fall within two or more of the above subdivisions the higher (in the order D, C, B, A) division receives preference in deciding the arrangement. Within a subdivision the arrangement is in accordance with the value of n in the order 1, 2, 3, etc. SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS Temperature in degrees centigrade (0Q* Wave length of light expressed in Angstrom units, i.e., in tenths of a millimicron (HOMM) unless otherwise indicated. D A wave length of 5893 A. a\ Observed rotation at the given values for L [«] x Specific rotation at the given values for t. [M]x Molecular rotation at the given values for t( = M X Hx/ 100). C Concentration in grams per 100 cm3 of solution. % Concentration in grams per 100 grams of solution ( = Wt. %). (Values in italics.) d di = density at the given value for t referred to water at 40C, unless otherwise indicated. 2% NaOH (etc.) 2% of solution of NaOH in water. 2% NaOH MeOH 2% of solution of NaOH in methyl alcohol. M Moles. AT NaOH Normal aqueous solution of NaOH ( = 1 equivalent/ liter). t X

A Ac Bu En Et

= s = = =

The acid radical under which it is used. (CH3CO) Acetyl. (C3H7) Butyl. (C2HsN2) «, /3-Ethylenediamine. (C2H5) Ethyl.

Composés du carbone I. Aucun des atomes de carbone asymétriques ne fait partie d'une chaîne cyclique. II. Un atome de carbone asymétrique au moins fait partie d'une chaîne cyclique. III. Le composé ne contient aucun atome de carbone ou contient au moins un atome asymétrique ou dyssymétrique autre que carbone. IV. Substances de structure inconnue, douteuse ou complexe. Les classes I—IV sont subdivisées comme suit, en accord avec le nombre et la nature des atomes asymétriques: An La molécule contient n atomes asymétriques, chacun de ceux-ci étant seulement relié à un autre atome de carbone. Bn La molécule contient n atomes asymétriques, chacun de ceux-ci étant relié à deux autres atomes de carbone. Cn La molécule contient n atomes asymétriques, chacun de ceux-ci étant relié à trois autres atomes de carbone. Dn La molécule contient n atomes asymétriques, chacun de ceux-ci étant relié à quatre autres atomes de carbone. Lorsqu'une substance est comprise dans deux ou plusieurs subdivisions ci-dessus, on donnera la préférence à la division supérieure (dans l'ordre D, C, B, A) pour décider de l'arrangement. Dans une subdivision, l'arrangement est réalisé en accord avec les valeurs de n, dans l'ordre 1, 2, 3, etc. SYMBOLES ET ABRÉVIATIONS t Température en degrés centigrades (0C). X Longueur d'onde de la lumière exprimée en unités Angstrom, i.e., en dixièmes de millimicron (K OMM) à moins d'une autre indication. D Une longueur d'onde de 5893 À. o^ Rotation observée pour les valeurs données de t. [a]x Rotation spécifique pour les valeurs données de t. [M]x Rotation moléculaire pour les valeurs données de t( = M X

M!/ioo).

Concentration en grammes pour 100 cm3 de solution. Concentration en grammes pour 100 grammes de solution (= Pds. %). (Valeurs en italique.) d dl = densité pour la valeur donnée de t par rapport à l'eau à 40C, à moins d'une autre indication. 2% NaOH (etc.) Solution de NaOH dans l'eau, à 2%. 2% NaOH MeOH Solution à 2% de NaOH dans l'alcool méthylique. M Molécule-gramme ou mole. N NaOH Solution aqueuse normale de NaOH ( = 1 équivalent/ litre). C %

Symbols for Solvents Me = (CH3) Methyl. Ph = (C6H5) Phenyl. Pn = (C3Hi0N2) a, ß-Propylenediamine. Py s (C5H5N) Pyridine. Tr ss (C3Hi0N2) a, y-Diaminopropane.

1 This section includes data and bibliography to January 1, 1924. * Sugars and their derivatives (see also Vol. II, p. 334, 353) are classed as open chain compounds. In general, derivatives are listed under the parent compound, even when they contain additional asymmetric atoms.

ANORDNUNG Die Anordnung erfolgt nach Klassen, die folgendermassen bestimmt sind: Kohlenstoffverbindungen I. Keines der asymmetrische Kohlenstoffatome bildet einen Teil eines Ringes. II. Wenigstens ein asymmetrisches Kohlenstoffatom bildet einen Teil eines Ringes. III. Die Verbindung enthält kein asymmetrisches Kohlenstoffatom oder enthält wenigstens ein asymmetrisches oder dissymmetrisches Atom von anderer Natur als Kohlenstoff. IV. Stoffe unbekannter, zweifelhafter oder komplexer Struktur. Die Klassen I-IV werden weiter geteilt nach der Zahl und Natur der asymmetrischen Atome wie folgt: A» Das Molekül enthält n asymmetrische Atome, von denen jedes an nur ein anderes Kohlenstoffatom gebunden ist. Bn Das Molekül enthält n asymmetrische Atome, von denen jedes an zwei andere Kohlenstoffatome gebunden ist. Cn Das Molekül enthält n asymmetrische Atome, von denen jedes an drei andere Kohlenstoff atome gebunden ist. Dn Das Molekül enthält n asymmetrische Atome, von denen jedes an vier andere Kohlenstoff atome gebunden ist. Für Stoffe die in zwei oder mehr der obigen Unterabteilungen fallen, erhält die höhere Abteilung (in der Reihenfolge D, C, B, A) bei der Entscheidung der Anordnung den Vorzug. Innerhalb einer Unterabteilung erfolgt die Anordnung entsprechend dem Werte von n in der Reihenfolge l, 2, 3, usw. ZEICHEN UND ABKÜRZUNGEN t Temperatur in Celsiusgraden (0C). X Lichtwellenlänge ausgedrückt in Ängstrom Einheiten, d.h., in Zehnteln eines Millimikrons (KoA1A1)) wenn nicht anders angegeben. D Wellenlänge 5893 A. a£ Beobachtete Drehung bei den gegebenen Werten für t. MX Spezifische Drehung bei den gegebenen Werten für f. [M]£ Molekulare Drehung bei den gegebenen Werten für t( = M X Mj/100). C Konzentration in Gramm pro 100 cm3 Lösung. % Konzentration in Gramm pro 100 Gramm Lösung ( = Gew. %). (Werte in Kursivschrift.) d dl = Dichte bei dem gegebenen Wert für t (bezogen auf Wasser bei 40C, wenn nicht anders angegeben). 2% NaOH (usw.) 2%-ige Lösung von NaOH in Wasser. 2% NaOH MeOH 2%-ige Lösung von NaOH in Methylalkohol. M Mole N NaOH Normale wässerige Lösung von NaOH ( = l Äquivalent/Liter).

DISPOSIZIONE La disposizione è fatta secondo classi definite come segue: Composti del carbonio I. Nessuno degli atomi di carbonio asimmetrici fa parte di un anello. II. Almeno un atomo di carbonio asimmetrico fa parte di un anello. III. Il composto contiene nessuno atomo asimmetrico di carbonio o contiene almeno un atomo asimmetrico o dissimmetrico diverso dal carbonio. IV. Sostanze di struttura sconosciuta, incerta o complessa. Le classi I-IV sono suddivise secondo il numero e la natura degli atomi asimmetrici nella maniera seguente: An La molecola contiene n atomi asimmetrici i quali sono attaccati ciascuno a un altro atomo di carbonio soltanto. Bn La molecola contiene n atomi asimmetrici i quali sono attaccati ciascuno a due altri atomi di carbonio. Cn La molecola contiene n atomi asimmetrici i quali sono attaccati ciascuno a tre altri atomi di carbonio. Dn La molecola contiene n atomi asimmetrici che sono attaccati ciascuno a quattro atomi di carbonio. Per le sostanze che rientrano in due o più delle suddivisioni indicate, la divisione più alta (nell'ordine D, C, B, A) ha la preferenza nel decidere la disposizione. Entro ciascuna suddivisione la disposizione è d'accordo con il valore di n nell'ordine 1, 2, 3, ecc. SIMBOLI ED ABBREVIAZIONI Temperatura in gradi centigradi (0C). Lunghezza d'onda della luce espressa in unità Angstrom, i.e., in decimi di millimicron (KoA4A*) tranne che non sia altrimenti indicato. D Una lunghezza d'onda di 5893 A. aj^ Rotazione osservata ai valori di t indicati. [a]£ Rotazione specifica ai valori di t indicati. [M]x Rotazione molecolare ai valori dati per t ( = M X Mx/100). C Concentrazione in grammi per 100 cm3 di soluzione. % Concentrazione in grammi per 100 grammi di soluzione (= % in peso). (Valori scritti in caratteri italici.) d di = densità al valore di t indicato, riferita all'acqua a 40C salvo che non sia indicato altrimenti. 2% NaOH (ecc.) 2% di soluzione di NaOH in acqua. 2% NaOH MeOH 2% di soluzione di NaOH in alcool metilico. M Moli. N NaOH Soluzione acquosa normale di NaOH ( = 1 equivalente/ litro).

t X

CONTENTS Class I. Organic Substances, the Asymmetric Carbon Atoms of Which Do Not Form Part of a Ring

PAGE

/Bi. The molecule contains one asymmetric atom attached to two other carbon atoms.

Simple halides Alcohols. Monohydroxy alcohols, thiols and their esters* Keto alcohols Polyhydroxy alcohols and derivatives Amines. Monoamines. sec.-Butylamine and derivatives* a-Phenylethylamine and derivatives*

360 360 362 362 363 363

* For further data on these compounds at various temperatures, with other wave lengths, and in various solvents, see the forthcoming article by Professor Lowry, Miscellaneous Publications, Bureau of Standards, No. 118, 1931.

CONTENTS.—(Continued) Simple dicarboxylic acids. Pentahydric and hexahydric alcohols. Mannitol and derivatives 388 Phenylsuccinic acid and derivatives 368 Esters of various acids 369 Dulcitol 388 Sorbitol, sorbieritol and other isomerides of mannitol 388 Monohalogenodicarboxylic acids 369 Sugars containing 6 carbon atoms. Monohydroxydicarboxylic acids. Methylpentoses: Rhamnose and derivatives 388 369 Malic acid and derivatives Fucose and other methylpentoses 389 Esters of malic acid 370 Ketoses: Fructose and derivatives 389 Esters of nitromalic acid 370 Sorbose and other ketoses 389 Esters of acylmalic acids 370 Glucose : Alkyl and alkylidene derivatives 389 Monoamides of malic acid 371 Acyl derivatives of glucose 390 Diamides of malic acid 371 Imides of malic acid 372 Methylglucosides 390 Other aliphatic glucosides (including glucosides of Methoxysuccinic acid and derivatives 372 geraniol and cholesterol) 391 Other alkyloxysuccinic acids and derivatives 373 Aromatic and hydroaromatic glucosides (with some Sulfur derivatives of malic acid 373 glucosides of unknown structure) 392 Other monohydroxydicarboxylic acids 374 Heterocyclic glucosides 393 Monoaminomonocarboxylic acids. Nitrogen derivatives of glucose. Derivatives of glycine 374 Oxime, osazone, etc 393 Alanine and derivatives* 374 Serine and isoserine and derivatives 374 Glucosamine, epiglucosamine and derivatives 393 Cystine and cysteine and derivatives 374 Glucosanilide, etc 394 Aminobutyric acid and derivatives 375 Mannose and derivatives 394 Nitrogen derivatives of mannose 395 Valine, its isomers and derivatives 375 Galactose and alkyl, alkylidene and acyl derivatives.. 395 n-Leucine and derivatives 375 Galactosides 395 d- and Z-Leucine and derivatives* 375 Nitrogen derivatives of galactose 396 Other homologues of glycine 375 Other hexoses 396 Arginine and histidine 375 Sugar acids containing 6 carbon atoms. Tryptophane 376 Acids derived from methylpentoses 396 Pheny!glycine and derivatives 376 Gluconic acid and related compounds 396 Phenylalanine and derivatives 376 Galactonic acid 397 Tyrosine and derivatives* 376 Diaminomonocarboxylic acids 377 Isomers of gluconic and galactonic acids 397 Glucuronic acid and isomers 397 Monoaminodicarboxylic acids. 377 Saccharic and saccharinic acids and isomers 398 Aspartic acid and derivatives* Amino acids 398 Glutamic acid and derivatives* 377 Sugars, etc., containing 7 carbon atoms. Polypeptides 377 Acids with 7 carbon atoms 398 IBi. The molecule contains two asymmetric carbon atoms which Sugars with 7 carbon atoms and derivatives 398 are attached each to two other carbon atoms. Heptahydric alcohols 398 Alcohols and amines. Sugars, etc., containing 8 carbon atoms 399 Polyhydric alcohols 380 Sugars, etc., containing 9 carbon atoms 399 Hydroxyamines 380 Sugars, etc., containing 10 carbon atoms 399 Diamines 380 Sugars, etc., containing 12 carbon atoms. Carboxylic acids. 399 Derivatives of saccharose Dihalogeno mono- and dicarboxylic acids 380 Lactal, lactose and derivatives 399 Dihydroxydicarboxylic acids. Maltose and derivatives (including amygdalin) 399 381 Tartaric acid, its salts and esters* Cellose, cellobial, cellobiose and derivatives 400 Amides of tartaric acid 381 Gentiobiose and derivatives 400 Imides of tartaric acid 382 Other disaccharides and polysaccharides 400 Diacetyltartaric acids and derivatives* 382 Halogenoacetyltartrates 383 ICi. The molecule contains one asymmetric atom attached to Mono- and dibenzoyl tartaric acids and derivatives*. . 383 three other carbon atoms. Nitrotartaric acid and derivatives 384 Hydrocarbons and their halogen derivatives 401 Dimethoxysuccinic acid and derivatives 384 Alcohols and their derivatives. Diethoxysuccinic acid and derivatives 385 Amyl alcohol and derivatives, homologues and esters.... 402 Other hydroxyl substituted derivatives of tartaric acid 385 Linalool and citronellol* 402 Sulfur derivatives of tartaric acid 385 Other alcohols and derivatives 402 Other hydroxycarboxylic acids and derivatives 385 Amines and hydrazines 402 Carbohydrates and related compounds. Ketones and aldehydes and their condensation products 402 Sugars containing 5 carbon atoms. Acids and derivatives. 386 Methyltetroses Isovaleric acid and its homologues 403 Arabinose and derivatives 386 Aromatic acids 403 Xylose and derivatives 387 Hydroxy acids 403 Other pentoses 387 Amino acids 404 Acids derived from pentoses 387 Dicarboxylic and tricarboxylic acids 404 * For further data on these compounds at various temperatures, with other wave lengths, and in various solvents, see the forthcoming article by Professor Lowry, Miscellaneous Publications, Bureau of Standards, No. 118, 1931.

CONTENTS.—(Continued) ID. The molecule contains one asymmetric atom attached to four Carboxylic acids. Monocarboxylic acids. other carbon atoms. Campholytic, campholenic and fencholenic acid Acids and derivatives. (mainly 5-atom rings) Derivatives of acetic, malonic and camphoronic acids. 405 Tetrahydrotoluic acids and homologues (6-atom rings) Other cyclic monocarboxylic acids Class u. Organic Substances, at Least One Asymmetric Carbon Oxy and hydroxy acids Atom of Which Forms Part of a Ring Ketonic acids. HB. The molecule contains asymmetric atoms attached to two Four-atom rings other carbon atoms. Five-atom rings. Oxygen compounds. Six-atom rings (including hydrindone) Monohydric alcohols. Dicarboxylic acids. Tetrahydronaphthol and derivatives* 405 Three-atom rings Polyhydric alcohols. Four-atom rings Quercitol and derivatives : 405 Five-atom rings Derivatives of furane 406 Six-atom rings Carboxylic acids. Tricarboxylic acids Di- and tetrahydronaphthoic acid 406 Amines. Other carboxylic acids 406 Monoamines Amines. Diamines. Monobasic amines: Nitrogen in side chain. Sparteine, its derivatives and isomers Tetrahydronaphthylamine and derivatives 406 Amino acids. Other monobasic amines 406 Pilocarpine and related compounds including pilosine, Monobasic amines: Nitrogen in ring. anhydropilosine and pilosinine Derivatives of piperidine (including coniine) 406 Other cyclic amino acids (nitrogen in ring) Tetrahydroquinaldine and derivatives* 407 UCB. The molecule contains two or more asymmetric atoms Polybasic amines. attached respectively to two and three other carbon atoms. Nicotine and derivatives* 408 Hydrocarbons and halides Other polybasic amines 408 Alcohols. Amino acids. Monohydric alcohols. 408 Proline and derivatives Cyclic alcohols not derived directly from terpenes.... Other cyclic amino acids 409 Terpene alcohols including menthol, homologues and derivatives HC. The molecule contains asymmetric atoms attached each to Ethers of menthol three other carbon atoms. Esters of menthol, allomenthol and carvomenthol*.. . Hydrocarbons. Homologues of menthol and their esters Monocyclic hydrocarbons. Polyhydric alcohols Hydrocarbons not related directly to menthane 409 Menthane and hydrocarbon derivatives, excluding Ketones Carboxylic acids. natural terpenes 409 Hydroxy acids (including those derived from menthol) Limonene and derivatives* 410 and their esters Sylvestrene, phellandrene and other monocyclic Amines. terpenes 410 Monoamines. Dicyclic hydrocarbons. Monoamines excluding menthylamine 411 Pinene and pinolene Menthylamine, its salts and acyl derivatives* Camphene and bornylene 411 JV-Menthyl carbamates* Fenchene and other dicyclic terpenes 411 Menthylcarbimide and carbamides Sesquiterpenes 411 Menthylbenzamidines Alcohols. Diamines Monohydric alcohols. Amino acids. Alcohols not derived directly from terpenes 411 Alcohols derived from menthol 412 Ecgonine = tropinecarboxylic acid Cocaine = methylbenzoylecgonine Terpene alcohols* 412 Hydrastine Dihydric alcohols 412 Hyoscyamine = isomer of atropine* Polyhydric alcohols 412 UD. The molecule contains an asymmetric atom forming part Ketones. of a ring and attached to four other carbon atoms. Ketones not derived directly from terpenes. Acids Cyclopentanones 412 Cyclohexanones 412 HDB. The molecule contains two or more asymmetric atoms Other ketones not derived directly from terpenes. .. . 413 attached respectively to two and four other carbon atoms. Ketones derived from terpenes. Acids 413 Carvone and derivatives Amino acids Carvoxime and derivatives 413 HDC. The molecule contains two or more asymmetric atoms attached respectively to three and four other carbon atoms. Menthone and derivatives* 414 Hydrocarbons and their halogen and nitrogen derivatives. Other ketones of the terpene series 415

415 416 416 417 417 417 417 418 418 418 418 418 418 419 419 420 420 420 420 421 421 428 428 428 428 428 429 430 430 431 431 431 432 432 432 432 433 433 433

* For further data on these compounds at various temperatures, with other wave lengths, and in various solvents, see the forthcoming article by Professor Lowry, Miscellaneous Publications, Bureau of Standards, No. 118, 1931.

CONTENTS.—(Continued) IIDCB. The molecule contains three or more asymmetric Alcohols. atoms attached respectively to two, three and four other carbon Monohydric alcohols other than borneol 434 atoms. Dihydric alcohols and other dihydroxy compounds 434 Hydrocarbons and halogen derivatives 453 Aldehydes and ketones. Alcohols. Aldehydes and ketones not related directly to terpenes.. 434 Monohydric alcohols. Fenchone and derivatives 435 453 Fenchyl alcohol and derivatives* Thujone and derivatives 435 Thujyl alcohol and derivatives 454 Epicamphor and derivatives 435 Borneol with alkyl and alkylidene derivatives and Camphor and derivatives.* ethers* 454 Camphor and hydroxy, alkyl and alkylidene derivatives* 435 Borneol esters and carboxylates* 454 !mines, oximes and hydrazones of camphor, etc 437 Glycols 456 Halogen derivatives of camphor, methylcamphor and Carboxylic acids 456 Amines. benzylcamphor* 437 Monoamines. Nitro derivatives of camphor* 438 Fenchylamine, thuj ylamine and derivatives 456 Cyano derivatives of camphor and of alkylcamphors.. 438 Bornylamine with alkyl and alkylidene derivatives*.. . 456 Sulfur derivatives of camphor. Acyl derivatives of bornylamine 457 Sulfides, suif oxides, etc 439 Bornylcarbimide, carbamide and other derivatives of 0-Sulfonic derivatives of camphor, methylcamphor, dibasic acids* 458 a-chlorocamphor, a-bromoeamphor and a, a'-dibromocamphor* 439 TT-Sulfonic derivatives of camphor, a-chlorocamphor Class III. Compounds Containing No Asymmetric Carbon Atom and a-bromocamphor* 440 or Containing an Asymmetric or Dissymmetric Atom of a-Diketones and derivatives. Some Other Element* Camphorquinone oximes, including isonitrosocamphor* 441 Camphorquinone hydrazones 441 Centro-asymmetric carbon compounds. Cyelohexylideneaeetic acid 458 Cyclic derivatives of Camphorquinone 442 Nitrogen derivatives (oximes, etc.) 459 Camphorquinone semicarbazones 442 Derivatives of diphenic acid 459 ß-Diketones and enolic isomerides 442 Quinquevalent nitrogen compounds* 459 Carboxylic acids. Phosphorus compounds* 461 Monocarboxylic acids. Sulfur or selenuim compounds 461 Fencholic and campholic acids and derivatives* 443 Silicon compounds 461 Other monocarboxylic acids 443 Salts of dibenzylpropylethylsilicanemonosulfonic acid. . . . 461 Ketonic acids. Derivatives of cyclopentanone and cyclopentanol 444 Camphorcarboxylic acid and isomers, homologues and Class IV. Substances of Unknown, Doubtful or Complex Structure derivatives* 444 461 Hydrocarbons and their simple derivatives Other ketonic acids, including their nitriles and derivaAlcohols, esters and ethers 462 tives of enol forms 445 Cholesterol and derivatives 463 Dicarboxylic acids. Phytosterol and derivatives 463 446 Thujadicarboxylic acid and derivatives Sitosterol, coprosterol and derivatives 464 Fenehocamphorie acid and derivatives 446 Withaniol, lippianol, fungisterin, laserpitin, bombicesterol, Camphoric acid and camphorates* 446 taraxasterol, ipuranol and derivatives 464 Camphorimide, camphoramide and camphoramic acid a-Elaterin, anthesterol and derivatives 464 and derivatives 447 Ledum camphor, micromeritol, amyrin, cedrol, faradici and Camphoryloxime, hydrazide, etc 449 derivatives 464 Homocamphoric acid and esters 449 Other alcohols and their derivatives 465 Other dicarboxylic acids 449 Aldehydes and ketones 465 Amines and imines. Carboxylic acids. Monoamines and hydroxyamines 449 Picrotoxinonic and picrotinic acids and derivatives 465 Ketoamines and imines. Santonin and related compounds 466 Iminocamphor and derivatives 449 Other carboxy compounds 466 Derivatives of aminocamphor 450 Nitrogen compounds, mainly alkaloids. Anilinocamphor and derivatives 451 Morphine and related compounds 467 Camphorylcarbamide, carbimide and carbamic acid Codeine, thebaine and related compounds 468 with isomers and derivatives 451 Cinchonine, cinchonidine and their derivatives* 469 Camphorylsemicarbazide, isomers and derivatives. .. . 452 Quinine and isomerides and their derivatives* 471 Amino derivatives of epicamphor 453 Strychnine, its isomerides and derivatives 473 Amino derivatives of methylenecamphor and benzyliBrucine and its derivatives* 473 denecamphor 453 Other alkaloids, their derivatives and other substances. . . . 475 Amino acids 453 Literature 478 Compounds of phosphorus, arsenic and antimony 453 Index to Names 487 *For further data on these compounds at various temperatures, with other wave lengths, and in various solvents, see the forthcoming article by Professor Lowry, Miscellaneous Publications, Bureau of Standards, No. 118, 1931.

Class I. ORGANIC SUBSTANCES, THE ASYMMETRIC CARBON ATOMS OF WHICH DO NOT FORM PART OF A RING IB1. The Molecule Contains One Asymmetric Atom Attached to Two Other Carbon Atoms SIMPLE HALIDES |
Methyl Propyl Butyl Amyl Hexyl Heptyl Octyl Nonyl Decyl Undecyl Dodecyl Tridecyl Pentadecyl

13.87 1.97 8.13 8.22 7.38 6.68 6.25 5.97 6.23 5.87 5.53 5.11 4.77

Isopropyl carbinols, RC3H7CHOH (1305, 1620) C5H12O C6H14O C7H16O

Methyl Ethyl rc-Propyl

4.85 15.06 21.25

Isopropyl carbinols.—(Continued) R | [a]2D° n-Butyl 25.64 n-Amyl 22.84 n-Hexyl 21.46 tt-Octyl 18.55 n-Decyl 16.15 Other carbinols ( 16 24); cf. (1305) Formula | Name M2J C6H14O d-Methyl t e r t . - b u t y l 7 . 7 1 C8Hi0O d-Methyl phenyl 41.77 C9Hi2O Z-Ethyl phenyl -25.86 C9Hi2O d-Methyl benzyl 26.55 C10Hi4O Z-Methyl 0-phenylethyl -14.74 Ci2H12O Z-Methyl a-naphthyl -14.53 Ci7H22Q ^-ft-Hexyl a-naphthyl - 1.51 Ethers of d-Benzylmethyl carbinol, C7H7(CH3)CHOR (1617) Formula [ R | [g] ™ C14H22O n-Amyl 22.75 C15H24O n-Hexyl 22.83 C18H30O n-Nonyl 20.78 Methyl alkyl carbinyl esters (1623, 1625) d-ß-Butyl derivatives Formula j Ester | fcjff C5H10O2 Formate 18.74 C6H12O2 Acétate 25.43 C7Hi4O2 Propionate 23.85 C8Hi6O2 n-Butyrate 21.97 C9Hi8O2 n-Valerate 20.72 C10H20O2 n-Hexoate 18.66 C n H 22 O 2 n-Heptoate 17.37

Formula C8H18O C9H20O C10H22O C12H26O C14H30O

Formula Ci2H24O2 Ci3H26O2 Ci6H30O2 Ci6H32O2 Ci8H36O2 C20H40O2 C 22 H 44 O 2 C7Hi4O2 CgH 16O2 C9H18O2 Ci0H20O2 C17H34O2 C8Hi6O2 C9H18O2 C10H20O2 CnH22O2 Ci2H24O2 C13H26O2 CuH30O2 Ci7H34O2 Ci8H36O2 C20H40O2 C22H44O2 C24H48O2 C9Hi8O2 C10H20O2 CnH22O2 Ci2H24O2 C13H26O2 C14H28O2 C15H30O2 C16H32O2 C18H36O2 C19H38O2 C21H42O2 C23H46O2 C25H50O2 C9H18O2 C10H20O2 CnH22O2 Ci2H24O2 Ci3H26O2 Ci4H28O2 C15H30O2 C16H32O2 C17H34O2 C19H38O2 C20H40O2 C22H44O2 C24H48O2 C26H52O2 C11H22O2 C 2 iH 42 O 2 C 12 H 24 O 2 C 22 H 44 Q 2

d-ß-Butyl derivatives.—(Continued) | Ester ?i-Octoate n-Nonoate n-Undecoate n-Dodecoate n-Myristate Palmitate Stéarate d-ß-Amyl derivatives Acetate "" Propionate n-Butyrate n-Valerate n-Dodecoate d-ß-Hexyl derivatives Acetate " Propionate n-Butyrate n-Valerate n-Hexoate n-Heptoate n-Nonoate n-Undecoate n-Dodecoate n-Myristate Palmitate Stéarate d-ß-Heptyl derivatives Acetate Propionate n-Butyrate n-Valerate n-Hexoate n-Heptoate n-Octoate n-Nonoate n-Undecoate n-Dodecoate n-Myristate Palmitate Stéarate d-ß-Octyl derivatives Formate " Acetate Propionate n-Butyrate n-Valerate n-Hexoate n-Heptoate n-Octoate n-Nonoate n-Undecoate n-Dodecoate n-Myristate Palmitate Stéarate d-ß-Nonyl derivatives Acétate ~ ~ ~ ë 7 n-Dodecoate d-ß-Decyl derivatives Acetate n-Dodecoate

[g]2D° 16.14 15.03 13.42 12.69 11.34 10.25 | 9.39 17.16 16.43 15.77 16.01 10.44 l 10.13 9.76 10.83 11.16 10.84 10.36 9.38 8.35 7.99 7.40 6.87 6.16 8?23 8.37 10.16 10.26 9.97 9.53 9.07 8.70 7.96 7.58 6.91 6.53 6.06 -4.16 6.84 6.98 8.95 9.16 8.96 8.59 8.25 . 7.96 7.35 7. OO 6.59 6.14 5.71 2 Ï | 6.71 5.64 6.41

Formula C13H26O2 C14H28O2 C15H30O2 C16H32O2 C17H34O2 C18H36O2 C20H40O2 C22H44O2 C23H46O2 C25H50O2

|

d-ß-Undecyl derivatives Ester Acetate Propionate n-Butyrate n-Valerate n-Hexoate n-Heptoate n-Nonoate n-Undecoate n-Dodecoate n-Myristate

C24H48Q2

d-ß-Dodecyl derivatives | n-Dodecoate

C15H30O2 C25H50O2

d-ß-Tridecyl derivatives Acetate n-Dodecoate

C10H20O2 C11H22O2 C12H24O2 Ci3H26O2 Ci4H28O2 Ci5H30O2 Ci6H32O2 Ci7H34O2 Ci8H36O2 Ci9H38O2 C20H40Q2 C 2 iH 42 O 2 C23H46O2 C25H50O2 C27H54O2

d-y-Nonyl esters (1051, 1625) Formate Acetate Propionate n-Butyrate Valerate n-Hexoate n-Heptoate n-Octoate ' n-Nonoate n-Decoate n-Undecoate n-Dodecoate n-Myristate Palmitate Stéarate

|

[«]ff 5.27 5.15 7.31 7.46 7.37 7.17 6.81 6.30 6.19 5.72

|

5.99 4.63 5.87 -11.28 — 5.21 — 5.87 - 3.38 - 3.12 — 2.66 - 2.36 - 2.10 - 1.94 — 1.90 - 1.83 - 1.63 — 1.55 - 1.49 - 1.49

Acetic acid esters, CH3CQOR (iosi) | R | [«]g d-7-Hexyl 0.55 d-7-Heptyl - 4.68 d-7-Octyl -4.30 Z-7-Decyl 4.48 Z-7-Undecyl 4.40 Z-7-Dodecyl 3.68 Z-T-Tridecyl 3.83 Z-7-Tetradecyl 3.69 Z-7-Pentadecyl 3.68 Z-7-Hexadecyl 3.19 Z-7-Octadecyl 2.98 Esters of methyl benzyl carbinol (1052.5) Formula | Ester | [«]g CnH14O2 Acetate 6.41 Ci 2 Hi 6 O 2 Propionate 4.81 Ci3H18Q2 n-Butyrate 8.48 C14H20O2 n-Valerate 10.76 C15H22O2 n-Hexoate 10.46 Ci6H24O2 n-Heptoate 10.69 Ci7H26Q2 n-Octoate 10.67 C18H28Q2 n-Nonoate 10.50 C19H30O2 n-Decoate 10.13 C20H32Q2 n-Undecoate 9.92 C21H34O2 n-Dodecoate 9.66 C24H38O2 Myristate 9.22 C 26 H 42 O 2 Palmitate 8.44 C28H46O2 Stéarate [ 7.92 Formula C8Hi6O2 C9Hi8O2 Ci0H20O2 C12H24O2 C13H26O2 C14H28O2 C15H30O2 C16H32O2 C17H34O2 C18H36O2 C20H40O2

ALCOHOLS.—(Continued) Esters of d-a-naphthyl-n-hexyl carbinol (1053) Formula | Ester | [ojff Ci9H24O2 Acetate 23.85 C20H26O2 Propionate 28.59 C2iH28O2 n-Butyrate 27.02 C22H30O2 n-Valerate 22.23 C23H32O2 n-Hexoate 21.12 C 24 H 34 O 2 n-Heptoate 19.63 C25H36O2 n-Oetoate 21.13 C26H38O2 n-Nonoate 19.06 C27H40O2 n-Decoate 17.13 C28H42O2 rc-Undecoate 16.44 Esters of benzoic acid and naphthoic acids with secondary alcohols Benzoic acid esters (1056) CnHi4O2 d-0-Butyl 39.23 Ci3Hi8O2 d-/3-Hexyl 35.38 Ci6H22O2 d-ß-Octyl 33.27 Ci6Hi6O2 d-Benzyl methyl carbinyl 65.07 Ci6H24O2 d-7-Nonyl 6.84 Ci8H28O2 (WJndecyl 27.55 Formula C4Hi0O C4Hi0S Ci3H13NO Ci7H22O2 Ci7H24O2 CnH26O2

C14H12O2 C14H13NO2

C15H14O2

C15H14O2 Ci6H14O3 C2iH17NO3

C6H11NO4

C20H18O2 C2IH20O2

C2OH20Oo

Name sec.-Butyl alcohol sec.-Butylmercaptan Z-a-[0-Hydroxy-0-phenylethyl]pyridine NC5H4.CH2.CHOH.C6H5 d-ß-Ociyl 0-phenylpropiolate

Formula Ci5Hi6O2 Ci7H20O2 Ci8H22O2 Ci9H24O2 C20Hi8O2 C20H26O2 C2iH28O2 C22H30O2

Ci6Hi6O2 Ci7H20O2 Ci9H24O2 C20H18O2 C20H26O2 C22H30O2 |

|

a-Naphihoic acid esters (1056) Ester d-ß-Rutyl d-/3-Hexyl cZ-j3-Heptyl drß-Octyl d-Benzyl methyl carbinyl d-7-Nonyl cho-Decyl d-ff-Undecyl

ß-Naphthoic acid esters (1056) d-ß-Butyl d-/3-Hexyl d-ß-Octyl d-Benzyl methyl carbinyl d-7-Nonyl d-ff-Undecyl

Solvent EtOH CHCl3

|

d or C 0 .8034 20 13.2

[g]^0 28.40 5.87 3.99 1.67 29.10 -22.23 1.41 1.63

50.04 57.11 56.25 122.83 19.14 50.03

25

[a]D Lit. 13 .11 (2185) >12 .45 (631) -36.44 (1267)

2.5 2.5

22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22

35 .08 (9OS) 30.88 35.12 35 .32 (908) 30.40 33.04 11 .92 (908) 11.52 6.00

0.413 0.923 0.923 0.858 0.965 0.472 0.707 0 .586 2.111 5.65 0.643 1 . 23 0.724 0 .802 0.653

11.5 120.5 10.5 -118.6 10.5 -118.6 24 -3.2 23 4.4 23.3 37.0 15 18.0 11 -94 .3 12 -88.2 11.5 147.8 15 50.9 17.5 12.6 14.5 -217.9 18 -291 .9 21 -214.8

CHCl3 C6H6

2.5 2.5

CHCl3 C6H6

2.5 2.5

d-0-Octyl /3-cinnamate

d-ß-Octyl /3-phenylpropionate CHCl3 C6H6 KETO ALCOHOLS rf-Benzoin Me2CO Z-Benzoin Me2CO /-Benzoin EtOH Z-Benzoin «-oxime CHCl3 EtOH C6H5CO2Et Me2CO /-Benzoin methyl ether EtOH CHCl3 C7H16 C6H6 d-Benzoylbenzylcarbinol Me2CO Acetyl-Z-benzoin CHCl3 Carbanilido-Z-benzoin C6H6 C6H5.CO.CH(C6H6).O.CO.NH.C6H5 Me2CO POLYHYDEOXY ALCOHOLS AND DERIVATIVES H2O Pentane-3, 4, 5-triolal oxime (Class IB2) (HO.CH2(CHOH)2.CH2.CH:NOH) Pentane-1, 4, 5-triol-3-one oxime H2O (HO.CH2.CHOH.C(NOH)CH2.CH2.OH) d-a, ß-Dihydroxy-a, /3, ß-triphenylethane . . . . CHCl3 £-/3-Hydroxy-a-methoxy-a, /3, /5-triphenylMe2CO ethane CHCl3 C6H6 EtOH CHCl3 Cubebin (C6H8(OH)2(C6H4:O2:CH2)2)

\ t, 0C | 25

|

(2214) (1354) (2214) (2214)

(2214)

(1344) (2214) (2214)

4.2

10.6

(1067)

3.28

11.8

( 1067 )

1.32 5.428 4.579 3.667 1.0176

12 13 9 8 25

-228

(1338)

-185.3 -235 -294.5 -166.3 -45.45

(1355)

(1366)

Formula C 4 HnN C4Hi2ClN C6Hi2N2S C9H20N2O C8HnN

Name

AMINES MONOAMINES sec.-Butylamine and derivatives | Solvent

d-sec.-Butylamine d-sec.-Butylamine hydrochloride H2O Z-sec.-Butylamine hydrochloride H2O d-sec.-Butylthiocarbamide d-Di-sec.-butylcarbamide EtOH a-Phenylethylamine and derivatives d-a-Phenylethylamine

|

d or C 0.724 14.03 13 .5 0 .943 2.46

\ t, 0C | 20 20 20 20 20

[a]D \ Lit. 7.44 (2014) -1 .13 (2014) +1 . 12 (2014) 61 .88 39.71 ( 69 S)

0.95

15

40.27

(1282); cf.

0.952

20

-39.9

3.25 4.55 1.80 4.035 14.06 3.72 0.9366 2.0 1.0 2.6 1.53 0.766 1.67 0.835 1.73

20 20 20

20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20

-31.5 -5.3 -5.0 46.2 -43.6 -52.1 36.57 32.1 32.9 36.1 -35.9 -37.5 -31.3 -30.3 -22.0

(1986)

20

-31.7

(1986)

20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20

-26.0 -27.5 -28.3 -61.2 -53.2 -10.3 -17.0 -12.2 -21.4 -50.4 -51.5 -41.8 -42.8 -29.2 -30.1 7.1 31.7 32.8 39.6 -39.2 -36.7 -69.1 -62.1 -20.4 -26.3 -24.3 -35.4 -44.9 -43.9 7.6 40.7 44.1

20 20

54.6 -40.1 -58.4

(1380)

Z-a-Phenylethylamine

( 1557 ); cf. (916)

C8Hi2ClN

Z-«-Phenylethylamine hydrochloride

C9H12N2O

d-a-Phenylethylcarbamide Z-a-Phenylethylcarbamide

C9H13N

d-a-p-Tolylethylamine

C10H14N2O

Z-p-Tolylethylearbamide

C10H15N

Z-p-Ethylphenylethylamine

EtOH H2O EtOH EtOH EtOH EtOH EtOH AcOEt EtOH EtOH AcOEt AcOEt Me2CO EtOH AcOEt AcOEt

C10H16N C10H16BrN Ci0H16ClN C11H16N2O

C11H16N2S

C11H17N C11H17N C11H18BrN C11H18ClN C13H20N2S

C15H16NO C15H16NO2 C15H17N

JV-Ethyl-Z-a-phenylethylamine EtOH H2O N-Ethyl-Z-a-phenylethylamine hydroEtOH bromide H2O Af-Ethyl-Z-a-phenylethylamine hydroEtOH chloride EtOH Af-Ethyl-Z-a-phenylethylcarbamide EtOH AcOEt AcOEt Me2CO Me2CO A^Dimethyl-Z-a-phenylethylthiocarbamide. . . EtOH AcOEt AcOEt Me2CO N- Methylethyl-Z-a-pheny le thy lamine EtOH Ar-Propyl-Z-a-phenylethylamine EtOH Af-Propyl-Z-a-phenylethylamine hydroH2O EtOH bromide H2O Af-Propyl-Z-a-phenylethylamine hydroEtOH chloride N-Diethyl-d-a-phenylethylthiocarbamide . . . Me2CO N-Diethyl-Z-a-phenylethylthiocarb amide. . . . EtOH AcOEt Me2CO Benzoyl-Z-tt-phenylethylamine N-p-Hydroxybenzoyl d-a-phenylethylamine CHCl3 N-Benzyl-Z-a-phenylethylamine EtOH

2.27 2.00 1.00 0.907 3.91 2.79 4.50 2.50 2.82 1.53 0.765 1.66 0.834 2.00 1.00 2.0 1.53 0.765 1.66 0.904 2.84 0.896 2.76 2.63 3.05 1.90 . 1.90 2.0 4.0 2.33 1.67 1.53

(1557) (1380) (1282) (1985) (1986) C1 986 )

(1557) (1557) (1557) (1557)

(1986)

(1557) (1557)

(1557) (1986) (1986) (1986)

0.747 1.008 3.74

(1454) (1557)

C18H28N2O4S C 20 H 28 N 2 O 4

AMINES.— (Continued) Name I Solvent A^Benzyl-Z-a-phenylethylarnine hydrochloride H2O EtOH Py /-Quinic Z-a-phenylethylamide AÊthylbenzyl-Z-a-phenylethylamine EtOH EtOH d-Diphenylethylthiocarbamide dihydroEtOH chloride (CS(NH.CHCH3.C6H5)2) Z-Diphenylethylthiocarbamide dihydroEtOH chloride Methyl-Z-phenylethylimidophenylethylthiocarbamate (C6H6.CHCH3.N:C(SCH3).NH.EtOH CHCH3.C6H5) d-Methylethylbenzyl-a-phenylethylH2O ammonium iodide d-Methylethylbenzyl-a-phenylethylEtOH ammonium hydroxide H2O d-p-Tolylethylamine sulfate H2O d-p-Tolylethylamine oxalate

C20H32N2O4S

Z-p-Ethylphenylethy lamine sulfate

C 22 H 23 N C 22 H 32 N 2 O 4

AT-Dibenzyl-Z-a-phenylethylamine Z-p-Ethylphenylethylamine oxalate

Formula C16H18ClN C16H21NO6 C17H21N C17H22Cl2N2S

C1SH22N2S

C18H24IN C18H25NO

Formula C17H16NO C17H16ClNO C24H17Br2NO2 C24H17ClN2O3 C24H17Cl2NO C24H18BrNO2 C 24 H 18 BrNO 2 C24H18ClNO C24H18N2O3 C 24 H 18 N 2 O 4 C24H19NO C24H19NO2 C24H19NO3 C25H19NO3 C 26 H 20 BrNO 2 C 25 H 20 N 2 O 4 C 25 H 21 NO C25H21NO2

I

H2O H2O H2O H2O EtOH H2O H2O H2O

I

d or C 2.80 3.48 6.692 1.87 1.98

\ t, 0C | 20 20 20 20 20

1%

[a]D

\

Lit. ( 1557 )

-9.1 -18.5 -92.1 -31.5 -12.6

(1380) ( 1557 )

22.5

(1284)

1%

-22.1

(1284)

4.15

96

(1532)

4.38

20

24.9

(1557)

4.54 3.2 1.5

20 20

26.0 3.4 4.0

(1557) (1986) (1986)

3.34 1.67 0.80 0.41 1.76 8.67 4.34 2.17

20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20

-6.3 -14.8 -17.8 -20.6 -97.8 -14.4 -32.7 -30.8

(1986)

d-Aminobenzyl-ß-naphthol and derivatives ( 136 > 138> 139> 141) | Name | Solvent | d, C or % | t, 0C | R = HO.C10H6.CH(C6H6).NH2 d-Aminobenzyl-0-naphthol (==R) C6H6 4.76 18 Z-Aminobenzyl-ß-naphthol ( = R) C6H6 5 d-Aminobenzyl-/3-naphthol hydrochloride EtOH 18 Z-Aminobenzyl-0-naphthol hydrochloride EtOH 4 . 76 18 3, 5-Dibromo-hydroxybenzylidene-R C6H6 1 .29 14-15 2-Chloro-5-nitrobenzylidene-R C6H6 1 .87 15-18 2, 5-Dichlorobenzylidene-R C6H6 0.978 15-18 3-Bromo-4-hydroxybenzylidene-R C6H6 0.885 14-15 5-Bromosalicylidene-R C6H6 1 .31 14-15 o-Chlorobenzylidene-R C6H6 2.90 15-18 m-Chlorobenzylidene-R C6H6 0.995 15-18 p-Chlorobenzylidene-R C6H6 0 . 932 15-18 o-Nitrobenzylidene-R C6H6 2.09 14-15 w-Nitrobenzylidene-R C6H6 1 .10 14-15 p-Nitrobenzylidene-R C6H6 1 .53 14-15 5-Nitrosalicylidene-R C6H6 0.187 14-15 3-Nitrosalicylidene-R C6H6 0.232 14-15 Benzylidene-R C6H6 4-734 20 o-Hydroxybenzylidene-R C6H6 6.238 20 m-Hydroxybenzylidene-R C6H6 0. 990 15-18 p-Hydroxybenzylidene-R C6H6 0.985 20 3, 4-Dihydroxybenzylidene-R C6H6 1.105 20 Piperonylidene-R C6H6 2.848 20 5-Bromomethylsalicylidene-R C6H6 4.12 14-15 3-Nitroanisylidene-R C6H6 0 . 729 14-15 o-Methylbenzylidene-R C6H6 0.906 15-18 w-Methylbenzylidene-R C6H6 2 . 127 15-18 p-Methylbenzylidene-R C6H6 2 .004 15-18 2-Hydroxy-4-methylbenzylidene-R C6H6 3.05 15-18

[a]D +58.84 -58 .96 +52 .89 - 52 . 51 +92 . 18 -98.9 -59.7 +150.1 -76 .37 -34.6 +68.9 +75 . 9 -259.36 +43.88 +54 .29 -132.37 +38.83 110.7 -15.7 +102.7 +297.3 +159.6 +259.6 +39.45 +135 . 83 -93.01 +143 . 73 +196 . 1 -18.6

(1557) (1986)

\

M[D]

+471 .0 -412.0 -242.6 +648.0 -329 .9 -128.4 +255.9 +282 . 2 -990.7 +167.6 +207 .4 -526.8 +154.5 +362.6 +1049.5 +588.8 +989.0 +175.9 +559 . 6 -326.5 +504 . 5 +691 .4 -68.3

Formula C 25 H 2 INO 2 C 26 H 2 INO 3 C26H19ClN2O3 C 26 Hi 9 BrN 2 O 3 C26Hi9ClN2O3 C26H20BrNO C26H20ClNO C26H20N2O3 C26H21NO C26H23NO2 C 26 H 23 NO 3 C 26 H 24 N 2 O C27H26NO C27H26NO4 C 28 H 2 iN0 2 C29H23NO2 Formula C3H9BrN2 C3H10N2 C9H30CoN6I3 C3H11Br3N2 C3H12Cl2N2 C4H12N2O C4H14Br2N2O C9H13NO3 C21H41NO3 C3H6BrO2

d-Aminobenzyl-ß-naphthol and derivatives ( 136 > 138> 139 » 141). — (Continued) | Name | Solvent | d, Cor % | t, 0C | [a] D \ M[D] o-Methoxybenzylidene-R C6H6 6:254 20 +243.6 +894.0 ra-Methoxybenzylidene-R C6H6 1 .09 15-18 +139 .7 +512 .6 p-Methoxybenzylidene-R C6H6 7 .390 20 +314 .5 +1154 . 1 3, 4-Dihydroxy-5-methylbenzylidene-R C6H6 4.096 20 +318.5 a-Chloro-o-nitrocinnamylidene-R C6H6 1 .425 20 61 .5 +272 a-Bromo-p-nitrocinnamylidene-R C6H6 1 .310 10-12 +73 .8 +359 .0 a-Chloro-p-nitrocinnamylidene-R C6H6 1 . 472 10-12 +85 . 5 +378 .0 a-Bromocinnamylidene-R C6H6 1.031 10-12 +146.0 +645.0 a-Chlorocinnamylidene-R C6H6 0.918 10-12+199.5 +793.0 o-Nitrocinnamylidene-R C6H6 2 .380 10-12 +350 . 1 +1428 .0 p-Nitrocinnamylidene-R C6H6 0 . 720 10-12 +395 .3 +1613 .0 Cinnamylidene-R C6H6 0 .572 10-12 +478 .0 +1775 .8 2-Methoxy-4-methylbenzylidene-R C6H6 2.00 15-18 +220.05 +838.4 3, 4-Dimethoxybenzylidene-R C6H6 4.096 20 +318.5 +1220.0 p-Dimethylaminobenzylidene-R C6H6 0 . 994 20 +704 . 2 +2676 . 0 p-Isopropylbenzylidene-R C6H6 7.360 20 +197.0 +746.5 2, 4, 6-Trimethoxybenzylidene-R C6H6 0.869 20 +421.9 +1801.9 0-Hydroxynaphthylidene-R C6H6 1.054 20 -232.3 -936.3 /3-Methoxynaphthylidene-R C6H6 2.585 20 +133.42 +556.4 DIAMINES | Name Solvent | d, C or % | f, 0C | [a]D \ Lit. H2O 8.67 18 5.20 (8) d-ctj ß-Diamino-7-bromopropane 0.8588 25 29.70 (322) d-Propylenediamine 25 -28.04 (322) 0.863 Z-Propylenediamine H2O 3.38 25 23.63 (323) Cobalt tri-Z-propylenediamine iodide d-a, ß-Diamino-7-bromopropane dihydroH2O 7.50 18 7.27 (8) bromide H O 19. 92 25 -4.04 (322) Z-Propylenediamine dihydrochloride 2 H2O 8.31 18 8.19 (8) d-ctj /3-Diamino-7-methoxypropane d-a, ß-Diamino-7-methoxypropane dihydrobromide H2O 8.44 18 9.04 (8) HYDROXYAMINES Z-Adrenaline O. IN H2SO4 1 20 -53.3 (128) (C6H3(OH)2.CHOH.CH2NH.CH3) CHCl3 9.26 -15.12 (689) d-Adrenaline 0.32N HCl 3.89 19.8 51.88 (563) Diacetylhydroxyheptadecylamine 50% CHCls.MeOH 18.0 25 20.44 (1220.5) CARBOXYLIC ACIDS MONOHALOGENOMONOCARBOXYLIC ACIDS Z-a-Bromopropionic acid 1 .7084JjJ 20 -26.7 (554, 555); Cf. (1764)

C4H7BrO2 C4H7ClO2

Methyl c?-a-bromopropionate cZ-/3-Chlorobutyric acid

C4H7ClO2 C5H9BrO2 C5H9ClO2 C6H11BrO2 C6H11BrO2 C6HnClO2 C8H7BrO2

Sodium salt Methyl d-a-ehloropropionate Ethyl Z-a-bromopropionate Ethyl d-a-chloropropionate Z-a-Bromoisohexoic acid Propyl d-a-bromopropionate Propyl d-a-chloropropionate Z-Phenylbromoacetic acid

C8H7ClO2

Z-Phenylchloroacetic acid

C6H6

1.705*° 1 .482J7 9.89 .10.81 9.10 1 . 152024° 1 .3SQl 1 .0888f 1 .358 1 .315J4 1.065J 4 . 10

C6H6

3 . 345

12

- 191

CHCl, EtOH

1.650 2.00

11.2 18

-159.4 -155.8

20 20 15 16.4

C6H6

1 .22 1 .48 1 . 213 1.162 3.0

H2O PhMe JV NaOH

20 20 20 20

20

-27 42 .65 49 .8 46.6 41 .3 19 .01 -31 .45 12 .86 -49 .43 -21 .98 11.0 - 147 . 5

(1765) (2102) ( 545 ) (545) (2091) (2102) (2091) (495) (2102) (2102) (i 349) ; cft (2090)

(i 332, 1333)

( 13 46) ; c/. (2090)

C8H15BrO2 C9H9BrO2 C9H9ClO2 Ci0HiiClO2 CnHi3ClO2

Ethyl Z-a-bromoisocaproate Z-a-Bromohydrocinnamic acid Methyl Z-phenylchloroacetate Ethyl Z-phenylchloroacetate d-Isopropylphenylchloroacetic acid

-43 . 1 -8.3 -86 . 7 -64.0 23.3

(1867) (495) (1 330) (1330) (2090)

Formula C3H4Br2O2 C4H6Cl2O2 C5H8Br2O2 C6H8Cl2O2 C 7 Hi 2 Cl 2 O 2 Ci0Hi8Cl2O2 C3H3O3K C3H6O2S C3H6O8

C4H8O3 C6Hi0O3 C5Hi0O3 C6H8O4

C6Hi0O4S C6H10O4S2 C 6 Hi 2 O 3 C6H12O3 C9H9NO6 CnHnNO3 C4H8O3

C4H6Cl3O3

C8H8O3

DIHALOGENOMONOCARBOXYLIC ACIDS AND THEIB DERIVATIVES Name | Solvent | d, C or % | I1 0 C | d-a, /3-Dibromopropionic acid H2O 4.94 18 EtOH 7.40 18 Methyl a, 0-dichloropropionate* 20 Ethyl d-a, ^-dibromopropionate EtOH 1.08 18 Ethyl a, 0-dichloropropionate* 20 Isobutyl a, /3-dichloropropionate* 20 Heptyl a, /3-dichloropropionate* 20 MONOHYDROXYMONOCARBOXYLIC ACIDS I Potassium d-glycidate H2O | 6.50 [18 | Lactic acid and derivatives (including thio-compounds) Z-Thiolactic acid 1.193JM 15 d-Lactic acid (CH3.CHOH.COOH) H2O 10.46 15 H2O 5.022 15 H2O 2.511 15 H2O 1.527 15 Calcium salt H2O 7.23 Lithium salt H2O 5 H2O 12 Zinc salt + 2H2O H2O 5.0 15 H2O 2.5 15 H2O 1.25 15 H2O 0.512 15 Z-Methoxypropionic acid H2O 13.47 Calcium salt H2O 9.53 Sodium salt H2O 16.53 EthyU-lactate; c/. (646, 1095) 1.030 19 d-Ethoxypropionic acid H2O 29.37 Calcium salt H2O 26.87 Sodium salt H2O 17.96 d-Lactide C6H6 1.167 18 xO.COv C6H6 0.583 18 CHa.CH/ )>CH.CH3 C6H6 0.292 18 XXX(X H2O 0.39 Z-Thiodilactylic acid (S(CH.CH3.COOH)2). . H2O rf-Dithiodilactylicacid(S2(CH.CH3.COOH)2) H2O 6.4 15 Propyl d-lactate 1.004 19 d-Propoxypropionic acid H2O 11.45 Calcium salt H2O 12.01 Sodium salt H2O 30.75 Z-ra-Nitrophenoxypropionic acid EtOH 0.8 21 Z-p-Nitrophenoxypropionic acid EtOH 0.8 21 Z-Indol-3-lactic acidf H2O 1.891 20 ß-Hydroxybutyric acid and salts Z-/3-Hydroxybutyric acid H2O 3.26 20 EtOH 8.21 18 Magnesium salt H2O 14.39 13 H2O 2.30 13 Potassium salt H2O 4.37 12 H2O 1.75 12 Sodiumsalt H2O 8.52 15 H2O 1.36 17 Zinc salt H2O 22.21 18 H2O 1.42 18 Irv, T, 7-Trichloro-0-hydroxybutyric acid.... EtOH 1.553 17 EtOH 4.000 15.5 Me2CO 1.553 16.5 Mandelic acid and derivatives d-Mandelic acid (C6H6.CHOH.COOH); cf. H2O 2.01 |

(1242, 1324.5, 1783.5, 2090, 2091)

* Prepared from corresponding l-glycerates, possibly partly racemized.

/C'H\C.CH2.CHOH.COOH.

t NH

\OH/

Compare tryptophane. J Mutarotation.

[a]D \ Lit. 13.76 (6) 6.42 1.70 (658) 9.77 (6) -1.79 ( 658 ) -3.62 (658) -1.73 (658) 30.16 | (6) -45.47 3.82 3.33 2.67 2.61 -3.87 -10.95 -12.28 -6.0 -8.0 -11.1 -13.35 -71.09 -38.09 -49.43 14.52 56.96 38.40 48.09 -298 -280 -246 -8Î -190 429 -17.06 55.63 48.54 48.94 -51.87 —53.7 -5.34 -24.8 -17.5 -17.9 -15.3 -12.3 -11.9 -14.5 -13.8 -17.9 -14.2 -29.6 -30.1 -22.5 155.5

0283) (1019); c/. ( 924 > 2201 ) ( 2201 ) ( 924 ) (1019); cf. ( 924 , 2201 ) ( 1737 ) ( 1737 ) ( 1737 ) ( 2 i°2) (* 7 37) ( 1737 ) (1737) (102°)

( 1283 ) (1283) ( 2102 ) C 1737 ) ( 1737 ) ( 1737 ) ( 617 ) (411) ( 1325 ); cf. (374.5, I 77S, [ iiss.s, 1440.5, 1838.6) (1345)

( 4 <> 4 )

Ci0H13NO2 C11H12O4

Mandelic acid and derivatives. — (Continued) Name Solvent | d, C or % | *, 0C Z-Mandelic acid H2O 1 .56 Z-Mandelamide Me2CO 1 .65 d-Mandelamide Me2CO 1 .65 9 d-Hexahydromandelic acid AcOH 10 23 AcOH 10 27 d-Hexahydromandelic amide 20% EtOH 1.26 25 Methyl Z-mandelate CS2 3.33 22 CS2 1.67 22 Me2CO 3.33 22 Z-Methoxyphenylacetic acid EtOH 6.7656 13.5 d-p-Methoxymandelic acid H2O 2.5 19 Z-a-Methoxyphenylacetamide Me2CO 3 .457 18 Methyl d-hexahydromandelate 1 .066 25 Z-Acetylmandelic acid EtOH 2 . 22 Me2CO 2.08 Ethyl J-mandelate CHCl3 6 .67 22 Me2CO 5.81 22 CS2 5.00 22 Z-Mandeloethylamide EtOH 3.693 16 Methyl Z-acetylmandelate 1 . 1546

[a]D \ Lit. -157.4 (1698) -73.1 (2214) 74.7 -26 .6* (667) -25.8* 47.4* (667) -214.1 (2090) -217.0 -110.2 -150.0 (1355) 146.14 (H03) -103 .6 (1355) -4.7* - 157 . 7 (1341) -153.7 -128 .4 (2090) -90.62 -180.0 -34.4 (1344) -146 .37 (2090); c/.

C12H14O4 C12H16O3

Methyl Z-propionylmandelate Isobutyl Z-mandelate

1 . 1261 5

-135 .5 -146.6

C13H16O4

Ethyl Z-propionylmandelate

C13H18O3

dl-Amyl Z-mandelate Z-Amyl Z-mandelate Ethyl Z-valerylmandelate Z-Hydrindamine d-mandelate d-Hydrindamine Z-mandelate d-Hydrindamine d-mandelate Z-Menthyl Z-acetylmandelate

1 .0936 10.0 1 .0531 1 .0530 1 .0544 3 .73 3.37 3 .97 2.58

-113 .7 -110.8 -96 .46 -94.02 -97 .06 -55 57 53 .7 -123.1

Formula C8H8O3 C8H9NO2 C8Hi4O3 C8Hi5NO2 C9H10O3 C9H10O3 C9H10O4 C9H11NO2 C9H16O3 C10H10O4 C10H12O3

|

(2100)

CS2

(2090) (2090) ; c/. (2100)

CHCl3 C16H20O4 C17H19NO3 C20H28O4

EtOH Et'OH EtOH EtOH

(2090) (2090) (2090) (1073) (1341); <£ (2090)

Z-Menthyl d-acetylmandelate Z-Menthyl dZ-acetylmandelate C9H10O3

C9H10O4 C9H11NO2 C11H14O3 C11H14O3 CuH16NO2

C6H12O3 C8H16O3 C16H30O3

EtOH 2 . 68 EtOH 2.53 Homologues of mandelic acid H2O 2.56 d-a-Hydroxy-ß-phenylpropionic acid EtOH 3.53 EtOH 5.194 d-ß-Hydroxy-ß-phenylpropionic acid EtOH 5.15 Z-ß-Hydroxy-ß-phenylpropionic acid d-a-Hydroxy-ß-p-hydroxyphenylpropionic H2O 1.13 acid EtOH 2.076 d-a-Hydroxy-/3-phenylpropionamide EtOH 4.43 d-ß-Hydroxy-ß-phenylpropionamide EtOH 4.09 Z-Isopropylphenylgly colic acid EtOH 4.72 Ethyl Z-/3-hydroxy-/3-phenylpropionate H2O 2.16 3.99 Z-ß-Hydroxy-ß-phenylpropionethylamide. . . EtOH Other hydroxymonocarboxylic acids and derivatives Z-Leucicacid((CH3)2CHCH2CH(OH).COOH) H2O 9. 854 Sodiumsalt H2O 9 .828\ Ethyl Weucate 0.965 Convolvulinolic acid (C14H28(OH). COOH).. CHCl3 20.869

8.8 -57.2 13.5 12 10.5 20 20 20 13 17 20 20 15.5

20 20 20

22.8 18.5 19.2 -18.9

(1356) (1342) (1342)

18.14 (411) 81.4 (1344) 38.4 (1344) -135 (452, 453) -14.1 (1342) 22.22 (411) -26.2 (1344) -10.4 -27.8 -11 .07 1.39

(1*67) (1867) (i ß 67) (i™ 5 ); cf. (1702)

C16H32O3 Ci6H32O3

CHCl3

10.07

1 .57

(i™5)

CHCl3 CHCl3 CHCl3 Ci8H32O3 Ricinostearolic acid (Ci 7 H 30 (OH).COOH).. . Me2CO C18H34O3 Ricinoleic acid (CH3.(CH2)5.CHOH.CH:CH(CH2)8.COOH) Me2CO * X = 5461. t Mutarotation.

17.76 14.38 18.63 6.4

0.79 0.98 0.94 13.67

("OS) (i™5, 1760) (2088)

C17H34O3

Methyl convolvulinolate Hydroxyhexadecylic or jalapinolic acid (C15H30(OH). COOH) Methyl hydroxyhexadecylate

4.8-21

22

6.25-7.5

(2088)

Formula Ci8H34O3 Ci9H36O3 C20H38O3 C 2 IH 40 O 3 C22H42O3 C 26 H 60 O 3

C3H6O4

|

Other hydroxymonocarboxylic acids and derivatives.—(Continued) Name | Solvent | d, C or % [ t, 0C | Ricinelaidic acid Me2CO 5 EtOH 12 Methyl ricinoleate 0.927 15 Ethyl ricinoleate 0.918 15 n-Propyl ricinoleate 0.912 15 Isobutyl ricinoleate 0.908 15 Cerebronic acid (C 23 H 47 .CHOH.COOH).... EtOH 6.0 20 DIHYDROXYMONOCAKBOXYLIC ACIDS Glyceric add and derivatives (including thio-compounds) d-Glyceric acid: Barium salt H2O 9.89 20 H2O 7.70

[a]D Lit. O (2088) 6.67 5.20 ( 798 ) 4.48 ( 798 ) 4.35 ( 798 ) 4.22 (798) 3.55 (1239) ( 638 ) ( 1509 ); cf.

-10.93 -17.38

(632, 640, 649,1243, 1510)

C3H8O4 C3H7NO8

Z-Glyceric acid Glycerylamide

C4H8O4 C5H10O4 C 6 HnNO 3

Methyl d-glycerate Ethyl d-glycerate a, /3-Dimethoxypropionamide

C6H10O6S2 C 6 Hi 2 O 4

ß-Dithio-a-hydroxypropionic acid ([S.CH2.CH(OH).COOH]2) Bariumsalt n-Propyl d-glycerate

C6H12O4 C6Hi2O4 C6Hi3NO8 C7Hi4O4

Isopropyl d-glycerate Methyl a, /3-dimethoxypropionate «, /3-Dimethoxypropionic methylamide n-Butyl d-glycerate

C7Hi4O4 C8Hi6O4 C9H18O4 C8H11NO8

Isobutyl d-glycerate sec.-Butyl d-glycerate Ethyl OL, /3-dimethoxypropionate Propyl a, /3-dimethoxypropionate Butyl a, 0-dimethoxypropionate Glycerylanilide

H2O

9.53 1.3347 1.3048 2.439 1.2798 1.1921 3.13 1.696

MeOH

MeOH Py H2O H2O

517

20 100 136 20 15 15 20 20

12.94 -39.98 -38.11 -63.09 -4.80 -9.18 -54.55 -71.60

( ) ( 664 )

3.21 5.08 1.1448

22 17

-10.6 -19.08 -12.94

(1501) ( 1501 ) ( 649 ); cf.

1.1303 1.0634 1.892 1.1084

15 20 20 17

-11.82 (649) -69.70 ( 64 2) -58.72 (642) -13.19 ( 649 ); cf.

18 19 20 20 20 100 139 20 20 20 20 20 98 179 18

-14.23 -10.58 -69.95 ( 64 2) -69.01 (642) -64.88 ( 642 ) -39.98 ( 66 4) -36.16 -72.13 -67.29 -32.55 ( 664 ) -37.18 -63.97 -34.69 -29.62 -11.30 (649) ; c/.

( 6 *9); cf. (633,655) ( 642 )

(633, 655)

MeOH

(633, 655)

C10H20O4

Heptyl d-glycerate

1.1051 1.1052 1.0309 1.0090 0.9921 1.2084 1.1752 2.44 5.66 2.44 6.66 2.44 1.2121 1.1376 1.0390

C11H22O4 Ci 2 H 24 O 4 C13H26O4

Octyl d-glycerate Heptyl a, ß-dimethoxypropionate Octyl a, ff-dimethoxypropionate

]

1.0263 0.9571 0.9527

19 20 20

SIMPLE DICARBOXYLIC ACIDS Phenylsuccinic acid and derivatives (2217) | Name [ Solvent | a-Phenylsuccinic acid Me2CO EtOH AcOEt Z-Phenylsuccinic acid Me2CO MeOH Dimethyl d-phenylsuccinate Me2CO C6H6 CCl4 EtOH AcOEt

C 1.802 1.534 1.550 1.483 1.941 1.723 1.443 1.272 1.558 1.267

t, 0C | [a]D 15.4 173.4 16.5 148.3 15.5 174.2 14.5 -173.3 12.5 -147.1 10 142.2 15 159.0 15 169.8 12 140.9 11.5 150.7

Ci0Hi3NO8

Glyceryl-o-toluidide Glyceryl-p-toluidide

MeOH MeOH ...MeOH MeOH MeOH

(633, 655)

Formula C10H10O4

Ci2Hi4O4

-10.22 -54.84 (642) -50.46 (642)

\

Formula Ci8H34O3 Ci9H36O3 C20H38O3 C 2 IH 40 O 3 C22H42O3 C 26 H 60 O 3

C3H6O4

|

Other hydroxymonocarboxylic acids and derivatives.—(Continued) Name | Solvent | d, C or % [ t, 0C | Ricinelaidic acid Me2CO 5 EtOH 12 Methyl ricinoleate 0.927 15 Ethyl ricinoleate 0.918 15 n-Propyl ricinoleate 0.912 15 Isobutyl ricinoleate 0.908 15 Cerebronic acid (C 23 H 47 .CHOH.COOH).... EtOH 6.0 20 DIHYDROXYMONOCAKBOXYLIC ACIDS Glyceric add and derivatives (including thio-compounds) d-Glyceric acid: Barium salt H2O 9.89 20 H2O 7.70

[a]D Lit. O (2088) 6.67 5.20 ( 798 ) 4.48 ( 798 ) 4.35 ( 798 ) 4.22 (798) 3.55 (1239) ( 638 ) ( 1509 ); cf.

-10.93 -17.38

(632, 640, 649,1243, 1510)

C3H8O4 C3H7NO8

Z-Glyceric acid Glycerylamide

C4H8O4 C5H10O4 C 6 HnNO 3

Methyl d-glycerate Ethyl d-glycerate a, /3-Dimethoxypropionamide

C6H10O6S2 C 6 Hi 2 O 4

ß-Dithio-a-hydroxypropionic acid ([S.CH2.CH(OH).COOH]2) Bariumsalt n-Propyl d-glycerate

C6H12O4 C6Hi2O4 C6Hi3NO8 C7Hi4O4

Isopropyl d-glycerate Methyl a, /3-dimethoxypropionate «, /3-Dimethoxypropionic methylamide n-Butyl d-glycerate

C7Hi4O4 C8Hi6O4 C9H18O4 C8H11NO8

Isobutyl d-glycerate sec.-Butyl d-glycerate Ethyl OL, /3-dimethoxypropionate Propyl a, /3-dimethoxypropionate Butyl a, 0-dimethoxypropionate Glycerylanilide

H2O

9.53 1.3347 1.3048 2.439 1.2798 1.1921 3.13 1.696

MeOH

MeOH Py H2O H2O

517

20 100 136 20 15 15 20 20

12.94 -39.98 -38.11 -63.09 -4.80 -9.18 -54.55 -71.60

( ) ( 664 )

3.21 5.08 1.1448

22 17

-10.6 -19.08 -12.94

(1501) ( 1501 ) ( 649 ); cf.

1.1303 1.0634 1.892 1.1084

15 20 20 17

-11.82 (649) -69.70 ( 64 2) -58.72 (642) -13.19 ( 649 ); cf.

18 19 20 20 20 100 139 20 20 20 20 20 98 179 18

-14.23 -10.58 -69.95 ( 64 2) -69.01 (642) -64.88 ( 642 ) -39.98 ( 66 4) -36.16 -72.13 -67.29 -32.55 ( 664 ) -37.18 -63.97 -34.69 -29.62 -11.30 (649) ; c/.

( 6 *9); cf. (633,655) ( 642 )

(633, 655)

MeOH

(633, 655)

C10H20O4

Heptyl d-glycerate

1.1051 1.1052 1.0309 1.0090 0.9921 1.2084 1.1752 2.44 5.66 2.44 6.66 2.44 1.2121 1.1376 1.0390

C11H22O4 Ci 2 H 24 O 4 C13H26O4

Octyl d-glycerate Heptyl a, ß-dimethoxypropionate Octyl a, ff-dimethoxypropionate

]

1.0263 0.9571 0.9527

19 20 20

SIMPLE DICARBOXYLIC ACIDS Phenylsuccinic acid and derivatives (2217) | Name [ Solvent | a-Phenylsuccinic acid Me2CO EtOH AcOEt Z-Phenylsuccinic acid Me2CO MeOH Dimethyl d-phenylsuccinate Me2CO C6H6 CCl4 EtOH AcOEt

C 1.802 1.534 1.550 1.483 1.941 1.723 1.443 1.272 1.558 1.267

t, 0C | [a]D 15.4 173.4 16.5 148.3 15.5 174.2 14.5 -173.3 12.5 -147.1 10 142.2 15 159.0 15 169.8 12 140.9 11.5 150.7

Ci0Hi3NO8

Glyceryl-o-toluidide Glyceryl-p-toluidide

MeOH MeOH ...MeOH MeOH MeOH

(633, 655)

Formula C10H10O4

Ci2Hi4O4

-10.22 -54.84 (642) -50.46 (642)

\

Phenylsuccinic acid and derivatives (2217).—(Continued) Formula | Name | Solvent [ C \ t, 0C [a}p \ Ci4H18O4 Diethyl d-phenylsuccinate Me2CO 3.090 13 103.4 CCl4 1.853 16 130.6 EtOH 2.242 15.5 100.8 Ci0H8O3 <2-Phenylsuccinic anhydride C6H6 1.298 15 100.9 PhMe 1.500 12.5 102.7 AcOEt 1.090 16 90.8 Z-Phenylsuccinic anhydride C6H6 1.382 14 -100.9 CHCl3 0.954 10.5 -92.2 drß-Octyl alkyl esters of dicarboxylic acids ( 778 ) Alkylisopropyl carbinyl hydrogen phthalates in 5% CHC1» Formula | Name | Mg solution Q620) r—,— CuH20O4 Octyl methyl oxalate 14.22 Formula | Alkyl | [q]g flT* Ci2H22O4 Octyl ethyl oxalate 13.98 Ci3Hi6O4 d-Methyl 37.9 Ci3H24O4 Octyl ethyl malonate 9.27 Ci4Hi8O4 d-Ethyl -0.5 Ci3H24O4 /-0-Octyl methyl succhiate - 3.54 Ci5H20O4 d-Propyl 7.8 Ci8H34O4 Dioctyl oxalate 22.72 Ci6H22O4 d-rc-Butyl 13.9 C22H42O4 Dioctyl adipate 11.23 Ci7H24O4 d-n-Amyl 13.5 C24H46O4 Dioctyl suberate 11.01 Ci8H26O4 d-n-Hexyl 11.8 C27H62O4 Octyl n-nonane-i-dicarboxylate 10.37 C20H30O4 d-rc-Octyl 16.9 C28H64O4 Octyl n-decane-fc-dicarboxylate 10.36 C22H34O4 d-n-~Decyl 13.9 C2gH66O4 Octyl n-undecanedicarboxylate 9.25 Formula C4H3ClO3 C4H3Cl3O2 C4H6BrO4

|

MONOHALOGENODICARBOXYUC ACIDS Name | Solvent d-Chlorosuccinic anhydride AcOEt d-Chlorosuccinyl chloride AcOEt d-Bromosuccinic acid Z-Bromosuccinic acid.,

Et2O H2O Et2O

| d, C or % 10 5 1.5002 4.65 11.64 5.33

| t, 0G |

20 20 20

[a]D 30.85 33.60 29.53 60.5 35.2 -67.92

\ Lit. (2089) (2089) (2086) (1238) (2089, 2091)

C4H6ClO4

d-Chlorosuccinie acid

C4H6IO4

Z-Iodosuccinic acid Sodium hydrogen salt

AcOEt H2O H2O H2O AcOEt AcOEt EtOH H2O Q.5N H2SO4 H2O H2O EtOH AcOEt 20% H2SO4 H2O

C4H6BrNO3

J-Bromosuccinamic acid

C6H7ClO4 C6H9BrO4 C8H13BrO4 C8Hi3ClO4

Z-a-Chloroglutaric acid Dimethyl d-bromosuceinate Diethyl d-bromosuccinate Diethyl d-chlorosuccinate

Ci0Hi7BrO4 Ci6H26BrO4

Dipropyl d-bromosuccinate «-Methyl 0-menthyl bromosuccinate /3-Methyl a-menthyl bromosuccinate MONOHYDROXYDICARBOXYLIC ACIDS Malic acid and derivatives d-Malic acid*. H2O d-Malic acid, uranyl salt 1 % UO4Ac2

C4H6O6

6.66 2.706 16 3.2 10 5.58 2.95 2.67 6.7 6.12 5 6.66 6.66 3.00 36.2

18.5 21 21 19 . 19 19 19 19 19

18 20 19.8

-72.7 20.1 (1330) 20.6 (2086) 21.3 52.85 (2089) -89.8 (920.5) -76.2 -54.9 -55.1 (920.5) -35.6 -46.5 -67.12] -67.57 ^ ' -44.3 J ' -12.6 (526) 50.83 (2091) 40.96 (2091) 31.33 (372) 32.7 (1330) 38.05 (2089) -46.1 (344) -49.1 (344)

1.152Ì9-5 1.3010 1.181 1.210

20 20

7 5

19 18

2.33 (364) 483 (364); c/.

9 45.5

-0.65} / (33i) ; cf. -2.45J | \ (2197)

(371)

C4H6O6

Z-Malicacid*

H2O H2O

20 80

* Anhydrous acid: (2093, 2097, 2098). In water solution (20.s, 239, see, 756, 1162.5, i486, issi, ISTS, 2018, 2212.5). J n acetone solution (20.5, 767.5, i486, 2092, 2093, 2098). Jn propyl alcohol ( 1486 ). In methyl alcohol (i486, 2093). Jn acetaldehyde (2098). Jn benzaldehyde ( 2 ° 98 ). In pyridine (756, 920, 2098). In isobutyl alcohol (2098). Influence of concentration (i486, 2212.5). Influence of temperature (756, i486, 2212.5). Influence of boric acid (756, i486). Influence of various solvents (756, i486, 2098). Influence of inactive substances ( 331 > 1362 » 1878 J i» 8 », 2096.5). Dispersion (i486, 2098). influence of uranyl nitrate (66.5, 2095). Influence of molybdic acid and molybdates (369, 755, 990). Normal and acid salts of Z-malic acid and K, Na, Li, NH4, Ba 0*78, 2018, 2021). Ammonium antimonyl malate ( 1561 ): Influence of d-malic acid (239, 240, 1648, 2093.5, 21 oo.S).

Formula C6H8O6 C6H6O5 C6H10O6

|

Malic acid and derivatives.—(Continued) Name Solvent | Z-Acetylmalic acid H2O Sodium hydrogen salt H2O Esters of malic acid Méthylène malate MeOH Dimethyl /-malate; cf. (38, 752.5, 1745)

d, C or % | t, 0C | 10.9 5.18*

[QJP | Lit. -10.7 (916) -1.46* (»16)

C8H14O5

Diethyl Z-malate; cf. (38,1590,1745)

l 1.2337 1.238 1.149 9.73 9.73 1.1294

Ci0H18O5

Dipropyl Z-malate Diisopropyl malate

1.0745 1.0760

20 20

-11.62 -10.41

cf. (38, 1745,

C12H22O6

Di-tt-butyl Z-malate Diisobutyl malate

1.0382 1.0418

20 20

-10.72 -11.14

(38,1745) (2089) ;c /.

20

(1587)

(2089) (2089) (2089)

H2O H2O

15 100 12 50 20

-3 -6.85 -6.80 -7.31 -11.07 -9.64 -10.18

(1262.5) (2089) (33l, 370 );c/. (1*90, 2089) (2089) (2089);

I

2100)

(2100)

9.J$ 1OM 10.09 10.64 10.66 10.21 8.52 3.60 1.079 1.0176 0.9761

20 20 20

-10.26 —11.8 -12.6 -12.3 —10.3 —10.4 -10.8 -11.0 2.3 -9.92 -6.88 -6.92

1.318 4.0 1.2090 1.1932

20 20 20 20

-33.01 -18.80 -31.24 -25.65

(2099) (2089) (2099) (2099) (2089) (2089) (2089) ; c/.

C14H26O6 C 14 H 26 O 5 C20H38O5

In methyl thiocyanate In ethyl thiocyanate In ethyl isothiocyanate In isobutyl thiocyanate In isobutyl isothiocyanate In ethyl ethylacetoacetate In nitrobenzene In tetrabromoethane Di-dZ-amyl malate Di-Z-amyl malate Dioctyl malatef

C6H9NO7

Dimethyl nitromalate

C8H13NO7 C10H17NO7

Diethyl nitromalate Di-n-propyl nitromalate.

C8HnBrO6 C8HnClO6 C8H12O6

Dimethyl bromoacetyl-Z-malate Dimethyl chloroacetyl-Z-malate Dimethyl acetyl-^malate

1.5072 1.3062 1.1975

20 20 20

-22.40 -23.30 -22.92

C10H16O6

Diethyl acetyl-iknalate; cf. (38, 1590, 1745,

1.1169

20

-22.6

Esters of nitromalic acid I CHCl3 Esters of acylmalic acids

(2100)

(1773)

2089, 2100)

C9H14O6

Dimethyl propionyl-Z-malate

1.1609

20

-22.94

(2089); c/.

Ci0Hi6BrO6 Ci0Hi6ClO6

Diethyl bromoacetyl-Z-malate Diethyl chloroacetylmalate

1.3936 1.2062

20 20

-22.48 3.07

(2089) ( 2100 J; cf.

Ci0Hi6O6

Dimethyl n-butyryl-Z-malate Dimethyl isobutyryl-Z-malate Diethyl a-bromopropionyl-Z-malate Dimethyl isovaleryl-Z-malate Diethyl propionyl-Z-malate

1.1317 1.1255 1.3325 1.1034 1.0926

20 20 20 20 20

-22.44 -22.36 -22.48 -22.39 - 22.79

(2089)

(2100)

(38, 1745)

Ci1H17BrO6 C11H18O6

(2089) (2089) (i 773); c/. (2089, 2100)

C12H19ClO6 C12Hi9BrO6 Ci2H20O6 Ci2H20O6 Ci3H22O6

Dipropyl chloroacetyl-Z-malate Diethyl a-bromobutyryl4-malate Diethyl a-bromoisobutyryl-Z-malate Dipropyl bromoacetyl-Z-malate Diethyl n-butyryl-Z-malate; cf. (2089, 2100). Diethyl isobutyryl-Z-malate; cf. (2100) Dipropyl acetyl-Z-malate; c/. (38, 1745, 2100) Diethyl n-valeryl-Z-malate Diethyl isovaleryl-Z-malate

* Calculated on weight of acid,

t Described by author as dicapryl malate.

1.1566 1.3059 1.2850 1.3150 1,0735 1.0688 1.0724 1.0551 1.0605

20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20

-23.52 -24.76 -22.57 -22.24 -22.75 -21.99 -22.85 -21.38 -22.07

(2089) (2089) (2089) (2089) (1773) (2089) (2089) (1773) (2089)

Formula Ci4H23BrO6 Ci4H24O6

|

Esters of acylmalic acids.— (Continued) Name | Solvent Diisobutyl bromoacetyl-Z-malate Diethyl /i-hexoyl-Z-malate Dipropyl n-butyryl-Z-malate

| d, C or % | t, 0C 1.2022 20 1.0420 20 1.0417 20

[a]D \ Lit. -20.38 (2089) -20.30 (1773) -22.40 (2089) ; c/. (2100)

Di-7i-butyl acetyl-Z-malate

1.0430

20

-19.93

(38) ; cf.

Diisobutyl aeetyl-Z-malate

1.0362

20

-21.88

(2089) ; c/.

(1745) (2100)

Ci6H26O6 Ci6H28O6 Ci6H28O6 Ci7H30O6 Ci8H32O6 C 4 H 7 NO 4

Diethyl n-heptoyl-Z-malate Dipropyl isovaleryl-Z-malate Diethyl n-oetoyl4-malate Diisobutyl n-butyryl-Z-malate Diethyl pelargonyl-Z-malate Diisobutyl isovaleryl-Z-malate Diethyl decoyl-Z-malate

1.0289 1.0263 1.0162 1.0146 1.0073 1.0045 1.0011

Monoamides of malic acid d-/3-Malamic acid [NH2.CO.CH2.CHOH. (COOH)] H2O

3

20 20 20 20 20 20 20

-19.30 -21.68 -18.21 -21.68 -17.24 -19.91 -16.61 9.70

(1773) ( 2089 ) (1773) (2089) (1773) (2089) (1773) (1313.5, 1314)

C6H9NO4 C7Hi2N2Og C9H9NO4

Silver salt d-ß-^-Methylmalamic acid Methyl d-ß-malamate Methyl Z-0-malamate , d-ß-Malamic allylamide (C3H5.NH.CO.CHOH.CH2.CO.NH2) Z-a-Malamic allylamide d-Pyridylmalic acid, C6H6N-O.

!

VXLCOOH

Ci8H22N2O4

CO.CH2 Sodium salt d-^-AT-Benzylmalamic acid [C7H7.NH.CO.CH2.CHOH.COOH)] Sodium salt Methyl d-ß-#-benzylmalamate Methyl M-AT-benzylmalamate Z-N-Dibenzylmalamic acid [(C7H7)2N.CO.CH2.CHOH.COOH] Benzylamine d-ß-N-benzylmalamate

C4H8N2O3

Z-Malic diamide

CnHi 3 NO 4 Ci2Hi6NO4 Ci8Hi9NO4

C6H12N2O8

Z-Malic dimethylamide

C 8 Hi 6 N 2 O 3

Z-Malic diethylamide

Ci0Hi6N2O3

Z-Malic diallylamide

Ci0H20N2O3

Z-Malic diisopropylamide

Ci0H20N2O3

Z-Malic di-n-propylamide

CnHi4N2O3

d-/3-tf-Benzylmalamide

H2O H2O MeOH MeOH

5 3.30 5 5

MeOH MeOH

2.5 1.90

o.4JV HCI

5

H2O MeOH MeOH H2O MeOH MeOH

3.01 5 2.5 2.95 2.5 2.5

EtOH MeOH H2O Diamides of malic acid H2O H2O AcOH Py Py MeOH AcOH Py MeOH AcOH Py MeOH AcOH Py MeOH AcOH Py Py MeOH AcOH AcOH MeOH

1.25 5 2.5 4.32 8.65 4.678 2.00 10.08 9.982 8.185 10.25 9.18 7.995 10.4 9.1 10.8 3.99 6.04 6.28 7.9 4.79 11.84 9.05 4.80 2.5

20

16.4 13.0 12.7 -48.48

(1318) (1313.5)

49.68 -52.25

(1313.5)

10.0

(isis.s)

17.01 13.6 14.32 33.8 12.8 -12.8

(1313.5) (1313.5) (1313.5) (1315)

18.5 20

-61.6 31.43 28.0

(1317) (1313.5) (1315)

20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 17 20 20 16

-37.6 -38.0 -45.2 -57.7 -56.27 -67.42 -73.26 -47.41 -59.47 -62.34 -34.89 -48.72 -41.22 -31.93 -41.79 -42.83 -41.11 -41.9 -53.10 -52.20 -47.4 42.40

(2089)

20

(1321) (639) (639) (639) (639) (639)

(1313.%5)

Formula Ci 2 H 24 N 2 O 3 Ci2H24N2O3 Ci4H24N2O3 Ci6Hi6N2O3 Ci8H20N2O3 Ci8H20N2O3 Ci8H36N2O3

CiiHiiNOa Ci8Hi6NO4 C6H6Cl2O3 C6H6O4 C6H8O5

C6H8O6 C6H9NO4 C6Hi0N2O3

C6Hi0Qs

C7Hi2O5

|

Diamides of malic add.—(Continued) Name | Solvent Z-Malic di-n-butylamide Py MeOH AcOH Z-Malic diisobutylamide Py MeOH AcOH Z-MaHc dipiperidide Py MeOH AcOH Z-Malic dianilide AcOH AcOH Z-Malic di-o-toluidide AcOH AcOH Z-Malic di-p-toluidide AcOH Z-Malic dibenzylamide AcOH Py Z-Malic di-rc-heptylamide Py MeOH AcOH Imides of malic acid d-Benzylmalimide EtOH d-0-Benzoyl-N-benzylmalimide Me2CO Methoxysuccinic acid and derivatives Z-Methoxysuccinyl chloride. C6H6 Z-Methoxysuccinic anhydride Me2CO C6H6 d-Methoxysuccinic acid H2O Me2CO Me2CO AcOEt AcOEt Ammonium hydrogen salt H2O Ammonium salt H2O Barium salt H2O H2O H2O H2O Calcium salt H2O Potassium hydrogen salt H2O Potassium salt H2O Z-Methoxysuccinic acid H2O Z-Methoxysuccinamic acid H2O MeOH Z-Methoxysuccindiamide H2O MeOH AcOH Py Methyl hydrogen Z-methoxysuccinate H2O H2O Me2CO Me2CO H2O Dimethyl Z-methoxysuccinate

[ d, COT % \ t, 0C | 10.85 20 10.54 20 9.72 20 7.98 20 9.12 20 7.56 20 0.598 20 8.85 20 6.53 20 1.50 20 0.75 20 2.00 20 1.00 20 1.00 20 4.65 22 4.86 15 11.Ol 20 6.00 20 9.33 20 2 2

18

6.4317 5.6783 4.9973 11.2 24.96 1.65 20.5 8.92 6.06 5.762 26.125 12.416 5.746 1.149 5.308 8.15 12.16 6.135 4.7777 3.251 7.4860 1.0460 3.9954 0.2740 6.3086 3.1543 6.9747 3.4874 3.936 1.1415

20 20 20 18 11 14 11 12 14 14 18 18 18 18 18 18.5 15.5 15 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 16

20.01 10.05 5.00 19.97 10.02 5.04 1.0705^8 1.0676 1.0476 1.0273

20 20 20 20 20 20 18 20 40 60

[g]D -35.35 -45.9 -43.01 -36.64 -48.53 -43.25 -20.58 -27.47 -15.08 -60.66 -58.66 -65.0 -66.5 -70.0 -20.2 -32.4 -27.08 -35.38 -31.20

\ Lit. (639)

(639) (2089) (2089) (2089) (639)

58.67 24.7

(1316) (1316)

-54.18 -83.91 -103.3 33.30 57.10 60.09 63.48 64.64 25.86 12.32 -14.27 -7.36 -2.21 3.16 -10.10 23.46 9.54 -33.56 -29.41 -46.75 -40.7 -56.9 -41.7 -80.3 —41.85 -43.28 -60.86 -57.64 -19.05 -62.79

(1747) (1747) (1738) (1730)

(1738) (1738) (1738)

(1738) (1738) (1738) (1747) ( 1747 ) (1739)

(1747)

(1739); cf. (1744)

MeOH MeOH MeOH C6H6 C6H6 C6H6 C9Hi6O6

Diethyl Z-methoxysuccinate

-51.5 -51.3 -51.7 -65.1 -67.2 -68.3 -50.11 -50.4 -49.7 -49.2

(1744) (1739)

Formula C9Hi6O6

CuH20O6

Ci8H24O8 C17Hi8N2O8 C48H52N4O7 C6H10O6

|

Methoxysuccinic acid and derivatives.—(Continued) Name ' | Solvent [ d, C or % | t, 0C | [QJ]D Diethyl Z-methoxysuccinate.—(Continued).. C6H6 20.043 20 -58.0 C6H6 10.01 20 -59.1 C6H6 5.034 20 -60.6 EtOH 19.92 20 -47.1 EtOH 9.97 20 -47.7 EtOH 5.03 20 -47.8 Dipropyl Z-methoxysuceinate 1.0419J5 15 -45.21 1.0312 20 -46.9 1.0101 40 -46.3 0.9908 60 -45.5 C6H6 19.91 20 -52.7 C6H6 10.01 20 -54.2 C6H6 4.99 20 -54.6 EtOH 19.83 20 -43.6 EtOH 6.00 20 -43.2 Di-n-butyl Z-methoxysuccinate 1.0419J6 15 -41.63 Z-Methoxysuccindianilide MeOH 2.1096 16 -77.5 AcOH 2.1193 20 -53.3 Py 2.4546 20 -66.3 Dicinchonine d-methoxysuccinate H2O 4 17 154.89 Other alkyloxysuccinic adds and derivatives d-Ethoxysuccinic acid H2O 11.17 17 33.02

\

Lit.

(1744) (1739)

(l 744) (1739) (1738) (l 743, 1744)

Ammonium hydrogen salt +H2O Ammonium salt Barium salt Calcium salt C7Hi2O6

Potassium hydrogen salt Z-Propoxysuccinic acid

C8Hi4O6 Ci0Hi8O6 Ci2H22O6 Ci4H26O6

Barium salt Dimethyl d-ethoxysuccinate Diethyl d-ethoxysuccinate Dipropyl Z-ethoxysuccinate Di-n-butyl Z-ethoxysuccinate

C4H6O4S

C4H7NO3S

C6H7NO4S

C6H9NO6S C7HnNO4S2

CHCl3 CHCl3 EtOH AcOEt Me2CO Me2CO H2O H2O H2O H2O H2O H2O H2O H2O H2O Me2CO H2O

Sulfur derivatives of malic add Z-Thiomalic acid (HOOC.CH(SH).CH2.COOH) AcOEt Me2CO EtOH H2O d-0-Thiolsuccinamic acid (NH2.CO.CH(SH)CH2.COOH) Me2CO H2O Sodium salt H2O d-JV-Methyldiketothiazolidineacetic acid, NCH3.Ca ^CH.CH2.COOH EtOH CO S d-N-Methylcarbamidothiolsuccinic acid (CH3.NH.CO.S.CH(COOH).CH2.COOH).. EtOH d-/3-Ethylxanthosuccinamic acid (NH2.CO.CH(S.CS.OC2H5).CH2.COOH).. Me2CO AcOEt

* Calculated on weight of acid.

11.61 1.60 11.81 11.5 9.57 1.53 8.13 5.22 4.56 10.77 25.08 3.04 1.79 3.93 7.76 5.688 3.65 1.1055 1.0418 1.0226 1.0045

12 11 11 18 14 14 15 12 18 18 19 15 15 19 12 12 18

47.75 39.40 60.57 69.9 -63.39 -66.48 28.65 18.29 6.37 2.46 -4.37 8.39 11.44 26.49 -36.40 -63.29 -10.00 59.86 55.29 -51.20 -46.43

5 5 5 5

17 17 17 17

-76.5 -75.8 -64.8 -46.7

2.78 2.75 2.75

18 18 19

2.58

1.7 6.59 2.63

18 17

(1730) (1730) (i" 740 ) (* 740) (1740) (1740) (»20.2)

82.9 58.7 36.8*

(»«)

208.0

(*035)

(»«)

99.2

(i<>35)

55.5 66

( 918 )

Sulfur derivatives of malic acid. — (Continued) Name | Solvent | d, C or % | t, 0C | [a]D \ Lit. d-AT-Dimethylcarbamidothiolsuccinic acid.. . EtOH 2.01 81.7 (1035) d-AT-Ethylearbamidothiolsuceinic acid EtOH 1 .45 103 .5 (1035) Other monohydroxydicarboxylic acids C6H8O5 I d-a-Hydroxyglutaric acid | H2O \ 32.7 | 25 | 8.8 | ( 526 ) MONOAMINOMONOCARBOXYLIC ACIDS Derivatives of glycine (aminoacetic acid, NH2.CH2.COOH) C6H8BrNO3 Z-a-Bromopropionylglycine H2O 8.10 20 -35 . 27 ( 474 ) (CH3.CHBr.CO.NH.CH2.COOH) EtOH 10.2 20 -46.6 C6H8BrNO3 d-a-Bromopropionylglycine H2O 10. 1 18 38.3 ( 479 ) C8H14BrNO3 d-a-Bromoisohexoylglycine EtOH 9. 23 20 62.0 ( 473 ) C8H14BrNO3 d-a-Bromo-0-methylvalerylglycine EtOH 4.44 20 64.42 (13) CnH12BrNO3 d-a-Bromo-0-phenylpropionylglycme EtOH 4 .31 20 -14 .65 ( 546 ) Alanine (a-aminopropionic acid, CH3. CH (NH2)COOH) and derivatives C3H8N2O d-Alanineamide H2O 5.2 6 (H20) C4H8N2O3 Z-a-Carbamidopropionic acid H2O 1 . 28 20 -9.6 ( 363 ) C4H9NO2 d-AT-Methylalanine H2O 9 .99 20 5 .59 ( 5 23) H2O 8.29 20 5.92 (524) C4H10ClNO2 d-AT-Methylalanine hydrochloride H2O 9 .21 20 5 .74 (523) C6H8ClNO3 Chloroacetyl-d-alanine H2O 8 .67 20 -45 ( 54 T) C6H8N2O2 Glycyl-d-alanine anhydride H2O 4.69 20 -5.0 ( 547 ) C6H10N2O3 Glycyl-d-alanine H2O 8.68 20 -50 ( 547 ) C6H10BrNO3 dZ-a-Bromopropionyl-d-alanine MeOH 10.7 20 -26.6 ( 547 ) H2O 2.38 23 -42.4 Z-a-Bromopropionyl-d-alanine H2O 2 .34 21 -16 .5 ( 547 ) MeOH 10.48 21 0.6 H2O 5 20 -63.6 (536) d-a-Bromopropionyl-Z-alanine H2O 8.69 20 67 .91 (537) C6H10N2O2 ^-Alanine anhydride H2O 1 .97 20 28.8 ( 47 M C6H13NO2 Z-Trimethyl-a-propiobetaine* H2O 9 .78 20 -19 .7 ( 477 ) C9H16BrNO8 d-a-Bromoisohexoyl-d-alanine EtOH 9 .85 20 23 .0 ( 473 ) C10H10N2O Z-Benzoylaminopropionitrile 95% EtOH 4 .90 15 -55 .84 (375) C10H13NO2 AT-Benzylalanine 5AT HCl 2. 19 20 -3.4 (524) C10H13NO4S p-Toluenesulfonyl-d-alanine EtOH 20 -7 . 26 (523) p-Toluenesulfonyl-Z-alanine EtOH 2.36 25 7.71 ( 717 ) C11H9NO4 Phthalyl-d-alanine EtOH 9 .83 20 -17 .84 ( 474 ) C11H15NO4S 27-ToluenesulfonyW-AT-methylalanine EtOH 10.37 20 -6.67 ( 54 6) C12H17NO4S p-ToluenesulfonyW-alanine ethyl ester. , EtOH 3.16 20 -34.2 (524) C13H13NO4 Phthalyl-d-alanine ethyl ester EtOH 10 .2 20 -12 .33 ( 474 ) C17Hi9NO4S p-Toluenesulfonyl-AT-benzyl-d-alanine EtOH 4.88 20 -3.80 (524) Serine and isoserine and derivatives d-Serine (a-amino-/3-hydroxypropionic acid, C3H7NO8 H2O 10 20 -16.87 (516, HO.CH2.CH(NH2).COOH) Z-Isoserine (a-hydroxy-ß-aminopropionie C3H7NO3 ATHCl 8.95 20 -14.32 (516, acid, NH2.CH2.CHOH.COOH) H2O 10 20 -32.58 (516, H2O 9. 98 20 10.5 (516, Benzoyl-Z-isoserine C10H11NO4 0.04A^NaOH 10 20 -43.74 (516, p-Nitrobenzoyl-d-serine C10H10N2O6 EtOH 10 20 9.51 (l°46) d-Benzoyl-a-methylisoserine C11H13NO4 Cystine and cysteine and derivatives C3H7NO2S Cysteine (HS.CH2.CH(NH2)COOH) 25% HCl 1 .00 -224 (isos) 25% HCl 0.962 -206 C6H12N2O4S2 Z-Cystine [(S.CH2.CH(NH2)COOH)2];c/. (*7> 1138.4,1401.5) ATHCl 1.89 20 -209.6 (53S) C8H13ClN2O5S2 Chloroacetyl-Z-cystine N HCl 4-63 17 . -169.2 (505) C8H16N2O4S2 Cystine dimethyl ester EtOH 1 .01 20 49 .89 (2°) C9H10BrNO2S Bromophenylcysteine dil. NaOH 9 -3.7 (96) C10H14Cl2N2O6S2 Dichloroacetyl-Z-cystine EtOH 10.1 20 -120.3 (505) EtOH 9.1 -125.9 (20) C10H14Br2N2O6S2 Dibromoacetyl-Z-cystine EtOH 1.48 20 - 107 .97 (20) C10H14I2N2O6S2 Diiodoacetyl-Z-cystine EtOH 2 .62 20 -95 .35 (20) C10H22Cl2N2O4S2 Diethylcystine dihydrochloride H2O 3.61 20 -47 .96 (20) C11H12BrNO3S Bromophenylmercapturic acid EtOH 12-15 -6.7 ( 9 ^) NaOH 25 6.4 * (CH3)3N+.CH(CH3).COO-. Formula C7H11NO6S

|

517) 517) 517) 517) 517)

C6Hi1NO2

Cystine and cysteine and derivatives. — (Continued) Solvent I d, C or % Name EtOH 20 Phenylmercapturic acid* Sodium salt H2O 8 Di-d-a-bromopropionyl-Z-cystine EtOH 2.13 Di-Z-a-bromopropionyl-Z-cystine EtOH 8.08 0.273NNaOH 5.08 Mono-d-a-bromoisohexoyl-Z-cystinef EtOH 10.0 Di-rf-a-bromoisohexoyl-Z-cystine NNaOH 1.98 Di-/3-naphthalenesulfonyl-Z-eystine Aminobutyric acicZ and derivatives Et2O 14.29 Z-a-Triazobutyric acid H2O 9.961 Z-ß-Aminobutyric acid H2O 4.56 Formyl-Z-aminobutyric acid Et2O 15.84 Ethyl Z-a-triazobutyrate d-ß, ß-Iminodibutyric acid H2O 10 [NH(CH3CH.CH2.COOH)2] Dimethyl ß, ß-iminodibutyrate hydroMeOH 10.31 chloride Valine (a-aminovaleric acid), its isomer s and derivatives Z-Valine [(CH3)CH.CH(NH2).COOH]. 20% HCl 3.72

C 6 H n NO 2

Z-a-Amino-a-methylbutyric acid

C6H11NO2 C6H11NO3

d-7-Aminovaleric acid Formyl-Z-valine

Formula CnH13NO3S Ci2Hi8Br2N2O6S2 Ci2H22BrN2O6S2 Ci8H30Br2N2O6S2 C26H24N2O8S4 C4H7N3O2 C4H9NO2 C6H9NO3 C 6 HnN 3 O 2 C8H16NO4 Ci0H20ClNO4

I

20 20 21 20 20 20 20

[«]/> -9.3 4.2 -96.96 -133.23 -130.2 -133.7 -82.88

|

Lit. (96) (96) ( 20 )

(505) (505) (20)

-63.3 (607) -35.2 (545) 28.0 (i») -48.1 (607)

20

65.3

(1864)

20

41.6

(1*64)

20

-28.4

(472) *

f (409,

—9 .10 1 I V 413 -6. 11 J 1 ^

5 3.67

20

H2O 9 .986 EtOH 11 .2 H2O ChloroacetyW-valine EtOH 10.1 d-a-Bromopropionyl-d-valine EtOH 9 .97 Z-a-Bromoisovaleryl-d-valine EtOH 9 .81 cZ-a-Bromoisohexoyl-d-valine EtOH 10.2 Benzoyl-d-7-aminovaleric acid EtOH 10.00 Z-Valinephenylcarbamide EtOH 4.05 n-Leucine (a-amino-n-caproic acid) and derivatives

20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20

12 .0 -13 -16.9 15.8 21 .0 -22 .7 24.3 -21 .9 - 19 .02

C6H13NO2 C7H13NO3

Z-a-Amino-n-hexoic acid Z-Formyl-a-amino-ri-hexoic acid

4.66 11 .4

20 20

-22.99 -17 .56

C7H16N3O2 C13H17NO3

d-a-Guanidinoisohexoic acid N HCl Z-Benzoyl-a-amino-n-hexoic acid H2O d- and l-Leucine and derivatives
8.18 8.21

20 20

4 . 54 (i 766) -21 .9 (508)

8.66

20

-15.6

4^3 10 2.98 9.18 8.96 3. 06 9 .94 10 10.3 9.95 11 .0 9.97 8.79 8.95 9 .90

20 20 21 19 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 18

-16.91 (467.5) 18.8 (556) 20.76 (523) 21 . 57 (523) -14.4 (549) -5.87 (475) -39 (468) 16 .2 (473) -34.97 (478) -53.22 34.70 52.46 6.59 (467.5) 4.50 (523) -21 . 12 (523)

3.10 0.604

19 40

34.7 18.6

(1202)

3.36 2 .68

22 23

-37.7 39 .3

(1749) (1749)

C7H12ClNO3 C8H14BrNO3 C10H18BrNO3 C11H20BrNO3 C12H16NO3 C 12 Hj 6 N 2 O 3

C6H13NO2

H2O 20% HCl

| t, 0C |

20% HCl EtOH

(1259, 1401.5, 1901, 1902)

C7H13NO3 C7H16NO2 C7H16ClNO2 C8H14ClNO3 C9H16BrNO3 C12H17NO4S C12H22BrNO3 C12H22BrNO3

C13H17NO3 C13Hi9NO4S C14H21NO4S C24H41NO2

C6H9N3O2

Z-Leucine FormyW-leucine Z-N-Methylleucine l-N- Methylleucine hydrochloride Chloroacetyl-Z-leucine d-Bromopropionyl-Z-leucine Benzenesulfonyl-d-leucine d-a-Bromoisohexoyl-Z-leucine Z-a-Bromoisohexoyl-Z-leucine

(544) ( 5 44) (544) (544) (507) (472) ( v(1383V

I j

- - 'J8 ^9Q8 '

( 5B6 ); tf. (495)

21% HCl EtOH H2O H2O EtOH NNaOH AIk. AcOEt AcOEt 0.5NNaOH d-a-Bromoisohexoyl-d-leucine AcOEt 0.5NNaOH Benzoyl-Z-leucine 0.5N NaOH p-Toluenesulfonyl-Z-leucine EtOH p-Toluenesulfonyl-Z-N-methylleucine EtOH Other homologues of glycine cZ-a-Anilinostearic acid (Ci6H33.CH(NH.C6H6).COOH) Py EtOH Arginine and histidine Z-Histidine, glyoxaline-4-alanineî H2O d-Histidine H2O

* Acetylphenylcysteine (CeH 6 -S-CH 2 -CH(NHCO-CH 3 )COOH).

(507) (472)

JS-CH 2 -CH(COOH)-CH-NH-CO-CHBr-C 4 H 9 I S. CH2. CH (NH2). COOH.

JNH-Ox I ^C.CH2.CH (NH2) .COOH. CH-N/

Formula

C6H14N4O2 C6HuClN4O2 C6Hi6N6O6 C10Hi6N3O8

CuHi2N2O2

C18Hi3ClN2O3

|

Arginine and histidine. — (Continued) Name | Solvent «-amino- Ô-guanidino-w-valeric

Z- Arginine, acid* Ir Arginine hydrochloride d-Arginine hydrochloride dr Argmine nitrate d-Histidine d-hydrogen tartrate Z-Histidine Wiydrogen tartrate Z-Histidine cZ-hydrogen tartrate

H2O H2O H2O H2O H2O

Tryptophane Tryptophane N NaOH xC6H4v (NH^ ^C.CH2.CH(NH2).COOH) ATNaOH ^ CH " H2O Chloroacetyl-eZ-tryptophane EtOH

C13H13IN2O3 Ci4Hi8N2O2 Ci7H2IBrN2O3

Iodoacetyl-Z-tryptophane EtOH Hypaphorine (the betaine of tryptophane) t - H2O d-a-Bromoisohexoyl-cZ-tryptophane EtOH Phenylglycine and derivatives

C8H9NO2

£-a-Aminophenylacetic acid [C6H6.CH(NH2).COOH]

C9H9NO8 Ci0Hi4ClNO2 Ci4Hi3NO2 Ci6H14N2O3 C9HnNO2

H2O 10% HCl

0.31ATHC1 Z-Formylaminophenylacetic acid EtOH Ethyl Z-aminophenylacetate hydrochloride . . H2O Z-Phenylanilinoacetic acid Me2CO EtOH AcOEt Z-a-Aminophenylacetic acid phenylurea 0.5NNaOH Phenylalanine and derivatives d-Phenylalanine [C6H6.CH2.CH(NH2).COOH] H2O H2O H2O 20% HCl

| d, C or % | I1 0C |

[a]D

\

Lit. (1780)

8 10 3.688 4.530 5.740

20 19 19 28 25 27

-20.51 ("8O) 33.1 (1909) 28.75 (i a™) 13.3 ("49) -12.1 ("49) 17.4 ("49)

11 .4

20

6.12 (15)

9. 12 0.494 6.88

20 20 20

4 .92 1.66 11.2

20 20

6.52 (4) -30.33 (*) 32.9 (16); cf. (3) 31 .3 (3) 94.7 (1791) 27.1 ( 1 ^)

3.67

20 20

-90 .35 1 J ^f* -144.95/ [ ( 1 4 2 Ì

7.19 4 6.02 1 .47 1.02 2.06 5.15

20 20 20

20

-157.8 (557) -259 .8 (557) 88.95 (557) -117 .9 -111.7 -106.8 -129.27 (413, 414)

1.75 2.03 3.48 2.01

20 16 20 20

35.14 (546) 35.08 (527) 6.86 34.56 (409, 413, 414)

C9Hi1NO4 C10H11NO3 C10Hi3NO2

HCLH2O 3.81 EtOH 4-2 O. IN NaOH 1 .58 ATHCl 5. 86 N-ChloroacetyU-phenylalanine EtOH 3.64 Z-Phenylalanine ethyl ester hydrochloride. .. H2O 3.14 Benzoyl-d-phenylalanine 1.4% KOH 6. 36 p-ToluenesulfonyW-phenylalanine Me2CO 7. 40 p-Toluenesulfonyl-cZ-methylphenylalanine .. Me2CO 7.46 0.5ATNaOH 6.39 Ar-Benzylphenylalanine GAN NaOH 5.9 Tyrosine (ß-p-hydroxyphenylalanine) and derivatives 2, 5-Diiodo-Z-tyrosine 25 % NH 3 4.78 4% HCl 4-83 Z-3-Nitrotyrosine 4% HCl 5.29

20 20 16

2 . 27 2.89 -16.2

C9H11NO3

Tyrosine [HO.C6H4.CH2.CH(NH2)COOHJ. . 21% HCl 11. 6% KOH 11. 6% KOH

16.2 20.5 16.1

-7.98Ì cf. -9.01 \ (1257, 8.86J 1259,

C9H12N2O2 C10H11NO4 C11Hi6NO3 C12H13NO6 C13H14ClNO6

Z-Tyrosineamide Formyl-Z-tyrosine Z-Tyrosine ethyl ester Formyl-Z-tyrosinemethylcarbonate Chloroacetylcarbomethoxy-Z-tyrosine

CnHi 2 ClNO 8 C11H16ClNO2 C16H16NO3 C16H17NO4S C17H19NO4S C16H17NO2 C9H9I2NO8 C9H10N2O6

Z-3, 4-Dihydroxyphenylalanine Formyl-d-phenylalanine AT-Methyl-d-phenylalanine

15 20 18 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 18

-12.74 (2132) -75.43 (546) -48.22 (523) -17.7 51 .8 (546) —7.6 ( 54 6) -17.1 (527) 2 .30 (523) 32.63 (523) -8.58 17 .58 (524) (U) (1»I3) (1401);

4.5 5.8 11.5

1901)

H2O EtOH EtOH EtOH EtOH

6.07 5 .37 4. 85 5.3 9.98

20 20 20 20 20

19.49 ("2O) 84 .9 (476) 20.4 (468) 66.7 (480) 48.7 (48°); cf. (481)

* NH2.C(:NH)NH(CH2)3.CH(NH2).COOH.

/CeH4V /N(CHa)3+ t NH<^ ^C.CHa.CH^ X X CH " COO-

Formula Ci6H16NO4 Ci6Hi7NO6S Ci8H2iN06S Ci8H2iNO6S C24H26NO7S2

Tyrosine (ß-p-hydroxyphenylalanine) and derivatives. — (Continued) Name | Solvent | d, C or % \ t, 0C Benzoyl-Uyrosine 8% NaOH 8.04 20 O-p-Toluenesulfonyl-Z-tyrosine ATHCl 6.33 17 JVNaOH 6.17 17 N-p-Toluenesulfonyl-Z-tyrosine EtOH 7 .24 21 JV-p-Toluenesulfonyl-^tyrosine ethyl ester. .. EtOH 7.27 17 N-p-Toluenesulfonyl-0, AT-dimethyltyrosine . EtOH 6.83 20 Di-(?>-Toluenesulfonyl)-Ar-methyltyrosine . . . EtOH 3.11 21

[a]D \ Lit. 19.25 (467) -4.58 (486.5) -11.68 -0 .85 ( 5 23) 6.76 (523) -26.75 ("3) -25.34 (486.5)

Dl AMlNOMONOC ARB OX YLIC ACIDS

C3H8N2O2 C3Hi0Cl2N2O2

Ci7Hi6N2O4Na

C4H7N04 C4H8N2O8 C6H9NO4

C7H12N2O4 C8Hi6NO4 Ci0H17BrN2O4

d-Diaminopropionic acid, sodium salt from dihydrochloride Z-Diaminopropionic acid, sodium salt from dihydrochloride All calculated on dihydrochloride

N HCl ATNaOH ATNaOH 2NNaOH

Dibenzoy W-diaminopropionic acid, sodium H2O salt MONOAMINODICARBOXYLIC ACIDS Aspartic add and derivatives d- Aspartic acid [CH2(COOH).CH(NH2) COOH] dil.NaOH Z-Asparagine [C2H3(NH2)COOH.CO.NH2] H2O J-Methylaspartic acid H2O 0 . 055.AT HCl 0.158NHC1 1. 57AT HCl 0.25ATNaOH Methyl Z-acetylasparagate H2O Z-Diethylaspartate d-a-Bromoisohexoyl-Z-asparagine ATNaOH

4.84

20

9. 87 11.8 6.15

20 20

10

20

-35.76* (517)

20 34

19 20 20

-2.48 (1038) -6.7 (1332) -15.44 (isis) - 22 . 6 -28.9 -30.8 -29.8 -41.14 (1040) -9.46 (468) 15.7 ( 52 °); cf.,

20 20 20 20

—30.1 3.6 (554) 3.6 (535) 3.33 (335, 554)

5. 21 5.21

20 20

-13.40 (554) -13.23 (535)

2 . 665

25

0.366 1. 961 0.5525 0 . 5525 0.5525 0.5525 0.5525 2.13 1.089Ì7 5.7

25.0

(i<>40)

25 -1.8 -8.1

(*")

(519)

Ci2H12BrNO6 Ci2Hi3BrN2O4 Ci6H20BrNO6

C6H7NO3 C6H9NO4

C6Hi0ClNO4 C7Hi0ClNO6 C9Hi4N2O4 C9Hi7NO4 C6H10N2Oa C6H11N3O4 C6H12N2O8

£-a-Bromoisohexoyl-Z-asparagine Phenylbromoacetylaspartic acid [C6H6.- / CHBr.CO.NH.CH(COOH).CH2.COOH] \ Phenylbromoacetylasparagine Diethyl phenylbromoacetylaspartate [C6H6.CHBr.CO.NH.CH(CO.OC2H6)CH2.CO.OC2H6]

N NaOH 0.161NNaOH 0.183ATNaOH 0.5ATNaOH

EtOH EtOH Glutamic add and derivatives H2O

d-Pyroglutamic acid d-Glutamic acid [HO.CO.CH2.CH2.CH(NH2)COOH] (Supersaturated) Calcium salt d-Glutamic acid hydrochloride Chloroacety W-glutamic acid Diethyl a-diazoglutarate d-Diethyl glutamate

C7H10N2O2 C7H11BrN2O4 C7H11ClN2O4 C7H12N2O2

d-Alanylglycine Glycylasparagine d-AlanyW-alanine Z-AlanyW-alanine d-Alanyl-Z-alanine Z-Prolylglycyl anhydride { d-tt-Bromopropionylglycylglycine Chloroaeetyl-d-alanylglycine Glycyl-d-valine anhydride

C7H12N2O6

Glycyl-d-glutamic acid

H2O H2O dû. HNO3 H2O H2O H2O Et2O

POLYPEPTIDES t H2O H2O H2O H2O H2O H2O AIk. H2O AcOH H2O EtOH H2O

5 .7 9.5 9.5 12. 66

2 4 4 5.03 4 9.93 50 1 . 0737} 7

21 23 22 20 21 20 20 20

10 7 4.93

18 20 20 20 20 20 20 18 20

7.42 7.45 8.6 5 10.1 1.99 0.537 10.0

20

7

(1862)

10.2 10.6 29.9 -3.7 20.4 -13.5 2.70 7 . 34 50.3 -6.4 -21.6 -68.5 68. 94 -216.2 29.7 -53.4 20.8 32.7 41 -6.3

(1862) (1862) (1862) (521) (1238) (468)

(479) (519) (471) (536) (537) (540) (479) (479) (544) ( 5 2i)

* Calculated on weight of acid, t This table includes polypeptides which contain two or more asymmetric carbon atoms (IBz, etc.) and also those which contain isoleucine groups (IC). % These derivatives were not made from optically pure substances, but this is, apparently, the only work on such compounds.

Formula C7Hi3N3O4 C7H13N3O4 C7H13N3O4 C7H14N2O8 C7H14N2O3 C8H14N2O2 C8H14N2O2 C8H14N2O2 C8H16N2O3 C8H16N2O8 C8H16N2O3 C8H16N2O3 C8H16N2O3 C8H16N2O3 C9H16N2O2 C9H16N2O2 C9H16N4O5 C9H16N4O5 C9H18N2O3 C9H18N2O3

C10H17BrN2O4 C10H18N2O2 C10H18N4O6S2 C10H19N3O4 C10H19N3O4 C10H20N2O3 C11H12I2N2O4 C11H12N2O2 C11H14N2O3 C11H14N2O3 C11H18N2O2 C11H19BrN2O4 C11H19BrN2O4 C11H19BrN2O4 C11H19BrN2O4 C11H19ClN2O4 C11H20N2O2 C11H20N2O5 C11H21N3O4 C11H21N3O4 C11H21N3O4 C11H22N2O3 C12H14I2N2O4 C12H14I2N2O4 C12H15N3O4 C12H16N2O4 C12H20BrN3O5 C12H20N4O3

|

POLYPEPTIDES.—(Continued) | Solvent H2O H2O H2O H2O 10% HCl Glycyl-d-valine H2O HCl aq. NaOH Glycyl-d-isoleucine anhydride AcOH d-Alanyl-d-valine anhydride AcOH Z-Leucylglycine anhydride H2O d-Alanyl-d-valine JVHCl ATNaOH Glycyl-Meucine H2O H2O EtOH Glycyl-d-isoleucine H2O d-Isoleucylglycine H2O Z-Leucylglycine H2O EtOH H2O d-Leucylglycme H2O d-Alanyl-d-isoleucine anhydride AcOH Z-Leucyl-d-alanine anhydride AcOH d-Alanyldiglycylglycine H2O d-Alanylglycylglycylglyeine ...H2O d-Alanyl-d-isoleucine ATHCl NNaOH d-Alanyl-Weucine H2O H2O Z-Leucyl-d-alanine MeOH MeOH d-Bromoisocaproylglyeylglycine EtOH H2O O.IAT NaOH Jrans-Valine anhydride AcOH Diglycyl-Z-cystine H2O d-Leucyl-Z-asparagine H2O Z-Leucyl-Z-asparagine H2O Z-Leucylglycylglycine H2O Z-ValyW-valine H2O Glycyl-2, 4-diiodo-Z-tyrosine 25% NH3 Glycyl-Z-phenylalanine anhydride AcOH Z-Phenylalanylglycine H2O Glycyl-Z-phenylalanine H2O Z-Prolylleucine anhydride* EtOH d-a-Bromopropionyl-Z-leucylglycine EtOH d-a-Bromoisocaproyl-d-alanylglycine EtOH d-a-Bromopropionylglycyl-Z-leucine EtOH d-a-Bromoisohexoylglycyl-d-alanine EtOH Chloroacetyl-Z-leucyl-d-alanine EtOH Z-Leucyl-d-valine anhydride AcOH Z-Leucyl-d-glutamic acid N HCl d-Alanyl-Z-leucylglycine H2O d-Alanylglycyl-Weucine H2O Z-LeucylglycyW-alanine H2O Z-Leucyl-d-valine H2O «A-Alanyl-3, 5-diiodo-Z-tyrosine 25% NH3 d-Alanyl-3, 5-diiodo-Z-tyrosine 25% NH3 Phenylglycylasparagine 0.334ATNaOH d-Alanyl-Z-tyrosine H2O a-Bromoisohexoyldiglycylglycine 0.3AT NaOH Z-Leucyl-Z-histidine H2Q Name Glycyl-d-alanylglycine d-Alanylglycylglycine Z-Alanylglycylglycine d-Valylglycine

| d, C or % | I, 0C | [a]D \ Lit. 4.Sl 20 -64.3 I (479) 9.71 20 31.4 (479) 10.4 20 -29.2 (473) 10.4 20 93.6 (544) 1.78 20 39.4 9.9 20 -19.7 (544) 9.97 20 -10.5 9.87 20 -6.9 2.86 20 -26.05 (1S) 10.0 20 -29.3 (544) 1.85 20 32.95 (473) 9.9 20 -1.9 ( 54 4) 9.48 -4.5 6.65 20 -34.9 (549) 3.093 20 -35.23 (») 10.81 20 -13.82 4-8 20 -14.7 («) 5.9 20 33.59 (13) 8.6 20 85.5 (473) .8.918 20 -63.39 '(») 1.998 20 -84.56 3.453 20 37.33 5.85 20 -16.6 (13) 9.10 20 -29.0 (473) S. 19 20 27 (14) 8.98 20 22.4 (17) 3.72 20 6.1 (13) 4.81 20 -297 (13) 1.761 20 -16.96 (*) 8.78 20 -17.21 (475) 3.829 20 19.84 (9) 4.83 20 23.7 (473) 4.36 20 47.01 (l°) 1.45 20 31.17 2.67 20 26.24 8.8 ±0 (544) 4- OO 20 -99.91 (20) 4.78 20 -53.6 (520) 5.57 20 17.8 4-6S 20 44.79 (10) 10.0 20 -74.0 (544) 5.07 20 52.69 (U) 2.57 20 100.5 (546) 2.41 20 54.20 (546) 2.05 20 41.4 (546) 3.06 20 -143.4 (540) 5.095 20 -24.84 (») 4.918 20 -2.52 (9) 7.720 20 14.71 (») 10.2 20 20.4 (549) 4.688 20 -41.52 (9) 5.01 20 -50.2 (544) 8.20 20 10.5 (476) 2.092 28 -30.43 (9) 8.131 -11.20 (9) 9.89 20 20.3 (549) 10.0 20 18.0 (544) 6.48 20 47.23 («) 7.95 20 62.88 (14) 6.015 20 -2.3 (554) 2.04 20 43.14 (14) 8.54 20 31.98 (473) 5.06 20 32.06 (496)

* These derivatives were not made from optically pure substances, but this is, apparently, the only work on such compounds.

Formula Ci 2 H 22 N 2 O 2

Ci 2 H 22 N 2 O 2 C12H22N4O5 C12H22N4O6 C12H22N4O6S2

POLYPEPTIDES.-— (Continued) Solvent Z-Leucine anhydride AcOH AcOH d-Leucine anhydride ATHCl Glycyl-Z-asparaginyl-Z-leucine H2O Z-Leucyldiglycylglycine ATHCl Di-Z-alanyl-Z-cystine Name

I d, C or % | t, 0C | [a]D 8.09 20 -42.8 8. 70 20 48.67 5.2 20 -46.5 9.54 20 45.85 1.02 20 -227.9

\ Lit. (473) (478) (520) (473) ( 20 ); e/. (552)

C12H24N2O3

C13H13NO C13H15N3O3 C13H15N3O3 C14H17N3O3 C14H16N3O2 C14H17BrN2O6 C14H19N3O5 C14H19N3O5 C14H23BrN4O6

d-Leucyl-Z-leucine Z-Leucyl-d-leucine d-Leucyl-d-leucine Z-Leucyl-Z-leucine Z-Leucyl-d-isoleucine Z-2-ß-Hydroxy-/3-phenylethylpyridine Glycyl-d-tryptophane Tryptophanylglycine d-Alanyl-d-tryptophane, copper salt dZ-Alanyl-Z-tryptophane anhydride d-a-Bromopropionylglycyltyrosine d-Alanylglycyl-Z-tyrosine Glycyl-d-alanyl-Z-tyrosine d-Bromoisocaproyltriglycy !glycine. ,

C22H40N6O8S2

Z-Alanyldiglycyl-Z-alanylglycylglycine d-a-Bromoisohexoylglycyl-Z-leucine Z-Leucyltriglycylglycine Z-Leucyl-Z-tyrosine /3-Naphthalenesulfo-d-alanylglycine Z-Tryptophanyl-d-glutamic acid Glycyl-d-alanylglycyl-Z-tyrosine Z-Leucyl-d-tryptophane d-a-Bromoisocaproylpentaglycylglycine . . . . d-a-Bromoisohexoyltriglycyl-Z-leucine Z-Leucylpentaglycylglycine Z-Leucyltriglycyl-Z-leucine Di-Z-leucyl-Z-cystine d-a-Bromoisohexoylglycyl-d-tryptophane. . . . Z-Leucylglycy1-d-tryptophane d-a-Bromoisohexoylhexaglycylglycine Z-Leucylhexaglycylglycine /3-Naphthalenesulfoglycyltyrosine d-a-Bromoisohexoyltriglycyl-Z-tyrosine Z-Leucyltriglycyl-Z-tyrosine Z-Leucyl-Z-tryptophanyl-d-glutamic acid Dichloroacetyldi-Z-leucyl-Z-cystine Dibromoacetyl-di-Z-leucyl-Z-cystine Di-d-a-bromoisocaproyl-diglyeyl-Z-cystine . . . Di-Z-leucyldiglycyl-Z-cystine

C22H40N6O8S2

Diglycyl-di-Z-leucyl-Z-cystine

C24H40Br2N4O8S2 C30H30N4O10S4 C30H49BrN10O12

Di-rf-a-bromoisocaproyl-di-ÉZ-alanyl-Z-cystine Di-/3-naphthalenesulfono-diglycyl-Z-cystine . . d-a-Bromoisocaproyltriglycyl-Z-leucylpentaglycylglycine Z-Leucyltriglycyl-Z-leucylpentaglycylglycine . . d-a-Bromoisocaproyltriglycyl-Z-leucyltriglycyl-Z-leucylpentaglycylglycine Z-Leucyltriglycyl-Z-leucyltriglycyl-Z-leucylpentaglycylglycine d-a-Bromoisocaproyltriglycyl-Z-leucyltriglycyl-Z-leucyltriglycyl-Z-leucylpentaglycylglycine Z-Leucyltriglycyl-Z-leucyltriglycyl-Z-leucyltriglycyl-Z-leucylpentaglycylglycine

C14H24N6O7 C14H26BrN2O4 C14H25N5O6 C15H22N2O4 C15H16N2O5S C16H19N3O6 C 16 H 22 N 4 O 6 C17H23N3O3 C18H29BrN6O8 C18H31BrN4O6 C18H31N7O8 C18H33N5O6 C18H34N4O6S2 C19H24BrN3O4 C19H26N4O4 C20H32BrN7O9 C20H34N8O9 C21H20N2O6S C21H29BrN4O7 C21H31N5O7 C22H30N4O6 C22H36Cl2N4O8S2 C22H36Br2N4O8S2

C30H51N11O12 C42H69BrN14O16 C42H71N16O16 C64H89BrN18O20

C64H91N19O20 * For white light.

ATHCl NHCl ATNaOH ATNaOH ATHCl CHCl3 ATHCl H2O H2O AcOH H2O H2O H2O H2O O. IAT NaOH H2O EtOH H2O H2O 0.47A^NaOH H2O H2O NTiCl O. IAT NaOH NNaOH ATNaOH H2O ATHCl EtOH ATHCl ATNaOH ATNaOH 0.34ATNaOH H2O H2O ATHCl EtOH EtOH EtOH H2O ATHCl H2O ATHCl EtOH ATNaOH

9. 83 9. 70 11.9 4^3 2.67 13.2 9. 58 4.43 6. 11 9.47 4.14 4.68 4-5 1.29 3.18 7.86 9.90 3.19 2.11 5.18 4.33 9.72 7.16 S. 31 7.18 4.97 2.5 2.66 11.4 8.16 7.94 6.32 5.05 1.23 4-82 4.03 1.58 1. 69 2.49 0.77

20 20 20 20 20 25 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 21 20 20 20

-67.97 (478) 68.95 13.16 -13.43 (473) 20.17 (13) -36.44 (1267) -21.45 (i 6 ) 78.7 (16) 18.65 (16) 87.0 (3) 5.06 (476) 41.9 (476) -4.83 (14) 22.55 (i O) 25.47 13 (473) 29.1 (549) 28.14 (io) 10.37 (14) -63.71* (492) 34.35 (2) 4.0 (479) 4.48 (16) 18.19 (io) 23.5 (549) 5.94 (io) 21.3 (549) -136.6 (505). 54.47 (16) 32.30 (16) 3.55 (475) 6.34 (475) 17.9* (492) 28.7 (476) 36.5 (476) 17.4 (2) -102.8 (20) -55.81 (20) -21.76 -72.24 (20) -75.45 -108.86 (20) -134.46 -54.53 (20) -91.8 (20)

0.728 0.837 1.88 0.72

20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20

O. IAT NaOH NaOH

4.34 1

20 20

7.34 -6

(io) (io)

O. IAT NaOH

3.75

20

-4

(io)

O. ^V NaOH

0.83

20

-9.63

(i°)

O. IAT NaOH

2.5

20

-8

(io)

O. IAT NaOH

0.95

20

-8.42

(io)

IB2. The Molecule Contains Two Asymmetric Carbon Atoms Which Are Attached Each to Two Other Carbon Atoms ALCOHOLS AND AMINES POLYHYDRIC ALCOHOLS (SUGARS AND DERIVATIVES) Formula I Name I Solvent I d, C or % | t, 0C | [5) d-Erythronic acid lactone C4H6O4 Z-Erythrose C4H8O4 H2O 6.89 20 21.5* («06) Z-Erythritol C4Hio04 H2O 6 4.3 (1372) (HO.CH2.CHOH.CHOH.CH2.OH) EtOH 1.5 -15 H2O 20 -4.25 (1374) 90% EtOH 20 -10.50 Pentane-3, 4, 5-triolal oxime C6H11NO4 H2O 4.2 10.6 (1067) (HO.CH2.(CHOH)2.CH2.CH:NOH) Peritane- 1, 4, 5-triol-3-one oxiine (HO.CH2.CHOH.C(NOH).CH2.CH2OH) . . H2O 3.28 11.8 Trihydroxypropylpyrazole hydrochloride§. . . H2O C6H11ClN2O3 9. 74 -5.6f (668) H O? 3.46 20 17.5 (i*<>5) d-Erythronic acid phenylhydrazide C10H14N2O4 2 3.5244 20 -30.9 (1747) 2, 5-Dihydroxy-3, 4-dirnethoxy-2, 5-dimethyl- MeOH C10H22O4 hexane (HO.C(CH3)2.CH(OCH3).CHMe2CO 5.0884 20 -41.96 (OCH3).CH(CH3)2.OH) EtOH 10. S2 20 -32 (i*<>5) d-Erythrose benzylphenylhydrazone C17H20N2O8 EtOH 4.33 20 182.8 (659) C28H26O4 Tetraphenylerythritol HYDROXYAMINES 3.6 20 -6.3 (70i); c/. Ephedrine(C6H6.CHOH.CH.(CH3).NH.CH3) EtOH C10H15NO (426.5)

C10H16ClNO C12H18ClNO2 C14H16NO C14H16ClNO C16H17NO2 C17H20N2OS C21H19NO

C21H19NO2 C10H16N2 C17H20N2S C18H22N2S C18H23ClN2S C18H23IN2S C18H24N2

C4H4Br2O4 C6H8Cl2O4 CgH8Cl2O2 C9H8Br2O2 C10H10Cl2O2 C11H12Cl2O2 * Mutarotation,

Pseudoephedrine Pseudoephedrine hydrochloride Acetylephedrine hydrochloride a, ß-Diphenyl-ß-hydroxyethylamine J Hydrochloride Acetyl-Z-a, j8-diphenyl-j8-hydroxyethylamine Ephedrylphenylthiocarbamide Pseudoephedrylphenylthiocarbamide Benzylidene-d-a, ß-diphenyl-ß-hydroxyethylamine Benzylidene-Z-«, ß-diphenyl-ß-hydroxyethylamine Benzoyl-Z-a, ^-diphenyl-jS-hydroxyethylainine

EtOH H2O H2O C6H6? H2O EtOH EtOH EtOH

4.07 14.34 4.166 3 1 1.26 3.88 4.16

EtOH

1.40

+55

(432)

EtOH MeOH

1.47 1

-56 ±29.0

(432) (432)

DIAMINES d-p-Phenylenedi-a-ethyldiamine (C6H4(CH.(CH3).NH2)2) EtOH d-Diphenyldiethylthiocarbamide EtOH (CS(NH.CH.(CH3).C6H6)2) EtOH Z-Diphenyldiethylthiocarbamide Methyl Z-phenylethylimidophenylethylthiocarbamate (C6H6.CH. (CH3) .N :CEtOH (S.CH3).NH.CH.(CH3). C6H6) EtOH Hydrochloride EtOH Hydroiodide d-ß-7-Di-p-tolylamino-n-butane EtOH

4.82

J CeKU.CHOH.CH. (NHa)-CeH6.

20 20

22

1

4.15 3.66 12.23 3.35

CARBOXYLIC ACIDS DIHALOGENO MONO- AND DICARBOXYLIC ACIDS l-a, /3-Dibromosuccinic acid AcOEt 5.788 H2O 2.475 Msodibromosuccinic acid AcOEt 8.47 Dimethyl «, 0-diehlorosuccinate CHCl3 13. 1 ß-Phenyl-a, ß-dichloropropionic acid (C6H5-CHCLCHCLCOOH) /3-Phenyl-a, ß-dibromopropionic acid Methyl /3-phenyl-a, 0-dichloropropionate EtOH Ethyl /3-phenyl-a, 0-dichloropropionate EtOH t [a]678o.

20 15 20

§ N— NH
20

51.2 -33.8 96.8 ±109.7 ±80.23 -12.8 -105.1 22.8

18.15

(262) (262) (432) (432) (432) ( 7 °i)

(Hi)

22.5 -22.1

(1284)

96 193 138 100

(1532) (1532) (1532) (1456)

13 -148 12.5 -62.2 -118 20 -66

( 1329 ); c/. (1328) (1328) (373)

66.5 (454) —63.6 ( 454 ) 61.9 (454) 64.1 (454)

Formula C4H6O6

DIHYDROXYDICABBOXYLIC ACIDS Tartaric acids, its salts and esters [ Name | Solvent Lithium salt (anhyd.) H2O Thalliumsalt H2O Thallium ammonium salt H2O H2O Thallium antimony salt (monohydrate) H2O H2O Thallium hydrogen salt H2O Thallium lithium salt (monohydrate) H2O H2O Thallium potassium salt H2O

| d, C or % | t, 0C | sTâï 20 5 20 5 20 20 20 5 20 20 20 1 20 5 20 20 20 5 20

[CJ]D ] Lit. 35.84 (1272) 4.76 10.03 (1272) 7.56 100.44 (1272) 99.64 12.02 (1272) 9.46 (1272) 6.69 10.06 O 897 ); cf. (1272)

Thallium sodium salt (tetrahydrate) Potassium arsenyl salt Sodium arsenyl salt Sodium borotartrate Ammonium titanotartrate C4H4O8As2 C6Hi4N2O6

Arsenyltartaric acid Ethylenediamine tartrate

Ci0Hi3NO6

Aniline hydrogen tartrate

Ci6H20N2O6

Dianiline tartrate

C5H8O6

Methyl hydrogen d-tartrate

C6Hi0O6

Ammonium salt Calcium salt (pentahydrate) Lithium salt Potassium salt Sodium salt Methyl hydrogen mesotartrate Ammonium salt Calcium salt Ethyl hydrogen tartrate

Ci4H22O6

Bariumsalt Calcium salt Lithium salt Potassium salt Sodium salt Z-Bornyl hydrogen d-tartrate

C20H38O6 C24H38O6

Z-Bornyl hydrogen Z-tartrate Di-sec.-octyl tartrate Di-Wbornyl d-tartrate

C6H8O6

Di-Z-bornyl Z-tartrate

C4H8N2O4

Tartramide

C 6 Hi 0 N 2 O 4

Tartaric dimethylamide

H2O H2O H2O H2O H2O H2O H2O H2O H2O H2O H2O H2O H2O H2O H2O H2O H2O H2O H2O H2O EtOH H2O H2O H2O H2O H2O H2O H2O H2O H2O EtOH H2O H2O H2O H2O H2O EtOH EtOH Me2CO EtOH

CHCl3 Me2CO C6H6 CHCl3 C6H6 Me2CO Amides of tartaric acid H2O MeOH . MeOH

20 5 20 0.56 3.36 2.54 10.15 2.317 0.1448 12.3 8.4 2.1 2 5 10 2 10 35 6.3 2.07 1.04 2.29 22.5 2.15 2.56 2.35 9.2 6 5 2.25 1.13 3.11 2.49 2.33 2.73 2.53 2.18 7.58 2.38 2.99 1.0195 2.03 2.28 2.16 2.52 2.42 2.54

1.31 0.180 4.99

20 20 20 20 20 20

20 20 20 18 18 17 17 17 17 17 16.5 18

20

17

14.5 12 18 13.5 14 12 15 14.5 11.5 20 20 20

8.17 9.07 6.49 21.13 20.64 55.02 71.5 -40.1 276.3 16.91 29.2 29.4 17.6 17.35 17.54 17.72 17.67 14.56 18.71 18.1 3.22 28.0 17.80 26.5 22.7 21.0 -5.43 -20.83 -7.3 21.8 7.1 20.3 24.3 28.8 21.6 27.5 -5.7 -6.5 -1.26 -51.7 7.06 -5.17 -5.71 3.46 -71.4 -77.6 -71.3 106.5 144 148.8

(1272)

(1272) (750) (1272) (349) (2225) (2225) (1378)

(445) (445) (1378) ( 4 45) ( 4 45) (445) (1378) (1378) (1378) (445) (445) (445) (445) (445) (445) (2218)

(1320) (2218)

(656) (660)

Formula C 6 Hi 0 N 2 O 4 C8Hi6N2O4

C10Hi6N2O4 C10H20N2O4 C10H20N2O4 Ci 2 Hi 2 N 2 O 6 Ci 2 H 24 N 2 O 4 Ci2H24N2O4 Ci 4 Hi 4 N 4 O 6 Ci 4 H 24 N 2 O 4 Ci6Hi4Br2N2O4

Ci6Hi4Cl2N2O4

Ci6Hi6N2O4 Ci8Hi8N4O4 Ci8H20N2O4 Ci8H20N2O4 Ci8H36N2O4 C20H22N4O4 C24H20N2O4 C24H28N2O4 C6H7NO4 C6H9NO4 Ci0H9NO4 CnHnNO 4 C8Hi0O8

Amides of tartaric acid.—(Continued) Name | Solvent Tartaric dimethylamide.—(Cont'd) Py H2O Tartaric diethylamide Py H2O H2O MeOH Tartaric diallylamide Py MeOH H2O Tartaric di-n-propylamide MeOH H2O Py Tartaric diisopropylamide Py MeOH H2O Tartaric difurfurylamide Py Tartaric di-n-butylamide Py MeOH H2O Tartaric diisobutylamide Py MeOH H2O Tartaric difurfurylidenehydrazide Py Tartaric dipiperidide Py PhNH2 Tartaric di-o-dibromoanilide Py MeOH MeOH Tartaric di-m-dibromoanilide Py MeOH Tartaric di-p-dibromoanilide Py MeOH Tartaric di-o-diehloroanilide Py MeOH Tartaric di-w-dichloroanilide Py MeOH Tartaric di-p-dichloroanilide MeOH Py Tartranilide Py MeOH Tartaric dibenzylidenehydrazide Py Py Tartaric dibenzylamide Py Tartaric o-toluidide Py Tartaric ra-toluidide Py Tartaric di-n-heptylamide Py MeOH Tartaric di-a-methylbenzylidene hydroxide [(CHOH.CO.NH.N:C(C6H6)CH3)]2 Py Tartaric Tartaric Tartaric Tartaric

di-a-naphthylamide Py di-0-naphthylamide Py di-ar-tetrahydro-^-naphthylamide. . Py di-ac-tetrahydro-ß-naphthylamide. . Py Imides of tartaric acid Tartaric methylimide (partly racemized) H2O Tartaric ethylimide H2O Tartranil H2O MeOH Py Tartaric p-toluil MeOH Py Diacetyltartaric acids and derivatives Diacetyl-d-tartaric acid H2O H2O

| d, C or % 7\68 0.994 6.03 7.47 1.39 5.00 4-74 6.9 4.7 4.86 2.7 4.74 4.66 1.91 4.68 4.88 4.8 4-42 0.868 6.06 6.43 0.65 3.05 3 3 6.604 3.363 0.9402 4.835 0.9862 4.908 0.1359 5.060 1.624 4.966 1.504 1.749 4.81 6.42 0.08 0.383 1.834 5.50 4.99 2.01 3.58 0.995

| t, 0C | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20

[a\p 158.3 144.7 136.6 125.5 128.6 137.9 110.7 118.4 107.8 124.8 112.1 123.9 117.1 117.8 106.3 99.4 110.7 112.0 107.5 113.2 117.2 105.6 219.9 O O 142.3 118.3 120.9 189.3 154.5 193.2 181.1 192.1 164.3 223.4 182.3 196 227.2 246.5 200 160.2 156.8 91.5 203 220 88.72 88.14

\

Lit. (656)

(656) (660) (660) (660)

(651) (660)

(656) (651 ) (661 )

(661)

(656) (656) (656) (660)

0.7-47

20

104

(656)

6.56 1.32 4.48 2.17

20 20 20 20

100.3 292 205.9 58.4

(656)

19.94 8.57 0.596 1.64 4.76 1.98 6.32

20 20 20 20 20

192.6 166.2 114 130 132 118.3 165.6

(H52) (1152) (656)

17.95 3.76

22 22

-23.04 -19.32

(651)

(656) (1638)

Formula C8Hi0O8 C8H8O7

Ci0Hi4O8 Ci0Hi8N2O8 Ci2Hi8O8 Ci4H22O8 Ci6H26O8

|

Diacetyltartaric acids and derivatives.—(Continued) Name | Solvent | d, C or % Diacetyl-d-tartaric acid.—(Cont'd) EtOH 7.37 MeOH 4.68 Diacetyl-d-tartaric anhydride C6H6 2.09 C6H6 1.45 Me2CO 11.66 Me2CO 4.40 Dimethyl diacetyl-d-tartrate EtOH 3.57 Ethylenediamine diacetyl-d-tartrate H2O Acid salt H2O Diethyl diacetyl-d-tartrate EtOH 23.64 EtOH 7.85 Di-w-propyl diacetyl-d-tartrate EtOH 3.25 Di-n-butyl diacetyl-d-tartrate 3.25 EtOH 13.56 Diisobutyl diacetyl-d-tartrate EtOH 7.95

t, 0C | 22 22

18 11.5 11.5 17 14 15 20 14 15

[a]D \ Lit. -23.63 -23.74 63.05 (^38) 58.69 59.70 62.04 -14.23 (1638) -12.74 (1638) -17.05 1.02 (678) 7.04 6.52 (1638) 17.8 ( 678 ) 10.5 10.3 ( 678 > 1638)

C22H24N2O6

Ci2Hi2Cl6O8

Py Halogenoacetyltartrates Dimethyl monotrichloroacetyltartrate PhNO2 Dimethyl ditrichloracetyltartrate PhNO2 PhNO2 PhNO2 Diethyl ditrichloracetyltartrate

Ci6H20Cl6O8

Diisobutyl ditrichloracetyltartrate

C8H9Cl3O7 Ci0H8Cl6O8

Diacetyltartaric d-toluidide

o.24 4.75 4.9 4-9 4-9

Ci6Hi8O7

PhNO2 6.03 PhNO2 5.03 PhNO2 4.76 Mono- and dibenzoyltartaric acids and derivatives Diethyl mono-w-nitrobenzoyltartrate EtOH 2.38 AcOEt 4.97 AcOEt 2.69 CHCl3 4.04 C6H6 2.999 Py 9. OO Diethyl monobenzoyltartrate

Ci6Hi9NO9

Diethyl mononitro-p-toluyltartrate

Ci6H20O7

Diethyl mono-o-toluyltartrate

Ci8Hi2O7

Dibenzoyltartaric anhydride

Ci8Hi4O8-H2O

Dibenzoyltartaric acid

Ci6Hi7NO9

Anhydrous C20Hi6N2Oi2

EtOH AcOEt CHCl3 C6H6 Py

2.63 8.93 7.66 3.88 7.05

Me2CO Me2CO EtOH EtOH MeOH EtOH EtOH MeOH

4.644 1.572 8.933 4.994 4.857 8.506 4.755 4.625 1.3484 0.856 1.3760 1.3484 1.3236

Dimethyl di-o-nitrobenzoyltartrate C6H6 Dimethyl di-w-nitrobenzoyltartrate

* Calculated from density of the m-compound.

20 48.7 20 14 41.5 20 53 70.7 20 157 20 91.9 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 24 63 99.5 135 20 20 20 20 20 14 32.5 100 136.5 18 18 17 15 19 17 15 19 100 11 22 100 179.5

19.61 (656) 7.10 -3.3 -3.41 -2.75 13.49 13.23 13.35 16.65 16.12 9.49 11.55 7.83

(1576) (1576) (1576) (1576)

12.50 26.52 29.77 14.26 O 4.64 20.7 (647, 622) 19.02 17.69 16.36 7.02 (644) 19.85 16.74 -10.86 -20.51 12.08 (647, 662) 11.74 10.88 10.62 142.94 (1638) 143.2 -110.91 (1638) -112.05 -116.30 -116.47 -117.68 -122.14 -97.97* (643) -184.9 -79.36 (643) -69.22 -53.37

Formula C20Hi6N2Oi2

C20Hi8O8

C22H22O8

C22H20N2Oi2

j

Mono- and dibenzoyltartaric acids and derivatives.—(Continued) Name Solvent | d, C or % Dimethyl di-p-nitrobenzoyltartrate 1.3260 1.2923 1.2531 Dimethyl dibenzoyltartrate EtOH 0.245 CHCl3 11.61 Diethyl dibenzoyltartrate EtOH 9.175 EtOH 2.69 Diethyl di-o-nitrobenzoyltartrate

Diethyl di-w-nitrobenzoyltartrate

Diethyl di-p-nitrobenzoyltartrate

C26H80O8

Diisobutyl dibenzoyltartrate

C28H34O8 C34H46O8

Ethyl octyl dibenzoyltartrate Di-sec.-octyl dibenzoyltartrate Nitrotartaric acid and derivatives Dinitrotartaric acid MeOH MeOH EtOH Dimethyl dinitrotartrate EtOH MeOH EtOH C6H6 C6H6 Dimethyl mononitrotartrate MeOH EtOH C6H6 Diethyl dinitrotartrate MeOH

C4H4N2Oi0 C6H8N2Oi0

C6H9NO8 C8Hi2N2Oi0

C8Hi3NO8 Ci0H16N2Oi0 C6H8Cl2O4 C6H8O6 C6H9NO4

C6HnNO6 C 6 Hi 2 N 2 O 4 C 6 Hi 4 N 4 O 4 C7HnNO4 C7Hi2O6 Ci2Hi3NO4

Diethyl mononitrotartrate

EtOH EtOH

MeOH EtOH C6H6 MeOH EtOH C6H6

Di-n-propyl dinitrotartrate Dimethoxysuccinic acid and derivatives d-Dimethoxysuccinyl chloride Me2CO CHCl3 C6H6 d-Dimethoxysuccinic anhydride Me2CO Me2CO d-Dimethoxysuccinimide Me2CO H2O EtOH d-Dimethoxysuccinamic acid H2O H2O EtOH d-Dimethoxysuccinamide H2O rf-Dimethoxysuccinic hydrazide H2O H2O d-Dimethoxysuccinic methylimide Me2CO Methyl hydrogen d-dimethoxysuccinate Me2CO H2O d-Dimethoxysuccinanil Me2CO Me2CO

1.3720 1.2794 1.2412 1.1968 1.3449 1.2679 1.1900 1.3377 1.2648 1.2329 1.1898 14.08 2.88 1.0956 1.0913

| t, 0C | [a]D \ Lit. 100 -107.56 (6 43 ) 136 -92.96 178 -77.11 100 -72.56 ( 647 > 6*2) 20 -96.61 (i« 38 ) 19 -88.24 16 -54.50 (i«3*) -60.02 18

-59.36

15 100 135 179 20 100 181 13 99 135 181 22 19 10.8 25

-131.85 -62.66 -42.64 -23.71 -70.90 -64.35 -49.08 -129.3 -97.57 -85.47 -67.83 -48.86 -41.95 49.41 -43.94

0.99 9.09 9.09 2.42 8.38 8.60 8.02 1.09 4.92 9.09 1.77 2.21 1.307*5 8.87 8.64 9.39 8.91 8.53 8.46 1.2088*J

20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20

5.3913 1.2484 2.0357 5.2573 2.3148 1.6324 1.6244 1.6168 1.3016 1.8896 1.1648 0.72 1.1516 4.3692 1.2500 4.615 4.823 1.1228 2.2824

20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20

20 20 20 20 20 20

16.48 13.70 13.48 27.54 20.28 13.36 19.42 23.63 27.43 27.36 16.53 29.87 27.10 27.18 24.27 23.76 35.55 34.44 31.31 30.86 79.85 56.87 104.14 148.7 148.4 235.54 178.53 241.22 89.89 88.11 103.45 94.44 130.25 128.28 228.8 91.22 69.35 198.16 197.16

(647,662)

( 643 )

(1638) (i 319) (1320) ( 645 )

(2099) (^ 45 )

( 645 )

(2099) (^ 45 ) ( 645 ) (2099) (1747) (i 747 ) (2224)

(2224)

(1732) (2224) (2224) (1747) (i 732)

Formula Ci2Hi5NO6 Ci2H22O6 Ci8H20N2O4

C8Hi2O5 C8HuO6 C8Hi8N4O4 Ci0Hi8O6 Ci4HnNO4 Ci4Hi9NO5 C20H24N2O4

C5H6O6 C5H8O6 Ci8Hi4O6 Ci8Hi4O6 Ci8Hi8Oi0

C20Hi6OT C22H20Or C6H8O7S C7Hi0O5S2 C8Hi0O8S2

C8Hi2O7S Ci0Hi6O7S C4H8O4 C6H8O6 C6Hi0O6 C9Hi0O4

Dimethoxysuccinic add and derivatives.—(Continued) Name | Solvent | d, C or % t, 0C | [a\D \ Lit. d-Dimethoxysuccinic monoanilide Me2CO 1.2696 20 129.57 (2224) EtOH 1.1560 20 128.03 Me2CO 2.2816 20 129.51 Propyl d-dimethoxysuccinate 1.0612 20 84.92 (1732) 1.0237 60 81.06 d-Dimethoxysuccinanilide Me2CO 1.198 20 255.43 (2224) Me2CO 1.880 20 254.79 20 227.03 EtOH 1.1496 Diethoxysuccinic acid and derivatives d-Diethoxysuccinic anhydride Me2CO 1.6328 20 143.62 (2224) Me2CO 6.1416 20 143.85 d-Diethoxysuccinic acid Me2CO 1.3680 20 84.06 (2224) Me2CO 2.2008 20 83.66 d-Diethoxysuccinic hydrazide H2O 1.2832 20 123.13 (2224) H2O 1.8808 20 124.95 H2O 4.0960 20 125.61 Dimethyl d-diethoxysuccinate 20 89.28 (2224) H2O 3.962 20 79.00 d-Diethoxysuccinanil Me2CO 3.8864 20 182.56 (2224) EtOH 2.2864 20 180.19 C6H6 2.1336 20 237.39 d-Diethoxysuccinic monoanilide Me2CO 2.4488 20 143.54 (2224) EtOH 2.4712 20 137.18 d-Diethoxysuccinic dianilide Me2CO 1.180 20 263.14 (2224) Me2CO 1.6984 20 267.60 Me2CO 2.1812 20 278.06 Other tartaric acid derivatives with one or both of the hydrogen atoms of the hydroxyl groups substituted Monomethylene-d-tartaric acid; cf. (!262).. H2O 0.8 -73 (1262.5) a-Hydroxy-ß-methoxysuccinic acid H2O 1.85 45.4 (837) Dibenzylidene-d-tartaric acid* MeOH 128 ( 4 22) Di-p-tolylidene-d-tartaric acid MeOH 107 Diethyl dipyromucyltartrate 1.1914 99.5 -67.65 (634) 1.1524 140 -60.55 EtOH 0.503 20 -98.54 EtOH 4.94 20 -86.82 Diphenacyltartaric anhydridef 58 (677) Diphenylpropionyltartaric anhydride (C6H5.CH2.CH2.CO.O.CH.CO)20 38 (677) Sulfur derivatives of tartaric acid Dimethyl thionyltartrate 1.4445^;f 18 -61 (1871) d-Xanthosuccinic acid EtOH 5.20 17 82.8 (HO.CO.CH(S.CS.OC2H5)CH2.COOH) AcOEt 2.69 17 101.7 (917) Z-Xanthosuccinic acid AcOEt 5.48 17 —101.6 Dithiosuccinic acid EtOH 5 17 272.8 (920.2) Me2CO 5 17 270.2 H2O 5 17 290.5 H2O 5.07 17 68.1 Diethyl thionyltartrate 1.3257^'j 18 -56.7 (1871) 1.329 19.5 -183.8 (1330) 1.342 9.5 -185.4 Di-n-propyl thionyltartrate 1.2382 18 -18.54 (1871) Other hydroxycarboxyUc acids and derivatives Z-a, /3-Dihydroxybutyric acid H2O 5.99 16 -13.51 (1462) Barium salt H2O 6.27 16 -20.63 (1462) d-a, -y-Dihydroxyglutaric acid H2O 0.668 3.9 (ioes) d-a, a'-Dihydroxyadipic acid H2O? 6.16 16 3.8 (1201) Ammoniumsalt H2O 6.16 16 -21.4 (1201) Z-Phenylglyceric acid H2O 3.16 20 -39.63 (1782) (C6H5.CHOH.CHOH.COOH) 98% EtOH 6.28 20 -30.48 Me2CO 7.36 20 -36.43

/O.CO *C6HS.CH<( I XXCH

|

CO.Ov ] ^>CH.C6H6. CH.CK

t C6H5.CH2.CO.OCH.C(X I />0. CeHo.CHa.CO.OCH.CXX

Formula Ci0H14N2O4 C14HÔ4 C16H30O4 ClsHwOi


C27H23BrO7 C27H24O8 C28H26O8 C34H28O9 C6H10O5

|

Other hydroxycarboxylic acids and derivatives. — (Continued) Name | Solvent | d, C or % | t, 0C | [a]D \ Lit. Z-Threonyl phenylhydrazide (HO.CH2.CHOH.CHOH.CO.NH.NH.C6H5) H2O 4. 75 20 -26.88 (149°) Ipurolic acid (C13H26(OH)2.COOH) EtOH 13.0 O ("OBJ Methyl ipurolate (C13H25(OH)2OXOCH3). . . EtOH 3.45 1.69 (!705) d-B-\ (9,12)-Dihydroxystearic acid (CH3(CH2)5.CHOH(CH2)2.CHOH(CH2)7.EtOH L. 3 6.45 (757) COOH) IB3 to IBn. CARBOHYDRATES AND RELATED COMPOUNDS* SUGARS CONTAINING 5 CARBON ATOMS AND RELATED COMPOUNDS Methyltetroses Methyltetrose (CH3(CHOH)3.CHO) 9.6% EtOH 9.47 -16.35f (1807) Methyltetronic lactone H2O 5.9 20 -47 .5 (1807 ) a-Glucodesose (2-Desoxyglucose (5 min.) . . . Py 4.16 19 90. Uf ("2) (5 after min.) H2O 9.21 19 46.52 /3-Glucodesose (H (CHOH)3.CH2.CHO) (after 5 min.) H2O 9.50 18 46.59f (after 5 min.) Py 2.03 18 15.03 (after 24 hr.) 90.21 Tribenzoylbromoglucodesose C2H2Cl4 4. 49 16 121.4 ( 11 Z) Tribenzoylglucodesose C2H2Cl4 5.18 19 38.39 ( 11 Z) Tribenzoylmethylglucodesoside C2H2Cl4 8.63 19 -34.31 (112) Tetrabenzoylglucodesose C2H2Cl4 9. 32 16 8.96 ("2) Arabinose and derivatives d-Arabinose\c/. (95.5 ioei, 1558, 1862.5, H2O 10.11 20 -104. If ( 2205 ) Z-Arabinose J 2206) (H(CHOH)4.CHO) H2O 10 18 104.4 0258, I860)

C6H13NO4

Arabinamine (H (CHOH)4.CH2.NH2)

H2O

C6H12O6 C6H13N3O5 C7Hi0Cl2O5 C8H16O6 C9H18O6

a-Methylarabinoside /3-Methylarabinoside Arabinose semicarbazone Dechloroarabinochloralose 2, 3, 4-Trimethylarabinose 2, 3, 4-Trimethyl-a-methylarabinoside

C11H16BrO7 C11H16ClO7 C11H16FO7 C11H16IO7 C12H28N2O12

Triacetylbromo-Z-arabinose; cf. (287) Triacetylchloro-ârabinose; c/. (287) Triacetylfluoro-Z-arabinose Triacetyliodo-Z-arabinose Arabinamine oxalate

H2O H2O H2O H2O H2O H2O MeOH CHCl3 CHCl3 CHCl3 CHCl3 H2O

C17H18O4 C17H20N2O4 C17H20N4O8 C17H20O6

Anhydro-1, 1-diphenylarabitol J- Arabinose diphenylhydrazone Arabinososazone (initial rotation); c/. ( 4 SS). 1-1, Diphenyl-Z-arabitol (HO.C(C6H6)2.(CHOH)3.CH2OH) Dibenzylidenearabinose a, a-Dibenzyl-Z-arabitol a, a-Di-p-tolyU-arabitol Di-p-toluylidenearabinose l3-Homonataloint 7-Homonataloin 6-Homonataloin Nataloin (natural) /3-Nataloin 7-Nataloin S-Nataloin 7-Pentaacetylhomonataloin 7-Pentaaeetylnataloin

0. 46

10

-4.58 («os, 1804)

10.01 8. 16 40 7.98 9.9 12.13 1 .86 2.4 2.4 2.5 5

20 20 15 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 15

245.7 (1741) 73.24 23. 8f ( 1 STS) -19.72 (»26) 127.2 (!74I) 250.8 (1741) 223.1 287. 11 (233) 244.4 (233) 138. 18 (233) 339.06 (233) -13.5 (1803> 1804)

C19H18O6 C19H24O6 C19H24O6 C21H22O6 C22H22Oi0 C23H24Oi0

C32H32O15 C33H34O16

6-Pentaacetylnataloin * See also Vol. II, p. 334. f Mutarotation. /CCX XXCH2. (CHOH)3-CHO J HO.CH2.(HO)C6H/ ^)C6H/ X ^CV CH2.O.CH,

Me2CO Py EtOH

1 .37 1.05 3.4

H2O MeOH EtOH EtOH CHCl3 60% EtOH 60% EtOH 60% EtOH 60% EtOH 60% EtOH 60% EtOH 60% EtOH EtOH EtOH AcOH EtOH

0.4075 0.4 0. 2689 0.5491 0.4 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

8 20 20 19 18

114.8 (isso) 14.9 (l 48O) 18.9Of ( 25 ) 85.6 ( 1 SSO) 26.8 (^1) 31 .5 ( 1 SSO) 71.62 (isso) 2.9 (^1) O (H89) -146.2 110.6 -145 (1189) 10 -143.7 -146 —54.2 -53 (1189) -58 —56. 1

Formula Ci0H14N2O4 C14HÔ4 C16H30O4 ClsHwOi


C27H23BrO7 C27H24O8 C28H26O8 C34H28O9 C6H10O5

|

Other hydroxycarboxylic acids and derivatives. — (Continued) Name | Solvent | d, C or % | t, 0C | [a]D \ Lit. Z-Threonyl phenylhydrazide (HO.CH2.CHOH.CHOH.CO.NH.NH.C6H5) H2O 4. 75 20 -26.88 (149°) Ipurolic acid (C13H26(OH)2.COOH) EtOH 13.0 O ("OBJ Methyl ipurolate (C13H25(OH)2OXOCH3). . . EtOH 3.45 1.69 (!705) d-B-\ (9,12)-Dihydroxystearic acid (CH3(CH2)5.CHOH(CH2)2.CHOH(CH2)7.EtOH L. 3 6.45 (757) COOH) IB3 to IBn. CARBOHYDRATES AND RELATED COMPOUNDS* SUGARS CONTAINING 5 CARBON ATOMS AND RELATED COMPOUNDS Methyltetroses Methyltetrose (CH3(CHOH)3.CHO) 9.6% EtOH 9.47 -16.35f (1807) Methyltetronic lactone H2O 5.9 20 -47 .5 (1807 ) a-Glucodesose (2-Desoxyglucose (5 min.) . . . Py 4.16 19 90. Uf ("2) (5 after min.) H2O 9.21 19 46.52 /3-Glucodesose (H (CHOH)3.CH2.CHO) (after 5 min.) H2O 9.50 18 46.59f (after 5 min.) Py 2.03 18 15.03 (after 24 hr.) 90.21 Tribenzoylbromoglucodesose C2H2Cl4 4. 49 16 121.4 ( 11 Z) Tribenzoylglucodesose C2H2Cl4 5.18 19 38.39 ( 11 Z) Tribenzoylmethylglucodesoside C2H2Cl4 8.63 19 -34.31 (112) Tetrabenzoylglucodesose C2H2Cl4 9. 32 16 8.96 ("2) Arabinose and derivatives d-Arabinose\c/. (95.5 ioei, 1558, 1862.5, H2O 10.11 20 -104. If ( 2205 ) Z-Arabinose J 2206) (H(CHOH)4.CHO) H2O 10 18 104.4 0258, I860)

C6H13NO4

Arabinamine (H (CHOH)4.CH2.NH2)

H2O

C6H12O6 C6H13N3O5 C7Hi0Cl2O5 C8H16O6 C9H18O6

a-Methylarabinoside /3-Methylarabinoside Arabinose semicarbazone Dechloroarabinochloralose 2, 3, 4-Trimethylarabinose 2, 3, 4-Trimethyl-a-methylarabinoside

C11H16BrO7 C11H16ClO7 C11H16FO7 C11H16IO7 C12H28N2O12

Triacetylbromo-Z-arabinose; cf. (287) Triacetylchloro-ârabinose; c/. (287) Triacetylfluoro-Z-arabinose Triacetyliodo-Z-arabinose Arabinamine oxalate

H2O H2O H2O H2O H2O H2O MeOH CHCl3 CHCl3 CHCl3 CHCl3 H2O

C17H18O4 C17H20N2O4 C17H20N4O8 C17H20O6

Anhydro-1, 1-diphenylarabitol J- Arabinose diphenylhydrazone Arabinososazone (initial rotation); c/. ( 4 SS). 1-1, Diphenyl-Z-arabitol (HO.C(C6H6)2.(CHOH)3.CH2OH) Dibenzylidenearabinose a, a-Dibenzyl-Z-arabitol a, a-Di-p-tolyU-arabitol Di-p-toluylidenearabinose l3-Homonataloint 7-Homonataloin 6-Homonataloin Nataloin (natural) /3-Nataloin 7-Nataloin S-Nataloin 7-Pentaacetylhomonataloin 7-Pentaaeetylnataloin

0. 46

10

-4.58 («os, 1804)

10.01 8. 16 40 7.98 9.9 12.13 1 .86 2.4 2.4 2.5 5

20 20 15 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 15

245.7 (1741) 73.24 23. 8f ( 1 STS) -19.72 (»26) 127.2 (!74I) 250.8 (1741) 223.1 287. 11 (233) 244.4 (233) 138. 18 (233) 339.06 (233) -13.5 (1803> 1804)

C19H18O6 C19H24O6 C19H24O6 C21H22O6 C22H22Oi0 C23H24Oi0

C32H32O15 C33H34O16

6-Pentaacetylnataloin * See also Vol. II, p. 334. f Mutarotation. /CCX XXCH2. (CHOH)3-CHO J HO.CH2.(HO)C6H/ ^)C6H/ X ^CV CH2.O.CH,

Me2CO Py EtOH

1 .37 1.05 3.4

H2O MeOH EtOH EtOH CHCl3 60% EtOH 60% EtOH 60% EtOH 60% EtOH 60% EtOH 60% EtOH 60% EtOH EtOH EtOH AcOH EtOH

0.4075 0.4 0. 2689 0.5491 0.4 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

8 20 20 19 18

114.8 (isso) 14.9 (l 48O) 18.9Of ( 25 ) 85.6 ( 1 SSO) 26.8 (^1) 31 .5 ( 1 SSO) 71.62 (isso) 2.9 (^1) O (H89) -146.2 110.6 -145 (1189) 10 -143.7 -146 —54.2 -53 (1189) -58 —56. 1

Formula C4H10O6

I

Name d-Xylose (equilibrium) ^-Xylose (after 24 hours)

Xylose and derivatives Solvent H2O H2O H2O H2O H2O H2O H2O H2O H2O H2O

I d, C or % | t, 0C | 9.937 20 3.115 20 5. 376 20 9.706 20 81.744 20 34.355 20 46.395 20 66.229 20 61.747 20 10.664 20

[a\D \ Lit. -18.6* (542) 18.42* (!»«) 18.55* 18.77* 19.61* 20.49* 21.43* 22.68* 23.70* 19.22* (15S8); <£ (2173)

H2O H2O

C6H13NO4

a-Ê-Xvlose (initial) (equilibrium) Xylosimine (after 63 hr.) (H(CHOH)4.CH: NH) (after 24 hr.) Xylosamine (H (CHOH)4.CH2.NH2)

H2O H2O H2O

4.778 4.804 5.28

C6H14INO4

Xylosamine hydroiodide

H2O

8

C6H12O6 C6H13N3O6 C7H14O6 C8H14O6 C9H16O6

Monomethyl-Z-xylose (equilibrium) H2O H2O Xylose semicarbazone Dimethyl-£-xylose (equilibrium) H2O Isopropylidene-Z-xylose H2O 1, 2-sec.-Butylidene xylose ether H2O Monomethylisopropylidenexylose H2O Dimethylisopropylidenexylose H2O CHCl3 Triacetylbromo xylose CHCl3 Triacetylfluoroxylose CHCl3 Triacetyl-/3-xylose CHCl3 Triacetyl-ß-methylxyloside 1, 2-sec.-Butylidene-4, 5(?)-isopropylideneH2O xylose 1, 2-Isopropylidene-4, 5(?)-sec.-butylideneH2O xylose H2O 1, 2, 4, 5(?)-Di-sec.-butylidenexylose EtOH Xylosazone MeOH Dibenzylidenexylose Me2CO Di-p-toluylidenexylose Other pentoses Cyclose H2O Cyclamin H2O? if-Ribose.... H2O d-Ribose p-bromophenylosazone EtOH Carnose phenylhydrazone EtOH Carnose p-bromophenylhydrazone EtOH d-Lyxose benzylphenylhydrazone EtOH Acids derived from pentoses H2O Arabonic lactone Strontium salt of arabonic acid (C at 10O0C) H2O H2O Ribonic lactone H2O Cadmium salt of ribonic acid H2O Lyxonic acid lactone H2O Z-Trioxyglutaric acid H2O Potassium salt H2O Strontium xylonate (C at 10O0C) H2O Dimethylenexy Ionic acid C6H6 Triacetyl-Z-arabonic lactone} 1, l-Diphenyl-2, 3, 4-trihydroxytetrahydrofurEtOH furane-4-carboxylic acid § EtOH

C6H10O6 C6H11NO4

9.2f 18. of

(1991) (1991) (1220)

15

-15.9* -15.71* -8.52

(1803,

15

-12.50

(!»os,

18 18 20 20 20 20

42f (i"i) 24.4* (1375) 24f (i"i) -19f (i"i) -8.Of (1993) -21. 4f (i"i) -43. 3f (1991) 212.2 (365) 67.24 (231) -24.9 (365) -60.8 (365)

1804) 1804)

C10H18O6 C11H16BrO7 C11H16FO7 CnH16Oa C^H18O8 Ci2H2oO6

Ci2H2oO6

C13H22O6

C17H20N4O3 C^H18O6 C2lH22O 6

C6H10O6 C26H42O12 C6H10O6 C17H18Br2N4O3 C 11 Hi 6 N 2 O 4 C11H15BrN2O4 C18H22N2O4 C6H8O5 C6H8O6 C6H8O6 C6H8O7 (C6H9O6)2Sr.6H2O C7H10O6 C11H14O8 C17H16O6

* Mutarotation. t WTSSO.

Î CH3.CO.O.CH2.CH.CH(O.CO.CH3).CH(O.CO.CH3)CO. I , 0

40

6.04 0.568 2.34 2.54 3.0 2.70

1.22

15.7

16.lt (1993) 17.4* (i"3) -43.36 (455) 37.5 (421) 45.6 (421)

0.79 0.51 2.816 0.4

2 1.5 0.998 3.77 4.05 4.89

9.45 4.353 9.34 9. 78 9.59 10.863 4.305 7.5 1.8584

1.1869 I 1.345

(i"3)

20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 16 20

18.5 14 17

§ C(C6H6) s.CHOH.CHOH.COH.COOH. I _J 0

48.78 -36.3 18.8* -16 4.53 -5.69 26.39

(1656) (1656) (425) (1230) (1229) (1229) (i«08)

-73.9 (533) 1.96 (26) -18.0 (533) 0.6 (533) 82.4 (494) -22.7 (2184) 9.35 (2184) 12.14 (26) 39.2 (334) -60.5 (1550) 119.5 201.7

(1550)

Formula C6H8Cl4O4S C8H18O6 Ci0H22O6

C9H18O6 C12H22O6 C14H26O6 C34H30O10 C37H34O10 C48H38O12 C60H50O12 C18H2OOs C18H22O6

C20H26O6 C28H32O11 C32H30O8 C6H14O5 C6H14O6 C6H14O6 C6H14O6 C10H22O6 C12H22O5 C14H20O9 C18H22O6 C18H26O12 C18H22O6 C18H22O6 C18H26O12 C20H26O6 C6H12O5

PENTAHYDRIC AND HEXAHYDRIC ALCOHOLS CONTAINING 6 CARBON ATOMS Mannitol and derivatives Name Solvent | d, C or % | t, 0C Mannitoltetrachlorohydrine sulfate C2H2Cl4 5.12 15 5, 6-Dimethylmannitol H2O 2.47 20 EtOH 2.47 20 1, 2, 3, 4-Tetramethylmannitol H2O 2.49 20 EtOH 1.74 20 3, 4, 5, 6-Tetramethylmannitol H2O 1.92 20 EtOH 1.81 20 Isopropylidenemannitol H2O 2.76 20 EtOH 2.63 20 Diisopropylidenemannitol H2O 2.69 20 EtOH 2.70 20 Dimethyldiisopropylidenemannitol H2O 2.57 20 EtOH 2.08 20 Tetrabenzoylmannitol C2H2Cl4 7.46 18 Tetrabenzoylisopropylidenemannitol C 2 H 2 Cl 4 9.7 20 PhMe 10.15 20 Hexabenzoylmannitol CHCl3 2.119 Hexacinnamylmannitol CHCl3 8.16 21 CHCl3 7.57 20 Dulcuol Anhydro-a, a-diphenyldulcitol Hydrated H2O 0.98 20 Anhydrous H2O 2.14 20 1, 1-Diphenyldulcitol (HO.C(C6HB)2.(CHOH)4.CH2OH) H2O 0.3 20 EtOH 0.3 20 AcOEt 0.35 20 1, 1-Dibenzyldulcitol EtOH 0.26 20 1, l-Diphenyl-2,3,4,5,6-pentaacetyldulcitol EtOH 0.69 20 1, 1-Diphenyldibenzoyldulcitol EtOH 0.467 18 Sorbitol, sorbieritol and other isomerides of mannitol 2-Desoxysorbitol (H(CHOH)3.CH2.CH2.OH) H2O 9.11 18 Sorbieritol (d-iditol) H2O 10 20 Wditol H2O 10 20 d-Talitol H2O 10 18 Tetramethylsorbitol H2O 1.463 Diisopropylidene-/3-desoxysorbitol C2H2Cl4 1.20 20 Styracitol tetraacetate EtOH 10.3 22 1, 1-Diphenylhexane-l, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6-hexol (HO.C(C6H6)2.(CHOH)5.H) EtOH 0.77 Hexaacetylsorbieritol CHCl3 5 18 1, 1-DiphenyW-sorbitol H2O 1.23 25 EtOH 1.47 25 1, 1-Diphenyl-d-galactohexitol (HO.C(C6H6)2.(CHOH)4.CH2OH H2O 1.20 20 EtOH 2.13 20 Hexaacetyl-Wditol CHCl3 5 20 1, 1-p-Ditolylsorbitol EtOH 0.4 20 SUGARS CONTAINING 6 CARBON ATOMS Methylpentoses: Rhamnose and derivatives Rhamnose; cf. ("O, 715.5, 993, 1248, 1769, 1912,1988,2001,2180)

C7H15N3O5 C10H20O6 CuH20O6 C12H17NO4 C12H18N2O4 * Mutarotation.

H2O

Rhamnose semicarbazone (after 120 hr.).... H2O Trimethylmethylrhamnoside H2O EtOH Dimethylisopropylidenerhamnoside MeOH Me2CO Rhamnoseanilide EtOH Rhamnose phenylhydrazone H2O

10

40 1.0724 10.66 13.65 1.0795 11.02 12.48 1.011

19.5

20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20

[a]p \ Lit. 105.1 (»48) -7.35 (979,980) -8.85 22.1 (979, 980) 39.8 -13.02 -12.54 26.4 (979,980); 23.2 cf. (465.5) 19.31 (979, 980); 15.75 cf. (465.5) 25.7 (9?9, 98O) 21.9 7.83 (487) 0.60 (487) 15.43 50.7 ("oi) 12.96 (528) 13.15 -108.6 -82.1 72.9 56.2 76.4 1.46 14.6 64.7

(1547) (1547)

(1547) (1547)

15.61 ("2) -3.53 (127) -3.5 (133) 3.05 ("i) -6.2 (962) 11.08 (H2) -20.86 (53) 77.9 26.66 71.25 74.75

(«48) («7) (1549)

72.9 (issi) 56.23 25.33 (133) 97.1 (1547)

8.56

(188I)

50* (1375) -62.18 ("46) -15.54 -53.13 -33.40 (i 746) -31.10 -35.32 77.1 (975) 54.3 (553); (993)

cf.

Formula Ci3Hi7NO6 Ci3H18N4O6 Ci9H24N4O9 C20H22O5 C2iH20On C6Hi2O6 C6Hi2O5 C6Hi2O5 C6Hi4O5 Ci 3 H 20 N 2 O 4 Ci4H20O9 Ci9H24N2O4 C6Hi2O6 C7Hi4O6 C7Hi4O6 C9Hi6O6 Ci2H20O6 Ci4Hi9BrO9 Ci4Hi9FO9 Ci6H22Oi0 Ci6H22On

C6Hi2O6

|

Methylpentoses: Rhamnose and derivatives.—(Continued) Name | Solvent | d, C or % | t, 0C | [a]D \ Lit. Rhamnose-0-carboxyanilide MeOH very dil. 20 51.2 (96») Theophyllinerhamnoside H2O 9.105 22 -77.97 (soi) Theophyllinetriacetylrhamnoside* C2H2Cl4 5.85 20 -48.87 ( 5 Oi) Dibenzylidenerhamnose MeOH 56.3 (421) Quercitrin Py 1.112 -140.9 (1453) Fucose and other methylpentoses Fucose H2O 6.915 20 -77.Of ( 761 ) H2O 7.06 -75.61 (2036) Rhodeose H2O 4.02 74.5 (208i) Isorhodeose H2O 1.44 20.3 (2082) Styracitol H2O 20 -71.72 (52) Fucitol (methylpentitol) 10% Borax 2.7 20 4.7 (2083) Fucose methylphenylhydrazone Py 1.85 3.1 (1479) Tetraacetylmethylpentose CHCl3 3.619 21.64 (1705) Fucose benzylphenylhydrazone Py 1.85 9.1 (1479) Ketoses: Fructose and derivatives ^-Fructose (lévulose) (H(CHOH)4.CO.CH2OH) H2O 6.93 20 -90.9 (941) H2O 50 15 96.19 (1598) 0-Methyl-d-fructoside H2O 10.02 20 -172.1 (941) Monomethyl-d-fructose H2O 1 20 -53. If (967) MeOH 1 20 22.lt a-Isopropylidene-d-fructose; c/. (465.5) H2O 20 -159 (963) a-Diisopropylidene-«ructose; c/. (465.5).... H2O 20 -161 (963) Tetraacetylbromo-d-fructose CHCl3 1.908 20 -186 (232) CHCl3 3.276 20 -189.1 Tetraacetylfluoro-d-fructose CHCl3 5.92 20 -90.43 (232) Tetraacetyl-£-methyl-d-fructoside CHCl3 8 20 -124.6 (941) Pentaacetyl-a-d-fructose CHCl3 8 20 34.75 (940) C6H6 2.00 20 -105.5 (939, 940) Pentaacetyl-/3-d-fructose CHCl3 5.00 20 -120.9 (939, 940) Sorbose and other ketoses d-Sorbose (H(CHOH)4.CO.CH2OH) H2O 1 +42.9 (423) ; cf. (1597.5)

J-Sorbose. C6Hi004

C6Hi0O5 C6Hi2O5 C7H12O6 C7Hi4O6

H2O H2O Glucose: Alkyl and alkylidene derivatives

9.957 1

Isoglucal (isomer of I ° \ HO.CH2.CH(CHOH)2CH:CH) Anhydroglucose Glucodesoses, see Methyltetroses, p. 386 Methyleneglucose tt-6-Monomethylglucose 0-6-Monomethylglucose Methylglucose a-Dechlorochloralose 2, 3-Dimethyl-a-glucose 2, 3-Dimethyl-^-glucose

H2O H2O

9.37 9.35 1.13 1 1 1

C9Hi6O6

a-Isopropylideneglucose

H2O? MeOH MeOH H2O H2O AcOH H2O EtOH AcOH H2O

C9Hi8O6

2, 3, 6-Trimethylglucose

40% HCl

1.52

MeOH 40% HCl H2O EtOH CHCl3 H2O MeOH C6H6

0.933 1.20 4.39 4.67 5 2.080 1.827 1.641

C8Hi2Cl2O6 C8Hi6O6

-43.4 -42.9

1.0 5.00 5.02 3.84

23 20 20 20 20 15 20 20 20 20 20

43.15 (i"-*) 53.9 (559) 9.3 (2035) 68. Sf (966,984) 68.3f 57f O 236 ) 9.96 («26) 48. 3f (984) 64.4f 49.4f 50.9f -11 (963); cf. (465.5)

92

(912); cf. (839)

2, 3, 5-Trimethylglucose 3, 5, 6-Trimethylglucose Ci0Hi0Cl6O6 C10H20O6

Dichloralglucose (from cellulose) Tetramethyl-T-glucose

*C7H7O2N4.C6H8O(OCOCH3)3.

t Mutarotation.

20 20 20 20 20

67.5 91 -8.32f (984) -8.34f -12 (isoo) -7.21 f ( 962 ) -19.7 -17.1

Formula CioH20O6 Clo!Î2205S2

Ci2H2QO6

|

Glucose: Alkyl and alkylidene derivatives. — (Continued) Solvent | d, C or % | Name EtOH 5.01 Tetramethylglucose H2O 5.02 Glucoseethylmercaptol (H(CHOH)4.CHH2O 4.878 (S.C2H6)2 H2O a-Diisopropylideneglucose

/, 0C | 20 20

WD | Lit. 78.2 (1733); c/. 80.8 (837,912)

50 20

-29.8 (464) -18 (»63); c/.

22

-32.2 (983) -21.89 ("-S)

(465.5)

Ci3H22O6

Ci9H22N2O3

Diisopropylidene-3-methylglucose Isoglucal phenylbenzylhydrazone

EtOH MeOH

2.40

Acyl derivatives of glucose

CIeH22O1I

Triacetylglucose bromohydrin Bromotetraacetylglucose Fluorotetraacetylglucose Tetraacetylnitroglucose Tetraacetylcyanoglucose Tetraacetylisocyanoglucose a-Glucose pentaacetate

Me2CO CHCl3 CHCl3 CHCl3 C2H2Cl4 C2H2Cl4 C6H6 CHCl3 99.5% Me2CO 50% Me2CO EtOH (abs.) MeOH

CIeHg2Ou

ß-Glucose pentaacetate

C6H6

C12H17BrO8 Ci 4 HiQBrOg Ci 4 HIgFOg

C14H19NO12 Ci6H19NO10

CHCl3 99.5% Me2CO 50% Me2CO EtOH (abs.) MeOH CHCl3 CHCl3 CHCl3 CHCl3 CHCl3 CHCl3 PhMe CHCl3 EtOH EtOH H2O H2O EtOH CHCl3 CHCl3 EtOH

C21H24O1I C2IH24O12 C21Hs2O1U C23H27NOi2 C3iHo2On C34H27BrO9 C4IH32Ou C 4 iH 32 Oi6

ß-Pentacarbomethoxyglucose ß-Tetraacetylbenzoylglucose ß-Tetraaeetylsalicy !glucose /3-Pentacarboethoxyglucose ß-Tetraacetylhippurylglucose ß-Pentaisovalerylglucose ß-Bromotetrabenzoyl-d-glucose Pentabenzoylglucose Penta-p-hydroxybenzoylglucose

C4iH32O2e

Pentagalloylglucose

C6iH42On

C7Hi2O5 C7Hi4O6

a-Pentacinnamylglucose /5-Pentacinnamylglucose Penta-3, 4-dihydroxycinnamylglucose Penta- (-p-carbomethoxyhy droxybenzoyl) C2H2Cl4 glucose Me2CO Z-Bromotetra-(triacetylgalloyl)-glucose Me2CO Acetyltetra-(triacetylgalloyl)-glucose a-Pentalaurylglucose CHCl3 ß-Pentalaurylglucose CHCl3 Penta- (3, 4-dicarbomethoxydihydroxycinCHCl3 namyl)-glucose C2H2Cl4 Penta- (tricarbomethoxygalloyl)-glucose Methylglucosides Anhydromethylglucoside H2O a-Methylglucoside H2O

C7Hi4O6 C9Hi8O6

0-Methylglucoside 2, 3-Dimethyl-a-methylglucoside

Ci0Hi8O6

5, 6-Isopropylidenemethylglucoside

Ci0H20O6

Trimethyl-a-methylglucoside

Ci 6 H 22 OiB

C6iH42O2i C6lH 42 O 2 6

CssHöiBrOss CeoH54O3B CBeHi22O11 CnH62O4I C7lH62Oo6

8.788 11.6 3.05 6.21 6.318 5.878 7.7 8.1 8.3 3.9 0.52 1.5 7.7

20 19 20 18 16 19 20 20 20 20 20 20 20

23.33 (559) 198.17 ("«) 90.08 (231) 149.30 ("«) 15.86 (485) -7.54 96.7 ( 9 42) 101.6 108.7 108.1 100.9 104.6 2.7

( 94 2)

8.3 8.5 3.6 0.54 1.2 5.10 2.10 2.17 5.30 2.25 3.56 10.88 8.387 5.157 4. 989 1.0 1.0 2.250 2.76 4-37 1.01

20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 19 20 12 20 20 20 20 20 20

3.8 4.1 3.2 1.9 4.9 1.35 (2241) -28.1 (2241) -43.4 (2241) 2.47 (2241) 3.64 (2241) 9.1 (2241) 145.1 (508.5) 25.37 (sos.s) 124.3 (503) 128.8 31.4 (503) 35.7 44.4 198.8 (528) -3.6 57.4 (528)

2.1 1.11 0.555 2.15 6.16

20 16 20 20 20

100.00 (503) 58.83 (1039) 44.9 (1041) 40.62 C 2241 ) 3.9

1.02 3.27

20 20

114.0 (528) 34.34 (551)

8.25 1.56

23 16

-136.6 (559) 157.9 ( 66 ); cf.

1 . 689 5.08 5.07 4.25 4.45 4.11 2.82 1.1656

18 20 20 20 20 20

-32 . 06 O 09 > 1 95) 142.6 (984) 143.1 143.5 -11 .7 (1323) -11.4 160.3 («37) 129.8 (1733)

(465.5)

H2O H2O EtOH AcOH MeOH EtOH MeOH

30

Formula CiiHÔe

CiiHÔe

Ci2H22O 6

Ci2H22O7 Ci 4 Hi 8 O 6

CnHi 9 O?

CisEUoOe Cl6H2 2 Olo

CioH22Oio

Ci6H22O6 Ci7H24O7

CigHaoOe CsoHaoOio C3SôO22 C59IÎ54O34

C8Hi6O6

I

Methylglucosides. — (Continued) Name Solvent Tetramethyl-a-methylglucoside Different sample EtOH Different sample EtOH EtOH H2O Tetramethyl-7-methylglucoside

H2O EtOH Me2CO C6H6

I d, C or % 1.1006 1.1025 5.01 5.42 12.84 10.0 1.1082 2.4995 2.4985 2.6215 2.6665

2, 3-Dimethylmethyl-5, 6-isopropylideneglucoside

MeOH 6.11 80% EtOH 10.00 1.235 2, 3, 6, Trimethyl-5-acetyl-ß-methylglucoside H2O Benzylidene-a-methylglucoside H2O 0.4 Benzylidene-ß-methylglucoside MeOH 1 H2O 0.4 Salicylidene-a-methylglucoside MeOH p-Toluylidene-a-methylglucoside CHCl3 6.3 Tetraacetyl-a-methylglucoside 99.5% Me2CO 2.7 50% Me2CO 3.0 MeOH 2.14 EtOH 1.17 C6H6 4.82 C6H6 0. 39 CHCl3 38.80 Tetraacetyl-/?-methylglucoside 99. 5% Me2CO 6.5 50% Me2CO 38.80 MeOH 2.29 EtOH 1.48 C6H6 4.69 C6H6 11.6 Z-5, 6-Benzylidene-2, 3-dimethyl-a-methylAcOH 1.640 glucoside 0.565 2, 3, Trimethyl-5-benzoyl-ß-methylglucoside 50% EtOH EtOH Tetraallyl-a-methylglucoside CHCl3 7.185 Tetrabenzoyl-/3-methyl-a-glucoside H2O 4.08 Tetragalloyl-a-methylglucoside 1.01 Tetra- (triacetylgalloyl)-ß-methylglucoside. . . Me2CO Tetra- (triacetylgalloyl)-a-methylglucoside. . . Me2CO 1.294 Other aliphatic glucosides (including glucosides of geraniol and cholesterol) a-Ethylglucoside H2O 0. 98

t, 0C | [a]D \ 20 140.6 20 128.1 20 140.5 20 127.8 20 31.17 20 29.94 20 171.0 20 -14.6 20 -3.0 20 -5.5 20 -4.3

Lit. (1733)

(1734) (9 ß 2)

20 20 26

-19.0 (1323) -15.0 -14.17 (1875) 85 (421) -75 91.2 (421) 83.2 (421) 20 130.55 (942) 20 134.0 20 126.5 20 135.6 20 136.8 20 175.5 15 175.58 (m«) 20 -18.25 (942) 20 -19.5 20 -22.45 20 -21.8 20 -24.6 20 -22.8 15 -23.1 (in«) 20 18 30 19 20 19 18.5 21

97.0 (984) -23.87 (1875) 116.5 (2038) 30.99 (sos.S) 26.39 (503) 32.9 (1039) 42.36 150. 9

(66);

cf.

(465.5)

/3-Ethylglucoside

H2O

3.98

H2O

2

20

-30. 11

(1118); cf.

-33.38

(!»o,

(195.5) 195.5)

Ci6H24Oi0 CgHi6OT C8HuO8 CsHioNOy Ci8H26Oi2 C9Hi6O6 C9Hi8O6

Tetraacetyl-/3-ethylglucoside Glycol-<*-monoglucoside (C6HiiO6.OCH2.CH2OH) Glycol-ß-monoglucoside ß-d-Glucosidoglycolic acid (C6HiiO6.OCH2.COOH) ß-d-Glucosidoglycolic amide (C6HiiO5.OCH2.CONH2) Ethyl tetraacetyl-/3-d-glucosidoglycolate (C6H70(O.COCH3)4.0CH2.CO.OC2H5) Allyl-a-glucoside Allyl-0-glucoside n-Propyl-a-glucoside n-Propyl-ß-glucoside

C6H6

10.2

16.5 -27.01

(1118)

H2O H2O

3.00 4. 42

18 18

135.5 -30. 5

H2O H2O

8.984 9. 054

21 21

-44.11 -43.79

(sos.S)

H2O H2O

10.007 9. 888

18 18

-42.8 -43.24

(508.5)

35

-39.94 («os.sj 131 . 7 (217, 219) -40.34 (i") 140.8 (219) 140.8 (217, 219) -38.68 (195)

EtOH H2O H2O H2O H2O H2O

2.351 1 . 18 2.4786 1.14 1.136 2.0680

(205)

Formula CgH igO 6

Ci0H20Oe

CiiHÔe CnH22Oe CieH^gOe

Other aliphatic glucosides (including glucosides of geraniol and cholesterol). — (Continued) Solvent I d, C or % | t, 0C | Name H2O 2.0666 Isopropyl-ß-glucoside H2O 2.117 Butyl-ß-glucoside H2O 2.6693 Isobutyl-ß-glucoside H2O 2.17 H2O 7.41 20 Amyl-ß-glucoside H2O 2.1973 Isoamyl-ß-glucoside

[a]D I Lit. -36.3 (i» 5 ) -35.4 (!»i, 196) -34.96 -39.18 (197.5) -17.2 (539) -36.40 (193, 197, 539)

Geranyl-ß-d-glucoside (C6HnO5-OCH2.CH: C(CH)3.(CH2)2.CH: C(CH3)2)

H2O

7.603

H2O

1.6

27

-37.25

(508.5)

-25.49

(200, 201,

-22.02 -25.17 -19.69 -23.8 -22.9 18.3

(508.5) (508.5) (508.5) (1857) (1857) (1857)

204) C22IÎ4406 C 24 H 36 OiO C30H52OiO

C4iH64Oio C6iH72Oio

Ci2Hi3Br3O6 Ci2Hi6O6S Ci2Hi6O6

Ci2Hi6O? Ci2Hi6O7 Ci2H16O8

Ci2H22O6 Ci3Hi6O7 Ci3Hi6O8 C13H16Oi0 Ci3Hi7NO8 Ci3Hi8O6

EtOH 3.805 24 /3-Cetyl-d-glucoside EtOH 2.378 22 Tetraacetylgeranyl-ß-d-glucoside EtOH 1.862 20 Tetraacetyl-/3-cetyW-glucoside CHCl3 0.911 Tetraacetylcholesteryl-d-glucoside CHCl3 2.847 Tetraacetylsitosteryl-c?-glucoside CHCl3 2.366 Tetrabenzoylsitosteryl-d-glucoside Aromatic and hydroaromatic glucosides (with some glucosides of unknown structure) Tribromo-2, 4, 6-phenyl-d-glucoside Py 8.395 26 Phenylthiolglucoside (C6HnO5-S-C6H5) H2O 9. 95 20 Phenyl-a-glucoside H2O 1.91 20 Phenyl-/3-glucoside H2O 2.68 20 H2O 3.91 20 H2O 8 Arbutin (quinol-d-glucoside, C 6 HnO 5 XXC 6 H 4 OH) H2O Resorcinol-d-glucoside H2O 7.962 23 Phloroglucinol-d-glucoside Py 7.008 20 Py 8.780 22 H2O 3.10 20 EtOH 5.25 20 /3-Cyclohexanol-d-glucoside H2O 9 . 800 20 Glucosido-p-hydroxybenzaldehyde H2O 2.18 21 Glucosido-m-hydroxybenzoic acid EtOH 0-Glucosidogallic acid H2O 9.670 20 ra-Nitrobenzyl-/?-glucoside H2O 1.43 18 /3-BenzyW-glucoside (C6HnO5.OCH2.C6H5). H2O 1.255

-23.29 -72.5 180 . 8 -71.9 -71.0 -63.84

(550) (498) (525) (525) (488) (211); cf. ( 851 ) -64.7 (2is) -70.41 (550) -74.79 (550) -74.58 -24.20 (2077) -24.95 -41 . 43 (508.5) -94.45 (1404.5) -68.41 (1404.8) -21 .3 (551) -52.59 (221) -49.78 (iw); cf. (508.5)

Ci3H18O7 Ci3Hi8O7

Ci3H2iO9 C13H21O9-H2O Ci3H22O7 Ci4Hi7NO6 Ci4Hi8O7-H2O Ci4H2OOe Ci4H2OO? Cj4H20O7

CisHÔe Ci6H28O5 C16H28O6 Ci6H30O6 Ci8H28O7

Arbutin methyl ether Salicin (salicyl-0-glucoside, C6Hn05.O.C6H4.CH2.OH)

H2O H2O H2O 40% EtOH 85% EtOH Aucubin H2O Hydrated H2O Taxicatin 95% EtOH H2O Sambunigrin (CeHn06.0.CH(CN).C 8 H 6 ).... H2O? Glucosido-p-hydroxyacetophenone (C6Hn05.O.C6H4.CO.CH3) H2O Phenethyl-d-ß-glucoside (C6Hn.OCH2.CH2.C6H5) H2O w-Hydroxymethylbenzylmono-ß-glucoside. . . H2O p-Hydroxymethylbenzylmono-/3-glucoside (C6H11O5-OCH2-C6H4XW)H) H2O o-Methoxybenzyl-ß-glucoside H2O p-Methoxybenzyl-ß-glucoside H2O (C6HnO5.OCH2.C6H4.OCH3) Cinnamyl-d-ß-glucoside (C6Hn05.OCH2.CH:CH.C6H5) H2O Anhydromenthylglucoside EtOH rf-Bornylglucoside (C6HnO5-O-C10Hi7) EtOH Menthylglucoside (C6HnO5.O.CioHi9) EtOH Pentamethylsalicin MeOH

-63.43 -37.5 -65. 15 -53.14 -49.82 -174.4 -164.9 -67.25 -71.65 -76.3

1.6 0.972 1.004 O. SW 4.24 4-24 1.71 1 1.16

-88.87 2.02 1.747

(215) (216) (194)

(213) (213) (i«s) (210) (1404.8)

2.317 1 . 18 1.0

18 18

-23.92 (201) —46.86l \ (222, 223) -50. 47 J -52 . 24 (221) -53.33 (221)

2.142 11 . 25 8.1 8.18 4.7

25 20 20 20

-46.46 -96 . 50 -42 . 1 -93.0 -52. 15

(201) (559) (539) (539) (982)

Formula C19H2QO7

C19H22O7

CigH^sBrOs C2oH2iBr3Oio C2oH24O9S C2O^4O1Q

02OUSoO io C21Ü2407 C 21 H24On

C21H26Oio

C22H25NO11 C22HsSBrOs C 2 3H 2 8Oi4

C24H34O6

C11H13Cl2N6O6 C11H14ClN6O6 C11H14N4O6

C11H16N6O6 C11H16N6O6 C13H17ClN4O7 C13H18N4O7

C19H19Cl3N4O9 C19H21Cl2N6O9 C21H26ClN4O11 C21H26N4O11 C21H26N4O11 C 22 H 28 N 4 O 12 C26H36ClN2O7 C32H40N2O19S C33H43ClN2O11

C6H13NO6

Aromatic and hydroaromatic glucosides (with some glucosides of unknown structure). — (Continued) Solvent -| d, C or % | t, 0C | [a]D \ Lit. Name Glucosido-p-hydroxybenzophenone EtOH -55.58 (1404.8) (C6H11O64O-C6H4-CO4C6H5) EtOH 17 -44.47 (215) Arbutin benzyl ether CHCl3 6.998 20 -46.76 (559) Triacetylbenzylglucosidebromohydrin Tribromo-2, 4, 6-phenol-tetraacetyl-dPy 9.497 25 -8.89 (550) glucoside PhMe 6.05 20 -40.1 (498) Tetraacetylphenylthiolglucoside C6H6 8.75 20 165. 4Ï (525); cf. Tetraaeetylphenol-a-glueoside C6H6 1.09 20 -28.9/ (488) Tetraacetylphenol-ß-glucoside EtOH 2.076 22 -29.74 (508.5) Tetraacetyl-ß-cyclohexanol-d-glucoside MeOH 0.4 -16 (421) p-Toluylidenesalicin C6H6 5. 69 20 -23.48 (548) Tetraacetylhelicin Me2CO 10.9 20 -37.15 EtOH 2.072 22 -49.51 (508.5) Tetraacetyl-ß-benzyl-d-glucoside Me2CO 10.9 20 -24.32 (548) Tetraacetylhelicincyanohydrin 9.396 20 -49.75 (559) Triacetylmenthyl-d-glucosidebromohydrin . . CHCl3 C2H2Cl4 6.207 20 -10.66 (ssi) Ethyl tetraacetylglucosidogallate C 2 H 2 Cl 4 6.294 20 -10.63 EtOH 0.9190 18 90.86 (1798) Sapogenine Heterocyclic glucosides H2O 0.434 20 9.2 (509) 2, 8-Dichloroadenine-d-glucoside H2O 0.914 20 -7.66 ( 5 <>9) Chloroadenine-d-glucoside NNaOH 6.8 20 -34.50 (509) Hypoxanthine-d-glucoside JNTHCl 6.9 20 12.92 H2O 5 20 O H2O 3.215 19 -10.50 (509) Adenine-d-glucoside (6-AminopurineNHCl 6.12 20 5.51 d-glucoside) NNaOH 7.4 15 -41.94 (509) Guanine-d-glucoside NNaOH 7.7 15 -41.34 H2O 6.8 20 18.88 (509) Chlorotheophylline-d-glucoside H2O 3.881 20 -49.58 (509) Theobromine-d-glucoside NHCl 8.8 20 1.08 Theophylline-d-glucoside H2O 9.18 20 -2.33 C2H2Cl4 6.2 19 -26.48 (509) Tetraacetyltrichloropurine-d-glucoside Tetraacetyl-2, 8-dichloro-6-aminopurine-dC2H2Cl4 2.6 17 -16.52 (509) ß-glucoside 7.360 21 -15.95 (509) TetraacetylchlorotheophyUine-d-ß-glucoside. PhMe C2H2Cl4 6.9 20 -18.42 (509) Tetracetyltheobromine-d-ß-glucoside C2H2Cl4 6.9 20 -12.36 (509) Tetraacetyltheophylline-d-glucoside C2H2Cl4 4- O 25 1.81 (509) Tetracetylhydroxycaffeine-d-ß-glucoside 2. 69 20 -160 (1037) Dihydrocupreineglucoside hydrochloride. . . . H2O C2H2Cl4 7.20 19.5 12.59 (485) 2-Thiouracildi-[tetraacetylglucoside] Dihydrocupreinetetraacetyl-d-glucoside H2O 4.43 18 -1.88 (1037) hydrochloride Nitrogen derivatives of glucose: Oxime, osazone, etc. Glucosoxime H2O 10 20 -2.2* (107) ; cf. (992)

C7H14N2O6S C7H14N2O6 C7H16N3O6 C12H18N2O6

Glucose thiocarbamide Glucose carbamide Glucose semicarbazone Glucose a-phenylhydrazone

H2O H2O H2O H2O

9.010 7.861 2.5 4.0

Glucose /3-phenylhydrazone

H2O

5

20 19 19

-35.73 (485) -23.41 (485) -9* (1375) -80.7 ( 1992 ); cf. (108,993) -50* ( 107 ); cf. (108)

C18H22N4O4 C6H13NO6 C6H12ClNO4 C6H14BrNO6 C6H14ClNO6

* Mutarotation.

Glucosazone (initial) Py 0.8 , Nitrogen derivatives of glucose: Glucosamine, epiglucosamine and derivatives Glucosamine H2O 4.605 MeOH aq 1.932 Anhydroepiglucosaminehydrochloride 2.5% HCl 1 20 Glucosamine hvdrobromide H2O 5.312 20 Glucosamine hydrochloride H2O 5.158 20 H2O 2.593 20 H2O 22.555 20

-104

(1992)

22.6* 21.2* -172 60.23 74.64 70.61 59.37

(»«7) (1235) (2023) (2157)

Formula C7H16NO6 C7Hi6BrNO6 C7H16ClNO6 C7H16BrNO5 C7H16ClNO5 C7H16ClNO5 C8H17NO6 C8H17NO6 C8H18ClNO6 C9H17NO7 C9H19NO7 C10H18N2O7 C12H19Br2NO7 C13H18ClNO6 Ci8H20ClNO6 C13H20ClNO6 C13H22BrNO8 C13H22BrNO8 C14H24BrNO8 C16H26NO11 C17H26NO6-H2O C17H26NO10S C17H30BrNO8 Ci8H23NO11 C19H24BrNO9 C19H26BrNO8 C23H30N2O7 C41H33NO10

C9H17NO7 C12H17NO6

C13H17NO7.H2O Ci3Hi9NO6

C13Hi9NO6 Ci4H2iNO6.H2O Ci6Hi9NO6.H20 Ci6H26NO6 Ci0H20O6 CnH22O6

Nitrogen derivatives of glucose: Glucosamine, epiglucosamine and derivatives. — (Continued) ! Name Solvent I d, C or % | t, 0C | [a]D \ Lit. MeOH 2.703 20 -16.65 (969) a-Aminomethylglucoside MeOH 2.572 20 -14.8 H2O 2.432 20 -20.2 (969) Hydrobromide H2O 8.985 20 -24.2 (969, 971) Hydrochloride H2O 9. 005 20 -21.2 (558) /3-Aminomethylglucoside hydrobromide H2O 9.661 20 -25.1 (558) ß-Aminomethylglucoside hydrochloride 2.5% HCl 1 20 -138 (1235) Methylepiglucosamine hydrochloride EtOH 0.770 -12.3* (987) Ethylaminoglucose MeOH 2.0 20 -14.95 (969) a-Monomethylaminomethylglucoside H2O 2.0 20 -12.99 H2O 2.685 20 -27.7 (971) Aminoethylglucoside hydrochloride H2O 14.85 10.25 33.18 (572) Ethyl glucosaminecarboxylate 2.5% HCl 1 20 -130 (1235) Methylepiglucosamine acetate H2O 8.453 18 -17.35 (485) Succinamide-d-glucoside H2O 7.720 19 -17.40 (C6H11O6-NKCO-CH21CH21CO-NH2) 5.01 148.4* (976) Bromotriacetylglucosamine hydrobromide. . . Me2CO AcOEt 1.096 152.8 H2O 20 -9.0 (971) a-Aminohelicin hydrochloride H2O 1.0 20 -51.2 (971) Aminobenzylglucoside hydrochloride H2O 3.606 20 -19.0 (971) a-Aminosalicin hydrochloride 2.098 20.26 (976) Triacetylmethylglucosamine hydrobromide. . MeOH H2O 1.24 20.56 Triacetyl-a-aminomethylglucoside hydroMeOH 20 20.3 (971) bromide Triacetyl-a-aminoethylglucoside hydroMeOH 1.806 20 12.5 (971) bromide CHCl3 2.55 20 93.5 (944) Glucosamine a-pentaacetate CHCl3 4.4 20 1.3 Glucosamine /3-pentaacetate MeOH 1.09 20 53.5* (968) Tetramethylglucose-p-toluidide Tetracetylglucosothiourethane C2H2Cl4 5.88 21 11.53 (485) (C6H7O(OCOCHa)4-NH-CS-OC2H6) Triacetyl-a-aminoamylglucoside hydroMeOH 1.687 20 10.4 (971) bromide C2H2Cl4 6.170 18 12.81 (485) Tetraacetylsuccinimide-d-glucoside C2H2Cl4 6.861 18 12.73 (C6H7O(OCOCH3) 4.NC4H4O2) 20 43.6* (971) Triacetyl-a-aminohelicin hydrobromide. . . . MeOH Triacetyl-a-aminobenzylglucoside MeOH 1.372 20 52.1 (971) hydrobromide H2O 1.0 20 -113.5 (971) a-Aminomorphineglucoside Py 2.61 20 44.4 Pentabenzoylglucosamine Nitrogen derivatives of glucose: Glucosanilidei etc. Glucosanil H2O 1.00 20 45.7 (968) Glucosanilide MeOH 5 .029 21. o -48.32 (1976); cf. MeOH 8.326 21. o -49.15 (964) 90% EtOH 4. 697 21. o -44.08 90% EtOH 8.269 21. o -44.15 Glucose-o-carboxyanilide MeOH 2.5 20 -14.5* (965) Glucose-p-toluidide MeOH 2.0 20 181.9 ( 965 ) MeOH 7.879 23.0 -43.88 (1976) MeOH 8.613 23.0 -38.23 90% EtOH 6.658 23.0 -38.80 r-Monomethylglucoseanilide MeOH 0 . 636 20 -49 . O* (966) Glucose-p-phenetidide MeOH 3.47 20 -38.3 (965) Glucose-/3-naphthylamide MeOH 2.5 20 -48.1* (965) Tetramethylglucosanilide MeOH 20 47.0* (964) Mannose and derivatives Tetramethylmannose H2O 5 20 1 . 2 * 1 (977) MeOH 5 20 17.2* Tetramethyl a-methylmannoside H2O 9 . 99 20 42 . 9 (977) . cft (837)

Ci2H20O6 Cj3H22O6 * Mutarotation.

Diisopropylidenemannose Diisopropylidenemethylmannose

MeOH EtOH C2H2Cl4 C2H2Cl4

10.0 7.95 9. 03 9.17

20 20 19 19

70.5 75.5 14.3* (669) -41 . O* (669)

Formula C16H20O6 C16H22Oi0 C16H22Ou

C21H22O6 C41H32O11 C61H42O11 C6H13NO6 C6H16NO6 C7H15N3O6 C12H17NO5 C13H17NO7 C14H32N2O14 Ci6H26NO5 C6Hi2O6 C8H16O6 CioH-joOe

C11H22O6 C12H2oO6 C13H22O6 C14H1QBrOg C14H1QClOg

C14H19NO12 C14H2OO1O Ci4H2oOio

Ci6H22O1I

|

M annose and derivatives. — (Continued) Name | Solvent | d, C or % p-Toluylidene a-methylmannoside MeOH a-Tetraacetylmethyl-d-mannoside CHCl3 4.43 ß-Tetraacetylmethyl-d-mannoside CHCl3 1.28 7-Tetraacetylmethyl-d-mannoside CHCl3 4.15 a-Pentaacetylmannose CHCl3 4.7 H2O 2.5 0-Pentaacetylmannose CHCl3 8.3 CHCl3 8.06 Dibenzylidene-a-methylmannoside CHCl3 0.4 Pentabenzoylmannose CHCl3 8.92 Pentacinnamylmannose C6H6 9.98 Nitrogen derivatives of mannose Mannose oxime (H (CHOH)5CH: NOH) H2O 4.798 Mannamine (H(CHOH)6.CH2.NH2) H2O 10 Mannose semicarbazone H2O 40 Mannoseanilide Py 2.0 Mannose-0-carboxyanilide MeOH 2 . 04 Dimannamine oxalate H2O 10 Tetramethylmannoseanilide MeOH 2 . 10 Galactose and alkyl, alkylidene and acyl derivatives H2O 50 Galactose H2O 9.09 Py 0.62 H2O 10.42 Galactite (a-ethylgalactoside) H2O 1.766 Tetramethylgalactose H2O 10 EtOH 10 C6H6 10 EtOH 7.65 Pentamethylgalactose Diisopropylidenegalactose C2H2Cl4 9.21 Diisopropylidenemethylgalactose C2H2Cl4 1.07 C6H6 9.89 /3-Tetraacetylbromogalactose CHCl3 6.2 Tetraacetylchlorogalactose CHCl3 5.26 Tetraacetylnitrogalactose CHCl3 3.96 Tetraacetylgalactose CHCl3 4.7 Galactose tetraacetate C6H6 3.5 AcOH 4.1 H2O 4.4 CHCl3 Galactose pentaacetate (M. P. 142) CHCl3 (M. P. 95-96°) CHCl3 (M. P. 98°) CHCl3 Galactose pentaacetate (1st isomeride)

| t, 0C | 20 20 20 20 17 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 14.6 20 19 20 20 20 20

19 20 20 20 25 20 20 20 20 20 20 20

[a]D Lit. 29.5 ( 421 ) 49. 1 (366) -47.0 -26 . 6 55 . 0 ( 94 S) 57.6 (!228) -25 . 2 -24.9 -5 ( 4 2 I) -80.44 (528) -99.9 (528) 3.2* (992) -2 (1804.5) -43* (1375) -81.5* ( 97 S) -21.1* (968) 4.25 (1804.5) -8.3* ( 97S ) 84.23 80.8 55. 6f 186.2 84.9 109.5 62,6 90.0 21.5 -60. 9f 63. 2t 236.4 -79.1 153.2 137.17 -17.8 -23.4 -11.0 -12.9 25 107 -41.6 23

(1598) (84S) ( 484 ) (1722) ( 96 I) ( 9 6i) ( 669 ) ( 669 ) ( 489 ) ( 947 ) ("«) (1962) ( 947 )

(9^7) ( 947 ); cf. (695,845)

(2nd isomeride) (3rd isomeride) (4th isomeride)

C19H26OgS

Diisopropylidenegalactose toluene-psulf onate

C7H14O6

a-Methyl-d-galactoside

CHCl3 CHCl3 CHCl3 C6H6 AcOH Ac2O

C2H2Cl4 Galactosides H2O

4.28 3.52 3.04 3.08

107 -42 61 44.8 62.4 70.2

9.16

-64.7* (669)

0 . 983

192 . 7

H2O . H2O

4.05 4.05

-0.42 O

H2O H2O H2O H2O

1 . 20 4.57 49.0 0.85

(1 81 .5); c/. (465.5)

0-MethyW-galactoside 0-Methylgalactoside

(*"); cf. (181, 202)

C8H16O6

a-Ethyl-d-galaetoside /3-Ethyl-d-galactoside

20

185 . 4 (1 81 .5) -4.00 ( 49 O) -7.21 (224) 185.5 ( 852 ); c/. (465.5, 484)

* [a]s79o. t Mutarotation.

Formula CJIi6O6

Name /3-Ethylgalactoside

Galactosides.—(Continued) Solvent H2O

C8Hi6O7

Ethyleneglycol-a-monogalactoside Ethyleneglycol-ß-monogalactoside

H2O H2O

C8Hi6O7

H2O H2O

C9H16O6

Ethyleneglycolmono-d-ß-galactoside Ethyleneglycolmono-d-a-galactoside Glycol-or, ß-monogalactoside (C 6 HnO 6 .CH 2 .CH 2 OH) Glycol-d-a-monogalactoside /3-Allyl-d-galactoside

C9H18O6

| d, C or % | t, 0C 2

[a]D -4.0

\

Lit. (1^, 197); cf. (224) (27, 209) (206.5,

20

169.9 O

2.63 1.78

20 20

O 169.9

H2O H2O H2O

2.6 1.78 2.74

17.5 18

O (208) 169.9 (209) -12.15 ( 181 - 5 ); cf.

/3-Propylgalactoside

H2O

2.26

C9H18O6

o-Propyl-d-galactoside

H2O

1.87

C10H20O6

0-Isobutyl-d-galactoside

H2O

2.9

Ci1H22O6 CnH22O6

2, 3, 5, 6-Tetramethyl-/3-methylgalactoside. . H2O Tetramethyl-a-methylgalactoside EtOH H2O Tetramethyl-0-methylgalactoside H2O 0-Phenol-d-galactoside H2O /3-Benzyl-d-galactoside H2O

0.9872 10.25 10.02 1.311 4.40 2.99

Benzylidene-a-methylgalactoside MeOH p-Toluylidene-a-methylgalactoside MeOH Tetraacetyl-0-methylgalactoside . C6H6 Tetraacetyl-/3-ethylgalactoside C6H6 Tetraacetyl-/3-phenolgalactoside C6H6 Nitrogen derivatives of galactose Galactamine (H(CHOH)5.CH.NH2) H2O Galactose oxime (H(CHOH)5.CH: NOH)..'.. H2O Galactose semicarbazone (after 48 hr.) H2O Galactoseanilide 90% EtOH MeOH EtOH 90% EtOH MeOH Galactose phenylhydrazone H2O

1 0.4 10.0 10 7.47

208)

CsHi6O7

(181.5)

(196)

-8.86

(218); cf.

179.0

( 181 - 5 ); cf.

-11.23

(isi.S); cf.

(181.5)

20

(185) (203)

Ci2Hi6O6 Ci3Hi8O6

20 20 20 20

19.59 (1875) 109.9 (961) 143.4 4.4 (1722) -39.38 (489) -25.05 (isi.5); cf. (218)

Ci4Hi8O6 Ci5H20O6 Ci5H22O10 Ci6H24O10 C20H24Oi0 C6H13NO6 C6H13NO6 C7H15N3O6 C12H17NO5

C12H18N2O6

10 5.106 40 8.889 1.699 0.6167 2.3 0.507 1.98

17 20 20 20 20 21 21 20 20 20

120.7 ( 4 2 I) 14.2 (421) -25.47 (i 118) -29.8 (490) -25.77 (489) -2.77 (1802) 14.75* (992) 16f (1375) -31.33 (1976) -33.12 -33.99 -6.93f (975) -31.6f -20.6 (993) ; c/. (553)

Ci3H17NO7 Ci 3 Hi 9 NO 5 Ci4H28N2Oi4.2H2O Ci 6 H 25 NO 5 Ci 8 H 22 N 4 O 4 C 24 H 40 N 2 Oi 0 C48H76N4O20 C6Hi2O6 Ci6Hi8NOi0 C6H10O6 C6Hi0O5 C41H33NOi0 C6Hi2O6 C6H8O5 C6Hi0O6

Galactose-0-carboxyanilide MeOH Galactose-p-toluidide MeOH Galactamine normal oxalate H2O Tetramethylgalactoseanilide Me2CO Galactosazone Py asyw.-Di-(diacetonegalactosyl)-hydrazone... C2H2Cl4 Tetra-(diacetonegalactosyl)-tetrazone C2H2Cl4 Other hexoses Cocaose H2O Epichitosamine pentaacetate CHCl3 SUGAR ACIDS CONTAINING 6 CARBON ATOMS Acids derived from methylpentoses Isorhamnonic acid lactone H2O Fuconic acid lactone H2O Pentabenzoylxylohexosamine Py Gluconic acid and related compounds Glucodesonic acid (H(CHOH)4.CH2.COOH) H2O Bariumsalt H2O Anhydrogluconic lactone H2O d-Gluconic a-lactone H2O

1.16 0.9832 8 1.0 0.8 5.58 3.29

20 21 20 19 15 15

4.3f (968) -10.91 (1976) -11.28 (1802) 37.7f ( 97 S) 121 —77J (669) -76.3Î (669)

3.98 3

15 20

19.8 -18

8.903 1.64 8.88

20 20

-62.02 (510) 78.3 (1479) 77.6 (1222)

4.68 1.10 9.13 4.00

17 19 20 20

4.30 ("2) 13.37 («2) 82.3 (560) 67.8 («44) ;

(895) (1224)

cf.

(456.5, 857.5)

d-Gluconic /3-lactone * Calculated on weight of acid,

t Mutarotation.

H2O % [a]546i.

4.66

20

63.4

C8Hi6O7 Ci0Hi8O6

Gluconic acid and related Name Anhydrogluconic amide d-Gluconic acid, calcium salt Sodium salt Ethyl d-gluconate (H(CHOH) 6 -CXXOC 2 H 6 ). Tetramethylgluconie lactone

Ci4Hi8Oi0 C29H38N2On

TetraacetyW-gluconic lactone Brucine d-gluconate

C6Hi0O6

Galactonic lactone

Formula C 6 HnNO 6 C6Hi2O7

|

compounds.—(Continued) | Solvent | d, C or % | t, 0C | H2O 9.11 20 H2O 4.93 20 H2O 20.8 20 H2O 4 20 EtOH aq. 2.41

[à\~D \ Liti 77\7 (560) 10.55 (1490) 11.78 (1234) -1.0 (*44) 39.5* ( 1733 )î cf. (962)

C6H6 H2O Galactonic acid H2O

10.5 2.4

21 20

0.786

70.86 -15.95

(1549) (1234)

-69.97

O 7 2 2 ); cf. (1226, 1881.5)

C6Hi2O7 C8Hi2O7^H2O Ci0Hi8O6 CnH 22 O 7 Ci4Hi8Oi0 C29H38N2On C6Hi0O6 C6Hi2O7 C6Hi2O7 C6Hi2O7

Galactonic 7-lactone H2O Hydrate H2O Galactonic acid H2O Sodium salt H2O Dimethylenegalactonic acid H2O Z-2, 3, 5, 6-Tetramethylgalactonic lactone. , . H2O d-2, 3, 5, 6-Tetramethylgalactonic lactone. . . H2O Methyl d-2, 3, 5, 6-tetramethylgalactonate. . H2O Tetraacetyl-d-galactonic lactone C6H6 (Prepared by another method) C6H6 Brucine galactonate H2O Isomers of gluconic and galactonic acids Chitaricacid H2O Calcium salt H2O Allonicacid H2O Sodium salt H2O Altronicacid H2O Sodium salt H2O Chitonic acid H2O Calcium salt H2O

4.5 4.5 l.lOis 10.02 0.645 1.413 1.202 1.773 13.19 17.47 2.5

20 20

20 20 20

-76.97 -70.1 -57.57* 0.4 45.3 -26.96* 16.9* 9.93 1.04 8.5 -21.01

3 3 2.5 10.02 2.5 7.78 3 3

O 17 20 20 20 20 8.5 17

63.0 63.0 -10.0 4.3 -8.0 -4.05 38.3 30.3

20

(8*4) (1722) (1234) (334) (i ?22 ) (1722) (1722) (1234) (1227) (122?) (1226) (1234) (1226) (1234) (122?) ( 12 27) ;

cf.

(1234)

C6Hi2O7 C6Hi2O7 C6Hi2O7

Gulonicacid Sodium salt Idonic acid, sodium salt Mannonic acid

H2O H2O H2O H2O

2.5 9.38 8.22 2.5

O 20 20 O

1.6 12.68 -2.52 15.6

(1226) (1234) (1234) O 2 2 6 ); cf. (514, 1061)

C?HioO6 C 29 H 36 N 2 OiOf C29H38N2On C29H38N2On C29H38N2On C29H38N2On

Sodium salt H2O Monomethylene-d-mannonic acid lactone. .. H2O Brucine chitarate H2O Brucine allonate ....H2O Brucine altronate H2O Brucine chitonate H2O Brucine gulonate H2O

9.52 1.022 2.5 2.5 2.477 2.5 2.6

C29H38N2On C29H38N2On C29H38N2On

Brucine idonate Brucine mannonate Brucine talonate

20 20 O 20 20 20

-8.82 91 -2.96 -21.28 -23.85 -8.47 -19.59

(1234) ( 334 ) (1234) (1234) (1234) (1234) ( 1234 ); c/.

2.5 2.6 2.5

20 20 20

-25.79 -25.7 -26.15

(1 2 34) (1234) (1234)

8.85

18

21.25

(1226)

C6Hi0O7

H2O H2O H2O Glucuronic acid and isomers Glucuronic acid, potassium salt (CHO. (CHOH)4-COOK) H2O

( 22 S, 1138.8, 2008)

Ci2Hi4O7 Ci3Hi4O8 Ci6H28O7 Ci9Hi8Oi1

Phenylglucuronate (CHO.(CHOH)4.CO.OC6H5) Benzoylglucuronic acid, sodium salt Mentholglucuronic acid Isoeuxanthic acid Euxanthic acid|

EtOH . . . . H2O EtOH EtOH 70% EtOH 70% EtQH

* Mutarotation. f For brucine anhydrotalonate, anhydrogalactonate and lyxohexosamate, see p. 474. /C(OH)2x /(CHOH)2V % HO.CeH;/ ^CeHa.O.CH^ ^CH.CHOH.CO.OH. \ o—' ^ O '

3.00 8.25 0.765 4.72 0.613 0.482

17 20 20 18

-83.3 43.86 104. l 51.9 -87.4 -108

(iso?) (1358) (482) (i 13 ) (1507)

Formula C6H8O6-H2O C6H8O7

I

Saccharic and saccharinic acids and isomers Name I d, C or % | t, 0C | Solvent H2O 18.41 18 Saccharone H2O 18 18 r-Saccharic acid lactone

[CL]D \ Lit. -6.1 (1057) 40.77 (I42i) ;

cf.

(264, 1974)

C6H8O7 C6H807.2H2O C6H10N2O5

d-Ammonium salt Isosaccharic acid lactone d-Mannosaccharic acid anhydride Isosaccharic diamide anhydride Saccharine (glucosaccharinic acid lactone) . . _

H2O H2O H2O H2O H2O H2O

20.03 4.266 3.432 5 10.4 18.08

20 23 20 17.5

5.84 (1974) 46.12 (2024) 201.8 (457) 7.16 (2024) 88.7* (issi) 93.08 («»6); cf. (854, 1861)

CeHioOs

CeHioOs C6HioO8 C ioHi6O7 C6Hi3NO6 C6Hi3NO6

C6Hi3NO6

C7Hi0O6 C7Hi0O8 C7H12O6 C7Hi2O7

Metasaccharin (from calcium metasaccharinH2O 7.846 ate (C6H11O6)2Ca.2H2O) H2O 7.0 9.47 Isosaccharin (from calcium isosaccharinate) H2O H2O 10 H2O 3.84 Talomucic acid H2O 18 r-Saccharic acid ((CHOH) 4 (COOH) 2 ). H2O 5 Diethyl isosaccharide anhydride Amino acids Z-Glucosamic acid (H (CHOH)4.CHNH2.COOH) 2.5% HCl 8.82 d-Chondrosamic acid 2.5% HCl 4 After addition of M Py 2.5% HCl 4 d-Glucosamic acid 2.5% HCl 4 After addition of M Py 2.5% HCl 4 d-Lyxohexosamic acid 2.5% HCl 4 After addition of MPy 2.5% HCl 4 d-Xylohexosamie acid 2.5% HCl 4 After addition of M Py 2.5% HCl 4 SUGARS, ETC., CONTAINING 7 CARBON ATOMS Acids with 7 carbon atoms Rhamnoheptonic acid anhydride H2O 10 . 036 /3-Pentahydroxypimelie acid anhydride H2O 9,972 Fucohexonic lactone H2O 1 . 56 a-Glucoheptonic lactone H2O 10

14 10 20 18

-48.4 (1058) -46.96 (««1) 61.88 (2158) 62.97 (issi) -29.4 (460) 9.05 (1421) 35.5 (2027)

18 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20

14.31 (522) -16.15 (1223) -4.83 -15.02 2.11 -3.58 -6.98 11 .77* 15.47

20 20

55 . 6 (i 971) 68.5 (461) 33 . 3 (i 408) -43.73* (1616); cf.

25

(1059)

C7H12O7 C7H12O9 C7H14O7 C7H14O8 C7H15NO7 C7H15NO7 C7Hi6O8 C7H14O6 C7H14O7 C7H14O7 C7Hi4O7

/3-Glucoheptonic lactone H2O d-Mannoheptonic acid anhydride H2O a-Pentahydroxypimelic acid H2O Rhamnohexonic acid H2O Mannoheptonic acid H2O Chondrosaminoheptonic acid 2.5% HCl Galaheptosamic acid 5% HCl d-Galactoseheptonic acid, barium salt H2O Sugars with 7 carbon atoms and derivatives Rhamnohexose H2O a-Glucoheptose H2O /3-Glucoheptose H2O /3-Galaheptose H2O Mannoheptose H2O

10 10.01 10 10.03 5.27 2.428 8. 76 12 . Ol

23 20 20 20 20 20 20

-67. 9 (1616) -74.23 (1369) O (461) 83.8 (530) 75. 15 (1971) -14.4* (1221) 11 .23 (522) 5 . 50 (i 369)

9. 675 10 5.125 9.2 10.807

20 20 20 20 20

-61.4* (530) -25* (461) -12.2 (1616) -54.4* (466) 68.64* (529) ; ^.

18.8 10

20 25 20 20 20 20

29.37 (H59) -81 (129) 4.8 (951) 87.0 24.4 (948) -31 [

10 10

0.80 48.0 -50*

(1971)

C7H14O7 C7H14O7 C19H26Oi3 Ci9H26Oi3 C7H16O7 * Mutarotation.

d-Mannoheptose Perseulose a-Glucoheptose /?-hexaacetate a-Glucoheptose a-hexaacetate Hexaacetyl-d-a-mannoheptose (isomer a) . . . . (Isomerb) Heptahydric /3-Glucoheptitol

H2O H2O CHCl3 CHCl3 CHCl3 CHCl3 alcohols H2O H2O 5% Borax

5.59 0.982 10 10

(1614) (1616)

Formula C2IH30Oi4 C8Hi4O8 C8Hi4O8 C8Hi4O8 C8Hi4O8 C8Hi6O7 C8Hi6O8

C8Hi8O8 C 9 Hi 6 O 8 C9Hi6O9 C0Hi6O9 C9Hi6O9 C9Hi8O9 C9H20O9 Ci0Hi8Oi0-H2O Ci0H20Oi0

Heptahydric alcohols.—(Continued) | Name [ Solvent | d, C or % | t, 0C | [QJ]D \ Lit. I Heptaacetyl 0-glucoheptitol j EtOH JlO fÏ3 j 3 4 ^ 8 | (1616) SUGARS, ETC., CONTAINING 8 CARBON ATOMS Galactooctonic lactone H2O 4.26 20 64.0 (53°) a, a-Glucooctonic lactone H2O 10.0 22 47.05* ( 16 I 6 ) a, ß-Glucooctonic lactone H2O 8 17 24.1 a-Glucooctonic acid anhydride H2O 10.405 20 45.9 (461) ß-Glucooctonic acid anhydride H2O 11.399 20 23.6 Mannooctonic acid anhydride H2O 9.86 20 -43.58 (529) Rhamnoheptose H2O 9.40 20 8.4 (461) a, a-Glucooctose (a-form) H2O 7.25 18 -93 to (1616) -50.8 H2O 6.496 20 -50.5 (461) a, a-Glucooctose (ß-form) H2O 1.8 -28 (1616) a, a-Glucooctitol H2O 10.0 15 1.9 (1616) SUGARS, ETC., CONTAINING 9 CARBON ATOMS Rhamnooctonic acid anhydride H2O 4.762 20 -50.8 (53°) a-Gluconononic acid anhydride H2O 10 20 33 (461) Mannonononic acid anhydride H2O 10.00 20 -41.0 (529) a, a., a-Gluconononic lactone H2O 10.0 28.7* (1616) a, a, a-Glucononose H2O 11.6 15 13.5 (1616) I a, a, a-Glucononitol H2O 1.5 15 1.5 (1616) SUGARS, ETC., CONTAINING 10 CARBON ATOMS a-Deconic lactone hydrate H2O 6.0 20 -41.0* (1616) /3-Deconie lactone hydrate H2O 5.0 17 -28.0* a, a, a-Glueodecose H2O 10.0 20 50.4* (ieis, 1616)

Ci0H22Oi0

a-Glucodecitol

H2O

2.0

20

C20H38O2I C80H42O20

0-Deconic anhydride Decaacetyl-a-glucodecitol

H2O CHCl3

1.2 5.0

13 18

1.2

(1615I 1616)

-20.4* 16.0

(1616) ( 16 IS, 1616)

Ci9H86On C20H38Ou

Ci2H20O9

C22H30Br2Oi3 C22H40On C24H30Br2Oi3 C 24 H 32 Ou C 24 H 32 Oi 6 C26H36BrOi7 C26H36Oi8 C36H64Oi8 Ci4H26On Ci8H26On C19H27NOi2 Ci9H28On C20H27NOn C 24 H 23 Oi 6 C26H38Oi8 * Mutarotation.

SUGARS, ETC., CONTAINING 12 CARBON ATOMS Derivatives of saccharose Heptamethylsaccharose MeOH 5.585 Octomethylsaccharose MeOH 5.15 MeOH 7.345 Me2CO 6.782 Lactal, lactose and derivatives / C6HnO5-O i O , \ Lactal( i I I V . H2O 9.38 \HO.CH2.CH.CH.CHOH.CH: CH/ Boiled in H2O H2O H2O 1.01 Cale, as hydrate H2O 1.01 H2O 9.93 Dibromo-i/'-lactal pentaacetate C2H2Cl4 4.26 J-Menthyl-/3-lactoside H2O 1.109 H2O 1.251 Dibromolactal hexaacetate C2H2Cl4 6.10 Lactal hexaacetate C2H2Cl4 7.54 ^-Lactal hexaacetate C 2 H 2 Cl 4 8.8 Isolactal hexaacetate C2H2Cl4 5.83 Bromolactose heptaacetate CHCl3 3.80 Lactose heptaacetate CHCl3 HeptaacetyW-menthyl-|8-lactoside C2H2Cl4 11.18 Maltose and derivatives (including amygdalirì) Ethylmaltoside H2O 7.03 /3-Phenylmaltoside H2O 5.1 Maltose-o-carboxyanilide MeOH 0.919 Benzylmaltoside H2O 4.85 Amygdalin (Ci 2 H 21 Oio.O.CH(CN).C 6 H 6 ).... H2O 2.124 H2O 4 Maltal hexaacetate C2H2Cl4 3.88' Methylmaltoside heptaacetate CHCl3 (U)

20

16 22 22 19 23 16 16 18 19 18 23 14 19 16.5 20 20 17 17 16.5 20

68.5 51.5 69.3 66.8

( 837 ) (i 735) ( 837 )

27.70

(«!•*)

36.43 28.53 26.95 26.92 69.6 -38.11 -37.97 135.5 -12.27 32.24 55.30 108.17 52.8 -29.66 79.22 34.0 68* 47.64 -38.0 -37.25 64.2 53.8

(497)

(iil.S) (482) (497) (497) (in.5) (388) (95°) ( 48 2) (518) (490) (968) ( 518 ) (2047) ("«) («1«) (950)

C24H32N4O9

Maltose and derivatives (including amygdaliri).—(Continued) Name | Solvent | d, C or % | t, 0C \ Bromomaltose heptaacetate CHCl3 37.9 19 Maltose nitrate heptaacetate CHCl3 6.27 19 C2H2Cl4 6.08 10 Maltose heptaacetate CHCl3 20 C2H2Cl4 20 «-Maltose octaacetate MeOH 5.06 20 MeOH 10.07 20 CHCl3 5.01 20 CHCl3 9.94 20 C6H6 5.00 20 C6H6 9.93 20 99.5% Me2CO 3.95 20 50% Me2CO 10.12 20 /3-Maltose octaacetate CHCl3 5.09 20 CHCl3 10.61 20 C6H6 5.20 20 C6H6 10.26 20 Me2CO 5.45 20 Me2CO 10.43 20 Maltose octaacetate C6H6 2 CHCl3 2 EtOH 1 Ethylmaltoside heptaacetate C2H2Cl4 3.72 14 Benzylmaltoside heptaacetate C2H2Cl4 6.92 16.5 Heptaacetylamygdalin CHCl3 2.037 AcOEt 2.026 Heptaacetylneoamygdalin CHCl3 2.211 AcOEt 2.218 Cellose, cellobial, cellobiose and derivatives Cellobial H2O 8.744 20 Hydrocellobial H2O 9.374 21 Cellobial hexaacetate C2H2Cl4 6.753 17 Cellobial dibromide hexaacetate C2H2Cl4 6.424 20 C2H2Cl4 20 Hydrocellobial hexaacetate C2H2Cl4 5.912 19 Methylcelloside heptaacetate CHCl3 4.55 20 Chlorocellobiose heptaacetate CHCl3 2.75 20 Fluorocellobiose heptaacetate CHCl3 4-08 20 Cellose heptaacetate CHCl3 a-Cellose octoacetate CHCl3 5 20 CHCl3 10 20 jo-Cellose octoacetate CHCl3 5 20 CHCl3 10 20 /3-Benzoylcellobiose heptaacetate CHCl3 4-60 20 /3-Salicylcellobiose heptaacetate CHCl3 3.35 20 Hippurylcellobiose heptaacetate CHCl3 3.37 20 Gentiobiose and derivatives Heptamethylmethylgentiobioside H2O EtOH MeOH Me2CO 0.57 Gentiobiose osazone 40% Py in EtOH 1.523 20

C28H38O]9

Gentiobiose octoacetate

Formula C26H35BrOi7 C26H36NO20 C26H36Oi8 C28H38Oi9

C28H38O19

C28H38Oi9 C28H40Oi8 C33H42Oi8 C34H41NO18

Ci2H20O9 C12H22O9 C24H32Ou C 24 H 32 Br 2 Oi 3 C 24 H 34 Oi 5 C25H38Oi8 C26H35ClOi7 C26H36FOi7 C 26 H 36 Oi 8 C28H33Oi9

C33H40O19 C33H40O20 C35H43NO20 C20H38O11

[a]D 171.5 149.30 103.0* 110* 95.4* 121.25 120.25 122.75 121.95 124.05 123.1 124.3 124.25 62.5 62.9 74.85 74.5 54.8 57.4 76.54 61.01 60.02 48.93 27.7 -37.6 -34.0 -65.6 -57.1

\

Lit. (518) ("«) (Si*) (Ô)

1 4.1 -19.8 57.9 57.4 11.2 -25.4 74.87 30.03 22. 6* 40.85 41.95 -14.75 -14.5 -30.5 -43.43 -15.04

(502) (502) (502) (502)

( 946 )

( 946 )

(*57); cf. (859, 860) (518) (518) (2047)

(502) (950) (i»6i) (231) (950) (946)

(2241) (2241) (2241)

-33.9 -29.9 -30.0 -27.0 -76.1

(842.5)

-5.3

(2238,

(2238, 2239)

CHCl3

1.723

20

2239)

OTHER DISACCHARIDES AND POLYSACCHARIDES very dil. KOH H2O H2O H2O

(C 6 Hi 0 O 5 )n (C6H10Oo)n C10H17NO6 C11H20O10

Levulomannan Mannogalactan Phaseolunatine Vicianose

C12H14Cl4O11S2

Trehalosetetrachlorohydrine disulfate

2.0 3.15 7.009 8

28 20

3.21 2.75

17 20

-44.1 (72) 74.2 (72) -27.7 (743) 39.72* (135); cf. (130)

* Mutarotation.

CHCl3 CHCl3

151.9 (848) 152.3

Formula C12H20Oio.2H20 Ci2H20Oi0 Ci2H22O9 C12H22O1

|

OTHER DISACCHARIDES AND POLYSACCHARIDES.—(Continued) Name Solvent d, C or % \ t, 0C | Diamylose H2O 0.6375 24 50 % EtOH 1.034 24 Isodiamylose H2O 3.16 24 Hydrolactal H2O 9.67 20 Cyclamose H2O

[a]D \ Lit. 136.2 (1721) 136.4 168.3 (1719) 28.38 (497) -15.15 (i«3) ; cf. 1399)

C12H22On C12H22On

5-Galactosidomannose Galactobioses (A) (B)

HCl dil. H2O H2O 90% EtOH 40% EtOH H2O

1.20

23 16 19 19

-66.54 23.04 53.05 39.3 49.0 35.0

(m.S) (i") ( 18 2)

O««); cf. (186)

C12H22On C12H22On C16H20O9

Melibiose Verbascose Gentiopicrin

C18H22N2O4 Ci8H30O15.4H2O

Apiose phenylhydrazone Triamylose

H2O H2O H2O? AcOEt

17.3 1.324 0.894 6.094

20

3.40 0.9479 0.9913 2.81 6.23 2 1.67 5.969 2.03 2.44 0.8549 2.12 5

20 24 24 24 20 15

143.27 (™) 169.9 (189.5) -196.7 (243) -196.9 (l*9); cf. (245)

Ci8H30O15 C20H38O11 C21H24O9 C24H32N4O9 C24H32O16 C24H32O16 C24H40O20.2EtOH C24H42O15 C24H42O21-H2O

H2O H2O H2O Isotriamylose H2O Octamethylglucosidoglucoside MeOH Rhapontin 50% Me2CO Galactoarabinose benzylphenylhydrazone. . 50% EtOH Diamylose hexaacetate AcOH AcOH Isodiamylose hexaacetate AcOH «-Dextrin (tetraamylose) H2O Hexamethyltriamylose EtOH Lupeose H2O

24 20 24 24 20 22

3.8 (2076) 151.4 ("21) 151.8 172.8 (1719) 135.9 (1735) -63.0 (897) -23.7 (1808) 100.6 (1721) 101.6 ("19) 128.9 (l 719 ) 138.6 ("21) 138.1 ("2O) 138 (1910, 1984)

C24H42O2I C25H28O12 C31H34O14 C36H48O24 C36H48O24 C36H60O30.9H2O C36H64O32

Manneotetrose Dibenzoylglucoxylose Isodibenzoylglucoxylose Pentaacetylrhapontin Triamylose nonoacetate Isotriamylose nonoacetate /3-Dextrin (hexaamylose) Stachyose

H2O MeOH MeOH AcOH AcOH AcOH H2O H2O

10 1.05 1.05 2 2.966 2.38 1.087 9

15 24 24 24

150 (2002) -105.9 (2050) —6.3 -11.6 (897) 112.4 (1721) 130.1 (1719) 158.3 ("21) 148.1 (98, 1484, 2245)

C37H36O20 C48H84O30

C5H11Br C5H11I C6H13Br C7H16 C12H16 C12H18 C12H16Br2 Ci5H22 C i 5H24

Scrotm octaacetate CHCl3 1.003 -76.4 (1698) Dodecamethyl-0-hexaamylose EtOH 4.13 20 142.9 (l720) Dodecamethyl-a-hexaamylose EtOH 2.08 20 148.73 ICi. The Molecule Contains One Asymmetric Atom Attached to Three Other Carbon Atoms HYDROCARBONS AND THEIR HALOGEN DERIVATIVES d-Amylbromide (CH3.CH2.CH(CH3).CH2Br) 1.221 20 3.68 (1377) d-Amyl iodide (CH3.CH2.CH(CH3).CH2I). . 1.524 20 5.64 (1377) 1.5232 15 5.78 (1091) 7-Methyl-n-amyl bromide (CH3.CH2.CH(CH3).CH2.CH2.Br) 1.185219 19 19.97 (827) And at intermediate temperatures 1.0319142 142 13.97 d-Methylethylpropylmethane 0.6865 20 9.5 (1377) a-Phenyl-7-methyl-A«-pentene (C6H5.CH:CH.CH(CH3).CH2.CH3) 0.8906 15 50.3 (1091) a-Phenyl-y-methylpentane (C6H5.CH2.CH2.CH(CH3).CH2.CH3) 0.8644 14.5 17.20 (iosi) 0.7396 168 13.66 («27) a-Phenyl-a, /3-dibromo-7-methylpentane (C 6 H 5 .CHBr.CHBr.CH(CH 3 ).CH 2 .CH 3 )... CHCl3 0.127 15 32.1 (iosi) Aa-7-Methylpentenyl-p-isopropylbenzene (C3H7.C6H4.CH:CH.CH(CH3).CH2.CH3)... 0.880Ij6 16 41.89 (1092) 7-Methylpentanyl-p-isopropylbenzene (C3H7.C6H4.CH2.CH2.CH(CH3).CH2.CH3).. 0.86321/-5 15.5 15.91 (1092)

Formula Ci 6 H 24

Ci6H2C

Ci7H24

C6Hi4O C 8 Hi 4 O 2 Ci 2 Hi 6 O 6 Ci 2 Hi 7 NO 2 Ci 3 Hi 6 NO 2 Ci 3 Hi 6 NO 6 Ci 3 Hi 6 NO 6 Ci3Hi6O3 C 22 H 24 O 2 C22H26O2

CioHigO

CioH2oO

HYDROCARBONS AND THEIR HALOGEN DERIVATIVES. — (Continued) Name Solvent I d,CoT% 7, ^-Dimethyl- A^-oc teny !benzene (C6H6. CH2.CH2.CH(CH3).CH2.CH2.CH2.C(CH 3 ): CH2) 0.8844Ì1'5 7, Tj-Dimethyloctylbenzene (C6H5.CH2.CH2.CH(CH3).CH2.CH2.CH2.0.8789J0-5 CH(CH 3 ) 2 ) 2 2, 6-Dimethyl-A -nonadiene-9-benzene (C6H6.CH:CH.CH2.CH(CH3).CH2.CH2.CH: C(CHs)2) 0.8894 ALCOHOLS AND THEIR DERIVATIVES Amyl alcohol and derivatives, homologues and esters 7-Methyl-n-amyl alcohol (CH3.CH2.CH(CH3).CH2.CH2OH) 0.8262 20 -* And at intermediate temperatures 0.7276147 d-Amyl pyruvate d-Amyl gallate d-Amyl phenylcarbamate CHCl3 5 d-Amylphthalimide 1 .0930 tt-Z-Amyl /3-hydrogen 7-nitrophthalate Me2CO 10 M- Amyl hydrogen 7-nitrophthalate Me2CO 10 d-Amyl benzoylformate Amyl a-phenylcinnamenylacrylate EtOH 9.97 Amyl a, 0-diphenyl- A2-3-pentenoate EtOH 9.99 Amyl a, S-diphenyl- A * •2 - pentenoate EtOH 9.98 Linalool and citronellol Z-Linalool; cf. (™, so, 1461) ((CH 3 ) 2 C: CH.CH2.CH2.0.862220 C(CH 3 )OH.CH:CH 2 ) ^-Citronellol; cf. (80, 82.5, 125.05, 170, 407,

\ t, 0C |

[ a ]D

\

Lit.

11.5

-7.26

(i° 9 3)

10.5

-1.82

(1093)

20

-3.33

(i"*)

20.5 147 13 17 25 17 19 20 20 20

8.77 6. 10 4.7 4.0 6.4 7.53 6.5 2.6 4.1 3.87 7. 15 4.84

-19.62

( 827 ) (1344.5) (1344.5) (1377) ( 1377 ) (1379) (1376) (1344.5) (1821) (i«2i)

(2025)

1385, 1444, 2030) ((CHg) 2 C: CH.CH2.CH2.-

CH(CH3). CH2. CH2OH) CioH22O Ci2H24O Ci 2 H 24 O Ci2H24O2 Ci3H22O Ci4H2gO CioH2oO3

CnH 22 O Ci 4 Hi 4 O Ci4H2oO Ci 4 H 22 O

Tetrahydro-Z-linalool ((CH3)2C(CH2)3.C(CH3)(OH).CH2.CH3). . . Ethyl-a-citronellol Dimethyl-«, a-citronellol Tetrahydrolinaloyl acetate Linaloyl allyl ether (Ci0Hi7.O.C3H6) Diethyl-a, a-citronellol Other alcohols and derivatives 7, 5-Dimethoxy-/3- S-dimethylhexane-/3- S-diol anhydride Me2CO ß, ô-Dimethyl-A'-nonenol rf-a-Phenyl-a'-p-hydroxyphenylethane CHCl3 (C6H6.CH(CHs). C6H4OH) C6H6 a-p-Ethoxyphenyl-7-methyl-A«-pentene (C2H6O.C6H4.CH:CH.CH(CH3).CH2.CH3). a-p-Ethoxyphenyl-7-methylpentane (C2H6O.C6H4.CH2.CH2.CH(CH3).CH2.CH3)

C26H33NO3

rf-a-Phenyl-a'-p-hydroxyphenylethane-ï-

C 6 Hi 3 N

CHCl3 AMINES AND HYDRAZINES d-Amylamine (CH3.CH2.CH (CH3). CH2-NH2) menthylcarbamate

0.8618}^ 0.8565

17.5

0.836Î5

17

0.891J 0.86651/-4

17

4.495 0.8578

20 20

5.58 4.95

2.65 (1871.5) 4.0 (2029) -24 (85) -11.26 (*7) -11.38 (6 7 ) -2.2 (85) 2.0 (814) -13.25 ( 67 ) 13.35 ( 1747 ) 0.55 ( 1§ 39) 6.54 (1627) 7.78 ( 109 2)

0.9406

15

40.97

0.9119

16

14.99 (1092)

5.03 0.7505

-41.8 25

-5.86

(1627) ( 1377 ); cf. (828)

Ci2Hi9N CnHigNz

C6Hi0O CioHisO

* Increasing with time.

Methyl-Z-amylaniline (CH 3 .CH 2 .CH(CH 3 ).CH 2 .N(CH 3 ).C 6 H 6 )... 0.9220 d-Phenylamylhydrazine (CH3.CH2.CH(CH3).CH2.N(NH2).C6H6).... 0.9521 KETONES AND ALDEHYDES AND THEIR CONDENSATION PRODUCTS 0.8068 d-Valeraldehyde (CH3.CH2.CH(CH3).CHO) . Citronellal ((CHg) 2 C: CH.CH2.CH2.CH0.8538 (CH3).CH2.CHO>. 0.8509

15 room

11.06 ("07) 4.75*

(«os)

20

23.56

(«0)

17.5 25

12.50 (2029) 4.8 (389, 390)

C10H11ClO

KETONES AND ALDEHYDES AND THEIR CONDENSATION PRODUCTS. — (Continued) Name I d, C or % t, 0C | Solvent ft £-Dimethyl-A«-nonene-0-one (CH3.CO.CH2.CH(CH3).(CH2)3.0.8650 20 C(CH 3 ):CH 2 ) Citronellideneacetone ((CH3)2C: CH.CH2.0.8737 20 CH2.CH(CH3).CH2.CH: CH.CO.CH3) 0.9326 20 Citronellideneacetic acid EtOH 9. 718 20 Methyl citronellideneacetate ACIDS AND DERIVATIVES Isovaleric acid and its homologues Isovaleric acid (d-methylethylacetic acid, 0.9471 16.5 CH3.CH2.CH(CH3).COOH) 24 d-a-Bromo-ß-methylvaleric acid C6H6 9. 99 20 d-Cyanoisopropylvaleric acid PhMe 9. 85 20 d-Propylisobutylacetic acid (C3H7)CKC4H9(COOH) 22 24.5 d-Butylisobutylacetic acid C6H4Me2 14.2 20 (C4H9.C(C4H9)2.COOH) EtOH 13.7 20 ATNaOH 10.1 20 Tetramethylcaproic acid EtOH 2.53 17 Tetramethylcaproic amide EtOH 4.77 20 a, a-Dipropyl-0, 7-dimethylcaprylic amide. . EtOH 18 Aromatic acids d-a-Chloro-a-phenylpropionic acid C6H6 1.690 20 Z-tt-Phenyl-a-chloropropionic acid C6H6 7. 188 a-Phenylpropionic acid (C6H6.CH(CH3). COOH) EtOH 3.159 20 CHCl3 2.834 20 d-Benzylmethylacetyl chloride Et2O 18.0

C10H12O2

d-Benzylmethylacetic acid

Formula C11H20O

C13H22O Ci2H2oO2

C13H22O2 C6H10O2 C6H11BrO2 C9H16NO2 CgH1SO2 C10H20O2 Ci0H20O2 Ci0H21NO C16H33NO C9H9ClO2 C9H9ClO2 C9H10O2

Sodium salt C11H12O2

d-Phenylallylacetic acid

C11H14O2

Sodium salt d-Benzylethylacetic acid

C11H14O2

Sodium salt d-Phenylpropylacetic acid

C16H14O2 C16H14O3 C18H2iNO C19H21NO C20H23NO C26H32O2 C4HyBrO3 C4HyO4K C9H10O3

Sodium salt d-a-Phenylhydrocinnamic acid (C6H6.CH2.CH(C6H6). COOH) Z-ß-Benzoyl-a-phenylpropionic acid (C6H6.CO.CH2.CH(C6H6). COOH) rf-Benzylmethylacet-Z-phenylethylamide d-Benzylmethylacet-d-hydrindamide rf-Benzylmethylacet-Z-methylhydrindamide. . Z-Menthylrf-a-phenylhydrocinnamate Z-Menthyl â-phenylhydrocinnamate Hydroxy d-ß-Bromo-a-methyllactic acid (CH2Br.C(CH3) (OH). COOH) d-a-Methylglycerate (HO.CH2.CH(CH2OH). COOH) d-a-Phenyl-a-hydroxypropionic acid (C6H6.C(CH3)(OH).COOH)

CHCl3 C6H6 H2O H2O CHCl3 C6H6 H2O CHCl3 C6H6 H2O C6H6 C6H6 CHCl3 H2O

3.282 3.732 2.226 2 2. 147 2.44 1.676 2.489 2.464 1.905 2.935 2.935 4.047 1 .599

C6H6

10.1

AcOEt Et2O MeOH CHCl3 C6H6 C6H6 acids

[CL]D \ 5.89 -2.70 -6.49 -9.56

Lit. (1839) (1836) (1836) («36)

17.95 18.2 26.48 11 .4

(1700) (1706) (1S) (500)

9.80 5.73 6.34 5.98 7.13 45.9 46.6 18.32

(sis) (515)

26.0 -26.3 57.94 76.2 18 22.65 27.7 27.1 35.9 26 84.6 103.2 20.3 38.4 41.0 50.4 72.10 79.1 58.8 140.7

( 8 <> 8 ) ( 8 <> 8 ) (8<>9) (1334) (1335) (1767) (1079) (1636) (1636) (1079) (1636) (1636) (1636) (1636) (1636) (1636)

20

94.04

(1S34)

1.67 2.15 4 . 30 2.04 10.02 9.97

20 20

157.3 8.6 -15.5 -26.5 -89.06 -21 .97

(825.5) (iosi) (i osi ) (iosi) (1834)

H2O

9. 68

20

H2O EtOH Me2CO H2O H2O H2O

9. 85 3.354 4.142 2.160 1.589 0.688

20 13.8 13 14.5 13 14.5

7.4

(1047)

-4.00 37.7 -36.5 -51.1 -52.5 -53.8

(1047) (1334)

Formula C9H10O3

CgH16O2

C10H12O3 CnH14O3 OigXljjaOs

CigHaaOa

C6H11NO2 C6H13NO2

C6H13NO2 C7H13NO3 C8H14ClNO3 C9H11NO2

C9H16BrNO3 C10H11NO3

Hydroxy acids. — (Continued) Name Solvent d-Tropic acid (C6H6-CH. (CH2OH). COOH) EtOH H2O Me2CO EtOH Z-5-Hydroxy-a-isopropyl-w-hexoic acid p-Methoxyhydratropic acid EtOH (CH3O.C6H4.CH(CH3). COOH) Ethyl atrolactate (Z-ethyl a-hydroxy-aphenylpropionate) Me2CO Z-Menthyl Z-atrolactate EtOH CHCl3 CS2 Z-Menthyl d£-atrolactate C6H6 Me2CO CHCl3 EtOH ICi and ICB. Amino acids H2O d-a-Aminoethylmethylacetic acid 20% HCl (CH3.CH2.C(CH3) (NH 2 ). COOH) d-Isoleucine * (d-a-amino-/3-methy!valeric H2O acid) 20% HCl H2O 20% HCl ^NaOH H2O Alloisoleucine 20% HCl 20% HCl a-Alloisoleucine EtOH d-a-Formylamino-ß-methylvaleric acid EtOH ChloroacetyW-isoleucine H2O d-a-Amino-a-phenylpropionic acid ATHCl H2O Z-a-Amino-a-phenylpropionic acid ATHCl EtOH d-a-Bromopropionyl-d-isoleucine d-a-Formylamino-a-phenylpropionic acid. . . . 0.24ATNaOH EtOH

C12H17NO4S

Benzen esulfono-J-isoleucine

C12H22BrNO3 C13H17NO3 C13H17NO3 C13H18N2O3

d-a-Bromoisohexoyl-d-isoleucine BenzoyW-isoleucine Benzoyl-d-a-amino-ß-methy !valeric acid c?-Isoleucine phenylisocyanate

I d, C or % | t, 0C | 2.69 16 1.52 16 2.19 13 2.092

[«]/> | Lit. 72.2 (issi) 80.2 83.8 -13.54 (2045) -67.67 (179)

1.097 1.98 1.27 1.42 2.41 2.12 2.04 2.01 2.40

8.52 10 3.08 4-64 3.87 4.57 3.28 2.39 4- 70 4-71 9.04 4.88 2.02 3.946 1.82 2.74 4-8 4.626 3.214

13 9.5 10 14 9 15 14 11 15

-26.7 -74.7 -90.3 -102.7 -55.9 -63.8 -66.2 -69.5 -72.0

(1335) (1357) (1357)

20 21

11.0 (506) 7.26

20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 18 18 20 18 20 15 16

11.29 (1265) 40.61 9.74 (409.5) 36.80 11.09 -14.4 (410) -36.95 -35.7 (412) 28.26 (1265) 25.0 O3) 70.0 (1336) 90.1 -69.5 -90.3 24.5 (13) 130.1 (1336) 91.9

Î AcOEt ATNaOH 0.5ATNaOH A^NaOH

4.57 7.43 7.04 6.0

20 20 20 20

48.97 26.36 -26.03 14.92

(1265V cf (409 409.5)

(13) (409.5) (1265) (409.5); c/. (409)

C6H10O4 C7H12O4 C7H10O4 C7H12O4 C8H12O4 C8H14O4 C8H14O4 C9H16O4 C9H16O4 C10H16O4 Ci0H18O4

ICi to ICn. Dicarboxylic and tricarboxylic acids Dimethylsuccinic acidf 5 d-Trimethylsueeinie acid H2O 5. 016 Pilopic acidt H2O 3.324 Sodiumsalt AIk. 9.5 Dimethylglutaric acid H2O 10 Homopilopic acid§ H2O 3.524 Sodiumsalt H2O 2.82 ara, a'-Dimethyladipic acid EtOH 10 «, 7-Dimethyladipic acid EtOH 2.11 Dimethyl /3-methyladipate 1 .008 a-Methyl-7-ethyladipic acid EtOH 1.86 a-Methyl-T-allyladipic acid EtOH 1 . 97 a-Methyl-7-propyladipic acid EtOH 1.96

* For polypeptides containing isoleucine, see p. 378. t CHs.CH.COOH. Î CH.CüHs.CH.COOH. § CH.C2H6.CH.CH2.COOH. I I l I l CHa.CH.COOH CO . O . CH2 CO . O . CH2

-8 15 17 21 21 28 18

(2169.2) 4.83 (1554.5) 36.1 (iois.5) 3.2 (iois.5) 39 . 8 (i 442) 45.4 (iois.5) 5.9 (iois.5) 31 .3 (1523) 4.73 (*") -3.82 (811) 13.52 (81 1) 27.88 (8ii) 16.97 (8ii)

ICi to ICn. Dicarboxylic and tricarboxylic acids. — (Continued) Name Solvent I d, C or % \ t, 0C | [a\D \ Lit. d-a, ô-Dihydroxy-a-methyl-7-isopropyladipic H2O 19 5.23 («so) acid, sodium salt d-a, ô-Dihydroxy-a-methyl-7-isopropyladipic (p-acid), sodium salt H2O 17.5 4.25 (»s«) 1.04 18 2.40 (sii) Diethyl /3-methyladipate CnH2oO4 0.964 20 2.17 ( 8 U) Dipropyl /3-methyladipate C H O 0.947 18 2.15 (811) Diisobutyl /3-methyladipate C SH SO EtOH 2.33 13 -368.9 (2215) Z-Diphenylsuccinic acid Ci Hi4O4 EtOH 1.07 15 348 (1338) d-Diphenylsuccinic acid C16H14O4 H2O 9. 84 18 -9.82* (201?) Agaric acid, potassium salt 022USsOT H2O 12.4 19 -8.84* (2017) Sodium salt ID. The Molecule Contains One Asymmetric Atom Attached to Four Other Carbon Atoms ACIDS AND DERIVATIVES Derivatives of aceticf malonic and camphoronic acids d-Ethylisopropylmalonamic acid C8H15NO3 10.1 21 14.55 (541) EtOH (NH2.CO.C(C2H5) (C3H7) .COOH) CHCl3 20 -6.29 (727) a-Anhydrobromocamphoronyl chloride C9Hi0BrClO4 H2O 13.6 16 18.22 AcOH 9.IiB 16 7.97 CHCl3 20 6.25 (727) a-Anhydrocamphoronyl chloride C9H11ClO4 CHCl3 20 -4.21 /3-Anhydrocamphoronyl chloride CHCl3 5.56 (727) Anhydrocamphoronic acid CgH12Os JVNaOH 8. 91 16 16.74 (493) d-Allylpropylcyanoacetic acid C9H13NO2 EtOH 20 -6.86 (727) a-Anhydrocamphoronylimide C9H13NO4 MeOH 28 11.87Î (727) C9H14N2O3 a-Camphoronamideimidef Me2CO 28 -13. 73 1 ( 727 ) ß-Camphoronimideamide Camphoronic acid (HOOC.C(CH3)2.CC9H14Oe H2O JfO 19.5 -23.91 (58) (CH3) (COOH). CH2.COOH) 9.96 22 1.84 (541) Methyl hydrogen d-ethylisopropylmalonate EtOH CgH1CO4 JVKOH 14.1 23 -3.41 EtOH 9.87 20 -1.97 (541) Methyl d-ethylisopropylmalonamate C9Hi7NO3 EtOH 10.47 22 -2.02 EtOH 20 -30.21 (727) Monoethyl dihydrogen camphoronate C11H1SOe EtOH 20 -9.91 (727) Diethyl camphoronate C13H22Oe Class II. ORGANIC SUBSTANCES, AT LEAST ONE ASYMMETRIC CARBON ATOM OF WHICH FORMS PART OF A RING IIBi to Bn. The Molecule Contains Asymmetric Atoms Which Are Attached to Two Other Carbon Atoms OXYGEN COMPOUNDS MONOHYDBIC ALCOHOLS C1O-Hi2O, ac-Tetrahydro-2-naphthol and derivatives 1.0891 20 -57.5 (i ß 2i) Z-ac-Tetrahydro-/3-naphthyl acetate C12H14O2 160 -53.2 1.0640 20 -57.0 (1621) Z-ac-Tetrahydro-/3-naphthyl propionate Ci3HuO2 160 -51.3 1.0281 20 49.0 (1621) d-ac-Tetrahydro-ß-naphthyl n-valerate Ci5H2oO2 160 42.5 Z-ac-Tetrahydro-jS-naphthyl phenylC17H17NO2 CHCl3 5.340 -26.31 (i*2i) carbamate (CioHnO.CO.NH.CgHo) C6H6 5.067 -32.95 1.0034 20 -42.9 (1621) Z-ac-Tetrahydro-)3-naphthyl n-heptoate C H2 O2 160 -36.9 0.9805 20 35.4 (1621) d-ac-Tetrahydro-ß-naphthyl n-nonoate C H2gO2 160 31.1 0.9645 20 32.7 (1621) ^-ac-Tetrahydro-/?-naphthyl laurate C22H O2 160 28.1 POLYHYDRIC ALCOHOLS Quercitol and derivatives C6H12O5 Z-Quercitol§ 4.04 -73.9 ("13) C7H14O6 Pinitol (CH3.O.C6H6(OH)5) H2O 0.7 20 65.3 (747) C7Hi4O6 ^Methylinositol(CH,.O.C«H.(OH)6) H2O 10 -80 (1637) Ci6H22Oi0 Pentaacetyl-Z-quercitol CHCl3 2 . 70 -26 . 0 (1 71 3) Ci7H24On Pentaacetylpinitol 20 -9.67 (747) C4IH32Oi0 Pentabenzoyl-Z-quercitol CHCl3 2 . 83 -79 .0 (1713) /CCX xCHOH.CHOHv * Calculated on weight of acid, f NHC; ^CeHn.CO.NHa. % [ajo46i. § CH/ />CHOH. X \C(X CHOH.CHOH/ Formula CioHisOe

13

24

4

1

2

4

6

17

4

19

34

I

ICi to ICn. Dicarboxylic and tricarboxylic acids. — (Continued) Name Solvent I d, C or % \ t, 0C | [a\D \ Lit. d-a, ô-Dihydroxy-a-methyl-7-isopropyladipic H2O 19 5.23 («so) acid, sodium salt d-a, ô-Dihydroxy-a-methyl-7-isopropyladipic (p-acid), sodium salt H2O 17.5 4.25 (»s«) 1.04 18 2.40 (sii) Diethyl /3-methyladipate CnH2oO4 0.964 20 2.17 ( 8 U) Dipropyl /3-methyladipate C H O 0.947 18 2.15 (811) Diisobutyl /3-methyladipate C SH SO EtOH 2.33 13 -368.9 (2215) Z-Diphenylsuccinic acid Ci Hi4O4 EtOH 1.07 15 348 (1338) d-Diphenylsuccinic acid C16H14O4 H2O 9. 84 18 -9.82* (201?) Agaric acid, potassium salt 022USsOT H2O 12.4 19 -8.84* (2017) Sodium salt ID. The Molecule Contains One Asymmetric Atom Attached to Four Other Carbon Atoms ACIDS AND DERIVATIVES Derivatives of aceticf malonic and camphoronic acids d-Ethylisopropylmalonamic acid C8H15NO3 10.1 21 14.55 (541) EtOH (NH2.CO.C(C2H5) (C3H7) .COOH) CHCl3 20 -6.29 (727) a-Anhydrobromocamphoronyl chloride C9Hi0BrClO4 H2O 13.6 16 18.22 AcOH 9.IiB 16 7.97 CHCl3 20 6.25 (727) a-Anhydrocamphoronyl chloride C9H11ClO4 CHCl3 20 -4.21 /3-Anhydrocamphoronyl chloride CHCl3 5.56 (727) Anhydrocamphoronic acid CgH12Os JVNaOH 8. 91 16 16.74 (493) d-Allylpropylcyanoacetic acid C9H13NO2 EtOH 20 -6.86 (727) a-Anhydrocamphoronylimide C9H13NO4 MeOH 28 11.87Î (727) C9H14N2O3 a-Camphoronamideimidef Me2CO 28 -13. 73 1 ( 727 ) ß-Camphoronimideamide Camphoronic acid (HOOC.C(CH3)2.CC9H14Oe H2O JfO 19.5 -23.91 (58) (CH3) (COOH). CH2.COOH) 9.96 22 1.84 (541) Methyl hydrogen d-ethylisopropylmalonate EtOH CgH1CO4 JVKOH 14.1 23 -3.41 EtOH 9.87 20 -1.97 (541) Methyl d-ethylisopropylmalonamate C9Hi7NO3 EtOH 10.47 22 -2.02 EtOH 20 -30.21 (727) Monoethyl dihydrogen camphoronate C11H1SOe EtOH 20 -9.91 (727) Diethyl camphoronate C13H22Oe Class II. ORGANIC SUBSTANCES, AT LEAST ONE ASYMMETRIC CARBON ATOM OF WHICH FORMS PART OF A RING IIBi to Bn. The Molecule Contains Asymmetric Atoms Which Are Attached to Two Other Carbon Atoms OXYGEN COMPOUNDS MONOHYDBIC ALCOHOLS C1O-Hi2O, ac-Tetrahydro-2-naphthol and derivatives 1.0891 20 -57.5 (i ß 2i) Z-ac-Tetrahydro-/3-naphthyl acetate C12H14O2 160 -53.2 1.0640 20 -57.0 (1621) Z-ac-Tetrahydro-/3-naphthyl propionate Ci3HuO2 160 -51.3 1.0281 20 49.0 (1621) d-ac-Tetrahydro-ß-naphthyl n-valerate Ci5H2oO2 160 42.5 Z-ac-Tetrahydro-jS-naphthyl phenylC17H17NO2 CHCl3 5.340 -26.31 (i*2i) carbamate (CioHnO.CO.NH.CgHo) C6H6 5.067 -32.95 1.0034 20 -42.9 (1621) Z-ac-Tetrahydro-)3-naphthyl n-heptoate C H2 O2 160 -36.9 0.9805 20 35.4 (1621) d-ac-Tetrahydro-ß-naphthyl n-nonoate C H2gO2 160 31.1 0.9645 20 32.7 (1621) ^-ac-Tetrahydro-/?-naphthyl laurate C22H O2 160 28.1 POLYHYDRIC ALCOHOLS Quercitol and derivatives C6H12O5 Z-Quercitol§ 4.04 -73.9 ("13) C7H14O6 Pinitol (CH3.O.C6H6(OH)5) H2O 0.7 20 65.3 (747) C7Hi4O6 ^Methylinositol(CH,.O.C«H.(OH)6) H2O 10 -80 (1637) Ci6H22Oi0 Pentaacetyl-Z-quercitol CHCl3 2 . 70 -26 . 0 (1 71 3) Ci7H24On Pentaacetylpinitol 20 -9.67 (747) C4IH32Oi0 Pentabenzoyl-Z-quercitol CHCl3 2 . 83 -79 .0 (1713) /CCX xCHOH.CHOHv * Calculated on weight of acid, f NHC; ^CeHn.CO.NHa. % [ajo46i. § CH/ />CHOH. X \C(X CHOH.CHOH/ Formula CioHisOe

13

24

4

1

2

4

6

17

4

19

34

I

Formula C6H6O6 C6Hi2Os C12H16O? C12H1SO? CirHieOg

Ci7HisO4

CaoH^sOa

CnHi0O2 C11H10O2 CnHi2O2 CnHi2O2

CnHi2O3

C10H14ClN C12H15NO C17H17N C17N17NO C17H17NO2

C10Hi3N3O2 C11H14N2O6 C11H16ClN C12H18IN C6H13N

DERIVATIVES OF FURANE Name i Solvent I d, C or % | t, 0C | [a]D \ Lit. d-ß-Dihydrofurane-2, 5-dicarboxylic acid*. . . H2O 10.15 480.7 ( 9 U) H2O 2.5 489.2 H2O 0.157 519 EtOH 9.913 20 16.31 (483) Hydroglucalf EtOH 10.43 22 -15.76 (483) TriacetylglucalJ EtOH 9.645 17 33.93 ( 48 S) Triacetylhydroglucal EtOH 9. 352 17 35.55 1, l-Diphenyl-2, 3, 4-trihydroxytetrahydroEtOH 1.1869 14 199.5 (155°) furane-4-carboxylic acid§ EtOH 1.345 17 201.7 (isso) 1, l-Diphenyl-2, 3-dihydroxy-4-hydroxymethyltetrahydrofuranell H2O 0.4075 20 85.6 (i 550 ) 3, 4-Dimethoxy-2, 2, 5, 5-tetraphenylC6H6 8.272 20 -115.7 (1747) tetrahy drof urane Ï CARBOXYLIC ACIDS Di- and tetrahydronaphthoic acids A2<3>-Dihydro-l-naphthoic acid CHCl3 1 . 65 212 . 9 (1632) C6H6 23.94 178.0 Sodium salt H2O 1.390 191.1 ( 1632 ) 3 A -Dihydro-2-naphthoic acid CHCl3 1.802 158.7 (1636) C6H6 1.597 182.2 Sodium salt H2O 1.624 157.6 (1636) 1, 2, 3, 4-Tetrahydro-l-naphthoic acid . CHCl3 1 . 630 -15.9 (1633) C6H6 1.750 -52.3 Sodium salt H2O -10.6 1, 2, 3, 4-Tetrahydro-2-naphthoic acid CHCl3 1.399 -51.8 (1634) C6H6 1.382 -50.0 Sodium salt H2O 1.373 -41.88 (1634) Other carboxylic acids Acetone-Z-mandelic acid / /Q- C(CH3). \ (C 6 H 5 -CHQ I ) AcOEt 4.30 18 -94.78 (2187) X \ CO.O / AMINES MONOBASIC AMINES: NITROGEN IN SIDE CHAIN Tetrahydronaphthylamine and derivatives d-ac-Tetrahydro-/?-naphthylamine H2O 1.45 12 71.9 (1667) hydrochloride 0.447 16.5 36.9 (1667) AcetyW-ac-tetrahydro-ß-naphthylamine. . . . C6H6 Benzyüdene-d-ac-tetrahydro-ß-naphthylEtOH 1.46 18.5 27.6 (1667) amine 0.095 19 58 (1667) Benzoyl-d-ac-tetrahydro-ß-naphthylamine. . . Me2CO 5.067 -32.95 (1621) Z-ac-Tetrahydro-2-naphthylphenylcarbamate C6H6 CHCl3 5.340 -26.31 Other monobasic amines ?-l-Hydroxy-2-semicarbazinohydrindene**... EtOH 0.510 20 -14.7ft (i 592 ) Z-l-Hydroxy-2-hydrazinohydrindeneoxalatetî H2O 0.375 20 14.0 (1592) Pheno-a-aminocycloheptane hydrochloride§§ H2O 1.09 -24 (1078) ^-^-Trimethylhydrindonium iodide [I II . . H2O 1.58 22.2 (1071) MONOBASIC AMINES: NITROGEN IN RING Derivatives of piperidine including coniine I d-2-Methylpiperidine (2-pipecoline) | | 0.860 |0 | 37.29 | (U 53)

/CH2OH /CH2OH CH2.CH\ . I O j t CH2.CH<( . J Glucal= || ^)O § (CeH6)2C.CHOH.CHOH.C(OH).COOH. I )>0 CHOH.C/ CH2-CH^ ^CHOH X CH2OH 1 O i f CH3O-CH^(C6Hs)2V II Anhydro-1, 1-diphenylarabitol, (C6H6)2.C.CHOH.CHOH.CH.CH2.OH. | yO. CH3O.CH.C(C6H6)/ /CHOHv /CHOHx /CH2 . CH2 . CH2 ** C6H4V^ J>CH.NH.NH.CO.NH2. ttl«l««i. JJC 6 H 4 ^ J>CH. NH. NH2. (COOH)2. §§ C6H4<( | . X / CH2 / ^ CH2 ^CH (NH3Cl). CHa XCeH4V U Il CH/ >CH.N(CH8)3I. X CH2X

/COOH * CH.CH^ H )>0 CH.CH^ X COOH

Formula C7Hi6N C8H15N C8Hi7N C8Hi7N C8Hi7N C8H17N C8Hi7N

C 8 H n NO C 8 Hi 8 N 2 C9Hi9N C9Hi9N Ci0Hi9NO CioH2iN Ci0H21NO C11H23N C11H23N CnH23NO Ci2Hi7N Ci2H26N Ci3H27N Ci3H27NO Ci 6 H 2 iNO Ci6H23N Ci7H23NO2 C17H26NO2 Ci7H27NO2 C20H34INO C20H36N2O4 C20H38N2O4 C20H38N2O4 C20H40N2O4 C9H11N

|

Derivatives of piperidine (including coniine). — (Continued) Name | Solvent | d, C or % | t, 0C | [a]D \ Lit. d-2-Ethylpiperidine 0 . 8680* 17. 08 (665) / /CH2.CH.C3H5 \ Iso-2-allylpiperidine( CH/ \ NH ) 0.8670J5 15 -29.02 (1269) X \ CH2.CH2/ / d-^-Ethyl-2-pipecoline 0 . 836118 101 . 06 (91 4.8) Z-AT-Ethyl-2-pipecoline 0.83641* -98.3 («87) d-3-Methylpiperidine 3 . 98 d-N-Ethyl-3-pipecoline 0.809517 -3.2 («87) d- and Z-/3-Propylpiperidine 0.8517 16 +6.39 (746) Coniine; c/. (1147, lisi, 2207, 2228) 0.873 15 15.6 («69) Coniine CHCl3 4 27 8.00 (90l) CHCl3 1 27 9.00 Isoconiine (synthetic coniine) 0.8458 18.5 17.85 (U 5 5) Conhydrine (0-hydroxyconiine) EtOH 10 10 (1893) Aminoconiine 0.9942}f -2.33 (1268) AT-Methylconiine 0 . 831824 81 . 33 (2207) EtOH 13.6 24 35.66 (228) d-N-Propyl-2-pipecoline 0 . 829620 100 .34 (914.8) Acetylconiine 0.9616 16 34.2 (H«) AT-Ethylconiine 0.839821 75.62 (9«) 1-Ethylconhydrine 0.93452,0 -45.2 («»3) Z-AT-Isoamyl-2-pipecoline 0.831019 -88.86 (914.8) N-Propylconiine 0.842318 76.21 (»«) 1-Propylconhydrine 0.9172*° -50. 1 («»3) d-2-Phenyl-6-methylpiperidine 0 . 9497J J 44 .81 («92) d-2-Isophenyl-6-methylpiperidine 0.92 AT-Butylconiine 0.8393^° 72.6 («8S) 23 5 2V-Isoamylconiine 0.8352 75. 14 (9«) 1-Isoamylconhydrine 0. 9087 -45. 1 («93) Benzoylconiine 1.062316 16 29.1 ("«) AT-Benzylconiine (C8Hi6N.CH2.C6H6) 0 . 9461f 20 72 . 9 («*4) Coniine phenylpropiolate CHCl3 4 21 -7.12 (901) H2O 4 24 1.00 Coniine cinnamate CHCl3 4 22 -7. 50 (901) CHCl3 1 22 8.50 H2O 4 24 1.75 Coniine /3-phenylpropionate CHCl3 4 27 -1 .87 (901) CHCl3 1 27 2.00 H2O 4 24 2.50 a-Benzylisoamylconhydrinium iodide EtOH 5 20 -40 (1893) /3-Benzylisoamylconhydrinium iodide EtOH 5 20 —50 (1893) Diconiine acetylenedicarboxylate CHCl3 4 22 3.37 ( 9 Oi) H2O 4 24 1.00 Diconiine maleate CHCl3 4 18 4.38 (901) H2O 4 24 2.00 Diconiine fumarate CHCl3 4 22 4.00 (901) H2O 4 24 1.75 Diconiine succinate CHCl3 4 22 5.12 (901) H2O 4 24 1.50 Tetrahydroquinaldine and derivatives Z-Dihydro-a-methylindole ( CsK/ NCH.CH3 J N \ NH/ /

C9H12ClN C10H13N

Z-Dihydro-a-methylindole hydrochloride i-Tetrahydroquinaldine,tetrahydro-a. , , ' i« / /CH .CH \ methylquinoline, /I C^, H TT / 2 I i 2 Ii 6 4 X \ NH.CH.CH3 /

EtOH

3.80

Et2O C6H6 H2O

5.24 3.47 4.15 1.0236

-13.53 8.25 1.68

(«ei)

20

-58.12

(«71,

21.0 19.5 19.0

-50.8 -63.3 -63.6

1672)

Et2O Me2CO In methyltetrahydroquinoline

7.22 («61)

2.51 2.54 18.77

Formula Ci0H13N

C11H13NO C11H16N

C12H17N C14H15N C16H15NO C18H19NO C21H19NO

C10H14N2

I

Tetrahydroquinaldine and derivatives. — (Continued) Name Solvent i d, C or % 1 «, 0C 1 [a]D Z-Tetrahydroquinaldine. — (Cont'd) 6.70 24.2 -58.9 In tetrahydroquinoline EtOH 2.56 21.5 -64.0 MeOH 2.53 19.5 -75.1 CHCl3 2.59 21.5 -85.3 C6H6 2.56 21.0 -88.6 CCl4 2.53 21.5 -97.6 AcOH 2.61 21.0 -117.9 C5H11N 8.25 23.8 -45.9 EtOH 1.36 -61.9 I- Acetyldihydro-a-methy !indole C6H6 1.98 21 -80.9 Z-Tetrahydro-2>toluquinaldine Me2CO 2.14 18 -59.1 EtOH 2.12 18 -67.6 CHCl3 1.99 18 -78.8 rf-Tetrahydro-p-toluquinaldine H2O 2.03 18 70.3 C6H6 1.94 19 80.7 0.994220 20 12.1 l-Ethyl-2-methyltetrahydroquinoline d-Tetrahydro-ß-naphthoquinaldine EtOH (abs.) 0.670 29.5 109.0 C6H6 0.499 29.5 157.0 Z-Tetrahydro-ß-naphthoquinaldine 29.5 -108.5 EtOH (abs.) 0.647 EtOH 1.64 -37.1 Z-Benzoyldihydro-a-methy !indole C6H6 2.05 18 229 Benzoyl-Z-tetrahydro-p-toluquinaldine Benzoyl derivative of Z-tetrahydro-ßnaphthoquinaldine (dextro base) EtOH (abs.) 0.362 29.5 -587.0 (levo base) 0.351 29.5 587.6 EtOH (abs.) POLYBASIC AMINES Nicotine and derivatives /CHa.CHïs. x-CH.CHx \ 4.795 -77.9 Nicotine/ >CH.C^ ^CH } H2O X \CH2.N.CH3 CH:N/ J 50 % EtOH 4 . 368 - 104 . 2 EtOH 21 20 -30

\

Lit.

(1661) (1688)

(1893) (719) (1661) (1688) (719)

(268)

(385). cff (2200)

C14H20N2O6

([a]D calculated on ([«]/> calculated on ([a]D calculated on ([a]D calculated on d- Nicotine Z-tartrate

C at C at C at C at

20° C) 20° C) 20° C) 20° C)

EtOH EtOH EtOH EtOH H2O

C33H32BrN3O4S

C5H9NO2

C7H13NO3

-50 -70 -90 -120 15

-28.7 -27.3 -25.3 -22 -25.58

8.57

15

27.16

(*««); cf. (1639)

Z- Nicotine d-tartrate C13H16N2O6 C18H36N2 C20H18N2

21 21 21 21 7.96

. H2O Other polybasic amines Tetrahydroxybutyl-]V-phenylhydantoin*. . . . H2O MeOH Ethylene-fo"s-d-coniinef 1-2, 3-Diphenyl-l, 2, 3, 4-tetrahydroEtOH quinoxalinet 1-2, 3-Diphenyl-2, 3-dihydro-l, 3, 4j Me2CO naphthaisotriazine ^-a-bromocamphor- /• EtOH 7T-sulfonate§ J CHCl3 AMINO ACIDS Proline and derivatives^ Z-Proline Z-pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid, CH2.NH v I \CH.COOH H2O CH2.CH2X 20% HCl 0.5A^NaOH Z-Proline (synthetic) H2O 0. 6AT KOH d-Proline (synthetic) H2O BetonicineH H2O

xNH.CO * H(CHOH)4-CH^ I , from glucosamine. f CsHieN.CHa.CH^N.CsHie. XXXN-C 6 H 5 U For polypeptides containing proline, see p. 377, 378. /COO1 CHOH.CH^ I /N(CHa) 2 + CH2-CH2"7

1.95 1.825

93.2 81.09

(1498) (2152) (109) (1689)

0.799 2.3 2.3 2.3

20 20 20 20

-40.8 23.8 25.7 -1.3

7.93 7.68 6.73 6.46 2.35 3.865 4.88

20 20 20 20 20 20 15

-77.40 -46.53 -83.48 -80. 9 -93.0 +81 .5 -36.60

/NH.CH.CeHo JC 6 H/ | . X NH.CH.C6H6

/N.CH.CeHs § Salt of Ci0H6^ | | X N.N.CeH6

(469) (561.2) (561.2)

Formula C7H14ClNO3 C7Hi3NO3 C7H14ClNO8 CnH17NO3 CnH20N2O3 Ci 2 Hi 2 N 2 O 5 C4H6N2O3 C 8 Hi 3 NO 4 C9Hi4O CnH 2 iN0 2 C22H23NO7

|

Proline and derivatives. — (Continued) Name | Solvent Betonicine hydrochloride H2O Turicine (stereoisomer of betonicine) H2O Turicine hydrochloride H2O a-Hydroxyisohexoyl-Z-prolinolactone AcOH a-Hydroxyisohexoyl-Z-prolinamide* H2O d-m-Nitrobenzoylproline ATNaOH Other cyclic amino acids Glyoxalid-2-on-5-carboxylicacidt H2O Z-Tropinic acidj H2O d-3-Acetyl-l-methyl-A2-cyclohexene Methylconiinyl N-acetate§ ^-Narcotine CHCl3

| d, C or % 8.58 12.05 7. 18 2.92 2. 69 3. 95 2.1 6.5 0 . 94132,2, 0. 9726 2.606

| t, 0C | [a]D 15 -24.79 36.26 24.65 20 -166.8 20 -78.6 20 +120.0 18 20 20

-16.5 -15.2 100 . 4 62. 1 199.9

Lit. (H39) ("39) ( 54 O) (54°) (561.2) (104°) (6»9) ( 84 I ) (1884) ( 1602 ); cf. (725,

1601.8)

C32H38BrNOnS

CeH1Q C7H12 C7H1QBr2 C8Hi2 C8Hi4

CgHi4

^-Narcotine CHCl3 3.356 -199.3 dZ-Narcotine d-bromocamphorsulfonate CHCl3 2 . 155 20 . 2 Z-Narcotine d-bromocamphorsulfonate CHCl3 2 . 248 100 . 7 d- Narcotine Z-bromocamphorsulfonate CHCl3 3.319 —97.2 Z-Narcotine Z-bromocamphorsulfonate CHCl3 2 . 662 29 . Ol !1C. The Molecule Contains Asymmetric Atoms Attached Each to Three Other Carbon Atoms HYDROCARBONS MONOCYCLIC HYDROCARBONS Cyclic hydrocarbons not related directly to menthane 0.7663 18 27.22 Methyl-A2-cyclopentene 0.7937f 81.47 l-Methyl-A2(3)-cyclohexene 0.8274f 36.42 l-Methyl-A2'4-cyclohexadiene dibromide. . . . 0.8225f 27.38 1, 3-Dimethyl-A2'4-cyclohexadiene 0.800817-5 23.8 Laurolene (A1-!, 2, 3-trimethylcyclopentene) 0.8030J5 23 22.8 0.7991^S 26.2 28.15 0.8015242 95 1, 3-Dimethyl-A2(3)-cyclohexene EtOH

C 8 Hi 4 CgHiG

Z-l-Methyl-3-methylenecyclohexane l-Methyl-3-ethyl-A2(3)-cyclohexene

C»Hie

CioHis CiiHia

Z-l-Methyl-3-ethylidenecyclohexane l-Methylcyclohexylidene-3-ethane l-Methyl-3-propylidenecyclohexane d-l-Methyl-3-dimethylvinyl-A3-cyclohexene.

CuH2Q

d-l-Methyl-3-dimethylvinyl-A2-cyelohexene . . 1, 3-Dimethyl-4-isopropyl-A2(3)-cyclohexene .

14-40.8087f

15

(i 602)

(2232) (2232) (2234) (2235) (2026) (1517) (1*18) (2237.5); Cf. (2232)

-30.22 56.8

(2H7) (2237.5);

-50 56.63 -42.3 68.8 63.9 54.8 88.53

( 84 I) (2236) (2120) (837.5)

17 13.9

(1093) (1481)

Cf. (2232) CgHie

CiCH22 Ci 6 H 22 C 1 GH 2 S

Ci8H24

19

(2237.5) ; Cf. (2232)

l-Phenyl-5-methyl-2-isopropenylcyelohexane l-Methyl-3-phenyl-4-isopropylcyclohexene. l-Methyl-3-cyclohexyl-4-isopropylcyclohexene C6H6 Phenylbutadienyltrimethylcyclopentane Menthane and hydrocarbon derivatives, excluding natural 2 3 9 7 1 /C-Cv 4 8 /C

c— c<( Ci0Hi6 Ci0Hi6

0.8135Ì99 0.8154J9 0.814 0.8461/ 0.844546 0. 8531 15 0.819226

d-AB.8,(9)_Menthadiene d-A2-8(9)-m-Menthadiene A3,8(9)_Menthadiene d-A3.8(9)m-Menthadiene Z-A3'8.<9>m-Menthadiene d-A^^p-Menthadiene

* C4H9.CHOH.CO.NC4H7.CO.NH2.

0.9462J5-7 0.962l 20 0.919814 9.91 terpenes

20

6.2 3.86

(1481) (1827)

/°— °\

^C-C/ X! 6 5 10 AcOEt

AcOEt AcOEt AcOEt C6H6

4.562 0.864J77 0.842020 3.558 4.059 4.272

f NH.CH2v xCH2.CH2 x I ^CH.COOH. % HO.CO.CH^ )>CH.COOH. CO.NH ' ^Hs.N.CCHa)^

17 17

18

29.6 64.0 17.6 17.5 -12.9 >100.0 98.2

§ C8H16N.CH3.HO.OCCH3.

(ieoo) (841) (1931) (1312) (1312) (28») (1048)

Formula Ci0Hi8

|

Menthane and hydrocarbon derivatives, excluding natural terpenes.—(Continued) Name | Solvent | d, C or % | t, 0C | d-Menthene; cf. (296, 1947, 1966) 20

[a}D \ Lit. 115.64 (306) ; c/. (114)

Ci0Hi8ClNO Ci0H20 C11H16 C11H16 C11H16 Ci1Hi8 CnHi8 Ci1Hi8 Ci2Hi8 Ci3H20 C16Hi8 CioHie

Z-Menthene Carvomenthene nitrosochloride Et2O (X = 5780) Et2O w-Menthanet 2-Methyl-A2.MX9).menthatriene 2-Methylmenthatriene Methylmenthatriene 3-Methyl-A2'8(9)-menthadiene S-Methyl-AL^-menthadiene Methylmenthadiene 2-Ethylmenthatriene 2-Propyl-A2'5'8(9)-menthatriene 2-Phenyl-A2'6.8^-menthatriene Limonene and derivatives <2-Lirnonene (A^^-p-menthadiene, / >j,CH.CH2V MeOH X CH 3 \ (CH 3 . C^ ;>CH.C/ ) MeOH \ \CH2.CH/ ^CH2/ EtOH EtOH Me2CO Me2CO AcOEt AcOEt CCl4 CCl4 C6H6 C6H6 Z-Limonene

0.816|JJ 5.59 5.59 0.8116 0.8724 0.8776}5 0.874720 0.8400 0.84020 0.857620 0.888Oi5 0.8804J5 0.9882^3-8 9.27 0.36 10.59 0.449 10.36 0.523 9.21 0.47 10.10 0.427 11.14 0.523

20

23 21.1 21 20 20 20 20 18 22 13.8 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20

-38 724* 344 1.6 69.12 69.12 103.49 46.27 -96.89 -55.44 86.19 86.20 110.2 124.77 109.3 107.1 112.00 111.4 112.5 115.0 112.9 114.8 112.6 113.0 122.1 117.6 -113.8

(2063.5) (1852) (1089) (l 090) (i»25) ( 18 24) (1826) (i»25) (l °90) (l o»0) (1089) (306) (2100)

(596); cf. (2109, 2128)

Ci0Hi6Br4 Ci0Hi6ClNO

d-Limonene Z-Limonene tetrabromide d-Limonene-a-nitrosochloride

CHCl3 CHCl3

22.24 21.13

17

120.6 -74.6 (229) 304.0 (2107, 2128); cf. (1324.2, 2109)

Ci0Hi6ClNO Ci0Hi6N4O

d-Limonene-/3-nitrosochloride d-Limonene nitrosoazide

Ci0Hi8

Dihydrolimonene

Ci0Hi8Br2

Dihydrolimonene dibromide

Ci0Hi8ClNO

Dihydrolimonene nitrosochloride

CnHi 8

2-Methyllimonene

CHCl3 CHCl3

5.34 1.188

10.5

240.3 6.5

(59e); cf. (596.5)

CnHi 8 N 2 O 2 Ci 7 H 2 iN 5 O 2 Ci8H20N2O2 Ci8H22N2O3 Ci0H14 C10H16 C10H16

0.859820 d-Limonene a-nitrosocarboxamide CHCl3 2.02 Z-Limonenenitrosoazidephenylcarbamyloxime CHCl8 1.187 d-Limonene nitroazidephenylcarbamyloxime CHCl3 1.108 Benzoyl-d-limonene a-nitrosocyanide CHCl3 2.04 Benzoyl-d-limonene ß-nitrosocyanide CHCl3 2.02 BenzoyW-limonene a-nitrosocarboxamide.. . CHCl3 1.67 Sylvestrene, phellandrene and other monocyclic terpenes J-Verbenene 0.88222" Sylvestrene; cf. (65, 1143, 2031, 2128) 0.86252,1 d-Sylvestrene AcOEt 5 Z-Sylvestrene AcOEt 5 d-Phellandrene 0.8558 yCH(CH3).CH2V

*[a]4359.

(\ = 5780) (\ = 4360) (\ = 5780) (\ = 4360) (X = 5780) (\ = 4360)

t CH:/ \CH2

\3H.CH(CH3)2. CH2 /

17 15 18 19 19 21 10

118 (2062) 234 49 (2062) 100 344 (2062) 724 -7.99 (1825) -25.33 174.9 (U 79) —120.8 (596) 118.8 127.2 (1179) —108.2 241.7 (1179) -84.9 (154) 15.6 (l»52) 67.5 (8*0) -68.2 17.64 (1607.5)

Cj0Hi8

Sylvestrene, phellandrene and other monocydic terpenes. — Name | Solvent | d-Sylvestrene dihydrochloride AcOEt J-Sylvestrene dihydrochloride AcOEt DICYCLIC HYDROCARBONS Pinene and pinolene /3-Pinene Et2O Z-Pinene* 1 c/. (65, 83, 117, 364, 566, 567, d-Pinene* j 1776, 1783, 2128, 2209) Pinolene Pinene ozonide CHCl3 d-Pinene hydrobromide EtOH d-Pinene hydrochloride EtOH Pinolene hydrochloride C6H6 Isopinolene hydrochloride C6H6 Pinane (from pinenes by various methods). .

Ci0Hi6NO2 Ci0Hi6

Camphene and bornylene Z-Nitrocamphene C6H6 d-Camphene;t cf. (120, 125.5, 171, 735, 1034,

Formula Ci0Hi8Cl2

Ci0H18

Ci0Hi6 Ci0Hi6O8 Ci0HnBr Ci0Hi7Cl Ci0Hi7Cl

|

1158,1391,1447,1779,1980)

Z-Camphene Camphene (American)

C10Hi8

From bornyl toluene-p-sulfonate

Ci0Hi8

From Siberian pinewood oil From bornylamine Isocamphane (liquid) ; cf. (»4, 565, 1 1 43, liei,

Ci6H20 C20H84

/3-Phenylcamphene d-Hydrodicamphene

1608,1778)

0.863021 13.64

[a]D 22 . 5 —21.8

\

Lit. (84°)

0.8635Ì4 0.859924° 52.5 8 8 18.9 18. 9 0.8519 0.8566 0.8562

20 20 20 14 20 20 21 17 20 20 17.5 20 20

20

20

-146.4

(1256)

EtOH

10

25

83.5

(2042)

C6H6 Me2CO PhMe C6H6 C6H6 EtOH EtOH Et2O Et2O

20 20 17.87 20.2 50 2 . 064 2.064 11 .86 9. 67

28 27 20 20 20 20 20 18 17

MeOH

10

19

C6H6 Fenchene and other dicyclic terpenes Fenchene (from fenchyl chloride)

Ci0H16

(Continued) d, C or % | t, 0C 5 5

84.05 83.8 -95.56 (306) 17 . 95 (<*<>) 74.55 38 . 8 (451 ) 38.9 -84. 9 (2118) 103.89

0. 9736J? 20 0 . 863If

15.93 (2H8) 12.76 -40.0 (306); cf. 39.4 (83) 1.63 (*») 11.67 (*32) 31 .31 (2042) 33 . 19 (2042) 9.78 (59) 9. 18 -16. 1 (1256.5) 23.08 -18.9

20

1.15

(125S)

7. 25 28.70

(*02) (»96)

- 9 . 65

( 113 O); cf. (1124)

C10Hi6 Ci0Hi6Br2 Ci1Hi8

D-Z-Fenchene D-Z-Fenchene dibromide Methylfenchene

C16H24 Ci6H24 Ci6H24 Ci 6 H 24 N 2 O 8

Isozingiberene (bicyclic) Metazingiberene Selinene (from dihydrochloride) /3-Caryophyllene nitrosite

Ci 6 H 26 ClN 2 O 4 Ci6H26 Ci6H28 C16H28

/3-Hydrochlorocaryophyllenenitrosite Dihydrozingiberene Tetrahydroisozingiberene (bicyclic) Tetrahydroselinene

C16H80 C80H48

Hexahydrozingiberene Dizingiberene

C9H18O C11H20O

ALCOHOLS MONOHYDRIC ALCOHOLS Alcohols not derived directly from terpenes l-Methyl-3-ethylcyclohexan-3-ol rf-l-Methyl-3-isobutanol-A3-cyclohexenet.Me . .2CO d-l-Methyl-3-isobutanol-A2-cyclohexene§. . . Me2CO l-Methyl-3-phenyl-4-isopropyl-3-cyclohexanol

AcOEt

0.8691' 3.56 0.8638f

18 11

-37. 1 42.83 19.68

0 . 9118 0.892720 0 . 919Oj0 0.4729 0.01713 0.5266 0.855720 0.8822 0 . 8889^S 0.888120 0.8264 0.9287

20 20

-51 . 60 t1 926) 6.5 ( 1 ê) 61 . 36 t1 932) 1625.0 (381) 1661.0 930.4 (381) -37 (1ê) 4.60 (1926) 1 . 12 (i 932) 7 -10.20 (1926) -5 (^26)

(2i30) (2130) (2237.5)

SESQUITERPENES

C16H24O

CH CHa * ™Cv/ r / /C(CH fVPFrArfT * CH 3 3)S-CH

CH

CHa

CH

/ \ t CH/ | NC(CH 3)2. i i CH2

CH 2\ | /C: CH2 N CH/

C6H6 ligroin C6H6

/CH(CH3).CH^ ÎCH/ ^C.CHa.CCCHaHOH. \CHa CHa/

21 20 20 20 20

0.8995J1

1.48 49.5 68.2

0.8 0.9843

20

-16.32

(2231) (»37.5) ( 1 ^Si)

^CH(CH 3 )CH 2 V ICH 2\T \C.CH2.C(CH3)2.OH. /CH2

CH

Formula Ci0Hi8O

|

Alcohols derived from menthol (for menthol itself (UCzB)1 Name | Solvent | d-A5-m-Menthenol (8) EtOH d-A6-m-Menthenol (8). AcOEt d-A3-w-Menthenol (8) AcOEt d-A3-p-Menthenol (8) cf. (173.5, 434.5, 565, 566,1158,1158.5,1491,2029)

AcOEt

see p. 420) d, C or % 4.405 5 3.62 4.55

C6H6 CnHi8O Ci3H22O Ci6H20O

d-A2-ra-Menthenol (8) Z-Ai-ra-Menthenol (8) 2-Methyl-A6'8(9)-menthadiene-2-ol 2-Propyl-A6'8(9)-menthadiene-2-ol 2-Phenyl-A6'8(9)-menthadiene-2-ol

Ci0Hi3N Ci0Hi5Cl Ci0Hi6O C10H18O Ci0H18O Ci0Hi8O Ci0H20O Ci0H20O Ci0H20O CnH20O Ci2H20O2 Ci8H22O4

Myrtenyl nitrile Myrtenyl chloride Myrtenol Isopulegol Methylcamphenilol Homonopinol (pinene hydrate) Dihydrofencholenyl alcohol d-(l)-Dihydrosylveterpineol Tetrahydroumbellulol 3-Methylisopulegol Methylcamphenilyl acetate* Myrtenyl hydrogen phthalate

AcOEt

Terpene alcohols

Ci0H20O2 Ci0H20O2

C 22 H 24 O 7

C6Hi0O C 6 HnNO C7Hi2O

EtOH Et2O MeOH

t, 0C | 16

83.2

18 0.9232J 5 0,947124°'4 20.4 0.9178^ 21 1.0156Ì5-1 15.1 0.96720 1.01520 0.976320 0.9154 41.42 17.85 0.886922

20 20 20 17.5 18.5 18

0.9071}55 0.910820 1.003 50

15 20 18

EtOH DIHYDBIC ALCOHOLS Sylveterpine MeOH 8.12 a-Sylveterpine CHCl3 /3-Sylveterpine CHCl3 MeOH POLYHYDRIC ALCOHOLS I Acetyltetramethylhematoxylin | AcOH | 1.01 KETONES KETONES NOT DERIVED DIRECTLY FROM TERPENES Cyclopentanones 3-Methylcyclopentan-l-one 0.914O49 3-Methylcyclopentanoneoxime H2O 2.41 3-Methylcyclopentanone-a-isooxime H2O 25.59 3-Methylcyclopentanone-/3-isooxime H2O 5.28 2, 3-Dimethylcyclopentanone 0.891449

[a}D \ Lit. 36.7 C 1 600) -2.7 (840) 20.9 (1312)

15

| 20 |

20 20 20 19

67.0 (1048) 55.56 (841) -45.9 (8*0) 36.08 (1089) 49.16 (i 090) 81.42 (1089) 46 (1924) 23.6 (1924) 46.8 (1924) -2.66 (1491) 16.6 (61) -4.99 (2127) 11.3 (1919) 1.96 (842) -6.6 (H83) 19.54 (1824) 18.9 (61) 21.6 (i 924) 27.43 (2H8) -27.74 (842) 20.93 18.48 159.19 | (863)

156.3 75.15 —36.12 - 22.20 126.7

(2232) (2112) (808) ; c/. (2232)

C8Hi4O C9Hi6O Ci0Hi6O C10Hi8O Ci0Hi8O Ci3H20O Ci6H24O C7Hi2O

2, 2, 3-Trimethylcyclopentanone 2, 3, 6, 6-Tetramethylcyclopentanone 3, 6-Dimethyl-2-allylcyclopentanone 2, 2, 3, 6, 6-Pentamethylcyclopentanone 4-Methyl-2-isobutylcyclopentanone Et2O 3, 6-Dimethyl-2, 6-diallylcyclopentanone... . 3, 6-Dimethyl-2, 2, 6-triallylcyclopentanone. Cyclohexanones 3-Methylcyclohexan-l-one C6H6 MeOH EtOH

C7Hi3NO

3-Methylcyclohexanoneoxime

C8Hi4O C9Hi6O C10Hi6O Ci0Hi8O

3, 6-Dimethylcyclohexanone 3-Methyl-6-ethylcyclohexanone 3-Methyl-6-allylcyclohexanone 3-Methyl-6-propylcyclohexanone

*CH3.C9Hi4.O.CO.CH3.

EtOH CHCl3 CCl4 Et2O Et2O MeOH

0.8778Ì9 0.866849 0.896820 1.72 0.899420 0.9179f 11.37 11.47 10.97 0.9173 9.29 J4.77 37.22 24.8 11.70 9.98 0.908313 0.9016 0.9233 0.8994

19 19 20 20 20 20

15.3 14 12 12.5 15 21 22 15 15 15

103.7 70.1 71.7 32.9 62 74.7 73.2

(808) (808) (808) (808) (386) (808) (808)

12.7 11.96 8.15 10.58 13.33 10.45 14.77 11.86 17.44 -42.05 -42.07 11.6 8.53 18.03 3.35

(306)

(2H3)

(2113) (1200) (795) (795) (795)

Cyclohexanones. — (Continued) Formula C11H20O C11H20O C1SH20O C14H17NO2 C14H1S C1SH1SO2 C16H26O C17H22O C]^H28O Ci0H16O CnH19N3O

Ci0Hi4O

I

Name I Solvent I 3-Methyl-6-isobutylcyclohexanone 2, 2, 3, 6, 6-Pentamethylcyclohexanone 3-Methyldi-6, (?)-allylcyclohexanone Benzoyl-3-methylcyclohexanoneoxime, a- . . . Et2O ß-.... Et2O EtOH 6-Benzylidene-3-methylcyclohexanone EtOH 6-Anisylidene-3-methylcyclohexanone 3-Methyl-2, 2-diallyl-6-isopropylcyclohexanone EtOH 6-Cuminylidene-3-methyleyelohexanone 3-Methyl-2, 2, 6, 6-tetraallylcyclohexanone . . Other ketones not derived directly from terpenes Me2CO d-l-Methyl-3-acetonyl-A3-cyclohexene* d-l-Methylacetonyl-A2-cyclohexenet Me2CO c?-l-Methyl-3-acetonyl-A3-cyclohexene semiMe2CO carbazone d-l-Methyl-3-acetonyl-A2-cyclohexene semiMe2CO carbazone KETONES DERIVED FROM TERPENES Carvone and derivatives f 00.CH2 CH3X d-Carvone [ CH3.C/ )>CH.C^ J X N \ CH.CH/ CH2/

d, C or % | *, 0C | [a]D \ lit. 0.9950 15 0.40 ( 79 S) 0.897920 24 (800) 0.9365 15 62.03 ( 79 S) 7. 49 22 19.97 ( 2 U 3 ) 7.23 -86.08 1.35 -152 (7 9 4) 0.525 -225 ( 79 4) 1.51 0.954

15

1.0 0.75

25.50 (800) -165 (704) 36.17 (*oo) 82.8 60.7

(«37.S)

70.4

(837.5)

57.8

0. 9567 0.959

173.8 20

62.2

(™) (143);

cf.

(570, 2055)

C10Hi4OS

Z-Carvone d-Carvone thiolsulfide

CHCl3 CHCl3

10 10

20 20

-62.46 5.5

CHCl3

10

20

C10Hj5N3O

Z-Carvone thiolsulfide d-Triazodihydrocarvone

-5.5 88.49 94.4 —92.47 -94.22 18.28 43.06 -40.5 29.0 -42 . 1 62 . 7 13.5 14.2 6.0 49.9 28.8 115. 1 113.3 -50 . 7 -40.2 -369

t143) ; c/. (306)

CHCl3

4.117

Z-Triazodihydrocarvone C10Hi6O Ci0Hi6O2 C10H18O CuHi5Br2NO C11H15NO Ci1H15NO C11H16N2O C11Hi6O3 C11HnN3O Ci7H20O2 Co3H25NO C10Hi5NO

CHCl3 Dihydrocarvone 8-Hydroxy-8, 9-dihydrocarvone EtOH Tetrahydrocarvone (X = 5780) a-Cyanodihydrocarvone dibromide EtOH 0-Cyanodihydrocarvone EtOH Neocyanodihydrocarvone EtOH Cyanodihydrocarvone EtOH a-Cyanodihydrocarvoxime EtOH /3-Cyanodihydrocarvoxime EtOH tt-Dihydrocarvonecarboxylic acid AcOEt ß-Dihydrocarvonecarboxylic acid AcOEt Carvone semicarbazone (M. P. 162) Py (M. P. 141-142). . . . Py 0-Benzoyldihydrocarvone EtOH On adding M NaOEt EtOH /3-Phenyliminobenzoyldmydrocarvone EtOH Carvoxime and derivatives /3-Carvoxime C6H6

4.139 9. 96 0.904 1.59 1 . 447 1 . 340 1 .68 1.59 1 . 59 1 .63 1 . 62 6.12 5.00 0 . 995 0.995 1 .00

20 20 20 18 12 12 17 17 16.5 35 20 20 18 18 17

( 596 )

( 3 06) (1841) ( 2063 ) (1169) (U 74) ( 1 I 69 ) (H6 9 ) (U69) (1823) ( 3 27) ( 3 27)

68.3

(38°); c/.

39.6

( 7 28) ; c/,

(2107)

C10Hi5NO

d-Carvoxime

EtOH

9. 84

20

(382, 727.5)

C12H17NO2 Ci4Hi9NO2 C17Hi8BrNO2

Acetyl-d-carvoxime .... C6H6 CrotonyW-carvoxime C6H6 o-Bromobenzoyl-d-carvoxime CHCl3 ra-Bromobenzoyl-d-carvoxime CHCl3 p-Bromobenzoyl-d-carvoxime CHCl3 XCH(CHa)-CH2V /CH(CH3XCH^ * CH/ ^C.CH2.CO.CH3. t CH/X ;)c.CH2.CO.CH3. \CH2 CH ^ CH2 CH2/

10.03 JO. OO 6.469 6.513 6.496

20 22.0 23.5 23

43.0 (728) 33.5 (1^) 26.0 (728) 18.2 14. 9

Formula Ci7Hi8N2O4

|

Ci7Hi9NO2

Carvoxime and derivatives.—(Continued) Name [ Solvent | d, C or % | t, 0C I o-NitrobenzoyW-carvoxime CHCl3 4.704 20 ra-Nitrobenzoy 1-d-carvoxime CHCl3 4-586 23.5 p-Nitrobenzoyl-d-carvoxime CHCl3 4-565 22.5 Benzoyl-d-carvoxime CHCl3 9.106 18.5

HJP [ Lit. ±0.00 (728) 20.7 17.3 26.6 ( 728 ); c/. (382)

C10Hi6Br2O Ci0H18O C10Hi8O2 C10H19NO C10Hi9NO Ci0Hi9NO

C6H6 Benzoyl-/3-carvoxime C6H6 Carbaniiido-rf-carvoxime CHCl3 Phenylacetyl-d-carvoxime CHCl3 C6H6 o-Toluyl-d-carvoxime CHCl3 ra-Toluyl-d-carvoxime CHCl3 p-Toluyl-d-carvoxime CHCl3 Carbo-0-toluido-d-carvoxime CHCl3 Carbo-ra-toluido-d-carvoxime CHCl3 Carbo-p-toluido-d-carvoxime CHCl3 Cinnamoyl-d-carvoxime C6H6 Dihydrocinnamoyl-d-carvoxime C6H6 a-Methylcinnamoyl-d-carvoxime C6H6 /3-Methylcinnamoyl-d-carvoxime C6H6 a-Methylhydroeinnamoyl-d-carvoxime C6H6 /3-Methymydrocinnamoyl-d-carvoxime C6H6 Diphenylacetyl-d-carvoxime C6H6 a-Phenylcinnamoyl-d-carvoxime C6H6 /3-Phenylcinnamoyl-d-carvoxime C6H6 a-Phenylhydroxycinnamoyl-d-carvoxime.... C6H6 /J-Phenylhydroxycinnamoyl-d-earvoxime.... C6H6 Menthone and derivatives A4-Menthenone MeOH A3-Menthenone Dibromomenthone CCl4 d-p-Menthone* EtOH 8-Hydroxymenthan-2-onet EtOH Z-Menthone oxime EtOH Wsomenthone oxime EtOH d-Isomenthone oxime EtOH

Ci0H20ClNO Ci0H20ClNO C n H 22 O 2 Ci7H22O

d-Isomenthone oxime hydrochloride Z-Menthone oxime hydrochloride Benzoylmenthone (enol form) Benzylidenementhone (form A)

Ci7H20N2O2 Ci 8 H 2 INO 2 Ci 8 H 2 INO 2 C18H22N2O2 Ci 9 H 2 INO 2 Ci9H23NO2 C20H23NO2 C20H25NO2 C24H26NO2 C26H25NO2 C25H27NO2 Ci0Hi6O

9.88 2.720 7.781 10.05 9.19 10.02 9.295 2.765 2.740 2.711 10.59 10.00 10.04 9.94 9.95 9.88 9.90 10.03 10.08 9.99 9.73

18 22

14.62

18 20

S.05 7.57 18.ô 10 24 20

11.6 75.3 31.7 40.6 24.5 27.1 26.9 23.4 27.4 29.8 30.8 15.4 26.2 16.3 22.5 23.9 22.8 17.6 37.1 26.4 12.5 20.1

15.5 15.5 15.5 18 18 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20

(1812) (380) (728) (728) (1812) (728) (728) (1812) (1812) (1812) (1812) (1812) (1812) (1812)

-67.46 (2124) -78.04 (306) 199.4 (i° 4 ) 30.20 (H21) -18.5 (UOl) 42.51 (ioi) -52.25 (144.5) -4.85 (i°l,

20 20 21 20

1491)

(form B) Ci7H22O

Benzylidenementhone (form A) (form B) Z-Menthone oxime benzoyl derivative Benzylmenthone Menthonylmethylpheny!methanet Anisylidenementhone Menthonylphenylethylmethane Menthonylisoamylphenylmethane Menthonyldiphenylmethane§ (isomeride (a)) (isomeride (b)) Dibenzylidene-A4-menthenone Menthonylmethylphenylmethane benzoate (I Menthonylisoamylphenylmethane benzoate^f

C n H 23 NO 2 Ci7H24O Ci8H26O Ci8H24O2 Ci9H28O C 2x H 32 O C23H28O C24H24O C26H30O2 C29H38O2

EtOH EtOH C6H6 EtOH CHCl3 EtOH CHCl3 EtOH EtOH Et2O C6H6 C6H6 CHCl3 C6H6 C6H6 C6H6 C6H6 CHCl3 C6H6 C6H6

10 10

20 20.5

6 6 3 6 6 6 9.89 23 19 3.4 20.5 2.92 ?

20 20.5 19.5

-24.48 61.16 32.11 -186.1 -185.8 -261.1 -258.0 -185.83 -258.08 1.9 28.4 95.27 -278.43 -17.57 13.75 -158.5 O -58.41 145.7 186.5

H2 co

* CH3-CH^

^)CH.CH(CH3)2. t Dihydroxycarvone hydrate. X CH2.CH/ /CH-CH(CHa)-C6H5 xC.CH(CH 3 ).C 6 H5 i CsHiox' I • § CioHnO.CH(CsH6) 2. || C8HiG^ || , derived from enolic isomeride of the ketone. N X CO C.O. CO-C6H6 /C-CH(C6Hu)-C6H6 1T CgHi6\ (I , derived from enolic isomeride of the ketone. X C.O.CO.C6H6

( 10 M (i°i) (157) (1395)

(1394) (2113) (158) (* 57) (1395) (156) (157) (156) (2124) (157) (l 57 )

•

Formula C9Hi4O C9Hi4O

|

Name Camphenilone* Nopinone

Other ketones of the terpene series Solvent C6H6 C6H6 Et 2 O EtOH

Ci0H14O

d-Verbenone

EtOH C6H6

| d, C or % | 10 0.983 12.S6 7.15 7 0.978f 9. 04 8.25 0.982» 0.958 2 <> 2.10 1 .67 0 . 96618 0.92820 0 . 937 0.9293 0.9323

Ci0H14O C10H14O C10H14Br2O C10H16BrO C10H16O C10H16O C10H16O Ci0H16O

Z-Verbenone Umbellulone Dibromodihydroumbellulone Bromodihydroumbellulone Dihydro-d-verbenone 0-Dihydroumbellulone Carvotanacetone (X = 5780) Pulegonef

C10H16N2O4 C n Hi 5 NO CnHi 7 NO

Pulegone nitrosite Cyanocarone Isopulegone oxime

C9H14O2

MONOCABBOXYLIC ACIDS J CampholytiCj campholenic and fencholenic acids (mainly 5-atom rings) 1.017J6 Campholytic acid§

CHCl3 CHCl3

CHCl3 EtOH MeOH

0.924 6. 43

t, 0C | 19 18 17 14 18 18 18 18

18 18 23 20 23 20 22

[a]D \ Lit. -61.21 (1256) 18.48 (212?) 10.95 11.02 38.04 249.6 (154) 229.6 245.7 -146.6 (154) 31.5 (1920) 6.4 (i 1 83) -70. 1 ("«3) 52 . 19 C154 ) -33.08 (1920) 59 . 8 (2063) 25.35 (78) 22.89 (i°5) 23. 13 (714) 297 (328) -25.83 (2121)

CARBOXYLIC ACIDS

10

-5

(2101.5); Cf. (1527, 2104)

C9H16IO2

d-Iododihydrocampholytic acid

C 9 Hi 6 O 2 C9H17NO C10H16N

Dihydrocampholytic acid Dihydrocampholytic amide a-Fencholenic nitrile|| (UD) ß-Fencholenic nitrile|| (UD) Campholenic nitrile

C10H25N C10H16O5SNH4 C10H16O2 C10H16O2

Ammonium hydrogen sulfocampholenecarboxylatelf a-Campholenic acid** /3-Fencholenie acidft(HD) 7-Fencholenic acidff a-Campholenic amide Pulegenic amide JJ a-Dihydrocampholenic acid Dihydrof encholenic acid a-Dihydrocampholenic amide Dihydropulegenic amide Ethyl campholytate Ethyl 7-lauronolate Methyl dihydrof encholenate a-Ethylcampholenic nitrile Ethyl dihydrof encholenate Ethyl a-dihydrocampholenate Propylcampholenic nitrile

CS2 CS2 CS2 ligroin

4.2 3.2 2.9 0.9915f 3.4 0.91361J;! 0.9203^

EtOH

4.64

H2O

1.66

28 28 23 25 22 15.6 15.6 23 23 18

EtOH 1.008720 5 21.26 0.9773f'6 0.974245 5 16.78 0.962J 6 0.9514J0 0.929522 11.8 0.912920 0.927644-8 22.6

20

99.4 97.8 92.9 33.7 20.6 28.98 43.66 45 53.9

(1527) (1527) (1527) (334.5)

(«OB)

-6.9 (836) 10.93 (use) 19.64 (1922) 52.5 (1923) -4.33 (H36) 29.05 (2129) 24.98 (H36) 4.10 (!»i») 26.43 (H36) 4.85 (2129) 5.04 (2101.5) 56.6 (1520) 3.0 (i»«) 70.33 (I28i) 3.50 ("I«) 21.82 (HS6) 46.52 (1281)

EtOH 16 C10H17NO MeOH 18 C10H17NO 15 C10H1SO2 15 C10H1SO2 96% EtOH 16 C10H19NO MeOH 20 C10H19NO 10 CnHisOs 26 Ci1H1SO2 CnH20O2 22 EtOH 13 Ci2H19N Ci 2 H 22 O 2 20 15.5 C 12 H 22 O 2 EtOH 16 C13H21N * CH2.CH. C.(CH3)a Î For hydroxy derivatives, seep. 4 17; for amino derivatives, seep. 420. I /CH 2 -COv CH2 . t CHs.CH^ ^)C: C(CHs)2. X I CH2.CH/ CH2-CH. CO 1 HO.CO.C9Hi4.SO2.ONH4. § C.CH3.C(CH3)2 H CH2.CH2\ /8-form, CH-CH2 \ H )>CH.COOH. I }>CH.C(CH3)2.CN; U ">CH.CH2CN. CH CH2 CH3.C: CH/ CH3-C-C(CHs)2/ ** CH-CH2V tt/5-form, CH-CH2V -y-form, CH2.CH2\ /CH(CH3).CH.CO.NH2 Il ">CH.CH2.COOH. H ^)CHCH2CO2H; I >CH.C(CH3)2.COOH. »CH/ | CHa C(CH3).C(CH3)2 CH3.C.C(CH3)2 C:CH.CH3 C. C(CHs)2

Formula Ci3Hi9N Ci7H21N

O 8 AÌi 2 Br 2 O2

C8Hi2Br2O2 CsHi2O2 C8Hi2O2

Campholytic, campholenic and fencholenic acids (mainly 6-atom rings). — (Continued} Name Solvent | d, C % or | tt 0C | Allylcampholenic nitrile EtOH 13.3 14 EtOH 21.0 Benzylcampholenic nitrile EtOH 18.7 17 EtOH 15.4 17

[ct]D \ Lit. 28.90 (1281) 28.66 54.07 (I28i) 44.40

Tetrahydrotoluic acids and homologues (6-atom rings, including derivatives of cyclohexylideneacetic acids) d-3, 4-Dibromo-l-methylcyclohexane-3AcOEt 3.101 28.5 carboxylic acid d-3, 4-Dibrorno-l-methylcyclohexane-4AcOEt 4.682 102.2 carboxylic acid d-l-Methyl-A2-cyclohexene-3-carboxylic AcOEt 2.609 40.1 acid* d-l-Methyl-A3-cyclohexene-4-carboxylic acid f AcOEt 5.035 150.1

(1312) (288) («12) ( 288 );c/. (1048)

CgHi 2 O 2 CgHi 2 O 2 CgHi2O2 C9Hi4O2

d-l-Methyl-A5-cyelohexene-3-carboxylic acid AcOEt Z-l-Methyl-A^cyclohexene-S-carboxylic acid J d-l-Methyl-A6-cyclohexene-3-carboxylic acid Z-l-Methylcyclohexylidene-4-acetic acid ( X C H 2 - C H 2 N \ CH3CH<( )>C: CH.COOH J EtOH (abs.) X EtOH (abs.) CH2.CH2/ / MeOH Et2O CH 2 (OCH 3 ) 2 EtOH (abs.) d-l-Methylcyclohexylidene-4-acetic acid

0.727 1.593 0.551 0.806 0.7506 0.725

-81.1 -77.8 -74.6 -74.4 -74.6 81.4

EtOH (abs.) MeOH Et2O CH2(OCH3),

1.475 0.742 0.737 0.718

78.0 75.5 75.3 75.5

AcOEt

3.074

AcOEt

4.119

AcOEt

4.819

5.044

16

33.1 (160°) -49.7 (840) 108

(840)

( 1601 > ieoi.5)

(ieoi, 1601.5)

CioHieO2

CiOHi6O2

Ethyl ^-l-methyl-A3-cyclohexene-3carboxylate Ethyl M-methyl-A3-cyclohexene-3carboxylate Ethyl d-l-methyl-A3-cyclohexene-4carboxylate

32.5

(isi2)

-28.9 20

122.3

( 288 ); c/. (1048)

CioHi 6 O 2 Ci2H2oO2 Ci3H22O2

Ci0H9NO4 CuHi 2 O 2

Ci2Hi4O2 Ci8H32O2 C18H33NO

Ethyl d-l-methyl-A5-cyclohexene-3AcOEt carboxylate Ethyl l-methylcyclohexylidene-3-a-propionate§ Ethyl l-methyl-A3-cyclohexenyl-3-a-isobutyrate|| Other cyclic monocarboxylic acids H2O 5-Nitrohydrindene-2-carboxylic acid H2O d-3-Methylhydrindene-2-carboxylic acid / ,CH(CH3)V \ EtOH ( C6H/ )>CH.COOH ) / \ ^CH2 I C6H6 PhMe H2O Barium salt Methyl d-3-methylhydrindene-2EtOH carboxylate CHCl3 Chaulmoogric acid C6H6 CHCl3 Chaulmoogramide

4.760

16.5

30.5

( 16 OO)

0.948716

48.41 (2236)

0.9460}8

45.59

(2236)

29.6 36.4

(1425)

1.88

67.66

(*513)

1.23 0.979 2.06

76.86 89.33 24.02

(isi3)

1.07 3.89 10 4.3

63.22 56 61.8 57.3

(isi3) (1696) (1195) (1696)

0.405 0.405

/CH(CH3).CH^ /CH.CHa.CHav /C(CH3): CHx *CH2<( ^C.COOH. t CH2/ ^CH • $ CH2/ ^CH.COOH. X ^CH2-CH2/ \3H2 C^-— COOH CH2 CH 2 / /CH(CH3).CH2v /CH(CH3).CH2v §CH2<( />C: C(CHa)-COOC2H5. H CH2/ ^C-C(CHs)2-COOC2H5. X \CH2 CH2/ CH2 CH^

20 20

20 27

Other cyclic monocarboxylic acids. — (Continued) Formula Ci9H34O2 C20H36O2 C4H6O3K C9Hi4N2O2 C9Hi4O2 C9Hi6O3 C9Hi6O3 C9HnNO2 C9Hi8ClNO2 Ci0H14O4 Ci0Hi6O2 Ci0Hi6O3 Ci0Hi6O3 Ci0Hi6O3 Ci0Hi6O6 Ci0Hi6O6 Ci0Hi7NO Ci0Hi8O3 CuH20O8

|

Name Methyl chaulmoograte

|

Solvent CHCl3

Ethyl chaulmoograte OXY AND HYDROXY ACIDS Potassium d-a-methylglycidate* H2O Nitrosoaminodmydrocampholic anhydride f. . EtOH etarans-Hydroxydihydrocampholytic lactone EtOH Z-frans-Hydroxydihydrocampholytic acid H2O d-trans-H.y droxydihydrocampholytic acid {. . AcOEt d-c£s-Hydroxydihydrocampholytic acid EtOH Aminodihydrocampholytic acid H2O Aminodihydrocampholytic acid hydrochloride H2O d-Cineolic anhydride C6H6 Z-Dihydrocarvenolide (dihydropulegenolide, MeOH lactone of dihydrocarvenolic acid) MeOH Nopinic acid|| Et2O
| d, C or % | t, 0C | 5 15 0.9119*? 15 O. 9079^ 20 9.96 2.5 10 1.45 8 8.2 5 10 8.20 21 .8 22.34 16.1 7.57 21 17.45 8 . 22 7.33 0 . 9792}* 12.298 0. 9984J9

20 25 27

25 26 20 18 19 17 13 20 24 20 18 17

[a]D 50 50.5 50.7 -17.57 -83.3 121.9 -70.04 70.1 50 . 8 54. 7 41. 3§ 45.37

\

Lit. (1696) (!«»«) (1047) (1527) (1527) (1522) (1527) (1528) (1528) (1*40)

—57. 57 -56.85 -15.64 -62.98 — 18 . 44 —10.27 13 . 93 -19.10 -8 9.43 -1.53

(2129)

-90.5 00 n 89 -°

(83)

(2127) (2130) (2129) (1493) («40) (1359) (2129) (2236)

KETONIC ACIDS Four-atom rings Ci0Hi6O8

C8Hi2O3 C9Hi4O3 C9Hi4O3 Ci0Hi6O3 CuHi8O3

C8H12O3 Ci0Hi6O3 CuH17NO

Z-Pinonie acid Ì d-Pinonic acid/ rorH/ CH2 VTTOTT TOOTTÎ /CHCl Itew GH3-CO-UtK >GH.GH2.CAX)H < ^nn,3 \ V(CH3)X / lCHa' Five-atom rings Methyl 4-methyl-2-cyclopentanonecarboxylate CHCl3 Umbellonic acid Iff Ethyl 4-methyl-2-cyclopentanonecarboxylate Propyl 4-methyl-2-cyclopentanonecarboxylate Isobutyl 4-methyl-2-cyclopentanonecarboxylate Six-atom rings (including hydrindone) d-l-Methylcyclohexan-3-one-4-carboxylic acid EtOH Ethyl d- 1-methylcy clohexan-3-one-4carboxylate EtOH Menthonecarboxylic anhydramide EtOH

* CH2V I )>C(CH3).COOK. O—/

/N.NO tCsHu<( . X CO

f CH2-CH C(OH).CO.OH I C(CHs)2 I CH2-CH CH2 jj CH2 CH

Î HOC(CH3).C(CH3)2\ | )>CH.COOH. CH2 CH2/

22

o25

1.07 2.14 1.05

15 15

91.11 377.6 78.40

(SU) (2044) ( 81 I)

1.029

15

64.75

(811)

0.956*1

15

66.15

(*")

2.40

17

97.2

(709)

2.17 1.01

17.5 17

84.2 66.6

(™9) (326)

§ Mutarotation.

/CH. C(OH).COOH / \ \ Il (CH3) 2C< CH2-CH2 \lX I CH. CH2 ** (CHa)2-CHv /O y /CH2.CH2 \ ^>C<^ >C(CH3).COOH. ft HO.CO.C(CH3\ ">CH.COOH. X HO.CCK X)H2-CH2/ O.C(CH3)2/ §§ CH3.CH.CH(COOH)v /CH(CHa)-CH2V /OH I ^>CH.C(CH3)2.OH. |||| CH/ V/ X X CH2 -CH2/ CH2CH2/ CH2.COOC2H*

I >CH.CH(CHa).CN. HO.CH.C(CH3)2/ fi"

CH2-CH(CH3K I j>CH.COOH. CH3.CO.CH CH2/

Six-atom rings (including hydrindone). — (Continued) Formula CiiHigOa C/iiHigOs C12H1SOa

C12H1SOs Ci2H19NO C12H2oOs C1SH22Os C14H2oO4

C14H24Os Ci5lÏ24O5 C1TH2SOo C^H12Os

Ci7H13ClO3

C6H6O4 CnH18O4 C24H20ClNO2 C24H21NO3 C24H22N2O2 C26H28NO3 C26H26NO3

CrHn)O4 CjH1QO4 C11H1SO4 C8H12O4 C1QH1CO4 C12H16O4 C12H18O4 C14H24O4

Name Solvent Carvomenthonecarboxylic acid* AcOEt EtOH Menthonecarboxylic acidf Pulegoneacetic anhydride, enolic (for pulegolEtOH acetic anhydride, see p. 428) EtOH d-Isomenthonedicarboxylic acid t EtOH Pulegoneacetamide anhydride EtOH Pulegoneacetic acid§ MeOH Methyl pulegoneacetate Pulegonemalonic anhydride methyl ester. . . . 98% MeOH EtOH Ethyl pulegoneacetate MeOH Dimethyl pulegonemalonate EtOH Diethyl pulegonemalonate Dihydroisocumarinhydrindone-2, 3-spirane|| . C6H6 d-ß-Chloro-ß- (benzyl-o-carboxylic acid)AcOH hydrindonelf DICARBOXYLIC ACIDS Three-atom rings 1 3-Methylcyclopropene-l, 2-dicarboxylic acid | H2O F our -atom rings Dimethyl pinate** d-a-Truxillanilidyl chloride Z-7-Truxillanildyl chloride (impure) Z-a-Truxillanilidic acidf t d-7-Truxillanilidic acid Z-a-Truxillanilidic amide d-7-Truxillanilidic amide Methyl Z-a-truxillanilidate Methyl Z-T-truxiUanilidate Ethyl d-o-tnixillaniKdate Ethyl d-T-truxillanilidate

Me2CO Me2CO Me2CO Me2CO Me2CO Me2CO Me2CO Me2CO Me2CO Me2CO Five-atom rings ^rans-Cyclopentane-1, 2-dicarboxylic acid. . H2O d-fr
I d, C or % | t, 0C | 1.53 22 1 7.57 1.728 1.59 1.084 3.29 3.61 3.61 3.15 4.58 1.62

20 17 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20

2.92

20

|

[ 1.0582*» 1.0548 3.78 2 . 73 5.0 3.15 1 . 35 1 . 56 3.35 5.01 4.48 2 . 461 0.876 5.040 6.291 2.04 20.9

71.61 (2078) 124.4 (709) 65.99 (2078) -3.2 (2078) -6.88 (2078) 26.6 (2078) -1.13 (2078) -8.79 (2078) -3.27 (2078) -65 ( 1 ^ 06 ) 130

| 20 20 20 19 19 21 20 19 20 18 20 18

[a]D \ Lit. -4.3 (1"O) -23.0 (326)

179.8

(1206)

[ (449.5)

13.9 (i»24) 9 (1928) 12.42 («87). -9 . 53 -23 . 0 («87) 48 . 73 -28 . 8 (i »87) 35 . 6 («87) -22.4 («87) -38.55 18.75 («87) 25 . 19 87.6 (733) 5.86 (1604)

16

5.01 («04) -89.7 (2044) -1.166 (2118)

1.59

19.5 -172.8

0.93

17

(H70)

-16.6 (i"0) -58

(529.5)

TRICARBOXYLIC ACIDS C8H1QO6 C16H24O6

d^-^rans-Cyclopentane-1, 2, 3-tricarboxylic H2O acid Trimethyl l-carboxy-3-niethylcyclohexanylsuccinate

1.007 1.14020

72.4 (1603) 20

-27.8

( 19 34)

AMINES MONOAMINES C10H19N ld-a-Camphylamme|||| | | 0.8688 | 20 | 3.83 | («81) /CO CH2\ /CH2-CH2V /CH 2 -CH2^ *CH3.CH<( >CH.CH(CH3)2. t CH3-CH^ J)CH-C(CH3) 2.COOH. J CH3.CH< ^CH-CH(CHs)2. X X X CH (COOH). CH/ CH2.CO / C(COOH)2CO/ /CH2-CO v /CH2 v /CHa\ /CoH4v §CH3.CH<( ^)CH-C(CH3) 2.CH2.COOH. || C6H4<( V^ ^)C6H4. IFC(X^ )>CC1.CH2.C6H4.COOH. X X 7 X X X CH2.CH2 ^0.O CO CH 2 X ^-CH2-V /CH(C6H6)V ÎÎ CH2-CH(CH3)N,^ ** CH3O.CO.CH<^ ^>CH.CH2.CO.OCH3. ft C6H6.NH.CO.CH<^ )>CH.COOH. | )>CH.COOH. X / X C(CH3)a CH (CuH6K HO.CO.CH CH 2 / §§ (CHs)2CCH(COOH)x U H CH3.C.C(CHs)2 v I >CH2. H ^CH.CH2.CH2.NH2. X CH8.CH.CH(COOH) CH CH/

Formula Ci5H24 N2 Ci5H24N2O Ci5H26N2

DIAMINES Sparteine, its derivatives and isomers Name | Solvent Et2O EtOH EtOH

| Spartyrine Oxysparteine Sparteine*

| d, C or % [ t, 0C | 27.74 18.5 18.12 18 12.5 15 1.0196J0 20 8.892 10.00 8.136 15 2.126 18 6.418 ? 6.284 ? 3.938 ?

[a]D \ Lit. -25.96 (2189) -10.04 (2189) -16.4 (1473) -5.4 -23.99 (1471) -25 0473) -11 ( 14 73) -14.1 -33.5 (1473) -16.2 (1473) 168.4 ( 1473 ); c/.

C15H26N2

Isosparteinet

Ci5H27IN2

Sparteine hydroiodide

Ci6H27IN2 Ci5H28I2N2 Ci6H25N

Isosparteine hydroiodide Sparteine dihydroiodide Methylhemisparteilene

EtOH EtOH MeOH H2O MeOH H2O EtOH

a-Methylsparteine

3.912 5.780 11.548

? ?

Ci6H28N2

EtOH EtOH EtOH

158.4 156.5 -55.4

Ci6H28N2

0-Methylsparteine Methylisosparteine

EtOH EtOH EtOH H2O H2O H2O H2O MeOH

5.68 9.75 9.752

? ?

8.5 6.434 1.268 6.350

15 ?

9.9 23.6 23.58 -16.8 -22.7 -47.7 -18.4 -16.8

(1473) (1471,

MeOH

6.400

-33.34

( 1473 ); cf.

H2O MeOH Isosparteine methochloride hydrochloride. .. H2O a-Methylsparteine dihydroiodide H2O H2O /3-Methylsparteine dihydroiodide MeOH Sparteine a-methiodide hydroiodide H2O Sparteine a'-methiodide hydroiodide H2O a-Isosparteine methiodide hydroiodide H2O H2O

3.722 6.775 3.80 3.848 1.952 4.288 6.708 2.017 8.640 1.938

-32.2 -28.2 -19.7 -37.2 -38.3 -13.5 -17.1 -39.6 12.5 17.88

(1473)

(1468)

( 14 73) ; c/. (1469)

Ci6H29IN2 Ci6H29IN2 Ci6H29IN2

Isosparteine methiodide Sparteine a-methiodide Sparteine «'-methiodide a-Isosparteine methiodide

(1473) (1471) (1470) (1473)

1473)

a'-Isosparteine methiodide

(1471)

Ci6H29IN2.2H2O Ci6H30Cl2N2 Ci6H30I2N2 Ci6H30I2N2 Ci6H30I2N2

/3-Methylsparteine monohydroiodide

? ? 15 ?

(1473) (1473) (1473) (1473) ( 1471 ) (1471, 1473)

Ci6H30N2O4S Ci6H3CN2O4S.9H2O Ci6H39ClN2.2H2O Ci7H3JN2

Isosparteine methosulfate Isosparteine methosulfate a-Methylsparteinedihydrochloride Sparteine a-ethiodide

Ci7H31IN2 Ci7H32I2N2

a-Methyl sparteine methiodide Sparteine a-ethiodide hydroiodide

Ci8H34I2N2

Methylisoparteine dimethiodide

Ci9H36I2N2

Dimethylsparteine dimethiodide

H2O H2O H2O H2O MeOH MeOH H2O MeOH H2O

10 10.13 2.6525 3.898 2.524 4.21 4.535 5.724 6.464

-13.65 -13.6 -56.5 -24.4 -25.4 -95.1 -16.9 -16.9 21.35

(2061) (1473) (1473) (1473) (1473) (1473) (1471, 1473)

C8HnNO4 C9H12N2O2 C9H13N3O5 C10H15BrN2O4 C n Hi 4 Br 2 N 2 O 2 CnH14Br2N2O4

H2O 1.1190 AMINO ACIDS Pilocarpine and related compounds including pilosine (IIC ^B), anhydropilosine and Pilopinic acid EtOH 5.9 Pilosinine J (after 5 days) H2O 4.062 (after warming) KOH 3.941 Pilosinine nitrate H2O 8.412 Bromocarpinic acid EtOH 6.12 Dibromopilocarpine EtOH 3.44 Dibromoisopilocarpinic acid EtOH 6.54

*CH 2 CH2 CH2 CH2 I I I I CH.CH2.CH2.N N.CH2.CH2.CH. I I I I CH2 CH.CH2.CH CH2

-12.5 pilosinine 16 -13.6 3.i§ -5.8 4.3 -90.5 15 43.6 16 24.4

t CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 / N(CH3).C—CH2.CH.CH2 ! I I I t CH/ I l I I CH.CH2.CH2.N N.CH.CHs.CH. ^N CH H2C CO I I I I \/ CH2 CH.CH2.CH CH2 O

§ Mutarotation.

(1473) (iois) ("SO) (1750) (1647) (iois) (iois)

Pilocarpine and related compounds including pilosine (I I C ^B), anhydropilosine and pilosinine. — (Continued) Formula | Name | Solvent | d, C or % | I1 0C | [a]D \ Lit. C n Hi 4 N 2 O 4 Isopilocarpinolactone EtOH 4.05 16 -51.9 (iois) Ci6H16N2O2 Anhydropilosine* 90% EtOH 3.571 66.2 (1750) (after boiling) KOH 3.142 -132.7 (!75O) C16H18]SL2O3 Pilosinef CHCl3 1.168 40.2 (1750) EtOH 0.827 39.9 Ci8H18N2O6 Anhydropilosine oxalate H2O 4.093 -17.8 (1750) C20H24N2O9 Pilosine hydrogen d-tartrate H2O 3.838 24.2 (1750) C32H34N4O8S Anhydropilosine sulfate H2O 4.064 -17.6 (1750) C32H38N4Oi0S Pilosine sulfate H2O 4.454 21.0 (1750) Other cyclic amino acids (nitrogen in ring) C9Hi6NO2 Meroquinenic acid J (merochinen) H2O 10 20 27 . 58 (ll17) Ci 0 Hi 6 N 2 Methylmeroquinenic nitrile§ H2O 0.971 20 17. 11 ( 17 54) IICB. The Molecule Contains Two or More Asymmetric Atoms Attached Respectively to Two and Three Other Carbon Atoms HYDROCARBONS AND HALIDES C6HnI I l-Methyl-3-iodo-cyclopentane | | | | -2 . 50 | (306) ALCOHOLS MONOHYDBIC ALCOHOLS Cyclic alcohols not derived directly from terpenes 20 4.16 (306) 1, 3-Methylcyclohexanol C7Hi4O -4.89 1, 3-Methylcyclopentanol C6H12O 0.8738Ì6 -14.33 (814) 1, 3-Methylcyclohexanyl allyl ether CioHisO 0.89761^ 19 -18 (816) l-Methyl-4-propyl-3-cyclohexanol Ci0H20O EtOH -70.37 (8 !6) l-Methyl-4-isobutyl-3-cyclohexanol CuH 22 O l-Methyl-4-isobutyl-3-cyclohexanol (liquid -18.01 isomeride) 3.23 («o«) 1, 2, 2-Trimethyl-5-isopropylcyclohexan-6-ol Ci 2 H 24 O EtOH -53.35 (817) 4-Benzyl-l-methyl-3-cyclohexanol Ci4H20O EtOH 2.05 6.50 (815) 4-Anisyl-l-methyl-3-cyclohexanol C15H20O 0.9613 17 -9.25 (800) 2-Methyl-l, 1, 5, 5-tetraallylcyclohexan-6-ol Ci9Hs0O EtOH -10.1 («17) 2, 4-Dibenzyl-l-methyl-3-cyclohexanol C21H26O Terpene alcohols including menthol, homologues and derivatives C9H16O a-Nopinol|| Et2O 12.53 18 -5.32 (2127) /3-Nopinol Et2O 13.15 17 15.03 C10H16O d-Verbenollf 0.9722** 18 132.3 (154) C10H16O Pinocarveol** Et2O 12.7 20 -52.45 (2115) C10H16O DihydroumbeUulolft 0. 93120 29. 6 (1920) C10H18O Dihydrocarveoltt O. 9204f 33.86 (299) C10H20O Carvomenthol (X = 5780) 0 . 908 20 -24 . 7 (2063) ; c/. (1128)

(X = 4359) C10H20O Menthol (3-menthenol) PhMe / yCH2.CHOHx \ (CH3.CH/ ;>CH.CH(CH3)2 ) CCl4 X \ CH2 CH/ / CCl4 Me2CO Me2CO AcOEt AcOEt C6H6 C6H6 EtOH EtOH /N(CH 3 ). C— CH2.CH.C: CH.CeH« /N(CHg)-O-CH2-CH-CILCHOILC6H6 *CH/ Il I I - tCH/ Il I I ^N CH H2C CO ^N CHH 2 C CO \/ O yCH.CHOH^ n (CHa)2CX

CH2

CH(CH3J2 I XJO C—v ttCH 2 <( I J)CH2. \2H(CH3).CH/

20 -47.4 20 -46.81 (306) 47 -49.88 (1599) 17.5 -46.58 (2ioo) ; c/. 17.5 -44.38 (50, 101, 17.5 -47.94 1048.5, 17.5 -47.40 ISTO.S, 17.5 -48.14 1589.5, 17.5 -48.6 1868) 17.5 -46.02 17.5 -45.2 17.5 -50.58 17.5 -50.8 § CH2. CH2.-CH. CH2-CN. I l CH3-N— CH2 CH.CH: CH2

\/ O

xCH.C(CHsk

}CH2,forhomonopinol,seep.412.

NJ / ^CH-CH2 /

0.908 5.39 0.8888JU 10.241 0.529 10.125 0.475 9.823 0.473 10.10 2.91 9.63 0.463 Î CH2-CH2-CH-CH2-COOH. I ! NH.CH2. CH.CH: CH2

f (CH3) 2C<

CH2

>CH.

/CH-Cr(CH 2 K ** (CH3) 2C<

X \> / CH.CHOH^

/CHOH-CH2 \ JJCH3-CH^ J>CH.C(CH3):CH2. ^CH2 CH/

CH2

>CHOH. X \" CH

CH2/ /

Pilocarpine and related compounds including pilosine (I I C ^B), anhydropilosine and pilosinine. — (Continued) Formula | Name | Solvent | d, C or % | I1 0C | [a]D \ Lit. C n Hi 4 N 2 O 4 Isopilocarpinolactone EtOH 4.05 16 -51.9 (iois) Ci6H16N2O2 Anhydropilosine* 90% EtOH 3.571 66.2 (1750) (after boiling) KOH 3.142 -132.7 (!75O) C16H18]SL2O3 Pilosinef CHCl3 1.168 40.2 (1750) EtOH 0.827 39.9 Ci8H18N2O6 Anhydropilosine oxalate H2O 4.093 -17.8 (1750) C20H24N2O9 Pilosine hydrogen d-tartrate H2O 3.838 24.2 (1750) C32H34N4O8S Anhydropilosine sulfate H2O 4.064 -17.6 (1750) C32H38N4Oi0S Pilosine sulfate H2O 4.454 21.0 (1750) Other cyclic amino acids (nitrogen in ring) C9Hi6NO2 Meroquinenic acid J (merochinen) H2O 10 20 27 . 58 (ll17) Ci 0 Hi 6 N 2 Methylmeroquinenic nitrile§ H2O 0.971 20 17. 11 ( 17 54) IICB. The Molecule Contains Two or More Asymmetric Atoms Attached Respectively to Two and Three Other Carbon Atoms HYDROCARBONS AND HALIDES C6HnI I l-Methyl-3-iodo-cyclopentane | | | | -2 . 50 | (306) ALCOHOLS MONOHYDBIC ALCOHOLS Cyclic alcohols not derived directly from terpenes 20 4.16 (306) 1, 3-Methylcyclohexanol C7Hi4O -4.89 1, 3-Methylcyclopentanol C6H12O 0.8738Ì6 -14.33 (814) 1, 3-Methylcyclohexanyl allyl ether CioHisO 0.89761^ 19 -18 (816) l-Methyl-4-propyl-3-cyclohexanol Ci0H20O EtOH -70.37 (8 !6) l-Methyl-4-isobutyl-3-cyclohexanol CuH 22 O l-Methyl-4-isobutyl-3-cyclohexanol (liquid -18.01 isomeride) 3.23 («o«) 1, 2, 2-Trimethyl-5-isopropylcyclohexan-6-ol Ci 2 H 24 O EtOH -53.35 (817) 4-Benzyl-l-methyl-3-cyclohexanol Ci4H20O EtOH 2.05 6.50 (815) 4-Anisyl-l-methyl-3-cyclohexanol C15H20O 0.9613 17 -9.25 (800) 2-Methyl-l, 1, 5, 5-tetraallylcyclohexan-6-ol Ci9Hs0O EtOH -10.1 («17) 2, 4-Dibenzyl-l-methyl-3-cyclohexanol C21H26O Terpene alcohols including menthol, homologues and derivatives C9H16O a-Nopinol|| Et2O 12.53 18 -5.32 (2127) /3-Nopinol Et2O 13.15 17 15.03 C10H16O d-Verbenollf 0.9722** 18 132.3 (154) C10H16O Pinocarveol** Et2O 12.7 20 -52.45 (2115) C10H16O DihydroumbeUulolft 0. 93120 29. 6 (1920) C10H18O Dihydrocarveoltt O. 9204f 33.86 (299) C10H20O Carvomenthol (X = 5780) 0 . 908 20 -24 . 7 (2063) ; c/. (1128)

(X = 4359) C10H20O Menthol (3-menthenol) PhMe / yCH2.CHOHx \ (CH3.CH/ ;>CH.CH(CH3)2 ) CCl4 X \ CH2 CH/ / CCl4 Me2CO Me2CO AcOEt AcOEt C6H6 C6H6 EtOH EtOH /N(CH 3 ). C— CH2.CH.C: CH.CeH« /N(CHg)-O-CH2-CH-CILCHOILC6H6 *CH/ Il I I - tCH/ Il I I ^N CH H2C CO ^N CHH 2 C CO \/ O yCH.CHOH^ n (CHa)2CX

CH2

CH(CH3J2 I XJO C—v ttCH 2 <( I J)CH2. \2H(CH3).CH/

20 -47.4 20 -46.81 (306) 47 -49.88 (1599) 17.5 -46.58 (2ioo) ; c/. 17.5 -44.38 (50, 101, 17.5 -47.94 1048.5, 17.5 -47.40 ISTO.S, 17.5 -48.14 1589.5, 17.5 -48.6 1868) 17.5 -46.02 17.5 -45.2 17.5 -50.58 17.5 -50.8 § CH2. CH2.-CH. CH2-CN. I l CH3-N— CH2 CH.CH: CH2

\/ O

xCH.C(CHsk

}CH2,forhomonopinol,seep.412.

NJ / ^CH-CH2 /

0.908 5.39 0.8888JU 10.241 0.529 10.125 0.475 9.823 0.473 10.10 2.91 9.63 0.463 Î CH2-CH2-CH-CH2-COOH. I ! NH.CH2. CH.CH: CH2

f (CH3) 2C<

CH2

>CH.

/CH-Cr(CH 2 K ** (CH3) 2C<

X \> / CH.CHOH^

/CHOH-CH2 \ JJCH3-CH^ J>CH.C(CH3):CH2. ^CH2 CH/

CH2

>CHOH. X \" CH

CH2/ /

Terpene alcohols including menthol, homologues and derivatives.—(Continued) Formula Ci0H20O Ci6H26O CiiH2iClO Ci3H24O Ci4H26O3 C2IH40O2 CnH2iNOS

CnH 2 INO 2 Ci 2 H 2x BrO 2 Ci2H2IClO2 Ci2H22O2 Ci8H20BrNO2 Ci 3 H 2 iNO 2 Ci3H22O3 Ci3H23BrO2 Ci4H20O4 Ci4H22O4 Ci4H24O2 Ci4H24O2 Ci4H24O2 Ci4H24O2 Ci4H24O8

[

Name Menthol—(Continued) d-Neojnenthol Selineol

|

Solvent EtOH (abs.)

| d, C or % | t, 0C | 5.03 0.90 0.9627 20

Ethers of menthol Z-Menthyl chloromethyl ether CHCl3 Z-Menthyl allyl ether Z-Menthylideneglyeerol methyl ether* 80% EtOH Di-Z-menthylmethylal EtOH Esters of menthol, allomenthol and carvomenthol Z-Menthyl xanthamide (Ci0Hi9O.CS.NH2).. PhMe C6H6 EtOH AcOEt PhNMe2 Z-Menthyl carbamate (C 10 Hi 9 O.CO.NH 2 ).... CHCl3 Z-Menthyl bromoacetate CHCl3 CHCl3 Z-Menthyl chloroacetate MeOH Carvomenthyl acetate (X = 5780) Z-Menthyl bromocyanoacetate C6H6 Z-Menthyl cyanoacetate C6H6 Z-Menthyl pyruvate CHCl3 CHCl3 Z-Menthyl a-bromopropionate CHCl3 CHCl3 Z-Menthyl hydrogen acetylenedicarboxylate. . CHCl3 Me2CO Z-Menthyl hydrogen fumarate CHCl3 Me2CO Z-Menthyl trimethylenecarboxylate EtOH Z-Menthyl crotonate EtOH C6H6 Z-Menthyl methacrylate C6H6 Z-Menthyl trimethylenecarboxylate EtOH Z-Menthyl acetoacetate (const.) EtOH (const.) AcOEt (final) CHCl3 (final) C6H6 CHCl3

6.78 0.8763J9 2.068 0.8 4.99 4.88 4.338 4.89 4.91 0.58 2.5 5 10.00 0.928 1.62 2.00 0.9917 2.5 5.0 2.5 5.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 9.54 8.951 9.86 10.04 9.54 1.5 1.5 2.5

21 20 24

21 20 20 20 20 11.5 20 20 20 20

20 20 20 20 20f

20

[U]D \ Lit. -49.44 (i630) 19.69 («30) 54.8 (1932) -172.57 (2137) -98.50 («14) -21.2 (974) -77.94 (2137) -115.9 -120.78 -113.17 -110.99 -100.82 -85.11 -63.20 -62.64 -78.00 -27.6 -32.9f -81.15 -181.7 -82.0 -83.4 -57.14 -57.05 -67.75 -68.75 -71.25 -69.25 -68.53 -90.67 -91.06 -91.76 -68.53 -68.5 -59.8 -70.7f -68.4f -67.04

(299)

(50) (910) (636) (2063) (227) (227) (343) (isio) (908) (908) (1810) («io) («21) («21) (««) (ii 7 l )

(»<>«); tf. (346, 1811)

Ci4H24O4

Z-Menthyl hydrogen succinate

Ci4H26BrO2

Z-Menthyl a-bromobutyrate

Ci4H26O2

Z-Menthyl isobutyrate Z-Menthyl butyrate

Me2CO CHCl3 CHCl3 C6H6 CHCl3 CHCl3 C6H6 C6H6

2.0 2.0 5 1.4 2.5 5.0 10.05 9.99

EtOH EtOH

9.04 4.699 0.9859 5.082 9.180 9.250 9.069 9.006 9.18 9.89 10.Ol

20 20 20 20

-65.5 (908) -66.0 -64.00 (1630) -57.02 -53.58 (293.5) -53.49 -72.05 («21) -70.56 («i 0 ); cf. -69.52 (294)

Ci4H26O8

Z-Menthyl dZ-a-hydroxybutyrate Z-Menthyl dZ-0-hydroxybutyrate

Ci6H26O2 Ci6H26O2

Z-Menthyl tetramethylenecarboxylate Z-Menthyl-A^-pentenoate Z-Menthyl-A2»3-pentenoate Z-Menthyl-A3'4-pentenoate Z-Menthyl tetramethylenecarboxylate Z-Menthyl a-methylcrotonate ^-Menthyl ff-methylcrotonate

Ci6H26O* Ci6H26O2

* CioHisCk I yCH.CH2.OCHa. r\ /-ITT./

t Mutarotation.

EtOH EtOH EtOH EtOH EtOH EtOH C6H6 C6H6

20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20

-72.91 -70.4 -62.7 -65.8 -69.09 -74.41 -72.51 -67.32 -69.09 -84.38 -88.60

(1347) (««) (««) («io) («21)

Esters of menthol, allomenthol and carvomenthoL—(Continued) Formula Ci6H26O3 C16H26O3

|

Name Z-Menthyl methylacetoacetate J-Menthyl levuHnate

C16H27BrO2

Z-Menthyl a-bromovalerate

C16H2TN3O3 C16H28O2 C16H28O2

Z-Menthyl acetoacetate semicarbazide Propyl-Z-menthyl acétate Z-Menthyl a-methylbutyrate Z-Menthyl 0-methylbutyrate Z-Menthyl valerate

C16H28O2

|

Solvent C6H6 CHCl3 CHCl3 CHCl3 CHCl3 CHCl3 C6H6 C6H6 C6H6

| d, C or % 9.88 2.5 5.0 0.9773J9'8 2.5 5.0 1.5 10.01 10.OO

| /, 0C | [QJ]D 20 -63.6 20 -67.6 20 -67.62 19.5 -60.6 20 -51.46 20 -51.37 —56.1 22 -8.98 20 -63.97 20 -64.02 -65.55

\ Lit. (1811) (908) (1327) (293.5) (1171) (i 5*) (1*21) (181°); cf. (294)

EtOH C15H28O3 Ci6H24O3S

C16H28O2 C16H28O2

£-Menthyl dZ-a-ethoxypropionate Z-Menthyl benzenesulfonate

C16H28O8

Z-Menthyl pentamethylenecarboxylate Z-Menthyl A^-hexenoate Z-Menthyl A2>3-hexenoate Z-Menthyl A3^hexenoate Z-Menthyl A^-hexenoate Z-Menthyl ethylacetoacetate

C16H80O2

Z-Menthyl hexoate

EtOH CHCl3 CHCl3 EtOH C6H6 C6H6 PhNO2 PhNO2 EtOH EtOH EtOH EtOH EtOH C6H6 EtOH

9.04 0.9363 4.66 2.5 5.0 4.72 5.38 5.88 18.77 18.77 9.189 9.082 9.147 9.711 8.975 9.94 0.9653 4.44

20 20 13 13 18.8 19.2 50.1 16.0 78.4 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20.3

-69.5 -60.3 -64.2 -73.20 -72.68 -73.02 -64.17 -61.53 -65.38 -58.94 -67.94 -68.38 -65.11 -60.93 -61.25 -60.3 -63.0 -67.9 -62.07

(1347) (»o«) (1578)

(i810) (isio)

(«") (1327) (18l°); cf. (294)

C16H29BrO2

Z-Menthyl a-bromohexoate

C17H22Cl2O2

Z-Menthyl 2, 3-dichlorobenzoate Z-Menthyl 2, 4-dichlorobenzoate Z-Menthyl 2, 5-dichlorobenzoate Z-Menthyl 2, 6-dichlorobenzoate Z-Menthyl 3, 4-dichlorobenzoate Z-Menthyl 3, 5-dichlorobenzoate Z-Menthyl 2, 3-bromochlorobenzoate Z-Menthyl 3, 2-bromochlorobenzoate Z-Menthyl 2, 4-bromochlorobenzoate Z-Menthyl 4, 2-bromochlorobenzoate Z-Menthyl 2, 5-bromochlorobenzoate Z-Menthyl 5, 2-bromochlorobenzoate Z-Menthyl 3, 4-bromochlorobenzoate Z-Menthyl 4, 3-bromochlorobenzoate Z-Menthyl 3, 5-bromochlorobenzoate Z-Menthyl 2,3-dibromobenzoate Z-Menthyl 2, 4-dibromobenzoate Z-Menthyl 2, 5-dibromobenzoate Z-Menthyl 2, 6-dibromobenzoate Z-Menthyl 3, 4-dibromobenzoate Z-Menthyl 3, 5-dibromobenzoate Z-Menthyl 2,4-dinitrobenzoate

Ci7H22BrClO2

C17H22Br2O2

C n H 22 N 2 O 6

C17H23IO2

EtOH CHCl3 CHCl3

CHCl3

C6H6 C6H6 C6H6 C6H6 C6H6

Z-Menthyl 2, 6-dinitrobenzoate Z-Menthyl 3, 5-dinitrobenzoate Z-Menthyl o-iodobenzoate Z-Menthyl ra-iodobenzoate Z-Menthyl p-iodobenzoate

9.02 2.5 5.0 1.1607 1.1546 1.1590 6.86 1.1548 1.1535 1.2582f 1.2372f 1.2683f 1.27231° 1.2764f 1.2677f 1.2866f 1.2854f 1.2444f 1.4189f 1.406Of 1.382If 15.64 1.4258f 1.4114f 31.1 7.78 14.1 9.6 1.375*° 1.360*° 1.31l£S

20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20

-64.86 -48.06 -48.49 -52.57 -63.72 -60.62 -34.4 -69.16 -70.89 -46.18 -51.82 -54.57 -58.70 -50.91 -55.68 -55.67 -59.15 -62.90 -41.41 -51.62 -50.95 -4.68 -55.18 -54.57 -130.8 -137.2 -183.4 -70.1 -63.72 -60.75 -62.48

(293.5) (338)

(342)

(345)

(337)

(342)

Esters of menthol, allomenthol and carvomenthol. — (Continued) Formula Ci7H2402

|

Name Z-Menthyl benzoate

Solvent CHCl3

| d, C or % | t, 0C | 2.5 13

[a]D \ Lit. -86.04 (908); cf, (50,

103,

105, 339)

CHCl3 CHCl3 C6H6 Ci7H24O2

C17H26NO2 Ci7H26O3S Ci7H2SO2 Ci7H2SOs Ci 7 H 2 gO3 Ci 7 HaOO 2 Ci7HsOO2 CnHsoOs Ci7Hs2O2

Carvomenthyl benzoate (X = 5780) Z-Neomenthyl phenylcarbamate (C10H19O.CO.NH.C6H5) Z-Menthyl p-toluenesulfonate Z-Menthyl A^tetrahydrobenzoate Z-Menthyl A2-tetrahydrobenzoate Z-Menthyl propylideneacetoacetate Z-Menthyl allylacetoacetate Z-Menthyl A1>2-heptenoate Z-Menthyl cyclohexanecarboxylate Z-Menthyl n-propylacetoacetate Z-Menthyl heptoate

CHCl3 CHCl3 CHCl3 EtOH EtOH C6H6 C6H6 EtOH EtOH C6H6

5.0 5 1 1.006 5 2.5 5.0 9. 098 9.103 1.59 10.03 9. 006 9. 204 10.03

13

20 ? 13 13 20 20 20 20 20 20

-85.60 -84.39 -90.59 -12.9 -26.77 -66.80 -66.76 -74.64 -59.44 -34.9 -58.3 -66.03 -59.11 -57.3 -58.85

(1630)

(1630) (908.5) (1810) ("S) («") (i*™) (i«0) («il) («io); cf. (294)

Ci8H26O2

EtOH EtOH Z-Menthyl benzoy If ormate CHCl3 Z-Menthyl hydrogen phthalate cZ-Neomenthyl hydrogen phthalate CHCl3 EtOH Z-Menthyl Z-phenylchloroacetate Z-Menthyl d-phenylchloroacetate EtOH Z-Menthyl d-phenylchloroacetate (X = 5461) EtOH Z-Menthyl dZ-phenylchloroacetate EtOH Z-Menthyl dZ-phenylchloroacetate (X = 5461) EtOH Z-Menthyl bromomethylene-p-bromophenylC6H6 hydrazonecarboxylate Z-Menthyl bromomethylene-p-chlorophenylC6H6 hydrazonecarboxylate Z-Menthyl bromomethylenephenylhydrazonecarboxylate (C6H5.NH.N: CBr.CO.OCioHi9) C6H6 Z-Menthyl phenylacetate

Ci8H26O2

Z-Menthyl o-toluate

CIgH24O3 ClsH24O4

CiSH26ClO2

Ci 8 H 24 Br 2 N 2 O 2 Ci8H24BrClN2O2

Ci8H25BrN2O2

Z-Menthyl w-toluate Z-Menthyl p-toluate CHCl3 CHCl3 Ci8H26Os

Z-Menthyl o-methoxybenzoate Z-Menthyl m-methoxybenzoate Z-Menthyl p-methoxybenzoate

CisH260s

C]8HsC)O2 Ci8Hg2Os Ci8Hs4O2 Ci8Hs4O2

C^gH24O2

Z-Menthyl d-mandelate Z-Menthyl Z-mandelate Z-Menthyl 2, 4-dimethylsorbate Z-Menthyl diethylacetoacetate Z-Menthyl 2, 4-dimethylhexoate Z-Menthyl octoate Z-Menthyl phenylpropiolate

EtOH EtOH EtOH C6H6 CHCl3 CHCl3 Me2CO Me2CO C6H6

9.12 4.78 5.03 2.5 3.99 4.37 4.37 3.92 3.92

-61.94 20 -44.4 -90.67 68.71 15 -149.8 14.5 5.7 14.5 80 16 -72.2 16 -85.9

1.60

-73.45

1.60

1.62 1.002 0.9400 0.9982 0.9383 0.9946 0.9352 0.9937 0.9336 2.5 5.0 1.045 0.9823 1.034 0.9766 1.036 0.9766 3.60 4.37 9. 77 0.9605 9.84 0.8977 10 2.5 10 2.5 9.84

(1326) (1630) (1346)

(H68)

67.61 (nés)

20 100 20 100 20 100 20 100 13 13 20 100 20 100 20 100 20 20 20 20 20 20 21 21 21 20 20

82.45 («6») -68.70 (339) -65.56 -84.35 (339) -81.41 -87.59 -85.63 -89.93 -86.56 -95.36 -95.22 -51.08 (339) -53.37 -85.39 -83.69 -86.47 -82.30 -7.6 (1326) -138.6 -59.80 (1821) -54.8 (1327) -57.38 (1821) -55.25 (294) -58.65 (900) -60.20 -55.55 -52.40 -71.77 («21)

Esters of menthol, ollomenthol and carvomenthol. — '(Continued) Formula Ci9H24BrN3O2 Ci9H26NO6

Ci9H25NO6

Name Z-Menthyl p-bromophenylazocyanoacetate. . . 2-Methyl 1-Z-menthyl 3-nitrophthalate* 1-Methyl 2-Z-menthyl 3-nitrophthalate* Methyl Z-menthyl 4-nitrophthalate Methyl Z-menthyl 2-nitroterephthalate

Solvent C6H6 C6H6 C6H6 C6H6 C6H6

Methyl Z-menthyl 3-nitroterephthalate Ci9H26O2

Ci9H2GO2 Ci9H26O4 C19H27BrN2O2

Ci9H2sO2

CigHjîsOa

Ci9H2SOa

Ci9H29NO2 C20H26O3S

C20H27N8O2 C20H27ClN2O3 C20H27BrN2O3 C20H27NO6

CHCl3 Me2CO Me2CO Z-Menthyl atropate (a-phenylacrylate) . . . . . . C6H6 Z-Menthyl cinnamate

Methyl Z-menthyl terephthalate Z-Menthyl bromomethylene-p-tolylphenylhydrazonecarboxylate Z-Menthyl a-phenylpropionate Z-Menthyl ß-phenylpropionate

C6H6 C6H6 C6H6 CHCl3 CHCl3 Me2CO Me2CO

Z-Menthyl o-ethoxybenzoate Z-Menthyl m-ethoxybenzoate Z-Menthyl p-ethoxybenzoate Z-Menthyl d-a-hydroxy-0-phenylpropionate . . C6H6 CHCl3 Me2CO Z-Menthyl o-dimethylaminobenzoate Z-Menthyl p-dimethylaminobenzoate CHCl3 Z-Menthyl naphthalene-/3-sulfonate CHCl3 EtOH C6H6 PhNO2 C6H6 Z-Menthyl p-tolylazocyanoacetate Z-Menthyl p-cjilorophenylazoacetoacetate . . . C6H6 Z-Menthyl p-bromophenylazoacetoacetate . . . C6H6 Ethyl Z-menthyl 2-nitroterephthalate

EtOH C6H6 C6H6 C6H6

1.41 ^0.04 10.00

C6H6

C20H28N2O8 C20H2SO2 C20H2SO3 C20H2sO3

2-Ethyl 1-Z-menthyl 3-nitrophthalate* 1-Ethyl 2-Z-menthyl 3-nitrophthalate* Z-Menthyl phenylazoacetoacetate (initial) . . . Z-Menthyl a-methylcinnamate Z-Menthyl ß-methylcinnamate Z-Menthyl methylatropate (a-phenylcrotonate) Z-Menthyl a-benzoylpropionate Z-Menthyl o-allyloxybenzoate Z-Menthyl p-allyloxybenzoate

C20H2SO4

Ethyl Z-menthyl terephthalate

C20H29NO3 C20H29N3O4

Z-Menthyl /3-phenylpropionylcarbamate Z-Menthyl acetoacetate p-nitrophenylhydrazide (N02.C6H4.N2H2.C(CH3) : CH.CO.C10H19) . . Z-Menthyl /3-phenyl-a-methylpropionate Z-Menthyl a-phenylbutyrate

C20H30O2 C20H30O2

1.62 10.00 9.93 10 2.5 10 2.5 0.9641 1.017 0.9582 0.9622 1.40 2.69 0.87 2.5 5.0 1.80 1.02 8.64 3.01 1.6 1.60 1.410 1.08 2.04 1.128 1.074 2.3920 2.7906 1.62 9.95 9.99 10.00 10.03 0.9689 1.027 0.9689 1.055 0.995 1.00

Ethyl Z-menthyl 3-nitroterephthalate C20H27NO6

I d, C or % 1.38 3.2224 2.9340 2.2304 1.093 1.73 1.133 1.096 10 10 2.5 10 1.00O400 1.054*°

C6H6 C6H6 C6H6 C6H6 C6H6 C6H6 EtOH

* The numbers, 1 and 2, refer to the carboxyl groups which carry the menthyl and alkyl radicals,

t Mutarotation.

| t, 0C |

100 18 20 100 20 20 20 20 100 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 100 20 100 100 17 15.5 100 100 13 13 14.7 18.3 12.7

20 100 18 20 100

20 20 20 20 100 20 100 20 100

20 20

[a]D -42.75 -122.9 -102.3 -61.6 -92.41 -141.5 68.31 62.19 -60.00 -64.45 -63.60 -63.03 76.91 77.49

\ Lit. (227) (344) (341.5)

(900) ( 18 2i)

86.95 ("««) -61.87 (1821) -58.48 (i»2i) -59.55 O»00) -60.80 -56.45 -60.00 -51.75 (344) -80.26 -78.10 -78.39 -27.1 (1357) -36.9 -49.4 -33.29 (344) -85.13 -57.12 (908.5) -56.50 -56.86 (1578) -50.52 -41.20 -53.7 (227) -55.79f (u 6 «) -46. 88 1 (H 68 ) -91.58 (341.5) -85.45 -130.5 65.43 60.36 -125.4 (344) -93.45 -52. 5 1 (i168) -62.60 (344) -65.89 -46.13 -57.7 («") -55.35 (339) -79.69 -74.95 76.91 (341.5) 72.43 -65.0 (610) -42.5 -50.73 -26.78

(1171) (i «2 1)

Esters of menthol, allomenthol and carvomenthol.—(Continued) Formula C2IH30N2O3 C20H30O2 C20H30O2 C20H30O3

| Z-Menthyl Z-Menthyl Z-Menthyl Z-Menthyl

Name p-tolylazoacetoacetate 7-phenylbutyrate Z-0-phenylbutyrate o-propoxybenzoate

|

Solvent C6H6 C6H6? C6H6

Z-Menthyl w-propoxybenzoate Z-Menthyl p-propoxybenzoate C20H80O8

Z-Menthyl o-isopropoxybenzoate Z-Menthyl p-isopropoxybenzoate

C20H80O8

Z-Menthyl dZ-phenylethoxyacetate

C20H34O4 C2iH26O2

Allo-Z-menthyl hydrogen camphorate Z-Menthyl a-naphthoate Z-Menthyl /3-naphthoate

C2IH28O2

Z-Menthyl Ai-dihydro-tt-naphthoate Z-Menthyl A2-dihydro-a-naphthoate

C2iH28O2 C2iH28O8 C2iH29NO6

Z-Menthyl A*-dihydro-0-naphthoate Z-Menthyl A'-dihydro-^-naphthoate Z-Menthyl cinnamenylacrylate Z-Menthyl benzylideneacetoacetate Propyl Z-menthyl 2-nitroterephthalate

EtOH C6H6 EtOH C6H6 CHCl3 CHCl3 EtOH AcOEt EtOH EtOH EtOH C6H6 C6H6 C6H6

Propyl Z-menthyl 3-nitroterephthalate C2IH29NO6 C2IH30O2

2-Propyl Z-1-menthyl 3-nitrophthalate* 1-Propyl Z-2-menthyl 3-nitrophthalate* Z-Menthyl tetrahydro-<*-naphthoate Z-Menthyl tetrahydro-/3-naphthoate

C2iH30O2 C2iH30O3

Z-Menthyl 4-phenyl-A2'3-pentenoate Z-Menthyl a-benzoylbutyrate

C2iH30O4 C2iH30O4

Z-Menthyl propyl phthalate Z-Menthyl propyl terephthalate

C2iH3iNO2 C2iH32O2 C2iH36O4

Z-Menthyl /3-benzylaminocrotonate Z-Menthyl S-phenylvalerate Orthomethyl allomenthyl camphorate

C6H6 C6H6 EtOH EtOH EtOH CHCl3 C6H6 EtOH C6H6

C6H6 C6H6

Allomethyl orthomenthyl camphorate C2iH38O3 C2IH39NO2 ^22H28O8

Di-Z-menthyl carbonate Z-Menthyl Z-menthylcarbamate (CioHi9O.CO.NH.Ci0Hi9) Z-Menthyl a-methoxynaphthoate

C6H6 EtOH

Z-Menthyl /3-methoxynaphthoate C22H28O4

Z-Menthyl piperate

C22H30O8 C22H30O4

Z-Menthyl a-benzoyl-A3-pentenoate Z-Menthyl /3, T-hydropiperate Z-Menthyl a, /3-hydropiperate

CHCl3 CHCl3 C6H6 CHCl3 CHCl3 CHCl3 CHCl3

* The numbers, 1 and 2, refer to the carboxyl groups which carry the menthyl and« alkyl radicals.

| d, C or % 1.63 10.02 9.86 1.019 0.9589 1.010 0.9511 1.016 0.9569 1.034 0.9766 1.011 0.9514 1.0007 4.320 1.022 9.09 9.97 2.5 5.0 9.1S 9.92 4.12 9.98 9.96 9.98 9.96 1.118 1.059 2.41 1.130 1.060 2.2228 2.5184 9.11 9.106 9.89 9.86 10.03 9.92 9.98 1.0447 1.041 0.9845 1.61 10.03 1.020 0.9656 1.021 0.9629 2.021

| t, 0C |

2.55 1.076 1.022 1.083 1.025 2.5 5.0 9.99 2.5 5.0 2.5 5.0

? 20 100 20 100 15.3 15.3 20 15.3 15.3 15.3 15.3

20 20 20 100 20 100 20 100 20 100 20 100 20 20 20 20 20 13 13 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 100 18 20 100 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 100 20 20 100 20 100 21

[a]D -61.6* -57.0 -76.26 -53.5, -56.63 —75.65 -73.93 —78.66 -73.60 -53.08 -56.54 —77.42 -73.37 -65.65 -68.4 -26.45 -79.08 -91.3 -91.12 -90.60 -69.12 92.85 89.60 -41.40 -53.14 -75.14 -11.2 -91.12 -87.12 -129.7 62.25 58.73 -116.9 -83.4 -47.57 -47.57 -53.04 -53.04 -47.54 -55.9 -54.3 64.49 73.79 69.69 -59.8 -33.86 -20.1 -21.1 —25 -26.3 -92.52

\

Lit. (*^8) (1811) («2l) (339)

(l347) (344) ( 181 O) (181.05) ( 181 O) (isio.S) ( 18 2i) (1811) (341.5) (341.5) (344) (1810.5) (181°) (l 8l 0.5) (1*21) (1811) (344) (341.5) ( 18 2l) (344)

(50)

-91.03 (1Ô) -78.27 (339) -70.32 -48.94 -46.84 -52.76 (»05) -53.02 -51.4 (1811) -46.08 (»os) -45.92 -42.12 -42.22

Esters of menthol, allomenthol and carvomenthol.—(Continued) Formula C22H30O6 C22H3iN06 C22H3iN06

|

Name Z-Menthyl piperonylbutyrate

Solvent CHCl3 CHCl3 2-Isobutyl 1-Z-menthyl 3-nitrophtbalate*.... C6H6 1-Isobutyl 2-Z-menthyl 3-nitrophthalate* C6H6 rc-Butyl Z-menthyl 2-nitroterephthalate C6H6 n-Butyl Z-menthyl 3-nitroterephthalate

C22H32O8 C22H32O8

Z-Menthyl a-benzoylvalerate Z-Menthyl 0-phenylethylacetoacetate

C22H32O4 C22H32O4

Z-Menthyl isobutyl phthalate n-Butyl Z-menthyl terephthalate

EtOH C6H6 EtOH

Isobutyl Z-menthyl terephthalate C22H84O8

Z-Menthyl o-isoamyloxybenzoate Z-Menthyl

ra-isoamyloxybenzoate

Z-Menthyl p-isoamyloxybenzoate C22H40O8 C23H32O3 C23H34O3

Z-Menthyl sec.-octylacetoacetate Z-Menthyl cinnamylacetoacetate Z-Menthyl 7-phenylpropylacetoacetate

C23H34O4 C23H40O4

Z-Menthyl isoamyl phthalate Di-Z-menthyl malonate

C24H34O4

Cyclohexyl Z-menthyl terephthalate

C24H30O2 C24H30O8

Z-Menthyl diphenylacetate Z-Menthyl o-benzyloxybenzoate

C6H6 C6H6 C6H6 EtOH CHCl3 CHCl3 C6H6

Z-Menthyl p-benzyloxybenzoate C24H36O4 C24H38O4

Hexyl Z-menthyl phthalate. Di-Z-menthyl acetylenedicarboxylate

C24H40O4

Di-Z-menthyl fumarate

C24H42O4

Di-Z-menthyl succinate

CHCl3 Me2CO CHCl3 Me2CO CHCl3

| d, C or % 2.5 5.0 2.1396 2.3868 1.098 1.041 2.02 1.136 1.057 10.00 9.97 10.05 1.0338 1.037 0.9848 1.044 0.988 1.003 0.9442 0.9947 0.9363 0.9954 0.9400 10.00 9.98 10.00 9.98 1.0215 2.5 5.0 1.036 1.006 10.0 1.142 1.083 1.064 1.0015 1.0179 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5

| t, 0C | 15.3 15.3

20 100 18 20 100 20 20 20 20 20 100 20 100 20 100 20 100 20 100 20 20 20 20 20 15 15 20 100 20 20 100 20 100 20

15

[a]D -38.00 -39.68 -115 -79.2 -90.49 -84.53 -124.7 60.23 57.53 -52.3 -51.6 -53.8 -63.96 71.48 66.91 73.91 69.92 -54.01 -56.69 —69.53 -68.66 — 71.57 -67.57 -47.8 -41.3 -45.4 -49.0 55.9 -79.54 -79.24 67.69 62.03 -66.70 -47.07 -44.49 - 69.68 -65.29 -60.26 -84.2 -85.6 -100.6 -99.4 -82.40

\ Lit. (905) (344) (341.5)

(«il) (1811) (344) (341.5)

(339)

(1811) (1811) (1811) (344) (906) (341.5) (1821) (339)

(344) (908) (908) (906);qf. (50)

CHCl3 Me2CO C24H42O6

Di-Z-menthyl Z-tartrate

C24H46O2

Z-Menthyl myristate

C24H46BrO2 C26H29NO6 C26H30O2

Z-Menthyl a-bromomyristate Z-Menthyl a-benzyl 3-nitrophthalate Z-Menthyl a-phenylcinnamate Z-Menthyl /3-phenylcinnamate Z-Menthyl a, 0-diphenylpropionate Z-Menthyl ß, /3-diphenylpropionate

C26H32O2

EtOH EtOH C6H6 PhNO2 CHCl3 CHCl3 EtOH EtOH CHCl3 C6H6 C6H6 C6H6 C6H6 C6H6

* The numbers, 1 and 2, refer to the carboxyl groups which carry the menthyl and alkyl radicals.

5.0 2.5 1.0450 0.9547 2.42 7.054 5.394 5.848 2.5 5.0 2.5 5.0 2.5 2.59 9.76 9.92 9.96 9.94

15 16.3 134.9 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 18.5 20 20 20 20

-81.90 -81.4 -76.11 (1579.5) -84.22 -76.06 -75.60 -74.94 -89.32 -42.74 (910) -42.83 -43.86 -43.41 -36.44 (293.5) -83.0 (344) -53.44 (i 821 ) -37.92 -86.04 (1821) —61.72

Formula C25ÏÎ42O4 C25Ü4404

C25IÎ44O4

CêHsoOs C26H3()O4 C2eHs2O2 C26Ü32O3 C26ÏÎ34O2 C2oH4oO4

C26H40O4 C26Ü42O4 C26Ü44O4

C2eH4eO4

Esters of menthol, attomenthol and carvomenthol. — (Continued) Name | Solvent | d, C or % | t, 0C | [«]/> | Lit. 0.9904 17.6 -91.05 (343) Z-Menthyl mesaconate CHCl3 2.5 15 -80.16 (*os) Di-Z-menthyl glutarate CHCl3 5.0 15 -80.26 0.978 11.8 -71.6 (343) Z-Menthyl pyrotartrate C6H6 9.75 20 -77.4 (««) Z-Menthyl a-benzoylcinnamate C6H6 10 20 -64.07 («33) Z-Menthyl dibenzoylacetate Z-Menthyl a-benzylcinnamate C6H6 9.64 20 -144.9 («") Z-Menthyl a-benzoyl-ß-phenylpropionate . . . . C6H6 10.03 20 -60.8 (1811) C6H6 9.64 20 -24.4 (««) Z-Menthyl dibenzylacetate 1.0095 20 61.4 (344) Z-Menthyl octyl phthalate 0.999 20 59.25 Octyl Z-menthyl terephthalate 0.946 100 55.99 CHCl3 2.5 15.3 -93.40 (905) Di-Z-menthyl muconate CHCl3 2.5 15.3 -88.78 (90S) Di-Z-menthyl ß, -y-hydromuconate CHCl3 5.0 15.3 -88.80 Di-Z-menthyl a, /3-hydromuconate CHCl3 2.5 15.3 -80.78 CHCl3 5.0 15.3 -81.52 Di-Z-menthyl adipate CHCl3 2.5 15.3 -83.60 ( 905 ); c/. (906)

C2ôH4gBrO2

Z-Menthyl a-bromopalmitate

C26HoQO2

Z-Menthyl palmitate

C2?H34O3 02704804

Z-Menthyl a-benzoyl-7-phenylbutyrate Di-Z-menthyl pimelate

C28Ü32O3

Z-Menthyl ß-benzyloxynaphthoate

C28H34Os

C2SHs6Os C28IÏ42O4 C28ÏÏ42O4 C2sH44O4 C 2 sH4 6 O4

C28H46Os

Z-Menthyl Z-a-benzoyl-5-phenyl-A3-pentenoate Z-Menthyl d-a-benzoyl-5-phenyl-A3-pentenoate Z-Menthyl a-benzoyl-5-phenylvalerate Di-Z-menthyl phthalate Di-Z-menthyl terephthalate Di-Z-menthyl A1»4-dihydroterephthalate Di-Z-menthyl A î-tetrahydro terephthalate. . . . Di-Z-menthyl A2-tetrahydroterephthalate . . . . Di-Î-menthyl diacetyl-Z-tartrate

CHCl3 CHCl3 CHCl3 CHCl3 CHCl3 EtOH EtOH C6H6 CHCl3 CHCl8

5.0 2.5 5.0 2.5 5.0 2.5 5.0 9.95 2.5 5.0

15.3 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 15 15 20 100

C6H6

9.97

20

C6H6 C6H6 C6H6 CHCl3 CHCl3 CHCl3 CHCl3 EtOH C6H6 PhNO2

C2S^6Oo

Z-Menthyl diacetyl-dZ-tartrate EtOH C6H6 C6H6 C6H6 PhNO2 PhNO2 Z-Menthyl diacetyl-cZ-tartrate

C28ÏÏ48O4 C28H5oO4

C2sH64O2

Di-Z-menthyl frans-hexahydroterephthalate. . CHCl3 CHCl3 Di-Z-menthyl suberate CHCl3 CHCl3 Z-Menthyl stéarate CHCl3 EtOH EtOH

9.95 9.98 8.006 9.96 10 10 10.03 1.0550 0.9477 5.801 6.219 5.357 0.9540 0.9683 0.455 5.20 5.20 5.20 4.38 4.38 0.9970 0.9668 10.16 2.5 5.0 2.5 5.0 2.5 5.0

-83.80 -33.98 (9«) -34.34 -39.34 (293.5) -39.79 -40.54 -40.17 -56.7 («") -77.82 (906) -78.31 -87.27 (339) -77.82 -86.7

(«")

20 -25.9 («H) 20 -44.0 («") 20 -94.72 (50) 20 -102.64 (i si 0.5) 20 -104.55 («io.S) 20 -69.42 (isio.5) 20 -76.09 16 -70.28 (1579.5) 150 -77.54 20 -71.77 20 -61.37 20 -69.54 145.6 -55.52 («80) 130 -55.29 20 -57.3 17.2 -48.12 37.7 -50.79 20 -48.59 17.2 -47.73 37.4 -49.88 97.2 -44.63 134.4 -41.96 20 -74.72 («lo.S) 15 -73.28 (906) 15 -73.56 20 -36.94 (»«) 20 -36.71 20 -37.70 20 -37.73

Formula C29H62O4 C30H60O6 C30H64O4 C3iH62O6 C32H64O6 C36H62O6 C36H63NO6

CnH22O Ci2H24O Ci3H24O2 Ci3H26O Ci4H26O2 Ci6H28O2 Ci6H30O Ci7H26O Ci9H26O4 Ci6Hi6O2 Ci6HuO2

C7Hi2O2 C7HuBrO C8H14O3 Ci0Hi0O3 CioHigOs CuH20Os Ci2H20O2 Ci2H22O3 Ci6H26O3 C16H27NO2 C16H27NO2 C16H2gO3 Ci6H29NO2 Ci6H29NO2

Esters of menthol, aïlomenthol and carvomenthol. — (Continued) Name | Solvent | d, C or % | t, 0C | Di-Z-menthyl azelate CHCl3 2.5 15 CHCl3 5.0 15 Di-Z-menthylethylidene-6ù-acetoacetate C6H6 1.60 DM-menthyl sebacate CHCl3 2.5 15 CHCl3 5.0 15 Di-Z-menthylpropylidene-6^s-acetoacetate.. . C6H6 0.521 Di-Z-menthyl n-butylidene-ò^s-acetoacetate . . C6H6 0 . 742 Di-Z-menthyl isobutylidene-fo's-acetoacetate . C6H6 1.17 Di-^menthylbenzylidene-foVacetoacetate... C6H6 0.575 Z-Trimenthyl nitrilotriacetate (N(CH2.CO.OCi0Hi9)3) 1.0027 19 0.9917 36.2 0.9773 58.4 0.9637 79.4 0.9515 98.0 MeOH 0.9183 20 MeOH 1.443 20 MeOH 2.190 20 Homologues of menthol and their esters Methylmenthol C6H6 21 Ethylmenthol C6H6 22 Methylmenthyl acétate C6H6 22 n-Propylmenthol C6H6 22 Ethylmenthyl acetate C6H6 21 Propylmenthyl acétate C6H6 22 Isoamylmenthol C6H6 22 Benzylmenthol C6H6 20 Methylmenthyl phthalate 20 POLYHYDRIC ALCOHOLS Z-a, /3-Dihydroxy-a, /3-diphenylpropane , , Me2CO 1.648 12.5 l-
|

AMINES MONOAMINES Monoamines excluding menthylamine I 1, 3-Methylcyclohexylamine|| |

C7H16N * Mutarotation. /CH2.CHOHv t C6H6.C(CH3K fCH3.CH<( ^CH.COOH. | ^>CH.COOH. X / CH2 CH2/ O /CH(CHa)-CH2V Il CH/ >CH.NH2. \CH2 CH/

| 0 . 8456

| 20

|

[a]D \ Lit. -72.32 (906) -72.68 -26.5* (*25) -66.72 (*>06) -67.08 —26.9 ( 8 25) -16.8 (82 5) —46.0* -30.4 («25) -39.47 -38.78 -38.03 -37.39 -36.81 -88.22 -88.03 -87.89

(653)

-2.43 4.91 -18. 11 29.7 -6.6 -8.98 33.73 -43. 19 83.62

(158) (158) (158) (158) (158) (i 58 ) O 58 ) (158) (344)

34.0

(1355)

19.6 3.2 27.4

(«ss)

21 .6 -47.9

(2237) (2237)

-31.8 (709) 16.6 (2212) 5.9 (288) 12.0 (709) 18.21 (2078) 21.65 (2078) -92.93 (652) -93.15 (652) 91.51 -76.11 (652) -63.43 (652) 91.46 (652) -75.97 (652) -62.08 (652)

-1.9

/CH2-CHOHv § Lactone of CH3.CH<( ;>CH.C(CH3)2.CH2.COOH. X CH2 CH/

| (767)

Formula C9H17N Ci0H14ClN C10H17N C14H26N2O C21H31NO C26H31BrNO4S

Monoamines excluding menthylamine. — (Continued) Name Solvent I d, C or % | t, 0C | EtOH d-Decahydroquinoline * EtOH Z-Decahydroquinoline* H2O 1.81 Z-Methylhydrindamine hydrochloride f 0.9168S 19 CarvylamineJ 11.11 20 Nitroso-a-di-(3-methylcyclohexyl)amine§.. . . Et2O Et2O 6.90 Benzoyl-a-dimethylcyclohexy lamine U EtOH 7.85 Benzoyl-jö-dimqthylcyclohexylamine|| Benzylhydrindamine bromocamphorEtOH 1.00 sulfonate (a) CHCl3 0.80 Benzylhydrindamine bromocamphorEtOH 1.00 sulfonate (ß) CHCl3 1.60

[a]D \ Lit. 4.81 (1398) -4.5 -30.3 (2007) 105.8 (831) -34 (2116) -34.65 (2"«) -11.88 50 41.6

(1076)

51.5 42.8

Menthylamine, its salts and acyl derivatives C10H21N

Z-Menthylamine

0.860

7

-38.07 (145, 2126)

C10H22BrN

d-Menthylamine hydrobromide

C10H22ClN

Z-Menthylamine hydrochloride d-Menthylamine hydrochloride

C10H22IN C11H21NO

d-Menthylamine hydroiodide Formyl-Z-menthylamine

C11H21NO

Formyl-d-menthylamine

C12H23NO

From pulegone Acetyl-Z-menthylamine

Ci2H23NO

From pulegone Aeetyl-d-menthylamine

C13H25NO

Propionyl-Z-menthylamine

C13H26NO

Propionyl-d-menthylamine

C14H27NO

Butyryl-Z-menthylamine ButyryW-menthylamine

C 24 H 48 N 2 O 6 C46H88FeN10

Di-Z-menthylamine d-tartrate Di-Z-menthylamine Uartrate Di-Z-menthylamine dZ-tartrate Z-Menthylammonium a-ferrocyanide Z-Menthylammonium a-ferrocyanide Z-Menthylammonium /3-ferrocyanide

EtOH H2O Et2O H2O H2O Et2O H2O AcOEt CHCl3 MeOH AcOEt CHCl3 MeOH CHCl3 AcOEt CHCl3 MeOH CHCl3 AeOEt CHCl3 MeOH AcOEt CHCl3 MeOH EtOH AcOEt CHCl3 MeOH AcOEt CHCl3 AcOEt CHCl3 MeOH MeOH MeOH EtOH 0.016% EtOH? AcOH? EtOH

11.27 1.80 1. 86 0.8 2. 77 1.71 2.75 2.19 5.25 7.44 1 . 88 5.89 7.16 4.6 2.16 5.86 7.88 4.9 1.77 4.40 5.39 2. 18 5.09 8.98 2.6 1.84 5. 61 7.19 2.22 4.47 1.78 4.88 1 . 31 1 . 31 1 . 31 1.080 1.002 1.044 1.000

* CH2.CH2.CH.CH2.CH2. /CH(CH3K /CH(NH2). CH 2 ^ I I I t CH/ ^CH.NHaCl. JCH 3 -C^ )>CHC(CH3): CH2. / CH2.CH2.CH.NH.CH2. X^6H4 ^CH CH/ /CH(CH3) . CH2V /CH2.CH (CH3K §CH/ ">CH.N.CH<( ^CH2. H(CH8-CeHiO)2N-CO-C6H6. IF Mutarotation. X X CHrCH2/ I CH2 CH/ NO

14 12.5 15 15 9 14.5 10 . 5 6 10 12 4 11 13 10 10 13 5 10 13 5 8 9 12 8 9 12 4 13.5 6 22 . 6 20 . 7 22 17 17 17 17

-31.90 (145) 13 . 83 (1 «) 5.26 -36.4 (1663) 17. 24 (145) 8.34 11.79 ( 14 S) -76 .44 (145) -83.78 -83.43 50 . 89 (i 45) 54.11 63.30 54.33 (1395) -76.27 (145) -81.73 -85.67 -78.83 (1395) 44. 71 (145) 50.57 48.80 -67.26 (145) -76.53 -78.02 -76.02 40 . 45 (145) 45.14 54.30 -63.58 (145) -72.10 35 . 64 (145) 40.59 - 12 . 58 (i "«) -42 . OO -32 . 07 -42.4 (247) -34.2fl -31.81T -28.5

Formula CiiH 2 iNO 2 Ci2H23NO2 Ci3H25NO2 Ci4H26NO2 Ci4H27NO2 Ci6H29NO2 Ci7H25NO2 Ci8H27NO2 Ci8H27NO2

Ci8H36NO2 Ci9H29NO2

Ci9H29NO2 Ci9H37NO2 C20H29NO2 C20H3iNO2 C 2 iH 27 NO 2

C 2 iH 33 NO 2 C2iH33NO2 C 2 iH 37 NO 2

C27H63NO2 CnHi9NO Ci3H26N2O Ci4H28N2O

Ci 4 H 26 N 2 O Ci6H30N2O

N-Menthyl carbamates: C^H^.NH.COOR Name | Solvent d, C or % | t, 0C [ [a]p Z-Menthyl carbamate EtOH 0.8 -81.6 Methyl Z-menthylcarbamate CHCl3 3.13 16 -74.29 (Ci0H19.NH.CO.OCH3) MeOH 2.79 16 -76.11 CHCl3 7.86 2i -77.67 Ethyl Z-menthylcarbamate CHCl3 2.05 21 -69.43 (CioHi9.NH.CO.OC2H5) EtOH 2.34 -67.39 CHCl3 7.67 2i -71.98 Allyl Z-menthylcarbamate CHCl3 8.02 2i -68.24 Propyl Z-menthylcarbamate CHCl3 2.36 2i -68.56 Isopropyl Z-menthylcarbamate CHCl3 1.95 2i -65.77 n-Butyl Z-menthylcarbamate CHCl3 4.53 2i -64.85 Isobutyl Z-menthylcarbamate CHCl3 1.87 2i -66.28 Phenyl Z-menthylcarbamate CHCl3 5.23 19 -57.83 Benzyl Z-menthylcarbamate CHCl3 7.55 2i -52.80 Py 5.20 19 -67.41 o-Tolyl Z-menthylcarbamate CHCl3 4.07 19 -54.74 Py 4.17 19 -64.48 m-Tolyl Z-menthylcarbamate CHCl3 4.72 19 -55.86 Py 5.70 19 -66.17 p-Toly 1 Z-menthylcarbamate CHCl3 3.42 19 -56.28 Py 3.74 19 -64.82 n-Heptyl Z-menthylcarbamate CHCl3 6.78 2i -55.18 1, 3, 4-Xylyl Z-menthylcarbamate CHCl3 3.02 19 -53.45 Py 3.94 19 -63.16 1, 2, 4-Xylyl Z-menthylcarbamate CHCl3 3.58 19 -51.38 Py 2.79 19 -61.84 1, 2, 5-Xylyl Z-menthylcarbamate CHCl3 2.18 • 19 -51.3 Py 2.34 19 -62.86 Phenylethyl Z-menthylcarbamate CHCl3 4.66 2i -56.06 n-Octyl Z-menthylcarbamate CHCl3 9.1 2i -52.10 Cinnamyl Z-menthylcarbamate CHCl3 4.42 2i -49.62 Phenylpropyl Z-menthylcarbamate CHCl3 3.43 2i -48.14 1-NaphthyH-menthylcarbamate CHCl3 4.52 19 -51.52 Py 4.99 19 -63.45 2-Naphthyl Z-menthylcarbamate CHCl3 4.25 19 -48.15 Py 5.20 19 -59.90 Carvacryl Z-menthylcarbamate CHCl3 3.14 !9 -46.64 Py 3.12 19 -57.58 Thymyl Z-menthylcarbamate CHCl3 5.20 19 -45.48 Py 4.72 19 -56.29 Z-Bornyl Z-menthylcarbamate EtOH 3.4 -71.04 dZ-IsobornyH-menthylcarbamate EtOH 5 -55.8 d-Isobornyl Z-menthylcarbamate EtOH 2.67 1.41 Z-Isobornyl Z-menthylcarbamate EtOH 2.64 -112.0 CetylZ-menthylcarbamate CHCl3 4.88 2i -36.90 MenthylcarUmide and carbamides: CWH19N:CO and CWH19.NH.CO.NH.R or CwHig.NH.CO.NRiRz Z-Menthylcarbimide (Ci0Hi9.N: CO) C6H6 2.22 -54.97 EtOH 24.5 -53.83 Ethyl-Z-menthylcarbamide CHCl3 3.09 19 -69.16 Py 2.87 19 -70.23 EtOH 3.12 19 -73.77 n-Propyl-Z-menthylcarbamide CHCl3 3.07 19 -66.03 Py 3.19 19 -66.88 EtOH 3.09 19 -70.08 Isopropyl-Z-menthy!carbamide CHCl3 3.32 19 -64.76 Py 3.14 19 -65.22 EtOH 3.12 19 -67.42 Allyl-Z-menthylcarbamide CHCl3 3.25 19 -65.33 Py 3.26 19 -68.05 EtOH 3.10 19 -70.11 Diethyl-Z-menthylcarbamide CHCl3 3.23 19 -78.66 Py 3.09 19 -74.56 EtOH 3.19 19 -75.25 |

Lit. (61°) C15^4) (1*31) («14) (1631) (1631) (1631) (!63I) (1628) (1631) (1628)

(1631) (1628)

(1631) (1631) (1631) (1631) (1628)

(1628) (1628) (1629) (1629) (1631) (1514) (1620) (1628)

(1628) (1628)

Menthylcarbimide and carbamides: Ci0Hi9ATrCO and CioHig.NH.CO.NH.R or CiQH19.NH.CO.NRiR2. — (Continued) Formula | Name [ Solvent | d, C or % | t, 0C | [a]D \ Lit. Ci6H30N2O tt-Butyl-Z-menthylcarbamide CHCl8 3.08 19 -62.55 (1628) Py 3.03 19 -64.19 EtOH 3.05 19 -66.39 Isobutyl-Z-menthylcarbamide CHCl3 2 . 78 19 - 63 . 51 Py 3.14 19 -65.22 EtOH 3.08 19 -66.76 tert.-ButyM-menthylcarbamide CHCl3 1 . 24 !9 -67 . 72 (1628) Py 1.23 19 -66.21 EtOH 3.50 19 -64.77 Ci6H30N2O PiperidyH-menthylcarbamide CHCl3 2.0 19 -81.17 (1628) (CioH19.NH.CO.N.C6H10) Py 1.91 Ie -78.18 EtOH 2.67 19 -86.42 Ci8H28N2O Benzyl-Z-menthylcarbamide CHCl3 2.04 19 -51.47 (1628) Py 1.96 19 -59.26 EtOH 2.15 19 -56.80 Ci8H28N2O o-Tolyl-Z-menthylcarbamide CHCl3 1 .67 19 -56. 14 (1628) Py 2.40 I9 -76.29 EtOH 2.65 19 -65.98 ra-Tolyl-Z-menthy !carbamide CHCl3 1.31 19 -68.15 Py 2.20 19 -81.59 EtOH 1.11 19 -75.51 p-Tolyl-Z-menthylcarbamide . CHCl3 0. 991 !9 -66.06 Py 2.82 I9 -81.15 EtOH 2.86 19 -85.23 C2JI28N2O 1-Naphthyl-Z-menthylcarbamide Py 1.06 19 -70.31 (1628) 2-Naphthyl-Z-menthylcarbamide Py 1 . 66 !9 -78 . 56 EtOH 1.51 19 -71.09 C2IH40N2O Di-Z-menthylcarbamide EtOH 1 . 65 -91 . 75 (1514) (CO(NH.Ci0H19)2) Py 1.83 -92.76 /C6U6 ^C6UT6 Menthylbenzamidines: CwHig.N: C. or CwHigN: C(^ ^NHR \\r#iA2 Ci9H30N2 Z-Menthylethylbenzamidine CHCl3 2.505 12 -112 (340) C 2 iH 34 N 2 Z-Menthyldiethylbenzamidine CHCl3 1 . 9024 14 -172 (340) C23H30N2 Phenyl-Z-menthylbenzamidine CHCl3 2 . 5360 12 . 5 - 146 (340) C 24 H 32 N 2 o-Tolylmenthylbenzamidine CHCl3 2 . 5056 14 - 105 (340) ra-Tolyl-Z-menthylbenzamidine CHCl3 2 . 477 14 - 142 . 5 p-Tolyl-Z-menthylbenzamidine CHCl3 2.496 14 -132.5 C 26 H 34 N 2 Phenyl-Z-menthylethylbenzamidine CHCl3 1 .4384 12 -392 (340) CHCl3 2.504 12 -391 CHCl3 2.9744 16 -60.5 DIAMINES Aminotetrahy droumbellulylamine * Ci0H24Cl2N2 EtOH 1.63 -21.41 (2046) dihydrochloride 2.15 117.3 (2046) Dibenzoylaminotetrahydroumbellulylamine. CHCl3 C 24 H 28 N 2 O 2 Aminotetrahydroumbellulylamine C24H32N2O4 EtOH 1.69 -8.83 (2046) dibenzoate AMINO ACIDS Ecgonine = Tropinecarboxylic acid; for pilosine, see pilocarpine, p. 420 C 7 H n NO 3 Ecgoninic acid H2O 12.37 -43.2 (1245.5) C9Hi4ClNO2 Anhydroecgonine hydrochloride H2O -61 .5 (416.5); c/. (892)

C9Hi4Br3NO2 C9Hi6Br2NO2 C9Hi6ClNO3

Anhydroecgonine dibromide hydrobromide . . H2O Hydrobromoanhydroecgonine hydrobromide H2O d-Ecgonine hydrochloride H2O

30 (7°3) 42.3 (703) 18.2 (417)

3.06 1.25 4.4

H2O

Ci0Hi7NO3 Ci0Hi9NO4-H2O CnHi7NO2 Ci6H26ClNO4

d-Eogonine methyl ester Ecgonine methohydroxide Anhydroecgonine ethyl ester Isovaleryl-d-ecgonine methyl ester hydrochloride /CH2.CH.NH2v *NH2.C(CH3\ /CH.CH(CH3)2. ^CH2 CH2/

EtOH H2O

6.88 4 . 45 1 .064f

EtOH

2.01

15 19

-57

(416.5)

22.5 -42 . 4 -48.4

(1247) (894) (1246)

25.4 (374)

Formula C19H24ClNO4 C20H27NO4 C20H28ClNO4 C20H28ClNO4 C2IH30ClNO4

Ci7H21NO4

I

Ecgonine = Tropinecarboxylic add; for pilosine, see pilocarpine, p. 420. — (Continued) Name Solvent I d, C or % t, 0C | [a]D Lit. Cinnamyl-d-ecgonine methyl ester EtOH 2.11 47.4 (374) hydrochloride Benzoyl-£-ecgonine methyl ester CHCl3 9.926 20 -16.35 ( 39 ) CHCl3 20.242 20 -16.28 Benzoyl-Z-ecgonine methyl ester hydro10 20 -66.399 ( 39 ) chloride Benzoyl-d-ecgonine butyl ester H2O 2.5 46 (417.5) hydrochloride Benzoyl-d-ecgonine amyl ester H2O 2.2 38.6 (417.5) hydrochloride Cocaine = Meihylbenzoylecgonine 50% EtOH 1.088 -35.4 ( 268 ); c/. Cocaine (free base) (1945)

C17H22ClNO4 C17H22ClNO4 C17H22ClNO4

C18H28NO6 C18H24ClNO4 C19H26ClNO4

C21H21NO6

C21H22ClNO6 C17H23NO8

C17H28NO8

(neutralized with dil. HCl) (neutralized with H2SO4) (neutralized with H2SO4) Cocaine hydrochloride Benzoyl-d-ecgonine methyl ester hydrochloride Cocaine hydrochloride

CHCl3 H2O H2O 50% EtOH CHCl3

EtOH H2O H2O H2O H2O H2O H2O Cocaine formate Benzoy1-d-ecgonine ethyl ester hydrochloride H2O Benzoyl-d-ecgonine propyl ester hydroH2O chloride Hydrastine Hydrastine 1 50% EtOH O— CO 85% EtOH I i 93% EtOH CH.C6H2(O.CH3)2 95% EtOH 97% EtOH 100% EtOH /U\ /CH. N.CH3 CHCl3 CH2 C6H/ I 2N HCl X Xn/ CH2.CH2 50% Me2CO ^ Me2CO CHCl3 Hydrastine hydrochloride H2O CHCl3 Hyoscyamine = Isomer of atropine Z-Hyoscyamine ion neut. by (a) H2SO4 (du.) (b) H2SO3 (du.) (c) HCl (du.) (d) AcOH (du.) 50% EtOH Neut. by H2SO4 (du.) Z-Hyoscyamine CHCl3

4.0 0.3569 1.088 1.088 2.0 1.9 2 5 10 15 20 1 2

-15.75 -78.5 -81.8 -77.7 -57.5 (268) 17 17 17 17 17 20

46.2 (417)

2.6

0.204 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.4 0.291 2.552 4.050 0.2 4.0 2.0 1.647 2.0

39.47 (417) 70.82 (957) -69.83 -67.80 -65.77 -64.00 -54.67 ( 207 I) 40 (417)

17 17

4.015 4.009 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0

115.0 37.5 30.0 0.0 -12.5 -49.8 -57.8 -127.3 100.0 -85.0 -63.8 197.0 8.52

(268)

(676) (268) (268)

32.6 (268) 32.4 32.4 32.5 21.0 (268) 31.25 -23.75 ( 268 ); c/. (3l, 90)

CH2-CH CH2 50 % EtOH 4.0 - 22 . 06 | | 50% EtOH 20.0 -22.0 N.CH3.CH.O.CO.CH.C6H6.CH2OH. I I CH2-CH-CH2 HD. The Molecule Contains an Asymmetrie Atom Forming Part of a Ring and Attached to Four Other Carbon Atoms ACIDS C9H14O2 7-Lauronolic acid 1.0177^S 20 145 ( 2026 ); cf. (234.5)

C9H14O2 *

Lauronolic acid*

CHz.CHa v I ^C(CH3). COOH. CH j. C: C(CHa)'

1 .0133f

25

187.7

(isie)

Formula C9Hi4O3

|

Name Camphononic acid*

ACIDS.— (Continued) | Solvent C6H6 EtOH ligroin

| d, C or % 2.4 3.0 1 I.IOOJ 0 0.9203}55-66

| ty 0C | 27.5 28 25 33.5 15.6

[a]D \ Lit. 17.8 (is* 9 ) -3.9 C9Hi6NO Lauronolic amide 94.6 (1516) CuH20O3 Ethyl hydroxylauronate 6.73 (1520) Ci0Hi6N /8-Fencholenic nitrile 43.66 (334.5) Ci0Hi6O2 /3-Fencholenic acidf EtOH 19.64 (1922) IIDB. The Molecule Contains Two or More Asymmetric Atoms Attached Respectively to Two and Four Other Carbon Atoms ACIDS 25 -87.31 (1692) 2-Nitro-l-methylcyclobutanecarboxvlic acid . EtOH(?) C6H9NO4 / /CH(N02)\ /CH3 \ iI OH r19 -18.4 (2159.5) UDC. The Molecule Contains Two or More Asymmetric Atoms Attached Respectively to Three and Four Other Carbon Atoms HYDROCARBONS AND THEIR HALOGEN AND NITROGEN DERIVATIVES Ci0Hi3Br2NO3 1, 2-Dibromo-l-nitrocamphane C6H6 1.98 19 4.2 (578) Ci0Hi6NO2 1-Nitrocamphene EtOH 2.02 21 112.0 (578) C6H6 4.00 21 137.5 Ci0Hi6 Camphene C6H6 16.38 20 62.59 (257) Ci0Hi6 Bornylene C6H6 8.98 20 -22.27 («49) Ci0Hi6BrNO2 1, 1-Bromonitrocamphane EtOH 2.0 -53.8 (577) Ci0Hi6BrNO2 2-Bromo-l-nitrocamphane C6H6 2.04 21 3.7 (578) Ci0H16Cl2 1, 1-Diehloroeamphane AcOEt 22 . 34 - 16 (1 979) Ci0Hi6ClNO2 1, 1-Chloronitrocamphane EtOH 2.04 21 -53. 1 (577) C6H6 2.04 21 71.9 Ci0Hi6INO2 1, 1-Iodonitrocamphane EtOH 1.0 19 - 10 . 8 (577) C6H6 2.0 20 -15.0 Ci0Hi6INO2 2-Iodo-l-nitrocamphane EtOH 1.42 20 -35.1 (578) C6H6 1.47 20 -29.4 Ci0Hi7NO2 1-Nitroeamphane EtOH 2.404 20 4.6 (577) C6H6 2.0 20 20.4 Pseudonitrocamphane KOH.EtOH 2.2 4§§ * CH2-CH2 y t (CH3)2.C: C-CH2 y î CH2.C(CHs).C(X I )>C(CH3).COOH. I ^C(CHs)-COOH. | CO1C(CH3)*/ CH2.CH/ C(CHs)2 I CHs.CH O /CO. ** HO.CO.CsHi4.NH2. ft C1.NH8.CH.C(CH3)2 1C H ' CH COOCH LCH, > '>- C8Hl § CHOH-CH2 y | )>C(CH3).COOH. CH2.C(CH3)/ /CO * * §§Mutarotation. || NH2.C8Hi4.COOH. Formula Ci0Hi8 Ci0Hi8 CnH16N2O CnH18 Ci7H2INO3 C20H34 CioHieO Ci0H16O Ci0H20O HYDROCARBONS AND THEIR HALOGEN AND NITROGEN DERIVATIVES.— (Conto wed) | Name | Solvent | d, C or % | t, 0C | [a]D \ Lit. Isocamphane (from camphene) 0.84619 17 O ( 959 ) (from borneol) EtOH 8. 76 17 -8.5 (from isoborneol) EtOH 8.51 17 2.81 (from camphor) EtOH 4.688 —3.95 Thujane ((1) from Z-e*-thujene) 0 . 8139 20 62 . 03 (31 i ) ((2) from d-ß-thujene) 0.8191 20 34.72 ((3) from sabinene) 0.819 20 18.6 d-Limonene a-nitrosocyanide CHCl8 2.27 18.5 152.7 (1179) d-Limonene ß-nitrosocyanide CHCl3 1 .87 19 —31 .6 Homofenchene Et2O 1+1.9 17 23.06 (2131) Benzoyl-^-nitrocamphane EtOH 2.0 21 -19.3 (577) Hydrodifenchene 0. 96521? 18 1 . 14 (U24) ALCOHOLS MONOHYDRIC ALCOHOLS OTHER THAN BORNEOL For thujol, see p. 454 EtOH 4.02 19 34.1 (578) a-Hydroxycamphene C6H6 2.12 20 29.5 EtOH 11.97 (1925) Teresantalol a, /3, /3, 7-Tetramethylcyclopentane-aC6H6 20 67.18 (!«i», carbinol 1832) Ci2H20O Ci2H22O Ci0Hi6O2 Ci0H1SO2 CuH 22 O 2 Ci2H22O2 Ci3H22O2 CiSH26O4 C2OH30O4 C I0H igO ß, ß-Dimethylnorcamphane-7-spirocycloEtOH 1.496 propanemethylol EtOH Ethylcamphol DIHYDRIC ALCOHOLS AND OTHER DIHYDROXY COMPOUNDS EtOH 3.34 Z-Campherol (hydroxycamphor) * EtOH 9.97 a, ß-Camphorglycolf EtOH 5.55 HomocamphoricglycolJ EtOH 1.22 «, ß-Dimethylcamphanediol 9-Methyl-3-isopropenyldicyclononan-5j 7EtOH 7.88 diol (solid) (liquid) EtOH 7.42 EtOH 13.4 Homocamphoricglycol diacetate EtOH 9.23 Homocamphoricglycol dibenzoate ALDEHYDES AND KETONES ALDEHYDES AND KETONES NOT RELATED DIRECTLY TO TERPENES 1, 2, 2, 3-Tetramethylcyclopentane-lC6H8 aldehy de § 20 21 26.79 (257) 37.0 (813) -32.93 (1357.5) 12.3 (1368) 81.08 (1553) 0.95 (587) 19 15 21 21 -19.35 11.75 52.6 34.68 (1758) (isss) (1553) 20 89.26 (1832, 1835) CuH20O 1, 2, 2, 3-Tetramethylcyclopentane-l-methyl ketone 20 63.67 (1818, 1832) Ci2H22O 1, 2, 2, 3-Tetramethylcyclopentane-l-ethyl ketone 20 63.15 (1818, 1832) Ci3H20O2 Ci6H22O 9-Methyl-3-isopropenyldicyclononan-5-ol-7EtOH one 1, 2, 2, 3-Tetramethylcyclopentane-l-phenyl ketone 7.07 15 18.8 ("58) 20 -1.21 (1818, 1832) Ci6H24O Ci6H30O CnH24O Ci8H24O Ci8H26O C20H24O |8, a'-Dimethyl-a, a, a'-triallylcyclopentanone|[ a, /3-Dimethyl-a, a, a'-tripropylcyclopentanone 1, 2, 2, 3-Tetramethy Icy clopen tane- 1benzyl ketone 1, 2, 2, 3-Tetramethylcyclopentanecinnamyl ketone 1, 2, 2, 3-Tetramethy Icy clopentane-1, 2phenylethyl ketone 1, 2, 2, 3-Tetramethy Icy clopentane-1, 1naphthyl ketone 0.9179 C6H6 10 20 73.11 (808) 17 7.10 20 32.16 (1832) 20 54.29 (1832) 20 18.96 (1832) 20 -60.52 (1832) /CHOH /CHOH xCH2.CH2.OH § CH3.CH.C(CH3)2 ]| CH3-CH C(C3He)2V * C8Hi/ I . t C8HX . i C8HX1/ I . \CrCH i CHO ' /CCX 1/ I ^CO CHOH CH2.OH /C(CU3)^HO. CH2-C(CH3)(C3H6/ CH2-CH2 (809) Formula Ci0Hi4O2 Ci0Hi5BrO C10Hi6BrO Ci0Hi6O | FENCHONE AND DERIVATIVES [ Solvent C6H6 Name Diketofenchane Bromofenchone Bromoisofenchone d-Fenchone* EtOH | d, C or % 14.2 1.348}J 242 0.9442f t, 0C [ [a]D | Lit. 15.5 75.78 (233) 12 8.61 (360) 15 -164.1 (2130) 17 63.01 ( 1858 ); cf. (58) Ci0Hi7N Ci0H17NO Z-Fenchone Fenchoneimine Fenchone oxime 0.9402*° 0.932211-5 1,14 2.72 8.11 1.25 CuHi9N3O CnHi9N3O Z-Fenchone semicarbazone Isofenchone semicarbazone Ci0Hi6O a-Thujonet 0.9190« ß-Thujone;c/. (306, 2114) 0.924 12 19.90 0.9102 4.99 6.29 0.916 0.9155 0.9254 0.9102 2.36 2.89 11 15 22 21 15 15 15 15 15 15 105.1 16.27 59.83 223.67 -19.45 -48.37 -57.78 -48.47 -765 -829.00 3.62 4.OO 5.10 1.020 19 19 19 -86.6 -201.9 —183.5 196. IJ. EtOH AcOEt MeOH MeOH THUJONE AND DERIVATIVES 15.5 19.5 10 14.5 20 11 -51.24 76.30 65.94 52.61 47.04 -8.27 (1359) (2108) (145) (2131) (2130) -29.90 (726); c/. 67.4 (2022) ;c /. (1918) (306,2114) Ci0Hi7NO CnHi8O C11Hi9N8O /3-Thujoneoxime Methylthujone a-Thujone semicarbazone 0-Thujone semicarbazone Dimethylthujone Ethylthujone Allylthujone Propylthujone Piperonylidenethujone Amsylidenethujone Ci2H20O Ci2H20O Ci3H20O Ci3H22O Ci8H20O8 C18H22O2 Ci0Hi6BrO C10H15NO2 MeOH MeOH MeOH EtOH EtOH EPICAMPHOR AND DERIVATIVES AcOEt C6H6 C6H6 CHCl3 Bromo-Z-epicamphor a-Isonitrosoepicamphor ß-Isonitrosoepicamphor a-Isonitrosoepicamphor (H3i) ( 796 ) (1131) (8°i) ( 8 Oi) (297) (297) (297) (297) (237) (237) ( 608 ); cf. (236) /3-Isonitrosoepicamphor Isonitrosoepicamphor (stable) CHCl3 1.045 CHCl3 1.0 2% NaOH 1.0 CHCl3 1.0 (unstable) 2% NaOH 1.0 Z-Epicamphor§ C6H6 13.12 Z-Epicamphoroxime C6H6 6.29 a-Isonitrosoepicamphor-o-methyl ether CHCl3 1.054 j3-Isonitrosoepicamphor-o-methyl ether CHCl3 1.046 £-Epiborneolcarboxylic acids (A, M. P. 125°) AcOEt 4.64 (B, M. P. 145°) AcOEt 5.52 (C, M. P. 173°) AcOEt 1.09 (D, M. P. 237°) AcOEt 0.69 a.- 63-)Isonitrosoepicamphor phenylhydrazone EtOH 1.139 CHCl3 1.139 Benzoyl-a-isonitrosoepicamphor CHCl3 1.045 Benzoyl-0-isonitrosoepicamphor CHCl3 1.036 ß-Isonitrosoepicamphor phenylurethane CHCl3 1.026 a-Isonitrosoepicamphor phenylurethane CHCl3 0.236 CAMPHOR AND DERIVATIVES Camphor and hydroxy, alkyl and alkylidene derivatives Camphorll PhMe 4.494 90% EtOH 10 90% EtOH 10 60% EtOH 2.5 C6H6 4 olive oil 10 Ci0HuNO2 Ci0Hi6O Ci0Hi7NO CnH n NO 2 CnHi8O3 Ci6H2iN3O Ci7Hi9NO3 Ci7H20N2O8 C10Hi6O *CH 2 .CH I CHs C(CH^2. I CHz-C(CHj)-CO / tCHs.CH< \ /CO.CHz I C.CH(CH )z." t Mutarotation. 3 X / CH.CH2 I § CH2.C(CH3).CH2. I C(CHa) I CH2CH 2 CO 170 170 137 137 19 19 19 19 19 19 20 || CH2.CH I C(CHs) CH2. 2 l CH2.C(CHa).CO 191. 4| -200.1 -422.0 -179.0 288.0 -58.21 100.8 -201.5 —173.6 2.36 -4.8 15.2 77.9 142 259.2 128.7 130.0 -124.3 ] —110.2 43.45 43.0 39.66 32.32 40.62 53.15 (589) (237) (237) (608 ) (237) («08) (608) ( 608 ) (306) (630) Ci1Hi8O Camphor and hydroxy, alkyl and alkylidene derivatives.—(Continued) Name | Solvent | d, C or % | t, 0C | [«]/> | Lit. Camphor.-—(Continued) C2H4Cl2 50.68 11.7 51.94 (1599) C2H4Cl2 02.68 15.7 52.68 Z-Camphor EtOH 20.13 20 -41.45 0-Hydroxyeamphor EtOH 9.57 12.3 (1368) a-Hydroxycamphor EtOH 9.45 12.8 Nitromethylenecamphor CHCl3 0.980 88 (613) 12% Na-EtOH 0.980 O* 10% NaOH 0.988 36.6* (613) Methylenecamphor EtOH 127.5 (1431.5) «, a-Nitromethylenehydroxycamphor CHCl3 1.0400 -159.5 (613) a-Methoxycamphor 0.9314*! 20 -27.31 (582) C6H6 2.00 20 -24.5 <*-Methylcamphor EtOH 5 25 30 (723); cf. C12H18O C12H20O Ethylidenecamphor Ethylcamphor Formula Ci0Hi6O | Ci0Hi6O2 CnHi5NO3 CnHi6O CnHi7NO2 CuHi8O (1429) EtOH EtOH 27.9 15 113 45.48 (1433) O 2 8 I); cf. (813, 1433) Ci2H20O C13H20O Ci3H22O Dimethylcamphor Allylcamphor Propylcamphor C13H22O Methylethylcamphor C14H24O Diethyleamphor C14H24O C16H24O C16H28O Isobutylcamphor Diallylcamphor Dipropyleamphor. C17Hi9BrO C17H20O2 o-Bromobenzylidenecamphor p-Bromobenzylidenecamphor Phenylchloromethylenecamphor o-Nitrobenzylidenecamphor m-Nitrobenzylidenecamphor 2>Nitrobenzylidenecamphor Salicylidenecamphor Ci7H20O2 ra-Hydroxybenzylidenecamphor. EtOH EtOH 0.9471f 10.0 9.89 24 14 15 92.7 79.62 60.95 ( 805 ) ( 128 I) ( 128 I); cf. (813,823) EtOH EtOH EtOH EtOH EtOH EtOH EtOH 2.01 7.44 16 18 15 15 16.1 8.28 17 17 98.65 O 2 8 I) 99.4 (813) 91.21 (813) 91.35 ( 128 I) 72.4 (823) 152.37 O 2 8 I) 54.35 O 2 8 I); cf. (813) Ci7Hi9ClO Ci7Hi9NO8 p-Hydroxybenzylidenecamphor... Ci7H22O Benzylcamphor C18H19NO C18H21NO2 C18H22O2 Ci8H22O2 Phenylcyanomethylenecamphor Phenylcarboxamidemethylenecamphor Piperonylidenecamphor 0-Methoxybenzylidenecamphor p-Methoxybenzylidenecamphor w-Tolylidenecamphor PhMe PhMe C6H6 CHCl3 CHCl3 CHCl3 EtOH O. IN KOH EtOH O. IN KOH EtOH O. IAT KOH EtOH 1.00 4.67 1.5510 0.845 3.27 0.859 0.436 0.852 0.450 6.23 20 23 23 19 23 22 14 283 315 -217 50 311 437 469 820 423 507 500 770 149.10 (82°) (5 g 4) (2212) ( 8 <>4) (8°4) (128I); cf. (813) Ci8H24O Ci8H24O2 1.0432 1.044 8.11 20 ß, jS-Phenylmethylethylidenecamphor /3-Phenylmethylethylcamphor 7-Phenylpropylcamphor. Ethylbenzylcamphor 0.858 0.815 6.207 7.77 ^0.07 10.10 4.84 7.34 10.2 8.27 24 23 20 20 20 20 15 15 20 19 246 281.1 133.74 431.5 467.07 396 458 127.36 95.43 269.74 296.11 126.1 39.23 66.53 90.62 Ethylsaligenyieamphor 0-Phenylethylethylidenecamphor ff-Ethylphenylethylcamphor EtOH PhMe EtOH EtOH 6.81 6.59 2.53 9.28 19 20 15 15 91.50 102.69 122.28 31.37 m-Methoxybenzylcamphor p-Methoxybenzylcamphor Cinnamylidenecamphor Ci9H22O Ci9H24O C19H26O Ci9H26O Ci9H26O CHCl3 CHCl3 PhMe PhMe PhMe EtOH EtOH PhMe PhMe C6H6 CHCl3 EtOH EtOH CHCl3 EtOH ft (613) (613) ( 82 4) ( 792 ) (8<>4) ( 82 4) 0 82 7) (1557) O557) ( 182 7) (1281); cf. (813) Ci9H26O2 C20H26O C20H28O ft * Mutarotation. ft ( 824 ) O 55 7) (1557) Formula C20H28O C20H30O C2iH280 ft C2iH30O C23H554O C23H26O2 C24H28O Camphor and hydroxy, alkyl and alkylidene derivatives. — Name | Solvent | Cuminylcamphor PhMe Bornylenecamphor EtOH j3-n-Propylphenylethylidenecamphor EtOH EtOH ß, ß-Isopropylphenylethylidenecamphor, , EtOH ß, 0-rc-Propylphenylethylcamphor EtOH ß, ß-Isopropylphenylethy !camphor EtOH Diphenylmethylenecamphor EtOH /3-Ethoxy-a-naphthylidenecamphor EtOH Dibenzylcamphor EtOH (Continued) d, C or% t, 0C | 6.506 20 2.77 3.05 5.04 8.47 8 . 65 15 15 15 15 15 ô .82 1 .63 20 [a]D \ Lit. 89.25 ( 8 24) 69 . 2 (™3) 127.20 (1557) 126.75 115.35 35.80 (1557) 27 . 65 287 (803) 121 . 13 (847) 102. 12 (1281); cf. (813) C38H46O2 Ci0H16BrNO CuH19NO C11H19N3O2 frans-Diphenylpropylenedicamphor CHCl3 c^-Diphenylpropylenedicamphor CHCl3 !mines, oximes and hydrazones of camphor, etc. /3-Bromocamphoroxime (Ci0Hi0Br: NOH). . . CHCl3 EtOH a-Methylcamphoroxime EtOH Methylcamphoroxime EtOH Z-Campherol semicarbazone 10.2 10.1 2.0 5 4.88 8.45 20 20 40.63 30 . 22 (1827) 21 20 22 17 -73.5 (582) 30.3 ( 7 23) 25.15 -5.91 ("06); cf. 13 263.2 (602) 46.17 ("Si); cf. (1358) CHCl3 EtOH 1.07 3.03 C12H19NO C12H21NO Acetylcamphorimine * Ethylcamphoroxime C13H21NO Ci3H23NO C17H20BrNO2 C17H22N2O C18H24N2O2 C24H28N4O3 EtOH 2.52 Allylcamphoroxime EtOH 8.09 Propylcamphoroxime CHCl3 2.02 ß-Benzoyl-ß-bromocamphoroxime CHCl3 1.516 Camphor benzoylhydrazonef EtOH 3.67 Methylcamphoroxime phenylurethane Camphoroximephenylcarbamate phenylEtOH 1.04 carbamide Halogen derivatives of camphor, methylcamphor and benzylcamphor a, /3-Dibromo-a-chlorocamphor C2H4Cl2 86 . 67 a, a', /3-Tribromocamphor Me2CO 2.42 Trichlorocamphor EtOH 4.67 a, a'-Chlorobromocamphor CHCl3 a, jS-Chlorobromocamphor CHCl3 a, a'-Dibromocamphor C2H4Cl2 34.29 a, /3-Dibromocamphor C2H4Cl2 25.81 Me2CO 5 EtOH 2.35 C6H6 16.23 a', /3-Dibromocamphor Me2CO 5 EtOH 0.6 C6H6 16.14 a, TT-Dibromocamphor AcOH 1 AcOEt 5 EtOH 0.66 Me2CO 5 Me2CO 7.5 CHCl3 10 CHCl3 2 C 2 H 4 Br 2 5 PhMe 5 C6H6 14.75 a' y x-Dibromocamphor AcOH 1 AcOEt 5 EtOH 0.66 Me2CO 5 CHCl3 10 CHCl3 2 C2H4Br2 5 (813) C10H13Br2ClO C10H13Br3O C10H13ClO Ci0H14BrClO Ci0H14Br2O C10Hi4Br2O Ci0Hi4Br2O /CH2 * C8Hu/ I . X C:N.CO.CH3 t CioHi«: N.NH.COC6H6. J [a]664i. 14 15 22 55.88 («si) 53.98 (1281) -39.2 (582) -50.5 (612) 25.3 (806) 15 -56.6 13.0 9 43 . 02 (1599) 2 (41) 51 . 2 (272) 62. 4 (272.5) 40.8 42.07 (1599) 104.17 (261) 127Î 12Ot 101 1 85 1 73 1 83J 135 . Ot 128. 9t 128.lt 128. 2t 128. 3t 125. 9t 126. 4t 140. 9t 108. 4t 110.8Î 99.Of 108. 6Î 109.Ot 111.7t 118. 6t 119. 5Î 120. Ot 15.5 14.9 ("73) Formula Ci 0 Hi 4 Br 2 O C10Hi4Cl2O Ci0Hi4I2O Ci0H16BrO Ci0Hi6ClO | Halogen derivatives of camphor, methylcamphor and benzylcamphor.—(Continued) Name | Solvent | d, C o r % | t,0C | MD Lit, f a , TT-Dibromocamphor.—(Continued) PhMe 5 120.9* (261) C6H6 5.63 126.6* a, a'-Dichlorocamphor EtOH 45.8 (270.5) EtOH 48.5 CHCl3 45.9 a, /3-Dichlorocamphor EtOH 48.5 CHCl3 45.9 Diiodocamphor CHCl3 2.8 28 (™**) a-Bromocamphor C2H4Cl2 43.75 12.4 145.3 (1599) EtOH 9.96 20 134.8 (2100) EtOH 0.514 20 137.1 Et2O 9.76 20 136.3 Et2O 0.923 20 138.8 Me2CO 7.72 20 141.5 Me2CO 0.529 20 140.0 AcOEt 8.69 20 139.7 AcOEt 0.555 20 139.6 C6H6 10.17 20 120.5 C6H6 0.472 20 120.7 EtOH 5 164.75* (isso) a'-Bromocamphor EtOH 5 -38.1 Equilibrium mixture, a^±ot' KOH.EtOH 5 147.8 Z-Bromocamphor C6H6 1.67 117.1 ( 1667 ) d-Bromocamphor C6H6 1.66 -118.2 0-Bromocamphor; cf. (280, 780, 1390, 1449, 2172.5) ; CHCl3 2.01 20 16.3 (582) EtOH 2.01 20 19.1 Me2CO 3.33 14 19.2 («) a-Chloroeamphor C2H4Cl2 32.02 12 A 106.5 (1599) EtOH 5 95.8 (1285); cf. (271, 279) CnHi7BrO CnHi7BrO Ci7H2iBrO Ci0Hi3Br2NO3 Ci 0 Hi 4 BrNO 3 Methylbromocamphor EtOH Bromomethylcamphor EtOH a-Bromo-a-methylcamphor EtOH a?-Bromo-a-methylcamphor EtOH /S-Bromo-a-methylcamphor EtOH Benzylbromocamphor (form a) EtOH (formb) EtOH Nitro derivatives of camphor a, ß-Dibromo-a'-nitrocamphor Me2CO Bromonitrocamphor. EtOH 5 5 1.72 20 20 25 4.74 1 10 176.8 150.5 184.4 155.4 18.8 61 20 -25.7 -21.7 (1431.5) (723) ( 8 20) ( 41 ) ( 2 7 I- 5 ); cf. (1306) Ci0Hi4ClNO3 Ci0Hi3BrNO3K.2H2O Ci0Hi6NO3 C20H28N2O6 CnH16NO C12H17NO a, a'-Chloronitrocamphor C2H4Cl2 43.80 Potassium pseudonitrobromocamphor H2O 4.68 a-Nitroeamphor C2H4Cl2 49.87 Anhydro-iA-nitrocamphor C2H4Cl2 15.96 C y ano derivatives of camphor and of alkyl camphors Cyanocamphor PhMe C6H6 4.12 PhMe 4.12 p-Xylene 4.12 EtOH 4.12 MeCN 2.70 EtCN 2.66 MeI 4.12 PrI 4.12 CH2O2 4.12 AcOH 4.12 ZSO-PrCO2H 4.12 a-Methylcyanocamphor 12.8 12 12.0 14.9 6.92 91 19.47f 132.84 (1599) (1286.5) (1599) (1599) 44.68 ( 779 > 79°) O (822) 4.03 3.03 12.16 27.92 28.58 37.3 36.6 42.4 45.4 48.4 150.8 ( 8Î8 ); cf. (786) /3-Methylcyanocamphor * [«16461. t Mutarotation. 90.1 Formula Ci4H19NO Ci4H21NO C10H16OS C10H16O3S I Cyano derivatives of camphor and of alkyl camphors. — (Continued) Name Solvent I d, C or % | t, 0C | PhMe Cyano-C-allylcamphor PhMe Cyano-0-allylcamphor EtOH Cyano-0-propylcamphor EtOH Cyano-C-propyLcamphor Sulfur derivatives of campho r: Sulfides, sulfoxides, etc. Me2CO 10 11 Camphor-ß-thiol H2O 2.0 20 Camphor-/3-sulfinic acid [a]D 49 124 126 90 | Lit. ( 7 93) (™3) 6 -74.50 (1301) (9°7> -58.2 -33.8 11.52 -41.70 (1968) (1968) (907) (2222) 1968) C10H16O3S2 C1QH1BS C11H18OA Sodium salt Zinc salt Camphor /3-thiosulfonate Thiocamphor Camphorylmethyl ß-disulfoxide (C10H15O.SO.SO.CH3) H2O H2O H2O AcOEt 0.885 4.00 5.0 3.64 19 19 16.5 15 CHCl3 2.5 16.5 44.48* ( 9 <> 7 ) HCLEtOH 1.0 22 29.50* EtOH 5 8 -41 (1301) Camphor-ß-thiol acetate C^H O S CHCl3 1.0 17 -23.60 (907) Camphoryl-n-butyl ß-disulf oxide C H2 OsS2 Me2CO 3.22 13 -16.4 (1301) Camphor-jO-thiol benzoate C1BH2OO2S 5.0 16.5 -64.68* (907) Dicamphoryl a, /3-disulfoxide ([80.C10Hi6O]2) CHCl3 \u 20 U 3oO 0 2 CHCl3 1.0 16.5 -68.80 EtOH 1.0 16.5 -65.20 HCLEtOH 1.0 17.5 -52.40* AcOH 1.0 20 -58.60 2.03 22 30.6 (1968) d-Camphoryl-a-disulfone ([SO2-C10H15O]2). . . CHCl3 C2OHaOOeS2 Camphor-ß-sulfonic thioanhydride C20H30O6S3 CHCl3 2.5 19 -31.68 (909) (S(S02.C10H160)2) Dicamphor-/3-sulfonyl disulfide C 2oH SoOeS4 CHCl3 2.5 19 -108.56 (909) (S[S02.C10H1502]) Camphoryldianisylsulf onium chloroplatinate f C48H58Cl6O6PtS2 2.009 22 -51.8 (1968) (in epichlorohydrin) Camphoryldiphenethylsulfonium chloroplatiC52H66Cl6O6PtS2 2.02 28 -57.3 nate (in epichlorohydrin) Sulfur derivatives of camphor: ß-Sulfonic derivatives of camphor ì methylcamphor, a-chlorocamphor, a-bromocamphor and a, a'-dibromocamphor 5 11 -7.2 (40) OLj a'-Dibromocamphor-ß-sulfonanhydramide Me2CO C10H13Br2NO2S CHCl3 10 5 104 (40) a-Bromocamphor-ß-sulfonyl chloride Ci0H14BrClO3S EtOH 2.51 134 (1302.5) a-Bromocamphor-ß-sulfonanhydramide C10H14BrNO2S Me2CO 5 20 99.3 (40) Me2CO 5 14 40.5 a'-Bromocamphorsulfonanhydramide CHCl3 4 12 119 (40) a-Bromocamphor-ß-sulfonic bromide C10H24Br2O3S EtOH 1.28 39.0 (1302.5) a-Chlorocamphor-ßssulf onanhydramide C10H14ClNO2S Me2CO 5 11 59.5 (40) CHCl3 5 11 80.8 (40) a-Chlorocamphor-/3-sulfonie chloride C10H14Cl2O3S CHCl3 10 18 26.0 (40) Camphor-ß-sulf onic bromide C10H15BrO3S a-Bromo-/3-camphorsulfonic acid, potassium C10H15BrO4S H2O 26.56 72.1 (1302.5) salt H2O 3.422 14 12.22 (1390) Sodium salt CHCl3 10 18 31.1 (40); c/. Camphor-/3-sulfonic chloride C10H16ClO3S (1080) CHCl3 5 20 32.01 (91 0) H2O 17.92 49.6 (1302.5) a-Chlorocamphor-ß-sulfonic acid C10H16ClO4S H2O 2.081 10 46.8 (ioso) Barium salt (5.5H2O) H2O 2.01 10 64 (1080) Sodium salt EtOH 0.46 -45.0 (1302.5) Campho r-/3-sulfonanhydramide C10H15NO2S EtOH 2.0 89.0 (1302.5) a-Bromocamphor-/3-sulfonamide C10H16BrNO3S Me2CO 5 17 106 (40) EtOH 3.05 75.0 (1302.5) a-Chlorocamphor-ß-sulfonamide C10H16ClNO3S Me2CO 5 15 83.2 (40) CHCl3 5.0 20 39.47 (910) Camphor-ß-sulf onic acid C10H16O4S H2O 5.0 20 23.95 H2O 20.1 (268) Ammonium salt EtOH 4.3 23.0 (1302.5) Camphor-/3-sulfonamide C10H17NO3S CHCl3 10 17 1.5 (40) 18 14 2 4 4 * Mutarotation. t[(CH3.O.C6H4)2S.CloHl50]2PtCl6. Sulfur derivatives of camphor: ß-Sulfonic derivatives of camphor, methylcamphor, a-chlorocamphor, a-bromocampkor and \ Lit. ( 7 23) (408) (723) ( 7 23) (408) (40) (40) (1302.5) (1302.5) (40) (1302.5) (909); cf. (408) EtOH 7.44 27.4 CHCl3 10 17 67.3 CHCl3 2.5 23 39.6 CHCl3 2.5 21 46.0 CHCl3 5.0 21 45.8 CHCl3 2.5 21 71.2 Camphor-ß-sulfonyl-p-toluidide Ci7H23NO3S CHCl3 5.0 21 68.3 CHCl3 2.5 23 67.0 Camphor-ß-sulfonyl-p-acetylanilide Ci8H23NO4S CHCl3 5.0 23 67.2 2.5 21 63.8 Camphor-ß-sulfonyl-p-ethylphenylarnide. . . CHCl3 C18H26NO3S CHCl3 5.0 21 63.6 CHCl3 2.5 23 38.24 a-Naphthyl camphor-ß-sulfonate C20H22O4S ß-Naphthyl camphor-ß-sulfonate CHCl3 2.5 23 30.16 CHCl3 2.5 21 28.4 Eugenyl camphor-/3-sulfonate C20H26O6S CHCl3 5.0 21 27.8 CHCl3 2.5 21 26.4 Isoeugenyl camphor-ß-sulfonate CHCl3 5.0 21 27.6 2.5 23 50.02 2-Aceto-<*-naphthyl camphor-/3-sulf onate . . . . CHCl3 C22H24O6S CHCl3 2.5 21 55.6 Camphor-ß-sulfonyl-p-benzoylanilide C23H26NO4S CHCl3 5.0 21 57.1 a, ß-Benzoylvinylphenyl camphor-ß-sulfonC26H26O6S ate, 2.5 23 27.2 C6H6.CO.CH :CH.C6H4.O.S02.Ci0H160.. . . CHCl3 CHCl3 2.5 22 42.72 Pyrocatechol dieamphor-ß-sulfonate C26H34O8S2 CHCl3 2.5 22 42.48 Resorcinol dicamphor-/3-sulfonate C26H34O8S2 CHCl3 2.5 22 50.00 Hydroquinone dicamphor-ß-sulfonate C26H34O8S2 CHCl3 2.5 20 21.74 Cetyl camphor-/3-suHonate C26H48O4S CHCl3 2.5 22 27.60 Pyrogallol tricamphor-^-sulfonate C36H48Oi2Sa CHCl3 2.5 22 57.64 Phloroglucinol tricamphor-ß-sulfonate C36H48Oi2S3 CHCl3 2.5 20 15.30 Myricyl camphor-/3-sulfonate C40H76O4S Sulfur derivatives of camphor: Tr-SuIf onic derivatives of camphor , a-chlorocamphor and a-bromocamphor Ci0Hi4BrClO3S a-Bromocamphor-TT-sulfonyl chloride CHCl3 5.486 14 131 Ci0Hi4BrO4SNH4 Ammonium d-bromocamphor-7r-sulfonate H2O 1.81 84.4 Ammonium Z-bromocamphor-rr-sulfonate . . . . H2O 1.81 —84.2 Ci0Hi4BrO4SNH4 Ammonium a-bromo-Tr-camphorsulfonate. .. H2O 18.57 75.1 Ci0Hi4Cl2O3S a-Chlorocamphor-TT-sulfonyl chloride CHCl3 4 7 110.5 Ci0H]6O4SNH4 Ammonium d-camphor-TT-sulphonate EtOH 0.5001 80.5 H2O 2.499 68.0 H2O 1.515 66.3 H2O 0.53 68.9 Ammonium Z-camphor-?r-sulfonate EtOH 0.537 -80.1 H2O 2.50 -68.3 H2O 1.51 -67.9 H2O 0.51 -68.6 C16H21NO3S Ci6H2INO3S C 17H20OoS CnH22O4S Camphor-ß-sulfonanilide Camphorsulphonanilide o-Aldehydophenyl camphor-ß-sulfonate o-Tolyl camphor-ß-sulfonate (1302.5) (40) (408) ( 904 ); c/. (408) (904) (604) (904) (»04) (408) (904) (408) (904) (408) (909) (909) (909) (910) (909) (909) (910) (l°80) (1667) (1302.5) (108°) (1676) (1676) Sulfur derivatives of camphor: ir-Sulfonic derivatives of camphor, a-chlorocamphor Formula | Name | Solvent | Ci0H36BrNO3S a-Bromocamphor-7r-sulfonamide EtOH EtOH Cj0Hj6ClNO3S a-Chlorocamphor-7r-sulfonamide EtOH C3]H37N2O6S Strychnine a-camphor-TT-sulfonate EtOH CHCl3 H2O Strychnine Z-camphor-7r-sulfonate EtOH CHCl3 H2O and a-bromocamphor. — (Continued) d, C or % | t, 0C | [a]D \ Lit. 4.595 11 112.4 (ioso) 11.61 67.2 (1302.5) 5.066 11 90.16 (ioso) 0.5237 23.9 (1676) 0.5318 22.6 0.5321 11.3 0 . 5166 — 48 . 4 0.5442 -63.4 0.5017 -50.8 CK-DlKETONES AND DERIVATIVES C 10 H] 4 N 2 O 2 C]0H]6NO2 Ci0Hi5N3O8 Ci0Hi6N2O2 C10Hi6N4O C n H n NO 2 Ci2Hi9NO2 Ci7Hi9N3O4 Ci0Hi6N2O CnHi 6 N 2 O 2 Ci2Hi8N2O2 Ci6Hi9BrN4O2 C16H20N2O C16H20N2O C16H20N2O * Mutarotation Camphorquinone oximes, including isonitrosocamphor Camphorquinone dioxime peroxide EtOH 2.00 Isonitrosocamphor (camphorquinone / /C:NOH\ monoxime) (C 8 Hj/ | ) C6H6 0.81 X \ CO / (stable M. P. 152°) CHCl3 1.0 (stable M. P. 152°) 2% NaOH 1.0 (unstable M. P. 114°) CHCl3 1.0 (unstable M. P. 114°) 2% NaOH 1.0 Pernitrosocamphorquinoneoxime CHCl3 0.566 Camphorquinone-a-dioxime CHCl3 .0 2% NaOH .0 Camphorquinone-jS-dioxime 2% NaOH .0 Camphorquinone-7-dioxime CHCl3 1.0 2% NaOH 1.0 Camphorquinone-o-dioxime CHCl3 1.0 2% NaOH 1.0 Camphorquinone-a-dioxime EtOH 1 . 57 2% NaOH 2.58 Camphorquinone-/3-dioxime 2% NaOH 1.87 Camphorquinone-7-dioxime EtOH 1 .00 2% NaOH 18.1 Camphorquinone- 5-dioxime 2% NaOH 1 . 85 EtOH 1.02 Camphorylazoimideoxime C6H6 2.01 EtOH 2.01 Me2CO 2.05 CHCl3 2.09 Isonitrosocamphor 0-methyl ether CHCl3 2.01 Isonitrosocamphor N-methyl ether CHCl3 4 . 55 Isonitrosocamphor #-ethyl ether CHCl3 1 . 246 Benzoylpernitrosocamphorquinoneoxime. . . . CHCl3 0.596 Camphorquinone hydrazones Camphorquinone a-hydrazone CHCl3 1.244 Camphorquinone ß-hydrazone CHCl3 1.253 CHCl3 0.688 Formylcamphorquinone a-hydrazone Acetylcamphorquinone a-hydrazone CHCl3 1.113 10% NaOH 0.833 Acetylcamphorquinone /3-hydrazone CHCl3 1.556 Pernitrosocamphorquinone p-bromophenylCHCl3 1.176 hydrazone Isomeride CHCl3 0.934 EtOH 1 Camphorquinone phenylhydrazone AcOEt 1 EtOH 1.0 Camphorquinone a-phenylhydrazone Py 1.0 PhNO2 1.0 Camphorquinone ß-phenylhydrazone EtOH 1.0 Py 1.0 C6H6 1.0 PhNO2 1.0 20 18.7 195 20 20 20 20 21 ( 58S ) (278) 197.0 (589) 288.0 172.9 275.3 103.1 ( 612 ) —51 .7 ( 589 ); cf. -103.8 (608 ) —24.5 16 . 4 14.3 52.8 87.0 -63 . 6 (585) -98.3 -24.1 22. 4 12'. 6 83 . 6 75.5 -198.2 (594) -160.1 -163.7 -161.3 197.7 (586) 279 . 8 (586) 248 . 1 (5**) 612 84.7 ( ) 287.4 231.3 258.0 265.5 252.0 223.8 (6I4) (614) (« *) 301.0 (612) 235.5* 43s ("72) 380* 398* (615) 435.5 453.9 397* (61S) 395.5 369.5 420.5 Sulfur derivatives of camphor: ir-Sulfonic derivatives of camphor, a-chlorocamphor Formula | Name | Solvent | Ci0H36BrNO3S a-Bromocamphor-7r-sulfonamide EtOH EtOH Cj0Hj6ClNO3S a-Chlorocamphor-7r-sulfonamide EtOH C3]H37N2O6S Strychnine a-camphor-TT-sulfonate EtOH CHCl3 H2O Strychnine Z-camphor-7r-sulfonate EtOH CHCl3 H2O and a-bromocamphor. — (Continued) d, C or % | t, 0C | [a]D \ Lit. 4.595 11 112.4 (ioso) 11.61 67.2 (1302.5) 5.066 11 90.16 (ioso) 0.5237 23.9 (1676) 0.5318 22.6 0.5321 11.3 0 . 5166 — 48 . 4 0.5442 -63.4 0.5017 -50.8 CK-DlKETONES AND DERIVATIVES C 10 H] 4 N 2 O 2 C]0H]6NO2 Ci0Hi5N3O8 Ci0Hi6N2O2 C10Hi6N4O C n H n NO 2 Ci2Hi9NO2 Ci7Hi9N3O4 Ci0Hi6N2O CnHi 6 N 2 O 2 Ci2Hi8N2O2 Ci6Hi9BrN4O2 C16H20N2O C16H20N2O C16H20N2O * Mutarotation Camphorquinone oximes, including isonitrosocamphor Camphorquinone dioxime peroxide EtOH 2.00 Isonitrosocamphor (camphorquinone / /C:NOH\ monoxime) (C 8 Hj/ | ) C6H6 0.81 X \ CO / (stable M. P. 152°) CHCl3 1.0 (stable M. P. 152°) 2% NaOH 1.0 (unstable M. P. 114°) CHCl3 1.0 (unstable M. P. 114°) 2% NaOH 1.0 Pernitrosocamphorquinoneoxime CHCl3 0.566 Camphorquinone-a-dioxime CHCl3 .0 2% NaOH .0 Camphorquinone-jS-dioxime 2% NaOH .0 Camphorquinone-7-dioxime CHCl3 1.0 2% NaOH 1.0 Camphorquinone-o-dioxime CHCl3 1.0 2% NaOH 1.0 Camphorquinone-a-dioxime EtOH 1 . 57 2% NaOH 2.58 Camphorquinone-/3-dioxime 2% NaOH 1.87 Camphorquinone-7-dioxime EtOH 1 .00 2% NaOH 18.1 Camphorquinone- 5-dioxime 2% NaOH 1 . 85 EtOH 1.02 Camphorylazoimideoxime C6H6 2.01 EtOH 2.01 Me2CO 2.05 CHCl3 2.09 Isonitrosocamphor 0-methyl ether CHCl3 2.01 Isonitrosocamphor N-methyl ether CHCl3 4 . 55 Isonitrosocamphor #-ethyl ether CHCl3 1 . 246 Benzoylpernitrosocamphorquinoneoxime. . . . CHCl3 0.596 Camphorquinone hydrazones Camphorquinone a-hydrazone CHCl3 1.244 Camphorquinone ß-hydrazone CHCl3 1.253 CHCl3 0.688 Formylcamphorquinone a-hydrazone Acetylcamphorquinone a-hydrazone CHCl3 1.113 10% NaOH 0.833 Acetylcamphorquinone /3-hydrazone CHCl3 1.556 Pernitrosocamphorquinone p-bromophenylCHCl3 1.176 hydrazone Isomeride CHCl3 0.934 EtOH 1 Camphorquinone phenylhydrazone AcOEt 1 EtOH 1.0 Camphorquinone a-phenylhydrazone Py 1.0 PhNO2 1.0 Camphorquinone ß-phenylhydrazone EtOH 1.0 Py 1.0 C6H6 1.0 PhNO2 1.0 20 18.7 195 20 20 20 20 21 ( 58S ) (278) 197.0 (589) 288.0 172.9 275.3 103.1 ( 612 ) —51 .7 ( 589 ); cf. -103.8 (608 ) —24.5 16 . 4 14.3 52.8 87.0 -63 . 6 (585) -98.3 -24.1 22. 4 12'. 6 83 . 6 75.5 -198.2 (594) -160.1 -163.7 -161.3 197.7 (586) 279 . 8 (586) 248 . 1 (5**) 612 84.7 ( ) 287.4 231.3 258.0 265.5 252.0 223.8 (6I4) (614) (« *) 301.0 (612) 235.5* 43s ("72) 380* 398* (615) 435.5 453.9 397* (61S) 395.5 369.5 420.5 Formula Ci6H20N4O2 Ci 6 H 2 iN 3 0 CnH 2 ON 2 O Ci7H20N2O2 C 20 H 28 N 2 C20H28N2O2 C20H30N2 C20H30N2 C 22 H 24 N 2 O C23H26N2O C11H16N3O C11H15N3S C13H17N3O2 C16H18N2 Ci6H20BrN3O Ci 6 H 20 N 2 Ci6H20N4O3 Ci6H21N3O C17H22BrN3O C17H22N4O8 C17H23N3O C17H23N3O2 C18H19N3O2 C11H17N3O2 C11H17N3OS Ci7H21N2OS C17H21N3O2 | Camphorquinone hydrazones. — (Continued) Name | Solvent | Pernitrosocamphorquinone phenylhydrazone. CHCl3 Camphorquinone phenylhydrazoneoxime CHCl3 Benzylidenecamphorquinone a-hydrazone . . . CHCl3 a-Benzoylcamphorquinone a-hydrazone CHCl3 Dicamphenepyrazine CHCl3 Azocamphanone CHCl3 / /C: N.N: C v \ MeOH (C8H1/! I )>C8H14J CHCl3 Dihydrodicamphenepyrazine Epidihydrodicamphenepyrazine Camphorquinone diphenylhydrazone Camphorquinone benzylphenylhydrazone. .. Cyclic derivatives of Camphanehydroxytriazine* Camphanethiotriazinef Acetylcamphanehydroxytriazine Camphanoquinoxaline Camphoryl-p-bromophenyltriazene Camphoranodihy droquinoxaline Camphoryl-0-nitrophenyltriazene Camphoryl-w-nitrophenyltriazene Camphoryl-p-nitrophenyltriazene Camphorylphenyltriazene§ Camphoryl-p-bromophenylmethyltriazene (needles) Camphoryl-p-bromophenylmethyltriazene (prisms) Camphoryl-0-nitrophenylmethyltriazene Camphoryl-w-nitrophenylmethyltriazene. . . . Camphoryl-p-nitrophenylmethyltriazene. . . Camphorylphenylmethyltriazene Camphoryl-p-methoxyphenyltriazene Benzoylcamphanehydroxytriazine Camphorquinone Camphorquinone a-semicarbazone d, C or % | t, 0C | 0.498 0.883 1.517 0.427 1.020 0.260 30 0.166 30 1.242 [a]D \ Lit. 374.4 ( 612 ) 147 (611) 159.2 ( 614 ) 204.9 ( 614 ) 55.5 ( 608 ) 188 ( 1955 ) 229 174.5 (614) CHCl3 CHCl3 C6H6 C6H6 Camphorquinone CHCl3 CHCl3 CHCl3 EtOH CHCl3 MeOH CHCl3 CHCl3 CHCl3 CHCl3 CHCl3 CHCl3 1 . 047 1 . 042 0.513 O.J$ - 283 .3 425 . 5 126.6 636 1.142 1.0 1.222 2.497 1.999 2.138 0.915 1.144 0.425 0.5 0.435 1.57 22.6 -73.3 42.2 31. 4J 29.26| 33.45 62.7 -180.0J -242.8 O 114.8 18.6 (595) CHCl3 0.90 -218.0 (595) CHCl3 CHCl3 CHCl3 CHCl3 CHCl3 CHCl3 CHCl3 semicarbazones MeOH very dil. KOH MeOH CHCl3 0.90 0.94 0.495 1.18 1.08 0.84 1.123 -232.1 301.0 (595) 181.6 310.8 235.2 (595) 49.0 (595) 7.7 (614) Camphorquinone j8-semicarbazone Camphorquinone a-thiosemicarbazone Camphorquinone phenylthiocarbamylhydraCHCl3 zone Camphorquinone «-phenylcarbamylCHCl3 hydrazone Camphorquinone /8-phenylcarbamylCHCl3 hydrazone 23.0 27.0 30.0 20 (608) ( 608 ) ( 44 ) ( 44 ) (614) (615) (614) ( 1952 ) («as) ^ 952 ) (595) 1.576 1.337 1.576 1.0 277.6 333.3 200.9 314.4 (614) Jf. O 259.4 (615) 0.883 229.3 (614) 0.851 191.9 (615) ß-DlKETONES AND ENOLIC ISOMERIDES Ci7Hi8BrNO4 CnH18ClNO4 CnH18N2O8 Ci7Hi9BrO2 a'-w-Nitrobenzoyl-a-bromocamphor a-w-Nitrobenzoyl-a'-bromocamphor a'-m-Nitrobenzoyl-a-chlorocamphor a-w-Nitrobenzoyl-a'-chlorocamphor a'-ra-Nitrobenzoyl-a-nitrocamphor a-w-NitrobenzoyW-nitrocamphor a'-Benzoyl-a-bromocamphor a-Benzoyl-a'-bromocamphor Ci7Hi9ClO2 CHCl3 CHCl3 CHCl3 CHCl3 CHCl3 CHCl3 C6H6 CHCl3 C6H6 CHCl3 CHCl3 CHCl3 CHCl3 a'-Benzoyl-a-chlorocamphor a-Benzoyl-a'-chlorocamphor C17H19IO2 Benzoyliodocamphor /C: N.N /C: N.N * C8Hi4(M Il . t C8Hu^ ' Il , $ Mutarotation. §CioHuO.N: N.NH.CeHs. X X C: N.COH C: N.C.SH 1 . 56 1.85 2.24 1 .75 2.00 2. OO 2.0 2.01 2.00 2.58 1.67 1 . 59 2.05 21 21 20 21 20 20 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 87. 9 (606) —26.1 40.4 (606) 7.1 175.6 ( 6 Oi) 178. 1 -10.0 (60S) 10.3 -53.2 -19.3 -27.9 (60S) 26 . 2 47.7 (601) jS-DlKETONES AND ENOLIC ISOMERIDES.—(Continued) Formula Ci7Hi9NO4 Ci7Hi9NO4 Ci7H20O2 Ci7H2oO2 C24H24Os C24H26O2 Ci0Hi7ClO Ci0Hi8O2 | Name [ Solvent | w-Nitrobenzoylcamphor (enolic) CHCl3 o-Nitrobenzoylcamphor (enolic) CHCl3 <*', a-Benzoylnitrocamphor CHCl3 a, a'-Benzoylnitrocamphor CHCl3 / /CH.CO.C6H5\ a-Benzoylcamphor ( C8Hi/ V EtOH \ XX) / CHCl3 a-Hydroxy-ß-benzoylcamphene (enolic / /C-CO-C6H5X isomeride) ( C8Hi4HI ) ,.CHCl3 \ ^COH / EtOH a-Benzoxy-ß-benzoylcamphene / /C-CO-C6H5 \ (C8H1/Il ) CHCl3 \ XlO-CO-C6H6/ EtOH Enolic benzoylcamphor benzyl ether CHCl3 CARBOXYLIC ACIDS MONOCARBOXYLIC ACIDS Fencholic and campholic acids and derivatives Fencholyl chloride ((CH3)2C.C6Hi0.COCl) Campholic acid (CH3.C8H14.COOH) C6H6 d, C or % | t, 0C | 1.96 20 1.86 21 2.00 25 2.00 20 [ 1.00 2.00 21 21 137.5 125.0 (580) 2.05 1.17 21 21 216* 208* (580) 4.01 1.01 2.32 22 27 21 189.7 (580) 187.3 155.8 (584) 1.004520 19 20 -2.43 59.26 (2122) (1818) a-Aminocampholic acid /3-Aminocampholic acid a-Aminocampholic hydrochloride ß-Aminocampholic hydrochloride Cyanocampholic amide (CN.CH2.C8H14.CO.NH2) Dimethylcampholic acid ((CH3)2.CH.C8Hi4.COOH) Ethyl campholate (CH3.C8H14.COOC2H5)... H2O H2O H2O H2O 2.07 2.5 5.0 5.0 26 25 24 26 67 16.4 44.7 41.3 (1528) EtOH 1.05 16 85.63 (1553) 20 47.4 (805) 40.49 (1818) 15 15 18 18 70.8 (805) 55.40 (1281) 60.87 (1281) 77.08 (1281) 40.50 (1281) 1832) Ci0Hi9NO2 Ci0H20ClNO2 CuHi8N2O Ci2H22O2 Ci2H22O2 EtOH (1528) (1832) Ci2H23NO Ci3H24O2 Ci4H26O2 Ci4H27NO Ci6H27NO Ci7H23BrO2 Ci7H23BrO3 Ci8H23NO2 C24H3iNO C9Hi7O2 C9Hi6O2 Ci0Hi8O2 Ci0Hi6NO2 Ci0Hi5NO2 CnHi6O2 C11Hi7N Dimethylcampholamide EtOH Methylethylcampholic acid EtOH Diethylcampholic acid EtOH Diethylcampholamide EtOH Diallylcampholamide EtOH Phenylbromohomocampholic acid (C6H5.CHBr.CH2.C8H14.COOH) PhMe p-Bromophenylhydroxyhomocampholic acid (BrC6H4.CHOH.CH2.C8H14.COOH) PhMe o-Tolyl cyanocampholate (CN.CH2.C8H14.COOC6H4.CH3) EtOH m-Tolyl cyanocampholate C6H6 EtOH p-Tolyl cyanocampholate C6H6 Dibenzylcampholamide ((C6H6.CH2)2CH.C8H14.CO.NH2) EtOH EtOH Other monocarboxylic adds Dihydrolauronolic acidf Teresantalic acidi EtOH Dihydrofencholenic acid§ Cyanodihydrocampholytic acid|| EtOH Cyanocamphoranic acidf EtOH Bornylene-2-carboxylic acid** AcOEt Camphanecarboxylic acid nitrile MeOH t CH2 CH2X Î CH2 CH2X | >CH (CH3).COOH. | ^>C.CH3.COOH. CHj-C(CHa)2/ CH3-CH-CH(CHa/ t CN.C(CH8).C.(CHa)2 v /CH I XCH.COOH. **c8Hi4<(|| X * Mutarotation. CH2 CH/ C.COOF 2.41 3.45 2.68 8.48 44.8 (820) 57.05 (820) 8.95 10.5 9.9 5.7 20 2.72 2.52 19 19 0.9008 25 0.9816JÜ 6.0 10 3.30 12.3 /CH2 §C7Hl/ . X CH.COOH 12 21 25.5 18 15.5 22 26 21.6 26.1 26.2 17.5 33.12 34.30 (««3) («si) 1.74 (me) -70.40 (iMS) 4.3 (1359) 25.3 (1528) 67.3 -95.7 (238) 1 (613) || CN.CH.C(CH3)2x | ^C(CHa)-COOH. CH2 CH27 CllHi802 Other monocarboxylic acids. — (Continued) Name Solvent I d, C or % | t, 0C Z-Camphane-2-carboxylic acid* AcOEt 3.74 19 C12H1SO2 Methyl bornylene-2-carboxylate Formula [a]D -37.8 Lit. ( 237 ); c/. (238) C12Ü2002 C13H2oO2 Ü14H2402 C9H14O8 C IuH16O8 C IuH16O8 CH2.CO y CH2.COy CH2CO y 18 66.82 18.5 20 2 6.79 (1835) (257) 57.51 (1835) 57.11 EtOH 1.053 15 78.58 ( 8 U) 5.69 23 35.7 (19*6) 1.041 15 59.14 1.01 15 70.00 (811) 1.029 15 58.18 (811) 15 53.3 (811) 15 51.7 (811) 15 50.28 15 62.16 15 51.8 15 30.33 (811) \ \ ( I ^)C(C3H7). CO.OCH3 ) 1.02 \CH3.CH.CH2/ / Ethyl 4-methyl-l-ethyl-2-cyclopentanC11H1SO8 onecarboxylate 1.01 Propyl 1, 4-dimethy 1-2-cyclopentanoneC11H1SO8 0.991 carboxylate Ethyl 4-methy1- 1-ally 1-2-cyclopentanoneC 2H sOs 1.01 carboxylate Ethyl 4-methy 1-1-propy 1-2-cy cloC^H2OO8 1.00 pentanonecarboxylate Ethyl 4-methy1-1-isobuty1-2-cycloC H 2O 0.994 pentanonecarboxylate Camphorcarboxylic acid and isomers, homologues and derivatives C10H16O8 a-Thujaketonic acid Et2O 6.945 AcOH 4.6163 CHCl3 5.132 H2O 0.6754 6.S649 MeOH Ammoniumsalt H2O 0.881 J CH2.CH.C(CH3)2 CHr-CH2 t CH8.CH.C(CH8)2v | / \ I ;>C(CHj).CH: CH.COOH. CH2 *CH3.C—C(CH8)*-CH. CH2 CH/ | /CH2 \ / CH2.CH.C<^X I HOOC.CH— CH2 CH.COOCH8 1 20 (238) (237) \ ( I j>C(C3H6).CO.OCH3 ) \CH3.CH.CH/ / Methyl 4-methy1-1-propy1-2-cyclopentanonecarboxylate / 19 -93.6 -98.8 \ ( I \C(CH3).CO.OC2H0 ) . . . \CH3.CH— CH2/ / Methyl 4-methy l-l-allyl-2-cyclopentanonecarboxylate / C11H1SO8 CH2-CO y ( I ;>C(CH3).CO.OCH3 ) \CH3.CH— CH/ / d-m-2-Hydroxy-l, 2, 3-trimethylcyclopentane-1-carboxylic acid /CH3.CH.C.CH3OH \ ( I -/C(CH3). COOH ) \ CH2-CH/ / Methyl 4-methy 1- 1-ethy 1-2-cy clopentanonecarboxylate (CH2.COV \ I ;>C(C2H6).CO.OCH3 J CH3.CH.CH/ / Ethyl 1, 4-dimethyl-2-cyclopentanonecarboxylate / C11H16O8 ' 7.17 2.88 1, 2, 2, 3-Tetramethylcyclopentane-l-acrylic C6H6 acidf Methyl 2, 2-dimethyl-norcamphane-31.0268 spirocyclopropanecarboxylatej Ethyl 1, 2, 2, 3-tetramethylcyclopentane-lacrylate C6H6 KETONIC ACIDS Derivatives of cyclopentanone and cyclopentanol Methyl l-4-dimethyl-2-cyclopentanonecarboxylate / C9H16O8 AeOEt AcOEt (8U) 1 2 (811) (811) 8 19 (««) 194.0 (2022); cf. 224.1 (2114) 244.8 244.0 214.8 170 (2022) I Formula Ci0H17NO8 CnHi6O8 CnHi6O8 Camphorcarboxylic acid and isomer s, homologues and derivatives. — (Continued) Name Solvent I d, C or % | t, 0C | [a}D \ Lit. MeOH 3.933 -5.0 (2022) a-Thujaketonic acid oxime (alk. prep.) (neutral prep.) AcOH 1.7008 5.56 MeOH 4.473 very small AcOEt 3.89 19 -18.5 (237) Z-Epicamphorcarboxylic acid C6H6 1.52 18 ( 8 22) d-Camphor-a-carboxylic acid / CH.COOH\ EtOH 1.52 60 X MeCN 1.52 62.5 ClH EtI 1.52 73.3 H2O 1.52 73.3 NaOH 1.52 87.5 H2O 1.52 EtOH 1 18 61.9 (440) EtOH 1 18 -61.9 (440) £-Camphorcarboxylic acid EtOH 100 ( 7 24) Camphorcarboxamide (X = 5461) C6H6 75* AcOH 2. 29 16 227.8 (2022) a-Thujaketonic semicarbazone 2.30 14 72.6 (1553) Camphoracetic acid (d0Hi5O.CH2.COOH). . EtOH EtOH 70.7 ( 797 ) 161.22* (724); c/. Methyl camphorcarboxylate ( C11H17NO2 C11Hi9N3O3 Ci2Hi8Oa Ci2Hi8O3 "\io ) (1288) Camphoroximeacetic acid / xCH.CH2.COOH\ (C 8 Hi 4x ; I ) X \ C:NOH / Acetyl a, a'-bromocamphorcarboxamide . . . . Camphor-ß-propionic acid (Ci0H16O-CH2. CH2.COOH) a-Methyl methylcamphorcarboxylate ß-Methyl methylcamphorcarboxylate a-Methyl ethylcamphorcarboxylate (8-Methyl ethylcamphorcarboxylate 1-Methyl acid campholethanoyl-1methanoatef Dimethyl carboxycamphoracetate Methyl Z-a-propylcamphor-a-carboxylate (isomeride a) (isomeride b) Camphorcarboxypiperidide (Ci0H16O.CO.N.C6Hio) Ci2Hi9NO8 Ci3Hi8BrNO8 Ci 3 H 2 OO 2 Ci3H2oO3 CuH22O8 C^H22Os CiSH22Os Ci 6 H 24 O 3 C16H25NO2 EtOH 3.38 C6H6 2 EtOH EtOH EtOH EtOH EtOH -5.9 (598) -0.5* ( 7 24) 45.6 (797) 17.25 (1432) 75 58 (1432) 87.8 EtOH EtOH 2.7 20 49.37 (1553) 65.70 (797) EtOH EtOH 52.57 (793) 49.73 C6H6 EtOH 11.89 Diethyl-l-ethanoatecamphomethanoate§. . . . EtOH CnH26Os Benzyl camphorcarboxylate C1SH22O8 EtOH 1.66 (C10H16O.CO.O.CH2.C6H5) Phenylmethyl ethanoatecamphoC oH 4Os EtOH 3.2 methanoate|| 1-Methyl 1-benzylethanoateC21H26Os EtOH 9.03 camphomethanoate 1f Other ketonic acids, including their nitriles and derivatives of enol forms Ci0Hi4O8 d-Camphenonic acid** EtOH 8.0 Ci 0 Hi 6 NO 2 Z-Camphenonic amide EtOH 2.8 CnH16BrNO Cyanodihydrocarvone hydrobromide EtOH 1 . 415 EtOH 1.289 CnHi6ClNO Cyanodihydrocarvonehydrochloride EtOH 3.208 CnHi 7 NO 2 0-Dihydrocarvonecarboxamide EtOH 0 . 9340 Ci 3 Hi 6 NO 3 Camphorylidenecyanoacetic acidft CHCl3 1.052 Ci6Hi9NO8 Ethyl camphorylidenecyanoacetate CHCl3 1.012 CisH2iNO8 Ethyl cyanocamphoracetatett 1.09 Ci8H20O3 Camphorylidenephenylacetic acid§§ CHCl3 1 .0072 * Mutarotation. f CsHi4x /C(XOCH3 % fa]646i. § C8Hi4V /C(XOC2H6 Il C8Hi4x /CO-OCH3 2 21 12.5 24. 9t (724) 111{ 59.7 (1553) 15 58.23 (1553) 16 41.6 (1553) 22 46.0 (1553) 2 i WCH .COOH . CHOH/ C(CH3)I **CH2.CHI CH2 I CH2.C(COOH)— CO X I W . i >c<( 79.1 (62) -58.3 (62) 25 . 5 (328) 25.8 25.6 (328) 71 . 2 (328) 223.4 (613) 201.2 (613) 79.44 (81°) 233.3 (613) ^ C8Hix4x /CO-O-CH2-C6H5 . 1 CH2.CO.OC2H6 CO-/ XCH2.CO.OC6H6 CO-/ /CrC(CN)COOH /C.CN /C: C(CeHs)-COOH tt C8Hi4xJ • ^C 8 Hi 4 x Il . §§C 8 Hi<| X X X • CO CO.CH2.CO.OC2H6 CO 2 CO— / X 20 20 14 14 18 18 . 5 c 2 Formula C9Hi2O8 C9HuO4 C9Hi6NO3 C n Hi 8 O 4 Ci3H22O4 DICARBOXYLIC ACIDS Thujadicarboxylic acid and derivatives [ Name | Solvent a-Thujadicarboxylic anhydride Et2O CHCl3 a-Thujadicarboxylic acid Et2O / /CH.CO.OH \ AcOH (CH 2 / I J CHCl3 X \ C(C3H7)CH2.CO.OH/ MeOH H2O H2O H2O Ammonium salt H2O a-Thujadicarboxylic monoamide MeOH Ammonium a-thujadicarboamate H2O MeOH Dimethyl a-thujadicarboxylate Et2O Et2O Diethyl a-thujadicarboxylate Et2O Et2O Ci6H26O4 Ci6H20O4 Ci7H30O4 Di-n-propyl a-thujadicarboxylate Benzyl hydrogen a-thujadicarboxylate Diisobutyl a-thujadicarboxylate Et2O Et2O Et2O Et2O Ci9H34O4 Ci0Hi4O3 Ci 0 Hi 6 NO 2 Ci0Hi6O4 Ci0Hi7NO3 Ci 0 Hi 8 N 2 O 2 Ci2H20O4 Ci4H24O4 C 22 H 26 N 2 O 2 Ci0Hi3BrO3 Ci0Hi4O3 Ci0Hi6BrO4 Ci0Hi6O4 Ci0Hi6O4 CnHi7BrO4 Diisoamyl a-thujadicarboxylate Et2O Fenchocamphoric acid and derivatives cis-d-Isofenchocamphoric anhydride C6H6 d-c^-Isofenchocamphoric imide EtOH Isofenchocamphoric acid Et2O Z-c^-Isofenchocamphoric acid EtOH cMrans-Isofenchocamphoric acid EtOH a-Amino-Zrans-d-isofenchocamphoric acid... EtOH ß-Amino-^rans-d-isofenchocamphoric acid... EtOH ß-Amino-c£s-d-isofenchocamphoric acid EtOH a-Amino-cis-Z-isofenchocamphoric acid EtOH d-Jrans-Isofenchocamphodiamide EtOH Dimethyl Zrans-Z-isofenchocamphorate Dimethyl cts-d-isofenchocamphorate Diethyl d-frems-isofenchocamphorate Diethyl Z-c^s-isofenchocamphorate Z-frans-Isofenchocamphoric dianiljde EtOH d-m-Isofenchocamphoric dianilide EtOH Camphoric acid and camphorates 0-Bromocamphoric anhydride Me2CO Camphoric anhydride; cf. (57, 833, 1388) C6H6 /3-Bromocamphoric acid EtOH / XX)OH\ CHCl3 Camphoric acid ( C8Hi/ 1; for CHCl3 X \ COOH/ Me2CO camphorates, cf. (1162, 2021) AcOH Ammonium salt H2O Barhim salt H2O Calcium salt H2O Lithium salt H2O Magnesiumsalt H2O Potassium salt H2O Sodium salt H2O Isocamphoric acid; c/. (57, 686, 1388) EtOH Monomethyl 0-bromocamphorate Me2CO | d, C or % 4.069 2.642 4.991 4.9177 2.8726 4.7043 0.7323 3.805 1.90 0.793 5.777 1.713 4.694 1.054 4-748 10.86 1.0535 1.019 5.135 10.073 0.9973 6.786 4.566 0.991 5.577 13.709 0.9924 4-4^14 | t, 0C | 17 13 10.48 10.35 2.603 9.3 10 1.57 1.68 8.6 1.7 6 1.047If 1.047Of 1.0057 1.0073 7.69 2.39 5 0.7705 5 2.5 5.0 16 15 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 4.79 \ 17 15 17 18 18 20 20 20 19 18 18 12 17 17 12 12 12 15 16 [QJ]D ÏCKÎ 8.43 105.1 133.2 171.5 104.0 135.1 -5.3 -7.1 15.2 54.5 -17.6 9.2 142.5 142.1 139.2 142.5 114.1 115.9 106.0 84.7 85.2 34.7 77.62 71.6 73.0 73.5 73.1 18.5 18 11 21 21 18 17 17 20 17 16 21 20 20 15 18.5 13.33 -12.73 -12.75 -14.54 4.21 7.98 9.71 8.91 —11.18 -6.18 1.18 19.17 —1.05 —11.16 20.69 26.26 (1858) (1858) (2130) (1858) 18 9 11 21 21 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 10 Lit. (2022) (2022) (2022) (2022) (2022) (2022) (2123) (2022) (2022) (2022) (2022) (2022) (1858) (1858) (1858) (1858) (1858) (1858) (1858) —2.8 (4a) -7.12 (1449) 39.3 (41) 46.4 («04) 46.0 («33) 50.81 46.66 17.87 (833) 12.21 (833) 17.69 (833) 20.08 (833) 19.70 (833) 14.48 (*33) 16.91 (833) -47.6 (1524) 53.6 Formula CnHi8O4 Cl2H 2oO4 Camphoric acid and camphorates. — (Continued) Solvent I d, C or % | t, 0C | Name Allomethyl hydrogen camphorate Orthomethyl hydrogen camphorate CHCl3 6.0 23 Methyl hydrogen camphorate CHCl3 2.5 23 EtOH 10 a-Methyl ß-hydrogen isocamphorate EtOH 10 a-Methyl hydrogen isocamphorate EtOH 10 /3-Methyl hydrogen isocamphorate 1. 07471° 22 Dimethyl camphorate [a]D \ Lit. 43.55 (788) 51.52 57.71 (408) 58.50 -57.9 (1522) -58.4 (1524) -53.1 48.16 (251); cf. (788; 2101) Cl2ÏÎ2oO4 C12Ü20O4 Dimethyl isocamphorate Ethyl hydrogen camphorate Cl 3 H 22 O4 Alloethyl hydrogen camphorate Orthoethyl hydrogen camphorate Orthoethyl hydrogen isocamphorate Allomethyl orthoethylcamphorate Orthomethyl alloethylcamphorate n-Propyl hydrogen camphorate Ci4H 24 O4 Diethyl camphorate Ci2H2oO4 Ci 3 H22O4 EtOH CHCl3 CHCl3 CHCl3 CHCl3 1.07324° 10 6 2.5 1.1004 1.1133 1.1156 1.0528f 1.0448f 5.0 2.5 1.0301 21 -65.2 (1522) -63.6 (1524) 23 38.72 (408) 23 39.8 23.9 (687) 39.18 -49.51 (687) 2 2 . 2 38.43 (251) 22.2 45.49 23 38.76 (408) 23 38.56 19.6 36.30 (25i) ; cf. (687) Ci4lÎ24O4 Ci 4 H 24 O 4 C16H20O Ci7ÏÎ2oO6 C17H22O4 Ci8H38N2O4 C20Ü22O4 C 20 H 24 Os C2oIÎ26O5 C 20 H 26 Og C 20 H 34 O 4 C 2 2 H 2 4 Oo C 24 H 32 N 2 O 4 C 2 OH 2 COs C 26 H 32 N 2 O 6 C 26 H 48 O 4 C^H26Os C 36 H 36 N 2 O 6 C4QHy6O4 C10Hi6NO2 Ci0Hi7NO3 C10H18N2O2 C11H17NO2 C11H19NO3 C11H19NO8 Diethyl isocamphorate n-Butyl hydrogen camphorate 1.0473 6.0 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 5.0 2.6 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 5.0 2.5 5.0 1.567 2.5 2.5 5.0 CHCl3 CHCl3 CHCl3 Phenyl hydrogen camphorate Orthoaldehydophenyl hydrogen camphorate . CHCl3 Orthotolyl hydrogen camphorate CHCl3 CHCl3 CHCl3 Dibutylamine camphorate CHCl3 a-Naphthyl hydrogen camphorate CHCl3 ß-Naphthyl hydrogen camphorate Orthoacetylvinylphenyl hydrogen camphorate CHCl3 CHCl3 Eugenyl hydrogen camphorate CHCl3 CHCl3 Isoeugenyl hydrogen camphorate CHCl3 C6H6 o-Menthyl hydrogen camphorate 2-Aceto-a-naphthyl hydrogen camphorate . . . CHCl3 Di-p-toluidine camphorate CHCl3 CHCl3 Ortho-ß-benzoylvinylphenyl hydrogen CHCl3 2.6 camphorate CHCl3 2.5 Di-p-aminoacetophenone camphorate CHCl3 5.0 CHCl3 5.0 Cetyl hydrogen camphorate 2.5 2-Benzoyl-a-naphthyl hydrogen camphorate CHCl3 CHCl3 2.5 Di-p-aminobenzophenone camphorate CHCl3 5.0 CHCl3 2.5 Myricyl hydrogen camphorate CHCl3 5.0 Camphorimide, camphoramide and camphoramic acid and derivatives / /co\ \ Me2CO Camphorimide ( C8H1/ /NHj CHCl3 20 X \ COX / CHCl3 5 a-Camphoramic acid (HO.CO.C8H14.CO.NH2) Me2CO Camphoramide (C8H14(CO.NH2)2) CHCl3 Methylcamphorimide Me2CO 2.3 AT-Methyl-a-camphoramic acid Me2CO 2.3 «-Methyl 0-camphoramate EtOH /3-Methyl a-camphoramate EtOH 23 23 23 23 21 21 20 23 23 23 21 21 21 21 20 23 21 21 -48.53 (687) 35.6 (408) 36.24 45.38 (408) 48.1 (408) 45.0 ( 904 ); c/. 45.2 (408) 39.9 (408) 34.24 (408) 53.28 (408) 30.04 (408) 32.0 32.7 (904) 38.0 (904) 38.6 -16.6 (344) 38.00 (408) 24.0 ( 904 ); c/. 22.9 (408) 23 21 21 20 23 21 21 20 20 49.44 (408) 19.4 (904) 19.2 20.43 (908) 52.82 (1553) 12.4 (904) ; c/. 12.2 (408) 14.85 (908) 14.29 -10.1 (2212, 5.45 1997) 1.55 2o 2o 27 25 45 (2212) -10.6 (758.5) 7.26 (2212) 33.24 (2212) 57.25 (807) 23.33 Formula C11H19NO3 Ci2H19NO2 C12H21NO8 C13H19NO2 C13H21NO3 C13H21NO2 C13H23NO3 C14H23NO2 C14H26NO3 C14H26NO3 C14H26NO3 C16H26NO2 C16H27NO3 C16H18BrNO2 C16H18ClNO2 C16H18N2O4 C16H19BrN2O6 C16H20BrNO3 C16H20BrNO3 C16H20ClNO8 Ci6H20N2O6 C16H21BrN2O8 I Camphorimide, camphoramide and camphoramic acid and derivatives. — (Continued) Name Solvent I d, C or % | t, 0C | EtOH 10 ß-Methyl isocampho ramate EtOH 10 a-Methyl ß-isocamphoramate Me2CO 2.3 2o JV-Ethylcamphorimide Me2CO 2.3 2o A^-Ethyl-a-camphoramic acid Me2CO 2.3 2o AT-Allylcamphorimide Me2CO 2.3 2o JV- Ally l-<*-camphoramic acid Me2CO 2.3 2o n-Propylcamphorimide Me2CO 2.3 2o N-tt-Propyl-a-camphoramic acid Me2CO 2.3 2o AT-n-Butylcamphorimide EtOH 8.78 20 AT-Diethyl-a-camphoramic acid EtOH 6.98 20 Af-ß-Butyl-a-camphoramic acid Me2CO 2.3 2o ß-n-Butyl-a-camphoramic acid Me2CO 2.3 2o AT-n-Amylcarnphorirnide Me2CO 2.3 2o Af-tt-Amyl-a-camphoramic acid Me2CO 2.3 2o Af-2-Bromophenylcamphorimide Me2CO 2.3 2o A^S-Bromophenylcamphorimide Me2CO 2.3 2o AT-4-Bromophenylcamphorimide Me2CO 2.3 2o AT-2-Chlorophenylcamphorimide Me2CO 2.3 2o Af-3-Chlorophenylcamphorimide Me2CO 2.3 2o N-^Chlorophenylcamphorimide Me2CO 2.3 2o A/"-3-Nitrophenylcamphorimide N-4-Bromo-3-nitrophenyl-a-camphoramic EtOH 1.50 acid EtOH 2.77 ^-^Bromophenyl-a-camphoramic acid Me2CO 2.3 2o AT-2-Bromophenyl-a-camphoramic acid Me2CO 2.3 ,2o AT-3-Bromophenyl-a-camphoramic acid Me2CO 2.3 2o N-e-Bromophenyl-a-camphoramic acid Me2CO 2.3 2o N-2-Chlorophenyl-a-camphoramic acid Me2CO 2.3 2o A^-3-Chlorophenylcamphoramic acid Me2CO 2.3 2o ]V-4-Chlorophenylcamphoramic acid Me2CO 2.3 2o N-3-Nitrophenyl-a-camphoramic acid ]V-4-Bromo-3-aminophenyl-a-camphoramic EtOH 1.96 acid [a]o \ Lit. -54.4 (1524) -60.05 (1522) 8.87 (2212) 17.1 (2212) 7.95 (2212) 13.54 (2212) 10.9 (2212) 18.45 (2212) 12.8 (2212) 19.29 («") 28.80 (685) 15.8 (2212) 7.7 (2212) 18.9 (2212) 13.3 (2212) 15.4 15.7 14.1 (2212) 16.2 16.2 1.7 (2212) -48.4 47.0 -11.8 33.2 37.8 -16.4 37.0 40.5 32.0 (2211) (2ii) (2212) (2212) (2212) 40.7 (2211); cf. 49.2 46.36 13.48 39.9 10.8 16.9 15.7 17.6 12.7 33.9 31.0 37.0 42.01 18.5 39.5 24.45 26.34 18.0 7.46 64.9 (2212) (1197) (1197) (2212) (2212) (2212) (2212) (2212) C16H21NO4 C16H22N2O3 C16H27NO2 Ci6H29NO3 C17H21NO2 Ci7H23NO3 C17H24N2O3 C18H23NO3 C18H26NO4 C18H33NO3 C20H21NO2 C20H28NO8 C20H28N2O8 C22H26N3O3 N-4-Hydroxyphenyl-a-camphoramic acid. . . . N-cis-~H.y droxyphenyl-a-camphoramic acid. . N-£rans-Hydroxyphenyl-a-camphoramic acid N-3-Aminophenyl-a-camphoramic acid N-ft-Hexylcamphorimide Af-n-Hexyl-a-camphoramic acid N-o-Tolylcamphorimide AT-m-Tolylcamphorimide N-p-Tolylcamphorimide Af-o-To Iy 1-a-camphoramic acid 2V-w-Toly 1-a-camphoramic acid AT-p-Tolyl-a-camphoramic acid a-Methyl ß-phenylhydrazinocamphorate . . . . AT-4-Ethoxyphenylcamphorimide AT-4-Ethoxyphenyl-a-camphoramic acid JV-d-Octyl-a-camphoramic acid Aâ-Naphthylcamphorimide AT-ß-Naphthylcamphorimide JV-a-Naphthyl-a-camphoramic acid AT-ß-Naphthyl-a-camphoramic acid /3-Camphornitrilic acid anhydride ((CN.C8H14.CO)20) iV-4-Benzeneazophenyl-a-camphoramic acid (C6H6.N2.C6H4.NH.CO.C8H14. COOH) Me2CO 2.3 Me2CO Me2CO Me2CO Me2CO Me2CO Me2CO Me2CO Me2CO Me2CO EtOH Me2CO Me2CO EtOH Me2CO Me2CO Me2CO Me2CO 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 6.49 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 CHCl3 1.017 EtOH 2.3 2o 16 16 2o 2o 2o 2o 2o 2o 2o 2o 2o 26 2o 2o 20 2o 2o 2o 2o 2o (2212) (807) (2212) (2212) (685) (2212) (2212) 52.4 (608) 87.7 (2212); c/. (2211) C86H47Cl3N4O6 Trichlorobutylidenebis-3-aminophenyl-acamphoramic acid (CH3.C.C12.CHCLCH(NH.C6H4.NH.CO.C8H14. COOH)2) Me2CO 2.555 27.4 (2212) Formula C10Hi4BrNO3 C10H16NO3 Name ß-Bromocamphoryloxime Camphoryloxime, hydrazide, etc. Solvent CHCl3 C C2H4Cl2 Camphoryloxime I/ C8H1/ / °\>NOH\J X EtOH \ COX / EtOH Acetylcamphoryloxime C12H14NO4 Me2CO Acetyl-ß-bromocamphoryloxime Ci2H16BrNO4 Acetyl-TT-bromocamphoryloxime Me2CO Me2CO Benzoyl-ß-bromocamphoryloxime C17H18BrNO4 Benzoyl-TT-bromocamphoryloxime Me2CO Me2CO Camphoryloxime anhydride C20H28N2O6 Me2CO sesçm-Camphorylhydroxylamine C30H42N2O8 CHCl3 A^-Nitrosocamphoryl phenylhydrazide C16H19N3O3 CHCl3 JV-Nitrocamphoryl phenylhydrazide C16H19N3O4 EtOH Camphoryl 4-bromophenylhydrazide* C16H19BrN2O2 A^-Nitrosocamphoryl dibromophenylC16H17Br2N3O3 CHCl3 hydrazide AT-Nitrocamphoryl dibromophenylC16H17Br2N3O4 CHCl3 hydrazide N-Nitrosocamphoryl 4-bromophenylC16H18BrN3O3 CHCl3 hydrazide N-Nitrocamphoryl 4-bromophenylC16H18BrN3O4 CHCl3 hydrazide Homocamphoric acid and esters Ci2H20O4 a-Methylhomocamphoric acid EtOH /3-Methylhomocamphoric acid EtOH C13H22O4 «-Ethyl hydrogen homocamphorate EtOH C13H22O4 Ethyl-0-homocamphoric acid EtOH C19H26O4 a-Ethyl ß-phenylhomocamphorate EtOH Other dicarboxylic acids C9H12O3 Caryophyllenic anhydride C10H16O4 d-Homotanacetonedicarboxylic acid t MeOH C11Hi8O4 Methyl caryophyllenate AMINES AND !MINES MONOAMINES AND HYDBOXYAMINES C10Hi7N 1-Aminocamphene EtOH C6H6 C10Hi7N Camphenamine MeOH Ci0Hi9N Camphidine C6H6 C11H23NO a.- Aminohomocampholic alcohol C6H6 EtOH KETOAMINES AND !MINES Iminocamphor and derivatives / xC:NHx Ci0Hi6NO2 «-Iminocamphor I C8Hi/ | ) EtOH X \ CO / Ci6Hi8BrNO o-Bromophenyliminocamphor CHCl3 MeOH ra-Bromophenyliminocamphor CHCl3 MeOH p-Bromophenyliminocamphor CHCl3 MeOH Ci6Hi8ClNO o-Chlorophenyliminocamphor CHCl3 MeOH m-Chlorophenyliminocamphor CHCl3 MeOH Ci6Hi8ClNO p-Chlorophenyliminocamphor CHCl3 Ci6Hi9NO Phenyliminocamphor MeOH MeOH CHCl3 Ci6Hi9NO2 m-Hydroxyphenyliminocamphor CHCl3 p-Hydroxyphenyliminocamphor CHCl3 /COy t HO.CCX /CH2V Î Mutarotation. * C8Hi/ ">N.NH.C6H4Br. )>C-^ CH. CH. CH3. COOH. 7 \C I d, C or % | t, 0C | 2.20 13 44-32 1.8 2 2.36 51.4 1.57 3.4 2 3.22 1.71 1.43 0.981 17.4 15 13 12 13 14 13 [a]D 10.2 \ Lit. (1286.5) 14.09 (1599) 10 (277) 4.25 (277) 3 (1286.5) 1.3 11 (1286.5) 46.3 26.7 (1286.5) 33 (1286.5) 14.1 (2211) 16.1 (2211) 26.9 (2211) 1.11 19.0 (2211) 2.1 10.9 (2211) 1.55 18.1 (2211) 1.72 14.0 (2211) (1432) 4. 18 17 9 . 64 19 26.31 38. 12 55.8 39.65 27 . 58 -28 10.25 44 O928) (1920) (i »28) 59.7 43.4 4. 11 23.9 68.71 78.86 ( 57 S) 77.8 (593) 429. 4J 327.2t 415. 5t 336. 7J 534. OJ 280. 2J 161 . 9 j 176.6J 476. 7J 459. OJ 642 606 .8 596.1 726 630 1363 (1952) 1 . 139920 20 1 . 0456 1.78 1.93 15.7 10 0.93 5.03 20 20 22 22 18 20 21 15 1 . 67 0.191 0.182 0.700 0.734 0.612 0.600 0 . 318 0.473 0.335 0.402 0.415 0 . 462 0.462 0.505 0 . 412 0.231 31 31.5 31 31 30 30 28 . 0 31.0 27.5 26.5 26 . 5 27.0 (15*3) (1433) (1553) (398) (1997) (1553) (l 952) (6U) (i 952) («») ( 61 I) Formula Ci6H20N2O C17H2iNO C17H21NO2 C20H21NO C 20 H 25 NO C 22 H 23 N 3 O C 23 H 24 N 2 O 2 C 23 H 26 N 3 O 2 C 26 H 32 N 2 O 2 C 26 H 32 N 2 O 2 C 27 H 34 N 2 O 2 C 30 H 34 N 2 O 2 C 32 H 36 N 2 O 2 C82H37N8O2 C 84 H 40 N 2 O 2 C84H40N2O4 Cj0H14N2O Ci0H16N8O C10Hi8N2O C10Hi9ClN2O * Mutarotation. Iminocamphor and derivatives. — (Continued) Name Solvent I CHCl3 Phenyliminocamphor-a-oxime CHCl3 Phenylimmocamphor-/3-oxime CHCl3 o-Tolyliminocamphor MeOH m-Tolyliminocamphor CHCl3 MeOH MeOH p-Tolyliminocamphor CHCl3 o-Methoxyphenyliminocamphor CHCl3 p-Methoxyphenyliminocamphor CHCl3 a-Naphthyliminocamphor MeOH CHCl3 /3-Naphthyliminocamphor MeOH ar-Tetrahydro-a-naphthyliminocamphor. . . . MeOH CHCl3 CHCl3 p-Benzeneazophenyliminocamphor MeOH CHCl3 Benzoylphenyliminocamphor-a-oxime CHCl3 Benzoylphenyliminocamphor-/3-oxime Phenyliminocamphor-a-oximeCHCl3 phenylurethane PhenyKminocamphor-ß-oximeCHCl3 phenylurethane MeOH ra-Phenylenebisiminocamphor CHCl3 CHCl3 p-Phenylenebisiminocamphor CHCl3 MeOH EtOH CHCl3 m-Tolylenebisiminocamphor MeOH CHCl3 1, 4-Naphthylenebisiminocamphor MeOH EtOH Py p, p'-Diphenylenebisiminocamphor CHCl3 (green form) CHCl3 (yellow form) MeOH CHCl3 p, p'-Bisiminocamphordipheny lamine CHCl3 MeOH Me2CO EtOH Py o, o'-Ditolylenebisiminocamphor CHCl3 (green isomeride) MeOH CHCl3 (yellow isomeride) Me2CO MeOH o, o'-DimethoxydiphenyleneCHCl3 bisiminocamphor MeOH Derivatives of aminocamphor Diazocamphor CHCl3 Camphorylazoimide C6H6 EtOH Me2CO CHCl3 a-Aminocamphoroxime EtOH a-Aminocamphoroximehydrochloride H2O d, C or % | t, 0C | 1.043 1.058 0.739 32 0.764 34 0.326 29.5 0.454 29.5 0.795 30 0.321 28 0.388 0.340 32.0 0.603 32.0 0.485 31.0 0.573 0.843 18 0.808 18 0.280 23.5 0.180 1.038 1.059 0.975 [a]D \ Lit. 304.4 (608) 335.4 464.4* (1952) 398.4* 660.7* 689.7* 474.5* 228.9* (1952) 1223 (6ii) 609.6 (1952) 558.5 686.0 641.6 393.2 (1952) 450.9 580.8 (1952) 568.4 314.6 (608) 308.4 207.7 (608) 8.866 0.097 0.395 0.624 0.143 0.178 0.132 0.033 0.034 0.0533 0.0181 0.0168 0.0244 184.7 634.1 671.0 1509 24.5 1507 21.7 1240 21.7 1309 20 333.3 20 248.5 18.1 1801 18.4 1994 18.4 2696 30 2955 0.257 0.473 0.908 0.130 0.0364 0.0554 0.0376 0.0440 0.1084 35 35 29 23 30 23 19 19 30 1140 1132 1046 2300 2370 2500 2646 2875 2685 0.128 0.115 0.564 0.271 0.0834 29 30 29 21 29 773 645 789 736 683 (i»55) 0.167 0.264 22 22 371 290 (1955) 1.642 1 . 04 1.04 1.045 1.035 1 1 30.5 28.0 18 16 (1952) (6ii) (1953) (1954) (1953) (1955) (1955) 134.8 (614) -351 . 5 ( 59 S) -284.2 -279.4 -246.2 60 . 5 (i l 73) 36.7 (1173) Formula Ci0Hi9N3 Ci6H2iN03S Ci6H23N3 Ci7H23NO3S Ci7H23NO3S Ci8H26NO3S C20H3INO4S C24H26N2O3 C16H20BrNO Ci6H20ClNO C16H21NO C16H21NO2 C17H23NO C17H23NO2 C17H23NO2 C 18 H 26 N 2 O 3 C20H23NO C20H27NO C 26 H 36 N 2 O 2 C27H38N2O2 C82H40N2O2 CnHi5NO2 CnHi6NOS CnH16Br2N2O2 CnHi6Cl2N2O2 CnH17NOS2 CnHi7N3O3 CnHi 8 N 2 O 2 CnHi8N2OS Ci2Hj9BrN2O2 Ci2Hi9NO3 Ci2Hi9NOS2 Ci2Hi9NO2S Ci2H20N2O2 C13H2iNO3 Ci6H26N2OS | Derivatives of aminocamphor. — (Continued) Name | Solvent | d, C or % | t, 0C | [a]D Aminocamphorhydrazone CHCl3 0.966 250.2 Benzenesulfonylaminocamphor CHCl3 0 . 993 85 . 6 Aminocamphorphenylhydrazone CHCl3 0 . 951 176 . 2 Benzenesulfonylmethylaminocamphor CHCl3 1 . 026 85 . 3 p-Toluenesulfonylaminocamphor* CHCl3 1 . 069 87. 3 p-Toluenesulfonylmethylaminocamphor CHCl3 1.021 81.6 Camphor-ß-sulfonylaminocamphort CHCl3 1 . 037 -35. 2 Dibenzoylaminocamphoroximei -. EtOH 1.33 18 104.8 Anilinocamphor and derivatives CHCl3 0.203 19 76.3 o-Bromophenylaminocamphor MeOH 0.140 19 71.1 CHCl3 2.842 19 86.2 m-Bromophenylaminocamphor MeOH 0.162 19 64.6 CHCl3 0.267 19 93. 5§ p-Bromophenylaminocamphor MeOH 0.180 19 67. 8§ CHCl3 0.093 694 p-Chlorophenylaminocamphor CHCl3 0.090 127 Phenylaminocamphor CHCl3 0.0978 83 p-Hydroxyphenylaminocamphor MeOH 0.221 17 58. 9§ o-Tolylaminocamphor CHCl3 0.280 17 85. 7 § m-Tolyaminocamphor MeOH 0.323 17 83. 7§ CHCl3 0.254 17 128. 7§ p-Tolyaminocamphor MeOH 0.244 18 57. 5§ CHCl3 0.272 17 99. 2 § MeOH 1.171 20 53.6 o-Methoxyphenylaminocamphor CHCl3 1.159 20 99.7 CHCl3 0.092 68 p-Methoxyphenylaminocamphor p-Ethoxyphenylaminocamphor (hydroxyCHCl3 1.104 101.8 amino derivative) CHCl3 1.404 18 91.3 a-Naphthylaminocamphor MeOH 1.540 16.8 71.77 CHCl3 0.284 18 142.6 ß-Naphthylaminocamphor MeOH 0.284 18 125.0 0.275 20 109.5 ar-Tetrahydro-a-naphthylaminocamphor. . . . MeOH CHCl3 0.407 20 117.1 CHCl3 0.126 20 151.2 m-Phenylenebisaminocamphor MeOH 0.114 20 118.3 CHCl3 0.161 20 83.9 m-Tolylenebisaminocamphor MeOH 0.177 20 91.6 CHCl3 0.292 17 97.6 p, p'-Diphenylenebisaminocamphor MeOH 0.065 17 76.9 Me2CO 0.144 17 163.7 Camphorylcarbamide, carbimide and carbamic acid with isomers and derivatives Camphorylcarbimide|[ CHCl3 1.90 -124.5 Camphorylthiocarbimide EtOH 0. 907 -114. 1 Camphoryl-N-dibromo-^-carbamide CHCl3 0. 973 30. 9 Camphoryl-N-dichloro-^-carbamideï CHCl3 0.54 26.5 Camphoryldithiocarbamic acid** Me2CO 1 . 05 21 . 5 Camphorylnitroso-^-carbamide CHCl3 1 . 26 169. 3 Camphoryl-^-carbamidett EtOH 1.84 -13.5 Camphorylthiocarbamide (Ci0Hi5O.NH.CS.NH2) CHCl3 1.06 -44.9 Camphorylmethylbromo-^-carbamide . CHCl3 1.31 9.5 Methyl camphorylcarbamate (C10Hi 6O.NH.CO.OCH3) CHCl3 1.03 43.5 Methyl camphoryldithiocarbamatejî CHCl3 4. 18 114.6 Methyl Camphorylthiocarbamide. CHCl3 1 . 46 108. 6 Camphorylmethyl-^-carbamide EtOH 3.25 6.9 Ethyl camphorylcarbamate §§ CHCl3 2.1 38. 3 Camphorylpiperidylthiocarbamide CHCl3 1 . 25 26. 6 * doHi6O.NH.SO2.CeH4.CH3. ** CioHuO.NH.CS.SH. f CioHi6O.NH.SO2.CioHi6O. /CH.NH.CO IfC 8 Hi/ I . X C(OH).NH \ Lit. (604) (604) (604) (604) (604) (604) ( 117 S) (1^) (611) (611) (6ii) (™«2) (1952) (6U) (en) ("M) ^ 952) (1952) (1952) (1955) (591) (600) (597) (597) (600) (591) (591) (eoo) (597) (591) (600) (600) (591) (591) (600) /CH.N (COC6H6) 2 § Mutarotation. xCH.NCO /CH.NCLCO Ì C8H14/ I . Il C8Hi/ I . 1 C8Hi/ I . X X X C: NOH CO C (OH)-NCl îî CioHuO.NH.CS.S.CHs, §§ CioHi6O.NH.CO.O.C2H6. Camphorylcarbamide, carbimide and carbamic acid with isomer s and derivatives. — (Continued) | Name Solvent | d, C or % | t, 0C | [a]D s-Camphorylpiperidylcarbamide* CHCl3 1 . 60 40. 1 Camphoryl phenyl-^-carbamide CHCl3 12.4 Benzoylcamphoryldithiocarbamic acid CHCl3 1.15 52.3 Bornylcarbiminocamphor CHCl3 1 . 33 153 . 8 C6H6 1.19 131.8 Me2CO 1.40 121.0 EtOH 0.95 108.7 C 2 IH 32 N 2 O 3 s-Dicamphorylcarbamide CHCl3 2.08 38.2 C2iH32N202S Dicamphorylthiocarbamide (CS.(NH.Ci0Hi5O)2) Me2CO 1.93 54.3 C23H26N4O2 Camphordiazodiphenylcarbamide Py 0.5 211 . 4f Camphorylsemicarbazide, isomers and derivatives CHCl3 0.505 -186.2 Camphoryl-^-semicarbazide anhydride CnH n N 3 O H2O 3.38 8.6 Camphoryl-^-semicarbazideJ CnHi9N3O2 Camphorylsemicarbazide oxime§ CnH20N4O2 Py 0.410 81.3 (1st isomeride) (2nd isomeride) Py 0.405 -37.7 JV-Isopropylidene camphoryl-^-semiCi4H23N3O2 CHCl3 0.441 -187.8 carbazone A/"-Furfurylidene camphoryl-^-semiC16H21N3O3 CHCl3 0.402 502.2 carbazone EtOH 0.922 100.5 N-FurfuryHdenesemicarbazinocamphorC16H22N4O3 CHCl3 1.32 120.8 oxime 0.51 -1051 N-Benzoquinone camphoryl-^-semicarbazone Py Ci7H21N3O3 Me2CO 0.135 -1051 CHCl3 0.033 -1067 EtOH 0.093 -545 CnH22BrN6O2ÊtOH N-p-Bromobenzenediazo-i/'-semicarbazinoEtOH 1.09 180.3 camphor N-p-Chlorobenzenediazo-i/'-semicarbazinoC17H22ClN5O2 EtOH 0.389 212.2 camphor 1.2 235.8 iV-Benzenediazo-^-semicarbazinocamphor . . EtOH C17H23N5O2 1.26 59.5 0-Camphoryl /5-phenylthiosemicarbazide . . . . CHCl3 Ci7H23N3OS 0-Camphoryl a-phenylthiosemicarbazide . . . . CHCl3 0.85 58.5 ^V-m-Nitrobenzylidene camphoryl-^-semiCi 8 H 22 N 4 O 4 Py 0.808 20.4 carbazone AcOH 1.13 84.1 2.01 420.6 ^V-Benzylidene camphoryl-^-semicarbazone . CHCl3 C18H22N3O2 JV-o-Hydroxybenzylidene camphorylsemiC18H23N3O3 carbazone CHCl3 1.65 276.8 JV-w-NitrobenzylidenesemicarbazinoC18H23N5O4 camphoroxime CHCl3 0.547 126.5 1.04 110.1 C18H24N4O2 ^-Benzylidenesemicarbazinocamphoroxime. CHCl3 1.39 222.2 C18H26N5O2 JV-p-Toluenediazo-^-semicarbazinocamphor. EtOH 7V-Piperonylidene camphoryl-^-semiC19H23N3O4 CHCl3 1.21 450.0 carbazone C19H25N3O3 AT-p-Methoxybenzylidene camphorylsemiCHCl3 1.96 440.2 carbazone 0.918 308.6 C19H25N3O4 ^V-Vanillylidene camphoryl-^-semicarbazone CHCl3 C20H25N3O2 JV-Cinnamylidene camphoryl-^-semicarbazone CS2 0.705 330.7 CHCl3 1.04 514.4 Me2CO 0.804 161.6 Py 0.886 -53.7 C21H29N3O2 1.20 415 N-CumrnyKdenecamphoryl-^-semicarbazone CHCl3 C2iH3iN303 JV-Camphorquinone camphoryl-^-semiCHCl3 0.942 -314.2 carbazone Bis-p-triazobenzoin camphoryl-^-semiC25H25N9O3 carbazone CHCl3 0.698 556.3 Py 1.0400 24.0 Formula Ci 6 H 27 N 2 O 2 Ci 7 H 22 N 2 O 2 Ci8H2iN02S2 C2iH32N202 * CioHisO.NH.CO.NCUHio. xCH.N.NH^ /CH.NH.NH.CO.NH2 t Mutarotation. JC8Hi/ | /CO. § CsHn^ | X X \COH- NH C : NOH | Lit. ( 59 I) (595) (60°) (593) (591) (600) (595) (592) (592) (594) (592) (592) (594) (592) (588) (588) (588) (600) (592) (592) (592) (594) (594) (588) (592) (592) (592) (592) (592) (592) (6<>3) Amino derivatives of epicamphor Solvent I d, C or % | t, 0C | [a]D \ Lit. EtOH 1.052 11.9 ( 608 ) C6H6 5.90 19 15.0 (237) CHCl3 1.248 -20.0 («08) Aminoepicamphoroxime Ci0Hi8N2O CHCl3 0.410 298.5 (608) Benzylideneaminoepicamphor C17H21NO CHCl3 1.411 -24.2 (608) Benzoylaminoepicamphor C17H21NO2 CHCl3 1.00 -16.6 (604) 2>-Toluenesulfonylaminoepicamphor C17H23NO3S CHCl3 0.972 -36.8 (608) Dibenzoylaminoepicamphoroxime C 24 H 26 N 2 O 3 AminoepicamphoroximeepidihydroC32H36N8O14 EtOH 0.492 250.9 (608) dicamphenepyrazine picrate Amino derivatives of methylenecamphor and benzylidenecamphor C6H6 1.703 293.6* (1675) Anilino-d-methylenecamphor C17H21NO 0.788 -8.9* (1675) c?-a-Phenylethylamino-c?-methylenecamphor C6H6 C19H26NO EtOH 0.499 315.6* AcOH 0.826 210.7* 24 758 (804) 0.977 p-Dimethylaminobenzylidenecamphor . EtOH Ci9H26NO p-Dimethylaminobenzylidenecamphor C19H26ClNO H2O 0.593 23 356 («04) hydrochloride EtOH 0.990 19 740 («04) p-Diethylaminobenzylidenecamphor C21H29NO p-Diethylaminobenzylidenecamphor hydroC21H30ClNO H2O 0.486 23 321 (804) chloride AMINO ACIDS C9H16NO Aminodihydrocampholytic anhydride t ligroin 10 30 72.8 (1528) C10H16N2O2 AT-Nitroso-a-camphidone EtOH 2.5 23 -59.0 (1528) iV-Nitroso-ß-camphidone EtOH 2.5 23 103 C10H17NO a-Camphidonet EtOH 5 25 33.9 (1528) C6H6 10 20 -37.2 (1997) 0-Camphidone§ EtOH 5 24 63.2 (1528) C6H6 10 20 66.5 (1997) C20H32N2O Di-/3-camphidone anhydride C6H6 10 20 207.4 (1996) Compounds of phosphorus, arsenic and antimony C2QH31O6P Dicamphorylphosphinic acid (C10H1602)2.PO.OH CHCl3 2.3852 20 151.1 (1459) C20H31AsO6 Dicamphorylarsinic acid ((C10H160)2AsO.OH) CHCl3 1.96 20 186.6 (1457) C30H46Cl2O3Sb Tricamphorylstibine chloride ((C10H16O)3-SbCl2) CHCl3 1.248 20 367.3 ("58) UD CB. The Molecule Contains Three or More Asymmetric Atoms Attached Respectively to Two, Three and Four Other Carbon Atoms HYDBOCABBONS AND HALOGEN DEBIVATIVES C10H17Cl Fenchyl chloride 1 EtOH 1 11.79 17.98 (U 30 ); cf. Formula C10H17NO I Name Amino-Z-epicamphor (1127) C10H17Cl Bornyl chloride C10H18O Fenchyl alcohol u CCl4 ALCOHOLS MONOHYDBIC ALCOHOLS Fenchyl alcohol and derivatives MeOH 68.27 5.135 17.4 20 6.92 -14.03 (1599) ( 306 ); c/. (780, 2110) C10H18O d-Isofenchyl alcohol EtOH L-d-Fenchyl alcohol EtOH C11H20O Homofenchyl alcohol (methylfenchol) Et2O C11H20O Methylfenchyl alcohol EtOH C12H20O2 Fenchyl acetate C16H22O ferk-Phenylfenchol EtOH C17H24O ferf.-0-Tolylfenchol EtOH tert.-p-Tolylîeuchol EtOH tert.-Benzylfenchol EtOH C22H38CrO4 Dimethylfenchyl chromate CCl4 C 24 H 42 CrO 4 Diethylfenchyl chromate CCl4 C30H32O2 Fenchyl triphenylacetate PhMe /NH / C0 \ /CH2V I)CH2-CH * Mutarotation. f C8Hi/ | . J C8Hi/ ^NH. § C8Hi/ ">NH. | X CO X CH/ X CO/ CH2 I 24.6 10.12 80.18 2.45 0. 972} Jj 10.5 15.5 19 18 18 15 10 4 13.24 C(CH3J2 If [a]687o. CH2-C(CHs)-CHOH 20 18. 17 12.69 2.2 11 -58.08 45 . 65 23 .23 16. 30 24.20 -30.01[ 22. Sf -17.30 (1858) (2131) (2231) (i2S.i) (l 1 99) (i 1 99) (2177) (2177) (315) Formula Ci0Hi8O Name Thujyl alcohol and derivatives | Solvent Thujol* cK-Thujyl alcohol /3-Thujyl alcohol Z-Thujyl alcohol PhMe d-Thujyl alcohol fert.-Homothujyl alcohol (solid isomeride).. . Et2O MeOH (liquid isomeride)... Et2O MeOH /3-Thujyl hydrogen phthalate EtOH CnH20O Ci8H22O4 d, C or % | t, 0C | 20 0.925 20 0.9229 16 35.98 0.9187 4.058 4.191 5.226 5.077 1.096 20 20 15.5 12.0 14 13 [a]D \ Lit. 67.80 (306) 69.82 (1555, 114.67 1556) -9.12 (313) 116.93 -30.5 (2022) -26 35.9 33.4 91.45 (i556) ; cf, (1555) C89H44N2O6 Strychnine /3-thujyl phthalate C6H6 1.766 Borneol with alkyl and aikylidene derivatives and ethers / /CH2 \ C2H4Cl2 23.73 d-Borneol ( C8Hi4/ ); cf. (loi, 787, EtOH 18 V X3HOH/ 1034) MeOH 20 Z-Borneol PhMe 11.6 Ci0H18O 36.78 15.8 20 9.98 (1556) 35.22 (1599) 37.7 (1489) 36.37 (306) -37.96 ("29); c/. (1035, 787) d-Isoborneol; cf. (103.5, 784, 787, 790, 1034, 1446,1449) EtOH PhMe MeOH AcOEt MeOH CHCl3 CHCl3 CHCl3 Ci0H18S Ci0H19NO CnH19NO2 C13H22O C13H22O C13H24O Thioborneol 0-Aminoborneol a-Isonitroso-/?-methylborneol j3-Isonitroso-j3-methylborneol 7-Isonitroso-/3-methylborneol Isobornyl methyl ether (from camphene).... (from camphene HCl) Methylborneol EtOH Chloral borneol C6H6 Bromal borneol C6H6 Ethylborneol EtOH Bornyl allyl ether Allylborneol EtOH Methylethylborneol EtOH Ci4H26O C14H26O Isobutylborneol Diethylborneol EtOH EtOH C16H26O C17H24O Diallylborneol a-Benzylborneol /3-Benzylborneol Phenylethenylborneol Dihydrophenylethenylborneol Allylborneol phenylcarbamate Diethylborneol phenylcarbamate i-Dibenzylborneol EtOH C11H20O C11H20O C12H19Cl3O2 C12H19Br3O2 C12H22O 5.13 11.5 9.98 3.64 26.1 2.35 2.1 1.30 0.92771° 0.9277.° 34.02 (1629) 16 14 21.32 32.30 (306) 21.08 (2222) -42.47 (398) 84.2 (587) 67.8 45 -14.82 (I4ii) -23.4 30.79 (2231) 30.13 (785) 52.4 (1430) 26.3 (175) 36.98 («81) -59.1 (814) 20.37 (I28i) 39.02 (12«); c/. 2.32 18 20.7 (823) 51.62 (««); cf. 2.79 1.1325}8 18 15.07 21.7 0.9490° 26.3 0.9221'1 5.07 3.04 20 15 18 21 25 15.5 15.5 18 (813) (813) C18H22O C18H24O C20H27NO2 C21H31NO2 C24H30O C6H6 C6H6 EtOH EtOH EtOH 10 8.25 5.78 2.54 20 16 19 78.77 (1281) 26.17 (802) -12.00 -27.37 (1828) -101.7 (1828) 19.38 (1281) 42.05 (1281) -15.72 O 281 ); c/. (813) Borneol esters and carboxylates WBornyl trichlorosilicate (C 10 Hi 7 O-SiCl 3 ).... Z-Bornyl formate (C10H17O.CHO) d-Bornyl formate Isobornyl formate EtOH Bornylxanthamide (C10Hi7O.CS.NH2) C6H6 Epiborneolcarboxylic acid (isomeride A) AcOEt (isomeride B ) . . . . AcOEt (isomeride D ) . . . AcOEt C10H17Cl3OSi C11H18O2 CuHi8O2 CnHi9NOS CnHi8O3 ÔI^CH ^C-CH(CHs)2. *CH3.CH<( CH ______ X CH CH2 ' 1.189 1.0058 1.009? 4.55 6.41 4.65 5.52 0.693 24.9 20 -20.09 (1597) -40.46 (295) 48.75 (106) 36.6 (1440) 18.95 (299) 2.36 (238) -4.8 77.9 Formula Ci2H2oO2 Ci3lÎ2o03 C13^2O2 C^H 22 O 2 Ci3H22Os Ci4H20O 4 C^H22O2 C1 4H22O 4 CuHÔ2 C14H24O2 Ci4lÎ24O3 Cl5ÏÏ26O2 Cl5H26Os C1GHs0O2 Ci 7 H 2 2O2 C17H23NO2 CnH 2 4UsS C18H22Û4 CisH22O4 Ci8H24Os CigH22O2 C1QHÔ2 CwH 26 O 2 C 20 HÔs v_y 20-H. 3 4\^ 12O 201 C24Hs 6 O4 C24HssO4 024HSgOe C2sH3sO4 C 28 H 43 NO 4 C 2 SHoOO 2 C28Ho 2 O 2 C80H5IClO3Si C37H56N2O4S Borneol esters and carboxylaies. — (Continued) Name Solvent | d, C or % | t, 0C | [a]D { Lit. EtOH 19.6 15.5 44.97 (783) Z-Bornyl acétate 0.9855 20 -44.40 (295) EtOH 4.90 44.3 (mo) Isobornyl acétate 1.0467 19.9 -52.4 (1352) Z-Bornyl pyruvate 0.9717 20 -42.06 (295) Z-Bornyl propionate EtOH 5.25 48.8 (mo) Isobornyl propionate 1.037Of 20 -39.3 (1347) Z-Bornyl cZZ-lactate EtOH 5.26 20 -36.4 CHCl3 6.79 12 -48.7 (1353) Z-Bo rnyl hydrogen f umarate EtOH 4.05 11.5 -44.8 Bornyl crotonate; cf. (1434) EtOH 5.55 42.7 ("4O) EtOH 25.4 15.5 35.59 (782) Bornyl hydrogen succhiate EtOH 5.6 -4.01 (1434) Bornyl butyrate 0.9611 20 -39.15 (295) EtOH 5.60 50.6 C1 440) Isobornyl butyrate EtOH 5.60 47.7 Isobornyl isobutyrate EtOH 4.734 20 -34.5 (1347) Z-Bornyl eZZ-<*-hydroxybutyrate EtOH 5.95 49.8 ("4O) Isobornyl valerate 0.9533 20 -37.08 (295) Z-Bornyl valerate EtOH 0.9858 20 -33.2 (1347) Z-Bornyl cZZ-ethoxypropionate EtOH 4.93 20 -30.7 0.9343 20 -31.45 (295) Z-Bornyl hexoate EtOH 25.8 15.5 43.92 (783) Bornyl benzoate d-Bornylphenylcarbamate PhMe 5.46 15.5 34.22 (784) (C10H17O.CO.NH.C6H5) Bornyl toluene-p-sulfonate EtOH 2.207 20 15.46 (451) (C10H17O.SO2.C6H4.CH3) C6H6 2 20 15.46 CHCl3 5.18 76.88 (1629) ^-Isobornyl hydrogen phthalate EtOH 30.2 15.5 58.38 (782) d-Bornyl hydrogen phthalate EtOH 5.07 56.7 (1629) EtOH 4.44 19 23.2 (1348) Z-Bornyl d-mandelate EtOH 4.64 20.5 -84.2 Z-Bornyl Z-mandelate EtOH 6.688 20 -30.4 (1347) Z-Bornyl tZZ-man delate CHCl3 10 21 31.05 (900) Bornyl phenylpropiolate CHCl3 2.5 22 31.40 Me2CO 10 20 31.70 Me2CO 2.5 22 30.20 CHCl3 10 21 29.05 (900) Bornyl cinnamate CHCl3 2.5 21 28.40 Me2CO 10 20 29.10 Me2CO 2.5 22 27.60 EtOH 7.1 35.5 (1440) CHCl3 10 20 30.25 (»oo) Bornyl /3-phenylpropionate CHCl3 2.5 20 29.20 Me2CO 10 20 29.00 Me2CO 2.5 22 29.20 1.0407 20 -27.5 (1347) Z-Bornyl dZ-phenylethoxyacetate EtOH 4.239 20 -29.1 1.0926 25.4 -30.3 (1597) Di-Z-bornyl dichlorosilicate (SiCl2(OC10Hn)2) EtOH 1.57 -45.2 (1434) Di-Z-bornyl fumarate CHCl3 5.28 10.5 -62 (1353) EtOH 1.54 9.5 -57.6 EtOH 1.57 -38.9 (1434) Dibornyl succinate EtOH 39 15.5 42.05 (782) CHCl3 3.96 10.5 -38.5 (1353) Di-Z-bornyl dZ-tartrate EtOH 43.8 15.5 79.54 (782) Dibornyl phthalate EtOH 5,0 17.2 (1629) Z-Menthylamine cZ-bornyl phthalate EtOH 10.45 20.3 (1440) Bornyl oleate C6H6 10.5 19.9 (1440) Bornyl stéarate 16.5 20 -36.7 (1597) Tri-Z-bornyl chlorosilicate (SiCl (OC10H17)3). . PhMe cZ-Bornyl-Z-bornyl benzamidine cZ-camphorEtOH 4.1412 16 16.2 (340) sulfonate Formula C40H68O4Si Ci 2 H 22 O 2 C20H34O2 C20H34O2 C26H32N2O4 CnHi8O3 Ci4H22Os Ci0Hi7NO Ci0Hi9N CnHi9NOS Ci0H20ClN C12H23N Ci 3 H 28 INO Ci0Hi9N Ci0H20IN CnH 2 iN CnH22ClN CnH 22 IN Ci2H23N Ci2H23N Ci2H24ClN Ci2H24ClN Ci 2 H 24 IN Ci3H25N Ci3H26N Ci3H26ClN Ci3H26IN Ci3H26IN Ci4H27N Ci4H27N Ci4H28ClN Ci4H28IN Ci4H28IN Ci5H30IN Ci6H32IN C n H 22 N 2 O 2 Borneol esters and carboxylates.—(Continued) | Name | Solvent | dy C or % | t, 0C I Tetra-Z-bornyl silicate (Si(OCi0Hn)4) | PhMe j 16.8 f~20| GLYCOLS Campholethanol* EtOH 5.0 15 Camphorpinacol (also derivatives) C6H6 25.47 18 d-Fenchonepinacol AcOEt 16.8 15 C6H6 17.24 18 Phenylurethane homocamphoric glycolf EtOH 5.7 21 CARBOXYLIC ACIDS a-Borneolcarboxylic acid MeOH 12.44 22 1-Methyl acid campholethanoyl-1methanoatet EtOH 2.7 20 AMINES MONOAMINES Fenchylamine, thujylamine and derivatives Fenchelylcarbimide 0.9210 19 Z-Fenchylamine;c/. (145, 2110, 2126) EtOH 2.63 19 Z-Fenchylxanthamide (CioHi 7 O.CS.NH 2 ).... C6H6 10.40 Fenchelylamine hydrochloride H2O 18.52 20 Dimethylthujylamine 0.8606f Trimethylthujylammonium iodide CHCl3 3. 979 Bornylamine with alkyl and alkylidene derivatives Bornylamine C6H6 EtOH Bornylamine hydroiodide EtOH? Methylbornylamine C6H6 2.069 19 EtOH 2.026 23 Methylbornylamine hydrochloride EtOH 2.4 Methylbornylamine hydroiodide EtOH 1.0 Dimethylbornylamine 16 C6H6 1.558 10 EtOH 2.606 10 Ethylbornylamine 21 C6H6 2.031 15 EtOH 2.673 15 Dimethylbornylamine hydrochloride EtOH Ethylbornylamine hydrochloride H2O 1.3 Ethylbornylamine hydroiodide EtOH 2.0 Propylbornylamine 18 C6H6 2.420 15 EtOH 2.084 16 Isopropylbornylamine 14 C6H6 2.003 16 EtOH 2.014 16 Propylbornylamine hydrochloride EtOH 2.0 Propylbornylamine hydroiodide. EtOH 1.7 Trimethylbornylammonium iodide EtOH 2.9 Diethylbornylamine C6H6 1.596 15 EtOH 1.981 22 Butylbornylamine 15 C6H6 1.947 16 EtOH 1.993 16 Butylbornylamine hydrochloride EtOH 2.0 Butylbornylamine hydroiodide EtOH 2.0 Dimethylethylbornylammonium iodide EtOH 2.0 18 Dimethylpropylbornylammonium iodide. ... EtOH 2.03 16 Dimethylbutylbornylammonium iodide EtOH 2.0 o-Nitrobenzylidenebornylamine C6H6 2.004 23 EtOH 2.032 23 p-Nitrobenzylidenebornylamine C6H6 1.628 15 EtOH 1.795 /CH.CH2.CH2.OH * C 8 H 1 /1CHOH X • t C6H6.NH.CO.O.CH2.C8Hi4.CH2.CH2.O.CO.NH.C6HB. Î C8Hi4 v XXXOCH3 l jx/CH .COOH CILOW X 2 [a]D -42.88 Lit. | (1597) 19.95 44.17 45.00 32.08 31.48 (1553) (i° 2 ) (2122) (1553) -34.8 (2131) 49.37 (1553) 3.04 (2122) -24.63 (2108) -78.51 (299) 2.95 (2122) 141.76 (297) 42.61 (297) 57.1 46.2 16.0 96.8 95.9 81.0 31.0 26.6 62.5 59.6 48.7 93.0 90.3 75.4 37.2 35.6 26.6 89.0 87.1 72.0 84.0 81.1 63.3 34.4 25.0 -3.9 62.6 50.5 81.7 80.3 64.8 32.7 23.8 -3.3 —4.1 —3.1 41.6 8.6 23.0 -51.5 (575, 576) ! ! Formula Ci7H23NO Ci7H23N Ci7H23NO Ci 7 H 24 N 2 O 2 Ci 7 H 24 N 2 O 2 C17H26ClN2O2 C17H25ClN2O2 C17H25N C17H26ClN Ci 8 H 25 NO C19H27NO C20H29NO C20H34BrNO4S C n Hi 9 NO Ci2H2iNO Ci3H23NO Ci4H26NO Bornylamine with alkyl and alkylidene derivatives. — (Continued) Name Solvent I d, C or % | «, 0C | EtOH Benzoylborny lamine C6H6 2.005 20 Benzylidenebornylamine EtOH 2.051 19 o-Hydroxybenzylidenebornylamine EtOH 1.951 23 p-Hydroxybenzylidenebornylamine EtOH 2.022 o-Nitrobenzylbornylamine C6H6 2.033 15 EtOH 2.027 15 C6H6 2.033 15 p-Nitrobenzylbornylamine EtOH 2.015 22 2.0 o-Nitrobenzylbornylamine hydrochloride . . . . 2.0 p-Nitrobenzylbornylamine hydrochloride . . . . EtOH 17 Benzylborny lamine C6H6 2.010 14 EtOH 2.228 20 Benzylbornylamine hydrochloride EtOH 1.7 EtOH 1.772 24 Benzoylmethylbornylamine EtOH 2.761 21 Benzoylethylbornylamine EtOH 1.961 14 Benzoylpropylbornylamine d-Bornylamine d-a-bromocamphor-7rEtOH 0.604 sulfonate H2O 0.616 Acyl derivatives of bornylamine Formobornylamide EtOH 6.3 20 MeOH 5.0 20 MeOH 10.0 20 AcOH 5.6 20 AcOH 9.7 20 Py 5.0 20 Py 10.0 20 Acetobornylamide EtOH 4.9 20 MeOH 5.0 20 MeOH 10.0 20 AcOH 5.0 20 AcOH 10.0 20 Py 4.9 20 Py 10.0 20 Propionobornylamide EtOH 5.0 20 MeOH 5.0 20 MeOH 10.0 20 AcOH 5.0 20 AcOH 10.0 20 Py 5.0 20 Py 10.0 20 tt-Butyrobornylamide EtOH 5.0 20 EtOH Ci7H23NO Benzobornylamide Ci 7 H 22 N 2 O 3 o-Nitrobenzobornylamide MeOH MeOH AcOH AcOH Py Py EtOH EtOH MeOH MeOH AcOH AcOH Py Py EtOH MeOH AcOH Py Py [a]D \ Lit. -21.8 (635) 27.4 (575, 576) 62.6 112.3 107.1 74.0 61.2 77.9 66.6 113.2 20.3 82.2 84.1 75.7 35.8 -65.5 -65.2 -60.3 81.0 67.3 -43. 17 (635) -40.88 41.01 -13.80 -15.30 -16.96 -18.60 -43.48 (635) -41.93 -42.10 -34.80 -36.14 -11.97 -15.14 -40 . 79 -38.68 -39.48 -37.19 -37.54 -14.64 -16.38 -37.73 (635) -21.8 5.0 10.0 5.0 10.0 4.9 10.0 5.0 10.0 5.0 10.0 5.0 10.0 5.0 10.0 5.0 6.1 3.9 5.0 10.0 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 (1676) (575,576) 35.73 (635) 35.86 34.89 35.29 -12.57 -15.06 -22. 93 (635) -24.37 22.35 23.30 10.17 11.65 25.94 22.98 -22 . 39 (635) 30.32 13.54 -5.88 -7.67 Formula C n H 22 N 2 O 3 Ci8H26NO C2IH37NO2 C11H17NO | Acyl derivatives of bornylamine. — (Continued) Name Solvent | d, C or % | ra-Nitrobenzobornylamide EtOH 2.6 MeOH 1.9 AcOH 3.9 Py 5.00 Py 9.99 p-Nitrobenzobornylamide EtOH 4 . 28 MeOH 5.00 AcOH 3.83 Py 4.7 Py 9.9 o-Toluobornylamide EtOH 2.5 MeOH 2.0 MeOH 4.0 AcOH 5.0 AcOH Jo. 0 Py 5.0 Py 10:0 ra-Toluobornylamide EtOH 2.5 EtOH 5.0 MeOH 2.0 MeOH 4.0 AcOH 5.0 AcOH 10.0 Py 5.0 Py 10.0 p-Toluobornylamide EtOH 2.5 EtOH 5.0 MeOH 2.0 MeOH 4.0 AcOH 1.0 AcOH 5.0 AcOH 10.0 Py 5.0 Py 7.8 Py 10.0 Z-Bornyl Z-menthylcarbamate EtOH 3.4 dZ-Isobornyl Z-menthylcarbamate* EtOH 5 d-Isobornyl Z-menthylcarb amate EtOH 2 . 67 Wsobornyl Z-menthylcarbamate EtOH 2 . 64 Bornylcarbimide, carbamide and other derivatives of dibasic acids CHCl3 3.76 Bornylcarbimide (Ci0Hi7-N: CO) C6H6 4.5 t, 0C | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 [a]D \ Lit. -27.9 (^ 35 ) 24.62 12.16 27.22 22.16 - 16 . 75 -13.44 -7.28 26.41 22.80 - 18 . 54 (635) -17.02 -17.01 -10.38 -11.34 11.21 10.24-21 . 31 -22.40 -20.37 -21.60 -8.15 -8.98 26.90 23.05 -13.37 -14.55 -12.18 -12.51 ±0.0 -0.49 -1.51 30.60 29.03 27.39 -71 .04 (1629) —55.8 1 . 41 - 112 . 0 46.5 (590) 49.14 ( 151 4); cf. (590) Bornylcarbamide (Ci0Hi7.NH.CO.NH2) CHCl3 2.15 18.2 (590) 2 -24.1 (598) Bornyloxamide (Ci0H17.NH.CO.CO.NH2). . . EtOH Ethyl bornylcarbamate CHCl3 2.25 6.43 ( 1514 ) (C10H17.NH.CO.OC2H5) C6H6 2.19 4.79 Ethyl neobornylcarbamate C6H6 2.04 -9.63 s-Bornylpiperidylcarbamide Ci6H28N2O EtOH 1.35 40.0 (590) (Ci0Hi7.NH.CO.N.C5H10) s-Camphorylbornylcarbamide C2IH34N2O2 CHCl3 1.2 28.6 (591) (CioHisO.NH.CO.NH.CioHn) CHCl3 1.09 32.12 (1514) Dibornylcarbamide (CO.(NH.d0H17)2) C 2 IH 36 N 2 O EtOH 2.0 -29.6 (598) Dibornyloxamide ((CO.NH.Ci0Hi7)2) C 22 H 36 N 2 O 2 Ethyl-d-bornyl-^bornylbenzamidine C39H60NO4S EtOH 3.995 16 16.1 (1597) d-camphorsulfonate CLASS III. COMPOUNDS CONTAINING NO ASYMMETRIC CARBON ATOM OR CONTAINING AN ASYMMETRIC OR DISSYMMETRIC ATOM OF SOME OTHER ELEMENTf Centro -Asymmetric Carbon Compounds Cyclohexylideneacetic acid C 32 H 40 N 2 O 8 Brucine Z-l-methylcyclohexylidene-4-acetate EtOH 0.7607 -58.2 (1601.5) EtOH (abs.) 0.775 -58.1 (ieoi) C n H 20 N 2 O C12H20N2O2 C13H28NO2 * CioHi7O.CO.NH.CioHi9. t For CgHssCoNeOs, Cobalt tri-Z-propylenediamine hydroxide iodide, see p. 365. Formula 032H40N2O6 C7Hi0NO3Na C^Hi6N3S2 C9H13NO C14H6N3Oi0Na Ci4H6O4Cl2Na2 Ci3Hi5N0.3H2O C14H21BrIN C14H22IN C14H22IN C15H23BrIN C15H24BrN Ci 6 H 24 IN C16H24IN C16H20IN C17H19BrIN C17H20BrN * Mutarotation. | Cyclohexylideneacetic acid.— (Continued) Name | Solvent | d, C or % | t, 0C | WD | Lit. Brucine i-l-methylcyclohexylidene-4-acetate. EtOH (abs.) 1.986 -49.8 (Continued) EtOH (abs.) 2.833 -46.9 MeOH 0.839 -78.6 H2O 0.727 -38.6 Brucine d-l-methylcyclohexylidene-4-acetate EtOH 0.7431 11.5 (ieoi.5) EtOH (abs.) 1.171 -11.5 (1î) EtOH (abs.) 2.002 -3.9 EtOH (abs.) 2.767 -1.4 EtOH (abs.) 5.189 2.4 MeOH 0.700 -22.1 H2O 0.700 -2.9 Nitrogen derivatives (oximes, etc.) 2.98 41.6 (1424) Sodium (2-oximinocyclohexane-4-carboxylate H2O C:N.NH.C 5 H 4 N ) X X \ S / Z-Cyclohexylene dithiocarbonate 2-pyridylhydrazone d-Methylethy!aniline oxide (C6H5.N.CH3.C2H50) CS2 EtOH 1.032 0.308 17 17 EtOH 0.338 18 H2O 1.5 C6H6 1. 8 Derivatives of diphenic acid Sodium d-4, 6, 4'-trinitrodiphenate H2O 1.6 Sodium Z-6, 6'-dichlorodiphenate H2O 0. 69 Sodium d-6, 6'-dichlorodiphenate H2O 1.01 Optically Active Quinquevalent Nitrogen Compounds ( 730 J 1969) d-Methylethyl-ß-naphthylamine oxide H2O 2.02 (C10H7.N(CH3) (C2H5)O) Z-Base p-Bromophenylmethyl-n-butylallylEtOH 1.13 ammonium iodide CHCl3 4-78 d-Phenylmethyl-n-butylallylammonium EtOH 1.28 iodide (C6H5-N(CH3)(C4H9)(C3H5)I) CHCl3 0. 70 0.77 Phenylmethylallylisobuty!ammonium iodide EtOH CHCl3 0.574 d-BromophenylmethylisoarnylallylEtOH ammonium iodide CHCl3 0.73 M-Benzyl-l-ethyl-2-pipecolinium bromide EtOH 10 (CH8-C6H9N(C2H6)(CH2-C6H8)Br) EtOH 10 Z-I -Benzyl- l-ethyl-2-pipecolinium iodide d-a-Phenylmethylallyl-Z-amylammonium EtOH 3.436 iodide CHCl3 3.444 d-Phenylbenzylmethylethylammonium EtOH iodide ^-Phenylbenzylmethylethylammonium iodide EtOH p-Bromophenylbenzylmethylallylammonium EtOH iodide CHCl3 (i-Benzylphenylallylmethylammoniuni CHCl3 bromide EtOH Z-Benzylphenylallylmethylammonium EtOH bromide 0*27) -83 +16.1 (1411.5) +6.1 16 15 15 156.8 (293) -20. 18 (292) 21 . 43 +14.8 -15.4 (1411.5) 27.97 (437) 44.36 15 15 17 17 31.78* 34.17* -19.08 O* 26.2 39.9 20 -52.5 14.3 21.78* 2.25 2.22 0.97 0.85 14 15 0.495 0.97 16.5 1.49 46.3 46 (437) (201 3) (1009) (1887) (1887) (loo?) (loo?) 3.1 (1007) 7.8 -8.5 (ioos) (1006) -55 -72* 64.1 68.6 67.3 (437) (1668) (1673) Optically Active Quinquevalent Nitrogen Compounds.— (Continued) Formula Ci7H20IN Ci7H2iNO Ci7H22ClN CnH22IN C17H22N2O3 Ci7H28IN Ci8H22IN Ci8H22INO Ci8H23BrIN C18H2JN C18H24IN Ci9H24INO Ci9H26IN C19H26IN C20H34IN C23H32BrNO4S C24H38INO2 C24H38INO2 C2OH36I2N2 * Mutarotation. I Name I Solvent d-Benzylphenylallylmethylammonium iodide CHCl3 CHCl3 50% Me 2 CO+ MeOH Z-Benzylphenylallylmethylammonium iodide 50% Me2CO + 50% MeOH a-Phenylbenzylmethylallylammonium EtOH aq. hydroxide Z-Phenylbenzylmethylpropylammonium CHCl3 chloride /-Phenylbenzylmethylpropylammonium EtOH iodide CHCl3 EtOH CHCl3 d-Phenylbenzylmethylpropylammonium CHCl3 nitrate a-Benzylethylconiinium iodide MeOH (C3H7.C5H9N (C2H5) (CH2C6H5)I) MeOH ß-Benzylethylconiinium iodide p-Tolylbenzylmethylallylammonium iodide . . EtOH CHCl3 p-MethoxyphenylbenzylmethylallylCHCl3 ammonium iodide Z-p-Bromophenylbenzylmethyl-n-butylEtOH ammonium iodide CHCl3 Z-Phenylbenzylmethylbutylammonium iodide EtOH CHCl3 Z-Phenylbenzylmethylisobutylammonium EtOH iodide CHCl3 Z-p-EthoxyphenylbenzylmethylallylCHCl3 ammonium iodide a-Phenylbenzylmethyl-Z-amylammonium EtOH iodide 0-Phenylbenzylmethyl-Z-amylammonium CHCl3 iodide EtOH CHCl3 Z-Phenylbenzylmethylisoamylammonium EtOH iodide CHCl3 CHCl3 tt-Benzylisoamylconiinium iodide CHCl3 /3-Benzylisoamylconiinium iodide Z-Allylkairolinium d-bromocamphorH2O sulfonatef rf-Allylkairolinium d-bromocamphorH2O sulfonate N-Isopropyltetrahydroisoquinolinium-Zmenthyl acetate iodide Î (a) stable form. . . . EtOH (o) unstable form. EtOH N-n-Propyltetrahydroisoquinolinium-ZEtOH menthyl acetate iodide CHCl3 CHCl3 EtOH p-Methylene-bisphenylenebis-(methylethylallylammonium iodide) 60% EtOH (CH 2 (C 6 H 4 -NI (CH3)(C2H5)(C3H5))2) f CH2.CH2.CH2 I CeH4 N(CH3) (C3H6.)SO3.CioHi4BrO. I d, C or % | t, 0C | 1.05 17 1.11 14 0.97 2.07 0.794 [a\D 55.4 56.7 52.5 \ Lit. (1668) (835) (1673) -51.4 18 75.5 (2138) 0.46 -143.8 (2154) 0.466 0.515 0.71 0.52 -96.47 -102 -116.2 -139 (2146) (2013) 14 (2139) 21.2 31.2 -66.7 -66.9 (1884) 17 2.8 8 8 0.4 0.34 20 20 4 20 0.94 0.64 0.72 0.77 15 20 20 0.52 0.36 5.23 6.39 1.21 (693) -77.13 (437) 7.100* -83.66 (694) -90.61 -99.2 -98.5* 20 (438) -1.63 59 (2147); cf. (2013) (2147.5) (1007) 0.864 1.831 1.22 65* -15.8 -18.8* (1007) 1.33 0.72 7.5 7.5 -87 -100* 26.6 33.3 (201.3) 20 20 0.94 39.1 0.9608 68.6 0.698 0.478 20 20 1.02 1.16 0.79 0.99 0.99 /CHa.CHav Î CeH4(^ \NI(C3H7)CH2.CO.O.CioHi9. / X)H2 20 (1884) (258) -40.12 -12.54 (2151) -22.6 -23.2 -31.7 -31.86 (2150) -11.11 (692) Optically Active Quinquevalent Nitrogen Compounds.— (Continued) Name Solvent I d, C or % | I1 0C | [a]D \ Lit. N-Butyltetrahydroisoquinolinium Z-menthyl EtOH 1.0 20 -29.2 (2151) acetate iodide (a) stable form (6) unstable form EtOH 1.0 20 -18.1 N-Isoamyltetrahydroisoquinolinium IC26H42INO2 EtOH 1.0 20 6.4 (2151) menthyl acetate iodide (a) stable form 1.0 20 -26.1 (b) unstable form. . EtOH Z-p-EthoxyphenylbenzylmethylallylC29H38BrNO6S H2O 2.27 20 7.95 (2147.5) ammonium d-bromocamphorsulf onate Ethylene-di-d-benzylconiinium iodide C32H49IN2O2 MeOH 1.008 40.42 O 673 ); cf. (a-salt) MeOH 0.420 15.42 (1*84) (0-salt) Substances Probably, or Certainly, Containing Optically Active Phosphorus Atoms or-Methylethylphenylphosphine oxide C9Hi3OP H2O 1.34 39 (1412) (C6H5) .R(CH3) (C2H5)O) C6H6 0.887 57 C23H32NO3P Phenyl-p-toly!phosphoric Z-menthylamide * 98% MeOH 1.3 -32.3 (1311.5) (a-isomeride) (ß-isomeride) 98% MeOH 1.107 -37.9 a-Phenyl ß-naphthyl phosphoric C 26 H 32 NO 3 P MeOH 2.336 -37.2 (1074) Z-menthylamidef /3-Phenyl /3-naphthyl phosphoric Z-menthylamide MeOH 1.521 -29.1 Z-Menthylamine phenyl /3-naphthyl phosC26H34NO4P phate J MeOH 1.4980 -15.5 (io?4) MeOH 0.6492 -108.6 (i<>74) Quinine phenyl /3-naphthyl phosphate C36H37N2O6P MeOH 0.7612 -108.4 Compounds Containing Optically Active Sulfur or Selenium Ci8H22Cl6O4PtSe2 rf-Phenylmethylselenetinechloroplatinate!.. . Me2CO 2.15 6.34 (1669) Ci0H22Cl6O4PtS2 d-Methylethylthetinechloroplatinate H2O 1.33 4.6 (1674) Ci7HnN3O8S Z-Methylethylphenacylsulfine picrate Me2CO 2 . 07 -9.2 (1967) d-Methylethylphenacylsulfine picrate Me2CO 1 . 96 8.1 C22H30Cl6O2PtS2 Z-Methylethylphenacylthetinechloroplatinate HCl (coned.) 0.42 -7.7 (1669) Compounds Containing Optically Active Silicon d-Sulfobenzylethylpropylsilicyl oxide, C23H36O7S2Si2Na2 H2O 6.85 5.2 (1072) sodium salt d-Sulfobenzylethylisobutylsilicyl oxide, C24H38O7S2Si2Na2 H2O 3.32 10.4 (1311) sodium salti! Salts of dibenzylpropylethylsilicanemonosulfonic acid, C6JÏ5.C/f2.>Si.C2JÏ5.C3flr7.CH2.C6A"4./S»O2.0fl' Ci9H26O3SSiNa Sodium Z-salt MeOH -0.87 (282) C29H47NO3SSi Z-Menthylamine eft-salt MeOH 2.8 -13.4 C29H47NO3SSi Z-Menthylamine /-salt MeOH 13.6 -13.8 C36H46NO6SSi Morphine dZ-salt MeOH 1 .68 -52 . 2 C36H46NO6SSi Morphine Z-salt MeOH 1.66 -56.0 C38H48N2O4SSi Cinchonidine eft-salt MeOH 2.23 -62.1 C38H48N2O4SSi Cinchonidine Z-salt MeOH 2.1 -66. 3 C39H60N2O5SSi Quinine dl-salt MeOH 1.612 -111.3 C39H60N2O6SSi Quinine Z-salt MeOH 2. 13 -109.5 C40H48N2O6SSi Strychnine eft-salt MeOH 3.0 -8.3 C40H48N2O5SSi Strychnine Z-salt MeOH 3.5 -11.1 CLASS IV. SUBSTANCES OF UNKNOWN, DOUBTFUL OR COMPLEX STRUCTURE Hydrocarbons and Their Simple Derivatives Ci 5 H 24 OrCi 6 H 22 Calamene 0.9324*33 26 -1.131 (2016) 0.9324*5 20 6 (1939) 0.922452 20 5 (1939) Ci5H24 Cadinene 0.9224*5 20 48.11 (748) CHCl3 13.05 9.5 -98.56 Ci5H24 Cedrene (from pseudocedrol) 0.9338 20 -60 (1929) Ci 5 H 24 Cyclosesquicitronellene 0.889220 63 (1940) Ci5H24 Cypressene 0.9647*8 20 6.53 (1531) Ci 5 H 24 Eudesmene 0. 9232 20 51 (1942) 0.9964 20 54.10 (1*35) * C6H6Ov t C6H6-(X JC 6 H 6 XX )>PO.NH.CioHi9. /PO.NH.CioHw. )>PO-ONH3+CioHw. § (C6H5-Se(CH3). CH2.COOH)2PtCl6. CH3.C6H4.O/ C10H7-O/ CioHy.O/ Il O(Si (C2H6)(C3Hy)-CH2-C6H4-SO2-OH)2, sodium salt. Formula C26H40INO2 Optically Active Quinquevalent Nitrogen Compounds.— (Continued) Name Solvent I d, C or % | I1 0C | [a]D \ Lit. N-Butyltetrahydroisoquinolinium Z-menthyl EtOH 1.0 20 -29.2 (2151) acetate iodide (a) stable form (6) unstable form EtOH 1.0 20 -18.1 N-Isoamyltetrahydroisoquinolinium IC26H42INO2 EtOH 1.0 20 6.4 (2151) menthyl acetate iodide (a) stable form 1.0 20 -26.1 (b) unstable form. . EtOH Z-p-EthoxyphenylbenzylmethylallylC29H38BrNO6S H2O 2.27 20 7.95 (2147.5) ammonium d-bromocamphorsulf onate Ethylene-di-d-benzylconiinium iodide C32H49IN2O2 MeOH 1.008 40.42 O 673 ); cf. (a-salt) MeOH 0.420 15.42 (1*84) (0-salt) Substances Probably, or Certainly, Containing Optically Active Phosphorus Atoms or-Methylethylphenylphosphine oxide C9Hi3OP H2O 1.34 39 (1412) (C6H5) .R(CH3) (C2H5)O) C6H6 0.887 57 C23H32NO3P Phenyl-p-toly!phosphoric Z-menthylamide * 98% MeOH 1.3 -32.3 (1311.5) (a-isomeride) (ß-isomeride) 98% MeOH 1.107 -37.9 a-Phenyl ß-naphthyl phosphoric C 26 H 32 NO 3 P MeOH 2.336 -37.2 (1074) Z-menthylamidef /3-Phenyl /3-naphthyl phosphoric Z-menthylamide MeOH 1.521 -29.1 Z-Menthylamine phenyl /3-naphthyl phosC26H34NO4P phate J MeOH 1.4980 -15.5 (io?4) MeOH 0.6492 -108.6 (i<>74) Quinine phenyl /3-naphthyl phosphate C36H37N2O6P MeOH 0.7612 -108.4 Compounds Containing Optically Active Sulfur or Selenium Ci8H22Cl6O4PtSe2 rf-Phenylmethylselenetinechloroplatinate!.. . Me2CO 2.15 6.34 (1669) Ci0H22Cl6O4PtS2 d-Methylethylthetinechloroplatinate H2O 1.33 4.6 (1674) Ci7HnN3O8S Z-Methylethylphenacylsulfine picrate Me2CO 2 . 07 -9.2 (1967) d-Methylethylphenacylsulfine picrate Me2CO 1 . 96 8.1 C22H30Cl6O2PtS2 Z-Methylethylphenacylthetinechloroplatinate HCl (coned.) 0.42 -7.7 (1669) Compounds Containing Optically Active Silicon d-Sulfobenzylethylpropylsilicyl oxide, C23H36O7S2Si2Na2 H2O 6.85 5.2 (1072) sodium salt d-Sulfobenzylethylisobutylsilicyl oxide, C24H38O7S2Si2Na2 H2O 3.32 10.4 (1311) sodium salti! Salts of dibenzylpropylethylsilicanemonosulfonic acid, C6JÏ5.C/f2.>Si.C2JÏ5.C3flr7.CH2.C6A"4./S»O2.0fl' Ci9H26O3SSiNa Sodium Z-salt MeOH -0.87 (282) C29H47NO3SSi Z-Menthylamine eft-salt MeOH 2.8 -13.4 C29H47NO3SSi Z-Menthylamine /-salt MeOH 13.6 -13.8 C36H46NO6SSi Morphine dZ-salt MeOH 1 .68 -52 . 2 C36H46NO6SSi Morphine Z-salt MeOH 1.66 -56.0 C38H48N2O4SSi Cinchonidine eft-salt MeOH 2.23 -62.1 C38H48N2O4SSi Cinchonidine Z-salt MeOH 2.1 -66. 3 C39H60N2O5SSi Quinine dl-salt MeOH 1.612 -111.3 C39H60N2O6SSi Quinine Z-salt MeOH 2. 13 -109.5 C40H48N2O6SSi Strychnine eft-salt MeOH 3.0 -8.3 C40H48N2O5SSi Strychnine Z-salt MeOH 3.5 -11.1 CLASS IV. SUBSTANCES OF UNKNOWN, DOUBTFUL OR COMPLEX STRUCTURE Hydrocarbons and Their Simple Derivatives Ci 5 H 24 OrCi 6 H 22 Calamene 0.9324*33 26 -1.131 (2016) 0.9324*5 20 6 (1939) 0.922452 20 5 (1939) Ci5H24 Cadinene 0.9224*5 20 48.11 (748) CHCl3 13.05 9.5 -98.56 Ci5H24 Cedrene (from pseudocedrol) 0.9338 20 -60 (1929) Ci 5 H 24 Cyclosesquicitronellene 0.889220 63 (1940) Ci5H24 Cypressene 0.9647*8 20 6.53 (1531) Ci 5 H 24 Eudesmene 0. 9232 20 51 (1942) 0.9964 20 54.10 (1*35) * C6H6Ov t C6H6-(X JC 6 H 6 XX )>PO.NH.CioHi9. /PO.NH.CioHw. )>PO-ONH3+CioHw. § (C6H5-Se(CH3). CH2.COOH)2PtCl6. CH3.C6H4.O/ C10H7-O/ CioHy.O/ Il O(Si (C2H6)(C3Hy)-CH2-C6H4-SO2-OH)2, sodium salt. Formula C26H40INO2 Formula Ci5H24 Ci5H24 Ci6H24 Ci5H24 Ci5H24 Ci 5 H 24 N 2 O 4 Ci 5 H 26 Ci5H26 Ci5H26 Ci6H26 Ci5H28 Ci5H28 Ci6H28 Ci5H28 Ci6H28 Ci5H28 Ci5H32 C27H46 C27H46 C27H46 C27H46Br2 C27H46Br2 C27H46Br2 C27H46Cl2 C27H47Cl C27H47Cl C27H48 C30H48 Ci0Hi8O8 CnHi6O CnHi8O Ci5Hi4O6 Ci6H24O Ci6H24O Ci6H24O Ci5H26O Ci5H26O Ci6H26O Ci6H26O Cj 6 H 26 O 2 Ci7H24Oi0 CnH26O2 Ci7H28O2 Ci7H30O2 Ci9H20O6 Ci9H22O6 C20H24O * Mutarotation. | Hydrocarbons and Their Simple Derivatives.—(Continued) Name | Solvent | d, C or % Guajene 0.8954 0-Gurjunene 0.9329 a-Santalene 0.913215 £-Santalene 0.89420 Sesquicamphene 0.9015 Sesquicitronellene 0.848920 Caryophyllene nitrosate C6H6 2.09 Dihydroeudesmene 0.9067 Dihydroguajene 0.90892 Dihydro-/3-gurjunene 0.9239 Dihydrosesquicitronellene 0.8316 CHCl3 AcOEt Tetrahydrocalamene 0.8951?S Tetrahydrocaryophyllene 0.8712 Tetrahydroeudesmene 0.8893 Tetrahydroguajene 0.8806 Tetrahydrosantalene.... 0.8655 Hydrocarbon from reduction of santalol 0.8550 Octahydrosesquicitronellene 0.778920 Cholestene CHCl3 3.50 ^-Cholestene... CHCl3? 3.18 Neocholestene EtOH? 3.02 a-Cholestene dibromide CHCl3 3.05 j3-Cholestene dibromide. CHCl3 3.02 lA-Cholestene dibromide CHCl3 3.19 C6H6 3.21 Neocholestene dibromide EtOH? 3.10 Cholestene dichloride CHCl3 3.20 Chlorocholestane CHCl3 3.138 C6H6 3.035 Cholestene hydrochloride CHCl3 3.21 Cholestane. CHCl3 3.03 ^-Cholestane CHCl3 3.025 d-a-Amyrilene C6H6 4 Z-a-Amyrilene C6H6 0.871 Z-0-Amyrilene C6H6 1.5 Alcohols, Esters and Ethers Ascaridolglycol 1.0981™ Nortricycloeksantalol 0.993820 d-Tricycloeksantalol 0.98918 Z-Catechin (X = 5790) 50% Me2CO S.49 EtOH Z-Epicatechin EtOH 2.39 50% Me2CO 4.35 Cedrenol J f . 0083 Vetivenol (tricyclic) 1.0208 (bicyclic) 1.0095 a-Santalol 0.978815 Eudesmol 0.9884 Guajol 95% EtOH Pseudocedrol 0.9964 Globulol CHCl3 12 Calameon EtOH 5.04 Verbenalin H2O 2.04 Vetivenyl (tricyclic) acetate 1.0218 Eudesmyl acetate 0.9933 Dihydroeudesmyl acetate 0.9776 Matairesinol. Me2CO 5.0 Tetramethyl-Z-catechin C2H2Cl4 2.27 Tetramethyl4-epicatechin (X = 5790) C2H2Cl4 2.12 Isoolivile H2O 0.397 AcOH 4.024 EtOH 4.036 | t, 0C | [a]D \ Lit. 25 -66.11 (708) 20 20.4 (1941) -3.07 ( 18 72) -41.0 20 3 (1937) 0.71 18 56.91 (384) 20 -7 (1942) 18.5 -26.65 (708) 20 -40.1 (1941) O (1940) 20 8.91 (748) 20 25.67 20 O (1939) 20 3 (1930) 20 10.20 (1935) 20 10.60 (1935) 20 5.60 (1935) 20 2.80 (1935) O (1940) -56.27 (1402) 23 64.86 (1403) 20 64.07 (1404) 48.9 (1402) 39.4 20 83.4* (1403) 46.9* 23 75.27 (1404) -28.7 (1402) 20 29.49 (1404) 22 24.22 21.8 (i 402) 21 24.42 (1404) 22 25.45 109.48 (2067) 104.9 112.2 20 20 20 20 25 20 20 26 20 20 20 15 12 12 25 O (1492) -38.80 ("72) 7.7 (1921) 16.7 (670) O -68 -60 O (1930) 34.33 (i 936) 25 1.21 (1872) 31.25 (1942) -26.64 (708) 21.5 (1930) -35.48 (1942) -8.94 (2016) -180.5 (178) 28.8 (1936) 31 (1942) 13 (1942) -4.89 (405) 12 (670) -61.5 352 (1120.5) 118 (1120.5) 61.1 (H2Q.5) Formula C20H24O7-H2O C 2 IHi 8 Oi 2 C2IH28O8 C 2 IH 34 O 4 C2iH3604 C22H24O7 C22H24Oi0 C22H28O7 C22H30O6 C23H30O7 C23H40O4 | Alcohols, Esters and Ethers.—(Continued) Name | Solvent | Olivile hydrate H2O Scutellarin Py aq Olivile methylalcoholate MeOH Isopurganol Py Trifolianol Py CHCl3 Acetyltetramethylhematoxylin AcOH Homonataloin H2O Dimethylolivile EtOH Dimethylisoolivile EtOH Olivile ethylalcoholate EtOH Methylethylisoolivile EtOH EtOH Ethylmethyisoolivile. EtOH Ipuranol Py d, C or % | I1 0C | [a]D \ Lit. 0.314 12 -127 (ii20.5) 3.79 18 -14.0 (731) 6.35 22 -48.9 (H20.5) 0.70 -44.9 ("02) 1.472 -44.1 (1787) 1.059 -24.4 (1855) 1.01 20 152.19 (863) 1.718 20 -102.7 (H88) 0.7687 24 56.4 (ii20.5) 0.4572 22.5 33.58 (H20.5) 0.730 28 -23.8 (1120.5) 1.355 25 39.36 (1120.5) 2.448 25 46.3 0.3045 25 50.35 1.075 15 -37.2 ("03); cf. (1695) C24H32O7 C25H24On C26H38O6 C26H40O6 Diethylisoolivile d-Catechin pentaacetate (X = 5790) Z-Epicatechin pentaacetate Diacetylipurganol Trifolianyl diacetate C27H42O.H2O Ergosterol C28H42O2 C29H44O2 C27H44O Ergosteryl formate Ergosteryl acetate Cluytiasterol C27H43Br C27H43Br3 C27H43Cl C27H44Cl2 Cholesteryl bromide Tribromocholestane Cholesteryl chloride Cholesteryl hydrochloride C27H46Br2O C27H46Cl2O C27H46Cl C27H46ClO C27H46O Cholesterol dibromide Cholesterol dichloride Chlorocholestane Cholesterol hydrochloride Cholesterol C27H46O2 C27H46O4 C27H48O C27H48O C27H48O C29H48O2 C29H48Cl2O2 C29H48Br2O2 C33H49NO2 C20H34O C27H46O C27H46O C27H46O.H2O C28H48O.H2O C29H48O2 EtOH C2H2Cl4 C2H2Cl4 Py CHCl3 CHCl3 CHCl3 Et2O CHCl3 Cholesterol and derivatives C6H6 CHCl3 C6H6 C6H6 Et2O CHCl3 H2O? AcOEt CHCl3 Et2O «-Cholesterol oxide C6H6 Cholesterol ozonide CHCl3 /3-Cholestanol CHCl3 Et2O T-Cholestanol 5-Cholestanol CHCl3 Dihydrocholesterol Et2O Et2O Cholesteryl acetate Et2O Cholesteryl acetate dichloride Et2O Cholesteryl acetate dibromide Et2O Cholesteryl phenylurethane C6H6 Phytosterol and derivatives Phytosterol (from colocynth seeds) CHCl3 Phytosterol CHCl3 CHCl3 CHCl3 CHCl3 a-Phytosterol CHCl3 Phytosterol (verosterol) CHCl3 (from Tilia europaea) CHCl3 (from Matricaria chamomilla) CHCl3 (from Verbascum thapsus) CHCl3 Phytosteryl acetate CHCl3 1.1342 0.13 2.12 1.25 1.561 0.9740 22.5 1.426 3.186 3.352 3.09 3.12 3.25 3.17 3.16 3.07 1.40 3.06 2.1 4.9 1.71 3.88 2.63 0.95 10 4 3.21 3.29 3.11 2.08 1.236 1.196 0.9152 0.967 2.573 1.239 1.19 2.5752 4.0356 1.2556 0.930 19.5 19 21 20 20 20 18 18 18 22 19 38.2 40.6 —15 -36.0 -26.1 -25.7 -126 -105.5 -97.9 -91.8 -52.6 (1120.5) ( 67 °) ("02) (i 7 87) ("os) (2003) (2003) (2003) (2051) -19.14 (H22) -49.82 (i 122) -26.36 (1402) 20.1 (14°2) 12.16 -41.6 (i402) -29.1 (i 4 °2) 4.7 (1403) 5.7 (i402) -25.64 (387) -40.3 (1857) -29.92 (1402) -37.43 (2"i.5) 14.51 (392.5) 27.4 (393) 29.9 (2193) 31.62 18.35 (1499) 28.8 (2190) -29.8 (1402) -32.8 (i402) -45.1 (1402) -19.9 (153) 8.1 -40.4 -34.4 -33.6 -30.1 -41.7 -33.0 -29.7 —29.3 —3.3 -43.9 (1697) (1452) ("08) ("06) ("87) ("Oi) (i i oo) (i787) Formula C30H60O2 C 36 H 62 O 2 C27H40O2 C27H46O C27H46O C27H48O C34H6iNO2 C26H34O6 C25H36O4 C26H40O C26H40O.H20 C26H40O7 C26H44O C27H42O2 C27H42O8 C27H44O2 C27H44O6 C28H46O2 C29H48O C3IH60O2 C33H48O2 C28H38O7 C28H48O C28H60O C 3 iH 62 O C3iH52O.3H2O C33H64O2 C33H63BrO2 C36H62O2^H2O C36H64O2 C30H30CrO4 C30H46O4 C30H48O2.2H2O C30H49BrO C30H60CrO4 C30H60O Phytosterol and derivatives. — (Continued) Name Solvent I d, C or % \ Phytosteryl acetate (from Linaria vulgaris) . . CHCl3 2.5456 (from T ilia europaea) . . . CHCl3 2.5180 (from Verbascum thapsus) CHCl3 2.504 Phytosteryl benzoate (from Linaria vulgaris) CHCl3 3.9074 Sitosterol, coprosterol and derivatives Dehydrositostenedione CHCl3 Sitosterol CHCl3 1.509 CHCl3 5.5 Sitosterol (from wheat germ) CHCl3 2.9 Coprosterol CHCl3 CHCl3 2.03 Sitosterylphenylcarbamate.... C6H6 3.90 Withaniol, lippianol, fungisterin, laserpitin, bombicesterol, taraxasterol, ipuranol and Withaniol CHCl3 1.872 Lippianol EtOH 0.45 Homotaraxasterol CHCl3 0 . 494 Fungisterin 2% EtOH.CHCl3 Et2O Laserpitin EtOH 8.11 EtOH 5.321 Bombicesterol CHCl3 15.9 Acetylhomotaraxasterol CHCl3 0.444 Fungisteryl acetate CHCl3 Et2O Bombicesteryl formate CHCl3 8.4 Diacetylipuranol AcOEt 0.491 Bombicesteryl acetate CHCl3 15.0 Taraxasterol CHCl3 2.171 Acetyltaraxasterol CHCl3 1.023 Bombicesteryl benzoate CHCl3 4. 15 a-Elaterin, anthesterol and derivatives a-Elaterin CHCl3 1.560 Anthesterol Xylene 2.3 a-Anthesterol. Xylene 2. 13 ß-Anthesterol Xylene 2.13 Anthesterol C2H4Br2 0.756 Anthesterol anhydride CHCl3 2.5 hydrate CHCl3 2.5 Anthesteryl acetate («usait) CHCl3 2.5 CCl4 2.5 03-salt) CHCl3 2.5 Bromanthesteryl acetate («i-salt) C6H6 3.0 C6H6 3.0 C6H6 3.0 (ar-salt) C6H6 3.0 C6H6 3.0 Anthesteryl a-benzoate CCl4 2.6 Anthesteryl ß-benzoate CCl4 2. 5 Anthesteryl -y-benzoate CCl4 2. ö Benzoylanthesterol CCl4 2.5 CCl4 1.25 Ledum camphor, micromeritol, amyrin, cedrol, faradiol and derivatives Ledum camphor chromate (X = 6708) CCl4 4 Micromeritol CHCl3 0.217 Oxy-tt-amyrin C6H6 1.653 Bromo-a-amyrin C6H6 2.59 Cedryl chromate (X = 6708) CCl4 5 a-Amyrin C6H6 3.839 t, 0C | [a]D \ Lit. -38.61 (i«0) -37.9 -2.65 -14.55 (i«°) -38. 9 («35) -32.1 (1695) -34.4 (1635) -32 . 2 («57) 20 24 (393) 21 23.55 19 -26.03 (1635) derivatives 91.2 ("09) 65 O 7 ") 25 . 3 (1694) -22.4 (2003) -12.9 18.5 118.84 ("6O) 18.5 118.65 15 -34 ("16) 28. 1 (1694) -15. 9 (2003) -10.8 17.5 -47 ("«) 15 -25.4 ("03) 17.5 -42.7 ("«) 96.3 (1694) 122.2 (1694) 20 -14.63 ("16) 17 16 15.5 16.3 16.7 -68.9 (1697) 44.7 («97) 54. 1 48.3 48.3 («96) 75.4 («»9) 69.3 («99) 91.2 («99) 89.2 73.9 127. 4 (1099) 121.1 133.0 63.9 58.8 64.36 («9?) 71 .7 66.7 63.9 («96) 59.9 30.0 (2177) 61.4 ("07) 108.6 (2068) 72.8 (2068) 79 . 4 (21 77) 91.59 (2068) ; c/. (892, 1032, 1792) C30H60O2 /3-Amyrin Faradiol C6H6 Me2CO 1.905 1.254 19 20 99.81 45.1 («98) Formula C32H62O2 | Ledum camphor, micromeritol, amyrin, cedrol, faradiol and derivatives.—(Continued) Name | Solvent | d, C or % | t, 0C | a-Amyrin acetate C6H6 3.6 [a}D 77.9 \ Lit. ( 1 0 3 2 ); cf. (1792) a-Amyrin acetate 0-Amyrin acetate Micromerol Faradiol acetate Micromeryl acetate Faradiol propionate a-Amyrin benzoate C6H6 C6H6 C33H52O4 EtOH C34H54O4 C6H6 C35H54O6 CHCl3 C36H58O4 C6H6 C37H54O2 C6H6 Other alcohols and their derivatives C 3 IH 34 Oi 4 Pentaacetylrhapontin AcOH C3^H44O7 Somnirol . CHCl3 C33H36Oi5 Hexaacetylrhapontin AcOH C33H46O7 Somnitol CHCl3 C35H54O5 Diacetylprunol CHCl3 C37H44O6 Dibenzoylcalabarol CHCl3 C37H58O9 Tetraacetylcluytianol AcOEt C41H39C102i.2H2O Delphinine chloride (X = 6563) 1% HCl (X = 6140) 1% HCl C43H68O6 Caulosapogenin monomethyl ether CHCl3 C55H80O25 Gegosaponin 90% EtOH C58H92O9 Caulophyllosapogenin dimethyl ether CHCl3 C66Hi04On Caulophyllosaponin CHCl3 C70H82Oi0 Tetrabenzoylcaulosapogenin CHCl3 Aldehydes and Ketones Ci 5 Hi 2 O 6 Eriodictyonone AcOEt Ci 5 H 23 NO 2 d-Longif-1, 2-dione monoxime EtOH Ci 5 H 23 NO 3 Tetrahydrosantonin oxime CHCl3 CHCl3 Ci5H24O 0-Santalol Ci 5 H 24 O 2 d-Longif-l-ol-2-one EtOH C 2 IH 24 N 2 O 3 Artemisinhydrazone 95% EtOH 95% EtOH C24H30O5 Blaterone CHCl3 C30H34O6 Artemisone AcOH Isoartemisone EtOH AcOH C30H48O Euphorbone CHCl3 Carboxylic Acids Picrotoxinonic, picrotinic acids and derivatives Ci4Hi6O8 Picrotoxinonic acid EtOH Ci5Hi5BrO7-JH2O Bromopicrotoxic acid EtOH Ci5Hi7BrO7 a-Bromopicrotoxininie acid H2O Ci5Hi8O7 tt-Picrotoxininic acid EtOH /3-Picrotoxininic acid EtOH Ci5Hi8O8 Picrotoxinonic acid methyl ether EtOH Ci5H20O7 Dihydropicrotoxininic acid EtOH EtOH Ci5H20O8 a-Picrotinic acid EtOH 7-Picrotinic acid EtOH 0-Picrotinic acid EtOH Potassium T-picrotinate H2O Ci6H20O7 Methyl a-picrotoxininate EtOH Methyl /3-picrotoxininate EtOH Ci6H20O8 Methyl picrotoxinonate methyl ether EtOH Ci6H22O7 Methyl dihydropicrotoxininate EtOH Ci6H22O8 Methyl a-picrotinate EtOH Methyl 5-picrotinate EtOH Ci7H22O7 Ethyl a-picrotoxininate EtOH Ethyl /3-picrotoxininate EtOH Ci7H24O7 Ethyl dihydropicrotoxininate EtOH Ci7H24O8 Ethyl a-picrotinate EtOH Ethyl 5-picrotinate EtOH Ci9H28O8 Diethyl picrotoxinindicarboxylate EtOH 4.074 4.15 3.22 4.0316 0.352 3.0 3.4 17.6 16.7 14 20 2 0.718 2 1.216 0.907 2.947 0.988 0.013 0.013 0.0706 1.46 0.612 0.800 1.546 15 4.78 20 30 15 20 1.057 2.8 0.990915 1.8128 2.8472 1.092 1.10 1.45 1.06 8.02 2.515 4.15 2.82 5.99 9.25 1.283 3.01 3.083 3.909 2.096 4.099 9.287 1.02 1.05 1.149 2.584 2.790 5.960 4.24 2.44 2.752 4.082 6.025 1.259 15 30 24 24 18.5 19.5 13 15 17.5 17 17.5 17.5 17.5 17.5 17.5 17.5 17.5 17.5 17.5 17.5 17.5 17.5 17.5 17.5 17.5 17.5 17.5 17.5 17.5 17.5 17.5 17.5 77.0 78.6 57 63.6 47.1 62.3 93.58 (2068) -11.6 34.8 -30.4 21.2 62.4 14.7 -20.2 -1364.0 -2273.0 74.4 -39.15 43.6 32.3 111.0 ( 897 ) (i™ 9 ) («97) (i™9) (1698) (!«ss) (1694) (2191) (2191) (i 710) ( 55 ) (i 710) (i 7 ™) (1710) (i™ 7 ) (l° 98 ) (1 707 ) (™**) (i°32) -28.21 (1463) 121.3 (i 949) -17.9 (2145) -17.78 (54) -41.53 (i« 7 2) 100.8 (1949) 180 (122) 180 (122) 120.5 (usi) 159 («4) -157 (124) -153 16.46 (427) 102.38 (931) -96.38 (33) -58.03 (928) -4.93 (928) -48.0 108.5 (931 ) -4.17 (928) 94.88 (931) 73.3 (927) 4.23 (930) 71.58 -3.57 ( 93 O) -9.73 (928) -50.05 111.50 (931) 70.26 (931) 79.15 (927) 77.11 -8.07 (928) 49.95 70.85 (931) 78.60 (930) 74.25 ( 9 27) 37.4 (929) Formula C16H18Br2O4 C16Hi7ClO3-H2O C16Hi8O3 CioHisOs I Name Dibromoparasantonic acid Chlorosantonin Santonin Parasantonide Santonin and related compounds Solvent EtOH 50% EtOH MeOH CHCl3 I d, Cor % \ t, 0C | [a]D \ Lit. 3.39 28.0 (622) 2 20 -54.75 (2148) 2.065 15 -171.0 (2145) 891.7 (622, 622.5) C16H19NO2 C16H20NO4 o-Hydroxysantomn Dihydrodihydroxyparasantonic acid chlorohydrin Parasantonimide a-Santoninhydroxyoxime C16H20N2O7 a-Dinitrotetrahydrosantonin C16H20O4 C16H20O6 C16H20Oe C16H20O7 Isosantonic acid Hy droxyparasan tonic acid Dihydroxyparasantonic acid Santononic acid O16H21BrOs C16H21NO4 C 16 H 22 N 2 O 4 a-Monobromotetrahydrosan tonin Hydroxamsantolic anhydride a-Santoninhydroxylamineoxime C16H22O6 C16H22Os Santolic acid Tetrahydrosantonin C 1 OH 22 O 6 C16H23N3O4 C17H21NO3 C17H22Oe C19H27ClO6 Methyl hy droxyparasan tonate San tonic acid semicarbazone Acetylparasantonimide Acetoxyparasan tonic acid Ethyl dehydrodihydroxyparasantonate dichlorohydrin Santonic acid hydrazone Other Carboxy Cincholoiponic acid C16H18O4 C16H19ClO5 C30H40N2O6 C8H13NO4 CHCl3 CHCl3 EtOH EtOH 90% EtOH 96% EtOH CHCl3 CHCl3 CHCl3 EtOH EtOH EtOH CHCl3 CHCl3 EtOH 96% EtOH 96% EtOH EtOH CHCl3 EtOH CHCl3 EtOH EtOH EtOH EtOH EtOH AcOH Compounds H2O 744.6 -108.62 4 18 0.62 2.67 1.27 1.26 0.971 1.053 25 3.27 2.62 0.820 0.776 1.650 1.57 8.98 8.82 0.99 4.37 1.366 1.070 1.51 1.68 1.30 0.62 27.2 27.2 20 20 15 25 12 12 27 25 15 15 25.6 25 25 25.7 -23.5 (622) 1135 (622) 219.6 (624) 126.8 105.0 (2145) 90.2 -73.92 (622) 89.8 (622) -31.55 (622) 24.03 (2143) 24.49 9.09 (2145) -214.33 (625) 47.41 (623) -3.00 90.65 (625) 60.56 (54) 23.4 (2145) 28.0 36.4 (622) 13.39 (625) 697.2 (622) 64.3 (622) 1.61 1.87 26 24.8 -97.0 (622) -86.75 (625) 4 20 12 12 15 15 30.9 (2148) ( 2219 ); cf. (1882, 1959, 1964) C12H16N C13H14O9.2H2O C13H20O2 C14H12O9 Tricycloeksantalic acid nitrile Glucogallic acid Santalenic acid d-Leucodigallie acid Z-Leucodigallic acid C14H27NO3 C16H24O4 C16H24O2 C16H28O2 C16H28O2 C16H29NO C17H30O2 C18H16O7 C18H32O2 C19H22O7.3H2O C20H18O6 C20H18O6 C20H30O6 C20H32O6 *Mutarotation. Carpamic acid Z-a-Longiforic acid /-0-Longiforic acid Methyl vetivenate Hydnocarpusic acid Hydnocarpic acid Hydnocarpamide Methyl hydnocarpate d-Usninic acid Ethyl hydnocarpate Matairesinolic acid (a) anhydrous (o) hydrated (c) lactone Isocubebic ether Cubebinolide Andrographolide Andrographolic acid very dil. Me2CO 90% EtOH EtOH H2O EtOH H2O H2O EtOH EtOH 0 . 99015 5.0 10 0 . 3246 0.4124 0.4004 0.4082 3.727 30 30 1 . 037220 C6H6 CHCl3 CHCl3 CHCl3 CHCl3 CHCl3 Me2CO Me2CO Me2CO C6H6 CHCl3 AcOH MeOH 17 20 17 19 18 15 10 20 0. 525 1.78 3.93 2.07 2.04 14.45 14.45 14.45 2.48 4.141 2 2. 466 11.5 20 20 20 16 26 26 14.4 (i 921) 10.6 (449) 18 . 05 (284) 56 . 4 (i si 5) 104 -67.61 -64.58* 7.0 ( 87 ) -23 . 47 (1949) -49.3 42 . 2 (1 936) 70.0 (H95) 68. 1 (1693) 70.2 (1693) 62.4 (1693) 49.5 (2174) 51.6 (1693) -3.46 (405) -3.04 -3.65 26.02 (1367) 33.69 (1367) -126 (742) 14. 4 (742) Formula C2iH2iC106 C2iH2804 C21H30O6 C23H88O7 C 24 H 2 iNO 6 C 24 H 22 Oi 4 C24H28O6 C24H30O7 C24H34O2 C24H40O2 C24H40O4 C24H40O4 C26H42NO6Na C 26 H 43 NO 6 C27H45NO6 C30H42O9 C32H28O6 C32H36O2I C32H38Oi9 Ci7Hi8BrNO2 Ci7Hi8ClNO2 Ci7Hi8ClNO2 Ci7H19Cl2NO2 Ci7Hi9Br2NO2 Ci7Hi9BrClNO2 Ci7Hi9NO3 Ci7Hi9NO3 Ci7H20BrNO8 Ci7H20ClNO2 CnH20ClNO3 Ci8Hi9NO2 C18H19NO2 Ci8H22INO3 Ci 9 H 2 INO 2 Ci9H22BrNO8 Ci9H22INO2 Ci9H22NIO2 Ci9H23NO8 Ci9H24ClNO3 Ci9H24INO3 C20H24INO2 C20H26BrINO3 | Other Carboxy Compounds.—(Continued) Name [ Solvent | Cubebinolide hydrochloride methyl ester.... CHCl3 Marrubiin Me2CO Marrubio acid Me2CO Elaterio acid AcOEt d-Usninic anilide CHCl3 d-Pentaacetylleucodigallic acid Me2CO Casimirolide CHCl3 Casimiroic acid EtOH Cholanetrienecarboxylic acid CHCl3 Cholanecarboxylic acid CHCl3 Desoxycholic acid. EtOH Choleinic acid ....EtOH Glycocholic acid, sodium salt H2O 90% EtOH d-Glycocholic acid 96% EtOH Glycocholic acid Et2O Photosantoninic acid EtOH Diphenylcubebinolide CHCl3 d-Hexacarbethoxyleucodigallic acid EtOH Z-Hexacarbethoxyleucodigallic acid EtOH Chlorogenic acid H2O Nitrogen Compounds, Mainly Alkaloids Morphine (CnH19NOs) and related compounds Bromomorphide MeOH 0-Chloromorphide MeOH Chloromorphide MeOH Chloromorphide hydrochloride H2O Bromomorphide hydrobromide H2O Chloromorphide hydrobromide H2O Isomorphine MeOH a-Isomorphine MeOH /3-Isomorphine MeOH 7-Isomorphine MeOH Isomorphine hydrobromide H2O 7-Isomorphine hydrobromide H2O Desoxymorphine hydrochloride H2O? Neoisomorphine hydrochloride H2O /3-Isomorphine hydrochloride H2O 7-Isomorphine hydrochloride H2O Apomorphine 3-methyl ether EtOH CHCl3 Methylapomorphine EtOH Morphine methiodide H2O Isomorphine methiodide H2O 7-Isomorphine methiodide H2O Neoisomorphine methiodide H2O Apomorphine dimethyl ether EtOH Bromo-a-methylmorphimethine EtOH Bromo-£-methylmorphimethine EtOH Methylapomorphine methiodide MeOH H2O Dimethylapomorphine hydroiodide EtOH 0-Methylmorphimethine EtOH o-Methylmorphimethine MeOH 7-Methylmorphimethine CHCl3 CHCl3 e-Methylmorphimethine 99% EtOH 5-Methylmorphimethine EtOH e-Methylmorphimethine hydrochloride H2O 7-Methylmorphimethine hydroiodide H2O e-Methylmorphimethine hydroiodide H2O Dimethylapomorphine methiodide H2O Bromo-a-methylmorphimethine methiodide. EtOH d, C or % | t, 0C [ [a\p 4.79 16 13.9 4.79 24 45.68 2.55 21.5 7.86 1.60 23.9 2.53 16 28.6 0.2824 18 76.4 1.542 -49.2 0.835 -86.8 4.83 20 -19.7 6.01 20 20.3 6.64 20 53.28 4-84 20 47.97 8.44 13 24.3 2.42 27.8 1.79 7 32.3 4 4.57 1.99 15 -9.88 5.97 16 -178.8 0.3964 18 62.5 0.3648 15 -57.35 2.75 26 -35.2 2.837 3.975 0.573 1.67 3.157 1.65 2.01 2.95 1.63 1.795 2.49 1.885 2.36 1.84 2.26 1.888 8.4 2.6 1.06 1.162 1.696 1.540 1.56 1.639 1.23 0.713 1.257 0.952 1.379 1 1.24 3.09 0.574 8.91 0.811 0.805 2.67 0.56 25 15 20 27 19 25 15 17 15 15 15 27 11 15 15 15 22 25 23 15 15 15 15 15 21 15 17 15 20 20 15 15 15 20 20 21 15 65.9 -5 -375.2 -315.3 41.1 -268.6 -164.3 -167 -216 -94 -127.2 -71 140.3 -79.1 -200.8 -76 -90 -103 66.83 -72.9 -91.5 -50 —54.5 -148 -104.06 128.22 -20 10.48 -49 438 256.6 64.6 67 -120. l -174 -154 37 - 95.6 -42.03 -110.71 \ Lit. (1367) (737) (737) (i*5i) (2174) (isi5) (1695) (1695) (2175) (2175) ("««) ("««) («03) (1646) (626) (1367) (1515) (744) («»«) (H°8) (1895) (1895) (1895) (i 895) (1895) (1534) (1896) (1895) (1534) (1895) (1184) (i 896) (1534) C 1113 ) (1726) (l895) (1534) ( 1184 ) (i 113) (2075) (i 113) (1726) (i 113) (l 114) (1725) (l 104) (mo) (1104) (1725) (1726) (2075) Formula C20H26NO3 C20H26INO3 C 21H 26NO4 C21H28INO3 Morphine (CnHi9NOs) and related compounds. — (Continued) Name Solvent d, C or % a-Dimethylmorphimethine MeOH 2.085 a-Methylmorphimethine methiodide H2O 10 ß-Methylmorphimethine methiodide 97% EtOH 0.6 H2O 1.56 7-Methylmorphimethine methiodide EtOH 1.00 o-Methylmorphimethine methiodide H2O 0.951 c-Methylmorphimethine methiodide H2O H2O 2.486 f-Methylmorphimethine methiodide CHCl3 5.66 Acetylmethylmorphimethine H2O 0.260 a-Dimethylmorphimethine methiodide ß-Dimethylmorphimethine methiodide H2O 0.229 H2O 0.213 H2O 0.642 7-Dimethylmorphimethine methiodide t, 0C \ [a]D 24 -251.9 17 -12.7 17 233 17 34.7 15 150.7 20 -110.4 -111 15 -148 21 150 23 -134.4 22 268.5 22 278.5 20 14 Lit. (1724) (noe) («o«) («96) (noe) (1725) (1104) (mo) (UU) (1724) (1724, 1725) C 22 H 26 INO 5 C 22 H 28 BrNO 6 C 22 H 28 INO 4 C 26 H 29 NO 6 C31H26NO4 C18H19NO3 C18Hi9NO3 C18H20ClNO2 C18H20BrNO3 C18H20INO2 C18H20N2O3 C18H20N2O5 C18H21NO2 Ci8H21NO3 H2O 0.146 28 o-Dimethylmorphimethine methiodide e-Dimethylmorphimethine methiodide H2O 0.283 20 H2O 0.896 15 Diacetylmorphine methiodide H2O 1.273 15 Diacetyl-7-isomorphine methiodide Bromoacetoxydihydro-a-dimethylmorphiMeOH 2.468 26 methine methyl ether Acetyl-e-methylmorphimethine methiodide. . H2O H2O 1.0 16 a-Methylmorphinemethine benzoate H2O 1 17 /3-Methylmorphimethine benzoate EtOH 0.63 15 5-Methylmorphimethine benzoate 99% EtOH 0.87 15 7-Methylmorphimethine benzoate CHCl3 3.33 17 Dibenzoylapomorphine Codeine (methylmorphine), thebaine (dimethylmorphine) and related compounds Codeinone EtOH 1.007 15 Isocodeinone 99% EtOH 2.11 15 0-Chlorocodide EtOH 0.824 15 Chloro-iA-codeine 99% EtOH 15 Bromo-^-codeine EtOH 15 Iodocodide CHCl3 3.95 20 Codeinone oxime EtOH 0. 139 15 Nitron-codeine CHCl3 15 Desoxycodeine EtOH 4.922 15 Codeine 97% EtOH 5.0 15 171 -79 -107 -24 (1724) (1534) (1534) 108.4 -45 -112.8 254 181.1 41.3 43.44 (1723) (1104) (Hoe) (noe) (1106) (H06) (1726) -205 (21) -25 (H07) -10 (no«) -100.8 ("04) -75.2 (H04) 136.5 (nos) -499 (21) -49.9 (H04) 121 ("i*) -135.8 (885.5); cf. (784.5) C18H21NO4 C18H21NO6S Allo-tA-codeine ^-Codeine Neoisocodeine Isocodeine Codeine oxide /3-Codeinesulfonic acid Ci8H21NO7S Ci8H22ClNO3.2H2O Codeinehydroxysulfonic acid Codeine hydrochloride C18H22ClNO4 C18H22INO3 C18H23NO2 C18H24ClNO2 C19H22INO3 C19H21NO3 Codeine oxide hydrochloride Allo-^-codeine hydroiodide ^-Codeine hydroiodide Desoxydihydrocodeine Desoxydihydrocodeine hydrochloride Isocodeinone methiodide Thebaine C19H22ClNO3 C19H23ClINO2 C19H23INO3 C19H24INO3 C19H26NO7S Thebaine hydrochloride i/'-Chlorocodide methiodide 0-Isocodeine methiodide Allopseudocodeine isomethiodide Methylhydroxycodeinesulfonic acid CHCl3 CHCl3 EtOH EtOH EtOH CHCl3 H2O H2O NKOJi 2 N KOH H2O 2 4 4.5 1.91 3.53 1.87 2.08 3.024 4.23 4.17 2 15 23 15 H2O EtOH 2.08 1 . 967 EtOH H2O H2O CHCl3 97% EtOH H2O 5. 171 5.289 0.893 5 2 2 20 15 15 15 15 15 22.5 15 22.5 H2O H2O H2O 0.603 1.728 1 . 76 15 20 18 20 20 20 22. 5 -111.5 -115.63 (*oi) -228 (mo) -91.1 ("17) -96.6 (1184) -150.6 -97. 1 ("66) -190. 1 (1675) -136.3 -115.4 (675) -108. 2 (881.2, 2053) -105.8 ("66) - 153 (i 1 1 0) —57 -24 ("15) -17 (»I«) -12 (1107) -229.5 (885.5) -218.6 -163.25 (885.5) -227.4 ("04) -145.5 -142 ("IO) -63. 2 (675) Codeine (methylmorphine), thebaine (dimethylmorphine) and related compounds.—(Continued) | Name | Solvent | d, C or % | t, 0C | [a]D \ Lit. Acetocodeine CHCl3 4.579 21 -141 (UU) Methyldesoxycodeine methiodide EtOH 2.290 15 108 Methylcodeine methiodide H2O 0.6013 22 -107.2 (1724) Methyldesoxydihydrocodeine methiodide.... 99 % EtOH 2.773 15 -12 (i 115) Acetylcodeine methiodide H2O 1.03 15 -64 (1111J Acetoacetylcodeine CHCl3 5.72 17 -207 (lin) Acetoacetyl-iA-codeine CHCl3 5.49 18 -126 (» 12) Acetoacetylisocodeine CHCl3 5.15 14 -236 (1"2) C 25 H 26 NO 4 Desoxycodeine benzoate EtOH 5.53 15 106 (1115) C25H27NO3 Pseudocodeine p-cresyl ether CHCl3 2.78 20 -13.7 (i 105) C25H27NO4 Pseudocodeine guaiacyl ether CHCl3 0.9610 20 -22.9 (l 105) C27H27NO5 Codeine phenylpropiolate CHCl3 4 23 -51.00 (901) CHCl3 1 23 -50.50 H2O 1 22 -76.00 C27H29NO5 Codeine cinnamato... CHCl3 4 23 -51.63 (901) CHCl3 1 23 -52.50 H2O 1 22 -75.00 C27H3INO6 Codeine/3-phenylpropionate CHCl3 4 23 -64.37 (901) H2O 1 22 -88.00 C36H44N2O9 Bimolecular codeine oxide H2O 2.51 20 -97.6 (1466) EtOH 2.51 19 -105.9 Hydrated H2O 2.46 20 -99.5 (1466) EtOH 2.50 19 -107.2 C36H44N2Oi0S.5H2O Codeine sulfate H2O 3 25 -100.9 (885.5) C 40 H 44 N 2 Oi 0 Codeine acetylenedicarboxylate CHCl3 4 22 -76.62 (901) CHCl3 1 22 -68.00 H2O 1 22 -87.50 C40H46N2Oi0 Codeine fumarate CHCl3 4 22 -81.50 (*oi) CHCl3 1 22 -83.00 H2O 1 22 -90.00 C40H46N2Oi0 Codeine maleate CHCl3 4 22 -80.75 (901) CHCl3 1 22 -80.00 H2O 1 22 -93.00 C40H48N2Oi0 Codeine succhiate CHCl3 4 23 -87.75 (901) CHCl3 1 23 -90.00 H2O 1 25 -103.00 Cinchonine, cinchonidine and their derivatives; cf. (866, 875, 876, 885.5, 1026, 1027, 1028, 1030, 1187, 1196, 1543.5, 1794, 1963, 2070, Formula C 20 H 23 NO 4 C20H26INO2 C 20 H 26 INO 3 C20H28INO2 C2iH26IN04 C 22 H 25 NO 5 2223, 2223.5) Ci9H2IBrN2O Ci9H2IBrN2O Ci9H2iClN2 Ci9H2iClN2.2H2O Ci9H2IClN2 Ci9H22Br2N2O Ci9H22Br2N2O Ci9H22Cl2N2 Ci9H22Cl2N2 Ci9H22N2O Ci9H22N2O 1 Bromocinchonidine Bromocinchonine Cinchonine chloride 33% EtOH.CHClg 33% EtOH.CHCl3 EtOH CHCl3 Hydrated EtOH Cinchonidine chloride EtOH CHCl3 /3-Cinchonine dibromide 33% EtOH.CHCl3 ^-Cinchonidine dibromide 33% EtOH.CHCl3 Cinchonidine chloride monohydrochloride. .. H2O Cinchonine chloride monohydrochloride H2O Cinchonine CHCl3 EtOH Cinchonidine; cf. (329, 875, 876, 885.5, 1196, 1540,1784) Ci9H22N2O 2 2.03 1.975 2.007 2.009 2.020 2.009 1.0 2.1 1.573 1.555 0.560 0.6060 17 17 13 13 13 13 13 17 17 24 22 17 20 -110.3 (290) 185.7 (289) 57.7 (i756) 62.2 49.77 78.2 (1756) 90.9 107.5 -135 (291) 24.16 (1756) 48.86 (1756) 209.6 (1540) 225.2 (1756) EtOH 0.878 11 -111.0 CHCl3 1.095 14 -86.7 (1756) Isocinchonidine; for various isomerides, cf. (866,875) Ci9H22N2 Desoxycinchonine Ci9H22N2 Desoxycinchonidine CHCl3 1.96 -128 97% EtOH EtOH CHCl3 EtOH CHCl3 2.99 1.965 2.030 2.006 2.006 -129 181.2 194.3 -29.9 -19.7 20 13 13 13 (1554) (1756) Cinchonine, cinchonidine and their derivatives; cf. (866, 875, 876, 885.5, 1026, 1027, 1028, ioao, 1187, use, 1543.5, 1794, 1963, 207O 1 2223, 2223.5).—(Continued) Formula | Name [ Solvent | d, C or % | t, 0C | [QL]D \ Lit. Ci9H22N2O Apocinchonidine EtOH 0.8 15 -129.2 0-Cinchonidine EtOH 0.5 20 -171.5 7-Cinchonidine EtOH 0.5 20 -164.6 (875, 1512) Ci9H22N2O C19H23ClN2O Ci9H23ClN2O Ci9H23ClN2O-H2O Hydrocinchoninone EtOH Cinchonine hydrochloride CHCl3 Cinchonidine hydrochloride (other salts; cf. 4.12 1.407 21 23 75.8 132.9 (1540, 1543, 2235)) CHCl3 2.85 15 Hydrated 97% EtOH 2NUCl CHCl3 97% EtOH H2O EtOH H2O H2O H2O EtOH 97% EtOH EtOH 97% EtOH 3 10 2.0 3.03 1.54 1.54 3.67 3.55 3 2 2 0.406 2 15 20 H2O H2O 80% EtOH EtOH EtOH EtOH CHCl3 CHCl3 H2O 3ATHCLCHCl 3 H2O CHCl3 CHCl3 H2O CHCl3 CHCl3 H2O CHCl3 CHCl3 H2O CHCl8 CHCl3 H2O CHCl3 CHCl3 CHCl3 CHCl3 H2O CHCl3 CHCl3 CHCl3 CHCl3 CHCl3 ...CHCl3 CHCl3 CHCl3 CHCl3 CHCl3 CHCl8 3.92 3.77 2 17.8 4.8 3.75 1 2.23 2 1.18 0.38 4 1 0.5 4 1 0.5 4 1 0.5 4 1 0.5 1 5 2.5 5 1 5 5 2.5 5 2.5 5 2.5 5 2.5 5 2.5 20.8 195.0 89.3 175.5 15 -109.0 20 170.2 17 -82 17 -51 21 28.2 20 35.28 15 139.5 16.8 110.4 15 51.75 22 119.75 22 133.50 22 137.00 22 159.0 22 165.0 23 140 22 145.63 22 140.00 22 139.00 22 117.75 22 125.00 23 143 22.2 -72.4 23 111.4 23 123.6 21 90.2 20.2 -24.7 21 141.1 21 142.3 21 157.8 21 162.8 21 176.6 21 100.3 21 107.6 21 94.6 21 99.0 21 114.2 21 120.2 Ci9H23IN2O Isocinchonidine hydroiodide Ci9H23N3O4 Cinchonine nitrate C19H24Cl2N2O Cinchonine dihydrochloride Ci9H24N2O Cinchonamine; cf. (46, 46.5, 881) Ci9H24N2O Ci9H24N2O Hydrocinchonine Hydrocinchonidine Ci9H24N2O6S Cinchonine hydrogen sulfate Ci9H24N2O6S C19H28N2O Ci 9 H 28 N 2 O Ci9H34N2O C 20 H 22 N 2 O 3 C 20 H 24 N 2 O C21H24N2O2 Cinchonidine hydrogen sulfate Hexahydrocinchonine Hexahydrocinchonidine Dodecahydrocinchonidine Acetylcinchoninal.. Methylcinchotoxine Acetylcinchonine C 2 IH 28 Cl 2 N 2 O C 23 H 24 N 2 O 6 Ethylcinchotoxine dihydrochloride Cinchonine acetylenedicarboxylate C23H28N2O5 Cinchonine succinate C23H26N2O6 Cinchonine fumarate C 23 H 26 N 2 O 6 Cinchonine maleate C 25 H 24 N 2 O 3 C25H28N2O3S Benzoylcinchoninal Cinchonine benzenesulfinate C26H28N2O4S C 26 H 26 N 2 O 2 C26H28N2O3 C26H28N2O4 Cinchonine benzenesulfonate Benzoylcinchonine.... Cinchonine monobenzoate Cinchonine monosalicylate C26H29N3O3 Cinchonine anthranilate C26H30N2O3S Cinchonine p-toluenesulfinate C26H30N2O4S Cinchonine p-toluenesulfonate C27H32N2O8S Cinchonine p-xylene-2-sulfinate 17 17 20.8 84 15 15 12 15 -24.2 ( 1045 ) (1756) (885.5); cf. -108.0 ( 1 S 40 ) -142.1 (876) -58 (1554) -58 -99.9 (1540) -103.2* 205.5 (l445) 192.8 206.1 (885.5) 120 ( 9 34) 121.1 (882) 192.1 (1756) -98.4 (875.5) ; c/. (880) * Calculated on weight of alkaloid. ( 14 45) (885.5) (1957) (1957) (1917) (1757) (1917) ( 3 Sl) ( 9 °i) ( 9 °i) ( 9 °i) ( 9 <>i) (I 9 I 7 ) (9°3) ( 9 <>3) (i9i7) ( 9 <>2) (901) ( 9 °2) (9°3) (9°3) ( 9 <>3) Cinchonine, cinchonidine and their derivatives; cf. (866, 875, 876, 885.5, 1026, 102?, 1028, ioso, 1187, 1196, 1543.5, 1794, 1963, 2070, 2223, 2223.5)—(Continued) Formula | Name [ Solvent | d, C or % | t, 0C \ [a]p \ Lit. C27H32N2O4S Cinchonine p-xylene-2-sulfonate CHCl3 5 2Î 97.2 (903) CHCl3 2.5 21 103.8 C 28 H 28 N 2 O 3 Cinchonine phenylpropiokte CHCl3 4 23 86.OO (901) CHCl3 1 23 100.0 H2O 0.5 23 92.0 C28H30N2O3 Cinchonine cinnamate CHCl3 4 23 107.0 (901) CHCl3 1 23 121.50 H2O 0.5 23 117.00 C28H30N2O5 Cinchonine acetylsalicylate CHCl3 5 21 135.0 (901) C 28 H 3 IN 3 O 4 Cinchonine acetylanthranilate CHCl3 5 21 125.8 (902) CHCl3 2.5 21 141.2 C28H32N2O3 Cinchonine di-/3-phenylpropionate (other salts; c/. (1946)) CHCl3 5 21 116.2 (902) CHCl3 2.5 21 120.5 C28H32N2O3 Cinchonine 0-phenylpropionate EtOH 0.5 23 222.0 ( 9 Ol) CHCl3 4 23 116.25 CHCl3 1 23 125.00 H2O 0.5 23 98.00 C29H30Cl2N2O a-Naphthylcinchotoxine dihydrochloride. ... H2O 0.21 15 49.6 ( 35 I) C29H36N2O4S Cinchonidine dZ-sec.-butylbenzenesulf onate. . MeOH 1 20 -7.34 (loss) C 3 IH 32 N 2 O 4 S Cinchonine phenetylsulfinate CHCl3 5 21 101.2 (»03) CHCl3 2.5 21 104.2 C3IH32N2O5S Cinchonine phenetylsulfonate CHCl3 5 21 98.1 (903) CHCl3 2.5 21 105.4 C33H32N2O5 Cinchonine benzoylsalicylate CHCl3 5 21 137.3 (901) CHCl3 2.5 21 156.0 C 33 H 34 N 2 O 5 Cinchonine dibenzoate CHCl3 5 21 151.0 ( 9 °2) C33H34N3O4 Cinchonine benzoylanthranilate CHCl3 5 21 144.2 (902) CHCl3 2.5 21 161.8 C33H34N4O5 Cinchonine dianthranilate CHCl3 5 21 161.4 (902) C 35 H 38 N 2 O 5 Cinchonine diphenylacetate CHCl3 5 21 107.0 (902) CHCl3 2.5 21 109.0 C37H36N4O5 Cinchonine diacetylanthranilate CHCl3 5 21 111.3 (902) C38H46N4O6S Cinchonine sulfate 97% EtOH 10 15 189.45 (885.5) C38H46N4O6S Cinchonidine sulfate, anhydrous 1.294NH2SO4 3 19 153.0 (1658) C38H46N4O6S.6H2O Hydrated H2O 1.06 15 -106.77 (1540) H2O 2 15 -110.5 C38H46N4O6S.7H2O 1.294JVH2SO4 3 19 132.2 C 40 H 46 N 4 O 6 Cinchonine oxalate EtOH + CHCl3 2.o 15 -98.7 (885.5) C47H46N4O7 Cinchonine dibenzoylanthranilate CHCl3 5 21 113.8 (902) Quinine and isomerides (C20ZT24AT2O2) and their derivatives Ci 9 H 22 N 2 O 2 Apoquinine 97% EtOH 2 15 -178.1 3N HCl 97% EtOH 3AT HCl EtOH 2 2 2 2 15 15 15 15 -246.6 155.3 216.5 O (*7*); cf. (1261) Ci9H22N2O2.2H2O Apoquinidine Ci 9 H 22 N 2 O Apoquinamine (875) (877) ; cf. (934) Ci9H24N2O2 Quinamine Ci9H24N2O2 Quinamidine Ci9H24N2O2 Conquinamine HAT HCl EtOH Et2O CHCl3 C6H6 97% EtOH 97% EtOH EtOH 2 1.774 1.024 2.235 1.489 2 2 4.018 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 -30.0 100.7 (1541); cf. 119.9 (865, 93.3 871.5, 100.9 877) 4.5 (877) 38.1 204.1 (1542, 1543); (878) Et2O CHCl3 3AT HCl 1.522 2 4 15 15 15 188.1 184.5 (878) 230.0 cff Formula Ci9H26ClN2O2-H2O Ci9H26BrN2O2-H2O Ci9H26IN2O2 C20H22N2O2 C20H22N2O2 C20H23Br3N2O C20H23ClN2O C20H23ClN2O C20H23ClN2O2 C20H24N2O C20H24N2O-H2O C20H24N2O2 | Quinine and isomerides (C2QHÂT2O2) and their derivatives.—(Continued) Name | Solvent | d, C or % t, 0C | [a]D \ Lit. Quinamine hydrochloride H2O 2 15 100.0 (877) Quinamine hydrobromide H2O 4 15 88.2 Quinamine hydroiodide EtOH 2.310 16 95.8 (1541) Dehydroquinine CHCl3-EtOH 2.1 17 -179 (290) Quininone EtOH 2.14 23 73.79* (1755) Quinine tribromide (a) isomeride MeOH 10 198 ( 62 °) (6) isomeride CHCl3 10 119 Quinine chloride EtOH 1.90 15 61 (l 756) Quinidine chloride EtOH 1.943 15 35.25 Quininone hydrochloride EtOH 1.93 14 58.67 (1755) Desoxyquinine, anhydrous EtOH 2.252 20 -97.7 ( 17 56) Hydrated EtOH 2.021 15 -93.0 (1756) Desoxyquinidine, anhydrous EtOH 2.023 20 211.1 (1756) Hydrated EtOH 2.254 15 191.9 Quinine C6H6 0.61 17 -136 (U 96 ); cf. (1945) C20H24N2O2 a-Isoquinine /3-Isoquinine C20H24N2O2 PhMe CHCl3 EtOH EtOH EtOH EtOH EtOH EtOH C20H26ClN2O2JI2O Quinidine (conquinine); cf. (»67, 885.5, H96, 2223) C6H6 PhMe CHCl3 97% EtOH 90% EtOH Quinicine CHCl3 CHCl3 Quinine isomeride EtOH EtOH Isoconquinine 97% EtOH Quininesulfonic acid 3A^ HCl Quinine hydrochloride H2O H2O H2O H2O EtOH IATHCl Quinidine hydrochloride H2O C20H26N3O6.H2O C20H26Cl2N2O2-H2O C20H26N2O2 Quinidine nitrate Quinidine dihydrochloride Hydroquinine C20H24N2O2 C20H24N2O2 C20H24N2O2 C20H24N2O6S C20H26ClN2O2 0.39 1.465 2.136 1.0 0.5 0.5 1.0 2.0 17 17 15 18 18 18 18 18 1.62 1.62 1.62 1.0 0.7735 2 17 17 17 -127 -117 -158.2 -245 -248 -192.4 -195.35 -191.6 (1756) (™3) 0.9248 0.9702 1.894 2 1.54 1 3.97 3.82 1.54* 7 2 195.2 (1540) 206.2 O«*); cf. 228.8 (885.5, 233.6 1540) 15 243.5 15 44.1 (866) 38.67 (934) -237.89 («2) -181.67 -9 (1612) 15 -182.2 (888.5) 17 -133.7 (i"0) 15 -227.25 21.8 -228.0 (1445) 85.1 -216.7 17 -138.0 15 -213.99 (885.5) 15 195.97 (885.5); c/. 2.17 2 2.4 17 15 20 (1540) EtOH H2O EtOH 232 250.3 -142.2 (i540) (885.5) (U 96 ); cf. (880.5, 886) C20H26N2O6S C20H26N206S.7H20 Quinine hydrogen sulfate Hydrated C 2 IH 24 N 2 O 4 C 2 IH 26 N 2 O 4 Acetylquininol Quinine formate C22H26N2O3 Acetylquinine C22H26N2O3 Acetylquinidine C23H26N2O4 Diacetylapoquinine H2O H2O 80% EtOH 80% EtOH CHCl3 H2O 4.22 4.09 1 3 1 2.00 15.9 7.85 15 15 22 21 -212.2 -189.9 -154.5 -153.3 -63.5 -141.1 (1445) 3AT HCl CHCl3 97% EtOH 3AT HCl 3AT HCl EtQH 2 1 2 2 2 2 22.9 -120.8 (I 9 I 7 ); cf. 14.4 -30.9 (881.5) 15 127.6 (875) 15 216.5 15 -107.5 (875) -61.8 (885.5) (1917) (U 4 5 ); cf. (1146) * Calculated on weight of alkaloid. Formula C 23 H 26 N 2 O 4 C 23 H 28 N 2 O 3 C 26 H 26 N 2 O 4 C 27 H 28 N 2 O 3 C39H46N4O4 C30H38N2O6S C40H50N4O8S Quinine and isomerides (CwHziNzOz) and their derivatives. — (Continued} Name | Solvent | d, C or % t, 0C Diacetylapoquinidine 97% EtOH 2 15 W HCl 2 15 Propionylquinine 3N HCl 2 15 Benzoylquininal CHCl3 1 22.4 Benzoylquinine EtOH 1 19.2 CHCl3 1 16.6 Cupreinequinine (homoquinine) EtOH 5 Quinine dZ-sec.-butylbenzenesulfonate MeOH 1.24 20 Quinine sulfate; cf. (268, 875, 885.5, 1540, 1543) 80%EtOH 2 15 60% EtOH 2 15 1.249ATH 2 SO 4 3 19 Heptahydrate 1.249AT H2SO4 Quinidine sulfate heptahydrate H2O 1.0 [a]D \ Lit. 40.4 (875) 78.4 108 .8 (875) 79.4 (1917) 119.9 (1917) 118.1 -158 ( 93S ) -10.5 ( 1 OSS) -162.95 (396) -166.36 -237.7 (1658) -203.3 (1658) 179.5 ( 1612 ); cf. (885.5, 1540) Isoconquinine hydrogen sulfate Quinidine hydrogen sulfate dihydrate H2O H2O 2.464 2.0 10.2 210.5 (1612) ( 1612 ); cf. 885.5, 1540) C40H62N4O8-H2O C42H50N 4O8.3H2O C42H50N4O8 C42H50N4O8.9H2O C42H50N4O8 C19H18N2O3 C 21 H 20 N 2 O 6 C21H21N3O6 C 21 H 22 N 2 O 2 Isoconquinine sulfate Nitrocamphorquinine Quinine oxalate Quinicine oxalate Hydrated H2O EtOH EtOH H2O H2O 2MH 2 SO 4 Isoquinicine oxalate H2O H2O Strychnine, its isomerides and derivatives AcOH Strychninolone O. IJV NaOH Strychninonic acid O. IAT NaOH Strychninonic acid oxime Strychnine; cf. (920, 1945, 1946, 1995, 2053, 2223) Isostrychnine 1 .406 2. 72 1.54* 2 2 2 2 2 2.66 7.874 3.91 CHCl3 CHCl3 CHCl3 EtOH EtOH 4 2.5 1.5 0.91 3.4 H2O O. IN NaOH O. IN NaOH O. IN NaOH H2O MeOH 1.86 2.02 2.02 3.5 2.010 0.846 17 15 15 -35.5 (1612) 45. 9 (276) -131.4 (885.5) 10 (1613) 9.54 (866) 15.54 (866) -8. 59 (1613) -9.79 20 20 20 -112.4 -43.3 119 (1214) («04) ("U) (1539) 17.5 -130 -137.7 -140.7 -128 6.77 20 20 20 20 20 -1.75 -138 -163.3 4.3 18.3 O (1644) («15) (1215) (1204) (1217) (loss) O 533 ); cf. (1640) C 21 H 22 N 2 O 3 C 2 iH 22 N2O5S.2H2O C21H22N2O6S.3H2O C 21 H 22 N 2 O 6 C 21 H 24 N2O6S.2H2O C31H36N2O5S C6IH62N2O10S2Si2 Strychnine oxide Strychninesulf onic acid Strychninesulfonic acid Dihydrostrychninonic acid Strychninesulfonic acid, IV hydrate Strychnine dZ-sec.-butylbenzenesulfonate. . . . Strychnine dibenzylpropylethylsilicanedisulfonate (Si.C2H5.C3H8(CH2.C6H4.SO2.OH)2C21H22N2O2) 98% MeOH 64% MeOH Brucine (C23J3"26AT2O4) and its derivatives C 21 H 22 N 2 O 6 Brucinolone AcOH AcOH AcOH AcOH C 21 H 22 N 2 O 5 Isobrucinolone AcOH C 23 H 22 N 2 O 8 Na 2 Sodium brucinonate H2O C23H24N2O7 Trihydroxydehydrobrucine 37.6% HCl C 23 H 24 N 2 O 8 Na 2 Sodium dihydrobrucinonate H2O C23H26N3O8 Brucinonic acid oxime AcOH 0.I]VNaOH C23H26N2O4 Brucine EtOH CHCl3 CHCl3 * Calculated on weight of alkaloid. 2.465 2.119 4.78 2.38 4.56 3.93 1.1 4.27* 3.73 16. 1* 2.68 4.71 5.4 4.9 1.9 -15.21 (28l) -22.4 (281) 22 22 22 22 24 20 20 20 17 20 -34.7 -32.6 -37.2 -37.7 26.7 -48.5 87.4 -14.8 81.7 128.2 -85 -119 -127 ( 1367 ); cf. (1207, 1213, 1216) (1207) (1204) (1212) (1204) (1209) (1216) ( 1539 ); cf. (2053) Formula C 23 H 26 N 2 O 4 C 23 H 26 N 2 O 6 C23H26N2O7 C23H26N2O7S C23H26N2O8 C23H27ClN2O5 C23H27N3O8 C24H27N608.3H2O C 26 H 28 N 2 O 9 C26H34N2O7 C27H28N2O8 C27H30N2O8 C27H30N2O8 C27H32NX)8 C27H36N2O7 C 28 H 26 N 2 O 6 C 28 H 26 N 2 O 6 C29H32N2O6S C29H32N2O7S C29H36N2Oi0 C29H36N2O10 C29H36N2Oi0 C30H32N2O6 C30H32N2O7 C30H33N3O6 C30H34N2O6S C30H34N2O7S C3IH34N2O6 C3IH36N2O6S C3iH36N2O7S C3iH36N2O7S C3IH36N2O8S C 32 H 32 N 2 O 3 C32H34N2O4 C32H34N2O8 C32H36N3O7 C32H36N2O6 C32H40N2O6 C37H36N2O8 C37H37N3O7 C60H66N4Oi 2 Brucine (C23H26NzO4)and its derivatives.—(Continued) Name [ Solvent [ d, C or % | t, 0C [ [a]D \ Lit. Allobrucine CHCl3 4.54 -112.8 O464) Brucine oxide H2O 3.05 28 -1.63 (* 643 ) Trioxybrucine AcOH 4.33 20 5.66 («12) Brucine sulfonic acid I 0.I]VNaOH 4-48 20 -242 ("M) II 0.I]VNaOH 2.3 20 29.2 III O.IJVNaOH 2.36 20 156.8 Brucinolic acid O . I N NaOH 4.56 20 -22 (1216) Brucine hydrochloride H2O 0.595 28 -13.95 ( 1643 ) Brucine nitrate H2O 0.879 30 -11.36 (1643) Brucinonic acid semicarbazone 0.I]VNaOH 5.13 20 252 («16) Diacetyldihydroxydihydrobrucinoline-6 AcOH 1.96 20 -149.2 (1210) Methylbrucine acetate H2O 4.01 20 -9.97 ( 14 ^S) Brucine hydrogen acetylenedicarboxylate... CHCl3 0.47 27 -5.26 ( 903 ) EtOH 0.47 27 -3.22 H2O 3.73 25 -15.02 H2O 0.93 25 -18.77 Brucine hydrogen fumarate EtOH 0.47 23 10.69 ( 903 ) H2O 1.870 24 -24.86 H2O 0.94 24 -25.14 Brucine hydrogen maleate CHCl3 0.49 25 6.12 ( 9 <> 3 ) H2O 0.98 25 -24.49 Brucine hydrogen succhiate CHCl3 0.47 25 -23.40 ( 903 ) EtOH 0.47 25 -31.92 H2O 3.74 24 -27.81 H2O 0.94 24 -24.60 Dimethylbrucine acetate H2O 4.2 20 -7.14 (1 4 65) Benzoylisobrucinolone AcOH 2.00 16 99 (121°) Benzoylbrucinolone-o AcOH 2.93 16 -148 (1210) Brucine benzenesulfinate CHCl3 5 22 -19.8 (903) Brucine benzenesulfonate CHCl3 5 22 -16.1 Brucine anhydrotalonate EtOH 2.5 20 -12.45 (1221) Brucine anhydrogalactonate EtOH 2.5 20 -9.23 (1221) Brucine lyxohexosamate (deaminized) EtOH 2.5 25 -11.96 («21) Brucine benzoate CHCl3 5 21 -25.4 ( 9 °2) CHCl3 2.5 21 -25.0 Brucine salicylate CHCl3 5 21 14.2 ( 9 <>2) Brucine anthranilate CHCl3 5 21 -9.0 ( 9 °2) Brucine p-toluenesulfinate CHCl3 5 21 -15.2 ( 9 <> 3 ) Brucine p-toluenesulfonate CHCl3 5 21 -12.5 Brucine phenylacetate CHCl3 5 21 -30.5 ( 9 °2) CHCl3 2.5 21 -32.2 Brucine p-xylene-2-sulfinate CHCl3 5 21 -14.0 ( 903 ) Brucine p-xylene-2-sulfonate CHCl3 5 21 -15.5 Brucine phenetylsulfinate CHCl3 22 -20.3 ( 903 ) Brucine phenetylsulfonate CHCl3 22 -14.1 ( 9 <> 3 ) Brucine phenylpropiolate CHCl3 3.75 3.33 ( 9 °i) CHCl3 0.94 2.67 H2O 0.94 -22.94 Brucine cinnamate CHCl3 3.64 18 -11.68 ( 9 <>i) CHCl3 0.91 18 -17.58 CHCl3 0.91 -18.68 Brucine acetylsalicylate CHCl3 5 21 15.1 ( 9 <>2) Brucine acetylanthranilate CHCl3 5 21 5.2 ( 9 <>2) Brucine 0-phenylpropionate CHCl3 5 21 -38.2 ( 9 <>2) CHCl3 2.5 21 -38.5 CHCl3 3.64 19 -38.19 ( 9 <>i) CHCl3 0.91 19 -38.46 H2O 0.91 19 -25.27 Brucine 1-methylcyclohexylidene acetate, see p. 458 Brucine benzoylsalicylate CHCl3 5 21 ±0.1 ( 9 <>2) Brucine benzoylanthranilate CHCl3 5 21 24.6 ( 9 °2) Brucine fumarate CHCl3 1.79 24 -61.45 (9°3) H2O 1.79 22 -34.91 Formula C 60 H 66 N 4 Oi 2 C60H68N4Oi2 C8H16N C9HnBrN2O6 C9Hi8N3O6 C9Hi4N2O C9Hi4N2O6 C9Hi6N6O6 CioHuNOa CnHi4N2O CnHi6N3O4 CnHi 8 N 2 | Brucine (C'zsH'^N204) and its derivatives.—(Continued) Name | Solvent | d, C or % | f, 0C [ [a]D Lit. Brucine maleate CHCl3 1.74 24 -63.22 (903) CHCl3 0.87 24 -61.51 H2O 3.48 23 -44.97 H2O 0.87 23 -41.96 Brucine Buccinate CHCl3 4 25 -68.75 (9<>3) CHCl3 1 25 -75.50 H2O 4 25 -33.75 Other alkaloids, their derivatives and other substances a-Coniceine EtOH 1.66 15 18.4 (1266) Bromouridine H2O 10.05 21 -15.4 (1231) Cytidine H2O 10.0 21 29.6 (1231) e*-Oximmo-^vinylquinuclidine EtOH 2.005 16 113 (1756) Dihydrouridine H2O 4.028 39.1 (1231) Carnosine nitrate H2O 7.60 19.5 22.2 (764) Ratanhine 11% HCl 2.013 19 -18.6 (732) Cytisine H2O 2 12 -120 (1655) CHCl3 2 12 -100.42 90% EtOH 2 12 -100.42 (1768) CHCl3 2 12 -65.42 Cytisine nitrate H2O 5 11 -90.17 (1655) Daucine Et2O 7.74 ("41, 1642) CuH20Cl2N2 C17Hi7NO3 Ci7H19NO3 Ci7H2INO4 Tetrahydrodesoxycytisine dihydrochloride.. . H2O H2O Methylcytisine H2O H2O EtOH EtOH CHCl3 CHCl3 MeOH MeOH Eseroline MeOH a-Bromopicrotoxinin CHCl3 0-Bromopicrotoxinin CHCl3 Picrotoxinin EtOH Me2CO Prepd. from a-bromopicrotoxinin Me2CO BenzoyW-orseine 50% EtOH Picrotin EtOH Physostigmine (from Calabar beans) CHCl3 Commercial CHCl3 Lupinidine 99% EtOH Narcissine (from Narcissus pseudonarcissus) EtOH Carpiline EtOH Carpiline hydrochloride EtOH Bufotalin CHCl3 ^-Lupanine methiodide H2O H2O Pukateine EtOH Isobebeerine Py Scopolamine; c/. (697,891,2181,2182) EtOH Ci7H22BrNO4 Ci7H24N2O6 Ci8Hi9NO3 Ci8H20ClN03.2H20 Ci8H2INO3 Ci8H21NO4 Ci9Hi9NO4 C19H22N2O2^H2O Ci9H23ClN2O2 Scopolamine anhydride hydrobromide Casimeroedine Oxycanthine Hydrochloride Bebeerine Chondrodine Bulbocapnine Cupreine Cupreine hydrochloride C12H16N2O C13Hi8N2O C15Hi6BrO6 C16Hi6O6 C16H17NO3 C16H18O7 C16H21N3O2 C16H26N2 C16H17NO4 C16H18N2O3 Ci6H19ClN2O3 C16H24O4 C16H27IN2O 8 1.128 2 50 5 30 5 40 5 40 1.368 0.9520 0.9608 4.279 8.131 7.576 1.17 2.07 1.329 1.531 1.023 14.20 0.166 1.014 1.212 6.8 3.819 5.633 0.6 4^4 2.65 -10.25 ( 6 72) -2.22 (1710) 18.5 -224.7 (1768) 18.5 -219.7 18.5 -170.2 18.5 -154.9 19.5 -163.33 19.5 -141.6 -198 -164.4 -107.2 ("56) 17 -69.9 (*>26) 17 -129.1 17 4.40 (»26) ; cf. 17 4.5 ("48) 17 3.49 3.5 (2048) 16 -69.64 ("48) -75.8 (1855) -75.8 20 -5.96 (2188) 21 -16.41 10 —95.8 ( 439 ) 20 24.0 (1191) 22 15.4 (i"1) 20 5.4 (2176) 18 51.48 (") 19 51.35 15 -220 (63) 20 68.4 ("«») 15 -13.7 («si) H2O H2O 1% HCl EtOH.CHCl3 H2O EtOH EtOH CHCl3 EtOH EtOH H2O -14.97 4.5 2.099 4 2 1.6 1.0 4.48 1.78 1.42 0.871 18 15 15 25 20 16 17 17 17 (224.3) -26.0 (2186) -36.5 ("»«) 131.6 (»»4, 891) 163.6 (884, 891) 297 (18*6) -75 (1888) 237.1 (673) -173.3 (1545) -167.3 (1545) -154.8 Other alkaloids, their derivatives and other substances.—(Continued) Formula | Name | Solvent [ d, C or % | t, 0C | [a\D \ Lit. Ci9H24Cl2N2O2^H2O Cupreine dihydrochloride H2O 17.28 17 -191.1 (1545) H2O 1.19 17 -211.0 C 20 H 2 INO 4 d-Bulbocapnine methyl ether CHCl3 1.570 20 247.2 (705) Z-Bulbocapnine methyl ether CHCl3 1.728 20 —246.5 C20H22INO4 Bulbocapnine EtOH 1.4936 20 173.8 (70S) C 20 H 22 N 2 O 2 Gelsemine CHCl3 2.033 15.9 (1452); cf. (1455) C20H23ClN2O2 Hydrochloride H2O 1.550 2.6 (1452, CHCl3 CHCl3 CHCl3 EtOH CHCl3 Py H2O H2O EtOH CHCl3 CHCl3 CHCl3 Py EtOH Py EtOH H2O CHCl3 CHCl3 EtOH EtOH CHCl3 CHCl3 EtOH EtOH 97% CHCl3 H2O H2O EtOH 97% CHCl3 C6H6 CHCl3 CHCl3 50% EtOH 50% EtOH 50% EtOH 50% EtOH 50% EtOH 50% EtOH CHCl3 H2O 97% EtOH 97% EtOH 0.596 1.224 0.88 2 2 1.335 1.630 0.74 2.5 1.69 1.745 1.020 0.91 0.75 1.01 1.00 0.99 1.00 6.55 1.0104 2 2 25.2 (1455) 74.2 (1455) 16 280 ( 197 T) -80 (1659) -125.5 (1659) 16.6 (1455) 27.1 (1455) 18.9 -28.94* («72) 20 166.6 ( 7 OO) 20 206.2 (702) 20 195.3 (702) 21 -24.7 (441) 21 28.6 22 -47.7 20 163.7 (705) 8.9 (1455) 20 303.3 (704) 20 299.8 (700) 17 292.5 (I» 7 ?) -92.8 (1659) 8.22 7.44 (268) -169.4 ( 7 49) 15 62.5 (»79) 15 18.6 12.4 (i455) 28.1 22.5 -185.0 (1799) 22.5 -207.35 -229 (885.5) 23.9 (1455) 142.9 (1455) 20 138.5 (2080) 20 -127.3 (2080) 20 115 (2080) 20 -92.2 (2080) 20 130.7 (2080) 20 -121 (2080) 16 300.1 (673) 197.40 (702) 15 -72.3 (879) 15 -28.8 (873) ; cf. 97% EtOH CHCl3 3N HCl HWHCl EtOH H2O H2O H2O 2 2 2 2 15 15 15 15 1455) C20H22N2O2 C20H23ClN2O2 C20H23NO4 C20H23N3O2 C20H23N3O3 C20H24N2O3 C20H26C1N203.H20 C21Hi8N2 C 2 iH 2 iNO 5 C 2 iH 23 NO 4 C21H23NO4 C21H23NO4 Gelsemine, isomeride of Chloroisoapogelsemine Corypalmine Pheneserine Phenogeneserine Isoapogelsemine Hydrochloride Apogelsemine hydrochloride Wsoamarine Corycavamine d-Corydine Isocorydine 0-Bebirine C 21 H 24 INO 4 C21H25IN2O2 C21H26NO4 C21H26NO4 C21H26NO4 C21H26IN3O2 C23H23NO10 C42H44N2O16S C21H26N2O2 C21H26N2O3 Isobebirine Bulbocapnine methyl ether methiodide Gelsemine methiodide Corybulbine Isocorybulbine d-Tetrahydropalmatine Pheneserine methiodide Hydrastine acid oxalate Hydrastine sulfate Cupreine ethyl ester Yohimbine (quebrachine) C21H27IN2O3 C22H23NO7 Apogelsemine methiodide Isoapogelsemine methiodide Narcotine C 22 H 24 N 2 O 3 C22H26ClN2O3 C22H26ClNO4 C22H26C1NO4.2H2O C22H26INO4 C22H26INO4.1.5H2O C22H26N2O7 C22H26N2O7-LSH2O C22H27NO4 C22H28ClNO4 C 22 H 28 N 2 O 2 C22H28N2O4-H2O Acetylgelsemine Chloroacetylisoapogelsemine d-ß-Canadine ethylchloride Z-a-Canadine ethylchloride d-/3-Canadine ethiodide Z-a-Canadine ethiodide d-0-Canadine ethylnitrate Z-a-Canadine ethylnitrate Corydaline Dimethylcorytuberine methochloride Aspidospermatine Echitamine C22H30N2O2 Aspidospermine C22H31NO2 C22H32ClNO2 C22H32BrNO2 C22H32INO2 Atisine ; Atisine hydrochloride Atisine hydrobromide Atisine hydroiodide 2.406 1.045 2.071 1.49 2.23 1.592 1.60 1.70 1.64 1.73 1.48 1.025 1.41 1.045 1.93 2.0 2.0 (830) * Mutarotation. -100.2 (879) -83.6 -61.6 -62.2 -19.6 (1012) 18.46 24.3 27.4 Formula C28H26N2O4^H2O | Oilier alkaloids, their derivatives and other substances.—(Continued) Name [ Solvent | d, C or % | t, 0C [ Cusonine Et 2 O ~ 2 1 5 EtOH 2 15 Concusonine [a]D -26.8 -54.3 3N HCl 0.5 15 -71.8 EtOH 2 15 36.8 \ Lit. (868, 881) (881); cf. (882) C 23 H 26 N 2 O 4 l l 0.508 0.541 0.3264 1.544 1.96 1.075 1.152 0.474 2.046 2.113 C25H41NO9 C 26 H 41 NOu C26H42ClNO11 Et2O EtOH Oxonitine CHCl3 Quaternary isocalycanthine chloride H2O Quaternary isocalycanthine iodide EtOH a-Triacetylhydroxyisoberberine Py Pyroaconine hydrochloride H2O Diacetylapogelsemine hydrochloride H2O Diacetylisoapogelsemine hydrochloride H2O Phenylcinchotoxoldihydrochloride H2O Benzoyl-d-oscine d-bromocamphorsulfonate. H2O Benzoyloscine d-camphorsulfonate H2O Lepranthin CHCl3 Bikhaconine EtOH Indaconine H2O EtOH Aconine H2O Aconine H2O Aconine hydrochloride H2O C25H42N2O10.2H2O C26H23NO5 C 26 H 25 NO 5 C 26 H 28 N 2 O 2 C27H26INO5 C 27 H 28 N 4 O 3 C 28 H 28 N 2 O 6 C 29 H 36 N 2 O 4 Bikhaconine nitrate Monobenzoylbulbocapnine Monobenzoylcorytuberine Hydrocinchonicine Monobenzoylbulbocapnine methiodide Dipheneserine Acetyltrimethylbrasilin Emetamine C23H29NO9 C24H28ClN3O C24H28IN3O C24H29NO7 C24H38ClNO9 C24H29ClN2O5 C26H30Cl2N2O C25H32BrNO7S C25H33NO7S C25H40O10 C25H4iN07 C25H41NO8 Aerine 15 15 16 24 23.5 20 15 15 2.44 1.82 2.8 17 22 22 22 3.534 5.75 15 15 2.03 1.572 0.9916 6.17 1.6 20 20 20 23 20 -94.7 (»e») -54.1 («e«) -62 (266) 246.8 (738) 189.9 ( 738 ) 68.1 («»0) -102.07 (400) 21.7 (1455) 24.6 21.09 (351) 52.1 (2048) 10.3 (2048) 71 (2243) 33.85 (39») 38.20 (399) 38.18 23.0 (268) 23 (403) -771 (40i) ; cf. (400.5) C29H38Br2N2O4.7H2O C29H38N2O4 C29H40N2O8S.7H20 C29H40N208S.H20 C29H40Br2N2O4 C31H40N2O8.3.5H2O C29H40N2O4 C29H42Cl2N2O4 Dihydrobromide o-Methylpsychotrine Sulfate Dihydrobromide Oxalate Isoemetine Dihydrochloride C29H42Br2N2O4 Dihydrobromide C33H40N2O12 Hydrogen oxalate H2O ....CHCl3 CHCl3 EtOH abs. CHCl3 CHCl3 AcOH CHCl3 CHCl8 EtOH H2O H2O EtOH EtOH H2O H2O H2O H2O CHCl3 H2O H2O H2O H2O H2O H2O 1.00 6.14 4.28 2.11 8.04 4.16 3.88 2.08 8.06 4.19 1.65 4.27 3.51 15.07 8.13 4.09 2.26 0.91 4.153 1.989 8.019 20 3.856 2.958 1.454 C 30 H 42 N 2 O 4 C30H42N2O4 AT-Methylisoemetine N-Methylemetine C30H44N2O8S.3H20 C30H50N4O19 C3IH37NO10S Sulfate Chitin Hydrastine d-camphorsulfonate dZ-Camphorsulfonate Pyroaconitine Hydrobromide C31H41NO10 C3iH42BrNOio CHCl3 CHCl3 CHCl3 H2O HCl (coned.) CHCl3 CHCl3 H2O H2O (399) (705) (702) (i 045) (70S) (1659) (863) (1752) (1752) (1752) (1752) (1752) (i752) (1752) (1752) (1752) (1752) (1752) 6.5 8.5 11.3 2.55 3.83 4.7 4.37 l. 121 2.136 15.38 92.7 151.5 8.8 28.1 -244 128.23 11.2 9.9 12.3 -24.3 -22 43.9 46.1 44.4 52.7 48.0 41.9 -47.4 -15.6 -5.3 4.6 7.7 12.7 6.5 10.5 1.6 15 15 -50.0 (1753) -52.6 (1752) -53.2 7.7 (1752) -14. l (960) 156 (268) 128 -90.99 (*oo) -46.8 (*00) C32H43NO8 C32H44BrNO8 C32H46NO9 C 33 H 45 NOi 2 Other alkaloids, their derivatives and other substances.—(Continued) Name | Solvent | d, C or % [ t, 0C | [a]D a-Opianlactylnarcotine CHCl3 4.012 12 -94.73 /3-Opianlactylnarcotine CHCl3 4.439 12.5 -103.6 Pyroindaconitine EtOH 1.62 20 91.91 Pyroindaconitine hydrobromide H2O 0.99 20 54.71 Indobenzaconine EtOH 2.7 22 33.58 Aconitine EtOH 3.786 23 11.01 C33H46BrNOi2 C32H46ClNO9 C32H48I2N2O4 Aconitine hydrobromide Indobenzaconine hydrochloride a-AT-Methylemetine dimethiodide C32H48Cl2N2O4 C32H48I2N2O4-H2O C33H40N2Oi2 C33H45NOi2 C33H46ClNOi2 C33H46BrNOi2 C 33 H 46 INOi 2 C34H47NOi0 C34H48BrNOi0 C34H48ClNOi0 C 34 H 49 NOi 0 C36H39N5O6 C 36 H 42 N 2 O 6 C 36 H 44 N 2 O 6 ß-N-Methylemetine dimethochloride N-Methylisoemetine dimethiodide Emetamine hydrogen oxalate Isoaconitine (napelline) Isoaconitine hydrochloride Isoaconitine hydrobromide Isoaconitine hydroiodide Indaconitine Indaconitine hydrobromide Indaconitine hydrochloride Veratroylbikhaconine Ergotinine AT-Benzoyl-0-methylpsychotrine Benzoylisoemetine Benzoylemetine Lycoaconitine Myoctonine Bikhaconitine Bikhaconitine hydrobromide Bikhaconitine hydrochloride Methylenedinarcotine Gentiacaulin Formula C32H8iNOii | \ Lit. (671) (399) (399) (399) (402); c/. (1017) C36H46N2Oi0 C36H46N2Oi0 C36H61NOn C36H52BrNOu C36H52ClNOiI C 46 H 46 N 2 Oi 4 C47H60O29 LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) (i) Abati and de Horatis, 71, 14: 218; 08. (2) Abderhalden, 25, 42: 2331; 09. (3) Abderhalden and Baumann, 25, 41: 2857; 08. (4) Abderhalden and Baumann, 202, 55: 412; 08. (5) Abderhalden and Eichwald, 25, 47: 2880; 14. («) Abderhalden and Eichwald, 25, 48: 113; 15. (7) Abderhalden and Eichwald, 25, 48: 1847; 15. («) Abderhalden and Eichwald, 26, 49: 2095; 16. (9) Abderhalden and Fodor, 202, 81: 1; 12. (i°) Abderhalden and Fodor, 26, 49: 561; 16. C11) Abderhalden and Guggenheim, 26, 41: 1237; 08. ( 12 ) Abderhalden and Guggenheim, 25, 41: 2852; 08. (13) Abderhalden, Hirsch and Schuler, 26, 42: 3394; 09. ( 14 ) Abderhalden and Hirszowski, 25, 41: 2840; 08. ( 15 ) Abderhalden and Kempe, 202, 52: 207; 07. (16) Abderhalden and Kempe, 26, 40: 2737; 07. ( 17 ) Abderhalden and Koelker, 202, 55: 416; 08. ( 18 ) Abderhalden and WeU, 202, 84: 39; 13. (19) Abderhalden and Wurm, 202, 82: 167; 12. ( 20 ) Abderhalden and Wybert, 25, 49: 2449; 16. ( 20 - 5 ) Aberson, 26, 31: 1432; 98. (21) Ach and Knorr, 26, 36: 3067; 03. (22) Ageno and Valla, 24, 14: 331; 12. ( 23 ) Ageno and Valla, 86, 43 II: 163; 13. (24) Aignan, 34, 112: 1009; 91. ( 25 ) Allen and Tollens, 13,260: 289; 90. (26) Allen and Tollens, 15, 260: 306; 90. ( 27 ) Amenomiya, 293, 240: 498; 02. ( 28 ) Anderson, 50, 20: 269 ; 16. (29) Andreocci, 22,11: 164; 95. (30) Andres and Andreev, 26, 25: 609; 92. (51) Andrews, 4, 99:1871; 11. ( 32 ) Andrlik, 445, 53: 948; 03. (33) Angelico, 36, 39 1: 296; 09. (34) Annett, 4, 123: 376; 23. (35) Anschutz, 25, 13: 1538; 80. (36) Anschutz, 26, 18: 1397; 85. (37) Anschutz and Pictet, 26, 13: 1175; 80. ( 38 ) Anschutz and Reitter, 7, 16: 493; 95. (39) Antrick, 26, 20: 310; 87. ( 40 ) Armstrong and Lowry, 4, 81: 1441 ; 02. ( 41 ) Armstrong and Lowry, 4, 81 : 1462; 02. (*2) Armstrong and Lowry, 4, 81: 1469; 02. ( 43 ) Armstrong and Pope, 4, 59: 315; 91. ( 44 ) Armstrong and Robertson, 4, 87: 1272; 05. ( 45 ) Armstrong and Walker, 6, 90: 375; 14. ( 46 ) Arnaud, S4, 93: 593; 81. (46.5) Arnaud, 34, 97: 174; 83. (<*) Arnaud, 34, 107: 1162; 88. ( 4 «) Arndtsen, 6, 54: 403; 58. ( 49 ) Arndtsen, 8, 105: 312; 58. ( 50 ) Arth, 6, 7: 433; 86. ( 5 I) von Arx, Thesis, Zurich, 1919. 10, 5: 727; 25. (52) Asahina, 293, 245: 325; 07. ( 53 ) Asahina, 26, 45: 2363; 12. (*4) Asahina, 26, 46: 1775; 13. (ss) Asahina and Momoya, 293, 252: 56; 14. ( 56 ) Asahina and Sugii, 293, 251: 357; 13. ( 57 ) Aschan, 426, 21: No. 5; 95. (5 8 ) Aschan, 20, 28:16; 95. (") Aschan, 26t 40:2750; 07. H2O H2O H2O H2O H2O H2O H2O EtOH H2O H2O H2O EtOH H2O H2O EtOH EtOH CHCl3 CHCl3 CHCl3 EtOH EtOH EtOH H2O H2O CHCl3 H2O 1.95 3.78 3.99 1.99 0.844 0.324 3.92 7.86 1 1 1 2.28 2.99 1.89 2.79 0.257 2.39 2.12 2.37 9.30 10.27 2.609 3.25 3.48 4.348 1.82 20 25 15 15 15 15 21 20 20 10 20 20 20 16 20 -30.47 -7.8 -2.3 -4.5 68.1 92.6 -6.0 4.48 -28.74 -30.47 -26.94 18.72 -17.27 -35.45 29.9 338 39.6 48.9 -62.3 42.47 44.79 12.21 -12.42 -8.86 -93.4 -63.8 ( 4 °2) (399) (1753) (1753) (1753) (1752) ( (60) Aschan, 13, 398: 299; 12. ( 6 i ) Aschan, 13, 410: 222; 15. (62) Aschan, IS9 410: 240; 15. (63) Aston, 4, 97: 1381; 10. (64) Atkinson and Yoshida, 4, 41: 49; 82. (65) Atterburg, 26, 10: 1202; 77. (*6) Aubry, 49, 10: 202; 14. (66.5) Auerbach and Krüger, 279, 46: 97; 23. ( 67 ) Austerweil and Cochin, 34, 150: 1693; 10. («*) Backer and de Boer, 64P, 26: 79; 23. («») Backer and de Boer, 70, 43: 297; 24. ( 70 ) Backer and de Boer, 70, 43: 420; 24. (") Baeyer, 26, 28: 639; 95. (72) Baker and Pope, 4, 77: 696; 00. (73) Baker and Smith, Researches on the pines of Australia. Sydney, 1910. ( 74 ) Bamberger, 25, 23: 291; 90. (75) Bondzynski, 26, 29: 476; 96. ( 76 ) Bondzynski and Humnicki, 202, 22: 396; 97. ( 77 ) Barbier, 27, 9: 914; 92. ( 78 ) Barbier, 34, 114: 126; 92. ( 7S ) Barbier, 84, 114: 674; 92. (80) Barbier, 27, 9: 998; 93. («i) Barbier, 34, 116: 993; 93. ( 82 ) Barbier, 34, 116: 1459; 93. ( 82 -5) Barbier and Bouveault, 84, 122: 529; 96. (83) Barbier and Grignard, 34,147: 597; 08. ( 84 ) Barbier and HiIt, 84,108: 519; 89. ( 85 ) Barbier and Locquin, 14, 2: 389; 15. ( 8 6) Bargellini, 172 (7th), 4A: 332; 10. ( 87 ) Barger, 4, 97: 466; 10. ( 88 ) Barger and Carr, 4, 91: 337; 07. (89) Barger and Ewins, 4, 97: 284; 10. (90) Barrowclift and Tutin, 4, 95: 1966; 09. (»*) Basquin, Thesis, Zürich, 1915. 10, 4: 584; 21. (92) Bates and Jackson, SlA, 13: 127; 17. ( 93 ) Bau, 136, 21: 185; 97. (93.5) Bau, 282, 16: 397; 99. ( 94 ) Bau, 186, 26: 69; 02. (95) Bau, 445, 54: 481; 04. ( 95 - 5 ) Bauer, 618, 36: 304; 89. (96) Baumann, 25, 15: 1731 ; 82. (97) Baumann, 202, 8: 299; 84. ( 98 ) Béchaump, 34, 39 : 653; 54. (99) Beckel, 293, 249: 329; 11. (100) Becker, 26, 14: 1028; 81. (i°i) Beckmann, 13, 250: 322; 89. (*02) Beckmann, 13, 292; 1; 96. (i° 3 ) Beckmann, 62, 55: 14; 97. (IOS.B) Beckmann, 52, 55: 31; 97. (i° 4 ) Beckmann and Eickelberg, 25, 29: 418; 96. (io 5) Beckmann and Pleissner, 13, 262 ; l ; 91. ( i o 6) Béhal, 6, 20: 411 ; 00. (107) Behrend, 13, 353: 106; 07. ( l o s ) Behrend and Lohr, 13, 362: 78; 08. (i 09 ) Bennet and Gibson, 4, 123: 1570; 23. (HO) Berend, 25, 11: 1353; 78. C 1 1 1 ) Berend and Herms, 62, 74: 112; 06 (i 11.B) Bergmann, Kobel, Schotte, Rennert and Ludewig, 13, 434: 79; 23. (U 2 ) Bergmann, Schotte and Leschinsky, 25, 56: 1052 ; 23. ( 113 ) Bergmann and Wolff, 25, 56: 1060; 23. (ll4) Berkenheim, 25, 25: 686; 92. (" 5) Berlingozzi, 36, 50 H: 281; 20. ("«) Bernheimer, 36, 13: 451; 83. (U?) Berthelot, 6, 40: 5; 54. (U 8 ) Berthelot, 6, 46: 66; 56. ("») Berthelot, 49, 29: 38; 56. (iia-s) Berthelot, 6, 55: 269; 59. C32H43NO8 C32H44BrNO8 C32H46NO9 C 33 H 45 NOi 2 Other alkaloids, their derivatives and other substances.—(Continued) Name | Solvent | d, C or % [ t, 0C | [a]D a-Opianlactylnarcotine CHCl3 4.012 12 -94.73 /3-Opianlactylnarcotine CHCl3 4.439 12.5 -103.6 Pyroindaconitine EtOH 1.62 20 91.91 Pyroindaconitine hydrobromide H2O 0.99 20 54.71 Indobenzaconine EtOH 2.7 22 33.58 Aconitine EtOH 3.786 23 11.01 C33H46BrNOi2 C32H46ClNO9 C32H48I2N2O4 Aconitine hydrobromide Indobenzaconine hydrochloride a-AT-Methylemetine dimethiodide C32H48Cl2N2O4 C32H48I2N2O4-H2O C33H40N2Oi2 C33H45NOi2 C33H46ClNOi2 C33H46BrNOi2 C 33 H 46 INOi 2 C34H47NOi0 C34H48BrNOi0 C34H48ClNOi0 C 34 H 49 NOi 0 C36H39N5O6 C 36 H 42 N 2 O 6 C 36 H 44 N 2 O 6 ß-N-Methylemetine dimethochloride N-Methylisoemetine dimethiodide Emetamine hydrogen oxalate Isoaconitine (napelline) Isoaconitine hydrochloride Isoaconitine hydrobromide Isoaconitine hydroiodide Indaconitine Indaconitine hydrobromide Indaconitine hydrochloride Veratroylbikhaconine Ergotinine AT-Benzoyl-0-methylpsychotrine Benzoylisoemetine Benzoylemetine Lycoaconitine Myoctonine Bikhaconitine Bikhaconitine hydrobromide Bikhaconitine hydrochloride Methylenedinarcotine Gentiacaulin Formula C32H8iNOii | \ Lit. (671) (399) (399) (399) (402); c/. (1017) C36H46N2Oi0 C36H46N2Oi0 C36H61NOn C36H52BrNOu C36H52ClNOiI C 46 H 46 N 2 Oi 4 C47H60O29 LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) (i) Abati and de Horatis, 71, 14: 218; 08. (2) Abderhalden, 25, 42: 2331; 09. (3) Abderhalden and Baumann, 25, 41: 2857; 08. (4) Abderhalden and Baumann, 202, 55: 412; 08. (5) Abderhalden and Eichwald, 25, 47: 2880; 14. («) Abderhalden and Eichwald, 25, 48: 113; 15. (7) Abderhalden and Eichwald, 25, 48: 1847; 15. («) Abderhalden and Eichwald, 26, 49: 2095; 16. (9) Abderhalden and Fodor, 202, 81: 1; 12. (i°) Abderhalden and Fodor, 26, 49: 561; 16. C11) Abderhalden and Guggenheim, 26, 41: 1237; 08. ( 12 ) Abderhalden and Guggenheim, 25, 41: 2852; 08. (13) Abderhalden, Hirsch and Schuler, 26, 42: 3394; 09. ( 14 ) Abderhalden and Hirszowski, 25, 41: 2840; 08. ( 15 ) Abderhalden and Kempe, 202, 52: 207; 07. (16) Abderhalden and Kempe, 26, 40: 2737; 07. ( 17 ) Abderhalden and Koelker, 202, 55: 416; 08. ( 18 ) Abderhalden and WeU, 202, 84: 39; 13. (19) Abderhalden and Wurm, 202, 82: 167; 12. ( 20 ) Abderhalden and Wybert, 25, 49: 2449; 16. ( 20 - 5 ) Aberson, 26, 31: 1432; 98. (21) Ach and Knorr, 26, 36: 3067; 03. (22) Ageno and Valla, 24, 14: 331; 12. ( 23 ) Ageno and Valla, 86, 43 II: 163; 13. (24) Aignan, 34, 112: 1009; 91. ( 25 ) Allen and Tollens, 13,260: 289; 90. (26) Allen and Tollens, 15, 260: 306; 90. ( 27 ) Amenomiya, 293, 240: 498; 02. ( 28 ) Anderson, 50, 20: 269 ; 16. (29) Andreocci, 22,11: 164; 95. (30) Andres and Andreev, 26, 25: 609; 92. (51) Andrews, 4, 99:1871; 11. ( 32 ) Andrlik, 445, 53: 948; 03. (33) Angelico, 36, 39 1: 296; 09. (34) Annett, 4, 123: 376; 23. (35) Anschutz, 25, 13: 1538; 80. (36) Anschutz, 26, 18: 1397; 85. (37) Anschutz and Pictet, 26, 13: 1175; 80. ( 38 ) Anschutz and Reitter, 7, 16: 493; 95. (39) Antrick, 26, 20: 310; 87. ( 40 ) Armstrong and Lowry, 4, 81: 1441 ; 02. ( 41 ) Armstrong and Lowry, 4, 81 : 1462; 02. (*2) Armstrong and Lowry, 4, 81: 1469; 02. ( 43 ) Armstrong and Pope, 4, 59: 315; 91. ( 44 ) Armstrong and Robertson, 4, 87: 1272; 05. ( 45 ) Armstrong and Walker, 6, 90: 375; 14. ( 46 ) Arnaud, S4, 93: 593; 81. (46.5) Arnaud, 34, 97: 174; 83. (<*) Arnaud, 34, 107: 1162; 88. ( 4 «) Arndtsen, 6, 54: 403; 58. ( 49 ) Arndtsen, 8, 105: 312; 58. ( 50 ) Arth, 6, 7: 433; 86. ( 5 I) von Arx, Thesis, Zurich, 1919. 10, 5: 727; 25. (52) Asahina, 293, 245: 325; 07. ( 53 ) Asahina, 26, 45: 2363; 12. (*4) Asahina, 26, 46: 1775; 13. (ss) Asahina and Momoya, 293, 252: 56; 14. ( 56 ) Asahina and Sugii, 293, 251: 357; 13. ( 57 ) Aschan, 426, 21: No. 5; 95. (5 8 ) Aschan, 20, 28:16; 95. (") Aschan, 26t 40:2750; 07. H2O H2O H2O H2O H2O H2O H2O EtOH H2O H2O H2O EtOH H2O H2O EtOH EtOH CHCl3 CHCl3 CHCl3 EtOH EtOH EtOH H2O H2O CHCl3 H2O 1.95 3.78 3.99 1.99 0.844 0.324 3.92 7.86 1 1 1 2.28 2.99 1.89 2.79 0.257 2.39 2.12 2.37 9.30 10.27 2.609 3.25 3.48 4.348 1.82 20 25 15 15 15 15 21 20 20 10 20 20 20 16 20 -30.47 -7.8 -2.3 -4.5 68.1 92.6 -6.0 4.48 -28.74 -30.47 -26.94 18.72 -17.27 -35.45 29.9 338 39.6 48.9 -62.3 42.47 44.79 12.21 -12.42 -8.86 -93.4 -63.8 ( 4 °2) (399) (1753) (1753) (1753) (1752) ( (60) Aschan, 13, 398: 299; 12. ( 6 i ) Aschan, 13, 410: 222; 15. (62) Aschan, IS9 410: 240; 15. (63) Aston, 4, 97: 1381; 10. (64) Atkinson and Yoshida, 4, 41: 49; 82. (65) Atterburg, 26, 10: 1202; 77. (*6) Aubry, 49, 10: 202; 14. (66.5) Auerbach and Krüger, 279, 46: 97; 23. ( 67 ) Austerweil and Cochin, 34, 150: 1693; 10. («*) Backer and de Boer, 64P, 26: 79; 23. («») Backer and de Boer, 70, 43: 297; 24. ( 70 ) Backer and de Boer, 70, 43: 420; 24. (") Baeyer, 26, 28: 639; 95. (72) Baker and Pope, 4, 77: 696; 00. (73) Baker and Smith, Researches on the pines of Australia. Sydney, 1910. ( 74 ) Bamberger, 25, 23: 291; 90. (75) Bondzynski, 26, 29: 476; 96. ( 76 ) Bondzynski and Humnicki, 202, 22: 396; 97. ( 77 ) Barbier, 27, 9: 914; 92. ( 78 ) Barbier, 34, 114: 126; 92. ( 7S ) Barbier, 84, 114: 674; 92. (80) Barbier, 27, 9: 998; 93. («i) Barbier, 34, 116: 993; 93. ( 82 ) Barbier, 34, 116: 1459; 93. ( 82 -5) Barbier and Bouveault, 84, 122: 529; 96. (83) Barbier and Grignard, 34,147: 597; 08. ( 84 ) Barbier and HiIt, 84,108: 519; 89. ( 85 ) Barbier and Locquin, 14, 2: 389; 15. ( 8 6) Bargellini, 172 (7th), 4A: 332; 10. ( 87 ) Barger, 4, 97: 466; 10. ( 88 ) Barger and Carr, 4, 91: 337; 07. (89) Barger and Ewins, 4, 97: 284; 10. (90) Barrowclift and Tutin, 4, 95: 1966; 09. (»*) Basquin, Thesis, Zürich, 1915. 10, 4: 584; 21. (92) Bates and Jackson, SlA, 13: 127; 17. ( 93 ) Bau, 136, 21: 185; 97. (93.5) Bau, 282, 16: 397; 99. ( 94 ) Bau, 186, 26: 69; 02. (95) Bau, 445, 54: 481; 04. ( 95 - 5 ) Bauer, 618, 36: 304; 89. (96) Baumann, 25, 15: 1731 ; 82. (97) Baumann, 202, 8: 299; 84. ( 98 ) Béchaump, 34, 39 : 653; 54. (99) Beckel, 293, 249: 329; 11. (100) Becker, 26, 14: 1028; 81. (i°i) Beckmann, 13, 250: 322; 89. (*02) Beckmann, 13, 292; 1; 96. (i° 3 ) Beckmann, 62, 55: 14; 97. (IOS.B) Beckmann, 52, 55: 31; 97. (i° 4 ) Beckmann and Eickelberg, 25, 29: 418; 96. (io 5) Beckmann and Pleissner, 13, 262 ; l ; 91. ( i o 6) Béhal, 6, 20: 411 ; 00. (107) Behrend, 13, 353: 106; 07. ( l o s ) Behrend and Lohr, 13, 362: 78; 08. (i 09 ) Bennet and Gibson, 4, 123: 1570; 23. (HO) Berend, 25, 11: 1353; 78. C 1 1 1 ) Berend and Herms, 62, 74: 112; 06 (i 11.B) Bergmann, Kobel, Schotte, Rennert and Ludewig, 13, 434: 79; 23. (U 2 ) Bergmann, Schotte and Leschinsky, 25, 56: 1052 ; 23. ( 113 ) Bergmann and Wolff, 25, 56: 1060; 23. (ll4) Berkenheim, 25, 25: 686; 92. (" 5) Berlingozzi, 36, 50 H: 281; 20. ("«) Bernheimer, 36, 13: 451; 83. (U?) Berthelot, 6, 40: 5; 54. (U 8 ) Berthelot, 6, 46: 66; 56. ("») Berthelot, 49, 29: 38; 56. (iia-s) Berthelot, 6, 55: 269; 59. (120) Berthelot, 167, 1862: 441. C 1 * 1 ) Berthelot, 167, 1862: 456. (122) Bertelo, 36, 41 I: 705; 11. ( 12 3) Bertelo, 36, 53: 721; 23. ( 124 ) Bertelo and Ranfaldi, 36, 35 II: 235; 05. ( 12 S) Bertossa, Thesis, Zürich, 1916. 10, 4: 584; 21. (i2s.os) Bertram and Gildemeister, SiB1 49:185; 94. (i25.i) Bertram and Helle, 68, 61: 293; 00. (12S.5) Bertram and Walbaum, 68, 49: 15; 94. ( 12 6) Bertrand, 87, 5: 554; 91. (* 2 7) Bertrand, 34, 139: 802; 04. (128) Bertrand, 87, 31: 1289; 04. ( i 2 9 ) Bertrand, 34, 1*7: 201; 08. (130) Bertrand, 34, 150: 180; 10. (131) Bertrand and Bruneau, 34, 146: 482; 08. ( i 3 3) Bertrand and Lanzenberg, 54, 143: 291 ; 06. ( * 3 5) Bertrand and Weisweiler, 87, 9: 38; 11. (is«) Betti, 36, 36 II: 392; 06. ("7) Betti, 36, 36II: 666; 06. (»38) Betti, 36, 37 I: 62; 07. ( 139 ) Betti, 35, 37 II: 5; 07. (»««O Betti and Capaccioli, 36, 50 II: 276; 20. (141) Betti and Conestabile, 36, 46 I: 200; 16. (»42) Betti and Mayer, 86, 41: 2071; 08. O*3) Beyer, 293, 221: 283; 83. O 4 4 ) Biland, Thesis, Zürich, 1915. 10, 4: 584; 21. (144.5) Binz, in Wallach, 13, 277: 154; 93. O 45 ) Binz, 7, 12: 723; 93. (145.5) Biot, 161, 15: 93; 38. O 46 ) Biot, loi, 16: 229; 38. (146.5) Biot, 6, 28: 99; 50. ( 147 ) Biot, 6, 36: 257; 52. (»48) Bischoff and Waiden, Handbuch der Stereochemie, p. 220. Frankfurt, 1894. ( 149 ) Biaise, 34, 132: 478; 01. ( 1 5 O) Biaise and Marcilly, 87, Sl: 317; 04. ( 15 I) Blanksma and van Ekenstein, 176, 5: 777; 08. ( 152 ) Bleyer and Paczuski, 202, 84: 1; 13. O 53 ) Bloch, 27, 81: 71; 04. ( 154 ) Blumann and Zeitschel, 86, 46: 1178; 13. ( 155 ) Bodart, 57, 23: 1; 02. ( 1 Se) Boedtker, 34, 145: 329; 07. O 57 ) Boedtker, 34, 154: 437; 12. (»s«) Boedtker, 87, 17: 360; 15. (1^) Böhm, in Ritthausen and Weger, 68, 30: 32; 84. ( » 6O) Böhme, 893, 241 : l ; 03. ( J 6J ) de Boer, Thesis, Groningen, 1923. (» 6 2 ) Horowitz, Böttcher and Horowitz, 57, 32: 793; 11. ( 163 ) Böttcher and 67, 33: 567; 12. O« 4 ) Bondonneau, 87, 25: 2; 76. ( 165 ) Borzekowski, Thesis, Zürich, 1913. 10, 4: 584; 21. ( 166 ) Bosshart, Thesis, Zürich, 1914. 10, 4: 584; 21. (>«7) Bouchardat, 34,19:1174; 44. ( 168 ) Bouchardat, 6, 27: 68, 145; 72. ( 169 ) Bouchardat, 34, 102: 435; 86. ( 1 7 O) Bouchardat, 34, 116: 1253; 93. ( 171 ) Bouchardat, 34, 117: 1094; 93. O 7 2) Bouchardat and Boudet, 49, 23: 288; 53. ( 173 ) Bouchardat and Lafont, 34, 102: 318; 86. (t73.5) Bouchardat and Lafont, 34, 102: 433; 86. (» 7 4 ) Bouchardat and Lafont, 6, 9: 507; 86. ( 17S ) Bouchardat and Lafont, 34, 104: 693; 87. ( 176 ) Bouchardat and Lafont, 6, 16: 236; 89. ( 177 ) Bouchardat and Lafont, 34, 113: 551; 91. ( 178 ) Bourdier, 49, 27: 49; 08. ( 179 ) Bourgault, 87, 25: 484; 01. (»»o) Bourquelot, 172 (7th), 8B: 124; 10. (181) Bourquelot, 49, 9: 603; 14. (181.5) Bourquelot, 14, 7: 153; 17. ( 182 ) Bourquelot and Aubry, 34, 163: 60; 16. ( 183 ) Bourquelot and Aubry, 34, 163: 312; 16. O 84 ) Bourquelot, 34, 163: 374; 16. ( 18 S) Bourquelot and Aubry, 49, 14: 193; 16. (186) Bourquelot and Aubry, 49, 15: 246 ; 17. ( 1 87) Bourquelot and Aubry, 34, 164: 443; 17. ( 188 ) Bourquelot and Aubry, 34, 164: 521; 17. ( 189 ) Bourquelot and Bridel, 34, 150: 114; 10. (»89.5) Bourquelot and Bride!, 34, 151: 760; 10. (190) Bourquelot and Bridel, 34, 155: 86; 12. (i 9 I) Bourquelot and Bridel, 34, 155: 437; 12. O 9 2 ) Bourquelot and Bridel, 34, 155: 523; 12. 49, 6: 298; 12. ( 193 ) Bourquelot and Bridel, 34, 155: 854; 12. ( 194 ) Bourquelot and Bridel, 49, 5: 388; 12. (1^) Bourquelot and Bridel, 49, 6: 56; 12. (195.5) Bourquelot and Bridel, 49, 6: 97; 12. ( 196 ) Bourquelot and Bridel, 49, 6: 193; 12. ( 197 ) Bourquelot and Bridel, 49, 6: 442; 12. (197.5) Bourquelot and Bridel, 6, 29: 145; 13. (198) Bourquelot and Bridel, 34, 156: 827; 13. 0") Bourquelot and Bridel, 34, 156: 1104; 13. (200) Bourquelot and Bridel, 34, 157: 72; 13. ( 201 ) Bourquelot and Bridel, 49, 7: 335; 13. ( 2 02) Bourquelot and Bridel, 49, 7: 444; 13. (203) Bourquelot and Bridel, 49, 8: 108; 13. ( 204 ) Bourquelot and Bridel, 49, 8: 204; 13. (205) Bourquelot and Bridel, 49, 9: 383, 514; 14. (*<>«) Bourquelot, Bridel and Aubry, 34, 160: 214; 15. (206.5) Bourquelot, Bridel and Aubry, 34, 160: 571; 15. (207) Bourquelot, Bridel and Aubry, '84, 160: 674; 15. (208) Bourquelot, Bridel and Aubry, 49, 11: 201; 15. ( 209 ) Bourquelot, Bridel and Aubry, 49, 11: 290; 15. (210) Bourquelot and Danjou, 34,141: 598; 05. (211) Bourquelot and Fichtenholz, 49, 2: 97; 10. (212) Bourquelot and Herissey, 49, 4: 385; 96. ( 213 ) Bourquelot and Herissey, 6, 4: 289; 05. ( 214 ) Bourquelot and Herissey, 34, 144: 575; 07. ( 215 ) Bourquelot and Herissey, 34, 146: 764; 08. ( 216 ) Bourquelot and Herissey, 49, 8: 49; 13. ( 217 ) Bourquelot, Herissey and Bridel, 34, 156: 1493; 13. ( 218 ) Bourquelot, Herissey and Bridel, 49, 7: 285; 13. ( 219 ) Bourquelot, Herissey and Bridel, 49, 7: 525; 13. (220) Bourquelot, Herissey and Coirre, 49, 8: 441; 13. ( 2 2 I) Bourquelot and Ludwig, 49, 9: 441; 14. ( 22 2) Bourquelot and Ludwig, 34, 158: 1377; 14. (223) Bourquelot and Ludwig, 34, 159: 213; 14. ( 2 2 4 ) Bourquelot and Mougne, 49, 10: 157;'14. ( 22 S) Boutroux, 6, 21: 565; 90. ( 2 2 6 ) Bouveault and Levallois, 34, 146: 180; 1908. ( 2 2 7 ) Bowack and Lapworth, 4, 85: 42; 04. (228) von Braun, 86, 38: 3108; 05. ( 229 ) von Braun and Lemke, 86, 56: 1562; 23. (230) Brauns, 64P, 10:563; 18. ( 231 ) Brauns, l, 45:833; 23. ( 232 ) Brauns, l, 45: 2381; 23. ( 233 ) Brauns, l, 46: 1484; 24. ( 234 ) Bredig and Joyner, 9, 24: 285; 18. ( 234 -s) Bredt, 68, 87: 1; 13. ( 23 S) Bredt, Engels, Lieser and Germann, 68, 106: 336; 23. ( 236 ) Bredt and Perkin, 188, 28: 56; 12. (237) Bredt and Perkin, 4, 103: 2182; 13. ( 238 ) Bredt and Perkin, 52, 89: 209; 14. ( 2 3 9 ) Bremer, 86, 8:1594; 75. ( 24 O) Bremer, 86, 13: 351; 80. ( 241 ) Bremy-Schulthess, Thesis, Zürich, 1915. 10, 4: 584; 21. ( 242 ) Bridel, 49-, 4: 545; 11. ( 243 ) Bridel, 49, 6: 481; 12. ( 2 4 4 ) Bridel, 49, 7: 241; 13. ( 24 S) Bridel, 34, 156: 627; 13. 49, 7: 289; 13. (246) Bridel, 49, 8: 241; 13. ( 247 ) Briggs, 4, 99: 1019; 11. ( 24 S) Brown and Heron, 13, 199: 228: 80. (249) Brown and Morris, 4, 55: 449; 89. (250) Brown, Morris and Millar, 4, 71: 109; 07. ( 251 ) Brühl, 86, 25: 1796; 92. (252) Bruhot, 83, 10: 84; 14. (253) Bruhot, 14, 3: 121; 15. ( 254 ) Bruhot, 16, 3: 232; 15. ( 2 5 5 ) Bruhot, 16, 3: 417; 15. ( 2 S*) Bruns, 893, 241: 634; 03. (2 s 7) Buchner and Weigand, 86, 46: 759; 13. (258) Buckney, 80I9 14: 177; 07. (259) Buckney and Jones, 4, »1: 1821; 07. (260) Buraczewski and Marchlewski, 202, 43: 410; 05. (261) Burgess and Lowry, 4,123:1867 ; 23. (262) Calliess, 293, 250:156 ; 12. (263) Cannizaro and Fabris, 86, 19: 2260; 86. ( 264 ) Carlet, 34, 53: 343; 61. ( 26 S) Carnelutti and Nasini, 25, 13: 2208; 80. ( 266 ) Carr, 4, 101: 2241; 12. ( 2 6 7 ) Carr and Pyman, 4, 105: 1591; 14. ( 268 ) Carr and Reynolds, 4, 97: 1328; 10. ( 2 69) Carr and Reynolds, 4, 101: 946; 12. ( 27 O) Casale, 36, 47: 191; 17. ( 27 o.5) Cazeneuve, 87, 37: 454; 82. 38: 8; 82. ( 271 ) Cazeneuve, 34, 94: 1530; 82. ( 2 7 I-S) Cazeneuve, 87, 42: 69; 84. ( 2 7 2 ) Cazeneuve, 34, 99: 609; 84. ( 2 7 2 -S) Cazeneuve, 87, 44: 115; 85. ( 273 ) Cazeneuve, 34, 103: 275; 86. ( 274 ) Cazeneuve, 34, 104: 1522; 87. ( 2 7 5) Cazeneuve, 27, 47: 920 ; 87. ( 27 6) Cazeneuve, 87, 49: 92 ; 88. ( 277) Cazeneuve, 34, 108: 302; 89. ( 278 ) Cazeneuve, 34, 108: 857; 89. ( 27 ») Cazeneuve, 34, 109: 229; 89. (280) Cazeneuve, 34, 109: 439; 89. ( 28 I) Challenger and Kipping, 4, 97: 142; 10. ( 2 «2) Challenger and Kipping, 4, 97: 755; 10. (-^ 3 ) Champion and Pellet, 34, 82: 819; 76. ( 2 84) Chapman, 4, 79: 134; 01. (285) Chautard, 34, 37: 166; 53. ( 28 6) Chautard, 49, 44: 13; 63. ( 287 ) Chavanne, 34,134: 661 ; 02. ( 2 88) Chou and Perkin, 4, 99: 526; 11. (289) Christensen, 68, 68 : 425; 03. ( 2 »o) Christensen, 68, 69: 193; 04. ( 2 »i) Christensen, 68, 71: 1; 05. (292) Christie, James and Kenner, 4, 123: 1948; 23. ( 292 ) Christie and Kenner, 4, 123: 779; 23. (293.5) Christopher and Hilditch, 4, 101: 202; 12. (294) Chugaev, 86, 31: 360; 98. (295) Chugaev, 86, 31: 1775; 98. (296) Chugaev, 86, 32: 3332; 99. (297) Chugaev, 86, 34: 2276; 01. (298) Chugaev, 63, 34: 606; 02. ( 299 ) Chugaev, 86, 35: 2473; 02. 30 ( °) Chugaev, 63, 35: 1116; 03. ( 301 ) Chugaev, 63, 36: 988; 04. ( 3 02) Chugaev, 86, 42: 2244; 09. ( 303 ) Chugaev, 178 (7th), 10: 142; 10. ( 3 04) Chugaev, 6, 22: 137; 11. ( 305 ) Chugaev, 86, 44: 2023; 11. ( 3 06) Chugaev, 7, 76: 469; 11. ( 3 07) Chugaev, 87, 11: 718; 12. ( 3 OS) Chugaev, 87, 13: 793; 13. (309) Chugaev, 83, 10: 70; 14. ( 31 O) Chugaev and Esche, 63, 39: 1324; 07. ( 3 i l ) Chugaev and Fomin, 34, 151:1058; 10. ( 3 I 2 ) Chugaev and Fomin, 13, 375: 288; 10. ( 3 I 3 ) Chugaev and Fomin, 86, 45: 1293; 12. ( 3 i 4 ) Chugaev and Glebho, 86, 46: 2752; 13. ( 31 5) Chugaev and Glinnin, 86,45:2579; 12. ( 316 ) Chugaev and Kirpichev, 87, 13: 796; 13. ( 317 ) Chugaev and Ogorodnikov, 7, 74: 503; 10. ( 3 i7.5) Chugaev and Ogordnikov, 6, 22:137; 11. (318) Chugaev and Ogorodnikov, 7, 79: 471; 12. ( 319 ) Chugaev and Ogorodnikov, 7, 85: 481; 13. (320) Chugaev and Pastanogov, 7, 85: 553 ; 13. ( 3 2 I) Chugaev and Pigulevskii, 34, 153: 388; 11. ( 3 22) Chugaev and Sokolov, 86, 40: 3461; 07. ( 323 ) Chugaev and Sokolov, 86, 42: 55; 09. ( 324 ) Chugaev and Teearu, 86, 46: 1769; 13. (325) Claesson, 68, 20: 1; 79. ( 326 ) Clarke and Lapworth, 4, 89: 1869; 16. ("7) Clarke and Lapworth, 4, «1: 694; 07. ( 3 28) Clarke and Lapworth, 4, 97: 11; 10. ( 329 ) Glaus and Weller, 86, 14: 1921; 81. (33°) Clough, 4, 105: 49; 14. (331) Clough, 4, 107: 96; 15. ( 3 »2) Clough, 4, 107: 1509; 15. ( 333 ) Clough, 4, 113: 526; 18. ( 334 ) Clowes and Tollens, 13, 310: 164: 99. (334.5) Cockburn, 4, 75: 501; 99. ( 33 S) Cohen, 64P, 9: 471; 06. ( 336 ) Cohen, 4, 99: 1058; 11. (336.5) Cohen and Armes, 4, 87: 1190; 05. ( 337 ) Cohen and Armes, 4, 89: 1479; 06. ( 338 ) Cohen and Briggs, 4, 83: 1213; 03. ( 339 ) Cohen and Dudley, 4, 97: 1732; 10. ( 34 O) Cohen and Marshall, 4, 97: 328; 10. ( 341 ) Cohen, Marshall and Woodman, 4,107:887; 15. (341.5) Cohen and Pennington, 4,113:57; 18. ( 342 ) Cohen and Raper, 4, 85:1262; 04. ( 343 ) Cohen and Whitely, 4, 79:1305; 01. ( 344 ) Cohen, Woodroffe and Anderson, 4, 109: 222; 16. ( 345 ) Cohen and Zortmann, 4, 89: 47; 06. ( 346 ) Cohn, 57, 21: 200; 00. ( 3 4 7 ) Colley, 34, 70: 401; 70. ( 348 ) Colson, 34, 114: 175; 92. ( 349 ) Colson, 34, 115: 729; 92. (350) Combes, 34, 110: 46; 90. ( 35 I) Commanducci, 71, 16: 51; 10. ( 3 S2) Comstock and Königs, 86, 20: 2510; 87. ( 353 ) Conrad and Guthzeit, 86, 18: 2905; 85. ( 3 54) Cook, 86, 30: 294; 97. ( 3 SS) Oorriez, 345, 19: 468; 12. (356) Corriez, 345, 19: 527; 12. ( 357 ) Cramer, 145, 24: 67; 88. ( 35 S) Creydt, Diss., Erlangen, 1888. ( 35 9) Crossely, 86, 25: 2564; 92. (360) Czerny, 86, 33: 2287; 00. ( 3 6 I) Datwiller, Thesis, Zurich, 1922. 10, 5: 727; 25. ( 3 62) Daish, 4, 105: 2053; 14. ( 363 ) Dakin, 4, 107: 434; 15. ( 3 «4) Dakin, 141, 59: 7; 24. ( 36 S) Dale, Jf, 37: 2745; 15. ( 36 6) Dale, 1, 46: 1046; 24. ( 367 ) Darmois, Thesis, Paris, 1910. 10, 1: 589; 12. ( 36 8) Darmois, 83, 10: 80; 14. ( 369 ) Darmois, 61, 4: 49; 23. ( 37 O) Darmois, 34, 176: 1140; 23. (371) Darmois, 34, 177: 49; 23. ( 372 ) Darzens, 34, 152: 1601; 11. ( 373 ) Darzens and Séjourné, 34, 154: 1615; 12. ( 374 ) Deckers and Einhorn, 86, 24: 7; 91. ( 374 - 5 ) Deichmüller, Szymanski and Tollens, 13, 228: 92; 85. ( 3 7 5 ) Delépine, 87, 29:1190; 03. ( 37 6 ) Delepine, 34, 159: 239; 14. ( 3 7 7 ) Delépine, 87, 21: 157; 17. ( 378 ) Demole, 86, 12: 1936; 79. ( 379 ) Denham and Woodhouse, 4, 105: 2357; 14. 380) Deussen, 13, 369: 41; 09. (38i) Deussen, 13, 388: 136; 12. (382) Deussen and Hahn, Z. Reich. Geschmackstoff., 1: 25; 09. (383) Deussen and Lewinsohn, 13, 356: 1; 07. ( 384 ) Deussen and Lewinsohn, 13, 359: 245; 08. ( 38S ) Dewar and Jones, O, 80: 229; 08. (386) Dieckmann, 13, 317: 27; 01. (387) Diels and Linn, 25, 41: 260; 08. (38S) Ditmar, 67, 23: 865; 02. ( 389 ) Dodge, 11, 11: 456; 89. (390) Dodge, 11,12: 553; 90. ( 3 9 I) Doebner, 25, 27: 344; 94. ( 392 ) Donath, 52, 33: 559; 86. (3^-S) Dorée and Gardner, 4, 93:1328; 08. ( 393 ) Dorée, 4, 95: 638; 09. ( 394 ) Dott, 347, 14: 581; 84. ( 39 S) Dragendorff and Spohn, Pharm. Z. Russe, 23: 313, 329, 345, 361, 377; 84. ( 396 ) Draper, 12, 11: 42; 76. ( 3 9 7 ) Dubrunfaut, 34, 42: 901; 56. ( 398 ) Duden and MacIntyre, 13, 313: 59; 00. (39») Dunstan and Andrews, 4, 87: 1620; 05. (400) Dunstan and Carr, 4, 65: 176; 94. (4oo.5) Dunstan and Carr, 4, 71: 350; 97. ( 401 ) Dunstan and Harrison, 4, 63: 443; 93. ( 402 ) Dunstan and Ince, 4, 59: 271; 91. ( 403 ) Dunstan and Passmore, 4, 61: 395; 92. ( 404 ) Dunstan and Thole, 4, 97: 1249; 10. ( 4 OS) Easterfield and Bee, 4, 97:1028; 10. ( 406 ) Ebert, Z. oesterr. Apoth.-Ver., 46: 545; 08. ( 407 ) Eckart, 293, 229: 355; 91. ( 4 ° 8 ) Edminson and Hilditch, 4, 97: 223; 10. (409) Ehrlich, 445, 53: 809; 03. (409.5) Ehrlich, 25, 37: 1809; 04. ( 4 IO) Ehrlich, 25, 40: 2538; 07. ( 411 ) Ehrlich and Jacobsen, 25, 44: 888; 11. ( 412 ) Ehrlich and Wendel, 205, 8: 399; 08. ( 413 ) Ehrlich and Wendel, 205, 8: 438; 08. ( 4 1 4 ) Ehrlich and Wendel, 445, 58: 198; 08. ( 415 ) Eijkman, 70, 5: 290; 86. (416) Eijkman, 25, 24: 1278; 91. ( 4 Ie-S) Einhorn, 25, 22: 1495; 89. ( 417 ) Einhorn and Marquardt, 25, 23: 468; 90. (417.5) Einhorn and Marquardt, 25, 23: 979; 90. ( 418 ) Einhorn and Tahara, 25, 26: 324; 93. ( 419 ) van Ekenstein, 70, 15: 221; 96. (420) van Ekenstein and Blanksma, 70, 24: 33; 05. ( 4 2 1 ) van Ekenstein and Blanksma, 70, 25: 153; 06. ( 4 2 2 ) van Ekenstein and Blanksma, 70, 25: 162 ; 06. ( 423 ) van Ekenstein and Blanksma, 70, 27: 1 ; 08. ( 424 ) van Ekenstein and Blanksma, 176, 4: 743; 08. ( 425 ) van Ekenstein and Blanksma, 176, 6: 373; 09. ( 4 2 6 ) van Ekenstein and Lobry de Bruyn, 70, 19: 178; 00. (426.5) Emde, 293, 244: 241; 06. (427) Emmerling, 25, 41: 1373; 08. ( 428 ) Engels, 26, 33: 1087; 00. ( 42 9) Enklaar, 176, 7: 1; 10. (430) Erlenmeyer, 25, 39: 285; 06. (430.5) Erlenmeyer, 25, 39: 788; 06. ( 4 3i) Erlenmeyer, 25, 39: 791; 06. ( 43 2) Erlenmeyer and Arnold, 13, 337: 307; 04. ( 433 ) Erlenmeyer and Barkow, 25, 39: 1570; 06. ( 434 ) Erlenmeyer and Hell, 13,160: 257; 71. (434.5) Ertschikowsky, 53, 28: 132; 95. ( 43 S) Etard, 34, 97: 1218; 83. ( 436 ) Evans, 4, 97: 2237; 10. (437) Everatt, 4, 93 : 1225; 08. ( 438 ) Everatt and Jones, 4, 93: 1789; 08. ( 439 ) Ewins, 4, 97: 2406; 10. ( 44 O) Fajans, 7, 73: 25; 10. ( 4 4 I) Faltis, 57, 33: 873; 12. (441.5) Farnsteiner, 25, 23: 3570; 90. ( 4 4 2) Faucon, 34, 154: 652; 12. ( 443 ) Fauconnier, 27, 41: 119; 84. ( 4 4 4 ) Faust, #77, 43: 84; 00. (445) Fayollat, 34, 117: 630; 93. ( 446 ) Feinberg, 202,84: 363; 13. (447) Feist, 293, 246: 206; 08. ( 4 4 8 ) Feist, 293, 247: 226; 09. ( 449 ) Feist, 293, 250: 668; 12. (449.5) Feist, 13, 436: 125; 24. ( 4 SO) Feist and Arnstein, 25, 28: 3167; 95. ( 451 ) Ferns and Lapworth, 4, 101: 273; 12. (452) Fileti, 62, 46: 560; 92. ( 4 S 3 ) Fileti, 36, 22 II: 395; 92. (454) Finkelbeiner, 25, 27: 889; 94. ( 45 S) Fischer, 25, 23: 370; 90. ( 4 56) Fischer, 25, 23: 2611; 90. (456.5) Fischer, 25, 23: 2625; 90. ( 4 57) Fischer, 25, 24: 539; 91. ( 458 ) Fischer, 25, 24: 1836; 91. ( 4 S9) Fischer, 25, 24: 2683; 91. (460) Fischer, 26, 24: 3622; 91. (461) Fischer, 13, 270: 64; 92. (462) Fischer, 25, 26: 633; 93. ( 463 ) Fischer, 25, 26: 1973; 93. ( 464 ) Fischer, 25, 27: 673; 94. (465) Fischer, 25, 27: 1524; 94. (465.5) Fischer, 25, 28: 1145; 95. (466) Fischer, 13, 288: 139; 95. ( 4 67) Fischer, 25, 32: 3638; 99. (467.5) Fischer, 25, 33: 2370; 00. (468) Fischer, 76, 1900: 1062. ( 4 69) Fischer, 202, 33: 150; 01. (470) Fischer, 25, 38: 2914; 05. (471) Fischer, 25, 39: 453; 06. (472) Fischer, 25, 39: 2320; 06. (473) Fischer, 25, 39: 2893; 06. (474) Fischer, 25, 40: 489; 07. (475) Fischer, 25, 40: 1754; 07. (476) Fischer, 25, 40: 3704; 07. (477) Fischer, 25, 40: 5000; 07. (478) Fischer, 13, 354: 1; 07. (479) Fischer, 25, 41: 850; 08. (480) Fischer, 26, 41: 2860; 08. (481) Fischer, 76, 1908: 542. (482) Fischer, 202, 70: 256; 11. (483) Fischer, 25, 47: 196; 14. (484) Fischer, 25, 47: 456; 14. (485) Fischer, 25, 47: 1377; 14. (486) Fischer, 25, 47: 3193; 14. (486.5) Fischer, 25, 48: 93; 15. (487) Fischer, 25, 48: 266; 15. (488) Fischer and Armstrong, 25, 34: 2885; 01. (489) Fischer and Armstrong, &5, 35: 833; 02. (490) Fischer and Armstrong, 25, 35: 3153; 02. (491) Fischer and Beensch, 25, 29: 2927; 96. (492) Fischer and Begell, 25, 36: 2592; 03. (493) Fischer and Breiger, 25, 48: 1517; 15. (494) Fischer and Bromberg, 25, 29: 581; 96 (495) Fischer and Carl, 25, 39: 3996; 06. (496) Fischer and Cone, 13, 363: 107; 08. (497) Fischer and Curme, 25, 47: 2047; 14. (498) Fischer and Delbruck, 25, 42: 1476; 09. ( 4 9 9) Fischer and Fay, 25, 28: 1975; 95. (SOO) Fischer and Flatau, 76, 1909: 876. ( 5 Oi) Fischer and von Fodor, 25, 47 : 1058; 14. (502) Fischer and Fodor, 25, 47: 2057; 14. (S03) Fischer and Freudenberg, 25, 45: 915; 12. ( 5 04) Fischer and Freudenberg, 25, 46: 1116; 13. (505) Fischer and Gerngross, 25, 42: 1485; 09. ( 5 06) Fischer and Gravenitz, 13, 406: 1; 14. ( 5 07) Fischer and Groh, 13, 383: 363; 11. (508) Fischer and Hagenbach, 25, 34: 3764; 01. (sos.5) Fischer and HeIferich, 13, 383: 68; 11. (509) Fischer and Helferich, 25, 47: 210; 14. ( 51 °) Fischer and Herborn, 25, 29: 1961; 96. (sii) Fischer and Hertz, 25, 25: 1247; 92. (5i2) Fischer and Hirschberger, 25, 22: 365; 89. ( 513 ) Fischer and Hirschberger, 26, 22: 1155; 89. ( 514 ) Fischer and Hirschberger, 25, 22: 3218; 88. ( 515 ) Fischer, Holzapfel and Gewinner, 25, 45: 247; 12. (sie) Fischer and Jacobs, 25, 39: 2942; 06. (5i7) Fischer and Jacobs, 25, 40: 1057; 07. ( 518 ) Fischer and Kogl, 13, 436: 219; 24. ( 519 J Fischer and Koenings, 25, 37: 4585; 04. (520) Fischer and Koenings, 25, 40: 2048; 07. ( 521 ) Fischer, Kropp and Stahlschmidt, 13, 365: 181; 09. ( 522 ) Fischer and Leuchs, 25, 35: 3787; 02. (523) Fischer and Lipschitz, 25, 48: 360; 15. ( 524 ) Fischer and Meckel, 25, 49: 1355; 16. ( 525 ) Fischer and Meckel, 25, 49: 2813; 16. ( 526 ) Fischer and Moreschi, 25, 45: 2447; 12. ( 52 7) Fischer and Mouneyrat, 25, 33: 2383; 00. ( 528 ) Fischer and Oetker, 25, 46: 4029; 13. ( 529 ) Fischer and Passmore, 25, 23: 2226; 90. (529.5) Fischer and Perkin, 4, 93 : 1871; 08. (530) Fischer and Piloty, 25, 23: 3102; 90. ( 53 I) Fischer and Piloty, 25, 23: 3827; 90. ( 532 ) Fischer and Piloty, 25, 24: 521; 91. (533) Fischer and Piloty, 25, 24: 4214; 91. ( 534 ) Fischer and Rapaport, 25, 46: 2389; 13. ( 535 ) Fischer and Raske, 13, 340: 180; 05. ( 53 6) Fischer and Raske, 76, 1906: 371. ( 537 ) Fischer and Raske, 25, 39: 3981; 06. ( 538 ) Fischer and Raske, 25, 41: 893; 08. ( 53 9) Fischer and Raske, 25, 42: 1465; 09. (540) Fischer and Reif, 13, 363: 118; 08. ( 5 4 I) Fischer, Rhode and Brauns, 13, 402: 364; 13. (5^ Fischer and Ruff, 25, 33: 2142; 00. ( 54 3) Fischer and Rund, 25, 49: 88; 16. ( 544 ) Fischer and Scheibler, 13, 363: 136; 08. (5 4 S) Fischer and Scheibler, 13, 383: 337; 11. ( 54 6) Fischer and Schoeller, 13, 357: 1; 07. ( 54 7) Fischer and Schulze, 25, 40: 943; 07. ( 548 ) Fischer and Slimmer, 76, 1902: 597. ( 549 ) Fischer and Steingroever, 13, 365: 167; 09. (550) Fischer and Strauss, 25, 45: 2467; 12. (551) Fischer and Strauss, 25, 45: 3773; 12. ( 55 2) Fischer and Suzuki, 25, 37: 4575; 04. ( 553 ) Fischer and Tafel, 25, 20: 2566; 87. ( 554 ) Fischer and Warburg, 13, 340: 152; 05. (555) Fischer and Warburg, 13, 340: 168; 05. ( 55 6) Fischer and Warburg, 25, 38: 3997; 05. ( 55 7) Fischer and Weichhold, 25, 41: 1286; 08. ( 558 > Fischer and Zach, 25, 44: 132; 11. ( 55 9) Fischer and Zach, 25, 45: 456; 12. (560) Fischer and Zach, 25, 45: 2068; 12. (561) Fischer and Zemplén, 515, 17: 33; 11. (561.2) Fischer and Zemplén, 25, 42: 2989; 09. (sei.5) Fischlin, Thesis, Zurich, 1920. 10, 5: 727; 25. (563) Flächer, 202, 58: 189; 08. (564) Flavickij, 25, 11: 1846; 78. (565) Flavickij, 25,12: 2354; 79. (566) Flavickij, 25, 20: 1956; 87. (567) Flavickij, 52, 45: 115; 92. ( 56 S) Flood, Thesis, Zurich, 1914. 10, 4: 584; 21. (569) Flückiger, 495, 5: 1; 56. (570) Flückiger, 293, 222: 361; 84. (571) Foerster, 25, 23: 2981; 90. (572) Forschbach, 494, 8: 313; 06. (573) Forster, 4, 71: 1030; 97. (574) Forster, 4, 73: 386; 98. ( 575 ) Forster, 4, 75: 934; 99. (576) Forster, 4, 75: 1149; 99. ( 5 7 7 ) Forster, 4, 77: 251; 00. ( 57 S) Forster, 4, 79: 644; 01. ( 579 ) Forster, 4, 79: 653; 01. (580) Forster, 4, 79: 987; 01. (ssi) Forster, 4, 79: 1003; 01. (582) Forster, 4, 81: 264; 02. ( 583 ) Forster, 4, 81: 865; 02. ( 584 ) Forster, 4, 83 : 98; 0.3. (sss) Forster, 4, 83: 514 ; 03. ( 58 6) Forster, 4, 85: 892 ; 04. ( 58 7) Forster, 4,87: 232; 05. ( 588 ) Forster, 4, 89: 222; 06. (589) Forster, 4,103 : 662; 13. (590) Forster and Attwell, 4, 85: 1188; 04. (S9i) Forster and Fierzz, 4, 87: 110; 05. ( 592 ) Foster and Fierzz, 4, 87: 722; 05. (593) Forster and Fierzz, 4, 87: 826 ; 05. (594) Forster and Fierzz, 4, 91: 867 ; 07. ( 595) Forster and Garland, 4, 95: 2051; 09. (596) Forster and van Gelderen, 4, 99: 2059; 11. (596.5) Forster and van Gelderen, 182, 27: 195; 11. (597) Forster and Grossmann, 4, 89: 402; 06. ( 598 ) Forster and Hart-Smith, 4, 77: 1152; 00. (599) Forster and Holmes, 4, 93: 242; 08. (600) Forster and Jackson, 4, 91: 1877; 07. ( 6 Oi) Forster and Jenkinson, 4, 83: 537; 03. (60Z) Forster and Judd, 4, 87: 368; 05. (603) Forster and Judd, 4, 97: 254; 10. (604) Forster and Kunz, 4, 105: 1718; 14. (605) Forster and Micklethwaite, 4, 81: 160; 02. ( 6 «6) Forster and Micklethwaite, 4, 81: 406; 02. (607) Forster and Müller, 4, 95: 191; 09. (60S) Forster and Spencer, 4,101: 1340; 12. ( 609 ) Forster and Spinner, 4, 115: 889; 19. (610) Forster and Stötter, 4, 99: 1337; 11. (611) Forster and Thornley, 4, 95: 942; 09. (612) Forster, Trotter and Weintraube, 4, 99: 1982; 11. (613) Forster and Withers, 4, 101: 1327; 12. ( 6 I 4 ) Forster and Zimmerli, 4, 97: 2156; 10. (615) Forster and Zimmerli, 4, 99: 478; 11. (Gl6) Foulkes, 49, 14: 364; 16. (617) Fourneau and Sandulesco, 27, 33: 459; 23. (618) Fox and Gauge, 4, 99: 1075; 11. (619) Fraenkel, Thesis, Zürich, 1913. 10, 4: 584; 21. (620) Fränkel, Herschmann and Tritt, 25, 56: 433; 23. ( 6 *i) Fragner, 26, 21 : 3284; 88. (622) Francesconi, 22, 12 II: 204; 03. (622.5) Francesconi, 22, 12 II: 267, 304; 03. (623) Francesconi and Cusmano, 36, 39 II: 105; 09. (624) Francesconi and Cusmano, 36, 39 II: 115; 09. (625) Francesconi and Fermili, 36, 33 I: 188; 03. (626) Francesconi and Maggi, 36, 33 II: 65; 03. (627) Francesconi and Vendetti, 36, 32 I: 281; 02. ( 62 S) Franchimont and Backer, 64V, 23: 647; 15. (629) Franchimont and Backer, 64P, 17: 653; 15. (630) Francois and Luce, 49, 25: 500; 22. ( 631 ) Franke and Dworzak, 57, 43: 661; 23. (632) Frankland and Appleyard, 4, 63: 296: 93. (633) Frankland and Aston, 4, 75: 493; 99. (634) Frankland and Aston, 4, 79: 511; 01. (635) Frankland and Barrow, 4, 95: 2017, 2026; 09. (« 36 > Frankland and Barrow, 4, 105: 990; 14. C 637 ) Frankland, Carter and Adams, 4,101: 2470; 12. ( 638 ) Frankland and Done, 4, 87: 618; 05. ( 639 ) Frankland and Done, 4, 89: 1859; 06. (640) Frankland and Frew, 4, 59: 96; 91. C 641 ) Frankland and Garner, 4, 115: 636; 191. ( 642 ) Frankland and Gebhard, 4, 87: 864; 05. C« 43 ) Frankland and Karger, 4, 85: 1571; 04. ( 644 ) Frankland, Heathcote and Green, 4, 83: 168; 03. ( 64 S) Frankland, Heathcote and Harble, 4, 83: 154; 03. ( 646 ) Frankland and Henderson, 182, 11: 54; 95. ( 647 ) Frankland and McCrae, 4, 73: 307; 98. ( 648 ) Frankland and MacGregor, 4, 61: 737; 92. ( 649 ) Frankland and MacGregor, 4, 63: 511, 1410; 93. (6SO) Frankland and MacGregor, 4, 69: 104; 96. ( 651 ) Frankland and Ormerod, 4, 83: 1342; 03. ( 652 ) Frankland and O'Sullivan, 4, 99: 2325; 11. (653) Frankland and O'Sullivan, 4, 101: 287; 12. ( 654 ) Frankland and Patterson, 4, 73: 181; 98. (655) Frankland and Price, 4, 71: 253; 97. (6 5 6) Frankland and Slater, 4, 83:1349 ; 03. (657) Frankland and Turnbull, 4, 73: 203; 98. ( 658 ) Frankland and Turnbull, 4, 105: 456; 14. ( 659 ) Frankland and Twiss, 4, 85: 1666; 04. (660) Frankland and Twiss, 4, 89: 1852; 06. (661) Frankland and Twiss, 4, 97 : 154; 10. (662) Frankland and Wharton, 4, 69: 1309, 1583; 96. (663) Frankland and Wharton, 4, 75: 337; 99. (664) Frankland, Wharton and Aston, 4, 79: 266; 10. (665) Frese, 25, 33: 3483; 00. (666) Freudenberg, 25, 47: 2027; 14. (66?) Freudenberg, Brauns and Siegel, 25, 56: 193; 23. (668) Freudenberg and Doser, 25, 56: 1243; 23. ( 66 S) Freudenberg and Hixon, 25, 56: 2119; 23. (670) Freudenberg and Purrmann, 25, 56: 1185; 23. ( 6 7 I) Freund and Fleischer, 25, 45: 1171; 12. (672) Freund and Horkheimer, 25, 39: 814; 06. (673) Freund and Josephy, 13, 277: 1; 93. ( 6 7 4 ) Freund and Rosenberg, 25, 23 : 404; 90. (675) Freund and Speyer, 25, 44: 2339; 11. (676) Freund and WiU, 25, 19: 2797; 86. (677) Freundler, 27'. 7: 804; 92. (678) Freundler, 84, 115: 509; 92. (679) Freundler, 27, 9: 680; 93. (680) Freundler, 34, 117: 556; 93. ( 68 I) Freundler, 6, 3: 433; 94. ( 682 ) Freundler, 27, 11: 366, 470; 94. (683) Freundler, 6, 4: 235; 95. ( 684 ) Freundler, 27, 13: 1055; 95. ( 68 S) Freylon, 6, 15: 278; 08. ( 686 ) Friedel, 34, 108: 978; 89. ( 68 7) Friedel, 34, 113: 825; 91. (68») Friedmann, 404, 3: 1; 03. (689) Friedmann, 494, 8: 95; 06, (690) yon Friedrichs, 293, 245: 427; 07. ( 6 9 I) von Friedrichs, 293, 257: 72; 19. (692) Fröhlich, 25, 44: 1057; 11. ( 693 ) Fröhlich and Wedekind, 25, 40: 1009; 07. ( 694 ) Fröhlich and Wedekind, 25, 40: 1646; 07. (695) Fudakowsky, 25, 11: 1069; 78. ( 6 ^ 6 ) Furness and Perkin, 4, 105: 2024; 14. (6»7) Gadamer, 293, 234: 543; 96. (698) Gadamer, 893, 239: 283; 01. (699) Gadamer, 293, 239: 663; 01. (700) Gadamer, 293, 240: 18; 02. (70l) Gadamer, 293, 246: 566; 08. (702) Gadamer, 293, 249: 641; 11. ( 7 <>3) Gadamer and Amenomiya, 293, 242: 1; 04. (704) Gadamer and Bruns, 293, 239: 39; 01. (705) Gadamer and Kuntze, 293, 249: 598; 11. ( 706 ) Gamgee and HiIl, 5, 71: 376; 03. ( 7 0 7 ) Gamgee and Jones, 5, 71: 385; 03. ( 708 ) Gandurin, 25, 41: 4359; 08. ( 7 09) Gardiner, Perkin and Watson, 4, 97: 1756; 10. ( 71 O) Gardner and Cockburn, 4, 73: 275; 98. (711) Gaskell, 289, 36: 142; 07. (712) Geake and Nierenstein, 25, 47: 891; 14. (713) Gennarri, 7, 19: 130; 96. (714) Genvresse, 34, 137: 494; 03. (715) Gernez, 34, 114: 480; 92. (715.5) Gernez, 34, 121: 1150; 95. (716) Ghosh, 68, 36: 216; 16. (717) Gibson, 182, 30: 32; 14. (718) Gibson and Simonsen, 4, 107: 798; 15. (719) Gibson and Simonsen, 4, 107: 1148; 15. (720) Giesma, 25,33:2996; 00. (721) Girard, 34, UO: 84; 90. (722) Glattfield, 11, 50: 135; 13. (723) Glover, 4, 93: 1285; 08. (724) Glover and Lowry, 4, 101: 1902; 12. (725) Gnesotto and Crestani, 59, 8: 365; 04. (726) Godchot, 34, 158: 1807; 14. (727) Goebel and Noyes, 1, 45: 3064; 23. (727.5) Goldschmidt and Fischer, 25, 30: 2069; 97. ( 7 2 S) Goldschmidt and Freund, 7, 14: 394; 94. ( 729 ) Goldschmiedt, 57, 13: 691; 92. ( 7 3 O) Goldschmiedt, 9, 12: 416; 06. (731) Goldschmiedt and Zerner, 57, 31: 439; 10. (732) Goldschmiedt and Zerner, 57, 33: 1379; 12. (733) Goldsworthy and Perkin, 4, 105: 2639; 14. ( 73 4) Golse, Thesis, Bordeaux, 1911. 10, 2: 336; 13. ( 73 S) Golubev, 03, 36: 1096; 04. ( 736 ) Golubev, 53, 44: 1061; 12. (757) Gordin, 1, 30: 265; 08. ( 73 8) Gordin, 1, 33: 1626; 11. ( 739 ) Goris, Mascre and Vischniac, Sei. Ind. BvIl. Roure-Bertrand FiIs, No. 6; 1912. (740) Goris and Vischniac, 845, 19: 488; 12. (741) Gorter, 13, 358: 327; 08. (742) Gorter, 70, 30: 151; 11. (743) Gorter, 70, 31: 264; 12. (744) Gorter, 70, 31: 281; 12. (745) Graham, 4, 101: 746; 12. (746) Granger, 25, 30: 1060; 97. ( 747 ) Griffin and Nelson, 1, 37: 1552; 15. (748) Grimal, 34, 135: 1057; 02. (748.5) Grimaux, 34, 92: 1228; 81. (749) Grimaux and Arnaud, 84, 112: 1364; 91. (7SO) Grossmann, 25, 38: 1711; 05. (7Si) Grossmann, 445, 56: 1024; 06. (752) Grossmann, 83, 10: 60; 14. (752.5) Grossmann and Landau, 7, 75: 129; 10. (753) Grossmann and Pötter, 25, 37: 84; 04. (754) Grossmann and Pötter, 25, 38: 3874; 05. (755) Grossmann and Pötter, 7, 56: 577; 06. ( 7 5 6 ) Grossmann and Wieneke, 7, 54: 385; 06. (757) Grün, 25, 39: 4400; 06. (758) Grün, 67, 37: 409; 16. (758.5) Guareschi, Ann. chim. farm. 87: 113; 87. (759) Gubbe, 25, 18: 2207; 85. (760) Gucci and Grassi-Crestaldi, 36, 22 I: 1; 92. ( 76 I) Günther and Tollens, 13, 271: 86; 92. ( 762 ) Guerbet, 27, 13: 769; 95. ( 763 ) Guerbet, 49, 1: 5; 10. ( 76 4) Gulevich, 202, 87: 1; 13. ( 76 S) Gumprich, 63, 24: 434; 23. ( 76 6) Gurevitsch, Thesis, Zürich, 1914. 10, 4: 484; 21. ( 7 6 7) Gutt, 25, 40: 2061; 07. (767.5) Quye, 6, 25: 145; 92. (768) Guye and Amarai, 34, 120: 1345; 95. ( 769 ) Guye and Amarai, 149, 33: 409; 95. ( 77 °) Guye and Aston, 34, 130: 585; 00. ( 7 7 I) Guye and Chavanne, 34, 116: 1454; 93. ( 772 ) Guye and Chavanne, 34, 120: 452; 95. ( 773 ) Guye and Goudet, 34, 121: 827; 95. ( 774 ) Guye and Guerchgorine, 34, 124: 230; 97. ( 77S ) Guye and Jordan, 34, 120: 632, 1274; 95. ( 7 7 6 ) van der Haar, 293, 250: 424; 12. ( 777 ) Haiser and Wenzel, 57, 29: 157; 08. ( 778 ) Hall, 4, 123: 32; 23. ( 779 ) Haller, Diss., Nancy, 1879. ( 78 °) Haller, 34, 104: 66; 87. ( 781 ) Haller, 34, 105: 227; 87. ( 782 ) Haller, 84,108: 410; 89. ( 783 ) Haller, 84,109: 29; 89. ( 784 ) Haller, 110: 149; 90. ( 78 S) Haller, 34, 112: 143; 91. ( 78 6) Haller, 84, 113: 55; 91. ( 7 8 7 > Haller, 6, 27: 392; 92. ( 78 S) Haller, 34, 114: 1516; 92. ( 7 89) Haller, 34, 115: 19; 92. ( 79 O) Haller, 34,115: 97, 143; 92. ( 7 9i) Haller, 27,15: 984; 96. ( 7 92) Haller, 84, 130: 688; 00. ( 7 93) Haller, 84, 136: 788; 03. ( 7 94) Haller, 34, 136: 1222; 03. ( 7 95) Haller, 34, 140: 127; 05. ( 7 96) Haller, 34, 140: 1626; 05, ( 7 9 7 ) Haller, 34,141: 13; 05. ( 798 ) Haller, 34,144: 462; 07. ( 7 9 9 ) Haller, 34, 154: 742; 12. (800) Haller, 34, 156: 1199; 13. (801) Haller, 34, 157: 965; 13. (802) Haller and Bauer, 34, 142: 677; 06. (803) Haller and Bauer, 84, 142: 971; 06. (804) Haller and Bauer, 34, 148: 1490; 09. ( 805 ) Haller and Bauer, 34, 148: 1643; 09. ( 806 ) Haller and Bauer, 34, 156: 1503; 13. ( 8 0 7 ) Haller and Blanc, 34, 141: 697; 05. ( 808 ) Haller and Cornubert, 34, 158: 1616; 14. ( 809 ) Haller and Cornubert, 34, 158: 1739; 14. (810) Haller and Couréménos, 84, 140: 1430; 05. ( 8 U) Haller and Desfontaines, 34, 140: 1205; 05. (812) Haller and Lassieur, 34, 151: 697; 10. (813) Haller and Louvrier, 34, 158: 754; 14. (814) Haller and March, 34, 138: 1665; 04. ( 8 I 5 ) Haller and March, 27, 33: 969; 05. (816) Haller and March, 34, 140: 474; 05. (817) Haller and March, 84, 140: 624; 05. (818) Haller and Minguin, 34, 118: 690; 94. (819) Haller and Minguin, 27, 15:988; 96. (820) Haller and Minguin, 84,133: 79; 01. ( 8 2 Î ) Haller and Minguin, 34,136: 49; 03. (822) Haller and Minguin, 34, 136: 1525; 03. ( 823 ) Haller and Minguin, 34, 142: 1309; 06. ( 8 24) Haller and Muller, 34, 129: 1005; 99. (825) Hann and Lapworth, 4, 85: 46; 04. (825.5) Hann and Lapworth, 4, 85: 1355; 04. (826) Hanriot and Kling, 84, 152: 1596; 11. (827) Hardin, 42, 6: 584; 08. (828) Hardin and Sikorskii, 42, 6: 179; 08. ( 82 9) Harding, Walsh and Weizmann, 4, 99: 448; 11. (830) Harnack, 85, 11: 2004; 78. (83l) Harries and Morrell, 13, 410: 70; 15. (832) Harries and Neresheimer, 25, 41: 38; 09. (833) Hartmann, 25, 21: 221; 88. (s 34 ) Hartwall, 25, 35: 3399; 02. ( 835 ) Harvey, 4, 87: 1481; 05. (836) Harvey and Lapworth, 4, 83 : 1102; 03. (837; Haworth, 4, 107: 8; 15. (837.5) Haworth and Fyfe, 4, 105: 1659; 14. (838) Haworth and Law, 4, 109: 1314; 16. (839) Haworth and Leitch, 4, 115: 809; 19. (840) Haworth and Perkin, 4, 103: 2225; 13. (841) Haworth, Perkin and Wallach, 13, 379: 131; 11. 4, 99: 118; 11. (842) Haworth, Perkin and Wallach, 13, 399: 155; 13. 4, 103: 1228; 13. (842.5) Haworth and Wylam, 4, 123: 3120; 23. (843) Heckel, 57, 29: 779; 08. ( 844 ) Hedenburg, l, 37: 345; 15. (845) Heikel, 13, 338: 71; 05. ( 846 ) Kein, Diss., Berlin, 1896. (847) Helbronner, 34, 133: 43; 01. ( 8 48) Helferich, Löwa, Nipple and Riedel, 25, 56: 1083; 23. (849) Henderson and Caw, 4, 101: 1416; 12. (850) Henry and Paget, 4, 123: 1878; 23. ( 8 Si) Herissey, 49, 2: 248; 10. (852) Herissey and Aubry, 49, 9: 327; 14. (853) Herrmann, 53, 37: 119; 05. (854) Herrmann and Tollens, 25, 18: 1333; 85. (855) Herrmann and Tollens, 13, 230: 50; 85. ( 856 ) Herzfeld, 25, 12: 2120; 79. (857) Herzfeld, 13, 220: 206; 83. (8S7.5) Herzfeld, 18, 220: 335; 83. ( 8 S8) Herzfeld, 13, 244: 274; 88. ( 8 S9) Herzfeld, 86, 28: 440; 95. (860) Herzfeld, 445, 45: 234; 95. ( 8 6 I) Herzfeld and Winter, 25, 19: 390; 86. (862) Herzig, 25, 56: 221; 23. ( 863 ) Herzig and Pollak, 67, 27: 743; 06. (S64) Hesekiel, 25, 18: 3091; 85. ( 8 65) Hesse, 13, 166: 217; 73. ( 8 66) Hesse, 13, 178: 244; 75. ( 8 67) Hesse, 13, 182: 128; 76. (868) Hesse, 13, 185: 296; 77. ( 869 ) Hesse, 25, 10: 2149; 77. (s70) Hesse, 13, 192: 175; 78. ( 8 7i) Hesse, 13, 192: 193; 78. (871.5) Hesse, 13,199: 333; 79. (872) Hesse, 25,13: 2308; 80. (873) Hesse, 13, 203 : 144; 80. («74) Hesse, 13, 205: 194: 80. (875) Hesse, 18, 205: 314; 80. (875.5) Hesse, 85, 14: 1683; 81. (876) Hesse, 25, 14: 1890; 81. (877) Hesse, 13, 207: 288; 81. ( 8 7S) Hesse, 13, 209: 62; 81. (879) Hesse, 13, 211: 249; 82. 88 ( °) Hesse, 13, 214: 1; 82. (8 s o.5) Hesse, 85, 15: 854; 82. (881) Hesse, 85, 16: 58; 83. (881.2) Hesse, 13, 222: 203; 84. (ssi.5) Hesse, 13, 225: 104; 84. ( 882 ) Hesse, 13, 225: 211; 84. (883) Hesse, 13, 227: 153; 85. ( 88 4) Hesse, 86, 19: 3190; 86. (**S) Hesse, 13, 234: 243; 86. (885.5) Hesse, 13, 176: 89, 189; 75. (886) Hesse, 13, 241: 255; 87. ( 88 S) Hesse, 13, 260: 213; 90. (S88-5) Hesse, 13, 267: 138; 92. (889) Hesse, 13, 267: 142; 92. (890, 89l) Hesse, 13, 271: 100; 92. ( 892 ) Hesse, 13, 271: 180; 92. ( 893 ) Hesse, 13, 276:88; 93. ( 89 4) Hesse, 68, 65: 91; 02. ( 89 S) Hesse, 58, 66: 401; 02. (896) Hesse, 85, 39: 1127 ; 06. (897) Hesse, 68, 77: 321 ; 08. (898) Hessen, Thesis, Zürich, 1914. 10, 4: 584; 21. (899) Heydrich, 94, 48: 243; 11. ( 90 °) Hilditch, 4, 93: 1; 08. ( 9 Oi) Hilditch, 4, 93: 700; 08. ( 9 02) Hilditch, 4, 93: 1388; 08. (903) Hilditch, 4, 93 : 1618; 08. ( 9 04) Hilditch, 4, 95: 331; 09. ( 9 °s) Hilditch, 4, 95:1570; 09. ( 906 ) Hilditch, 4, 95: 1578; 09. ( 907 ) Hilditch, 4, 97: 1091; 10. ( 908 ) Hilditch, 4, 99: 218; 11. (»os.s) Hilditch, 4, 99: 224; 11. ( 9 09) Hilditch, 7, 77: 482; 11. (»1°) Hilditch, 4, 101: 192; 12. ( 911 ) Hill and Russe, £5, 37: 2538; 04. ( 912 ) Hirst and Morrison, 4, 123: 3226; 23. (913) Honig and Jesser, 443, 38: 1027; 88. ( 914 ) Hofmann, IS1 366: 277; 09. (914.8) Hoheneraser and Wolffenstein, 25, 32: 2520; 99. ( 91S ) Hohenemser and Wolffenstein, 25, 34: 2420; 01. ( 916 ) Holmberg, 25, 45: 2997; 12. C 91 ?) Holmberg, 25, 47: 167; 14. C 9 **) Holmberg and Lenander, 19, 6: No. 17; 17. ( 9 ^ 9 ) Holmberg and Sunesson, 519, 35: 215; 23. (920) Holty, 60, 9: 764; 05. ( 9 20.2) Holmberg, 19, 6: No. 1; 17. ( 9 20.S) Holmberg, 19, 6: No. 23; 17. ( 921 ) Hoogewerff and Dorp, 70,14:252; 95. ( 922 ) Hopkins and Savory, 289, 42: 189; 11. ( 92 S) Hoppe-Seyler, 52, 89: 257; 63. ( 924 ) Hoppe-Seyler and Araki, 202, 20: 365; 95. ( 925 ) Hoppe-Seyler and Thierfelder, Handbuch der physiologisch- und pathologisch-chemischen Analyse. 6th ed. Berlin, 1893. ( 92 «) Horrmann, 25, 45: 2090; 12. ( 927 ) Horrmann, 25, 45: 3434; 12. ( 928 ) Horrmann, 25, 46: 2793; 13. ( 929 ) Horrmann, 13, 411: 273; 16. (930) Horrmann and Seydel, 26, 45: 3080; 12. ( 931 ) Horrmann and Wächter, 25, 49: 1554; 16. ( 932 ) Houben and Willfroth, 25, 46: 2283; 13. ( 93 S) Hoving, Diss., Groningen, 1911. 10, 4: 656; 21. ( 934 ) Howard and Chick, 64, 28: 53; 09. ( 935 ) Howard and Hodgkin, 4, 41: 66; 82. ( 936 ) Huber, Thesis, Geneva, 1916. 10, 4: 1092; 21. ( 937 ) Hudson, l, 37: 1591; 15. (938) Hudson, l, 38: 1566; 16. ( 939 ) Hudson and Brauns, ^, 37: 1283; 15. (940) Hudson and Brauns, l, 37: 2736; 15. ( 941 > Hudson and Brauns, l, 38: 1216; 16. ( 942 ) Hudson and Dale, I, 37: 1264; 15. ( 943 ) Hudson and Dale, l, 37: 1280; 15. ( 9 4 4 ) Hudson and Dale, l, 38: 1431; 16. ( 945 ) Hudson and Johnson, l, 37: 1270; 15. ( 946 ) Hudson and Johnson, l, 37: 1276; 15. ( 947 ) Hudson and Johnson, l, 38: 1223; 16. ( 948 ) Hudson and Munroe, /, 46: 979; 24. ( 9 4 9 ) Hudson and Parker, l, 37: 1589; 15. (950) Hudson and Sayre, l, 38: 1867; 16. ( 951 ) Hudson and Yanovsky, l, 38: 1575; 16. ( 9 52) Hüni, Thesis, Suisse, 1910. 10, 1: 589; 12. ( 953 ) Hürlimann, Thesis, Zürich, 1918. 10, 5: 727; 25. ( 954 ) Hürthle, 202, 21: 337; 96. ( 9 SS) Huppert, 202, 18: 137; 94. ( 9 56) UJin, 26, 47: 985; 14. ( 9 * 7 ) Imbert, 27, 27: 985; 02. ( 958 ) Ingersoll, 2, 9: 257; 17. ( 9 5 9 ) Ipatiev, 26, 45: 3205; 12. (960) Irvine, 4, 95: 564; 09. ( 961 ) Irvine and Cameron, 4, 85: 1071; 04. (»«) Irvine, Fyfe and Hogg, 4, 107: 524; 15. ( 963 ) Irvine and Garrett, 4, 97: 1277; 10. ( 9 * 4 ) Irvine and Gilmour, 4, 93: 1429; 08. ( 9 6 5 ) Irvine and Gilmour, 4, 95: 1545; 09. ( 966 ) Irvine and Hogg, 4, 105: 1386; 14. ( 967 ) Irvine and Hynd, 4, 95: 1220; 09. ( 968 ) Irvine and Hynd, 4, 99: 161; 11. (969) Irving and Hynd, 4, 101: 1128; 12. (970) Irvine and Hynd, 182, 29: 306; 13. ( 971 ) Irvine and Hynd, 4, 103: 41; 13. ( 9 7 2 ) Irvine and Hynd, 4, 105: 698; 14. ( 97 S) Irvine and MacDonald, 4, 107: 1701; 15. ( 9 7 4 ) Irvine, MacDonald and Soutar, 4, 107: 337; 15. ( 9 7 5 ) Irvine and McNicoll, 4, 97: 1449; 10. ( 976 ) Irvine, McNicoll and Hynd, 4, 99: 250; 11. ( 977 ) Irvine and Moodie, 4, 87: 1462; 05. ( 978 ) Irvine and Moodie, 4, 89: 1578; 06. ( 9 7 9 ) Irvine and Paterson, 133, 1912: 441. (980) Irvine and Paterson, 4, 105: 898; 14. (981) Irvine and Robertson, 4, 109: 1305; 16. ( 9 8 2 ) Irvine and Rose, 4, 89: 814; 06. ( 983 ) Irvine and Scott, 133, 1912: 442. ( 984 ) Irvine and Scott, 4, 103: 564; 13. ( 98 S) Irvine and Scott, 4, 103 : 575; 13. ( 986 ) Irvine and Steele, 4, 107: 1221 ; 15. (987) Irvine, Thomson and Garrett, 4, 103: 238; 13. ( 988 ) van Itallie, 64V, 20: 1024; 12. ( 989 ) Itzig, 25, 34: 1372; 01. ("O) Itzig, 25, 34: 2391; 01. ( 991 ) Jackson, SlA, 13: 633; 17. ( 992 ) Jacobi, 25, 24: 696; 91. ( 993 ) Jacobi, 13, 272: 170; 93. ( 994 ) Jacobi and Stoehr, 25, 26: 949; 93. ( 995 ) Jacobs, 141, 57: 553; 23. ( 996 ) Jaeger, 64P, 17: 1217; 15. ( 9 9 7 ) Jaeger, 64V, 26: 152; 17. ( 998 ) Jaeger, 70, 38: 171; 19. ( 999 ) Jaeger and Thomas, 64V, 27: 674; 18. (looo) Jaeger and Thomas, 6Jf, 21: 215; 18. (looo.s) Jaeger and Thomas, 6Jf, 21: 225; 18. (iooi) Jaeger and Wolderdorp, 64V, 27: 1212; 18. (1002) Jephcott, 4, 115: 104; 19. (ioo3) J0bst and Hesse, 13, 178: 49; 75. ( 1004 ) Jobst and Hesse, 13, 199: 17; 79. (ioos) Jones, 4, 83: 1400; 03. (1006) Jones, 4, 85: 223; 04. (ioo7) J0nes, 4, 87: 135; 05. (ioos) Jones and Dunlop, 4, 101: 1748; 12. (1009) J0nes and HiIl, 4, 93 : 295; 08. (loio) jones and Millington, 201, 12: 489; 04. ( 1011 ) de Jong, 70, 42: 980; 23. (1012) Jowett, 135, 74: 120; 96. (lois) Jowett, 4, 77: 473; 00. (ioi4) Jowett, 4, 77: 851; 00. (lois) Jowett, 4, 79: 580; 01. (iois.5) Jowett, 4, 79: 1331; 01. (ioi6) Jowett and Pyman, 4,103 : 290; 13. (i°l 7 ) Jürgens, 167, 1885: 1722. 498, 24: 721, 745, 762, 778, 794; 85. (lois) Jungfleisch, 34, 110: 790; 90. (ioi9) Jungfleisch and Godchot, 34, 140: 719; 05. (1020) Jungfleisch and Godchot, 34, 141: 111; 05. (1021) Jungfleisch and Godchot, 34, 142: 637; 06. (1022) Jungfleisch and Grimbert, 34, 107: 390; 88. (1023) Jungfleisch and Leger,34,105:1255; 87. (i° 24 ) Jungfleisch and Leger, 34, 106: 357; 88. (io2S) Jungfleisch and Leger, 34, 106: 657; 88. (1026) Jungfleisch and Leger, 27, 49: 743; 88. (102 7) Jungfleisch and Leger, 34, 108: 952; 89. (1028) Jungfleisch and Leger, 34, 114: 1192; 92. (1029) Jungfleisch and Leger, 34, 118: 29; 94. (1030) Jungfleisch and Leger, 34, 119: 1268; 94. (iosi) Jungfleisch and Leroux, 34, 144: 1435; 07. (1032) Jungfleisch and Leroux, 34, 147: 862; 08. (iosa) Just, 13, 220: 146; 83. (1034) Kachler, 13, 197: 86; 79. (loss) Kallenberg, 26, 56: 316; 23. (lose) Karpf, Thesis, Zürich, 1915. 10, 4: 584; 21. (1037) Karrer, 25, 49: 1644; 16. (1038) Karrer and Kaase, 37, 2: 436; 19. (ios9) Karrer, Salmon and Peyer, 37, 6: 3; 23. (i040) Karrer and Schlosser, 37, 6: 411 ; 23. (i041) Karrer, Widmer and Staub, 13, 433: 288; 23. (1042) Karrer and Zega, 37, 6: 822; 23. (1043) Kaufmann, 25, 46: 1823; 13. ( 1044 ) Kaufmann and Fuchs, 25, 56: 2527; 23. (1045) Kaufmann and Huber, 25, 46: 2913; 13. (io46) Kay, 13, 362: 325; 08. (1047) Kay, 4. 95: 560; 09. O»*«) Kay and Perkin, 4, 89: 839; 06. (1048.5) Kazay, 616, 24: 23; 20. (»049) Kelch, Thesis, Zürich, 1912. 10, 4: 584; 21. (1050) Kent and Tollens, 25, 17: 668; 84. (iosi) Kenyon, 4, 105: 2226; 14. (iosa) Kenyon and McNicol, 4, 123: 14; 23. (l052.5) Kenyon and Pickard, 4, 105: 2262; 14. (loss) Kenyon and Pickard, 4, 105: 2644; 14. (10S4) Kenyon and Pickard, 4, 105: 2677; 14. (loss) Kenyon and Pickard, 4, 107: 35; 15. («s«) Kenyon and Pickard, 4, 107: 115; 15. (1057) Kiliani, 25, 15: 2953; 82. (1O") Kiliani, 25, 16: 2625; 83. (1059) Kiliani, 25, 19: 767; 86. (1060) Kiliani, 25, 19: 1914; 86. (loei) Kiliani, 25, 19: 3029; 86. (1062) Kiliani, 25, 24: 339; 91. (loss) Kiliani, 25, 25: 2116; 92. (1064) Kiliani, 293, 234: 438; 96. (1065) Kiliani and Matthes, 26, 40: 1238; 07. (1066) Kiliani and Sanda, 25, 26: 1649; 93. (l067) Kiliani and Sautermeister, 26, 40: 4294; 07. (ioes) King, Thesis, Zürich, 1912. 10, 4: 584; 21. (1069) Kipping, 4, 77: 861; 00. (1070) Kipping, 4, 79: 370; 01. (1071) Kipping, 4, 81: 275; 02. (io?2) Kipping, 4, 93: 457; 08. (io73) Kipping, 4, 95: 408; 09. (1074) Kipping and Challenger, 4, 99: 626; 11. (io75) Kipping and Davies, 4, 95: 69; 09. (1076) Kipping and Hall, 4, 79: 430; 01. (1077) Kipping and Hall, 4, 79: 442; 01. (1078) Kipping and Hunter, 4, 81: 574; 02. (1079) Kipping and Hunter, 4, 83: 1005; 03. (1080) Kipping and Pope, 4, 63: 548; 93. (iosi) Kipping and Sal way, 4, 85: 438; 04. (ios2) Kizer, 53, 31: 872; 99. (loss) Kizer, 53, 39: 1240; 07. (1084) Kizer, 63, 39: 1246; 07. (loss) Kizhner, 63, 43: 582; 11. (lose) Kizhner, 53, 43: 1554; 11. (ios7) Kizhner and Zavadovskii, 03, 43: 1132; 11. (loss) Klages, 26, 39: 2131; 06. (ios9) Klages, 26, 29: 2306; 06. (1090) Klages, 25, 40: 2360; 07. (iooi) Klages and Sautter, 26, 37: 649; 04. (1092) Klages and Sautter, 25, 38: 2312; 05. (1093) Klages and Sautter, 25, 39: 1938; 06. (1094) Klason and Köhler, 19, 2: No. 3; 05. (1095) Klimenko, 53, 12: 17; 80. (io9e) Klobb, 27, 27: 1229; 02. (1097) Klobb, 34, 148: 1272; 09. (1098) Klobb, 6, 22: 5; 11. (i099) Klobb, 6, 24: 134; 11. (iioo) Klobb, 6, 24: 410; 11. ( 11 Oi) Knoevenagel and Samel, 26, 39: 677; 06. (1102) Knorr, 25, 27: 1144; 94. ( 11 OS) Knorr, 26, 37: 3172; 04. ( 11 O*) Knorr, Butler and Hörlein, 13, 368: 305; 09. (nos) Knorr and Hartmann, 25, 45: 1350; 12. ( 11 Oe) Knorr and Hawthorne, 25, 35: 3010; 02. (H07) Knorr and Hörlein, 26, 40: 2032; 07. (nos) Knorr and Hörlein, 25, 40: 4883; 07. (H09) Knorr and Hörlein, 25, 40: 4889; 07. (mo) Knorr, Hörlein and Grimme, 25, 40: 3844; 07. (i 111) Knorr, Hörlein and Staubach, 25, 42: 3511; 09. ( 1112 ) Knorr, Hörlein and Staubach, 26, 42: 3521; 09. (i 113) Knorr and Raabe, 25, 41: 3050; 08. ( 1114 ) Knorr and Smiles, 26, 35: 3009; 02. (i 115) Knorr and Waentig, 26, 40: 3860; 07. (in 7 ) Koenigs, 13, 347: 143; 06. (1118) Koenigs and Knorr, 25, 34: 957; 01. (U 1 9 ) Koenigs and Knorr, 25, 23: 4343; 01. (1120) Koenigs and MyIo, 26, 41: 4427; 08. (ii2o.5) Körner and Vanzetti, Mem. accad. Line., 8: 749; 11. ( 1 1 2 I) Kotz and Schwarz, 13, 357: 209; 07. (1122) KoIm, 57, 33: 447; 12. (U 2 S) Komatsu, 429, 1: 123; 15. (ii 2 4 ) Komppa and Hintikka, 25, 46: 645; 13. (i i 2 S ) Kondakov, 136, 26: 720; 02. (1126) Kondakov, 62, 67: 280; 03. (ii 2 7 ) Kondakov, 62, 79: 271; 09. (1128) Kondakov and Lucinin, 62, 60: 257; 99. (i129) Kondakov and Schindelmeiser, 62, 67: 193; 03. (liso) Kondakov and Schindelmeiser, 62, 68: 105; 03. (i 131 ) Kondakov and Skworzov, 62, 67: 573; 03. (ii 3 2 ) Konowalov, 63, 36: 237; 04. (i133) Kossei and Kutscher, 202, 28: 382; 99. (ii 3 4 ) Krafft and Dyes, 25, 28: 2589; 95. (i i s 5) Kraft, 516, 33: 205; 10. (i i s 5.5) Krecke, 18, 7: 97; 72. (lise) van Kregten, Diss., Groningen, 1910. 10, 1: 589; 10. O1") Kritzmann, Thesis, Zürich, 1919. 10, 5: 727; 22. (i 138) Krusemann, 25, 9: 1465; 76. (i 138.4) Külz, 145, 20: 1; 84. (i 138.4) KuIz, Arch. expt. PathoL, 18: 291; 84. (iiss.6) Külz, 145, 20: 165; 84. (i138.8) Külz, 145, 23: 474; 87. (l139) Küng and Trier, 202, 85: 209; 13. (1140) Küster and Hügel, 202, 130: 1; 23. ( 1141 ) Kühn, 25, 56: 857; 23. (1142) Kuntner, Thesis, Zürich, 1913. 10, 4: 584; 21. ( 114S ) Kuriloff, 62, 45: 123; 92. (1144) Kursanov, 53, 53: 289; 01. (1145) Lacroix, 49, 22: 99; 05. ( 1146 ) Lacroix, 49, 24: 493; 06. (ii 4 7 ) Ladenburg, 13, 247: 1; 88. (U 48 ) Ladenburg, 26, 21: 3065; 88. ( 1149 ) Ladenburg, 26, 26: 854; 93. ( 11 SO) Ladenburg, 25, 27: 75; 94. ( 11 S 1 ) Ladenburg, «5,27:853, 3063; 94. (l152) Ladenburg, 26, 29: 2710; 96. ( 11 SS) Ladenburg, 25, 36: 3694; 03. (U 5 4 ) Ladenburg, 25, 37: 3688; 04. (nss) Ladenburg, 25, 40: 3734; 07. (lise) Ladenburg and Herrmann, 25, 41: 966; 08. O 1 5 7 ) Ladenburg and Hundt, 25, 22: 2590; 89. (11SS) Lafont, 6, 15: 145; 98. (nss.s) Lafont, 27, 49: 323; 88. ("S») La Forge, 141, 28: 511; 17. (il 6 0 ) Landolt, 25, 6: 1073; 73. ( 1161 > Landolt, 13, 189: 241; 77. (n«2) Landolt, Das optische Drehungsvermögen. Braunschweig, 1st ed., 1879; 2nd ed., 1898. (1162.5) Landolt, 25, 13: 2329; 80. (lies) Landolt, 25, 19: 157; 86. (n64) Landolt, 25, 21: 191; 88. (11SS) Landwehr, 202, 8: 165; 84. (1166) Langheld, 25, 41: 378; 08. (H67) Lapworth, 4, 77: 1053; 00. (lies) Lapworth, 4, 83: 1114; 03. (H69) Lapworth, 4, 89: 945; 06. O*70) Lapworth, 4, 89: 1819; 06. O 1 7 1 ) Lapworth and Kann, 4, 81: 1499; 02. (1172) Lapworth and Kann, 4, 81: 1508; 02. (ll73) Lapworth and Harvey, 4, 81: 549; 02. (H74) Lapworth and Steele, 4, 99: 1877; 11. ( 117S ) Lapworth and Wechsler, 4, 91: 977; 07. ( 1176 ) Lapworth and Wechsler, 4, 97: 38; 10. (i 177) Latschinoff, 25, 13: 1052; 80. C 1178 ) Latschinoff, 25, 19: 474; 86. (i 179) Leach, 4, 87: 413; 05. (H80) LeBeI, 34, 77: 1021; 73. O 181 ) Le Bei, 27, 21: 542; 74. (H« 2 ) Le Bei, 27, 25: 545; 76. (H«3) Lees, 4, 85: 639; 04. (H84) Lees, 4, 91: 1408; 07. (1185) Lefebure.40,26: 241;07. (n«6)Leger, 84, Ul: 109; 90. ("") Leger, 34, 117: 110; 93. (1188) Leger, 34, 105: 172; 12. C1 *« 9 ) Leger, 34, 158: 1189; 14. (liso) Leger, 34t 162: 506; 16. (1191) Léger and Roques, 34, 155: 1088; 12. (1192) Léger and Roques, 34, 156: 1687; 13. (i i »s; Lehrfeld, Thesis, Zürich, 1915. 10, 4: 584; 21. O 194 ) Lellmann, JfS, 259: 193; 90. (H95) Lendrich, Kock and Schwarz, 279, 22: 441; 11. ("»«) Lenz, Si, 27: 549; 88. (1197) Leone and d'Emilio, 36, 40 1: 556; 10. (l i »«) Lepëkin, 55, 40: 698; 08. (1199) Leroide, 34, 148: 1611; 09. (1200) Leser, 27, 25: 196; 01. (i*oi) Le Sueur, 4, 93: 716; 08. (1202) Le Sueur, 4, 103: 2108; 13. (i203) Letsche, 202, 60: 462; 09. (1204) Leuchs, 25, 41: 1711; 08. (1205) Leuchs, 25, 46: 2435; 13. (12 o 6) Leuchs, 25, 48: 1015 ; 15. (1207) Leuchs and Brewster, !Bo9 45: 201 ; 12. (i 2 o 8) Leuchs and Brewster, So1 46: 986; 13. (1209) Leuchs and Gladkorn, 25, 56: 1780; 23. (1210) Leuchs, Gladkorn and Hellriegel, 25, 56: 2472; 23. (1211) Leuchs and Greiger, 25, 42: 3067; 09. (1212) Leuchs and Rauch, 25, 46: 3917; 13. (1213) Leuchs and Rauch, 25, 47: 370; 14. (1214) Leuchs and Schneider, 25, 42: 2494; 09. (1215) Leuchs and Schneider, 25, 42: 2681; 09. (1216) Leuchs and Weber, 25, 42: 770; 09. (1217) Leuchs and Wutke, 25, 45: 3686; 12. (1218) Leuchs and Wutke, 25, 46: 2420; 13. (1219) Leuckart and Bach, 25, 20: 104; 87. (1220) Levene, 141, 24: 59; 16. (1220.5) Levene, 14I1 24: 69; 16. (1221) Levene, 141, 26: 143 ; 16. (1222) Levene, 141, 26: 155 ; 16. (1223) Levene, 141, 26: 367; 16. (1224) Levene, 141, 57: 323; 23. (1225) Levene, 141, 57: 337; 23. (1226) Levene, 141, 69: 123; 24. (1227) Levene, 1411 59: 135; 24. (1228) Levene, 141, 59: 141; 24. (1229) Levene and Jacobs, 25, 42: 2102; 09. (1230) Levene and Jacobs, 26, 42: 3247; 09. (i23i) Levene and La Forge, 25, 45: 608; 12. (1232) Levene and La Forge, 141, 15: 155; 13. (i 233) Levene and La Forge, 141, 15: 481; 13. (1234) Levene and Meyer, 141, 26: 355; 16. (1235) Levene and Meyer, 141, 55: 221; 23. (1236) Levene and Meyer, 141, 67: 319; 23. (1237) Levene and Meyer, 141, 59: 145; 24. (i238) Levene and Mikeska, 14I9 55: 795; 23. (1239) Levene and West, 141, 26: 115; 16. (1240) Levy and Wolffenstein, So9 28: 2270; 95. (i241) Levy and Wolffenstein, 25, 29: 1960; 96. (1242) Lewkowitsch, 25, 16: 1568; 83. (1243) Lewkowitsch, 25, 16: 2720; 83. (1244) Lewkowitsch, 25, 17: 1439; 84. (1245) Liebermann, 25, 21: 2342; 88. (1245.5) Liebermann, 25, 24: 606; 91. (1246) Liebermann, 25, 40: 3602; 07. (1247) Liebermann and Giesel, 25, 23: 926; 90. (1248) Liebermann and Hörmann, 25, 11: 952; 78. (1249) Lifschitz, 7, 105: 27; 23. (1250) Likiernik, 202, 15: 415; 90. (I25i) Lindenmeyer, 52, 90: 321; 63. (1252) Lintner and Düll, 92, 1892: 263. (12s3) Lintner and Düll, 516, 17: 339; 94. (1254) Lintner and Liebig, 202, 88: 109; 13. (i255) Lipp, 13, 382: 265; 11. (i«6) Lipp, 13, 339: 241; 13. (1256.5) Lipp, 25, 56: 2098; 23. (1257) Lippmann, 13, 219: 173; 83. (12S8) Lippmann, 25, 17: 2239; 84. (1259) Lippmann, 25, 17: 2835; 84. (1260) Lippmann, 25, 20: 1001; 87. (1261) Lippmann, 25, 28: 1971; 95. (1262) Lobry de Bruyn and van Ekenstein, 70, 20: 331; 01. (1262.5) Lobry de Bruyn and van Ekenstein, 70, 21: 310; 02. (1263) Lobry de Bruyn and van Ekenstein, 25, 35: 3079; 02. (1264) Lobry de Bruyn and van Ekenstein, 64P, 5: 175; 02. (1265) Locquin, 27, 1: 595; 07. (1266) Löffler, 25, 37: 1879; 04. (1267) Löffler and Grunert, 25, 40: 1342; 07. (1268) Löffler and Kirschner, 26, 38: 3329 ; 05. (1269) Löffler and Tschunke, &Î, 42: 929; 09. (1270) Loiseau, 34, 82: 1058; 76. (1271) Long, 12, 36: 351; 88. (1272) Long, 12, 38: 264; 89. (1273) Long, 12, 40: 275; 90. (1274) Long, 1, 14: 149; 92. (1275) Long, J. Anal. Appi. Chem., 7: 99; 93. (1276) Long, 1, 21: 637; 99. (1277) Long, I9 23: 813; 01. (1278) Long, I9 27: 363; 05. (1279) Longchambon, 34, 175: 174; 22. (1280) Longchambon, 34, 178: 951; 24. (I2»i) Louvrier, Thesis, Paris, 1910. 10, 4: 589; 21. 14, 9: 189; 18. (12«3) Lovén, 52, 78: 63; 08. (1284) Lovén and Ohlsson, 25, 47: 1534; 14. (1285) Lowry, 4, 73: 569; 98. (1285.5) Lowry, 4, 73: 986; 98. (1286) Lowry, 4, 75: 211; 99. (1286.5) Lowry, 4, 83: 953; 03. (1287) Lowry, 4, 85: 1551; 04. (1288) Lowry, 5, 81: 472; 08. (1289) Lowry, 133, 1912: 419. (1290) Lowry, 4, 103: 1062; 13. (1291) Lowry, 62, 212: 261; 13. (1292) Lowry, 4, 107: 1195; 15. (1293) Lowry and Abram, 4, 107: 1187; 15. (1294) Lowry and Austin, 6, 222: 249; 22. (1295) Lowry and Burgess, 4, 123: 2111; 23. (1296) Lowry and Courtman, 4, 103: 1214; 13. (1297) Lowry and Cutter, 4, 121: 532; 22. (129») Lowry and Dickson, 4, 103: 1067; 13. (1299) Lowry and Dickson, 83, 10: 96; 14. (1300) Lowry and Dickson, 4, 107: 1173; 15. (isoi) Lowry and Donington, 4, 83: 479; 03. (1302) Lowry and Glover, 4, 103: 913; 13. (i302.5) Lowry and Magson, 4, 89: 1042; 06. (1303) Lowry and Magson, 4, 93: 107; 08. (1304) Lowry and Magson, 49 93: 119; 08. (isos) Lowry, Pickard and Kenyon, 4, 105: 94; 14. (1 3 <>6) Lowry and Robertson, 4, 85: 1541; 04. (1307) Lowry and Steele, 182, 30: 201; 14. (isos) Lowry and Steele, 4, 107: 1038; 15. (1309) Lowry and Steele, 4, 107: 1382; 15. (1310) Lowry, Steele and Burgess, 4, 121: 633; 22. ( 13 U) Luff and Kipping, 4, 93: 2090; 08. (I3ii.5) Luff and Kipping, 4, 95: 1993; 09. (1312) Luff and Perkin, 4, 99: 518; 11. (i3is) Lustgarten, 67, 2: 626; 81. (isis.s) Lutz, Dtss., Rostock, 1899. (1314) Lutz, 25, 35:2460; 02. (1315) Lutz, 259 37: 2123; 04. (I3i6) Lutz, 62, 70: 1; 04. (1317) Lutz, 25, 41: 841; 08. (1318) Lutz, 7, 70: 256; 10. 0*19) McCrae, 4, 79: 1103; 01. (1320) McCrae, 4, 81: 1221; 02. (I32i) McCrae, 4, 83: 1324; 03. (1322) McCrae and Patterson, 4, 77: 1096; 00. (1323) MacDonald, 4, 103: 1896; 13. (1324) Mach, 67, 15: 627; 94. (1324.2) Macheleidt in Wallach, 13, 270: 171; 92. (1324.5) MacKenzie, 4, 75: 964; 99. (i325) McKenzie, 4, 81: 1402; 02. (1326) McKenzie, 4, 85: 1249; 04. (1327) McKenzie, ^, 89: 365; 06. (1328) McKenzie, 188, 27: 150; 11. (1329) McKenzie, 4, 101: 1196; 12. (isso) McKenzie and Barrow, 4, 99: 1910; 11. (issi) McKenzie and Bate, 4f 107: 1681; 15. (1332) McKenzie and Clough, 4, 93: 811; 08. (issa) McKenzie and Clough, 4, 95: 777; 09. (1334) McKenzie and Clough, 4t 97: 1016; 10. (1335) McKenzie and Clough, 4, 97: 2564; 10. (1336) McKenzie and Clough, 4, 101: 390; 12. (iss?) McKenzie and Clough, 4, 103: 687; 13. (1338) McKenzie, Drew and Martin, 4, 107: 26; 15. (1339) McKenzie and Ghosh, 68, 35: 22; 15. (i 340) MacKenzie and Ghosh, 68, 36: 204; 17. (i 341) McKenzie and Humphries, 4, 95: 1105; 09. (1342) McKenzie and Humphries, 4, 97: 121; 10. (1343) McKenzie and Martin, 4, 103: 112; 13. (1344) McKenzie, Martin and Rule, 4, 105: 1583; 14. (1344.5) McKenzie and Müller, 4, 95: 544; 09. (1345) McKenzie and Plenderleith, 4, 123: 1090; 23. (1346) McKenzie and Smith, 4, 123: 1962; 23. (1347) McKenzie and Thompson, 4, 87: 1004; 05. (1348) McKenzie and Thompson, 4, 91: 789; 07. (1349) McKenzie and Walker, 4, 107: 1685; 15. (1350) McKenzie and Widdows, 4, 107: 702; 15. (issi) McKenzie and Wood, 4, 115: 828; 19. (1352) McKenzie and Wren, 4, 89: 688; 06. (1353) McKenzie and Wren, 4, 91: 1215; 07. (1354) McKenzie and Wren, 49 93: 309; 08. (isss) McKenzie and Wren, 4, 97: 473; 10. (1356) McKenzie and Wren, 4, 97: 1355; 10. (1357) McKenzie and Wren, 4, 117: 680; 20. (1357.5) Magnus-Levy, 205, 2: 319; 07. (1358) Magnus-Levy, 205, 6: 502; 07. (1359) Mahla, 25, 34: 3777; 01. (1360) Mahlberg, Akad. A/hand. Upsal., 1914. 10, 4: 1092; 21. (isei) de Mallemann, 34, 172: 150; 21. (1362) de Mallemann, 34, 173: 474; 22. (1363) de Mallemann, 6I9 4: 18; 23. (1364) Malosse, 34, 153: 54; 11. (1365) Malosse, 27, 15:358; 14. (1366) Mameli, 36, 37 II: 483; 07. (1367) Mameli, S69 42 II: 546; 12. (1368) Manasse, 2B9 35: 3811; 02. (1369) Maquenne, 34, 106: 286; 88. (1370) Maquenne, 34, 109: 812; 89. (1371) Maquenne, 34, 109: 968; 89. (1372) Maquenne, 34, 130: 1402; 00. (1373) Maquenne, 27, 23: 587; 00. (1374) Maquenne and Bertrand, 34, 132: 1419; 01. (1375) Maquenne and Goodwin, 27, 31: 1075; 04. (1376) Marckwald, 25, 35: 1602; 02. (1377) Marckwald, 25, 37: 1038; 04. (i 378) Marckwald and Karzag, 25, 42: 1518; 09. (1379) Marckwald and McKenzie, 25, 34: 485; 01. (isso) Marckwald and Meth, 25, 38: 801; 05. (issi) Marckwald and Meth, 25, 39: 1171; 06. (1382) Marino-Zuco and Pasquero, 36, 41 II: 368; 11. (1383) Marko, 13, 362: 333; 08. (1384) Markovnikov, 63, 35: 226; 03. (1385) Markovnikov and Reformatzky, 62, 48: 293; 93. (1386) Markovnikov and Stadnikov, 63, 35: 389; 03. (1387) Marquis, 498, 16: 449, 481, 513; 77. (1388) Marsh, 135, 60: 307; 89. (1389) Marsh, 4, 57: 828; 90. (1390) Marsh and Cousins, 4, 59: 966; 91. (1391) Marsh and Gardner, 4, 65: 35; 94. (1392) Marsh and Gardner, 135, 74: 279; 96. (i393) Marsh and Struthers, 4, 95: 1777; 09. (i394) Martine, 34, 134: 1437; 02. (i395) Martine, 6, 9: 49; 04. (1396) Mascarelli, 36, 45 I: 127; 15. (1397) Mascarelli and Nigrisali, 22, 23 II: 276; 14. (1398) Mascarelli and Nigrisali, S69 45 I: 106; 15. (1399) Masson, 345, 18: 283, 477; 11. (1400) Masson, 34, 154: 517; 12. (1401) Mauthner, 57, 3: 343; 83. (I40i.5) Mauthner, 202, 7: 222; 83. (1402) Mauthner, 57, 27: 421; 06. (1403) Mauthner, 67, 28: 1113; 07. (1404) Mauthner, 67, 30: 635; 09. (1404.5) Mauthner, 144, 81: 89; 13. (1404.8) Mauthner, 144, 32: 000; 14. (1405) Mayer, 205, 1: 39; 06. (i 406) Mayer, 205, 9: 439; 08. (i 4o7) Mayer, 205, 17: 145; 09. (i 4 o 8) Mayer and Tollens, 25, 40: 2434; 07. (i 4 o 9) Mazzucchelli, Ranucci and Sabatini, 36, 43 II: 26; 14. (1410) Mazzucchelli and Sabatini, 36, 45 II: 225; 15. (i4H) Meerwein and Gerard, 13, 435: 174; 23. (nn-s) Meisenheimer, 13, 385: 117; 11. O 4 I 2 ; Meisenheimer and Lichtenstadt, 25, 44: 356; 11. (i 413 ) Meissl, 52, 22: 97; 80. (1414) Menozzi and Appiani, 36, 22 II: 105; 92. (1416) Menozzi and Appiani, 22, 2: 415; 93. ( 1416 ) Menozzi and Moreschi, 22, 17 I: 95; 08. ( 1 4 i7) Merck, 293, 229: 161; 91. (1418) Merck, 293, 231: 117; 93. (1419) Meulenhoff, Nederl. Tijdsch. Pharm., 5: 258. 185, 1893 II: 761. (1420) Meyer, 202, 6: 135; 82. (1421) Meyer, 9, 13: 494; 07. (i422) Michael, 26, 14: 2105; 81. O 42 S) Michaud, 135, 53: 232; 86. O 4 2 4 ) Mills and Bain, 4, 97: 1866; 10. 0*25) Mills, Parker and Prowse, 4, 105: 1537; 14. 341; 80. (1557) Pointet, Thesis, Paris, 1910. 10, 4: 589; 21. (i s s 7.5) (1426) MiUg1 Parker and Prowse, SOl9 17: 478; 14. (n«) MiUs and Parck, Thesis, Lund, 1921. 10, 5: 1042; 22. (isss) Pareus and TollensT Schindler, 4, 123: 312; 23. (1428) Milohendski, 53, 39: 1395; 07. (1429) 13, 257: 160; 90. (iss9) Pasta,nogoff, Thesis, Zürich, 1915. (1560) Pasteur, 8, 28: 56; 50. (isei) pasteur, 6, 31: 67; 51. (i"*) Pasteur, Minguin, 34, 112; 1369; 91. 1431 (1430) Minguin, 34, 116: 889; 93. ( ) Minguin, 34, 130: 510; 00. (1431.5) 6, 34: 30; 52. (ise3) pasteur, 6, 38: 437; 53. (is64) pasteur and Biot, Minguin, 34, 136: 751; 03. ( 14 32) Minguin, 84, 137: 1067; 03. (1433) 34, 34: 606; 52. O«* 5 ) Patterson, 4, 79: 167; 01. O 5 ««) Patterson, 4, Minguin, 84, 138: 577; 04. (1434) Minguin, 34, 140: 946; 05. (1435) 79: 477; 01. (ise?) Patterson, 4, 81: 1097; 02. (ises) Patterson, 4, 81: 1134; 02. (1569) Patterson, 4, 85: 1116; 04. Minguin, 34, 146: 287; 08. (1436) Minguin, 6, 25: 145; 12. (1437) (1570) Patterson, 4, 85: 1152; 04. (i570.5) Patterson, 4, 87: 313; 05. (I57i) Minguin, 14, 9: 3, 367; 15. (1438) Minguin and Bloc, 84, 158: 1273; 14. Patterson, 4, 93: 1836; 08. (1572) Patterson, 4, 103: 145; 13. (iS72.5) (1439) Minguin and Bloc, 34, 158: 1997; 14. Patterson, 4, 109: 1139; 16. (1S73) Patterson, 4, 109: 1176; 16. (1574) (1440) Minguin and de Bellement, 34, 136: 238; 03. (H40.s) Minkow-ski, Patterson, 4, 109: 1204; 16. (1575) Patterson and Anderson, 4, 101:1833; Arch. exp. Path., 18: 35, 147; 84. O441) Mitscherlich, 52, 73: 65; 58. 12. (1576) Patterson and Davidson, 4, 101: 374; 12. (i577) Patterson (1442) Möller, 619, 28: 123; 16. (1443) Molby, 2, 30: 77; 10. (1444) and Forsyth, 4, 103: 2263; 13. (1678) Patterson and Frew, 4, 89: 332; 06. Monnet and Barbier, 34, 117: 1092; 93. (1445) Montemartini and Bovini, (1579) Patterson, Henderson and Fairlie, 4, 91: 1838; 07. (1579.5) Patter36, 46 I: 153; 16. (1446) Montgolfier, 34, 84: 88; 77. (1447) Montgolfier, son and Kaye, 4, 89: 1884; 06. 84, 85: 286; 77. (1448) Montgolfier, 27, 28: 414; 77. (1449) Montgolfier, (isso) Patterson and Kaye, 4, 91: 705; 07. (issi) Patterson and McArthur, 6, 14: 5; 78. 4, 107: 814; 15. O 58 *) Patterson and McDonald, 4, 93: 936; 08. (i s «3) (1450) Montgolfier, 34, 89: 101; 79. (I45i) Moore, 4, 97: 1797; 10. (1452) Patterson and McDonald, 4, 95: 321; 09. (is84) Patterson and McMillan, Moore, 4, 97: 2223;'lO. (1453) Moore, 182, 26: 182; 10. (1454) Moore, 4, 91: 504; 07. (i 585 ) Patterson and Montgomeris, 4, 95: 1128; 09. (i 586) 4, 99: 416; 11. (1455) Moore, 4, 99:1231; 11. (1455.5) Moreschi, 28,19II: Patterson and Patterson, 4, 107: 142; 15. (is87) Patterson and Pollock, 53; 10. (1456) Morgan and Hickinbottom, 4, 123: 97; 23. (145?) Morgan 4, 105: 2322; 14. (iss8) Patterson and Stevenson, 4, 97: 2110; 10. (is89) and Micklethwait, 4, 93: 2144; 08. (i458) Morgan, Micklethwait and Patterson and Stevenson, 4, 101: 241; 12. (1589.5) Patterson and Taylor, Whitby, 4, 97: 34; 10. (1459) Morgan and Moore, 4, 97: 1697; 10. (1460) Morgenstern, 57, 33: 709; 12. (1461) Morin, 84, 92: 998; 81. (1462) 4, 87: 33; 05. (1590) Patterson and Thomson, 26, 40: 1243; 07. (1591) Patterson and ThomMorrei and Hanson, 4, 85: 197; 04. (1463) Mossier, 57, 28: 1029; 07. son, 4, 93: 355; 08. (1592) Peacock, 4, 103: 669; 13. (issa) Peacock, 4, (1464) Mossier, 57, 31: 1; 10. (1465) Mossier, 07, 33: 19; 12. (1466) 487 105: 2782; 14. (1594) Peacock, 4, 107: 1547; 15. O 5 9 5 ) Peemann, 4, Mossier and Tschebull, 26, 44: 105; 11. O ) Mossowitsch, Thesis, 105: 1679; 14. (1S96) peligot, 34, 90: 1141; 80. («97) pellini, 36, 45: Zürich, 1912. (i468) Moureu and Valeur, 34,145:815; 07. (1469) Moureu 380; 15. (1597.5) Pelouze, 6, 35: 222; 52. (1598) perkin, 4, 81: 177; 02. and Valeur, 34, 145: 929; 07. (1599) Perkin, 4, 81: 292; 02. (1470) Moureu and Valeur, 34, 145: 1184; 07. (1471) Moureu and Valeur, 27, (1600) Perkin, 4, 97: 2129; 10. (1600.5) Perkin and Pope, 4, 99: 1510; 11. 9: 468; 11. (1472) Moureu and Valeur, 34, 152: 527; 11. (1473) Moureu (1601) Perkin, Pope and Wallach, 4, 95: 1789; 09. (ieoi.5) perkin, Pope and Valeur, 6, 27: 245, 297; 12. (1474) Mourgues, 34, 111: 111; 90. (1475) and Wallach, 13, 371: 180; 09. (ieoi.8) perkin and Robinson, 182, 26: Müller, Thesis, Zürich, 1915. 10, 4: 584; 21. (1476) Muntz, 84, 94: 453; 131; 10. (1602) perkin and Robinson, 4, 99: 775; 11. (i«03) Perkin and 82. (1477) Muntz, 6, 26: 121; 82. (1478) Muntz and Aubin, 6, 10: 553; Robinson, 4, 119: 1392; 21. (1604) perkin and Scarborough, 4, 119: 1400; 77. (1479) Müther and Tollens, 25, 37: 306; 04. 4 21. (1605) Perkin and Wallach, 4, 97: 1427; 10. (ieoe) Perkin and (1480) Müther and Tollens, 25, 37: 311; 04. O «!) Murât, 49, 4: 297; 11. Yates, 4, 79: 1573; 01. (i«o?) Perucca, 23, 49: 1127; 14. (i607.S) pesci, (1482) Musculus, 167, 1869: 745. (1483) Musculus, 34, 88: 612; 79. 86,16: 225; 86. O««»*) Pesci, 36, 18: 219; 88. (1609) pesci, 86, 211:1; 91. (1484) Musculus and Gruber, 84, 86: 1459; 78. (1485) Musculus and (1610) Peters, 4, 81: 1350; 02. O 6 U) Petersen, Diss., Breslau, 1888. (iei2) Gruber, 202, 2: 188; 78. (i486) Nasini and Gennari, 7, 19: 113; 96. (1487) Pfannl, 57, 32: 241; 11. (1613) Pfannl and Wölfel, 57, 34: 963; 13. (iei4) Nasini and Pezzolate, 7, 12: 501; 93. (1488) Navassart, 55, 12: 97; 13. Phillipe, 34, 147: 1481; 08. (ieiS) Phillipe, 34, 152: 1774; 11. (ieie) (1489) Neave, 4, 101: 513; 12. 4 Phillipe, 6, 26: 289; 12. O 6 17) Phillips, 4, 123: 22; 23. (ieis) Pickard, (1490) Nef, 18, 357: 214; 07. O «) Negovorov, 25, 25: 620; 92. (1492) Hunter, Lewcock and de Pennington, 4, 117: 1248; 20. (i 619) Pickard and Nelson, 1, 33: 1404; 11. (1493) Nelson, l, 36: 2521; 14. (1494) Neuberg, Kenyon, 4, 99: 45; 11. 25, 32: 3384; 99. (1495) Neuberg, 26, 33: 2243; 00. (1496) Neuberg, 26, (1620) Pickard and Kenyon, 4, 101 ï 620; 12. (i 621) Pickard and Kenyon, 4, 33: 3315; 00. (1497) Neuberg, 26, 35: 1473; 02. (1498) Neuberg, 26, 35: 101: 1427; 12. (1622) Pickard and Kenyon, 4, 103: 1923; 13. (1623) 4009; 02. (1499) Neuberg, 26, 39: 1155; 06. Pickard and Kenyon, 4, 105: 830; 14. (1624) Pickard and Kenyon, 4, (isoo) Neuberg and Asher, 205, 1: 380; 06. (isoi) Neuberg and Asher, 206, 105: 1115; 14. (i625) Pickard, Kenyon and Hunter, 4, 123: 1; 23. (1626) 5: 451; 07. (i 502) Neuberg and Brahn, 206, 5: 438; 07. (iso3) Neuberg Pickard, Lewcock and Yates, 182, 29: 127; 13. (1627) Pickard and Littleand Federer, 26, 38: 866; 05. (i 5 <>4) Neuberg and Federer, 26, 38: 868; 05. bury, 4, 89: 467; 06. (i 628) Pickard and Littlebury, 4, 91: 300; 07. (i629) (1505) Neuberg and Mayer, 202, 44: 472; 05. (isoe) Neuberg and NeiPickard and Littlebury, 4, 91: 1973; 07. mann, 202, 44: 97; 05. (iso?) Neuberg and Neimann, 202, 44: 114; 05. (leso) Pickard and Littlebury, 4, 101: 109; 12. (1631) Pickard, Littlebury and (1508) Neuberg and Rewald, 206, 9: 403; 08. O 5 0 9 ) Neuberg and SilberNeville, 4, 89: 93; 06. (i632) Pickard and Neville, 4, 87: 1763; 05. (i 633) mann, 26, 37: 339; 04. Pickard and Yates, 4, 89: 1101; 06. (1634) Pickard and Yates, 4, 89: 1484; (ISiO) Neuberg and Silbermann, 202, 44: 134; 05. (Is") Neuberg and Wolff, 06. (1635) Pickard and Yates, 4, 93: 1928; 08. (i636) Pickard and Yates, 25, 34: 3840; 01. (I s ") Neumann, 57, 13: 651; 92. (i«») Neville, 4, 89: 383; 06. (isi4) Neville and Pickard, 4, 85: 685; 04. (I5i5) Nierenstein, 4, 95: 1011; 09. O« 7 ) Pickles and Whitfield, 182, 27: 54; 11. (1638) Pictet, 149, 7: 82; 82. (1639) Pictet, 34, 137: 860; 03. 18, 388: 223; 12. (isis.s) Nossourtsch, Thesis, Zürich, 1912. (i«*) (1640) Pictet and Bacovesen, 26, 38: 2787; 05. (i 641) Pictet and Court, 27, Noyes and Burke, l, 34: 174; 12. ( 1 5 I 7 ) Noyes and Derick, l, 31: 669; 09. 1: 1001; 07. (1642) Pictet and Court, 25, 40: 3771; 07. (i 643) Pictet and (1518) Noyes and Derick, l, 32: 1061; 10. (1519) Noyes, Gorsline and Jenny, 26, 40: 1172; 07. (1644) Pictet and Mattisson, 26, 38: 2782; 05. Potter, l, 34: 62; 12. (1645) Pictet and Rotschy, 26, 37: 1225; 04. (1646) Piettre, 84, 147: 810; (1520) Noyes and Hornberger, l, 31: 278; 09. (1521) Noyes and Hornberger, 08. (1647) Pinner and Schwartz, 26, 35: 192; 02. (1648) Piutti, 26, 19: l, 32: 1665; 10. (1522) Noyes and Knight, l, 32: 1669; 10. (1623) Noyes 1691; 86. (1649) Piutti, I72(7th), 4a: 293; 11. and Kyriakides, l, 32: 1057; 10. (i 524 ) Noyes and Littleton, I, 35: 75; 13. (1525) Noyes and Nickell, l, 36: 118; 14. (1526) Noyes and Phillips, 11, (leso) Piutti and Magli, 36, 36 II: 738; 06. (lesi) Planta-Reichenau and Schulze, 26, 23: 1692; 90. (1652) Planta-Reichenau and Schulze, 25, 24: 24: 285; 00. (i 527) Noyes and Potter, l, 34: 1067; 12. (i528) Noyes and 2705; 91. (less) Plimpton, 4, 39: 331; 81. (1664) Plimpton, 34, 92: 531, Potter, l, 37: 189; 15. (1529) Noyes and Taveau, 11, 35: 379; 06. 53 (isso) Oddo, 36, 27 I: 149; 97. O I) Odell, l, 33: 755; 11. (1532) Ohlsson, 882; 81. (i 655 ) Plugge and van de Moer, 298, 229: 48; 91. (i656) plzakf 25, 36: 1761; 03. (i e58) polak, Thesis, Amsterdam, 1914. (i 6s9) P0I0. 25, 49: 1341; 16. (1533) Oliveri-Mandalà and Cornelia, 86, 53: 619; 23. (1534) Oppé, 26, 41: 975; 08. (153S) Osborne, 181, 9: 69; 03. (J 536) novski, 27, 19: 46; 16. (1660) Pope, 4i 75. 1105; 99. (i 661) pope and Clarke, 4, 85: 1330; 04. (1662) Ost, 26, 24: 1636; 91. (1537) O'Sullivan, 4, 35: 770; 79. (i 538) O'Sullivan, Pope and Gibson, 4, 97: 2207; 10. (1662.5) pope an(i Gibson, 4, 101: 735; 4, 45: 41; 84. (1539) Oudemans, 13, 166: 65; 73. 12. (1663) Pope and Gibson, 4, 101: 740; 12. (i664) pope and Gibson, 4, (1540) Oudemans, 13, 182: 33; 76. O 5 4 I) Oudemans, 13, 197: 48; 79. (1S42) 101: 939; 12. (i665) Pope and Gibson, 4, 101: 1702; 12. (1666) pope Oudemans, 13, 209: 38; 81. (1543) Oudemans, 70, 1: 18; 82. (i 543.5) and Harvey, 4, 75: 1110; 99. (1667) pope and Harvey, 4, 79: 74; 01. Oudemans, 70, 1: 173; 82. (1544) Oudemans, 70, 4: 166; 85. (1545) (1668) Pope and Harvey, 4, 79: 828; 01. (i669) pope and Neville, 4, 81: Oudemans, 70, 8: 147; 89. (1546) Oudemans, 70, 9: 171; 90. O 5 4 7 ) Paal, 86, 49: 1583; 16. (1548) paai and Hörnstein, 26, 39: 1361; 06. 1552; 02. (1549) Paal and Hörnstein, 26, 39: 2823; 06. (1670) Pope and Peachey, 4, 73: 893; 98. (i«™) Pope and Peachey, 4, 75: lili; 99. (1672) Pope and Peachey, 4, 75: 1066; 99. (ie73) pope and (isso) Paai and Kinscher, 26, 44: 3543; 11. (issi) paal and Weidenkoff, 26, 39: 2827 ; 06. (i s 52) paai and Zitelmann, 26, 36: 3337 ; 03. (i s s 3) Palfray, Peachey, 4, 75: 1127; 99. (1674) pope and Peachey, 4, 77: 1072; 00. (1675) pope and Read, 4, 95: 171; 09. (1676) pope and Read, 4, 97: 987; 14, 20: 297; 23. (iss4) Paneth, 57, 32: 257; 11. (1584.5) paolini, 36, 10. (1677) Pope and Read, 4, 97: 2199; 10. (1678) pope and Read, 4, 99: 30 II: 506; 00. O s s s ) Paolini, 22, 20: 769; 11. fisse) paolini, 36, 42 I: 41; 12. (1556.5) Pöhif RUSS. j. Pharm., 1880: 129, 161, 193, 225. 27, 34: 2071; 11. (1679) Pope and Read, 4, 101: 758; 12. (1680) Pope and Read, 4,101: 519; 12. (lesi) Pope and Read, 4, 103: 444; 13. Rupe, 13, 409: 327; 15. (1817) Rupe, 13, 428: 188; 22. (1818) Rupe and (1682) Pope and Read, 4, 103: 1515; 13. (i6*3) pope and Read, 4, 105: Akermann, 13, 420: 1; 20. (i«i») Rupe, Akermann and Takagi, 37, 1: 219; 14. (1684) Pope antj Read, 4, 106: 800; 14. (ie*6) Pope and Read, 452; 18. 4, 105: 811; 14. (1686) pope and Readr 20I1 17: 475; 14. (1687) pope (1820) Rupe and Burckhardt, 26, 49: 2547; 16. (1821) Rupe and Buselt, 13, and Read, 83, 10: 118; 14. O«**) Pope and Rich, 4, 75: 1093; 99. O«* 9 ) 369: 311; 09. (1822) Rupe and Courvoisier, 37, 6: 1049; 23. (1823) Rupe Pope and Taylor, 4, 103: 1763; 13. and Dorschky, 26, 39: 2112; 06. (1824) Rupe and Ebert, 25, 41: 2067; 08. (1690) pope and Winmill, 4, 101: 2309; 12. (16J>1) Popovici, 208, 13: 445; 89. (1825) Rupe and Emmerich, 26, 41: 1393; 08. (1826) Rupe and Emmerich, (1692) Porter and Noyes, 1, 45: 2366; 23. (1693) Power and Barrowcliff, 25, 41: 1750; 08. (1826.5) Rupe and Glenz, 13, 436: 184; 24. (1827) 4, 87: 884; 05. (1694) power and Browning, 4, 101: 2411; 12. (1695) Rupe and Frisell, 26, 38: 104; 05. (1828) Rupe and Glenz, 13, 436: 184; 24. (1829) Rupe and Iselin, 26, 49: 25; 16. Power and Callan, 4, 99: 1993; 11. (i696) power and Cornali, 4, 85: 851; (isso) Rupe and Jäger, 13, 402: 149; 14. (1831) Rupe and Jäggi, 37, 3: 654; 04. (1697) Power and Moore, 4, 97: 99; 10. (i698) power and Moore, 4, 20. (1832) Rupe and Jäggi, 13, 428: 164; 22. (1833) RUpe and Kägi, 13, 97: 1099; 10. (1699) power and Moore, 4, 99: 937; 11. 420: 33; 20. (1834) Rupe and Kerhovins, 25, 45: 1398; 12. (1835) Rupe (1700) Power and Rogerson, 184, 80: 251; 08. (1701) Power and Rogerson, 4, andLauger, 37, 3:272;20. (i«36) Rupe andLotz, 26, 36: 2796; 03. (1837) 97: 1944; 10. (1702) Power and Rogerson, 1, 32: 80; 10. (1703) Power Rupe and Lotz, 26, 39: 4076; 06. (1838) Rupe and Münster, 13, 373: 121; and Rogerson, 347, 84: 326; 10. (1704) power and Rogerson, 172(7tK), 10. (1839) Rupe, Pfeiffer and Splittgerber, 26, 40: 2813; 07. 4a: 324; 10. (i705) power and Rogerson, 4, 101: 1; 12. (i 706) power and Rogerson, 4, 101: 398; 12. (i707) Power and Salway, Î, 30: 251; 08. (1840) Rupe and Ronus, 26, 33: 3541; 00. (i 841 ) Rupe and Schlochoff, 25, 09 38: 1719; 05. (1842) Rupe and Schmid, 37, 5: 437; 22. (1842.5) Rupef (1708) Power and Salway, 4, 97: 231; 10. (i? ) Power and Salway, 4, Seiberth and Kussmaul, 37, 3: 50; 20. (1843) Rupe, Seiberth and Kuss99:490; 11. maul, 37, 3: 71; 20. (1844) Rupe and Silberstrom, 13, 414: 99; 18. (1845) (1710) Power and Salway, 4, 103: 191; 13. (i 7ii) Power and Salway, 4, 105: 201; 14. (1712) Power and Salway, 4, 105: 1062; 14. (i713) power and Rupe and Splittgerber, 26, 40: 4311; 07. (1846) Rupe and Tomi, 25, 47: 3064; 14. (1847) Rupe and Tomi, 26, 49: 2563; 16. (1848) Rupe, Werder Tutin, 4, 85: 624; 04. ("14) power and Tutin, 298, 245: 337; 07. ("is) 7 and Togaki, 37, 1: 309; 18. (1849) Rupe and Wild, 13, 414: 111; 17. Power, Tutin and Rogerson, 4, 103: 1267; 13. (i 16) Pribram, 75, 97 II: (1850) Ryan and Ebrill, Sd. Proc. Roy. Irish Acad., 24B: 379; 03. (i* 5 i) 460; 88. (i717) Pribram, 25, 22: 6; 89. (1718) prilzhaev, 63, 44: 613; 12. (1719) Pringsheim and Eissler, 26, 46: 2959; 13. Ryan, and Fitzgerald, Ibid, SOB: 106; 13. (1852) Sabatier and Murat, 34, (1720) Pringsheim and Goldstein, 26, 56: 1520; 23. (i 721) Pringsheim and 156: 184; 13. (18S3) Saillard, Wehrung and Ruby, Mon. sei. Quesneville, 5: 4, 236. 10, 4: 584; 21. (1854) Salomon, 62, 28: 82; 83. (1855) Salway, Langhans, 26, 45: 2533; 12. ("22) pryde, 4, 123: 1808; 23. ("23) 4, 99: 2148; 11. (1856) Salway, 4, 101: 978; 12. (1857) Salway, 4, 103: Pschorr, 25, 45: 2212; 12. (1724) pschorr and Dickhäuser, 26, 44: 2633; 1022; 13. (1858) Sandelin, 18, 396: 285; 12. (1858.5) Schardinger, 57, 11: 11. ("25) Pschorr and Dickhäuser, 25, 45: 1567; 12. ("26) pschorr, Jaeckel and Fecht, 25, 35: 4377; 02. (1727) pum> 57, 13: 676; 92. ("28) 551; 90. (1859) Scheermesser, 202, 41: 68; 04. 729 (i860) Scheibler, 26, 1: 108; 68. (i861) Scheibler, 25, 13: 2212; 80. (1862) Purdie, 4, 63: 1143; 93. (i ) Purdie and Barbour, 4, 79: 971; 01. Scheibler, 26, 17: 1725; 84. (1862.5) Scheibler, 26, 17: 1729; 84. (1863) (1730) Purdie and Bolam, 4, 67: 944; 95. ("31) Purdie and Irvine, 4, 75: 483; Scheibler, 26, 18: 1779; 85. (1864) Scheibler, 26, 46: 2272; 12. (1865) 99. ("32) Purdie and Irvine, 4, 79: 957; 01. ("33) purdie and Irvine, 4, 34 Scheibler and Mittelmeier, 26, 23: 1438; 90. (1866) Scheibler and Mittel83: 1021 ; 03. (" ) Purdie and Irvine, 4, 85: 1049 ; 04. (1735) Purdie and meier, 26, 26: 1331; 93. (1867) Scheibler and Wheeler, 26, 44: 2684; 11. Irvine, 4, 87: 1022; 05. ("36) purdie and Lander, 4, 73: 287; 98. ("37) (1868) Scheuer, 7, 72: 513; 10. (1869) Schiff, 13, 166: 94; 73. Purdie and Lander, 4, 73: 862; 98. ("38) purdie and Marshall, 4, 63: 217; (1870) Schiff, 136, 19: 1680; 95. 20: 865; 96. (i871) Schiller, 26, 42: 2017; 09. 93. ("39) Purdie and Neave, 4, 97: 1517; 10. (1871.5) Schimmel & Co., 185, 1902, I: 1058. (1872) Schimmel & Co., ("4O) Purdie and Pitkeathly, 4, 75: 153; 99. O 741) Purdie and Rose, 4, 89: 1204; 06. ("42) Purdie and Walker, 4, 61: 754; 92. (1743) purdie and Semi-annual Rept., Oct., 1910: 123. (1873) Schimmel & Co., Ibid, Oct., 1912 : F45. (i 874) Schimmel & Co., Ibid, Oct., 1912 : F85. («75) Schlubach Walker, 4, 63: 229; 93. ("44) Purdie and Williamson, 4, 67: 957; 95. and Moog, 26, 56: 1957; 23. (1876) Schlundt, 50, 7: 194; 03. (1877) (1745) Purdie and Williamson, 4, 69: 818; 96. ("46) Purdie and Young, 1747 4, 89: 1194; 06. ( ) Purdie and Young, 4, 97: 1524; 10. ("48) purvis, Schmitt and Cobenzl, 25, 17: 1000; 84. (1878) Schneider, 13, 207: 257; 4, 107: 643; 15. ("49) Pynian, 4, 99: 1386; 11. 81. (1879) Schneider, Clibben, Hüllweck and Steibelt, 26, 47: 1258; 14. (1750) Pyman, 4, 101: 2260; 12. ("Si) pyman, 4, 103: 817; 13. ("52) (1880) Schneider and Sepp, 26, 49: 2054; 16. (issi) Schnelle and Tollens, 13, Pyman, 4, 111: 419; 17. ("53) pyman, 4, 113: 222; 18. ("54) RaDe, 271: 61; 92. (issi.s) Schnelle and Tollens, 13, 271: 81; 92. (1882) 13, 350: 180; 06. ("55) RaDe, 13, 364: 330; 09. ("56) Rabe, 13, 373: Schniderschitsch, 57, 10: 51; 89. (1883) Scholtz, 26, 29: 2054; 96. (1884) 85; 10. ("57) Rabe and Braasch, 13, 365: 366; 09. ("58) Rabe and Scholtz, 26, 37: 3627; 04. (««8) Scholtz, 26, 38: 595; 05. (1886) Scholtz, Weilinger, 2a, 36: 227; 03. ("59) Rakuzin, 53, 47: 141; 15. 293, 244: 555; 06. (1887) Scholtz, 26, 41: 2005; 08. (1888) Scholtz, 293, 6 249: 408; 11. (1889) Scholtz, 293, 250: 684; 12. ("6O) Rakuzin, 63, 48: 265; 16. (" I) Rakuzin and Brando, 53, 47: 1057; 15. ("62) Rakuzin and Brando, 53, 48: 97; 16. (1763) Rakuzin and Brando, (1890) Scholtz, 293, 251: 136; 13. (i«»i) Scholtz, Thesis, Zurich, 1914. 10, 4: 53, 48: 269; 16. ("64) Ramberg, 26, 33: 3354; 00. ("65) Ramberg, 1092; 21. (1892) Scholtz and Muller, 20,33: 2842; 00. (1893) gcholtz and Pawlicki, 26, 38: 1289; 05. (1894) Schoorl, 64P, 3: 459; 01. (1895) 13, 349: 324; 06. (i766) Ram8ay, 26, 42: 1137; 09. (i767) Raper, 4, 123: 2557; 23. ("68) Rauwerda, 293, 238: 477; 00. ("69) Rayman and Kruis, Schryver and Lees, 4, 77: 1024; 00. (1896) Schryver and Lees, 4, 79: 563; 01. (1897) Schutt, 26, 21: 2586; 88. (1898) Schultze, 26, 25: 2213; 92. 27, 48: 632; 87. (1899) Schultze, 202, 29: 467; 00. ("7O) Read and Smith, 4, 123: 2267; 23. ("71) Reinke and Rodewald, 13, (1900) Schulze, 26, 12: 149; 79. (i9oo.5) Schulze, 62, 28: 311; 83. (1901) 207: 229; 81. ("72) R6J88, 26, 22: 609; 89. ("73) Reitter, 202, 36: 129; 01. ("74) Remfry, 4, 103: 1076; 13. (1775) Reychler, 27, 27: 979; 02. Schulze, 202, 9: 63; 85. (1902) Schulze, 26, 26: 56; 93. (1903) Schulze, ("76) Reychler, 27, 29: 134; 03. ("77) Riban, 6, 6: 5; 75. ("78) 518, 65: 237; 06. (1904) Schulze and Barbieri, 62, 25: 159; 82. (1905) Riban, 6, 6: 215; 75. ("79) Riban, 6, 6: 353; 75. Schulze and Bierling, 293, 251: 8; 13. (i»06) Schulze and Bosshard, 26, (1780) Riesser, 202, 49: 210; 06. ("si) Rieth, Diss., Gottingen, 1861. (i782) 18: 390; 85. (1907) Schulze and Bosshard, 202, 10: 134; 86. (1908) Riiber, 26, 48:823; 15. ("83) Rimbach, 7, 9: 698; 92. (1783.5) Rimbach, Schulze and Liebner, 293, 251: 453; 13. (i908.5) Schulze and Likiernik, 26, 32: 2385; 99. ("84) Rimbach and Volk, 7, 77: 385; 11. (1784.5) 202, 17: 513; 93. (1»09) Schulze and Steiger, 202, 11: 43; 87. Rimbach and Weber, 7, 51: 473; 05. (i785) Rischbiet and Tollens, 13, (1910) Schulze and Steiger, 518, 36: 391; 89. (i 9 I i) Schulze and Tollens, 13, 232: 172; 86. ("86) Rogers, 4, 63: 1130; 93. ("87) Rogerson, 4, 97: 271: 40; 92. (i912) Schulze and Tollens, 13, 271: 49; 92. (i913) Schulze 1004; 10. ("88) Rogier, Thesis, Paris, 1912. 10, 4: 1092; 21. ("89) and Winterstein, 202, 45: 79; 05. (l 914 ) Schurdinger, 57, 11: 551; 91. (1915) Schwebel, 26, 15: 2850; 82. (1916) Schwyser, Thesis, Zürich, 1919. van Romburgh, 70, 5: 219; 86. (i 790) van Romburgh, 64P, 13: 1177; 11. ("91) van Romburg and Barger, 4, 10, 5: 727; 22. (1917) Seekles, 70, 42: 69; 23. (i»i*) Semmler, 26, 25: 99: 2068; 11. ("92)van Romburgh and Cohen, 6Jf, 8: 544; 05. (1793) 3343; 92. (1919) Semmler, 26, 39: 2577; 06. (1920) Semmler, 26, 40: 5017; 07. 0»«) Semmler, 25, 41: 1488; 08. 0 9 22) van Romburgh and Wensink, 64P, 16: 1088; 14. ("94) Roques, 34, 120: 1170; 95. ("95) Rosenheim and Aron, 93, 39: 170; 04. (1796) ROSenheim Semmler and Bartelt, 26, 39: 3690; 06. (1923) Semmler and Bartelt, 26, and Itzig, 25, 33:707; 00. ("97) Rosenheim and Schidrowitz, 4, 73:878; 98. 40: 432; 07. (1924) Semmler and Bartelt, 26,40:1363; 07. (l 925 ) Semmler ("98) Rosenthaler and Strom, 293, 250: 290; 12. ("98.5) ROSenheim and Bartelt, 26, 40: 3101; 07. (1926) Semmler and Becker, 26, 46: 1814; 13. (1927) Semmler and Hoffmann, 26, 40: 3521; 07. (1928) Semmler and Tebb, 289, 37: i; 08. ("99) ROSer, 13, 247: 167; 88. (1800) R088 and Payne, 1, 45: 2363; 23. (isoi) R08ter, 36, 9: 364; 79. (1802) and Mayer, 26, 44: 3657; 11. (1929) Semmler and Mayer, 25, 45: 786; Roux, 84, 135: 691; 02. (1803) ROUX, 34, 136: 1079; 03. (1804) ROUX, 6, 12. 1: 160; 04. (i«04.S) ROUX, 34, 138: 503; 04. (i*05) R u ff t 26i 33: 3672; (1930) Semmler and Mayer, 26, 45: 1384; 12. (I 9 3i) Semmler and Rimpel, 00. (1806) Ruff, 25, 34: 1362; 01. (1807) R u ff, 25, 35: 2360; 02. (isos) 26, 39: 2582; 06. (1932) Semmler and Risse, 26, 45: 3301; 12. (1933) Ruff and Ollendorff, 25, 33: 1798; 00. (iso9) Ruhemann and Dufton, 4, Semmler and Risse, 26, 45: 3725; 12. (1934) Semmler and Risse, 26, 46: 599; 13. («a«) Semmler and Risse, 26, 46: 2303; 13. (1936) Semmler, 59: 750; 91. 1811 (1810) Rupe, 13, 327:157; 03. (i«io.S) Rupe, 13, 373:121; 10. ( ) Rupe, Risse and Schröter, 26, 45: 2347; 12. (1937) Semmler and Rosenburg, 25, 18, 395: 87; 13. ("12) Rupe, 13, 395: i36; 13. (1*13) Rupe, 13, 398: 372; 46: 768; 13. (i 9 38) Semmler and Schröter, 26, 45: 2347; 12. (*•*») 816 13. (i»!*) Rupe, 13, 402: 149; 13. ("is) Rupef 83, 10: 46; 14. O ) Semmler and Spornitz, 26, 46: 3700; 13. (1940) Semmler and Spornitz, 25, 46: 4025; 13. 0 9 *i) Semmler and Spornitz, SS, 47: 1029; 14. (1942) Semmler and Tobias, 25, 46: 2026; 13. (1943) Senter and Drew, 4, 109: 1091; 16. (1944) Sera, £ft2, 88: 460; 13. (i»48) Sherry, 50, 11: 559; 07. (1946) Shinn, 50, 11: 201; 07. (i 947 ) Sieker and Kremers, 11, 14: 291; 92. (1948) Sielisch, IS9 391:1; 12. (i»«) Simonsen, 4, 123: 2642; 23. (isso) Singh, 4, 103: 604; 13. (I95i) Singh, 4, 105: 1972; 14. (1952) Singh and Mazumder, 4, 115: 566; 19. (1953) Singh and Singh, 4, 117: 1599; 20. (1954) Singh, Singh, Dutt and Singh, 4, 117: 980; 20. (1955) Singh, Singh and LaI, 4, 119: 1971; 21. (iase) Skinner, i, 45: 1498; 23. (1957) Skita and Brunner, 25, 49: 1597; 16. (1958) Skraup, i3, 199: 344; 79. (iss9) Skraup, 57, 10: 39; 89. (i960) Skraup, 57, 25: 633; 04. 0»«) Skraup, 57, 26: 1415; 05. (1962) Skraup and Kremann, 57, 22: 1037; 01. (i««3) Skraup and Vortmann, IS, 197: 226; 79. (1964) Skraup and Wurstl, 57, 10: 220; 89. (1965) Skraup and Zwerger, 57, 23: 455; 02. (1966) Slavinskii, 58, 29: 118; 97. (1967) Smiles, 4, 77: 1174; 00. (i»68) Smiles and Hilditch, 4, 91: 519; 07. (1969) Smirnov, 53, 40: 150; 08. (1970) Smirnov, 37, 3: 177; 20. (1971) Smith, 13, 272: 182; 93. (1972) Snape, 4, 77: 778; 00. (1973) Snape, 182, 30: 151; 14. (1974) Sohst and Tollens, 13, 245: 1; 88 (1975) Sonnenthal, 75, 100 lib: 570; 91. (1976) Sorokin, 52, 37: 291; 88. (1977) Späth, Mosettig and Tröthandl, 25, 56: 875; 23. (1978) Speranskii, 53, 34: 10; 02. (1979) Spitzer, 25, 11: 1818; 78. (1980) Spitzer, 13, 197: 126; 79. (I98i) Stadnikov, 53, 36: 485; 04. (1982) Steele, 181S1 27: 240; 11. (1983) Steiger, 25, 19: 827; 86. (i»84) Steiger, 202, 11: 375; 87. (i»*S) Stenberg, 7, 70: 534; 10. (1986) stenberg, Thesis, Lund, 1916. (1987) Stoemer, 25, 56: 1683; 23. (1988) Stohmann and Langbein, 52, 45: 305; 92. (1989) Stubbs, 4, 99: 2265; 11. (1990) stumpf, 8, 37: 351; 12. (1991) Svanberg, 25, 56: 2195; 23. (1992; Svanberg, 19, 8: No. 25; 23. (1993) Svanberg and Sjoberg, 25, 56: 1448 23. (1994) Syniewski, 13, 324: 212; 02. (i»9S) Tafel, 13, 268: 229; 92. (1996) Tafel and Bublitz, 25, 38: 3806; 05. (1997) Tafel and Eckstein, 25, 34: 3274; 01. (1998) Tanret, 27, 49: 20; 88. (1999) Tanret, 34, 109: 908; 89. (2000) Tanret, 6, 20: 289; 90. (2001) Tanret, 34, 122: 86; 96. (2002) Tanret, 27, 27: 947; 02. (2003) Tanret, 34, 147: 75; 08. (2004) Tanret and Tanret, 34, 129: 725; 99. (2005) Tanret and Tanret, 27, 21: 1073; 99. (2006) Tattersall, 4, 85: 169; 04. (2007) Tattersall and Kipping, 4, 83: 918; 03. (2007.5) Taylor, 4, 101: 1124; 12. (2008) Thierfelder, 202, 11: 388; 87. (2009) Thierfelder, 202, 15: 71; 91. (2010) Thierfelder, 202, 85: 35; 13. (2011) Thomas, 4, 101: 725; 12. (2012) Thomas and Jones, 201, 13: 33; 05. (2013) Thomas and Jones, 4, 89: 280; 06. (2014) Thome, 25, 36: 582; 03. (2014.5) Tommasi, Thesis, Zürich, 1920. 10, 5: 727; 25. (zois) Thorns, 344, 19: 771; 04. (2016) Thorns and Beckstroem, 25, 35: 3195; 02. (2017) Thorns and Vogelsang, 13, 357: 145; 07. (2018) Thomsen, 25,15:441; 82. (2019) Thomsen, 52, 32:211; 89. (2020) Thomsen, 52, 34: 74; 86. (2021) Thomsen, SiB1 35: 145; 87. (2022) Thomson, 4, 97: 1502; 10. (2023) Tiemann, 25, 19: 155; 86. (2024) Tiemann, 25, 27: 118; 94. (2 o25) Tiemann, 25, 31: 806; 98. (2026) Tiemann, 25, 33: 2935; 00. (202?) Tiemann and Haarmann, 25, 19: 1257; 86. (2028) Tiemann and Kruger, 25, 26: 2675; 93. (2029) Tiemann and Schmidt, 25, 29: 903; 96. (2030) Tiemann and Semmler, 25, 26: 2708; 93. (2031) Tilden, 4, 33: 80; 78. (2032) Tilden and Marshall, 4, 67: 494; 95. (2033) Tischlin, Thesis, Zurich, 1920. (2034) Tollens, 13, 232: 169; 86. (2035) Tollens, 25, 32: 2585; 99. (2036) Tollens and Rorive, 25, 42: 2009; 09. (2037) Tollens and Stone, 25, 21: 1572; 88. (2o38) Tomecko and Adams, i, 45: 2698; 23. (2039) Tommasi, Thesis, Zurich, 1920. 10, 5: 727; 25. (2040) Traube, 94, 22: 47; 94. (2041) Traubenberg, 53, 44: 132; 12. (2042) Tsakalatos and Papaconstantinou, 49, 14: 97; 16. (2043) Tupizina, Thesis, Zurich, 1915. 10, 4: 584; 21. (2044) Tutin, 4, 89: 1104; 06. (2045) Tutin, 4, 91: 271; 07. (2046) Tutin, 4, 91: 275; 07. (2047) Tutin, 4, 95: 663; 09. (2048) Tutin, 4, 97: 1793; 10. (2049) Tutin, 4, 103: 2006; 13. (2050) Tutin, 4, 107: 7; 15. (2osi) Tutinand Clewer, 4, 101: 2221; 12. (2052) Tutin and Naunton, 4, 103: 2050; 13. (2053) Tykociner, 70, 1: 144; 82. (2054) uipiani, 22, 10 I: 368; 01. (2055) Umney, 517, 3: 212; 12. (2 o s 6) Umney, 517, 7: 46; 16. (2057) Upson, 11, 45: 458; 11. (2 o s 8) Vahlen, 202, 21: 253; 95. (2 o s 9) Valasek, 2, 20: 639; 22. (2060) Valente, 36, 11: 196; 81. (2oei) Valeur, 34, 147: 127; 08. (2062) Vavon, 34, 152: 1675; 11. (2063) Vavon, 34, 153: 68; 11. (2063.5) Vavon, 27, 15: 282; 14. (2064) Vedeneeva, 8, 72: 122; 23. (2065) Veneziani, 22, 22 II: 155; 13. (2066) Vernet, 34, 92: 360; 81. 27, 35: 231; 81. (2067) Vesterberg, 25, 20.: 1242; 87. (2068) Vesterberg, 25, 23: 3186; 90. (2069) Vesterberg, 25, 24: 3834; 91. (2070) vial, 49, 30: 52; 94. (2071) Vigier, 49, 23: 97; 06. (2072) Villavecchia, 25, 18: 2859; 85. (2 o 7 3) VUliers, 27, 27: 98; 77. (2074) Volk, 25, 45: 3744; 12. (2075) Vongerichten and Hübner, 25, 40: 2827; 07. (2076) Vongerichten and Müller, 25, 39: 235; 06. (2 o 7 7) Vongerichten and Müller, 25, 39: 241; 06. (2078) Vorländer, IS1 345: 155; 06. (2079) Vorländer and Huth, 7, 75: 641; 11. (2080) Voss and Gadamer, 293, 248: 43; 10. (2osi) Votoöek, 440, 27: 15; 02. (2082) Votocek, 446, 28: 209; 04. (2083) Votoöek and Potmesil, 25, 46: 3653; 13. (2084) Votoöek and Vesehy, 25, 47: 1515; 14. (2085) Votoöek and Vesehy, 362, 8: 263; 14. 10, 4: 1092; 21. (2 o s 6) Waiden, 25, 26: 210; 93. (2087) Waiden, 7, 15: 638; 94. (2088) Waiden, 25, 27: 3471; 94. (2089) Waiden, 7, 17: 245; 95. (2090) Waiden, 7, 17: 705; 95. (2091) Waiden, 25, 28: 1287; 95. (2092) Waiden, 25, 28: 2766; 95. (2093) Waiden, 25, 29: 133; 96. (2093.5) Waiden, 25, 29: 1692; 96. (2094) Waiden, 7, 20: 377; 96. (2095) Waiden, 25, 30: 2889; 97. (2096) Waiden, 25, 30: 3146; 97. (2096.5) Waiden, 25t 32: 1833; 99. (2 o 9 7) Waiden, 25, 32: 2706; 99. (2 o 98) Waiden, 25, 32: 2849; 99. (2099) Waiden, 25, 35: 4362; 02. (2100) Waiden, 7, 55: 1; 06. (2ioo.5) Waiden and Lutz, 25, 30: 2795; 97. (2101) Walker, 4, 61: 1088; 92. (2101.5) Walker, 4, 63: 495; 93. (2102, Walker, 4, 67: 914; 95. (2io3j Walker, 50, 13: 574; 09. (2104) Walker and Carmack, 4, 77: 374; 00. (2105) Walker and Krieble, 4, 95: 1437; 09. (2106) Wallach, 13, 230: 225; 85. (2107) Wallach, 13, 246: 221; 88. (2108) Wallach, 13, 263: 129; 91. (2109) Wallach, 13, 270: 171; 92. (2110) Wallach, 13, 272: 99; 93. (2111) Wallach, 13, 278: 302; 94. (2112) Wallach, 13, 312: 171; 00. (2113) Wallach, 13, 332: 337; 04. ( 2 ^*) Wallach, 13, 336: 247; 04. (2115) Wallach, 13, 346: 220; 06. (2116) Wallach, 13, 346: 249; 06. (2u 7) Wallach, 13, 347: 316; 06. (2n 8) Wallach, 13, 357: 49; 07. (2H9) Wallach, 13, 359: 265; 08. (2120) Wallach, 13, 360: 26; 08. (2121) Wallach, 13, 365: 240; 09. (2122) Wallach, 13, 369: 63; 09. (2123) Wallach, 13,388: 49; 12. (2124) Wallach, 13, 397: 181; 12. (2i25) Wallach and Beschke, 13, 236: 1; 04. (2126) Wallach and Binz, 13, 276: 317; 93. (2127) Wallach and Blumann, 13, 356: 227; 07. (212 8) Wallach and Conrady, 13, 252: 141; 89. (2129) Wallach and Schlubach, 13, 392: 49; 12. (2130) Wallach and Virck, 13, 362: 174; 08. (2isi) Wallach and Wienhaus, 13, 355: 209; 07. (2132) Waser, 37, 6: 206; 23. (2133) Washburn and Millard, l, 37: 694; 15. (2134) Waterman, 176, 10: 739; 13. (2135) Watt, 4, 95: 466; 09. (2136) Watts, Thesis, Zürich, 1912. (2137) Wedekind, 25, 34: 813; 01. (2138) Wedekind, 25, 38: 1838; 05. (2139) Wedekind, 25, 39: 474; 06. (2140) Wedekind, 25, 40: 4450; 07. (2141) Wedekind, 25, 42: 300; 09. (2142) Wedekind, 83, 10: 126; 14. (2143) Wedekind, 25, 48: 891; 15. (2144) Wedekind and Bandau, 13, 404: 322; 14. (2145) Wedekind and Beniers, 13, 397: 246; 13. (2146) Wedekind and Fröhlich, 25, 38: 3438; 05. (2147) Wedekind and Fröhlich, 25, 38: 3933 ; 05. (2147.5) Wedekind and Fröhlich, 25, 40: 1001; 07. (2148) Wedekind and Koch, 25, 38: 1845; 05. (2149) Wedekind and Mayer, 25, 49: 936; 16. (2150) Wedekind and Ney, 25, 42: 2138; 09. (2151) Wedekind and Ney, 25, 45: 1298; 12. (2152) Wedekind and Ney, 25, 46: 1895; 13. (2153) Wedekind and Oberhiede, 25, 37: 2712; 04. (2154) Wedekind, Wedekind and Paschke, IBS1 41: 1029; 08. (2155) Weermann, 64P, 17: 1163; 15. (2156) Wegscheider, 25, 18: 1600; 85. (2157) Wegscheider, 25, 19: 52; 86. (2158) Wehmer and Tollens, 13, 243: 314; 88. (2159) Weir, 4, 99: 1270; 11. (2160) Welt, 34, 119: 743; 94. (2iei) Welt, 54, 119: 885; 94. (2162) Welt, 6, 6: 115; 95. (2162.5) Wender, 205, 30: 357; 11. (2163) Werner, 26, 46: 3674; 13. (2164) Werner, 25, 47: 1954; 14. (2165) Werner, 25, 47: 1961; 14. (2166) Werner, 25, 47: 2171; 14. (2167) Werner, 25, 47: 3087; 14. (2168) Werner, 34,159: 426; 14. (2169) Werner, 136, 40: 204; 16. (2169.2) Werner and Basyrin, 25, 46: 3229; 13. (2169.5) Werner, Schwyzer and Karrer, 37, 4: 113; 21. (2170) Werner and Smirnoff, 37, 3: 472; 20. (217l) Wesson, I, 36: 2522; 14. (2171.5) Westphalen, 25, 48: 1064; 15. (2172) Wetterfors, Thesis, Upsala, 1920. 10, 5: 727; 25. (2172.5) Wetterfors, 96, 8: 229; 22. (2173) Wheeler and Tollens, 13, 254: 304; 89. (2174) Widman, 13, 310: 230; 00. (2175) Wieland and Weil, 202, 80: 287; 12. (2176) Wieland and Weil, 25, 46: 3315; 13. (2177) Wienhaus, 25, 47: 322; 14. (2178) Wienhaus and Oettingen, 13, 397: 219; 13. (2179) will, 25, 20: 294; 87. (2180) will, 25, 20: 1186; 87. (2isi) Will, 8S1 21: 1717; 88. (2182) will and Bredig, 25, 21: 2777 ; 88. (21 s 3) will and Bredig, 25, 21: 2784 ; 88. (2184) Will and Peters, 25, 22: 1697; 89. (2185) Willcox and Brunei, I , 38: 1821; 16. (2186) Willstätter and Hug, 202, 79: 146; 12. (2187) Willstätter and Königsberger, 25, 56: 2107; 23. ( 2 188) Willstätter and Marx, 25, 37: 2351 ; 04. (2189) Willstätter and Marx, 25, 38: 1772; 05. (2190) Willstätter and Mayer, 25, 41: 2199; 08. (2191) Willstätter and Mieg, 13, 408: 61; 15. (2192) Willstätter and Zechmeister, 25, 46: 2401; 13. (2193) Windaus, 25, 49: 1724; 16. (2194) Winmill, 4,101: 718; 12. (2195) Winter, 13, 244: 295; 88. (2196) Winther, 7, 41: 161; 02. (2197) Winther, 7, 41: 161; 02. (2198) Winther, 7, 66: 703; 06. (2199) Winther, 7, 56: 719; 06. (2200) Winther, 7, 60: 563; 07. (2201) Wislicenus, 13, 167: 302; 73. (2202) Wöllmer, 25, 49: 780; 16. (2203) Wohl, 25, 23: 2084; 90. (2204) Wohl, 25, 24: 993; 91. (2205) Wohl, 25, 26: 730; 93. (2206) Wohl, SS1 32: 3666; 99. (2207) Wolffenstein, 25, 27: 2611; 94. (2208) Wolffenstein, 25, 29: 1956; 96. (2209) Wolpian, 498, 35: 145; 96. (2210) Wood, 4, 105: 1988; 14. (2211) Wooton, 4, 91: 1890; 07. (2212) Wooton, 4, 97: 405; 10. (2212.5) Woringer, 7, 36: 336; 01. (2213) Worley, 5, 88: 439; 13. (2214) Wren, 4, 95: 1583; 09. (2215) Wren and Still, 4, 107: 444; 15. (2216) Wren and Still, 4, 107: 1449; 15. (2217) Wren and Williams, 4, 109: 572; 16. (2218) Wren, Williams and Middleton, 4, 117: 191; 20. (2219) Würstl, 57, 10: 65; 89. (2220) Wüst, Thesis, Zürich, 1913. 10, 4: 584; 21. (2221) Wutke, Thesis, Zürich, 1918. 10, 5: 727; 25. (2222) Wuyts, 25, 36: 863; 03. (2223) Wyrubov, 34,115: 832; 92. (2223.5) Wyrubov, 6, l : 5; 94. (2224) Young, 4, 105: 1228; 14. (2225) Yvon, 49, 1: 281; 10. (2226) Zaaijer, 70, 5: 313; 86. (2227) Zaremba, Thesis, Zürich, 1918. 10, 5: 727; 25. (2228) Zechini, Esperienze sul potere rotatorio della coniino, e dei suoi sali. Rome, 1893. (2229) Zechmeister, Thesis, Zurich, 1913. 10, 4: 584; 21. (2230) Zeidler, 75, 76 II: 253; 77. (2231) Zelinskii, 25, 34: 2877; 01. (2232) Zelinskii, 25, 35: 2488; 02. (2233) Zelinskii and Alexandrov, 25, 34: 3885; 01. (2234) Zelinskii and Gorskii, 25, 41: 2479; 08. (2235) Zelinskii and Gorskii, 25, 41: 2630; 08. (2236) Zelinskii and Gutt, 25, 35: 2140; 02. (2237) Zelinskii and Roschdestvenskii, 25, 35: 2695; 02. (2237.5) Zelinskii and Zelikov, 25, 34: 3249; 01. (2238) Zemplen, 144, 31: 689; 13. l O, 4: 584; 21. (2239) Zemplen, 202, 85: 399; 13. (2240) Zemplen, 25, 48: 233; 15. (2241) Zemplén and Lasló, 25, 48: 915; 15. (2242) Zollinger, Thesis, Berlin, 1915. (2243) Zopf, 13, 336: 46; 04. (2244) Zuboldt, Diss, Marburg, 1895. ("45) Zulkowsky, 25, 13: 1395: 80. The following index contains the names of the simpler chemical compounds and the "common" names of the more complicated compounds, in so far as such common names exist. Complicated compounds which are named only in terms of their chemical structure should be located from the system of arrangement as explained in the Introduction. In general, only the parent compound is indexed, since derivatives are almost always to be found in the same section. INDEX Aconine, 477 Aconitine, 478 Aerine, 477 Adrenaline, 365 Agaric acid, 405 Alanine derivs., 374 Allobrucine, 474 Alloisoleucine, 404 Allomenthol esters, 421 Allonic acid, 397 Altronic acid, 397 Aminobenzyl-/3-naphthol, 364 Aminobutyric acid, 375 Aminocamphor derivs., 450 Amygdalin, 399 Amyl alcohol derivs., 402 Amylamine, 402 Amyl bromide, 401 Amyl iodide, 401 Amyrilene, 462 Amyrin, 464 Anhydroglucose, 389 Anhydrographolide, 466 Anthesterol, 464 Apogelsemine, 476 Apoquinine, 471 Arabinose, 386 Ar butin, 392 Arginine, 376 Artemisone, 465 Ascaridolic acid, 417 Ascaridolglycol, 462 Asparagine, 377 Aspartic acid, 377 Aspidospermatine, 476 Aspidospermine, 476 Atisine, 476 Aucubin, 392 Bebeerine, 475 Bebirine, 476 Benzoin, 362 Betonicine, 408 Bikhaconine, 477 Bikhaconitine, 478 Bombicesterol, 464 Borneol, 454 Borneol esters, 454 Borneolcarboxylic acid, 456 Bornylamine, 456 Bornylene, 433 Brucine, 473 Brucinolone, 473 Bufotalin, 475 Bulbocapnine, 475 Butylamine, 363 Cadinene, 461 Calamene, 461 Calameon, 462 Camphene, 411, 433 Camphenilone, 415 Camphenonic acid, 445 Campherol, 434 Campholenic acid, 415 Campholic acid, 443 Campholytic acid, 415 Camphononic acid, 433 Camphor, 435 Alkyl derivs., 435 Alkylidene derivs., 435 Halogen derivs., 437 Hydrazones, 437 !mines, 437 Nitro derivs., 438 Oximes, 437 Sulfur derivs., 439 Camphoramic acid, 447 Camphoramide, 447 Camphoric acid, 446 Camphorcarboxylic acid, 445 Camphorimide, 447 Camphoronic acid, 405 Camphorylcarbamide, 451 Camphorylcarbimide, 451 Camphorglycol, 434 Camphoryloxime, 449 Camphorylsemicarbazide, 452 Camphylamine, 418 Carpamic acid, 466 Carpiline, 475 Carvomenthol, 420 Carvomenthol esters, 421 Carvone, 413 Carvoxime, 413 Carvylamine, 429 Casimeroedine, 475 Casimiroic acid, 467 Casimirolide, 467 Catechin, 462 Caulophyllosaponin, 465 Cedrene, 461 Cedrenol, 462 Cellobial, 400 Cellobiose derivs., 400 Cellose derivs., 400 Cerebronic acid, 368 Chaulmoogric acid, 416 Chitaric acid, 397 Chitin, 477 Chitonic acid, 397 Chlorogenic acid, 467 Choleinic acid, 467 Cholestane, 462 Cholestanol, 463 Cholestene, 462 Cholesterol, 463 Chondrodine, 475 Chondrosamic acid, 398 Cincholoiponic acid, 466 Cinchonidine, 469 Cinchonine, 469 Cineolic acid, 417 Citronellol, 402 Cluytiasterol, 463 Cocaine, 432 Cocaose, 398 Codeine, 468 Codeinone, 468 Concusonine, 477 Conhydrine, 407 Coniceine, 475 Coniine, 407 Convolvulinolic acid, 367 Coposterol, 464 Corybulbine, 476 Corycavamine, 476 Corydaline, 476 Corydine, 476 Corypalmine, 476 Cubebin, 362 Cupreine, 475 Cusonine, 477 Cyanocamphor, 438 Cyclamose, 401 Cyclose, 387 Cypressene, 461 Cysteine, 374 Cystine, 374 Cytidine, 475 Cytisine, 475 Daucine, 475 Delphinine chloride, 465 Desoxycholic acid, 467 Dextrin, 401 Diamylose, 401 Decahydroquinoline, 429 Diethoxysuccinic acid, 385 Dihydronaphthoic acid, 406 Dimethoxysuccinic acid, 384 Dimethylglucose, 389 Dipheneserine, 477 Diphenic acid derivs., 459 Dithiosuccinic acid, 385 Dulcitol derivs., 388 Ecgonine, 431 Ecgoninic acid, 431 Echitamine, 476 Elaterio acid, 467 Elaterin, 464 Blaterone, 465 Emetamine, 477 Ephedrine, 380 Epicamphor, 435 Amino derivs., 453 Epicatechin, 462 Ergosterol, 463 Ergotinine, 478 Eriodictyonone, 465 Erythritol, 380 Erythrose, 380 Eseroline, 475 Ethoxysuccinic acid, 373 Ethylglucosides, 391 Eudesmene, 461 Eudesmol, 462 Euphorbone, 465 Euxanthic acid, 397 Faradiol, 464 Fenchene, 411 Fenchocamphoric acid, 446 Fencholenic acid, 415 Fenchone, 435 Fenchyl alcohol, 453 Fenchylamine, 456 Fructose, 389 Fucose, 389 Fucitol, 389 Fungisterin, 464 Furane derivs., 406 Galactite, 395 Galactobioses, 401 Galactonic acid, 397 Galactose, 395 Nitrogen derivs., 396 Galactosides, 395 Gegosaponin, 465 Gelsemine, 476 Gentiacaulin, 478 Gentiobiose derivs., 400 Gentiopicrin, 401 Globulol, 462 Glucodecose, 399 Glucodesose, 386 Glucogallic acid, 466 Glucoheptitol, 398 Glucoheptose, 398 Gluconic acid, 397 Glucononose, 399 Glucooctose, 399 Glucosamic acid, 398 Glucosamine, 393 Glucosanil, 394 Glucosanilide, 394 Glucosazone, 393 Glucose Acyl derivs., 390 Alkyl derivs., 389 Nitrogen derivs., 393 Glucosides Aromatic, 392 Heterocyclic, 393 Hydroaromatic, 392 Glucosoxime, 393 Glucuronic acid, 397 Glutamic acid, 377 Glyceric acid, 368 Glycine, 374 Glycocholic acid, 467 Guajene, 461 Guajol, 462 Gulonic acid, 397 Gurjunene, 461 Histidine, 375 Homofenchene, 434 Homonataloin, 386, 463 Homopilopic acid, 404 Homonopinol, 412 Homotaraxasterol, 464 Hydnocarpic acid, 466 Hydnocarpusic acid, 466 Hydrastine, 432 Hydroglucal, 406 Hydroxybutyric acid, 366 Hyoscyamine, 432 Iditol, 388 Idonic acid, 397 Iminocamphor, 449 Indaconine, 477 Indaconitine, 478 Indobenzaconine, 478 Ipuranol, 463 Ipurolic acid, 386 Isoamarine, 476 Isoapogelsemine, 476 Isoartemisone, 465 Isobebeerine, 475 Isobebirine, 476 Isocamphane, 411, 433 Isocamphoric acid, 446 Isocinchonidine, 469 Isocodeine, 468 Isoconiine, 407 Isocorydine, 476 Isocubebic ether, 466 Isoemetine, 477 Isoeuxanthic acid, 397 Isofenchyl alcohol, 453 Isoglucal, 389 Isoleucine, 404 Isomorphine, 467 Isonitrosocamphor, 441 Isoolivile, 462 Isopulegol, 412 Isopurganol, 463 Isoquinine, 472 Isorhodeose, 389 Isosaccharin, 398 Isosantonic acid, 466 Isoserine, 374 Isosparteine, 419 Isostrychnine, 473 Isovaleric acid, 403 Isozingiberene, 411 Jalapinolic acid, 367 Lactal, 399 Lactic acid, 366 Laserpitin, 464 Laurolene, 409 Lauronolic acid, 432 Ledum camphor, 465 Lepranthin, 477 Leucic acid, 367 Leucine, 375 n-Leucine, 375 Leucodigallic acid, 466 Levulomannan, 400 Lévulose, 389 Limonene, 410 Linalool, 402 Lippianol, 464 Longiforic acid, 466 Lupeose, 401 Lupinidine, 475 Lycoaconitine, 478 Lyxohexosamic acid, 398 Malamic acid, 371 Malic acid, 369 Maltose derivs., 399 Mandelic acid, 366 Mannitol derivs., 388 Mannogalactan, 400 Mannoheptose, 398 Mannonic acid, 397 Mannose derivs., 395 Marrubio acid, 467 Marrubiin, 467 Matairesinol, 462 Matairesinolic acid, 466 Melibiose, 401 Menthadiene, 409 Menthane, 410 Menthene, 410 Menthenol, 412 Menthenone, 414 Menthol, 420 Esters, 421 Ethers, 421 Menthone, 414 Menthylamine, 429 Menthylbenzamidines, 431 Menthylcarbamates, 430 Menthylcarbamides, 430 Menthylcarbimide, 430 Metasaccharin, 398 Methoxysuccinic acid, 372 Methylglucosides, 390 Methylglucose, 389 o-Methylpsychotrine, 477 Methyltetrose, 386 Micromeritol, 464 Micromerol, 465 Morphine, 468 Myoctonine, 478 Myrtenol, 412 Narcissine, 475 Narcotine, 409, 476 Nataloin, 386 Neocholestene, 462 Nicotine, 408 Nitrotartaric acids, 384 Nopinic acid, 417 Nopinol, 420 Nopinone, 415 Nortricycloeksantalol, 462 Olivile hydrate, 463 Oxonitine, 477 Oxycanthine, 475 Pentoses, 386 Perseulose, 398 Phellandrene, 410 Pheneserine, 476 Phenogeneserine, 476 Phenylalanine, 376 Phenylethylamine, 363 Phenylglycine, 376 Phenylmercapturic acid, 374 Phenylsuccinic acid, 368 Phosphorus compounds, 461 Photosantoninic acid, 467 Phytosterol, 463 Physostigmine, 475 Picrotinic acid, 465 Picrotin, 475 Picrotoxinin, 475 Picrotoxininic acid, 465 Picrotoxinonic acid, 465 Pilopic acid, 404 Pilopinic acid, 419 Pilosinine, 419 Pilosine, 420 Pinane, 411 Pinene, 411 Pinocarveol, 420 Pinolene, 411 Pinonic acid, 417 Piperidine derivs., 407 Polypeptides, 377 Proline, 408 Propylenediamine, 365 Pseudocedrol, 462 Pukateine, 475 Pulegone, 415 Pulegoneacetic acid, 418 Pyroaconitine, 477 Pyroindaconitine, 478 Quercitrin, 389 Quercitol, 405 Quinamine, 471 Quinicine, 473 Quinine, 473 Ratanhine, 475 Rhamnoheptose, 399 Rhamnohexose, 398 Rhamnose, 388 Rhapontin, 401 Rhodeose, 389 Ribose, 387 Ricinelaidic acid, 368 Ricinoleic acid, 367 Ricinostearolic acid, 367 Saccharic acid, 398 Saccharine, 398 Saccharone, 398 Saccharose derivs., 399 Salicin, 392 Sambunigrin, 392 Santalene, 461 Santalenic acid,* 466 Santalol, 462, 465 Santolic acid, 466 Santonin, 466 Santononic acid, 466 Sapogenine, 393 Scopolamine, 475 Scutellarin, 463 Selenium compounds, 461 Selinene, 411 Selineol, 421 Serine, 374 Sesquicamphene, 462 Sesquicitronellene, 462 Sesquiterpenes, 411 Silicon compounds, 461 Sitosterol, 464 Somnirol, 465 Somnitol, 465 Sorbieritol, 388 Sorbitol derivs., 388 Sorbose, 389 Sparteine, 419 Spartyrine, 419 Stachyose, 401 Styracitol, 389 Strychnine, 473 Sulfur compounds, 461 Sylvestrene, 410 Sylveterpine, 412 Talitol, 388 Talomucie acid, 398 Taraxasterol, 464 Tartaric acid, 381 Tartramide, 381 Tartranil, 382 Tartranilide, 382 Taxicatin, 392 Teresantalol, 433 Tetrahydronaphthoic acid, 406 Tetrahydronaphthylamine, 406 Tetrahydroquinaldine, 407 Tetramethylglucoses, 389 Thebaine, 468 Thioborneol, 454 Thiolactic acid, 366 Thiomalic acid, 373 Thujadicarboxylic acid, 446 Thujaketonic acid, 444 Thujane, 434 Thujol, 454 Thujone, 435 Thujyl alcohol, 454 Thujylamine, 456 Triamylose, 401 Tricycloeksantalol, 462 Trifolianol, 463 Trimethylglucoses, 389 Tropic acid, 404 Tropinic acid, 409 Truxillanilidic acid, 418 Tryptophane, 376 Turicine, 409 Tyrosine, 376 Umbellaric acid, 418 Umbellulone, 415 Umbellonic acid, 417 Usninic acid, 466 Valeraldehyde, 402 Valine, 375 Verbenalin, 462 Verbenene, 410 Verbenol, 420 Verbenone, 415 Vetivenol, 462 Vicianose, 400 Withaniol, 464 Xanthosuccinic acid, 385 Xylose, 387 Yohimbine, 476 COMMERCIAL EXPLOSIVES WILLIAM RINTOUL AND GODFREY ROTTER CONTENTS pAGE Introduction 489 Types of tests 489 Simple explosives (pure substances) 490 Heat of explosion 490 Trauzl lead-block test 490 Lead-block test (initiating explosives) 491 Fall-hammer test 491 Limiting charges 492 Detonation velocity 492 Compounded explosives 493 Blasting explosives 493 Explosives for use in fiery coal mines 494 Propulsive explosives 495 Sporting powders 496 Standard ballistics 496 ABBREVIATIONS DNT Dinitrotoluene. N/G Nitroglycerin. MNN Mononitronaphthalene. TNN Trini tronaphthalene. N/B Aromatic nitro body. TNT Trinitrotoluene. INTRODUCTION Pure compounds are not used to any great extent in civil applications of explosives. Ordinary commercial blasting and propulsive explosives have usually an empirical composition, with fairly wide tolerances for the proportions of the several ingredients, and very often one or more of these constituents is a substance of indefinite chemical composition. Furthermore the treatment during the process of manufacture, for example the fineness of the ingredients used, the time of mixing, and the physical condition of the product, have considerable influence on the properties of the finished explosive. Data are tabulated relating to the principal explosive properties of the chief pure explosive substances, but for compounded explosives only typical or limiting compositions and properties are given. TYPES OF TESTS The principal tests used for explosives are described briefly below : 1. Calorimetrie tests to determine the heat of explosion and the volume and composition of the explosion gases. For descriptions of the method of carrying out the experiments, see Vol. II, p. 440-444 of (25) and (39, 40). The explosion temperature has not been determined directly, but can in principle be calculated from the pressure developed when the substance is exploded in a closed vessel. Various types of apparatus for determining the maximum pressures developed, or for recording variations in pressure, are described in ( 25 ). Explosion temperatures may also be calculated from the heat of explosion if the nature, amounts and specific heats of the explosion products are known. 2. Trauzl Lead-block Test.—This test is used for blasting explosives1 as a ready means of estimating the relative powers of explosives of the same class fired under slight confinement. At the Berlin meeting (1903) of the International Congress of Applied Chemistry, standard conditions for carrying out this test were prescribed ( 2 ). Kast (19) gives a table of corrections for temperature. 3. The fall-hammer test is used to measure approximately the sensitiveness to shock of an explosive. The classification of explosives for transport on the German railways is based, in part, on the results of this test. The method of carrying it out is described in (14, 15), and by Marshall (25), Vol. II, p. 423. 1 In the U. S. A. the ballistic mortar test described under 9, below, is largely used by manufacturers of explosives. 4. The deflagration test for the determination of the explosion temperature serves to measure the sensitiveness of the explosive to active decomposition by the action of heat. 5. A large number of so-called "stability tests" have been developed in order to obtain some idea of the chemical stability of explosives during storage. Among these may be mentioned the Abel, Bergmann-Junky Will and Sy tests. 6. The bulk density of an explosive is an important factor in its behavior and this property can be varied within fairly wide limits by modifications in the method of manufacture. 7. The detonation velocity of an explosive is one of the most important factors in its brisance, and, therefore, in its practical applications. The methods used for measuring it are described in the textbooks; see, for example (25) Vol. II, p. 476. A discussion by Kast of the sources of error when the Siemens spark chronograph is used is largely applicable to any Chronographie method (17) - The value found depends on the diameter of the train of explosive used (up to a certain limiting value, varying with the nature of the explosive); on the degree of confinement to which it is subjected; and on the method of initiation. The detonation velocity increases in general with the density. In the case of certain explosives this increase continues up to a certain critical density, after which it falls rapidly. In the case of some of the less porous nitro bodies it has not yet been proved that the detonation value does decrease in this way after a certain limit, although there are indications that this is probably so. Nitroglycerin gelatinous explosives have two distinct detonation velocities. That which is attained depends on various factors, but especially on the nature of the initiation and on the degree of confinement. The following tests are of special importance in connection with coal mine explosives: 8. Tests in an experimental gallery to determine the maximum charge which can be fired without igniting an air-gas mixture containing specified proportions of an inflammable gas or coal dust or both. Natural firedamp, artificially prepared methane and illuminating gas have been used as the inflammable gas. A brief historical sketch of the various gallery tests is given in (13). A table appended to that pamphlet gives data regarding the principal testing galleries. On the basis of these tests limiting charges of explosive are fixed for use in mines. 9. Ballistic pendulum tests are used in Great Britain and the United States to furnish a comparative estimate of the strength of the explosive, the results being published as a guide to the purchaser in the selection of an explosive suitable for his requirements. In the United States the detonation velocity of permissible coal mine explosives is also published, but this is not done for the British " permitted " explosives. 10. For propulsive explosives, tests are carried out in appropriate weapons to measure the pressure developed in the barrel of the gun, usually by means of crusher gages, and to determine the velocity of the projectile, and, for shotgun cartridges, the shot "pattern." Velocities are measured over a certain distance from the muzzle of the gun by the use of a suitable target in conjunction with a chronograph. The result may be given as the average velocity over this distance or as the "remaining velocity" at half the distance, or a calculated value of the "muzzle velocity" may be reported. Vx is used to denote the remaining velocity at x meters (or other unit) found by means of a target placed at 2x meters from the gun. 11. For initiating explosives, in addition to the heat of explosion, the explosion point and the result of the fall-hammer test, there may also be given the result of a test similar to the Trauzl leadblock test but using a smaller lead block; of the "lead plate" test (which, however, does not furnish definite numerical results); of tests on the limiting charge required to initiate the detonation of a definite quantity of some explosive (usually a nitro body) ; of the Esop and Wähler tests in which an explosive is phlegmatized in Borne manner until it is just no longer ''initiated" by the initiator under test; or of the "sand" test developed by the U. S. A. Bureau of Mines, in which a detonating charge is exploded in the center of graded sand, and the degree of pulverization of the sand produced by the explosion is measured. Heat of Explosion.—(Continued) Heat of n i j Substance Silver fulminate Tetranitromethylaniline (tetryl) Conversion Factors 1 g-calis/g = 4.185 joule/g = 1.800 BTU60/lb. Heat of explosion, Notes Substance g-cali5 per gram H 2 O(I) Ammonium nitrate 630 2NH 4 NO 3 = 2N 2 + 350 H20(g) 4H2O + O 2 (requires strong detonator) 2NH 4 NO 3 = N 2 + H20(g) 115 4H2O +2NO NH4NO3 = N2O + 127.5 H20(g) 2H2O 1140 Cyanuric triazide H20(g); Guncotton, 13 %N 982 L.d., 1.3 H 2 O(I) 1100 H2O(I) 12%N 730 364 Lead azide 360 260 Pb(g) Lead trinitroresorcinate . 205(?) Pb (g) Mannitol hexanitrate . . . . 1454, 1520 Mercury azide 266 Mercury fulminate 410 Hg(I) 431 368 Hg(g) H20(g); w-Dinitrobenzene 820 L.d., 1.3 H20(g); Nitroglycerin 1478 1550 to 1590 Picric acid H20(g) 717 H 2 O(I) 840 H20(g); 914 L.d., 1.3 Mean for 809 various L.ds. 1090 Trinitrobenzene 940 Trinitrotoluene 880 924 SIMPLE EXPLOSIVES (PURE SUBSTANCES) Heat of Explosion Explosion in calorimetrie bomb. The heat of explosion may also be calculated from thermochemical data (q.v., Vol. V, p. 162, 169), the results agreeing well with the experimental. Alternative methods of decomposition may be possible and the heat of explosion may thus vary, for example, with the loading density or the nature of the initiation. Abbreviations (g), Gaseous; (1) liquid; d, density; L.d., loading density. explosion. , ' g-cali5 per gram 470 881 to 892 Ammonium nitrate (I, 6) Dinitrobenzene Dinitroglycerin (gelatinized) Guncotton Dry, compressed, 12.77%N Dry, compressed, 13.18%N With 13%N Wet With 20% water Hexanitrodiphenylamine (1, 6) (21) (30) Hexanitrophenyl sulfide Hydrazine nitrate (basic) Nitroglycerin (32, 37) (32-, 37) (26) (6) (21) (21) (20, 37) (26) Nitromannite Nitropentaerythritol Nitrostarch Picric acid (37, 38) (21) (21) (30) (30) (5, 29, 37) Acid as powder Acid cast Acid compressed (3) (32) Tetranitroaniline (30) (12) Lit. (26) H20(g); (30); cf. (10) L.d., 1.3 H20(g); (30) L.d., 1.3 H2O(I) (32) H20(g); (30) L.d., 1.3 L.d., 0.2; (12) d, 1.45 Expansion, , cm3 142* 103f 165 (32, 37) (i, 6) T., Trauzl Lead-Block Test T7, 1 . Explosive Ammonium chlorate Ammonium perchlorate Lit. -_ , Notes Tetranitroanisole Tetryl (Powder) (Cast) 198 240 140 193 250 330 360Î 375 3171 352^ 290 420§ 280 280 320 352 355 362* 515 600 600§ 550|| 59011 650§ 460 305 3025T 292*tt 330 297 287 301 * 264* 292* 305 40OJ 415 430 390 357** 322J** T ., Lit. 49 ( ) ( 49 ) 1 (19,27) ; J ^ ( 19 > 28) (I 9 ) (27) (l 9 ) (5) (3) (13) (47) (47) (10) (6) (i 9 ) (32) (l 9 ) (33) (33) (50) ( i9 ) (32) (6) (28) (28) (6) (32) (33) ( 44 ) ( 47 ) (33) (10) (45) (45) (45) (45) (32) (50) (33) (10) (32) (46) (46) Trauzl Lead-Block Test.—(Continued) T^ , . Explosive * Tetryl.—(CWd) (Pressed) Trinitroanisole Trinitrobenzene Trinitrochlorobenzene Trinitrocresol Trinitrotoluene Mean of 25 results Commercial (Powder) (Cast) (Pressed) (Powder) (Cast) (Pressed) Expansion, ^ „3 ' cm 322J**tt 340 375 375 369Î 374J 348 290 322 330 364 295 322 275 301 300J 285 274 254 238 260§ 249 289* ** 102* ** 54**ft 280» 208« 255ft» Fall-Hammer Test. — (Continued) T ., Lit. (46) (19) (33) (1O) (50) (49) (48) (19) (33) (19) (33) ( 19 ) (33) ( 19 ) (33) (3) (19) (33) (10) (48) (6) (7-5) (46) (46) ( 46 ) (46) (46) ( 46 ) * Volume of borehole, 63 cm3, deducted. t With picric acid as primer, 297 cm3 deducted for primer, 63 cm3 for original volume of borehole. J Volume of borehole deducted. § After deducting 61 cm 3 for borehole and 17 cm3 for No. 8 detonator. Il Liquid N/G with sand tamping. ^f Acid finely crystalline. ** No. 8 detonator. 11 Pressed at 1246 kg per cm. 2 Jt No. 8 tetryl detonator. Lead-Block Test (Initiating Explosives) (21) In testing initiating explosives a smaller lead block is used, 80 mm in diameter and 80 (or 100) mm high with a charge of 2 g of the substance -r, . . Expansion, ,^ Explosive ^cm3 d* Cyanuric triazide Lead azide Lead trinitroresorcinate Mercury fulminate 131.3 26 29 33 1.2 2 1.8 1.7 *d = density of explosive, g/cm3. Fall-Hammer Test Results for 2 kg hammer I Fall in cm | Lit. Explosive Ammonium picrate 80 ( 36 ) Copper picrate 7 ( 36 ) Dinitrobenzene >60 ( 16 ) 150 (16) Explosive I Fall in cm | Lit. Dinitroglycerin 7 ( 36 ) Moist 30 (42) Dinitrophenol 150 ( 36 ) Guncotton compressed, 15% H20 85 ( 36 ) 20% H2O >180 (36) Dry 17 to 18 (41) +20% H2O >183* (41) +35% H2O >183 (41) Hexanitrodiphenvlamine 40 ( 36 ) Iron picrate 7 ( 36 ) Lead picrate 5 (36) Nitrocotton (collodion cotton), compressed, 15% H20 100 (36) 20% H2O >180 (36) Dry 36 (41) +20% H2O >183* (41) +35% H2O >183 (41) Nitroglycerin, dry 4 ( 36 ) Moist 4 (42) Liquid 1Of ( 43 ) Frozen 38 to 4Of ( 43 ) Picric acid (finely crystalline) 35 to 95 I Silver picrate 5 ( 36 ) Sodium picrate 80 ( 36 ) Tetryl 40 to 65 ( 3 6) 30 ( 3 2) Trinitroanisole >60 (16) Trinitrobenzene 40 to 50 ( 3 6) Trinitrocresol 30 (36) Trinitrodimethylaniline 95 ( 36 ) Trini tronaphthalene 175 ( 36 ) Trinitrotoluene 57-90 and J up to 180 Zinc picrate 60 ( 3 6) * Partly caked residue. t For 1 kg hammer. J Various sources. Explosive Azides, Ba Cd Cu Pb Hg Ag Na Fulminates, Hg Na Weight of explosive, g Weight of hammer, g 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.05 0.01 0.02 0.05 0.01 0.02 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 599 964 599 599 599 599 599 599 599 599 599 599 964 820 500 2000 620 0.05 Fall in cm ., Lit. T 14 27.5 9.5 (26) (26) (26) 10.5 13.0 (26) (26) 24.0 (26) 17 17 14.5 17 16.5 14 18 >30 7.5 (26) (26) (26) (26) (26) (26) (26) (22) (22) 2 30 (9) (22) Limiting Charges Necessary for Various Initiating Explosives Limiting charge of exploAmount Explosive B sive A Initiating of exploagainst which required Lit. sive B, explosive A tested for deg tonation ofB, g (26) Lead azide* Tetryl 0.5 0.025 (26) Picric acid 0.5 0.025 (26) TNT 0.5 0.09 (26) Trinitroanisole 0.5 0.28 Mercury fulmi(38) 1 0.25 Picric acid nate f (38) 1 0.30 TNT (22) 0.5 0.25 TNT (34) 0.4 Tetryl 0.35t (34) Tetranitroaniline 0.4 0.45 (34) 0.4 0.40§ Picric acid (34) 0.4 0.2611 TNT (26) 0.30 0.5 Picric acid (26) 0.5 0.29 Tetryl (26) 0.5 0.36 TNT (26) 0.5 0.37 Trinitroanisole (26) 0.5 0.43 Trinitroxylene (35) 0.2611 TNT (35) 0.30** (35) 0. 24 If Tetryl (35) 0.25** (38) 0.20ft Guncotton 0.5 0. 25 to (38) 1.0 Picric acid 30ft (38) Trinitroresorcinol 1.0 0.20ft (38) 0.30ft 1.0 Trinitrocresol Trinitrobenzoic (38) 0.25ft 1.0 acid (38) 0.25ft 1.0 Trinitrobenzene (38) 0.30ft 1.0 TNT (38) 0.40ft 1.0 Trinitroxylene Mercury fulminate -f-O.Olg (22) 0.02 0.5 lead azide. . TNT Mercury fulminate +20% (35) 0. 1811 lead azide. . TNT (35) 0.061Ï (35) 0.06** Tetryl Mercury f ulmi(34) 0.4 0.3000 Tetryl nate-potas- Tetranitroaniline (34) 0.4 0.3125 sium chlo0.4 0.3750IÎ (34) Picric acid rate mixture, 0.250011 (34) 0.4 TNT 90:10 (34) 0.2750 0.4 Tetryl (34) 0.3125 0.4 Tetranitroaniline 0.3750§§ (34) 0.4 Picric acid 80:20 0.240011 (34) 0.4 TNT (38) Guncotton O Silver azide 0.05ft 0.025ft (38) 1 Picric acid (38) 0.08ft Trinitroresorcinol 1 (38) 1 0.05ft Trinitrocresol Trinitrobenzoic 0.10 to 1 acid (38) 0.20ft (38) 1 Trinitrobenzene 0.05ft Limiting Charges Necessary for Various Initiating Explosives. — (Continued] Limiting charge of exploAmount Explosive B sive A Initiating of exploagainst which required Lit. explosive A sive B, tested for deg tonation of B, g Silver azide. — (38) (Cont'd) TNT 1 0.05ft (38) Silver fulminate . Trinitroxylene 0.25ft 1 (26) 0.02 Tetryl 0.5 (26) 0.05 Picric acid 0.5 (26) 0.5 0.10 TNT (26) 0.23 Trinitroan isole 0.5 (26) 0.30 0.5 Trinitroxylene * The Rheinische- Westfälische Sprengstoff A. G. say that lead azide detonates satisfactorily with as much as 5 % of water, t The Rheinische- Westfälische Sprengstoff A. G. say that pure fulminate and its mixtures do not detonate satisfactorily when containing 1 % water. J 0.24 in reinforced detonator. § 0.25 in reinforced detonator. Il In reinforced detonator. «Ì1 At 200 atm. ** At 400 atm. ft Pressure 2000 kg/cm2. ÎÎ 0.2300 m reinforced detonator. § § 0.2200 in reinforced detonator. Detonation Det. vel., Name km/ sec, V Ammonium nitrate 1.46 1.31 1.47 1.23 1.25 1.49 1.50 1.53 1.55 2.70 1.92 1.83 Ammonium perchlorate . . . 2 . 57 2.47 2.48 Hexanitrodiphenylamine. . 7.10 7.15 Mannitol hexanitrate 8.26 Mercury fulminate 3.00 3.92 2.25 Nitroglycerin (in Mannesmanntube) Velocity A,* g/ cm3 D,f mm Notes Lit. 0.83 25 0.84 25 26 0.83 0.69 50 0.65 50 80 0.68 80 0.66 0.79 80 0.88 80 0.98 80 0.64 100 0.84 100 1 . 17 35 1.17 35 1.0 38 1.58 21 1 1.67 21/ 1.73 12.8 2.35 1.25 1,2 (20) 1, 2 (20) 1, 3 (20) 1, 4 (20) 1, 4 (20) 1, 4 (20) 1, 5 (20) 1, 4 (20) 1, 4 (20) 1, 6 (20) 1, 4 (20) 1, 15 (20) 1, 7 (2°) 1, 7 (20) 1, 8 (20) in fi 7 ^ } J ÌU ( ' J (20) Loose ( 3 O) 6.45 (4) Ordinary (23) temp. -19O0C (23) 8.00 7.46 1.60 1.53 Det. not transmitted 0.65l (31) 30 (19-5) liq. (5) 6 11,13 (?) in 12 9 I 13 (7) 1.25 liq. Detonation Velocity. — (Continued) Det. vol., A,* Name km/ g/ ' ' Notes sec, cm3 V Nitroglycerin. — (Cont'd) . . 1 AZ i 25 ° (0.8 g detonator.) 25 7°69J 8.53 2.02 38 38 13 Lit. (7) 14 V) 1, 13 ( 7 ) ( 7 );tf. (7.5) (Det. fuse as primer) . . . 7.23 Picric acid 8.18 7.25 4.55 6.16 6.70 7.00 7.10 7.26 4.51 5.10 6.33 6.94 7.10 7.37 7.14 7.49 In paper case 5.35 5.71 6.87 In Mannesmann tube. . . 4.63 5.21 7.15 Tetryl 7.16 7.20 7.25 6.27 Trinitrobenzene 6.30 6.94 7.00 7.00 (Using various detonators and various amounts of dynamite as primer) 7.06 7.35 7.28 7.35 7.07 7.00 3.97 3.81 5.16 Trinitrochlorobenzene . . . . 6.80 (Pressed) 6.86 (Pressed) 7.13 (Cast) 7.15 Trinitrocresol 6.62 6.85 7.25 Trinitrophenol Trinitroph enylmethylnitroamine 7.52 1.55 1.63 0.86 1.34 1.46 1.53 1.60 1.69 0.90 0.94 1.32 1.46 1.50 1.62 1.67 1.72 1.20 1.40 1.60 0.85 1.20 1.53 1.59 1.63 1.63 1.33 1.35 1.56 1.60 1.64 1.62 1.64 1.65 1.66 1.65 1.53 0.75 0.62 0.97 1.66 1.71 1.75 1.76 1.52 1.62 1.631.63 30 21 21 21 21 21 9.2 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 40 40 40 40 40 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 20 20 20 21 21 21 29 21 21 (3) (31) (14.5) (17) (17) (17) (17) (17) (8) (8) (8) (8) (8) (8) (8) (8) (U) (U) (U) (U) (U) (17, 18) (17, 18) (17, 18) (31) (17, 18) (17, 18) (17, 18) (17, 18) (17, 18) (8) (8) (8) (8) (8) (8) (8) (8) (8) (17) (17) (17) (17) (17) (17) (30) Detonation Velocity. — (Continued) Det. vel., A7* Name km/ g/ ' ' Notes sec, cm 3 V 4.05 5.24 6.38 6.87 4.74 5.40 In Mannesmann tube. . . . 6.29 6.77 Various conditions of con- [6.46 I 6.70 finement [6.69 6.22 6.68 6.88 7.06 7.14 6.94 6.60 Trinitrox viene * Bulk density in cartridge form. f Cartridge or tube diam., mm. JFree lying cartridge. Trinitrotoluene, paper covers 0.79 1.22 1.45 1.59 0.85 1.22 1.45 1.59 1.47 1.59 1.59 1.32 1.46 1.56 1.59 1.60 1.61 1.51 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 21 29 160 20 20 20 20 20 20 Lit. (U) (U) (U) (u) (") (U) (U) (U) (17) (17) (17) (8) (8) (8) (8) (8) (8) (30) NOTES 1. In wrought iron tube. 2. Primer 50 g pressed tetryl. 3. Primer 60 g pressed tetryl. 4. Primer 100 g pressed picric acid. 5. Primer 300 g pressed picric acid. 6. Primer 250 g pressed tetryl. 7. Primer 110 g pressed tetryl. 8. Primer 25 g pressed picric acid. 9. 10 g picric acid and 1 g detonator. 10. Tamped with sand. 11. Glass tube. 12. Larger tube attached. 13. 1.6 g detonator. 14. Sheet iron tube. 15. Primer 200 g pressed tetryl. COMPOUNDED EXPLOSIVES BLASTING EXPLOSIVES The following classification of blasting explosives will be found useful, though the classes are by no means mutually exclusive. A. Non-detonating explosives. B. Detonating or high explosives. A. Non-detonating explosives. Black powder is the principal type of this class. The German " Sprengsalpeter" is similar to black powder, with sodium nitrate in place of potassium nitrate. B. Detonating or high explosives. I. Nitroglycerin explosives, (a) Gelatinous explosives. (b) Dynamites. (1) With inactive additions. (2) With active additions. II. Ammonium nitrate explosives containing as sensitizer: (a) Nitroglycerin. (o) Aromatic nitro body. (c) Non-explosive substance. III. Perchlorate explosives. IV. Chlorate explosives. Nitroglycerin explosives are liable to freeze and their use in the frozen condition gives rise to danger. This danger may be removed by partially or wholly replacing the nitroglycerin by nitrated chlorohydrin, ethyleneglycol dinitrate, dinitroglycerin, nitrated polyglycerin or aromatic nitro compounds such as nitrobenzene, thus forming low freezing (L. F.) explosives. Some dynamites have a certain proportion of nitrocotton incorporated with the nitroglycerin to diminish the risk of exudation of the nitroglycerin during transport or storage. These may be called semi-gelatins. They resemble the dynamites rather than the gelatins in properties. A special class of blasting explosives is constituted by those officially authorized for use in coal mines, which are often referred to as "safety explosives." They are known as "permitted explosives" in Great Britain, "permissible explosives" in the United States, "Wettersprengstoffe" in Germany, ''Explosifs S. G. P., in Belgium, and " explosif s de sûreté" in France. They usually contain alkaline salts, or sometimes hydrated salts, to reduce the temperature of detonation, and the length and duration of flame. COMPOSITIONS OF VARIOUS TYPICAL COMPOUNDED EXPLOSIVES __ Blasting Explosives (See p. 495 for properties) / number Î 2 3 4 6 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Explosive ^ Black Powder: KNO3, 62-75.7%; S, 10-19.4%; charcoal, 12-5%. The properties can be modified to a considerable extent by varying the nature of the charcoal used, the time of mixing and the size of grain of the product. Bobbinite: KNO3, 65.31%; S, 2.63%; charcoal, 19.52%; paraffin, 3.35%; starch, 8.73%; H2O, 0.46%. Blasting Gelatin:* Nitroglycerin, 90-95%; nitrocotton, 5-10%. Nobel Gelatinous Explosives:* Nitroglycerin, 2585%; nitrocotton, 0.5-7%; liquid nitro body, 0.4-9%; woodmeal, 0.9-10%; K or Na nitrate, 6-45%; chalk, 0-0.3%. U. S. A. Gelatin Dynamites:* L. F. Nitroglycerin, 20-80%; nitrocotton, 0.3-4.5%; combustible substances, 6-16%; NaNO3, 1.5-6.2%; CaCO3, 1%. French "Gommes":* Nitroglycerin, 49-86%; nitrocotton, 2-6%; woodmeal, 0.25-10%; KNO3, 4-36%. Kieselguhr Dynamite :f Nitroglycerin, 72-75%; kieselguhr, 25-28%. Nobel Glasgow Dynamites (Semigelatinous) : Nitroglycerin, 24.4-57%; nitrocotton, 0.6-3.0%; NaNO3, 21-55.75%; woodmeal, 16.5-19.25%. U. S. A. Straight Dynamites: L. F. Nitroglycerin, 15-75%; NaNO3, 5-66%; combustible substances, 5-20%; CaCO3 or MgCO3, 1%. Pittsburgh Standard 40% Straight Dynamite: Nitroglycerin, 40%; NaNO3, 44%; wood pulp, 15%; CaCO3, 1%. Carbonites: Nitroglycerin, 17-30%; NaNO3, 2430%; combustible (usually flour), 37-44%. Antacids are sometimes added, and the explosive may be made of the low freezing type by the use of tetranitrodiglycerin. Carbonite Type of Explosive Tested by U. S. A. Bureau of Mines (Explosive D) : Nitroglycerin, 24.92%; KNO5, 25.37%; Ba(NOg) 2 , 4.42%; woodmeal, 34.60%; starch, 6.64%; H2O, 4.05%. U. S. A. Ammonia Dynamites: NH4NO3, 7-50%; NaNO3, 14-60%; nitroglycerin, 12-25%; combustible substances, 8-20%; CaCO3 or ZnO, 1%. * Camphor, soda or chalk have also been added in small proportions, and sometimes a little nitro body. t Sometimes soda, talc or heavy spar is added in small proportions. C OMPOSITIONS OF VARIOUS TYPICAL COMPOUNDED EXPLOSIVES. (Continued] / number 14A 14B 15 16A 16B 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 Explosive Grisoudynamite Couche: NH4NO3, 87.5% (or 82.5% + KNO3, 5%); nitroglycerin, 12%; nitrocotton, 0.5%. Grisoudynamite Roche: NH4NO3, 70% (or 65% -f KNOs, 5%); nitroglycerin, 29%; nitrocotton, 1%. Donarit: NH4NO3, 80%; nitroglycerin (gelatinized or not), 4%; TNT, 12%; rye flour, 4%. Grisounaphthalite Couche: NH4NO3, 95% (or 90% + KNO3, 5%); trinitronaphthalene, 5%. Grisounaphthalite Roche: NH4NO3, 91.5% (or 86.5% + KNO3, 5%); dinitronaphthalene, 12%. Withnell Type of Explosive Tested by U. S. A. Bureau of Mines (Explosive J) : NH4NO3, 90.5%; TNT, 4.82%; flour, 4.23%; H2O, 0.45%. Yonckites (Belgium): NH4ClO4, 6-25%; NH4NO3, 17.5-65%; NaNO3, 27-30%; Ba(NOs)2, 6-10%; TNT, 10-22.5% or TNN, 3.75%. Sabulex: NH4NO3, 59-56%; KClO4, 8-10%; TNT, 9-7%; NH4Cl, 26-24%. Perchloratites (Germany) : The perchloratites authorized for use in Prussia include explosives with contents of KClO4 ranging from 30-75%. Cheddites: KClO3, 70-90%; aromatic nitro com« pounds, 0-20%; paraffin, 0-14%. Cheddite Type Explosive Tested by U. S. A. Bureau of Mines (Explosive E) • KClO3, 75.36%; MNN, 1.3%; DNT, 17.85%; castor oil, 5.32%; H2O, 0.17%. Silesia Type Explosive Tested by U. S. A. Bureau of Mines (Explosive F) : KClO3, 75.27%; nitrated resin, 24.63%; H2O, 0.10%. Chloratites (Germany) : The chloratites authorized for use in Prussia include explosives with contents of KClO3 or NaClO3 ranging from 70-91%, along with aromatic nitro derivatives and combustible substances. Explosives For Use in Fiery Coal Mines POWER The power of British " permitted explosives " is measured by means of a ballistic pendulum test. A stemmed charge is fired electrically from a gun into a ballistic pendulum and the deflection is compared with that given by 4 oz. of 60% gelignite under the same conditions. The standard charge gives a swing of 3.27 in., and the actual deflections are reduced to correspond to this value. The values will be found in the "Explosives in Coal Mines Orders." The standard used in the United States is 40% straight dynamite. The unit deflective charge is that which gives the same deflection as 227 g (J^ Ib.) of the standard dynamite. In Belgium a modified form of the Trauzl lead-block test is used for comparing the powers of S. G. P. explosives. The weight of explosive equivalent to 100 g of dynamite No. 1 is given. The values are pubIished in the Annales des Mines de Belgique. CHARGE LIMIT For British "permitted" explosives the charge limits have in the past varied from 8 oz., to 40 oz., but are now fixed at the uniform figure of 28 oz. Results are published in the Explosives in Coal Mines Orders. A general limit of 1% lbs. is fixed for the maximum permissible charge of the U. S. A. "permissible explosives," and no explosive is placed on the list unless this maximum charge satisfies the gallery test. PROPERTIES OF VARIOUS TYPICAL COMPOUNDED EXPLOSIVES Blasting explosives (See p. 494 for compositions) Trauzl FallPropagahammer Detonation leadtion of Heat of block Loading velocity, Key test, detonaexplosion, density, meters numExplosive test, weight of tion by g-cal g/cm3 per ber expan- hammer influence, per g second sion in 2 kg; fall, cm cm3 cm 1.04-1.2 1 Black powder 622-789 300-420 30 30-40 H 2 O(I) (rate of burning) 2 1.25 Bobbinite* 623 H2O(I) 469 >100 Blasting gelatin 3 1530-1565 1500-2500 500-600 12-25 H2O (g) or 7200-8100 1.5-1.6 4 Nobel gelatinous explosives 270-540 2300-5000 1.55-1.7 and up to 5000-9000 5 U. S. A. gelatin dynamites 2100-2500 or 5000-7000 7 1100-1300 30 Kieselguhr dynamite 300-370 1990-9700 Max., 1.67 7 30%, 1025.8 30% 190 9 U. S. A. straight dynamite 5%, 1294 20% 1.18 60%, 1663.4 60% 318 60%, 5800-6000 10 Pittsburgh Standard 40% straight dyna1221.4 43.2 1.22 mite 278 10 4688 11 573-770 120-185 2285-3470 0.98-1.33 7.5-2.3 Carbonites (U. S. A.) 6-13 12 Carbonite type (Explosive D)* 570.7 10.2 156 2589 0.68 13 40%, 1122 40%, 202 13 U. S. A. ammonia dynamites 3010-4380 40%, 3157 40%, 1.57 14A Grisoudynamite couche 783 3.7 14B 8.2 978 Roche 870 Roche sâlpetrée 15 930-1220 375-400 30-160 3700-4150 Donarit 2.7 16A Grisounaphthalite couche 2460-3240 (according to diam. of cartridge) 816 Couche sâlpetrée 166 3.9 Roche 17 Withnell type (explosive J)* 1285.5 0.94 245 100 3971 7.6 21 1065-1185 210-280 Cheddites 2100-3100 13-1.6 14-36 (according to density) 212 22 Cheddite type (explosive E)* 1065.1 23 2771 1.28 7.6 2722 23 Silesia type (explosive F) * 865.5 201 1.04 3 Diameter of cartridge, mm 32 32 32 32 30 30 30 30 32 32 * Tested by U. S. A. Bureau of Mines. The charge limits for Belgian S. G. P. explosives vary from 400 g to 900 g. The values are published in the Annales des Mines de Belgique. The charge limits fixed in the Prussian official regulations for the use of " Wettersprengstoffe " are 700 or 800 g, separate limits being fixed for fiery and non-fiery mines. In the great majority of cases the limit is 800 g in each case. See " Das Sprengstoffwesen im preussischen Bergbau." DETONATION VELOCITY The detonation velocities of U. S. A. permissible explosives vary from 1792 meters per second for Red H.C. L.F. to 4651 for Gelobel. Values are not published by the authorities in Great Britain The detonation velocities of the permitted explosives made by Nobel Industries Limited range from 1900 to 5000 meters per second. Propulsive Explosives Propulsive explosives may be arranged under the following classes: 1. Black powder type. 2. Nitrocellulose powders. (a) Without additions. (b) With additions. 3. Nitroglycerin powders containing both nitrocellulose and nitroglycerin. (a) Without other additions. (6) With other additions. Examples are given showing the composition and properties of various compounded explosives. Black Powder, see Blasting Explosives. Amide Powder (Chilworth Special Powder) : NH4NO3, 35.38%; KNO3, 40-46%; charcoal, 14-22%. Ammonpulver: NH4NO3, 80-90%; charcoal, 10-20%. Nitrocellulose Powders American Pyrocollodion Powders: nitrocellulose 99.4% (mixture of di- and trinitrocellulose, average nitrogen content 12.60%), diphenylamine. Together with residual solvent and water 0.6%. French B Powder: CP2, 20-25% to 50-55% according to the liveliness of the powder, along with CPi. The solvent used is ether-alcohol. Amyl alcohol or diphenylamine may be used as .stabilizer. These are indicated by AM or D after the name. CPi is a nitrocotton with nitrogen content of about 13%. About 10% (<15%) is soluble in ether-alcohol. It gives off 205-214 cm3 of N2O4/g in nitrometer test. CP2 is a nitrocotton with nitrogen content of about 12%, almost completely soluble in ether-alcohol (>96%) and giving off 19O-198 cm3 of N2O4 per g in nitrometer. Walsrode Shotgun Powder: Nitrocellulose, 97%; chalk, 2%; ether, 1%. Nitrocellulose Powders with Additions Amberite:* Nitrocellulose (insoluble, 18.6%, soluble, 46%); mineral nitrates, 2.8%; vaseline, 6%; H2O, 1.4%. Clermonite: Nitrocellulose with mineral nitrates. E. C. Powder: Contains from 14% of mineral nitrates and vaseline, camphor, resin and woodmeal or some of them in addition to nitrocellulose. Empire Powder: Contains mineral nitrates, 9%, and vaseline in addition to nitrocellulose. Hasloch Jagdpulver: Contains Ba(NO 3 ) 2 , 17%, and vaseline in addition to nitrocellulose. J. Powder (French): Contains (NH 4 ) 2 Cr 2 O 7 , 14%, and K2Cr2O7, 3%, in addition to nitrocellulose. T. Powder (French): Contains 2% KNO3 in addition to nitrocellulose, CPi gelatinized with acetone. S. Powder:f CP1, 37%; CP2, 28%; Ba(NO3)2, 29%; KNO3, 6%. Rottweil Smokeless Powder (Shotgun) : Insoluble nitrocellulose, 72.3%; soluble nitrocellulose, 24.5%; camphor and diphenylamine, 1%; H2O, 1.5%; metallic nitrates, 0.7%. Rottweil Smokeless Powder (Rifle): Insoluble nitrocellulose, 72.8%; soluble nitrocellulose, 25.0%; camphor and diphenylamine, 1%;H 2 0, 1.2%. Nitroglycerin Powders Ballistite:t Guncotton, 50%; nitroglycerin, 49%; diphenylamine, 1%. Ballistite, Norwegian: Guncotton, 50%; nitroglycerin, 40%; nitronaphthalene, 5%; diamyl phthalate, 5%. Sporting Ballistite: Nitrocellulose, 60.5%; nitroglycerin, 39.5%. Cordite Mk. I: Guncotton, 37%; nitroglycerin, 58%; mineral jelly, 5%; H2O, 0.5%. Cordite M. D.: Guncotton, 65%; nitroglycerin, 30%; mineral jelly, 5%; H2O, 0.5%. Cordite R. D. B.: Nitrocotton (N = 12.2%), 52%; nitroglycerin, 42%; mineral jelly, 6%. * Fibrous 42 % grain bulk. t Partially gelatinized with ether-alcohol $ Gelatinized with acetone. Nitroglycerine Powders with Additions Köln-Rottweil TNT powder: Nitrocellulose, 61%; nitroglycerin, 20%; TNT, 15%; DNT, 3.5%; centralite, 0.5%. Allestite: Nitrocellulose, 60%; nitroglycerin, 25%; DNT, 15%. Austrian Flake Powder No. 1: Nitrocellulose, 36%; nitroglycerin, 36%; Ba(NO3)2, 18%; charcoal, 10%. Austrian Flake Powder No. 2 (Graphited): Nitrocellulose, 40%; nitroglycerin, 40%; Ba(N03)2, 20%. Wetteren Smokeless Powder:* Nitrocellulose, insoluble, 16%, soluble, 46.2%; nitroglycerin, 27.3%; charcoal, 9%; H2O, 1.5%. In the application of propulsive explosives the nature of the weapon, the velocity of the projectile, and the maximum permissible pressure in the barrel are usually fixed, and the powder is modified in composition or physical properties to give the ballistics demanded. The following table from an article by MacNab and Leighton (24) gives the heat of explosion and the volume and composition of the explosion gases for a number of sporting powders. Properties of Some Sporting Powders ( 24 ) 742 745 755 762 786 763 635 695 718 576 152 156 131 158 160 Total volume of gas at O0C and 760 mm, cm3 per g 915 791 816 876 736 807 845 896 1014 1031 1253 1286 600 725 705 669 726 647 591 126 146 169 206 215 235 234 726 871 874 875 941 882 825 PerHeat Water manent vapor of exgases plosion, per g, Per g, cm3 g-cal/g cm3 Powder Imperial Schultze. Amberite S.S E. C Schultze Kynoch'a smokeless Cannonite Shotgun Rifleite. . Walsrode Cordite M. D Cordite Sporting Ballistite. Composition of permanent gases, % CO2| CO 8.952.7 12.050.0 11.851.3 11.952.1 15.546.7 CH 4 | H I N 1.027.010.4 0 . 4 2 5 . 5 12.1 0.823.712.4 0.523.911.6 0.823.014.0 14.849.5 14.649.9 19.045.3 21.348.2 16.350.4 24.940.3 32.237.1 0.7 18.816.2 0.622.212.7 0.821.513.4 0.4 10.1 14.8 0.019.713.6 0.7 14.819.3 0.410.120.2 Standard Ballistics for Shotgun Powders A. TYPICAL AMERICAN STANDARD PROOF Lead crushers are used, the Eley 1913 tables being employed to calculate the pressures from the remaining length. The following are the average ballistics aimed at for various typical powders. They refer to matured powder containing \y%% moisture. Pressure at Velocity over 40 Charges yards = ¥20 yd. or 1 in. (2.54 cm) from base Fl8.3 M Smokeless Shotgun 3 drams powder = about 875 ft. /sec = 307.38 3.5 ton/in.2 = 5.30 g. 1| oz. = 31.89 g m /sec 551.2 kg/cm 2 shot. 2| in. flat base case. 3 i drams powder = about 925 ft./sec = 282 m/ 4f ton/in.2 = 6.20 g. Ii oz. = 35.44 g sec 748 kg/cm2 shot. 2f in. flat base case. E. C. and Schultze Powders 3 dram charge = 5.30 g. 870 ft./sec = 265.2 If oz. = 31.89 g shot. m /sec 2| in. flat base cases. 3i drams charge = 6.20 890 ft./sec = 271.3 4.1-4.5 ton/in.2 g. IJ oz. = 35.44 g shot. m/sec = 645.7-718.7 2 J in. flat base cases. kg/cm 2 * Gelatinized with rifle powders. TYPICAL BRITISH STANDARD PROOF Lead crushers are used, the Eley 1918 Tables being employed to calculate the pressures from the remaining length. Pressure: 2%-3 ton/in.2 = 393.7 - 472.5 kg/cm.2 Velocity over 20 yards = Fi0 yd. or F9.i5 m = 320-335 m/sec. Charges Which Give Standard Ballistics Length of Powder Shot Cali- cartridge charge, wt. charge, wt. Powder case ber in. I mm grains | g ounces) g 36 2.33 lì 35.44 Smokeless Dia- 12 2| 70 mond E. C. Empire 12 33 2.14 ITÏÏ 30.12 2} 65 in flat base cases, 3 16 31 2.01 1 28.35 2f 70 drams = 33 grains 16 28 1 . 81 I 24.81 2J 65 Schultze Amberite 12 46 2.98 li 35.44 2} 70 in flat base cases, 3 12 42 2.72 IrV 30.12 2J 65 drams = 42 grains 16 2J 70 40 2 . 59 lA 30.12 36 2.53 1 24.81 16 2J 65 Ballistite con- 12 2i 70 28 1.81 lì 35.44 densed powder in 12 25 1.62 !A 30.12 2J 65 cone base cases 2-f 70 16 23 1.49 1 28.35 21 1.36 J 24.81 16 2e 65 drams Black powder in 12 2| 70 3i 5.75 li 35.44 3 5.30 li 31.89 flat base cases, 3 12 2J 65 3 5.30 1 drams = 84 grains 16 2f 70 28.35 2f 4.87 2i 65 I 24.81 16 The bulk density of the 33 grain powders is 375-385 g per liter. The bulk density of the 42 grain powders is 475-485 g per liter. The bulk density of Sporting Ballistite is 700-710 g per liter. RIFLE POWDERS For rifle powders there are no fixed standard ballistics such as have been established for shotgun powders. As an example some data are given for the 7 mm Mauser rifle. 7 mm Mauser Rifle Powder Weight Muzzle of Pressure Powder velocity, charge, bullet, ft. /sec grains grains American MiliBest burning pressure, tary Rifle powder (a) . . . 48 2900 139 3515-3967 kg/cm2 2750 42.5 139 (6) 2109-3151 kg/cm2 44.0 2900 139 36.9 2300 175 (c) 40 2400 175 2320-2671 kg/cm2 44 2786 139 2950 45.5 139 5.0 84 950 703-1055 kg/cm 2 (d) 8.0 1150 120 Pressure aimed at: British Rifle Ne- 38 2300 17. 5 ton /in.2 173 onite 43 2800 19.5 ton /in.2 140 ORDNANCE POWDER Here also, as in the case of rifle powders, the ballistic values required are fixed in advance, and the powder is modified in composition, in size and shape of grain, or by coating to modify its rate of burning. Examples are given of ballistics for the 7.5 cm field gun. 7.5 cm Field Gun TÏ i I Powder , charge, kg& ~ Gun vrr • T. j. Weight of£ »A-i projectile, kg6 MUZZle , ^ veloc- Range, . km , m/sec U. S. A., 75 mm (Model 1923).... Switzerland France 6.8 665 6.35 250-485 7.25 (shrapnel) 550 7.98 (H. E. shell) Japan (Model 05).. 0.631 6.8 (shrapnel) 510 0.631 6.4 (H. E. shell) 13.5 8.6 11 5.8 8.35 LITERATURE (For a key to the periodicals see end of volume) C 1 ) Berthelot, Sur la force des matières explosives d'après la thermochimie. 3rd éd., Paris, 1883. (2) Bichel, 172 (OtH)1 2: 462; 03. (3) Bichel, New method of testing explosives. Philadelphia, Lippincott, 1904. ( 4 ) Bichel, Glückauf, 41: 1194; 05. (5) Blochmann, #40, 1: 80; 06. ( 6 ) Brunswig, Explosivstoffe. 2nd ed., Leipzig, Barth, 1923. ( 7 ) Comey, 172 (7th), SB: 28; 09. C 7 ' 5 ) Gomey and Holmes, 172 (8th), 25: 217; 12. ( 8 ) Dautriche, 31 ô, 16: 27; 11. (9) Escales and Stettbacher, Initialexplosivstoffe. Leipzig, Veit, 1917. 11 12 (i°) Flurscheim, 245, 8: 185; 13. C ) Förg, 245, 11: 17, 37; 16. C ) Förg, 245, 11: 351; 16. (13) Great Britain, Explosives in Mines Research Committee, Explosives for use in fiery and dusty mines. 1923. ( 14 ) Hall, Snelling and Howell, 29, No. 15: 11. ( 14 * 5 ) Bureau of Mines, Reports of Investigations, Serial No. 2243, p. 11. ( 15 ) Hall and Howell, 30, No. 66: 13. ( 16 ) Justrow, 245, 17: 85, 22. (i?) Kast, 245, 8: 65, 88, 133, 155, 172; 13. (i») Kast, 245, 10: 79; 15. O 9 ) Kast, 245, 15: 171, 181; 20. (19's) Kast, 245t 15: 195; 20. (20) Kast, 92, 36: 72; 23. ( 2 I) Kast and Haid, 92, 38: 43; 25. ( 22 ) Kibler, 1718 (StH), 25: 238; 12. ( 23 ) Kling and Florentin, 34, 156: 694; 13. ( 24 ) MacNab and Leighton, 54, 23: 298; 04. ( 2S ) Marshall, Explosives, their manufacture, tests, properties and history. 2nd ed., Philadelphia, Blakiston, 1917. ( 26 ) Martin, Über Azide und Fulminate. 1913. ( 27 ) Naoum and Aufschläger, 245, 19: 121; 24. ( 28 ) Naoum, Nitroglycerin und Nitroglycerinsprengstoffe (Dynamite). Berlin, Springer, 1924. ( 29 ) Nobel and Co., 245, 2: 281, 306; 07. ( 30 ) Robertson, 4, 119: 1; 21. (31) Robertson, Proc. Roy. Instn., 23: 358; 2l. ( 32 ) Stettbacher, Die Schiess- und Sprengstoffe. Leipzig, Barth, 1919. ( 33 > Stettbacher, 245,16: 139; 21. ( 34 ) Storm and Cope, 30, No. 125: 16. ( 3S ) Taylor and Cope, 30, No. 162: 17. ( 36 ) Will, 245, 1: 209; 06. ( 37 ) Will, 9, 12: 558; 06. ( 38 ) Wohler and Matter, 245, 2: 181, 203, 244, 265; 07. (The following references to the Jahresbericht der C entrai stelle für wissenschaftlich-technische Untersuchungen, Neubabelsberg-Berlin, include only volume, page and year. They could not be identified as to authors in the Editorial Office.) (39) 5; 124; 04. (*<>) 6: 112; 05. (41)5:73; 04. ( 4 2 ) 6: 60; 05. (*3) 6: 131; 05. (44) 6: 160; 05. (45) 7: 111, 175; 06. (46) 8: 102; 07. (47) 10: 113; 09, (48) U; 173; 10. (49) 13: 59; 12. (50) 13; no, 116; 12. LITERATURE REFERENCES LITERATURE REFERENCES RÉFÉRENCES BIBLIOGRAPHIQUES In all literature references cited in International Critical Tables the name of the journal or publication is indicated by means of a Key number corresponding to the list given below. The numbers which follow this key number in a literature citation are, in the order named: (1) the volume, (2) the page, and (3) the last two figures of the year. Thus 64V, 31: 253; 22, indicates Verslag koninklijke Akademie van Wetenschappen te Amsterdam, Vol. 31, page 253, 1922. Series numbers are not given. Key numbers referring to books and other non-serial publications are preceded by the letter B, and the volume number is given in roman numerals. Thus BlO, IV: 191; 18, indicates Doelter, Handbuch der Mineralchemie, page 191 of Vol. 4 of the 1918 edition. The key number O is used to indicate " private communication from." Le nom du journal ou de la publication de toutes les références bibliographiques citées dans les Tables Critiques Internationales est indiqué au moyen d'un nombre-clé correspondant à la liste donnée ci-dessous. Les nombres qui suivent ce nombre-clé dans un renvoi bibliographique indiquent dans l'ordre suivant: (1) le volume, (2) la page, et (3) les deux derniers chiffres de Tannée. Ainsi 64V1 31: 253; 22, indique Verslag koninklijke Akademie van Wetenschappen te Amsterdam, Vol. 31, page 253, 1922. Les numéros des séries ne sont pas donnés. Les nombres-clés se rapportant à des livres ou à des publications non périodiques sont précédés de la lettre B et le numéro du volume est donné en chiffres romains. Ainsi BlO1 IV: 191; 18, indique Doelter, Handbuch der Mineralchemie, page 191 du volume 4 de l'édition de 1918. Le nombre-clé O est employé pour indiquer " communication privée de." DAS LITERATURVERZEICHNIS INDICAZIONI BIBLIOGRAFICHE In allen Literaturstellen, die in I. C. T. verzeichnet sind, ist der Name der Zeitschrift oder der Publikation mit Hilfe einer Schlüsselnummer, entsprechend der unten folgenden Liste, angegeben. Die Zahlen, welche diesen Schlüsselnummern bei einem Literaturzitat folgen, bedeuten der Reihe nach: (1) der Band, (2) die Seite, und (3) die letzten zwei Zahlen des Jahrganges. So bedeutet z. B. 64V1 31: 253; 22, Verslag koninklijke Akademie van Wetenschappen te Amsterdam, Band 31, Seite 253, 1922. SerienNummern werden nicht angegeben. Der Schlüsselzahl wird ein B vorausgesetzt, wenn sie Bücher, oder eine andre nicht periodische Veröffentlichung bezeichnet. Die Bandnummer wird durch römische Ziffern angegeben. Es bedeutet z. B. also BlO1 IV: 191; 18, Doelter, Handbuch der Mineralchemie, Seite 191, des 4 Bandes, der Auflage des Jahres 1918. Die Schlüsselzahl O wird gebraucht, um anzuzeigen, dass es eine tlprivate Mitteilung" ist. In tutte le indicazioni bibliografiche che si incontrano nelle "Tabelle Critiche Internazionali" il nome del giornale o della pubblicazione è espresso con un numero chiave riportato nell'elenco dato più oltre. I numeri che, nella citazione, vengono dopo il numero chiave sono disposti con l'ordine seguente: (1) il volume, (2) la pagina, e (3) le ultime due cifre del millesimo. Così 64V1 31 : 253; 22, indica la Verslag koninklijke Akademie van Wetenschappen te Amsterdam, Voi. 31, pagina 253, 1922. I numeri di serie non vengono dati. Quando un numero chiave è preceduto dalla lettera B si riferisce a libri o ad altre pubblicazioni non periodiche, e il numero del volume viene allora scritto in cifre romane. Così BlO1 IV: 191; 18, indica Doelter, Handbuch der Mineralchemie, pagina 191 del IV0 volume dell'edizione 1918. Il numero chiave O indica "Comunicazione privata da . . ." 4<)8 KEY TO THE PERIODICALS Data regarding the libraries which receive many of these periodicals may be found through the following sources: United States and Canada: "Periodicals Abstracted by Chemical Abstracts, 1926" (Chemical Abstracts, Ohio State Univ., Columbus, Ohio); "Union List of Serials in the Libraries of the United States and Canada, 1927" (H. W. Wilson & Co., New York City); "A Catalogue of Scientific Periodicals in Canadian Libraries, 1924" (McGiIl Univ., Montreal, Canada). Great Britain: "A World List of Scientific Periodicals Published in the Years 1900-1921" (Oxford Univ. Press, London, 1925-1927). Holland: "Chemisch Jaarboekje tevens Jaarboekje der Nederlandsche Chemische Vereeniging, Vol. 3." (Amsterdam, D. B. Centen, 1920). 1. Journal of the American Chemical Society. 2. Physical Review. 3. London, Edinburgh and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science. 4. Journal of the Chemical Society, London. (Memoirs of the Chemical Society; continued as Quarterly Journal; later Journal.) 5. Proceedings of the Royal Society (London). A. Mathematical and Physical Sciences. 5B. Proceedings of the Royal Society (London). B. Biological Sciences. 6. Annales de chimie et de physique. (Divided into Nos. 14 and 16 in 1914). 7. Zeitschrift für physikalische Chemie, Stöchiometrie und Verwandtschaftslehre. 8. Annalen der Physik. [Journal der Physik, 1790-1794. Neues Journal der Physik, 1795-1796. Annalen der Physik, 1799-1819; Annalen der Physik und der physikalischen Chemie, 1819-1824 (Gilbert). Annalen der Physik und Chemie, 1824-1899 (Poggendorff, Wiedemann). Annalen der Physik, 1900(Drude, Wien and Planck).] 9. Zeitschrift für Elektrochemie und angewandte physikalische Chemie. 10. Tables annuelles internationales de constantes et données numériques. 11. American Chemical Journal. (Combined with No. 1 in 1914-) 12. American Journal of Science. (American Journal of Science and Arts, 1820-79; known also as Süliman's Journal of Science.) 13. Annalen der Chemie, Justus Liebig's. 14. Annales de chimie. 15. Annales des mines ou recueil de mémoires sur l'exploitation des mines et sur les sciences et les arts qui s'y rattachent. 16. Annales de physique. 17. Anzeiger der Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien. Mathematisch-naturwissenschaftliche Klasse. 18. Archives néerlandaises des sciences exactes et naturelles. Séries IIIA (Sciences exactes). 18B. Archives néerlandaises de physiologie de l'homme et des animaux. (Séries IUC of No. 18.) 19. Arkiv for Kemi, Mineralogi och Geologi. 20. Arkiv for Matematik, Astronomi och Fysik. 21. Astrophysical Journal. 22. Atti della reale accademia nazionale dei Lincei. (Rendiconti classe di scienze fisiche, matematiche e naturali.) 23. Atti della reale accademia delle scienze di Torino. 24. Atti del reale istituto Veneto di scienze, lettere ed arti. 25. Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft. 26. Berichte der deutschen physikalischen Gesellschaft. See also No. 96. 27. Bulletin de la société chimique de France. (Before 1908 was Bulletin de la société chimique de Paris.) 28. Bulletin de la société chimique de Belgique. (Before 1904 was Bulletin de l'association belge des chimistes.) 29. Bureau of Mines, Bulletins. 30. Bureau of Mines, Technical Papers. 31. Bureau of Standards, Scientific Papers. (Continued as No. 546.) 3IA. Bureau of Standards, Bulletin. (Continued as No. 546.) 32. Bureau of Standards, Technologic Papers. (Continued as No. 546.) 33. Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering. (Name changed JuIy7 1918, from Metallurgical and Chemical Engineering.) 34. Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des séances de l'académie des sciences, de l'institut de France. 35. Elektrochemische Zeitschrift. 36. Gazzetta chimica italiana. 37. Helvetica Chimica Acta. 38. Journal of the American Ceramic Society. 38B. Bulletin of the American Ceramic Society. 39. Journal of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers. 40. Journal of the American Institute of Metals. (See No. 329.) 41. Journal of the Chemical Society of Japan (Nippon Kwagaku Kwai Shi). (Name changed in Jan., 192I1 from Journal of the Tokyo Chemical Society.) 41B. Bulletin of the Chemical Society of Japan. 42. Journal de chimie physique. 43. Journal of the Faculty of Engineering, Tokyo Imperial University. 44. Journal of the Faculty of Science, Tokyo Imperial University. 45. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry. (Name changed Jan., 192Sy from Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry.) 46. Journal of the Institution of Electrical Engineers (London). 47. Journal of the Institute of Metals (London). 48. Journal of the Optical Society of America and Review of Scientific Instruments. 49. Journal de pharmacie et de chimie. 50. Journal of Physical Chemistry. 51. Journal de physique et le radium. (Formed from Le radium and Journal de physique, théorique et appliquée.) 52. Journal für praktische Chemie. 53. Journal of the Russian Physico-Chemical Society. (Chemical part.) 54. Journal of the Society of Chemical Industry. 55. Kolloid-Zeitschrift. (Formerly Zeitschrift für Chemie und Industrie der Kolloide.) 56. Mechanical Engineering. (Formerly Journal of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers.) 57. Monatshefte für Chemie und verwandte Teile anderer Wissenschaften. 58. Nature (London). 59. Nuovo Cimento. 60. Översigt af Finska Vetenskaps-Societetens, Förhandlingar. (Discontinued with Vol. 64, 1921-22.) 61. Översigt over det Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskabs, Forhandlinger. 62. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Physical and Mathematical. 62B. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological. 63. Physikalische Zeitschrift, vereinigt mit dem Jahrbuch der Radioaktivität und Elektronik. 64P. Proceedings of the Royal Academy of Sciences of Amsterdam. 64V. Verslag koninklijke Akademie van Wetenschappen te Amsterdam. 65. Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. 66. Proceedings of the American Society for Testing Materials. 67. Proceedings of the Physical Society of London. 68. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. 69. Proceedings and Transactions of the Royal Society of Canada. 70. Recueil des travaux chimiques des Pays-Bas. 71. Rendiconti dell'accademia delle scienze fisiche e matematiche. (Classe della società reale di Napoli.) 72. Rendiconti reale istituto Lombardo di scienze e lettere. 73. Rendiconti della società chimica italiana. 74. Revue de métallurgie. 74E. Revue de metallurgie, Extraits. 75. Sitzungsberichte Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien, mathematisch-naturwissenschaftliche Klasse. 76. Sitzungsberichte der preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften. 77. Stahl und Eisen. 78. Transactions of the American Electrochemical Society. 79. Transactions of the American Institute of Chemical Engineers. 80. Transactions of the American Institute of Mining and Metallurgical Engineers. 81. Transactions of the American Ceramic Society. (Continued in 1917 by No. 38.) 82. Transactions of the Ceramic Society (England). 83. Transactions of the Faraday Society. 84. Transactions of the Illuminating Engineering Society (New York). 85. Transactions of the Optical Society (London). 86. University of Illinois, Engineering Experiment Station, Bulletin. 87. Verhandelingen der koninklijke Akademie van Wetenschappen te Amsterdam. 88. Verhandlungen der physikalischen Gesellschaft zu Berlin. (See also No. 96.) 89. Wissenschaftliche Abhandlungen der physikalisch-technischen Reichsanstalt. 90. Wissenschaftliche Abhandlungen der Kaiserlichen NormalEichungs-Kommission. (Now Reichsanstalt für Mass und Gewicht.) 91. Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie. 92. Zeitschrift für angewandte Chemie. 93. Zeitschrift für anorganische und allgemeine Chemie. (Name changed in 1915 from Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie.) 94. Zeitschrift für Krystallographie. (Name changed in 1921 from Zeitschrift für Krystallographie und Mineralogie.) 95. Zeitschrift für Metallkunde. (Formerly Internationale Zeitschrift für Metallographie.) 96. Zeitschrift für Physik. (Verhandlungen der physikalischen Gesellschaft zu Berlin, 1882-1898; Verhandlungen der deutschen physikalischen Gesellschaft, 1899-1902; Berichte der deutschen physikalischen Gesellschaft, 1903-1919; Zeitschrift für Physik, 1920.) 97. Zeitschrift für technische Physik. 98. Zeitschrift des Vereines deutscher Ingenieure. 99. Zeitschrift für wissenschaftliche Photographie, Photophysik und Photochemie. 100. Sprechsaal, Zeitschrift für die keramischen, Glas- und verwandten Industrien. 101. Elektrotechnische Zeitschrift. 102. Céramique. 103. Keramische Rundschau. 104. Berichte der deutschen keramischen Gesellschaft. 105. Journal of the Society of Glass Technology. 106. Revue générale de l'électricité. 107. Electrical World. 108. Electrical Review (London). 109. National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics, Annual Reports. 110. New Jersey Ceramist. 111. New Zealand Journal of Science and Technology 112. Dinglers polytechnisches Journal. 113. Berichte der technisch-wissenschaftliche Abteilung deg Vereins keramische Gewerbe im Deutschland. 114. Electric Journal. 115. Engineering. 116. Sibley Journal of Engineering. 117. Scientific Proceedings of the Royal Dublin Society. 118. Annales de l'institut polytechnique du Don, Novocerkask. 119. Proceedings of the American Institution of Electrical Engineers. (Discontinued in 1919.) 120. General Electric Review. 121. Electrician. 122. Journal of the American Society of Mechanical Engineere. (See No. 56.) 123. British Clayworker. 124. Silikat-Zeitschrift. 125. Archiv für Elektrotechnik. (Supplement to No. 101.) 126. Bulletin de la société française des électriciens. 127. Elettrotecnica. 128. Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences. 129. Transactions of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers. 130. Technische Studien. 131. American Journal of Physiology. 132. Anales de la sociedad espanola de fisica y quîmica. 133. British Association for the Advancement of Science, Reports. 134. Bulletin de l'académie des sciences de l'union des républiques soviétiques socialistes. (Formerly Bulletin de l'académie impérial des sciences de St. Pétersbourg; name changed in 1917 to Bulletin de l'académie des sciences de Russie; présent name dates from 1925.) 135. Chemical News and Journal of Industrial Science. (Name changed in 1921 from Chemical News and Journal of Physical Science.) 136. Chemiker-Zeitung. 137. Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskab. Mathematiskfysiske Meddelelser. 138. Societas scientiarum fennica. Commentationes physicomathematicae. 139. Ferrum. 140. Journal of the Iron and Steel Institute, London. 141. Journal of Biological Chemistry. 142. Journal of the Society of Chemical Industry, Japan. (Formerly Journal of Chemical Industry, Japan.) 143. Journal of The Franklin Institute. 144. Mathematikai ès Termeszettudomänyi Ertesitö, Budapest. 145. Zeitschrift für Biologie. 146. Zement und Beton. 147. Meddelanden frân K. Vetenskapsakademiens Nobelinstitut. 148. Zeitschrift für die gesamte Kälte-Industrie. 149. Archives des sciences physiques et naturelles. (Bibliothèque britannique, 1796-1815; Bibliothèque universelle des sciences, belles-lettres et arts, 1816-1835; Bibliothèque universelle de Genève 1836-1845; Supplément à la bibliothèque universelle de Genève. Archives des sciences physiques et naturelles, 1846-1847; Bibliothèque universelle de Genève. Archives des sciences physiques et naturelles, 1848-1857; Bibliothèque universelle, revue suisse et étrangère. Archives des sciences physiques et naturelles, 1858-1861; Bibliothèque universelle et revue suisse. Archives des sciences physiques et naturelles, 1862-1867; Bibliothèque universelle. Archives des sciences physiques et naturelles, 1878.) 150. Mitteilungen über Forschungsarbeiten auf dem Gebiete des Ingenieurwesens insbesondere aus dem Laboratorium der technischer Hochschulen. Verein deutscher Ingenieure. 151. Mémoires de Facadémie royale des sciences de l'institut de France. 152. Carnegie Institution of Washington, Publications. 153. Minutes of Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers. 154. Iowa Geological Survey, Bulletin. 155. Missouri Bureau of Geology and Mines. 156. U. S. Geological Survey, Bulletin. 157. U. S. Department of Agriculture, Bulletin. 158. New York State Museum, Bulletin. 159. Science Reports of the Tôhoku Imperial University. Series I, Mathematics, Physics and Chemistry. 159B. Science Reports of the Tôhoku Imperial University. Series III, Petrology, Mineralogy and Mineral Deposits. 160. Arkansas Geological Survey, Annual Reports. 161. Mitteilungen aus dem königlichen technischen Versuchsanstalten zu Berlin. (See also No. 312.) 162. Mitteilungen aus dem Mechanisch-technischen Laboratorium der technischen Hochschule in München. 163. Minnesota Geological and Natural History Survey. 164. Colorado, Biennial Report Capitol Managers. 165. Bulletin internationale de l'académie des sciences de Cracovie. (Name changed to Bulletin internationale de l'académie Polonaise des sciences et des lettres.) 166. Science. 167. Jahresbericht über die Fortschritte der Chemie und verwandte Theile anderer Wissenschaften. 168. Communications from the Physical Laboratory at the University of Leiden. 169. Annales de l'Institut Polytechnique Pierre-le-Grand, Petrograd. 170. Memorie della reale accademia nazionale dei Lincei, Roma. 171. Sitzungsberichte der Heidelberger Akademie der Wissenschaften. Mathematisch-naturwissenschaftliche Klasse. Abteilung A. 172. International Congress of Applied Chemistry. 173. Analyst, London. 174. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. 175. Annales academiae scientiarum fennicae. 176. Chemisch Weekblad, Amsterdam. 177. Annales scientifiques de l'université de Jassy. 178. Archivio di fisiologia (Florence). 179. Nachrichten (Iswesti) des Polytechnikums, Petrograd. 180. Anzeiger der Akademie der Wissenschaften, Krakau. 181. Travaux de la société de physique et de chimie de Kharkoff. 182. Proceedings of the Chemical Society, London. 183. Annales de l'Institut électrotechnique Alexander III, Petrograd. 184. American Journal of Pharmacy. 185. Chemisches Zentralblatt. 186. Bulletin de la classe des sciences, académie royale de Belgique. 187. Metall und Erz, Zeitschrift für Metallhüttenwesen und Erzbergbau, einschl. Aufbereitung. 188. Nachrichten von der königlichen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen. Geschäftliche Mitteilungen; mathematisch-physikalische Klasse. 189. Centralblatt für Mineralogie, Geologie und Paläontologie. 190. Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie, Geologie und Paläontologie. 19OB. Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie, Geologie und Paläontologie, Beilage Band. 191. Bulletin de la société française de minéralogie. 192. Metallurgie. (Divided into Nos. 139 and 187.) 193. Mitteilungen der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft zu Halle. 194. Journal of the Science Association, Maharajah's College. 195. Sitzungsberichte der Dorpater Naturforscher-Gesellschaft an der Universität. 196. Sammlung chemischer und chemisch-technischer Vorträge. 197. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 198. Revue générale des sciences pures et appliquées. 199. Le Radium. (Merged into No. 51 in 1920.) 200. Jahrbuch der Radioaktivität und Elektronik. (Combined with No. 63 in 1924.) 201. Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society. 202. Zeitschrift für physiologische Chemie. 203. Archiv für Anatomie und Physiologie. Physiologische Abteilung. (Merged with No. 278.) 204. Photographic Journal. 205. Biochemische Zeitschrift. 206. Comptes rendus des séances de la société de biologie. 207. Geologiska Föreningen i Stockholm, Förhandlingar. 208. Physica, Nederlandsch Tijdschrift voor Natuurkunde. 209. Japanese Journal of Chemistry. 210. Scientific Papers, Institute of Physical-Chemical Research. Tokyo. 211. Abhandlungen der sächsischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Leipzig. Mathematisch-physischen Klasse. 212. Transactions of the American Society for Steel Treating. 213. Sitzungsberichte der bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu München. Mathematisch-physikalischen Klasse. 214. Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskab, SkrifEer naturvidenskabelig og mathematisk Afdeling. 215. Lunds Universitets Ârsskrift. 216. Giornale di chimica industriale ed applicata. (Annali di chimica applicata, 1914; continued as Giornale di chimica applicata; combined with Giornale di chimica industriale, March, 192O1 to form Giornale di chimica industriale ed applicata.) 217. U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey, Special Publications. 218. Naturwissenschaften. 219. Proceedings of the Physico-Mathematical Society of Japan. 220. Jern-Kontorets Annaler, Stockholm. 221. Berichte der sächsischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Leipzig. Mathematisch-physische Klasse. 222. Giornale di mineralogia, cristallografia e petrografia. 223. Journal of General Physiology. 224. Kosmos, Stockholm. 225. Kosmos. (Polskie towarzystwo przyrodników imienia Kopernika.) Lemberg. 226. Mitteilungen aus dem Kaiser-Wilhelm-Institut für Eisenforschung zu Düsseldorf. 227. Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine. 228. Denkschriften der kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Wien. Mathematisch-naturwissenschaftliche Klasse. 229. Journal of Bacteriology. 230. Biochemical Journal. 231. U. S. Public Health Service, Public Health Reports. 232. Soil Science. 233. Pharmaceutisch Weekblad. 234. Journal of the South African Chemical Institute. (Name changed in 1922 from Journal of the South African Association of Analytical Chemists.) 235. Comptes-rendus des travaux du laboratoire Carlsberg. 236. Ergebnisse der Physiologie. 237. Fortschritte der Chemie, Physik und physikalischen Chemie. 238. Travaux et mémoires du bureau international des poids et mesures. 239. Nouveaux mémoires de l'académie royale des sciences, des lettres et des beaux-arts de Belgique, Brussels. 240. Bibliothèque universelle des sciences, belles-lettres et arts. (Continued as No. 149.) 241. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society. 242. Vierteljahrsschrift der naturforschenden Gesellschaft, Zürich. 243. Zeitschrift für Instrumentenkunde. 244. Journal of the Society of Automotive Engineers. 245. Zeitschrift für das gesamte Schiess- und Sprengstoffwesen. 246. Ice and Refrigeration. 247. Chemist-Analyst. 248. Proceedings of the University of Durham Philosophical Society. 249. Fortschritte auf dem Gebiete der Röntgenstrahlen. 250. Bulletin de seances de la société française de physique (18731910). (From 1873-1901 as its Séances; continued as No. 51.) 251. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria, Melbourne. 252. Chemische Umschau auf dem Gebiete der Fette, OeIe, Wachse und Harze. (Before 1916 Chemische Revue über die Fett- und Harz-Industrie.) 253. Lubrication. 254. Zeitschrift für Beleuchtungswesen, Heizungs- und Lüftungstechnik. 255. Bulletin of the American Institute of Mining and Metallurgical Engineers. (Continued as No. 329.) 256. Comptes rendus de la société scientifique, Warsaw. 257. Bulletin of the Imperial Institute, London. (Before 19OS1 Imperial Institute Journal.) 258. Le cuir. Edition technique. (Name changed Nov., 1923 to Le cuir technique.) 259. Collegium. 260. Indian Forest Records. 261. Journal of the American Leather Chemists' Association. 262. Journal of the International Society of Leather Trades' Chemists. (Before Oct., 192oi Journal of the Society of Leather Trades' Chemists.) 263. Leather Trades' Review. 264. Ledertechnische Rundschau. (Technical supplement of Der Lederindustrie.) 265. Queensland Agricultural Journal. 266. Indianapolis Medical Journal. 267. Philippine Journal of Science. 268. Terrestrial Magnetism. 269. Mineralogical Magazine and Journal of the Mineralogical Society. 270. Berichte der naturforschenden Gesellschaft zu Freiburg, im Breisgau. 271. Revue scientifique. 272. Transactions of the Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, Arts and Letters. 273. Berichte der deutschen pharmazeutischen Gesellschaft. (See also No. 293.) 274. Pharmazeutische Zentralhalle für Deutschland. 275. International Sugar Journal. 276. Chemical Age, London. 277. Archiv für experimentelle Pathologie und Pharmakologie. 278. Archiv für die gesamte Physiologie des Menschen und der Tiere. (Pflüger.) 279. Zeitschrift für Untersuchung der Lebensmittel. (Formerly Zeitschrift für Untersuchung der Nahrungs- und Genussmittel sowie der Gebrauchsgegenstande.) 280. Umschau. 281. Zeitschrift für Psychologie und Physiologie der Sinnesorgane. 282. Wochenschrift für Brauerei. 283. Journal de psychologie normal et pathologique. 284. Journal of the American Pharmaceutical Association. 285. Journal of Mathematics and Physics (Massachusetts Institute of Technology). 286. Chemical Reviews. 287. Kolloidchemische Beihefte. 288. Revue générale des colloides et de leurs applications industrielles. 289. Journal of Physiology. 290. Journal of the Society of Dyers and Colourists. 291. Arbeiten aus dein Reichsgesundheitsamte. 292. Proceedings and Transactions of the Nova Scotian Institute of Science. 293. Archiv der Pharmazie. (Combined with No. 273 in 1924 to form Archiv der Pharmazie und Berichte der deiitschen pharmazeutischen Gesellschaft.) 294. Mémoires de l'académie de Belgique. 295. Proceedings of the American Wood-Preservers' Association. 296. Kunststoffe, Zeitschrift für Erzeugung und Verwendung veredelter oder chemisch hergestellter Stoffe. 297. National Advisory Committee on Aeronautics. Technical Reports. 298. National Advisory Committee on Aeronautics. Technical Notes. 299. British Aeronautical Research Committee. Reports and Memoranda. 300. British Advisory Committee on Aeronautics. Reports and Memoirs. 301. Jahrbuch der Motorluftschiff-Studiengesellschaft. 302. Smithsonian Institution Publications. Miscellaneous Collection. 303. Bulletin de l'institut aérodynamique de Koutchino, Petrograd. 304. Aerodynamische Versuchsanstalt zu Göttingen. Ergebnisse. 305. Transactions of the American Society of Civil Engineers. 306. Journal of the American Society of Naval Engineers. 307. Iron and Coal Trades Review. 308. Fortschritte der Mineralogie, Kristallographie und Pétrographie. 309. Bulletin of the Lewis Institute, Structural Materials Research Laboratory, Chicago. 310. Transactions of the National Lime Manufacturers' Association. 311. France-Belgique. (Revue de l'ingénieur et index technique merged with this in 1922.) 312. Mitteilungen aus dem Materialprüfungsamt und dem KaiserWilhelm-Institut für Metallforschung zu Berlin-Dahlem. (Mitteilungen aus dem königlichen technischen Versuchsanstalten zu Berlin, 1883-1903; in 1904 became Mitteilungen aus dem königlichen Materialprüfungsamt zu Gross-Lichter- 313. 314. 315. 316. 317. 318. 319. 320. 321. 322. 323. 324. 325. 326. 327. 328. 329. 330. 331. 332. 333. 334. 335. 336. 337. 338. 339. 340. 341. 342. 343. 344. 345. 346. 347. 348. 349. 350. 351. 352. felde West; later becoming Mitteilungen aus dem königlichen Materialprüfungsamt zu Berlin-Lichterfelde West; name changed in 1919 to Mitteilungen aus dem Materialprüfungsamt zu Berlin-Lichterfelde West; name changed in 1920 to Mitteilungen aus dem Materialprüfungsamt zu BerlinDahlem; present name dates from 1923.) U. S. Bureau of Mines, Reports of Investigations. Tonindustrie-Zeitung. Mémorial des poudres. (Formerly Mémorial des poudres et salpêtres.) Journal and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New South Wales. Chemische Industrie. (Combined with No. 92 in 1921; separated again in 1923.) Journal of the Indian Institute of Science. Die deutsche pharmazeutische Zeitung. Journal of Analytical and Applied Chemistry. (Merged into No. 1 in 1893.) Transactions of the Royal Dublin Society. Schriften der Dorpater Naturforscher-Gesellschaft an der Universität. Jahrbuch der königlichen kaiserlichen geologischen Reichsanstalt. Canadian Chemistry and Metallurgy. Proceedings of the Royal Institution of Great Britain. Astronomical Journal. Annales de la société scientifique de Bruxelles. American Mineralogist. Mining and Metallurgy. (Transactions of the American Brass Founders' Association, 1908-11; Transactions of the American Institute of Metals, 1912-16; Journal of the American Institute of Metals, 1917-18; discontinued in 1918 and incorporated with Bulletin of the American Institute of Mining Engineers; with issue No. ÌJt8ì 1919, this Bulletin became Bulletin of the American Institute of Mining and Metallurgical Engineers; with issue No. 154, 1919, name changed again to Mining and Metallurgy.) Psychological Monographs. Archives of Psychology. Philosophische Studien. Psychological Review. Journal of Experimental Psychology. American Journal of Psychology. Bulletin of the Geological Society of America. Bulletin of the National Research Council. Researches of the Electro-Technical Laboratory (Tokyo). American Journal of Mathematics. Philippine Agriculturist. Journal of Agricultural Research. Annales de chimie analytique et de chimie appliquée et revue de chimie analytique réunies. Zeitschrift für öffentliche Chemie. (Suspended at end of 1922.) Apotheker Zeitung. Bulletin des sciences pharmacologiques. Malayan Agricultural Journal. (Formerly Bulletin of the Department of Agriculture, Federated Malay States.) Pharmaceutical Journal and Pharmacist. Cotton Oil Press. Seifensieder-Zeitung und Rundschau über die Harz-, Fettund Ölindustrie mit dem Beiblatt: Der chemisch-technische Fabrikant. Les matières grasses. Journal of State Medicine, London. Milchwirtschaftliche Zentralblatt. (Name changed in 1912 from Milch-Zeitung.) 353. Academia caesarea leopoldino carolina germanica naturae curiosorum. 354. National Physical Laboratory, Collected Researches and Reports, London. 355. The Engineer, London. 356. Journal of the Royal Society of Arts. 357. Anales de la asociación quìmica Argentina. (Name changed Jan., 1921, from Anales de la sociedad quìmica Argentina.) 358. Journal of the Institution of Petroleum Technologists and Record of Transactions. 359. Petroleum Age. (Petroleum; name changed to Petroleum Magazine, and then back to Petroleum; in Sept., 1921, combined with Petroleum Age to form Petroleum Age including Petroleum; name changed back to Petroleum Age, Dec., 1925.) 360. National Petroleum News. 361. Petroleum, Zeitschrift für die gesamten Interessen der Mineralöl-Industrie und des Mineralöl-Handels. (Formerly Petroleum, Zeitschrift für die gesamten Interessen der Petroleum-Industrie und des Petroleum-Handels.) 362. Chemické Listy pro vëdu a Prumysl. 363. Petroleum Review. (Replaced by No. 364.) 364. Petroleum Times. (See No. 363.) 365. Bureau of Standards, Circulars. 366. Feuerungstechnik. 367. Oesterreichische Chemiker-Zeitung. 368. Proceedings of the Institution of Automobile Engineers, London. 369. Gornyï zhurnal. 370. Memoirs of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, Boston. 371. University Geological Survey of Kansas, Reports. 372. Verein zur Beförderung des Gewerbefleisses, Verhandlungen. 373. Chemisch-technisches Repertorium. (Supplement to No. 136.) 374. Oil and Colourman's Journal. 375. Polytechnisches Centralblatt. 376. Automotive Industries. 377. Bulletin de Ia section scientifique de l'académie Roumaine. 378. Chimie et industrie. 379. Journal of the Japanese Ceramic Society. 380. Gesundheits-ingenieur. 381. Automobile Engineer and Internal Combustion Engineering. (Automobile Engineer, London, 1910 to Oct., 1912; Internal Combustion Engineering, Oct., 1912, to Jan., 1914; present name since Jan., 1914.) 382. Refrigerating Engineering. (Transactions of the American Society of Refrigerating Engineers, 1905-13; American Society of Refrigerating Engineers Journal; present name dates from July, 1922.) 383. Revue générale du froid et des industries frigorifiques. 384. Le génie civil, Paris. 385. Journal of the American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers. 386. Canada Department of Mines. 387. Mineral Industry. 388. Öfversigt af kongl. Svenska Vetenskaps-Akademien, Förhandlingar. 389. South African Journal of Industries. (United with the Official Labour Gazette of the Union of South Africa in 1925 to form the South African Journal of Industries and Labour Gazette.) 390. Indian Forest Bulletin. 391. Indian Forester. 392. Indian Forest Pamphlet. 393. American Society for Testing Materials, Standards. 394. Fuel in Science and Practice. 395. Engineering and Mining Journal-Press. (Formed in April, 1922 by the combining of Engineering and Mining Journal with Mining and Scientific Press; name changed July, 1926 y to Engineering and Mining Journal.) 396. Gas Journal. (Formerly Journal of Gas Lighting and Water Supply.) 397. Gas- und Wasserfach. (Name changed Jan., 1922, from Journal für Gasbeleuchtung und verwandte Beleuchtungsarten sowie für Wasserversorgung.) 398. Memoirs and Proceedings of the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society. 399. Colliery Guardian and Journal of the Coal and Iron Trades. 400. Beama. 401. Revue de l'industrie minérale. (Bulletin de la société de Findustrie minérale; name changed Jan., 192I1 to Revue de la société de l'industrie minérale; name changed to Revue de l'industrie minérale.) 402. Technique moderne. 403. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers. 404. Engineering News-Record. (Formed by the combining of Engineering News with Engineering Record.) 405. Glückauf, Berg- und Hüttenmännische Zeitschrift. 406. Monthly Weather Review. 407. Jornal de Sciencias Mathematicas, Physicas e Naturales, Lisbon. 408. Journal de mathématiques pures et appliquées (Paris). (Continues Annales de mathématiques pures et appliquées; present name dates from 1836.) 409. Bayerisches Industrie- und Gewerbe-Blatt. (Kunst- und Gewerbe-Blatt, 1815-68; present name dates from 1869.) 410. Edinburgh Philosophical Journal, 1819-26; Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal, 1826-64; Quarterly Journal of Science, 1864-70; Quarterly Journal of Science and Annals of Mining, Metallurgy, Engineering, Industrial Arts, Manufactures and Technology, 1871-79; Monthly Journal of Science and Annals of Astronomy, Biology, Geology, Industrial Arts, Manufactures and Technology, 1879-85. 411. Proceedings of the North East Coast Institute of Engineers and Shipbuilders. 412. Horseless Age. (Merged into Motor Age in 1918.) 413. Journal of the Royal Aeronautical Society. (Annual Report of the Royal Aeronautical Society, 1866-96; superseded by Aeronautical Journal; later Journal of the Royal Aeronautical Society.) 414. Mitteilungen über Forschungsarbeiten auf den Gebiete des Ingenieurwesens hrsg. vom Vereine deutscher Ingenieure. 415. Journal of the Textile Institute. 416. Brennstoff-Chemie. 417. Iron and Steel Institute, Carnegie Scholarship Memoirs. 418. Pottery Gazette and Glass Trade Review. 419. Ohio Journal of Science. (Name changed Nov., 1915, from Ohio Naturalist.) 420. Bulletin de la société d'encouragement pour l'industrie nationale. 421. Journal of West Scotland Iron and Steel Institute. 422. American Machinist. 423. Transactions of the American Foundrymen's Association. (Journal of the American Foundrymen's Association, 18961904.) 424. Oesterreichische Zeitschrift für Berg- und Hüttenwesen. (Merged into Montanistische Rundschau.) 425. Deutsche Mechaniker-Zeitung. (Beiblatt zur Zeitschrift für Instrumentenkunde. ) 426. Acta societàtis seientiarum fennicae. (1839-1842, Commentationes societatis fennicae.) 427. Physikalische Berichte. (Beiblätter zu den Annalen der Physik und Chemie; Beiblätter united with Fortschritte der Physik and Halbmonatliches Literaturverzeichnis to form Physikalische Berichte.) 428. Repertorium für Experimental-Physik für physikalische Technik für mathematische und astronomische Instrumentenkunde. (Before 1867 was Repertorium für physikalische Technik für mathematische und astronomische Instrumentenkunde; also known as Carl's Repertorium.) 429. Memoirs of the College of Science, Kyoto Imperial University. (Before 1914 was part of Memoirs of the College of Science and Engineering, Kyoto Imperial University.) 430. Iron Age. 431. Revue de la société russe de métallurgie. 432. Transactions of the Institution of Mining and Metallurgy (London). 433. Annual Report of the Royal Mint, London. 434. Scientific Transactions of the Royal Dublin Society. 435. Proceedings of the Institution of British Foundry men. 436. Reports of the Research Department, Royal Arsenal, Woolwich. 437. Japanese Journal of Physics. 438. Transactions of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers. 439. Mémoires et compte rendu des travaux de la société ingénieurs civils de France. 440. Metal Industry and the Iron Foundry (London). 441. India Rubber Journal. 442. Annals of Botany. 443. Archief voor de Rubbercultuur in Nederlandsch-Indie. 444. Verhandlungen der preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften. 445. Zeitschrift des Vereins der deutschen Zucker-Industrie, (Before 1898 was Zeitschrift des Vereins für die Rübenzuckerindustrie.) 446. Zeitschrift für die Zuckerindustrie der Cechoslovakischen Republik. (Formerly Zeitschrift für die Zuckerindustrie in Böhmen.) 447. India Rubber World. 448. Proceedings 4th International Congress of Refrigeration. 449. Caoutchouc et gutta percha. 450. Transactions of the Institution of the Rubber Industry. 451. Memoirs of the College of Engineering, Kyoto Imperial University. (See No. 429.) 452. Die oesterreichische pharmazeutische Post. 453. Proceedings of the Iowa Academy of Science. 454. Procès-verbaux et resumé des communications de la société française de physique. 455. Journal of the Chemical, Metallurgical and Mining Society of South Africa. 456. Gummi-Zeitung. 457. Chemist and Druggist. 458. Linnean Society of New South Wales, Proceedings. 459. Electrical Review and Industrial Engineer. (Formerly Electrical Review and Western Electrician.) 460. Deutsche Zuckerindustrie, Wochenblatt für Landwirtschaft, Fabrikation und Handel. 461. Proceedings of the Royal Society of New South Wales. 462. Bulletin institut international du froid. 463. Société de physique et d'histoire naturelle de Genève. Mémoires. 464. United States Public Health Service. Hygienic Laboratory Bulletins. 465. Zeitschrift der deutschen öl- und Fett-Industrie. 466. Repertorium der analytischen Chemie (Organ des Vereins analytischer Chemiker). (See also No. 92.) 467. Zeitschrift für Chemie. Leipzig. 468. Kongliga Svenska Vetenskaps-Akademiens, Handlingar. 469. Bulletin of the Institute of Physical and Chemical Research (Tokyo). 470. Memoirs of the College of Engineering, Kyushu Imperial University. 471. Army Ordnance. 472. Papier-Fabrikant. 473. Cellulosechemie. 474. Zeitschrift für komprimierte und flüssige Gase sowie die Pressluft-Industrie. 475. Bulletin institut international du froid. 476. Giornale di farmacia, chimica e di scienze affini. 477. Journal of the American Medical Association. 478. Bulletin de l'association des chimistes de sucrerie et de distillerie de France et des colonies. 479. Memoirs of the College of Science and Engineering, Kyoto Imperial University. (Divided in 1914- into Nos. 429 and 451.) 480. Chemical Trade Journal and Chemical Engineer. 481. Tschermak's mineralogische und petrographische Mitteilungen. 482. Quarterly Journal of the Indian Chemical Society. 483. American Dyestuff Reporter (including the Proceedings of the American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists). 484. Deutsches Archiv für klinische Medizin. 485. Teknisk Tidskrift. Upplaga C. Kemi och Bergsvetenskap. 486. Münchener medizinische Wochenschrift. 487. Die deutsche pharmazeutische Zeitung. 488. Archivio di farmacologia sperimentale e scienze affini. 489. Fermentforschung. 490. Atti e memorie della reale accademia di scienze, lettere ed arti in Padova. 491. Wochenblatt für Papierfabrikation. 492. Bulletin of the U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, Bureau of Soils. 493. Kali (Zeitschrift für Gewinnung, Verarbeitung und Verwertung der Kalisalze). 494. Beiträge zur chemischen Physiologie und Pathologie. Zeitschrift für die gesammte Biochemie. (In 1908, merged with No. 205.) 495. Vierteljahresschrift für praktische Pharmazie. (Combined in 1923 with No. 293.) 496. Mémoires de l'institut polytechnique, Pierre-le-Grand, Petrograd. 497. Archiv for Pharmaci og Chemi. 498. Pharmazeutische Zeitschrift für Russland. 499. Archiv für Mineralogie, Geognosie, Bergbau und Hüttenkunde (Karstens). 500. Zeitschrift für das Berg-, Hütten- und Salinenwesen in dem preussischen Staate. 501. Mémoires couronnés et autres mémoires publiés par l'académie royale des sciences, des lettres et des beaux-arts de Belgique. Collection in 8vo. 502. Archives du Musée Teyler. (Harlem.) 503. Quarterly Journal of Science, Literature and the Arts. 504. Mémoires de l'académie des sciences de l'union des républiques soviétiques socialistes. (Formerly Mémoires de l'académie impérial des sciences de St. Pétersbourg; name changed in 1917 to Mémoires de l'académie des sciences de Russie; present name dates from 1925.) 505. Technology Reports of the Tôhoku Imperial University. 506. Monthly Weather Review. 507. Meteorologische Zeitschrift. 508. Rivista di mineralogia e cristallografia italiana. 509. Archiv für Chemie und Meteorologie. A section of Archiv für die gesammte Naturlehre (Kastners Archiv). 510. Zeitschrift für den physikalischen und chemischen Unterricht. 511. Zeitschrift für mathematischen und naturwissenschaftlichen Unterricht. (Verein zur Förderung des Unterrichts in der Mathematik und den Naturwissenschaften.) (Hoffmanns Zeitschrift.) 512. Proceedings of the Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science. 513. Zeitschrift für Mathematik und Mechanik. 514. Maandblad voor Natuurwetenschappen. (Genootschap ter Bevordering van Natuur-Genees- en Heelkunde te Amsterdam.) 515. Magyar Chemikai Folóirat (Budapest). 516. Zeitschrift für das gesamte Brauwesen. (Now supplement to Allegemeine Brauer- und Hopfenzeitung.) 517. Perfumery and Essential Oil Record. 518. Landwirtschaftlichen Versuchs-Stationen. 519. Svensk Kemish Tidskrift. 520. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. (London.) 521. Bulletins of the Lick Observatory. (Mt. Hamilton, Calif.) 522. Illuminating Engineer. (London.) 523. Gesammelte Abhandlungen zur Kenntnis der Kohle. 524. Abhandlungen der k. Akademie der Wissenschaften, Berlin. (K. preussische Akademie der Wissenschaften.) 525. Publications of the American Astronomical Society. 526. Bihang til Kongliga Svenska Vetenskaps-Akademiens Handlingar. (In 1904, divided into Nos. 19 and 20.) 527. Ertisitö az Erdélyi Muzeum Egylet Arvos-Természettudomänyi Szakosztalyäbol. II. Természettudomânyi Szak. 528. Zeitschrift für wissenschaftliche Mikroskopie und für mikroskopische Technik. 529. Proceedings of the Institute of Radio Engineers (New York). 530. American Architect and the Architectural Review. 531. Internationale Zeitschrift für physikalisch-chemische Biologie. 532. Popular Astronomy. 533. Deutsche Bunsen-Gesellschaft für angewandte physikalische Chemie, Abhandlungen. 534. Proceedings of the National Electric Light Association. 535. Transactions of the International Electrical Congress. 536. Abhandlungen der k. Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen. Mathematisch-physikalische Klasse. 537. Gesellschaft zur Beförderung der gesammten Naturwissenschaften (Marburg), Schriften. 538. Transactions of the International Astronomical Union. 539. Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy. Section A, Mathematical, Astronomical and Physical Science. Section B, Biological, Geological and Chemical Science. 540. Radio Review. (Now merged into Wireless World.) 541. Transactions of the Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers. 542. Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskab, Mathematiskfysiske Meddelelser. 543. Proceedings of the Imperial Academy of Tokyo. (Formerly Tokyo Academy.) 544. Transactions of the Cambridge Philosophical Society. 545. Photographische Korrespondenz. 546. Bureau of Standards Journal of Research. 547. British Journal of Photography. 548. Sitzungsberichte der Gesellschaft zur Beförderung der gesammten Naturwissenschaften (Marburg). 549. Naturhistorisch-medizinischer Verein (Heidelberg). Verhandlungen. 550. Anales de Ia sociedad cientifica Argentina. 551. Monatsberichte der k. preussische Akademie der Wissenschaften (Berlin). (Follows the "Berichte" and is followed by the " Sitzungsberichte.") 552. Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Engineering and Science Series. 553. Cosmos. Revue encyclopédique hebdomadaire des progrès des sciences. United with Cosmos: Les mondes, revue hebdomadaire des sciences to form Cosmos: Revue des sciences et leurs applications. 554. Âbo Akademi. Acta academia aboensis, mathematica et physica. 555. Masarykova Università (Brunn or Brno). Prirodovecka fakulta, Spisy = Publications de la Faculté de science de l'Université Masaryk. 556. Handelingen van Lettiende Vlaamsch Naturen Geneeskundig Congress. 557. Transactions Royal Society, South Africa. 558. Acta phytochimica. 559. Stain Technology. 560. Color Trade Journal. 561. Bulletin de la société de chimie biologique. 562. Archives of Internal Medicine. 563. Zeitschrift Farben Textile Chemie. 564. Annales des Mines de Belgique. 565. Explosives in Coal Mines Orders. 566. Jahresbericht der Centralstelle für wissenschaftlich-technische Untersuchungen, Neubabelsberg-Berlin. 567. Annual Reports of His Majesty's Inspectors of Explosives. 568. Die Sprengstoffe in preussischen Bergbau. Bl. Hund, Linienspektren und periodisches System der Elemente. Berlin, Springer, 1927. B2. Glazebrook, R. T., Dictionary of Applied Physics. London, Macmillan, 1922-23. B3. Landolt-Börnstein, Physikalisch-chemische Tabellen. 5th ed. Berlin, Springer, 1923. B4. Singer, Die Keramik im Dienste von Industrie und Volkswirtschaft. Braunschweig, Vieweg, 1923. B5. Rieke and Gary, Die Prüfung von Porzellan, 1922. Reprinted from 104, 3: 5; 22. B6. Gilchrist and Klinefelter, High Voltage Porcelain Insulators. Westinghouse Electric and Manufacturing Company, Special Pub. 1690, 1925. B7. Peek, Dielectric Phenomena in High Voltage Engineering. New York, McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., 1920. B8. Rziha and Seidener, Starkstromtechnik. Taschenbuch für Elektrotechniker. 5th ed. Berlin, Ernst, 1922. B9. Pender, Handbook of Electrical Engineering. 1922. BlO. Doelter, Handbuch der Mineralchemie. Leipzig, Steinkopff, 1912BIl. Smithsonian Physical Tables. Goverment Printing Office, Washington, D. C. B12. Friese, Das Porzellan als Isolier- und KonstruktionsMaterial in der Elektrotechnik. Klosterlausnitz, 1904. B13. Nernst Festschrift, 1912. Knapp, Halle. B14. Haber, Thermodynamik technischer Gasreaktionen, 1905. B15. Vago, Dissertation, Budapest, 1911. B16. Horek, Dissertation, Berlin, 1909. B17. Isambert, Thesis, Toulouse, 1868. BIS. Webb, Thesis, Princeton, 1924. B19. Feising, Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1914. B20. Crut, Thesis, Paris, 1923. B21. Abegg, Handbuch der anorganischen Chemie. B22. Benoit, Thesis, Nancy, 1923. B23. Thomsen, J., Systematisk gennemförte termokemiske undersögelsers numeriske og teoretiske resultater, 1882-1886. B24. Füller, Tests of the Physical and Electrical Properties of Slate. Fritz Eng. Lab., Lehigh Univ., 192L B25. Gilmore, Report on the Compressive Strength, Specific Gravity and Absorption of Various Kinds of Building Stones from Different Sections of the U. S. Goverment Printing Office, Washington, D. C., 1874. B26. Hirschwald, Handbuch der bautechnischen Gesteinsprüfung. Berlin, Borntraeger, 1912. B27. Hermann, Gesteine für Architektur und Sculptur. Berlin, Borntraeger, 1914. B28. Johnson, Comparison of Experiments on American and Foreign Building Stones. New Haven, Hamlen. Reprinted from American Journal of Science and Arts, 11: 1; 51. B29. Merrill, Stones for Building and Decoration. 3rd ed. New York, Wiley, 1903. B30. Popplewell and Carrington, Properties of Engineering Materials. London, Methuen, 1923. B31. Schweizerische Geotechnische Kommission, Die natürlichen Bausteine und Dachschiefer der Schweiz. Bern, 1915. B32. U. S. Ordnance Department, Tests of Metals and Other Materials. Washington, Government Printing Office, 1894. B33. U. S. Geological Survey, The Stone Industry in 1903. Washington, Government Printing Office, 1903. B34. Bygden, Thesis, Upsala, 1916. B35. de Pauw, Dissertation, Utrecht, 1922. B36. Hernquist, Dissertation, Upsala, 1914. B37. Kullaseff, Dissertation, Dorpat, 1915. B38. Lambrette, Dissertation, Brunies, 1923. B39. Rayman, Dissertation, Budapest. B40. Shorthose, D. N., Thermal Properties of Methyl Chloride. Food Investigation Board. Department of Scientific and Industrial Research (Great Britain). Special Report 19,1924. B41. Vase, A. M., Liev, Dissertation, Kajane, 1917. B42. Breithaupt, J. F., Thesis, Univ. de Genève, 38 № 446. B43. Bregmann, Dissertation, Lausanne, Kiew, 1914. B44. Bokhorst S. C., Dissertation, Amsterdam, 1915. B45. Jonescu, Dissertation, Genève, 1913. B46. Uretos, Spyro A., Thesis, Zürich, 1914. B47. Cocheret, Dissertation, Leiden, 1911, 15. B48. Hohn, These de Doctorat, Amsterdam, 1921. B49. Kelech, Thesis, Zurich, 1912. B50. Gmelin-Kraut's Handbuch der anorganischen Chemie. Heidelberg, Winter, 1906B51. Seidell, Solubilities of Inorganic and Organic Substances. New York, Van Nostrand, 1919. B52. Strauli, Dissertation, Zürich, 1918. B53. Beiträge zur Kennt, d. Umwandl. polym. Körper, Göttingen, 1894. B54. Winter, Dissertation, Leipzig, 1913. B55. Eissner, Dissertation, Leipzig, 1913. B56. Onnes Festschrift, Leiden, 1922. B57. Tammann, Krystallizieren und Schmelzen. Leipzig, Barth, 1903. B58. Dissertation, Halle, 1890. B59. Thèse, École Pharm., Montpellier, 1895. B60. Fourth International Congress of Refrigeration Reports, Papers presented by the President. Leiden, Ij do, 1924. B61. Ullmann, Encyclopädie der techn. Chemie. Wien, Urban and Schwarzenberg, 1914^23. B62. Henning, Die Grundlagen, Methoden und Ergebnisse der Temperaturmessung. Braunschweig, Vieweg, 1915. B63. Holborn, Scheel and Henning, Wärmetabellen. Braunschweig, Vieweg, 1919. B64. Ostwald and Luther, Hand- und Hilfsbuch zur Ausführung physikochemischer Messungen. 3rd ed. Leipzig, Akad. Verlagsges. m. b. H, 1922. B65. Stähler, Handbuch der Arbeitsmethoden in der anorganische Chemie. 5 volumes. Berlin and Leipzig, de Gruyter & Co., 1920. B66. Zsigmondy, Kolloidchemie; ein Lehrbuch. 4th ed., Leipzig, Spamer, 1922. B67. Jenkin and Shorthose, Thermal Properties of Ethyl Chloride. Food Investigation Board, Department of Scientific and Industrial Research (Great Britain). Special Report No. 14, 1923. B68. Abraham, Asphalt and Allied Substances, Their Occurrence, Mode of Production, Uses in the Arts and Methods of Testing. New York, Van Nostrand, 1920. B69. Helmholtz, Physiological Optics, translated from the 3rd German edition by Southall. Optical Society of America, 1924. B70. Parson, An Introduction to the Study of Color Vision. Cambridge Univ. Press, 1915. B71. Mellor, Treatise on Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry. London, Longmans, 1922B72. Bunsen, Gasometrische Methoden. 2nd ed. Braunschweig, 1877. B73. Berthelot, Thermochimie. Paris, Gauthier-Villars, 1897. B74. Rieke, Das Porzellan. Hanover, 1910. B75. Société d'encouragement pour l'industrie nationale, Contribution à l'étude des argiles et de la céramique. Paris, Chapuy, 1906. B76. Winkelmann, Handbuch der Physik. Leipzig, Barth, 190309. B77. Marks, Mechanical Engineers' Handbook. 2nd ed. New York, McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., 1914. B78. Siegbahn, Spektroskopie der Röntgenstrahlen. Berlin, Springer, 1924. English ed., The Spectroscopy of X-Rays. London, Oxford Univ. Press, 1925. B79. de Vries, Estate Rubber. Batavia, Drukkerijen Ruycrok, 1920. B80. Mulder, Bijdragentol de geschiedenis van het scheikundig gebenden water. Rotterdam, 1864. B81. Great Britain Challenger Office: Report of Scientific Results. Voyage H. M. S. Challenger, Physics and Chemistry. B82. Lunge and Beri, Chemisch-technische Untersuchungsmethoden. Berlin, Springer, 1910. B83. Royds, Heat Transmission by Radiation, Conduction and Convection. London, Constable, 1921. B84. Griffiths and Davis, Food Investigation Board, Department of Scientific and Industrial Research (Great Britain). Special Report No. 9, 1922. B85. Société française de physique, Recueil de Constantes Physiques. Paris, Gauthier-Villars, 1913. B86. Exner and Haschek, Die Spektren der Elemente bei normalen Druck. Wien, Deuticke, 1912. B87. Guerther, Metallographie. Berlin, Borntraeger, 1909B88. Marx, Handbuch der Radiologie. Akademische Verlagsgesellschaft m. b. H., Leipzig, 1925. B89. Richardson, Emission of Electricity from Hot Bodies. New York, Longmans, 1921. B90. Graetz, Handbuch der Elektrizität und Magnetismus. Leipzig, Barth, 1912-28. B91. Sosman, The Properties of Silica. New York, Chemical Catalog Co., Inc., 1927. B92. Paschen and Götze, Seriengesetze der Linienspektren. Berlin, Springer, 1922. B93. Fowler, Report on Series in Line Spectra. London, Fleetway Press, 1922. B94. Sommerfeld, Atombau und Spektrallinien. Braunschweig, Vieweg, 1924. B95. Geiger and Scheel, Handbuch der Physik. Berlin, Springer, 1926B96. Kayser, Handbuch der Spektroskopie, 1900- (1924?). Leipzig, Hirzel. B97. Metz, Theory of Development. New York, Van Nostrand, 1922. B98. Sonderabdruck aus der Festschrift zur Feier des siebzigsten Geburtstages Richard Dedekind. Braunschweig, Vieweg, 1901. B99. van't Hoff, Vorlesungen über theoretische und physikalische Chemie. Braunschweig, Vieweg, 1898. BlOO. Lewkowitsch, Chemical Technology and Analysis of Oils, Fats and Waxes. 6th ed. London, Macmillan, 1921-23. BlOl. de Broglie, Les Rayons-X. Paris, Blanchard, 1922. IMPORTANT NOTICE ANNUAL TABLES OF CONSTANTS AND NUMERICAL DATA CHEMICAL, PHYSICAL, BIOLOGICAL, AND TECHNOLOGICAL Published by an International Committee, under the authority of the International Research Council and the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry HE data given in International the "best" values recorded in InterCritical Tables are based upon de- national Critical Tables. These older terminations published previous to Jan- volumes thus constitute a handy and accessible source of reference to the uary 1924. In order to keep always up to date original determinations. Through special arrangements made with future progress in physical measurements, the purchaser of Inter- with the International Commission in national Critical Tables should become charge of Annual Tables, all purchasers a regular subscriber to International of International Critical Tables will be Annual Tables, which will bring to his given special discounts on all purchases desk each year a volume in which he of International Annual Tables, as will find assembled and classified all of follows : the data which have appeared in the 1. 25% discount on Volumes VII to X inworld's literature, for the year covered clusive, covering the period 1925-1930. by the volume. This reduction will only be valid for each Thus, Annual Tables, Volume VI, volume during the period known as the contains all the data published in the subscription period. literature of 1923-1924; Volume VII will contain the data published in the 2. 25% discount on the index to Volumes I-V, which will be published in 1928. literature of 1925-1926; Volume VIII, the data published in the literature of These discounts apply only on subscrip1927-1928; Volume IX, the data pub- tions addressed to—For United States lished in 1929, etc. and Canada, McGraw-Hill Book ComBeginning with Volume VII the text pany, Inc., 370 Seventh Avenue, New will be given in both French and English. York City, For all other countries, Dr. C. The older volumes of Annual Tables Marie, 9 rue de Bagneux, Paris VI, go back to 1910. They contain all of France. the original determinations published All subscriptions should be accomduring that period and which served panied by draft or money order payable as all or part of the basis of selection of at New York or Paris. T SPECIMEN SECTIONS A free copy of any one of the following specimen sections may be obtained on application to Dr. C. Marie. A : Spectroscopy. B : Electricity, Magnetism, Electrochemistry. C : Radioactivity. D: Crystallography, Mineralogy. E: Biology. F: Engineering, Metallurgy. G: Colloids. The following identification form should be filled out and transmitted with the first subscription. Name Address International Critical Tables of Numerical Data, Physics, Chemistry and Technology Index Volumes I - VII Copyright  2002 INTRODUCTION In order to facilitate the use of the Index to the seven volumes of International Critical Tables, the following statement is made regarding its arrangement and contents. Arrangement. A straight alphabetical arrangement is used throughout, with the one exception that, under the names of the chemical compounds, the properties of the compounds are listed first and are followed by the systems (the second component being in italics) of which this compound is one component. In systems of two or more components the main entry under which the data appears is the compound which would appear first in an alphabetical arrangement, without regard to the percentage composition or to the manner in which the systems are listed in the Tables. Thus data for a solution of acenaphthene in acetone will be found under acenaphthene, while those for a solution of naphthalene in acetone will be found under acetone. According to the plan adopted for this Index, the data for a given system are listed only once, and as it is often desirable to know all the systems in which a specified compound appears there are given, after the properties of each compound, cross references to the system of which it is a component, but which, according to the alphabetical arrangement, appear in the earlier part of the Index. These cross references are in italics and carry an asterisk (*) after the component under which, in the main alphabet, the data will be found. Following the cross references are data for all other systems of which this compound is the first alphabetical component. For example, under ethyl alcohol are given, after the properties of the pure substance, nearly three columns of cross references to systems containing ethyl alcohol, for which data will be found in the main alphabet under the name carrying the *. Thus the entry, -Acenaphthene* (which appears under ethyl alcohol) refers to the system acenaphthene-ethyl alcohol, the data for which will be found in the Index under acenaphthene. Following these cross references are all the other systems containing ethyl alcohol, with references to the place where data for these systems may be found in the Tables. Contents: The items included in the Index are : 1. All chemical compounds and systems given in the Tables, with their properties, except in the following cases: Refractive index of organic compounds (VII: 34-62); optical rotatory power of organic compounds (VII: 356-488); absorption spectra of organic compounds and dyes (V: 320-358; VII: 173-211); electrical conductivity of weak electrolytes in aqueous solution (VI: 259-304); data on 3,359 inorganic compounds and 6,175 organic compounds (I: 106-338). The compounds listed in these sections appear in the Index only if other properties are given in the Tables. These compounds are omitted because the tables in which they appear are so arranged as to enable the user readily to determine whether or not a given compound is listed and also because it was felt that the inclusion of thousands of names of complex organic compounds was not warranted in view of the tremendous increase in size and consequent cost of the Index. 2. All industrially important compounds and materials with their properties. Many of these are listed under their trade names. 3. All minerals, rocks and miscellaneous materials, with their properties. 4. The names of various effects, equations, formulas, etc. 5. General properties and characteristics of chemical compounds and materials, such as boiling point, compressibility, melting point, refractive index, etc. Acknowledgments: Special acknowledgment is made to the following for their assistance in indexing special sections of the Tables or for general suggestions regarding the form and contents of the Index: H. K. Benson, E. J. Crane, N. E. Dorsey, P. H. Emmett, H. E. Howe, C. A. Kraus, W. W. Nicholas, E. W. Washburn and H. T. Wensel. A large number of the experts connected with the Tables also cooperated by expressing their opinions on several questions submitted to them in the form of a questionnaire. The clerical help of Mrs. D. St. James Sweitzer, of the Research Information Service, has been of great assistance. CLARENCE J. WEST. WASHINGTON, D. C., March, 1933. 142 Index Terms Barium chlorofluoride Density Melting point Refractive index Barium chloroplatinate Heat of formation Barium chromate Dielectric constant Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Heat of formation Reflectivity, selective Solubility in hydrochloric acid Solubility in nitric acid -Barium chloride* -Ethyl alcohol Freezing point-solubility in water Barium cinnamate Solubility in water Barium copper cyanide Density, aqueous solution Barium cyanate, heat of formation Barium cyanide, heat of formation Barium cyanoplatinite Luminescence Barium dicadmium chloride Solubility in water Barium dicalcium metasilicate Decomposition temperature Refractive index Barium dicalcium propionate Refractive index Barium dinitrosalicylate Solubility in water -Ethyl alcohol Freezing point-solubility in water Barium dithionate Boiling point elevation in aqueous solution Density Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Heat of formation Magnetic susceptibility Refractive index Solubility in water Vapor pressure lowering in aqueous solution -Ammonium dithionate* -Ethyl alcohol Freezing point-solubility in water -Magnesium dithionate Freezing point-solubility in water -Potassium dithionate Freezing point-solubility in water -Sodium dithionate Freezing point-solubility in water Barium electrode , potential of Barium ethylate, heat of formation Barium ferrocyanide Heat of formation Barium fluoride Band spectra Dielectric constant Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Heat of formation Links 1.147 1.147 1.147 1.167 5.199 6.77 6.257 5.199 5.260 7.301 7.301 4.408 4.233 3.76 5.199 5.199 5.389 4.233 4.85 7.26 1.149 1.165 4.233 4.408 3.326 1.147 6.246 4.258 5.198 6.360 1.147 4.232 3.296 4.407 4.356 4.356 4.356 6.319 5.199 5.199 5.411 6.77 6.257 5.198 1.171 143 Index Terms Magnetic susceptibility X-ray diffraction data -Barium chloride* -Barium iodide Freezing point-solubility -Barium phosphate Freezing point-solubility -Calcium fluoride-Magnesium fluoride Freezing point-solubility -Potassium fluoride Freezing point-solubility -Strontium fluoride Freezing point-solubility Barium fluosilicate Decomposition pressure Heat of formation Barium formate Crystallography Density Aqueous solution Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Heat of formation Pyroelectricity Refractive index Aqueous solution Specific heat Surface tension, aqueous solution -Formic acid Freezing point-solubility -Lead formate Density, aqueous solution Barium glycolate Heat of solution in water Barium hydrogen arsenate Heat of formation Barium hydrogen sulfate Heat of formation Barium hydrosulfide Solubility in water Barium hydroxide Boiling point elevation in aqueous solution Decomposition pressure Density Aqueous solution Dielectric constant, aqueous solution Diffusion in water Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Free energy of decomposition Heat of decomposition Heat of formation Hydrates Decomposition pressure Free energy and heat of decomposition Hydration temperature Magnetic susceptibility Melting point Refractive index Solubility in water Pressure, effect of Surface tension, aqueous solution Vapor pressure, aqueous solution Vapor pressure lowering in aqueous solution Viscosity, aqueous solution -Acetone* -Barium bromide* Links 6.360 1.345 4.65 4.65 4.75 4.65 4.64 7.301 5.199 1.322 1.148 3.76 6.246 5.199 6.209 1.148 7.72 5.100 4.465 7.72 1.171 4.204 3.97 5.149 5.199 5.198 4.232 3.326 7.299 1.147 3.75 6.104 5.66 6.246 7.299 7.299 5.198 7.299 7.299 1.66 6.360 1.147 1.147 4.232 4.265 4.465 3.368 3.296 5.15 1.169 7.26 144 Index Terms -Barium chloride* -Barium iodide Freezing point-solubility in water -Barium nitrate Density, aqueous solution Solubility in water -Hydrogen chloride Freezing point-solubility in water -Lithium chloride Freezing point-solubility in water -Phenol Freezing point-solubility in water -Potassium chloride Freezing point-solubility in water -Resorcinol Freezing point-solubility in water -Rubidium chloride Freezing point-solubility in water -Sodium chloride Freezing point-solubility in water -Sodium hydroxide Solubility in water Barium hypophosphite, electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Barium iodate Boiling point elevation in aqueous solution Dielectric constant Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Heat of formation Solubility in water -Barium nitrate Solubility in water -Potassium iodate Solubility in water -Potassium nitrate Solubility in water Barium iodide Ammines Decomposition pressures Heat of decomposition Heat of formation Decomposition pressure of hydrate Density Aqueous solution Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Heat of formation Magnetic susceptibility Aqueous solution Solubility in water Sulfur dioxide complexes, decomposition pressure Transference number -Barium chloride* -Barium fluoride* -Barium hydroxide* -Ethyl alcohol Freezing point-solubility -Iodine Freezing point-solubility in water -Iodine-Nitrobemene Freezing point-solubility -Mercuric iodide Density Aqueous solution Freezing point-solubility in water Refractive index, aqueous solution -Methyl acetate Links 4.320 7.343 3.99 7.343 4.312 4.386 4.312 7.343 4.416 4.313 7.344 4.417 4.313 7.344 4.312 4.313 7.343 6.246 3.326 6.77 4.258 5.198 4.232 7.344 7.344 7.344 7.300 7.300 5.199 7.300 1.147 3.76 6.235 4.258 5.198 6.360 6.364 4.232 7.300 6.311 3.108 6.239 4.204 4.267 4.269 3.134 7.96 4.319 7.96 4.270 4.386 7.343 145 Index Terms Boiling point elevation Barium isosuccinate Solubility in water Barium isovalerate Surface tension, aqueous solution -Isovaleric acid Surface tension, aqueous solution Barium malate Density, aqueous solution Solubility in water Barium malonate Solubility in water Barium manganate Absorption spectra, solutions Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Magnetic susceptibility Barium mercuric bromide Heat of formation Barium mercuric cyanide Heat of formation Barium mercuric iodide Emission, spectral Barium mesodisilicate Density Melting point Refractive index -Barium mesotrisilicate Freezing point-solubility Barium mesotrisilicate Density Melting point Refractive index -Barium mesodisilicate* Barium metasilicate Density Melting point Refractive index -Calcium metasilicate Freezing point-solubility Barium molybdate, specific heat Barium molybdomalate Optical rotatory power Barium naphthalene-1,5-disulfonate Density Refractive index Barium nickel cyanide Heat of formation Barium nitrate Absorption spectra Activity coefficient in water Boiling point elevation in aqueous solution Density Aqueous solution Saturated Dielectric constant Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Heat of dilution with water Heat of formation Magnetic susceptibility Melting point Reflectivity, selective Refractive index Links 3.340 4.232 4.465 4.470 3.76 4.232 4.232 5.329 6.246 6.360 5.199 5.199 5.257 1.148 4.85 1.148 1.174 4.85 4.88 1.148 4.85 1.148 1.171 7.26 1.148 1.148 1.148 4.84 1.172 7.26 4.85 5.100 7.26 4.88 7.353 1.148 1.148 1.172 5.199 5.330 7.300 3.326 1.147 3.76 3.105 6.77 6.231 4.258 5.162 5.198 6.360 1.147 5.260 1.147 3.108 6.238 1.165 7.13 146 Index Terms Solubility in water Specific heat Aqueous solution Surface tension, aqueous solution Transference number Vapor pressure, aqueous solution Vapor pressure lowering in aqueous solution Viscosity, aqueous solution X-ray diffraction data -Ammonium mtrate* -Barium bromate* -Barium chloride* -Barium hydroxide* -Barium iodate* -Ethyl alcohol Freezing point-solubility in water -Formamide Density Viscosity -Lead bromide Solubility in water -Lead nitrate Boiling point elevation in aqueous solution Density, aqueous solution Freezing point-solubility in water -Lead nitrate-Potassium mtrate Freezing point-solubility in water -Lithium nitrate Freezing point-solubility -Lithium nitrate-Potassium nitrate Freezing point-solubility -Magnesium chloride-Strontium nitrate Viscosity, aqueous solution -Nitric acid Density, aqueous solution Viscosity, aqueous solution -Potassium nitrate Density, aqueous solution Freezing point-solubility Freezing point-solubility in water Viscosity, aqueous solution -Potassium nitrate-Sodium nitrate Freezing point-solubility -Potassium perchlorate Solubility in water -Silver bromate Solubility in water -Sodium chloride Boiling point elevation in aqueous solution Freezing point-solubility in water -Sodium nitrate Density, aqueous solution Freezing point-solubility Freezing point-solubility in water Viscosity, aqueous solution -Strontium nitrate Boiling point elevation in aqueous solution -Sulfuric acid Freezing point-solubility in water Barium nitride, heat of formation Barium nitrite Density, aqueous solution Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Heat of formation Solubility in water Links 4.232 5.99 5.123 4.465 6.310 3.368 3.296 5.15 1.345 4.407 3.140 5.29 7.317 3.347 3.97 4.361 4.361 4.66 4.75 4.82 5.19 3.97 5.18 3.99 4.66 4.365 5.19 4.82 7.346 7.322 3.348 4.290 3.99 4.66 4.364 5.19 3.348 4.324 5.198 3.105 6.246 4.258 5.198 4.232 4.383 147 Index Terms Vapor pressure, aqueous solution -Silver nitrite Freezing point-solubility in water Barium orthosilicate Melting point Refractive index Barium oxalate Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Heat of formation Solubility in water -Acetic acid* -Ammonium chloride* -Potassium chloride Solubility in water -Sodium chloride Solubility in water Barium oxide Band spectra Electrical conductivity Electrons, thermal emission of Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Heat of formation Magnetic susceptibility Melting point Photoelectric threshold Thermionic work function X-ray diffraction data -Aluminum oxide* -Aluminum oxide*-Silica -Arsenous acid* -Barium chloride* -Barium chloride*-Calcium oxide -Boric oxide Freezing point-solubility -Calcium chloride Freezing point-solubility -Carbon dioxide Vapor pressure, aqueous solution -Hydrogen chloride-Sodium oxide Freezing point-solubility in water -Nitric acid Freezing point-solubility in water -Silica Freezing point-solubility -Sodium oxide Freezing point-solubility in water -Strontium chloride Freezing point-solubility Barium oxycarbonate Decomposition pressure Barium perchlorate Density, aqueous solution Heat of formation Solubility in water Transition temperature -Acetone* -Butyl alcohol Density -Ethyl acetate Density -Ethyl alcohol Density -Glycocoll Freezing point-solubility in water -Isobutyl alcohol Density Links 3.368 4.357 4.391 4.84 1.148 1.174 6.256 5.199 6.256 7.344 7.344 5.411 6.154 6.54 4.258 5.198 6.360 4.84 6.68 6.54 1.345 6.56 4.85 4.63 3.377 4.312 4.386 4.364 4.85 4.380 4.64 7.301 3.105 5.198 4.232 4.7 3.140 3.140 3.140 4.404 3.140 4.87 148 Index Terms -Methyl alcohol Density -Propyl alcohol Density Barium peroxide Decomposition pressure Heat of formation Hydrate Decomposition pressure Equilibrium constant of decomposition Free energy of decomposition Barium phenol-2,4-disulfonate Crystallography Refractive index Barium phosphate Heat of formation -Barium chloride* -Barium fluoride* Barium picrate Heat of solution in water Solubility in water -Ethyl alcohol Freezing point-solubility in water Barium platmocyanide Density Refractive index Barium propionate Crystallography Density, aqueous solution Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Heat of solution in water Refractive index Aqueous solution Solubility in water -Ethyl alcohol Freezing point-solubility in water Barium selenate Heat of formation Solubility in water Barium selenide Heat of formation X-ray diffraction data Barium silicate Heat of formation -Barium chloride* -Barium sulfide Freezing point-solubility Barium silver cyanide Heat of formation Barium sodium arsenate Heat of formation Barium sodium phosphate Heat of formation Barium succinate Solubility in water -Calcium succinate Solubility in water -Magnesium succinate Solubility in water -Sodium succinate Solubility in water Barium sulfate Adsorption of salts by Albedo Links 3.140 3.140 7.299 5.198 7.299 7.299 7.299 1.322 1.148 1.171 5.199 5.149 4.233 4.407 1.148 1.148 1.322 3.76 6.246 5.148 1.148 7.72 4.233 4.407 5.198 4.232 5.198 1.345 5.199 4.66 5.199 5.203 5.203 4.232 7.344 7.344 7.344 1.357 5.262 1.174 7.72 6.254 1.169 7.26 149 Index Terms Compressibility Denisty Dielectric constant Electrical conductivity Aqueous solution Emission, spectral Heat of formation Luminescence Magnetic susceptibility Reflectivity, selective Refractive index Rubber, effect on Solubility in water Specific heat Thermal conductivity Thermal expansion Transition temperature X-ray diffraction data See also Barite -Aluminum chloride* -Ammonium aceta te* -Ammonium chloride* -Barium chloride* -Calcium chloride Freezing point-solubility -Ferric chloride Solubility in water -Hydrochloric acid Solubility in water -Lithium sulfate Freezing point-solubility -Magnesium chloride Solubility in water -Nitric acid Solubility in water -Potassium carbonate Freezing point-solubility in water -Potassium carbonate-Potassium sulfate Density, aqueous solution -Potassium chloride Freezing point-solubility -Potassium sulfate Freezing point-solubility -Sodium chloride Freezing point-solubility -Sodium sulfate Freezing point-solubility -Sulfuric acid Freezing point-solubility Barium sulfide Heat of formation Magnetic susceptibility X-ray diffraction data -Barium silicate* Barium sulfite Heat of formation Solubility in water Barium sulfopropionate Solubility in water Barium tartrate Crystallography Refractive index Solubility in water -Acetic acid* Barium tetrathionate Heat of formation Links 3.50 1.147 6.77 6.154 6.256 5.259 5.198 5.389 6.360 5.260 1.147 2.288 6.256 5.99 5.232 3.44 1.147 1.345 3.44 6.100 1.171 4.7 4.63 7.344 7.344 4.66 7.344 7.344 4.334 3.100 4.66 4.66 4.66 4.66 4.43 7.344 5.198 6.360 1.345 5.198 4.232 4.233 1.322 1.148 4.232 5.198 1.174 7.26 150 Index Terms Barium thiocyanate Density, aqueous solution Dielectric constant Viscosity, aqueous solution -Ethylamine Viscosity Barium thiosulfate Density, aqueous solution Specific heat Barium trimethylacetate Solubility in water Barium valerate Solubility in water Barnett effect Barometers , corrections for Barometric pressure Altitude, relation of Barometry Baros (alloy) Barrett effect Barye, definition of Barylite Density Refractive index Barysilite Density Refractive index See also Lead orthodisilicate. Barytes, rubber, use in Barytocalcite Density Refractive index Basalt Bulk density Compressibility Compressive strength Dielectric constant Hardness Impact hardness Porosity Thermal conductivity Thermal diffusivity Bassetite Density Refractive index Bastnasite Density Refractive index Bath metal Baudrin»s alloy Baumhauerite , density Bauxite brick Crushing strength Density Electrical conductivity Fusion temperature Porosity Temperature of failure under load Thermal conductivity Thermal expansion Bauxite clay, fusion temperature Links 3.76 6.77 5.15 5.29 3.76 5.99 4.233 4.233 6.347 1.68 1.71 1.68 2.372 6.439 1.34 2.467 1.148 1.148 1.172 1.117 1.117 1.167 7.26 2.286 1.148 1.148 2.52 2.54 2.47 6.105 2.50 2.51 2.53 2.55 2.56 1.145 1.145 1.139 1.139 2.372 2.372 1.116 2.83 2.82 2.86 2.83 2.82 2.83 2.85 2.83 2.83 1.172 3.51 2.315 2.316 5.217 1.170 1.167 2.470 2.475 2.555 151 Index Terms Bavenite Density Refractive index Beacon alloy Electrical conductivity Beam of radiation Intensity, definition Bearing alloys Copper base Frictional tests Mechanical properties Wear properties Mechanical properties Thermal conductivity Bearing bronzes Mechanical properties Beaverite Density Refractive index Bebeerine, optical rotatory power β-Bebirine Optical rotatory power Beckelite, refractive index Becket alloy Beegerite, density Beeswax Density Dielectric constant Dielectric strength Electrical conductivity Sound, velocity of, in Thermal conductivity Thermal expansion Sec also Waxes, animal. Behenic acid Cryoscopic constant Heat of combustion -Brassidic acid Freezing point-solubility -Erucic acid Freezing point-solubility -Isobehenic acid Freezing point-solubility -Isoerucic acid Freezing point-solubility Behenolic acid Absorption spectra Heat of combustion Belgium, weights and measures Bell brass Bell metals Bells, sound, source of Bemal (alloy) Bementite Density Refractive index Bend test, definition Benedict metal Benitoite Density Refractive index Bentonite Links 1.146 1.146 1.171 6.196 6.11 2.372 2.562 2.561 2.562 2.557 5.224 2.562 1.130 1.130 7.475 1.167 7.476 7.25 2.373 1.116 2.311 2.310 2.310 2.211 6.465 2.311 2.210 2.310 4.184 5.166 4.167 4.167 4.167 4.167 5.355 5.166 1.3 2.373 2.373 6.456 2.373 1.128 1.128 2.x 2.373 1.148 1.148 2.63 2.556 2.559 2.561 2.469 2.555 1.171 2.480 1.167 2.601 152 Index Terms Benzal chloride Azeotropic mixtures Dielectric constant Magnetic susceptibility Polarization of light scattered by Surface tension Benzalacetone, Verdet constant Benzalaniline Crystallization velocity -Anisylideneaniline* -Azobenzene* -Benzanilide Freezing point-solubility -Benzoin Freezing point-solubility -Benzylaniline Density Freezing point-solubility -Dibenzyl Freezing point-solubility -Hydrazobenzene Freezing point-solubility -Stilbene Density Freezing point-solubility -Tolane Freezing point-solubility Benzalazine Magnetic susceptibility -Cinnamylideneaniline Freezing point-solubility -Dibenzylhydrazine Freezing point-solubility -Diphenylbutadiene Freezing point-solubility -Diphenyldiacetylene Freezing point-solubility -Furfuralazine Freezing point-solubility -α-Naphtholazine Freezing point-solubility Benzaldehyde Absorption spectra Azeotropic mixtures Birefringence Boiling point Density Dielectric constant Diffusion in benzene Diffusion in methyl alcohol Electrical conductivity Flash point Heat of vaporization Magnetic susceptibility Refractive index Solubility in water Specific heat Surface tension Vapor pressure Verdet constant Viscosity X-ray diffraction bands -Acetanilide* -Acetic acid* -Antimony tribromide* -Antimony trichloride* Links 3.322 6.91 6.362 5.267 4.455 6.430 5.61 4.162 4.162 3.195 4.162 4.162 4.161 3.195 4.162 4.162 6.363 4.163 4.163 4.163 4.163 4.156 4.163 5.332 3.322 7.111 3.223 3.29 6.91 5.74 5.73 6.144 2.161 5.137 6.362 7.40 3.391 5.110 4.437 3.223 6.429 5.38 1.352 5.341 3.323 4.455 7.218 5.372 5.378 153 Index Terms -Benzene Density -Caffeine Density -Carbon disulfide Density -Diethyl tartrate Density -Ethyl alcohol Density, aqueous solution Miscibility in water Viscosity -Formic acid Density -Glycerol Solubility, mutual -Magnesium bromide Freezing point-solubility -Magnesium iodide Freezing point-solubility -Methyl alcohol Vapor pressure -Phenacetine Density -Phosphorus trichloride Reaction kinetics -Potassium iodide Density -Quinoline Density Refractive index Dispersion -Tetrapropylammonium iodide Density -Trichloroacetic acid Freezing point-solubility Benzaldehyde phenylhydrazone Absorption spectra Cryoscopic constant -Isoamyl acetate Viscosity Benzaldoxime Absorption spectra Birefringence, magnetic Dielectric constant Magnetic susceptibility -Diethyl tartrate Density -Isoamyl acetate Viscosity α-Benzaldoxime Refractive index Transition temperature -β-Benzaldoxime Freezing point-solubility Benzaldoxime N-methyl ether Absorption spectra Surface tension Benzaldoxime O-methyl ether Absorption sp ectra Refractive index Surface tension β-Benzallevulinic acid Heat of combustion Links 3.179 3.186 3.145 3.186 3.127 3.413 5.38 3.148 3.395 4.203 4.204 3.287 3.186 7.124 3.142 7.85 7.85 7.105 3.186 4.102 5.349 4.184 5.50 5.341 7.111 6.92 6.362 3.187 5.49 7.40 4.8 4.150 5.343 4.457 5.343 7.43 4.457 5.166 154 Index Terms δ-Benzallevulinic acid Heat of combustion Benzalmalonic acid Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Heat of combustion Benzalpinacolin, surface tension Benzamide Absorption spectra Boiling point elevation in aqueous solution Cryoscopic constant Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Heat of combustion Magnetic susceptibility Solubility in salt solutions Surface tension Verdet constant -Acetic acid* -Acetic acid*-Acetic anhydride-Acetyl-benzoylimide -Acetic acid*-Acetic anhydride-Acetyl-benzoylimide-Benzonitrile -Acetic anhydride* -Acetone* -Benzene Boiling point elevation -Benzoic acid Freezing point-solubility -Benzoic anhydride Freezing point-solubility -Catechol Freezing point-solubility -Chloroform Boiling point elevation -1,4-Dihydroxynaphthalene Freezing point-solubility -1,5-Dihydroxynaphthalene Freezing point-solubility -1,6-Dihydroxynaphthalene Freezing point-solubility -1,8-Dihydroxynaphihalene Freezing point-solubility -2,3-Dihydroxy naphthalene Freezing point-solubility -2,6-Dih ydroxynaphthalene Freezing point-solubility -2,7-Dihydroxynaphthalene Freezing point-solubility -Ethyl alcohol Boiling point elevation Density Aqueous solution Freezing point-solubility Heat of solution -Hydroquinol Freezing point-solubility -Hydroxybenzoic acid (m-, p-) Freezing point-solubility -Naphthol (α-, β-) Freezing point-solubility -Nitrophenol (o-, m-, p-) Freezing point-solubility -Nitrosodimethylaniline Freezing point-solubility -Phenol Density, aqueous solution Freezing point-solubility -Pyridine Density Links 5.166 6.294 5.166 4.461 5.341 3.327 4.183 6.280 5.168 6.362 4.418 4.456 6.429 3.344 4.148 4.150 4.137 3.331 4.150 4.150 4.150 4.150 4.150 4.150 4.150 3.336 3.160 3.127 4.110 5.152 4.139 4.149 4.150 4.129 4.150 3.129 4.136 3.170 155 Index Terms Viscosity -Pyrogallol Freezing point-solubility -Resorcinol Freezing point-solubility -Salicylic acid Freezing point-solubility Benzanilide Absorption spectra Heat of combustion -Acetic acid* -Acetone* -Aniline* -Benzalaniline* -Benzene Boiling point elevation -Benzil Freezing point-solubility -Bemoin Freezing point-solubility -Butyric acid Boiling point elevation -Chloroform Boiling point elevation -Ethyl alcohol Boiling point elevation -Formic acid Boiling point elevation -Propionic acid Boiling point elevation -Pyridine Density Viscosity Benzene Absorption spectra Ultra-violet Allotropic forms Angle of contact Azeotropic mixtures Birefringence Boiling point Bromination, photochemical Compressibility Condensation on ions and nuclei Critical point data Critical potentials Cryoscopic constant Density Dielectric constant Dielectric strength Diffusion in methyl alcohol Diffusion of vapor in gases Electrical conductivity X-rays, effect of Emission, spectral Entropy Explosion in closed vessels Faraday effect, lag in Flash point Free energy Heat content Heat of adiabatic expansion Heat of adsorption on charcoal Heat of combustion Heat effusion Heat of hydrogenation Links 5.42 4.141 4.138 4.149 5.349 5.168 3.345 4.162 4.162 3.340 3.332 3.337 3.333 3.339 3.172 5.42 5.332 5.361 4.15 4.434 3.319 7.111 3.221 7.165 3.36 6.117 3.244 6.72 4.183 3.29 6.82 6.106 5.73 5.62 6.144 6.6 5.257 5.89 2.191 6.434 2.161 7.246 5.89 5.146 5.140 5.163 5.133 7.246 5.339 5.371 5.372 3.323 3.343 3.39 3.50 3.248 4.215 3.33 6.90 5.258 7.246 2.192 6.105 5.375 5.378 156 Index Terms Heat of vaporization Heat of wetting by Ignition temperature Inflammability, limits of Interfacial tension Gas, variation with Time, variation with Internal pressure Ionization of vapor by α-particles Ionization of vapor by β-particles Ions, mobility of, in Magnetic susceptibility Melting point Melting point under pressure Orthobaric density Photoluminescence Polarization of light reflected from Polarization of light scattered by Gas Liquid Refractive index Gas Liquid Solubility in water Solubility of salts in Sound, velocity of, in vapor Specific heat Gas Liquid Saturated vapors Solid Surface tension Thermal conductivity Gas Liquid Thermodynamic potential Toxicology Vapor pressure Liquid Solid Vapor pressure above 1 atm. Vapor pressure of water mixture Verdet constant Dispersion Viscosity Gas Liquid Volume change on melting X-ray diffraction bands X-rays, absorption coefficient X-rays, scattered, distribution of X-rays, scattering of -Acenaphthene* -Acetaldehyde* -Acetanilide* -Acetic acid* -Acetic acid*-Ethyl iodide -Acetone* -Acetone*-Benzophenone -Acetone*-Chloroform -Acetone*-Ethyl ether -Acetone*-Toluene -Acetophenone* -Acetophenone oxime* -o-Acetotoluide* -Aldehydobenzoic acid (o-, m-, p-)* -1-Aldehydo-2-hydroxy-5-methylbenzene* Links 5.137 5.142 2.174 2.179 4.438 4.475 4.474 4.19 6.122 6.121 6.111 6.362 4.6 4.15 3.244 5.386 5.261 5.138 5.266 5.267 5.268 5.268 7.10 6.90 3.389 4.211 6.463 5.81 5.86 5.83 5.86 4.436 5.214 5.228 5.89 2.318 7.12 7.15 6.464 5.89 5.115 5.89 4.454 5.103 5.215 3.221 3.208 3.244 3.363 6.427 6.433 5.4 5.12 4.15 1.352 6.14 6.18 6.17 5.27 6.16 5.28 7.38 7.77 157 Index Terms -1-Aldehydo-4-hydroxy-5-methylbenzene* -1-Aldehydo-4-hydroxy-6-methylbenzene* -Allyl alcohol* -Aluminum bromide* -Alum inum chloride* -Aminoazobenzene* -o-Aminobenzoic acid* -Aminophenol (o-, m-, p-)* -Ammonia* -Amyl alcohol* -Amyl benzoate* -Amyl formate* -Amyl valerate* -Amylene* -Anethole* -Aniline* -Aniline*-m-Cresol -p-Anisidine* -Anisole* -Anthracene* -Anthracene picrate* -Anthraquinone* -Antimony tribromide* -Antimony trichloride* -Azobenzene* -p-Azoxyanisole* -Benzaldehyde* -Benzamide* -Benzanilide* -Benzhydrol Freezing point-solubility -Benzil Boiling point elevation Density Freezing point-solubility -β-Benzilmonoxime Boiling point elevation -Benzoic acid Boiling point elevation Density Distribution coefficients in water Freezing point-solubility Heat of solution -Benzoic anhydride Boiling point elevation -Benzophenone Boiling point elevation Density -Benzoyl chloride Freezing point-solubility -Benzyl alcohol Density -Benzyl benzoate Density Viscosity -Borneol Boiling point elevation Density Refractive index -Bromoaniline (m-, p-) Distribution coefficients in water -Bromobenzene Density Dielectric constant Heat of solution Vapor pressure Viscosity Links 4.134 3.345 3.181 4.134 3.345 3.344 3.179 3.429 4.133 5.154 3.345 3.345 3.181 4.177 3.179 3.181 5.46 3.345 7.84 7.84 3.428 3.174 6.103 5.157 3.289 5.43 158 Index Terms -o-Bromobenzoic acid Boiling point elevation -Bromocamphor Density Refractive index -Bromoform Density Freezing point-solubility Viscosity -Bromoform-Iodoform Density -Bromonitrobenzene (o-, m-, p-) Freezing point-solubility -p-Bromotoluene Freezing point-solubility -Butane Vapor pressure -Butyl acetate Density -Butyl alcohol Density Miscibility in water -Butyramide Boiling point elevation -Butyric acid Density Distribution coefficients in water Vapor pressure -Caffeine Density -Camphene Freezing point-solubility -Camphor Boiling point elevation Density Dielectric constant Freezing point-solubility Refractive index -Camphor-Ethyl acetate Density -Camphorcarboxylic acid Boiling point elevation -Camphoric acid Density -Capryl alcohol Density -Carbazole Freezing point-solubility -Carbon disulfide Boiling point Density Dielectric constant Freezin g point-solubility Heat of solution Surface tension Vapor pressure, partial Viscosity -Carbon tetrachloride Birefringence, electric Boiling point Compressibility Density Dielectric constant Freezing point-solubility Heat of solution Magnetic rotatory power Links 3.344 3.180 7.84 7.84 3.146 4.172 5.32 3.197 4.175 4.177 3.289 3.179 3.167 3.410 3.344 3.166 3.426 3.289 3.180 4.177 3.345 3.180 6.103 4.134 7.84 7.84 3.197 3.345 3.180 3.180 4.134 3.312 3.145 6.101 4.98 5.151 4.471 3.286 5.32 7.112 3.312 3.440 3.144 6.101 4.98 5.151 6.432 5.155 5.158 5.155 5.157 159 Index Terms Refractive index Dispersion Specific heat Surface tension Vapor pressure, partial Viscosity -Carbon tetrachloride-Ethyl alcohol Vapor pressure -Carbon tetrachloride-Iodine Freezing point-solubility -Castor oil Dielectric constant -Catechol Boiling point elevation -Cetyl palmitate Boiling point elevation -Chloral hydrate Distribution coefficients in water Freezing point-solubility in water -Chloroacetamide Boiling point elevation -Chloroacetanilide (o-, m-, p-) Freezing point-solubility -Chloroacetic acid Boiling point elevation Density Distribution coefficients in water Freezing point-solubility -o-Chloroaniline Freezing point-solubility -m-Chloroaniline Distribution coefficients in water Freezing point-solubility -p-Chloroaniline Distribution coefficients in water Freezing point-solubility -Chlorobenzene Density Heat of solution Surface tension Viscosity -Chlorobenzene-Ethyl propionate-Toluene Surface tension -Chlorobenzene-Toluene Surface tension -Chlorobenzoic acid (o-, m-, p-) Freezing point-solubility -Chloroform Boiling point Density Dielectric constant Freezing point-solubility Heat of solution Specific heat Surface tension Vapor pressure Viscosity -Chloroform -Iodine Freezing point-solubility -Chloronitrobenzene (o-, m -, p-) Freezing point-solubility -Chlorophenol (o-, m -, p-) Freezing point-solubility data -Cholestane Density Refract ive index Dispersion Links 7.77 7.102 5.125 4.471 3.285 5.32 3.375 4.268 6.103 3.344 3.345 3.423 4.402 3.344 4.133 3.344 3.154 3.423 4.105 4.132 3.428 4.132 3.428 4.132 3.174 5.154 4.473 5.43 4.474 4.474 4.133 3.312 3.147 6.102 4.99 5.151 5.126 4.471 3.286 5.33 4.268 4.175 4.128 7.85 7.85 7.104 5.155 5.158 160 Index Terms -Cholestene Density Refractive index Dispersion -Cholesterol Density Refractive index Dispersion -α-Cholesterylene Density Refractive index Dispersion -Cresol Vapor pressure -o-Cresol Density Dielectric constant -m-Cresol Density Dielectric constant Heat of solution Specific heat Surface tension Viscosity -m-Cresol-Dimethylaniline Viscosity -p-Cresol Dielectric constant -Cyanoacetic acid Distribution coefficients in water -Cyclohexane Freezing point-solubility Heat of solution Viscosity -Cyclohexanone Vapor pressure -Diallyl oxalate Density -Dibenzylpiperazine Density Refractive index -p-Dibromobenzene Density Freezing point-solubility -1,2-Dibromoethane Boiling point elevation -Dibromoethylene Density -1,2-Dibromopropionic acid Boiling point elevation -Dichloroacetic acid Density Distribution coefficients in water -Dichlorobenzene (o-, m-) Birefringence, electric -Dichloronaphthalene Density -Diethyl malate Boiling point elevation -Diethyl malonale Density -Diethyl monobenzoyltartrate Density -Diethyl oxalate Density -Diethyl succinate Density Links 7.84 7.84 7.104 7.85 7.85 7.104 7.84 7.84 7.104 3.289 3.179 6.103 3.179 6.103 5.157 5.128 4.473 5.46 5.51 6.103 3.425 4.133 5.157 5.46 3.289 3.180 7.84 7.84 3.173 4.175 3.344 3.153 3.344 3.153 3.423 7.112 3.180 3.344 3.179 3.181 3.179 3.180 161 Index Terms -Diethyl tartrate Boiling point elevation Density Distribution coefficients in water -Diethylamine Distribution coefficients in water Freezing point-solubility -Diethylisopropyl alcohol Density -Diisobutylammonium dichloroacetate Boiling point elevation -Di-l-menthyl tartrate Density -Dimethyl acetylmalate Boiling point elevation Density -Dim ethyl malate Boiling point elevation -Dimethyl tartrate Boiling point elevation -Dimethylaniline Boiling point elevation Vapor pressure -Dimethylpyrone picrate Boiling point elevation -Dimethyl-o-toluidine Density Surface tension -o-Dinitrobenzene Freezing point-solubility -m-Dinitrobenzene Density Freezing point-solubility Heat of solution Vapor pressure -p-Dinitrobenzene Freezing point-solubility -3,5-Dinitrobenzoic acid Distribution coefficients in water -2,3-Dinitrophenol Freezing point-solubility -2,4-Dinitrophenol Freezing point-solubility -2,5-Dinitrophenol Freezing point-solubility -2,6-Dinitrophenol Freezing point-solubility -3,4-Dinitrophenol Freezing point-solubility -2,4-Dinitrotoluene Freezing point-solubility -2,6-Dinitrotoluene Freezing point-solubility -3,4-Dinitrotoluene Freezing point-solubility -Diphenyl Boiling point elevation Density Freezing point-solubility Heat of solution Viscosity -Diphenylamine Boiling point elevation Freezing point-solubility Heat of solution -Diphenylarsenic acid Boiling point elevation Links 3.344 3.180 3.431 3.427 4.116 3.179 3.345 3.181 3.344 3.180 3.344 3.344 3.344 3.289 3.345 3.180 4.473 4.175 3.174 4.176 5.154 3.361 4.125 3.429 4.126 4.126 4.127 4.127 4.127 4.177 4.177 4.177 3.345 3.181 4.177 5.154 5.46 3.345 4.177 5.154 3.345 162 Index Terms -sym.- Diphenyldimethylethylenediamine Density Refractive index -Diphenylpiperazine Density Refractive index -Dipropyl tartrate Density -Durene Density -Epichlorohydrin Boiling point elevation -Erucic acid Heat of solution -Ethyl acetate Density Dielectric constant Distribution coefficients in water Heat of solution Surface tension Vapor pressure Viscosity -Ethyl acetoacetate Density Viscosity -Ethyl alcohol Boiling point Aqueous solution Compressibility Density Aqueous solution Dielectric constant Distribution coefficients in water Freezing point-solubility in water Heat of solution Refractive index Aqueous solution Solubility in water Specific heat Surface tension Aqueous solution Vapor pressure Aqueous solution Viscosity -Ethyl benzoate Boiling point elevation Density Viscosity -Ethyl bromide Boiling point -Ethyl butyrate Density -Ethyl chloroacetate Density -Ethyl l-diacetylglycerate Density -Ethyl diethylacetoacetate Density Viscosity -Ethyl ether Boiling point Density Dielectric constant Freezing point-solubility Heat of solution Specific heat Surface tension Links 7.84 7.84 7.84 7.84 3.180 3.180 3.344 5.154 3.166 6.102 3.426 5.153 4.472 3.289 5.40 5.156 5.158 3.179 5.46 3.313 3.316 3.440 3.160 3.127 6.102 3.401 4.404 5.152 7.81 7.93 3.404 5.116 4.472 4.470 3.360 3.377 5.38 7.93 3.424 5.156 5.126 3.344 3.180 5.46 3.313 3.179 3.165 3.180 3.180 5.46 3.313 3.168 6.102 4.116 5.153 5.116 4.473 5.158 5.127 5.158 5.159 163 Index Terms Vapor pressure Viscosity -Ethyl ether-Iodine Freezing point-solubility -Ethyl ethylacetoacetate Density Viscosity -Ethyl formate Density -Ethyl iodide Boiling point elevation Density Surface tension -Ethyl iodide-Methyl iodide Density -Ethyl lactate-Methyl propionate-Toluene Surface tension -Ethyl monobenzoylglycerate Density -Ethyl oleate Density -Ethyl propionate Density Surface tension -Ethyl propionate-Toluene Surface tension -Ethyl salicylate Density -Ethyl trichloroacetate Density -Ethyl valerate Density -Ethylacetanilide Boiling point elevation -Ethylbenzene Density -Ethylene bromide Density Dielectric constant Freezing point-solubility Heat of solution -Ethylene chloride Birefringence, electric Boiling point Compressibility Density Freezing point-solubility Heat of solution Magnetic rotatory power Refractive index Specific heat Surface tension Vapor pressure Viscosity -Ethylresodiacetophenone Boiling point elevation -Fluorene Freezing point-solubility -Fluorobenzene Density Viscosity -Formanilide Boiling point elevation -Formic acid Distribution coefficients in water Miscibility in water Solubility, mutual Links 3.289 5.41 4.268 3.180 5.46 3.164 3.344 3.158 4.472 3.197 4.474 3.181 3.181 3.172 4.473 4.474 3.180 3.165 3.179 3.345 3.180 3.155 6.102 4.173 5.156 7.112 3.313 3.440 3.155 4.173 5.156 6.432 7.80 5.126 4.472 3.287 5.36 3.345 4.177 3.176 5.44 3.344 3.422 3.410 3.395 3.397 164 Index Terms -Fumaric acid Freezing point-solubility -Gallic acid Density -Glycolanilide Boiling point elevation -Heptane Density Heat of solution Refractive index Dispersion -Hexahydrocresols Vapor pressure -Hexahydrophenol Vapor pressure -Hexane Density Heat of solution -Hexoic acid Distribution coefficients in water -Hydrazine Distribution coefficients in water -Hydrazoanisole Freezing poinfc-solubility -Hydrazobenzene Freezing point-solubility -Hydrazotoluene Freezing point-solubility -Hydrogen Equilibrium constant of reaction -Hydrogen bromide Freezing point-solubility -Hydrogen chloride Distribution coefficients in water -Hydrogen cyanide Distribution coefficients in water -Hydrogen peroxide Distribution coefficients in water -Hydrogen sulfide Distribution coefficients in water -Hydroxybenzaldehyde (o-, m-, p-) Freezing point-solubility -Hydroxybenzoic acid (m-, p-) Freezing point-solubility -8-Hydroxyquinoline Distribution coefficients in water -Iodine Boiling point elevation Density Freezing point lowering Freezing point-solubility Viscosity -Iodine-Iodides Freezing point-solubility -Iodine-Methylene iodide Density -Iodobenzene Density Viscosity -Iodoform -Methylene iodide Density -Isoamyl acetate Density -Isoamyl alcohol Density Heat of solution Viscosity Links 4.112 3.179 3.344 3.179 5.154 7.84 7.104 3.289 3.289 3.179 5.157 3.428 3.421 4.178 4.177 4.178 7.246 4.187 3.419 3.422 3.419 3.420 4.133 4.133 3.431 3.343 3.132 4.37 4.34 5.27 4.270 3.132 3.176 5.45 3.197 3.179 3.173 5.154 5.43 7.84 165 Index Terms -Isobutyl alcohol Density Heat of solution -Isobutyl chloride Heat of solution -Isobutylacetamide Boiling point elevation -Isobutyramide Boiling point elevation -Isobutyric acid Density Distribution coefficients in water -Isopropyl iodide Boiling point elevation -Isovaleric acid Distribution coefficients in water -Lactanilide Boiling point elevation -Lauric acid Heat of solution -Maleic acid Freezing point-solubility -Mandelic acid Boiling point elevation Distribution coefficients in water -Menthol Density Dielectric constant Freezing point-solubility Heat of solution -Menthyl benzenesulfonate Density -l-Menthyl diacetyltartrate Density -Menthyl naphthalene-β-sulfonate Density -Mercuric bromide Distribution coefficients in water -Mercuric chloride Distribution coefficients in water Freezing point-solubility -Mercuric iodide Distribution coefficients in potassium iodide solution -Methyl acetate Density Heat of solution Vapor pressure -Methyl alcohol Density Aqueous solution Dielectric constant Freezing point-solubility Heat of solution Miscibility in water Refractive index Aqueous solution Surface tension Vapor pressure Viscosity -Methyl benzoate Density -Methyl butyrate Density Surface tension -Methyl butyrate-Methyl propionate-Toluene Surface tension -Methyl butyrate-Propyl acetate-Toluene Links 3.167 5.153 5.153 3.344 3.344 3.166 3.426 3.344 3.427 3.344 5.154 4.113 3.344 3.431 3.180 6.103 4.134 5.154 3.181 3.181 3.181 3.421 3.421 4.199 3.421 3.164 5.158 3.289 3.151 3.125 6.102 4.100 5.151 3.410 7.79 7.92 4.471 3.287 5.34 3.179 3.172 4.473 4.474 5.158 166 Index Terms Surface tension -Methyl camphorcarboxylate Boiling point elevation -Methyl d-dibezoylglycerate Density -Methyl formate Density -Methyl iodide Density -Methyl propionate Density -Methyl propionate-Toluene Surface tension -Methyl tolyl ether (o-, m-, p-) Dielectric constant -Methylacetanilide Boiling point elevation Density -Methylene chloride Birefringence, electric -Methylene iodide Density -o-Methoxy-p-methylacetophenone Boiling point elevation -Monoacetyl-o-phenylenediamine Freezing point-solubility -Monoacetyl-m-phenylenediamine Freezing point-solubility Solubility, mutual -Monoacetyl-p-phenylenediamine Freezing point-solubility Solubility, mutual -Myristic acid Boiling point elevation Heat of solution -Naphthalene Boiling point elevation Density Freezing point-solubility Heat of solution Vapor pressure lowering Viscosity -Naphthalene-Trinitrotoluene Density -Naphthalene picrate Boiling point elevation Density Freezing point-solubility -β-Naphthol Boiling point elevation Distribution coefficients in wat er Freezing point-solubility -β-Naphthol picrate Boiling point elevation -Naphthylamine (α-, β-) Distribution coefficients in water Freezing point-solubility -Nicotine Density Freezing point-solubility -Nitroacetanilide (o-, m-, p-) Freezing point-solubility -o-Nitroaniline Distribution coefficients in water Freezing point-solubility -m-Nitroaniline Boiling point elevation Links 4.474 3.345 3.181 3.157 3.149 3.167 4.474 6.103 3.344 3.180 7.112 3.148 3.345 4.134 4.134 3.396 4.134 3.396 3.345 5.154 3.345 3.180 4.177 5.154 3.300 5.46 3.197 3.345 3.181 4.134 3.345 3.432 4.134 3.345 3.432 4.134 3.180 4.134 4.134 3.428 4.132 3.344 167 Index Terms Distribution coefficients in water Freezing point-solubility -p-Nitroaniline Distribution coefficients in water Freezing point-solubility -Nitrobenzaldehyde (o-, m-, p-) Freezing point-solubility data -Nitrobenzene Birefringence, electric Compressibility Density Dielectric constant Freezing point-solubility Specific heat Surface tension Vapor pressure Viscosity -o-Nitrobenzoic acid Distribution coefficients in water Freezing point-solubility -m-Nitrobenzoic acid Distribution coefficients in water Freezing point-solubility -p-Nitrobenzoic acid Freezing point-solubility -Nifrobenzyl chloride Freezing point-solubility -Nitrogen sulfide Boiling point elevation -α-Nitronaphthalene Boiling point elevation Density Heat of solution -o-Nitrophenol Density Freezing point-solubility Heat of solution -m-Nitrophenol Freezing point-solubility -p-Nitrophenol Boiling point elevation Freezing point-solubility -p-Nitrosodimethylaniline Distribution coefficients in water -p-Nitrosomethylaniline Distribution coefficients in water -Nitrotoluene Surface tension -m-Nitrotoluene Birefringence, electric Density Refractive index Dispersion -Octane Heat of solution -β-Octanol Density Refractive index Dispersion -d-β-0ctyl acetate Density -l-β-Octyl acetate Density Refractive index Dispersion -Octyl hydrogen phthalate Density Links 3.428 4.132 3.428 4.132 4.133 7.112 3.440 3.176 6.103 4.176 5.128 4.473 3.289 5.45 3.429 4.133 3.429 4.133 4.133 4.177 3.344 3.344 3.180 5.154 3.178 4.129 5.154 4.130 3.344 4.131 3.431 3.430 4.473 7.112 7.84 7.84 7.104 5.154 7.84 7.84 7.104 3.180 7.84 7.84 7.104 3.181 168 Index Terms -sec.-Octyl hydrogen phthalate Viscosity -Oleates Dielectric constant -Palmitic acid Density Heat of solution -Paraldehyde Density Freezing point-solubility Viscosity -Pentabromoresorcinol Boiling point elevation -Pentachloroethane Vapor pressure -Phenacetine Density -Phenanthraquinone Density -Phenanthrene Boiling point elevation Density Freezing point-solubility -Phenol Boiling point elevation Density Dielectric constant Distribution coefficients in water Freezing point-solubility Freezing point-solubility in water Heat of solution Miscibility in water Surface tension Viscosity -Phenolphthalein Distribution coefficients in water -Phenyl benzoate Boiling point elevation -Phenyl salicylate Boiling point elevation Density -Phenylacetic acid Boiling point elevation -o-Phenylenediamine Distribution coefficients in water Freezing point-solubility -m-Phenylenediamine Distribution coefficients in water Freezing point-solubility Solubility, mutual -p-Phenylenediamine Freezing point-solubility -Phenylurethan Boiling point elevation -Phorone Density -Phosphorus Density Freezing point-solubility -Phosphorus oxybromide Boiling point elevation -Phosphorus oxychloride Boiling point elevation -Phosphorus sesquisulfide Freezing point-solubility -Phosphorus sulfochloride Boiling point elevation Links 5.47 6.104 3.181 5.154 3.179 4.177 5.46 3.344 3.287 3.180 3.181 3.345 3.181 4.178 3.344 3.179 6.103 3.428 4.177 4.416 5.154 3.410 4.473 5.46 3.432 3.345 3.345 3.181 3.344 3.428 4.132 3.428 4.132 3.396 4.132 3.344 3.180 3.132 4.36 3.344 3.344 4.190 3.344 169 Index Terms -Phosphorus trichloride Boiling point elevation Density -Picric acid Boiling point elevation Density Distribution coefficients in water Freezing point-solubility -Pinene Heat of solution -Piperidine Density Distribution coefficients in water Refractive index -Propionamide Boiling point elevation Density -Propionic acid Density Distribution coefficients in water Miscibility in water -Propyl acetate Surface tension -Propyl alcohol Density Dielectric constant Freezing point-solubility Heat of solution Vapor pressure Viscosity -Propyl benzyl ketone Boiling point elevation -Propyl butyrate Density -Pyridine Density Distribution coefficients in water Freezing point-solubility Heat of solution Miscibility in water -Pyridine acetate Heat of solution -Quinine Freezing point-solubility Vapor pressure -Quinoline Birefringence, electric Viscosity -Resorcinol Boiling point elevation Distribution coefficients in water Heat of solution Solubility, mutual -Salicylaldehyde Vapor pressure -Salicylamide Boiling point elevation -Salicylic acid Boiling point elevation Density Distribution coefficients in water Freezing point-solubility Heat of solution -Silver per chlorate Density Aqueous solution Distribution coefficients in water Links 3.344 3.136 3.344 3.173 3.427 4.119 5.157 3.173 3.427 7.83 3.344 3.164 3.164 3.425 3.410 4.473 3.164 6.102 4.112 5.153 3.289 5.40 5.158 3.345 3.179 3.170 3.427 4.174 5.153 3.417 5.154 4.135 3.361 7.112 5.46 3.344 3.428 5.154 3.396 3.397 3.289 3.344 3.344 3.179 3.430 4.133 5.154 3.139 3.102 3.421 4.416 170 Index Terms Freezing point-solubility Miscibility in water -Stannic chloride Density Vapor pressure Viscosity -Stannic iodide Boiling point elevation -Stearic acid Density -Sulfonal Boiling point elevation -Sulfur Boiling point elevation Freezing point-solubility Solubility, mutual -Sulfur dioxide Density Viscosity -Sulfur monochloride Boiling point elevation -Tartaric acid Density -Terpine hydrochloride Density -1,1,2, 2-Tetrabromoethane Birefringence, electric Boiling point elevation -Tetrahydronaphthalene Vapor pressure Viscosity -Tetramethyldiaminobenzhydrol Freezing point-solubility -Tetraphenylcacodyl Boiling point elevation -Thiophene Freezing point-solubility -Thymol Density Heat of solution -Toluene Boiling point Density Dielectric constant Freezing point-solubility Heat of solution Specific heat Surface tension Vapor pressure Viscosity -Toluene-Water Boiling point -m-Toluidine Birefringence, electric Density Distribution coefficients in water Refractive index Dispersion -p-Toluidine chloroacetate Boiling point elevation -p-Toluidine salicylate Boiling point elevation -Triamylammonium picrate Boiling point elevation -Triamylammonium thiocyanate Boiling point elevation -Trichloroacetamide Links 4.200 3.409 4.416 3.138 3.285 5.28 3.345 3.181 3.344 3.344 4.35 3.394 3.135 5.27 3.344 3.165 3.180 7.112 3.344 3.289 5.46 4.135 3.345 4.113 3.180 5.154 3.314 3.179 6.103 4.177 5.157 5.128 4.473 3.289 5.46 3.317 7.112 7.84 3.430 7.84 7.104 3.344 3.345 3.345 3.345 5.159 171 Index Terms Boiling point elevation -Trichloroacetic acid Distribution coefficients in water Freezing point-solubility -Trichlorobutyric acid Distribution coefficients in water -Trichlorolactamide Boiling point elevation -Trimethylamine Distribution coefficients in water -1,2,4-Trimethylhenzene Density -Trinitrotoluene Density -Tripalmitin Density Surface tension -Triphenylcarbinol Boiling point elevation -Triphenylmethane Boiling point elevation Density Freezing point-solubility Heat of solution -Triphenylmethyl Boiling point elevation -Tristearin Boiling point elevation Density Surface tension -Turpentine Density -Urethan Boiling point elevation Density Freezing point-solubility -Valeramide Boiling point elevation -Valeric acid Distribution coefficients in water -m-Xylene Density Heat of solution Specific heat Surface tension -p-Xylene Freezing point-solubility Benzene hexachloride Cryoscopic constant -Cyclohexane Boiling point elevation Benzeneazonaphthalene -Azobenzene* Benzeneazo-β-naphthol Absorption spectra Magnetic susceptibility m-Benzenedisulfonyl chloride -p-Benzenedisulfonyl chloride Freezing point-solubility -Sulfobenzoic acid sym.-chloride (m-, p-) Freezing point-solubility p-Benzenedisulfonyl chloride -Sulfobenzoic acid sym.-chloride (m-, p-) Freezing point-solubility Benzenepentacarboxylic acid Crystallography Links 3.344 3.423 4.102 3.426 3.344 3.425 3.180 3.179 3.181 4.474 3.345 3.345 3.181 4.135 5.154 3.345 3.345 3.181 4.474 3.182 3.344 3.164 4.112 3.344 3.427 3.180 5.157 5.128 4.473 4.177 4.183 3.345 5.351 6.364 4.175 4.168 4.168 1.331 172 Index Terms Density, aqueous solution Benzenesulfone chloride Birefringence, electric -Aluminum bromide*-Carbon disulfide -Carbon disulfid e Boiling point elevation Benzenesulfonic acid Absorption spectra Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Heat of solution in water -Antimony tribromide* -Antimony trichloride* -Methyl alcohol Density Refractive index Benzhydrol Surface tension -Benzene* -Catechol Freezing point-solubility -Dimethylaniline Freezing point-solubility -2,4-Dinitrophenol Freezing point-solubility -Hydroquinol Freezing point-solubility -Naphthylamine (α-, β-) Freezing point-solubility -Naphthol (α-, β-) Freezing point-solubility -Nitrophenol (o-, m-, p-) Freezing point-solubility -Phenylenediamine (o-, p-) Freezing point-solubility -Phenol Freezing point-solubility -Picric acid Freezing point-solubility -Pyrogallol Freezing point-solubility -Resorcinol Freezing point-solubility Benzidine Absorption spectra Diffusion of vapor in air Heat of combustion -Nitrobenzene Boiling point elevation Benzidine hydrochlorides Heat of solution in water Benzidine sulfate Solubility in water Benzil Absorption spectra Cryoscopic constant Crystallization velocity Crystallography Dielectric constant Heat of fusion Optical rotatory power Piezoelectric constant Surface tension -Acenaphthene* -Acetic acid* -Acetic anhydride* Links 3.112 7.111 3.330 5.339 6.273 5.149 7.79 7.79 4.461 4.138 4.180 4.126 4.140 4.158 4.156 4.157 4.131 4.143 4.144 4.137 4.121 4.141 4.139 5.348 5.63 5.168 3.343 5.150 4.219 5.350 4.184 5.61 1.333 6.96 5.134 7.354 6.210 4.461 5.378 173 Index Terms -Acetone* -tert.-Amyl alcohol* -Aniline* -Antimony tribromide* -Antimony trichloride* -Azobenzene* -Benzanilide* -Benzene* -Benzoic acid Freezing point-solubility -Benzoin Freezing point-solubility -Butyric acid Boiling point elevation -Camphor-Chloroform Boiling point elevation -Carbon disulfide Boiling point elevation -Carbon tetrachloride Boiling point elevation -Chloroacetic acid Freezing point-solubility -Chlorobenzene Boiling point elevation -Chloroform Boiling point elevation Density -Chloroform -Naphthalene Boiling point elevation -Chloroform -Triphenylmethane Boiling point elevation -Cyclohexane Boiling point elevation -p-Cymene Boiling point elevation -Dibenzyl Freezing point-solubility -1,1-Dichloroethane Boiling point elevation -Diphenyl Boiling point elevation -Ethyl acetate Boiling point elevation Density -Ethyl alcohol Boiling point elevation Freezing point-solubility Vapor pressure lowering Viscosity -Ethyl bromide Boiling point elevation -Ethyl ether Boiling point elevation Density -Ethyl formate Boiling point elevation -Ethyl iodide Boiling point elevation -Ethylene bromide Boiling point elevation -Ethylene chloride Boiling point elevation -Fenchone Boiling point elevation -Formic acid Boiling point elevation -Hydrobenzoin Links 4.179 4.181 3.340 3.348 3.331 3.330 4.106 3.343 3.332 3.148 3.348 3.348 3.346 3.347 4.163 3.335 3.347 3.341 3.167 3.337 4.111 3.300 5.39 3.336 3.341 3.168 3.339 3.336 3.335 3.335 3.347 3.333 174 Index Terms Freezing point-solubility -Isoamyl acetate Boiling point elevation -Isoamyl alcohol Boiling point elevation -Isobutyl alcohol Boiling point elevation -Methyl acetate Boiling point elevation -Methyl alcohol Boiling point elevation Vapor pressure lowering Viscosity -Methyl formate Boiling point elevation -Methyl iodide Boiling point elevation -Methyl propyl ketone Boiling point elevation -Methyl thiocyanate Boiling point elevation -Methylal Boiling point elevation -Nitrobenzene Boiling point elevation Density -Nitroethane Boiling point elevation -Nitromethane Boiling point elevation -Phenol Boiling point elevation -Propionic acid Boiling point elevation -Propionitrile Boiling point elevation -Propyl alcohol Boiling point elevation -Pyridine Boiling point elevation -Quinoline Boiling point elevation -Stilbene Freezing point-solubility -Toluene Boiling point elevation Density -p-Toluidine Boiling point elevation -Trichloroacetic acid Freezing point-solubility -p-Xylene Boiling point elevation Benzilic acid Heat of combustion Solubility in water -Chloroform Distribution coefficients in water -Ethyl ether Distribution coefficients in water -Hydrogen chloride Freezing point-solubility in water -Xylene Distribution coefficients in water β-Benzilmonoxime -Benzene* Links 4.163 3.346 3.343 3.341 3.339 3.334 3.300 5.34 3.335 3.333 3.343 3.335 3.340 3.343 3.178 3.336 3.333 3.345 3.339 3.338 3.340 3.342 3.346 4.163 3.346 3.188 3.346 4.104 3.346 5.166 4.253 3.432 3.432 4.397 3.432 175 Index Terms Benziloximes -Isoamyl acetate Viscosity Benzine Electrical conductivity Sound, velocity of, in vapor Benzoic acid Absorption spectra Ultra-violet Activity coefficient Boiling point Boiling point elevation in aqueous solution Cryoscopic constant Diffusion in benzene Diffusion in methyl alcohol Electrical conductivity Aqueous solution Esterification constant Flash point Free energy of ionization Free energy of solution Heat of combustion Heat of fusion Heat of solution in water Ionization constant Magnetic susceptibility Photoluminescence Solubility in water Pressure, effect of Solution velocity in water Specific heat Liquid Solid Vapor pressure Liquid Solid Viscosity -Acetamide* -Acetic acid* -Acetone* -Acetophenone* -Amyl acetate* -Amyl ether* -β-Amylene* -Aniline* -Anisole* -Antimony tribromide* -Antimony trichloride* -Antipyrine* -Benzamide* -Benzene* -Benzil* -Camphor Freezing point-solubility -Carbon disulfide Boiling point elevation Density -Carbon tetrachloride Density Distribution coefficients in water Freezing point-solubility Heat of solution -Chloroacetic acid Freezing point-solubility -Chlorobenzoic acid (o-, m-, p-) Freezing point-solubility Links 5.50 6.146 6.463 5.332 5.362 7.246 3.223 3.327 4.183 5.74 5.73 6.144 6.279 7.138 2.161 7.246 7.246 5.162 5.133 5.150 7.246 6.362 5.386 3.391 3.393 5.58 5.341 5.365 5.165 4.252 5.110 5.104 3.223 3.208 7.218 4.149 3.330 3.145 3.144 3.429 4.172 5.151 4.173 4.169 4.178 5.372 5.373 176 Index Terms -Chloroform Boiling point elevation Density Distribution coefficients in water Heat of solution -Cinnamic acid Freezing point-solubility -Cumene Density -Dichloroacetic acid Freezing point-solubility -1,1-Dichloroethane Boiling point elevation -Diethyl ketone Boiling point elevation -Dimethylpyrone Freezing point-solubility -Diphenylamine Freezing point-solubility -Ethyl acetate Boiling point elevation Heat of formation -Ethyl alcohol Boiling point elevation Density Aqueous solution Freezing point-solubility in water Heat of solution Vapor pressure lowering -Ethyl alcohol-Water Vapor pressure, partial -Ethyl bromide Boiling point elevation -Ethyl ether Boiling point elevation Compressibility Density Distribution coefficients in water Freezing point-solubility Heat of solution -Ethyl formate Boiling point elevation -Ethylene dichloride Boiling point elevation -p-Fluorobenzoic acid Freezing point-solubility -Formic acid Boiling point elevation -Hydrogen chloride Freezing point-solubility in water -m-Hydroxybenzaldehyde Freezing point-solubility -Iodine Freezing point lowering Freezing point-solubility -Isoamyl acetate Boiling point elevation -Isoamyl alcohol Density -Isobutyl bromide Boiling point elevation -Methyl acetate Boiling point elevation -Methyl alcohol Boiling point elevation Density Heat of solution Links 3.331 3.147 3.429 5.151 4.179 3.187 4.105 3.335 3.343 4.148 4.149 3.340 5.153 3.336 3.160 3.127 4.405 5.152 3.300 3.291 3.335 3.341 3.440 3.168 3.429 4.116 5.153 3.339 3.335 4.145 3.333 4.397 4.179 4.37 4.34 3.346 3.173 3.341 3.339 3.333 7.80 5.152 4.405 177 Index Terms Refractive index -Methyl iodide Boiling point elevation -Methyl propyl ketone Boiling point elevation -Methylal Boiling point elevation -Naphthalene Freezing point-solubility -Naphthylamine (α-, β-) Freezing point-solubility -Nitric acid Freezing point-solubility in water -Nitrobenzene Density Freezing point-solubility -m-Nitrobenzoic acid Freezing point-solubility -Nitroethane Boiling point elevation -Nitrogen tetroxide Boiling point elevation -Phenetole Distribution coefficients in water -Phenylacetic acid Freezing point-solubility -Phosgene Boiling point elevation -Piperonal Freezing point-solubility -Potassium chloride Freezing point-solubility in water -Potassium thiocyanate Freezing point-solubility in water -Propionitrile Boiling point elevation -Propyl alcohol Boiling point elevation Heat of solution -Propyl bromide Boiling point elevation -Pyridine Density Freezing point-solubility Viscosity -Quinoline Density Freezing point-solubility Refractive index Dispersion -Salicylic acid Freezing point-solubility -Sodium benzoate Freezing point-solubility in water -Sodium chloride Freezing point-solubility in water -Succinonitrile Freezing poinfc-solubility in water -Sulfur dioxide Boiling point elevation -Sulfuric acid Freezing point-solubility -Toluene Density Distribution coefficients in water Freezing point-solubility Heat of solution Links 7.80 3.333 3.343 3.340 4.179 4.149 4.399 3.177 4.176 4.146 3.336 3.329 3.429 4.149 3.330 4.179 4.418 4.418 3.338 3.340 5.153 3.340 3.170 4.117 5.42 3.187 4.149 7.85 7.105 4.148 4.418 4.418 4.413 3.328 4.188 3.186 3.429 4.148 5.154 7.85 178 Index Terms -Toluidine (o-, p-) Freezing point-solubility -Trichloroacetic acid Freezing point-solubility -Turpentine Density -Xylene Density Distribution coefficients in water Benzoic acid esters Optical rotatory power Benzoic anhydride Crystallization velocity Heat of combustion Magnetic susceptibility Melting point under pressure Saponification constant -Acetamide* -Benzamide* -Benzene* -Iodine Freezing point lowering Freezing point-solubility -Nitrobenzene Boiling point elevation -Phosgene Boiling point elevation -Sulfur dioxide Boiling point elevation -Sulfuric acid Freezing point-solubility o-Benzoic sulfinimide. See Saccharin. Benzoin Absorption spectra Optical rotatory power -Acetic acid* -Azobenzene* -Benzalaniline* -Benzanilide* -Benzil* -Benzylaniline Freezing point-solubility -Dibenzyl Freezing point-solubility -Hydrazobenzene Freezing point-solubility -Nitrobenzene Boiling point elevation -Quinoline Boiling point elevation Benzoin synthesis, kinetics of Benzonitrile Absorption spectra Birefringence, magnetic Boiling point Critical point data Density Dielectric constant Electrical conductivity Heat of combustion Heat of vaporization Magnetic susceptibility Photoluminescence Polarization of light scattered by Refractive index Solubility of salts in Links 4.149 4.102 3.187 3.186 3.429 7.362 5.61 5.166 6.363 4.10 7.136 4.37 4.34 3.343 3.330 3.328 4.189 5.350 7.362 5.378 4.163 4.164 4.161 3.343 3.346 7.146 5.332 7.111 3.222 3.249 3.29 6.91 6.144 6.168 5.137 6.362 5.386 5.267 7.40 4.211 5.340 7.113 3.346 3.33 179 Index Terms Specific heat Surface tension Vapor pressure Verdet constant Viscosity -Acetic acid*-Acetic anhydride-Acetyl-benzoylimide-Benzonitrile -Acetonitrile* -Antimony tribromide* -Antimony trichloride* -Diphenylamine Boiling point elevation -Mercuric chloride Boiling point elevation -Mercuric iodide Boiling point elevation -Potassium iodide Density -Silver nitrate Boiling point elevation -Tetraethylammonium iodide Density -Tetrapropylammonium iodide Density Benzophenone Absorption spectra, ultra-violet Accommodation coefficient Birefringence, magnetic Boiling point Cryoscopic constant Crystallization velocity Density Dielectric constant Heat of combustion Heat of fusion Magnetic susceptibility Melting point under pressure Refractive index Specific heat Surface tension Vapor pressure Liquid Solid Verdet constant Viscosity Volume change on melt ing -Acetaldehyde* -Acetone* -Acetone*-Benzene -Acetone*-Ethyl alcohol -Aluminum bromide* -Aluminum bromide*-Carbon disulfide -Aluminum chloride* -Antimony tribromide* -Antimony trichloride* -p-Azoxyanisole* -Benzene* -Carbon disulfide Boiling point elevation -Catechol Freezing point-solubility -Cyclohexane Boiling point elevation -1,2-Dichloroethylene Boiling point elevation -2,4-Dinitrophenol Freezing point-solubility -Diphenylamine Links 5.110 4.455 3.222 6.429 7.218 3.346 3.346 3.346 3.142 3.346 3.186 3.186 5.349 5.53 7.112 1.53 4.184 5.61 3.30 6.96 5.167 5.134 6.363 4.16 7.59 5.104 4.461 3.227 3.209 6.430 5.28 4.16 3.330 4.138 3.346 3.334 4.126 5.378 3.227 5.113 7.221 180 Index Terms Freezing point-solubility -Ethyl alcohol Boiling point elevation Density Miscibility in water -Ethyl ether Boiling point elevation -Hydroquinol Freezing point-solubility -Isoamyl acetate Boiling point elevation Density Viscosity -Naphthylamine (α-, β-) Freezing point-solubility -Naphthol (α-, β-) Freezing point-solubility -Nitrophenol (o-, m-, p-) Freezing point-solubility -Phenol Freezing point-solubility -Picric acid Freezing point-solubilit y -Propionic acid Boiling point elevation -Pyridine Boiling point elevation -Pyrogallol Freezing point-solubility -Resorcinol Freezing point-solubility -Sulfuric acid Freezing point-solubility -Thymol Freezing point-solubility -p-Toluidine Freezing point-solubility -Trichloroacetic acid Freezing point-solubility p-Benzoquinone Absorption spectra Surface tension -Trichloroacetic acid Freezing point-solubility Benzotrichloride Absorption spectra Dielectric constant Viscosity Benzoyl bromide, surface tension Benzoyl chloride Absorption spectra Birefringence, magnetic Boiling point Dielectric constant Heat of combustion Magnetic susceptibility Refractive index Surface tension Vapor pressure Verdet constant -Aluminum bromide* -Aluminum bromide*-Carbon disulfide -Aluminum chloride* -Antimony tribromide* -Antimony trichloride* -Benzene* Links 4.161 3.337 3.161 3.413 3.341 4.140 3.346 3.190 5.50 4.158 4.156 4.157 4.130 4.137 4.121 3.339 3.342 4.141 4.139 4.189 4.158 4.152 4.104 5.338 4.453 4.101 5.340 6.91 7.218 4.455 5.340 7.111 3.222 6.91 5.169 6.362 7.40 4.455 3.222 6.429 7.113 181 Index Terms -Chlorobenzene Freezing point-solubility -Diphenyl Freezing point-solubility -Diphenylmethane Freezing point-solubility -Mesitylene Freezing point-solubility -Nitrobenzene Freezing point-solubility -p-Xylene Freezing point-solubility Benzoyl cyanid Heat of combustion Benzoylacetone Absorption spectra Dielectric constant Magnetic susceptibility Refractive index Benzoylcinchonicine -Acetone* -Ethyl alcohol Density Benzoylcinchotoxine -Acetone* -Ethyl alcohol Density Refractive index 2-Benzoylcyclohexanone -Ethyl alcohol Density Refractive index Dispersion -Toluene Density Refractive index Dispersion 2 -Benzoylcyclopentanone -Ethyl alcohol Density Refractive index Dispersion -Toluene Density Refractive index Dispersion Benzoylecgonine, absorption spectra, ultra-violet Benzoylphenylacetylene Verdet constant Benzoylphenylhydrazine -Ethyl alcohol Density Aqueous solution d-Benzoyltetrahydroquinaldine -l-Benzoyltetrahydroquinaldine Freezing point-solubility Benzyl acetate Absorption spectra Birefringence, magnetic Dielectric constant Viscosity -Ethyl alcohol Density, aqueous solution Miscibility in water Links 4.176 4.178 4.178 4.178 4.176 4.178 5.168 5.346 6.95 6.363 7.49 3.161 7.82 7.82 7.82 7.82 7.104 7.86 7.86 7.105 7.82 7.82 7.103 7.86 7.86 7.105 5.365 6.431 3.161 3.128 4.165 5.345 7.111 6.94 7.220 3.128 3.412 5.367 5.372 182 Index Terms -Isoamyl acetate Density Viscosity Benzyl alcohol Absorption spectra Azeotropic mixtures Birefringence Boiling point Compressibility Density Dielectric absorption Dielectric constant Electrical conductivity Heat of combustion Heat of vaporization Heat of wetting by Magnetic susceptibility Polarizat ion of light scattered by Refractive index Specific heat Surface tension Vapor pressure Verdet constant Viscosity X-rays, absorption coefficient -Benzene* -Diethyl tartrate Density -Ethyl alcohol Density, aqueous solution Miscibility in water -Ethyl alcohol-Water Vapor pressure, partial -Ethyl ether Density Viscosity -Ethylxanthic acid Distribution coefficients in water -Isoamyl acetate Density Viscosity Benzyl benzoate Birefringence, magnetic Dielectric constant Electrical conductivity Surface tension Viscosity X-ray diffraction bands -Benzene* -Carbon disulfide Boiling point elevation -Ethyl acetate Density Viscosity -Ethyl benzoate Density Viscosity -Toluene Viscosity -Trichloroacetic acid Freezing point-solubility Benzyl bromide Surface tension -Benzyl chloride Refractive index Dispersion Links 3.189 5.50 5.332 3.322 7.111 3.223 3.37 3.29 6.92 6.92 6.144 5.164 5.137 5.142 6.362 5.267 7.40 5.111 4.437 3.223 6.429 7.218 6.14 5.341 7.113 4.456 6.16 3.188 3.128 3.412 3.291 3.168 5.41 3.428 3.188 5.49 7.112 6.96 6.144 4.461 5.41 1.352 3.331 3.167 5.41 3.193 5.51 5.49 4.105 4.456 7.85 7.105 5.46 5.51 7.221 183 Index Terms Benzyl chloride Absorption spectra Azeotropic mixtures Birefringence, magnetic Dielectric constant Diffusion of vapor in air Heat of combustion Magnetic susceptibility Polarization of light scattered by Refractive index Saponification by water Specific heat Surface tension -Anisole* -Benzyl bromide* -Methylaniline Freezing point-solubility -Nitrogen tetroxide Boiling point elevation Benzyl cyanide Birefringence, magnetic Density Dielectric constant Electrical conductivity Heat of combustion Magnetic susceptibility Refractive index Surface tension Verdet constant Viscosity -Acetonitrile* -Nitromethane Boiling point elevation -Phenetole Density Refractive index Dispersion -Propionitrile Boiling point elevation -Tetraethylammonium iodide Density Benzyl ethyl ether Absorption spectra -Ethyl alcohol Miscibility in water Benzyl methyl ether Verdet constant Viscosity Benzyl salicylate Dielectric constant Benzylacetone -Isoamyl acetate Density Viscosity Benzylacetophenone Absorption spectra -Isoamyl acetate Density Viscosity Benzylamine Absorption spectra Boiling point elevation in aqueous solution Density Dielectric constant Diffusion in methyl alcohol Links 5.332 3.319 7.111 6.91 5.62 5.169 6.362 5.267 7.40 7.137 5.111 4.456 5.341 3.322 4.150 3.329 7.111 3.29 6.93 6.144 5.168 6.362 7.42 4.457 6.429 7.219 3.333 3.190 7.86 7.105 7.86 3.338 3.190 5.333 5.345 3.411 6.429 7.219 6.96 3.190 5.50 5.351 3.190 5.50 5.332 3.327 3.29 6.92 5.73 5.342 184 Index Terms Electrical conductivity Aqueous solution Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Heat of combustion Heat of solution in water Photoluminescence Refractive index Surface tension Verdet constant Viscosity -Chloroform Distribution coefficients in water -Ethyl ether Distribution coefficients in water -Xylene Distribution coefficients in water d-Benzylaminosuccinic acid -l-Benzylaminosuccinic acid Freezing point-solubility Benzylammonium chloride Heat of solution in water -Sulfur dioxide Boiling point elevation Benzylaniline Absorption spectra Cryoscopic constant Crystallization velocity Heat of fusion Melting point under pressure Refractive index Verdet constant Viscosity -Azobenzene* -Benzalaniline* -Benzoin* -Benzylideneaniline Viscosity -Benzylphenol Freezing point-solubility -Dibenzyl Freezing point-solubility -Hydrazobenzene Freezing point-solubility -Stilbene Freezing point-solubility -Tolane Freezing point-solubility Benzylethylamine Dielectric constant Heat of combustion -Ethyl ether Distribution coefficients in water -Xylene Distribution coefficients in water Benzylethylene, specific heat Benzylidene chloride Absorption spectra Birefringence Benzylidene methyl ethyl ketone Surface tension Benzylidene p-tolyl ketone Refractive index Benzylideneacetone Surface tension -Cyclopentane Links 6.144 6.281 4.263 5.168 5.150 5.386 7.41 4.456 6.429 7.218 3.430 3.430 3.430 4.160 5.150 3.328 5.349 4.184 5.61 5.134 4.10 7.59 6.431 7.221 5.51 4.162 4.163 4.161 4.163 4.162 6.94 5.168 3.431 3.431 5.112 5.341 7.111 4.460 7.30 4.459 185 Index Terms Boiling point elevation -Isoamyl acetate Density Viscosity Benzylideneacetophenone -Isoamyl acetate Density Viscosity Benzylideneaniline Absorption spectra Magnetic susceptibility -Azobenzene* -Benzylaniline* -Stilbene Viscosity Benzylidenecamphor Optical rotatory power Benzylidenemethylamine Birefringence, magnetic Magnetic susceptibility Benzylidene-α-naphthylamine -Benzylidene-β-naphthylamine Freezing point-solubility Benzylmalonic acid Decomposition, kinetics of Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Heat of combustion Benzylmethylamine Dielectric constant -Ethyl ether Distribution coefficients in water -Xylene Distribution coefficients in water Benzylmethylcarbinol Optical rotatory power Refractive index Verdet constant α-Benzylnaphthalene -Picric acid Freezing point-solubility -Styphnic acid Freezing point-solubility Benzylphenol -Benzylaniline* -Dibenzyl Freezing point-solubility Benzylphenylurethan, viscosity Beraunite Density Refract ive index Bergmann-Junk stability test (explosives) Bergmehl. See Diatomaceous earth. Berlin alloy Bemda metal Bersch bearing alloy Berthier's alloy Berthierite, density Beryl Compressibility Density Dielectric constant Magnetic susceptibility Links 3.342 3.190 5.50 3.190 5.50 5.349 6.363 5.51 7.354 7.111 6.363 4.165 7.122 6.295 5.166 6.93 3.431 3.431 7.360 7.47 6.430 4.121 4.122 4.162 7.222 1.129 1.129 7.489 2.373 2.373 2.373 2.373 1.129 3.50 1.141 6.99 6.364 1.173 2.480 2.543 2.601 2.601 186 Index Terms Melting point Refractive index Specific heat Thermal expansion Beryllium Boiling point Cathodoluminescence Critical potentials Density Electrical conductivity Emission, spectral Emission spectra Heat of fusion Isotopes Magnetic susceptibility Melting point Persistent lines Quantum numbers Specific heat Spectral series Thermochemistry X-ray crystal structure X-rays, scattering, modification by Zeeman effect -Aluminum* -Copper Equilibrium diagram -Iron Equilibrium diagram -Silver Equilibrium diagram Beryllium bromide Ammines Heat of formation Heat of formation Vapor pressure lowering in aqueous solution Beryllium chlorate Density, aqueous solution Beryllium chloride Ammines, heat of formation Density, aqueous solution Electrical conductivity Aqueous solution Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Heat of formation Magnetic susceptibility Refractive index, aqueous solution Dispersion Specific heat, aqueous solution Vapor pressure lowering in aqueous solution Viscosity, aqueous solution -Cadmium chloride Freezing point-solubility -Lead chloride Freezing point-solubility -Pyridine Boiling point elevation -Silver chloride Freezing point-solubility -Thallium monochloride Freezing point-solubility Beryllium fluoride Band spectra Heat of formation Beryllium hydroxide Heat of formation Links 1.141 1.141 5.98 3.45 1.102 5.389 6.70 1.103 1.103 5.242 5.283 1.103 1.45 6.354 1.103 5.323 5.408 1.103 5.395 5.195 1.340 6.17 5.420 1.166 2.456 6.136 5.93 2.426 2.450 2.421 5.195 5.195 3.295 3.71 5.195 3.71 6.149 6.231 4.257 5.195 6.359 7.71 7.101 5.123 3.295 5.14 4.55 4.51 3.342 4.58 4.53 5.411 5.195 5.195 6.233 7.23 187 Index Terms Ionization constant Magnetic susceptibility Beryllium iodide Ammines, heat of formation Heat of formation Beryllium metasilicate Melting point Beryllium nitrate Absorption spectra, solutions Density, aqueous solution Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Freezing point, lowering of aqueous solution Heat of formation Refractive index, aqueous solution Dispersion Specific heat, aqueous solution Vapor pressure lowering in aqueous solution Beryllium oxalate Solubility in aqueous solutions -Beryllium oxide-Oxalic acid Freezing point-solubility in water -Oxalic acid Freezing point-solubility in water Beryllium oxide Band spectra Density Electrons, thermal emission of Emission, spectral Heat of formation Magnetic susceptibility Melting point Refractive index Specific heat Thermionic work function X-ray diffraction data -Beryllium oxalate*-0xalic acid -Beryllium selenate Freezing point-solubility in water -Beryllium sulfate Freezing point-solubility in water -Sodium oxide Freezing point-solubility in water Beryllium oxycarbonate Magnetic susceptibility Beryllium potassium sulfate Solubility in water Beryllium selenate Density Refractive index -Beryllium oxide* Beryllium sulfate Decomposition pressure Density Aqueous solution Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Heat of formation Hydrate Decomposition pressure Heat of decomposition Magnetic susceptibility Reflectivity, selective Refractive index Solubility in sulfuric acid Solubility in water Specific heat Links 7.291 6.359 5.195 5.195 4.84 5.329 3.71 6.238 4.257 5.195 7.71 7.101 5.123 3.295 3.108 6.240 7.339 4.372 4.401 5.411 1.140 6.54 5.242 5.195 6.359 1.140 1.140 5.87 6.54 1.344 4.84 1.167 5.98 4.356 4.348 4.380 6.359 4.242 1.140 1.140 7.291 1.140 3.71 4.257 5.195 7.291 7.291 6.359 5.260 1.140 7.339 4.228 5.98 1.169 7.23 3.108 1.166 7.23 188 Index Terms Aqueous solution Vapor pressure lowering in aqueous solution Viscosity, aqueous solution -Ammonium sulfate* -Beryllium oxide* -Potassium sulfate Freezing point-solubility Freezing point-solubility in water -Sulfuric acid Freezing point-solubility in water Beryllonite Density Refractive index Bessemer steel Magnetic properties Beta particles Absorption coefficients Absorption coefficients in air Absorption coefficients in carbon dioxide Diffusion Ionization along path Ionization of gases by Range of, in aluminum Betaine chloroaurate Solubility in water Betaine hydrobromide Solubility in water Betaine hydrochloride Absorption spectra, ultra-violet Solubility in water Betaine hydroiodide Solubility in water Betaine permanganate Solubility in water Betaine phosphate Solubility in water Betaine sulfate, solubility in water Betol Crystallization velocity Specific heat Liquid Solid -Phenyl salicylate Freezing point-solubility Betonicine, optical rotatory power Betrandite Density Refractive index Beudantite Density Refractive index Bicycloheptane Heat of combustion Bicyclohexane Heat of combustion Biddery (alloy) Bieberite Density Refractive index Bierman tungsten bronze Bikhaconine Optical rotatory power Links 5.123 3.295 5.14 4.62 4.348 4.390 4.348 1.153 1.153 1.170 6.376 1.370 1.369 1.369 1.370 1.369 1.365 1.370 6.61 6.121 4.224 4.219 5.366 4.219 4.219 4.224 4.219 4.219 5.61 5.113 5.105 4.181 7.408 1.141 1.141 1.171 1.129 1.129 1.167 5.163 5.163 2.373 1.130 1.130 2.373 7.477 1.168 7.27 189 Index Terms Bikhaconitine Optical rotatory power Bilgen-bronze Bilinite Density Refractive index Binnite , density Biochemical kinetics Biotite Transmission of radiant energy Birefringence Coefficients of Electric Magnetic Optical Birmingham platinum Bisbeeite , refractive index Bischofite Density Melting point Refractive index Bismite Density Refractive index Bismuth Absorption, index of Boiling point Cathodoluminescence Compressibility Cubical Linear Single crystals Contact potential Corbino effect Critical potentials Density Liquid Solid Electrical conductivity Liquid Solid Low temperature Magnetic field, effect of Single crystal Electrode potential Electrons excited by X-rays, number of Electrons freed by X-rays, energy of Emission, spectral Emission spectra Ettingshausen effect Fluorescence of vapor Hall effect Heat of fusion Heat of vaporization Isotopes Magnetic susceptibility Melting point Nernst effect Peltier coefficient Persistent lines Photoelectric threshold Quantum numbers Refraction, index of Righi-Leduc effect Links 7.478 2.373 1.128 1.128 1.123 7.153 2.559 1.169 5.270 7.109 7.109 7.109 7.16 2.373 1.123 2.465 1.171 1.141 1.141 1.141 1.169 1.111 1.111 1.167 5.249 1.102 5.389 2.546 3.205 3.46 3.48 3.49 6.57 6.419 6.70 1.102 1.103 1.103 1.103 6.125 6.421 6.126 6.319 6.5 6.4 5.253 5.284 6.419 5.391 6.416 1.103 1.102 1.45 6.354 1.103 6.420 6.227 5.323 6.68 5.408 5.249 6.421 2.457 2.456 2.463 6.136 6.132 6.135 7.242 5.255 6.417 2.458 2.458 6.421 6.228 6.418 190 Index Terms Specific heat Liquid Solid Spectral series Surface tension Thermal conductivity Crystals Magnetic field, effect of Thermal expansion Liquid Solid Thermochemistry Thermoelectric properties Thomson coefficient Vapor pressure Viscosity, liquid Volume change on fusion Volume change on solidification X-ray absorption limits X-ray crystal structure X-ray emission spectra X-ray series, limiting frequencies X-rays, absorption coefficient Zeeman effect -Aluminum* -Aluminum*-Antimony -Aluminum*-Silver -Aluminum*-Tin -Antimony* -Antimony*-Zinc -Arsenic*-Copper-Oxygen -Bismuth trichloride Viscosity -Bromine Freezing point-solubility -Cadmium Equilibrium diagram Hardness Magnetic susceptibility Specific heat Thermal conductivity Thermoelectric properties -Cadmium -Lead-Tin Electrical conductivity Specific heat Thermal conductivity -Cadmium -Zinc Equilibrium diagram Miscibility relations -Calcium Equilibrium diagram -Cerium Equilibrium diagram -Chlorine Freezing point-solubility -Cobalt Equilibrium diagram -Copper Equilibrium diagram -Copper-Tin Volume change on solidification -Cuprous chloride Solubility in water -Gold Density Diffusion of, in Electrical conductivity Links 1.103 1.103 5.395 1.103 5.220 5.231 6.424 5.94 5.93 1.102 1.103 5.181 6.214 6.228 3.205 5.7 2.474 2.475 6.42 1.340 6.42 6.35 6.13 5.420 2.463 2.460 4.439 6.225 6.14 5.26 4.23 2.426 2.548 6.365 5.120 5.223 6.217 6.165 5.121 5.223 6.196 2.447 3.407 2.448 2.426 2.427 4.23 2.427 2.427 2.476 7.261 2.589 5.75 6.165 6.197 191 Index Terms Equilibrium diagram -Iodine Freezing point-solubility -Iron Electrical conductivity -Lead Absorption, index of Electrical conductivity Equilibrium diagram Magnetic susceptibility Refraction, index of Specific heat Surface tension Thermal conductivity Thermal expansion Thermoelectric properties Viscosity, liquid -Lead-Mercury Electrical conductivity -Lead-Tin Electrical conductivity Equilibrium diagram Specific heat Thermal conductivity -Magnesium Electrical conductivity Equilibrium diagram -Manganese Curie point Equilibrium diagram Kerr constant -Mercury Absorption, index of Density Electrical conductivity Equilibrium diagram Magnetic susceptibility Refraction, index of Thermal expansion Thermoelectric properties Vapor pressure, partial Vapor pressure lowering -Nickel Equilibrium diagram -Potassium Equilibrium diagram -Selenium Equilibrium diagram Freezing point-solubility -Silicon Equilibrium diagram -Silver Density Electrical conductivity Equilibrium diagram Specific volume -Silver-Zinc Miscibility relations -Sodium Equilibrium diagram -Sulfur Freezing point-solubility -Sulfur-Tellurium Freezing point-solubility diagram -Tellurium Electrical conductivity Equilibrium diagram Links 2.424 4.24 6.174 5.251 6.165 2.414 6.365 5.251 5.120 4.440 5.223 2.474 6.217 5.7 6.198 6.218 6.190 6.197 2.418 5.121 5.223 6.165 2.427 6.407 2.428 6.436 5.251 2.589 6.165 2.427 6.365 5.251 2.474 6.220 3.284 3.300 6.190 2.428 2.427 2.428 4.26 2.428 2.589 6.160 2.421 2.589 3.407 2.427 4.25 4.38 6.166 2.428 4.39 192 Index Terms Freezing point-solubility Magnetic susceptibility Thermoelectric properties -Thallium Electrical conductivity Equilibrium diagram Magnetic susceptibility Thermal expansion -Tin Electrical conductivity Equilibrium diagrams Hall effect Magnetic susceptibility Specific heat Surface tension Thermal conductivity Thermal expansion Thermoelectric properties Thomson coefficient Viscosity, liquid Volume change on solidification -Tin-Zinc Equilibrium diagram Miscibility relations -Zinc Equilibrium diagram Magnetic susceptibility Bismuth acetate Magnetic susceptibility -Acetic acid* Bismuth bromide Absorption spectra, solutions Density Magnetic susceptibility Surface tension -Aluminum bromide* -Antimony tribromide* -Lead bromide Freezing point-solubility Bismuth carbonate Magnetic susceptibility Bismuth chloride Absorption spectra, solutions Boiling point Density Electrical conductivity Heat of formation Magnetic susceptibility Surface tension Vapor pressure Viscosity -Acetone* -Antimony trichloride* -Barium chloride* -Bismuth* -Bismuth phosphate Boiling point elevation -Cadmium chloride Boiling point elevation -Calcium chloride Boiling point elevation -Cesium chloride Boiling point elevation -Cobaltous chloride Boiling point elevation -Cupric chloride Links 4.28 6.365 6.218 6.166 2.428 6.365 2.474 6.165 2.416 6.417 6.365 5.120 4.440 5.223 2.474 6.218 6.228 5.7 2.475 2.418 3.407 2.428 6.365 6.362 5.328 3.23 6.356 4.442 4.442 4.48 6.356 5.328 3.329 3.23 6.147 5.181 6.356 4.442 3.207 5.26 3.329 3.329 3.329 3.329 3.329 4.442 7.212 193 Index Terms Boiling point elevation -Cuprous chloride Boiling point elevation Freezing point-solubility -Ethyl acetate Density -Ethyl ether Boiling point elevation -Ferric chloride Freezing point-solubility -Ferrous chloride Boiling point elevation -Hydrogen chloride Density Aqueous solution Verdet constant -Lead chloride Boiling point elevation Freezing point-solubility -Lithium chloride Boiling point elevation -Manganous chloride Boiling point elevation -Methyl acetate Boiling point elevation -Palladium chloride Boiling point elevation -Platinum dichloride Boiling point elevation -Potassium chloride Boiling point elevation -Rubidium chloride Boiling point elevation -Silver chloride Boiling point elevation -Sodium chloride Boiling point elevation -Strontium chloride Boiling point elevation -Thallium monochloride Freezing point-solubility -Zinc chloride Boiling point elevation Freezing point-solubility Bismuth hydroxide -Chromic acid Freezing point-solubility in water -Hydrogen chloride Freezing point-solubility in water -Nitric acid Freezing point-solubility in water -Potassium hydroxide Freezing point-solubility in water -Sodium hydroxide Freezing point-solubility in water Bismuth iodide Magnetic susceptibility -Fenchone Boiling point elevation -Iodine Boiling point elevation -Methylene iodide Density Bismuth molybdate -Lead molybdate Freezing point-solubility Links 3.329 3.329 4.48 3.137 3.341 4.48 3.329 3.133 3.95 6.427 3.329 4.48 3.329 3.329 3.339 3.329 3.329 3.329 3.329 3.329 3.329 3.329 4.48 3.329 4.48 4.70 4.98 4.59 4.71 4.371 6.356 3.347 3.325 3.137 4.48 4.78 194 Index Terms Bismuth nitrate Absorption spectra, solutions Magnetic susceptibility Verdet constant, aqueous solution -Acetone*-Nitric acid Bismuth oxychloride Heat of formation -Hydrogen chloride Density, aqueous solution Solubility in water Bismuth pentoxide Photoelectric current Bismuth perchlorate Absorption spectra, solutions Bismuth phosphate Reflectivity, selective -Bismuth chloride* Bismuth salicylate (basic) -Ethyl alcohol Freezing point-solubility in water Bismuth selenide Density Magnetic susceptibility Melting point Bismuth sulfate Absorption spectra, solutions Bismuth sulfide Compressibility Density Heat of formation Magnetic susceptibility Photoconductivity Photoelectric current Specific heat -Antimony trisulfide* -Bismuth telluride Freezing point-solubility -Silver selenide Freezing point-solubility Bismuth trioxide Band spectra Electrical conductivity Heat of formation Magnetic susceptibility Photoelectric current Specific heat Thermoelectric power Transition temperature -Lead oxide Freezing point-solubility Bismuth tungstate -Lead tungstate Freezing point-solubility Bismuthinite. See Bismuth sulfide. Bismuthyl hydroxide Magnetic susceptibility Bistetrazole, freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Bitumens Nomenclature Properties Rubber, effect on Thermal conductivity Bixbyite , density Links 5.328 6.356 6.426 5.181 3.95 7.242 6.68 5.328 5.260 4.405 1.111 6.356 1.111 5.328 3.50 1.111 5.181 6.356 6.66 6.69 5.95 4.48 4.48 5.411 6.153 5.181 6.356 6.68 5.95 6.224 4.7 4.47 4.48 6.356 4.262 2.168 2.169 2.287 2.315 1.130 195 Index Terms Bjelkte, density Black body Brightness Definition Luminous characteristics Black -body radiator Hemispherical radiation from Monochromatic intensity of Black heart (alloy) Black powder Blanko-blech (alloy) Blast furnace slag Density Thermal conductivity Blatt gold Blatt silver Bleaching powder Density, aqueous solution Heat of formation Blende. See Zinc sulfide. Bloch's alloy Bloedite Density Refractive index Bobbinite (explosive) Bobierite Density Refractive index Bobierre metal Bohlersteel Bohr magneton Boiling point elevation Soap solutions Boiling points Chemical compounds Inorganic Organic Composition, variation with Correction of Elements See also Vapor pressure. Bolting cloth Boltzmann's molecular gas constant Definition Bombicesterol Optical rotatory power Bone tar pitch. See Pitches. Bone tars. See Tars. Boothite, density Boracite Pyroelectric constant Refractive index Specific heat Thermal expansion Transition temperature Borax Density Magnetic susceptibility Melting point Refractive index Specific heat Links 1.116 5.246 1.34 5.437 5.238 5.239 2.373 7.494 2.373 2.313 2.313 2.373 2.373 2.480 2.601 2.555 2.601 1.169 7.27 1.169 2.555 2.472 2.601 3.73 5.196 2.373 1.153 1.153 7.494 1.141 1.141 2.373 2.373 6.346 3.324 5.456 1.310 1.162 1.176 3.308 3.246 1.102 3.324 3.201 3.205 2.332 1.34 1.37 7.464 1.122 6.210 7.23 5.99 3.45 4.7 1.153 6.360 1.153 1.153 5.100 1.168 7.27 196 Index Terms Verdet constant Borcher's non-corrosive alloys Borgstromite, refractive index Boric acid Albedo Boiling point elevation in aqueous solution Density, aqueous solution Diffusion in water Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Heat of formation Ionization constant Magnetic susceptibility Solubility in water Thermal conductivity, aqueous solution Vapor pressure, aqueous solution Vapor pressure lowering in aqueous solution -Acetic acid* -Ammonium hydroxide* -Amyl alcohol* -Amyl alcohols-Sodium chloride -Calcium hydroxide Freezing point-solubility in water -Chromic acid Freezing point-solubility in water -Dulcitol Density, aqueous solution -Ethyl alcohol Density Aqueous solution -Glycerol Density Aqueous solution -Hydrogen chloride Freezing point-solubility in water -Isoamyl alcohol Density Aqueous solution -Isobutyl alcohol Density Aqueous solution -Lactic acid Density, aqueous solution -Lithium hydroxide Freezing point-solubility in water -Mannitol Density, aqueous solution Freezing point-solubility in water -Methyl alcohol Density Aqueous solution -Oxalic acid Freezing point-solubility in water -Potassium hydroxide Freezing point-solubility in water -Propyl alcohol Density Aqueous solution -Sodium hydroxide Freezing point-solubility in water -Tartaric acid Freezing point-solubility in water -cis-Tetrahydronaphthalene-1,2-diol Freezing point-solubility in water Boric oxide Density Links 6.426 2.373 7.22 5.262 3.325 3.70 5.66 6.260 4.257 5.194 7.288 6.359 4.226 5.227 3.367 3.294 4.261 4.251 4.379 4.378 3.102 3.140 3.102 3.140 3.102 4.309 3.140 3.102 3.140 3.102 3.102 4.380 4.394 3.102 4.418 3.140 3.102 4.401 4.380 4.394 3.140 3.102 4.380 4.415 4.421 1.136 4.394 197 Index Terms Heat of formation Magnetic susceptibility Refractive index Specific heat Viscosity -Barium oxide* -Cadmium oxide Freezing point-solubility -Calcium oxide Freezing point-solubility -Lead oxide Freezing point-solubility -Lithium oxide Freezing point-solubility -Manganous oxide Freezing point-solubility -Sodium oxide Freezing point-solubility -Strontium oxide Freezing point-solubility -Sulfuric acid Boiling point elevation Borneocamphene Heat of combustion Borneol Absorption spectra Azeotropic mixtures Heat of combustion Optical rotatory power Vapor pressure Verdet constant, dispersion of -Acetaldehyde* -Acetone* -Benzene* -Camphene Freezing point-solubility -Camphor Freezing point-solubility -Ethyl acetate Density Refractive index -Ethyl alcohol Boiling point elevation Density Refractive index -Methyl alcohol Density -Pinene hydrochloride Freezing point-solubility Bornite, density Bornyl acetate Optical rotatory power Refractive index Bornyl chloride Optical rotatory power Bornylamine Optical rotatory power -Xylene Distribution coefficients in water Bornylcarbamide Optical rotatory power Bornylcarbimide Optical rotatory power Bornylene Absorption spectra Links 5.194 6.359 1.136 5.98 7.212 1.165 4.55 4.85 4.50 4.61 4.60 4.61 4.85 3.328 5.163 5.347 3.322 5.164 7.454 3.209 6.433 4.159 4.159 7.83 7.83 3.337 3.161 7.82 3.152 4.159 1.129 7.455 7.58 7.453 7.456 3.432 7.458 7.458 5.346 7.82 7.13 198 Index Terms Optical rotatory power Bornylene nitrosite -Acetone* d-Bornylmethylene ether Crystallography Refractive index Borolon. See Alundum. Boron Boiling point Compressibility Critical potentials Density Electrical conductivity Emission spectra Hardness Isotopes Magnetic susceptibility Melting point Refractive index Persistent lines Quantum numbers Specific heat Spectral series Thermal expansion Thermochemistry X-rays, scattering, modification by X-rays, scattering of Zeeman effect -Barium* -Calcium Density -Carbon-Iron Equilibrium diagram -Chromium Density -Cobalt Density -Iron Electrical conductivity Equilibrium diagram Magnetic properties -Manganese Curie point Magnetic properties -Nickel Equilibrium diagram -Strontium Density Boron bromide Heat of formation Vapor pressure Liquid Solid Boron chloride Boiling point Heat of formation Heat of vaporization Vapor pressure Vapor pressure above 1 atm. Boron ethylate Boiling point Density Refractive index Boron fluoride Boiling point Links 7.433 1.336 7.30 1.102 3.46 6.70 1.103 1.103 5.283 2.592 1.45 6.354 1.103 1.103 5.323 5.408 1.103 5.395 1.103 5.193 6.17 6.17 5.420 2.456 6.153 5.92 2.594 2.454 2.594 2.594 6.172 2.450 6.391 6.174 6.393 6.407 6.407 2.426 2.594 5.194 3.214 3.208 3.232 5.194 5.136 3.214 3.232 1.136 1.136 1.136 3.232 1.164 1.165 199 Index Terms Heat of formation Vapor density above 1 atm. -Hydrogen sulfide Freezing point-solubility Boron hydride Vapor pressure X-ray diffraction data Boron isoamylate Density Refractive index Boron isobutylate Density Refractive index Boron nickel steels Mechanical properties Boron nitride Decomposition pressure Decomposition temperature Magnetic susceptibility Specific heat Boron oxide Band spectra Density, liquid Electrons, thermal emission of Thermionic work function Boron steels Electrical conductivity Hardness Mechanical properties Boron triethyl, vapor pressure Boron trimethyl Boiling point Vapor pressure Boronized copper Botryogenite Density Refractive index Bougie decimale, definition Boulangerite Density Photoconductivity Bourbonnes Boumonite Photoconductivity Specific heat Thermal conductivity Boussingaultite Density Refractive index Boxwood Density Thermal conductivity Brandes and Schumann alloy Emission, spectral Brandtite Density Refractive index Brass Acoustic resistivity Admiralty Aluminum Annealing temperat ures Contact potential Links 5.194 3.232 4.42 3.214 1.343 1.136 1.136 1.165 1.136 1.136 1.165 2.530 7.288 4.84 6.359 5.98 5.411 3.23 6.54 6.54 2.373 6.174 2.531 2.530 3.222 3.218 3.218 2.373 1.142 1.142 1.34 5.417 2.530 2.558 1.170 1.116 6.66 2.373 6.66 5.97 5.231 1.141 1.141 1.168 7.31 2.314 2.314 5.254 1.144 1.144 6.459 2.370 2.556 2.555 6.57 1.172 2.470 2.556 200 Index Terms Electron emission excited by its positive ion Endurance limits English specifications Gamma rays, absorption coefficient Hardness Annealing, effect of Rolling, effect of High tensile Iron Leaded, endurance limits List of Manganese Mechanical properties Annealing, effect of Oxidized, emission, spectral Partial vapor pressure Sound, velocity of, in Specific heat Thermal conductivity Thermal expansion Thermoelectric properties Tin Viscosity, tangential coefficient Zinc, diffusion of, in Brassidic acid Absorption spectra Cryoscopic constant Esterification constant Heat of combustion -Behenic acid* -Erucic acid Freezing point-solubility -Isoerucic acid Freezing point-solubility Brassylic acid, heat of combustion Braunite, density Brazil, weights and measures Breccia Bulk density Compressive strength Porosity Breit-Dirac formula (Scattering function) Breithauptite Density Melting point See also Nickel antimonide. Brick Acoustic absorption of Density Heat loss from Insulating, for high temperature Refractory Sound, velocity of, in Thermal conductivity See also Clay, Masonry, Sand-lime brick. Bridge bronze Brightness Definition Discrimination of Brightness temperature Brightray (alloy) Brillouin's formula (flow of gas) Brinell hardness number, definition Brines, refrigerating Links 6.65 2.600 2.386 6.21 2.556 2.555 2.556 2.556 2.602 2.389 2.556 2.555 2.555 5.244 3.284 6.459 5.121 5.220 2.469 6.219 2.556 5.9 5.77 2.601 2.606 2.607 2.476 2.559 2.556 6.465 5.224 6.225 5.355 4.184 7.138 5.166 4.167 4.167 5.166 1.128 1.3 2.52 2.48 2.54 6.19 1.132 1.132 6.459 2.314 5.244 2.316 2.82 6.465 2.314 2.373 1.34 1.93 1.59 2.373 5.1 2.x 2.327 2.475 5.245 2.562 2.566 201 Index Terms Bristol brass British India, weights and measures British Thermal Unit Brittania metal Brix Brochantite Density Refractive index Brolunick (alloy) Bromal Boiling points, aqueous solutions Density, aqueous solution Dielectric constant Diffusion in methyl alcohol Electrical conductivity Viscosity Bromal hydrate Cryoscopic constant Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Heat of fusion Solubility in water Viscosity Bromate ion, free energy Bromic acid Absorption spectra, solutions Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Free energy of aqueous solution Heat of formation Viscosity, aqueous solution Bromine Addition to double bonds, kinetics Adsorption by charcoal Band spectra Boiling point Compressibility, liquid Critical constants Critical potentials Decomposition pressure of hydrate Density Aqueous solution Liquid Solid Dielectric constant Gas Liquid Diffusion in benzene Diffusion in carbon disulfide Diffusion in water Dispersion formula Dissociation, work of Dissymmetry in emission of electrons freed by X-rays Electrical conductivity Liquid Solid Electrode potential Electrons, absorption of, by Emission, spectral Emission spectra Free energy Dissociation Electrode reaction Fusion In carbon tetrachloride In water Links 2.373 1.3 1.18 2.373 2.373 1.122 1.122 2.373 2.555 2.601 1.34 2.476 2.557 1.173 3.309 3.113 6.84 5.72 6.143 7.213 4.183 4.262 5.132 3.387 7.213 7.234 5.327 6.242 7.235 5.177 5.12 7.124 3.251 5.411 1.102 3.35 1.102 6.72 7.234 3.54 1.102 1.103 3.324 3.201 3.20 6.74 6.75 5.74 5.75 5.63 7.11 6.72 6.5 1.103 1.103 7.234 6.61 5.257 5.284 7.234 7.234 7.234 7.234 7.234 7.234 6.142 6.153 3.248 202 Index Terms Reaction with hydrogen Reaction with water Solution Vaporization Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Heat of dissociation Heat of fusion Heat of vaporization Hydrolysis constant Internal pressure Ionization, atomic Ionization by α-particles Isotopes Magnetic susceptibility Melting point Overvoltage Persistent lines Pressure-volume relations for gas Quantum numbers Reaction with tribromide ion Refractive index Gas Liquid Solubility in Hydrobromic acid Hydrochloric acid Mercuric bromide solution Organic liquids Potassium bromide solution Potassium sulfate solution Sodium chloride solution Sodium nitrate solution Sodium sulfate solution Strontium bromide solution Water Sound, velocity of, in Specific heat Gas Liquid Solid Surface tension Thermal expansion Thermochemistry Toxicology Transmission of radiant energy Vapor pressure Viscosity Gas Liquid X-ray absorption limits X-ray emission spectra X-ray series, limiting frequencies X-ray wave-lengths, standard X-rays, absorption coefficient X-rays, emission efficiency Zeeman effect -Acetamide* -Acetone* -Aluminum bromide* -Antimony pentabromide* -Antimony pentachloride* -Antimony tribromide* -Arsenous bromide* -Bismuth* -Bromine iodide Vapor pressure lowering -m-Bromobenzoic acid Links 7.234 7.234 7.234 7.234 4.254 5.418 1.103 1.102 7.235 4.19 6.122 6.122 1.45 6.354 1.103 6.340 5.323 3.435 5.408 7.234 7.6 1.103 3.403 3.403 3.403 3.261 3.403 3.403 3.403 3.403 3.403 3.403 3.255 6.462 4.261 7.234 5.131 5.135 7.234 7.234 7.11 4.266 4.266 3.387 7.234 5.80 1.103 1.103 1.103 1.102 5.177 2.319 5.269 3.201 5.81 5.94 7.234 4.447 3.20 7.234 7.234 1.102 7.212 6.37 6.37 6.35 6.34 6.13 6.11 5.420 5.2 3.300 6.16 203 Index Terms Boiling point elevation -Bromoform Distribution coefficients in water Vapor pressure lowering -Carbon disulfide Distribution coefficients in potassium bromide solution Freezing point-solubility Specific heat -Carbon monoxide Equilibrium constant of reaction -Carbon tetrabromide Boiling point elevation Freezing point-solubility -Carbon tetrachloride Density Distribution coefficients in water Freezing point lowering Vapor pressure, partial -Chlorine Density Freezing point-solubility -Ethyl acetate Freezing point-solubility -Ethyl alcohol Freezing point solubility -Ethyl bromide Freezing point-solubility -Ethyl ether Freezing point-solubility -Hydrogen Photochemical reaction Quantum sensitivity -Hydrogen bromide Freezing point lowering Freezing point-solubility -Iodine Density Freezing point-solubility Vapor pressure -Iodine trichloride Density -Mercuric bromide Freezing point-solubility in water -Methyl alcohol Freezing point-solubility -Nitric oxide Freezing point-solubility -Nitrobenzene Density -Nitrobezene-Potassium bromide Freezing point-solubility -Pentachloroethane Distribution coefficients in water -Phosphorus pentabromide Freezing point lowering -Potassium bromide Density, aqueous solution Freezing point-solubility in water -Selenium Boiling point elevation -Sodium bromide Density, aqueous solution -Stannic bromide Boiling point elevation Vapor pressure lowering -Sulfur Boiling point elevation Links 3.324 3.419 3.300 3.419 4.32 5.125 7.244 3.324 4.32 3.131 3.419 4.36 3.284 3.131 4.23 4.32 4.32 4.32 4.33 7.164 7.168 4.37 4.30 3.131 4.23 3.354 3.131 4.266 4.32 4.31 3.132 4.268 3.419 4.36 3.96 4.266 3.324 3.96 3.324 3.300 3.324 204 Index Terms Freezing point-solubility Vapor pressure lowering -Sulfur dioxide Freezing point-solubility -Sulfur monobromide Freezing point lowering -Tellurium Freezing point-solubility -Tetrachloroethane Distribution coefficients in water -Trimethylammonium chloride Density -Water Freezing point-solubility Bromine iodide -Bromine* Bromoacenaphthene -Acenaphthene* -Chloroacenaphthene Freezing point-solubility -Iodoacenaphthene Freezing point-solubility Bromoacetic acid Density, aqueous solution Diffusion in methyl alcohol Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Esterification constant Heat of solution in water Hydrolysis, photochemical Surface tension, aqueous solution -Carbon tetrachloride Boiling point elevation -Chloroform Boiling point elevation Distribution coefficients in water -Dichloromethane Boiling point elevation -Ethyl alcohol Photochemical reaction -Ethyl ether Distribution coefficients in water -Xylene Distribution coefficients in water ω-Bromoacetophenone -Aniline* Bromoacetyl bromide Dielectric constant Electrical conductivity α-Bromoallocinnamic acid -Ethyl alcohol Density Refractive index Dispersion β-Bromoallocinnamic acid -Ethyl alcohol Density Refractive index Dispersion Bromoaniline Diffusion in benzene Diffusion in methyl alcohol o-Bromoaniline Absorption spectra -Isoamyl acetate Density Links 4.23 3.300 4.30 4.36 4.23 3.419 3.132 4.30 4.160 4.160 3.113 5.72 6.262 7.138 5.148 7.169 4.467 3.330 3.331 3.423 3.332 7.164 3.423 3.423 6.84 6.143 7.81 7.81 7.103 7.81 7.81 7.103 5.74 5.73 5.339 3.182 5.159 205 Index Terms Viscosity m-Bromoaniline Absorption spectra Dielectric constant Refractive index -Benzene* p-Bromoaniline Absorption spectra Crystallography -Antimony tribromide* -Antimony trichloride* -Benzene* -Ethyl alcohol Density -Isoamyl acetate Density Viscosity Bromoanisole (o-, p-) Absorption spectra Refractive index Bromobenzene Absorption spectra Azeotropic mixtures Birefringence Boiling point Compressibility Compressibility differences Critical point dat a Density Dielectric constant Diffusion in benzene Diffusion in methyl alcohol Electrical conductivity Flash point Heat of vaporization Magnetic susceptibility Melting point under pressure Orthobaric density Polarization of light scattered by Gas Liquid Refractive index Specific heat Surface tension Thermal conductivity Vapor pressure Vapor pressure above 1 atm. Verdet constant Viscosity Volume change on melting -Acetic acid* -Acetone* -Antimony tribromide* -Antimony trichloride* -Benzene* -Carbon disulfide Density Dielectric constant -Carbon tetrachloride Density -Chlorobenzene Density Freezing point-solubility Heat of solution Specific heat Surface tension Links 5.47 5.339 6.90 7.38 5.339 1.326 3.160 3.182 5.47 5.341 7.40 5.332 3.321 7.111 3.220 3.39 4.15 3.246 3.29 6.89 5.74 5.72 6.144 2.161 5.137 6.362 4.15 3.246 5.266 5.267 7.38 5.110 4.436 5.228 3.220 3.246 6.429 5.33 4.15 3.145 6.101 3.144 3.174 4.127 5.157 5.128 4.473 5.338 7.113 3.248 3.33 6.105 4.453 7.217 7.223 206 Index Terms Vapor pressure Viscosity -Chloroform Density Viscosity -p-Dibromobenzene Freezing point-solubility -Diethyl tartrate Density -Diethylamine Distribution coefficients in water -Ethyl alcohol Density Aqueous solution Miscibility in water -Fluorobenzene Freezing point-solubility -Iodobenzene Freezing point-solubility -Methyl alcohol Density, aqueous solution Miscibility in water -Nitrophenol (o-, p-) Freezing point-solubility -Propyl alcohol Density, aqueous solution Miscibility in water -Tetraethylammonium iodide Density -Toluene Density Surface tension Viscosity p-Bromobenzenesulfonic acid -Potassium hydroxide Photochemical reaction o-Bromobenzoic acid Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution -Benzene* m-Bromobenzoic acid Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution -Bromine* p-Bromobenzoic acid Absorption spectra -Acetic acid* -Butyric acid Boiling point elevation -Potassium hydroxide Photochemical reaction 1-Bromobutylene Dielectric constant α-Bromobutyric acid Dielectric constant Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution γ-Bromobutyric acid, electrical conductivity, aqueous solution d-Bromocamphor Absorption spectra Cryoscopic constant Crystallography Heat of fusion Optical rotatory power Verdet constant -Acetone* -Benzene* -l-Bromocamphor Links 3.289 5.43 3.147 5.33 4.175 3.174 3.427 3.159 3.127 3.411 4.127 4.127 3.125 3.411 4.127 3.129 3.411 3.174 3.174 4.473 5.43 7.164 6.278 6.278 5.340 3.340 7.164 6.87 6.87 6.267 6.267 5.346 4.184 1.330 5.134 7.438 6.430 3.424 207 Index Terms Freezing point-solubility -Camphor Freezing point-solubility -Ethyl acetate Density Refractive index -Ethyl alcohol Density Refractive index -Ethyl bromide Boiling point elevation -Isobutyl bromide Boiling point elevation -Methyl alcohol Boiling point elevation Density -Naphthalene Freezing point-solubility -Phenyl salicylate Freezing point-solubility -Propyl bromide Boiling point elevation -Tristearin Density Freezing point-solubility 2 -Bromo-4-chloroacetanilide -4-Bromo-2-chloroacetanilide Freezing point-solubility 4-Bromo-2-chloroacetanilide -2,4-Dibromoacetanilide Freezing point-solubility -2,4-Dichloroacetanilide Freezing point-solubility o-Bromochlorobenzene Heat of fusion Specific heat Liquid Solid -Bromochlorobenzene (m-, p-) Freezing point-solubility m-Bromochlorob enzene Heat of fusion Specific heat Liquid Solid -o-Bromochlorobemene* p-Bromochlorobenzene Cryoscopic constant Heat of fusion Specific heat Vapor pressure -o-Bromochlorobenzene* -p-Dibromobenzene Freezing point-solubility -p-Dichlorobenzene Freezing point-solubility 1-Bromo-1-chloroethane Boiling point Cryoscopic constant Vapor pressure 1-Bromo-2-chloroethane Azeotropic mixtures 1-Bromo-4-chloro-2-nitrobenzene -1-Bromo-4-chloro-3-nitrobenzene Freezing point-solubility Links 4.158 4.159 3.167 7.83 7.83 3.161 7.81 7.81 3.336 3.341 3.334 3.152 4.155 4.159 3.340 3.194 4.159 4.153 4.153 4.153 5.132 5.109 5.102 4.168 4.175 5.132 5.109 5.102 4.183 5.132 5.102 3.208 4.122 4.168 4.122 4.168 3.216 4.183 3.216 3.319 4.117 208 Index Terms α-Bromocinnamic acid Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution -Ethyl alcohol Density Refractive index Dispersion β-Bromocmnamic acid Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution -Ethyl alcohol Density Refractive index Dispersion α-Bromocinnamic aldehyde -α-Chlorocinnamic aldehyde Freezing point-solubility 1-Bromo-2, 2-dichloroethane Verdet constant 4-Bromo-1,2-dinitrobenzene Surface tension Bromodmitromesitylene Crystallography -Acetonitrile* Bromoethylene Specific heat, gas Verdet constant Bromoform Absorption spectra Azeotropic mixtures Birefringence Compressibility Cryoscopic constant Dielectric constant Diffusion in benzene Diffusion in ethyl alcohol Diffusion in methyl alcohol Diffusion in organic liquids Electrical conductivity Faraday effect, lag in Internal pressure Magnetic susceptibility Melting point under pressure Refractive index Solubility of salts in Surface tension Vapor pressure Verdet constant Viscosity, liquid Volume change on melting -Acetic acid* -Acetone* -Ammonia* -Benzene* -Benzene*-Iodoform -Bromine* -Chloroacetic acid Distribution coefficients in water -Chloroform Refractive index -Diethyl tartrate Density -Ethyl alcohol Density Viscosity -Ethyl ether Density Links 6.289 7.81 7.81 7.103 6.289 7.81 7.81 7.103 4.154 6.428 4.453 1.328 5.80 6.428 5.331 3.318 7.110 3.35 4.183 6.83 5.74 5.73 5.72 5.75 6.143 6.434 4.19 6.361 4.13 7.34 4.206 4.436 3.215 6.428 7.213 4.13 3.423 7.78 3.146 3.146 5.32 3.146 5.334 4.215 7.78 4.448 209 Index Terms Vapor pressure Viscosity -Formic acid Distribution coefficients in water Solubility, mutual -Iodine Distribution coefficients in water Freezing point lowering Freezing point-solubility -Iodoform Density -Iodoform -Xylene Density -Isoamyl alcohol Density Viscosity -Methyl acetate Vapor pressure -Methyl alcohol Density Viscosity -Meth ylene iodide Density -Nitrobenzene Density Viscosity -Phenol Distribution coefficients in water -Picric acid Distribution coefficients in water -Propyl alcohol Density Viscosity -Sulfur Freezing point lowering -Toluene Freezing point-solubility Heat of solution Bromohemin (α and β) Absorption spectra, ultra-violet o-Bromoiodobenzene Heat of fusion Specific heat Liquid Solid m-Bromoiodobenzene Heat of fusion Specific heat Liquid Solid p -Bromoiodobenzene Heat of fusion Specific heat -p-Dibromobenzene Freezing point-solubility -p-Diiodobenzene Freezing point-solubility 1-Bromoisobutyric acid Dielectric constant 1-Bromoisovaleric acid Dielectric constant α-Bromolignoceric acid -α-Bromotetracosanic acid Freezing point-solubility Links 3.286 5.32 3.422 3.395 3.420 4.38 4.33 3.146 3.197 3.146 5.32 3.286 3.146 5.32 3.146 3.146 5.32 3.428 3.427 3.146 5.32 4.37 4.172 5.155 5.379 5.132 5.109 5.103 5.132 5.109 5.103 5.132 5.103 4.122 4.122 6.87 6.88 4.167 210 Index Terms α-Bromonaphthalene Absorption spectra, ultra-violet Birefringence Boiling point Dielectric absorption Dielectric constant Diffusion in benzene Diffusion in et hyl alcohol Diffusion in methyl alcohol Electrical conductivity Emission, spectral Magnetic susceptibility Melting point Refractive index Surface tension Vapor pressure Verdet constant Dispersion -Acetic acid* -Antimony tribromide* -Antimony trichloride* -Carbon disulfide Density -Carbon tetrachloride Birefringence, magnetic -Cyclohexane Birefringence, magnetic -Diethyl tartrate Density -Ethyl alcohol Density Solubility in water Viscosity -Ethyl ether Density Dielectric constant -Ethyl nitrate Density Refractive index Dispersion -Heptane Density Dielectric constant Refractive index Dispersion -Isobutyl alcohol Solubility, mutual -Methyl alcohol Solubility, mutual -Phenyl thiocyanate Density -Picric acid Freezing point-solubility -Styphnic acid Freezing point-solubility β-Bromonaphthalene Absorption spectra, ultra-violet Cryoscopic constant Specific heat -Picric acid Freezing point-solubility -Styphnic acid Freezing point-solubility -Toluene Specific heat Links 5.345 7.111 3.226 6.95 6.95 5.74 5.74 5.73 6.144 5.257 6.363 4.6 7.12 4.437 3.226 6.427 6.433 5.363 7.113 7.49 4.459 3.146 7.112 7.112 3.192 3.161 3.405 5.38 3.168 6.102 3.158 7.81 7.103 7.81 3.190 6.103 7.86 7.105 7.86 3.397 3.397 3.186 4.120 4.122 5.345 4.184 5.104 4.120 4.122 5.128 5.363 211 Index Terms Bromonitrobenzene Diffusion in benzene Diffusion in methyl alcohol o-Bromonitrobenzene Cryoscopic constant Surface tension -Aluminum bromide* -Aluminum chloride* -Benzene* -Bromonitrobenzene (m-, p-) Freezing point-solubility -o-Chloronitrobenzene Freezing point-solubility m-Bromonitrobenzene Cryoscopic constant Crystallization velocity Refractive index Surface tension -Aluminum bromide* -Aluminum chloride* -Benzene* -o-Bromonitrobenzene* -p-Bromonitrobenzene Freezing point-solubility -m-Chloronitrobenzene Freezing point-solubility -m-Fluoronitrobenzene Freezing point-solubility -m-Iodonitrobenzene Freezing point-solubility p-Bromonitroenzene Cryoscopic constant Surface tension -Aluminum bromide* -Aluminum chloride* -Benzene* -Bromonitrobenzene (o-, m-)* p-Chloronitrobenzene Freezing point-solubility 3-Bromo-2-nitrobenzoic acid -5-Bromo-2-nitrobenzoic acid Freezing point-solubility in water Bromonitrocamphor Verdet constant Bromonitromethane Surface tension Bromopentammine cobaltic dibromide Solubility in aqueous solutions Bromopentammine cobaltic dichloride Solubility in aqueous solutions Bromophenol Diffusion in benzene Diffusion in methyl alcohol Specific heat Liquid Solid o-Bromophenol -p-Bromophenol Freezing point-solubility m-Bromophenol, surface tension p-Bromophenol Absorption spectra Cryoscopic constant Heat of fusion Links 5.74 5.72 4.183 4.453 4.175 4.122 4.183 5.61 7.38 4.453 4.175 4.122 4.122 4.123 4.183 4.453 4.123 4.418 6.430 4.448 7.328 7.328 5.74 5.72 5.110 5.103 4.176 4.453 5.338 4.183 5.133 212 Index Terms Heat of solution in water Surface tension -o-Bromophenol* p-Bromophenyldimethylallylammonium bromide Decomposition, kinetics of Bromoplatinic acid Heat of formation α-Bromopropionic acid Dielectric constant Diffusion in methyl alcohol Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Optical rotatory power -Chloroform Distribution coefficients in water -Ethyl ether Distribution coefficients in water -Xylene Distribution coefficients in water β-Bromopropionic acid, electrical conductivity, aqueous solution α-Bromopropylene Azeotropic mixtures Verdet constant 3-Bromopropylene Dielectric constant Diffusion in methyl alcohol Surface tension Verdet constant Viscosity Bromosilicane Density Vapor pressure Liquid Solid Bromosuccinic acid Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Optical rotatory power -Chlorosuccinic acid Freezing point-solubility -Ethyl alcohol Photochemical reaction -Ethyl ether Distribution coefficients in water -Xylene Distribution coefficients in water α-Bromotetracosanic acid -α-Bromolignoceric acid* Bromotoluene -Ethyl alcohol Density, aqueous solution Miscibility in water -Propyl alcohol Density, aqueous solution Miscibility in water o-Bromotoluene Absorption spectra Azeotropic mixtures Dielectric constant Surface tension Verdet constant -p-Bromotoluene Freezing point-solubility p-Bromotoluene Azeotropic mixtures Cryoscopic constant Links 5.149 4.453 7.125 5.189 6.85 5.72 6.264 7.365 3.425 3.425 3.425 6.264 3.320 6.428 6.82 5.72 4.449 6.428 7.214 3.23 3.214 3.207 6.265 7.369 4.113 7.164 3.426 3.426 3.127 3.411 3.129 3.411 5.341 3.319 6.91 4.437 6.429 3.321 4.456 4.179 3.319 4.183 3.322 3.322 213 Index Terms Density Dielectric constant Heat of fusion Melting point under pressure Surface tension Verdet constant -Benzene* -o-Bromotoluene* -p-Dibromobenzene Freezing point-solubility -Ethyl succinimide Freezing point-solubility -Ethylene bromide Freezing point-solubility -Phenol Freezing point-solubility -Thymol Freezing point-solubility -Tribenzylamine Freezing point-solubility -Trimethylcarbinol Freezing point-solubility -Veratrole Freezing point-solubility -p-Xylene Freezing point-solubility Bromotrichloromethane Photochemical reactions Bromo-p-xylene Refractive index -Quinoline Density Refractive index Dispersion Bromural Absorption spectra, ultra-violet Bromyrite Density Refractive index See also Silver bromide. Bronze Acid Acoustic resistivity Admiralty Mechanical properties Ajax Aluminum Density Endurance limits Hardness Mechanical properties Thermal conductivity Bearing, mechanical properties Electrical conductivity Endurance limits Impact hardness Lead, hardness List of Manganese, thermal conductivity Mechanical properties Phosphor British specifications Mechanical properties Thermal conductivity Red Antimony, effect of Links 3.29 6.91 5.133 4.10 4.456 6.429 3.33 4.123 4.144 4.173 4.136 4.149 4.149 4.116 4.149 4.149 7.169 7.43 7.86 7.86 7.105 5.367 1.123 1.123 2.372 2.370 6.459 2.370 2.565 2.370 2.576 2.601 2.582 2.572 5.222 2.562 6.171 2.600 2.564 2.567 2.389 5.223 2.559 2.387 2.560 5.224 2.568 1.165 2.475 2.561 2.476 2.562 2.557 2.567 2.566 2.567 2.570 2.561 2.562 2.567 2.606 5.223 6.172 2.601 2.606 2.566 2.601 214 Index Terms Lead, effect of Leaded, antimony, effect of Sound, velocity of, in Valve, mechanical properties Zinc Lead, effect of Mechanical properties Bronze powder Bronze wire Brookite Density Refractive index Thermal expansion See also Titanium dioxide. Brown factice , rubber, effect on Brucine Absorption spectra Diffusion in ethyl alcohol Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Heat of combustion Optical rotatory power Brucine d-tartrate -Brucine l-tartrate Freezing point-solubility in water Brucite Density Heat of formation Refractive index Specific heat See also Magnesium hydroxide. Brugnatellite Density Refractive index Brushite Density Refractive index Buffer solutions Bufotalin, optical rotatory power Building stones Physical properties Sound, velocity of, in Building tile, hollow Bulbocapnine Crystallography Optical rotatory power Bulk modulus Conversion factors Definition Magnetic field, effect of, on Bunsen cell Bunsen flames Electrical properties Filter for Bunsenite Density Refractive index See also Nickelous oxide. Burr metal Bustamite, refractive index Butane Absorption spectra Boiling point Links 2.569 2.569 6.459 2.567 2.566 2.563 2.373 2.373 1.113 1.113 3.43 2.565 1.173 7.20 2.289 5.334 5.74 6.302 5.168 7.473 5.355 4.376 1.141 5.195 1.141 5.99 1.142 1.142 1.143 1.143 1.81 7.475 1.166 1,166 1.170 2.47 6.465 2.65 1.335 7.475 7.476 1.24 1.34 6.439 6.318 6.156 5.272 1.131 1.131 1.166 2.373 1.145 2.469 1.172 5.332 3.219 2.555 215 Index Terms Critical point data Density, liquid Electrical ignition Flame propagation in Heat of vaporization Ignition temperature Inflammability, limits of Ionization by α-particles Polarization of light scattered by Solubility in non-aqueous liquids Solubility in water Specific heat Vapor pressure Vapor pressure above 1 atm. Viscosity Gas Liquid -Aniline* -Benzene* -Ethyl alcohol Solubility, mutual -Heptane Vapor pressure -Methyl alcohol Solubility, mutual Vapor pressure -Nitrobenzene Solubility, mutual -Pentane Vapor pressure Butan-β-ol hexoate, viscosity Butt brass Button alloy Button brass Butyl acetate Absorption spectra Azeotropic mixtures Critical temperature Dielectric constant Diffusion of vapor in air Heat of vaporization -Benzene* -Ethyl alcohol Miscibility in water -Xylene Density d-β-Butyl acetate -Carbon disulfide Density sec.-Butyl acetate, density Butyl alcohol Absorption spectra Azeotropic mixtures Birefringence, electric Boiling point Compressibility Critical point data Density Aqueous solution Dielectric absorption Dielectric constant Diffusion in water Diffusion of vapor in gases Flash point Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Links 3.244 3.28 2.175 2.184 5.137 2.174 2.179 6.122 5.266 3.269 3.260 5.108 3.219 3.244 3.248 5.3 7.215 3.395 3.289 3.397 3.360 3.397 3.289 7.221 2.373 2.373 2.373 2.555 2.555 2.465 5.340 3.321 3.249 6.91 5.62 5.137 3.412 3.185 3.145 3.29 5.332 3.318 7.111 3.219 3.36 3.248 3.28 3.112 6.87 6.87 5.70 5.62 2.161 4.262 5.337 3.33 3.113 2.602 2.556 2.555 2.601 216 Index Terms Heat of combustion Heat of fusion Heat of vaporization Magnetic susceptibility Polarization of light reflected from Polarization of light scattered by Gas Liquid Refractive index Solubility in water Solubility of salts in Sound, velocity of, in vapor Specific heat Surface tension Aqueous solution Thermal conductivity Pressure, effect of Vapor pressure Verdet constant Dispersion Viscosity -Acenaphthene* -Acetone* -Air* -Ammonium perchlorate* -Barium perchlorate* -Benzene* -Calcium perchlorate Density -Cesium perchlorate Density -Decahydronaphthalene Density Viscosity -Diethyl tartrate Density Refractive index -Diethylamine Distribution coefficients in water -Ethane Vapor pressure -Ethyl alcohol Miscibility in water -Hydrogen chloride Density -Isopropyl alcohol Miscibility in water -Lithium chloride Density -Lithium perchlorate Density -Magnesium perchlorate Density -Naphthalene Freezing point-solubility -β-Naphthylamine Freezing point-solubility -Potassium perchlorate Density -Rubidium perchlorate Density -Sodium chloride Density -Sodium perchlorate Density -Strontium perchlorate Density Links 5.164 5.132 5.137 6.361 5.261 5.266 5.266 7.12 3.388 4.209 6.463 5.108 4.451 4.468 5.228 5.227 3.219 6.427 6.434 5.41 3.140 3.142 3.167 5.41 7.83 7.83 3.426 3.360 3.412 3.135 3.412 3.140 3.141 3.140 4.115 4.115 3.142 3.142 3.141 3.141 3.140 7.36 7.215 7.223 217 Index Terms -Tetrahydronaphthalene Density Viscosity sec.-Butyl alcohol Absorption spectra Azeotropic mixtures Boiling point Critical temperature Density, aqueous solution Dielectric absorption Dielectric constant Heat of vaporization Optical rotatory power Solubility in water Pressure, effect of Surface tension Verdet constant, dispersion of tert.-Butyl alcohol Absorption spectra Azeotropic mixtures Birefringence, electric Boiling point Compressibility Critical temperature Cryoscopic constant Dielectric absorption Dielectric constant Heat of fusion Heat of vaporization Magnetic susceptibility Polarization of light scattered by Surface tension Aqueous solution Verdet constant, dispersion of Viscosity -p-Dibromobenzene Boiling point elevation -Magnesium bromide Freezing point-solubility -Thiourea Boiling point elevation -Thiourea-Urea Boiling point elevation Butyl benzoate Compressibility Verdet constant Butyl bromide Azeotropic mixtures Boiling point Dielectric constant Viscosity -Acetic acid* -Diethylamine Distribution coefficients in water tert.-Butyl bromide Azeotropic mixtures Dielectric constant Verdet constant Butyl butyrate Absorption spectra Compressibility Specific heat d-sec.-Butyl butyrate, density Butyl chloride Dielectric constant Links 3.167 5.41 5.332 3.318 3.219 3.248 3.114 6.87 6.87 5.137 7.362 3.388 3.393 4.451 6.434 5.332 3.318 7.111 3.219 3.36 3.248 4.183 6.87 6.87 5.132 5.137 6.361 5.266 4.451 4.468 6.434 7.216 3.321 5.337 3.321 3.342 3.342 4.203 3.342 3.349 3.37 6.430 3.321 3.219 6.87 7.223 3.426 3.321 6.87 6.428 5.333 3.37 5.112 3.29 6.82 6.87 3.324 218 Index Terms Specific heat tert.-Butyl chloride Surface tension Verdet constant Butyl cyanoacetate, surface tension β-Butyl esters Optical rotatory power Butyl ether Absorption spectra -Diethylamine Distribution coefficients in water Butyl formate Absorption spectra Dielectric constant Flash point Heat of vaporization Specific heat Viscosity -Ethyl alcohol Miscibility in water Butyl iodide Dielectric constant Heat of vaporization Refractive index tert.-Butyl iodide Dielectric constant -Chloroform Boiling point elevation Butyl isothiocyanate Surface tension Butyl nitrite Absorption spectra Surface tension Butyl propionate Heat of vaporization Specific heat d-sec.-Butyl propionate , density Butyl valerate Compressibility Specific heat Butylamine Absorption spectra Density, aqueous solution Dielectric constant Diffusion of vapor in air Heat of combustion Surface tension -Viscosity Gas Liquid -Ethyl ether Distribution coefficients in water -Xylene Distribution coefficients in water sec.-Butylamine Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Heat of combustion Optical rotatory power Refractive index tert.-Butylamine Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Heat of combustion Refractive index Surface tension Links 5.108 4.436 6.428 4.457 7.360 5.333 3.427 5.332 6.88 2.162 5.137 5.109 7.216 3.412 6.87 5.137 7.36 6.87 3.331 4.452 5.332 4.451 5.137 5.111 3.29 3.37 5.112 5.332 3.114 6.88 5.62 5.167 4.451 5.4 7.216 3.426 3.426 6.268 5.167 7.363 7.36 6.268 5.167 7.36 4.451 4.451 219 Index Terms Butylamine hydrochloride Density, aqueous solution Butylbenzene, viscosity sec.-Butylbenzene, flash point tert.-Butylbenzene Absorption spectra Compressibility Dielectric constant Heat of combustion Butylchloral, dielectric constant Butylcoumaric acid Heat of combustion Butylene Dielectric constant Inflammability, limits of Butylene bromide Electrical conductivity Butylethylene Boiling point Vapor pressure Butyltrimethyllead Boiling point Density Refractive index Butyraldehyde Absorption spectra Dielectric constant Magnetic susceptibility Refractive index Solubility in water Surface tension, aqueous solution Butyramide Boiling point elevation in aqueous solution Density, aqueous solution Heat of combustion Viscosity, aqueous solution -Acetone* -Benzene* -Chloroform Boiling point elevation -Ethyl alcohol Boiling point elevation Density Butyric acid Absorption spectra Azeotropic mixtures Boiling point Condensation on ions and nuclei Critical point data Density Aqueous solution Dielectric constant Diffusion in water Diffusion of vapor in gases Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Esterification constant Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Heat of combustion Heat of fusion Heat of solution in water Heat of vaporization Heat of wetting by Magnetic susceptibility Orthobaric density Links 3.114 7.221 2.161 5.346 3.37 6.95 5.163 6.86 5.166 6.82 2.179 6.143 3.222 3.222 1.116 1.116 1.116 1.163 5.332 6.87 6.361 7.36 3.387 4.468 5.337 1.165 3.327 3.114 5.167 5.23 3.331 3.336 3.159 5.332 3.318 3.219 6.117 3.240 3.28 3.112 6.87 5.70 5.62 6.267 7.138 4.262 5.165 5.132 5.149 5.137 5.142 6.361 3.240 5.337 3.321 3.340 3.248 220 Index Terms Polarization of light scattered by Refractive index Solubility in water Sound, velocity of, in vapor Specific heat Aqueous solution Surface tension Aqueous solution Thermal conductivity Vapor pressure Aqueous solution Verdet constant, dispersion of Viscosity Aqueous solution Liquid X-ray diffraction bands -Acetic acid* -Acetic acid*-Capric acid -Acetic acid*-Valeric acid -Acetone* -Ammonium acetate* -Ammonium butyrate* -Ammonium formate* -Aniline* -Benzanilide* -Benzene* -Benzil* -p-Bromobenzoic acid* -Camphor Density -Carbon disulfide Vapor pressure -Chloroform Distribution coefficients in water Vapor pressure -Diphenylamine Boiling point elevation -Ethyl alcohol Density -Ethyl ether Distribution coefficients in water -Formamide Density Freezing point-solubility Viscosity -Methyl acetate Vapor pressure -Methyl alcohol Density Refractive index -Naphthalene Freezing point-solubility Freezing point-solubility in water -Potassium acetate Density, aqueous solution -Potassium butyrate Density, aqueous solution -Potassium formate Density, aqueous solution -Pyridine Density Viscosity -Sodium acetate Density, aqueous solution -Sodium butyrate Boiling point elevation Density, aqueous solution Links 5.266 7.12 3.388 6.463 5.108 5.124 4.451 4.468 5.228 3.219 3.291 6.434 5.20 5.33 1.352 7.36 7.215 3.166 3.286 3.426 3.286 3.340 3.159 3.426 3.149 4.100 5.33 3.288 3.151 7.79 4.115 4.415 3.103 3.103 3.103 3.165 5.40 3.102 3.340 3.102 7.79 221 Index Terms -Sodium formate Density, aqueous solution -Toluene Density -Xylene Distribution coefficients in water Butyric anhydride Dielectric constant Butyric anilide Transition temperature Butyronitrile Boiling point Critical point data Density Dielectric constant Electrical conductivity Heat of combustion Heat of vaporization Hydrolysis Magnetic susceptibility Specific heat Surface tension Butyrorefractometer values Refractive index from Butyrylphenylacetylene Magnetic susceptibility Verdet constant C.M.A. bearing metal Cacodyl, magnetic susceptibility Cacodylic acid Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Magnetic susceptibility Cacoxenite Density Refractive index Cadave rine hydrochloride Absorption spectra, ultra-violet Cadinene, optical rotatory power Cadmium Absorption, index of Accommodation coefficient Boiling point Cathodoluminescence Compressibility Condensation, irreversible, temperature of Contact potential Corbino effect Critical potentials Density Liquid Solid Electrical conductivity Liquid Solid Low temperature Magnetic field, effect of Single crystal Electrode potential Electrons, absorption of, by vapor of Electrons, transmitted, velocity of Emission, spectral Emission spectra Entropy Ettingshausen effect Links 3.102 3.166 3.426 6.94 4.8 3.218 3.248 3.28 6.87 6.143 5.167 5.137 7.141 6.361 5.108 4.436 4.450 2.212 6.363 6.430 2.374 6.361 2.556 6.263 6.361 1.129 1.129 1.166 5.370 7.461 5.249 5.53 1.102 5.387 3.46 5.53 6.57 6.419 6.70 1.102 1.104 1.103 1.104 6.126 6.422 6.126 6.319 6.61 6.62 5.253 5.286 5.88 6.419 3.205 5.390 3.48 5.54 2.457 2.456 2.463 6.136 6.132 6.136 6.332 5.255 7.256 222 Index Terms Fluorescence of vapors Free energy Electrode reaction Fusion Sublimation Vaporization Hall effect Heat content Heat of fusion Heat of vaporizatio n Isotopes Magnetic susceptibility Magneton number Mechanical properties Melting point Nernst effect Peltier coefficient Persistent lines Photoelectric threshold Quantum numbers Refraction, index of Refractive index Gas Righi-Leduc effect Solubility in cadmium chloride Solution velocity in dissolved iodine Solution velocity in salt solutions Sound, velocity of, in Specific heat Liquid Solid Spectral series Surface tension Thermal conductivity Thermal expansion Liquid Solid Thermochemistry Thermody namic potential Thermoelectric properties Thomson coefficient Vapor pressure Volume change on fusion Viscosity, liquid X-ray absorption limits X-ray crystal structure X-ray emission spectra X-ray series, limiting frequencies X-rays, absorption coefficient Zeeman effect -Aluminum*-Copper-Magnesium -Aluminum*-Copper-Magnesium-Manganese -Aluminum*-Copper-Magnesium-Manganese-Zinc -Aluminum*-Tin -Aluminum*-Zinc -Antimony* -Arsenic* -Bismuth* -Bismuth*-Lead-Tin -Bismuth*-Zinc -Cadmium chloride Electrical conductivity -Calcium Equilibrium diagram -Copper Electrical conductivity Equilibrium diagram Links 5.391 7.256 7.256 7.256 7.256 6.416 5.88 1.104 1.102 1.45 6.354 6.346 2.548 1.53 6.420 6.227 5.323 6.68 5.408 5.249 1.103 7.6 6.421 4.40 5.56 5.57 6.465 6.417 2.458 2.458 1.104 5.58 1.103 1.104 5.396 1.103 5.218 5.94 5.85 7.256 5.88 4.439 5.220 5.221 1.102 1.104 5.185 5.88 6.214 6.228 3.205 2.474 5.6 6.38 1.340 6.38 6.35 6.13 5.420 2.463 2.460 6.150 6.197 2.428 6.166 2.429 6.225 5.7 5.93 7.256 223 Index Terms Hardness Mechanical properties -Copper-Silver Hardness Mechanical properties Mold shrinkage -Gold Density Electrical conductivity Equilibrium diagram Hardness Thermal conductivity Thermoelectric properties -Lead Electrical conductivity Equilibrium diagram Magnetic susceptibility Refraction, index of Thermal expansion (cubical) Thermoelectric properties -Lead-Tin Density Mechanical properties -Lead-Zinc Miscibility relations -Lithium Equilibrium diagram -Magnesium Electrical conductivity Equilibrium diagram Hardness Mechanical properties -Magnesium-Zinc Equilibrium diagram -Mercury Absorption, index of Density Electrical conductivity Equilibrium diagram Hardness Refraction, index of Solubility, pressure, effect of Surface tension Thermal conductivity Thermoelectric properties Viscosity, liquid See also Cadmium amalgams. -Nickel Equilibrium diagram -Potassium Equilibrium diagram -Silver Density Equilibrium diagram Hardness Specific volume Thermal conductivity Thermoelectric properties -Sodium Electrical conductivity Equilibrium diagram -Tellurium Equilibrium diagram Freezing point-solubility -Thallium Electrical conductivity Equilibrium diagram Links 2.554 2.548 2.552 2.584 2.585 2.584 2.548 6.164 2.424 2.549 5.223 6.217 6.167 2.414 6.365 5.251 2.474 6.218 2.586 6.198 2.551 2.551 3.408 2.429 6.166 2.429 2.551 2.544 2.447 5.251 2.551 6.190 2.429 2.586 5.251 4.265 2.591 5.224 6.218 5.7 2.448 2.589 6.220 2.430 2.429 2.589 2.421 2.548 2.589 5.222 6.215 6.198 2.430 2.430 4.28 6.196 2.430 2.585 2.590 224 Index Terms Hardness Thermal conductivity -Tin Electrical conductivity Equilibrium diagram Specific heat Thermal conductivity Thermal expansion Thermoelectric properties -Zinc Compressibility Electrical conductivity Equilibrium diagram Hardness Mechanical properties Thermal conductivity Thermal expansion Thermoelectric properties Cadmium acetate Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution -Silver acetate Solubility in water Cadmium amalgams Electrode potentials Partial vapor pressure X-ray diffraction data -Mercuric oxide Electromotive force -Mercurous bromide Electromotive force -Mercurous chloride Electromotive force -Mercurous iodide Electromotive force -Mercurous sulfate Electromotive force -Silver chloride Electrode potential -Silver iodide Electromotive force Cadmium benzoate, ammines, decomposition pressure Cadmium bromate Reflectivity, selective Cadmium bromide Ammine Decomposition pressure Heaf of decomposition Heat of formation Concentration cell Decomposition potential of hydrate Decomposition pressure of hydrate Density, aqueous solution Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Heat of formation Magnetic susceptibility Methylamine complex Decomposition pressure Heat of decomposition Photoelectric current Refractive index, aqueous solution Dispersion Solubility in water Transference number Vapor pressure, aqueous solution Vapor pressure lowering in aqueous solution Links 2.551 5.224 6.167 2.416 5.120 5.224 2.474 6.218 2.548 6.167 2.430 2.549 2.546 5.224 2.474 6.218 2.550 2.552 2.551 3.107 6.239 7.70 4.256 7.323 7.256 3.284 1.348 7.259 7.260 7.259 7.260 7.260 7.266 7.268 7.258 5.260 7.257 7.257 5.186 6.326 7.257 7.257 3.65 6.234 4.255 5.185 6.357 7.257 7.257 6.69 7.70 7.100 4.222 6.310 3.366 3.294 225 Index Terms -Acetone* -Aluminum bromide* -Cadmium chloride Freezing point-solubility -Cadmium iodide Freezing point-solubility -Cuprous bromide Freezing point-solubility -Ethyl alcohol Density Verdet constant -Lead bromide Solubility in water -Piperidine Boiling point elevation -Potassium bromide Freezing point-solubility -Potassium bromide-Sodium bromide Freezing point-solubility -Quinoline Boiling point elevation -Sodium bromide Freezing point-solubility Cadmium carbonate Decomposition pressure Heat of decomposition Heat of formation Cadmium cells Cadmium cesium sulfate Density Hydrate Decomposition pressure Heat of decomposition Refractive index Solubility in water Cadmium chlorate Ammines Decomposition pressure Heat of decomposition Density, aqueous solution Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Refractive index, aqueous solution Solubility in water Vapor pressure lowering in aqueous solution Cadmium chloride Absorption spectra Ammines Decomposition pressure Heat of decomposition Heat of formation Boiling point elevation in aqueous solution Compressibility Concentration cells Decomposition potential Density Aqueous solution Liquid Solid Electrical conductivity Aqueous solution Free energy Dehydration of hydrates Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Heat of formation Hydrolysis constant Links 4.55 4.55 4.55 3.138 6.427 7.317 3.343 4.55 4.75 4.80 3.347 4.55 7.258 7.258 5.186 6.313 6.314 1.161 7.311 7.311 1.161 4.244 7.257 7.257 3.65 6.244 4.255 7.70 4.222 3.294 1.169 7.31 6.254 5.328 7.257 7.257 5.186 3.325 3.50 6.325 7.256 3.65 3.23 1.120 6.148 6.231 7.256 7.256 4.255 5.185 7.256 3.107 6.232 7.70 226 Index Terms Magnetic susceptibility Melting point Photoelectric current Refractive index Aqueous solution Dispersion Solid Solubility in water Specific heat Surface tension, aqueous solution Transference number Transition pressure of hydrate Vapor pressure lowering in aqueous solution Viscosity, aqueous solution X-rays, absorption coefficient -Ammonium chloride* -Amyl alcohol* -Barium chloride* -Beryllium chloride* -Bismuth chloride* -Cadmium* -Cadmium bromide* -Cadmium iodide Freezing point-solubility -Cadmium sulfate Freezing point-solubility -Calcium chloride Freezing point-solubility -Cobaltous chloride Boiling point elevation in aqueous solution -Cupric chloride Boiling point elevation in aqueous solution -Cuprous chloride Freezing point-solubility -Ethyl alcohol Verdet constant -Hydrogen chloride Density, aqueous solution Viscosity, aqueous solution -Lead chloride Freezing point-solubility Solubility in wat er -Magnesium chloride Freezing point-solubility -Manganese chloride Freezing point-solubility -Potassium chloride Electrical conductivity Freezing point-solubility Freezing point-solubility in water -Potassium chloride-Sodium chloride Freezing point-solubility -Potassium cyanide Density, aqueous solution -Quinoline Boiling point elevation -Sodium chloride Freezing point-solubility Freezing point-solubility in water -Stannous chloride Freezing point-solubility -Strontium chloride Freezing point-solubility -Thallium monochloride Electrical conductivity Freezing point-solubility Solubility in water Links 6.357 1.120 6.69 7.70 7.100 1.120 4.221 5.96 4.464 6.310 1.120 3.294 5.14 6.13 1.172 4.245 4.55 4.55 4.55 3.347 3.347 4.55 6.427 3.95 5.18 4.51 7.315 4.55 4.55 6.150 4.55 4.304 4.385 4.75 4.80 3.98 3.347 4.55 4.304 4.49 4.55 6.150 4.53 7.320 4.385 227 Index Terms -Zinc chloride Freezing point-solubility Cadmium cyanate Heat of formation Cadmium cyanide Heat of formation Cadmium dipotassium chloride Refractive index Cadmium dithionate Heat of formation Cadmium fluoride Heat of formation Solubility in water X-ray diffraction data -Cadmium iodide Freezing point-solubility -Sodium fluoride Freezing point-solubility Cadmium formate Density, aqueous solution Cadmium hydride , band spectra Cadmium hydroxide Concentration cell Heat of formation Solubility in ammonium hydroxide Cadmium iodate Ammine Decomposition pressure Heat of decomposition Cadmium iodide Ammine Decomposition pressure Heat of decomposition Heat of formation Boiling point elevation in aqueous solution Density, aqueous solution Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Electrode potential Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Heat of formation Magnetic susceptibility Methylamine complex Decomposition pressure Heat of decomposition Photoelectric current Refractive index, aqueous solution Dispersion Solubility in mixed solvents Solubility in water Pressure, effect of Specific heat, aqueous solution Thermal expansion Transference number Vapor pressure Vapor pressure lowering in aqueous solution X-ray diffraction data -Acetone* -Acetonitrile* -Amyl alcohol* -Aniline* -Cadmium bromide* -Cadmium chloride* -Cadmium fluoride* -Cuprous iodide Freezing point-solubility Links 4.54 5.186 5.186 7.28 5.186 5.185 4.221 1.342 4.55 4.55 3.66 5.412 6.325 5.185 7.258 7.257 7.257 7.257 7.257 5.186 3.325 3.66 6.235 7.257 4.256 5.185 6.357 7.257 7.257 6.69 7.70 7.100 4.211 4.222 4.265 5.122 3.44 6.310 3.214 3.294 1.342 4.55 7.70 6.239 228 Index Terms -Diethyl sulfide Boiling point elevation -Ethyl acetate Density Freezing point-solubility -Ethyl alcohol Boiling point elevation Density Freezing point-solubility Refractive index Verdet constant -Ethyl ether Distribution coefficients in water Freezing point-solubility in water -Ethyl formate Freezing point-solubility -Isopropyl alcohol Freezing point-solubility -Mercuric iodide Freezing point-solubility -Methyl acetate Boiling point elevation -Methyl alcohol Density Refractive index -Methyl formate Freezing point-solubility -Methyl sulfide Boiling point elevation -Piperidine Boiling point elevation -Potassium iodide Freezing point-solubility -Propyl alcohol Freezing point-solubility -Propyl formate Freezing point-solubility -Pyridine Boiling point elevation Freezing point-solubility -Quinoline Boiling point elevation Freezing point-solubility -Sodium iodide Freezing point-solubility Cadmium magnesium chloride Solubility in water Cadmium metasilicate Melting point Cadmium naphthalenesulfonate Ammine, decomposition pressure Cadmium nitrate Crystallization velocity Density, aqueous solution Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Heat of formation Heat of fusion Refractive index, aqueous solution Solubility in water Specific heat Vapor pressure, aqueous solution Vapor pressure lowering in aqueous solution Viscosity, aqueous solution Cadmium orthosilicate Melting point Links 3.342 3.139 4.198 3.337 3.139 4.198 7.81 6.427 3.338 7.81 3.421 4.415 4.198 4.198 4.56 3.340 3.139 7.79 7.79 4.198 3.338 3.343 4.56 4.198 4.198 3.342 4.198 3.347 4.198 4.56 4.229 4.84 7.258 5.61 3.66 6.237 4.256 5.186 5.131 7.70 4.222 5.96 3.366 3.294 5.14 4.84 3.107 6.240 229 Index Terms Cadmium oxalate , electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Cadmium oxide Electrical conductivity Electrons, thermal emission of Heat of formation Magnetic susceptibility Photoelectric current Thermal conductivity Thermionic work function Thermoelectric power X-ray diffraction data -Boric oxide* Cadmium oxybromide Heat of formation Cadmium oxychloride Heat of formation Cadmium oxyiodide Heat of formation Cadmium perchlorate Ammine, decomposition pressure Hydrate, decomposition pressure Cadmium phosphate , luminescence Cadmium potassium bromide Solubility in water Cadmium potassium chloride Refractive index Solubility in water Thermal conductivity Cadmium potassium iodide Density, aqueous solution Transition temperature Cadmium potassium nitrite Refractive index Cadmium rubidium bromide Solubility in water Cadmium rubidium sulfate Density Hydrate Decomposition pressure Heat of decomposition Refractive index Solubility in water Cadmium selenate Reflectivity, selective Cadmium selenide Heat of formation Cadmium sodium sulfate Density, aqueous solution Solubility in water Cadmium sulfate Ammines Decomposition pressure Heat of decomposition Heat of formation Boiling point elevation in aqueous solution Concentration cells Decomposition pressure of hydrates Density, aqueous solution Diffusion in water Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Heat of formation Reflectivity, selective Links 6.258 6.153 6.54 5.185 6.357 6.69 5.216 6.54 6.224 1.342 5.185 5.185 5.186 7.257 7.257 5.389 4.241 7.28 4.241 5.232 3.91 4.8 1.156 1.170 4.243 1.160 7.310 7.310 1.160 4.243 1.168 7.31 5.260 5.186 3.86 4.238 7.258 7.258 5.186 3.325 6.326 7.257 3.66 5.65 6.231 4.256 5.186 5.260 3.107 6.235 6.240 230 Index Terms Solubility in water Pressure, effect of Solution velocity in water Specific heat Aqueous solution Surface tension, aqueous solution Transference number Vapor pressure, aqueous solution Vapor pressure lowering in aqueous solution Viscosity, aqueous solution -Cadmium chloride* -Ferrous sulfate Freezing point-solubility in water -Hydrochloric acid Equilibrium constant of reaction -Lithium sulfate Freezing point-solubility -Potassium sulfate Freezing point-solubility -Silver bromate Solubility in water -Sodium sulfate Density, aqueous solution Freezing point-solubility Freezin g point-solubility in water -Sulfuric acid Density, aqueous solution -Thallium monochloride Solubility in water Cadmium sulfide Heat of formation Photoelectric current Refractive index Specific heat X-ray diffraction data Cadmium telluride Heat of formation Caedit (alloy) Caffeine Absorption spectra, ultra-violet Diffusion in water Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Heat of combustion Heat of solution in water Solubility in salt solutions Solubility in water -Acetone* -Amyl acetate* -Aniline* -Antipyrine* -Benzaldehyde* -Benzene* -Chloroform Distribution coefficients in water -Citric acid Freezing point-solubility in water -Ethyl ether Distribution coefficients in water -Isoamyl alcohol Density -Sodium benzoate Freezing point-solubility in water -Sulfuric acid Freezing point-solubility in water -Toluene Density Links 4.222 4.265 5.56 5.96 5.122 4.464 6.310 3.366 3.294 5.14 4.339 4.389 7.258 4.56 4.56 4.78 7.322 3.98 4.56 4.340 3.96 7.320 5.186 6.69 7.21 5.96 1.342 5.186 2.373 5.343 5.71 6.286 5.168 5.150 4.421 4.251 3.431 4.417 3.431 3.173 4.421 4.398 3.187 5.369 231 Index Terms -m-Xylene Density Calamene, optical rotatory power Calamine Density Pyroelectric constant Refractive index Calaverite Density See also Gold telluride. Calcioferrite Density Refractive index Calcite Compressibility Density Dielectric constant Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Emission, spectral Free energy Reaction with carbonic acid Transformation to aragonite Grating spaces of Magnetic susceptibility Photoluminescence Refractive index Residual rays Spectral filter, use as Thermal conductivity Thermal expansion Transmission of radiant energy X-rays, reflection of, by X-rays, refraction of, by See also Calcium carbonate. Calcium Absorption spectra, solutions Ammine Decomposition pressure Heat of decomposition Boiling point Cathodoluminescence Compressibility Critical potentials Density Electrical conductivity Electrode potential Electrons, thermal emission of Emission spectra Entropy Entropy change on sublimation Evaporation from hot filament Free energy Allotropic transformation Sublimation Vaporization Hardness Heat content Heat of allotropic transformation Heat of fusion Heat of sublimation Heat of vaporization Isotopes Magnetic susceptibility Melting point Persistent lines Photoelectric threshold Links 3.191 7.461 1.119 6.210 1.119 1.171 1.125 1.145 1.145 1.166 3.50 1.143 6.99 6.258 5.257 5.258 5.259 1.167 7.24 7.297 7.297 6.7 6.364 5.387 1.143 5.261 5.273 5.232 3.44 5.270 6.50 6.50 6.51 5.329 7.293 7.293 1.102 5.387 3.46 6.70 1.104 1.104 6.332 6.53 5.285 5.88 7.293 5.53 7.293 7.293 7.293 2.592 5.88 7.293 7.293 7.293 1.102 1.45 6.354 1.104 5.323 6.68 3.205 5.389 3.48 2.456 6.136 7.293 7.293 7.293 6.137 6.138 232 Index Terms Quantum numbers Sound, velocity of, in vapor Specific heat Spectral series Tensile properties Thermal expansion Liquid Solid Thermionic work function Thermochemistry Thermodynamic potential Thermoelectric properties Vapor pressure X-ray absorption limit X-ray absorption spectra X-ray crystal structure X-ray series, limiting frequencies X-rays, absorption coefficient X-rays, scattering, modification by Zeeman effect -Aluminum* -Ammonia* -Antimony* -Arsenic* -Barium*-Lead -Bismuth* -Boron* -Cadmium* -Calcium chloride Freezing point-solubility -Calcium fluoride Freezing point-solubility -Calcium iodide Freezing point-solubility -Copper Equilibrium diagram -Lead Equilibrium diagram -Magnesium Density Equilibrium diagram -Mercury Electrical conductivity Photoelectric threshold Surface tension Vapor pressure, partial -Silicon Density -Silver Equilibrium diagram -Thallium Equilibrium diagram -Zinc Equilibrium diagram Calcium acetate Density, aqueous solution Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Heat of formation Refract ive index, aqueous solution Solubility in water Specific heat, aqueous solution Surface tension, aqueous solution Viscosity, aqueous solution -Acetic acid* -Acetic acid*-Potassium tartrate -Ammonium sulfate* Links 5.408 6.462 1.104 5.396 2.592 2.463 1.104 6.53 5.196 5.88 6.214 3.205 6.36 6.36 1.340 6.35 6.13 6.17 5.420 5.85 5.88 2.460 7.293 6.45 4.40 4.40 4.40 2.429 2.414 2.594 2.429 6.190 6.68 2.591 3.284 2.594 2.421 2.429 2.429 3.74 6.241 4.257 5.197 7.72 4.230 5.123 4.465 5.14 7.72 6.246 6.254 5.93 7.293 233 Index Terms -Hydrogen chloride-Potassium tartrate Freezing point-solubility in water -Potassium sulfate-Sodium sulfate Freezing point-solubility in water -Potassium sulfate-Sulfuric acid Freezing point-solubility in water Calcium aconitate Crystallography Refractive index Calcium aluminate Heat of formation Melting point Refractive index -Gehlenite Freezing point-solubility Calcium amide , heat of formation Calcium arsenate Heat of formation -Arsenous acid* Calcium benzoate Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Heat of solution in water Solubility in water Calcium bicarbonate Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Free energy of ionization Calcium bromide Ammines Decomposition pressure Heat of decomposition Heat of formation Boiling point elevation in aqueous solution Compressibility Decomposition pressure of hydrate Density Aqueous solution Drying agent, value as Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Heat of formation Solubility in water Transference number Vapor pressure lowering in aqueous solution -Aluminum bromide* -Arsenous oxide* -Calcium chloride Freezing point-solubility -Calcium hydroxide Freezing point-solubility in water -Ethyl alcohol Density Freezing point-solubility Verdet constant -Lead bromide Freezing point-solubility in water -Lead chloride Freezing point-solubility in water -Lithium bromide Freezing point-solubility -Mercuric bromide Freezing point-solubility in water -Potassium bromide Freezing point-solubility -Potassium sulfate Freezing point-solubility in water Links 4.303 4.336 4.336 1.322 1.144 1.170 5.197 1.145 1.145 1.172 4.90 5.196 4.92 5.196 4.257 5.150 4.231 6.241 7.297 7.295 7.295 5.196 3.325 3.50 7.295 3.43 3.73 3.385 6.234 4.257 5.196 4.229 6.311 3.295 6.246 3.108 6.239 4.63 4.318 4.387 3.140 4.204 6.427 4.317 4.275 4.64 4.318 4.64 4.316 7.317 7.340 234 Index Terms -Sodium bromide Freezing point-solubility Calcium butyrate Solubility in water Calcium d-camphorate -d-Camphoric acid Freezing point-solubility in water Calcium carbide Heat of formation Specific heat Calcium carbonate Albedo Carbon dioxide and water, reaction with Cathodoluminescence Compressibility Decomposition pressure Density Dielectric constant Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution X-rays, effect of Entropy Entropy change on allotropic transformation Free energy of allotropic transformation Free energy of decomposition Heat content Heat of allotropic transformation Heat of decomposition Heat of formation Magnetic susceptibility Oxalate ion, reaction with Reflectivity, selective Residual rays Specific heat Thermal conductivity Thermal expansion Thermodynamic potential Transition temperature X-ray crystal structure See also Aragonite, Calcite, Iceland spar, Marble. -Calcium chloride Freezing point-solubility -Calcium sulfa te-Carbon dioxide-Sodium chloride-Sodium sulfate Density, aqueous solution -Carbon dioxide-Sodium chloride Density, aqueous solution -Carbonic acid Solubility in water -Carbonic acid-Sodium chloride Freezing point-solubility in water -Potassium carbonate Freezing point-solubility -Potassium carbonate-Sodium carbonate Freezing point-solubility -Potassium chloride Density, aqueous solution Freezing point-solubility in water -Potassium oxalate-Trichloroacetic acid Freezing point-solubility in water -Potassium sulfate Density, aqueous solution Freezing point-solubility in water -Sodium carbonate Freezing point-solubility -Sodium chloride Density, aqueous solution Freezing point-solubility in water Links 4.64 4.230 4.421 5.197 5.99 5.262 7.296 5.390 3.50 7.297 3.44 6.77 6.258 6.6 5.91 7.297 7.297 7.297 5.91 7.297 7.297 5.197 6.360 7.297 5.260 5.261 5.87 5.216 3.44 5.91 4.7 1.344 5.91 5.232 4.63 3.103 3.103 7.296 4.300 4.64 4.75 3.98 4.300 4.300 3.98 4.334 4.64 3.98 4.300 4.82 5.99 5.233 235 Index Terms -Sodium chloride-Sodium sulfate Density, aqueous solution Freezing point-solubility in water -Sodium sulfate Density, aqueous solution Freezing point-solubility in water Calcium cesium sulfate Transition temperature Calcium chlorate Density, aqueous solution Saturated Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Refractive index, aqueous solution Solubility in water -Potassium sulfate Freezing point-solubility in water Calcium chloride Absorption spectra Solutions Acetic acid complexes, decomposition pressure Ammines Decomposition pressure Heat of decomposition Heat of formation Boiling point elevation in aqueous solution Compressibility Aqueous solution Concentration cells Decomposition pressure of hydrates Density Aqueous solution Liquid Diffusion in water Drying agent, value as Electrical conductivity Aqueous solution Freezing mixtures, use in Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Heat of formation Heat of fusion Magnetic susceptibility Phase equilibrium diagram of aqueous solution Refractive index, aqueous solution Solubility in water Sound, velocity of, in aqueous solution Specific heat Aqueous solution Liquid Solid Surface tension Aqueous solution Thermal conductivity Aqueous solution Liquid hydrate Transference number Vapor pressure, aqueous solution Vapor pressure lowering in aqueous solution Verdet constant, aqueous solution Viscosity, aqueous solution X-rays, absorption coefficient -Acetic acid* -Acetone* -Ammonia* -Ammonium sulfate* -Arsenous oxide* -Barium chloride* Links 3.100 4.275 3.98 4.334 4.8 3.73 3.105 6.245 7.72 4.229 6.254 4.313 4.316 5.329 5.327 7.295 5.329 7.294 7.294 5.196 3.325 3.50 3.439 6.326 7.294 3.43 2.327 3.23 5.66 3.385 6.149 6.231 1.63 4.257 5.196 5.131 6.360 2.327 7.72 4.229 6.464 2.328 5.106 5.99 4.442 4.465 5.216 5.229 5.228 6.310 3.368 3.295 6.426 2.328 6.13 3.72 3.108 6.233 6.239 4.247 5.123 6.311 5.14 6.240 236 Index Terms -Barium chloride*-Strontium chloride -Barium oxide* -Barium sulfate* -Bismuth chloride* -Cadmium chloride* -Calcium* -Calcium bromide* -Calcium carbonate* -Calcium fluoride Freezing point-solubility -Calcium fluoride-Calcium oxide Freezing point-solubility -Calcium hydroxide Solubility in water -Calcium hypochlorite Density, aqueous solution -Calcium nitrate Freezing point-solubility in water -Calcium oxide Freezing point-solubility -Calcium phosphate Freezing point-solubility -Calcium silicate Freezing point-solubility -Calcium sulfate Freezing point-solubility Freezing point-solubility in water -Calcium tartrate Solubility in water -Cerium fluoride Freezing point-solubility -Chloroacetic acid -Potassium oxalate Freezing point-solubility in water -Chloroacetic acid -Potassium tartrate Freezing point-solubility in water -Cobaltous chloride Boiling point elevation in aqueous solution -Cobaltous chloride-Ethyl alcohol Boiling point elevation -Cuprous chloride Freezing point-solubility -Ethyl alcohol Boiling point elevation Density Freezing point-solubility -Glycocoll Freezing point-solubility in water -Hydrogen chloride Density, aqueous solution Freezing point-solubility in water -Hydrogen chloride-Potassium oxalate Freezing point-solubility in water -Lead bromide Freezing point-solubility in water -Lead chloride Freezing point-solubility Freezing point-solubility in water -Lithium chloride Freezing point-solubility -Magnesium chloride Freezing point-solubility Freezing point-solubility in water -Magnesium chloride-Potassium chloride-Sodium chloride Freezing point-solubility in water -Magnesium chloride-Potassium chloride-Sodium sulfate Freezing point-solubility in water -Magnesium chloride-Sodium nitrate-Strontium chloride Links 4.63 4.75 7.340 3.98 4.290 4.63 4.63 4.63 4.63 4.286 7.341 7.342 4.62 4.300 4.303 3.348 3.349 4.57 3.337 3.140 4.204 4.404 3.95 4.310 4.303 4.275 4.51 4.304 7.315 4.63 4.62 4.309 4.386 4.311 4.279 4.382 237 Index Terms Viscosity, aqueous solution -Magnesium sulfate Freezing point-solubility in water -Manganese chloride Freezing point-solubility -Mercuric chloride Freezing point-solubility in water -Methyl alcohol Boiling point elevation Density Freezing point-solubility -Nitric acid -Potassium oxalate Freezing point-solubility in water -Oxalic acid Freezin g point-solubility in water -Phthalic acid Density, aqueous solution Freezing point-solubility in water -Potassium carbonate Freezing point-solubility in water -Potassium chloride Electrical conductivity Freezing point-solubility Freezing point-solubility in water -Potassium chloride-Sodium chloride Freezing point-solubility -Potassium nitrate Freezing point-solubility in water -Potassium sulfate Freezing point-solubility in water -Potassium sulfate-Sodium sulfate Freezing point-solubility in water -Potassium sulfate-Sulfuric acid Freezing point-solubility in water -Silver chloride Freezing point-solubility -Sodium carbonate Freezing point-solubility in water -Sodium chloride Density, aqueous solution Electrical conductivity Freezing point-solubility Freezing point-solubility in water Viscosity, aqueous solution -Sodium nitrate Viscosity, aqueous solution -Sodium sulfate Freezing point-solubility in water -Stannous chloride Freezing point-solubility -Strontium chloride Freezing point-solubility -Strontium oxide Freezing point-solubility -Strontium sulfate Solubility in water -Sulfuric acid Freezing point-solubility in water -Thallium monochloride Freezing point-solubility Solubility in water -Yttrium fluoride Freezing point-solubility -Zinc chloride Freezing point-solubility Calcium chromate Density, aqueous solution Links 5.19 4.278 4.60 4.305 3.334 3.140 4.204 4.290 4.303 3.102 4.419 4.300 6.151 4.64 4.310 4.75 4.81 4.290 4.287 4.287 4.287 4.58 4.300 3.98 6.151 4.63 4.312 5.19 5.19 4.286 4.49 4.63 4.63 7.343 4.286 4.53 7.320 4.62 4.54 3.74 7.266 238 Index Terms Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Reflectivity, selective Solubility in water Viscosity, aqueous solution Calcium cinnamate Solubility in water Calcium citrate Crystallography Refractive index Calcium crotonate Crystallography Refractive index Calcium cupric acetate Density Refractive index Thermal conductivity Calcium cyanamide, electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Calcium cyanide , heat of formation Calcium cyanoplatinite Luminescence Calcium dithionate Density Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Heat of formation Optical rotatory power Refractive index Solubility in water Thermal conductivity -Ethyl alcohol Freezing point-solubility in water Calcium ethylate Heat of formation Calcium ferricyanide Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Osmotic pressure -Potassium sulfate Freezing point-solubility in water Calcium ferrite Decomposition point Kerr constant Melting point Refractive index Calcium ferrocyanide Absorption spectra, solutions Density, aqueous solution Saturated Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Heat of formation Osmotic pressure Refractive index Vapor pressure lowering in aqueous solution -Potassium sulfate Freezing point-solubility in water -Sodium ferrocyanide Freezing point-solubility in water Calcium fluoride Band spectra Compressibility Dielectric constant Electrical conductivity Aqueous solution X-rays, effect of Emission, spectral Links 6.246 5.260 4.231 5.14 4.247 4.231 1.322 1.144 1.170 1.322 1.144 1.170 1.144 1.144 5.232 6.246 5.197 1.166 5.389 1.143 4.257 5.196 7.353 1.143 4.230 5.232 1,166 7.24 4.407 5.197 6.246 4.431 4.345 4.84 6.435 1.145 1.145 5.329 3.74 3.105 6.241 4.257 5.197 4.431 1.145 3.295 1.168 6.246 6.254 1.171 7.25 4.345 4.378 5.412 3.50 6.77 6.154 6.257 6.6 5.257 6.99 5.258 5.259 239 Index Terms Entropy Heat of formation Light, transmission of Luminescence Magnetic susceptibility Radiation, transmission of Refractive index Residual rays Specific heat Thermal conductivity Thermal expansion Transmission of radiant energy Verdet constant X-radiation, scattered, distribution of X-ray diffraction data -Aluminum fluoride* -Aluminum fluoride*-Sodium fluoride -Aluminum oxide*-Cryolite -Barium fluoride*-Magnesium fluoride -Calcium* -Calcium chloride* -Calcium chloride*-Calcium oxide -Calcium iodide Freezing point-solubility -Calcium phosphate Freezing point-solubility -Calcium silicate Freezing point-solubility -Cryolite Density -Magnesium fluoride Freezing point-solubility -Sodium fluoride Freezing point-solubility Calcium formate Crystallography Density Aqueous solution Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Heat of formation Refractive index Aqueous solution Solubility in water Specific heat Surface tension, aqueous solution -Formic acid Freezing point-solubility Calcium fumarate Crystallography Refractive index Calcium hydride Band spectra Decomposition pressure Free energy of decomposition Heat of decomposition Heat of formation Specific heat Calcium hydrogen arsenate Heat of formation Calcium hydrogen malate Crystallography Refractive index Calcium hydrogen phosphate Heat of formation Links 5.91 5.196 5.264 5.389 6.360 5.264 7.13 5.261 5.91 5.216 3.43 5.270 6.426 6.20 1.344 7.14 5.99 5.217 5.231 4.63 4.63 4.63 3.135 4.62 4.63 1.321 1.143 3.74 6.246 5.197 1.143 7.72 4.230 5.99 4.465 7.72 1.169 7.24 4.204 1.321 1.143 1.171 5.412 7.294 7.294 7.294 5.196 5.87 5.99 7.294 1.169 7.24 5.196 1.322 1.144 5.196 5.233 240 Index Terms Calcium hydrosulfide Density, aqueous solution Calcium hydroxide Decomposition pressure Density Aqueous solution Diffusion in water Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Free energy of ionization Heat of decomposition Heat of formation Magnetic susceptibility Refractive index Solubility in water Specific heat Sulfate ion, reaction with Transference number X-ray diffraction data -Ammonium chloride* -Boric acid* -Calcium bromide* -Calcium chloride* -Calcium iodide Freezing point-solubility in water -Calcium nitrate Density, aqueous solution Solubility in water -Calcium sulfate Freezing point-solubility in water -Cupric sulfate Freezing point-solubility in water -Glycerol Density, aqueous solution Freezing point-solubility in water -Hydrogen chloride Freezing point-solubility in water -Nitric acid Freezing point-solubility in water -Phenol Freezing point-solubility in water -Potassium chloride Solubility in water -Potassium sulfate Freezing point-solubility in water -Sodium chloride Solubility in water -Sodium hydroxide Solubility in water -Sodium sulfate Freezing point-solubility in water -Sucrose Freezing point-solubility in water Calcium hypochlorite Heat of formation -Calcium chloride* Calcium iodate Density Solubility in water Calcium iodide Ammines Decomposition pressure Heat of decomposition Heat of formation Density, aqueous solution Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Links 3.73 7.294 1.143 3.72 5.66 6.245 7.294 7.294 5.196 6.360 1.143 4.229 5.87 7.295 6.310 1.344 4.320 1.167 99 4.387 7.340 7.340 7.341 3.98 7.340 4.353 4.341 4.413 4.413 7.340 4.311 4.386 4.363 4.416 7.340 7.340 4.353 7.340 7.340 4.353 7.295 4.422 5.196 1.143 4.229 7.295 7.295 5.196 3.73 6.235 4.257 3.108 6.239 241 Index Terms Heat of formation Luminescence Solubility in water Transference number Vapor pressure lowering in aqueous solution -Calcium* -Calcium fluoride* -Calcium hydroxide* -Iodine Freezing point-solubility -Mercuric iodide Freezing point-solubility in water -Potassium iodide Freezing point-solubility in water -Potassium sulfate-Sodium sulfate Freezing point-solubility in water Calcium isobutyrate Density, aqueous solution Heat of solution in water Refractive index, aqueous solution Solubility in water Calcium isosuccinate Solubility in water Calcium isovalerate Solubility in water Calcium lactate Density, aqueous solution Refractive index, aqueous solution Calcium magnesium carbonate Specific heat Thermal expansion Calcium magnesium chloride Heat of formation Calcium magnesium orthosilicate Decomposition temperature Calcium magnesium oxide Specific heat Calcium malate Crystallography Refractive index Solubility in water Calcium maleate Crystallography Refractive index Calcium malonate Crystallography Solubility in water Calcium manganate Absorption spectra, solutions Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Calcium mercuric bromide Heat of formation Calcium mercuric cyanide Heat of formation Calcium mesotartrate Crystallography Refractive index Calcium metaaluminate Melting point Calcium metaborate Melting point Refractive index Links 5.196 5.389 4.229 6.311 3.295 4.31 4.319 4.318 4.318 7.72 5.149 7.72 4.230 4.230 4.230 7.72 7.72 5.99 3.44 5.197 4.84 5.99 1.322 1.144 4.230 1.321 1.143 1.170 1.170 1.321 4.230 5.329 6.246 5.197 5.197 1.322 1.144 1.170 4.84 1.145 1.145 1.172 242 Index Terms Calcium metasilicate Melting point Transformation temperature See also Pseudowollastonite, Wollastonite. -Barium metasilicate* -Ferrous metasilicate Freezing point-solubility -Magnesium metasilicate Density -Manganese metasilicate Freezing point-solubility -Sodium silicate Freezing point-solubility -Strontium metasilicate Freezing point-solubility -Zinc metasilicate Freezing point-solubility Calcium methylethylacetate Solubility in water Calcium molybdate Refractive index Specific heat Calcium monometaphosphate Specific heat Calcium monophosphate Heat of formation Calcium nitrate Absorption spectra, solutions Boiling point elevation in aqueous solution Crystallization velocity Decomposition pressure of hydrate Density Aqueous solution Saturated Diffusion in ethyl alcohol Diffusion in water Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Heat of formation Heat of fusion Melting point Refractive index Aqueous solution Solubility in water Specific heat, aqueous solution Transference number Vapor pressure, aqueous solution Vapor pressure lowering in aqueous solution Viscosity, aqueous solution X-ray diffraction data -Acetone* -Acetone*-Ethyl alcohol -Acetone*-Methyl alcohol -Ammonia* -Ammonium sulfate* -Calcium chloride* -Calcium hydroxide* -Calcium sulfate Density, aqueous solution Freezing point-solubility in water -Calcium thiosulfate Freezing point-solubility in water -Ethyl alcohol Boiling point elevation Density Aqueous solution Links 4.84 4.84 4.85 3.134 4.85 4.85 4.85 4.88 4.85 4.230 7.25 5.99 5.99 5.196 5.329 3.325 5.61 7.296 1.143 3.73 3.105 5.73 5.66 6.231 4.257 5.196 5.131 1.143 1.143 7.72 4.230 5.123 6.310 3.368 3.295 5.14 1.344 3.98 4.324 4.355 3.337 3.140 3.102 3.108 7.72 6.238 6.240 1.169 4.247 7.341 243 Index Terms Freezing point-solubility in water Refractive index, aqueous solution Viscosity Aqueous solution -Ethyl alcohol-Formamide Density Viscosity -Magnesium nitrate-Sodium chloride Viscosity, aqueous solution -Magnesium sulfate Freezing point-solubility in water -Methyl acetate Boiling point elevation Density -Methyl alcohol Boiling point elevation Density -Potassium chloride Freezing point-solubility in water -Potassium nitrate Freezing point-solubility Freezing point-solubility in water -Potassium nitrate-Sodium nitrate Freezing point-solubility -Potassium sulfate Freezing point-solubility in water -Potassium sulfate-Sulfuric acid Freezing point-solubility in water -Sodium nitrate Freezing point-solubility Freezing point-solubility in water Viscosity, aqueous solution -Sodium sulfate Freezing point-solubility in water -Sodium thiosulfate Freezing point-solubility in water -Sulfuric acid Freezing point-solubility in water Calcium nitride Decomposition pressure Heat of formation Calcium nitrite Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Solubility in water -Silver nitrite Freezing point-solubility in water Calcium nitrotetronate Crystallography Density Refractive index Calcium orthodisilicate Decomposition temperature Melting point Refractive index Calcium orthosilicate Heat of formation Melting point Refractive index Transformation points -Akermanite* -Gehlenite Freezing point-solubility -Lithium orthosilicate Density Freezing point-solubility Links 4.407 7.94 5.29 5.24 3.143 5.30 5.19 4.324 3.340 3.140 3.334 3.140 4.290 4.64 4.364 4.392 4.75 4.81 4.324 4.324 4.64 4.364 5.19 4.324 4.355 4.391 4.324 7.297 5.196 6.246 4.257 4.230 4.356 4.390 1.322 1.144 1.144 1.171 4.84 1.144 1.144 1.174 5.197 4.84 1.144 1.144 1.171 4.84 4.90 4.92 3.135 4.85 1.172 1.174 244 Index Terms -Manganese orthosilicate Freezing point-solubility -Pentacalcium hexaluminate Freezing point-solubility Calcium oxalate Crystallography Density Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Heat of formation Solubility in water -Acetic acid* -Chloroacetic acid -Potassium chloride Freezing point-solubility in water -Ethyl alcohol Freezing point-solubility in water -Hydrogen chloride-Potassium chloride Freezing point-solubility in water Calcium oxide Albedo Band spectra Cathodoluminescence Decomposition pressure Density Drying agent, value as Electrical conductivity Electrons, thermal emission of Entropy Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Heat content Heat of formation Heat of transition Luminescence Magnetic susceptibility Melting point Refractive index Specific heat Thermionic work function Thermodynamic potential Transition temperature Vapor pressure X-ray diffraction data -Aluminum oxide* -Aluminum oxide*-Ferric oxide -Aluminum oxide*-Magnesium oxide -Aluminum oxide*-Silica -Arsenic acid* -Barium chloride*-Barium oxide -Boric acid* -Calcium chloride* -Calcium chloride*-Calcium fluoride -Carbon dioxide Vapor pressure Aqueous solution -Ferric oxide Density Freezing point-solubility -Ferrous oxide-Silica Freezing point-solubility -Lithium oxide-Silica Freezing point-solubility -Magnesium oxide Eutectic point -Magnesium oxide-Silica Freezing point-solubility -Phosphoric acid Freezing point-solubility in water Links 4.85 4.85 4.88 1.321 1.143 6.257 5.197 6.257 4.300 4.407 4.303 5.263 5.412 5.390 7.294 1.143 3.385 6.154 6.54 5.91 4.257 5.91 5.196 5.196 5.389 6.360 1.143 1.143 5.91 6.54 5.91 4.84 7.294 1.344 1.165 5.99 6.56 3.357 3.377 3.134 4.85 4.87 4.92 4.92 4.85 4.94-96 4.370 4.392 7.293 245 Index Terms -Silica Freezing point-solubility -Silica-Sodium oxide Freezing point-solubility -Silica-Titanium dioxide Freezing point-solubility -Strontium oxide X-ray pattern Calcium oxyorthosilicate Decomposition temperature Calcium perchlorate -Butyl alcohol* -Ethyl acetate Density -Ethyl alcohol Density -Ethyl ether Density -Isobutyl alcohol Density -Methyl alcohol Density -Propyl alcohol Density Calcium peroxide Decomposition pressure Free energy of decomposition Heat of formation Calcium phosphate Density, aqueous solution Heat of formation Reflectivity, selective Thermal conductivity -Calcium chloride* -Calcium fluoride* -Potassium sulfate-Sulfuric acid Freezing point-solubility in water -Sodium tetra borate Freezing point-solubility -Sulfuric acid Freezing point-solubility in water Calcium platinocyanide Refractive index Calcium potassium chloride Heat of formation Calcium potassium sulfate Refractive index Transition temperature Calcium propionate Density, aqueous solution Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Solubility in water Calcium rubidium sulfate Transition temperature Calcium selenate Solubility in water -Magnesium sulfate Solubility in water Calcium selenide Heat of formation X-ray diffraction data Calcium silicate Heat of formation Refractive index Links 4.85 4.86 4.96 4.97 4.92 4.85 4.84 3.140 3.140 3.140 3.140 3.140 3.140 7.294 7.294 5.196 3.74 5.196 5.260 5.216 4.333 4.64 4.333 1.144 1.174 5.206 7.28 4.8 3.74 6.246 4.230 4.8 4.230 7.342 5.196 1.344 5.197 7.24 6.254 7.25 246 Index Terms -Akermanite* -Anorthite* -Calcium chloride* -Calcium fluoride* -Calcium sulfide Freezing point-solubility -Calcium titanate Freezing point-solubility -Diopside Freezing point-solubility -Gehlenite Freezing point-solubility Calcium silicide, heat of formation Calcium sodium sulfate Heat of formation Calcium succinate Crystallography Refractive index Solubility in water -Barium succinate* -Magnesium succinate Solubility in water -Sodium succinate Solubility in water Calcium sulfate Compressibility Decomposition pressure of hydrates Density Aqueous solution Dielectric constant Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Heat of formation Magnetic susceptibility Reflectivity, selective Refractive index Solubility in water Solution velocity in water Specific heat Surface tension, aqueous solution Thermal conductivity Thermal expansion Transference number Transition temperature X-ray diffraction data See also Gypsum. -Acetic acid*-Potassium acetate -Ammonium acetate* -Ammonium chloride* -Ammonium nitrate* -Ammonium sulfate* -Calcium carbonate*-Carbon dioxide-Sodium chloride-Sodium sulfate -Calcium chloride* -Calcium hydroxide* -Calcium nitrate* -Calcium silicate* -Cesium sulfate Freezing point-solubility in water -Cupric sulfate Density, aqueous solution Freezing point-solubility in water -Hydrogen chloride Freezing point-solubility in water -Lithium sulfate Freezing point-solubility -Magnesium chloride Freezing point-solubility in water Links 4.64 4.64 4.85 4.89 4.85 5.197 4.89 5.203 1.322 1.144 4.230 1.170 7.342 7.342 3.50 7.295 1.143 3.73 6.77 6.231 5.196 6.360 5.260 1.143 4.229 5.56 5.99 4.465 5.216 3.44 6.310 1.143 1.344 7.296 3.108 6.100 6.236 1.170 5.232 4.7 4.353 3.98 4.341 7.341 4.286 7.340 4.64 4.278 7.341 7.24 247 Index Terms -Magnesium chloride-Potassium chloride-Sodium chloride Freezing point-solubility in water -Magnesium nitrate Density, aqueous solution Freezing point-solubility in water -Magnesium sulfate Density, aqueous solution Freezing point-solubility in water -Magnesium sulfate-Potassium sulfate Freezing point-solubility in water -Potassium bromide Freezing point-solubility in water -Potassium carbonate Freezing point-solubility in water -Potassium chlorate Freezing point-solubility in water -Potassium chloride Freezing point-solubility in water -Potassium ferricyanide Freezing point-solubility in water -Potassium ferrocyanide Freezing point-solubility in water -Potassium hydroxide Freezing point-solubility in water -Potassium iodide Freezing point-solubility in water -Potassium nitrate Density, aqueous solution Freezing point-solubility in water -Potassium perchlorate Freezing point-solubility in water -Potassium sulfate Density, aqueous solution Freezing point-solubility Freezing point-solubility in water -Potassium sulfate-Silver sulfate Freezing point-solubility in water -Potassium sulfate-Sodium sulfate Freezing point-solubility in water -Potassium sulfate-Sulfuric acid Freezing point-solubility in water -Rubidium sulfate Freezing point-solubility Freezing point-solubility in water -Silver sulfate Density, aqueous solution -Sodium carbonate Freezing point-solubility in water -Sodium chloride Freezing point-solubility in water Vapor pressure, aqueous solution -Sodium chloride-Sodium sulfate Density, aqueous solution Freezing point-solubility in water -Sodium hydroxide Freezing point-solubility in water -Sodium iodide Freezing point-solubility in water -Sodium nitrate Density, aqueous solution Freezing point-solubility in water -Sodium sulfate Density, aqueous solution Freezing point-solubility Freezing point-solubility in water -Sucrose Freezing point-solubility in water Links 4.279 3.98 4.324 7.341 3.98 4.349 7.341 4.349 4.390 4.391 4.316 4.334 4.313 4.287 4.345 4.345 4.353 4.318 3.98 4.324 7.342 4.316 3.98 4.64 4.353 4.390 4.341 4.324 4.353 4.64 4.353 4.79 4.390 3.98 4.334 4.286 3.380 7.341 3.100 4.287 4.353 4.318 3.98 4.324 7.342 3.98 4.64 4.353 7.342 4.422 7.342 248 Index Terms -Sulfuric acid Density, aqueous solution Freezing point-solubility Freezing point-solubility in water Calcium sulfide Heat of formation Luminescence Phototropy Solubility in water X-ray diffraction data -Calcium silicate* -Hydrogen sulfide Freezing point-solubility in water Calcium sulfite Free energy of ionization Heat of formation Specific heat -Sulfur Equilibrium relations in water Calcium tartrate Heat of formation Refractive index Solubility in water -Acetic acid* -Calcium chloride* -Potassium acetate Freezing point-solubilit y in water -Potassium tartrate Solubility in water -Tartaric acid Solubility in water Calcium tetraborate Heat of formation Calcium tetrasulfoniodide Decomposition pressure Heat of decomposition Calcium thiocyanate Density, aqueous solution Refractive index, aqueous solution Sulfur dioxide complex Decomposition pressure Heat of decomposition Calcium thiosulfate Carbonate ion, reaction with Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Heat of formation Solubility in water Specific heat, aqueous solution Sulfate ion, reaction with Vapor pressure lowering in aqueous solution -Calcium nitrate* -Sodium nitrate Freezing point-solubility in water -Sodium thiosulfate Freezing point-solubility in water Calcium titanate -Calcium silicate* Calcium titanium sulfate Refractive index Calcium trimethylacetate Solubility in water Calcium tungstate Refractive index Specific heat Links 3.96 4.43 4.352 5.196 5.389 7.167 4.229 1.344 4.322 4.398 7.295 5.196 5.99 7.295 5.197 1.144 4.230 1.170 4.374 7.342 7.342 5.196 7.295 7.295 3.74 7.72 7.72 7.297 7.297 7.296 4.257 5.196 4.229 5.123 7.296 3.295 4.355 4.355 1.144 4.230 7.25 5.99 1.165 249 Index Terms Thermal conductivity Calcium valerate Solubility in water Calendar, Gregorian Calido (Elaico) Electrical conductivity Calite Calomel. See Mercurous chloride. Calorie Calorite (alloy) Electrical conductivity Calorox Density Thermal conductivity Cambric, varnished Density Dielectric constant Dielectric strength Tensile strength Thermal conductivity Camel hair Camelia metal Camphene Absorption spectra Azeotropic mixtures Dielectric constant Heat of combustion Optical rotatory power Specific heat Verdet constant -Benzene* -Borneol* -Camphor Freezing point-solubility -Dipentene Freezing point-solubility -Methyl isothiocyanate Freezing point-solubility -Naphthalene Freezing point-solubility -Phenanthrene Freezing point-solubility -Pinene (α-, β-) Freezing point-solubility -Pinene hydrochloride Freezing point-solubility -Turpentine Freezing point-solubility Campholenic acid Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Heat of solution in water Optical rotatory power Surface tension Campholic acid Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Heat of combustion Optical rotatory power Campholytic acid Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Heat of combustion Optical rotatory power Camphononic acid Optical rotatory power Links 5.232 4.230 1.391 2.373 6.194 2.373 1.18 2.373 6.194 2.467 2.512 1.34 2.312 2.312 2.314 2.310 2.310 2.311 2.311 2.235 2.373 5.346 3.320 6.95 5.163 7.411 5.104 6.430 4.159 4.159 4.107 4.180 4.159 4.159 4.159 4.159 6.296 5.150 7.415 4.460 6.296 5.166 7.443 6.292 5.165 7.415 7.433 2.314 2.561 7.433 5.169 250 Index Terms Camphor Absorption spectra Allotropic forms Azeotropic mixtures Birefringence, electric Boiling point Cryoscopic constant Diffusion in ethyl alcohol Diffusion in free air Heat of combustion Magnetic susceptibility Melting point under pressure Optical rotatory power Piezoelectric constant Refractive index Surface tension, aqueous solution Transition temperature Vapor pressure Liquid Solid Verdet constant, dispersion of Volume change on melting -Acetamide* -Acetic acid* -Acetone* -Anthracene* -Benzene* -Benzene*-Ethyl acetate -Benzil*-Chloroform -Benzoic acid* -Borneol* -d-Bromocamphor* -Butyric acid* -Camphene* -Caproic acid Density -Carbon disulfide Boiling point elevation Density -Carbon disulfide-Ethyl ether Vapor pressure -Carbon tetrachloride Boiling point elevation Density -Catechol Freezing point-solubility -Chloroacetic acid Freezing point-solubility -Chlorobenzene Density Refractive index -Chloroform Boiling point elevation Density Freezing point-solubility -Chloronitrobenzene (o-, m -) Freezing point-solubility -Cinnamic acid Freezing point-solubility -p-Dibromobenzene Freezing point-solubility -1,1-Dichloroethane Boiling point elevation -Dimethylaniline Density -m-Dinitrobenzene Freezing point-solubility Links 5.346 4.16 3.323 7.111 3.226 4.184 5.74 1.358 5.167 6.363 4.16 7.354 6.210 7.30 4.470 4.8 3.347 4.18 7.435 3.226 3.208 6.433 4.16 3.185 3.330 3.146 3.375 3.330 3.144 4.138 4.106 3.175 7.84 3.332 3.148 4.99 4.123 4.154 4.123 3.335 3.192 4.125 7.84 251 Index Terms -2,4-Dimtrophenol Freezing point-solubility -2,4-Dinitroresordnol Freezing point-solubility -Ethyl acetate Boiling point elevation Density Refractive index -Ethyl alcohol Boiling point elevation Density Aqueous solution Freezing point-solubility Refractive index Viscosity -Ethyl bromide Boiling point elevation Density -Ethyl chloroacetate Density -Ethyl ether Boiling point elevation Density -Ethyl formate Boiling point elevation -Ethyl iodide Boiling point elevation -Ethylene dibromide Boiling point elevation -Ethylene dichloride Boiling point elevation -Formic acid Density Refractive index -Hexane Density -Hydroquinone Freezing point-solubility -Isobutyl alcohol Density Refractive index -Menthol Freezing point-solubility -Methyl acetate Boiling point elevation -Methyl alcohol Boiling point elevation Density Aqueous solution Refractive index -Methyl iodide Boiling point elevation -Methyl isothiocyanate Freezing point-solubility -Methylal Boiling point elevation -Naphthalene Freezing point-solubility -β-Naphthylamine Freezing point-solubility -Nitroaniline (o-, m-, p-) Freezing point-solubility -Nitrocatechol Freezing point-solubility -Nitrogen tetroxide Freezing point-solubility -Nitrohydroquinol Links 4.126 4.127 3.341 3.167 7.83 3.337 3.161 3.128 4.110 7.81 5.38 7.83 7.81 3.336 3.158 3.165 3.341 3.168 3.339 3.336 3.335 3.335 3.149 7.79 7.79 3.186 4.140 3.168 7.83 7.83 4.159 3.339 3.334 3.152 3.125 7.80 3.333 4.107 3.340 4.180 4.180 4.135 4.132 4.189 7.80 252 Index Terms Freezing point-solubility -α-Nitronaphthalene Freezing point-solubility -Nitrophenol (o-, m-, p-) Freezing point-solubility -Nitroresorcinol Freezing point-solubility -Phenol Freezing point-solubility -Phenyl salicylate Freezing point-solubility -Phosphorus trichloride Density -Phthalic anhydride Freezing point-solubility -Picric acid Freezing point-solubility -d-Pinene Density -Pinene hydrochloride Freezing point-solubility -Propionic acid Density Refractive index -Propyl alcohol Boiling point elevation Density Refractive index -Pyrogallol Freezing point-solubility -Resorcinol Freezing point-solubility -Salicylic acid Freezing point-solubility -Styphnic acid Freezing point-solubility -Sulfur dioxide Density Freezing point-solubility -Sulfur monochloride Density -Thiocarbanilide Freezing point-solubility -Thionyl chloride Boiling point elevation -Toluene Boiling point elevation -p-Toluidine Freezing point-solubility -1,3,5-Trinitrobenzene Freezing point-solubility -2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene Freezing point-solubility -Valeric acid Density Camphor monochloride Transition temperat ure Camphoramic acid Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Optical rotatory power Camphoramide Optical rotatory power Camphorcarboxylic acid Absorption spectra Decomposition, kinetics of Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Links 4.132 4.180 4.129 4.132 4.137 4.159 3.136 4.152 4.120 3.194 4.159 3.164 7.82 3.340 3.164 7.83 4.141 4.139 4.149 4.122 3.135 4.187 3.136 4.159 3.329 3.346 4.152 4.119 4.146 3.172 4.8 6.296 7.447 7.447 5.347 7.123 6.298 7.82 7.83 253 Index Terms Optical rotatory power -Benzene* -Ethyl ether Boiling point elevation -Methyl alcohol Boiling point elevation d-Camphoric acid Absorption spectra Density, aqueous solution Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Heat of combustion Heat of solution in water Magnetic susceptibility Optical rotatory power Surface tension, aqueous solution -Barium d-camphorate* -Benzene* -Calcium d-camphorate* -l-Camphoric acid Freezing point-solubility -Carbon disulfide Density -Chloroform Density Distribution coefficients in water -Cumene Density -Ethyl alcohol Density Aqueous solution Freezing point-solubility in water -Ethyl ether Density Distribution coefficients in water -Isoamyl alcohol Density -Lithium d-camphorate Freezing point-solubility in water -Magnesium d-camphorate Freezing point-solubility in water -Nitrobenzene Density -Potassium d-camphorate Freezing point-solubility in water -Sodium d-camphorate Freezing point-solubility in water -Strontium d-camphorate Freezing point-solubility in water -Toluene Density -Turpentine Density -m-Xylene Density Distribution coefficients in water Camphoric anhydride Absorption spectra Crystallography Heat of combustion Magnetic susceptibility Optical rotatory power Camphorimide Absorption spectra Optical rotatory power d-Camphoroxime Absorption spectra Links 7.445 3.341 3.334 5.347 3.115 6.296 5.166 5.150 6.363 7.446 4.470 4.159 3.146 3.148 3.432 3.193 3.161 3.128 4.405 3.168 3.432 3.173 4.422 4.421 3.177 4.422 4.422 4.421 3.188 3.194 3.191 3.432 5.346 1.330 5.166 6.363 7.446 5.347 7.447 5.347 4.405 254 Index Terms -l-Amyl bromide* -l-Camphoroxime Freezing point-solubility -Turpentine Density Camphorpinacone Dielectric constant Camphorquinone dioximes Optical rotatory power Camphorquinone phenylhydrazone Absorption spectra Optical rotatory power -Chloroform Viscosity Camphorylcarbamide Optical rotatory power Camphorylcarbimide Optical rotatory power Camphoryloxime Optical rotatory power Verdet constant Camphorylsemicarbazide Optical rotatory power Camphylamine Optical rotatory power Refractive index Verdet constant -Xylene Distribution coefficients in water Camsellite , refractive index Canada, weights and measures Canada balsam Thermal conductivity Cancrinite, refractive index Candle, definition Candlepower Definition Mean spherical Standard Canfieldite, density Can-metall Cannizzaro reaction, kinetics of Cantala fiber Canvas, varnished Dielectric strength Tensile strength Cap gilding (alloy) Capacity, secondary units Capillarity See also Surface tension. Capillary constant Conversion factors Definition Formula Capillary rise, formula Capric acid Compressibility Cryoscopic constant Density Esterification constant Heat of combustion Links 4.160 3.194 6.97 7.441 5.352 7.441 5.33 7.451 7.451 7.449 6.430 7.452 7.418 7.53 6.430 3.432 1.142 1.4 5.217 7.27 1.34 1.35 1.39 5.434 1.124 2.373 7.146 2.236 2.310 2.311 2.373 1.2 4.432 1.25 1.35 4.434 4.434 3.39 4.184 3.45 7.138 5.166 1.174 5.228 2.556 2.469 2.555 255 Index Terms Heat of fusion Specific heat Vapor pressure Viscosity -Acetic acid*-Butyric acid Caproamide -Ethyl alcohol Density Caproic acid Absorption spectra Birefringence, electric Dielectric constant Diffusion of vapor into air Esterification constant Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Heat of combustion Refractive index Specific heat Surface tension, aqueous solution Vapor pressure Viscosity -Camphor* -Chloroform Distribution coefficients in water -Xylene Distribution coefficients in water Capronitrile Critical point data Electrical conductivity Heat of vaporization Refractive index Specific heat -Nitrobenzene Dielectric constant -Oleates Dielectric constant Caproylphenylactylene Magnetic susceptibility Verdet constant Capryl alcohol -Benzene* Caprylic acid Birefringence, electric Dielectric constant Esterification constant Electrical conductivity Aqueous solution Heat of fusion Heat of solution in water Interfacial tension Refractive index Specific heat Surface tension Vapor pressure Verdet constant Viscosity Capsule metal Car journal bearings Caracolite Density Refractive index Carbanilide -Pyridine Density Links 5.134 5.104 3.226 7.221 3.160 5.332 7.111 6.91 5.62 7.138 6.276 5.165 7.40 5.110 4.469 3.222 7.218 3.428 3.428 3.249 6.144 5.137 7.39 5.110 6.103 6.104 6.363 6.431 7.111 6.94 7.138 6.144 6.288 5.134 5.150 4.438 7.45 5.104 4.437 3.225 6.430 7.220 2.373 2.561 1.152 1.152 3.172 4.458 2.467 1.173 2.557 256 Index Terms Carbazole Absorption spectra, ultra-violet Cryoscopic constant Heat of combustion Heat of fusion Vapor pressure -Acetic acid* -Acetone* -Acridine* -Aniline* -Anthracene* -Anthracene*-Chrysene -Anthracene*-Phenanthrene -Benzene* -Carbon disulfide Freezing point-solubility -Carbon tetrachloride Freezing point-solubility -Catechol Freezing point-solubility -Chlorobenzene Freezing point-solubility -Chrysene Freezing point-solubility -Dinitrobemene (o-, m-, p-) Freezing point-solubility -2,4-Dinitrophenol Freezing point-solubility -2,4-Dinitrotoluene Freezing point-solubility -Ethyl alcohol Freezing point-solubility -Fenchone Boiling point elevation -Hydroquinol Freezing point-solubility -Naphthol (α-, β-) Freezing point-solubility -Nitrobenzene Boiling point elevation Freezing point-solubility -Nitrophenol (o-, m-, p-) Freezing point-solubility -Phenanthrene Freezing point-solubility -Picric acid Freezing point-solubility -Pyridine Freezing point-solubility -Pyrogallol Freezing point-solubility -Resorcinol Freezing point-solubility -Retene Freezing point-solubility -Tetrachloroethane Freezing point-solubility -Toluene Freezing point-solubility -1,3,5-Trinitrobenzene Freezing point-solubility -2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene Freezing point-solubility Carbohydrates Hydrolysis by enzymes Optical rotatory power Relative sweetening power Links 5.375 4.184 5.168 5.134 3.226 4.172 4.172 4.178 4.128 4.180 4.124 4.126 4.147 4.110 3.347 4.140 4.180 3.343 4.177 4.177 4.160 4.121 4.117 4.178 4.178 4.160 4.105 4.150 4.119 4.146 7.154 7.386 1.357 257 Index Terms See also Names of individual sugars, as Arabinose, Glucose, etc. Carbolon. See Carborundum. Carbon Band spectra Boiling point Brightness Brightness temperature Color temperature Commercial Compressibility Compton effect Contact potential Critical potentials Density Dielectric constant Electrical conductivity Low temperature Magnetic field, effect of Powdered Electrons, thermal emission of Emission spectra Ettingshausen effect Evaporation from hot filament Hall effect Hardness Heat of vaporization Ionization, atomic γ-Iron, diffusion in Isotopes J-Phenomenon Magnetic susceptibility Peltier coefficient Persistent lines Photoelectric threshold Quantum numbers Specific heat Spectral series Thermal conductivity Crystals Thermal expansion Thermionic work function Thermochemistry Thermoelectric properties Thomson coefficient Transmission of radiant energy Vapor pressure X-ray cryst al structure X-ray emission spectra X-rays, absorption coefficient X-rays, scattered, distribution of X-rays, scattering, modification by X-rays, scattering coefficient Zeeman effect See also Diamond, Graphite. -Aluminum*-Chromium -Iron -Aluminum*-Copper-Iron-Manganese -Aluminum*-Iron -Aluminum*-Iron-Manganese-Nickel -Aluminum*-Iron-Silicon -Ammonia* -Boron*-Iron -Cerium-Chromium-Iron Endurance limits -Cerium-Chromium-Iron-Nickel Endurance limits -Cerium-Iron Links 5.412 1.102 5.246 5.245 5.246 2.303 3.46 6.18 6.57 6.70 1.103 6.75 1.103 6.126 6.422 6.147 6.53 5.285 6.419 5.53 6.416 2.303 1.102 6.122 5.77 1.45 6.1 6.354 6.227 5.323 6.68 5.408 1.103 5.396 2.85 5.231 1.103 6.53 5.181 6.214 6.228 5.269 3.205 1.340 6.36 6.13 6.18 6.17 6.17 5.420 2.605 2.605 3.205 2.82 2.303 3.21 2.86 2.303 6.135 6.423 6.417 2.85 2.303 5.216 5.217 5.220 2.83 6.56 2.303 3.21 6.136 258 Index Terms Endurance limits -Cerium-Iron-Nickel Endurance limits -Chromium Density -Chromium-Copper-Iron Electrical conductivity -Chromium-Copper-Iron-Nickel Endurance limits -Chromium-Copper-Iron-Tungsten Electrical conductivity -Chromium-Iron Electrical conductivity Endurance limits Equilibrium diagram Specific heat Thermal expansion -Chromium-Iron-Manganese Electrical conductivity -Chromium-Iron-Manganese-Molybdenum -Nickel Electrical conductivity -Chromium-Iron-Manganese-Molybdenum -Silicon Electrical conductivity -Copper-Iron-Manganese-Nickel Electrical conductivity -Chromium-Iron-Manganese-Silicon Electrical conductivity -Chromium-Iron-Manganese-Silicon-Tungsten Electrical conductivity -Chromium-Iron-Molybdenum Endurance limits -Chromium-Iron-Molybdenum-Nickel Endurance limits -Chromium-Iron-Molybdenum-Tungsten-Vanadium Electrical conductivity -Chromium-Iron-Molybdenum-Vanadium Electrical conductivity -Chromium-Iron-Nickel Electrical conductivity Endurance limits Thermal expansion -Chromium-Iron-Nickel-Silicon Electrical conductivity -Chromium-Iron-Nickel-Uranium Mechanical properties -Chromium-Iron-Nickel-Vanadium Endurance limits -Chromium-Iron-Silicon Electrical conductivity Thermal expansion -Chromium-Iron-Tungsten Thermal expansion -Chromium-Iron-Uranium Mechanical properties -Chromium-Iron-Vanadium Endurance limits Thermal expansion -Chromium-Tungsten Density -Cobalt-Iron-Manganese-Silicon Electrical conductivity -Copper-Iron-Manganese Electrical conductivity -Copper-Iron-Manganese-Silicon Electrical conductivity -Copper-Iron-Nickel Electrical conductivity Links 2.605 2.605 2.594 6.179 2.606 6.189 6.179 2.600 2.455 5.119 2.464 2.603 2.605 2.606 2.470 2.471 2.472 6.181 6.179 6.183 6.186 6.181 6.189 2.603 2.605 2.604 2.605 6.190 6.183 6.185 2.600 2.472 6.179 2.478 2.600 2.604 6.179 2.469 2.472 2.478 2.603 2.472 2.594 6.178 6.182 6.183 6.186 2.606 2.605 259 Index Terms -Iron Electrical conductivity Endurance limits, reversed direct stresses Equilibrium diagram Joule effect Magnetic properties Specific heat Thermal expansion Viscosity, liquid Volume change due to tempering -Iron-Manganese Electrical conductivity Thermal expansion -Iron-Manganese-Molybdenum Electrical conductivity -Iron-Manganese-Molybdenum -Nickel Electrical conductivity -Iron-Manganese-Nickel Electrical conductivity Specific heat -Iron-Manganese-Nickel-Silicon Electrical conductivity -Iron-Manganese-Silicon Electrical conductivity Endurance limits Specific heat -Iron-Manganese-Silicon-Tungsten Electrical conductivity -Iron-Manganese-Tungsten Electrical conductivity Specific heat -Iron-Molybdenum Electrical conductivity Endurance limits Thermal expansion -Iron-Molybdenum -Nickel Electrical conductivity Endurance limits -Iron-Molybdenum -Vanadium Electrical conductivity -Iron-Nickel Electrical conductivity Endurance limits Mechanical properties Thermal expansion -Iron-Nickel-Silicon Electrical conductivity -Iron-Nickel-Uranium Mechanical properties -Iron-Nickel-Vanadium Endurance limits -Iron-Nickel-Zirconium Endurance limits -Iron-Phosphorus Equilibrium diagrams -Iron-Phosphorus-Sulfur Electrical conductivity -Iron-Silicon Electrical conductivity Equilibrium diagrams Magnetic properties Specific heat Thermal expansion -Iron-Sulfur Electrical conductivity -Iron-Tantalum Electrical conductivity Links 6.172 2.600 2.450 6.440 6.379 5.118 2.464 5.6 2.477 6.180 2.467 6.173 6.174 2.609 2.470 5.7 2.472 2.471 6.183 6.186 6.186 5.119 6.186 6.181 2.604 5.119 6.182 6.189 6.183 5.119 6.189 6.183 2.605 2.467 2.472 6.187 2.604 2.605 6.183 6.184 2.600 2.481 2.472 6.187 2.478 2.605 2.605 2.454 6.173 6.188 2.454 6.379 5.119 2.472 6.173 6.188 2.474 6.188 6.198 260 Index Terms -Iron-Titanium Electrical conductivity Equilibrium diagram Mechanical properties -Iron-Tungsten Density Electrical conductivity Equilibrium diagram Thermal expansion -Iron-Tungsten-Vanadium Electrical conductivity -Iron-Uranium Mechanical properties -Iron-Vanadium Electrical conductivity Endurance limits Thermal expansion -Lanthanum Density -Manganese Density -Molybdenum Density Hardness -Thorium Density -Tungsten Density -Vanadium Density Freezing point-solubility Carbon black Moisture content at various humidities Rubber, use in Carbon bronze Carbon dioxide Accommodation coefficient Activity function in hydrogen and nitrogen Adsorption by blood charcoal Adsorption by wood charcoal Adsorption on glass Birefringence, electric Boiling point Compressibility Liquid Contact potential Copper, permeability of Critical constants Decomposition pressure of hydrate Density Gas Solid Dielectric constant Gas Liquid Diffusion in ethyl alcohol Diffusion in water Dispersion formulas Electrons, absorption of, by Electrons, attachment of, to form ions Electrons, secondary emission of Free energy Formation Methanization Reaction with graphite Reaction with hydrogen Links 6.188 2.455 2.478 2.594 6.189 2.455 2.467 2.472 6.190 2.479 6.188 2.605 2.472 2.594 2.594 2.594 2.593 2.594 2.594 2.594 4.30 2.325 2.286 2.373 2.290 2.561 5.53 7.243 3.251 3.250 3.251 7.110 1.53 3.11 3.37 6.57 5.76 3.12 7.244 3.235 3.235 3.248 3.3 1.112 3.11 1.341 3.43 6.75 6.76 5.73 5.65 7.11 6.61 6.117 6.63 7.243 7.243 7.244 7.243 7.243 6.79 6.77 3.38 261 Index Terms Reaction with sulfur dioxide Solution Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Gamma rays, absorption coefficient Heat of adsorption on charcoal Heat of compression Heat of formation Heat of fusion Heat of solution Heat of vaporization Ionization by accelerated electrons Ionization by α-particles Ionization by β-particles Ionization by γ-rays Ionization by phosphorus vapor Ionization by X-rays Ions, diffusivity of, in Ions, mobility of, in Ions, recombination of, in Joule-Thomson effect Light, transmission of Gas Liquid Magnetic susceptibility Melting point under pressure Molecular data Orthobaric density Photochemical decomposition Polarization of light scattered by Potassium cyanide, reaction of Refractivity Rubber, permeability of, to Solubility in Aqueous solutions Colloidal solutions Copper, molten Non-aqueous liquids Water Sound, velocity of, in Sound, velocity of, in tubes Specific heat Gas Liquid Solid Surface tension Thermal conductivity Thermal expansion, gas Toxicology Transmission of radiant energy Vapor pressure Aqueous solution Liquid Solid Vapor pressure above 1 atm. Verdet constant Gas Dispersion Liquid Dispersion Viscosity Aqueous solution Gas Liquid Volume change on melting X-ray diffraction data X-rays, absorption coefficient -Acetylene* Links 7.244 7.244 4.255 6.21 5.139 5.146 5.181 5.131 7.244 3.207 6.121 6.122 6.121 6.123 6.124 6.123 6.115 6.111 6.115 5.144 5.265 5.265 6.356 4.12 1.92 3.235 7.166 5.265 7.307 7.9 2.272 3.279 3.281 3.270 3.265 3.260 6.462 6.466 5.80 5.86 5.86 4.447 5.214 3.11 2.319 5.270 4.261 5.140 5.136 6.114 5.267 5.76 6.463 5.83 5.114 5.95 5.215 3.363 3.235 3.207 3.235 6.425 6.432 6.426 6.433 5.20 5.4 5.11 4.12 1.341 6.13 5.138 6.16 7.243 7.239 262 Index Terms -Air* -Ammonia* -Aniline* -Barium carbonate* -Barium oxide* -Calcium carbonate*-Calcium sulfate-Sodium chloride-Sodium sulfate -Calcium carbonate*-Sodium chloride -Calcium oxide* -Carbon monoxide Diffusion coefficient -Chlorine Freezing point-solubility -Cupric oxide Vapor pressure, aqueous solution -Ethane Vapor pressure -Ethyl chloride Freezing point-solubility -Ethyl ether Freezing point-solubility Vapor pressure -Ferrous oxide Vapor pressure, aqueous solution -Hydrogen Diffusion coefficient Equilibrium constant of reaction Ions, mobility of, in P-V-T relations Sound, velocity of, in Thermal conductivity Vapor pressure Viscosity -Hydrogen chloride P-V-T relations -Hydrogen sulfide Freezing point-solubility -Isopentane Vapor pressure -Lead oxide Vapor pressure, aqueous solution -Magnesium oxide Vapor pressure, aqueous solution -Manganous oxide Vapor pressure, aqueous solution -Methane Diffusion coefficient -Methyl alcohol Freezing point-solubility -Methyl chloride Vapor pressure -Methyl ether Freezing point-solubility -Naphthalene Vapor pressure -Naphthalene-Picric acid Vapor pressure -Nitrobenzene Vapor pressure -o-Nitrophenol Solubility, mutual -Nitrous oxide Diffusion coefficient Vapor pressure -Oxygen Diffusion coefficient P-V-T relations Vapor pressure Links 5.62 4.31 3.377 3.358 3.381 4.98 4.98 3.358 3.377 5.62 7.244 6.113 3.17 6.463 5.214 3.353 5.5 3.17 4.42 4.77 3.359 3.377 3.377 3.377 5.62 4.213 3.286 3.358 4.213 3.359 3.375 3.359 3.397 5.62 3.355 3.381 5.62 3.17 3.352 3.381 4.188 263 Index Terms Viscosity -Picric acid Vapor pressure -Silver oxide Vapor pressure, aqueous solution -Strontium oxide Vapor pressure, aqueous solution -Sulfur dioxide Freezing point-solubility Surface tension Vapor pressure -Tolu idine (o-, m-, p-) Vapor pressure -Urethan Vapor pressure -Water P-V-T relations -Zinc oxide Vapor pressure, aqueous solution Carbon disulfide Absorption spectra Azeotropic mixtures Birefringence, electric Boiling point Compressibility Condensation on ions and nuclei Critical point data Cryoscopic constant Density Liquid Solid Dielectric constant Gas Liquid Solid Diffusion of vapor in gases Electrical conductivity X-rays, effect of Emission, spectral Faraday effect, lag in Flash point Heat of adsorption on charcoal Heat of combustion Heat of formation Heat of vaporization Heat of wetting by Ignition temperature Inflammability, limits of Internal pressure Ionization of vapor by α-particles Ionization of vapor by β-particles Ionization of vapor by γ-rays Magnetic susceptibility Melting point Orthobaric density Photoelectric threshold Polarization of light reflected from Polarization of light scattered by Gas Liquid Refractive index Gas Liquid Solidification point Solubility in water Sound, velocity of Links 5.5 3.359 3.377 3.377 4.42 4.442 3.285 4.77 4.187 3.354 3.381 3.359 3.358 3.17 3.377 5.331 3.318 7.110 3.231 3.41 6.117 3.231 4.183 5.334 3.324 3.330 3.248 3.23 3.44 6.75 6.76 6.76 5.62 6.143 6.6 5.257 6.434 2.161 5.139 5.169 5.181 5.136 5.142 2.174 2.180 4.19 6.122 6.121 6.123 6.356 1.54 3.231 6.68 5.261 5.138 5.265 5.266 7.10 7.12 1.61 3.387 7.14 7.34 7.78 264 Index Terms Gas Liquid Specific heat Gas Liquid Pressure, effect of Surface tension Pressure, effect of Thermal conductivity Gas Liquid Pressure, effect of Toxicology Transmission of radiant energy Vapor pressure Vapor pressure above 1 atm. Verdet constant Gas Liquid Dispersion Viscosity Gas Liquid X-ray diffraction bands -Acenaphthene* -Acetanilide*-Acetone -Acetic acid* -Acetone* -Acetone*-Picric acid -Aluminum bromide* -Aluminum bromide*-Benzenesulfone chloride -Aluminum bromide*-Benzophenone -Aluminum bromide*-Benzoyl chloride -Aluminum bromide*-p-Dibromobenzene -Aluminum bromide*-Phosphorus oxychloride -Aluminum iodide* -Amylene* -Anethole* -Aniline* -Aniline salicylate* -Anisole* -Anthracene* -Antimony triiodide* -Arsenous iodide* -Azobenzene* -Benzaldehyde* -Benzene* -Benzenesulfone chloride* -Benzil* -Benzoic acid* -Benzophenone* -Benzyl benzoate* -Bromine* -Bromobenzene* -Bromonaphthalene* -d-β-Butyl acetate* -Butyric acid* -Camphor* -Camphor* -Ethyl ether -Camphoric acid* -Carbazole* -Carbon tetrachloride Boiling point Density Dielectric constant Heat of solution Vapor pressure Links 6.462 6.464 6.463 5.80 5.107 5.114 4.436 4.475 5.81 5.114 5.214 5.227 5.227 2.319 5.270 3.213 3.231 5.215 6.425 6.426 6.433 5.3 5.26 1.351 3.312 3.143 6.101 5.150 3.285 4.447 6.427 6.434 5.27 5.155 5.32 7.213 7.222 265 Index Terms -Carbon tetrachloride-Iodine Freezing point-solubility -Chloral alcoholate Boiling point elevation -Chloroacetic acid Distribution coefficients in water -Chlorobenzene Density -Chloroform Compressibility Density Dielectric constant Heat of solution Refractive index Dispersion Specific heat Surface tension Vapor pressure -Chloroform -Iodine Freezing point-solubility -Chromyl chloride Boiling point elevation -Cinnamaldehyde Density -m-Cresol Vapor pressure -p-Dibromobenzene Density Freezing point-solubility -Dimethyl acetylmalate Boiling point elevation -Diphenyl Density -Diphenylamine Boiling point elevation Heat of solution -Ethyl acetate Density Heat of solution Viscosity -Ethyl acetoacetate Density -Ethyl alcohol Compressibility Density Dielectric constant Distribution coefficients in water Heat of solution Miscibility in water Refractive index Dispersion Solubility, mutual Vapor pressure Viscosity -Ethyl alcohol-Iodine Freezing point-solubility -Ethyl ether Density Dielectric constant Heat of solution Refractive index Dispersion Specific heat Surface tension Vapor pressure Vapor pressure, partial Viscosity Links 4.268 3.330 3.423 3.145 3.440 3.144 6.101 5.151 7.77 7.102 5.125 4.471 3.286 7.77 5.155 4.268 3.331 3.146 3.286 3.145 4.172 3.330 3.146 3.330 5.151 3.145 5.151 5.32 5.155 3.145 3.440 3.145 6.101 3.400 5.151 3.410 7.78 7.102 3.394 3.286 5.32 7.78 3.424 5.157 4.268 3.145 6.101 5.151 7.78 7.102 5.126 4.471 3.375 3.286 5.32 5.155 5.157 266 Index Terms -Ethyl ether-Iodine Freezing point-solubility -Ethyl ether-Naphthalene Vapor pressure -Ethyl ether-Picric acid Vapor pressure -Ethyl iodide Density -Ethyl nitrate Density Refractive index Dispersion -Ethylene bromide Density Dielectric constant Heat of solution -Ethylene chloride Density Surface tension -Ethylxanthic acid Distribution coefficients in water -Formic acid Distribution coefficients in water Solubility, mutual -Gallic acid Density -Heptane Density Dielectric constant Heat of solution -Iodine Boiling point elevation Density Distribution coefficients in Potassium iodide solution Water Freezing point-solubility Viscosity -Iodine-Sulfur Boiling point elevation Freezing point-solubility -Isobutyl alcohol Density Refractive index Dispersion Verdet constant -Isobutyric acid Density Refractive index Dispersion Verdet constant -Isovaleric acid Density Refractive index Dispersion Verdet constant -Mercuric bromide Freezing point-solubility -Mercuric chloride Freezing point-solubility -Mercuric iodide Freezing point-solubility -Methyl acetate Boiling point -Methyl alcohol Interfacial tension Solubility, mutual Links 4.268 3.375 3.375 3.144 3.144 7.78 7.102 7.78 3.144 6.101 5.155 3.144 4.471 3.428 3.422 3.394 3.146 3.146 6.101 5.151 3.330 3.132 3.420 3.420 4.33 5.26 3.348 4.270 3.145 7.78 7.102 6.427 7.78 3.145 7.78 7.102 6.427 7.78 3.145 7.78 7.102 6.427 7.78 4.48 4.48 4.48 3.312 4.439 3.394 3.397 267 Index Terms Specific heat Surface tension Vapor pressure -Methyl formate Density -Methyl iodide Density Viscosity -Methylal Density Refractive index Dispersion Vapor pressure Vapor pressure, partial -Methylal-Naphthalene Vapor pressure -Methylal-Picric acid Vapor pressure -Methylene iodide Density -Naphthalene Boiling point elevation Density Freezing point-solubility Heat of solution Specific heat -Nitrobenzene Density Freezing point-solubility Vapor pressure -Nitronaphthalene Heat of solut ion -Nitrotoluene (o-, p-) Density -d-β-Octyl acetate Density -Oleates Dielectric constant -Oleic acid Vapor pressure lowering -Paraldehyde Density Heat of solution -Phenanthrene Boiling point elevation Freezing point-solubility -Phenol Distribution coefficients in water -Phenyl acetylsalicylate Boiling point elevation -Phenyl henzoate Boiling point elevation -Phenyl isothiocyanate Boiling point elevation -Phenyl salicylate Boiling point elevation -Phenyl thiocyanate Density -Phosphorus Boiling point elevation Freezing point-solubility Solubility, mutual -Phosphorus-Sulfur Boiling point elevation -Phosphorus heptasulfide Freezin g point-solubility -Phosphorus oxychloride Links 5.116 4.471 3.359 3.144 3.144 5.32 3.145 7.78 7.102 3.375 3.286 3.375 3.375 3.144 3.330 3.146 4.98 5.151 5.126 3.145 4.98 3.286 5.151 3.145 3.146 6.104 3.300 3.145 5.155 3.330 4.172 3.428 3.331 3.330 3.330 3.330 3.145 3.330 4.36 3.394 3.348 4.48 268 Index Terms Boiling point elevation -Phosphorus sesquisulfide Boiling point elevation Freezing point-solubility -Phosphorus trichloride Density -Pinene Heat of solution -Propyl alcohol Density -Salicylic acid Density -Selenium Freezing point-solubility -Selenium-Sulfur Freezing point-solubility -Stannic chloride Density Refractive index Dispersion -Stannic iodide Freezing point-solubility -Stearic acid Density -Sulfur Boiling point elevation Density Dielectric constant Freezing point-solubility Viscosity -Sulfur dioxide Density Viscosity -Tetryl Freezing point-solubility -Toluene Density Dielectric constant Heat of solution Surface tension Vapor pressure Viscosity -Trional Boiling point elevation -Turpentine Density -m-Xylene Dielectric constant Carbon lamp, temperature Carbon monoxide Adsorption by platinum black Adsorption by wood charcoal Band spectra Boiling point Copper, permeability of Critical point data Critical potentials Density Gas Liquid Detonation Dielectric constant, gas Diffusion coefficient Dispersion formula Dissociation, work of Electrons, absorption of, by Links 3.330 3.330 4.48 4.190 3.136 5.155 3.145 3.145 4.36 4.269 4.270 3.137 7.77 7.102 7.77 4.48 3.146 3.330 3.132 6.101 4.34 5.27 3.135 5.27 4.98 3.146 6.101 5.158 4.471 3.286 5.32 3.330 3.146 6.101 5.247 3.253 3.250 5.412 3.230 5.76 3.230 6.73 3.3 3.23 2.185 6.75 5.62 7.11 6.73 6.61 5.417 3.248 269 Index Terms Electrons, attachment of, to form ions Electrons, motion of, in Electrons, secondary emission of Entropy Explosion in closed vessels Explosive mixtures, limiting dilutions Flame propagation in Free energy Formation Methanization Reaction with chlorine Reaction with oxygen Reaction with sulfur Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Heat content Heat of adsorption on charcoal Heat of dissociation Heat of formation Heat of fusion Heat of transition Heat of vaporization Igniting pressures, relative limiting Ignition temperature Inflammability, limits of Ionization by electrons Ionization by α-particles Ions, mobility of, in Ions, recombination of, in Molecular data Orthobaric density Polarization of light scattered by Refractivity Rubber, permeability of Solubility in Aqueous solutions Copper, molten Non-aqueous liquids Non-aqueous solutions Water Sound, velocity of, in Specific heat Gas Liquid Solid Steel, permeability of Surface tension Thermal conductivity Thermal expansion Thermodynamic potential Toxicology Vapor pressure Liquid Solid Vapor pressure above 1 atm. Viscosity, gas -Ammonia* -Bromine* -Carbon dioxide* -Ethyl ether Boiling point -Ethylene Diffusion coefficient -Hydrogen Detonation of Diffusion Equilibrium constant of reaction Explosion in closed vessels Links 6.117 6.116 6.63 5.89 2.188 2.186 2.182 7.243 7.243 7.244 7.244 7.243 7.244 4.255 5.89 5.141 5.418 5.181 5.131 5.181 5.136 2.181 2.173 2.177 6.120 6.122 6.111 6.115 1.92 3.230 5.265 7.8 5.77 3.278 3.270 3.265 3.278 3.259 6.462 5.80 5.86 5.86 5.76 4.441 5.214 3.16 5.89 2.319 3.213 3.207 3.230 5.3 3.312 5.62 2.186 5.62 7.244 2.190 5.82 5.89 5.89 5.215 5.86 5.95 7.243 270 Index Terms Viscosity -Nitrogen Sound, velocity of, in -Oxygen Diffusion coefficient Viscosity -Sulfur Equilibrium constant of reaction -Tantalum Equilibrium constant of reaction -Tin Equilibrium constant of reaction -Vanadium Heat of reaction Carbon selenosulfide Vapor pressure Carbon steels Analyses, table of Compression tests Density Elastic properties Electrical conductivity Heat treatment, effect of Endurance limits Hardness Impact strength Magnetic properties Specific heat Tensile properties Thermal conductivity Thermal expansion Thermoelectric properties Torsion tests Wiedemann effect X-ray diffraction data Carbon subnitride Heat of combustion Carbon suboxide Boiling point Density Melting point Refractive index Vapor pressure Carbon sulfide , band spectra Carbon tetrabromide Absorption spectra Allotropic forms Magnetic susceptibility Melting point under pressure Transition temperature Triple point Volume change on melting -Aluminum bromide* -Bromine* Carbon tetrachloride Absorption spectra Allotropic forms Angle of contact Azeotropic mixtures Birefringence, electric Boiling point Compressibility Condensation on ions and nuclei Critical point data Cryoscopic constant Links 5.5 6.463 5.62 5.5 7.244 7.288 7.247 7.288 3.214 2.484 2.493 2.516 2.515 6.175 6.200 2.600 2.494 2.495 6.374 2.518 2.487 2.518 2.470 6.222 2.493 6.441 1.349 6.379 6.224 5.167 1.112 1.112 1.112 1.112 3.213 5.412 5.334 4.13 6.361 4.13 4.8 4.13 4.13 5.331 4.13 4.434 3.318 7.110 3.215 3.35 6.117 3.245 4.183 1.162 1.165 4.17 5.334 3.323 3.330 3.39 3.248 6.388 271 Index Terms Density, liquid Dielectric constant Diffusion in methyl alcohol Electrical conductivity X-rays, effect of Entropy Faraday effect, lag in Free energy Heat content Heat of adsorption on charcoal Heat of combustion Heat of formation Heat of fusion Heat of transition Heat of vaporization Heat of wetting by Interfacial tension against various solutions Internal pressure Ionization by α-particles Ionization by β-particles Ionization by γ-rays Ionization by X-rays Ions, mobility of, in Magnetic susceptibility Melting point Melting point under pressure Orthobaric density Polarization of light reflected from Polarization of light scattered by Gas Liquid Refractive index Gas Liquid Solidification point Solubility in water Solubility of salts in Sound, velocity of, in vapor Specific heat Gas Liquid Solid Surface tension Thermal conductivity Gas Liquid Toxicology Transition temperature Triple points Vapor pressure Liquid Solid Vapor pressure above 1 atm. Verdet constant Dispersion Viscosity Volume change on melting -Acenaphthene* -Acetic acid* -Acetone* -Air* -Aluminum chloride* -Ammonia* -Aniline* -Aniline salicylate* -Anisole* -Anthracene* Links 3.28 6.82 5.72 6.143 6.6 7.244 6.434 7.244 7.244 5.139 5.168 5.181 5.132 5.181 5.136 5.142 4.437 4.19 6.122 6.121 6.123 6.123 6.111 6.361 1.54 4.13 3.245 5.261 3.33 6.83 6.105 5.140 5.138 4.18 5.265 5.266 7.10 7.12 1.62 3.387 4.205 6.462 7.34 5.80 5.107 5.101 4.436 5.81 5.214 5.228 2.319 4.8 4.13 215 3.213 3.207 3.245 6.426 6.433 5.26 4.13 3.215 7.77 4.447 6.427 5.27 4.18 7.212 7.222 272 Index Terms -Antimony pentachloride* -Benzene* -Benzene*-Ethyl alcohol -Benzene*-Iodine -Benzil* -Benzole acid* -Bromine* -Bromoacetic acid* -Bromobenzene* -α-Bromonaphthalene* -Camphor* -Carbazole* -Carbon disulfide* -Carbon disulfide*-Iodine -Chlorine Boiling point elevation Density Distribution coefficients in water Freezing point lowering Freezing point-solubility Viscosity -Chlorine dioxide Distribution coefficients in water -Chloroacetic acid Distribution coefficients in water -Chlorobenzene Density Dielectric constant -Chloroform Boiling point Density Freezing point-solubility Heat of solution Specific heat Surface tension Viscosity -1-Chlorotetrahydronaphthalene Vapor pressure -Chromyl chloride Boiling point elevation -Cresol Vapor pressure -p-Dibromobenzene Density Freezing point-solubility -Dichlorobenzene Density -β, β-Dichlorodiethyl sulfide Freezing point-solubility -Diethyl tartrate Density -Diethylamine Distribution coefficients in water -Dimethylpyrone picrate Boiling point elevation -α, γ-Diphenyl-α, β-butene Boiling point elevation -Erucic acid Heat of solution -Ethyl acetate Boiling point Density Heat of solution Refractive index Surface tension Vapor pressure, partial Viscosity Links 3.325 3.131 3.419 4.36 4.31 5.26 3.419 3.423 3.144 6.101 3.312 3.143 4.98 5.155 5.125 4.471 5.31 3.286 3.330 3.285 3.143 4.172 3.144 4.98 3.144 3.426 3.330 3.330 5.151 3.312 3.143 5.151 7.77 4.471 3.285 5.32 5.155 273 Index Terms -Ethyl alcohol Boiling point Density Aqueous solution Dielectric constant Distribution coefficients in water Heat of solution Miscibility in water Vapor pressure Viscosity -Ethyl amyl ether Density Dielectric constant -Ethyl benzoate Boiling point elevation -Ethyl ether Boiling point Density Dielectric constant Heat of solution -Ethyl iodide Refractive index Surface tension Vapor pressure, partial Viscosity -Ethylene bromide Boiling point Density Dielectric constant Heat of solution Refractive index -Ethylene bromide-Toluene Boiling point Density Refractive index Vapor pressure -Fluorene Freezing point-solubility -Formic acid Distribution coefficients in water Solubility, mutual -Fumaric acid Freezing point-solubility -Heptane Heat of solution -1-Hydroxyisocaproic acid Distribution coefficients in water -Iodine Boiling point elevation Density Distribution coefficients in water Freezing point-solubility -Iodine monochloride Freezing point-solubility -Isobutyl alcohol Heat of solution -Isobutyric acid Distribution coefficients in water -Isovaleric acid Boiling point elevation -Lauric acid Boiling point elevation Heat of solution -Maleic acid Freezing point-solubility -Methyl acetate Density Links 3.312 3.143 3.125 6.101 3.400 5.151 3.410 3.358 5.31 3.144 6.101 3.330 3.312 3.143 6.101 5.151 7.77 4.471 3.285 5.31 3.312 3.143 6.101 5.155 7.77 3.317 3.196 7.96 3.292 4.172 3.422 3.394 4.98 5.151 3.428 3.330 3.132 3.420 4.33 4.42 5.151 3.426 3.300 3.330 5.151 4.98 3.143 3.424 274 Index Terms -Methyl alcohol Density Aqueous solution Heat of solution Miscibility in water -Methyl iodide Density -Naphthalene Boiling point elevation Density Freezing point-solubility Vapor pressure lowering Viscosity -β-Naphthyl benzoate Boiling point elevation -Nitrobenzene Birefringence, magnetic Vapor pressure -Nitrogen sulfide Boiling point elevation -Nitrogen tetroxide Freezing point-solubility -Oleates Dielectric constant -Palmitic acid Boiling point elevation -Phenanthrene Density Freezing point-solubility Vapor pressure lowering -Phenol Boiling point elevation Distribution coefficients in water -Phenyl benzoate Boiling point elevat ion -Phosphorus oxybromide Boiling point elevation -Phosphorus oxychloride Boiling point elevation -Phosphorus pentachloride Boiling point elevation -Piperine Boiling point elevation -Propyl alcohol Density, aqueous solut ion Heat of solution Miscibility in water -Pyridine Density Heat of solution -Pyridine acetate Heat of solution -Quinoline Boiling point elevation -Resorcinol Distribution coefficients in water -Safrole Boiling point elevation -Salicylic acid Density Heat of solution -Stearic acid Density -Sulfur Boiling point elevation Freezing point-solubility -Sulfur dioxide Links 3.143 3.125 5.150 3.410 3.143 3.330 3.144 4.172 3.300 5.32 3.330 7.112 3.285 3.330 4.44 6.104 3.330 3.144 4.172 3.300 3.330 3.428 3.330 3.330 3.300 3.330 3.330 3.125 5.151 3.410 3.143 5.151 5.151 3.330 3.428 3.330 3.144 5.151 3.144 3.330 4.34 5.151 275 Index Terms Density Freezing point-solubility Viscosity -Sulfur monochloride Boiling point elevation -Tartaric acid Density -Tetrachloroethane Density Viscosity -Tetrachloroethylene Density Viscosity -Tetrahydronaphthalene Vapor pressure -Tetryl Freezing point-solubility -Thymol Freezing point-solubility -Toluene Boiling point Density Heat of solution Refractive index Vapor pressure -p-Toluidine Boiling point elevation Distribution coefficients in water -p-Toluidine chloroacetate Boiling point elevation -p-Toluidine salicylate Boiling point elevation -Triamylammonium picrate Boiling point elevation -m-Xylene Density Dielectric constant Carbon tetraiodide Absorption spectra Magnetic susceptibility Carbondale silver Carbonic acid Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Free energy of aqueous solution Free energy of ions Heat of formation Ionization constants See also Carbon dioxide. -Ammonium hydroxide* -Calcium carbonate* -Calcium carbonate*-Sodium chloride Carbonites (explosives) Carbonyl bromide Heat of formation Carbonyl chloride. See Phosgene. Carbonyl sulfide Absorption spectra Boiling point Critical point data Density Gas Free energy Heat of combustion Heat of formation Solubility in non-aqueous liquids Links 3.135 4.187 5.27 3.330 3.143 3.143 5.31 3.143 5.31 3.286 4.98 4.98 3.312 3.144 5.155 7.77 3.285 5.157 3.330 3.430 3.330 3.330 3.330 3.144 6.101 5.334 6.361 2.373 2.480 6.261 7.244 7.244 5.181 7.244 7.495 5.181 5.331 3.231 3.231 3.23 3.3 7.244 5.169 5.181 3.268 3.248 276 Index Terms Solubility in water Vapor pressure Vapor pressure above 1 atm. Viscosity, gas Carbonylferrocyanic acid Heat of formation Carborundum Compressibility Crushing strength Density Electrical conductivity Emission, spectral Fusion temperature Hardness Refractive index Specific heat Sublimation temperature Temperature of failure under load Thermal conductivity Thermal expansion X-rays, reflection of, by Carborundum brick Density Electrical conductivity Expansion on heating Porosity Specific heat Thermal conductivity Thermal expansion Carboxylic acids Carbon dioxide loss, kinetics of Carburite Carcel unit, definition Careco (alloy) Carminic acid Diffusion in ethyl alcohol -Ethyl alcohol Viscosity Carminite, density Carnallite Density Liquid Melting point Refractive index Carnauba wax as rubber softener See also Waxes. Carnegieite Density Melting point Refractive index Camotite , refractive index Carpamic acid Optical rotatory power Carpholite Density Refractive index Carphosiderite Density Refractive index Carpiline, optical rotatory power Cartridge brass Cartridge gilding Links 3.261 3.213 3.231 5.3 5.191 2.87 2.83 1.113 2.86 5.258 2.83 2.87 1.113 2.87 1.113 2.83 2.87 2.83 6.50 2.82 2.87 1.168 7.19 1.162 2.87 3.45 2.82 2.86 2.84 2.82 2.85 2.85 2.83 7.122 2.373 1.35 2.373 5.74 5.39 1.129 1.158 3.24 1.158 1.158 2.278 1.153 1.153 1.153 1.157 1.168 4.85 1.169 1.173 7.466 1.137 1.137 1.128 1.128 7.475 2.373 2.373 1.171 1.167 2.469 2.555 2.555 2.469 277 Index Terms Carvacrol Absorption spectra Birefringence Heat of vaporization Magnetic susceptibility Refractive index Specific heat Verdet constant Carvene, azeotropic mixtures Carvol Azeotropic mixtures Dielectric constant Surface tension Viscosity Carvone Absorption spectra Birefringence, electric Magnetic susceptibility Optical rotatory power Refractive index Verdet constant Dispersion Carvotanacetone Optical rotatory power Refractive index d-Carvoxime Heat of fusion Optical rotatory power Pyroelectric effect -l-Carvoxime Freezing point-solubility -Isoamyl acetate Viscosity Case-hardening steel Casein Compressibility, aqueous solution Refractive index in various solvents -Sodium chloride Freezing point-solubility in water Cashmere Casimeroedine Optical rotatory power Casimiroic acid Optical rotatory power Cassia oil, emission, spectral Cassiterite Compressibility Density Dielectric constant Refractive index Thermal conductivity Thermal expansion See also Stannic oxide. Castor oil Absorption spectra Compressibility Density Dielectric constant Electrical conductivity Heat of adiabatic expansion Ignition temperature Thermal conductivity Viscosity Pressure, effect of Links 5.333 7.111 5.138 6.363 7.51 5.112 6.430 3.320 5.346 3.319 6.95 4.460 7.221 5.346 7.111 6.363 7.413 7.51 6.426 6.433 7.415 7.52 5.134 7.143 6.209 4.154 5.50 2.374 2.470 3.440 7.99 4.423 2.235 7.475 7.467 5.257 3.50 1.114 6.99 1.114 5.232 3.43 5.334 2.209 2.209 2.211 6.146 5.147 2.151 5.228 2.209 2.209 1.167 2.488 2.600 2.606 278 Index Terms -Benzene* -Petroleum Dielectric constant -Toluene Dielectric constant Catalase Catalysis Catalysts, X-ray diffraction data Catechin, optical rotatory power Catechol Absorption spectra Boiling point elevation in aqueous solution Chemical properties Density, aqueous solution Flash point Solubility in water -Acetamide* -Acetone* -Acetophenone* -Acridine* -m-Aminophenol* -Ammonia* -Aniline* -Antipyrine* -Azobenzene* -Benzamide* -Benzene* -Benzhydrol* -Benzophenone* -Camphor* -Carbazole* -Cineole Freezing point-solubility -Cinnamic acid Freezing point-solubility -Dimethyl oxalate Freezing point-solubility -Diphenylamine Freezing point-solubility -Diphenylmethane Freezing point-solubility -Ethyl ether Boiling point elevation -Fenchone Freezing point-solubility -Hydrogen chloride Freezing point-solubility in water -Hydroquinol Freezing point-solubility -Hydroquinol-α-Nitronaphthalene Freezing point-solubility -Hydroquinol-Resorcinol Freezing point-solubility -m-Hydroxybenzaldehyde Freezing point-solubility -Naphthalene Freezing point-solubility -Naphthylamine (α-, β-) Freezing point-solubility -α-Nitronaphthalene Freezing point-solubility -α-Nitronaphthalene-Resorcinol Freezing point-solubility -Phenylenediamine (o-, m-, p-) Freezing point-solubility -Picric acid Links 6.103 6.103 7.157 7.113 2.357 7.462 5.339 3.327 2.242 3.114 2.161 4.253 4.138 4.138 4.114 4.138 4.138 3.341 4.138 4.396 4.137 4.169 4.169 4.178 4.138 4.138 4.138 4.169 4.137 279 Index Terms Freezing point-solubility -Resorcinol Freezing point-solubility -Succinic acid Freezing point-solubility -Succinimide Freezing point-solubility -p-Toluidine Freezing point-solubility -Trimethylcarbinol Freezing point-solubility -Triphenytcarbinol Freezing point-solubility -Triphenylmethane Freezing point-solubility Catgut, moisture content at various humidities Cathodoluminescence Catlinite, thermal conductivity Caulophyllosaponin Optical rotatory power Caustic soda cells Ceco Cedar wood Density Thermal conductivity Cedrene, optical rotatory power Ceiba wood Density Thermal conductivity Celestial pole Celestial spectra Unidentified lines of Celestial sphere , definition Celestite Compressibility Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Magnetic susceptibility Thermal conductivity See also Strontium sulfate. Cell constants, standard values Cellobiose Hat of com bustion Optical rotatory power Cellobiose derivatives Optical rotatory power Cellobiose octoacetate Heat of combustion β-Cellose, solubility in aqueous ethyl alcohol Cellose derivatives Optical rotatory power Cellulak, dielectric strength Celluloid Combustion, rate of Density Magnetic susceptibility X-rays, absorption coefficient Cellulose Cuprammonium solution, viscosity of Density Dielectric constant Electrical conductivity Heat of combustion Links 4.119 4.137 4.114 4.113 4.137 4.115 4.138 4.138 2.325 5.387 5.217 7.465 6.317 2.374 2.313 2.313 7.461 2.313 2.313 1.35 5.383 1.35 3.50 6.258 6.364 5.232 6.230 5.166 2.353 7.400 5.167 4.405 7.400 2.310 2.296 2.297 2.314 6.364 6.16 5.24 2.314 2.310 2.310 5.167 2.562 280 Index Terms Heat of wetting Thermal conductivity X-ray diffraction data Cellulose acetate , moisture content at various humidities -Acetone* Cellulose lacquer industry, air conditions for application of Celotex Density Thermal conductivity Celsian Density Refractive index Celsit (alloy) Cement paper Density Mica and, thermal conductivity Thermal conductivity Cement wood Density Thermal conductivity Cementite Curie constant Curie point Electrical conductivity Kerr constant Specific heat Cements. See Dental cement, Hydraulic cement, Magnesia cement, Portland cement. Centigrade thermal unit, definition Ceramic materials X-ray diffraction data Cerargyrite Boiling point Density Refractive index See also Silver chloride. Cereal industry Air conditions for packing Cereals, moisture content at various humidities Cerebronic acid Optical rotatory power Ceresin Density Electrical conductivity Melting point Refractive index Rubber softener Ceric carbonate Magnetic susceptibility Ceric molybdate Density Melting point Refractive index Ceric oxide Diffusion in tungsten Electrical conductivity Electrons, thermal emission of Evaporation from tungsten Heat of formation Magnetic susceptibility Specific heat Thermionic work function Links 5.143 2.314 2.357 2.323 2.322 2.46 2.313 2.313 1.148 1.148 2.374 1.171 2.313 2.314 2.313 2.313 2.313 6.380 6.410 6.182 6.435 5.118 1.35 2.56 2.117 2.357 1.123 1.123 1.123 2.64 2.124 1.163 1.165 2.322 2.324 7.368 2.311 2.310 2.148 2.153 2.278 6.359 1.139 1.139 1.139 6.56 6.154 6.54 6.56 5.195 6.359 5.98 6.54 1.168 2.66 2.82 2.86 2.114 281 Index Terms -Sulfuric acid Freezing point-solubility in water Ceric sulfate, specific heat Cerium Boiling point Cathodoluminescence Compressibility Density Electrical conductivity Electrode potential Electrons, thermal emission of Emission spectra Hall effect Hardness Isotopes Magnetic susceptibility Melting point Nernst effect Persistent lines Quantum numbers Specific heat Thermionic work function Thermochemistry Thermoelectric properties X-ray absorption limits X-ray crystal structure X-ray emission spectra X-ray series, limiting frequencies Zeeman effect -Aluminum* -Carbon*-Bismuth -Iron -Carbon*-Chromium-Iron-Nickel -Carbon*-Iron -Carbon*-Iron-Nickel -Copper Equilibrium diagram Hardness -Iron Equilibrium diagram Kerr constant -Magnesium Equilibrium diagram -Silicon Equilibrium diagram -Tin Equilibrium diagram Cerium chromium steels Endurance limits Cerium chromium nickel steels Endurance limits Cerium dichloride , electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Cerium ethyl sulfate Density Refractive index Cerium nickel steels Endurance limits Mechanical properties Cerium steels Endurance limits Mechanical properties Cerotic acid, specific heat Cerous acetate, solubility in water Cerous bromide Magnetic susceptibility Links 4.348 5.98 1.102 5.390 3.46 1.104 1.104 6.319 6.53 5.286 6.416 2.592 1.45 6.354 1.104 6.420 5.323 5.408 1.104 6.53 5.195 6.214 6.39 1.340 6.39 6.35 5.420 3.48 2.456 6.153 5.92 2.430 2.593 2.451 6.435 2.430 2.430 2.416 2.605 2.605 6.233 1.139 1.139 2.605 2.531 2.374 2.605 2.531 5.105 4.227 6.359 1.166 2.531 2.605 282 Index Terms Aqueous solution Cerous butyrate, solubility in water Cerous carbonate Magnetic susceptibility Cerous chloride Ammines, decomposition pressure Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Heat of formation Magnetic susceptibility Vapor pressure lowering in aqueous solution -Ethyl alcohol Boiling point elevation Cerous citrate Solubility in citric acid Cerous dithionate Density Refractive index Cerous fluoride -Calcium fluoride* -Potassium fluoride Freezing point-solubility Cerous formate, so lubility in water Cerous iodate Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Solubility in water Cerous isobutyrate Solubility in water Cerous malonate Solubility in aqueous solutions Cerous molybdate Refractive index Specific heat -Lead molybdate Freezing point-solubility Cerous nitrate Absorption spectra, solutions Dehydration behavior of hydrate Verdet constant, aqueous solution -Silver bromate Solubility in water Cerous oxalate Dehydration behavior of hydrate Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Solubility in aqueous solutions -Sulfuric acid Freezing point-solubility in water Cerous oxide, melting point Cerous propionate Solubility in water Cerous selenate Density Refractive index Solubility in water Cerous sulfate Decomposition pressure Dehydration behavior of hydrate Density, aqueous solution Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Heat of formation Magnetic susceptibility Solubility in aqueous solutions Solubility in water -Ammonium sulfate* Links 6.364 4.227 6.359 7.290 4.257 5.195 6.359 3.295 3.337 7.339 1.138 1.138 1.169 4.62 4.227 6.258 4.227 4.227 7.339 7.23 5.98 4.53 5.328 7.290 6.428 7.322 7.290 6.258 7.339 4.335 4.84 4.227 1.138 1.138 4.227 7.290 7.290 3.71 6.236 5.195 6.359 7.339 4.227 1.171 4.246 283 Index Terms -Potassium sulfate Freezing point-solubility in water -Sodium sulfate Freezing point-solubilit y in water -Sulfuric acid Freezing point-solubility in water -Thallous sulfate Freezing point-solubility in water Cerous tartrate Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Solubility in aqueous solutions Cerous tungstate -Lead tungstate Freezing point-solubility Cerussite Compressibility Density Dielectric constant Refractive index Solution velocity in acids See also Lead carbonate. Cervantite Density Refractive index Cesium Absorption, index of Absorption spectra, solutions Boiling point Compressibility Critical potentials Density Liquid Solid Electrical conductivity Liquid Solid Low temperature Electrons, thermal emission of Emission, spectral Emission spectra Heat of fusion Heat of vaporization Isotopes Magnetic susceptibility Melting point Persistent lines Photoelectric sensitivity, wave length for maximum Photoelectric threshold Quantum numbers Refraction, index of Specific heat Liquid Solid Spectral series Thermal expansion Liquid Solid Thermionic work function Thermochemistry Thermoelectric properties Vapor pressure Volume change on fusion X-ray absorption limits X-ray emission spectra X-ray series, limiting frequencies -Mercury Links 4.348 4.348 4.348 4.337 6.258 7.339 4.53 3.50 1.116 6.100 1.116 5.58 1.110 1.110 1.173 1.165 5.249 5.331 1.102 3.46 6.70 3.205 1.102 1.104 2.457 2.456 2.463 6.136 6.132 6.137 1.103 1.104 6.127 6.53 5.253 5.290 1.104 1.102 1.45 6.354 1.104 5.323 6.68 6.68 5.408 5.249 2.458 1.103 1.104 5.397 5.94 5.93 1.102 1.104 6.53 5.207 6.214 3.205 2.474 6.39 6.39 6.35 2.463 2.460 284 Index Terms Equilibrium diagram Surface tension -Potassium Photoelectric sensitivity, wave length for maximum -Rubidium Photoelectric sensitivity, wave length for maximum -Sodium Photoelectric sensitivity, wave length for maximum -Sulfur Freezing point-solubility Cesium acetate , solubility in water Cesium benzoate, solubility in water Cesium bicarbonate Decomposition pressure Heat of decomposition Heat of formation Solubility in water Cesium bromate Density, aqueous solution Solubility in water Cesium bromide Compressibility Density Aqueous solution Saturated Liquid Solid Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Heat of formation Melting point Refractive index Aqueous solution Dispersion Solubility in water Specific heat Aqueous solution Surface tension Transference number Vapor pressure X-ray diffraction data Cesium bromodiiodide Decomposition pressure Heat of formation Cesium carbonate Decomposition pressure Heat of formation Magnetic susceptibility Solubility in water Cesium chlorate Density, aqueous solution Solubility in water -Sodium chlorate Freezing point-solubility Cesium chloride Boiling point elevation in aqueous solution Compressibility Aqueous solution Density Aqueous solution Liquid Solid Diffusion in water Electrical conductivity Aqueous solution Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Links 2.432 2.591 6.68 6.68 6.68 4.26 4.244 4.244 7.311 7.311 5.207 4.244 3.94 4.243 3.107 3.50 3.94 3.107 3.24 1.160 6.235 5.207 1.160 1.160 7.76 7.102 4.243 5.101 5.124 4.446 6.311 3.214 1.346 4.446 3.44 6.239 1.165 7.311 5.207 7.311 5.207 6.360 4.243 3.94 4.243 3.107 4.68 3.326 3.50 3.440 3.94 3.24 1.160 5.69 6.150 6.231 4.260 3.107 3.108 3.43 6.234 6.239 4.446 285 Index Terms Heat of formation Heat of transition Magnetic susceptibility Melting point Refractive index Aqueous solution Solubility in water Specific heat Aqueous solution Surface tension Transference number Transition temperature Vapor pressure Aqueous solution Vapor pressure lowering in aqueous solution Viscosity, aqueous solution X-ray diffraction data -Acetone* -Acetone*-Mercuric chloride -Bismuth chloride* -Cobaltous chloride Freezing point-solubility in water -Cuprous chloride Freezing point-solubility -Ethyl alcohol Viscosity, aqueous solution -Ferric chloride Freezing point-solubility in water -Formamide Viscosity -Glycerol Viscosity, aqueous solution -Iodine-Nitrobenzene Freezing point-solubility -Lithium chloride Freezing point-solubility -Lithium chloride-Sodium chloride Freezing point-solubility -Mercuric chloride Freezing point-solubility -Methyl alcohol Viscosity, aqueous solution -Phthalic acid Density, aqueous solution Freezing point-solubility in water -Potassium chloride Freezing point-solubility -Rubidium chloride Freezing point-solubility -Silver chloride Freezing point-solubility -Sodium chloride Freezing point-solubility -Thallium chloride Freezing point-solubility Freezing point-solubility in water Cesium chloroaurate Solubility in water Cesium chlorodibromide Decomposition pressure Heat of formation Cesium chromic selenate , decomposition pressure of hydrate Cesium chromic sulfate Decomposition pressure of hydrate Density Refractive index Links 5.207 5.207 6.360 1.160 1.160 7.76 4.243 5.101 5.124 4.446 6.309 4.8 3.214 3.374 3.299 5.18 1.346 1.165 6.311 4.309 4.57 5.24 4.309 5.30 5.24 4.269 4.66 4.75 4.56 5.24 3.103 4.420 4.71 4.72 4.58 4.68 4.54 4.304 4.244 7.310 5.207 7.311 7.311 1.161 1.161 1.165 286 Index Terms Solubility in water Cesium cobaltous selenate Refractive index Cesium cobaltous sulfate Decomposition pressure of hydrate Density Hydrate Decomposition pressure Heat of decomposition Refractive index Solubility in water Cesium cupric chloride Heat of formation Cesium cupric selenate Refractive index Cesium cupric sulfate Density Refractive index Solubility in water Cesium dibromoiodide Decomposition pressure Heat of formation X-ray diffraction data Cesium dichlorobromide Decomposition pressure Heat of formation Cesium dichloroiodide Decomposition pressure Heat of formation X-ray diffraction data Cesium dihydroxytartrate Solubility in water Cesium dithionate, refractive index Cesium ferric selenate Density Refractive index Cesium ferric sulfate Density Refractive index Solubility in water Cesium ferrous selenate Refractive index Cesium ferrous sulfate Decomposition pressure of hydrate Density Refractive index Solubility in water Cesium flames Electrical properties Cesium fluoride Density, liquid Heat of formation Specific heat Surface tension Vapor pressure X-ray diffraction data -Aluminum fluoride* -Calcium chloride* Cesium formate Density, aqueous solution Solubility in water Cesium gallium selenate Solubility in water Links 4.244 7.31 7.311 1.161 7.311 7.311 1.161 4.244 1.169 7.31 1.169 7.31 5.207 7.31 1.161 1.161 4.244 7.311 5.207 1.346 7.310 5.207 7.310 5.207 1.346 4.244 7.29 1.161 1.161 1.161 1.161 4.244 1.165 1.165 7.31 7.311 1.161 1.161 4.244 1.169 6.156 3.24 5.207 5.101 4.446 3.214 1.346 3.95 4.244 4.244 4.446 7.31 287 Index Terms Cesium gallium sulfate Density Refractive index Solubility in water -Ethyl alcohol Freezing point-solubility in water -Ethyl alcohol-Sulfuric acid Freezing point-solubility in water Cesium hydri de, photoelectric sensitivity, wave-length for maximum Cesium hydrogen fluoride Heat of formation Cesium hydrogen sulfate Heat of formation Cesium hydroxide Absorption spectra, solutions Dielectric constant, aqueous solution Heat of formation Heat of fusion Heat of transition Solubility in water Transition temperature Cesium hydroxybenzoate (m-, p-) Solubility in water Cesium indium sulfate Density Refractive index Solubility in water Cesium iodate Density, aqueous solution Cesium iodide Absorption spectra, solutions Compressibility Density Aqueous solution Liquid Solid Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Heat of dissociation Heat of formation Melting point Refractive index Solubility in water Specific heat Surface tension Transference number Vapor pressure X-ray diffraction data -Iodine Boiling point elevation Freezing point-solubility in water -Iodine-o-Nitrotoluene Freezing point-solubility Cesium magnesium chromate Density Refractive index Cesium magnesium selenate Density Refractive index Cesium magnesium sulfate Density Hydrate Decomposition pressure Heat of decomposition Refractive index Links 1.161 1.161 4.244 1.165 4.411 4.424 6.68 5.207 5.207 5.327 6.105 5.207 5.131 5.207 4.243 4.8 4.244 1.161 1.161 4.244 1.165 3.95 3.107 5.331 3.50 3.94 3.24 1.160 4.260 5.418 5.207 1.160 1.160 4.243 5.101 4.446 6.311 3.214 1.346 3.107 4.446 3.44 1.165 3.325 4.267 4.268 4.269 1.161 1.161 1.171 7.32 1.161 1.161 1.169 7.32 1.161 3.44 7.312 7.312 1.161 1.168 7.31 288 Index Terms Solubility in water Cesium manganate Solubility in water Cesium manganic sulfate Decomposition pressure of hydrate Refractive index Cesium manganous selenate Refractive index Cesium manganous sulfate Density Hydrate Decomposition pressure Heat of decomposition Refractive index Solubility in water Cesium mercuric chloride Refractive index Cesium nickel selenate Refractive index Cesium nickel sulfate Density Hydrate Decomposition pressure Heat of decomposition Refractive index Solubility in water Cesium nitrate Boiling point elevation in aqueous solution Density Aqueous solution Liquid Solid Electrical conductivity Aqueous solution Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Heat of formation Heat of transition Magnetic susceptibility Melting point Melting point under pressure Refractive index, aqueous solution Dispersion Solubility in water Specific heat, aqueous solution Surface tension Transition temperature Vapor pressure, aqueous solution Viscosity, aqueous solution Volume change on melting -Acetone* -Ethyl alcohol Viscosity, aqueous solution -Formamide Viscosity -Glycerol Viscosity, aqueous solution -Methyl alcohol Viscosity, aqueous solution Cesium oxalate, solubility in water Cesium oxalotellurate Solubility in water Cesium oxide, heat of formation Cesium perchlorate Density, aqueous solution Links 4.244 4.244 7.311 1.161 1.166 7.31 7.31 1.161 7.311 7.311 1.161 4.244 1.161 1.169 1.165 7.31 1.161 7.312 7.312 1.161 4.244 1.169 7.31 3.107 4.446 3.44 3.108 3.44 4.8 3.326 3.95 3.24 1.161 6.150 6.238 4.260 5.207 5.207 6.360 1.161 4.13 7.76 7.102 4.243 5.124 4.446 1.161 3.374 5.18 4.13 5.24 5.30 5.24 5.24 4.243 4.244 5.207 3.107 289 Index Terms Refractive index Solubility in water Transition temperature -Acetone* -Butyl alcohol* -Ethyl alcohol Density Freezing point-solubility in water -Isobutyl alcohol Density -Methyl alcohol Density -Propyl alcohol Density Cesium periodate Density, aqueous solution Solubility in water Cesium peroxide, heat of formation Cesium rhodium sulfate Refractive index Cesium salicylate Solubility in water Cesium selenate Density, aqueous solution Refractive index Solubility in water Cesium silicate, freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Cesium sulfate Boiling point elevation in aqueous solution Density Aqueous solution Liquid Solid Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Heat of formation Magnetic susceptibility Melting point Refractive index Solubility in water Surface tension Transition temperature Vapor pressure, aqueous solution Viscosity, aqueous solution X-ray diffraction data -Calcium sulfate* -Sodium sulfate Freezing point-solubility in water Cesium sulfide, heat of formation Cesium tartrate Optical rotatory power Cesium tetranitrodiammine cobaltiate Solubility in aqueous solutions Cesium tetrasulfoniodide Decomposition pressure Heat of decomposition Heat of formation Cesium tetrathiocyanatodiammine chromiate Solubility in aqueous solutions Cesium thallium chloride Heat of formation Cesium thiocyanate Sulfur dioxide complex Decomposition pressure Heat of decomposition Links 7.29 4.243 4.8 3.142 4.411 3.142 3.142 3.142 3.107 4.243 5.207 1.161 1.165 4.244 3.95 1.161 4.243 4.260 1.171 7.29 3.107 4.446 3.108 1.170 7.29 3.326 3.95 3.24 1.161 4.260 5.207 6.360 1.161 1.161 4.243 4.446 1.161 3.374 5.18 1.346 4.355 5.207 7.354 7.347 7.310 7.310 5.207 7.347 5.207 7.311 7.311 4.8 290 Index Terms Cesium titanium sulfate , decomposition pressure of hydrate Cesium tribromide Decomposition pressure Heat of formation Cesium triiodide Decomposition pressure Heat of formation X-ray diffraction data Cesium vanadium sulfate Decomposition pressure of hydrate Solubility in water Cesium zinc selenate Density Refractive index Cesium zinc sulfate Decomposition pressure of hydrate Density Refractive index Solubility in water Cetene -Sulfur dioxide Solubility, mutual Cetyl acetate Verdet constant Cetyl alcohol Absorption spectra Cryoscopic constant Diffusion in ethyl alcohol Electrical conductivity Heat of combustion Heat of fusion Viscosity -Chloroacetic acid Freezing point-solubility -Cholesterol Freezing point-solubility -Diphenylamin e Freezing point-solubility -Sulfur dioxide Freezing point-solubility Cetyl iodide , dielectric constant Cetyl pahnitate -Benzene* -Cyclohexane Boiling point elevation -Naphthalene Freezing point-solubility Cetylmalonic aci d Heat of combustion Ceyssatite. See Diatomaceous earth. Chabazite Dehydration behavior Thermal conductivity Chalcanthite Density Refractive index Chalcedony, dielectric constant Chalcocite. See Cuprous sulfide. Chalcomentite Density Refractive index Chalcophyllite Density Links 7.311 7.310 5.207 7.311 5.207 1.346 7.311 4.244 1.161 1.161 7.311 1.161 1.161 4.244 1.170 7.31 3.44 1.169 7.31 3.394 6.431 5.352 4.184 5.74 6.145 5.164 5.134 7.222 4.106 4.107 4.165 4.161 4.188 6.96 3.346 4.156 5.166 7.312 5.231 1.122 1.122 6.99 1.122 1.122 1.123 7.313 1.170 1.172 7.21 291 Index Terms Refractive index Chalcopyrite Compressibility Density Magnetic susceptibility Specific heat Thermal expansion Chalcosiderite Density Refractive index Chalcostibite , density Chalk Thermal conductivity Chamet bronze Charcoal Blood, adsorption of gases by Bone, adsorption of gases by Composition Density Fuel value Gases, absorption of, by Heat of adsorption of gases on Heat of wetting Liquids, adsorption of, by Specific surface Thermal conductivity Wood, adsorption of gases, by Charpy phosphor bronze Chaulmoogric acid Optical rotatory power Checo (alloy) Cheddites (explosives) Chemical kinetics Chemiluminescence Efficiency of Chenevixite Density Refractive index Chert Bulk density Hardness Impact hardness Cheval-vapeur, definition Childrenite Density Refractive index Chile, weights and measures China, weights and measures China clay, rubber, effect on Chinese bronze Chinese silver Chinese speculum Chinotoxine, absorption spectra, ultra-violet Chiolite Density Refractive index Chitaric acid, optical rotatory power Chitin, optical rotatory power Chitonic acid, optical rotatory power Chiviatite , density Links 1.123 1.167 3.50 1.129 6.364 5.98 3.44 1.129 1.129 1.123 1.173 2.315 2.374 5.217 2.555 3.251 3.251 2.134 2.313 2.130 3.250 5.139 5.142 3.251 3.250 2.313 3.250 2.374 7.416 2.374 7.494 7.113 5.386 5.390 1.129 1.129 5.143 2.560 5.389 1.167 2.53 2.50 2.51 1.35 1.137 1.137 1.4 1.4 2.287 2.374 2.374 2.374 5.370 1.153 1.153 7.397 7.477 7.397 1.116 1.172 2.561 5.379 1.166 2.601 292 Index Terms Chloral Absorption spectra Density, aqueous solution Dielectric constant Diffusion in ethyl alcohol Heat of vaporization Magnetic susceptibility Refractive index Solubility in water Specific heat Surface tension Viscosity Aqueous solution Liquid -tert.-Amyl alcohol* -Dimethylethyl carbinol Density -Ethyl alcohol Density Freezing point-solubility Vapor pressure Viscosity -Methyl alcohol Vapor pressure Chloral alcoholate Cryoscopic constant Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Heat of fusion Heat of solution in water Specific heat -Acetone* -Carbon disulfide* -Ethyl bromide Boiling point elevation -Ethyl ether Boiling point elevation -Methyl iodide Boiling point elevation Chloral ammonia -Ethyl ether Boiling point elevation Chloral hydrate Absorption spectra Azeotropic mixtures Boiling point Crystallography Decomposition, kinetics of Density Aqueous solution Dielectric absorption Dielectric constant Aqueous solution Diffusion in methyl alcohol Diffusion in water Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Heat of fusion Heat of solution in water Heat of vaporization Solubility in water Specific heat Liquid Solid -Acetone* -Antipyrine* -Benzene* Links 5.335 3.113 6.84 5.73 5.136 6.361 7.34 3.387 5.107 4.448 5.22 5.35 5.365 5.371 7.213 3.152 3.152 4.101 3.360 5.35 3.360 4.183 4.262 5.132 5.149 5.102 3.335 3.341 3.333 3.341 5.331 3.319 3.334 1.324 7.123 3.45 3.112 6.84 6.84 6.100 5.72 5.69 6.262 4.262 5.132 5.148 5.136 4.251 5.107 5.102 5.335 3.113 5.371 293 Index Terms -Chloroform Density Freezing point-solubility Heat of solution -Ethyl alcohol Density Dielectric constant Freezing point-solubility Heat of solution -Ethyl ether Boiling point elevation Distribution coefficients in water Heat of solution -Glucose Boiling point elevation -Hydroquinol Boiling point elevation -Menthol Freezing point-solubility -Naphthalene Boiling point elevation -Phenyl salicylate Freezing point-solubility -Potassium sulfate Freezing point-solubility in water -Thymol Boiling point elevation -Toluene Density Dielectric constant Distribution coefficients in water Freezing point-solubility Heat of solution Chloranil, magnetic susceptibility Chlorate ion, free energy Chloric acid Decomposition, kinetics of Density, aqueous solution Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Free energy of aqueous solution Heat of formation Refractive index, aqueous solution Specific heat, aqueous solution Viscosity, aqueous solution Chlorine Band spectra Boiling point Compressibility, liquid Concentration cells Critical constants Critical potentials Decomposition pressure of hydrate Density Gas Liquid Solid Dielectric constant Gas Liquid Diffusion in water Dispersion formula Dissociation, work of Dissymetry in emission of electrons freed by X-rays Electrical conductivity Electrode potential Electrons, absorption of, by Links 3.146 4.99 5.151 3.154 6.102 4.107 5.152 3.341 3.423 5.152 3.334 3.334 4.107 3.334 4.107 4.402 3.334 3.154 6.102 3.423 4.107 5.152 6.362 7.233 7.149 3.54 6.241 7.234 5.177 7.65 5.122 5.12 5.412 1.102 3.35 6.322 1.102 6.70 7.233 1.102 1.102 1.104 6.79 6.75 5.63 7.11 6.72 6.5 1.103 7.233 6.61 6.242 3.324 3.202 6.72 3.3 3.20 6.142 3.248 294 Index Terms Electrons, attachment of, to form ions Emission spectra Free energy Dissociation Hydrolysis In carbon tetrachloride In water Ion Liquid Reaction with carbon monoxide Reaction with nitric oxide Reaction with sulfur dioxide Reaction with water Solution Vaporization Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Heat of adsorption on charcoal Heat of dissociation Heat of evaporation Heat of fusion Hydrolysis constant Ionization, atomic Ions, mobility of, in Isotopes Magnetic susceptibility Melting point Orthobaric density Overvoltage Persistent lines Photoelectric threshold Quantum numbers Refractive index Gas Liquid Solubility in aqueous solutions Solubility in organic liquids Solubility in water Sound, velocity of, in Specific heat Gas Liquid Solid Spectral filter, use as Spectral series Surface tension Thermal conductivity Thermal expansion Gas Liquid Thermochemistry Toxicology Transmission of radiant energy Vapor pressure Viscosity Gas Liquid X-ray absorption limits X-ray emission spectra X-ray series, limiting frequencies X-rays, absorption coefficient Zeeman effect -Acetone* -Antimony pentachloride* -Arsenous chloride* -Bismuth* -Bromine* -Carbon dioxide* Links 6.116 5.287 7.232 7.233 7.233 7.233 7.232 7.233 7.244 7.240 7.237 7.233 7.233 7.233 4.254 5.140 5.418 1.102 1.104 7.234 6.122 6.111 1.45 6.354 1.104 3.202 6.339 5.323 6.68 5.408 7.6 1.103 3.273 3.261 3.256 6.462 1.102 1.103 1.104 5.273 5.397 1.103 5.213 3.16 1.102 5.176 2.319 5.269 3.201 1.102 7.212 6.36 6.36 6.35 6.13 5.420 7.234 4.261 5.131 7.11 5.80 5.85 5.85 7.232 4.441 4.442 3.20 3.202 5.2 6.45 6.16 4.447 295 Index Terms -Carbon tetrachloride* -Chloroform Density Freezing point lowering -Ethyl acetate Freezing point lowering Freezing point-solubility -Ethyl alcohol Freezing point lowering -Ethyl ether Freezing point lowering Freezing point-solubility -Hexachloroethane Boiling point elevation -Hydrogen Ignition temperature Ions, mobility of, in Photochemical reaction Quantum sensitivity -Hydrogen chloride Freezing point-solubility -Iodine Freezing point-solubility Vapor pressure -Methyl alcohol Freezing point lowering -Nitrosyl chloride Freezing point-solubility -Oxygen Ions, mobility of, in -Phosgene Vapor pressure -Phosphorus trichloride Equilibrium constant -Silicon tetrachloride Freezing point-solubility -Stannic chloride Freezing point lowering Freezing point-solubility -Sulfur Boiling point elevation Freezing point-solubility -Sulfur dichloride Boiling point elevation -Sulfur dioxide Freezing point-solubility -Sulfur dioxide-Sulfuryl chloride Freezing point-solubility -Sulfur monochloride Boiling point elevation -Tellurium Freezing point-solubility -Titanium tetrachloride Freezing point-solubility -Toluene Freezing point lowering Freezing point-solubility -Water Freezing point-solubility Chlorine dioxide Detonation Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Heat of formation Hydrolysis Photochemical decomposition Vapor pressure -Carbon tetrachloride* Links 3.131 4.36 4.36 4.32 4.36 4.36 4.32 3.325 2.173 6.112 7.164 7.168 4.30 4.23 3.353 4.36 4.30 6.112 3.353 7.242 4.30 4.36 4.30 3.324 4.23 3.324 4.30 4.268 3.325 4.23 4.30 4.36 4.32 4.30 2.185 4.254 5.176 7.149 7.168 3.213 296 Index Terms Chlorine monoxide Density, gas Heat of formation Photochemical decomposition Quantum sensitivity Chloroacenaphthene Absorption spectra -Acenaphthene* -Bromoacenaphthene* -Iodoacenaphthene Freezin g point-solubility Chloroacetal Diffusion in methyl alcohol Chloroacetaldehyde Heat of combustion Chloroacetamide Boiling point elevation in aqueous solution Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution -Acetone* -Benzene* -Chloroform Boiling point elevation -Ethyl alcohol Boiling point elevation o-Chloroacetanilide Solubility in water -Benzene* -4-Chloroacetanilide Freezing point-solubility m-Chloroacetanilide Solubility in water -Benzene* p-Chloroacetanilide Absorption spectra Solubility in water -Benzene* -2-Chloroacetanilide* -2,4-Dichloroacetanilide Freezing point-solubility -Ethyl alcohol Density Chloroacetanilides Vapor pressure Chloroacetic aci d Absorption spectra Activity coefficient Azeotropic mixtures Boiling point elevation in aqueous solution Compressibility, aqueous solution Cryoscopic constant Crystallization velocity Density, aqueous solution Dielectric constant Diffusion in benzene Diffusion in methyl alcohol Electrical conductivity Aqueous solution Esterification constant Free energy of ionization Heat of combustion Heat of fusion Heat of solution in water Ionization constant Melting point under pressure Photochemical hydrolysis Links 3.3 5.176 7.164 7.168 5.348 4.180 5.73 5.168 3.327 6.262 3.331 3.336 4.252 4.153 4.252 5.343 4.251 4.252 4.153 3.160 3.224 5.331 7.245 3.319 3.327 3.440 4.183 5.61 3.112 6.84 5.74 5.72 6.143 6.262 7.138 7.245 5.168 5.132 5.148 7.245 4.14 7.163 5.335 4.215 7.169 297 Index Terms Specific heat Aqueous solution Surface tension Aqueous solution Transition velocity Verdet constant Viscosity, aqueous solution Volume change on melting -Acetic acid* -Acetone* -Acetophenone* -Ammonium chloroacetate* -Ammonium trichloroacetate* -Benzene* -Benzil* -Benzoic acid* -Bromoform* -Calcium chloride*-Potassium oxalate -Calcium chloride*-Potassium tartrate -Calcium oxalate*-Potassium chloride -Camphor* -Carbon disulfide* -Carbon tetrachloride* -Cetyl alcohol* -Chloroform Distribution coefficients in water -Cinnamic acid Freezing point-solubility -Cresol (o-, m -, p-) Freezing point-solubility -Crotonic acid Freezing point-solubility -Dibenzalacetone Freezing point-solubility -Dichloroacetic acid Freezing point-solubility -Dimethyl oxalate Freezing point solubility -Dimethyl succinate Freezing point-solubility -Dimethylpyrone Freezing point-solubility -Ethyl alcohol Photochemical reaction -Ethyl ether Boiling point elevation Distribution coefficients in water -Guaiacol Freezing point-solubility -Methyl cinnamate Freezing point-solubility -Naphthalene Freezing point-solubility -Naphthol (α-, β-) Freezing point-solubility -Phenol Freezing point-solubility -Phenyl salicylate Freezing point-solubility -Phenylacetic acid Freezing point-solubility -Piperonal Freezing point-solubility -Potassium chloroacetate Density, aqueous solution -Potassium trichloroacetate Density, aqueous solution Links 5.102 5.124 4.448 4.467 5.61 6.428 5.20 4.14 3.423 4.173 4.173 4.173 4.106 4.105 4.105 4.106 4.106 7.164 3.341 3.423 4.106 4.106 4.106 4.106 4.173 4.173 4.173 4.106 3.103 3.103 4.107 298 Index Terms -Silver benzoate Solubility in water -Silver nitrate Freezing point-solubility in water -Sodium chloroacetate Density, aqueous solution -Sodium trichloroacetate Density, aqueous solution -Sulfuric acid Freezing point-solubility -Thymol Freezing point-solubility -Toluene Density Distribution coefficients in water -Toluic acid (o, m-, p-) Freezing point-solubility -Trichloroacetic acid Freezing point-solubility -Vanillin Freezing point-solubility Chloroacetone Absorption spectra Dielectric constant Magnetic susceptibility Surface tension m-Chloroacetophenone Birefringence, electric ω-Chloroacetophenone Verdet constant α-Chloroallocinnamic acid -Ethyl alcohol Density Refractive index Dispersion Chloroanilic acid Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Heat of combustion Chloroaniline Absorption spectra Diffusion in benzene Diffusion in methyl alcohol -Isoamyl acetate Viscosity o-Chloroaniline Boiling point Heat of solution in water Surface tension Vapor pressure Viscosity -Benzene* -Isoamyl acetate Density m-Chloroaniline Boiling point Dielectric constant Electrical conductivity Heat of solution in water Refractive index Vapor pressure Verdet constant Viscosity -Benzene* -Isoamyl acetate Density Links 7.324 4.360 3.103 3.103 4.188 4.106 4.107 3.154 3.423 4.173 4.101 4.106 5.336 6.85 6.361 4.436 4.449 7.111 6.429 7.81 7.81 7.103 6.271 5.169 5.339 5.74 5.73 5.47 3.221 5.149 4.454 3.221 7.217 3.182 3.221 6.90 6.144 5.149 7.38 3.221 6.429 5.28 3.182 7.217 299 Index Terms -Silver nitrate Density Viscosity p-Chloroaniline Heat of fusion Heat of solution in water Surface tension Vapor pressure Verdet constant Viscosity -Benzene* -Ethyl alcohol Density -Isoamyl acetate Density Chloroaniline hydrochloride (o-, m-, p-) Heat of solution in water α-Chloroanthracene -Quinoline Density Refractive index Dispersion β-Chloroanthracene -Quinoline Density Refractive index Dispersion 9-Chloroanthracene -Quinoline Density Refractive index Dispersion Chloroapatite Density Melting point Refractive index Chloroauric acid Heat of formation Chlorobenzaldehyde (o-, m-, p-) Absorption spectra Refractive index o-Chlorobenzanilide -p-Chlorobenzanilide Freezing point-solubility Chlorobenzene Absorption spectra Azeotropic mixtures Birefringence Boiling point Compressibility Condensation on ions and nuclei Critical point data Density Dielectric constant Diffusion in benzene Diffusion in methyl alcohol Flash point Heat of vaporization Magnetic susceptibility Melting point Melting point under pressure Orthobaric density Polarization of light scattered by Gas Liquid Links 3.139 5.28 5.133 5.149 4.454 3.221 6.429 7.217 3.160 3.182 5.149 7.88 7.88 7.107 7.88 7.88 7.107 7.88 7.88 7.107 1.143 1.143 1.143 1.167 5.189 5.340 7.40 4.162 5.332 3.319 7.111 3.220 3.36 6.117 3.245 3.29 6.89 5.74 5.72 2.161 5.137 6.362 1.54 4.15 3.245 5.266 5.267 5.338 3.321 7.113 3.343 3.39 3.248 3.33 300 Index Terms Refractive index Solidification point Sound, velocity of, in Specific heat Surface tension Thermal conductivity Vapor pressure Vapor pressure above 1 atm. Verdet constant Viscosity Volume change on melting -Acenaphthene* -Acetic acid* -Acetone* -Anthracene* -Antimony tribromide* -Antimony trichloride* -Benzene* -Benzene*-Ethyl propionate-Toluene -Benzene*-Toluene -Benzil* -Benzoyl chloride* -Bromobenzene* -Camphor* -Carbazole* -Carbon disulfide* -Carbon tetrachloride* -Chloroform Heat of solution -Cyanobenzene Freezing point-solubility -p-Dichlorobenzene Density -Dieth yl tartrate Density -Ethyl alcohol Density -Ethyl amyl ether Density Dielectric constant -Ethyl propionate Surface tension -Ethylene bromide Density Heat of solution Surface tension -Fluorene Freezing point-solubility -Fluorobenzene Freezing point-solubility -Formic acid Solubility, mutual -Heptane Density Dielectric constant -Iodine Density -Iodobenzene Freezing point-solubility -Methyl butyrate Surface tension -Naphthalene Density Freezing point-solubility -Naphthylamine (α-, β-) Freezing point-solubility -Phenanthrene Links 7.38 1.62 6.464 5.110 4.436 5.228 3.220 3.245 6.429 5.39 4.15 5.155 4.128 3.173 3.174 3.159 3.174 6.103 4.473 3.155 5.156 4.471 4.176 4.128 3.397 3.174 6.103 3.132 4.128 4.473 3.175 4.176 4.128 4.453 5.43 7.217 7.223 301 Index Terms Freezing point-solubility -Phenol Density Viscosity -Phosphorus Solubility, mutual -Sulfur Solubility, mutual Pressure, effect of -Toluene Density Surface tension Viscosity -m-Xylene Density Dielectric constant -p-Xylene Heat of solution o-Chlorobenzoic acid Absorption spectra Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Heat of fusion Heat of solution in water Solubility in water Specific heat Liquid Solid -Benzene* -Benzoic acid* -Chlorobenzoic acid (m-, p-) Freezing point-solubility -Chloroform Distribution coefficients in water -Ethyl ether Distribution coefficients in water -Heptane Freezing point-solubility -Xylene Distribution coefficients in water m-Chlorobenzoic acid Absorption spectra Boiling point elevation in aqueous solution Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Heat of fusion Solubility in water Specific heat Liquid Solid -Benzene* -Benzoic acid* -o-Chlorobenzoic acid* -p-Chlorobenzoic acid Freezing point-solubility -2,5-Dichlorobenzoic acid Freezing point-solubility -Heptane Freezing point-solubility p-Chlorobenzoic acid Absorption spectra Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Heat of fusion Specific heat Liquid Solid -Benzene* -Benzoic acid* Links 4.176 3.174 5.43 3.394 3.394 3.394 3.174 4.473 5.43 3.174 6.103 5.157 5.340 6.278 5.133 5.150 3.390 5.110 5.103 4.169 3.429 3.429 4.145 3.429 5.340 3.327 6.278 5.133 3.390 5.110 5.103 4.178 4.144 4.145 5.340 6.278 5.133 5.110 5.103 4.178 302 Index Terms -Chlorobenzoic acid (o-, m-)* -Heptane Freezing point-solubility -Potassium hydroxide Photochemical reaction Chlorobenzoic acids Diffusion in methyl alcohol Vapor pressure Liquid Solid Chlorobenzoyl chlorides Vapor pressure o-Chlorobenzyl chloride -p-Chlorobenzyl chloride Freezing point-solubility p-Chlorobromobenzene Absorption spectra Surface tension Chlorobromofluoroacetic acid Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Chlorobromomethane Diffusion in methyl alcohol α-Chlorobutyric acid, electrical conductivity, aqueous solution β-Chlorobutyric acid Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Optical rotatory power Refractive index γ-Chlorobutyric acid, electrical conductivity, aqueous solutio n Chlorocalcite Melting point Refractive index Chlorocamphor Absorption spectra Optical rotatory power Verdet constant α-Chlorocinnamic acid -Ethyl alcohol Density Refractive index Dispersion α-Chlorocinnamic aldehyde -α-Bromocinnamic aldehyde* α-Chlorocrotonic acid Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution -Dimethylpyrone Freezing point-solubility -Sulfuric acid Freezing point-solubility Chlorodibromoacetic acid, elect rical conductivity, aqueous solution 2-Chloro-4, 6-dibromoanilme -2,4,6-Tribromoaniline Freezing point-solubility Chlorodifluoroacetic acid, electrical conductivity, aqueous solution 1-Chloro-2,3-dihydroxypropane Magnetic susceptibility 3-Chloro-1,2-dihydroxypropane Dielectric constant Diffusion in water 1-Chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene Crystallography -p-Aminoacetophenone* Links 4.145 7.164 5.73 3.222 3.209 3.222 4.147 5.338 4.453 6.261 5.72 6.267 6.267 7.365 7.36 6.267 1.158 1.158 5.346 7.438 6.430 7.81 7.81 7.103 6.266 4.113 4.188 6.261 4.123 6.261 6.361 6.86 5.70 1.325 1.169 303 Index Terms Chloroethyl acetate Flash point Heat of vaporization 2-Chloroethyl alcohol Heat of vaporization β-Chloroethylbenzene, viscosity Chloroform Absorption spectra Angle of contact Azeotropic mixtures Birefringence Boiling point Compressibility Condensation on ions and nuclei Critical point data Critical potentials Cryoscopic constant Density Aqueous solution Liquid Dielectric constant Diffusion in benzene Diffusion in ethyl alcohol Diffusion in methyl alcohol Electrical conductivity Faraday effect, lag in Heat of adsorption on charcoal Heat of combustion Heat of solution in water Heat of vaporization Heat of wetting by Interfacial tension against various solutions Internal pressure Ionization by α-particles Ionization by β-particles Ionization by γ-rays Ionization by X-rays Ions, mobility of, in Magnetic susceptibility Melting point Melting point under pressure Polarization of light scattered by Gas Liquid Refractive index Gas Liquid Solidification point Solubility in water Solubility of salts in Sound, velocity of Gas Liquid Specific heat Gas Liquid Surface tension Pressure, effect of Thermal conductivity Gas Liquid Toxicology Vapor pressure Vapor pressure above 1 atm. Verdet constant Viscosity Links 2.161 5.137 5.137 7.219 5.331 4.434 3.318 7.110 3.215 3.35 6.117 3.245 6.72 4.183 3.113 3.28 6.82 5.74 5.73 5.72 6.143 6.434 5.140 5.168 5.148 5.136 5.142 4.437 4.19 6.122 6.121 6.123 6.123 6.112 6.361 1.54 4.14 5.334 3.323 3.331 3.39 3.248 3.33 6.83 6.105 5.138 5.265 5.266 7.10 7.12 1.62 3.387 4.206 7.34 6.462 6.464 6.463 5.80 5.107 4.436 4.475 5.81 5.214 5.228 2.319 3.215 3.245 6.427 5.215 4.448 7.78 304 Index Terms Gas Liquid Volume change on melting -Acenaphthene* -Acetaldehyde* -Acetamide* -Acetanilide* -Acetanilide*-Ethyl ether -Acetic acid* -Acetone* -Acetone*-Benzene -Acetophenone* -o-Acetotoluide* -p-Acetoxyacetanilide* -Air* -Allylbenzylmethylphenylammonium iodide* -Allylethylmethyltolylammonium iodide* -Aluminum chloride* -o-Aminobenzoic acid* -Ammonia* -Amyl alcohol* -Amylamine* -Amylammonium chloride* -Amylene* -Anethole* -Aniline* -Aniline salicylate* -Anthracene* -Anthracene*-Tetrapropylammonium iodide -Anthraquinone* -Antimony pentachloride* -Antimony tribromide* -Antimony trichloride* -Antipyrine* -Atropine* -Azobenzene* -Benzamide* -Benzanilide* -Benzene* -Benzene*-Iodine -Benzil* -Benzil*-Camphor -Benzil*-Naphthalene -Benzil*-Triphenylmethane -Benzilic acid* -Benzoic acid* -Benzylamine* -Bromoacetic acid* -Bromobenzene* -Bromoform* -1-Bromopropionic acid* -tert.-Butyl iodide* -Butyramide* -Butyric acid* -Caffeine* -Camphor* -Camphoric acid* -Camphorquinone phenylhydrazone* -Caproic acid* -Carbon disulfide* -Carbon disulfide*-Iodine -Carbon tetrachloride* -Chloral hydrate* -Chlorine* -Chloroacetamide* -Chloroacetic acid* -Chlorobenzene* Links 5.3 5.11 4.14 5.26 5.32 305 Index Terms -o-Chlorobenzoic acid* -1-Chlorotetrahydronaphthalene Vapor pressure -Cholesterol Density -Citric acid Density -m-Cresol Vapor pressure -α-Crotonic acid Distribution coefficients in water -Cyclohexane Heat of solution Viscosity -Cyclohexanone Vapor pressure -Cyclohexene Heat of solution -Diamylammonium chloride Density -Dibenzyl sulfoxide Boiling point elevation -Dibenzylammonium chloride Boiling point elevation -p-Dibromobenzene Density -1,2-Dibromopropionic acid Distribution coefficients in water -Dichloroacetamide Boiling point elevation -Diethyl malate Boiling point elevation -Diethyl tartrate Boiling point elevation Density -Diethylamine Distribution coefficients in water -Diethylammonium chloride Boiling point elevation Density Viscosity -Diethylammonium chloride-Tetrapropyl-ammonium iodide Boiling point elevation -Diethylammonium nitrate Density Viscosity -Diethylaniline hydrochloride Boiling point elevation -Diethylaniline hydroiodide Boiling point elevation -Diethylsulfone Boiling point elevation -Diisoamylammonium chloride Boiling point elevation Viscosity -Dimethyl acetylmalate Boiling point elevation Density -Dimethyl malate Boiling point elevation -Dimethyl tartrate Boiling point elevat ion Viscosity -Dimethylamine Distribution coefficients in water -Dimethylammonium chloride Boiling point elevation Links 3.287 3.148 3.147 3.287 3.426 5.155 5.33 3.287 5.155 3.148 3.332 3.332 3.147 3.425 3.331 3.332 3.332 3.147 3.426 3.331 3.147 5.32 3.348 3.147 5.32 3.332 3.332 3.331 3.332 5.33 3.332 3.147 3.331 3.331 5.49 3.425 3.331 306 Index Terms -Dimethylaniline Boiling point elevation Vapor pressure -Dimethylaniline hydrobromide Boiling point elevation -Dimethylpyrone hydrobromide Boiling point elevation -Dimethylpyrone picrate Boiling point elevation -Dimethylsulfoxide nitrate Boiling point elevation -m-Dinitrobenzene Density Vapor pressure -2,4-Dinitrobenzoic acid Distribution coefficients in water -3,5-Dinitrobenzoic acid Distribution coefficients in water -Diphenyl Boiling point elevation Density -Diphenylamine Boiling point elevation -Dipropylammonium chloride Boiling point elevation -Durene Density -Ethyl acetate Heat of solution -Ethyl alcohol Boiling point Compressibility Density Aqueous solution Dielectric constant Heat of solution Miscibility in water Refractive index Dispersion Surface tension Viscosity -Ethyl alcohol-Iodine Freezing point-solubility -Ethyl amyl ether Density Dielectric constant -Ethyl benzoate Boiling point elevation -Ethyl ether Compressibility Density Dielectric constant Freezing point-solubility Heat of solution Specific heat Surface tension Vapor pressure Viscosity -Eth yl ether-Iodine Freezing point-solubility -Ethyl ether-Naphthalene Vapor pressure -Ethyl ether-Picric acid Vapor pressure -Ethylacetanilide Boiling point elevation -Ethylamine Links 3.331 3.287 3.331 3.331 3.332 3.331 3.147 3.359 3.429 3.429 3.332 3.148 3.332 3.331 3.148 5.151 3.312 3.440 3.146 3.125 6.102 5.151 3.410 7.78 7.103 4.471 5.32 5.155 7.78 5.155 4.268 3.147 6.102 3.332 3.440 3.147 6.102 4.99 5.151 5.126 4.471 3.286 5.32 4.268 3.375 3.375 3.332 5.155 3.375 5.158 307 Index Terms Distribution coefficients in water -Ethylaniline hydrochloride Boiling point elevation -Ethylaniline hydroiodide Boiling point elevation -Ethylene bromide Density Dielectric constant Heat of solution -Ethylphenylhydrazine hydrochloride Boiling point elevation -Ethylxanthic acid Distribution coefficients in water -Ferric chloride Boiling point elevation -Formaldehyde Distribution coefficients in water -Formanilide Boiling point elevation -Formic acid Distribution coefficients in water -Fumaric acid Freezing point-solubility -Gentisic acid Distribution coefficients in water -Glutaric acid Distribution coefficients in water -Glycolanilide Boiling point elevation -Heptane Density Dielectric constant Heat of solution -Hexahydrocresol Vapor pressure -Hexahydrophenol Vapor pressure -Hydrocinnamic acid Distribution coefficients in water -Hydrogen peroxide Distribution coefficients in water -Hydrogen sulfide Density Viscosity -Iodine Boiling point elevation Distribution coefficients in water Freezing point-solubility Viscosity -Iodine-Propyl alcohol Freezing point-solubility -o-Iodobenzoic acid Distribution coefficients in water -2-Iodopropionic acid Distribution coefficients in water -Isoamyl alcohol Heat of solution -Isoanethole Boiling point elevation -Isobutyl alcohol Heat of solution -Isobutylacetamide Boiling point elevation -Isobutylammonium chloride Boiling point elevation -Isobutylammonium iodide Boiling point elevation Links 3.425 3.332 3.332 3.146 6.102 5.155 3.332 3.428 3.332 3.422 3.331 3.422 4.99 3.430 3.427 3.331 3.147 6.102 5.151 3.287 3.287 3.431 3.419 3.135 5.27 3.331 3.420 4.33 5.26 4.268 3.429 3.425 5.155 3.332 5.155 3.331 3.331 3.331 308 Index Terms -Isobutyramide Boiling point elevation -Isobutyric acid Distribution coefficients in water -Isocaproic acid Distribution coefficients in water -Isovaleric acid Boiling point elevation Distribution coefficients in water -Lactanilide Boiling point elevation -Lactic acid Distribution coefficients in water -Levulinic acid Distribution coefficients in water -Maleic acid Freezing point-solubility -Mercuric chloride Distribution coefficients in water -Metanethole Boiling point elevation -p-Methoxybenzoic acid Distribution coefficients in water -p-Methoxymethylbenzene Boiling point elevation -Methyl alcohol Boiling point Density Aqueous solution Heat of solution Miscibility in water -Methylacetanilide Boiling point elevation Density -Methylamine Distribution coefficients in water -Methylaniline hydrobromide Boiling point elevation -Methylaniline hydrochloride Boiling point elevation -Methylene chloride Freezing point-solubility -N-Methylphenylacridinium bromide Boiling point elevation -N-Methylphenylacridinium chloride Boiling point elevation -N-Methylphenylacridinium iodide Boiling point elevation -Naphthalene Boiling point elevation Density Freezing point-solubility Heat of solution Specific heat Viscosity -Naphthalene picrate Boiling point elevation -Naphthalene tetrachloride Density -α-Naphthylamine Boiling point elevation Freezing point-solubility -Nicotine Density -Nitrobenzene Vapor pressure -Nitrobenzoic acid (o-, m-, p-) Links 3.331 3.426 3.428 3.331 3.427 3.332 3.425 3.427 4.99 3.421 3.332 3.431 3.331 3.312 3.146 3.125 5.151 3.410 3.332 3.148 3.423 3.331 3.331 4.98 3.332 3.332 3.332 3.332 3.148 4.172 5.151 5.126 5.33 3.332 3.148 3.332 4.99 3.148 3.286 5.155 309 Index Terms Distribution coefficients in water -Nitrogen trioxide Distribution coefficients in water -Nitronaphthalene Heat of solution -o-Nitrophenol Density Heat of solution -Octane Heat of solution -Oleates Dielectric constant -Paraldehyde Heat of solution -Pentane Density Dielectric constant -Phenanthrene Freezing point-solubility -Phenetole Density Viscosity -Phenol Density Distribution coefficients in water Heat of solution -Phenyl ether Density Viscosity -Phenylacetamide Boiling point elevation -Phenylacetic acid Distribution coefficients in water -Phenylacridine Boiling point elevation -Phenylacridinium chloride Boiling point elevation -Phenylacridinium iodide Boiling point elevation -Phenylurethan Boiling point elevation -Phosphorus oxychloride Boiling point elevation -Phthalimidine Boiling point elevation -Picric acid Boiling point elevation Distribution coefficients in water -Piperidine Distribution coefficients in water -Piperidine picrate Boiling point elevation -Piperonylic acid Distribution coefficients in water -Propionamide Boiling point elevation Density -Propionic acid Distribution coefficients in water Miscibility in water -Propyl alcohol Density, aqueous solution Heat of solution Miscibility in water -Propyl iodide Boiling point elevation -Propylammonium chloride Links 3.429 3.420 5.151 3.147 5.151 5.151 6.104 5.155 3.147 6.102 4.172 3.147 5.33 3.147 3.428 5.151 3.148 5.33 3.331 3.431 3.332 3.332 3.332 3.332 3.331 3.331 3.331 3.427 3.427 3.332 3.430 3.331 3.146 3.425 3.410 3.125 5.151 3.410 3.331 5.155 310 Index Terms Boiling point elevation -Pyridine Distribution coefficients in water Heat of solution -Pyridine acetate Heat of solution -Pyruvic acid Distribution coefficients in water -Quinoline ethiodide Boiling point elevation -Quinoline hydrobromide Boiling point elevation -Quinoline hydrochloride Boiling point elevation -Quinoline hydroiodide Boiling point elevation -Salicylamide Boiling point elevation -Salicylic acid Boiling point elevation Density Distribution coefficients in wat er -Stannic chloride Density -Stearic acid Density -Strychnine Distribution coefficients in water -Succinic acid Distribution coefficients in water -Succinonitrile Boiling point elevation Distribution coefficients in water -Sulfur Boiling point elevation Freezing point-solubility -Sulfur dioxide Density Distribution coefficients in water Viscosity -Tetraethylammonium bromide Boiling point elevation Density Surface tension Viscosity -Tetraethylammonium chloride Boiling point elevation Density Viscosity -Tetraethylammonium nitrate Boiling point elevation -Tetrahydronaphthalene Vapor pressure Viscosity -Tetraisoamylammonium iodide Boiling point elevation -Tetrapropylammonium bromide Boiling point elevation -Tetrapropylammonium chloride Boiling point elevation -Tetrapropylammonium iodide Boiling point elevation -Tetrapropylammonium nitrate Boiling point elevation -Tetrapropylammonium picrate Boiling point elevation -Tetryl Links 3.331 3.427 5.151 5.151 3.425 3.332 3.332 3.332 3.332 3.331 3.331 3.147 3.430 3.137 3.148 3.433 3.426 3.331 3.426 3.331 4.35 3.135 3.420 5.27 3.332 3.148 4.471 5.33 3.332 3.148 5.33 3.332 3.287 5.33 3.332 3.332 3.332 3.332 3.332 3.332 311 Index Terms Freezing point-solubility -Thionyl chloride Boiling point elevation -Toluene Boiling point Density Heat of solution Vapor pressure -p-Toluidine Boiling point elevation Density Heat of solution -p-Toluidine chloroacetate Boiling point elevation -Tribenzylammonium chloride Boiling point elevation -Trichloroacetamide Boiling point elevat ion -Trichloroacetic acid Boiling point elevation -Trichloroethylene Freezing point-solubility -Trichlorolactamide Boiling point elevation -Triethylamine Distribution coefficients in water -Triethylammonium bromide Boiling point elevation -Triethylammonium chloride Boiling point elevation Density Viscosity -Triethylammonium iodide Boiling point elevation -Triethylsulfonium bromide Boiling point elevation -Triethylsulfonium chloride Boiling point elevation -Triethylsulfonium iodide Boiling point elevation -Triisoamylammonium picrate Boiling point elevation -Trimethylamine Distribution coefficients in water -Trinitrotoluene Density -Tripalmitin Boiling point elevation -Triphenylmethane Boiling point elevation Density -Tripropylamine Boiling point elevation -Tristearin Boiling point elevation -Urethan Boiling point elevation Density Freezing point-solubility Heat of solution -Valeramide Boiling point elevation -Valeric acid Distribution coefficients in water -p-Xylene Heat of solution Links 4.99 3.331 3.312 3.147 5.155 3.287 3.331 3.147 5.151 3.332 3.332 3.331 3.331 4.98 3.331 3.429 3.331 3.331 3.147 5.33 3.331 3.331 3.331 3.331 3.332 3.425 3.147 3.332 3.332 3.148 3.332 3.332 3.331 3.146 4.172 5.151 3.331 3.427 5.155 312 Index Terms o-Chloroformanilide -p-Chloroformanilide Freezing point-solubility Chlorogenic aci d Optical rotatory power Chlorohydrin Diffusion in methyl alcohol Electrical conductivity Surface tension Chlorohydroquinol Heat of combustion p-Chloroiodobenzene Surface tension -p-Dichlorobenzene Freezing point-solubility -p-Diiodobenzene Freezing point-solubility Chloromagnesite Density Melting point Refractive index See also Magnesium chloride. Chloromalonic acid Decomposition, kinetics of Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Chloromanganokalite, density Chloromethyl methyl ether Azeotropic mixtures Chloromethylsilicane, density, gas α-Chloronaphthalene Absorption spectra Birefringence, magnetic Boiling point Diffusion in benzene Diffusion in methyl alcohol Polarization of light scattered by Refractive index Surface tension Vapor pressure -Antimony tribromide* -Antimony trichloride* -Picric acid Freezing point-solubility -Styphnic acid Freezing point-solubility β-Chloronaphthalene Absorption spectra Cryoscopic constant Refractive index -Antimony tribromide* -Antimony trichloride* -Picric acid Freezing point-solubility -Quinoline Density Refractive index Dispersion Chloronitrobenzene Diffusion in benzene Diffusion in methyl alcohol o-Chloronitrobenzene Cryoscopic constant Surface tension Viscosity Links 4.178 7.467 5.72 5.143 4.450 5.169 4.453 4.123 4.123 1.141 1.141 1.141 1.167 7.122 6.263 1.157 3.319 3.3 5.345 7.111 3.226 5.74 5.73 5.267 7.49 4.437 3.226 4.120 4.122 5.345 4.184 7.49 4.120 7.87 7.87 7.106 5.74 5.72 4.183 4.453 5.43 4.459 313 Index Terms -Aluminum bromide* -Aluminum chloride* -Aniline* -Benzene* -o-Bromonitrobenzene* -Camphor* -p-Chloronitrobenzene Freezing point-solubility -Diphenylamine Density Viscosity -Formic acid Freezing point-solubility m-Chloronitrobenzene Cryoscopic constant Crystallization velocity Crystallography Heat of fusion Surface tension -Aluminum bromide* -Aluminum chloride* -Aniline* -Benzene* -m-Bromonitrobenzene* -Camphor* -p-Dibromobenzene Freezing point-solubility -m-Fluoronitrobenzene Freezing point-solubility -m-Iodonitrobenzene Freezing point-solubility -Naphthalene Freezing point-solubility p-Chloronitrobenzene Cryoscopic constant Heat of fusion Surface tension -Aluminum bromide* -Aluminum chloride* -Aniline* -Benzene* -p-Bromonitrobenzene* -o-Chloronitrobenzene* -p-Dibromobenzene Freezing point-solubility -Diphenylamine Freezing point-solubility -Naphthalene Freezing point-solubility 3-Chloro-2-nitrobenzoic acid -5-Chloro-2-nitrobenzoic acid Freezing point-solubility in water Chloronitrocamphor Verdet constant 2-Chloro-4-nitrophenol, electrical conductivity, aqueous solution 2-Chloro-3-nitrotoluene -2-Chloro-4-nitrotoluene Freezing point-solubility -2-Chloro-5-nitrotoluene Freezing point-solubility -2-Chloro-6-nitrotoluene Freezing point-solubility -3-Chloro-4-nitrotoluene Freezing point-solubility -3-Chloro-6-nitrotoluene Freezing point-solubility Links 4.175 3.173 5.43 4.99 4.183 5.61 1.325 5.132 4.453 4.175 4.123 4.123 4.123 4.183 5.132 4.453 4.123 4.124 4.124 4.418 6.430 6.271 4.178 4.178 4.147 4.179 4.179 314 Index Terms 2-Chloro-4-nitrotoluene -2-Chloro-3-nitrotoluene* -2-Chloro-5-nitrotoluene Freezing point-solubility -2-Chloro-6-nitrotoluene Freezing point-solubility 2-Chloro-5-nitrotoluene -2-Chloro-3-nitrotoluene* -2-Chloro-4-nitrotoluene* -2-Chloro-6-nitrotoluene Freezing point-solubility 2-Chloro-6-nitrotoluene -2-Chloro-3-nitrotoluene* -2-Chloro-4-nitrotoluene* -2-Chloro-5-nitrotoluene* 3-Chloro-4-nitrotoluene -2-Chloro-3-nitrotoluene* -3-Chloro-6-nitrotoluene Freezing point-solubility 3-Chloro-6-nitrotoluene -2-Chloro-3-nitrotoluene* -3-Chloro-4-nitrotoluene* 4-Chloro-2-nitrotoluene -4-Chloro-3-nitrotoluene Freezing point-solubility 4-Chloro-3-nitrotoluene -4-Chloro-2-nitrotoluene* 2-Chloro-5-nitro-p-toluenesulfone chloride -2-Chloro-6-nitro-p-toluenesulfone chloride Freezing point-solubility 6-Chloro-4-nitro-m-toluidine -6-Chloro-3-nitro-p-toluidine Freezing point-solubility Chloropentammine cobaltic chloroplatinate Solubility in aqueous solutions Chloropentammine cobaltic dibromide Solubility in aqueous solutions Chloropentammine cobaltic dichloride Solubility in aqueous solutions Chloropentammine cobaltic dinitrate Solubility in aqueous solutions Chloropentammine cobaltic oxalate Solubility in aqueous solution Chloropentammine cobaltic tetranitrodiammine cobaltiate Solubility in aqueous solutions Chloropentammine cobaltic tetrathiocyanatodiammine chromiate Solubility in aqueous solutions 9-Chlorophenanthrene -Quinoline Density Refractive index Dispersion p-Chlorophenetole Birefringence, magnetic Chlorophenol Diffusion in benzene Diffusion in methyl alcohol -Ethyl alcohol Viscosity o-Chlorophenol Absorption spectra Birefringence, electric Cryoscopic constant Links 4.147 4.179 4.179 4.179 4.179 4.145 4.150 7.331 7.328 7.328 7.330 7.331 7.334 7.337 7.88 7.88 7.107 7.111 5.74 5.72 5.38 5.338 7.111 4.183 315 Index Terms Dielectric constant Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Solubility in water Specific heat Surface tension Viscosity -Acetone* -Aniline* -Benzene* -p-Chlorophenol Freezing point-solubility -Dimethylaniline Density Freezing point-solubility Heat of solution Specific heat Viscosity -Diphenylmethylamine Density Freezing point-solubility Viscosity -Ethyl alcohol Density -Isoamyl acetate Density Viscosity -Phenylhydrazine Density Viscosity -Pyridine Density Freezing point-solubility Heat of solution Specific heat Viscosity -Quinoline Density Freezing point-solubility Heat of solution Specific heat Viscosity m-Chlorophenol Absorption spectra Cryoscopic constant Solubility in water Surface tension Viscosity -Aniline* -Benzene* -Ethyl alcohol Density -Isoamyl acetate Density Viscosity p-Chlorophenol Absorption spectra Azeotropic mixtures Cryoscopic constant Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Solubility in water Surface tension Viscosity -Aniline* -Benzene* -o-Chlorophenol* -Ethyl alcohol Links 6.89 6.272 3.389 5.110 4.454 5.39 4.252 5.41 5.43 4.251 4.252 4.176 3.175 4.128 5.158 5.128 5.44 3.176 4.128 5.44 3.159 3.175 5.44 3.175 5.44 3.169 4.116 5.158 5.127 5.41 3.175 4.128 5.159 5.128 5.44 5.338 4.183 3.389 4.454 5.44 7.217 3.159 3.176 5.44 5.338 3.322 4.183 6.272 3.389 4.454 5.44 4.252 7.217 7.217 316 Index Terms Density -Isoamyl acetate Density Viscosity Chloropicrin Azeotropic mixtures Birefringence Boiling point Heat of adsorption on charcoal Solubility in water Surface tension Toxicology Vapor pressure Chloroplatinic aci d Absorption spectra, solutions Heat of formation Chloroplatinous acid Heat of formation Chloroplumbic acid Free energy of aqueous solution Chloropropionic acid (α-, β-), electrical conductivity, aqueous solution γ-Chloropropylbenzene, viscosity 2-Chloropropylene Dielectric constant 3-Chloropropylene Birefringence, electric Boiling point Dielectric constant Refractivity Verdet constant Viscosity Chlorquinol Silver reduction equivalent Chloroquinone, heat of combustion Chlorosilicane Density Gas Liquid Vapor pressure Liquid Solid Chlorostannic acid Heat of formation Chlorosuccinic acid Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Optical rotatory power -1-Bromosuccinic acid* -Ethyl alcohol Photochemical reaction d-Chlorosuccinic acid -l-Chlorosuccinic acid Freezing point-solubility Chlorosulfonic acid Boiling point Density Electrical conductivity Heat of formation Heat of vaporization Melting point Refractive index -Sulfur pentoxydichloride Freezing point-solubility Links 3.159 3.176 5.44 3.318 7.110 3.215 5.140 3.387 4.447 2.319 3.215 5.328 5.189 5.189 7.249 6.264 7.220 6.82 7.110 3.217 6.82 7.10 6.428 7.214 5.439 5.169 3.3 3.23 3.214 3.207 5.183 6.266 7.369 7.164 4.113 1.107 1.107 6.142 5.178 5.136 1.107 1.107 4.42 1.162 3.22 1.165 317 Index Terms 1-Chlorotetrahydronaphthalene -Acetone* -Carbon tetrachloride* -Chloroform* -Ethyl alcohol Vapor pressure -Methyl acetate Vapor pressure Chlorotitanic acid Heat of formation Chlorotoluene, specific heat o-Chlorotoluene Absorption spectra Azeotropic mixtures Birefringence, electric Dielectric constant Diffusion of vapor in air Heat of vaporization Refractive index Verdet constant -Antimony tribromide* -Antimony trichloride* -p-Chlorotoluene Freezing point-solubility m-Chlorotoluene Absorption spectra Dielectric constant Diffusion of vapor in air Refractive index -Antimony tribromide* -Antimony trichloride* p-Chlorotoluene Absorption spectra Azeotropic mixtures Birefringence, electric Cryoscopic constant Dielectric constant Diffusion of vapor in air Heat of vaporization Melting point under pressure Refractive index Surface tension Verdet constant -Antimony tribromide* -Antimony trichloride* -o-Chlorotoluene* Choleinic acid Optical rotatory power Cholestane Optical rotatory power -Benzene* Cholestanol, optical rotatory power Cholestene Optical rotatory power -Benzene* Cholesterol Optical rotatory power Transition temperature -Benzene* -Cetyl alcohol* -Chloroform* -Oleic acid Freezing point-solubility -Palmitic acid Freezing point-solubility Links 3.288 3.289 5.183 5.111 5.341 3.321 7.111 6.91 5.62 5.137 7.40 6.429 4.179 5.341 6.92 5.62 7.40 5.341 3.321 7.111 4.183 6.92 5.62 5.137 4.10 7.40 4.456 6.429 7.467 7.462 7.463 7.462 7.463 4.8 4.181 4.181 318 Index Terms -Stearic acid Freezing point-solubility Cholesteryl acetate Optical rotatory power -Phytosteryl acetate (α-, β-) Freezing point-solubility Cholesteryl benzoate Crystallography Melting point under pressure Surface tension -p-Azoxyphenetole* Cholesteryl isobutyrate -p-Azoxyphenetole* Cholesteryl propionate -p-Azoxyphenetole* α-Cholesterylene -Benzene* Choline hydrochloride , absorption spectra, ultra-violet Chondrodine Optical rotatory power Chondrodite Density Refractive index Christofle metal Christophite Solution velocity in sulfuric acid Chromal steel Chromaluminium Chromate ion, dissociation constant Chromax (alloy) Electrical conductivity Chrome brick Crushing strength Density Electrical conductivity Expansion on heating Fusion temperature Specific heat Temperature of failure under load Thermal conductivity Thermal expansion Chromel (alloy) Annealing and forging range Brightness temperature Density Electrical conductivity Mechanical properties Chromic acid Absorption spectra, solutions Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Heat of formation Magnetic susceptibility Viscosity of aqueous solution -Ammonium chromate* -Ammonium hydroxide* -Bismuth hydroxide* -Boric acid* -Lead hydroxide Freezing point-solubility in water -Lithium hydroxide Freezing point-solubility in water -Mercuric oxide Freezing point-solubility in water Links 4.181 7.463 4.167 1.337 4.10 4.463 5.366 7.475 1.142 1.142 2.374 5.58 2.374 2.374 7.286 2.374 6.193 2.83 2.82 2.86 2.84 2.83 2.85 2.83 2.85 2.83 2.374 2.482 1.60 2.480 6.193 2.480 1.171 2.472 2.605 2.467 2.480 5.328 6.245 5.193 6.358 5.14 4.377 4.379 4.378 4.393 2.608 319 Index Terms -Molybdenum trioxide Density, aqueous solution -Nitric acid Freezing point-solubility in water -Potassium chromate Density, aqueous solution -Potassium hydroxide Freezing point-solubility in water -Selenic acid Freezing point-solubility in water -Sodium chromate Density, aqueous solution -Sodium hydroxide Freezing point-solubility in water -Sulfuric acid Freezing point-solubility in water -Thorium chromate Freezing point-solubility in water -Zinc oxide Freezing point-solubility in water Chromic bromide Density, aqueous solution Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Heat of formation Refractive index, aqueous solution Dispersion Solubility in aluminum bromide Chromic chloride Absorption spectra, solutions Density, aqueous solution Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Heat of formation Hydrolysis constants Magnetic susceptibility Aqueous solution Refractive index, aqueous solution Dispersion Solubility in aluminum chloride Viscosity of aqueous solution X-rays, absorption coefficient -Acetone* -Chromic nitrate-Chromic sulfa te Refractive index, aqueous solution -Ethyl alcohol Boiling point elevation -Methyl alcohol Boiling point elevation Chromic fluoride Dielectric constant Heat of formation Chromic hexamminotrinitrate Solubility in aqueous solution Chromic hydroxide Heat of formation Ionization constant Magnetic susceptibility Chromic methylamine sulfate , decomposition pressure of hydrate Chromic nitrate Absorption spectra, solutions Density, aqueous solution Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Magnetic susceptibility Aqueous solution Refractive index, aqueous solution Verdet constant, aqueous solution Links 3.98 4.363 3.98 4.380 4.394 4.356 3.98 4.379 4.393 4.347 4.390 4.378 4.393 4.377 3.69 6.234 5.193 7.71 7.101 4.61 5.327 3.69 6.231 5.193 7.286 6.358 6.364 7.71 7.101 4.61 5.14 6.13 6.239 6.233 7.98 3.337 3.334 6.76 5.193 7.330 5.193 7.286 6.358 7.287 5.327 3.70 6.237 6.359 6.364 7.71 6.428 6.240 320 Index Terms -Chromic chloride*-Chromic sulfate Chromic oxide Albedo Band spectra Electrical conductivity Emission, spectral Fusion temperature Heat of formation Heat of vaporization Magnetic susceptibility Melting point Photoelectric current Specific heat Thermal conductivity Thermoelectric power Chromic potassium cyanide Absorption spectra, solutions Density Melting point Refractive index Chromic potassium oxalate Absorption spectra, solutions Chromic potassium sulfate Absorption spectra, solutions Decomposition pressure of hydrate Density Aqueous solution Magnetic susceptibility Osmotic pressure Refractive index Solubility in wat er Specific heat Thermal conductivity Vapor pressure of aqueous solution -Aluminum potassium sulfate* Chromic rubidium sulfate Decomposition pressure of hydrate Density Dielectric constant Refractive index Solubility in water Chromic sodium sulfate , decomposition pressure of hydrate Chromic sulfate Absorption spectra, solutions Decomposition pressure of hydrates Density, aqueous solution Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Heat of formation Magnetic susceptibility Aqueous solution Refractive index, aqueous solution Specific heat Verdet constant, aqueous solution Viscosity of aqueous solution -Chromic chloride*-Chromic nitrate -Potassium sulfate Surface tension of aqueous solution Chromic sulfide Magnetic susceptibility Photoelectric current Chromic thallium sulfate Decomposition pressure of hydrate Density Refractive index Links 5.263 5.412 6.154 5.242 2.83 5.193 7.287 6.358 4.84 6.68 5.98 5.216 6.224 5.331 1.157 1.157 1.157 1.170 5.327 5.327 7.307 1.157 3.92 6.360 4.431 1.157 4.242 5.101 5.217 3.374 7.309 1.160 6.99 1.160 4.243 7.304 5.327 7.287 3.70 6.236 4.257 5.193 6.358 6.364 7.71 5.98 6.428 5.14 1.165 5.231 1.165 5.328 4.470 6.358 6.69 7.287 1.133 1.133 1.165 7.13 321 Index Terms Solubility in water Chromic thiocyanate -Ethyl ether Distribution coefficients in water Chromite Density Refractive index Chromium Absorption, index of Boiling point Cathodoluminescence Compressibility Critical potentials Density Electrical conductivity Electrode potential Electronic structure, normal and excited Emission, spectral Emission spectra Hardness Heat of evaporation Heafc of fusion Heat of transition Isotopes Magnetic susceptibility Melting point Persistent lines Quantum numbers Refraction, index of Specific heat Liquid Solid Spectral series Thermal expansion Thermochemistry X-radiation from target of X-ray absorption limits X-ray absorption spectra X-ray crystal structure X-ray lines, relative intensities X-ray series, limiting frequencies X-rays, absorption coefficient X-rays, emission efficiency X-rays, scattering, modification by Zeeman effect -Aluminum* -Aluminum*-Carbon-Iron -Aluminum*-Copper-Iron -Aluminum*-Copper-Iron-Silicon -Antimony* -Arsenic* -Boron* -Carbon* -Carbon*-Cerium -Iron -Carbon*-Cerium -Iron-Nickel -Carbon*-Copper-Iron -Carbon*-Copper-Iron-Nickel -Carbon*-Copper-Iron-Tungsten -Carbon*-Iron -Carbon*-Iron-Manganese -Carbon*-Iron-Manganese-Molybdenum-Nickel -Carbon*-Iron -Manganese-Molybdenum -Silicon -Carbon*-Iron-Manganese-Silicon -Carbon*-Iron-Manganese-Silicon-Tungsten -Carbon*-Iron-Molybdenum -Carbon*-Iron-Molybdenum-Nickel Links 4.226 3.421 1.133 1.133 5.249 1.102 5.390 3.46 6.70 1.104 1.104 6.332 6.70 5.242 5.289 2.592 1.102 1.104 5.193 1.45 6.354 1.104 5.323 5.408 5.249 5.94 1.104 5.397 1.104 5.193 6.46 6.36 6.36 1.340 6.32 6.35 6.13 6.11 6.17 5.420 1.165 3.205 2.456 6.136 7.286 5.253 5.93 2.460 6.44 322 Index Terms -Carbon*-Iron-Molybdenum-Tungsten-Vanadium -Carbon*-Iron-Molybdenum-Vanadium -Carbon*-Iron-Nickel -Carbon*-Iron-Nickel-Silicon -Carbon*-Iron-Nickel-Uranium -Carbon*-Iron-Nickel-Vanadium -Carbon*-Iron-Silicon -Carbon*-Iron-Tungsten -Carbon*-Iron-Uranium -Carbon*-Iron-Vanadium -Carbon*-Tungsten -Cobalt Curie point Equilibrium diagram Hardness Kerr constant Mechanical properties Thermal conductivity Thermal expansion -Cobalt-Nickel Kerr constant -Copper Electrical conductivity Equilibrium diagram -Copper-Molybdenum Equilibrium diagram -Copper-Nickel Electrical conductivity Endurance limits Equilibrium diagram -Gold Equilibrium diagram -Iron Electrical conductivity Equilibrium diagram Magnetic properties Thermal conductivity Thermoelectric properties -Iron-Manganese-Nickel Electrical conductivity Magnetic field, effect of Thermoelectric properties -Iron-Manganese-Silicon Electrical conductivity -Iron-Molybdenum Electrical conductivity -Iron-Molybdenum -Tungsten Electrical conductivity -Iron-Nickel Density Elastic properties Electrical conductivity Mechanical properties Thermal expansion Thermoelectric properties -Iron-Nickel-Silicon Electrical conductivity -Iron-Nickel-Silicon-Vanadium Electrical conductivity -Iron-Silicon Electrical conductivity Equilibrium diagram Thermal expansion -Iron-Silicon-Titanium Electrical conductivity -Iron-Tungsten Electrical conductivity Links 6.410 2.431 2.593 6.436 2.593 5.224 2.464 6.436 6.168 2.432 2.444 6.169 2.601 2.443 2.606 2.424 6.172 2.451 6.391 5.224 6.219 6.178 6.185 6.422 6.220 6.186 6.179 6.179 6.179 2.480 2.481 6.185 2.480 2.467 6.220 6.186 6.179 6.179 2.455 2.473 6.179 6.179 6.193 6.193 323 Index Terms -Iron-Vanadium Electrical conductivity -Lead Equilibrium diagram -Nickel Curie points Electrical conductivity Endurance limits Equilibrium diagram Thermal conductivity Thermal expansion Thermoelectric properties X-ray diffraction data -Silicon Density -Silver Equilibrium diagram Chromium ammines, freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Chromium carbide Heat of formation Chromium copper nickel steels Endurance limits Chromium hydroxylamine sulfate, decomposition pressure of hydrate Chromium molybdenum nickel steels Endurance limits Chromium molybdenum steels Endurance limits Chromium nickel steels Analyses, table of Compression tests Density Endurance limits Mechanical properties Specific heat Thermal conductivity Torsion tests Chromium nickel vanadium steels Endurance limits Chromium steels Analyses, table of Density Electrical conductivity Endurance limits Mechanical properties Thermal conductivity Thermal expansion Thermoelectric properties Chromium tetrasulfide Magnetic susceptibility Chromium trioxide Boiling point elevation in aqueous solution Density, aqueous solution Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Heat of formation Magnetic susceptibility Photoelectric current Refractive index, aqueous solution Solubility in water Specific heat, aqueous solution Viscosity, aqueous solution X-ray diffraction data -Chromyl chloride Boiling point elevation -Molybdenum trioxide Links 6.179 2.414 6.409 6.193 2.600 2.432 5.224 2.467 6.219 1.349 2.608 2.594 2.421 4.257 5.193 2.604 7.286 2.606 2.604 2.605 2.601 2.605 2.486 2.512 2.517 2.600 2.510 2.518 2.518 2.512 2.600 2.485 2.517 6.179 2.600 2.506 2.518 2.472 6.222 2.604 2.605 5.219 5.224 6.358 3.325 3.69 4.257 5.193 6.358 6.68 7.71 4.226 5.123 5.14 1.343 3.329 3.104 324 Index Terms Refractive index, aqueous solution -Sulfur trioxide Density, aqueous solution Chromium tungsten steels Thermal expansion Chromium vanadium steels Analyses, table of Density Endurance limits Mechanical tests Thermal expansion Chromous chloride Ammines Decomposition pressure Heat of decomposition Heat of formation Heat of formation Magnetic susceptibility Aqueous solution Transition temperature Vapor pressure, aqueous solution Chromous hydroxide Magnetic susceptibility Aqueous solution Chromous sulfate Magnetic susceptibility Aqueous solution Chromous sulfide Magnetic susceptibility Chromyl chloride Boiling point Density Dielectric constant 'Heat of formation Vapor pressure -Carbon disulfide* -Carbon tetrachloride* -Chromium trioxide* Chronin alloy Thermoelectric properties Chrysene Absorption spectra Heat of combustion Magnetic susceptibility Photoconductivity -Anthracene* -Anthracene*-Carbazole -Carbazole* -Ethyl ether Solubility, mutual -Phenanthrene Freezing point-solubility Chrysite (alloy) Chrysoberyl Density Refractive index Specific heat Thermal expansion Chrysoidine, magnetic susceptibility Chrysokalk (alloy) Chrysolite, refractive index Chrysorin (alloy) Links 7.96 3.96 2.472 2.486 2.517 2.603 2.509 2.472 2.605 2.606 2.555 2.602 1.172 7.23 2.469 2.602 2.555 2.601 7.286 7.286 5.193 5.193 6.358 6.364 4.7 3.367 6.358 6.364 6.358 6.364 6.358 3.329 3.23 6.77 5.193 3.214 6.222 5.352 5.164 6.364 6.66 3.396 4.163 2.374 1.141 1.141 5.98 3.43 6.363 2.374 7.23 2.374 325 Index Terms Chrysotile Density Refractive index Churchite Density Refractive index Cimet (alloy) Electrical conductivity Cincholoiponic acid Optical rotatory power Cinchonicine -Acetone* -Ethyl alcohol Density Cinchonidine Absorption spectra Crystallography Optical rotatory power Cinchonidine sulfate Crystallography Solubility in water Cinchonine Absorption spectra, ultra-violet Crystallography Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Intramolecular transformation Optical rotatory power -Ammonia* -Ethyl alcohol Freezing point-solubility in water Cinchonine antimonyl tartrate Optical rotatory power Cinchonine hydrochloride Absorption spectra, ultra-violet Crystallography Cinchonine hydrogen tartrate, boiling point elevation in aqueous solution Cinchoninic acid Absorption spectra, ultra-violet Cinchotoxine Absorption spectra, ultra-violet -Acetone* -Ethyl alcohol Density Refractive index Cineole Absorption spectra Azeotropic mixtures Birefringence, magnetic Cryoscopic constant Solubility in water Viscosity -Aminophenol (o-, m-)* -Catechol* -Guaiacol Freezing point-solubility -Hydroquinol Freezing point-solubility -Hydroxybenzoic acid (m-, p-) Freezing point-solubility -Methyl salicylate Freezing point-solubility -Naphthol (α-, β-) Freezing point-solubility Links 1.142 1.142 1.146 1.146 2.374 6.178 1.170 1.171 7.466 3.161 5.334 1.335 7.469 5.353 7.470 1.335 4.219 5.353 1.335 6.301 7.119 7.469 4.406 7.354 5.365 1.335 3.328 5.369 5.369 7.82 7.82 5.347 3.321 7.111 4.184 3.392 7.223 4.152 4.140 4.149 4.153 4.156 5.365 5.369 5.372 326 Index Terms -Naphthyl salicylate Freezing point-solubility -Nitrophenol (o-, m-, p-) Freezing point-solubility -Phenol Freezing point-solubility -Phenyl salicylate Freezing point-solubility -Resorcinol Freezing point-solubility -Salicylic acid Freezing point-solubility -Thymol Freezing point-solubility Cineolic acid Crystallography Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Optical rotatory power Cinnabarite Density Refractive index Sublimation temperature See also Mercuric sulfide. Cinnamaldehyde Absorption spectra Emission, spectral Magnetic susceptibility Refractive index Verdet constant -Anethole* -Carbon disulfide* -Diethyl tartrate Density -Ethyl alcohol Density -Isobutyl dibenzoyl-d-tartrate Density Cinnamic acid Absorption spectra, ultra-violet Cryoscopic constant Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Esterification constant Heat of combustion Heat of fusion Photochemical reactions Solubility in water -Benzoic acid* -Camphor* -Catechol* -Chloroacetic acid* -Dichloroacetic acid Freezing point-solubility -Dimethylpyrone Freezing point-solubility -2,4-Dinitrophenol Freezing point-solubility -Ethyl alcohol Heat of solution -Formic acid Boiling point elevation -Hydrogen chloride Freezing point-solubility in water -Hydroquinol Freezing point-solubility -Isoamyl acetate Density Links 4.160 4.129 4.137 4.160 4.139 4.149 4.158 1.330 6.296 7.417 1.121 1.121 1.121 1.168 1.163 5.344 5.257 6.363 7.45 6.430 3.192 3.161 3.193 5.344 4.183 6.290 7.138 5.165 5.134 7.165 4.253 4.105 4.151 4.126 5.152 3.333 4.397 4.140 3.189 5.367 7.169 327 Index Terms Viscosity -Isoamyl alcohol Boiling point elevation -Methyl alcohol Density Heat of solution Viscosity -Naphthol (α-, β-) Freezing point-solubility -Nitrophenol (o-, m-, p-) Freezing point-solubility -Phenol Freezing point-solubility -Picric acid Freezing point-solubility -Propyl alcohol Heat of solution -Pyrogallol Freezing point-solubility -Resorcinol Freezing point-solubility -Sodium cinnamate Freezing point-solubility in water -Trichloroacetic acid Freezing point-solubility -Xylene Distribution coefficients in water Cinnamic anhydride Heat of combustion Heat of fusion Cinnamyl alcohol Magnetic susceptibility Refractive index Verdet constant -Methyl alcohol Density Cinnamylideneacetic acid Absorption spectra Heat of combustion Cinnamylideneacetone Absorption spectra -Isoamyl acetate Density Viscosity Cinnamylideneacetophenone Absorption spectra -Acenaphthene* -Azobenzene* -Diphenylamine Freezing point-solubility -Isoamyl acetate Density Viscosity -β-Naphthyl ethyl ether Freezing point-solubility -2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene Freezing point-solubility Cinnamylideneaniline Magnetic susceptibility -Benzalazine* -Dibenzylhydrazine Freezing point-solubility -Diphenylbutadiene Freezin g point-solubility -Diphenyldiacetylene Links 5.50 3.343 3.151 5.152 5.34 4.154 4.129 4.136 4.120 5.153 4.141 4.139 4.421 4.103 3.431 5.166 5.134 6.363 7.46 6.430 3.151 5.347 5.166 5.348 3.190 5.50 5.352 4.161 3.190 5.50 4.161 4.146 6.364 4.164 4.164 328 Index Terms Freezing point-solubility Cinnamylidenemalonic acid Absorption spectra Heat of combustion Cinnamylidene-β-naphthylamine -Diphenylbutadiene Freezing point-solubility Citraconic acid Absorption spectra Density, aqueous solution Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Heat of combustion Heat of solution in water Verdet constant -Methyl alcohol Viscosity Citraconic anhydride Absorption sp ectra Dielectric constant Electrical conductivity Refractive index Verdet constant Citral Absorption spectra, ultra-violet Magnetic susceptibility Refractive index Citric acid Absorption spectra Boiling point elevation in aqueous solution Crystallography Density, aqueous solution Dielectric constant Diffusion in water Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Heat of combustion Heat of solution in water Refractive index Aqueous solution Solubility in water Specific heat, aqueous solution Surface tension, aqueous solution Vapor pressure lowering in aqueous solution -Acetone* -Ammonium citrate* -Ammonium hydroxide* -Amyl acetate* -Caffeine* -Chloroform* -Ethyl acetate Density -Ethyl alcohol Density Aqueous solution Freezing point-solubility in water Heat of solution -Ethyl ether Density Distribution coefficients in water -Hydrogen chloride Freezing point-solubility in water -Isoamyl alcohol Density -Mercuric chloride Freezing point-solubility in water -Molybdenum trioxide Links 4.164 5.348 5.166 4.164 5.337 3.114 6.269 5.165 5.149 6.428 5.34 5.332 6.88 6.144 7.36 6.428 5.347 6.363 7.55 5.340 3.327 1.326 3.112 6.100 5.71 6.275 4.263 5.165 5.150 7.29 7.69 4.253 5.125 4.469 3.293 5.374 3.114 3.166 3.160 3.127 4.405 5.152 3.168 3.428 4.396 3.173 4.417 4.405 7.69 329 Index Terms Density, aqueous solution Refractive index, aqueous solution -Phosphoric acid-Sodium hydroxide Freezing point-solubility in water -Potassium citrate Density, aqueous solution -Sodium citrate Density, aqueous solution -Sodium hydroxide Refractive index, aqueous solution -Sulfuric acid Freezing point-solubility in water Citronellal Absorption spectra Optical rotatory power Verdet constant Dispersion Citronellol, optical rotatory power Clark cell Clark's patent (alloy) Claudetite Density Refractive index See also Arsenous oxide. Clausthalite Density Melting point See also Lead selenide. Clay brick Specification and properties Clay tile, sound, transmission of, by Clays Colloidal, effect on rubber Dehydration curves Density Fire shrinkage Fusion points Heat absorption and evolution Heat of wetting Heating curves Hygroscopicity Modulus of rupture, effect of firing on Physical properties Thermal reactions Water ratios X-ray diffraction data Clebrium (alloy) Clichier metal Climax (alloy) Electrical conductivity Clinoclasite Density Refractive index Clinoenstatite Density Melting point Refractive index See also Magnesium metasilicate. Clinohedrite Density Refractive index Clinohumite Density Links 3.102 7.94 4.425 3.103 3.102 7.95 4.398 5.347 7.402 6.426 6.433 7.402 6.314 2.374 1.110 1.110 1.173 1.115 1.115 2.64 6.459 2.287 2.62 2.57 2.58 2.61 2.63 5.142 2.61 2.324 2.57 2.56 2.61 2.61 2.357 2.374 2.374 2.374 6.185 2.58 2.60 5.143 2.62 2.482 1.123 1.123 1.173 1.142 1.142 1.142 1.172 1.144 1.144 1.172 1.142 2.61 330 Index Terms Refractive index Clinozoisite Density Refractive index Cloth Black bias Density Thermal conductivity Emission, spectral Heat retaining value Sound, velocity of, in Strength, moisture, effect of Tensile strength, steaming, effect of Coal Ash fusibility Calorific value Classification Composition Density Ignition temperature Oxidation Sulfur content Thermal diffusivity Coal dust Density Thermal conductivity Coal gas Explosion, turbulence, effect of Sound, velocity of, in Coal tar distillates Coal tar oils, heat of vaporizat ion Coal tar pitches. See Pitches. Coal tars. See Tars. Cobalt Absorption, index of Boiling point Cathodoluminescence Compressibility Critical potentials Corbino effect Curie point Decomposition pressure of complex hydrates and ammines Density Electrical conductivity Low temperature Magnetic field, effect of Electrode potential Electronic structure, normal and excited Emission, spectral Emission spectra Ettingshausen effect Hall effect Hardness Heat of fusion Heat of transition Heat of vaporization Isotopes Joule effect Kerr constant Magnetic moment Magnetic properties Magnetization by rotation Melting point Nernst effect Persistent lines Links 1.142 1.172 1.146 1.146 1.172 7.25 2.315 2.315 5.244 2.238 6.465 2.238 2.238 2.135 2.135 2.131 2.131 2.135 2.135 2.135 2.135 2.315 2.132 2.313 2.313 2.195 6.463 2.160 2.172 5.249 1.102 5.390 3.46 6.70 6.419 6.410 7.282 1.104 1.104 6.127 6.423 6.319 6.70 5.242 5.288 6.419 6.416 2.592 1.104 5.191 1.102 1.45 6.440 6.435 6.346 6.376 6.347 1.54 6.420 5.323 3.205 3.48 2.456 6.136 6.132 6.137 7.279 5.253 6.417 6.402 1.104 6.421 6.418 6.138 331 Index Terms Quantum numbers Refraction, index of Righi-Leduc effect Rotation by magnetization Solution velocity in dissolved iodine Sound, velocity of, in Specific heat Liquid Solid Spectral series Tensile properties Thermal conductivity Thermal expansion Thermochemistry Thermoelectric properties Vapor pressure Water vapor, reaction with X-ray absorption limits X-ray crystal structure X-ray emission spectra X-ray series, limiting frequencies X-rays, absorption coefficient X-rays, emission efficiency Zeeman effect -Aluminum* -Antimony* -Antimony*-Iron -Arsenic* -Bismuth* -Boron* -Carbon*-Iron-Manganese-Silicon -Chromium* -Chromium*-Nickel -Copper Electrical conductivity Equilibrium diagram Thermoelectric properties -Copper-Iron-Nickel-Zinc Electrical conductivity -Copper-Tin Volume change on solidification -Gold Equilibrium diagram -Graphite Freezing point-solubility -Iron Curie point Electrical conductivity Equilibrium diagram Joule effect Magnetic moment Magnetic properties Magnetization by rotation Thermal conductivity Thermoelectric properties X-ray diffraction data Young's modulus -Iron-Nickel Electrical conductivity -Lead Equilibrium diagram -Manganese Equilibrium diagram -Molybdenum Equilibrium diagram -Nickel Density Links 5.408 5.249 6.421 6.347 5.57 6.465 1.104 5.94 5.93 5.397 2.592 5.220 1.104 5.191 6.214 3.205 7.279 6.37 1.340 6.37 6.35 6.13 6.11 5.420 2.460 6.225 6.226 6.14 6.167 2.431 6.218 6.169 2.476 2.424 4.41 6.391 6.167 2.450 6.440 6.346 6.376 6.347 5.224 6.219 1.351 2.478 6.167 2.414 2.431 2.431 2.594 6.178 6.391 6.193 6.393 332 Index Terms Electrical conductivity Equilibrium diagram Magnetic properties Magnetization by rotation Thermoelectric properties -Phosphorus Density Freezing point-solubility -Silicon Density Equilibrium diagram Kerr constant -Sulfur Freezing point-solubility -Tin Kerr constant Specific heat -Tungsten Hardness -Zinc Equilibrium diagram Cobalt ammines, freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Cobalt ammonia complex ions Electrode potentials Cobalt arsenic sulfide X-ray diffraction data Cobalt arsenide -Nickel arsenide Freezing point-solubility Cobalt carbonyl, vapor pressure Cobalt steel, magnetic properties Cobaltcrome (alloy) Cobaltic chloride, vapor pressure lowering in aqueous solution Cobalt ferrite Kerr constant Cobaltic hydroxide Heat of formation Cobaltic oxide Albedo Decomposition pressure Electrons, thermal emission of Magnetic susceptibility Thermal conductivity Thermionic work function Cobaltic potassium cyanide Absorption spectra, solutions Cobaltic sulfide, heat of formation Cobaltite Compressibility Density Specific heat Thermal expansion Cobalto-cobaltic oxide Decomposition pressure Emission, spectral Heat of formation Magnetic susceptibility Thermoelectric power Cobaltous acetate Ammine, decomposition pressure Crystallography Density Aqueous solution Links 6.167 2.431 6.405 6.347 6.219 6.406 2.594 4.29 2.594 2.431 6.436 4.25 6.436 5.120 2.593 2.432 4.256 7.281 1.343 4.61 3.208 6.376 2.374 3.294 6.435 5.191 5.263 7.282 6.54 6.358 5.216 6.54 5.331 5.191 3.50 1.131 5.98 3.45 7.282 5.242 5.191 6.358 6.224 7.282 1.321 1.131 3.69 6.386 6.387 6.391 6.393 333 Index Terms Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Refractive index Cobaltous benzoate Ammine, decomposition pressure Cobaltous bromide Absorption spectra Ammines Decomposition pressure Heat of decomposition Heat of formation Boiling point elevation in aqueous solution Density, aqueous solution Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Ethylamine complex Decomposition pressure Heat of decomposition Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Heat of formation Magnetic susceptibility Aqueous solution Methylamine complex Decomposition pressure Heat of decomposition Refractive index, aqueous solution Dispersion Solubility in water Transference number -Formamide Viscosity -Methyl acetate Boiling point elevation Density -Pyridine Boiling point elevation -Quinoline Boiling point elevation Cobaltous carbonate See Spherocobaltite. -Potassium chloride-Potassium bicarbonate Freezing point-solubility in water Cobaltous chlorate Density, aqueous solution Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Refractive index, aqueous solution Dispersion Solubility in water Cobaltous chloride Absorption spectra, solutions Ammines Decomposition pressure Heat of decomposition Heat of formation Boiling point elevation in aqueous solution Decomposition pressure of hydrate Density, aqueous solution Diffusion in water Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Ethylamine complex Decomposition pressure Heat of decomposition Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Heat of formation Hydrolysis constant Magnetic susceptibility Links 6.245 4.256 1.131 1.170 7.282 5.327 5.328 7.280 7.280 5.192 3.325 3.69 6.234 6.239 7.280 7.280 4.256 5.191 6.358 6.364 7.280 7.280 7.71 7.100 4.225 6.310 5.29 3.340 3.140 3.342 3.347 4.298 3.69 6.244 4.256 7.71 7.100 4.225 3.104 6.254 5.327 5.328 7.280 7.280 5.192 3.325 7.280 3.69 5.66 6.231 7.280 7.280 4.256 5.191 7.279 6.358 3.107 6.233 334 Index Terms Aqueous solution Methylamine complex Decomposition pressure Heat of decomposition Refractive index, aqueous solution Dispersion Solubility in water Specific heat, aqueous solution Transference number Vapor pressure, aqueous solution Vapor pressure lowering in aqueous solution Verdet constant, aqueous solution Viscosity, aqueous solution X-rays, absorption coefficient -Acetone* -Aluminum chloride* -Ammonium chloride* -Amyl alcohol* -Barium chloride* -Bismuth chloride* -Cadmium chloride* -Calcium chloride* -Calcium chloride*-Ethyl alcohol -Cesium chloride* -Cobaltous nitrate-Cobaltous sulfate Refractive index, aqueous solution -Cobaltous sulfate Refractive index, aqueous solution -Ethyl alcohol Boiling point elevation Magnetic susceptibility -Ethyl alcohol-Glycerol Viscosity -Ethyl alcohol-Mercuric chloride Boiling point elevation -Glycerol Viscosity, aqueous solution -Glycerol-Methyl alcohol Viscosity -Hydrogen chloride Density, aqueous solution Freezing point-solubility in water Viscosity, aqueous solution -Lithium chloride Density, aqueous solution Viscosity, aqueous solution -Magnesium chloride Boiling point elevation in aqueous solution Density, aqueous solution Viscosity, aqueous solution -Manganous chloride Freezing point-solubility in water -Mercuric chloride Boiling point elevation in aqueous solution -Methyl alcohol Boiling point elevation Magnetic susceptibility -Piperidine Boiling point elevation -Potassium bicarbonate-Potassium carbonate Freezing point-solubility in water -Potassium chloride Density, aqueous solution Freezing point-solubility in water Vapor pressure, aqueous solution -Pyridine Boiling point elevation Links 6.364 7.280 7.280 7.71 7.100 4.225 5.123 6.310 3.367 3.294 6.428 5.14 6.13 7.98 7.96 3.337 6.364 5.30 3.349 5.24 5.30 3.95 4.309 5.18 3.98 5.19 3.348 3.98 5.19 4.307 3.347 3.334 6.364 3.343 4.298 3.98 4.309 5.19 3.342 4.386 335 Index Terms Freezing point-solubility -Rubidium chloride Freezing point-solubility in water -Quinoline Boiling point elevation -Sodium chloride Boiling point elevation in aqueous solution Density, aqueous solution Freezing point-solubility in water Viscosity, aqueous solution -Stannous chloride Boiling point elevation in aqueous solution -Zinc chloride Boiling point elevation in aqueous solution Cobaltous cuprous sulfate Magnetic susceptibility Cobaltous dihydrogen sulfate Magnetic susceptibility Cobaltous dithionate , ammine, decomposition pressure Cobaltous fluoride Absorption spectra, solutions Heat of formation Magnetic susceptibility Aqueous solution Cobaltous fluosilicate Density Refractive index Cobaltous formate , ammines, decomposition pressure Cobaltous hydrogen fluoride Refractive index Cobaltous hydroxide Heat of formation Cobaltous hypophosphite Ammine, decomposition pressure Cobaltous iodate Solubility in water Cobaltous iodide Absorption spectra, solutions Ammines Decomposition pressure Heat of decomposition Ethylamine complex Decomposition pressure Heat of decomposition Heat of formation Magnetic susceptibility Aqueous solution Methylamine complex Decomposition pressure Heat of decomposition Solubility in water Cobaltous mercuric bromide Heat of formation Cobaltous naphthalene-1,5-disulfonate Crystallography Density Refractive index Cobaltous naphthalene sulfonate Ammine, decomposition pressure Cobaltous nitrate Absorption spectra, solutions Ammine, decomposition pressure Density, aqueous solution Electrical conductivity Links 4.200 4.309 3.347 3.348 3.98 4.309 5.19 3.347 3.347 6.358 6.364 6.358 7.281 5.327 5.191 6.358 6.364 1.131 1.131 7.282 5.328 1.168 7.22 5.191 7.282 4.225 4.246 5.327 5.328 7.280 7.280 7.281 7.281 5.191 6.358 6.364 7.281 7.281 4.225 5.192 1.321 1.131 1.131 1.171 7.282 5.327 7.281 3.69 6.148 6.328 3.104 3.107 336 Index Terms Aqueous solution Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Heat of formation Heat of fusion Hydrolysis constant Magnetic susceptibility Aqueous solution Refractive index, aqueous solution Dispersion Solubility in water Specific heat Vapor pressure lowering in aqueous solution Verdet constant, aqueous solution Viscosity, aqueous solution -Acetone* -Cobaltous chloride*-Cobaltpus sulfate -Ferric nitrate Refractive index, aqueous solution -Methyl acetate Boiling point elevation -Neodymium nitrate Freezing point-solubility in water -Praseodymium nitrate Freezing point-solubility in water Cobaltous oxide Heat of formation Magnetic susceptibility Reduction with hydrogen X-ray diffraction data -Aluminum oxide* -Silica Freezing point-solubility -Zinc oxide Density Cobaltous perchlorate Ammine, decomposition pressure Decomposition pressure of hydrate Density, aqueous solution Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Melting point Refractive index Solubility in water Cobaltous potassium selenate Density Refractive index Cobaltous potassium sulfate Density Dielectric constant Hydrate Decomposition pressure Heat of decomposition Magnetic susceptibility Refractive index Solubility in water Cobaltous rubidium selenate Refractive index Cobaltous rubidium sulfate Density Hydrate Decomposition pressure Heat of decomposition Magnetic susceptibility Refractive index Solubility in water Links 6.237 4.256 5.192 5.131 7.279 6.358 6.364 7.71 7.100 4.225 5.98 3.294 6.428 5.14 6.240 7.96 3.340 4.363 4.363 5.191 6.358 7.279 1.343 4.85 3.134 7.280 7.280 3.104 4.256 1.130 1.130 4.225 1.157 1.157 1.165 1.169 7.31 6.364 1.168 7.31 1.169 7.31 1.157 6.99 7.308 7.308 6.360 1.157 4.242 7.31 1.160 7.310 7.310 6.360 1.160 4.243 337 Index Terms Cobaltous selenate Density Refractive index Cobaltous selenide Heat of formation Cobaltous sodium sulfate Solubility in water Cobaltous sulfide See Syepoorite. Cobaltous sulfate Absorption spectra, solutions Ammines Decomposition pressure Heat of decomposition Boiling point elevation in aqueous solution Decomposition pressure of hydrates Density, aqueous solution Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Heat of formation Magnetic susceptibility Aqueous solution Reflectivity, selective Refractive index, aqueous solution Solubility in water Solution velocity in water Specific heat Surface tension, aqueous solution Vapor pressure, aqueous solution Vapor pressure lowering in aqueous solution Verdet constant, aqueous solution Viscosity, aqueous solution -Cobaltous chloride* -Cobaltous chloride*-Cobaltous nitrate -Lithium sulfate Freezing point-solubility -Potassium sulfate Freezing point-solubility -Sodium sulfate Freezing point-solubility Cobaltous sulfide Heat of formation Photoelectric current X-ray diffraction data Cobaltous telluride Heat of formation Cobaltous thallium selenate Refractive index Cobaltous thallium sulfate Refractive index Cobaltous thiocyanate Density, aqueous solution Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Viscosity, aqueous solution -Ethyl alcohol Boiling point elevation Cocaine Absorption spectra Dielectric constant Optical rotatory power Cocaine hydrochloride Absorption spectra Crystallography Optical rotatory power Links 1.130 1.130 1.169 5.192 4.238 5.327 7.281 7.281 3.325 7.281 3.69 6.236 4.256 5.191 6.358 6.364 5.260 7.71 4.225 5.56 5.98 4.465 3.367 3.294 6.428 5.14 5.328 3.107 6.364 4.60 4.61 4.60 4.345 5.191 6.69 1.343 5.192 7.31 7.31 3.69 4.256 5.14 3.337 5.352 6.96 7.432 5.334 1.334 7.432 5.365 5.367 338 Index Terms Cocaose, optical rotatory power Codeine Absorption spectra Crystallography Heat of combustion Optical rotatory power Refractive index Coercive force , definition Coffee husks, thermal conductivity Coinage bronze Coke Combustibility Composition Density Moisture content at various humidities Porosity Thermal conductivity Thermal expansion Coke dust Density Thermal conductivity Colamine Absorption spectra, ultra-violet Colchiceine -Acetic acid* -Ethylene bromide Boiling point elevation Colchicine -Acetic acid* -Ethylene bromide Boiling point elevation Colemanite Density Refractive index Colerainite Density Refractive index Collagen, hydrolysis to gelatin Collet brass Collodion, emission, spectral Colloids Dielectric constant Diffusion in water Heat of wetting Osmotic pressure Precipitation laws Solubility of gases in X-ray diffraction data Color filters Color temperature Colorado metal Colors Complementary Stable Columbia, weights and measures Columbite , electrical conductivity Columbium Absorption, index of Boiling point Cathodoluminescence Density Emission, spectral Links 7.396 5.334 1.335 5.168 7.468 7.30 6.369 2.313 2.374 5.353 2.561 2.136 2.134 2.135 2.325 2.135 2.304 2.303 2.314 2.314 5.366 3.335 3.335 1.145 1.145 1.142 1.142 2.229 2.374 5.258 1.354 6.105 5.71 5.143 4.430 1.354 3.281 2.357 1.60 5.246 2.374 1.93 1.93 1.4 6.154 5.249 1.102 5.389 1.104 5.242 1.171 7.25 1.166 2.602 4.431 5.264 5.271 2.475 2.480 339 Index Terms Emission spectra Magnetic susceptibility Melting point Persistent lines Quantum numbers Refraction, index of Spectral series X-ray absorption limits X-ray emission spectra X-ray series, limiting frequencies Zeeman effect Columbium carbide X-ray diffraction data Columbium nitride X-ray diffraction data Columbium oxide Emission, spectral Luminescence -Tantalum oxide Density Columbium pentachloride Electrical conductivity Columbium pentafluoride -Hydrogen fluoride-Potassium fluoride Freezing point-solubility in water Columbium pentoxide Magnetic susceptibility Specific heat Colza oil, magnetic susceptibility Combustion, heat of Combustion calorie Comet (alloy) Electrical conductivity Compressibility Building stones Chemical compounds Conversion factors Elements Gases Glass Liquids and vitreous solids Metals Minerals Oils, fats and waxes Petroleum Porcelain, electrical Rocks Rubber Solutions Woods Compression Heat of Modulus of, conversion factors Compressive strength Building stones Definition Compton effect Compton formula (scattering function) Concentration Definition Mass, conversion factors Volume, conversion factors Links 5.285 6.354 1.104 5.323 5.408 5.249 5.396 6.38 6.37 6.35 5.420 1.343 1.343 5.242 5.389 5.390 3.134 6.148 4.274 6.359 5.98 6.364 5.162 5.162 2.374 6.185 3.1 2.54 3.49 1.24 3.35 3.3 2.93 3.35 3.46 3.49 2.208 2.146 2.68 3.49 2.269 3.439 2.1 5.144 1.24 2.47 2.viii 6.17 6.19 1.35 1.23 1.23 3.46 3.17 3.40 3.435 340 Index Terms Concentration cells Electromotive force Non-aqueous solutions Salt bridges Concrete Aggregates for Density Magnesia Modulus of elasticity Poisson's ratio Setting time Strength Curing conditions and Thermal conductivity Thermal diffusivity Thermal expansion Volume change, time rate of Weathering Condensation, velocity of Condensite Confectionery industry Air conditioning in Concusonine Optical rotatory power Condenser transmitter Conglomerate Compressive strength Thermal conductivity Congo red, Na salt Absorption spectra Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution α-Coniceine, optical rotatory power Coniine Absorption spectra Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Heat of combustion Optical rotatory power Refractive index -Ethyl ether Distribution coefficients in water -Xylene Distribution coefficients in water Conite Dielectric strength Tensile strength Connarite Density Refractive index Connellite Density Refractive index Constant boiling mixtures Constantan Annealing and forging range Electrical conductivity Magnetic field, effect of Emission, spectral Endurance limits Hall effect Mechanical properties Peltier effect Thermal conductivity Thermoelectric properties Thomson coefficient Links 6.321 6.329 6.330 2.121 2.119 2.124 2.119 2.119 2.120 2.118 2.120 2.119 2.120 2.119 2.120 2.120 5.53 2.298 2.314 2.314 2.322 7.477 6.455 2.48 2.55 5.356 6.250 7.475 5.333 6.289 5.168 7.407 7.45 5.344 3.431 3.431 2.310 2.311 1.132 1.132 1.122 1.122 3.318 2.374 2.482 6.169 6.422 5.254 2.601 6.417 2.480 6.228 5.224 6.219 6.228 1.167 1.167 2.464 6.170 2.606 6.225 2.480 2.601 2.606 341 Index Terms Constants Basic Fundamental Contact potentials Convection of heat Conversion factors Viscometers Convolvulinolic acid Optical rotatory power Cook's alloy Coopers gold Coopers mirror Coopers pen metal Cooperite (alloy) Coordination reactions Copal, dielectric strength Copel (alloy) Electrical conductivity Copiapite Density Refractive index Copper Absorption, index of Annealed Density Electrical conductivity Arsenical, thermal conductivity Boiling point Brightness temperature Calorized, emission, spectral Carbon dioxide, solubility of, in Carbon monoxide, solubility of, in Cathodoluminescence Commercial, mechanical properties Compressibility Compton effect Condensation, irreversible, temperature of Contact potential Corbino effect Critical potentials Density Liquid Solid Elastic properties Electrical conductivity Liquid Solid Low temperature Magnetic field, effect of Single crystal Electrode potential Electron emission excited by its positive ion Electronic structure, normal and excited Electrons, absorption of, by Electrons, secondary emission of Electrons, transmitted, velocity of Electrons excited by X-rays, number of Electrons freed by X-rays, energy of Emission, spectral Emission spectra Endurance limits Entropy Sublimation Vaporization Links 1.17 1.17 6.56 5.234 1.18 1.33 7.367 2.374 2.374 2.374 2.374 2.374 7.126 2.310 2.374 6.169 2.480 2.586 1.128 1.128 1.170 7.22 5.249 5.252 1.28 1.28 5.224 1.102 1.60 5.244 3.270 3.270 5.390 2.558 3.46 6.18 5.54 6.57 6.419 6.71 1.102 1.104 2.552 1.103 1.104 6.127 6.422 6.127 6.319 6.65 6.71 6.61 6.64 6.62 6.5 6.4 5.242 5.291 2.601 5.88 7.260 7.260 3.205 5.245 3.48 2.463 2.456 2.571 2.570 6.136 6.132 6.135 7.261 5.253 2.606 5.255 2.601 342 Index Terms Ettingshausen effect Free energy Fusion Gas Vaporization Gamma rays, absorption coeffreient Hall effect Hardness Heat content Vapor Heat of fusion Heat of plastic extension Heat of vaporization Heat of wetting with oils Hydrogen, permeability to Hydrogen, solubility of, in Impact strength Isotopes J-Phenomenon Magnetic susceptibility Magneton number Mechanical properties Melting point Nernst effect Nickel, diffusion in Nitrogen, solubility of, in Oxidized Emission, spectral Endurance limits Peltier coefficient Peltier effect Persistent lines Photoelectric threshold Positive ion emission excited by its positive ion Quantum numbers Radiation temperature, total Refraction, index of Righi-Leduc effect Solution velocity in Ammonium hydroxide Benzaldehyde-toluene Iodine solutions Salt solutions Sound, velocity of, in Specific heat Liquid Solid Spectral series Sulfur dioxide, solubility of, in Surface tension Thermal conductivity Crystals Magnetic field, effect of Thermal expansion Liquid Solid Thermochemistry Thermodynamic potential Thermoelectric properties Thomson coefficient Vapor pressure Viscosity Volume change on fusion Volume change on solidification X-radiation, scattered, distribution of X-radiation from target of X-ray absorption limits Links 6.419 7.261 7.260 7.260 6.14 6.416 2.554 5.88 7.260 1.104 5.147 1.102 5.143 5.76 3.270 2.570 1.45 6.1 6.354 6.346 2.552 1.53 6.420 5.77 3.270 5.244 2.601 6.227 6.228 5.323 6.68 6.65 5.408 5.246 5.249 6.421 5.58 5.59 5.56 5.57 6.465 6.21 6.417 2.458 7.261 7.260 1.104 5.252 5.58 1.103 1.104 5.398 3.270 4.440 2.572 5.231 6.424 5.94 5.85 7.260 5.88 5.220 5.221 1.102 1.104 5.187 5.88 6.214 6.228 3.205 5.6 2.474 2.475 6.19 6.47 6.37 2.463 2.460 6.225 7.260 5.7 6.48 5.93 7.261 343 Index Terms X-ray crystal structure X-ray emission spectra X-ray lines, relative intensities X-ray lines, width of X-ray series, limiting frequencies X-ray wave-lengths, standard X-rays Absorption, discontinuity in Absorption coefficient Emission efficiency Scattering, modification by Scattering of Zeeman effect -Aluminum* -Aluminum*-Cadmium-Magnesium -Alumin um*-Cadmium-M agnesium-Manganese -Aluminum*-Cadmium-M agnesium-Manganese-Zinc -Aluminum*-Carbon-Iron-Manganese -Aluminum*-Chromium -Iron -Aluminum*-Chromium -Iron-Silicon -Aluminum*-Gold -Aluminum*-Iron -Aluminum*-Iron-Magnesium -Aluminum*-Iron-Manganese -Aluminum*-Iron-Manganese-Silicon -Aluminum*-Iron-Manganese-Silicon-Zinc -Aluminum*-Iron-Manganese-Tin -Zinc -Aluminum*-Iron-Nickel-Silicon -Aluminum*-Iron-Nickel-Silicon-Zinc -Aluminum-Iron-Silicon -Aluminum*-Iron-Silicon-Zinc -Aluminum*-Iron-Zinc -Aluminum*-Magnesium -Aluminum*-Magnesium -Manganese -Aluminum*-Magnesium -Manganese-Nickel -Aluminum*-Magnesium -Manganese-Zinc -Aluminum*-Magnesium -Nickel -Aluminum*-Magnesium -Nickel-Silicon -Aluminum*-Magnesium -Silicon -Aluminum*-Manganese -Aluminum*-Manganese-Silicon -Aluminum*-Manganese-Zinc -Aluminum*-Nickel -Aluminum*-Phosphorus -Aluminum*-Silicon -Aluminum*-Tin -Aluminum*-Tin-Zinc -Aluminum*-Zinc -Antimony* -Antimony*-Arsenic -Antimony*-Lead -Antimony*-Lead-Tin -Antimony*-Lead-Tin -Zinc -Antimony*-Oxygen -Antimony*-Tin -Antimony*-Tin-Zinc -Arsenic* -Arsenic*-Bismuth -Oxygen -Arsenic*-Iron -Arsenic*-Iron-Manganese-Phosphorus -Arsenic*-Iron-Silicon -Arsenic*-Lead-Tin -Zinc -Arsenic*-Nickel -Arsenic*-Oxygen -Arsenic*-0xygen-Silver -Arsenic*-Tin -Zinc -Beryllium* Links 1.340 6.37 6.32 6.26 6.35 6.34 6.12 6.13 6.11 6.17 6.17 5.420 344 Index Terms -Bismuth* -Bismuth-Tin -Cadmium* -Cadmium*-Silver -Calcium* -Carbon*-Chromium-Iron -Carbon*-Chromium-Iron-Nickel -Carbon*-Chromium-Iron-Tungsten -Carbon*-Iron-Manganese -Carbon*-Iron-Manganese-Silicon -Carbon*-Iron-Nickel -Cerium* -Chromium* -Chromium*-Molybdenum -Chromium*-Nickel -Cobalt* -Cobalt*-Iron-Nickel-Zinc -Cuprous oxide Freezing point-solubility -Cuprous sulfide Solubility, mutual -Gold Annealing temperature Density Electrical conductivity Equilibrium diagram Hardness Mechanical properties Specific heat Specific volume Thermal conductivity Thermal expansion Thermoelectric properties X-ray diffraction data -Gold-Nickel Equilibrium diagram Hardness -Gold-Silver Density Electrical conductivity Equilibrium diagram Hardness -Iron Absorption, index of Curie point Density Electrical conductivity Equilibrium diagram Hall effect Hardness Magnetic properties Mechanical properties Refraction, index of Thermoelectric properties -Iron-Lead-Tin-Zinc Thermal conductivity -Iron-Manganese Electrical conductivity -Iron-Manganese-Nickel Electrical conductivity Thermoelectric properties See also Monel metal. -Iron-Manganese-Nickel-Zinc Electrical conductivity -Iron-Manganese-Silicon Electrical conductivity -Iron-Nickel Links 4.40 3.393 2.591 2.589 6.164 2.425 2.587 2.586 5.120 2.589 5.223 2.464 6.217 1.349 2.474 2.443 2.586 2.589 6.164 2.446 2.586 5.251 6.391 2.554 6.168 2.432 6.417 2.554 6.391 2.553 5.251 6.226 6.172 6.180 6.170 6.225 6.194 5.224 6.168 6.169 6.219 6.170 6.168 345 Index Terms Electrical conductivity -Iron-Silicon Electrical conductivity Thermal expansion -Iron-Tin Volume change on solidification -Iron-Tin-Zinc Electrical conductivity -Iron-Zinc Electrical conductivity Mechanical properties -Lead Electrical conductivity Equilibrium diagram -Lead-Tin Density Elastic properties Electrical conductivity Mechanical properties Mold shrinkage Thermal conductivity Volume change on solidificat ion -Lead-Tin-Zinc Elastic properties Electrical conductivity Mechanical properties Mold shrinkage Thermal conductivity Volume change on solidification -Lead-Zinc Electrical conductivity Endurance limits Equilibrium diagram -Magnesium Electrical conductivity Endurance limits Equilibrium diagram Mechanical properties Specific heat Thermal conductivity -Magnesium-Zinc Mechanical properties -Manganese Density Electrical conductivity Endurance limits Equilibrium diagram Hardness Magnetic susceptibility Mechanical properties Specific heat Thermal conductivity X-ray diffraction data -Manganese-Nickel Electrical conductivity Magnetic field, effect of Endurance limits Equilibrium diagram Specific heat Thermal conductivity -Manganese-Phosphorus Density -Manganese-Tin Curie point Magnetic properties Volume change on solidification -Manganese-Zinc Links 6.169 6.180 2.469 2.476 6.172 6.172 2.556 6.197 2.434 2.570 2.571 6.172 2.561 2.572 5.224 2.476 2.571 6.172 2.561 2.572 5.225 2.475 6.172 2.602 2.418 2.562 2.566 2.569 2.476 6.198 6.168 2.604 2.432 2.545 5.120 5.224 2.545 2.554 6.168 2.600 2.432 2.554 6.365 2.553 5.120 5.224 1.349 6.168 6.422 2.600 2.445 5.121 5.224 2.555 6.408 6.408 2.476 6.170 2.604 2.446 2.608 346 Index Terms Mechanical properties -Mercury Thermoelectric properties Viscosity, liquid -Mercury-Silver-Tin Thermal expansion -Molybdenum-Nickel Equilibrium diagram -Nickel Absorption, index of Curie point Density Electrical conductivity Magnetic field, effect of Emission, spectral Endurance limits Equilibrium diagram Hall effect Magnetic properties Magnetic susceptibility Mechanical properties Nernst effect Refraction, index of Specific heat Thermal conductivity Thermal expansion Thermoelectric properties X-ray diffraction data -Nickel-Silver Density -Nickel-Tin Endurance limits Volume change on solidification -Nickel-Tin-Zinc Elastic properties Thermal conductivity Volume change on solidification -Nickel-Titanium Electrical conductivity -Nickel-Zinc Annealing range Density Electrical conductivity Endurance limits Equilibrium diagram Mechanical properties Thermal conductivity -Oxygen Density Hardness Mechanical properties Vapor pressure -Oxygen-Sulfur Vapor pressure -Palladium Equilibrium diagram X-ray diffraction data -Phosphorus Density Electrical conductivity Equilibrium diagram Freezing point-solubility Hardness Mechanical properties Thermoelectric properties -Phosphorus-Tin Electrical conductivity Links 2.556 6.220 5.7 2.472 2.444 5.251 6.409 2.480 2.480 6.422 5.254 2.600 2.433 6.417 6.405 6.365 2.480 6.420 5.251 5.120 5.224 2.464 6.219 1.349 6.169 6.170 6.197 2.601 2.604 2.606 6.406 2.589 2.601 2.476 2.571 5.224 2.475 6.170 2.482 2.480 2.480 2.601 2.445 2.480 5.224 2.554 2.554 2.554 3.352 3.374 2.434 1.349 2.555 6.171 2.433 4.29 2.554 2.554 6.219 6.172 6.170 2.606 6.194 347 Index Terms Magnetic field, effect of Mechanical properties Specific heat Viscosity, normal coefficient Volume change on solidification -Platinum Equilibrium diagram -Selenium Equilibrium diagram Freezing point-solubility -Silicon Density Equilibrium data Hardness Specific heat Thermal expansion -Silicon-Tin Electrical conductivity Volume change on solidification -Silver Absorption, index of Annealing temperature Density Electrical conductivity Equilibrium diagram Hardness Mechanical properties Refraction, index of Specific volume Thermal conductivity Thermal expansion X-ray diffraction data -Sulfur Equilibrium diagram Freezing point-solubility -Sulfur dioxide Free energy of reaction Freezing point-solubility Heat of reaction Vapor pressure -Tellurium Equilibrium diagram Freezing point-solubility -Thallium Equilibrium diagram -Tin Absorption, index of Density Elastic properties Electrical conductivity Emission, spectral Endurance limits Equilibrium diagram Hardness Impact strength Magnetic susceptibility Mechanical properties Mold shrinkage Refraction, index of Specific heat Surface tension Thermal conductivity Thermal expansion Thermoelectric properties Viscosity, liquid Volume change due to tempering Volume change on solidification Links 6.422 2.560 5.121 5.6 2.476 2.434 2.434 4.27 2.594 2.434 2.554 5.120 2.464 2.469 6.172 2.476 5.250 2.591 2.587 6.160 2.421 2.554 2.584 5.250 2.589 5.222 2.464 1.349 2.589 6.167 2.433 4.25 7.265 4.40 7.265 3.355 2.435 4.28 2.434 5.251 2.570 2.571 6.171 5.254 2.600 2.433 2.563 2.570 6.365 2.559 2.572 5.251 5.120 4.440 2.572 2.464 6.219 5.7 2.477 2.475 6.197 2.601 2.561 5.225 5.10 2.476 2.606 348 Index Terms X-ray diffraction data -Tin-Tungsten Volume change on solidification -Tin-Zinc Density Impact strength Mechanical properties Mold shrinkage Thermal conductivity Volume change on solidification -Titanium Electrical conductivity -Zinc Absorption, index of Compressibility Density Electrical conductivity Endurance limits Equilibrium diagram Hall effect Magnetic susceptibility Mechanical properties Refraction, index of Specific heat Thermal conductivity Thermal expansion Thermoelectric properties Viscosity Volume change due to tempering Volume change on solidification X-ray diffraction data See also Brass. Copper amalgam -Mercuric sulfate Free energy and heat of reaction Copper arc, filters for Copper hemitelluride Transition temperature Copper hydride, band spectra Copper iron sulfide X-ray diffraction data Copper nickel steels Analyses, table of Mechanical properties Copper nitride , heat of formation Copper phosphide Decomposition pressure Copper steels Analyses, table of Density Mechanical properties Specific heat Thermal conductivity See also Copper-Iron. Copper tetramminenitrate -Ammonia* Copper-mercury cell Coprosterol, optical rotatory power Coquimbite Density Refractive index Corbino effect Cordage fibers Links 1.348 2.476 2.570 2.570 2.556 2.572 2.572 2.475 2.563 2.476 6.172 5.251 2.548 2.548 6.172 2.600 2.435 6.417 6.365 2.546 5.251 5.121 5.225 2.464 6.219 5.6 2.477 2.475 1.348 6.197 2.601 2.607 2.470 2.474 2.555 2.469 7.263 5.272 4.7 5.413 1.343 2.486 2.513 5.187 7.264 2.486 2.517 2.509 2.518 2.518 6.315 7.464 1.128 1.128 6.415 2.235 2.606 1.166 349 Index Terms Cordierite, refractive index Cordylite Density Refractive index Cork Acoustic absorption Sound, velocity of, in Thermal conductivity Cork board Corkite Density Refractive index Cornish bronze Corona, electrical Corronil (alloy) Corrosiron Corrosive sublimate. See Mercuric chloride. Corsonite (alloy) Corundum Boiling point Compressibility Density Hardness Heat of formation Magnetic susceptibility Melting point Refractive index Specific heat Thermal conductivity Thermal expansion See also Aluminum oxide. Corybulbine Absorption spectra Optical rotatory power Corycavamine Optical rotatory power Corydaline Absorption spectra Optical rotatory power d-Corydine Optical rotatory power Corypalmine Optical rotatory power Cosalite, density Cosmic velocities, distribution Costa Rica, weights and measures Cotton Adsorption on Bleaching, effect of Breaking strengths Density Fibers Dimensions Physical properties Fireproofing agents Hygroscopic moisture Mercerized Adsorption on Hygroscopic moisture Physical properties Microscopical characteristics Moisture content at various humidities Regain at various humidities and temperatures Links 7.24 1.148 1.148 1.167 6.459 6.465 2.315 2.46 1.129 1.129 2.374 6.107 2.374 2.374 1.167 2.560 2.480 2.473 2.601 2.604 2.374 1.136 2.87 1.136 2.87 5.194 6.364 1.136 1.136 2.87 5.232 2.87 1.164 3.50 2.87 1.167 7.22 3.43 5.355 7.476 7.476 5.355 7.476 7.354 7.476 7.476 1.116 1.390 1.5 3.253 2.234 2.233 2.237 2.312 2.233 2.233 2.239 2.237 3.252 2.237 2.234 2.232 2.237 2.238 2.316 2.323 2.324 350 Index Terms Sodium hydroxide, absorption of Tensile strength, humidity, effect of Thermal conductivity Cotton industry Air conditioning in Cottonseed hull fiber Density Thermal conductivity Cottonseed oil -Acetic acid* -Ethyl alcohol Solubility, mutual -Formic acid Solubility, mutual -Methyl alcohol Solubility, mutual -Oleates Dielectric constant Cotunnite Density Melting point Refractive index See also Lead chloride. Coulomb, definition Coumaric acid (o-, m-, p-) Absorption spectra Coumarin -Sulfuric acid Freezing point-solubility -1,3,5-Trinitrobenzene Freezing point-solubility Coumarone Refractive index Verdet constant Covellite. See Cupric sulfide. Cowles brass Craig gold Crandallite Density Refractive index Creatine Absorption spectra, ultra-violet Heat of combustion -Creatinine Reaction kinetics Creatinine Absorption spectra Heat of combustion -Creatine* Crednerite, density Creedite Density Refractive index Creosol Dielectric absorption Dielectric constant Verdet constant Crescent steel Cresol -Acetone* -Benzene* -Carbon tetrachloride* -Ethyl alcohol Links 2.234 2.237 2.312 2.322 2.313 2.313 3.395 3.395 3.395 6.104 1.115 1.115 1.115 1.173 1.35 5.344 4.189 4.118 7.42 6.429 2.374 2.374 1.145 1.145 1.167 5.366 5.167 7.141 5.337 5.167 1.128 1.145 1.145 6.93 6.93 6.429 2.374 1.168 351 Index Terms Vapor pressure, partial -Ethyl ether Vapor pressure -Phenol Freezing point-solubility in water Vapor pressure o-Cresol Absorption spectra, ultra-violet Allotropic forms Azeotropic mixtures Boiling point Compressibility Critical point data Cryoscopic constant Density Dielectric constant Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Flash point Heat of solution in water Melting point under pressure Photoluminescence Solubility in water Specific heat Surface tension Triple point Vapor pressure Verdet constant Viscosity Volume change on melting -Aniline* -Benzene* -Chloroacetic acid* -m-Cresol Boiling point Density Freezing point-solubility -m-Cresol-Phenol Density -p-Cresol Freezing point-solubility -Dimethylpyrone Freezing point-solubility -Ethyl alcohol Density -Isoamyl acetate Density -Nitrobenzene Density -Phenol Boiling point Density Freezing point-solubility -Picric acid Freezing point-solubility -Pyridine Density Freezing point-solubility Heat of solution Specific heat Viscosity -Sodium oleate Freezing point-solubility in water Miscibility in water -Sulfuric acid Freezing point-solubility -Trichloroacetic acid Freezing point-solubility Links 3.288 3.289 4.416 3.289 5.341 4.16 3.322 3.223 3.37 3.249 4.183 3.29 6.92 6.281 2.161 5.150 4.16 5.386 3.391 5.111 4.456 4.16 3.223 6.429 5.42 4.16 3.314 3.188 4.150 3.197 4.150 4.150 3.160 3.188 3.177 3.314 3.182 4.136 4.120 3.170 4.117 5.158 6.127 5.42 4.419 3.414 4.188 4.102 5.362 3.33 4.252 7.218 352 Index Terms -Urea Freezing point-solubility m-Cresol Absorption spectra, ultra-violet Azeotropic mixtures Birefringence, electric Boiling point Compressibility Critical point data Density Aqueous solution Dielectric constant Electrical conductivity Aqueous solution Flash point Heat of vaporization Photoluminescence Refractive index Solubility in water Sound, velocity of, in Specific heat Surface tension Vapor pressure Verdet constant Viscosity -Aniline* -Aniline*-Benzene -Benzene* -Benzene*-Dimethylaniline -Carbon disulfide* -Chloroacetic acid* -Chloroform* -o-Cresol* -o-Cresol* -Phenol -p-Cresol Density Freezing point-solubility -p-Cresol-Phenol Density Freezing point-solubility -Dimethylaniline Density Heat of solution Specific heat Surface tension Viscosity -Dimethylpyrone Freezing point-solubility -Ethyl acetate Vapor pressure -Ethyl ether Distribution coefficients in water -Isoamyl acetate Density Viscosity -Methyl alcohol Vapor pressure -Naphthalene Density Refractive index Dispersion -Phenol Boiling point Density Freezing point-solubility -Picric acid Freezing point-solubility Links 4.100 5.341 3.323 7.111 3.223 3.37 3.249 3.29 3.114 6.92 6.144 6.281 2.161 5.137 5.386 7.40 3.391 6.464 5.111 4.456 3.223 6.429 5.42 3.188 4.151 3.197 4.169 3.188 5.157 5.128 4.474 5.49 4.151 3.289 3.430 3.188 5.49 3.287 7.86 7.86 7.105 3.314 3.182 4.136 4.120 5.362 3.33 5.46 5.48 7.218 353 Index Terms -Pyridine Density Freezing point-solubility Heat of solution Specific heat Viscosity -Quinoline Density Refractive index Dispersion -Sodium oleate Freezing point-solubility in water Miscibility in water -Toluene Density Heat of solution Surface tension Vapor pressure Viscosity -o-Toluidine Density Heat of solution Specific heat Surface tension Viscosity -Trichloroacetic acid Freezing point-solubility -Urea Freezing point-solubility p-Cresol Absorption spectra, ultra-violet Azeotropic mixtures Boiling point Compressibility Critical point data Cryoscopic constant Density Dielectric constant Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Flash point Heat of fusion Heat of solution in water Melting point under pressure Photoluminescence Solubility in water Surface tension Vapor pressure Verdet constant Viscosity -Aniline* -Benzene* -Chloroacetic acid* -Cresol (o-, m -)* -m-Cresol*-Phenol -Dimethylpyrone Freezing point-solubility -Isoamyl acetate Density -Phenol Boiling point Density Freezing point-solubility -Picric acid Freezing point-solubility -Pyridine Density Freezing point-solubility Links 3.171 4.117 5.158 5.127 5.42 7.86 7.86 7.105 4.419 3.414 3.187 5.157 4.474 3.289 5.49 3.188 5.157 5.128 4.474 5.49 4.102 4.100 5.341 3.323 3.223 3.37 3.249 4.183 3.29 6.92 6.281 2.161 5.133 5.150 4.10 5.386 3.391 4.456 3.223 6.429 5.42 4.151 3.188 3.314 3.182 4.136 4.120 3.171 4.117 5.362 3.33 4.251 5.49 7.218 354 Index Terms Viscosity -Sodium oleate Freezing point-solubility in water Miscibility in water -Sulfur Freezing point lowerin g -Sulfuric acid Freezing point-solubility -Trichloroacetic acid Freezing point-solubility -Urea Freezing point-solubility Crestmorite Density Refractive index o-Cresyl methyl ether Absorption spectra Electrical conductivity Viscosity m-Cresyl methyl ether Absorption spectra Viscosity p-Cresyl methyl ether Specific heat Viscosity Cristobalite Crystallography Density Heat of formation Heat of transition Inversion points Melting point Optical constants Refractive index Specific heat Thermal expansion Volume change on inversion X-ray diffraction data See also Silica. Cri tical constants Critical potentials Bands Resonance lines Transitions involved Crocidolite Density Refractive index Crocoitite Density Melting point Refractive index See also Lead chromate. Crodon (alloy) Cronite (alloy) Cronstedtite Density Refractive index Crotonaldehyde Absorption spectra Refractive index Crotonic acid Absorption spectra Density, aqueous solution Heat of combustion Links 5.42 4.419 3.414 4.38 4.188 4.102 4.100 1.144 1.144 1.171 5.343 6.144 7.219 5.343 7.219 5.112 7.219 4.20 1.112 5.182 5.182 4.20 1.112 6.341 1.112 5.105 4.21 4.21 1.341 1.103 6.69-73 6.72-73 6.70-72 6.70-72 2.82 1.166 3.248 1.152 1.152 1.172 1.133 1.133 1.133 1.174 2.374 2.374 1.142 1.142 5.337 7.36 5.337 3.114 5.165 1.167 5.374 4.20 355 Index Terms Heat of fusion Specific heat Liquid Solid -Dichloroacetic acid Freezing point-solubility -Sulfuric acid Freezing point-solubility -Trichloroacetic acid Freezing point-solubility α-Crotonic acid Absorption spectra, ultra-violet Cryoscopic constant Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Melting point under pressure -Chloroacetic acid* -Chloroform* -β-Crotonic acid Freezing point-solubility -Dimethylpyrone Freezing point-solubility -Ethyl ether Distribution coefficients in water -Xylene Distribution coefficients in water β-Crotonic acid Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution -α-Crotonic acid* Crotonic nitrile Absorption spectra Dielectric constant Refractive index -Aniline* Crotorite (alloy) Crova wave -length Cryolite Density Melting point Refractive index Specific heat Transition temperature -Aluminum oxide* -Aluminum oxide*-Calcium fluoride -Calcium fluoride* -Silica Density Cryolithionite Density Refractive index Cryoscopic data Aqueous solutions Inorganic solvents Organic solvents Cryptohalite Density Refractive index Crystal gratings Crystal growth Crystal structure Magnetism, relation of X-ray Crystallization, velocity of Crystallography, carbon compounds Links 5.132 5.108 5.102 4.105 4.188 4.101 5.375 4.183 6.266 4.10 5.377 4.114 4.114 3.426 3.426 6.266 5.336 6.86 7.36 2.374 5.242 1.153 1.153 1.153 5.100 4.7 1.168 3.134 1.154 1.154 1.165 4.254 4.36 4.183 4.214 4.215 1.113 1.113 6.7 1.355 6.347 1.338 5.60 1.320 1.165 5.61 2.356 356 Index Terms Crystolon. See Carborundum. Cuba , weights and measures Cubanite , density Cubebin, optical rotatory power Cufenium (alloy) Cuivre poll Culmitz alloy Thermoelectric properties Cumaldehyde Absorption spectra Diffusion in methyl alcohol Cumene Absorption spectra Birefringence Boiling point Compressibility Dielectric constant Magnetic susceptibility Vapor pressure -Benzoic acid* -Camphoric acid* -Salicylic acid Density Cumic acid Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Heat of combustion Heat of solution in water Cumicaldehyde Absorption spectra Dielectric constant Surface tension Verdet constant Cuminyl alcohol Verdet constant Cuniloy Cup anemometer Cupreine, optical rotatory power Cupric acetate Absorption spectra, solutions Ammine, decomposition pressure Boiling point Boiling point elevation in aqueous solution Density Aqueous solution Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Heat of formation Magnetic susceptibility Aqueous solution Melting point of hydrate Refractive index Viscosity, aqueous solution -Acetic acid* -Potassium bromide Density, aqueous solution -Pyridine Freezing point-solubility Cupric henzoate Ammine, decomposition pressure Cupric bromide Absorption spectra, solutions Ammines Decomposition pressure Links 1.5 1.129 7.362 2.375 2.375 2.555 6.222 5.346 5.73 5.333 7.111 3.225 3.39 6.94 6.364 3.225 3.187 6.295 5.166 5.150 5.333 6.95 4.460 6.430 6.430 2.375 1.403 7.475 5.327 7.264 1.123 3.325 1.123 3.67 6.244 4.256 5.188 6.357 6.364 1.123 1.123 5.14 1.163 1.170 3.100 4.200 7.264 5.327 7.262 5.328 2.601 357 Index Terms Heat of decomposition Heat of formation Decomposition pressure Density, aqueous solution Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Heat of formation Magnetic susceptibility Aqueous solution Methylamine complex Decomposition pressure Heat of decomposition Transference number -Methyl acetate Boiling point elevation Cupric carbonate Heat of formation -Sodium bicarbonate-Sodium carbonate Freezing point-solubility in water Cupric chlorate Ammines Decomposition pressure Heat of decomposition Density, aqueous solut ion Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Heat of formation Refractive index, aqueous solution Dispersion Solubility in water Cupric chloride Absorption spectra, solutions Ammines Absorption spectra Decomposition pressure Heat of decomposition Heat of formation Boiling point Boiling point elevation in aqueous solution Decomposition pressure Decomposition pressure of hydrates Density Aqueous solution Dielectric constant Diffusion in water Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Heat of formation Hydrolysis constant Magnetic susceptibility Aqueous solution Melting point Methylamine complex Decomposition pressure Heat of decomposition Photoelectric current Refractive index Solubility in water Specific heat Aqueous solution Solid Surface tension, aqueous solution Thermal conductivity Transference number Vapor pressure Aqueous solution Links 7.262 5.188 7.262 3.66 6.234 4.256 5.187 6.357 6.364 7.262 7.262 6.310 3.340 5.188 4.371 7.262 7.262 3.66 6.244 4.256 5.187 7.70 7.100 4.222 5.327 5.328 7.262 7.262 5.188 1.122 3.325 7.261 7.261 1.122 3.66 6.76 5.65 6.231 4.256 5.187 7.261 6.357 6.364 1.122 7.262 7.262 6.68 1.122 4.222 5.122 5.97 4.464 5.216 6.310 3.208 3.366 3.104 6.254 5.328 1.163 3.107 6.232 1.172 6.311 5.330 358 Index Terms Vapor pressure lowering in aqueous solution Viscosity, aqueous solution X-rays, absorption coefficient -Acetone* -Acetone*-Potassium chloride -Acetone*-Sodium chloride -Ammonium chloride* -Ammonium chloride*-Barium chloride -Ammonium chloride*-Potassium chloride -Ammonium sulfate* -Barium chloride* -Barium chloride*-Potassium chloride -Barium chloride*-Sodium chloride -Bismuth chloride* -Cadmium chloride* -Cupric oxide Density, aqueous solution -Cupric sulfate Freezing point-solubility in water -Cuprous chloride Freezing point-solubility -Cuprous chloride-Hydrogen chloride Freezing point-solubility in water -Ethyl acetate Density -Ethyl alcohol Boiling point elevation Density Magnetic susceptibility -Ethyl alcohol-Potassium chloride Solubility relations -Ethyl alcohol-Toluene Density -Ethyl ether Distribution coefficients in hydrochloric acid -Hydrogen chloride Density, aqueous solution Freezing point-solubility in water Viscosity, aqueous solution -Lithium chloride Density, aqueous solution Freezing point-solubility in water Viscosity, aqueous solution -Lithium sulfate Freezing point-solubility -Magnesium chloride Density, aqueous solut ion Viscosity, aqueous solution -Mercuric chloride Boiling point elevation in aqueous solution Freezing point-solubility in water -Methyl acetate Boiling point elevation Density -Methyl alcohol Boiling point elevation -Methyl sulfide Density -Potassium chloride Density, aqueous solution Freezing point-solubility in water Vapor pressure, aqueous solution Viscosity, aqueous solution -Potassium sulfate Freezing point-solubility in water -Pyridine Boiling point elevation Links 3.294 5.14 6.13 3.98 4.277 4.57 4.305 3.139 3.337 3.139 6.364 4.211 3.143 3.421 3.95 4.306 5.18 3.98 4.306 5.19 4.278 3.98 5.19 3.347 4.305 3.340 3.139 3.334 3.338 3.98 4.307 3.380 5.19 4.278 3.342 4.382 359 Index Terms Freezing point-solubility -Rubidium sulfate Freezing point-solubility -Sodium chloride Boiling point elevation in aqueous solution Density, aqueous solution Freezing point-solubility in water Viscosity, aqueous solution -Sodium sulfate Freezing point-solubility in water -Strontium chloride Density, aqueous solution Freezing point-solubility in water -Sulfuric acid Density, aqueous solution -Thallium monochloride Solubility in water Cupric distrontium formate Refractive index Cupric dithionate Ammines Decomposition pressure Heat of decomposition Heat of formation Solubility in water -Ammonium dithionate* Cupric ferrocyanide Dehydration behavior of hydrate Cupric fluoride , heat of formation Cupric fluosilicate Density Refractive index Cupric formate Ammine Decomposition pressure Heat of decomposition Crystallography Density Aqueous solution Heat of formation Refractive index Surface tension, aqueous solution Viscosity, aqueous solution -Formic acid Density, aqueous solution Cupric hydroxide Decomposition pressure Free energy Heat of formation -Malic acid Freezing point-solubility in water -Sulfuric acid Freezing point-solubility in water Cupric iodate Ammine Decomposition pressure Heat of decomposition Cupric iodide Ammines Decomposition pressure Heat of decomposition Heat of formation Heat of formation Luminescence Methylamine complex Links 4.200 4.278 3.347 3.98 4.306 5.19 4.277 4.382 3.98 4.306 3.96 7.320 1.147 1.169 7.263 7.263 5.187 4.222 7.279 5.187 1.123 1.123 7.264 7.264 1.320 1.123 3.67 5.188 1.123 4.464 5.14 1.166 1.170 3.102 7.261 7.261 5.187 4.414 4.339 7.263 7.263 7.263 7.263 5.188 5.187 5.389 4.389 7.21 360 Index Terms Decomposition pressure Heat of decomposition Cupric 1,5-naphthalenedisulfonate Density Refractive index Cupric naphthalene-2-sulfonate Ammines, decomposition pressure Cupric α-naphthoylbenzoate Ammine, decomposition pressure Cupric nitrate Absorption spectra Ammines Absorption spectra Decomposition pressure Heat of decomposition Concentration cell Density, aqueous solution Electrical conductivity Aqueous solution Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Heat of formation Heat of fusion Hydrolysis constant Magnetic susceptibility Aqueous solution Refractive index, aqueous solution Dispersion Solubility in water Specific heat, aqueous solution Viscosity, aqueous solution -Acetone*-Ethyl alcohol -Ammonium nitrate* -Cupric sulfate Freezing point-solubility in water -Iodine-Lead iodide-Lead nitrate Density, aqueous solution -Lead iodide Freezing point-solubility in water -Lead nitrate Density, aqueous solution Freezing point-solubility in water -Nitric acid Density, aqueous solution Freezing point-solubility in water -Silver nitrate Freezing point-solubility in water -Sodium nitrate Freezing point-solubility in water -Sodium sulfate Freezing point-solubility in water -Sulfuric acid Density, aqueous solut ion Cupric oleate, dielectric constant Cupric oxalate Ammine, decomposition pressure Cupric oxide Albedo Contact potential Dielectric constant Electrical conductivity Electrons, thermal emission of Free energy Decomposition Fusion Heat content Links 7.263 7.263 1.123 1.123 1.171 7.264 7.264 5.328 5.328 7.264 7.264 6.326 3.67 6.148 6.237 4.256 5.187 5.131 7.261 6.357 6.364 7.70 7.100 4.222 5.122 5.14 5.330 3.107 6.240 4.323 3.100 4.319 3.97 4.360 3.97 4.362 4.362 4.362 4.323 3.96 6.97 7.264 5.263 6.57 6.76 6.153 6.54 7.261 7.265 7.261 7.261 4.387 361 Index Terms Heat of decomposition Heat of formation Magnetic susceptibility Photoelectric current Radiation temperature, total Reduction, equilibrium constant of Specific heat Thermal conductivity Thermionic work function Thermoelectric power Vapor pressure X-ray diffraction data See also Tenorite. -Carbon dioxide* -Cupric chloride* -Cupric sulfate Density, aqueous solution -Cuprous chloride Freezing point-solubility -Lead oxide Freezing point-solubility -Manganese dioxide Electrical conductivity -Sea salt Freezing point-solubility -Sulfur dioxide Free energy of reaction Heat of reaction Cupric oxysulfate Free energy Decomposition Heat content Heat of decomposition Cupric perchlorate Absorption spectra, solutions Ammines Decomposition pressure Heat of decomposition Decomposition pressure of hydrate Cupric phosphide Magnetic susceptibility Cupric potassium carbonate Heat of formation Cupric potassium chloride Density Aqueous solution Heat of formation Magnetic susceptibility Refract ive index Specific heat Cupric potassium selenate Density Refractive index Cupric potassium sulfate Boiling point elevation in aqueous solution Density, aqueous solution Heat of formation Refractive index Solubility in water Cupric propionate Density, aqueous solution Viscosity, aqueous solution -Propionic acid Density, aqueous solution Links 7.265 5.187 6.357 6.68 5.246 7.265 5.97 5.216 6.54 6.224 3.208 1.342 6.69 3.98 4.57 4.50 6.151 4.76 7.265 7.265 7.265 7.265 7.265 7.265 5.328 7.262 7.262 7.262 6.357 5.206 1.156 3.91 5.206 6.360 1.156 5.101 1.156 1.156 3.326 3.91 5.206 7.31 4.241 3.67 5.14 3.102 1.167 1.169 7.31 362 Index Terms Cupric rubidium chloride Heat of formation Cupric rubidium selenate Refractive index Cupric rubidium sulfate Density Refractive index Solubility in water Cupric salicylate Transference number Cupric selenate Heat of formation Reflectivity, selective Cupric selenide Heat of formation Cupric sodium chloride Magnetic susceptibility Cupric sodium cyanide Density, aqueous solution Cupric sodium sulfate Solubility in water Specific heat Cupric sulfate Absorption spectra, solutions Adsorption by charcoal Ammine Absorption spectra Decomposition pressure Heat of decomposition Heat of formation Boiling point elevation in aqueous solution Concentration cell Density Aqueous solution Dielectric constant Aqueous solution Diffusion in water Drying agent, value as Electrical conductivity Aqueous solution Free energy Decomposition Freezing mixtures, use in Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Heat content Heat of decomposition Heat of formation Hydrates Free energy Heat content Magnetic susceptibility Aqueous solution Reflectivity, selective Solubility in water Solution velocity in water Sound, velocity of, in aqueous solution Specific heat Aqueous solution Spectral filter, use as Surface tension, aqueous solution Thermal conductivity Aqueous solution Transference number Vapor pressure, aqueous solution Vapor pressure lowering in aqueous solution Links 5.207 7.31 1.160 1.160 4.243 1.169 7.31 5.328 5.330 6.310 5.187 5.260 5.187 6.360 3.86 4.238 5.100 5.327 3.252 5.327 7.263 7.263 5.188 3.325 6.326 1.122 3.67 6.76 6.101 5.65 3.385 6.154 6.231 7.263 7.265 1.64 4.256 7.263 7.265 5.187 7.263 7.263 6.357 6.364 5.260 4.222 5.56 6.464 5.97 5.122 5.273 4.464 5.216 5.229 6.310 3.367 3.294 3.44 3.107 6.104 6.235 5.59 7.263 6.240 363 Index Terms Viscosity, aqueous solution X-rays, absorption coefficient See also Chalcanthite. -Ammonia* -Ammonium chloride* -Ammonium chloride*-Potassium sulfate -Ammonium sulfate* -Ammonium sulfate*-Lithium sulfate -Ammonium sulfate*-Nickel sulfate -Ammonium sulfate*-Potassium sulfate -Ammonium sulfate*-Zinc sulfate -Calcium hydroxide* -Calcium sulfate* -Cupric chloride* -Cupric nitrate* -Cupric oxide* -Cupric sulfide Vapor pressure -Glycerol Viscosity, aqueous solution -Hydrochloric acid Density, aqueous solution -Lithium chloride Freezing point-solubility in water -Lithium sulfate Freezing point-solubility in water -Manganous sulfate Density, aqueous solution Freezing point-solubility in water Viscosity, aqueous solution -Nitric acid Density, aqueous solution -Potassium chloride Freezing point-solubility in water -Potassium sulfate Density, aqueous solution Freezing-point-solubility in water Viscosity, aqueous solution -Rubidium chloride Freezing point-solubility in water -Sodium chloride Freezing point-solubility in water -Sodium nitrate Freezing point-solubility in water -Sodium sulfate Density, aqueous solution Freezing point-solubility in water Viscosity, aqueous solution -Sodium sulfate-Sulfuric acid Freezing point-solubility in water -Sulfuric acid Density, aqueous solution Freezing point-solubility -Zinc sulfate Freezing point-solubility in water Thermal conductivity, aqueous solution Cupric sulfide Density Emission, spectral Free energy Decomposition Heat content Heat of formation Magnetic susceptibility Photoelectric current Specific heat Thermal conductivity Links 5.14 6.13 3.358 5.24 3.95 4.278 4.341 3.98 4.339 5.19 4.389 3.97 4.278 4.382 3.98 4.341 5.19 4.278 4.277 4.382 4.323 4.387 3.98 4.342 5.19 4.389 4.340 4.389 3.96 4.43 4.337 5.229 1.122 5.258 7.263 7.265 7.263 5.187 6.357 6.69 5.97 5.216 4.389 7.263 364 Index Terms Transformation temperature -Antimony trisulfide* -Cupric sulfate* -Cuprous sulfide Density Cupric tartrate Solubility in water Cupric tetrathionate Ammine Decomposition pressure Heat of decomposition Cupric thallium selenate Refractive index Cupric thallium sulfate Refractive index Solubility in water Cupric thiocyanate Ammines, decomposition pressure -Ammonia* Cupric thiosulfate Ammine, decomposition pressure Cuprite Density Refractive index Thermal expansion See also Cuprous oxide. Cuprodescloizite Density Refractive index Cuproferrite Kerr constant Transmission of radiant energy Cupror (alloy) Cuprotungstite Refractive index Cuprous bromide Ammines Decomposition pressure Heat of decomposition Heat of formation Band spectra Concentration cell Electrical conductivity Heat of formation Transition temperature Vapor pressure X-ray diffraction data -Cadmium bromide* 'Cuprous chloride Freezing point-solubility -Cuprous iodide Freezing point-solubility -Diethyl sulfide Boiling point elevation -Methyl sulfide Boiling point elevation -Potassium bromide Freezing point-solubility -Pyridine Boiling point elevation Cuprous chloride Ammines Decomposition pressure Heat of decomposition Links 1.122 3.131 4.223 7.264 7.264 7.31 7.31 4.223 7.264 7.263 1.121 1.121 3.43 1.165 1.135 1.135 1.173 6.435 5.270 2.375 2.574 1.134 1.173 7.262 7.262 5.188 5.413 6.326 6.148 5.187 4.7 3.214 1.342 4.57 4.57 3.342 3.338 4.57 3.342 7.261 7.261 2.601 365 Index Terms Heat of formation Band spectra Chloride ion, equilibrium constant Concentration cell Electrical conductivity Free energy Heat of formation Photoelectric current Reduction, electrode potential Solubility in antimony trichloride Specific heat Vapor pressure X-ray diffraction data -Aluminum chloride* -Ammonium chloride* -Bismuth* -Bismuth chloride* -Cadmium chloride* -Calcium chloride* -Cesium chloride* -Cupric chloride* -Cupric chloride*-Hydrogen chloride -Cupric oxid e* -Cuprous bromide* -Cuprous iodide Freezing point-solubility -Cuprous sulfide Freezing point-solubility -Dieihyl sulfide Boiling point elevation -Ferric chloride Freezing point-solubility -Ferrous chloride Freezing point-solubility in water -Hydrochloric acid Density, aqueous solution Freezing point-solubility in water Vapor pressure, aqueous solution -Lead chloride Freezing point-solubility -Lithium chloride Freezing point-solubility -Magnesium chloride Freezing point-solubility -Mercuric chloride Freezing point-solubility -Methyl sulfide Boiling point elevation -Potassium chloride Density Freezing point-solubility Freezing point-solubility in water -Pyridine Boiling point elevation -Quinoline Boiling point elevation -Rubidium chloride Freezing point-solubility -Silver chloride Equilibrium in aqueous solution Freezing point-solubility -Sodium chloride Freezing point-solubility Freezing point-solubility in water -Stannous chloride Freezing point-solubility -Thallium monochloride Links 5.188 5.413 7.262 6.326 6.148 7.261 5.187 6.68 7.261 4.47 5.97 3.214 1.342 4.57 4.57 3.342 4.57 4.305 3.95 4.305 3.376 4.51 4.57 4.57 4.56 3.338 3.134 4.57 4.306 3.342 3.347 4.57 7.266 4.57 4.57 4.306 4.49 7.262 366 Index Terms Freezing point-solubility -Zinc chloride Freezing point-solubility Cuprous cyanide Heat of formation -Potassium cyanide Freezing point-solubility Freezing point-solubility in water -Pyridine Boiling point elevation -Sodium cyanide Freezing point-solubility Cuprous fluoride, band spectra Cuprous hydroxide Concentration cell Cuprous iodide Ammines Decomposition pressure Heat of decomposition Heat of formation Band spectra Electrical conductivity Aqueous solution Entropy Hall effect Heat content Heat of formation Specific heat Thermodynamic potential Transition temperature Vapor pressure Volume change on melting X-ray diffraction data See also Marshite. -Cadmium iodide* -Cuprous bromide* -Cuprous chloride* -Iodine Freezing point-solubility in water -Silver iodide Freezing point-solubility Cuprous oxide Brightness temperature Decomposition pressure Free energy Decomposition Fusion Heat content Heat of decomposition Heat of formation Heat of fusion Magnetic susceptibility Melting point Photoconductivity Photoelectric current Reduction, equilibrium constant Specific heat Thermal expansion Thermoelectric power X-ray diffraction data See also Cuprite. -Ammonium hydroxide* -Copper* -Silica Freezing point-solubility -Sulfur dioxide Links 4.53 4.54 5.188 4.58 4.376 4.393 3.342 4.58 5.413 6.326 7.262 7.262 5.188 5.413 6.148 6.258 5.90 6.416 5.90 5.187 5.90 5.90 4.7 3.214 4.12 1.342 4.267 4.57 1.60 7.265 7.265 7.265 7.265 7.265 7.265 5.187 7.265 6.357 7.265 6.66 6.68 7.265 5.97 3.43 6.224 1.3 4.85 5.97 367 Index Terms Free energy of reaction Cuprous potassium cyanide Refractive index Cuprous selenide Heat of formation Heat of transition Magnetic susceptibility Specific heat Transition temperature X-ray diffraction data Cuprous sulfate, heat of formation Cuprous sulfide Density Melting point Electrical conductivity Emission, spectral Free energy Allotropic transformation Heat content Heat of allotropic transformation Heat of formation Heat of transition Magnetic susceptibility Photoelectric current Silver ions, diffusion of, in Specific heat Thermal conductivity Transition temperature -Antimony trisulfide* -Copper* -Cupric sulfide* -Cuprous chloride* -Lead sulfide Freezing point-solubility -Nickel subsulfide Freezing point-solubility -Nickel sulfide Freezing point-solubility -Silver sulfide Freezing point-solubility -Sodium sulfide Freezing point-solubility -Sulfur dioxide Free energy and heat of reaction -Zinc sulfide Freezing point-solubility Cuprous telluride Heat of formation Transition temperature Cuprous thiocyanate Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Curie, definition Curie point, definition Curie's constant, conversion factors Curie's law Curite, density Current, definition Cusonine, optical rotatory power Custerite Density Refractive index Cyamelide Magnetic susceptibility Specific heat Links 7.265 1.156 1.165 5.187 5.187 6.357 5.97 4.7 1.342 5.187 1.122 1.122 6.148 5.258 7.265 7.265 7.265 7.265 5.187 5.187 6.357 6.69 5.77 5.97 5.221 4.7 7.265 4.52 4.57 4.58 4.57 4.58 7.265 4.54 4.78 5.187 4.7 6.258 1.35 6.346 1.21 6.350 1.134 1.35 7.477 1.144 1.144 6.361 5.102 6.369 1.171 368 Index Terms Cyanamide Cryoscopic constant Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Heat of formation Heat of fusion Heat of solution in water Hydrolysis constants Polymerization, kinetics of Solubility in water Specific heat -Dicyandiamide Freezing point-solubility -Urea Freezing point-solubility Cyanate ion, free energy Cyanic acid Absorption spectra Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Free energy Aqueous solution Ionization Heat of formation Ionization constant Cyanide ion, free energy Cyanin Photoluminescence Refractive index Cyanite Density Refractive index Specific heat Cyanoacetic acid Dielectric constant Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution -Benzene* -Ethyl ether Distribution coefficients in water Cyanobenzene -Chlorobenzene* -Ethyl alcohol Density -Isobutyl alcohol Density Cyanocamphor Optical rotatory power Cyanochroite Density Refractive index See also Cupric potassium sulfate. 1-Cyanoethyl acetate Dielectric constant Cyanogen Absorption spectra Band spectra Boiling point Critical point data Critical potentials Detonation Dielectric constant Electrical conductivity Explosion in closed vessels Explosive mixtures, limiting dilutions Free energy Heat of combustion Links 7.245 4.183 4.261 5.182 5.132 5.148 7.141 7.124 4.251 5.101 4.99 4.99 7.244 5.334 6.261 7.245 7.245 5.182 7.245 7.244 5.387 7.12 1.137 1.137 5.101 7.15 1.172 6.85 6.263 3.425 3.160 3.167 7.438 1.156 1.156 1.168 6.88 5.331 5.412 3.216 3.231 6.72 2.185 6.83 6.143 2.191 2.186 7.245 5.167 3.231 3.248 7.22 369 Index Terms Heat of dissociation Heat of formation Heat of vaporization Ignition temperature Inflammability, limits of Ionization by α-particles Ionization by β-particles Ionization by γ-rays Magnetic susceptibility Orthobaric density Polarization of light scattered by Refractivity Solubility in non-aqueous liquids Sound, velocity of, in Specific heat Gas Solid Thermal expansion Vapor pressure Vapor pressure above 1 atm. Viscosity, gas Cyanogen bromide Electrical conductivity Vapor pressure Cyanogen chloride Boiling point Density Heat of formation Heat of vaporization Solubility in water Vapor pressure Liquid Solid Vapor pressure above 1 atm. Cyanogen iodide Dissociation pressure Free energy Formation Heat of dissociation Heat of formation Cyanotrichite Density Refractive index Cyanuric acid Absorption spectra, ultra-violet Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Heat of formation Heat of solution in water Magnetic susceptibility Specific heat -Pyridine Density Viscosity Cyclamin, optical rotatory power Cyclene, heat of combustion Cyclobutanecarboxylic acid Refractive index Viscosity Cyclobutylcarbinol Heat of combustion Cycloheptane, heat of combustion Cycloheptene, heat of combustion Cycloheptanecarboxylic acid Heat of combustion Links 5.418 5.181 5.136 2.174 2.181 6.122 6.121 6.123 6.361 3.231 5.265 7.10 3.269 6.463 5.80 5.95 3.16 3.214 3.231 5.3 3.216 6.143 3.207 3.232 3.23 5.182 5.136 3.387 3.214 3.207 3.232 7.245 7.245 7.245 7.245 5.182 1.137 1.137 5.336 6.263 5.182 5.148 6.361 5.102 3.162 5.39 7.387 5.163 7.37 7.216 5.164 5.163 5.163 5.165 1.171 5.367 370 Index Terms Cycloheptanol, heat of combustion Cycloheptylmethylcarbinol Heat of combustion 1, 3-Cyclohexadiene Absorption spectra Azeotropic mixtures Magnetic susceptibility 1,4-Cyclohexadiene Absorption spectra Magnetic susceptibility Cyclohexan-1,2-diol Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Heat of combustion Cyclohexan-1,4-dione -Ethyl alcohol Density Refractive index Dispersion Cyclohexane Absorption spectra Azeotropic mixtures Birefringence Boiling point Compressibility Critical point data Cryoscopic constant Density Dielectric constant Flash point Formation from benzene Heat of combustion Heat of vaporization Magnetic susceptibility Orthobaric density Polarization of light scattered by Gas Liquid Refractive index Specific heat, gas Surface tension Thermal conductivity, gas Vapor pressure Liquid Solid Vapor pressure above 1 atm. Viscosity -Acetic acid* -Acetone* -Acetophenone* -Anethole* -Aniline* -Antimony tribromide* -Antimony trichloride* -Benzene* -Benzene hexachloride* -Benzil* -Benzophenone* -α-Bromonaphthalene* -Cetyl palmitate* -Chloroform* -Cyclohexanone Boiling point elevation -Diisobutylammonium dichloroacetate Boiling point elevation -1,6-Dimethyldecahydronaphthalene Vapor pressure Links 5.164 5.164 5.339 3.319 6.362 3.323 5.339 6.362 6.276 5.164 7.81 7.81 7.103 5.332 3.319 7.111 3.222 3.36 3.244 4.183 3.29 6.91 2.161 7.246 5.163 5.137 6.362 3.244 5.340 3.323 3.345 3.39 3.249 3.33 5.266 5.267 7.40 5.81 4.455 5.214 3.222 3.208 3.244 7.217 3.345 3.346 3.289 7.223 3.324 371 Index Terms -2,6-Dimethyldecahydronaphthalene Vapor pressure -Diphenyl Boiling point elevation -Ethyl alcohol Viscosity -Ethylene bromide Density Freezing point-solubility Heat of solution -Hexane Heat of fusion -Methyl alcohol Solubility, mutual -o-Methylcyclohexanone Boiling point elevation -Methyldecahydronaphthalene (-1- 2-) Vapor pressure -Methylene iodide Solubility, mutual -Naphthalene Boiling point elevation -m-Nitrotoluene Density Refractive index Dispersion -Phenyl benzoate Boiling point elevation -Piperidine Freezing point-solubility -Stilbene Boiling point elevation -Sulfur dioxide Freezing point-solubility Solubility, mutual -Toluene Heat of solution -m-Toluidine Density Refractive index Dispersion -p-Toluidine chloroacetate Boiling point elevation -p-Toluidine salicylate Boiling point elevation -Triphenylmethane Boiling point elevation -p-Xylene Heat of solution Cyclohexaneacetic acid, electrical conductivity, aqueous solution 1,2-Cyclohexanedicarboxylic acid Heat of combustion Cyclohexanol Azeotropic mixtures Birefringence, electric Compressibility Cryoscopic const ant Density Dielectric constant Flash point Heat of combustion Heat of fusion Heat of solution in water Heat of vaporization Magnetic susceptibility Refractive index Links 3.289 3.346 5.38 3.155 4.107 5.156 5.157 3.395 3.397 3.345 3.289 3.397 3.346 7.85 7.85 7.104 3.346 4.174 3.346 4.187 3.394 5.157 7.85 7.85 7.104 3.346 3.346 3.346 5.157 6.288 5.165 3.319 7.111 3.36 4.183 3.29 6.91 2.161 5.164 5.133 5.150 5.137 6.362 7.40 4.215 3.33 372 Index Terms Specific heat Surface tension Viscosity X-rays, absorption coefficient Cyclohexanone Absorption spectra Compressibility Density Dielectric constant Magnetic susceptibility Refractive index Specific heat Viscosity -Acetone* -Benzene* -Chloroform* -Cyclohexane* -Ethyl acetate Vapor pressure -Ethyl alcohol Vapor pressure -Naphthalene Density Refractive index -Phenol Freezing point-solubility -Trichloroethylene Vapor pressure Cyclohexene Absorption spectra Azeotropic mixtures Heat of combustion Heat of vaporization Heat of wetting by Magnetic susceptibility Refractive index -Chloroform* -Ethylene bromide Heat of solution Cyclohexene-1-acetic acid Heat of combustion α-Cyclohexene-1-propionic acid Heat of combustion Cyclohexenol Magnetic susceptibility Cyclohexyl aminobenzoate Cryoscopic constant Cyclohexyl chloride Heat of vaporization Cyclohexylacetic acid Refractive index Cyclohexylcarbinol Heat of combustion Cyclohexylideneacetic acid Heat of combustion Cyclooctanecarboxylic acid Heat of combustion Cyclopentadiene Absorption spectra Birefringence, electric Surface tension Cyclopentan-1,2-diol Heat of combustion Links 5.110 4.436 7.218 6.14 4.455 6.16 5.340 3.36 3.29 6.90 6.362 7.39 5.110 7.217 3.289 3.288 7.85 7.85 4.135 3.287 5.340 3.319 5.163 5.137 5.142 6.362 7.39 3.323 5.156 5.165 5.165 6.362 4.184 5.137 7.44 5.164 5.165 5.165 5.337 7.111 4.452 5.164 5.363 373 Index Terms Cyclopentane Absorption spectra Boiling point Heat of combustion Viscosity -Aniline* -Benzylideneacetone* -Diphenyl Boiling point elevation -Resorcinol diethyl ether Boiling point elevat ion Cyclopentanone Refractive index Viscosity Cyclops metal Cyclose, optical rotatory power Cylinders , circular, air forces on Cymbal metal Cymene Absorption spectra Azeotropic mixtures Boiling point Density Electrical conductivity Heat of combustion Magnetic susceptibility Photoluminescence Refractive index Surface tension Thermal conductivity Vapor pressure Verdet constant o-Cymene Specific heat Viscosity p-Cymene Boiling point Dielectric constant Heat of vaporization Surface tension Viscosity -Antimony tribromide* -Antimony trichlorid e* -Benzil* -Diphenylamine Boiling point elevation -Ethylene bromide Heat of solution -Quinoline Density Refractive index Dispersion Cyprus, weights and measures Cyprus bronze Cypress wood Density Emission, spectral Thermal conductivity Cysteine, optical rotatory power Cystine Heat of combustion Optical rotatory power Links 5.338 3.342 5.163 7.216 3.342 3.342 7.37 7.216 2.375 7.387 1.408 2.375 5.333 3.320 3.226 3.30 6.144 5.163 6.363 5.387 7.51 4.460 5.228 3.226 6.430 2.604 2.555 5.346 3.322 3.34 5.112 7.221 3.347 6.95 5.138 4.437 7.223 3.347 5.156 7.87 7.87 7.106 1.5 2.375 2.313 5.244 2.313 7.374 5.169 7.374 2.562 2.601 374 Index Terms Cytidine, optical rotatory power Cytisine Absorption spectra, ultra-violet Crystallo graphy Optical rotatory power Czechoslovakia, weights and measures Dahllite Density Refractive index Daimler bearing (alloy) Dalton, definition Dalton-Weilennann formula (evaporation) Damar (alloy) Damascus bronze Danburite Density Refractive index Dandelion metal Daniellcell Daphnite , refractive index Darapskite Density Refractive index Darwin-Compton formula (scattering function) Datolite Density Refractive index Daucine Optical rotatory power Davis metal Dawsonite Density Refractive index Day, definition Debye-Thomson formula (scattering function) Decacyclene -Aniline* -Nitrobenzene Boiling point elevation Decahydronaphthalene Boiling point Flash point Heat of combustion Specific heat Vapor pressure Viscosity -Acetic acid* -Anthracene* -Butyl alcohol* -Iodine Distribution coefficients in water Decalin. See Decahydronaphthalene. Decane Absorption spectra Compressibility Density Dielectric constant Heat of combustion Heat of vaporization Magnetic susceptibility Refractive index Specific heat Links 7.475 5.372 1.331 7.475 1.5 1.144 1.144 2.375 1.35 5.54 2.375 2.375 1.145 1.145 2.375 6.318 1.138 1.150 1.150 6.19 1.145 1.145 1.167 2.562 2.562 1.171 1.171 1.168 1.172 7.475 2.375 1.153 1.153 1.35 6.19 1.170 1.391 3.343 3.347 2.161 5.164 5.112 3.226 5.4 3.420 5.333 3.37 3.30 6.95 5.164 5.138 6.363 7.53 5.113 7.221 7.25 375 Index Terms Verdet constant Viscosity -Phosphorus Solubility, mutual Decanedicarboxylic acid Heat of combustion Declination, magnetic, definition Decomposition pressure β-Decyl esters Optical rotatory power Decylene Absorption spectra Dielectric constant Specific heat Verdet constant Decylic acid Surface tension, aqueous solution Time, variation with -Hydrochloric acid Surface tension Definitions Deflagration test (explosives) Degree, definition Degussa alloy Delators metal Delhi iron Delta metal Demal, definition Demo bronze Denmark , weights and measures Density Abrasive materials Air, moist Building stones Chemical compounds Clays Conversion factors Definition Determination of Enamels, vitreous Fibers, vegetable Fuel gases Fuels, solid Gas oil Gases and vapors Gasolene Glass Kerosene Latex Liquids and vitreous solids Compounds Elements Lubricating oils Metals Oils, fats and waxes Orthobaric Paraffins Petroleum Phenol resins Pigments for paint industry Pitches Plastics Porcelains Links 6.430 5.49 7.221 3.394 5.166 1.35 7.224 6.445 7.361 5.333 6.95 5.113 6.430 4.470 4.474 4.470 1.34 7.489 1.36 2.375 2.375 2.375 2.375 1.36 2.375 1.5 2.87 1.71 2.52 1.106 2.57 1.23 1.36 1.78 2.115 2.237 2.167 2.135 2.140 3.3 2.140 2.92 2.140 2.255 3.22 1.102 2.140 2.463 2.201 3.202 2.145 2.137 2.299 2.317 2.171 2.296 2.68 2.viii 2.556 2.601 2.464 2.556 2.602 1.313 1.341 2.562 1.176 2.58 3.435 2.145 2.93 1.340 2.145 2.214 3.228 2.144 2.300 2.75 2.102 2.456 2.463 3.237 3.244 3.20 3.35 376 Index Terms Refractory materials Refrigerating brines Rubber Soap solutions Solid solutions, metallic Solids Compounds Elements Solutions and mixtures Aqueous Maximum density Saturated Gases Non-aqueous Stellar Tar distillates Tars Thermal insulating materials Vulcanized fiber Whiteware Woods Dental cement Composition Crushing strengths Setting time Derbylite Density Refractive index Desaurin -Ethylene bromide Boiling point elevation Descloizite Density Refractive index Desmid earth. See Diatomaceous earth. Desmine, dehydration behavior Desoxycholic acid Optical rotatory power Destinezite Density Refractive index Detonation Detonation velocity Explosives Formulas Developers , photographic Dew-point, definition Dewindtite, density Dewrance metal Dextrin Diffusion in water Heat of combustion Heat of solution in water Heat of wetting Optical rotatory power Osmotic pressure Specific heat Viscosity Dextrose. See d-Glucose. Diabase Bulk density Compressibility Compressive strength Links 2.82 2.327 2.255 5.447 2.358 2.259 3.43 2.456 3.45 3.21 3.51 3.107 3.104 3.17 2.358 1.385 2.171 2.170 2.312 2.300 2.75 2.1 3.95 3.130 2.46 2.129 2.129 2.129 1.129 1.129 1.168 3.335 1.135 1.135 1.173 7.312 7.467 1.129 1.129 2.162 7.489 2.187 5.438 1.37 1.134 2.375 1.171 2.184 2.149 5.72 5.167 5.150 5.143 7.401 4.430 5.103 2.221 2.52 2.54 2.47 3.51 2.300 3.111 3.125 377 Index Terms Elasticity Hardness Impact hardness Porosity Thermal expansion Diacetal Magnetic susceptibility Refractive index Verdet constant Diacetin, saponification constants Diacetone alcohol Decomposition, kinetics of Diacetyl Absorption spectra Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Refractive index Diacetylbromohydroquinol -Diacetylchlorohydroquinol Freezing point-solubility Diacetylphenolphthalein Optical rotatory power Diacetyltartaric acid Density, aqueous solution Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Optical rotatory power Viscosity, aqueous solution Diadochite Density Refractive index Diallyl Absorption spectra Heat of combustion Magnetic susceptibility Refractive index Diallyl oxalate Specific heat -Benzene* Diallyl sulfide Absorption spectra Dielectric constant Refractive index Diallyl succinate , specific heat Diallylacetone, refractive index Diallylcarbinol, heat of combustion Diallylmalonic acid Decomposition, kinetics of Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Diallylmethylcarbinol Heat of combustion Refractive index Diallylpropylcarbinol Heat of combustion Refractive index Diamagnetism, theory 1,5-Diaminoanthraquinone -Quinoline Boiling point elevation Diammonium lanthanum nitrate -Lanthanum iodate Solubility in water Diamond Compressibility Links 2.52 2.50 2.51 3.53 2.55 6.363 7.58 6.430 7.135 7.121 5.337 6.266 7.36 5.377 4.158 7.354 3.114 6.287 7.382 5.21 1.129 1.129 5.340 5.163 6.362 7.39 5.112 5.332 6.91 7.39 5.112 7.47 5.164 7.122 6.292 5.164 7.44 5.164 7.53 6.349 3.346 7.338 3.46 1.165 5.364 378 Index Terms Contact charge Dielectric constant Electrical conductivity Emission, spectral Entropy Free energy Heat content Luminescence Pyroelectric constant Refractive index Specific heat Thermal conductivity Thermodynamic potential Transmission of radiant energy Verdet constant See also Carbon. Diamond bronze Diamond green, refractive index Di-act.-amyl chlorofumarate Surface tension Di-act.-amyl citraconate Surface tension Diamyl malate, surface tension Di-act.-amyl maleate Surface tension Di-act.-amyl malonate Surface tension Diamyil mercury Magnetic susceptibility Di-act.-amyl mesaconate Surface tension Di-act.-amyl phthalate Surface tension Di-act.-amyl succinate Surface tension Diamylamine Birefringence, electric Dielectric constant Diamylammonium chloride -Chloroform* Diamylene Heat of combustion Specific heat Dianthracene Decomposition, kinetics of Heat of combustion Diaphone Diaphorite , density Diaphragm, brass Diaspore Density Electrical conductivity Melting point Refractive index Diatomaceous earth Density Hardness Moisture content at various humidities Thermal conductivity Thermal conductivity under reduced pressures Diatomic molecular spectra Diatomite. See Diatomaceous earth. Links 6.57 6.75 6.153 5.257 5.87 7.243 5.87 5.389 6.209 7.12 5.85 5.216 5.87 5.269 6.426 2.375 7.12 6.99 5.258 7.243 7.14 5.87 5.217 7.18 5.94 5.231 7.15 4.462 4.462 4.462 4.462 4.461 6.357 4.462 4.462 4.462 7.111 6.95 5.164 5.112 7.121 5.164 6.456 1.124 2.375 1.136 2.86 1.136 1.136 2.87 2.87 2.316 2.87 2.315 5.409 1.172 2.316 2.324 2.315 2.316 5.233 379 Index Terms Diazo compounds , hydrolysis of Diazoaminobenzene Absorption spectra Intramolecular transformation Diazotization, kinetics of Dibenzalacetone Absorption spectra -Chloroacetic acid* -Trichloroacetic acid Freezing point-solubility Dibenzoylacetone, surface tension Dibenzoylmethane, refractive index Dibenzyl Absorption spectra Cryoscopic constant Diffusion in benzene Heat of combustion Heat of fusion Melting point under pressure Specific heat Verdet constant Volume change on melting -Acetonitrile* -Antimony tribromide* -Antimony trichloride* -Azobenzene* -Benzalaniline* -Benzil* -Benzoin* -Benzylaniline* -Benzylphenol* -Hydrazobenzene Freezing point-solubility -Phosgene Boiling point elevation -Picric acid Freezing point-solubility -Stilbene Density Freezing point-solubility Viscosity -Styphnic acid Freezing point-solubility -Tolane Freezing point-solubility Dibenzyl ketone Absorption spectra Boiling point Vapor pressure Dibenzyl mercury Absorption spectra, solutions Dibenzyl sulfide Verdet constant Dibenzyl sulfoxide Absorption spectra -Chloroform* Dibenzylacetic acid Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Heat of combustion Dibenzylacetic anhydride Heat of combustion Dibenzylamine Absorption spectra Density Links 7.141 5.348 7.118 7.142 5.352 4.105 4.462 7.30 5.350 4.184 6.74 5.164 5.134 4.16 5.104 6.431 4.16 5.378 4.161 3.330 4.121 3.195 4.163 5.51 4.122 4.163 5.351 3.227 3.227 5.328 6.431 5.350 6.301 5.166 5.166 5.334 3.30 5.350 380 Index Terms Dielectric constant Diffusion in methyl alcohol Electrical conductivity Heat of combustion Refractive index Surface tension Verdet constant Viscosity Dibenzylammonium chloride -Chloroform* Dibenzylbutadiene Heat of combustion Dibenzylhydrazine -Benzalazine* -Cinnamylideneaniline* -Diphenylbutadiene Freezing point-solubility Dibenzylideneacetone -Isoamyl acetate Density Viscosity Dibenzylpiperazine -Benzene* -Ethyl alcohol Density Refractive index 2,4-Dibromoacetanilide -4-Bromo-2-chloroacetanilide* Dibromoacetic acid Heat of solution in water 2,4-Dibromoanilme -Isoamyl acetate Density Viscosity 2,6-Dibromoaniline -Isoamyl acetate Density 9, 10-Dibromoanthracene -Quinoline Density Refractive index Dispersion o-Dibromobenzene Absorption spectra Heat of fusion Specific heat Liquid, : 109 Solid -Dibromobenzene (m-, p-) Freezing point-solubility m-Dibromobenzene Absorption spectra Dielectric constant Heat of fusion Refractive index Specific heat Liquid Solid -o-Dibromohenzene* -Quinoline Density Refractive index Dispersion Links 6.96 5.73 6.146 5.168 7.60 4.461 6.431 7.221 5.164 4.164 3.190 5.50 7.82 7.82 6.148 6.159 3.174 5.43 3.174 7.88 7.88 7.107 5.338 5.132 5.103 4.168 5.338 6.89 5.132 7.38 5.109 5.103 7.84 7.84 7.104 4.175 381 Index Terms p-Dibromobenzene Absorption spectra Cryoscopic constant Dielectric constant Diffusion in benzene Diffusion in methyl alcohol Heat of fusion Refractive index Specific heat Transition temperature Vapor pressure -Aluminum bromide*-Carbon disulfide -Aniline* -Antimony tribromide* -Antimony trichloride* -Benzene* -Bromobenzene* -p-Bromochlorobenzene* -p-Bromoiodobenzene* -p-Bromotoluene* -tert.-Butyl alcohol* -Camphor* -Carbon disulfide* -Carbon tetrachloride* -Chloroform* -Chloronitrobenzene (m-, p-)* -o-Dibromobenzene* -p-Dichlorobenzene Freezing point-solubility -p-Diiodobenzene Freezing point-solubility -Ethyl acetate Density -Ethyl alcohol Density Freezing point-solubility -Ethyl bromide Density -Ethyl butyrate Density -Ethyl chloride Boiling point elevation -Ethyl chloroacetate Density -Ethyl ether Density Freezing point-solubility -Ethyl propionate Density -Ethylene bromide Density -Hexane Density -Iodine Freezing point lowering Freezing point-solubility -Isoamyl acetate Density -Isobutyl alcohol Freezing point-solubility -Methyl acetate Density -Methyl benzoate Density -Methyl butyrate Density -Methyl formate Links 5.338 4.183 6.89 5.74 5.72 5.132 7.38 5.103 4.8 3.209 4.123 4.123 3.166 3.159 4.110 3.157 3.173 3.336 3.165 3.168 4.174 3.172 3.155 3.173 4.37 4.34 3.173 4.115 3.164 3.173 3.172 382 Index Terms Density -Methyl propionate Density -Nitrobenzene Freezing point-solubility -Paraldehyde Density -Phosgene Boiling point elevation -Phosphorus Solubility, mutual -Propyl alcohol Freezing point-solubility -Propyl butyrate Density -Toluene Density Freezing point-solubility Specific heat 2,3-Dibromobutane Dielectric constant Dibromocamphors Crystallography Optical rotatory power Verdet constant Dibromochlorocamphor Verdet constant Dibromocinnamic acid -Ethyl alcohol Density Refractive index Dispersion 1,1-Dibromoethane Azeotropic mixtures Refractive index -Nitrobenzene Birefringence, magnetic 1,2-Dibromoethane. See Ethylene bromide. Dibromoethylene Absorption spectra, ultra-violet Magnetic susceptibility -Benzene* -Xylene Density 2,7-Dibromofluorene -Quinoline Density Refractive index Dispersion Dibromofluoroacetic acid, electrical conductivity, aqueous solution 1,2-Dibromo-2-fluoroethane Magnetic susceptibility 1,2-Dibromodiiodoethylene Magnetic susceptibility 1,2-Dibromoisobutylene Verdet constant 2,3-Dibromoisopentane Verdet constant Dibromomalonic acid Decomposition, kinetics of Heat of solution in water 2,7-Dibromo-9-methylfluorene -Quinoline Density Links 3.157 3.167 4.175 3.173 3.330 3.394 4.112 3.173 3.173 4.175 6.127 6.87 1.330 7.437 6.430 6.430 7.81 7.81 7.103 3.319 7.34 7.112 5.368 6.361 3.153 7.87 7.87 7.107 6.261 6.361 6.361 6.428 6.428 7.122 5.148 7.88 383 Index Terms Refractive index Dispersion 1,2-Dibromo-2-methylpropane Viscosity Dibromonaphthalene Diffusion in benzene Diffusion in methyl alcohol 1,2-Dibromo-3-nitrobenzene -1,2-Dibromo-4-nitrobenzene Freezing point-solubility 1, 3-Dibromo-2-nitrobenzene -1, 3-Dibromo-4-nitrobenzene Freezing point-solubility Dibromo-4-nitrophenol Magnetic susceptibility 1,5-Dibromopentane, viscosity 2,4-Dibromophenol, heat of fusion 1,2-Dibromopropane Azeotropic mixtures Dielectric constant Surface tension Verdet constant Viscosity -Ethylene bromide Surface tension Vapor pressure, partial Viscosity 1, 3-Dibromopropane Boiling point Vapor pressure Verdet constant Viscosity α, α-Dibromopropionic acid Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Heat of solution in water α, β-Dibromopropionic acid Crystallization velocity Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Melting point under pressure Optical rotatory power Surface tension Transition velocity -Acetone* -Benzene* -Chloroform* -Ethyl ether Boiling point elevation Distribution coefficients in water -Xylene Distribution coefficients in water 1,2-Dibromopropyl alcohol Dielectric constant 2,3-Dibromopropylene Boiling point Vapor pressure Dibromosilicane, vapor pressure α, β-Dibromosuccinic acid Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Optical rotatory power -Ethyl ether Distribution coefficients in water 1,2-Dibromotetrachloroethane Magnetic susceptibility Links 7.88 7.107 7.215 5.74 5.73 4.117 4.117 6.362 7.216 5.132 3.320 6.85 4.449 6.428 7.214 4.471 3.287 5.36 3.218 3.218 6.428 7.214 6.263 5.148 5.61 6.263 4.10 7.366 4.449 5.61 3.341 3.425 3.425 6.85 3.217 3.217 3.214 6.265 7.380 3.426 6.361 384 Index Terms Transition temperature Dibutyl mercury Magnetic susceptibility Dibutyl oxalate, specific heat Dibutylamine Absorption spectra Dicadmium magnesium chloride Refractive index Dicalcium diborate, melting point Dicalcium ferrite Decomposition temperat ure Melting point Refractive index Dicalcium lead propionate Refractive index Dicalcium strontium propionate Refractive index Dichloroacetal Diffusion in methyl alcohol Dichloroacetamide Boiling point elevation in aqueous solution -Acetone* -Chloroform* -Ethyl alcohol Boiling point elevation -Ethyl ether Boiling point elevation 2,4-Dichloroacetanilide -Acetic acid* -4-Bromo-2-chloroacetanilide* -4-Chloroacetanilide* Dichloroacetic acid Absorption spectra Activity coefficient Azeotropic mixtures Compressibility, aqueous solution Density Aqueous solution Dielectric constant Diffusion in methyl alcohol Electrical conductivity Aqueous solution Esterification constant Free energy of ionization Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Heat of fusion Heat of solution in water Heat of vaporization Ionization constant Specific heat Aqueous solution Liquid Solid Surface tension Aqueous solution Verdet constant Viscosity, aqueous solution -Acetic acid* -Ammonium dichloroacetate* -Ammonium lactate* -Amylene* -β-Amylene* -Benzene* -Benzoic acid* Links 4.8 6.357 5.112 5.333 1.142 4.84 1.170 4.84 1.145 1.145 1.174 1.144 1.166 7.24 1.147 1.166 7.26 5.73 3.327 3.336 3.341 5.331 7.245 3.319 3.440 3.28 3.111 6.84 5.72 6.143 6.261 7.138 7.245 4.262 5.132 5.148 5.136 7.245 5.124 5.107 5.102 4.448 4.467 6.428 5.20 3.113 5.159 385 Index Terms -Chloroacetic acid* -Cinnamic acid* -Crotonic acid* -Dimethylpyrone Freezing point-solubility -Ethyl ether Distribution coefficients in water -Hydrogen chloride Density, aqueous solution -Phenylacetic acid Freezing point-solubility -Potassium dichloroacetate Density, aqueous solution -Potassium lactate Density, aqueous solution -Sodium dichloroacetate Density, aqueous solution -Sodium lactate Density, aqueous solution -Toluene Density -Toluic acid (o-, m -, p-) Freezing point-solubility -Trichloroacetic acid Freezing point-solubility 1,1-Dichloroacetone Absorption spectra Dielectric constant Surface tension 2,4-Dichloroaniline Absorption spectra -Diphenylamine Freezing point-solubility -Isoamyl acetate Density Viscosity 1,4-Dichloroanthracene -Quinoline Density Refractive index Dispersion 1,5-Dichloroanthracene -Quinoline Density Refractive index Dispersion 9, 10-Dichloroanthracene -Quinoline Density Refractive index Dispersion Dichlorobenzene -Carbon tetrachloride* o-Dichlorobenzene Absorption spectra Birefringence, electric Dielectric constant Flash point Heat of combustion Heat of fusion Refractive index Specific heat Liquid Solid -Acenaphthene* Links 4.105 3.423 3.101 4.105 3.103 3.103 3.103 3.102 3.153 4.105 4.101 5.336 6.85 4.436 5.338 4.128 3.176 5.44 7.88 7.88 7.107 7.88 7.88 7.107 7.88 7.88 7.107 5.338 7.111 6.89 2.161 5.169 5.132 7.38 5.109 5.103 4.449 386 Index Terms -Benzene* -Dichlorobenzene (m-, p~) Freezing point-solubility -Diethylamine Distribution coefficients in water m-Dichlorobenzene Absorption spectra Birefringence, electric Heat of fusion Refractive index Specific heat Liquid Solid Surface tension -Benzene* -o-Dichlo robenzene* p-Dichlorobenzene Absorption spectra Cryoscopic constant Dielectric constant Diffusion in benzene Diffusion in methyl alcohol Flash point Heat of fusion Melting point under pressure Refractive index Specific heat Liquid Solid Surface tension Transition temperature Vapor pressure -Acenaphthene* -Antimony tribromide* -Antimony trichloride* -p-Bromochlorobenzene* -Chlorobenzene* -p-Chloroiodobenzene* -p-Dibromobenzene* -o-Dichlorobenzene* -p-Diiodobenzene Freezing point-solubility -Ethyl chloride Boiling point elevation -Phosgene Boiling point elevation -Phosphorus Solubility, mutual -Sulfur Freezing point-solubility -Sulfur dioxide Boiling point elevation 2,3-Dichlorobenzoic acid -2,5-Dichlorobenzoic acid Freezing point-solubility 2,5-Dichlorobenzoic acid -m-Chlorobenzoic acid* -2,3-Dichlorobenzoic acid* Dichlorobromomethane Azeotropic mixtures Surface tension 1,2-Dichloro-1,2-dibromoethane Magnetic susceptibility 1,4-Dichloro-2,3-dimtrobenzene -1,4-Dichloro-2,6-dinitrobenzene Links 4.168 3.427 5.338 7.111 5.133 7.38 5.109 5.103 4.453 5.338 4.183 6.89 5.74 5.72 2.161 5.133 4.10 7.38 5.109 5.103 4.453 4.8 3.208 4.124 3.336 3.330 3.394 4.35 3.328 4.144 3.318 4.448 6.361 4.175 387 Index Terms Freezing point-solubility 1,4-Dichloro-2,5-dinitrobenzene -1,4-Dichloro-2,6-dinitrobenzene Freezing point-solubility 1,4-Dichloro-2,6-dinitrobenzene -1,4-Dichloro-2,3-dinitrobenzene* -1,4-Dichloro-2,5-dinitrobenzene* 1,1-Dichloroethane Absorption spectra Azeotropic mixtures Birefringence, magnetic Boiling point Electrical conductivity Refractive index Gas Liquid Solubility in water Specific heat, gas Surface tension Vapor pressure Verdet constant Viscosity -Benzil* -Benzoic acid* -Camphor* -Diphenylamine Boiling point elevation -Ethyl alcohol Density, aqueous solution -Isovaleric acid Boiling point elevation -Tetraethylammonium bromide Boiling point elevation -Tetrahydronaphthalene Vapor pressure -Tetrapropylammonium iodide Boiling point elevation -Tribromoacetic acid Boiling point elevation 1,2-Dichloroethane. See Ethylene chloride. Di-(2-chloroethyl) sulfide Density Interfacial tension against various solutions Melting point under pressure Solubility in water Surface tension Toxicology Volume change on melting -Carbon tetrachloride* -Di-(chloropropyl) sulfide Freezing point-solubility -Dichlorohexane Freezing point-solubility -Ethyl alcohol Solubility, mutual -Gasolene Solubility, mutual -Kerosene Solubility, mutual -Ligroin Solubility, mutual -Railroad light oil Solubility, mutual -Sulfur Freezing point-solubility Links 4.117 4.117 5.331 3.319 7.110 3.216 6.143 3.335 7.10 7.34 3.387 5.81 4.448 3.216 6.428 7.213 3.335 3.125 3.335 3.335 3.287 3.335 3.335 3.28 4.438 4.10 3.261 4.436 2.319 4.10 4.115 4.115 3.395 3.396 3.396 3.396 3.396 4.35 4.450 388 Index Terms 1,2-Dichloroethylene Absorption spectra Azeotropic mixtures Boiling point Dielectric constant Flash point Magnetic susceptibility Solidification point Vapor pressure -Benzophenone* -Naphthalene Boiling point elevation Dichlorofluoroacetic acid, electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Dichlorohexane -Di-(2-chloroethyl) sulfide* 1,1'-Dichlorohydrin Diffusion in methyl alcohol Electrical conductivity 2,6-Dicmorohydroquinol Heat of combustion 1, 3-Dichloro-2-hydroxypropane Magnetic susceptibility 1,1'-Dichloroisopropyl alcohol Azeotropic mixtures Dielectric constant Dichloromalonic acid Decomposition, kinetics of Dichloromethane Boiling point Specific heat, gas -Bromoacetic acid* -Diethylammonium bromide Boiling point elevation -Diethylammonium chloride Boiling point elevation -Diethylammonium nitrate Boiling point elevation -Dimethylpyrone Boiling point elevation -Dimethylpyrone picrate Boiling point elevation -Ethyltripropylammonium iodide Boiling point elevation -Naphthalene Boiling point elevation -Picric acid Boiling point elevation -Salicylic acid Boiling point elevation -Tetraamylammonium iodide Boiling point elevation -Tetraethylammonium bromide Boiling point elevation -Tetraethylammonium chloride Boiling point elevation -Tetraethylammonium nitrate Boiling point elevation -Tetrapropylammonium iodide Boiling point elevation -Tetrapropylammonium nitrate Boiling point elevation -p-Toluidine Boiling point elevation -p-Toluidine chloroacetate Boiling point elevation Links 5.331 3.319 3.216 6.84 2.161 6.361 1.61 3.216 3.334 6.261 5.72 6.143 5.169 6.361 3.320 6.85 7.122 3.332 5.80 3.332 3.332 3.332 3.333 3.333 3.333 3.333 3.332 3.333 3.333 3.333 3.333 3.333 3.333 3.333 3.333 3.333 5.335 5.368 389 Index Terms -p-Toluidine salicylate Boiling point elevation -Triamylammonium picrate Boiling point elevation -Triethylammonium bromide Boiling point elevation -Triethylammonium chloride Boiling point elevation -Triethylammonium nitrate Boiling point elevation Dichloromethylsilicane Density, gas Dichloronaphthalene Absorption spectra Diffusion in benzene Diffusion in methyl alcohol Refractive index -Benzene* 1,4-Dichloronaphthalene Refractive index -Amyl benzoate* -Diethyl phthalate Density Refractive index Dispersion -Diethylaniline Density Refractive index Dispersion -Quinoline Density Refractive index Dispersion -Tetralin Density Refractive index Dispersion 1,5-Dichloronaphthalene -Quinoline Density Refractive index Dispersion 1, 7-Dichloronaphthalene Refractive index -Quinoline Density Refractive index Dispersion 1,8-Dichloronaphthalene Refractive index -Quinoline Density Refractive index Dispersion 2,7-Dichloronaphthalene -Quinoline Density Refractive index Dispersion 1,2-Dichloro-3-nitrobenzene -1,2-Dichloro-4-nitrobenzene Freezing point-solubility 1,2-Dichloro-4-nitrobenzene Surface tension -1,2-Dichloro-3-nitrobenzene* Links 3.333 3.333 3.333 3.333 3.333 3.3 5.345 5.74 5.73 7.49 7.49 7.89 7.89 7.108 7.89 7.89 7.108 7.87 7.87 7.106 7.89 7.89 7.108 7.87 7.87 7.106 7.49 7.87 7.87 7.106 7.49 7.87 7.87 7.106 7.87 7.87 7.106 4.118 4.453 390 Index Terms 1, 3-Dichloro-2-nitrobenzene -1, 3-Dichloro-4-nitrobenzene Freezing point-solubility 1, 3-Dichloro-4-nitrobenzene Surface tension -1, 3-Dichloro-2-nitrobenzene* -1, 3-Dichloro-5-nitrobenzene Freezing point-solubility 1, 3-Dichloro-5-nitrobenzene -1, 3-Dichloro-4-nitrobenzene* 1,4-Dichloro-2-nitrobenzene Surface tension Dichloropentane, viscosity 9, 10-Dichlorophenanthrene -Quinoline Density Refractive index Dispersion 2,4-Dichlorophenol, electrical conductivity, aqueous solution 1,2-Dichloropropane Surface tension Verdet constant 1, 3-Dichloropropane, viscosity 2, 2-Dichloropropane Azeotropic mixture 1,1'-Dkhloropropyl alcohol Diffusion in water Di-(chloropropyl) sulfide -Di-(2-chloroethyl) sulfide* 2,6-Dichloroquinone Heat of combustion Dichlorosilicane Density Vapor pressure Dichlorotetrammine cobaltic bromide Solubility in aqueous solutions Dichlorotetrammine cobaltic hexacyano ferriate Solubility in aqueous solutions Dichlorotetrammine cobaltic nitrate Solubility in aqueous solutions Dichlorotetrammine cobaltic picrate Solubility in aqueous solutions Dichlorotetrammine cobaltic thiocyanate Solubility in aqueous solutions Dicinnamylideneacetone -Isoamyl acetate Density Viscosity Dicyanodiamide Diffusion in water Heat of formation Refractive index Solubility in water Specific heat -Cyanamide* -Ethyl alcohol Freezing point-solubility -Ethyl ether Freezing point-solubility Dicyanogen Vapor pressure Liquid Links 4.118 4.453 4.118 4.453 7.216 7.88 7.88 7.107 6.271 4.449 6.428 7.214 3.320 5.70 5.169 3.23 3.214 7.327 7.335 7.327 7.331 7.330 3.190 5.50 5.69 5.182 7.29 4.251 5.102 4.108 4.108 3.214 391 Index Terms Solid Dicyclohexanolacetylene Magnetic susceptibility Dicyclohexyl Cryoscopic constant Magnetic susceptibility Didymolite Density Refractive index Dielectric absorption Dielectric constant Balata Castor oil in toluene Conversion factors Definition Electric field, effect of Electrostriction Gases Glass Gutta percha Illumination, effect of Magnetic field, effect of Nitrocellulose plastics Oils and fats Oils, insulating Phenol resins Porcelains Pressure, effect of Rubber, raw Standard liquids Whiteware Dielectric dispersion Dielectric strength Conversion factors Glass Insulating oils Moisture, effect of, on Nitrocellulose plastics Phenol resins Porcelain, electrical Porcelain, laboratory Temperature, effect of, on Transformer oils Whiteware Dielectrics Conductivity, effect of X-rays Contact potentials Liquids, industrial Solids, industrial Dienett's German silver Diesel bearings (alloy) Diesel motor oils Diethanolacetylene Magnetic susceptibility Diethyl acetosuccinate Verdet constant Diethyl acetylenedicarboxylate Verdet constant Diethyl adipate, viscosity Diethyl allylmalonate Verdet constant Diethyl benzalmalonate Dielectric absorption Links 3.207 6.363 4.184 6.363 1.146 1.146 6.97 6.73 2.273 2.211 1.21 1.36 6.106 6.207 6.74 2.101 2.273 6.79 6.105 2.298 2.211 2.305 2.299 2.72 6.105 2.272 6.82 2.80 6.97 6.73 1.27 2.101 2.305 2.306 2.298 2.299 2.71 2.81 2.307 2.305 2.81 6.73 6.6 6.57 2.305 2.310 2.375 2.375 2.159 6.362 6.430 6.429 7.221 6.430 6.96 1.169 2.80 2.72 2.306 392 Index Terms Dielectric constant Refractive index Diethyl benzylmalonate Birefringence, electric Diethyl bromomalonate Surface tension Diethyl O-butyrylmalate Surface tension Diethyl camphorate Optical rotatory power Refractive index Diethyl O-caproylmalate Surface tension Diethyl carbonate Absorption spectra Azeotropic mixtures Birefringence, electric Dielectric strength Electrical conductivity Heat of vaporization Refractive index Specific heat Surface tension Diethyl caronate Surface tension Diethyl chlorofumarate Surface tension Diethyl chloromaleate Surface tension Diethyl citraconate Refractive index Verdet constant Viscosity Diethyl cyanomalonate Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Heat of solution in water Refractive index Diethyl cyclobutane-1,1-dicarboxylate Surface tension Diethyl cyclopropane-1,1-dicarboxylate Surface tension Viscosity Diethyl cyclopropane-1,2-dicarboxylate Surface tension Diethyl O-decoylmalate Surface tension Diethyl diacetyl-d-tartrate Cryoscopic constant Viscosity -Ethylene bromide Density Freezing point-solubility Viscosity -Naphthalene Density Freezing point-solubility Viscosity -Nitrobenzene Density Freezing point-solubility Viscosity -m-Nitrotoluene Density Links 6.96 7.60 7.112 4.457 4.461 7.447 7.61 4.462 5.338 3.319 7.111 6.88 6.144 5.137 7.38 5.109 4.436 6.145 4.452 4.461 4.458 4.458 7.48 6.430 7.220 6.287 5.150 7.44 4.460 4.459 7.220 4.459 4.462 4.184 5.36 3.155 4.107 5.36 3.194 4.156 5.51 3.178 4.129 5.45 3.187 5.45 5.48 393 Index Terms Freezing point-solubility Viscosity -Phenol Density Freezing point-solubility Viscosity Diethyl diallylmalonate Refractive index Verdet constant Diethyl diazomalonate Absorption spectra, ultra-violet Diethyl diethylmalonate Absorption spectra Refractive index Saponification constant Verdet constant Diethyl dimethylmalonate Refractive index Verdet constant Viscosity Diethyl disulfide , dielectric constant Diethyl ethylbenzylmalonate Surface tension Diethyl ethylmalonate Verdet constant Diethyl fumarate Refractive index Surface tension Aqueous solution Verdet constant Viscosity -Diethyl tartrate Density Diethyl glutarate Absorption spectra Saponification constant Verdet constant Viscosity Diethyl O-heptoylmalate Surface tension Diethyl isophthalate Refractive index Verdet constant Diethyl isopropylmalonate Verdet constant Diethyl isosuccinate Verdefc constant Diethyl itaconate Refractive index Verdet constant Diethyl ketone Absorption spectra Azeotropic mixtures Boiling point Compressibility Density Aqueous solution Dielectric constant Heat of combustion Heat of vaporization Polarization of light scattered by Refractive index Solubility in water Specific heat Links 4.150 5.49 3.184 4.137 5.48 7.60 6.431 6.379 5.348 7.56 7.135 6.430 7.48 6.430 7.220 6.88 4.462 6.430 7.44 4.458 4.470 6.429 7.219 3.192 5.333 7.135 6.430 7.220 4.462 7.57 6.430 6.430 6.430 7.48 6.430 5.332 3.319 3.343 3.36 3.29 3.114 6.88 5.167 5.137 5.266 7.37 3.388 5.109 5.338 3.323 394 Index Terms Surface tension Verdet constant Viscosity -Benzoic acid* -Ethyl alcohol Density, aqueous solution Miscibility in water -Naphthalene Boiling point elevation Diethyl malate Density Dielectric constant Optical rotatory power Photochemical bromination Specific heat Surface tension Verdefc constant Dispersion -Acetone* -Benzene* -Chloroform* -Ethyl acetate Boiling point elevation -Methyl alcohol Boiling point elevation Diethyl maleate Refractive index Surface tension Verdet constant Viscosity -Diethyl tartrate Density Diethyl malonate Absorption spectra Birefringence, electric Compressibility Density Dielectric constant Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Magnetic susceptibility Refractive index Saponification constants Specific heat Surface tension Aqueous solution Verdet constant Viscosity -Benzene* -Ethyl alcohol Boiling point elevation -Sulfuryl chloride Freezing point-solubility -Xylene Density Diethyl mercury Absorption spectra, solutions Boiling point Density Magnetic susceptibility Refractive index Diethyl mesaconate Refractive index Verdet constant Viscosity Diethyl methylbromomalonate Surface tension Links 4.452 6.428 7.216 3.127 3.413 3.343 3.29 6.94 7.370 7.170 5.112 4.458 6.426 6.433 3.340 3.334 7.44 4.458 6.429 7.219 3.192 5.333 7.111 3.39 3.29 6.92 6.283 6.362 7.42 7.135 6.111 4.457 4.469 6.429 7.219 3.337 4.189 3.189 5.328 1.121 1.121 6.357 1.121 7.48 6.430 7.220 4.458 1.163 1.165 395 Index Terms Diethyl 3-methyl-∆2-cyclopropene-1,2-dicarboxylate Surface tension Diethyl methylethylmalonate Refractive index Viscosity Diethyl methylsuccinate Verdet constant Diethyl monobenzoyltartrate -Acetic acid* -Benzene* Diethyl monotoluyltartrate (o-, m-, p-) -Acetic acid* Diethyl monoureidodihydroxysuccinate Refractive index Diethyl O-nonoylmalate Surface tension Diethyl O-octoylmalate Surface tension Diethyl oxalate Absorption spectra Azeotropic mixtures Compressibility Density Aqueous solution Dielectric constant Electrical conductivity Heat of solution in water Heat of vaporization Magnetic susceptibility Refractive index Saponificat ion constant Specific heat Surface tension Verdet constant Viscosity -Benzene* -Methylene iodide Density Refractive index Dispersion -Trichloroacetic acid Freezing point-solubility -Xylene Density Diethyl oxaloacetate Dielectric absorption Dielectric constant Diethyl oxalopropionate Dielectric absorption Dielectric constant Diethyl phthalate Absorption spectra Refractive index Surface tension Verdet constant Viscosity -1,4-Dichloronaphthalene* -Naphthalene Density Refractive index Dispersion -Nitrocellulose Density Links 4.460 7.53 7.221 6.430 7.30 4.462 4.462 5.332 3.322 3.39 3.29 3.114 6.91 6.144 5.150 5.137 6.362 7.39 7.135 5.110 4.445 6.429 7.217 5.340 3.323 3.148 7.79 7.103 7.79 3.33 7.79 4.102 3.185 6.94 6.94 6.94 6.94 5.333 7.57 4.437 6.430 7.221 7.89 7.89 7.108 3.196 5.348 4.461 396 Index Terms Diethyl pimelate , viscosity Diethyl O-propionylmalate Surface tension Diethyl propylmalonate Verdet constant Diethyl sebacate Magnetic susceptibility Surface tension Verdet constant Viscosity Diethyl suberate Verdet constant Viscosity Diethyl succinate Absorption spectra Electrical conductivity Magnetic susceptibility Refractive index Specific heat Surface tension Aqueous solution Verdet constant Viscosity -Benzene* -Diethyl tartrate Density -Eth yl acetate Density Surface tension Viscosity -Trichloroacetic acid Freezing point-solubility -m-Xylene Density Diethyl succinosuccinate Dielectric constant Diethyl sulfate Absorption spectra Density Diffusion in methyl alcohol Electrical conductivity Magnetic susceptibility Surface tension Diethyl sulfide Absorption spectra Birefringence, electric Boiling point Critical point data Density Dielectric constant Heat of combustion Magnetic susceptibility Orthobaric density Polarization of light scattered by Refractive index Solubility in water Specific heat Gas Liquid Surface tension Thermal conductivity Vapor pressure Aqueous solution Vapor pressure above 1 atm. Viscosity Links 7.221 4.461 6.430 6.364 4.462 6.431 7.221 6.430 7.221 5.333 6.145 6.363 7.45 5.112 4.458 4.470 6.430 5.40 7.220 3.192 3.166 4.473 5.40 4.103 3.191 6.96 5.332 3.28 5.72 6.143 6.361 4.451 5.332 7.111 3.219 3.242 3.28 6.88 5.169 6.361 3.241 5.266 7.36 3.388 5.81 5.109 4.451 5.228 3.219 3.364 3.241 7.216 5.337 3.342 3.248 397 Index Terms -Cadmium iodide* -Cuprous bromide* -Cuprous chloride* -Diphenylamine Boiling point elevation -Mercuric chloride Boiling point elevation -Mercuric iodide Boiling point elevation -Mercuric methyl chloride Boiling point elevation -Mercuric methyl iodide Boiling point elevation -Stannous bromide Boiling point elevation -Stannous chloride Boiling point elevation Diethyl sulfite Absorption spectra Dielectric constant Electrical conductivity Magnetic susceptibility Surface tension Diethyl tartrate Density Aqueous solution Dielectric constant Magnetic susceptibility Surface tension Aqueous solution Verdet constant Dispersion -Acetone* -Allyl alcohol* -Ammonium chloride* -Ammonium nitrate* -Ammonium sulfate* -Aniline* -Anisole* -Barium chloride* -Benzaldehyde* -Benzaldoxime* -Benzene* -Benzyl alcohol* -Bromoform* -Bromobenzene* -α-Bromonaphthalene* -Butyl alcohol* -Carbon tetrachloride* -Chlorobenzene* -Chloroform* -Cinnamaldehyde* -Diethyl fumarate* -Diethyl maleate* -Diethyl succinate* -Dimethylaniline Density -2,4-Dinitrotoluene Density -2,6-Dinitrotoluene Density -Ethyl acetate Boiling point elevation -Ethyl acetoacetate Density -Ethyl alcohol Links 3.342 3.342 3.342 3.342 3.342 3.342 3.342 5.337 6.88 6.143 6.361 4.451 3.29 3.112 6.94 6.363 4.458 4.470 6.426 6.433 3.192 3.186 3.186 3.341 3.185 398 Index Terms Density -Ethyl bromide Density -Ethyl dimethylacetoacetate Density -Ethyl iodide Density -Ethyl methylacetoacetate Density -Ethylene bromide Density Distribution coefficients in water -Ethylene bromide-Nitrobenzene Density -Ethylene chloride Density -Ethylidene chloride Density -Formamide Density -Glycerol Density -Iodobenzene Density -Isobutyl alcohol Density Refractive index -Mesitylene Density -Methyl acetoacetate Density -Methyl alcohol Boiling point elevation Density -Methyl iodide Density -Methylaniline Density -Methylene chloride Density -Methylene iodide Density -Methylhexylcarbinol Density -Naphthalene Density -Nitroanisole (o-, p-) Density -Nitrobenzene Density -α-Nitronaphthalene Density -o-Nitrophenetole Density -o-Nitrophenol Density -Nitrotoluene (o-, m-, p-) Density -Paraldehyde Density -Phenetole Density -Phenol Density -Potassium chlorate Density, aqueous solution -Potassium chloride Links 3.160 3.157 3.192 3.158 3.189 3.155 3.431 3.197 3.155 3.155 3.150 3.165 3.176 3.167 7.83 3.192 3.172 3.334 3.151 3.149 3.189 3.148 3.148 3.192 3.192 3.187 3.177 3.192 3.191 3.178 3.187 3.186 3.191 3.183 3.103 7.83 399 Index Terms Density, aqueous solution -Potassium iodide Density, aqueous solution -Potassium nitrate Density, aqueous solution -Potassium thiocyanate Density, aqueous solution -Propyl alcohol Density -Pyridine Density -Quinoline Density -Salicylaldehyde Density -Sodium acetate Density, aqueous solution -Sodium chlorate Density, aqueous solution -Sodium chloride Density, aqueous solution -Sodium iodide Density, aqueous solution -Sodium nitrate Density, aqueous solution -Tetrachloroethane Density -Toluene Density -Toluidine (o-, m-, p-) Density -Xylene (o-, m-, p-) Density Diethyl terephthalate Verdet constant Diethyl o-valerylmalate Surface tension Diethylacetal Verdet constant Diethylacetic acid Heat of combustion Viscosity Diethylacetic anhydride Heat of combustion Diethylacetone, viscosity Diethylamine Absorption spectra Azeotropic mixtures Birefringence, electric Critical point data Density, aqueous solution Dielectric constant Diffusion of vapor in air Electrical conductivity Aqueous solution Heat of combustion Heat of solution in water Heat of vaporization Magnetic susceptibility Orthobaric density Refractive index Solubility in water Specific heat Surface tension Thermal conductivity Links 3.103 3.103 3.103 3.103 3.164 3.172 3.192 3.186 3.102 3.102 3.102 3.102 3.102 3.154 3.188 3.189 3.191 6.430 4.461 6.429 5.165 7.218 5.166 7.219 5.332 3.320 7.111 3.242 3.114 6.82 5.62 6.143 6.268 5.167 5.149 5.137 6.361 3.242 7.36 3.261 5.109 4.451 5.214 5.337 3.248 6.88 3.388 400 Index Terms Vapor pressure Vapor pressure above 1 atm. Viscosity Gas Liquid -Allyl isothiocyanate* -Amyl alcohol* -Benzene* -Bromobenzene* -Butyl alcohol* -Butyl bromide* -Butyl ether* -Carbon tetrachloride* -Chloroform* -o-Dichlorobenzene* -Ethyl ether Distribution coefficients in water -Ethylene chloride Distribution coefficients in water -Isoamyl phenyl ether Distribution coefficients in water -Isobutyl alcohol Distribution coefficients in water -sec.-Octyl alcohol Distribution coefficients in water -Phenyl isothiocyanate Refractive index -Phenyl thiocyanate Density -Toluene Distribution coefficients in water -1,3,4-Trichlorobenzene Distribution coefficients in water -Xylene Distribution coefficients in water Diethylaminonaphthalene (α-, β-) Refractive index -Quinoline Density Refractive index Dispersion 1,4-Diethylaminonaphthalene Refractive index -Quinoline Density Refractive index Dispersion 2,3-Diethylaminonaphthalene -Quinoline Density Refractive index Dispersion Diethylammonium bromide -Dichloromethane* Diethylammonium chloride Boiling point elevation in aqueous solution Density, aqueous solution Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Heat of solution in water Viscosity of aqueous solution -Acetonitrile* -tert.-Amyl alcohol* -Chloroform* -Chloroform*-Tetrapropylammonium iodide -Dichloromethane* -Ethyl alcohol Links 3.219 3.242 5.4 5.41 7.216 3.427 3.426 3.427 3.427 3.427 7.83 3.169 3.427 3.427 3.427 7.60 7.88 7.88 7.107 7.61 7.88 7.88 7.107 7.88 7.88 7.107 3.327 3.62 6.232 5.149 5.13 3.112 3.114 401 Index Terms Boiling point elevation -Isoamyl alcohol Boiling point elevation -Pyridine Boiling point elevation -Sulfur dioxide Boiling point elevation Diethylammonium nitrate Surface tension -Chloroform* -Dichloromethane* Diethylaniline Absorption spectra Birefringence, electric Boiling point Compressibility Density Heat of combustion Refractive index Specific heat Surface tension Vapor pressure Verdet constant Viscosity -1,4-Dichloronaphthalene* -Isoamyl alcohol Density Viscosity -Naphthalene Density Refractive index Dispersion -Nitrobenzene Density Heat of solution Specific heat Surface tension Viscosity Diethylaniline hydrochloride -Chloroform* Diethylaniline hydroiodide -Chloroform* Diethylcetylammonium chloride Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Diethylcyclobutane-1,1-dicarboxylate Viscosity Diethylcyclohexylamine Magnetic susceptibility Diethyldimethyllead Boiling point Density Refractive index Diethyldimethylsilicon Boiling point Density Refractive index Diethyldiisobutyllead Boiling point Density Refractive index Diethyldipropyllead Boiling point Density Refractive index Links 3.336 3.343 3.342 3.328 4.451 5.333 7.111 3.226 3.37 3.30 5.168 7.52 5.112 4.460 3.226 6.430 5.43 5.346 5.45 3.173 5.43 7.89 7.89 7.108 3.177 5.157 5.128 4.473 5.45 6.232 7.221 6.363 1.116 1.116 1.116 1.163 1.113 1.113 1.113 1.163 1.116 1.116 1.116 1.163 1.116 1.116 1.116 1.163 1.165 1.168 1.165 1.165 7.221 7.223 402 Index Terms Diethylene disulfide -Xylene Density Refractive index Diethylene glycol Heat of combustion Diethylisopropyl alcohol -Benzene* -Ethyl amyl ether Density Diethylketene Absorption spectra Refractive index Diethylmalonic acid Decomposition, kinetics of Heat of combustion Diethymitrosoamine Refractive index Surface tension Diethylphenylammonium 3,5-dinitrobenzoate, electrical conductivity, aqueous solution β, β-Diethylstyrene Heat of combustion Refractive index Diethylsuccinic acid Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Heat of combustion Diethylsuccinic anhydride Heat of combustion Diethylsulfone -Chloroform* Diethylthallium hydroxide Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Diethyltin iodide -Ethyl ether Boiling point elevation Dietzeite Density Refractive index Diffusion Beta rays Coefficient of Conversion factors Gases and vapors Liquids Metals in metals Odors Oxides in tungsten Radioactive elements Solids Velocity of Diffusivity Conversion factors Definition Difluoroacetamide Magnetic susceptibility Difluoroacetic acid, electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Difluorodibromoethane Magnetic susceptibility Difluoroethanol Magnetic susceptibility Links 7.83 7.83 5.164 3.190 5.340 7.39 5.376 7.122 5.165 7.36 4.451 6.243 5.164 7.57 6.288 5.165 5.166 6.268 3.341 1.145 1.145 1.370 5.62 1.25 5.62 5.63 5.75 1.358 6.55-56 1.364 5.76 5.62 1.25 1.36 6.361 6.262 6.361 6.361 1.173 5.63 5.76 5.77 403 Index Terms Difluoroethylene Solubility in non-aqueous liquids Digallic acid Specific heat, aqueous solution Diglycollic acid Density, aqueous solution Dihydrite Density Refractive index 9, 10-Dihydroanthracene Absorption spectra -Quinoline Density Refractive index Dispersion Dihydrobenzene Heat of combustion Refractive index α-Dihydrocampholenic acid Surface tension Dihydrocarvone Dielectric constant Optical rotatory power Refractive index Dihydrolimonene Birefringence, magnetic Dihydronaphthalene Absorption spectra Heat of combustion Magnetic susceptibility Refractive index Specific heat -Naphthalene Freezing point-solubility 1,4-Dihydronaphthalene Heat of fusion Dihydronaphthoic acid Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Optical rotatory power Dihydrophenanthrene Heat of fusion -Quinoline Density Refractive index Dispersion Dihydrophthalic acids , electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Dihydropinene Birefringence, magnetic Dihydroterephthalic acids Heat of combustion Dihydroxybehenic acid Heat of combustion Dihydroxybenzaldehydes, electrical coNductivity, aqueous solution o-Dihydroxybenzene. See Pyrocatechol. m-Dihydroxybenzene. See Resorcinol. p-Dihydroxybenzene. See Hydroquinol. 2,4-Dihydroxybenzoic acid Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Heat of combustion 3,4-Dihydroxybenzoic acid Boiling point elevation in aqueous so lution Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Links 3.269 5.125 3.114 1.122 1.122 5.350 7.88 7.88 7.107 5.163 7.38 4.460 6.95 7.413 7.52 7.111 5.346 5.163 6.363 7.49 5.112 4.155 5.134 6.297 7.406 5.134 7.88 7.88 7.107 6.286 7.111 5.165 5.166 6.279 6.280 5.165 3.327 6.280 1.173 404 Index Terms Heat of solution in water Dihydroxymethylcyclopropane Heat of combustion 1,4-Dihydroxynaphthalene -Benzamide* -Naphthylamine (α-, β-) Freezing point-solubility -Phenylenediamine (m-, p-) Freezing point-solubility -Succinimide Freezing point-solubility 1,6-Dihydroxynaphthalene -Benzamide* -Naphthylamine (α-, β-) Freezing point-solubility 1,6-Dihydroxynaphthalene -Benzamide* -Naphthylamine (α-, β-) Freezin g point-solubility -Phenylenediamine (o-, m-, p-) Freezing point-solubility -Succinimide Freezing point-solubility 1,8-Dihydroxynaphthalene -Benzamide* -Naphthylamine (α-, β-) Freezing point-solubility -Phenylenediamine (o-, m-, p-) Freezing point-solubility 2,3-Dihydroxynaphthalene -Benzamide* -Naphthylamine (α-, β-) Freezing point-solubility -Phenylenediamine (o-, m-, p-) Freezing point-solubility -Succinimide Freezing point-solubility 2,6-Dihydroxynaphthalene -Benzamide* -Naphthylamine (α-, β-) Freezing point-solubility -Phenylenediamine (o-, m-, p-) Freezing point-solubility -Succinimide Freezing point-solubility 2,7-Dihydroxynaphthalene -Benzamide* -Naphthylamine (α-, β-) Freezing point-solubility -Phenylenediamine (o-, m-, p-) Freezing point-solubility 1,5-Dihydroxynaphthalene diamyl ether -Quinoline Density Refractive index Dispersion 1, 3-Dihydroxy-2,4,6-tribromobenzene Heat of solution in water Dihydroxyxanthone Photoluminescence 2,4-Duodoanilme -Isoamyl acetate Density Viscosity Links 5.150 5.164 4.157 4.143 4.114 4.157 4.157 4.143 4.114 4.157 4.143 4.157 4.143 4.114 4.157 4.143 4.114 4.158 4.143 7.88 7.88 7.108 5.149 5.387 3.176 5.45 4.144 405 Index Terms o-Diiodobenzene Absorption spectra Heat of fusion Specific heat Liquid Solid m-Diiodobenzene Absorption spectra Heat of fusion Specific heat Liquid Solid p-Diiodobenzene Heat of fusion Specific heat Liquid Solid -p-Bromoiodobenzene* -p-Chloroiodobenzene* -p-Dibromobenzene* -p-Dichlorobenzene* Diiodoethylene Absorption spectra, ultra-violet Dielectric constant 2,3-Diiodopentane Diffusion in methyl alcohol Diisoamyl Birefringence, electric Heat of combustion Refractive index Specific heat Surface tension -Acetone* -Aniline* -Hexane Viscosity -Methyl alcohol Solubility, mutual -Methylene iodide Solubility, mutual -Nitrobenzene Solubility, mutual -Propionitrile Solubility, mutual -Sulfur dioxide Solubility, mutual -m-Toluidine Solubility, mutual Diisoamyl oxalate , specific heat Diisoamyl sebacate Surface tension Viscosity Diisoamylamine Absorption spectra Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Heat of combustion Magnetic susceptibility Refractive index Surface tension Diisoamylammonium chloride -Chloroform* Diisoamylaniline, viscosity Diisoamyldimethyllead Boiling point Links 5.338 5.133 5.109 5.103 5.338 5.133 5.109 5.103 5.133 5.109 5.103 5.368 6.84 5.72 7.111 5.164 7.53 5.113 4.437 4.460 5.49 3.397 3.397 3.397 3.397 3.394 3.397 5.113 4.462 7.222 5.333 6.297 5.168 6.363 7.53 4.437 4.460 7.222 1.116 1.163 406 Index Terms Density Refractive index Diisoamylene, dielectric constant Diisobutyl Critical point data Orthobaric density Vapor pressure above 1 atm. Diisobutyl carbonate Azeotropic mixtures Diisobutyl succinate Verde fc constant Diisobutylamine Dielectric constant Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Heat of combustion Heat of solution in water Heat of vaporization Magnetic susceptibility Refractive index Specific heat Surface tension Viscosity Diisobutylammonium dichloroacetate -Benzene* -Cyclohexane* Diisobutylamime, surface tension Diisobutyldimethyllead Boiling point Density Refractive index Diisobutylene, heat of combustion Diisobutyralacetylene Magnetic susceptibility Diisopropenyl Refractive index Viscosity Diisopropyl Boiling point Critical point data Density Heat of combustion Orthobaric density Vapor pressure Vapor pressure above 1 atm. Verdet constant Viscosity Diisopropyl ketone Verdet constant α, γ-Diketohydrmdene Refractive index Diketopiperazine Heat of combustion Dilead potassium bromide -Potassium bromide Solubility in water Dilithium amine Phototropy Dilution, heat of Dilver (alloy) Dimensional equations, types of Dimensional formulas Links 1.116 1.116 6.95 1.165 3.245 3.245 3.245 3.249 3.320 3.323 6.430 6.94 6.289 5.168 5.150 5.137 6.363 7.45 5.112 4.437 7.220 4.459 4.462 1.116 1.116 1.116 5.163 1.163 1.165 6.363 7.39 7.217 3.222 3.244 3.29 5.163 3.244 3.222 3.244 6.429 7.218 6.429 7.30 5.167 7.346 7.167 5.160 2.375 1.19 1.18 3.249 3.33 407 Index Terms Di-l-menthyl tartrate -Benzene* -Nitrobenzene Density 3,5-Dimethoxyacetophenetide Solubility in water o-Dimethoxybenzene Cryoscopic constant Surface tension -Acetone* -Ethyl alcohol Viscosity -Ethyl ether Viscosity m-Dimethoxybenzene Surface tension p-Dimethoxyb enzene Surface tension o, o-Dimethoxybenzil Surface tension p-Dimethoxystilbene -Azobenzene* -Stilbene Freezing point-solubility Dimethyl acetylmalate -Acetone* -Benzene* -Carbon disulfide* -Chloroform* -Ethyl acetate Boiling point elevation -Methyl alcohol Boiling point elevation Density Dimethyl azelate Saponification constant Dimethyl camphorate Optical rotatory power Refractive index Dimethyl carbonate Azeotropic mixtures Heat of vaporization Specific heat X-rays, absorption coefficient Dimethyl chlorofumarate Surface tension Dimethyl chloromaleate Surface tension Dimethyl citraconate Refractive index Surface tension Verdet constant Dimethyl diacetylracemate -Dimethyl diacetyltartrate Viscosity Dimethyl d-diacetyltartrate -Dimethyl l-diacetyltartrate Freezing point-solubility Dimethyl dimethoxysuccinate Density -Ethyl bromide Density -Nitrobemene Links 3.178 3.392 4.183 4.458 5.38 5.41 4.458 4.458 4.462 4.163 3.340 3.334 3.151 7.135 7.447 7.58 3.320 5.137 5.108 6.14 4.454 4.454 7.41 4.457 6.429 5.51 4.158 3.29 3.157 6.16 408 Index Terms Density Dimethyl fumarate Heat of fusion Saponification constant Surface tension Dimethyl glutarate Absorption spectra Saponification constant Dimethyl malate Electrical conductivity Verdet constant Dispersion -Acetone* -Benzene* -Chloroform* -Ethyl acetate Boiling point elevation -Methyl alcohol Boiling point elevation Dimethyl maleate Refractive index Saponification constant Surface tension Dimethyl malonate Absorption spectra Azeotropic mixtures Dielectric constant Electrical conductivity Aqueous solution Magnetic susceptibility Refractive index Saponification constants Surface tension Verdet constant -Tetraethylammonium iodide Density -Tetrapropylammonium iodide Density -Trichloroacetic acid Freezing point-solubility Dimethyl mercury Absorption spectra, solutions Boiling point Density Magnetic susceptibility Refractive index Dimethyl mesaconate Refractive index Surface tension Verdet constant Dimethyl 3-methyl-∆2-cyclopropene-1,2-dicarboxylate, surface tension Dimethyl oxalate Absorption spectra Azeotropic mixtures Critical point data Cryoscopic constant Density Aqueous solution Dielectric constant Heat of fusion Heat of solution in water Magnetic susceptibility Melting point under pressure Refractive index Links 3.177 5.133 7.135 4.454 5.333 7.135 6.144 6.426 6.433 3.340 3.333 7.39 7.135 4.454 5.332 3.321 6.88 6.144 6.270 6.362 7.37 7.135 4.452 6.428 5.338 3.172 3.172 4.101 5.328 1.121 1.121 6.357 1.121 1.163 1.165 7.41 4.457 6.429 4.458 5.337 3.319 3.240 4.183 3.45 3.114 6.86 5.132 5.149 6.361 4.15 7.29 3.248 409 Index Terms Saponification constants Solubility in water Specific heat Surface tension, aqueous solution Vapor pressure above 1 atm. Volume change on melting -Acetic acid* -Chloroacetic acid* -Catechol* -2,4-Dinitrophenol Freezing point-solubility -Hydroquinol Freezing point-solubility -Naphthol (α-, β-) Freezing point-solubility -Nitrophenol (o-, m-, p-) Freezing point-solubility -Phenol Freezing point-solubility -Picric acid Freezing point-solubility -Pyrogallol Freezing point-solubility -Resorcinol Freezing point-solubility -p-Toluidine Freezing point-solubility -Trichloroacetic acid Freezing point-solubility Dimethyl sebacate Saponification constant Dimethyl suberate Saponification constant Dimethyl succinate Absorption spectra Cryoscopic constant Dielectric constant Heat of fusion Refractive index Saponification constant Solubility in water Surface tension Verdet constant -Acetic acid* -Chloroacetic acid* -Trichloroacetic acid Freezing point-solubility Dimethyl sulfate Dielectric constant Electrical conductivity Magnetic susceptibility Surface tension Viscosity -Sulfuric acid Density Viscosity -Turpentine oil Solubility, mutual Dimethyl sulfone Density, aqueous solution Dimethyl tartrate Density Aqueous solution Heat of fusion Saponification constant Surface tension Links 7.135 4.251 5.102 4.468 3.240 4.15 4.114 4.114 4.115 4.114 4.114 4.114 4.114 4.114 4.114 4.101 7.135 7.135 5.332 4.183 6.91 5.133 7.39 7.135 4.251 4.455 6.429 4.252 4.102 6.85 6.143 6.361 4.449 5.27 3.136 5.27 3.395 3.113 3.29 3.114 5.133 7.135 4.455 7.214 410 Index Terms Vapor pressure Viscosity -Acetone* -Acetonitrile* -Benzene* -Chloroform* -Ethyl acetate Boiling point elevation -Methyl alcohol Boiling point elevation -Methyl thiocyanate Boiling point elevation -Nitrobemene Density -Sulfuryl chloride Freezing point-solubility Dimethyl terephthalate Absorption spectra -Nitrobemene Boiling point elevation -Trichloroacetic acid Freezing point-solubility Dimethylacetal Surface tension Verdet constant Dimethylacetylacetone Refractive in dex Verdet constant β, β-Dimethylacrylic acid Surface tension Dimethyladipic acid Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Heat of combustion Dimethylamme Absorption spectra Critical point data Density Aqueous solution Gas Dielectric constant Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Heat of combustion Heat of formation Solubility in water Surface tension Thermal conductivity Vapor pressure Vapor pressure above 1 atm. Viscosity Aqueous solution Liquid -Chloroform* -Dimethylammonium chloride Density Viscosity -Ethyl ether Distribution coefficients in water -Phenyl thiocyanate Viscosity -Silver iodide Density Viscosity -Toluene Distribution coefficients in water -Xylene Distribution coefficients in water Links 3.221 5.49 3.340 3.333 3.335 3.177 4.189 5.346 3.343 4.104 4.451 6.428 7.41 6.429 4.452 6.288 5.165 5.335 3.239 3.113 3.3 6.82 6.263 5.167 5.182 3.261 4.441 5.214 3.217 3.239 5.20 7.214 3.162 5.39 3.425 5.41 3.139 5.28 3.425 3.425 3.248 4.449 411 Index Terms Dimethylamine chloroplatinate -Ethyl alcohol Freezing point-solubility in water Dimethylaminobenzoic acids Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Dimethylammonium chloride Density, aqueous solution Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Vapor pressure lowering in aqueous solution Viscosity, aqueous solution -Chloroform* -Dimethylamine* -Sulfur dioxide Boiling point elevation Dimethylammonium hydroxide Viscosity, aqueous solution Dimethylammonium nitrate Electrical conductivity Surface tension Dimethylaniline Absorption spectra Azeotropic mixtures Birefringence, electric Boiling point Compressibility Critical point data Cryoscopic constant Density Dielectric constant Flash point Heat of combustion Heat of vaporization Magnetic susceptibility Refractive index Specific heat Surface tension Vapor pressure Verded constant Viscosity -Acetic acid* -Acetone* -Aniline* -Benzene* -Benzene*-m-Cresol -Benzhydrol* -Camphor* -Chloroform* -o-Chlorophenol* -m-Cresol* -Diethyl tartrate* -Ethyl acetate Density Surface tension -Ethyl alcohol Boiling point elevation -Glycerol Mutual solubility -p-Hydroxybenzaldehyde Freezing point-solubility -Methyl acetate Vapor pressure -Methyl alcohol Vapor pressure -Nitrobenzene Density Heat of solution Links 4.406 6.291 3.62 6.243 3.293 5.13 3.328 5.13 6.147 4.449 5.333 3.322 7.111 3.224 3.37 3.249 4.183 3.29 6.93 2.162 5.168 5.137 6.363 7.43 5.112 4.458 3.224 6.429 5.44 3.166 4.473 3.337 3.396 4.148 3.289 3.287 3.177 5.157 5.344 3.34 5.45 5.47 5.49 5.51 7.219 412 Index Terms Specific heat Surface tension Viscosity -Phenol Density Freezing point-solubility Viscosity -Tetramethyldiaminobenzophenone Freezing point-solubility -Toluene Density Surface tension -m-Xylene Density Heat of solution Specific heat Surface tension Viscosity Dimethylaniline hydrohromide Electrical conductivity -Chloroform* Dimethylaniline hydrochloride Verdet constant 3,4-Dimethylaniline -Xylene Distribution coefficients in water Dimethylbenzoic acids Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution sym.-Dimethylbromoethylene Dielectric constant 2,5-Dimethyl-2,5-dibromo-3-hexine Magnetic susceptibility Dimethylbutadiene Absorption spectra, ultra-violet 2, 2-Dimethylbutane Viscosity 2, 2-Dimethyl-3-butanol Verdet constant 1,4-Dimethycyclohexa-1, 3-diene Heat of combustion Dimethylcyclohexane Absorption spectra Heat of vaporization -Aniline* 1,1-Dimethylcyclohexane Heat of combustion o-Dimethylcyclohexane Refractive index Viscosity m-Dimethylcyclohexane Birefringence, electric Heat of combustion Refractive index Viscosity -Dimethyldecahydronaphthalenes Vapor pressure -Methyldecahydronaphthalenes Vapor pressure p-Dimethylcyclohexane Heat of combustion Refractive index Viscosity Links 5.128 4.473 5.45 3.183 4.136 5.47 4.180 3.187 4.474 3.191 5.157 5.128 4.474 5.51 6.147 6.429 3.431 6.291 6.86 6.363 5.364 7.218 6.429 5.163 5.333 5.137 5.163 7.45 7.220 7.111 5.163 7.45 7.220 3.290 3.290 5.163 7.45 7.220 413 Index Terms Dimethylcyclohexanols Heat of combustion Refractive index Dimethylcyclohexanone Magnetic susceptibility Refractive index 1, 3-Dimethyl-3-cyclohexene Heat of combustion Refractive index 1, 3-Dimethylcyclopentane Absorption spectra Heat of combustion Heat of vaporization -Aniline* Dimethylcyclopentanols Heat of combustion Dimethyldecahydronaphthalenes -Cyclohexane* -1, 3-Dimethylcyclohexane* -Methylcyclohexane Vapor pressure -Methylcyclohexene Vapor pressure 3, 3-Dimethyldicyclohexyl Heat of combustion Dimethyldiethylketotetrahydrofurfurane Magnetic susceptibility 1, 3-Dimethyldihydrobenzene Heat of combustion Dimethyldihydroxyadipic acid Heat of combustion Dimethyldipropyllead Boiling point Density Refractive index Dimethylethylcarbinol Density, aqueous solution Dielectric constant Heat of combustion Melting point under pressure Thermal conductivity -Chloral* β, β-Dimethylglutaric acid Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Optical rotatory power 2, 2'-Dimethylheptane Dielectric constant 2,4-Dimethylheptane Compressibility Dielectric constant 2,5-Dimethylheptane Compressibility Dielectric constant 2,4-Dimethyl-2,4-hexadiene Magnetic susceptibility 2,6-Dimethylhexane Boiling point Compressibility Heat of combustion Surface tension Vapor pressure 3,4-Dimethylhexane Compressibility Links 5.164 7.45 6.363 7.44 5.163 7.44 5.333 5.163 5.137 5.164 3.290 3.290 5.164 6.363 5.163 5.165 1.116 1.116 1.116 3.114 6.89 5.164 4.10 5.228 6.283 7.404 6.94 3.37 6.94 3.37 6.94 6.363 3.225 3.37 5.163 4.458 3.225 3.37 1.163 1.165 414 Index Terms Heat of combustion 2,5-Dimethyl-3-hexin-2,5-diol Magnetic susceptibility Dimethylhomopyrocatechol Verdet constant asym.-Dimethylhydrazine Refractive index 1,5-Dimethyl-3-isopropene-1-cyclohexene Heat of combustion Dimethylketotetrahydrofurfurane Magnetic susceptibility Dimethylmalonic acid Decomposition, kinetics of Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Heat of combustion Dimethylmethylenecyclopropane Heat of combustion β-Dimethylnaphthalene Specific heat 2,6-Dimethylnaphthalene Absorption spectra, ultra-violet 2,7-Dimethylnaphthalene Absorption spectra, ultra-violet α-Dimethylnaphthylamine Absorption spectra Refractive index Verdet constant Viscosity β-Dimethylnaphthylamine Absorption spectra, ultra-violet Refractive index Verdefc constant Viscosity Dimethylnitrosoamine Density Electrical conductivity Aqueous solution Refractive index Surface tension -Tetraethylammonium iodide Density Dimethyl-2,4-nonatriene Magnetic susceptibility 2,6-Dimethyl-2,6, 8-nonatriene Magnetic susceptibility 2,6-Dimethyloctane Boiling point Density Vapor pressure 2,7-Dimethyloctane Azeotropic mixtures Viscosity Dimethyloxamide Magnetic susceptibility Dimethylparabanic acid Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Heat of solution in water Dimethylpentanes Heat of combustion 2,5-Dimethylphenol -Sulfuric acid Freezing point-solubility Links 5.163 6.363 6.430 7.34 5.164 6.362 7.122 6.270 5.165 5.163 6.113 5.363 5.363 5.333 7.56 6.430 7.221 5.364 7.56 6.430 7.221 3.28 6.143 6.263 7.34 4.449 3.158 6.363 6.363 3.226 3.30 3.226 3.321 7.221 6.361 6.269 5.149 5.163 4.189 5.364 415 Index Terms 3,4-Dimethylphenol -Sulfuric acid Freezing point-solubility Dimethylphenylammonmm iodide -Iodine-Nitrobenzene Freezing point-solubility 2,6-Dimethylpyridine Solubility in water Dimethylpyrroles, refractive index 2,5-Dimethylpyrone Cryoscopic constant 2,6-Dimethylpyrone Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Dimethyl-γ-pyrone Absorption spectra Heat of fusion Specific heat Liquid Solid Surface tension -Acetic acid* -Acetonitrile* -Benzole acid* -Chloroacetic acid* -α-Chlorocrotonic acid* -Cinnamic acid* -Cresol (o-, m -, p-)* -α-Crotonic acid* -Dichloroacetic acid* -Dichloromethane* -2,4-Dinitrophenol Freezing point-solubility -Formic acid Freezing point-solubility -Hydrodnnamic acid Freezing point-solubility -β-Iodopropionic acid Freezing point-solubility -Mandelic acid Freezing point-solubility -Naphthol (α-, β-) Freezing point-solubility -o-Nitrobenzoic acid Freezing point-solubility -Nitrophenol (o-, m-, p-) Freezing point-solubility -Phenol Freezing point-solubility -Phenylacetic acid Freezing point-solubility -Picric acid Freezing point-solubility -Propionitrile Boiling point elevation -Salicylic acid Freezing point-solubility -Sulfuric acid Freezing point-solubility -Toluic acid (o-, m -, p-) Freezing point-solubility -Trichloroacetic acid Freezing point-solubility -Trichlorobutyric acid Freezing point-solubility -Trichlorolactic acid Links 4.189 4.270 3.391 7.39 4.183 6.281 5.342 5.133 5.111 5.104 4.456 4.126 4.99 4.151 4.111 4.151 4.151 4.146 4.129 4.136 4.151 4.120 3.338 4.149 4.188 4.151 4.103 4.113 416 Index Terms Freezing point-solubility -1,3,5-Trinitrobenzene Freezing point-solubility -2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene Freezing point-solubility Dimethylpyrone hydrobromide -Chloroform* Dimethylpyrone picrate -Benzene* -Carbon tetrachloride* -Chloroform* -Dichloromethane* Dimethylquinol Verdet constant Dimethylresorcinol Verdet constant Dimethylsilicane Boiling point Density, gas Vapor pressure α, β-Dimethylstyrene Heat of combustion Refractive index α, ω-Dimethylstyrene Magnetic susceptibility Dimethylsuccinic acid Crystallography Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Heat of combustion Optical rotatory power Dimethylsuccinic anhydride Heat of combustion Dimethylsulfoxide nitrate -Chloroform* Dimethyl-o-toluidine Boiling point Critical point dafca Density Dielectric constant Refractive index Specific heat Surface tension Vapor pressure Verdet constant Viscosity -Benzene* -Toluene Density Surface tension Dimethyl-p-toluidine Absorption spectra Boiling point Dielectric constant Refractive index Vapor pressure Verdet constant Viscosity Dimethyltoluidine hydrochloride (o-, p-) Verdet constant Dimethylurea Density, aqueous solution -Phenol Freezing point-solubility Links 4.111 4.118 4.146 6.429 6.429 3.217 3.3 3.217 5.163 7.50 6.363 1.332 6.275 5.165 7.404 5.166 3.225 3.249 3.30 6.94 7.47 5.112 4.459 3.225 6.430 7.220 3.188 4.474 5.333 3.225 6.94 7.47 3.225 6.430 7.220 6.430 3.114 4.112 417 Index Terms 1,5-Dimethyl-3-vinyl-1-cyclohexene Heat of combustion Dinaphthalenethiophene -Aniline* 2,4-Dimtroacetanilide -p-Nitroacetanilide Freezing point-solubility 2,4-Dimtroaniline Absorption spectra -Methylamine Density Viscosity -Nitroaniline (o-, p-) Freezing point-solubility 2,4-Dinitroamsole -2,6-Dinitroanisole Freezing point-solubility -2,4-Dinitrophenetole Freezing point-solubility 2,6-Dinitroanisole -2,4-Dinitroanisole* Dinitrobenzene Explosive, properties as -Isobutyl bromide Boiling point elevation -Propionic acid Boiling point elevation -Sulfuric acid Freezing point-solubility in water o-Dinitrobenzene Absorption spectra Heat of combustion Heat of fusion Specific heat Liquid Solid Surface tension -Acenaphthene* -m-Aminophenol* -Aniline* -Anthracene* -Benzene* -Carbazole* -m-Dinitrobenzene Freezing point-solubility -2,4-Dinitrotoluene Freezing point-solubility -Fluorene Freezing point-solubility -m-Hydroxybenzaldehyde Freezing point-solubility -Naphthalene Freezing point-solubility -Naphihylamine (α-, β-) Freezing point-solubility -Phenanthrene Freezing point-solubility -Phenylenediamine (o-, m-) Freezing point-solubility -p-Toluidine Freezing point-solubility -1,3,5-Trinitrobenzene Freezing point-solubility -2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene Freezing point-solubility Links 5.163 4.180 5.339 3.152 5.35 4.177 4.148 4.179 7.490 3.341 3.339 4.398 5.338 5.167 5.133 5.109 5.103 4.453 4.175 4.175 4.176 4.124 4.176 4.176 4.176 4.124 4.124 4.174 4.175 418 Index Terms -Triphenylcarbinol Freezing point-solubility -Urea Freezing point-solubility m-Dinitrobenzene Absorption spectra Cryoscopic constant Dielectric constant Diffusion in benzene Diffusion in methyl alcohol Flash point Heat of combustion Heat of explosion Heat of fusion Magnetic susceptibility Specific heat Liquid Solid Surface tension Verdet constant Viscosity -Acenaphthene* -Acetanilide* -m-Aminophenol* -Aniline* -Anthracene* -Antimony tribromide* -Antimony trichloride* -Benzene* -Camphor* -Carbazole* -Chloroform* -o-Dinitrobenzene* -Diphenylamine Freezing point-solubility -2,4-Dinitrotoluene Freezing point-solubility -Ethyl acetate Density Freezing point-solubility Pressure, effect of Heat of solution -Ethyl alcohol Boiling point elevation Heat of solution -Ethyl ether Heat of solution -Fluorene Freezing point-solubility -m-Hydroxybenzaldehyde Freezing point-solubility -Naphthalene Density Freezing point-solubility -Naphthalene-Toluene Density -Naphthylamine (α-, β-) Freezing point-solubility -Nitroaniline (m-, p-) Freezing point-solubility -Nitrobenzene Freezing point-solubility -Nitrogen tetroxide Boiling point elevation -Nitromethane Boiling point elevation -p-Nitrotoluene Links 4.124 4.100 5.338 4.183 6.89 5.74 5.72 2.162 5.168 7.490 5.133 6.362 5.109 5.103 4.453 6.429 7.217 4.125 4.176 3.166 4.115 4.265 5.153 3.336 5.152 5.153 4.176 4.125 3.174 4.125 3.197 4.125 4.124 4.124 3.329 3.333 419 Index Terms Freezing point-solubility -Phenanthrene Freezing point-solubility -Phenylenediamine (o-, m-, p-) Freezing point-solubility -Picric acid Freezing point-solubility -Toluene Density -p-Toluidine Freezing point-solubility -1,3,5-Trinitrobenzene Freezing point-solubility -2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene Freezing point-solubility -Triphenylcarbinol Freezing point-solubility -Urea Freezing point-solubility -Urethan Freezing point-solubility p-Dinitrobenzene Absorption spectra Heat of combustion Heat of fusion Specific heat Liquid Solid Surface tension -Acenaphthene* -Aniline* -Anthracene* -Benzene* -Carbazole* -Fluorene Freezing point-solubility -m-Hydroxybenzaldehyde Freezing point-solubility -Iodine Freezing point lowering Freezing point-solubility -Naphthalene Freezing point-solubility -Naphthylamine (α-, β-) Freezing point-solubility -Phenanthrene Freezing point-solubility -Phenylenediamine (o-, m-, p-) Freezing point-solubility -p-Toluidine Freezing point-solubility -Triphenylcarbinol Freezing point-solubility -Urea Freezing point-solubility 2,4-Dinitrobenzoic acid Crystallography Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution -Chloroform* -Ethyl ether Distribution coefficients in water -Xylene Distribution coefficients in water 3,5-Dinitrobenzoic acid Crystallography Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Links 4.176 4.176 4.124 4.175 3.174 4.125 4.174 4.176 4.125 4.100 4.112 5.338 5.168 5.133 5.110 5.103 4.453 4.176 4.125 4.37 4.34 4.125 4.125 4.125 4.125 4.125 4.126 4.100 1.327 6.277 3.429 3.429 1.327 6.277 420 Index Terms Solubility in water Pressure, effect of -Benzene* -Chloroform* -Ethyl ether Distribution coefficients in water -Hydrogen chloride Freezing point-solubility in water -Potassium chloride Freezing point-solubility in water -Potassium nitrate Freezing point-solubility in water -Sodium chloride Freezing point-solubility in water -Xylene Distribution coefficients in water 3,4-Dinitrobromobenzene Crystal nuclei, formation of Dinitrobromomethane, electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Dinitrochlorob enzene Flash point Solution velocity in ether 2,4-Dinitrochlorobenzene Birefringence, magnetic Surface tension -α-Naphthylamine Freezing point-solubility -Nitroaniline (o-, m-) Freezing point-solubility -Picryl chloride Freezing point-solubility 3,4-Dmitrochlorobenzene Crystallization velocity Surface tension 4, 5-Dinitro-1,2-dimethoxybenzene Surface tension m-Dinitrodiphenylcarbamide Transition temperature Dinitroethane Absorption spectra Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Dinitromesitylene Crystallography -Acetonitrile* -Formic acid Boiling point elevation -Methyl alcohol Boiling point elevation Dinitromethane Absorption spectra Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution 2,4-Dmitromethylanilme Heat of combustion Dinitronaphthalene Diffusion in benzene Diffusion in methyl alcohol 1,5-Dinitronaphthalene -1,8-Dinitronaphthalene Freezing point-solubility -1,8-Dinitronaphthalene-α-Nitronaphthalene Freezing point-solubility -1,8-Dinitronaphthalene-1,3,5-Trinitronaphthalene Freezing point-solubility -1,8-Dinitronaphthalene-, 1,3,8-Trinitronaphthalene Links 3.390 3.393 3.429 4.396 4.418 4.418 4.418 3.429 5.60 6.261 2.162 5.60 7.111 4.453 4.118 4.118 4.117 5.61 4.453 4.457 4.8 5.335 6.262 1.328 3.333 3.334 5.334 6.261 5.168 5.74 5.73 4.155 4.171 4.170 4.253 421 Index Terms Freezing point-solubility -α-Nitronaphthalene Freezing point-solubility -1,3,5-Trinitronaphthalene Freezing point-solubility -1,3,8-Trinitronaphthalene Freezing point-solubility 1,8-Dinitronaphthalene -1,5-Dinitronaphthalene* -1,5-Dinitronaphthalene*-α-Nitronaphthalene -1,5-Dinitronaphthalene*-1,3,5-Trinitronaphthalene -1,5-Dinitronaphthalene*-1,3,8-Trinitronaphthalene -α-Nitronaphthalene Freezing point-solubility -1,3,5-Trinitronaphfhalene Freezing point-solubility -1,3,8-Trinitronaphthalene Freezing point-solubility 2,4-Dinitropherietole Absorption spectra -2,4-Dinitroanisole* 2,3-Dinitrophenol Absorption spectra Crystallography Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Solubility in water -Benzene* 2,4-Dinitrophenol Absorption spectra Diffusion in methyl alcohol Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Heat of combustion Magnetic susceptibility Solubility in water Surface tension Vapor pressure Liquid Solid -Acenaphthene* -Acetanilide* -Acetophenone* -Aniline* -Anthracene* -Antipyrine* -Azobenzene* -Benzene* -Benzhydrol* -Benzophenone* -Camphor* -Carbazole* -Cinnamic acid* -Dimethyl oxalate* -Dimethylpyrone* -Diphenylamine Freezing point-solubility -Fenchone Freezing point-solubility -Fluorene Freezing point-solubility -m-Hydroxybenzaldehyde Freezing point-solubility -Naphthalene Freezing point-solubility -Naphthylamine (α-, β-) Freezing point-solubility -Nitrogen tetroxide Links 4.171 4.155 4.155 4.155 4.155 4.155 4.155 5.343 5.338 1.326 6.271 3.388 5.338 5.72 6.271 5.168 6.362 3.388 4.453 3.220 3.209 4.126 4.126 4.176 4.126 4.126 4.126 4.252 422 Index Terms Boiling point elevation -o-Nitrophenol Freezing point-solubility -Phenanthrene Freezing point-solubility -Phenylenediamine (o-, m-, p-) Freezing point-solubility -Picric acid Freezing point-solubility -Succinic acid Freezing point-solubility -Succinimide Freezing point-solubility -Trimethylcarbinol Freezing point-solubility 2,5-Dinitrophenol Absorption spectra Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Solubility in water -Benzene* 2,6-Dinitrophenol Absorption spectra Crystallography Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Solubility in water -Benzene* 3,4-Dinitrophenol Crystallography Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Solubility in water -Benzene* 3,5-Dinitrophenol Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Dinitrophenols Vapor pressure -Methyl alcohol Density Refractive index Di-(o-nitrophenyl) carbonate -Di-(o-, p'-nitrophenyl) carbonate Freezing point-solubility -Di-(p-nitrophenyl) carbonate Freezing point-solubility Di-(o-, p'-nitrophenyl) carbonate -Di-(o-nitrophenyl) carbonate* -Di-(p-nitrophenyl) carbonate Freezing point-solubility Di-(p-nitrophenyl) carbonate -Di-(o-nitrophenyl) carbonate* -Di-(o-, p'-nitrophenyl) carbonate* Dinitroresorcinol Magnetic susceptibility -Camphor* Dinitrotetrammine cobaltic chloride Solubility in aqueous solutions Dinitrotetrammine cobaltic dioxalotriammine cobaltiate Solubility in aqueous solution Dinitrotetrammine cobaltic nitrate Solubility in aqueous solutions Dinitrotetrammine cobaltic perchlorate Solubility in aqueous solutions Dinitrotetrammine cobaltic sulfate Solubility in aqueous solutions Links 3.329 4.176 4.126 4.126 4.175 4.114 4.113 4.115 5.338 6.271 3.388 4.252 5.338 1.326 6.271 3.389 1.326 6.271 3.389 4.252 6.271 3.220 7.79 7.79 4.162 4.171 4.162 4.171 4.162 6.362 7.328 7.334 7.328 7.328 7.332 7.329 423 Index Terms Dinitrotetrammine cobaltic tetranitrodiammine cobaltiate Solubility in aqueous solution Dinitrotetrammine cobaltic tetrathiocyanatodiammine chromiate Solubility in aqueous solutions 2,3-Dinitrotoluene Heat of combustion 2,4-Dinitrotoluene Cryoscopic constant Crystallography Heat of combustion Heat of fusion Refractive index -Acenaphthene* -m-Aminophenol* -Aniline* -Anthracene* -Benzene* -Carbazole* -Diethyl tartrate* -Dinitrobenzene (o-, m-)* -2,6-Dinitrotoluene Freezing point-solubility -Diphenylamine Freezing point-solubility -Fluorene Freezing point-solubility -m-Hydroxybenzaldehyde Freezing point-solubility -Naphthalene Freezing point-solubility -Naphthylamine (α-, β-) Freezing point-solubility -Nitrotoluene (o-, p-) Freezing point-solubility -p-Nitrotoluene-2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene Freezing point-solubility Refractive index -Phenanthrene Freezing point-solubility -Phenylenediamine (o-, m-, p-) Freezing point-solubility -Picric acid Freezing point-solubility -p-Toluidine Freezing point-solubility -2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene Freezing point-solubility -Triphenylcarbinol Freezing point-solubility -Urea Freezing point-solubility 2,5-Dinitrotoluene Heat of combustion 2,6-Dinitrotoluene Crystallography Heat of combustion Refractive index -Acenaphthene* -Aniline* -Anthracene* -Benzene* -Diethyl tartrate* -2,4-Dinitrotoluene* -Fluorene Freezing point-solubility -Naphthylamine (α-, β-) Links 7.332 7.337 5.168 4.183 1.327 5.168 5.133 7.30 4.179 4.147 4.179 4.147 4.147 4.147 4.170 4.170 7.97 4.148 4.143 4.175 4.147 4.178 4.148 4.100 5.168 1.327 5.168 7.30 4.148 4.179 424 Index Terms Freezing point-solubility -p-Nitrotoluene Freezing point-solubility -Phenanthrene Freezing point-solubility -p-Toluidine Freezing point-solubility -2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene Freezing point-solubility 3,4-Dinitrotoluene Heat of combustion -Acenaphthene* -Aniline* -Anthracene* -Benzene* -Fluorene Freezing point-solubility -Naphthylamine (α-, β-) Freezing point-solubility -Phenanthrene Freezing point-solubility -p-Toluidine Freezing point-solubility 3,5-Dinitrotoluene Crystallography Heat of combustion -Acenaphthene* -Aniline* -Anthracene* -Fluorene Freezing point-solubility -Naphthylamine (α-, β-) Freezing point-solubility -p-Toluidine Freezing point-solubility 2,3-Dinitro-p-xylene Crystallography -2,6-Dinitro-p-xylene Freezing point-solubility Diodes Diopside Compressibility Crystal nuclei, formation of Density Melting point Refractive index Specific heat -Akermanite* -Albite* -Albite*-Anorthite -Anorthite* -Calcium silicate* -Forsterite-Silica Freezing point-solubility -Magnesium orthosilicate Freezing point-solubility -Magnesium silicate Freezing point-solubility -Nephelite Freezing point-solubility -Silica Freezing point-solubility Dioptase Density Magnetic susceptibility Links 4.148 4.179 4.148 4.148 4.146 4.178 5.168 4.148 4.148 4.148 4.148 1.327 5.168 4.148 4.148 4.148 1.328 4.153 6.58 3.50 5.60 1.146 1.54 1.146 2.101 1.146 1.172 5.99 4.94 4.96 4.85 4.89 4.85 4.89 4.90 4.92 4.85 4.88 1.123 6.364 4.84 7.25 425 Index Terms Refractive index Diorite Bulk density Compressibility Compressive strength Dielectric constant Hardness Impact hardness Porosity Thermal conductivity Thermal diffusivity Dioxindol, heat of combustion Dipentene Absorption spectra Dielectric constant -Camphene* Dipentene dihydrochloride Verdet constant Dipheneserme Optical rotatory power Diphenic acid Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Solubility in water -Hydrogen chloride Freezing point-solubility in water Diphenyl Absorption spectra Boiling point Cryoscopic constant Diffusion in benzene Diffusion in methyl alcohol Diffusion of vapor in air Heat of combustion Heat of fusion Magnetic susceptibility Photoluminescence Refractive index Specific heat Surface tension Vapor pressure Verdet constant -Acetone* -Acetonitrile* -Antimony tribromide* -Antimony trichloride* -Antimony triiodide* -Benzene* -Benzil* -Benzoyl chloride* -Carbon disulfide* -Chloroform* -Cyclohexane* -Cyclopentane* -Ethyl acetate Density -Ethyl alcohol Heat of solution -Ethyl chloride Boiling point elevation -Ethyl ether Density -Hexane Density -Iodine Freezing point lowering Links 1.123 1.167 7.21 5.348 3.347 5.375 2.53 3.51 2.47 6.105 2.50 2.51 2.54 2.55 2.56 5.168 5.346 6.95 6.430 7.477 6.300 4.253 4.397 5.333 3.227 4.184 5.74 5.73 5.63 5.164 5.134 6.363 5.387 7.56 5.104 4.461 3.227 6.430 3.167 5.153 3.336 3.168 3.186 4.37 5.378 426 Index Terms -Isoamyl acetate Density Viscosity -Lophine Boiling point elevation -Methyl alcohol Refractive index -Naphthalene Freezing point-solubility -Nitrobenzene Density -Phosgene Boiling point elevation -Picric acid Freezing point-solubility -Pyridine Boiling point elevation -Quinoline Density Refractive index Dispersion -Styphnic acid Freezing point-solubility -Sulfur Boiling point elevation Freezing point lowering -Toluene Density Viscosity Diphenyl carbonate, surface tension Diphenyl ether. See Phenyl ether. Diphenyl mercury Absorption spectra, solutions Diphenyl selenide -Diphenyl sulfide Freezing point-solubility -Diphenyl telluride Freezing point-solubility Diphenyl sulfide Absorption spectra Verdet constant -Diphenyl selenide* -Diphenyl telluride Freezing point-solubility -Phenyl ether Freezing point-solubility Diphenyl telluride -Diphenyl selenide* -Diphenyl sulfide* Diphenylacetic acid Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Heat of combustion Solubility in water -Hydrogen chloride Freezing point-solubility in water Diphenylacetic anhydride Heat of combustion Diphenylacetone -Isoamyl acetate Density Viscosity Diphenylacetylene Crystallography -Isoamyl acetate Density Links 3.190 5.50 3.347 7.80 4.180 3.177 3.330 4.121 3.342 7.87 7.87 7.106 4.122 3.347 4.38 3.188 5.49 4.461 5.328 4.161 4.161 5.348 6.430 4.161 4.161 6.300 5.166 4.253 4.397 5.166 3.190 5.50 1.333 3.190 427 Index Terms Viscosity Diphenylamine Absorption spectra Compressibility Cryoscopic constant Crystallization velocity Dielectric constant Heat of combustion Heat of fusion Magnetic susceptibility Melting point under pressure Photoelectric threshold Photoluminescence Solubility in water Specific heat Liquid Solid Surface tension Thermal conductivity Vapor pressure Viscosity Volume change on melting -Acetic acid* -Acetone* -Acetonitrile* -Acetyldiphenylamine* -Amyl acetate* -Aniline* -Anthracene* -Benzene* -Benzoic acid* -Benzonitrile* -Benzophenone* -Butyric acid* -Carbon disulfide* -Catechol* -Cetyl alcohol* -Chloroform* -Chloronitrobenzene (o-, p-)* -Cinnamylideneacetophenone* -p-Cymene* -2,4-Dichloroamline* -1,1-Dichloroefhane* -m-Dinitrobenzene* -2,4-Dinitrophenol* -2,4-Dinitrotoluene* -Ethyl alcohol Boiling point elevation -Ethyl alcohol-Ethyl ether Vapor pressure, aqueous solution -Ethyl bromide Boiling point elevation -Ethyl disulfide Boiling point elevation -Ethyl ether Boiling point elevation Heat of solution -Ethyl iodide Boiling point elevation -Ethylene bromide Boiling point elevation Freezing point-solubility -Ethylene chloride Boiling point elevation -Hydrogen chloride Freezing point-solubility in water -Hydroquinol Links 5.50 5.333 3.39 4.184 5.61 6.96 5.168 5.134 6.363 4.16 6.68 5.387 3.392 5.113 5.104 4.461 5.216 3.227 5.43 4.16 3.337 3.378 3.336 3.342 3.341 5.153 3.336 3.335 4.173 3.335 4.397 5.348 5.375 4.215 5.48 7.221 428 Index Terms Freezing point-solubility -Isoamyl acetate Boiling point Density Viscosity -Isoamyl alcohol Boiling point elevation -Isopentane Solubility, mutual -Methyl acetate Boiling point elevation -Methyl alcohol Boiling point elevation -Methyl iodide Boiling point elevation -Methyl sulfide Boiling point elevation -Methyl thiocyanate Boiling point elevation -Naphthalene Freezing point-solubility -Naphthol (α-, β-) Freezing point-solubility -α-Naphthylamine Freezing point-solubility -p-Nitroanisole Freezing point-solubility -Nitrobenzene Boiling point elevation -Nitromethane Boiling point elevation -α-Nitronaphthalene Density Freezing point-solubility -Nitrophenol (o-, m-, p-) Freezing point-solubility -p-Nitrotoluene Freezing point-solubility -Phenol Density Freezing point-solubility Viscosity -Picric acid Freezing point-solubility -Piperidine Boiling point elevation -Propionic acid Boiling point elevation -Propionitrile Boiling point elevation -Pyridine Boiling point elevation -Pyrogallol Freezing point-solubility -p-Quinone Freezing point-solubility -Resorcinol Freezing point-solubility -p-Toluidine Boiling point elevation Freezing point-solubility -1,3,5-Trinitrobenzene Density -2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene Freezing point-solubility -Urethan Freezing point-solubility Links 4.140 3.346 3.190 5.50 3.343 3.396 3.339 3.334 3.333 3.338 3.335 4.180 4.156 4.158 4.179 3.343 3.333 3.193 4.155 4.130 4.150 3.184 4.137 5.48 4.121 3.343 3.339 3.338 3.342 4.141 4.127 4.139 3.346 4.152 3.173 4.146 4.112 4.157 429 Index Terms Diphenylarsenic acid -Benzene* Diphenylbutadiene Absorption spectra, ultra-violet Heat of combustion -Benzalazine* -Cinnamylideneaniline* -Cinnamylidene-β-naphthylamine* -Dibenzylhydrazine* -Diphenyldiacetylene Freezing point-solubility -Isoamyl acetate Density Viscosity Diphenylbutane Absorption spectra -Isoamyl acetate Density Viscosity α, γ-Diphenyl-α, β-butene -Carbon tetrachloride* Diphenylcarbinol Absorption spectra Heat of combustion -Isoamyl acetate Density Viscosity Diphenylchloroarsine Magnetic susceptibility Vapor pressure Diphenyldiacetylene Heat of combustion Magnetic susceptibility -Benzalazine* -Cinnamylideneaniline* -Diphenylbutadiene* Diphenyldiazomethane Absorption spectra, ultra-violet sym.-Diphenyldimethylethylenediamine -Benzene* Diphenylene oxide Absorption spectra Refractive index -Quinoline Density Refractive index Dispersion Diphenyleneglycollic acid Solubility in water -Hydrogen chloride Freezing point-solubility in water 1,1-Diphenylethane Surface tension -Isoamyl acetate Density Viscosity 1,2-Diphenylethane Surface tension 1,4-Diphenyl-1-ethyl-3-butene Heat of combustion 1,1-Diphenylethylene Absorption spectra Birefringence, magnetic Magnetic susceptibility Links 5.378 5.164 4.164 3.190 5.50 5.351 3.190 5.50 5.349 5.164 3.190 5.50 6.363 3.227 5.164 6.364 5.379 5.348 7.56 7.87 7.87 7.106 4.253 4.397 4.461 3.190 5.50 4.461 5.164 5.350 7.112 6.363 5.378 430 Index Terms -Isoamyl acetate Density Viscosity 1,6-Diphenylhexa-1,5-diene Heat of combustion Diphenylhexatriene Heat of combustion Diphenyliodonium chloride Density, aqueous solution Diphenyliodonium nitrate Density, aqueous solution Diphenyliodonium sulfate Density, aqueous solution Diphenylmaleic anhydride Crystallography Heat of combustion Diphenylmethane Absorption spectra Boiling point Cryoscopic constant Dielectric constant Heat of combustion Heat of fusion Magnetic susceptibility Melting point under pressure Photoelectric threshold Photoluminescence Refractive index Surface tension Vapor pressure Verdet constant Viscosity -Antimony tribromide* -Antimony trichloride* -Benzoyl chloride* -Catechol* -Hydroquinol Freezing point-solubility -Naphthalene Freezing point-solubility -Naphthol (α-, β-) Freezing point-solubility -Naphthylamine (α-, β-) Freezing point-solubility -m-Nitrophenol Freezing poinfc-solubility -p-Nitrophenol Freezing point solubility -Phenol Freezing point-solubility -p-Phenylenediamine Freezing point-solubility -Picric acid Freezing point-solubility -Pyrogallol Freezing point-solubility -Quinoline Density Refractive index Dispersion -Resorcinol Freezing point-solubility -Styphnic acid Freezing point-solubility Links 3.190 5.50 5.164 5.164 3.61 3.63 3.61 1.334 5.166 5.349 3.227 4.184 6.96 5.164 5.134 6.363 4.10 6.68 5.387 7.59 4.461 3.227 6.430 5.28 5.378 7.221 4.140 4.180 4.156 4.158 4.131 4.132 4.137 4.144 4.121 4.141 7.87 7.87 7.107 4.139 4.122 4.157 431 Index Terms Diphenylmethylamine Viscosity -o-Chlorophenol* -Phenol Density Freezing point-solubility Viscosity Diphenylphenoxyarsine Magnetic susceptibility Diphenylphenylethinylcarbmol Heat of combustion Diphenylpiperazine -Benzene* 1,1-Diphenylpropane Surface tension Diphenylstyrene Heat of combustion Diphenylsuccinic acid Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Heat of combustion Optical rotatory power Diphenylsuccinic anhydride Crystallography Heat of combustion 1,2-Diphenylthiourea -Pyridine Viscosity sym.-Diphenylurea Absorption spectra Heat of combustion -Acetone* -Ethyl alcohol Boiling point elevation -Pyridine Viscosity unsym.-Diphenylurea Absorption spectra Heat of combustion Dipotassium dihydrogen disulfate -Potassium pyrosulfate Freezing point-solubility Dipping brass Dipropyl ether Boiling point Vapor pressure Dipropyl ketone Absorption spectra Birefringence, electric Dielectric constant Heat of combustion Heat of vaporization Refractive index Specific heat Surface tension Verdet const ant Viscosity Dipropyl malonate, specific heat Dipropyl oxalate , specific heat Dipropyl succinate, specific heat Dipropyl tartrate Density Verdet constant Dispersion Links 5.44 5.48 3.184 4.137 5.48 6.364 5.164 4.462 5.164 6.301 5.166 7.405 1.334 5.166 5.43 5.349 5.168 3.337 5.42 5.349 5.168 4.71 2.375 2.555 3.222 3.222 5.333 7.111 6.92 5.167 5.137 7.42 5.111 4.457 6.429 7.219 5.112 5.112 5.112 3.30 6.426 6.433 5.342 2.601 432 Index Terms -Benzene* -Ethyl bromide Density -Isobutyl alcohol Density Dipropylacetic acid Heat of conbustion Viscosity Dipropylacetone, viscosity Dipropylamine Absorption spectra Boiling point Critical point data Density Dielectric constant Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Heat of solution in water Heat of vaporization Refractive index Specific heat Surface tension Aqueous solution Thermal conductivity, gas -Ethyl ether Distribution coefficients in water -Toluene Distribution coefficients in water -Xylene Distribution coefficients in water Dipropylammoniun cholride Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution -Chloroform* p-Dipropylazophenol -p-Azoanisole-phenetole* -p-Azophenetole* -p-Methylpropylazophenol Freezing point-solubility Dipropylmalonic acid Decomposition, kinetics of Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Heat of combustion γ, γ-Dipyridyl -1,3,5-Trinitrobenzene Freezing point-solubility Dirigold (alloy) Disilicane Density Vapor pressure Disilicoethane, density, gas Disilicon hexachloride Vapor pressure Disiloxane, vapor pressure Disodium dihydrogen disulfate 'Sodium pyrosulfate Freezing point-solubility Disodium dihydrogen pyrophosphate Electrical conductivity aqueous solution Heat of formation Refractive index Disodium methyl arsenite Magnetic susceptibility Links 3.158 3.168 5.165 7.220 7.220 5.332 3.346 3.249 3.29 6.91 6.277 4.263 5.150 5.137 7.40 5.110 4.437 4.469 5.214 5.340 4.455 3.429 3.429 3.429 6.232 4.165 7.122 6.293 5.166 4.118 2.375 3.23 3.214 3.3 3.214 3.214 4.69 6.248 5.201 7.26 6.360 2.582 433 Index Terms Disodium ruthenium nitrite Refractive index Dispersion. See Refractive index. Dispersoidology Dissociation Heat of Work of Disthene, heat of formation Distribution coefficients Non-aqueous solutions Ditelluride ion, ionization constant Dithallium trice slum chloride Refractive index Dithionic acid Density, aqueous solution Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Freezing point lowering, aqueous solution Heat of formation Di-p-tolylmethane, surface tension Dixenite Density Refractive index Doctor metal Dodecane Absorption spectra Compressibility Specific heat Viscosity Dodecaphenylpentastannane Density β-Dodecyl dodecoate Optical rotatory power Dodecylene Absorption spectra Specific heat Dolomite Compressibility Compressive strength Density Dielectric constant Elasticity Heat of formation Magnetic susceptibility Reflectivity, selective Refractive index Solution velocity in acids Thermal conductivity Thermal expansion See also Calcium magnesium carbonate. Domeykite Density Melting point Domingite, density Dowmetal Electrical conductivity Mechanical properties Thermal conductivity Drain tile, water absorption Driver-Harris alloys Electrical conductivity Drop weight correction Drying agents, relative efficiencies Links 1.152 1.171 1.354 5.169 6.69 5.194 3.418 3.434 7.238 5.418 6.72 7.224 6.73 7.29 3.55 6.242 4.255 5.178 4.462 1.128 1.128 2.375 1.167 5.333 3.37 5.113 7.221 3.44 7.361 5.333 5.113 3.50 2.48 1.146 6.99 2.52 5.197 6.364 5.260 1.146 5.58 5.232 3.44 1.123 1.123 1.116 2.375 6.162 2.544 5.222 2.65 6.185 4.435 3.385 1.167 5.59 7.25 2.544 2.604 5.223 6.186 434 Index Terms Drying oils. See Oils, vegetable. Ductility, definition Dudley's alloys Durfeldtite, density Dufrenoysite, density Duke's metal Dulcitol Crystallography Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Heat of combustion Heat of solution in water Refractive index, aqueous solution Specific heat Aqueous solution -Boric acid* Dulcitol derivatives Optical rotatory power Dumet (alloy) Dumortierite Density Refractive index Dundasite, density Dunite , compressibility Dunnlevic and Jones antifriction alloy Duraloy Duralumin Compression tests Elastic properties Electrical conductivity Emission, spectral Endurance limits Hardness Impact strength Mechanical properties Shear tests Tensile properties Thermal expansion Viscosity, tangential coefficient Durana metal Durand's alloy Durangite Density Refractive index Durdenite, refractive index Durene -Benzene* -Chloroform* -Ethyl acetate Density -Hexane Density -Nitrobenzene Density -Toluene Density Durex (alloy) Duriron Electrical conductivity Dutch East Indies, weights and measures Dutch metal Dyes Absorption spectra Links 2.xii 2.375 1.116 1.116 2.375 1.326 4.263 5.164 5.150 7.69 5.103 5.125 7.388 2.375 1.138 1.138 1.137 3.51 2.375 2.375 2.375 2.538 2.540 6.162 5.254 2.601 2.539 2.540 2.534 2.538 2.534 2.464 5.8 2.375 2.375 1.153 1.153 1.128 2.467 2.481 1.172 2.476 2.508 2.468 2.534 2.538 2.468 2.470 2.468 2.556 2.536 1.172 1.173 3.167 3.186 3.177 3.188 2.375 2.375 6.188 1.5 2.375 7.173 2.473 2.555 2.601 2.601 2.608 435 Index Terms Adsorption by charcoal Adsorption on cotton Adsorption on glass Adsorption on uric acid Fading of Indicators, use as Osmotic pressure Photochemical oxidation Rearrangement, kinetics of Refractivity -Isobutyl alcohol Distribution coefficients in water Dynamites Dynamo steel Magnetic properties Dyne, definition Dysoid (alloy) Dysprosium Cathodoluminescence Emission spectra Persistent lines X-ray absorption limits X-ray emission spectra X-ray series, limiting frequencies Dysprosium chloride Absorption spectra, solutions Dysprosium ethyl sulfate Density Refractive index Dysprosium oxide Magnetic susceptibility “E” alloy E.B.D. bearing (alloy) Ear, sensitivity of Earth Angular velocity of rotation Characteristics Form and size Magnetic field Mean effective viscosity Motion Rigidity Rotational energy Earth currents Earths. See Clay. Ebonite Contact charge Density Electrical conductivity, X-rays, effect of Electrostriction Magnetic susceptibility Sound, velocity of, in Thermal conductivity Thermal diffusivity Ecdemite, density Ecgonine Absorption spectra, ultra-violet Crystallography Diffusion in water Ecgoninic acid Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Optical rotatory power Echitamine, optical rotatory power Links 3.251 3.253 3.252 3.252 7.165 1.84 4.430 7.163 7.127 7.15 3.433 7.494 6.374 1.36 2.375 6.376 5.388 5.291 5.323 6.40 6.40 6.35 5.390 5.329 1.140 1.140 6.359 2.375 2.375 1.94 1.394 1.392 1.394 6.445 1.394 1.392 1.394 1.394 6.449 6.57 2.312 6.6 6.207 6.364 6.465 2.312 2.315 1.116 5.369 1.329 5.71 6.282 7.431 7.476 1.166 2.538 6.450 2.601 2.608 436 Index Terms Ecliptic, definition Ectropite Density Refractive index Edgar Alien crucible steel Electrical conductivity Edingtonite Density Refractive index Edwards speculum Eelgrass Density Thermal conductivity Eglestonite Density Refractive index Egypt, weights and measures Egypt, ancient, weights and measures Ehrhardt's metal Eicosane Density Heat of combustion Einheitsmetall Einstein's relation (stopping potential) Eislers (bronze) Elaidic acid Absorption spectra Cryoscopic constant Esterification constant Heat of combustion Heat of fusion -Isoamyl acetate Viscosity Elaico alloys Elastic extension, heat of Elastic limit, definition Elastic modulus, definition Elasticity Building materials Concrete Glass Porcelain Whiteware σ-Elaterin, optical rotatory power Elateric acid, optical rotatory power Elaterite Elaterone, optical rotatory power Electric arc Luminous efficiency Temperature Electric circuit, oscillation, stabilizing frequency of Electric displacement, total, conversion factors Electric lamp, incandescent, luminous efficiency Electric units, practical Electrical cable industry, air conditioning in Electrical capacity Conversion factors Definition Electrical charge, conversion factors Links 1.35 1.128 1.128 1.174 6.200 1.148 1.148 2.375 1.170 2.313 2.313 1.121 1.121 1.6 1.14 2.375 3.30 5.164 2.375 6.61 2.375 1.166 3.34 2.557 2.559 5.353 4.184 7.138 5.166 5.134 5.50 2.375 5.147 2.viii 1.36 2.51 2.119 2.97 2.69 2.76 7.464 7.467 2.169 7.465 6.51 5.438 5.247 6.456 1.26 5.437 1.40 2.322 1.27 1.35 1.26 2.x 2.76 2.601 437 Index Terms Electrical conductivity Aqueous solutions Balata Commercial carbons Definition Elements Fats, vegetable Films Flames Gamma rays, production by Gases Glass Guttapercha Insulating materials Magnesia concrete Magnetic field, effect of Nitrocellulose plastics Oils and fats Phenol resins Porcelains Refractory materials Rubber Soap solutions Thermal conductivity, relation to Weak electrolytes, aqueous solution Whiteware X-rays, production by Electrical current, conversion factors Electrical inductance, conversion factors Electrical inductivity, conversion factors Electrical mass conductivity, conversion factors Electrical potential, conversion factors Electrical resistance B.A. unit Board of Trade unit Conversion factors Electrical units Fundamental International Electrical volume conductivity Conversion factors Electricity Atmospheric PiezoPyro- 6.207 Quantity of Specific heat Spray 1.359 ThermoElectrochemical reactions Potentials of Electrode cells, potentials of Electrodes See also Carbon. Electrolytic cells Constants, solutions for Electromagnetic induction, definition Electrometall Electromotive force Electrolytic Magnetization, production by Oxidation-reduction cells Photo Links 6.229 2.273 2.303 1.35 1.103 2.211 4.475 6.156 1.365 6.51 2.101 2.273 2.304 2.128 6.421 2.297 2.211 2.299 2.71 2.86 2.272 5.458 5.218 6.259 2.80 6.6 1.27 1.27 1.21 1.28 1.27 6.109 6.6 6.110 6.439 2.300 2.80 6.119 1.34 1.34 1.27 1.30 1.38 1.27 6.442 6.207 1.40 1.41 6.213 6.332 6.319 6.52 6.230 1.38 2.375 6.312 6.439 6.333 6.66 1.28 438 Index Terms Thermo Magnetic field, effect of Electron Definition Spinning Electron (alloy) Mechanical properties Electron emission Excited by Beta particles Electrons Positive ions X-rays Radioactive substances Electron tubes Oscillating Electronic charge Definition Electronic energy levels Electronic mass Definition Electronic radiation Absorption Excited by Alpha particles Beta particles Electrons Positive ions X-rays Reflected, angular distribution Stopping potential Transmission Electronic ratio Definition Electronic structure, atoms Electronics Electrons Absorption Absorption coefficients Angular distribution Atoms, distribution in Elongations of Energy levels Gases, ionization of, by High velocity Low velocity Magnetism, relation to Mean free path Migrational velocity Normal orbit Photoemission Reflection Secondary Beta particles, production by Emission of Reflection of Velocity of Spinning Stopping potential Thermal emission Gases, effect of Thermal velocity Transitions in emission of X-rays Transmission Links 6.213 6.439 1.36 6.346 2.375 2.545 2.545 2.604 6.2 6.51 6.62 6.60 6.64 6.2 1.365 6.58 6.456 1.17 1.36 5.417 1.18 1.36 6.61 1.365 6.62 6.60 6.64 6.2 6.62 6.61 6.61 1.17 1.36 6.28 1.47 6.111 6.61 6.61 6.62 6.28 1.50 5.417 6.120 6.3 6.5 6.347 6.116 6.116 1.51 6.67 6.62 6.62 6.60 6.62 6.64 6.346 6.61 6.53 6.55 6.116 6.28 6.61 439 Index Terms Transmitted, velocity of Electroplate (alloy) Electrose Dielectric strength Electrical resistivity Electrostatic induction, definition Electrostatic transmitter Electrostriction Electrum (alloy) Elements. See Names of individual elements. Elephant bronze Elianite (alloy) Elinvar (alloy) Elongation, definition Elpidite Density Refractive index Emerald Dielectric constant Thermal conductivity Emery Density Hardness Thermal conductivity Emetamine, optical rotatory power Emission, spectral Emission spectra Emissivity, definition Emperor brass Empire cloth, moisture content at various humidities Emplectite , density Emulsin Enamels Dielectric strength Electrical conductivity Vitreous Acid resistance Composition Density Heat transfer by Opacifiers Reflectivity Strength properties Thermal expansion See also Glass. Enargite, density Enderie's theory (birefringence) Endurance limit, definition Energy, conversion factors Energy levels Electronic X-rays English alloy English brass English nickel silver English phosphor bronze English speculum Engravers brass Links 6.61 2.375 2.475 2.480 2.601 2.310 2.310 1.38 6.455 6.207 2.375 2.475 2.480 2.586 2.464 2.560 2.600 2.375 2.376 2.376 1.36 1.152 1.152 2.512 2.viii 1.170 7.26 5.256 5.264 5.268 2.555 2.555 2.601 2.601 6.99 5.231 2.87 2.87 2.315 7.477 5.248 5.277 1.36 2.376 2.323 1.123 7.155 5.242 2.310 2.310 2.117 2.114 2.115 2.115 2.116 2.116 2.115 2.115 2.116 1.123 7.109 2.xii 1.24 5.417 6.25 2.376 2.376 2.376 2.376 2.376 2.376 2.469 2.469 2.562 2.561 2.469 2.606 440 Index Terms Enstatite Compressibility Density Refractive index See also Magnesium metasilicafce. Entropy Eosin Absorption spectra Photoluminescence Sodium salt, diffusion in ethyl alcohol Eosphorite Density Refractive index Eötvös formula (surface tension) Ephedrine, optical rotatory power Epicamphor, optical rotatory power Epichlorohydrin Azeotropic mixtures Birefringence, electric Boiling point Density Dielectric constant Electrical conductivity Refractive index Solubility in water Surface tension Viscosity -Acetic acid* -Benzene* -Tetraethylammonium iodide Density Epididymite Density Refractive index Epidote Magnetic susceptibility Refractive index Thermal conductivity Thermal expansion Epistilbite Density Refractive index Epsomite Density Refractive index Equator, definition Equinox, definition Erbium Cathodoluminescence Emission, spectral Emission spectra Magnetic susceptibility Persistent lines X-ray absorption limits X-ray emission spectra X-ray series, limiting frequencies Erbium chloride Absorption spectra, solutions Magnetic susceptibility Aqueous solution Erbium ethyl sulfate Density Refractive index Links 3.50 1.142 1.142 1.172 5.84 7.224 5.353 5.387 5.73 7.191 1.137 1.137 4.434 7.380 7.435 1.172 3.319 7.110 3.217 3.28 6.85 6.143 7.35 3.387 4.449 7.214 3.162 1.153 1.153 1.170 7.27 6.364 7.25 5.231 3.45 1.145 1.145 1.141 1.141 1.36 1.35 5.388 5.242 5.292 6.355 5.323 6.40 6.40 6.35 1.169 1.168 5.390 5.329 6.359 6.364 1.140 1.140 1.166 7.23 441 Index Terms Erbium nitrate , birefringence, magnetic, aqueous solution Erbium oxalate Dehydration behavior of hydrate Magnetic susceptibility -Sulfuric acid Freezing point-solubility in water Erbium oxide Magnetic susceptibility Specific heat Erbium sulfate Decomposition pressure Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Magnetic susceptibility Solubility in water -Sulfuric acid Freezing point-solubility in water Erepsin Erg, definition Ergosterol, optical rotatory power Ergotmine, optical rotatory power Erichsen value, definition Erinite Density Refractive index Eriodictyonone Optical rotatory power Erionite Density Refractive index Eritrea, weights and measures Erucic acid Absorption spectra Cryoscopic constant Esterification constant Heat of combustion Melting point under pressure -Acetone* -Behenic acid* -Benzene* -Brassidic acid* -Carbon tetrachloride* -Ethyl acetate Heat of solution -Ethyl alcohol Heat of solution -Isoerucic acid Freezing point-solubility Erythrite Density Refractive index Erythritol Crystallization velocity Crystallography Density, aqueous solution Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Heat of combustion Heat of solution in water Melting point under pressure Optical rotatory power Refractive index, aqueous solution Solubility in water Specific heat Thermal conductivity Verdet constant Links 7.112 7.291 6.359 4.335 7.339 6.359 5.98 7.290 6.236 6.359 4.227 1.348 7.156 1.36 7.463 7.478 2.x 1.123 1.123 7.339 1.173 7.465 1.159 1.159 1.6 1.168 5.355 4.184 7.138 5.166 4.10 5.153 5.153 4.167 1.131 1.131 5.61 1.325 3.114 4.262 5.164 5.149 4.10 7.380 7.68 4.251 5.102 5.231 6.428 1.172 442 Index Terms Erythrose, optical rotatory power Erythrosine Absorption spectra Photoluminescence Esculin Chemiluminescence Photoluminescence Eseroline, optical rotatory power Esop and Wohler test (explosives) Essexite Compressibility Elasticity Esterification, kinetics of Esters Alcoholysis Aliphatic, X-ray diffraction data Saponification, kinetics of Saponification by lipase Esthonia, weights and measures Ethane Absorption spectra Boiling point Critical point data Critical potentials Decomposition pressure of hydrate Density Gas Liquid Detonation Dielectric constant Electrical ignition Electrons, attachment of, to form ions Explosion in closed vessels Turbulence, effect of Flame propagation in Heat of combustion Heat of formation Ignition t emperature Heat of vaporization Inflammability, limits of Ionization by α-particles Orthobaric density Ions, mobility of, in Polarization of light scattered by Refractivity Solubility in non-aqueous liquids Solubility in water Sound, velocity of, in Thermal conductivity Specific heat, gas Vapor pressure Aqueous solution Vapor pressure above 1 atm. Verdet constant Viscosity, gas -Acetylene* -Amyl alcohol* -Butyl alcohol* -Carbon dioxide* -Ethyl alcohol Vapor pressure -Hydrogen Detonation Diffusion coefficient -Hydrogen chloride Links 7.380 5.353 5.387 5.386 5.387 7.475 7.409 2.48 2.52 7.137 3.51 7.136 1.348 7.128 7.153 1.6 5.331 3.217 3.231 6.72 7.245 3.3 3.28 2.185 6.82 2.175 6.117 2.191 2.195 2.184 5.163 5.181 2.174 5.137 2.179 6.122 3.230 6.111 5.265 7.10 3.269 3.261 5.463 5.214 5.80 3.217 3.363 3.230 6.425 5.3 3.360 2.186 5.62 3.231 3.248 5.215 443 Index Terms Freezing point-solubility P-V-T relations Vapor pressure -Methane Boiling point elevation -Methyl alcohol Vapor pressure -Naphthalene Vapor pressure -Nitrous oxide Vapor pressure -Oxygen Boiling point elevation -Propyl alcohol Vapor pressure -Sulfur dioxide Vapor pressure Ether formation, kinetics of Ethiopia, weights and measures Ethoxyacetic acid, electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Ethoxybenzoic acids, electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Ethoxydichlorophosphine Surface tension Ethoxynaphthalene (α-, β-) Refractive index Ethoxypropionic acid Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Optical rotatory power Ethoxytoluenes, refractive index Ethyl acetate Absorption spectra Azeotropic mixtures Birefringence, electric Boiling point Compressibility Condensation on ions and nuclei Critical point data Cryoscopic constant Density Aqueous solution Dielectric constant Diffusion in methyl alcohol Diffusion of vapor in gases Electrical conductivity Flash point Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Heat of combustion Heat of solution in water Heat of vaporization Heat of wetting by Inflammability, limits of Ions, mobility of, in Magnetic susceptibility Melting point Orthobaric density Polarization of light scattered by Gas Liquid Refract ive index Gas Liquid Saponification, kinetics of Solidification point Solubility in water Solubility of salts in Links 4.212 3.17 3.353 3.333 3.360 3.360 3.356 3.381 3.325 3.360 3.354 7.143 1.6 6.267 6.291 3.381 4.449 7.56 6.270 7.366 7.47 5.332 3.318 7.111 3.219 3.36 6.117 3.241 4.215 3.28 3.114 6.87 5.72 5.62 6.143 2.162 4.262 5.167 5.149 5.137 5.142 2.180 6.112 6.361 1.54 3.241 5.337 3.340 3.39 3..248 3.33 5.266 5.266 7.10 7.36 7.129 1.61 3.388 4.209 7.77 7.83 444 Index Terms Sound, velocity of, in vapor Specific heat Gas Liquid Surface tension Aqueous solution Thermal conductivity Gas Liquid Vapor pressure Aqueous solution Vapor pressure above 1 atm. Verdet constant Viscosity Gas Liquid X-ray diffraction bands X-rays, absorption coefficient -Acenaphthene* -Acetic acid* -Acetone* -Ammonium perchlorate* -Amyl acetate* -Amyl formate* -Aniline* -Anthracene* -Antimony trichloride* -Azobenzene* -Barium perchlorate* -Benzene* -Benzene*-Camphor -Benzil* -Benzoic acid* -Benzyl benzoate* -Bismuth chloride* -Borneol* -Bromine* -d-Bromocamphor* -Cadmium iodide* -Calcium perchlorate* -Camphor* -Carbon disulfide* -Carbon tetrachloride* -Chlorine* -Chloroform* -Citric acid* -m-Cresol* -Cupric chloride* -Cyclohexane* -p-Dibromobenzene* -Diethyl malate* -Diethyl succinate* -Diethyl tartrate* -Dimethyl acetylmalate* -Dimethyl malate* -Dimethyl tartrate* -Dimethylaniline* -m-Dinitrobenzene* -Diphenyl* -Durene* -Erucic acid* -Ethyl alcohol Density Aqueous solution Heat of solution Miscibility in water Viscosity Links 6.463 5.81 5.108 4.451 4.468 5.214 5.228 3.219 3.364 3.241 6.428 5.215 5.3 5.28 1.352 6.14 7.215 5.159 3.126 5.152 3.412 5.37 5.156 6.16 7.223 445 Index Terms -Ethyl benzoate Density Heat of solution Specific heat Surface tension Viscosity -Ethyl chloroacetate Density -Ethyl ether Heat of solution Vapor pressure -Ethyl formate Density -Ethyl iodide Density Refractive index Dispersion Surface tension Vapor pressure Viscosity -Ethyl propionate Density -Ethyl trichloroacetate Density Heat of solution Specific heat Surface tension Viscosity -Ethylbenzene Density -Gallic acid Density -Heptane Heat of solution -Hexahydrocresols Vapor pressure -Hexahydrophenol Vapor pressure -Hexane Density -Hydrogen bromide Freezing point-solubility -Hydrogen peroxide Distribution coefficients in water -m-Hydroxybenzoic acid Heat of solution -Iodine Boiling point elevation Density -Iodine-Potassium iodide Freezing point-solubility -Isoamyl acetate Density Specific heat Viscosity -Isoamyl alcohol Heat of solution Surface tension -Isoamyl ether Density Surface tension Viscosity -Isoamyl formate Specific heat -Isobutyl alcohol Heat of solution -Isobutyl formate Links 3.166 5.157 5.127 4.473 5.40 3.165 5.156 3.289 5.158 3.164 3.158 7.81 7.103 4.472 3.288 5.37 3.166 3.165 5.156 5.127 4.472 5.40 3.166 3.166 5.153 3.289 3.289 3.166 4.186 3.419 5.153 3.340 3.132 4.268 3.166 5.127 5.40 5.156 4.472 3.167 4.473 5.41 6.127 5.153 5.156 446 Index Terms Density -Lauric acid Heat of solution -Lithium perchlorate Density -Magnesium iodide Freezing point-solubility -Magnesium perchlorate Density -Menthol Boiling point elevation -Mercuric bromide Boiling point elevation Density Aqueous solution -Mercuric chloride Boiling point elevation Density Aqueous solution Freezing point-solubility -Mercuric cyanide Density Aqueous solution -Mercuric iodide Boiling point elevation Density Aqueous solution -Methyl acetate Density Heat of solution Specific heat Surface tension Vapor pressure Viscosity -Methyl alcohol Heat of solution Miscibility in water -Methyl benzoate Density -Methyl formate Density -Methyl iodide Density -Naphthalene Boiling point elevation Density Freezing point-solubility Heat of solution -Nitrobenzene Density Surface tension Vapor pressure Viscosity -o-Nitrobenzoic acid Heat of formation -Nitrocellulose Density -Palmitic acid Density -Paraldehyde Density -Pentachloroethane Vapor pressure -Phenanthraquinone Density -Phenanthrene Density Links 3.166 5.153 3.141 4.204 3.140 3.341 3.341 3.139 3.102 3.341 3.139 3.102 4.213 3.139 3.102 3.341 3.139 3.102 3.164 5.156 5.127 4.472 3.288 5.40 5.151 3.410 3.166 3.157 3.149 3.341 3.167 4.174 5.153 3.166 4.472 3.289 5.40 5.153 3.196 3.167 3.166 3.287 3.167 3.167 5.158 447 Index Terms Freezing point-solubility -Potassium perchlorate Density -Propyl alcohol Heat of solution -Propyl formate Density -Propyl propionate Vapor pressure, partial -Pyridine Density Heat of solution Viscosity -Pyridine acetate Heat of solution -Resordnol Density Heat of solution -Rubidium perchlorate Density -Salicylic acid Freezing point-solubility Heat of solution -Sodium chlorate Density -Stannic chloride Density Viscosity -Stannous chloride Density -Stearic acid Density -Stro ntium perchlorate Density -Tetrahydronaphthalene Vapor pressure -Tetrapropylammonium iodide Density -Thymol Freezing point-solubility -Toluene Density Viscosity -Trichloroacetic acid Density Freezing point-solubility Viscosity -Triphenylmethane Density Ethyl acetoacetate Absorption spectra Azeotropic mixtures Birefringence, electric Density Aqueous solution Dielectric constant Electrical conductivity Aqueous solution Heat of combustion Heat of solution in water Magnetic susceptibility Refractive index Saponification, kinetics of Solubility in water Specific heat Surface tension Tautomerism, kinetics of Links 4.174 3.142 5.153 5.156 3.166 3.289 3.166 5.153 5.40 5.153 3.166 5.153 3.142 4.115 5.153 3.141 3.137 5.28 3.137 3.167 3.140 3.289 3.167 4.115 3.166 5.40 3.153 4.101 5.35 3.167 5.332 3.322 7.111 3.29 3.114 6.91 6.144 6.275 5.167 5.150 6.362 7.39 7.131 3.390 5.110 4.454 7.119 5.340 3.33 5.368 5.371 448 Index Terms Verdet constant Viscosity -Azobenzene* -Benzene* -Carbon disulfide* -Diethyl tartrate* -Ethyl alcohol Density Viscosity -Ethyl chloroacetate Density -Ethylene bromide Density -Hexane Density -2,6-Lutidine Density Viscosity -Methyl formate Density -Naphthalene Density -Palmitic acid Density -Phenanthrene Density -Pyridine Density Viscosity Ethyl acetoneoxalate Dielectric absorption Dielectric constant Specific heat Ethyl acetophenoneoxalate Dielectric absorption Dielectric constant Ethyl 1-acetylcyclopropanecarboxylate Viscosity Ethyl alcohol Absorption, index of Absorption spectra Angle of contact Azeotropic mixtures Birefringence, electric Aqueous solution Boiling point Aqueous solution Compressibility Aqueous solution Condensation on ions and nuclei Critical point data Density Aqueous solution Gas Liquid Dielectric absorption Dielectric constant Aqueous solution Dielectric dispersion Diffusion in water Diffusion of vapor in gases Electrical conductivity Aqueous solution Electrical ignition Emission, spectral Fats, miscibility of, in water Links 6.429 5.38 5.46 7.217 3.160 5.38 3.165 3.155 3.185 3.185 5.49 3.157 3.185 3.185 3.185 3.170 5.42 6.92 6.92 5.110 6.96 6.96 7.219 6.97 5.331 4.434 3.318 7.110 7.112 3.217 3.290 3.41 3.440 6.117 3.238 3.112 3.437 3.27 6.85 6.82 6.101 6.97 5.70 5.62 6.143 6.263 2.175 5.257 3.401 5.335 3.322 3.336 3.310 3.248 3.116 7.67 6.97 6.85 6.105 5.258 449 Index Terms Flash point Free energy Freezing mixtures, use in Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Heat of adiabatic expansion Heat of adsorption on charcoal Heat of combustion Heat of compression Heat of dilution with water Heat of formation Heat effusion Heat of solution in water Heat of vaporization Heat of wetting by Ignition temperature Inflammability, limits of Interfacial tension Ionization of vapor by α-particles Ions, mobility of, in Magnetic rotatory power Aqueous solution Magnetic susceptibility Orthobaric density Photochemical hydrolysis Photochemical oxidation Polarization of light reflected from Polarization of light scattered by Gas Liquid Pressure-volume relations for gas Refractive index Aqueous solution Dispersion Gas Liquid Rubber, permeability of, to vapor Solidification point Solubility in water Solubility of salts in Sound, velocity of Aqueous solution Gas Liquid Specific heat Aqueous solution Gas Liquid Solid Spectral filter, use as Surface tension Aqueous solution Pressure, effect of Thermal conductivity Aqueous solution Gas Liquid Pressure, effect of Vapor pressure Aqueous solution Vapor pressure above 1 atm. Verdet constant Dispersion Viscosity Aqueous solution Gas Liquid X-ray diffraction bands Links 2.161 7.245 1.65 4.262 5.147 5.140 5.164 5.147 5.160 5.181 5.132 5.148 3.336 5.142 2.174 2.180 4.474 6.122 6.112 6.428 6.431 6.361 3.238 7.163 7.162 5.261 5.162 5.154 5.137 5.159 3.138 6.114 5.265 5.266 3.437 7.67 7.100 7.10 6.97 5.77 1.61 4.251 4.207 7.92 7.12 7.34 5.81 5.107 5.114 5.215 5.227 5.228 6.464 6.463 6.464 5.116 5.80 5.102 5.102 5.273 4.449 4.467 4.475 5.227 5.214 5.218 5.227 3.217 3.290 3.238 6.426 6.434 5.22 5.3 5.11 1.352 6.427 5.26 7.214 7.78 7.79 450 Index Terms -Acenaphthene* -Acetal* -Acetaldehyde* -Acetamide* -Acetamide*-Phenol -Acetanilide* -Acetic acid* -Acetic acid*-Turpentine -α-Acetonaphthalide* -Acetone* -Acetone*-Benzophenone -Acetone*-Calcium nitrate -Acetone*-Cupric nitrate -Acetone*-Lithium bromide -Acetone*-Potassium thiocyanate -Acetone*-Silver nitrate -Acetonitrile* -Acetophenone oxime* -p-Acetotoluide* -2,4-Acetylchlorotoluidine* -2,5-Acetylchlorotoluidine* -Aconitine* -Air* -Alanine* -Allyl alcohol* -Allyl isothiocyanate* -Aminobenzoic acid (o-, m-, p-)* -Ammonia* -Ammonium benzoate* -Ammonium bromide* -Ammonium bromide*-Glycerol -Ammonium bromide*-Methyl alcohol -Ammonium bromide*-Propyl alcohol -Ammonium carbonate* -Ammonium chloride* -Ammonium chloride*-Methyl alcohol -Ammonium chloride*-Propyl alcohol -Ammonium chromate* -Ammonium dichromate* -Ammonium gallium sulfate* -Ammonium gallium sulfate*-Sulfuric acid -Ammonium iodide* -Ammonium nitrate* -Ammonium nitrate*-Methyl alcohol -Ammonium nitrate*-Silver nitrate -Ammonium oleate* -Ammonium palmitate* -Ammonium perchlorate* -Ammonium salicylate* -Ammonium steci/rate* -Ammonium sulfate* -Ammonium sulfate*-Lithium sulfate -Ammonium thiocyanate* -Amyl alcohol* -Amyl alcohol* -Sodium chloride -Amyl benzoate*-Water -Amylene* -Anethole* -Aniline* -Aniline benzenesulfonate* -Aniline hydrochloride* -Anisole* -Anthracene* -Anthraquinone* -Azobenzene* -Barium acetate* -Barium bromide* Links 451 Index Terms -Barium butyrate* -Barium chloride* -Barium chromate* -Barium dinitrosalicylate* -Barium dithionate* -Barium iodide* -Barium nitrate* -Barium perchlorate* -Barium picrate* -Barium propionate* -Benzaldehyde* -Bemamide* -Bemanilide* -Benzene* -Benzene*-Carbon tetrachloride -Benzil* -Benzoic acid* -Benzole acid*-Water -Benzophenone* -Benzoylcinchonicine* -Benzoylcinchotoxine* -2-Benzoylcyclohexanone* -2-Benzoylcyclopenta none* -Benzoylphenylhydrazine* -Benzyl acetate* -Benzyl alcohol* -Benzyl alcohol* -Water -Benzyl ethyl ether* -Bismuth salicylate* -Boric acid* -Borneol* -Bromine* -Bromoacetic acid* -Bromoallocinnamic acid (α-, β-)* -p-Bromoaniline* -Bromobenzene* -d-Bromocamphor* -Bromocinnamic acid (α-, β-)* -Bromoform* -Bromonaphthalene* -Bromosuccinic acid* -Bromotoluene* -Butane* -Butyl acetate* -Butyl alcohol* -Butyl formate* -Butyramide* -Butyric acid* -Cadmium bromide* -Cadmium chloride* -Cadmium iodide* -Calcium bromide* -Calcium chloride* -Calcium chloride*-Cobaltous chloride -Calcium dithionate* -Calcium nitrate* -Calcium nitrate*-Formamide -Calcium oxalate* -Calcium perchlorate* -Camphor* -Camphoric acid* -Caproamide* -Carbazole* -Carbon disulfide* -Carbon disulfide*-Iodine -Carbon tetrachloride* -Carminic acid* Links 452 Index Terms -Cerous chloride* -Cesium chloride* -Cesium gallium sulfate* -Cesium gallium sulfate*-Sulfuric acid -Cesium nitrate* -Cesium perchlorate* -Chloral* -Chloral hydrate* -Chlorine* -Chloroacetamide* -p-Chloroacetanilide* -Chloroacetic acid* -α-Chloroallocinnamic acid* -p-Chloroaniline* -Chlorobenzene* -α-Chlorodnnamic acid* -Chloroform* -Chloroform*-I odine -Chlorophenol* -Chlorophenol (o-, m -, p-)* -Chlorosuccinic acid* -1-Chlorotetrahydronaphthalene* -Chromic chloride* -Cinchonidne* -Cinchonine* -Cinchotoxine* -Cinnamaldehyde* -Cinnamic acid* -Citric acid* -Cobaltous chloride* -Cobaltous chloride*-Glycerol -Cobaltous chloride*-Mercuric chloride -Cobaltous thiocyanate* -Cottonseed oil* -Cresol* -o-Cresol* -Cupric chloride* -Cupric chloride*-Potassium chloride -Cupric chloride*-Toluene -Cuprous bromide* -Cuprous chloride* -Cyanobenzene* -Cyclohexan-1,4-dione* -Cyclohexane* -Cyclohexanone* -Dibenzylpiperazine* -p-Dibromobenzene* -Dibromodnnamic acid* -Dichloroacetamide* -1,1-Dichloroethane* -Di-(2-chloroethyl) sulfide* -Dicyanodiamide* -Diethyl ketone* -Diethyl malonate* -Diethyl tartrate* -Diethylammonium chloride* -o-Dzmethoxybenzene* -Dimethylamine chloroplatinate* -Dimethylaniline* -m-Dinitrobenzene* -Diphenyl* -Diphenylamine* -Diphenylamine*-Ethyl ether -Diphenylurea* -Erudc acid* -Ethane* -Ethyl acetate* Links 453 Index Terms -Ethyl acetoacetate* -Ethyl benzoate Boiling point elevation Density -Ethyl benzyl ether Density, aqueous solution -Ethyl bromide Density, aqueous solution Miscibility in water -Ethyl butyrate Density, aqueous solution Miscibility in water -Ethyl chloroacetate Miscibility in water -Ethyl dichloroacetate Miscibility in water -Ethyl diethylacetoacetate Density Viscosity -Ethyl di-p-toluylqlycerate Density -Ethyl ether Boiling point Density Aqueous solution Dielectric constant Distribution coefficients in water Heat of solution Refract ive index, aqueous solution Solubility in water Vapor pressure Aqueous solution Viscosity Aqueous solution -Ethyl ether-Iodine Freezing point-solubility -Ethyl ether-Mercuric chloride Solubility relations -Ethyl ethylacetoacetate Density Viscosity -Ethyl iodide Boiling point -Ethyl isovalerate Miscibility in water -Ethyl propionate Density, aqueous solution Miscibility in water -Ethyl trichloroacetate Miscibility in water -Ethylacetanilide Boiling point elevation -Ethylene chloride Density, aqueous solution Miscibility in water -Ethylidene chloride Miscibility in water -Ethylmercaptan Viscosity -Ethylphenylammonium chloride Boiling point elevation -N-Ethylquinolinium iodide Boiling point elevation -Ferric chloride Boiling point elevation Density Magnetic susceptibility Links 3.337 3.161 3.128 3.126 3.411 3.127 3.413 3.410 3.410 3.161 5.38 3.161 3.313 3.159 3.126 6.102 3.401 5.152 7.92 3.405 3.288 3.377 5.38 5.24 4.268 4.211 3.160 5.38 3.313 3.412 3.127 3.412 3.410 3.337 3.125 3.411 3.411 5.37 3.337 3.337 3.337 3.139 6.364 5.156 3.361 3.383 454 Index Terms Specific heat -Fluorene Freezing point-solubility -Formamide Density Viscosity -Formamide-Lithium nitrate Density Viscosity -Formamide-Rubidium iodide Density Viscosity -Formamide-Tetraethylammonium iodide Density Viscosity -Formanilide Boiling point elevation -Formic acid Density Aqueous solution -Fumaric acid Freezing point-solubility -Galegine bicarbonate Freezing point-solubility in water -Galegine nitrate Freezing point-solubility in water -Galegine sulfate Freezing point-solubility in water -Gallic acid Density Aqueous solution Freezing point-solubility in water -Glycerol Density Aqueous solution Heat of solution Specific heat, aqueous solution Surface tension, aqueous solution Thermal conductivity Vapor pressure Vapor pressure lowering Viscosity Aqueous solution -Glycerol-Lithium bromide Viscosity -Glycerol-Potassium iodide Viscosity -Glycerol-Water Vapor pressure, partial -Glycolamide Boiling point elevation -Glycolanilide Boiling point elevation -Guaiacol Viscosity -Heptane Density, aqueous solution Heat of solution Miscibility in water -Hexane Density, aqueous solution Miscibility in water -Hydrogen bromide Density Freezing point-solubility Viscosity Aqueous solution Links 5.125 4.110 3.149 5.31 5.33 3.143 5.31 3.143 5.31 3.197 5.51 3.337 3.148 3.125 4.110 4.405 4.405 4.405 3.160 3.127 4.405 3.158 3.126 5.152 5.129 4.470 5.227 3.360 3.300 5.30 5.24 5.31 5.31 3.291 3.336 3.337 5.38 3.128 5.152 3.411 3.127 3.411 3.135 4.186 5.26 5.24 4.405 5.37 5.51 455 Index Terms -Hydrogen chloride Density Aqueous solution Viscosity Aqueous solution -Hydroquinol Specific heat Viscosity -m-Hydroxybenzoic acid Freezing point-solubility Heat of solution -p-Hydroxybenzoic acid Freezing point-solubility -o-Hydroxybenzyl alcohol Viscosity -Hydroxylamine hydrochloride Boiling point elevation -Iodine Boiling point elevation Density Viscosity -Iodine-Potassium iodide Density, aqueous solution Freezing point-solubility Freezing point-solubility in water -Isoamyl acetate Miscibility in water -Isoamyl alcohol Density Aqueous solution Heat of solution Solubility in water Viscosity -Isoamyl bromide Density, aqueous solution Miscibility in water -Isoamyl ether Density, aqueous solution Miscibility in water -Isoamyl formate Miscibility in water -Isobutyl alcohol Density Aqueous solution Heat of solution Miscibility in water Refractive index -Isobutyl bromide Density, aqueous solution Miscibility in water -Isobutylacetamide Boiling point elevation -Isobutylammonium chloride Boiling point elevation -Isobutyramide Boiling point elevation -Isopentane Solubility, mutual -Isopropyl alcohol Refractive index -Isovaleramide Boiling point elevation -Lactamide Boiling point elevation -Lactanilide Boiling point elevation -Lanthanum chloride Links 3.135 3.101 5.26 5.24 5.126 5.38 4.110 5.152 4.110 5.38 3.336 3.336 3.132 5.26 3.103 4.268 4.424 3.412 3.159 3.127 5.156 3.405 5.38 3.127 3.411 3.128 3.411 3.412 3.159 3.126 5.156 3.412 7.81 3.126 3.411 3.336 3.336 3.336 3.395 7.81 3.336 3.336 3.337 456 Index Terms Boiling point elevation -Lauric acid Heat of fusion -Lead acetate Density Aqueous solution Freezing point-solubility in water -Lead chloride Freezing point-solubility in water -Lithium benzoate Density Aqueous solution Freezing point-solubility in water -Lithium bromide Boiling point elevation Freezing point-solubility Viscosity, aqueous solution -Lithium chloride Boiling point elevation Density Freezing point-solubility Freezing point-solubility in water Vapor pressure lowering Viscosity -Lithium citrate Density Aqueous solution Freezing point-solubility in water -Lithium iodide Boiling point elevation -Lithium nitrate Boiling point elevat ion -Lithium perchlorate Density -Lithium salicylate Density Aqueous solution Freezing point-solubility in water -Lithium sulfoantimonate Freezing point-solubility in water -2,6-Lutidine Density -Magnesium bromide Freezing point-solubility -Magnesium chloride Boiling point elevation Density -Magnesium iodide Freezing point-solubility -Magnesium perchlorate Density -Maleic acid Freezing point-solubility -Malic acid Density -Malonamide Boiling point elevation -Manganous chloride Magnetic susceptibility Specific heat -Manganous nitrate Magnetic susceptibility -Manganous sulfate Freezing point-solubility in water -Menthol Density Heat of solution Links 3.337 5.153 3.138 3.101 4.406 4.406 4.406 7.315 3.141 3.102 4.408 4.408 3.337 4.205 5.24 3.337 3.140 4.205 4.408 3.300 5.29 3.141 3.102 4.408 4.408 3.338 3.338 3.141 3.141 3.102 4.408 4.408 3.160 4.203 3.337 3.140 4.204 3.140 4.110 3.159 3.336 6.364 5.125 6.364 4.407 3.161 5.152 4.408 457 Index Terms -Menthyl benzenesulfonate Density -l-Menthyl diacetyltartrate Density -Menthyl naphthalene-β-sulfonate Density -l-Menthyl tartrate Density -Mercuric bromide Density Aqueous solution -Mercuric bromide-Methyl alcohol Density -Mercuric bromide-Propyl alcohol Density -Mercuric chloride Boiling point elevation Density Aqueous solution Freezing point-solubility Specific heat Verdet constant -Mercuric chloride-Methyl alcohol Density -Mercuric chloride-Potassium chloride Solubility relations -Mercuric chloride-Propyl alcohol Density -Mercuric chloride-Sodium chloride Solubility relations -Mercuric cyanide Density Aqueous solution Verdet constant -Mercuric cyanide-Methyl alcohol Density -Mercuric cyanide-Propyl alcohol Density -Mercuric iodide Boiling point elevation Density Aqueous solution Verdet const ant -Mercuric iodide-Methyl alcohol Density -Mercuric iodide-Propyl alcohol Density -Mercuric methyl chloride Boiling point elevation -Mercuric methyl iodide Boiling point elevation -Mesitylene Density, aqueous solution Miscibility in water -Methyl acetate Density Viscosity -Methyl alcohol Boiling point Density Heat of solution Refractive index Specific heat Surface tension Thermal conductivity Vapor pressure Viscosity Links 3.161 3.161 3.161 3.161 3.139 3.102 3.143 3.143 3.337 3.139 3.102 4.198 5.125 6.427 3.143 4.211 3.143 4.211 3.139 3.102 6.427 3.143 3.143 3.337 3.139 3.102 6.427 3.143 3.143 3.338 3.338 3.128 3.413 3.158 5.37 3.312 3.150 5.155 7.79 5.116 4.471 5.227 3.287 5.34 5.158 458 Index Terms Aqueous solution -Methyl alcohol- Potassium iodide Density -Methyl alcohol- Potassium nitrate Freezing point-solubility in water -Methyl alcohol- Potassium thiocyanate Viscosity -Methyl alcohol-Sodium bromide Density -Methyl alcohol- Sodium iodide Density -Methyl butyrate Miscibility in water -Methyl di(bromobenzoyl)tartrate(o-, m- p-) Density -Methyl di(chlorobenzoyl)tartrate(o-, m-, p-) Density -Methyl di-p-toluylglycerate Density -Methyl ethyl ketone Miscibility in water -Methyl iodide Density -Methyl isovalerate Miscibility in water -Methyl pinabietate Boiling point elevation -Methyl propionate Miscibility in water -Methyl salicylate Density, aqueous solution Miscibility in water -Methylacetanilide Boiling point elevation Density -Methylaniline Density, aqueous solution Miscibility in water -Methylene iodide Solubility, mutual -N-Methylisoquinolinium iodide Boiling point elevation -N-Methylphenylacridinium salts Boiling point elevation -N-Methylquinolinium iodide Boiling point elevation -Molybdenum chloride Boiling point elevation -Monoacetin Viscosity -Naphthalene Boiling point elevation Density Dielectric constant Freezing point-solubility Freezing point-solubility in water Heat of solution -α-Naphthylamine Freezing point-solubility -Neodymium chloride Boiling point elevation -Nicotine Density -Nitroaniline (m-, p-) Density -Nitrobenzene Birefringence, magnetic Links 5.24 3.143 4.425 5.31 3.143 3.143 3.413 3.161 3.161 3.161 3.409 3.149 3.412 3.337 3.412 3.128 3.412 3.337 3.161 3.128 3.413 3.397 3.337 3.337 3.337 3.337 5.38 3.337 3.161 6.102 4.110 4.405 5.152 4.110 3.337 3.161 3.160 7.112 459 Index Terms Density Aqueous solution Miscibility in water Vapor pressure -o-Nitrobenzidine Boiling point elevation -m-Nitrobenzoic acid Heat of solution -Nitromethane Density -o-Nitrophenol Density Freezing point-solubility -m-Nitrophenol Freezing point-solubility -p-Nitrophenol Density Freezing point-solubility -o-Nitrotoluene Density -m-Nitrotoluene Density -p-Nitrotoluene Density Aqueous solution Miscibility in water -Oleic acid Boiling point elevation Density Miscibility in water Refractive index -Oxalic acid Heat of solution -Palmitic acid Density Freezing point-solubility in water Refractive index -Paraldehyde Density Viscosity -Perchloric acid -Potassium perchlorate Solubility relations -Phenacetine Density -Phenanthrene Boiling point elevation Density Freezing point-solubility Heat of solution -Phenanthrene-Picric acid Density -Phenanthrene picrate Boiling point elevation Density -Phenanthrene picrate-Picric acid Density -Phenetole Density Aqueous solution Miscibility in water Viscosity -Phenol Density Freezing point-solubility Heat of solution Miscibility in water Specific heat, aqueous solution Links 3.159 3.127 3.412 3.288 3.337 5.152 3.150 3.160 4.110 4.110 3.160 4.110 3.160 3.160 3.160 3.127 3.412 3.337 3.161 3.410 7.82 7.82 5.152 3.161 4.406 7.82 3.160 5.38 4.211 3.161 3.337 3.161 4.111 5.153 3.197 3.337 3.161 3.197 3.160 3.128 3.412 6.38 3.160 4.110 5.152 3.416 5.129 7.82 460 Index Terms Surface tension Aqueous solution -Phenyl benzoate Boiling point elevation -Phenyl ether Density -Phenyl salicylate Density Aqueous solution Freezing point-solubility in water -Phenylacetamide Boiling point elevation -Phenylacetic acid-Water Vapor pressure, partial -Phenylcinchoninic acid Freezing point-solubility in water -Phenylethyl alcohol- Water Vapor pressure, partial -Phenylhydrazine hydrochloride Boiling point elevation -Phenylsulfone Boiling point elevation -Phenylthiourea Density, aqueous solution -Phenylurea Boiling point elevation -Phenylurethan Boiling point elevation -Phthalic anhydride Boiling point elevation -Picric acid Boiling point elevation Density Viscosity, aqueous solution -Picryl chloride Boiling point elevation -Pinabietic acid Boiling point elevation -Pinene Density, aqueous solution Miscibility in water -Piperidine Viscosity, aqueous solution -Piperidinium chloride Boiling point elevation -Piperidinium nitrate Boiling point elevation -Potassium acetate Boiling point elevation Density Aqueous solution Freezing point-solubility in water Surface tension -Potassium antimonyl tartrate Density, aqueous solution -Potassium bromide Density, aqueous solution Freezing point-solubility in water Specific heat, aqueous solution -Potassium carbonate Freezing point-solubility in water -Potassium chloride Density, aqueous solution Freezing point-solubility in water Specific heat, aqueous solution -Potassium chloroplatinate Freezing point-solubility in water Links 4.472 4.470 3.337 3.161 3.161 3.128 4.406 4.406 3.337 3.291 4.406 3.291 3.336 3.337 3.128 3.337 3.337 3.337 3.336 3.159 5.21 3.336 3.337 3.128 3.413 5.21 3.336 3.336 3.338 3.142 3.103 4.410 4.470 4.410 3.103 3.103 4.410 5.129 4.410 3.103 4.409 5.116 4.410 5.129 461 Index Terms -Potassium citrate Density Aqueous solution Freezing point-solubility in water -Potassium cobaltinitrite Freezing point-solubility in water -Potassium ethylate Boiling point elevation -Potassium fluoride Freezing point-solubility in water -Potassium fluosilicate Freezing point-solubility in water -Potassium formate Boiling point elevation -Potassium heptylate Boiling point elevation -Potassium hydrogen p-hydroxybenzoate Boiling point elevation -Potassium hydrogen tartrate Density Aqueous solution Freezing point-solubility in water -Potassium hydroxide Dielectric constant -Potassium iodide Boiling point elevation Density Aqueous solution Freezing point-solubility in water Specific heat, aqueous solution Vapor pressure lowering Viscosity Aqueous solution -Potassium iodide-Propyl alcohol Density -Potassium nitrate Density, aqueous solution Freezing point-solubility in water Specific heat, aqueous solution -Potassium nitrate-Silver nitrate Freezing point-solubility in water -Potassium oleate Boiling point elevation Density -Potassium palmitate Density Refractive index -Potassium perchlorate Density Freezing point-solubility in water -Potassium picrate Freezing point-solubility in water -Potassium salicylate Boiling point elevation -Potassium sodium tartrate Density, aqueous solution Freezing point-solubility in water -Potassium sulfate Freezing point-solubility in water -Potassium tartrate Freezing point-solubility in water -Potassium thiocyanate Viscosity, aqueous solution -Praseodymium chloride Boiling point elevation -Praseodymium nitrate Boiling point elevation Links 3.142 3.103 4.410 4.410 4.410 3.338 4.409 4.410 3.338 3.338 3.338 3.142 3.103 4.410 4.410 6.105 3.338 3.142 3.103 4.410 5.129 3.300 5.29 5.24 3.143 3.103 4.410 5.129 4.426 3.338 3.142 7.82 7.82 3.142 4.410 7.345 4.410 3.338 3.103 4.410 4.410 4.410 5.24 3.337 3.337 4.410 462 Index Terms -Propionamide Boiling point elevation Density -Propyl acetate Miscibility in water -Propyl alcohol Boiling point Density Heat of solution Refractive index Specific heat Vapor pressure Viscosity -Propyl alcohol-Sodium bromide Density -Propyl alcohol-Sodium iodide Density -Propyl bromide Density, aqueous solution Miscibility in water -Propyl butyrate Miscibility in water -Propyl formate Miscibility in water -Propyl propionate Miscibility in water -Pyridine Density Heat of solution Viscosity -Pyrocatechol Specific heat -Pyrogallol Boiling point elevation Heat of solution -Quinine salicylate Density Aqueous solution Freezing point-solubility in water -Quinoline Viscosity -Resorcinol Boiling point elevation Compressibility Density Dielectric constant Freezing point-solubility Heat of solution Specific heat -Rubidium perchlorate Density Freezing point-solubility in water -Salicylaldehyde Vapor pressure, partial Viscosity -Salicylamide Boiling point elevation -Salicylic acid Boiling point elevation Density Aqueous solution Freezing point-solubility Freezing point-solubility in water Heat of solution -Salicylic acid -Water Vapor pressure, partial -Salicylsulfonic acid Links 3.336 3.158 3.412 3.313 3.158 5.156 7.81 5.116 3.288 5.37 5.158 5.126 3.143 3.143 3.126 3.411 3.413 3.412 3.412 3.159 5.152 5.38 5.126 3.336 5.152 3.161 3.128 4.406 4.406 5.38 3.336 3.440 3.160 6.102 4.110 5.152 5.126 3.142 4.411 3.288 5.38 3.337 3.336 3.160 3.127 4.110 4.405 5.152 3.291 4.405 463 Index Terms Boiling point elevation -Selenium dioxide Boiling point elevation -Silver chromate Freezing point-solubility in water -Silver nitrate Boiling point elevation -Silver oxide Freezing point-solubility in water -Sodium acetate Boiling point elevation Density Aqueous solution Freezing point-solubility in water -Sodium antimonate Density, aqueous solution Freezing point-solubility in water -Sodium benzoate Density Aqueous solution Freezing point-solubility in water -Sodium bromide Boiling point elevation Density Freezing point-solubility Freezing point-solubility in water Specific heat, aqueous solution Surface tension -Sodium bromide-Sodium carbonate Freezing point-solubility in water -Sodium carbonate Freezin g point-solubility in water Vapor pressure, aqueous solution -Sodium carbonate-Sodium chloride Freezing point-solubility in water -Sodium carbonate-Sodium iodide Freezing point-solubility in water -Sodium chloride Density, aqueous solution Freezing point-solubility in water Heat of adiabatic expansion, aqueous solution Specific heat, aqueous solution -Sodium chloride-Sodium sulfate Freezing point-solubility in water -Sodium chromate Density -Sodium citrate Density, aqueous solution Freezing point-solubility in water -Sodium dichloroacetate Boiling point elevation -Sodium dichromate Density, aqueous solution -Sodium diethylmalonate Boiling point elevation -Sodium 2,4-dinitrophenate Freezing point-solubility in water -Sodium disulfocinnamate Freezing point-solubility in water -Sodium ethyl acetoacetate Boiling point elevation -Sodium ethylate Boiling point elevation -Sodium iodide Boiling point elevation Density Freezing point-solubility Links 3.336 3.336 4.406 3.337 4.406 3.338 3.141 3.102 4.409 4.409 4.409 4.409 3.141 3.102 4.409 4.409 3.338 3.141 4.205 4.408 5.129 4.470 4.427 4.409 3.378 4.426 4.427 3.102 4.408 5.147 5.116 5.129 4.426 3.141 3.102 4.409 3.338 3.103 3.338 4.409 4.409 3.338 3.338 3.338 3.141 4.205 4.409 464 Index Terms Freezing point-solubility in water Specific heat, aqueous solution Surface tension Viscosity Aqueous solution -Sodium laurate Boiling point elevation -Sodium myristate Boiling point elevation -Sodium-nitrate Density, aqueous solution Freezing point-solubility in water Specific heat, aqueous solution -Sodium 2-nitro-4-chlorophenate Freezing point-solubility in water -Sodium p-nitrophenate Freezing point-solubility in water -Sodium oleate Boiling point elevation Density Refractive index -Sodium palmitate Boiling point elevation Density Refractive index -Sodium perchlorate Boiling point elevation Density Freezing point-solubility in water -Sodium p-phenolsulfonate Density Aqueous solution Freezing point-solubility in water -Sodium picrate Freezing point-solubility in water -Sodium salicylate Density Aqueous solution Freezing point-solubility in water -Sodium sulfate Freezing point-solubility in water -Sodium sulfate-Sulfuric acid Solubility relations -Stannous chloride Density -Stearic acid Density Aqueous solution Freezing point-solubility in water Refractive index Viscosity -Strontium bromide Density Verdet constant -Strontium chloride Density Verdet constant -Strontium dithionate Freezing point-solubility in water -Strontium nitrate Freezing point-solubility in water -Strontium perchlorate Density -Strontium salicylate Density Aqueous solution Freezing point-solubility in water Links 4.408 5.129 4.470 5.29 5.24 3.338 3.338 3.102 4.409 5.129 4.409 4.409 3.338 3.141 7.82 7.82 3.338 7.82 7.82 3.338 3.141 4.408 3.141 3.103 4.409 4.409 4.409 3.141 4.409 4.409 4.408 4.211 3.137 3.161 3.128 4.406 7.82 5.39 3.140 6.427 3.140 6.427 4.407 4.407 3.140 3.140 3.102 4.407 7.82 4.406 465 Index Terms -Strychnine Freezing point-solubility in water -Strychnine nitrate Freezing point-solubility in water -Succinic acid Boiling point elevation Density -Succinimide Boiling point elevation Density Dielectric constant Freezing point-solubility Heat of solution -Succinonitrile Miscibility in water Solubility, mutual -Sucrose Density, aqueous solution Freezing point-solubility in water Specific heat, aqueous solution Viscosity, aqueous solution -Sucrose-Water Vapor pressure, partial -Sulfur Freezing point-solubility -Sulfuric acid Surface tension -Tartar emetic Density, aqueous solution Freezing point-solubility in water -Tartaric acid Boiling point elevation Density Aqueous solution Freezing point-solubility in water -Tetraethylammonium bromide Boiling point elevation -Tetraethylammonium chloride Boiling point elevation -Tetraethylammonium iodide Boiling point elevation Density -Tetrahydronaphthalene Density Vapor pressure Viscosity -ar-Tetrahydro-β-naphthol Vapor pressure Viscosity -Tetramethylammonium iodide Density -Tetrapropylammonium iodide Boiling point elevation Density -Tetrapropylammonium nitrate Boiling point elevation -Tetryl Freezing point-solubility Solubility, mutual -Thymol Heat of solution -Toluene Density Aqueous solution Dielectric constant Miscibility in water Refractive index Links 4.406 4.406 3.336 3.159 3.336 3.158 6.102 4.110 5.152 3.412 3.395 3.397 3.128 4.406 5.129 5.24 3.292 4.35 4.470 4.410 4.410 3.336 3.159 3.126 4.404 3.337 3.337 3.337 3.160 3.161 3.288 5.38 3.288 5.38 3.159 3.337 3.161 3.337 4.110 3.395 5.152 3.160 3.128 6.102 3.411 7.81 4.404 466 Index Terms -Toluene Vapor pressure -p-Toluenesulfonylcinchonicin e Density -o-Toluidine Density, aqueous solution Miscibility in water -p-Toluidine Boiling point elevation Density Dielectric constant Freezing point-solubility Heat of solution Viscosity, aqueous solution -p-Toluidine-Water Vapor pressure, partial -Trichloroacetamide Boiling point elevation -Trichlorolactamide Boiling point elevation -Triethyl phosphate Heat of solution -Triethylamine Miscibility in water -Triethylammonium bromide Boiling point elevation -Triethylammonium chloride Boiling point elevation -Triethylammonium iodide Boiling point elevation -Triethylsulfonium iodide Boiling point elevation -Trimethylamine chloroplafinate Freezing point-solubility in water -Trinitrobenzene Density Aqueous solution -Trinitrotoluene Freezing point-solubility in water Solubility, mutual -Triphenylguanidine Density Aqueous solution -Triphenylmethane Boiling point elevation -Turpentine Density -Urea Boiling point elevation Density Dielectric constant Heat of solution Specific heat Vapor pressure lowering Viscosity -Urethan Boiling point elevation Density Dielectric constant Freezing point-solubility Heat of solution -Xylene Density Aqueous solution Electrical conductivity Miscibility in water -Zinc acetate Links 3.288 3.161 3.128 3.412 3.337 3.160 6.102 4.174 5.152 5.21 3.291 3.336 3.336 5.152 3.413 3.336 3.336 3.336 3.336 4.407 3.159 3.127 4.405 3.395 3.161 3.128 3.337 3.161 3.336 3.150 6.102 5.151 5.126 3.300 5.34 3.336 3.158 6.102 4.174 5.152 3.160 3.128 6.155 3.413 467 Index Terms Density Aqueous solution Freezing point-solubility in water -Zinc chloride Boiling point elevation Specific heat -Zinc p-phenolsulfonate Density Aqueous solution Freezing point-solubility in water -Zinc valera te Density Aqueous solution Freezing point-solubility in water Ethyl o-aldehydobenzoate Cryoscopic constant Ethyl allyl ether Viscosity Ethyl allylacetoacetate Surface tension Verdet constant Ethyl p-aminobenzoate -Isoamyl acetate Density Viscosity Ethyl β-aminocrotonate Birefringence, electric Crystallization velocity Melting point under pressure Refractive index Surface tension Volume change on melting Ethyl amyl ether Dielectric constant -Carbon tetrachloride* -Chlorobenzene* -Chloroform* -Diethylisopropyl alcohol* Ethyl amylpropiolate Magnetic susceptibility Refractive index Verdet constant Ethyl anisate, Verdet constant Ethyl anthranilate Viscosity -Isoamyl acetate Density Viscosity Ethyl azide Absorption spectra, ultra-violet Ethyl p-azobenzoate -Ethyl p-azoxybenzoate Freezing point-solubility Ethyl p-azoxybenzoate Surface tension -Ethyl p-azobenzoate* Ethyl benzoate Absorption spectra Azeotropic mixtures Birefringence, magnetic Density Dielectric constant Diffusion in methyl alcohol Electrical conductivity Links 3.138 3.102 4.406 4.406 3.337 5.125 3.138 3.102 4.406 4.406 3.138 3.102 4.406 4.406 4.184 6.43 4.459 6.430 3.189 5.50 7.111 5.61 4.16 7.40 4.455 4.16 6.93 6.363 7.52 6.430 6.430 7.220 3.189 5.50 5.373 4.166 4.462 5.333 3.322 7.111 3.29 6.94 5.73 6.144 5.345 3.34 468 Index Terms Heat of combustion Heat of vaporization Magnetic susceptibility Polarization of light scattered by Refractive index Specific heat Surface tension Thermal conductivity Viscosity -Acetic acid* -Benzene* -Benzyl benzoate* -Carbon tetrachloride* -Chloroform* -Ethyl acetate* -Ethyl alcohol* -Ethyl p-bromobenzoate Density -Ethyl ether Boiling point elevation Vapor pressure -Methyl benzoate Density -Quinoline Density Refractive index Dispersion -Stannic chloride Density Freezing point-solubility Viscosity -Toluene Density Dielectric constant Surface tension Viscosity -Trichloroacetic acid Density Freezing point-solubility Viscosity -m-Xylene Density Ethyl benzoylacetate Absorption spectra Birefringence, electric Dielectric absorption Dielectric constant Electrical conductivity Magnetic susceptibility Refractive index Verdet constant -Tetraethylammonium iodide Density Ethyl benzoylacetoacetate Dielectric absorption Dielectric constant Ethyl benzoyllactate Surface tension Ethyl benzyl ether Dielectric constant -Ethyl alcohol* Ethyl benzylacetoacetate Birefringence, electric Ethylbenzylamine -Glycerol Solubility, mutual Links 5.167 5.137 6.363 5.267 7.46 5.112 4.459 5.228 5.28 3.193 3.341 3.289 3.191 7.87 7.87 7.106 3.138 4.198 5.28 3.188 6.103 4.474 5.49 3.153 4.103 5.35 3.191 5.333 7.111 6.95 6.95 6.144 6.363 7.54 6.430 3.193 6.96 6.96 4.461 6.94 7.112 3.396 5.40 5.46 5.51 7.220 469 Index Terms Ethyl benzylidenecyanoacetate Magnetic susceptibility Ethyl bromide Absorption spectra Azeotropic mixtures Boiling point Compressibility Critical point data Density Solid Dielectric constant Diffusion in methyl alcohol Electrical conductivity Heat of adsorption on charcoal Heat of combustion Heat of vaporization Ionization by β-particles Ionization by γ-rays Ionization by X-rays Ions, recombination of, in Magnetic susceptibility Melting point Polarization of light scattered by Refractive index Gas Liquid Solidification point Solubility in water Solubility of salts in Specific heat Gas Liquid Surface tension Thermal conductivity Gas Liquid Pressure, effect of Vapor pressure Vapor pressure above 1 atm. Verdet constant Viscosity X-rays, absorption coefficients -Acetanilide* -Acetic acid* -Acetone* -Air* -Aluminum bromide* -Benzene* -Benzil* -Benzoic acid* -Bromine* -Bromocamphor* -Camphor* -Chloral alcoholate* -p-Dibromobenzene* -Diethyl tartrate* -Dimethyl d-dimethoxysuccinate* -Diphenylamine* -Dipropyl tartrate* -Ethyl alcohol* -Ethyl iodide Density Vapor pressure -Iodine-Potassium iodide Freezing point-solubility -Methyl alcohol Density, aqueous solution Links 6.363 5.331 3.319 3.217 3.413. 3.246 3.28 3.45 6.82 5.72 6.143 5.140 5.168 5.137 6.121 6.123 6.123 6.115 6.361 3.45 5.266 7.10 7.34 1.61 3.387 4.207 5.80 5.107 4.436 5.214 5.227 5.227 3.217 3.245 6.428 7.213 6.13 3.157 3.288 4.268 3.125 3.324 335 3.248 6.84 7.81 5.81 4.449 5.228 7.222 6.16 470 Index Terms Miscibility in water -Naphthalene Boiling point elevation -Nicotine Density -Propyl alcohol Density, aqueous solution Miscibility in water -Pyridine Density -Sulfur Freezing point-solubility -Tetrapropylammonium iodide Density Ethyl bromoacetate Amines, addition of, kinetics Magnetic susceptibility Ethyl p-bromobenzoate Refractive index -Ethyl benzoate* Ethyl 1-bromobutyrate Dielectric constant Ethyl 1-bromoisobutyrate Dielectric constant Ethyl 1-bromopropionate Dielectric constant Ethyl butyrate Absorption spectra Birefringence, electric Boiling point Compressibility Critical point data Density Dielectric constant Diffusion of vapor in gases Electrical conductivity Heat of combustion Heat of vaporization Refractive index Solubility in water Specific heat Surface tension Aqueous solution Thermal conductivity Vapor pressure Verdet constant Viscosity -Azobenzene* -Benzene* -p-Dibromobenzene* -Ethyl alcohol* -Ethyl isobutyrate Density Refractive index Dispersion -Hexane Density -Isobutyl acetate Density -Naphthalene Density -Nitrocellulose Density -Stannic chloride Density Viscosity Links 3.411 3.336 3.157 3.126 3.412 3.157 4.35 3.158 7.125 6.361 7.46 6.91 6.91 6.88 5.332 7.111 3.222 3.36 3.249 3.29 6.91 5.62 6.145 5.167 5.137 7.40 3.390 5.110 4.455 4.469 5.228 3.222 6.429 5.28 3.186 7.85 7.104 3.186 3.185 3.186 3.196 3.138 5.28 5.340 3.33 7.218 471 Index Terms -Xylene Density Ethyl caproate Surface tension Verdet const ant Ethyl caprylate Critical temperature Heat of vaporization Viscosity Ethyl carbamate. See Urethan. Ethyl carbinols Optical rotatory power Ethyl carbonate Absorption spectra Dielectric constant Ethyl chlori de Absorption spectra Birefringence, electric Boiling point Compressibility Critical point data Dielectric constant Electrons, attachment of, to form ions Heat of adsorption on charcoal Heat of combustion Heat of vaporization Ionization by α-particles Ionization by β-particles Ionization by β-rays Ionization by X-rays Ions, mobility of, in Ions, recombination of Joule-Thomson effect Orthobaric density Refractivity Rubber, permeability of Solidification point Solubility in vegetable oils Solubility in water Specific heat Gas Liquid Thermal conductivity Vapor pressure Vapor pressure above 1 atm. Verdet constant Viscosity -Carbon dioxide* -p-Dibromobenzene* -p-Dichlorobenzene* -Diphenyl* -Iodine Boiling point elevation -Naphthalene Boiling point elevation -Sulfur dichloride Boiling point elevation -Sulfur monochlo ride Boiling point elevation Ethyl chloroacetate Absorption spectra Dielectric constant Diffusion in methyl alcohol Electrical conductivity Flash point Links 3.186 4.437 6.430 4.458 3.249 5.138 7.221 7.360 5.332 6.88 5.331 7.110 1.61 3.41 3.231 6.82 6.117 5.140 5.168 5.137 6.122 6.121 6.123 6.123 6.112 6.115 5.146 3.231 7.10 2.272 1.61 3.269 3.387 5.335 5.80 5.107 5.214 3.217 3.231 6.428 5.3 5.81 3.336 3.336 3.336 3.336 5.337 6.87 5.72 6.143 2.162 3.217 3.231 3.248 6.84 5.76 5.215 7.222 5.83 4.336 472 Index Terms Heat of combustion Magnetic susceptibility Refract ive index Specific heat Surface tension -Acetone* -Azobenzene* -Benzene* -Camphor* -p-Dibromobenzene* -Ethyl acetate* -Ethyl acetoacetate* -Ethyl alcohol* -Ethylene bromide Density -Hexane Density -Isoamyl acetate Density -Methyl acetate Density -Methyl benzoate Density -Methyl butyrate Density -Methyl formate Density -Naphthalene Density -Phenanthrene Density -Propyl butyrate Density -Stearic acid Density Ethyl chlorobenzoates Refractive index Ethyl 2-chlorocrotonate Dielectric constant Refractive index Ethyl chloroformate Birefringence, electric Critical temperature Dielectric constant Electrical conductivity Surface tension Ethyl 1-chloropropionate Dielectric constant Refractive index Ethyl cinnamate Absorption spectra Birefringence Density Dielectric constant Electrical conductivity Magnetic susceptibility Refractive index Surface tension Verdet constant Ethyl o-cresyl ether, viscosity Ethyl p-cresyl ether Specific heat Viscosity Ethyl crotonate Absorption spectra, ultra-violet Links 5.169 6.361 7.36 5.108 4.450 3.155 3.165 3.165 3.164 3.165 3.165 3.157 3.165 3.165 3.165 3.165 7.46 6.90 7.39 7.110 3.248 6.85 6.143 4.449 6.88 7.37 5.333 7.111 3.30 6.95 6.145 6.363 7.54 4.437 6.430 7.220 5.347 4.460 5.112 7.220 5.340 5.368 473 Index Terms Critical temperature Dielectric constant Refractive index Verdet constant Ethyl cumate Verdet constant Ethyl cyanide. See Propionitrile. Ethyl cyanoacetate Absorption spectra Birefringence Density Dielectric absorption Dielectric constant Electrical conductivity Aqueous solution Magnetic susceptibility Refractive index Surface tension -Potassium iodide Density -Tetraethylammonium iodide Density Ethyl cyanoacetoacetate Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Refractive index Ethyl 1-cyanocyclobutane-1-carboxylate Surface tension Ethyl cyclobutanecarboxylate Surface tension Viscosity Ethylcycloheptane Heat of combustion Ethyl cyclohexanecarboxylate Viscosity Ethyl cyclopentanonecarboxylate Viscosity Ethyl cyclopropanecarboxylate Viscosity Ethyl diacetoacetate Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Refractive index Ethyl diacetylglycerate -Acetic acid* -Benzene* Ethyl dibromocinnamate Magnetic susceptibility Ethyl 2,7-dibromofluorene-9-acetate -Quinoline Density Refractive index Dispersion Ethyl dichloroacetate Dielectric constant Electrical conductivity Heat of combustion Refractive index Specific heat Surface tension -Ethyl alcohol* Ethyl diethylacetoacetate Absorption spectra Refractive index Saponification, kinetics of Links 3.249 6.90 7.39 6.429 6.430 5.337 7.111 3.28 6.88 6.88 6.144 6.269 6.361 7.37 4.452 3.142 3.172 6.281 7.41 4.458 4.457 7.219 5.163 7.220 7.219 7.217 6.287 7.44 6.363 7.88 7.88 7.108 6.86 6.143 5.168 7.36 5.108 4.450 5.333 7.53 7.131 5.347 5.368 474 Index Terms Surface tension Viscosity -Benzene* -Ethyl alcohol* -Pyridine Density Viscosity Ethyl diethylpropyl acetate Viscosity Ethyl α-dihydrocampholenate Surface tension Ethyl dimethylacetoacetate Absorption spectra Birefringence, electric Refractive index Saponification, kinetics of Surface tension Viscosity -Diethyl tartrate* Ethyl dipropylacetate, viscosity Ethyl dipropylacetoacetate Viscosity Ethyl disulfide Birefringence, electric Critical temperature Refractive index Ethyl dithiobenzoate, viscosity Ethyl di-p-toluylglycerate -Acetone* -Ethyl alcohol* Ethyl di(trichloroacetyl)tartrate -Nitrobenzene Density Ethyl elaidate Viscosity -Isoamyl acetate Viscosity Ethyl ether Absorption spectra Angle of contact Azeotropic mixtures Birefringence, electric Boiling point Compressibility Aqueous solution Critical point data Critical potentials Cryoscopic constant Density Aqueous solution Liquid Solid Dielectric constant Diffusion in free air Diffusion in benzene Diffusion in methyl alcohol Diffusion of vapor in gases Electrical conductivity Aqueous solution Explosion in closed vessels Flash point Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Heat of adsorption on charcoal Heat of combustion Links 4.460 5.38 7.221 3.172 5.42 7.221 4.461 5.344 7.111 7.45 7.131 4.458 7.220 7.221 7.221 7.111 3.248 7.36 7.220 3.178 7.222 5.50 5.332 4.434 3.318 7.111 3.219 3.42 3.440 3.241 6.72 4.183 5.337 3.112 3.28 3.45 6.82 1.358 5.74 5.72 5.62 6.143 6.268 2.191 2.161 4.262 5.140 5.167 3.114 3.320 3.324 3.341 3.248 6.87 6.105 6.106 475 Index Terms Heat of solution in water Heat of vaporization Heat of wetting Ignition temperature Inflammability, limits of Interfacial tension against various solutions Gas, variation with Internal pressure Ionization by α-particles Ionization by β-particles Ionization by γ-rays Ions, mobility of, in Ions, recombination of, in Light, transmission of, by Magnetic susceptibility Melting point Orthobaric density Polarization of light scattered by Gas Liquid Pressure-volume relations for gas Refractive index Gas Liquid Solidification point Solubility in water Solubility of salts in Sound, velocity of Gas Liquid Specific heat Gas Liquid Saturated vapors Surface tension Pressure, effect of Thermal conductivity Gas Liquid Pressure, effect of Vapor pressure Aqueous solution Liquid Solid Vapor pressure above 1 atm. Verdet constant Dispersion Viscosity Gas Liquid X-ray diffraction bands -Acenaphthene* -Acetal* -Acetaldehyde* -Acetanilid e* -Acetanilide*-Chloroform -Acetic acid* -Acetic acid*-Glycerol -Acetone* -Acetone*-Benzene -Acetophenone oxime* -Acetylsalicylic acid* -o-Aminobenzoic acid* -Ammonia* -Amyl camphocarboxylate* -Amyl trichloroacetate* -Amylene* Links 5.149 5.137 5.142 2.174 2.180 4.438 4.475 4.19 6.122 6.121 6.123 6.112 6.115 5.265 6.361 1.54 3.241 5.138 3.45 5.266 5.267 3.439 7.10 7.12 1.61 3.388 4.210 7.36 6.463 6.464 5.81 5.108 5.83 4.436 4.475 5.214 5.228 5.227 4.451 5.215 3.365 3.219 3.209 3.241 6.427 6.433 5.3 5.11 1.352 7.216 476 Index Terms -Aniline* -Anisole* -Anthraquinone* -Antimony trichloride* -Arsenous chloride* -Arsenous sulfide* -Azelaic acid* -Azobenzene* -Benzene* -Benzene*-Iodine -Benzil* -Benzilic acid* -Benzoic acid* -Benzophenone* -Benzyl alcohol* -Benzylamine* -Benzylethylamine* -Benzylmethylamine* -Bismuth chloride* -Bromine* -Bromoacetic acid* -Bromoform* -α-Bromonaphthalene* -1-Bromopropionic acid* -Bromosuccinic acid* -Butylamine* -Butyric acid* -Cadmium iodide* -Caffeine* -Calcium perchlorate* -Camphor* -Camphor* -Carbon disulfide -Camphor carboxylic acid* -Camphoric acid* -Carbon dioxide* -Carbon disulfid e* -Carbon disulfide*-Iodine -Carbon disulfide*-Naphthalene -Carbon disulfide*-Picric acid -Carbon monoxide* -Carbon tetrachloride* -Catechol* -Chloral alcoholate* -Chloral ammonia* -Chloral hydrate* -Chlorine* -Chloroacetic acid* -o-Chlorobenzoic acid* -Chloroform* -Chloroform*-Iodine -Chloroform*-Naphthalene -Chloroform*Picric acid -Chromic thiocyanate* -Chrysene* -Citric acid* -Coniine* -Cresol* -m-Cresol* -α-Crotonic acid* -Cupric chloride* -Cyanoacetic acid* -p-Dibromobenzene* -1,2-Dibromopropionic acid* -1,2-Dibromosuccinic acid* -Dichloroacetamide* -Dichloroacetic acid* -Dicyanodiamide* Links 477 Index Terms -Diethylamine* -Diethyltin iodide* -o-Dimethoxybenzene* -Dimethylamin e* -m-Dinitrobenzene* -2,4-Dinitrobenzoic acid* -3,5-Dinitrobenzoic acid* -Diphenyl* -Diphenylamine* -Diphenylamine*-Ethyl alcohol -Dipropylamine* -Ethyl acetate* -Ethyl alcohol* -Ethyl alcohol* -Iodine -Ethyl alcohol* -Mercuric chloride -Ethyl benzoate* -Ethyl iodide Density Freezing point-solubility Surface tension -Ethyl trichloroacetate Density -Ethylacetanilide Boiling point elevation -Ethylamine Distribution coefficients in water -Ethylene bromide Density Dielectric constant -Ethylene chloride Density -Ferric chloride Boiling point elevation Distribution coefficients in hydrochloric acid -Ferric thiocyanate Distribution coefficients in nitric acid Distribution coefficients in water -Formaldehyde Distribution coefficients in water -Formanilide Boiling point elevation -Formic acid Distribution coefficients in water Miscibility in water -Fumaric acid Distribution coefficients in water Freezing point-solubility -Gallic acid Density Distribution coefficients in water -Gallium chloride Distribution coefficients in water -Gentisic acid Distribution coefficients in water -Glutaric acid Distribution coefficients in water -Glycolanilide Boiling point elevation -Glycollic acid Distribution coefficients in water -Guaiacol Viscosity -Heptylamine Distribution coefficients in water -Hippuric acid Distribution coefficients in water -Homophthalic acid Links 3.158 4.109 4.472 3.165 3.341 3.425 3.155 6.102 3.155 3.341 3.421 3.421 3.421 3.422 3.341 3.422 3.410 3.426 4.112 3.168 3.430 3.421 3.430 3.427 3.341 3.424 5.41 3.430 3.431 478 Index Terms Distribution coefficients in water -Hydrogen Ions, mobility of, in -Hydrogen bromide Boiling point elevation Freezing point-solubility -Hydrogen chloride Boiling point elevation Distribution coefficients in water Freezing point-solubility Miscibility in water -Hydrogen peroxide Distribution coefficients in water -Hydroquinol Boiling point elevation Distribution coefficients in water -p-Hydroxybemoic acid Distribution coefficients in water -Hydroxybutyric acid Distribution coefficients in water -Iodine Boiling point elevation Density Freezing point-solubility Viscosity -Iodine-Methyl iodide Freezing point-solubility -o-Iodobenzoic acid Distribution coefficients in water -2-Iodopropionic acid Distribution coefficients in water -Iridium monochloride Distribution coefficients in water -Isoamyl alcohol Heat of solution -Isoamylamine Distribution coefficients in water -Isobutyl alcohol Heat of solution -Isobutylacetamide Boiling point elevation -Isobutyric acid Distribution coefficients in water -Isophthalic acid Distribution coefficients in water -Isovaleric acid Distribution coefficients in water -Itaconic acid Distribution coefficients in water -Lactanilide Boiling point elevation -Lactic acid Distribution coefficients in water -Lead lignocerate Density -Lead oleate Density -Lead stearate Density -Levulinic acid Distribution coefficients in water -Lithium perchlorate Density -Magnesium bromide Freezing point-solubility Solubility, mutual -Magnesium bromide etherate Links 3.431 6.113 3.328 4.186 3.328 3.419 4.186 3.410 3.419 3.341 3.428 3.430 3.426 3.341 3.132 4.33 5.27 4.268 3.429 3.425 3.421 5.157 3.427 5.157 3.341 3.426 3.430 3.427 3.427 3.341 3.425 3.138 3.138 3.138 3.427 3.141 4.203 3.394 479 Index Terms Density -Magnesium iodide Freezing point-solubility Solubility, mutual -Magnesium perchlorate Density -Maleic acid Distribution coefficients in water Freezing point-solubility -Malic acid Distribution coefficients in water -Malonic acid Boiling point elevation Distribution coefficients in water Miscibility in water -Mandelic acid Distribution coefficients in water -Menthol Heat of solution -Mercuric chloride Boiling point elevation Density Distribution coefficients in water Freezing point-solubility -Mercuric cyanide Distribution coefficients in potassium cyanide solution -Mercuric iodide-Potassium iodide Freezing point-solubility in water -Methyl alcohol Density Heat of solution Miscibility in water Viscosity -Methyl benzoate Density -Methyl formate Density -Methyl salicylate Vapor pressure -Methylacetanilide Boiling point elevation -Methylamine Distribution coefficients in water -1-Methylpiperidine Distribution coefficients in water -Naphthalene Boiling point elevation Density Freezing point-solubility Heat of solution -Nickel chloride Distribution coefficients in hydrochloric acid -Nicotine Density -Nitric acid Distribution coefficients in water -Nitrobenzene Density Specific heat Vapor pressure -Nitrobenzoic acid (o-, m-) Distribution coefficients in wat er -Nitronaphthalene Heat of solution -o-Nitrophenol Freezing point-solubility Heat of solution Links 3.140 4.204 3.394 3.140 3.426 4.113 3.426 3.341 3.425 3.411 3.431 5.153 3.341 3.139 3.421 4.198 3.421 4.428 3.151 5.151 3.410 5.34 3.168 3.157 3.289 3.341 3.423 3.429 3.341 3.168 4.174 5.153 3.421 3.168 3.421 3.168 5.127 3.289 3.429 5.153 4.116 5.153 5.156 480 Index Terms -m-Nitrophenol Freezing point-solubility -p-Nitrophenol Freezing point-solubility -Oleic acid Density Vapor pressure lowering -Oxalic acid Distribution coefficients in water -Palladium chloride Distribution coefficients in water -Palmitic acid Density -Paraldehyde Heat of solution -Pentachloroethane Density Vapor pressure Viscosity -Pentane Density Dielectric constant -Phenanthrene Density Freezing point-solubility -Phenetole Boiling point elevation Density Viscosity -Phenol Boiling point elevation Heat of solution -Phenyl ether Density Viscosity -Phenylacetic acid Distribution coefficients in water -Phenylurethan Boiling point elevation -Phosphoric acid Freezing point-solubility -Phosphorus Density -Phosphorus oxychloride Boiling point elevation -Phthalic acid Distribution coefficients in water -Picric acid Distribution coefficients in water -Pimelic acid Distribution coefficients in water -Pinabietic acid Boiling point elevation -Pinene hydrochloride Density -Piperidine Distribution coefficients in water -Platinic chloride Distribution coefficients in water -Propionamide Boiling point elevation -Propionic acid Distribution coefficients in water Miscibility in water -Propyl alcohol Density Heat of solution Links 4.116 4.116 3.168 3.300 3.423 3.421 3.168 5.157 3.153 3.287 5.35 3.168 6.102 3.168 4.174 3.341 3.168 5.41 3.341 5.153 3.168 5.41 3.431 3.341 4.189 3.132 3.341 3.430 3.427 3.430 3.341 3.168 3.427 3.421 3.341 3.425 3.410 3.164 5.156 481 Index Terms Viscosity -Pyridine Heat of solution -Pyrocatechol Viscosity -Pyrogallol Boiling point elevation Heat of solution -Pyruvic acid Distribution coefficients in water -Quinine Distribution coefficients in water -Quinoline Boiling point elevation -Resorcinol Boiling point elevation Distribution coefficients in water Viscosity -Resorcylic acid Distribution coefficients in water -Saccharin Distribution coefficients in hydrochloric acid -Salicylaldehyde Vapor pressure Viscosity -Salicylamide Boiling point elevation -Salicylic acid Boiling point elevation Density Distribution coefficients in water -Sebacic acid Distribution coefficients in water -Sodium acetate Distribution coefficients in acetic acid -Sodium chloride Distribution coefficients in acetic acid -Stannic chloride Distributio n coefficients in water -Stearic acid Density -Suberic acid Distribution coefficients in water -Succinic acid Density, aqueous solution Distribution coefficients in water Freezing point-solubility in water Miscibility in water -Succinonitrile Freezing point-solubility in water -Sulfur Freezing point-solubility -Sulfur dioxide Density Viscosity -Sulfuric acid Density Aqueous solution Vapor pressure lowering Viscosity Aqueous solution -Tartaric acid Density Distribution coefficients in water -Tellurium dichloride Distribution coefficients in water -Tetrachloroethane Links 5.40 5.153 5.41 3.341 5.153 3.425 3.433 3.341 3.341 3.428 5.41 3.430 3.429 3.289 5.41 3.341 3.341 3.168 3.430 3.432 3.422 3.422 3.421 3.168 3.431 3.129 3.426 4.413 3.415 4.413 4.35 3.135 5.27 3.136 3.101 3.300 5.27 5.24 3.165 3.426 3.420 482 Index Terms Density Viscosity -Tetrahydronaphthalene Vapor pressure -Tetramethylsuccinic acid Boiling point elevation -Tetryl Freezing point-solubility -Thioacetic acid Distribution coefficients in water -Thiocyanic acid Boiling point elevation -Thymol Boiling point elevation Heat of solution -Toluene Density Viscosity -p-Toluidine Boiling point elevation -p-Toluidine chloroacetate Boiling point elevation -Triamylammonium picrate Boiling point elevation -Trichloroacetamide Boiling point elevation -Trichloroacetic acid Density Distribution coefficients in water Viscosity -Trichlorolactamide Boiling point elevation -Triethylamine Miscibility in water -Triethyltin Boiling point elevation -Trimethylamine Distribution coefficients in water -Trimethylglutaric acid Boiling point elevation -2,4,6-Trinitrobenzoic acid Distribution coefficients in water -Triphenylmethane Density -Turpentine Density Vapor pressure -Uranyl nitrate Boiling point elevation -Urethan Boiling point elevation Density -Valeric acid Distribution coefficients in water -Vanillin Distribution coefficients in water -Zinc chloride Boiling point elevation Density Distribution in aqueous hydrochloric acid Ethyl p-ethoxybenzalamino-α-methykinnamate, surface tension Ethyl o-ethoxybenzoate Dielectric absorption Dielectric constant Ethyl β-ethoxycrotonate Absorption spectra, ultra-violet Links 3.153 5.36 3.289 3.341 4.116 3.423 3.341 3.341 5.153 3.168 5.41 3.341 3.341 3.341 3.341 3.153 3.423 5.35 3.341 3.415 3.341 3.425 3.341 3.429 3.169 3.169 3.289 3.341 3.341 3.164 3.427 3.431 3.341 3.138 3.421 4.463 6.96 6.96 5.368 483 Index Terms Ethyl ethylacetoacetate Absorption spectra Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Magnetic susceptibility Refractive index Saponification, kinetics of Surface tension Viscosity -Benzene* -Ethyl alcohol* -Pyridine Density Viscosity Ethyl ethylpropylacetate, viscosity Ethyl ethylsulfonate Surface tension Ethyl α-ethylvalerate , viscosity Ethyl fluoride Solubility in non-aqueous liquids Ethyl formate Absorption spectra Azeotropic mixtures Birefringence, electric Boiling point Critical point data Density Aqueous solution Dielectric constant Diffusion of vapor in gases Electrical conductivity Flash point Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Heat of adsorption on charcoal Heat of combustion Heat of solution in water Heat of vaporization Ions, mobility of, in Magnetic susceptibility Orthobaric density Polarization of light scattered by Gas Liquid Refractive index Gas Liquid Saponification constant Saponification, kinetics of Solubility in water Specific heat Surface tension Aqueous solution Thermal conductivity Vapor pressure Aqueous solution Vapor pressure above 1 atm. Verdet constant Viscosity Gas Liquid X-rays, absorption coefficients -Benzene* -Benzil* -Benzoic acid* -Cadmium iodide* -Camphor* -Ethyl acetate* Links 5.344 6.288 6.363 7.45 7.131 4.458 5.38 7.219 3.171 5.42 7.220 4.451 7.220 3.269 5.336 3.318 7.111 3.218 3.240 3.28 3.114 6.82 5.62 6.145 2.161 4.262 5.140 5.167 5.148 5.137 6.112 6.361 3.239 3.319 3.339 3.248 3.33 6.86 5.265 5.266 7.10 7.35 7.135 7.134 3.387 5.108 4.450 4.467 5.228 3.218 3.364 3.239 6.428 5.3 5.28 6.14 7.214 484 Index Terms -Magnesium iodide Freezing point-solubility -Methyl acetate Density -Nitrocellulose Density -Phenyl benzoate Boiling point elevation -Stannic chloride Density Freezing point-solubility Viscosity -Sulfur Freezing point-solubility -Toluene Surface tension -Xylene Density Ethyl formylphenylacetate Dielectric constant Ethyl heptylate, viscosity Ethyl hexyl ether, viscosity Ethyl hexylpropiolate Magnetic susceptibility Refractive index Verdet constant Ethyl hydrocinnamate Refractive index Surface tension Verdet constant Ethyl hydrogen camphorate Optical rotatory power Refractive index Ethyl hydrogen fumarate Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Refractive index Ethyl hydrogen malonate Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Heat of solution in water Ethyl hydrogen phthalate Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Refractive index Ethyl hydrogen sulfate Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Ethyl hydrogen tartrate Optical rotatory power Ethyl hydroxybenzoate -Isoamyl acetate Viscosity Ethyl m-hydroxybenzoate Surface tension -Isoamyl acetate Density Ethyl p-hydroxybenzoate Heat of combustion Surface tension Ethyl hydroxymethyleneacetoacetate Dielectric absorption Dielectric constant Ethyl hydroxymethylenemalonate Dielectric constant Ethyl hydroxymethylenephenylacetate Dielectric absorption Links 4.204 3.164 3.196 3.339 3.137 4.198 5.28 4.35 4.472 3.164 6.95 7.220 7.220 6.363 7.55 6.430 7.55 4.437 6.430 7.447 7.58 6.274 7.39 6.270 5.149 6.295 7.50 6.263 7.381 6.50 4.459 3.189 5.167 4.459 6.92 6.92 6.94 6.95 4.460 485 Index Terms Dielectric constant Ethyl β-hydroxy-α-phenylacrylate Surface tension Ethyl iodide Absorption spectra Azeotropic mixtures Birefringence, electric Boiling point Compressibility Condensation on ions and nuclei Density Aqueous solution Solid Dielectric constant Diffusion in methyl alcohol Electrical conductivity Heat of adsorption on charcoal Heat of combustion Heat of vaporization Ionization by α-particles Ionization by β-particles Ionization by γ-rays Ions, mobility of, in Magnetic susceptibility Melting point Refractive index Gas Liquid Solubility in water Specific heat Surface tension Thermal conductivity Gas Liquid Pressure, effect of Vapor pressure Verdet constant Viscosity -Acetanilide* -Acetic acid* -Acetic acid*-Benzene -Benzene* -Benzene*-Methyl iodide -Benzil* -Camphor* -Carbon disulfide* -Carbon tetrachloride* -Diethyl tartrate* -Diphenylamine* -Ethyl acetate* -Ethyl alcohol* -Ethyl bromide* -Ethyl ether* -Hexane Vapor pressure -Iodine Density -Mercuric iodide Boiling point elevation -Methyl alcohol Density Surface tension Viscosity -Methyl iodide Density -Methyl iodide-Xylene Links 6.95 4.460 5.331 3.319 7.110 3.217 3.41 6.117 3.28 3.113 3.45 6.82 5.72 6.143 5.140 5.168 5.137 6.122 6.121 6.123 6.112 6.361 3.45 7.10 7.12 3.387 5.107 4.436 5.214 5.227 5.227 3.217 6.427 7.213 3.288 3.132 3.338 3.150 4.471 5.34 3.149 5.335 3.323 3.336 6.85 7.34 4.449 5.228 7.222 7.77 486 Index Terms Density -Naphthalene Density -Nitromethane Vapor pressure -Phenetole Density Viscosity -Xylene Density Ethyl iodoacetate Magnetic susceptibility Ethyl 2-iodopropionate Dielectric constant Ethyl isoamylacetoacetate Surface tension Ethyl isobutyl ether Heat of vaporization Viscosity Ethyl1-isobutylacetoacetate Magnetic susceptibility Ethyl isobutyrate Azeotropic mixtures Compressibility Critical point data Density Diffusion of vapor in gases Electrical conductivity Heat of combustion Heat of vaporization Specific heat Surface tension Vapor pressure above 1 atm. Verdet constant Viscosity -Ethyl butyrate* -Hexane Density -Isobutyl acetate Density -Isohexane Density Ethyl isocyanate Absorption spectra Heat of combustion Magnetic susceptibility Ethyl isothiocyanate Absorption spectra Birefringence, magnetic Dielectric constant Electrical conductivity Heat of combustion Surface tension Ethyl isovalerate Critical temperature Density Heat of vaporization Magnetic susceptibility Refractive index Surface tension Verdet constant -Ethyl alcohol* -Hydrogen peroxide Distribution coefficients in water -Isobutyl acetate Links 3.197 3.158 3.287 3.158 5.37 3.158 6.361 6.88 4.461 5.137 7.218 6.363 3.321 3.36 3.243 3.29 5.62 6.145 5.167 5.137 5.110 4.455 3.243 6.429 7.218 3.249 3.186 3.185 3.186 5.336 5.167 6.361 5.331 7.110 6.85 6.143 5.169 4.449 3.249 3.29 5.137 6.362 7.42 4.437 6.429 3.419 4.457 487 Index Terms Density Refractive index Dispersion Ethyl lactate Absorption spectra Azeotropic mixtures Density Magnetic susceptibility Surface tension -Benzene*-Methyl propionate-Toluene -Propyl acetate Surface tension Ethyl laurate , viscosity Ethyl levulinate Absorption spectra Dielectric constant Refractive index Ethyl mandelate , viscosity Ethyl methoxybenzoate (o-, m, p-) Refractive index Verdet constant Ethyl methylacetoacetate Absorption spectra Magnetic susceptibility Refractive index -Diethyl tartrate* Ethyl α-methylbutyrate, viscosity Ethyl methylethylacetoacetate Refractive index Viscosity Ethyl methylpropylacetoacetate Viscosity Ethyl monobenzoylglycerate -Benzene* Ethyl α-naphthoate Refractive index Verdet constant Ethyl β-naphthoate Refractive index Verdet constant -Quinoline Density Refractive index Dispersion Ethyl α-naphthyl ether Dielectric constant Ethyl nitrate Absorption spectra Compressibility Dielectric constant Diffusion in methyl alcohol Electrical conductivity Heat of combustion Heat of solution in water Inflammability, limits of Refractive index Saponification by water Surface tension -Acetamide* -Acetic acid* -α-Bromonaphthalene* -Carbon disulflde* -Heptane Density Links 3.186 7.85 7.104 5.332 3.321 3.29 6.362 4.452 4.473 7.221 5.342 6.92 7.42 7.220 7.51 6.430 5.342 6.362 7.42 7.219 7.48 7.220 7.221 7.59 6.429 7.59 6.429 7.88 7.88 7.107 6.96 5.331 3.36 6.85 5.72 6.143 5.167 5.148 2.181 7.34 7.137 4.449 5.335 3.158 7.81 488 Index Terms Refractive index Dispersion -Tetraethylammonium iodide Density -Tetrapropylammonium iodide Density Ethyl nitrite Absorption spectra Heat of combustion Ethyl o-nitrobenzoate Cryoscopic constant Ethyl nitrophenylpropiolate Magnetic susceptibility Ethyl nonylate Critical temperature Heat of vaporization Surface tension Ethyl oenanthate Verdet constant Ethyl oleate Surface tension -Benzene* -Ethylene bromide Density -Isoamyl acetate Viscosity -Methyl formate Density Ethyl palmitate , viscosity Ethyl pelargonate Verdet constant Viscosity Ethyl phenyl ketone Absorption spectra Refractive index Ethyl phenylacetate Absorption spectra Dielectric constant Refractive index Verdet constant Viscosity Ethyl phenylpropiolate Magnetic susceptibility Refractive index Surface tension Verdet constant Ethyl β-phenylpropionate, viscosity Ethyl phosphate Magnetic susceptibility Saponification constants Ethyl propargyl ether Absorption spectra Refractive index Viscosity -Isoamyl acetate Density Viscosity Ethyl propionate Absorption spectra Azeotropic mixtures Boiling point Compressibility Condensation on ions and nuclei Critical point data Links 7.81 7.103 3.158 3.158 5.335 5.167 4.183 6.363 3.249 5.138 4.437 4.461 6.430 4.437 3.155 5.50 3.157 7.222 6.430 7.221 5.333 7.46 5.345 5.346 6.95 7.50 6.430 7.220 6.363 7.53 4.460 6.430 7.221 6.361 7.137 5.332 7.37 5.43 7.216 3.172 5.43 5.332 3.320 3.220 3.36 6.117 3.242 5.338 3.248 489 Index Terms Density Aqueous solution Dielectric constant Diffusion of vapor in gases Electrical conductivity Flash point Heat of combustion Heat of vaporization Orthobaric density Refractive index Solubility in water Specific heat Surface tension Aqueous solution Vapor pressure Aqueous solution Vapor pressure above 1 atm. Verdet constant Viscosity Gas Liquid -Azobenzene* -Benzene* -Benzene*-Chlorobenzene-Toluene -Benzene*-Toluene -Chlorobenzene* -p-Dibromobenzene* -Ethyl acetate* -Ethyl alcohol* -Isobutyl formate Density -Isopentane Density -Naphthalene Density -Propyl acetate Density Refractive index Dispersion -Stannic chloride Density Viscosity -Toluene Surface tension -1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene Density Ethyl propyl ether Boiling point Critical constant data Heat of vaporization Orthobaric density Refractive index Surface tension Vapor pressure Vapor pressure above 1 atm. Viscosity -Isoamyl acetate Density Viscosity Ethyl propyl ketone Absorption spectra Refractive index Surface tension Ethyl propylacetoacetate Absorption spectra Viscosity Links 3.29 3.114 6.82 5.62 6.145 2.162 5.167 5.137 3.242 7.37 3.388 5.109 4.452 4.469 3.220 3.364 3.242 6.428 5.4 5.28 3.33 6.88 7.216 3.172 3.172 3.172 3.172 7.83 7.104 3.138 5.28 4.473 3.172 3.220 3.243 5.137 3.243 7.38 4.453 3.220 3.243 7.217 3.248 3.173 5.43 5.340 7.40 4.436 5.345 7.220 4.455 490 Index Terms Ethyl salicylate Absorption spectra Birefringence, electric Dielectric constant Heat of combustion Refractive index Surface tension Verdet constant Viscosity -Benzene* -Isoamyl acetate Density -m-Xylene Density Ethyl silicate , specific heat Ethyl stearate, viscosity Ethyl succinimide -p-Bromotoluene* -p-Xylene Freezing point-solubility Ethyl sulfine Magnetic susceptibility Ethyl tetracetylquinate Refractive index Ethyl thiobenzoate, viscosity Ethyl thiocyanate Dielectric constant Electrical conductivity Heat of combustion Surface tension Viscosity -Piperidine Density Viscosity -Tetraethylammonium iodide Density Ethyl toluate (o-, m -, p-) Refractive index Verdet constant Ethyl o-toluylethylcarbamate -Nitrocellulose Density Ethyl tribromoacetate Birefringence, magnetic Magnetic susceptibility Ethyl trichloroacetate Absorption spectra Birefringence, electric Dielectric constant Diffusion in methyl alcohol Electrical conductivity Magnetic susceptibility Refractive index Specific heat Surface tension -Benzene* -Ethyl acetate* -Ethyl alcohol* -Ethyl ether* -Ethylene bromide Density -Hexane Density -Methyl benzoate Links 5.333 7.111 6.94 5.167 7.46 4.459 6.430 7.220 5.345 3.189 3.191 5.112 7.222 4.144 6.361 7.30 7.220 6.85 6.143 5.169 4.449 5.39 7.214 3.162 5.39 3.162 7.50 6.430 3.196 7.111 6.361 5.336 7.111 6.86 5.72 6.143 6.361 7.35 5.108 4.450 3.155 3.165 7.51 491 Index Terms Density -Methyl formate Density -Nitrobenzene Density -Phenanthrene Density Ethyl valerate Birefringence, electric Compressibility Critical temperature Dielectric constant Diffusion of vapor in gases Electrical conductivity Heat of combustion Heat of vaporization Specific heat Thermal conductivity Viscosity -Benzene* -Xylene Density Ethyl xanthate Absorption spectra Electrical conductivity Ethylacetanilide Crystallography Surface tension -Acetone* -Benzene* -Chloroform* -Ethyl alcohol* -Ethyl ether* Ethylacetone, diffusion in free air -Ethyl-4-acetylnaphthalene -Quinoline Density Refractive index Dispersion Ethylamine Absorption spectra Boiling point Critical point data Density Dielectric constant Electrical conductivity Aqueous solution Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Heat of combustion Heat of formation Heat of solutio n in water Heat of vaporization Solubility in water Surface tension Thermal conductivity Vapor pressure Vapor pressure above 1 atm. Viscosity -Barium thiocyanate* -Chloroform* -Ethyl ether* -Ethylammonium chloride Density Viscosity -Silver nitrate Density Links 3.165 3.157 3.165 3.165 7.111 3.37 3.249 6.92 5.62 6.145 5.167 5.137 5.111 5.228 7.219 3.190 5.338 6.143 1.330 4.460 1.358 7.88 7.88 7.107 5.331 3.217 3.239 3.28 6.82 6.143 6.263 4.262 5.167 5.182 5.148 5.137 3.261 4.442 5.214 3.217 3.239 7.214 3.162 5.39 3.139 5.335 3.248 3.33 6.85 4.449 5.215 492 Index Terms Viscosity -Toluene Distribution coefficients in water -Xylene Distribution coefficients in water -Zinc hydroxide Solubility in water Ethylaminonaphthalene (α-, β-) -Quinoline Density Refractive index Dispersion Ethylammonium bromide Transition temperature Ethylammonium chloride Density, aqueous solution Electrical conductivity Aqueous solution Heat of solution in water Transition temperature Viscosity, aqueous solution -Ethylamine* -Sulfur dioxide Boiling point elevation Ethylammonium nitrate Electrical conductivity Surface tension Ethylammonium sulfate Diffusion in methyl alcohol Ethylaniline Absorption spectra Azeotropic mixtures Boiling point Compressibility Dielectric constant Heat of combustion Magnetic susceptibility Refractive index Surface tension Vapor pressure Verdet constant Viscosity -Nitrobenzene Density Heat of solution Specific heat Surface tension Viscosity Ethylaniline hydrochloride -Chloroform* Ethylaniline hydroiodide Crystallography -Chloroform* Ethylbenzene Absorption spectra Azeotropic mixtures Birefringence Boiling point Compressibility Dielectric constant Diffusion of vapor in air Flash point Heat of combustion Heat of vaporization Photoluminescence Links 5.28 3.425 3.425 7.255 7.87 7.87 7.106 4.8 3.62 6.147 6.243 5.148 4.8 5.13 3.112 3.328 6.147 4.449 5.72 5.333 3.322 3.225 3.37 6.94 5.168 6.363 7.43 4.458 3.225 6.429 7.219 5.344 3.177 5.157 5.128 4.473 5.45 1.328 5.333 3.319 7.111 3.224 3.37 6.93 5.62 2.161 5.163 5.137 5.387 5.343 3.39 3.113 493 Index Terms Polarization of light scattered by Refractive index Sound, velocity of, in Specific heat Surface tension Vapor pressure Verdet constant Viscosity -Antimony tribromide* -Antimony trichloride* -Benzene* -Ethyl acetate* -Hydrogen bromide Freezing point-solubility -Isobutyl formate Density -Resorcinol Solubility, mutual -Toluene Density Vapor pressure -Trimethylbenzene Density -Xylene (o-, m-, p-) Refractive index Dispersion o-Ethylbenzoic acid Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Refractive index -Quinoline Density Refractive index Dispersion Ethylbenzylaniline, viscosity Ethylcamphor Optical rotatory power Refractive index 9-Ethyl-10-chloroanthracene -Quinoline Density Refractive index Dispersion Ethylcoumarinic acid Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Heat of combustion 1-Ethyl-1-cyclohexene Heat of combustion 1-Ethylcyclopentan-2-ol Heat of combustion 1-Ethyl-5-dimethylcyclohexene Heat of combustion Ethyldimethylcarbinol Verdet constant Ethyldipropylcarbinol Heat of combustion Ethylene Absorption spectra Adsorption by wood charcoal Boiling point Compressibility Liquid Critical point data Critical potentials Decomposition pressure of hydrate Links 5.267 7.43 6.464 5.111 4.437 3.224 6.429 7.219 4.457 4.187 3.172 3.397 3.187 3.289 3.191 7.86 7.106 6.291 7.46 7.87 7.87 7.106 7.221 7.436 7.58 7.88 7.88 7.108 6.297 5.166 5.163 5.164 5.164 6.429 5.164 5.331 3.250 3.216 3.14 3.38 3.230 6.72 7.245 5.335 3.230 3.248 494 Index Terms Density, gas Detonation Dielectric constant Electrons, absorption of, by Electrons, attachment of, to form ions Explosion in closed vessels Flame propagation in Heat of combustion Heat of decomposition of hydrate Heat of formation Ignition temperature Inflammability, limits of Ionization by α-particles Ions, mobility of, in Magnetic susceptibility Orthobaric density Polarization of light scattered by Refractivity Solubility in aqueous solutions Solubility in non-aqueous liquids Solubility in water Sound, velocity of, in Specific heat, gas Thermal conductivity Vapor pressure Vapor pressure above 1 atm. Verdet constant Viscosity, gas -Air* -Ammonia* -Argon* -Carbon monoxide* -Hydrogen Detonation Diffusion coefficient Viscosity -Methane Boiling point elevation -Methyl ether Freezing point-solubility Vapor pressure -Oxygen Boiling point elevation P-V-T relations Ethylene bromide Absorption spectra Azeotropic mixtures Birefringence Boiling point Compressibility Cryoscopic constant Density Dielectric constant Diffusion in benzene Diffusion in methyl alcohol Electrical condcutivity Heat of fusion Heat of vaporization Internal pressure Magnetic susceptibility Melting point Melting point under pressure Polarization of light scattered by Refractive index Solubility of salts in Specific heat Surface tension Links 3.3 2.185 6.82 6.61 6.117 2.191 2.184 5.163 7.245 5.181 2.173 2.179 6.122 6.111 6.361 3.230 5.265 7.10 3.280 3.269 3.260 6.463 5.80 5.214 3.216 3.230 6.425 5.3 5.81 5.215 2.186 5.62 5.5 3.333 4.107 3.287 3.325 3.17 5.331 3.318 7.110 3.216 3.35 4.183 3.28 6.84 5.74 5.72 6.143 5.132 5.136 4.19 6.361 4.6 4.10 5.266 7.12 4.207 5.107 4.436 3.335 4.215 3.33 7.34 4.448 7.80 495 Index Terms Thermal conductivity Vapor pressure Liquid Solid Verdet constant Viscosity -Acetic acid* -Aluminum bromide* -Amylene* -Anthracene* -Azobenzene* -Benzene* -Benzil* -p-Bromotoluene* -Camphor* -Carbon disulfide* -Carbon tetrachloride* -Carbon tetrachloride*-Toluene -Chlorobenzene* -Chloroform* -Colchiceine* -Colchicine* -Cyclohexane* -Cyclohexene* -p-Cymene* -Desaurin* -p-Dibromobenzene* -1,2-Dibromopropane* -Diethyl diacetyltartrate* -Diethyl tartrate* -Diethyl tartrate*-Nitrobenzene -Diphenylamine* -Ethyl acetoacetate* -Ethyl chloroacetate* -Ethyl ether* -Ethyl oleate* -Ethyl trichloroacetate* -Ethylene chloride Density Heat of solution -Heptane Density Dielectric constant -Hexane Heat of solution -Iodine Density -Isoamyl acetate Density -Isobutyl dibenzoyl-d-tartrate Density -Menthol Freezing point-solubility -Mesitylene Heat of solution -Methyl benzoate Density -Methyl dibenzoylglycerate Density -Naphthalene Density Freezing point-solubility Refractive index -β-Naphthol Freezing point-solubility -Nitrobenzene Density Links 5.228 3.216 3.209 6.428 5.36 7.213 3.154 5.156 3.155 6.102 5.156 3.132 3.155 3.155 4.107 5.156 3.155 3.155 3.155 4.173 7.80 4.107 3.155 7.80 7.222 496 Index Terms Freezing point-solubility -Nitrogen tetroxide Boiling point elevation -Nitrophenol (o-, p-) Freezing point-solubility -Paraldehyde Freezing point-solubility -Phenanthrene Density -Phenol Freezing point-solubility -Phenoxyacetic acid Boiling point elevation -Phenyl benzoate Boiling point elevation -Phosphorus Solubility, mutual -Propyl alcohol Density -Propylene bromide Refractive index -Sulfur Freezing point-solubility -Toluene Boiling point Density Freezing point-solubility Heat of solution Refractive index -Triphenylmethane Boiling point elevation -p-Xylene Freezing point-solubility Heat of solution Ethylene chloride Absorption spectra Azeotropic mixtures Birefringence Boiling point Compressibility Density Dielectric constant Diffusion in benzene Diffusion in methyl alcohol Electrical conductivity Heat of combustion Heat of vaporization Magnetic susceptibility Polarization of light scattered by Refractive index Gas Liquid Solubility in water Specific heat Gas Liquid Surface tension Thermal conductivity Vapor pressure Verdet constant Viscosity -Acetanilide* -Acetic acid* -Acetone* -Acetophenone* -Anisic acid* -Benzene* Links 4.107 3.329 4.107 4.173 3.155 4.107 3.335 3.335 3.394 3.154 7.80 4.35 3.313 3.155 4.173 5.156 7.80 3.335 4.173 5.156 5.331 3.319 7.110 3.216 3.36 3.28 6.84 5.74 5.72 6.143 5.168 5.136 6.361 5.266 7.10 7.34 3.387 5.80 5.107 4.448 5.228 3.216 6.428 5.36 5.335 3.323 3.335 3.39 3.33 7.80 5.81 7.213 497 Index Terms -Benzil* -Benzoic acid* -Camphor* -Carbon disulfide* -Diethyl tartrate* -Diethylamine* -Diphenylamine* -Ethyl alcohol* -Ethyl ether* -Ethylene bromide* -Iodine Boiling point elevation -Naphthalene Freezing point-solubility -Sulfur Freezing point-solubility -Tolu ene Heat of solution Ethylene cyanide Dielectric constant Refractive index -Isobutyl alcohol Solubility, mutual Ethylene dichloroacetate Specific heat Ethylene glycol Density, aqueous solution -Potassium iodide Density -Potassium sulfate Freezing point-solubility in water Ethylene glycol butyl ether Solubility in water Ethylene glycol diacetate Density, aqueous solution Ethylene glycol isobutyl ether Solubility in water Ethylene iodi de Absorption spectra Diffusion in benzene Diffusion in methyl alcohol Magnetic susceptibility Ethylene oxide Boiling point Critical temperature Density Dielectric constant Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Heat of vaporization Phenols, addition of, kinetics Refractive index Surface tension Vapor pressure Viscosity Ethylenebromohydrin, refractive index, aqueous solution Ethylenechlorohydrin Dielectric constant Ethylenecyclohexane Heat of combustion Ethylenediamine Absorption spectra Dielectric constant Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Heat of combustion Links 3.335 4.173 4.35 5.156 6.86 7.35 3.397 6.110 3.112 3.142 4.411 3.390 3.114 3.390 5.335 5.74 5.72 6.361 3.216 3.248 3.28 6.84 4.262 5.136 7.124 7.34 4.441 3.216 7.213 7.67 6.85 5.163 5.331 6.85 6.263 5.167 498 Index Terms Heat of solution in water Refractive index Viscosity Ethylenediamine hydrochloride Absorption spectra, ultra-violet Crystallography Heat of solution in water -Ammonia* Ethylenediamine sulfate Optical rotatory power Ethylformanilide, viscosity β-Ethylgalactoside Synthesis by enzymes 3-Ethylhexane Compressibility Heat of combustion Ethylhexylcarbinol Verdet constant, dispersion of Ethylhydroanthranol -Quinoline Density Refractive index Dispersion Ethylhydroxylamine Magnetic susceptibility Refractive index Ethylidene chloride Dielectric constant Heat of combustion Heat of vaporization Magnetic susceptibility -Diethyl tartrate* Ethylisopropylcarbinol, viscosity Ethylmalonic acid Decomposition, kinetics of Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Heat of combustion Ethylmercaptan Absorption spectra Boiling point Critical point data Density Dielectric constant Heat of combustion Orthobaric density Refractive index Surface tension Vapor pressure Vapor pressure above 1 atm. Viscosity -Ethyl alcohol* Ethylmercaptan-ammonia Vapor pressure Ethylmercuric chloride Absorption spectra, solutions Pthylmercuric iodide Absorption spectra, solutions Ethylmethylindazoles Refractive index 3-Ethylpentane, heat of combustion Ethylphenylammonium chloride Boiling point elevation in aqueous solution -Ethyl alcohol* Links 5.148 7.34 7.214 5.370 1.324 5.148 7.354 7.220 7.156 3.37 5.163 6.434 7.88 7.88 7.108 6.361 7.34 6.84 5.168 5.136 6.361 7.218 7.122 6.270 5.165 5.331 3.217 3.239 3.28 6.85 5.169 3.239 7.34 4.436 3.217 3.239 5.37 3.209 5.328 5.328 7.50 5.163 3.327 3.338 3.248 4.449 7.214 499 Index Terms -Isoamyl alcohol Boiling point elevation Ethylphenylhydrazine hydrochloride -Chloroform* Ethylphenylurethan, viscosity 1-Ethylpiperidine Solubility in water Ethylpropylacetic acid, heat of combustion Ethylpropylacetone, viscosity Ethylpropylamine, viscosity p-Ethylpropylazophenol -p-Methylpropylazophenol Freezing point-solubility Ethylpropylmalonic acid Heat of combustion N-Ethylquinoline iodide Boiling point elevation in aqueous solution -Ethyl alcohol* Ethylresodiacetophenone -Benzene* Ethylsilicochloroform Magnetic susceptibility β-Ethylstyrene, heat of combustion Ethylsuccinic acid Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Heat of combustion Ethylsuccinic anhydride Heat of combustion Ethylsuccinimide Magnetic susceptibility Ethylsulfone ethyl ether Magnetic susceptibility Ethylsulfuric acid Heat of solution in water p-Ethyltoluene, surface tension Ethyltoluidine (o-, p-), viscosity Ethyl-o-tolylurethan, viscosity Ethyltrimethyllead Boiling point Density Refractive index Ethyltripropylammonium iodide -Dichloromethane* Ethylurea Crystallization velocity Heat of combustion Heat of solution in water Ethylurethan Cryoscopic constant Solubility of salts in Surface tension α-Ethylvaleric acid, viscosity Ethylvinylcarbinol Heat of combustion Ethylxanthic acid -Amyl alcohol* -Benzyl alcohol* -Carbon disulfide* -Chloroform* -Nitrobenzene Distribution coefficients in water Links 3.343 7.221 3.391 5.165 7.220 7.217 4.165 5.165 3.327 6.356 5.163 6.275 5.165 5.166 6.362 6.361 5.148 4.459 7.220 7.221 1.116 1.116 1.116 5.61 5.167 5.148 4.215 4.210 4.452 7.219 5.164 3.428 1.163 1.165 500 Index Terms Ettingshausen effect Coefficient of, conversion factors Ettringite Density Refractive index Eucalyptol Absorption spectra Magnetic susceptibility Eucalyptus bark fiber Thermal conductivity Euchroite Density Refractive index Euclase Density Refractive index Eucryptite Density Melting point Refractive index Eucupine dihydrochloride Absorption spectra, ultra-violet Eucupinotoxine hydrochloride Absorption spectra, ultra-violet Eudesmene, optical rotatory power Eudialyte Refractive index Thermal conductivity Eudidymite Density Refractive index Eugenol Absorption spectra Birefringence, magnetic Dielectric constant Diffusion in free air Diffusion of vapor in air Electrical conductivity Magnetic susceptibility Refractive index Verdet constant Viscosity -Isoamyl acetate Density Viscosity Eugenol benzoate -Isoeugenol benzoate Freezing point-solubility Eulytite Density Refractive index Euphorbone, optical rotatory power Eureka alloy Electrical conductivity, magnetic field, effect of Europium Cathodoluminescence Emission spectra Persistent lines X-ray absorption limits X-ray emission spectra X-ray series, limiting frequencies Europium ethyl sulfate Density Links 6.415 1.30 1.145 1.145 1.166 5.333 6.363 2.313 1.123 1.123 1.172 1.141 1.141 1.172 1.150 1.150 1.150 1.166 5.370 5.372 5.370 7.461 7.27 5.232 1.153 1.153 5.333 7.111 6.95 1.358 5.63 6.144 6.363 7.50 6.430 7.220 1.169 5.346 7.223 3.190 5.50 4.165 1.113 1.113 7.465 6.422 5.388 5.292 5.323 6.39 6.39 6.35 1.140 1.165 7.23 501 Index Terms Refractive index Europium nitrate Absorption spectra, solutions Eutectic (fusible alloys) Eutectoid alloy, electrical conductivity Euxanthic acid Optical rotatory power -Pyridine Boiling point elevation Evaporation Aperture, rate through In gas current, formula for in vacuo, formula for Oxides in tungsten Small drops Still air, equations for Everbrite (alloy) Everdur metal Ex.B metal Ex.K metal Excello (alloy) Electrical conductivity Excelsior (alloy) Electrical conductivity Excitation voltage Expansion, adiabatic, heat of Expansivity, definition Explosion vessel Explosions Explosions, gaseous Heat loss in Radiation losses in Turbulence, effect of Explosives Blasting Commercial Compositions of typical Detonation velocity Fall-hammer test Gaseous Heat of explosion Lead-block test Propulsive Sound, source of Tests for Trauzl lead-block test Extension, elastic, heat of Extinction coefficient. See Absorption, index of. Extra Prima alloy, electrical conductivity Eye, sensitivity of Eye protection, filters for Factors , conversion Fagersta steel Electrical conductivity Fahlun brilliants (alloy) Fahrenheit, definition Fahrig antifriction (alloy) Fahrite (alloy) Faience. See Porcelain. Fall-hammer test (explosives) Links 1.140 1.166 5.329 2.376 6.178 7.397 3.342 5.53 5.54 5.53 6.55 5.53 5.54 2.376 2.376 2.376 2.376 2.376 6.193 2.376 6.169 6.27 5.146 1.36 2.193 2.172 2.554 2.562 2.562 2.467 6.194 2.480 2.480 2.601 2.194 2.193 2.195 7.493 7.489 7.494 7.492 7.491 2.162 7.490 7.491 7.495 6.456 7.489 7.490 5.147 2.172 6.196 1.92 5.272 1.18 6.182 2.376 1.36 2.376 2.376 7.489 2.467 2.561 2.508 2.557 502 Index Terms Fairfieldite Density Refractive index Farad, definition Faraday Definition Value of Faraday effe ct Faradiol, optical rotatory power Fatigue, metals and alloys Fatigue resistance , definition Fatigue strength , definition Fats Acetyl value Density Ethyl alcohol, miscibility of, in water Hehner value Hydrolysis, enzymatic Iodine value Melting points Reichert -Meissl value Saponification value Specific heat Thermal expansion Unsaponifiable matter Viscosity Fats, animal Composition Dispersion, optical Electrical conductivity Fatty acids of, melting points Flash point Heat of combustion Properties Fats, vegetable Composition Dispersion, optical Electrical conductivity Fatty acids of, melting points Polenske values Properties Refractive index Faujasite Density Refractive index Fayalite Melting point Refractive index Feathers, moist ure content at various humidities Feldspar Electrical conductivity, X-rays, effect of Refractive index Felsite Bulk density Compressive strength Felsoebanyite Density Refractive index Felt, asphalt Density Thermal conductivity Felt, fire. See Asbestos. Links 1.144 1.144 1.36 1.36 1.17 6.434 7.464 2.595 2.xii 2.xii 2.196 2.214 2.214 3.401 2.215 7.153 2.214 2.210 2.215 2.214 2.210 2.210 2.215 2.209 1.171 2.214 7.135 2.208 2.214 2.211 2.215 2.211 2.211 2.205 2.207 2.214 2.211 2.215 2.208 2.203 2.213 1.154 1.154 1.129 1.129 2.316 1.165 1.173 6.6 7.27 2.53 2.47 1.137 1.137 2.313 2.313 1.169 503 Index Terms Felt, hair Density Thermal conductivity Felt, wood Density Thermal conductivity Felt, wool Density Thermal conductivity Felts Acoustic absorption Heat conductivity Fenchane, heat of combustion Fenchene, optical rotatory power Fencholenic acid Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Optical rotatory power β-Fencholenic acid Optical rotatory power Fenchone Absorption spectra Boiling point Cryoscopic constant Optical rotatory power Refractive index -Anthracene* -Anthraquinone* -Antimony triiodide* -Arsenous iodide* -Arsenous oxide* -Benzil* -Bismuth iodide* -Carbazole* -Catechol* -2,4-Dinitrophenol* -Hydroquinol Freezing point-solubility -Mercuric bromide Boiling point elevation -Mercuric chloride Boiling point elevation -Mercuric iodide Boiling point elevation -Naphthol (α-, β-) Freezing point-solubility -Nitrophenol (o-, p-) Freezing point-solubility -Phenol Freezing point-solubility -Picric acid Freezing point-solubility -Pyrogallol Freezing point-solubility -Resorcinol Freezing point-solubility -Sulfur Boiling point elevation Fenchyl alcohol Optical rotatory power Fenchyl chloride Optical rotatory power Fenchylamine Optical rotatory power Fenton's alloy Links 2.313 2.313 2.313 2.313 2.313 2.313 6.460 2.238 5.164 7.411 6.296 7.415 7.415 7.433 5.347 3.347 4.184 7.435 7.52 4.140 3.347 3.347 3.347 4.156 4.129 4.137 4.121 4.141 4.139 3.347 7.453 7.453 7.456 2.376 4.132 504 Index Terms Ferberite Density Refractive index Fermet (alloy) Ferric acetate , heat of formation Ferric bromide Absorption spectra, solutions Ammine Decomposition pressure Heat of decomposition Density, aqueous solution Heat of formation Magnetic susceptibility Aqueous solution Ferric carbonylferrocyanide, heat of formation Ferric chlorate, heat of formation Ferric chloride Absorption spectra, solutions Ammine, decomposition pressure Decomposition pressure Hydrate Density, aqueous solution Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Heat of formation Magnetic susceptibility Aqueous solution Photoelectric current Refractive index, aqueous solution Dispersion Solubility in water Specific heat, aqueous solution Surface tension, aqueous solution Transference number Vapor pressure Aqueous solution Verdet constant, aqueous solution Viscosity, aqueous solution X-rays, absorption coefficient See also Molysite. -Acetic acid* -Acetone* -Ammonium chloride* -Aniline hydrochloride*-Hydrogen chloride -Arsenous bromide* -Barium sulfate* -Bismuth chloride* -Cesium chloride* -Chloroform* -Cuprous chloride* -Ethyl alcohol* -Ethyl ether* -Ferric nitrate-Ferric sulfate Refractive index, aqueous solution -Ferric oxide Freezing point-solubility in water Vapor pressure -Hydrogen chloride Density, aqueous solution Freezing point-solubility in water Viscosity, aqueous solution -Lead chloride Freezing point-solubility -Magnesium sulfate Density, aqueous solution -Methyl alcohol Links 1.134 1.134 2.376 5.191 1.174 5.327 7.278 7.278 3.68 5.191 6.357 6.364 5.191 5.191 5.327 7.277 7.277 7.277 3.68 6.231 4.256 5.191 6.357 6.364 6.68 7.70 7.100 4.224 5.123 4.465 6.311 3.208 3.367 6.426 5.14 6.13 3.104 6.233 4.246 6.428 7.98 4.309 3.358 3.95 4.308 5.18 4.51 3.98 4.309 4.386 505 Index Terms Magnetic susceptibility Verdet constant -Nickel chloride Refractive index, aqueous solution -Potassium chloride Freezing point-solubility in water -Pyridine Boiling point elevation -Sodium chloride Freezing point-solubility in water -Thallium monochloride Freezing point-solubility -Zinc chloride Freezing point-solubility Ferric ferrocyanide Heat of formation Ferric fluoride Dielectric constant Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Heat of formation Magnetic susceptibility -Sodium fluoride Freezing point-solubility Ferric hydroxide Density, aqueous solution Heat of formation Magnetic susceptibility Ferric iodide Heat of formation -Iodine Boiling point elevation Ferric ion Arsenous acid, reaction with Free energy Silver, reaction with Ferric metasilicate , specific heat Ferric nitrate Absorption spectra, solutions Density, aqueous solution Diffusion in water Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Heat of formation Magnetic susceptibility Aqueous solution Refractive index, aqueous solution Dispersion -Cobaltous nitrate* -Ferric chlorides-Ferric sulfate -Ferric sulfate Refractive index, aqueous solution Ferric oleate, dielectric constant Ferric oxalate Density, aqueous solution Heat of formation Surface tension, aqueous solution -Ferrous oxalate-Potassium oxalate Freezing point-solubility in water Ferric oxide Compressibility Decomposition pressure Electrical conductivity Electrons, thermal emission of Emission, spectral Heat of formation Links 6.364 6.427 7.96 4.309 3.342 4.309 4.53 7.320 4.54 5.191 6.76 4.256 5.191 6.357 4.60 3.68 5.191 6.357 5.191 3.325 7.277 7.277 7.277 5.98 5.327 3.68 5.65 6.237 4.256 5.191 6.358 6.364 7.71 7.100 6.240 7.96 6.97 3.68 5.191 4.465 4.372 3.50 7.279 6.153 6.54 5.257 5.191 6.154 5.258 6.155 506 Index Terms Magnetic susceptibility Melting point Photoelectric current Specific heat Sulfur trioxide complexes, refractive index Thermal conductivity Thermionic work function Thermoelectric power Transformation temperature X-ray diffraction data See also Hematite. -Aluminum oxide* -Aluminum oxide*-Calcium oxide -Calcium oxide* -Ferric chloride* -Ferro -ferric oxide Freezing point-solubility -Lead oxide Density Freezing point-solubility -Nitric acid Freezing point-solubility in water -Phosphoric acid Freezing point-solubility in water -Sulfuric acid Freezing point-solubility in water Ferric oxide gels, adsorption on Ferric phosphate -Phosphoric acid Density, aqueous solution Ferric phosphide Transition temperature Ferric potassium chloride Ammine, decomposition pressure Ferric potassium sulfate Density Aqueous solution Refractive index -Aluminum potassium sulfate* Ferric rubidium setenate Density Refractive index Ferric rubidium sulfate Decomposition pressure of hydrate Density Aqueous solution Refractive index Solubility in water Ferric sulfate Absorption spectra, solutions Ammine Decomposition pressure Heat of decomposition Compressibility, aqueous solution Decomposition pressure Density Aqueous solution Heat of formation Magnetic susceptibility Aqueous solution Reflectivity, selective Refractive index, aqueous solution Solubility in sulfuric acid Verdet constant, aqueous solution -Aluminum sulfate* Links 6.357 4.84 6.68 5.97 7.21 5.216 6.54 6.224 4.84 1.342 4.85 5.217 5.221 4.87 3.134 4.85 4.362 4.392 4.369 4.392 4.344 3.252 4.390 3.97 4.7 7.308 1.157 3.92 1.157 1.168 1.160 1.160 1.165 7.309 1.160 3.94 1.160 4.243 5.327 7.279 7.279 3.439 7.279 3.44 3.68 5.191 6.357 6.364 5.260 7.71 4.43 6.428 1.165 7.13 5.232 507 Index Terms -Ferric chloride*-Ferric nitrate -Ferric nitrate* -Manganous sulfate Refractive index, aqueous solution -Potassium sulfate Surface tension, aqueous solution -Sulfur trioxide Freezing point-solubility in water -Sulfuric acid Density, aqueous solution Ferric thiocyanate -Ethyl ether* Perrinatrite Density Refractive index Ferrite , electrical conductivity Ferritungstite, refractive index Ferrocupralium Ferro-ferric oxide Carbon monoxide, reaction with Decomposition pressure Electrical conductivity Emission, spectral Heat of formation Heat of transition Magnetic properties Melting point Reduction with hydrogen Specific heat Thermoelectric power X-ray diffraction data See also Magnetite. -Ferric oxide* -Ferrous oxide Freezing point-solubility Ferro-ferricyanide electrode Potential of Ferromagnetism Ferronickel, electrical conductivity Ferromanganese, specific heat Ferronickel Specific heat Thermal conductivity Ferroniobite Density Refractive index Ferrosilicon Thermal expansion Ferrous acetate Absorption spectra, solutions Ferrous benzoate Ammine, decomposition pressure Ferrous bicarbonate Free energy of ionization Ferrous bromide Ammines Decomposition pressure Heat of decomposition Density, aqueous solution Decomposition pressure of hydrates Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Heat of formation Methylamine complex Links 7.96 4.470 4.343 4.390 3.96 1.152 1.152 6.182 1.134 2.376 7.279 7.279 6.154 5.242 5.191 5.191 6.413 4.84 7.279 5.98 6.224 1.342 1.166 1.167 5.258 4.85 7.309 6.366 6.185 5.119 5.119 5.225 1.135 1.135 1.174 2.467 2.473 5.327 7.279 7.278 7.277 7.277 3.68 7.277 6.234 5.191 6.239 508 Index Terms Decomposition pressure Heat of decomposition Refractive index, aqueous solution Dispersion Solubility in water -Aluminum bromide* Ferrous carbonate Compressibility Decomposition pressure Emission spectra Heat of formation Reflectivity, selective Solubility in carbo nic acid Free energy and heat of solution Specific heat Thermal conductivity Thermal expansion X-ray diffraction data Ferrous chloride Absorption spectra, solutions Activity coefficient in water Ammines Decomposition pressure Heat of decomposition Heat of formation Decomposition pressure of hydrate Density, aqueous solution Diffusion in water Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Freezing point lo wering of aqueous solution Heat of formation Magnetic susceptibility Aqueous solution Methylamine complex Decomposition pressure Heat of decomposition Photoelectric current Refractive index, aqueous solution Dispersion Solubility in water Transference number Vapor pressure Vapor pressure lowering in aqueous solution Verdet constant, aqueous solution See also Lawrencite. -Ammonium chloride* -Bismuth chloride* -Cuprous chloride* -Magnesium chloride-Potassium chloride Freezing point-solubility in water -Pyridine Boiling point elevation Ferrous fluoride , heat of formation Ferrous fluosilicate Refractive index Ferrous hydroxide Heat of formation Ferrous iodide Ammine Decomposition pressure Heat of decomposition Decomposition pressure of hydrate Heat of formation Magnetic susceptibility Aqueous solution Methylamine complex Links 7.278 7.278 7.70 7.100 4.224 3.50 7.278 5.259 5.191 5.260 7.278 7.278 5.98 5.232 3.44 1.343 5.327 7.277 7.277 7.277 5.191 7.277 3.68 5.65 6.231 4.256 5.191 6.357 6.364 6.233 7.277 7.277 6.68 7.70 7.100 4.224 6.311 3.208 3.294 6.426 4.308 4.386 3.342 5.191 1.129 5.191 7.278 7.278 7.278 5.191 6.357 6.364 1.166 7.22 509 Index Terms Decomposition pressure Heat of decomposition Ferrous ion, bicarbonate ion, free energy and heat of reaction Ferrous manganous tungstate Specific heat Ferrous metasilicate Heat of formation See also Gruenerite. -Calcium metasilicate* Ferrous metatitanate. See Ilmenite. Ferrous methylamine sulfate , decomposition pressure of hydrate Ferrous naphthalenesulfonate Ammine, decomposition pressure Ferrous nitrate Density, aqueous solution Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Heat of formation Solubility in water Ferrous oxalate Refractive index Thermal conductivity -Ferric oxalate*-Potassium oxalate Ferrous oxide Brightness temperature Carbon dioxide, reaction with Carbon monoxide, reaction with Dielectric constant Heat of formation Melting point Photoelectric current Radiation temperature, total Reduction with hydrogen Thermal conductivity Thermoelectric power X-ray diffraction data Water vapor, reaction with -Calcium oxide*-Silica -Carbon dioxide* -Ferro -ferric oxide* -Magnesium oxide-Silica Freezing point-solubility -Manganese oxide-Silica Freezing point-solubility -Phosphoric acid Freezing point-solubility in water -Silica Freezing point-solubility -Sulfuric acid Freezing point-solubility in water Ferrous phosphide Transition temperature Ferrous potassium selenate Refractive index Fe rrous potassium sulfate Density Heat of formation Hydrate Decomposition pressure Heat of decomposition Refractive index Solubility in water Ferrous rubidium selenate Refractive index Links 7.278 7.278 7.278 5.98 5.191 7.278 7.279 3.68 4.256 5.191 4.225 3.104 7.22 5.216 5.245 7.279 7.277 6.76 5.191 4.84 6.68 5.246 7.277 5.216 6.224 1.342 7.279 4.92 4.92 4.369 4.85 4.342 4.390 4.7 7.31 1.157 5.206 7.308 7.308 1.157 4.241 7.31 1.165 7.31 510 Index Terms Ferrous rubidium sulfate Density Refractive index Solubility in water Ferrous sodium sulfate Solubility in water Ferrous sulfate Absorption spectra, solutions Ammine Decomposition pressure Heat of decomposition Boiling point elevation in aqueous solution Decomposition pressure of hydrates Density, aqueous solution Diffusion in water Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Freezing mixtures, use in Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Heat of formation Magnetic susceptibility Aqueous solution Reflectivity, selective Solubility in water Solution velocity in water Sound, velocity of, in aqueous solution Specific heat Aqueous solution Surface tension, aqueous solution Thermal conductivity Vapor pressure lowering in aqueous solution Verdet constant, aqueous solution -Ammonium sulfate* -Ammonium sulfate*-Lithium sulfate -Ammonium sulfate*-Magnesium sulfate -Cadmium sulfate* -Lithium sulfate Freezing point-solubility in water -Magnesium sulfate Density -Potassium sulfate Freezing point-solubility in water -Sodium sulfate Freezing point-solubility in water -Sulfuric acid Freezing point-solubility See also Melanterite. Ferrous sulfide Electrical conductivity Heat of formation Photoelectric current Specific heat Thermal conductivity Thermoelectric power Transition temperatures X-ray diffraction data See also Troilite. -Lead sulfide Freezing point-solubility -Silver sulfide Freezing point-solubility -Sodium sulfide Freezing point-solubility -Stannous sulfide Freezing point-solubility -Zinc sulfide Freezing point-solubility Links 1.160 1.160 4.243 1.168 4.238 5.327 7.278 7.278 3.325 7.278 3.68 5.65 6.236 1.64 4.256 5.191 6.357 6.364 5.260 4.224 5.56 6.464 5.98 5.123 4.465 5.216 3.294 6.428 6.240 6.364 4.246 4.343 3.134 4.342 4.343 4.43 4.343 6.148 5.191 6.69 5.98 5.216 6.224 4.7 1.342 6.154 4.52 4.59 4.60 4.49 4.55 7.31 511 Index Terms Ferrous thallium selenate Refractive index Ferrous thallium sulfate Density Refractive index Solubility in water Ferrozoid (allo y) Electrical conductivity Ferry alloy Electrical conductivity Fery zinc-carbon cell Festel metal Thermal expansion Fiber board, acoustic absorption Fiberloid Fiberoid. See Fish paper. Fibers Adsorption on Heat of wetting Thermal conductivity X-ray diffraction data Fibers , vegetable Botanical classification Breaking strengths, comparative Density Elements, dimensions Fireproofing Hygroscopic moisture Microscopical characteristics Regain and moisture content Regain in conditioning Specific heat Fibroferrite Density Refractive index Fiedlerite Decomposition point Density Refractive index Field, definition Field intensity, definition Filaments, evaporation from hot File metal Films Absorption of light by Condensed Expanded “Gaseous ” Metallic, reflectivity of Metals on glass Electrical conductivity Optical properties Thickness Photographic Properties of Soap Filters Equalizing Light, for mercury vapor lamp Optical pyrometers Photometric Spectral Finland, weights and measures Links 7.31 1.129 1.129 4.225 2.376 6.196 2.376 6.196 6.317 2.376 2.464 6.460 2.296 3.252 5.142 2.312 2.357 1.165 7.31 2.464 5.217 2.231 2.236 2.237 2.232 2.239 2.237 2.232 2.238 2.238 2.237 1.128 1.128 1.115 1.115 1.115 1.36 1.36 5.53 2.376 5.255 4.476 4.476 4.476 5.251 1.166 1.173 2.561 5.255 4.475 4.475 4.475 5.441 4.475 4.477 5.435 7.160 1.60 5.264 5.271 1.6 5.435 2.562 512 Index Terms Finnemanite, refractive index Fir wood Density Thermal conductivity Fire armor Fire clay, thermal conductivity Fire clay brick Crushing strength Density Electrical conductivity Expansion on heating Fusion temperature Porosity Specific heat Temperature of failure under load Thermal expansion Fireproofing agents, cotton Firminy iron, magnetic properties Fish oils. See Oils, animal. Fish paper Density Dielectric strength Mica and, thermal conductivity Thermal conductivity Fisher's formula (flow of gas) FitzGerald formula (evaporation) Fixed points, thermometric Flame propagation Flames Electrical conductivity Thermal radiation of Flange metal Flash point Definition Insulating oils Nitrocellulose plastics Oils and fats Organic liquids Petroleum products Pyroxylin plastics Tars Flax fibers Density Moisture content at various humidities Thermal conductivity Fletcher and Emperer bearing Fletcher's alloy Flinkite Density Refractive index Flint Density Hardness Thermal expansion See also Silica. Flint alloy Floor tile, water absorption Florencite Density Refractive index Fluellite Density Links 7.20 2.314 2.314 2.376 2.85 2.83 2.82 2.86 2.84 2.83 2.82 2.85 2.83 2.83 2.239 6.386 2.314 2.310 2.314 2.314 5.2 5.54 1.53 2.182 6.156 5.244 2.376 2.559 2.601 2.536 2.601 2.150 2.305 2.297 2.211 2.161 2.150 2.297 2.172 2.313 2.323 2.313 2.376 2.376 1.127 1.127 1.173 2.87 2.87 2.87 2.376 2.65 1.139 1.139 1.136 2.508 1.167 2.603 513 Index Terms Refractive index Fluidity Conversion factors Definition See also Viscosity. Fluoantimonic acid Heat of formation Fluocerite Density Melting point Refractive index See also Cerium fluoride. Fluoran Absorption spectra -Acetic acid* Fluoranthene -Quinoline Density Refractive index Dispersion Fluorene Absorption spectra Boiling point Heat of combustion Magnetic susceptibility Vapor pressure -Acenaphthene* -Acetic acid* -Acetone* -Aniline* -Benzene* -Carbon tetrachloride* -Chlorobenzene* -Dinitrobenzene (o-, m-, p-)* -2,4-Dinitrophenol* -2,4-Dinitrotoluene* -2,6-Dinitrotoluene* -3,4-Dinitrotoluene* -3,5-Dinitrotoluene* -Ethyl alcohol* -Indene Freezing point-solubility -Methyl alcohol Freezing point-solubility -Naphthalene Freezing point-solubility -Nitrobenzene Freezing point-solubility -Picramide Freezing point-solubility -Picric acid Freezing point-solubility -Picryl chloride Freezing point-solubility -Pyridine Freezing point-solubility -Quinoline Density Refractive index Dispersion -p-Quinone Freezing point-solubility -Styphnic acid Freezing point-solubility -Toluene Freezing point-solubility Links 1.136 1.169 1.25 1.36 5.180 1.138 1.138 1.138 1.167 5.353 7.88 7.88 7.107 5.349 3.227 5.164 6.363 3.227 4.180 4.101 4.180 4.177 4.127 4.121 4.117 4.174 7.87 7.87 7.107 4.127 4.122 4.179 5.378 514 Index Terms -1,3,5-Trinitrobenzene Freezing point-solubility -2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene Freezing point-solubility -p-Xylene Freezing point-solubility Fluorenone -Quinoline Density Refractive index Dispersion -1,3,5-Trinitrobenzene Freezing point-solubility Fluorescein Absorption spectra Fluorescence Photoluminescence Fluorescence of gases Fluorescent absorption, law of Fluorine Band spectra Boiling point Critical potentials Density Gas Liquid Solid Dissymmetry in emission of electrons freed by X-rays Emission spectra Free energy, react ion with hydrogen Heat of fusion Heat of vaporization Isotopes Melting point Persistent lines Quantum numbers Refractivity of vapor Specific heat, gas Spectral series Thermal expansion, liquid Thermochemistry X-rav emission spectra Zeeman effect Fhiorite Compressibility Density Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Magnetic susceptibility Melting point Refractive index Residual rays Spectral filter, use as Transmission of radiant energy See also Calcium fluoride. Fluoroacetic acid, electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Fluoroapatite Density Melting point Pyroelectric effect Refractive index Fluorobenzene Absorption spectra Birefringence Boiling point Compressibility Links 4.119 4.146 4.180 7.87 7.87 7.107 4.119 5.353 5.390 5.387 5.391 6.5 7.192 5.413 1.102 6.71 1.102 1.102 1.104 6.5 5.292 7.232 1.104 1.102 1.45 1.104 5.323 5.408 7.6 7.232 5.398 1.102 5.176 6.36 5.420 3.50 1.143 6.257 6.364 1.143 1.143 5.261 5.273 5.270 3.3 3.20 3.20 1.165 6.262 1.143 1.143 6.210 1.143 5.332 7.111 3.221 3.36 1.167 5.338 515 Index Terms Critical point data Density Magnetic susceptibility Orthobaric density Refractive index Surface tension Vapor pressure Vapor pressure above 1 atm. Verdet constant Viscosity -Antimony tribromide* -Antimony trichloride* -Benzene* -Bromobenzene* -Chlorobenzene* -Iodobenzene Freezing point-solubility Fluorobenzoic acid (o-, m -, p-) Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution p-Fluorobenzoic acid -Benzoic acid* Fluorobromoacetic acid Magnetic susceptibility p-Fluorobromobenzene Surface tension Fluorocyclene -Nitrobenzene Boiling point elevation 1-Fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene -p-Fluoronitrobenzene Freezing point-solubility Fluoroethane, solubility in water Fluoroethylene, solubility in non-aqueous liquids Fluoroform Solubility in non-aqueous liquids Solubility in water o-Fluoronitrobenzene -p-Fluoronitrobenzene Freezing point-solubility m-Fluoronitrobenzene Crystallization velocity Surface tension -m-Bromonitrobenzene* -m-Chloronitrobenzene* p-Fluoronitrobenzene -1-Fluoro -2,4-dinitrobenzene* -o-Fluoronitrobenzene* p-Fluorophentole Birefringence, magnetic Magnetic susceptibility Vapor pressure Fluoropropylene, solubility in water m-Fluorotoluene, surface tension Fluosilicic acid, heat of formation Flux Definition Luminous, definition Magnetic, definition Fontainmoreau's bronze Foods , cereal, hygroscopicity of Foot-candle, definition Foot-pound, definition Links 3.245 3.29 6.362 3.245 7.38 4.454 3.221 3.245 6.429 7.217 3.248 3.33 4.128 6.278 6.361 4.453 3.343 4.118 3.261 3.269 3.268 3.261 4.124 5.61 4.453 7.111 6.363 3.224 3.261 4.456 5.182 1.36 1.37 1.37 2.376 2.324 1.37 1.37 2.465 2.546 516 Index Terms Foot-poundal, definition Forbes metal Force Conversion factors Definition Moment of, conversion factors Formaldehyde Absorption spectra Amino acids, solubility of, in Density, aqueous solution Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Heat of combustion Magnetic susceptibility Refractive index, aqueous solution Solubility in water Vapor pressure, aqueous solution -Amyl alcohol* -Chloroform* -Ethyl ether* Formamide Cryoscopic constant Density Aqueous solution Dielectric constant Electrical conductivity Aqueous solution Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Heat of combustion Magnetic susceptibility Refractive index Solubility in water Specific heat Surface tension Viscosity Aqueous solution Liquid -Acetic acid* -Ammonium bromide* -Ammonium formate* -Ammonium iodide* -Ammonium nitrate* -Barium chloride* -Barium nitrate* -Butyric acid* -Calcium nitrate*-Ethyl alcohol -Cesium chloride* -Cesium nitrate* -Cobaltous bromide* -Diethyl tartrate* -Ethyl alcohol* -Ethyl alcohol* -Lithium nitrate -Ethyl alcohol* -Rubidium iodide -Ethyl alcohol* -Tetraethyl ammonium iodide -Formic acid Density Freezing point-solubility Viscosity -Isoamyl alcohol Density Viscosity -Isobutyl alcohol Density Viscosity -Lithium formate Density Viscosity Links 1.37 2.376 2.465 1.23 1.37 1.24 1.24 5.335 4.400 3.111 6.261 5.167 6.361 7.66 3.261 3.290 5.365 4.183 3.28 3.111 6.83 6.143 6.261 4.262 5.167 6.361 7.34 4.251 5.107 4.448 5.22 5.28 3.148 4.99 5.33 3.150 5.34 3.150 5.33 3.141 5.29 3.113 3.113 7.213 2.546 517 Index Terms -Lithium nitrate Viscosity -Mercuric chloride Viscosity -Methyl alcohol Density -Nicotine Density -Potassium chloride Viscosity -Potassium iodide Viscosity -Potassium nitrate Density Viscosity -Potassium thiocyanate Viscosity -Propionic acid Density Freezing point-solubility Viscosity -Propyl alcohol Density Viscosity -Pyridine Density Viscosity -Rubidium bromide Viscosity -Rubidium chloride Viscosity -Rubidium formate Density Viscosity -Rubidium iodide Viscosity -Rubidium nitrate Viscosity -Sodium m-aminobenzoate Density Viscosity -Sodium benzenesulfonate Density Viscosity -Sodium benzoate Density Viscosity -Sodium bromide Viscosity -Sodium chloride Freezing point-solubility in water -Sodium chromate Viscosity -Sodium 3,5-dinitrobenzoate Density Viscosity -Sodium formate Density Viscosity -Sodium iodide Viscosity -Sodium nitrate Density Viscosity -Sodium salicylate Density Viscosity Links 5.29 5.28 3.149 3.150 5.29 5.29 3.142 5.29 5.30 3.149 4.100 5.33 3.149 5.33 3.150 5.34 5.30 5.30 3.142 5.30 5.30 5.30 3.141 5.29 3.141 5.29 3.141 5.29 5.29 4.400 5.29 3.141 5.29 3.141 5.29 5.29 3.141 5.29 3.141 5.29 518 Index Terms -Sodium succinate Density Viscosity -Sodium sulfate Freezing point-solubility in water -Strontium nitrate Density Viscosity -Tetraethylammonium iodide Viscosity -Tetramethylammonium chloride Viscosity Formanilide Boiling point elevation in aqueous solution Crystallization velocity Dielectric constant Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Heat of combustion Melting point under pressure Surface tension Verdet constant Viscosity -Acetone* -Benzene* -Chloroform* -Ethyl alcohol* -Ethyl ether* -Methylal Boiling point elevat ion -Pyridine Density Viscosity Formation, heat of Formic acid Absorption spectra Azeotropic mixtures Boiling point Aqueous solution Condensation on ions and nuclei Cryoscopic constant Decomposition, kinetics of Density Aqueous solution Liquid Dielectric absorption Dielectric constant Diffusion in benzene Diffusion in methyl alcohol Diffusion in water Diffusion of vapor in gases Electrical conductivity Aqueous solution Entropy Esterification constant Free energy Aqueous solution Decomposition in water Solution Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Heat of combustion Heat of formation Heat of fusion Heat of solution in water Heat of vaporization Heat of wetting by Magnetic susceptibility Links 3.141 5.29 4.400 3.140 5.29 5.34 5.33 3.327 5.61 6.92 6.280 5.168 4.10 4.456 6.429 7.218 3.340 3.170 5.42 5.162 5.169 5.331 3.318 3.215 3.323 6.117 4.183 7.116 5.335 3.323 3.333 3.111 3.28 6.83 6.83 5.74 5.72 5.69 5.62 6.143 6.261 7.244 7.138 7.244 7.244 7.244 7.244 4.261 5.165 5.181 5.132 5.148 5.136 5.142 6.361 3.122 4.215 7.123 5.159 5.212 519 Index Terms Melting point Melting point under pressure Polarization of light scattered by Refractive index Solubility in water Solubility of salts in Specific heat Aqueous solution Liquid Solid Surface tension Aqueous solution Thermal conductivity Vapor pressure Aqueous solution Liquid Solid Verdet constant, dispersion of Viscosity Aqueous solution Liquid X-ray diffraction bands -Acetic acid* -Ammonium butyrate* -Ammonium formate* -Ammonium glycolate* -Ammonium isobutyrate* -Ammonium lactate* -Ammonium malate* -Ammonium propionate* -Ammonium succinate* -Aniline* -Aniline formate* -Barium formate* -Benzaldehyde* -Benzanilide* -Benzene* -Benzil* -Benzoic acid* -Bromoform* -Calcium formate* -Camphor* -Carbon disulfide* -Carbon tetrachloride* -Chlorobenzene* -Chloroform* -o-Chloronitrobenzene* -Cinnamic acid* -Cottonseed oil* -Cupric formate* -Dimethylpyrone* -Dinitromesitylene* -Ethyl alcohol* -Ethyl ether* -Formamide* -Hippuric acid Freezing point-solubility in water -Kerosene Distribution coefficients in water Solubility, mutual -Lead formate Freezing point-solubility -Lithium formate Density Freezing point-solubility Viscosity -Magnesium bromide Links 4.6 4.10 5.266 7.12 4.251 4.206 7.34 7.79 5.33 7.213 5.124 5.107 5.101 4.448 4.466 5.228 3.364 3.215 3.209 6.434 5.20 5.29 1.351 4.400 3.422 3.395 4.198 3.141 4.205 5.29 520 Index Terms Freezing point-solubility -Mandelic acid Freezing point-solubility in water -Methyl alcohol Density -Naphthalene Freezing point-solubility in water -o-Naphthol Boiling point elevation -o-Nitrobenzoic acid Freezing point-solubility in water -Oxalic acid Freezing point-solubility in water -Phenylammonium formate Density -Picoline Vapor pressure -Potassium butyrate Density, aqueous solution -Potassium formate Boiling point elevation Density Aqueous solution Freezing point-solubility Viscosity -Potassium glycolate Density, aqueous solution -Potassium isobutyrate Density, aqueous solution -Potassium lactate Density, aqueous solution -Potassium malate Density, aqueous solution -Potassium propionate Density, aqueous solution -Potassium succinate Density, aqueous solution -Potassium sulfaie Boiling point elevation -Pyridine Vapor pressure -Rubidium formate Density -Salicylic acid Freezing point-solubility in water -Sodium butyrate Density, aqueous solution -Sodium formate Boiling point elevation Density Aqueous solution Freezing point-solubility Viscosity -Sodium glycolate Density, aqueous solution -Sodium isobutyrate Density, aqueous solution -Sodium lactate Density, aqueous solution -Sodium malate Density, aqueous solution -Sodium propionate Density, aqueous solution -Sodium succinate Density, aqueous solution -Sodium tartrate Density, aqueous solution Links 4.202 4.400 3.148 4.400 3.333 4.400 4.400 3.149 3.287 3.103 3.333 3.142 3.103 4.205 5.30 3.103 3.103 3.103 3.103 3.103 3.103 3.333 3.287 3.142 4.400 3.102 3.333 3.141 3.102 4.205 5.29 3.102 3.102 3.102 3.102 3.102 3.102 3.102 521 Index Terms -Succinic acid Freezing point-solubility in water -Toluene Distribution coefficients in water Solubility, mutual -Trimethylamine Vapor pressure -2,4,6-Trinitroanisole Boiling point elevation -1,3,5-Trinitrobenzene Boiling point elevation -Trinitromesitylene Boiling point elevation -Xylene Distribution coefficients in water Solubility, mutual Form -o-toluide, viscosity Formula, dimensional Forsterite Density Melting point Refractive index See also Magnesium orthosilicate. -Anorthite*-Silica -Diopside*-Silica Fossil flour. See Diatomaceous earth. Fossil meal. See Diatomaceous earth. Foudrinier wire (alloy) France , weights and measures Francolite Density Refractive index Franklinite Kerr constant Magnetic susceptibility Thermal expansion Frary metal Free energy Freezing mixtures Freezing point lowering Soap solutions Solutions Freezing point-solubility data Soaps and soap solutions Freezing points. See Melting points. Freieslebenite, density Fremontite Density Refractive index French alloy Frequency Conversion factors Definition Freund steel Frick's alloys Friction Journal bearing Kinetic Static Lubricants, effect of Pressure, effect of Friedel-Crafts reaction, kinetics of Links 4.400 3.422 3.395 3.287 3.333 3.333 3.333 3.422 3.395 7.219 1.19 1.142 1.142 1.142 2.376 1.6 1.144 1.144 6.435 6.364 3.43 2.376 5.87 1.62 5.456 4.36 4.1 5.446 1.172 7.23 2.469 2.555 1.167 2.556 7.224 4.183 4.254 1.124 1.153 1.153 2.376 1.171 2.480 1.21 1.37 2.376 2.376 2.472 2.475 2.164 2.164 2.165 2.165 7.147 2.523 2.480 2.601 522 Index Terms Friedelite Density Refractive index d-Fructose. See Levulose. l-Fructose, heat of combustion β-Fructose, solubility in aqueous ethyl alcohol Fuchsine Absorption spectra Refractive index -Isobutyl alcohol Distribution coefficients in water Fucitol, optical rotatory power Fucose Heat of combustion Optical rotatory power Fuel oils. See Hydrocarbon oils. Fuels Gaseous Liquid Solid Calorific value Classification Fuller board Density Thermal conductivity See also Pressboard. Fullers earth Density Moisture content at various humidities Thermal conductivity Fumaric acid Absorption spectra Density, aqueous solution Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Heat of combustion Heat of solution in water Magnetic susceptibility Maleic acid equilibrium Solubility in water Surface tension, aqueous solution -Acetone* -Benzene* -Carbon tetrachloride* -Chloroform* -Ethyl alcohol* -Ethyl ether* -Methyl alcohol Density Viscosity -Xylene Freezing point-solubility Fumaryl chloride, Verdet constant Fungisterin, optical rotatory power Fur fibers , relative durability Furane Absorption spectra Heat of vaporization Furfural Absorption spectra Birefringence, magnetic Boiling point Aqueous solution Density Links 1.130 1.130 1.167 5.166 4.405 5.354 7.12 7.15 3.432 7.389 5.166 7.389 2.166 2.136 2.130 2.135 2.130 2.172 2.162 2.314 2.314 2.313 2.316 2.313 5.336 3.114 6.265 5.165 5.148 6.361 7.166 4.251 4.468 7.170 3.151 5.34 4.112 6.428 7.464 2.236 5.336 5.137 5.337 7.111 3.219 3.311 3.28 5.378 3.33 523 Index Terms Aqueous solution Dielectric constant Diffusion in methyl alcohol Electrical conductivity Aqueous solution Heat of vaporization Magnetic susceptibility Refractive index Aqueous solution Dispersion Liquid Solubility in water Solubility of salts in Specific heat Surface tension -Potassium iodide Density -Tetraethylammonium iodide Density Furfuralazine -Benzalazine* -Thiophenalazine Freezing point-solubility Furfuralcohol Absorption spectra Furfurane, absorption spectra, ultra-violet Furmaryl chloride, refractive index Furnaces Gas, for high temperatures High temperature Maximum temperatures in Fusion Heat of Volume change on “G” alloy Gabbro Bulk density Compressibility Compressive strength Elasticity Hardness Impact hardness Porosity Thermal conductivity Thermal diffusivity Gadolinite Density Refractive index Gadolinium Cathodoluminescence Emission spectra Persistent lines X-ray absorption limits X-ray emission spectra X-ray series, limiting frequencies Gadolinium bromate Solubility in water Gadolinium chloride Magnetic susceptibility Gadolinium ethyl sulfate Density Magnetic susceptibility Refractive index Links 3.112 6.88 5.72 6.144 6.268 5.137 6.361 7.68 7.100 7.36 3.388 4.210 5.109 4.451 3.142 3.169 4.156 5.337 5.363 7.35 5.378 5.378 1.66 1.66 1.67 5.130 2.459 2.376 4.9 2.538 2.52 3.51 2.48 2.52 2.50 2.51 2.54 2.55 2.56 1.141 1.141 5.388 5.297 5.323 6.40 6.40 6.35 1.173 5.390 4.228 6.359 1.140 6.359 1.140 1.166 524 Index Terms Gadolinium m-hydroxybenzoate Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Gadolinium oxalate Magnetic susceptibility Solubility in aqueous solutions -Sulfuric acid Freezing point-solubility in water Gadolinium oxide Magnetic susceptibility Gadolinium salicylate, electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Gadolinium sulfate Decomposition pressure Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Magnetic susceptibility Solubility in aqueous solutions Solubility in water -Sulfuric acid Freezing point-solubility in water Gahnite Density Refractive index Thermal expansion Galactic system, size of Galactonic acid Optical rotatory power Galactose Density, aqueous solution Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Heat of combustion Mutarotation Optical rotation Osmotic pressure Refractive index, aqueous solution Solubility in ethyl alcohol Verdefc constant Viscosity, aqueous solution Galactose pentaacetate Heat of combustion Galactosides Optical rotatory power Galaheptose Optical rotatory power Galalith Density Dielectric strength Electrical conductivity Galegine bicarbonate -Ethyl alcohol* Galegine nitrate -Ethyl alcohol* Galegine sulfate -Ethyl alcohol* Galena Compressibility Density Magnetic susceptibility Melting point Refractive index Solution velocity in sulfuric acid Thermal expansion See also Leadsulfide. Galenobismutite, density Links 6.245 6.359 7.339 4.335 6.359 6.245 7.290 6.236 6.359 7.339 4.227 4.348 1.137 1.137 3.43 1.387 1.165 7.397 2.351 6.277 5.166 2.351 2.351 4.430 2.351 2.351 6.429 5.23 7.395 4.405 5.166 7.395 7.398 2.311 2.310 2.310 3.50 1.115 6.364 1.115 1.115 5.57 3.44 1.116 1.165 525 Index Terms Gallic acid Boiling point elevation in aqueous solution Diffusion in methyl alcohol Diffusion in water Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Heat of combustion Heat of solution in water -Acetone* -Amyl acetate* -Benzene* -Carbon disulfide* -Ethyl acetate* -Ethyl alcohol* -Ethyl ether* -Isoamyl alcohol Density Gallium Boiling point Cathodoluminescence Compressibility Critical potentials Density Liquid Solid Electrical conductivity Liquid Solid Low temperature Emission spectra Heat of fusion Isotopes Magnetic susceptibility Melting point Persistent lines Quantum numbers Specific heat Liquid Solid Spectral series Surface tension Thermal expansion Liquid Solid X-ray absorption limits X-ray emission spectra -Indium Density Gallium amalgams Partial vapor pressure Gallium chloride -Ethyl ether* Gallium potassium sulfate Density Refractive index Gallium rubidium sulfate Density Refractive index Gallium selenate Solubility in water Gallium sesquioxide Specific heat X-ray diffraction data Gallium thallium sulfate Density Refractive index Links 3.327 5.73 5.71 6.280 5.165 5.150 3.173 1.102 5.390 3.47 6.71 1.102 1.104 1.103 1.104 6.127 5.297 1.104 1.45 6.355 1.104 5.323 5.408 1.103 1.104 5.398 1.103 2.463 1.104 6.37 6.37 2.457 2.456 6.136 2.458 4.440 2.460 2.594 3.284 1.156 1.156 1.165 1.159 1.159 1.165 4.220 5.98 1.342 1.118 1.118 1.165 6.137 526 Index Terms Gallium trichloride, density, liquid Gallon's pipe Galvanic cells Liquid junction potential Galvanomagnetic effects Gamma, definition Gamma rays Absorption coefficient Ionization of gases by Wave lengths Ganomalite Density Refractive index Ganophyllite Density Refractive index Garnet Density Hardness X-ray diffraction data Gas Ideal, definition Blast furnace, composition Coal Composition Explosion, cooling losses Explosion temperature Coke-oven, composition Natural Composition P-V-T relations Radioactivity Solubility in water Oil, composition Producer, composition Water Composition Inflammability, limits of Gas conduction (electrical) Carriers, properties of Corona Flames Ionization Gas constant Definition Molecular Value Gas engine, temperature cycle in Gas flow, laws of Gas lamp Luminous efficiency Temperature Gas oil Bromine number Density Distillates, physical properties Heat of vaporization Iodine number Petroleum, content of Refractive index Surface tension Viscosity See also Hydrocarbon oils. Links 3.23 6.456 6.338 6.415 1.37 6.14 1.365 1.371 6.20 6.123 1.144 1.144 1.173 1.137 1.137 1.172 2.87 2.87 1.344 1.37 2.167 2.167 2.194 2.192 2.167 2.166 3.17 1.380 3.260 2.167 2.167 2.167 2.181 6.110 6.107 6.156 6.119 1.37 1.18 1.18 2.193 1.91 5.437 5.247 2.154 2.140 2.157 2.151 2.154 2.139 2.153 2.146 2.157 5.438 2.157 2.157 6.21 527 Index Terms Gas poisoning Prevention and treatment Gas reactions, kinetics of Gases Accommodation coefficients Adsorption Alpha particles, stopping power for Birefringence Compressibility Critical potentials Density Correction for buoyancy Detonation Dielectric properties Diffusion, coefficient of Electrical conductivity Electrical ignition Electron emission, X-rays Electrons, primary, absorption of Electrons, secondary, emission of Emission spectra Entropy Explosive limits Explosive mixtures Flame propagation in Flow through capillary tube Fluorescence Free energy Fuel value Fugacity Heat convection in Heat of adsorption Ignition temperature Ionization of By alpha particles Ions Joule-Thomson effect Kinetic theory Limits of inflammability Luminous efficiency of electrically excited Magnetic susceptibility Mixtures, viscosity of Molecular data Natural, radioactivity of P-V-T relations Persistent spectra Polarization of light by Refractivity Rubber, permeability of, to Solubility in Colloidal solutions Liquids Molten metals Platinum metals Solutions Water Sound, velocity of, in Specific heat Spring, radioactivity of Stopping power for radioactive substances Thermal conductivity Thermal expansion Thermodynamics of Toxicology of Verdet constant Viscosity Links 2.321 7.116 5.53 3.249 1.370 7.110 3.3 6.70 3.3 1.78 2.184 6.74 5.62 6.110 2.175 6.5 6.61 6.63 5.276 5.84 2.176 2.162 2.182 1.91 5.391 5.87 2.166 7.224 5.234 5.139 2.150 6.119 1.365 6.110 5.144 1.91 2.176 5.437 6.354 5.4 1.92 1.380 3.3 5.322 5.265 7.1 2.272 3.281 3.254 3.270 3.253 3.271 3.255 6.461 5.79 1.373 1.370 5.213 3.3 5.87 2.318 6.425 5.1 6.82 7.224 2.172 5.1 7.224 2.161 2.172 3.261 5.84 7.224 7.224 528 Index Terms Gasolene Bromine number Density Dew point Explosion in closed vessels Flash point Heat of vaporization Iodine number Light absorption, coefficient of Melting point Petroleum, content of Refractive index Solubility in water Sound, velocity of Gas Liquid Sulfuric acid absorption Surface tension Vapor pressure Viscosity Gauss, definition Gaussian gravitation constant Definition Gaylussite Density Refractive index Gear efficiency Temperature, effect of Gearksutite Density Refractive index Gedges metal Gegosaponin Optical rotatory power Gehlenite Density Melting point Refractive index -Akermanite* -Akermanite*-Grossularite -Anorthite* -Calcium aluminate* -Calcium orthosilicate* -Calcium silicate* -Gross ularite Freezing point-solubility -Sarcolite Freezing point-solubility -Tricalcium decaluminate Freezing point-solubility Geikielite Density Refractive in dex See also Magnesium titanate. Gelatins Absorption spectra Adhesive strength Collagen, preparation from, by hydrolysis Contractility Density, aqueous solution Dielectric constant, aqueous solution Elasticity Electrical conductivity Food Heat of swelling Links 2.154 2.140 2.149 2.192 2.150 2.151 2.154 2.153 2.148 2.139 2.153 3.261 2.145 3.392 6.463 6.464 2.154 2.146 2.149 2.146 1.37 1.37 1.154 1.154 1.169 2.166 1.145 1.145 2.376 1.168 2.556 7.465 1.146 4.84 1.146 1.167 4.91 4.92 4.92 4.90 4.92 1.142 1.142 1.168 2.217 5.334 2.223 2.229 2.227 7.76 6.101 2.224 2.230 2.218 5.143 2.602 529 Index Terms Jelly strength Melting point Mutarotation Osmotic pressure Photographic Plasticity Refractive index, aqueous solution Solubility in water Solvent power numbers Sound, velocity of, in Swelling Surface tension Thermal expansion Vapor pressure lowering in aqueous solution Viscosity X-rays, absorption coefficient Celling point, definition Gels, adsorption on, from solution Gelsemine, optical rotatory power Genelite (alloy) Genthite, density Gentiacaulin Optical rotatory power Gentiobiose, optical rotatory power Gentisic acid -Chloroform* -Ethyl ether* -Xylene Distribution coefficients in water Geocronite, density Geodetic data Geophone Georgiadesite, density Geranic acid Heat of combustion Refractive index Geraniol Absorption spectra Azeotropic mixtures Geraniol formate Magnetic susceptibility Gerhardite Density Refractive index German silver Electrical conductivity Emission, spectral Hall effect Peltier coefficient Thermal conductivity Thermoelectric properties Thomson coefficient Germanium Absorption spectra, solutions Boiling point Cathodoluminescence Compressibility Critical potentials Density Electrical conductivity Low temperature Emission spectra Hardness Links 2.221 2.229 2.230 2.227 2.218 2.224 7.76 2.229 2.229 6.465 2.227 2.225 2.227 3.293 2.223 6.16 2.221 3.252 7.476 2.376 1.142 4.430 7.478 7.400 3.430 1.116 1.393 6.457 1.116 5.166 7.52 5.347 3.322 6.363 1.122 1.122 2.376 6.170 5.254 6.417 6.227 5.224 6.219 6.228 5.328 1.102 5.390 3.47 6.71 1.104 1.104 6.127 5.297 2.592 1.172 2.475 6.171 3.48 2.456 6.136 6.133 2.480 2.601 530 Index Terms Heat of vaporization Isotopes Magnetic susceptibility Melting point Persistent lines Quantum numbers Specific heat Spectral series Thermoelectric properties X-ray absorption limits X-ray absorption spectra X-ray crystal structure Germanium bromide Electrical conductivity Germaniun dioxide, specific heat Germanium hydride Density Gas Liquid Germanium tetrachloride Boiling point Critical point data Vapor pressure Vapor pressure above 1 atm. Germany, weights and measures Gersdorffite Density See also Nickel arsenic sulfide. Gibbsite Density Melting point Refractive index Gilbert, definition Gillespite Density Refractive index Gilsonite Giobertite. See Magnesium carbonate. Gismondite Dehydration behavior Density Melting point Refractive index Glance pitch Glaserite Density Refractive index Glass Absorption constant for infra-red Absorption of light Absorption of X-rays Acoustic absorption Adsorption on Annealing temperature Birefringence, electric Bursting strength Chemical durability Cohesion temperature Composition Compressive strength Contact charge Deformation temperature Density Dielectric constant Links 1.102 1.45 6.355 1.104 5.323 5.408 1.104 5.398 6.214 6.37 6.37 1.340 5.93 6.142 5.96 3.3 3.23 3.232 3.232 3.214 3.232 1.6 3.248 1.132 1.136 1.136 1.136 1.37 1.170 1.148 1.148 2.169 1.167 7.313 1.145 1.145 1.145 2.169 1.158 1.158 2.87 2.106 2.106 6.20 6.460 3.252 2.99 7.110 2.97 2.107 2.99 2.88 2.93 6.57 2.99 2.87 2.101 1.170 1.166 2.92 2.93 2.102 2.315 531 Index Terms Dielectric strength Dispersion Elasticity Electrical conductivity Electrostriction Energy adsorption in dielectric Flow temperature Gamma rays, absorption coefficient Gas evolution from Gases, permeability to Hydrochloric acid, effect of Light, diffuse transmission Light, transmission of Liquids, angle of contact of Magnetic susceptibility Melting point diagrams Optical properties Pressure, effect of Permeability to gases Poisson's ratio Radiation, transmission of Refractive index Temperature effect Sodium carbonate, effect of Sodium hydroxide, effect of Softening temperature Sound, transmission of, by Sound, velocity of, in Specific heat Spectral filter, use as Surface tension Tensile strength Thermal conductivity Thermal expansion Thermal properties Transmission factor Verdet constant Viscosity Water, adsorption of, on Water, effect of X-ray diffraction data X-rays, refraction of, by Young's modulus Glass, apparatus Acids, effect of Alkalies, action of Durability Temperature, effect of Water, effect of Glass, optical Dispersion Durability Refractive index Glass wool Density Moisture content at various humidities Thermal conductivity Glauberite Density Refractive index Glaubers salt Density Refractive index Glaucochroite Density Refractive index Links 2.101 2.102 2.97 2.101 6.207 2.101 2.99 6.20 1.92 5.76 2.108 5.265 5.264 4.434 2.101 2.97 2.101 2.106 5.76 2.93 5.264 2.102 2.105 2.108 2.108 2.99 6.459 6.465 2.87 5.273 2.96 2.93 2.87 2.87 2.97 2.106 6.426 2.94 3.251 2.107 2.357 6.50 2.93 2.109 6.364 2.104 2.109 2.93 2.101 2.101 2.93 2.315 2.99 2.97 2.111 2.111 2.109 2.112 2.110 2.102 2.113 2.102 2.312 2.316 2.312 2.324 1.153 1.153 1.170 1.150 1.150 1.168 1.144 1.144 1.172 5.217 2.100 5.229 532 Index Terms Glazes. See Enamels, Glass. Gliadin, refractive index in various solvents Glievor bearing (alloy) Glockerite , refractive index Glucinium. See Beryllium. Glucodesose Optical rotatory power Glucogallic acid Optical rotatory power Glucoheptonic acid lactone Heat of combustion Glucoheptose Heat of combustion Optical rotatory power Solubility in aqueous ethyl alcohol Gluconic acid Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Optical rotatory power Glucononose Optical rotatory power Glucooctonic lactone Heat of combustion Glucooctose, optical rotatory power Glucosamic acid Optical rotatory power Glucosamine Optical rotatory power Glucosan, heat of combustion Glucosanilide Optical rotatory power d-Glucose Absorption spectra Adsorption by charcoal Boiling point elevation in aqueous solution Density Aqueous solutions Dielectric constant, aqueous solution Diffusion in water Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Heat of combustion Heat of dilution with water Mutarotation Kinetics of Nitrogen derivatives, optical rotatory, power Optical rotation Osmotic pressure Refractive index, aqueous solution Solubility in aqueous acetone Solubility in aqueous ethyl alcohol Solubility in water Specific heat Aqueous solution Surface tension, aqueous solution Vapor pressure lowering in aqueous solution Verdet constant Viscosity, aqueous solution -Acetamide* -Chloral hydrate* -Hydrogen chloride Surface tension, aqueous solution Viscosity, aqueous solution -Levulose Links 7.99 2.376 1.128 2.476 1.173 7.386 7.466 5.166 5.166 7.398 4.405 6.277 7.396 7.397 7.399 5.166 7.399 7.398 7.393 5.166 7.394 5.332 3.251 3.327 3.45 2.347 6.101 5.71 6.277 4.263 5.166 5.161 2.348 7.128 7.393 2.347 4.430 2.347 3.406 2.348 2.347 5.86 5.125 4.469 3.293 6.429 5.23 4.470 5.24 2.349 7.69 4.405 4.251 5.103 4.252 533 Index Terms Solubility in water Surface tension, aqueous solution -Levulose-Sucrose Solubility in water -Potassium chloride Freezing point-solubility in water -Potassium hydroxide Viscosity, aqueous solution -Sodium chloride Freezing point-solubility in water -Sucrose Solubility in water Viscosity, aqueous solution -Tartaric acid Viscosity, aqueous solution Glucose derivatives Optical rotatory power Glucose pentaacetate Heat of combustion Glucose sirup, viscosity Glucosedecose Optical rotatory power α-Glucosidase Glucosides Hydrolysis by enzymes Optical rotatory power Glucuronic acid Optical rotatory power Glue Animal Density of solutions Drying behavior Gelling point Jelly strength Moisture content at various humidities Nitrogen content Rubber, effect on Viscosity Viscosity of solutions Glutaconic acid, electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Glutamic acid Absorption spectra, ultra-violet Crystallography Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Heat of combustion Optical rotatory power Glutaric acid Density, aqueous solution Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Heat of combustion Heat of fusion Heat of solution in water Specific heat Verdet constant -Chloroform* -Ethyl ether* -Sulfuric acid Freezing point-solubility Glutaric anhydride Heat of combustion Glyceric acid Density, aqueous solution Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Optical rotatory power Links 2.353 4.470 2.352 4.417 5.24 4.417 2.352 5.24 5.24 7.389 5.166 5.23 7.399 7.155 7.155 7.390 7.397 2.217 2.218 2.221 2.221 2.220 2.325 2.218 2.287 2.220 2.218 6.269 5.373 1.325 6.270 5.167 7.377 3.114 6.270 5.165 5.132 5.149 5.102 6.428 4.188 5.166 3.114 6.264 7.368 534 Index Terms Glycerol Absorption, index of Absorption spectra Angle of contact Boiling point, aqueous solution Boiling point elevation in aqueous solution Compressibility Density Aqueous solution Dielectric absorption Dielectric constant Dielectric dispersion Diffusion in ethyl alcohol Diffusion in methyl alcohol Diffusion in organic liquids Diffusion in water Electrical conductivity Aqueous solution Emission, spectral Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Heat of adiabatic expansion Heat of combustion Heat of fusion Heat of solution in water Ignition temperature Magnetic susceptibility Polarization of light reflected from Reflectivity, selective Refractive index Aqueous solution Solubility in water Solubility of salts in Specific heat Aqueous solution Liquid Solid Spectral filter, use as Surface tension Aqueous solution Thermal conductivity Aqueous solution Liquid Solid Vapor pressure, aqueous solution Vapor pressure lowering in aqueous solution Verdet constant Viscosity Aqueous solution Liquid X-rays, scattering coefficient -Acetic acid* -Acetic acid*-Ethyl ether -Acetone* -Acetophenone* -Ammonium aluminum sulfate* -Ammonium bromide*-Ethyl alcohol -Ammonium bromide*-Methyl alcohol -Ammonium chloride* -Aniline* -o-Anisidine* -Anisole* -Bemaldehyde* -Boric acid* -Calcium hydroxide* -Cesium chloride* -Cesium nitrate* -Cobaltous chloride* Links 6.98 5.332 4.434 3.310 3.327 3.36 3.28 3.112 6.98 6.97 6.98 5.74 5.72 5.75 5.70 6.143 6.264 5.257 4.262 5.147 5.164 5.132 5.148 2.151 6.361 5.261 5.260 6.98 7.68 4.251 4.209 5.116 5.114 5.102 5.273 4.450 4.467 5.227 5.228 5.216 3.291 3.293 6.428 5.23 7.223 6.17 3.33 3.121 5.259 5.157 7.12 5.124 535 Index Terms -Cobaltous chloride*-Ethyl alcohol -Cobaltous chloride*-M ethyl alcohol -Cupric sulfate* -Diethyl tartrate* -Dimethylaniline* -Ethyl alcohol* -Ethyl alcohol* -Lithium bromide -Ethyl alcohol* -Potassium iodide -Ethyl alcohol-Water -Ethylbenzylamine* -Guaiacol Solubility, mutual -Iodine Density Aqueous solution Freezing point-solubility in water -Isoamyl alcohol Density Solubility, mutual Viscosity -Lithium bromide Viscosity, aqueous solution -Lithium bromide-Methyl alcohol Viscosity -Mercuric chloride Freezing point-solubility in water -Methyl alcohol Density Vapor pressure lowering Viscosity -Methyl alcohol- Potassium iodide Viscosity -Methyl ethyl ketone Solubility, mutual -Methylaniline Solubility, mutual -Monoethylpyrocatechol Solubility, mutual -Potassium bromide Density Aqueous solution -Potassium chloride Density Aqueous solution Viscosity, aqueous solution -Potassium iodide Density Viscosity, aqueous solution -Potassium sulfate Freezing point-solubility in water -Propyl alcohol Density Viscosity -Rubidium bromide Viscosity, aqueous solution -Rubidium iodide Viscosity, aqueous solution -Salicylaldehyde Solubility, mutual -Sodium chloride Boiling point of aqueous solution Density Aqueous solution Vapor pressure, aqueous solution -Sodium nitrate Viscosity, aqueous solution -Strontium chloride Links 3.395 3.132 3.101 4.398 3.165 3.395 5.40 5.24 5.31 4.413 3.151 3.300 5.30 5.31 3.395 3.395 3.396 3.142 3.103 3.141 3.103 5.24 3.142 5.24 4.413 3.164 5.40 5.24 5.24 3.395 3.316 3.141 3.102 3.379 5.24 536 Index Terms Viscosity, aqueous solution -Succinic acid Density Aqueous solution -Sulfur Freezing point-solubility -Toluidine (o-, m-) Solubility, mutual -Trimethyleneglycol Density, aqueous solution Glyceryl acetate, surface tension Glyceryl triacetate Dielectric constant Surface tension Glycine, heat of combustion Glyco (alloy) Glycocholic acid Optical rotatory power Glycocoll Absorption spectra, ultra-violet Density, aqueous solution Dielectric constant, aqueous solution Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Heat of solution in water Refractive index Solubility of salts in aqueous solution Vapor pressure lowering in aqueous solution Viscosity, aqueous solution -Barium chloride* -Barium per chlorate* -Calcium chloride* -Potassium acetate Freezing point-solubility in water -Potassium chloride Freezing point-solubility in water -Sodium chloride Freezing point-solubility in water -Sodium nitrate Freezing point-solubility in water -Strontium chloride Freezing point-solubility in water Glycogen, heat of combustion Glycol Azeotropic mixtures Boiling point Compressibility Density Dielectric constant Electrical conductivity Aqueous solution Heat of combustion Heat of fusion Heat of solution in water Heat of vaporization Magnetic susceptibility Refractive index, aqueous solution Solubility of salts in Specific heat Aqueous solution Liquid Solid Surface tension Aqueous solution Thermal conductivity Links 5.24 3.165 3.129 4.35 3.395 3.129 4.452 6.94 4.459 5.167 2.376 2.557 7.467 5.366 3.113 6.101 6.263 4.262 5.148 7.29 4.403 3.293 5.20 5.379 4.404 4.404 4.404 4.404 4.404 5.167 3.320 3.217 3.36 3.28 6.85 6.143 6.263 5.164 5.132 5.148 5.137 6.361 7.67 4.208 5.124 5.107 5.102 4.449 4.467 5.228 5.154 537 Index Terms Vapor pressure Verdet constant Viscosity Aqueous solution Liquid -Tetraethylammonium iodide Density -Tetramethylammonium iodide Density Glycol diacetate Boiling point Density Vapor pressure Verdet constant -Picric acid Freezing point-solubility -Styphnic acid Freezing point-solubility -Tetranitroaniline Freezing point-solubility -Tetryl Freezing point-solubility -Trinitronaphthalene Freezing point-solubility -Trinitrotoluene Freezing point-solubility -2,4,6-Trinitro -m-xylene Freezing point-solubility Glycol dipropionate Verdet constant Glycol ether, freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Glycolamide Boiling point elevation in aqueous solution -Acetone* -Ethyl alcohol* Glycolanilide Boiling point elevation in aqueous solution -Acetone* -Benzene* -Chloroform* -Ethyl alcohol* -Ethyl ether* Glycolic acid Density, aqueous solution Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Heat of combustion Heat of solution in water Refractive index, aqueous solution -Ethyl ether* -Molybdenum trioxide Density, aqueous solution Refractive index, aqueous solution Glycolic nitrile Dielectric constant Electrical conductivity Heat of combustion Glyoxal Absorption spectra Heat of solution in water Glyoxal bisulfite Heat of solution in water Glyoxaline Absorption spectra Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Links 3.217 6.428 5.22 7.214 3.161 3.161 3.221 3.29 3.221 6.429 4.119 4.121 4.122 4.144 4.144 4.144 4.144 6.429 4.262 3.327 3.327 3.113 6.262 5.165 5.148 7.67 7.67 3.102 7.92 6.84 6.143 5.167 5.335 5.148 5.148 5.336 6.263 5.374 5.377 538 Index Terms Glyoxylic acid Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Heat of combustion Heat of solution in water Gmelinite , dehydration behavior Gneiss Bulk density Hardness Impact hardness Porosity Thermal conductivity Thermal diffusivity Goethite Density Refractive index Gold Absorption, index of Annealing temperature Band spectra Boiling point Brightness temperature Compressibility Contact potential Corbino effect Critical potentials Density Liquid Solid Elastic properties Electrical conductivity Liquid Solid Low temperature Magnetic field, effect of Single crystal Electrode potential Electron emission excited by positive ions Electrons, secondary emission of Electrons, transmitted, velocity of Electrons excited by X-rays, number of Electrons freed by X-rays, energy of Emission, spectral Emission spectra Ettingshausen effect Hall effect Hardness Heat of fusion Heat of transformation Heat of vaporization J-Phenomenon Lead, diffusion in Magnetic susceptibility Magneton number Mechanical properties Melting point Nernst effect Peltier coefficient Persistent lines Photoelectric threshold Quantum numbers Refraction, index of Righi-Leduc effect Silver, diffusion in Sound, velocity of, in Specific heat Liquid Links 6.262 5.165 5.148 7.312 2.52 2.50 2.51 2.54 2.55 2.56 1.128 1.128 5.249 2.591 5.411 1.102 5.245 3.46 6.57 6.419 6.70 1.102 1.103 2.588 1.103 1.103 6.125 6.421 6.125 6.319 6.65 6.63 6.62 6.5 6.3 5.242 5.282 6.419 6.416 2.587 1.103 2.458 1.102 6.1 5.77 6.354 6.346 2.586 1.53 6.420 6.227 5.323 6.68 5.408 5.249 6.421 5.77 6.465 1.103 1.173 7.21 5.251 5.252 3.205 3.48 2.463 2.456 6.136 6.132 5.253 5.255 6.417 2.458 1.103 5.251 5.94 5.252 5.256 539 Index Terms Solid Spectral series Surface tension Thermal conductivity Magnetic field, effect of Thermal expansion Thermochemistry Thermoelectric properties Thomson coefficient Vapor pressure Viscosity Volume change on fusion X-ray absorption limits X-ray crystal structure X-ray emission spectra X-ray series, limiting frequencies X-rays, absorption, discontinuity in X-rays, absorption coefficient Zeeman effect -Aluminum* -Aluminum*-Copper -Antimony* -Arsenic* -Bismuth* -Cadmium* -Chromium* -Copper* -Copper*-Nickel -Copper*-Silver -Iron Electrical conductivity Equilibrium diagram -Lead Density Electrical conductivity Equilibrium diagram Specific volume -Magnesium Equilibrium diagram Specific heat -Manganese Equilibrium diagram -Mercuric sulfate Electrode potential -Mercury Density Partial vapor pressure Surface tension Vapor pressure lowering -Nickel Equilibrium diagram Hardness -Nickel-Silver Equilibrium diagram -Palladium Electrical conductivity Equilibrium diagram Peltier coefficient Thermal conductivity Thermoelectric properties X-ray diffraction data -Platinum Electrical conductivity Equilibrium diagram Tensile strength Thermal conductivity -Silicon Links 1.103 5.394 4.439 5.220 6.424 1.103 5.189 6.214 6.228 3.205 5.7 2.474 6.41 1.340 6.41 6.35 6.12 6.13 5.420 5.92 6.165 2.450 6.174 2.589 6.194 2.414 2.589 2.425 5.120 2.425 7.274 2.589 3.284 2.591 3.300 2.425 2.586 2.442 6.165 2.425 6.227 5.223 6.217 1.349 6.165 2.425 2.586 5.223 2.459 6.225 540 Index Terms Equilibrium diagram -Silver Annealing temperature Compressibility Density Electrical conductivity Equilibrium diagram Hall effect Hardness Specific heat Specific volume Thermal conductivity Thermal expansion Thermoelectric properties X-ray diffraction data -Sodium Equilibrium diagram -Tellurium Freezing point-solubility -Thallium Equilibrium diagram -Tin Density Electrical conductivity Equilibrium diagrams Specific volume Thermal expansion -Zinc Equilibrium diagram Thermal conductivity Thermoelectric properties X-ray diffraction data Gold ditelluride See Calaverite. -Silver telluride Freezing point-solubility Gold salts. See Auric and Aurous. Goslarite Density Refractive index Transformation point Goyazite Density Refractive index Grade , definition Grahamite Gram calorie, value Granfin Granite Bulk density Compressibility Compressive strength Density Dielectric constant Elasticity Hardness Impact hardness Porosity Radioactivity Shearing strength Sound, velocity of, in Tensile strength Thermal conductivity Thermal diffusivity Thermal expansion Links 2.426 2.591 2.589 2.589 6.160 2.421 6.417 2.584 5.119 2.589 5.222 2.474 6.215 1.349 2.586 2.425 4.29 2.426 2.589 6.165 2.416 2.589 2.474 2.426 5.223 6.217 1.349 4.59 1.118 1.118 1.118 1.147 1.147 1.37 2.169 1.18 2.377 2.53 2.54 2.47 2.315 6.105 2.52 2.50 2.51 2.53 1.377 2.48 6.466 2.49 2.55 2.56 2.54 1.168 7.20 1.167 2.497 3.51 2.315 2.316 2.527 2.600 2.608 541 Index Terms Transverse strength Granodiorite Compressibility Compressive strength Graphite Absorption, index of Density Electrical conductivity Low temperature Magnetic field, effect of Single crystal Emission, spectral Entropy Ettingshausen effect Free energy Reaction with carbon dioxide Reaction with hydrogen Reaction with hydrogen and nitrogen Transformation to diamond Hall effect Hardness Heat content Heat of combustion Magnetic susceptibility Melting point Refraction, index of Specific heat Tensile strength Thermal conductivity Thermal expansion Thermodynamic potential Thomson coefficient Transmission of radiant energy Vapor pressure at triple point X-ray crystal structure X-rays, reflection of, by Young's modulus See also Carbon. -Cobalt* -Manganese Freezing point-solubility -Nickel Freezing point-solubility -Tungsten Freezing point-solubility Graphite metal Gravel Density Thermal conductivity Thermal diffusivity Gravitation constant Definition Gravity Acceleration at sea-level Acceleration of Definition Potsdam system Definition Depth, variation with Elevation, variation with Standard Definition Great Britain Weights and measures Links 2.49 3.51 2.48 5.249 1.103 1.103 6.126 6.422 6.135 5.253 5.87 6.419 7.243 7.244 7.244 7.243 6.416 2.303 5.87 5.181 6.364 1.103 5.249 1.103 2.592 2.85 1.103 5.87 6.228 5.269 2.592 1.340 6.50 2.592 2.82 2.86 2.303 2.303 2.314 6.136 2.456 6.137 2.592 2.85 2.303 5.85 5.87 5.94 7.243 2.304 2.83 2.314 2.303 5.216 2.468 5.217 5.220 5.221 2.475 2.557 6.423 6.417 2.592 4.40 4.41 4.40 2.377 2.315 2.315 2.316 1.17 1.37 1.395 1.401 1.37 1.396 1.393 1.402 1.402 1.18 1.37 1.7 1.395 542 Index Terms Greece , weights and measures Greek system Weights and measures Green gold Greenhart Density Thermal conductivity Greenockite Density Refractive index See also Cadmium sulfide. Grey gold Grid tubes Grossularite Density Refractive index Thermal expansion -Akermanite* -Akermanite*-Gehlenite -Gehlenite* Grove cell Gruenerite Density Melting point Refractive index See also Ferrous metasilicate. Guaiacol Absorption spectra Azeotropic mixtures Crystallization velocity Crystallography Dielectric constant Electrical conductivity Aqueous solution Magnetic susceptibility Melting point under pressure Surface tension Verdet constant -Acetone* -Chloroacetic acid* -Cineole* -Ethyl alcohol* -Ethyl ether* -Glycerol* -α-Naphthylamine Freezing point-solubility -Phenyl salicylate Freezing point-solubility -Picric acid Freezing point-solubility Guana juatite. See Bismuth triselenide. Guanidine, electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Guanidine carbonate Absorption spectra Crystallography Optical rotatory power Refractive index Guanidine hydrochloride, absorption spectra, ultra-violet Guanidine nitrate Heat of solution in water Guanidine sulfate Heat of solution in water Guanine, heat of combustion Links 1.8 1.15 2.377 2.315 2.315 1.120 1.120 1.168 2.377 6.58 1.146 1.146 3.45 1.165 6.318 1.129 1.129 1.129 1.172 5.342 3.322 5.61 1.327 6.92 6.144 6.281 6.362 4.10 4.456 6.429 4.152 4.152 4.120 6.261 5.332 1.324 7.354 7.29 5.364 5.148 5.148 5.167 5.367 543 Index Terms Guatemala, weights and measures Guejarite , density Guillaume's metal Guinea, weights and measures Guitermanite, density Gulonic acid, optical rotatory power l-Gulonolactone Heat of combustion Gum arable, diffusion in water Gummon Dielectric strength Electrical conductivity Strength properties Gun metal British specifications Thermal conductivity Guncotton Gurley's metal Gumey's bronze Guthrie's alloy Gutta-percha Chemical composition Dielectric constant Electrical conductivity Electrical properties Physical properties Power factor Resins of Softening point Tensile properties Thermal diffusivity Viscosity Vulcanization Water absorption by Gypsum Compressibility Density Dielectric constant Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Grating spaces Magnetic susceptibility Refractive index Solution velocity in water Thermal conductivity Thermal diffusivity Thermal expansion Gypsum tile Sound, transmission of, by Gyromagnetic effects Gysinge steel Electrical conductivity Hadfield manganese steel Electrical conductivity Hafnium Boiling point Density Electrons, thermal emission of Emission spectra Melting point Persistent lines Thermionic work function X-ray absorption limits X-ray crystal structure Links 1.5 1.123 2.377 1.8 1.116 7.397 5.166 5.72 2.310 2.310 2.311 2.377 2.387 5.224 7.490 2.377 2.377 2.377 2.294 2.273 2.273 2.294 2.294 2.273 2.294 2.294 2.294 2.315 2.294 2.295 2.294 2.122 3.50 1.143 6.99 6.257 6.7 6.364 1.143 5.59 5.232 2.315 3.44 6.459 6.347 6.182 6.182 1.102 2.456 6.53 5.298 1.104 5.323 6.53 6.41 1.340 2.476 2.559 1.169 7.24 2.601 544 Index Terms X-ray emission spectra X-ray series, limiting frequencies Hafnium oxide Magnetic susceptibility Hafnyl chloride Refractive index Haidingerite Density Refractive index Hair Density Thermal conductivity Hair fibers Haiti , weights and measures Halberiand alloy Halite . See Sodium chloride. Hall effect Coefficient of, conversion factors Halotrichite Density Refractive index Hambergite Density Refractive index Hamilton metal Hammonia metal Hanksite Density Refractive index Hannayite Density Refractive index Hardite (alloy) Hardness Abrasive materials Building stones Metals and alloys Woods Hardystonite Density Refractive index Hariington bronze Harmonia bronze Hauerite Density Refractive index See also Manganese disulfide. Hauynite Density Refractive index Hausmannite Density Refractive index See also Mangano-manganic oxide. Haynes metal Heat Convection, free and forced Conversion factors Definition Mechanical equivalent Spectral absorption Links 6.41 6.35 6.359 1.140 1.166 1.143 1.143 1.171 2.313 2.313 2.235 1.8 2.377 2.469 2.555 6.415 1.30 1.137 1.137 1.141 1.141 2.377 2.377 1.158 1.158 1.141 1.141 2.377 1.169 1.171 7.23 1.166 1.170 2.87 2.49 2.478 2.1 1.144 1.144 2.377 2.377 1,167 2.470 2.556 1.127 1.127 1.166 1.154 1.154 1.165 1.127 1.127 1.168 2.377 5.234 1.24 1.37 5.78 5.268 7.25 2.556 545 Index Terms Heat capacity, definition See also Specific heat. Heat diffusivity, definition Heat of adsorption Heat of combustion Heat of compression Heat of diffusion Oxides in tungsten Heat of dilution Computation Heat of dissociation of molecules Heat of expansion and extension Heat of formation Formula for Heat of fusion Heat of ionization Heat of mixing Heat of neutralization Heat of reaction Heat of solution Heat of transformation Radioactive Heat of transition Heat of vaporization Heat of wetting Heat transfer Heavy clay products Hebrew system Weights and measures Hedenbergite Crystal nuclei, formation of Density Melting point Refractive index Hefner candle Hefner lamp Radiant power Temperature Hefner unit, definition Hehner value, definition Heintzeite Density Refractive index Helium Accommodation coefficient Adsorption by wood charcoal Band spectra Boiling point Compressibility Critical constants Critical potentials Density Gas Liquid Dielectric constant Gas Liquid Dispersion formula Electron emission excited by positive ions Electrons, absorption of, by Links 1.35 1.36 5.139 5.162 5.144 6.55-56 5.160 5.170 5.418 5.146 5.169 5.162 1.103 5.170 5.148 5.212 5.170 4.250 2.458 1.366 2.458 1.102 3.301 5.142 5.234 2.64 2.458 6.53 4.9 6.57 6.313 5.148 4.9 5.169 5.169 5.169 2.458 3.324 3.201 5.135 1.172 7.25 1.15 5.60 1.145 1.145 1.145 5.434 5.434 5.244 5.247 1.37 2.xii 1.158 1.158 5.53 3.250 5.414 1.102 3.6 1.102 6.71 1.102 1.102 6.74 6.75 7.11 6.65 6.61 1.170 5.417 3.203 3.203 3.3 3.20 3.248 4.172 6.69 5.130 3.202 3.204 3.207 3.255 546 Index Terms Electrons, attachment of, to form ions Electrons, motion of, in Electrons, secondary emission of Emission spectra Glass, permeability of Heat of adsorption on charcoal Heat of vaporization Ion pairs produced by electrons Ionization by accelerated electrons Ionization by α-particles Ionization by electrons Ionization by positive residues Ions, mobility of, in Isotopes Joule-Thomson effect Light, transmission of, by Magnetic susceptibility Melting point Molecular data Orthobaric density Persistent lines Polarization of light scattered by Quantum numbers Refractivity Rubber, permeability of Solubility in organic liquids Solubility in water Sound, velocity of, in Specific heat Spectral series Surface tension Thermal conductivity Thermal expansion Vapor pressure Virial coefficients Viscosity, gas Zeeman effect -Argon* -Hydrogen Viscosity Helium tube, filter for Helmet metal Helmholtz cell Helvite, pyroelectricity Hemafibrite Density Refractive index Hematin, absorption spectra Hematinic acid anhydride Absorption spectra Crystallography Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Hematinic acid imide Absorption spectra Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Hematite Compressibility Curie point Density Magnetic properties Melting point Refractive index Thermal conductivity Thermal expansion See also Ferric oxide. Links 6.116 6.116 6.63 5.298 5.76 5.141 1.102 6.121 6.121 6.122 6.120 6.122 6.111 1.45 5.144 5.265 6.354 1.104 1.92 3.203 5.323 5.265 5.408 7.7 2.272 3.262 3.256 6.462 1.102 5.398 4.441 5.213 3.6 3.203 3.7 1.102 5.420 5.4 5.272 2.377 6.315 6.209 1.127 1.127 5.374 5.135 6.114 6.355 5.76 5.80 5.214 5.2 2.555 1.173 7.207 5.343 1.328 6.286 5.373 5.343 6.286 5.373 3.50 6.410 1.128 6.414 1.128 1.128 5.232 3.43 2.601 1.168 7.21 547 Index Terms Hematoporphyrin dimethyl ether Absorption spectra Hemimorphite , refractive index α-Hemin, absorption spectra Hemipinic acid Absorption spectra Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Heat of combustion Hemipinimide , heat of combustion Hemit Dielectric strength Electrical conductivity Strength properties Hemp Density Moisture content at various humidities Strength properties Henequen fiber Henry, definition asym.-Heptachloropropane Cryoscopic constant Heptadecane Density Refract ive index Heptaldehyde Absorption spectra Birefringence, electric Magnetic susceptibility Solubility in water Specific heat Verdet constant Heptane Absorption spectra Azeotropic mixtures Birefringence, electric Boiling point Compressibility Critical point data Density Dielectric constant Dielectric strength Electrical conductivity Flash point Heat of combustion Heat of vaporization Ignition temperature Inflammability, limits of Orthobaric density Polarization of light scattered by Gas Liquid Refractive index Specific heat Thermal conductivity Vapor pressure Vapor pressure above 1 atm. Verdet constant Viscosity X-rays, absorption coefficient -Acetic acid* -Acetone* -Aniline* -Benzene* -α-Bromonaphthalene* Links 5.374 7.20 5.379 5.346 6.295 5.166 5.168 2.310 2.310 2.311 2.237 2.323 2.236 2.236 1.37 4.183 3.30 7.61 3.34 5.333 7.111 6.362 3.391 5.111 6.429 5.333 3.319 7.111 3.224 3.37 3.245 3.29 6.82 6.106 6.144 2.161 5.163 5.137 2.174 2.179 3.245 5.266 5.267 7.42 5.111 5.228 3.224 3.245 6.427 5.27 6.14 3.249 3.34 6.93 5.268 6.429 7.219 6.16 6.105 548 Index Terms -Butane* -Carbon disulfide* -Carbon tetrachloride* -Chlorobenzene* -Chlorobenzoic acid (o-, m-, p-)* -Chloroform* -Ethyl acetate* -Ethyl alcohol* -Ethyl nitrate* -Ethylene bromide* -Iodine Density Freezing point-solubility -Isoamyl alcohol Heat of solution -Isobutyl alcohol Heat of solution -Isobutyl chloride Heat of solution -Methyl alcohol Density, aqueous solution Heat of solution Miscibility in water -Naphthalene Density -Pentane Vapor pressure -Phenol Solubility, mutual -Propyl alcohol Heat of solution -Sulfur Freezing point-solubility -Sulfur dioxide Density Viscosity -Toluene Density Dielectric constant Heat of solution 1-Heptine Heat of combustion Magnetic susceptibility Refractive index Solubility in water 2-Heptine, magnetic susceptibility Heptoic acid, electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Heptyl alcohol Absorption spectra Birefringence, electric Condensation on ions and nuclei Critical temperature Dielectric absorption Dielectric constant Heat of combustion Heat of vaporization Refractive index Verdet constant, dispersion of Viscosity sec.-Heptyl alcohol Verdet constant, dispersion of β-Heptyl esters Optical rotatory power Viscosity Heptyl oenanthate , Verdet constant Links 3.132 4.34 5.154 5.153 5.153 3.125 5.152 3.411 3.190 3.289 3.397 5.153 4.36 3.135 5.27 3.187 6.103 5.154 5.163 6.362 7.41 3.391 6.362 6.283 5.333 7.111 6.117 3.249 6.93 6.93 5.164 5.137 7.42 6.434 7.219 6.434 7.361 7.220 6.431 5.342 549 Index Terms Heptylacetic acid Heat of combustion Heptylamine Heat of combustion Surface tension -Ethyl ether* -Xylene Distribution coefficients in water Heptylene, specific heat Heptylic acid Birefringence, electric Boiling point Density Esterification constant Heat of combustion Refractive index Solubility in water Specific heat Surface tension Aqueous solution Vapor pressure Verdet constant Viscosity Heptylic anhydride Heat of combustion Heptylmalonic acid Heat of combustion Hercules bronze Hercules metal Hercynite Density Refractive index Hessite Density Melting point See also Silver telluride. Heulandite Dehydration behavior Density Heat of formation Refractive index Heusler's alloy Curie point Ettingshausen effect Hall effect Joule effect Kerr effect Magnetic properties Magnetization by rotation Nernst effect Rotation by magnetization Specific heat Hewettite Density Refractive index Hexabromoethane Crystallography Magnetic susceptibility Hexachlorobenzene Absorption spectra Cryoscopic constant Diffusion in methyl alcohol Magnetic susceptibility Links 5.166 5.168 4.457 3.430 5.111 7.111 3.224 3.29 7.138 5.165 7.42 3.391 5.111 4.437 4.469 3.224 6.429 7.219 4.457 5.166 5.166 2.377 2.377 1.137 1.137 1.165 1.124 1.124 7.312 1.145 5.197 1.145 2.377 6.410 6.420 6.417 6.440 6.436 6.407 6.347 6.421 6.347 5.121 1.145 1.173 1.324 6.361 5.338 4.183 5.72 6.362 1.169 550 Index Terms Hexachlorodisiloxane Vapor pressure Hexachloroethane Absorption spectra Allotropic forms Azeotropic mixtures Compressibility differences Crystallography Magnetic susceptibility Melting point under pressure Specific heat Transition temperature Viscosity Volume change on melting -Chlorine* -Naphthalene Freezing point-solubility -Phenanthrene Freezing point-solubility -Phosgene Boiling point elevation -Toluene Specific heat Hexachlorohexanetrione Magnetic susceptibility Hexachloro-β-ketohydronaphthalene Refractive index Hexachloro-α-keto-γ-R-pentene -Pentachloromonobromo-α-keto-γ-R-pentene Freezing point-solubility Hexachlorosilicoethane Magnetic susceptibility Hexacontane, surface tension Hexacosane, surface tension Hexadecane Absorption spectra Compressibility Density Heat of combustion Specific heat Liquid Solid Viscosity Hexadecyl alcohol “Surface vapor pressure ” 1,5-Hexadiene Azeotropic mixtures Specific heat Surface tension 1,5-Hexadime, heat of combustion 2,4-Hexadime Absorption spectra Heat of combustion Hexahydrite , density Hexahydrobenzoic acid Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Heat of combustion Magnetic susceptibility Viscosity o-Hexahydrocresol Density Specific heat Viscosity Links 3.214 5.335 4.14 3.319 4.14 1.324 6.361 4.14 5.101 4.8 7.213 4.14 4.101 4.101 3.330 5.126 6.362 7.30 4.116 6.356 4.463 4.463 5.334 3.37 3.30 5.164 5.113 5.105 7.222 4.476 3.319 5.110 4.454 5.163 5.340 5.163 1.141 6.282 5.165 6.362 7.219 3.29 5.111 7.219 3.34 551 Index Terms m-Hexahydrocresol Specific heat Viscosity p-Hexahydrocresol Specific heat Viscosity Hexahydrocresols -Benzene* -Chloroform* -Ethyl acetate* -Methyl alcohol Vapor pressure Hexahydrocumic acid Heat of combustion Hexahydromellitic acid Heat of combustion Hexahydronaphthalene Heat of combustion Refractive index Hexahydrophenol -Acetone* -Benzene* -Chloroform* -Ethyl acetate* -Methyl alcohol Vapor pressure Hexahydrophthalic acid, electrical condutivity, aqueous solution Hexahydrophthalic anhydride Heat of combustion Hexahydroterephthalic acid Crystallography Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Heat of combustion Hexahydro-m-toluic acid Heat of combustion Hexamethylbenzene Heat of combustion Hexamethylene Heat of wetting by Hexamethylenetetramine Diffusion in water Heat of combustion Heat of solution in water Rubber vulcanization, use in Hexamethylenetetramine hydrochloride Heat of solution in water Hexamethylenetetramine nitrates Heat of solution in water Hexamethylenetetramine sulfate Heat of solution in water Hexamethylethane Heat of combustion Hexammine cobaltic hexacyano cobaltiate Solubility in aqueous solutions Hexammine cobaltic hexacyano ferriate Solubility in aqueous solutions Hexammine cobaltic oxalodinitrodiammine cobaltiate Solubility in aqueous solutions Hexammine cobaltic tetranitrodiammine cobaltiate Solubility in aqueous solutions Hexammine cobaltic trioxalocobaltiate Solubility in aqueous solutions Links 5.111 7.219 5.111 7.219 3.287 5.166 5.166 5.163 7.51 3.287 6.287 5.166 1.328 6.287 5.165 5.165 5.164 5.142 5.71 5.168 5.150 2.282 5.150 5.150 5.150 5.163 7.334 7.331 7.335 7.335 7.334 552 Index Terms Hexane Absorption spectra Azeotropic mixtures Birefringence, electric Boiling point Compressibility Critical point data Density Dielectric constant Dielectric strength Electrical conductivity Electrical ignition Explosion in closed vessels Flash point Heat of combustion Heat of wetting by Heat of vaporization Ignition temperature Inflammability, limits of Ions, mobility of, in Magnetic susceptibility Orthobaric density Polarization of light scattered by Gas Liquid Befractive index Sound, velocity of Gas Liquid Specific heat Gas Liquid Surface tension Thermal conductivity Gas Liquid Vapor pressure Vapor pressure above 1 atm. Verdet constant, dispersion of Viscosity -Acenaphthene* -Acetic acid* -Acetone* -Aniline* -Azobenzene* -Benzene* -Camphor* -Cyclohexane* -p-Dibromobenzene* -Diisoamyl* -Diphenyl* -Durene* -Ethyl acetate* -Ethyl acetoacetate* -Ethyl alcohol* -Ethyl butyrate* -Ethyl chloroacetate* -Ethyl iodide* -Ethyl isobutyrate* -Ethyl trichloroacetate* -Ethylene bromide* -Iodine Freezing point-solubility -Isoamyl alcohol Density Viscosity -Isohexane Links 5.332 3.319 7.111 3.222 3.36 3.244 3.29 6.91 6.106 6.144 2.175 2.192 2.161 5.163 5.142 5.137 2.174 2.179 6.112 6.362 3.244 3.323 3.346 3.249 3.33 6.105 5.266 5.267 7.40 6.463 6.464 5.81 5.110 4.437 5.214 5.228 3.222 3.244 6.433 3.45 4.34 3.173 5.43 4.455 5.215 6.434 3.49 7.218 7.223 553 Index Terms Density -Isopentane Density -Methyl alcohol Density, aqueous solution Miscibility in water Solubility, mutual Vapor pressure -Methyl formate Density -Methylene iodide Solubility, mutual -Naphthalene Density Freezing point-solubility -Nitrobenzene Boiling point Boiling point elevation Solubility, mutual Vapor pressure Viscosity -m-Nitrotoluene Density Refractive index Dispersion -Octane Density Vapor pressure -Palmitic acid Density -Phenol Solubility, mutual -Pinene hydrochloride Density -Propyl butyrate Density -Stearic acid Density -Sulfur Freezing point-solubility -Sulfur dioxide Solubility, mutual Pressure, effect of -Tetrahydronaphthalene Vapor pressure Viscosity -m-Toluidine Density Refractive index Dispersion -Triphenylmethane Density -Water Boiling points Dew points Hexanitrodiphenylamine -Pyridine Boiling point elevation -2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene Freezing point-solubility Hexaphenyldistannane, density Hexene, magnetic susceptibility α, β-Hexenic acid Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Refractive index Links 3.186 3.173 3.125 3.411 3.395 3.287 3.397 3.360 3.157 3.397 3.186 4.178 3.314 3.346 3.396 3.361 5.45 3.397 7.85 7.85 7.105 3.186 3.289 3.186 3.396 3.186 3.186 3.186 4.35 3.394 3.394 3.289 5.49 7.85 7.85 7.105 3.186 3.363 3.364 3.342 4.146 3.44 6.362 6.275 7.39 3.382 554 Index Terms Hexoic acid -Benzene* Hexyl alcohol Absorption spectra Diffusion of vapor in gases Magnetic susceptibility Viscosity sec.-Hexyl alcohol Verdet constant, dispersion of β-Hexyl esters Optical rotatory power Viscosity Hexyl iodide , dielectric constant sec.-Hexyl iodide Verdet constant Hexylacetylene Surface tension Viscosity Verdet constant Hexylamine Heat of combustion Surface tension -Xylene Distribution coefficients in water Hexylene Absorption spectra Dielectric constant Heat of combustion Heat of vaporization Refractive index Specific heat Thermal conductivity, gas Verdet constant Hexylpropargyl alcohol Heat of combustion Hexylpropiolamide Magnetic susceptibility Hexylpropiolic acid Heat of combustion Verdet constant Hibiscus fiber Hibschite Density Refractive index Hieratite. See Potassium fluosilicate. Higginsite Density Refractive index Hillebrandite Density Refractive index Hindu system, weights and measures Hinsdalite Density Refractive index Hippuric acid1. Absorption spectra, ultra-violet Crystallography Heat of combustion Surface tension, aqueous solution -Ethyl ether* -Formic acid* -Potassium hippurate Links 5.332 5.62 6.362 7.218 5.340 6.434 7.361 7.220 6.91 6.429 4.458 7.219 6.429 5.168 4.455 3.429 5.340 6.91 5.163 5.137 7.40 5.110 5.214 6.429 5.215 5.164 6.363 5.165 6.430 2.236 1.145 1.145 1.165 1.144 1.144 1.173 1.144 1.144 1.15 1.137 1.137 5.344 1.328 5.168 4.470 1.171 1.172 5.366 555 Index Terms Freezing point-solubility in water -Sodium hippurate Freezing point-solubility in water Histidine Absorption spectra Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Optical rotatory power Hoemesite Density Refractive index Hofmann violet, refractive index Hollow tile ceiling Thermal conductivity Holmium Cathodoluminescence Emission spectra Persistent lines X-ray absorption limits X-ray emission spectra X-ray series, limiting frequencies Holmium chloride Absorption spectra, solutions Magnetic susceptibility Holmium nitrate Absorption spectra, solutions Magnetic susceptibility Holmium oxide Magnetic susceptibility Holtzer crucible steel Electrical conductivity Homoatropine Absorption spectra Homonataloin Optical rotatory power Homophthalic acid Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution -Ethyl ether* Homopyrocatechol, Verdet constant Honduras, weights and measures Hooker brass α-Hopeite Density Refractive index Transformation point β-Hopeite Density Refractive index Transformation point Hopkinson's alloy Horn fiber. See Vulcanized fiber. Hornblende Magnetic susceptibility Refractive index Thermal conductivity Homs Horsepower, definition Hot-cathode tubes Howlite Density Refractive index Hoyle's metal Links 4.377 4.421 5.373 6.275 7.375 1.141 1.141 7.12 1.170 7.15 2.315 5.390 5.299 5.323 6.40 6.40 6.35 5.329 6.359 5.329 6.359 6.359 6.200 5.334 5.367 7.386 7.463 6.290 6.429 1.5 2.377 1.119 1.119 1.119 1.119 1.119 1.119 2.377 2.469 1.171 1.171 2.481 6.364 7.25 5.232 6.457 1.37 6.58 1.145 1.145 2.377 1.171 2.557 2.602 556 Index Terms Hoyt metal Hiibnerite Density Refractive index Humidity Body effects Constant, laboratory methods for Definition Relative Humite Density Refractive index Hungary, weights and measures Hureaulite Density Refractive index Huron metal Husmann metal Hussakite , refractive index Hutchinsonite , refractive index Hyalite , dehydration behavior Hydantoic acid Heat of combustion Heat of solution in water Hydantoin Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Heat of combustion Heat of solution in water Hydnocaipic acid Optical rotatory power Hydrastine Absorption spectra Optical rotatory power Hydrates, decomposition pressures Hydration value of ions Hydratropaldehyde Birefringence, electric Hydratropic acid Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Solubility in water Vapor pressure Hydraulic cements Hydrazine Boiling point Critical point data Density Aqueous solution Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Heat of formation Melting point Refractive index Vapor pressure above 1 atm. X-rays, absorption coefficients -Ammonia* -Benzene* Hydrazine hydrochlorides Density, aqueous solution Heat of formation Hydrazine nitrate Heat of formation Solubility in water Links 2.377 2.557 1.134 1.134 1.173 2.325 1.67 1.37 1.71 3.385 1.142 1.142 1.8 1.171 1.127 1.127 2.377 2.377 7.23 7.21 7.313 1.172 2.534 2.536 5.167 5.148 6.263 5.167 5.148 7.466 5.354 7.432 7.224 6.311 7.111 6.291 3.392 3.225 2.117 1.108 3.229 1.108 3.55 6.260 5.178 1.108 1.108 3.229 6.13 3.60 5.179 5.179 4.218 1.162 3.249 1.165 6.16 3.229 557 Index Terms Hydrazine sulfate Heat of formation Optical rotatory power Solubility in water Hydrazoanisole -Benzene* Hydrazobenzene Absorption spectra Decomposition, kinet ics of Heat of combustion Heat effusion -Azobenzene* -Benzalaniline* -Benzene* -Benzoin* -Benzylaniline* -Dibenzyl* -Stilbene Freezing point-solubility -Tolane Freezing point-solubility Hydrazocumic acid, heat of solution in water Hydrazoic acid Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Heat of formation Ionization constants Hydrazotoluene -Benzene* Hydrinden-1,2-diol Heat of combustion Hydrindene Birefringence, magnetic Magnetic susceptibility Refractive index Verdet constant Hydrindone Refractive index Verdet constant Hydriodic acid Activity coefficient Boiling point, maximum Decomposition, kinetics of Density Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Free energy Heat of neutralization Vapor pressure Partial See also Hydrogen iodide. -Ammonium iodide* -Potassium iodide Density, aqueous solution -Sodium iodide Density, aqueous solution -Strontium chloride Density, aqueous solution Hydrobenzoin Heat of combustion -Benzil* Hydroboracite Density Refractive index Hydrobromic acid Activity coefficient Links 5.179 7.353 4.218 5.348 7.121 5.168 5.134 4.161 4.161 5.150 6.260 5.178 7.241 5.164 7.111 6.363 7.46 6.430 7.46 6.430 7.235 3.323 7.117 3.55 6.241 7.235 5.212 7.235 3.306 3.107 6.242 3.96 3.96 3.96 5.164 1.146 1.146 7.234 1.170 558 Index Terms Boiling point Compressibility Cryoscopic constant Density Electrical conductivity Formation, kinetics of Free energy Heat of formation Heat of neutralization Heat of transition Refractive index Specific heat Vapor pressure Verdet constant Viscosity See also Hydrogen bromide. Hydrocarbon oils Composition, chemical Critical solution temperature in alcohol Density Fire point Flash point Index of refraction Solubility index Turbidity temperature in acetic anhydride Hydrocarbons, aliphatic X-ray diffraction data Hydrocarbostyril, refractive index Hydrocerusite Density Refractive index Hydrochinotoxine Absorption spectra Hydrochloric acid Absorption spectra Adsorption on wool Activity coefficient Boiling point Compressibility Density Saturated Electrical conductivity Free energy Freezing mixtures, use in Heat of formation Heat of neutralization Magnetic rotatory power Refractive index Sound, velocity of, in Specific heat Surface tension Thermal conductivity Vapor pressure Vapor pressure, partial Verdet constant Viscosity X-ray diffraction data See also Hydrogen chloride. -Ammonium sulfate* -Barium sulfate* -Bismuth oxychloride* -Cupric sulfate* -Cuprous chloride* -Decylic acid* -Nickel Equilibrium constant of reaction Links 3.309 3.439 4.214 3.55 6.241 7.117 7.234 5.177 5.212 5.177 7.65 5.122 3.306 6.426 5.12 3.323 3.107 6.242 3.361 2.156 2.156 2.156 2.156 2.156 2.156 2.156 2.156 1.347 7.30 1.117 1.117 1.167 5.379 5.329 3.252 7.233 3.309 3.439 3.54 3.104 6.241 7.233 1.64 5.212 5.212 6.431 7.65 6.464 5.115 4.464 5.229 3.301 3.261 6.426 5.12 1.341 7.283 3.323 3.107 6.242 7.233 3.361 3.301 7.234 559 Index Terms -Nicotine Miscibility of Hydrocinchonine sulfate Optical rotatory power Hydrocinnamic acid Crystallization velocity Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Heat of combustion Heat of fusion -Chloroform* -Dimethylpyrone* -Phenylacetic acid Freezing point-solubility -Xylene Distribution coefficients in water Hydrocupreine, absorption spectra Hydrocyanic acid. See Hydrogen cyanide Hydrocyanite. See Cupric sulfate. Hydrofluoric acid Boiling point, maximum Density Free energy Ionization Reaction with fluoride ion Ionization constant See also Hydrogen fluoride. Hydrofluosilicic acid, freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Hydrofluotitanic acid Heat of formation Hydrogen Accommodation coefficient Adsorption by charcoal Adsorption by iridium black Adsorption by palladium black Adsorption by palladium copper alloy Adsorption by palladium silver alloy Adsorption on platinum black Adsorption on rhodium black Band spectra Boiling point Compressibility Gas Solid Contact potential Copper, permeability of Critical constants Critical potentials Density Gas Liquid Solid Detonation Dielectric constant Gas Liquid Solid Diffusion in water Dispersion formulas Dissociation, work of Dissymetry in emission of electrons freed by X-rays Electrode potential Electrode potential against hydroxide ion Electron emission excited by positive ions Electrons, absorption of, by Electrons, attachment of, to form ions Links 3.409 7.354 5.61 6.291 5.165 5.134 4.180 3.431 5.370 3.323 3.54 7.232 7.232 7.232 4.255 5.182 5.53 3.251 3.253 3.253 3.253 3.253 3.253 3.253 5.414 1.53 5.417 1.102 3.6 3.46 6.57 5.76 1.102 6.71 3.203 6.72 1.102 1.102 1.104 2.185 3.3 3.20 3.21 6.74 6.75 6.75 5.63 7.11 6.72 6.5 6.320 7.231 6.65 6.61 6.116 6.79 6.322 3.203 3.248 560 Index Terms Electrons, motion of, in Electrons, secondary emission of Electrons, thermal emission, effect on Emission spectra Entropy Explosion in closed vessels Explosive mixtures, limiting dilutions Flame propagation in Free energy Dissociation In water Reaction with bromine Reaction with carbon dioxide Reaction with carbon monoxide Reaction with fluorine Reaction with graphite Reaction with iodine Reaction with nitrogen Reaction with oxygen Reaction with sulfur Reaction with sulfur dioxide Gamma rays, absorption coefficient Glass, permeability of Heat content Heat of adsorption on charcoal Heat of adsorption on metals Heat of dissociation Heat of fusion Heat of vaporization Igniting pressures, relative limiting Ignition temperature Inflammability, limits of Ion pairs produced by electrons Ionization, atomic Ionization by accelerated electrons Ionization by electrons Ionization by α-particles Ionization by β-particles Ionization by γ-rays Ionization by phosphorus vapor Ionization by positive residues Ionization by X-rays Ions, mobility of, in Ions, recombination of, in Iron, permeability of Isotopes Joule-Thomson effect Light, transmission of, by Magnetic susceptibility Magneton number Melting point Metals, permeability of, to Molecular data Nickel, permeability of Orbits Orthobaric density Overvoltage Palladium, permeability of Persistent lines Platinum, permeability of Polarization of light scattered by Quantum numbers Rate of flow at low pressure Refractive index Gas Liquid Rubber, permeability of, to Links 6.116 6.63 6.55 5.298 5.88 2.187 2.186 2.182 7.231 7.231 7.234 7.243 7.244 7.232 7.244 7.235 7.239 7.231 7.237 7.237 6.21 5.76 5.88 5.141 5.141 5.418 1.104 1.102 2.181 2.173 2.176 6.121 6.122 6.121 6.120 6.122 6.121 6.123 6.124 6.122 6.123 6.111 6.115 5.76 1.45 5.144 5.265 6.354 6.346 1.104 5.76 1.92 5.76 1.48 3.203 6.339 5.76 5.323 5.76 5.265 5.408 1.92 7.6 1.103 2.272 7.244 5.131 5.135 6.114 6.355 7.11 5.76 561 Index Terms Solubility in Aluminum, molten Aqueous solutions Colloidal solutions Copper, molten Iron, molten Nickel, molten Non-aqueous liquids Tin, molten Water Sound, velocity of, in Sound, velocity of, in tubes Specific heat Gas Liquid Saturated vapor Solid Spectral series Surface tension Thermal conductivity Molecular Thermal expansion Gas Liquid Thermochemistry Thermodynamic potential Triple point Vapor pressure Verdet constant Dispersion Virial coefficients Viscosity Gas Liquid X-rays, absorption coefficient Zeeman effect Zinc, permeability of -Acetylene* -Air* -Ammonia* -Argon* -Benzene* -Bromine* -Carbon dioxide* -Carbon monoxide* -Chlorine* -Ethane* -Ethyl ether* -Ethylene* -Helium* -Hydrogen sulfide Ions, mobility of, in -Methane Detonation Diffusion coefficient Viscosity -Methyl iodide Ions, mobility of, in -Nickel chloride Equilibrium constant of reaction -Nitric oxide Viscosity -Nitrogen Dielectric constant Diffusion coefficient Equilibrium constants of reaction P-V-T relations Links 3.270 3.272 3.281 3.270 3.270 3.270 3.261 3.270 3.256 6.462 6.466 1.102 1.103 5.83 1.104 5.398 1.103 5.213 5.215 3.4 1.102 5.176 5.88 3.203 3.203 6.425 6.432 3.5 1.102 7.212 6.13 5.420 5.76 6.113 2.186 5.62 5.5 6.113 7.283 5.5 6.83 5.62 7.239 3.17 5.80 5.85 5.82 5.88 5.85 5.88 4.441 5.214 3.20 5.2 6.15 6.16 5.85 7.231 562 Index Terms Thermal conductivity Viscosity -Nitrous oxide Diffusion coefficient Viscosity -Oxygen Diffusion coefficient Ions, mobility of, in Photochemical reaction Sound, velocity of, in Thermal conductivity Viscosity -Palladium Elasticity X-ray diffraction data -Stannous oxide Equilibrium constant -Sulfur Photochemical reaction -Sulfur dioxide Diffusion coefficient Viscosity Hydrogen atom, mass Hydrogen bromide Aqueous solutions. See Hydrobromic acid. Band spectra Boiling point Concentration cells Critical point data Critical potentials Decomposition pressure of hydrates Density Aqueous solution Gas Liquid Dielectric constant Gas Liquid Dispersion formula Electrical conductivity Aqueous solution Free energy Formation Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Heat of fusion Heat of vaporization Ionization by α-particles Melting point Orthobaric density Photochemical decomposition Quantum sensitivity Photochemical formation Refractive index Aqueous solution Gas Liquid Solubility in aqueous sulfur dioxide Solubility in water Sound, velocity of, in Specific heat Aqueous solution Gas Liquid Solid Surface tension, aqueous solution Transmission of radiant energy Links 5.214 5.5 5.62 5.5 5.62 6.112 7.164 6.463 5.214 5.5 2.588 1.349 7.247 7.164 5.62 5.5 1.18 5.414 1.106 6.323 3.228 6.72 7.235 3.55 3.3 1.106 6.74 6.76 7.11 6.142 6.241 7.234 7.234 4.254 5.131 5.136 6.122 1.106 3.228 7.164 7.168 7.166 7.65 7.8 1.106 3.403 3.258 6.462 5.122 5.80 5.86 5.86 4.464 5.270 1.162 3.228 3.248 3.22 6.242 7.166 1.165 4.217 5.81 7.234 3.328 563 Index Terms Vapor pressure Aqueous solution Liquid Solid Vapor pressure above 1 atm. Verdet constant Aqueous solution Liquid Viscosity Aqueous solution Gas -Acetone* -Acetylene* -Allylene* -Ammonium bromide* -Benzene* -Bromine* -Ethyl acetate* -Ethyl alcohol* -Ethyl ether* -Ethylbenzene* -Hydrogen sulfide Freezing point-solubility Vapor pressure -Lead bromide Solubility in water -Mesitylene Freezing point-solubility -Methyl alcohol Freezing point-solubility Viscosity, aqueous solution -Methyl chloride Freezing point-solubility -Methyl ether Freezing point-solubility -Methylcyclohexane Freezing point-solubility -Potassium bromide Density, aqueous solution -Potassium chloride Freezing point-solubility in water -Propylbenzene Freezing point-solubility -Sodium bromide Density, aqueous solution -Strontium chloride Density, aqueous solution Freezing point-solubility in water -Succinic acid Freezing point-solubility in water -Sulfur dioxide Vapor pressure -Toluene Boiling point elevation Freezing point-solubility -Uranyl nitrate Density, aqueous solution -Xylene (o-, m-, p-) Freezing point-solubility Hydrogen chloride Absorption spectra Aqueous solutions. See Hydrochloric acid. Band spectra Boiling point Concentration cells Critical point data Critical potentials Links 3.361 3.213 3.207 3.228 6.426 6.426 5.12 5.3 4.42 3.354 7.317 4.187 4.186 5.24 4.186 4.186 4.187 3.96 4.275 4.187 3.96 3.96 4.275 4.397 3.354 3.328 4.187 3.96 4.187 5.327 5.414 1.106 6.322 3.228 6.72 1.162 3.248 3.228 3.328 564 Index Terms Decomposition pressure of hydrate Density Aqueous solution Gas Liquid Dielectric constant Gas Liquid Diffusion in ethyl alcohol Diffusion in water Dispersion formula Dissociation Electrical conductivity Aqueous solution Electrons, secondary emission Free energy Oxidation Reaction with silver Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Heat content Heat of formation Aqueous solution Heat of fusion Heat of neutralization Heat of transition Heat of vaporization Ionization by accelerated electrons Ionization by α-particles Ions, mobility of, in Magnetic susceptibility Melting point Orthobaric density Photochemical decomposition Polarization of light scattered by Refractive index Aqueous solution Gas Liquid Solubility in Ethyl alcohol Non-aqueous liquids Sulfuric acid Water Sound, velocity of Aqueous solution Gas Specific heat Aqueous solution Gas Liquid Solid Surface tension, aqueous solution Thermal conductivity, aqueous solution Thermal expansion Toxicology Transference number Vapor pressure Aqueous solution Liquid Solid Vapor pressure above 1 at m. Vapor pressure lowering in aqueous solution Verdet constant Aqueous solution Liquid Viscosity Aqueous solution Links 7.233 3.54 3.3 1.106 6.74 6.76 5.73 5.64 7.11 7.233 6.142 6.241 6.63 7.233 7.233 7.265 4.254 7.233 5.176 5.212 5.131 5.212 5.176 5.136 6.121 6.122 6.111 6.356 1.106 3.228 7.166 5.265 3.104 3.22 6.242 7.65 7.8 1.106 1.165 3.274 3.264 3.273 3.258 4.216 6.464 6.462 5.115 5.80 5.86 5.86 4.464 5.229 3.16 2.319 6.309 3.301 3.213 3.207 3.228 3.293 6.426 6.426 5.12 5.81 3.361 7.233 565 Index Terms Gas X-rays, absorption coefficient -Acetic acid* -Aluminum chloride* -Ammonium chloride* -Ammonium dichloroacetate* -Aniline* -Aniline hydrochloride*-Ferric chloride -Antimony chloride* -Antimony trioxide* -Barium chloride* -Barium chloride*-Sodium chloride -Barium hydroxide* -Barium oxide*-Sodium oxide -Benzene* -Benzilic acid* -Benzoic acid* -Bismuth chloride* -Bismuth oxychloride* -Boric acid* -Butyl alcohol* -Cadmium chloride* -Cadmium sulfate* -Calcium acetate*-Potassium tartrate -Calcium chloride* -Calcium chloride*-Potassiumdichromate -Calcium hydroxide* -Calcium oxalate*-Potassium chloride -Calcium sulfate* -Carbon dioxide* -Catechol* -Chlorine* -Cinnamic acid* -Citric acid* -Cobaltous chloride* -Cupric chloride* -Cupric chloride*-Cuprous chloride -Dichloroacetic acid* -3,5-Dinitrobenzoic acid* -Diphenic acid* -Diphenylacetic acid* -Diphenylamin e* -Diphenyleneglycolic acid* -Ethane* -Ethyl alcohol* -Ethyl ether* -Ferric chloride* -d-Glucose* -Hydrogen sulfide Freezing point-solubility -Hydroquinol Freezing point-solubility in water -Lead chloride Density, aqueous solution Freezing point-solubility in water -Lead chromate Solubility in water -Lead dioxide Equilibrium constant of reaction -Lead sulfate Solubility in water -Levulose Surface tension -Lithium chloride Density, aqueous solution Freezing point-solubility in water Vapor pressure of aqueous solution Links 5.3 6.13 4.42 4.396 3.95 4.304 7.336 7.248 7.318 4.470 3.96 4.313 3.376 7.314 566 Index Terms -Magnesium chloride Density, aqueous solution -Magnesium oxalate Solubility in water -Magnesium sulfate Density, aqueous solution -Matonic acid Freezing point-solubility in water -Mandelic acid Freezing point-solubility in water -Manganese chloride Density, aqueous solution -Mercuric chloride Density, aqueous solution Freezing point-solubility in water Viscosity, aqueous solution -Methyl alcohol Density Freezing point-solubility Viscosity Aqueous solution -Methyl chloride Freezing point-solubility -Methyl ether Boiling point, maximum Critical phenomena Freezing point-solubility Vapor pressure -Methylpicric acid Freezing point-solubility in water -β-Naphthalenesulfonic acid Density, aqueous solution Freezing point-solubility in water -Naphthol Freezing point-solubility in water -Naphthylamine naphthalenedisulfonate Freezing point-solubility in water -Naphthylamine naphthalenesulfonate Freezing point-solubility in water -Nickel chloride Freezing point-solubility in water -Nitric acid Density, aqueous solution -Nitrobenzoic acid (o-, m-) Freezing point-solubility -Nitrophenol (m-, p-) Freezin g point-solubility in water -Nitrous oxide Vapor pressure -Oxalic acid Density, aqueous solution Freezing point-solubility in water -Oxygen Equilibrium constant -Phenanthraquinone Freezing point-solubility in water -Phenol Freezing point-solubility in water -Phenylacetic acid Freezing point-solubility in water -Phosphine P-V-T relations -Phthalic acid Density, aqueous solution Freezing point-solubility in water -Picric acid Freezing point-solubility in water Links 3.95 7.340 3.95 4.396 4.397 3.95 3.95 4.305 5.18 3.135 4.186 5.26 5.24 4.212 4.186 3.323 3.354 4.212 3.285 4.396 3.101 4.397 4.397 4.397 4.289 4.289 4.309 3.95 4.396 4.396 3.285 3.101 4.395 7.233 4.397 4.396 4.397 3.17 3.101 4.397 4.396 4.395 567 Index Terms -Potassium chloride Density, aqueous solution Freezing point-solubility in water Viscosity, aqueous solution -Potassium chloride-Sodium chloride Density, aqueous solution Freezing point-solubility in water Viscosity of aqueous solution -Potassium dichloroacetat Density, aqueous solution -Potassium hydrogen tartrate Freezing point-solubility in water -Potassium sulfate Density, aqueous solution -Praseodymium chloride Density, aqueous solution -Propionic acid Freezing point-solubility -Pyrogallol Freezing point-solubility in water -Quinhydrone Freezing point-solubility in water -Quinone Freezing point-solubility in water -Resorcinol Freezing point-solubility in water -Salicylic acid Freezing point-solubility in water -Scandium oxalate Freezing point-solubility -Sodium chloride Density, aqueous solution Viscosity, aqueous solution -Sodium dichloroacetate Density, aqueous solution -Sodium oxide Freezing point-solubility in water -Sodium sulfate Density, aqueous solution -Sodium sulfate-Sulfuric acid Density, aqueous solution -Stannic chloride Density, aqueous solution -Stannous chloride Density, aqueous solution Freezing point-solubility in water -Strontium chloride Density, aqueous solution Freezing point-solubility in water -Strontium iodide Freezing point-solubility in water -Strontium sulfate Freezing point-solubility in water -Styphnic acid Freezing point-solubility in water -Suberic acid Freezing point-solubility in water -Succinic acid Freezing point-solubility in water -Sucrose Density, aqueous solution Surface tension -Sulfur dioxide Freezing point-solubility -Sulfuric acid Density, aqueous solution -Tartaric acid Links 3.96 4.313 5.18 4.314 3.100 4.313 5.19 3.96 4.303 3.96 3.95 4.212 4.396 4.397 4.396 4.396 4.397 4.303 3.96 5.18 3.96 4.313 4.314 3.96 3.100 3.95 3.95 4.303 3.95 4.310 4.275 4.287 4.396 4.397 4.396 3.101 4.470 4.42 3.95 4.311 4.386 568 Index Terms Freezing point-solubility in water -Tellurium dioxide Freezing point-solubility in water -Thallium monochloride Solubility in water -Thallous oxalate Freezing point-solubility in water -Thorium oxalate Solubility in water -Thorium sulfate Freezing point-solubility in water -Thymol Freezing point-solubility in water -Toluene Boiling point elevation -Trichlorolactic acid Freezing point-solubility in water -Triphenylsulfanilic acid Freezing point-solubility in water -Uranous sulfate Density, aqueous solution -Urea Viscosity, aqueous solution -Zinc chloride Density, aqueous solution -Zinc sulfate Density, aqueous solution Reaction with Hydrogen cyanide Absorption spectra Birefringence, electrical Boiling point Critical point data Critical potentials Density Aqueous solution Liquid Dielectric constant Electrical conductivity Aqueous solution Free energy In water Ionization Solution Vaporization Heat of formation Heat of ionization Heat of vaporization Ionization constant Melting point under pressure Orthobaric density Refractivity Solubility in water Specific heat, gas Surface tension Toxicology Vapor pressure Aqueous solution Vapor pressure above 1 atm. Viscosity -Benzene* -Iodine Free energy of reaction -Potassium iodide Freezing point-solubility -Potassium nitrate Freezing point-solubility Links 4.396 4.290 7.319 4.300 7.318 7.319 4.278 4.397 3.328 4.395 4.397 3.95 5.24 3.95 3.95 7.254 5.331 7.110 3.215 3.232 6.72 3.61 3.28 6.83 6.143 6.261 7.244 7.245 7.245 7.245 7.245 5.182 7.245 5.136 7.245 4.10 3.231 7.10 3.261 5.80 4.448 2.319 3.214 3.365 3.231 7.213 7.245 4.48 4.48 5.334 3.232 3.248 7.245 3.215 569 Index Terms -Silver chloride Solubility in water -Silver cyanide Free energy of solution Solubility in water Hydrogen disulfide -Sulfur Freezing point-solubility Hydrogen fluoride Band spectra Density, aqueous solution Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Entropy change of formation Free energy Formation Polymer Polymerization Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Heat of formation Heat of polymerization Heat of vaporization Molecular weight of liquid Solubility in water Specific heat Aqueous solution Gas Transference numbers Vapor pressure -Antimony triflu oride* -Columbium pentafluoride*-Potassium fluoride -Lead fluoride-Potassium fluoride Freezing point-solubility in water -Lead fluoride-Sodium fluoride Freezing point-solubility in water -Mercuric oxide Freezing point-solubility in water -Potassium fluoride Freezing point-solubility in water -Potassium fluoride-Tantalum pentafluoride Freezing point-solubility in water -Silver fluoride Freezing point-solubility in water -Sodium fluoride Freezing point-solubilit y in water Hydrogen iodide Aqueous solution. See Hydriodic acid. Band spectra Boiling point Concentration cells Critical point data Critical potentials Density Aqueous solution Gas Liquid Dielectric constant Gas Liquid Solid Dispersion formula Electrical conductivity Aqueous solution Free energy Formation Reaction with sulfur Freezing point lowering in aqueous solution Links 7.271 7.271 7.271 4.31 5.414 3.54 6.260 7.232 7.232 7.232 7.232 4.254 5.176 7.232 5.136 7.232 3.258 5.122 7.232 6.310 3.213 4.261 7.232 4.273 4.273 4.273 7.259 4.274 4.274 4.274 4.274 5.414 1.106 6.323 3.228 6.72 3.55 3.3 1.106 6.74 6.76 6.76 7.11 6.142 6.241 7.235 7.235 7.237 4.254 1.162 3.248 3.22 6.242 3.228 3.328 570 Index Terms Heat of dissociation Heat of formation Heat of fusion Heat of transition Heat of vaporization Ionization by α-particles Melting point Orthobaric density Photochemical decomposit ion Photochemical oxidation Refractive index Aqueous solution Gas Liquid Solubility in water Sound, velocity of, in Specific heat Aqueous solution Gas Liquid Solid Transference number Transmission of radiant energy Vapor pressure Liquid Solid Vapor pressure above 1 atm. Verdet constant Aqueous solution Liquid Viscosity Aqueous solution Gas -Hydrogen sulfide Freezing point solubility Vapor pressure -Iodine Vapor pressure of aqueous solution -Methyl ether Freezing point-solubility -Toluene Boiling point elevation Hydrogen ion concentration Interfacial tension, effect on Water Hydrogen peroxide Absorption spectra, solutions Angle of contact Boiling point Decomposition, kinetics of Decomposition by catalase Density Aqueous solution Liquid Solid Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Free energy (gas, liquid, solid) Fusion In water Ionization Vaporization Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Heat of formation Heat of fusion Heat of vaporization Ionization constant Links 5.418 5.177 5.131 5.177 5.136 6.122 1.106 3.228 7.164 7.168 7.65 7.8 1.106 3.258 6.462 5.122 5.80 5.86 5.86 6.309 5.270 7.166 1.165 4.217 7.235 3.213 3.207 3.228 6.426 6.426 5.12 5.3 4.42 3.354 3.376 4.187 3.328 1.81 4.438 6.152 5.327 4.434 1.106 7.116 7.157 3.54 1.106 1.106 6.260 7.232 7.232 7.232 7.232 7.232 4.254 5.176 5.131 7.232 7.232 1.162 7.120 3.22 3.43 4.261 7.232 7.168 571 Index Terms Photochemical decomposition Quantum sensitivity Refractive index Silver reduction equivalent Solubility in water Specific heat Aqueous solution Gas Liquid Solid Surface tension Aqueous solution Vapor pressure -Acetophenone* -Ammonia* -Amyl acetate* -Amyl alcohol* -Aniline* -Benzene* -Chloroform* -Ethyl acetate* -Ethyl ether* -Ethyl isovalerate* -Isoamyl propionate Distribution coefficients in water -Isobutyl alcohol Distribution coefficients in water -Isobutyl butyrate Distribution coefficients in water -Methyl iodide Distribution coefficients in water -Nitrobenzene Distribution coefficients in water -Phenol Distribution coefficients in water -Potassium sulfate Freezing point-solubility in water -Propyl butyrate Distribution coefficients in water -Propyl formate Distribution coefficient in water -Quinoline Distribution coefficients in water -Sodium chloride Freezing point-solubility -Sodium nitrate Freezing point-solubility -Sodium sulfate Freezing point-solubility -Sucro se Freezing point-solubility -m-Toluidine Distribution coefficients in water Hydrogen selenide Boiling point Critical point data Decomposition pressure of hydrate Density Gas Dissociation constant Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Free energy of solution Heat of formation Heat of solution Ionization constant Orthobaric density Solubility in non-aqueous liquids Links 7.161 7.168 1.106 5.439 4.251 5.122 7.232 5.106 5.95 4.447 4.464 3.213 7.164 1.165 7.232 7.232 7.232 3.419 3.419 3.419 3.419 3.419 3.419 4.273 3.419 3.419 3.419 4.42 4.42 4.42 4.186 3.419 3.229 3.229 7.238 3.22 3.3 7.238 6.260 7.238 5.178 7.238 7.238 3.229 3.264 3.248 572 Index Terms Solubility in water Vapor pressure Liquid Solid Vapor pressure above 1 atm. -Iodine Equilibrium constant of reaction Hydrogen sulfide Absorption spectra, solutions Boiling point Critical point data Critical potentials Decomposition pressure of hydrate Density Gas Liquid Dielectric constant Gas Liquid Diffusion in gelatin solutions Dispersion formula Electrical conductivity Aqueous solution Free energy Formation Ionization In water Reaction with ammonia Reaction with iodine Reaction with lead sulfide Solution Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Heat of decomposition of hydrate Heat of formation Heat of ionization Heat of vaporization Ignition temperature Inflammability, limits of Ionization by γ-rays Ionization constants Ions, mobility of, in Melting point Orthobaric density Photochemical synthesis Polarization of light scattered by Reaction with poly sulfide ion Refractive index Gas Liquid Solubility in aqueous solutions Solubility in non-aqueous liquids Solubility in water Sound, velocity of, in Specific heat, gas Thermal conductivity Thermal expansion Toxicology Vapor pressure Aqueous solutions Liquid Solid Vapor pressure above 1 atm. Viscosity, gas -Ammonia* -Antimony* -Arsenic* -Benzene* Links 3.259 7.238 3.213 3.207 3.229 7.238 5.327 1.107 3.228 6.72 7.237 3.3 1.107 6.75 6.76 5.64 7.11 6.142 6.260 7.237 7.237 7.237 7.237 7.241 7.237 7.249 7.237 4.261 7.237 5.178 7.237 5.136 2.173 2.176 6.123 7.237 6.111 1.107 3.229 7.164 5.265 7.237 7.8 1.107 3.274 3.264 3.259 6.462 5.80 5.213 3.16 2.320 3.361 3.213 3.207 3.228 5.3 1.162 3.248 3.229 3.22 6.79 6.77 1.165 5.81 7.237 3.328 573 Index Terms -Boron fluoride* -Calcium sulfide* -Carbon dioxide* -Chloroform* -Hydrogen* -Hydrogen bromide* -Hydrogen chloride* -Hydrogen iodide* -Methyl alcohol Freezing point-solubility -Methyl ether Freezing point-solubility -Silver iodide Reaction in water -Toluene Boiling point elevation -Triethylammonium chloride Boiling point elevation Hydrogen telluride Density Gas Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Heat of formation Ionization constant Vapor pressure Liquid Solid Hydrogen tube, filters for Hydroglucal, optical rotatory power Hydroherderite Density Refractive index Hydrolysis, kinetics of Hydromagnesite Density Refractive index Hydrometer, definition Hydrometer scales Hydromuconic acids Heat of combustion Hydrone Hydronephelite Density Refractive index Hydroperoxide ion Free energy of formation Hydrophone Berger Hydrophone oscillator, Fessenden Hydrophyllite Density Melting point Refractive index See also Calcium chloride. Hydroquinine sulfate Absorption spectra Hydroquininone, absorption spectra Hydroquinol Absorption spectra Boiling point elevation in aqueous solution Crystallography Density, aqueous solution Diffusion in ethyl alcohol Links 4.212 4.212 7.272 3.328 3.328 3.22 3.3 6.260 5.178 7.238 3.213 3.207 5.272 7.406 1.146 1.146 7.128 1.141 1.141 1.37 1.31 1.171 7.140 7.153 1.170 5.165 2.377 1.153 1.153 1.166 7.231 6.457 6.454 6.455 1.143 1.143 1.143 1.165 5.370 5.379 5.372 5.339 3.327 1.326 3.114 5.74 5.361 5.375 5.377 574 Index Terms Diffusion in methyl alcohol Diffusion in water Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Flash point Heat of combustion Heat of dilution with water Heat of fusion Heat of solution in water Photoluminescence Refractive index Specific heat Aqueous solution Liquid Solid Surface tension, aqueous solution Vapor pressure Liquid Solid Viscosity, aqueous solution -Acetamide* -Acetic acid* -Acetone* -Acetophenone* -Acridine* -m-Aminophenol* -Ammonia* -Aniline* -Antipyrine* -Azobenzene* -p-Azoxyanisole* -Benzamide* -Benzhydrol* -Benzophenone* -Camphor* -Carbazole* -Catechol* -Catechol* -α-Nitronaphthalene -Catechol* -Resorcinol -Chloral hydrate* -Cineole* -Cinnamic acid* -Dimethyl oxalate* -Diphenylamine* -Diphenylmethane* -Ethyl alcohol* -Ethyl ether* -Fenchone* -Hydrogen chloride* -p-Hydroxybenzaldehyde Freezing point-solubility -p-Methoxycinnamic acid Freezing point-solubility -Naphthalene Freezing point-solubility -Naphthylamine (α-, β-) Freezing point-solubility -α-Nitronaphthalene Freezing point-solubility -Phenol Miscibility in water -Phenylenediamine (o-, m-, p-) Freezing point-solubility -p-Quinone Freezing point-solubility -Resorcinol Freezing point-solubility -Succinic acid Links 5.73 5.70 6.273 2.161 5.167 5.161 5.133 5.149 5.386 7.29 5.125 5.110 5.103 4.469 3.221 3.209 5.23 4.139 4.140 4.140 4.140 4.140 3.414 4.139 4.127 4.138 575 Index Terms Freezing point-solubility -Succinimide Freezing point-solubility -p-Toluidine Freezing point-solubility -Trimethylcarbinol Freezing point-solubility -1,3,5-Trinitrobenzene Freezing point-solubility -Triphenylcarbinol Freezing point-solubility -Triphenylmethane Freezing point-solubility Hydrosorbic acid Heat of combustion Hydrosulfide ion Free energy Dissociation constant Hydrotalcite Density Refractive index Hydroxide ion Free energy of formation Hydroxyacetanilide Heat of fusion Specific heat Liquid Solid Hydroxyazobenzene Magnetic susceptibility o-Hydroxybenzaldehyde. See Salicylaldehyde. m-Hydroxybenzaldehyde Absorption spectra Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Solubility in water -Benzene* -Benzoic acid* -Catechol* -Dinitrobenzene (o-, m-, p-)* -2,4-Dinitrophenol* -2,4-Dinitrotoluene* -Naphthol (α-, β-) Freezing point-solubility -Nitrophenol (o-, p-) Freezing point-solubility -Phenol Freezing point-solubility -Picric acid Freezing point-solubility -Pyrogallol Freezing point-solubility -Resorcinol Freezing point-solubility -Salicylic acid Freezing point-solubility -Trichlo roacetic acid Freezing point-solubility -2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene Freezing point-solubility p-Hydroxybenzaldehyde Absorption spectra Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Heat of solution in water Solubility in water -Benzene* Links 4.114 4.113 4.139 4.116 4.118 4.140 4.140 5.165 7.237 7.237 1.142 1.142 1.166 7.231 5.134 5.111 5.104 6.363 5.341 6.279 3.391 4.252 4.148 4.179 4.129 4.131 4.178 4.119 4.178 4.178 4.179 4.102 4.146 5.341 6.279 5.150 3.391 4.252 576 Index Terms -Dimethylaniline* -Hydroquinol* -Phenol Freezing point-solubility -Trichloroacetic acid Freezing point-solubility Hydroxybenzamide (o-, m-, p-) Heat of solution in water m-Hydroxybenzamide hydrochloride Heat of solution in water Hydroxybenzoic acids Vapor pressure Liquid Solid o-Hydroxybenzoic acid. See Salicylic acid. m-Hydroxybenzoic acid Absorption spectra Boiling point elevation in aqueous solution Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Heat of combustion Heat of solution in water Solubility in water -Benzamide* -Benzene* -Cineole* -Ethyl acetate* -Ethyl alcohol* -Methyl alcohol Heat of solution p-Hydroxybenzoic acid Absorption spectra Boiling point elevation in aqueous solution Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Heat of combustion Heat of solution in water Photoluminescence Solubility in water -Benzamide* -Benzene* -Cineole* -Ethyl alcohol* -Ethyl ether* o-Hydroxybenzyl alcohol Diffusion in ethyl alcohol Diffusion in water Heat of solution in water -Ethyl alcohol* Hydroxybutyric acid -Ethyl ether* α-Hydroxybutyric acid, electrical conductivity, aqueous solution β-Hydroxybutyric acid Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Heat of combustion Optical rotatory power γ-Hydroxybutyric acid, electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Hydroxychlorobenzoic acids (o-, m-, p-) Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution p-Hydroxycinnamic acid Heat of combustion 1-Hydroxy-2-(p-nitrophenyl)-ethyl methyl ketone, crystallization velocity Hydroxyhydroquinol, boiling point elevation in aqueous solution Links 4.135 4.102 5.150 5.150 3.223 3.209 5.341 3.327 6.279 5.165 5.150 4.252 5.362 5.152 5.341 3.327 6.279 5.165 5.150 5.386 4.252 5.74 5.71 5.150 6.267 6.268 5.165 7.366 6.268 6.278 5.165 5.61 3.327 5.362 577 Index Terms Hydroxyisobutyric acid Density, aqueous solution Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Heat of combustion Surface tension, aqueous solution 1-Hydroxyisocaproic acid -Carbon tetrachloride* Hydroxylamine Absorption spectra, solution Boiling point Density Aqueous solution Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Heat of formation Melting point Refractive index Silver reduction equivalent Hydroxylamine hydrochloride Absorption spectra, solutions Density, aqueous solution Heat of formation Specific heat, aqueous solution Vapor pressure lowering in aqueous solution -Ethyl alcohol* -Methyl alcohol Boiling point elevation Hydroxylamine nitrate Heat of formation Hydroxylamine sulfate Heat of formation Specific heat, aqueous solution Hydroxylamine trichloroacetate Specific heat, aqueous solution o-Hydroxymethylbenzoic acid Heat of combustion o-Hydroxy-m-methylbenzylideneanilide Transition temperature Hydroxymethylenebenzyl cyanide Dielectric absorption Dielectric constant 3-Hydroxymethylenecamphor Dielectric absorption Dielectric constant 3-Hydroxy-4-methoxytoluene Verdet constant α-Hydroxy-β-phenylpropionic acid Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Optical rotatory power β-Hydroxy-β-phenylpropionic acid Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Optical rotatory power β-Hydroxypropionic acid, freezing point lowering of aqueous solution 8-Hydroxyquinoline Absorption spectra -Benzene* Hydroxytoluic acids Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Heat of combustion Solubility in water Vapor pressure Liquid Solid Links 3.114 6.268 5.165 4.468 5.328 1.108 1.108 3.57 6.260 5.179 1.108 1.108 5.439 1.162 1.165 5.328 3.60 5.179 5.122 3.293 3.333 5.179 5.179 5.122 5.124 5.165 4.8 6.94 6.94 6.96 6.96 6.429 6.291 7.367 6.291 7.367 4.262 5.344 6.286 5.165 3.392 3.224 3.209 4.253 578 Index Terms Hydroxytoluic aldehydes Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Solubility in water Hydroxytriazole Tautomerism, kinetics of Hydroxy valeric acid (α-, γ-), electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Hydrozincite Density Refractive index Hygroscopicity Hyosciamine sulfate Absorption spectra, ultra-violet Hyoscyamine Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Optical rotatory power Racemization, kinetics of Hypersthene, compressibility Hypobromous acid Absorption spectra, solutions Dissociation constant Free energy Aqueous solution Formation Heat of formation Hypochlorous acid Absorption spectra, solutions Free energy Aqueous solution Formation Ion Ionization Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Heat of formation Ionization constant Photochemical formation Hypoiodous acid Free energy Heat of formation Ionization constant Hypophosphoric acid Electrical conductivity Aqueous solution Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Heat of formation Hypophosphorous acid Electrical conductivity aqueous solution Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Heat of formation Heat of fusion Hyposulfurous acid Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Heat of formation Hypsometry, definition Hysteresis Ia-Ia (alloy) Electrical conductivity Ice Compressibility Density Dielectric constant Electrical conductivity Emission, spectral Refractive index Links 6.285 3.392 4.252 7.119 6.270 1.119 1.119 2.237 1.172 2.321 5.367 6.301 7.432 7.118 3.50 5.327 7.235 7.235 7.235 5.177 5.327 7.233 7.234 7.233 7.233 4.254 5.177 7.233 7.164 4.261 7.236 5.177 7.236 6.243 6.260 4.255 5.180 6.260 4.255 5.180 5.131 6.242 5.178 1.37 6.370 2.377 6.169 3.50 2.315 6.78 6.152 5.258 7.17 4.261 4.261 2.464 2.480 579 Index Terms Specific heat Thermal conductivity Thermal diffusivity Thermal expansion Vapor pressure See also Water. Ice point, definition Iceland, weights and measures Iceland spar Electrical conductivity Refractive index Solution velocity in acids Specific heat See also Calcium carbonate. Iddingsite Density Refractive index Ideal alloy, electrical conductivity Iditol, optical rotatory power Idonic acid, optical rotatory power Ignition pin alloy Ignition temperature Illium (alloy) Illmenite Compressibility Density Electrical conductivity Thermal conductivity Illuminants Commercial, luminous efficiency Photographic efficiency Selected sources Illumination Definition Surface, conversion factors Ilvaite Density Refractive index Thermal conductivity Iminocamphor Optical rotatory power Immadium bronze Impact resistance, definition Imperial (alloy) Imphy crucible steel Electrical conductivity Impsonite Indaconine, optical rotatory power Indaconitine, optical rotatory power Indene Birefringence, magnetic Magnetic susceptibility Refractive index Verdet constant -Acenaphthene* -Fluorene* -Naphthalene Freezing point-solubility Index of refraction. See Refractive index. Indicators Absorption spectra Links 5.95 2.315 2.316 3.43 3.210 5.216 5.217 1.37 1.8 6.154 7.24 5.58 5.99 1.129 1.129 6.169 7.388 7.397 2.377 2.150 2.377 5.59 1.172 2.161 3.50 1.129 6.148 5.232 5.437 5.445 5.247 1.38 1.26 1.145 1.145 5.232 7.449 2.377 2.x 2.377 6.200 2.169 7.477 7.478 7.111 6.363 7.45 6.430 4.180 7.188 1.173 2.480 2.172 5.231 580 Index Terms Acid-base Rearrangement, kinetics of Indigo, heat of combustion Indigo dyes, absorption spectra Indigotin -Aniline* -Phenol Boiling point elevation -Quinoline Boiling point elevation -p-Toludine Boiling point elevation Indium Boiling point Compressibility Critical potentials Density Electrical conductivity Liquid Solid Low temperature Electrode potential Emission spectra Hall effect Hardness Isotopes Magnetic susceptibility Melting point Nernst effect Persistent lines Quantum numbers Specific heat Spectral series Thermal expansion Thermochemistry Thermoelectric properties X-ray absorption limits X-ray crystal structure X-ray emission spectra X-ray series, limiting frequencies -Gallium* -Iodine Freezing point-solubility -Lead Electrical conductivity Equilibrium diagram Extrusion pressure -Mercury Density Specific volume -Thallium Equilibrium diagram Indium bromide Ammines, heat of formation Density, aqueous solution Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Heat of formation Specific heat, aqueous solution Indium dichloride Heat of formation Indium iodide Ammines, heat of formation Heat of formation Indium oxide Heat of formation Links 1.81 7.127 5.168 7.202 1.84 3.345 3.346 3.346 1.102 3.47 6.71 1.104 1.103 1.104 6.127 6.320 5.300 6.416 2.592 1.45 6.355 1.104 6.420 5.323 5.408 1.104 5.399 1.104 5.184 6.214 6.38 1.340 6.38 6.35 2.456 6.136 6.133 5.93 2.460 4.24 6.192 2.414 2.593 2.589 2.589 2.436 5.184 3.63 6.234 5.184 5.122 5.184 5.184 5.184 5.184 6.239 6.137 581 Index Terms Specific heat Indium rubidium sulfate Density Refractive index Indium sesquioxide X-ray diffraction data Indium sulfide, magnetic susceptibility Indium trichloride Ammines, heat of formation Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Heat of formation Magnetic susceptibility Indobenzaconine, optical rotatory power Indo -China French, weights and measures Indole Absorption spectra Heat of combustion Inductance , definition Induction, flux of, conversion factors Induction, magnetic Indurated fiber. See Vulcanized fiber. Infusorial earth. See Diatomaceous earth. Infusorial earth brick , expansion on heating Injector bronze Ink, albedo Inner quantum number Inositol Crystallography Heat of combustion Heat of solution in water Insect oil Composition Instrument bronze Insulate Dielectric strength Electrical conductivity Insulating materials Acoustical Electrical High temperatures Moisture content at various humidities Oils Plastics Solids Thermal Insulators , electrical Insulite Intensity, luminous, definition Intensity coefficient Interfacial tension Gas at interface, effect of Pressure, effect of Internal pressure International electrical units International ellipsoid of reference Surface, distances upon International temperature scale Intramolecular transformations, kinetics of Links 5.96 1.159 1.159 1.165 1.342 6.357 5.184 6.231 5.184 6.357 7.478 6.232 1.8 5.342 5.168 1.38 1.26 6.366 2.84 2.377 5.262 6.25 5.364 2.569 1.326 5.164 5.150 2.203 2.207 2.377 2.310 2.310 6.458 2.299 2.316 2.323 2.305 2.299 2.307 2.312 2.304 2.46 1.38 1.18 4.436 4.474 4.439 4.19 1.18 1.393 1.394 1.52 7.118 2.304 2.309 1.38 5.366 5.370 5.373 582 Index Terms Inulin Diffusion in water Heat of combustion Heat of solution in water Hydrolysis, velocity of Invar Electrical conductivity Kerr constant Specific heat Thermal conductivity Thermal expansion Inversion temperature , gases Invert sugar Decomposition by acid, velocity of Optical rotation Invertase Inyoite Density Refractive index Iodate ion, free energy Iodic acid Absorption spectra, solutions Boiling point elevation in aqueous solution Decomposition pressure Density, aqueous solution Free energy of aqueous solution Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Heat of formation Optical rotatory power Reduction of Refractive index, aqueous solution Solubility in water Specific heat, aqueous solution X-ray absorption limits -Ammonium iodate* -Molybdenum trioxide Density, aqueous solution Refractive index, aqueous solution -Nitric acid Density, aqueous solution -Potassium hydroxide Freezing point-solubility in water -Sodium hydroxide Refractive index, aqueous solution -Sodium iodate Freezing point-solubility in water -Sulfuric acid Freezing point-solubility in water Iodides -Benzene*-Iodine Iodine Absorption, index of Absorption spectra, solutions Adsorption by charcoal Band spectra Boiling point Compressibility Concentration cells Condensation, irreversible, temperature of Critical constants Critical potentials Cryoscopic constant Density Liquid Solid Links 5.72 5.167 5.150 2.350 2.377 6.185 6.435 5.118 5.225 2.471 5.146 2.471 2.482 2.350 2.350 7.154 1.145 1.145 7.235 5.327 3.325 7.236 3.55 7.236 4.254 5.177 7.353 7.149 7.65 4.217 5.122 6.45 1.169 3.104 3.96 7.91 3.96 4.321 7.91 4.321 4.320 5.249 5.327 3.251 5.415 1.102 3.46 6.323 5.54 1.102 6.71 4.214 1.102 1.104 3.325 3.201 6.72 3.20 3.21 3.248 583 Index Terms Dielectric constant Diffusion in benzene Diffusion in ethyl alcohol Diffusion in methyl alcohol Diffusion in organic liquids Diffusion in potassium iodide solution Diffusion of vapor in air Dissociation, work of Dissymetry in emission of electrons freed by X-rays Electrical conductivity Liquid Solid Electrode potential Electrons, absorption of, by Electrons freed by X-rays, energy of Emission spectra Entropy Evaporation, velocity of Free energy Dissociation Electrode reaction Fusion In water Reaction with hydrogen Reaction with hydrogen sulfide Reaction with water Sublimation Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Heat content Heat of dissociation Heat of fusion Heat of vaporization Internal pressure Ionization, atomic Isotopes Magnetic susceptibility Melting point Overvoltage Persistent lines Photoconductivity Pressure-volume relations for gas Quantum numbers Refractive index Aqueous solution Gas Solid Solubility in solutions Solubility in water Sound, velocity of, in Specific heat Gas Liquid Solid Thermal conductivity Thermal expansion Thermochemistry Thermodynamic potential Toxicology Transition temperature Vapor pressure Viscosity Gas Liquid X-ray absorption limits X-ray emission spectra X-ray series, limiting frequencies X-rays, absorption coefficient Links 6.75 5.74 5.73 5.72 5.75 5.63 5.62 5.72 6.5 1.103 1.104 7.235 6.61 6.4 5.299 5.88 5.54 7.235 7.235 7.235 7.235 7.235 7.235 7.237 7.235 7.235 4.254 5.88 5.418 1.104 1.102 4.19 6.122 1.45 6.355 1.104 6.340 5.323 6.66 3.435 5.408 7.65 7.7 5.249 4.266 4.31 6.462 6.142 6.153 7.236 4.261 5.135 7.11 6.463 5.80 1.103 1.104 5.216 1.102 5.177 5.88 2.320 4.6 3.201 5.81 5.93 5.85 1.102 7.212 6.38 6.38 6.35 6.13 5.2 1.104 6.45 6.16 7.235 5.88 584 Index Terms X-rays, emission efficiency Zeeman effect -Acetic acid* -Acetone* -Acetylene dichloride* -Aluminum iodide* -Ammonium iodide* -Ammonium iodide*-Nitrobenzene -Amyl alcohol* -Aniline hydroiodide* -Antimony* -Antimony pentachloride* -Antimony pentiodide* -Antimony triiodide* -Arsenic* -Arsenous iodide* -Azobenzene* -Barium iodide*-Nitrobenzene -Barium iodide*-Water -Benzene* -Benzene*-Carbon tetrachloride -Benzene*-Chloroform -Benzene*-Ethyl ether -Benzene*-Iodides -Benzene*-Methylene iodide -Benzoic acid* -Benzoic anhydride* -Bismuth* -Bismuth iodide* -Bromine* -Bromoform* -Calcium iodide* -Carbon disulfide* -Carbon disulfide*-Carbon tetrachloride -Carbon disulfide*-Chloroform -Carbon disulfide*-Ethyl alcohol -Carbon disulfide*-Ethyl ether -Carbon disulfide*-Sulfur -Carbon tetrachloride* -Cesium chloride*-Nitrobenzene -Cesium iodide* -Cesium iodide*-o-Nitrotoluene -Cesium iodide*-Water -Chlorine* -Chlorobenzene* -Chloroform* -Chloroform*-Ethyl alcohol -Chloroform*-Ethyl ether -Chloroform*-Propyl alcohol -Cupric nitrate*-Lead iodide-Lead nitrate -Cuprous iodide*-Water -Decahydronaphthalene* -p-Dibromobenzene* -Dimethylphenylammonium iodide*-Nitrobenzene -p-Dinitrobenzene* -Diphenyl* -Ethyl acetate* -Ethyl acetate*-Potassium iodide -Ethyl alcohol* -Ethyl alcohol* -Ethyl ether -Ethyl alcohol* -Potassium iodide -Ethyl bromide*-Potassium iodide -Ethyl chloride* -Ethyl ether* -Ethyl ether* -Methyl iodide -Ethyl iodide* -Ethylene bromide* Links 6.11 5.420 585 Index Terms -Ethylene chloride* -Ferric iodide* -Glycerol* -Heptane* -Hexane* -Hydrogen cyanide* -Hydrogen iodide* -Hydrogen selenide* -Indium* -Iodoform Freezing point lowering -Iodoform -Methylene iodide Density -Iodoform -Methylene iodide-Xylene Density -β-Iodopropionic acid Freezing point lowering -Isobutyl alcohol- Potassium iodide Freezing point-solubility -Lead iodide Freezing point-solubility in water -Lead iodide-Lead nitrate Density, aqueous solution -Lead nitrate Density, aqueous solution -Lithium iodide-Nitrobenzene Freezing point-solubility -Mercuric chloride Freezing point-solubility in water -Mercuric iodide Electrical conductivity Freezing point lowering Freezing point-solubility -Methyl acetate Density -Methyl alcohol Boiling point elevation Density Surface tension -Methyl alcohol- Potassium iodide Density Surface tension Viscosity -Methyl iodide Freezing point-solubility -Methylal Boiling point elevation -Methylene iodide Density Freezing point lowering -Methylene iodide-Xylene Density -Naphthalene Freezing point lowering Freezing point-solubility -o-Nitroanisole-Potassium iodide Freezing point-solubility -Nitrobenzene Density Distribution coefficients in water Freezing point lowering -Nitrobenzene-Phenylammonium iodide Freezing point-solubility -Nitrobenzene-Potassium bromide Freezing point-solubility -Nitrobenzene-Potassium chloride Freezing point-solubility Links 4.37 3.132 3.132 4.37 4.268 4.266 3.100 3.96 4.269 4.266 6.150 4.37 4.31 3.132 3.333 3.132 4.470 3.132 4.474 5.30 4.33 3.340 3.132 4.38 3.132 4.37 4.34 4.268 3.132 3.420 4.270 4.270 4.268 4.269 4.269 586 Index Terms -Nitrobenzene-Potassium iodide Freezing point-solubility -Nitrobenzene-Rubidium chloride Freezing point-solubility -Nitrobenzene-Rubidium iodide Freezing point-solubility -Nitrobenzene-Sodium iodide Freezing point-solubility -Nitrobenzene-Strontium iodide Freezing point-solubility -Nitrobenzene-Tetramethylammonium iodide Freezing point-solubility -Nitromethane-Potassium iodide Freezing point-solubility -Nitropentane-Potassium iodide Freezing point-solubility -o-Nitrotoluene-Pota ssium iodide Freezing point-solubility -m-Nitrotoluene-Potassium iodide Freezing point-solubility -m-Nitrotoluene-Sodium iodide Freezing point-solubility -Pentachloroethane Distribution coefficients in water Freezing point-solubility -Phenanthraquinone Freezing point lowering -Phenylacetonitrile Density -Phosgene Boiling point elevation -Phosphorus Boiling point elevation Freezing point lowering -Potassium azide Freezing point-solubility -Potassium bromide Freezing point-solubility in water -Potassium iodide Boiling point elevation Density, aqueous solution Freezing point lowering Freezing point-solubility Freezing point-solubility in water -Potassium iodide-Trichloronitromethane Freezing point-solubility -Pyridine Density -Rubidium iodide Boiling point elevation Freezing point lowering Freezing point-solubility in water -Selenium Boiling point elevation Density Freezing point lowering Freezing point-solubility Vapor pressure -Silver Electrode potential -Silver iodate Free energy of reaction -Silver nitrite Reaction in carbon tetrachloride -Sodium bromide Freezing point-solubility in water -Sodium formate Links 4.268 4.269 4.269 4.268 4.268 4.269 4.269 4.270 4.269 4.270 4.268 4.269 4.268 4.268 4.269 4.268 4.269 4.269 3.420 4.33 4.37 3.132 3.330 3.325 4.37 4.267 4.267 3.325 3.96 4.37 4.31 4.267 4.268 3.132 3.325 4.37 4.267 3.325 3.132 4.37 4.24 3.354 7.268 7.269 7.269 4.267 4.269 587 Index Terms Photochemical reaction -Sodium iodide Freezing point-solubility in water -Stannic iodide Boiling point elevation Freezing point lowering -Sulfur Boiling point elevation Freezing point lowering Freezing point-solubility Vapor pressure -Tellurium Boiling point elevation Density Freezing point lowering Freezing point-solubility Vapor pressure -Tetrachloroethane Distribution coefficients in water Freezing point-solubility -Tetrachloroethylene Distribution coefficients in water Freezing point-solubility -Tetralin Distribution coefficients in water -Tetramethylammonium iodide Freezing point lowering Freezing point-solubility -Thionyl chloride Boiling point elevation -Tin Freezing point-solubility -Toluene Density -Trichloroethylene Distribution coefficients in water -Trimethylphenylammonium iodide Freezing point lowering Freezing point-solubility -Trimethyltoluylammonium iodide Freezing point lowering Iodine bromide Heat of formation Sound, velocity of, in vapor Iodine monochloride Band spectra Density Heat of dissociation Heat of formation Heat of fusion Sound, velocity of, in vapor Specific heat Gas Liquid -Carbon tetrachloride* Iodine pentoxide Heat of formation Iodine trichloride Heat of formation -Bromine* -Phosgene Boiling point elevation Iodine value, definition Iodoacenaphthene Absorption spectra -Acenaphthene* Links 7.165 4.267 3.325 4.37 3.325 4.37 4.23 3.354 3.325 3.132 4.37 4.24 3.354 3.420 4.33 3.420 4.33 3.420 4.37 4.33 3.328 4.24 3.132 3.420 4.37 4.34 4.37 5.177 6.462 5.414 3.22 5.418 5.177 5.131 6.462 5.80 5.106 5.177 5.177 3.330 2.xii 5.348 5.81 588 Index Terms -Bromoacenaphthene* -Chloroacenaphthene* Iodoacetic acid Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Esterification constant p-Iodoaniline Absorption spectra -Isoamyl acetate Density Viscosity Iodoanilinesulfonic acids , electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Iodobenzene Absorption spectra Azeotropic mixtures Birefringence Boiling point Critical constants Density Dielectric constant Diffusion in benzene Diffusion in ethyl alcohol Diffusion in methyl alcohol Heat of combustion Internal pressure Magnetic susceptibility Orthobaric density Refractive index Specific heat Surface tension Vapor pressure Vapor pressure above 1 atm. Verdet constant Viscosity -Aniline* -Antimony tribromide* -Antimony trichloride* -Benzene* -Bromobenzene* -Chlorobenzene* -Diethyl tartrate* -Fluorobenzene* o-Iodobenzoic acid Absorption spectra Crystallography Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution -Chloroform* -Ethyl ether* -Xylene Distribution coefficients in water m-Iodobenzoic acid Absorption spectra Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Iodoform Absorption spectra Density Diffusion in benzene Diffusion in methyl alcohol Heat of combustion -Benzene*-Bromoform -Benzene*-Methylene iodide -Bromoform* -Bromoform*-Xylene -Iodine* -Iodine*-Methylene iodide -Iodine*-Methylene iodide-Xylene Links 6.262 7.138 5.339 3.182 5.47 6.273 5.332 3.322 7.111 3.221 3.246 3.29 6.89 5.74 5.74 5.72 5.169 4.19 6.362 3.246 7.38 5.103 4.436 3.221 3.246 6.429 7.217 5.338 3.248 3.33 4.454 5.340 1.327 6.278 3.429 5.340 6.278 5.331 3.45 5.74 5.72 5.168 5.334 589 Index Terms -Methylene iodide-Xylene Density α-Iodonaphthalene -Quinoline Density Refractive index β-Iodonaphthalene Cryoscopic constant -Quinoline Density Refractive index Dispersion o-Iodonitrobenzene Surface tension -p-Iodonitrohenzene Freezing point-solubility m-Iodonitrobenzene Crystallization velocity Surface tension -m-Bromonitrobenzene* -m-Chloronitrobenzene* p-Iodonitrobenzene -o-Iodonitrobenzene* o-Iodophenol -p-Iodophenol Freezing point-solubility p-Iodophenol Absorption spectra -o-Iodophenol* 1-Iodo-2-phenylacetylene Magnetic susceptibility Iodopropionic acid Diffusion in methyl alcohol Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution -Chloroform* -Dimethylpyrone* -Ethyl ether* -Iodine* -Sodium β-iodopropionate Freezing point-solubility in water -Xylene Distribution coefficient in water 3-Iodopropylene Azeotropic mixtures Diffusion in methyl alcohol Surface tension Verdet constant Viscosity Iodosuccinimide, refractive index p-Iodotoluene Cryoscopic constant Dielectric constant Heat of fusion Melting point under pressure Surface tension Iodoxylenes, refractive index Iodyrite Density Refractive index See also Silver iodide. Ionic conductivity Atmospheric Links 3.197 7.87 7.87 4.184 7.87 7.87 7.106 4.453 4.175 5.61 4.453 4.176 5.338 6.362 5.72 6.264 4.411 3.425 3.320 5.72 4.449 6.428 7.214 7.29 3.323 4.183 6.92 5.133 4.10 4.456 7.43 1.124 1.124 6.230 6.442 1.167 590 Index Terms Ionic mobility Conversion factors Radioactive elements Ionization Gaseous Heat of Radioactive rays Ionization constants Weak electrolytes Ionization potentials See Critical potentials. Ions Conductivity of, aqueous solution Gaseous Diffusivity Mobility Types of Heat of formation Hydration values Mobility Pressure, effect of Temperature, effect of Normal Slow Transference numbers Vapors, condensation of, on Ipuranol, optical rotatory power Indium Absorption, index of Boiling point Compressibility Density Elastic properties Electrical conductivity Low temperature Emission, spectral Emission spectra Evaporation, rate of Hall effect Hardness Magnetic susceptibility Melting point Nernst effect Persistent lines Photoelectric threshold Quantum numbers Refraction, index of Righi-Leduc effect Specific heat Spectral series Thermal conductivity Thermal expansion Thermochemistry Thermoelectric properties X-ray absorption limits X-ray crystal structure X-ray emission spectra Zeeman effect -Osmium X-ray diffraction data -Platinum Annealing temperature Density Electrical conductivity Magnetic field, effect of Evaporation, velocity of Links 1.29 1.364 6.119 5.170 1.363 6.53 1.365 6.57 1.367 6.259 6.230 6.115 6.111 6.110 5.169 6.311 6.111 6.114 6.114 6.110 6.110 6.311 6.117 7.463 5.249 1.102 3.47 1.104 2.588 1.104 6.127 5.242 5.300 5.54 6.416 2.588 6.355 1.104 6.420 5.323 6.68 5.408 5.249 6.421 1.104 5.399 5.220 1.104 5.189 6.214 6.41 1.340 6.41 5.420 1.349 2.591 2.589 6.195 6.422 5.54 5.252 3.48 2.456 6.136 6.133 5.253 5.252 5.93 5.221 2.460 6.137 6.69 591 Index Terms Hardness Specific heat Specific volume Thermal conductivity Thermal expansion Thermoelectric properties Indium black Hydrogen adsorption of, by Indium dichloride Decomposition pressure Heat of formation Indium monochloride Decomposition pressure -Ethyl ether* Indium oxide, heat of formation Indium potassium chloride Density, aqueous solution Indium potassium trioxalate Optical rotatory power Iridium trichloride Decomposition pressure Heat of formation Indosmine (alloy) Irish Free State Weights and measures Iron Absorption, index of Ammonia, reaction with Brightness temperature Boiling point Carbon dioxide, reaction with Carbon monoxide, reaction with Cast Acoust ic resistivity Analyses, table of Compressibility Density Elastic properties Electrical conductivity Emission, spectral Endurance limits Hardness Heat of fusion Magnetic properties Manganese content, effect of Manganese content and shrinkage Mechanical properties Oxidized, emission, spectral Silicon content, effect of Sound, velocity of, in Specific heat Surface tension Thermal conductivity Thermal expansion Volume change on solidification Cathodoluminescence Coated sheets, emission, spectral Compressibility Contact potential Corbino effect Critical potentials Curie point Demagnetization by impact Demagnetization by torsion Density Links 2.588 5.121 2.589 5.225 2.467 6.220 3.253 7.274 5.189 7.274 5.189 3.91 7.353 7.274 5.189 2.377 1.7 5.249 7.279 1.60 1.102 7.277 7.279 6.459 2.485 3.50 2.517 2.516 6.188 5.244 2.600 2.527 2.459 6.374 2.525 2.476 2.497 5.244 2.525 6.459 2.518 4.440 2.518 2.470 2.476 5.388 5.244 3.47 6.57 6.419 6.71 6.408 6.441 6.441 5.252 5.245 3.205 2.608 6.376 2.526 2.527 5.118 2.472 5.390 3.48 6.385 6.400 592 Index Terms Liquid Solid Electrical conductivity Low temperature Magnetic field, effect of Electrode potential Electrolytic Electrical conductivity Mechanical properties Thermal expansion Electronic structure, normal and excited Electrons, transmitted, velocity of Electrons excited by X-rays, number of Emission, spectral Emission spectra Endurance limits Entropy Ettingshausen effect Free energy of electrode reaction Gamma rays, absorption coefficient Hall effect Heat content Heat of fusion Heat of transformation Heat of transition Heat of vaporization Hydrogen, permeability to Hydrogen, solubility of, in Ingot, thermal expansion Isotopes Joule effect Kerr constant Magnetic moment Magnetic properties Crystals Magnetization by rotation Magneton number Melting point Nagaoka-Honda effect Nernst effect Nitrogen, reaction with Nitrogen, solubility of, in Oxygen, solubility of, in Peltier coefficient Persistent lines Photoelectric threshold Pig, heat of fusion Quantum numbers Radiation temperature, total Refraction, index of Righi-Leduc effect Rotation by magnetization Solution velocity in acids Solution velocity in dissolved iodine Solution velocity in salt solutions Sound, velocity of, in Specific heat Liquid Solid Spectral series Swedish, electrical conductivity Thermal conductivity Magnetic field, effect of Thermal expansion Thermochemistry Thermodynamic potential Thermoelectric properties Links 1.102 1.104 1.104 6.127 6.423 6.319 6.174 2.478 2.472 6.71 6.62 6.5 5.242 5.293 2.600 5.88 6.419 7.276 6.614 6.416 5.88 1.104 2.458 5.190 1.102 5.76 3.270 2.470 1.45 6.440 6.435 6.346 6.374 6.410 6.347 6.346 1.104 6.441 6.420 7.279 3.270 3.270 6.228 5.323 6.68 2.459 5.408 5.246 5.249 6.421 6.347 5.59 5.57 5.57 6.465 5.94 1.104 5.398 6.174 5.220 6.424 1.104 5.190 5.88 6.214 2.463 2.456 6.136 6.132 6.424 6.332 6.140 7.276 5.253 2.602 2.605 2.606 6.21 6.418 2.458 6.376 6.378 5.252 5.58 5.85 5.88 5.221 2.460 6.225 6.226 5.93 593 Index Terms Thomson coefficient Vapor pressure Viscosity, tangential coefficient Wiedemann effect Water vapor, reaction with X-ray absorption limits X-ray crystal structure X-ray diffraction data X-ray emission spectra X-ray lines, relative intensity X-ray series, limiting frequencies X-ray wave lengths, standard X-rays Absorption, discontinuity in Absorption coefficient Emission efficiency Scattering, modification by Scattering coefficient Young's modulus, magnetic field, effect of Zeeman effect -Aluminum* -Aluminum*-Carbon -Aluminum*-Carbon-Chromium -Aluminum*-Carbon-Copper-Manganese -Aluminum*-Carbon-Manganese-Nickel -Aluminum*-Carbon-Silicon -Aluminum*-Chromium -Copper -Aluminum*-Chromium -Copper-Silicon -Aluminum*-Copper -Aluminum*-Copper-Magnesium -Aluminum*-Copper-Manganese -Aluminum*-Copper-Manganese-Silicon -Aluminum*-Copper-Manganese-Silicon-Zinc -Aluminum*-Copper-Manganese-Tin -Zinc -Aluminum*-Copper-Nickel-Silicon -Aluminum*-Copper-Nickel-Silicon-Zinc -Aluminum*-Copper-Silicon -Aluminum*-Copper-Silicon-Zinc -Aluminum*-Copper-Zinc -Aluminum*-Silicon -Aluminum*-Tin -Antimony* -Antimony*-Cobalt -Arsenics -Arsenic*-Copper -Arsenic*-Copper-Manganese-Phosphorus -Arsenic*-Copper-Silicon -Beryllium* -Bismuths -Boron* -Boron*-Carbon -Carbons -Carbon*-Cerium -Carbon*-Cerium -Chromium -Carbon*-Cerium -Chromium-Nickel -Carbon*-Cerium -Nickel -Carbon*-Chromium -Carbon*-Chromium-Copper -Carbon*-Chromium-Copper-Nickel -Carbon*-Chromium-Copper-Tungsten -Carbon*-Chromium-Manganese -Carbon*-Chromium-Manganese-M olybdenum-Nickel -Carbon*-Chromium-Manganese-Molybdenum-Silicon -Carbon*-Chromium-Manganese-Silicon -Carbon*-Chromium-Manganese-Silicon-Tungsten -Carbon*-Chromium-Molybdenum -Carbon*-Chromium-Molybdenum -Nickel Links 6.228 3.205 5.7 6.441 7.277 6.37 1.340 2.356 6.37 6.32 6.35 6.34 6.12 6.13 6.11 6.17 6.17 6.440 5.420 6.44 594 Index Terms -Carbon*-Chromium-Molybdenum -Tungsten-Vanadium -Carbon*-Chromium-Molybdenum -Vanadium -Carbon*-Chromium-Nickel -Carbon*-Chromium-Nickel-Silicon -Carbon*-Chromium-Nickel-Uranium -Carbon*-Chromium-Nickel-Vanadium -Carbon*-Chromium-Silicon -Carbon*-Chromium-Tungsten -Carbon*-Chromium-Uranium -Carbon*-Chromium-Vanadium -Carbon*-Cobalt-Manganese-Silicon -Carbon*-Copper-Manganese -Carbon*-Copper-Manganese-Nickel -Carbon*-Copper-Manganese-Silicon -Carbon*-Copper-Nickel -Carbon*-Manganese -Carbon*-Manganese-Molybdenum -Carbon*-Manganese-Molybdenum-Nickel -Carbon*-Manganese-Nickel -Carbon*-Manganese-Nickel-Silicon -Carbon*-Manganese-Silicon -Carbon*-Manganese-Silicon-Tungs -Carbon*-Manganese-Tungsten -Carbon*-Molybdenum -Carbon*-Molybdenum-Nickel -Carbon*-Molybdenum-Silicon -Carbon*-Molybdenum-Vanadium -Carbon*-Nickel -Carbon*-Nickel-Silicon -Carbon*-Nickel-Uranium -Carbon*-Nickel-Vanadium -Carbon*-Nickel-Zirconium -Carbon*-Phosphorus -Carbon*-Phosphorus-Sulfur -Carbon*-Silicon -Carbon*-Sulfur -Carbon*-Tantalum -Carbon*-Titanium -Carbon*-Tungsten -Carbon*-Tungsten-Vanadium -Carbon*-Uranium -Carbon*-Vanadium -Cerium* -Chromium* -Chromium*-Manganese-Nickel -Chromium*-Manganese-Silicon -Chromium*-Molybdenum -Chromium*-Molybdenum-Tungsten -Chromium*-Nickel -Chromium*-Nickel-Silicon -Chromium*-Nickel-Silicon-Vanadium -Chromium*-Silicon -Chromium*-Silicon-Titanium -Chromium*-Tungsten -Chromium*-Vanadium -Cobalt* -Cobalt*-Copper-Nickel-Zinc -Cobalt*-Nickel -Copper* -Copper*-Lead-Tin-Zinc -Copper*-Manganese -Copper*-Manganese-Nickel -Copper*-Manganese-Nickel-Zinc -Copper*-Manganese-Silicon -Copper*-Nickel -Copper*-Silicon -Copper*-Tin Links 595 Index Terms -Copper*-Tin-Zinc -Copper*-Zinc -Gold* -Lead Electrical conductivity -Manganese Absorption, index of Electrical conductivity Equilibrium diagram Ferromagnetism Kerr constant Magnetic properties Refraction, index of Thermal conductivity Thermoelectric properties X-ray diffraction data -Manganese-Molybdenum Electrical conductivity -Manganese-Molybdenum -Nickel-Silicon Electrical conductivity -Manganese-Nickel Electrical conductivity Equilibrium diagram Thermoelectric properties -Manganese-Nickel-Silicon Electrical conductivity -Manganese-Phosphorus Electrical conductivity -Manganese-Silicon Thermal expansion -Mercuric chloride Electrode potential and free energy of reaction -Molybdenum Density Electrical conductivity Magnetic properties Thermoelectric properties -Molybdenum-Nickel Electrical conductivity -Molybdenum-Nickel-Silicon Electrical conductivity -Molybdenum-Vanadium Electrical conductivity -Nickel Absorption, index of Curie point Density Elastic properties Electrical conductivity Equilibrium diagram Hall effect Hardness Joule effect Kerr constant Magnetic moment Magnetic properties Magnetization by rotation Mechanical properties Nernst effect Refraction, index of Specific heat Thermal conductivity Thermal expansion Thermoelectric properties X-ray diffraction data -Nickel-Silicon Electrical conductivity Links 6.187 5.251 6.172 2.450 6.406 6.435 6.392 5.251 5.225 6.223 1.351 6.80 6.183 6.182 6.186 2.455 6.220 6.187 6.182 2.467 2.473 7.276 2.594 6.183 6.388 6.223 6.187 6.187 6.183 5.251 6.394 2.481 2.481 6.184 2.451 6.417 2.480 6.440 6.435 6.346 6.394 6.347 2.480 6.420 5.251 5.118 5.225 2.467 6.220 1.351 2.473 6.187 2.471 6.223 2.72 6.227 596 Index Terms Thermal expansion -Nickel-Titanium Electrical conductivity -Nickel-Tungsten Electrical conductivity -Nickel-Vanadium Electrical conductivity -Nitrogen Equilibrium diagram -Oxygen Equilibrium diagram -Oxygen-Silica Freezing point-solubility -Phosphorus Electrical conductivity Equilibrium diagram -Phosphorus-Sulfur Electrical conductivity -Platinum Equilibrium diagram -Silicon Density Electrical conductivity Equilibrium diagram Magnetic propert ies Specific heat Tensile properties Thermal expansion Thermoelectric properties X-ray diffraction data -Silicon-Tin Electrical conductivity -Silicon-Vanadium Electrical conductivity Specific heat -Silver Electrical conductivity -Sulfur Electrical conductivity Equilibrium diagram -Thallium monochloride Free energy of reaction -Tin Electrical conductivity Equilibrium diagram -Titanium Equilibrium diagram Hardness Thermoelectric properties -Tungsten Electrical conductivity Equilibrium diagram Thermal conductivity Thermoelectric properties -Vanadium Curie point Equilibrium diagrams Magnetic properties -Zinc Equilibrium diagram Iron carbide Heat of formation X-ray diffraction data Iron carbonyl Decomposition, equilibrium constant Density Links 2.474 6.187 6.187 6.187 2.451 2.451 4.92 6.173 2.452 6.187 6.173 2.452 2.523 6.173 2.453 6.374 5.118 2.523 2.467 6.223 1.343 2.594 6.187 6.396 2.473 1.349 6.188 6.188 5.118 6.173 6.173 2.452 6.187 7.277 6.188 2.452 2.453 2.478 6.220 6.173 2.453 5.225 6.223 6.410 2.453 6.400 2.454 5.191 1.343 7.279 3.23 6.189 597 Index Terms Magnetic susceptibility Iron diarsenide, specific heat Iron disulfide Electrical conductivity Entropy Heat content Heat of formation Photoelectric current Specific heat Thermal expansion Thermodynamic potential See also Marcasite, Pyrite. Iron monosilicide, specific heat Iron nitride Curie point Decomposition pressure Reduction with hydrogen Iron orthosilicate. See Fayalite. Iron oxide , brightness temperature Iron-platinum couple Thermoelectric power Iron powder, thermal conductivity under reduced pressures Iron selenide Heat of formation X-ray diffraction data Iron titanate. See Illmentite. Iron telluride, heat of formation Ironac Ironier's bronze Irons, list of Irradiation, definition Isatin Absorption spectra Heat of combustion Iserlohn (alloy) Isoaconitine Optical rotatory power Isoamarine Optical rotatory power Isoamyl acetate Absorption spectra Azeotropic mixtures Boiling point Critical temperature Diffusion in methyl alcohol Heat of vaporization Refractive index Specific heat Surface tension -Acetophenone* -Alizarin* -Allo -1-bromocinnamic acid* -Allyl ethyl ether* -Aniline* -Anisaldoxime* -o-Anisidine* -Anisole* -Azobenzene* -Benzaldehyde phenylhydrazone* -Benzaldoxime* -Benzene* -Benzil* -Benziloximes* Links 6.358 5.98 6.148 5.90 5.90 5.191 6.69 5.90 3.44 5.90 5.98 5.118 6.410 7.279 7.279 1.60 6.215 2.315 5.191 1.343 5.191 2.378 2.378 2.390 1.38 5.342 5.168 2.378 2.473 2.555 7.478 7.476 5.333 3.321 3.346 3.249 5.73 5.137 7.42 5.111 4.457 3.322 2.556 2.601 598 Index Terms -Benzoic acid* -Benzophenone* -Benzyl acetate* -Benzyl alcohol* -Benzylacetone* -Benzylacetophenone* -Benzylideneacetone* -Benzylideneacelophenone* -Bromoaniline (o-, p-)* -Carvoxime* -Chloroaniline (o-, m-, p-)* -Chlorophenol (o-, m -, p-)* -Cinnamic acid* -Cinnamylideneacetone* -Cinnamylideneacetophenone* -Cresol (o-, m -, p-)* -Dibenzylideneacetone* -2,4-Dibromoaniline* -2,6-Dibromoaniline* -p-Dibromobenzene* -2,4-Dichloraniline* -Dicinnamylideneacetone* -2,4-Diiodoaniline* -Diphenyl* -Diphenylacetone* -Diphenytacetylene* -Diphenylamine* -Diphenytbutadiene* -Diphenylbutane* -Diphenylcarbinol* -Diphenylethane* -Diphenylethylene* -Elaidic acid* -Ethyl acetate* -Ethyl alcohol* -Ethyl p-aminobenzoate* -Ethyl anthranilate* -Ethyl chloroacetate* -Ethyl elaidate* -Ethyl hydroxybenzoate* -Ethyl m-hydroxybenzoate* -Ethyl oleate* -Ethyl propargyl ether* -Ethyl propyl ether* -Ethyl salicylate* -Ethylene bromide* -Eugenol* -p-Iodoanitine* -Isoeugenol Density -Isosafrole Density -Magnesium iodide Freezing point-solubility -Mandelic acid Density Viscosity -Menthyl cinnamate Density Viscosity -l-Menthyl mandelate Viscosity -Menthyl β-phenylpropionate Density Viscosity -Menthyl propiolate Density Links 3.190 3.190 4.204 3.189 5.50 3.190 5.50 5.50 3.190 5.50 3.190 599 Index Terms Viscosity -Mesityl oxide Density Viscosity -Methyl benzyl ether Density Viscosity -Methyl tolyl ether (o-, m-, p-) Density Viscosity -Naphthalene Density -Naphthol (α-, β-) Density Viscosity -Naphthylamine (α-, β-) Density Viscosity -Nitroaniline (o-, m-) Density Viscosity -o-Nitrophenol Density Heat of solution Viscosity -m-Nitrophenol Density -p-Nitrophenol Density -Oleic acid Viscosity -Phenanthrene Density -Phenetole Density Viscosity -Phenol Density Viscosity -Phenyl acetate Density Viscosity -Phenylacetylene Density Viscosity -Phenylenediamine (o-, m-) Density Viscosity -Phenylethane Density Viscosity -Phenylethylene Density Viscosity -Phenylpropiolic acid Density Viscosity -β-Phenylpropionic acid Density Viscosity -Phorone Density Viscosity -Piperonal oxime Viscosity -Propargyl ethyl ether Density Links 5.50 3.185 5.49 3.189 5.50 3.189 5.50 3.190 3.190 5.50 3.190 5.50 3.182 5.47 3.178 5.154 5.46 3.179 3.179 5.50 3.190 3.189 5.50 3.183 5.47 3.189 5.50 3.189 5.50 3.185 5.49 3.189 5.50 3.189 5.50 3.189 5.50 3.189 5.50 3.190 5.50 5.50 3.172 600 Index Terms -Safrole Density Viscosity -Salicylaldehyde Density -Stearic acid Density -Toluidine (o-, m-, p-) Density Viscosity -2,4,6-Tribromoaniline Density Viscosity -2,4,6-Trichloroaniline Density Viscosity -Triphenylcarbinol Density Isoamyl alcohol Absorption spectra Adsorption by charcoal Azeotropic mixtures Boiling point Compressibility Condensation on ions and nuclei Critical temperature Density, aqueous solution Dielectric constant Diffusion in benzene Diffusion in ethyl alcohol Diffusion in methyl alcohol Diffusion in water Electrical conductivity Flash point Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Heat of solution in water Heat of vaporization Ions, mobility of, in Magnetic susceptibility Polarization of light scattered by Refractive index Solubility in water Solubility of salts in Specific heat Surface tension Aqueous solution Thermal conductivity Pressure, effect of Vapor pressure Verdet constant, dispersion of Viscosity -Ammonium iodide* -Benzene* -Benzil* -Benzoic acid* -Boric acid* -Bromoform* -Caffeine* -Camphoric acid* -Chloroform* -Cinnamic acid* -Citric acid* -Diethylammonium chloride* -Diethylaniline* -Diphenylamine* -Ethyl acetate* -Ethyl alcohol* Links 3.190 5.50 3.186 3.190 3.189 5.49 3.173 5.43 3.174 5.43 3.190 5.332 3.251 3.318 3.220 3.36 6.117 3.248 3.112 6.89 5.74 5.74 5.72 5.70 6.144 2.161 4.262 5.149 5.137 6.112 6.362 5.267 7.12 3.388 4.210 5.109 4.436 4.469 5.228 5.227 3.220 6.434 5.34 3.343 3.114 7.38 4.453 5.43 7.216 7.223 601 Index Terms -Ethyl ether* -Ethylphenylammonium chloride* -Formamide* -Gallic acid* -Glycerol* -Heptane* -Hexane* -Isobutyl alcohol Heat of solution Miscibility in water -Isobutylammonium chloride Boiling point elevation -Lithium bromide Boiling point elevation -Lithium chloride Boiling point elevation -Lithium iodide Boiling point elevation -Lithium nitrate Boiling point elevation -Magnesium bromide Freezing point-solubility -Methyl alcohol Heat of solution Miscibility in water -Nitrobenzene Density Viscosity -o-Nitrobenzoic acid Boiling point elevation -Oleic acid Density -Paraldehyde Density Viscosity -Phenacetine Density -Phenyl salicylate Density -Potassium acetate Boiling point elevation -Propyl alcohol Heat of solution -Pyrogallol Boiling point elevation -Quinine Boiling point elevation -Quinine sulfate Boiling point elevation -N-Quinoline ethiodide Boiling point elevation -Salicylic acid Boiling point elevation Density -Sodium iodide Density -Sodium isoamylate Boiling point elevation -Stearic acid Density -Sulfonal Boiling point elevation -Tartaric acid Density -Tetraethylammonium bromide Boiling point elevation -Tetraethylammonium chloride Links 5.157 3.417 3.343 3.343 3.343 3.343 3.343 4.203 5.156 3.411 3.173 5.43 3.343 3.173 3.173 5.43 3.173 3.173 3.343 5.156 3.343 3.343 3.343 3.343 3.343 3.173 3.141 3.343 3.173 3.343 3.165 3.343 602 Index Terms Boiling point elevation -Tetraethylammonium iodide Boiling point elevation -Tetrapropylammonium iodide Boiling point elevation -Tetrapropylammonium nitrate Boiling point elevation -Triethylammonium bromide Boiling point elevation -Triethylammonium iodide Boiling point elevation Isoamyl benzoate , compressibility Isoamyl bromide Azeotropic mixtures Dielectric constant Electrical conductivity Magnetic susceptibility Surface tension Verdet constant -Ethyl alcohol* Isoamyl butyrate Absorption spectra Azeotropic mixtures Critical temperature Dielectric constant Heat of vaporization Specific heat Surface tension Isoamyl chloride Birefringence, electric Dielectric constant Magnetic susceptibility Surface tension Verdet constant Isoamyl chloroacetate Dielectric constant Isoamyl chloroformate Dielectric constant Isoamyl cyanide, surface tension Isoamyl ether Magnetic susceptibility Surface tension Verdet constant Viscosity -Ethyl acetate* -Ethyl alcohol* Isoamyl formate Absorption spectra Azeotropic mixtures Boiling point Compressibility Critical point data Diffusion of vapor in air Heat of vaporization Solubility in water Specific heat Surface tension Aqueous solution Vapor pressure Viscosity -Ethyl acetate* -Ethyl alcohol* -Propyl acetate Viscosity -Propyl alcohol Links 3.343 3.343 3.343 3.343 3.343 3.343 3.37 3.320 6.89 6.144 6.362 4.452 6.429 5.333 3.322 3.249 6.94 5.137 5.112 4.437 7.111 6.89 6.362 4.436 6.429 4.459 4.452 6.92 6.91 4.455 6.363 4.460 6.430 5.41 5.332 3.321 3.222 3.36 3.249 5.62 5.137 3.390 5.110 4.455 4.469 3.222 5.43 6.43 7.218 603 Index Terms Specific heat Isoamyl iodide Absorption spectra Azeotropic mixtures Dielectric constant Diffusion in methyl alcohol Surface tension Verdet constant Isoamyl isobutyrate Absorption spectra Heat of vaporization Specific heat Isoamyl lactate Azeotropic mixtures Isoamyl nitrate Interfacial tension Refractive index Surface tension Isoamyl nitrite Refractive index Surface tension Isoamyl phenyl ether -Diethylamine* Isoamyl propionate Absorption spectra Azeotropic mixtures Critical temperature Dielectric constant Heat of vaporization Specific heat Surface tension -Hydrogen peroxide* Isoamyl salicylate Dielectric constant Isoamyl succinate , specific heat Isoamyl sulfide Critical temperature Isoamyl valerate Dielectric constant Heat of vaporization Sound, velocity of, in vapor Specific heat Isoamylacetic acid -Xylene Distribution coefficients in water Isoamylamine Absorption spectra Birefringence, electric Electrical conductivity Aqueous solution Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Heat of combustion Magnetic susceptibility Refractive index Specific heat Surface tension Viscosity -Ethyl ether* -Xylene Distribution coefficients in water Isoamylaniline Absorption sp ectra Viscosity Links 5.127 5.338 3.320 6.89 5.72 4.452 6.429 5.333 5.138 5.112 3.322 4.438 7.38 4.452 7.38 4.452 5.333 3.319 3.249 6.94 5.137 5.112 4.458 6.96 5.113 3.249 6.95 5.138 6.463 5.113 3.430 5.332 7.111 6.144 6.271 4.262 5.167 6.362 7.38 5.109 4.453 7.217 3.427 5.333 7.221 3.322 604 Index Terms Isoamylene Compressibility Magnetic susceptibility Isoamylcoumaric acid Heat of combustion cis.-Isoamylcoumarinic acid Heat of combustion Isoamylmercaptan Critical temperature Isoamylmethylal Azeotropic mixtures Isoamyltriethyllead Boiling point Density Refractive index Isoamyltrimethyllead Boiling point Density Refractive index Isoanethole -Chloroform* Isoapiol Absorption spectra Cryoscopic constant Refractive index Isoapogelsemine Optical rotatory power Isobebeerine Optical rotatory power Isobebirine, optical rotatory power Isobehenic acid -Behenic acid* Isoborneol, optical rotatory power Isobornyl acetate Optical rotatory power Refractive index Isobutane Boiling point Critical point data Density, gas Heat of combustion Heat of vaporization Ignition temperature Specific heat Gas Liquid Vapor pressure Vapor pressure above 1 atm. Viscosity, gas -Methyl alcohol Solubility, mutual Isobutenylbenzene Verdet constant 1-Isobutenyl-1-cyclohexene Heat of combustion Isobutyl acetate Absorption spectra Azeotropic mixtures Compressibility Critical point data Density Dielectric constant Diffusion of vapor in gases Links 3.36 6.362 5.166 5.166 3.248 3.322 1.116 1.116 1.116 1.163 1.116 1.116 1.116 1.163 1.165 1.165 5.348 4.184 7.57 7.476 7.475 7.476 7.454 7.455 7.58 3.219 3.244 3.3 5.163 5.137 2.174 3.248 5.80 5.108 3.219 3.244 5.3 3.397 6.430 5.163 5.332 3.319 3.36 3.243 3.29 6.91 5.62 3.321 3.249 3.33 605 Index Terms Electrical conductivity Heat of vaporization Magnetic susceptibility Refractive index Solubility in water Specific heat Surface tension Aqueous solution Vapor pressure Vapor pressure above 1 atm. Verdet constant Viscosity -Ethyl butyrate* -Ethyl isobutyrate* -Ethyl isovalerate* -Magnesium iodide Freezing point-solubility -Methylal Surface tension Isobutyl alcohol Absorption, index of Absorption spectra Azeotropic mixtures Birefringence Boiling point Compressibility Condensation on ions and nuclei Critical point data Density Aqueous solution Dielectric absorption Dielectric constant Dielectric dispersion Diffusion of vapor in gases Electrical conductivity Flash point Heat of combustion Heat of solution in water Heat of vaporization Inflammability, limits of Ions, mobility of, in Magnetic susceptibility Polarization of light reflected from Polarization of light scattered by Gas Liquid Refractive index Solubility in water Pressure, effect of Solubility of salts in Specific heat Aqueous solution Surface tension Aqueous solution Thermal conductivity Vapor pressure Aqueous solution Verdet constant Dispersion Viscosity -Acetic acid* -Alizarin* -Ammonium perchlorate* -Barium perchlorate* -Benzene* -Benzil* -Boric acid* Links 6.145 5.137 6.362 7.40 3.390 5.110 4.455 4.469 3.222 3.243 6.429 7.218 4.204 4.472 6.98 5.332 3.318 7.111 3.219 3.42 6.117 3.248 3.28 3.112 6.87 6.87 6.98 5.62 6.143 2.161 5.164 5.149 5.137 2.180 6.112 6.361 5.261 5.266 5.266 6.98 3.388 3.393 4.210 5.108 5.125 4.436 4.468 5.228 3.219 3.365 6.426 6.433 5.33 5.337 3.341 3.33 6.98 7.36 7.79 4.451 6.434 7.215 7.223 606 Index Terms -Bromonaphthalene* -Calcium perchlorate* -Camphor* -Carbon disulfide* -Carbon tetrachloride* -Cesium perchlorate* -Chloroform* -Cyanobenzene* -p-Dibromobenzene* -Diethyl tartrate* -Diethylamine* -Dipropyl tartrate* -Dyes* -Ethyl acetate* -Ethyl alcohol* -Ethyl ether* -Ethylene cyanide* -Formamide* -Fuchsin* -Heptane* -Hydrogen peroxide* -Iodine*-Potassium iodide -Isoamyl alcohol* -Lithium bromide Boiling point elevation -Lithium chloride Boiling point elevation -Lithium iodide Boiling point elevation -Lithium nitrate Boiling point elevation -Lithium perchlorate Density -Magnesium bromide Freezing point-solubility -Magnesium perchlorate Density -Menthol Boiling point elevation -Methyl alcohol Density Heat of solution Refractive index -Methylene iodide Solubility, mutual -Nicotine Density -Nitrobenzene Density -Potassium hydroxide Distribution coefficients in water -Potassium per chlorate Density -Propyl alcohol Heat of solution -Rubidium perchlorate Density -Sodium chloride Density -Sodium hydroxide Distribution coefficients in water -Strontium perchlorate Density -m-Xylene Dielectric constant Isobutyl amyl ketone Verdet constant Links 3.342 3.341 3.342 3.342 3.141 4.203 3.140 3.341 3.151 5.156 7.79 3.397 3.167 3.167 3.422 3.142 5.156 3.142 3.141 3.422 3.140 6.102 6.430 607 Index Terms Isobutyl benzoate Dielectric constant Electrical conductivity Thermal conductivity Verdet constant Isobutyl bromide Absorption spectra Azeotropic mixtures Birefringence, electric Boiling point Dielectric constant Polarization of light scattered by Surface tension Thermal conductivity Verdet constant Viscosity -Acetanilide* -Benzoic acid* -Bromocamphor* -Ethyl alcohol* -Naphthalene Boiling point elevation Isobutyl butyrate Azeotropic mixtures Critical temperature Dielectric constant Diffusion of vapor in gases Electrical conductivity Heat of vaporization Polarization of light scattered by Sound, velocity of, in vapor Specific heat Surface tension Thermal conductivity Viscosity -Hydrogen peroxide* Isobutyl chloride Absorption spectra Azeotropic mixtures Dielectric constant Heat of combustion Polarization of light scattered by Surface tension Thermal conductivity Verdet constant Viscosity -Benzene* -Heptane* -Pyridine Heat of solution Isobutyl chloroformate Dielectric constant Isobutyl cyanide , dielectric constant Isobutyl cyanoacetate Surface tension Isobutyl diacetyl-d-tartrate -Nitrobenzene Density -o-Nitrotoluene Density -Quinoline Density -Tetrachloroethane Density Links 6.96 6.145 5.228 6.430 5.332 3.320 7.111 3.341 6.87 5.266 4.451 5.228 6.428 7.215 3.323 3.341 3.322 3.249 6.94 5.63 6.145 5.137 5.267 6.463 5.112 4.458 5.228 7.220 5.332 3.318 6.87 5.169 5.266 4.436 5.228 6.428 7.215 5.153 6.88 6.88 4.457 3.178 3.187 3.193 3.154 3.323 4.451 608 Index Terms Isobutyl dibenzoyl-d-tartrate -Cinnamaldehyde* -Ethylene bromide* Isobutyl di(trichloroacetyl)tartrate -Nitrobenzene Density Isobutyl ether, viscosity Isobutyl fluoride , density Isobutyl formate Absorption spectra Azeotropic mixtures Boiling point Compressibility Critical point data Dielectric constant Diffusion of vapor in air Electrical conductivity Heat of vaporization Refractive index Solubility in water Surface tension Aqueous solution Vapor pressure Vapor pressure above 1 atm. Viscosity Gas Liquid -Ethyl acetate* -Ethyl propionate* -Ethylbenzene* -Propyl acetate Density -Propyl formate Density Isobutyl heptoate , viscosity Isobutyl iodide Absorption spectra Azeotropic mixtures Dielectric constant Refractive index Surface tension Thermal conductivity Verdet constant Viscosity Isobutyl isobutyrate Critical temperature Diffusion of vapor in gases Heat of vaporization Surface tension Isobutyl isovalerate Critical temperature Heat of vaporizat ion Surface tension Isobutyl lactate Azeotropic mixtures Isobutyl laurate, viscosity Isobutyl d-mandelate -Isobutyl l-mandelate Freezing point-solubility Isobutyl myristate, viscosity Isobutyl nitrate Dielectric constant Electrical conductivity Refractive index Links 3.178 7.220 3.3 5.332 3.320 3.220 3.36 3.242 6.88 5.62 6.145 5.137 7.37 3.388 4.452 4.469 3.220 3.242 3.248 5.4 7.216 3.172 3.167 7.221 5.332 3.320 6.87 7.36 4.451 5.228 6.428 7.215 3.249 5.63 5.137 4.458 3.249 5.138 4.459 3.322 7.222 4.161 7.222 6.87 6.143 7.36 5.337 609 Index Terms Isobutyl nitrite Heat of combustion Refractive index Isobutyl nonoate , viscosity Isobutyl octoate, viscosity Isobutyl phenyl ketone Absorption spectra Refractive index Isobutyl phenylpropiolate Surface tension Isobutyl propionate Azeotropic mixtures Critical temperature Diffusion of vapor in gases Heat of vaporization Surface tension Viscosity Isobutyl ricinoleate Dielectric constant Surface tension -Acetone* Isobutyl succinate , specific heat Isobutyl tartrate -Quinoline Density -Sulfur dioxide Boiling point elevation -Tetrachloroethane Density Isobutyl undecate , viscosity Isobutyl valerate Boiling point Dielectric constant Diffusion of vapor in gases Electrical conductivity Heat of vaporization Thermal conductivity Vapor pressure Viscosity Isobutylacetamide Boiling point elevation in aqueous solution -Acetone* -Benzene* -Chloroform* -Ethyl alcohol* -Ethyl ether* Isobutylacetic acid Heat of combustion Isobutylamine Dielectric constant Diffusion of vapor in air Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Heat of combustion Heat of solution in water Magnetic susceptibility Refractive index Surface tension Thermal conductivity, gas Viscosity Gas Liquid -Xylene Distribution coefficients in water Links 5.167 7.36 7.221 7.221 5.333 7.54 4.461 3.321 3.249 5.62 5.137 4.457 7.219 6.97 4.463 5.113 3.193 3.328 3.154 7.221 3.226 6.94 5.63 6.145 5.138 5.228 3.226 7.220 3.327 5.165 6.88 5.62 6.268 5.167 5.149 6.361 7.36 4.451 5.214 5.4 7.216 3.426 3.322 610 Index Terms Isobutylammonium chloride Boiling point elevation in aqueous solution -Acetonitrile* -Chloroform* -Ethyl alcohol* -Isoamyl alcohol* Isobutylammonium iodide -Chloroform* Isobutylbenzene Boiling point Dielectric constant Refractive index Vapor pressure Verdet constant Isobutylcarbinol Verdet constant Isobutylene Absorption spectra Heat of combustion Solubility in ethyl alcohol Isobutylene bromide Dielectric const ant Isobutylideneazine Magnetic susceptibility Isobutyltriethyllead Boiling point Density Refractive index Isobutyltrimethyllead Boiling point Density Refractive index Isobutyraldehyde Absorption spectra Refractive index Solubility in water Verdet constant Isobutyraldoxime Magnetic susceptibility Isobutyramide Boiling point elevation in aqueous solution Heat of combustion -Acetone* -Benzene* -Chloroform* -Ethyl alcohol* Isobutyric acid Absorption spectra Azeotropic mixtures Birefringence, electric Boiling point Condensation on ions and nuclei Critical point data Density Aqueous solution Dielectric constant Diffusion of vapor in gases Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Heat of combustion Heat of solution in water Heat of vaporization Magnetic susceptibility Orthobaric density Links 3.327 3.226 6.95 7.51 3.226 6.430 6.429 5.337 5.163 3.269 6.87 6.363 1.116 1.116 1.116 1.163 1.116 1.116 1.116 1.163 5.332 7.36 3.387 6.428 5.365 1.165 1.165 6.361 3.327 5.167 5.332 3.318 7.111 3.219 6.117 3.241 3.28 3.112 6.87 5.62 6.267 4.262 5.165 5.149 5.137 6.361 3.241 3.320 3.248 3.33 611 Index Terms Refractive index Solubility in water Pressure, effect of Sound, velocity of, in vapor Specific heat Surface tension Aqueous solution Thermal conductivity Vapor pressure Vapor pressure above 1 atm. Verdet constant Dispersion Viscosity Aqueous solution Liquid -Acetic acid* -Ammonium acetate* -Ammonium formate* -Ammonium isobutyrate* -Benzene* -Carbon disulfide* -Carbon tetrachloride* -Chloroform* -Ethyl ether* -Isocaproic acid Surface tension of aqueous solution -Isovaleric acid Surface tension of aqueous solution -Naphthalene Freezing point-solubility -Potassium acetate Density, aqueous solution -Potassium formate Density, aqueous solution -Potassium isobutyrate Density, aqueous solution -Sodium acetate Density, aqueous solution -Sodium formate Density, aqueous solution -Sodium isobutyrate Density, aqueous solution -Toluene Distribution coefficients in water -Xylene Distribution coefficients in water Isobutyric anhydride Dielectric constant Electrical conductivity Isobutyronitrile, dielectric constant Isocamphane Optical rotatory power Isocampholytic acid Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Heat of combustion Isocamphoric acid Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Optical rotatory power d-Isocamphoric acid -l-Isocamphoric acid Freezing point-solubility Isocaproic acid Absorption spectra Boiling point Diffusion of vapor in air Links 7.36 3.388 3.393 6.463 5.108 4.451 4.468 5.228 3.219 3.241 6.426 6.433 6.434 5.21 5.36 7.215 4.470 4.470 4.115 3.103 3.103 3.103 3.102 3.102 3.102 3.426 3.426 6.94 6.144 6.87 7.434 6.292 5.165 6.296 7.446 4.159 5.332 3.222 5.62 612 Index Terms Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Surface tension Aqueous solution Thermal conductivity Vapor pressure -Chloroform* -Isobutyric acid* -Xylene Distribution coefficients in water Isocapronitrile, dielectric constant Isocmnamic acid, electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Isoclasite Density Refractive index Isocodeine Crystallography Optical rotatory power Refractive index Isocorybulbine Optical rotatory power Isocorydine, optical rotatory power Isodulcitol, osmotic pressure Isoemetine, optical rotatory power Isoerucic acid Cryoscopic constant -Behenic acid* -Brassidic acid* -Erucic acid* Isoeugenol Birefringence, magnetic Magnetic susceptibility Refractive index Viscosity -Isoamyl acetate* Isoeugenol benzoate -Eugenol benzoate* Isofenchocamphoric acid Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Optical rotatory power Isoheptane Specific heat -Aniline* Isohexane Compressibility Verdet constant Viscosity -Aniline* -Ethyl isobutyrate* -Hexane* -Propyl acetate Density Isohexylamine, surface tension Isohydrobenzoin Heat of combustion Isohydroxy-3, 7-dimethyluric acid Refractive index Isoleucine, optical rotatory power Isomorphine, optical rotatory power Isonitrosocamphor Absorption spectra Optical rotatory power Links 6.276 4.455 4.469 5.228 3.222 3.428 6.19 6.290 1.143 1.143 1.335 7.468 7.30 7.476 7.476 4.430 7.477 4.184 7.111 6.363 7.50 7.220 6.296 7.446 5.111 3.36 6.429 7.218 3.172 4.455 5.164 7.30 7.404 7.467 5.346 7.441 1.170 613 Index Terms Isooctane -Aniline* Isoolivile, optical rotatory power Isopentane Azeotropic mixtures Boiling point Compressibility Critical point data Heat of combustion Heat of vaporization Inflammability, limits of Melting point Orthobaric density Polarization of light scattered by Gas Liquid Solidification point Specific heat Gas Liquid Surface tension Thermal conductivity, gas Vapor pressure Vapor pressure above 1 atm. Verdet constant Viscosity Gas Liquid -Aniline* -Carbon dioxide* -Diphenylamine* -Ethyl alcohol* -Ethyl propionate* -Hexane* -Methyl alcohol Vapor pressure -Nitrobenzene Boiling point Solubility, mutual -Phenol Solubility, mutual -Trimethylbenzene Density Isophthalic acid Absorption spectra Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Heat of combustion -Ethyl ether* Isoprene Absorption spectra Birefringence, magnetic Viscosity Isopropyl acetate Flash point Viscosity Isopropyl alcohol Absorption spectra Azeotropic mixtures Boiling point Aqueous solution Compressibility Critical point data Density Aqueous solution Dielectric constant Diffusion of vapor in air Links 7.462 3.319 1.61 3.38 3.244 5.163 5.137 2.179 1.54 3.244 3.324 3.220 3.39 3.248 5.266 5.267 1.61 5.81 5.109 4.436 5.214 3.220 3.244 6.429 5.4 7.216 4.453 5.215 7.223 3.360 3.313 3.396 3.397 3.396 3.173 5.342 6.284 5.165 5.337 7.111 7.216 5.364 2.162 7.216 5.332 3.318 3.218 3.310 3.36 3.248 3.28 3.120 6.86 5.62 5.336 3.323 3.340 3.33 7.68 614 Index Terms Electrical conductivity Flash point Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Heat of combustion Heat of fusion Heat of solution in water Heat of vaporization Inflammability, limits of Polarization of light reflected from Polarization of light scattered by Gas Liquid Refractive index Aqueous solution Specific heat, solid Surface tension Aqueous solution Thermal conductivity Pressure, effect of Vapor pressure Verdet constant, dispersion of Viscosity Gas Liquid X-rays, absorption coefficient -Acetone* -Butyl alcohol* -Cadmium iodide* -Ethyl alcohol* -Magnesium bromide Freezing point-solubility -Magnesium iodide Freezing point-solubility -Methyl alcohol Heat of solution -Methylene iodide Solubility, mutual -Potassium carbonate Miscibility in water -Potassium fluoride Miscibility in water Isopropyl amyl ketone Verdet constant Isopropyl benzoate Verdet constant Isopropyl bromide Diffusion of vapor in air Magnetic susceptibility Refractive index Solubility in water Specific heat, gas Surface tension Verdet constant Viscosity Gas Liquid Isopropyl butyl ketone Verdet constant Isopropyl carbinols Optical rotatory power Isopropyl chloride Dielectric constant Polarization of light scattered by Solubility in water Specific heat, gas Vapor pressure Links 6.143 2.161 4.262 5.164 5.132 5.148 5.137 2.180 5.261 5.265 5.266 7.12 7.68 5.102 4.450 4.467 5.228 5.227 3.218 6.434 5.3 7.215 6.14 4.203 4.204 5.155 3.397 3.414 3.414 6.430 6.430 5.62 6.361 7.35 3.387 5.80 4.450 6.428 5.3 7.214 6.430 7.360 6.82 5.266 3.387 5.80 3.218 5.138 7.35 7.222 615 Index Terms Verdet constant Viscosity Isopropyl ether, viscosity Isopropyl formate Flash point Verdet constant Viscosity Isopropyl hexyl ketone Verdet constant Isopropyl hydrocinnamate Surface tension Isopropyl iodide Absorption spectra Density Diffusion of vapor in air Heat of combustion Refractive index Solubility in water Surface tension Vapor pressure Verdet constant Viscosity -Benzene* Isopropyl isobutyrate Boiling point Diffusion of vapor in air Orthobaric density Vapor pressure Vapor pressure above 1 atm. Isopropyl methyl ketone Absorption spectra Isopropyl nitrite Dielectric constant Isopropyl octyl ketone Verdet constant Isopropyl phenyl ketone Absorption spectra Refractive index Isopropyl propionate Verdet constant Isopropylamine Dielectric constant Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Refractive index Surface tension Isopropylbenzene Compressibility Diffusion of vapor in air Heat of combustion Refractive index Verdet constant Isopropylbutylcarbinol, viscosity 1-Isopropylcyclohex-1-ene Heat of combustion Isopropylene glycol Heat of combustion Isopropylethane, dielectric constant Isopropylhexylcarbinol, viscosity Isopropylmalonic acid Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Heat of combustion 3-Isopropyltoluene Heat of combustion Links 6.428 7.214 7.218 2.162 6.428 7.215 6.430 4.461 5.332 3.28 5.62 5.168 7.35 3.387 4.450 3.218 6.428 7.214 3.33 3.224 5.62 3.243 3.224 3.243 5.332 6.86 6.430 5.333 7.50 6.429 6.86 6.265 7.35 4.450 3.37 5.63 5.163 7.47 6.430 7.220 5.163 5.164 6.82 7.221 6.276 5.165 5.163 5.338 616 Index Terms 4-Isopropyltoluene. See Cymene. Isopropylurethan, surface tension Isopulegol, optical rotatory power Isoquinine Absorption spectra Optical rotatory power Isoquinoline Absorption spectra Refractive index Viscosity Isorhodeose, optical rotatory power Isosafrole Absorption spectra Birefringence, magnetic Dielectric constant Diffusion of vapor in air Magnetic susceptibility Refractive index -Isoamyl acetate* Isoserine, heat of combustion Isostilbene, heat of combustion Isostrychnine Optical rotatory power Isosuccinic acid Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Heat of solution in water Isothermal compression, heat of Isothiocyanatopentamminecobaltic chromate Solubility in aqueous solutions Isotopes Radioactive Table of Isovaleraldehyde Absorption spectra Electrical conductivity Magnetic susceptibility Surface tension Verdet constant Isovaleraldoxime Refractive index Surface tension Isovaleramide -Ethyl alcohol* Isovaleric acid Absorption spectra Azeotropic mixtures Condensation on ions and nuclei Critical temperature Density, aqueous solution Dielectric constant Diffusion of vapor in gases Electrical conductivity Aqueous solution Heat of solution in water Heat of vaporization Magnetic susceptibility Optical rotatory power Refractive index Solubility in water Specific heat Surface tension Aqueous solution Thermal conductivity Links 4.455 7.412 5.370 7.472 5.344 7.45 7.220 7.389 5.363 5.346 7.111 6.95 5.63 6.363 7.49 5.167 5.164 7.473 6.267 5.149 5.147 7.336 1.363 1.45 5.332 6.144 6.362 4.452 6.428 7.38 4.452 5.338 3.319 6.117 3.248 3.112 6.88 5.62 6.144 6.270 5.149 5.137 6.362 7.403 7.37 3.393 5.109 4.436 4.469 5.228 3.321 3.114 4.452 617 Index Terms Vapor pressure Verdet constant Dispersion Viscosity Aqueous solution Liquid -Barium isovalerate* -Benzene* -Carbon disulfide* -Carbon tetra chloride* -Chloroform* -1,1-Dichloroethane* -Ethyl ether* -Isobutyric acid* -Xylene Distribution coefficients in water Isovaleronitrile Surface tension Isovalerylphenylacetylene Verdet constant Itaconic acid Absorption spectra Crystallography Density, aqueous solution Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Heat of combustion Heat of solution in water Viscosity, aqueous solution -Ethyl ether* Itaconic anhydride Heat of combustion Italy, weights and measures Ivory Density Electrical conductivity Sound, velocity of, in Thermal conductivity J-Phenomenon Jacana metal Jacobsite , density Jacoby metal Jadeite Density Melting point Refractive index Jalapinolic acid Optical rotatory power Jalcase steel Jamesonite Density Photoconductivity Japan, weights and measures Jarosite Density Refractive index Jelly strength , definition Jeremejevite Density Refractive index Jewelers metal Joints Metal, strength of Wood, strength of Links 3.219 6.426 6.433 6.434 5.21 7.216 3.427 4.436 4.452 6.431 5.337 1.325 3.114 6.269 5.165 5.149 5.21 5.166 1.8 2.311 2.310 6.466 5.217 6.1 2.378 1.130 2.378 2.476 1.153 1.153 1.153 1.172 2.557 7.367 2.378 1.129 6.66 1.9 1.157 1.157 2.220 1.167 1.138 1.138 2.378 1.167 2.469 2.219 2.218 2.219 2.555 618 Index Terms Jongdala wood Thermal conductivity Jordanite , density Joule, definition Joule effect Transverse Joule-Thomson effect Jupiter, characteristics Jute Density Moisture content at various humidities Strength properties K-radiation Kα doublet, spread of K.L. steel K.S. magnet steel Kainite Density Refractive index Kakhoids (alloy) Kalicinite Density Refractive index Kalinite Density Refractive index Kaliophilite Density Melting point Refractive index Transformation temperature -Nephelite Freezing point-solubility Kamarsch bearing alloys Kaolin Dehydration behavior Expansion on heating Moisture content at various humidities See also Clays. Kaolinite Density Heat of formation Refractive index Kapok Density Thermal conductivity Karat, definition Karma (alloy) Electrical conductivity Kasolite, density Keener alloy Kelmet (alloy) Kelvin, definition Kempite Density Refractive index Kentrolite Density Refractive index Kermesite Density Links 2.313 1.116 1.38 6.439 6.439 5.144 1.392 2.237 2.323 2.236 6.11 6.29 2.378 2.378 1.158 1.158 2.378 2.472 1.169 1.155 1.155 1.168 1.158 1.158 1.165 1.158 4.85 1.158 4.85 4.91 2.378 1.166 4.92 7.312 2.84 2.316 2.324 1.137 5.194 1.137 1.170 2.312 2.312 1.38 2.378 6.193 1.134 2.378 2.378 1.38 2.480 2.562 1.127 1.127 1.172 1.128 1.128 1.173 1.111 1.168 2.608 619 Index Terms Refractive index Kern's hydraulic bronze Kerosene Compressibility Density Electrical conductivity Emission, spectral Flash point Heat of vaporization Ignit ion temperature Light absorption, coefficient of Penetrativity Petroleum, content of Refractive index Solubility in water Surface tension Thermal conductivity Pressure, effect of Thermal diffusivity Vapor pressure Viscosity -Acetic acid* -Formic acid* -Oleates Dielectric constant Kerosene lamp, temperature Kerr effect Kerr's constant Ketene, absorption spectra 1-Keto-7-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-naphthalene -Quinoline Density Refractive index Dispersion Ketones, aliphatic X-ray diffraction data Kienmayer's amalgam Kieselguhr. See Diatomaceous earth. Kieserite Density Refractive index Kilbrickenite, density Kilogram, definition Kinetics Biochemical Chemical Photochemical Physical Crystallization Diffusion Gases Liquids Solids Dissolution Permeability Vaporization Radiochemical Kingia australis Density Thermal conductivity Kirchhoff equation Kiri wood, thermal conductivity Kleinite , density Links 1.111 2.378 2.146 2.140 6.146 5.257 2.150 2.151 2.151 2.153 2.146 2.139 2.153 3.392 2.146 2.151 5.227 2.151 2.149 2.146 1.174 2.570 5.228 6.104 5.247 6.435 7.109 5.376 7.87 7.87 7.106 1.348 2.378 1.141 1.141 1.116 1.1 7.153 7.113 7.159 5.60 5.62 5.63 5.77 5.55 5.76 5.53 1.366 2.313 2.313 5.79 2.313 1.121 1.170 2.572 620 Index Terms Kneiss metal Kobaltnickelkies, thermal expansion Kochlin's bearing Koechlinite , refractive index Koettigite Density Refractive index Kohlswa iron, magnetic properties Kossel's theory (magnetization) Kraft paper Adsorbed moisture at various humidities Density Dielectric constant Dielectric strength Mica and, thermal conductivity Power factor Tensile strength Kreittonite, thermal expansion Kroehnkite Density Refractive index Kromax (alloy) Kromore (alloy) Electrical conductivity Krugite, density Krupp alloy, electrical conductivity Krupp bearing (alloy) Krupp steel Thermal expansion Krupp type metal Kruppin (alloy) Electrical conductivity Thermoelectric properties Krypton Boiling point Compressibility, gas Critical constants Critical potentials Decomposition pressure of hydrate Density Gas Liquid Solid Dispersion formula Electrons, absorption of, by Emission spectra Heat of decomposition of hydrate Heat of fusion Heat of vaporization Ionization by α-particles Isotopes Light, transmission of, by Melting point Persistent lines Polarization of light scattered by Quantum numbers Refractivity Solubility in water Specific heat, gas Spectral series Thermal expansion, gas Triple point Vapor pressure Links 2.378 3.44 2.378 1.133 1.119 1.119 6.376 6.347 2.475 1.174 2.559 1.172 2.316 2.311 2.310 2.310 2.314 2.310 2.311 3.43 1.152 1.152 2.378 2.378 6.193 1.158 6.196 2.378 2.378 2.471 2.378 2.378 6.185 6.222 1.170 2.480 2.467 2.608 2.480 2.471 2.482 1.102 3.7 1.102 6.71 7.231 3.203 1.102 1.102 1.104 7.11 6.61 5.301 7.231 1.104 1.102 6.122 1.45 5.265 1.104 5.323 5.265 5.408 7.7 3.256 5.80 5.400 3.7 3.203 3.203 3.3 3.20 3.204 3.204 3.248 621 Index Terms Viscosity, gas X-ray absorption limits X-rays, emission efficiency Zeeman effect Kuhne's phosphor bronze Kunheim metal L alloys Lα doublet, spread of L M steel Laboratory technique Acidimetry and alkalimetry Adhesives Air, buoyant effect of Atmosphere Composition of Conditioning of Density of Barometry Buffer solutions Color filters Constant humidity Constant temperature Density, determination of Dielectric measurements, standard liquids Electrical conductivity, standard solutions Electrolytic E. M. F., standards Errors of observation Eudiometry Fireproofing of fabrics Freezing mixtures Furnaces Gaseous fuels Glass, laboratory Glue Hearing, characterist ics of High temperature, production of Humidity, measurement of Hydrogen ion concentration Hydrometers Illumination sources Indicators Lamps, characteristics of Low t emperature, production of Lubrication Manometry Measurement, personal equation in Menisci, volume of Photometric filters Poisons Polarimetry Porcelains, laboratory Pumps, air Pyknometers Pyrometry Radiation filters Reaction times Saccharimetry Senses, characteristics of Sieves and screens Sound generators Spectroscopic standards X-rays Surface tension, measurement of Thermal conductivity, standardizing materials Thermocouples Thermometry Links 1.102 6.37 6.11 5.420 2.378 2.378 2.378 6.30 2.378 1.81 2.217 1.75 1.393 2.321 1.71 1.69 1.81 5.271 1.67 1.61 1.78 6.81 6.230 6.312 1.92 1.72 2.239 1.63 1.67 2.166 2.87 2.217 1.94 1.67 1.71 1.81 1.31 5.247 1.81 5.247 1.62 2.164 1.68 1.92 1.72 5.264 2.318 2.334 2.73 1.91 1.78 1.59 5.271 1.94 2.234 1.92 2.329 6.453 5.274 6.7 4.435 5.218 1.57 1.52 5.2 2.562 2.570 2.467 2.534 2.472 2.605 1.80 1.71 1.72 3.385 1.306 1.80 1.310 2.316 2.107 4.19 6.450 1.78 5.437 5.445 5.437 5.445 1.72 2.325 5.435 2.537 2.539 2.601 622 Index Terms Toxicology Vacuum High, technic of Reduction of weights to Viscometers Calibrating liquids Vision, characteristics of Volumetric apparatus, calibration Weights and weighing Labradorite Compressibility Compressive strength Lacquer, X-rays, refraction of, by Lactamide Boiling point elevation in aqueous solution Surface tension -Acetone* -Ethyl alcohol* Lactanilide Boiling point elevation in aqueous solution -Acetone* -Benzene* -Chloroform* -Ethyl alcohol* -Ethyl ether* Lactase Lactic acid Absorption spectra, ultra-violet Density, aqueous solution Dielectric constant Diffusion in methyl alcohol Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Heat of combustion Optical rotatory power Photochemical decomposition Refractive index, aqueous solution Specific heat, aqueous solution Viscosity Aqueous solution Liquid -Acetic acid* -Ammonium dichloroacetate* -Ammonium formate* -Ammonium lactate* -Aniline* -Boric acid* -Chloroform* -Ethyl ether* -Molybdenum trioxide Density, aqueous solution Refractive index, aqueous solution -Oxalic acid Freezing point-solubility in. water -Potassium dichloroacetate Density, aqueous solution -Potassium formate Density, aqueous solution -Potassium lactate Density, aqueous solution -Sodium dichloroacetate Density, aqueous solution -Sodium formate Density, aqueous solution -Sodium lactate Density, aqueous solution Links 2.318 1.91 1.74 1.32 5.10 1.92 1.80 1.73 5.53 1.80 5.22 5.23 1.80 3.50 2.48 6.50 3.327 4.450 3.327 7.155 5.379 3.112 6.86 5.72 6.264 4.262 5.165 7.366 7.165 7.68 5.124 5.21 7.214 3.102 7.94 4.401 3.103 3.103 3.103 3.103 3.102 3.102 3.114 7.68 623 Index Terms Lactides, saponification constants Lactones, saponification, kinetics of γ-Lactones Hydrolysis, dynamics of Lactonitrile Density Dielectric constant Electrical conductivity Refractive index Surface tension -Acetonitrile* Lactose Absorption spectra Adsorption by charcoal Crystallography Density, aqueous solution Diffusion in water Equilibrium with hydrate Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Heat of combustion Heat of solution in water Hydrolysis Hydrolysis by enzymes Melting point Mutarotation Optical rotation Pyroelectric effect Refractive index, aqueous solution Solubility in aqueous ethyl alcohol Solubility in water Specific heat Aqueous solution Surface tension, aqueous solution Transition temperatures Verdet constant Viscosity, aqueous solution -Pyridine Freezing point-solubility in water Lactose derivatives Optical rotatory power Lactose octoacetate Heat of combustion Laderig's speculum Lafond's bearing Lafond's malleable bronze Lafond's pump bronze Lambert, definition Lambert's law Lampblack Albedo Contact potential Emission, spectral Moisture content at various humidities Photoelectric threshold Rubber, use in Thermal conductiv ity under reduced pressures Lamps Luminous efficiency Mercury vapor Photographic efficiency Lanarkite Density Melting point Refractive index Links 7.135 7.134 7.139 3.28 6.85 6.143 7.35 4.449 5.349 3.251 1.332 2.346 5.71 2.346 2.346 5.166 5.150 2.346 7.155 2.345 2.346 2.345 6.210 2.346 4.405 2.346 5.104 5.125 4.470 2.345 6.430 5.23 7.69 4.263 7.69 4.253 4.415 7.399 5.167 2.378 2.378 2.378 2.378 1.38 1.38 2.475 2.475 2.559 2.565 5.263 6.57 5.244 2.316 6.68 2.286 2.315 5.437 7.160 5.445 1.115 1.115 1.115 1.173 2.559 2.561 2.572 624 Index Terms Lancashire brass Lande's splitting factor Density Refractive index Langevin's theory (magnetization) Langite Density Refractive index Lansfordite Density Refractive index Lanthanum Boiling point Cathodoluminescence Density Electrical conductivity Electrons, thermal emission of Emission spectra Hardness Isotopes Magnetic susceptibility Melting point Persistent lines Quantum numbers Specific heat Spectral series Thermionic work function Thermochemistry X-ray absorption limits X-ray emission spectra X-ray series, limiting frequencies Zeeman effect -Carbon* Lanthanum acetate Solubility in water Lanthanum bromate Solubility in water Lanthanum chloride Absorption spectra, solutions Electrical conductivity Aqueous solution Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Heat of formation Magnetic susceptibility -Ethyl alcohol* Lanthanum disulfide Heat of formation Lanthanum ethyl sulfate Density Refractive index Lanthanum hydride Heat of formation Lanthanum hydroxybenzoate (m-, p-) Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Lanthanum iodate Density, aqueous solution Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Solubility in water -Diammonium lanthanum nitrate* -Lanthanum nitrate Density, aqueous solution Solubility in water -Potassium iodate Density, aqueous solution Links 2.378 5.420 1.158 1.158 6.347 2.469 1.165 6.350 1.122 1.122 1.173 1.141 1.141 1.168 1.102 5.390 1.104 1.104 6.53 5.302 2.592 1.45 6.355 1.104 5.323 5.408 1.104 5.400 6.53 5.194 6.39 6.39 6.35 5.420 2.456 6.153 5.93 4.227 4.228 5.327 6.148 6.233 4.257 5.194 6.359 5.194 1.138 1.138 1.166 5.194 6.245 3.105 6.245 4.227 3.98 7.338 3.98 6.258 625 Index Terms Freezing point-solubility in water -Sodium iodate Density, aqueous solution Freezing point-solubility in water -Sodium nitrate Density, aqueous solution Freezing point-solubility in water Lanthanum malonate Solubility in aqueous solutions Lanthanum molybdate Specific heat -Lead molybdate Freezing point-solubility Lanthanum nitrate Absorption spectra, solutions Dehydration behavior of hydrate Density, aqueous solution Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Solubility in water Specific heat, aqueous solution -Lanthanum iodate* -Lanthanum oxalate Freezing point-solubility in water -Sodium iodate Freezing point-solubility in water -Thallium monochloride Solubility in water Lanthanum oxalate Dehydration behavior of hydrate Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Solubility in aqueous solutions -Lanthanum nitrate* -Lanthanum sulfate-Oxalic acid -Sulfuric acid Density, aqueous solution -Lanthanum sulfate-Sulfuric acid Density, aqueous solution -Oxalic acid -Sulfuric acid Density, aqueous solution -Sulfuric acid Freezing point-solubility in water Lanthanum salicylate, electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Lanthanum sesquioxide Electrons, thermal emission of Heat of formation Magnetic susceptibility Melting point Specific heat Thermionic work function Lanthanum sulfate Decomposition pressure Dehydration behavior of hydrate Density, aqueous solution Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Heat of formation Magnetic susceptibility Solubility in aqueous solutions Solubility in water -Ammonium sulfate* -Lanthanum oxalate*-Oxalic acid-Sulfuric acid -Lanthanum oxalate*-Sulfuric acid -Oxalic acid -Sulfuric acid Density, aqueous solution -Potassium sulfate Links 4.321 7.338 3.98 4.320 7.338 3.98 4.320 7.338 7.339 5.98 4.53 5.327 7.289 3.71 6.238 4.257 4.227 5.123 4.359 4.320 7.320 7.290 6.258 7.339 3.103 3.100 3.103 4.335 6.245 6.54 5.194 6.359 4.84 5.98 6.54 7.289 7.290 3.71 6.236 4.257 5.194 6.359 7.339 4.227 3.103 6.240 626 Index Terms Freezing point-solubility in water -Sodium sulfate Freezing point-solubility in water -Sulfuric acid Freezing point-solubility in water -Thallium monochloride Solubility in water Lanthanum sulfide , heat of formation Lanthanum tartrate Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Solubility in aqueous solutions Laplace equation Laplace -Poisson equation Lard oil, ignition temperature Laserpitin, optical rotatory power Latent heat, definition Latex Acetic acid, effect of Alum, effect of Ammonia, effect of Ammoniated Chemical composition Coagulation Density Formic acid, effect of Hydrochloric acid, effect of Hydrogen ion concentration Nitric acid, effect of Oxidases Preservation Rubber content Sodium hydroxide, effect of Sulfuric acid, effect of Surface tension Viscosity Vulcanization Latitude Celestial Definition Latten (alloy) Latvia, weights and measures Laubanite Density Refractive index Laumontite Dehydration behavior Density Refractive index Lauric acid Absorption spectra Cryoscopic constant Density Esterification constant Heat of combustion Heat of fusion Melting point under pressure Specific heat Liquid Solid Vapor pressure Viscosity -Benzene* -Carbon tetrachloride* -Ethyl acetate* Links 4.348 4.348 4.348 7.339 7.320 5.194 6.258 7.339 5.79 4.434 2.151 7.464 1.37 2.256 2.257 2.256 2.255 2.255 2.256 2.255 2.257 2.257 2.255 2.257 2.255 2.256 2.255 2.256 2.257 2.255 2.255 2.256 1.35 1.38 2.378 1.9 1.393 1.145 1.145 1.166 7.313 1.145 1.145 1.169 5.349 4.184 3.45 7.138 5.166 5.134 4.10 5.113 5.104 3.227 7.221 627 Index Terms -Ethyl alcohol* -Methyl alcohol Heat of solution -Myristic acid Freezing point-solubility -Palmitic acid Density Freezing point-solubility -Propyl alcohol Heat of solution -Stearic acid Density Freezing point-solubility -Toluene Heat of solution Laurionite Decomposition point Density Refractive index Laurite, density Laurolene, heat of combustion Lauronolic acid, electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Lautal (alloy) Lautarite. See Calcium iodate. Lava Compressive strength Density Dielectric strength Thermal conductivity See also Lavite. Lavite Density Dielectric strength Electrical conductivity Strength properties Lawrencite Density Refractive index See also Ferrous chloride. Law's phosphor bronze Lawsonite Density Refractive index Lazulite Density Refractive index Lazurite Density Refractive index Lead Absorption, index of Acoustic resistivity Boiling point Cathodoluminescence Compressibility Compton effect Contact potential Critical potentials Density Liquid Solid Electrical conductivity Liquid Solid Links 5.152 4.161 3.195 4.161 5.153 3.195 4.162 5.154 1.115 1.115 1.115 1.126 5.163 6.292 2.378 2.48 2.311 2.310 2.55 1.173 2.311 2.311 2.311 2.310 2.310 2.311 1.128 1.128 1.166 2.378 2.560 1.145 1.145 1.172 1.142 1.142 1.171 1.153 1.153 1.165 5.250 6.459 1.102 5.390 3.47 6.18 6.57 6.71 2.565 2.570 3.205 3.48 1.102 1.104 2.457 2.456 2.463 1.103 1.104 6.136 6.137 6.140 628 Index Terms Low temperature Magnetic field, effect of Electrode potential Electrons, secondary emission of Electrons, transmitted, velocity of Electrons excited by X-rays, number of Electrons freed by X-rays, energy of Emission, spectral Emission spectra Entropy Fluorescence of vapors Free energy Amalgamation Electrode reaction Reaction with water Vaporizatio n Gamma rays, absorption coefficient Gold, diffusion of, in Hall effect Heat content Heat of fusion Heat of vaporization Interfacial tension against fused salts Magnetic susceptibility Magneton number Mechanical properties Melting point Nernst effect Oxidized, emission, spectral Persistent lines Photoelectric threshold Platinum, diffusion of, in Quantum numbers Refractive index Rhodium, diffusion of, in Sound, velocity of, in Specific heat Gas Liquid Solid Spectral series Surface tension Thermal conductivity Thermal expansion Liquid Solid Thermochemistry Thermodynamic potential Thermoelectric properties Thomson coefficient Thorium -B, diffusion of, in Tin ion, reaction with Vapor pressure Viscosity, liquid Volume change on fusion Volume change on solidification X-ray absorption limits X-ray crystal structure X-ray emission spectra X-ray series Absorption, discontinuity in Absorption coefficient Limiting frequencies Scattering, modification by Scattering coefficient Zeeman effect -Aluminum* Links 6.128 6.422 6.320 6.63 6.62 6.5 6.4 5.255 5.309 5.89 5.391 7.248 7.248 7.248 7.248 7.248 6.14 5.75 6.416 5.89 1.104 1.102 4.439 6.355 6.346 2.556 1.53 6.420 5.244 5.323 6.68 5.75 5.408 1.103 5.75 6.459 7.248 5.94 1.104 5.403 1.103 5.218 1.102 1.104 5.183 5.89 6.214 6.228 5.75 7.248 3.205 5.7 2.474 2.475 6.42 1.340 6.42 6.12 6.13-15 6.35 6.17 6.17 5.420 6.133 6.332 7.248 6.20 6.21 6.417 2.458 1.104 6.250 6.465 7.248 5.85 5.89 4.440 5.220 5.221 2.463 2.461 6.225 5.425 5.93 7.248 629 Index Terms -Aluminum*-Antimony -Aluminum*-Silver -Aluminum*-Tin -Aluminum*-Zinc -Antimony* -Antimony*-Copper -Antimony*-Copper-Tin -Antimony*-Copper-Tin -Zinc -Antimony*-Tin -Antimony*-Zinc -Arsenic* -Arsenic*-Copper-T in-Zinc -Barium*-Calcium -Bismuth* -Bismuth*-Cadmium-Tin -Bismuth*-Mercury -Bismuth-Tin -Cadmium* -Cadmium*-Tin -Cadmium*-Zinc -Calcium* -Chromium* -Cobalt* -Copper* -Copper*-Iron-Tin-Zinc -Copper*-Tin -Copper*-Tin-Zinc -Copper*-Zinc -Gold* -Indium* -Iron* -Lead chloride Freezing point-solubility -Lead dioxide Reaction in sulfuric acid -Magnesium Electrical conductivity Equilibrium diagram X-ray diffraction data -Manganese Equilibrium diagram -Mercury Density Electrical conductivity Equilibrium diagram Hardness Specific heat Specific volume Surface tension Thermal expansion Thermoelectric properties Vapor pressure, partial Viscosity, liquid X-ray diffraction data -Palladium Density Equilibrium diagram -Platinum Density Equilibrium diagram Thermal conductivity -Potassium Electrical conductivity Equilibrium diagram -Selenium Freezing point-solubility -Silver Links 4.40 7.249 6.192 2.415 1.344 2.415 2.589 6.190 2.414 2.586 5.119 2.589 2.591 2.474 6.220 3.284 5.7 1.348 2.589 2.415 2.589 2.415 5.226 6.198 2.415 4.27 1.349 630 Index Terms Density Electrical conductivity Equilibrium diagram Specific volume Thermal conductivity -Silver-Zinc Equilibrium diagram Miscibility relations -Silver bromide Electrode potential -Silver chloride Electrode potential -Silver iodide Electrode potential -Sodium Electrical conductivity Equilibrium diagram -Sulfur Freezing point-solubility -Sulfur dioxide Free energy and heat of reaction Freezing point-solubility -Tellurium Equilibrium diagram Freezing point-solubility -Thallium Electrical conductivity Equilibrium diagram Magnetic susceptibility Specific heat Thermal conductivity Thermoelectric properties -Tin Absorption, index of Electrical conductivity Equilibrium diagram Magnetic susceptibility Mechanical properties Refraction, index of Specific heat Surface tension Thermal conductivity Thermal expansion Thermoelectric properties Viscosity, liquid Volume change on solidification X-ray diffraction data -Tin-Zinc Miscibility relations -Zinc Compressibility Electrical conductivity Equilibrium diagram Thermoelectric properties Lead acetate Boiling point elevation in aqueous solution Concentration cell Crystallography Decomposition pressure of hydrates Density Aqueous solution Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Heat of formation Melting point Refractive index Aqueous solution Links 2.589 6.161 2.414 2.589 5.222 2.418 3.408 7.267 7.266 7.268 6.198 2.415 4.25 7.250 4.40 2.416 4.28 6.194 2.416 6.365 5.121 5.225 6.221 5.251 6.194 2.415 6.365 2.557 5.251 5.121 4.440 5.225 2.467 6.221 5.10 2.475 1.348 6.199 2.474 3.408 2.548 6.199 2.416 6.221 3.325 6.324 1.320 7.250 1.117 3.63 6.243 4.255 5.184 1.117 1.117 7.70 3.104 6.254 1.170 631 Index Terms Dispersion Solubility in water Specific heat, aqueous solution Surface tension, aqueous solution Vapor pressure lowering in aqueous solution Viscosity, aqueous solution -Acetic acid* -Ammonium sulfate* -Ethyl alcohol* -Lead hydroxide Freezing point-solubility in water -Lead oxide Density, aqueous solution -Potassium acetate Freezing point-solubility in water -Potassium sulfate Freezing point-solubility in water -Silver acetate Solubility in water -Sodium azide Freezing point-solubility in water -Sodium nitrate Density, aqueous solution -Sodium sulfate Freezing point-solubility in water Lead amalgams -Mercurous chloride Electromotive force -Mercurous iodide Electromotive force -Mercurous sulfate Electromotive force and free energy -Silver bromide Electrode potential -Silver chloride Electrode potential -Silver iodide Electromotive force See also Lead-Mercury. Lead arsenate Specific heat -Lead chloride Freezing point-solubility -Lead fluoride Freezing point-solubility -Lead phosphate Freezing point-solubility -Lead vanadate Freezing point-solubility Lead azide Explosive, properties as Heat of explosion Solubility in water -Sodium acetate Freezing point-solubility in water -Sodium nitrate Freezing point-solubility in water Lead benzoate Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Solubility in water Lead borate, specific heat Lead bromate, electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Lead bromide Ammines Decomposition pressure Links 7.100 4.220 5.122 4.464 3.294 5.13 4.374 3.97 4.374 4.336 7.323 4.356 3.97 4.336 7.259 7.260 7.260 7.267 7.266 7.268 5.96 4.51 4.50 4.52 4.52 7.490 7.490 4.220 4.356 4.356 6.243 4.220 5.98 6.258 7.249 632 Index Terms Heat of decomposition Heat of formation Density Aqueous solution Dielectric constant Electrical conductivity Aqueous solution Electrode potential Free energy Heat of formation Heat of fusion Magnetic susceptibility Photoelectric current Solubility in water Solution velocity in water Specific heat Liquid Solid Thermal conductivity Vapor pressure Viscosity -Aluminum bromide* -Barium bromide* -Barium chloride* -Barium nitrate* -Bismuth bromide* -Cadmium bromide* -Calcium bromide* -Calcium chloride* -Hydrogen bromide* -Lead chloride Electrical conductivity Freezing point-solubility Freezing point-solubility in water -Lead chloride-Lead iodide Freezing point-solubility -Lead fluoride Freezing point-solubility -Lead iodide Freezing point-solubility -Lead nitrate Solubility in water -Lead oxide Freezing point-solubility -Mercuric bromide Freezing point-solubility -Nitric acid Solubility in water -Potassium bromide Freezing point-solubility in water -Potassium chloride Freezing point-solubility in water -Pyridine Freezing point-solubility -Silver bromide Freezing point-solubility -Sodium bromide Freezing point-solubility in water -Sodium carbonate Solubility in water -Sodium chloride Freezing point-solubility in water -Strontium bromide Freezing point-solubility in water -Strontium chloride Freezing point-solubility in water Links 7.249 5.183 3.23 3.104 6.76 6.148 6.258 7.249 7.249 5.183 5.131 6.357 6.69 4.220 5.56 3.43 5.106 5.96 5.217 3.214 7.212 6.150 4.50 4.274 4.382 4.75 4.80 4.50 4.51 7.317 4.50 4.51 7.317 4.318 7.317 4.275 4.198 4.51 4.318 7.317 7.250 4.275 4.317 4.275 7.317 633 Index Terms Lead carbonate Compressibility Dielectric constant Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Free energy Decomposition Heat of decomposition Heat of formation Precipitation, equilibrium relations Reflectivity, selective Refractive index Specific heat See also Cerussite. -Potassium chromate Freezing point-solubility in water Lead carbonate (basic) Carbon dioxide, reaction with Free energy Hydroxide ion, reaction with Lead chlorate Density, aqueous solution Solubility in water Lead chloride Ammines Decomposition pressure Heat of decomposition Heat of formation Boiling point Compressibility Concentration cell Density Aqueous solution Liquid Solid Dielectric constant Electrical conductivity Aqueous solution Electrode potential Emission, spectral Entropy Free energy Hydrolysis Heat content Heat of formation Heat of fusion Magnetic susceptibility Melting point Photoelectric current Refractive index Residual rays Solubility in water Solution velocity in water Specific heat Liquid Solid Surface tension Thermal conductivity Thermodynamic potential Vapor pressure Liquid Solid Viscosity See also Cotunnite. -Acetic acid* -Ammonium chloride* -Barium bromide* Links 3.50 6.76 6.258 7.250 7.250 7.250 5.183 7.250 5.260 7.20 5.96 7.250 4.371 7.250 7.250 7.250 3.63 4.219 7.248 7.248 5.183 1.115 3.50 6.324 3.63 3.23 3.43 6.76 6.148 6.232 7.248 5.259 5.90 7.248 7.248 5.90 5.183 5.131 6.357 1.115 6.69 7.20 5.261 4.219 5.56 5.106 5.90 4.442 5.217 5.90 3.214 3.207 7.212 3.104 1.163 3.104 6.100 6.258 5.96 634 Index Terms -Barium chloride* -Beryllium chloride* -Bismuth chloride* -Cadmium chloride* -Calcium bromide* -Calcium chloride* -Cuprous chloride* -Ethyl alcohol* -Ferric chloride* -Hydrogen chloride* -Lead* -Lead arsenate* -Lead bromide* -Lead bromide*-Lead iodide -Lead fluoride Freezing point-solubility -Lead iodide Freezing point-solubility -Lead nitrate Density, aqueous solution Solubility in water -Lead oxide Freezing point-solubility -Lead phosphate Freezing point-solubility -Lead sulfide Freezing point-solubility -Lead vanadate Freezing point-solubility -Lithium chloride Freezing point-solubility Solubility in water -Magnesium chloride Freezing point-solubility Solubility in water -Manganese chloride Freezing point-solubility Solubility in water -Mannitol Freezing point-solubility in water -Mercuric chloride Solubility in water -Nitric acid Solubility in water -Potassium bromide Freezing point-solublity in water -Potassium chloride Freezing point-solubility Freezing point-solubility in water -Potassium chloride-Sodium chloride Freezing point-solubility -Pyridine Density Freezing point-solubility -Rubidium chloride Freezing point-solubility -Silver chloride Freezing point-solubility -Sodium bromide Freezing point-solubility in water -Sodium carbonate Solubility in water -Sodium chloride Freezing point-solubility Freezing point-solubility in water -Sodium iodide Freezing point-solubility in water Links 4.50 4.50 3.97 7.315 4.49 4.50 4.50 4.51 4.51 7.316 4.51 7.315 4.51 7.315 4.417 7.315 7.315 7.314 4.275 4.51 4.304 4.385 4.75 4.80 3.138 4.198 4.51 4.51 4.275 7.250 4.51 4.304 4.275 7.316 7.316 635 Index Terms -Stannous chloride Electrical conductivity Freezing point-solubility -Strontium bromide Freezing point-solubility in water -Strontium chloride Freezing point-solubility Freezing point-solubility in water -Thallium monochloride Freezing point-solubility -Zinc chloride Density Freezing point-solubility Solubility in water Lead chloride cell Lead chlorite, solubility in water Lead chromate Heat of formation Ionization constant Reflectivity, selective Specific heat Transition temperature -Hydrogen chloride* -Lead molybdate Freezing point-solubility -Lead oxide Freezing point-solubility -Lead sulfate Freezing point-solubility -Lead tungstate Freezing point-solubility -Nitric acid Solubility in water -Potassium carbonate Freezing point-solubility in water Lead dihydroarsenate Density Refractive index Lead dioxide Electrical conductivity Free energy Heat of formation Hydrogen, reduction with, electromotive force Photoelectric current Specific heat X-ray diffraction data See also Plattnerite. -Hydrogen chloride* -Lead* -Manganese dioxide Electrical conductivity Lead dithionate Density Heat of formation Optical rotatory power Refractive index -Strontium dithionate Density, aqueous solution Lead fluoride Dielectric constant Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Heat of formation Magnetic susceptibility Specific heat Thermal conductivity Links 6.150 4.49 4.275 7.316 4.51 4.304 7.315 4.51 3.134 4.51 7.315 6.315 4.219 5.193 7.287 5.260 5.98 4.7 4.52 4.50 4.52 4.78 4.52 7.336 4.371 1.116 1.116 6.148 7.248 5.183 7.250 6.69 5.96 1.342 1.173 6.153 6.150 1.115 5.183 7.353 1.115 3.97 6.76 6.258 5.183 6.357 5.96 5.217 1.167 7.20 636 Index Terms Vapor pressure X-ray diffraction data -Hydrogen fluoride*-Potassium fluoride -Hydrogen fiuoride*-Sodium fluoride -Lead arsenate* -Lead bromid e* -Lead chloride* -Lead iodide Freezing point-solubility -Lead oxide Freezing point-solubility -Lead phosphate Freezing point-solubility -Lead vanadate Freezing point-solubility -Sodium fluoride Freezing point-solubility Lead fluorochloride Solubility in water Lead formate Crystallography Density Dielectric constant Heat of formation Optical rotatory power Refractive index -Barium formate* -Formic acid* Lead hydrogen arsenate Density Refractive index Lead hydrogen phosphite Heat of formation Lead hydroxide Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Free energy in water Free energy of ions Heat of formation Ionization constant -Chromic acid* -Lead acetate* -Sodium hydroxide Freezing point-solubility in water Lead iodate Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Free energy of ionization Solubility in water -Lead nitrate Freezing point-solubility in water -Potassium iodate Freezing point-solubility in water -Potassium nitrate Solubility in water Lead iodide Ammines Decomposition pressure Heat of decomposition Heat of formation Density Aqueous solution Dielectric constant Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Electrode potential Free energy Heat of formation Links 3.214 1.342 4.50 4.49 4.50 4.50 4.50 4.220 1.320 1.116 6.76 5.184 7.353 1.116 1.173 1.116 1.116 1.174 5.183 6.258 7.248 7.248 5.183 7.248 4.377 6.258 7.249 4.220 4.320 7.318 4.320 7.318 7.318 7.249 7.249 5.183 3.23 3.104 6.76 6.258 7.249 7.249 5.183 7.20 637 Index Terms Heat of fusion Magnetic susceptibility Photoconductivity Photoelectric current Solubility in water Specific heat Thermal conductivity Thermal expansion -Ammonium iodide* -Cupric nitrate* -Cupric nilrate*-Iodine-Lead nitrate -Iodine* -Iodine*-Lead nitrate -Lead bromide* -Lead bromide*-Lead chloride -Lead chloride* -Lead fluoride* -Mercuric iodide Freezing point-solubility -Nitric acid Solubility in water -Potassium iodide Freezing point-solubility in water -Pyridine Freezing point-solubility -Silver iodide Freezing point-solubility -Sodium chloride Freezing point-solubility in water -Sodium sulfate Solubility in water Lead lignocerate -Ethyl ether* Lead malate, solubility in water Lead-mercury cell Lead metaborate , Verdet constant Lead metasilicate Melting point Specific heat See also Alamosite. Lead molybdate Specific heat X-ray diffraction data See also Wulfenite. -Bismuth molybdate* -Cerous molybdate* -Lanthanum molybdate* -Lead chromate* -Lead oxide Freezing point-solubility -Lead sulfate Freezing point-solubility -Lead tungstate Freezing point-solubility -Neodymium molybdate Freezing point-solubility -Praseodymium molybdate Freezing point-solubility -Yttrium molybdate Freezing point-solubility Lead nitrate Absorption spectra, solutions Boiling point elevation in aqueous solutions Concentration cells Density Links 5.131 6.357 6.66 6.69 4.220 5.87 5.217 3.44 7.317 5.96 4.51 7.318 4.319 4.198 4.52 4.275 7.249 4.220 6.315 6.426 4.84 5.96 5.98 1.343 4.50 4.52 4.52 4.53 4.53 4.52 5.328 3.325 6.324 1.115 7.318 638 Index Terms Aqueous solution Dielectric constant Aqueous solution Diffusion in water Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Emission, spectral Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Heat of formation Magnetic susceptibility Melting point Reflectivity, selective Refractive index Aqueous solution Dispersion Solubility in water Specific heat Aqueous solution Surface tension, aqueous solution Thermal conductivity, aqueous solution Transference number Vapor pressure lowering in aqueous solution Viscosity, aqueous solution X-ray diffraction data X-rays, absorption coefficient -Ammonium nitrate* -Barium nitrate* -Barium nitrate*-Potassium nitrate -Cupric nitrate* -Cupric nitrate*-Iodine-Lead iodide -Iodine* -Iodine*-Lead iodide -Lead bromide* -Lead chloride* -Lead iodate* -Nitric acid Density, aqueous solution -Potassium iodate Freezing point-solubility in water -Potassium nitrate Density, aqueous solution Freezing point-solubility Freezing point-solubility in water Viscosity, aqueous solution -Potassium nitrate-Sodium nitrate Freezing point-solubility -Pyridine Boiling point elevation Freezing point-solubility -Sodium azide Freezing point-solubility in water -Sodium nitrate Density, aqueous solution Freezing point-solubility Freezing point-solubility in water Viscosity, aqueous solution -Strontium nitrate Boiling point elevation in aqueous solution Density, aqueous solution Thermal conductivity, aqueous solution Lead nitride, heat of formation Lead oleate Dielectric constant -Ethyl ether* Lead orthophosphate Melting point Refractive index Links 3.63 6.76 6.104 5.65 6.231 5.259 4.255 5.183 6.357 1.115 5.260 1.115 7.70 7.100 4.220 5.96 5.122 4.464 5.229 6.310 3.294 5.13 1.342 6.13 3.104 6.99 3.107 6.237 6.240 1.165 7.13 3.96 4.320 3.97 4.52 4.361 5.19 4.75 3.342 4.198 4.356 3.97 4.52 4.361 5.19 4.392 3.347 3.97 5.229 5.183 6.97 1.115 1.115 1.167 639 Index Terms Transition point Lead orthosilicate , melting point See also Barysilite. Lead oxalate Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Heat of formation Lead oxide Albedo Dielectric constant Electrical conductivity Entropy Free energy Allotropic transformation Hydrate Reaction with hydrogen Heat content Heat of formation Magnetic susceptibility Meltin g point Photoelectric current Specific heat Thermal conductivity Thermodynamic potential Thermoelectric power Transition temperature X-ray diffraction data See also Litharge, Massicotite. -Acetic acid* -Arsenic pentoxide* -Bismuth trioxide* -Boric oxide* -Carbon dioxide* -Cupric oxide* -Ferric oxide* -Lead acetate* -Lead bromide -Lead chloride* -Lead chr ornate* -Lead fluoride* -Lead molybdate* -Lead sulfate Freezing point-solubility -Lead tungstate Freezing point-solubility -Phosphoric acid Freezing point-solubility in water -Phosphorus pentoxide Freezing point-solubility -Sea salt Freezing point-solubility -Silica Freezing point-solubility Melting point diagram -Vanadiurn pentoxide Freezing point-solubility Lead oxybromides Heat of formation Lead oxycarbonate, free energy Lead oxychlorides Heat of formation Lead oxysulfate Free energy, reaction with sulfur dioxide Specific heat Transition point Lead peroxide, thermal expansion Links 1.115 4.84 6.258 5.184 5.263 6.76 6.153 5.90 7.248 7.248 7.248 7.248 5.90 5.183 6.357 4.84 6.69 5.90 5.217 5.90 6.224 4.7 1.342 5.96 4.50 4.50 4.369 4.45 4.76 4.85 2.97 4.50 5.183 7.250 5.183 7.250 7.250 4.7 3.43 4.86 7.248 640 Index Terms Lead phosphate Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Reflectivity, selective Refractive index -Lead arsenate* -Lead chloride* -Lead fluoride* -Lead vanadate Freezing point-solubility Lead potassium chloride Heat of formation Surface tension Lead potassium iodide Heat of formation Lead potassium sulfate Density, aqueous solution Heat of formation Transition temperature Lead pyroarsenate Density Melting point Refractive index Lead pyrophosphate Reflectivity, selective Specific heat Lead selenate , heat of formation Lead selenide Heat of formation X-ray diffraction data See also Clausthalite. Lead silicate , Verdet constant Lead silver iodide , specific heat Lead sodium thiocyanate Heat of formation Lead stearate -Ethyl ether* Lead suboxide , heat of formation Lead sulfate Chromat e ion, equilibrium constant of reaction Compressibility Dielectric constant Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Emission, spectral Free energy Heat of formation Heat of transition Heat of wetting Refractive index Solubility in sulfuric acid Solubility in water Specific heat Transition temperature -Ammonium acetate* -Hydrogen chloride* -Lead chromate* -Lead rnolybdate* -Lead oxide* -Lead tungstate Freezing point-solubility -Lithium sulfate Freezing point-solubility -Nitric acid Solubility in water -Potassium acetate Links 6.258 5.260 7.20 4.52 5.205 4.445 5.205 3.91 5.205 4.8 1.115 1.115 1.115 1.173 5.260 5.96 5.183 5.183 1.342 6.426 5.97 5.202 5.183 7.287 3.50 6.76 6.257 5.259 7.249 5.183 5.183 5.143 7.20 4.43 6.257 5.96 4.7 4.52 4.52 7.318 7.249 641 Index Terms Freezing point-solubility in water -Potassium sulfate Density, aqueous solution Freezing point-solubility -Sodium acetate Freezing point-solubility in water -Sodium carbonate Solubility in water -Sodium chloride Solubility in water -Sodium sulfate Freezing point-solubility -Sulfuric acid Density, aqueous solution Solubility in water Lead sulfide Compressibility Decomposition pressure Dielectric constant Electrical conductivity Magnetic field, effect of Emission, spectral Entropy Free energy Heat content Heat of formation Photoconductivity Photoelectric current Solution velocity in acids Specific heat Thermal conductivity Thermal expansion Thermodynamic potential Vapor pressure X-ray diffraction data See also Galena. -Antimony trisulfide* -Arsenous sulfide* -Cuprous sulfide* -Ferrous sulfide* -Lead chloride* -Silicon sulfide Freezing point-solubility -Silver sulfide Freezing point-solubility -Stannous sulfide Freezing point-solubility -Thallous sulfide Freezing point-solubility -Zinc sulfide Freezing point-solubility Lead tartrate, solubility in water Lead telluride Heat of formation X-ray diffraction data Lead tetraacetate -Acetic acid* Lead tetraborate, specific heat Lead tetraphenyl -Silicon tetraphenyl Freezing point-solubility -Tetraphenyl tin Freezing point-solubility Lead thiocyanate Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Links 4.336 3.97 4.52 4.78 4.336 7.318 7.250 7.318 4.52 3.96 7.318 3.50 7.249 6.76 6.148 6.422 5.254 5.90 7.249 5.90 5.183 6.66 6.69 5.59 5.90 5.217 3.44 5.90 3.208 1.342 4.48 4.52 4.49 4.52 4.52 4.220 5.183 1.342 5.98 4.48 4.49 6.258 6.154 5.257 5.258 5.96 7.249 642 Index Terms Heat of formation Lead thiosulfate Heat of formation Specific heat -Strontium thiosulfate Freezing point-solubility in water Lead trithionate Heat of formation Lead tungstate Specific heat Transition temperature -Bismuth tungstate* -Cerous tungstate* -Lead chromate* -Lead molybdate* -Lead oxide* -Lead sulfate* Lead vanadate -Lead arsenate* -Lead chloride* -Lead. fluoride* -Lead phosphate* Leadhillite Density Refractive index Leather Area change with relative humidity Composition Moisture content at various humidities Permeability to air Permeability to water vapor Resilience Stitch tear Stretch Tensile strength Thermal conductivity Types Ventilating properties Water content with change in humidity Leather paper. See Fish paper. Leatheroid Emission, spectral Moisture content at various humidities See also Fish paper, Vulcanized fiber. Lechatelierite Boiling point Density Refractive index See also Silica. Lechesne (alloy) LeClanche dry cell Lecontite Density Refractive index Ledebur's bearing alloys Leduc effect, coefficient of, conversion factors Leiden temperature scale Leifite Density Refractive index Lemarquand's alloy Lengenbachite , density Links 5.184 5.183 5.96 4.355 5.183 5.98 4.7 1.117 1.117 2.250 2.252 2.251 2.316 2.253 2.253 2.254 2.251 2.251 2.251 2.313 2.250 2.253 2.252 1.173 2.324 5.244 2.323 1.112 1.112 1.112 1.162 2.378 6.315 2.480 1.151 1.151 2.378 1.29 1.54 1.153 1.153 2.378 1.116 1.165 1.168 1.166 1.124 2.325 643 Index Terms Length Astronomical unit Conversion factors Secondary units Length degree, conversion factors Leonhardite Dehydration behavior Leonite Density Refractive index Lepidocrocite Density Refractive index Lepranthin Optical rotatory power Leuchtenbergite Density Refractive index Leucic acid Optical rotatory power Leucine Absorption spectra Heat of combustion Optical rotatory power Solubility in salt solutions Leucite Density Refractive index -Silica Freezing point-solubility Leucochalcite Refractive index Leucodigallic acid Optical rotatory power Leucophanite Density Refractive index Leucosphenite Density Refractive index Levoglucosan, specific heat Levulinic acid Absorption spectra Density Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Heat of combustion Heat of fusion Heat of solution in water Refractive index Surface tension -Chloroform* -Ethyl ether* -Xylene Distribution coefficients in water Levulose Absorption spectra Boiling point elevation in aqueous solution Decomposition by acid, velocity of Dielectric constant, aqueous solution Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Optical rotation Refractive index, aqueous solution Links 1.34 1.20 1.2 1.22 7.313 1.158 1.158 1.168 1.128 1.128 1.173 7.21 7.477 1.142 1.142 1.171 7.367 5.340 5.168 7.375 4.417 5.373 1.158 1.158 1.165 4.85 4.88 1.123 1.173 7.28 7.466 1.154 1.154 1.154 1.154 5.103 1.171 1.172 5.376 3.29 6.270 5.165 5.132 5.149 7.37 4.452 3.427 5.340 3.327 2.350 6.101 6.277 4.263 2.349 7.69 7.389 7.27 644 Index Terms Solubility in water Specific heat Aqueous solution Verdet constant Viscosity, aqueous solution -d-Glucose* -d-Glucose*-Sucrose -Hydrogen chloride* -Sucrose Viscosity, aqueous solution Levynite Density Refractive index Lewisite Density Refractive index Lewis's magnetochemical theory Liberty pistons (alloy) Libethenite Density Refractive index Lichtenberg's alloy Liddel's alloys Light Absorption Petroleum products Diffusing materials Diffusion diagrams Emission by spark discharge in liquids Efficiency Filters Mercury vapor lamp Glass, transmission by Mechanical equivalent Polarization By reflection Reaction times to Reflected, polarization of Reflectivity Refractivity Scattered, intensity of Scattered, polarization of Selected sources Spectral absorption Standards Velocity Light sources Photographic efficiency Light-year, definition Lightning Lignite Composition Density Lignoceric acid -Arachidic acid* -Palmitic acid Freezing point-solubility -Stearic acid Freezing point-solubility -Tetracosanic acid Freezing point-solubility Lignum-vitae Density Thermal conductivity Links 2.349 5.103 5.125 6.429 5.23 5.24 1.145 1.145 1.144 1.144 6.347 2.378 1.122 1.122 2.378 2.378 5.248 2.153 5.264 5.261 5.433 5.245 5.264 7.160 2.106 5.436 5.265 5.261 1.95 5.261 5.253 5.248 5.266 5.265 5.242 5.268 5.434 1.17 1.166 1.165 2.538 1.172 2.546 5.264 5.268 5.437 5.271 5.435 5.245 5.445 1.38 6.445 2.131 2.135 4.165 4.166 4.167 2.315 2.315 2.134 645 Index Terms Ligroin Electrical conductivity Refractive index Solubility in water Lillianite, density Lime Expansion on heating See also Calcium oxide. Limestone Bulk density Compressibility Compressive strength Density Elasticity Hardness Impact hardness Porosity Radioactivity Shearing strength Tensile strength Thermal conductivity Thermal diffusivity Thermal expansion Transverse strength Limonene Absorption spectra Birefringence, electric Dielectric constant Electrical conductivity Heat of combustion Heat of vaporization Optical rotatory power Refractive index Surface tension Verdet constant Dispersion X-rays, absorption coefficient Limonite, specific heat Linalool Absorption spectra Optical rotatory power Surface tension Linarite Density Refractive index Lindackerite Density Refractive index Line, definition Line spectra. See Spectra. Linen Moisture content at various humidities Tensile strength, humidity, effect of Thermal conductivity Linnaeite, density Linoleum Density Thermal conductivity Linseed oil Electrical conductivity Magnetic susceptibility Rubber softener Lionite. See Alundum. Links 6.146 2.153 3.392 1.116 2.84 2.53 2.54 2.48 2.315 2.51 2.50 2.51 2.53 1.379 2.49 2.49 2.55 2.56 2.54 2.49 5.333 7.111 6.95 6.144 5.163 5.138 7.410 7.52 4.460 6.426 6.433 6.14 5.98 3.51 2.315 5.346 5.347 7.402 4.460 1.123 1.123 1.132 1.132 1.38 2.323 2.237 2.313 1.130 2.313 2.313 6.146 6.364 2.278 1.173 1.172 646 Index Terms Lipase Lipowitz alloy Electrical conductivity Specific heat Thermal conductivity Lippianol, optical rotatory power Liquid crystals Liquid junction potentials Liroconite Density Refractive index Liter Definition Liter-atmosphere , definition Lith board Density Thermal conductivity Litharge Density Melting point Refractive index Rubber vulcanization, use in See also Lead oxide. Lithiophilite Density Refractive index Lithium Absorption spectra, solutions Boiling point Cathodoluminescence Compressibility Contact potential Critical potentials Density Electrical conductivity Liquid Solid Low temperature Electrood potential Emission spectra Fluorescence of vapor Free energy of electrode reaction Hall effect Heat of fusion Heat of vaporization Isotopes Magnetic susceptibility Melting point Nernst effect Persist ent lines Photoelectric sensitivity, wave length for maximum Photoelectric threshold Photoelectric work function Quantum numbers Specific heat Spectral series Thermal conductivity Thermal expansion Liquid Solid Thermochemistry Thermoelectric properties Volume change on fusion X-radiation, scattered, distribution of Links 7.153 2.378 6.165 5.121 5.223 7.464 1.314 6.338 1.137 1.137 1.18 1.1 1.38 2.46 2.313 2.313 1.115 1.115 1.115 2.282 1.150 1.150 5.329 1.102 5.390 3.47 6.57 6.71 1.104 1.103 1.104 6.127 6.332 5.302 5.391 7.301 6.416 1.104 1.102 1.47 6.355 1.104 6.420 5.323 6.68 6.68 6.57 5.408 1.104 5.400 5.220 1.102 1.104 5.199 6.214 2.474 6.19 6.197 1.172 1.168 1.172 3.48 2.456 6.136 6.133 7.301 5.93 2.463 2.461 647 Index Terms X-ray crystal structure X-rays, absorption coefficient X-rays, scattering, modification by X-rays, scattering of Zeeman effect -Ammonia* -Cadmium* -Mercury Density Electrical conductivity Equilibrium diagram Thermoelectric properties Surface tension Vapor pressure, partial -Potassium Equilibrium diagram -Silicon Density -Sodium Equilibrium diagram -Tin Equilibrium diagram Lithium acetate Density, aqueous solution Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Melting point Refractive index Aqueous solution Dispersion Solubility in water Viscosity, aqueous solution X-ray diffraction data -Acetic acid* Lithium aluminum orthosilicate Melting point Lithium amide , heat of formation Lithium benzoate Density, aqueous solution Solubility in water -Ethyl alcohol* Lithium bicarbonate Heat of formation Solubility in water Lithium bromate Density, aqueous solution Solubility in water Viscosity, aqueous solution Lithium bromide Absorption spectra, solutions Ammines Decomposition pressure Heat of decomposition Heat of formation Boiling point elevation in aqueous solution Compressibility Aqueous solution Density Aqueous solution Liquid Diffusion in water Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Heat of formation Hydrates Decomposition pressure Links 1.340 6.13 6.17 6.17 5.420 6.15 2.589 6.190 2.435 6.220 2.591 3.284 2.436 2.594 2.437 2.417 3.78 6.247 1.149 1.149 7.73 7.101 4.234 5.15 1.345 6.254 1.169 4.85 5.200 3.105 4.234 5.200 4.234 3.105 4.233 5.15 5.329 7.302 7.302 5.200 3.326 3.50 3.439 3.77 3.24 5.66 6.235 4.258 5.199 7.302 3.108 6.239 7.73 648 Index Terms Heat of decomposition Refractive index, aqueous solution Solubility in water Specific heat, aqueous solution Surface tension, aqueous solution Vapor pressure Aqueous solution Vapor pressure lowering in aqueous solution Viscosity, aqueous solution X-ray diffraction data -Acetone* -Acetone*-Ethyl alcohol -Acetone*-Methyl alcohol -Acetophenone* -Aluminum bromide* -Arsenous oxide* -Barium bromide* -Calcium bromide* -Eth yl alcohol* -Ethyl alcohol* -Glycerol -Glycerol* -Glycerol* -M ethyl alcohol -Isoamyl alcohol* -Isobutyl alcohol* -Lithium hydroxide Freezing point-solubility -Magnesium bromide Freezing point-solubility -Methyl acetate Boiling point elevation -Methyl alcohol Boiling point elevation Viscosity, aqueous solution -Potassium bromide Freezing point-solubility -Silver bromide Freezing point-solubility -Sodium bromide Freezing point-solubility -Strontium bromide Freezing point-solubility Lithium d-camphorate -Camphoric acid* Lithium carbide, heat of formation Lithium carbonate Boiling point elevation in aqueous solution Decomposition pressure Density Liquid Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Heat of formation Magnetic susceptibility Melting point Refractive index Solubility in water -Ammonium chloride* -Ammonium sulfate* -Lithium hydroxide Vapor pressure, aqueous solution -Lithium nitrate Freezing point-solubility -Lithium sulfate Freezing point-solubility -Potassium carbonate Freezing point-solubility -Potassium chloride Links 7.302 7.73 4.233 5.123 4.465 3.214 3.369 3.296 5.15 1.345 4.66 4.63 3.340 3.334 5.24 4.67 4.59 4.67 4.65 5.200 3.326 7.303 1.149 3.24 6.247 5.200 6.360 1.149 1.149 4.234 3.380 4.67 4.67 4.67 1.170 649 Index Terms Solubility in water -Potassium nitrate Solubility in water -Potassium sulfate Solubility in water -Sodium chloride Solubility in water -Sodium sulfate Solubility in water Lithium chlorate Density Aqueous solution Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Refractive index, aqueous solution Dispersion Solubility in water Specific heat, aqueous solution Transition temperature Viscosity, aqueous solution Lithium chloride Absorption spectra Ammines Decomposition pressure Heat of decomposition Heat of formation Boiling point elevation in aqueous solution Compressibility Aqueous solution Concentration cells Density Aqueous solution Liquid Solid Diffusion in ethyl alcohol Diffusion in methyl alcohol Diffusion in water Electrical conductivity Aqueous solution Ethylamine complexes Decomposition pressure Heat of decomposition Freezing point lowering in aqueous solution Heat of formation Hydrates Decomposition pressure Heat of decomposition Magnetic rotatory power, aqueous solution Magnetic susceptibility Methylamine complexes Decomposition pressures Heat of decomposition Heat of formation Refractive index, aqueous solution Solubility in antimony trichloride Solubility in water Specific heat Aqueous solution Surface tension Aqueous solution Transference number Vapor pressure Aqueous solution Vapor pressure lowering in aqueous solution Viscosity, aqueous solution X-ray diffraction data Links 7.345 7.345 7.345 7.345 7.345 3.43 3.76 6.246 4.258 7.73 7.101 4.233 5.123 4.7 5.15 6.254 5.329 7.301 7.301 5.200 3.326 3.50 3.439 6.327 3.76 3.24 3.43 5.73 5.72 5.66 6.149 6.231 7.302 7.302 4.258 5.199 7.301 7.301 6.431 6.360 7.302 7.302 5.200 7.72 4.47 4.233 5.100 5.123 4.443 4.465 6.309 3.214 3.368 3.296 5.15 1.345 3.77 4.443 3.108 6.233 6.239 7.72 650 Index Terms -Acetone* -Acetophenone* -Aluminum chloride* -Ammonia* -Ammonium chloride* -Amyl alcohol* -Arsenous oxide* -Barium chloride* -Barium hydroxide* -Bismuth chloride* -Butyl alcohol* -Calcium chloride* -Cesium chloride* -Cesium chloride*-Sodium chloride -Cobaltous chloride* -Cupric chloride* -Cupric sulfate* -Cuprous chloride* -Ethyl alcohol* -Hydrogen chloride* -Isoamyl alcohol* -Isobutyl alcohol* -Lead chloride* -Lithium hydroxide Freezing point-solubility -Lithium sulfate Freezing point-solubility in water -Magnesium chloride Freezing point-solubility -Manganese chloride Freezing point-solubility -Mercuric chloride Freezing point-solubility -Methyl acetate Boiling point elevation -Methyl alcohol Boiling point elevation Density Vapor pressure lowering -Methylamine Density Viscosity -Phthalic acid Density, aqueous solution Freezing point-solubility in water -Potassium chloride Electrical conductivity Freezing point-solubility -Potassium chloride-Sodium chloride Freezing point-solubility -Propyl alcohol Boiling point elevation -Pyridine Osmotic pressure -Quinoline Freezing point-solubility -Rubidium chloride Freezing point-solubility -Rubidium chloride-Sodium chloride Freezing point-solubility -Silver chloride Freezing point-solubility -Sodium chloride Density, aqueous solution Freezing point-solubility Freezing point-solubility in water -Strontium chloride Links 4.66 4.287 4.63 4.60 4.305 3.340 3.334 3.140 3.300 3.140 5.29 3.102 4.419 6.151 4.66 4.75 3.340 4.431 4.205 4.66 4.75 4.58 3.99 4.66 4.313 4.83 651 Index Terms Freezing point-solubility -Succinic acid Freezing point-solubility in water -Sucrose Density, aqueous solution Viscosity, aqueous solution -Thallium monochloride Freezing point-solubility Lithium chloroaurate Solubility in water Lithium chromate Density, aqueous solution Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Reflectivity, selective Refractive index, aqueous solution Dispersion Solubility in water Vapor pressure lowering in aqueous solution Lithium citrate Density, aqueous solution -Ethyl alcohol* Lithium cyanide , heat of formation Lithium cyanoplatinate Solubility in water Transition points Lithium cyanoplatinite Luminescence Lithium dichromate Density, aqueous solution Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Refractive index, aqueous solution Dispersion Solubility in water Lithium dihydroxytartrate Solubility in water Lithium disilicate Density Melting point Lithium dithionate Density Refractive index Vapor pressure lowering in aqueous solution Lithium flame, electrical properties Lithium fluoride Compressibility Density Aqueous solution Liquid Heat of formation Solubility in water Specific heat Surface tension Vapor pressure X-radiation, scattered, distribution of X-ray diffraction data -Aluminum fluoride* -Lithium hydroxide Freezing point-solubility -Magnesium fluoride Freezing point-solubility Lithium fluosilicate Decomposition pressure Heat of formation Vapor pressure lowering in aqueous solution Links 4.65 4.413 3.102 5.24 4.53 4.234 3.79 6.247 5.260 7.73 7.101 4.234 3.296 6.254 3.105 5.200 4.234 4.234 5.389 3.79 6.247 7.73 7.101 4.234 6.254 4.234 1.149 1.149 1.149 1.149 3.296 6.156 1.170 3.50 3.105 3.24 5.199 4.233 5.100 4.442 3.214 6.20 1.345 4.66 4.62 7.303 5.200 3.296 4.442 7.26 652 Index Terms Lithium formate Density, aqueous solution Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Heat of formation Solubility in water Surface tension, aqueous solution X-ray diffraction data -Formamide* -Formic acid* Lithium hydride Entropy Heat of formation Specific heat X-ray diffraction data Lithium hydrogen acetate Decomposition pressure Lithium hydrogen malate Density, aqueous solution Refractive index Lithium hydrogen sulfate , vapor pressure lowering in aqueous solution Lithium hydroxide Absorption spectra, solutions Compressibility, aqueous solution Concentration cells Decomposition pressure Density, aqueous solution Dielectric constant, aqueous solution Diffusion in water Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Freezing point lowering in aqueous solution Heat of formation Heat of neutralization Refractive index, aqueous solution Solubility in water Specific heat Aqueous solution Surface tension, aqueous solution Vapor pressure lowering in aqueous solution Viscosity, aqueous solution -Arsenous acid* -Boric acid* -Chromic acid* -Lithium bromide* -Lithium carbonate* -Lithium chloride* -Lithium fluoride* -Lithium iodide Freezing point-solubility -Phenol Freezing point-solubility in water Lithium hydroxybenzoate (o-, m-, p-) Solubility in water Lithium hypophosphate, electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Lithium iodate Density, aqueous solution Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Refractive index, aqueous solution Solubility in water Specific heat, aqueous solution Viscosity, aqueous solution Lithium iodide Absorption spectra, solutions Ammines Decomposition pressure Heat of decomposition Links 3.78 6.247 5.200 4.234 4.465 1.345 5.91 5.199 5.91 1.345 3.105 6.254 5.100 7.303 3.78 1.149 3.296 5.327 3.439 6.327 7.301 3.76 6.104 5.66 6.246 4.258 5.199 5.212 7.72 4.233 5.100 5.123 4.465 3.296 5.15 1.170 6.254 4.66 4.416 4.234 6.258 3.78 6.241 7.73 4.233 5.123 5.15 5.329 7.303 7.303 3.105 6.247 6.254 653 Index Terms Heat of formation Boiling point elevation in aqueous solution Compressibility Aqueous solution Decomposition pressure of hydrates Density, aqueous solution Diffusion in water Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Heat of formation Refractive index, aqueous solution Solubility in water Specific heat, aqueous solution Sulfur dioxide complexes Decomposition pressure Heat of decomposition Heat of formation Surface tension, aqueous solution Vapor pressure Aqueous solution Vapor pressure lowering in aqueous solution X-ray diffraction data -Ethyl alcohol* -Iodine*-Nitrobenzene -Isoamyl alcohol* -Isobutyl alcohol* -Lithium hydroxide* -Methyl acetate Boiling point elevation -Silver iodide Freezing point-solubility Lithium malate Density, aqueous solution Lithium manganate, electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Lithium mercuric bromide Heat of formation Lithium mercuric cyanide , heat of formation Lithium mesodisilicate Decomposition temperature Lithium metaaluminate , melting point Lithium metaborate Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Solubility in water Surface tension -Lithium meta silicate Freezing point-solubility -Sodium metaborate Freezing point-solubility Lithium metasilicate Density Melting point Refractive index -Aluminum metasilicate* -Lithium metaborate* -Silica Freezing point-solubility -Zinc metasilicate Freezing point-solubility Lithium molybdate , solubility in water Lithium naphthalene-1,5-disulfonate Crystallography Density Refractive index Links 5.200 3.326 3.50 3.439 7.302 3.77 5.66 6.235 4.258 5.199 7.73 4.233 5.123 3.108 7.73 6.239 7.303 7.303 5.199 4.465 3.214 3.369 3.296 1.345 3.340 4.59 3.78 6.247 5.200 5.200 4.85 4.85 4.258 4.235 4.443 4.85 4.67 1.149 1.54 1.149 1.149 1.165 4.85 4.85 4.234 1.322 1.149 1.149 1.171 4.85 1.167 1.174 654 Index Terms Lithium nitrate Absorption spectra, solutions Boiling point elevation in aqueous solution Compressibility, aqueous solution Density Aqueous solution Liquid Solid Diffusion in water Electrical conductivity Aqueous solution Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Heat of formation Heat of fusion Magnetic susceptibility Melting point Refractive index Aqueous solution Solubility in water Specific heat Aqueous solution Liquid Solid Surface tension Aqueous solution Vapor pressure, aqueous solution Vapor pressure lowering in aqueous solution Viscosity Aqueous solution -Acetone* -Ammonia* -Ammonium chloride*-Ammonium nitrate -Ammonium nitrate* -Barium nitrate* -Barium nitrate*-Potassium nitrate -Ethyl alcohol* -Ethyl alcohol* -Formamide -Formamide* -Isoamyl alcohol* -Isobutyl alcohol* -Lithium carbonate* -Lithium sulfate Freezin g point-solubility Freezing point-solubility in water -Methyl alcohol Boiling point elevation -Potassium nitrate Freezing point-solubility -Potassium nitrate-Sodium nitrate Freezing point-solubility -Silver nitrate Density, aqueous solution Refractive index, aqueous solution -Sodium nitrate Electrical conductivity Freezing point-solubility -Thallium monochloride Solubility in water Lithium nitride , heat of formation Lithium nitrite Density, aqueous solution Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Solubility in water -Silver nitrite Freezing point-solubility in water Links 5.329 3.326 3.440 3.78 3.24 1.149 5.66 6.149 6.231 4.258 5.199 5.131 6.360 1.149 1.149 7.73 4.234 3.108 4.443 3.44 6.238 1.167 5.123 5.106 5.100 4.443 4.465 3.369 3.296 7.212 5.15 4.67 4.324 4.387 3.334 4.67 4.75 4.83 3.98 7.96 6.151 4.67 7.321 5.199 3.105 6.247 4.258 4.234 4.357 4.391 655 Index Terms Lithium orthosilicate Density Heat of fusion Melting point Refractive index -Aluminum orthosilicate* -Calcium orthosilicate* -Zirconium orthosilicate Density Freezing point-solubility Lithium orthosulfoantimonate Solubility in water Lithium oxalate Density, aqueous solution Solubility in water X-ray diffraction data Lithium oxide Heat of formation Magnetic susceptibility Melting point X-ray diffraction data -Aluminum oxide* -Aluminum oxide*-Silica -Boric oxide* -Calcium oxide*-Silica -Silica Freezing point-solubility -Silica-Zirconium oxide Freezing point-solubility Lithium perchlorate Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution -Acetone* -Butyl alcohol* -Ethyl acetate* -Ethyl alcohol* -Ethyl ether* -Isobutyl alcohol* -Methyl alcohol Density -Propyl alcohol Density Lithium peroxide Heat of formation Lithium phosphate Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Reflectivity, selective Lithium picrate , electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Lithium platinocyanide -Potassium platinocyanide Freezing point-solubility in water Lithium potassium chloride Luminescence Lithium potassium cyanoplatinite Luminescence Lithium potassium ferrocyanide Refractive index Lithium potassium platinocyanide Luminescence Refractive index Lithium potassium selenate Pyroelectric effect Lithium potassium sulfate Density Dielectric constant Links 1.149 5.131 1.149 1.149 4.85 1.174 3.134 4.85 4.234 3.78 4.234 1.345 5.199 6.360 4.85 1.345 4.85 4.87 4.92 6.241 6.247 3.141 3.141 5.199 6.258 5.260 6.247 4.378 5.389 5.389 1.158 5.389 7.28 6.210 1.158 6.99 1.171 656 Index Terms Optical rotatory power Pyroelectric constant Refractive index Transition temperature Lithium potassium sulfochromate Optical rotatory power Lithium potassium tartrate Crystallography Density Refractive index Lithium rubidium cyanoplatinite Luminescence Lithium rubidium platinocyanide Refractive index Lithium rubidium sulfate Transition temperature Lithium rubidium tartrate Crystallography Density Refractive index Lithium salicylate Boiling point elevation in aqueous solution Density, aqueous solution -Ethyl alcohol* -Propyl alcohol Boiling point elevation Lithium selenate Pyroelectric constant Lithium selenide , heat of formation Lithium selenite, solubility in water Lithium silicate Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Heat of formation Heat of fusion Surface tension Lithium sodium selenate Emission, spectral Reflectivity, selective Lithium sodium sulfate Pyroelectric constant Lithium sodium tartrate Crystallography Refractive index Lithium stannate, solubility in water Lithium succinate Density, aqueous solution Lithium sulfate Boiling point elevation in aqueous solution Compressibility, aqueous solution Concentration cell Decomposition pressure of hydrate Density Aqueous solution Liquid Solid Diffusion in water Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Heat of formation Heat of transition Magnetic susceptibility Melting point Pyroelectric constant Links 7.354 6.210 1.158 4.8 6.212 1.166 7.354 1.323 1.158 1.158 1.174 5.389 7.29 4.8 1.324 1.160 1.160 1.170 3.326 3.105 3.340 6.210 5.199 4.234 6.212 4.258 5.200 5.131 4.443 5.259 5.260 6.210 6.212 1.323 1.154 4.234 1.169 3.78 3.326 3.439 6.328 7.303 3.78 3.24 1.149 5.66 6.236 4.258 5.199 5.199 6.360 1.149 6.210 3.108 4.443 6.240 6.212 7.28 657 Index Terms Reflectivity, selective Refractive index Aqueous solution Dispersion Solubility in water Surface tension Aqueous solution Transition temperature Vapor pressure lowering in aqueous solution Viscosity, aqueous solution -Acetone* -Ammonia* -Ammonium sulfate* -Ammonium sulfate*-Cupric sulfate -Ammonium sulfate*-Ethyl alcohol -Ammonium sulfate*-Ferrous sulfate -Barium sulfate* -Cadmium sulfate* -Calcium sulfate* -Cobaltous sulfate* -Cupric chloride* -Cupric sulfate* -Ferrous sulfate* -Lead sulfate* -Lithium carbonate* -Lithium chloride* -Lithium nitrate* -Manganese sulfate Freezing point-solubility -Potassium sulfate Freezing point-solubility -Silver sulfate Freezing point-solubility -Sodium sulfate Freezing point-solubility -Strontium sulfate Freezing point-solubility -Sulfuric acid Freezing point-solubility Freezing point-solubility in water -Thorium sulfate Freezing point-solubility in water Lithium sulfide X-ray diffraction data Lithium sulfoantimonate -Ethyl alcohol* Lithium tartrate Density, aqueous solution Lithium thiocyanate Density, aqueous solution Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Refractive index, aqueous solution Dispersion -Methyl acetate Boiling point elevation Lithium thiosulfate , specific heat Lithium thorium chloride Heat of formation Lithium trisodium molybdate , piezoelectric constant Lithium trisodium selenate, pyroelectric constant Lithium vanadate, solubility in water Lithopone Albedo Phototropy Rubber, use in Links 5.260 1.149 7.73 7.101 4.233 4.443 4.465 4.7 3.296 5.15 1.168 4.60 4.67 4.79 4.59 4.78 4.67 4.79 4.65 4.43 4.353 4.391 4.336 1.345 3.78 3.78 6.247 7.73 7.101 6.254 3.340 5.100 5.200 6.210 6.210 4.235 5.262 7.167 2.286 6.212 658 Index Terms Lithosphere , radioactiv ity Little's speculum Livingstonite Density Refractive index Lollingite , density Loeweite Density Refractive index Transition point Longiforic acid Optical rotatory power Longitude Celestial Definition Lophine -Diphenyl* -Menthol Boiling point elevation -Naphthalene Boiling point elevation -Phenol Boiling point elevation Lorandite Density Refractive index Lorenzenite, refractive index Lorettoite Density Refractive index Loschmidt's number Definition Value Lossenite, refractive index Loud speakers Lowroff phosphor bronze Lubricants Critical temperatures Lubricating film, rupture of Lubricating oils Bromine number Compressibility Density Fire point Flash point Heat of combustion Ignition temperature Iodine numbers Light absorption, coefficient of Petroleum, content of Pour point Refractive index Surface tension Viscosity Pressure, effect of Lubrication Lucerno (alloy) Lucero (alloy) Electrical conductivity Lucinite Density Refractive index Links 1.377 2.378 1.121 1.121 1.129 1.173 1.153 1.153 1.153 1.166 7.466 1.35 1.38 3.347 3.347 3.345 1.118 1.118 7.26 1.115 1.115 1.38 1.18 1.129 6.454 2.378 2.164 2.166 2.165 2.154 2.146 2.140 2.156 2.150 2.152 2.151 2.154 2.153 2.139 2.156 2.153 2.146 2.146 2.148 2.164 2.378 2.378 6.170 1.137 1.137 1.174 1.168 1.173 6.455 2.561 2.562 2.145 2.156 2.156 2.156 2.469 2.604 1.171 2.480 2.600 2.608 659 Index Terms Ludlamite Density Refractive index Ludlum (alloy) Ludwigite Density Refractive index Lueneburgite Density Refractive index Lumbers, artificial Lumen, definition Lumen (alloy) Luminal, absorption spectra Luminescence Decay Pressure, effect of Luminous flux, definition Luminous intensity, conversion factor Lunar data Lupinidine, optical rotatory power Lurgimetall Lutecin (alloy) Lutecium Emission spectra Persistent lines X-ray absorption limits X-ray emission spectra X-ray series, limiting frequencies Lutecium sulfate, decomposition pressure 2,4-Lutidine Absorption spectra -Ethyl alcohol* 2,6-Lutidine Absorption spectra Viscosity -Ethyl acetoacetate* Lux, definition Lycoaconitine, optical rotatory power Lycopodium powder, thermal conductivity Lynite (alloy) Lynux bronze Lysine, absorption spectra Lyxose Crystallography Optical rotatory power Refractive index Solubility in aqueous ethyl alcohol M.W. metal McAdamite (alloy) Macleod's formula (surface tension) McCoy number McFarland and Harder alloys Mach's alloy Mach's speculum Macht's yellow metal McKechnie's bronze Mackenzie metal McKinney alloys Links 1.129 1.129 2.378 1.142 1.142 1.142 1.142 2.46 1.38 2.378 5.366 5.386 5.390 5.390 1.21 1.26 1.392 7.475 2.378 2.378 1.172 1.173 1.170 2.546 2.556 5.303 5.323 6.40 6.40 6.35 7.291 5.342 5.342 5.49 1.38 7.478 2.315 2.378 2.378 5.370 1.325 2.354 7.29 4.404 2.380 2.379 4.434 1.368 2.379 2.378 2.378 2.378 2.379 2.378 2.379 7.218 2.467 2.534 2.537 2.601 2.464 2.542 2.555 2.602 2.534 2.536 2.601 660 Index Terms McLure alloy Magdala red, refractive index Magnalite (alloy) Endurance limits Magnalium (alloy) Emission, spectral Magnesia asbestos Density Thermal conductivity Magnesia brick , gamma rays, absorption coefficient Magnesia cements Compressive strength Elastic limit Modulus of elasticity Modulus of rupture Setting time Tensile strength Thermal conductivity Thermal expansion Wearing resistance Magnesia concretes Electrical conductivity Specific heat Thermal conductivity Magnesioferrite Density Refractive index Magnesioludwigite Density Refractive index Magnesite Density Expansion on heating Refractive index See also Magnesium carbonate. Magnesite brick Crushing strength Density Electrical conductivity Expansion on heating Fusion temperature Porosity Specific heat Temperature of failure under load Thermal conductivity Thermal expansion Magnesium Absorption, index of Absorption spectra, solutions Boiling point Cathodoluminescence Compressibility Condensation, irreversible, temperature of Contact potential Critical potentials Density Liquid Solid Electrical conductivity Low temperature Electrode potential Electrons, reflection of Electrons, secondary emission of Emission, spectral Links 2.379 7.12 2.378 2.601 2.378 5.254 7.15 2.601 2.608 2.464 2.608 2.542 2.601 2.313 2.313 6.20 2.124 2.124 2.124 2.124 2.124 2.128 2.124 2.314 2.128 2.128 2.124 2.128 2.128 2.128 1.142 1.142 1.166 1.142 1.142 1.173 1.141 2.84 1.141 1.167 2.83 2.82 2.86 2.84 2.83 2.82 2.85 2.83 2.85 2.83 5.249 5.329 1.102 5.388 3.47 5.53 6.57 6.71 1.102 1.104 1.104 6.127 7.291 6.63 6.64 5.253 3.205 5.390 3.48 2.457 2.456 6.136 6.133 2.463 6.137 6.140 2.608 661 Index Terms Emission spectra Endurance limits Entropy Gamma rays, absorption coefficient Hall effect Heat content Heat of fusion Heat of vaporizatio n Isotopes Magnetic susceptibility Mechanical properties Melting point Persistent lines Photoelectric threshold Quantum numbers Refraction, index of Solution velocity in aqueous acids Sound, velocity of, in Specific heat Spectral series Thermal conductivity Thermal expansion Liquid Solid Thermochemistry Thermodynamic potential Thermoelectric properties Vapor pressure Viscosity, normal coefficient Volume change on fusion X-ray absorption limits X-ray crystal structure X-ray emission spectra X-ray series, limiting frequencies X-rays Absorption coefficient Scattering, modification by Scattering coefficient Zeeman effect -Aluminum* -Aluminum*-Cadmium-Copper -Aluminum*-Cadmium-Copper-Manganese -Aluminum*-Cadmium-Copper-Manganese-Zinc -Aluminum*-Copper -Aluminum*-Copper-Iron -Aluminum*-Copper-Manganese -Aluminum*-Copper-Manganese-Nickel -Aluminum*-Copper-Manganese-Zinc -Aluminum*-Copper-Nickel -Aluminum*-Copper-Nickel-Silicon -Aluminum*-Copper-Silicon -Aluminum*-Manganese -Aluminum*-Nickel -Aluminum*-Silicon -Aluminum*-Zinc -Antimony* -Bismuth* -Cadmium* -Cadmium*-Zinc -Calcium* -Cerium* -Copper* -Copper*-Zinc -Gold* -Lead* -Manganese Specific volume Links 5.303 2.604 5.88 6.14 6.416 5.88 1.104 1.102 1.47 6.355 2.544 1.104 5.323 6.68 5.408 5.249 5.57-59 6.465 1.104 5.400 5.220 2.458 2.458 7.23 5.85 5.88 5.221 5.223 1.102 1.104 5.195 5.88 6.214 3.205 5.7 2.474 6.36 1.340 6.36 6.35 2.463 2.461 6.13 6.17 6.17 5.420 6.15 2.544 6.225 5.93 662 Index Terms -Mercury Equilibrium diagram Vapor pressure, partial -Nickel Equilibrium diagram Specific heat -Silicon Equilibrium diagram Mechanical properties Specific heat X-ray diffraction data -Silver Electrical conductivity Equilibrium diagram Hardness Specific heat -Sodium Equilibrium diagram -Thallium Equilibrium diagram -Tin Electrical conductivity Equilibrium diagram Mechanical properties X-ray diffraction data -Zinc Electrical conductivity Endurance limits Equilibrium diagram Heat of fusion Mechanical properties Specific heat Magnesium acetate Crystallography Density Aqueous solution Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Refractive index Aqueous solution Specific heat, aqueous solution Surface tension, aqueous solution Viscosity, aqueous solution Magnesium aluminate Melting point Magnesium arsenate Heat of formation Magnesium benzoate Solubility in water Magnesium bicarbonate Free energy of ionization Heat of ionization Magnesium bromate Density, aqueous solution Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Refractive index Magnesium bromide Absorption spectra, solutions Ammines Decomposition pressure Heat of decomposition Heat of formation Decomposition pressure of hydrates Density, aqueous solution Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Links 2.436 3.284 2.437 5.121 2.437 2.544 5.121 1.344 6.161 2.422 2.544 5.1l9 2.585 2.437 2.437 6.192 2.417 2.544 1.344 1.349 6.192 2.604 2.437 2.459 2.545 5.121 1.321 1.142 3.72 6.245 1.142 7.71 5.123 4.465 5.14 7.72 6.254 1.169 4.84 5.195 4.229 7.293 7.293 3.72 6.245 1.141 6.254 1.165 5.327 7.292 7.292 5.195 7.291 3.71 6.234 4.257 6.239 663 Index Terms Heat of formation Magnetic susceptibility Solubility in water Specific heat, aqueous solution Transference number Vapor pressure, aqueous solution Vapor pressure lowering in aqueous solution -Acetamide* -Acetanilide* -Acetic acid* -Acetic anhydride* -Acetone* -Aluminum bromide* -Aniline* -Benzaldehyde* -tert.-Butyl alcohol* -Ethyl alcohol* -Ethyl ether* -Formic acid* -Isoamyl alcohol* -Isobutyl alcohol* -Isopropyl alcohol* -Lithium bromide* -Methyl alcohol Freezing point-solubility -Methylal Freezing point-solubility -Phenylhydrazine Freezing point-solubility -Potassium bromide Freezing point-solubility -Propyl alcohol Freezing point-solubility -Sodium bromide Freezing point-solubility -Urea Freezing point-solubility -Urethan Freezing point-solubility Magnesium bromide etherate -Ethyl ether* Magnesium d-camphorate -Camphoric acid* Magnesium carbonate Albedo Carbon dioxide, reaction with Decomposition pressure Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Heat of decomposition Heat of formation Magnetic susceptibility Reflectivity, selective Residual rays Rubber, effect on Specific heat Thermal conductivity Thermal expansion X-ray diffraction data See also Magnesite. -Potassium bicarbonate Solubility in water -Sodium carbonate Freezing point-solubility in water -Sodium chloride Freezing point-solubility in water -Sodium sulfate Links 5.195 6.359 4.228 5.123 6.311 3.368 3.295 4.202 4.203 4.203 4.63 4.203 4.63 4.202 4.203 5.262 7.293 7.292 6.258 7.292 5.195 6.359 5.260 5.261 2.287 5.99 5.217 3.44 1.344 5.263 5.232 7.340 4.372 7.340 4.300 7.339 664 Index Terms Freezing point-solubility in water Magnesium chlorate Density, aqueous solution Electrical conductivity, aqueous so lution Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Refractive index, aqueous solution Solubility in water Magnesium chloride Absorption spectra, solutions Ammines Decomposition pressure Heat of decomposition Heat of formation Boiling point elevation in aqueous solution Concentration cells Decomposition pressure of hydrate Density Aqueous solution Diffusion in water Electrical conductivity Aqueous solution Free energy Reaction with oxygen Reaction with water vapor Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Heat of formation Heat of fusion Hydrolysis constant Magnetic susceptibility Phase-equilibrium diagram, aqueous solution Refractive index, aqueous solution Solubility in water Specific heat Aqueous solution Surface tension, aqueous solution Thermal conductivity, aqueous solution Transference number Vapor pressure, aqueous solution Vapor pressure lowering of aqueous solution Viscosity, aqueous solution X-rays, absorption coefficient -Aluminum chloride* -Ammonium chloride* -Ammonium chloride*-Potassium chloride -Barium chloride* -Barium chloride*-Potassium chloride -Barium nitrate*-Strontium nitrate -Barium sulfate* -Cadmium chloride* -Calcium chloride* -Calcium chloride*-Potassium chloride-Sodium chloride -Calcium chloride*-Potassium chloride-Sodium sulfate -Calcium chloride*-Sodium nitrate-Strontium chloride -Calcium sulfate* -Calcium sulfate*-Potassium chloride-Sodium chloride -Cobaltous chloride* -Cupric chloride* -Cuprous chloride* -Ethyl alcohol* -Ferrous chloride*-Potassium chloride -Hydrogen chloride* -Lead chloride* -Lithium chloride* -Magnesium oxide Freezing point-solubility in water -Magnesium sulfate Links 4.334 7.339 3.71 6.245 4.257 7.71 4.228 3.105 6.254 5.327 5.329 7.291 7.291 5.195 3.325 6.326 7.291 3.43 2.327 5.66 6.149 6.231 7.291 7.291 4.257 5.195 5.131 7.291 6.359 2.327 7.71 4.228 5.99 2.328 4.465 5.229 6.310 3.367 3.295 2.328 6.13 4.309 3.71 6.233 4.246 7.291 5.123 6.311 5.14 3.108 665 Index Terms Freezing point-solubility Freezing point-solubility in water -Manganous chloride Freezing point-solubility -Mercuric chloride Freezing point-solubility in water -Phthalic acid Density, aqueous solution Freezing point-solubility in water -Potassium chloride Freezing point-solubility Freezing point-solubilit y in water -Potassium chloride-Sodium chloride Freezing point-solubility Freezing point-solubility in water -Potassium chloride-Sodium sulfate Freezing point-solubility in water -Potassium dichromate Density, aqueous solution -Potassium sulfate Freezing point-solubility in water -Silver chloride Freezing point-solubility -Sodium carbonate Freezing point-solubility in water -Sodium chloride Freezing point-solubility Freezing point-solubility in water -Sodium nitrate Viscosity, aqueous solution -Sodium sulfate Freezing point-solubility in water -Stannous chloride Freezing point-solubility -Strontium chloride Freezing point-solubility -Strontium sulfate Solubility in water -Sulfuric acid Density, aqueous solution -Thallium monochloride Freezing point-solubility Solubility in water -Zinc chloride Freezing point-solubility Magnesium chlorostannate Density Refractive index Magnesium chromate Density Aqueous solution Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Optical rotatory power Reflectivity, selective Refractive index Aqueous solution Dispersion Solubility in water Viscosity, aqueous solution Magnesium cinnamate, solubility in water Magnesium cyanide , heat of formation Magnesium cyanoplatinate Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Refractive index Thermal conductivity Links 4.62 4.278 4.60 4.305 3.102 4.419 4.63 4.310 4.386 4.75 4.310 4.81 4.282 4.382 4.383 3.98 4.284 4.383 4.58 4.300 4.63 4.310 5.19 4.280 4.382 4.383 4.49 4.62 7.343 3.96 4.53 7.320 4.54 1.142 1.142 1.142 3.72 6.245 7.353 5.260 1.142 7.72 7.101 4.229 5.14 4.229 5.195 6.245 7.23 5.232 1.166 3.105 6.254 1.170 7.23 666 Index Terms Magnesium cyanoplatinite Luminescence Magnesium dithionate Heat of formation Solubility in water -Barium dithionate* Magnesium ethyl sulfate Magnetic susceptibility Magnesium ferrocyanide Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Osmotic pressure Magnesium fluoride Band spectra Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Heat of formation X-ray diffraction data -Barium fluoride*-Calcium fluoride -Calcium fluoride* -Lithium fluoride* -Magnesium phosphate Freezing point-solubility Magnesium fluosilicate Density Refractive index Magnesium formate Density, aqueous solution Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Surface tension, aqueous solution Magnesium germanate Solubility in water Magnesium hydride, band spectra Magnesium hydrogen arsenate Heat of formation Magnesium hydrogen phosphate Heat of formation -Phosphoric acid Density, aqueous solution Magnesium hydrogen sulfate , vapor pressure lowering in aqueous solution Magnesium hydrosulfide Heat of formation Magnesium hydroxide Decomposition pressure Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Heat of formation Refractive index Solubility in aqueous solutions Solution velocity in acids X-ray diffraction data See also Brucite. -Acetic acid* Magnesium iodate Density, aqueous solution Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Solubility in water Magnesium iodide Ammine Decomposition pressure Heat of decomposition Heat of formation Density, aqueous solution Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Heat of formation Solubility in water Links 5.389 5.195 4.228 6.359 6.245 4.431 5.415 6.258 5.195 1.344 4.62 1.142 1.142 1.166 3.72 6.245 4.465 4.229 5.415 5.195 5.195 3.97 3.295 5.195 7.291 6.258 5.195 7.23 7.339 5.58 1.344 3.105 6.245 4.228 7.292 7.292 5.195 3.72 6.235 5.195 4.228 6.239 7.23 667 Index Terms Transference number -Acetal* -Acetamide* -Acetic acid* -Acetone* -Acetonitrile* -Aniline* -Benzaldehyde* -Ethyl acetate* -Ethyl alcohol* -Ethyl ether* -Ethyl formate* -Isoamyl acetate* -Isobutyl acetate* -Isopropyl alcohol* -Methyl acetate Freezing point-solubility -Methyl alcohol Freezing point-solubility -Propyl acetate Freezing point-solubility -Urethan Freezing point-solubility Magnesium malate Refractive index Solubility in water Magnesium mercuric bromide Heat of formation Magnesium mercuric cyanide Heat of formation Magnesium metasilicate Decomposition temperature Specific heat See also Clinoenstatite, Enstatite -Calcium metasilicate* -Manganese metasilicate Freezing point-solubility Magnesium naphthalene-1,5-disulfonate Crystallography Density Refractive index Magnesium nitrate Absorption spectra, solutions Density, aqueous solution Diffusion in water Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Heat of formation Heat of fusion Refractive index, aqueous solution Solubility in water Specific heat Aqueous solution Vapor pressure lowering in aqueous solution Viscosity, aqueous solution -Barium bromate* -Calcium nitrate*-Sodium chloride -Calcium sulfate* -Magnesium sulfate Freezin g point-solubility in water -Neodymium nitrate Freezing point-solubility in water -Nitric acid Density, aqueous solution -Potassium chloride-Potassium nitrate-Strontium nitrate Viscosity, aqueous solution Links 6.311 4.204 4.203 4.204 4.204 7.23 4.229 5.196 5.196 4.84 2.101 4.85 1.321 1.142 1.142 5.327 3.72 5.66 6.238 4.257 5.195 5.131 7.71 4.228 5.99 5.123 3.295 5.14 4.324 4.363 3.97 5.19 1.171 5.329 3.108 6.240 668 Index Terms -Potassium nitrate Viscosity, aqueous solution -Potassium nitrate-Sodium chloride-Strontium chloride Viscosity, aqueous solution -Praseodymium nitrate Freezing point-solubility in water -Silver bromate Solubility in water -Silver sulfate Density, aqueous solution Solubility in water -Sodium chloride Viscosity, aqueous solution -Sodium nitrate Freezing point-solubility in water -Sulfuric acid Density, aqueous solution Magnesium nitride Heat of formation Magnesium orthoborate Density Refractive index Magnesium orthosilicate Melting point See also Fosterite. -Anorthite* -Diopside* -Manganese orthosilicate Freezing point-solubility Magnesium oxalate Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Solubility in water -Hydrogen chloride* -Magnesium sulfate Solubility in water Magnesium oxide Albedo Compressibility Decomposition pressure Density Drying agent, value as Electrical conductivity Electrons, thermal emission of Entropy Fusion temperature Heat content Heat of formation Hydrochloric acid, reaction with Luminescence Magnetic susceptibility Melting point Rubber vulcanization, use in Specific heat Sublimation pressure Thermal conductivity Thermal expansion Thermionic work function Thermodynamic potential X-ray diffraction data See also Periclase. -Acetic acid* -Aluminum oxide* -Aluminum oxide*-Calcium oxide -Aluminum oxide*-Silica -Calcium oxide* -Calcium oxides-Silica Links 5.19 5.19 4.363 7.322 3.98 7.325 5.19 4.363 3.96 5.195 1.142 1.142 1.172 4.84 4.85 6.241 6.257 6.245 6.257 7.340 5.262 3.50 7.291 2.82 3.385 6.149 6.54 5.91 2.83 5.91 5.195 7.291 5.389 6.359 4.84 2.283 2.85 7.291 5.217 2.83 6.54 5.91 1.344 5.263 6.154 5.91 3.43 5.98 7.291 669 Index Terms -Carbon dioxide* -Ferrous oxide*-Silica -Magnesium chloride* -Nickel oxide Freezing point-solubility -Penta calcium hexaluminate Eutectic point -Phosphoric acid Freezing point-solubility in water -Potassium fluoride-Sodium fluoride Freezing point-solubility -Silica Freezing point-solubility Magnesium oxychloride, heat of formation Magnesium perchlorate Drying agent, value as -Acetone* -Butyl alcohol* -Ethyl acetate* -Ethyl alcohol* -Ethyl ether* -Isobutyl alcohol* -Methyl alcohol Density -Propyl alcohol Density Magnesium phosphate Heat of formation Reflectivity, selective -Magnesium fluoride* Magnesium platinocyanide Dehydration behavior of hydrate Refractive index Magnesium potassium chloride Decomposition pressure of hydrate Heat of formation -Potassium chloride Density Magnesium potassium selenate Density Refractive index Magnesium potassium sulfate Density Aqueous solution Heat of formation Hydrate Decomposition pressure Heat of decomposition Refractive index Specific heat Magnesium pyrophosphate Density Refractive index Magnesium rubidium chromate Density Refractive index Magnesium rubidium selenate Density Refractive index Magnesium rubidium sulfate Density Hydrate Decomposition pressure Heat of decomposition Links 4.85 4.85 4.369 4.75 4.85 5.195 4.86 3.385 3.140 3.140 5.195 5.260 7.293 7.23 7.307 5.206 3.135 1.158 1.158 1.169 7.32 3.44 3.92 5.206 7.309 7.309 7.31 5.101 1.141 1.141 1.171 1.160 1.160 1.171 7.32 1.160 1.160 1.169 7.32 1.160 3.44 7.310 7.310 670 Index Terms Refractive index Solubility in water Magnesium selenate Density Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Refractive index Magnesium silicate Heat of formation Thermal conductivity -Anorthite* -Diopside* Magnesium sodium sulfate Density, aqueous solution Solubility in water Magnesium succinate Solubility in water -Barium succinate* -Calcium succinate* Magnesium sulfate Absorption spectra, solutions Adsorption by charcoal Boiling point elevation in aqueous solution Compressibility, aqueous solution Decomposition pressure of hydrates Density Aqueous solution Dielectric constant Diffusion in water Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Freezing mixtures, use in Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Heat of formation Magnetic susceptibility Aqueous solution Optical rotatory power Reflectivity, selective Refractive index Aqueous solution Solubility in water Solution velocity in wat er Specific heat Aqueous solution Surface tension, aqueous solution Thermal conductivity Aqueous solution Transference number Vapor pressure lowering in aqueous solution Verdet constant, aqueous solution Viscosity, aqueous solution -Ammonium sulfate* -Ammonium sulfate*-Ferrous sulfate -Ammonium sulfate*-Potassium sulfate -Calcium chloride* -Calcium nitrate* -Calcium selenate* -Calcium sulfate* -Calcium sulfate*-Potassium sulfate -Ferric chloride* -Ferrous sulfate* -Hydrogen chloride* -Magnesium chloride* -Magnesium nitrate* -Magnesium oxalate* -Nitric acid Density, aqueous solution -Potassium chloride Links 1.160 4.243 1.141 6.245 1.141 1.168 7.31 1.169 5.196 5.217 3.86 4.239 4.229 5.327 3.252 3.325 3.439 7.292 1.141 3.72 6.100 5.66 6.231 1.64 4.257 5.195 6.359 6.364 7.353 5.260 1.141 7.71 4.228 5.56 5.99 5.123 4.465 5.217 5.229 6.310 3.295 6.427 5.14 3.97 3.44 3.108 6.236 1.169 5.59 6.240 671 Index Terms Freezing point-solubility in water -Potassium chloride-Sodium chlo ride Freezing point-solubility in water -Potassium sulfate Density, aqueous solution Freezing point-solubility Freezing point-solubility in water -Potassium sulfate-Sodium sulfate Freezing point-solubility in water -Silver bromate Solubility in water -Silver sulfate Density, aqueous solution Solubility in water -Sodium carbonate Freezing point-solubility in water -Sodium chloride Freezing point-solubility in water -Sodium sulfate Density, aqueous solution Freezing point-solubility Freezing point-solubility in water -Sulfuric acid Density, aqueous solution Freezing point-solubility -Thallium monochloride Solubility in water -Zinc sulfate Freezing point-solubility in water Magnesium sulfide Heat of formation X-ray diffraction data Magnesium sulfite , heat of formation Magnesium tartrate Solubility in water Magnesium thallium selenate Refractive index Magnesium thallium sulfate Refractive index Magnesium thiosulfate , electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Magnesium titanate See Geikielite. Magnet steels, magnetic properties Magnetic elements Terrestrial Magnetic field Dielectric constant, effect on Electrical conductivity, effect on Hall effect, effect on Intensity, conversion factors Thermal conductivity, effect on Thermoelectric properties, effect on Young's modulus, effect on Magnetic flux, conversion factors Magnetic induction Conversion factors Definition Flux, conversion factors Magnetic moment Electrons, relation to Ions Magnetic permeability Conversion factors Magnetic poles Links 4.284 4.383 4.282 4.382 3.98 4.63 4.352 4.391 4.351 4.390 4.391 4.280 4.382 4.383 3.98 4.63 4.349 4.79 4.391 4.383 7.322 3.98 7.325 4.334 3.96 4.43 7.320 4.338 5.195 1.344 5.195 4.229 7.32 7.31 6.245 6.385 6.346 6.446 6.105 6.421 6.418 1.29 6.226 6.226 6.440 1.30 1.30 1.38 1.30 6.348 6.351 1.21 6.445 4.389 672 Index Terms Magnetic potential Conversion factors Magnetic potential gradient Conversion factors Magnetic reluctance Conversion factors Magnetic rotatory power Magnetic susceptibility Additive relations Atomic number, relation of Atoms, values for Conversion factors Glass Pascal's relation Magnetic units, fundamental Magnetism Quantity of Terrestrial Theories of Magnetite Compressibility Curie point Density Electrical conductivity Joule effect Kerr constant Magnetic properties Melting point Rotation by magnetization Thermal expansion Transmission of radiant energy See also Ferroso-ferric oxide. Magnetization Intensity of Conversion factors Definition Rotation, production by Magnetomotive force Conversion factors Magnetons Magneto-optics Magnetophone Magnetostriction Magnitude Absolute, definition Apparent, definition Magno (alloy) Electrical conductivity Magno-nickel Magnolia metal Mahogany wood Density Thermal conductivity Maillechort (alloy) Electrical conductivity Major metal Malacca, weights and measures Malachite Density Dielectric constant Emission, spectral Free energy and heat of solution in carbonic acid Links 1.30 1.29 1.30 6.425 6.349 6.348 6.349 1.21 2.101 6.349 1.30 6.345 1.40 6.445 6.345 3.50 6.410 1.128 6.154 6.440 6.435 6.374 1.128 6.347 3.43 5.270 6.365 6.155 6.376 6.410 2.473 2.482 2.473 2.557 2.482 1.30 1.38 6.347 1.30 6.346 6.425 6.457 6.439 1.39 1.39 2.378 6.194 2.378 2.378 2.313 2.313 2.378 6.171 2.378 1.9 1.123 6.99 5.259 7.265 2.480 673 Index Terms Reflectivity, selective Refractive index Solubility in carbonic acid Solution velocity in acids Specific heat Malachite green, refractive index Malamic acid Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Optical rotatory power Maleic acid Absorption spectra Density, aqueous solution Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Heat of combustion Heat of solution in water Magnetic susceptibility Solubility in water Surface tension, aqueous solution Verdet constant -Acetone* -Benzene* -Carbon tetrachloride* -Chloroform* -Ethyl alcohol* -Ethyl ether* -l-Mandelic acid Freezing point-solubility -Methyl alcohol Viscosity -Xylene Freezing point-solubility Maleic anhydride Absorption spectra Dielectric constant Heat of combustion Magnetic susceptibility Refractive index Vapor pressure Verdet constant Malic acid Absorption spectra Density, aqueous solution Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Heat of combustion Heat of solution in water Optical rotatory power Refractive index, aqueous solution Solubility in water Surface tension, aqueous solution -Acetone* -Ammonium malate* -Cupric hydroxide* -Ethyl alcohol* -Ethyl ether* -Methyl alcohol Density -Molybdenum trioxide Density, aqueous solution Refractive index, aqueous solution -Potassium malate Density, aqueous solution -Propyl alcohol Density -Sodium malate Density, aqueous solution -Sulfuric acid Links 5.260 1.123 7.265 5.58 5.97 7.12 1.173 5.59 7.15 6.267 7.371 5.336 3.112 6.265 5.165 5.148 6.361 4.251 4.468 6.428 5.375 3.114 4.113 5.34 4.113 5.336 6.86 5.166 6.361 7.29 3.218 6.428 5.373 5.332 3.112 6.267 5.165 5.141 7.369 7.68 4.251 4.468 5.337 3.114 3.151 3.102 7.94 3.103 3.164 3.102 7.68 674 Index Terms Density, aqueous solution Mallet alloy Malloydium (alloy) Malonamide Absorption spectra Boiling point elevation in aqueous solution Heat of combustion -Ethyl alcohol* Malonic acid Absorption spectra Decomposition, kinetics of Density, aqueous solution Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Heat of combustion Heat of solution in water Solubility in water Specific heat Substituted, decomposition, kinetics of Surface tension, aqueous solution Transition temperature Verdet constant -Ethyl ether* -Hydrogen chloride* -o-Nitrobenzoic acid Freezing point-solubility in water -Salicylic acid Freezing point-solubility in water -Sulfuric acid Freezing point-solubility in water Malononitrile Density Dielectric constant Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Heat of combustion Refractive index Surface tension Viscosity Malta, weights and measures Maltase Maltose Absorption spectra Density, aqueous solution Diffusion in water Freezing point lowering Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Heat of combustion Hydrolysis by enzymes Optical rotation Refractive index, aqueous solutions Solubility in aqueous acetone Solubility in aqueous ethyl alcohol Solubility in water Specific heat Aqueous solution Verdet constant Viscosity, aqueous solution Maltose derivatives Optical rotatory power Maltose octoacetate Heat of combustion Maluminum (alloy) Manandonite Density Refractive index Links 3.101 2.379 2.379 2.465 2.480 5.336 3.327 5.167 5.336 7.122 3.112 6.264 5.165 5.148 4.251 5.102 7.122 4.467 4.8 6.428 3.113 4.253 4.411 4.411 4.398 3.28 6.85 6.263 5.167 7.35 4.449 7.214 1.9 7.155 5.333 2.347 5.71 2.347 4.263 5.166 7.155 2.346 2.347 3.406 4.405 2.347 5.104 5.125 6.430 5.23 4.253 7.399 5.167 2.379 1.150 1.150 1.171 2.546 675 Index Terms Mandelic acid Absorption spectra Boiling point elevation in aqueous solution Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Heat of combustion Heat of solution in water Optical rotatory power Solubility in water Viscosity, aqueous solution -Acetic acid* -Acetone* -Anisole* -Benzene* -Dimethylpyrone* -Ethyl ether* -Formic acid* -Hydrogen chloride* -Isoamyl acetate* -Maleic acid* -Molybdenum trioxide Density, aqueous solution -Sulfuric acid Freezing point-solubility in water d-Mandelic acid -l-Mandelic acid Freezing point-solubility Mandelonitrile Absorption spectra Dielectric absorption Dielectric constant Surface tension Mangaloy (alloy) Electrical conductivity Manganate ion, electrode potential Manganese Absorption, index of Boiling point Cathodoluminescence Compressibility Critical potentials Density Diffusion in copper Electrical conductivity Electrode potentials Electronic structure, normal and excited Emission, spectral Emission spectra Hall effect Heat of fusion Heat of transformation Heat of transition Heat of vaporization Isotopes Magnetic susceptibility Melting point Nernst effect Persistent lines Quantum numbers Refraction, index of Specific heat Spectral series Thermal expansion Thermochemistry Vapor pressure X-ray absorption limits X-ray absorption spectra Links 5.343 3.327 6.286 5.165 5.150 7.366 4.253 5.21 3.102 4.398 4.153 5.342 6.93 6.93 4.457 2.379 6.196 7.274 5.249 1.102 5.390 3.47 6.71 1.104 5.77 1.104 7.274 6.71 5.242 5.303 6.416 1.104 2.458 5.190 1.102 1.47 6.355 1.104 6.420 5.323 5.408 5.249 5.93 5.400 1.104 5.190 3.205 6.36 6.36 3.205 2.456 6.136 2.461 6.44 676 Index Terms X-ray crystal structure X-ray series, limiting frequencies X-rays, absorption coefficient Zeeman effect -Aluminum* -Aluminum*-Cadmium-Copper-Magnesium-Zinc -Aluminum*-Carbon-Copper-Iron -Aluminum*-Carbon-Iron-Nickel -Aluminum*-Copper -Aluminum*-Copper-Iron -Aluminum*-Copper-Iron-Silicon -Aluminum*-Copper-Iron-Silicon-Zinc -Aluminum*-Copper-Iron-Tin -Zinc -Aluminum*-Copper-Magnesium -Aluminum*-Copper-Magnesium-Nickel -Aluminum*-Copper-Magnesium-Zinc -Aluminum*-Copper-Silicon -Aluminum*-Copper-Zinc -Aluminum*-Magnesium -Antimony* -Arsenic* -Arsenic*-Copper-Iron-Phosphorus -Bismuth* -Boron* -Carbon* -Carbon*-Chromium-Iron -Carbon*-Chromium-Iron-Molybdenum-Nickel -Carbon*-Chromium-Iron-Molybdenum-Silicon -Carbon*-Chromium-Iron-Silicon -Carbon*-Chromium-Iron-Silicon-Tungsten -Carbon*-Cobalt-Iron-Silicon -Carbon*-Copper-Iron -Carbon*-Copper-Iron-Nickel -Carbon*-Copper-Iron-Silicon -Carbon*-Iron -Carbon*-Iron-Molybdenum -Carbon*-Iron-Molybdenum-Nickel -Carbon*-Iron-Nickel -Carbon*-Iron-Nickel-Silicon -Carbon*-Iron-Silicon -Carbon*-Iron-Silicon-Tungsten -Carbon*-Iron-Tungsten -Chromium*-Iron-Nickel -Chromium*-Iron-Silicon -Cobalt* -Copper* -Copper*-Iron -Copper*-Iron-Nickel -Copper*-Iron-Nickel-Zinc -Copper*-Iron-Silicon -Copper*-Nickel -Copper*-Tin -Copper*-Zinc -Graphite* -Iron* -Iron*-Molybdenum -Iron*-Molybdenum-Nickel-Silicon -Iron*-Nickel -Iron*-Nickel-Silicon -Iron*-Phosphorus -Iron*-Silicon -Lead* -Magnesium* -Mercury Vapor pressure, partial -Molybdenum Density Links 1.340 6.35 6.13 5.420 3.284 2.594 5.422 677 Index Terms -Nickel Curie point Electrical conductivity Equilibrium diagram Magnetic properties Mechanical properties Specific heat Thermal conductivity Thermoelectric properties -Phosphorus Curie point Freezing point-solubility Magnetic properties -Silicon Density Equilibrium diagram Hardness -Silver Equilibrium diagram -Thallium Equilibrium diagram -Tin Kerr constant Manganese boride Kerr constant Manganese carbide Heat of formation Manganese dioxide Decomposition pressure Heat of formation Magnetic susceptibility Photoelectric current Specific heat See also Pyrolusite. -Cupric oxide* -Lead dioxide* -Potassium bromide Electrical conductivity Manganese disulfide Photoelectric current Thermal expansion See also Hauerite. Manganese fluosilicate Density Aqueous solution Refractive index Manganese hydride Magnetic properties Manganese metasilicate Density Melting point Refractive index See also Rhodonite. -Calcium metasilicate* -Magnesium metasilicate* -Manganese metatitanate Freezing point-solubility Manganese nickel steel Electrical conductivity Manganese nitride Heat of formation Magnetic susceptibility Manganese orthosilicate Decomposition of See also Tephroite. Links 6.409 6.194 2.438 6.406 2.482 5.121 5.225 6.221 6.408 4.29 6.408 2.594 2.438 2.593 2.421 2.438 6.436 6.436 5.190 7.276 5.190 6.357 6.69 5.97 6.151 6.69 3.44 1.128 3.104 1.128 1.166 6.408 6.409 1.128 1.128 1.128 4.84 1.165 4.85 6.186 5.190 6.357 4.84 7.21 678 Index Terms -Calcium orthosilicate* -Magnesium orthosilicate* Manganese perchloride Absorption spectra, solutions Manganese pyrophosphate Density Refractive index Manganese sesquiborate Density Refractive index Manganese silicate Heat of formation -Diopside* -Manganous sulfide Freezing point-solubility -Manganese titanate Freezing point-solubility Manganese steel Electrical conductivity Heat treatment, effect of Magnetic properties Mechanical properties Cooling medium, effect of Liquid air temperature, effect of Thermal conductivity Thermal expansion Thermoelectric properties Manganese titanate -Manganese silicate* Manganese trifluoride Heat of formation Manganese tungsten steel Electrical conductivity Manganic acid, electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Manganic hydroxide Heat of formation X-ray diffraction data Manganic oxide Decomposition pressure Heat of formation Magnetic susceptibility Specific heat Thermoelectric power X-ray diffraction data Manganic phosphate Heat of formation Manganic potassium cyanide Refractive index Manganic selenate Reflectivity, selective Manganic sulfate Absorption spectra, solutions Manganic sulfide X-ray diffraction data Manganin (alloy) Electrical conductivity Magnetic field, effect of Hall effect Specific heat Thermal conductivity Thermoelectric properties Thomson coefficient Links 5.328 1.127 1.127 1.172 1.136 1.136 1.172 5.190 4.60 4.60 6.181 6.200 6.386 2.520 2.522 2.522 5.225 2.471 6.223 6.182 6.392 2.522 5.190 6.189 6.244 5.190 1.342 7.276 5.190 6.357 5.97 6.224 1.342 5.190 1.157 1.174 5.260 5.328 1.342 2.379 6.168 6.422 6.417 5.121 5.224 6.219 6.228 6.225 679 Index Terms Manganite Density Refractive index See also Manganic oxide. Mangan-Neusilber Mangano-manganic oxide Electrical conduct ivity Emission, spectral Heat of formation Magnetic susceptibility Photoelectric current Reduction with hydrogen See also Hausmannite. Manganosite Density Melting point Refractive index See also Manganous oxide. Manganostibite Refractive index Manganotantalate Density Refractive index Manganous acetate Density, aqueous solution Heat of formation Specific heat, aqueous solution Manganous benzoate Ammine, decomposition pressure Manganous bromide Ammines Decomposition pressure Heat of decomposition Heat of formation Decomposition pressure of hydrates Density, aqueous solution Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Ethylamine complex Decomposition pressure Heat of decomposition Heat of formation Magnetic susceptibility Aqueous solution Methylamine complex Decomposition pressure Heat of decomposition Refractive index, aqueous solution Dispersion Solubility in water Vapor pressure of aqueous solution -Aluminum bromide* Manganous carbonate Carbon dioxide, reaction with, in water Compressibility Decomposition pressure Heat of formation X-ray diffraction data See also Rhodochrosite. Manganous chloride Absorption spectra, solutions Ammines Decomposition pressure Heat of decomposition Heat of formation Boiling point elevation in aqueous solution Links 1.127 1.127 1.174 2.379 6.153 5.242 5.190 6.357 6.68 7.276 1.127 1.127 1.127 1.165 1.127 1.173 1.136 1.136 1.173 3.68 5.190 5.123 7.276 7.275 7.275 5.190 7.275 3.67 6.234 7.275 7.275 5.190 6.357 6.364 7.275 7.275 7.70 7.100 4.224 3.367 7.276 3.50 7.276 5.190 1.342 5.328 7.274 7.274 5.190 3.325 6.239 680 Index Terms Decomposition pressure of hydrates Density, aqueous solution Diffusion in water Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Ethylamine complex Decomposition pressure Heat of decomposition Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Heat of formation Hydration temperature Magnetic susceptibility Aqueous solution Methylamine complex Decomposition pressure Heat of decomposition Refractive index, aqueous solution Dispersion Solubility in water Specific heat, aqueous solution Surface tension, aqueous solution Transference number Vapor pressure, aqueous solution Vapor pressure lowering in aqueous solution Verdet constant, aqueous solution Viscosity, aqueous solution X-rays, absorption coefficient -Aluminum chloride* -Ammonium chloride* -Barium chloride* -Bismuth chloride* -Cadmium chloride* -Calcium chloride* -Cobaltous chloride* -Ethyl alcohol* -Hydrogen chloride* -Lead chloride* -Lithium chloride* -Magnesium chloride* -Manganous nitrate-Manganous sulfate Refractivity, aqueous solution -Methyl alcohol Boiling point elevation Magnetic susceptibility -Potassium chloride Freezing point-solubility Freezing point-solubility in water -Sodium chloride Freezing point-solubility -Stannous chloride Freezing point-solubility -Strontium chloride Freezing point-solubility -Thallium monochloride Solubility in water -Zinc chloride Freezing point-solubility Manganous dithionate Heat of formation Manganous fluoride Heat of formation Magnetic susceptibility Aqueous solution Manganous formate Heat of formation Manganous hydroxide Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Links 7.274 3.67 5.65 6.231 3.104 6.232 7.275 7.275 4.256 5.190 1.66 6.357 6.364 7.275 7.275 7.70 7.100 4.224 5.123 4.464 6.310 3.367 3.294 6.428 5.14 6.13 7.98 3.334 6.364 4.60 4.307 4.60 4.49 4.60 7.320 4.54 5.190 5.190 6.357 6.364 5.190 6.258 4.386 3.107 681 Index Terms Heat of formation Magnetic susceptibility Manganous iodide Ammines Decomposition pressure Heat of decomposition Decomposition pressure of hydrates Ethylamine complex Decomposition pressure Heat of decomposition Heat of formation Magnetic susceptibility Aqueous solution Methylamine complex Decomposition pressure Heat of decomposition Vapor pressure, aqueous solution Manganous lactate, surface tension, aqueous solution Manganous nitrate Absorption spectra, solutions Density, aqueous solution Diffusion in water Electrical conductivity Aqueous solution Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Heat of formation Heat of fusion Magnetic susceptibility Aqueous solution Refractive index, aqueous solution Dispersion Solubility in water Specific heat Aqueous solution Vapor pressure, aqueous solution Viscosity, aqueous solution -Ethyl alcohol* -Manganous chloride*-Manganous sulfate -Manganous sulfate Refractive in dex, aqueous solution -Methyl alcohol Magnetic susceptibility -Neodymium nitrate Freezing point-solubility in water -Praseodymium nitrate Freezing point-solubility in water Manganous oxalate Density, aqueous solution Heat of formation Solubility in water -Ammonium oxalate* -Oxalic acid Solubility in water -Sulfuric acid Solubility in water Manganous oxide Band spectra Cathodoluminescence Heat of formation Magnetic susceptibility Melting point Photoelectric current Specific heat X-ray crystal structure See also Manganosite. -Aluminum oxide*-Silica Links 5.190 6.357 7.275 7.275 7.275 7.275 7.275 5.190 6.357 6.364 7.276 7.276 7.275 7.275 3.367 4.465 5.328 3.68 5.65 6.148 6.237 4.256 5.190 5.131 6.357 6.364 7.70 7.100 4.224 5.97 5.123 3.367 5.14 7.96 6.364 4.362 4.362 3.104 5.190 4.224 7.326 7.326 5.415 5.390 5.190 6.357 4.84 6.68 5.97 1.342 3.107 6.240 682 Index Terms -Aluminum oxide*-Titanium dioxide -Boric oxide* -Carbon dioxide* -Ferrous oxide*-Silica -Silica Freezing point-solubility -Silica-Titanium dioxide Freezing point-solubility -Titanium dioxide Freezing point-solubility Manganous perchlorate, decomposition pressure of hydrates Manganous potassium sulfate , decomposition pressure of hydrate Manganous rubidium selenate Refractive index Manganous rubidium sulfate Density Hydrate Decomposition pressure Heat of decomposition Refractive index Solubility in water Manganous selenide Heat of formation Manganous sodium sulfate Heat of formation Manganous sulfate Absorption spectra, solutions Ammines Decomposition pressure Heat of decomposition Boiling point elevation in aqueous solution Decomposition pressure Density Aqueous solution Diffusion in water Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Heat of formation Hydrate Decomposition Heat of decomposition Magnetic susceptibility Aqueous solution Refractive index, aqueous solution Solubility in aqueous ethyl alcohol Solubility in water Specific heat Aqueous solution Surface tension, aqueous solution Transition temperature Vapor pressure, aqueous solution Vapor pressure lowering in aqueous solution Verdet constant, aqueous solution Viscosity, aqueous solution -Ammonium sulfate* -Cupric sulfate* -Ethyl alcohol* -Ferric sulfate* -Lithium sulfate* -Manganous chloride*-Manganous nitrate -Manganous nitrate* -Potassium sulfate Density, aqueous solution Freezing point-solubility Freezing point-solubility in water Links 4.85 4.92 4.85 7.275 7.308 7.31 1.160 7.310 7.310 1.160 4.243 1.168 5.190 5.203 5.328 7.276 7.276 3.325 7.276 3.44 3.68 5.65 6.236 4.256 5.190 7.276 7.276 6.357 6.364 7.70 3.404 4.224 5.97 5.123 4.464 4.7 3.367 3.294 6.427 5.14 3.98 4.60 4.342 3.107 6.240 4.246 6.428 7.31 683 Index Terms Viscosity, aqueous solution -Sodium sulfate Density, aqueous solution Freezing point-solubility Freezing point-solubility in water Viscosity, aqueous solution -Zinc sulfate Density, aqueous solution Freezing point-solubility in water Manganous sulfide Heat of formation Magnetic susceptibility Photoelectric current Specific heat Thermal expansion X-ray diffraction data -Manganese silicate* Manganous thallium selenate Refractive index Manganous thallium sulfate Refractive index Mangostin -Pyridine Boiling point elevation Manhardts alloy Manila paper Density Dielectric constant Dielectric strength Electrical conductivity Moisture content at various humidities Power factor Tensile strength Mannheim gold Mannitoboric acid -Acetone* Mannitol Absorption spectra Boiling point elevation in aqueous solution Crystallography Density, aqueous solution Dielectric constant Aqueous solution Diffusion in water Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Heat of combustion Heat of dilution with water Heat of solution in water Osmotic pressure Refractive index, aqueous solution Solubility in water Pressure, effect of Specific heat Aqueous solution Surface tension, aqueous solution Vapor pressure lowering in aqueous solution Verdet constant -Ammonia* -Boric acid* -Lead chloride* -Potassium sulfate Freezing point-solubility in water Mannitol derivatives Optical rotatory power Links 5.19 3.98 4.60 4.341 5.19 3.98 4.338 4.389 5.190 6.357 6.69 5.97 3.44 1.342 7.31 7.31 3.342 2.379 2.311 2.310 2.310 2.310 2.323 2.310 2.311 2.379 5.332 3.327 1.326 3.114 6.91 6.101 5.71 6.277 4.263 5.164 5.161 5.150 4.430 7.69 4.251 4.265 5.103 5.125 4.469 3.293 6.429 4.418 7.388 2.556 4.252 2.561 2.563 2.565 684 Index Terms Mannoheptose Optical rotatory power Mannolactone Heat of combustion Mannonic acid Optical rotatory power Mannose Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Mutarotation Optical rotation Solubility in alcohols Solubility in aqueous ethyl alcohol Mannose derivatives Optical rotatory power Manometers , corrections for Manometry Maple wood Density Thermal conductivity See also Woods. Marble Bulk density Compressibility Compressive strength Density Dielectric constant Dielectric strength Elasticity Electrical conductivity Hardness Impact hardness Magnetic susceptibility Porosity Power factor Residual rays Shearing strength Solution velocity in acids Sound, velocity of, in Specific heat Strength properties Tensile strength Thermal conductivity Thermal diffusivity Thermal expansion Transverse strength Marcasite Compressibility Density Electrical conductivity Transformation temperature See also Iron disulfide. Margarite Density Refractive index Margaronitrile “Surface vapor pressure ” Marialite Density Refractive index Marine babbitt Markus alloy Marrubic acid Optical rotatory power Links 7.398 5.166 7.397 6.277 2.351 2.350 2.351 4.405 7.394 1.68 1.68 2.314 2.314 2.52 2.54 2.48 2.311 2.310 2.310 2.52 2.310 2.50 2.51 6.364 2.53 2.310 5.261 2.48 5.58 6.466 5.99 2.311 2.49 2.55 2.56 2.54 2.49 3.51 6.99 6.154 2.311 2.316 2.311 3.50 1.128 6.154 1.128 1.145 1.145 1.171 4.476 1.153 1.153 2.379 2.379 7.467 1.166 7.27 685 Index Terms Mars , characteristics Marsh's patent (alloy) Marshite Boiling point Density Refractive index See also Cuprous iodide. Martensite, magnetic properties Marties' alloy Martin Assailly steel Electrical conductivity Martin steel Martinite Density Refractive index Mascagnite. See Ammonium sulfate. Masonry Acoustic absorption Crushing strength Density Sound, transmission of, by Strength Thermal conductivity Thermal radiations from Mass Astronomical unit Conversion factors Secondary units Massicotite Density Refractive index See also Lead oxide. Masurium, melting point Mathesius metal Matildite , density Matlockite Density Melting point Refractive index Thermal conductivity Matrix brass Matrix metal Maucherite, density Maxite , density Maxwell, definition Mayari cast iron Mayari pig Mayari steel Mean distance , definition Measures, national and local systems Mechanical equivalent Heat Light Meco (alloy) Meconic acid Crystallography Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Heat of combustion Heat of solution in water Meconine, heat of combustion Links 1.392 2.379 1.122 1.122 1.122 1.163 1.165 6.380 2.379 6.200 2.379 2.492 1.143 1.143 1.171 2.523 6.459 2.66 2.314 6.459 2.124 2.314 5.244 1.34 1.20 1.2 1.115 1.115 1.104 2.379 1.124 1.115 1.115 1.115 5.232 2.379 2.379 1.132 1.117 1.39 2.379 2.379 2.379 1.39 1.1 5.78 5.436 2.379 1.327 6.278 5.165 5.150 5.166 1.174 2.556 1.173 2.469 2.602 2.510 2.605 2.602 686 Index Terms Meionite Density Refractive index Melamine Absorption spectra Refractive index Specific heat Melanite, thermal expansion Melanotekite Density Refractive index Melanterite Density Refractive index Melezitose Crystallography Heat of combustion Optical rotatory power Refractive index β-Melibiose Optical rotatory power Solubility in aqueous ethyl alcohol Melilite , crystal nuclei, formation of Meliphanite Density Refractive index Mellite Density Refractive index Specific heat Mellitic acid Heat of combustion Heat of solution in water Melting, volume change on Melting points Accurate Chemical compounds Elements Fats, animal and vegetable Gelatins Glass Liquid crystals Oils, fats and waxes Petroleum products Pressure, effect of Soaps Solutions Pressure, effect of Sugars and sugar derivatives Mendipite Density Melting point Refractive index Mendozite Density Refractive index Meneghinite , density Meniscus, liquid, volume of Menthadienes, optical rotatory power Menthane Heat of combustion Optical rotatory power Links 1.146 1.146 1.167 7.25 5.336 7.29 5.102 3.45 1.129 1.129 1.173 1.128 1.128 1.168 7.21 1.335 5.166 2.354 7.30 2.354 4.405 5.60 1.154 1.154 1.137 1.137 5.98 5.166 5.150 2.459 1.53 1.106 1.103 2.214 2.229 2.97 1.315 2.210 2.148 4.9 5.449 4.1 4.264 2.353 1.115 1.115 1.115 1.153 1.153 1.116 1.72 7.409 5.164 7.410 1.167 1.166 7.22 4.9 4.6 1.176 2.215 1.173 1.168 1.306 687 Index Terms Menthene Azeotropic mixtures Heat of combustion Optical rotatory power Refractive index Menthenols Optical rotatory power Refractive index Menthol Absorption spectra Boiling point Cryoscopic constant Density Heat of combustion Heat of fusion Heat of solution in water Melting point under pressure Optical rotatory power Surface tension, aqueous solution Viscosity Volume change on melting -Anethole* -Benzene* -Camphor* -Chloral hydrate* -Ethyl acetate* -Ethyl alcohol* -Ethyl ether* -Ethylene bromide* -Isobutyl alcohol* -Lophine* -Menthone Freezing point-solubility -Methylal Boiling point elevation -Methylurethan Density Freezing point-solubility Viscosity -Naphthalene Density Freezing point-solubility Viscosity -Nitrobenzene Density Freezing point-solubility Viscosity -Phenyl salicylate Freezing point-solubility -Phenylsulfone Boiling point elevation -p-Toluidine Freezing point-solubility Menthone Absorption spectra Boiling point Dielectric constant Electrical conductivity Optical rotatory power Racemization, kinetics of Verdet constant Dispersion Viscosity -Menthol* -Phenylsulfone Boiling point elevation Links 3.321 5.164 7.410 7.53 3.324 7.412 7.53 5.333 3.347 4.184 3.30 5.164 5.134 5.150 4.10 7.420 4.470 5.41 4.16 4.160 3.340 3.167 4.115 5.41 3.193 4.155 5.51 3.177 4.129 5.45 4.160 3.347 4.152 5.347 3.347 6.95 6.144 7.414 7.118 6.426 6.433 7.221 3.347 5.347 5.45 5.51 7.221 688 Index Terms Menthyl benzenesulfonate -Benzene* -Ethyl alcohol* -Nitrobenzene Density Menthyl cinnamate -Isoamyl acetate* l-Menthyl diacetyltartrate -Benzene* -Ethyl alcohol* -Nitrobenzene Density Menthyl mandelate Viscosity -Isoamyl acetate* Menthyl naphthalene-β-sulfonate -Benzene* -Ethyl alcohol* -Nitrobenzene Density Menthyl o-nitrobenzoate Refractive index Menthyl β-phenylpropionate -Isoamyl acetate* Menthyl propiolate -Isoamyl acetate* l-Menthyl tartrate -Ethyl alcohol* -Nitrobenzene Density Menthylamine Optical rotatory power Menthylcarbimide Optical rotatory power Mercuric acetate Density, aqueous solution Heat of formation -Acetic acid* -Phenol Freezing point-solubility Mercuric benzoate Photoelectric current Mercuric bromide Absorption spectra, solutions Ammines Heat of formation Cryoscopic constant Density Aqueous solution Liquid Electrical conductivity Aqueous solution Heat of formation Heat of fusion Magnetic susceptibility Photoelectric current Solubility in organic solvents Solubility in water Specific heat Vapor pressure Liquid Solid Viscosity -Aluminum bromide* Links 3.178 3.178 5.50 3.178 7.30 3.178 7.429 7.430 3.66 5.186 4.199 6.68 5.328 5.186 4.214 3.66 3.23 6.148 6.234 5.186 5.131 6.357 6.69 4.205 4.222 5.97 3.214 3.208 7.212 689 Index Terms -Aluminum chloride* -Ammonium bromide* -Aniline* -Antimony tribromide* -Antimony trichloride* -Barium bromide* -Benzene* -Bromine* -Calcium bromide* -Carbon disulfide* -Ethyl acetate* -Ethyl alcohol* -Ethyl alcohol* -Methyl alcohol -Ethyl alcohol* -Propyl alcohol -Fenchone* -Lead bromide* -Mercuric chloride Density Freezing point-solubility -Mercuric iodide Density Freezing point-solubility -Mercuric iodide-Sulfur dioxide Vapor pressure -Mercurous bromide Freezing point-solubility -Methyl acetate Boiling point elevation Density -Methyl alcohol Density Aqueous solution -Methyl alcohol- Propyl alcohol Density -Potassium bromide Freezing point-solubility Freezing point-solubility in water -Potassium hydroxide Freezing point-solubility in water -Propyl alcohol Density -Pyridine Boiling point elevation Freezing point-solubility -Quinoline Freezing point-solubility -Selenium Freezing point lowering Freezing point-solubility -Silver bromide Freezing point-solubility -Sodium bromide Freezing point-solubility in water -Strontium bromide Freezing point-solubility in water -Sulfur Freezing point lowering -Thallium monobromide Freezin g point-solubility Mercuric chlorate Density, aqueous solution Mercuric chloride Absorption spectra Ammines Heat of formation Boiling point Links 3.134 4.56 3.134 4.56 3.374 4.56 3.340 3.139 3.139 3.102 3.143 4.56 4.318 4.318 3.139 3.342 4.199 4.199 4.38 4.31 4.56 4.318 4.318 4.38 4.54 3.66 5.329 5.186 1.120 1.163 690 Index Terms Boiling point elevation in aqueous solution Critical potentials Density Aqueous solution Liquid Solid Dielectric constant Diffusion in ethyl alcohol Diffusion in water Electrical conductivity Aqueous solution Free energy Fusion Sublimation Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Heat content Heat of formation Hydrolysis constant Magnetic susceptibility Photoelectric current Refractive index Aqueous solution Dispersion Residual rays Solubility in organic solvents Solubility in water Specific heat Aqueous solution Vapor pressure Liquid Solid Verdet constant, aqueous solution Viscosity, aqueous solution -Acetic acid* -Acetone* -Acetone*-Cesium chloride -Acetone*-Potassium chloride -Acetonitrile* -Aluminum chloride* -Ammonium chloride* -Ammonium chloride*-Potassium chloride -Ammonium oxalate* -Amyl alcohol* -Antimony trichloride* -Barium chloride* -Benzene* -Benzonitrile* -Calcium chloride* -Carbon disulfide* -Cesium chloride* -Chloroform* -Citric acid* -Cobaltous chloride* -Cobaltous chloride*-Ethyl alcohol -Cupric chloride* -Cuprous chloride* -Diethyl sulfide* -Ethyl acetate* -Ethyl alcohol* -Ethyl alcohol* -Eth yl ether -Ethyl alcohol* -Methyl alcohol -Ethyl alcohol* -Potassium chloride -Ethyl alcohol* -Propyl alcohol -Ethyl alcohol* -Sodium chloride -Ethyl ether* -Fenchone* -Formamide* Links 3.325 6.72 3.66 3.23 1.120 6.76 5.73 5.65 6.148 6.232 7.259 7.259 7.259 4.256 7.259 5.186 7.259 6.357 6.68 7.21 7.70 7.100 5.261 4.205 4.222 5.97 5.122 3.214 3.208 6.426 5.14 3.104 6.100 6.69 691 Index Terms -Glycerol* -Hydrogen chloride* -Iodine* -Iron* -Lead chloride* -Lithium chloride* -Magnesium chloride* -Mercuric bromide* -Mercuric iodide Freezing point-solubility -Mercuric methyl chloride Boiling point elevation -Mercuric methyl iodide Boiling point elevation -Mercuric oxide Freezing point-solubility in water -Mercurous chloride Freezing point-solubility -Mercury Free energy and heat of reaction -Methyl acetate Boiling point elevation Density -Methyl alcohol Boiling point elevation Density, aqueous solution Freezing point-solubility -Methyl alcohol- Propyl alcohol Density -Methyl sulfide Boiling point elevation -Potassium chloride Density, aqueous solution Freezing point-solubility Refractive index, aqueous solution -Potassium cyanide Density, aqueous solution Refractive index, aqueous solution -Potassium iodide Density, aqueous solution Refractive index, aqueous solution -Potassium oxalate Photochemical reaction -Propyl alcohol Density -Pyridine Boiling point elevation Density Freezing point-solubility Specific heat Verdet constant -Rubidium chloride Freezing point-solubility -Selenium Freezing point lowering Freezing point-solubility -Silver bromide Solubility in water -Silver chloride Solubility in water -Silver iodide Freezing point-solubility Solubility in water -Sodium chloride Density, aqueous solution Freezing point-solubility Freezing point-solubility in water Links 4.56 3.338 3.338 4.305 4.56 7.259 3.340 3.139 3.334 3.102 4.198 3.143 3.338 3.98 4.56 7.96 3.98 7.96 3.98 7.96 7.165 3.139 3.342 3.139 4.199 5.125 6.427 4.56 4.38 4.31 7.267 7.266 4.56 7.268 3.98 4.56 4.305 4.78 692 Index Terms -Sodium formate Photochemical reaction -Strontium chloride Freezing point-solubility -Sucrose Freezing point-solubility in water -Sulfur Freezing point lowering Freezing point-solubility -d-Tartaric acid Freezing point-solubility in water -Tetralin Distribution coefficients in water -Thallium monochloride Freezing point-solubility -Toluene Distribution coefficients in water Mercuric cyanide Boiling point elevation in aqueous solution Density, aqueous solution Dielectric constant Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Heat of formation -Sodium oleate Freezing point-solubility in water Miscibility in water -Sulfur Freezing point lowering -Sulfuric acid Freezing point-solubility -Trichloroacetic acid Freezing point-solubility -Urea Freezing point-solubility Crestmorite Density Refractive index o-Cresyl methyl ether Absorption sp ectra Electrical conductivity Viscosity m-Cresyl methyl ether Absorption spectra Viscosity p-Cresyl methyl ether Specific heat Viscosity Cristobalite Crystallography Density Heat of formation Heat of transition Inversion points Melting point Optical constants Refractive index Specific heat Thermal expansion Volume change on inversion X-ray diffraction data See also Silica. Critical constants Critical potentials Bands Resonance lines Links 7.165 4.305 4.422 4.38 4.31 4.415 3.421 4.53 3.421 3.325 3.66 6.76 4.256 5.187 4.419 3.414 4.38 4.188 4.102 4.100 1.144 1.144 1.171 5.343 6.144 7.219 5.343 7.219 5.112 7.219 4.20 1.112 5.182 5.182 4.20 1.112 6.341 1.112 5.105 4.21 4.21 1.341 1.103 6.69-73 6.72-73 6.70-72 2.82 1.166 3.248 4.20 693 Index Terms Transitions involved Crocidolite Density Refractive index Crocoitite Density Melting point Refractive in dex See also Lead chromate. Crodon (alloy) Cronite (alloy) Cronstedtite Density Refractive index Crotonaldehyde Absorption spectra Refractive index Crotonic acid Absorption spectra Density, aqueous solution Heat of combustion Heat of fusion Specific heat Liquid Solid -Dichloroacetic acid Freezing point-solubility -Sulfuric acid Freezing point-solubility -Trichloroacetic acid Freezing point-solubility α-Crotonic acid Absorption spectra, ultra-violet Cryoscopic constant Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Melting point under pressure -Chloroacetic acid* -Chloroform* -β-Crotonic acid Freezing point-solubility -Dimethylpyrone Freezing point-solubility -Ethyl ether Distribution coefficients in water -Xylene Distribution coefficients in water β-Crotonic acid Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution -α-Crotonic acid* Crotonic nitrile Absorption spectra Dielectric constant Refractive index -Aniline* Crotorite (alloy) Crova wave -length Cryolite Density Melting point Refractive index Specific heat Transition temperature -Aluminum oxide* -Aluminum oxide*-Calcium fluoride Links 6.70 1.152 1.152 1.172 1.133 1.133 1.133 1.174 2.374 2.374 1.142 1.142 5.337 7.36 1.167 5.374 5.337 3.114 5.165 5.132 5.108 5.102 4.105 4.188 4.101 5.375 4.183 6.266 4.10 5.377 4.114 4.114 3.426 3.426 6.266 5.336 6.86 7.36 2.374 5.242 1.153 1.153 1.153 5.100 4.7 1.168 694 Index Terms -Calcium fluoride* -Silica Density Cryolithionite Density Refractive index Cryoscopic data Aqueous solutions Inorganic solvents Organic solvents Cryptohalite Density Refractive index Crystal gratings Crystal growth Crystal structure Magnetism, relation of X-ray Crystallization, velocity of Crystallography, carbon compounds Crystolon. See Carborundum. Cuba , weights and measures Cubanite , density Cubebin, optical rotatory power Cufenium (alloy) Cuivre poll Culmitz alloy Thermoelectric properties Cumaldehyde Absorption spectra Diffusion in methyl alcohol Cumene Absorption spectra Birefringence Boiling point Compressibility Dielectric constant Magnetic susceptibility Vapor pressure -Benzoic acid * -Camphoric acid* -Salicylic acid Density Cumic acid Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Heat of combustion Heat of solution in water Cumicaldehyde Absorption spectra Dielectric constant Surface tension Verdet constant Cuminyl alcohol Verdet constant Cuniloy Cup anemometer Cupreine, optical rotatory power Cupric acetate Absorption spectra, solutions Ammine, decomposition pressure Boiling point Boiling point elevation in aqueous solution Links 3.134 1.154 1.154 1.165 4.254 4.36 4.183 4.214 4.215 1.113 1.113 6.7 1.355 6.347 1.338 5.60 1.320 1.5 1.129 7.362 2.375 2.375 1.165 5.61 2.356 2.555 6.222 5.346 5.73 5.333 7.111 3.225 3.39 6.94 6.364 3.225 3.187 6.295 5.166 5.150 5.333 6.95 4.460 6.430 6.430 2.375 1.403 7.475 5.327 7.264 1.123 3.325 1.163 2.601 695 Index Terms Density Aqueous solution Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Heat of formation Magnetic susceptibility Aqueous solution Melting point of hydrate Refractive index Viscosity, aqueous solution -Acetic acid* -Potassium bromide Density, aqueous solution -Pyridine Freezing point-solubility Cupric henzoate Ammine, decomposit ion pressure Cupric bromide Absorption spectra, solutions Ammines Decomposition pressure Heat of decomposition Heat of formation Decomposition pressure Density, aqueous solution Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Heat of formation Magnetic susceptibility Aqueous solution Methylamine complex Decomposition pressure Heat of decomposition Transference number -Methyl acetate Boiling point elevation Cupric carbonate Heat of formation -Sodium bicarbonate-Sodium carbonate Freezing point-solubility in water Cupric chlorate Ammines Decomposition pressure Heat of decomposition Density, aqueous solution Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Heat of formation Refractive index, aqueous solution Dispersion Solubility in water Cupric chloride Absorption spectra, solutions Solubility in organic solvents Solubility in water Specific heat Surface tension, aqueous solution Vapor pressure lowering in aqueous solution Verdet constant, aqueous solution Viscosity, aqueous solution -Ammonia* -Aniline* -Ethyl acetate* -Ethyl alcohol* -Ethyl alcohol* -Methyl alcohol -Ethyl alcohol* -Propyl alcohol Links 1.123 3.67 6.244 4.256 5.188 6.357 6.364 1.123 1.123 5.14 1.170 3.100 4.200 7.264 5.327 5.328 7.262 7.262 5.188 7.262 3.66 6.234 4.256 5.187 6.357 6.364 7.262 7.262 6.310 3.340 5.188 4.371 7.262 7.262 3.66 6.244 4.256 5.187 7.70 7.100 4.222 5.327 4.205 4.222 5.97 4.464 3.294 6.426 5.14 3.104 6.254 5.328 5.330 696 Index Terms -Ethyl ether* -Methyl acetate Boiling point elevation -Methyl alcohol Density Aqueous solution -Methyl alcohol- Propyl alcohol Density -Phthalic acid Density, aqueous solution Freezing point-solubility in water -Propyl alcohol Density -Pyridine Boiling point elevation Density Freezing point-solubility Verdet constant -Quinoline Freezing point-solubility Mercuric ethyl chloride -Pyridine Boiling point elevation Mercuric fluoride, vapor pressure Mercuric hydride Heat of dissociation Mercuric iodide Absorption spectra, solutions Ammines Heat of formation Cryoscopic constant Density, liquid Electrical conductivity Aqueous solution Heat of formation Heat of fusion Heat of transitio n Luminescence Magnetic susceptibility Melting point under pressure Photoelectric current Refractive index Solubility in organic solvents Solubility in water Specific heat Thermal expansion Transition temperature Vapor pressure Liquid Solid Viscosity Volume change on melting X-ray diffraction data -Acetone*-Potassium iodide -Acetonitrile* -Aniline* -Barium iodide* -Benzene* -Benzonitrile* -Cadmium iodide* -Calcium iodide* -Carbon disulfide* -Diethyl sulfide* -Ethyl acetate* -Ethyl alcohol* -Ethyl alcohol* -Methyl alcohol Links 3.340 3.139 3.102 3.143 3.102 4.419 3.139 3.342 3.139 4.199 6.427 4.199 3.342 3.208 5.418 5.328 5.186 4.215 3.23 6.148 6.258 5.186 5.131 5.186 5.389 6.357 4.12 6.68 7.21 4.205 4.222 5.97 3.44 4.7 3.214 3.208 7.212 4.12 1.342 4.17 6.69 697 Index Terms -Ethyl alcohol* -Propyl alcohol -Ethyl ether* -Potassium iodide -Ethyl iodide* -Fenchone* -Iodine* -Lead iodide* -Mercuric bromide* -Mercuric bromide*-Sulfur dioxide -Mercuric chloride* -Mercuric methyl chloride Boiling point elevation -Mercuric methyl iodide Boiling point elevation -Mercuric potassium iodide Density -Mercurous iodide Freezing point-solubility -Methyl acetate Boiling point elevation -Methyl alcohol Density Aqueous solution -Methyl alcohol- Propyl alcohol Density -Methyl sulfide Boiling point elevation -Methylene iodide Density -Nitrobenzene Freezing point solubility -p-Nitrotoluene Freezing point-solubility -Potassium iodide Density, aqueous solution Freezing point-solubility Freezing point-solubility in water -Propyl alcohol Density -Pyridine Boiling point elevation Freezing point-solubility Specific heat Verdet constant -Quinoline Freezing point-solubility -Silver iodide Freezing point-solubility -Sodium iodide Freezing point-solubility in water -Strontium iodide Freezing point-solubility in water Mercuric methyl bromide Absorption spectra, solutions Mercuric methyl chloride Absorption spectra, solutions -Diethyl sulfide* -Ethyl alcohol* -Mercuric chloride* -Mercuric iodide* Mercuric methyl iodide Absorption spectra, solutions -Diethyl sulfide* -Ethyl alcohol* -Mercuric chloride* -Mercuric iodide* Links 3.338 3.338 3.134 4.56 3.340 3.139 3.102 3.143 3.338 3.139 4.199 4.199 3.98 4.56 4.320 3.139 3.342 4.199 5.125 6.427 4.199 4.56 4.319 4.319 5.328 5.328 5.328 698 Index Terms Mercuric nickel bromide Heat of formation Mercuric nitrate Absorption spectra, solutions Heat of formation -Nitric acid Density, aqueous solution Refractive index, aqueous solution Dispersion Mercuric nitride , heat of formation Mercuric oxalate Heat of formation -Potassium oxalate Freezing point-solubility in water Mercuric oxide Entropy Free energy Decomposition Heat content Heat of decomposition Heat of formation Hydrogen, reaction with Magnetic susceptibility Photoelectric current Solubility in water Specific heat Thermodynamic potential Vapor pressure See also Montroydite. -Cadmium amalgams* -Chromic acid* -Hydrogen fluoride* -Mercuric chloride* -Nitric acid Freezing point-solubility in water -Silver Electrode potential and free energy of reaction -Sulfuric acid Freezing point-solubility in water Mercuric oxybromides, heat of formation Mercuric oxychlorides, heat of formation Mercuric perchlorate Absorption spectra, solutions Mercuric potassium bromide, heat of formation Mercuric potassium chloride Density Heat of formation Refractive index Mercuric potassium cyanide , heat of formation Mercuric potassium iodide Density, aqueous solution Heat of formation Verdet constant, aqueous solution -Mercuric iodide* Mercuric selenide, heat of formation Mercuric selenite -Sodium selenite Freezing point-solubility in water Mercuric sodium bromide, heat of formation Mercuric sodium chloride, density, aqueous solution Mercuric sodium cyanide , heat of formation Mercuric sodium sulfide, heat of formation Mercuric strontium bromide, heat of formation Links 5.192 5.328 5.186 7.91 7.91 7.108 5.186 5.186 4.372 5.90 7.259 7.259 5.90 7.259 5.186 7.259 6.357 6.68 4.222 5.90 5.90 7.259 7.259 5.96 4.362 7.272 4.339 5.186 5.186 4.389 5.328 5.205 1.156 5.205 1.156 5.205 3.91 5.205 6.427 5.186 4.356 5.202 3.86 5.202 5.202 5.198 1.172 6.428 7.259 699 Index Terms Mercuric strontium cyanide , heat of formation Mercuric sulfate Heat of formation -Copper amalgam* -Gold* -Sulfuric acid Freezing point-solubility Mercuric sulfide Density Heat of formation Magnetic susceptibility Optical rotatory power Refractive in dex Specific heat Thermal conductivity Vapor pressure X-ray diffraction data See also Cinnabarite. -Antimony trisulfide* Mercuric thiocyanate , heat of formation Mercurous acetate Heat of formation Solubility in water -Acetic acid* Mercurous benzoate Photoelectric current Mercurous bromide Bromine ion, reaction with Electrode potential Free energy of electrode reaction Heat of formation Hydrogen, reaction with Photoelectric current Thermal conductivity X-ray diffraction data -Aluminum bromide* -Cadmium amalgams* -Mercuric bromide* Mercurous chloride Ammine, decomposition pressure Heat of formation Boiling point Bromide ion, reaction with Density Dielectric constant Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Electrode potential Entropy Free energy Electrode reaction Vaporization Heat content Heat of formation Hydrogen, reaction with Magnetic susceptibility Photoelectric current Refractive index Residual rays Specific heat Thermal conductivity Thermodynamic potential Vapor pressure Liquid Solid X-ray diffraction data Links 5.198 5.186 4.43 3.44 5.186 6.357 7.353 7.21 5.97 5.232 3.208 1.342 5.187 5.187 4.222 6.68 7.260 7.260 7.260 5.186 7.260 6.69 5.216 1.342 7.259 5.186 1.120 7.260 1.120 6.76 6.258 7.259 5.90 7.259 7.259 5.90 5.186 7.259 6.357 6.68 1.120 5.261 5.90 5.216 5.90 3.214 3.208 1.342 1.163 6.99 6.69 1.167 5.96 5.232 7.21 700 Index Terms -Cadmium amalgams* -Lead amalgam* -Mercuric chloride* -Thallium amalgam Electromotive force Mercurous cyanide Ammine, decomposition pressure Mercurous iodide Electrode potential Free energy of electrode reaction Heat of formation Photoelectric current Specific heat X-ray diffraction data -Cadmium amalgam* -Lead amalgam* -Mercuric iodide* Mercurous nitrate Absorption spectra, solutions Concentration cells Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Heat of formation Reflectivity, selective -Nitric acid Density, aqueous solution Freezing point-solubility in water Refractive index, aqueous solution Dispersion Mercurous oxide Heat of formation Photoelectric current -Mercurous sulfate Freezing point-solubility in water Mercurous sulfate Density, aqueous solution Free energy Heat of formation Solubility in water Specific heat -Cadmium amalgams* -Lead amalgam* -Mercurous oxide* -Sulfuric acid Freezing point-solubility Freezing point-solubility in water -Zinc amalgam Electromotive force Mercury Absorption, index of Absorption spectra, solutions Accommodation coefficient Air film, thickness of, on Angle of contact Boiling point Cadmium, diffusion of, in Cathodoluminescence Compressibility Condensation, irreversible, temperature of Contact potential Critical constants Critical potentials Density Gas Liquid Solid Dielectric constant, gas Links 7.259 7.260 7.260 7.260 5.186 6.68 5.97 1.342 6.69 5.328 6.326 6.237 5.186 5.260 7.92 4.362 7.92 7.108 5.186 6.68 4.339 3.66 7.260 5.186 4.222 5.87 5.97 4.43 4.339 7.260 5.249 5.328 5.53 4.476 4.434 1.102 5.75 5.388 3.47 5.53 6.57 1.102 6.71 1.102 1.102 1.104 6.74 3.205 5.390 3.248 2.457 2.456 701 Index Terms Diffusion of vapor in air Electrical conductivity Liquid Solid Low temperature Magnetic field, effect of Electrode potential Electron emission excited by positive ions Electrons, absorption of, by vapor of Electrons, secondary emission of Emission, spectral Emission specfcra Entropy Gas Liquid Vaporization Evaporation, velocity of Fluorescence of vapor Free energy Electrode reaction Fusion Gas Sublimation Vaporization Gamma rays, absorption coefficient Gold, diffusion of, in Heat content Heat of fusion Heat of vaporization Interfacial tension Internal pressure Isotopes Magnetic susceptibility Magneton number Melting point Meniscus, volume of Molecular data Oil film, thickness of, on Persistent lines Photoelectric threshold Quantum numbers Refractive index Gas Solution velocity in dissolved bromine Solution velocity in dissolved iodine Sound, velocity of Gas Liquid Specific heat Gas Liquid Pressure, effect of Solid Spectral series Surface tension Thermal conductivity Gas Liquid Thermal expansion Liquid Solid Thermochemistry Thermodynamic potential Thermoelectric properties Thomson coefficient Toxicology Vapor pressure Links 5.62 1.103 1.104 6.127 6.422 7.259 6.65 6.61 6.63 5.253 5.299 7.258 5.88 7.258 5.54 5.391 7.259 7.259 7.258 7.258 7.258 6.21 5.75 5.88 1.104 1.102 4.438 4.19 1.45 6.355 6.346 1.53 1.72 1.92 4.476 5.323 6.68 5.408 1.103 7.7 5.56 5.56 6.462 6.464 5.80 1.103 5.114 1.104 5.399 1.103 6.136 6.133 6.137 7.258 7.258 2.458 2.458 7.259 7.258 1.104 5.249 6.463 5.85 5.88 5.113 7.258 5.85 5.88 5.113 7.258 4.440 4.476 5.213 5.220 5.214 5.221 1.102 1.104 5.186 5.88 6.214 6.228 2.320 3.205 2.457 6.225 3.206 702 Index Terms Viscosity Gas Liquid X-ray absorption limits X-ray emission spectra X-ray series, limiting frequencies Zeeman effect -Aluminum* -Antimony* -Barium* -Bismuth* -Bismuth*-Lead -Cadmium* -Calcium* -Cesium* -Copper* -Copper*-Silver-Tin -Gold* -Indium* -Lead* -Lithium* -Magnesium* -Manganese* -Mercuric chloride* -Potassium Density Electrical conductivity Photoelectric sensitivity, wave length for maximum Specific heat Surface tension Thermoelectric properties Vapor pressure -Rubidium Surface tension -Silver Density Electrical conductivity Thermoelectric properties Vapor pressure Vapor pressure lowering -Silver-Zinc Thermal expansion -Silver chloride Electrode potential -Sodium Density Electrical conductivity Equilibrium diagram Specific heat Surface tension Thermoelectric properties -Strontium Surface tension -Sulfuric acid Equilibrium constant of reaction Free energy of reaction -Tellurium Equilibrium diagram Freezing point-solubility -Thallium Density Electrical conductivity Equilibrium diagram Hardness Specific volume Surface tension Thermal expansion Links 1.102 5.7 6.42 6.42 6.35 5.420 2.589 6.190 6.68 5.119 2.591 6.220 3.284 5.2 6.198 2.591 2.589 6.190 6.220 3.284 3.300 2.472 7.266 2.589 6.190 2.436 5.119 2.591 6.220 2.591 7.260 7.260 2.435 4.28 2.589 6.191 2.436 2.587 2.589 2.591 2.474 2.594 6.198 703 Index Terms Thermoelectric properties Vapor pressure lowering -Tin Density Electrical conductivity Equilibrium diagram Hardness Specific volume Specific heat Surface tension Thermal expansion Thermoelectric properties Vapor pressure lowering -Zinc Density Electrical conductivity Equilibrium diagram Hardness Specific heat Specific volume Surface tension Thermoelectric properties Thermal expansion Vapor pressure lowering Viscosity, liquid Mercury (planet), characteristics Mercury arc, filters for Mercury diethyl, dielectric constant Mercury dimethyl, ionization by X-rays Mercury diphenyl -Triphenylbismuthine Freezing point-solubility -Triphenylstibine Freezing point-solubility Mercury hydride, band spectra Mercury oxide cell Mercury tetraphenyl -Tin tetraphenyl Freezing point-solubility Mercury vapor lamp, filters for Merwinite Density Refractive index Mesaconic acid Absorption spectra Density, aqueous solution Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Heat of combustion Heat of solution in water -Methyl alcohol Viscosity Mesitite, thermal conductivity Mesityl oxide Absorption spectra Dielectric constant Heat of vaporization Refractive index Specific heat Surface tension Viscosity -Isoamyl acetate* Mesityl oxide oxime Refractive index Surface tension Links 6.220 3.300 2.474 6.191 2.416 2.586 2.589 5.119 2.591 2.474 6.220 3.300 2.589 2.589 6.192 2.436 2.586 5.119 2.589 2.591 6.220 2.474 3.300 5.7 1.392 5.272 6.87 6.123 4.199 4.199 5.414 6.315 4.49 7.160 1.146 1.146 1.172 5.337 3.114 6.269 5.165 5.149 5.34 5.232 5.340 6.90 5.137 7.39 5.110 4.454 7.217 7.39 4.455 5.372 5.374 704 Index Terms Mesitylene Absorption spectra Azeotropic mixtures Birefringence Boiling point Compressibility Dielectric constant Diffusion of vapor in air Heat of combustion Heat of vaporization Photoluminescence Refractive index Specific heat Surface tension Vapor pressure Verdet constant X-ray diffraction bands X-rays, absorption coefficient X-rays, scattering of -Antimony tribromide* -Antimony trichloride* -Benzoyl chloride* -Diethyl tartrate* -Ethyl alcohol* -Ethylene bromide* -Hydrogen bromide* Mesitylenic acid, heat of combustion Mesitylenephosphinous acid Solubility in water Mesolite Density Refractive index Mesoporphyrin hydrochloride Absorption spectra Mesotartaric acid Absorption spectra Heat of combustion Mesoxalic acid, heat of combustion Metaantimonious acid, magnetic susceptibility Metaarsenious acid -Ammonium hydroxide* Metabismuthous acid Magnetic susceptibility Metacinnabarite Density See also Mercuric sulfide. Metahewettite Density Refractive index Metairesinolic acid, optical rotatory power Metaldehyde Crystallography -Acetaldehyde* Metalline (alloy) Metallurgy Metanethole -Chloroform* Metaphosphoric acid Density, aqueous solution Heat of formation Specific heat, aqueous solution Metatorbemite I Density Links 5.333 3.320 7.111 3.225 3.37 6.94 5.63 5.163 5.137 5.387 7.47 5.112 4.437 3.225 6.430 1.352 6.14 6.17 5.345 4.459 6.16 5.165 4.253 1.154 1.154 1.169 5.374 5.337 5.165 5.165 6.356 6.356 1.121 1.145 1.145 7.466 1.328 2.379 2.358 3.61 5.180 5.122 1.134 1.173 7.27 705 Index Terms Refractive index Metatungstic acid Density, aqueous solution Metavariscite Density Refractive index Meteorite (alloy) Meteorites, radioactivity Meter, definition Meter-candle, definition Meter-kilogram, definition Methane Absorption spectra Adsorption by wood charcoal Boiling point Compressibility Critical point data Critical potentials Decomposition pressure of hydrate Density, gas Detonation Dielectric constant Electrical ignition Electrons, absorption of, by Electrons, secondary emission of Explosion in closed vessels Explosive mixtures, limiting dilutions Flame propagation in Free energy Formation Reaction with water vapor Heat content Heat of adsorption on charcoal Heat of combustion Heat of formation Heat of fusion Heat of vaporization Ignition temperature Inflammability, limits of Ionization by α-particles Ionization by electrons Joule-Thomson effect Magnetic susceptibility Orthobaric density Polarization of light scattered by Refractivity Solubility in non-aqueous liquids Solubility in sulfuric acid Solubility in water Sound, velocity of, in Specific heat Gas Liquid Solid Thermal conductivity, gas Thermal expansion, gas Vapor pressure Liquid Solid Vapor pressure above 1 atm. Viscosity, gas -Carbon dioxide* -Ethane* -Ethylene* -Hydrogen* Links 1.134 1.167 3.105 1.137 1.137 2.379 1.380 1.1 1.39 1.39 1.170 5.331 3.250 3.216 3.14 3.230 6.72 7.244 3.3 2.185 6.82 2.175 6.61 6.63 2.191 2.186 2.182 7.244 7.244 7.244 7.244 5.141 5.163 5.181 5.132 5.136 2.173 2.177 6.122 6.120 5.146 6.361 3.230 5.265 7.10 3.268 3.280 3.260 6.463 5.335 5.80 5.86 5.86 5.214 3.14 5.81 5.107 3.216 3.208 3.230 5.3 3.230 3.333 3.248 7.244 5.215 5.83 7.244 706 Index Terms -Oxygen Viscosity Methoxyacetic acid, electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Methoxyacetophenone (o-, m-, p-) Refractive index p-Methoxyazobenzene, magnetic susceptibility o-Methoxybenzaldehyde Verdet constant p-Methoxybenzaldehyde Absorption spectra Surface tension Viscosity m-Methoxybenzenesulfonamide -Methylamine Density Viscosity p-Methoxybenzoic acid Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Heat of combustion Solubility in water -Chloroform* p-Methoxycinnamic acid Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Heat of combustion -p-Azoxyanisole* -p-Azo xyphenetole* -Hydroquinol* o-Methoxy-p-methylacetophenone -Benzene* p-Methoxymethylbenzene -Chloroform* p-Methoxypropylbenzene -Toluene Boiling point elevation p-Methoxyquinoline, absorption spectra Methoxystyrenes, refractive index Methoxysuccinic acid, optical rotatory power Methoxytoluene (o-, m-, p-) Refractive index Methoxytoluic acids, electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Methyl acetate Absorption spectra Azeotropic mixtures Boiling point Compressibility Aqueous solution Critical point data Density Aqueous solution Dielectric constant Diffusion of vapor in gases Electrical conductivity Flash point Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Heat of combustion Heat of vaporization Ionization by X-rays Ions, mobility of, in Magnetic susceptibility Orthobaric density Polarization of light scattered by Refractive index Gas Links 5.5 6.264 7.46 6.363 6.429 5.343 4.457 7.219 3.152 5.35 6.286 5.165 3.392 6.295 5.166 3.346 5.345 7.46 7.372 5.369 7.43 6.291 5.331 3.318 3.218 3.36 3.440 3.240 3.28 3.112 6.82 5.62 6.143 2.161 4.262 5.167 5.137 6.123 6.112 6.361 3.240 5.265 7.10 5.336 3.39 3.248 3.114 6.86 707 Index Terms Liquid Saponification, kinetics of Solubility in water Solubility of salts in Specific heat Gas Liquid Surface tension Aqueous solution Thermal conductivity Gas Liquid Vapor pressure Aqueous solution Partial Liquid Solid Vapor pressure above 1 atm. Verdet constant Viscosity Gas Liquid -Aniline* -Azobenzene* -Barium iodide* -Benzene* -Benzil* -Benzoic acid* -Bismuth chloride* -Bromoform* -Butyric acid* -Cadmium iodide* -Calcium nitrate* -Camphor* -Carbon disulfide* -Carbon tetrachloride* -1-Chlorotetrahydronaphthalene* -Cobaltous bromide* -Cobaltous nitrate* -Cupric bromide* -Cupric chloride* -p-Dibromobenzene* -Dimethylaniline* -Diphenylamine* -Ethyl acetate* -Ethyl alcohol* -Ethyl chloroacetate* -Ethyl formate* -Iodine* -Lithium bromide* -Lithium chloride* -Lithium iodide* -Lithium thiocyanate* -Magnesium iodide* -Mercuric bromide* -Mercuric chloride* -Mercuric cyanide* -Mercuric iodide* -Naphthalene Boiling point elevation Density -Nitrocellulose Density -Paraldehyde Density -Pentachloroethane Vapor pressure Links 7.35 7.128 3.387 4.208 7.130 5.80 5.108 4.450 4.467 5.214 5.228 5.215 3.364 3.290 3.218 3.209 3.240 6.428 3.365 5.3 7.214 3.339 3.164 3.196 3.164 3.287 708 Index Terms -Phenanthrene Density -Phenyl benzoate Boiling point elevation -Picric acid Boiling point elevation -Potassium thiocyanate Boiling point elevation -Sodium thiocyanate Boiling point elevation -Stannous chloride Boiling point elevation -Sucrose Vapor pressure, aqueous solution -Tetraamylammonium iodide Boiling point elevation -Tetrapropylammonium picrate Boiling point elevation -Triamylammonium bromide Boiling point elevation -Triamylammonium chloride Boiling point elevation -Triamylammonium fluoride Boiling point elevation -Triamylammonium thiocyanate Boiling point elevation -Xylene Density -Zinc nitrate Boiling point elevation Methyl acetoacetate Absorption spectra Azeotropic mixtures Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Refractive index Saponification, kinetics of Viscosity -Diethyl tartrate* Methyl acetoneoxalate Dielectric absorption Dielectric constant Methyl acetophenoneoxalate Dielectric absorption Dielectric constant Methyl α-acetoxypropionate Surface tension -Nitrobenzene Density -Tetrachloroethane Density Methyl alcohol Absorption, index of Absorption spectra Acids, esterification of, by Azeotropic mixtures Boiling point Aqueous solution Compressibility Condensation on ions and nuclei Critical point data Density Aqueous solution Solid Dielectric absorption Dielectric constant Aqueous solution Links 3.164 3.339 3.339 3.340 3.340 3.340 3.292 3.379 3.340 3.340 3.340 3.340 3.340 3.340 3.164 3.340 5.338 3.321 6.269 7.37 7.131 7.216 6.90 6.90 6.95 6.95 4.455 3.176 3.154 6.97 5.331 7.138 3.318 3.216 3.309 3.41 6.117 3.237 3.27 3.111 3.45 6.97 6.82 5.100 5.335 3.319 3.333 3.248 3.115 6.83 6.105 709 Index Terms Dielectric dispersion Diffusion of vapor in gases Diffusion in water Electrical conductivity Electrical ignition Emission, spectral Flash point Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Heat of adsorption on charcoal Heat of combustion Heat of dilution with water Heat of formation Heat of fusion Heat of solution in water Heat of transition Heat of vaporization Heat of wetting Ignition temperature Inflammability, limits of Ionization of vapor by α-particles Ionization of vapor by β-particles Ions, mobility of, in Magnetic susceptibility Melting point Orthobaric density Polarization of light reflected from Polarization of light scattered by Gas Liquid Pressure-volume relations for gas Refractive index Aqueous solution Gas Liquid Solubility in water Solubility of salts Sound, velocity of Gas Liquid Specific heat Aqueous solution Gas Liquid Surface tension Aqueous solution Thermal conductivity Aqueous solution Gas Liquid Pressure, effect of Vapor pressure Aqueous solution Vapor pressure above 1 atm. Verdet constant Dispersion Viscosity Aqueous solution Liquid X-radiation, scattered, distribution of -Acenaphthene* -Acetamide* -Acetanilide* -Acetic acid* -Acetone* -Acetone*-Ammonia -Acetone*-Calcium nitrate -Acetone*-Lithium bromide Links 6.97 5.62 5.69 6.143 2.175 5.258 2.161 4.262 5.140 5.164 5.162 5.181 5.132 5.148 5.181 5.136 5.142 2.174 2.180 6.122 6.121 6.112 6.361 3.45 3.237 5.261 5.159 5.138 5.265 5.266 3.436 7.66 7.10 6.97 4.251 4.206 7.12 7.34 6.463 6.464 5.116 5.80 5.107 4.448 4.467 5.227 5.214 5.227 5.227 3.216 3.290 3.237 6.427 6.433 5.22 5.11 6.19 5.81 5.114 4.470 5.215 6.434 5.27 7.213 7.79 710 Index Terms -Acetone*-Potassium fluoride -Acetone*-Potassium thiocyanate -Acetonitrile* -Acetylenedicarboxylic acid* -Air* -Aminobenzoic acid (o-, p-)* -Ammonia* -Ammonium bromide* -Ammonium bromide*-Ethyl alcohol -Ammonium bromide*-Glycerol -Ammonium bromide*-Propyl alcohol -Ammonium chloride* -Ammonium chloride*-Ethyl alcohol -Ammonium iodide* -Ammonium nitrate* -Ammonium nitrate*-Ethyl alcohol -Ammonium perchlorate* -Ammonium thiocyanate* -Amyl alcohol* -Aniline* -Aniline benzenesulfonate* -Aniline hydrochloride* -Anisole* -Anthracene* -Anthraquinone* -Barium bromide* -Barium chloride* -Barium perchlorate* -Benzaldehyde* -Benzene* -Benzenesulfonic acid* -Benzil* -Benzoic acid* -Boric acid* -Borneol* -Bromine* -Bromobenzene* -d-Bromocamphor* -Bromoform* -Bromonaphthalene* -Butane* -Butyric acid* -Cadmium iodide* -Calcium chloride* -Calcium nitrate* -Calcium perchlorate* -Camphor* -Camphorcarboxylic acid* -Carbon dioxide* -Carbon disulfide* -Carbon tetra chloride* -Cesium chloride* -Cesium nitrate* -Cesium per chlorate* -Chloral* -Chlorine* -Chloroform* -Chromic chloride* -Cinnamic acid* -Cinnamyl alcohol* -Citraconic acid* -Cobaltous chloride* -Cobaltous chloride*-Glycerol -Cottonseed oil* -m-Cresol* -Cupric chloride* -Cyclohexane* Links 711 Index Terms -Diethyl malate* -Diethyl tartrate* -Diisoamyl* -Dimethyl acetylmalate* -Dimethyl malate* -Dimethyl tartrate* -Dimethylaniline* -Dinitromesitylene* -Dinitrophenol* -Diphenyl* -Diphenylamine* -Ethane* -Ethyl acetate* -Ethyl alcohol* -Ethyl alcohol* -Mercuric bromide -Ethyl alcohol* -Mercuric chloride -Ethyl alcohol* -Mercuric cyanide -Ethyl alcohol* -Mercuric iodide -Ethyl alcohol* -Potassium iodide -Ethyl alcohol* -Potassium nitrate -Ethyl alcohol* -Potassium thiocyanate -Ethyl alcohol* -Sodium bromide -Ethyl alcohol* -Sodium iodide -Ethyl bromide* -Ethyl ether* -Ethyl iodide* -Ferric chloride* -Fluorene* -Formamide* -Formic acid* -Fumaric acid* -Glycerol* -Glycerol* -Lithium bromide -Glycerol* -Potassium iodide -Heptane* -Hexahydrocresols* -Hexahydrophenol* -Hexane* -Hydrogen bromide* -Hydrogen chloride* -Hydrogen sulfide* -m-Hydroxybenzoic acid* -Hydroxylamine hydrochloride* -Iodine* -Iodine*-Potassium iodide -Isoamyl alcohol* -Isobutane* -Isobutyl alcohol* -Isopentane* -Isopropyl alcohol* -Lauric acid* -Lithium bromide* -Lithium chloride* -Lithium nitrate* -Lithium perchlorate* -Magnesium bromide* -Magnesium iodide* -Magnesium perchlorate* -Maleic acid* -Malic acid* -Manganous chloride* -Manganous nitrate* -Mercuric bromide* -Mercuric bromide*-Propyl alcohol -Mercuric chloride* -Mercuric chloride*-Propyl alcohol -Mercuric cyanide* Links 712 Index Terms -Mercuric cyanide*-Propyl alcohol -Mercuric iodide* -Mercuric iodide*-Propyl alcohol -Mesaconic acid* -Methyl chloride Freezing point-solubility -Myristic acid Heat of solution -Naphthalene Boiling point elevation Density Dielectric constant Freezing point-solubility Freezing point-solubility in water Heat of solution Refractive index -α-Naphthol Density Viscosity -β-Naphthol Density -β-Naphthylamine Freezing point-solubility -Nickel chloride Boiling point elevation -Nickel sulfate Boiling point elevation -Nicotine Density -Nitrobenzene Density Vapor pressure Viscosity -Nitrobenzoic acids Density Heat of solution Refractive index -o-Nitrophenol Heat of solution -Nitrophenols Density Refractive index -Nitrophenylnitromethanes Density Refractive index -Oleic acid Density -Oxalic acid Heat of solution -Palmitic acid Heat of solution -Pentane Vapor pressure -Perchloric acid -Potassium perchlorate Solubility relations -Phenanthrene Freezing point-solubility -Phenetole Density Viscosity -Phenylhydrazine hydrochloride Boiling point elevation -Phenylpropiolic acid Density Viscosity -β-Phenylpropionic acid Density Links 4.99 5.152 3.334 3.151 6.102 4.100 4.400 5.152 7.80 3.151 5.34 3.151 4.100 3.334 3.334 3.151 3.151 3.287 5.34 7.79 5.152 7.79 5.151 7.79 7.79 7.79 7.79 3.152 5.151 5.152 3.360 4.211 4.101 3.151 5.34 3.333 3.151 5.34 3.151 713 Index Terms Viscosity -Picric acid Boiling point elevation Viscosity, aqueous solution -Picryl chloride Boiling point elevation -Piperidine Viscosity, aqueous solution -Potassium acetate Boiling point elevation -Potassium bromide Boiling point elevation Density Viscosity -Potassium chloride Density Freezing point-solubility in water Viscosity -Potassium dinitrophenolates Density Refractive index -Potassium iodide Boiling point elevation Density Freezing point-solubility Vapor pressure lowering Viscosity -Potassium iodide-Propyl alcohol Density -Potassium nitrophenolates Density Refractive index -Potassium perchlorate Density -Potassium picrate Freezing point-solubility in water -Potassium thiocyanate Viscosity, aqueous solution -Propane Vapor pressure -Propionic acid Density Freezing point-solubility Refractive index -Propionic acid hydrochloride Freezing point-solubility -Propyl alcohol Density Heat of solution Refractive index Specific heat Surface tension Vapor pressure Viscosity -Propyl alcohol-Sodium bromide Density -Propyl alcohol-Sodium iodide Density -Pyridine Heat of solution Refractive index -Quinoline Refractive index -Resorcinol Heat of solution -Rubidium perchlorate Density Links 5.34 3.333 5.21 3.333 5.21 3.334 3.334 3.142 5.29 3.141 4.400 5.29 7.79 7.79 3.334 3.142 4.205 3.300 5.29 4.213 3.143 7.79 7.79 3.142 4.400 5.24 3.360 7.79 4.100 7.79 4.100 3.150 5.155 7.79 5.116 4.471 3.287 5.34 3.143 3.143 5.151 7.79 7.80 5.151 3.142 5.158 5.126 714 Index Terms -Salicylic acid Boiling point elevation Heat of solution -Sodium acetate Boiling point elevation Density Refractive index -Sodium benzoate Density Refractive index -Sodium bromide Boiling point elevation Density Viscosity -Sodium butyrate Density Refractive index -Sodium chloride Freezing point-solubility in water -Sodium 2,4-dinitrophenate Freezing point-solubility in water -Sodium iodide Boiling point elevation Density Viscosity Aqueous solution -Sodium metaantimoniate Density, aqueous solutions Freezing point-solubility in water -Sodium methylate Boiling point elevation -Sodium nitrobenzoates Density Refractive index -Sodium perchlorate Density -Sodium propionate Density Refractive index -Sodium valerate Density Refractive index -Strontium perchlorate Density -Succinic acid Density Viscosity -Sulfur dioxide Density Freezing point-solubility Viscosity -Terpine hydrate Density -Tetraethylammonium iodide Boiling point elevation Density -Tetrahydronaphthalene Density Viscosity -Tetramethylammonium iodide Density Vapor pressure lowering -Tetrapropylammonium iodide Density -Thymol Density -Toluene Links 3.333 5.152 3.334 7.79 7.79 7.79 7.79 3.334 3.141 5.29 7.79 7.79 4.400 4.400 3.334 3.141 5.29 5.24 4.400 4.400 3.334 7.79 7.79 3.141 7.79 7.79 7.79 7.79 3.140 3.151 5.34 3.135 4.212 5.27 3.152 3.334 3.151 3.151 5.34 3.151 3.300 3.152 3.152 715 Index Terms Dielectric constant Heat of solution -Toluidine Viscosity, aqueous solution -1,3,5-Trichlorobenzene Boiling point elevation -Triethylsulfonium iodide Boiling point elevation -Trinitro -p-xylene Boiling point elevation -Triphenylmethane Boiling point elevation Heat of solution Refractive index -Uranyl formate Freezing point-solubility in water -Urea Boiling point elevation Density Dielectric constant Viscosity -Urethan Boiling point elevation Density Dielectric constant Freezing point-solubility Heat of solution -Valeric acid Density Refractive index Methyl alcohol hydrochloride -Propionic acid Freezing point-solubility Methyl allocinnamate Refractive index Surface tension Methyl amyl ketone Absorption spectra Heat of vaporization Viscosity Methyl anisate -Trichloroacetic acid Freezing point-solubility Methyl behenate -Methyl isobehenate Freezing point-solubility Methyl benzoate Absorption spectra Birefringence, magnetic Boiling point Dielectric constant Electrical conductivity Heat of combustion Magnetic susceptibility Refractive index Specific heat Surface tension Vapor pressure Verdet constant Viscosity -Azobenzene* -Benzene* -p-Dibromobenzene* -Ethyl acetate* -Ethyl benzoate* -Ethyl chloroacetate* Links 6.102 5.152 5.21 3.333 3.333 3.334 3.334 5.152 7.80 4.400 3.333 3.150 6.102 5.34 3.333 3.150 6.102 4.172 5.151 7.79 7.79 4.101 7.49 4.459 5.342 5.137 7.219 4.104 4.167 5.333 7.111 3.224 6.93 6.145 5.167 6.363 7.43 5.111 4.457 3.224 6.429 7.219 5.343 716 Index Terms -Ethyl ether* -Ethyl trichloroacetate* -Ethylene bromide* -Methyl formate Density -Naphthalene Density -Nitrobenzene Density -Phenanthrene Density -Trichloroacetic acid Freezing point-solubility Methyl benzoylacetate Tautomerism, kinetics of Methyl benzyl ether -Isoamyl acetate* Methyl bromide Birefringence, electric Dielectric constant Heat of combustion Ionization by α-particles Ionization by β-particles Ionization by γ-rays Ionization by X-rays Ions, mobility of, in Magnetic susceptibility Refractivity Solubility in non-aqueous liquids Specific heat, gas Thermal conductivity, gas Verdet constant Viscosity, gas Methyl bromoallocinnamate (α-, β-) Surface tension Methyl p-bromobenzoate Cryoscopic constant Methyl bromocmnamate (α-, β-) Surface tension Methyl butyl ketone Absorption spectra Heat of vaporization Magnetic susceptibility Specific heat Surface tension Viscosity Methyl tert.-butyl ketone Absorption spectra Dielectric constant Magnetic susceptibility Surface tension Methyl butyrate Absorption spectra Azeotropic mixtures Birefringence, electric Boiling point Compressibility Condensation on ions and nuclei Critical point data Density Dielectric constant Diffusion of vapor in gases Electrical conductivity Flash point Heat of vaporization Links 3.157 3.191 3.177 3.191 4.103 7.119 7.110 6.82 5.168 6.122 6.121 6.123 6.123 6.112 6.361 7.10 3.268 5.80 5.214 6.428 5.3 5.215 4.459 4.183 4.459 5.340 5.137 6.362 5.110 4.437 7.218 4.455 5.340 6.91 6.362 4.437 5.332 3.320 7.111 3.220 3.36 6.117 3.242 3.29 6.88 5.62 6.145 2.162 5.137 5.338 3.248 3.33 717 Index Terms Orthobaric density Solubility in water Specific heat Surface tension Aqueous solution Thermal conductivity Vapor pressure Vapor pressure above 1 atm. Verdet constant Viscosity -Azobenzene* -Benzene* -Benzene*-Methyl propionate-Toluene -Benzene*-Propyl acetate-Toluene -Chlorobenzene* -p-Dibromobenzene* -Ethyl alcohol* -Ethyl chloroacetate* -Naphthalene Density -Phenanthrene Density -Stannic chloride Density Viscosity Methyl camphorcarboxylate Absorption spectra -Benzene* Methyl carbamate Cryoscopic constant Viscosity Methyl carbinols Optical rotatory power Methyl chloride Absorption spectra Birefringence, electric Boiling point Compressibility Critical point data Decomposition pressure of hydrate Density, gas Dielectric constant Heat of adsorption on charcoal Heat of adsorption on meerschaum Heat of combustion Heat of vaporization Magnetic susceptibility Orthobaric density Refractivity Rubber, permeability of Solidification point Solubility in hydrochlo ric acid Solubility in non-aqueous liquids Solubility in water Specific heat, gas Surface tension Thermal conductivity, gas Vapor pressure Vapor pressure above 1 atm. Verdet constant Dispersion Viscosity Gas Liquid -Carbon dioxide* -Hydrogen bromide* Links 3.242 3.388 5.109 4.452 4.469 5.228 3.220 3.242 6.429 5.28 7.216 3.172 3.172 3.138 5.28 5.349 4.183 7.214 7.360 5.331 7.110 3.215 3.14 3.231 7.244 3.3 6.82 5.140 5.141 5.168 5.136 6.361 3.231 7.10 2.272 1.61 3.281 3.268 3.261 5.80 4.448 5.214 3.215 3.231 6.426 6.433 5.3 5.33 3.231 3.248 5.76 5.83 5.215 718 Index Terms -Hydrogen chloride* -Methyl alcohol* -Methyl ether Freezing point-solubility -Sulfur dioxide P-V-T relation Vapor pressure Methyl chloroacetate Dielectric constant Specific heat Methyl chloroaminoacetic acid Density, aqueous solution 1-Methyl-4-chloroanthracene -Quinoline Density Refractive index Dispersion Methyl cinnamate Cryoscopic constant Heat of fusion Refractive index Surface tension -Chloroacetic acid* -Trichloroacetic acid Freezing point-solubility Methyl cyanide. See Acetonitrile. Methyl cyanoacetate Dielectric constant Electrical conductivity Aqueous solution Surface tension -Acetone* -Acetonitrile* -Potassium iodide Density -Propionitrile Boiling point elevation -Tetraethylammonium iodide Density Methyl cyanobutyrylacetate Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Refractive index Methyl diamyl ether Birefringence, electric Methyl dibenzoylglycerate -Acetic acid* -Benzene* -Elhylene bromide* -Nitrobenzene Density Methyl di -(o-bromobenzoyl)-tartrate -Ethyl alcohol* -Pyridine Density Methyl di -(m-bromobenzoyl)-tartrate -Ethyl alcohol* Methyl di -(p-bromobenzoyl)-tartrate -Ethyl alcohol* Methyl dichloroacetate , specific heat Methyl di -(chlorobenzoyl)-tartrate (o-, m-, p-) -Ethyl alcohol* Methyl diethylacetoacetate Viscosity Links 4.99 3.17 3.354 6.85 5.108 3.63 7.88 7.88 7.107 4.184 5.134 7.49 4.460 4.104 6.86 6.143 6.266 4.450 3.142 3.338 3.165 6.287 7.44 7.111 3.178 3.172 5.107 7.220 3.381 719 Index Terms Methyl dimethylacetoacetate Refractive index Saponification, kinetics of Methyl dipropylacetate, viscosity Methyl di -p-toluylglycerate -Acetone* -Ethyl alcohol* Methyl di -(trichloroacetyl)-tartrate -Nitrobenzene Density Methyl ecgoninate Optical rotatory power Refractive index Methyl ether Absorption spectra Boiling point Critical point data Density, gas Dielectric constant Explosion in closed vessels Flash point Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Heat of combustion Heat of solution in water Magnetic susceptibility Orthobaric density Refractivity Solubility in vegetable oils Specific heat, gas Surface tension Thermal expansion Vapor pressure Vapor pressure above 1 atm. -Acetylene* -Ammonia* -Carbon dioxide* -Chloroform* -Ethylene* -Hydrogen bromide* -Hydrogen chloride* -Hydrogen iodide* -Hydrogen sulfide* -Methyl chloride* -Nitrous oxide Freezing point-solubility -Sulfur dioxide Freezing point-solubility P-V-T relations Vapor pressure Methyl ethyl ether Boiling point Critical point data Heat of combustion Orthobaric density Surface tension Vapor pressure Vapor pressure above 1 atm. Methyl ethyl ketone Absorption spectra Azeotropic mixtures Birefringence, electric Boiling point Density Dielectric constant Electrical conductivity Links 7.42 7.131 7.220 3.177 7.431 7.53 5.331 3.217 3.238 3.3 6.82 2.191 2.161 4.262 5.167 5.148 6.361 3.238 7.10 3.269 5.80 4.441 3.16 3.217 3.238 3.248 4.189 4.187 3.17 3.285 3.218 3.240 5.167 3.240 4.450 3.218 3.240 5.332 3.318 7.111 3.218 3.28 6.87 6.143 3.248 5.337 3.320 3.33 720 Index Terms Heat of combustion Heat of vaporization Inflammability, limits of Magnetic susceptibility Polarization of light scattered by Gas Liquid Refractive index Solubility in water Pressure, effect of Specific heat Surface tension Vapor pressure Aqueous solution Viscosity X-rays, absorption coefficient -Acetone* -Ethyl alcohol* -Glycerol* Methyl ethyl ketoxime Dielectric constant Heat of vaporization Specific heat Surface tension Methyl ethyl sulfide, critical point data Methyl ethylpropylacetoacetate, viscosity Methyl fluoride Boiling point Critical point data Density, gas Refractivity Vapor pressure Vapor pressure above 1 atm. Methyl formate Absorption spectra Azeotropic mixtures Boiling point Critical point data Density Dielectric constant Diffusion of vapor in air Electrical conductivity Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Heat of combustion Heat of solution in water Heat of vaporization Magnetic susceptibility Orthobaric density Polarization of light scattered by Gas Liquid Saponification, kinetics of Solubility in water Specific heat Surface tension Aqueous solution Vapor pressure Aqueous solution Vapor pressure above 1 atm. Verdet constant Viscosity X-rays, absorption coefficient -Benzene* -Benzil* -Cadmium iodide* -Carbon disulfide* Links 5.167 5.137 2.180 6.361 5.266 5.266 7.36 3.387 3.393 5.108 4.450 3.218 3.291 7.215 6.14 6.16 6.87 5.137 5.108 4.451 3.248 7.221 3.216 3.245 3.3 7.10 3.216 3.245 5.335 3.318 3.217 3.238 3.28 6.82 5.62 6.145 4.262 5.167 5.148 5.136 6.361 3.238 5.265 5.266 7.134 3.387 5.107 4.448 4.467 3.217 3.364 3.238 6.428 7.213 6.13 3.248 3.324 3.335 3.248 3.33 6.84 6.16 721 Index Terms -p-Dibromobenzene* -Ethyl acetate* -Ethyl acetoacetate* -Ethyl chloroacetate* -Ethyl ether* -Ethyl oleate* -Ethyl trichloroacetate* -Hexane* -Methyl benzoate* -Naphthalene Density -Phenanthrene Density -Stannic chloride Freezing point-solubility -Tetraethylammonium iodide Density Methyl hexyl ketone Absorption spectra Azeotropic mixtures Dielectric constant Heat of combustion Heat of vaporization Magnetic susceptibility Refractive index Specific heat Surface tension Methyl hexylpropiolate Refractive index Verdet constant Methyl hydrogen camphorate Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Optical rotatory power Methyl hydrogen sulfate, electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Methyl hydrogen tartrate Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Optical rotatory power Methyl β-hydroxy-β-phenylpropionate Surface tension Methyl iodide Absorption spectra Azeotropic mixtures Birefringence Boiling point Compressibility Density Dielectric constant Electrical conductivity Electrons excited by X-rays, number of Heat of combustion Heat of vaporization Ionization of vapor by α-particles Ionization by β-particles Ionizafcion of vapor by γ-rays Ionization of vapor by X-rays Ions, mobility of, in Ions, recombination of, in Magnetic susceptibility Photochemical oxidation Refractive index Gas Liquid Solubility in water Specific heat, gas Surface tension Links 3.157 3.157 4.197 3.157 5.333 3.323 6.94 5.167 5.137 6.363 7.45 5.112 4.437 5.344 4.458 7.52 6.430 6.299 7.447 6.261 6.270 7.381 4.460 5.331 3.319 7.110 3.216 3.39 3.28 6.82 6.143 6.5 5.168 5.136 6.122 6.121 6.123 6.123 6.112 6.115 6.361 7.163 7.10 7.12 3.387 5.80 4.448 5.335 3.333 6.83 7.165 7.34 722 Index Terms Thermal conductivity, gas Vapor pressure Verdet constant Viscosity X-rays, absorption coefficient -Acetone* -Air* -Benzene* -Benzenes-Ethyl iodide -Benzil* -Benzole acid* -Camphor* -Carbon disulfide* -Carbon tetrachloride* -Chloral alcoholate* -Diethyl tartrate* -Diphenylamine* -Ethyl acetate* -Ethyl alcohol* -Ethyl ether* -Iodine -Ethyl iodide* -Ethyl iodide*-Xylene -Hydrogen* -Hydrogen peroxide* -Iodine* -Propyl alcohol Density -Pyridine Mutual solubility Methyl isoamyl ether Surface tension Methyl isobehenate -Methyl behenate* Methyl isobutyl ether Absorption spectra Viscosity Methyl isobutyl ketone Absorption spectra Magnetic susceptibility Refractive index Specific heat Viscosity Methyl isobutyrate Absorption spectra Azeotropic mixtures Boiling point Compressibility Condensation on ions and nuclei Critical point data Density Diffusion of vapor in gases Heat of vaporization Orthobaric density Surface tension Vapor pressure Vapor pressure above 1 atm. Viscosity Methyl isocyanate Absorption spectra Heat of combustion Methyl isopropyl ketone Absorption spectra Heat of combustion Heat of vaporization Refractive index Links 5.214 3.216 6.427 5.32 6.13 5.215 6.428 7.213 6.16 3.149 3.395 4.455 5.332 7.217 5.332 6.362 7.40 5.110 7.218 5.332 3.320 3.220 3.36 6.117 3.243 3.29 5.62 5.137 3.243 4.452 3.220 3.243 7.216 5.335 5.167 5.338 5.167 5.137 7.37 5.340 3.248 5.372 723 Index Terms Specific heat Methyl isothiocyanate Absorption spectra Dielectric constant Electrical conductivity Heat of combustion -Camphene* -Camphor* -Naphthalene Freezing point-solubility Methyl isovalerate Absorption spectra Azeotropic mixtures Compressibility Heat of vaporization Surface tension -Ethyl alcohol* Methyl lactate Azeotropic mixtures Density -Nitrobenzene Density -Tetrachloroethane Density Methyl laurate , viscosity Methyl lignocerate -Methyl tetracosanate Freezing point-solubility Methyl d-mandelate -Methyl l-mandelate Freezing point-solubility Methyl mesityloxidooxalate Tautomerism, kinetics of Methyl o-methoxybenzoate Dielectric absorption Dielectric constant Refractive index Methyl α-methoxyisobutyrate Magnetic susceptibility Methyl o-methoxyphenylacrylate Verdet constant Methyl l-α-methoxypropionate -Nitrobenzene Density -Tetrachloroethane Density Methyl methylacetoacetate Refractive index Surface t ension Methyl methylpropylacetoacetate Viscosity Methyl mono (trichloroacetyl) tartrate -Nitrobenzene Density Methyl nitrate Dielectric constant Electrical conductivity Methyl octoate , viscosity 4-Methyl opianate, heat of combustion Methyl orthosilicate, specific heat Methyl phenyl ether. See Anisole. Links 5.109 5.331 6.84 6.143 5.169 4.107 5.332 3.321 3.36 5.137 4.455 3.319 3.28 3.167 3.153 7.221 4.167 4.154 7.119 6.94 6.94 7.46 6.362 6.430 3.172 3.154 7.39 4.455 7.220 3.177 6.83 6.143 7.220 5.166 5.106 724 Index Terms Methyl phenylpropiolate Heat of fusion Magnetic susceptibility Refractive index Verdet constant Methyl phosphate , saponification constants Methyl pinabietate -Ethyl alcohol* Methyl propionate Absorption spectra Azeotropic mixtures Boiling point Critical point data Density Aqueous solution Dielectric constant Diffusion of vapor in gases Electrical conductivity Flash point Heat of combustion Heat of vaporization Magnetic susceptibility Orthobaric density Refractive index Gas Liquid Solubility in water Specific heat Surface tension Aqueous solution Vapor pressure Aqueous solution Vapor pressure above 1 atm. Verdet constant Viscosity Gas Liquid X-rays, absorption coefficient -Amyl hydrocinnamate* -Azobenzene* -Benzene* -Benzene*-Ethyl lactate-Toluene -Benzene*-Methyl butyrate-Toluene -Benzene*-Toluene -p-Dibromobenzene* -Ethyl alcohol* -Naphthalene Density -Toluene Surface tension Methyl propyl ether Absorption spectra Boiling point Vapor pressure Viscosity Methyl propyl ketone Absorption spectra Azeotropic mixtures Boiling point Density Dielectric constant Electrical conductivity Heat of combustion Magnetic susceptibility Polarization of light scattered by Gas Links 5.134 6.363 7.49 6.430 7.137 5.332 3.318 3.219 3.241 3.28 3.114 6.87 5.62 6.145 2.162 5.167 5.137 6.361 3.241 5.337 3.320 3.248 7.10 7.36 3.388 5.108 4.451 4.468 3.219 3.364 3.241 6.428 5.3 7.215 6.14 3.167 4.473 5.332 3.219 3.219 7.216 5.338 3.319 3.343 3.29 6.88 6.144 5.167 6.362 5.266 3.323 3.33 3.321 725 Index Terms Liquid Refractive index Surface tension Viscosity -Benzil* -Benzoic acid* Methyl propyl ketoxime Dielectric constant Surface tension Methyl propylacetoacetate , viscosity Methyl salicylate Absorption spectra Boiling point Dielectric absorption Dielectric constant Diffusion in benzene Diffusion in methyl alcohol Heat of combustion Magnetic susceptibility Refractive index Solubility in water Surface tension Aqueous solution Vapor pressure Verdet constant -Cineole* -Ethyl alcohol* -Ethyl ether* Methyl sulfide Absorption spectra Boiling point Critical point data Dielectric constant Heat of combustion Magnetic susceptibility Orthobaric density Polarization of light scattered by Surface tension Vapor pressure Vapor pressure above 1 atm. Viscosity -Cadmium iodide* -Diphenylamine* -Mercuric chloride* -Mercuric iodide* -Zinc bromide Boiling point elevation -Zinc chloride Boiling point elevation -Zinc iodide Boiling point elevation Methyl tetracosanate -Methyl lignocerate* Methyl thiocyanate Boiling point Dielectric constant Electrical conductivity Heat of combustion Refractive index Surface tension -Benzil* -Dimethyl tartrate* -Diphenylamine* -Phenanthrene Boiling point elevation -Tetraethylammonium iodide Links 5.267 7.37 4.436 7.216 4.452 6.89 4.452 7.219 5.333 3.224 6.93 6.93 5.74 5.73 6.167 6.363 7.41 3.392 4.457 4.470 3.224 6.429 5.335 3.217 3.238 6.85 5.169 6.361 3.238 5.266 4.449 3.217 3.238 7.214 3.338 3.338 3.338 3.334 6.84 6.143 5.169 7.34 4.448 3.335 7.43 3.338 3.248 726 Index Terms Density -Triphenylmethane Boiling point elevation Methyl p-toluate Cryoscopic constant Dielectric constant -Trichloroacetic acid Freezing point-solubility Methyl tolyl ether (o-, m-, p-) Dielectric constant -Benzene* -Isoamyl acetate* Methyl trichloroacetate Specific heat Methyl valerate Absorption spectra Compressibility Critical point data Dielectric constant Diffusion of vapor in air Electrical conductivity Heat of vaporization Specific heat Thermal conductivity Verdet constant Dispersion Viscosity Methylacetamide -Pyridine Density Viscosity Methylacetanilide Absorption spectra Boiling point elevation in aqueous solution Crystallography Surface tension Viscosity -Acetone* -Benzene* -Chloroform* -Ethyl alcohol* -Ethyl ether* Methylacetophenone (o-, m -, p-) Refractive index Methylacetylacetone Absorption spectra Magnetic susceptibility Refractive index Surface tension 1-Methyl-2-acetylnaphthalene -Quinoline Density Refractive index Dispersion Methylacridine -Acridine* -Anthracene* Methylal Absorption spectra Azeotropic mixtures Birefringence, electric Boiling point Critical temperature Density, aqueous solution Links 3.154 3.335 4.183 6.94 4.104 6.93 5.107 5.332 3.36 3.249 6.91 5.62 6.145 5.137 5.110 5.228 6.426 6.433 7.218 5.340 3.164 5.40 5.345 3.327 1.329 4.459 7.220 7.46 5.340 6.362 7.39 4.454 5.371 7.87 7.87 7.107 5.336 3.318 7.111 3.218 3.248 3.114 3.340 727 Index Terms Dielectric constant Heat of combustion Heat of solution in water Heat of vaporization Magnetic susceptibility Refractive index Solubility in water Specific heat Gas Liquid Surface tension -Benzil* -Benzoic acid* -Camphor* -Carbon disulfide* -Carbon disulfide*-Naphthalene -Carbon disulfide*-Picric acid -Formanilide* -Iodine* -Isobutyl acetate* -Magnesium bromide* -Menthol* -Naphthalene Boiling point elevation Methylallylaniline, viscosity Methylamine Absorption spectra Critical point data Density Aqueous solution Gas Dielectric constant Electrical conductivity Aqueous solution Heat of combustion Heat of formation Heat of solution in water Magnetic susceptibility Solubility in water Surface tension Thermal conductivity, gas Vapor pressure Vapor pressure above 1 atm. Viscosity Aqueous solution Liquid -Am yl alcohol* -Chloroform* -2,4-Dinitroaniline* -Ethyl ether* -Lithium chloride* -m-Methoxybenzenesulfonamide* -Potassium iodide Density Viscosity -Silver iodide Density Viscosity -Silver nitrate Density Viscosity -Sodium nitrate Density Viscosity -Sucrose Viscosity Links 6.86 5.167 5.148 5.137 6.361 7.35 3.393 7.78 5.80 5.108 4.450 3.340 7.220 5.335 3.237 3.113 3.3 6.82 6.143 6.261 5.167 5.182 5.148 6.361 3.261 4.441 5.214 3.216 3.237 5.20 7.213 3.142 5.29 3.139 5.28 3.139 5.28 3.141 5.29 5.35 3.248 6.83 4.448 728 Index Terms -Urea Density Viscosity -Xylene Distribution coefficients in water -Zinc hydroxide Solubility in water Methylamine carbonate Heat of formation Methylammonmm chloride Absorption spectra Boiling point elevation in aqueous solution Density, aqueous solution Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Heat of formation Vapor pressure lowering in aqueous solution Viscosity, aqueous solution -Sulfur dioxide Boiling point elevation Methylaminonium hydroxide Viscosity, aqueous solution Methylamylcarbinol, viscosity Methylaniline Absorption spectra Azeotropic mixtures Boiling point Compressibility Critical point data Density Dielectric constant Heat of combustion Heat of vaporization Magnetic susceptibility Refractive index Specific heat Surface tension Vapor pressure Verdet constant Viscosity -Allyl thiocyanate* -Benzyl chloride* -Diethyl tartrate* -Ethyl alcohol* -Glycerol* -Nitrobenzene Density Specific heat Surface tension -Xylene Distribution coefficients in water Methylaniline hydrobromide -Chloroform* Methylaniline hydrochloride -Chloroform* Methylanthracene (α-, β-) Photoconductivity -Quinoline Density Refractive index Dispersion 9-Methylanthracene -Quinoline Density Refractive index Dispersion Links 3.150 5.34 3.423 7.256 5.182 5.335 3.327 3.62 6.243 5.182 3.293 5.13 3.113 3.328 5.13 7.219 5.333 3.322 3.223 3.37 3.249 3.29 6.92 5.168 5.137 6.362 7.41 5.111 4.456 3.223 6.429 5.40 3.177 5.128 4.473 3.430 6.66 7.88 7.88 7.107 7.88 7.88 7.107 5.342 3.33 7.218 729 Index Terms Methylarsine dichloride Vapor pressure Methylarsonic acid Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Refractive index Methylb enzylaniline Magnetic susceptibility Methylbenzylcarbinyl esters Optical rotatory power 2-Methylbutane Birefringence, electric Density 2-Methyl-2-butene Azeotropic mixtures Dielectric constant Polarization of light scattered by Gas Liquid Viscosity Methylbutylcarbinol, viscosity Methylchavicol Absorption spectra Refractive index -Toluene Boiling point elevation Methylchlorosilicane Vapor pressure Methylcinnamic acid (α-, β-) Absorption spectra Heat of combustion Methylcoumarinic acid Heat of combustion Methylcresol (o-, m-, p-) Photoluminescence Methylcyclobutane Heat of combustion Methylcycloheptane Heat of combustion 1-Methylcyclohexan-1,2-diol Heat of combustion Methylcyclohexane Absorption spectra Azeotropic mixtures Birefringence, electric Boiling point Heat of combustion Heat of vaporization Melting point Solidification point Viscosity -Aniline* -Dimethyldecahydronaphthalenes* -Hydrogen bromide* -Methyldecahydronaphthalenes Vapor pressure -m-Nitrotoluene Density Refractive index Dispersion -m-Toluidine Density Refractive index Dispersion Links 3.215 6.261 7.29 6.363 7.361 7.111 3.29 3.33 3.319 6.82 5.266 5.266 7.216 7.218 5.346 7.50 3.346 3.216 5.346 5.166 5.166 5.387 5.163 5.163 5.164 5.333 3.319 7.111 3.223 5.163 5.137 1.54 1.61 7.219 3.290 7.86 7.86 7.105 7.86 7.86 7.105 5.342 7.223 730 Index Terms Methylcyclohexanecarboxylic acids Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution 1-Methylcyclohexanol Birefringence, electric Refractive index 1-Methylcyclohexan-3-ol Optical rotatory power Refractive index 2-Methylcyclohexanol Birefringence, electric Heat of combustion 3-Methylcyclohexanol Birefringence, electric 2 -Methylcyclohexanone Absorption spectra Density Magnetic susceptibility Refractive index Specific heat Viscosity -Cyclohexane* 3-Methylcyclohexanone Absorption spectra Magnetic susceptibility Refractive index Specific heat Viscosity 4-Methylcyclohexanone Absorption spectra Density Magnetic susceptibility Refractive index Specific heat Viscosity 1-Methyl-1-cyclohexene Heat of combustion Refractive index 1-Methyl-3-cyclohexene Heat of combustion Methylcyclopentane Absorption spectra Heat of combustion Viscosity -Aniline* β-Methylcyclopentanol Heat of combustion Methyldecahydronaphthalenes -Cyclohexane* -1, 3-Dimethylcyclohexane* -Methylcyclohexane* Methyldecylcarbinol Verdet constant, dispersion of Methyldichlorosilicane Vapor pressure Methyldiethylcarbinol Absorption spectra Heat of combustion Methyldiphenoxyphosphine oxide Magnetic susceptibility -Triphenyl phosphate Freezing point-solubility Methyldiphenylamine Refractive index Links 6.288 7.111 7.42 7.420 7.42 7.111 5.164 7.111 5.342 3.29 6.362 7.41 5.111 7.218 5.342 6.362 7.41 5.111 7.218 5.342 3.29 6.362 7.41 5.111 7.219 5.163 7.41 5.163 5.340 5.163 7.218 5.164 6.434 3.216 5.332 5.164 6.363 4.163 7.59 731 Index Terms Verdet constant Viscosity Methyldiphenyltriazine Magnetic susceptibility Methyldipropylcarbinol Heat of combustion Methylene bromide Absorption spectra Magnetic susceptibility Solubility in water Vapor pressure Verdet constant Viscosity Methylene chloride Absorption spectra Birefringence, electric Dielectric constant Heat of combustion Heat of vaporization Magnetic susceptibility Polarization of light scattered by Solidification point Solubility in water Sound, velocity of, in vapor Specific heat Surface tension Thermal conductivity Vapor pressure Verdet constant Viscosity -Acetone* -Benzene* -Chloroform* -Diethyl tartrate* Methylene diethyl ether Critical temperature Methylene iodide Absorption spectra Allotropic forms Birefringence, magnetic Cryoscopic constant Dielectric constant Diffusion in methyl alcohol Heat of combustion Magnetic susceptibility Melting point under pressure Refractive index Surface tension Triple points Verdet constant -Antimony triiodide* -Arsenous iodide* -Benzene* -Benzene*-Iodine -Benzene*-Iodoform -Bismuth iodide* -Bromoform* -Carbon disulfide* -Cyclohexane* -Diethyl oxalate* -Diethyl tartrate* -Diisoamyl* -Ethyl alcohol* -Hexane* -Iodine* -Iodine*-Iodoform Links 6.431 7.221 6.364 5.164 5.331 6.361 3.387 3.215 6.428 7.213 5.334 5.331 7.110 6.82 5.168 5.136 6.361 5.266 1.61 3.387 6.462 5.107 4.436 5.214 3.215 6.428 7.213 5.334 4.448 5.215 3.248 5.331 4.14 7.110 4.183 6.83 5.72 5.168 6.361 4.14 7.34 4.436 4.14 6.427 5.334 4.17 7.79 4.448 732 Index Terms -Iodine*-Iodoform-Xylene -Iodine*-Xylene -Iodoform*-Xylene -Isobutyl alcohol* -Isopropyl alcohol* -Mercuric iodide* -Propyl alcohol Solubility, mutual -Selenium Density -Stannic iodide Density -Sulfur Freezing point-solubility -Xylene Density Methylenecyclohexane Heat of combustion Methylenediisonitramine methyl ester Pyroelectricity Methylethylacetic acid Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Viscosity Methylethylaniline Absorption spectra Viscosity p-Methylethylbenzene Refractive index -Quinoline Density Refractive index Dispersion 1-Methyl-4-ethylcyclohexa-1, 3-diene Heat of combustion 1-Methyl-3-ethylcyclohexan-3-ol Heat of combustion Methylethylmalonic acid Decomposition, kinetics of Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Heat of combustion 1-Methyl-2-ethylnaphthalene Refractive index -Quinoline Density Refractive index Dispersion α-Methylgalactoside Crystallography Refractive index α-Methylglucoside Compressibility, aqueous solution Crystallography Density, aqueous solution Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Optical rotatory power Osmotic pressure Refractive index Aqueous solution Synthesis by enzymes Vapor pressure lowering in aqueous solution α-Methylglutaric acid Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Heat of combustion Links 3.397 3.132 3.138 4.34 3.148 5.163 6.209 6.270 7.216 5.333 7.220 7.47 7.87 7.87 7.106 5.163 5.164 7.122 6.275 5.165 7.59 7.88 7.88 7.107 1.327 7.30 3.440 1.327 3.112 6.283 4.263 7.354 4.430 7.30 7.69 7.155 3.293 6.276 5.165 7.69 6.284 7.390 733 Index Terms Methylglyoxal Absorption spectra Methylglyoxime, freezing point lowering of aqueous solution 2-Methylheptane Compressibility Heat of combustion Surface tension 4-Methylheptane Heat of vaporization Methylheptenone Absorption spectra Methylheptylcarbinol Verdet constant, dispersion of Viscosity 2-Methylhexane Heat of combustion Viscosity 3-Methylhexane Heat of combustion Methylhexylcarbinol Refractive index Surface tension -Diethyl tartrate* 4-Methylhydrouracil Heat of combustion 3-Methyl-2-hydroxyisopropylbenzene Density β-Methylhydroxylamine Refractive index α-Methylindole Heat of combustion 3-Methylindole Heat of combustion Methylisobutylcarbmol Boiling point Verdet constant, dispersion of Methylisopropylbenzene (o-, m -, p-) Refractive index Methylisopropylcarbinol, viscosity 1-Methyl-4-isopropylcyclohexa-1, 3-diene Heat of combustion N-Methylisoqumolinium iodide -Ethyl alcohol* 1-Methyl-5-ketocyclohexylene Dielectric constant Methylmalonic acid Decomposition, kinetics of Heat of combustion α-Methylmannoside Crystallography Refractive index Methylmercaptan Boiling point Critical point Heat of combustion Orthobaric density Surface tension Vapor pressure Vapor pressure above 1 atm. 1-Methyl-3-methylene-1-cyclohexene Heat of combustion Links 5.365 4.262 5.374 3.37 5.163 4.458 5.137 5.374 6.434 7.220 5.163 7.219 5.163 7.45 4.437 4.458 5.167 3.30 7.34 5.168 5.168 3.222 6.434 7.51 7.217 5.163 6.92 7.122 5.165 1.327 7.30 3.216 3.237 5.169 3.237 4.448 3.216 3.237 5.163 3.248 4.459 734 Index Terms α-Methylnaphthalene Absorption spectra Birefringence, electric Refractive index β-Methylnaphthalene Absorption spectra Refractive index Methylnaphthalene α-picrate -Methylnaphthalene β-picrate Freezing point-solubility Methylnaphthalene β-picrate -Naphthalene picrate Freezing point-solubility Methylnitroamine Absorption spectra Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Refractive index Methylnitroanilines Surface tension Methylnonylcarbinol Verdet constant, dispersion of Viscosity Methyloctanes, dielectric constant Methyloctyl alcohol Verdet constant, dispersion of Methyloctylcarbinol, viscosity Methylpentanes, viscosity N-Methylphenylacridium iodide -Pyridine Boiling point elevation N-Methylphenylacridmmm salts -Chloroform* -Ethyl alcohol* asym.-Methylphenylhydrazine Dielectric constant Refractive index Methylphenylpicramide (α-, β-) -Pyridine Density Refractive index α-, β-Methylphenylstyrene Heat of combustion Methylphenylurethan, viscosity Methylphosphine Solubility in non-aqueous liquids Solubility in water Methylpicric acid -Hydrogen chloride* -o-Nitrobenzoic acid Freezing point-solubility in water -Picric acid Freezing point-solubility in water -Salicylic acid Freezing point-solubility in water 1-Methylpiperidine Refractive index Solubility in water -Ethyl ether* -Xylene Distribution coefficients in water 2-Methylpiperidine Optical rotatory power Links 5.347 7.111 7.53 5.363 5.347 7.53 5.363 4.165 4.164 5.335 6.261 7.34 4.456 6.434 7.221 6.94 6.434 7.221 7.218 3.342 6.92 7.41 7.83 7.83 5.164 7.220 3.268 3.261 4.418 4.416 4.418 7.40 3.390 3.429 7.406 735 Index Terms Refractive index Solubility in water 3-Methylpiperidine Refractive index Solubility in water 4-Methylpiperidine Refractive index Solubility in water Methylpropylacetic acid, viscosity Methylpropylacetone, viscosity p-Methylpropylazophenol -p-Azoanisole* -p-Dipropylazophenol* -p-Ethylpropylazophenol* Methylpropylbenzene (o-, m-, p-) Refractive index Methyl-1-propylcyclopentane Heat of combustion Methyl-1-propyl-3-cyclohexane Heat of combustion o-Methylpsychotrine Optical rotatory power Methylquinine sulfate Absorption spectra α-Methylquinoline Birefringence Refractive index N-Methylquinolinium iodide -Ethyl alcohol* α-Methylrhamnoside Crystallography Refractive index Methylsaligenin Verdet constant Methylsilicane Boiling point Density, gas Vapor pressure m-Methylstilbene Refractive index -Quinoline Density Refractive index Dispersion α-Methylstyrene Absorption spectra Heat of combustion Magnetic susceptibility Refractive index β-Methylstyrene Absorption spectra Heat of combustion Refractive index Methylsuccinic acid Density, aqueous solution Heat of combustion Viscosity, aqueous solution Methylsuccinic anhydride Heat of combustion 1-Methyl-2-sulfoneamide-4-isopropyl-benzene -1-Methyl-3-sulfoneamide-4-isopropyl-benzene Freezing-point-solubility Links 7.40 3.390 7.40 3.390 7.40 3.390 7.218 7.219 7.51 5.163 5.164 7.477 5.372 7.111 7.49 1.327 7.30 6.429 3.216 3.3 3.216 7.61 7.88 7.88 7.107 5.344 5.163 6.363 7.46 5.344 5.163 7.46 3.114 5.165 5.21 5.166 4.180 736 Index Terms Methyltetrose Optical rotatory power Methyltetryl, heat of combustion Methyltoluidine (o-, p-) Viscosity Methyltribenzylammonium chloride, electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Methyltriethyllead Boiling point Density Refractive index Methyluracils Heat of combustion Methylurea Density, aqueous solution -Phenol Freezing point-solubility Methylurethan Cryoscopic constant Surface tension Viscosity -Menthol* Metric system Mexico, weights and measures Meyer's formula (flow of gas) Meyerhofferite Density Refractive index Miargyrite Density Photoconductivity Mica Density Dielectric constant Dielectric strength Electrical conductivity Emission, spectral Grating spaces of Phlogopite, compressibility Power factor Spectral filter, use as Thermal conductivity Transmission of radiant energy X-rays, absorption coefficient See also Muscovite. Mica tape Density Thermal conductivity Micanite Thermal conductivity See also Mica. Micarta folium Thermal conductivity Microcline Compressibility Density Heat of formation Melting point Refractive index Specific heat Micromeritol Optical rotatory power Links 7.386 5.168 7.219 6.232 1.116 1.116 1.116 1.163 1.165 5.167 3.113 4.110 4.183 4.451 5.41 1.1 1.9 5.1 1.145 1.145 1.170 1.124 6.66 2.311 2.310 2.310 2.310 5.258 6.7 3.50 2.310 5.273 2.311 5.270 6.16 2.315 6.217 2.315 2.315 2.314 5.217 2.314 3.50 1.158 5.206 1.158 1.158 2.101 7.464 1.170 5.101 7.28 6.231 737 Index Terms Micromerol Optical rotatory power Microphone Miersite Density Refractive index X-ray diffraction data Milarite Density Refractive index Mildew fungi Millerite Density Melting point See also Nickel sulfide. Mimetite Density Melting point Refractive index Transition point Minargent (alloy) Minasragrite Refractive index Mineral waxes Nomenclature Refractive index Mineral wool. See Slag wool. Minerallac Density Dielectric constant Dielectric strength Thermal expansion Minerals Ages of (radioactive method) Compressibility Dehydration behavior Dielectric constant Electrical conductivity Ferromagnetic Hall effect Helium content Kerr effect Lead content Magnetic susceptibility Name index Photoconductivity Piezoelectric constants Pyroelectric constants Radioactive Reflectivity Refractivity Specific heat Spectral absorption Thermal conductivity Thorium, radioactivity Thorium content Uranium, radioactivity Uranium content Velocity of crystallization Velocity of solution Verdet constant See also Building stones. Minium, density Minofor (alloy) Links 7.465 6.457 1.124 1.124 1.342 1.165 1.158 1.158 2.322 1.166 1.131 1.131 1.116 1.116 1.116 1.116 2.379 1.135 2.168 2.168 2.153 1.167 4.7 1.170 2.311 2.310 2.310 2.311 1.381 3.49 7.312 6.99 6.154 6.410 6.416 1.382 6.435 1.383 6.364 1.174 6.66 6.209 6.209 1.377 5.256 7.16 5.95 5.270 5.217 1.377 1.382 1.377 1.382 5.60 5.57 6.426 1.115 2.379 5.230 7.20 738 Index Terms Minute , definition Mira metal Mirabilite Density Refractive index Mirrors, metallic, reflectivity of Misch metal Misco metal Misenite. See Potassium bisulfate. Mitis iron Mixite Density Refractive index Mock gold Mock silver Mohair 2.235 Mohs, definition Mole, definition Molecular constants Molecular flow, laws of Molecular weight, osmotic pressure, calculation from Molecules Critical potentials Diatomic, molecular constants Dissociation, work of Effective sectional area Excitation Critical potentials Work Multiple level Translational energy, value of Molera. See Diatomaceous earth. Molybdenite Absorption, index of Density Emission, spectral Photoconductivity Refraction, index of Melting point See also Molybdenum disulfide. Molybdenum Boiling point Brightness Brightness temperature Cathodolumin escence Color temperature Commercial, thermal expansion Compressibility Critical potentials Density Electrical conductivity Low temperature Single crystal Electron emission excited by positive ions Electronic structure, normal and excited Electrons, thermal emission of Electrons freed by X-rays, energy of Emission, spectral Emission spectra Evaporation from hot filament Hall effect Hardness Heat of vaporization Links 1.39 2.379 1.150 1.150 5.248 2.379 2.379 2.379 1.123 1.123 2.379 2.379 1.168 2.604 2.529 1.167 1.39 1.39 5.409 1.91 4.431 6.72 5.409 6.72 6.117 6.69 6.72 5.417 1.18 5.250 1.133 5.254 6.66 5.250 1.133 1.102 5.246 5.245 5.390 5.246 2.473 3.47 6.71 1.104 1.104 6.127 6.135 6.65 6.71 6.53 6.4 5.242 5.304 5.53 6.416 2.592 1.102 3.205 3.48 2.456 6.136 6.133 6.137 6.55 5.243 5.253 739 Index Terms Magnetic susceptibility Melting point Nernst effect Persistent lines Quantum numbers Radiation temperature, total Righi-Leduc effect Specific heat Spectral series Tensile properties Thermal conductivity Thermal expansion Thermionic work function Thermochemistry Thermoelectric properties Vapor pressure X-radiation from target of X-ray absorption limits X-ray crystal structure X-ray emission spectra X-ray lines, relative intensities X-ray lines, width of X-ray series, limiting frequencies X-ray wave-lengths, standard X-rays, absorption coefficient X-rays, absorption, discontinuity in X-rays, emission efficiency Zeeman effect -Carbon* -Carbon*-Chromium-Iron -Carbon*-Chromium-Iron-Manganese-Nickel -Carbon*-Chromium-Iron-Manganese-Silicon -Carbon*-Chromium-Iron-Nickel -Carbon*-Chromium-Iron-Tungsten-Vanadium -Carbon*-Chromium-Iron-Vanadium -Carbons-Iron -Carbon*-Iron-Manganese -Carbon*-Iron-Manganese-Nickel -Carbon*-Iron-Nickel -Carbon*-Iron-Silicon -Carbon*-Iron-Vanadium -Chromium*-Copper -Chromium*-Iron -Chromium*-Iron-Tungsten -Cobalt* -Copper*-Nickel -Iron* -Iron*-Manganese -Iron*-Manganese-Nickel-Silicon -Iron*-Nickel -Iron*-Nickel-Silicon -Iron*-Vanadium -Manganese* -Nickel Equilibrium diagram Thermoelectric properties -Silicon Density -Tungsten Electrical conductivity Equilibrium diagram X-ray diffraction data Molybdenum chloride -Ethyl alcohol* Molybdenum dioxide Heat of formation Links 6.355 1.104 6.420 5.323 5.408 5.246 6.421 1.104 5.401 2.592 5.220 1.104 6.53 5.193 6.214 3.205 6.46 6.38 1.340 6.37 6.32 6.26 6.35 6.34 6.13 6.12 6.11 5.420 2.438 6.221 2.594 6.192 2.438 1.349 5.193 5.93 5.221 2.461 6.56 6.225 6.47 6.15 5.423 740 Index Terms Magnetic susceptibility Molybdenum disulfide Electrical conductivity Magnetic field, effect of Emission, spectral Ettingshausen effect Hall effect Peltier coefficient Photoconductivity Refractive index Thomson effect X-ray diffraction data See also Molybdenite. Molybdenum nickel steels Endurance limits Molybdenum pentachloride Electrical conductivity Molybdenum sesquioxide Magnetic susceptibility Molybdenum silicon steels Mechanical properties Molybdenum steels Electrical conductivity Endurance limits Magnetic properties Thermal expansion Thermoelectric properties Molybdenum sulfide Photoelectric current Thermoelectric power Molybdenum tetroxide Heat of formation Molybdenum trioxide Density, aqueous solution Heat of formation Magnetic susceptibility Refractive index, aqueous solution -Acetic acid* -Arsenic acid* -Arsenic pentoxide* -Chromic acid* -Chromium trioxide* -Citric acid* -Glycolic acid* -Iodic acid* -Lactic acid* -Malic acid* -Mandelic acid* -Oxalic acid Density, aqueous solution Refractive index, aqueous solution -Phenylacetic acid Density, aqueous solution Refractive index, aqueous solution -Phenylglycolic acid Refractive index, aqueous solution -Phosphoric acid Density, aqueous solution Refractive index, aqueous solution -Potassium molybdate Freezing point-solution -Propionic acid Density, aqueous solution Refractive index, aqueous solution -Quinic acid Links 6.359 6.154 6.422 5.257 6.420 6.416 6.227 6.66 7.22 6.228 1.343 2.604 5.258 2.605 6.148 6.359 2.525 6.200 2.605 6.388 2.472 6.223 6.69 6.224 5.193 3.70 5.193 6.359 7.71 3.102 7.92 3.102 7.95 7.95 3.97 7.92 4.61 3.102 7.94 7.71 741 Index Terms Density, aqueous solution Refractive index, aqueous solution -Sodium molybdate Freezing point-solution -Succinic acid Density, aqueous solut ion Refractive index, aqueous solution -Sulfuric acid Boiling point elevation -Tartaric acid Density, aqueous solution Refractive index, aqueous solution Molybdenum trisulfide Magnetic susceptibility Molybdenum tritoctoxide Magnetic susceptibility Molybdic acid Heat of formation Magnetic susceptibility Molybdic oxide Specific heat Molybdite Density Refractive index Molybdophyllite Density Refractive index Molysite Boiling point Density Melting point See also Ferric chloride. Moment, definition Moment of inertia, molecules Monazite, refractive index Mond 70 (alloy) Monel metal Annealing and forging range Electrical conductivity Emission, spectral Endurance limits, reversed bending stresses Hall effect Hardness Heat of fusion Mechanical properties Nernst effect Oxidized, emission, spectral Thermal conductivity Thermal expansion Monetite Density Refractive index Monimolite, density Monoacetin Diffusion in ethyl alcohol Saponification constants -Ethyl alcohol* Monoacetylphenylenediamine (o-, m-, p-) -Benzene* Monoethylpyrocatechol -Glycerol* Montan wax Links 3.102 7.95 4.61 3.102 7.94 3.328 3.102 7.94 6.359 6.359 5.193 6.359 5.98 1.133 1.133 1.172 1.142 1.142 1.167 1.128 1.128 1.128 1.39 5.409 7.23 2.379 2.379 2.482 6.170 5.254 2.604 6.417 2.480 2.459 2.480 6.421 5.244 5.224 2.467 1.143 1.143 1.116 1.163 2.480 2.408 2.469 1.169 5.74 7.135 2.169 7.23 2.205 2.604 2.469 2.604 2.606 742 Index Terms Montanite Density Refractive index Montanium (alloy) Month Definition Lunar, definition Nodical Sidereal Tropical Monticellite Density Decomposition temperature Refractive index Montroydite Density Refractive index See also Mercuric oxide. Moon Brightness Characteristics Moore nitrogen tube Luminous efficiency Morenosite Density Refractive index Morin's Chinese bronze Morocco, weights and measures Morphine Absorption spectra Crystallography Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Heat of combustion Optical rotatory power -Ammonia* Mortars Compressive strength Density Lime Strength tests Thermal conductivity Mosaic gold Moseley's diagram Moseley's law Mousset's silver MS steel Mucic acid Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Heat of combustion Mudge's speculum Mullanite, density Mullite Crystallography Density Decomposition temperature Expansion on heating Fusion temperature Heat of formation Mumetal Munson and Walker's tables Muntz metal Thermal expansion Links 1.111 1.111 2.379 1.39 1.38 1.39 1.41 1.42 1.173 2.534 2.601 1.391 1.146 1.146 1.146 1.172 1.120 1.120 1.173 5.247 1.392 5.438 1.131 1.131 2.379 1.9 1.169 2.561 7.22 2.555 2.601 2.472 2.605 2.559 2.561 5.352 1.334 6.301 5.168 7.467 2.66 2.314 2.123 2.120 2.314 2.379 6.31 6.27 2.379 2.379 6.276 5.165 2.379 1.116 2.68 1.137 1.137 2.84 2.83 5.194 2.379 2.353 2.379 2.470 4.84 2.555 2.600 2.602 743 Index Terms Murman's alloy Muscovite Density Refractive index Residual rays Mushet steel Mustard gas. See Di-(2-chloroethyl) sulfide. Mustard oil. See Allyl isothiocyanate. Mutarotation Kinetics of Myoctonine, optical rotatory power Myricyl alcohol Absorption spectra Surface tension Myristic acid Esterification constant Heat of combustion Heat of fusion Melting point under pressure Specific heat Liquid Solid “Surface vapor pressure ” Vapor pressure Viscosity -Benzene* -Lauric acid* -Methyl alcohol* -Palmitic acid Freezing point-solubility -Stearic acid Freezing point-solubility Myrtenol, optical rotatory power Mystic metal Mysorine, density N.G.F. alloy N.P.L. alloy Nadorite Density Refractive index Nagaoka and Honda effect Nantokite Density Melting point Refractive index See also Cuprous chloride. Naphtha Emission, spectral See also Gasolene, Hydrocarbon oils, Petroleum. Naphthaldehyde (α-, β-) -Quinoline Density Refractive index Dispersion Naphthalene Absorption spectra Azeotropic mixtures Boiling point Compressibility Cryoscopic constant Density Dielectric constant Diffusion in benzene Links 2.379 1.158 1.158 5.261 2.380 1.171 7.28 2.534 2.534 2.601 2.335 7.128 7.478 5.334 4.463 7.138 5.166 5.134 4.10 5.113 5.104 4.476 3.227 7.221 4.164 4.164 7.412 2.380 1.123 2.380 2.381 1.116 1.116 6.439 1.121 1.121 1.121 1.174 1.165 5.257 7.87 7.87 7.106 5.333 3.322 1.53 3.50 4.184 3.30 6.95 5.74 5.345 5.363 3.226 3.347 4.215 3.34 5.375 5.378 744 Index Terms Diffusion in methyl alcohol Diffusion of vapor in air Electrical conductivity Flash point Heat of combustion Heat of fusion Heat of vaporizatio n Ignition temperature Internal pressure Magnetic susceptibility Melting point under pressure Melting pressure Oxidation, kinetics of Photoluminescence Polarization of light scattered by Refractive index Rubber, solubility in Rubber softener Specific heat Liquid Solid Surface tension Thermal conductivity Thermal expansion Vapor pressure Liquid Solid Verdet constant Viscosity Volume change on melting -Acetic acid* -Acetone* -Acetonitrile* -Acetophenone* -Amyl benzoate* -β-Amylene* -Aniline* -Anisole* -Anthracene* -Antimony tribromide* -Antimony trichloride* -Arsenous bromide* -Benzene* -Benzene*-Trinitrotoluene -Benzil*-Chloroform -Benzoic acid* -Bromocamphor* -Butyl alcohol* -Butyric acid* -Camphene* -Camphor* -Carbon dioxide* -Carbon dioxide*-Picric acid -Carbon disulfide* -Carbon disulfide*-Ethyl ether -Carbon disulfide*-Methylal -Carbon tetrachloride* -Catechol* -Cetyl palmitate* -Chloral hydrate* -Chloroacetic acid* -Chlorobenzene* -Chloroform* -Chloroform*-Ethyl ether -Chloronitrobenzene (m-, p-)* -m-Cresol* -Cyclohexane* Links 5.73 5.63 6.144 2.161 5.163 5.134 5.138 2.174 4.19 6.363 4.10 4.16 7.147 5.387 5.267 7.49 2.272 2.277 5.268 5.112 5.104 4.459 5.216 3.45 3.226 3.208 6.430 5.45 4.10 5.51 7.220 745 Index Terms -Cyclohexanone* -Dichloroethylene* -Dichloromethane* -Diethyl diacetyltartrate* -Diethyl ketone* -Diethyl phthalate* -Diethyl tartrate* -Diethylaniline* -Dihydronaphthalene* -Dinitrobenzene (o-, m-, p-)* -m-Dinitrobenzene*-Toluene -2,4-Dinitrophenol* -2,4-Dinitrotoluene* -Diphenyl* -Diphenylamine* -Diphenylmethane* -Ethane* -Ethyl acetate* -Ethyl acetoacetate* -Ethyl alcohol* -Ethyl bromide* -Ethyl butyrate* -Ethyl chloride* -Ethyl chloroacetate* -Eth yl ether* -Ethyl iodide* -Ethyl propionate* -Ethylene bromide* -Ethylene chloride* -Fluorene* -Formic acid* -Hexachloroethane* -Hexane* -Hydroquinol* -Indene* -Iodine* -Isoamyl acetate* -Isobutyl bromide* -Isobutyric acid* -Lophine* -Menthol* -Methyl aceta te* -Methyl alcohol* -Methyl benzoate* -Methyl butyrate* -Methyl formate* -Methyl isothiocyanate* -Methyl propionate* -Methylal* -Naphthol (α-, β-) Freezing point-solubility -Naphthylamine (α-, β-)4. Density Freezing point-solubility -m-Nitroaniline Freezing point-solubility -Nitrobenzene Density Freezing point-solubility Refractive index Dispersion Viscosity -α-Nitronaphthalene Freezing point-solubility -Nitrophenol (o-, p-) Freezing point-solubility -p-Nitrotoluene Links 4.155 4.180 3.193 4.155 4.135 3.177 4.176 7.84 7.104 5.45 7.84 4.180 4.131 4.177 746 Index Terms Freezing point-solubility -Palmitic acid Density -Paraldehyde Density -Phenanthrene Density Freezing point-solubility Refractive index -Phenol Freezing point-solubility -Phosgene Boiling point elevation -Phosphorus Solubility, mutual -Phthalic anhydride Freezing point-solubility -Picramide Freezing point-solubility -Picric acid Freezing point-solubility -Picryl chloride Freezing point-solubility -Propionic acid Freezing point-solubility Freezing point-solubility in water -Propionitrile Boiling point elevation -Propyl alcohol Boiling point elevation Density Dielectric constant Freezing point-solubility Freezing point-solubility in water Heat of solution -Propyl butyrate Density -Pyridine Density Freezing point-solubility Refractive index Dispersion -Quinoline Density Refractive index Dispersion -p-Quinone Freezing point-solubility -Resorcinol Freezing point-solubility -Stearic acid Freezing point-solubility -Styphnic acid Freezing point-solubility -Sulfur Boiling point elevation Freezing point lowering -Sulfur dioxide Boiling point elevation -Tetrachloroethane Density Freezing point-solubility -Thymol Freezing point-solubility -Toluene Boiling point elevation Density Links 4.179 3.194 3.186 3.194 4.156 7.89 7.89 4.136 3.330 3.394 4.180 4.127 4.120 4.117 4.112 4.412 3.338 3.340 3.164 6.102 4.112 4.412 5.153 3.190 3.172 4.174 7.83 7.104 7.83 3.193 7.87 7.106 7.87 4.127 4.139 4.156 4.122 3.347 4.38 3.328 3.154 4.265 4.155 3.346 3.188 747 Index Terms Dielectric constant Freezing point-solubility Heat of solution Specific heat Viscosity -p-Toluidine Density Freezing point-solubility -Trimethylcarbinol Freezing point-solubility -1,3,5-Trinitrobenzene Density Freezing point-solubility -Trinitrocresol Freezing point-solubility -2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene Freezing point-solubility -Triphenylcarbinol Freezing point-solubility -Triphenylmethane Boiling point elevation Freezing point-solubility -Tristearin Freezing point-solubility -Valeric acid Freezing point-solubility -m-Xylene Density Naphthalene picrate -Benzene* -Chloroform* -Methylnaphthalene β-picrate* Naphthalene tetrachloride Crystallography -Chloroform* β-Naphthalenesulfonic acid Density, aqueous solution Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution -Hydrogen chloride* Naphthalic acid, heat of combustion Naphthalic anhydride Heat of combustion Naphthazarine, photoconductivity α-Naphthoic acid Absorption spectra, ultra-violet Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Heat of combustion -Sulfur Freezing point lowering β-Naphthoic acid Absorption spectra, ultra-violet Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Heat of combustion Naphthoic acid esters (α-, β-) Optical rotatory power α-Naphthol Absorption spectra Boiling point Diffusion in methyl alcohol Heat of combustion Heat of fusion Magnetic susceptibility Melting point under pressure Photoconductivity Links 6.103 4.179 5.154 5.128 5.49 3.189 4.180 4.116 3.173 4.118 4.147 4.146 4.156 3.347 4.156 4.156 4.117 3.191 1.329 3.115 6.294 5.166 5.166 6.66 5.363 6.297 5.166 4.38 5.363 6.297 5.166 7.362 5.333 3.226 5.73 5.167 5.134 6.363 4.10 6.66 5.345 5.363 748 Index Terms Photoluminescence Specific heat Liquid Solid Thermal conductivity Transition temperature Vapor pressure -Acetamide* -Acetophenone* -Acridine* -Aminophenol (m-, p-)* -Aniline* -Antipyrine* -Arsenous bromide* -Azobenzene* -Benzamide* -Benzhydrol* -Benzophenone* -Carbazole* -Chloroacetic acid* -Cineole* -Cinnamic acid* -Dimethyl oxalate* -Dim ethylpyrone* -Diphenylamine* -Diphenylmethane* -Fenchone* -Hydrogen chloride* -m-Hydroxybenzaldehyde* -Isoamyl acetate* -Methyl alcohol* -Naphthalene* -β-Naphthol Freezing point-solubility -Naphthylamine (α-, β-) Freezing point-solubility -Phenylenediamine (o-, m-, p-) Freezing point-solubility -Quinoline Density Refractive index Dispersion -Succinic acid Freezing point-solubility -Succinimide Freezing point-solubility -p-Toluidine Freezing point-solubility -Trichloroacetic acid Freezing point-solubility -Trimethylcarbinol Freezing point-solubility -Triphenylcarbinol Freezing point-solubility -Triphenylmethane Freezing point-solubility β-Naphthol Absorption spectra Boiling point Cryoscopic constant Flash point Heat of combustion Heat of fusion Photoconductivity Photoluminescence Solubility in water Links 5.387 5.112 5.104 5.216 4.8 3.226 4.180 4.156 4.143 7.87 7.87 7.106 4.114 4.114 4.152 4.104 4.116 4.156 4.156 5.333 3.226 4.184 2.161 5.167 5.134 6.66 5.387 4.253 5.345 5.363 749 Index Terms Specific heat Liquid Solid Thermal conductivity Vapor pressure -Acetamide* -Acetone* -Acetophenone* -Acridine* -Aminophenol (m-, p-)* -Aniline* -Anthracene* -Antipyrine* -Azobenzene* -Benzamide* -Benzene* -Benzhydrol* -Benzophenone* -Carbazole* -Chloroacetic acid* -Cineole* -Cinnamic acid* -Dimethyl oxalate* -Dimethylpyrone* -Diphenylamine* -Diphenylmethane* -Ethylene bromide* -Fenchone* -Formic acid* -m-Hydroxybenzaldehyde* -Isoamyl acetate* -Methyl alcohol* -Naphthalene* -α-Naphthol* -Naphthylamine (α-, β-) Freezing point-solubility -Phenyl salicylate Freezing point-solubility -Phenyl salicylate-Sulfonal Freezing point-solubility -Phenylenediamine (o-, m-, p-) Freezing point-solubility -Picric acid Freezing point-solubility -Pyridine Boiling point elevation -Quinoline Density Refractive index Dispersion -p-Quinone Freezing point-solubility -Resorcinol Freezing point-solubility -Succinic acid Freezing point-solubility -Succinimide Freezing point-solubility -Sulfonal Freezing point-solubility -Sulfur Freezing point lowering -p-Toluidine Freezing point-solubility -Trichloroacetic acid Freezing point-solubility -Trimethylcarbinol Links 5.112 5.104 5.216 3.226 4.156 4.157 4.170 4.143 4.120 3.342 7.87 7.87 7.106 4.127 4.139 4.114 4.114 4.152 4.38 4.152 4.104 4.144 750 Index Terms Freezing point-solubility -Triphenylcarbinol Freezing point-solubility -Triphenylmethane Freezing point-solubility β-Naphthol picrate -Benzene* -Sulfur dioxide Boiling point elevation α-Naphtholazine -Benzalazine* α-Naphthonitrile Absorption spectra Dielectric constant Heat of combustion Verdet constant β-Naphthonitrile Absorption spectra Dielectric constant Heat of combustion Verdet constant Naphthyl ace tate (α-, β-) -Trichloroacetic acid Freezing point-solubility β-Naphthyl benzoate -Carbon tetrachloride* α-Naphthyl cyanide Birefringence, magnetic β-Naphthyl ethyl ether Verdet constant -Cinnamylideneacetophenone* -Quinoline Density Refractive index Dispersion β-Naphthyl salicylate Birefringence, magnetic Crystal nuclei, formation of Crystallization velocity Melting point under pressure Thermal conductivity -Cineole* α-Naphthylamine Absorption spectra Crystallization velocity Cryoscopic constant Flash point Heat of combustion Heat of fusion Melting point under pressure Photoconductivity Photoelectric threshold Photoluminescence Specific heat Liquid Solid Thermal conductivity Transition temperature Verdet constant Viscosity -Acetone* -Acetophenone* -m-Aminophenol* -Aniline* Links 4.116 4.157 4.157 3.328 5.363 6.95 5.168 6.430 5.363 6.95 5.168 6.430 4.104 7.111 6.430 7.87 7.87 7.106 7.112 5.60 5.61 4.10 5.216 5.333 5.61 4.184 2.162 5.168 5.134 4.10 6.66 6.68 5.387 5.112 5.104 5.228 4.8 6.430 7.220 5.345 5.364 751 Index Terms -Anthracene* -Benzene -Benzhydrol* -Benzoic acid* -Benzophenone* -Catechol* -Chlorobenzene* -Chloroform* -1,4-Dihydroxynaphthalene* -1,5-Dihydroxynaphthalene* -1,6-Dihydroxynaphthalene* -1,8-Dihydroxynaphthalene* -2,3-Dihydroxynaphthalene* -2,6-Dihydroxynaphthalene* -2,7-Dihydroxynaphthalene* -Dinitrobenzene (o-, m-, p-)* -2,4-Dinitrochlorobenzene* -2,4-Dinitrophenol* -2,4-Dinitrotoluene* -2,6-Dinitrotoluene* -3,4-Dinitrotoluene* -3,5-Dinitrotoluene* -Diphenylamine* -Diphenylmethane* -Ethyl alcohol* -Guaiacol* -Hydroquinol* -Isoamyl acetate* -Naphthalene* -Naphthol (α-, β-)* -Nitrobenzene Density Refractive index Dispersion -α-Nitronaphthalene Freezing point-solubility -o-Nitrophenol Freezing point-solubility -m-Nitrophenol Freezing point-solubility -p-Nitrophenol Freezing point-solubility -Nitrosodimethylaniline Freezing point-solubility -Phenol Density Freezing point-solubility Viscosity -Pyrogallol Freezing point-solubility -Quinoline Density Refractive index Dispersion -p-Quinone Freezing point-solubility -Resorcinol Freezing point-solubility -Tetralin Density Refractive index Dispersion -o-Toluidine Density Refractive index Dispersion -p-Toluidine Links 7.84 7.84 7.104 4.180 4.177 4.130 4.131 4.154 3.184 4.136 5.48 4.141 7.87 7.87 7.106 4.127 4.139 7.89 7.89 7.108 7.86 7.86 7.105 752 Index Terms Freezing point-solubility -Trimethylcarbinol Freezing point-solubility -1,3,5-Trinitrobenzene Freezing point-solubility -Triphenylcarbinol Freezing point-solubility -Triphenylmethane Freezing point-solubility β-Naphthylamine Absorption spectra Heat of combustion Photoluminescence Refractive index Thermal conductivity Verdet constant Viscosity -Acetic acid* -Acetone* -m-Aminophenol* -Aniline* -β-Anthracene* -Benzene* -Benzhydrol* -Benzoic acid* -Benzophenone* -Butyl alcohol* -Camphor* -Catechol* -Chlorobenzene* -1,4-Dihydroxy naphthalene* -1,5-Dihydroxynaphthalene* -1,6-Dihydroxynaphthalene* -1,8-Dihydroxynaphthalene* -2,3-Dihydroxynaphthalene* -2,6-Dihydroxynaphthalene* -2,7-Dihydroxynaphthalene* -Dinitrobenzene (o-, m-, p-)* -2,4-Dinitrophenol* -2,4-Dinitrotoluene* -2,6-Dinitrotoluene* -3,4-Dinitrotoluene* -5, 5-Dinitrotoluene* -Diphenylmethane* -Hydroquinol* -Isoamyl acetate* -Methyl alcohol* -Naphthalene* -Naphthol (α-, β-)* -o-Nitrophenol Freezing point-solubility -m-Nitrophenol Freezing point-solubility -p-Nitrophenol Freezing point-solubility -Nitrosodimethylaniline Freezing point-solubility -Phenol Freezing point-solubility -Pyrogallol Freezing point-solubility -Quinoline Density Refractive index Dispersion -Resorcinol Links 4.152 4.116 4.119 4.158 4.158 5.333 5.168 5.387 7.49 5.216 6.430 7.220 4.177 4.130 4.131 4.154 4.136 4.141 7.87 7.87 7.106 5.345 5.364 753 Index Terms Freezing point-solubility -p-Toluidine Freezing point-solubility -Trimethylcarbinol Freezing point-solubility -1,3,5-Trinitrobenzene Freezing point-solubility -Triphenylcarbinol Freezing point-solubility -Triphenylmethane Freezing point-solubility Naphthylaminedisulfonic acids , electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Naphthylamine-naphthalene disulfonate -Hydrogen chloride* Naphthylamine-naphthalenesulfonate -Hydrogen chloride* α-Naphthylamine naphthalene -α(β)-sulfonate Crystallography Transition temperature Naphthylaminesulfonic acids , electrical conductivity, aqueous solution 1,4-Naphthylenediamine -Quinoline Density Refractive index 1,5-Naphthylenediamine -Quinoline Density Refractive index Dispersion 1,6-Naphthylenediamine -Quinoline Density Refractive index Dispersion 1,8-Naphthylenediamine -Quinoline Density Refractive index Dispersion 2,3-Naphthylenediamine -Quinoline Density Refractive index Dispersion 2,7-Naphthylenediamine -Quinoline Density Refractive index Dispersion α-Naphthylhexylcarbinyl esters Optical rotatory power Narceine, heat of combustion Narcissine, optical rotatory power Narcotine Absorption spectra Crystallography Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Heat of combustion Optical rotatory power Narsarsukite, refractive index Nasonite Density Links 4.139 4.152 4.116 4.119 4.158 4.158 6.294 1.336 4.8 6.294 7.87 7.87 7.87 7.87 7.106 7.87 7.87 7.106 7.87 7.87 7.106 7.87 7.87 7.106 7.87 7.87 7.106 7.362 5.168 7.475 5.334 1.336 6.302 5.168 7.409 7.26 1.144 5.355 7.476 754 Index Terms Refractive index Nataloin, optical rotatory power Natroalunite Density Refractive index Natrochalcite Density Refractive index Natrojarosite Density Refractive index Natrolite Dehydration behavior Density Refractive index Sodium ions, diffusion of, in Natron Density Refractive index Natrophilite Density Refractive index Naumannite Density Melting point See also Silver selenide. Nebulae Classification Distribution Motions Needle metal Neodymium Cathodoluminescence Density Electrical conductivity Emission spectra Isotopes Magnetic susceptibility Melting point Persistent lines Specific heat Thermochemistry X-ray absorption limits X-ray emission spectra X-ray series, limiting frequencies Neodymium acetate Absorption spectra, solutions Neodymium bromate , solubility in water Neodymium bromide , absorption sp ectra, solutions Neodymium chloride Absorption spectra, solutions Ammines, heat of formation Electrical conductivity Aqueous solution Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Heat of formation Solubility in water -Ethyl alcohol* Neodymium ethyl sulfate Density Refractive index Neodymium hydroxybenzoate (m-, p-) Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Links 1.144 7.386 1.167 1.153 1.153 1.166 1.152 1.152 1.172 1.152 1.152 1.173 7.313 1.153 1.153 5.77 1.168 1.151 1.151 1.168 1.152 1.152 1.172 1.124 1.124 1.388 1.388 1.389 2.380 5.388 1.104 1.104 5.305 1.47 6.355 1.104 5.323 1.104 5.194 6.39 6.39 6.35 2.565 5.390 2.456 6.153 5.327 4.228 5.327 5.327 5.194 6.149 6.233 4.257 5.194 4.227 1.139 1.139 6.245 5.328 1.166 7.27 755 Index Terms Neodymium iodide, heat of formation Neodymium molybdate Density Melting point Refractive index -Lead molybdate* Neodymium nitrate Absorption spectra, solutions -Cobaltous nitrate* -Magnesium nitrate* -Manganous nitrate* -Nickel nitrate Freezing point-solubility in water -Zinc nitrate Freezing point-solubility in water Neodymium oxalate Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Magnetic susceptibility Solubility in aqueous solutions Neodymium oxide Heat of formation Magnetic susceptibility Neodymium salicylate, electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Neodymium sulfate Absorption spectra, solutions Decomposition pressure Density Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Freezin g point lowering of aqueous solution Heat of formation Magnetic susceptibility Refractive index Solubility in water Neodymium sulfide, heat of formation Neogen (alloy) Neon Accommodation coefficient Boiling point Compressibility, gas Critical constants Critical potentials Density Gas Liquid Solid Dispersion formula Electrons, absorption of, by Electrons, attachment of, to form ions Electrons, secondary emission of Emission spectra Heat of fusion Heat of vaporization Ionization by electrons Ionization by α-particles Isotopes Magnetic susceptibility Melting point Persistent lines Polarization of light scattered by Quantum numbers Refractivity Solubility in water Specific heat, gas Spectral series Surface tension Links 5.194 1.139 1.139 1.139 1.168 5.327 5.328 7.23 4.363 4.362 6.258 6.359 7.339 5.194 6.359 6.245 5.327 7.290 1.139 6.236 4.257 5.194 6.359 1.139 4.227 5.194 2.380 5.53 1.102 3.8 1.102 6.71 1.102 1.102 1.104 7.11 6.61 6.116 6.63 5.306 1.104 1.102 6.120 6.122 1.47 6.354 1.104 5.323 5.265 5.408 7.7 3.257 5.80 5.401 4.441 5.328 1.170 7.23 3.204 3.248 3.3 3.20 6.355 756 Index Terms Thermal conductivity Thermal expansion, gas Vapor pressure Viscosity, gas Zeeman effect Nephelite Density Refractive index Thermal conductivity Transition temperature -Anorthite* -Diopside* Neptune, characteristics Nergandin (alloy) Nernst effect Coefficient, conversion factors Nernst lamp Brightness Brightness temperature Color temperature Luminous efficiency Nernst oxides, electrical conductivity Nesquehonite Density Refractive index Netherlands, weights and measures Neurine hydrobromide Absorption spectra Neusilber (alloy) Nevada silver (alloy) Nevastain (alloy) Nevyanskite (alloy) New metal, electrical conductivity Newberyite Density Refractive index Newloy Newton's alloy Newtonite Density Refractive index Nicaragua, weights and measures Nichroloy Nichrome Brightness temperature Electrical conductivity Magnetic field, effect of Hall effect Nernst effect Righi-Leduc effect Thermoelectric properties Ni-chrom-zink Nickel Absorption, index of Admiralty Boiling point Brightness Brightness temperature Cathodoluminescence Color temperature Commercial Elastic properties Links 5.213 3.8 3.203 1.102 5.420 1.153 1.153 5.232 1.153 1.392 2.380 6.415 1.30 5.246 5.245 5.246 5.437 6.155 1.141 1.141 1.9 5.214 5.2 5.425 1.166 7.27 4.7 4.85 2.469 5.438 1.169 5.366 2.380 2.380 2.380 2.381 6.196 1.141 1.141 2.380 2.380 1.137 1.137 1.5 2.380 2.380 1.60 6.193 6.422 6.417 6.421 6.421 6.220 2.380 5.250 2.370 1.102 5.246 5.245 5.390 5.246 2.480 1.169 1.166 2.467 5.245 5.252 2.601 3.205 2.480 2.608 757 Index Terms Electrical conductivity Mechanical properties Thermal expansion Compressibility Contact potential Copper, diffusion in Corbino effect Critical potentials Curie point Density Electrical conductivity Liquid Solid Low temperature Magnetic field, effect of Electrode potential Electron emission excited by positive ions Electronic structure, normal and excited Electrons, reflection of Electrons, secondary emission of Electrons, thermal emission of Electrons, transmitted, velocity of Electrons excited by X-rays, number of Emission, spectral Emission spectra Endurance limits Ettingshausen effect Hall effect Heat of fusion Heat of transformation Heat of vaporization Hydrogen, permeability to Hydrogen, solubility of, in Ionizat ion, atomic Isotopes Joule effect Kerr constant Magnetic moment Magnetic properties Magnetization by rotation Magneton number Melting point Nernst effect Oxidized, emission, spectral Peltier coefficient Persistent lines Photoelectric threshold Quantum numbers Refraction, index of Righi-Leduc effect Rotation by magnetization Solution velocity in dissolved iodine Solution velocity in salt solutions Sound, velocity of, in Specific heat Liquid Solid Spectral series Thermal conductivity Magnetic field, effect of Thermal expansion Thermionic work function Thermochemistry Thermoelectric properties Vapor pressure Viscosity Water vapor, reaction with Links 6.192 2.480 2.473 3.47 6.57 5.77 6.419 6.71 6.410 1.104 1.103 1.104 6.128 6.423 6.320 6.65 6.71 6.63 6.63 6.53 6.62 6.5 5.242 5.307 2.600 6.419 6.416 1.104 2.458 1.102 5.76 3.270 6.122 1.47 6.440 6.436 6.346 6.375 6.347 6.346 1.54 6.420 5.244 6.227 5.323 6.68 5.408 5.250 6.421 6.347 5.57 5.57 6.465 1.103 1.104 5.402 5.220 6.424 1.104 6.53 5.192 6.214 3.205 5.7 7.282 3.48 2.456 6.136 6.133 6.424 6.332 6.140 7.282 5.255 2.604 2.606 6.418 2.458 5.192 6.376 6.403 1.104 6.421 6.228 5.252 5.94 5.93 5.221 2.461 6.225 6.226 6.227 758 Index Terms Wiedemann effect X-ray absorption limits X-ray cryst al structure X-ray emission spectra X-ray series, limiting frequencies X-rays Absorption, discontinuity in Absorption coefficient Emission efficiency Scattering, modification by Young's modulus, magnetic field, effect, of Zeeman effect -Aluminum* -Aluminum*-Carbon-Iron-Manganese -Aluminum*-Copper -Aluminum*-Copper-Iron-Silicon -Aluminum*-Copper-Iron-Silicon-Zinc -Aluminum*-Copper-Magnesium -Aluminum*-Copper-Magnesium-Manganese -Aluminum*-Copper-Magnesium-Silicon -Aluminum*-Magnesium -Antimony* -Arsenic*-Copper -Bismuth* -Boron* -Cadmium* -Carbon*-Cerium -Chromium-Iron -Carbon*-Cerium -Iron -Carbon*-Chromium-Copper-Iron -Carbon*-Chromium-Iron -Carbon*-Chromium-Iron-Manganese-Molybdenum -Carbon*-Chromium-Iron-Molybdenum -Carbon*-Chromium-Iron-Silicon -Carbon*-Chromium-Iron-Uranium -Carbon*-Chromium-Iron-Vanadium -Carbon*-Copper-Iron -Carbon*-Copper-Iron-Manganese -Carbon*-Iron -Carbon*-Iron-Manganese -Carbon*-Iron-Manganese-Molybdenum -Carbon*-Iron-Manganese-Silicon -Carbon*-Iron-Molybdenum -Carbon*-Iron-Silicon -Carbon*-Iron-Uranium -Carbon*-Iron-Vanadium -Carbon*-Iron-Zirconium -Chromium* -Chromium*-Cobalt -Chromium*-Copper -Chromium*-Iron -Chromium*-Iron-Manganese -Chromium*-Iron-Silicon -Chromium*-Iron-Silicon-Vanadium -Cobalt* -Cobalt*-Copper-Iron-Zinc -Cobalt*-Iron -Copper* -Copper*-Gold -Copper*-Iron -Copper*-Iron-Manganese -Copper*-Iron-Manganese-Zinc -Copper*-Manganese -Copper*-Molybdenum -Copper*-Silver -Copper*-Tin -Copper*-Tin-Zinc -Copper*-Titanium Links 6.441 6.37 1.340 6.37 6.35 6.12 6.13 6.11 6.17 6.440 5.420 759 Index Terms -Copper*-Zinc -Gold* -Gold*-Silver -Graphite* -Hydrochloric acid* -Iron* -Iron*-Manganese -Iron*-Manganese-Molybdenum-Silicon -Iron*-Manganese-Silicon -Iron*-Molybdenum -Iron*-Molybdenum-Silicon -Iron*-Silicon -Iron*-Titanium -Iron*-Tungsten -Iron*-Vanadium -Magnesium* -Manganese* -Molybdenum* -Nickel oxide Freezing point-solubility -Palladium Equilibrium diagram -Phosphorus Equilibrium diagram Freezing point-solubility -Silicon Absorption, index of Density Equilibrium diagram Refraction, index of Specific heat Thermal expansion -Silver Equilibrium diagram -Sulfur Freezing point-solubility -Tantalum Thermoelectric properties -Tellurium Specific heat -Thallium Equilibrium diagram -Tin Curie point -Titanium Electrical conductivity Thermoelectric properties -Tungsten Equilibrium diagram Thermoelectric properties -Vanadium Equilibrium diagram Thermoelectric properties -Zinc Electrical conductivity Equilibrium diagram -Zirconium Thermoelectric properties Nickel acetate Absorption spectra, solutions Ammines, decomposition pressure Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Specific heat, aqueous solution Nickel antimonide X-ray crystal structure Links 4.40 2.439 2.440 4.29 5.251 2.594 2.440 5.251 5.121 2.467 2.422 4.26 6.221 5.121 2.439 6.410 6.194 6.221 2.439 6.221 2.440 6.221 6.194 2.439 6.221 5.327 7.285 6.245 4.256 5.123 1.343 760 Index Terms Nickel antimony sulfide X-ray diffraction data See also Ullmannite. Nickel arsenic sulfide X-ray diffraction data See also Gersdorffite. Nickel arsenide X-ray diffraction data See also Nicollite. -Cobalt arsenide* Nickel benzenesulfonate Ammine, decomposition pressure Nickel benzoate Ammines, decomposition pressure Nickel bromide Absorption spectra, solutions Ammines Decomposition pressure Heat of decomposition Heat of formation Density, aqueous solution Dimethylamine complex Decomposition pressure Heat of decomposition Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Ethylamine complexes Decomposition pressure Heat of decomposition Heat of formation Magnetic susceptibility Aqueous solution Methylamine complex Decomposition pressure Heat of decomposition Refractive index, aqueous solution Dispersion Solubility in aluminum bromide Solubility in water -Quinoline Boiling point elevation Nickel carbide , heat of formation Nickel carbonate Thermal conductivity Nickel carbonyl Absorption spectra, solutions Density Electrical conductivity Ionization by γ-rays Ionization by X-rays Magnetic susceptibility Specific heat Surface tension Vapor pressure Nickel chlorate Ammine Decomposition pressure Heat of decomposition Density, aqueous solution Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Refractive index, aqueous solution Dispersion Solubility in water Nickel chloride Absorption spectra, solutions Links 1.343 1.343 1.343 7.286 7.286 5.327 5.328 7.283 7.283 5.192 3.69 7.284 7.284 6.234 6.239 7.284 7.284 5.192 6.358 6.364 7.284 7.284 7.71 7.101 4.61 4.225 3.347 5.192 5.217 5.328 3.23 6.142 6.123 6.123 6.358 5.98 4.447 3.214 7.283 7.283 3.69 6.245 4.256 7.71 7.101 4.225 5.327 3.104 6.254 5.328 761 Index Terms Ammine Absorption spectra Decomposition pressure Heat of decomposition Heat of formation Boiling point elevation in aqueous solution Decomposition pressure of hydrates Density, aqueous solution Diffusion in water Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Ethylamine complex Decomposition pressure Heat of decomposition Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Heat of formation Magnetic susceptibility Aqueous solution Methylamine complex Decomposition pressure Heat of decomposition Refractive index, aqueous solution Dispersion Solubility in water Specific heat, aqueous solution Vapor pressure, aqueous solution Vapor pressure lowering in aqueous solution Verdet constant, aqueous solution Viscosity, aqueous solution X-rays, absorption coefficient -Ammonium chloride* -Ethyl ether* -Ferric chloride* -Hydrogen* -Hydrogen chloride* -Methyl alcohol* -Nickel nitrate-Nickel sulfate Refractive index -Quinoline Boiling point elevation Nickel chromium steels. See Chromium nickel steels. Nickel cyanide, heat of formation Nickel dithionate Ammines Decomposition pressure Heat of decomposition Heat of formation Nickel fluoride Magnetic susceptibility Aqueous solution Nickel fluosilicate Density Refractive index Thermal conductivity Nickel formate Ammine Decomposition pressure Heat of decomposition Nickel hydrogen fluoride Refractive index Nickel hypophosphite Ammine Decomposition pressure Heat of decomposition Nickel iodate Ammine, decomposition pressure Links 5.327 7.283 7.283 5.192 3.325 7.283 3.69 5.66 6.231 3.107 6.233 7.283 7.283 4.256 5.192 6.358 6.364 7.283 7.283 7.71 7.100 4.225 5.123 3.367 3.294 6.427 5.14 6.13 7.98 3.347 5.192 7.285 7.285 5.192 6.358 6.364 1.132 1.132 5.231 7.285 7.285 7.22 7.285 7.285 7.284 1.166 7.22 762 Index Terms Solubility in water Nickel iodide Absorption spectra, solutions Ammines Decomposition pressure Heat of decomposition Dimethylamine complex Decomposition pressure Heat of decomposition Ethylamine complex Decomposition pressure Heat of decomposition Heat of formation Methylamine complex Decomposition pressure Heat of decomposition Propylamine complex, decomposition pressure Solubility in water Trimethylamine complex, decomposition pressure Nickel naphthalene-1,5-disulfonate Crystallography Density Refractive index Nickel naphthalene-2-sulfonate Ammine, decomposition pressure Nickel o-naphthoylbenzoate Ammine, decomposition pressure Nickel nitrate Absorption spectra, solutions Ammine Decomposition pressure Heat of decomposition Density, aqueous solution Diffusion in water Electrical conductivity Aqueous solution Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Heat of formation Heat of fusion Magnetic susceptibility Aqueous solution Refractive index, aqueous solution Dispersion Solubility in water Specific heat Aqueous solution Vapor pressure lowering in aqueous solution Viscosity, aqueous solution -Neodymium nitrate* -Nickel chloride*-Nickel sulfate -Praseodymium nitrate Freezing point-solubility in water Nickel nitride, heat of formation Nickel nitrite Ammine Decomposition pressure Heat of decomposition Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Nickel oxide Brightness temperature Decomposition pressure Electrical conductivity Electrons, thermal emission of Emission, spectral Heat of formation Links 4.225 4.246 5.328 7.284 7.284 7.284 7.284 7.284 7.284 5.192 7.284 7.284 7.284 4.225 7.284 1.321 1.132 1.132 1.171 7.286 7.286 5.327 7.285 7.285 3.69 5.66 6.148 6.237 4.256 5.192 5.131 6.358 6.364 7.71 7.101 4.226 5.98 5.123 3.294 5.14 4.363 5.192 7.285 7.285 6.245 1.60 7.282 6.154 6.54 5.242 5.192 5.328 3.107 6.240 763 Index Terms Magnetic susceptibility Thermal conductivity Thermionic work function Thermoelectric power X-ray diffraction data -Magnesium oxide* -Nickel* -Silica Freezing point-solubility Nickel perchlorate Ammine, decomposition pressure Decomposition pressure of hydrate Density, aqueous solution Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Melting point Refractive index Solubility in water Nickel potassium cyanide, freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Nickel potassium dithiooxalate Crystallography Density Refractive index Nickel potassium selenate Density Emission, spectral Reflectivity, selective Refractive index Nickel potassium sulfate Absorption spectra, solutions Density Dielectric constant Hydrate Decomposition pressure Heat of decomposition Refractive index Solubility in water Specific heat Nickel rubidium selenate Refractive index Nickel rubidium sulfate Density Hydrate Decomposition pressure Heat of decomposition Refractive index Solubility in water Nickel selenate Ammine, decomposition pressure Density Reflectivity, selective Refractive index Nickel selenide Heat of formation X-ray diffraction data Nickel sesquioxide Brightness temperature Radiation temperature, total Nickel silvers Annealing range Electrical conductivity List of Nickel sodium sulfate Solubility in water Links 6.358 5.217 6.54 6.224 1.343 4.85 7.283 7.283 3.104 4.256 1.131 1.131 4.225 4.260 1.165 1.323 1.157 1.157 1.165 1.157 5.259 5.260 1.157 1.170 7.31 1.169 7.31 5.327 1.157 6.99 7.308 7.308 1.157 4.242 5.101 7.31 1.160 7.310 7.310 1.160 4.243 7.285 1.131 5.260 1.131 1.169 1.166 7.22 2.475 2.480 5.192 1.343 5.245 5.246 2.380 2.482 6.171 2.389 4.238 2.601 764 Index Terms Nickel steels Critical range Electrical conductivity Endurance limits Hardness Impact strength Magnetic properties Mechanical properties Thermal conductivity Thermal expansion Thermoelectric properties Torsion tests Nickel subsulfide -Cuprous sulfide* -Sodium sulfide Freezing point-solubility Nickel sulfate Absorption spectra, solutions Ammines Decomposition pressures Heat of decomposition Boiling point elevation in aqueous solution Decomposition pressure of hydrates Density Aqueous solution Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Heat of formation Magnetic susceptibility Aqueous solution Optical rotatory power Reflectivity, selective Refractive index Aqueous solution Solubility in sulfuric acid Solubility in water Solution velocity in water Specific heat Aqueous solution Surface tension, aqueous solution Thermal conductivity Transition point of hydrate Vapor pressure lowering in aqueous solution Viscosity, aqueous solution -Ammonium sulfate*-Cupric sulfate -Methyl alcohol* -Nickel chlorides-Nickel nitrate -Potassium chromate Density, aqueous solution -Potassium sulfate Freezing point-solubility in water Surface tension, aqueous solution -Sodium sulfate Freezing point-solubility in water Nickel sulfide Heat of formation Photoelectric current Specific heat X-ray diffraction data See also Millerite. -Cuprous cyanide* Nickel telluride, heat of formation Nickel tetrathionate Ammine Decomposition pressure Heat of decomposition Links 2.483 6.184 2.600 2.481 2.482 6.386 2.481 5.225 2.471 6.223 2.482 6.186 6.394 4.61 4.78 5.327 5.328 7.285 7.285 3.325 7.284 1.131 3.69 6.236 4.256 5.192 6.358 6.364 7.353 5.260 1.131 7.71 4.43 4.226 5.56 5.98 5.123 4.465 5.217 1.131 3.294 5.14 3.98 4.345 4.470 4.345 5.192 6.69 5.98 1.343 5.192 7.285 7.285 6.395 3.107 6.240 6.364 1.166 5.232 7.22 765 Index Terms Nickel thallium selenate Refractive index Nickel thallium sulfate Refractive index Solubility in water Nickel thiocyanate Ammine Decomposition pressure Heat of decomposition Nickel thiosulfate Ammine Decomposition pressures Heat of decomposition Nickel uranium steel Mechanical properties Nickel vanadium steel Analyses, table of Endurance limits Mechanical properties Nickel zirconium steels Endurance limits Mechanical properties Nickelene (alloy) Nickelic hydroxide Heat of formation Nickelic sulfide Transition temperature -Sodium sulfide Freezing point-solubility Nickeline (alloy) Electrical conductivity Peltier coefficient Thermoelectric properties Thomson coefficient Nickelous hydroxide Heat of formation Magnetic susceptibility Nickelous ion Water, reaction with Nickelous oxide Hydrogen, reduction with See also Bunsenite. Nickeloy Nicollite Density Melting point See also Nickel arsenide. Nicotine Absorption spectra Density Aqueous solution Diffusion in water Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Heat of combustion Optical rotatory power Refractive index Aqueous solution Liquid Solubility in water Pressure, effect of -Acetic acid* -Acetone* -Aniline* Links 7.32 7.31 4.226 7.285 7.285 7.285 7.285 2.478 2.487 2.605 2.513 2.605 2.532 2.380 5.192 4.7 4.61 2.380 6.171 6.227 6.222 6.228 4.78 2.475 2.480 5.192 6.358 7.283 7.282 2.380 2.534 1.132 1.132 5.333 3.30 3.112 5.71 6.296 5.168 7.408 7.69 7.51 3.392 3.393 5.346 3.34 3.113 3.115 2.601 2.606 766 Index Terms -Benzene* -Chloroform* -Ethyl alcohol* -Ethyl bromide* -Ethyl ether* -Formamide* -Hydrochloric acid* -Isobutyl alcohol* -Methyl alcohol* -Nitrous oxide Vapor pressure -Propyl alcohol Density -Sodium hydroxide Miscibility of, in water -Sodium sulfate Miscibility of, in water Nicotine dihydrochloride Heat of solution in water Nicotinic acid, absorption spectra Niobium fluoride Vapor pressure Liquid Solid Niter. See Potassium nitrate. Nitramide Decomposition, kinetics of Nitrate ion, free energy Nitric acid Absorption spectra, solutions Activity coefficients Birefringence, magnetic Boiling point Maximum Compressibility Liquid Density Aqueous solution Liquid Maximum, temperature of Dielectric constant Diffusion in water Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Free energy Aqueous solution Gas Solution Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Heat of formation Heat of fusion Heat of neutralization Heat of vaporization Magnetic susceptibility Melting point Reflectivity, selective Refractive index Aqueous solution Solubility in water Sound, velocity of, in Specific heat, aqueous solution Surface tension, aqueous solution Transference number Vapor pressure, partial Verdet constant Viscosity, aqueous solution Links 3.285 3.164 3.409 3.409 5.150 5.369 3.214 3.208 7.120 7.239 5.327 7.239 7.110 1.108 3.323 3.439 3.35 3.58 1.108 3.107 6.76 5.64 6.241 7.239 7.239 7.239 4.255 5.179 5.131 5.212 5.136 6.356 1.108 5.260 1.108 7.66 4.217 6.464 5.122 4.464 6.310 3.304 6.426 5.13 5.328 1.162 3.23 6.242 1.165 5.26 3.309 767 Index Terms -Acetic acid* -Acetone*-Bismuth nitrate -Aluminum nitrate* -Ammonium dichloroacetate* -Ammonium nitrate* -Ammonium sulfate* -Auric hydroxide* -Aurous oxide* -Barium nitrate* -Barium oxide* -Barium sulfate* -Benzoic acid* -Bismuth hydroxide* -Calcium chloride*-Potassium dichromate -Calcium hydroxide* -Chromic acid* -Cupric nitrate* -Cupric sulfate* \ -Ethyl ether* -Ferric oxide* -Hydrogen chloride* -Iodic acid* -Lead chloride* -Lead chromate* -Lead iodide* -Lead nitrate* -Lead sulfate* -Magnesium nitrate* -Magnesium sulfate* -Mercuric nitrate* -Mercuric oxide* -Mercurous nitrate* -Nitrogen tetroxide Boiling point Density Freezing point-solubility -Nitroguanidine Freezing point-solubility in water -Oxalic acid Density, aqueous solution Freezingpoint-solubility in water -Phenanthraquinone Freezing point-solubility in water -Phthalic acid Freezing point-solubility in water -Picric acid Freezing point-solubility in water -Potassium dichloroacetate Density, aqueous solution -Potassium hydroxide Freezing point-solubility in water -Potassium nitrate Density, aqueous solution -Potassium nitrate-Uranyl nitrate Freezing point-solubility in water -Potassium sulfate Density, aqueous solution -Raffinose Density, aqueous solution -Salicylic acid Freezing point-solubility in water -Silver acetate Density, aqueous solution Solubility in water -Silver benzoate Solubility in water -Silver chloroacetate Links 3.311 3.133 4.44 4.398 3.101 4.398 4.399 4.399 4.398 3.97 4.365 3.97 4.363 3.97 3.101 4.399 3.97 7.270 7.324 7.270 768 Index Terms Density, aqueous solution Solubility in water -Silver chromate Solubility in water -Silver iodate Density, aqueous solution Freezing point-solubility in water -Silver nitrate Density, aqueous solution Freezing point-solubility in water -Silver oxalate Density, aqueous solution Freezing point-solubility in water -Silver sulfate Density, aqueous solution Freezing point-solubility in water -Sodium dichloroacetate Density, aqueous solution -Sodium hydrogen sulfate Density, aqueous solution -Sodium nitrate Density, aqueous solution -Sodium nitrate-Sodium sulfate Density, aqueous solution -Sodium sulfate Density, aqueous solution -Sodium sulfate-Sulfuric acid Density, aqueous solution -Strontium chloride Density, aqueous solution Freezing point-solubility in water -Strontium sulfate Freezing point-solubility in water -Styphnic acid Freezing point-solubility in water -Suheric acid Freezing point-solubility in water -Succinic acid Freezing point-solubility in water -Sulfuric acid Boiling points Density Aqueous solution Freezing point-solubility Freezing point-solubility in water Specific heat Aqueous solution Vapor compositions Vapor pressure Viscosity Aqueous solut ion -Thallous chloride Density, aqueous solution Freezing point-solubility in water -Thallous sulfate Freezing point-solubility in water -Uranyl nitrate Density, aqueous solution Freezing point-solubility in water -Zinc nitrate Density, aqueous solution -Zinc sulfate Density, aqueous solution Nitric oxide Band spectra Boiling point Compressibility, gas Links 3.97 7.324 7.287 3.97 4.320 7.323 3.97 4.362 3.97 4.359 7.326 3.97 4.324 7.324 3.97 3.97 3.97 3.100 3.97 3.100 3.97 4.290 4.324 4.399 4.399 4.398 3.306 3.133 3.96 4.43 4.322 5.125 5.129 3.306 3.306 5.26 5.18 3.97 4.290 3.314 7.319 4.323 3.97 4.363 3.97 3.97 5.415 1.107 3.14 5.417 1.162 3.229 769 Index Terms Contact potential Critical point data Critical potentials Decomposition, kinetics of Density Gas Liquid Dispersion formula Dissociation, work of Electrons, motion of, in Free energy Formation Reaction with chlorine Reaction with nitric acid Reaction with oxygen Sublimation Vaporization Heat content Liquid Solid Heat of dissociation Heat of formation Heat of fusion Heat of sublimation Heat of vaporization Ionization by α-particles Magnetic moment Magnetic susceptibility Melting point Polarization of light scattered by Refractive index Gas Liquid Solubility in non-aqueous liquids Solubility in sulfuric acid Solubility in water Sound, velocity of, in Specific heat Gas Liquid Solid Thermal conductivity Thermal expansion Transmission of radiant energy Vapor pressure Liquid Solid Vapor pressure above 1 atm. Viscosity, gas -Bromine* -Hydrogen* -Nitrogen tetroxide Freezing point-solubility Nitriles, hydrolysis of Nitrite ion, free energy Nitroacenaphthene -Picric acid Freezing point-solubility -Styphnic acid Freezing point-solubility Nitroacetanilides Heat of combustion Solubility in water Vapor pressure Liquid Solid Links 6.57 3.229 6.72 7.117 3.3 1.107 7.11 6.72 6.116 7.238 7.238 7.240 7.239 7.239 7.239 7.239 3.248 3.22 7.239 7.238 7.239 5.418 5.178 5.131 7.239 7.239 6.122 6.352 6.356 1.107 5.265 7.8 1.107 3.264 3.276 3.259 6.462 5.80 5.86 5.86 5.213 3.16 5.270 1.165 5.81 7.238 7.239 5.215 3.213 3.207 3.229 5.3 4.43 7.141 7.239 4.121 4.122 5.168 3.391 3.224 3.209 4.252 7.238 770 Index Terms -Benzene* m-Nitroacetanilide Crystallography -Benzene* p-Nitroacetanilide -Acetic acid* -Benzene* -2,4-Dinitroacetanilide* m-Nitro-p-acetotoluide Cryoscopic constant Nitroamine, electrical conductivity, aqueous solution o-Nitroaniline Absorption spectra Boiling point Heat of combustion Heat of fusion Solubility in water Specific heat Liquid Solid Vapor pressure -Acetone* -Benzene* -Camphor* -2,4-Dinitroaniline* -2,4-Dinitrochlorobenzene* -Isoamyl acetate* -Nitroaniline (m-, p-) Freezing point-solubility -Nitrobenzene Freezing point-solubility -m-Xylene Freezing point-solubility m-Nitroaniline Absorption spectra Boiling point Boiling point elevation in aqueous solution Diffusion in methyl alcohol Heat of combustion Heat of fusion Solubility in water Specific heat Liquid Solid Surface tension Vapor pressure -Acetanilide* -Benzene* -Camphor* -m-Dinitrobenzene* -2,4-Dinitrochlorobenzene* -Ethyl alcohol* -Isoamyl acetate* -Naphthalene* -Nitrobenzene Boiling point elevation Freezing point-solubility -Tetryl Freezing point-solubility -1,3,5-Trinitrobenzene Freezing point-solubility -m-Xylene Freezing point-solubility p-Nitroaniline Absorption spectra Links 1.328 4.183 6.260 5.339 3.221 5.168 5.133 3.389 5.110 5.103 3.221 4.168 4.176 4.135 5.339 3.221 3.327 5.73 5.168 5.133 3.389 5.110 5.103 4.454 3.221 3.343 4.176 4.135 4.118 4.135 5.339 771 Index Terms Heat of combustion Heat of fusion Heat of solution in water Solubility in water Specific heat Liquid Solid Surface tension Vapor pressure Liquid Solid -Acetone* -Benzene* -Camphor* -2,4-Dinitroaniline* -m-Dinitrobenzene* -Ethyl alcohol* -Nitrobenzene Freezing point-solubility -p-Nitrosoaniline Freezing point-solubility -Propyl alcohol Boiling point elevation -Tetryl Freezing point-solubility -1,3,5-Trinitrobenzene Freezing point-solubility -m-Xylene Freezing point-solubility Nitroanisole Absorption spectra Dielectric constant o-Nitroanisole Refractive index Surface tension -Diethyl tartrate* -Iodine*-Potassium iodide p-Nitroanisole Melting point under pressure Refractive index Surface tension -Diethyl tartrate* -Diphenylamine* -Urethan Freezing point-solubility Nitrobarite. See Barium nitrate. o-Nitrobenzaldehyde Activity coefficient Free energy of solution Photochemical oxidation Solubility in water -Benzene* -Trichloroacetic acid Freezing point-solubility m-Nitrobenzaldehyde Diffusion in methyl alcohol Heat of combustion Solubility in water -Benzene* -Phenol Freezing point-solubility -Trichloroacetic acid Freezing point-solubility p-Nitrobenzaldehyde Cryoscopic constant Links 5.168 5.133 5.149 3.389 4.252 5.110 5.103 4.454 3.221 3.209 4.176 4.135 3.340 4.135 4.118 4.135 5.341 6.92 7.40 4.456 4.10 7.40 4.456 4.112 7.246 7.246 7.169 3.390 4.102 5.73 5.168 3.390 4.135 4.102 4.183 7.70 772 Index Terms Solubility in water -Acenaphthene* -Benzene* -Sulfuric acid Freezing point-solubility -Trichloroacetic acid Freezing point-solubility Nitrobenzaldehydes Absorption spectra Vapor pressure m-Nitrobenzaldoxime Dielectric constant Nitrobenzene Absorption spectra Azeotropic mixtures Birefringence Boiling point Chlorination, kinetics of Compressibility Cryoscopic constant Density Solid Dielectric constant Diffusion in benzene Diffusion in methyl alcohol Electrical conductivity Flash point Heat of combustion Heat of fusion Heat of vaporization Heat of wetting Interfacial tension against various solutions Magnetic susceptibility Melting point Melting point under pressure Polarization of light reflected from Polarization of light scattered by Refractive index Solubility in water Sound, velocity of, in Specific heat Liquid Solid Surface tension Thermal conductivity Toxicology Vapor pressure Verdet constant Viscosity Volume change on melting -Acenaphthene* -Acetanilide* -Acetic acid* -Acetone* -Alizarin* -Aluminum bromide* -Aluminum chloride* -Ammonium iodide*-Iodine -Aniline* -Anthracene* -Anthraquinone* -Antimony tribromide* -Antimony trichloride* -Arsenous oxide* -Azobenzene* -p-Azoxyanisole* Links 3.390 4.188 4.102 5.340 3.222 6.91 5.332 3.322 7.110 3.221 7.146 3.39 4.183 3.29 3.45 6.82 5.74 5.72 6.144 2.162 5.168 5.133 5.137 5.142 4.438 6.362 3.45 4.15 5.261 5.267 7.12 3.389 6.464 5.110 5.103 4.436 5.228 2.320 3.221 6.427 5.45 4.15 5.339 7.111 3.343 7.113 4.215 3.33 6.89 6.105 4.6 7.38 4.454 7.217 7.223 773 Index Terms -Barium iodide*-Iodine -Benzene* -Benzidin e* -Benzil* -Benzoic acid* -Benzoic anhydride* -Benzoin* -Benzoyl chloride* -Bromine* -Bromine*-Potassium bromide -Bromoform* -Butane* -Camphoric acid* -Capronitrile* -Carbazole* -Carbon dioxide* -Carbon disulfide* -Carbon tetrachloride* -Cesium chloride*-Iodine -Chloroform* -o-Cresol* -Decacyclene* -p-Dibromobenzene* -1,1-Dibromoethane* -Diethyl diacetyltartrate* -Diethyl tartrate* -Diethyl tartrate*-Ethylene bromide -Diethylaniline* -Diisoamyl* -Di-l-menthyl l-tartrate* -Dimethyl d-dimethoxysuccinate* -Dimethyl tartrate* -Dimethyl terephthalate* -Dimethylaniline* -Dimethylphenylammonium iodide*-Iodine -m-Dinitrobenzene* -Diphenyl* -Diphenylamine* -Durene* -Ethyl acetate* -Ethyl alcohol* -Ethyl di(trichloroacetyl) tartrate* -Ethyl ether* -Ethyl trichloroacetate* -Ethylaniline* -Ethylene bromide* -Ethylxanthic acid* -Fluorene* -Fluorocyclene* -Hexane* -Hydrogen peroxide* -Iodine* -Iodine*-Lithium iodide -Iodine*-Phenylammonium iodide -Iodine*-Potassium bromide -Iodine*-Potassium chloride -Iodine*-Potassium iodide -Iodine*-Rubidium chloride -Iodine*-Rubidium iodide -Iodine*-Sodium iodide -Iodine*-Strontium iodide -Iodine*-Tetramethylammonium iodide -Isoamyl alcohol* -Isobutyl alcohol* -Isobutyl diacetyl-d-tartrate* -Isobutyl di(trichloroacetyl) tartrate* -Isopentane* Links 774 Index Terms -Menthol* -Menthyl benzenesulfonate* -Menthyl diacetyltartrate* -Menthyl naphthalene-β-sulfonate* -Menthyl tartrate* -Mercuric iodide* -Methyl l-α-acetoxypropionate* -Methyl alcohol* -Methyl benzoate* -Methyl dibenzoylglycerate* -Methyl di-(trichloroacetyl) tartrate* -Methyl lactate* -Methyl l-α-methoxypropionate* -Methyl mono(trichloroacetyl) tartrate* -Methylaniline* -Naphthalene* -α-Naphthylamine* -Nitroaniline (o-, m-, p-) -Nitrogen tetroxide Boiling point elevation -Nitrosobenzene Freezing point-solubility -Nitrotoluene (o-, p-) Freezing point-solubility -Oleates Dielectric constant -Paraldehyde Density Viscosity -Petroleum Solubility, mutual -Phenanthraquinone Boiling point elevation -Phenanthrene Density Freezing point-solubility -Phenol Density Freezing point-solubility Viscosity -Phenyl salicylate Boiling point elevation -Phthalic anhydride Boiling point elevation -Potassium iodide Distribution coefficients in water -p-Quinone Freezing point-solubility -Resorcinol Freezing point-solubility -Salicylic acid Density -Stearic acid Density -Sulfur Boiling point elevation -Tetrachloroethane Density Viscosity -Tetraethylammonium iodide Density -Tetraphenylethane Boiling point elevation -Tetrapropylammonium iodide Density -Toluene Compressibility Links 3.329 4.128 4.129 6.104 3.177 5.45 3.397 3.343 3.178 4.177 3.176 4.176 5.45 3.343 3.343 3.422 4.127 4.128 3.177 3.178 3.343 3.154 5.36 3.177 3.343 3.178 3.440 775 Index Terms Density Dielectric constant Surface tension -o-Toluidine Density Heat of solution Surface tension Viscosity -Triphenylmethane Boiling point elevation -Water Vapor pressure m-Nitrobenzenediazoethylamino-p-nitrobenzene -p-Nitrobenzenediazoethylamino-m-nitrobenzene Freezing point-solubility o-Nitrobenzidine -Ethyl alcohol* Nitrobenzoic acid Diffusion in methyl alcohol Vapor pressure o-Nitrobenzoic acid Absorption spectra Activity coefficient Boiling point elevation in aqueous solution Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Free energy of ionization Free energy of solution Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Heat of combustion Heat of fusion Heat of solution in water Ionization constant Solubility in water Specific heat Liquid Solid -Benzene* -Chloroform* -Dimethylpyrone* -Ethyl acetate* -Ethyl ether* -Formic acid* -Hydrogen chloride* -Isoamyl alcohol* -Malonic acid* -Methyl alcohol* -Methylpicric acid* -Nitrobenzoic acid (m-, p-) Freezing point-solubility -Potassium nitrate Freezing point-solubility in water -Propyl alcohol Heat of solution -Salicylic acid Freezing point-solubility in water -Xylene Distribution coefficients in water m-Nitrobenzoic acid Absorption spectra Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Heat of combustion Heat of fusion Heat of solution in water Solubility in water Pressure, effect of Specific heat Links 3.177 6.103 4.473 3.177 5.157 4.473 5.45 3.343 3.291 4.164 5.73 3.222 5.341 7.246 3.327 6.278 7.246 7.246 4.263 5.168 5.133 5.150 7.246 3.391 4.251 4.253 4.252 4.253 5.110 5.103 4.169 4.418 5.153 4.418 3.429 5.341 6.278 5.168 5.133 5.150 3.391 3.393 4.253 776 Index Terms Liquid Solid -Benzene* -Chloroform* -Dimethylpyrone* -Ethyl alcohol* -Ethyl ether* -Hydrogen chloride* -Xylene Distribution coefficients in water p-Nitrobenzoic acid Absorption spectra Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Heat of combustion Heat of fusion Heat of solution in water Solubility in water Specific heat Liquid Solid Vapor pressure Liquid Solid -Benzene* -Chloroform* -Sodium p-nitrobenzoate Freezing point-solubility in water -Xylene Distribution coefficients in water o-Nitrobenzoyl chloride -Nitrobenzoyl chloride (m-, p-) Freezing point-solubility Nitrobenzyl chloride -Benzene* m-Nitrobenzyl alcohol Dielectric constant o-Nitrobenzylidene chloride -Nitrobenzylidene chloride (m-, p-) Freezing point-solubility Nitrobromobenzoic acids, electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Nitrocalite. See Calcium nitrate. Nitrocamphene Optical rotatory power Nitrocamphor Absorption spectra Heat of solution in water Optical rotatory power Verdet constant Nitrocatechol -Camphor* Nitrocellulose Absorption spectra Moisture content at various humidities -Acetoethyl-o-toluidine* -Acetone* -Amyl acetate* -Diethyl phthalate* -Ethyl acetate* -Ethyl butyrate* -Ethyl formate* -Ethyl o-toluylethylcarbamate* -Methyl acetate* -Propyl acetate Density Links 5.110 5.103 3.429 5.341 6.278 5.168 5.133 5.150 4.251 4.252 5.110 5.103 3.222 3.209 4.418 3.429 4.147 6.92 4.169 6.277 7.411 5.346 5.150 7.438 6.430 5.334 2.323 3.196 4.170 777 Index Terms Nitrocellulose explosives Nitrocellulose plastics 4-Nitro-2-chloroacetanilide -6-Nitro-2-chloroacetanilide Freezing point-solubility 4-Nitro-3-chloroacetanilide -6-Nitro-3-chloroacetanilide Freezing point-solubility Nitrochlorobenzene, flash point Nitrochlorobenzoic acids, electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Nitrocumic acid Crystallography Heat of solution in water Nitrodiethyl aniline -Nitrosodiethylaniline Freezing point-solubility Nitroethane Absorption spectra Azeotropic mixtures Boiling point Dielectric constant Heat of combustion Magnetic susceptibility Refractive index Surface tension -Benzil* -Benzoic acid* Nitroform, absorption spectra p-Nitroethylaniline -p-Nitrosomonoethylaniline Freezing point-solubility o-Nitroformanilide -p-Nitroformanilide Freezing point-solubility Nitrogen Accommodation coefficient Adsorption by wood charcoal Adsorption on glass Band spectra Boiling point Cathodoluminescence Compressibility, gas Contact potential Critical constants Critical potentials Density Gas Liquid Solid Dielectric constant Diffusion in sodium chloride solution Dispersion formula Dissociation, work of Electrons, absorption of, by Electrons, attachment of, to form ions Electrons, motion of, in Electrons, secondary emission of Electrons, thermal emission, effect on Emission spectra Entropy Free energy In water Reaction with hydrogen Reaction with oxygen Links 7.496 2.296 4.153 4.153 2.162 6.277 1.330 5.150 4.158 5.331 3.320 3.336 6.82 5.167 6.361 7.34 4.449 5.335 6.85 5.334 4.154 4.179 5.53 3.250 3.251 5.415 1.53 5.388 3.17 6.57 1.102 6.71 1.102 1.102 1.104 6.74 5.64 7.11 6.72 6.61 6.116 6.116 6.63 6.55 5.305 5.88 7.238 7.239 7.238 5.417 1.102 3.204 6.72 3.3 3.20 3.21 6.79 3.203 3.248 778 Index Terms Glass, permeability of Heat content Heat of adsorption on charcoal Heat of dissociation Heat of fusion Heat of vaporization Ion pairs produced by electrons Ionization, atomic Ionization by accelerated electrons Ionization by α-particles Ionization by electrons Ions, diffusivity of, in Ions, mobility of, in Isotopes J-Phenomenon Joule-Thomson effect Light, transmission of, by Magnetic susceptibility Melting point Molecular data Orthobaric density Persistent lines Polarization of light scattered by Quantum numbers Refractive index Gas Liquid Rubber, permeability of Solubility in Aluminum, molten Aqueous solutions Copper, molten Iron, molten Non-aqueous liquids Sea water Water Sound, velocity of, in Specific heat Gas Liquid Solid Spectral series Steel, permeability of Surface tension Thermal conductivity Molecular Thermal expansion Gas Liquid Thermochemistry Thermodynamic potential Transition temperature Transmission of radiant energy Triple point Vapor pressure Verdet constant Gas Liquid Dispersion Virial coefficients Viscosity Gas X-ray diffraction bands X-rays, absorption coefficient X-rays, absorption of, relation of ejected electrons Zeeman effect -Argon* Links 5.76 5.88 5.139 5.418 1.104 1.102 6.121 6.122 6.121 6.122 6.120 6.115 6.111 1.47 6.1 5.144 5.265 6.354 1.104 1.92 3.204 5.323 5.265 5.408 5.141 5.131 5.135 6.114 6.355 7.7 1.103 2.272 7.11 5.76 3.270 3.275 3.270 3.270 3.262 3.272 3.256 6.462 6.463 1.102 1.103 1.104 5.401 5.76 1.103 5.213 5.215 3.19 1.102 5.178 5.88 4.6 5.269 3.203 3.203 5.80 5.85 5.85 5.82 5.88 5.88 4.441 5.214 4.442 3.20 3.204 6.425 6.426 6.432 3.19 1.102 1.351 6.13 6.20 5.420 5.2 6.15 5.85 7.238 779 Index Terms -Argon*-0xygen -Carbon monoxide* -Hydrogen* -Iron* -Oxygen Boiling point Diffusion coefficient Heat of vaporization P-V-T relations Vapor pressure Viscosity Nitrogen dioxide Formation, kinetics of Refractive index See also Nitrogen tetroxide. Nitrogen hydride, band spectra Nitrogen oxides, toxicology Nitrogen pentoxide Decomposition, kinetics of Heat of formation Heat of fusion Magnetic susceptibility Specific heat Vapor pressure Nitrogen selenide , heat of formation Nitrogen sulfide Heat of formation -Benzene* -Carbon tetrachloride* Nitrogen tetroxide Boiling point Critical point data Density, liquid Dielectric constant Gas Liquid Solid Dissociation constant (in chloroform) Free energy Formation Reaction with water Heat content Heat of formation Heat of fusion Heat of vaporization Magnetic susceptibility Refractivity Solubility in non-aqueous liquids Specific heat Surface tension Thermal conductivity Vapor pressure Liquid Solid Vapor pressure above 1 atm. Viscosity -Acetic acid* -Acetophenone* -Benzoic acid* -Benzyl chloride* -Camphor* -Carbon tetrachloride* -m-Dinitrobenzene* -2,4-Dinitrophenol* -Ethylene bromide* Links 3.309 5.62 5.135 3.17 3.351 5.5 3.381 7.117 7.8 5.415 2.320 7.116 5.178 5.131 6.356 5.95 3.207 5.179 5.179 3.229 3.229 3.23 6.75 6.76 6.76 7.241 7.241 7.239 7.239 7.239 5.178 5.131 5.136 6.356 7.8 3.264 5.81 4.447 5.214 3.213 3.207 3.229 7.212 3.329 3.248 7.239 7.241 7.239 7.241 780 Index Terms -Nitric acid* -Nitric oxide* -Nitrobenzene* -Nitrogen trioxide Density Freezing point-solubility Vapor pressure -o-Nitrotoluene Freezing point-solubility -p-Nitrotoluene Boiling point elevation -Picric acid Boiling point elevation -Quinone Boiling point elevation -1,1,2, 2-Tetrabromoethane Boiling point elevation -Toluene Boiling point elevation -Toluic acid Boiling point elevation -Tribromoacetic acid Boiling point elevation -Trichlorobutyric acid Boiling point elevation Nitrogen trichloride Heat of formation Photochemical decomposition Nitrogen trioxide Density, liquid Magnetic susceptibility Solubility in water Vapor pressure -Chloroform* -Nitrogen tetroxide* -Sulfuric acid Density, aqueous solution Nitroglauberite Refractive index Nitroglycerol Absorption spectra Cryoscopic constant Explosive, properties as Heat of explosion Vapor pressure -Acetone* Nitroglycerol powders Nitroguanidine Absorption spectra -Nitric acid* -Sulfuric acid Freezing point-solubility in water d-5-Nitrohydrindene-2-carboxylic acid -1-5-Nitrohydrindene-2-carboxylic acid Freezing point-solubility Nitrohydroquinol -Camphor* Nitromagnesite Refractive index Nitromethane Absorption spectra Azeotropic mixtures Birefringence Boiling point Compressibility Links 3.133 4.44 3.355 4.189 3.329 3.329 3.329 3.329 3.329 3.329 3.329 3.329 5.179 7.168 3.23 6.356 3.259 3.213 3.96 1.151 1.169 5.336 4.183 7.490 7.490 3.218 7.496 5.335 4.398 4.158 1.141 1.169 5.331 3.319 7.110 3.216 3.35 5.335 3.333 781 Index Terms Density Dielectric constant Diffusion in methyl alcohol Electrical conductivity Aqueous solution Heat of combustion Heat of solution in water Heat of vaporization Refractive index Solubility in water Pressure, effect of Solubility of salts in Sound, velocity of, in Specific heat Surface tension Vapor pressure Viscosity -Acetamide* -Benzil* -Benzyl cyanide* -m-Dinitrobenzene* -Diphenylamine* -Ethyl iodide* -Iodine*-Potassium iodide -Potassium iodide Density -Tetraethylammonium iodide Boiling point elevation Density -Tetramethylammonium iodide Density -Tetrapropylammonium iodide Density -Triphenylmethane Boiling point elevation p-Nitromethylaniline Heat of combustion Surface tension α-Nitronaphthalene Absorption spectra Cryoscopic constant Diffusion in benzene Diffusion in methyl alcohol Heat of fusion Magnetic susceptibility Specific heat Liquid Solid Verdet constant -Acetone* -Amyl acetate* -Aniline* -Antimony tribromide* -Antimony trichloride* -Benzene* -Camphor* -Carbon disulfide* -Catechol* -Catechol* -Hydroquinol -Catechol* -Resorcinol -Chloroform* -Diethyl tartrate* -1,5-Dinitronaphthalene* -1,5-Dinitronaphthalene*-1,8-Dinitronaphthalene -1,8-Dinitronaphthalene* -Diphenylamine* Links 3.28 6.82 5.72 6.143 6.261 5.167 5.148 5.136 7.34 3.387 3.393 4.206 6.464 5.107 4.436 3.216 7.213 6.83 4.448 3.142 3.333 3.150 3.150 3.150 3.333 5.168 4.456 5.333 4.184 5.74 5.73 5.134 6.363 5.112 5.104 6.430 5.345 782 Index Terms -Ethyl ether* -Hydroquinol* -Naphthalene* -α-Naphthylamine* -Paraffin Solubility, mutual -Picric acid Freezing point-solubility -Resorcinol Freezing point-solubility -Styphnic acid Freezing point-solubility -Urethan Freezing point-solubility Nitropentammine cobaltic chromate Solubility in aqueous solutions Nitropentammine cobaltic dinitrate Solubility in aqueous solutions Nitropentammine cobaltic oxalate Solubility in aqueous solutions Nitropentammine cobaltic tetranitrodiammine cobaltiate Solubility in aqueous solutions Nitropentammine cobaltic tetrathiocyanatodiammine chromiate Solubility in aqueous solutions Nitropentane -Iodine*-Potassium iodide o-Nitrophenetole -Diethyl tartrate* p-Nitrophenetole Surface tension Nitrophenetole (o-, m-, p-) Absorption spectra Heat of combustion Nitrophenol Diffusion in methyl alcohol Vapor pressure o-Nitrophenol Absorption spectra Cryoscopic constant Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Heat of combustion Heat of fusion Heat of solution in water Melting point under pressure Solubility in water Surface tension Viscosity -Acenaphthene* -Acetamide* -Acetone* -Acetophenone* -m-Aminophenol* -Ammonia* -Aniline* -Anthracene* -Antipyrine* -Azobenzene* -Benzamide* -Benzene* -Benzhydrol* -Benzophenone* -Bromobenzene* -Camphor* -Carbazole* Links 3.397 4.120 4.139 4.122 4.112 7.336 7.330 7.331 7.334 7.337 4.457 5.343 5.168 5.73 3.221 5.339 4.183 6.272 5.168 5.133 5.149 4.10 3.389 4.454 5.41 5.46 7.217 783 Index Terms -Carbon dioxide* -Chloroform* -Cineole* -Cinnamic acid* -Diethyl tartrate* -Dimethyl oxalate* -Dimethylpyrone* -2,4-Dinitrophenol* -Diphenylamine* -Ethyl alcohol* -Ethyl ether* -Ethylene bromide* -Fenchone* -m-Hydroxybenzaldehyde* -Isoamyl acetate* -Methyl alcohol* -Naphthalene* -Naphthylamine* (α-, β-) -Nitrophenol (m-, p-) Freezing point-solubility -o-Nitrophenyl acetate Freezing point-solubility -Phenylenediamine (o-, m-, p-) Freezing point-solubility -Picric acid Freezing point-solubility -Pyridine Density Heat of solution Viscosity -Quinoline Density Viscosity -Succinimide Freezing point-solubility -Sulfuric acid Freezing point-solubility -Toluene Freezing point-solubility -p-Toluidine Density Freezing point-solubility Viscosity -Trichloroacetic acid Freezing point-solubility -Trimethylcarbinol Freezing point-solubility -Triphenylcarbinol Freezing point-solubility -Triphenylmethane Freezing point-solubility m-Nitrophenol Absorption spectra Cryoscopic constant Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Heat of combustion Heat of solution in water Solubility in water Surface tension -Acenaphthene* -Acetamide* -Acetone* -Acetophenone* -m-Aminophenol* -Aniline* -Anthracene* -Antipyrine* Links 4.168 4.177 4.129 4.129 4.175 3.169 5.153 5.41 3.178 5.46 4.113 4.188 4.129 3.178 4.177 5.46 4.101 4.115 4.130 4.130 5.339 4.183 6.272 5.168 5.149 3.389 4.454 4.253 784 Index Terms -Azobenzene* -Benzamide* -Benzene* -Benzhydrol* -Benzophenone* -Camphor* -Carbazole* -Cineole* -Cinnamic acid* -Dimethyl oxalate* -Diphenylamine* -Diphenylmethane* -Ethyl alcohol* -Ethyl ether* -Hydrogen chloride* -Isoamyl acetate* -Naphthylamine (α-, β-)* -o-Nitrophenol* -p-Nitrophenol Freezing point-solubility -Phenylenediamine (o-, m-, p-) Freezing point-solubility -Picric acid Freezing point-solubility -Succinic acid Freezing point-solubility -Succinimide Freezing point-solubility -Sulfuric acid Freezing point-solubility -Toluene Freezing point-solubility -p-Toluidine Freezing point-solubility -Trichloroacetic acid Freezing point-solubility -Trimethylcarbinol Freezing point-solubility -Triphenylcarbinol Freezing point-solubility -Triphenylmethane Freezing point-solubility p-Nitrophenol Absorption spectra Boiling point elevation in aqueous solution Cryoscopic constant Density, aqueous solution Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Heat of combustion Heat of solution in water Magnetic susceptibility Melting point under pressure Solubility in water Pressure, effect of Surface tension Thermal conductivity Volume change on melting -Acenaphthene* -Acetamide* -Acetic acid* -Acetone* -Acetophenone* -m-Aminophenol* -Aniline* -Anthracene* -Antipyrine* -Azobenzene* Links 4.177 4.130 4.175 4.114 4.113 4.188 4.130 4.130 4.101 4.115 4.131 4.131 5.339 3.327 4.183 3.112 6.272 5.168 5.149 6.362 4.15 3.389 3.393 4.454 5.216 4.15 4.251 785 Index Terms -Benzamide* -Benzene* -Benzhydrol* -Benzophenone* -Bromobenzene* -Camphor* -Carbazole* -Cineole* -Cinnamic acid* -Dimethyl oxalate* -Dimethylpyrone* -Diphenylamine* -Diphenylmethane* -Ethyl alcohol* -Ethyl ether* -Ethylene bromide* -Fenchone* -Hydrogen chloride* -m-Hydroxybenzaldehyde* -Isoamyl acetate* -Naphthalene* -Naphthylamine (α-, β-)* -Nitrophenol (o-, m-)* -Phenylenediamine (o-, m-, p-) Freezing point-solubility -Picric acid Freezing point-solubility -Succinic acid Freezing point solubility -Succinimide Freezing point-solubility -Sulfuric acid Freezing point-solubility -Toluene Freezing point-solubility -p-Toluidine Freezing point-solubility -Trichloroacetic acid Freezing point-solubility -Trimethylcarbinol Freezing point-solubility -Triphenylcarbinol Freezing point-solubility -Triphenylmethane Freezing point-solubility o-Nitrophenyl acetate -o-Nitrophenol* Nitrophenylarsonic acid (o-, m -, p-) Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution o-Nitrophenylchloroform -Nitrophenylchloroform (m-, p-) Freezing point-solubility m-Nitrophenylchloroform -p-Nitrophenylchloroform Freezing point-solubility p-Nitrophenylfluoroform Birefringence, magnetic Magnetic susceptibility m-Nitrophenylhydroxylamine Heat of combustion Nitrophenylnitromethanes -Methyl alcohol* Nitropiperonal -Trichloroacetic acid Freezing point-solubility Links 4.131 4.175 4.114 4.113 4.188 4.131 4.131 4.101 4.115 4.132 4.132 6.273 4.169 4.144 7.111 6.362 5.168 4.103 786 Index Terms Nitropropane Heat of combustion Refractive index p-Nitropropylamline -p-Nitrosopropylaniline Freezing point-solubility Nitroresorcinol -Camphor* 2-Nitroresorcinol Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Surface tension p-Nitrosoaniline -p-Nitroaniline* Nitrosobenzene Absorption spectra Magnetic susceptibility -Aniline* -Nitrobenzene* Nitrosodiethylamine Density Magnetic susceptibility Refractive index -Nitrodiethylaniline* Nitrosodimethylamine Dielectric constant Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Refractive index p-Nitrosodimethylaniline Absorption spectra Refractive index Rubber vulcanization, use in -Acetamide* -Acridine* -Aniline* -Benzamide* -Benzene* -Naphthylamine (α-, β-)* -Phenol Freezing point-solubility -Phenylenediamine (o-, m-, p-) Freezing point-solubility -Pyridine Freezing point-solubility -Toluidine (o-, p-) Freezing point-solubility -Quinoline Freezing point-solubility -m-Xylidine Freezing point-solubility Nitrosomethylaniline Refractive index -Benzene* Nitroso-β-naphthol Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution -Acetic acid* Nitrosopiperidine Absorption spectra Magnetic susceptibility Refractive index Solubility in water p-Nitrosopropylaniline -p-Nitropropylaniline* Nitrosotriacetoneamine Decomposition, kinetics of Links 5.167 7.35 4.154 6.272 4.454 5.339 6.362 3.28 6.361 7.36 6.85 6.263 7.34 5.333 7.12 2.283 4.136 4.143 4.117 4.152 4.154 4.154 7.40 6.293 5.338 6.362 7.37 3.388 7.122 5.343 787 Index Terms Nitrosyl bromide Formation, kinetics of Heat of formation Nitrosyl chloride Boiling point Density Gas Liquid Free energy Formation Heat of formation Orthobaric density Photochemical decomposition Quantum sensitivity Surface tension Vapor pressure Liquid Solid Vapor pressure above 1 atm. Viscosity, liquid -Chlorine* Nitrotartaric acid, optical rotatory power Nitrotoluene Absorption spectra Azeotropic mixtures Boiling point Vapor pressure -Benzene* o-Nitrotoluene Absorption spectra Birefringence Cryoscopic constant Dielectric constant Electrical conductivity Heat of combustion Magnetic susceptibility Polarization of light scattered by Refractive index Solubility in water Sound, velocity of, in Surface tension Verdet constant -Aluminum bromide* -Aluminum chloride* -Antimony tribromide* -Antimony trichloride* -Carbon disulfide* -Cesium iodide*-Iodine -Diethyl tartrate* -2,4-Dinitrotoluene* -Ethyl alcohol* -Iodine*-Potassium iodide -Isobutyl diacetyl-d-tartrate* -Nitrobenzene* -Nitrogen tetroxide* -Nitrotoluene (m-, p-) Freezing point-solubility -p-Nitrotoluene-2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene Freezing point-solubility -2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene Freezing point-solubility -Water Vapor pressure m-Nitrotoluene Birefringence Cryoscopic constant Links 7.117 5.179 3.229 3.3 3.23 7.240 7.240 5.179 3.229 7.164 7.168 4.441 3.213 3.207 3.229 7.212 7.384 5.341 3.322 3.223 3.223 5.332 7.111 4.183 6.82 6.144 5.168 6.362 5.267 7.40 3.391 6.464 4.437 6.429 4.170 4.170 4.178 3.291 7.111 4.183 6.92 4.456 4.179 6.105 788 Index Terms Density Dielectric constant Electrical conductivity Heat of combustion Polarization of light scattered by Surface tension Viscosity -Aluminum bromide* -Aluminum chloride* -Antimony tribromide* -Antimony trichloride* -Benzene* -Cyclohexane* -Diethyl diacetyltartrate* -Diethyl tartrate* -Ethyl alcohol* -Hexane* -Iodine*-Potassium iodide -Iodine*-Sodium iodide -Methylcyclohexane* -o-Nitrotoluene* -p-Nitrotoluene Freezing point-solubility -Toluene Density Refractive index Dispersion p-Nitrotoluene Absorption spectra Birefringence, electric Cryoscopic constant Dielectric constant Heat of combustion Surface tension Verdet constant -Acetone* -Aluminum bromide* -Aluminum chloride* -Aniline* -Antimony tribromide* -Antimony trichloride* -Carbon disulfide* -2,4-Dinitrotoluene* -2,4-Dinitrotoluene*-2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene -2,6-Dinitrotoluene* -Diphenylamine* -Diethyl tartrate* -Ethyl alcohol* -Mercuric iodide* -Naphthalene* -Nitrobenzene* -Nitrogen tetroxide* -Nitrotoluene (o-, m-)* -o-Nitrotoluene*-2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene -Tetryl Freezing point-solubility -2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene Freezing point-solubility -Urethan Freezing point-solubility Nitrous acid Absorption spectra, solutions Decomposition kinetics Heat of formation Ionization constant Links 3.29 6.92 6.144 5.168 5.267 4.437 5.49 4.179 7.86 7.86 7.105 5.332 7.111 4.183 5.92 5.168 4.456 6.429 4.147 4.378 4.112 5.327 7.148 5.179 7.239 4.456 789 Index Terms Nitrous oxide Boiling point Critical point data Decomposition, kinetics of Decomposition pressure of hydrate Density Gas Liquid Dielectric constant Gas Liquid Diffusion in water Dispersion formula Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Electrons, attachment of, to form ions Electrons, motion of, in Free energy Aqueous solution Formation Ionization Solution Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Heat of formation Heat of fusion Heat of vaporization Ionization by α-particles Ionization by β-particles Ionization by γ-rays Ionization by phosphorus vapor Ionization by X-rays Ions, mobility of, in Ions, recombination of, in Light, transmission of, by Magnetic susceptibility Melting point Orthobaric density Polarization of light scattered by Refractive index Gas Liquid Rubber, permeability of Solubility in Aqueous solution Colloidal solutions Non-aqueous liquids Water Sound, velocity of, in Specific heat, gas Surface tension Thermal conductivity Thermal expansion Vapor pressure Liquid Solid Vapor pressure above 1 atm. Verdet constant Gas Liquid Viscosity, gas X-ray diffraction data -Carbon dioxide* -Ethane* -Hydrogen* -Hydrogen chloride* -Methyl ether* -Nicotine* -Nitrogen trioxide Links 1.108 3.229 7.117 7.241 3.3 1.108 1.162 3.248 3.23 6.75 6.76 5.64 7.11 6.260 6.117 6.116 7.239 7.239 7.239 7.24 4.255 5.178 5.131 5.136 6.122 6.121 6.123 6.124 6.123 6.111 6.115 5.265 6.356 1.108 3.229 5.265 7.8 1.108 2.272 3.276 3.282 3.264 3.259 6.462 5.80 4.442 5.213 3.16 3.213 3.207 3.229 6.425 6.426 5.3 1.341 5.138 1.365 6.463 5.81 4.447 5.215 3.229 790 Index Terms Vapor pressure Nitrourea Absorption spectra Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Nocerine, refractive index Node, definition Noheet (alloy) Nonane Compressibility Density Dielectric constant Electrical conductivity Specific heat Viscosity Nonanedicarboxylic acid Heat of combustion Nongran (alloy) Nonoic acid, density Non-pareil (alloy) β-Nonyl esters Optical rotatory power γ-Nonyl esters Optical rotatory power Nonylacetylene Surface tension Viscosity Nonylene, specific heat Nonylic acid Esterification constant Verdet constant Noon, definition Nopinol, optical rotatory power Nopinone, optical rotatory power Nordenskioeldine, density Norit. See Charcoal. Normal cells, low-voltage Northrupite Density Refractive index Norway, weights and measures Norway iron Demagnetization by torsion Electrical conductivity Magnetic properties Noselite Density Refractive index Novo steel Nürnberger gold Nutation, constant of Oak wood Density Thermal conductivity Observations, errors of Oceanic deposits, radioactivity Oceans, mean depth Octadecane Absorption spectra Density Links 3.285 5.335 6.261 7.25 1.39 2.380 3.37 3.30 6.95 6.144 5.112 7.220 5.166 2.381 3.45 2.381 2.556 3.34 2.565 2.557 7.361 7.361 4.461 7.221 5.112 7.138 6.430 1.42 7.420 7.415 1.145 6.315 1.153 1.153 1.10 1.165 6.441 6.424 6.376 1.153 1.153 2.381 2.381 1.35 2.313 2.313 1.92 1.379 1.394 5.334 3.30 1.165 2.472 2.314 2.314 3.34 791 Index Terms Octahedrite, thermal conductivity Octahydronaphthalene Heat of combustion Octane Absorption spectra Azeotropic mixtures Birefringence, electric Boiling point Compressibility Critical point data Density Dielectric constant Dielectric strength Diffusion of vapor in air Flash point Heat of combustion Heat of vaporization Ignition temperature Inflammability, limits of Internal pressure Magnetic susceptibility Orthobaric density Polarization of light reflected from Polarization of light scattered by Gas Liquid Refractive index Specific heat Surface tension Thermal conductivity Vapor pressure Vapor pressure above 1 atm. Verdet constant, dispersion of Viscosity X-ray diffraction bands X-rays, absorption coefficient X-rays, scattering of -Aniline* -Benzene* -Chloroform* -Hexane* -Phenol Solubility, mutual -Sulfur dioxide Solubility, mutual β-Octanol -Benzene* β-Octanol acetate Viscosity -Benzene* -Carbon disulfide* Octanonoxime Magnetic susceptibility Octoic acid Density Refractive index Octyl acetate Verdet constant Octyl alcohol Absorption spectra Birefringence, electric Critical temperature Dielectric constant Heat of combustion Heat of vaporization Links 5.232 5.164 5.333 3.321 7.111 3.225 3.37 3.245 3.29 6.94 6.106 5.63 2.161 5.163 5.137 2.174 2.179 4.19 6.363 3.245 5.261 5.266 5.267 7.45 5.112 4.437 5.228 3.225 3.245 6.434 7.220 1.352 6.14 6.17 5.344 3.249 4.458 7.223 6.16 3.397 3.394 7.221 6.363 3.45 7.45 6.430 5.333 7.111 3.249 6.94 5.164 5.137 5.344 792 Index Terms Magnetic susceptibility Refractive index Surface tension Aqueous solutions Verdet constant, dispersion of Viscosity X-rays, absorption coefficient sec.-Octyl alcohol Absorption spectra Azeotropic mixtures Critical temperature Heat of vaporization Verdet constant, dispersion of Viscosity -Diethylamine* Octyl benzoate Verdet constant Octyl chloride Magnetic susceptibility Verdet constant sec.-Octyl chloride Verdet constant β-Octyl esters Optical rotatory power Viscosity Octyl hydrogen phthalate -Benzene* sec.-Octyl hydrogen phthalate -Benzene* Octyl iodide Dielectric constant Verdefc constant sec.-Octyl iodide, dielectric constant Octylene Birefringence, electric Dielectric constant Magnetic susceptibility Refractive index Specific heat Surface tension Verdet constant Octylene bromide, magnetic susceptibility Octylisopropyl carbinol, viscosity Octylmalonic acid Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Heat of combustion Odiophore Odoriferous materials Odorimetry Odors Adsorption by metallic surfaces Classification Diffusion in free air Threshold values Ultra-violet light, destructio n by Volatility from paraffin solutions Oenanthaldoxime, surface tension Oenanthylidene chloride, magnetic susceptibility Ohm Definition International Legal, definition Links 6.363 7.45 4.437 4.470 6.434 7.220 6.14 4.459 6.16 5.333 3.322 3.249 5.137 6.434 7.220 6.430 6.363 6.430 6.430 7.361 7.221 6.94 6.430 6.94 7.111 6.94 6.363 7.45 5.112 4.458 6.430 6.363 7.221 6.299 5.166 1.358 1.358 1.360 1.359 1.358 1.358 1.360 1.359 1.358 4.457 6.362 1.39 1.18 1.38 7.222 793 Index Terms Oils Congelation temperature Specific heat Oils, animal Acetyl value Common names Composition Density Dispersion, optical Fatty acids of, melting points Heat of combustion Hehner value Iodine value Paint and varnish industry Properties Refractive index Reichert -Meissl value Saponification value Thermal expansion Unsaponifiable matter Oils, fuel Oils, hydrogenated, properties Oils, insulating Dielectric strength Physical properties Oils, mineral Corona in Thermal conductivity Oils, tar Oils, transformer Dielectric strength Sparkover voltage Oils, vegetable Acetyl value Composition Density Dispersion, optical Electrical conductivity Fatty acids of, melting points Flash point Heat of combustion Hehner value Iodine value Optical rotation Paint and varnish industry Properties Refractive index Reichert -Meissl value Saponification value Thermal conductivity Thermal expansion Unsaponifiable matter Viscosity Okenite Dehydration behavior Density Refractive index Oker (alloy) Okra fiber, breaking strain Oldhamite Density See also Calcium sulfide. Oleates Dielectric constant of solutions Links 2.214 2.210 2.196 2.214 2.198 2.207 2.214 2.214 2.215 2.211 2.215 2.214 2.318 2.203 2.213 2.215 2.214 2.210 2.215 2.137 2.216 2.305 2.305 2.136 6.108 2.151 2.170 2.305 2.306 2.196 2.214 2.206 2.214 2.213 2.211 2.215 2.211 2.210 2.215 2.214 2.214 2.317 2.201 2.212 2.215 2.214 5.228 2.210 2.215 2.209 7.313 1.144 1.144 2.381 2.236 1.143 6.104 2.162 2.162 5.228 2.306 1.169 2.469 2.470 2.556 794 Index Terms -Benzene* -Capronitrile* -Carbon disulfide* -Carbon tetrachloride* -Chloroform* -Cottonseed oil* -Kerosene* -Nitrobenzene* -Pyridine Dielectric constant Oleic acid Absorption spectra Birefringence, magnetic Dielectric constant Electrical conductivity Esterification constant Heat of combustion Interfacial tension Magnetic susceptibility Polarization of light reflected from Rubber softener Surface tension Viscosity -Acetone* -Carbon disulfide* -Cholesterol* -Ethyl alcohol* -Ethyl ether* -Isoamyl acetate* -Isoamyl alcohol* -Methyl alcohol* -Palmitic acid Freezing point-solubility Refractive index -Palmitic acid-Stearic acid Freezing point-solubility Refractive index -Stearic acid Freezing point-solubility Refractive index Oleum Density Vapor pressure Olfacty Oligoclase, compressibility Olive oil Absorption spectra Angle of contact Electrical conductivity Polarization of light reflected from Rubber softener Thermal conductivity Thermal expansion Olivenite Density Refractive index Olivile hydrate Optical rotatory power Olivine Compressibility Refractive index X-ray diffraction data Onion's alloy Opal Compressibility Links 6.104 5.334 7.112 6.96 6.146 7.138 5.166 4.438 6.364 5.261 2.278 4.437 7.223 4.462 4.165 7.90 4.171 7.97 4.166 7.90 3.96 3.304 1.358 3.50 5.334 4.434 2.211 5.261 2.278 5.228 2.210 1.123 1.123 1.360 6.146 1.173 7.463 3.50 7.23 1.344 2.381 3.50 7.25 795 Index Terms Density Refractive index Opianic acid Absorption spectra Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Heat of combustion Optical bronze Optical rotatory power Crystals Liquids Petroleum products Solutions Sugars Optical wire (alloy) Optoquinine Absorption spectra, ultra-violet Oranium bronze Orbit of electrons Orcinol Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Heat of solution in water Ordnance powders Oreide (alloy) Organ pipes Orientite Density Refractive index Ormulu (alloy) Orpiment Boiling point Density Refractive index Transformation temperature See also Arsenous sulfide. Orthochromous acid -Sodium hydroxide Freezing point-solubility in water Orthoclase Compressibility Decomposition temperature Density Electrical conductivity Melting point Refractive index Specific heat Thermal conductivity Orthophosphoric acid. See Phosphoric acid. Orthophosphorous acid Boiling point elevation of aqueous solution Density, aqueous solution Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Heat of formation Ionization constants Refractive index, aqueous solution -Ammonium hydroxide* -Phosphoric acid Freezing point-solubility -Potassium hydroxide Refractive index, aqueous solution Orthosilicic acid, heat of formation Orthotelluric acid Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Links 1.112 1.112 1.165 5.346 6.295 5.166 2.381 2.476 7.353 7.354 2.153 7.354 2.353 2.381 2.480 5.370 2.381 1.47 6.281 5.150 7.497 2.381 6.456 1.145 1.145 2.381 1.110 1.110 1.110 1.110 2.574 2.575 2.555 2.556 1.173 2.476 2.559 1.162 1.174 4.378 3.50 4.85 1.158 6.155 1.158 1.158 5.101 5.232 3.325 3.61 6.260 5.180 7.241 7.66 4.45 7.92 5.182 6.242 4.261 1.169 7.28 2.600 2.601 2.563 2.601 796 Index Terms Osmiridium (alloy) Osmium Boiling point Color temperature Density Electrical conductivity Emission spectra Magnetic susceptibility Melting point Persistent lines Quantum numbers Specific heat Spectral series Thermal expansion Thermionic work function Thermochemistry X-ray absorption limits X-ray crystal struct ure X-ray emission spectra Zeeman effect -Iridium* Osmium alloys, list of Osmium fluoride , vapor pressure Osmium lamp, temperature Osmium potassium cyanide Refractive index Osmium tetroxide Boiling point Density Aqueous solution Electrical conductivity Aqueous solution Heat of formation Heat of fusion Melting point Refractive index Solubility in water Vapor pressure -Potassium chlorate Freezing point-solubility in water Osmotic pressure Gelatin solutions Otto's speculum Ounce metal Overvoltage Pressure, effect of, on Temperature, effect of Oxalic acid Absorption spectra Boiling point elevation in aqueous solution Crystallography Decomposition, kinetics of Decomposition pressure of hydrate Density Aqueous solution Diffusion in methyl alcohol Diffusion in water Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Heat of combustion Heat of decomposition of hydrate Heat of formation Heat of solution in water Photochemical reactions Links 2.381 1.102 5.246 1.104 1.104 5.309 6.355 1.104 5.323 5.408 1.104 5.403 1.104 6.56 5.189 6.41 1.340 6.41 5.420 2.456 5.93 2.461 2.390 3.214 5.247 1.156 1.171 1.125 1.125 3.67 6.142 6.260 5.189 5.131 1.125 1.125 4.224 3.208 1.163 4.315 4.429 2.227 2.381 2.381 6.339 6.340 6.340 5.335 3.327 1.324 7.123 7.245 3.45 3.111 5.72 5.69 6.262 4.262 5.165 7.245 5.181 5.148 7.165 1.165 2.559 2.561 5.375 3.113 7.170 2.561 797 Index Terms Refractive index, aqueous solution Solubility in water Specific heat Aqueous solution Surface tension, aqueous solution Thermal conductivity Vapor pressure Aqueous solution Viscosity, aqueous solution -Acetic acid* -Ammonium oxalate* -Amyl alcohol* -Beryllium oxalate* -Beryllium oxalate*-Beryllium oxide -Boric acid* -Calcium chloride* -Ethyl alcohol* -Ethyl ether* -Formic acid* -Hydrogen chloride* -Lactic acid* -Lanthanum oxalate*-Lanthanum sulfate-Sulfuric acid -Lanthanum oxalate*-Sulfuric acid -Lanthanum sulfate*-Sulfuric acid -Manganous oxalate* -Methyl alcohol* -Molybdenum trioxide* -Nitric acid* -Potassium hydroxide Freezing point-solubility in water -Potassium oxalate Freezing point-solubility in water -Propyl alcohol Heat of solution -Sulfuric acid Density, aqueous solution Freezing point-solubility in water -Thorium oxalate Freezing point-solubility in water Oxalotetrammine cobaltic chloride Solubility in aqueous solutions Oxalotetrammine cobaltic dithionate Solubility in aqueous solutions Oxalotetrammine cobaltic hexathiocyanato chromiate Solubility in aqueous solution Oxalotetrammine cobaltic nitrate Solubility in aqueous solutions Oxalotetrammine cobaltic oxalodinitrodiammine cobaltiate Solubility in aqueous solutions Oxalotetrammine cobaltic perchlorate Solubility in aqueous solutions Oxalotetrammine cobaltic persulfate Solubility in aqueous solutions Oxalotetrammine cobaltic tetranitrodiammine cobaltiate Solubility in aqueous solutions Oxalotetrammine cobaltic tetrathiocyanatodiammine chromiate Solubility in aqueous solutions Oxaluric acid Absorption spectra Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Oxalyl chloride, refractive index Oxamic acid Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Heat of combustion Links 7.67 4.251 5.102 5.124 4.467 5.216 3.208 3.364 5.21 4.253 4.401 4.374 5.152 3.101 4.398 4.401 7.330 7.333 7.337 7.331 7.333 7.330 7.333 7.332 7.337 5.367 6.263 7.34 6.262 5.167 7.319 798 Index Terms Heat of solution in water Oxamide Heat of combustion Magnetic susceptibility Oxazine dyes, absorption spectra Oxidation-reduction cells Electromotive force of Oxidation-reduction reactions Oxonitine, optical rotatory power Oxycanthine, optical rotatory power Oxygen Accommodation coefficient Adsorption by platinum black Band spectra Boiling point Compressibility, gas Contact potential Critical constants Critical potentials Density Gas Liquid Solid Dielectric constant Gas Liquid Diffusion in sodium chloride solution Dispersion formulas Dissociation, work of Electrode potential against hydroxide ion Electrons, absorption of, by Electrons, attachment of, to form ions Electrons, motion of, in Electrons, thermal emission by tungsten, effect on Electrons, thermal emission of Emission spectra Entropy Free energy In water Ozone formation Reaction with barium oxide Reaction with carbon monoxide Reaction with hydrogen Reaction with magnesium chloride Reaction with nitric oxide Reaction with nitrogen Reaction with sulfur dioxide Heat content Heat of adsorption on charcoal Heat of dissociation Heat of fusion Heat of transition Heat of vaporization Ion pairs produced by electrons Ionization, atomic Ionization by α-particles Ionization by β-particles Ionization by γ-rays Ionization by phosphorus vapor Ionization by X-rays Ions, diffusivity of, in Ions, mobility of, in Ions, recombination of, in Isotopes J-Phenonenon Links 5.148 5.167 6.361 7.197 6.333 7.147 7.477 7.475 5.53 3.253 5.415 1.53 3.8 6.57 1.102 6.71 1.102 3.203 3.204 6.72 3.248 1.102 1.102 1.104 3.3 3.20 3.21 6.74 6.75 5.64 7.11 6.72 7.231 6.61 6.117 6.116 6.55 6.53 5.308 5.88 6.79 7.231 7.231 7.299 7.243 7.231 7.291 7.239 7.238 7.236 5.88 5.140 5.418 1.104 5.176 1.102 6.121 6.122 6.122 6.121 6.123 6.124 6.123 6.115 6.111 6.115 1.47 6.1 5.141 7.231 6.131 5.135 6.114 3.325 799 Index Terms Joule-Thomson effect Light, transmission of, by Magnetic moment Magnetic susceptibility Melting point Molecular data Orthobaric density Overvoltage Ozone equilibrium Persistent lines Polarization of light scattered by Quantum numbers Refractive index Gas Liquid Rubber, permeability of Silver, diffusion in Silver, permeability of Solubility in Aqueous solutions Iron, molten Non-aqueous liquids Sea water Silver, molten Water Sound, velocity of, in Specific heat Gas Liquid Solid Spectral series Surface tension Thermal conductivity Molecular Thermal expansion Gas Liquid Thermochemistry Thermodynamic potential Transmission of radiant energy Transition temperature Triple point Vapor pressure Verdet constant Gas Dispersion Liquid Dispersion Viscosity Gas Liquid X-ray diffraction bands X-ray emission spectra X-rays, absorption coefficient X-rays, absorption of, relation of ejected electrons to Zeeman effect -Air* -Antimony*-Copper -Argon* -Argon*-Nitrogen -Arsenic*-Bismuth -Copper -Arsenic*-Copper -Arsenic*-Copper-Silver -Carbon dioxide* -Carbon monoxide* -Chlorine* -Copper* Links 5.144 5.265 6.352 6.354 1.104 1.92 3.204 6.340 7.166 5.323 5.265 5.408 7.7 1.103 2.272 5.77 5.76 3.271 3.270 3.262 3.272 3.270 3.257 6.462 1.102 1.103 1.104 5.402 1.103 5.213 5.215 3.8 1.102 5.176 5.88 5.269 4.6 3.203 3.203 6.355 7.167 7.11 5.76 6.463 5.80 5.85 5.85 5.82 5.88 5.88 4.441 5.214 4.442 3.20 3.204 6.425 6.432 6.426 6.432 1.102 7.212 1.351 6.36 6.13 6.20 5.420 5.2 6.15 5.85 7.231 800 Index Terms -Copper*-Sulfur -Ethane* -Ethylene* -Hydrogen* -Hydrogen chloride* -Iron* -Iron*-Silica -Methane* -Nitrogen* -Ozone Solubility, mutual -Vanadium Freezing point-solubility Ozokerite Dielectric constant Dielectric strength Electrical conductivity Properties Refractive index Ozone Boiling point Contact potential Critical constants Density Gas Liquid Free energy of formation Heat of formation Heat of vaporization Melting point Photochemical decomposition Quantum sensitivity Refractivity Solubility in carbon tetrachloride Solubility in sulfuric acid Solubility in water Specific heat, gas Thermal expansion, liquid Transmission of radiant energy Vapor pressure -Oxygen* “P” alloy P-T-V-relations. See Phase equilibrium. P-T-X relations Pachnolite Density Refract ive index Paints Albedo Emissivity Raw materials Paktong (alloy) Palaite Density Refractive index Palau (alloy) Palladium Absorption, index of Boiling point Compressibility Critical potentials Density Liquid Solid Links 3.393 4.23 2.310 2.310 2.310 2.169 2.153 1.102 6.57 1.102 1.102 1.102 7.231 5.176 1.102 1.104 7.164 7.167 7.8 3.263 3.272 3.257 7.231 1.103 5.269 3.203 2.381 3.203 3.21 7.231 3.21 2.533 3.351 1.154 1.154 1.168 5.262 5.244 2.317 2.381 2.480 1.127 1.127 2.381 1.172 5.250 1.102 3.47 6.71 5.252 1.102 1.104 2.463 2.456 3.48 2.599 801 Index Terms Elastic properties Electrical conductivity Low temperature Magnetic field, effect of Electronic struct ure, normal and excited Electrons, secondary emission of Emission, spectral Emission spectra Ettingshausen effect Evaporation, rate of Hall effect Hardness Heat of fusion Hydrogen, permeability to Magnetic susceptibility Melting point Nernst effect Peltier coefficient Persistent lines Quantum numbers Refraction, index of Righi-Leduc effect Sound, velocity of, in Specific heat Spectral series Tensile strength Thermal conductivity Thermal expansion Thermochemistry Thermoelectric properties X-ray absorption limits X-ray crystal structure X-ray emission spectra X-ray lines, relative intensities X-ray series, limiting frequencies X-rays, absorption, discontinuity in X-rays, absorption coefficient Zeeman effect -Antimony* -Copper* -Gold* -Hydrogen* -Lead* -Nickel* -Platinum Electrical conductivity Peltier coefficient Thermoelectric properties -Silver Density Electrical conductivity Equilibrium diagram Hardness Peltier coefficient Photoelectric current Specific volume Thermal conductivity Thermoelectric properties X-ray diffraction data Palladium alloys, list of Palladium black , hydrogen, absorption of, by Palladium bromide , heat of formation Palladium chloride Ammine Decomposition pressure Heat of decomposition Links 2.588 1.104 6.128 6.422 6.71 6.63 5.242 5.310 6.419 5.54 6.416 2.588 1.104 5.76 6.355 1.53 6.420 6.227 5.324 5.408 5.250 6.421 6.465 1.104 5.403 2.588 5.220 1.104 5.190 6.214 6.38 1.340 6.38 6.32 6.35 6.12 6.13 5.420 6.195 6.227 6.221 2.589 6.161 2.422 2.585 6.227 6.69 2.589 5.222 6.215 1.349 2.390 3.253 5.190 7.274 7.274 6.136 6.133 5.254 6.417 2.458 1.104 5.252 5.93 5.221 2.461 6.225 6.15 6.137 6.138 802 Index Terms Heat of formation Density, aqueous solution Heat of formation -Bismuth chloride* -Ethyl ether* Palladium cyanide, heat of formation Palladium dihydroxide, heat of formation Palladium hydride Decomposition pressure Heat of decomposition Heat of formation Palladium iodide Ammine Decomposition pressure Heat of decomposition Heat of format ion Heat of formation Palladium monoxide , heat of formation Palladium tetrahydroxide, heat of formation Pallasite, compressibility Palm oil, rubber softener Palmitic acid Compressibility Cryoscopic constant Electrical conductivity Esterification constant Heat of combustion Heat of fusion Melting point under pressure Polarization of light reflected from Rubber softener Specific heat Liquid Solid “Surface vapor pressure ” Viscosity -Acetone* -Arachidic acid* -Azobenzene* -Benzene* -Carbon tetrachloride* -Cholesterol* -Ethyl acetate* -Ethyl acetoacetate* -Ethyl alcohol* -Ethyl ether* -Hexane* -Lauric acid* -Lignoceric acid* -Methyl alcohol* -Myristic acid* -Naphthalene* -Oleic acid* -Oleic acid*-Stearic acid -Paraldehyde Density -Phenanthrene Density -Propyl butyrate Density -Sodium palmitate Freezing point-solubility -Stearic acid Density Freezing point-solubility Links 5.190 3.67 5.190 5.190 5.190 7.274 7.274 5.190 7.274 7.274 5.190 5.190 5.190 5.190 3.51 2.278 3.39 4.184 6.146 7.138 5.166 5.134 4.10 6.261 2.278 5.113 5.104 4.476 7.222 3.186 3.195 3.190 4.213 3.195 4.165 803 Index Terms Refractive index -Stearic acid-Tripalmitin Freezing point-solubility -Stearic acid-Tristearin Freezing point-solubility -Tripalmitin Freezing point-solubility -Tripalmitin -Tristearin Freezing point-solubilit y -Tristearin Freezing point-solubility Palmitonitrile “Surface vapor pressure ” Pandermite Density Refractive index Papaverine Absorption spectra Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Heat of combustion Paper Albedo Dimension changes with humidity Insulating properties Moisture content at various humidities Reflectivity Sound, velocity of, in Thermal conductivity Varnished, dielectric strength X-radiation, scattered, distribution of X-ray diffraction data X-rays, scattering of See also Asbestos paper, Cement paper, Fish paper, Kraft paper, Manila paper, Paraffin paper. Parabanic acid Absorption spectra Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Heat of combustion Paraffin Bromine number Compressibility Density Dielectric constant Dielectric strength Electrical conductivity X-rays, effect of Electrostriction Emission, spectral Gamma rays, absorption coefficient Heat of fusion Ignition temperature Iodine number Light absorption, coefficient of Magnetic susceptibility Melting point Penetrativity Photoelectric threshold Refractive index Solubility Sound, velocity of, in Surface tension Thermal conductivity Thermal expansion X-radiation, scattered, distribution of X-rays, scattering, modification by -Nitronaphthalene* Links 7.90 4.172 4.172 4.181 4.172 4.165 4.476 1.145 1.145 1.171 5.354 6.302 5.168 5.262 2.322 2.308 2.322 5.262 6.465 2.312 2.310 6.19 2.357 6.17 2.312 5.367 6.263 5.167 2.154 2.146 2.145 2.310 2.310 2.310 6.6 6.207 5.257 6.20 2.151 2.174 2.154 2.153 6.364 2.149 2.146 6.68 2.153 2.149 6.466 2.146 2.151 2.311 6.19 6.17 2.311 2.314 2.311 2.314 5.217 804 Index Terms Paraffin oil Absorption spectra Electrical conductivity Emission, spectral Solubility in water See also Kerosene. Paraffin paper, dielectric constant Paraffin waxes, melting point Paraformaldehyde Heat of combustion Paragonite Density Refractive index Paraguay, weights and measures Parahopeite Refractive index Transformation point Paralaurionite Decomposition point Density Paraldehyde Absorption spectra Azeotropic mixtures Birefringence Compressibility Critical temperature Cryoscopic constant Density, aqueous solution Dielectric constant Electrical conductivity Aqueous solution Heat of fusion Magnetic susceptibility Refractive index Solubility in water Sound, velocity of, in Specific heat Surface tension Aqueous solution X-ray diffraction bands Verdet constant Viscosity X-rays, absorption coefficient -Acetaldehyde* -Acetic acid* -Acetic anhydride* -Azobenzene* -Benzene* -Carbon disulfid e* -Chloroform* -p-Dibromobenzene* -Diethyl tartrate* -Ethyl acetate* -Ethyl alcohol* -Ethyl ether* -Ethylene bromide* -Isoamyl alcohol* -Methyl acetate* -Naphthalene* -Nitrobenzene* -Palmitic acid* -Tetraethylammonium iodide Density -Xylene Freezin g point-solubility Links 2.153 6.146 5.257 3.392 5.334 2.310 2.148 5.167 1.153 1.153 1.10 1.119 1.119 1.171 1.171 1.115 1.115 5.332 3.319 7.111 3.36 3.249 4.183 3.114 6.91 6.144 6.276 5.133 6.362 7.40 3.390 6.464 5.110 4.455 4.469 1.352 6.429 5.40 6.14 3.186 4.178 5.340 3.321 5.365 5.43 6.16 7.218 805 Index Terms Parallax, definition Paraluminite , refractive index Paramagnetism, theories Paramelaconite Density See also Cupric oxide. Pararosaniline, diffusion in methyl alcohol Parasepiolite, refractive index Paratacamite Density Refractive index Paravauxite Density Refractive index Paris metal. See Lutecin. Parisian alloy Parisite Density Refractive index Thermal conductivity Parker's chrome alloy Parowax. See Paraffin. Parr (alloy) Parsec, definition Parson's manganese bronze Parson's white brass Partinium (alloy) Pascoite Density Refractive index Pasteboard, thermal conductivity Patent nickel, electrical conductivity Pattern alloy Pauli-Sommerfeld theory PaulPs theory (diamagnetism) Pearceite , photoconductivity Pearlite, magnetic properties Peat Composition Density Thermal conductivity Peat tar pitch. See Pitches. Peat tars. See Tars. Pectolite Density Refractive index Pelargonic acid Birefringence, electric Heat of fusion Surface tension, aqueous solution Vapor pressure Viscosity Peltier coefficient Conversion factors Peltier effect, transverse Pen metal Penetrativity, definition Penfieldite, refractive index Links 1.39 1.137 6.350 1.168 1.121 5.73 1.142 1.169 1.122 1.122 1.165 1.137 1.137 1.170 2.381 1.146 1.146 5.232 2.381 2.381 1.39 2.381 2.381 2.381 1.145 1.145 2.313 6.169 2.381 6.352 6.350 6.66 6.380 2.131 2.313 2.313 1.154 1.154 7.111 5.134 4.470 3.226 7.220 6.213 1.29 6.214 2.381 2.146 1.115 1.166 7.25 2.556 1.173 6.170 2.475 2.536 2.134 1.171 6.227 2.555 1.167 2.586 2.557 806 Index Terms Penninite Dielectric constant Refractive index Thermal conductivity Pentabromophenol, magnetic susceptibility Pentabromoresorcinol -Benzene* Pentacalcium hexaluminate Decomposition temperat ure Melting point Refractive index -Calcium orthosilicate* -Magnesium oxide* Pentachloroethane Azeotropic mixtures Birefringence, electric Boiling point Dielectric constant Magnetic susceptibility Refractive index Vapor pressure Viscosity -Acetone* -Acetophenone* -Benzene* -Bromine* -Ethyl acetate* -Ethyl ether* -Iodine* -Methyl acetate* -Phenetole Density Viscosity -Phenol Distribution coefficients in water -Phenyl ether Density Viscosity -Sulfur Freezing point-solubility -Trichloroethylene Density Viscosity Pentachlorohexanedione, magnetic susceptibility Pentachloromonobromo-α-keto-γ-R-pentene -Hexachloro-α-keto-γ-R-pentene* Pentadecane Compressibility Density Specific heat Viscosity Pentadecylene Absorption spectra Specific heat Pentadecylic acid “Surface vapor pressure ” Pentaerythritol Crystallography Diffusion in water Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Heat of combustion Pentamethylbenzene Heat of combustion Refractive index Links 6.99 7.23 5.231 6.362 4.84 1.145 1.145 1.165 3.319 7.110 3.216 6.84 6.361 7.34 3.216 5.35 7.213 3.153 5.35 3.428 3.153 5.36 4.35 3.152 5.35 6.362 3.37 3.30 5.113 7.222 5.334 5.113 4.476 1.325 5.70 6.271 5.164 5.164 7.55 3.34 807 Index Terms Surface tension Pentamethylenediamine, viscosity Pentamethylenediamine disulfine Heat of combustion α, β-Pentamethylenedicarboxylic acid Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Heat of combustion Pentane Absorption spectra Azeotropic mixtures Birefringence, electric Boiling point Bromine number Compressibility Critical point data Density Dielectric constant Dielectric strength Electrical conductivity Electrical ignition Flame propagation in Heat of combustion Heat of wetting by Ignition temperature Inflammability, limits of Iodine number Ionization of vapor by α-particles Ionization of vapor by β-particles Ionization of vapor by γ-rays Ions, mobility of, in Orthobaric density Polarization of light reflected from Polarization of light scattered by Gas Liquid Refractive index Gas Liquid Solidification point Sound, velocity of, in vapor Specific heat, gas Thermal conductivity Gas Liquid Pressure, effect of Vapor pressure Vapor pressure above 1 atm. Verdet constant Viscosity -Aniline* -Butane* -Chloroform* -Ethyl ether* -Heptane* -Methyl alcohol* Pentane candle Pentane lamp Temperature Pentathionic acid, heat of formation α, β-Pentenic acid Heat of combustion Refractive index β, γ-Pentenic acid Heat of combustion Refractive index Links 4.460 7.217 5.169 6.282 5.165 5.332 3.319 7.111 3.220 2.154 3.36 3.244 3.29 6.82 6.106 6.144 2.175 2.184 5.163 5.142 2.174 2.179 2.154 6.122 6.121 6.123 6.112 3.244 5.261 5.266 5.267 3.324 3.248 3.33 6.89 5.268 5.268 7.10 7.38 1.61 6.463 5.81 5.214 5.228 5.227 3.220 3.244 6.429 7.216 1.39 5.435 5.247 5.178 5.165 7.37 5.165 7.37 5.215 7.223 808 Index Terms Pentlandite Emission, spectral X-ray diffraction data Pepsin Peptone Compressibility, aqueous solut ion Perchloric acid Boiling point, maximum Density Aqueous solution Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Heat of formation Solubility in water Specific heat, aqueous solution Viscosity, aqueous solution -Arsenous oxide* -Ethyl alcohol* -Potassium per chlorate -Methyl alcohol* -Potassium per chlorate -Potassium chlorate Freezing point-solubility in water Perchloroethylene, refractive index Percit (alloy) Percussion cap brass Percy aluminum bronze Percylite Density Refractive index Periclase Density Melting point Refractive index Thermal expansion See also Magnesium oxide. Peridotite , compressibility Periodic acid Density, aqueous solution Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Heat of formation Refractive index, aqueous solution -Ammonium hydroxide* -Potassium hydroxide Refractive index, aqueous solution -Sodium hydroxide Refractive index, aqueous solution Periodic chart, elements Perigee Perihelion Perlit cast iron Perlit nickel cast iron Permalloy Magnetic properties Magnetization by rotation Rotation by magnetization Permanganate ion Electrode potential Permanganic acid Density, aqueous solution Heat of formation Links 5.258 1.343 7.156 3.440 3.323 3.22 3.54 6.241 4.254 5.177 4.216 5.122 5.12 4.316 7.34 2.381 2.381 2.381 1.123 1.123 1.141 1.141 1.141 3.43 6.242 4.245 7.345 2.469 1.165 1.165 3.51 3.55 6.242 4.254 5.177 7.65 7.91 7.91 1.46 1.39 1.40 2.381 2.381 2.381 6.374 6.347 6.347 7.274 3.67 5.190 6.396 2.555 809 Index Terms Permanite (alloy) Permeability Definition Magnetic Solids to gases Permutite Electrical conductivity Ions, diffusion of, in Perovskite Density Refractive index Perseitol, heat of combustion Persia, weights and measures Persulfuric acid Density, aqueous solution Decomposition kinetics Heat of formation -Sulfuric acid Density, aqueous solution Peru , weights and measures Petalite Density Melting point Refractive index Specific heat Petrol. See Gasoline. Petrolatum Bromine number Density Dielectric constant Dielectric strength Electrical conductivity Heat of vaporization Iodine number Penetrativity Refractive index Thermal conductivity Vapor pressure Viscosity Petroleum Absorption spectra Burning point California, properties of Components Composition Compressibility Density Electrical conductivity Flash point Heat of combustion Heat of vaporization Ignition temperature Inflammability, limits of Magnetic susceptibility Proximate composition Refractive index Rumanian, properties of Sound, velocity of, in Surface tension Sulfur content Thermal expansion Viscosity Water content -Castor oil* Links 2.381 1.40 6.366 5.76 6.151 5.77 1.144 1.144 5.164 1.10 1.173 3.55 7.148 5.178 3.96 1.10 1.150 1.150 1.150 5.100 1.169 2.154 2.145 2.310 2.310 2.310 2.351 2.154 2.146 2.153 2.151 2.149 2.146 2.153 2.155 2.155 2.355 2.137 2.146 2.337 6.146 2.155 2.152 2.151 2.174 2.179 6.364 2.139 2.153 2.155 6.464 2.146 2.155 2.145 2.355 2.155 5.334 2.344 2.156 2.356 2.155 2.356 810 Index Terms -Nitrobenzene* -Toluene Dielectric constant -Turpentine Dielectric constant Petroleum ether Birefringence, magnetic Density Electrical conductivity X-rays, effect of Thermal conductivity Pressure, effect of Petroleum lamp Luminous efficiency Petroleum products Bromine numbers Gum test Iodine numbers Light absorption, coefficient of Olefins, test for Optical activity Specific heat Specifications Terminology Unsaturation, test for Petroleum tar pitches. See Pitches. Petroleum tars. See Tars. Pewter pH. See Hydrogen ion concentration. Phacolite , dehydration behavior Pharmacolite Density Refractive index Pharmacosiderite Density Refractive index Phase equilibrium data Metallic systems Soaps Phellandrene Absorption spectra Optical rotatory power Phenacetin Crystallography Heat of combustion Surface tension, aqueous solution -Acetic acid* -Amyl acetate* -Aniline* -Benzaldehyde* -Benzene* -Ethyl alcohol* -Isoamyl alcohol* -Toluene Density -m-Xylene Density Phenacite Density Refractive index Thermal conductivity Thermal expansion Phenanthraquinone Absorption spectra Links 6.103 6.103 7.112 2.145 6.146 6.6 5.228 5.227 5.438 2.154 2.154 2.154 2.153 2.354 2.153 2.151 2.160 2.160 2.154 2.381 2.556 2.557 7.313 1.143 1.143 1.129 1.329 3.1 2.358 5.451 1.373 1.172 4.1 5.346 7.410 1.330 5.168 4.470 3.188 3.391 1.141 1.141 5.232 3.45 5.349 1.167 7.23 2.600 2.602 811 Index Terms Magnetic susceptibility Solubility in salt solutions -Benzene* -Ethyl acetate* -Hydrogen chloride* -Iodine* -Nitric acid* -Nitrobenzene* -Quinoline Boiling point elevation -Sulfuric acid Freezing point-solubility in water Phenanthrene Absorption spectra Boiling point Cryoscopic constant Dielectric constant Heat of combustion Heat of fusion Magnetic susceptibility Photoconductivity Photoluminescence Vapor pressure Verdet constant -Acetic acid* -Acetone* -Acridine* -Aniline* -Anthracene* -Anthracene*-Carbazole -Benzene* -Camphene* -Carbazole* -Carbon disulfide* -Carbon tetrachloride* -Chlorobenzene* -Chloroform* -Chrysene* -Dinitrobenzene (o-, m-, p-)* -2,4-Dinitrophenol* -2,4-Dinitrotoluene* -2,6-Dinitrotoluene* -3,4-Dinitrotoluene* -Ethyl acetate* -Ethyl acetoacetate* -Ethyl alcohol* -Ethyl alcohol* -Picric acid -Ethyl chloroacetate* -Ethyl ether* -Ethyl trichloroacetate* -Ethylene bromide* -Hexachloroethane* -Isoamyl acetate* -Methyl acetate* -Methyl alcohol* -Methyl benzoate* -Methyl butyrate* -Methyl formate* -Methyl thiocyanate* -Naphthalene* -Nitrobenzene* -Palmitic acid* -Phosphorus Solubility, mutual -Picramide Freezing point-solubility -Picric acid Links 6.363 4.422 3.346 4.398 5.350 3.227 4.184 6.96 5.164 5.134 6.363 6.66 5.387 3.227 6.431 3.394 4.127 812 Index Terms Freezing point-solubility -Picryl chloride Freezing point-solubility -Propyl butyrate Density -Pyridine Boiling point elevation Freezing point-solubility -Quinoline Density Refractive index Dispersion -p-Quinone Freezing point-solubility -Retene Freezing point-solubility -Styphnic acid Freezing point-solubility -Tetrachloroethane Freezing point-solubility -Toluene Boiling point elevation Density Dielectric constant Freezing point-solubility -1,3,5-Trinitrobenzene Freezing point-solubility -2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene Freezing point-solubility Phenanthrene picrate -Ethyl alcohol* -Ethyl alcohol* -Picric acid Pheneserine, optical rotatory power Phenetidine Absorption spectra Dielectric constant Phenetole Absorption spectra Azeotropic mixtures Birefringence Boiling point Critical point data Density Dielectric constant Diffusion in methyl alcohol Electrical conductivity Magnetic susceptibility Refractive index Specific heat Surface tension Verdet constant Viscosity -Aniline* -Anthracene* -Antimony tribromide* -Antimony trichloride* -Renzoic acid* -Benzyl cyanide* -Chloroform* -Diethyl tartrate* -Diphenyl ether* -Ethyl alcohol* -Ethyl ether* -Ethyl iodide* -Isoamyl acetate* -Methyl alcohol* Links 4.121 4.117 3.190 3.342 4.174 7.88 7.88 7.107 4.127 4.163 4.122 4.173 3.346 3.188 6.103 4.179 4.119 4.146 7.476 5.344 6.94 5.343 3.322 7.111 3.224 3.249 3.29 6.93 5.73 6.144 6.363 7.43 5.112 4.437 6.429 5.33 3.324 3.346 3.34 4.458 5.34 5.49 5.51 7.219 813 Index Terms -Pentachloroethane* -Phenyl ether Density Viscosity -Sulfur Boiling point elevation -Tetrachloroethane Density Viscosity -Triphenylmethane Boiling point elevation Phenix (alloy) Phenogeneserine Optical rotatory power Phenol Absorption coefficient Adsorption by charcoal Allotropic forms Azeotropic mixtures Boiling point Boiling point elevation in aqueous solution Compressibility difference Critical point data Cryoscopic constant Density Aqueous solution Dielectric constant Diffusion in benzene Diffusion in organic liquids Diffusion in ethyl alcohol Diffusion in methyl alcohol Diffusion in water Electrical conductivity Aqueous solution Flash point Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Heat of adiabatic expansion Heat of combustion Heat of fusion Heat of solution in water Magnetic susceptibility Melting point under pressure Osmotic pressure Photoluminescence Refractive index Aqueous solution Solubility in hydrochloric acid Solubility in sodium chloride solution Solubility in water Pressure, effect of Specific heat Aqueous solution Sulfonation velocity Surface tension Aqueous solution Triple point Vapor pressure Aqueous solution Verdet constant Viscosity Aqueous solution Volume change on melting -Acetamide* -Acetamide*-Ethyl alcohol -Acetanilide* -Acetic acid* Links 3.192 5.51 3.46 3.154 5.36 3.346 2.381 2.471 2.481 5.339 5.361 5.362 5.47 7.217 7.476 5.332 3.252 4.15 3.319 3.221 3.327 4.15 3.249 4.183 3.29 3.112 6.90 5.74 5.75 5.74 5.73 5.70 6.144 6.273 2.161 4.263 5.147 5.167 5.133 5.149 6.362 4.15 4.430 5.386 7.12 7.69 3.416 3.416 3.389 3.393 5.110 5.125 7.147 4.454 4.469 4.15 3.221 3.365 6.429 5.39 5.21 4.15 3.322 3.345 4.215 3.114 7.38 4.252 3.383 5.42 5.373 5.375 814 Index Terms -Acetone* -Acetophenone* -Acridine* -Alizarin* -Aminophenol (m-, p-)* -Ammonia* -Amyl alcohol* -Aniline* -Antimony tribromide* -Antimony trichloride* -Antipyrine* -Arsenous bromide* -Barium hydroxide* -Benzamide* -Benzene* -Benzhydrol* -Benzil* -Benzophenone* -Bromoform* -p-Bromotoluene* -Calcium hydroxide* -Camphor* -Carbon disulfide* -Carbon tetrachloride* -Chloroacetic acid* -Chlorobenzene* -Chloroform* -Cineole* -Cinnamic acid* -Cresol* -Cresol (o-, m -, p-)* -o-Cresol* -m-Cresol -m-Cresol*-p-Cresol -Cyclohexanone* -Diethyl diacetyltartrate* -Diethyl tartrate* -Dimethyl qxalate* -Dimethylaniline* -Dimethylpyrone* -Dimethylurea* -Diphenylamine* -Diphenylmethane* -Diphenylmethylamine* -Ethyl alcohol* -Ethyl ether* -Ethylene bromide* -Fenchone* -Heptane* -Hexane* -Hydrogen chloride* -Hydrogen peroxide* -Hydroquinol* -Hydroxybenzaldehyde (m-, p-)* -Indigotin* -Isoamyl acetate* -Isopentane* -Lithium hydroxide* -Lophine* -Mercuric acetate* -Methylurea* -Naphthalene* -Naphthylamine (α-, β-)* -m-Nitrobenzaldehyde* -Nitrobenzene* -Nitrosodimethylaniline* -Octane* -Pentachloroethane* Links 815 Index Terms -Phenylenediamine (o-, m-, p-) Freezing point-solubility -Phenylhydrazine Density Freezing point-solubility Viscosity -Phthalic acid Freezing point-solubility in water -Picric acid Freezing point-solubility -Potassium hydroxide Freezing point-solubility in water -Potassium iodide Distribution coefficients in water -Pyridine Density Freezing point-solubility Heat of solution Viscosity -Pyridine-Sulfuric acid Freezing point-solubility in water -Pyrocatechol Miscibility in water -Pyrogallol Freezing point-solubility in water -Quinoline Density Freezing point-solubility Viscosity -Resordnol Miscibility in water -Salicylic acid Distribution coefficients in water -Sodium chloride Miscibility of, in water -Sodium hydroxide Freezing point-solubility in water Miscibility of, in water -Sodium oleate Freezing point-solubility in water Miscibility in water -Sodium sulfate Miscibility of, in water -Strontium hydroxide Freezing point-solubility in water -Succinic acid Freezing point-solubility -Succinimide Freezing point-solubility -Sulfur Boiling point-elevation -Sulfuric acid Freezing point-solubility Miscibility of -Tetrachloroethane Distribution coefficients in water -Tetrachloroethylene Distribution coefficients in water -Thymol Freezing point-solubility -Toluene Density Distribution coefficients in water -o-Toluidine Freezing point-solubility -p-Toluidine Density Links 4.135 3.182 4.135 5.47 4.416 4.119 4.417 3.422 3.170 4.116 5.153 5.42 4.424 3.414 4.416 3.183 4.136 5.48 3.414 3.430 3.409 4.417 3.409 4.416 3.414 3.409 4.416 4.114 4.113 3.345 4.188 3.409 3.428 3.428 4.137 3.182 3.428 4.136 3.182 3.416 816 Index Terms Freezing point-solubility Viscosity -Tribenzylamine Boiling point elevation -Trichloroacetic acid Freezing point-solubility -Trichloroethylene Distribution coefficients in water -Triethylamine Miscibility in water -Trimethylcarbinol Density Freezing point-solubility -Triphenylcarbinol Freezing point-solubility -Triphenylmethane Boiling point elevation Freezing point-solubility -Urea Freezing point-solubility -Urethan Freezing point-solubility -Water Miscibility of Vapor pressure -m-Xylene Dielectric constant Distribution coefficients in water -p-Xylene Freezing point-solubility -m-Xylidine Freezing point-solubility Phenol resins Dielectric constant Dielectric strength Electrical conductivity Physical and chemical agents, effects of Physical properties Power factor Tensile strength Phenolphthalein Absorption spectra Diffusion in methyl alcohol Photo luminescence -Benzene* -Sodium hydroxide Freezing point-solubility in water -Sodium oxide Freezing point-solubility in water Phenolsulfonic acid Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Heat of solution in water Phenoxy acetic acid Absorption spectra Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Heat of combustion -Ethylene bromide* Phenyl acetate Absorption spectra Azeotropic mixtures Dielectric constant Diffusion in methyl alcohol Verdet constant Viscosity -Isoamyl acetate* Links 4.136 5.47 3.345 4.102 3.428 3.415 3.168 4.115 4.137 3.345 4.137 4.100 4.112 3.409 3.291 3.416 6.103 3.428 4.136 4.136 2.300 2.300 2.300 2.300 2.298 2.300 2.300 5.354 5.73 5.387 4.377 4.393 4.422 6.273 5.149 5.343 6.286 5.165 5.333 3.323 6.93 5.73 6.429 7.219 5.343 817 Index Terms Phenyl acetylsalicylate -Carbon disulfide* Phenyl allyl ether Verdet constant Phenyl anisyl ketone -Trichloroacetic acid Freezing point-solubility Phenyl benzoate Absorption spectra Cryoscopic constant Verdet constant -Benzene* -Carbon disulfide* -Carbon tetrachloride* -Cyclohexane* -Ethyl alcohol* -Ethyl formate* -Ethylene bromide* -Methyl acetate* -Trichloroacetic acid Freezing point-solubility Phenyl bromochloroacetate -Phenyl dichloroacetate Freezing point-solubility Phenyl butyrate Verdet constant Phenyl cyanide. See Benzonitrile. Phenyl dichloroacetate -Phenyl bromochloroacetate* Phenyl ether Absorption spectra Boiling point Cryoscopic constant Dielectric constant Magnetic susceptibility Specific heat Vapor pressure Vapor pressure above 1 atm. Viscosity -Acetone* -Chloroform* -Diphenyl sulfide* -Ethyl alcohol* -Ethyl ether* -Pentachloroethane* -Phenetole* -1,3,5-Trinitrobenzene Freezing point-solubility Phenyl ethyl ether. See Phenetole. Phenyl ethyl ketone Verdet constant Phenyl isobutyl ether Verdet constant Phenyl isocyanate Absorption spectra Dielectric constant Magnetic susceptibility Refractive index Vapor pressure Phenyl isocyanide, viscosity Phenyl isothiocyanate Absorption spectra Dielectric constant Electrical conductivity Links 6.430 4.104 5.349 4.184 6.430 4.104 4.152 6.430 5.348 3.227 4.184 6.96 6.363 5.113 3.227 3.243 5.33 4.119 6.430 6.430 5.340 6.91 6.362 7.40 3.222 7.218 5.332 6.91 6.144 5.39 5.51 7.221 818 Index Terms Heat of combustion Refractive index Surface tension Verdet constant -Carbon disulfide* -Diethylamine* -Sulfur Freezing point lowering Phenyl isopropyl ether Verdet constant Phenyl methyl ether. See Anisole. Phenyl octyl ether Verdet constant Phenyl oenanthate Verdet constant Phenyl propionate Verdet constant Phenyl propyl ether Verdet constant Phenyl salicylate Absorption spectra Birefringence, magnetic Cryoscopic constant Crystallization velocity Diffusion in methyl alcohol Melting point under pressure Specific heat Liquid Solid Surface tension -Acetic acid* -Amyl acetate* -Amyl alcohol* -Antipyrine* -Benzene* -Betol* -d-Bromocamphor* -Camphor* -Carbon disulfide* -Chloral hydrate* -Chloroacetic acid* -Cineole* -Ethyl alcohol* -Guaiacol* -Isoamyl alcohol* -Menthol* -β-Naphthol* -β-Naphthol* -Sulfonal -Nitrobenzene* -Sulfonal Freezing point-solubility -Thymol Freezing point-solubility -Toluene Density -Trichloroacetic acid Freezing point-solubility -Urethan Freezing point-solubility Phenyl thiocyanate Viscosity -Anethole* -α-Bromonaphthalene* -Carbon disulfide* -Diethylamine* Links 5.169 7.40 4.437 6.429 4.455 4.38 6.430 6.431 6.431 6.430 6.430 5.349 7.112 4.184 5.61 5.73 4.10 7.113 5.113 5.104 4.461 4.152 4.158 3.188 4.104 4.112 5.41 7.218 819 Index Terms -Dimethylamine* Phenyl p-tolyl ketone Refractive index Phenylacetaldehyde Dielectric constant Refractive index Phenylacetamide Boiling point elevation in aqueous solution Surface tension Verdet constant -Acetone* -Chloroform* -Ethyl alcohol* Phenylacetic acid Absorption spectra Boiling point elevation in aqueous solution Cryoscopic constant Density, aqueous solution Dielectric constant Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Esterification constant Heat of combustion Heat of fusion Photoluminescence Refractive index, aqueous solution Solubility in water Vapor pressure Verdet constant Viscosity -Benzene* -Benzoic acid* -Chloroform* -Chloroacetic acid* -Dichloroacetic acid* -Dimethylpyrone* -Ethyl alcohol* -Water -Ethyl ether* -Hydrocinnamic acid* -Hydrogen chloride* -Molybdenum trioxide* -Picric acid Freezing point-solubility -Sulfuric acid Freezing point-solubility -Toluene Density -Trichloroacetic acid Freezing point-solubility -Xylene Distribution coefficients in water Phenylacetonitrile Absorption spectra -Iodine* Phenylacetylene Absorption spectra Birefringence, magnetic Heat of combustion Magnetic susceptibility Refractive index Viscosity -Isoamyl acetate* Phenylacridine -Chloroform* 5-Phenylacridine -Picric acid Links 7.30 6.93 7.43 3.327 4.457 6.429 5.343 3.327 4.183 3.114 6.93 6.285 7.138 5.165 5.133 5.387 7.69 3.391 3.224 6.429 7.219 5.367 7.69 4.253 4.120 4.188 3.187 4.103 3.431 5.342 5.333 7.111 5.163 6.362 7.42 5.50 5.342 7.219 820 Index Terms Freezing point-solubility Phenylacridinium chloride -Chloroform* Phenylacridinium iodide -Chloroform* Phenylalanine Absorption spectra, ultra-violet Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Heat of combustion Optical rotatory power Solubility in salt solutions Viscosity, aqueous solution Phenylammonium formate -Formic acid* Phenylammonium iodide -Iodine*-Nitrobenzene Phenylammonium phenolate Solubility in water Phenylarsine dichloride Vapor pressure Phenylazide , absorption spectra Phenylazoimide, vapor pressure 1-Phenyl-4-benzoyl-1-, 3-butadiene Magnetic susceptibility Phenylbromoacetic acid Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Optical rotatory power β-Phenyl-α-bromopropionic acid Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Optical rotatory power Phenylbutadiene Birefringence, magnetic Magnetic susceptibility Refractive index 1-Phenyl-2-butene Heat of combustion 1-Phenyl-3-butene Heat of combustion 1-Phenyl-3-butine Heat of combustion Phenylchloroacetic acid Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Optical rotatory power Phenylchloroform Birefringence, magnetic Phenylcinchoninic acid -Ethyl alcohol* 1-Phenylcyclohexan-1,2-diol Heat of combustion Phenyldiazomethane Absorption spectra Phenyldiazonium chloride Heat of solution in water Phenyldimethylammonium bromide Surface tension Phenyldimethylpyrazoles Refractive index o-Phenylenediamine Absorption spectra Solubility in water Verdet constant Links 4.121 5.373 6.292 5.168 7.376 4.421 5.20 3.392 3.220 5.373 3.221 6.364 6.284 7.365 6.290 7.365 7.111 6.363 7.49 5.163 5.163 5.163 6.284 7.365 7.111 5.164 5.379 5.149 4.458 7.53 5.339 4.252 6.429 821 Index Terms -m-Aminophenol* -Benzene* -Benzhydrol* -Catechol* -1,6-Dihydroxynaphthalene* -1,8-Dihydroxy naphthalene* -2,3-Dihydroxynaphthalene* -2,6-Dihydroxynaphthalene* -2,7-Dihydroxynaphthalene* -Dinitrobenzene (o-, m-, p-)* -2,4-Dinitrophenol* -2,4-Dinitrotoluene* -Hydroquinol* -Isoamyl acetate* -Naphthol (α-, β-)* -Nitrophenol (o-, m-, p-)* -Nitrosodimethylaniline* -Phenol* -Pyrogallol Freezing point-solubility -Resorcinol Freezing point-solubility -Trimethylcarbinol Freezing point-solubility -1,3,5-Trinitrobenzene Freezing point-solubility -Trinitrotoluene Freezing point-solubility -Triphenylmethane Freezing point-solubility m-Phenylenediamine Absorption spectra Heat of solution in water Refractive index Solubility in water Verdet constant -m-Aminophenol* -Aniline* -Benzene* -Catechol* -1,4-Dihydroxynaphthalene* -1,6-Dihydroxynaphthalene* -1,8-Dihydroxynaphthalene* -2,3-Dihydroxynaphthalene* -2,6-Dihydroxynaphthalene* -2,7-Dihydroxynaphthalene* -Dinitrobenzene (o-, m-, p-)* -2,4-Dinitrophenol* -2,4-Dinitrotoluene* -Hydroquinol* -Isoamyl acetate* -Naphthol (α-, β-)* -Nitrophenol (o-, m-, p-)* -Nitrosodimethylaniline* -Phenol* -Pyrogallol Freezing point-solubility -Resorcinol Freezing point-solubility -Trimethylcarbinol Freezing point-solubility -1,3,5-Trinitrobenzene Freezing point-solubility -Trinitrotoluene Freezing point-solubility -Triphenylcarbinol Freezing point-solubility Links 4.140 4.138 4.116 4.118 4.143 4.143 5.339 5.149 7.38 4.252 6.429 4.140 4.138 4.116 4.118 4.143 4.143 822 Index Terms -Triphenylmethane Freezing point-solubility p-Phenylenediamine Absorption spectra Heat of combustion Heat of solution in water Solubility in water -m-Aminophenol* -Benzene* -Benzhydrol* -Catechol* -1,4-Dihydroxynaphthalene* -1,6-Dihydroxynaphthalene* -1,8-Dihydroxy naphthalene* -2,3-Dihydroxynaphthalene* --Dihydroxynaphthalene* -2,7-Dihydroxynaphthalene* -Dinitrobenzene (m-, p-)* -2,4-Dinitrophenol* -2,4-Dinitrotoluene* -Diphenylmethane* -Hydroquinol* -Naphthol (α-, β-)* -Nitrophenol (o-, m-, p-)* -Nitrosodimethylaniline* -Phenol* -Pyrogallol Freezing point-solubility -Resorcinol Freezing point-solubility -1,3,5-Trinitrobenzene Freezing point-solubility -Trinitrotoluene Freezing point-solubility -Triphenylcarbinol Freezing point-solubility -Triphenylmethane Freezing point-solubility o-Phenylenediamine trihydrochloride Heat of solution in water o-Phenylenesuccinamide -Acetic acid* Phenylethane Viscosity -Isoamyl acetate* Phenylethyl acetate Dielectric constant Phenylethyl alcohol Birefringence, magnetic Viscosity -Ethyl alcohol* -Water Phenylethylamine -Xylene Distribution coefficients in water α-Phenylethylamine Optical rotatory power Viscosity β-Phenylethylamine, viscosity Phenylethylcarbinol Surface tension Verdet constant, dispersion of Phenylethylene Verdet constant Viscosity Links 4.143 5.339 5.168 5.149 4.252 4.140 4.138 4.118 4.143 4.144 4.144 5.150 5.50 6.95 7.111 7.219 3.431 7.363 7.219 7.219 4.459 6.434 6.429 5.50 823 Index Terms -Isoamyl acetate* Phenylethylmethylcarbinol Surface tension Verdet constant Phenylfluoroform Birefringence, magnetic Magnetic susceptibility β-Phenylglyceric acid Crystallography Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Optical rotatory power Phenylglycine Absorption spectra Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Heat of combustion Optical rotatory power Phenylglycolic acid Density, aqueous solution Refractive index, aqueous solution -Molybdenum trioxide* Phenylhydrazine Absorption spectra Birefringence Boiling point, aqueous solutions Cryoscopic constant Dielectric constant Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Heat of combustion Heat of fusion Heat of solution in water Magnetic susceptibility Refractive index Solubility in water Pressure, effect of Surface tension Verdet constant Viscosity -o-Chlorophenol* -Magnesium bromide* -Phenol* Phenylhydrazine hydrate Cryoscopic constant Phenylhydrazine hydrochloride Heat of solution in water -Eth yl alcohol* -Methyl alcohol* Phenylhydroxylamine Heat of combustion Magnetic susceptibility -Aniline* cis-Phenylisocrotonic acid Heat of combustion Phenylmalonic acid Decomposition, kinetics of Phenylmethylcarbinol Verdet constant, dispersion of Phenylmethylnitrosoamine Absorption spectra Surface tension Phenylnaphthylamine (α-, β-) Absorption spectra, ultra-violet Heat of combustion Links 4.460 6.430 7.111 6.362 1.329 6.291 7.385 5.343 6.286 5.168 7.376 3.112 7.69 5.339 7.331 3.311 4.183 6.90 4.263 5.168 5.133 5.149 6.362 7.38 3.389 3.393 4.454 6.429 5.44 4.184 5.150 5.168 6.362 5.166 7.122 6.434 5.341 4.456 5.364 5.168 7.69 4.252 7.217 824 Index Terms Phenylparaconic acid Heat of combustion 1-Phenyl-2-pentene Heat of combustion Refractive index Phenylpropargyl alcohol Heat of combustion Phenylpropiolamide Magnetic susceptibility Verdet constant Phenylpropiolic acid Heat of combustion Verdet constant -Isoamyl acetate* -Methyl alcohol* Phenylpropionic acid Absorption spectra Cryoscopic constant Viscosity -Isoamyl acetate* -Methyl alcohol* -Sodium β-phenylpropionate Freezing point-solubility in water Phenylpropyl alcohol Absorption spectra Refractive index Viscosity 3-Phenylpropylamine, viscosity Phenylsuccinic acid Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Heat of combustion Optical rotatory power Phenylsuccinic anhydride Heat of combustion Phenylsulfone Magnetic susceptibility -Ethyl alcohol* -Menthol* -Menthone* Phenylthiourea Activity coefficient -Ethyl alcohol* Phenylurea Boiling point elevation in aqueous solution -Acetone* -Ethyl alcohol* Phenylurethan Surface tension Viscosity -Acetone* -Benzene* -Chloroform* -Ethyl alcohol* -Ethyl ether* Philippine Islands Weights and measures Phillipsite, dehydration behavior Phloroglucinol Absorption spectra Boiling point elevation in aqueous solution Crystallography Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Heat of solution in water Links 5.166 5.164 7.54 5.164 6.363 6.430 5.165 6.430 5.367 4.183 7.220 4.421 5.333 7.47 7.220 7.220 6.295 5.166 7.368 5.166 6.363 7.246 3.327 4.459 7.220 1.10 7.313 5.332 3.327 1.326 6.273 5.149 5.339 825 Index Terms Magnetic susceptibility Phoenicochroite, density Phonic level Phonodeik, Miller Phonolite, compressive strength Phonometer Ballistic Webster Phormium fiber Phorone Absorption spectra Refractive index Surface tension Viscosity -Benzene* -Isoamyl acetate* Phosgene Absorption spectra Boiling point Critical point data Decomposition, kinetics of Density, liquid Electrical conductivity Free energy Heat of formation Orthobaric density Refractivity Solubility in non-aqueous liquids Surface tension Toxicology Vapor pressure Liquid Solid Vapor pressure above 1 atm. -Acetic acid* -Acetic anhydride* -Aluminum barium chloride* -Aluminum calcium chloride* -Aluminum chloride* -Aluminum sodium chloride* -Aluminum strontium chloride* -Antimony pentachloride* -Antimony trichloride* -Aresenous chloride* -Benzoic acid* -Benzoic anhydride* -Chlorine* -Dibenzyl* -p-Dibromobenzene* -p-Dichlorobenzene* -Diphenyl* -Hexachloroethane* -Iodine* -Iodine trichloride* -Naphthalene* -Sulfur dichloride Boiling point elevation -Sulfur monochloride Boiling point elevation Phosgenite Density Refractive index Thermal conductivity Phosphine Boiling point Links 6.362 1.133 6.450 6.457 2.47 6.457 6.457 2.236 5.345 7.47 4.459 7.220 5.374 5.331 3.215 3.237 7.117 3.28 6.143 7.244 5.181 3.237 7.10 3.268 4.447 2.320 5.334 3.330 3.248 3.215 3.213 3.237 3.330 3.330 1.117 1.117 5.232 1.167 7.20 1.109 1.162 3.229 826 Index Terms Critical point data Decomposition, kinetics of Density Gas Liquid Dielectric constant Heat of formation Melting point Orthobaric density Refractive index Gas Liquid Solubility in water Thermal expansion Toxicology Vapor pressure Vapor pressure above 1 atm. Viscosity, gas -Hydrogen chloride* Phosphochalite, density Phosphonium bromide Heat of formation Vapor pressure Phosphonium chloride Boiling point Critical point data Heat of formation Melting point under pressure Triple point Vapor pressure Vapor pressure above 1 atm. Volume change on melting Phosphonium iodide Heat of formation Vapor pressure X-ray diffraction data Phosphor bronze Electrical conductivity Magnetic field, effect of Specific heat Phosphorescence Energy emitted during Phosphoric acid Cryoscopic constant Crystallization velocity Density, aqueous solution Diffusion in water Electrical conductivity Aqueous solution Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Heat of formation Ionization constants Melting point under pressure Solubility in water Surface tension, aqueous solution Vapor pressure lowering in aqueous solution Viscosity, aqueous solution X-rays, absorption coefficient -Ammonium hydroxide* -Ammonium phosphate* -Calcium oxide* -Citric acid*-Sodium hydroxide -Ethyl ether* -Ferric oxide* -Ferric phosphate* Links 3.229 7.116 3.3 1.109 6.76 5.180 1.109 3.229 7.8 1.109 3.259 3.16 2.320 3.213 3.329 5.3 3.248 3.23 1.165 1.12 5.180 3.207 3.230 3.230 5.180 4.10 3.230 3.207 3.230 4.10 5.180 3.207 1.341 3.248 4.10 7.242 6.172 6.422 5.121 5.390 4.214 5.61 3.61 5.65 6.142 6.241 4.255 5.180 7.241 4.10 4.218 4.464 3.293 5.13 6.13 6.243 4.261 6.260 827 Index Terms -Ferrous oxide* -Lead oxide* -Magnesium hydrogen phosphate* -Magnesium oxide* -Molybdenum trioxide* -Orthophosphorous acid* -Potassium hydroxide Density, aqueous solution Freezing point-solubility in water Refractive index, aqueous solution -Potassium phosphate Density, aqueous solution -Sodium hydroxide Freezing point-solubility in water -Sodium phosphate Density, aqueous solution -Sodium sulfate Density, aqueous solution -Zinc oxide Freezing point-solubility in water Phosphorus Allotropic forms Boiling point Chemiluminescence Compressibility Critical constants Critical potentials Density Liquid Solid Vapor Dielectric constant Electrical conductivity Liquid Solid Emission spectra Heat of fusion Heat of vaporization Internal pressure Isotopes Magnetic susceptibility Melting point Melting point under pressure Orthobaric density Persistent lines Pressure-volume relations for gas Quantum numbers Refractive index Gas Solid Specific heat Gas Solid Spectral series Thermal expansion Liquid Solid Thermochemistry Transition temperature Vapor pressure Verdet constant Volume change on melting X-ray absorption limits X-ray cryst al structure X-ray emission spectra X-ray series, limiting frequencies -Aluminum*-Copper Links 3.97 4.369 7.92 4.392 3.97 4.369 4.392 3.97 3.97 4.368 4.11 1.102 5.389 3.46 1.102 6.71 1.102 1.104 7.241 6.75 1.103 1.104 5.309 1.104 5.135 4.19 1.47 6.355 1.104 4.11 3.202 5.323 3.435 5.408 6.72 3.21 3.21 6.99 6.142 6.131 4.17 7.8 7.11 5.80 1.104 5.403 1.102 1.104 5.180 4.6 3.201 6.426 4.11 6.36 1.340 6.36 6.35 5.93 3.21 3.21 3.202 6.44 6.153 828 Index Terms -Arsenic*-Copper-Iron-Manganese -Benzene* -Carbon*-Iron -Carbon*-Iron-Sulfur -Carbon disulfide* -Carbon disulfide*-Sulfur -Chlorobenzene* -Cobalt* -Copper* -Copper*-Tin -Decane* -p-Dibromobenzene* -p-Dichlorobenzene* -Ethyl ether* -Ethylene bromide* -Iodine* -Iron* -Iron*-Manganese -Iron*-Sulfur -Manganese* -Naphthalene* -Nickel* -Phenanthrene* -Selenium Freezing point lowering -Sulfur Freezing point-solubility Phosphorus diiodide Heat of formation Phosphorus heptasulfide -Carbon disulfide* Phosphorus nitride Heat of formation Phosphorus oxybromide Heat of formation -Benzene* -Carbon tetrachloride* Phosphorus oxybromodi chloride Density Phosphorus oxychloride Boiling point Cryoscopic constant Density Dielectric constant Electrical conductivity Heat of formation Heat of fusion Melting point Refractive index Surface tension -Aluminum bromide*-Carbon disulfide -Benzene* -Carbon disulfide* -Carbon tetrachloride* -Chloroform* -Ethyl ether* Phosphorus oxyfluoride, density, gas Phosphorus pentabromide Heat of formation -Bromine* Phosphorus pentachloride Heat of formation Surface tension Vapor density Vapor pressure Links 4.38 4.24 5.180 5.180 5.180 3.23 1.109 4.214 1.109 6.76 6.142 5.180 5.131 1.109 1.109 4.447 1.162 3.23 1.165 3.3 5.180 5.180 4.447 7.241 3.207 7.242 829 Index Terms -Carbon tetrachloride* Phosphorus pentafluoride Boiling point Density, gas Vapor pressure above 1 atm. Phosphorus pentoxide Density, aqueous solution Drying agent, value as Heat of formation Magnetic susceptibility Refractive index, aqueous solution -Lead oxide* Phosphorus sesquisulfide -Benzene* -Carbon disulfide* -Toluene Freezing point-solubility Phosphorus sulfochloride Boiling point Density Melting point Refractive index Surface tension -Benzene* Phosphorus sulfofluoride Boiling point Vapor pressure above 1 atm. Phosphorus tribromide Boiling point Density Dielectric constant Heat of formation Melting point Refractive index Surface tension -Aluminum bromide* Phosphorus trichloride Boiling point Compressibility Density Dielectric constant Heat of formation Heat of vaporization Melting point Refractive index Gas Liquid Specific heat Gas Solid Surface tension Toxicology Verdet constant Vapor pressure -Anthracene* -Antimony triiodide* -Arsenous iodide* -Benzaldehyde* -Benzene* -Camphor* -Carbon disulfide* -Chlorine* -Stannic iodide Boiling point elevation Links 3.230 3.3 3.230 7.66 3.385 5.180 6.356 7.66 4.190 1.110 1.110 1.110 1.110 4.447 1.162 3.23 1.166 3.230 3.230 1.109 1.109 6.76 5.180 1.109 1.109 4.447 1.162 3.23 1.109 3.40 1.109 6.76 5.180 5.136 1.109 1.162 7.8 1.109 5.81 5.95 4.447 2.320 6.426 3.213 3.329 1.165 3.23 1.165 3.329 830 Index Terms Phosphorus trifluoride Boiling point Vapor pressure above 1 atm. Phosphorus triiodide Dielectric constant Heat of formation Surface tension -Antimony triiodide* -Arsenous iodide* Phosphorus trioxide Vapor pressure Surface tension Phosphotungstic acid Density, aqueous solution Phosphuranylite Refractive index Photochemical kinetics Photochemical reactions Quantum sensitivity Temperature coefficients Photoconductivity Photo-electric constant Definition Photoelectric effect Energy sensitivity Photoelectricity Photoelectromotive force Photographic developers Reduction potentials Silver reduction equivalent Watkins' factor Photographic development Temperature coefficient Velocity equations Photographic image Photometric constant Photographic materials Spectral sensitivity Photographic papers , gloss Photographic plates Astro gamma Density Resolving power Sensitometric constants Sharpness Photography Photoluminescence Photometric filters Photometric standards Photometry Color filters for Trichromatic, filters for Phototropy Phthalamide Magnetic susceptibility Phthalanil Absorption spectra -Pyridine Density Viscosity Links 3.229 3.229 6.76 5.180 4.447 3.213 4.447 3.105 1.134 7.159 1.172 7.167 7.164 6.66 1.18 1.40 6.67 6.67 6.66 6.66 5.441 5.439 5.440 5.440 5.439 5.441 5.442 5.445 5.444 5.441 5.442 5.442 5.444 5.438 5.386 5.435 5.434 5.264 5.272 7.165 6.362 5.349 3.172 5.43 5.435 831 Index Terms Phthalein dyes Absorption spectra Indicators, use as Phthalic acid Absorption spectra Boiling point elevation in aqueous solution Density, aqueous solution Diffusion in benzene Diffusion in methyl alcohol Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Heat of combustion Heat of solution in water Magnetic susceptibility Photoluminescence Solubility in water Specific heat -Acetic acid* -Ammonium chloride* -Barium chloride* -Calcium chloride* -Cesium chloride* -Ethyl ether* -Hydrogen chloride* -Lithium chloride* -Magnesium chloride* -Mercuric cyanide* -Nitric acid* -Phenol* -Phthalic anhydride Freezing point-solubility -Potassium acetate Density, aqueous solution Freezing point-solubility in water -Potassium bromate Density, aqueous solution Freezing point-solubility in water -Potassium bromide Density, aqueous solution Freezing point-solubility in water -Potassium chlorate Density, aqueous solution Freezing point-solubility in water -Potassium chloride Density, aqueous solution Freezing point-solubility in water -Potassium fluoride Density, aqueous solution Freezing point-solubility in water -Potassium iodate Density, aqueous solution Freezing point-solubility in water -Potassium iodide Density, aqueous solution Freezing point-solubility in water -Potassium nitrate Density, aqueous solution Freezing point-solubility in water -Potassium sulfate Density, aqueous solution Freezing point-solubility in water -Rubidium chloride Density, aqueous solution Freezing point-solubility in water -Sodium chloride Density, aqueous solution Freezing point-solubility in water -Sodium nitrate Links 7.188 1.86 5.342 3.327 3.114 5.74 5.73 6.284 5.165 5.150 6.362 5.386 4.252 5.104 4.152 3.103 4.420 3.103 4.420 3.103 4.420 3.103 4.419 3.103 4.419 3.103 4.419 3.103 4.420 3.103 4.420 3.103 4.420 3.103 4.420 3.103 4.420 3.102 4.419 4.253 832 Index Terms Density, aqueous solution Freezing point-solubility in water -Sodium sulfate Density, aqueous solution Freezing point-solubility in water -Sucrose Freezing point-solubility in water o-Phthalic aldehyde Absorption spectra Solubility in water Phthalic anhydride Absorption spectra Boiling point Heat of combustion Saponification constant Vapor pressure -Camphor* -Ethyl alcohol* -Naphthalene* -Nitrobenzene* -Phthalic acid* Phthalide Absorption spectra Crystallization velocity Density Dielectric constant Heat of combustion Melting point under pressure Refractive index -Acetamide* -Triphenylguanidine Freezing point-solubility Phthalimide Absorption spectra Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Heat of combustion Magnetic susceptibility -Pyridine Density Viscosity Phthalimidine Absorption spectra -Chloroform* Phthalyl chloride Absorption spectra Heat of combustion Intramolecular transformation Refractive index Surface tension Verdet constant sym.-Phthalyl chloride -asym.-Phthalyl chloride Freezing point-solubility Phthalylphenylhydrazide Transition temperature Phthalylphenylmethylhydrazide Transition temperature Physostigmine Crystallography Optical rotatory power Phytosterol, optical rotatory power Phytosteryl acetate (α-, β-) Optical rotatory power -Cholesteryl acetate* Links 3.102 4.419 3.102 4.419 4.419 5.342 3.391 5.342 3.224 5.166 7.136 3.224 5.342 5.61 3.45 6.93 5.166 4.16 7.42 4.152 5.342 6.284 5.168 6.362 3.171 5.42 5.342 5.342 5.169 7.118 7.42 4.457 6.429 4.180 4.8 4.8 1.334 7.475 7.463 7.463 833 Index Terms Pickeringite Density Refractive index α-Picoline Absorption spectra Density, aqueous solution Dielectric constant Electrical conductivity Aqueous solution Heat of combustion Heat of vaporization Refractive index Specific heat Surface tension Viscosity -Formic acid* β-Picoline Absorption spectra Density, aqueous solution Heat of combustion Refractive index Solubility in water Viscosity γ-Picoline, heat of combustion Picolinic acid Absorption spectra Refractive index Picramide Absorption spectra -Acenaphthene* -Anthracene* -Fluorene* -Naphthalene* -Phenanthrene* -Picric acid Freezing point-solubility -Retene Freezing point-solubility o-Picraminobenzoic acid -Potassium hydroxide Freezing point-solubility in water Picric acid Absorption spectra Activity coefficient Boiling point elevation in aqueous solution Crystallization velocity Detonation velocity Diffusion in water Explosive, properties as Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Heat of explosion Heat of solution in water Pyroelectric effect Solubility in water Specific heat Vapor pressure -Acenaphthene* -Acenaphthylene* -Acetic acid* -Acetone*-Carbon disulfide -Acetonitrile* -Acetophenone* -Amyl alcohol* -Anthracene* -Azobenzene* Links 1.142 1.142 5.332 3.112 6.90 6.144 6.274 5.168 5.137 7.38 5.110 4.454 7.217 5.339 3.112 5.168 7.38 3.389 7.217 5.168 1.168 5.339 3.113 3.113 5.339 7.29 5.338 4.175 4.127 4.422 5.338 7.246 3.327 5.61 7.493 5.70 7.490 4.262 7.490 5.149 6.209 4.253 5.102 3.209 7.204 834 Index Terms -Benzene* -Benzhydrol* -Benzophenone* -α-Benzylnaphthalene* -Bromoform* -Bromonaphthalene (α-, β-)* -Camphor* -Carbazole* -Carbon dioxide* -Carbon dioxide*-Naphthalene -Carbon disulfide*-Ethyl ether -Carbon disulfide*-Methylal -Catechol* -Chloroform* -Chloroform*-Ethyl ether -Chloronaphthalene (α-, β-)* -Cinnamic acid* -Cresol (o-, m -, p-)* -Dibenzyl* -Dichloromethane* -Dimethyl oxalate* -Dimethylpyrone* -m-Dinitrobenzene* -2,4-Dinitrophenol* -2,4-Dinitrotoluene* -Diphenyl* -Diphenylamine* -Diphenylmethane* -Ethyl alcohol* -Ethyl alcohol* -Phenanthrene -Ethyl alcohol* -Phenanthrene picrate -Ethyl ether* -Fenchone* -Fluorene* -Glycol diacetate* -Guaiacol* -Hydrogen chloride* -m-Hydroxybenzaldehyde* -Methyl acetate* -Methyl alcohol* -Methylpicric acid* -Naphthalene* -β-Naphthol* -Nitric acid* -Nitroacenaphthene* -Nitrogen tetroxide* -α-Nitronaphthalene* -Nitrophenol (o-, m-, p-)* -Phenanthrene* -Phenol* -Phenylacetic acid* -5-Phenylacridine* -Picramide* -Picryl chloride Freezing point-solubility -Propyl alcohol Boiling point elevation -Pyridine Boiling point elevation -Resorcinol Freezing point-solubility -Retene Freezing point-solubility -Stilbene Freezing point-solubility -Succinic acid Freezing point-solubility Links 4.117 3.340 3.342 4.119 4.121 4.121 4.114 835 Index Terms -Succinimide Freezing point-solubility -Tetralin Distribution coefficients in water -Tetryl Freezing point-solubility -Thymol Freezing point-solubility -Toluene Distribution coefficients in water -Toluic acid (o-, m -) Freezing point-solubility -1,3,5-Trinitrobenzene Freezing point-solubility -Trinitrotoluene Freezing point-solubility -Triphenylcarbinol Freezing point-solubility -Triphenylmethane Freezing point-solubility Picromerite Density Refractive index See also Magnesium potassium sulfate. Picrotin, optical rotatory power Picrotinic acid, optical rotatory power Picrotoxinin Absorption spectra Crystallography Optical rotatory power Picrotoxininic acid, optical rotatory power Picrotoxinonic acid, optical rotatory power Picryl chloride -Acenaphthene* -Acenaphthylene* -Acetone* -Acetonitrile* -Anthracene* -2,4-Dinitrochlorobenzene* -Ethyl alcohol* -Fluorene* -Methyl alcohol* -Naphthalene* -Phenanthrene* -Picric acid* -Retene Freezing point-solubility Picryl cinchonicine -Acetone* Picryl sulfide -Trinitroanisole Freezing point-solubility -2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene Freezing point-solubility Pictet's liquid, surface tension Pierrot metal Piezoelectric constant, conversion factors Piezoelectric generator Piezoelectric resonators Piezoelectricity Pigments Albedo Paints, density of Links 4.113 3.428 4.119 4.120 3.428 4.120 4.118 4.175 4.121 4.121 1.158 1.158 7.475 7.465 5.351 1.333 7.475 7.465 7.465 4.117 4.147 4.146 4.442 2.381 1.29 6.455 6.211 6.208 5.262 2.317 1.168 836 Index Terms Pilopic acid, optical rotatory power Pilosine, optical rotatory power Pilosinine, optical rotatory power Pimelic acid Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Heat of combustion -Ethyl ether* Pin wire brass Pinabietic acid -Ethyl alcohol* -Ethyl ether* Pinacol Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Heat of combustion Verdet constant Pinacolin Dielectric constant Surface tension Verdet constant Pinacone Azeotropic mixtures Dielectric constant Solubility in water Pinacoyl alcohol, heat of combustion Pinakiolite Density Refractive index Pinane, optical rotatory power Pinchbeck (alloy) Pine wood Density Thermal conductivity Pinene Absorption spectra Azeotropic mixtures Density Dielectric constant Electrical conductivity Heat of combustion Heat of wetting by Optical rotatory power Refractive index Surface tension Verdet constant, dispersion of X-rays, absorption coefficient -Benzene* -Camphene* -Camphor* -Carbon disulfide* -Ethyl alcohol* Pinene hydrate , Verdet constant, dispersion of Pinene hydrochloride Verdet constant, dispersion of -Borneol* -Camphene* -Camphor* -Ethyl ether* -Hexane* Pinitol, optical rotatory power Pinnoite Density Refractive index Links 7.404 7.420 7.419 6.283 5.165 2.381 2.555 2.601 6.277 5.164 6.429 6.91 4.455 6.429 3.322 6.91 4.251 5.164 1.142 1.142 7.411 2.381 1.173 2.469 2.313 2.313 5.333 3.319 3.30 6.95 6.144 5.164 5.142 7.411 7.52 4.460 6.433 6.14 5.346 6.433 6.433 7.405 1.142 1.142 1.166 2.555 837 Index Terms Pinolene Heat of combustion Optical rotatory power Pinonic acid Crystallography Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Optical rotatory power Pioneer metal d-Pipecoline -l-Pipecoline Freezing point-solubility Piperic acid Absorption spectra Heat of solution in water Piperidine Absorption spectra Boiling point Density Dielectric constant Electrical conductivity Aqueous solution Heat of combustion Heat of solution in water Heat of vaporization Magnetic susceptibility Refractive index Specific heat Surface tension Viscosity -Allyl isothiocyanate* -Allyl thiocyanate* -Anthracene* -Benzene* -Cadmium bromide* -Cadmium iodide* -Chloroform* -Cobaltous chloride* -Cyclohexane* -Diphenylamine* -Ethyl alcohol* -Ethyl ether* -Ethyl thiocyanate* -Methyl alcohol* -Silver bromide Boiling point elevation -Silver chloride Boiling point elevation -Silver iodide Boiling point elevation -Silver nitrate Boiling point elevation -Toluene Density Surface tension -Xylene Distribution coefficients in water -Zinc chloride Boiling point elevation Piperidine cyanoacetate, electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Piperidine derivatives, optical rotatory power Piperidine hydrochloride Absorption spectra Heat of solution in water -Ethyl alcohol* Links 5.164 7.411 1.330 6.296 7.417 2.381 4.144 5.348 5.150 5.332 3.343 3.29 6.89 6.144 6.271 5.167 5.149 5.137 6.362 7.38 5.109 4.452 5.39 3.343 3.343 3.343 3.343 3.173 4.473 3.427 3.343 6.243 7.406 5.338 5.149 5.338 3.33 5.40 7.216 838 Index Terms Piperidine picrate -Chloroform* Piperidinium nitrate -Ethyl alcohol* Piperine Absorption spectra Crystal nuclei, formation of Crystallization velocity -Carbon tetrachloride* Piperonal Absorption spectra Surface tension, aqueous solution -Acenaphthene* -Benzoic acid* -Chloroacetic acid* -Trichloroacetic acid Freezing point-solubility Piperonal oxime -Isoamyl acetate* trans-Piperonylacrylic acid, heat of combustion Piperonylic acid Absorption spectra Heat of combustion Heat of solution in water -Chloroform* -Xylene Distribution coefficients in water Pipes, heat, convection in Pipestone. See Catlinite. Pirsch's German silver Pirssonite Density Melting point Refractive index Piston phone Pitchblende , density Pitches Classification Physical properties Thermal expansion Viscosity Pitchstone, dehydration behavior Pitot-static tubes Placet (alloy) Plagionite, density Plancheite Density Refractive index Planck's constant Definition Planets, characteristics Plaster Density Sound, transmission of, by Thermal conductivity Plaster, gypsum Density Thermal conductivity Plaster board Plaster-of-Paris Thermal conductivity Links 5.334 5.60 5.61 5.352 5.342 4.470 4.103 5.166 5.342 5.165 5.150 3.430 5.235 2.381 1.154 1.154 1.154 6.455 1.134 1.169 2.171 2.171 2.172 2.172 7.313 1.403 2.381 1.116 1.123 1.123 1.17 1.40 1.392 2.315 6.459 2.315 2.315 2.315 2.46 2.122 2.315 1.167 6.27 7.27 839 Index Terms Plastic bronze Plastics Nitrocellulose Chemical behavior Combustion, rate of Electrical conductivity Explosion time Optical properties Physical properties Thermal properties Water, absorption of, by Pyroxylin See also Phenol resins. Platalargan (alloy) Plates, air forces on Platine (alloy) Platine-au-titre (alloy) Platinic bromide , heat of formation Platinic chloride Decomposition pressure Density, aqueous solution Heat of formation Magnetic susceptibility Aqueous solution -Ethyl ether* Platinic iodide, heat of formation Platiniridium Platinite (alloy) Electrical conductivity Platinoid (alloy) Electrical conductivity Magnetic field, effect of Thermoelectric properties Platinor (alloy) Platinous chloride Ammine Decomposition pressure Heat of decomposition Heat of formation Decomposition pressure Heat of formation Magnetic susceptibility -Bismuth chloride* Platinous hydroxide Heat of formation Platinous iodide Ammines Decomposition pressure Heat of decomposition Heat of formation Decomposition pressure Platinum Absorption, index of Annealing temperature Boiling point Brightness Brightness temperature Color temperature Compressibility Contact potential Corbino effect Density Liquid Links 2.381 2.296 2.298 2.297 2.297 2.297 2.298 2.296 2.297 2.298 2.296 2.381 1.405 2.381 2.381 5.189 7.274 3.67 5.189 6.357 6.364 5.189 2.381 2.381 6.185 2.381 6.171 6.422 6.222 2.381 1.406 2.465 2.474 2.546 2.588 3.107 2.465 2.482 2.475 2.480 7.274 7.274 5.190 7.274 5.189 6.357 5.189 7.274 7.274 5.190 7.274 5.250 2.591 1.102 5.246 1.60 5.246 3.47 6.57 6.419 5.252 1.102 2.463 3.205 5.245 3.48 840 Index Terms Solid Elastic properties Electrical conductivity Low temperature Magnetic field, effect of Electron emission excited by its positive ion Electrons, absorption of, by Electrons, reflection of Electrons, secondary emission of Electrons, thermal emission of Electrons, transmitted, velocity of Emission, spectral Emission spectra Evaporation, rate of Evaporation from hot filament Hall effect Hardness Heat of fusion Heat of vaporization Hydrogen, permeability to J-Phenomenon Magnetic susceptibility Melting point Peltier coefficient Persistent lines Photoelectric current Photoelectric threshold Photoelectric work function Quantum numbers Radiation temperature, total Refraction, index of Righi-Leduc effect Sound, velocity of, in Specific heat Spectral series Sputtered film on glass, volume conductivity Surface tension Thermal conductivity Thermal expansion Thermionic work function Thermochemistry Thermoelectric properties Thomson coefficient Vapor pressure Viscosity X-radiation from target of X-ray absorption limits X-ray crystal structure X-ray emission spectra X-ray lines, intensity of X-ray series, limiting frequencies X-rays, absorption, discontinuity in X-rays, absorption coefficient Zeeman effect -Aluminum* -Antimony* -Copper* -Gold* -Iridium* -Lead* -Palladium* -Rhodium Absorption, index of Elastic properties Electrical conductivity Evaporation, velocity of Hardness Links 1.104 2.588 1.104 6.130 6.422 6.65 6.61 6.63 6.63 6.53 6.62 5.242 5.310 5.54 5.53 6.416 2.588 1.104 1.102 5.76 6.1 6.355 1.53 6.227 6.324 6.67 6.68 6.57 5.408 5.246 5.250 6.421 6.465 5.93 5.403 4.475 4.440 5.220 1.104 6.53 5.189 6.214 6.228 3.205 5.7 6.47 6.41 1.340 6.41 6.26 6.35 6.12 6.13-15 5.420 5.251 2.588 6.195 5.54 2.588 2.456 6.136 6.133 6.137 6.138 5.243 5.244 5.254 6.417 2.458 1.104 5.252 5.221 2.461 6.56 6.225 6.48 6.425 5.255 5.256 841 Index Terms Refraction, index of Thermal conductivity Thermal expansion Thermoelectric properties Viscosity, tangential coefficient -Ruthenium Thermoelectric properties -Silver Absorption, index of Elastic properties Electrical conductivity Equilibrium diagram Refraction, index of Thermal conductivity Thermal expansion Thermoelectric properties -Thallium Density Platinum alloys, list of Platinum black Albedo Carbon monoxide, adsorption of, by Emission, spectral Hydrogen, adsorption of, by Oxygen, adsorption of, by Photoelectric threshold Platinum cyanide, cathodoluminescence Platinum monochloride Decomposition pressure Heat of formation Platinum trichloride Decomposition pressure Heat of formation Platnam (alloy) Plattnerite Density Refractive index See also Lead dioxide. Pleonaste, thermal expansion Plow steel Plumbers white (alloy) Plumbic bronze Plumbogummite Density Refractive index Plumbojarosite Density Refractive index Plumbo-plumbic oxide Free energy Decomposition Heat of formation Magnetic susceptibility Specific heat Thermal conductivity Plumosite , density Podolite Density Refractive index Poggendorff cell Poise, definition Poisoning, gas, treatment of Links 5.251 5.226 2.467 6.221 5.7 6.221 5.250 2.588 6.161 2.422 5.250 5.222 2.474 6.216 2.589 2.390 5.263 3.253 5.244 3.253 3.253 6.68 5.388 7.274 5.189 7.274 5.189 2.382 1.115 1.115 3.43 2.382 2.382 2.382 1.168 2.470 1.137 1.137 1.167 1.129 1.129 1.167 7.250 7.250 5.183 6.357 7.250 5.217 1.116 1.144 1.144 6.318 1.40 2.321 1.171 2.491 2.492 2.516 2.600 2.602 842 Index Terms Poisson's ratio Definition Glass Poland, weights and measures Polar reflection Polarimetry Polarization, X-rays Polarization capacity, definition Pole effect Pole strength Conversion factors Definition Polenske value, definition Polerschiefer. See Diatomaceous earth. Polianite, density Pollucite Density Refractive index Polonium Electrode potential Gold, diffusion in Lead, diffusion in Melting point X-ray emission spectra Polyargyrite , density Polyarsenite Density Refractive index Polybasite Density Photoconductivity Refractive index Polydymite, density Polyhalite Density Refractive index Polypeptides, optical rotatory power Poncelet Ponsard's brass Pope's Island metal Porcelain Emission, spectral Porosity Thermal conductivity Porcelain, electrical Abrasion, resistance to Body compositions Classification Compressibility, cubical Composition Crushing strength Density Dielectric constant Dielectric strength Electrical conductivity Electrolysis Fixed impact and bending shock Flash-over voltage Hardness Modulus of elasticity Modulus of rupture Petrographic character Links 1.40 2.93 1.10 6.435 2.334 6.2 1.35 5.432 2.viii 1.30 1.40 2.xii 1.127 1.161 1.161 1.165 7.246 5.77 5.77 1.104 6.42 1.124 1.127 1.127 1.124 6.66 1.124 1.131 1.158 1.158 7.377 1.40 2.382 2.382 2.66 5.258 2.68 2.315 2.70 2.67 2.67 2.68 2.67 2.69 2.68 2.72 2.71 2.71 2.72 2.69 2.72 2.70 2.69 2.69 2.68 1.173 1.173 1.170 2.480 2.72 843 Index Terms Softening point Sound, velocity of, in Thermal expansion Thermal shock, resistance to Toughness Porcelain, laboratory Abrasion, resistance to Body composition Chemical composition Classification Crushing strength Density Dielectric constant Dielectric strength Electrical conductivity Fixed impact and bending shock Hardness Modulus of elasticity Modulus of rupture Petrographic character Porosity Softening point Sound, velocity of, in Specific heat Tensile strength Thermal conductivity Thermal expansion Thermal shock, resistance to Toughness Poro-bronze Porosity Building materials Clays Porcelain Refractory materials Whiteware Porphyrite, thermal conductivity Porphyry Compressive strength Porosity Portland cement Density Thermal conductivity Porto Rico, weights and measures Portugal, weights and measures Positive ions Potassium Absorption, index of Absorption spectra, solutions Band spectra Boiling point Cathodoluminescence Compressibility Contact potential Critical potentials Density Liquid Solid Electrical conductivity Liquid Solid Low temperature Electrode potential Emission, spectral Emission spectra Links 2.70 2.72 2.70 2.70 2.70 2.73 2.77 2.73 2.74 2.73 2.76 2.75 2.80 2.81 2.80 2.77 2.77 2.76 2.76 2.74 2.75 2.78 2.81 2.79 2.76 2.79 2.78 2.80 2.77 2.382 2.53 2.58 2.68 2.82 2.75 2.55 2.476 2.59 2.75 2.47 2.53 2.117 2.314 2.314 1.10 1.10 6.64 5.249 5.330 5.415 1.102 5.390 3.47 6.57 6.71 1.102 1.104 1.103 1.104 6.127 6.332 5.253 5.301 3.205 2.457 2.456 2.463 6.136 6.133 7.306 6.137 844 Index Terms Entropy Free energy of electrode reaction Hardness Heat content Heat of dissociation Heat of fusion Heat of vaporization Isotopes Magnetic susceptibility Magneton number Melting point Orbits of Persistent lines Photoelectric sensitivity, wave length for maximum Photoelectric threshold Quantum numbers Refraction, index of Solubility in potassium hydroxide Sound, velocity of, in vapor Specific heat Gas Liquid Solid Spectral series Surface tension Thermal conductivity Thermal expansion Liquid Solid Thermochemistry Thermodynamic potential Thermoelectric properties Vapor pressure Volume change on fusion X-radiation, scattered, distribution of X-ray absorption limits X-ray absorption spectra X-ray crystal structure X-ray series, limiting frequencies X-rays, absorption coefficient X-rays, scattering, modification by Zeeman effect -Ammonia* -Bismuth* -Cadmium* -Cesium* -Lead* -Lithium* -Mercury* -Rubidium Electrical conductivity Extrusion pressure Photoelectric sensit ivity, wave length for maximum -Sodium Absorption, index of Density Electrical conductivity Equilibrium diagram Photoelectric sensitivity, wave length for maximum Refraction, index of Thermal conductivity Thermal expansion -Thallium Electrical conductivity Equilibrium diagram Photoelectric sensitivity, wave length for maximum -Tin Links 5.88 7.306 2.592 5.88 5.418 1.104 1.102 1.45 6.355 6.346 1.104 1.50 5.323 6.68 6.68 5.408 5.249 4.40 6.462 5.80 1.103 1.104 5.399 4.440 5.220 1.102 1.104 5.203 5.88 6.214 3.205 2.474 6.19 6.36 6.36 1.340 6.35 6.13 6.17 5.420 2.458 5.94 5.85 5.221 2.463 2.461 6.44 6.192 2.593 6.68 5.251 2.594 6.192 2.436 6.68 5.251 5.225 2.474 6.198 2.436 6.68 6.198 5.88 5.93 845 Index Terms Electrical conductivity Equilibrium diagram -Zinc Equilibrium diagram Potassium acetate Acetic acid complexes, decomposition pressure Boiling point elevation in aqueous solution Density, aqueous solution Diffusion in ethyl alcohol Diffusion in methyl alcohol Diffusion in water Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Heat of formation Osmotic pressure Refractive index, aqueous solution Solubility in water Specific heat Aqueous solution Surface tension, aqueous solution Vapor pressure lowering in aqueous solution Viscosity, aqueous solution -Acetic acid* -Acetic acid*-Calcium sulfate -Butyric acid* -Calcium tartrate* -Ethyl alcohol* -Glycocoll* -Isoamyl alcohol* -Isobutyric acid* -Lead acetate* -Lead sulfate* -Methyl alcohol* -Phthalic acid* -Potassium hydrogen tartrate Freezing point-solubility in water -Potassium sulfate Freezing point-solubility in water -Silver acetate Solubility in water -Sodium acetate Surface tension of aqueous solution Potassium, amalgams, partial vapor pressure Potassium amide Electrical conductivity -Sodium amide Freezing point-solubility Potassium antimonate Density, aqueous solution Potassium antimonyl tartrate Boiling point elevation in aqueous solution Density, aqueous solution Heat of formation Osmotic pressure Vapor pressure lowering in aqueous solution -Ethyl alcohol* Potassium arsenate Density, aqueous solution -Arsenic acid* -Arsenic pentoxide* -Sodium arsenate Freezing point-solubility Potassium arsenite Absorption spectra, solutions -Sodium arsenite Links 6.200 2.417 2.436 7.307 3.326 3.90 5.73 5.72 5.69 6.241 4.259 5.205 4.431 7.76 4.240 5.101 5.124 4.466 3.299 5.18 3.106 7.76 6.252 6.255 4.374 4.336 7.323 4.470 3.284 6.149 4.69 3.89 3.326 3.91 5.205 4.431 3.299 3.89 4.69 5.331 3.106 3.106 846 Index Terms Freezing point-solubility Potassium aurocyanide Density, aqueous solution Potassium azide Density, aqueous solution Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Refractive index, aqueous solution Viscosity, aqueous solution -Iodine* Potassium benzenesulfonate Density, aqueous solution Potassium benzoate Density, aqueous solution Heat of solution in water Osmotic pressure Refractive index, aqueous solution Solubility in water Vapor pressure lowering in aqueous solution Potassium bicarbonate Decomposition pressure Density, aqueous solution Dielectric constant, aqueous solution Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Heat of formation Osmotic pressure Refractive index Aqueous solution Solubility in water Verdet constant, aqueous solution Viscosity, aqueous solution -Cobaltous chloride*-Potassium carbonate -Magnesium carbonate* -Potassium carbonate Freezing point-solubility in water Potassium bisulfite Absorption spectra, solutions Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Heat of formation Osmotic pressure Reflectivity, selective Potassium borate , specific heat Potassium bromate Density, aqueous solution Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Heat of formation Pyroelectric effect Solubility in water Transference number Vapor pressure lowering in aqueous solution Viscosity, aqueous solution -Barium bromate* -Phthalic acid* -Silver bromate Solubility in water -Sodium chloride Solubility in water -Sodium nitrate Solubility in water Potassium bromide Absorption spectra, solutions Ammines Decomposition pressure Heat of decomposition Links 4.69 3.91 3.89 6.252 7.75 5.17 6.254 3.91 7.76 5.150 4.431 7.76 4.241 3.299 7.308 3.90 6.104 6.255 4.259 5.205 4.431 7.27 7.75 4.240 6.427 5.18 3.106 4.371 5.330 6.252 5.204 4.431 5.260 5.101 3.87 6.251 4.259 5.204 6.210 4.239 6.310 3.298 5.17 7.322 7.346 7.346 5.330 7.306 7.306 3.106 847 Index Terms Heat of formation Boiling point elevation in aqueous solution Compressibility Aqueous solution Concentration cells Density Aqueous solution Liquid Solid Dielectric constant Diffusion in water Electrical conductivity Aqueous solution Emission, spectral Entropy Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Heat content Heat of dissociation Heat of formation Magnetic susceptibility Melting point Photoelectric current Refractive index Aqueous solution Residual rays Solubility in water Solution velocity in water Specific heat Aqueous solution Surface tension Aqueous solution Thermal conductivity, aqueous solut ion Thermodynamic potential Transference number Vapor pressure Aqueous solution Vapor pressure lowering in aqueous solution Verdet constant, aqueous solution Viscosity Aqueous solution X-ray diffraction data -Acetone* -Aluminum bromide* -Ammonium chloride* -Antimony trichloride* -Antimony trifluoride* -Arsenous oxide* -Barium bromide* -Bromine* -Bromine*-Nitrobenzene -Cadmium bromide* -Cadmium bromide*-Sodium bromide -Calcium bromide* -Calcium sulfate* -Cupric acetate* -Cuprous bromide* -Dilead potassium bromide* -Ethyl alcohol* -Glycerol* -Hydrogen bromide* -Iodine* -Iodine*-Nitrobenzene -Lead bromide* -Lead chloride* -Lithium bromide* -Magnesium bromide* -Manganese dioxide* Links 5.205 3.326 3.50 3.440 6.329 3.87 3.24 1.154 6.77 5.68 6.149 6.231 5.259 5.91 4.259 5.91 5.418 6.204 6.360 1.154 6.69 1.154 7.75 5.261 4.239 5.56 5.91 5.124 4.444 4.466 5.229 5.91 6.309 3.214 3.373 3.298 6.426 7.212 5.17 1.345 3.106 4.444 3.44 6.99 3.108 6.154 6.235 6.239 1.165 7.13 5.100 7.75 848 Index Terms -Mercuric bromide* -Methyl alcohol* -Phthalic acid* -Potassium chlorate Solubility in water -Potassium chloride Density Aqueous solution Electrical conductivity Freezing point-solubility Freezing point-solubility in water -Potassium fluoride Freezing point-solubility -Potassium hydrogen tartrate Freezing point-solubility in water -Potassium hydroxide Freezing point-solubility Freezing point-solubility in water -Potassium iodide Freezing point-solubility Freezing point-solubility in water -Silver bromide Freezing point-solubility -Silver nitrate Freezing point-solubility -Sodium bromide Density, aqueous solution Freezing point-solubility -Strontium brom ide Freezing point-solubility -Succinic acid Freezing point-solubility in water Potassium bromochloride , electrical conductivity Potassium bromoplatinate Absorption spectra, solutions Heat of formation Potassium bromoplatinite Heat of formation Potassium butyrate Density, aqueous solution Refractive index, aqueous solution Vapor pressure lowering in aqueous solution -Acetic acid* -Butyric acid* -Formic acid* Potassium d-camphorate -Camphoric acid* Potassium carbonate Boiling point elevation in aqueous solution Decomposition pressure Hydrates Density Aqueous solution Liquid Dielectric constant Diffusion in water Electrical conductivity Aqueous solution Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Heat of formation Magnetic susceptibility Refractive index, aqueous solution Solubility in Aqueous acetone Aqueous allyl alcohol Aqueous ethyl alcohol Links 7.345 3.135 3.99 6.151 4.70 4.275 4.382 4.70 4.317 4.70 4.318 4.71 4.316 4.387 4.59 7.267 4.59 3.99 4.68 4.65 4.414 6.155 5.331 5.206 5.206 3.90 7.76 3.299 3.326 7.308 7.308 3.44 3.90 3.24 6.77 5.69 6.149 6.252 4.259 5.205 6.360 7.75 3.409 3.406 3.404 7.76 3.108 6.255 849 Index Terms Aqueous isopropyl alcohol Aqueous methyl alcohol Aqueous propyl alcohol Water Specific heat Aqueous solution Surface tension, aqueous solution Thermal conductivity Transition temperature Vapor pressure lowering in aqueous solution Viscosity, aqueous solution -Acetone* -Ammonium hydroxide* -Barium chloride* -Barium sulfate* -Barium sulfate*-Potassium sulfate -Calcium carbonate* -Calcium carbonate*-Sodium carbonate -Calcium chloride* -Calcium sulfate* -Cobaltous chloride*-Potassium bicarbonate -Dipotassium phosphate* -Ethyl alcohol* -Lead chromate* -Lithium carbonate* -Potassium bicarbonate* -Potassium chlorate Freezing point-solubility in water -Potassium chloride Freezing point-solubility Freezing point-solubility in water -Potassium chromate Freezing point-solubility -Potassium fluoride Freezing point-solubility -Potassium hydrogen phosphate Density, aqueous solution -Potassium hydroxide Freezing point-solubility in water -Potassium nitrate Freezing point-solubility Freezing point-solubility in water -Potassium permanganate Freezing point-solubility in water -Potassium sulfate Density, aqueous solution Freezing point-solubility -Sodium carbonate Density, aqueous solution Freezing point-solubility Freezing point-solubility in water Viscosity, aqueous solution -Sodium carbonate-Sodium hydroxide Freezing point-solubility -Sodium chlorate Freezing point-solubility in water -Sodium chloride Freezing point-solubility Freezing point-solubility in water -Sodium chromate Freezing point-solubility -Sodium nitrate Freezing point-solubility in water -Sodium sulfate Freezing point-solubility in water Potassium chlorate Boiling point elevation in aqueous solution Links 3.414 3.404 3.414 4.240 5.101 5.124 4.466 5.229 4.8 3.299 5.18 4.315 4.70 4.300 4.71 4.70 3.100 4.372 4.71 4.359 4.372 7.346 3.100 4.71 3.99 4.69 4.373 5.19 4.76 4.314 4.386 4.68 4.300 4.385 4.69 4.360 4.392 4.335 4.389 3.326 850 Index Terms Compressibility, aqueous solution Density Aqueous solution Dielectric constant Electrical conductivity Aqueous solution Free energy Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Heat of formation Magnetic susceptibility Melting point Osmotic pressure Reflectivity, selective Refractive index Solubility in water Specific heat Aqueous solution Surface tension, aqueous solution Transition temperature Transference number Vapor pressure, aqueous solution Vapor pressure lowering in aqueous solution Viscosity, aqueous solution Volume change on melting -Calcium sulfate* -Diethyl tartrate* -Osmium tetroxide* -Perchloric acid* -Phthalic acid* -Potassium bromide* -Potassium carbonate* -Potassium chloride Boiling point elevation in aqueous solution Density, aqueous solution -Potassium hydrogen tartrate Freezing point-solubility in water -Potassium hydroxide Freezing point-solubility in water -Potassium iodide Solubility in water -Potassium nitrate Freezing point-solubility in water -Potassium oxalate Solubility in water -Potassium sulfate Solubility in water -Sodium carbonate Freezing point-solubility in water -Sodium chlorate Freezing point-solubility Freezing point-solubility in water -Sodium chloride Vapor pressure, aqueous solution -Thallium chlorate Freezing point-solubility in water -Thallium monochloride Solubility in water Potassium chloride Absorption spectra, solutions Activity coefficient in water Adsorption by charcoal Boiling point elevation in aqueous solution Compressibility Aqueous solution Concentration cells Density Aqueous solution Links 3.440 1.154 3.86 6.77 6.149 6.241 7.306 4.259 5.204 6.360 1.154 4.431 5.260 1.154 4.239 5.100 5.124 4.466 4.7 6.310 3.373 3.298 5.17 4.12 3.43 3.106 6.251 1.169 3.348 3.99 4.315 4.315 7.345 7.345 4.314 7.345 7.345 7.345 4.314 4.386 4.68 4.315 3.380 4.315 7.345 7.321 5.327 7.306 3.252 3.326 3.50 3.440 6.328 3.87 3.106 3.108 4.444 7.75 851 Index Terms Liquid Solid Dielectric constant Aqueous solution Diffusion in water Electrical conductivity Aqueous solution Emission, spectral Entropy Freezing mixtures, use in Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Grating spaces of Heat content Heat of adiabatic expansion, aqueous solution Heat of dilution with water Heat of dissociation Heat of formation Heat of fusion Light, transmission of Magnetic rotatory power, aqueous solution Magnetic susceptibility Melting point Photoelectric current Aqueous solution Radiation, transmission of Refractive index Aqueous solution Dispersion Residual rays Solubility in water Solution velocity in water Specific heat Aqueous solution Surface tension Aqueous solution Thermal conductivity Aqueous solution Thermodynamic potential Transference number Transmission of radiant energy Vapor pressure Aqueous solut ion Vapor pressure lowering in aqueous solution Verdet constant Aqueous solution Viscosity Aqueous solution X-ray diffraction data X-rays, absorption coefficient -Acetone* -Acetone*-Cupric chloride -Acetone*-Mercuric chloride -Aluminum chloride* -Aluminum potassium sulfate* -Ammonia* -Ammonium chloride* -Ammonium chloride*-Ammonium nitrate -Ammonium chloride*-Cupric chloride -Ammonium chloride*-Magnesium chloride -Ammonium chloride*-Mercuric chloride -Ammonium chloride*-Sodium chloride -Ammonium nitrate* -Ammonium nitrate*-Potassium nitrate -Ammonium sulfate*-Sodium nitrate -Antimony trichloride* -Antimony trifluoride* -Arsenous oxide* Links 3.24 1.154 6.77 6.101 5.68 6.149 6.231 5.259 5.91 1.63 4.259 6.7 5.91 5.147 5.161 5.418 5.203 5.131 5.264 6.431 6.360 1.54 6.69 6.69 5.264 1.154 7.75 7.101 5.261 4.239 5.56 5.91 5.115 4.444 4.466 5.216 5.227 5.91 6.309 5.270 3.214 3.373 3.298 6.426 6.426 7.212 5.17 1.345 6.13 3.43 6.154 6.234 6.239 1.165 7.13 7.14 5.231 5.233 5.100 5.217 5.229 7.77 852 Index Terms -Barium chloride* -Barium chloride*-Cupric chloride -Barium chloride*-Magnesium chloride -Barium chloride*-Sodium chloride -Barium chloride*-Strontium chloride -Barium hydroxide* -Barium oxalate* -Barium sulfate* -Benzoic acid* -Bismuth chloride* -Cadmium chloride* -Cadmium chloride*-Sodium chloride -Calcium carbonate* -Calcium chloride* -Calcium chloride*-Magnesium chloride-Sodium chloride -Calcium chloride*-Magnesium chloride-Sodium sulfate -Calcium chloride*-Sodium chloride -Calcium hydroxide* -Calcium nitrate* -Calcium oxalate*-Chloroacetic acid -Calcium oxalate*-Hydrogen chloride -Calcium sulfate* -Calcium sulfate*-Magnesium chloride-Sodium chloride -Cesium chloride* -Cobaltous chloride* -Cupric chloride* -Cupric chloride*-Ethyl alcohol -Cupric sulfate* -Cuprous chloride* -Diethyl tartrate* -3,5-Dinitrobenzoic acid* -Ethyl alcohol* -Ethyl alcohol* -Mercuric chloride -Ferric chloride* -Ferrous chloride*-Magnesium chloride -Formamide* -Glucose* -Glycerol* -Glycocoll* -Hydrogen bromide* -Hydrogen chloride* -Hydrogen chloride*-Sodium chloride -Iodine*-Nitrobenzene -Lead bromide* -Lead chloride* -Lead chloride*-Sodium chloride -Lithium carbonate* -Lithium chloride* -Lithium chloride*-Sodium chloride -Magnesium chloride* -Magnesium chloride*-Sodium chloride -Magnesium chloride*-Sodium sulfate -Magnesium nitrate*-Potassium nitrate-Strontium nitrate -Magnesium potassium chloride* -Magnesium sulfate* -Magnesium sulfate*-Sodium chloride -Manganous chloride* -Mercuric chloride* -Methyl alcohol* -Phthalic acid* -Potassium bromide* -Potassium carbonate* -Potassium chlorate* -Potassium chromate Electrical conductivity Freezing point-solubility -Potassium cyanide Links 6.151 4.71 853 Index Terms Freezing point-solubility -Potassium dichromate Freezing point-solubility -Potassium fluoride Freezing point-solubility -Potassium hydrogen tartrate Freezing point-solubility in water -Potassium hydroxide Density, aqueous solution Freezing point-solubility Freezing point-solubility in water -Potassium iodide Density, aqueous solution Freezing point-solubility Freezing point-solubility in water -Potassium metaphosphate Freezing point-solubility -Potassium nitrate Density, aqueous solution Freezing point-solubility Viscosity, aqueous solution -Potassium nitrate-Sodium chloride Density, aqueous solution -Potassium oxalate Freezing point-solubility in water -Potassium perchlorate Solubility in water -Potassium permanganate Freezing point-solubility in water -Potassium phosphate Freezing point-solubility -Potassium pyrophosphate Freezing point-solubility -Potassium sulfate Density, aqueous solution Freezing point-solubility Freezing point-solubility in water -Potassium sulfate-Sodium chloride Density, aqueous solution -Propyl alcohol Freezing point-solubility in water -Rubidium chloride Freezing point-solubility -Silver chloride Electrical conductivity Freezing point-solubility Solubility in water -Silver nitrate Freezing point-solubility -Sodium carbonate Freezing point-solubility Freezing point-solubility in water -Sodium chlorate Freezing point-solubility -Sodium chloride Boiling point Boiling point elevation in aqueous solution Density, aqueous solution Electrical conductivity Freezing point-solubility Freezing point-solubility in water Refractive index Aqueous solution Thermal conductivity, aqueous solution Vapor pressure Aqueous solution Viscosity, aqueous solution Links 4.70 4.71 4.70 4.303 3.99 4.70 4.313 3.99 4.70 4.275 4.80 4.382 4.70 3.99 4.70 5.19 4.292 3.100 4.303 7.346 4.307 7.346 4.70 4.70 3.99 4.70 4.289 3.100 4.413 4.71 6.151 4.58 7.267 4.59 4.69 4.300 4.68 3.311 3.348 3.99 6.151 4.68 4.314 7.77 7.96 5.229 3.285 3.380 5.19 4.385 854 Index Terms -Sodium chloride-Strontium chloride Freezing point-solubility -Sodium nitrate Freezing point-solubility -Sodium sulfate Density, aqueous solution Freezing point-solubility Freezing point-solubility in water -Stannous chloride Freezing point-solubility Freezing point-solubility in water -Strontium chloride Density, aqueous solution Freezing point-solubility Freezing point-solubility in water -Strontium iodide Freezing point-solubility in water -Strontium nitrate Freezing point-solubility in water Viscosity, aqueous solution -Strontium sulfate Solubility in water -Succinic acid Freezing point-solubility in water -Sulfuric acid Density, aqueous solution -Thallium monochloride Freezing point-solubility -Thallous nitrate Freezing point-solubility in water -Thallous sulfate Freezing point-solubility in water -Urea Viscosity, aqueous solution -Zinc chloride Freezing point-solubility in water Potassium chloroacetate Density, aqueous solution Viscosity, aqueous solution -Chloroacetic acid* -Trichloroacetic acid Density, aqueous solution Potassium chloroaurate Solubility in water Potassium chloroiridate Heat of formation Solubility in water Potassium chloronitro-m-toluenesulfonate Solubility in water Potassium chloropalladate, heat of formation Potassium chloropalladite, heat of formation Potassium chloroplatinate Absorption spectra, solutions Density, aqueous solution Heat of formation Magnetic susceptibility Solubility in water Specific heat -Ethyl alcohol* Potassium chloroplatinite Absorption spectra, solutions Density, aqueous solution Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Heat of formation Magnetic susceptibility Links 4.75 4.82 4.291 4.384 3.99 4.69 4.288 4.383 4.49 4.303 3.98 4.65 4.312 4.275 4.290 5.19 7.343 4.414 3.96 4.54 4.290 4.278 5.24 4.304 3.91 5.18 3.103 4.241 5.206 4.241 4.241 5.206 5.206 5.331 3.91 5.206 6.360 4.241 5.101 5.331 3.91 4.260 5.206 6.360 7.321 855 Index Terms Potassium chlorostannate Density Heat of formation Refractive index Specific heat Potassium chlorozincate, specific heat Potassium chromate Absorption spectra, solutions Boiling point elevation in aqueous solution Density Aqueous solutions Dielectric constant Aqueous solution Electrical conductivity Aqueous solution Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Heat of formation Heat of transition Reflectivity, selective Refractive index, aqueous solution Dispersion Solubility in water Specific heat Aqueous solution Surface tension, aqueous solution Transition temperature Vapor pressure, aqueous solution Vapor pressure lowering in aqueous solution Verdet constant, aqueous solution Viscosity, aqueous solution See also Tarapacaite. -Ammonium chromate* -Ammonium sulfate* -Chromic acid* -Lead carbonate* -Nickel sulfate* -Potassium carbonate* -Potassium chloride* -Potassium dichromate Freezing point-solubility -Potassium molybdate Freezing point-solubility Aqueous solution -Potassium nitrate Freezing point-solubility -Potassium sulfate Density, aqueous solution Freezing point-solubility Freezing point-solubility in water -Potassium tungstate Freezing point-solubility -Sodium carbonate Freezing point-solubility -Sodium chromate Freezing point-solubility Potassium chromicyanide , refractive index Potassium chromooxalate , racemization, kinetics of Potassium citrate Density, aqueous solution Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Refractive index, aqueous solution Surface tension, aqueous solution Vapor pressure lowering in aqueous solution -Citric acid* -Ethyl alcohol* Links 1.156 5.205 1.156 5.101 5.101 5.327 3.326 3.45 3.92 6.77 6.104 6.150 6.253 4.260 5.206 5.206 5.260 7.76 7.101 4.242 5.101 5.124 4.466 4.8 3.374 3.299 6.428 5.18 1.165 5.330 5.331 3.106 6.255 4.71 4.71 4.379 4.71 3.100 4.71 4.347 4.390 4.71 4.69 4.69 7.28 7.118 4.79 3.91 6.252 7.76 4.466 3.299 3.106 7.76 856 Index Terms Potassium cobalticyanide Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Osmotic pressure Potassium cobaltinitrite -Ethyl alcohol* Potassium cobaltioxalate , photochemical decomposition Potassium cyanate Density, aqueous solution Free energy of ionization Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Heat of formation Magnetic susceptibility Solubility in water X-ray diffraction data -Potassium cyanide Freezing point-solubility Potassium cyanide Boiling point elevation in aqueous solution Density, aqueous solution Dielectric constant, aqueous solution Free energy of ionization Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Heat of formation Refractive index, aqueous solution Solubility in water Surface tension Aqueous solution X-ray diffraction data -Aurous cyanide* -Cadmium chloride* -Cuprous cyanide* -Mercuric chloride* -Potassium chloride* -Potassium cyanate* -Potassium iodide Density, aqueous solution Refractive index, aqueous solution -Silver cyanide Freezing point-solubility Freezing point-solubility in water -Silver nitrate Density, aqueous solution Refractive index, aqueous solution -Sodium cyanide Freezing point-solubility -Thallium cyanide Freezing point-solubility in water -Zinc cyanide Freezing point-solubility Potassium α-cyanocinnamate , electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Potassium cyanoplatinate, solubility in water Potassium cyanoplatinite , luminescence Potassium dibromoiodide, decomposition pressure Potassium dichloroacetate Density, aqueous solution Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution -Dichloroacetic acid* -Hydrogen chloride* -Lactic acid* -Nitric acid* -Trichloroacetic acid Density, aqueous solution Links 4.260 4.431 7.162 7.165 3.91 7.307 4.259 5.205 6.360 4.241 1.346 4.71 3.326 3.91 6.104 7.307 6.252 4.259 5.205 7.76 4.241 4.445 4.466 1.345 7.76 6.255 3.100 7.96 4.59 4.376 3.98 7.96 4.69 4.376 4.55 6.253 4.241 5.389 7.306 3.91 6.252 3.103 4.393 7.169 857 Index Terms Potassium dichloroiodide, decomposition pressure Potassium dichromate Absorption spectra, solutions Boiling point elevation in aqueous solution Compressibility, aqueous solution Density Aqueous solution Liquid Solid Diffusion in water Electrical conductivity Aqueous solution Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Heat of formation Heat of fusion Magnetic susceptibility Melting point Reduction, kinetics of Reflectivity, selectiv e Refractive index Aqueous solution Dispersion Solubility in water Solution velocity in water Specific heat Liquid Solid Surface tension Aqueous solution Transition temperature Vapor pressure, aqueous solution Verdet constant, aqueous solution Viscosity Aqueous solution -Calcium chloride*-Hydrogen chloride -Calcium chloride*-Nitric acid -Magnesium chloride* -Potassium chloride* -Potassium chromate* -Potassium dimolybdate Freezing point-solubility -Potassium sulfate Density, aqueous solution Viscosity, aqueous solution -Sulfuric acid Density, aqueous solution Viscosity, aqueous solution Potassium dihydrogen antimoniate Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Potassium dihydrogen arsenate Density Aqueous solution Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Melting point Refractive index Specific heat Thermal conductivity Vapor pressure lowering in aqueous solution -Potassium dihydrogen phosphate Freezing point-solubility in water Potassium dihydrogen arsenite Heat of formation Potassium dihydrogen citrate Density, aqueous solution Heat of solution in water Links 7.306 5.327 3.326 3.440 5.331 3.92 3.24 1.157 5.69 6.150 6.253 4.260 5.206 5.131 6.360 1.54 7.149 5.260 1.157 7.76 7.102 4.242 5.56 3.106 4.445 5.106 5.101 4.445 4.466 4.8 3.374 6.427 7.212 5.18 1.157 1.172 5.58 6.428 4.71 3.100 5.19 3.96 5.18 6.252 1.155 3.89 6.252 1.155 1.155 5.101 5.232 3.299 4.370 5.205 3.90 5.150 1.166 4.392 7.27 858 Index Terms Potassium dihydrogen diarsenate Heat of formation Potassium dihydrogen hypophosphate Refractive index Potassium dihydrogen phosphate Density Aqueous solution Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Heat of formation Melting point Refractive index Solubility in water Specific heat Surface tension, aqueous solution Thermal conductivity Vapor pressure lowering in aqueous solution Viscosity, aqueous solution X-ray diffraction data -Potassium dihydrogen arsenate* -Sucrose Density, aqueous solution Potassium dihydrogen phosphite Density, aqueous solution Potassium dihydroxytartrate , solubility in water Potassium dimolybdate -Potassium dichromate* -Potassium ditungstate Freezing point-solubility Potassium dinitrophenolate -Methyl alcohol* Potassium disilicate, melting point Potassium dithionate Density Aqueous solution Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Heat of formation Optical rotatory power Refractive index Solubility in water Vapor pressure lowering in aqueous solution -Barium dithionate* Potassium dititanate, melting point Potassium ditungstate -Potassium dimolybdate* Potassium ethylate -Ethyl alcohol* Potassium ethylsulfate Density, aqueous solution Refractive index, aqueous solution Solubility in water Potassium ferricyanide Absorption spectra, solutions Boiling point elevation in aqueous solution Density Aqueous solution Diffusion in water Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Heat of formation Magnetic susceptibility Aqueous solution Osmotic pressure Refractive index Links 5.205 1.155 1.155 3.90 6.252 4.259 5.205 1.155 1.155 4.240 5.101 4.466 5.232 3.299 5.18 1.345 1.170 6.254 1.166 7.27 1.166 7.27 3.103 3.89 4.240 4.72 4.85 1.154 3.87 4.259 5.204 7.353 1.154 4.240 3.298 4.85 3.91 7.76 4.241 7.76 5.327 3.326 1.157 3.92 5.69 6.253 4.260 5.206 6.360 6.364 4.431 1.157 5.331 3.108 6.255 1.170 7.28 859 Index Terms Aqueous solution Dispersion Solubility in water Specific heat Surface tension, aqueous solution Verdet constant, aqueous solution Viscosity, aqueous solution -Calcium sulfate* Potassium ferrioxalate , decomposition pressure of hydrates Potassium ferrocyanide Absorption spectra, solutions Compressibility, aqueous solution Decomposition pressure of hydrate Density Aqueous solution Dielectric constant, aqueous solution Diffusion in water Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Heat of formation Magnetic susceptibility Osmotic pressure Refractive index Aqueous solution Dispersion Solubility in water Solution velocity in water Specific heat Surface tension, aqueous solution Vapor pressure lowering in aqueous solution Verdet constant, aqueous solution Viscosity, aqueous solution -Calcium sulfate* -Sodium ferrocyanide Density, aqueous solution Freezing point-solubility in water Potassium flame Electrical properties Potassium fluoplatinate Absorption spectra, solutions Potassium fluori de Compressibility Density Aqueous solution Liquid Dielectric constant Electrical conductivity Aqueous solution Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Heat of formation Heat of fusion Solubility in Aqueous acetone Aqueous allyl alcohol Aqueous ethyl alcohol Aqueous isopropyl alcohol Aqueous methyl ethyl ketone Aqueous propyl alcohol Water Specific heat Aqueous solution Surface tension Vapor pressure Vapor pressure lowering in aqueous solution Viscosity, aqueous solution X-ray diffraction data Links 7.76 7.101 4.242 5.101 4.466 6.428 5.18 7.309 5.327 3.440 7.309 1.157 3.92 6.104 5.69 6.253 4.260 5.206 6.360 4.431 1.157 7.76 7.101 4.242 5.56 5.101 4.466 3.299 6.428 5.18 5.331 3.106 6.255 1.170 5.59 3.99 4.378 6.156 5.331 3.50 3.86 3.24 6.77 6.149 6.231 4.259 5.203 5.131 3.409 3.406 3.404 3.414 3.416 3.414 4.239 5.100 5.124 4.444 3.214 3.298 5.17 1.345 3.106 4.444 6.232 860 Index Terms -Acetone* -Acetone*-Methyl alcohol -Aluminum fluoride* -Barium fluoride* -Cerous fluoride* -Columbium pentafluoride*-Hydrogen fluoride -Ethyl alcohol* -Hydrogen fluoride* -Hydrogen fluoride*-Lead fluoride -Hydrogen fluoride*-Tantalum pentafluoride -Magnesium oxide*-Sodium fluoride -Phthalic acid* -Potassium bromide* -Potassium carbonate* -Potassium chloride* -Potassium hydroxide Freezing point-solubility -Potassium iodide Freezing point-solubility -Potassium metaphosphate Freezing point-solubility -Potassium phosphate Freezing point-solubility -Potassium pyrophosphate Freezing point-solubility -Potassium sulfate Freezing point-solubility -Sodium fluoride Freezing point-solubility Potassium fluosilicate Decomposition pressure Heat of formation -Ethyl alcohol* Potassium fluostannate , solubility in water Potassium fluozirconate, solubility in water Potassium formate Density, aqueous solution Heat of formation Osmotic pressure Refractive index, aqueous solution Solubility in water Surface tension Vapor pressure lowering in aqueous solution Viscosity, aqueous solution -Acetic acid* -Ammonium salicylate* -Butyric acid* -Ethyl alcohol* -Formic acid* -Isobutyric acid* -Lactic acid* -Trichloroacetic acid Density, aqueous solution Potassium glycolate Density, aqueous solution -Formic acid* Potassium heptafluorozirconate Refractive index Potassium heptahafnate Refractive index Potassium heptylate -Ethyl alcohol* Potassium hexafluorozirconate Refractive index Links 4.70 4.70 4.70 4.70 4.70 4.70 4.67 7.308 5.205 4.241 4.241 3.90 5.205 4.431 7.76 4.240 4.466 3.299 5.18 3.106 3.103 3.90 1.156 1.165 1.158 1.165 1.156 1.173 7.76 861 Index Terms Potassium hexahafnate Refractive index Potassium hippurate -Hippuric acid* Potassium hydride Decomposition pressure Heat of formation Photoelectric sensitivity, wave length for maximum Potassium hydrogen arsenite Heat of formation Potassium hydrogen disuccinate Crystallography Density Melting point Potassium hydrogen fluoride Decomposition pressure Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Heat of formation Magnetic susceptibility -Sodium hydrogen fluoride Freezing point-solubility Potassium hydrogen formate Solubility in water Potassium hydrogen p-hydroxybenzoate -Ethyl alcohol* Potassium hydrogen iodate Boiling point elevation in aqueous solution Heat of formation Potassium hydrogen malate Heat of solution in water Potassium hydrogen nitrate Solubility in water Potassium hydrogen oxalate Boiling point elevation in aqueous solution Crystallography Density Aqueous solution Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Heat of formation Refractive index Solubility in water Potassium hydrogen phosphate Density, aqueous solution Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Heat of formation Viscosity, aqueous solution -Potassium carbonate* Potassium hydrogen phosphite Density, aqueous solution Heat of formation Potassium hydrogen phthalate Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Solubility in water Potassium hydrogen selenite Density, aqueous solution Potassium hydrogen succinate Crystallography Density Aqueous solution Heat of solution in water Refractive index Links 1.158 1.173 7.306 5.203 6.68 5.205 1.323 1.155 1.155 7.307 6.251 5.203 6.360 4.68 4.240 3.326 5.204 5.149 4.240 3.326 1.323 1.155 3.90 6.241 4.259 5.205 1.155 4.240 3.89 6.252 5.205 5.18 6.252 1.170 6.254 3.89 5.205 6.241 4.241 6.252 3.89 1.323 1.155 3.90 5.148 1.155 1.170 7.27 862 Index Terms Potassium hydrogen sulfate Allotropic forms Density, aqueous solution Diffusion in water Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Heat of formation Heat of transition Melting point under pressure Refractive index, aqueous solution Specific heat Thermal expansion differences Transition temperature Triple points Vapor pressure lo wering in aqueous solution Viscosity, aqueous solution Volume change on melting -Potassium sulfate Density, aqueous solution -Silver sulfate Solubility in water -Sulfuric acid Boiling point elevation Potassium hydrogen tartrate Boiling point elevation in aqueous solution Crystallography Density Aqueous solution Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Heat of formation Solubility in water Specific heat -Ethyl alcohol* -Hydrogen chloride* -Potassium acetate* -Potassium bromide* -Potassium chlorate* -Potassium chloride* -Potassium hydrogen l-tartrate Freezing point-solubility in water -Potassium iodide Freezing point-solubility in water -Potassium nitrate Freezing point-solubility in water -Potassium sulfate Freezing point-solubility in water -Sodium chloride Freezing point-solubility in water Potassium hydrogen uroxanate Crystallography Refractive index Potassium hydrosulfide Density, aqueous solution Dielectric constant, aqueous solution Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Heat of formation -Potassium hydroxide Density, aqueous solution -Potassium sulfide Density, aqueous solution Potassium hydroxide Absorption spectra, solutions Boiling point elevation in aqueous solution Compressibility, aqueous solution Concentration cells Decomposition pressure of hydrates Density Links 4.13 3.88 5.69 6.252 5.204 5.204 4.13 7.75 5.100 4.13 4.7 4.13 3.298 5.17 4.13 6.254 4.17 3.100 7.326 3.328 3.326 1.323 1.155 3.106 6.252 5.205 4.240 5.101 4.374 4.319 4.360 4.336 4.303 1.323 1.156 1.173 3.88 6.104 6.252 5.204 3.88 3.89 3.100 5.327 3.326 3.440 6.328 7.306 5.330 863 Index Terms Aqueous solution Liquid Dielectric constant, aqueous solution Diffusion in water Drying agent, value as Electrical conductivity Aqueous solution Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Heat of dilution with water Heat of formation Heat of fusion Heat of neutralization Heat of transition Magnetic susceptibility Aqueous solution Refractive index, aqueous solution Solubility in water Sound, velocity of, in aqueous solution Specific heat, aqueous solution Surface tension, aqueous solution Thermal conductivity, aqueous solution Transference number Transition temperature Vapor pressure Aqueous solution Vapor pressure lowering in aqueous solution Viscosity Aqueous solution -Arsenous acid* -Bismuth hydroxide* -Boric acid* -p-Bromobenzenesulfonic acid* -p-Bromohenzoic acid* -Calcium sulfate* -p-Chlorobenzoic acid* -Chromic acid* -Ethyl alcohol* -Glucose* -Iodic acid* -Isobutyl alcohol* -Mercuric bromide* -Nitric acid* -Orthophosphorous acid* -Oxalic acid* -Periodic acid* -Phenol* -Phosphoric acid* -o-Picraminobenzoic acid* -Potassium bromide* -Potassium carbonate* -Potassium chlorate* -Potassium chloride* -Potassium fluoride* -Potassium hydrosulfide* -Potassium iodate Freezing point-solubility in water -Potassium iodide Freezing point-solubility Freezing point-solubility in water -Potassium manganate Freezing point-solubility in water -Potassium sulfide Density, aqueous solution -Pyrophosphoric acid Refractive index, aqueous solution -Resorcinol Freezing point-solubility in water Links 3.86 3.24 6.104 5.68 3.385 6.149 6.251 4.259 5.161 5.203 5.131 5.212 5.203 6.360 6.364 7.75 4.239 6.464 5.115 4.466 5.229 6.310 4.7 3.214 3.373 3.298 7.212 5.17 3.108 4.321 7.346 6.254 6.311 4.70 4.320 4.378 3.99 7.92 4.417 4.379 7.346 864 Index Terms -Rubidium hydroxide Freezing point-solubility -Silver chloride Solubility in water -Sodium carbonate Density, aqueous solution -Sodium carbonate-Sodium hydroxide Freezing point-solubility -Sodium hydroxide Density, aqueous solution Freezing point-solubility Viscosity, aqueous solution -Tetramethylammonium iodide Freezing point-solubility in water -Zinc oxide Freezing point-solubility in water Potassium hydroxybenzoate (m-, p-) Solubility in water Potassium p-hydroxybenzoate Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Potassium hydroxyethylsulfonate Density, aqueous solution Potassium iodate Absorption spectra, solutions Boiling point elevation in aqueous solution Density, aqueous solution Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Heat of formation Solubility in water Viscosity, aqueous solution -Barium iodate* -Lanthanum iodate* -Lead iodate* -Lead nitrate* -Phthalic acid* -Potassium hydroxide* Potassium iodide Absorption spectra, solutions Adsorption on silver iodide Ammines Decomposition pressure Heat of decomposition Heat of formation Boiling point elevation in aqueous solution Compressibility Aqueous solution Concentration cells Density Aqueous solution Liquid Solid Dielectric constant Aqueous solution Diffusion in ethyl alcohol Diffusion in methyl alcohol Diffusion in water Electrical conductivity Aqueous solution Emission, spectral Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Grating spaces of Heat of dissociation Heat of formation Magnetic susceptibility Melting point Links 4.70 4.80 7.272 3.99 4.76 3.99 4.67 5.19 4.319 4.415 7.314 4.377 4.241 6.252 3.91 5.330 3.326 3.87 6.241 4.259 5.204 4.239 5.17 3.106 6.252 5.330 3.252 7.306 7.306 5.205 3.326 3.50 3.440 6.329 3.88 3.24 1.154 6.77 6.104 5.73 5.72 5.68 6.149 6.231 5.259 4.259 6.7 5.418 5.204 6.360 1.154 3.106 4.444 3.44 6.99 3.108 6.235 6.239 7.75 865 Index Terms Osmotic pressure Photoelectric current Refractive index Aqueous solution Residual rays Solubility in organic solvents Solubility in water Solution velocity in water Specific heat Aqueous solution Surface tension Aqueous solution Thermal conductivity Aqueous solution Transference number Vapor pressure Aqueous solution Vapor pressure lowering in aqueous solution Verdet constant, aqueous solution Viscosity, aqueous solution X-ray diffraction data -Acetone* -Acetone*-Mercuric iodid e -Acetonitrile* -Acetophenone* -Ammonia* -Anisaldehyde* -Arsenous oxide* -Aurous iodide* -Benzaldehyde* -Benzonitrile* -Cadmium iodide* -Calcium iodide* -Calcium sulfate* -Diethyl tartrate* -Ethyl acetate*-Iodine -Ethyl alcohol* -Ethyl alcohol* -Glycerol -Ethyl alcohol* -Iodine -Ethyl alcohol* -Methyl alcohol -Ethyl alcohol* -Propyl alcohol -Ethyl bromide*-Iodine -Ethyl cyanoacetate* -Ethyl ether* -Mercuric iodide -Ethylene glycol butyl ether* -Formamide* -Furfural* -Glycerol* -Glycerol* -Methyl alcohol -Hydriodic acid* -Hydrogen cyanide* -Iodine* -Iodine*-Isobutyl alcohol -Iodine*-Methyl alcohol -Iodine*-o-Nitroanisole -Iodine*-Nitrobenzene -Iodine*-Nitromethane -Iodine*-Nitropentane -Iodine*-o-Nitrotoluene -Iodine*-m-Nitrotoluene -Iodine*-Trichloronitromethane -Lead iodide* -Mercuric chloride* -Mercuric iodide* -Methyl alcohol* -Methyl alcohol* -Propyl alcohol -Methyl cyanoacetate* Links 4.431 6.69 1.154 7.75 5.261 4.205 4.239 5.56 5.100 5.124 4.444 4.466 5.216 5.229 6.309 3.214 3.373 3.298 6.427 5.17 1.345 1.165 5.231 6.310 7.13 866 Index Terms -Methylamine* -Nitrobenzene* -Nitromethane* -Phenol* -Phthalic acid* -Potassium bromide* -Potassium chlorate* -Potassium chloride* -Potassium cyanide* -Potassium fluoride* -Potassium hydrogen tartrate* -Potassium hydroxide* -Potassium nitrate-Sodium chloride Density, aqueous solution -Potassium sulfate Freezing point-solubility -Propionitrile Density -Propyl alcohol Density -Pyridine Density -Salicylaldehyde Density -Silver iodide Freezing point-solubility Freezing point-solubility in water -Silver nitrate Freezing point-solubility -Sodium iodide Density, aqueous solution Freezing point-solubility Viscosity, aqueous solution -Strontium chloride Density, aqueous solution Freezing point-solubility in water -Succinic acid Freezing point-solubility in water -Sulfur dioxide Boiling point elevation Freezing point-solubility Solubility, mutual Potassium iodoplatinate Absorption spectra, solutions Potassium isobutyrate Density, aqueous solution Refractive index, aqueous solution Vapor pressure lowering in aqueous solution -Acetic acid* -Formic acid* -Isobutyric acid* Potassium lactate Density, aqueous solution -Dichloroacetic acid* -Formic acid* -Lactic acid* Potassium laurate Density, aqueous solution Viscosity, aqueous solution Potassium linoleate , electrical conductivity Potassium malate Density, aqueous solution Heat of solution in water -Formic acid* -Malic acid* Links 3.100 4.71 3.142 3.142 3.142 3.142 4.59 4.320 4.59 3.99 4.68 5.19 3.98 4.275 4.414 3.328 4.42 3.393 4.77 5.331 3.90 7.76 3.299 3.90 5.447 5.447 6.149 3.90 5.149 7.76 867 Index Terms Potassium malonate Heat of solution in water Vapor pressure lowering in aqueous solution Potassium manganate Absorption spectra, solutions Decomposition pressure -Potassium hydroxide* Potassium mesodisilicate Melting point Refractive index Potassium metaarsenate, specific heat Potassium metabisulfite, absorption spectra Potassium metaborate Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Surface tension -Potassium metaphosphate Freezing point-solubility -Sodium metaborate Freezing point-solubility Potassium metaphosphate Density, liquid Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Surface tension Transition temperature -Potassium chloride* -Potassium fluoride* -Potassium metaborate* -Potassium pyrophosphate Freezing point-solubility Potassium metasilicate, melting point Potassium methanedisulfonate Crystallography Density Aqueous solution Refractive index Potassium methyl sulfate Density, aqueous solution Refractive index, aqueous solution Potassium molybdate Density Aqueous solution Liquid Surface tension Transition temperature Vapor pressure lowering in aqueous solution -Molybdenum trioxide* -Potassium chromate* -Potassium sulfate Freezing point-solubility Freezing point-solubility in water -Potassium tungstate Freezing point-solubility -Sodium molybdate Freezing point-solubility Potassium myristate Viscosity, aqueous solution Potassium naphthalene-1,5-disulfonate Crystallography Density Refractive index Potassium nickel cyanide Heat of formation Links 5.148 3.299 5.331 7.308 1.156 1.156 5.101 5.330 1.169 6.253 4.260 4.445 4.71 4.70 3.24 6.252 4.445 4.8 4.445 4.71 4.85 1.323 1.155 3.91 1.155 3.91 7.76 3.92 3.24 4.445 4.8 3.299 1.170 7.76 4.445 4.71 4.347 4.72 4.69 4.79 5.447 1.323 1.155 1.155 5.206 1.172 868 Index Terms Potassium nitrate Absorption spectra, solutions Allotropic forms Boiling point elevation in aqueous solution Compressibility, aqueous solution Compressibility differences Density Aqueous solution Liquid Solid Dielectric constant Diffusion in water Electrical conductivity Aqueous solution Freezing mixtures, use in Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Heat of dilution with water Heat of formation Heat of fusion Heat of transition Magnetic susceptibility Melting point under pressure Osmotic pressure Reflectivity, selective Refractive index Aqueous solution Solubility in water Sound, velocity of, in aqueous solution Specific heat Aqueous solution Liquid Solid Surface tension Aqueous solution Thermal conductivity, aqueous solution Thermal expansion Transference number Transition temperat ure Triple points Vapor pressure, aqueous solution Vapor pressure lowering in aqueous solution Verdet constant, aqueous solution Viscosity Aqueous solution Volume change on melting -Aluminum hydroxide*-Ammonium hydroxide-Ammonium nitrate -Aminobenzoic acid* -Ammonium chloride* -Ammonium chloride*-Ammonium nitrate -Ammonium nitrate* -Ammonium nitrate*-Ammonium sulfate -Ammonium nitrate*-Potassium chloride -Ammonium nitrate*-Potassium sulfate -Antimony trifluoride* -Barium bromate* -Barium iodate* -Barium nitrate* -Barium nitrate*-Lead nitrate -Barium nitrate*-Lithium nitrate -Barium nitrate*-Sodium nitrate -Calcium chloride* -Calcium nitrate* -Calcium nitrate*-Sodium nitrate -Calcium sulfate* -Diethyl tartrate* -3,5-Dinitrobenzoic acid* -Ethyl alcohol* Links 5.327 4.13 3.326 3.440 4.13 5.330 5.331 3.89 3.24 1.155 6.77 5.69 6.149 6.231 1.63 4.259 5.162 5.204 5.131 5.204 6.360 4.13 4.431 5.260 1.155 7.75 4.240 6.464 3.106 4.444 3.44 3.108 6.238 6.240 5.124 5.106 5.100 4.444 4.466 5.229 4.13 6.311 1.155 4.13 3.373 3.298 6.427 7.212 5.18 4.13 4.17 1.169 7.27 3.44 4.8 869 Index Terms -Ethyl alcohol* -Methyl alcohol -Ethyl alcohol* -Silver nitrate -Formamide* -Hydrogen cyanide* -Lead iodate* -Lead nitrate* -Lead nitrate*-Sodium nitrate -Lithium carbonate* -Lithium nitrate* -Lithium nitrate*-Sodium nitrate -Magnesium nitrate* -Magnesium nitrate*-Potassium chloride-Strontium nitrate -Magnesium nitrate*-Sodium chloride-Strontium chloride -Nitric acid* -Nitric acid*-Uranyl nitrate -o-Nitrobenzoic acid* -Phthalic acid* -Potassium carbonate* -Potassium chlorate* -Potassium chloride* -Potassium chloride*-Sodium chloride -Potassium chromate* -Potassium hydrogen tartrate* -Potassium iodide*-Sodium chloride -Potassium nitrite Freezing point-solubility -Potassium oxalate Freezing point-solubility in water -Potassium perchlorate Solubility in water -Potassium sulfate Density, aqueous solution Freezing point-solubility Freezing point-solubility in water -Rubidium nitrate Density -Silver bromate Solubility in water -Silver chloride Solubility in water -Silver nitrate Density Freezing point-solubility -Silver sulfate Density, aqueous solution Solubility in water -Sodium carbonate Freezing point-solubility in water -Sodium chlorate Freezing point-solubility -Sodium chloride Density, aqueous solution Freezing point-solubility in water Vapor pressure, aqueous solution -Sodium chloride-Sodium nitrate Density, aqueous solution -Sodium nitrate Density Aqueous solution Electrical conductivity Freezing point-solubility Freezing point-solubility in water Thermal conductivity, aqueous solution Viscosity, aqueous solution -Sodium nitrate-Strontium nitrate Freezing point-solubility -Sodium sulfate Links 4.71 4.360 7.346 3.100 4.71 4.325 3.135 7.323 7.267 3.134 4.59 3.98 7.326 4.360 4.68 3.99 4.291 3.380 3.100 3.135 3.99 6.151 4.69 4.365 5.229 5.19 4.75 4.384 870 Index Terms Density, aqueous solution Freezing point-solubility in water -Strontium chloride Density, aqueous solution Freezing point-solubility in water Viscosity, aqueous solution -Strontium nitrate Density, aqueous solution Freezing point-solubility in water Viscosity, aqueous solution -Sulfuric acid Density, aqueous solution -Thallium monochloride Freezing point-solubility in water -Thallous nitrate Density, aqueous solution Freezing point-solubility Freezing point-solubility in water Potassium nitrite Absorption spectra, solutions Boiling point elevation in aqueous solution Density, aqueous solution Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Heat of formation Melting point under pressure Solubility in water Surface tension, aqueous solution Vapor pressure, aqueous solution Vapor pressure lowering in aqueous solution Volume change on melting -Potassium nitrate* -Silver nitrite Freezing point-solubility in water -Sodium nitrite Freezing point-solubility Potassium nitrophenolates -Methyl alcohol* Potassium nitrotoluenesulfonate Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Potassium oleate Electrical conductivity Refractive index -Ethyl alcohol* Potassium oxalate Boiling point elevation in aqueous solution Crystallography Decomposition pressure of hydrate Density Aqueous solution Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Heat of formation Magnetic susceptibility Osmotic pressure Photochemical oxidation Refractive index Aqueous solution Solubility in water Specific heat Aqueous solution Vapor pressure lowering in aqueous solution Viscosity, aqueous solution -Ammonium oxalate* -Antimony trifluoride* -Calcium carbonate*-Trichloroacetic acid Links 3.99 4.324 3.98 4.290 5.19 3.99 4.364 5.19 3.96 4.290 7.321 3.97 4.54 4.362 5.331 3.326 3.89 6.252 4.259 5.204 4.13 4.240 4.466 3.373 3.298 4.13 4.357 4.392 7.323 4.69 6.253 6.149 1.155 3.326 1.323 7.308 1.155 3.90 6.241 4.259 5.205 6.360 4.431 7.165 1.155 7.75 4.240 5.101 5.124 3.299 5.18 1.173 7.75 6.252 7.169 1.168 6.255 7.170 871 Index Terms -Calcium chloride*-Chloroacetic acid -Ferric oxalate*-Ferrous oxalate -Mercuric chloride* -Mercuric oxalate* -Oxalic acid* -Potassium chlorate* -Potassium chloride* -Potassium nitrate* -Potassium sulfate Freezing point-solubility in water -Sodium bromide Density, aqueous solution -Sodium oxalate Freezing point-solubility in water -Thallous oxalate Solubility in water -Yttrium oxalate Freezing point-solubility in water Potassium oxalodinitrodiammine cobaltiate Solubility in aqueous solutions Potassium oxalotellurate Solubility in water Potassium oxide Heat of formation Specific heat -Aluminum oxide*-Silica -Silica Freezing point-solubility -Sulfuric acid Freezing point-solubility in water Potassium palladochloride Density, aqueous solution Potassium palmitate Density, aqueous solution Electrical conductivity Refractive index, aqueous solution Dispersion -Ethyl alcohol* Potassium pentathionate Density, aqueous solution Heat of formation Potassium perchlorate Density, aqueous solution Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Freezing point-solubility data in water Heat of formation Refractive index Solubility in water Specific heat Surface tension, aqueous solution Transference number Transition temperature Vapor pressure lowering in aqueous solution -Acetone* -Barium chloride* -Barium nitrate* -Butyl alcohol* -Calcium sulfate* -Ethyl acetate* -Ethyl alcohol* -Ethyl alcohol* -Perchloric acid -Isobutyl alcohol* -Methyl alcohol* -Methyl alcohol* -Perchloric acid -Potassium chloride* Links 4.335 3.99 4.372 7.322 4.372 7.346 4.241 5.203 5.100 4.85 4.354 4.391 3.91 5.447 6.149 7.76 7.101 3.88 5.204 3.86 6.241 4.274 5.204 7.27 4.239 5.100 4.466 6.310 4.7 3.298 3.106 6.251 7.345 872 Index Terms -Potassium permanganate* -Potassium nitrate* -Potassium sulfate Freezing point-solubility in water -Propyl alcohol Density -Silver bromate Solubility in water -Sodium chloride Solubility in water -Sodium nitrate Solubility in water -Sodium perchlorate Solubility in water -Sodium sulfate Solubility in water Potassium periodate Density, aqueous solution Heat of formation Refractive index Solubility in water Potassium permanganate Absorption spectra, aqueous solution Density Aqueous solution Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Heat of formation Magnetic susceptibility Refractive index Solubility in water Surface tension, aqueous solution Transference number -Ammonium hydrogen phosphate* -Potassium carbonate* -Potassium chloride* -Potassium chromate* -Potassium perchlorate Freezing point-solubility in water -Potassium sulfate Density, aqueous solution Freezing point-solubility in water -Rubidium manganate Freezing point-solubility in water -Sodium sulfate Density, aqueous solution Freezing point-solubility in water Potassium peroxide Heat of formation Potassium persulfate Absorption spectra, solutions Decomposition, kinetics of Density, aqueous solution Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Heat of formation Magnetic susceptibility Refractive index Potassium 2,4-phenoldisulfonate Crystallography Refractive index Potassium o-phenolsulfonate Crystallography Density Refractive index Links 4.316 7.346 3.142 7.322 7.346 7.346 7.346 7.346 3.106 5.204 7.27 4.239 5.327 1.157 3.91 6.253 4.260 5.206 6.360 1.157 4.241 4.466 6.309 5.331 1.167 4.316 3.100 4.343 7.346 4.378 3.99 4.342 7.346 5.203 5.330 7.148 3.88 6.252 5.204 6.360 1.154 1.168 1.323 1.155 1.171 1.323 1.155 1.155 1.170 7.28 873 Index Terms Potassium p-phenolsulfonate Crystallography Density Refractive index Potassium phosphate Density, aqueous solution Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Heat of formation Solubility in water Surface tension, aqueous solution Viscosity, aqueous solution -Phosphoric acid* -Potassium chloride* -Potassium fluoride* Potassium phthalate, electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Potassium picrate Crystallography Density Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Heat of solution in water Refractive index Solubility in water -Acetone* -Ethyl alcohol* -Methyl alcohol* Potassium platinocyanide -Lithium platinocyanide* Potassium platonitritooxalate Refractive index Potassium propionate Density, aqueous solution Heat of solution in water Osmotic pressure Refractive index, aqueous solution Vapor pressure lowering in aqueous solution Viscosity, aqueous solution -Formic acid* -Propionic acid Density, aqueous solution Potassium pyroantimonate Density, aqueous solution Potassium pyroarsenate -Sodium pyroarsenate Freezing point-solubility Potassium pyrophosphate Reflectivity, selective Specific heat Transition temperature -Dipotassium dihydrogen disulfate* -Potassium chloride* -Potassium fluoride* -Potassium metaphosphate* -Sodium pyrophosphate Freezing point-solubility Potassium pyrosulfate Density, aqueous solution Heat of formation -Sulfuric acid Boiling point elevation Potassium pyrosulfite Absorption spectra, solutions Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Solubility in water Links 1.323 1.155 1.155 1.171 7.27 3.89 6.252 5.205 4.240 4.466 5.18 6.241 1.323 1.156 6.241 5.149 1.156 4.241 6.252 6.252 1.173 7.28 3.90 5.148 4.431 7.76 3.299 5.18 7.76 3.103 3.89 4.69 5.260 5.101 4.8 4.69 3.87 5.204 3.328 5.330 4.259 4.240 4.79 7.28 874 Index Terms Potassium rhodium cyanide Refractive index Potassium rhodium trioxalate Optical rotatory power Potassium ruthenium cyanide Refractive index Potassium salicylate Solubility in water -Ethyl alcohol* Potassium salts, radioactivity Potassium selenate Density Aqueous solution Reflectivity, selective Refractive index Solubility in water -Selenic acid Density, aqueous solution Potassium selenide Heat of formation Potassium selenite Density, aqueous solution Potassium selenocyanate Density, aqueous solution Potassium silicate Dehydration behavior Density, aqueous solutio n Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Vapor pressure, aqueous solution Potassium silicomolybdate Density, aqueous solution Optical rotatory power Potassium silicotungstate Optical rotatory power Potassium silver cyanide Concentration cells Density, aqueous solution Heat of formation Potassium silver iodide Heat of formation Potassium sodium carbonate Density, aqueous solution Solubility in water Potassium sodium cyanoplatinite Luminescence Potassium sodium nitrate Specific heat, aqueous solution Potassium sodium sulfite Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Potassium sodium tartrate Boiling point elevation in aqueous solution Decomposition pressure of hydrate Density, aqueous solution Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Heat of formation Heat of solution in water Refractive index Solubility in water Specific heat Vapor pressure, aqueous solution Viscosity, aqueous solution See also Rochelle salt. -Ethyl alcohol* Links 1.157 1.170 7.354 1.157 1.171 4.241 1.372 1.155 3.89 5.260 1.155 4.240 1.170 3.96 5.204 3.89 3.91 7.312 3.91 4.260 3.379 3.384 3.92 7.354 7.354 6.329 3.91 5.206 5.206 3.106 4.242 5.389 5.124 6.253 3.326 7.307 3.92 4.260 5.206 5.149 7.28 4.242 5.101 3.374 5.18 3.106 7.27 875 Index Terms Potassium sodium thiocyanate Heat of formation Potassium stannate Density, aqueous solution Solubility in water Potassium stearate Density, aqueous solution Electrical conductivity Viscosity, aqueous solution Potassium strontium sulfate Heat of formation Transition temperature Potassium succinate Density, aqueous solution Heat of solution in water Refractive index, aqueous solutin Vapor pressure lowering in aqueous solution -Formic acid* -Succinic acid Density, aqueous solution Potassium sulfantimonate Solubility in water Potassium sulfate Absorption spectra, solutions Boiling point elevation in aqueous solution Compressibility, aqueous solution Concentration cell Density Aqueous solution Liquid Solid Dielectric constant Diffusion in water Electrical conductivity Aqueous solution Freezing mixtures, use in Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Heat of formation Heat of transition Inversion point Magnetic susceptibility Melting point Osmotic pressure Photoelectric current, aqueous solution Reflectivity, selective Refractive index Aqueous solution Solubility in water Solution velocity in water Specific heat Aqueous solution Surface tension Aqueous solution Thermal conductivity, aqueous solution Thermal expansion Transference number Transition temperature Vapor pressure, aqueous solution Vapor pressure lowering in aqueous solution Viscosity, aqueous solution X-ray diffraction data -Acetone* -Aluminum sulfate* -Aluminum sulfate*-Thallium sulfate -Ammonia* -Ammonium chloride* Links 5.206 3.91 4.241 3.106 5.447 6.150 5.447 5.206 4.8 3.90 5.149 7.76 3.299 7.76 3.103 4.240 5.330 3.326 3.440 6.329 3.88 3.24 1.154 6.77 5.68 6.149 6.231 1.63 4.259 5.204 5.204 1.54 6.360 1.54 4.431 6.69 5.260 1.154 7.75 4.239 5.56 5.100 5.124 4.444 4.466 5.229 3.44 6.310 1.154 3.373 3.298 5.17 1.345 3.106 3.108 3.44 6.100 6.237 1.154 1.169 5.58 6.311 4.7 7.27 4.444 7.75 876 Index Terms -Ammonium chloride*-Cupric sulfate -Ammonium chromate* -Ammonium nitrate* -Ammonium nitrate*-Potassium nitrate -Ammonium sulfate* -Ammonium sulfate*-Cupric sulfate -Ammonium sulfate*-Magnesium sulfate -Barium carbonate* -Barium sulfate* -Barium sulfate*-Potassium carbonate -Beryllium sulfate* -Cadmium sulfate* -Calcium acetate*-Sodium sulfate -Calcium acetate*-Sulfuric acid -Calcium bromide* -Calcium carbonate* -Calcium chlorate* -Calcium chloride* -Calcium chloride*-Sodium sulfate -Calcium chloride*-Sulfuric acid -Calcium ferricyanide* -Calcium ferrocyanide* -Calcium hydroxide* -Calcium iodide*-Sodium sulfate -Calcium nitrate* -Calcium nitrate*-Sulfuric acid -Calcium phosphate*-Sulfuric acid -Calcium sulfate* -Calcium sulfate*-Magnesium sulfate -Calcium sulfate*-Silver sulfate -Calcium sulfate*-Sodium sulfate -Calcium sulfate*-Sulfuric acid -Cerous sulfate* -Chloral hydrate* -Chromic sulfate* -Cobaltous sulfate* -Cupric chloride* -Cupric sulfate* -Ethyl alcohol* -Ethylene glycol* -Ferric sulfate* -Ferrous sulfa te* -Formic acid* -Glycerol* -Hydrogen chloride* -Hydrogen peroxide* -Lanthanum sulfate* -Lead acetate* -Lead sulfate* -Lithium carbonate* -Lithium sulfate* -Magnesium chloride* -Magnesium sulfate* -Magnesium sulfate*-Sodium sulfate -Manganous sulfate* -Mannitol* -Nickel sulfate* -Nitric acid* -Phthalic acid* -Potassium acetate* -Potassium carbonate* -Potassium chlorate* -Potassium chloride* -Potassium chloride*-Sodium chloride -Potassium chromate* -Potassium dichromate* -Potassium fluoride* Links 877 Index Terms -Potassium hydrogen sulfate* -Potassium hydrogen tartrate* -Potassium iodide* -Potassium manganate* -Potassium molybdate* -Potassium nitrate* -Potassium oxalate* -Potassium perchlorate* -Potassium tungstate Freezing point-solubility -Pyridine Freezing point-solubility in water -Silver brornate Solubility in water -Silver sulfate Density, aqueous solution Freezing point-solubility Freezing point-solubility in water -Sodium carbonate Freezing point-solubility in water -Sodium chloride Density, aqueous solution Freezing point-solubility Freezing point-solubility in water -Sodium manganate Freezing point-solubility in water -Sodium nitrate Density, aqueous solution Freezing point-solubility in water -Sodium sulfate Density, aqueous solution Freezing point-solubility Freezing point-solubility in water Viscosity, aqueous solution -Strontium sulfate Freezing point-solubility -Sucrose Freezing point-solubility in water -Sulfuric acid Boiling point elevation Density, aqueous solution Freezing point-solubility -Thallium monochloride Freezing point-solubility in water -Thorium sulfate Freezing point-solubility in water -Zinc sulfate Density, aqueous solution Freezing point-solubility in water Surface tension, aqueous solution Potassium sulfide Heat of formation Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Melting point under pressure Transition temperature Volume change on melting -Potassium hydrosulfide* -Potassium hydroxide* Potassium sulfite Compressibility, aqueous solution Density, aqueous solution Diffusion in water Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Heat of formation Solubility in water Links 4.71 4.416 7.323 3.98 4.59 4.341 4.79 7.326 4.335 3.99 4.68 4.288 4.383 4.342 3.99 4.324 3.99 4.69 4.354 5.19 4.387 4.79 4.65 4.422 3.328 3.96 4.43 4.278 7.321 4.336 3.98 4.339 4.470 5.204 6.252 4.12 4.7 4.13 3.440 3.87 5.68 6.252 4.259 5.204 4.239 6.254 878 Index Terms Potassium tartrate Boiling point elevation in aqueous solution Crystallography Decomposition pressure of hydrate Density Aqueous solution Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Heat of formation Heat of solution in water Magnetic susceptibility Osmotic pressure Pyroelectric constant Refractive index Aqueous solution Specific heat Surface tension, aqueous solution Vapor pressure, aqueous solution Vapor pressure lowering in aqueous solution Viscosity, aqueous solution -Acetic acid*-Calcium acetate -Antimony trifluoride* -Calcium acetate*-Hydrogen chloride -Calcium chloride*-Chloroacetic acid -Calcium tartrate* -Ethyl alcohol* -Sodium tartrate Freezing point-solubility in water Potassium tellurate Heat of formation Solubility in water Potassium tellurite Heat of formation Density, aqueous solution Potassium tetraborate Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Specific heat Potassium tetraoxalate Crystallography Density Aqueous solution Refractive index Solubility in water Potassium tetrasulfide Heat of formation Potassium tetrasulfoniodide Decomposition pressure Heat of decomposition Potassium tetrathionate Density, aqueous solution Heat of formation Magnetic susceptibility Phosphorus tetritasulfide Verdet constant Potassium thallium chloride Heat of formation Potassium thiocyanate Allotropic forms Density, aqueous solution Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Freezing mixtures, use in Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Heat of formation Melting point under pressure Refractive index, aqueous solution Links 3.326 1.323 7.308 1.155 3.91 4.259 5.205 5.149 6.360 4.431 6.210 1.155 7.76 5.101 4.466 3.373 3.299 5.18 4.375 7.76 6.212 1.170 4.376 5.204 4.240 5.204 3.89 6.253 4.260 5.101 1.323 1.155 3.90 1.155 4.240 1.169 5.204 7.306 7.306 3.88 5.204 6.360 6.426 5.205 4.13 3.91 6.241 1.63 4.260 5.205 4.13 7.76 6.253 6.255 879 Index Terms Solubility in water Sulfur dioxide complex Decomposition pressure Heat of decomposition Transition temperature Vapor pressure lowering in aqueous solution Viscosity, aqueous solution Volume change on melting -Acetone* -Acetone*-Ethyl alcohol -Acetone*-Methyl alcohol -Benzoic acid* -Diethyl tartrate* -Ethyl alcohol* -Ethyl alcohol* -Methyl alcohol -Formamide* -Methyl acetate* -Methyl alcohol* -Pyridine Freezing point-solubility -Rubidium thiocyanate Freezing point-solubility -Silver bromide Solubility in water -Silver iodide Solubility in water -Silver thiocyanate Freezing point-solubility in water -Sodium thiocyanate Freezing point-solubility -Sulfur dioxide Boiling point elevation -Thallium thiocyanate Solubility in water Potassium thiosulfate Heat of formation Solubility in water Specific heat Vapor pressure lowering in aqueous solution Potassium trichloroacetate Density, aqueous solution Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Viscosity, aqueous solution -Chloroacetic acid* -Trichloroacetic acid Density, aqueous solution Potassium trichromate Heat of formation Potassium trihydrogen dioxalate Boiling point elevation in aqueous solution Potassium triiodide, electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Potassium trioxalocobaltiate Solubility in water Potassium trioxide Heat of formation Potassium trisulfonate Density Refractive index Potassium trithionate Density, aqueous solution Heat of formation Refractive index Potassium tungstate Density Aqueous solution Links 4.241 7.307 7.307 4.8 3.299 5.18 4.13 4.213 4.71 4.80 7.271 7.271 4.377 7.271 4.69 3.328 7.322 5.204 4.239 5.100 3.298 3.91 6.252 5.18 3.103 5.206 3.326 6.235 4.242 5.203 1.154 1.154 3.88 5.204 7.27 3.92 1.168 880 Index Terms Liquid Surface tension Transition temperature Vapor pressure lowering in aqueous solution -Potassium chromate* -Potassium molybdate* -Potassium sulfate* -Sodium tungstate Freezing point-solubility -Tungsten oxide Freezing point-solubility Potassium tungsten enneachloride Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Potassium uranyl sulfate Refractive index Potassium valerate, vapor pressure lowering in aqueous solution Potassium vanadate Density, aqueous solution Potassium zinc cyanide Heat of formation Refractive index Specific heat Potassium zinc selenate Density Refractive index Potassium zinc sulfate Density Aqueous solution Heat of formation Hydrate Decomposition pressure Heat of decomposition Refractive index Solubility in water Specific heat Pot metal Potential, definition Potential, critical. See Critical potentials. Potential, ionization. See Critical potentials. Potential, resonance. See Critical potentials. Potential gradient Conversion factors Definition Potentials Electrochemical reactions Liquid junction Oxidation-reduction Poterie d'etain (alloy) Potingris (alloy) Potinjaune (alloy) Potosi silver Poundal, definition Powellite Density Refractive index See also Calcium molybdate. Power Conversion factors Definition Praseodymium Cathodoluminescence Density Links 3.24 4.445 4.8 3.299 4.445 4.69 4.80 4.61 6.234 7.28 3.299 3.92 5.205 1.156 5.101 1.156 1.156 1.156 3.91 5.205 7.308 7.308 1.156 4.241 5.101 2.382 1.40 1.165 1.169 3.44 1.168 2.567 1.27 1.40 6.332 6.338 6.333 2.382 2.382 2.382 2.382 1.40 1.145 1.145 2.476 1.167 1.25 1.40 5.388 1.104 7.31 5.390 2.456 7.31 881 Index Terms Electrical conductivity Emission spectra Hardness Isotopes Magnetic susceptibility Melting point Persistent lines Specific heat Thermochemistry X-ray absorption limits X-ray emission spectra X-ray series, limiting frequencies Praseodymium bromate Solubility in water Praseodymium chloride Absorption spectra, solutions Density Aqueous solution Electrical conductivity Aqueous solution Heat of formation Magnetic susceptibility Solubility in water -Ethyl alcohol* -Hydrogen chloride* Praseodymium dioxide Heat of formation Praseodymium ethyl sulfate Density Refractive index Praseodymium molybdate Refractive index -Lead molybdate* Praseodymium nitrate Absorption spectra, solutions Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Heat of formation -Cobaltous nitrate* -Ethyl alcohol* -Magnesium nitrate* -Manganous nitrate* -Nickel nitrate* -Nitric acid* -Zinc nitrate Freezing point-solubility in water Praseodymium oxalate Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Solubility in aqueous solutions Praseodymium sulfate Absorption spectra, solutions Decomposition pressure Density Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Magnetic susceptibility Refractive index Solubility in water Praseodymium trioxide Heat of formation Magnetic susceptibility Precipitation laws , colloids Prehnite Density Pyroelectric effect Refractive index Links 1.104 5.310 2.592 1.47 6.355 1.104 5.324 1.104 5.194 6.39 6.39 6.35 6.153 4.228 5.328 3.43 3.105 6.149 6.233 5.194 6.359 4.227 5.194 1.139 1.139 1.166 7.23 5.328 4.257 5.194 4.362 6.258 7.339 5.328 7.290 1.139 6.236 6.359 1.139 4.227 1.170 5.194 6.359 1.354 1.145 6.210 1.145 1.171 7.23 882 Index Terms Pressboard Dielectric constant Dielectric strength Electrical conductivity Moisture content at various humidities Thermal conductivity Presspan. See Pressboard. Pressure Conversion factors Definition Presto steel Preuss' alloy Priceite Density Refractive index Primary cells Primer gilding (alloy) Prince's metal Printing industry, air conditioning in Projectile steel Prolectite Density Refractive index Proline, optical rotatory power Promethium (alloy) Propane Boiling point Critical point data Density Electrical ignition Flame propagation in Heat of combustion Heat of vaporization Ignition temperature Inflammability, limits of Ionization by α-particles Polarization of light scattered by Solidification point Solubility in non-aqueous liquids Solubility in water Specific heat Vapor pressure -Methyl alcohol* Propargyl alcohol Heat of combustion Refractive index Propargyl ethyl ether -Isoamyl acetate* Propeller bushing (alloy) Propellers Characteristics Pitch ratio Propionaldehyde Absorption spectra Dielectric constant Electrical conductivity Heat of solution in water Magnetic susceptibility Refractive index Solubility in water Sound, velocity of, in vapor Specific heat Surface tension, aqueous solution Links 2.310 2.310 2.310 2.323 2.311 2.315 1.24 1.40 2.382 2.382 1.145 1.145 6.312 2.382 2.382 2.322 2.382 1.142 1.142 7.408 2.382 1.61 3.248 3.3 2.175 2.184 5.163 5.137 2.174 2.179 6.122 5.265 1.61 3.269 3.260 5.80 3.218 1.171 2.469 2.555 2.555 2.557 2.601 5.365 5.374 2.507 1.172 2.556 3.218 3.28 5.108 5.164 7.35 2.382 1.411 1.403 5.331 6.85 6.143 5.148 6.361 7.35 3.387 6.463 5.108 4.467 5.336 883 Index Terms Verdet constant Viscosity Propionaldoxime, surface tension Propionamide Absorption spectra Boiling point elevation in aqueous solution Density Aqueous solution Heat of combustion Heat of solution in water Surface tension Viscosity Aqueous solution -Acetone* -Benzene* -Chloroform* -Ethyl alcohol* -Ethyl ether* -Pyridine Density Viscosity Propionanilide, heat of combustion Propionic acid Absorption spectra Azeotropic mixtures Birefringence, electric Boiling point Condensation on ions and nuclei Critical point data Density Aqueous solution Dielectric constant Aqueous solution Diffusion in methyl alcohol Diffusion in water Diffusion of vapor in gases Electrical conductivity Aqueous solution Esterification constant Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Heat of combustion Heat of solution in water Heat of vaporization Magnetic susceptibility Orthobaric density Polarization of light scattered by Refractive index Aqueous solution Liquid Sound, velocity of, in vapor Specific heat Aqueous solution Liquid Solid Surface tension Aqueous solution Thermal conductivity Vapor pressure Aqueous solution Verdet constant, dispersion of Viscosity Aqueous solution Liquid X-rays, absorption coefficient -Acetic acid* -Ammonium propionate* Links 6.428 7.214 4.450 5.336 3.327 3.28 3.114 5.167 5.148 4.450 7.214 5.23 5.379 3.164 5.40 5.168 5.331 3.318 7.111 3.218 6.117 3.239 3.31 3.112 6.86 6.101 5.72 5.70 5.62 6.143 6.264 7.138 4.262 5.165 5.148 5.137 6.361 3.239 5.266 5.336 3.339 3.248 3.113 5.159 7.68 7.35 6.463 5.124 5.108 5.102 4.450 4.467 5.228 3.218 3.290 6.434 5.20 5.33 6.14 5.376 7.214 6.16 7.68 5.379 884 Index Terms -Benzanilide* -Benzene* -Benzil* -Benzophenone* -Camphor* -Chloroform* -Cupric propionate* -Diphenylamine* -Ethyl ether* -Formamide* -Hydrogen chloride* -Methyl alcohol* -Methyl alcohol hydrochloride* -Molybdenum trioxide* -Naphthalene* -Potassium propionate* -Pyridine Vapor pressure Viscosity -Silver propionate Freezing point-solubility in water -Sodium propionate Boiling point elevation Density, aqueous solution -Toluene Density -Xylene Distribution coefficients in water Propionic acid hydrochloride -Methyl alcohol* Propionic anhydride Dielectric constant Heat of combustion Polarization of light scattered by Viscosity Propionitrile Absorption spectra Boiling point Critical point data Density Dielectric constant Electrical conductivity Heat of combustion Heat of solution in water Heat of vaporization Hydrolysis Orthobaric density Refractive index Solubility in water Pressure, effect of Solubility of salts in Specific heat Gas Liquid Surface t ension Vapor pressure Viscosity -Acetamide* -Benzil* -Benzoic acid* -Benzyl cyanide* -Diisoamyl* -Dimethylpyrone* -Diphenylamine* -Methyl cyanoacetate* -Naphthalene* Links 3.288 5.39 4.412 7.324 3.339 3.102 3.164 3.425 6.91 5.166 5.267 7.217 5.331 3.338 3.239 3.28 6.82 6.143 5.167 5.148 5.137 7.141 3.239 7.35 3.387 3.393 4.208 5.81 5.108 4.449 3.217 7.214 3.248 6.85 885 Index Terms -Potassium iodide* -Tetraethylammonium iodide Boiling point elevation Density -Tetrapropylammonium iodide Density Propionylphenylacetylene Magnetic susceptibility Verdet constant Proplatinum (alloy) Proportional limit, definition Propyl acetate Absorption spectra Azeotropic mixtures Boiling point Condensation on ions and nuclei Critical point data Density Aqueous solution Dielectric constant Diffusion of vapor in air Electrical conductivity Flash point Heat of vaporization Ions, mobility of, in Orthobaric density Refractive index Polarization of light scattered by Gas Liquid Solubility in water Specific heat Surface tension Aqueous solution Thermal conductivity Vapor pressure Aqueous solution Vapor pressure above 1 atm. Verdet constant Viscosity -Acetone* -Amyl formate* -Benzene* -Benzene*-Methyl butyrate-Toluene -Ethyl acetate* -Ethyl alcohol* -Ethyl lactate* -Ethyl propionate* -Isoamyl formate* -Isobutyl formate* -Isohexane* -Magnesium iodide* -Nitrocellulose* -1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene Density Propyl alcohol Absorption, index of Absorption spectra Azeotropic mixtures Birefringence, electric Boiling point Aqueous solution Compressibility Condensation on ions and nuclei Critical point data Density Links 3.338 3.162 3.162 6.363 6.430 2.382 2.viii 5.332 3.320 3.220 6.117 3.242 3.29 3.114 6.88 5.62 6.145 2.162 5.137 6.112 3.242 7.37 5.266 5.267 3.388 5.109 4.452 4.469 5.228 3.220 3.364 3.242 6.428 5.43 5.338 3.248 7.216 3.172 6.98 5.332 3.318 7.111 3.218 3.310 3.42 6.117 3.240 3.28 5.336 3.323 3.340 3.248 3.33 886 Index Terms Aqueous solution Dielectric absorption Dielectric constant Dielectric dispersion Diffusion in benzene Diffusion in water Diffusion of vapor in gases Electrical conductivity Flash point Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Heat of combustion Heat of solution in water Heat of vaporization Heat of wetting by Inflammability, limits of Ions, mobility of, in Magnetic susceptibility Orthobaric density Polarization of light reflected from Polarization of light scattered by Gas Liquid Pressure-volume relations for gas Refractive index Aqueous solution Liquid Solubility of salts in Specific heat Aqueous solution Liquid Solid Surface tension Aqueous solution Thermal conductivity Vapor pressure Aqueous solution Vapor pressure above 1 atm. Verdet constant Aqueous solution Dispersion Viscosity Aqueous solution Gas Liquid -Acenaphthene* -Acetic acid* -Air* -Allyl alcohol* -Ammonia* -Ammonium bromide* -Ammonium bromide*-Ethyl alcohol -Ammonium bromide*-Methyl alcohol -Ammonium chloride* -Ammonium chloride*-Ethyl alcohol -Ammonium perchlorate* -Amyl iodide* -Aniline* -Anisic acid* -Barium perchlorate* -Benzene* -Benzil* -Benzoic acid* -Boric acid* -Bromobenzene* -Bromoform* -Bromotoluene* -Cadmium iodide* Links 3.112 6.86 6.86 6.98 5.74 5.70 5.62 6.143 2.161 4.262 5.164 5.148 5.137 5.142 2.180 6.112 6.361 3.240 5.261 3.119 6.98 7.68 5.160 5.138 5.265 5.266 3.438 7.68 6.98 4.208 5.116 5.114 5.102 4.450 4.467 5.227 3.218 3.290 3.240 6.426 6.427 6.433 5.23 5.3 5.33 7.35 7.79 5.228 3.365 6.434 5.37 5.40 7.215 7.222 887 Index Terms -Calcium perchlorate* -Camphor* -Carbon disulfide* -Carbon tetrachloride* -Cesium perchlorate* -Chloroform* -Chloroform*-Iodine -Cinnamic acid* -p-Dibromobenzene* -Diethyl tartrate* -Ethane* -Ethyl acetate* -Ethyl alcohol* -Ethyl alcohol* -Mercuric bromide -Ethyl alcohol* -Mercuric chloride -Ethyl alcohol* -Mercuric cyanide -Ethyl alcohol* -Mercuric iodide -Ethyl alcohol* -Potassium iodide -Ethyl alcohol* -Sodium bromide -Ethyl alcohol* -Sodium iodide -Ethyl bromide* -Ethyl ether* -Ethylene bromide* -Formamide* -Glycerol* -Heptane* -Isoamyl alcohol* -Isoamyl formate* -Isobutyl alcohol* -Lauric acid* -Lithium chloride* -Lithium perchlorate* -Lithium salicylate* -Magnesium bromide* -Magnesium perchlorate* -Malic acid* -Mercuric bromide* -Mercuric bromide*-Meth yl alcohol -Mercuric chloride* -Mercuric chloride*-Methyl alcohol -Mercuric cyanide* -Mercuric cyanide*-Methyl alcohol -Mercuric iodide* -Mercuric iodide*-Methyl alcohol -Methyl alcohol* -Methyl alcohol* -Potassium iodide -Methyl alcohol* -Sodium bromide -Methyl alcohol* -Sodium iodide -Methyl iodide* -Methylene iodide* -Naphthalene* -Nicotine* -p-Nitroaniline* -o-Nitrobenzoic acid* -Oxalic acid* -Picric acid* -Potassium chloride* -Potassium iodide* -Potassium perchlorate* -Pyridine Heat of solution -Resorcinol Heat of solution -Rubidium perchlorate Density -Salicylic acid Boiling point elevation Links 5.153 5.153 3.142 3.340 888 Index Terms Heat of solution -Sodium bromide Density -Sodium chloride Freezing point-solubility in water -Sodium iodide Boiling point elevation Density -Sodium perchlorate Density -Strontium perchlorate Density -Urethan Boiling point elevation Density Dielectric constant Freezing point-solubility Heat of solution Propyl benzoate Azeotropic mixtures Birefringence, magnetic Specific heat Propyl benzyl ketone -Benzene* Propyl bromide Absorption spectra Azeotropic mixtures Birefringence, electric Boiling point Dielectric constant Diffusion of vapor in air Electrical conductivity Heat of combustion Magnetic susceptibility Polarization of light scattered by Refractive index Solubility in water Surface tension Thermal conductivity Vapor pressure Verdet constant Viscosity Gas Liquid -Acetanilide* -Benzoic acid* -Bromocamphor* -Ethyl alcohol* Propyl butyrate Absorption spectra Critical temperature Dielectric constant Diffusion of vapor in gases Electrical conductivity Heat of vaporization Specific heat Surface tension Viscosity -Azobenzene* -Benzene* -p-Dibromobenzene* -Ethyl alcohol* -Ethyl chloroacetate* -Hexane* -Hydrogen peroxide* -Naphthalene* Links 5.153 3.141 4.413 3.340 3.141 3.141 3.140 3.340 3.164 6.102 4.174 5.153 3.322 7.111 5.112 5.331 3.318 7.111 3.218 6.82 5.62 6.143 5.168 6.361 5.266 7.35 3.387 4.450 5.228 3.218 6.428 5.3 7.214 5.342 3.249 6.93 5.62 6.145 5.137 5.111 4.457 7.219 3.323 3.340 6.86 889 Index Terms -Palmitic acid* -Phenanthrene* -Stearic acid Density Propyl chloride Azeotropic mixtures Birefringence, electric Boiling point Critical point data Dielectric constant Heat of combustion Magnetic susceptibility Polarization of light scattered by Refractive index Solubility in water Specific heat, gas Surface tension Thermal conductivity Vapor pressure Vapor pressure above 1 atm. Viscosity Propyl chloroacetate, specific heat Propyl chloroformate Dielectric constant Propyl cyanoacetate , surface tension Propyl dichloroacetate, specific heat Propyl diethylacetate , viscosity Propyl dipropylacetate, viscosity Propyl ether, viscosity Propyl fluoride Solubility in non-aqueous liquids Solubility in water Propyl formate Absorption spectra Azeotropic mixtures Boiling point Compressibility Critical point data Density Aqueous solution Dielectric constant Diffusion of vapor in gases Electrical conductivity Flash point Heat of vaporization Orthobaric density Polarization of light scattered by Gas Liquid Solubility in water Specific heat Surface tension Aqueous solution Thermal conductivity Vapor pressure Aqueous solution Vapor pressure above 1 atm. Verdet constant Viscosity Gas Liquid -Cadmium iodide* -Ethyl alcohol* -Hydrogen peroxide* -Isobutyl formate* Links 3.190 3.320 7.111 3.218 3.245 6.82 5.168 6.361 5.266 7.35 3.387 5.80 4.450 5.228 3.218 3.245 7.214 5.109 3.248 6.86 6.87 4.454 5.109 7.220 7.221 7.218 3.269 3.261 5.337 3.319 3.219 3.36 3.241 3.31 3.114 6.87 5.62 6.145 2.162 5.137 3.241 3.248 5.266 5.266 3.388 5.108 4.451 4.468 5.228 3.219 3.364 3.241 6.429 5.3 5.28 7.215 890 Index Terms -Stannic chloride Density Viscosity Propyl hexylpropiolate, magnetic suscepbility Propyl hydrocinnamate Surface tension Viscosity Propyl iodide Absorption spectra Azeotropic mixtures Density Diffusion of vapor in air Heat of combustion Refractive index Gas Liquid Solubility in water Surface tension Thermal conductivity Vapor pressure Verdet constant Viscosity -Chloroform* Propyl isobutyrate Critical temperature Diffusion of vapor in gases Heat of vaporization Specific heat Surface tension Viscosity Propyl isovalerate Azeotropic mixtures Critical temperature Heat of vaporization Surface tension Propyl lactate Azeotropic mixtures Density Propyl methylethylacetate, viscosity Propyl methylpropylacetate , viscosity Propyl nitrate, dielectric constant Propyl phenyl ether Specific heat Viscosity Propyl propionate Absorption spectra Boiling point Critical temperature Density, aqueous solution Dielectric constant Diffusion of vapor in gases Electrical conductivity Heat of vaporization Solubility in water Specific heat Surface tension Vapor pressure Aqueous solution Verdet constant Viscosity -Ethyl acetate* -Ethyl alcohol* Propyl sulfide, magnetic susceptibility Propyl o-tolyl ether, viscosity Links 3.138 5.28 6.363 4.461 7.221 5.331 3.319 3.28 5.62 5.168 3.33 7.10 7.35 3.387 4.450 5.228 3.218 6.428 7.214 3.249 5.62 5.137 5.111 4.457 7.219 3.322 3.249 5.137 4.458 3.322 3.31 7.220 7.220 6.86 3.324 5.112 7.220 5.332 3.222 3.249 3.114 6.91 5.62 6.145 5.137 3.390 5.110 4.455 3.222 3.364 6.429 7.218 6.362 7.221 5.340 4.469 891 Index Terms Propyl trichloracetate, specific heat Propyl valerate Dielectric constant Diffusion of vapor in gases Electrical conductivity Specific heat Viscosity Propylamine Absorption spectra Critical point data Density Aqueous solution Dielectric constant Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Heat of combustion Heat of solution in water Refractive index Solubility in water Surface tension Aqueous solution Thermal conductivity Vapor pressure Vapor pressure above 1 atm. Viscosity -Silver nitrate Density Viscosity -Toluene Distribution coefficients in water -Xylene Distribution coefficients in water Propylammonium chloride Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution -Chloroform* Propylaniline Absorption spectra Viscosity Propylbenzene Absorption spectra Birefringence, magnetic Boiling point Compressibility Density Dielectric constant Diffusion of vapor in air Flash point Heat of combustion Heat of vaporization Photoluminescence Refractive index Specific heat Surface tension Vapor pressure Verdet constant Viscosity -Antimony tribromide* -Antimony trichloride* -Hydrogen bromide* Propylbenzylmethylphenylammonium bromide Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Propylcoumarinic acid, heat of combustion Propylene Boiling point Critical point Links 5.109 6.94 5.63 6.145 5.112 7.220 5.332 3.240 3.28 3.114 6.82 6.264 4.262 5.167 5.148 7.35 3.261 4.450 4.468 5.214 3.218 3.240 7.215 5.336 3.248 3.139 5.28 3.425 3.425 6.232 5.333 7.220 5.333 7.111 3.225 3.37 3.29 6.94 5.63 2.161 5.163 5.137 5.387 7.47 5.112 4.459 3.225 6.430 7.220 5.345 3.34 6.243 5.166 1.61 3.244 3.218 3.248 892 Index Terms Heat of combustion Inflammability, limits of Orthobaric density Refractivity Solidification point Solubility in non-aqueous liquids Solubility in wat er Vapor pressure Vapor pressure above 1 aim. Propylene bromide Refractive index -Acetic acid* -Ethylene bromide* Propylene oxide Phenols, addition of, kinetics Propylenediamine Magnetic susceptibility Propyleneglycol Absorption spectra Diffusion into methyl alcohol Heat of combustion Viscosity 1,2-Propyleneglycol-propyl ether Solubility in water 1,2-Propyleneglycol 2-propyl ether Solubility in water Propylethylene Verdet constant Propylisopropylcarbinol, viscosity Propylmalonic acid Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Heat of combustion 1-Propylpiperidine Solubility in water Propylsilicon trichloride Boiling point Density Refractive index 3-Propyltoluene, heat of combustion Propyltriethyllead Boiling point Density Refractive index Propyltrimethyllead Boiling point Density Refractive index Prosopite Density Refractive index Proteins Hydrolysis by enzymes Refractive index in various solvents Protoactinium, boiling point Protustite Density Photoconductivity Refractive index Specific heat Pseudobrookite Density Refractive index Links 5.163 2.179 3.244 7.10 1.61 3.269 3.260 3.218 3.244 7.80 7.124 6.361 5.332 5.72 5.164 7.215 3.390 3.390 6.428 7.219 6.276 5.165 3.392 1.113 1.113 1.113 5.163 1.163 1.116 1.116 1.116 1.163 1.116 1.116 1.116 1.163 1.145 1.145 1.165 1.165 1.165 1.169 7.156 7.98 1.102 1.124 6.66 1.124 5.97 1.129 1.129 1.168 1.174 7.21 893 Index Terms Pseudobutylene Solubility in ethyl alcohol Pseudocumene Azeotropic mixtures Birefringence Boiling point Compressibility Density Dielectric constant Heat of combustion Heat of vaporization Photoluminescence Refractive index Specific heat Surface tension Vapor pressure Verdet constant -Antimony tribromide* -Antimony trichloride* Pseudolibethenite, density Pseudomesolite Density Refractive index Pseudouric acid Heat of combustion Heat of solution in water Pseudowollastonite Melting point Refractive index Specific heat See also Calcium metasilicate. Psychological data Psychrometry Pucherite Density Refractive index Pukateine, optical rotatory power Pulegone Absorption spectra Dielectric constant Optical rotatory power Refractive index Verdet constant Dispersion Pulp board Density Thermal conductivity Pumice Density Hardness Pumice gravel Density Thermal conductivity Pumicite. See Pumice. Pumps , vacuum Speed of exhaust Purpurin, photoluminescence Putresceine hydrochloride Absorption spectra Pyradiolin Dielectric constant Dielectric strength Electrical conductivity Links 3.269 3.322 7.111 3.225 3.37 3.30 6.94 5.163 5.137 5.387 7.47 5.112 4.459 3.225 6.430 7.113 3.39 1.122 1.154 1.154 1.169 5.167 5.149 1.144 1.144 5.99 1.171 1.92 1.71 1.135 1.135 7.475 5.347 6.95 7.415 7.52 6.426 6.433 2.313 2.313 2.87 2.87 2.313 2.313 1.92 1.91 5.387 5.370 2.296 2.298 2.298 2.297 1.174 894 Index Terms Explosion time Power factor Pyralin Dielectric constant Dielectric strength Electrical conductivity Explosion time Power factor Pyrargyrite Density Refractive index Photoconductivity Specific heat Thermal expansion Pyrazole Absorption spectra Refractive index Pyrene -Quinoline Density Refractive index Dispersion Pyridine Absorption spectra Birefringence Boiling point Critical point data Cryoscopic constant Density Aqueous solution Dielectric constant Diffusion in ethyl alcohol Diffusion in methyl alcohol Diffusion in water Electrical conductivity Aqueous solution Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Heat of combustion Heat of solution in water Heat of vaporization Heat of wetting by Inflammability, limits of Magnetic susceptibility Refractive index Aqueous solution Liquid Solubility of salts in Specific heat Surface tension Vapor pressure, partial Aqueous solution Verdet constant Viscosity Aqueous solution -Acetamide* -Acenaphthene* -Acetic acid* -Acetonitrile* -Acetonitrile*-Silver nitrate -Allyl bromide* -Allyl thiocyanate* -Aluminum chloride* -Ammonia* -Aniline* -Aniline*-Silver nitrate -Anthracene* Links 2.297 2.297 2.296 2.298 2.298 2.297 2.297 2.297 1.124 1.124 6.66 5.97 3.44 1.168 5.336 7.35 7.88 7.88 7.107 5.332 7.111 3.219 3.248 4.183 3.28 3.112 6.88 5.74 5.72 5.70 6.144 6.268 4.262 5.167 5.149 5.137 5.142 2.181 6.361 7.69 7.36 4.210 5.109 4.451 3.291 6.428 5.36 5.20 5.337 5.363 3.342 3.33 7.80 5.41 7.216 5.366 5.369 895 Index Terms -Anthraquinone* -Benzamide* -Benzanilide* -Benzene* -Benzil* -Benzoic acid* -Benzophenone* -Beryllium chloride* -Butyric acid* -Cadmium iodide* -Carbanilide* -Carbazole* -Carbon tetrachloride* -Chloroform* -o-Chlorophenol* -Cobaltous bromide* -Cobaltous chloride* -Cresol (o-, m -, p-)* -Cupric acetate* -Cupric chloride* -Cuprous bromide* -Cuprous chloride* -Cuprous cyanide* -Cyanuric acid* -Diethyl tartrate* -Diethylammonium chloride* -Diphenyl* -Diphenylamine* -1,2-Diphenylthiourea* -1,2-Diphenylurea* -Ethyl acetate* -Ethyl acetoacetate* -Ethyl alcohol* -Ethyl bromide* -Ethyl diethylacetoacetate* -Ethyl ether* -Ethyl ethylacetoacetate* -Euxanthic acid* -Ferric chloride* -Ferrous chloride* -Fluorene* -Formamide* -Formanilide* -Formic acid* -Hexanitrodiphenylamine* -Iodine* -Isobutyl chloride* -Lactose* -Lead bromide* -Lead chloride* -Lead iodide* -Lead nitrate* -Lithium chloride* -Mangostin* -Mercuric bromide* -Mercuric chloride* -Mercuric cyanide* -Mercuric ethyl chloride* -Mercuric iodide* -Methyl alcohol* -Methyl di-(o-bromobenzoyl)tartrate* -Methyl iodide* -Methylacetamide* -Methylpentanes* -N-Methylphenylacridinium iodide* -Methylphenylpicramide (α- β-)* -Naphthalene* Links 896 Index Terms -β-Naphthol* -o-Nitrophenol* -Nitrosodimethylaniline* -Oleates* -Phenanthrene* -Phenol* -Phenol* -Sulfuric acid -Phthalanil* -Phthalimide* -Picric acid* -Potassium iodide* -Potassium sulfate* -Potassium thiocyanate* -Propionamide* -Propionic acid* -Propyl alcohol* -Raffinose Freezing point-solubility in water -Resorcinol Boiling point elevation Heat of solution -Salicylic acid Boiling point elevation -Silver cyanide Boiling point elevation -Silver nitrate Boiling point elevation Density Osmotic pressure Specific heat Viscosity -Silver perchlorate Density Freezing point-solubility -Silver thiocyanate Boiling point elevation Specific heat -Stannous bromide Boiling point elevation -Stannous chloride Boiling point elevation -Succinic acid Boiling point elevation -Sucrose Osmotic pressure -Tartaric acid Boiling point elevation -Tartaric ditoluide Boiling point elevation -Tetraethylammonium iodide Boiling point elevation -Thiocarbanilide Density -Thiourea Density Viscosity -Toluene Distribution coefficients in water -p-Toluidine Boiling point elevation -Triethylammonium chloride Boiling point elevation -Triphenylmethane Boiling point elevation -Urea Density Viscosity Links 4.415 3.342 5.153 3.342 3.342 3.342 3.139 4.431 5.125 5.28 3.139 4.200 3.342 5.125 3.342 3.342 3.342 4.431 3.342 3.342 3.342 3.172 3.150 5.34 3.427 3.342 3.342 3.342 3.150 5.34 897 Index Terms -Urethan Density Viscosity -Xylene Distribution coefficients in water -Zinc bromide Boiling point elevation -Zinc chloride Boiling point elevation Pyridine acetate Heat of solution in water -Acetone* -Benzene* -Carbon tetrachloride* -Chloroform* -Ethyl acetate* Pyridinecarboxylic acids electrical condutivity aqueous solution Pyridinedicarboxylic acids electrical conductivity aqueous solution Pyridinetricarboxylic acids electrical conductivity aqueous solution Pyrite Compressibility Density Electrical conductivity Magnetic field effect of Emission spectral Grating spaces of Hall effect Magnetic susceptibility Specific heat Thermoelectric power X-ray diffraction data X-rays refraction of by See also Iron disulfide. Pyroaconitine Optical rotatory power Pyroaurite Density Refractive index Pyrobitumen Pyrocatechol Absorption spectra ultra-violet Cryoscopic constant Electrical conductivity aqueous solution Heat of combustion Heat of dilution with water Heat of fusion Heat of solution in water Refractive index Silver reduction equivalent Specific heat Aqueous solution Liquid Solid Surface tension aqueous solution Verdet constant Viscosity aqueous solution -Acetone* -Ethyl alcohol* -Ethyl ether* -Phenol* Pyrochroite Density Refract ive index Links 3.164 5.40 3.427 3.342 3.342 5.150 6.272 6.278 6.284 3.50 1.128 6.154 6.422 5.254 6.7 6.416 6.364 5.98 6.224 1.343 6.50 6.155 5.257 7.477 1.142 1.142 2.168 5.361 4.183 6.273 5.167 5.161 5.133 5.149 7.29 5.439 1.166 5.362 5.125 5.110 5.103 4.469 6.429 5.23 1.127 1.127 1.167 5.258 898 Index Terms Pyroelectricity Temperature, effect of Pyrogallol Absorption spectra Boiling point elevation in aqueous solution Chemiluminescence Density, aqueous solution Diffusion in methyl alcohol Diffusion in water Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Heat of combustion Heat of solution in water Silver reduction equivalent Solubility in water Surface tension, aqueous solution Vapor pressure lowering in aqueous solution Verdet constant -Acetamide* -Acetone* -Acetophenone* -m-Aminophenol* -Amyl acetate* -Aniline* -Antipyrine* -Azobenzene* -Benzamide* -Benzhydrol* -Benzophenone* -Camphor* -Carbazole* -Cinnamic acid* -Dimethyl oxalate* -Diphenylamine* -Diphenylmethane* -Ethyl alcohol* -Ethyl ether* -Fenchone* -Hydrogen chloride* -m-Hydroxybenzaldehyde* -Isoamyl alcohol* -Naphthylamine (α-, β-)* -Phenol* -Phenylenediamine (o-, m-, p-)* -Succinic acid Freezing point-solubility -Sucinimide Freezing point-solubility -p-Toluidine Freezing point-solubility -Trimethylcarbinol Freezing point-solubility -Triphenylcarbinol Freezing point-solubility -Triphenylmethane Freezing point-solubility Pyrogallolcarboxylic acid Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Heat of combustion Pyroindaconitine, optical rotatory power Pyrolusite Density See also Manganese dioxide. Pyromellitic acid Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Heat of combustion Links 6.209 6.212 5.339 3.327 5.389 3.114 5.73 5.71 6.273 5.167 5.149 5.439 4.253 4.469 3.293 6.429 4.114 4.113 4.141 4.116 4.141 4.141 6.280 5.165 7.478 1.127 6.293 5.166 899 Index Terms Pyrometry optical Pyromorphite Density Dielectric constant Melting point Refractive index Thermal conductivity Transition temperature Pyromucic acid Absorption spectra Density aqueous solution Electrical conductivity aqueous solution Heat of combustion Pyrope Density Refractive index Thermal expansion Pyrophanite Density Melting point Refractive index Pyrophosphoric acid Electrical conductivity aqueous solution Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Heat of formation Ionization constants Refractive index aqueous solution Solubility in water -Potassium hydroxide* Pyrophosphorous acid Heat of formation Pyrophyllite Dehydration behavior Density Refractive index Pyros (alloy) Pyrostilpnite, density Pyrosulfuric acid Heat of fusion Specific heat Liquid Solid Pyrotartaric acid Electrical conductivity aqueous solution Heat of solution in water Refractive index Specific heat Pyrotartaric anhydride Verdet constant Pyroxenite compressibility Pyroxylin Pyrrhotite Curie point Density Electrical conductivity Magnetic properties Thermal conductivity Thermal expansion X-ray crystal data Pyrrole Absorption spectra Birefringence Heat of combustion Links 1.59 1.115 6.99 1.115 1.115 5.232 4.7 5.337 3.114 6.268 5.165 1.142 1.142 3.45 1.128 1.128 1.128 1.173 7.20 5.378 1.165 1.168 6.260 4.255 5.180 7.242 7.66 4.218 5.180 7.313 1.137 1.137 2.382 1.124 1.171 5.131 5.106 5.95 6.270 5.149 7.35 5.102 6.428 3.51 2.296 6.410 1.128 6.154 6.413 5.232 3.44 1.343 5.332 7.111 5.167 5.336 5.363 5.364 5.366 5.373 900 Index Terms Refractive index -Triphenylmethane Freezing point-solubility Pyruvic acid Absorption spectra Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Heat of combustion -Chloroform* -Ethyl ether* -Xylene Distribution coefficients in water Q-alloy Quantum Definition Notation Quantum mechanics Quantum number Definition Quantum sensitivity Quartz Compressibility Contact charge Density Dielectric constant Elastic constants Electrical conductivity Emission, spectral Heat of formation Heat of transition Inversion points Light, transmission of Magnetic susceptibility Optical constants Optical rotation Piezoelectric constant Pyroelectric constant Radiation, transmission of Radioactivity Refractive index Rotation of Solution velocity in hydrofluoric acid Specific heat Spectral filter, use as Strength properties Thermal conductivity Thermal expansion Verdet constant Dispersion Volume change on inversion X-ray diffraction data Quartz powderthermal conductivity under reduced pressures Quartzite Bulk density Compressive strength Hardness Impact hardness Porosity Thermal conductivity Thermal diffusivity Thermal expansion Transverse strength Queen's metal Quercitol Crystallography Links 7.36 4.113 5.336 6.263 5.165 5.376 3.425 2.382 1.40 6.25 1.47 1.47 1.41 7.167 3.50 6.57 1.112 6.341 4.21 6.154 6.343 5.182 5.106 4.20 5.264 6.341 6.341 6.342 6.210 6.210 5.264 1.378 1.112 2.336 5.59 5.105 5.273 4.21 4.21 4.21 6.343 6.344 4.21 1.341 2.315 2.53 2.47 2.50 2.51 2.54 2.55 2.55 2.54 2.49 2.382 1.326 5.393 5.408 5.418 5.418 6.25 4.21 2.82 4.20 6.341 6.182 6.364 6.211 6.211 6.341 1.166 6.341 5.106 5.231 6.426 5.233 901 Index Terms Density Aqueous solution Heat of combustion Optical rotatory power Pyroelectric effect Quercitrin optical rotatory power Quetenite Density Refractive index Quilts sound transmission of by Quinamine optical rotatory power Quinhydrone Absorption spectra Specific heat -Hydrogen chloride* Quinic acid Absorption spectra Density aqueous solution Electrical conductivity aqueous solution Heat of solution in water Refractive index aqueous solution -Molybdenum trioxide* Quinicine optical rotatory power Quinidine Absorption spectra Crystallography Optical rotatory power Quinidine sulfate Absorption spectra Optical rotatory power Quinine Absorption spectra Crystallography Electrical conductivity aqueous solution Optical rotatory power -Benzene* -Ethyl ether* -Isoamyl alcohol* Quinine hydrochloride Absorption spectra Optical rotatory power Quinine salicylate -Ethyl alcohol* Quinine sulfate Absorption spectra Crystallography Optical rotatory power Photoluminescence Solubility in water -Isoamyl alcohol* Quininic acid Absorption spectra Electrical conductivity aqueous solution Quinizarin photoconductivity Quinol Silver reduction equivalent Solubility in water Quinoline Absorption spectra Birefringence electric Boiling point Critical temperature Density Links 3.45 3.114 5.164 7.354 6.209 7.389 1.142 1.142 6.459 7.471 7.405 1.170 5.348 5.104 5.369 3.114 6.283 5.150 7.69 7.69 7.472 5.334 1.336 7.472 5.354 5.370 7.473 5.334 1.336 6.302 7.472 5.354 5.370 5.354 7.472 5.370 5.372 5.370 1.336 7.473 5.387 4.219 5.379 5.372 5.369 6.297 6.66 5.439 4.253 5.333 7.111 3.225 3.249 3.29 5.344 7.113 3.346 5.363 5.364 5.369 5.370 902 Index Terms Aqueous solution Dielectric constant Diffusion in methyl alcohol Electrical conductivity Heat of combustion Magnetic susceptibility Photoluminescence Refractive index Specific heat Surface tension Vapor pressure Verdet constant Viscosity -Acetophenone* -Acetylethylaminonaphthalene (α-, β-)* -2-Acetylindazole* -2-Aminoanthraquinone* -Aniline* -Anisole* -Anthracene* -Anthranol methyl ether* -Anthraquinone* -Benzaldehyde* -Benzene* -Benzil* -Benzoic acid* -Benzoin* -Bromo-p-xylene* -Cadmium bromide* -Cadmium chloride* -Cadmium iodide* -Carbon telrachloride* -α-Chloroanthracene* -β-Chloroanthracene* -9-Chloroanthracene* -β-Chloronaphthalene* -9-Chlorophenanthrene* -o-Chlorophenol* -Cobaltous bromide* -Cobaltous chloride* -m-Cresol* -Cuprous chloride* -p-Cymene* -1,5-Diaminoanthraquinone* -9, 10-Dibromoanthracene* -m-Dibromobenzene* -2,7-Dibromofiuorene* -2,7-Dibromo-9-methylfluorene* -1,5-Dichloroanthracene* -2,4-Dichloroanthracene* -9,10-Dichloroanthracene* -1,4-Dichloronaphthalene* -1,5-Dichloronaphthalene* -1, 7-Dichloronaphthalene* -1,8-Dichloronaphthalene* -2,7-Dichloronaphthalene* -9,10-Dichlorophenanthrene* -Diethyl tartrate* -Diethylaminonaphthalene (α-, β-)* -1,4-Diethylaminonaphthalene* -2,3-Diethylaminonaphthalene* -9,10-Dihydroanthracene* -Dihydrophenanthrene* -1,5-Dihydroxy naphthalene diamyl ether* -Diphenyl* -Diphenylene oxide* -Diphenylmethane* Links 3.115 6.94 5.73 6.144 5.168 6.363 5.387 7.45 5.112 4.459 3.225 6.430 5.28 5.38 5.44 5.46 5.48 7.220 903 Index Terms -Ethyl alcohol* -Ethyl benzoate* -Ethyl 2,7-dibromofluorene-9-acetate* -Ethyl ether* -Ethyl β-naphthoate* -1-Ethyl-4-acetylnaphthalene* -Ethylaminonaphthalene (α-, β-)* -o-Ethylbenzoic acid* -9-Ethyl-10-chloroanthracene* -Ethylhydroanthranol* -Fluoranthene* -Fluorene* -Fluorenone* -Hydrogen peroxide* -Indigotin* -Iodonaphthalene (α-, β-)* -Isobutyl diacetyl-d-tartrate* -Isobutyl tartrate* -1-Keto-7-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene -Lithium chloride* -Mercuric bromide* -Mercuric cyanide* -Mercuric iodide* -Methyl alcohol* -1-Methyl-2-acetylnaphthalene* -Methylanthracene (α-, β-)* -9-Methylanthracene* -p-Methylethylbenzene* -1-Methyl-2-ethylnaphthalene* -m-Methylstilbene* -Naphthaldehyde (α-, β-)* -Naphthalene* -Naphthol (α-, β-)* -β-Naphthyl ethyl ether* -Naphthylamine (α-, β-)* -1,4-Naphthylenediamine* -1,5-Naphthylenediamine* -1,6-Naphthylenediamine* -1,8-Naphthylenediamine* -2,3-Naphthylenediamine* -2,7-Naphthylenediamine* -Nickel bromide* -Nickel chloride* -o-Nitrophenol* -Nitrosodimethylaniline* -Phenanthrene* -Phenanthraquinone* -Phenol* -Pyrene* -Retene Density Refractive index Dispersion -Silver nitrate Density Viscosity -Stearic acid Boiling point elevation -Stilbene Density Refractive index Dispersion -Sulfur Freezing point lowering -Tetraethylphenylenediamine (o-, m-, p-) Density Links 7.88 7.88 7.108 3.139 5.28 3.346 7.88 7.88 7.107 4.38 7.88 904 Index Terms Refractive index Dispersion -o-Toluidine Density Refractive index Dispersion -p-Tolyldimethylcarbinol Density Refractive index Dispersion -Trichlorofluorene Density Refractive index Dispersion -Triphenylmethane Boiling point elevation -Xylene Distribution coefficients in water -Zinc bromide Boiling point elevation -Zinc chloride Boiling point elevation -Zinc iodide Boiling point elevation Quinoline dyes, absorption spectra Quinoline ethiodide -Chloroform* -Isoamyl alcohol* Quinoline hydrobromide -Chloroform* Quinoline hydrochloride -Chloroform* Quinoline hydroiodide -Chloroform* Quinolinic acid, absorption spectra Quinolinium butyl triiodide Electrical conductivity Quinolinium isobutyl triiodide Electrical conductivity Quinolinium propyl triiodide Electrical conductivity Quinone Absorption spectra Diffusion in benzene Diffusion in methyl alcohol Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Heat of combustion Heat of fusion Heat of solution in water Magnetic susceptibility Oxidation-reduction potentials Silver reduction equivalent Specific heat Liquid Solid -Acenaphthene* -Anthracene* -Diphenylamine* -Fluorene* -Hydrogen chloride* -Hydroquinol* -Naphthalene* -β-Naphthol* -α-Naphthylamine* -Nitrobenzene* Links 7.88 7.107 7.86 7.86 7.105 7.87 7.87 7.106 7.87 7.87 7.107 3.346 3.431 3.347 3.346 3.347 7.193 5.369 6.145 6.145 6.145 5.377 5.74 5.72 6.272 5.167 5.133 5.149 6.362 6.333 5.439 5.110 5.103 905 Index Terms -Nitrogen peroxide* -Phenanthrene* -Triphenylcarbinol Freezing point-solubility -Triphenylmethane Freezing point-solubility Quinoneoxime, magnetic susceptibility Quinoxaline Cryoscopic const ant Refractive index Quitenine, absorption spectra Racemization, kinetics of Radian, definition Radiance, definition Radiation Black body Constants Electronic. See Electronic radiation. Filters Hemispherical Intensity of Conversion factors Definition Luminous efficiency Monochromatic, visibility factor Non-spectral Polarization Radioactive Electronic emission In gases Ionization Ionizing Sources Stefan-Boltzmann constant Temperature Thermal Total transmission Transmission factor Wien's displacement constant Radiator, perfect Radioactive elements Radioactive materials, distribution of Radioactive processes, energy of Radioactivity Radiolarian earth. See Diatomaceous earth. Radiometry Radium Boiling point Density Emission spectra Melting point Persistent lines Quantum numbers Spectral series X-ray emission spectra Zeeman effect Radium B, rate of solution Radium B + C, diffusion in metals Radium C , rate of solution Radium F, deposition voltage Radium bromide , electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Radium chloride, diffusion in water Links 4.127 4.127 6.362 4.183 7.42 5.372 7.118 1.40 1.40 5.237 1.18 5.237 5.271 5.238 5.242 1.26 1.38 5.437 5.436 5.264 5.391 1.365 1.369 1.365 1.372 1.373 5.237 5.246 5.242 5.264 5.264 5.237 5.237 1.362 1.372 1.366 1.361 5.237 1.102 1.104 5.311 1.104 5.324 5.408 5.403 6.42 5.420 1.364 5.77 1.364 1.364 6.231 5.66 6.234 906 Index Terms Radium series Members and constants Radium sulfate Solubility in water -Sulfuric acid Freezing point-solubility in water Radon Boiling point Critical constants Density Gas Liquid Solid Diffusion in benzene Diffusion in ethyl alcohol Diffusion in toluene Diffusion in water Emission spectra Heat of fusion Heat of vaporization Melting point Solubility in Colloidal solutions Non-aqueous liquids Solutions Water Triple point Vapor pressure Viscosity, gas Raffinase Raffinose Absorption spectra Density, aqueous solution Diffusion in water Heat of combustion Heat of solution in water Hydrolysis Hydrolysis by enzymes Optical rotation Solubility in Aqueous ethyl alcohol Methyl alcohol Water Vapor pressure lowering in aqueous solution Viscosity, aqueous solution -Nitric acid* -Pyridine* Raies ultimes Rain, electric charge on Rakel's metal Rammelsbergite, density Randanite. See Diatomaceous earth. Randolf metal Rankine Rape oil Compressibility Rubber softener Viscosity under pressure Rapp's formula (flow of gas) Raspite Melting point Refractive index Ratanhine, optical rotatory power Links 1.363 4.233 4.353 7.344 1.102 1.102 3.203 3.204 1.102 1.102 1.104 5.74 5.73 5.75 5.64 5.311 1.104 1.102 1.104 3.3 3.21 3.281 3.263 3.271 1.364 3.203 3.203 1.102 7.154 3.257 3.204 5.2 5.334 2.352 5.71 5.167 5.150 2.352 7.154 2.352 4.406 2.352 2.352 3.293 5.23 5.322 6.444 2.382 1.132 2.382 1.40 2.209 2.278 2.209 5.2 1.134 1.134 7.475 1.173 3.248 907 Index Terms Rathite, density Rayleigh disc Raymur (alloy) Rayo (alloy) Electrical conductivity Rayon Moisture content at various humidities Physical properties Rays. See Alpha particles, Beta particles, Gamma rays, X-rays. Reactal (alloy) Reaction, heat of Reaction rate, theories of Reaction times Realgar Boiling point Density Refractive index Transformation temperature Reaumur Recoil atoms Initial velocities Ranges (penetration) Reddingite Density Refractive index Redmanol Reduction of area, definition Reduction potentials, photographic developers Reflection Electrons Light. See Emission, spectral. Molecules Sound X-rays Reflectivity Definition Diffuse Enamels, vitreous Metallic Selective Specular Refraction, temperature coefficients, conversion from vacuum to air Refractive index Alloys Butyrorefractometer values, calculation from Chemical compounds Definition Electric waves Elements Glass Metallic reflectors Oils, fats and waxes Petroleum products Rubber Soap solutions Sugars Tar distillates X-rays Refractivity, definition Refractometer, Zeiss, table for Refractory materials Refrigerating brines Links 1.116 6.457 2.382 2.382 6.193 2.467 2.480 2.323 2.234 2.382 5.170 7.115 1.94 1.110 1.110 1.110 1.110 1.40 1.162 1.174 7.19 1.368 1.368 1.127 1.127 2.298 2.viii 5.441 1.172 6.62 5.53 6.458 6.49 1.40 5.261 2.116 5.248 5.260 5.256 7.32 5.250 2.212 1.106 1.40 6.97 1.103 2.102 5.248 2.212 2.152 2.259 5.456 2.334 2.171 6.49 1.40 2.340 2.82 2.327 1.165 5.248 2.104 1.176 1.276 7.1 908 Index Terms Regel-metall Regulus of Venus (alloy) Reichert-Meissl value, definition Reiche-Rotzahn theory Reichs bronze Reith's alloy Reluctance, magnetic, definition Rennet Residual rays, wave length of Resilience, definition Resins, phenol Resista alloy, electrical conductivity Resistance alloys Resistin (alloy) Electrical conductivity Thermoelectric properties Resistivity Acoustic Definition Electrical. See Electrical conductivity. Resodiacetophenone -Acetone* Resonance potentials. See Critical potentials. Resonators Piezoelectric Resorcinol Absorption spectra Boiling point elevation in aqueous solution Cryoscopic constant Crystallization velocity Crystallography Density, aqueous solution Dielectric constant Aqueous solution Diffusion in ethyl alcohol Diffusion in water Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Flash point Heat of combustion Heat of dilution with water Heat of fusion Heat of solution in water Magnetic susceptibility Melting point under pressure Osmotic pressure Photoluminescence Pyroelectric constant Refractive index Solubility in water Specific heat Aqueous solution Liquid Solid Surface tension, aqueous solution Transition velocity Vapor pressure, aqueous solution Vapor pressure lowering in aqueous solution Verdet constant -Acetamide* -Acetone* -Acetophenone* -Acridine* -Aminophenol (m-, p-)* Links 2.382 2.382 2.xii 6.352 2.382 2.382 1.40 7.156 5.261 2.254 2.298 6.196 2.382 2.382 6.168 6.222 6.459 1.40 2.557 2.464 2.474 1.41 6.457 6.211 5.339 3.327 4.183 5.61 1.326 3.112 6.90 6.101 5.74 5.71 6.273 2.161 5.167 5.161 5.133 5.149 6.362 4.15 4.430 5.386 6.209 7.29 4.251 5.125 5.110 5.103 4.469 5.61 3.365 3.293 6.429 5.362 3.114 4.253 2.480 2.588 909 Index Terms -Ammonia* -Aniline* -Anthracene* -Antipyrine* -Arsenous bromide* -Azobenzene* -Barium hydroxide* -Benzamide* -Benzene* -Benzhydrol* -Benzophenone* -Camphor* -Carbazole* -Carbon tetrachloride* -Catechol* -Catechol* -Hydroquinol -Catechol* -α-Nitronaphthalene -Cineole* -Cinnamic acid* -Dimethyl oxalate* -Diphenylamine* -Diphenylmethane* -Ethyl acetate* -Ethyl alcohol* -Ethyl ether* -Ethylbenzene* -Fenchone* -Hydrogen chloride* -Hydroquinol* -m-Hydroxybenzaldehyde* -Methyl alcohol* -Naphthalene* -β-Naphthol* -Naphthylamine (α-, β-)* -Nitrobenzene* -α-Nitronaphthalene* -Phenol* -Phenylenediamine (o-, m-, p-)* -Picric acid* -Potassium hydroxide* -Propyl alcohol* -Pyridine* -Succinic acid Freezing point-solubility -Succinimide Freezing point-solubility -p-Toluidine Freezing point-solubility -Trimethylcarbinol Freezing point-solubility -Triphenylcarbinol Freezing point-solubility -Triphenylmethane Freezing point-solubility -m-Xylene Freezing point-solubility Solubility, mutual Resorcinol diethyl ether -Cyclopentane* Resorcinol monomethyl ether Absorption spectra Surface tension Resorcylic acid -Ethyl ether* -Xylene Distribution coefficients in water Links 4.114 4.113 4.138 4.116 4.139 4.139 4.139 3.397 5.342 4.456 3.430 910 Index Terms Retene Absorption spectra Heat of combustion -Anthracene* -Carbazole* -Phenanthrene* -Picramide* -Picric acid* -Picryl chloride* -Quinoline* -Styphnic acid Freezing point-solubility -1,3,5-Trinitrobenzene Freezing point-solubility -2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene Freezing point-solubility Reverberation, sound Reynold's number Rezbanyite , density Rezistal (alloy) Rhagite, density Rhamnoheptose Optical rotatory power Rhamnohexose Optical rotatory power Rhamnose Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Heat of combustion Optical rotatory power Pyroelectric constant Refractive index Solubility in aqueous ethyl alcohol Rhamnose triacetate Heat of combustion Rhe, definition Rhenium, melting point Rheostatine, electrical conductivity Rheostene alloy, electrical conductivity Rheotan (alloy) Electrical conductivity Rhodamine, photoluminescence Rhodeose, optical rotatory power Rhodium Absorption, index of Boiling point Compressibility Density Elastic properties Electrical conductivity Low temperature Electrons freed by X-rays, energy of Emission, spectral Emission spectra Evaporation, velocity of Hardness Magnetic susceptibility Melting point Persistent lines Quantum numbers Refraction, index of Specific heat Spectral series Thermal conductivity Links 5.353 5.164 4.122 4.119 4.146 6.460 1.403 1.116 2.382 1.112 7.399 7.398 6.276 5.166 7.388 6.209 7.30 4.405 5.166 1.41 1.104 6.169 6.196 2.382 6.171 5.387 7.389 5.250 1.102 3.47 1.104 2.588 1.104 6.128 6.4 5.242 5.311 5.54 2.588 6.355 1.104 5.324 5.408 5.250 1.104 5.404 5.220 3.49 2.456 6.136 6.134 5.254 5.94 5.221 6.137 911 Index Terms Thermal expansion Thermoelectric properties X-ray absorption limits X-ray crystal structure X-ray emission spectra X-ray lines, relative intensities X-ray lines, width of X-ray series, limiting frequencies X-rays, absorption coefficient Zeeman effect -Platinum* Rhodium alloys, list of Rhodium black , hydrogen, adsorption of, by Rhodium trisodium chloride X-rays, absorption coefficient Rhodizite Density Refractive index Rhodochrosite Compressibility Density Refractive index Thermal conductivity See also Manganous carbonate. Rhodolite. See Garnet. Rhodonite Density Melting point Refractive index See also Manganese metasilicate. Rhomboclase, refractive index Rhomboclasite, refractive index Rhotanium (alloy) Rhyolite Bulk density Elasticity Hardness Impact hardness Thermal conductivity Thermal diffusivity Ribbon loud speaker Ribose, optical rotatory power Rice powder, thermal conductivity Richards alloy Richards bronze Richardson's speculum Ricinelaidic acid, optical rotatory power Ricinoleic acid Optical rotatory power Surface tension Ricinostearolic acid, optical rotatory power Riebeckite Density Refractive index Rifle powders Righi-Leduc effect Rigidity Coefficient, effect of magnetization Definition Modulus of, conversion factors Links 1.104 6.214 6.37 1.340 6.37 6.32 6.26 6.35 6.13 5.420 2.462 6.38 5.427 2.390 3.253 6.13 1.158 1.158 3.50 1.127 1.127 5.232 1.128 1.128 1.128 7.22 1.128 2.382 2.53 2.52 2.50 2.51 2.55 2.56 6.454 7.387 2.315 2.382 2.382 2.382 7.368 7.367 4.437 7.367 1.152 1.152 7.497 6.415 6.439 1.41 1.24 1.165 1.167 1.172 1.170 2.465 2.556 4.462 1.172 2.546 912 Index Terms Rinneite Density Refractive index Riversideite Density Refractive index Roberts-Austen alloy (Purple gold) Rochelle salt Crystallography Density Refractive index Dielectric constant Optical rotatory power Piezoelectric constant Pyroelect ric constant Thermal expansion Rocks Ages of (radioactive method) Compressibility Radioactivity Thermal conductivity See also Building stones, Minerals. Roma bronze Roman system, weights and measures Romanium (alloy) Romeite Density Refractive index Ronia metal Rope, strength properties Rope paper, moisture content at various humidities Rosaniline hydrochloride, electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Rose metal Electrical conductivity Specific heat Thermal conductivity Rosein (alloy) Rosenhain and Archbutt alloy Rosin Dielectric constant Electrical conductivity Rubber softener Rosin oil, rubber softener Rosin pitch. See Pitches. Ross' alloy Emission, spectral Rotatory power Definition Magnetic Optical “Rotguss ” thermal conductivity Rotoxit (alloy) Rubber Absorption spectra Acoustic resistivity Azobenzene, solubility of, in Calender grain Carbon dioxide, permeability to Castilloa, viscosity Caucho ball, vulcanization Cellular Density Links 1.158 1.158 1.144 1.144 2.382 1.323 1.158 1.158 6.100 7.354 6.210 6.211 3.44 1.167 7.28 1.171 1.169 6.211 1.381 3.49 1.377 5.231 2.382 1.15 2.382 1.143 1.143 2.382 2.236 2.323 6.232 2.382 6.197 5.121 5.223 2.382 2.382 2.556 1.165 2.537 2.310 2.310 2.277 2.278 2.382 5.254 1.41 6.428 2.334 5.224 2.382 5.334 6.459 2.272 2.277 2.272 2.259 2.264 2.312 2.555 7.353 7.355 913 Index Terms Thermal conductivity Compounding ingredients Electrostriction Ficus, vulcanization Gases, permeability to Hard Chemical and physical agents, effect on Density Dielectric constant Dielectric strength Electric strength Electrical conductivity Physical properties Power factor Tensile strength Thermal conductivity Hevea Anticoagulants, effect of Chemical composition Preparation, factors in Resin, constituents of Vulcanizing properties Hydrogen, permeability to Milling, effect of Moisture content at various humidities Naphthalene, solubility of, in Para, gases, permeability of Plasticity milling, effect of Raw Acid content Aging of Density of solutions Dielectric constant Electrical conductivity Imbibition of liquids Manganese content Milling, recovery from Moisture content Nitrogeneous constituents Organic vapors, absorption of Physical properties Power factor Resin content Resins, optical activity Saponifiability Tensile properties Viscosity Water, absorption of Reclaimed Selenium, solubility of, in Soft, thermal conductivity Softeners Sponge Density Thermal conductivity Sound, velocity of, in Sulfur, solubility of, in Thermal conductivity Thermal diffusivity p-Toluidine, solubility of, in Viscosity, milling, effect of Vulcanized Compressibility Dielectric constant Electrical conductivity Gases, permeability to Hardness Links 2.312 2.286 6.207 2.264 2.272 2.300 2.312 2.275 2.300 2.275 2.275 2.275 2.275 2.300 2.312 2.264 2.258 2.263 2.259 2.262 2.272 2.276 2.316 2.272 5.77 2.276 2.300 2.300 2.292 5.217 2.324 2.259 2.290 2.260 2.272 2.272 2.271 2.259 2.276 2.258 2.258 2.269 2.259 2.272 2.258 2.258 2.258 2.261 2.259 2.270 2.290 2.272 5.217 2.277 2.312 2.312 6.459 2.272 2.312 2.315 2.272 2.276 2.269 2.273 2.273 5.76 2.269 6.465 914 Index Terms Imbibition of liquids Load-compression relations Load-strain relations Mechanical hysteresis Organic vapors, absorption of Poisson's ratio Power factor Resistance to tear Stress-strain curve Tensile properties Thermal expansion Thermal properties Volume elasticity Water, absorption of Vulcanization, accelerators of X-ray diffraction data Rubidium Absorption, index of Boiling point Cathodoluminescence Compressibility Critical potentials Density Liquid Solid Electrical conductivity Liquid Solid Low temperature Electrode potential Emission spectra Free energy of electrode reaction Heat of fusion Heat of vaporization Isotopes Magnetic susceptibility Melting point Persistent lines Photoelectric sensitivity, wave length for maximum Quantum numbers Radioactivity Refraction, index of Specific heat Liquid Solid Spectral series Thermal expansion Liquid Solid Thermochemistry Thermoelectric properties Vapor pressure Volume change on fusion X-ray absorption limits X-ray emission spectra X-ray series, limiting frequencies -Cesium* -Mercury* -Potassium* -Sodium Photoelectric sensitivity, wave length for maximum -Sulfur Freezing point-solubility Rubidium acetate , solubility in water Rubidium benzoate, solubility in water Links 2.271 2.269 2.264 2.267 2.269 2.268 2.273 2.269 2.267 2.266 2.269 2.269 2.269 2.271 2.278 2.357 5.250 1.102 5.390 3.47 6.71 1.102 1.104 1.103 1.104 6.128 6.332 5.311 7.309 1.104 1.102 1.47 6.355 1.104 5.324 6.68 5.408 1.372 5.250 3.205 2.457 2.456 2.463 6.136 6.134 7.309 6.137 2.458 1.103 1.104 5.403 5.94 5.94 1.102 1.104 5.207 6.214 3.205 2.474 6.38 6.37 6.35 2.463 2.462 6.68 4.26 4.242 4.243 915 Index Terms Rubidium bicarbonate Decomposition pressure Heat of decomposition Heat of formation Solubility in water Rubidium bisulfite, absorption spectra, solutions Rubidium bromate Density, aqueous solution Solubility in water Rubidium bromide Ammine Decomposition pressure Heat of decomposition Heat of formation Compressibility Density Aqueous solution Liquid Solid Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Heat of formation Melting point Refractive index Aqueous solution Solubility in water Specific heat Aqueous solution Surface tension Transference number Vapor pressure Viscosity, aqueous solution X-ray diffraction data -Acetone* -Formamide* -Glycerol* -Silver bromide Freezing point-solubility Rubidium carbonate Decomposition pressure Heat of formation Magnetic susceptibility Solubility in water Specific heat Rubidium chlorate Density, aqueous solution Solubility in water Rubidium chloride Absorption spectra Boiling point elevation in aqueous solution Compressibility Aqueous solution Density Aqueous solution Liquid Solid Diffusion in water Electrical conductivity Aqueous solution Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Heat of formation Heat of fusion Magnetic susceptibility Melting point Refractive index Aqueous solution Solubility in water Links 7.310 7.310 5.207 4.242 5.331 3.93 4.242 7.309 7.309 5.207 3.50 1.159 3.93 3.24 3.44 6.235 5.207 1.159 1.159 7.76 4.242 5.101 5.124 4.445 6.311 3.214 5.18 1.346 3.106 3.106 4.445 3.108 6.239 1.165 4.59 7.310 5.207 6.360 4.242 5.101 3.93 4.242 3.106 5.329 3.326 3.50 3.440 3.93 3.24 1.159 5.69 6.150 6.231 4.260 5.207 5.131 6.360 1.159 1.159 7.76 4.242 3.106 4.445 3.43 3.108 6.234 6.239 1.165 916 Index Terms Specific heat Aqueous solution Surface tension Transference number Vapor pressure Aqueous solution Vapor pressure lowering in aqueous solution Viscosity, aqueous solution X-ray diffraction data -Acetone* -Antimony trichloride* -Barium hydroxide* -Bismuth chloride* -Cesium chloride* -Cobaltous chloride* -Cupric sulfate* -Cuprous chloride* -Formamide* -Iodine*-Nitrobenzene -Lead chloride* -Lithium chloride* -Lithium chloride*-Sodium chloride -Mercuric chloride* -Phthalic acid* -Potassium chloride* -Silver chloride Freezing point-solubility -Sodium chloride Freezing point-solubility -Thallium monochloride Freezing point-solubility Rubidium chloroaurate Solubility in water Rubidium chlorodibromide Decomposition pressure Heat of formation Rubidium cyanoplatinite Luminescence Rubidium dibromoiodide Decomposition pressure Heat of formation Rubidium dichlorobromide Decomposition pressure Heat of formation Rubidium dichloroiodide Decomposition pressure Heat of formation Rubidium dihydroxytartrate Solubility in water Rubidium dioxide Heat of formation Rubidium dithionate Refractive index Rubidium flame Electrical properties Rubidium fluoride Density Aqueous solution Liquid Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Heat of formation Specific heat Surface tension Links 5.101 5.124 4.445 6.309 3.214 3.374 3.299 5.18 1.346 6.311 4.58 4.68 4.54 4.243 7.309 5.207 5.389 7.309 5.207 7.309 5.207 7.309 5.207 4.242 5.207 1.159 1.166 6.156 3.93 3.24 6.231 4.260 5.207 5.101 4.445 4.445 6.232 7.28 917 Index Terms Vapor pressure X-ray diffraction data -Aluminum fluoride* Rubidium formate Density, aqueous solution Solubility in water -Formamide* -Formic acid* Rubidium hydride, photoelectric sensitivity, wave length for maximum Rubidium hydrogen fluoride Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Heat of formation Rubidium hydrogen selenate -Rubidium hydrogen tellurate Freezing point-solubility in water Rubidium hydrogen sulfate Heat of formation Vapor pressure lowering in aqueous solution -Rubidium hydrogen tellurate Freezing point-solubility in water Rubidium hydrogen tellurate -Rubidium hydrogen selenate* -Rubidium hydrogen sulfate* Rubidium hydroxide Density, aqueous solution Dielectric constant of aqueous solution Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Heat of formation Heat of fusion Heat of transition Solubility in water Transition temperature Viscosity of aqueous solution -Potassium hydroxide* -Sodium hydroxide Freezing point-solubility Rubidium hydroxybenzoate (m-, p-) Solubility in water Rubidium iodate Density, aqueous solution Rubidium iodide Absorption spectra, solutions Ammine Decomposition pressure Heat of decomposition Heat of formation Compressibility Density Aqueous solution Liquid Solid Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Heat of formation Melting point Refractive index Aqueous solution Solubility in organic solvents Solubility in water Specific heat Surface tension Transference number Vapor pressure Viscosity, aqueous solution X-ray diffraction data -Acetone* Links 3.214 1.346 3.94 4.242 6.68 4.260 5.207 4.356 5.207 3.299 4.355 3.92 6.105 6.253 5.207 5.131 5.207 4.242 4.8 5.18 4.67 6.255 4.79 4.243 3.93 3.106 5.331 7.309 7.309 5.207 3.50 3.93 3.24 1.159 6.235 5.207 1.159 1.159 7.76 4.205 4.242 5.101 4.445 6.311 3.214 5.18 1.346 3.106 4.445 3.44 6.240 1.165 3.108 918 Index Terms -Ethyl alcohol* -Formamide* -Glycerol* -Iodine* -Iodine*-Nitrobenzene -Silver iodide Freezing point-solubility -Sulfur dioxide Boiling point elevation Rubidium manganate Solubility in water -Potassium manganate* Rubidium mesotartrate Crystallography Density Refractive index Rubidium nitrate Allotropic forms Boiling point elevation in aqueous solution Density Aqueous solution Liquid Solid Electrical conductivity Aqueous solution Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Heat of formation Heat of transition Magnetic susceptibility Melting point Melting point under pressure Reflectivity, selective Refractive index Aqueous solution Solubility in water Specific heat, aqueous solution Surface tension Transition temperature Vapor pressure lowering in aqueous solution Volume change on melting -Acetone* -Formamide* -Potassium nitrate* Rubidium oxalotellurate Solubility in water Rubidium oxide Heat of formation Rubidium perchlorate Density, aqueous solution Refractive index Solubility in water Transition temperature -Acetone* -Butyl alcohol* -Ethyl acetate* -Ethyl alcohol* -Isobutyl alcohol* -Methyl alcohol* -Propyl alcohol* Rubidium periodate Density, aqueous solution Solubility in water Rubidium peroxide Heat of formation Links 4.59 3.328 4.243 1.324 1.159 1.159 1.169 4.13 3.326 3.93 3.24 1.159 6.150 6.238 4.260 5.207 5.207 6.360 1.159 4.13 5.260 1.159 7.76 4.242 5.124 4.446 1.159 3.299 4.13 4.243 5.207 3.106 7.28 4.242 4.8 3.106 4.242 5.207 3.106 4.446 3.44 3.108 6.240 1.169 3.44 4.8 919 Index Terms Rubidium persulfate Refractive index Rubidium rhodium sulfate Refractive index Rubidium salicylate Solubility in water Rubidium selenate Density Aqueous solution Refractive index Solubility in water Rubidium silicate, freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Rubidium sulfate Boiling point elevation in aqueous solution Density Aqueous solution Liquid Solid Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Heat of formation Magnetic susceptibility Melting point Refractive index Aqueous solution Solubility in water Surface tension Thermal expansion Transition temperature Vapor pressure, aqueous solution Vapor pressure lowering in aqueous solution Viscosity, aqueous solution X-ray diffraction data -Calcium sulfate* -Cupric chloride* Rubidium sulfide Heat of formation Rubidium tartrate Density, aqueous solution Optical rotatory power Piezoelectric constant Rubidium tetrasulfoniodide Decomposition pressure Heat of decomposition Heat of formation Rubidium thallium chloride Heat of formation Rubidium thiocyanate Heat of formation Sulfur dioxide complex Decomposition pressure Heat of decomposition -Potassium thiocyanate* Rubidium titanium sulfate Decomposition pressure of hydrate Refractive index Rubidium tribromide Decomposition pressure Heat of formation Rubidium triiodide Decomposition pressure Heat of formation Rubidium vanadous sulfate Decomposition pressure of hydrate Links 1.159 1.169 1.160 1.165 4.243 1.159 3.93 1.159 4.242 4.260 1.170 7.29 3.106 4.445 3.108 3.326 3.93 3.24 1.159 6.237 4.260 5.207 6.360 1.159 1.159 7.76 4.242 4.445 3.44 1.159 3.374 3.299 5.18 1.346 6.240 1.169 4.8 5.207 3.94 7.354 6.210 7.309 7.309 5.207 5.207 5.207 7.309 7.309 7.309 1.159 7.309 5.207 7.309 5.207 7.310 1.166 7.28 920 Index Terms Solubility in water Rubidium zinc selenate Density Refractive index Rubidium zinc sulfate Density Hydrate Decomposition pressure Heat of decomposition Refractive index Solubility in water Ruby Dielectric constant Magnetic susceptibility Photoluminescence X-rays, reflection of, by Rübel bronze Rumania, weights and measures Rupert's metal Rupture, modulus of, definition Russia, weights and measures Rustless steel Ruthenium Boiling point Density Electrical conductivity Emission spectra Evaporation, velocity of Hardness Magnetic susceptibility Melting point Persistent lines Quantum numbers Specific heat Spectral series Thermal expansion Thermochemistry X-ray absorption limits X-ray absorption spectra X-ray crystal structure X-ray series, limit ing frequencies Zeeman effect -Platinum* Ruthenium alloys, list of Ruthenium dioxide Decomposition pressure Heat of decomposition Heat of formation Ruthenium tetraoxide Solubility in water Ruthenium thallium sulfate Refractive index Ruthenium trichloride Decomposition pressure Heat of decomposition Heat of formation Rutherfordine Density Refractive index Rutile Compressibility Density Dielectric constant Links 4.243 1.160 1.160 1.169 1.160 3.44 7.310 7.310 1.160 4.243 1.169 6.99 6.364 5.387 6.50 2.382 1.11 2.382 2.viii 1.11 2.382 1.102 1.104 1.104 5.311 5.54 2.588 6.355 1.104 5.324 5.408 1.104 5.404 1.104 5.190 6.37 6.37 1.340 6.35 5.420 2.470 2.456 6.136 5.94 2.462 6.38 7.274 7.274 5.190 4.224 1.165 7.274 7.274 5.190 1.134 1.134 3.50 1.113 6.99 7.31 2.556 2.390 1.126 7.31 1.172 2.509 2.604 2.606 921 Index Terms Heat of transition Magnetic susceptibility Refractive index Thermal conductivity Thermal expansion X-ray diffraction data See also Titanium oxide. Rydberg constant Definition Rydberg frequency Value Rydberg wave number Rydberg's fundamental frequency Definition Rydberg's universal series constant Definition S-less steel S.M.L. alloy S.M. steel Saccharic acid Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Optical rotatory power Saccharic acid lactone Heat of combustion Saccharimetry Saccharin Absorption spectra Dielectric constant, aqueous solution Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Osmotic pressure -Amyl acetate* -Ethyl ether* Saccharose Absorption spectra Adsorption by charcoal Crystallography Diffusion in water Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Piezoelectric constant Pyroelectric constant Verdet constant Safflorite, density Safrol Absorption spectra Birefringence, magnetic Dielectric constant Diffusion of vapor in air Magnetic susceptibility Refractive index Viscosity -Carbon tetrachloride* -Isoamyl acetate* Salammomac. See Aminonium chloride. Salge metal Salicin Diffusion in water Freezing point lowering of aqueous solut ion Heat of solution in water Optical rotatory power Salicylaldehyde Absorption spectra Dielectric constant Diffusion in benzene Links 5.182 6.364 1.113 5.232 3.43 1.341 5.393 1.41 6.23 1.18 1.18 1.168 7.20 6.23 1.41 1.41 2.383 2.383 2.383 2.508 2.469 2.525 6.276 7.398 5.166 2.334 5.341 6.101 6.278 4.430 5.333 3.251 1.332 5.71 6.300 6.210 6.210 6.430 1.131 5.333 7.111 6.95 5.63 6.363 7.49 7.220 2.382 5.71 4.263 5.150 7.392 5.341 6.91 5.74 6.212 6.212 2.603 2.480 2.604 2.604 2.606 922 Index Terms Diffusion in methyl alcohol Electrical conductivity Aqueous solution Heat of solution in water Heat of vaporization Refractive index Solubility in water Specific heat Surface tension Verdet constant Viscosity -Acetone* -Benzene* -Diethyl tartrate* -Ethyl alcohol* -Eth yl ether* -Glycerol* -Isoamyl acetate* -Potassium iodide* -Tetramethylammonium iodide Density -Trichloroacetic acid Freezing point-solubility Salicylamide Boiling point elevation in aqueous solution Surface tension -Acetone* -Benzene* -Chloroform* -Ethyl alcohol* -Ethyl ether* Salicylic acid Absorption spectra Activity coefficient Boiling point elevation in aqueous solution Diffusion in methyl alcohol Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Esterification constant Free energy of ionization Free energy of solution Heat of combustion Heat of solution in water Ionization constant Solubility in water Surface tension, aqueous solution -Acetamide* -Acetic acid* -Acetone* -Amyl acetate* -Antipyrine* -Benzamide* -Benzene* -Benzoic acid* -Camphor* -Carbon disulfide* -Carbon tetrachloride* -Chloroform* -Cineole* -Cumene* -Dichloromethane* -Dimethylpyrone* -Ethyl aceta te* -Ethyl alcohol* -Ethyl alcohol* -Water -Ethyl ether* -Formic acid* Links 5.73 6.144 6.279 5.150 5.137 7.40 3.391 5.110 4.455 6.429 7.218 3.169 4.102 3.327 4.456 5.341 7.246 3.327 5.73 6.279 7.138 7.246 7.246 5.162 5.150 7.246 3.391 4.469 5.362 5.373 5.165 4.252 4.253 923 Index Terms -Hydrogen chloride* -m-Hydroxybenzaldehyde* -Isoamyl alcohol* -Malonic acid* -Methyl alcohol* -Methylpicric acid* -Nitric acid* -Nitrobenzene* -o-Nitrobenzoic acid* -Phenol* -Propyl alcohol* -Pyridine* -Sodium chloride Freezing point-solubility in water -Sodium salicylate Freezing point-solubility in water -Toluene Density -Turpentine Density -Xylene Density Distribution coefficients in water Salicylsulfonic acid -Ethyl alcohol* Sallit's speculum Salmonsite Density Refractive index Salol. See Phenyl salicylate. Salts, fused Electrical conductivity Freezing point-solubility Salvador, weights and measures Salvarsan dihydrochloride Magnetic susceptibility Samarium Cathodoluminescence Density Emission spectra Melting point Persistent lines Thermochemistry X-ray absorption limits X-ray emission spectra X-ray series, limiting frequencies Samarium bromate Solubility in water Samarium chloride Absorption spectra, solutions Ammines, heat of formation Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Heat of formation Solubility in water Samarium ethyl sulfate Density Refractive index Samarium nitrate Absorption spectra, solutions Density, aqueous solution Specific heat, aqueous solution Samarium oxalate Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Solubility in acids Links 4.418 4.376 4.418 3.187 3.187 3.187 3.430 2.382 1.130 1.130 1.172 6.147 4.41 1.5 6.363 5.388 1.104 5.312 1.104 5.324 5.194 6.39 6.39 6.35 5.390 2.456 4.228 5.328 5.194 6.233 5.194 4.227 1.140 1.140 5.328 3.71 5.123 6.258 7.339 1.166 924 Index Terms -Sulfuric acid Freezing point-solubility in water Samarium oxide Cathodoluminescence Heat of formation Magnetic susceptibility Samarium sulfate Decomposition pressure Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Density Magnetic susceptibility Refractive index Solubility in water -Ammonium sulfate* -Sulfuric acid Freezing point-solubility in water Sambunigrin Optical rotatory power Samlegierung (alloy) Sand Density Dielectric constant Sound, velocity of, in Thermal conductivity Thermal diffusivity Sand-lime brick Sandstone Bulk density Compressive strength Compressibility Density Dielectric constant Elasticity Hardness Impact hardness Porosity Shearing strength Tensile strength Thermal conductivity Thermal diffusivity Thermal expansion Transverse strength Sanitary bodies Santalene, optical rotatory power Santalenic acid Optical rotatory power β-Santalol, optical rotatory power Santolic acid Optical rotatory power Santonin Absorption spectra Crystallography Optical rotatory power Santononic acid Crystallography Optical rotatory power Santorine earth. See Pumice. Santorini. See Pumice. Sapogenine, optical rotatory power Saponification, kinetics of Saponification value, definition Sapphire, X-rays, reflection of, by Links 4.335 5.390 5.194 6.359 7.290 6.236 1.139 6.359 1.139 4.227 1.170 4.348 7.392 2.382 2.315 6.105 6.466 2.315 2.315 2.64 2.53 2.48 3.51 2.315 6.105 2.52 2.50 2.50 2.54 2.49 2.49 2.55 2.55 2.54 2.49 2.65 7.462 7.466 7.465 7.466 5.351 1.333 7.466 1.334 7.466 7.393 7.128 2.xii 6.50 2.65 2.315 2.316 7.23 925 Index Terms Sapphirine Density Refractive index Saragossa grass Density Thermal conductivity Sarcolite -Akermanite* -Gehlenite* Sarcosine, heat of combustion Sarkinite Density Refractive index Sartorite , density Sassolite Density Refractive index Saturn , characteristics Sawdust Density Thermal conductivity Scacchite Density Melting point See also Manganous chloride. Scandium Boiling point Critical potentials Density Electronic structure, normal and excited Emission spectra Isotopes Melting point Persistent lines Quantum numbers Spectral series X-ray absorption limits X-ray absorption spectra X-ray series, limiting frequencies Zeeman effect Scandium chloride Absorption spectra, solutions Electrical conductivity Aqueous solution Scandium nitrate Magnetic susceptibility Scandium oxalate Magnetic susceptibility Solubility in aqueous solutions -Ammonium oxalate* -Hydrogen chloride* -Sulfuric acid Freezing point-solubility in water Scandium oxide Band spectra Electrons, thermal emission of Magnetic susceptibility Specific heat Thermionic work function Scandium sulfate Decomposition pressure Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Magnetic susceptibility Solubility in water Links 1.142 1.142 1.172 2.313 2.313 5.167 1.127 1.127 1.116 1.173 1.136 1.136 1.392 1.168 2.313 2.313 1.127 1.127 1.102 6.72 1.104 6.72 5.313 1.47 1.104 5.324 5.408 5.404 6.36 6.36 6.35 5.420 5.327 6.148 6.233 6.359 6.359 7.338 4.335 5.416 6.54 6.359 5.98 6.54 7.289 6.236 6.359 4.226 6.44 5.428 926 Index Terms -Sulfuric acid Freezing point-solubility in water Scapolite, thermal conductivity Scattered light, intensity of Scattering, X-rays Sceptre brass Schallerite Density Refractive index Scheelite Density Refractive index Thermal conductivity See also Calcium tungstate. Schist Bulk density Elasticity Hardness Impact hardness Thermal conductivity Thermal diffusivity Schomberg alloy Schulz alloy Scleron Scolecite Dehydration behavior Pyroelectric constant Scopolamine Optical rotatory power Racemization, kinetics of Scorodite Density Refractive index Screening numbers Screens Screw brass Screw bronze Scutellarin, optical rotatory power Sea sal t -Cupric oxide* -Lead oxide* -Stannic oxide Freezing point-solubility -Zinc oxide Freezing point-solubility -Zinc sulfide Freezing point-solubility Sea water Compressibility Density Maximum, temperature of Nitrogen, solubility of, in Oxygen, solubility of, in Thermal conductivity Sea water alloy Sealing wax, contact charge Sebacic acid Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Heat of combustion -Ethyl ether* Secretan (alloy) Links 4.348 5.231 5.266 6.8 2.382 1.128 1.128 1.145 1.145 5.232 2.52 2.51 2.50 2.51 2.55 2.55 2.382 2.382 2.382 7.338 2.556 1.167 1.167 2.546 2.468 7.313 6.210 7.475 7.118 1.129 1.129 6.29 2.329 2.382 2.382 7.463 1.173 6.31 2.555 4.76 4.76 4.76 3.440 3.100 3.108 3.272 3.272 5.229 2.382 6.57 6.297 5.166 2.382 2.512 2.534 2.601 2.608 927 Index Terms Seger cone Selection principles Selenic acid Density, aqueous solution Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Heat of formation Refractive index, aqueous solution Solubility in water Vapor pressure -Ammonium selenate* -Chromic acid* -Potassium selenate* -Sodium selenate Density, aqueous solution Selenious acid Decomposition pressure Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Heat of formation Ionization constant Magnetic susceptibility Refractive index, aqueous solution Vapor pressure Aqueous solution -Ammonium hydroxide* Selenium Absorption, index of Band spectra Boiling point Compressibility Critical potentials Density Dielectric constant Electrical conductivity Liquid Solid X-rays, effect of Electrons freed by X-rays, energy of Emission spect ra Gaseous polymers, equilibrium constant Heat of dissociation Heat of fusion Heat of transformation Heat of vaporization Isotopes Magnetic susceptibility Melting point Persistent lines Photoconductivity Photoelectric threshold Precipitation Pressure-volume relations for gas Quantum numbers Refractive index Aqueous solution Gas Solid Specific heat Spectral series Surface tension Thermal conductivity Thermal expansion Thermochemistry Thermoelectric properties Transmission of radiant energy Vapor pressure Links 1.41 6.31 3.55 6.242 4.255 5.178 7.65 4.217 3.207 3.96 7.238 4.255 5.178 7.238 6.356 7.65 3.213 3.362 5.250 5.416 1.102 3.47 6.72 1.104 6.75 1.103 1.104 6.6 6.4 5.313 7.238 5.418 1.104 2.458 1.102 1.47 6.355 1.104 5.324 6.66 6.68 1.354 3.436 5.408 7.65 7.8 1.103 1.104 5.404 1.103 5.220 1.104 5.178 6.214 5.269 3.201 3.21 6.141 5.250 5.94 4.447 5.221 3.22 3.202 7.11 7.19 7.77 928 Index Terms X-ray absorption limits X-ray crystal structure X-ray emission spectra X-ray series, limiting frequencies X-rays, emission efficiency -Aluminum* -Anthraquinone* -Antimony* -Bismuth* -Bromine* -Carbon disulfide* -Carbon disulfide*-Sulfur -Copper* -Iodine* -Lead* -Mercuric bromide* -Mercuric chloride* -Methylene iodide* -Phosphorus* -Silver Equilibrium diagram Freezing point-solubility -Sulfur Boiling point elevation Freezing point-solubility Refractive index Dispersion Specific heat -Sulfur-Tellurium Freezing point-solubility -Sulfur monochloride Boiling point elevation -Tellurium Freezing point-solubility Thermoelectric properties -Thallium Freezing point-solubility -Tin Freezing point-solubility Thermoelectric properties -Zinc Equilibrium diagram Selenium dioxide Density, aqueous solution Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Heat of formation Hydrogen halide complexes, decomposition pressure Solubility in water Vapor pressure -Ethyl alcohol* Selenium hexafluoride, refractivity Selenium hydride Ionization by X-rays Selenium monochloride Heat of formation Selenium oxybromide Electrical conductivity Selenium oxychloride Electrical conductivity Solubility of salts in Vapor pressure Selenium tetrachloride Heat of formation -Sulfur Freezing point lowering Links 6.37 1.340 6.37 6.35 6.11 2.422 4.27 3.325 4.24 7.77 7.102 5.121 4.269 3.328 4.26 6.221 4.27 4.26 6.221 2.441 3.55 4.261 5.178 7.238 4.251 3.207 7.8 6.123 5.178 6.142 6.142 4.42 3.213 5.178 4.37 4.27 929 Index Terms Selenyl sulfate, heat of formation Sellaite Density Melting point Refractive index See also Magnesium fluoride. Selva metal Semiopal, dehydration behavior Senarmontite Density Refractive index Thermal expansion See also Antim ony trioxide. Sensation level Sensation unit, definition Serine Absorption spectra Optical rotatory power Serpentine Bulk density Compressibility Compressive strength Elasticity Hardness Impact hardness Porosity Shearing strength Tensile strength Thermal conductivity Thermal diffusivity Transverse strength Sewer pipe , crushing strength Shaku-do (alloy) Shale Thermal conductivity Thermal diffusivity Shale tar pitch. See Pitches. Shale tars. See Tars. Shattuckite , refractive index Shavings, wood Density Thermal conductivity Shearing strength, definition Sheepskin, sound, velocity of, in Sheet rock Sheffield (alloy) Shell head brass Shellac Dielectric constant Electrical conductivity Magnetic susceptibility Photoelectric threshold Sound, velocity of, in Thermal conductivity Shibu-ichi (alloy) Ship nail alloy Shock resistance, definition Shore scleroscope hardness Definition Shotgun powders Siam, weights and measures Links 5.178 1.141 1.141 1.141 1.166 2.383 7.313 1.111 1.111 3.43 1.165 6.450 6.450 5.336 7.374 2.52 3.51 2.47 2.52 2.50 2.51 2.54 2.48 2.49 2.55 2.56 2.49 2.65 2.383 2.55 2.56 1.123 1.173 2.313 2.313 2.viii 6.465 2.46 2.383 2.383 2.480 2.555 2.310 2.310 6.364 6.68 6.466 2.311 2.383 2.383 2.x 2.x 7.496 1.11 5.217 2.601 2.601 930 Index Terms Sibley alloy Sideraphite (alloy) Siderite Compressibility Density Dielectric constant Magnetic susceptibility Refractive index See also Ferrous carbonate. Sideronatrite Density Refractive index Siderotilate Density Refractive index Sidgwick's theory (magnetization) Sidot blende Dielectric constant Siemens Halske (alloy) Siemens unit Sieves Cement and sand Pharmaceutical Woven Sight, psychological data Silchrome (alloy) Silica Boiling point Compressibility Crystallographic symmetry Density Dielectric constant Dissociation pressure Elastic constants Electrical conductivity Electrons, thermal emission of Free energy of formation Fusion temperature Heat of formation Heat of fusion Heat of transformation Heat of vaporization Inversion points Luminescence Magnetic susceptibility Optical constants Photoelectric constants Reflectivity Refractive index Specific heat Strength properties Thermal conductivity Thermal expansion Thermionic work function Vapor pressure Verdet constant Volume change on inversion X-ray diffraction data See also Cristobalite, Quartz, Tridymite. -Aluminum oxid e* -Aluminum oxide*-Barium oxide -Aluminum oxides-Calcium oxide -Aluminum oxide*-Lithium oxide -Aluminum oxide*-Magnesium oxide Links 2.383 2.383 2.468 2.536 3.51 1.129 6.99 6.364 1.129 1.167 7.22 1.152 1.152 1.171 1.128 1.128 6.347 6.105 2.383 1.41 2.329 2.333 2.331 2.330 1.92 2.383 3.214 3.50 4.20 1.112 6.99 7.246 4.21 6.154 6.54 7.246 2.83 5.182 5.106 5.106 3.214 4.20 5.389 6.341 6.341 6.68 6.343 1.112 5.105 4.21 2.315 4.21 6.54 3.214 6.343 4.21 1.341 1.170 2.332 4.21 1.341 6.341 2.82 2.87 4.20 5.106 5.217 5.231 6.341 6.356 6.341 4.21 7.246 6.426 2.357 5.233 931 Index Terms -Aluminum oxide*-Manganous oxide -Aluminum oxide*-Potassium oxide -Aluminum oxide*-Sodium oxide -Anorthite* -Anorthite*-Forsterite -Barium oxide* -Calcium oxide* -Calcium oxide*-Ferrous oxide -Calcium oxide*-Lithium oxide -Calcium oxide*-Magnesium oxide -Calcium oxide*-Sodium oxide -Calcium oxide*-Titanium dioxide -Cobaltous oxide* -Cryolite* -Cuprous oxide* -Diopside* -Diopside*-Forsterite -Ferrous oxide* -Ferrous oxide*-Magnesium oxide -Ferrous oxide*-Manganous oxide -Iron*-0xygen -Lead oxide* -Leucite* -Lithium metasilicate* -Lithium oxide* -Lithium oxide*-Zirconium oxide -Magnesium oxide* -Manganous oxide* -Manganous oxide*-Titanium dioxide -Nickel oxide* -Potassium oxide* -Sodium oxide Freezing point-solubility Refractive index, aqueous solution -Strontium oxide Freezing point-solubility -Zinc oxide Freezing point-solubility -Zirconium oxide Freezing point-solubility Silica, fused Crushing strength Density Electrical conductivity Silica brick Crushing strength Density Electrical conductivity Expansion on heating Fusion temperature Porosity Specific heat Temperature of failure under load Thermal conductivity Thermal expansion Silica gel Adsorption of gases on Heat of wetting Silicane Boiling point Critical point data Decomposition pressure Density Gas Liquid Heat of formation Links 4.85 7.95 4.87 4.85 4.87 4.85 4.86 4.85 4.86 2.83 2.82 2.86 2.83 2.82 2.86 2.84 2.83 2.82 2.85 2.83 2.85 2.83 3.251 5.142 3.232 3.232 7.246 3.3 3.23 5.182 5.143 3.248 932 Index Terms Vapor pressure Vapor pressure above 1 atm. Viscosity, gas Silicic acid, ionization constant Silicochloroform Absorption spectra, solutions Magnetic susceptibility Silicofluoric acid, electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Silicomolybdic acid Density, aqueous solution Silicon Absorption, index of Boiling point Compressibility Critical potentials Density Electrical conductivity Low temperature Magnetic field, effect of Emission, spectral Emission spectra Entropy Ettingshausen effect Hall effect Heat content Heat of vaporization Isotopes J-Phenomenon Magnetic susceptibility Melting point Nernst effect Peltier coefficient Persistent lines Quantum numbers Refraction, index of Righi-Leduc effect Specific heat Spectral series Thermal conductivity Crystals Thermal expansion Thermochemistry Thermodynamic potential Thermoelectric properties Thomson coefficient Vapor pressure X-ray absorption limits X-ray crystal structure X-ray emission spectra X-rays, scattering, modification by Zeeman effect -Aluminum* -Aluminum*-Carbon-Iron -Aluminum*-Chromium -Copper-Iron -Aluminum*-Copper -Aluminum*-Copper-Iron -Aluminum*-Copper-Iron-Manganese -Aluminum*-Copper-Iron-Manganese-Zinc -Aluminum*-Copper-Iron-Nickel -Aluminum*-Copper-Iron-Nickel-Zinc -Aluminum*-Copper-Iron-Zinc -Aluminum*-Copper-Magnesium -Aluminum*-Copper-Magnesium-Nickel -Aluminum*-Copper-Manganese -Aluminum*-Iron -Aluminum*-Magnesium Links 3.214 3.232 5.3 7.246 5.327 6.356 6.243 3.70 5.250 1.102 3.47 6.72 1.104 1.104 6.129 6.422 5.254 5.314 5.89 6.419 6.416 5.89 1.102 1.47 6.1 6.355 1.104 6.420 6.227 5.324 5.408 5.250 6.421 1.104 5.404 5.217 5.231 1.104 5.182 5.89 6.214 6.228 3.205 6.36 1.340 6.36 6.17 5.420 3.205 2.456 6.134 6.153 5.255 7.246 5.86 2.462 6.44 5.89 5.94 933 Index Terms -Antimony* -Arsenic*-Copper-Iron -Bismuth* -Calcium* -Carbon*-Chromium-Iron -Carbon*-Chromium-Iron-Manganese -Carbon*-Chromium-Iron-Manganese-Molybdenum -Carbon*-Chromium-Iron-Manganese-Tungsten -Carbon*-Chromium-Iron-Nickel -Carbon*-Cobalt-Iron-Manganese -Carbon*-Copper-Iron-Manganese -Carbon-Iron -Carbon*-Iron-Manganese -Carbon*-Iron-Manganese-Nickel -Carbon*-Iron-Manganese-Tungsten -Carbon*-Iron-Molybdenum -Carbon*-Iron-Nickel -Cerium* -Chromium* -Chromium*-Iron -Chromium*-Iron-Manganese -Chromium*-Iron-Nickel -Chromium*-Iron-Nickel-Vanadium -Chromium*-Iron-Titanium -Cobalt* -Copper* -Copper*-Iron -Copper*-Iron-Manganese -Copper*-Tin -Gold* -Iron* -Iron*-Manganese -Iron*-Manganese-Molybdenum-Nickel -Iron*-Manganese-Nickel -Iron*-Molybdenum-Nickel -Iron*-Nickel -Iron*-Tin -Iron*-Vanadium -Lithium* -Magnesium* -Manganese* -Molybdenum* -Nickel* -Silver Equilibrium diagram -Tantalum Density -Thorium Density -Titanium Density Hardness -Tungsten Density -Vanadium Equilibrium diagram -Zirconium Density Hardness Silicon bronze Electrical conductivity Silicon carbide Heat of formation Specific heat X-ray diffraction data See also Carborundum. Links 2.422 2.594 2.594 2.594 2.593 2.594 2.441 2.594 2.593 6.172 5.182 5.95 1.341 934 Index Terms Silicon manganese steel Endurance limits Mechanical properties Silicon nitride Band spectra Heat of formation Silicon oxide, band spectra Silicon steel Compression tests Electrical conductivity Heat treatment, effect of Hardness Magnetic properties Tensile properties Thermal expansion Thermoelectric properties Silicon sulfide Heat of formation -Lead sulfide* -Silver sulfide Freezing point-solubility Silicon tetrabromide Boiling point Density Heat of formation Magnetic susceptibility Melting point Refractive index Silicon tetrachloride Boiling point Density Dielectric constant Entropy Free energy Heat content Heat of formation Heat of fusion Heat of vaporization Magnetic susceptibility Melting point Melting point under pressure Polarization of light scattered by Refractive index Specific heat Gas Liquid Solid Surface tension Vapor pressure Liquid Solid Verdet constant Volume change on melting -Chlorine* Silicon tetraethoxide Magnetic susceptibility Silicon tetrafluoride Band spectra Boiling point Critical point data Density, gas Heat of formation Sound, velocity of, in Triple point Vapor pressure above 1 atm. Links 2.604 2.325 5.416 5.182 5.416 2.524 6.188 6.200 2.523 6.396 2.523 2.473 6.224 2.524 2.524 2.474 5.182 4.48 1.112 1.112 5.182 6.356 1.112 1.112 1.162 3.23 1.112 1.112 6.76 7.247 7.247 7.247 5.182 5.131 5.136 6.356 1.112 4.12 5.267 1.112 1.162 3.23 5.80 5.106 5.95 4.447 5.81 1.166 1.166 3.214 3.207 6.426 4.12 6.356 5.416 3.232 3.232 3.3 5.182 6.462 3.232 3.232 3.248 935 Index Terms Silicon tetraiodide Heat of formation Silicon tetraphenyl Absorption spectra -Lead tetraphenyl* -Tetraphenylethylene Freezing point-solubility -Tetraphenyltin Freezing point-solubility Silk Adsorption on Cocoon threads, size of Density Moisture content at various humidities Physical properties Thermal conductivity Silk, artificial. See Rayon. Silk, varnished Dielectric strength Tensile strength Silk industry, air conditioning in Sillimanite Crystallography Density Fusion temperature Heat of formation Refractive index Specific heat Sillman bronze Silumin (alloy) Silvel (alloy) Silver Absorption, index of Annealing temperature Band spectra Boiling point Cathodoluminescence Compressibility Compton effect Condensation, irreversible, temperature of Contact potential Corbino effect Critical potentials Density Liquid Solid Elastic properties Electrical conductivity Liquid Solid Low temperature Magnetic field, effect of Electrode potential Electrons, secondary emission of Electrons, transmitted, velocity of Electrons excited by X-rays, number of Electrons freed by X-rays, energy of Emission, spectral Emission spectra Entropy Ettingshausen effect Free energy Electrode reaction Reaction with hydrogen sulfide Hall effect Links 5.182 5.328 4.197 4.48 3.253 2.234 2.237 2.237 2.234 2.312 2.312 2.316 2.323 1.171 7.22 2.578 2.543 2.601 5.249 2.591 5.411 1.102 5.389 3.46 6.18 5.54 6.57 6.419 6.70 5.251 5.252 1.102 1.103 2.588 2.457 2.456 2.324 2.310 2.311 2.322 2.68 1.137 2.83 5.194 1.137 5.101 2.383 2.383 2.383 1.103 1.103 6.125 6.421 6.319 6.63 6.62 6.5 6.3 5.242 5.280 5.87 6.419 7.265 7.272 6.416 3.205 3.48 2.463 6.136 6.131 7.265 5.244 6.417 5.253 5.255 936 Index Terms Heat content Heat of fusion Heat of transformation Heat of vaporization Isotopes J-Phenomenon Magnetic susceptibility Magneton number Mechanical properties Melting point Nernst effect Oxygen, diffusion of, in Oxygen, permeability to Oxygen, solubility of, in Peltier coefficient Persistent lines Photoconductivity Photoelectric threshold Quantum numbers Refraction, index of Righi-Leduc effect Solubility in water Solution velocity in aqueous solutions Sound, velocity of, in Specific heat Liquid Solid Spectral filter, use as Spectral series Surface tension Thermal conductivity Magnetic field, effect of Thermal expansion Liquid Solid Thermochemistry Thermodynamic potential Thermoelectric properties Thomson coefficient Vapor pressure Viscosity Volume change on fusion X-radiation from target of X-ray absorption limits X-ray crystal structure X-ray emission spectra X-ray lines, relativ e intensities X-ray lines, width of X-ray series, limiting frequencies X-ray wave-lengths, standard X-rays Absorption, discontinuity in Absorption coefficient Emission efficiency Refraction of, by Scattering, modification by Zeeman effect -Aluminum* -Aluminum*-Bismuth -Aluminum*-Lead -Antimony* -Arsenic* -Arsenic*-Copper-Oxygen -Beryllium* -Bismuth* -Bismuth*-Zinc -Cadmium* Links 5.87 1.103 2.458 1.102 1.45 6.1 6.354 6.346 2.584 1.53 6.420 5.77 5.76 3.270 6.227 5.323 6.66 6.68 5.408 5.249 6.421 4.40 5.56 6.465 2.458 1.103 5.251 5.252 1.103 1.103 5.273 5.393 4.439 5.218 6.424 5.94 5.85 5.87 1.102 1.103 5.188 5.87 6.214 6.228 3.205 5.6 2.474 6.47 6.38 1.340 6.38 6.32 6.26 6.35 6.34 2.463 2.459 6.12 6.13 6.11 6.50 6.17 5.420 4.440 5.220 6.225 5.7 5.92 937 Index Terms -Cadmium*-Copper -Calcium* -Chromium* -Copper* -Copper*-Gold -Copper*-Mercury-Tin -Copper*-Nickel -Gold* -Gold*-Nickel -Iodine* -Iron* -Lead* -Lead*-Zinc -Magnesium* -Manganese* -Mercuric oxide* -Mercury* -Mercury*-Zinc -Nickel* -Palladium* -Platinum* -Selenium* -Silicon* -Silver chloride Solubility, mutual -Silver fluoride Freezing point-solubility -Sodium Equilibrium diagram -Sulfur Freezing point-solubility -Tellurium Electrical conductivity Freezing point-solubility Hardness Specific heat -Thallium Absorption, index of Electrical conductivity Equilibrium diagram Refraction, index of Thermal conductivity Thermoelectric properties -Tin Absorption, index of Density Electrical conductivity Equilibrium diagram Peltier coefficient Refraction, index of Thermal conductivity Thermoelectric properties -Zinc Density Equilibrium diagram Thermal conductivity X-ray diffraction data Silver acetate Density, aqueous solution Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Heat of formation Precipitation Solubility in water Transference number -Acetic acid* -Cadmium acetate* -Lead acetate* Links 3.393 4.40 2.422 4.25 6.196 4.29 2.585 5.120 5.251 6.161 2.423 5.251 5.222 6.216 5.251 2.589 6.161 2.416 6.227 5.251 5.222 6.216 2.589 2.423 5.222 1.348 3.67 6.244 5.189 1.354 4.223 6.309 6.257 938 Index Terms -Nitric acid* -Potassium acetate* -Silver butyrate Solubility in water -Silver nitrate Solubility in water -Silver sulfate Density, aqueous solution -Silver valerate Solubility in water -Sodium acetate Solubility in water Silver alloys, list of Silver arsenate , X-ray diffraction data Silver benzenesulfonate Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Transference number Silver benzoate Solubility in water -Chloroacetic acid* -Nitric acid* Silver bicarbonate Free energy of ionization Ionization constant Silver bromate Ammine, decomposition pressure Density Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Free energy of ionization Ionization constant Reflectivity, selective Refractive index Solubility in water Transition temperature -Acetic acid* -Barium nitrate* -Cerous nitrate* -Magnesium nitrate* -Magnesium sulfate* -Potassium bromate* -Potassium nitrate* -Potassium perchlorate* -Potassium sulfate* -Silver nitrate Solubility in water -Sodium sulfate Solubility in water Silver bromide Ammine Decomposition pressure Heat of formation Band spectra Compressibility Cyanide ion, reaction with Density, liquid Dielectric constant Electrical conductivity Aqueous solution Electrode potential Free energy Heat of dissociation Heat of formation Heat of fusion Magnetic susceptibility Methylamine complex Links 7.324 7.323 3.98 7.324 7.323 2.390 1.342 6.244 6.310 4.224 7.270 7.270 7.268 1.124 6.256 7.268 7.268 5.260 1.124 4.223 4.7 1.167 6.256 7.322 7.322 7.268 5.189 5.411 3.50 7.271 3.23 6.76 6.148 6.256 7.267 7.267 5.418 5.188 5.131 6.357 6.99 939 Index Terms Decomposition pressure Heat of formation Photoconductivity Photoelectric current Reduction, electrode potential Refractive index Residual rays Solubility in water Specific heat Liquid Solid Sulfite ion, equilibrium constant Surface tension Thermal conductivity Thermal expansion Thiocyanate ion, reaction with Transmission of radiant energy Viscosity X-ray diffraction data See also Bromyrite. -Aluminum bromide* -Ammonia* -Ammonium hydroxide* -Cadmium sulfate* -Lead* -Lead amalgam* -Lead bromide* -Lithium bromide* -Mercuric bromide* -Mercuric chloride* -Piperidine* -Potassium bromide* -Potassium thiocyanate* -Rubidium bromide* -Silver chloride Electrical conductivity Freezing point-solubility X-ray diffraction data -Silver chloride-Silver iodide Freezing point-solubility -Silver iodide Freezing point-solubility X-ray diffraction data -Silver nitrate Freezing point-solubility -Sodium bromide Freezing point-solubility Silver butyrate Solubility in water -Silver acetate* -Silver nitrate Solubility in water -Sodium butyrate Solubility in water Silver carbide, heat of formation Silver carbonate Decomposition pressure Heat of formation Silver chlorate Ammine, decomposition pressure Density Aqueous solution Liquid Electrical conductivity Aqueous solution Heat of formation Links 7.268 5.189 6.66 6.69 7.267 7.13 5.261 6.256 5.106 5.97 7.269 4.442 5.216 3.43 7.270 5.270 7.212 1.342 5.217 6.151 4.58 1.352 4.75 4.58 1.352 4.58 4.59 4.223 7.324 7.324 5.189 7.273 5.189 7.267 3.67 3.23 6.148 6.244 5.188 4.81 5.231 940 Index Terms Reflectivity, selective Solubility in water Transference number -Sodium chlorate Freezing point-solubility Silver chloride Ammines Decomposition pressure Heat of decomposition Heat of formation Bromide ion, reaction with Compressibility Concentration cell Cyanide ion, reaction with Density, liquid Dielectric constant Electrical conductivity Aqueous solution Electrode potential Entropy Free energy Fusion Heat content Heat of formation Heat of fusion Hydroxide ion, equilibrium constant Magnetic susceptibility Methylamine complex Decomposition pressure Heat of formation Photoconductivity Photoelectric current Reduction, electrode potential Refractive index Residual rays Solubility in Antimony trichloride Hydrochloric acid Nitric acid Water Specific heat Liquid Solid Sulfite ion, equilibrium constant Surface tension Thermal conductivity Thermal expansion Thermodynamic potential Thiocyanate ion, reaction with Transmission of radiant energy Vapor pressure Viscosity X-ray diffraction data See also Cerargyrite. -Aluminum chloride* -Ammonia* -Ammonium chloride* -Ammonium hydroxide* -Barium chloride* -Beryllium chloride* -Bismuth chloride* -Cadmium amalgams* -Calcium chloride* -Cesium chloride* -Cuprous chloride* -Hydrogen cyanide* -Lead* Links 5.260 4.223 6.309 4.58 7.267 7.267 5.188 7.267 3.50 6.326 7.270 3.23 6.76 6.148 6.256 7.265 5.90 7.265 7.267 5.90 5.188 5.131 7.272 6.357 6.99 7.267 7.267 5.189 6.66 6.69 7.266 7.13 5.261 4.47 7.266 7.266 6.256 5.106 5.90 7.269 4.442 5.216 3.43 5.90 7.270 5.270 3.214 7.212 1.342 5.97 5.217 7.265 5.231 941 Index Terms -Lead amalgam* -Lead chloride* -Lithium chloride* -Magnesium chloride* -Mercuric chloride* -Mercury* -Piperidine* -Potassium chloride* -Potassium hydroxide* -Potassium nitrate* -Rubidium chloride* -Silver* -Silver bromide* -Silver bromide*-Silver iodide -Silver iodide Freezing point-solubility -Silver nitrate Freezing point-solubility Freezing point-solubility in water -Silver sulfide Freezing point-solubility -Sodium chloride Freezing point-solubility X-ray diffraction data -Thallium amalgam Electrode potential -Thallium monochloride Electrical conductivity Freezing point-solubility Silver chloroacetate Density, aqueous solution Solubility in water -Nitric acid* -Silver nitrate Solubility in water -Sodium chloroacetate Solubility in water Silver chloroplatinate Heat of formation Silver chromate Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Hydrogen ion, reaction with Reflectivity, selective Solubility in water -Ammonium hydroxide* -Ethyl alcohol* -Nitric acid* Silver cyanate Heat of formation Specific heat Silver cyanide Ammine, decompositio n pressure Dielectric constant Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Free energy Heat of formation Residual rays Specific heat -Hydrogen cyanide* -Potassium cyanide* -Pyridine* -Sodium cyanide Freezing point-solubility Silver cyanurate Specific heat Links 4.58 4.58 4.290 4.58 4.58 1.352 7.266 6.150 4.53 3.67 4.224 7.324 7.324 5.190 6.257 7.287 5.260 4.226 5.189 5.97 7.270 6.76 6.257 7.270 5.189 5.261 5.97 4.59 5.97 942 Index Terms Silver dichromate Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Reflectivity, selective -Silver sulfate Freezing point-solubility in water Silver dithionate Density Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Heat of formation Refractive index Transference number Silver ethyl sulfate Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Transference number Silver fluoride Density, aqueous solution Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Heat of formation Refractive index, aqueous solution Solubility in water -Hydrogen fluoride* -Silver* Silver fluosilicate Electrical conductivity Transference number Silver halides Photochemical equivalent Silver hydrogen phosphate Refractive index Silver hydrogen sulfate, electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Silver hydroxide, electrical conductivity aqueous solut ion Silver iodate Chromate ion, equilibrium constant of reaction Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Free energy of ionization Ionization constant Solubility in water -Iodine* -Nitric acid* Silve r iodide Adsorption of potassium iodide on Allotropic forms Ammines Decomposition pressure Heat of decomposition Heat of formation Band spectra Compressibility Concentration cell Cyanide ion, reaction with Density, liquid Electrical conductivity Aqueous solution Electrode potential Entropy Free energy Free energy of allotropic transformation Heat content Heat of dissociation Heat of formation Heat of transition Magnetic susceptibility Melting point under pressure Methylamine complex Decomposition pressure Links 6.257 5.260 4.341 1.124 6.244 5.188 1.124 6.309 1.172 6.236 6.310 3.67 6.231 5.188 7.70 4.223 6.232 4.245 6.244 6.309 5.439 1.124 6.244 6.257 7.287 6.256 7.269 7.269 4.223 3.252 4.12 7.268 7.268 5.189 5.411 3.50 6.326 7.271 3.23 6.148 6.256 7.268 5.90 7.268 7.268 5.90 5.418 5.188 5.188 6.357 4.12 7.269 1.167 6.260 6.256 7.21 943 Index Terms Heat of formation Photoconductivity Photoelectric current Refractive index Solubility in water Specific heat Thermal expansion Thermodynamic potential Transition temperature Transmission of radiant energy Triple points Viscosity Volume change on melting X-ray diffraction data -Ammonia* -Cadmium amalgams* -Cuprous iodide* -Dimethylamine* -Hydrogen sulfide* -Lead* -Lead amalgam* -Lead iodide* -Lithium iodide* -Mercuric chloride* -Mercuric iodide* -Methylamine* -Piperidine* -Potassium iodide* -Potassium thiocyanate* -Rubidium iodide* -Silver bromide* -Silver bromide*-Silver chloride -Silver chloride* -Silver nitrate Density Freezing point-solubility Solubility in water -Sodium cyanide Solubility in water -Sodium iodide Freezing point-solubility Silver ion Bicarbonate ion, reaction with Reaction with nitrogen bases Thiosulfate ion, equilibrium constant Silver isobutyrate Solubility in water Silver isovalerate Solubility in water Silver malate , solubility in water Silver manganate Ammine, decomposition pressure Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Silver metaphosphate, electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Silver methylethylacetate Solubility in water Silver molybdate X-ray diffraction data Silver naphthalenesulfonate Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Transference number Silver nitrate Absorption spectra, solutions Ammine Decomposition pressure Links 5.189 6.66 6.69 7.13 6.256 5.90 3.44 5.90 4.7 5.270 4.12 7.212 4.12 1.342 3.134 4.59 7.268 7.21 5.97 4.78 7.271 4.59 7.272 7.271 7.269 4.223 4.224 4.223 7.272 6.244 6.244 4.223 1.343 6.244 6.310 5.327 7.269 5.328 944 Index Terms Heat of formation Boiling point elevation in aqueous solution Compressibility Compressibility differences Concentration cells Density Aqueous solution Liquid Solid Diffusion in ethyl alcohol Diffusion in water Electrical conductivity Aqueous solution Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Heat of formation Heat of fusion Heat of transition Melting point Melting point under pressure Reflectivity, selective Refractive index Aqueous solution Solubility in water Specific heat Aqueous solution Liquid Solid Surface tension, aqueous solution Thermal expansion Transference number Transition temperature Vapor pressure, aqueous solution Vapor pressure lowering in aqueous solution Verdet constant, aqueous solution Viscosity Aqueous solution Volume change on melting X-rays, absorption coefficient -Acetic acid* -Acetone* -Acetone*-Ethyl alcohol -Acetonitrile* -Acetonitrile*-Pyridine -Ammonia* -Ammonium nitrate* -Ammonium nitrate*-Ethyl alcohol -Aniline* -Aniline*-Pyridine -Benzonitrile* -Chloroacetic acid* -m-Chloroaniline* -Cupric nitrate* -Ethyl alcohol* -Ethyl alcohol* -Potassium nitrate -Ethylamine* -Lithium nitrate* -Methylamine* -Nitric acid* -Piperidine* -Potassium bromide* -Potassium chloride* -Potassium cyanide* -Potassium iodide* -Potassium nitrate* -Propylamine* -Pyridine* -Quinoline* Links 5.188 3.325 3.50 4.12 6.326 3.67 3.23 1.124 5.73 5.65 6.148 6.231 4.256 5.188 5.131 5.188 1.124 4.12 5.260 1.124 7.70 4.223 5.122 5.106 5.97 4.464 3.44 6.310 4.7 3.367 3.294 6.426 7.212 5.14 4.12 6.13 7.70 6.237 4.17 1.174 6.240 945 Index Terms -Silver acetate* -Silver bromate* -Silver bromide* -Silver butyrate* -Silver chloride* -Silver chloroacetate* -Silver iodide* -Silver nitrite Solubility in water -Silver propionate Solubility in water -Silver sulfate Density, aqueous solution Solubility in water -Silver sulfide Solubility in water -Silver valerate Solubility in water -Sodium nitrate Density Freezing point-solubility -Succinonitrile Miscibility in water -Thallous nitrate Electrical conductivity Freezing point-solubility Surface tension, aqueous solution Silver nitride , heat of formation Silver nitrite Ammine, decomposition pressure Concentration cell Decomposition pressure Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Free energy Decomposition Ionization Heat of formation Ionization constant Solubility in water Transference number -Barium nitrite* -Calcium nitrite* -Iodine* -Lithium nitrite* -Potassium nitrite* -Silver nitrate* -Sodium nitrite Freezing point-solubility in water -Strontium nitrite Freezing point-solubility in water Silver oxalate Heat of formation -Nitric acid* Silver oxide Decomposition pressure Free energy Formation Reaction with water Heat of formation Reduction with hydrogen Solubility in water Vapor pressure X-ray diffraction data -Ammonium hydroxide* -Carbon dioxide* -Ethyl alcohol* Links 7.323 7.324 3.98 7.325 7.273 7.324 3.134 4.59 3.414 6.150 4.54 4.470 5.188 7.269 6.326 7.269 6.244 7.269 7.269 7.269 5.188 7.269 4.223 6.309 4.357 4.391 4.356 4.391 5.189 7.272 7.272 7.272 7.272 5.188 7.272 4.223 3.208 1.342 7.272 946 Index Terms Silver perchlorate Ammine Decomposition pressure Heat of formation Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Heat of formation Solubility in water Transference number Transition temperature -Aniline* -Benzene* -Pyridine* -Toluene Freezing point-solubility Silver peroxide , heat of formation Silver phosphate Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution X-ray diffraction data Silver phosphide Decomposition pressure Silver propionate Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Solubility in water -Propionic acid* -Silver nitrate* -Sodium propionate Solubility in water Silver pseudocumenesulfonate Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Transference number Silver pyrophosphate Reflectivity, selective Silver selenate Density, aqueous solution Heat of formation Silver selenide Heat of formation Heat of transition Specific heat Transition temperature -Antimony monoselenide* -Antimony tetraselenide* -Antimony triselenide* -Arsenous selenide* -Bismuth sulfide* -Silver sulfide Freezing point-solubility Silver sulfate Absorption spectra, solutions Boiling point elevation in aqueous solution Decomposition pressure Density, aqueous solution Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Heat of formation Precipitation Solubility in water Transition temperature -Ammonium sulfate* -Calcium sulfate* -Calcium sulfate*-Potassium sulfate -Lithium sulfate* -Magnesium nitrate* -Magnesium sulfate* -Nitric acid* -Potassium hydrogen sulfate* Links 7.267 5.189 6.244 5.188 4.223 6.309 4.7 4.200 5.188 6.257 1.342 7.270 6.257 4.223 7.324 6.244 6.310 5.260 3.67 5.188 5.188 5.188 5.97 4.7 4.59 5.328 3.325 7.272 3.67 6.236 5.188 1.354 4.223 4.7 947 Index Terms -Potassium nitrate* -Potassium sulfate* -Silver acetate* -Silver dichromate* -Silver nitrate* -Sodium sulfate Freezing point-solubility Freezing point-solubility in water -Sulfuric acid Freezing point-solubility Freezing point-solubility in water Silver sulfide Adsorption on Compressibility Electrical conductivity Free energy of allotropic transformation Heat of allotropic transformation Heat of formation Heat of transition Photoconductivity Photoelectric current Specific heat Transition temperature See also Acanthite. -Antimony trisulfide* -Arsenous sulfide* -Cuprous sulfide* -Ferrous sulfide* -Lead sulfide* -Silicon sulfide* -Silver chloride* -Silver nitrate* -Silver selenide* -Thallium sulfide Freezing point-solubility -Zinc sulfide Freezing point-solubility Silver tartrate Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Heat of formation Solubility in water Silver telluride See Hessite. -Gold ditelluride* Silver thallium nitrate Density, aqueous solution Viscosity, aqueous solution Silver thiocyanate Concentration cell Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Heat of formation Solubility in water -Potassium thiocyanate* -Pyridine* Silver p-toluate, electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Silver trimethylacetate Solubility in water Silver valerate Solubility in water -Silver acetate* -Silver nitrate* -Sodium valerate Solubility in water Silverine (alloy) Electrical conductivity Links 4.59 4.341 4.79 7.325 4.43 4.341 7.324 3.252 3.50 6.148 7.272 7.272 5.188 5.188 6.66 6.69 5.97 4.7 4.54 4.55 6.257 5.189 4.223 3.67 5.14 6.326 6.256 5.189 6.256 6.257 4.223 4.223 7.324 2.383 6.169 948 Index Terms Silverite (alloy) Silveroid (alloy) Similargent (alloy) Similor (alloy) Sin-chu (alloy) Singing tube Siren Sisal Siserskite (alloy) Sitosterol, optical rotatory power Skin friction, coefficient of, conversion factors Skutterudite, density Sky, brightness Slag, brightness temperature Slag wool Density Thermal conductivity Slate Bulk density Compressive strength Density Dielectric constant Dielectric strength Elasticity Electrical conductivity Gamma rays, absorption coefficient Hardness Impact hardness Power factor Shearing strength Sound, velocity of, in Strength properties Tensile strength Thermal conductivity Thermal expansion Slug Smaltite Density Thermal expansion Smithite Density Refractive index Smithsonite Density Dielectric constant Refractive index Solution velocity in acids Thermal conductivity See also Zinc carbonate. Smitter Lenian (alloy) Snow Albedo Density Thermal conductivity Thermal diffusivity Soap films Soap solutions Density Electrical conductivity Phase equilibria Properties Refractive index Links 2.383 2.383 2.383 2.383 2.383 6.456 6.456 2.235 2.381 7.464 1.24 1.131 5.247 5.245 2.555 2.469 2.555 2.236 2.312 2.312 2.53 2.48 2.311 2.310 2.310 2.52 2.310 6.21 2.50 2.50 2.310 2.49 6.466 2.311 2.49 2.311 2.54 1.41 2.315 2.311 1.131 3.45 1.124 1.124 1.119 6.99 1.119 5.58 5.232 1.174 1.167 5.59 2.383 5.262 2.313 2.313 2.315 4.477 5.447 5.458 5.451 5.446 5.456 5.216 5.217 949 Index Terms Surface tension Soaps Boiling point elevation in water Freezing-point lowering in water Hydration Hydrolysis Moisture content at various humidities Properties Solubility in water Soapstone Compressive strength Density Dielectric strength Electrical conductivity See also Steatite. Soda niter. See Sodium nitrate. Sodalite Density Refractive index Soddite, density Sodium Absorption, index of Absorption spectra, solutions Band spectra Boiling point Cathodoluminescence Compressibility Contact potential Critical potentials Density Liquid Solid Electrical conductivity Low temperature Electrode potential Emission, spectral Emission spectra Entropy Fluorescence of vapor Free energy of electrode reaction Hall effect Hardness Heat content Heat of dissociation Heat of fusion Heat of vaporization Isotopes Magnetic susceptibility Magneton number Melting point Persistent lines Photoelectric current Photoelectric sensitivity, wave length for maximum Photoelectric threshold Photoelectric work function Quantum numbers Refractive index Solubility in sodium hydroxide Specific heat Gas Liquid Solid Spectral series Surface tension Thermal conductivity Thermal expansion Links 5.449 5.456 5.456 5.458 5.459 2.325 5.446 5.454 2.311 2.311 2.310 2.310 1.153 1.153 1.134 1.165 5.250 5.329 5.415 1.102 5.388 3.47 6.57 6.71 3.205 5.390 1.102 1.104 1.103 6.127 6.320 5.253 5.305 5.88 5.391 7.303 6.416 2.592 5.88 5.418 1.104 1.102 1.47 6.355 6.346 1.104 5.323 6.67 6.68 6.68 6.57 5.408 1.103 4.40 5.80 1.103 1.104 5.401 4.440 5.220 2.457 2.456 1.104 6.133 6.332 1.463 6.136 6.137 7.303 2.458 5.250 5.94 5.85 5.221 5.88 5.93 950 Index Terms Liquid Solid Thermochemistry Thermodynamic potential Thermoelectric properties Vapor pressure Volume change on fusion X-radiation, scattered, distribution of X-ray crystal structure X-ray emission spectra X-rays, absorption coefficient X-rays, scattering, modification by X-rays, scattering of Zeeman effect -Ammonia* -Antimony* -Bismuth* -Cadmium* -Cesium* -Gold* -Lead* -Lithium* -Magnesium* -Mercury* -Potassium* -Rubidium* -Silver* -Sulfur Freezing point-solubility -Tellurium Freezing point-solubility Partial vapor pressure -Thallium Electrical conductivity Equilibrium diagram -Tin Electrical conductivity -Zinc Equilibrium diagram Sodium acetate Acetic acid complexes, decomposition pressure Boiling point elevation in aqueous solution Crystallography Decomposition pressure of hydrates Density Aqueous solution Dielectric constant, aqueous solution Diffusion in ethyl alcohol Diffusion in methyl alcohol Diffusion in water Electrical conductivity Aqueous solution Freezing mixtures, use in Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Heat of formation Magnetic susceptibility Melting point Refractive index Aqueous solution Solubility in Ethyl ether-water Water Specific heat Aqueous solution Liquid Solid Surface tension Links 1.102 1.104 5.200 5.88 6.214 3.205 2.474 6.19 1.340 6.36 6.13 6.17 6.17 5.420 2.463 2.461 4.26 4.29 3.284 6.198 2.438 6.200 2.439 7.304 3.326 1.322 7.304 1.151 3.83 6.104 5.73 5.72 5.67 6.149 6.241 1.63 4.259 5.202 6.360 1.151 1.151 7.74 3.415 4.237 5.124 5.106 5.100 4.444 3.105 3.108 6.248 6.254 1.168 7.74 951 Index Terms Aqueous solution Thermal conductivity, aqueous solution Vapor pressure, aqueous solution Vapor pressure lowering in aqueous solution Viscosity, aqueous solution -Acetic acid* -Ammonia* -Barium chloride* -Butyric acid* -Diethyl tartrate* -Ethyl alcohol* -Ethyl ether* -Isobutyric acid* -Lead azide* -Lead sulfate* -Methyl alcohol* -Potassium acetate* -Silver acetate* -Sodium antimonate Freezing point-solubility in water -Sodium sulfate Freezing point-solubility in water -Thallium monochloride Solubility in water Sodium acetylenedicarboxylate Density, aqueous solution Viscosity, aqueous solution Sodium adipate Density, aqueous solution Viscosity, aqueous solution Sodium aluminate Heat of formation Melting point Sodium amalgam concentration cell Electromotive force Sodium amalgams Partial vapor pressure Sodium amide Electrical conductivity Heat of formation -Potassium amide* Sodium o-aminobenzenesulfonate Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Sodium o-aminobenzoate, electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Sodium m-aminobenzoate -Formamide* Sodium anisate Density, aqueous solution Viscosity, aqueous solution Sodium antimoniate Heat of formation -Ethyl alcohol* -Sodium acetate* Sodium arsenate Absorption spectra, solutions Density Aqueous solution Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Heat of formation Magnetic susceptibility Refractive index Solubility in water -Arsenic acid* -Arsenic pentoxide* Links 4.466 5.229 3.372 3.297 5.15 4.423 4.336 7.321 3.83 5.15 3.85 5.16 5.203 4.85 7.303 3.284 6.149 5.201 6.250 6.250 3.84 5.16 5.202 5.329 1.151 3.82 6.248 5.202 6.360 1.151 4.237 1.166 7.26 952 Index Terms -Potassium arsenate* Sodium arsenate fluoride Density, aqueous solution Sodium arsenite Absorption spectra, solutions Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution -Potassium arsenite* Sodium azelate Density, aqueous solution Viscosity, aqueous solution Sodium azide Crystallography Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Refractive index, aqueous solution Viscosity, aqueous solution -Lead acetate* -Lead nitrate* Sodium benzenepentacarboxylate Density, aqueous solution Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Viscosity, aqueous solution Sodium benzene sulfonate Density, aqueous solution Diffusion in water -Formamide* Sodium benzoate Density, aqueous solution Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Heat of solution in water Refractive index, aqueous solution Solubility in water Viscosity, aqueous solution -Benzoic acid* -Caffeine* -Ethyl alcohol* -Formamide* -Methyl alcohol* Sodium bicarbonate Decomposition pressure Density, aqueous solution Dielectric constant, aqueous solution Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Heat of formation Magnetic susceptibility Refractive index, aqueous solution Solubility in water Surface tension, aqueous solution Viscosity, aqueous solution -Ammonium bicarbonate* -Ammonium bicarbonate*-Ammonium nitrate -Ammonium bicarbonate*-Sodium nitrate -Ammonium chloride* -Ammonium nitrate* -Ammonium nitrate*-Sodium nitrate -Ammonium sulfate* -Cupric chloride*-Sodium carbonate -Sodium carbonate Freezing point-solubility in water -Sodium carbonate-Sodium chloride Freezing point-solubility in water -Sodium chloride Density, aqueous solution Freezing point-solubility in water -Sodium nitrate Links 3.105 5.329 6.248 3.85 5.16 3.345 6.254 7.74 5.15 3.85 6.241 5.16 6.249 3.85 5.67 3.105 3.84 6.249 5.150 7.74 4.238 5.16 3.105 7.305 3.83 6.104 6.241 4.259 5.202 6.360 7.74 4.237 4.466 5.15 6.248 4.371 4.393 4.299 4.385 3.99 4.302 7.74 953 Index Terms Density, aqueous solution -Sodium sulfate Freezing point-solubility in water -Sucrose Surface tension, aqueous solution Sodium bisulfite Absorption spectra Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Heat of formation Sodium borate, specific heat Sodium bromate Absorption spectra, solutions Density Aqueous solution Dielectric constant Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Melting point Optical rotatory power Reflectivity, selective Refractive index Solubility in water Vapor pressure lowering in aqueous solution Viscosity, aqueous solution X-ray diffraction data -Cerous nitrate* -Potassium nitrate* Sodium bromide Absorption spectra, solutions Ammines Decomposition pressure Heat of decomposition Heat of formation Boiling point elevation in aqueous solution Compressibility Aqueous solution Concentration cells Decomposition pressure of hydrate Density Aqueous solution Liquid Solid Diffusion in water Electrical conductivity Aqueous solution Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Heat of dissociation Heat of formation Hydration temperature Magnetic susceptibility Refractive index, aqueous solution Residual rays Solubility in water Specific heat Aqueous solution Surface tension Aqueous solution Thermal conductivity, aqueous solution Transference number Vapor pressure Aqueous solution Vapor pressure lowering in aqueous solution Viscosity Aqueous solution X-ray diffraction data X-rays, absorption coefficient Links 3.99 4.335 4.470 5.329 6.247 5.201 5.100 5.329 1.150 3.81 6.77 6.241 4.258 1.150 7.353 5.260 1.150 4.235 3.297 5.15 1.345 5.330 6.247 6.254 1.165 5.329 7.303 7.303 5.201 3.326 3.50 3.440 6.328 7.303 3.80 3.24 3.43 5.67 6.149 6.235 4.258 5.418 5.200 1.66 6.360 7.73 5.261 4.235 5.100 5.123 4.443 4.465 5.229 6.309 3.214 3.371 3.297 7.212 5.15 1.345 6.13 3.108 4.443 6.154 6.239 6.310 7.73 954 Index Terms -Aluminum bromide* -Arsenous oxide* -Barium bromide* -Bromine* -Cadmium bromide* -Cadmium bromide*-Potassium bromide -Calcium bromide* -Ethyl alcohol* -Ethyl alcohol* -Methyl alcohol -Ethyl alcohol* -Propyl alcohol -Ethyl alcohol* -Sodium carbonate -Formamide* -Hydrogen bromide* -Iodine* -Lead bromide* -Lead chloride* -Lithium bromide* -Magnesium bromide* -Mercuric bromide* -Methyl alcohol* -Methyl alcohol* -Propyl alcohol -Potassium bromide* -Potassium oxalate* -Propyl alcohol* -Silver bromide* -Sodium carbonate Freezing point-solubility in water -Sodium chlorate Freezing point-solubility -Sodium chloride Freezing point-solubility -Sodium hydroxide Freezing point-solubility -Sodium iodide Freezing point-solubility -Sodium nitrate Freezing point-solubility -Strontium bromide Freezing point-solubility Sodium m-bromobenzoate Density, aqueous solution Viscosity, aqueous solution Sodium p-bromobenzoate Density, aqueous solution Viscosity, aqueous solution Sodium α-bromobutyrate, electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Sodium bromoplatinate Heat of formation Sodium α-bromopropionate , electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Sodium butyrate Density, aqueous solution Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Heat of solution in water Refractive index, aqueous solution Surface tension, aqueous solution Viscosity, aqueous solution -Acetic acid* -Butyric acid* -Formic acid* -Methyl alcohol* -Silver butyrate* Sodium d-camphorate -Camphoric acid* Sodium caprylate, electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Sodium carbide , heat of formation Links 4.317 4.68 4.68 4.67 4.68 4.68 4.65 3.85 5.16 3.85 5.16 6.241 6.250 5.203 6.250 3.83 6.248 5.149 7.74 4.466 5.16 6.249 5.202 7.74 955 Index Terms Sodium carbonate Boiling point elevation in aqueous solution Compressibility, aqueous solution Decomposition pressure Density Aqueous solution Liquid Dielectric constant Aqueous solution Diffusion in water Electrical conductivity Aqueous solut ion Freezing mixtures, use in Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Heat of formation Hydrate Decomposition pressure Heat of decomposition Hydration temperature Magnetic susceptibility Photoelectric current, aqueous solution Reflectivity, selective Solubility in Aqueous acetone Aqueous allyl alcohol Aqueous ethyl alcohol Aqueous propyl alcohol Water Sound, velocity of, in aqueous solution Specific heat Aqueous solution Surface tension, aqueous solution Thermal conductivity, aqueous solution Transition temperature Vapor pressure, aqueous solution Vapor pressure lowering in aqueous solution Verdet constant, aqueous solution Viscosity, aqueous solution -Ammonium carbonate* -Ammonium chloride* -Ammonium sulfate* -Barium carbonate* -Calcium carbonate* -Calcium carbonate*-Potassium carbonate -Calcium chloride* -Cupric chloride*-Sodium bicarbonate -Calcium sulfate* -Ethyl alcohol* -Ethyl alcohol* -Sodium bromide -Ethyl alcohol* -Sodium chloride -Ethyl alcohol* -Sodium iodide -Lead bromide* -Lead chloride* -Lead sulfate* -Magnesium carbonate* -Magnesium chloride* -Magnesium sulfate* -Potassium carbonate* -Potassium carbonate*-Sodium hydroxide -Potassium chlorate* -Potassium chloride* -Potassium chromate* -Potassium hydroxide* -Potassium hydroxide*-Sodium hydroxide -Potassium nitrate* -Potassium sulfate* -Sodium bicarbonate* Links 3.326 3.440 7.305 3.82 3.24 6.77 6.104 5.67 6.149 6.248 1.63 4.259 5.202 3.108 6.254 7.305 7.305 1.66 6.360 6.69 5.260 3.409 3.406 3.404 3.414 4.237 6.464 5.100 5.124 4.466 5.229 4.7 3.372 3.297 6.427 5.15 4.248 956 Index Terms -Sodium bicarbonate*-Sodium chloride -Sodium bromide* -Sodium chlorate Freezing point-solubility Freezing point-solubility in water -Sodium chloride Freezing point-solubility Freezing point-solubility in water -Sodium chloride-Sodium hydroxide Freezing point-solubility in water -Sodium chromate Freezing point-solubility -Sodium cyanide Vapor pressure -Sodium fluoride Freezing point-solubility -Sodium hydroxide Density, aqueous solution Freezing point-solubility Freezing point-solubility in water -Sodium iodide Freezing point-solubility in water -Sodium nitrate Freezing point-solubility Freezing point-solubility in water -Sodium sulfate Density, aqueous solution Freezing point-solubility Freezing point-solubility in water -Strontium sulfate Freezing point-solubility in water Sodium cetylsulfonate, electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Sodium chlorate Boiling point elevation in aqueous solution Density Aqueous solution Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Heat of formation Heat of fusion Melt ing point Optical rotatory power Piezoelectric constant Reflectivity, selective Refractive index Aqueous solution Solubility in water Solution velocity in water Specific heat, liquid Surface tension, aqueous solution Thermal conductivity Transition points Vapor pressure, aqueous solution Vapor pressure lowering in aqueous solution Viscosity, aqueous solution X-ray diffraction data -Ammonium sulfate* -Barium chlorate* -Cesium chlorate* -Diethyl tartrate* -Potassium carbonate* -Potassium chlorate* -Potassium chloride* -Potassium nitrate* -Sodium bromide* -Sodium carbonate* Links 4.68 4.314 4.68 4.300 4.301 4.301 4.386 4.385 4.69 3.285 4.67 3.99 4.67 4.373 4.393 4.319 4.69 4.359 3.99 4.68 4.334 4.389 4.333 5.458 6.250 3.326 1.150 3.80 6.241 4.258 5.200 5.131 1.150 7.353 6.210 5.260 1.150 7.73 4.235 5.56 5.106 4.465 5.217 4.316 3.369 3.297 5.15 1.345 3.105 6.247 6.254 1.165 7.13 5.58 5.231 3.370 5.233 7.14 957 Index Terms -Sodium chloride Density, aqueous solution Freezing point-solubility -Sodium chromate Freezing point-solubility -Sodium fluoride Freezing point-solubility -Sodium nitrate Freezing point-solubility -Thallium monochloride Solubility in water Sodium chloride Absorption spectra, solutions Ammine Decomposition pressure Heat of decomposition Heat of formation Boiling point Boiling point elevation in aqueous solution Compressibility Aqueous solution Concentration cells Density Aqueous solution Liquid Solid Dielectric constant Aqueous solution Diffusion in ethyl alcohol Diffusion in water Electrical conductivity Aqueous solution X-rays, effect of Emission, spectral Entropy Free energy Freezing mixtures, use in Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Grating spaces of Heat content Heat of adiabatic expansion, aqueous solution Heat of formation Heat of fusion Heat of vaporization Light, transmission of Magnetic rotatory power, aqueous solution Magnetic susceptibility Melting point Phase-equilibrium diagram, aqueous solution Photoelectric current, aqueous solution Radiation, transmission of Refractive index Aqueous solution Residual rays Solubility in Aqueous allyl alcohol Aqueous ethyl acetoacetate Aqueous isoamyl alcohol Aqueous methyl ethyl ketone Aqueous propyl alcohol Ethyl ether-Water Water Pressure, effect of Solution velocity in water Sound, velocity of, in aqueous solution Specific heat Aqueous solution Links 3.99 4.68 4.68 4.67 4.68 7.321 5.327 5.329 7.303 7.303 5.201 3.214 3.326 3.50 3.440 6.328 2.327 3.24 1.150 6.77 6.104 5.73 5.67 6.149 6.231 6.6 5.257 5.91 7.303 1.63 4.258 6.7 5.91 5.147 5.200 5.131 3.214 5.264 6.431 6.360 1.54 2.327 6.69 5.264 1.150 7.73 5.261 3.406 3.416 3.416 3.416 3.414 3.415 4.235 4.265 5.56 6.464 5.91 2.328 3.79 4.443 3.43 6.99 6.154 6.233 3.105 3.108 7.73 7.14 7.77 6.239 5.259 6.364 1.150 1.165 5.59 5.100 5.115 7.13 958 Index Terms Spectral filter, use as Surface tension Aqueous solution Thermal conductivity Aqueous solution Thermal expansion Thermodynamic potential Transference number Transmission of radiant energy Vapor pressure Aqueous solution Liquid Solid Vapor pressure lowering in aqueous solution Verdet constant Aqueous solution Viscosity Aqueous solution X-radiation, scattered, distribution of X-ray diffraction data X-rays Absorption coefficient Extinction coefficient Reflection of, by Reflectivity of Scattering of -Acetone* -Acetone*-Cupric chloride -Aluminum chloride* -Aminobenzoic acid* -Ammonium bicarbonate* -Ammonium carbonate* -Ammonium chloride* -Ammonium chloride*-Ammonium nitrate -Ammonium chloride*-Potassium chloride -Ammonium chloride*-Sodium nitrate -Ammonium nitrate* -Ammonium nitrate*-Sodium nitrate -Ammonium sulfate* -Ammonium tetraborate* -Amyl alcohol* -Amyl alcohol* -Boric acid -Amyl alcohol* -Ethyl alcohol -Aniline* -Arsenous oxide* -Barium chloride* -Barium chloride*-Cupric chloride -Barium chloride*-Hydrogen chloride -Barium chloride*-Potassium chloride -Barium chloride*-Strontium chloride -Barium hydroxide* -Barium nitrate* -Barium oxalate* -Barium sulfate* -Benzoic acid* -Bismuth chloride* -Butyl alcohol* -Cadmium chloride* -Cadmium chloride*-Potassium chloride -Calcium carbonate* -Calcium carbonate*-Calcium sulfate-Carbon dioxide-Sodium sulfate -Calcium carbonate*-Carbon dioxide -Calcium carbonate*-Carbonic acid -Calcium carbonate*-Sodium sulfate -Calcium chloride* -Calcium chloride*-Magnesium chloride-Potassium chloride -Calcium chloride*-Potassium chloride Links 5.273 4.443 4.465 5.217 5.229 3.43 5.91 6.309 5.270 5.231 3.369 3.214 3.208 3.297 6.426 6.427 7.212 2.328 6.19 1.345 3.370 6.13 6.16 6.50 6.16 6.17 6.16 5.15 6.51 5.233 959 Index Terms -Calcium hydroxide* -Calcium nitrate*-Magnesium nitrate -Calcium sulfate* -Calcium sulfate*-Magnesium chloride-Potassium chloride -Calcium sulfate*-Sodium sulfate -Casein* -Cesium chloride* -Cesium chloride*-Lithium chloride -Cobaltous chloride* -Cupric chloride* -Cupric sulfate* -Cuprous chloride* -Diethyl tartrate* -3,5-Dinitrobenzoic acid* -Ethyl acetate* -Ethyl alcohol* -Ethyl alcohol* -Mercuric chloride -Ethyl alcohol* -Sodium carbonate -Ethyl alcohol* -Sodium sulfate -Ethyl ether* -Ferric chloride* -Formamide* -Glucose* -Glycerol* -Glycocoll* -Hydrogen chloride* -Hydrogen chloride*-Potassium chloride -Hydrogen peroxide* -Isobutyl alcohol* -Lead bromide* -Lead chloride* -Lead chloride*-Potassium chloride -Lead iodide* -Lead sulfate* -Lithium carbonate* -Lithium chloride* -Lithium chloride*-Potassium chloride -Lithium chloride*-Rubidium chloride -Magnesium carbonate* -Magnesium chloride -Magnesium chloride*-Potassium chloride -Magnesium nitrate*-Potassium nitrate-Strontium chloride -Magnesium nitrate* -Magnesium sulfate* -Magnesium sulfate*-Potassium chloride -Manganous chloride* -Mercuric chloride* -Methyl alcohol* -Phenol* -Phthalic acid* -Potassium bromate* -Potassium carbonate* -Potassium chlorate* -Potassium chloride* -Potassium chloride*-Potassium nitrate -Potassium chloride*-Potassium sulfate -Potassium chloride*-Strontium chloride -Potassium hydrogen tartrate* -Potassium iodide*-Potassium nitrate -Potassium nitrate* -Potassium nitrate*-Sodium nitrate -Potassium perchlorate* -Potassium sulfate* -Propyl alcohol* -Rubidium chloride* -Salicylic acid* -Silver chloride* Links 960 Index Terms -Sodium bicarbonate* -Sodium bicarbonate*-Sodium carbonate -Sodium bromide* -Sodium carbonate* -Sodium carbonate*-Sodium hydroxide -Sodium chlorate* -Sodium chromate Freezing point-solubility -Sodium cyanide Freezing point-solubility -Sodium fluoride Freezing point-solubility -Sodium fluoride-Sodium sulfate Freezing point-solubility -Sodium hydrogen phosphate Freezing point-solubility in water -Sodium hydroxide Density, aqueous solution Freezing point-solubility Vapor pressure, aqueous solution -Sodium iodide Freezing point-solubility -Sodium β-naphthalenesulfonate Freezing point-solubility in water -Sodium nitrate Density, aqueous solution Freezing point-solubility Freezing point-solubility in water Viscosity, aqueous solution -Sodium nitrite Freezing point-solubility -Sodium oxalate Freezing point-solubility in water -Sodium pyrophosphate Freezing point-solubility -Sodium silicate Density, aqueous solution -Sodium sulfate Density, aqueous solution Freezing point-solubility Freezing point-solubility in water -Sodium tetraborate Freezing point-solubility in water -Sodium uranate Freezing point-solubility in water -Stannous chloride Freezing point-solubility -Strontium carbonate Freezing point-solubility -Strontium chloride Freezing point-solubility Viscosity, aqueous solution -Strontium nitrate Freezing point-solubility in water -Strontium sulfate Solubility in water -Succinic acid Freezing point-solubility in water -Succinonitrile Miscibility in water -Sucrose Density, aqueous solution Freezing point-solubility in water Specific heat, aqueous solution Vapor pressure, aqueous solution Vapor pressure lowering in aqueous solution -Sulfuric acid Links 4.68 4.68 4.67 4.76 4.298 3.99 4.67 3.380 4.68 4.303 3.99 4.68 4.291 5.19 4.68 4.303 4.68 3.99 3.99 4.68 4.287 4.309 4.309 4.49 4.65 4.65 5.19 4.290 7.343 4.413 3.414 3.102 4.422 5.129 3.379 3.299 4.385 961 Index Terms Density, aqueous solution -Thallium monochloride Freezing point-solubility Solubility in water -Urea Freezing point-solubility in water Sodium chloroacetate Density, aqueous solution Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Viscosity, aqueous solution -Chloroacetic acid* -Silver chloroacetate* -Trichloroacetic acid Density aqueous solution Sodium chloroaurate Solubility in water Sodium o-chlorobenzoate , electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Sodium m-chlorobenzoate Density, aqueous solution Viscosity, aqueous solution Sodium 3,4-chloronitrophenate Solubility in water Sodium chloronitro-m-toluenesulfonate Solubility in water Sodium chloroplatinate Absorption spectra, solutions Heat of formation Sodium chloroplatinite Heat of formation Sodium chlororhodate Heat of formation Sodium chromate Density, aqueous solution Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Heat of formation Heat of fusion Hydration temperature Refractive index Aqueous solution Dispersion Solubility in water Specific heat, aqueous solution Surface tension, aqueous solution Transition temperature Vapor pressure lowering in aqueous solution Viscosity, aqueous solution -Chromic acid* -Ethyl alcohol* -Formamide* -Potassium carbonate* -Potassium chromate* -Sodium carbonate* -Sodium chloride* -Sodium sulfate Freezing point-solubility Freezing point-solubility in water Sodium cinnamate Density, aqueous solution Viscosity, aqueous solution -Cinnamic acid* Sodium citraconate Density, aqueous solution Viscosity, aqueous solution Links 3.96 4.53 7.321 4.401 3.85 6.249 5.16 3.103 4.238 6.249 3.85 5.16 4.238 4.238 5.329 5.202 5.202 5.203 3.86 6.251 4.259 5.203 5.131 1.66 7.26 7.75 7.101 4.238 5.124 4.466 4.264 3.298 5.17 4.68 4.347 3.84 5.16 3.84 5.16 3.106 6.254 4.390 962 Index Terms Sodium citrate Density, aqueous solution Saturated Heat of solution in water Osmotic pressure Vapor pressure lowering in aqueous solution Viscosity, aqueous solution -Citric acid* -Ethyl alcohol* Sodium cobaltinitrite , freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Sodium crotonate , electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Sodium cyanate Heat of formation Specific heat Sodium cyanide Heat of formation Vapor pressure -Cuprous cyanide* -Potassium cyanide* -Silver cyanide* -Silver iodide* -Sodium carbonate* -Sodium chloride* Sodium cyanoacetate, electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Sodium m-cyanobenzoate Density, aqueous solution Viscosity, aqueous solution Sodium α-cyanocinnamate , electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Sodium cyanurate Specific heat Sodium decoate Density, aqueous solution Refractive index, aqueous solution Sodium diacetate Crystallography Refractive index Sodium dibromophenolarsenate Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Sodium α, β-dibromopropionate Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Sodium dicalcium metasilicate Decomposition temperature Sodium dichloracetate Density, aqueous solution Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution -Dichloroacetic acid* -Ethyl alcohol* -Hydrogen chloride* -Lactic acid* -Nitric acid* -Trichloro acetic acid Density, aqueous solution Sodium dichlorophenolarsenate Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Sodium dichromate Density Aqueous solution Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Heat of formation Melting point Refractive index Solubility in water Links 3.85 3.105 5.150 4.431 3.298 5.16 4.259 6.248 5.202 5.100 5.202 3.214 6.250 3.85 5.16 6.250 5.100 7.74 7.74 1.322 1.151 1.165 6.250 6.250 4.85 3.85 6.249 3.103 6.250 1.152 3.86 6.251 4.259 5.203 1.152 1.152 4.238 3.106 1.172 963 Index Terms Solution velocity in water Viscosity, aqueous solution -Ethyl alcohol* -Sodium chloride* Sodium dicyanamide, electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Sodium diethylmalonate -Ethyl alcohol* Sodium dihydrogen antimonate Solubility in water Sodium dihydrogen arsenate Density Aqueous solution Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Refractive index Specific heat, aqueous solution Vapor pressure lowering in aqueous solution Viscosity, aqueous solution Sodium dihydrogen arsenite Absorption spectra, solutions Sodium dihydrogen citrate Density, aqueous solution Heat of solution in water Sodium dihydrogen hypophosphate Density Refractive index Sodium dihydrogen hypophosphite Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Magnetic susceptibility Sodium dihydrogen orthophosphate Refractive index Sodium dihydrogen phosphate Density Aqueous solution Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Optical rotatory power Refractive index Solubility in water Specific heat, aqueous solution Vapor pressure lowering in aqueous solution Viscosity, aqueous solution Sodium dihydrogen phosphite Heat of formation Sodium dihydrogen pyrophosphate Density Refractive index Sodium 2,4-dihydroxybenzoate Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Sodium dihydroxymaleate , electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Sodium dihydroxytartrate Solubility in water Sodium 2,4-dinitrobenzoate, electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Sodium, 3,5-dinitrobenzoate Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution -Formamide* Sodium 2,4-dinitrophenate -Acetone* -Ethyl alcohol* -Methyl alcohol* Sodium 3,4-dinitrophenate Solubility in water Sodium diphenylglycolate, electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Links 5.56 5.17 6.250 4.237 1.151 3.82 6.248 1.151 5.124 3.297 5.15 1.170 7.26 5.329 3.83 5.150 1.151 1.151 1.169 6.248 6.360 1.151 1.168 1.151 3.81 6.248 7.353 1.151 4.237 5.124 3.297 5.15 1.168 5.201 1.151 1.151 6.249 6.249 4.238 6.250 6.250 4.238 6.249 1.168 7.26 964 Index Terms Sodium disilicate Melting point Refractive index Sodium disulfide, electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Sodium disulfocinnamate -Ethyl alcohol* Sodium dithionate Density, aqueous solution Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Heat of formation Solubility in water Vapor pressure lowering in aqueous solution -Barium dithionate* -Strontium dithionate Freezing point-solubility in water Sodium ethanedisulfonate Crystallography Density Sodium ethyl acetoacetate -Ethyl alcohol* Sodium ethylate -Ethyl alcohol* Sodium ethylsulfate Density, aqueous solution Refractive index, aqueous solution Sodium ferrioxalate , decomposition pressure of hydrates Sodium ferrocyanide Absorption spectra, solutions Density Aqueous solution Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Osmotic pressure Refractive index Solubility in water -Calcium ferrocyanide* -Potassium ferrocyanide* Sodium flame, electrical properties Sodium fluoride Density Aqueous solution Liquid Dielectric constant Electrical conductivity Aqueous solution Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Heat of formation Heat of fusion Magnetic susceptibility Melting point Refractive index Solubility in water Specific heat Surface tension Vapor pressure Aqueous solution X-radiation, scattered, distribution of X-ray diffraction data -Aluminum fluoride* -Aluminum fluoride*-Calcium fluoride -Aluminum sodium fluoride* -Cadmium fluoride* -Calcium fluoride* -Ferric fluoride* -Hydrogen fluoride* Links 1.152 1.152 6.247 4.85 1.169 3.81 6.247 5.201 4.236 3.297 4.356 1.322 1.151 3.85 7.75 7.306 5.329 1.152 3.105 6.251 4.431 1.152 4.238 1.170 6.156 1.150 3.79 4.443 6.77 6.149 6.231 4.258 5.200 5.131 6.360 1.150 1.150 4.235 5.100 4.443 3.214 3.369 6.20 1.345 3.105 6.232 1.165 965 Index Terms -Hydrogen fluoride*-Lead fluoride -Lead fluoride* -Magnesium oxide*-Potassium fiuoride -Potassium fluoride* -Sodium carbonate* -Sodium chlorate* -Sodium chloride* -Sodium chloride*-Sodium sulfate -Sodium hydroxide Freezing point-solubility -Sodium iodide Freezing point-solubility -Sodium sulfate Freezing point-solubility -Zinc fluoride Freezing point-solubility Sodium fluoride phosphate Density, aqueous solution Sodium fluoroaluminate Density, liquid Sodium fluosilicate Boiling point elevation in aqueous solution Decomposition pressure Density Heat of formation Refractive index Sodium fluozirconate Solubility in water Sodium formate Density, aqueous solution Diffusion in water Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Heat of formation Refractive index, aqueous solution Solubility in water Specific heat Aqueous solution Surface tension, aqueous solution Vapor pressure, aqueous solution Viscosity, aqueous solution -Acetic acid* -Butyric acid* -Formamide* -Formic acid* -Iodine* -Isobutyric acid* -Lactic acid* -Mercuric chloride* -Trichloroacetic acid Density, aqueous solution Sodium fumarate Density, aqueous solution Viscosity, aqueous solution Sodium gallate , electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Sodium glycerate Density, aqueous solution Sodium glycerophosphate, electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Sodium glycolate Density, aqueous solution Heat of solution in water Viscosity, aqueous solution -Formic acid* Sodium hippurate Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Links 4.67 4.67 4.67 4.54 3.105 3.24 3.326 7.306 1.152 5.202 1.152 1.166 7.26 3.105 3.108 4.238 3.83 5.67 6.248 5.202 7.74 4.237 5.100 5.124 4.466 3.372 5.15 3.102 3.84 5.16 6.249 3.83 6.250 3.83 5.148 5.16 6.250 6.254 7.74 966 Index Terms -Hippuric acid* Sodium hydrazoate Density, aqueous solution Sodium hydride Band spectra Decomposition pressure Heat of formation Photoelectric sensitivity, wave length for maximum Sodium hydrocinnamate Density, aqueous solution Viscosity, aqueous solution Sodium hydrogen arsenate Density Aqueous solution Dielectric constant Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Hydrate Decomposition pressure Heat of decomposition Refractive index Solubility in water Specific heat, aqueous solution Surface tension, aqueous solution Vapor pressure lowering in aqueous solution Sodium hydrogen arsenite Absorption spectra, solutions Sodium hydrogen benzenepentacarboxylate , viscosity, aqueous solution Sodium hydrogen citrate Density, aqueous solution Heat of solution in water Sodium hydrogen fluoride Heat of formation -Potassium hydrogen fluoride* Sodium hydrogen glutamate Crystallography Refractive index Sodium hydrogen hypophosphate Density Refractive index Sodium hydrogen malate Density, aqueous solution Heat of solution in water Sodium hydrogen malonate Crystallography Heat of solution in water Refractive index Sodium hydrogen oxalate Density, aqueous solution Heat of formation Hydrate Decomposition pressure Heat of decomposition Sodium hydrogen phosphate Boiling point elevation in aqueous solution Density, aqueous solution Dielectric constant, aqueous solution Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Heat of formation Heat of fusion Hydrates Decomposition pressure Heat of decomposition Links 3.82 5.415 7.303 5.200 6.68 3.84 5.16 1.151 3.82 6.99 6.248 7.305 7.305 1.151 4.237 5.124 4.466 3.297 1.169 7.26 5.329 5.16 3.84 5.150 5.200 1.323 1.152 1.169 1.151 1.151 1.168 3.83 5.149 1.322 5.148 1.151 1.169 3.108 5.202 7.304 7.304 3.326 3.81 6.104 6.248 4.259 5.201 5.331 7.305 7.305 3.105 7.26 967 Index Terms Magnetic susceptibility Osmotic pressure Refractive index Solubility in water Specific heat Aqueous solution Surface tension, aqueous solution Thermal conductivity Liquid hydrate Transition temperature Vapor pressure lowering in aqueous solution -Sodium chloride* Sodium hydrogen phosphite Heat of formation Magnetic susceptibility Sodium hydrogen pyrophosphate Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Heat of formation Sodium hydrogen selenide Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Sodium hydrogen selenite Density, aqueous solution Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Sodium hydrogen succinate Density, aqueous solution Heat of solution in water Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Sodium hydrogen sulfate Density, aqueous solut ion Dielectric constant, aqueous solution Diffusion in water Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Heat of formation Specific heat, aqueous solution Surface tension, aqueous solution Vapor pressure lowering in aqueous solution Viscosity, aqueous solution -Nitric acid* -Thallous sulfate Solubility in water Sodium hydrogen tartrate Density, aqueous solution Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Heat of formation Heat of solution in water Refractive index Aqueous solution Viscosity, aqueous solution Sodium hydrosulfide Absorption spectra, solutions Electrical conduct ivity, aqueous solution Sodium hydroxide Absorption spectra, solutions Boiling point elevation in aqueous solution Compressibility, aqueous solution Concentration cells Decomposition pressure of hydrate Density Aqueous solution Liquid Dielectric constant, aqueous solution Diffusion in ethyl alcohol Diffusion in water Drying agent, value as Links 6.360 4.431 1.151 4.237 5.100 5.124 4.466 5.217 5.228 4.7 3.297 1.168 5.201 6.360 6.248 5.201 5.202 6.247 3.81 4.259 3.108 5.149 6.248 3.81 6.104 5.67 6.247 4.258 5.201 5.124 4.465 3.297 5.15 3.108 7.322 3.83 6.248 5.202 5.149 1.151 7.74 5.16 5.329 6.247 5.327 3.326 3.440 6.328 7.303 3.79 3.24 6.104 5.73 5.66 3.385 7.74 1.170 6.254 7.26 968 Index Terms Electrical conductivity Aqueous solution Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Heat of dilution with water Heat of formation Heat of fusion Heat of neutralization Heat of transition Magnetic susceptibility Refractive index, aqueous solution Solubility in ammonia Solubility in water Specific heat, aqueous solution Surface tension, aqueous solution Transference number Transition temperature Vapor pressure Aqueous solution Vapor pressure lowering in aqueous solution Viscosity Aqueous solution X-rays, absorption coefficient -Acetic acid* -Aluminum hydroxide* -Aluminum oxide* -Ammonium chloride* -Ammonium hydroxide* -Arsenous acid* -Barium hydroxide* -Bismuth hydro xide* -Boric acid* -Calcium hydroxide* -Calcium sulfate* -Chromic acid* -Citric acid* -Citric acid*-Phosphoric acid -Iodic acid* -Isobutyl alcohol* -Lead hydroxide* -Nicotine* -Orthochromous acid* -Periodic acid* -Phenol* -Phenolphthalein* -Phosphoric acid* -Potassium carbonate*-Sodium carbonate -Potassium hydroxide* -Potassium hydroxide*-Sodium carbonate -Rubidium hydroxide* -Sodium bromide* -Sodium carbonate* -Sodium carbonate*-Sodium chloride -Sodium chloride* -Sodium fluoride* -Sodium iodide Freezing point-solubility -Sodium nitrate Density, aqueous solution -Sodium palmitate Density, aqueous solution -Sodium silicate Density, aqueous solution -Sodium sulfite Freezing point-solubility in water -Sucrose Surface tension, aqueous solution -Sulfuric acid Links 6.149 6.247 4.258 5.161 5.200 5.131 5.212 5.200 6.360 7.73 4.44 4.235 5.115 4.465 6.309 4.7 3.214 3.269 3.296 7.212 5.145 6.13 4.67 3.99 3.99 3.99 4.322 4.470 6.254 4.247 6.310 3.370 969 Index Terms Freezing point-solubility in water -Urea Viscosity, aqueous solution -Zinc hydroxide Solubility in water -Zinc oxide Freezing point-solubility in water Sodium o-hydroxybenzoate Density, aqueous solution Heat of solution in water Solubility in water Sodium m-hydroxybenzoate Density, aqueous solution Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Refractive index, aqueous solution Solubility in water Viscosity, aqueous solution Sodium p-hydroxybenzoate Density, aqueous solution Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Solubility in water Viscosity, aqueous solution Sodium hydroxyethylsulfonate Density, aqueous solution Sodium hydroxyisobutyrate , electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Sodium hydroxymethylbenzoate (o-, m-) Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Sodium hypobromite Absorption spectra, solutions Heat of formation Sodium hypochlorite Absorption spectra, solutions Heat of formation Photochemical decomposition Sodium hypophosphate Density Refractive index Sodium hypophosphite Density, aqueous solution Sodium hyposulfite Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Solubility in water Sodium iodate Absorption spectra Density, aqueous solution Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Refractive index, solutions Solubility in water Viscosity, aqueous solution -Iodic acid* -Lanthanum iodate* -Lanthanum nitrate* Sodium iodide Absorption spectra, solutions Ammines Decomposition pressure Heat of decomposition Heat of formation Boiling point elevation in aqueous solution Compressibility Aqueous solution Concentration cells Links 4.354 4.391 5.24 7.252 4.377 4.393 3.84 5.150 4.238 3.84 6.249 7.74 4.238 5.16 7.74 3.84 6.249 4.238 5.16 3.85 6.248 6.249 5.329 5.200 5.329 5.200 7.162 7.164 1.151 1.151 1.168 3.105 6.247 4.258 4.236 5.329 3.81 6.241 4.258 5.329 4.236 5.15 5.329 7.304 7.304 5.201 3.326 3.50 3.440 6.328 6.247 970 Index Terms Decomposition pressure of hydrate Density Aqueous solution Liquid Diffusion in ethyl alcohol Diffusion in methyl alcohol Diffusion in water Electrical conductivity Aqueous solution Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Heat of dissociation Heat of formation Magnetic susceptibility Refractive index, aqueous solution Solubility in organic solvents Solubility in water Specific heat Aqueous solution Sulfur dioxide complexes Decomposition pressure Heat of decomposition Surface tension Aqueous solution Transference number Vapor pressure Aqueous solution Vapor pressure lowering in aqueous solution Viscosity, aqueous solution X-ray diffraction data X-rays, absorption coefficient -Acetone* -Acetophenone* -Ammonia* -Cadmium iodide* -Calcium sulfate* -Diethyl tartrate* -Ethyl alcohol* -Ethyl alcohol* -Methyl alcohol -Ethyl alcohol* -Propyl alcohol -Ethyl alcohol* -Sodium carbonate -Formamide* -Hydriodic acid* -Iodine* -Iodine*-Nitrobenzene -Iodine*-m-Nitrotoluene -Isoamyl alcohol* -Lead chloride* -Mercuric iodide* -Methyl alcohol* -Methyl alcohol* -Propyl alcohol -Potassium iodide* -Propyl alcohol* -Rubidium iodide* -Silver iodide* -Sodium bromide* -Sodium carbonate* -Sodium chloride* -Sodium fluoride* -Sodium hydroxide* -Sucrose Surface tension, aqueous solution -Sulfur dioxide Boiling point elevation -Zinc chloride Density, aqueous solution Sodium β-iodopropionate Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Links 7.304 3.44 3.80 3.24 5.73 5.72 5.67 6.149 6.235 4.258 5.418 5.200 6.360 7.73 4.205 4.235 5.100 5.123 7.304 7.304 4.443 4.465 6.310 3.214 3.371 3.297 5.15 1.345 6.13 4.470 3.328 3.98 6.250 3.108 4.443 6.239 7.73 971 Index Terms -β-Iodopropionic acid* Sodium isoamylate -Isoamyl alcohol* Sodium isobutyrate Density, aqueous solution Refractive index, aqueous solution Viscosity, aqueous solution -Acetic acid* -Formic acid* -Isobutyric acid* Sodium isocaproate Density, aqueous solution Viscosity, aqueous solution Sodium isophthalate Density, aqueous solution Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Refractive index, aqueous solution Viscosity, aqueous solution Sodium isosuccinate Density, aqueous solution Heat of solution in water Viscosity, aqueous solution Sodium isovalerate Density, aqueous solution Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Refractive index, aqueous solution Viscosity, aqueous solution Sodium itaconate Density, aqueous solution Viscosity, aqueous solution Sodium lactate Density, aqueous solution Viscosity, aqueous solution -Dichloroacetic acid* -Formic acid* -Lactic acid* Sodium laurate -Ethyl alcohol* Sodium levulate Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Heat of solution in water Sodium linoleate Electrical conductivity Sodium malate Density, aqueous solution Heat of solution in water Viscosity, aqueous solution -Formic acid* -Malic acid* Sodium maleate Density, aqueous solution Viscosity, aqueous solution Sodium malonate Density, aqueous solution Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Heat of solution in water Viscosity, aqueous solution Sodium mandelate , electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Sodium manganate Density, aqueous solution Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Heat of formation -Potassium sulfate* Links 3.83 7.74 5.16 7.74 3.83 5.16 7.75 6.249 7.75 5.16 3.84 5.149 5.16 3.83 6.249 7.74 5.16 3.84 5.16 3.83 5.16 6.249 5.149 6.149 3.84 5.149 5.16 3.84 5.16 3.84 6.249 5.148 5.16 6.249 3.86 6.251 5.203 7.74 972 Index Terms Sodium mellitate, electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Sodium mesaconate Density, aqueous solution Viscosity, aqueous solution Sodium metantimoniate Density, aqueous solution -Methyl alcohol* Sodium metaborate Density, aqueous solution Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Surface tension -Lithium metaborate* -Potassium metaborate* -Sodium metaphosphate Freezing point-solubility -Sodium pyrophosphate Freezing point-solubility -Sodium silicate Freezing point-solubility Sodium metaphosphate Density Aqueous solution Liquid Electrical conductivity Heat of formation Reflectivity, selective Specific heat Aqueous solution Surface tension Vapor pressure lowering in aqueous solution Viscosity -Sodium metaborate* -Sodium pyrophosphate Freezing point-solubility Sodium metasilicate Absorption spectra, solutions Melting point Refractive index -Sodium tungstate Viscosity, aqueous solution Sodium methanedisulfonate Density, aqueous solution Sodium methoxybenzoate (o-, m-) Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Sodium methylate -Methyl alcohol* Sodium molybdate Density Aqueous solution Liquid Electrical conductivity Aqueous solution Heat of format ion Heat of transition Solubility in water Surface tension Transition temperature Vapor pressure lowering in aqueous solution X-rays, absorption coefficient -Molybdic oxide* -Potassium molybdate* -Sodium sulfate Freezing point-solubility -Sodium tungstate Links 6.248 3.84 5.16 4.400 3.86 6.251 4.259 4.444 4.69 4.69 4.85 3.81 3.24 6.149 5.201 5.260 5.100 5.124 4.444 3.297 7.212 4.444 4.69 5.327 1.152 1.152 4.85 1.173 5.19 3.85 6.249 3.86 3.24 6.149 6.251 5.203 5.203 4.239 4.444 4.7 3.298 6.13 3.106 4.444 4.68 4.79 973 Index Terms Freezing point-solubility Sodium monoperchromate, solubility in water Sodium myristate -Ethyl alcohol* Sodium naphthalene-1,5-disulfonate Crystallography Density Refractive index Sodium β-naphthalenesulfonate Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution -Sodium chloride* -Sodium sulfate Freezing point-solubility in water Sodium naphthionate , refractive index Sodium 1,4-naphthylaminesulfonate Refractive index Sodium nitrate Absorption spectra, solutions Boiling point elevation in aqueous solution Compressibility Aqueous solution Density Aqueous solution Liquid Solid Dielectric constant Diffusion in water Electrical conductivity Aqueous solution Emission, spectral Freezing mixtures, use in Freezing point lowering of aqueous solut ion Heat of dilution with water Heat of formation Heat of fusion Magnetic susceptibility Melting point Osmotic pressure Photoelectric current, aqueous solution Reflectivity, selective Refractive index Aqueous solution Solubility in Aqueous ethyl acetoacetate Water Solution velocity in water Sound, velocity of, in aqueous solution Specific heat Aqueous solution Liquid Solid Surface tension Aqueous solution Thermal conductivity, aqueous solution Transference number Vapor pressure, aqueous solution Vapor pressure lowering in aqueous solution Viscosity Aqueous solution X-ray diffraction data -Acetone* -Ammonia* -Ammonia*-Ammonium nitrate -Ammonium bicarbonate* -Ammonium bicarbonate*-Sodium bicarbonate Links 4.69 4.239 1.322 1.151 1.151 4.80 1.171 6.250 4.337 7.26 1.152 1.171 5.327 3.326 3.50 3.440 5.329 5.330 3.82 3.24 1.150 6.77 5.67 6.149 6.231 5.259 1.63 4.259 5.162 5.201 5.131 6.360 1.150 4.431 6.69 5.260 1.150 7.74 3.105 4.443 3.44 6.99 3.108 6.154 6.238 6.240 1.166 7.26 3.416 4.237 5.59 6.464 5.124 5.106 5.100 4.443 4.465 5.229 6.309 3.372 3.297 7.212 5.15 1.345 6.310 974 Index Terms -Ammonium chloride*-Ammonium nitrate -Ammonium chloride*-Sodium chloride -Ammomum chloride*-Sodium nitrate -Ammonium nitrate* -Ammonium nitrate*-Ammonium sulfate -Ammonium nitrate*-Sodium bicarbonate -Ammonium nitrate*-Sodium chloride -Ammonium nitrate*-Sodium sulfate -Ammonium sulfate*-Potassium chloride -Barium chloride* -Barium nitrate* -Barium nitrate*-Potassium nitrate -Calcium chloride* -Calcium chloride*-Magnesium chloride-Strontium chloride -Calcium nitrate* -Calcium nitrate*-Potassium nitrate -Calcium sulfate* -Calcium thiosulfate* -Cupric nitrate* -Cupric sulfate* -Diethyl tartrate* -Ethyl alcohol* -Formamide* -Glycerol* -Glycocoll* -Hydrogen peroxide* -Lanthanum iodate* -Lead acetate* -Lead azide* -Lead nitrate* -Lead nitrate*-Potassium nitrate -Lithium nitrate* -Lithium nitrate*-Potassium nitrate -Magnesium chloride* -Magnesium nitrate* -Methylamine* -Nitric acid* -Nitric acid*-Sodium sulfate -Phthalic acid* -Potassium bromate* -Potassium carbonate* -Potassium chloride* -Potassium nitrate* -Potassium nitrate*-Sodium chloride -Potassium nitrate*-Strontium nitrate -Potassium perchlorate* -Potassium sulfate* -Silver nitrate* -Sodium bicarbonate* -Sodium bromide* -Sodium carbonate* -Sodium chlorate* -Sodium chloride* -Sodium hydroxide* -Sodium nitrite Density, aqueous solution Freezing point-solubility Freezing point-solubility in water -Sodium oxalate Freezing point-solubility in water -Sodium sulfate Density, aqueous solution Freezing point-solubility Freezing point-solubility in water -Sodium thiosulfate Freezing point-solubility in water -Strontium chloride Links 3.99 4.69 4.357 4.360 3.99 4.68 4.325 4.355 4.387 975 Index Terms Density, aqueous solution Freezing point-solubility in water -Strontium nitrate Density, aqueous solution Viscosity, aqueous solution -Sulfuric acid Density, aqueous solution -Thallium monochloride Solubility in water -Thallous nitrate Freezing point-solubility Sodium nitrite Absorption spectra, solutions Density, aqueous solution Dielectric constant, aqueous solution Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Heat of formation Photochemical oxidation with iodine Quantum sensitivity Solubility in water Vapor pressure, aqueous solution Vapor pressure lowering in aqueous solution -Potassium nitrite* -Silver nitrite* -Sodium chloride* -Sodium nitrate* Sodium m-nitrobenzenesulfonate Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Sodium o-nitrobenzoate Density, aqueous solution Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Heat of solution in water Viscosity, aqueous solution Sodium m-nitrobenzoate Density, aqueous solution Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Heat of solution in water Viscosity, aqueous solution Sodium p-nitrobenzoate Density, aqueous solution Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Heat of solution in water Viscosity, aqueous solution -p-Nitrobenzoic acid* Sodium nitrobenzoates -Methyl alcohol* Sodium 2-nitro-4-chlorophenate -Ethyl alcohol* Sodium p-nitrophenate Solubility in water -Ethyl alcohol* Sodium octoate Density, aqueous solution Refractive index, aqueous solution Sodium oleate Dielectric constant Electrical conductivity Refractive index, aqueous solution Dispersion -Ethyl alcohol* -Cresol (o-, m -, p-)* -Phenol* Links 3.98 4.290 3.99 5.19 3.96 7.321 4.54 5.329 3.82 6.104 6.248 4.259 5.201 7.164 7.169 4.237 3.372 3.297 6.250 3.85 6.250 5.150 5.16 3.85 6.250 5.150 5.16 3.85 6.250 5.150 5.16 4.238 7.74 7.74 6.97 6.149 7.74 7.101 3.105 976 Index Terms Sodium orthophosphate Density, aqueous solution Sodium orthosilicate Viscosity, aqueous solution Sodium oxalate Density, aqueous solution Diffusion in wat er Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Heat of formation Refractive index, aqueous solution Solubility in water Surface tension, aqueous solution Viscosity, aqueous solution -Ammonium oxalate* -Potassium oxalate* -Sodium nitrate* -Sodium sulfate Freezing point-solubility in water -Uranyl oxalate Freezing point-solubility in water Sodium oxalodinitrodiammine cobaltiate Solubility in aqueous solutions Sodium oxide Heat of formation -Acetic anhydride* -Aluminum oxide*-Silica -Barium chloride* -Barium oxide* -Barium oxide*-Hydrogen chloride -Beryllium oxide* -Boric oxide* -Calcium oxide*-Silica -Ethyl alcohol* -Hydrogen chloride* -Phenolphthalein* -Silica* Sodium palmitate Density, aqueous solution Electrical conductivity Aqueous solution Refractive index, aqueous solution Dispersion Viscosity, aqueous solution -Ethyl alcohol* -Palmitic acid* -Sodium hydroxide* Sodium perchlorate Density, aqueous solution Saturated Dielectric constant Aqueous solution Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Heat of formation Solubility in water Transition temperature Viscosity, aqueous solution -Acetone* -Ammonium perchlorate* -Ethyl alcohol* -Methyl alcohol* -Potassium perchlorate* -Propyl alcohol* -Silver chlorate* -Sodium sulfate Freezing point-solubility in water Links 3.81 5.17 3.83 5.67 6.248 4.259 5.202 7.74 4.237 4.466 5.15 3.108 4.335 4.372 7.345 5.200 3.84 6.149 5.458 7.74 7.101 5.447 3.80 3.105 6.77 6.104 6.247 5.200 4.235 4.7 5.15 4.316 5.447 6.249 6.254 7.74 977 Index Terms Sodium periodate Boiling point elevation in aqueous solution Optical rotatory power Pyroelectric effect -Cresol (o-, m -, p-)* Sodium peroxide Electrical conductivity Heat of formation Sodium o-phenolsulfonate , electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Sodium p-phenolsulfonate Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution -Ethyl alcohol* Sodium phenoxyacetate Density, aqueous solution Viscosity, aqueous solution Sodium phenylacetate Density, aqueous solution Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Viscosity, aqueous solution Sodium phenylacrylate, electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Sodium phenylchloroacetate, electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Sodium p-phenylenediarsenate , electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Sodium phenylglycolate Density, aqueous solution Viscosity, aqueous solution Sodium β-phenylpropionate -β-Phenylpropionic acid* Sodium phosphate Density Aqueous solution Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Heat of formation Hydration temperature Melting point Reflectivity, selective Refractive index Solubility in water Surface tension, aqueous solution Vapor pressure lowering in aqueous solution -Phosphoric acid* Sodium phosphotungstate Density, aqueous solution Sodium phthalate Density, aqueous solution Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Heat of solution in water Refractive index, aqueous solution Viscosity, aqueous solution -Sodium sulfate Freezing point-solubility in water Sodium phthalate (m-, p-) Density, aqueous solution Sodium picrate Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Heat of solution in water Solubility in water -Ethyl alcohol* Sodium platinocyanide Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Refractive index Links 3.326 7.353 6.210 6.154 5.200 6.250 6.250 3.84 5.16 3.84 6.249 5.16 6.249 6.249 6.250 3.84 5.16 1.151 3.81 6.248 4.259 5.201 1.66 1.151 5.260 1.151 4.237 4.466 3.297 3.105 1.166 3.86 3.106 3.85 6.249 5.150 7.75 5.16 7.75 4.337 3.85 6.250 5.149 4.382 6.251 7.26 978 Index Terms Sodium propionate Boiling point elevation in aqueous solution Density, aqueous solution Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Heat of solutio n in water Refractive index, aqueous solution Viscosity, aqueous solution -Formic acid* -Methyl alcohol* -Propionic acid* -Silver propionate* Sodium pyroarsenate -Potassium pyroarsenate* Sodium pyroborate Solubility in water Sodium pyromellitate, electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Sodium pyrophosphate Density Aqueous solution Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Heat of formation Reflectivity, selective Refractive index Solubility in water Specific heat Aqueous solution Transition temperature Vapor pressure lowering in aqueous solution -Disodium dihydrogen disulfate* -Potassium pyrophosphate* -Sodium chloride* -Sodium metaborate* -Sodium metaphosphate* -Sulfuric acid Boiling point elevation Sodium pyrosulfite Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Solubility in water Sodium pyrotartrate Density, aqueous solution Viscosity, aqueous solution Sodium salicylate Boiling point elevation in aqueous solution Density, aqueous solution Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Refractive index, aqueous solution Surface tension, aqueous solution Viscosity, aqueous solution -Ammonium formate* -Antipyrine salicylate* -Ethyl alcohol* -Formamide* -Salicylic acid* Sodium selenate Density, aqueous solution Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Heat of formation Solubility in water -Selenic acid* Sodium selenide, heat of formation Sodium selenite Density, aqueous solution Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Heat of formation Links 3.326 3.83 6.248 5.148 7.74 5.16 3.108 7.74 1.168 7.26 4.239 6.249 1.151 3.81 6.248 5.201 5.260 1.151 4.237 5.100 5.124 4.7 3.297 3.328 6.247 4.258 4.236 3.84 5.16 3.326 3.105 6.249 7.74 4.466 5.16 3.82 6.247 5.201 4.236 5.201 3.81 4.259 5.201 7.74 3.105 979 Index Terms -Mercuric selenite* Sodium silicate Boiling point elevation in aqueous solution Density, aqueous solution Dielectric constant, aqueous solution Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Heat of formation Refractive index, aqueous solution Transference number Viscosity, aqueous solution -Calcium metasilicate* -Sodium chloride* -Sodium hydroxide* -Sodium metaborate* -Sodium tungstate Density, aqueous solution Freezing point-solubility Sodium stannate Density, aqueous solution Magnetic susceptibility Solubility in water Sodium stearate Density, aqueous solution Electrical conductivity Aqueous solution Refractive index, aqueous solution Dispersion Sodium strontium arsenate Heat of formation Sodium strontium phosphate Heat of formation Sodium suberate Density, aqueous solution Viscosity, aqueous solution Sodium succinate Density, aqueous solution Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Heat of solution in water Refractive index, aqueous solution Vapor pressure lowering in aqueous solution Viscosity, aqueous solution -Barium succinate* -Calcium succinate* -Formamide* -Formic acid* -Strontium succinate Solubility in water -Succinic acid Density, aqueous solution Freezing point-solubility in water Sodium p-sulfaminobenzoate , electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Sodium sulfanilate Crystallography Refractive index Sodium sulfantimoniate Optical rotatory power Solubility in water Sodium sulfate Activity coefficient in water Boiling point elevation in aqueous solution Compressibility, aqueous solution Concentration cells Cryoscopic constant Links 3.326 3.85 6.104 6.251 4.259 5.202 7.75 6.310 5.16 6.254 7.95 3.99 4.85 3.86 6.360 4.238 3.84 6.149 5.458 7.74 7.101 5.449 5.203 5.203 3.85 5.16 3.84 6.249 5.149 7.74 3.298 5.16 3.108 7.74 1.170 7.26 7.343 3.102 4.414 6.250 1.323 1.152 7.353 4.237 7.304 3.326 3.440 6.328 4.215 980 Index Terms Density Aqueous solution Liquid Solid Dielectric constant, aqueous solution Diffusion in water Electrical conductivity Aqueous solution Freezing mixtures, use in Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Glass, effect of aqueous solution on Heat of formation Heat of fusion Hydrates Decomposition pressure Heat of decomposition Transition point Hydration temperature Magnetic susceptibility Melting point Photoelectric current, aqueous solution Reflectivity, selective Refractive index Aqueous solution Solubility in aqueous ethyl alcohol Solubility in water Sound, velocity of, in aqueous solution Specific heat Aqueous solution Surface tension Aqueous solution Thermal conductivity, aqueous solution Transference number Transition temperature Pressure, effect of Vapor pressure, aqueous solution Vapor pressure lowering in aqueous solution Verdet constant, aqueous solution Viscosity, aqueous solution -Acetone* -Aluminum sulfate* -Ammonia* -Ammonium bicarbonate* -Ammonium chloride* -Ammonium nitrate*-Sodium nitrate -Ammonium perchlorate* -Ammonium sulfate* -Ammonium tetraborate* -Barium sulfate* -Cadmium sulfate* -Calcium acetate*-Potassium sulfate -Calcium carbonate* -Calcium carbonate*-Calcium sulfate-Carbon dioxide-Sodium chloride -Calcium carbonate*-Sodium chloride -Calcium chloride* -Calcium chloride*-Magnesium chloride-Potassium chloride -Calcium chloride*-Potassium sulfate -Calcium hydroxide* -Calcium iodide*-Potassium sulfate -Calcium nitrate* -Calcium sulfate* -Calcium sulfate*-Potassium sulfate -Calcium sulfate*-Sodium chloride -Cerous sulfate* -Cesium sulfate* -Cobaltous sulfate* Links 3.81 3.24 1.150 6.104 5.67 6.149 6.231 1.63 4.258 2.111 5.201 5.131 7.304 7.304 1.54 1.66 6.360 1.54 6.69 5.260 1.150 7.74 3.404 4.236 6.464 5.100 5.124 4.443 4.465 5.229 6.310 1.150 4.264 3.371 3.297 6.427 5.15 3.105 4.443 3.44 3.108 6.236 1.64 6.240 1.150 1.168 4.248 4.7 4.316 7.74 981 Index Terms -Cupric chloride* -Cupric nitrate* -Cupric sulfate* -Cupric sulfate*-Sulfuric acid -Ethyl alcohol* -Ethyl alcohol* -Sodium chloride -Ethyl alcohol* -Sulfuric acid -Ferrous sulfate* -Formamide* -Hydrogen chloride* -Hydrogen chloride*-Sulfuric acid -Hydrogen peroxide* -Lanthanum sulfate* -Lead acetate* -Lead iodide* -Lead sulfate* -Lithium carbonate* -Lithium sulfate* -Magnesium carbonate* -Magnesium chloride* -Magnesium chloride*-Potassium chloride -Magnesium sulfate* -Magnesium sulfate*-Potassium sulfate -Manganous sulfate* -Nickel sulfate* -Nicotine* -Nitric acid* -Nitric acid*-Sodium nitrate -Nitric acid*-Sulfuric acid -Phenol* -Phosphoric acid* -Phthalic acid* -Potassium carbonate* -Potassium chloride* -Potassium manganate* -Potassium nitrate* -Potassium perchlorate* -Potassium sulfate* -Silver bromate* -Silver sulfate* -Sodium acetate* -Sodium bicarbonate* -Sodium carbonate* -Sodium chloride* -Sodium chloride*-Sodium fluoride -Sodium chromate* -Sodium fluoride* -Sodium molybdate* -Sodium β-naphthalenesulfonate* -Sodium nitrate* -Sodium oxalate* -Sodium perchlorate* -Sodium phthalate* -Sodium sulfide Freezing point-solubility in water -Sodium sulfite Density, aqueous solution Freezing point-solubility in water -Sodium tetraborate Freezing point-solubility in water -Sodium thiosulfate Freezing point-solubility in water -Sodium tungstate Freezing point-solubility -Strontium carbonate Freezing point-solubility in water -Strontium sulfate Links 4.321 3.99 4.322 4.387 4.346 4.390 4.323 4.69 4.333 4.79 982 Index Terms Freezing point-solubility -Sucrose Surface tension, aqueous solution -Sulfuric acid Boiling point elevation Density, aqueous solution Freezing point-solubility -Thallous sulfate Freezing point-solubility in water -Thorium sulfate Freezing point-solubility in water -Yttrium sulfate Freezing point-solubility in water -Zinc sulfate Freezing point-solubility in water -Zirconyl sulfate Density Sodium sulfide Absorption spectra, solutions Density, aqueous solution Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Heat of formation Solubility in water Transition point X-ray diffraction data -Cuprous sulfide* -Ferrous sulfide* -Nickel subsulfide* -Nickelic sulfide* -Sodium sulfate* -Sulfur Freezing point-solubility in water Sodium sulfite Absorption spectra Density, aqueous solution Diffusion in water Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Heat of formation Magnetic susceptibility Solubility in water -Sodium hydroxide* -Sodium sulfate* Sodium tartrate Boiling point elevation in aqueous solution Crystallography Decomposition pressure of hydrate Density, aqueous solution Diffusion in water Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Heat of formation Heat of solution in water Refractive index, aqueous solution Surface tension, aqueous solution Vapor pressure, aqueous solution Vapor pressure lowering in aqueous solution Viscosity, aqueous solution -Ammonium tartrate* -Formic acid* -Potassium tartrate* -Sucrose Density, aqueous solution -Sucrose-Tartaric acid Density, aqueous solution -Tartaric acid Density, aqueous solution Links 4.65 4.470 3.328 3.96 4.43 4.337 7.322 4.336 4.348 4.338 3.134 5.329 3.81 6.247 4.258 5.200 4.236 4.321 1.345 6.254 4.268 5.329 3.81 5.67 4.258 5.201 6.360 4.236 3.326 1.322 7.305 3.84 5.67 6.249 5.202 5.149 7.74 4.466 3.372 3.298 5.16 3.102 3.103 3.102 5.330 7.74 983 Index Terms Sodium tellurate , heat of formation Sodium terephthalate Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Heat of solution in water Viscosity, aqueous solution Sodium tetraborate Absorption spectra, solutions Boiling point elevation in aqueous solution Decomposition pressures of hydrates Density Aqueous solution Dielectric constant, aqueous solution Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Heat of formation Melting point Refractive index Solubility in water Specific heat Vapor pressure lowering in aqueous solution -Ammonium chloride* -Ammonium sulfate* -Ammonium tetraborate* -Calcium phosphate* -Sodium chloride* -Sodium sulfate* Sodium tetrachromate Density, aqueous solution Solubility in water Sodium tetrasulfide, heat of formation Sodium tetrathionate , heat of formation Sodium tetratungstate, vapor pressure lowering in aqueous solution Sodium thallium chloride , heat of formation Sodium thiocyanate Density, aqueous solution Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Heat of formation Refractive index, aqueous solution Vapor pressure lowering in aqueous solution -Methyl acetate* -Potassium thiocyanate* Sodium thiosulfate Absorption spectra, solutions Boiling point elevation in aqueous solution Cryoscopic constant Crystallization velocity Decomposition pressure of hydrate Density Aqueous solution Diffusion in water Electrical conductivity Aqueous solution Freezing mixtures, use in Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Heat of formation Heat of fusion Hydration temperature Magnetic susceptibility Osmotic pressure Refractive index Solubility in water Specific heat Liquid Solid Surface tension, aqueous solution Links 5.201 6.249 5.150 5.16 5.327 3.326 7.306 1.153 3.86 6.104 6.251 4.259 5.203 1.153 1.153 4.239 5.100 3.298 1.165 7.13 3.106 4.239 5.201 5.201 3.298 5.202 3.85 6.250 5.202 7.75 3.298 5.327 3.326 4.215 5.61 7.305 1.150 3.81 5.67 6.149 6.247 1.63 4.258 5.201 5.131 1.66 6.360 4.431 1.150 4.236 5.106 5.100 4.465 7.75 6.254 1.169 4.248 7.26 984 Index Terms Transition velocity Vapor pressure, aqueous solution Vapor pressure lowering in aqueous solution -Calcium nitrate* -Calcium thiosulfate* -Sodium nitrate* -Sodium sulfate* Sodium o-toluate Density, aqueous solution Refractive index, aqueous solution Viscosity, aqueous solution Sodium m-toluate Density, aqueous solution Refractive index, aqueous solution Viscosity, aqueous solution Sodium p-toluate Density, aqueous solution Refractive index, aqueous solution Viscosity, aqueous solution -p-Toluic acid Freezing point-solubility in water Sodium toluates, electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Sodium o-toluidine, electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Sodium tricalcium trimetasilicate Melting point Sodium trichloroacetate Density, aqueous solution Heat of solution in water Viscosity, aqueous solution -Chloroacetic acid* -Trichloroacetic acid Density, aqueous solution Sodium trichlorobutyrate Density, aqueous solution Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Sodium trichromate Density, aqueous solution Solubility in water Sodium trihydrogen pyrophosphate , heat of formation Sodium tripotassium chromate Density Refractive index Sodium tripotassium sulfate , dielectric constant Sodium trithionate, heat of formation Sodium tungstate Density, aqueous solution Liquid Electrical conductivity Aqueous solution Heat of formation Heat of transition Solubility in water Surface tension Transition temperature Vapor pressure lowering in aqueous solution Viscosity, aqueous solution X-rays, absorption coefficient -Potassium tungstate* -Sodium metasilicate* -Sodium molybdate* -Sodium silicate* -Sodium sulfate* -Tungstic oxide Freezing point-solubility Links 5.61 3.372 3.297 3.84 7.74 5.16 7.74 3.84 7.74 5.16 7.74 3.84 7.74 5.16 7.74 4.420 6.249 6.250 4.85 3.85 5.148 5.16 3.103 3.85 6.249 3.106 4.238 5.201 1.158 1.158 6.99 5.201 3.86 3.24 6.149 6.251 5.203 5.203 4.239 4.444 4.7 3.298 5.17 6.13 4.61 1.167 3.106 4.444 985 Index Terms Sodium uranate Heat of formation -Sodium chloride* Sodium uranyl acetate Crystallography Density Optical rotatory power Photoluminescence Refractive index Sodium uranyl sulfate, photoluminescence Sodium valerate -Methyl alcohol* -Silver valerate* Sodium vanadate Density, aqueous solution Heat of formation Refractive index Sodium zinc sulfate Heat of formation Solubility in water Sodium zincate, heat of formation Soils Adsorption on Dielectric constant Heat of wetting Radioactivity Thermal conductivity Thermal diffusivity Solar spectrum Solar system, orbital data Solders Aluminum British specifications Gold Silver Solubility Conversion factors Definition Gases in colloidal solutions Gases in liquids Gases in metals and alloys Gases in solids Gases in solutions Liquids in liquids Non-electrolytes in water Organic compounds in water Pressure, effect of Soaps in water Solids in liquids Slightly soluble salts Strong electrolytes in water Solution, heat of Solution, velocity of Somaliland, weights and measures Sommerfeld magneton Sommerfeld relativity doublet theory Somnirol, optical rotatory power Somnitol, optical rotatory power Sorbic acid, heat of combustion Sorbieritol, optical rotatory power Sorbinose, heat of combustion Links 5.203 1.323 1.153 7.353 5.387 1.153 5.387 3.86 5.203 1.153 1.165 1.165 1.166 7.26 2.465 2.468 2.467 2.536 2.470 2.546 5.202 4.238 5.202 3.253 6.105 5.142 1.379 2.314 2.315 5.380 1.392 2.383 2.371 2.387 2.377 2.383 1.23 1.41 3.281 3.254 3.270 3.249 3.271 3.386 4.250 4.250 4.265 5.454 4.1 6.256 4.216 5.148 5.55 1.11 6.346 6.25 7.465 7.465 5.165 7.388 5.166 2.586 4.395 4.395 7.313 4.270 5.169 2.555 2.551 2.557 986 Index Terms Sorbitol Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Refractive index, aqueous solution Sorbitol derivatives Optical rotatory power Sorbose, optical rotatory power Sorel's alloy Sound Absorption of Amplification by horns Audibility of Detection Magnetization, production by Measurement of Psychological data Reaction times to Reverberation Transmission Velocity In gases in tubes In porcelain Temperat ure, effect of Wave-filters Sound generators Spain, weights and measures Spandau alloy Spangolite Density Refractive index Spark discharge, light emission by Sparteine, optical rotatory power Specific gravity, definition See also Density. Specific heat Building materials Carbons Definitions Elements Fibers, vegetable Gases Glass Liquids Magnesia concrete Oils, fats and waxes Petroleum products Phenol resins Porcelain, laboratory Refractory materials Refrigerating brines Solids Solutions and mixtures Tars Whiteware Specific heat constant Specific inductive capacity, definition Specific rotation, definition Spectra Absorption Band Celestial Unidentified lines of Electrically exploded wires Emission Links 6.277 7.69 7.388 7.389 2.383 6.459 6.458 1.94 6.457 6.439 6.457 1.94 1.95 6.460 6.458 6.461 6.466 2.72 6.463 6.458 6.453 1.12 2.383 1.137 1.137 5.433 7.419 1.41 2.55 2.303 1.41 1.102 2.237 5.79 2.93 5.84 2.128 2.210 2.151 2.299 2.79 2.85 2.328 5.84 5.118 2.172 2.79 1.18 1.41 2.334 5.326 5.409 5.383 5.434 5.277 6.450 6.450 2.81 2.546 1.167 5.80 5.92 5.84 2.101 5.92 5.106 5.92 5.122 5.359 5.95 987 Index Terms Nebular, classification Solar Spark discharge in liquids Stellar Classification X-rays Spectral filters Spectral lines Magnetic resolution Pole effect Spectral series Definitions Spectroscopy Crystal gratings for Standards of wave-length Specularite, electrical conductivity Speculum (alloy) Emission, spectral Speculums, list of Speech power Spelter wire Spencerite Density Refractive index Sperm candle Color temperature Radiant power Sperm oil Compressibility Ignition temperature Properties Viscosity, pressure, effect of Spermaceti. See Waxes, animal. Sperrylite Density X-ray diffraction data Spessartite Density Refractive index Thermal expansion Sphalerite Compressibility Density Magnetic susceptibility Piezoelectric constant Pyroelectric constant Refractive index Solution velocity in sulfuric acid Specific heat Thermal expansion Transformation point See also Zinc sulfide. Spheres, air forces on Spherite Density Refractive index Spherocobaltite Density Refractive index See also Cobaltous carbonate. Spiauter (alloy) Spiegeleisen (alloy) Links 1.384 1.384 5.433 5.383 1.384 6.23 5.264 5.380 5.271 5.418 5.432 5.392 1.41 6.7 5.274 6.154 2.383 5.254 2.391 6.452 2.383 1.119 1.119 6.155 2.561 2.555 1.171 5.247 5.244 2.209 2.151 2.205 2.209 1.125 1.342 1.137 1.137 3.44 1.165 3.50 1.118 6.364 6.210 6.210 1.118 5.57 5.96 3.44 1.118 1.165 1.407 1.137 1.137 1.170 1.131 1.131 1.167 2.383 2.383 988 Index Terms Spinel Crystal nuclei, formation of Density Expansion on heating Fusion temperature Magnetic susceptibility Melting point Refractive index Thermal expansion Verdet constant Spodumene Compressibility Density Melting point Refractive index Specific heat Spoon metal Sporting powders Spray electricity Spring deposits, radioactivity Spruce wood Density Thermal conductivity Spurrite Density Refractive index Square degree, definition Stachyose, heat of combustion Stainless iron Stainless steel Stalloy Magnetic properties Standard cells Stannic bromide Heat of formation Heat of fusion Magnetic susceptibility -Aluminum bromide* -Antimony pentachloride* -Antimony tribromide* -Antimony trichloride* -Arsenous bromide* -Bromine* -Stannic chloride Freezing point-solubility -Stannic iodide Boiling point Freezing point-solubility -Sulfur dioxide Freezing point-solubility -Titanium tetrabromide Freezing point-solubility -Zirconium bromide Freezing point-solubility Stannic chloride Azeotropic mixtures Boiling point Critical point data Density Aqueous solution Dielectric constant Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Entropy Free energy Links 5.60 1.142 2.84 2.83 6.364 1.142 1.142 3.43 6.426 3.50 1.150 1.150 1.150 5.100 2.384 7.496 1.359 1.380 1.165 4.85 1.172 7.26 2.313 2.313 1.144 1.144 1.41 5.167 2.384 2.384 2.384 6.374 6.312 1.172 2.508 2.471 5.183 5.131 6.356 4.49 3.311 4.49 4.42 4.49 4.49 3.318 3.232 3.232 3.23 3.63 6.76 6.231 7.247 7.247 3.329 3.248 6.232 2.603 2.508 2.606 2.600 2.603 989 Index Terms Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Heat content Heat of formation Heat ?f fusion Heat of vaporization Internal pressure Magnetic susceptibility Orthobaric density Photoelectric threshold Specific heat Gas Liquid Solid Vapor pressure Liquid Solid Vapor pressure above 1 atm. Verdet constant Viscosity -Aluminum chloride* -Anthracene* -Antimony pentachloride* -Antimony trichloride* -Antimony triiodide* -Arsenous iodide* -Benzene* -Carbon disulfide* -Chlorine* -Chloroform* -Ethyl acetate* -Ethyl benzoate* -Ethyl butyrate* -Ethyl ether* -Ethyl formate* -Ethyl propionate* -Hydrogen chloride* -Methyl butyrate* -Methyl formate* -Propyl formate* -Stannic bromide* -Stannic iodide Boiling point elevation -Sulfur Boiling point elevation Freezing point-solubility -Sulfur dioxide Freezing point-solubility -Xylene Distribution coefficients in water Stannic hydroxide Magnetic susceptibility Stannic iodide Density X-ray diffraction data -Antimony pentachloride* -Antimony trichloride* -Arsenous bromide* -Arsenous chloride* -Benzene* -Carbon disulfide* -Iodine* -Methylene iodide* -Phosphorus trichloride* -Stannic bromide* -Stannic chloride* -Sulfur Links 4.255 7.247 5.183 5.131 5.136 4.19 6.356 3.232 6.68 5.81 5.106 5.96 3.214 3.207 3.232 6.427 7.212 3.329 3.329 4.31 4.42 3.421 6.356 3.23 1.342 990 Index Terms Freezing point-solubility -Sulfur dioxide Freezing point solubility Stannic oxide Carbon monoxide, reaction with Compressibility Electrical conductivity Heat of formation Heat of transition Hydrogen, reaction with Magnetic susceptibility Photoelect ric current Refractive index Aqueous solution Specific heat Thermal expansion X-ray diffraction data See also Cassiterite. -Sea salt* Stannic sulfide Photoelectric current Specific heat Stanniol (alloy) Stannite , density Stannous bromide Ammines Decomposition pressure Heat of decomposition Heat of formation Heat of formation -Aluminum bromide* -Diethyl sulfide* -Pyridine* Stannous chloride Ammines Decomposition pressure Heat of decomposition Heat of formation Boiling point elevation in aqueous solution Density Aqueous solution Heat of formation Magnetic susceptibility Solubility in water Specific heat Surface tension Verdet constant Aqueous solution -Acetone* -Aluminum chloride* -Antimony trichloride* -Cadmium chloride* -Calcium chloride* -Cobaltous chloride* -Cuprous chloride* -Diethyl sulfide* -Ethyl acetate* -Ethyl alcohol* -Hydrogen chloride* -Lead chloride* -Magnesium chloride* -Manganous chloride* -Methyl acetate* -Potassium chloride* -Pyridine* -Sodium chloride* Links 4.31 4.42 7.247 3.50 6.153 5.183 5.183 7.247 6.356 6.69 7.20 7.70 5.96 3.43 1.342 6.69 5.96 2.384 1.130 7.247 7.247 5.183 5.183 7.247 7.247 5.183 3.325 3.23 3.63 5.183 6.356 4.219 5.96 4.442 6.426 6.427 4.442 991 Index Terms -Thallium monobromide Freezing point-solubility -Zinc chloride Freezing point-solubility Stannous hydroxide Heat of formation Stannous iodide Ammines Decomposition pressure Heat of decomposition Heat of formation Heat of formation Phototropy Solubility in water Stannous oxide Heat of formation Magnetic susceptibility Photoelectric current Reduction with carbon Thermoelectric power X-ray diffraction data -Hydrogen* Stannous sulfate Magnetic susceptibility Stannous sulfide Electrical conductivity Heat of formation Photoelectric current Specific heat -Antimony trisulfide* -Ferrous sulfide* -Lead sulfide* Starch Diffusion in water Heat of combustion Heat of swelling Heat of wetting Hydrolysis by enzymes Viscosity Stars Classification Densities Diameters Distribution Intrinsic brightness Masses Motions Moving clusters Physical properties Temperatures Velocities Statuary bronze Staurolite Density Refractive index Thermal conductivity Thermal expansion Steam Dielectric constant Superheated, pressure-volume relations Steam bronze Steam metal, mechanical properties Steam turbine oils, physical properties Links 4.49 4.49 5.183 7.247 7.247 5.183 5.183 7.167 4.219 5.183 6.356 6.69 7.247 6.224 1.342 6.356 6.148 5.183 6.69 5.96 5.71 5.167 5.143 5.143 7.154 2.221 1.384 1.385 1.385 1.385 1.386 1.384 1.389 1.390 1.384 1.385 1.390 2.384 1.138 1.138 5.231 3.43 6.78 3.436 2.384 2.570 2.158 2.475 2.476 1.172 7.22 2.567 2.559 992 Index Terms Stearic acid Absorption spectra Cryoscopic constant Diffusion in ethyl alcohol Electrical conductivity Esterification constant Heat of combustion Heat of fusion Melting point under pressure Rubber softener Specific heat Liquid Solid Viscosity, liquid -Acetone* -Amyl acetate* -Arachidic acid* -Benzene* -Carbon disulfide* -Carbon tetrachloride* -Chloroform* -Cholesterol* -Ethyl acetate* -Ethyl alcohol* -Ethyl chloroacetate* -Ethyl ether* -Hexane* -Isoamyl acetate* -Isoamyl alcohol* -Lauric acid* -Lignoceric acid* -Myristic acid* -Naphthalene* -Nitrobenzene* -Oleic acid* -Oleic acid*-Palmitic acid -Palmitic acid* -Palmitic acid*-Tripalmitin -Palmitic acid*-Tristearin -Propyl butyrate* -Quinoline* -Toluene Density -Tripalmitin Freezing point-solubility -Tripalmitin -Tristearin Freezing point-solubility -Tristearin Freezing point-solubility Stearin, rubber softener Stearine pitch. See Pitches. Stearolic acid Absorption spectra Heat of combustion Stearonitrile, “surface vapor pressure ” Steatite Bulk density Compressive strength Elasticity Hardness Impact hardness Shearing strength See also Soapstone. Steel Absorption, index of Acoustic resistivity Links 5.334 4.184 5.74 6.146 7.138 5.166 5.134 4.10 2.278 5.113 5.105 7.222 3.188 4.181 4.172 4.166 2.278 5.353 5.166 4.476 2.52 2.48 2.52 2.50 2.51 2.49 5.249 6.459 5.353 993 Index Terms Aircraft, British specifications Alloy, thermal expansion Automotive, British specifications Calorized, emission, spectral Carbon monoxide, permeability to Demagnetization by impact Electrical conductivity Heat treatment, effect of Emission, spectral Ettingshausen effect Heat of elastic extension Heat of plastic extension Joule effect Krupp, specific heat Invar, thermal expansion Kerr constant List of Magnet Magnetization by rotation Nernst effect Nitrogen, permeability to Oxidized, emission, spectral Refraction, index of Righi-Leduc effect Sound, transmission of, by Sound, velocity of, in Specific heat Spring, British specifications Stainless Endurance limits Thermal expansion Thermal conductivity Thermal expansion Thermoelectric power Valve, British specifications Viscosity Wiedemann effect X-ray diffraction data See also Names of various steels. Steel wool Density Thermal conductivity Stefan-Boltzmann constant Stefan's constant Steinmetz coefficient Stellerite Density Refractive index Stellite Compositions, typical Emission, spectral Hardness Thermal expansion Stephanite Density Photoconductivity Stephenson's alloy Steradian, definition Stercorite Density Refractive index Sterlin (alloy) Sterling metal Stereotype metal Links 2.387 2.472 2.387 5.244 5.76 6.441 6.174 6.200 5.253 6.419 5.147 5.147 6.440 5.119 2.471 6.435 2.390 6.385 6.347 6.420 5.76 5.244 5.249 6.421 6.459 6.459 5.118 2.388 2.600 2.471 5.220 2.466 6.222 2.388 5.8 6.441 1.349 2.313 2.313 1.34 1.18 6.370 1.145 1.145 2.384 2.593 5.254 2.593 2.468 6.421 6.465 2.603 5.221 2.470 5.9 2.356 5.237 1.34 1.41 1.169 2.468 2.593 1.124 6.66 2.384 1.41 1.151 1.151 2.384 2.384 2.384 2.606 1.168 2.480 2.556 994 Index Terms Sterro metal Stewartite Density Refractive index Stibene Density Gas Dielectric constant Heat of formation Solubility in organic liquids Solubility in water Stibiotantalite, refractive index Stibnite Compressibility Thermal conductivity Thermal expansion See also Antimony trisulfide. Stichtite Density Refractive index Stilbene Absorption spectra, ultra-violet Bromination, photochemical Cryoscopic constant Crystallography Heat of combustion Heat of fusion Magnetic susceptibility Photoconductivity Verdet constant -Aminoazobenzene* -Antimony tribromide* -Antimony trichloride* -Azobenzene* -Azonaphthalene* -Azotoluene* -Benzalaniline* -Benzil* -Benzylaniline* -Benzylideneaniline* -Cyclohexane* -Dibenzyl* -p-Dimethoxystilbene* -Hydrazobenzene* -Picric acid* -Quinoline* -Styphnic acid Freezing point-solubility -Tolane Freezing point-solubility -Toluene Boiling point elevation Stokesite Density Refractive index Stolzite Density Refractive index Stone bronze (alloy) Stoneware See also Porcelain, Whiteware. Stopping potential Strain, definition Links 2.384 2.556 1.127 1.127 1.172 3.23 3.3 6.76 5.180 3.263 3.259 7.22 3.50 5.231 3.44 1.142 1.142 5.350 7.165 4.184 1.333 5.164 5.134 6.363 6.66 6.431 1.166 5.378 7.169 4.122 4.163 3.346 1.144 1.144 1.134 1.134 2.384 2.65 6.61 1.42 1.171 1.168 2.556 995 Index Terms Straw Density Thermal conductivity Strengite Density Refractive index Strength properties, definitions Stress Conversion factors Definition Stromeyerite, density Strontianite. See Strontium carbonate. Strontium Ammine Decomposition pressure Heat of decomposition Boiling point Cathodoluminescence Compressibility Critical potentials Density Electrical conductivity Electrons freed by X-rays, energy of Emission spectra Heat of vaporization Isotopes Magnetic susceptibility Melting point Persistent lines Quantum numbers Spectral series Thermochemistry Vapor pressure X-ray absorption limits X-ray emission spectra X-ray series, limiting frequencies X-rays, absorption coefficient Zeeman effect -Arsenic* -Boron* -Mercury* Strontium acetate Density, aqueous solution Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Heat of formation Refractive index, aqueous solution Solubility in water Specific heat, aqueous solution Surface tension, aqueous solution Viscosity, aqueous solution -Acetic acid* -Ammonium sulfate* Strontium aluminum orthosilicate, melting point Strontium amide, heat of formation Strontium antimonyl tartrate Crystallography Refractive index Strontium arsenate , heat of formation Strontium benzoate, solubility in water Strontium bicarbonate Free energy of ionization Ionization constant Links 2.313 2.313 1.129 1.129 2.viii 1.172 1.24 1.42 1.124 7.297 7.297 1.102 5.390 3.49 6.72 1.105 1.105 6.4 5.314 1.102 1.47 6.356 1.105 5.324 5.408 5.405 5.197 3.205 6.38 6.37 6.35 6.13 5.420 3.75 6.241 4.258 5.198 7.72 4.231 5.123 4.465 5.15 3.205 2.456 6.136 6.137 7.72 6.246 6.254 4.85 5.197 1.322 1.146 5.198 4.232 7.299 7.299 1.168 6.138 996 Index Terms Strontium bromate Density, aqueous solution Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Strontium bromide Ammines Decomposition pressure Heat of decomposition Heat of formation Boiling point elevation in aqueous solution Compressibility Decomposition pressure of hydrate Density, aqueous solution Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Heat of formation Magnetic susceptibility Solubility in water Transference number Vapor pressure lowering in aqueous solution -Arsenous oxid e* -Ethyl alcohol* -Lead bromide* -Lead chloride* -Lithium bromide* -Mercuric bromide* -Potassium bromide* -Sodium bromide* -Strontium hydroxide Freezing point-solubility in water -Strontium nitrate Density, aqueous solution Freezing point-solubility in water Strontium d-camphorate -Camphoric acid* Strontium carbonate Carbonic acid, reaction with Compressibility Decomposition pressure Density Dielectric constant Emission, spectral Free energy of decomposition Heat of decomposition Heat of formation Magnetic susceptibility Melting point Reflectivity, selective Refractive index Residual rays Specific heat Transition temperature -Sodium chloride* -Sodium sulfate* -Strontium chloride Freezing point-solubility Strontium chlorate Density Aqueous solution Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Melting point Refractive index Aqueous solution Solubility in water Strontium chloride Absorption spectra, solutions Ammines Links 3.74 6.246 6.254 7.298 7.298 5.198 3.325 3.50 7.298 3.74 6.234 4.258 5.197 6.360 4.231 6.311 3.296 6.239 4.318 4.387 7.342 3.98 4.316 7.299 3.50 7.299 1.146 6.100 5.259 7.299 7.299 5.198 6.360 1.146 5.260 1.146 5.261 5.99 4.7 1.172 4.64 1.146 3.74 6.246 1.146 1.146 7.72 4.231 5.327 3.105 6.254 1.166 5.329 1.171 7.25 997 Index Terms Decomposition pressure Heat of decomposition Heat of formation Boiling point elevation in aqueous solution Compressibility Aqueous solution Concentration cells Density Aqueous solution Liquid Electrical conductivity Aqueous solution Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Heat of dilution with water Heat of formation Heat of fusion Hydrates Decomposition pressure Heat of decomposition Magnetic susceptibility Melting point Refractive index Aqueous solution Solubility in water Specific heat Aqueous solution Surface tension, aqueous solution Thermal conductivity, aqueous solution Transference number Transition temperature Vapor pressure, aqueous solution Vapor pressure lowering in aqueous solution Viscosity, aqueous solution X-ray diffraction data X-rays, absorption coefficient -Arsenous oxide* -Barium chloride* -Barium chloride*-Calcium chloride -Barium chloride*-Potassium chloride -Barium chloride*-Sodium chloride -Barium oxide* -Bismuth chloride* -Cadmium chloride* -Calcium chloride* -Calcium chloride*-Magnesium chloride-Sodium nitrate -Cupric chloride* -Ethyl alcohol* -Glycerol* -Glycocoll* -Hydriodic acid* -Hydrogen bromide* -Hydrogen chloride* -Lead bromide* -Lead chloride* -Lithium chloride* -Magnesium chloride* -Magnesium nitrate*-Potassium nitrate-Sodium chloride -Manganous chloride* -Mercuric chloride* -Nitric acid* -Potassium chloride* -Potassium chloride*-Sodium chloride -Potassium iodide* -Potassium nitrate* -Sodium chloride* -Sodium nitrate* -Strontium carbonate* Links 7.298 7.298 5.198 3.325 3.50 3.439 6.327 1.146 3.74 3.23 6.149 6.231 4.257 5.161 5.197 5.131 7.298 7.298 6.360 1.146 1.146 7.72 4.231 5.99 5.123 4.465 5.229 6.310 4.264 3.368 3.296 5.14 1.345 6.13 3.108 6.233 1.165 6.311 6.239 998 Index Terms -Strontium fluoride Freezing point-solubility -Strontium hydroxide Solubility in water -Strontium malate Solubility in water -Strontium nitrate Density, aqueous solution Freezing point-solubility -Strontium oxide Freezing point-solubility -Strontium phosphate Freezing point-solubility -Strontium sulfate Freezing point-solubility -Thallium monochloride Freezing point-solubility -Zinc chloride Freezing point-solubility Strontium chromate Reflectivity, selective Strontium cinnamate Solubility in water Strontium cyanide Heat of formation Strontium dichromate Refractive index Strontium dithionate Density Heat of formation Optical rotatory power Refractive index Solubility in water Vapor pressure lowering in aqueous solution -Ammonium dithionate* -Ethyl alcohol* -Lead dithionate* -Sodium dithionate* Strontium ethanedisulfonate Crystallography Density Strontium ethyl sulfate Crystallography Density Refractive index Strontium ferrocyanide Density, aqueous solution Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Osmotic pressure Strontium fluoride Band spectra Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Heat of formation Magnetic susceptibility X-ray diffraction data -Barium fluoride* -Strontium chloride* -Strontium phosphate Freezing point-solubility Strontium fluosilicate Decomposition pressure Strontium formate Crystallography Density Links 4.64 7.342 7.343 3.98 4.290 4.64 4.64 4.64 4.53 4.54 5.260 4.232 5.198 1.147 1.146 5.197 7.353 1.146 4.231 3.296 1.172 1.166 7.25 1.322 1.146 1.322 1.146 1.146 3.75 6.241 4.431 5.416 6.258 5.197 6.360 1.345 4.64 7.299 1.322 1.146 1.169 6.246 6.254 999 Index Terms Aqueous solution Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Heat of formation Melting point Optical rotatory power Refractive index Surface tension, aqueous solution Strontium hydride Heat of formation Strontium hydrogen arsenate Heat of formation Strontium hydrogen tartrate Pyroelectric constant Strontium hydrosulfide Heat of formation Solubility in water -Strontium hydroxide Solubility in water Strontium hydroxide Decomposition pressure Density Aqueous solution Diffusion in water Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Heat of decomposition Heat of formation Hydrates Decomposition pressure Heat of decomposition Refractive index Solubility in water -Phenol* -Strontium bromide* -Strontium chloride* -Strontium hydrosulfide* -Strontium iodide Freezing point-solubility in water -Strontium nitrate Density, aqueous solution Freezing point-solubility in water -Sucrose Freezing point-solubility in water Strontium iodide Ammines Decomposition pressure Heat of decomposition Heat of formation Density, aqueous solution Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Heat of formation Magnetic susceptibility Solubility in water Sulfur dioxide complexes Decomposition pressure Heat of decomposition Transference number -Hydrogen chloride* -Iodine*-Nitrobenzene -Mercuric iodide* -Potassium chloride* -Strontium hydroxide* Strontium malate Solubility in water Links 3.75 6.246 5.198 1.146 7.353 1.146 4.465 6.254 1.170 5.197 5.198 6.210 6.212 5.197 4.231 7.342 7.298 1.146 3.74 5.66 6.246 4.257 7.298 5.197 7.298 7.298 1.146 4.231 1.166 4.320 7.342 3.98 4.364 7.342 4.422 7.298 7.298 5.198 3.75 6.235 4.258 5.197 6.360 4.231 7.298 7.298 6.311 4.231 3.108 6.239 7.25 1000 Index Terms -Strontium chloride* Strontium manganate , electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Strontium metasilicate Density Melting point Refractive index -Calcium metasilicate* Strontium molybdate Refractive index Specific heat Strontium nitrate Absorption spectra, solutions Boiling point elevation in aqueous solution Density Aqueous solution Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Heat of dilution with water Heat of formation Melting point Reflectivity, selective Refractive index Aqueous solution Solubility in water Specific heat Aqueous solution Surface tension, aqueous solution Thermal conductivity, aqueous solution Vapor pressure, aqueous solution Vapor pressure lowering in aqueous solution Viscosity, aqueous solution X-ray diffraction data X-rays, absorption coefficient -Barium nitrate* -Barium nitrate*-Magnesium chloride -Ethyl alcohol* -Formamide* -Lead nitrate* -Magnesium nitrate*-Potassium chloride-Potassium nitrate -Potassium chloride* -Potassium nitrate* -Potassium nitrate*-Sodium nitrate -Sodium chlorid e* -Sodium nitrate* -Strontium bromide* -Strontium chloride* -Strontium hydroxide* Strontium nitride, heat of formation Strontium nitrite Density, aqueous solution Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Heat of formation Solubility in water Vapor pressure of aqueous solution -Silver nitrite* Strontium nitrotetronate Crystallography Density Refractive index Strontium orthosilicate Melting point Refractive index Strontium oxalate Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Heat of formation Links 6.246 1.146 1.146 1.146 4.84 1.165 7.26 3.105 6.238 3.108 6.240 7.26 5.99 5.329 3.326 1.146 3.75 6.231 4.258 5.162 5.197 1.146 5.260 1.146 7.72 4.231 5.99 5.123 4.465 5.229 3.368 3.296 5.14 1.345 6.13 1.165 5.197 3.105 4.258 5.197 4.231 3.368 1.322 1.146 1.146 4.84 7.26 6.257 5.198 1.171 1001 Index Terms Solubility in water -Acetic acid* Strontium oxide Band spectra Electrons, thermal emission of Heat of formation Magnetic susceptibility Melting point Photoelectric threshold Thermionic work function X-ray diffraction data -Barium chloride* -Boric oxide* -Calcium chloride* -Calcium oxide* -Carbon dioxide* -Silica* -Strontium chloride* Strontium perchlorate -Acetone* -Butyl alcohol* -Ethyl acetate* -Ethyl alcohol* -Isobutyl alcohol* -Methyl alcohol* -Propyl alcohol* Strontium peroxide , heat of formation Strontium phosphate Heat of formation Reflectivity, selective -Strontium chloride* -Strontium fluoride* Strontium platinocyanide Refractive index Strontium salicylate Density, aqueous solution -Ethyl alcohol* Strontium selenide Heat of formation X-ray diffraction data Strontium silicate Heat of formation Strontium succinate Solubility in water -Sodium succinate* Strontium sulfate Compressibility Density Dielectric constant Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Emission, spectral Heat of formation Magnetic susceptibility Melting point Reflectivity, selective Refractive index Specific heat Thermal expansion Transition temperature See also Celestite. -Ammonium acetate* -Calcium chloride* -Hydrogen chloride* -Lithium sulfate* -Magnesium chloride* Links 6.257 5.416 6.54 5.197 6.360 4.84 6.68 6.54 1.345 6.56 5.197 5.198 5.260 7.26 3.105 5.197 1.345 5.198 4.231 3.50 1.146 6.100 6.258 5.259 5.197 6.360 1.146 5.260 1.146 5.99 3.44 4.7 1.171 7.25 1002 Index Terms -Nitric acid* -Potassium chloride* -Potassium sulfate* -Sodium carbonate* -Sodium chloride* -Sodium sulfate* -Strontium chloride* Strontium sulfide Heat of formation Phototropy X-ray diffraction data Strontium tartrate Solubility in water -Acetic acid* Strontium thiosulfate -Lead thiosulfate* Structural steel Structures, wind pressure on Struts, air force on Struvite Density Refractive index Strychnine Absorption spectra Crystallography Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Heat of combustion Optical rotatory power -Ammonia* -Chloroform* -Ethyl alcohol* Strychnine nitrate -Ethyl alcohol* Strychnine sulfate Crystallography Optical rotatory power Strychnine sulfopropionate Solubility in water Strychnine d-tartrate -Strychnine l-tartrate Freezing point-solubility in water Stucco. See Magnesia concretes. Stuffing box alloy Stylotypite , density Styphnic acid Solubility in water -Acenaphthene* -Anthracene* -α-Benzylnaphthalene* -Bromonaphthalene (α-, β-)* -Camphor* -α-Chloronaphthalene* -Dibenzyl* -Diphenyl* -Diphenylmethane* -Fluorene* -Glycol diacetate* -Hydrogen chloride* -Naphthalene* -Nitric acid* -Nitroacenaphthene* -α-Nitronaphthalene* -Phenanthrene* Links 5.197 7.167 1.345 4.231 2.384 1.404 1.409 1.141 1.141 5.354 1.336 6.302 5.168 7.473 1.337 7.354 4.219 4.375 2.384 1.123 4.253 1.169 1003 Index Terms -Retene* -Stilbene* -1,3,5-Trinitrobenzene Freezing point-solubility -2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene Freezing point-solubility -2,4,6-Trinitro -m-xylene Freezing point-solubility -Triphenylmethane Freezing point-solubility Styracitol, optical rotatory power Styrene Absorption spectra Azeotropic mixtures Birefringence, magnetic Heat of combustion Magnetic susceptibility Refractive index Surface tension Viscosity Suberic acid Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Heat of combustion Solubility in water -Acetic acid* -Ethyl ether* -Hydrogen chloride* -Nitric acid* -Sulfuric acid Freezing point-solubility in water Suberone Absorption spectra, ultra-violet Viscosity Succinamide Density, aqueous solution Dielectric constant Heat of combustion Succinic acid Absorption spectra Boiling point elevation in aqueous solution Density, aqueous solution Diffusion in water Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Heat of combustion Heat of solution in water Magnetic susceptibility Refractive index Aqueous solution Solubility in water Specific heat Surface tension, aqueous solution Vapor pressure, aqueous solution Vapor pressure lowering in aqueous solution Viscosity, aqueous solution -Acetic acid* -Acetone* -Ammonium succinate* -Amyl alcohol* -Amyl ether* -Catechol* -Chloroform* -2,4-Dinitrophenol* -Ethyl alcohol* -Ethyl ether* -Formic acid* Links 4.118 4.121 4.122 4.122 7.389 5.343 3.321 7.111 5.163 6.362 7.42 4.437 7.219 3.322 4.457 6.288 5.165 4.253 4.398 5.369 7.219 3.114 6.87 5.167 5.337 3.327 3.112 5.70 6.266 4.262 5.165 5.148 6.361 7.29 7.68 4.251 5.102 4.468 3.365 3.293 5.21 5.375 3.114 4.253 7.68 1004 Index Terms -Glycerol* -Hydrogen bromide* -Hydrogen chloride* -Hydroquinol* -Lithium chloride* -Methyl alcohol* -Molybdenum trioxide* -Naphthol (α-, β-)* -Nitric acid* -Nitrophenol (m-, p-)* -Phenol* -Picric acid* -Potassium bromide* -Potassium chloride* -Potassium iodide* -Potassium succinate* -Pyridine* -Pyrogallol* -Resorcinol* -Sodium chloride* -Sodium succinate* -Sulfuric acid Freezing point-solubility in water Succinic anhydride Cryoscopic constant Heat of combustion Heat of fusion Hydration constant Magnetic susceptibility Succinimide Absorption spectra Boiling point elevation in aqueous solution Crystallography Dielectric constant, aqueous solution Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Heat of combustion Heat of solution in water Magnetic susceptibility Solubility in water -Catechol* -1,4-Dihydroxynaphthalene* -1,6-Dihydroxynaphthalene* -2,3-Dihydroxynaphthalene* -2,6-Dihydroxynaphthalene* -2,4-Dinitrophenol* -Ethyl alcohol* -Hydroquinol* -Naphthol (α-, β-)* -Nitrophenol (o-, m-, p-)* -Phenol* -Picric acid* -Pyrogallol* -Resorcinol* Succinonitrile Cryoscopic constant Density Electrical conductivity Heat of fusion Solubility in water Pressure, effect of Surface tension -Benzoic acid* -Chloroform* -Ethyl alcohol* -Ethyl ether* -Silver nitrate* Links 4.398 4.183 5.166 5.132 7.136 6.361 5.336 3.327 1.324 6.101 6.266 5.167 5.148 6.361 4.251 4.183 3.28 6.143 5.132 3.387 3.393 4.450 1005 Index Terms -Sodium chloride* Succinyl chloride Refractive index Surface tension Verdet constant Sucrose Absorption spectra Boiling point elevation in aqueous solution Clerget analysis Compressibility, aqueous solution Density Aqueous solution Dielectric constant Aqueous solution Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Freezing point-solubility in water Grating spaces of Heat of combustion Heat of dilution with water Heat of solution in water Hydrolysis Reaction velocity of Hydrolysis by enzymes Hydrolysis by invertase Inversion, kin etics of Magnetic susceptibility Optical rotation Osmotic pressure Refractive index Aqueous solution Solubility Aqueous acetone Aqueous ethyl alcohol Methyl alcohol Water Specific heat Aqueous solution Surface tension, aqueous solution Thermal conductivity Aqueous solution Vapor pressure, aqueous solution Vapor pressure lowering in aqueous solution Viscosity, aqueous solution -Acetone* -Ammonia* -Calcium hydroxide* -Calcium sulfate* -Ethyl alcohol* -Ethyl alcohol* -Water -Glucose* -Hydrogen chloride* -Hydrogen peroxide* -Levulose* -Lithium chloride* -Mercuric chloride* -Methyl acetate* -Methylamine* -Phthalic acid* -Potassium dihydrogen phosphate* -Potassium sulfate* -Pyridine* -Sodium bicarbonate* -Sodium chloride* -Sodium hydroxide* -Sodium iodide* -Sodium sulfate* Links 7.35 4.450 6.428 5.349 3.328 2.353 3.440 3.45 2.342 6.99 6.101 4.263 2.345 6.7 5.166 5.161 5.150 2.345 2.345 7.154 2.345 7.127 6.364 2.336 4.429 7.30 2.337 3.406 4.405 2.345 2.344 5.104 5.125 4.470 5.216 5.229 3.365 3.293 5.23 7.69 7.69 4.406 5.231 5.233 1006 Index Terms -Sodium tartrate* -Sodium tartrate*-Tartaric acid -Strontium hydroxide* Sucrose octoacetate Heat of combustion Sugar scale, international Sugar substitutes Relative sweetening power Sugar-house products Dry substance in Sugars Biochemical kinetics Commercial Derivatives Heat of combustion Heat of dilution Melting points Mutarotation Optical rotation Specific heat, aqueous solution Sweetening power Ureide formation, kinetics of Viscosity, aqueous solution Sugden's formula (surface tension) Suhler white copper Sulfanilic acid, solubility in water Sulfate ion, free energy Sulfide ion, free energy Sulfite ion, free energy Sulfobenzoic acids , electrical conductivity, aqueous solution o-Sulfobenzoic acid sym.-chloride -o-Sulfobenzoic acid asym.-chloride Freezing point-solubility m-Sulfobenzoic acid sym.-chloride -Benzenedisulfonyl chloride (m-, p-)* -p-Sulfobenzoic acid sym.-chloride Freezing point-solubility p-Sulfobenzoic acid sym.-chloride -Benzenedisulfonyl chloride (m-, p-)* Sulfoborite Density Refractive index Sulfonal -Benzene* -Isoamyl alcohol* -β-Naphthol* -β-Naphthol* -Phenyl salicylate -Phenyl salicylate* -Sulfur trioxide Boiling point elevation -Thionyl chloride Boiling point elevation Sulfonphthalein dyes Absorption spectra Indicators, use as Sulfur Absorption spectra, solutions Albedo Allotropic forms Band spectra Boiling point Compressibility Compton effect Links 5.167 2.335 1.357 2.342 7.154 2.334 2.353 5.166 5.161 2.353 2.334 2.353 5.125 1.357 7.128 5.23 4.434 2.384 4.252 7.236 7.236 7.236 6.280 4.144 4.178 1.142 1.142 1.170 3.328 3.329 7.188 1.86 5.327 5.262 4.11 5.415 1.53 3.46 6.18 1.102 3.325 1007 Index Terms Critical constants Critical potentials Density Liquid Solid Dielectric constant Electrical conductivity Liquid Solid X-rays, effect of Electrode potential Emission, spectral Emission spectra Entropy Free energy Dissociation Fusion Polymers Reaction with carbon monoxide Reaction with hydrogen Reaction with hydrogen iodide Reaction with sulfuric acid Reaction with water Transformation Vaporization Gamma rays, absorption coefficient Heat content Heat of dissociation Heat of formation of polymers Heat of fusion Heat of transformation Heat of vaporization Internal pressure Ionization, atomic Isotopes J-Phenomenon Magnetic susceptibility Melting point Melting point under pressure Orthobaric density Persistent lines Photoelectric threshold Pressure-volume relations for gas Quantum numbers Refractive index Liquid Solid Rubber, solubility in Rubber, vulcanization of, with Solubility in aqueous acetone Solubility in organic solvents Specific heat Gas Liquid Solid Spectral series Surface tension Thermal conductivity Thermal expansion Liquid Solid Thermochemistry Thermodynamic potential Transition temperature Transmission of radiant energy by vapor Vapor pressure Verdet constant Links 1.102 6.72 3.202 1.102 1.104 6.75 3.21 3.21 6.100 1.103 1.104 6.6 7.236 5.258 5.312 5.89 7.236 7.236 7.236 7.236 7.244 7.237 7.237 7.237 7.237 7.236 7.236 6.21 5.89 5.418 5.177 1.104 7.236 1.102 4.19 6.122 1.47 6.1 6.355 1.104 4.11 3.202 5.324 6.68 3.435 5.408 7.11 1.103 2.272 2.264 4.268 7.236 7.236 1.103 1.104 5.404 1.103 5.217 3.21 1.104 5.177 5.89 4.6 5.269 3.201 6.426 6.141 3.248 6.142 6.153 7.236 5.131 7.326 5.135 7.8 7.11 7.17 5.94 5.85 7.236 5.89 7.236 4.442 3.21 3.202 7.77 1008 Index Terms Viscosity, liquid Volume change on melting X-ray absorption limits X-ray crystal structure X-ray emission spectra X-ray series, limiting frequencies X-rays, absorption coefficient X-rays, scattering, modification by -Acetone* -Acetylene dichloride* -Allyl isothiocyanate* -Ammonia* -Amyl alcohol* -Aniline* -Anthraquinone* -Antimony* -Antimony trisulfide* -Arsenic* -Arsenous chloride* -Arsenous sulfide* -Benzene* -Bismuth* -Bismuth*-Tellurium -Bromine* -Bromoform* -Calcium sulfite* -Carbon*-Iron -Carbon*-Iron-Phosphorus -Carbon disulfide* -Carbon disulfide*-Iodine -Carbon disulfide*-Phosphorus -Carbon disulfide*-Selenium -Carbon monoxide* -Carbon tetrachloride* -Cesium* -Chlorine* -Chlorobenzene* -Chloroform* -Cobalt* -Copper* -Copper*-0xygen -p-Cresol* -p-Dichlorobenzene* -Di-(2-chloroethyl) sulfide* -Diphenyl* -Ethyl alcohol* -Ethyl bromide* -Ethyl ether* -Ethyl formate* -Ethylene bromide* -Ethylene chloride* -Fenchone* -Glycerol* -Heptane* -Hexane* -Hydrogen* -Hydrogen disulfide* -Iodine* -Iron* -Iron*-Phosphorus -Lead* -Mercuric bromide* -Mercuric chloride* -Methylene iodide* -Naphthalene* -α-Naphthoic acid* -β-Naphthol* Links 7.212 4.11 6.36 1.340 6.36 6.35 6.13 6.17 6.45 1009 Index Terms -Nickel* -Nitrobenzene* -Pentachloroethane* -Phenetole* -Phenol* -Phenyl isothiocyanate* -Phosphorus* -Quinoline* -Rubidium* -Selenium* -Selenium*-Tellurium -Selenium tetrachloride* -Silver* -Sodium* -Sodium sulfide* -Stannic chloride* -Stannic iodide* -Sulfur monochloride Boiling point elevation -Tellurium Boiling point elevation Equilibrium diagram Freezing point-solubility Specific heat -Tetrachloroethane Freezing point-solubility -Tetrachloroethylene Freezing point-solubility -Thallium Freezing point-solubility -Thiophenecarboxylic acid Freezing point lowering -Thymol Freezing point lowering -Tin Freezing point-solubility -Toluene Boiling point elevation Density Freezing point-solubility Solubility, mutual -Trichloroethylene Freezing point-solubility -m-Xylene Boiling point elevation Freezing point-solubility Sulfur dichloride Boiling point Density Heat of formation Melting point Refractive index -Chlorine* -Ethyl chloride* -Phosgene* -Sulfur dioxide Boiling point elevation Sulfur dioxide Absorption spectra Birefringence, electric Boiling point Critical point data Decomposition pressure of hydrate Density Aqueous solution Gas Links 3.328 3.325 2.441 4.24 5.121 4.35 4.34 4.25 4.38 4.38 4.25 3.346 3.132 4.35 3.394 4.35 3.346 4.36 1.107 1.107 5.178 1.107 1.107 1.162 1.165 3.328 5.330 7.110 1.107 3.236 7.236 3.55 3.3 1.162 3.248 3.16 3.213 3.328 1010 Index Terms Liquid Saturated vapor Dielectric constant Gas Liquid Dispersion formula Electrical conductivity Electrons, absorption of, by Free energy Reaction with carbon monoxide Reaction with chlorine Reaction with hydrogen Reaction with oxygen Solution Free energy in water Heat of adsorption on charcoal Heat of adsorption on meerschaum Heat of adsorption on silica gel Heat of formation Heat of vaporization Ionization by α-particles Ionization by β-particles Ionization by γ-rays Ionization by X-rays Ions, mobility of, in Ions, recombination of, in Magnetic susceptibility Melting point Orthobaric density Polarization of light scattered by liquid Refract ive index Gas Liquid Solubility in Aqueous solutions Copper, molten Copper alloys Non-aqueous liquids Sulfuric acid Water Sound, velocity of, in Specific heat Gas Liquid Solid Surface tension Thermal conductivity Thermal expansion Toxicology Transmission of radiant energy Vapor pressure Aqueous solution Liquid Solid Vapor pressure above 1 atm. Verdet constant Dispersion Viscosity Gas Liquid X-rays, absorption coefficient -Acetanilide* -Acetic acid* -Acetic anhydride* -Acetone* -Ammonium iodide* -Ammonium thiocyanate* Links 3.22 3.236 3.228 6.74 6.76 7.11 6.142 6.61 7.236 7.244 7.237 7.237 7.236 7.236 7.236 5.140 5.141 5.141 5.177 3.328 6.122 6.121 6.123 6.123 6.111 6.115 6.356 1.107 3.236 5.266 6.79 5.136 5.138 5.80 5.114 5.95 4.442 5.213 3.16 2.320 5.270 5.81 7.236 3.302 3.213 3.207 3.236 6.425 6.433 3.361 3.236 7.8 1.107 3.274 3.270 3.270 3.264 3.274 3.258 6.462 5.3 5.27 6.13 6.426 7.212 6.16 1011 Index Terms -Benzene* -Benzoic acid* -Benzoic anhydride* -Benzylammonium chloride* -Bromine* -Camphor* -Carbon dioxide* -Carbon disulfide* -Carbon tetrachloride* -Cetene* -Cetyl alcohol* -Chlorine* -Chlorine*-Sulfuryl chloride -Chloroform* -Copper* -Cupric oxide* -Cuprous oxide* -Cuprous sulfide* -Cyclohexane* -Cyclohexanone* -Dichlorobenzene* -Diethylammonium chloride* -Diisoamyl* -Dimethylammonium chloride* -Ethane* -Ethyl ether* -Ethylammonium chloride* -Heptane* -Hexane* -Hydrogen* -Hydrogen bromide* -Hydrogen chloride* -Isobutyl tartrate* -Lead* -Mercuric bromide* -Methyl alcohol* -Methyl chloride* -Methyl ether* -Methylammonium chloride* -Naphthalene* -β-Naphthol picrate* -Octane* -Potassium iodide* -Potassium thiocyanate* -Rubidium iodide* -Sodium iodide* -Stannic bromide* -Stannic chloride* -Stannic iodide* -Sulfur dichloride* -Sulfur monochloride Boiling point elevation -Sulfuric acid Density, aqueous solution -Sulfuryl chloride Freezing point-solubility -Tetraethylammonium iodide Boiling point elevation -Tetramethylammonium bromide Boiling point elevation -Tetramethylammonium chloride Boiling point elevation -Tetramethylammonium iodide Boiling point elevation -Titanium tetrachloride Freezing point-solubility -Toluene Links 3.328 3.96 4.42 3.328 3.328 3.328 3.328 4.42 1012 Index Terms Boiling point elevation Density Viscosity -Triethylammonium chloride Boiling point elevation -Trimethylammonium chloride Boiling point elevation -Trimethylsulfonium iodide Boiling point elevation -Triphenylmethane Boiling point elevation -Xylene Density Viscosity Sulfur hexafluoride , refractivity Sulfur monobromide Boiling point Density Heat of formation Melting point Refractive index -Bromine* Sulfur monochloride Boiling point Density Dielectric constant Heat of formation Heat of vaporization Internal pressure Melting point Refractive index Rubber, vulcanization of, with Specific heat Surface tension Vapor pressure Verdet constant -Anthracene* -Benzene* -Camphor* -Carbon tetrachloride* -Chlorine* -Ethyl chloride* -Phosgene* -Selenium* -Sulfur* -Sulfur dioxide* Sulfur pentoxydichloride Density Heat of formation Heat of vaporization -Chlorosulfonic acid* Sulfur trioxide Boiling point Critical point data Density, liquid Dielectric constant Free energy Formation Heat of formation Heat of fusion Heat of vaporization Magnetic susceptibility Melting point Orthobaric density Photochemical formation Refractivity of vapor Links 3.328 3.135 5.27 3.328 3.328 3.328 3.328 3.135 5.27 7.8 1.107 1.107 5.178 1.107 1.107 1.162 1.107 1.107 6.76 5.178 5.136 4.19 1.107 1.107 2.265 5.106 4.447 3.213 6.426 1.162 3.22 1.165 1.165 3.22 5.178 5.136 3.228 3.228 3.22 6.76 7.236 7.236 5.177 5.131 5.136 6.356 4.6 3.228 7.164 7.8 3.328 3.248 3.328 1013 Index Terms Surface tension Toxicology Transition temperature Vapor pressure Liquid Solid Vapor pressure above 1 atm. -Chromium trioxide* -Ferric sulfate* -Sulfonal* -Sulfuric acid Boiling point Boiling point elevation Density, aqueous solution -Trional Boiling point elevation Sulfuric acid Absorption spectra, solutions Activity coefficients Adsorption on wool Boiling point Boiling point elevation in aqueous solution Compressibility Concentration cells Cryoscopic constant Density Aqueous solution Dielectric constant Aqueous solution Diffusion in water Drying agent, value as Electrical conductivity Aqueous solution Emission, spectral Free energy Aqueous solutions Ionization Ions Reaction with sulfur Freezing mixtures, use in Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Fuming, vapor pressure, partial Heat capacity, partial molal Heat content, partial molal Heat of adiabatic expansion, aqueous solution Heat of formation Aqueous solution Heat of fusion Heat of vaporization Magnetic rotatory power Magnetic susceptibility Melting point Reflectivity, selective Refractive index Aqueous solution Dispersion Solubility in water Sound, velocity of, in Specific heat Aqueous solution Liquid Solid Surface tension, aqueous solution Thermal conductivity, aqueous solution Transference number Vapor pressure Aqueous solution Links 4.447 2.320 4.7 3.213 3.207 3.228 3.304 3.328 3.96 3.328 5.327 7.237 3.252 3.302 3.325 3.35 6.323 4.214 1.107 3.56 6.76 6.104 5.64 3.385 6.142 6.241 5.259 7.237 7.237 7.237 7.237 1.64 4.254 3.304 7.237 7.237 5.147 5.178 5.212 5.131 3.302 6.431 6.356 1.107 5.260 1.107 7.65 7.100 4.217 6.464 5.115 5.114 5.95 4.464 5.229 6.310 3.302 3.303 3.328 3.439 3.22 3.107 6.242 4.255 5.136 4.6 1.165 6.311 1014 Index Terms Vapor pressure lowering in aqueous solution Verdet constant Aqueous solution Liquid Viscosity Aqueous solution X-rays, absorption coefficient -Acetic acid* -Acetophenone* -Aluminum sulfate* -Ammonia* -Ammonium chloride* -Ammonium gallium sulfate*-Ethyl alcohol -Ammonium hydroxide* -Ammonium nitrate* -Ammonium sulfate* -Amyl alcohol* -Arsenous oxide* -Auric hydroxide* -Barium chloride* -Barium nitrate* -Barium sulfate* -Benzoic acid* -Benzoic anhydride* -Benzophenone* -Beryllium sulfate* -Boric oxide* -Cadmium sulfate* -Caffeine* -Calcium acetate*-Potassium sulfate -Calcium chloride* -Calcium chloride*-Potassium sulfate -Calcium nitrate* -Calcium nitrate*-Potassium sulfate -Calcium phosphate* -Calcium phosphate*-Potassium sulfate -Calcium sulfate* -Calcium sulfate*-Potassium sulfate -Ceric oxide* -Cerous oxalate* -Cerous sulfate* -Cesium gallium sulfate*-Ethyl alcohol -Chloroacetic acid* -α-Chlorocrotonic acid* -Chromic acid* -Citric acid* -Coumarin* -Cresol (o-, p-)* -Crotonic acid* -Cupric chloride* -Cupric hydroxide* -Cupric nitrate* -Cupric sulfate* -Cupric sulfate*-Sodium sulfate -Dimethyl sulfate* -2,5-Dimethylphenol* -3,4-Dimethylphenol* -Dimethylpyrone* -Dinitrobenzene* -Erbium oxalate* -Erbium sulfate* -Ethyl alcohol* -Ethyl alcohol* -Sodium sulfate -Ethyl ether* -Ferric oxide* -Ferric sulfate* -Ferrous oxide* Links 3.293 6.426 6.426 5.11 5.12 6.13 5.26 1015 Index Terms -Ferrous sulfate* -Gadolinium oxalate* -Gadolinium sulfate* -Glutaric acid* -Hydrogen chloride* -Hydrogen chloride*-Sodium sulfate -Iodic acid* -Lanthanum oxalate* -Lanthanum oxalate*-Lanthanum sulfate -Lanthanum oxalate*-Lanthanum sulfate-Oxalic acid -Lanthanum oxalate*-0xalic acid -Lanthanum sulfate* -Lanthanum sulfate*-0xalic acid -Lead sulfate* -Lithium sulfate* -Magnesium chloride* -Magnesium nitrate* -Magnesium sulfate* -Malic acid* -Malonic acid* -Mandelic acid* -Manganous oxalate* -Mercuric oxide* -Mercuric sulfate* -Mercurous sulfate* -Mercury* -Molybdenum trioxide* -Nitric acid* -Nitric acid*-Sodium sulfate -p-Nitrobenzaldehyde* -Nitrogen trioxide* -Nitroguanidine* -Nitrophenol (o-, m-, p-)* -Oxalic acid* -Persulfuric acid* -Phenanthraquinone* -Phenol* -Phenol* -Pyridine -Phenylacetic acid* -Potassium chloride* -Potassium dichromate* -Potassium hydrogen sulfate* -Potassium nitrate* -Potassium oxide* -Potassium pyrosulfate* -Potassium sulfate* -Radium sulfate* -Samarium oxalate* -Samarium sulfate* -Scandium oxalate* -Scandium sulfate* -Silver sulfate* -Sodium chloride* -Sodium hydroxide* -Sodium nitrate* -Sodium pyrosulfate* -Sodium sulfate* -Suberic acid* -Succinic acid* -Sulfur dioxide* -Sulfur trioxide* -Tartaric acid Freezing point-solubility in water -Thallium trioxide Freezing point-solubility in water -Thallous sulfate Solubility in water Links 4.398 4.336 7.322 4.337 4.389 1016 Index Terms -Thorium oxalate Freezing point-solubility in water -Thorium sulfate Freezing point-solubility in water -Thymol Freezing point-solubility -Toluic acid (o-, m -, p-) Freezing point-solubility -Trichloroacetic acid Freezing point-solubility -Trichlorolactic acid Freezing point-solubility in water -Trinitrotoluene Freezing point-solubility in water -Uranous sulfate Density, aqueous solution -Uranyl nitrate Density, aqueous solution -Uranyl sulfate Density, aqueous solution -Yttrium oxalate Freezing point-solubility in water -Zinc chloride Density, aqueous solution -Zinc sulfate Density, aqueous solution Freezing point-solubility -Zirconium oxide Density -Zirconium sulfate Freezing point-solubility in water Sulfurous acid Absorption spectra Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Free energy Ionization Ions Freezing point lowering in aqueous solution Heat of formation Ionization constants Solubility in water Sulfuryl bromide, vapor pressure Sulfuryl chloride Boiling point Decomposition, kinetics of Density Dielectric constant Electrical conductivity Free energy Formation Heat of formation Heat of vaporization Melting point Photochemical formation Refractive in dex Specific heat Gas Liquid Surface tension -Chlorine*-Sulfur dioxide -Diethyl malonate* -Dimethyl tartmte* -Sulfur dioxide* -Trional Boiling point elevation Links 4.335 7.318 7.319 5.327 6.241 7.237 7.237 7.237 4.261 5.178 7.237 4.217 3.213 5.330 6.242 6.260 1.107 7.116 1.107 6.76 6.142 7.237 7.237 5.178 5.136 1.107 7.164 1.107 1.162 3.328 4.336 4.189 4.189 4.188 4.398 4.398 3.96 3.96 3.96 4.335 3.96 3.96 4.43 3.133 4.336 5.81 5.106 4.447 3.329 3.22 1.165 1017 Index Terms Sulphohalite Density Refractive index Sun Brightness Characteristics Motion Solar system, position in Sun bronze Sunlight, spectra of Superbronze Superior alloy Electrical conductivity Surface brightness Conversion factors Surface energy Surface layers , properties of Surface resistivity Conversion factors Surface tension Age of surface, variation with Conversion factors Definition Elements Formulas Gas pressure, effect of Gelatins Glass Measurement, methods of Petroleum Soap solutions Susceptibility Definition Differential Magnetic Susini (alloy) Sutherland's constant Sutherland's formula (viscosity) Svabite Density Refractive index Svanbergite Density Refractive index Sweden, weights and measures Swedenborgite, refractive index Swedish iron Kerr constant Magnetic properties Sweetening agents Switzerland, weights and measures Syenite Bulk density Compressibility Compressive strength Elasticity Hardness Impact hardness Syepoorite Density See also Gobaltous sulfide. Links 1.150 1.150 5.247 1.392 1.389 1.387 2.384 5.380 2.384 1.165 2.574 2.556 6.196 1.26 4.432 4.475 1.27 4.474 1.25 1.42 1.103 4.434 4.475 2.225 2.96 4.435 2.146 5.449 1.42 6.370 6.354 2.384 5.1 5.1 1.143 1.143 1.147 1.147 1.12 7.27 6.435 6.374 1.357 1.12 2.53 3.51 2.47 2.52 2.50 2.51 1.130 2.534 1.167 1.167 6.376 2.600 1018 Index Terms Sylvestrene Absorption spectra Heat of combustion Optical rotatory power Refractive index Surface tension Sylveterpine, optical rotatory power Sylvite Spectral filter, use as See also Potassium chloride. Symbols, general list Symplesite Density Refractive index Syngenite Density Refractive index Synodical, definition Syria, weights and measures Szaibelyite Density Refractive index Szmikite Density Refractive index Szomolnokite, density T. metal Tachyhydrite Density Refractive index Tagilite Density Refractive index Takadiastase. See Maltase. Talc Compressibility Density Refractive index Specific heat Thermal conductivity See also Soapstone. Talitol, optical rotatory power Talmi gold Tamarugite Density Refract ive index α-Tanacetoneketocarboxylic acid Heat of combustion Tandem (alloy) Tannic acid Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Heat of solution in water Tanning materials Tannins Chemical properties Classification Diffusion in water Sources Synthetic Tantalum Absorption, index of Accommodation coefficient Links 5.346 5.164 7.410 7.52 4.460 7.412 5.273 1.16 1.129 1.129 1.158 1.158 1.42 1.12 1.142 1.142 1.127 1.127 1.128 2.384 1.172 1.169 1.167 1.171 2.464 1.146 1.146 1.166 1.122 1.122 1.173 3.51 1.142 1.142 5.99 5.217 1.171 7.388 2.384 2.556 1.153 1.153 1.168 5.166 2.384 2.557 6.300 5.150 2.243 2.240 2.239 5.71 2.243 2.241 5.250 5.53 7.28 2.542 1019 Index Terms Boiling point Brightness Brightness temperature Color temperature Compressibility Density Elastic properties Electrical conductivity Magnetic field, effect of Electrons, thermal emission of Emission, spectral Emission spectra Hall effect Magnetic susceptibility Nernst effect Persistent lines Photoelectric work function Refraction, index of Specific heat Tensile properties Thermal conductivity Thermal expansion Thermionic work funct ion Thermochemistry Thermoelectric properties Thomson coefficient X-ray absorption limits X-ray crystal structure X-ray emission spectra X-ray series, limiting frequencies -Carbon*-Iron -Carbon monoxide* -Nickel* -Silicon* Tantalum carbide , X-ray diffraction data Tantalum chloride , electrical conductivity Tantalum fluoride Vapor pressure -Hydrogen fluoride*-Potassium fluoride Tantalum lamps , temperature Tantalum nitride, decomposition pressure Tantalum pentoxide Dissociation temperature Heat of formation -Columbium oxide* Tantalum steels Tantiron Tar, wood, thermal conductivity Tar distillates, physical properties Tar oils Diesel motors, physical properties Distillates, physical properties Physical properties Tar pitches. See Pitches. Taramellite Density Refractive index Tarapacaite Density Melting point Refractive index See also Potassium chromate. Taraxasterol, optical rotatory power Links 1.102 5.246 5.245 5.246 3.47 2.456 2.594 6.129 6.422 6.54 5.254 5.315 6.416 6.356 6.420 5.324 6.57 5.250 5.94 2.592 5.220 2.462 6.54 5.193 6.214 6.228 6.41 1.340 6.41 6.35 3.49 6.134 6.55 5.221 6.56 1.343 6.148 3.214 5.247 7.288 4.84 5.193 2.531 2.384 5.228 2.171 2.159 2.157 2.157 2.473 2.160 1.148 1.148 1.173 1.157 1.157 1.157 1.172 7.464 1020 Index Terms Tarbuttite Density Refractive index Tamac (alloy) Electrical conductivity Tarpon paper. See Fish paper. Tars Classification Flash-points Physical properties Specific heat Thermal expansion Viscosity Tartar emetic Density Refractive index -Ethyl alcohol* Tartaric acid Absorption spectra Amides, optical rotatory power Boiling point elevation in aqueous solution Bromination, photochemical Crystallography Decomposition pressure of hydrate Density, aqueous solution Dielectric constant Diffusion in water Diffusion in methyl alcohol Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Heat of combustion Heat of formation Heat of solution in water Optical rotatory power Piezoelectric constant Pyroelectric constant Refractive index, aqueous solution Solubility in water Solution velocity in water Specific heat Aqueous solution Surface tension, aqueous solution Vapor pressure, aqueous solution Vapor pressure lowering in aqueous solution Viscosity, aqueous solution -Acetic acid* -Ammonium heptamolybdate* -Benzene* -Boric acid* -Calcium tartrate* -Carbon tetrachloride* -Ethyl alcohol* -Ethyl ether* -Glucose* -Hydrogen chloride* -Isoamyl alcohol* -Mercuric chloride* -Molybdenum trioxide* -Pyridine* -Sodium tartrate* -Sodium tartrate*-Sucrose -Sulfuric acid* d-Tartaric acid -l-Tartatic acid Freezing point-solubility Links 1.119 1.119 2.384 6.196 1.172 2.170 2.172 2.170 2.172 2.172 2.172 1.156 1.156 5.337 7.381 3.327 7.165 1.324 7.246 3.112 6.86 5.70 5.72 6.267 4.262 5.165 5.181 5.149 7.354 6.209 6.209 7.68 4.251 5.59 5.102 5.124 4.468 3.365 3.293 5.21 4.115 1.171 7.169 3.114 7.381 6.212 6.212 4.253 7.68 1021 Index Terms Tartaric ditoluide -Pyridine* Tartronic acid Decomposition, kinetics of Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Heat of combustion Heat of solution in water Taurine, heat of combustion Tautomerism, kinetics of Taxicatin, optical rotatory power Taylor iron, magnetic properties Taylor white (alloy) Taylorite , refractive index Teak wood Density Thermal conductivity Teallite, density Tegit Dielectric strength Electrical conductivity Strength properties Telegraph bronze Telephone receivers Telluric acid Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Heat of formation Ionization constants Magnetic susceptibility Solubility in water Tellurine. See Diatomaceous earth. Tellurite Density Refractive index See also Tellurium dioxide. Tellurium Absorption, index of Band spectra Boiling point Compressibility Density Electrical conductivity Low temperature Magnetic field, effect of Electrode potential Emission, spectral Emission spectra Ettingshausen effect Hall effect Heat of dissociation Heat of fusion Heat of transformation Heat of vaporization Isotopes Magnetic susceptibility Magneton number Melting point Nernst effect Persistent lines Quantum numbers Refractive index Gas Righi-Leduc effect Links 7.122 6.264 5.165 5.148 5.169 7.119 7.392 6.376 2.384 1.155 1.168 2.314 2.314 1.117 2.310 2.310 2.311 2.385 6.455 2.561 6.260 4.255 5.178 7.238 6.356 4.217 1.107 1.107 5.250 5.416 1.102 3.49 1.105 1.105 6.129 6.422 7.238 5.254 5.315 6.420 6.416 5.418 1.105 2.458 1.102 1.47 6.356 6.346 1.105 6.420 5.324 5.408 5.250 7.8 6.421 1.174 3.22 6.141 6.134 5.257 6.418 5.131 7.19 1022 Index Terms Specific heat Spectral series Thermal conductivity Crystals Magnetic field, effect of Thermal expansion Thermochemistry Thermoelectric properties Vapor pressure X-ray absorption limits X-ray crystal structure X-ray emission spectra X-ray series, limiting frequencies -Alumin um* -Antimony* -Arsenic* -Bismuth* -Bismuth*-Sulfur -Bromine* -Cadmium* -Chlorine* -Copper* -Gold* -Iodine* -Lead* -Mercury* -Nickel* -Selenium* -Selenium*-Sulfur -Silver* -Sodium* -Sulfur* -Thallium Freezing point-solubility -Tin Electrical conductivity Freezing point-solubility Magnetic susceptibility Specific heat Thermoelectric properties -Zinc Equilibrium diagram Freezing point-solubility Tellurium dichloride Electrical conductivity -Ethyl ether* Tellurium dioxide Heat of formation Magnetic susceptibility Reaction with hydrogen ion Solubility in hydrochloric acid Sublimation temperature See also Tellurite. -Hydrogen chloride* Tellurium hexafluoride, refractivity Tellurium sulfite, heat of formation Tellurium tetrabromide Heat of formation Tellurium tetrachloride Electrical conductivity Heat of formation Tellurium trioxide Heat of formation Tellurous acid Density, aqueous solution Links 1.105 5.405 5.220 5.231 6.424 1.105 5.178 6.214 3.202 6.38 1.341 6.38 6.35 5.94 3.22 6.45 4.28 6.195 4.28 6.365 5.121 6.221 2.441 4.28 6.147 5.178 6.356 7.238 7.238 1.107 7.8 5.178 5.178 6.147 5.178 5.178 3.55 1.162 1023 Index Terms Free energy of formation Ionization constants Magnetic susceptibility Reaction with hydrogen ion Temperature Body effects Brightness Brightness versus true Color Constant, laboratory methods for Conversion factors Fixed points for measuring Inversion Low, maintaining Maximum, production of Radiation, total Stellar Thermodynamic scale Thermometric scales Virtual Temperature scales Fixed points for Leiden Tempering, volume change on Tenax metal Tennantite Density Refractive index Tenorite Density Refractive index See also Cupric oxide. Tensile energy Tensile strength Definition Fibers, textile Glass Liquids Metals Silica Woods Tensilite (alloy) Tension, conversion factors Tephroite Density Melting point Refractive index See also Manganese orthosilicate. Teraconic acid Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Heat of combustion Terbium Cathodoluminescence Emission spectra Persistent lines X-ray absorption limits X-ray emission spectra X-ray series, limiting frequencies Terbium bromate, solubility in water Terebene, surface tension Terebenthene, specific heat, gas Terebic acid Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Links 7.238 7.238 6.356 7.238 2.325 1.59 1.60 5.246 1.61 1.21 1.53 5.146 1.61 1.67 5.246 1.385 1.52 1.52 1.71 5.245 1.52 1.53 1.54 2.477 2.385 2.546 1.123 1.123 1.166 1.121 1.121 1.174 4.434 2.viii 2.231 2.93 4.434 2.358 4.22 2.1 2.385 1.24 1.128 1.128 1.128 6.282 5.165 5.388 5.315 5.324 6.40 6.40 6.35 4.228 4.460 5.81 6.282 2.556 1.173 1024 Index Terms Heat of combustion Terecamphene, heat of combustion Terephthalic acid Absorption spectra Heat of combustion Teresantalol, optical rotatory power Terlinguaite Density Refractive index Terne metal Terpene, magnetic susceptibility Terpine hydrate Heat of combustion Refractive index -Methyl alcohol* Terpine hydrochloride -Benzene* Terpinene Absorption spectra Dielectric constant Electrical conductivity Heat of combustion δ-1,5-Terpinene, azeotropic mixtures Terpineol Absorption spectra Dielectric constant Electrical conductivity Heat of combustion Magnetic susceptibility Terra cotta bodies Terrestrial data Terrestrial magnetism Tetmajer aluminum bronze Tetraamylammonium iodide -Acetone* -Dichloromethane* -Methyl acetate* Tetrabromoacetylene, cryoscopic constant 1,1,1,2-Tetrabromoethane Refractive index 1,1,2,2-Tetrabromoethane Birefringence, electric Density Dielectric constant Diffusion in organic liquids Magnetic susceptibility Refractive index Surface tension -Acetone* -Benzene* -Nitrogen tetroxide* -Tetrachloroethane Density -Vinyl tribromide Density Tetrabromoethylene, magnetic susceptibility Tetrabromophenolphthalein Absorption spectra -Acetone* Tetrabutyltin, magnetic susceptibility Tetrachloroacetylene, heat of wetting by Tetrachlorobenzene, diffusion in methyl alcohol Links 5.166 5.164 5.342 5.165 7.434 1.121 1.121 2.385 6.364 1.174 5.164 7.30 5.346 6.95 6.144 5.164 3.322 5.333 6.95 6.144 5.164 6.363 2.66 1.392 6.445 2.385 1.393 4.183 7.34 7.110 3.28 6.84 5.75 6.361 7.34 4.436 3.153 3.153 6.361 5.353 6.356 5.142 5.72 4.448 1025 Index Terms 3,4, 3', 4'-Tetrachlorobenzophenone Surface tension 2,4, 2', 4'-Tetrachlorobenzophenone dichloride , surface tension 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloro-1,2-diphenylethane Transition temperature 1,1,1,2-Tetrachloroethane Boiling point Refractive index Vapor pressure 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane Absorption spectra Azeotropic mixtures Birefringence Boiling point Density Dielectric constant Heat of vaporization Magnetic susceptibility Specific heat Surface tension Vapor pressure Viscosity -Acetone* -Acetophenone* -Anthracene* -Anthraquinone* -Antimony trichloride* -Bromine* -Carbazole* -Carbon tetrachloride* -Diethyl tartrate* -Ethyl ether* -Iodine* -Isobutyl diacetyl-d-tartrate* -Lsobutyl tartrate* -Methyl l-α-acetoxypropionate* -Methyl lactate* -Methyl l-α-methoxypropionate* -Naphthalene* -Nitrobenzene* -Phenanthrene* -Phenetole* -Phenol* -Sulfur* -Tetrabromoethane* Tetrachloroethylene Absorption spectra Azeotropic mixtures Birefringence, electric Boiling point Compressibility Density Dielectric constant Heat of vaporization Magnetic susceptibility Specific heat Liquid Solid Surface tension Thermal conductivity Vapor pressure Viscosity -Acetone* -Acetophenone* -Carbon tetrachloride* -Iodine* Links 4.461 4.461 4.8 3.216 7.34 3.216 5.331 3.319 7.110 3.216 3.28 6.84 5.136 6.361 5.107 4.448 3.216 5.31 5.335 5.331 3.319 7.110 3.216 3.35 3.28 6.83 5.136 6.361 5.335 5.107 5.101 4.436 5.228 3.216 5.31 7.213 4.448 7.213 1026 Index Terms -Phenol* -Sulfur* Tetrachlorohydroquinol Heat of combustion Tetrachloroquinone Absorption spectra Heat of combustion Tetrachloroxylene (o-, p-) Heat of fusion Tetracosanic acid -Lignoceric acid* Tetradecane Compressibility Density Specific heat Viscosity Tetradecyl alcohol “Surface vapor pressure ” Tetradecylene, specific heat Tetradymite Density Thermal conductivity Tetraethoxy orthosilicate Heat of formation Tetraethoxysilicane Dielectric constant Electrical conductivity Heat of vaporization Magnetic susceptibility Tetraethyl α-amylene-1,1,3,3-tetracarboxylate, dielectric constant Tetraethyl cyclopropane-1,1,2,2-tetracarboxylate, surface tension Tetraethyl fe rrocyanide, freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Tetraethyl hexane-1-phenyl-2,2,4,-tetracarboxylate, dielectric constant Tetraethyl pentane-1,5-diphenyl-2,2,4,4-tetracarboxylate, dielectric constant Tetraethyl pentane-1,1,3,3-tetracarboxylate, dielectric constant Tetraethyl pentane-2,2,4,4-tetracarboxylate, dielectric constant Tetraethyl propane-1,1,3,3-tetracarboxylate, dielectric constant Tetraethyl propane-1,2,2,3-tetracarboxylate, dielectric constant Tetraethyl propylene-1,1,3,3-tetracarboxylate , dielectric constant Tetraethylammonium bromide Boiling point elevation in aqueous solution Viscosity, aqueous solution -Acetic acid* -Chloroform* -1,1-Dichloroethane* -Dichloromethane* -Ethyl alcohol* -Isoamyl alcohol* Tetraethylammonium chloride Boiling point elevation in aqueous solution Density, aqueous solution Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Surface tension, aqueous solution Viscosity, aqueous solution -Chloroform* -Dichloromethane* -Ethyl alcohol* -Isoamyl alcohol* Tetraethylammonium iodide Boiling point elevation in aqueous solution Links 5.169 5.338 5.169 5.133 3.37 3.30 5.313 7.221 4.476 5.113 1.111 5.231 5.182 6.94 6.142 5.136 6.357 6.96 4.462 4.261 6.97 6.97 6.96 6.96 6.96 6.96 6.96 3.327 5.13 3.327 3.62 6.231 4.470 5.13 3.327 3.112 6.232 3.114 1027 Index Terms Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Solubility in water -Acetone* -Acetonitrile* -Acetophenone* -Acetylacetone* -Amyl alcohol* -Benzonitrile* -Benzyl cyanide* -Bromobenzene* -Dimethyl malonate* -Dimethylnitrosoamine* -Epichlorohydrin* -Ethyl alcohol* -Ethyl alcohol* -Formamide -Ethyl benzoylacetate* -Ethyl cyanoacetate* -Ethyl thiocyanate* -Ethyl nitrite* -Formamide* -Furfural* -Glycol* -Isoamyl alcohol* -Methyl alcohol* -Methyl cyanoacetate* -Methyl formate* -Methyl thiocyanate* -Nitrobenzene* -Nitromethane* -Par aldehyde* -Propionitrile* -Pyridine* -Sulfur dioxide* Tetraethylammonium naphthalene-β-sulfonate Dielectric constant, aqueous solution Tetraethylammonium nitrate -Chloroform* -Dichloromethane* Tetraethylammonium picrate , electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Links 6.235 4.219 6.101 6.243 Tetraethylgermanium Boiling point Density Melting point Refractive index Tetraethyllead Boiling point Density Refractive index Tetraethylmethane, surface tension Tetraethylphenylenediamine (o-, m -, p-) -Quinoline* Tetraethylsilicon Boiling point Density Refractive index Tetraethylsuccinic acid Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Heat of combustion Tetraethylsuccinic anhydride Heat of combustion Tetraethyltin Boiling point Density 1.114 1.114 1.114 1.114 1.163 1.116 1.116 1.116 4.459 1.163 1.113 1.113 1.113 1.163 1.165 1.165 1.173 6.300 5.166 5.166 1.114 1.114 1.163 1028 Index Terms Magnetic susceptibility Refractive index Tetrahedrite Thermal expansion Tetrahydrobenzene Refractive index -Antimony tribromide* -Antimony trichloride* Tetrahydrobenzoic acids Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Heat of combustion Tetrahydronaphthalene Boiling point Heat of combustion Specific heat Vapor pressure Viscosity See also Tetralin. -Acetone* -Anthracene* -Benzene* -Butyl alcohol* -Carbon tetrachloride* -Chloroform* -1,1-Dichloroethane* -Ethyl acetate* -Ethyl alcohol* -Ethyl ether* -Hexane* -Methyl alcohol* -Trichloroethylene Vapor pressure 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydronaphthalenediols Heat of combustion cis-Tetrahydronaphthalene-1,2-diol -Boric acid* Tetrahydronaphthoic acids Electrical conductivity, aqueous solutions Optical rotatory power Tetrahydro-β-naphthol Absorption spectra -Acetone* -Ethyl alcohol* ac-Tetrahydro-2-naphthol derivatives Optical rotatory power Tetrahydronaphthylamine Optical rotatory power Refractive index Verdet constant Viscosity Tetrahydrophthalic acids , electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Tetrahydroquinaldine Heat of combustion Optical rotatory power Tetrahydroquinoline Birefringence, magnetic Magnetic susceptibility Refractive index Verdet constant Viscosity Tetrahydropyrrole, viscosity Tetrahydroterephthalic acids Heat of combustion Links 6.356 1.114 1.165 7.62 5.41 7.220 3.44 7.39 6.282 5.165 3.347 5.163 5.112 3.226 5.38 3.287 5.164 6.297 7.406 5.346 7.405 7.406 7.51 6.430 7.220 6.286 5.168 7.407 7.111 6.363 7.47 6.430 7.220 7.215 5.165 6.287 1029 Index Terms Tetrahydro-α-thiophenecarboxylic acid Heat of combustion Tetraiodoethylene Magnetic susceptibility Tetraiodopyrrole Magnetic susceptibility Tetraisoamylammonium iodide Surface tension -Chloroform* Tetralin Flash point See also Tetrahydronaphthalene. -Acetic acid* --1,4-Dichloronaphthalene* -Iodine* -Mercuric chloride* -α-Naphthylamine* -Picric acid* Tetramethoxysilicon Boiling point Density Dielectric constant Electrical conductivity Refractive index Heat of vaporization Tetramethyl glucose, electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Tetramethylammonium acetate Density, aqueous solution Tetramethylammonium bromide Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution -Sulfur dioxide* Tetramethylammonium chloride Density, aqueous solution Specific heat, aqueous solution Surface tension, aqueous solution Vapor pressure Vapor pressure lowering in aqueous solution Viscosity, aqueous solution -Formamide* -Sulfur dioxide* α-Tetramethylammonium ferrocvanide Osmotic pressure Tetramethylammonium hydroxide Density, aqueous solution Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Viscosity, aqueous solution Tetramethylammonium iodide Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Solubility in water Vapor pressure Viscosity, aqueous solution -Ammonia* -Ammonium hydroxide* -Ethyl alcohol* -Glycol* -Iodine* -Iodine*-Nitrobenzene -Methyl alcohol* -Nitromethane* -Potassium hydroxide* -Salicylaldehyde* -Sulfur dioxide* Tetramethylammonium nitrate Density, aqueous solution Links 5.169 6.361 6.361 4.462 2.161 1.113 1.113 6.88 6.142 1.113 5.136 6.297 1.163 1.165 3.62 6.231 6.234 3.62 5.125 4.468 3.209 3.293 5.13 3.114 7.246 4.431 3.114 6.268 5.13 6.235 4.219 3.209 5.13 3.62 5.20 7.246 1030 Index Terms Tetramethylammonium perchlorate Transition temperature Tetramethylammonium sulfate Specific heat, aqueous solution Tetramethylammonium trichloroacetate Specific heat, aqueous solution Tetramethylarsonium hydroxide Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution 1,2,4,5-Tetramethylbenzene Crystallography Heat of combustion Surface tension Tetramethylbenzoic acids , electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Tetramethylbutenediol Heat of combustion Tetramethylbutindiol Heat of combustion Tetramethyldiaminobenzhydrol -Benzene* Tetramethyldiaminobenzophenone -Dimethylaniline* Tetramethyldiaminodiphenylmethane Heat of solution in water Tetramethylenecarboxylic acid Heat of combustion Tetramethylenedicarboxylic acids Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Heat of combustion Tetramethylglucose, optical rotatory power Tetramethylketotetrahydrofurfurane Magnetic susceptibility Tetramethyllead Boiling point Density Melting point Refractive index Tetramethylmethane, heat of combustion Tetramethylphosphonium acetate Density, aqueous solution Tetramethylphosphonium chloride Density, aqueous solution Tetramethylphosphonium hydroxide Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Tetramethylphosphonium nitrate Density, aqueous solution Tetramethylstibonium hydroxide Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Tetramethylsuccinic acid Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Heat of combustion -Ethyl ether* Tetramethylsuccinic anhydride Heat of combustion Tetramethyltin Boiling point Density Magnetic susceptibility Refractive index Tetramethyluric acid Crystallography Refractive index Links 4.8 5.125 5.125 6.268 1.330 5.163 4.460 6.298 5.164 5.164 5.150 5.165 6.274 5.165 7.390 6.363 1.116 1.116 1.116 1.116 5.163 1.163 1.165 3.63 3.63 6.268 3.63 6.268 6.288 5.165 5.166 1.114 1.114 6.356 1.114 1.329 7.30 1.163 1.165 1031 Index Terms Tetranitroaniline Crystallography Explosives, properties as -Glycol diacetate* Tetranitroanisole Explosive, properties as Tetranitromethane Absorption spectra Birefringence Boiling point Dielectric constant Magnetic susceptibility Refractive index Vapor pressure Tetraphenylcacodyl -Benzene* Tetraphenyldiarsine, electrical conductivity Tetraphenylethane Absorption spectra -Nitrobenzene* Tetraphenylethylene -Silicon tetraphenyl* Tetraphenylmethane, heat of combustion Tetraphenyltin Density -Lead tetraphenyl* -Mercury tetraphenyl* -Silicon tetraphenyl* -Triphenylstibine Freezing point-solubility Tetrapropoxysilicon Boiling point Density Refractive index Tetrapropylammonium bromide -Chloroform* Tetrapropylammonium chloride Density Aqueous solution Surface tension, aqueous solution Viscosity, aqueous solution -Chloroform* Tetrapropylammonium iodide Absorption spectra Boiling point elevation in aqueous solution Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Viscosity, aqueous solution -Acetone* -Acetonitrile* -Anisaldehyde* -Anthracene*-Chloroform -Benzaldehyde* -Benzonitrile* -Chloroform* -Chloroform*-Diethylammonium chloride -1,1-Dichloroethane* -Dichloromethane* -Dimethyl malonat* -Ethyl acetate* -Ethyl alcohol* -Ethyl bromide* -Ethyl nitrite* -Isoamyl alcohol* -Methyl alcohol* Links 1.325 7.490 7.490 5.334 7.110 3.215 6.83 6.361 7.34 3.215 6.146 5.355 5.164 3.44 4.198 1.113 1.113 1.113 1.163 1.173 3.45 3.62 4.470 5.13 5.349 3.328 6.231 5.13 6.235 1032 Index Terms -Nitrobenzene* -Nitromethane* -Propionitrile* Tetrapropylammonium nitrate Boiling point elevation in aqueous solution -Acetone* -Acetonitrile* -Chloroform* -Dichloromethane* -Ethyl alcohol* -Isoamyl alcohol* Tetrapropylammonium picrate -Chloroform* -Methyl acetate* Tetrathionic acid Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Heat of formation Tetrazole, electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Tetrolic acetal Magnetic susceptibility Tetrolic acid Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Heat of combustion Tetryl Detonation velocity Explosive, properties as Heat of combustion Heat of explosion Solubility in water Specific heat -Carbon disulfide* -Carbon tetrachloride* -Chloroform* -Ethyl alcohol* -Ethyl ether* -Glycol diacetate* -Nitroaniline (m-, p-)* -p-Nitrotoluene* -Picric acid* -1, 3,5-Trinitrobenzene Freezing point-solubility -2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene Freezing point-solubility Textile fibers Electrical properties Hygroscopicity Insulating properties Thermal radiations from Thalenite Density Refractive index Thallic bromide , heat of formation Thallic chloride , heat of formation Thallic chlorodibromide Heat of formation Thallic hydroxide , heat of formation Thallic oxide X-ray diffraction data Thallic sulfate Ammine Decomposition pressure Heat of decomposition Links 3.328 6.242 5.178 6.261 6.363 6.265 5.165 7.493 7.490 5.168 7.490 4.252 5.104 4.175 4.146 2.231 2.310 2.323 2.312 5.244 1.138 1.138 5.184 5.184 5.184 5.184 1.342 7.252 7.252 1.172 1033 Index Terms Thallium Activity in amalgams Boiling point Cathodoluminescence Compressibility Critical potentials Density Gas Liquid Solid Electrical conductivity Liquid Solid Low temperature Electrode potential Emission spectra Entropy Fluorescence of vapors Free energy Allotropic forms Amalgamation Fusion Hall effect Heat content Heat of fusion Heat of transition Heat of vaporization Magnetic susceptibility Magneton number Melting point Nernst effect Persistent lines Quantum numbers Specific heat Spectral series Thermal conductivity Thermal expansion Liquid Solid Thermochemistry Thermodynamic potential Thermoelectric properties Vapor pressure Volume change on fusion X-ray absorption limits X-ray crystal structure X-ray emission spectra X-ray series, limiting frequencies Zeeman effect -Antimony* -Arsenic* -Bismuth* -Cadmium* -Calcium* -Copper* -Gold* -Indium* -Lead* -Magnesium* -Manganese* -Mercury* -Nickel* -Platinum* -Potassium* -Selenium* -Silver* -Sodium* Links 7.251 1.102 5.390 3.47 6.72 1.102 1.102 1.105 1.103 1.105 6.129 6.320 5.317 5.89 5.391 7.251 7.251 7.251 6.416 5.89 1.105 5.184 1.102 6.356 6.346 1.105 6.420 5.324 5.408 1.105 5.405 5.220 1.102 1.106 5.184 5.89 6.214 3.205 2.474 6.42 1.341 6.42 6.35 5.420 3.205 3.49 2.463 2.456 6.136 6.134 7.251 6.137 2.458 7.251 5.86 5.89 5.221 2.463 2.462 6.225 6.140 5.94 1034 Index Terms -Sulfur* -Tellurium* -Tin Electrical conductivity Equilibrium diagram Thermal conductivity Thermal expansion -Zinc Equilibrium diagram Thallium acetate Density, aqueous solution Heat of formation -Thallous nitrate Density Thallium amalgams Partial vapor pressure Specific heat -Mercurous chloride* -Silver chloride* Thallium bromate Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Solubility in water Thiocyanate ion, reaction with -Thallium monochloride Solubility in water -Thallium thiocyanate Solubility in water Thallium carbonate Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Solubility in water Thallium chlorate Density, aqueous solution Electrical conductivity, aqueous so lution Solubility in water Sulfate ion, reaction with -Potassium chlorate* -Thallium monochloride Solubility in water -Thallous sulfate Freezing point-solubility in water Thallium cyanate, heat of formation Thallium cyanide -Potassium cyanide* Thallium dihydrogen arsenate , electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Thallium dihydrogen phosphate, electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Thallium dithionate , electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Thallium ethylate Heat of formation Heat of fusion Thallium hydrogen arsenate, electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Thallium hydrogen oxalate Crystallography Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Thallium hydrogen sulfate Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Thallium hydrogen tartrate, electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Thallium iodate Electrical conductivity Aqueous solution Solubility in water Links 6.196 2.416 5.226 2.474 2.441 3.64 5.184 3.134 3.284 7.251 6.243 4.220 7.252 6.257 6.257 7.319 7.322 7.322 6.244 4.221 3.64 6.243 4.220 7.252 7.319 4.313 5.184 7.321 6.244 6.244 6.243 5.184 5.131 6.244 1.320 4.255 6.244 4.255 6.241 6.243 6.257 6.257 6.244 7.322 1035 Index Terms Thallium malate -Hydrogen chloride* Thallium monobromide Ammine Decomposition pressure Heat of decomposition Heat of formation Compressibility Dielectric constant Electrical conductivity Aqueous solution Free energy Ionization Heat of formation Heat of fusion Photoconductivity Residual rays Solubility in water Solution velocity in water Specific heat Liquid Solid Thermal conductivity Vapor pressure X-ray diffraction data -Aluminum bromide* -Mercuric bromide* -Stannous chloride* -Thallium monochloride Freezing point-solubility -Thallium monoiodide Freezin g point-solubility -Thallous nitrate Solubility in water Thallium monochloride Ammines Decomposition pressure Heat of decomposition Heat of formation Boiling point elevation in aqueous solution Bromate ion, reaction with Bromide ion, reaction with Compressibility Density, aqueous solution Dielectric constant Electrical conductivity Aqueous solution Entropy Free energy Ionization Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Heat content Heat of formation Heat of fusion Ionization constant Magnetic susceptibility Photoconductivity Residual rays Solubility in water Solution velocity in water Specific heat Liquid Solid Thermal conductivity Thermodynamic potential Thiocyanate ion, reaction with Links 7.252 7.252 5.184 3.50 6.76 6.148 6.257 7.252 7.252 5.184 5.131 6.66 5.261 4.220 5.56 5.106 5.96 5.217 3.214 1.342 6.257 5.231 4.53 4.54 7.322 7.251 7.251 5.184 3.325 7.252 7.252 3.50 3.104 6.76 6.148 6.231 5.90 7.251 7.251 4.255 5.90 5.184 5.131 7.251 6.357 6.66 5.261 4.220 5.56 5.106 5.90 5.217 5.90 7.252 6.232 6.257 5.96 5.231 6.257 1036 Index Terms Transference number Vapor pressure Aqueous solution X-ray diffraction data -Acetic acid* -Aluminum chloride* -Ammonium chloride* -Ammonium nitrate* -Antimony trichloride* -Barium chloride* -Beryllium chloride* -Bismuth chloride* -Cadmium chloride* -Cadmium sulfate* -Calcium chloride* -Cesium chloride* -Cupric chloride* -Cuprous chloride* -Ferric chloride* -Hydrogen chloride* -Iron* -Lanthanum nitrate* -Lanthanum sulfate* -Lead chloride* -Lithium chloride* -Lithium nitrate* -Magnesium chloride* -Magnesium sulfate* -Manganous chloride* -Mercuric chloride* -Nitric acid* -Potassium chlorate* -Potassium chloride* -Potassium nitrate* -Potassium sulfate* -Rubidium chloride* -Silver chloride* -Sodium acetate* -Sodium chlorate* -Sodium chloride* -Sodium nitrate* -Strontium chloride* -Thallium bromate* -Thallium chlorate* -Thallium monobromide* -Thallium monoiodide Freezing point-solubility -Thallous nitrate Solubility in water -Thallous thiocyanate Solubility in water -Thallous sulfate Freezing point-solubility in water -Zinc chloride Freezing point-solubility Solubility in water -Zinc sulfate Solubility in water Thallium monofluoride Density, aqueous solution Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Heat of formation Specific heat, aqueous solution Vapor pressure Thallium monoiodide Ammine Links 6.309 3.214 3.366 1.342 4.53 7.319 7.320 7.322 4.278 7.319 4.53 7.320 7.320 3.64 6.231 5.184 5.122 3.214 6.232 1037 Index Terms Decomposition pressure Heat of decomposition Heat of formation Compressibility Electrical conductivity Aqueous solution Free energy Ionization Heat of formation Photoconductivity Residual rays Solubility in water Transition temperature Vapor pressure -Thallium monobromide* -Thallium monochloride* -Thallous nitrate Freezing point-solubility Thallium mesotartrate Crystallography Density Refractive index Thallium oxysulfide , photoconductivity Thallium phosphate, electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Thallium picrate Density Crystallography Solubility in water Specific heat Transition temperature Thallium selenate Density Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Refractive index Solubility in water Thallium selenide , heat of formation Thallium selenite, electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Thallium tartrate Density Crystallography Refractive index Thallium telluride, heat of formation Thallium thiocyanate Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Solubility in water -Potassium thiocyanate* -Thallium bromate* -Thallium monochloride* -Thallous nitrate Solubility in water Thallium trichloride, magnetic susceptibility Thallium trioxide -Sulfuric acid* Thallium vanadous sulfate Solubility in water Thallium zinc selenate Refractive index Thallium zinc sulfate Density Refractive index Solubility in water Thallous hydroxide Decomposition pressure Links 7.252 7.252 5.184 3.50 6.148 6.257 7.252 7.252 5.184 6.66 5.261 6.257 4.7 3.214 4.54 1.320 1.118 1.118 6.66 6.244 1.172 1.118 1.320 4.221 5.96 4.7 1.118 6.244 1.118 4.220 5.184 6.244 1.118 1.320 1.118 5.184 6.257 4.221 1.173 7.20 1.169 1.173 6.257 7.322 6.357 4.226 7.31 1.119 1.119 4.221 7.252 1.171 7.31 7.20 1038 Index Terms Density, aqueous solution Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Free energy Decomposition Ionization Heat of decomposition Heat of formation Solubility in water Viscosity, aqueous solution Thallous nitrate Absorption spectra, solutions Allotropic forms Boiling point Boiling point elevation in aqueous solution Compressibility differences Density Aqueous solution Liquid Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Heat of formation Heat of transition Magnetic susceptibility Melting point Melting point under pressure Refractive index Solubility in water Surface tension Transition point Vapor pressure, aqueous solution Viscosity, aqueous solution Volume change on melting -Ammonium nitrate* -Potassium chloride* -Potassium nitrate* -Silver nitrate* -Sodium nitrate* -Thallium acetate* -Thallium monobromide* -Thallium monochloride* -Thallium monoiodide* -Thallium thiocyanate* -Thallous nitrite Freezing point-solubility -Thallous oxalate Solubility in water -Thallous sulfate Solubility in water Thallous nitride, heat of formation Thallous nitrite -Thallous nitrate* Thallous oxalate Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Solubility in water -Ammonium oxalate* -Hydrogen chloride* -Potassium oxalate* -Thallous nitrate* Thallous oxide Free energy Heat of formation Thallous perchlorate Density, aqueous solution Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Solubility in water Transition temperature Links 3.64 6.243 7.251 7.252 7.251 7.252 5.184 4.220 5.14 5.328 4.12 1.118 3.325 4.12 1.118 3.64 3.23 6.231 4.255 5.184 5.184 6.357 1.118 4.12 1.118 4.220 4.442 1.118 3.366 5.14 4.12 4.54 7.332 7.322 5.184 6.258 4.221 7.252 5.184 3.104 6.243 4.220 4.7 1.163 3.44 3.104 4.442 6.237 6.240 1.174 3.44 4.78 4.7 1039 Index Terms Thallous sulfate Absorption spectra, solutions Boiling point elevation in aqueous solution Density, aqueous solution Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Freezing point lowering of aqueous solutio n Heat of formation Magnetic susceptibility Refractive index Solubility in water Pressure, effect of Transference number Vapor pressure, aqueous solution -Aluminum sulfate*-Potassium sulfate -Ammonium sulfate* -Cerous sulfate* -Nitric acid* -Potassium chloride* -Sodium hydrogen sulfate* -Sodium sulfate* -Sulfuric acid* -Thallium chlorate* -Thallium monochloride* -Thallous nitrate* Thallous sulfide Electrical conductivity Aqueous solution Heat of formation -Arsenous sulfide* -Lead sulfide* -Silver sulfide* Thallous sulfite, solubility in water Thallous tetranitrodiammine cobaltiate Solubility in aqueous solutions Thalofide. See Thallium oxysulfide. Thaumasite Density Refractive index Thebaine Absorption spectra Heat of combustion Optical rotatory power Thenardite. See Sodium sulfate. Theobromine Absorption spectra Heat of combustion Theophylline Absorption spectra Therlo (alloy) Electrical conductivity Thermal capacity. See Specific heat. Thermal conductivity Abrasive materials Alloys Building materials Concrete Conversion factors Crystals Definition Electrical conductivity, relation to Felts Gases Pressure, effect of Glass Links 5.328 3.325 3.64 6.235 4.255 5.184 6.357 1.118 4.220 4.265 6.309 3.366 3.104 3.107 1.173 7.20 6.310 6.148 6.258 5.184 4.220 7.331 1.144 1.144 1.166 5.353 5.168 7.468 5.341 5.168 5.369 5.341 2.385 6.168 5.369 2.87 5.218 2.55 2.119 1.25 5.230 1.35 5.218 2.238 5.213 5.215 2.101 2.314 5.229 1040 Index Terms Liquid Magnesia concretes Magnetic field, effect of Metals Paraffin Petroleum Porcelain, laboratory Powders under reduced pressures Refractory materials Rubber compounding ingredients Solids Standard materials Stress, effect of Temperature, effect of Thermal insulating materials Vegetable fibers Whiteware Thermal expansion Abrasive materials Building materials Carbons Concrete Elements Enamels, vitreous Gelatin solutions Glass Hard rubber Magnesia cement Oils, fats and waxes Petroleum Phenol resins Pitches Porcelain, electrical Porcelain, laboratory Refractory materials Solid insulators Tars Vulcanized fiber Whiteware See also Density. Thermalloy Thermionics Thermit (alloy) Thermochemistry Thermocouples Calibration tables Fixed-junction corrections Thermodynamic data Thermodynamic potential Thermodynamic temperature scale Thermoelectric power Conversion factors Thermoelectricity Thermolath Thermomagnetic effects Thermometers Gas, reduction to thermodynamic scale Liquid-in-glass Emergent stem correction Mercury-in-glass Resistance Stem correction Thermoelectric Thermometric chart for human beings Links 5.226 2.128 6.424 5.218 2.151 2.151 2.79 2.315 2.85 2.286 5.230 5.218 5.219 5.220 2.312 2.238 2.79 2.87 2.54 2.303 2.119 1.102 2.115 2.227 2.93 2.300 2.128 2.210 2.145 2.299 2.172 2.70 2.78 2.83 2.311 2.172 2.300 2.78 2.316 2.116 2.99 2.300 2.385 6.53 2.385 5.130 1.57 1.59 5.87 5.87 1.52 6.213 1.29 6.213 2.46 6.415 1.53 1.54 1.56 1.55 1.54 1.56 1.57 2.326 7.224 2.100 1041 Index Terms Thermometric scales Thermometry Fixed points Thermo-microphone Thermonatrite, density Thermophone Thermostat liquids Thialdine, heat of combustion Thiazine dyes, absorption spectra Thioacetic acid Absorption spectra Dielectric constant Electrical conductivity Aqueous solution -Ethyl ether* Thiocarbanilide -Camphor* -Pyridine* Thiocyanatonitrotetrammine cobaltic oxalodinitrodiammine cobaltiate Solubility in aqueous solutions Thiocyanatopentammine cobaltic diiodate Solubility in aqueous solutions Thiocyanatopentammine cobaltic sulfate Solubility in aqueous solutions Thiocyanic acid Absorption spectra Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Heat of formation -Ethyl ether* Thioglycolic acid, electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Thiohydantoic acid Heat of combustion Thiohydantoin, heat of combustion Thiolactic acid Optical rotatory power Thiomalic acid Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Optical rotatory power Thionyl bromide, surface tension Thionyl chloride Boiling point Density Dielectric constant Electrical conductivity Heat of formation Heat of vaporization Refractive index Specific heat Surface tension -Aluminum chloride* -Camphor* -Chloroform* -Iodine* -Sulfonal* Thiophenalazine -Furfuralazine* Thiophene Absorption spectra Birefringence, magnetic Critical point data Density Links 1.52 1.52 1.53 6.457 1.151 6.456 1.61 5.169 7.198 5.335 6.84 6.143 6.262 7.333 7.330 7.330 5.334 6.261 5.182 6.262 5.169 5.169 7.366 6.267 7.373 4.447 1.107 1.107 6.76 6.142 5.178 5.136 1.107 5.106 4.447 5.332 7.111 3.248 3.28 1.162 3.22 1.165 5.336 5.363 1042 Index Terms Dielectric const ant Heat of combustion Refractive index Surface tension Verdet constant Viscosity -Benzene* -Triphenylmethane Freezing point-solubility α-Thiophenecarboxylic acid Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Heat of combustion -Sulfur* Thiophenol, surface tension Thiophosgene Absorption spectra Thiosinamine, heat of fusion Thiosulfate ion, free energy Thiosulfuric acid, heat of formation Thiourea Absorption spectra Crystallography Density, aqueous solution Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Heat of combustion Heat of solution in water Solubility in water -Ammonium thiocyanate* -tert.-Butyl alcohol* -tert.-Butyl alcohol* -Urea -Pyridine* Thiouric acid Heat of solution in water Thomsenolite Density Refractive index Thomson coefficient Thomson effect Coefficient of, conversion factors Thomson formula (scattering function) Thoran (alloy) Thorianite Density Refractive index See also Thorium dioxide. Thorite, density Thorium Accommodation coefficient Boiling point Density Electrical conductivity Electrons, thermal emission of Emission, spectral Emission spectra Heat of vaporization Magnetic susceptibility Melting point Persistent lines Photoelectric threshold Specific heat Tensile properties Thermionic work function Links 6.86 5.169 7.35 4.450 6.428 7.215 4.113 6.268 5.169 4.454 5.331 5.132 7.237 5.178 5.334 5.335 1.324 3.111 6.261 4.262 5.169 5.148 4.251 5.367 5.149 1.154 1.154 6.213 1.42 1.29 6.19 2.385 1.117 1.117 1.168 6.228 1.165 1.117 5.53 1.102 1.105 1.105 6.54 5.242 5.315 7.250 6.356 1.105 5.324 6.68 1.105 2.592 6.54 2.456 6.136 6.55 5.94 1043 Index Terms Thermochemistry Tungsten, diffusion in X-ray absorption limits X-ray crystal structure X-ray emission spectra X-ray lines, intensity of X-ray series, limiting frequencies X-rays, absorption coefficient Zeeman effect -Carbon* -Silicon* Thorium B Lead, diffusion in Rate of solution Thallium, diffusion in Thorium C, rate of solution Thorium bromide , heat of formation Thorium carbonate Heat of formation Thorium chloride Absorption spectra, solutions Ammine Decomposition pressure Heat of decomposition Heat of formation Density, aqueous solution Electrical conductivity Aqueous solution Heat of formation Specific heat Aqueous solution Thorium chromate -Chromic acid* Thorium cyanoplatinite Luminescence Thorium dioxide Albedo Decomposition pressure Emission, spectral Heat of formation Heat of vaporization Melting point Specific heat Vapor pressure See also Thorianite. Thorium hydride Heat of formation Thorium hydroxide Heat of formation Surface tension, aqueous solution Thorium iodide, heat of formation Thorium nitrate Absorption spectra, solutions Density, aqueous solution Magnetic susceptibility Thorium oxalate Dehydrat ion behavior of hydrate -Ammonium oxalate* -Hydrogen chloride* -Oxalic acid* -Sulfuric acid* Thorium oxide Diffusion in tungsten Electrons, thermal emission of Links 5.184 5.77 6.42 1.341 6.42 6.26 6.35 6.13 5.420 5.77 1.364 5.77 1.364 5.184 5.184 5.328 7.251 7.251 5.184 3.63 6.148 6.232 5.184 5.96 5.122 5.389 5.263 7.250 5.242 5.184 7.250 4.84 5.96 7.250 5.184 5.184 4.464 5.184 5.328 3.63 6.357 7.251 6.56 6.54 6.15 1044 Index Terms Evaporation from tungsten Thermionic work function X-ray diffract ion data Thorium oxybromide Heat of formation Thorium oxychloride Heat of formation Thorium oxyiodide Heat of formation Thorium series Members and constants Thorium sulfate Decomposition pressure of hydrate Heat of formation Solubility in water Specific heat -Hydrogen chloride* -Lithium sulfate* -Potassium sulfate* -Sodium sulfate* -Sulfuric acid* Thoron Diffusion coefficient Solubility in non-aqueous liquids Solubility in water Thortveitite Density Refractive index Three-twenty (alloy) α-Thujadicarboxylic acid Optical rotatory power α-Thujaketonic acid Optical rotatory power Thujane Heat of combustion Optical rotatory power Thujone, optical rotatory power Thujyl alcohol Heat of combustion Optical rotatory power Thulium Emission spectra Persistent lines X-ray absorption limits X-ray emission spectra X-ray series, limiting frequencies Thulium chloride Absorption spectra, solutions Thurston's brass Thymol Absorption spectra Birefringence, magnetic Compressibility Critical temperature Cryoscopic constant Crystallography Density Diffusion in methyl alcohol Heat of fusion Melting point under pressure Refractive index Solubility in water Specific heat Links 6.56 6.54 1.342 5.184 5.184 5.184 1.363 7.251 5.184 4.220 5.96 4.245 1.364 3.264 3.257 1.138 1.138 2.385 1.173 2.538 2.601 2.470 2.556 7.446 7.444 5.164 7.434 7.435 5.164 7.454 5.317 5.324 6.40 6.40 6.35 5.329 2.385 5.333 7.111 3.39 3.249 4.184 1.330 3.45 5.73 5.134 4.10 7.51 4.253 5.346 1045 Index Terms Liquid Solid Surface tension Aqueous solution Thermal conductivity Verdet constant -Acetic acid* -Acetone* -Benzene* -Benzophenone* -p-Bromotoluene* -Carbon tetrachloride* -Chloral hydrate* -Chloroacetic acid* -Cineole* -Ethyl acetate* -Ethyl alcohol* -Ethyl ether* -Hydrogen chloride* -Methyl alcohol* -Naphthalene* -Phenol* -Phenyl salicylate* -Picric acid* -Sulfur* -Sulfuric acid* -Trichloroacetic acid Freezing point-solubility -Trimethylcarbinol Freezing point-solubility Thymoquinone Absorption spectra Diffusion in benzene Thymyl ethyl ether, viscosity Thymyl methyl ether Refractive index Viscosity Thymyl propyl ether, viscosity Tico (alloy) Tiers argent (alloy) Tiglic acid Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Heat of combustion Refractive index Tilasite Density Refractive index Tiles Time Astronomical unit Chronological eras Conversion factors Definitions Divisions Equation Tin Absorption, index of Boiling point Cathodoluminescence Compressibility Contact potential Critical potentials Density Liquid Links 5.112 5.104 4.460 4.470 5.216 6.430 5.228 4.104 4.116 5.346 5.74 7.221 7.55 7.221 7.221 2.385 2.385 2.482 6.269 5.165 7.37 1.146 1.146 2.65 1.172 1.34 1.391 1.20 1.42 1.391 1.391 5.250 1.102 5.390 3.47 6.57 6.72 1.102 3.205 3.49 2.457 2.463 1046 Index Terms Solid Electrical conductivity Liquid Solid Low temperature Magnetic field, effect of Single crystals Electrode potential Electrons, absorption of, by Electrons, transmitted, velocity of Electrons excited by X-rays, number of Electrons freed by X-rays, energy of Emission, spectral Emission spectra Entropy Entropy of allotropic transformation Free energy Allotropic transformation Electrode reaction Gamma rays, absorption coefficient Gold, diffusion of, in Hall effect Heat content Heat of allotropic transformation Heat of fusion Heat of transformation Heat of vaporization Hydrogen, solubility of, in Isotopes Lead, diffusion of, in Lead ion, reaction with Magnetic susceptibility Magneton number Mechanical properties Melting point Nernst effect Persistent lines Photoelectric threshold Quantum numbers Refractive index Silver, diffusion of, in Solution velocity in salt solution Sound, velocity of, in Specific heat Liquid Solid Spectral series Surface tension Thermal conductivity Thermal expansion Liquid Solid Thermochemistry Thermodynamic potential Thermoelectric properties Thomson coefficient Vapor pressure Viscosity, liquid Volume change on fusion Volume change on solidification X-radiation from target of X-ray absorption limits X-ray crystal structure X-ray emission spectra X-ray series, limiting frequencies X-rays, absorption, discontinuity in X-rays, absorption coefficient Links 1.104 1.103 1.104 6.129 6.422 6.135 6.320 6.61 6.62 6.5 6.4 5.254 5.314 5.89 7.247 7.247 7.247 6.14 5.75 6.416 5.89 7.247 1.104 2.458 1.102 3.270 1.47 5.75 7.248 6.355 6.346 2.557 1.53 6.420 5.324 6.68 5.408 1.103 5.75 5.57 6.465 2.456 6.136 6.134 6.137 6.332 7.247 6.140 5.255 6.21 6.417 2.458 5.183 1.104 5.250 5.58 1.103 1.104 5.404 4.440 5.220 5.94 5.86 1.102 1.104 5.183 5.89 6.214 6.228 3.205 5.10 2.474 2.475 6.47 6.38 1.340 6.38 6.35 6.12 6.13 2.463 2.462 5.89 5.221 6.225 6.45 6.226 5.94 1047 Index Terms X-rays, scattering coefficient Zeeman effect -Aluminum* -Aluminum*-Bismuth -Aluminum-Cadmium -Aluminum*-Copper -Aluminum*-Copper-Iron-Manganese-Zinc -Aluminum*-Copper-Zinc -Aluminum*-Iron -Aluminum*-Lead -Aluminum*-Zinc -Antimony* -Antimony*-Copper -Antimony*-Copper-Lead -Antimony*-Copper-Lead-Zinc -Antimony*-Copper-Zinc -Antimony*-Lead -Arsenic*-Copper-Lead-Zinc -Arsenic*-Copper-Zinc -Bismuth* -Bismuth*-Cadmium-Lead -Bismuth*-Copper -Bismuth*-Lead -Bismuth*-Zinc -Cadmium* -Cadmium*-Lead -Carbon monoxide* -Cerium* -Cobalt* -Copper* -Copper*-Iron -Copper*-Iron-Lead-Zinc -Copper*-Iron-Zinc -Copper*-Lead -Copper*-Lead-Zinc -Copper*-Manganese -Copper*-Mercury-Silver -Copper*-Nickel -Copper*-Nickel-Zinc -Copper*-Phosphorus -Copper*-Silicon -Copper*-Tungsten -Copper*-Zinc -Gold* -Iodine* -Iron* -Iron*-Silicon -Lead* -Lead*-Zinc -Lithium* -Magnesium* -Mercury* -Nickel* -Potassium* -Selenium* -Silver* -Sodium* -Sulfur* -Tellurium* -Thallium* -Water Equilibrium constant of reaction -Zinc Electrical conductivity Equilibrium diagram Magnetic susceptibility Sound, velocity of, in Links 6.17 5.420 5.429 7.247 6.195 2.417 6.365 6.465 6.200 1048 Index Terms Specific heat Thermal conductivity Thermal expansion Thermoelectric properties Volume change on solidification Tin alloys, list of Tin amalgams Partial vapor pressure X-ray diffraction data Tin arsenide Electrical conductivity Tin chloride , band spectra Tin hemitriarsenide Electrical conductivity Tin salts. See Stannic and Stannous. Tin sesquioxide Magnetic susceptibility Tin tritadiarsenide Electrical conductivity Tinfoil Tinsel Tissier's brass Titan bronze Titanite Density Melting point Refractive index Titanium Boiling point Cathodoluminescence Critical potentials Density Electrical conductivity Low temperature Electronic structure, normal and excited Emission, spectral Emission spectra Heat of vaporization Isotopes Magnetic susceptibility Melting point Persistent lines Quantum numbers Specific heat Spectral series Thermochemistry X-ray absorption limits X-ray absorption spectra X-ray crystal structure X-ray series, limiting frequencies Zeeman effect -Aluminum* -Carbon*-Iron -Chromium*-Iron-Silicon -Copper* -Copper*-Nickel -Iron* -Iron*-Nickel -Nickel* -Silicon* Titanium carbide X-ray diffraction data Links 5.121 5.226 2.474 6.222 2.475 2.390 3.284 1.348 6.153 5.416 6.153 6.356 6.153 2.385 2.385 2.385 2.385 2.556 1.144 1.144 1.144 1.173 1.102 5.390 6.72 1.105 1.105 6.129 6.72 5.242 5.316 7.247 1.47 6.356 1.105 5.324 5.408 1.105 5.405 5.182 6.36 6.36 1.341 6.35 5.420 1.341 2.456 6.136 6.134 5.94 6.44 7.24 1049 Index Terms Titanium dichloride Verdefc constant Titanium dioxide Band spectra Compressibility Decomposition of Decomposition pressure Electrical conductivity Electrons, thermal emission of Emission, spectral Heat of formation Heat of transition Heat of vaporization Magnetic susceptibility Specific heat Thermal expansion Thermionic work function X-ray diffraction data See also Anatase, Brookite. -Aluminum oxide*-Manganese oxide -Calcium oxide*-Silica -Manganous oxide* -Manganous oxide*-Silica Titanium disulfide Magnetic susceptibility Titanium nitride X-ray diffraction data Titanium steel Titanium tetrabromide Cryoscopic constant -Stannic bromide* Titanium tetrachloride Boiling point Density Entropy Heat of formation Heat of fusion Melting point Refractive index Specific heat Gas Liquid Solid Verdet constant -Chlorine* -Sulfur dioxide* Titanium trisulfide Magnetic susceptibility Titanium white, rubber, effect on Titanous ion, hydrogen ion, equilibrium constant Tobacco, moisture content at various humidities Tobin bronze Tolane Absorption spectra Heat of fusion Magnetic susceptibility -Azohenzene* -Benzalaniline* -Benzylaniline* -Dibenzyl* -Hydrazobenzene* -Stilhene* Toluene Absorption spectra Links 6.426 5.416 3.50 4.84 7.247 6.153 6.54 5.242 5.182 5.182 7.247 6.356 5.96 3.43 6.54 1.341 6.356 1.341 2.385 2.478 4.214 1.113 1.113 7.247 5.183 5.131 1.113 1.113 1.163 3.23 1.165 5.81 5.106 5.96 6.426 6.427 6.356 2.287 7.247 2.322 2.385 2.325 2.556 5.350 5.134 6.363 5.332 5.341 5.361 1050 Index Terms Azeotropic mixtures Birefringence Boiling point Bromination, photochemical Compressibility Critical point data Critical potentials Density Dielectric constant Diffusion of vapor in gases Electrical conductivity Emission, spectral Faraday effect, lag in Flash point Heat of combustion Heat of vaporization Heat of wetting by Ignition temperature Inflammability, limits of Internal pressure Magnetic susceptibility Melting point Orthobaric density Photoluminescence Polarization of light reflected from Polarization of light scattered by Gas Liquid Refractive index Solidification point Solubility in water Sound, velocity of, in Specific heat Surface tension Thermal conductivity Pressure, effect of Vapor pressure Verdet constant Viscosity X-rays, absorption coefficient -Acenaphthene* -Acetanilide* -Acetic acid* -Acetone* -Acetone*-Benzene -Allyl thiocyanate* -Allyl thiocyanate*-Aniline -Aluminum bromide* -Aluminum chloride* -p-Anethole* -Aniline* -Anthracene* -Anthraquinone* -Antimony tribromide* -Antimony trichloride* -Azobenzene* -Benzene* -Benzene*-Chlorobenzene -Benzene*-Chlorobenzene-Ethyl propionate -Benzene*-Ethyl lactate-Methyl propionate -Benzene*-Ethyl propionate -Benzene*-Methyl butyrate-Methyl propionate -Benzene*-Methyl butyrate-Propyl acetate -Benzene*-Methyl propionate -Benzene*-Water -Benzil* -Benzoic acid* Links 3.318 7.111 3.223 7.165 3.37 3.245 6.72 3.29 6.82 5.62 6.144 5.258 6.434 2.161 5.163 5.137 5.142 2.174 2.179 4.19 6.362 1.54 3.245 5.386 5.261 5.266 5.267 6.90 1.61 3.391 6.464 5.111 4.437 5.228 5.227 3.223 6.427 5.27 6.14 7.113 3.346 7.168 3.39 3.249 3.33 6.92 6.105 7.12 7.40 7.77 7.218 7.223 5.115 4.456 5.46 6.16 1051 Index Terms -2-Benzoylcyclohexanone* -2-Benzoylcyclopentanone* -Benzyl benzoate* -Bromobenzene* -Bromoform* -β-Bromonaphthalene* -Butyric acid* -Caffeine* -Camphor* -Camphoric acid* -Carbazole* -Carbon disulfide* -Carbon tetrachloride* -Carbon tetrachloride*-Ethylene bromide -Castor oil* -Chloral hydrate* -Chlorine* -Chloroacetic acid* -Chlorobenzene* -Chloroform* -m-Cresol* -Cupric chloride*-Ethyl alcohol -Cyclohexane* -p-Dibromobenzene* -Dichloroacetic acid* -Diethyl tartrate* -Diethylamine* -Dimethylamine* -Dimethylaniline* -Dimethyl-o-toluidine* -m-Dinitrobenzene* -m-Dinitrobenzene*-Naphthalene -Diphenyl* -Dipropylamine* -Durene* -Ethyl aceta te* -Ethyl alcohol* -Ethyl benzoate* -Ethyl ether* -Ethyl formate* -Ethyl propionate* -Ethylamine* -Ethylbenzene* -Ethylene bromide* -Ethylene chloride* -Fluorene* -Formic acid* -Heptane* -Hexachloroethane* -Hydrogen bromide* -Hydrogen chloride* -Hydrogen iodide* -Hydrogen sulfide* -Iodine* -Isobutyric acid* -Lauric acid* -Mercuric chloride* -p-Methoxypropylbenzene* -Methyl alcohol* -Methyl propionate* -Methylchavicol* -Naphthalene* -Nitrobenzene* -Nitrogen tetroxide* -Nitrophenol (o-, m-, p-)* -m-Nitrotolu ene* -Petroleum* Links 1052 Index Terms -Phenacetine* -Phenanthrene* -Phenol* -Phenyl salicylate* -Phenylacetic acid* -Phosphorus sesquisulfide* -Picric acid* -Piperidine* -Propionic acid* -Propylamine* -Pyridine* -Salicylic acid* -Silver perchlorate* -Stearic acid* -Stilbene* -Sulfur* -Sulfur dioxide* -o-Toluidine Density Surface tension -m-Toluidine Density Refractive index Dispersion -p-Toluidine Density Boiling point elevation -Triethylamine Distribution coefficients in water -Trimethylamine Distribution coefficients in water -1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene Density -2,3,4-Trimethylpyridine Distribution coefficients in water -Triphenylmethane Density Heat of solution -Tripropylamine Distribution coefficients in water -Turpentine Density Dielectric constant Viscosity -Urethan Boiling point elevation Density Dielectric constant Freezing point-solubility Heat of solution -Water Vapor phase compositions -p-Xylene Heat of solution o-Toluenesulfonamide -p-Toluenesulfonamide Freezing point-solubility o-Toluenesulfone chloride -p-Toluenesulfone chloride Freezing point-solubility p-Toluenesulfonic acid Electrical conduct ivity, aqueous solution Heat of solution in water Viscosity, aqueous solution p-Toluenesulfonylcinchonicine -Acetone* Links 3.187 4.474 7.86 7.86 7.105 3.187 3.346 3.429 3.425 3.188 3.431 3.188 5.154 3.432 3.188 6.103 5.49 3.346 3.164 6.102 4.112 5.153 3.364 5.157 4.180 4.179 6.281 5.150 5.21 1053 Index Terms -Ethyl alcohol* Toluic acid -Nitrogen tetroxide* o-Toluic acid Absorption spectra Activity coefficient Boiling point elevation in aqueous solution Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Free energy Ionization Solution Heat of combustion Heat of fusion Ionization constant Photoluminescence Solubility in water Specific heat Liquid Solid -Chloroacetic acid* -Dichloroacetic acid* -Dimethylpyrone* -Picric acid* -Sulfuric acid* -Trichloroacetic acid Freezing point-solubility m-Toluic acid Absorption spectra Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Heat of combustion Heat of fusion Photoluminescence Solubility in water Specific heat Liquid Solid -Chloroacetic acid* -Dichloroacetic acid* -Dimethylpyrone* -Picric acid* -Sulfuric acid* -Trichloroacetic acid Freezing point-solubility p-Toluic acid Absorption spectra Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Heat of combustion Heat of fusion Photoluminescence Solubility in water Specific heat Liquid Solid Vapor pressure -Chloroacetic acid* -Dichloroacetic acid* -Dimethylpyrone* -Sodium p-toluate* -Sulfuric acid* -Trichloroacetic acid Freezing point-solubility Toluic aldehyde (o-, m-, p-) Absorption spectra Refractive index Toluidine Toxicology Links 5.343 7.246 3.327 6.285 7.246 7.246 5.165 5.134 7.246 5.387 3.391 4.253 5.111 5.104 4.103 5.343 6.285 5.165 5.134 5.387 3.392 4.253 5.111 5.104 4.103 5.343 6.285 5.165 5.134 5.387 3.392 5.111 5.104 3.209 4.103 5.343 7.43 2.320 4.253 1054 Index Terms -Methyl alcohol* o-Toluidine Absorption spectra Azeotropic mixtures Birefringence, electric Boiling point Compressibility Density Dielectric constant Electrical conductivity Heat of combustion Heat of vaporization Magnetic susceptibility Refractive index Rubber vulcanization, use in Sound, velocity of, in Specific heat Surface tension Vapor pressure Verdet constant Viscosity -Acetic acid* -Aniline* -Benzoic acid* -Carbon dioxide* -m-Cresol* -Diethyl tartrate* -Ethyl alcohol* -Glycerol* -Isoamyl acetate* -α-Naphthylamine* -Nitrobenzene* -Nitrosodimethylaniline* -Phenol* -Quinoline* -Toluene* -p-Toluidine Density Freezing point-solubility m-Toluidine Absorption spectra Birefringence, electric Boiling point Compressibility Dielectric constant Heat of combustion Refractive index Sound, velocity of, in Surface tension Vapor pressure Verdet constant Viscosity -Acetic acid* -Benzene* -Carbon dioxide* -Cyclohexane* -Diethyl tartrate* -Diisoamyl* -Glycerol* -Hexane* -Hydrogen peroxide* -Isoamyl acetate* -Methylcyclohexane* -Toluene* -p-Toluidine Freezing point-solubility Links 5.333 3.323 7.111 3.223 3.37 3.29 6.92 6.144 5.168 5.137 6.362 7.41 2.279 6.464 5.111 4.457 3.223 6.429 5.45 5.342 3.33 5.49 3.189 4.179 5.342 7.111 3.223 3.37 6.92 5.168 7.41 6.464 4.457 3.223 6.429 7.218 4.179 5.362 5.362 7.218 1055 Index Terms p-Toluidine Absorption spectra Azeotropic mixtures Boiling point Compressibility Cryoscopic constant Density Dielectric constant Electrical conductivity Heat of adiabatic expansion Heat of combustion Heat of fusion Heat of solution in water Melting point under pressure Refractive index Rubber, solubility in Solubility in salt solutions Solubility in water Specific heat Liquid Solid Surface tension Aqueous solution Thermal conductivity Solid Transition temperature Vapor pressure Verdet constant Viscosity Volume change on melting -Acetic acid* -Aminophenol (m-, p-)* -Aniline* -Anthracene* -Benzil* -Benzoic acid* -Benzophenone* -Camphor* -Carbon dioxide* -Carbon tetrachloride* -Catechol* -Chloroform* -Dichloromethane* -Diethyl tartrate* -Dimethyl oxalate* -Dinitrobenzene (o-, m-, p-)* -2,4-Dinitrotoluene* -2,6-Dinitrotoluene* -3,4-Dinitrotoluene* -3,5-Dinitrotoluene* -Diphenylamine* -Ethyl alcohol* -Ethyl alcohol* -Water -Ethyl ether* -Hydroquinol* -Indigotin* -Isoamyl acetate* -Menthol* -Naphthalene* -Naphthol (α-, β-)* -Naphthylamine (α-, β-)* -Nitrophenol (o-, m-, p-)* -Nitrosodimethylaniline* -Phenol* -Pyridine* -Pyrogallol* -Resorcinol* Links 5.333 3.323 3.223 3.39 4.183 3.29 6.92 6.144 5.147 5.168 5.133 5.150 4.16 7.41 2.272 4.419 3.391 5.111 5.104 4.457 4.469 5.228 5.216 4.8 3.223 6.429 5.46 4.16 5.342 5.361 3.346 4.215 4.251 5.47 7.218 5.362 1056 Index Terms -Toluene* -Toluidine (o-, m-)* -Trimethylcarbinol Freezing point-solubility -Triphenylcarbinol Freezing point-solubility -Triphenylmethane Freezing point-solubility p-Toluidine chloroacetate -Benzene* -Carbon tetrachloride* -Chloroform* -Cyclohexane* -Dichloromethane* -Ethyl ether* p-Toluidine hydro chloride Heat of solution in water p-Toluidine salicylate -Benzene* -Carbon tetrachloride* -Cyclohexane* -Dichloromethane* Toluidinesulfonic acids , electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Tolunitrile Critical temperature Electrical conductivity o-Tolunitrile Absorption spectra Dielectric constant Photoluminescence Refractive index Surface tension Verdet constant m-Tolunitrile Absorption spectra Photoluminescence Surface tension p-Tolunitrile Absorption spectra Photoluminescence Surface tension Verdet constant Toluquinolines, refractive index Toluquinone Absorption spectra Surface tension p-Toluylacetophenone Refractive index p-Tolyl allyl ether Verdet constant o-Tolyl methyl ether Dielectric constant Verdet constant m-Tolyl methyl ether Dielectric constant Verdet constant p-Tolyl methyl ether Dielectric constant Surface tension Verdet constant p-Tolyldimethylcarbinol Refractive index -Quinoline* Links 4.116 4.152 4.152 5.150 6.281 3.249 6.144 5.342 6.93 5.386 7.42 4.457 6.429 5.342 5.387 4.457 5.342 5.387 4.457 6.429 7.49 5.341 4.455 7.30 6.430 6.93 6.429 6.93 6.429 6.93 4.458 6.429 7.51 5.377 1057 Index Terms β-Tolylmethoxycinnamic acid Heat of combustion Tolylmethylcarbinol (m-, p-) Refractive index Tombac (alloy) Tone generator, Hewlett Tones, audible, range of Tonvariator Tool steel Topaz Compressibility Density Dielectric constant Magnetic susceptibility Refractive index Specific heat Thermal conductivity Thermal expansion Tophet (alloy) Electrical conductivity Torbernite Density Refractive index Torpedo bronze Torque, conversion factors Torsional strength, definition Toucas (alloy) Touch , reaction times to Tourmaline Compressibility Dielectric constant Emission, spectral Magnetic susceptibility Piezoelectric constant Pyroelectric constant Refractive index Thermal conductivity Thermal expansion X-ray diffract ion data Tournay's metal Tourun Leonard's metal Toxicology Trabuk metal Trachyte Compressive strength Hardness Impact hardness Tensile strength Thermal diffusivity Transference numbers Electromotive force method Gravimetric method Moving boundary method Transformation, heat of Metals Non-metals Transformation temperatures, magnetic Transformer oils, bromine and iodine numbers Transmission of radiation Non-spectral Spectral Links 5.166 7.47 2.385 6.455 1.94 6.456 2.385 3.50 1.137 6.100 6.364 1.137 5.98 5.231 3.44 2.385 6.194 1.134 1.134 2.385 1.24 2.viii 2.385 1.95 3.50 6.99 5.258 6.364 6.209 6.209 7.27 5.231 3.45 1.346 2.385 2.385 2.318 2.385 2.48 2.50 2.51 2.49 2.316 6.309 6.311 6.309 6.310 2.458 5.169 6.408 2.154 5.264 5.268 2.469 2.555 1.171 7.22 2.600 2.480 1.171 2.470 2.556 5.259 6.210 6.210 2.469 2.561 2.555 2.602 1058 Index Terms Transition, heat of Transition points Films Liquid crystals Pressure, effect of Volume change at Trap rock, thermal diffusivity Trauzl lead-block test Travertine, thermal conductivity Trechmannite Density Refractive index Trehalose Crystallography Heat of combustion Solubility in aqueous ethyl alcohol Tremolite Density Refractive index Thermal conductivity Triacetin Absorption spectra Electrical conductivity Saponification constants Viscosity Triacetonediamine dihydrochloride zinc chloride trihydrate Refractive in dex Triammonium trisodium aluminum oxalate Dehydration behavior of hydrate Triammonium trisodium ferrioxalate Dehydration behavior of hydrate Triamylammonium bromide -Acetone* -Methyl acetate* Triamylammonium chloride -Acetone* -Methyl acetate* Triamylammonium fluoride -Methyl acetate* Triamylammonium picrate -Benzene* -Carbon tetrachloride* -Dichloromethane* -Ethyl ether* Triamylammonium thiocyanate -Acetone* -Benzene* -Methyl acetate* Trianilinophosphine oxide Magnetic susceptibility Triazobenzene Verdet constant Tribenzylamine Absorption spectra Heat of combustion Surface tension Viscosity -Aniline* -p-Bromotoluene* -Phenol* Links 5.169 1.106 4.476 1.314 4.9 4.9 2.316 7.489 2.55 1.124 1.124 1.314 4.6 4.264 1.168 1.332 5.166 4.405 1.146 1.146 5.232 1.171 5.333 6.145 7.135 7.220 7.20 7.306 7.306 6.364 6.429 5.334 5.168 4.462 7.222 5.354 7.25 1059 Index Terms Tribenzylammonium bromide , electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Tribenzylammonium chloride -Chloroform* Tribenzylmethylammonium bromide Concentration cells Tribromide ion, free energy Tribromoacetamide -Trichloroacetamide Freezing point-solubility Tribromoacetic acid Density, aqueous solution Diffusion in methyl alcohol Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Heat of solution in water -1,1-Dichloroethane* -Nitrogen tetroxide* 2,4,6-Tribromoaniline Heat of fusion -Antimony tribromide* -Antimony trichloride* -2-Chloro-4, 6-dibromoaniline* -Isoamyl acetate* Tribromoanilinesulfonic acids , electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Tribromobenzene Diffusion in methyl alcohol Tribromobenzenediazonium chloride Intramolecular transformation 1,1,2-Tribromoethane Refractive index Verdet constant Tribromoethylene, refractive index 2,4,6-Tribromophenol Absorption spectra Cryoscopic constant Diffusion in methyl alcohol Heat of fusion -Acetyltribromophenol* -Trichlorophenol Freezing point-solubility -1,3,5-Trinitrobenzene Freezing point-solubility 1,2,3-Tribromopropane Dielectric constant Magnetic susceptibility Surface tension Verdet constant 2,3,4-Tribromotoluene -2,3,5-Tribromotoluene Freezing point-solubility -2,3,6-Tribromotoluene Freezing point-solubility -2,4,5-Tribromotoluene Freezing point-solubility -2,4,6-Tribromotoluene Freezing point-solubility -3,4,5-Tribromotoluene Freezing point-solubility 2,3,5-Tribromotoluene -2,3,4-Tribromotoluene* -2,3,6-Tribromotoluene Freezing point-solubility -2,4,5-Tribromotoluene Links 6.234 6.324 7.234 4.105 3.113 5.72 6.261 5.148 5.159 5.132 6.271 5.72 7.118 7.34 6.428 7.34 5.338 4.183 5.72 5.132 4.118 4.118 6.85 6.361 4.436 6.428 4.144 4.145 4.145 4.145 4.145 4.145 4.449 1060 Index Terms Freezing point-solubility -2,4,6-Tribromotoluene Freezing point-solubility -3,4,5-Tribromotoluene Freezing point-solubility 2,3,6-Tribromotoluene -2,3,4-Tribromotoluene* -2,3,5-Tribromotoluene* -2,4,5-Tribromotoluene Freezing point-solubility -2,4,6-Tribromotoluene Freezing point-solubility -3,4,5-Tribromotoluene Freezing point-solubility 2,4,5-Tribromotoluene -2,3,4-Tribromotoluene* -2,3,5-Tribromotoluene* -2,3,6-Tribromotoluene* -2,4,6-Tribromotoluene Freezing point-solubility -3,4,5-Tribromotoluene Freezing point-solubility 2,4,6-Tribromotoluene -2,3,4-Tribromotoluene* -2,3,5-Tribromotoluene* -2,3,6-Tribromotoluene* -2,4,5-Tribromotoluene* -3,4,5-Tribromotoluene Freezing point-solubility 3,4,5-Tribromotoluene -2,3,4-Tribromotoluene* -2,3,5-Tribromotoluene* -2,3,6-Tribromotoluene* -2,4,5-Tribromotoluene* -2,4,6-Tribromotoluene* Tributyrin, surface tension Tricalcium aluminate Decomposition temperature Tricalcium decaluminate Melting point Refractive index -Gehlenite* Tricalcium dialuminate Meltin g point Refractive index Tricaprin, surface tension Tricaproin, surface tension Tricaprylin, surface tension Tricarballylic acid Absorption spectra Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Heat of combustion Heat of solution in water Trichalcite, refractive index Trichloroacetamide -Acetone* -Benzene* -Chloroform* -Ethyl alcohol* -Ethyl ether* -Tribromoacetamide* Trichloroacetic acid Absorption spectra Compressibility, aqueous solution Links 4.145 4.145 4.145 4.145 4.145 4.145 4.145 4.145 4.145 4.462 4.84 1.145 1.145 1.145 1.145 4.463 4.463 4.463 4.84 1.165 1.167 5.340 6.275 5.165 5.150 1.123 5.375 5.331 3.440 5.335 1.172 1061 Index Terms Decomposition, kinetics of Density, aqueous solution Dielectric constant Diffusion in methyl alcohol Electrical conductivity Aqueous solution Esterification constant Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Heat of combustion Heat of fusion Heat of solution in water Hydrolysis, photochemical Refractive index, aqueous solution Specific heat Aqueous solution Surface tension Aqueous solution Thermal conductivity, aqueous solution Verdet constant Viscosity Aqueous solution Liquid -Acetic acid* -Acetone* -Acetophenone* -Ammonium chloroacetate* -Ammonium dichloroacetate* -Ammonium formate* -Ammonium trichloroacetate* -Amylene* -β-Amylene* -Anisaldehyde* -Benzaldehyde* -Benzene* -Benzil* -Benzoic acid* -Benzophenone* -Benzoquinone* -Benzyl benzoate* -Calcium carbonate*-Potassium oxalate -Chloroacetic acid* -Chloroform* -Cinnamic acid* -Cresol (o-, m -, p-)* -Crotonic acid* -Dibenza lacetone* -Dichloroacetic acid* -Diethyl oxalate* -Diethyl succinate* -Dimethyl malonate* -Dimethyl oxalate* -Dimethyl succinate* -Dimethyl terephthalate* -Dimethylpyrone* -Ethyl acetate* -Ethyl benzoate* -Ethyl ether* -Hydroxybenzaldehyde (o-, m-, p-)* -Methyl anisate* -Methyl benzoate* -Methyl cinnamate* -Methyl p-toluate* -Naphthol (α-, β-)* -Naphthyl acetate (α-, β-)* -Nitrobenzaldehyde (o-, m-, p-)* -Nitrophenol (o-, m-, p-)* -Nitropiperonal* Links 7.122 3.111 6.84 5.72 6.143 6.261 7.138 4.262 5.168 5.132 5.148 7.165 7.67 5.101 5.124 4.448 4.467 5.227 6.428 5.20 5.35 3.113 5.159 7.213 7.67 1062 Index Terms -Phenol* -Phenyl anisyl ketone* -Phenyl benzoate* -Phenyl salicylate* -Phenylacetic acid* -Piperonal* -Potassium chloroacetate* -Potassium dichloroacetate* -Potassium formate* -Potassium trichloroacetate* -Salicylaldehyde* -Sodium chloroacetate* -Sodium dichloroacetate* -Sodium formate* -Sodium trichloroacetate* -Sulfuric acid* -Thymol* -Toluic acid (o-, m -, p-)* -Vanillin Freezing point-solubility Trichloroacrylic acid Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Solubility in water 2,4,6-Trichloroaniline -Isoamyl acetate* Trichlorobenzene Magnetic susceptibility 1,2,3-Trichlorobenzene -1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene Freezing point-solubility -1,3,5-Trichlorobenzene Freezing point-solubility 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene -1,2,3-Trichlorobenzene* 1,3,4-Trichlorobenzene -Diethylamine* 1,3,5-Trichlorobenzene Azeotropic mixtures Cryoscopic constant -Acetonitrile* -Methyl alcohol* -1,2,3-Trichlorobenzene* Trichlorobutyric acid Density, aqueous solution Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Viscosity, aqueous solution -Amylene* -Benzene* -Dimethylpyrone* -Nitrogen tetroxide* Trichloroethane, specific heat 1,1,1-Trichloroethane Boiling point Refractive index Vapor pressure Verdet constant 1,1,2-Trichloroethane Azeotropic mixtures Birefringence, electric Boiling point Surface tension Vapor pressure Verdet constant Links 4.103 4.262 4.251 6.362 4.167 4.167 3.322 4.183 3.114 6.266 4.262 5.20 5.107 3.216 7.34 3.216 6.428 3.319 7.110 3.216 4.448 3.216 6.428 1063 Index Terms 1,2,2-Trichloroethane Refractive index Trichloroethylene Absorption spectra Azeotropic mixtures Birefringence, electric Boiling point Dielectric constant Heat of vaporization Solidification point Specific heat Vapor pressure Viscosity -Acetone* -Chloroform* -Cyclohexane* -Iodine* -Pentachloroethane* -Phenol* -Sulfur* -Tetrahydronaphthalene* Trichlorofluorene -Quinoline* Trichlorohydroquinol Heat of combustion Trichlorolactamide Boiling point elevation in aqueous solution -Acetone* -Benzene* -Chloroform* -Ethyl alcohol* -Ethyl ether* Trichlorolactic acid Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Solubility in water -Dimethylpyrone* -Hydrogen chloride* -Sulfuric acid* Trichloronitromethane Magnetic susceptibility Refractive index -Iodine*-Potassium iodide 2,4,6-Trichlorophenol Absorption sp ectra Diffusion into methyl alcohol Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Surface tension -Tribromophenol* 1,2,3-Trichloropropane Azeotropic mixtures Dielectric constant Diffusion in benzene Diffusion in methyl alcohol Verdet constant Trichloroquinone Absorption spectra Heat of combustion Tridecane Compressibility Density Specific heat Viscosity β-Tridecyl esters Optical rotatory power Links 7.34 5.331 3.319 7.110 3.216 6.84 5.136 1.61 5.107 3.216 5.35 3.323 7.213 5.169 3.327 6.263 4.253 6.361 7.34 5.338 5.72 6.271 4.453 3.320 6.85 5.74 5.72 6.428 5.338 5.169 3.37 3.30 5.113 7.221 7.361 3.34 1064 Index Terms Tridecylene, specific heat Tridecylic acid “Surface vapor pressure ” Tridymite Crystallography Density Melting point Optical constant Refractive index Thermal expansion Volume change on inversion See also Silica. Triethyl aconitate Dielectric absorption Dielectric constant Refractive index Surface tension Viscosity Triethyl citrate Magnetic susceptibility Refractive index Saponification constant Triethyl 1,1,2-ethanetricarboxylate Dielectric absorption Dielectric constant Triethyl isoaconitate Dielectric absorption Dielectric constant Triethyl phosphate Magnetic susceptibility Refractive index Surface t ension -Ethyl alcohol* Triethyl phosphite Magnetic susceptibility Triethyl triazinetricarbonate Magnetic susceptibility Triethylaluminum Refractive index Boiling point Triethylamine Absorption spectra Critical point data Dielectric constant Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Heat of combustion Heat of solution in water Orthobaric density Refractive index Aqueous solution Liquid Solubility in non-aqueous liquids Solubility in water Pressure, effect of Surface tension Aqueous solution Thermal conductivity, gas Vapor pressure, aqueous solution Viscosity, aqueous solution -Acetic acid* -Amyl alcohol* -Chloroform* -Ethyl alcohol* -Ethyl ether* Links 5.113 4.476 4.20 1.112 1.112 6.341 1.112 4.21 4.21 2.82 1.168 6.96 6.96 7.58 4.461 7.221 6.363 7.58 7.135 6.96 6.96 6.96 6.96 6.362 7.40 4.455 6.362 6.363 1.137 1.137 1.165 1.164 5.332 3.243 6.82 6.277 5.168 5.150 3.243 5.340 3.249 6.91 7.69 7.40 3.269 3.390 3.393 4.455 4.469 5.214 3.366 5.20 4.20 1065 Index Terms -Hexylamine* -Phenol* -Toluene* -Xylene Distribution coefficients in water Triethylammonium bromide Boiling point elevation in aqueous solution -Acetic acid* -Chloroform* -Dichloromethane* -Ethyl alcohol* -Isoamyl alcohol* Triethylammonium chloride Absorption spectra Boiling point elevation in aqueous solution Density, aqueous solution Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Heat of solution, in water Pyroelectric effect Vapor pressure lowering in aqueous solution Viscosity, aqueous solution -Chloroform* -Dichloromethane* -Ethyl alcohol* -Hydrogen sulfide* -Pyridine* -Sulfur dioxide* Triethylammonium iodide Boiling point elevation in aqueous solution -Acetic acid* -Chloroform* -Ethyl alcohol* -Isoamyl alcohol* Triethylammonium nitrate -Dichloromethane* 1,3,5-Triethylbenzene Azetropic mixtures Triethylcarbinol Heat of combustion Triethyllead hydroxide, electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Triethylphosphine Magnetic susceptibility Triethylphosphine oxide Magnetic susceptibility Triethylphosphine sulfide Crystallography -Triphenylphosphine sulfide Freezing point-solubility Triethylsuccinic acid Heat of combustion Triethylsuccinic anhydride Heat of combustion Triethylsulfonium bromide Decomposition, kinetics of -Chloroform* Triethylsulfonium chloride -Chloroform* Triethylsulfonium hydroxide , electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Triethylsulfonium iodide Absorption spectra Heat of solution in water -Acetone* -Chloroform* Links 3.429 3.327 5.340 3.327 3.62 6.232 5.150 6.209 3.293 5.13 3.114 3.327 3.322 5.164 6.277 6.362 6.362 1.326 4.144 5.166 5.166 7.125 6.277 5.332 5.150 5.340 1066 Index Terms -Ethyl alcohol* -Methyl alcohol* Triethyltin -Ethyl ether* Triethyltin hydroxide, electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Trifluorocresol Magnetic susceptibility Trifolianol, optical rotatory power Trifonnin, surface tension Trigonite Density Refractive index Trihydroxyglutaric acid Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Heat of combustion Optical rotatory power Triiodide ion Dissociation constant Free energy Triisoamylamine Absorption spectra Heat of combustion Magnetic susceptibility Surface tension Triisoamylammonium picrate -Chloroform* Triisoamylammonium thiocyanate Surface tension Triisobutylamine Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Heat of combustion Magnetic susceptibility Refractive index Surface tension Triisobutylene, heat of combustion Trilaurin, surface tension Trimerite, refractive index Trimesic acid Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Heat of combustion Trimethyl borate Azeotropic mixtures Dielectric constant Electrical conductivity Trimethyl boride, density, gas Trimethylacetic acid Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Heat of solution in water Trimethylaluminum Boiling point Refractive index Trimethylamine Absorption spectra Critical point data Density Aqueous solution Dielectric constant Electrical conductivity Aqueous solution Heat of combustion Heat of formation Heat of solution in water Links 6.277 6.362 7.463 4.454 1.128 1.128 1.173 6.270 5.165 7.387 7.235 7.235 5.334 5.168 6.364 4.462 4.462 6.300 5.168 6.363 7.59 4.461 5.164 4.463 7.23 6.289 5.165 3.319 6.86 6.142 3.3 6.270 5.149 1.137 1.137 5.336 3.248 3.3 3.114 6.86 6.143 6.265 5.167 5.182 5.148 1.164 1.165 1067 Index Terms Solubility in non-aqueous liquids Surface tension Thermal conductivity Viscosity Liquid -Acetic acid* -Benzene* -Chloroform* -Ethyl ether* -Formic acid* -Toluene* -Xylene Distribution coefficients in water Trimethylammonium bromide Crystallography Trimethylammonium chloride Density, aqueous solution Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Heat of solution in water Vapor pressure lowering in aqueous solution Viscosity, aqueous solution -Bromine* -Sulfur dioxide* Trimethylammonium chloroplatinate Density Melting point Refractive index -Ethyl alcohol* Trimethylammonium hydroxide Viscosity, aqueous solution Trimethylammonium iodide Crystallography 2,4,6-Trimethylamline -Acetic acid* 1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene -Benzene* -Ethyl propionate* -Ethylbenzene* -Isopentane* -Propyl acetate* -Toluene* 2,2,3-Trimethylbutane Heat of combustion Trimethylcarbinol Boiling point, aqueous solutions Density, aqueous solution Diffusion of vapor in air Heat of combustion Heat of solution in water Melting point under pressure Refractive index Aqueous solution Liquid Specific heat, solid Verdet constant Viscosity, gas Volume change on melting -p-Bromotoluene* -Catechol* -2,4-Dinitrophenol* -Hydroquinol* -Naphthalene* -Naphthol (α-, β-)* -Naphthylamine (α-, β-)* -Nitrophenol (o-, m-, p-)* Links 3.269 4.442 5.214 7.215 7.218 4.450 3.426 1.324 3.112 6.232 5.148 3.293 5.13 1.126 1.126 1.126 3.114 1.165 5.13 1.324 5.163 3.311 3.112 5.62 5.164 5.149 4.10 7.68 7.36 5.102 6.428 5.3 4.10 3.113 3.114 7.68 1068 Index Terms -Phenol* -Phenylenediamine (o-, m-)* -Pyrogallol* -Resorcinol* -Thymol* -p-Toluidine* -p-Xylene Freezing point-solubility Trimethylcolchicinic acid -Acetic acid* -Acetone* Trimethylcyclohexanes Heat of combustion Refractive index Trimethylcyclohexanols Refractive index Trimethylcyclohexenes Refractive index 1,3,5-Trimethylcyclohex 6-en-5-ol Heat of combustion Refractive index 1,2,4-Trimethylcyclopentane Heat of combustion Trimethylene Heat of combustion Rearrangement, kinetics of Refractive index Trimethylene nitrile Heat of combustion Trimethylenecarboxylic acid Absorption spectra Heat of combustion Refractive index Viscosity Trimethylenediamine Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Viscosity Trimethylenedicarboxylic acids Heat of combustion Trimethyleneglycol X-rays, absorption coefficient -Glycerol* α α β,β -Trimethylenetetracarboxylic acid, heat of combustion Trimethylenetrinitroamine Refractive index Trimethylethylene Absorption spectra Heat of combustion Magnetic susceptibility Surface tension Trimethylglutaric acid -Ethyl ether* 2,2,3-Trimethylpentane Dielectric constant 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane Heat of combustion Trimethylphenylammonium iodide -Iodine* 2,3,4-Trimethylpyridine -Toluene* 2,4,6-Trimethylpyridine Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Links 4.116 5.163 7.48 7.49 7.48 5.164 7.48 5.163 5.163 7.116 7.35 5.167 5.337 5.165 7.36 7.215 6.265 7.215 5.165 6.14 5.165 7.29 5.338 5.163 6.362 4.436 6.94 5.163 6.287 5.364 4.452 1069 Index Terms Solubility in water Pressure, effect of Vapor pressure, aqueous solution Trimethylpyrogallol Verdet constant Trimethylrosaniline Diffusion in ethyl alcohol Trimethylstannic iodide -Aniline* Trimethylsuccinic acid Crystallography Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Heat of combustion Optical rotatory power Trimethylsuccinic anhydride Heat of combustion Trimethylsulfanilic acid Density, aqueous solution Dielectric constant Viscosity, aqueous solution -Acetic acid* Trimethylsulfonium acetate Density, aqueous solution Trimethylsulfonium bromide Density, aqueous solution Trimethylsulfonium chloride Density, aqueous solution Trimethylsulfonium hydroxide, electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Trimethylsulfonium iodide Density, aqueous solution -Sulfur dioxide* Trimethylsulfonium nitrate Density, aqueous solution Trimethyltellurium hydroxide , electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Trimethyltin hydroxide, electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Trimethyltoluylammonium iodide -Iodine* Trinitroanisole Absorption spectra Explosive, properties as -Formic acid* -Picryl sulfide* Trinitrobenzene Detonation velocity Explosive, properties as Heat of explosion -Ethyl alcohol* 1,2,4-Trinitrobenzene Heat of combustion 1,3,4-Trinitrobenzene -Camphor* 1,3,5-Trinitrobenzene Absorption spectra Dielectric constant Heat of combustion Magnetic susceptibility Viscosity -Acenaphthene* -Aniline* -Anthracene* -Camphor* Links 3.392 3.393 3.366 6.430 5.74 1.327 6.283 5.165 7.404 5.166 3.115 6.94 5.21 3.61 3.61 3.61 6.265 3.61 3.63 6.265 6.265 5.341 7.491 7.493 7.490 7.490 5.167 5.338 6.89 5.167 6.362 7.217 1070 Index Terms -Carbazole* -Coumarin* -Dimethylpyrone* -Dinitrobenzene (o-, m-)* -Diphenylamine* -γ, γ-Dipyridyl* -Fluorene* -Fluorenone* -Formic acid* -Hydroquinol* -Naphthalene* -Naphthylamine (α-, β-)* -Nitroaniline (m-, p-)* -Phenanthrene* -Phenyl ether* -Phenylenediamine (o-, m-, p-)* -Picric acid* -Retene* -Styphnic acid* -Tetryl* -Tribromophenol* -Trinitrotoluene Freezing point-solubility -Triphenylcarbinol Freezing point-solubility -Xanthone Freezing point-solubility 2,4,6-Trinitrobenzoic acid Crystallography -Ethyl ether* Trinitrochlorobenzene Detonation velocity Explosive, properties as Trinitrocresol Detonation velocity Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Explosive, properties as -Naphthalene* Trinitroglycerol Heat of combustion Heat of fusion -Acetone* Trinitromesitylene -Formic acid* Trinitromethane, electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Trinitronaphthalene -Glycol diacetate* 1,2,5-Trinitronaphthalene -1,3,5-Trinitronaphthalene Freezing point-solubility -1,3,8-Trinitronaphthalene Freezing point-solubility -1,4,5-Trinitronaphthalene Freezing point-solubility 1,3,5-Trinitronaphthalene Crystallography -1,5-Dinitronaphthalene* -1,5-Dinitronaphthalene*-1,8-Dinitronaphthalene -1,8-Dinitronaphthalene* -1,2,5-Trinitronaphthalene* -1,3,8-Trinitronaphthalene Freezing point-solubility -1,4,5-Trinitronaphthalene Freezing point-solubility Links 4.175 4.119 4.119 1.327 7.493 7.491 7.493 6.279 7.490 5.167 5.132 6.261 4.154 4.170 4.154 4.170 4.154 1.329 4.154 4.155 1071 Index Terms 1,3,8-Trinitronaphthalene -1,5-Dinitronaphthalene* -1,5-Dinitronaphthalene*-1,8-Dinitronaphthalene -1,8-Dinitronaphthalene* -1,2,5-Trinitronaphthalene* -1,3,5-Trinitronaphthalene* -1,4,5-Trinitronaphthalene Freezing point-solubility 1,4,5-Trinitronaphthalene -1,2,5-Trinitronaphthalene* -1,3,5-Trinitronaphthalene* -1,3,8-Trinitronaphthalene* 2,4,6-Trinitrophenol Birefringence, electric Detonation velocity Diffusion in benzene Diffusion in methyl alcohol Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Heat of combustion Trinitrophenylmethylnitroamine. See Tetryl. Trinitrotoluene Detonation velocity Explosive, properties as Heat of explosion Vapor pressure -Aniline* -Benzene* -Benzene*-Naphthalene -Chloroform* -Ethyl alcohol* -Glycol diacetate* -Phenylenediamine (o-, m-, p-)* -Picric acid* -Sulfuric acid* -1,3,5-Trinitrobenzene* 2,3,4-Trinitrotoluene Heat of combustion 2,3,5-Trinitrotoluene Heat of combustion 2,4,5-Trinitrotoluene -2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene Freezing point-solubility 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene Cryoscopic constant Heat of combustion Heat of fusion Solubility in water Specific heat Liquid Solid -Acenaphthene* -Acetonitrile* -p-Aminoacetophenone* -p-Aminoazobenzene -Anthracene* -Camphor* -Carbazole* -Cinnamylideneacetophenone* -Dimethylpyrone* -Dinitrobenzene (o-, m-)* -2,4-Dinitrotoluene* -2,4-Dinitrotoluene*-p-Nitrotoluene -2,6-Dinitrotoluene* -Diphenylamine* -Fluorene* Links 4.155 7.111 7.493 5.74 5.72 6.271 5.167 7.493 7.490 7.490 3.222 5.168 5.168 4.178 4.183 5.168 5.133 4.252 5.110 5.104 1072 Index Terms -Hexanitrodiphenylamine* -m-Hydroxybenzaldehyde* -Naphthalene* -Nitrotoluene (o-, p-)* -o-Nitrotoluene*-p-Nitrotoluene -Phenanthrene* -Picryl sulfide* -Retene* -Styphnic acid* -Tetryl* -2,4,5-Trinitrotoluene* -Triphenylcarbinol Freezing point-solubility 3,4,5-Trinitrotoluene Heat of combustion 3,4,6-Trinitrotoluene Heat of combustion Trinitroxylene, specific heat 2,4,6-Trinitro-m-xylene -Glycol diacetate* -Styphnic acid* Trinitro-p-xylene -Acetonitrile* -Methyl alcohol* Triodes Triolein Surface tension -Tripalmitin Freezing point-solubility Refractive index -Tripalmitin -Tristearin Freezing point-solubility Refractive index -Tristearin Freezing point-solubility Refractive index Trional -Carbon disulfide* -Sulfur trioxide* -Thionyl chloride* Tripalmitin Surface tension -Acetone* -Benzene* -Chloroform* -Palmitic acid* -Palmitic acid*-Stearic acid -Palmitic acid*-Tristearin -Stearic acid* -Stearic acid*-Tristearin -Triolein* -Triolein*-Tristearin -Tristearin Freezing point-solubility Refractive index Triphenoxyarsine Magnetic susceptibility Triphenyl phosphate Absorption spectra Surface tension Viscosity -Methyldiphenoxyphosphine oxide* -Triphenyl thiophosphate Freezing point-solubility Links 4.146 5.168 5.168 5.104 6.58 4.463 4.167 7.91 4.172 7.97 4.167 7.91 4.463 4.167 7.91 6.364 5.353 4.462 7.222 4.166 1073 Index Terms -Triphenylphosphine oxide Freezing point-solubility Triphenyl phosphite Magnetic susceptibility Triphenyl thiophosphate -Triphenyl phosphate* -Triphenylphosphine sulfide Freezing point-solubility Triphenylamine Absorption spectra Heat of combustion Viscosity -Triphenylarsine Freezing point-solubility -Triphenylphosphine Freezing point-solubility Triphenylarsine Magnetic susceptibility -Triphenylamine* -Triphenylbismuthine Freezing point-solubility -Triphenylphosphine Freezing point-solubility -Triphenylstibine Freezing point-solubility Triphenylarsine dihydroxide Magnetic susceptibility Triphenylarsine oxide Magnetic susceptibility -Triphenylarsine sulfide Freezing point-solubility -Triphenylphosphine oxide Freezing point-solubility -Triphenylstibine sulfide Freezing point-solubility Triphenylarsine sulfide -Triphenylarsine oxide* -Triphenylphosphine oxide Freezing point-solubility -Triphenylphosphine sulfide Freezing point-solubility -Triphenylstibine sulfide Freezing point-solubility 1,3,5-Triphenylbenzene Crystallography Heat of combustion Triphenylbismuth dichloride Refractive index Triphenylbismuthine Magnetic susceptibility -Mercury diphenyl* -Triphenylarsine* -Triphenylphosphine Freezing point-solubility Triphenylbismuthine dinitrate Magnetic susceptibility Triphenylcarbinol Absorption spectra Heat of combustion Magnetic susceptibility Surface tension -Acetonitrile* -Benzene* -Catechol* Links 4.166 6.364 4.166 5.334 5.168 7.222 4.166 4.166 6.364 4.165 4.166 4.166 6.364 6.364 4.166 4.166 4.166 4.166 4.166 4.166 1.337 5.164 7.30 6.364 4.166 6.364 5.353 5.164 6.364 4.462 5.353 1074 Index Terms -Dinitrobenzene (o-, m-, p-)* -2,4-Dinitrotoluene* -Hydroquinol* -Isoamyl acetate* -Naphthalene* -Naphthol (α-, β-)* -Naphthylamine (α-, β-)* -Nitrophenol (o-, m-, p-)* -Phenol* -Phenylenediamine (m-, p-)* -Picric acid* -Pyrogallol* -Quinoline* -Quinone* -Resorcinol* -p-Toluidine* -1,3,5-Trinitrobenzene* -2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene* -Triphenylmethane Freezing point-solubility Triphenylguanidine Absorption spectra Crystallization velocity Crystallography Transition velocity -Acetamide* -Ethyl alcohol* -Phthalide* -Triphenylmethane Freezing point-solubility Triphenylmethane Absorption spectra Cryoscopic constant Crystallization velocity Diffusion in methyl alcohol Heat of combustion Heat of fusion Magnetic susceptibility Melting point under pressure Photoluminescence Specific heat Surface tension Verdet constant Viscosity -Acetonitrile* -Aniline* -Anisole* -Antimony tribromide* -Antimony trichloride* -Benzene* -Benzil*-Chloroform -Catechol* -Chloroform* -Cyclohexane* -Ethyl acetate* -Ethyl alcohol* -Ethyl ether* -Ethylene bromide* -Hexane* -Hydroquinol* -Methyl alcohol* -Methyl thiocyanate* -Naphthalene* -Naphthol (α-, β-)* -Naphthylamine (α-, β-)* -Nitrobenzene* Links 4.181 5.353 5.61 1.335 5.61 4.166 5.353 4.184 5.61 5.73 5.164 5.134 6.364 4.10 5.387 5.105 4.462 6.431 5.28 7.222 1075 Index Terms -Nitromethane* -Nitrophenol (o-, m-, p-)* -Phenetole* -Phenol* -Phenylenediamine (o-, m-, p-)* -Picric acid* -Pyridine* -Pyrogallol* -Pyrrole* -Quinoline* -Quinone* -Resorcinol* -Styphnic acid* -Sulfur dioxide* -Thiophene* -Toluene* -p-Toluidine* -Triphenylcarbinol* -Triphenylguanidine* Triphenylmethane dyes Absorption spectra Triphenylmethyl Heat of combustion -Benzene* Triphenylphosphine Absorption spectra Magnetic susceptibility Surface tension Viscosity -Triphenylamine* -Triphenylarsine* -Triphenylbismuthine* Triphenylphosphine oxide -Triphenyl phosphate* -Triphenylarsine sulfide* -Triphenylphosphine sulfide Freezing point-solubility -Triphenylstibine sulfid e Freezing point-solubility Triphenylphosphine sulfide -Triethylphosphine sulfide* -Triphenyl thiophosphale* -Triphenylarsine oxide* -Triphenylarsine sulfide* -Triphenylphosphine oxide* Triphenylphosphine sulfide -Triphenylstibine sulfide Freezing point-solubility Triphenylstibine Magnetic susceptibility Surface tension Viscosity -Mercuric diphenyl* -Tetraphenyltin* -Triphenylarsine* Triphenylstibine dihydroxide Magnetic susceptibility Triphenylstibine sulfide -Triphenylarsine oxide* -Triphenylarsine sulfide* -Triphenylphosphine oxide* -Triphenylphosphine sulfide* Triphenylsulfanilic acid -Hydrogen chloride* Links 7.184 5.164 5.353 6.364 4.462 7.222 4.166 4.166 4.166 6.364 4.462 7.222 6.364 1076 Index Terms Triphenyltin iodide, density Triphylite Density Refractive index Triple points Tripoli, weights and measures Tripoli flour, rubber, effect on Tripolite. See Diatomaceous earth. Tripropylamine Absorption spectra Density Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Refractive index Surface tension -Chloroform* -Toluene* Tripropylammonium bromide -Acetone* Tripropylammonium chloride Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution -Acetone* Tripuhyite Density Refractive index Triquinoyl, magnetic susceptibility Trisilicane, vapor pressure Trisilicon octachloride Vapor pressure Tristearin Cryoscopic constant Crystallization velocity Electrical conductivity Heat of fusion Surface tension -Acetone* -Benzene* -d-Bromocamphor* -Chloroform* -Naphthalene* -Palmitic acid* -Palmitic acid*-Stearic acid -Palmitic acid*-Tripalmitin -Stearic acid* -Stearic acid*-Tripalmitin -Triolein* -Triolein*-Tripalmitin -Tripalmitin* Trisulfimide , electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Trithionic acid, heat of formation Troegerite Density Refractive index Troilite Density Melting point See also Ferrous sulfide. Trojan steel Tronite Density Refractive index Troostite, thermal conductivity Links 3.44 1.150 1.150 3.199 1.12 2.287 5.333 3.30 6.293 7.49 4.459 1.172 3.351 4.6 5.345 6.232 1.129 1.129 6.362 3.214 1.173 3.214 4.184 5.61 6.145 5.134 4.463 6.260 5.178 1.134 1.134 1.171 1.128 1.128 2.385 2.472 1.151 1.151 5.231 1.169 2.510 4.9 1077 Index Terms Tropic acid Absorption spectra Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Optical rotatory power Tropine Absorption spectra, ultra-violet Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Refractive index Tropinone Absorption spectra, ultra-violet Trouton's ratio Truxillanilidic acid Optical rotatory power α-Truxillic acid Absorption spectra Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Heat of combustion Trypsin Tryptophane Absorption spectra Optical rotatory power Tschermigite Density Melting point Refractive index Tsumebite Density Refractive index Tube brass Tuc-Tur (alloy) Tuff Bulk density Compressive strength Elasticity Hardness Impact hardness Porosity Thermal conductivity Thermal diffusivity Tungsten Accommodation coefficient Absorption, index of Boiling point Brightness Brightness temperature Color temperature Compressibility Single crystal Contact potential Density Elastic properties Electrical conductivity Low temperature Single crystal Electrons, secondary emission of Electrons, thermal emission of Electrons freed by X-rays, energy of Emission, spectral Emission spectra Entropy Evaporation from hot filament Hall effect Heat content Heat of vaporization Links 5.345 6.288 7.404 5.365 6.291 7.409 5.367 5.368 5.373 5.369 6.288 7.45 5.369 5.136 7.418 5.353 6.301 5.166 7.156 5.347 7.376 1.137 1.137 1.137 1.165 1.123 1.123 2.385 2.385 1.173 2.469 2.475 2.555 2.480 2.53 2.48 2.52 2.50 2.51 2.54 2.55 2.56 5.53 5.250 1.102 5.246 5.245 5.246 3.47 3.49 6.57 1.105 2.594 1.105 6.129 6.135 6.63 6.54 6.5 5.242 6.319 5.89 5.53 6.416 5.89 1.102 5.252 3.205 3.49 2.456 6.136 6.134 6.137 6.55 5.243 5.254 2.600 2.602 1078 Index Terms Magnetic susceptibility Melting point Nernst effect Persistent lines Photoelectric threshold Photoelectric work function Quantum numbers Radiation temperature, total Refraction, index of Righi-Leduc effect Specific heat Spectral series Tensile properties Thermal conductivity Thermal expansion Thermionic work function Thermochemistry Thermodynamic potential Thermoelectric properties Thomson coefficient Thoriated, emissions of electrons by Vapor pressure Viscosity X-radiation from target of X-ray absorption limits X-ray crystal structure X-ray emission spectra X-ray lines, intensity of X-ray lines, relative intensities X-ray lines, width of X-ray series, limiting frequencies X-ray wave-lengths, standard X-rays, absorption, discontinuity in X-rays, absorption coefficient Zeeman effect -Carbon* -Carbon*-Iron -Carbon*-Iron-Manganese -Carbon*-Iron-Manganese-Silicon -Carbon*-Iron-Vanadium -Carbon*-Chromium -Carbon*-Chromium-Copper-Iron -Carbon*-Chromium-Iron -Carbon*-Chromium-Iron-Manganese-Silicon -Carbon*-Chromium-Iron-Molybdenum-Vanadium -Chromium*-Iron -Chromium*-Iron-Molybdenum -Cobalt* -Copper*-Tin -Graphite* -Iron* -Iron*-Nickel -Molybdenum* -Nickel* -Silicon* -Tungsten carbide Freezing point-solubility Tungsten brass Tungsten carbide Electrical conductivity -Tungsten* Tungsten dioxide Heat of formation Reduction with hydrogen, equilibrium constant Tungsten hexachloride Electrical conductivity Links 6.356 1.53 6.420 5.324 6.68 6.57 5.408 5.246 5.250 6.421 1.105 5.406 2.592 5.220 1.105 6.54 5.192 5.89 6.214 6.228 6.55 3.205 5.7 6.46 6.41 1.341 6.41 6.26 6.32 6.26 6.35 6.34 6.12 6.13 5.420 4.40 2.385 6.154 5.192 7.288 6.148 1.105 5.252 5.86 5.221 2.462 6.56 6.225 5.430 5.89 5.94 1079 Index Terms Tungsten lamp Color temperature Emission, spectral Temperature Tungsten oxide Specific heat -Potassium tungstate* -Sodium tungstate* Tungsten pentachloride Electrical conductivity Tungsten pentoxide Heat of formation Hydrogen, reaction with, equilibrium constant Tungsten steel Electrical conductivity Heat treatment, effect of Magnetic properties Thermal conductivity Thermal expansion Thermoelectric properties Tungsten trioxide Density, aqueous solution Heat of formation Heat of vaporization Hydrogen, reaction with, equilibrium constant Magnetic susceptibility Thermoelectric power Tungstic acid Heat of formation Magnetic susceptibility Tungstite Density Melting point Refractive index Tuning forks Magnetic field, effect of Tunis, weights and measures Turbadium bronze Turbine brass Turbine material Turbiston's brass Turicine Optical rotatory power Turkestan, weights and measures Turkey, weights and measures Turpentine Absorption spectra Angle of contact Electrical conductivity Heat of vaporization Sound, velocity of, in Thermal conductivity Verdet constant Dispersion Viscosity X-rays, scattering coefficient -Acetic acid* -Acetic acid*-Ethyl alcohol -Benzene* -Benzoic acid* -Camphene* -Camphoric acid* -Camphoroxime* Links 5.245 5.243 5.247 5.98 6.148 5.192 7.288 2.385 6.189 6.200 6.374 5.219 2.472 6.224 2.472 6.386 5.225 6.388 3.70 5.192 7.288 7.288 6.359 6.224 5.192 6.359 1.133 1.133 1.133 6.454 6.439 1.13 2.385 2.385 2.385 2.385 1.173 2.556 2.555 2.480 2.556 7.409 1.13 1.13 5.334 4.434 6.146 5.138 6.464 5.228 6.426 6.433 5.49 6.17 5.346 2.601 2.601 1080 Index Terms -Carbon disulfide* -Dimethyl sulfate* -Ethyl alcohol* -Ethyl ether* -Petroleum* -Salicylic acid* -Toluene* Turquoise Density Refractive index Tutania (alloy) Tutenag (alloy) Tuxtlite Density Refractive index Twist Conversion factors Definition Two to one (alloy) Tychite Density Refractive index Type metal Typewriter metal Tyrolite Density Refractive index Tyrosine Absorption spectra Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Heat of combustion Optical rotatory power U.S.N. brass U.S.N. bronze Uchatius bronze Ulcometal Ulcony (alloy) Ulexite Density Refractive index Ullmannite Density Thermal expansion See also Nickel antimony sulfide. Ultra capital steel Umangite, density Umbellaric acid Optical rotatory power Umbellonic acid Optical rotatory power Umbellulone Optical rotatory power Undecane Compressibility Density Specific heat Viscosity Undecolic acid, heat of combustion β-Undecyl esters Optical rotatory power Viscosity Links 1.137 1.137 2.385 2.385 1.171 2.557 1.154 1.154 1.172 1.23 1.42 2.385 2.555 1.153 1.153 2.385 2.385 1.123 1.123 5.345 6.292 5.168 7.376 2.385 2.385 2.385 2.385 2.385 1.154 1.154 1.165 2.557 1.172 5.373 2.567 2.559 2.556 2.567 1.169 1.132 3.44 2.385 1.122 2.472 7.418 7.417 7.415 3.37 3.30 5.113 7.221 5.166 7.360 7.221 2.602 3.34 7.222 2.601 1081 Index Terms Undecylene, specific heat Undecylenic acid Heat of combustion Surface tension Undecylic acid Density Heat of combustion Heat of fusion Viscosity Unieux iron, magnetic properties Union of South Africa Weights and measures United States of America Weights and measures Uraninite. See Uranium dioxide. Uranium Compressibility Density Electrical conductivity Electrons, thermal emission of Emission, spectral Emission spectra Magnetic susceptibility Melting point Persistent lines Specific heat Thermionic work function Thermochemistry X-ray absorption limits X-ray emission spectra X-ray series, limiting frequencies X-rays, absorption coefficient -Carbon*-Chromium-Iron -Carbon*-Chromium-Iron-Nickel -Carbon*-Iron -Carbon*-Iron-Nickel -Titanium* Uranium carbide, heat of formation Uranium dioxide Density Heat of formation Magnetic susceptibility X-ray diffraction data Uranium hexafluoride Vapor pressure Uranium oxide Diffusion in tungsten Evaporation from tungsten Thermoelectric power Uranium peroxide Heat of formation Uranium series Members and constants Uranium steel Uranium tetrachloride Absorption spectra, solutions Electrical conductivity Magnetic susceptibility Uranium trioxide Heat of formation Magnetic susceptibility Uranocircite Density Links 5.113 5.166 4.437 4.461 3.45 5.166 5.134 7.221 6.386 1.13 1.13 3.49 1.105 1.105 6.54 5.242 5.317 6.356 1.105 5.324 1.105 6.54 5.192 6.42 6.42 6.35 6.13 2.456 6.136 6.137 5.94 5.192 1.134 5.192 6.359 1.343 3.208 6.56 6.56 6.224 5.192 1.363 2.385 5.327 6.148 6.359 5.192 6.359 1.148 2.478 2.479 1082 Index Terms Refractive index Uranophane Density Refractive index Uranopilite Density Refractive index Uranoso-uranic oxide Emission, spectral Heat of formation Magnetic susceptibility Specific heat X-rays, absorption coefficient Uranospherite Density Refractive index Uranospinite Density Refractive index Uranothallite Density Refractive index Uranous sulfate Solubility in water -Hydrogen chloride* -Sulfuric acid* Uranus, characteristics of Uranyl acetate Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Density, aqueous solution Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Heat of formation Solubility in water Uranyl butyrate Solubility in water Uranyl chloride Density, aqueous solution Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Heat of formation Solubility in water Uranyl chromate Heat of formation Uranyl formate Solubility in water -Methyl alcohol* Uranyl isobutyrate Solubility in water Uranyl isovalerate Solubility in water Uranyl nitrate Dehydration behavior of hydrate Density Aqueous solution Diffusion in water Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Heat of formation Magnetic susceptibility Photoluminescence Refractive index Aqueous solution Solubility in water Links 1.148 1.171 1.145 1.145 1.172 1.145 1.145 1.171 5.242 5.192 6.359 5.98 6.13 6.16 1.134 1.134 1.173 1.145 1.145 1.171 1.145 1.145 1.169 4.226 1.392 6.245 3.70 4.257 5.192 4.226 4.226 3.105 6.233 4.257 5.192 4.226 5.193 4.226 4.226 4.226 7.288 1.134 3.70 5.66 6.238 4.257 5.192 6.359 5.387 1.134 7.71 4.226 7.71 1.169 1083 Index Terms Vapor pressure lowering in aqueous solution X-ray diffraction data -Acetic acid* -Ethyl ether* -Hydrogen bromide* -Nitric acid* -Sulfuric acid* Uranyl oxalate Solubility in water -Ammonium oxalate* -Sodium oxalate* Uranyl propionate Solubility in water Uranyl salts, luminescence Uranyl sulfate Decomposition pressure of hydrate Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Heat of formation Photoluminescence Solubility in water -Sulfuric acid* Uranyl tartrate , freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Uranyl thiocyanate, freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Urea Absorption spectra Allotropic forms Boiling point elevation in aqueous solution Compressibility differences Density Aqueous solution Dielectric constant Aqueous solution Diffusion in ethyl alcohol Diffusion in methyl alcohol Diffusion in water Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Free energy Ionization Solution Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Heat of combustion Heat of formation Heat of ionization Heat of solution in water Hydrolysis by enzymes Hydrolysis constants Ionization constant Magnetic susceptibility Melting point under pressure Solubility in water Specific heat Aqueous solution Surface tension, aqueous solution Thermal conductivity Triple points Vapor pressure lowering in aqueous solution Vapor pressure, aqueous solution Viscosity, aqueous solution Volume change on melting -Acetic acid* -Acetone* -Ammonia* -Ammonium nitrate* -tert.-Butyl alcohol* -Thiourea Links 3.294 1.343 4.226 4.226 5.389 7.288 6.236 4.257 5.192 5.387 4.226 4.257 4.257 5.335 4.14 3.326 4.14 3.45 3.111 6.83 6.100 5.73 5.72 5.69 6.261 7.245 7.245 7.245 4.262 5.167 5.182 7.245 5.148 7.157 7.141 7.245 6.361 4.14 4.251 5.101 5.124 4.467 5.231 4.14 3.293 3.366 5.22 4.14 5.364 3.113 4.18 4.18 5.367 5.370 1084 Index Terms -Cresol (o-, m -, p-)* -Cyanamide* -Dinitrobenzene (o-, m-, p-)* -2,4-Dinitrotoluene* -Ethyl alcohol* -Hydrogen chloride* -Magnesium bromide* -Methyl alcohol* -Methylamine* -Phenol* -Potassium chloride* -Pyridine* -Sodium chloride* -Sodium hydroxide* Urea acetate Heat of solution in water Urea formate Heat of solution in water Urea nitrate Crystallography Heat of solution in water Urea oxalate Heat of solution in water Urease 7.157 Urethan Absorption spectra Allotropic forms Boiling point elevation in aqueous solution Cryoscopic constant Compressibility, aqueous solution Density, aqueous solution Dielectric constant Aqueous solution Diffusion in methyl alcohol Diffusion in water Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Heat of adiabatic expansion Heat of combustion Heat of fusion Heat of solution in water Melting point under pressure Triple points Vapor pressure Viscosity Volume change on melting -Acetamide* -Acetanilide* -Acetone* -Amyl alcohol* -Arsenous bromide* -Benzene* -Carbon dioxide* -Chloroform* -m-Dinitrobenzene* -Diphenylamine* -Ethyl alcohol* -Ethyl ether* -Magnesium bromide* -Magnesium iodide* -Methyl alcohol* -p-Nitroanisole* -α-Nitronaphthalene* -p-Nitrotoluene* -Phenol* -Phenyl salicylate* -Propyl alcohol* Links 5.148 5.148 1.324 5.148 5.149 5.336 4.15 3.327 4.183 3.440 3.112 6.86 6.101 5.72 5.70 4.262 5.146 5.167 5.132 5.148 4.15 4.15 3.218 7.214 4.15 4.215 4.17 1085 Index Terms -Pyridine* -Phenyl salicylate* -Toluene* Uric acid Absorption spectra Adsorption of dyes on Diffusion in methyl alcohol Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Heat of combustion Heat of solution in water Solubility in water Urvolgyite , density Usninic acid Crystallography Optical rotatory power Ussingite Density Refractive index Uvanite, refractive index Uvarovite Density Refractive index Uvitic acid, heat of combustion Va alloy Vacuum, reduction of weights to Vacuum technique Vacuum tubes Diodes Triodes Valentinite Density Refractive index Valeraldehyde, dielectric constant Valeramide Boiling point elevation in aqueous solution -Acetone* -Benzene* -Chloroform* Valeric acid Absorption spectra Birefringence, electric Boiling point Compressibility Critical temperature Density, aqueous solution Dielectric constant Diffusion of vapor in air Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Esterification constant Heat of combustion Heat of vaporization Solubility in water Sound, velocity of, in vapor Surface tension, aqueous solution Thermal conductivity Vapor pressure Verdet constant Viscosity -Acetic acid*-Valeric acid -Benzene* -Camphor* -Chloroform* -Ethyl ether* -Methyl alcohol* Links 5.337 3.252 5.72 6.268 5.167 5.149 4.251 1.144 5.367 4.252 1.335 7.466 1.153 1.153 1.135 1.145 1.145 5.165 2.385 1.77 1.91 6.58 6.58 6.59 1.110 1.110 6.88 1.169 1.173 1.165 1.80 1.173 3.327 5.332 7.111 3.219 3.36 3.248 3.112 6.88 5.62 6.270 7.138 5.165 5.137 3.388 6.463 4.468 5.228 3.219 6.428 7.216 5.338 3.114 5.369 1086 Index Terms -Naphthalene* -Xylene Distribution coefficients in water Valeronitrile Boiling point Dielectric constant Electrical conductivity Heat of vaporization Specific heat Valerylphenylacetylene Magnetic susceptibility Valine, optical rotatory power Valve bronze Valve steel Vanadinite Density Refractive index Transition temperature Vanadium Absorption, index of Boiling point Cathodoluminescence Critical potentials Density Electronic structure, normal and excited Emission, spectral Emission spectra Isotopes Magnetic susceptibility Melting point Persistent lines Quantum numbers Refraction, index of Specific heat Spectral series Thermochemistry X-ray absorption limits X-ray crystal structure X-ray emission spectra X-ray series, limiting frequencies Zeeman effect -Aluminum* -Carbon* -Carbon*-Chromium-Iron -Carbon*-Chromium-Iron-Molybdenum -Carbon*-Chromium-Iron-Molybdenum-Tungsten -Carbon*-Chromium-Iron-Nickel -Carbon*-Iron -Carbon*-Iron-Molybdenum -Carbon*-Iron-Nickel -Carbon*-Iron-Tungsten -Carbon monoxide* -Chromium*-Iron -Chromium*-Iron-Nickel-Silicon -Iron* -Iron*--Molybdenum -Iron*-Nickel -Iron*-Silicon -Nickel* -Oxygen* -Silicon* Vanadium brass Vanadium bronze Vanadium carbide X-ray diffraction data Links 3.427 3.219 6.88 6.144 5.137 5.109 6.363 7.375 2.385 2.385 1.135 1.135 4.7 5.250 1.102 5.390 6.72 1.105 6.72 5.242 5.318 1.47 6.356 1.105 5.324 5.408 5.250 1.105 5.405 5.193 6.36 1.341 6.36 6.35 5.420 2.385 2.385 1.343 2.563 2.470 2.565 2.508 1.168 7.22 2.456 5.254 5.94 6.44 5.429 2.603 2.606 1087 Index Terms Vanadium dichloride Heat of formation Vanadium dioxide Heat of formation Magnetic susceptibility Vanadium nitride Decomposition pressure X-ray diffraction data Vanadium oxide Band spectra Magnetic susceptibility Vanadium oxytribromide Dielectric constant Vanadium oxytrichloride Density Dielectric constant Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Heat of formation Vanadium pentasulfide Magnetic susceptibility Vanadium pentoxide Dielectric constant in water Heat of formation Magnetic susceptibility Refractive index, aqueous solution -Lead oxide* Vanadium steel Analyses, table of Endurance limits Magnetic properties Shear and torsion tests Vanadium tetrachloride Dielectric constant Heat of formation Vanadium tetroxide Heat of formation Magnetic susceptibility Vanadium trichloride Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Heat of formation Vanadium trioxide Heat of formation Emission, spectral X-ray diffraction data Vanadium trisulfide Magnetic susceptibility Vanadyl sulfate, electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Vanalium (alloy) van der Waals' constants van der Waals* formula (surface tension) Vanillic acid Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Heat of solution in water Vanillin Absorption spectra Diffusion in methyl alcohol Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Heat of solution in water -Acenaphthene* -Chloroacetic acid* -Ethyl ether* -Trichloroacefic acid* Links 5.193 5.193 6.359 7.288 1.343 5.416 6.359 6.77 3.23 6.77 6.233 5.193 6.359 6.105 5.193 6.359 7.71 2.385 2.487 2.604 6.400 2.515 2.472 6.77 5.193 5.193 6.359 4.257 5.193 5.193 5.242 1.343 6.359 6.236 2.385 1.42 4.19 4.434 6.286 5.150 5.343 5.73 6.286 5.150 5.372 2.514 2.604 1088 Index Terms Vanthoffite Density Refractive index Vapor pressure Aqueous solutions Commercial acids Critical pressures Liquids Partial Petroleum products Solids Solutions P-T-X relations Partial Vapor pressure lowering Streaming method “Surface ” Vaporization Heat of Velocity of Varnish industry, raw materials for Vaseline Emission, spectral Rubber softener Thermal conductivity See also Petrolatum. Vaseline oil Electrical conductivity X-rays, effect of Vaucher's alloy Vauxite Density Refractive index Vegasite, refractive index Velardenite Density Melting point Refractive index Velocity Angular, conversion factors Conversion factors Velocity of Chemical reaction Condensation Crystallization Diffusion Dissolution Evaporation Gas absorption Gas evolution Light Sound Vaporization Venezuela, weights and measures Venus, characteristics Veratric acid Absorption spectra Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Heat of solution in water o-Veratrole Absorption spectra, ultra-violet Dielectric constant Heat of fusion Melting point under pressure Links 1.153 1.153 1.169 1.67 3.301 3.248 3.213 3.284 2.149 3.207 3.351 3.306 3.284 3.292 5.55 4.476 3.351 3.229 3.215 3.292 3.228 3.237 5.76 5.77 5.135 5.53 2.317 5.257 2.277 5.217 5.228 6.146 6.6 2.385 1.138 1.138 1.129 1.170 1.169 1.145 1.145 1.145 1.167 1.23 1.23 7.113 5.53 5.60 5.62 5.55 5.53 5.53 5.53 1.17 6.461 5.53 1.14 1.392 5.63 5.345 6.291 5.150 5.343 6.93 5.134 4.10 5.372 1089 Index Terms Solubility in water Verdet constant -p-Bromotoluene* -p-Xylene Freezing point-solubility Verbenene, optical rotatory power Verbenol, optical rotatory power Verbenone, optical rotatory power Verdet constant Conversion factors Definition Dispersion, formulas for Verilite (alloy) Thermal expansion Veronal Absorption spectra, ultra-violet Heat of combustion Vestalin (alloy) Electrical conductivity Vesuvianite Dielectric constant Thermal conductivity Thermal expansion Vibration manometer, Wien Victor bronze Victor metal Victoria aluminum Villari effect Transverse Villiaumite. See Sodium fluoride. Vinyl acetate, saponification, kinetics of Vinyl bromide , dielectric constant Vinyl tribromide -Tetrabromethane* Vinylacetonitrile Absorption spectra -Aniline* Violle unit Violuric acid Absorption spectra Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Viscoloid Viscometers, efflux Conversion diagram Viscosity Conversion factors Definition Elements Fats, animal and vegetable Gases Gelatins Glass Glues Gutta percha Kinematic Conversion factors Definition Latex Liquids Oils, fats and waxes Petroleum Refrigerating brines Links 4.253 6.429 4.153 7.410 7.420 7.415 6.425 1.30 1.41 6.432 2.385 2.464 5.366 5.168 2.385 6.185 6.99 5.231 3.45 6.457 2.385 2.385 2.385 6.439 6.439 2.464 2.533 2.471 2.482 2.556 2.480 7.134 6.82 5.336 1.42 5.336 6.265 2.296 1.32 1.33 1.25 1.42 1.102 2.209 5.1 2.223 2.94 2.220 2.294 1.25 1.38 2.255 5.10 2.209 2.146 2.328 5.367 5.2 7.211 5.6 2.601 1090 Index Terms Rubber Soap solutions Solutions Aqueous Metallic Non-aqueous Tars and pitches Viscosity-temperature chart Vision, threshold of Vivianite Density Refractive index VM steel Voigt's theory (birefringence) Volume Conversion factors Secondary units Volt, definition Volt-faraday, definition Volt-second, definition Volumetric apparatus, calibration of Volumetric vessels, calibration of Vrbaite , density Vulcanization Accelerators of Vulcanized fiber Density Dielectric constant Dielectric strength Electrical conductivity Physical and chemical agents, effect on Power factor Strength properties Tensile strength Thermal conductivity Thermal expansion “W” alloy Wagner's formula (alloy) Wagnerite Density Refractive index Transition temperature Wall board Wall tile, water absorption Walnut wood Density Thermal conductivity Walpurgite Density Refractive index Wapplerite Density Refractive index Warne's metal Watch alloy Water Acoustic resistivity Activity function of vapor in nitrogen and hydrogen Adsorption on glass Allotropic forms Angle of contact Links 2.255 5.447 2.259 5.12 5.7 5.25 2.170 2.147 1.92 5.20 1.129 1.129 2.385 7.109 1.22 1.2 1.42 1.42 1.42 1.80 1.80 1.118 2.256 2.278 2.311 2.300 2.300 2.310 2.300 2.300 2.311 2.300 2.314 2.311 2.385 2.385 1.141 1.141 4.7 2.46 2.65 2.172 1.171 2.472 2.264 2.310 2.310 2.310 2.480 1.170 2.314 2.314 1.134 1.134 1.143 1.143 2.385 2.385 6.459 7.231 3.251 4.11 4.434 5.21 1.173 1.170 2.605 1091 Index Terms Azeotropic mixtures Maximum boiling points Pressure, effect of Band spectra Birefringence, electric Boiling point Compressibility Liquid Solid Condensation on ions and nuclei Copper, permeability of, to vapor Critical point data Critical potentials Density Gas Liquid Saturated vapor Solid Dielectric constant Diffusion of vapor in gases Dispersion formula for vapor Dissociation of vapor Electrical conductivity Emission, spectral Entropy Evaporation, velocity of Faraday effect, lag in Free energy Formation Ionization of liquid Liquid Solid Vaporization Fugacity of liquid Gamma rays, absorption coefficient Gases, solubility of, in Heat content Heat of adiabatic expansion Heat of adsorption on charcoal Heat of adsorption on silica gel Heat of compression Heat of formation Heat of fusion Heat of ionization of liquid Heat of isothermal compression Heat of transition Heat of vaporization Heat of wetting by Interfacial tension Gas, variation with Ionization by accelerated electrons Ionization constant of liquid Ionization product Ions, mobility of, in Joule-Thomson effect Light, transmission of Magnetic susceptibility Melting point under pressure Molecular data Orthobaric density Photochemical decomposition Polarization of light reflected from Polarization of light scattered by Pressure-volume relations for superheated steam Radiation, transmission of Refractive index Liquid Links 3.318 3.323 3.322 5.415 7.110 1.53 3.40 3.50 6.117 5.76 3.233 6.72 3.436 1.80 3.234 3.43 6.77 5.62 7.11 7.231 6.142 5.258 5.89 5.54 6.434 3.323 3.211 3.248 3.24 6.78 6.152 5.259 7.231 7.232 7.232 7.232 7.232 7.232 6.21 3.255 5.89 5.146 5.140 5.141 5.146 5.176 4.11 7.232 5.147 4.11 5.136 5.142 4.436 4.474 6.121 7.232 6.152 6.111 5.146 5.264 6.356 4.11 1.92 3.234 7.164 5.261 5.266 3.436 5.264 7.232 1.106 1.165 7.232 5.147 5.147 7.231 5.131 7.232 5.138 7.232 5.273 4.17 7.166 7.12 7.13 1092 Index Terms Solid Vapor Rubber, permeability of, to vapor Sound, velocity of, in Gas Liquid Spectral filter, use as Specific heat Gas Liquid Saturated vapors Solid Superheated vapors Specific volume Surface tension Tensile strength Thermal conductivity Gas Liquid Pressure, effect of Solid Thermal diffusivity Thermodynamic potential Transmission of radiant energy Triple points Vapor pressure Vapor pressure above 1 atm. Verdet constant Dispersion Viscosity Gas Liquid Pressure, effect of Volume change on melting X-radiation, scattered, distribution of X-ray diffraction bands X-ray diffraction data X-rays, absorption coefficient X-rays, scattering coefficient -Air* -Ammonia* -Amyl benzoate*-Ethyl alcohol -Barium iodide*-Iodine -Benzene*-Toluene -Benzoic acid*-Ethyl alcohol -Benzyl alcohol* -Ethyl alcohol -Bromine* -Bromine*-Mercuric bromide -Carbon dioxide* -Chlorine* -Ethyl alcohol* -Glycerol -Ethyl alcohol* -Phenylacetic acid -Ethyl alcohol* -Phenylethyl alcohol -Ethyl alcohol* -Salicylic acid -Ethyl alcohol* -Sucrose -Ethyl alcohol* -p-Toluidine -Hexane* -Nitrobenzene* -o-Nitrotoluene* -Phenol* -Tin* -Toluene* Water, sea. See Sea water. Water glass, viscosity See also Sodium silicate. Links 1.106 7.8 2.272 1.166 6.462 6.464 5.273 6.463 5.82 5.89 5.82 5.95 5.82 3.25 4.447 4.434 7.231 5.113 7.232 5.213 2.315 5.227 2.313 2.315 5.89 5.269 4.11 3.210 3.233 6.425 6.425 5.215 5.218 5.227 2.315 2.316 6.426 6.427 5.4 5.10 5.10 4.11 6.19 1.351 1.341 6.13 6.17 5.16 7.17 5.76 5.216 5.217 5.231 1093 Index Terms Water-gas reaction Equilibrium constants Free energy Waters , natural Radioactivity Sound, velocity of, in Waters , spring, radioactivity Watkin's factor Watt, definition Wattevillite Density Refractive index Wave -filters for sound Wave -length Cadmium standard Copper lines as standard Definition Effective, definition Iron lines as standard Neon lines as standard Nickel lines as standard Silicon lines as standard Symbols corresponding to X-rays, standard Wave number Wax, mineral Waxes Acetyl value Bromine and iodine numbers Density Electrical conductivity Iodine value Saponification value Specific heat Unsaponifiable matter Waxes, animal Composition Properties Waxes, vegetable Composition Properties Weber-Langevin theory (diamagnetism) Wegner and Guhr's aluminum Weighing Buoyancy reduction factors Corrections in Reduction ad vacuum Weight Conversion factors Definition Weights Adjustment Constancy Intercomparison, buoyancy reduction factors National and local systems Weiss magneton Weiss's law Welch's alloy Welo and Baudisch's theory (magnetization) Welsbach mantle, emission, spectral Wertheim effect Wessel's silver Links 7.243 7.243 1.373 6.464 1.373 5.440 1.42 1.153 1.153 6.458 5.274 5.275 1.42 6.11 5.275 5.275 5.275 5.275 7.30 6.33 5.409 2.136 2.196 2.214 2.154 2.214 2.211 2.214 2.214 2.210 2.215 1.168 2.168 2.208 2.205 2.208 2.205 6.349 2.385 1.77 1.74 1.74 1.20 1.42 1.73 1.74 1.78 1.1 6.346 6.350 2.385 6.347 5.245 6.439 2.385 2.585 2.480 1094 Index Terms Weston standard cell Unsaturated Wetting, heat of Whewellite Density Refractive index White alloy White lead, rubber, use in White metal Admiralty List of White peat. See Diatomaceous earth. Whiteware Abrasion, resistance to Body composition Chemical composition Classification Crushing strength Density Dielectric constant Dielectric strength Electrical conductivity Fixed impact and bending shock Hardness Modulus of elasticity Modulus of rupture Petrographic character Porosity Specific heat Tensile strength Thermal conductivity Thermal expansion Thermal shock, resistance to Toughness Whiting, rubber, effect on Whitneyite, electrical conductivity Whitworth mild steel Electrical conductivity Wiedemann effect Wiedemann's law Wiegold (alloy) Wien's displacement constant Definition Will and Sly stability test (explosives) Willemite Density Melting point Refractive index Wilmott's aluminium Wind mills Wire brass Wires, electrically exploded Withaniol, optical rotatory power Witherite Compressibility Solution velocity in acids Specific heat See also Barium carbonate. Wittichenite, density Wolframium (alloy) Links 6.312 6.314 5.142 1.143 1.143 2.386 2.286 2.372 2.370 2.391 1.170 2.480 7.24 2.475 2.476 2.476 2.557 2.469 5.237 2.556 1.167 7.20 2.469 2.555 2.557 2.66 2.77 2.73 2.74 2.73 2.76 2.75 2.80 2.81 2.80 2.77 2.77 2.76 2.76 2.74 2.75 2.79 2.76 2.79 2.78 2.80 2.77 2.287 6.154 6.200 6.439 6.349 2.386 1.18 1.34 7.489 1.119 1.119 1.119 2.386 1.411 2.386 5.434 7.464 3.50 5.58 5.100 1.123 2.386 5.59 2.601 1095 Index Terms Wollastonite Acids, effect of Density Refractive index Specific heat Transition point See also Calcium metasilicate. Wood fiber Density Thermal conductivity Wood pulp, moisture content at various humidities Wood tar pitch. See Pitches. Wood tars. See Tars. Wood's alloy Thermal conductivity Wood's metal Absorption, index of Electrical conductivity Refraction, index of Specific heat Woods Acoustic resistivity Bulk density Common name index Composition Density Dielectric constant Dielectric strength Electrical conductivity Fuel value Gamma rays, absorption coefficient Magnetic susceptibility Moisture content at various temperatures Physical properties Power factor Sound, transmission of, by Sound, velocity of, in Strength properties Tannin content Thermal conductivity Thermal expansion Thermal radiation from X-rays, scattering, modification by Wool Acids, absorption of Adsorption on Alkali, effect of Density Heat conductivity Moisture content at various humidities Physical properties Tensile strength Humidity, effect of Thermal conductivity Wool industry, air conditioning in Work, conversion factors Work function Photoelectric Thermionic Wrought iron Wurtzite Compressibility Density Dielectric constant Links 2.107 1.144 1.144 2.101 1.144 1.171 5.99 2.312 2.312 2.316 2.386 5.223 5.251 6.196 5.251 5.121 6.459 2.46 2.42 2.131 2.311 2.310 2.310 2.310 2.130 6.21 6.364 2.324 2.1 2.310 6.459 6.459 2.311 2.243 2.311 2.311 5.244 6.17 2.235 3.252 2.235 2.237 2.238 2.237 2.235 2.236 2.237 2.312 2.322 1.24 6.57 6.53 2.386 3.50 1.118 6.99 2.325 6.465 2.312 2.323 2.324 6.56 2.600 2.602 1096 Index Terms Refractive index Sublimation temperature See also Zinc sulfide. Wulfenite Density Dielectric constant Melting point Refractive index Thermal conductivity See also Lead molybdate. Wurtzilite Xanthene dyes, absorption spectra Xanthoconite Density Refractive index Xanthogenic acid Absorption spectra Decomposition, kinetics of Xanthone Magnetic susceptibility -1,3,5-Trinitrobenzene* Xenon Boiling point Compressibility Critical constants Critical potentials Density Gas Liquid Solid Dispersion formula Electrons, absorption of, by Emission spectra Heat of fusion Heat of vaporization Ionization by α-particles Isotopes Light, transmission of, by Melting point Orthobaric density Persistent lines Polarization of light scattered by Quantum numbers Refractivity Solubility in aniline Solubility in water Specific heat, gas Vapor pressure Viscosity gas X-ray absorption limits X-rays, emission efficiency Xenotime Density Refractive index X-ray diffraction data Industrial materials X-ray lines, notation X-ray spectra Continuous Doublets Line Atomic number, variation with Absorption limits Wave length Links 1.118 1.118 1.133 6.99 1.133 1.133 5.232 1.168 1.163 1.168 7.22 2.169 7.190 1.124 1.124 1.173 5.336 7.121 6.363 1.102 3.9 1.102 6.72 1.102 1.102 1.105 7.11 6.61 5.319 1.105 1.102 6.122 1.47 5.265 1.105 3.204 5.324 5.265 5.408 7.8 3.264 3.257 5.80 3.204 1.102 6.38 6.11 1.138 1.138 1.338 2.356 6.25 6.27 6.28 6.27 6.44 6.36 3.204 3.3 3.21 5.2 1.167 6.45 3.248 1097 Index Terms Atomic weight, variation with Characteristics Doublets Electron transitions Energy levels Limiting frequencies Moseley diagram Notations Screening numbers Selection principles Series Standards Tube voltage, variation with Wave lengths Width of lines Wave lengths Emission lines Series limits Standards X-rays Absorption Coefficient Apparent Definition Photoelectric Total Discontinuity Electron emission, relation to Limits Chemical combination, effect of Frequency Wave length Characteristic rays Emission efficiency of Intensities, relative Continuous spectra Compton effect Crystal gratings Electron emission Extinction J-Phenomenon Notations Origin of Polarization Production, efficiency of Reflection Refraction Scattered Change in wave length of Distribution of Scattering Scattering function, formulas for Screening numbers Selection principles Source Xylan, heat of combustion Xylene Critical potentials Electrical conductivity Emission, spectral Faraday effect, lag in Flash point Ignition temperature Refractive index Solubility in water Viscosity Links 6.29 6.27 6.28 6.28 6.25 6.35 6.31 6.25 6.29 6.31 6.25 6.33 6.32 6.36 6.26 6.29 6.31 6.36 6.36 6.33 6.8 6.20 6.11 6.10 6.12 6.12 6.20 6.44 6.44 6.35 6.36 6.10 6.31 6.45 6.17 6.7 6.2 6.10 6.1 6.25 6.27 6.2 6.10 6.49 6.49 6.18 6.18 6.8 6.19 6.29 6.31 6.27 5.167 6.72 6.144 5.257 6.434 2.161 2.174 7.15 3.392 5.27 6.12 6.5 6.45 6.31 1098 Index Terms -Acetanilide* -Acetic acid* -Acetylsalicylic acid* -Allylamine* -Amyl acetate* -Amyl formate* -Amylamine* -Aniline* -Benzilic acid* -Benzoic acid* -Benzylamine* -Benzylethylamine* -Benzylmethylamine* -Bornylamine* -Bromoacetic acid* -Bromoform*-Iodoform -1-Bromopropionic acid* -Bromosuccinic acid* -Butyl acetate* -Butylamine* -Butyric acid* -Camphoric acid* -Camphylamine* -Caproic acid* -o-Chlorobenzoic acid* -Cinnamic acid* -Coniine* -α-Crotonic acid* -Dibromoethylene* -1,2-Dibromopropionic acid* -Diethyl malonate* -Diethyl oxalate* -Diethylamine* -Diethylene disulfide* -Dimethylamine* -3,4-Dimethylaniline* -2,4-Dinitrobenzoic acid* -3,5-Dinitrobenzoic acid* -Dipropylamine* -Ethyl alcohol* -Ethyl butyrate* -Ethyl formate* -Ethyl iodide* -Ethyl iodide*-Methyl iodide -Ethyl valerate* -Ethylamine* -Formic acid* -Fumaric acid* -Gentisic acid* -Heptylamine* -Hydrocinnamic acid* -Iodine*-Iodoform-Methylene iodide -Iodine*-Methylene iodide -o-Iodobenzoic acid* -Iodoform*-Methylene iodide -β-Iodopropionic acid* -Isoamylacetic acid* -Isoamylamine* -Isobutylamine* -Isobutyric acid* -Isocaproic acid* -Isovaleric acid* -Levulinic acid* -Maleic acid* -Methyl acetate* -Methylamine* -Methylaniline* Links 1099 Index Terms -Methylene iodide* -1-Methylpiperidine* -Nitrobenzoic acid (o-, m-, p-)* -Paraldehyde* -Phenylacetic acid* -Phenylethylamine* -Piperidine* -Piperonylic acid* -Propionic acid* -Propylamine* -Pyridine* -Pyruvic acid* -Quinoline* -Resorcylic acid* -Salicylic acid* -Stannic chloride* -Sulfur dioxide* -Triethylamine* -Trimethylamine* -Valeric acid* o-Xylene Absorption spectra Azeotropic mixtures Birefringence Boiling point Compressibility Dielectric constant Dielectric strength Diffusion of vapor in air Heat of combustion Heat of vaporization Magnetic susceptibility Orthobaric density Photoluminescence Polarization of light scattered by Refractive index Specific heat Surface tension Thermal conductivity Vapor pressure Verdet constant Viscosity -Acetic acid* -Antimony tribromide* -Antimony trichloride* -Diethyl tartrate* -Ethylbenzene* -Hydrogen bromide* -m-Xylene Density Heat of solution Refractive index Dispersion Specific heat Surface tension Viscosity -p-Xylene Density Heat of solution Refractive index Dispersion Specific heat Surface tension Viscosity m-Xylene Absorption spectra Links 5.333 3.320 7.111 3.224 3.39 6.93 6.106 5.62 5.163 5.137 6.363 3.245 5.387 5.267 7.12 5.111 4.437 5.228 3.224 6.429 5.50 5.343 5.361 7.43 4.458 3.51 7.219 5.343 5.361 3.191 5.157 7.86 7.106 5.128 4.474 5.50 3.191 5.157 7.86 7.106 5.128 4.474 5.51 5.333 7.223 1100 Index Terms Azeotropic mixtures Birefringence Boiling point Compressibility Density Dielectric constant Diffusion of vapor in air Heat of combustion Heat of vaporization Internal pressure Magnetic susceptibility Orthobaric density Photoluminescence Polarization of light reflected from Polarization of light scattered by Gas Liquid Refractive index Specific heat Surface tension Thermal conductivity Vapor pressure Verdet constant Dispersion Viscosity X-rays absorption coefficient -Acetic acid* -Ammonia* -Amyl alcohol* -Amyl benzoate* -Amyl chloride* -Amyl valerate* -Aniline* -Anisole* -Antimony tribromide* -Antimony trichloride* -Benzene* -Caffeine* -Camphoric acid* -Carbon disulfide* -Carbon tetrachloride* -Chlorobenzene* -Dieth yl succinate* -Diethyl tartrate* -Dimethylaniline* -Ethyl benzoate* -Ethyl salicylate* -Ethylbenzene* -Hydrogen bromide* -Isobutyl alcohol* -Methyl phenyl ether* -Naphthalene* -Nitroaniline (o-, m-, p-)* -Phenacetine* -Phenol* -Resorcinol* -Sulfur* -o-Xylene* -p-Xylene Density Heat of solution Refractive index Dispersion Specific heat Surface tension Viscosity Links 3.319 7.111 3.224 3.39 3.29 6.82 5.62 5.163 5.137 4.19 6.363 3.245 5.387 5.261 5.266 5.267 7.43 5.111 4.458 5.228 3.224 6.427 6.433 5.50 6.14 3.191 5.157 7.87 7.106 5.128 4.474 5.51 3.321 7.113 3.346 3.34 6.93 5.51 6.16 6.105 7.219 7.223 1101 Index Terms p-Xylene Absorption spectra Azeotropic mixtures Birefringence Boiling point Compressibility Cryoscopic constant Density Dielectric constant Diffusion of vapor in air Heat of combustion Heat of fusion Heat of vaporization Melting point under pressure Orthobaric density Photoluminescence Polarization of light scattered by Refractive index Specific heat Surface tension Vapor pressure Verdet constant Viscosity Volume change on melting -Acetic acid* -Aluminum bromide* -Amyl alcohol* -Aniline* -Antimony tribromide* -Antimony trichloride* -Benzene* -Benzil* -Benzoyl chloride* -p-Bromotoluene* -Chlorobenzene* -Chloroform* -Cyclohexane* -Diethyl tartrate* -Ethyl sucdnimide* -Ethylbenzene* -Ethylene bromide* -Fluorene* -Hydrogen bromide* -Phenol* -Toluene* -Trimethylcarbinol* -Verairole* -Xylene (o-, m-)* o-Xylene dibromide Heat of fusion Specific heat m-Xylene dibromide Heat of fusion Specific heat p-Xylene dibromide, specific heat o-Xylene dichloride Heat of fusion Specific heat m-Xylene dichloride Heat of fusion Specific heat p-Xylene dichloride Heat of fusion Specific heat Links 5.333 3.320 7.111 3.224 3.39 4.183 3.34 6.93 5.62 5.163 5.134 5.137 4.10 3.245 5.387 5.267 7.43 5.112 4.437 3.224 6.429 5.51 4.10 5.133 5.111 5.133 5.111 5.111 5.133 5.111 5.133 5.111 5.133 5.111 5.343 5.361 7.113 3.346 4.458 7.219 7.223 1102 Index Terms Xylene tetrachloride (o-, p-) Specific heat Xylenol Absorption spectra Dielectric constant Diffusion in methyl alcohol Photoluminescence Xylidine Absorption spectra Refractive index -Aniline* m-Xylidine Dielectric constant Refractive index -Nitrosodimethylaniline* -Phenol* Xylonite Xylose Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Heat of combustion Mutarotation Optical rotation Refractive index Solubility in aqueous ethyl alcohol Solubility in ethyl alcohol 2,4-Xylyl ethyl ether, specific heat “Y” alloy Yale bronze Yarns Breaking strain Tensile strength Year, definitions Yeast. See Amylase, Catalase, Invertase, Maltase, Raffinase. Yellow brass Yellow gold Yield point, definition Yohimbine Absorption spectra, ultra-violet Optical rotatory power Young's modulus Building materials Conversion factors Definition Glass Magnetic field, effect of, on Ytterbium Electrons freed by X-rays, energy of Emission spectra Persistent lines X-ray absorption limits X-ray emission spectra X-ray series, limiting frequencies Ytterbium chloride Absorption spectra, solutions Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Magnetic susceptibility Aqueous solution Ytterbium oxalate Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Solubility in aqueous solutions Ytterbium oxide Magnetic susceptibility Specific heat Links 5.111 5.343 6.93 5.73 5.387 5.333 7.43 5.344 6.94 7.43 2.296 6.271 5.166 2.352 2.352 7.29 4.404 2.352 5.112 2.386 2.386 2.237 2.238 1.42 2.386 2.386 2.viii 7.387 2.534 2.556 6.5 5.320 5.324 6.40 6.40 6.35 5.327 6.233 6.359 6.364 6.258 7.339 6.359 5.98 2.608 2.470 2.555 1.391 2.469 2.586 5.370 7.476 2.51 1.24 1.42 2.93 6.439 2.601 2.97 2.556 1103 Index Terms Ytterbium sulfate Decomposition pressure Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Solubility in water Yttrium Boiling point Cathodoluminescence Critical potentials Density Electrons thermal emission of Emission, spectral Emission spectra Isotopes Magnetic susceptibility Melting point Quantum numbers Persistent lines Spectral series Thermionic work function Thermochemistry X-ray absorption limits X-ray emission spectra X-ray series, limiting frequencies X-rays, absorption coefficient Zeeman effect Yttrium bromide Solubility in water Yttrium carbonate Magnetic susceptibility Yttrium chloride Absorption spectra, solutions Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Heat of formation Magnetic susceptibility Solubility in water Yttrium citrate Solubility in citric acid Yttrium ethyl sulfate Density Refractive index Yttrium fluoride -Calcium chloride* Yttrium hydroxide Heat of formation Yttrium hydroxybenzoate (m-, p-) Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Yttrium malonate , solubility in aqueous solutions Yttrium molybdate Density Melting point Refractive index Specific heat -Lead molybdate* Yttrium nitrate Dehydration behavior of hydrate Solubility in water X-rays, absorption coefficient Yttrium oxalate Dehydration behavior of hydrate Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Solubility in aqueous solutions -Potassium oxalate* -Sulfuric acid* Links 7.291 6.236 4.227 1.102 5.390 6.72 1.105 6.54 5.242 5.320 1.47 6.356 1.105 5.408 5.324 5.406 6.54 5.194 6.38 6.37 6.35 6.13 5.420 4.227 6.359 5.327 6.233 5.194 6.359 4.226 7.338 1.138 1.138 1.166 5.194 6.245 7.338 1.138 1.138 1.138 5.98 7.289 4.227 6.13 7.289 6.258 7.338 1.168 7.23 1104 Index Terms Yttrium oxide Diffusion into tungsten Electrical conductivity Electrons, thermal emission of Emission, spectral Magnetic susceptibility Melting point Specific heat Thermionic work function Yttrium salicylate , electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Yttrium sulfate Decomposition pressure Density Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Heat of formation Magnetic susceptibility Refractive index Solubility in water -Sodium sulfate* Yttrium tartrate -Ammonium tartrate* Yugoslavia, weights and measures Zaratite Density Refractive index Zebedassite Density Refractive index Zeeman effect Zeiss immersion refractometer Table for Zeico Zeolite, dehydration behavior Zeophyllite Density Refractive index Zepharovichite Density Refractive index Zeppelin alloys Zero, absolute, definition Zeunerite Density Refractive index Zimalium (alloy) Zinc Absorption, index of Boiling point Brass, diffusion in Cathodoluminescence Compressibility Condensation, irreversible, temperature of Contact potential Copper, diffusion in Corbino effect Critical potentials Density Liquid Solid Elastic properties Electrical conductivity Liquid Solid Links 6.56 6.148 6.55 5.242 6.359 4.84 5.98 6.55 6.245 7.289 1.138 6.236 5.194 6.359 1.138 4.227 1.170 1.14 1.132 1.132 1.165 1.142 1.142 5.418 1.169 2.340 2.386 7.312 2.546 1.144 1.144 1.166 1.137 1.137 2.386 1.34 1.170 2.468 1.134 1.134 2.386 1.167 5.250 1.102 5.77 5.388 3.47 5.53 6.57 5.77 6.419 6.72 1.102 1.105 2.546 1.103 1.105 2.534 2.599 3.205 5.390 3.49 2.457 2.456 2.463 6.136 6.137 6.140 1105 Index Terms Low temperature Magnetic field, effect of Single crystal Electrode potential Electrons, absorption of, by vapor of Electrons, transmitted, velocity of Electrons freed by X-rays, energy of Emission, spectral Emission spectra Entropy Ettingshausen effect Fluorescence of vapors Free energy Electrode reaction Fusion Reaction with carbon dioxide Sublimation Vaporization Gamma rays, absorption coefficient Hall effect Hardness Heat content Heat of fusion Heat of vaporization Hydrogen, permeability to Isotopes Magnetic susceptibility Magneton number Mechanical properties Melting point Nernst effect Oxidized, emission, spectral Peltier coefficient Persist ent lines Photoelectric current Photoelectric threshold Quantum numbers Refractive index Refractivity of vapor Righi-Leduc effect Solution velocity in aqueous acids Solution velocity in dissolved iodine Solution velocity in salt solutions Sound, velocity of, in Specific heat Liquid Solid Spectral series Surface tension Thermal conductivity Magnetic field, effect of Thermal expansion Liquid Solid Thermochemistry Thermodynamic potential Thermoelectric properties Thomson effect Vapor pressure Viscosity Volume change on fusion Volume change on solidification X-ray absorption limits X-ray crystal structure X-ray emission spectra X-ray lines, relative intensities X-ray series, limiting frequencies Links 6.129 6.422 6.129 6.320 6.61 6.62 6.5 5.254 5.320 5.89 6.420 5.391 7.252 7.252 7.252 7.252 7.252 6.14 6.416 2.546 5.89 1.105 1.102 5.76 1.47 6.356 6.346 2.545 1.53 6.420 5.244 6.227 5.324 6.69 6.68 5.408 5.250 7.8 6.421 5.57 5.56 5.57 6.465 6.134 6.135 6.332 7.252 5.255 6.21 6.417 2.458 2.458 1.105 6.228 7.20 5.58 5.94 1.105 5.406 4.440 5.220 6.424 7.252 5.86 1.102 1.105 5.184 5.89 6.215 6.228 3.205 5.7 2.474 2.475 6.37 1.341 6.37 6.32 6.35 2.463 2.462 5.221 6.225 5.89 5.94 7.252 1106 Index Terms X-rays, absorption coefficient X-rays, absorption, discontinuity in X-rays, emission efficiency X-rays, scattering coefficient Zeeman effect -Aluminum* -Aluminum*-Cadmium -Aluminum*-Cadmium-Copper-Magnesium-Manganese -Aluminum*-Copper -Aluminum*-Copper-Iron -Aluminum*-Copper-Iron-Manganese-Silicon -Aluminum*-Copper-Iron-Manganese-Tin -Aluminum*-Copper-Iron-Nickel-Silicon -Aluminum*-Copper-Iron-Silicon -Aluminum*-Copper-Magnesium-Manganese -Aluminum*-Copper-Manganese -Aluminum*-Copper-Tin -Aluminum*-Lead -Aluminum*-Magnesium -Aluminum*-Tin -Antimony* -Antimony*-Bismuth -Antimony*-Copper-Lead-Tin -Antimony*-Copper-Tin -Antimony*-Lead -Arsenic* -Arsenic*-Copper-Lead-Tin -Arsenic*-Copper-Tin -Bismuth* -Bismuth*-Cadmium -Bismuth*-Silver -Bismuth-Tin -Cadmium* -Cadmium*-Lead -Cadm ium*-Magnesium -Calcium* -Cobalt* -Cobalt*-Copper-Iron-Nickel -Copper* -Copper-Iron -Copper*-Iron-Lead-Tin -Copper*-Iron-Manganese-Nickel -Copper*-Iron-Tin -Copper-Lead -Copper*-Lead-Tin -Copper*-Magnesium -Copper*-Manganese -Copper*-Nickel -Copper*-Nickel-Tin -Copper*-Tin -Gold* -Iron* -Lead* -Lead*-Silver -Lead*-Tin -Magnesium* -Mercury* -Mercury*-Silver -Nickel* -Potassium* -Selenium* -Silver* -Sodium* -Tellurium* -Thallium* -Tin* Links 6.13 6.12 6.11 6.17 5.420 1107 Index Terms Zinc acetate Ammine Decomposition pressure Heat of decomposition Crystallography Density Aqueous solution Diffusion in water Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Heat of formation Melting point Refract ive index Aqueous solution Specific heat Aqueous solution Surface tension, aqueous solution -Ethyl alcohol* Zinc alloys British specifications List of Zinc amalgams Partial vapor pressure X-ray diffraction data -Mercurous sulfate* Zinc benzenesulfonale Ammine, decomposition pressure Density, aqueous solution Zinc benzoate Ammines Decomposition pressure Heat of decomposition Solubility in water Zinc blende, emission, spectral Zinc bromate Density, aqueous solution Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution X-ray diffraction data Zinc bromide Ammines Decomposition pressure Heat of decomposition Heat of formation Concentration cells Decomposition pressure of hydrate Density, aqueous solution Drying agent, value as Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Heat of formation Magnetic susceptibility Methylamine complex, decomposition pressure Solubility in water -Aluminum bromide* -Ethyl iodide* -Pyridine* -Quinoline* Zinc butyrate Crystallography Refractive index Zinc carbonate Decomposition pressure Emission, spect ral Free energy change on solution Heat of formation Heat of solution in carbonic acid Links 7.255 7.256 1.320 1.119 3.65 5.65 6.244 4.255 5.185 1.119 1.119 7.70 5.96 5.122 4.464 3.104 1.169 2.388 2.390 3.284 1.348 7.256 3.104 7.256 7.256 4.221 5.259 3.64 6.244 1.342 7.253 7.253 5.185 6.325 7.253 3.64 3.385 6.234 5.185 6.357 7.253 4.221 1.320 1.119 7.255 5.259 7.255 5.185 7.255 6.254 6.239 1.169 7.70 1108 Index Terms Reflectivity, selective Refractive index Solubility in carbonic acid Specific heat X-ray diffraction data See also Smithsonite. Zinc chlorate Ammines Decomposition pressure Heat of decomposition Density, aqueous solution Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Refractive index, aqueous solution Solubility in water Zinc chloride Absorption spectra Ammines Decomposition pressure Heat of decomposition Heat of formation Boiling point elevation in aqueous solution Concentration cells Critical potentials Decomposition pressure of hydrate Density, aqueous solution Diffusion in water Drying agent, value as Electrical conductivity Aqueous solution Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Heat of formation Hydrolysis constant Magnetic susceptibility Aqueous solution Methylamine complex, decomposition pressure Refractive index, aqueous solution Solubility in water Specific heat Aqueous solution Surface tension, aqueous solution Thermal conductivity, aqueous solution Vapor pressure, aqueous solution Vapor pressure lowering in aqueous solution Verdet constant, aqueous solution Viscosity, aqueous solution X-rays, absorption coefficient -Acetone* -Ammonium chloride* -Barium chloride* -Bismuth chloride* -Cadmium chloride* -Calcium chloride* -Cobaltous chloride* -Cuprous chloride* -Ethyl alcohol* -Ethyl ether* -Ferric chloride* -Hydrogen chloride* -Lead chloride* -Magnesium chloride* -Manganous chloride* -Methyl sulfide* -Piperidine* -Potassium chloride* -Pyridine* Links 5.260 7.20 7.255 5.96 1.342 7.253 7.253 3.64 6.244 4.255 7.70 4.221 3.104 6.254 5.329 7.252 7.252 5.185 3.325 6.325 6.72 7.252 3.64 5.65 3.385 6.148 6.231 4.255 5.185 7.252 6.357 6.364 7.253 7.70 4.221 5.96 5.122 4.464 5.229 3.366 3.294 6.427 5.14 6.13 3.107 6.232 4.245 1109 Index Terms -Quinoline* -Sodium iodide* -Stannous chloride* -Strontium chloride* -Sulfuric acid* -Thallium monochloride* -Zinc oxide Freezing point-solubility in water Zinc cyanide Heat of formation -Potassium cyanide* Zinc dithionate Ammine Decomposition pressure Heat of decomposition Heat of formation Zinc ethyl Heat of formation Photoelectric threshold Zinc ferrocyanide, dehydration behavior of hydrate Zinc fluoride Heat of formation -Sodium fluoride* Zinc fluosilicate Density Refractive index Zinc formate Ammines Decomposition pressure Heat of decomposition Diffusion in water Heat of formation Zinc hydride , band spectra Zinc hydroxide Concentration cells Heat of formation Ionization constant Magnetic susceptibility Solubility in ammonium hydroxide Solubility in methylammonium hydroxide -Ethylamine* -Methylamine* -Sodium hydroxide* Zinc hyposulfite, heat of formation Zinc iodate Ammine, decomposition pressure Zinc iodide Ammines Decomposition pressure Heat of decomposition Heat of formation Density, aqueous solution Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Heat of formation Methylamine complex, decomposition pressure Solubility in water -Ethyl iodide* -Quinoline* Zinc malate, optical rotatory power Zinc manganate Absorption spectra, solutions Zinc metasilicate Melting point -Cadmium metasilicate* Links 4.304 5.185 7.254 7.254 5.185 5.185 6.68 7.279 5.185 1.119 1.119 1.166 7.255 7.255 5.65 5.185 5.416 6.324 5.185 7.252 6.357 7.256 7.256 5.185 7.254 7.253 7.253 5.185 3.65 6.235 5.185 7.254 4.221 7.353 5.328 4.84 6.239 7.21 1110 Index Terms -Lithium metasilicate* Zinc naphthalene-1,5-disulfonate Crystallography Density Refractive index Zinc naphthol-2-sulfonate Ammine, decomposition pressure Zinc o-naphthoylbenzoate Ammine, decomposition pressure Zinc nitrate Absorption spectra, solutions Ammines Decomposition pressure Heat of decomposition Density, aqueous solution Diffusion in water Electrical conductivity Aqueous solution Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Heat of formation Heat of fusion Hydrolysis constant Refractive index, aqueous solution Solubility in water Specific heat Aqueous solution Surface tension, aqueous solution Vapor pressure, aqueous solution Vapor pressure lowering in aqueous solution Viscosity, aqueous solution -Methyl acetate* -Neodymium nitrate* -Nitric acid* -Praseodymium nitrate* Zinc nitride, heat of formation Zinc nitrite Ammines Decomposition pressure Heat of decomposition Zinc orthosilicate Heat of formation Melting point Zinc oxalate Ammine, decomposition pressure Concentration cell Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Heat of formation Zinc oxide Albedo Compressibility Density Electrical conductivity Electrons, thermal emission of Entropy Free energy Reaction with carbon monoxide Heat of formation Luminescence Magnetic susceptibility Melting point Moisture content at various humidities Refractive index Rubber, use in Specific heat Thermal conductivity Links 1.320 1.119 1.119 1.171 7.256 7.256 5.327 7.255 7.255 3.65 5.65 6.148 6.237 4.255 5.185 5.131 7.252 7.70 4.221 5.96 5.122 4.464 3.366 3.294 5.14 3.107 6.240 5.185 7.255 7.255 5.185 4.84 7.255 6.325 6.258 5.185 5.262 3.50 1.118 6.153 6.55 7.252 7.252 7.252 5.184 5.389 6.357 4.84 2.324 1.118 2.286 5.96 5.217 5.263 1.167 7.252 5.221 7.20 1111 Index Terms Thermal expansion Thermionic work function Thermoelectric power X-ray diffraction data See also Zincite. -Carbon dioxide* -Chromic acid* -Cohaltous oxide* -Phosphoric acid* -Potassium hydroxide* -Sea salt* -Silica* -Sodium hydroxide* -Zinc chloride* Zinc oxybromide , heat of formation Zinc oxychlori des, heat of formation Zinc oxyiodide, heat of formation Zinc oxysulfate Decomposition pressure Zinc perchlorate Ammines, heat of decomposition Decomposition pressure of hydrate Zinc peroxide , heat of formation Zinc p-phenolsulfonate -Ethyl alcohol* Zinc phosphate Reflectivity, selective Zinc powder, thermal conductivity under reduced pressures Zinc selenate Density Emission, spectral Reflectivity, selective Refractive index Zinc selenide Density Heat of formation Refractive index X-ray diffraction data Zinc silicate , heat of formation Zinc sulfate Absorption spectra, solutions Ammine, decomposition pressure Boiling point elevation in aqueous solution Compressibility, aqueous solution Concentration cells Decomposition pressure Hydrates Density Aqueous solution Diffusion in water Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Freezing mixtures, use in Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Heat of adiabatic expansion, aqueous solution Heat of decomposition of hydrate Heat of formation Hydrolysis constant Magnetic susceptibility Optical rotatory power Reflectivity, selective Refractive index Solubility in water Pressure, effect of Solution velocity in water Links 3.43 6.55 6.224 1.342 5.185 5.185 5.185 7.256 7.253 7.253 5.185 5.260 2.315 1.119 5.259 5.260 1.119 1.118 5.185 1.118 1.342 5.185 5.327 7.254 3.325 3.439 6.325 7.256 7.254 3.44 3.65 5.65 6.231 1.64 4.255 5.147 7.254 5.185 7.252 6.357 7.353 5.260 7.20 4.221 4.265 5.56 1.166 7.20 1.165 3.107 6.235 4.245 6.240 1112 Index Terms Sound, velocity of, in aqueous solution Specific heat Aqueous solution Surface tension, aqueous solution Thermal conductivity Aqueous solution Transition temperature Pressure, effect of Vapor pressure, aqueous solution Vapor pressure lowering in aqueous solution Viscosity, aqueous solution X-rays, absorption coefficient See also Zinkosite. -Ammonium sulfate*-Cupric sulfate -Cupric sulfate* -Hydrogen chloride* -Magnesium sulfate* -Manganous sulfate -Nitric acid* -Potassium sulfate* -Sodium sulfate* -Sulfuric acid* -Thallium monochloride* Zinc sulfide Compressibility Dielectric constant Illumination, effect of Emission, spectral Entropy Heat content Heat of formation Photoelectric current Luminescence Refractive index Solution velocity in acids Specific heat Thermal expansion Thermodynamic potential Transition temperature Verdet constant X-ray diffraction data See also Sphalerite, Wiirtzite. -Cuprous sulfide* -Ferrous sulfide* -Lead sulfide* -Sea salt* -Silver sulfide* Zinc sulfite Ammine Decomposition pressure Heat of decomposition Zinc tartrate , solubility in water Zinc telluride Density Heat of formation Melting point Refractive index Zinc tetrathionate Ammines Decomposition pressure Heat of decomposition Zinc thiocyanate Ammines Decomposition pressure Heat of decomposition Links 6.464 5.96 5.122 4.464 5.217 5.229 4.7 4.264 3.366 3.294 5.14 6.13 3.50 6.105 6.79 5.258 5.90 5.90 5.185 6.69 5.389 7.20 5.59 5.90 3.44 5.90 4.7 6.426 1.342 5.96 7.254 7.254 4.221 1.119 5.185 1.119 1.119 7.254 7.254 7.255 7.255 1.165 1113 Index Terms Zinc thiosulfate Ammines Decomposition pressure Heat of decomposition Zinc valerate Density, aqueous solution -Ethyl alcohol* Zincaluminite Density Refractive index Zincite Compressibility Refractive index Thermal conductivity Thermal expansion See also Zinc oxide. Zinkalium (alloy) Zinkenite Density Sublimation temperature Zinkosite Density Refractive index See also Zinc sulfate. Zircon Compressibility Density Dielectric constant Electrical conductivity Expansion on heating Magnetic susceptibility Melting point Refractive index Specific heat Thermal conductivity Thermal expansion X-ray diffraction data Zirconia Crushing strength Density Electrical conductivity Expansion on heating Fusion temperature Thermal expansion Zirconia brick Density Electrical conductivity Fusion temperature Porosity Temperature of failure under load Zirconium Boiling point Cathodoluminescence Critical potentials Density Electrical conductivity Low temperature Electrons, thermal emission of Emission, spectral Emission spectra Heat of vaporization Isotopes Magnetic susceptibility Melting point Persistent lines Links 7.254 7.254 3.104 1.137 1.137 1.166 3.50 7.20 5.232 3.43 2.386 1.116 1.116 1.163 1.118 1.118 1.172 3.50 1.114 6.99 6.148 2.84 6.364 4.84 1.114 5.96 5.231 3.44 1.341 1.167 7.20 2.456 6.136 6.134 6.137 2.83 2.82 2.86 2.84 2.83 2.83 2.82 2.86 2.83 2.82 2.83 1.102 5.390 6.72 1.105 1.105 6.129 6.54 5.242 5.321 7.247 1.47 6.356 1.105 5.324 1114 Index Terms Quantum numbers Specific heat Spectral series Thermionic work function Thermochemistry X-ray absorption limits X-ray crystal structure X-ray emission spectra X-ray series, limiting frequencies X-rays, absorption coefficient Zeeman effect -Carbon*-Iron-Nickel -Nickel* -Silicon* Zirconium bromide -Stannic bromide* Zirconium carbide Heat of formation X-ray diffraction data Zirconium dioxide Decomposition pressure Fused, yield point Heat of vaporization Luminescence Melting point Specific heat Aqueous solution Vapor pressure X-ray diffraction data Zirconium hydroxide Heat of formation Zirconium nitride X-ray diffraction data Zirconium orthosilicate -Lithium orthosilicate* Zirconium oxide Diffusion in tungsten Electrons, thermal emission of Evaporation from tungsten Heat of formation Magnetic susceptibility Specific heat Thermionic work function -Lithium oxide*-Silica -Silica* -Sulfuric acid* Zirconium oxybromide Heat of formation Zirconium oxychloride Heat of formation Refractive index Zirconium oxynitrate Heat of formation Zirconium oxysulfate Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Heat of formation Zirconium selenide X-ray diffraction data Zirconium silicate. See Zircon. Zirconium steel Zirconium sulfate Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution X-rays, absorption coefficient -Sulfuric acid* Links 5.408 1.105 5.406 6.54 5.183 6.38 1.341 6.37 6.35 6.13 5.420 5.94 5.183 1.341 7.247 4.84 7.247 5.389 4.84 5.96 5.122 7.247 1.341 5.183 1.341 6.56 6.55 6.56 5.183 6.356 2.85 6.55 5.183 5.183 1.114 1.166 5.183 6.235 5.183 1.341 2.386 6.235 6.13 2.532 1115 Index Terms Zirconium sulfide X-ray diffraction data Zirconyl sulfate -Ammonium sulfate* -Sodium sulfate* Zisium (alloy) Ziskon (alloy) Zoisite Density Refractive index Links 1.341 2.386 2.386 2.537 2.468 1.146 1.146 1.172 2.601 2.546 1 Index Terms A alloy Abaca fiber Abbreviations, general list Abel stability test (explosives) Aberration constant Definition Abrasive materials Absorption Alpha particles Beta particles Coefficients of Definition Conversion factors Dielectric Electronic radiation Gamma rays Heat of Index of Definition Electric waves Light. See Transmission. Primary electrons Radiant energy. See Transmission of radiation. Sound Vapors by rubber Water by plastics X-rays Absorption limits, X-rays Absorption spectra Dyes Liquids and vapors Solutions Absorptivity, definition Abyssinia, weights and measures Abyssinian gold Acanthite Density Photoconductivity Transformation temperature See also Silver sulfide. Acceleration Angular, conversion factors Conversion factors Accelerators of vulcanization Accommodation coefficient Accumulator metal Acenaphthene Absorption spectra Boiling point Crystallography Dielectric constant Heat of combustion Refractive index Surface tension Vapor pressure -Acetone Freezing point-solubility -Aniline Freezing point-solubility -Benzene Density -Benzil Freezing point-solubility Links 2.370 2.235 1.16 7.489 1.18 1.34 2.86 2.538 2.236 2.608 1.369 6.61 1.34 1.20 6.97 6.61 6.14 5.139 6.11 6.20 6.21 1.34 6.97 6.61 6.458 2.269 2.298 6.8 6.23 7.173 5.326 5.326 1.34 1.2 2.370 5.359 1.124 6. 66 1.124 1.23 1.23 2.278 5.53 2.370 5.348 3.227 1.331 6.96 5.164 7.56 4.461 3.227 4.174 4.178 3.181 4.160 2.467 2.557 2 Index Terms -Bromoacenaphthene Freezing point-solubility -Butyl alcohol Freezing point-solubility -Carbon disulfide Freezing point-solubility -Carbon tetrachloride Freezing point-solubility -Chloroacenaphthene Freezing point-solubility -Chloroacenaphthene Freezing point-solubility -Chloroform Boiling point elevation Density Freezing point-solubility Heat of solution -Cinnamylideneacetophenone Freezing point-solubility -Dinitrobenzene (o-, m-, p-) Freezing point-solubility -2,4-Dinitrophenol Freezing point-solubility -2,4-Dinitrotoluene Freezing point-solubility -2,6-Dinitrotoluene Freezing point-solubility -3,4-Dinitrotoluene Freezing point-solubility -3,5-Dinitrotoluene Freezing point-solubility -Ethyl acetate Density -Ethyl alcohol Boiling point elevation Density Freezing point-solubility Heat of solution -Ethyl ether Density -Fluorene Freezing point-solubility -Hexane Density -Indene Freezing point-solubility -Iodoacenaphthene Freezing point-solubility -Methyl alcohol Boiling point elevation Density Freezing point-solubility Heat of solution -p-Nitrobenzaldehyde Freezing point-solubility -Nitrobenzene Density Freezing point-solubility -o-Nitrophenol Freezing point-solubility -m-Nitrophenol Freezing point-solubility -p-Nitrophenol Freezing point-solubility -Picramide Freezing point-solubility -Picric acid Links 4.180 4.115 4.172 4.172 4.180 4.176 3.332 3.148 4.172 5.151 4.160 4.125 4.126 4.147 4.148 4.148 4.148 3.167 3.337 3.161 4.110 5.152 3.168 4.180 3.186 4.180 4.180 3.334 3.152 4.100 5.152 4.145 3.177 4.177 4.129 4.130 4.132 4.127 4.176 3 Index Terms Freezing point-solubility -Picryl chloride Freezing point-solubility -Piperonal Freezing point-solubility -Propyl alcohol Boiling point elevation Density Freezing point-solubility Heat of solution -Pyridine Freezing point-solubility -p-Quinone Freezing point-solubility Freezing point-solubility -Toluene Boiling point elevation Density Dielectric constant Freezing point-solubility Heat of solution -1,3,5-Trinitrobenzene Freezing point-solubility -2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene Freezing point-solubility -Vanillin Freezing point-solubility Acenaphthylene Crystallography -Picric acid Freezing point-solubility -Picryl chloride Freezing point-solubility Acetal Absorption spectra Birefringence, electric Dielectric constant Diffusion in ethyl alcohol Diffusion in methyl alcohol Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Heat of vaporization Magnetic susceptibility Refractive index Solubility in water Specific heat Surface tension Viscosity -Ethyl alcohol Viscosity -Ethyl ether Viscosity -Magnesium iodide Freezing point-solubility Acetaldehyde Absorption spectra Ultra-violet Boiling point Aqueous solution Bromine, oxidation by Critical temperature Density, aqueous solution Dielectric constant Gas Electrical conductivity Aqueous solution Heat of combustion Links 4.121 4.117 4.152 3.340 3.164 4.112 5.153 4.174 4.127 4.122 3.346 3.188 6.103 4.179 5.154 4.119 4.146 4.153 1.331 4.121 4.117 5.340 7. 111 6.91 5.74 5.73 4.263 5.137 6.362 7.40 3.390 5.110 4.455 5.41 5.38 5.41 4.204 5.331 5.365 3.216 3.310 7.146 3.248 3.112 6.84 6.82 6.143 6.262 5.167 5.335 5.374 3.335 3.113 5.376 5.377 4 Index Terms Heat of solution in water Heat of vaporization Inflammability, limits of Ionization by α-particles Ionization by β-particles Ionization by γ-rays Ions, mobility of, in Magnetic rotatory power Magnetic susceptibility Photochemical decomposition Photochemical hydrolysis Polarization of light scattered by Refractive index Gas Liquid Solubility in vegetable oils Specific heat, gas Surface tension Aqueous solution Vapor pressure Verdet constant Viscosity, liquid X-ray diffraction bands -Acetaldehyde ammonia Boiling point elevation -Acetic acid Boiling point Aqueous solution -Benzene Density -Benzophenone Boiling point elevation -l-Borneol Boiling point elevation -Chloroform Heat of solution -Ethyl alcohol Boiling point Density Freezing point-solubility Heat of solution Refractive index Vapor pressure Viscosity -Ethyl ether Heat of solution -Metaldehyde Vapor pressure -Paraldehyde Freezing point-solubility Vapor pressure Acetaldehyde ammonia Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Rubber vulcanization, use in -Acetaldehyde* α-Acetaldehydephenylhydrazone Absorption spectra -β-Acetaldehydephenylhydrazone Freezing point-solubility Acetaldoxime Absorption spectra Dielectric constant Refractive index Surface tension Acetalization, dynamics of Links 5.148 5.136 2.180 6.122 6.121 6.123 6.112 6.428 6.361 7.168 7.163 5.266 7.10 7.12 3.269 5.80 4.448 4.467 3.216 6.428 5.36 1.351 3.335 3.313 3.316 3.156 3.335 3.335 5.155 3.313 3.155 4.108 5.156 7.80 3.287 5.36 5.156 3.360 4.108 3.360 4.262 2.280 5.343 4.154 5.335 6.85 7.34 4.449 7.140 7.80 7.213 5 Index Terms Acetamide Absorption spectra Allotropic forms Boiling point elevation in aqueous solution Compressibility differences Cryoscopic constant Crystallography Density Aqueous solution Dielectric constant Aqueous solution Diffusion in ethyl alcohol Diffusion in methyl alcohol Diffusion in water Electrical conductivity Aqueous solution Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Heat of combustion Heat of solution in water Hydrolysis, kinetics of Magnetic susceptibility Melting point under pressure Solubility in water Specific heat, aqueous solution Surface tension Aqueous solution Triple point Viscosity Aqueous solution Liquid Volume change on melting -Acetic acid Freezing point-solubility -Acetic acid -Acetic anhydride-Acetonitrile Freezing point-solubility -Acetic anhydride Freezing point-solubility -Acetone Boiling point elevation -Acetonitrile Boiling point elevation -Benzoic acid Freezing point-solubility -Benzoic anhydride Freezing point-solubility -Bromine Freezing point lowering -Camphor Freezing point-solubility -Catechol Freezing point-solubility -Chloroform Boiling point elevation -Ethyl alcohol Boiling point elevation Density Dielectric constant Freezing point-solubility Heat of solution Vapor pressure lowering -Ethyl alcohol-Phenol Freezing point-solubility -Ethyl nitrate Density -Glucose Viscosity, aqueous solution -Hydroquinol Links 5.335 4.14 3.327 4.14 4.183 1.324 3.28 3.112 6.85 6.100 5.73 5.72 5.70 6.143 6.262 4.262 5.167 5.148 7.140 6.361 4.14 4.251 5.124 4.449 4.467 4.14 5.22 7.214 4.14 4.108 4.428 4.109 3.338 3.334 4.109 4.110 4.36 4.109 4.109 3.331 3.336 3.158 6.102 4.174 5.152 3.300 4.167 3.158 5.24 5.364 3.113 6 Index Terms Freezing point-solubility -Magnesium bromide Freezing point-solubility -Magnesium iodide Freezing point-solubility -Methyl alcohol Boiling point elevation -Naphthol (α-, β-) Freezing point-solubility -Nitromethane Boiling point elevation -Nitrophenol (o-, m-, p-) Freezing point-solubility -Nitrosodimethylaniline Freezing point-solubility -Phenol Freezing point-solubility -Phthalide Freezing point-solubility -Propionitrile Boiling point elevation -Pyridine Density Viscosity -Pyrogallol Freezing point-solubility -Resorcinol Freezing point-solubility -Salicylic acid Freezing point-solubility -Triphenylguanidine Freezing point-solubility -Urethan Freezing point-solubility Acetanilide Absorption spectra Boiling point elevation in aqueous solution Cryoscopic constant Crystallography Density Dielectric constant Diffusion in methyl alcohol Heat of combustion Hydrogen ion, reaction with Hydrolysis, kinetics of Solubility in water Surface tension Verdet constant Viscosity -Acetic acid Boiling point elevation -Acetone Boiling point elevation Density -Acetone-Carbon disulfide Vapor pressure -Amyl acetate Density -Aniline Density -Anisole Boiling point elevation -Antipyrine Freezing point-solubility -Benzaldehyde Density -Benzene Links 4.109 4.203 4.204 3.333 4.109 3.333 4.109 4.109 4.109 4.109 3.338 3.158 5.37 4.109 4.109 4.109 4.110 4.174 5.343 3.327 4.183 1.328 3.29 6.93 5.73 5.168 7.246 7.141 3.392 4.457 6.429 7.219 3.335 3.339 3.163 3.375 3.189 3.185 3.346 4.153 3.186 7 Index Terms Boiling point elevation Density Distribution coefficients in water Freezing point-solubility -Chloroform Boiling point elevation Density Distribution coefficients in water Heat of solution Vapor pressure -Chloroform -Ethyl ether Vapor pressure -m-Dinitrobenzene Freezing point-solubility -2,4-Dinitrophenol Freezing point-solubility -Ethyl alcohol Boiling point elevation Density Aqueous solution Dielectric constant Freezing point-solubility Heat of solution -Ethyl alcohol-Water Vapor pressure, partial -Ethyl bromide Boiling point elevation -Ethyl ether Boiling point elevation Distribution coefficients in water -Ethyl iodide Boiling point elevation -Ethylene chloride Boiling point elevation -Isobutyl bromide Boiling point elevation -Magnesium bromide Freezing point-solubility -Methyl alcohol Boiling point elevation Density Dielectric constant Freezing point-solubility Heat of solution -m-Nitroaniline Freezing point-solubility -Nitrobenzene Boiling point elevation -Phenol Freezing point-solubility -Propyl bromide Boiling point elevation -Sulfur dioxide Boiling point elevation -Toluene Density -Urethan Freezing point-solubility -Xylene Density Acetic acid Absorption spectra Ultra-violet Activity coefficient Adsorption by charcoal Allotropic forms Angle of contact Links 3.344 3.180 3.431 4.134 3.331 3.147 3.431 5.151 3.360 3.375 4.176 4.176 3.337 3.160 3.128 6.102 4.174 5.152 3.291 3.335 3.341 3.431 3.336 3.335 3.341 4.203 3.334 3.151 6.102 4.173 5.152 4.178 3.343 4.136 3.340 3.328 3.187 4.174 3.191 5.331 5.364 7.245 3.251 4.14 4.434 5.335 5.371 5.375 5.376 5.377 8 Index Terms Azeotropic mixtures Birefringence, electric Boiling point Aqueous solution Compressibility Aqueous solution Condensation on ions and nuclei Critical point data Cryoscopic constant Density Aqueous solution Dielectric absorption Dielectric constant Diffusion in benzene Diffusion in methyl alcohol Diffusion in water Diffusion of vapor in gases Electrical conductivity Aqueous solution Esterification constant Esters, optical rotatory power Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Heat of combustion Heat of formation Heat of fusion Heat of solution in water Heat of vaporization Heat of wetting by Magnetic rotatory power Aqueous solution Magnetic susceptibility Aqueous solution Melting point Melting point under pressure Orthobaric density Polarization of light scattered by Polymerization, equilibrium constant of Pressure-volume relations for gas Refractive index Aqueous solution Solubility in water Solubility of acetates in Sound, velocity of, in vapor Specific heat Aqueous solution Gas Liquid Solid Surface tension Aqueous solution Thermal conductivity Aqueous solution Triple point Vapor pressure Aqueous solution Liquid Solid Vapor pressure above 1 atm. Verdet constant Dispersion Viscosity Aqueous solution Liquid Volume change on melting -Acetaldehyde* -Acetamide* -Acetamide*-Acetic anhydride-Acetonitrile Links 3.319 7.110 3.217 3.310 3.39 3.440 6.117 3.238 4.183 3.28 3.112 6.84 6.84 5.74 5.72 5.69 5.62 6.143 6.262 7.138 7.361 4.262 5.165 5.181 5.132 5.148 5.136 5.142 6.428 4.431 6.361 6.364 4.6 4.14 3.238 5.266 7.246 3.437 7.12 7.67 4.251 4.207 6.463 5.115 5.80 5.114 5.102 4.448 4.467 5.228 5.227 4.14 3.306 3.217 3.208 3.238 6.426 6.433 5.20 5.27 4.14 3.335 3.248 4.215 3.33 3.123 5.159 5.138 7.34 7.80 5.81 7.245 6.434 5.33 7.213 9 Index Terms -Acetanilide* -Acetic anhydride Density Freezing point-solubility Viscosity -Acetic anhydride-Acetylbenzoylimide-Benzamide Freezing point-solubility -Acetic anhydride-Acetylbenzoylimide-Benzamide-Benzonitrile Freezing point-solubility -Acetone Density Heat of solution Viscosity -Acetophenone Density Viscosity -m-Aminobenzoic acid Density, aqueous solution Freezing point-solubility in water -Ammonium acetate Density, aqueous solution -Ammonium butyrate Density, aqueous solution -Ammonium formate Density, aqueous solution -Ammonium isobutyrate Density, aqueous solution -Amyl alcohol Distribution coefficients in water -Aniline Density Aqueous solution Freezing point-solubility Heat of solution Miscibility in water Refractive index Viscosity -Anthracene Boiling point elevation Freezing point-solubility -Anthraquinone Freezing point-solubility -Antimony tribromide Freezing point-solubility -Antimony trichloride Freezing point-solubility -Asparagine Density, aqueous solution -Aspartic acid Density, aqueous solution -Azobemene Boiling point elevation Density -Barium acetate Boiling point elevation Freezing point-solubility in water -Barium oxalate Solubility in water -Barium tartrate Solubility in water -Benzaldehyde Distribution coefficients in water -Benzamide Freezing point-solubility -Benzanilide Boiling point elevation -Benzene Links 3.156 4.108 5.36 4.428 4.429 3.156 5.152 5.36 3.157 5.37 3.126 4.402 3.101 3.101 3.101 3.101 3.424 3.156 3.125 4.108 5.152 3.417 7.80 5.37 3.335 4.174 4.174 4.194 4.190 3.125 3.125 3.335 3.157 3.335 4.374 7.344 7.344 3.424 4.108 3.335 4.403 10 Index Terms Boiling point Compressibility Density Aqueous solution Distribution coefficients in water Freezing point-solubility Freezing point-solubility in water Heat of solution Magnet ic susceptibility Miscibility in water Refractive index Dispersion Surface tension Vapor pressure, partial Viscosity -Benzene-Ethyl iodide Surface tension -Benzil Boiling point elevation -Benzoic acid Boiling point elevation Freezing point-solubility -Benzoin Boiling point elevation -Bismuth acetate Boiling point elevation -Boric acid Freezing point-solubility in water -Bromobenzene Density -p-Bromobenzoic acid Boiling point elevation -Bromoform Distribution coefficients in water -Bromonaphthalene Solubility, mutual -Butyl bromide Density Refractive index Dispersion -Butyric acid Density Vapor pressure -Butyric acid -Capric acid Vapor pressure -Butyric acid -Valeric acid Vapor pressure -Calcium acetate Boiling point elevation -Calcium acetate-Potassium tartrate Freezing point-solubility in water -Calcium chloride Freezing point-solubility -Calcium oxalate Solubility in water -Calcium sulfate-Potassium acetate Freezing point-solubility in water -Calcium tartrate Solubility in water -Camphor Density Refractive index -Carbazole Freezing point-solubility -Carbon disulfide Density Distribution coefficients in water Links 3.313 3.440 3.156 3.125 3.424 4.108 3.404 5.152 6.364 3.410 7.80 7.103 4.472 3.287 5.37 4.402 5.156 4.474 3.335 3.335 4.173 3.335 3.335 4.374 3.156 3.335 3.423 3.397 7.80 7.80 7.103 3.156 3.287 3.292 3.292 3.335 4.374 4.204 7.342 4.336 7.342 3.157 7.81 7.81 4.174 3.144 3.423 7.77 5.158 11 Index Terms Freezing point-solubility Refractive index Dispersion Verdet constant -Carbon tetrachloride Density Distribution coefficients in water Heat of solution Refractive index Dispersion Surface tension Verdet constant -Chloroacetic acid Freezing point-solubility -Chlorobenzene Density Freezing point-solubility -Chloroform Compressibility Density Distribution coefficients in water Heat of solution Miscibility in water Refractive index Dispersion Surface tension -Colchiceine Boiling point elevation -Colchidne Boiling point elevation -Cottonseed oil Solubility, mutual -Cupric acetate Density, aqueous solution -Cyclohexane Freezing point-solubility Heat of solution -Decalin Distribution coefficients in water -2,4-Dichloroacetanilide Freezing point-solubility in water -Dichloroacetic acid Density, aqueous solution Freezing point-solubility -Diethyl monobenzoyltartrate Density -Diethyl monotoluyltartrate (o-, m-, p-) Density -Dimethyl oxalate Freezing point-solubility -Dimethyl succinate Freezing point-solubility -Dimethylaniline Freezing point-solubility -Dimethylpyrone Freezing point-solubility -Diphenylamine Boiling point elevation -Epichlorohydrin Miscibility in water -Ethyl acetate Density Distribution coefficients in water Freezing point-solubility Heat of solution Viscosity -Ethyl alcohol Links 4.98 7.77 7.102 6.427 3.143 3.423 5.151 7.77 7.102 4.471 6.427 7.77 4.106 4.173 3.156 4.109 3.440 3.146 3.424 5.151 3.410 7.78 7.103 4.471 3.335 3.335 3.395 3.102 4.109 5.156 3.424 4.402 3.125 4.105 3.157 3.157 4.173 4.173 4.108 4.108 3.335 3.411 3.156 3.424 4.108 5.152 5.36 7.78 12 Index Terms Density Freezing point-solubility Heat of solution -Ethyl alcohol-Turpentine Density -Ethyl benzoate Density Viscosity -Ethyl bromide Density -Ethyl diacetylglycerate Density -Ethyl ether Density Distribution coefficients in water Freezing point-solubility Heat of solution Miscibility in water Viscosity -Ethyl ether-Glycerol Density -Ethyl iodide Surface tension -Ethyl nitrate Density -Ethylene bromide Density Freezing point-solubility Heat of solution Surface tension -Ethylene chloride Density Refractive index Dispersion -Ferric chloride Magnetic susceptibility -Fluoran Boiling point elevation -Fluorene Freezing point-solubility -Formamide Density Freezing point-solubility Viscosity -Formic acid Density Freezing point-solubility Heat of solution Specific heat Surface tension Viscosity -Glycerol Specific heat -Heptane Heat of solution -Hexane Density -Hydrogen chloride Density, aqueous solution -Hydroquinone Density, aqueous solution -Iodine Solubility in water -Isobutyl alcohol Heat of solution -Isobutyric acid Heat of solution Links 3.156 4.108 5.152 3.197 3.157 5.37 3.156 3.157 3.156 3.424 4.108 5.152 3.410 5.36 3.197 4.472 3.156 3.154 4.107 5.159 4.471 3.155 7.80 7.103 6.364 3.335 4.109 3.149 4.99 5.33 3.148 4.99 5.155 5.126 4.471 5.33 5.126 5.152 3.157 3.101 3.125 4.266 5.152 5.156 7.80 13 Index Terms Specific heat Viscosity -Kerosene Distribution coefficients in water Solubility, mutual -Lactic acid Heat of solution Specific heat -Lead acetate Boiling point elevation Freezing point-solubilit y in water -Lead chloride Freezing point-solubility in water -Lead oxide Freezing point-solubility in water -Lead tetraacetate Boiling point elevation -Lithium acetate Boiling point elevation -Magnesium bromide Freezing point-solubility -Magnesium hydroxide Freezing point-solubility in water -Magnesium iodide Freezing point-solubility -Magnesium oxide Freezing point-solubility in water -Mandelic acid Freezing point-solubility in water -Mercuric acetate Freezing point-solubility -Mercuric chloride Freezing point-solubility -Mercurous acetate Freezing point-solubility in water -Methyl alcohol Density Freezing point-solubility Heat of solution Refractive index -d-Methyl dibenzoylglycerate Density -Molybdenum trioxide Density, aqueous solution Refractive index, aqueous solution -Naphthalene Freezing point-solubility Freezing point-solubility in water Heat of solution -β-Naphthylamine Freezing point-solubility -Nicotine Density Aqueous solution -Nitric acid Density, aqueous solution -p-Nitroacetanilide Freezing point-solubility in water -Nitrobenzene Density Distribution coefficients in water Freezing point-solubility -Nitrogen tetroxide Boiling point elevation -p-Nitrophenol Boiling point elevation -Nitroso-β-naphthol Links 5.126 5.36 3.424 3.395 5.156 5.126 3.335 4.403 4.403 7.315 4.402 3.335 3.335 4.203 4.374 4.203 4.403 4.402 4.199 4.198 4.403 3.150 4.100 5.151 7.79 7.79 3.157 3.102 7.92 4.109 4.402 5.152 4.109 3.157 3.126 3.101 4.402 3.156 3.424 4.108 3.329 3.335 4.109 14 Index Terms Freezing point-solubility in water -Oxalic acid Freezing point-solubility in water -Paraldehyde Density Viscosity -Phenacetine Density -Phenanthrene Freezing point-solubility -Phenol Freezing point-solubility Heat of solution -Phenyl salicylate Density -o-Phenylenesuccinamide Boiling point elevation -Phosgene Boiling point elevation -Phthalic acid Freezing point-solubility in water -Picric acid Boiling point elevation Freezing point-solubility -Potassium acetate Boiling point elevation Density, aqueous solution -Potassium butyrate Density, aqueous solution -Potassium formate Density, aqueous solution -Potassium isobutyrate Density, aqueous solution -Propionic acid Density -Propyl alcohol Freezing point-solubility Heat of solution -Propylene bromide Density -Pyridine Density Heat of solution Refractive index Surface tension Vapor pressure Viscosity -Salicylic acid Freezing point-solubility in water -Silver acetate Freezing point-solubility in water -Silver bromate Freezing point-solubility in water -Silver nitrate Freezing point-solubility in water -Sodium acetate Boiling point elevation Density, aqueous solution Freezing point-solubility Freezing point-solubility in water -Sodium butyrate Density, aqueous solution -Sodium formate Density, aqueous solution -Sodium hydroxide Freezing point-solubility in water -Sodium isobutyrate Links 4.402 4.401 3.157 5.37 3.157 4.109 4.173 5.152 3.157 3.335 3.330 4.402 3.335 4.108 3.335 3.103 3.103 3.103 3.103 3.156 4.108 5.152 3.156 3.156 5.152 7.80 4.472 3.287 5.36 4.402 4.403 7.323 4.318 4.403 4.360 3.335 3.102 4.205 4.403 3.102 3.102 4.375 4.393 7.322 15 Index Terms Density, aqueous solution -Strontium acetate Boiling point elevation -Strontium oxalate Solubility in water -Strontium tartrate Solubility in water -Suberic acid Freezing point-solubility in water -Succinic acid Freezing point-solubility in water -Sulfur dioxide Boiling point elevation -Sulfuric acid Boiling point Density Viscosity -Tartaric acid Freezing point-solubility in water -Tetraethylammonium bromide Boiling point elevation -Tetralin Distribution coefficients in water -Thallium monochloride Freezing point-solubility in water -Thymol Freezing point-solubility -Toluene Compressibility Density Distribution coefficients in water Heat of solution Miscibility in water Refractive index Surface tension Vapor pressure, partial Viscosity of aqueous solution -o-Toluidine Distribution coefficients in water Freezing point-solubility -Toluidine (m-, p-) Freezing point-solubility -Trichloroacetic acid Density Freezing point-solubility Viscosity -Triethylamine Vapor pressure -Triethylammonium bromide Boiling point elevation -Triethylammonium iodide Boiling point elevation -Trimethylamine Vapor pressure -2,4,6-Trimethylaniline Freezing point-solubility -Trimethylcolchicinic acid Boiling point elevation -Trimethylsulfanilic acid Density, aqueous solution -l-Turpentine Density -Uranyl nitrate Density, aqueous solution -Urea Density, aqueous solution -Xylene Links 3.102 3.335 7.343 7.343 4.402 4.402 3.328 3.316 3.135 5.27 4.402 3.335 3.424 4.403 7.319 4.173 3.440 3.157 3.424 5.152 3.417 7.80 4.472 3.288 5.21 3.430 4.108 4.108 3.153 4.101 5.35 3.287 3.335 3.335 3.287 4.109 3.335 3.126 3.157 3.102 3.125 5.156 16 Index Terms Density -o-Xylene Distribution coefficients in water -m-Xylene Distribution coefficients in water -p-Xylene Distribution coefficients in water Freezing point-solubility Acetic anhydride Absorption spectra Boiling point Critical point data Density, aqueous solution Dielectric constant Electrical conductivity Heat of combustion Heat of vaporization Magnetic susceptibility Polarization of light scattered by Saponification constant Solubility in water Surface tension Vapor pressure Viscosity, liquid -Acetamide* -Acetamide*-Acetic acid -Acetonitrile -Acetic acid* -Acetic acid*-Acetylbenzoylimide-Benzamide -Acetic acid*-Acetylbenzoylimide-Benzamide-Bemonitrile -Benzamide Freezing point-solubility -Benzil Boiling point elevation -Magnesium bromide Freezing point-solubility -Paraldehyde Density Viscosity -Phosgene Boiling point elevation -Sodium oxide Freezing point-solubility in water -Sulfur dioxide Boiling point elevation Acetoacetic acid Decomposition, kinetics of Acetoethyl-o-toluidine Viscosity, liquid -Nitrocellulose Density α-Acetonaphthalide -Ethyl alcohol Density Aqueous solution Acetone Absorption spectra Ultra-violet Adsorption by charcoal Azeotropic mixtures Birefringence Boiling point Aqueous solution Compressibility Condensation on ions and nuclei Critical point data Density Links 3.157 3.424 3.424 3.424 4.108 5.332 3.218 3.248 3.114 6.86 6.143 5.166 5.137 6.361 5.266 7.136 3.387 4.450 3.218 5.36 5.337 3.340 7.215 4.114 3.340 4.203 3.165 5.40 3.330 4.414 3.328 7.122 7.221 3.196 3.161 3.128 5.331 5.369 3.251 3.318 7.110 3.218 3.310 3.42 6.117 3.239 3.28 5.336 5.371 3.323 3.338 3.248 3.33 5.374 5.376 5.377 17 Index Terms Aqueous solution Solid Dielectric constant Aqueous solution Diffusion in methyl alcohol Electrical conductivity Aqueous solution Flame propagation in Flash point Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Heat of combustion Heat of fusion Heat of solut ion in water Heat of vaporization Heat of wetting by Ignition temperature Inflammability, limits of Ions, mobility of, in Magnetic susceptibility Aqueous solution Melting point Ort hobaric density Photochemical hydrolysis Polarization of light reflected from Polarization of light scattered by Gas Liquid Refractive index Aqueous solution Gas Liquid Solidification point Solubility of salts in Sound, velocity of, in Gas Liquid Specific heat Aqueous solution Gas Liquid Solid Surface tension Aqueous solution Thermal conductivity Gas Liquid Pressure, effect of Vapor pressure Liquid Solid Vapor pressure, partial, aqueous solution Vapor pressure above 1 atm. Verdet constant Dispersion Aqueous solution Viscosity Aqueous solution Gas Liquid X-rays, absorption coefficient -Acenaphthene* -Acetamide* -Acetanilide* -Acetanilide*-Carbon disulfide -Acetic acid* -Air Ions, mobility of, in Links 3.112 3.45 6.82 6.101 5.72 6.143 6.264 2.184 2.161 4.262 5.167 5.132 5.148 5.137 5.142 2.174 2.180 6.112 6.361 6.364 3.45 3.239 7.163 5.261 3.113 6.86 6.105 5.157 5.138 7.170 5.265 5.266 7.68 7.10 7.12 1.61 4.208 7.35 7.78 6.463 6.464 5.124 5.81 5.108 5.102 4.450 4.467 5.214 5.227 5.227 3.218 3.209 3.290 3.239 6.426 6.433 6.427 5.22 5.3 5.27 6.13 6.112 5.215 5.228 6.427 7.214 7.222 18 Index Terms -Ammonia -Methyl alcohol Vapor pressure -Ammonium chloride Density, aqueous solution Freezing point-solubility in water Miscibility in water -Ammonium chloride-Barium chloride Freezing point-solubility in water -Ammonium perchlorate Density -Ammonium sulfate Freezing point-solubility in water -Ammonium thiocyanate Boiling point elevation -Amyl acetate Density Viscosity -Amyl alcohol Compressibility Density Miscibility in water -Anethole Miscibility in water -Aniline Density Heat of solution Miscibility in water Vapor pressure Viscosity -Anisole Vapor pressure -Anthracene Freezing point-solubility -Anthraquinone Freezing point-solubility -Antimony trichloride Density Viscosity -Azobenzene Boiling point elevation Heat of solution -Barium chloride Freezing point-solubility in water -Barium hydroxide Density, aqueous solution -Barium perchlorate Density -Benzamide Boiling point elevation -Benzanilide Boiling point elevation -Benzene Density Dielectric constant Distribution coefficients in water Heat of formation Miscibility in water Refractive index Specific heat Surface tension Viscosity -Benzene-Benzophenone Density -Benzene-Chloroform Surface tension -Benzene-Ethyl ether Density Links 3.374 3.101 4.399 3.409 4.425 3.136 4.400 3.338 3.163 5.39 3.440 3.162 3.414 3.413 3.163 5.153 3.414 3.288 5.39 3.288 4.174 4.174 3.136 5.27 3.339 5.153 4.411 3.102 3.140 3.339 3.339 3.163 6.102 3.425 5.153 3.414 7.82 5.127 4.472 5.39 3.197 4.474 3.197 19 Index Terms Viscosity -Benzene-Toluene Surface tension -Benzil Boiling point elevation -Benzole acid Boiling point elevation Freezing point-solubility Heat of solution -Benzophenone Density Miscibility in water -Benzophenone-Ethyl alcohol Density -Benzoyldnchonicine Density -Benzoylcinchotoxine Density Refractive index -Bismuth chloride Density -Bismuth nitrate-Nitric acid Freezing point-solubility in water -Borneol Density Refractive index -Bornylene nitrosite Boiling point elevation -Bromine Freezing point-solubility -Bromobenzene Density Aqueous solution Miscibility in water Viscosity -Bromocamphor Density Refractive index -Bromoform Density Vapor pressure Viscosity -Butyl alcohol Density, aqueous solution -Butyramide Boiling point elevation -Butyric acid Vapor pressure -Cadmium bromide Density -Cadmium iodide Boiling point elevation Density -Caffeine Density -Calcium chloride Freezing point-solubility in water -Calcium nitrate Density Viscosity, aqueous solution -Calcium nitrate-Ethyl alcohol Density -Calcium nitrate-Methyl alcohol Density Viscosity -Camphor Boiling point elevation Links 5.51 4.474 3.339 3.338 4.111 5.153 3.164 3.413 3.197 3.164 7.82 7.82 7.82 3.137 4.424 7.82 7.82 3.339 4.32 3.162 3.129 3.411 5.39 3.163 7.82 3.146 3.286 5.32 3.128 3.338 3.288 3.139 3.339 3.139 3.163 4.411 3.140 5.24 3.143 3.143 5.30 3.339 7.82 20 Index Terms Density Freezing point-solubility Refractive index -Carbazole Freezing point-solubility -Carbon disulfide Compressibility Density Freezing mixture, use as Heat of solution Refractive index Dispersion Solubility, mutual Surface tension Vapor pressure Viscosity -Carbon disulfide-Picric acid Vapor pressure -Carbon tetrachloride Density Distribution coefficients in water Heat of solution Viscosity -Catechol Freezing point-solubility -Cellulose acetate Density, aqueous solution -Cesium chloride Viscosity, aqueous solution -Cesium chloride-Mercuric chloride Solubility relations -Cesium nitrate Viscosity, aqueous solution -Cesium perchlorate Density -Chloral alcoholate Boiling point elevation -Chloral hydrate Boiling point elevation Heat of solution -Chlorine Freezing point lowering Freezing point-solubility -Chloroacetamide Boiling point elevation -Chloroacetic acid Boiling point elevation -Chlorobenzene Density Surface tension Viscosity -Chloroform Boiling point Compressibility Density Aqueous solution Distribution coefficients in water Heat of solution Magnetic rotatory power Miscibility in water Refractive index Dispersion Specific heat Surface tension Vapor pressure, partial Viscosity -o-Chlorophenol Links 3.163 4.111 7.82 7.82 4.174 3.440 3.145 1.65 5.151 7.78 7.102 3.397 4.471 3.286 5.32 5.158 3.375 3.375 3.143 3.425 5.151 5.32 4.111 3.129 5.24 4.211 5.24 3.142 3.338 3.338 5.152 4.36 4.31 3.338 3.338 3.162 4.472 5.39 3.312 3.440 3.146 3.125 3.425 5.151 6.432 3.410 7.78 7.103 5.126 4.471 3.286 5.32 7.78 5.155 5.158 21 Index Terms Density Freezing point-solubility Heat of solution Specific heat Viscosity -1-Chlorotetrahydronaphthalene Vapor pressure -Chromic chloride Boiling point elevation -Cinchonicine Density -Cinchotoxine Density Refractive index -Citric acid Heat of solution -Cobaltous chloride Density Magnetic susceptibility -Cobaltous nitrate Magnetic susceptibility -Cresol Vapor pressure, partial -Cupric chloride Boiling point elevation Density Freezing point-solubility in water -Cupric chloride-Potassium chloride Solubility relations -Cupric chloride-Sodium chloride Freezing point-solubility in water -Cupric nitrate-Ethyl alcohol Viscosity -Cyclohexane Viscosity -Cyclohexanone Vapor pressure -1,2-Dibromopropionic acid Boiling point elevation -Dichloroacetamide Boiling point elevation -Diethyl malate Boiling point elevation -Diethyl tartrate Boiling point elevation Density -Diisoamyl Solubility, mutual -o-Dimethoxybenzene Viscosity -Dimethyl acetylmalate Boiling point elevation -Dimethyl malate Boiling point elevat ion -Dimethyl tartrate Boiling point elevation -Dimethylaniline Vapor pressure -Diphenyl Boiling point elevation Heat of solution -Diphenylamine Boiling point elevation Heat of solution -Diphenylurea Boiling point elevation -Erucic acid Links 3.162 4.111 5.158 5.127 5.39 3.288 3.339 3.164 7.82 7.82 5.153 3.139 6.364 6.364 3.288 3.339 3.139 4.411 4.211 4.427 5.30 5.39 3.288 3.338 3.338 3.339 3.339 3.163 3.397 5.39 3.339 3.338 3.338 3.288 3.339 5.153 3.339 5.153 3.339 22 Index Terms Heat of solution -Ethyl acetate Heat of solution Miscibility in water -Ethyl alcohol Boiling point Density Heat of solution Magnetic susceptibility Surface tension Viscosity -Ethyl alcohol-Lithium bromide Viscosity -Ethyl alcohol-Potassium thiocyanate Viscosity -Ethyl alcohol-Silver nitrate Solubility relations -Ethyl bromide Density Refractive index Dispersion -Ethyl chloroacetate Density -Ethyl di-p-toluylglycerate Density -Ethyl ether Boiling point Density Heat of solution Specific heat Vapor pressure Viscosity -Ethylacetanilide Boiling point elevation -Ethylene chloride Density Refractive index Dispersion -Ferric chloride Boiling point elevation Density Magnetic susceptibility -Fluorene Freezing point-solubility -Formanilide Boiling point elevation -Fumaric acid Freezing point-solubility -Gallic acid Density -Glycerol Solubility, mutual -Glycolamide Boiling point elevation -Glycolanilide Boiling point elevation -Guaiacol Viscosity -Heptane Heat of solution -Hexahydrophenol Vapor pressure -Hexane Density Viscosity -Hydrogen bromide Boiling point elevation Links 5.153 5.153 3.414 3.313 3.158 5.152 6.364 4.472 5.30 5.31 5.31 4.211 7.81 7.81 7.103 3.162 3.164 3.313 3.162 5.156 5.127 3.288 5.39 3.339 7.80 7.80 7.103 3.339 3.139 6.364 4.174 3.339 4.111 3.163 3.395 3.338 3.339 5.39 5.153 3.288 3.163 5.39 3.328 5.156 5.156 5.37 23 Index Terms Freezing point-solubility -Hydroquinal Freezing point-solubility -Iodine Boiling point elevation Freezing point-solubility Reaction kinetics -Isobutyl ricinoleate Boiling point elevation -Isobutylacetamide Boiling point elevation -Isobutyramide Boiling point elevation -Isopropyl alcohol Heat of solution Refractive index Dispersion Vapor pressure Viscosity -Lactamide Boiling point elevation -Lactanilide Boiling point elevation -Lithium bromide Viscosity, aqueous solution -Lithium bromide-Methyl alcohol Viscosity -Lithium chloride Boiling point elevation -Lithium nitrate Boiling point elevation -Lithium perchlorate Density -Lithium sulfate Freezing point-solubility in water Miscibility in water -Magnesium bromide Freezing point-solubility -Magnesium iodide Freezing point-solubility -Magnesium perchlorate Density -Maleic acid Freezing point-solubility -Malic acid Density -Mandelic acid Boiling point elevation -Mannitoboric acid Boiling point elevation -Mercuric chloride Boiling point elevation Density Freezing point-solubility Verdet constant -Mercuric chloride-Potassium chloride Solubility relations -Mercuric iodide-Potassium iodide Solubility relations -Methyl alcohol Boiling point Density Heat of solution Surface tension Viscosity -Methyl alcohol- Potassium fluoride Freezing point-solubility in water Links 4.186 4.111 3.338 4.33 7.146 3.339 3.338 3.338 5.153 7.82 7.104 3.288 5.39 3.338 3.339 5.24 5.31 3.339 3.339 3.141 4.411 3.409 4.203 4.204 3.140 4.111 3.162 3.339 3.339 3.339 3.139 4.212 6.427 4.211 4.211 3.312 3.150 5.151 4.471 5.30 4.426 5.155 5.34 24 Index Terms -Methyl alcohol- Potassium thiocyanate Viscosity -Methyl cyanoacetate Density -Methyl di-p-toluylglycerate Density -Methyl ethyl ketone Density Vapor pressure -Methyl iodide Density -Methylacetanilide Boiling point elevation Density -Methylene chloride Density Viscosity -Naphthalene Boiling point elevation Density Freezing point-solubility Heat of solution Miscibility in water Refractive index -β-Naphthol Viscosity -Naphthylamine (α-, β-) Heat of solution -Nicotine Density -Nitroaniline (o-, p-) Density Refractive index -Nitrobenzene Birefringence, magnetic Density Vapor pressure Viscosity -Nitrocellulose Density Osmotic pressure -Nitroglycerol Vapor pressure lowering -1-Nitronaphthalene Boiling point elevation Heat of solution -Nitrophenol (o-, m-, p-) Freezing point-solubility -p-Nitrotoluene Density -Oleic acid Density Vapor pressure lowering -Palmitic acid Density -Pentachloroethane Density Distribution coefficients in water Vapor pressure Viscosity -Phenanthrene Freezing point-solubility -Phenol Density Freezing point-solubility Heat of solution Miscibility in water Links 5.31 3.162 3.164 3.162 3.288 3.149 3.339 3.163 3.148 5.33 3.339 3.163 4.174 5.153 3.413 7.82 5.39 5.153 3.163 7.82 7.82 7.112 3.163 3.288 5.39 3.196 4.431 3.300 3.339 5.153 4.111 3.163 3.164 3.300 3.164 3.153 3.425 3.287 5.35 4.174 3.163 4.111 5.153 3.414 7.82 25 Index Terms Surface tension Vapor pressure of aqueous solution Viscosity -Phenyl ether Density Viscosity -Phenylacetamide Boiling point elevation -Phenylurea Boiling point elevation -Phenylurethan Boiling point elevation -Picryl chloride Boiling point elevation -Picryl cinchonicine Density -Potassium bromide Density, aqueous solution -Potassium carbonate Freezing point-solubility in water -Potassium chloride Density, aqueous solution Miscibility in water -Potassium fluoride Freezing point-solubility in water -Potassium iodide Density Aqueous solution -Potassium perchlorate Density -Potassium picrate Freezing point-solubility in water -Potassium sulfate Freezing point-solubility in water -Potassium thiocyanate Viscosity, aqueous solution -Propionamide Boiling point elevation Density -Propyl acetate Surface tension -Pyridine acetate Heat of solution -Pyrocatechol Viscosity -Pyrogallol Freezing point-solubility Heat of solution -Resodiacetophenone Boiling point elevation -Resorcinol Boiling point elevation Freezing point-solubility Heat of solution Viscosity -Rubidium bromide Viscosity, aqueous solution -Rubidium chloride Viscosity, aqueous solution -Rubidium iodide Viscosity, aqueous solution -Rubidium nitrate Viscosity, aqueous solution -Rubidium perchlorate Density -Salicylaldehyde Vapor pressure Links 4.472 3.378 5.39 3.163 5.39 3.339 3.339 3.339 3.338 3.164 3.103 4.412 3.103 3.409 4.412 3.142 3.103 3.142 4.412 4.412 5.24 3.338 3.162 4.472 5.153 5.39 4.111 5.153 3.339 3.338 4.111 5.153 5.39 5.24 5.24 5.24 5.24 3.142 3.288 3.384 26 Index Terms Viscosity -Salicylamide Boiling point elevation -Salicylic acid Boiling point elevation Freezing point-solubility Heat of solution -Salt solutions Miscibility of -Silver nitrate Density -Sodium chloride Freezing point-solubility in water -Sodium dinitrophenate Freezing point-solubility in water -Sodium iodide Boiling point elevation Density Freezing point-solubility Freezing point-solubility in water -Sodium nitrate Freezing point-solubility in water -Sodium perchlorate Density -Sodium sulfate Freezing point-solubility in water -Stannous chloride Density -Stearic acid Density -Strontium perchlorate Density -Succinic acid Density -Sucrose Freezing point-solubility in water -Sulfur Density Aqueous solution Freezing point-solubility -Sulfur dioxide Density Viscosity -Tetraamylammonium iodide Boiling point elevation -1,1,2,2-Tetrabromoethane Boiling point elevation -Tetrabromophenolphthalein Boiling point elevation -Tetrachloroethane Density Distribution coefficients in water Viscosity -Tetrachloroethylene Distribution coefficients in water -Tetraethylammonium iodide Density -Tetrahydronaphthalene Vapor pressure Viscosity -ar-Tetrahydro-β-naphthol Vapor pressure Viscosity -Tetrapropylammonium iodide Boiling point elevation Density -Tetrapropylammonium nitrate Links 5.39 3.339 3.339 4.111 5.153 3.410 3.139 4.411 4.412 3.339 3.141 4.205 4.411 4.412 3.141 4.411 3.137 3.164 3.140 3.162 4.411 3.132 3.101 4.35 3.135 5.27 3.339 3.338 3.339 3.153 3.425 5.36 3.425 3.163 3.288 5.39 3.288 5.39 3.339 3.164 27 Index Terms Boiling point elevation -Thymol Density -Toluene Boiling point Density Dielectric constant Distribution coefficients in water Solubility in water Vapor pressure -p-Toluenesulfonylcinchonicine Density -Triamylammonium bromide Boiling point elevation -Triamylammonium chloride Boiling point elevation -Triamylammonium thiocyanate Boiling point elevation -Trichloroacetamide Boiling point elevation -Trichloroacetic acid Density Viscosity -Trichloroethylene Distribution coefficients in water -Trichlorolactamide Boiling point elevation -Triethylsulfonium iodide Boiling point elevation -Trimethylcolchicinic acid Boiling point elevation -Trinitroglycerol Vapor pressure, partial -Tripalmitin Boiling point elevation -Tripropylammonium bromide Boiling point elevation -Tripropylammonium chloride Boiling point elevation -Tristearin Boiling point elevation -Urea Boiling point elevation -Urethan Boiling point elevation Heat of solutio n -Valeramide Boiling point elevation -Zinc chloride Density Acetonitrile Absorption spectra Azeotropic mixtures Boiling point Critical point data Density Aqueous solution Dielectric constant Diffusion in methyl alcohol Diffusion in water Electrical conductivity Aqueous solution Heat of combustion Heat of vaporization Hydrolysis of Orthobaric density Refractive index Links 3.339 3.163 3.313 3.163 6.102 3.425 3.406 3.288 3.164 3.339 3.339 3.339 3.338 3.153 5.35 3.425 3.338 3.338 3.339 3.288 3.339 3.339 3.339 3.339 3.338 3.338 6.153 3.338 3.138 5.331 3.319 3.216 3.238 3.28 3.112 6.82 5.72 5.69 6.143 6.262 5.167 5.136 7.141 3.237 5.335 3.334 3.248 3.33 3.113 6.84 28 Index Terms Gas Liquid Solubility of salts in Specific heat Surface tension Viscosity, liquid -Acetamide* -Acetamide*-Acetic acid -Acetic anhydride -Anthracene Boiling point elevation -Benzonitrile Boiling point elevation -Benzyl cyanide Boiling point elevation -Bromodinitromesitylene Boiling point elevation -Cadmium iodide Density -Dibenzyl Boiling point elevation -Diethylammonium chloride Boiling point elevation -Dimethyl tartrate Boiling point elevation -Dimethylpyrone Boiling point elevation -Dinitromesitylene Boiling point elevation -Diphenyl Boiling point elevation -Diphenylamine Boiling point elevation -Ethyl alcohol Density Vapor pressure -Isobutylammonium chloride Boiling point elevation -Lactonitrile Density -Magnesium iodide Freezing point-solubility -Mercuric chloride Density -Mercuric iodide Density -Methyl alcohol Density -Methyl cyanoacetate Boiling point elevation -Naphthalene Boiling point elevation -Picric acid Boiling point elevation -Picryl chloride Boiling point elevation -Potassium iodide Density -Pyridine Viscosity -Pyridine-Silver nitrate Density Viscosity -Silver nitrate Boiling point elevation Density Viscosity -Tetraethylammonium iodide Links 7.10 7.34 4.207 5.107 4.448 7.213 3.334 3.334 3.334 3.334 3.139 3.334 3.334 3.334 3.334 3.334 3.334 3.334 3.154 3.287 3.334 3.154 4.203 3.139 3.139 3.150 3.334 3.334 3.334 3.334 3.142 5.30 3.143 5.30 3.334 3.139 5.28 5.36 29 Index Terms Boiling point elevation Density -Tetrapropylammonium iodide Boiling point elevation Density -Tetrapropylammonium nitrate Boiling point elevation -1,3,5-Trichlorobenzene Boiling point elevation -2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene Boiling point elevation -Trinitro -p-xylene Boiling point elevation -Triphenylcarbinol Boiling point elevation -Triphenylmethane Boiling point elevation Acetonylacetone Absorption spectra, ultra-violet Refractive index Acetophenone Absorption spectra Azeotropic mixtures Birefringence Boiling point Cryoscopic constant Density Dielectric constant Electrical conductivity Heat of combustion Heat of vaporization Magnetic susceptibility Melting point Melting point under pressure Melting pressure Refractive index Specific heat Surface tension Vapor pressure Verdet constant Viscosity, liquid -Acetic acid* -Antimony tribromide Density Freezing point-solubility Viscosity -Antimony trichloride Freezing point-solubility -Benzene Boiling point elevation Density Freezing point-solubility Viscosity -Benzoic acid Freezing point-solubility -Catechol Freezing point-solubility -Chloroacetic acid Freezing point-solubility -Chloroform Density Viscosity -Cyclohexane Boiling point elevation -2,4-Dinitrophenol Freezing point-solubility Links 3.334 3.154 3.334 3.154 3.334 3.334 3.334 3.334 3.334 3.334 5.340 7.39 5.376 5.332 3.323 7.111 3.224 4.183 3.29 6.93 6.144 5.167 5.137 6.362 4.6 4.10 4.16 7.43 5.111 4.457 3.224 6.429 5.28 5.343 3.137 4.196 5.28 4.192 3.344 3.179 4.134 5.46 4.179 4.137 4.106 3.147 5.33 3.345 4.126 5.377 3.34 5.33 5.46 7.219 30 Index Terms -Ethylene chloride Density Viscosity -Glycerol Solubility, mutual -Hydrogen peroxide Distribution coefficients in water -Hydroquinol Freezing point-solubility -Isoamyl acetate Density Viscosity -Lithium bromide Density -Lithium chloride Density -Naphthalene Density Refractive index Dispersion -Naphthol (α-, β-) Freezing point-solubility -α-Naphthylamine Density Refractive index Dispersion -Nitrogen tetroxide Boiling point elevation -Nitrophenol (o-, m-, p-) Freezing point-solubility -Pentachloroethane Density Viscosity -Phenol Freezing point-solubility -Picric acid Freezing point-solubility -Potassium iodide Density -Pyrogallol Freezing point-solubility -Quinoline Density Refractive index Dispersion -Resorcinol Freezing point-solubility -Sodium iodide Density -Sulfuric acid Freezing point-solubility -Tetrachloroethane Density Viscosity -Tetrachloroethylene Density -Tetraethylammonium iodide Density -Trichloroacetic acid Density Freezing point-solubility Viscosity Acetophenonoxime Absorption spectra Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Intramolecular transformation -Benzene Links 3.155 5.36 3.396 3.419 4.140 3.189 5.50 3.141 3.141 7.86 7.86 7.105 4.153 7.86 7.86 7.105 3.329 4.129 3.153 5.35 4.136 4.120 3.142 4.141 7.86 7.86 7.105 4.139 3.141 4.188 3.154 5.36 3.152 3.190 3.153 4.103 5.35 5.343 6.286 7.116 31 Index Terms Boiling point elevation -Ethyl alcohol Boiling point elevation -Ethyl ether Boiling point elevation o-Acetotoluide Crystallography Diffusion in methyl alcohol -p-Acetotoluide Freezing point-solubility -Benzene Distribution coefficients in water -Chloroform Boiling point elevation -p-Acetotoluide Crystallography Surface tension, aqueous solution -o-Acetotoluide* -Ethyl alcohol Density Aqueous solution Acetoxime Absorption spectra, ultra-violet Cryoscopic constant Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Surface tension p-Acetoxyacetanilide -Chloroform Distribution coefficients in water Acetyl bromide Azeotropic mixtures Dielectric constant Electrical conductivity Acetyl chloride Absorption spectra Boiling point Dielectric constant Electrical conductivity Heat of vaporization Refractive index Specific heat Surface tension Verdet constant Acetyl fluoride Solubility in non-aqueous liquids Acetyl value, definition Acetylacetone Absorption spectra Birefringence, magnetic Density Dielectric constant Electrical conductivity Aqueous solution Heat of solution in water Magnetic susceptibility Refractive index Solubility in water Surface tension -Tetraethylammonium iodide Density -Water Critical solut ion isotherms α-N-Acetylbenzoylhydroxylamine -β-N-Acetylbenzoylhydroxylamine Links 3.344 3.337 3.341 1.329 5.73 4.154 3.431 3.332 1.329 4.470 3.161 3.128 5.364 4.183 6.264 4.262 4.450 3.432 3.319 6.84 6.143 5.335 3.216 6.82 6.143 5.136 7.34 6.107 4.448 6.428 6.84 3.269 2.xii 5.332 7.111 3.29 6.88 6.144 6.269 5.149 6.362 7.37 3.388 4.452 3.172 3.365 5.337 5.371 5.377 32 Index Terms Freezing point-solubility Acetylbenzoylimide -Acetic acid*-Acetic anhydride-Benzamide -Acetic acid*-Acetic anhydride-Benzamide-Benzonitrile 2,4-Acetylchlorotoluidine -Ethyl alcohol Freezing point-solubility in water 2,5-Acetylchlorotoluidine -Ethyl alcohol Freezing point-solubility in water Acetylcoumaric acid Heat of combustion Acetyldiphenylamine Diffusion in benzene Diffusion in methyl alcohol -Diphenylamine Freezing point-solubility Acetylene Absorption spectra Boiling point Compressibility Critical point data Critical potentials Decomposition pressure of hydrate Density, gas Detonation Reflected waves in Detonation wave velocity Dielectric constant Electrons, attachment of, to form ions Explosion in closed vessels Explosive mixtures, limiting dilutions Flame propagation in Free energy of solution Heat of combustion Heat of decomposition of hydrate Heat of formation Ignition temperature Inflammability, limits of Ionization by α-particles Ionization by γ-rays Ions, mobility of, in Orthobaric density Refractivity Solubility in aqueous solutions Solubility in non-aqueous liquids Solubility in water Sound, velocity of, in Specific heat, gas Sublimation point Surface tension Thermal conductivity Thermal expansion Triple point Vapor pressure Vapor pressure above 1 atm. Viscosity, gas -Carbon dioxide Vapor pressure -Ethane Vapor pressure -Hydrogen Ions, mobility of, in -Hydrogen bromide Freezing point-solubility Links 4.153 4.405 4.405 5.166 5.74 5.73 4.161 5.331 3.230 3.14 3.230 6.72 7.245 3.3 2.185 2.186 2.186 6.82 6.117 2.191 2.186 2.184 7.245 5.163 7.245 5.181 2.173 2.178 6.122 6.123 6.111 3.230 7.10 3.280 3.269 3.260 6.463 5.80 3.230 4.441 5.214 3.16 3.230 3.208 3.230 5.3 5.335 3.248 3.358 3.360 6.113 4.186 3.382 33 Index Terms -Methyl ether Freezing point-solubility Acetylene black , rubber, effect on 1,2-Acetylene dibromide Refractive index Viscosity, liquid 1,2-Acetylene dichloride Azeotropic mixtures Birefringence, electric Viscosity, liquid -Iodine Freezing point-solubility -Sulfur Freezing point-solubility Acetylene difluoride Solubility in water cis-Acetylene diiodide -trans-Acetylene diiodide Freezing point-solubility Acetylene flame Emission, spectral Acetylene lamp, temperature Acetylene tetrabromide. See Tetrabromo-ethane Acetylenedicarboxylic acid Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Heat of combustion -Methyl alcohol Density Viscosity Acetylethylaminonaphthalene (α-, β-) -Quinoline Density Refractive index Dispersion Acetylglycine Absorption spectra, ultra-violet 2-Acetylindazole Refractive index -Quinoline Density Refractive index Dispersion Acetylmalic acid Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Optical rotatory power Acetylmethyl hexyl ketone Dielectric constant Electrical conductivity Acetylphenylacetylene Magnetic susceptibility Verdet constant N-Acetylphenylenediamine (o-, m-, p-) Solubility in water Acetylphenylhydrazine Diffusion in methyl alcohol Acetylsalicylic acid Crystallography Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Solubility in water -Ethyl ether Distribution coefficients in water -Xylene Distribution coefficients in water Links 4.105 2.287 7.34 7.213 3.319 7.110 7.213 4.33 4.35 3.261 4.105 5.245 5.247 6.265 5.165 3.151 5.34 7.88 7.88 7.107 5.366 7.45 7.87 7.87 7.106 6.275 7.370 6.95 6.144 6.363 6.430 4.253 5.73 1.328 6.290 3.392 3.431 3.431 3.323 34 Index Terms Acetyltribromophenol -Tribromophenol Freezing point-solubility Acetylurea Heat of solution in water Acid anhydrides Saponification constants Acid value, definition Acids Aliphatic Salts, X-ray diffraction data X-ray diffraction data Commercial, vapor pressure Esterification constants Acieral (alloy) Acme nickel steel Acmite, refractive index Aconine, optical rotatory power Aconitic acid Absorption spectra, ultra-violet Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Heat of combustion Heat of solution in water Aconitine Absorption spectra Crystallography Diffusion in ethyl alcohol Optical rotatory power -Ethyl alcohol Viscosity Acridine Crystallo graphy Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Magnetic susceptibility -Anthracene Freezing point-solubility -Carbazole Freezing point-solubility -Catechol Freezing point-solubility -Hydroquinol Freezing point-solubility -Methylacridine Freezing point-solubility -Naphthol (α-, β-) Freezing point-solubility -Nitrosodimethylaniline Freezing point-solubility -Phenanthrene Freezing point-solubility -Phenol Freezing point-solubility -Resorcinol Freezing point-solubility Acrine, optical rotatory power Acrolein Absorption spectra Ultra-violet Electrical conductivity Refractive index Solubility in water Toxicology Acoustic power Acoustic resistivity Links 4.118 5.148 7.136 2.xii 1.345 1.347 3.301 7.138 2.370 2.370 7.26 7.477 1.348 2.534 5.375 6.273 5.165 5.149 5.356 1.337 5.74 7.478 5.39 1.332 6.300 6.363 4.162 4.160 4.138 4.140 4.162 4.156 4.157 4.154 4.162 4.137 4.139 7.477 5.331 5.374 6.143 7.35 3.387 2.318 6.458 6.458 5.336 5.376 5.377 35 Index Terms Acoustic valves Acoustics Acrylic acid Absorption spectra, ultra-violet Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Heat of combustion Heat of fusion Actinium Boiling point Melting point Actinium series Members and constants Actinolite, compressibility Actinon Adsorption Diffusion coefficient Relative solubility Solubility in non-aqueous liquids Solubility in water Action, conversion factors Activity coefficients Acuity Auditory Visual Adaline Absorption spectra, ultra-violet Adamite Density Refractive index Addition reactions, kinetics of Adelite Density Refractive index Adhesives Tensile strength Adiabatic compression, heat of Adipic acid Crystallography Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Heat of combustion Admiralty brass Admiralty gun metal Antimony, effect of Arsenic, effect of Arsenical, lead, effect of Admiralty metal Adnic (alloy) Adrenaline Optical rotatory power Adsorption Gases on solids Heat of Liquids on solids Odors Radioactive elements Salts on barium sulfate Adular Dielectric constant Heat of formation Magnetic susceptibility Specific heat Thermal expansion Links 6.457 6.450 5.377 6.263 5.165 5.132 1.102 1.103 1.363 3.50 1.364 1.364 1.364 3.261 3.255 1.25 7.224 1.94 1.93 6.450 5.367 1.119 1.119 7.123 1.146 1.146 2.217 2.220 5.144 1.326 6.275 5.165 2.370 2.370 2.568 2.566 2.566 2.370 2.370 7.365 3.249 3.250 5.139 3.251 1.359 1.364 1.354 6.99 5.206 6.364 5.101 3.45 1.172 1.172 2.470 2.566 2.556 2.567 2.469 2.601 2.556 2.600 36 Index Terms Adularia. See Adular. Advance (alloy) Electrical conductivity Magnetic field, effect of Aegirite Crystal nuclei, formation of Density Refractive index Aero metal Aerodynamics Aerolite (alloy) Aeromin (alloy) Endurance limits Aeron (alloy) Afwillite , refractive index Agricolite Density Refractive index Agrilite (alloy) Aich metal Aikinite, density Air Acoustic resistivity Adsorption by charcoals Boiling point Composition Compressibility Contact potential Critical point data Density Liquid Dielectric constant Dielectric strength Dispersion formulas Dissymetry in emission of electrons freed by X-rays Electrical conductivity of liquid X-rays, effect of Electron emission excited by positive ions Electrons Absorption of, by Attachment of, to form ions Motion of, in Secondary emission of Emission spectra Gamma rays, absorption coefficient Heat, convection in Heat of adsorption on charcoal Ion pairs produced by β-particles Ionization by accelerated electrons Ionization by α-particles Ionization by β-particles Ionization by electrons Ionization by γ-rays Ionization by phosphorus vapor Ionization by positive residues Ionization by X-rays Ions, diffusivity of, in Ions, mobility of, in Ions, recombination of, in Ions, slow, mobility of Joule-Thomson effect Light, transmission of, by Magnetic susceptibility Moist, density, formulas for Links 2.370 6.169 6.422 5.60 1.152 1.152 2.370 1.402 2.370 2.370 2.601 2.370 7.24 1.113 1.113 2.370 2.370 1.123 6.459 3.512 1.103 1.393 3.9 6.57 3.248 1.102 1.103 6.77 6.79 7.5 6.5 6.142 6.6 6.65 6.61 6.117 6.116 6.63 5.277 6.21 5.234 6.140 6.121 6.121 6.122 6.121 6.120 6.123 6.124 6.122 6.123 6.115 6.111 6.115 6.115 5.144 5.265 6.354 1.71 2.480 6.170 2.601 2.606 1.173 2.464 2.537 2.542 2.467 2.608 2.533 2.542 2.534 1.173 2.561 2.556 2.562 2.567 2.312 3.3 6.78 6.80 7.11 6.105 6.112 6.114 6.364 37 Index Terms Photoelectric threshold Plait point Polarization of light scattered by Rate of flow at low pressures Refractivity Rubber, permeability of Solubility in non-aqueous liquids Solubility in sulfuric acid Solubility in water Sound, velocity of, in Sound, velocity of, in tubes Specific heat Surface tension Liquid Thermal conductivity Thermal expansion Transmission of radiant energy Vaporization, heat of Verdet constant Viscosity X-rays, absorption coefficient X-rays, absorption of, relation of ejected electrons -Acetone* -Amyl alcohol Ions, mobility of, in -Ammonia Ions, mobility of, in -Butyl alcohol Ions, mobility of, in -Carbon dioxide Critical region Diffusion coefficient Ions, mobility of, in -Carbon tetrachloride Ions, mobility of, in -Chloroform Ions, mobility of, in -Ethyl alcohol Ions, mobility of, in Viscosity -Ethyl bromide Ions, mobility of, in -Ethylene Viscosity -Hydrogen Diffusion coefficient Viscosity -Hydrogen chloride Ions, mobility of, in -Methyl alcohol Ions, mobility of, in -Methyl iodide Ions, mobility of, in -Oxygen Diffusion coefficient -Propyl alcohol Ions, mobility of, in -Water Ions, mobility of, in Viscosity Air conditioning Air speed Air-earth current density Airfoil sections, characteristics Airfoils Pressure distribution on Links 6.68 3.248 5.265 1.92 7.2 2.272 3.264 3.272 3.257 6.459 6.466 1.103 1.103 4.441 2.312 1.103 5.268 1.103 5.425 1.102 6.16 6.20 5.76 6.462 5.80 5.81 4.442 5.213 3.9 5.214 5.2 6.114 6.113 6.114 6.114 3.374 5.62 6.113 6.113 6.113 6.112 5.6 6.114 6.112 5.6 5.62 5.6 6.113 6.114 6.112 5.62 6.114 6.112 5.6 2.321 1.403 6.444 1.410 1.404 1.407 1.409 38 Index Terms Ajax metal Akermannite Density Melting point Refractive index -Calcium orthosilicate Freezing point-solubility -Calcium silicate Freezing point-solubility -Diopside Freezing point-solubility -Gehlenite Density Freezing point-solubility -Gehlenite-Grossularite Freezing point-solubility -Grossularite Freezing point-solubility -Sarcolite Freezing point-solubility Akrit (alloy) Alabandite Density Refractive index See also Manganese sulfide. Aladar (alloy). See Alpax. Alamosite Density Melting point Refractive index See also Lead metasilicate. α-Alanine Absorption spectra, ultra-violet Heat of combustion Hydrolysis Optical rotatory power Viscosity, aqueous solution -Ethyl alcohol Density, aqueous solution d-Alanine anhydride Heat of combustion Optical rotatory power Alargan (alloy) Albata (alloy) Albedo Alberene. See Soapstone. Albertite , properties Albidur-aluminum Albin (alloy) Albite Density Melting point Refractive index Specific heat -Anorthite Density Freezing point-solubility -Anorthite-Diopside Freezing point-solubility -Diopside Freezing point-solubility Albumins Dielectric constant, aqueous solution Links 2.370 1.146 1.146 1.146 4.84 1.167 4.90 4.92 4.85 4.89 4.90 4.92 3.135 4.90 4.92 4.93 4.95 4.90 4.92 4.90 2.370 4.92 2.593 1.127 1.127 1.166 1.117 1.117 1.117 1.173 5.366 5.167 7.147 7.374 5.20 7.25 5.373 5.379 1.153 1.153 1.153 2.101 4.85 1.170 5.100 7.27 3.134 4.91 4.92 4.95 4.96 4.90 4.92 3.126 5.168 7.374 2.370 2.370 5.262 2.169 2.370 2.370 6.101 39 Index Terms Refractive index, aqueous so lution Alco bronze Alcoholic fermentation, kinetics of Alcohols, optical rotatory power See also Names of individual alcohols. Alcumite (alloy) Aldehydobenzoic acid (o-, m -, p-) Solubility in water -Benzene Freezing point-solubility 1-Aldehydo-2-hydroxy-5-methylbenzene -Benzene Freezing point-solubility 1-Aldehydo-4-hydroxy-5-methylbenzene -Benzene Freezing point-solubility 1-Aldehydo-4-hydroxy-6-methylbenzene -Benzene Freezing point-solubility Aldoximes Transformation, kinetics of Alfenide (alloy) Alferium (alloy) Algeria, weights and measures Algiers metal Algodonite, electrical conductivity Alizarin Electrical conductivity -Isoamyl acetate Boiling point elevation -Isobutyl alcohol Boiling point elevation -Nitrobenzene Boiling point elevation -Phenol Boiling point elevation Alkaloids Solubility in boric acid-glycerol- water Solubility in boric acid solution Solubility in water Allactite Density Refractive index Allan red bronze Allan red metal Allantoin Absorption spectra Crystallography Heat of solution in water Allene, vapor pressure Allevard steel Electrical conductivity Magnetic properties Allimrs tables Allo-1-bromocinnamic acid -Isoamyl acetate Viscosity Allobrucine, optical rotatory power Allocinnamic acid Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Links 7.98 2.370 7.158 7.360 2.370 2.578 2.600 3.391 4.251 4.252 2.476 2.557 1.173 7.21 4.133 4.134 4.134 4.134 7.118 2.370 2.370 1.2 2.370 6.154 6.144 3.346 3.341 3.343 3.345 4.428 4.423 4.253 1.127 1.127 2.370 2.370 5.336 1.324 5.148 3.209 6.200 6.386 2.353 5.50 7.474 6.290 4.263 5.367 40 Index Terms Heat of combustion Heat of fusion Solubility in water Allocinnamylideneacetic acid Heat of combustion Allomucic acid Heat of combustion Allonic acid Optical rotatory power Allopiperonylacrylic acid Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Heat of combustion Alloxan Absorption spectra Diffusion in water Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Heat of combustion Heat of solution in water -Alloxantin Freezing point-solubility in water Alloxantin Absorption spectra Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Heat of solution in water -Alloxan* Alloys Absorption of light Bearing, list of British Engineering Standards Association specifications, list of Classes Composition, table of Corrosion resisting, list of Density Dental, list of Die-casting Electrical, list of Electrical conductivity Elongation Endurance limits Equilibrium diagrams Fatigue of Ferromagnetism Ferrous, equilibrium diagrams Fusible, list of Hall effect Hardness Heat of fusion Heat resisting, list of Kerr effect Latent heat of phase change Light, list of Magnetic susceptibility Mechanical properties Name index Nernst effect Non-ferrous, X-ray diffraction data Phase equilibrium diagrams Physical properties Properties, symbols for Pyrophoric, list of Reduction in area Reflectivity Refraction of light Righi-Leduc effect Solubility of gases in Links 5.165 5.134 3.392 5.166 5.165 7.397 6.294 5.166 5.336 5.70 6.265 5.167 5.148 4.413 5.342 6.284 5.150 2.358 5.250 2.391 2.386 2.388 2.370 2.391 2.358 2.391 2.375 2.391 6.156 2.610 2.595 2.400 2.595 6.370 2.449 2.391 6.417 2.610 2.459 2.391 6.435 2.458 2.388 6.365 2.359 2.370 6.420 2.356 2.400 2.358 2.396 2.391 2.610 5.250 5.250 6.421 3.270 2.370 2.475 5.254 2.476 2.534 2.546 2.557 2.601 41 Index Terms Sound, velocity of, in Specific heat Thermal conductivity Thermal expansion Thermal radiation from Thermo-electric power Treatments, symbols for Thomson coefficient Ultimate tensile strength Vapor pressure, partial Viscosity Volume change due to tempering Volume change on solidification X-ray diffraction data Yield point in tension Allyl acetate Density, aqueous solution Magnetic susceptibility Refractive index Specific heat Surface tension Aqueous solution Allyl alcohol Absorption spectra Azeotropic mixtures Compressibility Critical temperature Density Aqueous solution Dielectric absorption Dielectric constant Diffusion in ethyl alcohol Diffusion in methyl alcohol Diffusion in water Electrical conductivity Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Heat of combustion Heat of solution in water Heat of vaporization Inflammability, limits of Polarization of light reflected from Polarization of light scattered by Gas Liquid Refractive index Sound, velocity of, in vapor Specific heat Surface tension Aqueous solution Verdet constant, dispersion of Viscosity Aqueous solution Liquid X-rays, absorption coefficient -Benzene Density -Diethyl tartrate Density -Ethyl alcohol Viscosity -Propyl alcohol Density Allyl benzoate Specific heat Verdet constant Links 6.465 5.118 5.218 2.463 5.244 6.215 2.392 6.228 2.610 3.284 5.6 2.477 2.474 1.348 2.610 2.356 3.114 6.362 7.37 5.109 4.452 4.468 5.331 3.318 3.36 3.248 3.31 3.112 6.85 6.85 5.74 5.72 5.70 6.143 4.262 5.164 5.148 5.137 2.180 5.261 5.336 3.323 3.38 3.113 5.265 5.266 7.35 6.463 5.108 4.449 4.467 6.434 5.22 7.214 6.14 3.162 3.162 5.37 3.162 5.112 6.430 6.16 5.364 42 Index Terms Allyl bromide Absorption spectra Dielectric constant Polarization of light scattered by Refractive index Specific heat, gas -Pyridine Reaction kinetics Allyl butyrate, specific heat Allyl chloride Absorption spectra Dielectric constant Heat of combustion Polarization of light scattered by Refractive index Specific heat Gas Allyl chloroacetate, specific heat Allyl cyanide, heat of combustion Allyl dichloroacetate Specific heat Allyl ethyl ether Critical temperature Refractive index -Isoamyl acetate Density Viscosity Allyl iodide Absorption spectra Dielectric strength Allyl isobutyrate , specific heat Allyl isothiocyanate Absorption spectra Dielectric constant Electrical conductivity Heat of combustion Refractive index Surface tension Thermal conductivity -Aniline Freezing point-solubility -Diethylamine Refractive index -Ethyl alcohol Density -Piperidine Refractive index -Sulfur Solubility, mutual Allyl phosphate Saponification constants Allyl propionate, specific heat Allyl sulfide Critical temperature Refractive index Allyl thiocyanate Density Viscosity -Aniline Viscosity -Aniline-Toluene Viscosity -Methylaniline Density Links 5.331 6.85 5.266 7.35 5.80 5.336 7.125 5.111 5.331 6.85 5.168 5.266 7.35 5.107 5.80 5.109 5.167 5.109 3.248 7.37 3.172 5.43 5.331 6.85 5.111 5.332 6.86 6.143 5.169 7.83 4.450 5.228 4.114 7.83 3.158 7.83 3.394 7.137 5.110 3.249 7.39 3.165 5.40 5.40 5.51 3.165 7.215 43 Index Terms Viscosity -Piperidine Density Viscosity -Pyridine Density Viscosity -Toluene Viscosity Allyl trichloroacetate Specific heat Allyl valerate, specific heat Allylacetic acid Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Heat of combustion Allylamine Density Aqueous solution Dielectric constant Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Heat of combustion Heat of solution in water Refractive index Surface tension Aqueous solution Viscosity -Xylene Distribution coefficients in water Allylaniline Viscosity Allylbenzene Verdet constant Allylbenzylmethylphenylammonium bromide Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Allylbenzylmethylphenylammonium iodide -Chloroform Boiling point elevation Allyldiethylcarbinol Heat of combustion Refractive index Allyldimethylcarbinol Heat of combustion Allyldipropylcarbinol Heat of combustion Refractive index Allylene Boiling point Critical temperature Density Heat of combustion Refractivity Solubility in ethyl ether Vapor pressure Liquid Solid -Hydrogen bromide Freezing point-solubility Allylethylmethyltolylammonium iodide -Chloroform Boiling point elevation Allylmalonic acid Decomposition, kinetics of Allymethylbutylcarbinol Heat of combustion Links 5.40 3.165 5.40 3.165 5.40 5.40 5.51 5.109 5.112 6.269 5.165 3.28 3.114 6.82 6.264 5.167 5.148 7.35 4.450 4.467 7.214 3.425 7.220 6.430 6.243 3.332 5.164 7.45 5.164 5.164 7.53 3.217 3.248 3.28 5.163 7.10 3.269 3.217 3.209 4.186 3.332 7.122 5.164 7.220 44 Index Terms Allymethyl-tert-butylcarbinol Heat of combustion Allylmethylethylcarbinol Heat of combustion Allymethylhexylcarbinol Heat of combustion Allylmethylpropylcarbinol Heat of combustion Refractive index Allylmalonic acid Heat of combustion Allylthiourea, heat of combustion Almandite Density Refractive index Thermal expansion See also Garnet. Aloxite. See Alundum. Alpaca, properties Alpakka (alloy) Alpax (alloy) Alpha particles Absorption Chemical effects Disintegration of elements by Electron emission caused by Gases, stopping power of, for Ionization of gases by Path, nature of Range in gases Range in liquids and solids Saturation current Stopping power equivalents of air and metals Velocity in gases Altronic acid Optical rotatory power Aludur (alloy) Aluman (alloy) Alumel (alloy) Electrical conductivity Alumian Density Refractive index Alumina. See Aluminum oxide. Aluminite (alloy) Aluminite Density Refractive index Aluminum Absorption, index of Band spectra Boiling point Cathodoluminescence Commercial, density Compressibility (cubical) Compressibility (linear) Compression tests Compton effect Contact potential Corbino effect Critical potentials Density Liquid Links 5.164 5.164 5.164 5.164 7.45 6.165 5.169 1.138 1.138 3.45 2.235 2.370 2.370 1.367 1.366 1.365 1.365 1.370 1.365 1.369 1.369 1.368 1.367 1.368 1.369 7.397 2.370 2.370 2.370 6.194 1.165 2.475 2 468 2.601 2.536 2.601 6.122 2.459 2. 468 1.166 2.370 2.537 1.137 1.137 1.168 1.102 2.599 1.369 1.137 1.137 5.249 5.411 1.102 5.389 2.541 3.46 3.48 2.538 6.18 6.57 6.419 6.70 2.480 2.543 2.475 2.537 2.601 3.205 2.457 2.463 45 Index Terms Solid Elastic properties Electrical conductivity Liquid Solid Low temperature Electron emission excited by positive ions Electrons Absorption of, by Secondary emission of Transmitted, distribution of velocities of Transmitted, number of Transmitted, velocity of Electrons excited by X-rays, number of Electrons freed by X-rays, energy of Emission, spectral Emission spectra Endurance limits Entropy Ettingshausen effect Gamma rays, absorption coefficient Hall effect Hardness Heat content Heat of fusion Heat of plastic extension Heat of transition Heat of vaporization Hydrogen, solubility of, in Impact strength Isotopes J-Phenomenon Magnetic susceptibility Melting point Nernst effect Nitrogen, solubility of, in Oxidized, emission, spectral Peltier coefficient Persistent lines Photoelectric current Photoelectric threshold Quantum numbers Refraction, index of Righi-Leduc effect Shear tests Solution velocity in hydrochloric acid Sound, velocity of, in Specific heat Liquid Solid Spectral series Surface tension Tensile properties Thermal conductivity Crystals Thermal expansion Liquid Solid Thermochemistry Thermodynamic potential Thermoelectric properties Thomson coefficient Vapor pressure Viscosity Volume change on fusion Volume change on solidification X-radiation from target of Links 1.103 2.540 1.103 1.103 6.125 6.65 6.61 6.63 6.62 6.62 6.62 6.5 6.3 5.253 5.281 2.599 5.87 6.419 6.14 6.416 2.539 5.87 1.103 5.147 5.194 1.102 3.270 2.540 1.45 6.1 6.354 1.53 6.420 3.270 5.244 6.227 5.323 6.69 6.68 5.408 5.249 6.421 2.538 5.57 6.465 2.456 6.136 6.131 6.137 6.138 5.255 2.601 2.606 6.20 6.417 6.21 2.458 1.103 5.59 1.103 1.103 5.394 1.103 2.533 5.220 5.231 5.94 5.85 1.102 1.103 5.194 5.87 6.214 6.228 3.205 5.6 2.474 2.475 6.47 2.463 2.459 6.225 5.7 5.87 6.226 5.92 46 Index Terms X-ray absorption limits X-ray crystal structure X-ray emission spectra X-ray series, limiting frequencies X-rays Absorption coefficient Reflection of, by Scattering coefficient Scattering, modification by Zeeman effect -Antimony Equilibrium diagram Magnetic susceptibility Specific volume Thermal conductivity Thermoelectric properties -Antimony-Bismuth Miscibility relations -Antimony-Lead Miscibility relations -Beryllium Equilibrium diagram -Bismuth Electrical conductivity Equilibrium diagram Specific heat Thermoelectric properties -Bismuth-Silver Miscibility relations -Bismuth-Tin Miscibility relations -Cadmium -Copper-Magnesium Thermal conductivity -Cadmium -Copper-Magnesium -Manganese Thermal conductivity -Cadmium -Copper-Magnesium -Manganese-Zinc Thermal conductivity -Cadmium -Tin Miscibility relations -Cadm ium -Zinc Equilibrium diagram -Calcium Electrical conductivity Equilibrium diagram -Carbon-Chromium-Iron Electrical conductivity -Carbon-Copper-Iron-Manganese Specific heat -Carbon-Iron Electrical conductivity -Carb on-Iron-Manganese-Nickel Electrical conductivity -Carbon-Iron-Silicon Electrical conductivity -Cerium Equilibrium diagram -Chromium Equilibrium diagram -Chromium-Copper-Iron Electrical conductivity -Chromium-Copper-Iron-Silicon Thermal conductivity -Cobalt Equilibrium diagram -Copper Absorption, index of Compressibility Links 6.36 1.340 6.36 6.35 6.13 6.50 6.17 6.17 5.420 2.403 6.365 2.475 5.223 6.217 3.407 3.407 2.402 6.161 2.401 5.120 6.216 3.408 3.408 5.222 5.222 5.222 3.407 2.409 6.161 2.401 6.173 5.119 6.173 6.186 6.173 2.401 2.402 6.179 5.222 2.401 5.251 2.576 6.188 47 Index Terms Compression tests Density Dynamic tests Elastic properties Electrical conductivity Endurance limits Equilibrium diagram Hardness Heat treatment, effect of Heat of fusion Impact strength Mechanical properties Annealing, effect of Cold rolling, effect of Heat treatment, effect of Mold shrinkage Refraction, index of Shear tests Specific heat Tensile properties Thermal conductivity Thermal expansion Thermoelectric properties Torsional strength Volume change due to tempering Volume change on solidification X-ray diffraction data -Copper-Gold Hardness -Copper-Iron Electrical conductivity Hardness Mechanical properties Heat treatment, effect of Tensile properties Thermal conductivity Young's modulus -Copper-Iron-Magnesium Density Tensile properties -Copper-Iron-Manganese Hardness -Copper-Iron-Manganese-Silicon Electrical conductivity Thermal conductivity -Copper-Iron-Manganese-Silicon-Zinc Thermal conductivity -Copper-Iron-Manganese-Tin -Zinc Thermal conductivity -Copper-Iron-Nickel-Silicon Electrical conductivity -Copper-Iron-Nickel-Silicon-Zinc Electrical conductivity -Copper-Iron-Silicon Density Electrical conductivity Thermal conductivity -Copper-Iron-Silicon-Zinc Compression tests Electrical conductivity Shear and torsion tests Thermal conductivity -Copper-Iron-Zinc Compression tests Tensile properties -Copper-Magnesium Density Links 2.538 2.541 2.576 2.540 6.161 2.600 2.401 2.539 2.577 2.459 2.540 2.573 2.576 2.576 2.577 2.542 5.251 2.538 5.120 2.533 5.222 2.464 6.216 2.576 2.477 2.475 1.344 2.576 6.167 2.601 2.609 2.576 2.581 2.574 2.467 1.349 2.586 6.180 2.578 2.578 2.579 2.578 5.223 2.578 2.541 2.534 2.579 6.163 5.222 5.223 5.223 6.162 6.163 2.541 6.162 5.222 2.538 6.164 2.539 5.222 2.538 2.538 2.542 6.163 6.196 2.606 48 Index Terms Elastic properties Equilibrium diagram Impact strength Mechanical properties -Copper-Magnesium-Manganese Density Impact strength -Copper-Magnesium-Manganese-Nickel Impact strength -Copper-Magnesium-Manganese-Zinc Density Elastic properties Impact strength Tensile properties -Copper-Magnesium-Nickel Density Elastic properties Endurance limits Impact strength Mold shrinkage -Copper-Magnesium-Nickel-Silicon Tensile properties -Copper-Magnesium-Silicon Endurance limits Equilibrium diagram Tensile properties -Copper-Manganese Curie point Density Dynamic stress tests Elastic properties Electrical conductivity Endurance limits Equilibrium diagram Hardness Annealing, effect of Impact strength Joule effect Magnetic properties Mechanical properties Annealing, effect of Heat treatment, effect of Mold shrinkage Specific heat Tensile properties Thermal expansion Torsional tests X-ray diffraction data -Copper-Manganese-Silicon Elastic properties Thermal expansion -Copper-Manganese-Zinc Mechanical properties -Copper-Nickel Electrical conductivity Endurance limits Equilibrium diagram Mechanical properties Mold shrinkage -Copper-Phosphorus Electrical conductivity Mechanical properties -Copper-Silicon Hardness Mold sh rinkage Thermal expansion -Copper-Tin Links 2.540 2.405 2.540 2.544 2.406 2.542 2.540 2.540 2.542 2.541 2.540 2.538 2.541 2.540 2.601 2.540 2.542 2.542 2.608 2.534 2.601 2.409 2.534 6.410 2.541 2.580 2.540 6.168 2.600 2.406 2.580 2.580 2.540 6.440 6.407 2.580 2.581 2.542 5.121 2.534 2.468 2.580 1.349 2.608 2.580 2.580 2.579 2.540 2.468 2.556 6.167 2.600 2.406 2.543 2.543 6.168 2.583 2.583 2.543 2.468 2.407 2.581 49 Index Terms Equilibrium diagram Thermal conductivity Volume change on solidification -Copper-Tin -Zinc Density Elastic properties Impact strength Mold shrinkage Tensile properties -Copper-Zinc Density Elastic properties Endurance limits Equilibrium diagram Hardness Impact strength Mechanical properties Mold shrinkage Shear tests Tensile properties -Gold Equilibrium diagram -Iron Electrical conductivity Equilibrium diagram Magnetic properties Mechanical properties Thermoelectric properties -Iron-Silicon Electrical conductivity Thermal conductivity -Iron-Tin Electrical conductivity -Lead Thermoelectric properties -Lead-Silver Miscibility relations -Lead-Tin Miscibility relations -Lead-Zinc Impact strength -Magnesium Electrical conductivity Emission, spectral Endurance limits Equilibrium diagrams Mechanical properties Mold shrinkage Specific heat Thermal conductivity Thermal expansion Thermoelectric properties X-ray diffraction data -Magnesium-Manganese Thermal conductivity -Magnesium-Nickel Electrical conductivity Mechanical properties -Magnesium-Silicon Endurance limits Equilibrium diagram Tensile properties -Magnesium-Zinc Mechanical properties -Manganese Electrical conductivity Equilibrium diagram Links 2.408 5.223 2.476 2.541 2.540 2.540 2.542 2.536 2.541 2.541 2.601 2.407 2.539 2.540 2.546 2.542 2.539 2.537 2.542 2.608 2.408 2.556 2.402 6.162 2.403 6.390 2.542 6.216 6.172 6.162 5.222 6.195 6.173 6.173 6.217 3.408 3.408 2.540 6.162 5.254 2.601 2.403 2.542 2.543 5.120 5.223 2.464 6.216 1.344 5.223 6.163 2.544 2.601 2.408 2.536 2.545 6.163 2.403 2.604 2.544 1.349 2.608 50 Index Terms Hardness Mechanical properties Mold shrinkage Shear tests Tensile propert ies Thermoelectric properties -Mercury Equilibrium diagram Vapor pressure, partial -Nickel Curie points Electrical conductivity Equilibrium diagram Mechanical properties Mold shrinkage Thermoelectric properties X-ray diffraction data -Platinum Equilibrium diagram -Selenium Equilibrium diagram Freezing point-solubility -Silicon Density Endurance limits Equilibrium diagram Mechanical properties Mold shrinkage Thermal expansion -Silver Electrical conductivity Equilibrium diagram Hardness Specific heat Thermoelectric properties X-ray diffraction data -Tellu rium Equilibrium diagrams Freezing point-solubility -Tin Electrical conductivity Equilibrium diagram Thermal conductivity Thermoelectric properties -Tin-Zinc Equilibrium diagram -Titanium Equilibrium diagram -Vanadium Specific heat -Zinc Compressibility Compression tests Density Elastic properties Electrical conductivity Endurance limits Equilibrium diagram Hardness Impact strength Magnetic susceptibility Mechanical properties Shear tests Specific heat Tensile properties Thermal conductivity Thermal expansion Links 2.539 2.542 2.543 2.538 2.536 6.216 2.403 3.284 6.409 6.163 2.404 2.543 2.543 6.217 1.344 6.193 2.404 2.403 4.27 2.594 2.599 2.404 2.543 2.543 2.464 2.601 2.608 2.468 6.160 2.401 2.584 5.119 6.215 1.349 2.404 4.29 6.163 2.404 5.223 6.217 2.410 2.405 5.120 2.548 2.538 2.541 2.540 6.163 2.600 2.405 2.539 2.540 6.365 2.546 2.538 5.120 2.536 5.223 2.464 2.548 2.467 2.468 51 Index Terms Thermoelectric properties X-ray diffraction data Aluminum ammonium chloride Heat of formation Aluminum ammonium fluoride Heat of formation Aluminum ammonium sulfate Absorption spectra, solutions Boiling point elevation in aqueous solution Decomposition pressure of hydrate Density, aqueous solution Dielectric constant Electrical conductivity Emission, spectral Heat of formation Refractive index Specific heat, aqueous solution Vapor pressure, aqueous solution Vapor pressure lowering in aqueous solution Aluminum barium chloride Heat of formation -Phosgene Vapor pressure Aluminum bromide Ammine Decomposition pressure Heat of decomposition Density Aqueous solution Liquid Electrical conductivity Aqueous solution Freezing point lowering in aqueous solution Heat of formation Magnetic susceptibility Transition temperature -Aluminum chloride Freezing point-solubility -Aluminum iodide Freezing point-solubility -Ammonium bromide Freezing point-solubility Solubility, mutual -Antimony tribromide Density Electrical conductivity Freezing point-solubility -Arsenous bromide Freezing point-solubility -Barium bromide Freezing point-solubility Solubility, mutual -Benzene Distribution coefficients in water Freezing point-solubility -Benzenesulfone chloride-Carbon disulfide Boiling point elevation -Benzophenone Freezing point-solubility -Benzophenone-Carbon disulfide Boiling point elevation -Benzoyl chloride Freezing point-solubility -Benzoyl chloride-Carbon disulfide Boiling point elevation -Bismuth tribromide Links 6.217 1.349 5.194 5.194 5.327 3.325 7.289 3.71 6.99 6.154 5.259 5.194 7.13 5.123 3.367 3.295 5.199 3.358 7.289 7.289 3.70 3.23 6.148 6.234 4.257 5.194 6.359 4.7 4.61 4.62 4.45 3.393 3.133 6.150 4.47 4.46 4.62 3.393 3.422 4.202 3.348 4.202 3.348 4.202 3.348 7.14 52 Index Terms Freezing point-solubility -Bromine Boiling point elevation Freezing point lowering -Bromonitrobenzene (o-, m-, p-) Freezing point-solubility -Cadmium bromide Freezing point-solubility -Calcium bromide Freezing point-solubility Solubility, mutual -Carbon disulfide Boiling point elevation -Carbon disulfide-p-Dibromobenzene Boiling point elevation -Carbon disulfide-Phosphorus oxychloride Boiling point elevation -Carbon tetrabromide Freezing point-solubility -Chloronitrobenzene (o-, m -, p-) Freezing point-solubility -Ethyl bromide Boiling point elevation -Ethylene bromide Freezing point-solubility -Ferrous bromide Freezing point-solubility -Lead bromide Freezing point-solubility Solubility, mutual -Lithium bromide Freezing point-solubility -Magnesium bromide Freezing point-solubility -Manganous bromide Freezing point-solubility -Mercuric bromide Density Freezing point-solubility -Mercurous bromide Freezing point-solubility Solubility, mutual -Nitrobenzene Freezing point-solubility -Nitrotoluene (o-, m-, p-) Freezing point-solubility -Phosphorus tribromide Freezing point-solubility -Potassium bromide Density Electrical conductivity Freezing point-solubility Solubility, mutual -Silver bromide Freezing point-solubility Solubility, mutual -Sodium bromide Freezing point-solubility Solubility, mutual -Stannic bromide Freezing point-solubility -Stannous bromide Freezing point-solubility Solubility, mutual -Thallium bromide Freezing point-solubility Solubility, mutual Links 4.48 3.324 4.36 4.201 4.55 4.62 3.393 3.331 3.348 3.348 4.48 4.201 4.201 4.202 3.336 4.201 4.60 4.51 3.393 4.62 4.62 4.60 3.134 4.56 4.56 3.393 4.202 4.202 4.45 3.134 6.151 4.62 3.393 4.59 3.393 4.62 3.393 4.49 4.49 3.393 4.54 3.393 53 Index Terms -Toluene Distribution coefficients in water Freezing point-solubility -p-Xylene Freezing point-solubility -Zinc bromide Freezing point-solubility Aluminum bronze Electrical conductivity Aluminum calcium chloride Heat of formation -Phosgene Vapor pressure Aluminum carbide Heat of formation Aluminum cesium sulfate Boiling point elevation in aqueous solution Decomposition pressure of hydrate Density Aqueous solution Dielectric constant Magnetic susceptibility Refractive index Solubility in water Vapor pressure of aqueous solution Aluminum chlorate Freezing point lowering in aqueous solution Aluminum chloride Absorption spectra Solutions Ammines Decomposition pressure Heat of formation Specific heat Boiling point elevation in aqueous solution Density Aqueous solution Liquid Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Heat of formation Hydrolysis constant Magnetic susceptibility Refractive index, aqueous solution Dispersion Specific heat Aqueous solution Sulfur dioxide complexes, decomposition pressure Vapor pressure Vapor pressure lowering in aqueous solution -Aluminum bromide* -Ammonium chloride Freezing point-solubility Solubility, mutual -Ammonium ferrous sulfate Density, aqueous solution -Antimony trichloride Freezing point-solubility -Barium chloride Freezing point-solubility Solubility, mutual -Barium sulfate Solubility in water -Benzene Freezing point-solubility Links 3.422 4.202 4.202 4.54 6.162 6.167 5.197 3.357 5.194 3.326 7.311 1.161 3.107 6.99 6.360 1.161 4.244 3.374 1.165 4.257 5.329 5.327 5.328 7.288 5.194 5.98 3.325 3.70 3.23 6.231 4.257 5.194 7.288 6.359 7.71 7.101 5.98 5.123 7.288 3.208 3.295 4.45 3.393 3.98 4.47 4.61 3.393 7.344 4.201 6.233 54 Index Terms -Benzophenone Freezing point-solubility -Benzoyl chloride Freezing point-solubility -Bromonitrobenzene (o-, m-, p-) Freezing point-solubility -Carbon tetrachloride Freezing point-solubility -Chloroform Freezing point-solubility -Chloronitrobenzene (o-, m -, p-) Freezing point-solubility -Cobaltous chloride Boiling point elevation in aqueous solution -Cuprous chloride Freezing point-solubility -Hydrogen chloride Freezing point-solubility in water -Lithium chloride Freezing point-solubility -Magnesium chloride Freezing point-solubility -Manganous chloride Freezing point-solubility -Mercuric bromide Electrical conductivity -Mercuric chloride Freezing point-solubility -Nitrobenzene Freezing point-solubility -Nitrotoluene (o-, m-, p-) Freezing point-solubility -Phosgene Density Vapor pressure -Potassium chloride Freezing point-solubility Freezing point-solubility in water Solubility, mutual -Pyridine Boiling point elevation -Silver chloride Freezing point-solubility Solubility, mutual -Sodium chloride Freezing point-solubility Solubility, mutual -Stannic chloride Freezing point-solubility -Stannous chloride Freezing point-solubility Solubility, mutual -Thallium monochloride Freezing point-solubility Solubility, mutual -Thionyl chloride Boiling point elevation -Toluene Freezing point-solubility Aluminum cyanide Ammines, decomposition pressure Aluminum fluoride Heat of formation Specific heat -Calcium fluoride Freezing point-solubility Links 4.201 4.201 4.200 4.200 4.200 4.200 3.347 4.57 4.309 4.61 4.61 4.60 6.150 4.56 4.201 4.201 3.140 3.357 4.62 4.309 3.393 3.342 4.58 3.393 4.62 3.393 4.49 4.49 3.393 4.53 3.393 3.328 4.201 7.289 5.194 5.98 4.61 55 Index Terms -Calcium fluoride-Sodium fluoride Freezing point-solubility -Cesium fluoride Freezing point-solubility -Lithium fluoride Freezing point-solubility -Potassium fluoride Freezing point-solubility -Rubidium fluoride Freezing point-solubility -Sodium fluoride Freezing point-solubility Aluminum hydrazine sulfate Solubility in water Aluminum hydride, band spectra Aluminum hydroxide Heat of formation Ionization constant Refractive index Specific heat -Ammonia Freezing point-solubility in water -Ammonium hydroxide Freezing point-solubility in water -Ammonium hydroxide-Ammonium nitrate Freezing point-solubility in water -Ammonium hydroxide-Ammonium nitrate-Potassium nitrate Freezing point-solubility in water -Sodium hydroxide Solubility in water Aluminum hydroxide gels Adsorption on Aluminum hydroxy acetate Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Aluminum hydroxylamine sulfate Decomposition pressure of hydrate Aluminum iodide Ammine Decomposition pressure Heat of decomposition Density, liquid Electrical conductivity Heat of formation -Aluminum bromide* -Carbon disulfide Boiling point elevation -Iodine Boiling point elevation Aluminum metasilicate Unstable forms -Lithium metasilicate Density Aluminum methylammonium sulfate Decomposition pressure of hydrate Density Refractive index Aluminum nitrate Absorption spectra, solutions Density, aqueous solution Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Freezing point lowering in aqueous solution Freezing point-solubility in water Hydrolysis in water Refractive index, aqueous solution Dispersion Links 4.75 4.81 4.61 4.61 4.61 4.61 4.61 4.226 5.411 5.194 7.288 1.136 5.98 1.170 4.399 4.368 4.358 4.358 7.288 3.252 4.257 7.289 7.289 7.289 3.23 6.148 5.194 3.331 3.325 4.84 3.134 7.289 1.137 1.137 5.327 3.70 6.238 4.257 4.363 7.288 7.71 7.101 1.165 3.108 56 Index Terms Solubility in water Specific heat, aqueous solution -Nitric acid Density, aqueous solution Aluminum nitride Heat of formation X-ray diffraction data Aluminum oleate Dielectric constant Aluminum orthosilicate -Lithium orthosilicate Density Aluminum oxide Albedo Decomposition pressure Density Dielectric constant Drying agent, value as Electrons, thermal emission of Expansion on heating Fusion temperature Heat of formation Luminescence Magnetic susceptibility Melting point Specific heat Sublimation pressure Thermal conductivity Thermal expansion Thermionic work function Vapor pressure X-ray diffraction data See also Corundum. -Aluminum sodium fluoride Freezing point-solubility -Anorthite Eutectic point -Barium oxide Freezing point-solubility in water -Barium oxide-Silica Freezing point-solubility -Calcium fluoride-Cryolite Density -Calcium oxide Freezing point-solubility -Calcium oxide-Ferric oxide Freezing point-solubility -Calcium oxide-Magnesium oxide Freezing point-solubility -Calcium oxide-Silica Freezing point-solubility -Cobaltous oxide Freezing point-solubility -Cryolite Density -Ferric oxide Freezing point-solubility -Lithium oxide Freezing point-solubility -Lithium oxide-Silica Freezing point-solubility -Magnesium oxide Freezing point-solubility -Magnesium oxide-Silica Freezing point-solubility -Manganese oxide-Silica Links 4.226 5.123 3.97 5.194 1.344 6.97 3.134 5.262 7.289 2.82 6.99 3.385 6.54 2.84 2.83 5.194 5.389 6.359 4.84 2.85 7.289 2.315 2.83 6.54 3.214 1.343 2.315 5.98 5.216 4.61 4.85 4.380 4.92 3.135 4.85 4.87 4.92 4.94 4.96 4.93 4.95 4.85 3.134 4.85 4.85 4.92 4.85 4.87 4.92 4.93 57 Index Terms Freezing point-solubility -Manganese oxide-Titanium dioxide Freezing point-solubility -Potassium oxide-Silica Freezing point-solubility -Silica Freezing point-solubility -Silica-Sodium oxide Freezing point-solubility -Sodium hydroxide Freezing point-solubility in water Aluminum phosphate Reflectivity, selective Aluminum potassium chloride Heat of formation Aluminum potassium fluoride Heat of formation Aluminum potassium selenate Density Refractive index Aluminum potassium sulfate Absorption spectra, solutions Adsorption on wool Boiling point elevation in aqueous solution Density Aqueous solution Saturated Dielectric constant Aqueous solution Dissociation pressure of hydrate Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Heat of formation Magnetic susceptibility Reflectivity, selective Refractive index Solubility in water Specific heat Aqueous solution Vapor pressure of aqueous solution -Aluminum thallium sulfate Density -Chromic potassium sulfate Freezing point-solubility in water -Ferric potassium sulfate Freezing point-solubility in water -Potassium chloride Density, aqueous solution Aluminum potassium tartrate Osmotic pressure Aluminum rubidium sulfate Decomposition pressure of hydrate Density Aqueous solution Saturated Dielectric constant Refractive index Solubility in water Aluminum silver chloride Heat of formation Aluminum sodium chloride Heat of formation -Phosgene Vapor pressure Aluminum sodium fluoride Heat of formation Links 4.92 4.92 4.92 4.85 4.86 4.92 4.381 4.394 5.260 5.206 5.206 1.158 1.158 5.327 3.252 3.326 3.44 3.92 3.106 6.77 6.104 7.307 4.260 5.206 6.360 5.260 7.13 4.242 6.87 5.124 3.374 1.165 6.99 7.14 6.101 3.134 4.347 4.390 4.345 4.390 3.100 4.431 7.310 1.160 3.94 3.106 6.99 1.160 4.243 5.194 5.203 3.358 5.203 1.165 58 Index Terms -Aluminum oxide* -Sodium fluoride Freezing point-solubility Aluminum sodium sulfate Decomposition pressure of hydrate Density Refractive index Solubility in water Aluminum strontium chloride -Phosgene Vapor pressure Aluminum strontium silicate -Anorthite Freezing point-solubility Aluminum steels Compression tests Density Hardness Magnetic properties Tensile properties Thermoelectric properties Aluminum sulfate Absorption spectra, solutions Boiling point elevation in aqueous solution Density, aqueous solution Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Freezing point lowering in aqueous solution Heat of formation Hydrolysis in water Magnetic susceptibility Refractive index, aqueous solution Solubility in water Specific heat Aqueous solution Surface tension, aqueous solution Vapor pressure lowering in aqueous solution Viscosity, aqueous solution -Ammonium sulfate Density, aqueous solution Refractive index, aqueous solution Surface tension, aqueous solution Viscosity, aqueous solution -Ferric sulfate Freezing point-solubility in water -Potassium sulfate Density, aqueous solution Freezing point-solubility in water Refractive index, aqueous solution Viscosity, aqueous solution -Potassium sulfate-Thallium sulfate Density, aqueous solution Freezing point-solubility in water -Sodium sulfate Density, aqueous solution Viscosity, aqueous solution -Sulfuric acid Density, aqueous solution Freezing point-solubility in water Aluminum sulfide Heat of formation Aluminum sulfonbromide Decomposition pressure Aluminum sulfoniodide Decomposition pressure Links 4.67 7.304 1.153 1.153 4.239 1.155 3.357 4.92 2.529 2.529 2.529 6.390 2.529 6.222 5.327 3.325 3.70 6.236 4.257 5.194 7.288 6.359 7.71 4.226 5.98 5.123 4.465 3.295 5.14 3.97 7.92 4.470 5.18 4.345 3.98 4.348 7.96 5.19 3.100 4.337 3.98 5.19 3.96 4.347 5.194 7.289 7.289 3.107 7.13 59 Index Terms Aluminum thallium sulfate Decomposition pressure of hydrate Density Aqueous solution Saturated Melting point Refractive index Solubility in water -Aluminum potassium sulfate* Aluminum thiocyanate Density, aqueous solution Refractive index, aqueous solution Aluminum zinc chloride Heat of formation Alumo. See Alundum. Alundum Density Electrical conductivity Fusion temperature Hardness Specific heat Thermal conductivity Thermal expansion Alundum brick Temperature of failure under load Alunite Density Refractive index Alunogenite Density Refractive index Alzen (alloy) Alzinc (alloy) Amalgams Electrical conductivity Heat of formation Magnetic susceptibility Refraction of light by Specific heat Surface tension Thermal expansion Vapor pressure, partial X-ray diffraction data See also Systems containing mercury. Amaloy Amarantite Density Refractive index Amarine hydrobromide Refractive index Amarine hydrochloride Refractive index Amax metal Amber Contact charge Electrical conductivity X-rays, effect of Verdet constant Amberite Dielectric constant Electrical conductivity Amblygonite Density Links 7.289 1.137 3.71 3.105 1.137 1.137 4.226 1.165 3.71 7.71 5.194 2.82 2.86 2.83 2.87 2.85 2.85 2.83 2.87 2.87 2.83 1.158 1.158 1.137 1.137 2.371 2.371 1.166 1.168 2.468 6.156 5.187 6.365 5.250 5.119 2.591 2.472 3.284 1.348 2.371 1.128 1.128 1.171 7.30 7.30 2.371 6.57 6.155 6.6 6.426 2.310 2.310 1.150 2.562 2.536 60 Index Terms Refractive index Ambrac (alloy) Electrical conductivity Mechanical properties Ambrion Density Dielectric strength Electrical conductivity Strength properties Ambroid. See Amberite. American nickel alloy Electrical conductivity Amervan (alloy) Amino acids Hydrolysis of Solubility in formaldehyde Aminoacetic acid. See Glycocoll. p-Aminoacetophenone -1-Chlo ro-2,4-diuitrobenzene Freezing point-solubility -2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene Freezing point-solubility 2-Aminoanthraquinone -Quinoline Boiling point elevation p-Aminoazobenzene Absorption spectra Magnetic susceptibility -Aniline Boiling point elevation -Benzene Distribution coefficients in water -Stilbene Freezing point-solubility -2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene Freezing point-solubility Aminoazotoluene Magnetic susceptibility Aminobenzoic acid Decomposition, kinetics of -Potassium nitrate Freezing point-solubility in water -Sodium chloride Freezing point-solubility in water o-Aminobenzoic acid Absorption spectra Decomposition, kinetics of Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Heat of fusion Solubility in water Specific heat Liquid Solid -Benzene Distribution coefficients in water -Chloroform Distribution coefficients in water -Ethyl alcohol Heat of solution -Ethyl ether Distribution coefficients in water -Methyl alcohol Heat of solution Links 1.150 2.371 2.480 2.480 1.171 2.480 2.311 2.310 2.310 2.311 6.196 2.371 7.147 4.400 4.118 4.146 3.346 5.348 6.363 3.345 3.432 4.161 4.146 6.363 7.122 4.418 4.418 5.341 7.122 6.280 5.133 3.391 5.111 5.104 3.430 3.430 5.152 3.430 5.152 4.252 2.601 2.606 61 Index Terms m-Aminobenzoic acid Absorption spectra Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Heat effusion Solubility in water Specific heat Liquid Solid -Acetic acid* -Ethyl alcohol Heat of solution -Methyl alcohol Heat of solution p-Aminobenzoic acid Absorption spectra Decomposition, kinetics of Heat effusion Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Solubility in water Specific heat Liquid Solid 5.104 -Ethyl alcohol Heat of solution -Methyl alcohol Heat of solution Aminobenzyl-β-naphthol Optical rotatory power β-Aminobutyric acid Optical rotatory power Ammocamphor derivatives Optical rotatory power p-AminodimethylaniIme Verdet constant α-Aminohexoic acid Optical rotatory power α-Aminoisovaleric acid Heat of combustion 1-Ammo-2-nitro-4-chloroaniline -1-Amino-3-nitro-4-chloroaniline Freezing point-solubility o-Aminophenol Silver reduction equivalent Solubility in water -Benzene Freezing point-solubility -Cineole Freezing point-solubility m-Aminophenol Absorption spectra Solubility in water -Aniline Freezing point-solubility -Benzene Freezing point-solubility -Catechol Freezing point-solubility -Cineole Freezing point-solubility -Dinitrobenzene (o-, m-) Freezing point-solubility -2,4-Dinitrotoluene Freezing point-solubility -Hydroquinol Links 5.341 6.280 5.133 4.252 5.111 5.104 5.152 5.152 5.341 7.122 5.133 6.280 4.252 5.111 5.152 5.152 7.364 7.375 7.450 6.429 7.375 5.167 4.128 5.439 4.252 4.132 4.142 5.339 4.252 4.141 4.132 4.137 4.142 4.124 4.142 62 Index Terms Freezing point-solubility -Naphthol (α-, β-) Freezing point-solubility -Naphthylamine (o-, m-, p-) Freezing point-solubility -Nitrophenol (o-, m-, p-) Freezing point-solubility -Phenol Freezing point-solubility -Phenylenediamine (o-, m-, p-) Freezing point-solubility -Pyrogallol Freezing point-solubility -Resorcinol Freezing point-solubility -p-Toluidine Freezing point-solubility p-Aminophenol Absorption spectra Crystallography Silver reduction equivalent Solubility in water -Aniline Freezing point-solubility -Benzene Freezing point-solubility -Naphthol (α-, β-) Freezing point-solubility -Phenol Freezing point-solubility -Resorcinol Freezing point-solubility -p-Toluidine Freezing point-solubility α-Aminopropionic acid Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution d-Aminosuccinic acid -l-Aminosuccinic acid Freezing point-solubility Ammosulfonic acid Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Ammonia Absorption spectra, solutions Activity function of vapor in hydrogen and nitrogen Adsorption by charcoal Birefringence, electric Boiling point Boiling point elevation in aqueous solution Compressibility Liquid Concentration cell Contact potential Critical point data Critical potentials Cryoscopic constant Density Aqueous solution Gas Liquid Saturated vapor Dielectric constant Gas Liquid Solid Diffusion in water Dispersion formula Links 4.139 4.142 4.142 4.129 4.135 4.142 4.140 4.138 4.142 5.339 1.326 5.439 4.252 4.141 4.132 4.142 4.135 4.138 4.142 6.264 4.115 6.260 5.327 7.239 3.251 7.110 1.108 3.329 3.11 3.35 6.324 6.57 3.234 6.72 4.214 3.59 3.3 1.108 3.234 6.75 6.76 6.76 5.64 7.11 1.162 3.248 3.11 3.23 6.79 3.329 63 Index Terms Distribution coefficient, toluene-water Electrical conductivity Electrons, absorption of, by Electrons, attachment of, to form ions Free energy Liquid Reaction with hydrogen sulfide Solid Solution Sublimation Vaporization Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Heat content Liquid Solid Heat of adiabatic expansion Heat of adsorption on charcoal Heat of adsorption on meerschaum Heat of compression Heat of formation Aqueous solution Heat of fusion Heat of sublimation Heat of vaporization Ignition temperature Inflammability, limits of Ionization by α-particles Ionization by β-particles Ionization by γ-rays Ions, mobility of, in Magnetic susceptibility Melting point Orthobaric density Photochemical decomposition Quantum sensitivity Polarization of light scattered by Refractive index Rubber, permeability of Solubility in aqueous solutions Solubility in non-aqueous liquids Solubility in water Sound, velocity of, in Specific heat Aqueous solution Gas Liquid Solid Surface tension Thermal conductivity Aqueous solution Thermal expansion Toxicology Vapor pressure Aqueous solution Liquid Solid Vapor pressure above 1 atm. Viscosity Aqueous solution Gas Liquid X-ray diffraction data -Acetone*-Methyl alcohol -Air* -Aluminum hydroxide* -Ammonium azide Vapor pressure Links 7.240 6.142 6.61 6.117 7.239 7.239 7.241 7.240 7.240 7.240 7.239 4.255 7.239 7.240 5.147 5.139 5.141 5.147 5.178 5.213 5.131 7.240 3.207 2.173 2.176 6.122 6.121 6.123 6.111 6.356 1.108 3.234 7.164 7.168 5.265 1.108 2.272 3.275 3.264 3.259 6.462 5.115 5.80 5.86 5.86 4.442 5.214 5.229 3.11 2.318 3.290 3.213 3.207 3.234 5.20 5.3 7.212 1.341 3.356 4.261 5.140 6.136 6.138 1.165 5.76 7.8 4.217 6.463 4.251 5.83 5.114 5.95 4.447 5.215 7.239 7.239 7.240 3.362 3.382 7.239 64 Index Terms Vapor pressure lowering -Ammonium bromide Density Freezing point-solubility Vapor pressure Viscosity -Ammonium chloride Density, aqueous solution Freezing point-solubility Vapor pressure, aqueous solution -Ammonium iodide Freezing point-solubility -Ammonium nitrate Boiling point elevation Density, aqueous solution Freezing point-solubility Vapor pressure Aqueous solution -Ammonium nitrate-Ammonium thiocyanate Vapor pressure -Ammonium nitrate-Sodium nitrate Density, aqueous solution -Ammonium thiocyanate Freezing point-solubility Vapor pressure Aqueous solution -Amyl alcohol Distribution coefficients in water -Aniline Boiling point elevation -Arsenous oxide Freezing point-solubility in water -Benzene Boiling point elevation -Bromoform Distribution coefficients in water -Calcium Partial vapor pressure -Calcium chloride Density, aqueous solution Vapor pressure, aqueous solution -Calcium nitrate Vapor pressure, aqueous solution -Carbon Equilibrium constant of reaction -Carbon dioxide Equilibrium constant of reaction -Carbon monoxide Equilibrium constant of reaction -Carbon tetrachloride Distribution coefficients in water -Catechol Boiling point elevation -Chloroform Distribution coefficients in water -Cinchonine Freezing point-solubility in water -Copper tetramminenitrate Density Viscosity, aqueous solution -Cupric sulfate Density, aqueous solution Vapor pressure, aqueous solution -Cupric thiocyanate Density, aqueous solution -Ethyl alcohol Boiling point elevation Links 3.300 3.133 4.44 3.356 5.26 3.96 4.44 3.376 4.44 3.329 3.96 4.44 3.356 3.376 3.374 3.100 4.44 3.357 3.376 3.421 3.329 4.399 3.329 3.420 3.284 3.96 3.376 3.376 7.245 7.245 7.245 3.420 3.329 3.420 4.399 3.133 5.26 3.96 3.376 3.96 3.329 4.77 4.44 65 Index Terms Density Vapor pressure, aqueous solution -Ethyl ether Distribution coefficients in water -Ethylene Viscosity -Ethylenediamine hydrochloride Vapor pressure -Hydrazine Vapor pressure -Hydrogen Ions, mobility of, in Viscosity -Hydrogen peroxide Freezing point-solubility -Hydrogen sulfide Vapor pressure -Hydroquinol Boiling point elevation -Lithium Boiling point elevation Partial vapor pressure -Lithium chloride Density, aqueous solution -Lithium nitrate Vapor pressure Aqueous solution -Lithium sulfate Density, aqueous solution -Mannitol Vapor pressure, aqueous solution -Mercuric cyanide Freezing point-solubility in water Vapor pressure -Methyl alcohol Density Freezing point-solubility -Methyl ether Freezing point-solubility -Morphine Freezing point-solubility in water o-Nitrophenol Boiling point elevation -Phenol Boiling point elevation -Potassium Boiling point elevation -Potassium chloride Density, aqueous solution -Potassium iodide Boiling point elevation Density Viscosity -Potassium sulfate Vapor pressure, aqueous solution -Propyl alcohol Boiling point elevation -Pyridine Boiling point elevation -Resorcinol Boiling point elevation -Silver bromide Density, aqueous solution -Silver chloride Density, aqueous solution -Silver iodide Density Links 3.136 3.376 3.420 5.6 3.357 3.356 6.112 5.5 4.42 3.355 3.329 3.329 3.284 3.96 3.357 3.376 3.96 3.376 4.399 3.357 3.136 4.212 4.212 4.399 3.329 3.329 3.329 3.96 3.329 3.133 5.26 3.377 3.329 3.329 3.329 3.96 3.96 3.133 66 Index Terms Viscosity -Silver nitrate Density Viscosity -Sodium Boiling point elevation Partial vapor pressure Solubility, mutual -Sodium acetate Boiling point elevation -Sodium iodide Vapor pressure, aqueous solution -Sodium nitrate Boiling point elevation Density Aqueous solution Viscosity -Sodium sulfate Vapor pressure, aqueous solution -Strychnine Freezing point-solubility in water -Sucrose Boiling point elevation Viscosity -Sulfur Freezing point-solubility -Sulfuric acid Boiling point Melting point -Tetramethylammonium iodide Freezing point-solubility in water -Urea Boiling point elevation Density Vapor pressure, aqueous solution Viscosity -Water P-V-T relations -m-Xylene Solubility, mutual Vapor pressure Ammonium acetate Density, aqueous solution Diffusion in water Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Heat of formation Refractive index, aqueous solution Specific heat, aqueous solution Surface tension, aqueous solution Vapor pressure Viscosity, aqueous solution -Acetic acid* -Barium sulfate Solubility in water -Butyric acid Density, aqueous solution -Calcium sulfate Freezing point-solubility in water -Isobutyric acid Density, aqueous solution -Lead sulfate Freezing point-solubility in water -Strontium sulfate Freezing point-solubility in water Links 5.26 3.133 5.26 3.329 3.284 3.393 3.329 3.376 3.329 3.133 3.96 5.26 3.377 4.399 3.329 5.27 4.31 3.311 3.355 3.355 4.399 3.329 3.136 3.376 5.27 3.17 3.394 3.357 3.62 5.70 6.243 4.255 5.182 7.67 5.124 4.467 7.245 5.13 3.107 6.254 7.344 3.101 4.327 7.341 3.101 4.327 7.318 4.327 7.343 7.67 67 Index Terms Ammonium aluminum sulfate Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Solubility in water Vapor pressure lowering in aqueous solution -Glycerol Freezing point-solubility in water Ammonium antimony sulfate Density Ammonium antimonyl tartrate Crystallography Optical rotatory power Ammonium arachidate Decomposition pressure Ammonium arsenate Density, aqueous solution -Arsenic acid Density, aqueous solution Ammonium azide Ammine, decomposition pressure Heat of formation -Ammonia* Ammonium benzenesulfonate Crystallography Density, aqueous solution Ammonium benzoate Crystallography Density, aqueous solution Saturated Heat of solution in water Refractive index, aqueous solution -Ethyl alcohol Density Aqueous solution Freezing point-solubility in water Ammonium bicarbonate Heat of formation Solubility in water Vapor pressure, aqueous solution -Ammonium chloride Density, aqueous solution -Ammonium nitrate Density, aqueous solution Freezing point-solubility in water -Ammonium nitrate-Sodium bicarbonate Density, aqueous solution -Ammonium sulfate Freezing point-solubility in water -Sodium bicarbonate Density, aqueous solution Freezing point-solubility in water -Sodium bicarbonate-Sodium nitrate Density, aqueous solution -Sodium chloride Freezing point-solubility in water -Sodium nitrate Freezing point-solubility in water -Sodium sulfate Freezing point-solubility in water Ammonium bismuth citrate Density, aqueous solution Ammonium bisulfite Absorption spectra, solutions Heat of formation Magnetic susceptibility Links 4.257 4.226 3.295 4.413 3.44 1.324 7.354 7.246 3.61 3.97 7.241 5.178 1.326 3.63 1.327 7.69 3.104 5.150 7.69 3.160 3.101 4.405 4.405 5.182 4.218 3.366 3.101 3.101 4.357 3.100 4.326 3.102 4.360 3.103 4.293 4.384 4.358 4.391 4.326 4.387 3.104 5.328 5.179 6.356 4.388 68 Index Terms Ammonium borate Heat of formation Ammonium bromide Absorption spectra, solutions Ammines, decomposition pressure Boiling point elevation in aqueous solution Compressibility, aqueous solution Decomposition pressure Density, aqueous solution Saturated Dielectric constant Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Emission, spectral Free energy of allotropic transformation Heat of formation Heat of transition Melting point under pressure Residual rays Solubility in organic solvents Solubility in water Specific heat Aqueous solution Surface tension, aqueous solution Transference number Transition temperature Vapor pressure Aqueous solution Vapor pressure lowering in aqueous solution Viscosity, aqueous solution Volume change on melting X-ray diffraction data -Aluminum bromide* -Ammonia* -Ammonium bromoplatinate Freezing point-solubility in water -Ammonium chloride Freezing point-solubility -Arsenous oxide Freezing point-solubility in water -Ethyl alcohol Boiling point elevation Density Viscosity, aqueous solution -Ethyl alcohol-Glycerol Viscosity -Ethyl alcohol-Methyl alcohol Density -Ethyl alcohol-Propyl alcohol Density -Formamide Viscosity -Glycerol-Methyl alcohol Viscosity -Hydrobromic acid Density, aqueous solution -Mercuric bromide Freezing point-solubility -Methyl alcohol Boiling point elevation Density -Methyl alcohol- Propyl alcohol Density -Potassium bromide Density, aqueous solution Freezing point-solubility Freezing point-solubility in water -Propyl alcohol Links 5.194 5.327 7.240 3.325 3.439 7.240 3.60 3.104 6.76 6.234 5.259 7.240 5.179 5.179 4.12 5.261 4.205 4.218 5.95 5.122 4.464 6.310 4.7 3.207 3.363 3.293 5.13 4.12 1.341 4.317 4.45 4.317 3.336 3.136 5.24 5.30 3.142 3.142 5.27 5.30 3.96 4.45 3.333 3.136 3.142 3.97 4.45 4.317 5.328 3.107 6.99 6.239 7.240 69 Index Terms Density Ammonium bromoplatinate Solubility in water -Ammonium bromide* Ammonium butyrate Density, aqueous solution -Acetic acid* -Butyric acid Density, aqueous solution -Formic acid Density, aqueous solution Ammonium cadmium bromide Heat of formation Solubility in water Ammonium cadmium chlori de Heat of formation Refractive index Solubility in water Ammonium cadmium iodide Heat of formation Ammonium cadmium selenate Refractive index Ammonium cadmium sulfate Density Refractive index Solubility in water Ammonium calcium sulfate Heat of formation Ammonium carbamate Ammonium carbonate Density, aqueous solution Diffusion in water Heat of formation Solubility in water Vapor pressure -Ammonium chloride Freezing point-solubility in water -Ethyl alcohol Freezing point-solubility in water -Sodium carbonate Freezing point-solubility in water -Sodium chloride Freezing point-solubility in water Ammonium ceric nitrate Solubility in water Ammonium cerous nitrate Magnetic susceptibility Solubility in water Ammonium cerous sulfate Solubility in water Ammonium chlorate Density, aqueous solution Explosive, properties as Ammonium chloride Absorption spectra, solutions Adsorption by charcoal Ammines Decomposition pressure Heat of formation Boiling point elevation in aqueous solution Compressibility, aqueous solution Concentration cell Condensation, irreversible, temperature of Decomposition pressure Links 3.136 4.224 3.62 3.101 3.101 5.186 4.222 5.186 7.21 4.222 5.186 7.31 1.120 1.120 4.222 1.169 5.196 7.245 3.62 5.69 5.182 4.219 3.207 4.292 4.401 4.366 4.292 4.227 6.359 4.227 4.227 3.60 7.490 5.327 3.252 7.240 5.179 3.325 3.439 6.324 5.53 7.240 4.383 7.31 70 Index Terms Density Aqueous solution Saturated Solid Dielectric constant Diffusion in water Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Emission, spectral Entropy Free energy Allotropic transformation Freezing mixtures, use in Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Glass, effect on Heat content Heat of allotropic transformation Heat of dilution with water Heat of formation Heat of transition Heat of vaporization Melting point under pressure Refractive index Aqueous solution Residual rays Solubility in organic solvents Solubility in water Specific heat Aqueous solution Sublimation temperature Surface tension, aqueous solution Thermal expansion Thermodynamic potential Transference number Transition temperature Vapor pressure Aqueous solution Vapor pressure lowering in aqueous solution Viscosity, aqueous solution Volume change on melting X-ray diffraction data -Acetone* -Acetone*-Barium chloride -Aluminum chloride* -Ammonia* -Ammonium bicarbonate* -Ammonium bromate* -Ammonium carbonate* -Ammonium chloroiridate Freezing point-solubility in water -Ammonium chloroplatinate Freezing point-solubility in water -Ammonium nitrate Density, aqueous solution Freezing point-solubility Viscosity, aqueous solution -Ammonium nitrate-Lithium nitrate Freezing point-solubility -Ammonium nitrate-Potassium chloride Freezing point-solubility -Ammonium nitrate-Potassium nitrate Freezing point-solubility -Ammonium nitrate-Sodium chloride Freezing point-solubility -Ammonium nitrate-Sodium nitrate Freezing point-solubility -Ammonium oxalate Freezing point-solubility in water Links 1.108 3.60 3.104 3.43 6.76 5.65 6.231 5.259 5.89 7.240 7.240 1.63 4.255 2.111 5.89 7.240 5.161 5.179 5.179 5.136 4.12 1.108 7.66 5.261 4.205 4.218 5.89 5.122 1.108 4.464 3.43 5.89 6.310 4.7 3.207 3.362 3.293 5.13 4.12 1.341 4.295 4.295 3.97 4.45 5.18 4.72 4.73 4.73 4.72 4.73 4.292 3.107 6.99 6.232 1.165 5.95 1.162 7.240 7.12 71 Index Terms -Ammonium sulfate Freezing point-solubility in water -Ammonium tetraborate Freezing point-solubility in water -Antimony trichloride Electrical conductivity Freezing point-solubility -Arsenous oxide Freezing point-solubility -Barium chloride Density, aqueous solution Freezing point-solubility in water Viscosity, aqueous solution -Barium chloride-Cupric chloride Freezing point-solubility in water -Barium oxalate Solubility in water -Barium sulfate Solubility in water -Cadmium chloride Boiling point Freezing point-solubility Vapor pressure -Calcium hydroxide Solubility in water -Calcium sulfate Freezing point-solubility in water -Cobaltous chloride Freezin g point-solubility in water -Cupric chloride Freezing point-solubility in water -Cupric chloride-Potassium chloride Freezing point-solubility in water -Cupric sulfate Freezing point-solubility in water -Cupric sulfate-Potassium sulfate Density, aqueous solution -Cuprous chloride Boiling point Freezing point-solubility Vapor pressure -Diethyl tartrate Density, aqueous solution -Ethyl alcohol Density Freezing point-solubility in water -Ethyl alcohol-Methyl alcohol Density -Ethyl alcohol-Propyl alcohol Density -Ferric chloride Density, aqueous solution Freezing point-solubility Freezing point-solubility in water Vapor pressure Viscosity, aqueous solution -Ferrous chloride Freezing point-solubility in water -Glycerol Density Aqueous solution -Hydrogen chloride Density, aqueous solution Freezing point-solubility in water -Lead chloride Free energy of reaction Freezing point-solubility in water Links 4.276 4.296 6.150 4.45 4.292 3.97 4.296 5.18 4.295 4.384 7.344 7.344 3.311 4.45 3.357 4.77 7.340 4.275 7.340 4.296 4.385 4.295 4.384 4.295 4.276 4.382 3.100 3.311 4.45 3.357 4.77 3.101 3.136 4.399 3.142 3.142 3.97 4.45 4.296 3.357 5.18 4.296 4.77 4.384 4.384 3.136 3.101 3.95 4.292 7.250 4.293 7.314 4.385 72 Index Terms Vapor pressure -Lithium carbonate Solubility in water -Lithium chloride Boiling point Freezing point-solubility Vapor pressure -Magnesium chloride Freezing point-solubility in water -Magnesium chloride-Potassium chloride Freezing point-solubility in water -Manganese chloride Density, aqueous solution Freezing point-solubility in water -Mercuric chloride Freezing point-solubility Freezing point-solubility in water -Mercuric chloride-Potassium chloride Freezing point-solubility in water -Methyl alcohol Density Freezing point-solubilit y in water -Nickel chloride Freezing point-solubility in water -Phthalic acid Density, aqueous solution Freezing point-solubility in water -Potassium chloride Density, aqueous solution Freezing point-solubility Freezing point-solubility in water Viscosity, aqueous solution -Potassium chloride-Sodium chloride Density, aqueous solution -Potassium nitrate Vapor pressure, aqueous solution -Potassium sulfate Density, aqueous solutio n -Propyl alcohol Density Freezing point-solubility in water -Silver chloride Solubility in water -Sodium bicarbonate Freezing point-solubility in water -Sodium carbonate Freezing point-solubility in water -Sodium chloride Boiling point elevation in aqueous solution Density, aqueous solution Freezing point-solubility Freezing point-solubility in water Viscosity, aqueous solution -Sodium chloride-Sodium nitrate Freezing point-solubility -Sodium hydroxide Freezing point-solubility in water -Sodium sulfate Freezing point-solubility in water -Sodium tetraborate Freezing point-solubility in water -Sulfuric acid Density, aqueous solution -Thallium monochloride Solubility in water Vapor pressure -Zinc chloride Links 3.357 7.345 3.311 4.45 3.357 4.77 4.296 4.385 4.296 3.97 4.295 4.384 4.45 4.294 4.384 4.294 4.384 3.136 4.399 4.296 4.385 3.101 4.399 3.97 4.45 4.297 5.18 4.385 3.100 3.377 3.97 3.136 4.399 7.266 4.293 4.384 4.292 4.383 3.347 3.97 4.45 4.297 5.18 4.75 4.296 4.297 4.276 4.382 4.297 4.385 3.96 7.319 3.357 73 Index Terms Boiling point Freezing point-solubility Freezing point-solubility in water Vapor pressure Ammonium chloroacetate Density, aqueous solution -Chloroacetic acid Density, aqueous solution -Trichloroacetic acid Density, aqueous solution Ammonium chloroiridate Solubility in water -Ammonium chloride* Ammonium chloronitrotoluene-m-sulfonate Solubility in water Ammonium chloropalladite X-ray crystal structure Ammonium chloroplatinate Magnetic susceptibility Solubility in water X-ray diffraction data -Ammonium chloride* Ammonium chloroplatinite Heat of formation Ammonium chromate Density, aqueous solution Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Heat of formation Refractive index, aqueous solution Solubility in water Specific heat, aqueous solution Viscosity, aqueous solution -Ammonium sulfate Freezing point-solubility in water -Chromic acid Density, aqueous solution -Ethyl alcohol Photochemical reaction -Potassium chromate Freezing point-solubility in water -Potassium sulfate Freezing point-solubility in water Ammonium chromic sulfate Decomposition pressure of hydrate Density Aqueous solution Refractive index Solubility in water Ammonium citrate Density, aqueous solution Refractive index, aqueous solution -Citric acid Density, aqueous solution Ammonium cobaltous bromide Heat of formation Ammonium cobaltous selenate Density Emission, spectral Reflectivity, selective Refractive index Ammonium cobaltous sulfate Density Aqueous solution Refractive index Links 3.311 4.45 4.293 3.357 4.77 4.384 3.63 3.101 3.101 4.224 4.219 1.342 6.357 4.224 1.342 5.190 3.70 6.245 5.193 7.71 4.226 5.123 5.14 4.328 3.98 7.164 7.165 4.368 4.329 7.286 1.132 3.70 1.132 4.226 3.62 7.69 1.165 7.13 7.69 3.101 5.192 1.131 5.259 5.260 1.131 1.170 7.31 1.130 3.69 1.130 1.169 7.31 74 Index Terms Dielectric constant Hydrates Decomposition pressure Heat of decomposition Magnetic susceptibility Aqueous solution Solubility in water Verdet constant, aqueous solution Ammonium cupric chloride Density Heat of formation Magnetic susceptibility Refractive index Solubility in water Thermal conductivity Ammonium cupric selenate Density Refractive index Ammonium cupric sulfate Density Aqueous solution Saturated Heat of formation Refractive index Solubility in water Specific heat Ammonium cyanate Heat of formation Ammonium cyanide Heat of formation Vapor pressure Ammonium cyanoplatinite Luminescence Ammonium cyanurate Heat of formation Ammonium dibromoiodide Decomposition pressure Ammonium dichloroacetate Density, aqueous solution -Dichloroacetic acid Density, aqueous solution -Hydrogen chloride Density, aqueous solution -Lactic acid Density, aqueous solution -Nitric acid Density, aqueous solution -Trichloroacetic acid Density, aqueous solution Ammonium dichlorobromide Decomposition pressure Ammonium dichromate Density Aqueous solution Heat of formation Solubility in water Viscosity, aqueous solution -Ethyl alcohol Photochemical reaction Ammonium dihydrogen arsenate Density Refractive index Thermal conductivity Links 6.99 7.281 7.281 6.358 6.364 4.225 6.428 6.364 1.122 5.188 6.357 1.122 4.223 5.232 1.167 1.122 1.122 1.122 3.67 3.104 5.188 1.122 4.223 5.97 1.170 7.31 1.169 7.31 5.182 5.182 3.207 5.389 5.182 7.241 3.63 3.101 3.101 3.101 3.101 3.101 7.240 3.45 3.70 5.193 4.226 5.14 7.164 7.165 1.110 1.110 5.231 1.166 7.19 75 Index Terms Ammonium dihydrogen citrate Density, aqueous solution Ammonium dihydrogen phosphate Density Aqueous solution Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Heat of formation Magnetic susceptibility Refractive index Solubility in water Thermal conductivity Vapor pressure, aqueous solution X-ray diffraction data Ammonium dihydroxytartrate Solubility in water Ammonium dithionate Density, aqueous solution Solubility in water Vapor pressure lowering in aqueous solution -Barium dithionate Freezing point-solubility in water -Cupric dithionate Freezing point-solubility in water -Strontium dithionate Freezing point-solubility in water Ammonium ferric chloride Magnetic susceptibility Ammonium ferric fluoride Magnetic susceptibility X-ray diffraction data Ammonium ferric oxalate Decomposition pressure of hydrates Refractive index Ammonium ferric sulfate Absorption spectra, solutions Decomposition pressure of hydrate Density Aqueous solution Heat of formation Magnetic susceptibility Refractive index X-ray diffraction data Ammonium ferrocyanide Heat of formation Ammonium ferrous nitrate Heat of formation Ammonium ferrous selenate Density Refractive index Ammonium ferrous sulfate Density Aqueous solution Saturated Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Magnetic susceptibility Aqueous solution Refractive index Solubility in water Verdet constant, aqueous solution -Aluminum chloride* Ammonium fluoride Density, aqueous solution Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Heat of formation Links 3.62 1.110 3.61 6.243 5.180 6.356 1.110 4.218 5.231 3.363 1.341 1.166 7.19 1.165 7.13 1.170 7.31 4.219 3.61 4.218 3.293 4.356 4.355 4.356 6.358 6.358 1.343 7.278 7.22 5.327 7.278 1.128 3.68 5.191 6.358 1.128 1.343 5.191 5.191 1.128 1.128 1.128 3.68 3.104 6.244 6.358 6.364 1.128 4.225 6.428 6.364 3.60 6.231 5.179 6.232 1.169 7.31 76 Index Terms Refractive index, aqueous solution -Antimony oxalate Freezing point-solubility in water Ammonium fluosilicate Heat of formation X-ray diffraction data Ammonium fluozirconate Solubility in water X-ray diffraction data Ammonium formate Density, aqueous solution Heat of formation Solubility in water Specific heat, aqueous solution Surface tension, aqueous solution -Acetic acid* -Butyric acid Density, aqueous solution -Formamide Density Viscosity -Formic acid Density Aqueous solution Freezing point-solubility Viscosity -Isobutyric acid Density, aqueous solution -Lactic acid Density, aqueous solution -Sodium salicylate Surface tension, aqueous solution -Trichloroacetic acid Density, aqueous solution Ammonium gallium sulfate Density Refractive index Solubility in water -Ethyl alcohol Freezing point-solubility in water -Ethyl alcohol-Sulfuric acid Freezing point-solubility in water Ammonium glycolate Density, aqueous solution Heat of solution in water -Formic acid Density, aqueous solution Ammonium heptafluorohafniate Refractive index Solubility in water Ammonium heptafluorozirconate Refractive index Solubility in water Ammonium heptamolybdate Density, aqueous solution Refractive index, aqueous solution -Tartaric acid Density, aqueous solution Ammonium hexafluorohafniate Solubility in water Ammonium hydrogen formate Solubility in water Ammonium hydrogen malate Crystallography Links 7.66 4.273 5.182 1.341 4.219 1.341 3.61 5.182 4.218 5.124 4.467 3.107 3.101 3.149 5.33 3.148 3.101 4.99 5.33 3.101 3.101 4.470 3.101 1.117 1.117 4.220 1.165 4.406 4.424 3.62 5.148 3.101 1.140 4.228 1.165 1.114 4.219 1.165 3.70 7.71 3.102 4.228 4.219 1.325 77 Index Terms Density, aqueous solution Ammonium hydrogen oxalate Crystallography Density, aqueous solution Heat of formation Ammonium hydrogen phosphate Density, aqueous solution Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Heat of formation Solubility in water Surface tension, aqueous solution -Potassium manganate Density, aqueous solution Ammonium hydrogen phosphite Density, aqueous solution Ammonium hydrogen succinate Density, aqueous solution Heat of solution in water Ammonium hydrogen sulfate Allotropic forms Density, aqueous solution Diffusion in water Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Heat of formation Melting point under pressure Refractive index Transition temperature Triple points Vapor pressure lowering in aqueous solution Volume change on melting Ammonium hydrogen tartrate Crystallography Density, aqueous solution Heat of formation Refractive index Aqueous solution Ammonium hydroselenite Density, aqueous solution Heat of formation Ammonium hydrosulfide Free energy of formation Heat of formation Vapor pressure Ammonium hydroxide Compressibility Density Maximum, temperature of Dielectric constant Electrical conductivity Free energy Ionization Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Heat of formation Ionization constant Refractive index Sound, velocity of, in Specific heat Surface tension Thermal conductivity Vapor pressure Verdet constant Viscosity -Aluminum hydroxide* -Aluminum hydroxide*-Ammonium nitrate -Aluminum hydroxide*-Ammonium nitrate-Potassium nitrate Links 3.62 1.324 3.62 5.182 3.61 6.243 5.180 4.218 4.464 3.104 3.97 3.61 3.62 5.149 4.12 3.60 5.65 6.243 5.179 4.12 7.19 4.7 4.12 3.293 4.12 4.17 1.325 7.68 5.182 7.29 7.68 3.61 5.179 7.241 5.179 3.207 3.439 3.59 3.107 6.104 6.260 7.240 7.240 4.255 5.179 7.240 7.66 6.464 5.115 4.464 5.229 3.290 6.426 5.13 7.241 5.213 3.362 5.20 3.382 78 Index Terms -Ammonium sulfate Freezing point-solubility in water -Boric acid Freezing point-solubility in water -Carbonic acid Freezing point-solubility in water -Chromic acid Freezing point-solubility in water -Citric acid Refractive index, aqueous solution -Cuprous oxide Freezing point-solubility in water -Metaarsenious acid Freezing point-solubility in water -Orthophosphorous acid Refractive index, aqueous solution -Periodic acid Refractive index, aqueous solution -Phosphoric acid Freezing point-solubility in water -Potassium carbonate Miscibility of -Selenous acid Refractive index, aqueous solution -Silver bromide Reaction in water Solubility in water -Silver chloride Freezin g point-solubility in water Reaction in water Solubility in water -Silver chromate Solubility in water -Silver oxide Solubility in water -Sodium hydroxide Density, aqueous solution -Sulfuric acid Freezing point-solubility in water -Tetramethylammonium iodide Freezing point-solubility in water Ammonium hydroxyethylsulfonate Density, aqueous solution Ammonium indium sulfate Density Refractive index Ammonium iodate Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Solubility in water -Iodic acid Freezing point-solubility in water Ammonium iodide Ammines, decomposition pressure Boiling point elevation in aqueous solution Compressibility, aqueous solution Decomposition pressure Density Aqueous solution Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Free energy of allotropic transformation Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Heat of formation Heat of transition Melting point under pressure Refractive index Solubility in water Links 4.326 4.368 4.367 4.367 4.392 7.92 4.367 4.366 7.92 7.91 4.365 4.392 3.409 7.91 7.270 7.270 4.295 7.269 7.269 7.287 7.272 3.97 4.325 4.387 4.319 7.314 3.63 1.117 1.117 1.165 6.242 4.218 4.320 7.241 3.325 3.439 7.240 1.108 3.60 6.235 7.241 4.255 5.179 5.179 4.12 1.108 4.218 3.107 6.239 165 79 Index Terms Specific heat Aqueous solution Sublimation temperature Surface tension, aqueous solution Transference numbers Transition temperature Vapor pressure Vapor pressure lowering in aqueous solution Viscosity, aqueous solution Volume change on melting X-ray diffraction data -Ammonia* -Ethyl alcohol Boiling point elevation Density Viscosity, aqueous solution -Formamide Viscosity -Hydriodic acid Density, aqueous solution -Iodine Freezing point lowering -Iodine-Nitrobenzene Freezing point-solubility -Isoamyl alcohol Density -Lead iodide Freezing point-solubility in water -Methyl alcohol Boiling point elevation -Sulfur dioxide Boiling point elevation Ammonium ion, free energy Ammonium isobutyrate Density, aqueous solut ion -Acetic acid* -Formic acid Density, aqueous solution -Isobutyric acid Density, aqueous solution Ammonium lactate Density, aqueous solution -Dichloroacetic acid Density, aqueous solution -Formic acid Density, aqueous solution -Lactic acid Density, aqueous solution Ammonium lanthanum nitrate Magnetic susceptibility Ammonium lead chloride Free energy Specific heat Ammonium lead sulfate Heat of formation Ammonium lithium tartrate Crystallography Refractive index Ammonium magnesium arsenate Heat of formation Ammonium magnesium chromate Density Refractive index Ammonium magnesium phosphate Heat of formation Links 5.95 5.122 1.108 4.464 6.310 4.7 3.207 3.293 5.13 4.12 1.341 1.162 7.241 3.336 3.136 5.24 5.27 3.96 4.37 4.270 3.136 4.319 7.318 3.333 3.328 7.240 3.62 3.101 3.101 3.62 3.101 3.101 3.101 6.359 7.250 5.96 5.183 1.322 1.149 1.170 5.195 1.142 1.142 5.195 1.17 7.32 80 Index Terms Ammonium magnesium selenate Density Refractive index Ammonium magnesium sulfate Decomposition pressure of hydrates Dielectric constant Heat of formation Refractive index Solubility in water Ammonium malate Crystallography Density, aqueous solution -Formic acid Density, aqueous solution -Malic acid Density, aqueous solution Ammonium malonate Heat of solution in water Ammonium manganese bromide Heat of formation Ammonium manganese chloride Heat of formation Ammonium manganese selenate Refractive index Ammonium manganous sulfate Decomposition pressure of hydrate Density Dielectric constant Heat of formation Magnetic susceptibility Refractive index Solubility in water Ammonium mercuric bromide Heat of formation Ammonium mercuric chloride Thermal conductivity Ammonium mercuric cyanide Heat of formation Ammonium metaborate Heat of formation Ammonium metaphosphate Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Ammonium methanedisulfonate Crystallography Density, aqueous solution Ammonium molybdate Dielectric constant, aqueous solution X-rays, absorption coefficient Ammonium molybdomalate Optical rotatory power Ammonium neodymium nitrate Magnetic susceptibility Ammonium nickel selenate Density Emission, spectral Reflectivity, selective Refractive index Ammonium nickel sulfate Density Aqueous solution Dielectric constant Hydrate Decomposition pressure Links 1.141 1.141 1.169 7.32 1.168 7.31 1.170 7.31 7.292 6.99 5.195 7.31 4.229 1.325 3.62 3.101 3.101 5.148 5.190 5.190 7.31 7.276 1.127 6.99 5.190 6.357 1.127 4.224 5.186 5.232 5.187 5.194 6.243 1.324 3.63 6.104 6.13 7.353 6.359 1.132 5.259 5.260 1.132 1.132 3.69 6.99 7.285 81 Index Terms Heat of decomposition Magnetic susceptibility Refractive index Solubility in water Verdet constant, aqueous solution Ammonium nitrate Absorption spectra, solutions Allotropic forms Ammines, decomposition pressure Boiling point elevation in aqueous solution Compressibility, aqueous solution Compressibility differences Density, aqueous solution Saturated Detonation velocity Diffusion in water Electrical conductivity Aqueous solution Explosive, properties as Freezing mixtures, use in Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Heat of dilution with water Heat of explosion Heat of formation Heat of transition Magnetic rotatory power, aqueous solution Melting point under pressure Refractive index Aqueous solution Solubility in water Specific heat Aqueous solution Surface tension, aqueous solution Thermal expansion differences Transference number Transition temperature Triple points Vapor pressure, aqueous solution Vapor pressure lowering in aqueous solution Viscosity, aqueous solution Volume change on melting X-rays, absorption coefficient -Aluminum hydroxide* -Ammonium hydroxide -Aluminum hydroxide* -Ammonium hydroxide-Potassium nitrate -Ammonia* -Ammonia*-Ammonium thiocyanate -Ammonia*-Sodium nitrate -Ammonium bicarbonate* -Ammonium bicarbonate*-Sodium bicarbonate -Ammonium chloride* -Ammonium chloride*-Lithium nitrate -Ammonium chloride*-Potassium chloride -Ammonium chloride*-Potassium nitrate -Ammonium chloride*-Sodium chloride -Ammonium chloride*-Sodium nitrate -Ammonium oxalate Freezing point-solubility in water -Ammonium sulfate Freezing point-solubility Freezing point-solubility in water -Ammonium sulfate-Potassium nitrate Freezing point-solubility -Ammonium sulfate-Sodium nitrate Freezing point-solubility -Barium nitrate Density, aqueous solution Viscosity, aqueous solution Links 7.285 6.358 1.132 4.226 6.428 5.327 4.11 7.241 3.325 3.439 4.11 3.59 3.104 7.492 5.64 6.147 6.231 7.490 1.63 4.255 5.162 7.489 5.179 5.179 6.431 4.11 7.19 7.66 4.217 5.95 5.122 4.464 4.12 6.310 4.7 4.11 3.362 3.293 5.13 4.11 6.13 4.357 4.44 4.322 4.74 4.73 3.97 5.18 6.364 1.169 7.31 5.328 3.107 6.237 4.18 6.240 82 Index Terms -Calcium sulfate Freezing point-solubility in water -Cupric nitrate Freezing point-solubility in water -Diethyl tartrate Density, aqueous solution -Ethyl alcohol Boiling point elevation Density -Ethyl alcohol-Methyl alcohol Freezing point-solubility in water -Ethyl alcohol-Silver nitrate Freezing point-solubility in water -Formamide Density Viscosity -Lead nitrate Freezing point-solubility Viscosity, aqueous solution -Lithium nitrate Freezing point-solubility -Methyl alcohol Boiling point elevation Density -Nitric acid Density, aqueous solution Freezing point-solubility in water -Potassium chloride Freezing point-solubility -Potassium chloride-Potassium nitrate Freezing point-solubility -Potassium nitrate Density, aqueous solution Freezing point-solubility Freezing point-solubility in water Viscosity, aqueous solution -Potassium nitrate-Potassium sulfate Freezing point-solubility -Potassium sulfate Freezing point-solubility -Silver chloride Solubility in water -Silver nitrate Freezing point-solubility Freezing point-solubility in water Surface tension, aqueous solution -Sodium bicarbonate Density, aqueous solution Freezing point-solubility in water -Sodium bicarbonate-Sodium nitrate Density, aqueous solution -Sodium chloride Freezing point-solubility -Sodium chloride-Sodium nitrate Freezing point-solubility -Sodium nitrate Density, aqueous solution Freezing point-solubility Freezing point-solubility in water Vapor pressure, aqueous solution Viscosity, aqueous solution -Sodium nitrate-Sodium sulfate Freezing point-solubility -Sulfuric acid Density, aqueous solution Freezing point-solubility in water -Thallium monochloride Links 4.323 7.340 4.358 3.101 3.336 3.136 4.424 4.425 3.136 5.27 4.44 5.18 4.44 3.333 3.136 3.96 4.357 4.45 4.74 3.97 4.45 4.359 5.18 4.75 4.45 7.266 4.44 4.357 4.470 3.97 4.358 3.100 4.44 4.74 3.97 4.45 4.359 3.377 5.18 4.74 3.96 4.322 7.266 83 Index Terms Solubility in water -Thallous nitrate Freezing point-solubility -Urea Eutectic point Ammonium nitrate -nitric acid Solubility in water Ammonium nitrite Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Heat of formation Ammonium oleate -Ethyl alcohol Freezing point-solubility Freezing point-solubility in water Ammonium oxalate Boiling point elevation in aqueous solution Crystallography Decomposition pressure of hydrates Density, aqueous solution Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Heat of formation Optical rotatory power Refractive index Aqueous solution Solubility in water Surface tension, aqueous solution -Ammonium chloride* -Ammonium nitrate* -Ammonium sulfate Freezing point-solubility in water -Manganous oxalate Solubility in water -Mercuric chloride Photochemical reaction -Oxalic acid Freezing point-solubility in water -Potassium oxalate Freezing point-solubility in water -Scandium oxalate Freezing point-solubility in water -Sodium oxalate Freezing point-solubility in water -Thallous oxalate Freezing point-solubility in water -Thorium oxalate Solubility in water -Uranyl oxalate Freezing point-solubility in water Ammonium palmitate -Ethyl alcohol Freezing point-solubility Freezing point-solubility in water Ammonium perchlorate Density Aqueous solution Saturated Detonation velocity Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Explosive, properties as Heat of formation Refractive index Transition temperature Solubility in water -Acetone* -Ammonium sulfate Freezing point-solubility in water Links 7.319 4.77 4.207 4.218 6.242 5.179 4.111 4.406 3.327 1.324 7.246 3.62 4.255 5.182 7.354 7.29 7.67 4.219 4.467 7.67 4.326 7.326 7.165 4.401 4.366 4.367 4.366 4.366 7.319 4.367 4.111 4.406 1.108 3.60 3.104 7.492 6.242 7.490 5.179 1.108 4.7 4.218 4.315 1.168 7.19 84 Index Terms -Butyl alcohol Density -Ethyl acetate Density -Ethyl alcohol Density Freezing point-solubility in water -Isobutyl alcohol Density -Methyl alcohol Density -Propyl alcohol Density -Sodium perchlorate Freezing point-solubility in water -Sodium sulfate Freezing point-solubility in water Ammonium periodate Density, aqueous solution Solubility in water Ammonium permanganate Density, aqueous solution Ammonium persulfate Density Aqueous solution Heat of formation Melting point Refractive index Ammonium phosphate Density, aqueous solution Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Heat of formation Solubility in water -Phosphoric acid Density, aqueous solution Ammonium phosphite Density, aqueous solution Ammonium picrate Crystallography Heat of solution in water Refractive index Ammonium potassium chromate Heat of formation Ammonium propionate Density, aqueous solution -Formic acid Density, aqueous solution -Propionic acid Density, aqueous solution Ammonium pyrosulfite Heat of formation Ammonium ruthenium sulfate Melting point Refractive index Ammonium salicylate Density, aqueous solution Saturated Refractive index, aqueous solution Solubility in aqueous ethyl alcohol Surface tension, aqueous solution -Ethyl alcohol Density Aqueous solution -Potassium formate Links 3.136 3.136 3.136 4.399 3.136 3.136 3.136 4.316 4.315 4.387 3.104 4.218 3.68 1.109 3.61 5.179 1.109 1.109 1.169 3.6 6.243 5.180 4.218 3.97 3.61 1.326 5.149 7.29 5.206 3.62 3.107 3.101 3.101 5.179 1.126 1.126 1.165 7.69 3.104 7.69 4.405 4.469 3.160 3.101 4.405 85 Index Terms Surface tension, aqueous solution Ammonium selenate Density Refractive index -Selenic acid Density, aqueous solution Ammonium selenides Heat of formation Ammonium selenite Density, aqueous solution Ammonium shikimate Refractive index Ammonium silicofluoride Density, aqueous solution Vapor pressure lowering in aqueous solution Ammonium silver chloride Activity coefficient in water Ammonium silver nitrate Solubility in water Ammonium sodium hydrogen arsenate Density Refractive index Ammonium sodium hydrogen phosphate Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Heat of formation Ammonium sodium sulfate Density, aqueous solution Heat of formation Solubility in water Ammonium sodium tartrate Crystallography Density Optical rotatory power Refractive index Ammonium stearate Decomposition pressure -Ethyl alcohol Freezing point-solubility Freezing point-solubility in water Ammonium strontium sulfate Heat of formation Ammonium succinate Density, aqueous solution Heat of solution in water Refractive index, aqueous solution -Formic acid Density, aqueous solution -Succinic acid Density, aqueous solution Ammonium sulfantimonate Solubility in water Ammonium sulfate Absorption spectra, solutions Boiling point elevation in aqueous solution Compressibility, aqueous solution Density Aqueous solution Saturated Solid Dielectric constant Diffusion in water Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Links 4.470 1.109 1.109 1.170 7.19 3.96 5.179 3.61 7.30 3.104 3.293 7.270 4.223 1.151 1.151 1.168 6.248 4.259 5.202 3.105 5.201 4.237 1.323 1.152 7.353 1.152 1.169 1.174 7.246 4.111 4.406 5.198 3.62 5.149 7.68 7.68 3.101 3.101 4.218 5.327 3.325 3.439 1.109 3.60 3.104 3.44 6.76 5.65 6.231 3.107 7.66 6.235 6.240 7.26 86 Index Terms Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Heat of formation Melting point Osmotic pressure Refractive index Aqueous solution Solubility in aqueous ethyl alcohol Solubility in water Specific heat Aqueous solution Surface tension, aqueous solution Vapor pressure, aqueous solution Vapor pressure lowering in aqueous solution Viscosity, aqueous solution X-ray diffraction data -Acetone* -Aluminum sulfate* -Ammonium bicarbonate* -Ammonium chloride* -Ammonium chromate* -Ammonium hydroxide* -Ammonium nitrate* -Ammonium nitrate*-Potassium nitrate -Ammonium nitrate*-Sodium nitrate -Ammonium oxalate* -Ammonium perchlorate* -Ammonium tetraborate Freezing point-solubility in water -Beryllium sulfate Freezing point-solubility in water -Calcium acetate Freezing point-solubility in water -Calcium chloride Freezing point-solubility in water -Calcium nitrate Freezing point-solubility in water -Calcium sulfate Density, aqueous solution Freezing point-solubility in water -Cerous sulfate Freezing point-solubility in water -Cupric chloride Freezing point-solubility in water -Cupric sulfate Density, aqueous solution Freezing point-solubility in water Viscosity, aqueous solution -Cupric sulfate-Lithium sulfate Freezing point-solubility in water -Cupric sulfate-Nickel sulfate Freezing point-solubility in water -Cupric sulfate-Potassium sulfate Freezing point-solubility in water -Cupric sulfate-Zinc sulfate Freezing point-solubility in water -Diethyl tartrate Density, aqueous solution -Ethyl alcohol Density, aqueous solution -Ethyl alcohol-Lithium sulfate Freezing point-solubility in water -Ferrous sulfate Density, aqueous solution Freezing point-solubility in water -Ferrous sulfate-Lithium sulfate Freezing point-solubility in water -Ferrous sulfate-Magnesium sulfate Links 4.255 5.179 1.109 4.431 1.109 7.66 3.403 4.218 5.95 5.122 4.464 3.363 3.293 5.13 1.341 1.169 7.19 4.329 4.329 4.388 4.327 4.275 4.323 3.97 4.332 4.388 4.331 4.276 4.382 3.97 4.327 5.18 4.328 4.388 4.327 4.328 4.388 4.327 3.101 3.101 4.425 3.97 4.328 4.388 4.328 4.388 7.341 87 Index Terms Freezing point-solubility in water -Hydrochloric acid Density, aqueous solution -Lanthanum sulfate Freezing point-solubility in water -Lead acetate Freezing point-solubility in water -Lithium carbonate Solubility in water -Lithium sulfa te Freezing point-solubility in water -Magnesium sulfate Density, aqueous solution Freezing point-solubility in water -Magnesium sulfate-Potassium sulfate Freezing point-solubility in water -Manganous sulfate Density, aqueous solution Viscosity, aqueous solution -Nitric acid Density, aqueous solution -Potassium chloride-Sodium nitrate Density, aqueous solution -Potassium chromate Freezing point-solubility in water -Potassium sulfate Boiling point elevation in aqueous solution Density Aqueous solution Freezing point-solubility in water Refractive index, aqueous solution Viscosity, aqueous solution -Samarium sulfate Freezing point-solubility in water -Silver sulfate Solubility in water -Sodium bicarbonate Freezing point-solubility in water -Sodium carbonate Density, aqueous solution -Sodium chlorate Freezing point-solubility in water -Sodium chloride Freezing point-solubility in water -Sodium sulfate Freezing point-solubility in water -Sodium tetraborate4. Density, aqueous solution Freezing point-solubility in water -Strontium acetate Freezing point-solubility in water -Sulfuric acid Density, aqueous solution Freezing point-solubility -Thallous sulfate Freezing point-solubility in water -Zirconyl sulfate Density Ammonium sulfides Heat of formation Ammonium sulfite Heat of formation Ammonium tartrate Crystallography Density, aqueous solution Heat of formation Links 4.328 3.95 4.331 4.327 7.345 4.332 4.388 3.97 4.329 4.388 4.331 4.388 3.97 5.18 3.96 3.100 4.329 3.347 3.133 3.97 4.332 7.92 5.18 4.389 4.331 7.325 4.326 3.97 4.315 4.387 4.276 4.382 4.333 4.389 3.97 4.330 4.388 4.327 3.96 4.42 4.327 3.133 5.179 5.179 1.325 3.62 5.182 7.68 88 Index Terms Optical rotatory power Pyroelectric constant Refractive index, aqueous solution -Sodium tartrate Freezing point-solubility in water -Yttrium tartrate Solubility in water Ammonium tetraborate Solubility in water -Ammonium chloride* -Ammonium sulfate* -Sodium chloride Freezing point-solubility in water -Sodium sulfate Freezing point-solubility in water -Sodium tetraborate Freezing point-solubility in water Ammonium thiocyanate Absorption spectra Compressibility difference on transition line Density, aqueous solution Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Freezing mixtures, use in Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Heat of formation Melting point under pressure Refractive index, aqueous solution Solubility in water Tautomerism, kinetics of Thiourea transformation Transition temperature Vapor pressure lowering in aqueous solution Volume change on melting -Acetone* -Ammonia* -Ammonia*-Ammonium nitrate -Ethyl alcohol Boiling point elevation -Methyl alcohol Boiling point elevation -Sulfur dioxide Boiling point elevation -Thiourea Density Freezing point-solubility Ammonium thorium chloride Heat of formation Ammonium tribromide Decomposition pressure Ammonium trichloroacetate Density, aqueous solution Specific heat, aqueous solution -Chloroacetic acid Density, aqueous solution -Trichloroacetic acid Density, aqueous solution Ammonium uranyl acetate Crystallography Heat of formation Refractive index Ammonium uranyl sulfate Photoluminescence Ammonium valerate Density, aqueous solution Refractive index, aqueous solution Links 7.354 6.209 7.68 6.212 4.366 7.338 4.226 4.297 4.385 4.330 4.388 4.368 4.392 5.335 4.14 3.63 6.243 1.63 4.255 5.182 4.14 7.66 4.219 7.120 7.245 4.7 3.293 4.14 7.66 6.254 3.336 3.333 3.328 3.150 4.48 4.213 4.401 1.166 7.22 5.184 7.240 3.63 5.124 3.101 3.101 1.321 5.193 1.134 5.387 7.69 7.69 89 Index Terms Ammonium vanadate Density, aqueous solution Magnetic susceptibility Ammonium vanadous sulfate Decomposition pressure of hydrate Solubility in water Ammonium zinc selenate Refractive index Ammonium zinc sulfate Density Dielectric constant Heat of formation Hydrate Decomposition pressure Heat of decomposition Refractive index Solubility in water Ampco (bronze) Ampere, definition International Ampere-turn, definition Amphibolite Hardness Impact hardness Thermal conductivity Amygdalin Heat of combustion Optical rotatory power Osmotic pressure Amyl acetate Absorption spectra Birefringence, electric Dielectric constant Electrical conductivity Heat of combustion Thermal conductivity Viscosity -Acetanilide* -Acetone* -Azobenzene Heat of solution -Benzoic acid Density -Caffeine Density -Citric acid Density -Diphenylamine Heat of solution -Ethyl acetate Heat of solution Surface tension Vapor pressure -Gallic acid Density -Hydrogen peroxide Distribution coefficients in water -Nitrocellulose Density -Nitronaphthalene Heat of solution -Phenacetine Density -Phenyl salicylate Density Links 3.70 6.359 7.288 4.226 7.31 1.119 6.99 5.185 7.255 7.255 1.119 4.221 2.371 1.34 1.18 1.34 1.169 7.31 2.578 2.601 2.50 2.51 2.55 5.168 7.399 4.430 5.333 7.111 6.92 6.145 5.167 5.228 5.39 5.342 7.219 5.154 3.186 3.189 3.185 5.154 5.157 4.473 3.289 3.189 3.419 3.196 5.154 3.189 3.189 5.158 90 Index Terms -Pyrogallol Heat of solution -Saccharin Distribution coefficients in hydrochloric acid -Salicylic acid Density -Stearic acid Density -Xylene Density Amyl alcohol Absorption spectra Azeotropic mixtures Birefringence, electric Boiling point Compressibility Condensation on ions and nuclei Dielectric absorption Dielectric constant Dielectric dispersion Diffusion of vapor in gases Faraday effect, lag in Heat of combustion Heat of vaporization Heat of wetting by Ignition temperature Magnetic susceptibility Optical rotatory power of derivatives Polarization of light reflected from Polarization of light scattered by Refraction, index of Sound, velocity of Gas Liquid Surface tension Thermal conductivity Vapor pressure Viscosity -Acetic acid* -Acetone* -Air* -Ammonia* -Arsenous oxide Distribution coefficients in water -Benzene Compressibility Density Dielectric constant -Boric acid Density, aqueous solution Distribution coefficients in water -Boric acid -Sodium chloride Density, aqueous solution -Cadmium chloride Distribution coefficients in water -Cadmium iodide Distribution coefficients in water -Chloroform Density -Cobaltous chloride Magnetic susceptibility -Diethylamine Distribution coefficients in water -Ethane Vapor pressure -Ethyl alcohol Density Links 5.154 3.429 3.187 3.189 3.189 5.332 3.321 7.111 3.220 3.42 6.117 6.98 6.105 6.98 5.62 6.434 5.164 5.137 5.142 2.174 6.362 7.402 5.261 5.267 6.98 6.463 6.464 4.436 5.228 3.220 7.216 5.338 7.38 7.223 3.421 3.440 3.173 6.103 3.102 3.422 3.103 3.421 3.421 3.147 6.364 3.427 3.360 3.159 6.106 6.98 91 Index Terms Aqueous solution -Ethyl alcohol-Sodium chloride Freezing point-solubilit y in water -Ethylxanthic acid Distribution coefficients in water -Formaldehyde Distribution coefficients in water -Hydrogen peroxide Distribution coefficients in water -Iodine Distribution coefficients in water -Lithium chloride Density Distribution coefficients in water -Mercuric chloride Verdet constant -Methyl alcohol Density -Methylamine Distribution coefficients in water -Oxalic acid Distribution coefficients in water -Phenol Distribution coefficients in water -Picric acid Distribution coefficients in water -Sodium chloride Density, aqueous solution -Succinic acid Distribution coefficients in water -Sulfur Freezing point-solubility -Sulfuric acid Distribution coefficients in water -Tetraethylammonium iodide Density -Triethylamine Distribution coefficients in water -Urethan Freezing point-solubility -m-Xylene Dielectric constant -p-Xylene Heat of solution act.-Amyl alcohol Specific heat Verdet constant Dispersion of Viscosity sec.-Amyl alcohol Density, aqueous solution Verdet constant, dispersion of Viscosity tert.-Amyl alcohol Absorption spectra Azeotropic mixtures Birefringence, electric Boiling point Critical temperature Heat of fusion Heat of vaporization Magnetic susceptibility Specific heat Surface tension Aqueous solution Verdet constant, dispersion of Links 3.127 4.426 3.428 3.422 3.419 3.420 3.140 3.422 6.427 3.151 3.423 3.423 3.428 3.427 3.102 3.426 4.35 3.420 3.173 3.429 4.174 6.103 5.158 5.109 6.429 6.434 7.216 3.114 6.434 7.217 5.332 3.318 7.111 3.343 3.248 5.132 5.137 6.362 5.109 4.453 4.469 6.434 5.338 92 Index Terms Viscosity -Benzil Boiling point elevation -Chloral Viscosity -Diethylammonium chloride Boiling point elevation Amyl benzoate Birefringence, magnetic Dielectric absorption Dielectric constant Electrical conductivity Refractive index Thermal conductivity -Benzene Density -1,4-Dichloronaphthalene Density Refractive index Dispersion -Ethyl alcohol-Water Vapor pressure, partial -Naphthalene Density Refractive index -m-Xylene Density Amyl bromide Absorption spectra Dielectric constant Heat of vaporization Refractive index Thermal conductivity d-Amyl bromide Optical rotatory power l-Amyl bromide -Camphoroxime Density tert.-Amyl bromide Dielectric constant Amyl α-bromobutyrate Surface tension Amyl butyrate Compressibility Diffusion of vapor in air Electrical conductivity Thermal conductivity act.-Amyl butyrate Surface tension Amyl camphocarboxylate -Ethyl ether Boiling point elevation Amyl chloride Absorption spectra Dielectric constant Refractive index Thermal conductivity -m-Xylene Dielectric constant tert.-Amyl chloride Birefringence, electric Dielectric constant Refractive index Verdet constant Links 5.35 3.343 5.35 3.343 7.112 6.96 6.96 6.144 7.57 5.228 3.181 7.89 7.89 7.108 3.291 7.89 7.89 3.191 5.332 6.89 5.137 7.38 5.228 7.401 3.172 6.89 4.459 3.37 5.63 6.145 5.228 4.459 3.341 5.332 6.89 7.38 5.228 6.102 7.111 6.89 7.38 6.429 7.217 93 Index Terms Amyl cyanoacetate Surface tension β-Amyl esters Optical rotatory power Amyl ether Absorption spectra Dielectric constant Heat of vaporization Viscosity -Benzoic acid Distribution coefficients in water -Succinic acid Distribution coefficients in water Amyl formate Absorption spectra Dielectric constant Diffusion of vapor in air Electrical conductivity Refractive index Surface tension Vapor pressure -Benzene Density -Ethyl acetate Heat of solution -Propyl acetate Density Heat of solution Surface tension -Xylene Density Amyl hydrocinnamate Surface tension -Methyl propionate Surface tension Amyl iodide Absorption spectra Electrical conductivity Heat of vaporization Refractive index Thermal conductivity -Propyl alcohol Refractive index d-Amyl iodide Optical rotatory power tert.-Amyl iodide Dielectric constant Amyl isobutyrate Diffusion of vapor in gases Amyl nitrate Dielectric constant Electrical conductivity Magnetic susceptibility Amyl nitrite Absorption spectra Electrical conductivity Amyl propionate Diffusion of vapor in gases Electrical conductivity act.-Amyl stearate Surface tension Amyl thiocyanate Dielectric constant Electrical conductivity Links 4.458 7.361 5.332 6.95 5.138 7.223 3.429 3.426 5.332 6.91 5.62 6.145 7.40 4.455 3.222 3.179 5.157 3.172 5.157 4.473 3.185 4.461 4.473 5.332 6.144 5.137 7.82 5.228 7.82 7.401 6.89 5.63 6.89 6.144 6.362 5.332 6.144 5.63 6.145 4.463 6.91 6.144 94 Index Terms Amyl trichloroacetate -β-Amylene Boiling point elevation -Ethyl ether Boiling point elevation act.-Amyl trichloroacetate Surface tension Amyl valerate Absorption spectra Compressibility Electrical conductivity Thermal conductivity -Benzene Density -m-Xylene Density Amylamine Density, aqueous solution Dielectric constant Heat of solution in water Heat of vaporization Surface tension Thermal conductivity, gas -Chloroform Distribution coefficients in water -Xylene Distribution coefficients in water d-Amylamine Optical rotatory power tert.-Amylamine Surface tension Amylamine hydrochloride Density, aqueous solution Heat of solution in water -Chloroform Boiling point elevation Amylase Amylbenzene -Antimony tribromide Freezing point-solubility -Antimony trichloride Freezing point-solubility Amylene Absorption spectra Birefringence, electric Dielectric constant Electrical conductivity X-rays, effect of Heat of combustion Heat of vaporizat ion Heat of wetting by Refractive index Gas Liquid Specific heat Gas Liquid -Aniline Density Solubility, mutual -Benzene Density -Carbon disulfide Density -Chloroform Links 3.343 3.341 4.457 5.333 3.37 6.145 5.228 3.180 3.191 3.114 6.89 5.149 5.137 4.453 5.214 3.427 3.427 7.402 4.453 3.114 5.149 3.331 7.154 4.197 4.193 5.338 7.111 6.88 6.144 6.6 5.163 5.137 5.142 7.10 7.37 5.81 5.109 3.172 3.396 3.172 3.145 3.397 95 Index Terms Density Dielectric constant -Dichloroacetic acid Reaction kinetics -Ethyl alcohol Density -Ethyl ether Density -Ethylene bromide Density Dielectric constant -Trichloroacetic acid Distribution coefficients in water Reaction kinetics -Trichlorobutyric acid Distribution coefficients in water β-Amylene Boiling point Dielectric constant -Amyl trichloroacetate* -Benzoic acid Boiling point elevation -Dichloroacetic acid Boiling point elevat ion -Naphthalene Boiling point elevation -Trichloroacetic acid Boiling point elevation Amylene bromide Dielectric constant Magnetic susceptibility Refractive index Amylene chloride Magnetic susceptibility Amylidene chloride Magnetic susceptibility Amylisopropylcarbinol, viscosity Amylmercaptan Dielectric constant Electrical conductivity Amylphenylpropargyl alcohol Heat of combustion Amylpropargyl alcohol Heat of combustion Amylpropiolamide Verdet constant Amylpropiolic acid Heat of combustion Amyltriethyllead Boiling point Density Refractive index Amyrilene Crystallography Optical rotatory power Amyrin, optical rotatory power Amyrolin, refractive index Anaconda bronze Analcite Density Dielectric constant Refractive index Links 3.147 6.102 7.124 3.159 3.168 3.155 6.102 3.423 7.124 3.426 3.342 6.82 3.343 3.343 3.343 3.343 6.88 6.362 7.37 6.362 6.362 7.220 6.89 6.144 5.164 5.164 6.429 5.165 1.116 1.116 1.116 1.163 1.165 1.337 7.462 7.464 7.30 2.371 2.559 1.153 6.99 1.153 1.166 2.601 96 Index Terms Anam, weights and measures Anapaite Density Refractive index Anatase Density Heat of transition Refractive index Thermal expansion X-ray diffraction data See also Titanium dioxide. Anatomical alloy Ancylite Density Refractive index Andalusite Density Heat of formation Refractive index Specific heat Andesine, specific heat Andesite Bulk density Hardness Impact hardness Thermal conductivity Thermal diffusivity Andradite , thermal expansion Andrographolic acid Optical rotatory power Anemometers Aneroids, graduation of Anethole Absorption spectra Birefringence, magnetic Cryoscopic constant Heat of fusion Heat of vaporization Magnetic susceptibility Melting point under pressure Melting pressure Refractive index Specific heat Surface tension Verdet constant Viscosity -Acetone* -Benzene Boiling point elevation Density -Carbon disulfide Density -Chloroform Viscosity -Cinnamaldehyde Density -Cyclohexane Boiling point elevation -Ethyl alcohol Viscosity -l-Menthol Density Freezing point-solubility Viscosity Links 1.2 1.145 1.145 1.113 5.182 1.113 3.43 1.341 1.171 1.168 7.19 2.371 1.147 1.147 1.137 5.194 1.137 5.101 2.101 1.173 1.171 5.100 2.53 2.50 2.51 2.55 2.56 3.45 7.466 1.403 1.72 5.333 7.111 4.184 5.134 5.138 6.363 4.10 4.16 7.50 5.112 4.460 6.430 5.51 3.345 3.180 3.146 5.33 3.193 3.346 5.38 3.194 4.158 5.51 5.346 7.113 7.22 97 Index Terms -Phenyl thiocyanate Density -Toluene Boiling point elevation Angelic acid Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Heat of combustion Refractive index Angle Conversion factors Solid, conversion factors Angle of contact Anglesite Compressibility Density Melting point Refractive index Thermal conductivity See also Lead sulfate. Angstrom unit, definition Anhydrite. See Calcium sulfate. Anhysteretic, definition Anilide formation, kinetics of Aniline Absorption spectra Azeotropic mixtures Birefringence Boiling point Compressibility Critical point data Cryoscopic constant Density Aqueous solution Dielectric constant Diffusion in methyl alcohol Diffusion of vapor in air Electrical conductivity Aqueous solution Flash point Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Heat of combustion Heat of fusion Heat of solution in water Heat of vaporization Heat of wetting by Ignition temperature Magnetic susceptibility Melting point under pressure Photoelectric threshold Photoluminescence Polarization of light scattered by Refractive index Aqueous solution Rubber vulcanization, use in Solubility in water Pressure, effect of Sound, velocity of, in Specific heat Aqueous solution Liquid Solid Surface tension Aqueous solution Thermal conductivity Solid Links 3.186 3.346 6.269 5.165 7.37 1.21 1.21 4.434 3.50 1.115 1.115 1.115 5.232 1.173 1.34 6.369 7.141 5.332 3.322 7.111 3.221 3.36 3.249 4.183 3.29 3.114 6.82 5.73 5.62 6.144 6.274 2.162 4.263 5.168 5.133 5.149 5.137 5.142 2.174 6.362 4.15 6.68 5.386 5.267 7.12 7.69 2.279 3.389 3.393 6.464 5.115 5.110 5.103 4.436 4.469 5.228 5.216 5.339 5.361 3.345 3.39 3.33 6.90 7.38 4.252 5.115 4.454 6.105 5.362 5.371 5.375 98 Index Terms Toxicology Vapor pressure Aqueous solution Verdet constant Viscosity Volume change on melting -Acenaphthene* -Acetanilide* -Acetic acid* -Acetone* -Allyl isothiocyanate* -Allyl thiocyanate* -Allyl thiocyanate*-Toluene -m-Aminophenol* -p-Aminophenol* -Aminoazobenzene* -Ammonia* -Amylene* -Aniline hydrochloride Density, aqueous solution Distribution coefficients in water Miscibility in water Viscosity -Aniline hydroiodide Density -Anthracene Freezing point-solubility -Anthraquinone Boiling point elevation Freezing point-solubility -Antimony trichloride Density Freezing point-solubility Viscosity -Benzanilide Boiling point elevation -Benzene Birefringence, electric Boiling point elevation Compressibility Density Distribution coefficients in water Freezing point-solubility Heat of solution Magnetic rotatory power Refractive index Surface tension Vapor pressure -Benzene-m-Cresol Viscosity -Benzil Boiling point elevation -Benzoic acid Density Freezing point-solubility -ω-Bromoacetophenone Reaction kinetics -Butane Solubility, mutual -Butyric acid Density, aqueous solution -Cadmium iodide Freezing point-solubility -Caffeine Density -Carbazole Links 2.318 3.221 3.365 6.429 5.28 7.217 4.15 3.129 3.428 3.416 5.48 3.184 4.142 3.345 4.178 3.137 4.191 5.28 3.345 7.112 3.344 3.440 3.179 3.428 4.132 5.154 6.432 7.84 4.473 3.289 5.51 3.345 3.184 4.141 7.125 3.397 3.129 4.198 3.185 5.39 7.223 5.40 5.42 5.43 5.45 99 Index Terms Freezing point-solubility -Carbon dioxide Vapor pressure -Carbon disulfide Density -Carbon tetrachloride Density Distribution coefficients in water Heat of solution Specific heat -Catechol Freezing point-solubility -Chloroform Freezing point-solubility Heat of solution Vapor pressure -Chloronitrobenzene (o-, m -, p-) Freezing point-solubility -o-Chlorophenol Density Freezing point-solubility Viscosity -m-Chlorophenol Density Viscosity -p-Chlorophenol Density Viscosity -o-Cresol Freezing point-solubility -m-Cresol Density Freezing point-solubility Viscosity -p-Cresol Density Freezing point-solubility Viscosity -Crotononitrile Freezing point-solubility -Cyclohexane Boiling point Solubility, mutual Vapor pressure Viscosity -Cyclopentane Solubility, mutual -Decacyclene Boiling point elevation -p-Dibromobenzene Freezing point-solubility -Diethyl tartrate Density -Diisoamyl Solubility, mutual -Dimethylaniline Density Surface tension -Dimethycyclohexane Solubility, mutual -Dimethylcyclopentane Solubility, mutual -Dinaphthalenethiophene Boiling point elevation -Dinitrobenzene (o-, m-, p-) Freezing point-solubility -2,4-Dinitrophenol Links 4.142 3.359 3.145 3.144 3.428 5.151 5.125 4.137 4.172 5.151 3.287 4.123 3.175 4.128 5.43 3.176 5.44 3.176 5.44 4.141 3.184 4.142 5.48 3.185 4.142 5.49 4.113 3.314 3.397 3.361 5.48 3.397 3.345 4.175 3.185 3.397 3.185 4.474 3.397 3.397 3.345 4.124 5.155 100 Index Terms Freezing point-solubility -2,4-Dinitrotoluene Freezing point-solubility -2,6-Dinitrotoluene Freezing point-solubility -3,5-Dinitrotoluene Freezing point-solubility -3,4-Dinitrotoluene Freezing point-solubility -Diphenylamine Boiling point elevation Density -Ethyl acetate Density Freezing point-solubility Heat of solution Viscosity -Ethyl alcohol Boiling point elevation Density Aqueous solution Heat of solution Magnetic rotatory power Refractive index Specific heat Surface tension, aqueous solution Viscosity, aqueous solution -Ethyl ether Boiling point elevation Density Distribution coefficients in water Heat of solution Specific heat Vapor pressure lowering -Fluorene Freezing point-solubility -Formic acid Density, aqueous solution -Glycerol Specific heat -Heptane Heat of solution Solubility, mutual -Hexane Boiling point Compressibility Heat of solution Solubility, mutual Vapor pressure -Hydrogen chloride Boiling point Density, aqueous solution Freezing point-solubility Vapor pressure -Hydrogen peroxide Distribution coefficients in water -Hydroquinol Freezing point-solubility -Indigotin Boiling point elevation -Iodobenzene Specific heat -Isoamyl acetate Density Viscosity -Isoheptane Solubility, mutual Links 4.126 4.141 4.141 4.141 4.141 3.345 3.185 3.166 4.115 5.153 5.40 3.336 3.160 3.127 5.152 6.432 7.81 5.116 4.470 5.21 3.341 3.168 3.428 5.157 5.127 3.300 4.178 3.125 5.116 5.154 3.397 3.314 3.440 5.154 3.397 3.361 3.311 3.101 4.186 3.354 3.419 4.139 3.345 5.128 3.185 5.49 3.397 5.127 101 Index Terms -Isohexane Solubility, mutual -Isooctane Solubility, mutual -Isopentane Solubility, mutual -Lactic acid Distribution coefficients in water -Magnesium bromide Freezing point-solubility -Magnesium iodide Freezing point-solubility -Mercuric bromide Freezing point-solubility -Mercuric cyanide Freezing point-solubility -Mercuric iodide Freezing point-solubility -Methyl acetate Vapor pressure -Methyl alcohol Density Heat of solution Specific heat Vapor pressure Viscosity, aqueous solution -Methylcyclohexane Solubility, mutual -Methylcyclopentane Solubility, mutual -Naphthalene Density Heat of solution Refractive index Dispersion -Naphthol (α-, β-) Freezing point-solubility -α-Naphthylamine Density Refractive index Dispersion -β-Naphthylamine Freezing point-solubility -Nicotine Density -Nitrobenzene Density Freezing point-solubility Heat of solution Refractive index Dispersion Specific heat Viscosity -Nitronaphthalene Heat of solution -o-Nitrophenol Density Freezing point-solubility Viscosity -m-Nitrophenol Freezing point-solubilit y -p-Nitrophenol Freezing point-solubility -Nitrosobenzene Freezing point-solubility -Nitrosodimethylaniline Freezing point-solubility Links 3.397 3.397 3.397 3.428 4.203 4.213 4.199 4.199 4.213 3.289 3.151 5.152 5.126 3.287 5.21 3.397 3.397 7.85 5.154 7.85 7.104 4.142 7.85 7.85 7.104 4.142 3.185 3.176 4.128 5.157 7.84 7.104 5.128 5.45 5.154 3.178 4.129 5.46 4.130 4.131 4.128 4.142 5.156 102 Index Terms -p-Nitrotoluene Freezing point-solubility -Octane Solubility, mutual -Pentane Solubility, mutual -Phenacetine Density -Phenanthrene Freezing point-solubility -Phenetole Density Viscosity -Phenol Density Freezing point-solubility Heat of solution Miscibility in water Vapor pressure Aqueous solution Viscosity -m-Phenylenediamine Freezing point-solubility -Phenylhydroxylamine Freezing point-solubility -Propyl alcohol Density Heat of solution Specific heat Surface tension Viscosity -Pyridine Density Viscosity -Pyridine-Silver nitrate Density Viscosity -Pyrogallol Freezing point-solubility Heat of solution -Quinoline Density Refractive index Dispersion -Resorcinol Freezing point-solubility -Silver nitrate Density Distribution coefficients in water Viscosity -Silver perchlorate Density Freezing point-solubility Freezing point-solubility in water -Sodium chloride Surface tension, aqueous solution -Sulfur Freezing point lowering Freezing point-solubility Solubility, mutual -Toluene Compressibility Density Aqueous solution Distribution coefficients in wat er Surface tension Viscosity Links 4.178 3.397 3.397 3.185 4.178 3.185 5.49 3.182 4.135 5.154 3.412 3.361 3.379 5.47 4.141 4.141 3.164 5.153 5.127 4.472 5.40 3.170 5.30 3.143 5.30 4.140 5.154 7.85 7.85 7.104 4.138 3.139 3.421 5.28 3.139 4.200 4.417 4.470 4.38 4.35 3.394 3.440 3.184 3.129 3.428 4.474 5.48 5.156 5.42 103 Index Terms -o-Toluidine Density Freezing point-solubility Surface tension -p-Toluidine Freezing point-solubility -Tribenzylamine Boiling point elevation -Trimethylstannic iodide Freezing point-solubility -1,3,5-Trinitrobenzene Freezing point-solubility -Trinitrotoluene Freezing point-solubility -Triphenylmethane Boiling point elevation Freezing point-solubility -Vinylacetonitrile Freezing point-solubility -Xylene Density Distribution coefficients in water -m-Xylene Dielectric constant -p-Xylene Heat of solution -Xylidene Freezing point-solubility Aniline benzenesulfonate -Ethyl alcohol Boiling point elevation -Methyl alcohol Boiling point elevation Aniline formate -Formic acid Viscosity Aniline hydrochloride Absorption spectra Density, aqueous solution Diffusion in methyl alcohol Electrical conductivity, aqueous soluion Heat of solution in water Surface tension Vapor pressure lowering in aqueous solution Verdet constant Viscosity, aqueous solution -Aniline* -Arsenous bromide Freezing point-solubility -Ethyl alcohol Boiling point elevation -Ferric chloride-Hydrogen chloride Freezing point-solubility in water -Methyl alcohol Boiling point elevation Aniline hydroidide -Aniline* -Iodine Freezing point lowering Aniline nitrate Heat of solution in water Transition temperature Aniline salicylate -Carbon disulfide Boiling point elevation -Carbon tetrachloride Links 3.185 4.142 4.474 4.178 3.345 4.198 4.118 4.141 3.345 4.142 4.113 3.185 3.28 6.103 5.159 4.142 3.337 3.334 5.33 5.339 3.62 5.73 6.231 5.149 4.454 3.293 6.429 5.13 4.190 3.336 4.303 3.333 4.37 5.149 4.8 3.330 3.114 6.232 104 Index Terms Boiling point elevation -Chloroform Boiling point elevation Aniline sulfate Heat of solution in water Anilinocamphor derivatives Optical rotatory power Anisalcamphor Optical rotatory power Anisaldazine, surface tension Anisaldehyde Absorption spectra Dielectric constant Diffusion in methyl alcohol Electrical conduct ivity Magnetic susceptibility Refractive index Verdet constant -Potassium iodide Density -Tetrapropylammonium iodide Density -Trichloroacetic acid Freezing point-solubility Anisaldoxime Dielectric constant Transition temperature -Isoamyl acetate Viscosity Anisic acid Heat of solution in water -Ethylene chloride Boiling point elevation -Propyl alcohol Boiling point elevation o-Anisidine Absorption spectra Magnetic susceptibility Refractive index Verdet constant Viscosity -Glycerol Solubility, mutual -Isoamyl acetate Density Viscosity p-Anisidine Absorption spectra Refractive index Verdet constant Viscosity -Benzene Distribution coefficients in water Anisole Absorption spectra Azeotropic mixtures Birefringence Boiling point Compressibility Critical point data Dielectric constant Diffusion in methyl alcohol Heat of vaporization Magnetic susceptibility Links 3.330 3.332 5.150 7.451 7.354 4.462 5.333 6.93 5.73 6.144 6.363 7.43 6.429 3.142 3.190 4.103 6.93 4.8 5.50 5.150 3.335 3.340 5.342 6.362 7.41 6.429 7.218 3.396 3.189 5.49 5.342 7.41 6.429 7.218 3.430 5.332 3.321 7.111 3.223 3.37 3.249 6.92 5.73 5.137 6.362 5.341 3.346 105 Index Terms Refractive index Specific heat Surface tension Verdet constant Viscosity -Acetanilide* -Acetone* -Anthracene Boiling point elevation -Antimony tribromide Freezing point-solubility -Antimony trichloride Freezing point-solubility -Benzene Dielectric constant Vapor pressure -Benzoic acid Distribution coefficient in water -Benzyl chlo ride Freezing point-solubility -Carbon disulfide Vapor pressure -Carbon tetrachloride Vapor pressure -Diethyl tartrate Density -Ethyl alcohol Density Vapor pressure Viscosity -Ethyl ether Vapor pressure -Glycerol Solubility, mutual -Isoamyl acetate Density Viscosity -Mandelic acid Distribution coefficient in water -Methyl alcohol Density Viscosity -Naphthalene Density Refractive index Dispersion -Quinoline Density Refractive index Dispersion -Triphenylmethane Boiling point elevation -m-Xylene Dielectric constant Anisyl alcohol Verdet constant Anisylideneaniline -Benzalaniline Freezing point-solubility Annabergite Density Refractive index Anomalistic, definition Anorthite Density Melting point Links 7.41 5.111 4.437 6.429 5.34 4.456 7.218 3.346 4.196 4.192 6.103 3.289 3.429 4.149 3.286 3.285 3.189 3.160 3.288 5.38 3.289 3.395 3.188 5.49 3.431 3.151 5.34 7.86 7.86 7.105 7.86 7.86 7.105 3.346 6.103 6.429 4.162 1.132 1.132 1.34 1.145 1.54 1.172 1.145 4.84 106 Index Terms Refractive index Specific heat -Albite* -Albite*-Diopside -Aluminum oxide* -Aluminum strontium silicate* -Calcium silicate Freezing point-solubility -Diopside Freezing point-solubility -Forsterite-Silica Freezing point-solubility -Gehlenite Freezing point-solubility -Magnesium orthosilicate Freezing point-solubility -Magnesium silicate Freezing point-solubility -Nephelite Freezing point-solubility -Silica Freezing point-solubility Anorthosite Bulk density Compressibility Elast icity Anthesterol Optical rotatory power Anthracene Absorption spectra Boiling point Cryoscopic constant Diffusion of vapor in air Electrical conductivity Heat of combustion Heat of fusion Ignition temperature Magnetic susceptibility Photochemical polymerization Photoconductivity Photoelectric threshold Photoluminescence Solubility in mixed liquids Specific heat Vapor pressure Liquid Solid -Acetic acid* -Acetone* -Acetonitrile* -Acridine* -Aniline* -Anisole* -Arsenous chloride Boiling point elevation -Benzene Boiling point elevation Density Freezing point-solubility -Camphor Freezing point-solubility -Carbazole Freezing point-solubility -Carbazole-Chrysene Freezing point-solubility -Carbazole-Phenanthrene Links 1.145 5.99 1.171 4.85 4.89 4.90 4.92 4.94 4.96 4.91 4.92 4.85 4.89 4.85 4.89 4.91 4.92 4.85 4.88 2.53 3.51 2.52 7.464 5.350 3.227 4.184 5.63 6.144 5.164 5.134 2.174 6.363 7.162 6.66 6.68 5.387 4.171 5.104 3.227 3.208 3.329 3.345 3.181 4.177 4.159 4.160 4.171 7.165 7.25 107 Index Terms Freezing point-solubility -Carbon disulfide Boiling point elevation Freezing point-solubility -Carbon tetrachloride Freezing point-solubility -Chlorobenzene Freezing point-solubility -Chloroform Boiling point elevation -Chloroform -Tetrapropylammonium iodide Boiling point elevation -Chrysene Freezing point-solubility -Decalin Boiling point elevation -Dinitrobenzene (o-, m-, p-) Freezing point-solubility -2,4-Dinitrophenol Freezing point-solubility -2,4-Dinitrotoluene Freezing point-solubility -2,6-Dinitrotoluene Freezing point-solubility -3,4-Dinitrotoluene Freezing point-solubility -3, 8-Dinitrotoluene Freezing point-solubility -Diphenylamine Freezing point-solubility -Ethyl acetate Freezing point-solubility -Ethyl alcohol Freezing point-solubility -Ethylene bromide Boiling point elevation -Fenchone Boiling point elevation -Methyl alcohol Freezing point-solubility -Methylacridine Freezing point-solubility -Naphthalene Density Freezing point-solubility Refractive index -β-Naphthol Freezing point-solubility -Naphthylamine (α-, β-) Freezing point-solubility -Nitrobenzene Boiling point elevation Freezing point-solubility -Nitrophenol (o-, m-, p-) Freezing point-solubility -Phenanthrene Freezing point-solubility -Phenetole Boiling point elevation -Phosphorus trichloride Boiling point elevation -Picramide Freezing point-solubility -Picric acid Freezing point-solubility -Picryl chloride Freezing point-solubility Links 4.171 3.330 4.172 4.172 4.176 3.332 3.348 4.181 3.347 4.124 4.176 4.147 4.148 4.148 4.148 4.161 4.174 4.111 3.335 3.347 4.173 4.163 7.89 4.156 7.89 4.180 4.158 4.180 3.343 4.177 4.130 4.163 3.346 3.329 4.127 4.121 4.117 4.131 4.177 108 Index Terms -Piperidine Boiling point elevation -Pyridine Boiling point elevation Freezing point-solubility -Quinoline Density Refractive index Dispersion -p-Quinone Freezing point-solubility -Resorcinol Freezing point-solubility -Retene Freezing point-solubility -Stannic chloride Boiling point elevation -Styphnic acid Freezing point-solubility -Sulfur monochloride Boiling point elevation -Tetrachloroethane Freezing point-solubility -1,2,3,4-Tetrahydronaphthalene Boiling point elevation -Toluene Freezing point-solubility -p-Toluidine Freezing point-solubility -1,3,5-Trinitrobenzene Freezing point-solubility -2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene Freezing point-solubility Anthracene picrate -Benzene Boiling point elevation Anthranilic acid. See o-Aminobenzoic acid. Anthranol, photoluminescence Anthranol methyl ether -Quinoline Density Refractive index Dispersion Anthraquinone Absorption spectra Boiling point Cryoscopic constant Heat of combustion Heat of fusion Magnetic susceptibility Specific heat Vapor pressure Liquid Solid -Acetic acid* -Acetone* -Aniline* -Benzene Boiling point elevation Density Freezing point-solubility -Chloroform Density Freezing point-solubility -Ethyl alcohol Freezing point-solubility Links 3.343 3.342 4.117 7.88 7.88 7.107 4.127 4.139 4.163 3.329 4.122 3.328 4.173 3.347 4.179 4.152 4.119 4.146 3.345 5.387 7.88 7.88 7.107 5.349 3.227 4.184 5.167 5.134 6.363 5.104 3.227 3.208 3.345 3.181 4.177 3.148 4.172 4.174 109 Index Terms -Ethyl ether Freezing point-solubility Vapor pressure -Fenchone Boiling point elevation -Methyl alcohol Freezing point-solubility -Nitrobenzene Boiling point elevation Freezing point-solubility -Pyridine Freezing point-solubility -Quinoline Boiling point elevation -Selenium Freezing point lowering -Sulfur Freezing point lowering -Tetrachloroethane Freezing point-solubility -Toluene Freezing point-solubility Anthraquinone dyes Absorption spectra Antifriction alloys Antigorite Density Refractive index “Anti-knock” effect Antimonial lead Antimonic acid, heat of formation Antimonous acid Albedo Heat of formation Antimonous oxychloride Heat of formation Antimony Absorption, index of Boiling point Cathodoluminescence Compressibility Liquid Single crystal Solid Contact potential Corbino effect Density Liquid Solid Dissociation constants of polymers Electrical conductivity Liquid Solid Low temperature Magnetic field, effect of Single crystal Electrode potential Electrons freed by X-rays, energy of Emission, spectral Emission spectra Ettingshausen effect Hall effect Heat of fusion Heat of transformation Heat of vaporization Links 4.174 3.361 3.347 4.173 3.343 4.177 4.174 3.346 4.38 4.38 4.173 4.179 7.199 2.371 1.142 1.142 2.162 2.371 5.180 2.557 1.169 2.184 2.475 2.557 5.262 5.180 5.180 5.250 1.10 5.390 3.205 3.47 3.49 3.49 6.57 6.419 1.102 1.104 7.242 1.103 1.104 6.129 6.423 6.129 6.320 6.4 5.254 5.312 6.419 6.416 2.458 2.458 1.102 2.457 2.456 6.136 6.134 6.135 7.242 5.255 6.418 2.463 110 Index Terms Isotopes Magnetic susceptibility Magneton number Mechanical properties Melting point Nernst effect Peltier coefficient Persistent lines Quantum numbers Refraction, index of Righi-Leduc effect Specific heat Liquid Solid Spectral series Surface tension Thermal conductivity Crystals Liquid Solid Thermal expansion Liquid Solid Thermochemistry Thermoelectric properties Vapor pressure Viscosity, liquid Volume change on fusion X-ray absorption limits X-ray crystal structure X-ray emission spectra X-ray series, limiting frequencies Zeeman effect -Aluminum* -Aluminum*-Bismuth -Aluminum*-Lead -Arsenic Specific heat -Arsenic-Copper Mechanical properties -Bismuth Electrical conductivity Equilibrium diagram Magnetic susceptibility Righi-Leduc effect Thermal conductivity Thermoelectric properties -Bismuth-Zinc Miscibility relations -Cadmium Electrical conductivity Equilibrium diagram Thermal conductivity Thermoelectric properties -Calcium Equilibrium diagram -Chromium Equilibrium diagram Specific heat -Cobalt Equilibrium diagram Kerr constant Specific heat -Cobalt-Iron Kerr constant -Copper Electrical conductivity Links 1.47 6.355 6.346 2.557 1.104 6.420 6.227 5.324 5.408 5.250 6.421 1.103 1.104 5.404 4.440 5.231 1.102 5.220 2.463 1.104 5.180 6.214 3.205 5.10 2.474 6.38 1.340 6.38 6.35 5.420 6.421 5.94 5.85 5.221 2.462 6.45 5.120 2.552 6.165 2.428 6.365 6.421 5.223 6.218 3.407 6.167 2.430 5.224 6.218 2.428 2.432 5.120 2.431 6.436 5.120 6.435 6.171 6.197 5.94 111 Index Terms Equilibrium diagram Magnetic susceptibility Specific heat Surface tension Thermal expansion Viscosity, liquid Volume change on solidification -Copper-Lead Thermal conductivity Volume change on solidification -Copper-Lead-Tin Mechanical properties Thermal conductivity Volume change on solidification -Copper-Lead-Tin -Zinc Mechanical properties -Copper-Oxygen Electrical conductivity -Copper-Tin Mechanical properties Volume change on solidificat ion -Copper-Tin -Zinc Mechanical properties -Gold Equilibrium diagram Thermoelectric properties -Hydrogen sulfide Reaction -Iodine Freezing point-solubility -Iron Density Electrical conductivity Equilibrium diagram Ferromagnetism Specific heat -Lead Electrical conductivity Equilibrium diagram Magnetic susceptibility Mechanical properties Specific heat Thermal conductivity Thermal expansion Thermoelectric properties Viscosity, liquid Volume change on solidification -Lead-Tin Equilibrium diagram Mechanical properties Volume change on solidification -Lead-Zinc Equilibrium diagram Miscibility relations -Magnesium Equilibrium diagram Specific heat -Manganese Curie point Equilibrium diagram Kerr constant Magnetic properties -Mercury Thermoelectric properties Vapor pressure, partial -Nickel Equilibrium diagram Links 2.434 6.365 5.120 4.440 2.464 5.7 2.475 5.10 5.224 2.476 2.557 5.224 2.476 2.569 6.171 2.557 2.476 2.568 2.425 6.217 7.242 4.24 2.531 6.187 2.452 6.396 5.118 6.194 2.415 6.365 2.557 5.121 5.225 2.474 6.221 5.7 2.475 2.418 2.557 2.476 2.417 3.408 2.437 5.121 6.408 2.438 6.436 6.408 6.220 3.284 2.440 6.198 112 Index Terms -Palladium Equilibrium diagram -Platinum Equilibrium diagram -Selenium Electrical conductivity Equilibrium diagram Freezing point-solubility -Silicon Equilibrium diagram -Silver Density Electrical conductivity Equilibrium diagram Magnetic susceptibility Specific heat Thermoelectric properties -Sodium Electrical conductivity Equilibrium diagram -Sulfur Freezing point-solubility -Tellurium Electrical conductivity Freezing point-solubility Magnetic susceptibility Thermoelectric properties -Thallium Equilibrium diagram Thermal expansion -Tin Electrical conductivity Equilibrium diagram Magnetic susceptibility Thermal conductivity Thermoelectric properties -Zinc Density Electrical conductivity Equilibrium diagram Magnetic susceptibility Righi-Leduc effect Specific heat Antimony monoselenide -Silver selenide Freezing point-solubility Antimony oxalate -Ammonium fluoride* Antimony pentabromide Dielectric constant -Bromine Boiling point elevation Antimony pentachloride Boiling point Cryoscopic constant Density Heat of formation Magnetic susceptibility Melting point Refractive index Surface tension Verdet constant -Antimony pentafluoride Freezing point-solubility -Antimony trichloride Freezing point-solubility Links 2.439 2.441 6.195 2.441 4.26 4.27 2.441 2.589 6.161 2.422 6.365 5.119 6.216 6.198 2.438 4.25 6.196 4.28 6.365 6.221 2.441 2.474 6.195 2.417 6.365 5.226 6.221 6.200 2.548 6.195 2.441 6.365 6.421 5.121 4.47 6.76 3.324 1.111 4.214 1.111 5.180 6.356 1.111 1.111 4.447 6.426 1.162 4.46 4.77 4.46 1.165 113 Index Terms -Auric chloride Freezing point-solubility -Bromine Freezing point lowering -Carbon tetrachloride Boiling point elevation -Chlorine Freezing point lowering -Chloroform Boiling point elevation -Iodine Freezing point lowering -Phosgene Boiling point elevation -Stannic bromide Freezing point-solubility -Stannic chloride Freezing point-solubility -Stannic iodide Freezing point-solubility Antimony pentafluoride -Antimony pentachloride* Antimony pentaiodide -Iodine Boiling point elevation Antimony pentasulfide Photoelectric current Antimony pentoxide Heat of formation Antimony potassium sulfate, density Antimony sodium sulfate, density Antimony steels Mechanical properties Antimony sulfate, density Antimony tetraselenide -Silver selenide Freezing point-solubility Antimony tetroxide Decomposition pressure Heat of formation Antimony tribromide Density Dielectric constant Electrical conductivity Heat of formation Heat of fusion Magnetic susceptibility Vapor pressure Viscosity -Acetic acid* -Acetophenone* -Aluminum bromide* -Amylbenzene* -Anisole* -Antimony trichloride Freezing point-solubility -Antimony triiodide Freezing point-solubility -Arsenous bromide Freezing point-solubility -Arsenous iodide Freezing point-solubility -Azobenzene Freezing point-solubility Links 4.47 4.38 3.330 4.38 3.331 4.38 3.330 4.47 4.47 4.47 3.325 6.69 5.180 3.44 3.44 2.531 3.44 4.47 7.242 5.180 3.23 6.76 6.147 5.180 5.131 6.356 3.213 5.28 4.46 4.47 4.46 4.46 4.197 7.212 114 Index Terms -Benzaldehyde Freezing point-solubility -Benzene Freezing point-solubility -Benzenesulfonic acid Freezing point-solubility -Benzil Freezing point-solubility -Benzoic acid Freezing point-solubility -Benzonitrile Freezing point-solubility -Benzophenone Density Freezing point-solubility Viscosity -Benzoyl chloride Freezing point-solubility -Bismuth bromide Freezing point-solubility -Bromine Freezing point lowerin g Vapor pressure lowering -p-Bromoaniline Freezing point-solubility -Bromobenzene Freezing point-solubility -α-Bromonaphthalene Freezing point-solubility -Chlorobenzene Freezing point-solubility -Chloroform Boiling point elevation -Chloronaphthalene (α-, β-) Freezing point-solubility -Chlorotoluene (o-, m-, p-) Freezing point-solubility -Cyclohexane Freezing point-solubility Solubility, mutual -p-Cymene Freezing point-solubility -Dibenzyl Freezing point-solubility -p-Dibromobenzene Freezing point-solubility -p-Dichlorobenzene Freezing point-solubility -m-Dinitrobenzene Freezing point-solubility -Diphenyl Freezing point-solubility -Diphenylmethane Freezing point-solubility -Ethylbenzene Freezing point-solubility -Fluorobenzene Freezing point-solubility -Iodobenzene Freezing point-solubility -Mercuric bromide Freezing point-solubility -Mesitylene Freezing point-solubility -Naphthalene Freezing point-solubility -Nitrobenzene Links 4.195 4.195 4.195 4.197 4.195 4.195 3.137 4.197 5.28 4.195 4.47 4.36 3.300 4.195 4.194 4.196 4.194 3.331 4.196 4.195 4.195 3.394 4.197 4.197 4.194 4.194 4.194 4.197 4.197 4.196 4.194 4.194 4.47 4.196 4.197 4.197 115 Index Terms Freezing point-solubility -α-Nitronaphthalene Freezing point-solubility -Nitrotoluene (o-, m-, p-) Freezing point-solubility -Phenetole Freezing point-solubility -Phenol Freezing point-solubility -Propylbenzene Freezing point-solubility -Pseudocumene Freezing point-solubility -Stannic bromide Freezing point-solubility -Stilbene Freezing point-solubility -Tetrahydrobenzene Freezing point-solubility -Toluene Freezing point-solubility -2,4,6-Tribromoaniline Freezing point-solubility -Triphenylmethane Density Freezing point-solubility -Xylene (o-, m-, p-) Freezing point-solubility Antimony trichloride Absorption spectra, solutions Density Dielectric constant Electrical conductivity Heat of formation Heat of fusion Magnetic susceptibility Solubility in water Surface tension Transition temperature Vapor pressure Liquid Solid Verdet constant, aqueous solution Viscosity -Acetic acid* -Acetone* -Acetophenone* -Aluminum chloride* -Ammonium chloride* -Amylbenzene* -Aniline* -Anisole* -Antimony pentachloride* -Antimony tribromide* -Antimony triiodide Freezing point-solubility -Arsenous bromide Freezing point-solubility -Arsenous chloride Freezing point-solubility -Arsenous iodide Freezing point-solubility -Arsenous oxide Freezing point-solubility -Azobenzene Freezing point-solubility -Benzaldehyde Links 4.194 4.197 4.195 4.196 4.195 4.196 4.196 4.47 4.197 4.195 4.195 4.194 3.137 4.197 4.196 5.328 3.23 6.76 6.142 5.180 5.131 6.356 4.218 4.447 4.7 3.213 3.207 6.427 5.27 4.46 4.46 4.46 4.46 4.46 4.194 6.147 116 Index Terms Freezing point-solubility -Benzene Density Freezing point-solubility Viscosity -Benzenesulfonic acid Freezing point-solubility -Benzil Freezing point-solubility -Benzoic acid Freezing point-solubility -Benzonitrile Freezing point-solubility -Benzophenone Freezing point-solubility -Benzoyl chloride Freezing point-solubility -Bismuth trichloride Freezing point-solubility -p-Bromoaniline Freezing point-solubility -Bromobenzene Freezing point-solubility -α-Bromonaphthalene Freezing point-solubility -Chlorobenzene Freezing point-solubility -Chloroform Boiling point elevation -Chloronaphthalene (α-, β-) Freezing point-solubility -Chlorotoluene (o-, m-, p-) Freezing point-solubilit y -Cyclohexane Freezing point-solubility Solubility, mutual -p-Cymene Freezing point-solubility -Dibenzyl Freezing point-solubility -p-Dibromobenzene Freezing point-solubility -p-Dichlorobenzene Freezing point-solubility -m-Dinitrobenzene Freezing point-solubility -Diphenyl Freezing point-solubility -Diphenylmethane Density Freezing point-solubility Viscosity -Ethyl acetate Density -Ethyl ether Boiling point elevation Density Distribution coefficients in water Viscosity -Ethylbenzene Freezing point-solubility -Fluorobenzene Freezing point-solubility -Hydrogen chloride Density Aqueous solution Verdet constant Links 4.191 3.137 4.191 5.28 4.191 4.194 4.191 4.191 4.194 4.191 4.46 4.191 4.190 4.193 4.190 3.331 4.193 4.191 4.191 3.394 4.193 4.194 4.190 4.190 4.190 4.193 3.137 4.194 5.28 3.136 3.341 3.136 3.421 5.27 4.192 4.190 3.133 3.95 6.427 4.192 117 Index Terms -Iodobenzene Freezing point-solubility -Mercuric bromide Freezing point-solubility -Mercuric chloride Freezing point-solubility -Mesitylene Freezing point-solubility -Naphthalene Density Freezing point-solubility -Nitrobenzene Freezing point-solubility -α-Nitronaphthalene Freezing point-solubility -Nitrotoluene (o-, m-, p-) Freezing point-solubility -Phenetole Freezing point-solubility -Phenol Freezing point-solubility -Phosgene Boiling point elevation -Potassium bromide Freezing point-solubility -Potassium chloride Electrical conductivity Freezing point-solubility -Propylbenzene Freezing point-solubility -Pseudocumene Freezing point-solubility -Rubidium chloride Electrical conductivity -Stannic bromide Freezing point-solubility -Stannic chloride Freezing point-solubility Solubility, mutual -Stannic iodide Freezing point-solubility -Stannous chloride Freezing point-solubility Solubility, mutual -Stilbene Freezing point-solubility -Tetrachloroethane Density -Tetrahydrobenzene Freezing point-solubility -Thallium monochloride Electrical conductivity -Toluene Freezing point-solubility -2,4,6-Tribromoaniline Freezing point-solubility -Triphenylmethane Density Freezing point-solubility Viscosity -Xylene (o-, m-, p-) Freezing point-solubility Antimony trifluoride Heat of formation Magnetic susceptibility Solubility in water -Hydrogen fluoride Links 4.190 4.47 4.46 4.193 3.137 4.193 4.191 4.193 4.192 4.192 4.191 3.330 4.47 6.150 4.47 4.193 4.193 6.150 4.46 4.46 3.393 4.46 4.46 3.393 4.194 3.136 4.191 6.150 4.192 4.190 3.137 4.194 5.28 4.192 5.180 6.356 4.218 118 Index Terms Freezing point-solubility in water -Potassium bromide Freezing point-solubility in water -Potassium chloride Freezing point-solubility in water -Potassium nitrate Freezing point-solubility in water -Potassium oxalate Freezing point-solubility in water -Potassium tartrate Freezing point-solubility in water Antimony triiodide Dielectric constant Electrical conductivity Heat of formation Vapor pressure Volume change on melting -Antimony tribromide* -Antimony trichloride* -Arsenous bromide Freezing point-solubility -Arsenous chloride Boiling point elevation -Arsenous iodide Freezing point-solubility -Carbon disulfide Boiling point elevation -Diphenyl Freezing point-solubility -Fenchone Boiling point elevation -Iodine Freezing point lowering -Methylene iodide Density -Phosphorus trichloride Boiling point elevation -Phosphorus triiodide Freezing point-solubility -Stannic chloride Boiling point elevation Antimony trioxide Heat of formation Magnetic susceptibility Specific heat Thermal expansion X-ray diffraction data -Antimony trisulfide Freezing point-solubility -Hydrogen chloride Freezing point-solubility in water Antimony triselenide -Silver selenide Freezing point-solubility Antimony trisulfide Compressibility Density Electrical conductivity Emission, spectral Heat of formation Heat of fusion Melting point Photoconductivity Refractive index Aqueous solution Specific heat Links 4.273 4.273 4.273 4.273 4.273 4.273 6.76 6.147 5.180 3.213 4.12 4.46 3.329 4.46 3.330 4.197 3.347 4.37 3.137 3.329 4.45 3.329 5.180 6.356 5.95 3.43 1.341 4.46 4.298 4.47 3.50 1.111 6.146 5.254 5.180 5.131 1.111 6.66 1.111 7.66 5.95 6.154 5.257 5.258 1.173 7.19 119 Index Terms Thermal expansion Transformation under pressure -Antimony trioxide* -Bismuth sulfide Freezing point-solubility -Cupric sulfide Freezing point-solubility -Cuprous sulfide Freezing point-solubility -Lead sulfide Freezing point-solubility -Mercuric sulfide Freezing point-solubility -Silver sulfide Freezing point-solubility -Stannous sulfide Freezing point-solubility -Sulfur Boiling point elevation Antimonyl barium tartrate Pyroelectric effect Antimonyl lead tartrate Pyroelectric effect Antimonyl potassium tartrate Crystallography Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Refractive index Antimonyl silver tartrate Heat of formation Antipyrine Crystallography Density, aqueous solution Diffusion in methyl alcohol Osmotic pressure Solubility of salts in -Acetanilide* -Antipyrine salicylate Freezing point-solubility in water -Benzoic acid Freezing point-solubility -Caffeine Freezing point-solubility Freezing point-solubility in water -Catechol Freezing point-solubility -Chloral hydrate Freezing point-solubility -Chloroform Distribution coefficients in water -2,4-Dinitrophenol Freezing point-solubility -Hydroquinol Freezing point-solubility -Naphthol (α-, β-) Freezing point-solubility -Nitrophenol (o-, m-, p-) Freezing point-solubility -Phenol Freezing point-solubility -Phenyl salicylate Freezing point-solubilit y -Pyrogallol Freezing point-solubility -Resorcinol Freezing point-solubility -Salicylic acid Links 3.44 4.12 4.47 4.47 4.47 4.47 4.47 4.47 4.47 3.325 6.209 6.210 1.323 4.260 7.28 5.189 1.331 3.115 5.73 4.430 4.211 4.422 4.149 4.180 4.420 4.138 4.107 3.432 4.126 4.140 4.156 4.129 4.137 4.160 4.141 4.139 4.130 120 Index Terms Freezing point-solubility Antipyrine salicylate Crystallization velocity Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution -Antipyrine* -Sodium salicylate Freezing point-solubility in water Antlerite Density Refractive index Apatite Density Dielectric constant Magnetic susceptibility Melting point Refractive index Thermal conductivity Apex (alloy) Aphelion, definition Aphtit (alloy) Apiol Absorption spectra Crystallization velocity Heat of fusion Refractive index Specific heat Apjohnite Density Refractive index Aplite , compressive strength Aplome, thermal expansion Apocinchonine succinate Optical rotatory power Apogee, definition Apophyllite Density Refractive index Thermal conductivity Apoquinine Absorption spectra, ultra-violet Optical rotatory power Aquamarine, dielectric constant Aquopentammine cobaltic tetrathiocyanatodiammine chromiate Solubility in aqueous solutions Arabia, weights and measures Arabian system Weights and measures Arabinose Diffusion in water Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Heat of combustion Mutarotation Optical rotation Refractive index Solubility in Aqueous ethyl alcohol Ethyl alcohol Arabitol, heat of combustion Arachidic acid Heat of combustion -Lignoceric acid Freezing point-solubility Links 4.149 5.61 6.258 4.422 1.122 1.122 1.143 6.99 6.364 1.143 1.143 5.232 2.371 1.34 2.371 1.172 1.167 7.24 2.480 2.601 5.348 5.61 5.134 7.57 5.104 1.137 1.137 2.47 3.45 1.168 7.354 1.34 1.158 1.158 5.232 1.166 5.370 7.471 6.99 7.338 1.2 1.14 5.70 6.270 5.166 2.351 2.351 7.29 4.404 2.351 5.164 5.166 4.167 7.386 7.28 121 Index Terms -Palmitic acid Freezing point-solubility -Stearic acid Freezing point-solubility Aragonite Compressibility Density Dielectric constant Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Emission, spectral Magnetic susceptibility Refractive index Residual rays Solution velocity in acids Specific heat Thermal conductivity Thermal expansion See also Calcium carbonate. Arbutin, optical rotatory power Arc, electric Arcanite. See Potassium sulfate. d'Arcet's alloys Specific heat Area Conversion factors Secondary units Area-time, conversion factors Argent francais Argental (alloy) Argentalium (alloy) Argentan (alloy) Electrical conductivity Argentin (alloy) Argentine Republic Weights and measures Argentite Compressibility Density Photoconductivity Transformation temperature See also Silver sulfide. Argilite (alloy) Arginine Absorption spectra, ultra-violet Optical rotatory power Argon Accommodation coefficient Adsorption by wood charcoal Boiling point Compressibility of gas Critical point data Critical potentials Density Gas Liquid Solid Dielectric constant Dispersion formulas Electrons Absorption of, by Attachment of, to form ions Motion of, in Secondary emission of Links 4.165 4.166 3.50 1.143 6.100 6.258 5.259 6.364 1.143 5.261 5.58 5.87 5.232 3.44 1.172 7.24 5.99 7.392 6.51 2.375 5.121 1.22 1.2 1.22 2.371 2.371 2.371 2.371 6.171 2.371 2.480 2.475 1.2 3.50 1.124 6.66 1.124 2.371 5.373 7.376 5.53 3.250 1.102 3.4 1.102 6.70 1.102 1.102 1.103 6.74 7.11 6.61 6.116 6.116 6.63 3.203 3.203 3.3 3.20 3.21 3.248 122 Index Terms Emission spectra Entropy Glass, permeability of Heat content Heat of adsorption on charcoal Heat of fusion Heat of vaporization Hydrate Decomposition pressure Heat of decomposition Ionization by accelerated electrons Ionization by α-particles Ionization by electrons Ionization by positive residues Ions, mobility of, in Isotopes Light, transmission of, by Magnetic susceptibility Melting point Molecular data Orthobaric density Persistent lines Phosphorescence Polarization of light scattered by Quantum numbers Refractivity Rubber, permeability of Solubility in water Sound, velocity of, in Specific heat Gas Liquid Solid Spectral series Surface tension Thermal conductivity Molecular Thermal expansion Gas Liquid Thermodynamic potential Triple point Vapor pressure Viscosity of gas X-ray absorption limits X-ray crystal structure X-ray diffraction bands X-rays, emission efficiency Zeeman effect -Ethylene P-V-T relations -Helium Diffusion coefficient Thermal conductivity -Hydrogen Electrons, motion of, in -Nitrogen Boiling points Dew point P-V-T relations Thermal conductivity Vapor pressure -Nitrogen-Oxygen Viscosity Links 5.278 5.87 5.76 5.87 5.141 5.131 1.102 7.231 7.231 6.121 6.122 6.120 6.122 6.111 1.45 5.265 6.354 1.103 1.92 3.203 5.323 5.387 5.265 5.408 7.6 2.272 3.255 6.462 1.102 1.103 1.103 5.393 1.103 5.213 5.215 3.3 1.102 5.87 3.203 3.203 1.102 6.36 1.340 1.351 6.11 5.420 5.135 5.76 6.463 5.80 5.85 5.85 4.441 5.214 3.20 5.2 3.17 5.62 5.214 6.116 3.309 3.351 3.17 5.214 3.284 5.30 3.351 3.351 5.85 5.87 5.87 123 Index Terms -Oxygen P-V-T relations Vapor pressure Argozoil (alloy) Arguzoid (alloy) Argyrodite, density Thermal conductivity Argyroid (alloy) Argyrolith (alloy) Argyrophan (alloy) Aries, first point of Arizonite Density Refractive index Arko (alloy) Armangite , density Armco iron Armstrong steel Arsenic Boiling point Compressibility Critical constants Critical potentials Density Electrical conductivity Electrons freed by X-rays, energy of Emission spectra Equilibrium constants of gaseous polymers Ettingshausen effect Hall effect Hardness Heat of fusion Heat of transformation Heat of vaporization Isotopes Magnetic susceptibility Melting point Nernst effect Persistent lines Photoelectric threshold Pressure-volume relations for gas Quantum numbers Refractivity of vapor Righi-Leduc effect Specific heat Spectral series Thermal expansion Thermochemistry Triple point Vapor pressure X-ray absorption limits X-ray crystal structure X-ray emission spectra X-ray series, limiting frequencies -Antimony* -Antimony*-Copper -Barium Density -Bismuth-Copper-Oxygen Mechanical properties -Cadmium Density Equilibrium diagram Hardness Links 3.17 3.351 2.371 2.371 1.124 5.232 2.371 2.371 2.371 1.34 1.129 1.129 2.371 1.127 2.371 2.371 1.102 3.46 1.102 6.70 1.103 1.103 6.3 5.281 7.242 6.419 6.416 2.592 1.103 2.458 1.102 1.45 6.354 1.103 6.420 5.323 6.68 3.435 5.408 7.6 6.421 1.103 5.394 1.103 5.180 3.205 3.205 6.37 1.340 6.37 6.35 1.174 2.555 2.601 2.470 2.600 3.205 2.456 6.136 5.92 2.459 2.594 2.552 2.548 2.423 2.593 2.594 6.137 2.602 2.606 124 Index Terms -Calcium Density -Chromium Density -Cobalt Density Equilibrium diagram -Copper Electrical conductivity Equilibrium diagram Mechanical properties -Copper-Iron Electrical conductivity -Copper-Iron-Manganese-Phosphorus Electrical conductivity -Copper-Iron-Silicon Mechanical properties -Copper-Lead-Tin -Zinc Mechanical properties -Copper-Nickel Thermal conductivity -Copper-Oxygen Electrical conductivity Mechanical properties -Copper-Oxygen-Silver Mechanical properties -Copper-Tin -Zinc Mechanical properties -Gold Equilibrium diagram -Hydrogen sulfide Reaction with -Iodine Freezing point-solubility -Iron Electrical conductivity Equilibrium diagram -Lead Equilibrium diagram -Manganese Curie point Equilibrium diagram Kerr constant -Platinum Equilibrium diagram -Silver Equilibrium diagram -Strontium Density -Sulfur Boiling point elevation Freezing point-solubility -Tellurium Freezing point-solubility -Thallium Equilibrium diagram -Zinc Equilibrium diagram Arsenic acid Absorption spectra, solutions Boiling point elevation in aqueous solution Density, aqueous solution Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Heat of formation Ionization constants Links 2.594 2.594 2.594 2.423 6.168 2.423 2.552 6.180 6.173 2.552 2.566 5.224 6.168 2.552 2.552 2.566 2.423 7.242 4.24 6.173 2.450 2.414 6.407 2.424 6.436 2.424 2.421 2.594 3.325 4.25 4.28 2.424 2.424 5.328 3.325 3.61 6.243 4.255 5.180 7.242 6.260 125 Index Terms Reduction, kinetics of Vapor pressure lowering in aqueous solution Viscosity, aqueous solution -Ammonium arsenate* -Calcium oxide Density, aqueous solution -Molybdenum oxide Density, aqueous solution -Potassium arsenate Density, aqueous solution -Sodium arsenate Density, aqueous solution Arsenic cobalt sulfide Photoelectric current Arsenic disulfide Transition temperature Arsenic iodide Density, aqueous solution Arsenic iron sulfide, specific heat Arsenic pentoxide Decomposition pressure of hydrate Density, aqueous solution Heat of formation Refractive index, aqueous solution -Lead oxide Freezing point-solubility -Molybdenum trioxide Refractive index, aqueous solution -Potassium arsenate Freezing point-solubility -Sodium arsenate Freezing point-solubility Arsenic steels Arsenic sulfide Absorption spectra, solutions Arseniosiderite Density Refractive index Arsenite Density See also Arsenous oxide. Arsenoferrite Density Melting point Arsenolite Density Refractive index See also Arsenous oxide. Arsenopyrite Compressibility Density Arsenous acid Absorption spectra, solutions Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Free energy of oxidation Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Heat of formation Ionization constants -Barium oxide Freezing point-solubility in water -Calcium arsenate Freezing point-solubility in water -Lithium hydroxide Freezing point-solubility in water Links 7.150 3.293 5.13 3.97 3.97 3.97 3.97 6.69 4.7 3.61 5.98 7.242 7.66 5.180 7.66 4.46 7.92 4.46 4.77 4.46 2.529 4.78 5.328 1.145 1.145 1.167 1.110 1.129 1.129 1.110 1.110 1.165 3.50 1.129 5.328 6.260 7.242 4.255 5.180 7.242 4.370 4.370 4.370 4.393 126 Index Terms -Potassium hydroxide Freezing point-solubility in water -Sodium hydroxide Freezing point-solubility in water Arsenous bromide Density Dielectric constant Electrical conductivity Heat of formation Heat of fusion Melting point Surface tension -Aluminum bromide* -Aniline hydrochloride* -Antimony tribromide* -Antimony trichloride* -Antimony triiodide* -Arsenous chloride Freezing point-solubility -Arsenous iodide Freezing point-solubility -Bromine Boiling point elevation Freezing point lowering -Ferric chloride Freezing point-solubility -Naphthalene Freezing point-solubility -α-Naphthol Freezing point-solubility -Phenol Freezing point-solubility -Resorcinol Freezing point-solubility -Stannic bromide Freezing point-solubility -Stannic iodide Freezing point-solubility -Urethan Freezing point-solubility Arsenous chloride Absorption spectra, solutions Boiling point Density Dielectric constant Electrical conductivity Heat of formation Melting point Refractive index Specific heat Surface tension Vapor pressure Verdet constant -Anthracene* -Antimony trichloride* -Antimony triiodide* -Arsenous bromide* -Arsenous iodide Boiling point elevation -Arsenous oxide Boiling point elevation -Chlorine Freezing point-solubility -Ethyl ether Distribution coefficients in water -Phosgene Links 4.370 4.370 1.110 6.76 6.142 5.180 5.131 1.110 4.447 3.23 4.46 4.46 3.324 4.36 4.46 4.190 4.190 4.190 4.190 4.46 4.46 4.190 5.328 1.110 1.110 6.76 6.142 5.180 1.110 1.110 5.81 4.447 3.213 6.426 3.329 3.329 4.30 3.421 1.162 3.23 1.166 5.95 3.329 127 Index Terms Boiling point elevation -Stannic iodide Boiling point elevation -Sulfur Boiling point elevation Arsenous fluoride, density Arsenous iodide Density Dielectric constant Heat of formation Melting point -Antimony tribromide* -Antimony trichloride* -Antimony triiodide* -Arsenous bromide* -Arsenous chloride* -Carbon disulfide Boiling point elevat ion -Fenchone Boiling point elevation -Iodine Freezing point lowering -Methylene iodide Density -Phosphorus trichloride Boiling point elevation -Phosphorus triiodide Freezing point-solubility -Stannic chloride Boiling point elevation Arsenous oxide Density Aqueous solution Heat of formation Magnetic susceptibility Refractive index, aqueous solution Rubber vulcanization, use in Solubility in water Specific heat Thermal expansion Vapor pressure Liquid Solid X-ray diffraction data See also Arsenite, Arsenolite, Claudetite. -Ammonia* -Ammonium bromide* -Ammonium chloride* -Amyl alcohol* -Antimony trichloride* -Arsenous chloride* -Barium bromide Freezing point-solubility in water -Barium chloride Freezing point-solubility in water -Calcium bromide Freezing point-solubility in water -Calcium chloride Freezing point-solubility in water -Fenchone Boiling point elevation -Lithium bromide Freezing point-solubility in water -Lithium chloride Freezing point-solubility in water -Nitrobenzene Links 3.330 3.329 3.329 3.23 1.110 6.76 5.180 1.110 3.330 3.347 4.37 3.136 3.329 4.45 3.329 3.43 3.61 5.180 6.356 7.66 2.279 4.251 5.95 3.43 3.213 3.207 1.341 4.317 4.298 4.317 4.298 3.347 4.317 4.298 7.66 128 Index Terms Boiling point elevation -Perchloric acid Freezing point-solubility in water -Potassium bromide Freezing point-solubility in water -Potassium chloride Freezing point-solubility in water -Potassium iodide Freezing point-solubility in water -Sodium bromide Freezing point-solubility in water -Sodium chloride Freezing point-solubility in water -Strontium bromide Freezing point-solubility in water -Strontium chloride Freezing point-solubility -Sulfuric acid Boiling point elevation Density, aqueous solution Vapor pressure, aqueous solution Arsenous selenide -Silver selenide Freezing point-solubility Arsenous sulfide Heat of formation Magnetic susceptibility Refractive index, aqueous solution Transition temperature See also Orpiment. -Ethyl ether Distributio n coefficients in water -Lead sulfide Freezing point-solubility -Silver sulfide Freezing point-solubility -Sulfur Boiling point elevation Freezing point lowering -Thallous sulfide Freezing point-solubility Arsine Boiling point Decomposition pressure of hydrate Density, gas Dielectric constant Heat of formation Solubility in water Toxicology Vapor pressure above 1 atm. Viscosity, gas Artemisone, optical rotatory power Artichoke juices Hydrolysis, velocity of Artinite Density Refractive index Asbestos Moisture content at various humidities Slate Density Thermal conductivity Wool Density Thermal conductivity Links 3.343 4.316 4.317 4.298 4.319 4.317 4.298 4.317 4.298 3.328 3.96 3.376 4.46 5.180 6.356 7.66 4.7 3.421 4.46 4.46 3.325 4.37 4.46 3.230 7.242 3.3 6.76 5.180 3.259 2.318 3.230 5.3 7.465 2.350 1.141 1.141 1.170 2.316 2.324 2.313 2.313 2.313 2.313 129 Index Terms Asbestos-diatomite Density Thermal conductivity Asbestos mill board Asbestos paper Density Dielectric strength Electrical conductivity Moisture content at various humidities Thermal conductivity Asbestos pipe covering Density Thermal conductivity Asbestos wood Ascharite Density Refractive index Ascoloy Ash wood Density Thermal conductivity Ashberry metal (Ashberrium) Ashes, wood, thermal conductivity Asparagine Absorption spectra, ultra-violet Crystallography Density, aqueous solution Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Heat of combustion Optical rotatory power Refractive index Solubility in water -Acetic acid* Aspartic acid Absorption spectra, ultra-violet Crystallography Density, aqueous solution Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Heat of combustion Heat of solution in water Hydrolysis Optical rotatory power Solubility in salt solutions Surface tension, aqueous solution -Acetic acid* Asphalt composition Density Thermal conductivity Asphalt roofing Asphalts Blown petroleum Density Dielectric constant Dielectric strength Native Nomenclature Pyrogenous Residual Sludge Specific heat Thermal conductivity Thermal expansion Wurtzilite Links 2.313 2.313 2.46 2.311 2.310 2.310 2.323 2.311 2.313 2.313 2.46 1.142 1.142 2.371 2.314 2.314 2.371 2.312 5.373 1.324 3.114 6.267 5.167 7.354 7.29 4.252 5.373 1.324 3.114 6.267 5.167 5.149 7.147 7.377 4.415 4.468 2.315 2.315 2.46 2.168 2.169 2.311 2.310 2.310 2.169 2.168 2.169 2.169 2.169 2.168 2.168 2.311 2.169 1.170 2.508 2.557 7.377 2.600 130 Index Terms Aspidospermatine Optical rotatory power Aspidospermine Optical rotatory power Asphaltites Nomenclature Properties Aspirin. See Acetylsalicylic acid. Assay ton, definition of Assyro-Chaldean-Persian system Weights and measures Astro gamma, photographic plates Atacamite Density Heat of formation Refractive index Atelestite Density Refractive index Aterite (alloy) ATG alloy Atisine, optical rotatory power Atmosphere Composition Definition Electrical conductivity Electrostatic condition Ionic content Mass of Normal, definition of Opacity Potential gradient Radon content Atmospheric electricity Atomic number Magnetic susceptibility, relation to Table of X-ray data, variation with Atomic radii Atomic weights, table of Atoms Critical potentials Electronic orbits Electronic structure Notation Energy levels Excitation Critical potentials Work of Moseley's diagram of limits of series Normal state Optical spectra Quantum mechanics Screening numbers Structure Normal and excited X-ray spectra Atropic acid Absorption spectra Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Heat of combustion Atropine Absorption spectra Links 7.476 7.476 2.168 2.169 1.34 1.14 5.444 1.122 5.187 1.122 1.112 1.112 2.372 2.372 7.476 1.18 1.393 1.34 6.444 2.321 6.444 1.393 1.34 5.268 6.442 1.372 6.442 1.173 1.173 6.348 1.43 6.27 6.350 1.43 6.69 1.47 6.28 6.25 5.392 6.69 6.72 6.31 1.47 5.408 1.47 6.29 1.47 6.28 6.29 6.72 6.25 6.31 5.408 6.72 5.344 6.290 5.165 5.344 5.352 131 Index Terms Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution -Chloroform Distribution coefficients in water Atropine sulfate Absorption spectra, ultra-violet Attaite Density Melting point See also Lead telluride. Attenuation, coefficient of Aucubin, optical rotatory power Audition, physical aspects Auer metal Auer oxides, electrical conductivity Augelite Density Refractive index Augite Compressibility Dielectric constant Magnetic susceptibility Auric bromide Ammines Decomposition pressure Heat of formation Auric chloride Ammines Decomposition pressure Density, aqueous solution Heat of formation Magnetic susceptibility Sublimation pressure Vapor pressure -Antimony pentachloride* Auric cyanide Density, aqueous solution Auric hydroxide Heat of formation Ionization constant -Nitric acid Solubility in water -Sulfuric acid Solubility in water Auric oxide Entropy Free energy Heat content Heat of formation Reduction, free energy and electrode potential Aurichlorohydric acid Heat of formation Aurin Absorption spectra Magnetic susceptibility Aurobromohydric acid Heat of formation Aurodibenzylsulfine chloride Refractive index Aurora Aurous bromide Ammines Heat of formation Decomposition pressure Links 6.301 3.432 5.367 1.115 1.115 6.458 7.392 1.94 2.372 6.155 1.137 1.137 3.50 6.99 6.364 7.273 7.273 5.189 7.273 7.273 3.67 5.189 6.357 7.273 3.208 3.67 5.189 7.273 7.273 7.273 7.273 7.273 7.273 5.189 7.273 5.189 5.353 6.364 5.189 7.21 6.449 5.189 7.273 6.450 1.170 132 Index Terms Heat of formation Aurous chloride Ammine Decomposition pressure Heat of formation Band spectra Decomposition pressure Heat of formation Aurous cyanide -Potassium cyanide Freezing point-solubility in water Aurous iodide Ammines Heat of formation Heat of formation Specific heat -Potassium iodide Solubility in water Aurous oxide Reduction, electrode potential -Nitric acid Solubility in water Austria, weights and measures Austrian alloy Automolite Density Refractive index Autunite Density Refractive index Avogadrite , refractive index Avogadro's number Definition Value Awaruite (alloy) Azelaic acid Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Heat of combustion Refractive index -Ethyl ether Distribution coefficients in water Azeotropic mixtures Azimuthal quantum number Azine dyes, absorption spectra Azo compounds Reduction constants Azo dyes, absorption spectra p-Azoanisole Magnetic susceptibility -p-Azoanisole-phenetole Freezing point-solubility -p-Azophenetole Freezing point-solubility -p-Azoxyanisole Freezing point-solubility -p-Methylpropylazophenol Freezing point-solubility p-Azoanisole-phenetole -p-Azoanisole* -p-Azoxyanisole Freezing point-solubility -p-Azoxyphenetole Freezing point-solubility Links 5.189 7.273 5.189 5.411 7.273 5.189 4.377 5.189 5.189 5.97 7.273 7.273 7.273 1.3 2.372 1.137 1.137 1.145 1.145 7.28 1.34 1.18 2.372 6.293 5.166 7.48 3.432 3.318 6.25 7.195 7.147 7.175 6.363 4.164 4.164 4.164 4.164 4.164 4.164 1.165 1.170 133 Index Terms -p-Dipropylazophenol Freezing point-solubility Azobenzene Absorption spectra Crystallization velocity Cryoscopic constant Crystallography Diffusion in ethyl alcohol Heat of combustion Heat of fusion Magnetic susceptibility Rubber, solubility in Specific heat Transition velocity -Acetic acid* -Acetone* -Amyl acetate* -Antimony tribromide* -Antimony trichloride* -Azonaphthalene Freezing point-solubility -p-Azotoluene Freezing point-solubility -Azoxybenzene Freezing point-solubility -Benzalaniline Density Freezing point-solubility -Benzene Density Heat of solution -Benzeneazonaphthalene Freezing point-solubility -Benzil Freezing point-solubility -Benzoin Freezing point-solubility -Benzylaniline Freezing point-solubility -Benzylideneaniline Viscosity -Carbon disulfide Boiling point elevation Density Heat of solution -Catechol Freezing point-solubility -Chloroform Boiling point elevation Density -Cinnamylideneacetophenone Freezing point-solubility -Dibenzyl Density Freezing point-solubility Viscosity -p-Dimethoxystilbene Freezing point-solubility -2,4-Dinitrophenol Freezing point-solubility -Ethyl acetate Density -Ethyl acetoacetate Density -Ethyl alcohol Boiling point elevation Heat of solution Links 4.164 5.333 5.61 4.184 1.331 5.74 5.168 5.134 6.363 2.272 5.104 5.61 4.161 4.181 4.180 3.194 4.160 3.181 5.154 4.161 4.161 4.161 4.160 5.51 3.330 3.146 5.151 4.138 3.332 3.148 4.161 3.194 4.161 5.51 4.161 4.126 3.167 3.185 3.337 5.153 5.348 5.375 134 Index Terms -Ethyl butyrate Density -Ethyl chloroacetate Density -Ethyl ether Boiling point elevation Density Heat of solution -Ethyl propionate Density -Ethylene bromide Density -Hexane Density -Hydrazobenzene Freezing point-solubility -Hydroquinol Freezing point-solubility -Iodine Freezing point lowering Freezing point-solubility -Isoamyl acetate Density -Methyl acetate Density -Methyl benzoate Density -Methyl butyrate Density -Methyl propionate Density -Naphthol (α-, β-) Freezing point-solubility -Nitrobenzene Density -Nitrophenol (o-, m-, p-) Freezing point-solubility -Palmitic acid Density -Paraldehyde Density -Picric acid Freezing point-solubility -Propyl butyrate Density -Pyrogallol Freezing point-solubility -Resorcinol Freezing point-solubility -Stilbene Density Freezing point-solubility Viscosity -Tolane Freezing point-solubility -Toluene Density m, m'-Azobenzoic acid Heat of solution in water Azocumic acid Heat of solution in water Azonaphthalene -Azobenzene* -Stilbene Freezing point-solubility Links 3.186 3.165 3.341 3.168 5.153 3.172 3.155 3.186 4.180 4.140 4.37 4.34 3.190 3.164 3.191 3.172 3.167 4.156 3.178 4.129 3.194 3.186 4.121 3.190 4.141 4.139 3.194 4.161 5.51 4.160 3.188 5.150 5.150 4.163 4.157 135 Index Terms p-Azophenetole Absorption spectra Magnetic susceptibility Transition temperature -p-Azoanisole* -p-Azoxyphenetole Freezing point-solubility -p-Dipropylazophenol Freezing point-solubility Azotoluene Magnetic susceptibility -Azobenzene* -Stilbene Freezing point-solubility p, p'-Azoxyanisole Cryoscopic constant Dielectric constant Melting point under pressure Surface tension -p-Azoanisole* -p-Azoanisole-phenetole* -p-Azoxyphenetole Density Freezing point-solubility -Benzene Freezing point-solubility -Benzophenone Freezing point-solubility -Hydroquinol Freezing point-solubility -p-Methoxycinnamic acid Freezing point-solubility -Nitrobenzene Freezing point-solubility Azoxybenzene Absorption spectra Cryoscopic constant Heat effusion Surface tension -Azobenzene* p-Azoxyphenetole Absorption spectra Dielectric constant Melting point under pressure Surface tension -p-Azoanisole-phenetole* -p-Azophenetole* -p-Azoxyanisole* -Cholesteryl benzoate Freezing point-solubility -Cholesteryl isobutyrate Freezing point-solubility -Cholesteryl propionate Freezing point-solubility -p-Methoxycinnamic acid Freezing point-solubility o, o'-Azoxytoluene Surface tension Azurite Density Reflectivity, select ive Refractive index Solution velocity in acids Thermal expansion “B” alloy Links 5.351 6.364 4.8 4.165 4.165 6.363 4.163 4.184 6.96 4.10 4.461 6.105 3.195 4.164 4.134 4.162 4.140 4.158 4.129 5.351 4.184 5.134 4.461 5.351 6.96 4.10 4.462 6.105 4.165 4.165 4.165 4.158 4.461 1.123 5.260 1.123 5.58 3.44 2.372 1.173 5.59 2.601 2.537 136 Index Terms B.T.G. steel Babbitt metals Baddeleyite Density Refractive index See also Zirconium dioxide. Bagasse board. See Celotex. Bahn Metall Bakelite Bakerite Density Refractive index Baking industry, air conditioning in Balata Chemical composition Density Dielectric constant Electrical conductivity Power factor Balearic Islands Weights and measures Ball clay Moisture content at various humidities Ballistic pendulum test (explosives) Balsa wood Density Thermal conductivity Band spectra, diatomic molecules Baobab wood, thermal conductivity Bar, definition Barbituric acid Absorption spectra Bario (alloy) Barite Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Solubility in water Thermal conductivity See also Barium sulfate. Barium Ammine Decomposition pressure Heat of decomposition Boiling point Cathodoluminescence Critical potentials Density Electrons freed by X-rays, energy of Emission spectra Heat of vaporization Isotopes Magnetic susceptibility Melting point Persistent lines Photoelectric sensitivity, wave-length for maximum Quantum numbers Specific heat Spectral series Thermochemistry Vapor pressure X-ray absorption limits X-ray emission spectra X-ray series, limiting frequencies X-rays, absorption coefficient Links 2.373 2.372 1.114 1.114 2.372 2.298 1.145 1.145 2.322 2.467 2.480 1.173 2.556 1.171 2.294 2.294 2.273 2.273 2.273 1.3 2.324 7.489 2.313 2.313 5.409 2.314 1.34 5.336 2.372 5.366 6.256 6.256 5.232 7.299 7.299 1.102 5.389 6.70 1.103 6.3 5.283 1.102 1.45 6.354 1.103 5.323 6.68 5.408 5.92 5.395 5.198 3.205 6.39 6.39 6.35 6.13 3.205 2.456 6.14 5.367 137 Index Terms Zeeman effect -Arsenic* -Boron Density -Calcium-Lead Mechanical properties -Mercury Surface tension Vapor pressure, partial Barium acetate Crystallography Density Aqueous solution Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Heat of formation Refractive index Aqueous solution Solubility in water Specific heat, aqueous solution Surface tension, aqueous solution Vapor pressure lowering in aqueous solution Viscosity, aqueous solution -Acetic acid* -Ethyl alcohol Freezing point-solubility in water Barium aluminium orthosilicate Melting point Barium amide, heat of formation Barium arsenate , heat of format ion Barium arsenite Magnetic susceptibility Barium benzoate Solubility in water Barium bicarbonate Free energy of ionization Ionization constant Barium bisulfite, heat of formation Barium borofluoride Vapor pressure lowering in aqueous solution Barium bromate Boiling point elevation in aqueous solution Dielectric constant Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Reflectivity, selective Solubility in water -Barium nitrate Density, aqueous solution Solubility in water -Magnesium nitrate Density, aqueous solution Solubility in water -Potassium bromate Density, aqueous solution Solubility in water -Potassium nitrate Density, aqueous solution Solubility in water Barium bromide Ammines Decomposition pressure Heat of decomposition Heat of formation Links 5.420 2.594 2.556 2.591 3.284 1.322 1.148 3.76 6.246 4.258 5.199 1.148 7.72 4.233 5.123 4.465 3.296 5.15 4.407 4.85 5.199 5.199 6.360 4.233 7.301 7.301 5.198 3.296 3.326 6.77 6.246 4.258 5.260 4.232 3.99 7.344 3.98 7.344 3.99 7.344 3.99 7.344 7.300 7.300 5.199 6.254 1.169 138 Index Terms Boiling point elevation in aqueous solution Compressibility Concentration cells Decomposition pressure of hydrates Density Aqueous solution Dielectric constant Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Heat of formation Magnetic susceptibility Melting point Refractive index Solubility in water Transference number Vapor pressure lowering in aqueous solution Viscosity, aqueous solution -Aluminum bromide* -Arsenous oxide* -Barium chloride Freezing point-solubility -Barium hydroxide Freezing point-solubility in water -Ethyl alcohol Freezing point-solubility -Lead bromide Freezing point-solubility in water -Lead chloride Freezing point-solubility in water -Lithium bromide Freezing point-solubility -Mercuric bromide Freezing point-solubility in water -Methyl alcohol Boiling point elevation Density -Potassium bromide Freezing point-solubility -Sodium bromide Freezing point-solubility Barium butyrate Solubility in water -Ethyl alcohol Freezing point-solubility in water Barium cadmium bromide Density Refractive index Barium cadmium chloride Density Refractive index Solubility in water Barium d-camphorate -d-Camphoric acid Freezing point-solubility in water Barium carbonate Compressibility Decomposition pressure Density Dielectric constant Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Emission, spectral Heat of decomposition Heat of formation Heat of transition Magnetic susceptibility Reflectivity, selective Links 3.326 3.50 6.327 7.299 1.147 3.75 6.77 6.234 4.258 5.198 6.360 1.147 1.147 4.232 6.311 3.296 5.15 3.108 6.239 1.172 7.26 4.387 7.343 4.65 4.318 4.204 4.318 7.317 4.275 4.66 4.318 3.334 3.140 4.66 4.66 4.233 4.407 1.148 1.148 1.148 1.148 4.233 1.172 1.172 4.422 3.50 7.300 1.148 6.100 6.257 5.259 7.300 5.199 5.199 6.360 5.260 7.301 139 Index Terms Refractive index Residual rays Specific heat Bulfate ion, reaction with Transition point See also Witherite. -Barium chloride Freezing point-solubility -Carbon dioxide Reaction in water -Potassium sulfate Freezing point-solubility in water -Sodium carbonate Freezing point-solubility Barium chlorate Boiling point elevation in aqueous solution Density Aqueous solution Saturated Electrical conductivity, aqueous solution Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Heat of formation Melting point Reflectivity, selective Refractive index Aqueous solution Solubility in water Specific heat Vapor pressure lowering in aqueous solution -Sodium chlorate Freezing point-solubility Barium chloride Absorption spectra Adsorption by charcoal Ammine Decomposition pressure Heat of decomposition Heat of formation Boiling point elevation in aqueous solution Compressibility Aqueous solution Concentration cells Density Aqueous solution Liquid Dielectric constant Aqueous solution Diffusion in water Electrical conductivity Aqueous solution Freezing point lowering of aqueous solution Heat of dilution with water Heat of formation Heat of fusion Hydrates Decomposition pressure Heat of decomposition Magnetic susceptibility Melting point Refractive index Aqueous solution Solubility in antimony trichloride Solubility in nitrobenzene Solubility in water Solution velocity in water Sound, velocity of, in aqueous solution Links 1.148 5.261 5.100 7.300 1.148 1.172 4.7 4.65 7.300 4.334 4.389 4.66 3.326 1.147 3.75 3.105 6.246 4.258 5.198 1.147 5.260 1.147 7.72 4.232 5.99 3.296 6.254 1.170 4.66 5.329 3.252 7.299 7.299 5.199 3.326 3.50 3.439 6.327 1.147 3.75 3.24 6.77 6.104 5.66 6.149 6.233 4.258 5.161 5.198 5.131 7.299 7.299 6.360 1.147 1.147 7.72 4.47 4.210 4.232 5.56 6.464 3.108 6.239 1.171 7.300 140 Index Terms Specific heat Aqueous solution Surface tension Aqueous solution Thermal conductivity Transference number Transition point Vapor pressure, aqueous solution Vapor pressure lowering in aqueous solution Viscosity, aqueous solution X-rays, absorption coefficient -Acetone* -Acetone*-Ammonium chloride -Aluminum chloride* -Ammonium chloride* -Ammonium chloride*-Cupric chloride -Arsenous oxide* -Barium bromide* -Barium carbonate* -Barium chromate Freezing point-solubility -Barium fluoride Freezing point-solubility -Barium hydroxide Solubility in water -Barium iodide Freezing point-solubility -Barium nitrate Boiling point elevation in aqueous solution Density, aqueous solution Freezing point-solubility in water Viscosity, aqueous solution -Barium oxide Freezing point-solubility -Barium oxide-Calcium oxide Freezing point-solubility -Barium phosphate Freezing point-solubility -Barium silicate Freezing point-solubility -Barium sulfate Freezing point-solubility -Bismuth trichloride Boiling point elevation -Cadmium chloride Freezing point-solubility -Calcium chloride Freezing point-solubility Thermal conductivity, aqueous solution -Calcium chloride-Strontium chloride Freezing point-solubility -Cobaltous chloride Boiling point elevation in aqueous solution -Cupric chloride Freezing point-solubility in water -Cupric chloride-Potassium chloride Freezing point-solubility in water -Cupric chloride-Sodium chloride Freezing point-solubility in water -Diethyl tartrate Density, aqueous solution -Ethyl alcohol Freezing point-solubility in water -Formamide Viscosity -Glycocoll Freezing point-solubility in water Links 5.99 5.123 4.442 4.465 5.229 6.310 1.147 3.368 3.296 5.15 6.13 6.311 4.7 4.65 4.65 7.343 4.65 3.348 3.99 4.290 5.19 4.65 4.75 4.65 4.65 4.65 3.329 4.55 4.63 5.229 4.75 4.81 3.348 4.306 4.307 4.386 4.306 4.386 3.102 4.407 5.29 4.404 141 Index Terms -Hydrogen chloride Density, aqueous solution Freezing point-solubility in water -Hydrogen chloride-Sodium chloride Freezing point-solubility in water -Lead bromide Freezing point-solubility in water -Lead chloride Freezing point-solubility Freezing point-solubility in water -Lithium chloride Freezing point-solubility -Magnesium chloride Freezing point-solubility -Magnesium chloride-Potassium chloride Freezing point-solubility -Manganous chloride Freezing point-solubility -Mercuric chloride Freezing point-solubility in water -Methyl alcohol Freezing point-solubility in water -Phthalic acid Density, aqueous solution Freezing point-solubility in water -Potassium carbonate Solubility in water -Potassium chloride Density, aqueous solution Freezing point-solubility Freezing point-solubility in water Viscosity, aqueous solution -Potassium chloride-Sodium chloride Freezing point-solubility -Potassium chloride-Strontium chloride Freezing point-solubility -Potassium perchlorate Solubility in water -Silver chloride Solubility in water -Sodium acetate Density, aqueous solution -Sodium chloride Density, aqueous solution Freezing point-solubility Freezing point-solubility in water Viscosity, aqueous solution -Sodium chloride-Strontium chloride Freezing point-solubility -Sodium nitrate Freezing point-solubility in water -Sodium oxide Freezing point-solubility in water -Strontium chloride Freezing point-solubility -Strontium oxide Freezing point-solubility -Sulfuric acid Freezing point-solubility in water -Thallium monochloride Freezing point-solubility -Zinc chloride Freezing point-solubility Barium chlorite Heat of formation Solubility in water Links 3.96 4.312 4.313 4.275 4.51 4.304 4.65 4.62 4.75 4.60 4.305 4.386 4.400 3.102 4.419 7.300 3.99 4.66 4.313 5.19 4.75 4.82 4.75 4.82 7.345 7.266 3.99 3.99 4.65 4.312 5.19 4.75 4.82 4.290 4.291 4.312 4.386 4.64 4.64 4.287 4.53 4.54 5.198 4.232 7.321 4.383

International Tables of Data

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